bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ISCOPEM2D V1.0: An In Situ Method to Characterize and Compare Chemical Vapor Deposition Graphene Films Using Quality Matrix Approaches
Authors: Thodkar Kishan , Plodinec Milivoj , Gramm Fabian , Kunze Karsten
Published: January 2024

Single‐layer chemical vapor deposition (CVD) graphene films are commonly transferred from their native growth substrates during characterization. However, the transfer process influences their intrinsic material properties and growth substrate‐related material information is lost. Herein, an in situ method is presented to suspend CVD graphene films directly on their growth substrate. The approach makes the sample compatible for characterization across the widely used optical and electron microscopy techniques such as Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. In addition, a quality matrix framework “ISCOPEM2D V1.0” is provided to support the quantification, comparison, and validation of various material properties of single‐layer graphene. The approach provides a holistic overview of various properties and facilitates quality control and reproducibility of single‐layer graphene‐based application development. Similar approaches can be useful to develop quality matrix‐based for other 2D materials.
An image augmentation‐based ice monitoring method for safe navigation of polar ships
Authors: Liang Bing , Wang Xin , Zhao Wenhao , Wang Xiaobang , Liu Zhijie
Published: January 2024

The navigation safety of polar ships depends on accurate monitoring of ice conditions along the route. Complex polar environments but scarce ice datasets pose challenges for deep learning‐based object detection methods. To address this issue, we propose an ice monitoring method based on polar environment adaptive image enhancement. This approach adaptively augments the ice dataset by simulating polar environments such as snowflakes and aurora to improve the training precision of ice detection models in harsh polar environments and meet the needs of safe navigation of polar ships. First, an image augmentation method based on randomly generated snowflake textures is proposed to address the difficulty of covering polar storm scenarios in existing ice datasets, which leads to weak generalization of ice monitoring models. Second, targeting the problem that the boundary between ice and background is confused by aurora phenomena, which severely reduces the ice monitoring accuracy, we propose an image augmentation method based on aurora simulations to improve the ice monitoring performance of trained models under aurora. Finally, an adaptive image augmentation strategy based on the brightness‐contrast threshold is proposed to optimize the snowflake density and aurora intensity in the augmented images to improve the discrimination of ice boundaries. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, which improves the ice state detection accuracy from 0.640 to 0.950, thus providing a reliable guarantee for the safe navigation of polar ships.
Coherent Swing‐Up Excitation for Semiconductor Quantum Dots
Authors: Boos Katarina , Sbresny Friedrich , Kim Sang Kyu , Kremser Malte , Riedl Hubert , Bopp Frederik W. , Rauhaus William , Scaparra Bianca , Jöns Klaus D. , Finley Jonathan J. , Müller Kai , Hanschke Lukas
Published: January 2024

Developing coherent excitation methods for quantum emitters ensuring high brightness, optimal single‐photon purity and indistinguishability of the emitted photons has been a key challenge in the past years. While various methods have been proposed and explored, they all have specific advantages and disadvantages. This study investigates the dynamics of the recent swing‐up scheme as an excitation method for a two‐level system and its performance in single‐photon generation. By applying two far red‐detuned laser pulses, the two‐level system can be prepared in the excited state with near‐unity fidelity. The successful operation and coherent character of this technique are demonstrated using a semiconductor quantum dot (QD). Moreover, the multi‐dimensional parameter space of the two laser pulses is explored to analyze its impact on excitation fidelity. Finally, the performance of the scheme as an excitation method for generating high‐quality single photons is analyzed. The swing‐up scheme itself proves effective, exhibiting nearly perfect single‐photon purity, while the observed indistinguishability in the studied sample is limited by the influence of the inevitable high excitation powers on the semiconductor environment of the quantum dot.
The absolute δ18O value for SLAP with respect to VSMOW reveals a much lower value than previously established
Authors: Aerts‐Bijma Anita Th. , van Buuren Albert C. , Paul Dipayan , Meijer Harro A. J.
Published: January 2024

Rationale

SLAP is one of the two calibration materials for the isotopic water scale. By consensus the established δ18O value is −55.5‰, although several expert laboratories measure significantly more negative δ18OSLAP values. The real δ18OSLAP value as such does not influence the isotopic water scale; however, knowledge of the size of isotopic scale contraction in stable isotope measurements is vital for second‐order isotopes. This study describes the quantification of δ18OSLAP with respect to δ18OVSMOW.

Methods

SLAP‐like water was quantitatively mixed with highly 18O‐enriched water to mimic VSMOW. The 18O concentration was determined using an electron ionization quadrupole mass spectrometer. The isotopic composition of the SLAP‐like and VSMOW‐like waters was measured using an optical spectrometer, alongside original VSMOW and SLAP.

Results

This study resulted in a much more negative δ18O value for SLAP than expected. The averaged outcome of seven independent experiments is δ18OSLAP = −56.33 ± 0.03‰. There is a large discrepancy between the actual isotopic measurements of even the most carefully operating isotope laboratories and the true δ18O value.

Conclusions

Although this finding as such does not influence the use of the VSMOW–SLAP scale, it raises the intriguing question of what we actually measure with our instruments and why even a fully corrected measurement can be so far off. Our result has consequences for issues like the transfer of δ18O from and to the VPDB scale, various fractionation factors, and Δ17O. The absolute 18O abundance for SLAP was calculated as (1887.98 ± 0.43) × 10−6 based on the absolute 18O abundance of VSMOW and the presented δ18OSLAP in this paper.
Swim‐up method is superior to density gradient centrifugation for preserving sperm DNA integrity during sperm processing
Authors: Amano Kenji , Oigawa Satoko , Ichizawa Koichiro , Tokuda Yukiko , Unagami Mami , Sekiguchi Mami , Furui Mayuko , Nakaoka Kentaro , Ito Ayumu , Hayashi Rika , Tamaki Yuko , Hayashi Yuko , Fukuda Yusuke , Katagiri Yukiko , Nakata Masahiko , Nagao Koichi
Published: January 2024

Purpose

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of swim‐up and density gradient centrifugation methods on sperm DNA fragmentation.

Methods

Nineteen normozoospermic patient samples with ≥100 × 106 motile sperms were included in this study. Sperm DNA fragmentation, progressive motility, and progressive motile sperm number were measured before and after the swim‐up method or density gradient centrifugation.

Results

Sperm DNA fragmentation was not statistically different between swim‐up—(14.4 ± 2.1%, p = 0.32) and density gradient centrifugation‐processed (25.0 ± 3.0%, p = 0.20) and unprocessed semen samples (19.2 ± 1.9%). Sperm DNA fragmentation was significantly lower in swim‐up—than in density gradient centrifugation‐processed samples (p < 0.05). Sperm progressive motility was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in swim‐up—(92.9 ± 1.0%) and density gradient centrifugation‐processed (81.3 ± 2.0%) samples, with the former being higher, than in unprocessed semen samples (53.1 ± 3.7%). The recovery rate of progressive motile sperms was significantly lower in swim‐up—(9.7 ± 1.4%) than in density gradient centrifugation‐processed samples (17.2 ± 1.8%, p < 0.05).

Conclusions

The swim‐up method is superior to density gradient centrifugation, evidenced by less sperm DNA fragmentation and higher sperm progressive motility. The recovery rate of progressive motile sperms was better after density gradient centrifugation than after swim‐up.
Prescribing transport equation solution's decay via multiplicity manifold and autoregressive boundary control
Authors: Ammari Kaïs , Boussaada Islam , Niculescu Silviu‐Iulian , Tliba Sami
Published: January 2024

This article addresses the boundary control problem of the transport equation. Namely, we propose a control method, which is merely a delayed output feedback relying on a partial pole placement idea, that consists in assigning an appropriate exponential decay rate to the closed‐loop system's solution. The proposed control structure appearing in the transport boundary, which has proven its effectiveness in controlling finite dimensional systems, consists of an autoregressive relation linking the transport equation's input and output. The obtained result provides an analytical lower bound for the solution's exponential decay. The contribution is concluded with a numeric discussion on the concrete implementation of the method with a special emphasis on the delay seen as a control parameter.
Trafficability anticipation for quadruped robot in field operation
Authors: Wang Chengjin , Zhang Rui , Dong Wenchao , Li Tao , Jiang Lei , Xu Wei , Xu Peng , Zhou Yanmin , Zou Meng
Published: January 2024

The capability to predict catastrophic failures and anticipate challenges relating to trafficability enables quadruped robots to adjust their planned trajectory in time to prevent any damages. In this paper, an estimation‐based method is proposed to describe the validity of the trajectory from the viewpoint of the traction performance of the terrain. The main contribution of this study lies in equipping quadruped robots with the ability to comprehend the strength characteristics of the terrain and assess the validity of trajectory planning by anticipating potential catastrophic motion failures. To this end, a novel perception method of the foot terrain interface based on proprioception is proposed to estimate terrain strength parameters. The vehicle–terrain traction model is extended to a legged locomotion pattern to estimate the traction limits of the terrain. The trafficability anticipation is driven by combining the traction limits of the terrain and the expected ground reaction force, as obtained by the model‐based predictive methods. The validity of this method is verified using a quadruped robot test platform. Results highlight the potential of the presented approach, in which the anticipation of trafficability, grounded in the understanding of the terrain strength, serves as the explicit foundation for altering trajectories to avert motion failure.
Three‐dimensional mapping and immersive human–robot interfacing utilize Kinect‐style depth cameras and virtual reality for agricultural mobile robots
Authors: Wang Dong , Zhang Baohua , Zhou Jun , Xiong Yingjun , Liu Longshen , Tan Qianqiu
Published: January 2024

Navigation and autonomous operation in farmland or greenhouse environments present significant challenges for agricultural mobile robots on account of unstructured scene conditions and complex task requirements. The immersive interfaces based on human–robot interaction have been extensively developed, which bridge the high‐level decision of human beings and the precise sensing and high motion ability of robots. In this study, we propose a human–robot interaction framework based on three‐dimensional mapping and virtual reality (VR) visualization. On the construction client, dense three‐dimensional point‐cloud maps are created based on the simultaneous localization and mapping real‐time appearance‐based mapping algorithm with a Kinect‐style depth camera. Subsequently, point‐cloud filtering and mesh creation methods are introduced for postprocessing the map models. A data communication network is employed to transmit the optimized models to the VR‐based exploration client. Utilizing VR visualization, the operator can gain an intuitive and comprehensive understanding of the environments to be explored. The three‐dimensional agricultural scenes are mapped into VR models through the system, which can combine the physical worlds with the VR spaces in a better manner. Compared with the video streaming‐based method for three‐dimensional mapping, the map models with colors and textures are entirely displayed in the VR headset, thus providing robust and global human–robot interaction interfaces and enhancing the immersive exploration for human beings to a considerable extent. Experimental results indicate that the three‐dimensional map models exhibit relatively sufficient construction integrity and yield favorable optimization effects. Additionally, according to a user questionnaire survey, immersive VR‐based interfaces can be more effectively utilized for the three‐dimensional mapping of mobile robots. Research evidence and results demonstrate that our proposed system framework offers positive assistance and support for enhancing human–robot interaction and executing specific robotic tasks in unstructured field agricultural environments. Code implementation and related data sets are shared at the link https://github.com/WangDongBUAA/Mapping_Interfacing.
On pattern‐avoiding permutons
Authors: Garbe Frederik , Hladký Jan , Kun Gábor , Pekárková Kristýna
Published: January 2024

The theory of limits of permutations leads to limit objects called permutons, which are certain Borel measures on the unit square. We prove that permutons avoiding a given permutation of order have a particularly simple structure. Namely, almost every fiber of the disintegration of the permuton (say, along the x‐axis) consists only of atoms, at most many, and this bound is sharp. We use this to give a simple proof of the “permutation removal lemma.”
A real‐time flood forecasting hybrid machine learning hydrological model for Krong H'nang hydropower reservoir
Authors: Nguyen Phuoc Sinh , Nguyen Truong Huy (Felix) , Nguyen The Hung
Published: January 2024

Flood forecasting is critical for mitigating flood damage and ensuring a safe operation of hydroelectric power plants and reservoirs. This paper presents a new hybrid hydrological model based on the combination of the Hydrologic Engineering Center‐Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC‐HMS) hydrological model and an Encoder‐Decoder‐Long Short‐Term Memory network to enhance the accuracy of real‐time flood forecasting. The proposed hybrid model has been applied to the Krong H'nang hydropower reservoir. The observed data from 33 floods monitored between 2016 and 2021 are used to calibrate, validate, and test the hybrid model. Results show that the HEC‐HMS‐artificial neural network hybrid model significantly improves the forecast quality, especially for results at a longer forecasting time. In detail, the Kling–Gupta efficiency (KGE) index, for example, increased from ∆KGE = 16% at time t + 1 h to ∆KGE = 69% at time t + 6 h. Similar results were obtained for other indicators including peak error and volume error. The computer program developed for this study is being used in practice at the Krong H'nang hydropower to aid in reservoir planning, flood control, and water resource efficiency.
The Progress in Pictet‐Spengler β‐Carboline Synthesis under Green Conditions
Authors: Mousa Mohamed Osama , Adly Mina Emad , Mahmoud Amr Mohamed , El‐Nassan Hala Bakr
Published: January 2024

β‐Carboline ring is widely distributed in nature and several β‐carboline alkaloids were extracted from marine creatures, bacteria, fungi, food stuffs, plants, and mammals. Synthetic β‐carbolines derivatives were reported to exhibit various biological activities. This review highlighted the recent progress achieved in the last decade in the Pictet‐Spengler synthesis of β‐carboline derivatives with a special focus on the green methods and green catalysts used for the synthesis.
g‐C3N4 Coating Enhanced Cu@AC for Catalytic Wet Air Oxidation of Phenol under Mild Conditions
Authors: Wei Wenxiao , Cui Hongyou , Zhao Jianying , Song Feng , Wang Jinghua
Published: January 2024

A Cu‐based supported catalyst with g‐C3N4 coating (Cu/g‐C3N4@AC) was prepared by facile in‐situ growth over activated carbon surface with urea and Cu(NO3)2, and the catalytic performance for wet air oxidation of phenolic wastewater was investigated. The effects of different reaction conditions (catalyst, temperature, pressure and pH) were examined. The results show that under the catalysis of Cu/g‐C3N4@AC phenol could be completely oxidized at 120 °C and 0.5 MPa O2 with COD removal of 92.6 % (from 4883 mg/L to 361 mg/L). TEM, BET, XRD, FTIR and XPS characterizations showed that g‐C3N4 coating could strengthen the metal surface interaction via the Cu−N−C bonds formation, thus suppressing the aggregation of the active components on the surface and mitigating the catalyst deactivation. Moreover, the interaction between the Cu species and the g‐C3N4 structure facilitates the electron transfer and thus significantly boost up the catalytic activity. These findings help explore efficient catalysts for the wastewater treatment via wet air oxidation under mild conditions.
pH‐Responsive Bimetallic MOFs ZIF‐8@ZIF‐67 for Enhanced Antibacterial Activity
Authors: Yang Jiajia , Chen Yawei , Cao Yiting , Liu Weiming , Zhang Tongtong , Zhou Huiyun
Published: January 2024

Stimulus‐responsive nanocarrier materials have garnered significant attention in biomedical science. Among them, metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as promising candidates due to their remarkable antibacterial properties and pH sensitivity. In this study, a pH‐responsive bimetallic MOFs carrier, ZIF‐8@ZIF‐67, was successfully synthesized for the delivery of berberine hydrochloride (BBH). Comprehensive characterization using UV‐Vis spectroscopy, FT‐IR spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the successful synthesis and structural integrity of ZIF‐8@ZIF‐67 and BBH@ZIF‐8@ZIF‐67. Subsequently, the drug release behavior, antibacterial efficacy, and biocompatibility of the composite material were systematically evaluated. Our findings revealed that BBH@ZIF‐8@ZIF‐67 exhibited well‐controlled drug release properties, excellent antibacterial effects and biocompatibility. Furthermore, molecular docking results revealed that penicillin‐binding protein 2a and dihydrofolate reductase in S. aureus may serve as two potential antibacterial targets for BBH. This research provides valuable insights into the use of bimetallic MOFs materials for developing highly efficient stimulus‐responsive nanocarrier systems in biomedical applications.
High‐Power‐Density and Excellent‐Flexibility Thermoelectric Generator Based on All‐SWCNTs/PVP Composites
Authors: Zhang Lin , Shang Hongjing , Zou Qi , Feng Changping , Gu Hongwei , Ding Fazhu
Published: January 2024

Flexible polymer/single‐wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) composites are a vital component for wearable/portable electronics, but the development of their n‐type counterpart is laggard. Furthermore, little attention is paid to the interaction between SWCNT and polymers, especially the unconjugated polymers, as well as the conversion mechanism of conduction characteristics. Here, the n‐type flexible SWCNTs/Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP) films are successfully fabricated, where the oxygen atoms in PVP interacted with SWCNT via hydrogen bonds, which can lower the energy barrier of electron tunneling, providing the pathway for the electron transfer. Furthermore, with the increasing synthesis temperature, the hydrogen bonds strengthened and the thermal activation energy further improved, both of which enhanced the electron‐donating ability of PVP, resulting in a high‐power‐factor value of 260 µW m−1 K−2. Based on the optimized SWCNTs/PVP films, a thermoelectric module is assembled, which achieved a power density of 400 µW cm−2 at a temperature difference of 56 K, coupled with excellent flexibility, showing a less than 1% variation of resistance after 5000 bending cycles. It shows the highest output‐performance and the best flexibility among the reported SWCNT‐based thermoelectric modules. This work provides significant insights into the interaction mechanism and performance optimization of hybrid thermoelectric composites, based on SWCNTs/unconjugated polymers.
Visual Recognition of Volatile Organic Compounds by Photonic Nose Integrated with Multiple Metal‐Organic Frameworks
Authors: Gao Lei , Kou Donghui , Lin Ruicheng , Ma Wei , Zhang Shufen
Published: January 2024

The photonic nose inspired by the olfactory system is an integrated detection platform constructed by multiple sensing units as channels. However, in the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the sensing results that cannot be directly readable and the poor ability to distinguish analytes with similar chemical properties are the main challenges faced by this sensor. Here, 8 metal‐organic frameworks (MOF)‐based photonic crystals are used as the basic sensing units to construct a photonic nose detection platform. The microscopic adsorption of VOCs by MOFs enables the photonic crystals (PCs) to produce macroscopic structural color output, and further makes the photonic nose have specific color fingerprints for different VOCs, the response time of all PCs to VOCs can be within 1 s. Through the color fingerprint, the visual identification of VOCs produced by 5 common solvent vapors is realized, and 9 VOCs with similar chemical properties are further distinguished. In addition, the application potential of the photonic nose in the actual environment is verified by identifying different contents of benzene in the paint. It is envisaged that the MOF‐based photonic nose has great reference value for the development of intelligent and multi‐component synergistic functional gas sensors.
Enhancing NIR‐II Upconversion Monochromatic Emission for Temperature Sensing
Authors: Liu Xiaomeng , Liu Tongtong , Tu Langping , Zuo Jing , Li Jiaqi , Feng Yansong , Yao Chang‐jiang
Published: January 2024

The upconversion luminescence (UCL) in the second near‐infrared window (NIR‐II) is highly attractive due to its excellent performance in high‐resolution bioimaging, anticounterfeiting, and temperature sensing. However, upconvertion nanoparticles (UCNPs) are normally emitted in visible light, potentially impacting the imaging quality. Here, a monochromatic Er3+‐rich (NaErF4:x%Yb@NaYF4) nanoparticles with excitation at 1532 nm and emission at 978 nm is proposed, both situated in the NIR‐II region. The proper proportion of Yb3+ ions doping has a positive effect on the NIR‐II emission, by enhancing the cross relaxation efficiency and accelerating the energy transfer rate. Owing to the interaction between the Er3+ and Yb3+ is inhibited at low temperatures, the UCL emission intensities at visible and NIR‐II regions show opposite trend with temperature changing, which establishes a fitting formula to derive temperature from the luminous intensity ratio, promoting the potential application of UCL in NIR‐II regions for the temperature sensing.
3D Dense Encapsulated Architecture of 2D Bi Nanosheets Enabling Potassium‐Ion Storage with Superior Volumetric and Areal Capacities
Authors: Wang Bingchun , Shi Liwen , Zhou Yiru , Wang Xinying , Liu Xi , Shen Dijun , Yang Qian , Xiao Shengfu , Zhang Jiacheng , Li Yunyong
Published: January 2024

2D alloy‐based anodes show promise in potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs). Nevertheless, their low tap density and huge volume expansion cause insufficient volumetric capacity and cycling stability. Herein, a 3D highly dense encapsulated architecture of 2D‐Bi nanosheets (HD‐Bi@G) with conducive elastic networks and 3D compact encapsulation structure of 2D nano‐sheets are developed. As expected, HD‐Bi@G anode exhibits a considerable volumetric capacity of 1032.2 mAh cm−3, stable long‐life span with 75% retention after 2000 cycles, superior rate capability of 271.0 mAh g−1 at 104 C, and high areal capacity of 7.94 mAh cm−2 (loading: 24.2 mg cm−2) in PIBs. The superior volumetric and areal performance mechanisms are revealed through systematic kinetic investigations, ex situ characterization techniques, and theorical calculation. The 3D high‐conductivity elastic network with dense encapsulated 2D‐Bi architecture effectively relieves the volume expansion and pulverization of Bi nanosheets, maintains internal 2D structure with fast kinetics, and overcome sluggish ionic/electronic diffusion obstacle of ultra‐thick, dense electrodes. The uniquely encapsulated 2D‐nanosheet structure greatly reduces K+ diffusion energy barrier and accelerates K+ diffusion kinetics. These findings validate a feasible approach to fabricate 3D dense encapsulated architectures of 2D‐alloy nanosheets with conductive elastic networks, enabling the design of ultra‐thick, dense electrodes for high‐volumetric‐energy‐density energy storage.
Advances in Aqueous Zinc Ion Batteries based on Conversion Mechanism: Challenges, Strategies, and Prospects
Authors: Xu Huiting , Yang Wenyue , Li Meng , Liu Huibin , Gong Siqi , Zhao Fan , Li Chunli , Qi Junjie , Wang Honghai , Peng Wenchao , Liu Jiapeng
Published: January 2024

Recently, aqueous zinc‐ion batteries with conversion mechanisms have received wide attention in energy storage systems on account of excellent specific capacity, high power density, and energy density. Unfortunately, some characteristics of cathode material, zinc anode, and electrolyte still limit the development of aqueous zinc‐ion batteries possessing conversion mechanism. Consequently, this paper provides a detailed summary of the development for numerous aqueous zinc‐based batteries: zinc‐sulfur (Zn‐S) batteries, zinc‐selenium (Zn‐Se) batteries, zinc‐tellurium (Zn‐Te) batteries, zinc‐iodine (Zn‐I2) batteries, and zinc‐bromine (Zn‐Br2) batteries. Meanwhile, the reaction conversion mechanism of zinc‐based batteries with conversion mechanism and the research progress in the investigation of composite cathode, zinc anode materials, and selection of electrolytes are systematically introduced. Finally, this review comprehensively describes the prospects and outlook of aqueous zinc‐ion batteries with conversion mechanism, aiming to promote the rapid development of aqueous zinc‐based batteries.
Semi‐Coherent Heterointerface Engineering via In Situ Phase Transition for Enhanced Sodium/Lithium‐Ions Storage
Authors: Xu Haoran , Meng Qi , Yan Tengxin , Wang Ziyi , Xiong Ya , Wu Shaowen , Han Ye , Dong Shihua , Tian Jian
Published: January 2024

To improve ion transport kinetics and electronic conductivity between the different phases in sodium/lithium‐ion battery (LIB/SIB) anodes, heterointerface engineering is considered as a promising strategy due to the strong built‐in electric field. However, the lattice mismatch and defects in the interphase structure can lead to large grain boundary resistance, reducing the ion transport kinetics and electronic conductivity. Herein, monometallic selenide Fe3Se4‐Fe7Se8 semi‐coherent heterointerface embedded in 3D connected Nitrogen‐doped carbon yolk–shell matrix (Fe3Se4‐Fe7Se8@NC) is obtained via an in situ phase transition process. Such semi‐coherent heterointerface between Fe3Se4 and Fe7Se8 shows the matched interfacial lattice and strong built‐in electric field, resulting in the low interface impedance and fast reaction kinetics. Moreover, the yolk–shell structure is designed to confine all monometallic selenide Fe3Se4–Fe7Se8 semi‐coherent heterointerface nanoparticles, improving the structural stability and inhibiting the volume expansion effect. In particular, the 3D carbon bridge between multi‐yolks shell structure improves the electronic conductivity and shortens the ion transport path. Therefore, the efficient reversible pseudocapacitance and electrochemical conversion reaction are enabled by the Fe3Se4–Fe7Se8@NC, leading to the high specific capacity of 439 mAh g−1 for SIB and 1010 mAh g−1 for LIB. This work provides a new strategy for constructing heterointerface of the anode for secondary batteries.
Updated German guideline on diagnosis and treatment of squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus
Authors: Porschen Rainer , Fischbach Wolfgang , Gockel Ines , Hollerbach Stephan , Hölscher Arnulf , Jansen Petra Lynen , Miehlke Stephan , Pech Oliver , Stahl Michael , Vanhoefer Udo , Ebert Matthias P. A.
Published: January 2024

Diagnosis and therapy of esophageal carcinoma is challenging and requires a multidisciplinary approach. The purpose of the updated German guideline “Diagnosis and Treatment of Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Adenocarcinoma of the Esophagus—version 3.1” is to provide practical and evidence‐based advice for the management of patients with esophageal cancer. Recommendations were developed by a multidisciplinary expert panel based on an extensive and systematic evaluation of the published medical literature and the application of well‐established methodologies (e.g. Oxford evidence grading scheme, grading of recommendations). Accurate diagnostic evaluation of the primary tumor as well as lymph node and distant metastases is required in order to guide patients to a stage‐appropriate therapy after the initial diagnosis of esophageal cancer. In high‐grade intraepithelial neoplasia or mucosal carcinoma endoscopic resection shall be performed. Whether endoscopic resection is the definitive therapeutic measure depends on the histopathological evaluation of the resection specimen. Esophagectomy should be performed minimally invasive or in combination with open procedures (hybrid technique). Because the prognosis in locally advanced esophageal carcinoma is poor with surgery alone, multimodality therapy is recommended. In locally advanced adenocarcinomas of the esophagus or esophagogastric junction, perioperative chemotherapy or preoperative radiochemotherapy should be administered. In locally advanced squamous cell carcinomas of the esophagus, preoperative radiochemotherapy followed by complete resection or definitive radiochemotherapy without surgery should be performed. In the case of residual tumor in the resection specimen after neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy and R0 resection of squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma, adjuvant immunotherapy with nivolumab should be given. Systemic palliative treatment options (chemotherapy, chemotherapy plus immunotherapy, immunotherapy alone) in unresectable or metastastic esophageal cancer depend on histology and are stratified according to PD‐L1 and/or Her2 expression.
Active travel infrastructure design and implementation: Insights from behavioral science
Authors: Timmons Shane , Andersson Ylva , McGowan Féidhlim P. , Lunn Peter D.
Published: January 2024

Replacing car travel with walking and cycling is at the core of the shift to healthier and more sustainable societies. Implementing dedicated infrastructure is a common measure to achieve this aim. But policymakers in multiple countries regularly contend with two obstacles: designing infrastructure that people will make use of and securing public support for implementation. We review and synthesize relevant research from behavioral science that sheds light on how to overcome these two obstacles. Given available literature, we focus on cycling infrastructure. We find that research on moderators of the success of active travel initiatives points to the importance of proximity, connectivity, and safety perceptions, particularly among women, older adults and children. We review empirical findings on which design elements make infrastructure both safe to use and perceived as safe. With respect to public support, we summarize common concerns and review research from behavioral economics and psychology that may help to counter misperceptions of the effects of active travel infrastructure. We also draw on evidence regarding support for climate policy and opinion formation more generally. The paper offers an evidence‐based guide for policymakers to design and implement active travel infrastructure, seen through the lens of behavioral science. It also highlights fruitful avenues for future research.

This article is categorized under:

Perceptions, Behavior, and Communication of Climate Change > Behavior Change and Responses

The Carbon Economy and Climate Mitigation > Policies, Instruments, Lifestyles, Behavior

Policy and Governance > Governing Climate Change in Communities, Cities, and Regions
Effect of Saudi's updated health insurance policy: 4‐Year comparative study pre and post implementation
Authors: AlHadlaq Abdulmajeed Saad
Published: January 2024

This study examines the impact of Saudi Arabia's updated Unified Health Insurance Policy, implemented in 2018, over a 4‐year period. The objective is to assess its effects on key indicators in the health insurance sector, including gross written premiums (GWPs), insurance penetration, gross claims paid by health insurance, and insurance density. Quantitative data from official sources, including the Saudi Central Bank and the Council of Health Insurance (CHI), were analyzed. A two‐sample t‐test was employed to compare pre implementation (2014–2017) and post implementation (2019–2022) periods for selected indicators. The study found a significant increase in GWPs, suggesting heightened revenue generation for insurers, likely due to increased demand, adjusted pricing strategies, and expanded coverage. Insurance penetration notably widened, indicating improved accessibility, driven by awareness campaigns and subsidies. Gross claims paid by health insurance increased significantly, showing insurers disbursing more funds to cover healthcare costs. However, there was no significant impact on insurance density, highlighting the need for additional strategies to extend coverage. Saudi Arabia's updated Unified Health Insurance Policy has yielded transformative effects, enhancing accessibility and affordability. It has increased revenue generation, improved insurance penetration, and raised the amount paid by insurers to cover healthcare costs. The policy's impact on insurance density is limited, necessitating further efforts to extend coverage. These findings have significant policy implications, urging policymakers to refine healthcare policies and insurers to adapt to new revenue prospects, promising better overall health outcomes for the population. Further comprehensive research is essential to validate these conclusions and explore broader policy impacts.
Null Raychaudhuri: canonical structure and the dressing time
Authors: Ciambelli Luca , Freidel Laurent , Leigh Robert G.
Published: January 2024

Abstract

We initiate a study of gravity focusing on generic null hypersurfaces, non-perturbatively in the Newton coupling. We present an off-shell account of the extended phase space of the theory, which includes the expected spin-2 data as well as spin-0, spin-1 and arbitrary matter degrees of freedom. We construct the charges and the corresponding kinematic Poisson brackets, employing a Beltrami parameterization of the spin-2 modes. We explicitly show that the constraint algebra closes, the details of which depend on the non-perturbative mixing between spin-0 and spin-2 modes. Finally we show that the spin zero sector encodes a notion of a clock, called dressing time, which is dynamical and conjugate to the constraint.

It is well-known that the null Raychaudhuri equation describes how the geometric data of a null hypersurface evolve in null time in response to gravitational radiation and external matter. Our analysis leads to three complementary viewpoints on this equation. First, it can be understood as a Carrollian stress tensor conservation equation. Second, we construct spin-0, spin-2 and matter stress tensors that act as generators of null time reparametrizations for each sector. This leads to the perspective that the null Raychaudhuri equation can be understood as imposing that the sum of CFT-like stress tensors vanishes. Third, we solve the Raychaudhuri constraint non-perturbatively. The solution relates the dressing time to the spin-2 and matter boost charge operators.

Finally we establish that the corner charge corresponding to the boost operator in the dressing time frame is monotonic. These results show that the notion of an observer can be thought of as emerging from the gravitational degrees of freedom themselves. We briefly mention that the construction offers new insights into focusing conjectures.
Nonanalyticity and on-shell factorization of inflation correlators at all loop orders
Authors: Qin Zhehan , Xianyu Zhong-Zhi
Published: January 2024

Abstract

The dynamics of quantum fields during cosmic inflation can be probed via their late-time boundary correlators. The analytic structure of these boundary correlators contains rich physical information of bulk dynamics, and is also closely related to cosmological collider observables. In this work, we study a particular type of nonanalytic behavior, called nonlocal signals, for inflation correlators with massive exchanges at arbitrary loop orders. We propose a signal-detection algorithm to identify all possible sources of nonlocal signals in an arbitrary loop graph, and prove that the algorithm is exhaustive. We then present several versions of the on-shell factorization theorem for the leading nonlocal signal in graphs with arbitrary number of loops, and provide the explicit analytical expression for the leading nonlocal signal. We also generalize the nonlocal-signal cutting rule to arbitrary loop graphs. Finally, we provide many explicit examples to demonstrate the use of our results, including an n-loop melon graph and a variety of 2-loop graphs.
Automated machine tool dynamics identification for predicting milling stability charts in industrial applications
Authors: Ostad Ali Akbari Vahid , Schuppisser Christian , Kuffa Michal , Wegener Konrad
Published: January 2024

As the machine tool dynamics at the tooltip is a crucial input for chatter prediction, obtaining these dynamics for industrial applications is neither feasible through experimental impact testing for numerous tool-holder-spindle combinations nor feasible through physics-based modeling of the entire machine tool due to their sophisticated complexities and calibrations. Hence, the often-chosen path is a mathematical coupling of experimentally measured machine tool dynamics to model-predicted tool-holder dynamics. This paper introduces a novel measurement device for the experimental characterization of machine tool dynamics. The device can be simply mounted to the spindle flange to automatically capture the corresponding dynamics at the machine tool side, eliminating the need for expertise and time-consuming setup efforts thus presenting a viable solution for industries. The effectiveness of this method is evaluated against conventional spindle receptance measurement attempts using impact tests. The obtained results are further validated in the prediction of tooltip dynamics and stability boundaries.
Histomolekulare Klassifikation des Urothelkarzinoms der Harnblase
Authors: Stoll Alexandra K. , Koll Florestan J. , Eckstein Markus , Reis Henning , Flinner Nadine , Wild Peter J. , Triesch Jochen
Published: January 2024

Hintergrund

Muskelinvasive Urothelkarzinome (MIUC) der Harnblase repräsentieren ca. 25 % aller Urothelkarzinome (UC) und weisen eine 5‑Jahres-Überlebensrate von ca. 50 % auf. Bisher haben Erkenntnisse aus der molekularen Klassifikation der MIUCs noch keinen Einfluss auf die klinische Praxis genommen.

Ziel

Ziel der Arbeit ist die Vorhersage molekularer Konsensus-Subtypen in MIUCs mittels Künstlicher Intelligenz (KI) anhand histologischer Hämatoxylin-Eosin(HE)-Schnitte.

Material und Methoden

Durchgeführt wurde ein pathologisches Review und die Annotation von Tumorarealen in der Bladder-Cancer(BLCA)-Kohorte (N = 412) des „The Cancer Genome Atlas“ (TCGA) und der BLCA-Kohorte (N = 181) des Dr. Senckenbergischen Instituts für Pathologie (SIP). Anhand der annotierten Histomorphologie zur Vorhersage molekularer Subtypen wurde ein KI-Modell trainiert.

Ergebnisse

In einer 5fachen Kreuzvalidierung mit TCGA-Fällen (N = 274), internem TCGA-Testset (N = 18) und externem SIP-Testset (N = 27) erreichten wir durchschnittliche Werte der „area under the receiver operating characteristic curve“ (AUROC) von jeweils 0,73, 0,8 und 0,75 zur Klassifikation der verwendeten molekularen Subtypen „luminal“, „basal/squamous“ und „stroma-rich“. Durch Training auf Korrelationen zu einzelnen molekularen Subtypen statt auf eine Subtypzuordnung pro Fall konnte die KI-Vorhersage von Subtypen signifikant verbessert werden.

Diskussion

Nachfolgestudien mit RNA-Extraktion aus verschiedenen Bereichen KI-vorhergesagter molekularer Heterogenität könnten molekulare Klassifikationen und damit die darauf trainierten KI-Modelle verbessern.
The effect of the viscoelastic support and GRPL-reinforced foam material on the thermomechanical vibration response of piezomagnetic sandwich nanosensor plates
Authors: Eroğlu Mustafa , Esen İsmail , Koç Mehmet Akif
Published: January 2024

This paper investigates the vibration characteristics of a sandwich nanosensor plate composed of piezoelectric materials, specifically barium and cobalt, in the upper and lower layers, and a core material consisting of either ceramic (silicon nitride) or metal (stainless steel) foams reinforced with graphene (GPRL). The study utilized the novel sinosoidal higher-order deformation theory and nonlocal strain gradient elasticity theory. The equations of motion for nanosensor sandwich graphene were derived using Hamilton's principle, considering the thermal, electroelastic, and magnetostrictive characteristics of the piezomagnetic surface plates. These equations were then solved using the Navier method. The core element of the sandwich nanosensor plate can be represented using three distinct foam variants: a uniform foam model, as well as two symmetric foam models. The investigation focused on analyzing the dimensionless fundamental natural frequencies of the sandwich nanosensor plate. This analysis considered the influence of three distinct foam types, the volumetric graphene ratio, temperature variation, nonlocal parameters, porosity ratio, electric and magnetic potential, as well as spring and shear viscoelastic support. Furthermore, an analysis was conducted on the impact of the metal and ceramic composition of the central section of the sandwich nanosensor plate on its dimensionless fundamental natural frequencies. In this context, the use of ceramic as the central material results in a mean enhancement of 33% in the fundamental natural frequencies. In contrast, the incorporation of graphene into the core material results in an average enhancement of 27%. The thermomechanical vibration behavior of the nanosensor plate reveals that the presence of graphene-supported foam and a viscoelastic support structure in the core layer leads to an increase in thermal resistance. This increase is dependent on factors such as the ratio of graphene, porosity ratio of the foam, and parameters of the viscoelastic support. Metal foam or ceramic foam has been found to enhance thermal resistance when compared to solid metal or ceramic core materials. The analysis results showed that it is important to take into account the temperature-dependent thermal properties of barium and cobalt, which are piezo-electromagnetic materials, and the core layer materials ceramics and metal, as well as the graphene used to strengthen the core. The research is anticipated to generate valuable findings regarding the advancement and utilization of nanosensors, transducers, and nano-electromechanical systems engineered for operation in high-temperature environments.
Effect of optical flow and user VR familiarity on curvature gain thresholds for redirected walking
Authors: Lee Jieun , Hwang Seokhyun , Ataya Aya , Kim SeungJun
Published: January 2024

Virtual reality (VR) locomotion should allow users to move freely in the virtual space while staying within the tracking area in the real space. The redirected walking (RDW) technique enables users to walk naturally in an unlimited virtual space within a limited tracking area by rotating the virtual scene view. However, conflicting visual and vestibular signals during RDW can lead to user discomfort and decreased immersion. To avoid user discomfort, an RDW gain should be within the detection threshold (DT) range. However, a large angle of walking redirection is required when physically avoiding obstacles or escaping from a narrow space, so DT expansion is necessary. In this study, to change the curvature DT range and enhance RDW performance, we proposed an optical flow (OF)-generating vection in a virtual environment. Further, we investigate methods to reduce user discomfort and increase RDW efficiency considering familiar and unfamiliar VR users. The findings showed that the introduction of OF led to a reduction in the DT range for all users, irrespective of the OF’s direction. However, conditions with OF resulted in an extended DT range for users familiar with VR while concurrently diminishing the DT range for those who were VR unfamiliar. To delve further, our analysis indicated that when both the OF and redirecting directions were identical, the RDW performance was robust to VR familiarity, whereas in opposing directions, the DT range increased for VR-familiar users. Our study findings suggested using OF for the RDW technique and extending its applicability in virtual environments.
Review of the Free Research Software for Computer-Assisted Interventions
Authors: Amla Zaiba , Khehra Parminder Singh , Mathialagan Ashley , Lugez Elodie
Published: January 2024

Research software is continuously developed to facilitate progress and innovation in the medical field. Over time, numerous research software programs have been created, making it challenging to keep abreast of what is available. This work aims to evaluate the most frequently utilized software by the computer-assisted intervention (CAI) research community. The software assessments encompass a range of criteria, including load time, stress load, multi-tasking, extensibility and range of functionalities, user-friendliness, documentation, and technical support. A total of eight software programs were selected: 3D Slicer, Elastix, ITK-SNAP, MedInria, MeVisLab, MIPAV, and Seg3D. While none of the software was found to be perfect on all evaluation criteria, 3D Slicer and ITK-SNAP emerged with the highest rankings overall. These two software programs could frequently complement each other, as 3D Slicer has a broad and customizable range of features, while ITK-SNAP excels at performing fundamental tasks in an efficient manner. Nonetheless, each software had distinctive features that may better fit the requirements of certain research projects. This review provides valuable information to CAI researchers seeking the best-suited software to support their projects. The evaluation also offers insights for the software development teams, as it highlights areas where the software can be improved.