bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insulin-Induced Gene 2 Involvement in Human Adipocyte Metabolism and Body Weight Regulation
Authors: Krapivner Sergey , Popov Sergej , Chernogubova Ekaterina , Hellénius Mai-Lis , Fisher Rachel M. , Hamsten Anders , van't Hooft Ferdinand M.
Published: March 2008

Background: Insulin-induced genes (INSIGs) encode proteins that block proteolytic activation of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins, transcription factors that regulate lipogenic enzymes, and adipocyte differentiation.

Objective: Here, we analyzed the relative significance of INSIG1 and INSIG2 in human liver and adipocyte metabolism, and defined a novel, functional polymorphism in the promoter of INSIG2 associated with body mass index.

Research Methods: Variations in gene expression of different human tissues, of hepatoma cells exposed to INSIG1 and INSIG2 gene silencing probes, and of differentiating 3T3-L1 adipocytes were determined by real-time quantitative PCR. The functional significance of a novel polymorphism in the promoter of INSIG2 was analyzed using in vitro methods and gene expression analysis of human adipose tissue, whereas the phenotype associated with this polymorphism was studied in two cohorts of middle-aged men.

Results: Gene expression analysis of 17 human tissues demonstrated that INSIG1 is highly expressed in the liver, whereas INSIG2 is ubiquitously expressed. Gene silencing experiments confirmed that INSIG1, but not INSIG2, regulates the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins target genes in human hepatoma cells. In contrast, adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells was associated with a 13-fold increase in expression of INSIG2. Significant relationships between the INSIG2–102G/A polymorphism and body mass index were observed in two cohorts of middle-aged men (ANOVA P = 0.017 and 0.044, respectively). In vitro studies and analysis of allele-specific expression in human adipose tissue substantiated the functional significance of the INSIG2–102G/A polymorphism.

Conclusion: INSIG2 is involved in adipocyte metabolism and body weight regulation.
Does Osteoprotegerin or Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-κB Ligand Mediate the Association between Bone and Coronary Artery Calcification?
Authors: Bakhireva Ludmila N. , Laughlin Gail A. , Bettencourt Ricki , Barrett-Connor Elizabeth
Published: March 2008

Context: Accumulating evidence indicates that vascular and bone mineralization may be related, although the exact mechanism remains unknown.

Objective: Our objective was to investigate whether an observed inverse association between bone mineral density (BMD) and coronary artery calcification (CAC) in postmenopausal women currently taking estrogen therapy is mediated by osteoprotegerin (OPG) or receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL).

Design: Participants were 92 postmenopausal women (aged 58–81 yr) taking estrogen therapy who had hip and spine BMD assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and CAC measured by electron-beam computed tomography in 1998–2002 and serum RANKL and OPG levels measured in samples collected in 1997–1999. Total CAC score was dichotomized as none/minimal (≤10) vs. some (>10).

Results: OPG serum levels were higher in women who had some CAC compared with those who had none/minimal (126.8 ± 1.08 vs. 102.9 ± 1.07 pg/ml, respectively, P = 0.03); these differences became nonsignificant after adjustment for age and other risk factors (P = 0.51). A 1 sd increase in hip BMD was associated with significantly lower odds of having CAC > 10 (odds ratio = 0.52; 95% confidence interval = 0.29–0.93) independent of age, fat-free mass, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, current smoking, and use of cholesterol-lowering medications. Other skeletal sites demonstrated a similar pattern. Addition of RANKL and/or OPG to the model had minimal effect on the magnitude or statistical significance of the BMD-CAC association. Additionally, a test of interaction indicated that RANKL and OPG are not significant effect modifiers.

Conclusions: Serum OPG and RANKL do not account for the observed association between bone and coronary artery calcification among postmenopausal women using hormone therapy.
Metformin Treatment for Four Years to Reduce Total and Visceral Fat in Low Birth Weight Girls with Precocious Pubarche
Authors: Ibáñez Lourdes , López-Bermejo Abel , Díaz Marta , Marcos Maria Victoria , de Zegher Francis
Published: March 2008

Context and Objective: A low birth weight (LBW) tends to be followed by overweight due to an excess of fat, including visceral fat. LBW girls with precocious pubarche (PP) (pubic hair < 8 yr) are at high risk for developing an adipose state of hyperinsulinemic androgen excess that leads toward early menarche. We explored the effects of insulin sensitization with metformin in LBW-PP girls.

Setting, Design, Patients, Intervention: Prepubertal LBW girls with PP (mean body weight 2.4 kg; age 7.9 yr; body mass index 18.4 kg/m2) were studied. Girls were randomly assigned to remain untreated (n=19) or receive metformin for 4 yr (n = 19; 425 mg/d for 2 yr, then 850 mg/d for 2 yr).

Main Outcomes: At the start and after 4 yr, height, weight, fasting insulin, glucose, IGF-I, testosterone, lipids, leptin, high molecular weight adiponectin, body composition by absorptiometry, abdominal fat partitioning (only 4 yr) by magnetic resonance imaging, and menarcheal status were determined.

Results: Metformin-treated girls gained on average 5.5 kg (or ∼50%) less fat, after 4 yr were less insulin resistant and less hyperandrogenic, had lower IGF-I levels and a less atherogenic lipid profile, and were less likely to be post-menarcheal than untreated girls, whereas their gain in height, lean mass, and bone mineral density were similar. After 4 yr, untreated girls had more visceral fat, a higher ratio of visceral-to-sc fat, and a higher leptin-to-high molecular weight adiponectin ratio (all ∼50% higher) than metformin-treated girls.

Conclusion: Long-term metformin treatment appears to reduce total and visceral fat in LBW-PP girls, and to delay menarche without attenuating linear growth, thereby opening the perspective that adult height may be increased.
Generalized Glucocorticoid Resistance: Clinical Aspects, Molecular Mechanisms, and Implications of a Rare Genetic Disorder
Authors: Charmandari Evangelia , Kino Tomoshige , Ichijo Takamasa , Chrousos George P.
Published: March 2008

Context: Primary generalized glucocorticoid resistance is a rare genetic condition characterized by generalized, partial, target-tissue insensitivity to glucocorticoids. We review the clinical aspects, molecular mechanisms, and implications of this disorder.

Evidence Acquisition: We conducted a systematic review of the published, peer-reviewed medical literature using MEDLINE (1975 through February 2008) to identify original articles and reviews on this topic.

Evidence Synthesis: We have relied on the experience of a number of experts in the field, including our extensive personal experience.

Conclusions: The clinical spectrum of primary generalized glucocorticoid resistance is broad, ranging from asymptomatic to severe cases of hyperandrogenism, fatigue, and/or mineralocorticoid excess. The molecular basis of the condition has been ascribed to mutations in the human glucocorticoid receptor (hGR) gene, which impair glucocorticoid signal transduction and reduce tissue sensitivity to glucocorticoids. A consequent increase in the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis compensates for the reduced sensitivity of peripheral tissues to glucocorticoids at the expense of ACTH hypersecretion-related pathology. The study of functional defects of natural hGR mutants enhances our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of hGR action and highlights the importance of integrated cellular and molecular signaling mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis and preserving normal physiology.
PAK is required for the disruption of E-cadherin adhesion by the small GTPase Rac
Authors: Lozano Encarnación , Frasa Marieke A. M. , Smolarczyk Katarzyna , Knaus Ulla G. , Braga Vania M. M.
Published: March 2008

E-cadherin cell-cell adhesion plays a major role in the maintenance of the morphology and function of epithelial tissues. Modulation of E-cadherin function is an important process in morphogenesis and tumour de-differentiation. We have previously shown that constitutively active Rac1 induces the disassembly of E-cadherin complexes from junctions in human keratinocytes. Here, we compare this activity in three members of the Rac subfamily (Rac1, Rac3 and Rac1b) and investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying Rac1-induced destabilization of junctions. We demonstrate that Rac3 shares with Rac1 the ability to interfere with cadherin-mediated adhesion. Rac1b is an alternative splice variant of Rac1 but, surprisingly, Rac1b cannot induce junction disassembly. Thus, Rac family members differ on their potential to perturb keratinocyte cell-cell contacts. The mechanism through which Rac promotes disassembly of cadherin-dependent adhesion does not involve an increase in contractility. Instead, activation of the Rac target PAK1 is necessary for destabilization of cell-cell contacts. Inhibition of PAK1 by dominant-negative constructs or depletion of endogenous PAK1 by RNA interference efficiently blocked Rac1-induced perturbation of junctions. Interestingly, PAK1 cannot be activated by Rac1b, suggesting that this may contribute to the inability of Rac1b to disrupt cell-cell contacts in keratinocytes. As PAK1 also plays a crucial role in lamellipodia formation, our data indicate that PAK1 is at the interface between junction destabilization and increased motility during morphogenetic events.
Phenotype reversion in fetal human liver epithelial cells identifies the role of an intermediate meso-endodermal stage before hepatic maturation
Authors: Inada Mari , Follenzi Antonia , Cheng Kang , Surana Manju , Joseph Brigid , Benten Daniel , Bandi Sriram , Qian Hong , Gupta Sanjeev
Published: March 2008

Understanding the biological potential of fetal stem/progenitor cells will help define mechanisms in liver development and homeostasis. We isolated epithelial fetal human liver cells and established phenotype-specific changes in gene expression during continuous culture conditions. Fetal human liver epithelial cells displayed stem cell properties with multilineage gene expression, extensive proliferation and generation of mesenchymal lineage cells, although the initial epithelial phenotype was rapidly supplanted by meso-endodermal phenotype in culture. This meso-endodermal phenotype was genetically regulated through cytokine signaling, including transforming growth factor β, bone morphogenetic protein, fibroblast growth factor and other signaling pathways. Reactivation of HNF3α (FOXA1) transcription factor, a driver of hepatic specification in the primitive endoderm, indicated that the meso-endodermal phenotype represented an earlier developmental stage of cells. We found that fetal liver epithelial cells formed mature hepatocytes in vivo, including after genetic manipulation using lentiviral vectors, offering convenient assays for analysis of further cell differentiation and fate. Taken together, these studies demonstrate plasticity in fetal liver epithelial stem cells, offer paradigms for defining mechanisms regulating lineage switching in stem cells, and provide potential avenues for regulating cell phenotypes for applications of stem cells, such as for cell therapy.
Analytical prediction of springback based on residual differential strain during sheet metal bending
Authors: Yi H K , Kim D W , Van Tyne C J , Moon Y H
Published: March 2008

As the springback of sheet metal during unloading may cause deviation from a desired shape, accurately predicting springback is essential for the design of sheet stamping operations. Finite-element models have not been successful in predicting springback; hence there is a need for analytical models to make such predictions. In this study, a model based on differential strains after relief from the maximum bending stress is derived for six different deformation patterns in order to predict springback analytically. The springback for each deformation pattern is estimated by the residual differential strains between outer and inner surfaces after elastic recovery. Each of the six deformation patterns has a valid region of applicability, based on elastic modulus, yield strength, applied tension, and bending geometry. Analytical equations for the springback of the sheet deformed under these six deformation patterns are derived. Traditional analytical models for springback prediction have been based on elastic unloading from a bending moment. Traditional models also require the knowledge of the stress distribution through the thickness of the sheet, whereas the residual differential strain model only requires the stress state on the outer and inner surfaces of the sheet. In order to compare the residual differential strain model with the traditional bending moment model, a bending moment model is derived for the same exact deformation patterns. Results from the two models are compared for various materials.
Numerical simulation of bubbly flow around two tandem square-section cylinders by vortex method
Authors: Degawa T , Uchiyama T
Published: March 2008

The air—water bubbly flow around two tandem square-section cylinders is simulated with the vortex method proposed by the authors in a prior study. The flow was experimentally investigated by Shakouchi et al. The side length of cylinder s is 30 mm, and the distance between the cylinders is 2s. The water Reynolds number is 10 000, and the air volumetric flow ratio to whole fluid is 0.03. A pair of Karman vortices appear behind the first cylinder. The strength of the Karman vortex downstream of the second cylinder is larger than that for the single-cylinder. The strength of the Karman vortex reduces due to the bubble entrainment. The pressure reduction on the rear surface of the first cylinder is relaxed when compared with that on the single-cylinder. Therefore, the present simulation can predict the reduction of the drag force acting on the first cylinder, which was clarified by the corresponding experimental study.
Extraction of Rare Earth Elements from Nd–Fe–B Magnet Scraps by NH4Cl
Authors: Itoh Masahiro , Miura Koji , Machida Ken-ichi
Published: March 2008

Extraction of rare earth elements from the Nd–Fe–B magnet scraps through the chlorination with NH4Cl was performed to study the effective process for reusing metal iron as well as rare earths. The Nd2Fe14B primary phase was selectively converted to neodymium chloride in the yield of ca. 90%, together with α-Fe and Fe–B residue on the basis of the higher chlorine affinity of rare earths.
Variant Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (Val66Met) Alters Adult Olfactory Bulb Neurogenesis and Spontaneous Olfactory Discrimination
Authors: Bath Kevin G. , Mandairon Nathalie , Jing Deqiang , Rajagopal Rithwick , Kapoor Ruchi , Chen Zhe-Yu , Khan Tanvir , Proenca Catia C. , Kraemer Rosemary , Cleland Thomas A. , Hempstead Barbara L. , Chao Moses V. , Lee Francis S.
Published: March 2008

Neurogenesis, the division, migration, and differentiation of new neurons, occurs throughout life. Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been identified as a potential signaling molecule regulating neurogenesis in the subventricular zone (SVZ), but its functional consequencesin vivohave not been well defined. We report marked and unexpected deficits in survival but not proliferation of newly born cells of adult knock-in mice containing a variant form of BDNF [a valine (Val) to methionine (Met) substitution at position 66 in the prodomain of BDNF (Val66Met)], a genetic mutation shown to lead to a selective impairment in activity-dependent BDNF secretion. Utilizing knock-out mouse lines, we identified BDNF and tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB) as the critical molecules for the observed impairments in neurogenesis, with p75 knock-out mice showing no effect on cell proliferation or survival. We then localized the activated form of TrkB to a discrete population of cells, type A migrating neuroblasts, and demonstrate a decrease in TrkB phosphorylation in the SVZ of Val66Met mutant mice. With these findings, we identify TrkB signaling, potentially through activity dependent release of BDNF, as a critical step in the survival of migrating neuroblasts. Utilizing a behavioral task shown to be sensitive to disruptions in olfactory bulb neurogenesis, we identified specific impairments in spontaneous olfactory discrimination, but not general olfactory sensitivity or habituation to olfactory stimuli in BDNF mutant mice. Through these observations, we have identified novel links between genetic variant BDNF and adult neurogenesisin vivo, which may contribute to significant impairments in olfactory function.
Bottom-Up Activation of the Vocal Motor Forebrain by the Respiratory Brainstem
Authors: Ashmore Robin C. , Renk Jessica A. , Schmidt Marc F.
Published: March 2008

Brainstem motor structures send output commands to the periphery and are dynamically modulated by telencephalic inputs. Little is known, however, about ascending brainstem control of forebrain motor structures. Here, we provide the first evidence for bottom-up activation of forebrain motor centers by the respiratory brainstem. We show that, in the avian vocal control system, activation of the brainstem inspiratory nucleus paraambigualus (PAm), a likely homolog of the mammalian rostral ventral respiratory group, can drive neural activity bilaterally in the forebrain vocal control nuclei HVC (used as a proper name) and the robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA). Furthermore, this activation is abolished by lesions of nucleus uvaeformis (Uva), a thalamic nucleus necessary for song production. We identify a type of bursting neuron within PAm whose activity is correlated, in an Uva dependent manner, to bursting activity in RA, rather than to the respiratory rhythm, and is robustly active during the production of stimulus evoked vocalizations. Because this ascending input results in cross-hemisphere activation, our results suggest a crucial role for the respiratory brainstem in coordinating forebrain motor centers during vocal production.
Genetic Control of Circuit Function:Vsx1andIrx5Transcription Factors Regulate Contrast Adaptation in the Mouse Retina
Authors: Kerschensteiner Daniel , Liu Haiquan , Cheng Chi Wa , Demas Jay , Cheng Shuk Han , Hui Chi-chung , Chow Robert L. , Wong Rachel O. L.
Published: March 2008

Transcriptional programs guide the specification of neural cell types in the developing nervous system. However, it is unclear whether such programs also control specific aspects of neural circuit function at maturity. In the mammalian retina,Vsx1andIrx5transcription factors are present in a subset of bipolar interneurons that convey signals from photoreceptors to ganglion cells. The biased expression ofVsx1andIrx5in hyperpolarizing OFF compared with depolarizing ON bipolar cells suggests that these transcription factors may selectively regulate signal processing in OFF circuits. To test this hypothesis, we generated mice lacking bothVsx1andIrx5. Bipolar cells in these mice were morphologically normal, but the expression of cell-specific markers in some OFF but not ON bipolar cells was reduced or absent. To assess visual function inVsx1−/−Irx5−/−retinas, we recorded light responses from ensembles of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). We first identified functional RGC types in control mice and describe their response properties and adaptation to temporal contrast using a simple linear–nonlinear model. We found that space–time receptive fields of RGCs are unchanged inVsx1−/−Irx5−/−mice compared with control retinas. In contrast, response threshold, gain, and range were lowered in a cell-type-specific manner in OFF but not ON RGCs inVsx1−/−Irx5−/−retinas. Finally, we discovered that the ability to adapt to temporal contrast is greatly reduced in OFF RGCs in the double mutant, suggesting thatVsx1andIrx5control specific aspects of visual function in circuits of the mammalian retina.
D1-Like Dopamine Receptor Activation Modulates GABAergic Inhibition But Not Electrical Coupling between Neocortical Fast-Spiking Interneurons
Authors: Towers Stephen K. , Hestrin Shaul
Published: March 2008

Dopamine, acting through D1receptors, is thought to play an important role in cognitive functions of the frontal cortex such as working memory. D1receptors are widely expressed in fast-spiking (FS) interneurons, a prominent class of inhibitory cells that exert a powerful control of neuronal firing through proximal synapses on their postsynaptic targets. FS cells are extensively mutually interconnected by both GABAAreceptor-mediated synapses and gap junction-mediated electrical synapses, and networks of FS cells play a crucial role in the generation of rhythmic synchronous activity. Although recent studies have documented the effects of dopamine modulation of neocortical synaptic connections among excitatory cells and between excitatory and various inhibitory cells, the effects of dopamine receptor activation on GABAergic and electrical interactions among FS cells is not known. To resolve this, we recorded from pairs of FS cells in the infragranular layers of mouse neocortical slices and tested the effects of D1-like (D1/D5) receptor activation on these connections. We found that D1-like receptor activation modulated GABAergic but not electrical connections between them. A D1-like receptor agonist preserved the strength of electrical coupling but reduced the amplitude of IPSPs and IPSCs between FS cells. Our results suggest that D1-like receptor activation has synapse-specific effects within networks of FS cells, with potential implications for the generation of rhythmic activity in the neocortex.
Current methods in forensic speaker identification: Results of a collaborative exercise
Authors: Cambier-Langeveld Tina
Published: March 2008

The field of forensic speaker identification is complicated by the use of a wide array of methods that are employed and it suffers from a lack of evaluation and validation of these different methods. This paper reports on the first internationally oriented collaborative exercise in this field. The main goal of this project was to document the different methods, analyses and reporting strategies that are currently being employed, and to have as many experts as possible participate (representative of the field). Speech material was especially recorded for this purpose and a fake case was constructed. Results from twelve reports are presented anonymously. Furthermore, a detailed account of the most frequently encountered acoustic measurements is given, and a summary of the type and scale of conclusions is provided. These summaries exemplify the huge diversity that seems to govern the field of forensic speaker identification, not only in a global sense but also when reports are viewed in detail.
Language as a witness: Insights from cognitive linguistics
Authors: Filipovic Luna
Published: March 2008

The paper examines the way in which the latest linguistic typology (Talmy 1985) can be used in the analysis of witness testimonies in multilingual court cases. Original transcripts of witness testimonies in Spanish and their translations in English by certified court interpreters have been used in this study. The two languages stand at the respective ends of the typological cline based on the lexicalization of the experiential domain in focus here, which is that of motion events. Spanish pattern involves directional verbs in motion expressions and scarce reference to manner, whereas the English pattern “favours” detailed reference to the manner of motion due to the abundance of manner verbs and constructions. Descriptions of motion events in Spanish have significantly fewer types and tokens of manner verbs compared to those of directional verbs, indicating that information on manner is frequently omitted. The English pattern, with pronounced presence of the Manner component in lexicalization, induces interpreters to add information about manner of motion in their translations, affecting the content of the testimonies. Other issues discussed in this paper include agentivity in constructions and their translations, the departure from the habitual pattern in Spanish on certain occasions, and the narrative style of witness testimonies reflecting respective lexicalization patterns of the two languages. The conclusion is that this kind of applied, interdisciplinary research can raise awareness about the role language plays beyond the text itself, and by doing so, bring about improvements and better understanding in the process of witness questioning and translation of witness testimonies.
“Mea culpa” in the courtroom: Juror perceptions of defendant apology at trial
Authors: Boully Kevin R.
Published: March 2008

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Magic in the Classroom
Authors: Porreca David
Published: March 2008

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Scarecrow Spirituality
Authors: Victor Henry
Published: March 2008

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God, Time, Space, and the Infinite
Authors: King-Farlow John , Bosley Richard
Published: March 2008

Philosophical discourse takes many forms, and this introduction to a website discussion suggests that the dialogue, once the heart of philosophical reasoning, promotes a particular type of encounter that leads to amicable discourse, in contrast to some forms that take no prisoners. This is an invitation to determine whether the dialogue can bear all that it is presumed to do.
Habitat Use and Movement Patterns by Adult Saugers from Fall to Summer in an Unimpounded Small-River System
Authors: Kuhn Kristopher M. , Hubert Wayne A. , Johnson Kevin , Oberlie Dennis , Dufek David
Published: March 2008

The Little Wind River drainage in Wyoming is a relatively small unimpounded river system inhabited by native saugers Sander canadensis. Radio telemetry was used to assess habitat use and movement patterns by adult saugers in the river system from fall through early summer. Fifty-four adult saugers were captured during fall 2004, surgically implanted with radio transmitters, and tracked through mid-July 2005. Tagged saugers selected large and deep pools. Such pools were abundant throughout the Little Wind River system and led to saugers being widely dispersed from fall to early spring. During fall, winter, and early spring, tagged saugers remained sedentary and moved short distances among pools in close proximity to each other. Longer movements by tagged saugers occurred from mid-spring to early summer, and were associated with both upstream and downstream movements to and from two river segments believed to be used for spawning. During early summer, most saugers returned to locations where they had been tagged the previous fall and had spent the winter. Our results provide evidence that preservation of the sauger fishery in the Wind River system will depend on maintaining fish passage throughout the portion of the watershed inhabited by saugers and preserving natural fluvial processes that maintain large and deep pools.
Estimating Fish Body Condition with Quantile Regression
Authors: Cade Brian S. , Terrell James W. , Porath Mark T.
Published: March 2008

We used quantile regression to compare the body condition of walleye Sander vitreus and white bass Morone chrysops before (1980–1988) and after (1989–2004) the establishment of alewives Alosa pseudoharengus in Lake McConaughy, Nebraska. Higher quantiles (percentiles = 100% × quantiles (0, 1)) of weight (W) at the same total length (TL) were indicative of better body condition in an allometric growth model that included separate slopes and intercepts for the before and after groups. All quantiles of walleye weights by TL increased in the years after alewife introduction, ranging from 1.01 to 1.12 times weights in the years before alewife introduction, with greatest increases for the lower (<0.50) quantiles and greater TLs. Quantiles up to 0.25 (the lowest 25th percentiles) of white bass weights were reduced in years after alewife introduction for TLs less than 300 mm, ranging from 0.78 to 0.98 times weights in the years before alewife introduction. However, quantiles greater than or equal to 0.50 (the upper 50th percentiles) of white bass weights increased for all TLs, ranging from 1.01 to 1.06 times the pre-1988 weights. A three-group analysis, which improved the model fit for longer white bass, indicated a reduction (0.80–1.0) in white bass body condition across all TLs in the first 2 years (1989–1990) after alewife introduction, whereas body condition actually improved (1.02–1.12) across all TLs in later years (1991–2004). Thus, after the establishment of alewives in 1988, walleye body condition improved for all fish at all lengths (the greatest improvement occurring among fish in poorer condition), whereas white bass body condition was initially reduced for all fish at all lengths for 2 years and improved in subsequent years. The approach that we developed for comparing fish body condition before and after a management action in Lake McConaughy could be applied to other weight–length data sets typically evaluated with relative weight indices.
Antibacterial activity of GUAVA, Psidium guajava Linnaeus, leaf extracts on diarrhea-causing enteric bacteria isolated from Seabob shrimp, Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (Heller)
Authors: Gonçalves Flávia A. , Andrade Neto Manoel , Bezerra José N. S. , Macrae Andrew , Sousa Oscarina Viana de , Fonteles-Filho Antonio A. , Vieira Regine H.S.F.
Published: March 2008

Guava leaf tea of Psidium guajava Linnaeus is commonly used as a medicine against gastroenteritis and child diarrhea by those who cannot afford or do not have access to antibiotics. This study screened the antimicrobial effect of essential oils and methanol, hexane, ethyl acetate extracts from guava leaves. The extracts were tested against diarrhea-causing bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli. Strains that were screened included isolates from seabob shrimp, Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (Heller) and laboratory-type strains. Of the bacteria tested, Staphylococcus aureus strains were most inhibited by the extracts. The methanol extract showed greatest bacterial inhibition. No statistically significant differences were observed between the tested extract concentrations and their effect. The essential oil extract showed inhibitory activity against S. aureus and Salmonella spp. The strains isolated from the shrimp showed some resistance to commercially available antibiotics. These data support the use of guava leaf-made medicines in diarrhea cases where access to commercial antibiotics is restricted. In conclusion, guava leaf extracts and essential oil are very active against S. aureus, thus making up important potential sources of new antimicrobial compounds.
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Authors: Geris Regina , Silva Ionizete Garcia da , Silva Heloísa Helena Garcia da , Barison Andersson , Rodrigues-Filho Edson , Ferreira Antônio Gilberto
Published: March 2008

The objective of this study was to evaluate the larvicidal activity of diterpenoids obtained from the oil-resin of Copaifera reticulata against Aedes aegypti larvae, the principal vector of dengue and urban yellow fever. Four diterpenes were obtained from oil-resin extraction with organic solvents and subsequent chromatographic and spectroscopic procedures allowed to isolation and identification of these compounds as 3-b-acetoxylabdan-8(17)-13-dien-15-oic acid (1), alepterolic acid (2), 3-b-hidroxylabdan-8(17)-en-15-oic acid (3), and ent-agatic acid (4). Each compound was previously dissolved in dimethylsulphoxide, and distilled water was added to obtain the desired concentrations. Twenty larvae of third instars were placed into plastic beckers, containing the solution test (25 mL), in a five repetitions scheme, and their mortality, indicated by torpor and darkening of the cephalic capsule, was recorded after 48h. Probit analyses were used to determine lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90) and their respective 95% confidence intervals. This study showed that only diterpenoids 1 and 2 exhibited larvicidal properties with LC50 of 0.8 ppm and 87.3 ppm, respectively, revealing the former as the most toxic compound against third instars of Ae. aegypti. Therefore, this compound seems to be an interesting source for new metabolite to be exploited.
Cutaneous infection caused by Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum: a microbiological report
Authors: Cantarelli Vlademir Vicente , Brodt Teresa Cristina Z. , Secchi Carina , Inamine Everton , Pereira Fabiana de Souza
Published: March 2008

We report here a rare case of cutaneous infection due to Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum. The patient presented to the clinical laboratory with a skin ulcer on his left leg. Gram-stained preparation of the purulent secretion revealed the presence of numerous rod-shaped Gram-positive organisms in the absence of any other species. The organism was grown in pure culture on sheep blood agar and was further identified as C. pseudodiphtheriticum using a commercial identification system (API-Coryne, BioMérieux, France). The infection was successfully treated with ciprofloxacin. This case emphasizes the importance of the clinical microbiology laboratory in correctly identifying Gram-positive organisms obtained in pure culture from skin ulcers.
Adubação orgânica e mineral para a produção de palmito da pupunheira na Amazônia Central
Authors: Chávez Flores Wanders B. , Yuyama Kaoru
Published: March 2008

Avaliou-se a produção de palmito do estipe principal e do primeiro perfilho da pupunheira (Bactris gasipaes Kunth), utilizando diferentes fontes e formas de adubação (orgânica e mineral) num LATOSSOLO AMARELO na Amazônia Central. O delineamento experimental foi blocos casualizados com três repetições, utilizando esquema fatorial 2 x 7, sendo os fatores: plantas com e sem espinhos no estipe oriundas de Yurimaguas, Peru; e diferentes formas de adubação (testemunha sem adubo; esterco de galinha de postura em cova (25 t ha-1); adubo mineral em cova (225-90-180 kg.ha-1 de N-P2O5-K2O); esterco de galinha de postura em cobertura (25 t ha-1); adubo mineral em cobertura (225-90-180 kg.ha-1); esterco de galinha de postura na cova (12,5 t ha-1) + adubo mineral em cobertura (112,5-45-90 kg.ha-1) e adubo mineral parcelado em 3 vezes (na cova 75 kg ha-1 de N, 90 kg ha-1 de P2O5 e 60 kg.ha-1 de K2O + 2 aplicações iguais de 75 kg.ha-1 de N e 60 kg.ha-1 de K2O), todas as formas de adubação foram repetidas no 2º e 3º ano em cobertura. A aplicação de fertilizantes orgânico e mineral elevou o pH e a concentração de nutrientes disponíveis no solo. A produção de palmito no primeiro perfilho com espinhos (1407 kg.ha-1) foi maior que nas plantas sem espinhos (1037 kg.ha-1). A produção de palmito liquido foi maior nos tratamentos com esterco em cobertura (estipe principal 1551kg.ha-1 e perfilhos 3004kg.ha-1) e "esterco 50% na cova + adubo mineral em cobertura 50%" (planta principal 1545 kg ha-1 e perfilhos 2986 kg ha-1). A testemunha não atingiu altura de corte até aos 40 meses após o plantio.
Árvores frutíferas nos quintais urbanos de Boa Vista, Roraima, Amazônia brasileira
Authors: Semedo Rui Jorge da Conceição Gomes , Barbosa Reinaldo Imbrozio
Published: March 2008

O objetivo do trabalho foi estimar a riqueza e a diversidade das espécies de árvores frutíferas cultivadas nos quintais caseiros da cidade de Boa Vista, Roraima, bem como determinar quais são as espécies cultivadas preferencialmente pela população urbana local. Os levantamentos foram realizados em dois bairros surgidos com a expansão da cidade em 1982: (1) BEst - Bairro dos Estados (Zona Norte) e (2) BAsa - Bairro Asa Branca (Zona Oeste). Foram observados 722 quintais no BEst (06 a 22.03.2004) e 339 no BAsa (07.04 a 01.07.2004). Trinta e seis espécies (19 famílias botânicas) foram encontradas no BEst e 37 (20 famílias) no BAsa, configurando um total de 43 espécies (20 famílias) observadas. Deste total, 30 espécies (69,8%) de 19 famílias (95%) ocorreram em ambos os bairros, sugerindo preferências frutíferas comuns. Os três maiores índices de valor de preferência (IVP) foram coincidentes e registrados para coco (Cocos nucifera L. - BEst: 19,4% e BAsa: 20,5%), manga (Mangifera indica L. - BEst: 14,9% e BAsa: 22,5%) e jambo (Syzygium malaccence (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry - BEst: 10,5% e BAsa: 10,1%), todos de origem externa à Amazônia, mas que congregaram conjuntamente 44,9% (BEst) e 53,0% (BAsa) de IVP. Estes resultados sugerem que o cultivo de árvores frutíferas em quintais caseiros de Boa Vista segue um padrão que concentra a escolha em poucas espécies, não-originárias da Amazônia, mas tradicionalmente consagradas por seu êxito na produção de frutos.
Morfometria das fibras das folhas de Astrocaryum murumuru var. murumuru Mart. (ARECACEAE)
Authors: Rocha Clarisse Beltrão Rosas , Potiguara Raimunda Conceição de Vilhena
Published: March 2008

A análise morfométrica das fibras das folhas de Astrocaryum murumuru var. murumuru Mart. revelou que as fibras do pecíolo apresentaram comprimento e espessura da parede superiores às regiões da ráquis e folíolo, com médias variando de 1.266,09 µm a 3.270,56 µm e 5,56 µm a 10,67 µm, respectivamente. Em relação ao índice de Runckel e coeficiente de flexibilidade, as regiões pecíolo e ráquis obtiveram valores considerados favoráveis para sua utilização na indústria papeleira e, o índice de enfeltramento demonstrou que provavelmente as fibras dessas regiões apresentarão uma boa resistência ao rasgo quando submetidas às avaliações físico-mecânicas. Diante dos resultados, a espécie se revela promissora como fonte alternativa de matéria-prima para a produção de papel, sendo necessários, entretanto, estudos de resistências físico-mecânicas a consolidação deste pré-diagnóstico.
Variabilidade espacial da chuva durante o experimento LBA/TRMM 1999 na Amazônia
Authors: Fisch Gilberto , Vendrame Iria F. , Hanaoka Paulo Cesar de Melo
Published: March 2008

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi o de estudar a variabilidade espacial de chuvas convectivas na Amazônia, durante o experimento LBA/TRMM em 1999. Um conjunto de dados consistindo de 37 pluviômetros (divididos em 4 subconjuntos e com distância máxima entre eles de 50 km) foi utilizado, sendo estas medidas de pluviometria de meados de Dezembro de 1998 ao final de Fevereiro de 1999, que é o pico da estação chuvosa em Rondônia (sudoeste da Amazônia). A metodologia de correlação interestações (baseado em probabilidade condicional) e assumindo uma distribuição estatística log-normal bivariada foi aplicada aos dados de precipitação diária e os resultados mostraram que chuvas que ocorrem em uma distância inferior a 1 km de raio têm um alto valor de correlação (variando de 0,7 a 0,9) representando a validação de uma medida pontual de chuva. A curva ajustada da variação do coeficiente de correlação ( ro ) versus distância (d em km) foi: ro = 0,72 - 0,15 ln (d).
Atividade inseticida do óleo essencial de Tanaecium nocturnum (Barb. Rodr.) Bur. & K. Shum (Bignoneaceae) sobre Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Fazolin Murilo , Estrela Joelma Lima Vidal , Catani Valdomiro , Alécio Márcio Rodrigo , Lima Marilene Santos de
Published: March 2008

O óleo essencial extraído de folhas frescas de Tanaecium nocturnum (Barb. Rodr.) Bur.& K. Shum por destilação de arraste a vapor foi avaliado quanto à toxicidade a Sitophilus zeamais Motsch., principal praga do milho armazenado. Papel de filtro e grãos de milho foram impregnados pelo óleo para se avaliar o efeito por via de contato (papel-filtro) e fumigação, respectivamente. Para avaliação do efeito da aplicação tópica 0,5 µl das diferentes concentrações do óleo foram aplicadas em adultos do inseto. A partir de uma ampla faixa de concentrações, foram determinadas as mais promissoras para os bioensaios definitivos. Na determinação das dose/concentrações-letais (DL50 e CL50) foi utilizada a análise de Probit, realizando-se também, uma análise de regressão linear conjunta de todos os dados de mortalidade. O óleo de T. nocturnum foi considerado tóxico para S. zeamais baseado nos seguintes valores: CL50 de 14,1 ng.cm-2 e CL50 de 1.321,6 ng.g-1 de grãos para os efeitos de contacto (papel-filtro) e fumigação, respectivamente, e DL50 de 14,7 µg.mg-1 de inseto para efeito tópico. Porcentagens de mortalidade próximas a 100 % foram obtidas nas concentrações de: 2 e 5 % (m/v) (contato), 3 4, e 5 % (m/v) (fumigação) e 10 % (m/v) para o efeito de aplicação tópica. O presente estudo mostrou que o ácido cianídrico, liberado do óleo essencial de T. nocturnum por hidrólise, pode ter atividade inseticida para S. zeamais e que concentrações acima de 4 % (m/v) são promissoras no controle do inseto.
Diagnósticos de enfermagem do Padrão Mover em idosos de uma comunidade atendida pelo Programa Saúde da Família
Authors: Araújo Lorena Aparecida de Oliveira , Bachion Maria Márcia
Published: March 2008

Com o envelhecimento, eleva-se a ocorrência de incapacidade ou risco para perda da mobilidade nos idosos. Objetivamos estudar a ocorrência de 22 Diagnósticos de Enfermagem do Padrão Mover em idosos, em relação a freqüência, sexo e idade. Trata-se de estudo exploratório, que incluiu 75 idosos atendidos por uma equipe do Programa Saúde da Família em Goiânia (GO). Verificamos que 97,3% da amostra apresentou pelo menos um dos diagnósticos estudados. Os diagnósticos com maiores freqüências foram Mobilidade Física Prejudicada (90,7%), Padrão do sono perturbado (89,4%) e Manutenção ineficaz da saúde (75,9%). Não encontramos diferença estatisticamente significativa entre a freqüência de diagnósticos entre homens e mulheres. Identificamos diferença estatisticamente significativa entre a freqüência de diagnósticos e a idade. Percebemos que existem características especificas da amostra que sugerem a necessidade de que cada equipe do Programa Saúde da Família avalie sua respectiva clientela a fim de direcionar intervenções precoces e apropriadas.
Interacionismo simbólico e a possibilidade para o cuidar interativo em enfermagem
Authors: Lopes Consuelo Helena Aires de Freitas , Jorge Maria Salete Bessa
Published: March 2008

O estudo reflexivo e teórico, apresenta os pressupostos básicos do Interacionismo Simbólico, que trata o significado como conceito central da teoria, em que a partir da interação entre as pessoas, as ações são construídas. Procura mostrar a afinidade da enfermagem com essa teoria ao buscar possibilidades para o cuidar interativo seja no âmbito do ensino, prática e pesquisa.
Estudo da estrutura da representação social da autonomia profissional em enfermagem
Authors: Gomes Antonio Marcos Tosoli , Oliveira Denize Cristina de
Published: March 2008

Buscou-se analisar a estrutura da representação social da autonomia profissional construída por enfermeiros na cidade de Petrópolis. Adotou-se como referencial a Teoria das Representações Sociais, de acordo com a abordagem estrutural. A coleta de dados foi realizada através da técnica de evocação livre ao termo autonomia profissional com 83 enfermeiros, 42 da rede básica e 41 da rede hospitalar. Os dados foram analisados através da construção do quadro de quatro casas. Os resultados indicam como possíveis elementos centrais da representação os termos conhecimento, conquista e responsabilidade e como elementos periféricos limitada, pouca e utopia.
Re-significações do humano no contexto da 'ciborguização': um olhar sobre as relações humano-máquina na terapia intensiva
Authors: Vargas Mara Ambrosina de O. , Meyer Dagmar Estermann
Published: March 2008

Discutem-se relações humano-máquina do processo denominado 'ciborguização da enfermeira' na terapia intensiva, com base nos Estudos Culturais pós-estruturalistas, destacando-se o conceito de ciborgue de Haraway. Examinam-se, como textos culturais, manuais utilizados pela enfermagem nas UTI. Esta análise cultural procura tensionar sentidos de 'humano e máquina', com o objetivo de reconhecer processos que instituem enfermeiras como ciborgues. Argumenta-se que enfermeiras intensivistas são inseridas em um processo de corporificação de tecnologia que transforma o corpo-profissional em um híbrido que permite desqualificar, concomitantemente, noções como máquina e corpo 'em si já que é a hibridização entre 'um e outro' que conta, ali. Como ciborgues, enfermeiras intensivistas aprendem a 'estar com' a máquina e essa conexão delimita a especificidade de suas ações. Sugere-se que processos de ciborguização como esse são produtivos para questionar - e lidar de outros modos com - os sentidos de 'humano' e 'humanidade' que sustentam grande parte do saber/fazer em saúde.
Is it necessary to soak rice grains to prepare Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 inoculum?
Authors: Paula Júnior Trazilbo J. , Vieira Rogério F. , Jesus Junior Waldir C. , Hau Bernhard , Teixeira Hudson
Published: March 2008

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects on the development of root rot on common bean, cv. 'Dufrix' after treatment with four volumes of water (0, 30%, 60%, and 90%, v/w) added to rice grains previously immersed in water for 24 hours before autoclaving and colonization of grains by Rhizoctoniasolani AG-4. Colonized rice grains and non-infested rice grains were mixed in pots with sterilized soil and sand (2:1), where beans were sown. Based on results of area under plant emergence curve, plant height, plant dry weight, and disease severity, we conclude that inoculum is more effective in causing disease when no water is added to the rice grains before autoclaving.
Comparação entre o diagnóstico endoscópico e histológico de pólipos colorretais
Authors: Ghezzi Tiago Leal , Fillmann Lucio Sarubbi , Fillmann Érico Ernesto Pretzel , Fillmann Henrique Sarubbi
Published: March 2008

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a capacidade da videocolonoscopia convencional (sem magnificação de imagem) com cromoscopia (índigo carmin) de inferir no provável diagnóstico histológico de pólipos colorretais. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional e descritivo de 100 pólipos colorretais. Todas as lesões foram classificados do ponto de vista endoscópico quanto ao padrão de criptas e submetidos ao estudo histológico para posterior correlação diagnóstica. RESULTADOS: dezenove por cento dos pólipos foram "subdiagnosticados" como hiperplásicos na videocolonoscopia. Oitenta e um por cento foram diagnosticados corretamente ou "superdignosticados" na videocolonoscopia. Nenhum pólipo maligno foi diagnosticado incorretamente. CONCLUSÃO: A videocolonoscopia convencional com cromoscopia não é método seguro para diferenciação de pólipos colorretais neoplásicos e não-neoplásicos. Pólipos colorretais diagnosticados através de videocolonoscopia convencional devem ser sempre submetidos a estudo histológico.
Colonoscopia em pacientes não pediátricos abaixo de 20 anos de idade traz pouca contribuição nos resultados
Authors: Brenner Antonio Sérgio , Lima Vanessa Zeni , Valarini Sandra Beatriz Marion , Valarini Rubens , César Ana Maria Pereira
Published: March 2008

INTRODUÇÃO: A utilização da colonoscopia como método de diagnóstico e prevenção das doenças do cólon e reto é cada ano mais freqüente. Esse aumento na indicação também é observado nos extremos de idade, como pacientes não pediátricos abaixo dos 20 anos. MÉTODO: Entre outubro de 1998 a julho de 2006, 4354 pacientes foram submetidos à colonoscopia na clínica privada de um dos autores. Foram analisados retrospectivamente, os prontuários de 66 pacientes com vinte anos ou menos de idade. O estudo histológico foi obtido nos pacientes com exames alterados. RESULTADOS: A idade variou de 11 a 20 anos (média de 17,96 anos). Trinta e nove pacientes pertenciam ao sexo feminino e 27 ao masculino. O exame foi normal em 40, observou-se apenas hiperplasia de tecido linfóide em 10, divertículos em 2, colite inespecífica em 1 e pólipo hiperplásico em 1 paciente, totalizando 54 (81,81%) exames sem alteração específica. Colites foram observadas em 10 e pólipos em 5. Em dois pacientes havia história familiar de doença inflamatória intestinal e em um de câncer de cólon. CONCLUSÃO: A seleção dos pacientes é fundamental para evitar exames colonoscópicos desnecessários em pacientes abaixo de 20 anos de idade.