bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conditional Knock-Out of Vesicular GABA Transporter Gene from Starburst Amacrine Cells Reveals the Contributions of Multiple Synaptic Mechanisms Underlying Direction Selectivity in the Retina
Authors: Pei Zhe , Chen Qiang , Koren David , Giammarinaro Benno , Acaron Ledesma Hector , Wei Wei
Published: September 2015

Direction selectivity of direction-selective ganglion cells (DSGCs) in the retina results from patterned excitatory and inhibitory inputs onto DSGCs during motion stimuli. The inhibitory inputs onto DSGCs are directionally tuned to the antipreferred (null) direction and therefore potently suppress spiking during motion in the null direction. However, whether direction-selective inhibition is indispensable for direction selectivity is unclear. Here, we selectively eliminated the directional tuning of inhibitory inputs onto DSGCs by disrupting GABA release from the presynaptic interneuron starburst amacrine cell in the mouse retina. We found that, even without directionally tuned inhibition, direction selectivity can still be implemented in a subset of On-Off DSGCs by direction-selective excitation and a temporal offset between excitation and isotropic inhibition. Our results therefore demonstrate the concerted action of multiple synaptic mechanisms for robust direction selectivity in the retina.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe direction-selective circuit in the retina has been a classic model to study neural computations by the brain. An important but unresolved question is how direction selectivity is implemented by directionally tuned excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms. Here we specifically removed the direction tuning of inhibition from the circuit. We found that direction tuning of inhibition is important but not indispensable for direction selectivity of DSGCs' spiking activity, and that the residual direction selectivity is implemented by direction-selective excitation and temporal offset between excitation and inhibition. Our results highlight the concerted actions of synaptic excitation and inhibition required for robust direction selectivity in the retina and provide critical insights into how patterned excitation and inhibition collectively implement sensory processing.
Interareal Spike-Train Correlations of Anterior Cingulate and Dorsal Prefrontal Cortex during Attention Shifts
Authors: Oemisch Mariann , Westendorff Stephanie , Everling Stefan , Womelsdorf Thilo
Published: September 2015

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) are believed to coactivate during goal-directed behavior to identify, select, and monitor relevant sensory information. Here, we tested whether coactivation of neurons across macaque ACC and PFC would be evident at the level of pairwise neuronal correlations during stimulus selection in a spatial attention task. We found that firing correlations emerged shortly after an attention cue, were evident for 50–200 ms time windows, were strongest for neuron pairs in area 24 (ACC) and areas 8 and 9 (dorsal PFC), and were independent of overall firing rate modulations. For a subset of cell pairs from ACC and dorsal PFC, the observed functional spike-train connectivity carried information about the direction of the attention shift. Reliable firing correlations were evident across area boundaries for neurons with broad spike waveforms (putative excitatory neurons) as well as for pairs of putative excitatory neurons and neurons with narrow spike waveforms (putative interneurons). These findings reveal that stimulus selection is accompanied by slow time scale firing correlations across those ACC/PFC subfields implicated to control and monitor attention. This functional coupling was informative about which stimulus was selected and thus indexed possibly the exchange of task-relevant information. We speculate that interareal, transient firing correlations reflect the transient coordination of larger, reciprocally interacting brain networks at a characteristic 50–200 ms time scale.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTOur manuscript identifies interareal spike-train correlations between primate anterior cingulate and dorsal prefrontal cortex during a period where attentional stimulus selection is likely controlled by these very same circuits. Interareal correlations emerged during the covert attention shift to one of two peripheral stimuli, proceeded on a slow 50–200 ms time scale, and occurred between putative pyramidal and putative interneurons. Spike-train correlations emerged particularly for cell pairs tuned to similar contralateral target locations, thus indexing the interareal coordination of attention-relevant information. These findings characterize a possible way by which prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex circuits implement their control functions through coordinated firing when macaque monkeys select and monitor relevant stimuli for goal-directed behaviors.
Losing Neutrality: The Neural Basis of Impaired Emotional Control without Sleep
Authors: Simon Eti Ben , Oren Noga , Sharon Haggai , Kirschner Adi , Goldway Noam , Okon-Singer Hadas , Tauman Rivi , Deweese Menton M. , Keil Andreas , Hendler Talma
Published: September 2015

Sleep deprivation has been shown recently to alter emotional processing possibly associated with reduced frontal regulation. Such impairments can ultimately fail adaptive attempts to regulate emotional processing (also known as cognitive control of emotion), although this hypothesis has not been examined directly. Therefore, we explored the influence of sleep deprivation on the human brain using two different cognitive–emotional tasks, recorded using fMRI and EEG. Both tasks involved irrelevant emotional and neutral distractors presented during a competing cognitive challenge, thus creating a continuous demand for regulating emotional processing. Results reveal that, although participants showed enhanced limbic and electrophysiological reactions to emotional distractors regardless of their sleep state, they were specifically unable to ignore neutral distracting information after sleep deprivation. As a consequence, sleep deprivation resulted in similar processing of neutral and negative distractors, thus disabling accurate emotional discrimination. As expected, these findings were further associated with a decrease in prefrontal connectivity patterns in both EEG and fMRI signals, reflecting a profound decline in cognitive control of emotion. Notably, such a decline was associated with lower REM sleep amounts, supporting a role for REM sleep in overnight emotional processing. Altogether, our findings suggest that losing sleep alters emotional reactivity by lowering the threshold for emotional activation, leading to a maladaptive loss of emotional neutrality.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSleep loss is known as a robust modulator of emotional reactivity, leading to increased anxiety and stress elicited by seemingly minor triggers. In this work, we aimed to portray the neural basis of these emotional impairments and their possible association with frontal regulation of emotional processing, also known as cognitive control of emotion. Using specifically suited EEG and fMRI tasks, we were able to show that sleep deprivation alters emotional reactivity by triggering enhanced processing of stimuli regarded previously as neutral. These changes were further accompanied by diminished frontal connectivity, reduced REM sleep, and poorer performance. Therefore, we suggest that sleep loss alters emotional reactivity by lowering the threshold for emotional activation, leading to a maladaptive loss of emotional neutrality.
Perceptual Salience and Reward Both Influence Feedback-Related Neural Activity Arising from Choice
Authors: Lou Bin , Hsu Wha-Yin , Sajda Paul
Published: September 2015

For day-to-day decisions, multiple factors influence our choice between alternatives. Two dimensions of decision making that substantially affect choice are the objective perceptual properties of the stimulus (e.g., salience) and its subjective value. Here we measure EEGs in human subjects to relate their feedback-evoked EEG responses to estimates of prediction error given a neurally derived expected value for each trial. Unlike in traditional reinforcement learning paradigms, in our experiment the reward itself is not probabilistic; rather, it is a fixed value, which, when combined with the variable stimulus salience, yields uncertainty in the choice. We find that feedback-evoked event-related potentials (ERPs), specifically those classically termed feedback-related negativity, are modulated by both the reward level and stimulus salience. Using single-trial analysis of the EEG, we show stimulus-locked EEG components reflecting perceived stimulus salience can be combined with the level of reward to create an estimate of expected reward. This expected reward is used to form a prediction error that correlates with the trial-by-trial variability of the feedback ERPs for negative, but not positive, feedback. This suggests that the valence of prediction error is more important than the valence of the actual feedback, since only positive rewards were delivered in the experiment (no penalty or loss). Finally, we show that these subjectively defined prediction errors are informative of the riskiness of the subject's choice on the subsequent trial. In summary, our work shows that neural correlates of stimulus salience interact with value information to yield neural representations of subjective expected reward.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTHow we make perceptual decisions depends on sensory evidence and the value of our options. These two factors often interact to yield subjective decisions; i.e., individuals integrate sensory evidence and value to form their own estimates of expected reward. Here, we use electroencephelography to identify trial-by-trial neural activity of perceived stimulus salience, showing that this activity can be combined with the value of choice options to form a representation of expected reward. Our results provide insight into the neural processing governing the interaction between salience and value and the formation of subjective expected reward and prediction error. This work is potentially important for identifying neural markers of abnormal sensory/value processing, as is seen in some cases of psychiatric illnesses.
ComplementC3-Deficient Mice Fail to Display Age-Related Hippocampal Decline
Authors: Shi Qiaoqiao , Colodner Kenneth J. , Matousek Sarah B. , Merry Katherine , Hong Soyon , Kenison Jessica E. , Frost Jeffrey L. , Le Kevin X. , Li Shaomin , Dodart Jean-Cosme , Caldarone Barbara J. , Stevens Beth , Lemere Cynthia A.
Published: September 2015

The complement system is part of the innate immune response responsible for removing pathogens and cellular debris, in addition to helping to refine CNS neuronal connections via microglia-mediated pruning of inappropriate synapses during brain development. However, less is known about the role of complement during normal aging. Here, we studied the role of the central complement component, C3, in synaptic health and aging. We examined behavior as well as electrophysiological, synaptic, and neuronal changes in the brains ofC3-deficient male mice (C3KO) compared with age-, strain-, and gender-matched C57BL/6J (wild-type, WT) control mice at postnatal day 30, 4 months, and 16 months of age. We found the following: (1) region-specific and age-dependent synapse loss in aged WT mice that was not observed inC3KO mice; (2) age-dependent neuron loss in hippocampal CA3 (but not in CA1) that followed synapse loss in aged WT mice, neither of which were observed in agedC3KO mice; and (3) significantly enhanced LTP and cognition and less anxiety in agedC3KO mice compared with aged WT mice. Importantly, CA3 synaptic puncta were similar between WT andC3KO mice at P30. Together, our results suggest a novel and prominent role for complement protein C3 in mediating aged-related and region-specific changes in synaptic function and plasticity in the aging brain.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe complement cascade, part of the innate immune response to remove pathogens, also plays a role in synaptic refinement during brain development by the removal of weak synapses. We investigated whether complement C3, a central component, affects synapse loss during aging. Wild-type (WT) andC3knock-out (C3KO) mice were examined at different ages. The mice were similar at 1 month of age. However, with aging, WT mice lost synapses in specific brain regions, especially in hippocampus, an area important for memory, whereasC3KO mice were protected. AgedC3KO mice also performed better on learning and memory tests than aged WT mice. Our results suggest that complement C3, or its downstream signaling, is detrimental to synapses during aging.
PKR Inhibition Rescues Memory Deficit and ATF4 Overexpression in ApoE ε4 Human Replacement Mice
Authors: Segev Yifat , Barrera Iliana , Ounallah-Saad Hadile , Wibrand Karin , Sporild Ida , Livne Adva , Rosenberg Tali , David Orit , Mints Meshi , Bramham Clive R. , Rosenblum Kobi
Published: September 2015

Sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an incurable neurodegenerative disease with clear pathological hallmarks, brain dysfunction, and unknown etiology. Here, we tested the hypothesis that there is a link between genetic risk factors for AD, cellular metabolic stress, and transcription/translation regulation. In addition, we aimed at reversing the memory impairment observed in a mouse model of sporadic AD. We have previously demonstrated that the most prevalent genetic risk factor for AD, the ApoE4 allele, is correlated with increased phosphorylation of the translation factor eIF2α. In the present study, we tested the possible involvement of additional members of the eIF2α pathway and identified increased mRNA expression of negative transcription factor ATF4 (aka CREB2) both in human and a mouse model expressing the human ApoE4 allele. Furthermore, injection of a PKR inhibitor rescued memory impairment and attenuated ATF4 mRNA increased expression in the ApoE4 mice. The results propose a new mechanism by which ApoE4 affects brain function and further suggest that inhibition of PKR is a way to restore ATF4 overexpression and memory impairment in early stages of sporadic AD.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTATF4 mRNA relative quantities are elevated in ApoE4 allele carriers compared with noncarrier controls. This is true also for the ApoE ε4 human replacement mice. ApoE4 mice injected with PKR inhibitor (PKRi) demonstrate a significant reduction in ATF4 expression levels 3 h after one injection of PKRi. Treatment of ApoE4 human replacement mice with the PKRi before learning rescues the memory impairment of the ApoE4 AD model mice. We think that these results propose a new mechanism by which ApoE4 affects brain function and suggest that inhibition of PKR is a way to restore memory impairment in early stages of sporadic AD.
„Ród ruski”, „ród wareski” i narodowość staroruska
Authors: Musin Aleksander
Published: September 2015

Studia nad dziejami dawnej Rusi charakteryzują się obecnie uwzględnianiem różnorodności poszczególnych jej regionów, co stanowi pewne odejście od ukształtowanego w drugiej połowie XIX wieku założenia o „jednolitej narodowości staroruskiej”. Zakładało one istnienie wspólnego przodka dzisiejszych Rosjan, Ukraińców oraz Białorusinów. Nowe ustalenia na temat czynników wpływających na konsolidację staroruskiego społeczeństwa wymagają od badacza – w celu dokonania przekonującego rozstrzygnięcia problemu zbiorowej samoidentyfikacji w średniowieczu – sięgnięcia po te zabytki piśmiennictwa, w których ujawnić się mogły explicite historyczne podstawy dokonywania przez zbiorowości ludzkie dawnej Rusi identyfikacji swoich członków lub wzajemnego przeciwstawiania się sobie. Specyficzna struktura państwa staroruskiego składającego się z „włości” kijowskiej i nowogrodzkiej oraz pojawiające się w zabytkach piśmienniczych określenia typu „ród ruski”, „ród wareski” każą zastanowić się nad znaczeniem i konotacjami, jakie niesie ze sobą projektowana „narodowość staroruska”.
Tożsamość etniczna społeczności ar-Rūsīja w świetle pochodzenia ich kultowych posągów i sposobu ich rozmieszczenia w miejscu kultu
Authors: Michalski Michał
Published: September 2015

Źródła arabskie zawierające informacje o społeczności określanej jako ar-Rūs odgrywają istotną rolę w sporze między normanistami i antynormanistami. Informacje przekazane przez arabskich podróżników oraz historyków dostarczają nie tylko lakonicznych wzmianek o ludzie noszącym taką nazwę, lecz dodatkowo zawierają cenne i obszerne charakterystyki obyczajów, stosunków społecznych oraz religii. Pozwalają zatem uzyskać różnorodne dane dotyczące czynników składających się na tożsamość tego wczesnośredniowiecznego ludu. Nie dziwi zatem, że arabskie dane dotyczące ludu ar-Rūs interesują zarówno historyków Słowian, jak również archeologów czy etnologów. W niniejszym artykule poddano rozważaniom materiał pochodzący z relacji z podróży do Bułgarów kamskich Ahmada ibn Fadlāna (1. poł. X wieku) w celu odpowiedzi na pytanie o to, z kulturą jakiego ludu można wiązać obyczaje oraz formy kultu Rusów.
Grecy we Lwowie: zapomniani obywatele
Authors: Lylo Ihor
Published: September 2015

Lwów będący ważnym centrum życia ekonomicznego na pograniczu polsko-ukraińskim daje doskonałą okazję do badań nad historią małych grup etnicznych mieszkających na tym terenie od czasów wczesnego średniowiecza. O Grekach jako zwartej grupie, posiadających własną tożsamość etniczną, a mieszkających na stałe we Lwowie, możemy mówić od drugiej połowy XVI wieku. Chociaż przybywali tutaj już po upadku Konstantynopola w 1453 roku, to przez długi czas jako chrześcijanie prawosławni zmuszeni byli wybierać między utratą tożsamości religijnej a przyłączeniem się do grona prawosławnych Rusinów. Zróżnicowanie Greków mieszkających we Lwowie w XVI i XVII wieku – poddanej analizie w niniejszym artykule – odzwierciedla aktywność tej grupy, wśród której wyróżnić można kupców, przyjeżdżających czasowo, kupców posiadających stałe placówki, nauczycieli, rzemieślników i innych.
The “Arab Spring” and the Christian Linguistic Minorities in Syria
Authors: Bednarowicz Sebastian
Published: September 2015

Syria has a heterogeneous population. It reflects the complicated history of the region and constitutes evidence for many migratory waves, that have been coming to Syria for centuries.The linguistic situation of Syria is less complicated, however also here the heterogeneity is observable. The official language of Syria is Modern Standard Arabic. Nevertheless, because of the diglossia being a common state in Arab countries, this language has no use in a daily communication. This role is performed by vernacular dialects of Arabic. In western Syria are spoken the Levantine and in al-Jazira the Mesopotamian dialects. The Kurds usually speak Kurmanji, which belongs to the Iranian languages. Moreover other small linguistic communities (e.g. Adyghe, Kabardian, Turkish) exist. As far as the Christian non-Arab linguistic minorities are concerned, in 2011 it was possible to indicate speakers of four main languages: Western Aramaic, Suret, Turoyo, Armenian.
Land use change in the Atlantic Forest affects carbon and nitrogen sources of streams as revealed by the isotopic composition of terrestrial invertebrates
Authors: Augusto Fernanda Gaudio , Tassoni Filho Mauricio , Ferreira Anderson , Pereira Alexandre Leandro , Camargo Plínio Barbosa de , Martinelli Luiz Antonio
Published: September 2015

Terrestrial invertebrates link terrestrial systems to aquatic ones, making vegetal material produced in the watershed available to aquatic food webs. In this study, using carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes, we evaluated the importance of introduced C4 grasses as a source of carbon in aquatic food webs of headwater streams of the coastal Atlantic Forest located on the north coast of the State of São Paulo, in the southeastern region of Brazil. Terrestrial invertebrates were collected in two streams: one where the main land cover was pristine montane Atlantic Forest (forest stream) and another where the main land cover was introduced C4 forage grasses for livestock (pasture stream). The average δ13C of terrestrial invertebrates collected in the forest stream (−26.3±2.1‰) was significantly (p<0.01) smaller than the average δ13C of terrestrial invertebrates collected in the pasture stream (−15.7±4.7‰), denoting a larger contribution of C4grasses to terrestrial invertebrates of the pasture stream. The average δ15N of terrestrial invertebrates of the forest stream (4.1±2.4‰) was significantly (p<0.01) lower than the average δ15N of terrestrial invertebrates of the pasture stream (9.5±2.7‰). The relative contribution of C3 and C4 plants to terrestrial invertebrates was estimated using SIAR. In the forest stream, the C3 contribution was on average 0.75 (0.72 minimum to 0.79 maximum), and the C4 contribution was on average 0.25 (0.21 minimum to 0.28 maximum). In the pasture stream, the C3contribution decreased to 0.20 (0.14 minimum to 0.26 maximum), and the C4 contribution increased to 0.80 (0.74 minimum to 0.86 maximum). These results have several implications for the ecosystem functioning as well as for recent changes in environmental policies of Brazil. The lower nutritional value of C4 grasses may not only decrease invertebrate performance, but also alter the stoichiometry of several components of the aquatic food webs with potential consequence for the whole ecosystem functioning. On the public policy side, recent changes in the Brazilian Forest Act, a series of laws that regulate land cover at the property level, reduced the width of the forested riparian area with potentially dangerous consequences for aquatic ecosystems.
New species and records of Psocoptera (Insecta) from Roraima State, Brazil.
Authors: Mockford Edward L.
Published: September 2015

Psocoptera. from Ilha de Marcica and Pacaraima, Roraima State, Brazil, representing 103 species are recorded. Sixty-two are new to science. and are described and figured, representing genera Echmepteryx(2), Tapinella(3), Musapsocus, (1), Seopsocus(3),Isth-mopsocis(3), Dolabellopsocus(6), Epipsocus(5), Neurostigma.(1), Nctiopscus(1), Cae-cilius (6) , Enderluinella (1), Xanthocarcilius(1) , Polypsocus(3) , Scytopsocus(1), ar-chipsocus(1), Lachesilla(4), Notolachesilla(1) , Perispsocus(4), Dactylopsocus (1) , Metylophorus(3), Blaste.(4), Lichenomiae(3), Myopsocus (3). Genus Notarchispsu. gen. is erected for Archipsocus macrurusNew and a new species. Genus MonocladellusEu-derlein in placed in synonymy of, PolypsocusHagen. South American species assigned to genus LophopterygllaEnderlein by New (1979) are. reassigned to Myopscus and represent a parallel development in the latter genus.
Informação, um excurso crítico-filológico
Authors: Menezes Vinícios Souza de
Published: September 2015

Trata-se de uma conversação com a virada pragmático-linguística da informação, de um excurso filosófico através de uma leitura crítica-filológica a respeito do nome informação. A variação prefixal de sentido (in-) é analisada, assim como seus direcionamentos - dar e privar a forma. A forma-ideia platônica é rediscutida a partir do olhar crítico-filológico. Ao final, assinala-se para uma infância da informação indicativa de um possível experienciar desvinculado de mentalismos e tecnicismos que se desdobram multiplamente na sociedade rotulada como informacional.
Redescription and osteology of Hyphessobrycon compressus (Meek) (Teleostei: Characidae), type species of the genus
Authors: Carvalho Fernando R. , Malabarba Luiz R.
Published: September 2015

The type-species of Hyphessobrycon is redescribed and its osteology provided. Hyphessobrycon compressus is distinguished from its congeners by the 41-48 (mode 45) scales in the longitudinal series; 7-9 (mode 9) scales rows between the dorsal-fin origin and the lateral line, and absence of predorsal scales. Additional useful characters include the lack of spots on the body, a dorsal fin with a black spot, and an anal fin with two large, conspicuous hooks, and several other small hooks. Hyphessobrycon milleri is proposed as a junior synonym of H. compressus . The osteology of H. compressus is discussed in detail together with comments about phylogenetic relationships of Hyphessobrycon sensu stricto .
A new species of the lowland Oligosarcus Günther species group (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characidae)
Authors: Menezes Naércio Aquino , Ribeiro Alexandre Cunha
Published: September 2015

A new characid species is described from the rio Jacuí basin, a coastal drainage from southern Brazil. Itis morphologically most similar to its sympatric congeners Oligosarcus jenynsii and O. jacuiensis , but can be distinguished from both species in having the interorbital region wider and the pectoral fin shorter and additionally from O. jenynsii in having a smaller orbital diameter.
A REPETIÇÃO EM INTERPRETAÇÕES DE LICENCIANDOS EM FÍSICA AO LEREM AS REVISTAS CIÊNCIA HOJE E PESQUISA FAPESP
Authors: Dias Ricardo Henrique Almeida , Almeida Maria José P. M. de
Published: September 2015

Este artigo tem por objetivo compreender como um grupo de licenciandos em Física atribuiu sentidos à leitura de textos de divulgação científica da área publicados nas revistas Ciência Hoje e Pesquisa Fapesp. Para analisar as interpretações dos licenciandos, baseamo-nos na noção de autoria da análise de discurso e suas categorias de repetição: empírica, for mal e histórica, como explicitadas por Eni Orlandi. Identificamos elemen tos das três, o que nos evidenciou a multiplicidade nas maneiras como os licenciandos desta pesquisa leram os textos indicados. Notamos como alguns aspectos da ciência foram interpretados pelos licenciandos, como as suas relações com a sociedade, com as outras ciências e a produção científica nacional. Também encontramos algumas referências à utilização de analogias nos textos de divulgação científica. Os sentidos atribuídos à leitura e os exemplos de repetições por esse grupo de licenciandos em Física parecem sugerir como certos discursos relativos à ciência podem aflorar quando instados pela leitura dos textos de divulgação propostos.
A IMAGEM EM ARTIGOS PUBLICADOS NO PERÍODO 1998-2007 NA ÁREA DE EDUCAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS
Authors: Souza Lucia Helena Pralon de , Rego Sheila Cristina Ribeiro , Gouvêa Guaracira
Published: September 2015

Neste trabalho, procedemos à análise de um conjunto represen tativo dos artigos sobre imagens no campo da educação em ciências, publicado no período entre 1998 e 2007, com o objetivo de obter pistas sobre o status do corpo de conhecimentos sobre o tema construído até o momento. Utilizando as categorias: papel da imagem; natureza da ima gem, suporte e mídia; abordagem; campo de estudos de referência; natu reza do estudo; cenário dos estudos empíricos; instrumentos de coleta de dados e tipo de análise de dados, verificamos uma predominância dos campos de estudos da semiótica e da cognição, dos trabalhos empíricos sobre os teóricos e, ainda, uma preferência em abordar a imagem como objeto central de estudo e os aspectos de sua produção.
ARGUMENTAÇÃO NO ENSINO DE CIÊNCIAS: CONTEXTO BRASILEIRO
Authors: Sá Luciana Passos , Queiroz Salete Linhares
Published: September 2015

No presente artigo discutimos a produção acadêmica brasileira sobre a argumentação no ensino de Ciências. Para tanto, foram investiga dos trabalhos apresentados nos Encontros Nacionais de Pesquisa em Educação em Ciências (ENPECs) e em revistas nacionais das áreas de Educação e Educação em Ciências. Os trabalhos foram analisados com relação aos seguintes aspectos: ano de publicação, região geográfica e Instituição de Ensino Superior (IES) de origem, nível de escolaridade ao qual se destina e foco temático.
TEMAS POLÊMICOS E A ARGUMENTAÇÃO DE ESTUDANTES DO CURSO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS
Authors: Perez Daniela Malgarini , Rebechi Débora , Azevedo Karine Lohmann , Schreiner Poliana Graziela , Mattia Rafaela Carla , Slowik Renata , Oliveira Odisséa Boaventura de
Published: September 2015

Analisa-se a estrutura e consistência dos argumentos de alunos do curso de Ciências Biológicas quando instigados a defender determinado ponto de vista sobre dois temas "Mercado de Carbono" e "Experimetação Animal". Utilizando-se como referencial para análise o modelo de Toulmin, observou-se que prevaleceu Argumentos do tipo conclusão-justificativa e conclusão-dado-justificativa em ambos os debates, indicando que o método de argumentação dos alunos é derivado, principalmente, de opiniões próprias sobre o assunto ou de opiniões formadas através de aquisição de fatos aleatórios. De modo geral, os debates apresentaram uma boa expressividade e apesar dos argumentos não terem sido formuladas com base em dados científicos, há que se valorizar a importância desse tipo de atividade para o aprimoramento intelectual.
EDUCAÇÃO INCLUSIVA E A FORMAÇÃO DE PROFESSORES DE CIÊNCIAS: O PAPEL DAS UNIVERSIDADES FEDERAIS NA CAPACITAÇÃO DOS FUTUROS EDUCADORES
Authors: Oliveira Mayara Lustosa , Antunes Adriana Maria , Rocha Thiago Lopes , Teixeira Simone Maria
Published: September 2015

A inclusão de alunos com necessidades educacionais especiais (NEE's) no sistema regular de ensino é hoje a diretriz principal das políticas públicas educacionais tanto a nível federal, quanto estadual e municipal. Entretanto, os licenciados egressos das instituições de Ensino Superior estão verdadeiramente preparados para o atendimento adequado aos portadores de NEE's? Foi no sentido de responder este questionamento que demos início ao desenvolvimento desta pesquisa, que analisou as opiniões de acadêmicos dos cursos de Física, Química e Biologia - Licenciaturas, do segundo e do último período de cada curso, a fim de observar qual o pensamento dos mesmos em relação à inclusão educacional e à ausência de disciplinas desta área nos cursos de licenciatura nas universidades públicas federais.
A LEITURA DE TEXTOS DIDÁTICOS DE CIÊNCIAS COMO CONFRONTO DE PERSPECTIVAS
Authors: Paula Helder Figueiredo , Lima Maria Emília Caixeta de Castro
Published: September 2015

A afirmação de que a formação de sujeitos leitores e produtores de texto é um compromisso transversal de todas as áreas da educação escolar desafiou os autores deste trabalho a buscar modos de mediar a ação de professores de ciências identificados com esse discurso. Neste artigo, apresentamos dados que emergiram da análise de uma das atividades concebidas para atender a esse objetivo. A avaliação da mesma nos remeteu às questões tais como: (i) de que modo os estudantes se expressaram sobre a tensão, sugerida pelo texto lido na ocasião, entre a cultura popular e a cultura das ciências? (ii) que aspectos do texto foram considerados mais provocativos, por esses sujeitos, e como eles os confrontaram?
FORMULAÇÃO DE QUESTÕES A PARTIR DA LEITURA DE UM TEXTO: DESEMPENHO DOS ESTUDANTES DE LICENCIATURA EM QUÍMICA DA MODALIDADE A DISTÂNCIA
Authors: Quadros Ana Luiza de , Silva Dayse Carvalho da , Silva Fernando César
Published: September 2015

A leitura de textos científicos e o entendimento decorrente desta leitura têm sido objeto de investigação. Neste trabalho buscamos verificar o entendimento do texto por meio da elaboração de questões, considerando que as questões elaboradas são um espelho do entendimento do lido. A pesquisa foi realizada com estudantes de Licenciatura em Química, na modalidade a distância, da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Os estudantes apresentaram facilidade em elaborar questões cujas respostas podem ser copiadas do texto. Percebemos que esses estudantes possuem visão restrita da leitura de um texto, entendendo-a mais como interpretação da voz do autor do que como momento de confrontar as próprias ideias com a visão do autor e dos colegas. Assim, consideramos importante verificar o entendimento de um texto e, para isso, a elaboração de questões se mostrou uma boa ferramenta. Porém, a formulação de diferentes tipos de questões deve ser amplamente discutida durante os cursos de formação de professores.
A ordem de um tempo: folhetos na coleção Barbosa Machado
Authors: Monteiro Rodrigo Bentes , Caldeira Ana P. Sampaio
Published: September 2015

Neste artigo, os autores estudam a grande coleção de opúsculos montada no século XVIII pelo bibliófilo português Diogo Barbosa Machado, que integra atualmente o acervo da Biblioteca Nacional, no Rio de Janeiro. Destaca-se inicialmente a importância da escrita na Época Moderna e a circulação de folhetos impressos como elementos de poder. Em seguida, discute-se a coleção como agrupamento de peças preciosas, e a trajetória de ascensão social de seu artífice. O ponto central do artigo é a taxionomia empreendida pelo colecionador, relacionada também aos vários tempos percorridos pela coleção. Formula-se assim a hipótese da brecha do tempo em que vivia Barbosa Machado.
Para perto futuro prometeu muita coisa republicana: a travessia da cultura política brasileira em Grande Sertão:Veredas
Authors: Fagundes Bruno Flávio Lontra
Published: September 2015

O artigo identifica algumas tensões e ambigüidades presentes na narrativa de Grande Sertão: Veredas, de João Guimarães Rosa. Analisa o processo de inserção do protagonista Riobaldo Tatarana no mundo de jagunços sertanejos, verificando como o personagem corporifica alguns dilemas cruciais da constituição de uma cultura política republicana no Brasil, especialmente quanto às contradições do papel da escola na formação de uma comunidade cívica brasileira de memória e tradições. Mais, esse artigo postula que Riobaldo Tatarana encarna na narrativa um dos maiores conflitos na constituição de uma cultura política republicana brasileira durante o século XX, aquele do relacionamento entre cultura letrada e o analfabetismo.
'Shakespeare': um nome para textos
Authors: Vianna Alexander Martins
Published: September 2015

Neste artigo, demonstro a importância histórica de se entender o caráter contingente da associação editorial do nome 'Shakespeare' às peças que o monumentalizaram a partir do fólio de 1623. Trata-se de uma forma deliberada de romper com o cânone autoral romântico, quando muitas peças associadas ao seu nome começaram a ser lidas pelo movimento Sturm und Drang como exemplos excelentes de oposição estética e temática ao paradigma clássico francês. Deste modo, alguns enunciados ou apelativos de valor nos frontispícios das peças impressas e associadas ao nome 'Shakespeare' entre 1594 e 1637 deixarão de ser entendidos como se fossem regidos pela preocupação de preservação de uma integridade intelectual-textual individualizada de Shakespeare.
Conhecimento sobre ação coletiva e movimentos sociais: pontos para uma análise dos protestos sociais em África
Authors: Mutzenberg Remo
Published: September 2015

ResumoO texto se propõe a analisar um conjunto de questões pertinentes ao campo dos estudos sobre ações coletivas, desenvolvidas particularmente nos Estados Unidos, e sobre os movimentos sociais, desenvolvidas predominantemente na Europa, objetivando colocar em evidência questões, princípios e conceitos. Num segundo momento, busca identificar tendências e perspectivas presentes na tradição dos estudos sobre ações coletivas e movimentos sociais em África, levando em consideração a problematização quanto ao uso daquelas tradições, sua pertinência e limites. Tal procedimento visa identificar um repertório para a construção de caminhos na análise de protestos sociais. Partindo da literatura produzida no campo temático das ações coletivas e dos movimentos sociais, o texto tem por objetivo indicar possíveis caminhos analíticos orientadores ao desenvolvimento de pesquisa para a análise de "protesto social", entendidos estes como forma de ação coletiva ou momentos de visibilidade de um movimento social. Considera-se que a análise dos protestos sociais leva a reconhecer o legado teórico e metodológico referente à análise das ações coletivas e dos movimentos sociais e, ainda, possibilita a identificação de temas e questões que emergem a partir dos próprios contextos sociais e que não são problematizados no campo teórico.
ELEMENTOS PARA UMA ANÁLISE DOS ESTUDANTES COTISTAS E BOLSISTAS NO CURSO DE PEDAGOGIA DA UFRJ
Authors: Heringer Rosana , Honorato Gabriela de Souza
Published: September 2015

O artigo trata da grande expansão nas oportunidades de acesso à educação superior no Brasil, com ênfase especial ao caso de uma de suas maiores instituições – a Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Apontamos e refletimos sobre as primeiras dificuldades metodológicas encontradas na construção de instrumentos de levantamento de dados como o survey e as entrevistas semiestruturadas, utilizados ao tomarmos como objeto de estudo os alunos do curso de Pedagogia com ingresso em 2011 e 2012 (primeiras turmas com reserva de vagas para estudantes de escolas públicas), e com um perfil, já histórico, de dificuldades econômicas e culturais para a conclusão dos estudos. As reflexões reunidas sintetizam alguns dos limites e desafios potencialmente colocados nos estudos que pretendem contribuir para o planejamento, o desenho e a implementação de políticas institucionais de democratização do acesso, da permanência e de assistência aos ditos “novos estudantes”.
TRABAJADORES ARGENTINOS: respuestas y propuestas frente a la ofensiva neoliberal
Authors: Duhalde Santiago , Picchetti Valentina , Ventrici Patricia
Published: September 2015

El objetivo de este artículo es examinar algunas experiencias de trabajadores argentinos que no cedieron frente al avance del neoliberalismo en los años 1990, sino que, al contrario, se organizaron y lograron resistir y en algunos casos contrarrestar la ofensiva política de aquella década. Nos referimos a tres experiencias clave para entender este proceso histórico. En primer lugar, la organización y acción de los trabajadores desocupados, hecho que rompe con cualquier lógica explicativa de la sociología clásica; en segundo lugar, la construcción de un sindicalismo alternativo por parte de los empleados del Estado, en un contexto de fuerte embestida contra este último; y, finalmente, el proceso de organización político de un grupo de trabajadores del transporte, que fue y sigue siendo testimonio insoslayable para todos aquellos obreros que deseen organizarse y luchar en un contexto de repliegue sindical. En definitiva, este artículo muestra las construcciones políticas de las que son capaces los trabajadores aun en momentos de pérdida o ausencia de referencias identitarias e institucionales.
NAS ARMADILHAS DO DESEJO: privações e movimentos de jovens prostitutas em zonas rurais
Authors: Nascimento Silvana de Souza , Garcia Loreley Gomes
Published: September 2015

Este artigo busca problematizar os sentidos ambivalentes do lugar da prostituição feminina a partir de pesquisas realizadas com jovens mulheres no interior da Paraíba (região do Litoral Norte e Brejo Paraibano), provenientes de famílias rurais. As trajetórias de vida dessas mulheres revelam um histórico familiar marcado por vários tipos de violência e diferentes estratégias de autonomia para superar essas experiências de privação, embora, muitas vezes, elas se repitam na relação com os cafetões e com os clientes. A prostituição é vista como uma estratégia de empoderamento em relação ao próprio corpo, ao domínio de práticas sexuais pouco convencionais e, ao mesmo tempo, como uma situação de passagem, encarada como um meio para construir projetos futuros, ao menos idealmente, fora da prostituição. Nossa pesquisa, de caráter socioantropológico, revela que os mecanismos para a aquisição de autonomia reproduzem um modelo de dominação e oferecem poucas possibilidades para que essas jovens resistam às normatividades e moralidades vigentes.
Habituation of the blink reflex in the neonatal period and development of auditory processing
Authors: Maggi Celina Rech , Pacheco Luciane da Costa , Tochetto Tânia , Gonçalves Maiara Santos , Pedroso Fleming Salvador
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT Objective: To check the existence of an association between the presence/absence of the blink reflex habituation in the neonatal period and auditory processing development. Methods: The occurrence of blink reflex habituation was studied in 33 neurologically normal neonates, aged between 9 and 25 months, who had their behavioral responses analyzed and classified according to Azevedo (1993). Habituation of the blink reflex was verified using 90-dB sound stimulus. The stage of auditory processing development was evaluated through 41-dB sound stimulus. Statistical data were analyzed with Fischer and χ2 tests. Results: Out of the 33 studied children, 22 presented blink reflex habituation in the first stage of the study. In 7 of them, the auditory processing stage matched their chronological age, while in 15 of them the auditory processing stage was not in accordance with their chronological age. Eleven children failed to present habituation of the blink reflex in the first stage of the study. From this group, eight children presented auditory responses that were appropriate to their chronological age, whereas three had inappropriate responses. A statistically significant association between the presence of blink reflex habituation and auditory processing delay was verified, in addition to an association between the absence of the blink reflex habituation and chronologically suitable responses. Conclusions: The presence of blink reflex habituation in the neonatal period does not seem to be a predictive factor of suitable auditory processing.
Sterilization of single-use helical stone baskets: an experimental study
Authors: Korkes Fernando , Menezes Alex , Silva Cely Barreto da , Fernandes Roni de Carvalho , Perez Marjo Deninson Cardenuto
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT Objectives: To experimentally evaluate the efficacy of a standard sterilization protocol employed during reuse of disposable helical stone baskets. Methods: Study performed on 20 helical stone baskets: 10 were used in the initial validation process, contaminated with Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and imprinted on Müeller-Hinton media; 10 catheters were contaminated with Geobacillus stearothermophilus ATCC 7953, processed, inoculated in TSB and incubated in a water bath at a temperature of 55°C. Bacterial growth was evaluated after 1, 3, 5 and 7 days. After sterilization, stone baskets were also opened and closed 40 times to check for functional problems. All plastic and basket parts were carefully checked for damages. Results: After the 72-hour incubation period, there was growth of E. coli ATCC 25922 in 100% of imprints. After the sterilization process and up to 7 days incubation period on a blood agar plate, there was no growth of G. stearothermophilus ATCC 7953 or any other bacteria. There were no functional problems or damage to baskets after the sterilization process. Conclusion: The ethylene oxide system is efficacious and safe for sterilization of disposable helical stone baskets. However, further clinical studies are required and should provide more safety information.
Prevalence of erythrocyte alloimmunization in polytransfused patients
Authors: Cruz Roberto de Oliveira , Mota Mariza Aparecida , Conti Fabiana Mendes , Pereira Ricardo Antônio d'Almeida , Kutner Jose Mauro , Aravechia Maria Giselda , Castilho Lilian
Published: September 2015

Objective: To determine the incidence and the rate of red blood cell alloimmunization in polytransfused patients. Methods: A polytransfused patient was defined as having received at least 6 units of red cell concentrates during a 3-month period. The records of all patients (n = 12,904) who had received red blood cell units were examined retrospectively by searching the computer database at Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein in São Paulo, Brazil, over a 6-year period, between 2003 and 2009. Results: During this time, 77,049 red cell concentrate transfusions were performed in 12,904 patients. There were 3,044 polytransfused patients, 227 of whom (7.5%) presented with irregular erythrocyte antibodies. The prevalence of alloantibody specificity was: Anti-E>anti-D>anti-K>anti-C>anti-Dia>anti-c>anti-Jka>anti-S in 227 polytransfused patients. We found combinations of alloantibodies in 79 patients (34.8%), and the most common specificities were against the Rh and/or Kell systems. These antibodies show clinical significance, as they can cause delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions and perinatal hemolytic disease. About 20% of the patients showed an IgG autoantibody isolated or combined with alloantibodies. Interestingly, a high incidence of antibodies against low frequency antigens was detected in this study, mainly anti-Dia. Conclusion: Polytransfused patients have a high probability of developing alloantibodies whether alone or combined with autoantibodies and antibodies against low frequency antigens. Transfusion of red blood cells with a phenotype-compatible with RH (C, E, c), K, Fya, and Jka antigens is recommended for polytransfused patients in order to prevent alloimmunization and hemolytic transfusion reactions.
From bone marrow transplantation to complex biological therapy
Authors: Marti Luciana Cavalheiro , Rizzo Luiz Vicente
Published: September 2015

The major complications after bone marrow transplant are related to opportunistic infections or to graft-versus-host disease. Today, there is a wealth of information associated with bone marrow transplantation and new treatment approaches have been proposed to overcome these complications. Behind these new therapies, such as adoptive transfer of T cells or mesenchymal stem cell infusions, there is significant basic research to support these clinical advances. Most of this knowledge has derived from the development of animal models and intense laboratory work to test and confirm hypotheses. There is no doubt that basic research is still necessary to better understand the basis for clinical outcome improvements.
A rare case of hematuria
Authors: Mascarenhas Andreia , Castro Isabel
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT The infestation by Schistosoma haematobium is common in African countries and West Asia. Its chronic phase is characterized by the deposition of eggs of the parasite in various tissues of the body causing inflammatory response, formation of granulomas and fibrosis. The disease often affects the urinary tract, presenting with hematuria and, in the terminal stage, renal failure by urinary obstruction and bladder squamous neoplasia. Since chronic infection can lead to significant morbidity, it is imperative that the physicians who serve this immigrant population become familiar with this disease. A case of an immigrant boy from Guinea-Bissau seen in a Nephrology appointment for monosymptomatic terminal hematuria is presented. The diagnosis of urinary schistosomiasis was confirmed by parasitological examination of urine and the pathological examination of bladder biopsies. After therapy with praziquantel, the patient became asymptomatic.
Perforated diverticulitis of the appendix: ultrasonographic diagnosis
Authors: Lourenço Rafael Burgomeister , Pinho Marco da Cunha , Schraibman Vladimir , Macedo Antônio Luiz de Vasconcellos , Francisco Neto Miguel José , Funari Marcelo Buarque de Gusmão
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT Appendiceal diverticulitis is an uncommon condition, mimicking appendicitis, but with greater risk of perforation and complications. Preoperative diagnosis is rare, but can be achieved by ultrasonography as identification of the diverticulum and classical signs of appendicitis. We report a case of ultrasonographic diagnosis of a perforated appendiceal diverticulitis in an adult male and discuss this condition.
Noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure in children – a systematic review
Authors: Gonzaga Carolina Silva , Silva Dafne Cardoso Bourguignon da , Alonso Carolina Figueira Rabello , Oliveira Carlos Augusto Cardim de , Torreão Lara de Araújo , Troster Eduardo Juan
Published: September 2015

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the role of noninvasive ventilation in the treatment of children with acute respiratory failure. Methods: A systematic review of literature on noninvasive ventilation in MEDLINE, LILACS, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases, besides references in articles. The outcomes evaluated were responses in blood oxygenation and ventilation, and patient survival. Results: A total of 120 studies on noninvasive ventilation were found as of May, 2010. Of these, only 19 were about noninvasive ventilation in children. On the other hand, there are prospective and cohort clinical trials leading to a level II quality of evidence concerning the use of noninvasive ventilation in children. Conclusion: There is scientific evidence for proposing the use of noninvasive ventilation, with a B-II degree of recommendation.