bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Safety monitoring of cardiac and hepatic systems in β‐thalassemia patients with chelating treatment in Taiwan*
Authors: Peng Ching‐Tien , Chow Kuan‐Chih , Chen Jeon‐Hor , Chiang Yi‐Ping , Lin Tze‐Yi , Tsai Chang‐Hai
Published: May 2003

Abstract: We conducted a prospective 3‐yr clinical study comparing deferiprone (L1) with desferrioxamine (DFX). The therapeutic efficacy and potential side‐effects on cardiac and/or hepatic systems of thalassemia patients were assessed by left ventricular ejection fraction, T2‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging, and biochemical parameters. In both groups, levels of serum ferritin decreased significantly, and the hepatic function improved notably. Besides decrement of iron, no marked pathohistological changes were observed in the liver biopsies. These results indicated that for patients who failed to respond to DFX treatment, the use of L1 to remove excess iron deposition is recommended.
Reversal of cardiac complications in thalassemia major by long‐term intermittent daily intensive iron chelation
Authors: Miskin H. , Yaniv I. , Berant M. , Hershko C. , Tamary H.
Published: May 2003

Objectives: In patients with thalassemia major (TM) who are non‐compliant with long‐term deferoxamine (DFO) chelation, survival is limited mainly because of cardiac complications of transfusional siderosis. It was recently shown in a small group of TM patients with established cardiac damage that continuous 24‐h DFO infusion via an indwelling intravenous (i.v.) catheter is effective in reversing cardiac toxicity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the results with intermittent daily (8–10 h) i.v. DFO.

Patients: Eight TM patients with cardiac complications treated with intensive intermittent DFO were retrospectively evaluated by the mean annual serum ferritin, radionucleated ventriculography and 24‐h electrocardiography recordings.

Results: The median age at diagnosis of cardiac disease was 17.5 yr (range 14–21), and the median follow‐up time was 84 months (range, 36–120). In the majority of patients (seven of eight) high‐dose DFO (mean 95 ± 18.3 mg/kg/d) was administered via a central venous line. During follow‐up, there was a significant decrease in the mean ferritin levels (5828 ± 2016 ng/mL to 1585 ± 1849 ng/mL, P < 0.001). Both cardiac failure (mean ejection fraction 32 ± 5) and cardiac arrhythmias were resolved in four of five patients. One non‐compliant patient died during the follow‐up. Following discontinuation of the i.v. therapy, compliance with conventional DFO therapy improved. The complications of this regimen, mainly catheter‐related infections and catheter‐related thrombosis, were similar to those described earlier.

Conclusions: These results with the longest follow‐up period in the literature suggest that i.v. high‐dose DFO for 8–10 h daily may be as effective as continuous 24‐h infusion for the reversal of established cardiac disease in TM.
Haematuria and urolithiasis in patients with haemophilia
Authors: Ghosh Kanjaksha , Jijina Farah , Mohanty Dipika
Published: May 2003

Recurrent haematuria was present in 18 of 474 moderate and severe haemophiliacs, the cause of which was found to be urolithiasis in six patients (33%). The prevalence of urolithiasis in haemophiliacs was found to be significantly higher than that reported from the general population, i.e. 4.5 of 10 000 population under 40 yr of age (odds ratio (OR) 23.4; 95% CI 18.2–28.7; λ2 test P < 0.01). Even when this prevalence was corrected for gender bias, i.e. male : female (5 : 1), the significance of the present findings remain (OR 17.6; 95% CI 13.8–21.5; λ2 test P < 0.01). In developing countries, severe and moderately severe haemophiliacs may be at a higher risk of urolithiasis because of prolonged recumbency necessitated by recurrent joint bleeds and inadequate replacement therapy.
Evaluation of industrial by‐products as soil acidity amendments: chemical and mineralogical implications
Authors: Garrido F. , Illera V. , Vizcayno C. , García‐ González M. T.
Published: May 2003

Lime, mined gypsum and some gypsum‐like by‐products have been frequently applied to soil to counter acidity. We have examined the changes in the chemical and mineralogical properties of three acid soils resulting from the application of three industrial by‐products (phosphogypsum, red gypsum and sugar foam). We did so in laboratory experiments on suspensions of soil in saturated solutions of the by‐products. A sizeable fraction of the Al released by exchange with Ca of the amendments remained on the mineral surfaces as Al polymers, as suggested by changes in the CuCl2‐, oxalic–oxalate‐ and DTPA‐extractable Al contents. Polymerization of Al was promoted by corresponding neutral and basic pH of red gypsum and sugar foam saturated solutions, respectively. Sorption of these Al polymers was particularly favourable in those horizons with more clay fraction and variable‐charge clay minerals. On the other hand, in most cases there was little or no detectable sorption of sulphate, thus excluding precipitation of crystalline or amorphous basic Al sulphates to alleviate Al toxicity. Based on the reduction of the Al saturation of the exchange complex in the soils, as well as on the small contents of heavy metals and natural radionuclides of the three by‐products, these can be considered effective alternatives to mined gypsum and lime for alleviating soil acidity and reducing toxic concentrations of Al in agricultural, acid soils.
Cation binding in a mor layer: batch experiments and modelling
Authors: Gustafsson J. P. , Van Schaik J. W. J.
Published: May 2003

The understanding of cation binding in the mor layer is important to correctly assess the biogeochemical cycling of metals and other cations in forested ecosystems. In a series of batch experiments, the binding of cations was examined in two mor layers from central Sweden. We examined the effect of Ca and Al on the binding of Zn, and also the binding of added Pb, Cu and Cd. Two models, WinHumicV and the Stockholm Humic Model (SHM), were tested for their ability to describe the data obtained. We found that for Zn, the pH at 50% sorption was increased from 2.8 to 4.2 after the addition of 3 mMAl. The proton titration data were well described by both WinHumicV and SHM after optimization of the concentrations of ‘active’ Al and humic substances. Applying generic parameters for cation binding produced deviations between the model simulations and the observations, particularly for the dissolved Pb and Cu concentrations, which were underestimated. A revised set of cation complexation constants was presented that improved the fit, particularly for SHM. For WinHumicV, there were still poor overall fits. The difference in model performance may be due to the greater number of adjustable parameters in the SHM, but probably also to other model‐specific differences. According to the SHM simulations, the binding of Ca, Mg and Mn was mainly non‐specific, whereas Pb, Cu and Al were bound as mono‐ or bidentate complexes. For Zn and Cd, binding occurred through both counter‐ion accumulation and monodentate complexation.
Organic carbon dynamics in soil particle‐size separates of sandy Spodosols when forest is cleared for maize cropping
Authors: Jolivet C. , Arrouays D. , Lévèque J. , Andreux F. , Chenu C.
Published: May 2003

In southwest France, much of the forest lands on sandy Spodosols has been converted to continuous maize cropping in the last few decades. To evaluate the impacts of such change on the content and properties of the soil organic matter, we compared the amount of organic carbon and 13C natural abundance in soil and particle‐size separates at three locations, selected on the basis of different contents of 0–50 μm particles (clay + silt). After three decades of cultivation, the amount of carbon from the forest pools (Cf) decreased by about 60%, attributable mainly to easily degradable material in sand‐sized fractions (−70%). However, a recalcitrant residue remained in soil at a constant proportion, showing that organic matter in these fractions is heterogeneous. Organic matter in the clay + silt fraction was relatively resistant, decreasing by only 20% after 30 years of cultivation. Intensive agricultural management has homogenized the characteristics of the soil and the mineralization of the organic matter, which has resulted in a long‐term convergence of organic carbon from the three locations. However, small natural variations in fine particle content were associated with significant differences in the accumulation of carbon in soil. The protective capacity of the soil depended on the proportion of clay + silt fraction, which stabilized the organic matter. Furthermore, the degree of saturation of this fraction with original carbon from forest and its rate of decomposition determined the soil's capacity to accumulate newly added carbon derived from maize.
Speciation of sulphur in soils and soil particles by X‐ray spectromicroscopy
Authors: Prietzel J. , Thieme J. , Neuhäusler U. , Susini J. , Kögel‐Knabner I.
Published: May 2003

Current wet chemical methods for the speciation of sulphur (S) in soils are inaccurate and do not allow one to assess the S speciation of individual soil particles and colloids. X‐ray microscopy and Near Edge X‐ray Absorption Fine structure Spectroscopy (NEXAFS) can be used to study individual species of S at the K‐adsorption edge. We have used these techniques to identify and quantify S species in bulk soil, soil particles and colloids from Oh and Bh horizons of two forested Podzols. The partitioning of soil sulphur as determined on bulk samples of the Oh horizons by X‐ray spectromicroscopy agreed fairly well with the results of a conventional S speciation for the soil at Schluchsee, and reasonably well for that at Rotherdbach. The NEXAFS analyses on individual soil particles revealed that they are richer in reduced organic sulphur than the bulk soil for the Schluchsee Oh and richer in sulphate for Rotherdbach Oh. The techniques can be used reliably to separate and quantify sulphur species with different oxidation states in the soil. The combination of X‐ray transmission and sulphur fluorescence images with unfocused and focused NEXAFS spectra at the K‐adsorption edge of sulphur at specific microsites allowed us to compare the distribution of S species in bulk soil with that of distinct soil particles and soil colloids. Moreover, we can use it to assess the spatial distribution of different S species on soil particles on a scale of a few hundred nanometres.
Scale pattern analysis is preferable to OTC marking of otoliths for differentiating between stocked and wild dusky flathead, Platycephalus fuscus, and sand whiting, Sillago ciliata
Authors: Butcher A. , Mayer D. , Willett D. , Johnston M. , Smallwood D.
Published: May 2003

A pilot programme to evaluate the effect of stocking dusky flathead, Platycephalus fuscus (Cuv. & Val.), and sand whiting, Sillago ciliata (Cuv. & Val.), began in the Maroochy River estuary in 1995. Two possible methods of mass marking; oxytetracycline (OTC) marking of otoliths, and scale pattern analysis (SPA) were investigated. A range of OTC trials was conducted, with limited success. High concentrations (1000 mg L−1) of OTC and low salinities (≤9°/00) produced acceptable marks on the otoliths of both species, but at the expense of fingerling survival and environmental health risks. SPA provided better results, with wild to hatchery misclassification rates of 25 and 11%, respectively, for P. fuscus and S. ciliata. The reverse misclassification rate of hatchery to wild was equal or better for both species. Field trials demonstrated that SPA was able to differentiate between the two sources of fingerlings (wild and hatchery). These results indicated that OTC was impractical, while SPA was acceptable for this pilot programme. The implications of these results are discussed.
Upstream migration of Atlantic salmon at a power station on the River Nidelva, Southern Norway
Authors: Thorstad E. B. , Økland F. , Kroglund F. , Jepsen N.
Published: May 2003

The upstream migration of 17 radio‐tagged adult Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., past hydroelectric developments on the River Nidelva, Southern Norway, was examined. Salmon migrated quickly from the site of release in the lower part of the river up to the tunnel outlet of Rygene power station, but were substantially delayed at the outlet. The salmon stayed in the outlet area for 0–71 days (median = 20), and mainly took up a position inside the dark power station tunnel. Water discharge in the tunnel was 57–176 m3 s−1, while residual flow in the river between the outlet and the dam 2.5 km further upstream was 3 m3 s−1. Ten salmon passed the outlet and entered the residual flow stretch, but none passed the dam. Six of the 10 salmon returned to the tunnel outlet. No major migration barriers were identified in the residual flow stretch, suggesting lack of motivation among the salmon to migrate due to either low water discharge compared with the main river, or several minor migration barriers along the river stretch.
Population dynamics of Metapenaeus dobsoni from the western coastal waters of Sri Lanka
Authors: Jayawardane P. A. A. T. , Mclusky D. S. , Tytler P.
Published: May 2003

The population dynamics of Metapenaeus dobsoni (Miers) from the west coast of Sri Lanka was investigated based on catch/effort and length frequency data, using FiSAT software. Annual yield of M. dobsoni was estimated at 296 t in 1998 and 362 t in 1999. This species formed 54% of the total shrimp catch from the system. The asymptotic length (L) and the growth rate constant (K) were estimated to be 11.49 cm and 1.02 yr−1 for males and 12.8 cm and 1.73 yr−1 for females. The fishing mortality coefficients were 2.42 and 1.85 yr−1 for males and females, respectively. The natural mortality was estimated at 1.72 yr−1 for males and 2.51 yr−1 for females. The recruitment for the estuarine environment and the offshore areas was continuous but peaked twice per year. The maximum sustainable yield (MSY) was estimated at 294.65 t, around the current catch estimates. To obtain maximum sustainable economic yield (MSE = 293.56 t) the present effort should be reduced by 10%.
Edaphic variation and the mesoscale distribution of tree species in a neotropical rain forest
Authors: Clark David B. , Clark Deborah A. , Read Jane M.
Published: May 2003

1  Do local edaphic factors over short environmental gradients affect the distribution and abundance of tree species in tropical rain forests? We addressed this question by examining the responses of tree species to soil type, topographic position and slope angle in an upland old‐growth tropical rain forest landscape in Costa Rica, Central America.

2  The study area covered 216 ha of non‐swamp old growth and included replicated landscape units such as ridgetop to swale catenas, small watersheds, and alluvial terraces. An existing soils map was refined using additional sampling along a regularly spaced grid. Three soil units were defined: residual soils derived from in‐place weathering of basaltic parent material; old alluvial terrace soils formed by precontemporary flooding; and soils of stream valleys. A Geographic Information System was used to assign soil type to 2190 post‐establishment individuals of nine tree species in a long‐term demographic study. Topographic position and slope angle were measured in the field.

3  Data from 433 regularly spaced sample points were used to generate an expected distribution of edaphic variables, which was compared with the number of individuals of each species in each edaphic category.

4  Non‐random distributions among soil types were found for seven of the nine species, with topographic positions for six species, and with slope angle classes for four species.

5  The issue of what constitutes an independent sample of establishment was analysed by considering the old‐growth character of the landscape and evidence for frequent dispersal among edaphic units. A re‐analysis of species’ distributions using only individuals > 4 cm diameter showed that results from the original analyses were robust.

6  Soil type (residual vs. old alluvial) was not significantly related to diameter growth. Three species showed significant differences in size class distributions between soil types with increasing diameter.

7  Tree species in tropical rain forests are frequently non‐randomly distributed along relatively short edaphic gradients on upland soils. Future studies should increase the number of species and spatial scale analysed, incorporate better analyses of edaphic variables, and include experiments to identify the ecological processes that generate these non‐random distributions.
Association of boiled and filtered coffee with incidence of first nonfatal myocardial infarction: the SHEEP and the VHEEP study
Authors: Hammar N. , Andersson T. , Alfredsson L. , Reuterwall C. , Nilsson T. , Hallqvist J. , Knutsson A. , Ahlbom A.
Published: May 2003

Abstract.  Hammar N, Andersson T, Alfredsson L, Reuterwall C, Nilsson T, Hallqvist J, Knutsson A, Ahlbom A (Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Stockholm Center of Public Health, Stockholm, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Västernorrland County Council, Sundsvall, Division of Social Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Norrland University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden) Association of boiled and filtered coffee with incidence of first nonfatal myocardial infarction: the SHEEP and the VHEEP study. J Intern Med 2003; 253: 653–659.

Objectives.  To evaluate the influence of consumption of filtered and boiled coffee, on the incidence of first nonfatal myocardial infarction.

Design.  Population‐based case–control study.

Setting and subjects.  The study base consisted of the population 45–65/70 years‐old in two Swedish counties, Stockholm and Västernorrland, 1992/93–94. In all, 1943 cases of first nonfatal myocardial infarction were identified. For each case one control was selected from the study base concurrently with disease incidence by matching the sex, age and place of residence of the case. Information about coffee consumption and other factors was obtained by mailed questionnaire and a medical examination. The participation rate was 85% amongst cases and 74% amongst controls.

Results.  Men with a reported consumption of 7–9 dL filtered coffee per day showed an increased incidence of first myocardial infarction compared with consumers of 3 dL day−1 or less (RR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.03–1.70). A consumption of at least 10 dL day−1 was associated with an RR of 1.93 (95% CI: 1.42–2.63) for filtered and 2.20 (95% CI: 1.17–4.15) for boiled coffee. Amongst women, no clear association was seen between consumption of filtered coffee and myocardial infarction but consumption of boiled coffee tended to be related to an increased incidence. Comparing subjects drinking boiled coffee with those drinking filtered coffee and adjusting for the amount consumed gave an increased incidence for boiled coffee amongst both men (RR: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.07–1.80) and women (RR: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.04–2.56).

Conclusions.  Consumption of boiled coffee appears to increase the incidence of first nonfatal myocardial infarction. This increased incidence is consistent with randomized trials showing an adverse impact of boiled coffee on blood lipids.
Hyperparathyroidism‐jaw tumour syndrome
Authors: Chen J. D. , Morrison C. , Zhang C. , Kahnoski K. , Carpten J. D. , Teh B. T.
Published: May 2003

Abstract.  Chen JD, Morrison C, Zhang C, Kahnoski K, Carpten JD, Teh BT (Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI; Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH; and National Human Genome Research Institute, National Insitutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). Hyperparathyroidism‐jaw tumour syndrome (Minisymposium). J Intern Med 2003; 253: 634–642.

Amongst hyperparathyroidism‐related syndromes, hyperparathyroidism‐jaw tumour syndrome is one of the least common and relatively unknown but its clinical and genetic aspects are not less interesting or important. With the recent identification of its genes, we can now better characterize the disease, both clinically and genetically, which will certainly impact the field of endocrinology and oncology. In this article, we review the clinico‐pathological features and genetic basis of this syndrome with the hope that it will create awareness and interest in this disease amongst clinicians and basic scientists.
Influence of endotoxin on the disposition kinetics and dosage regimens of oxytetracycline in calves
Authors: Kumar R. , Malik J. K.
Published: May 2003

The influence of endotoxin on the disposition kinetics of oxytetracycline (OTC) (10 mg/kg) was investigated in five healthy ruminating male crossbred calves. The serum concentration‐time data of OTC before and after endotoxin challenge were best described by a two‐compartment open model. Repeated administration of Escherichia coli endotoxin (1 μg/kg, i.v.) at an interval of 12 h up to 48 h produced a clear rise in the body temperature and an increase in the pulse and respiration rates. Endotoxin caused a significant reduction in mean transit time in tissue compartment (MTTT) (P ≤ 0.05), mean residence time in the peripheral tissue compartment (MRTT) (P ≤ 0.05), mean residence time in the body (MRTB) (P ≤ 0.05), elimination half‐life (t1/2λ2) (P ≤ 0.05) and distribution space in tissues (VT) (P ≤ 0.01) and at steady‐state (Vd(ss)) (P ≤ 0.01). Endotoxin had no effect on the distribution clearance (ClD), systemic clearance (Cl) and distribution half‐life of OTC, while the values of first order rate constant of transfer of drug from tissue to central compartment (K21) and the zero time intercept at terminal phase (C2) were significantly high.

The drug dosage regimens to maintain serum OTC concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 μg/mL were also determined in febrile and clinically healthy animals.
The steady‐state pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of carprofen administered orally and subcutaneously in dogs
Authors: Clark T. P. , Chieffo C. , Huhn J. C. , Nimz E. L. , Wang C. , Boy M. G.
Published: May 2003

Eighteen male Beagle dogs were randomized to oral (p.o.) or subcutaneous (s.c.) carprofen administration in a two‐sequence, two‐period crossover design with a 10‐day washout between periods. Twenty‐five milligrams of carprofen was administered p.o. or s.c. every 12 h for 7 days. Plasma concentrations of carprofen collected after the first and last treatments were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Carprofen concentration data were natural log transformed and geometric means were calculated for maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC0‐‐12) following the first dose andCmaxandAUC0‐‐12following administration of the last dose. Formulations were considered bioequivalent if the 90% confidence interval (CI) of the mean difference for each variable between formulations were within −20% and 25% of the oral formulation. The meanCmaxandAUC0‐‐12were 16.9 μg/mL and 73.1 μg · h/mL, respectively, following a single oral dose and 8.0 μg/mL and 64.3 μg · h/mL, respectively, following a single s.c. injection. The 90% CI forCmax(−56.8 to −48.7%) was outside of the bioequivalence criteria whereas the 90% CI forAUC0‐‐12(−16.3 to −7.5%) was within the bioequivalence criteria. At steady‐state, the meanCmaxandAUC0‐‐12were 18.7 μg/mL and 101.9 μg · h/mL, respectively, following p.o. administration and 14.7 μg/mL and 111.0 μg · h/mL, respectively, following s.c. injection. The 90% CI was outside the bioequivalence criteria forCmax(−30.8 to −10.8) but within the bioequivalence criteria forAUC0‐‐12(2.3–15.9%). The results of this study indicate that peak plasma concentrations of carprofen differ when administered p.o. and s.c., but that total drug exposure following a single dose and at steady‐state are bioequivalent.
The effects of danofloxacin and tilmicosin on neutrophil function and lung consolidation in beef heifer calves with inducedPasteurella (Mannheimia) haemolyticapneumonia
Authors: Fajt V. R. , Apley M. D. , Roth J. A. , Frank D. E. , Brogden K. A. , Skogerboe T. L. , Shostrom V. K. , Chin Y.‐L.
Published: May 2003

Pneumonia caused byPasteurella (Mannheimia) haemolyticawas induced in weaned beef heifer calves, approximately 6 months of age. Calves were treated at 20 h after challenge with therapeutic doses of danofloxacin or tilmicosin. Peripheral blood neutrophils were collected at 3, 24 and 48 h after treatment. Theex vivoeffects on neutrophil function, neutrophil apoptosis, and hematological parameters were examined, as was the effect on percentage lung consolidation. Neutrophil function assays included random migration under agarose, cytochrome C reduction, iodination,Staphylococcus aureusingestion, chemotaxis, and antibody‐dependent and antibody‐independent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity. Apoptosis was determined using a cell death detection kit. Killing was performed at 72 h after treatment. Statistical comparisons were made among the three groups of challenged–treated animals: saline, danofloxacin, and tilmicosin. Comparisons were also made between nonchallenged nontreated animals (NCH) and challenged saline‐treated animals. There were no significant differences for any of the neutrophil function assays or neutrophil apoptosis among the challenged–treated groups. This suggests that danofloxacin and tilmicosin have no clinically significant effects on neutrophil function or apoptosis. There were also no significant differences in percentage lung consolidation among the challenged–treated groups. Significant differences were found between the NCH calves and the challenged saline‐treated calves in several neutrophil assays, which were attributed to effects ofP. haemolyticainfection.
Isolation and Cryopreservation of Functionally Competent Equine Leucocytes
Authors: Zerbe H. , Castilho L. F. F. , Engelke F. , Mattos R. C. , Schuberth H.‐J. , Klug E. , Leibold W.
Published: May 2003

Sufficient numbers of functionally competent polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes (PMN) seem to be of major importance during the course of equine endometritis. In this study, we wanted to establish a method for cryopreservation of functionally competent neutrophils for an intended local endometritis therapy in mares. The separation of leucocytes by hypotonic lysis of whole blood from clinically healthy mares was superior to the separation by dextrose sedimentation. After suspension of the cells in the cryoprotective solution [equine plasma with 5% (v/v) dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO)], the leucocytes were frozen in liquid nitrogen. A temperature gradient with low cooling velocity (1°C/min between 4 and −70°C) resulted in highest numbers of viable cells after thawing. Thawed PMN had a high phagocytic capacity for opsonized streptococci. Their ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) after stimulation with a phorbol ester was even higher than that of freshly isolated PMN and was preserved up to 6 h after thawing. The results of this study indicate that cryopreservation of PMN may provide viable and functionally competent neutrophils for therapeutic use in mares susceptible to endometritis.
Mandibular Pyogranulomatous Osteomyelitis in a Sannen Goat
Authors: Seifi H. A. , Saifzadeh S. , Farshid A. A. , Rad M. , Farrokhi F.
Published: May 2003

Mandibular pyogranulomatous osteomyelitis was diagnosed in a female Sannen goat. The doe presented for difficulty prehending and chewing food. The left mandible was swollen and firm on palpation. Radiographs revealed changes consistent with osteomyelitis of the affected mandible. Arcanobaterium pyogenes was isolated from aspirates of swollen mandible. Despite antimicrobial therapy, the goat died. Histopathological findings were consistent with pyogranulomatous disease of the affected mandible. The histopathological findings were similar to those reported for actinomycosis, caused by Actinomyces bovis. Mandibular osteomyelitis is a common condition in cattle and very rare in goat.
Bioassay of Steroid Hormone Agonist and Antagonist Activities of Anti‐androgens on Mammary Gland, Seminal Vesicles and Spleen of Male Mice
Authors: Škarda J.
Published: May 2003

Young intact and adult castrated outbred C3H/Di male mice were used to characterize steroid hormone agonist and antagonist activities of anti‐androgens by bioassay. Animals were injected subcutaneously with flutamide (Flut), chlormadinone acetate (CMA), cyproterone acetate (CA) or Casodex (Cas) alone or simultaneously with oestradiol (E), E plus progesterone (Prog) or norethindrone acetate (NA; a steroid exhibiting progestational and oestrogenic activities) and testosterone (T) for 15 days. Mammary gland growth was not affected with anti‐androgen alone. However, all anti‐androgens decreased seminal vesicle weights in intact males. In E (0.01 μg day−1)‐treated intact males, mammary growth was stimulated by CMA (progestational activity) and inhibited by CA. The inhibitory effect of CA on mammary growth (glucocorticoid activity) was overcome with high dose of E (0.1 μg day−1). When seminal vesicles weights were decreased with a moderate dose of E (0.01 μg day−1) anti‐androgens injected simultaneously acted synergistically with E and decreased seminal vesicles weights more than E alone. However, in animals overloaded with E (0.1 μg day−1), anti‐androgen CA was unable to decrease seminal vesicles weights. E (0.01 or 0.05 μg day−1) or E + Prog (500 or 1000 μg day−1) or NA (12.5 to 50 μg day−1) stimulated mammary growth was inhibited by T at doses 20–200 μg day−1 and these effects were decreased or abolished by simultaneous application of Flut, CMA or Cas in both young intact and adult castrated males. In the same animals, the seminal vesicles weights were increased by T and decreased by anti‐androgens. The effects of higher doses of T (300 μg day−1) were not inhibited by anti‐androgens both in the mammary gland and seminal vesicles. Spleen weights were not consistently affected with Flut, CMA or Cas, but decreased with CA by dose dependent manner. These results demonstrated that anti‐androgenic activities could be detected not only on seminal vesicle but also on the mammary gland. Our model system also detected a glucocorticoid activity of CA and progestational activity of CMA.
Evaluation of Thyroid Function in Obese Dogs and in Dogs Undergoing a Weight Loss Protocol
Authors: Daminet S. , Jeusette I. , Duchateau L. , Diez M. , Van de Maele I. , De Rick A.
Published: May 2003

SummaryObesity and weight loss have been shown to alter thyroid hormone homeostasis in humans. In dogs, obesity is the most common nutritional problem encountered and weight loss is the cornerstone of its treatment. Therefore, it is important to clarify how obesity and weight loss can affect thyroid function test results in that species. The objectives of this study were to compare thyroid function in obese dogs and in lean dogs and to explore the effects of caloric restriction and weight loss on thyroid hormone serum concentrations in obese dogs. In the first experiment, 12 healthy lean beagles and 12 obese beagles were compared. Thyroid function was evaluated by measuring serum concentrations of total thyroxine (TT4), free thyroxine (FT4), total triiodothyronine (TT3), thyrotropin (TSH), and reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) as well as a TSH stimulation test using 75 μg IV of recombinant human TSH. In the second experiment, eight obese beagles were fed an energy‐restricted diet [average 63% maintenance energy requirement (MER)] until optimal weight was obtained. Blood samples for determination of TT4, FT4, TT3, TSH and rT3, were taken at the start and then weekly during weight loss. Only TT3 and TT4 serum concentrations were significantly higher in obese dogs as compared to lean dogs. In the second experiment, weight loss resulted in a significant decrease in TT3 and TSH serum concentrations. Thus obesity and energy restriction significantly alter thyroid homeostasis in dogs, but the observed changes are unlikely to affect interpretation of thyroid function test results in clinics.
Coeliac disease and alopecia areata in childhood
Authors: Fessatou S , Kostaki M , Karpathios T
Published: May 2003

Abstract:  Coeliac disease is a genetic, immunologically mediated small bowel enteropathy that causes malabsorption. The immune inflammatory response to gluten frequently causes damage to many other tissues of the body. We report the association of coeliac disease and alopecia areata in two children, a 13‐year‐old girl and a 29‐month‐old girl. Both of our patients had immunoglobulin A (IgA) class endomysial antibodies, IgA and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antigliadin antibodies and subtotal villous atrophy on jejunal biopsy. Administration of a gluten‐free diet to our patients resulted in complete hair growth and improved the gastrointestinal symptoms.
Clinical management of nipple discharge in neonates and children
Authors: Weimann E
Published: May 2003

Abstract:  Bloody nipple discharge is a rare but distressing finding in neonates and infants. We report an 8‐month‐old boy who showed bilateral bloody nipple discharge for 5 months without signs of infection. Ultrasound examination revealed dilated mammary ducts. This benign phenomenon is most likely caused by mammary duct ectasia. On the background of the reviewed literature, intensive investigations should only be performed in neonates and infants if bloody nipple discharge is unilateral, continues, expands in size or shows signs of inflammation. We discuss the clinical management of nipple discharge during infancy and childhood.
Biological weapons preparedness: the role of physicians
Authors: Cherry C. L. , Kainer M. A. , Ruff T. A.
Published: May 2003

The real risk posed by biological weapons was demonstrated with the distribution of anthrax spores via the USA postal service in 2001. This review outlines the central roles of physicians in optimizing biopreparedness in Australia, including maintaining awareness of the risk, promptly recognizing an event, notifying appropriate authorities upon suspicion of an event, and instituting appropriate management. Management aspects covered include appropriate diagnostic tests, infection control procedures, and empirical therapy of agents considered possible biological weapons. The critical role of phys­icians as public health advocates working to prevent the use of biological weapons is also outlined. (Intern Med J 2003; 33: 242−253)
UV‐acclimation responses in natural populations of cyanobacteria (Calothrix sp.)
Authors: Dillon Jesse G. , Miller Scott R. , Castenholz Richard W.
Published: May 2003

Phenotypic acclimation to changing conditions is typically thought to be beneficial to organisms in the environment. UV radiation is an important parameter affecting photosynthetic organisms in natural environments. We measured the response of photosynthetic carbon fixation in populations of cyanobacteria inhabiting a hot spring following acclimation to different UV treatments. These two very closely related populations of cyanobacteria, differing in their content of the extracellular UV‐screening pigment scytonemin, were acclimated in situ under natural solar irradiance modified by filters that excluded both UVA/B, only UVB or transmitted both UVA/B. Cells from each preacclimation treatment were subsequently assayed for photosynthetic performance under all UV conditions (incubation treatment) giving a two‐factor experimental design for each population. No acclimation filter treatment effects were observed even after two months under different acclimation treatments. This suggests that UV photoacclimation does not occur in either of these populations, regardless of the presence of scytonemin. By contrast, cells showed significant UV‐inhibition during 1 h incubations under full sun. The population with high levels of scytonemin usually had lower rates of photosynthetic carbon fixation than the scytonemin‐lacking population. However, the degree of UV inhibition, especially UVA inhibition, was higher for the cells without scytonemin pigment. These results suggest that closely related natural cyanobacterial populations respond differently to natural irradiance conditions and may be adopting different strategies of UV tolerance.
Long-term effects of liver transplantation on bone mineral density in children with end-stage liver disease: A 2-year prospective study
Authors: Okajima Hideaki , Shigeno Chohei , Inomata Yukihiro , Egawa Hiroto , Uemoto Shinji , Asonuma Katsuhiro , Kiuchi Tetsuya , Konishi Junji , Tanaka Koichi
Published: May 2003

In children with end-stage liver disease, little is known regarding the long-term effects of liver transplantation on bone. In this 2-year prospective study, we evaluated the effects of liver transplantation on bone mineral density (BMD) and on other parameters of bone metabolism in 30 consecutive children with biliary atresia who underwent liver transplantation after failed Kasai operation. Tacrolimus and steroids were used as immunosuppressants. BMD of the first through fourth lumbar spine (L1-4) was measured by dual-energy radiographic absorptiometry (QDR-2000, Hologic) and expressed in Z-values. Before transplantation, Z-values of BMD, height, and weight were low in all patients (−3.4 ± 0.34, −2.0 ± 0.28, and −1.67 ± O.16 [mean ± SEM], respectively). Low BMD states were associated with low levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), one of the most potent anabolic skeletal growth factors. Liver transplantation resulted in marked improvement in BMD values as well as in height and body weight: 24 months after transplantation, recovery was achieved in each parameter (0.16 ± 0.30, −0.29 ± 0.23, and 0.42 ± 0.18, respectively). BMD recovery first was observed 3 months after transplantation. Moreover, these favorable effects of transplantation were accompanied by increases in serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and IGF-I. We conclude that liver transplantation effectively reverses the low bone mass status and growth retardation of children with end-stage liver disease.
Mycophenolic acid pharmacokinetics in pediatric liver transplant recipients
Authors: Aw Marion M. , Brown Nigel W. , Itsuka Toshi , Gonde Christopher E. , Adams Jemimah E. , Heaton Nigel D. , Tredger Michael J. , Mieli-Vergani Giorgina , Dhawan Anil
Published: May 2003

The aim of this study is to study mycophenolic acid (MPA) pharmacokinetics in stable pediatric liver transplant recipients and determine which times best represent the area under the concentration versus time curve (AUC) of MPA plasma concentrations. MPA pharmacokinetic profiles were determined in 21 liver transplant recipients (age, 2 to 15 years; 12 boys) administered mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) for at least 6 months. Ten patients were coadministered cyclosporine A (CsA), and 11 patients were coadministered tacrolimus (Tac). Plasma MPA levels were analyzed by enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique in blood samples at 0, 0.33, 0.67, 1.25, 2, 3.5, 5, and 7 hours after MMF administration. The AUC of plasma concentrations to 7 hours (AUC0-7) was calculated using the linear trapezoidal rule. MPA plasma trough concentration (C0), maximal concentration, and AUC0-7 values ranged 9- to 14-fold at a median of 1.81 mg/L (range, 0.4 to 3.7 mg/L), 10.5 mg/L (range, 2.8 to 40.0 mg/L), and 30.2 mg/L.hr (range, 9.3 to 80.3 mg/L.hr), respectively. AUC0-7 correlated significantly with MMF dose (r = 0.552; P = .010) and C0 (r = 0.844; P < .001). Median AUC0-7 (29.6 v 31.4 mg/L.hr; P = .918) was similar in children comedicated with CsA or Tac. Median MMF dose was greater in the CsA group (500 v 250 mg; P = .006). Consequently, median AUC0-7 was significantly lower in the CsA group when equalized for dose and body weight (2.02 v 3.85 μg/L.hr per mg of MMF dose per kg of weight; P = .002). Variations of MPA pharmacokinetics in pediatric liver transplant recipients suggest that monitoring MPA plasma levels is required. C0 correlates closely with AUC. Comedication with CsA increased MMF dosage requirements compared with children on Tac therapy.
Evaluation of potential liver donors: Limits imposed by donor variables in liver transplantation
Authors: Rull Ramón , Vidal Oscar , Momblan Dulce , González Francisco Xavier , López-Boado Miguel Angel , Fuster Jose , Grande Luis , Bruguera Miguel , Cabrer Katiana , García-Valdecasas Juan Carlos
Published: May 2003

The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of different donor and recipient parameters that have been recognised previously as proven and to suggest prognostic factors for immediate liver function and final outcome after liver transplantation. We evaluated a total of 228 liver grafts transplanted in the last 3 years in our institution. Parameters were recorded for the donor (age, polytransfusion, atherosclerosis, presence of infection, episodes of hypoxia or hypotension, use of vasoactive drugs, intensive care unit stay, steatosis, and ischemia time) and recipient (red blood cell requirements, immediate liver function [score], incidence of hepatic artery thrombosis, survival, and cause of death or retransplantation). Liver biopsy after reperfusion of the donor liver was performed before closure of the abdomen. Donor age over 65 years and presence of steatosis were associated significantly with initial poor function. The mortality rate at 6 months was related to donor age over 65 years. When donor age over 65 years was combined with transfusion requirement of > 10 U of red blood cells (RBC), the incidence of graft loss increased to 53%. The probability of graft survival at two years decreased when donor age was over 65 years. Moreover, when donor age over 65 years was combined with requirement of > 10units RBC the probability of 2-year survival was significantly reduced. This study shows, for the first time, that the use of donor livers from older donors in liver transplant procedures, requiring more than 10 U of RBC, results in a significantly worse prognosis in terms of immediate liver function and long-term survival
Intragraft gene expression profiles by cDNA microarray in small-for-size liver grafts
Authors: Man Kwan , Lo Chung-Mau , Lee Terence Kin-Wah , Li Xian-Liang , Ng Irene Oi-Lin , Fan Sheung-Tat
Published: May 2003

The aim of this study is to identify the molecular mechanism of small-for-size graft injury through large-scale expression measurement of intragraft gene profile by carrier DNA (cDNA) microarray screening in liver transplantation. The studies compared 1,081 intragraft genes expression profiles using cDNA microarray of small-for-size grafts (<30% of recipient liver weight) with those of whole grafts (control group) 1, 3, and 24 hours after reperfusion in a rat liver transplantation model. Intragraft gene expression was detected by quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Hepatic ultrastructural features were shown by electron microscopy. In the small-for-size grafts, by cDNA microarray study, the vasoconstriction genes were found up-regulated together with adhesion molecules at 1 hour after reperfusion. Three and 24 hours after reperfusion, the vasopressin genes were found up-regulated together with adhesion molecules, inflammatory mediators and cell death signals, accompanied with down-regulation of the genes related to energy metabolism. By quantitative RT-PCR, intragraft messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of endothelin-1 (ET-1) and endothelin-1 receptor A (ETA) was up-regulated during the first 24 hours after reperfusion accompanied with down-regulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). The intragraft mRNA and plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-6, IL-15, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α) also were overexpressed during the first 24 hours after reperfusion. Sinusoidal congestion and disruption were found accompanied with mitochondrial swelling during the first 24 hours after reperfusion. The up-regulation of intragraft vasoconstriction genes accompanied by early overexpression of adhesion molecules and apoptotic signals, as well as down-regulation of HO-1 in small-for-size grafts may be related to sinusoidal injury leading to graft damage in liver transplantation.
Primary hyperoxaluria: Simultaneous combined liver and kidney transplantation from a living related donor
Authors: Astarcioglu Ibrahim , Karademir Sedat , Gülay Hüseyin , Bora Seymen , Astarcioglu Hüseyin , Kavukcu Salih , Türkmen Mehmet , Soylu Alper
Published: May 2003

Primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1) is a rare inherited metabolic disorder in which deficiency of the liver enzyme AGT leads to renal failure and systemic oxalosis. Timely, combined cadaveric liver-kidney transplantation (LKT) is recommended for end-stage renal failure (ESRF) caused by PH1; however, the shortage of cadaveric organs has generated enthusiasm for living-related transplantation in years. Recently, successful sequential LKT from the same living donor has been reported in a child with PH1. We present a sister-to-brother simultaneous LKT in a pediatric patient who suffered from PH1 with ESRF. Twelve months after transplantation, his daily urine oxalate excretion was decreased from 160 mg to 19.5 mg with normal liver and renal allograft functions. In addition to the well-known advantages of living organ transplantation, simultaneous LKT may facilitate early postoperative hemodynamic stability and may induce immunotolerance and allow for low-dose immunosuppression.
Projecting future complications of chronic hepatitis C in the United States
Authors: Davis Gary L. , Albright James E. , Cook Suzanne F. , Rosenberg Daniel M.
Published: May 2003

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is common and often results in slowly progressive liver disease. Although acute hepatitis C is now uncommon, most patients with acute infection have developed chronic hepatitis, and, therefore, the pool of infected patients is large. We used a modification of a previously described natural history model for HCV infection to project the number of cases of HCV infection, cirrhosis, and liver failure over the next 40 years. The model estimated the prevalence of HCV infection in the United States was 3.07 × 106 in 1993 (compared with an adjusted National Health and Nutrition Evaluation Survey (NHANES) III estimate of 2.8 to 3.5 × 106). A gradual decline in the prevalence of infection should occur by year 2040 because of aging and natural deaths among the infected pool. However, as the duration of infection increases in the surviving cohort, the proportion with cirrhosis will increase from 16% to 32% by 2020 in an untreated population. Complications of cirrhosis also will increase dramatically over the next 20 years: hepatic decompensation (up 106%), hepatocellular carcinoma (up 81%), and liver-related deaths (up 180%). Although current treatment regimens eradicate HCV in over 50% of cases, many more patients would need to be treated to significantly impact disease progression. Identification and treatment of every case of HCV infection (with or without cirrhosis) would reduce the number of cases of decompensated cirrhosis by almost half after 20 years. Despite the declining incidence of acute HCV infection, chronic hepatitis C is common. The prevalence of cirrhosis and the incidence of its complications will increase over the next 10 to 20 years, because the duration of infection increases among those with chronic hepatitis C. These data emphasize the need for greater access to transplantation by expansion of the donor pool, increasing use of split livers and living donors, and novel options such as xenotransplantation.