bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intranasal but not intravenous delivery of the adjuvant α‐galactosylceramide permits repeated stimulation of natural killer T cells in the lung
Authors: Courtney Amy N. , Thapa Prakash , Singh Shailbala , Wishahy Ameerah M. , Zhou Dapeng , Sastry Jagannadha
Published: August 2011

Efficient induction of antigen‐specific immunity is achieved by delivering multiple doses of vaccine formulated with appropriate adjuvants that can harness the benefits of innate immune mediators. The synthetic glycolipid α‐galactosylceramide (α‐GalCer) is a potent activator of NKT cells, a major innate immune mediator cell type effective in inducing maturation of DCs for efficient presentation of co‐administered antigens. However, systemic administration of α‐GalCer results in NKT cell anergy in which the cells are unresponsive to subsequent doses of α‐GalCer. We show here that α‐GalCer delivered as an adjuvant by the intranasal route, as opposed to the intravenous route, enables repeated activation of NKT cells and DCs, resulting in efficient induction of cellular immune responses to co‐administered antigens. We show evidence that after intranasal delivery,α‐GalCer is selectively presented by DCs for the activation of NKT cells, not B cells. Furthermore, higher levels of PD‐1 expression, a potential marker for functional exhaustion of the NKT cells when α‐GalCer is delivered by the intravenous route, are not observed after intranasal delivery. These results support a mucosal route of delivery for the utility of α‐GalCer as an adjuvant for vaccines, which often requires repeated dosing to achieve durable protective immunity.
B lymphocytes that migrate to tuberculous pleural fluid via the SDF‐1/CXCR4 axis actively respond to antigens specific for Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Feng Lian , Li Li , Liu Yun , Qiao Dan , Li Qin , Fu Xiaoying , Wang Hui , Lao Suihua , Wu Changyou
Published: August 2011

B‐cell biology has been largely uncharacterized in the field of tuberculosis (TB). In this study, we investigated the immunophenotypical and functional characteristics of B cells obtained from the pleural fluid (PF) and peripheral blood of patients with tuberculous pleuritis (TP). Our results indicated that the total numbers of B cells, CD27+ memory B cells and plasmablasts were clearly lower in the PF than in peripheral blood. Furthermore, we found significantly higher expression of CXCR4 on B cells in the PF, and a chemotaxis assay showed that B cells in the PF were more responsive to stromal cell‐derived factor‐1 (SDF‐1) than B cells from peripheral blood. In addition, SDF‐1 levels in PF were remarkably high compared with SDF‐1 levels in plasma, suggesting that the SDF‐1/CXCR4 axis might facilitate the migration of circulating B cells into tuberculous pleural space. Importantly, we observed that significantly more antibodies were produced by B cells in the PF following stimulation with BCG, early secretory antigenic target (ESAT‐6)/culture filtrate protein‐10 (CFP‐10) or ESAT‐6 protein. Collectively, these data demonstrate that Mycobacterium tuberculosis‐specific B cells exist at local sites of infection in TP patients and this localization might influence the immune response to M. tuberculosis.
Regiospecific C(naphthyl)–H Bond Activation by Platinum(II) – Isolation, Characterization, Reactivity and TD‐DFT Study of the Cycloplatinate Complexes
Authors: Biswas Achintesh Narayan , Das Purak , Bagchi Vivek , Choudhury Amitava , Bandyopadhyay Pinaki
Published: August 2011

The regiospecific activation of C(naphthyl)–H bonds in a group of naphthylazo‐2′‐hydroxyarene ligands (H2L) has been achieved by platinum(II) compounds under different reaction conditions, and stable cycloplatinates [PtIIL(D)] have been isolated in presence of neutral Lewis bases (D). Structures of the cycloplatinate complexes of platinum(II) have been established by single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography. The platinum(II) centres are surrounded by a C,N,O‐terdentate ligand frame (L) and Lewis base (D) in a distorted square planar fashion. These cycloplatinate species have been found to react with halogens and methyl iodide undergoing metal‐centered two electron oxidation affording platinum(IV) cycloplatinates with distorted octahedral geometry. In the reactions with halogens and methyl iodide, trans oxidative addition has been found for [Pt(L)D] (D = 4‐picoline), whereas cis addition has been observed for [Pt(L)D] where D is a more sterically demanding triphenylphosphane. Structures of two representative platinum(IV) cycloplatinate species have been determined by single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography. A time dependent (TD)‐DFT study of representative cycloplatinate compounds has been performed. Optical absorption spectra of the cycloplatinate compounds in dichloromethane have been simulated using the TD‐DFT method, and the experimental spectra are in very good agreement.
Direct Carboxylation of Zincocene Cp*2Zn
Authors: Schulz Stephan , Schmidt Sarah , Bläser Dieter , Wölper Christoph
Published: August 2011

The reaction of zincocene Cp*2Zn with CO2 proceeds with the formation of [Zn4(μ4‐O)(O2CCp*)6] (1), which was characterized by NMR (1H, 13C) and IR spectroscopy as well as by elemental analysis and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The solid‐state structure of 1 is comparable to that previously observed for basic zinc acetate. In contrast to many previously reported CO2 activation reactions, the formation of 1 occurred without the use of any additional transmetalation catalyst.
Recognition of Peptides by Cyclodextrin Trimers
Authors: Christensen Helena Staunstrup , Sigurskjold Bent W. , Frihed Tobias Gylling , Marinescu Lavinia G. , Pedersen Christian M. , Bols Mikael
Published: August 2011

The efficient synthesis of a new class of cyclodextrin trimers has been carried out by using a click chemistry strategy. The cyclodextrin trimers were subsequently investigated for molecular recognition of peptides with aromatic side chains. Binding affinities for the self‐assembly of different peptides to cyclodextrin trimers were determined by using real‐time bimolecular interaction analyses with plasmon surface resonance. Peptides were prepared and immobilized on the sensor surface. The association constants were obtained by titration with different solutions of the cyclodextrin trimers and they were in the range of 103 M–1. The selectivity of molecular recognition of nonapeptides favored cyclodextrin trimers over unmodified cyclodextrin.
The Synthesis of Stereodefined Trisubstituted Olefins From Olefin Templates Using Pd Catalysis – Synthesis of the Antihypertensive Isbogrel
Authors: Rogers Lawrence R. , Konstantinou Zissis , Reddy Madhav , Organ Michael G.
Published: August 2011

A collection of highly functionalized, trisubstituted olefin building blocks (templates) have been developed for their Pd‐catalyzed elaboration into more complex structures, including natural products and compounds of medicinal chemistry interest. The Pd‐mediated transformations involve a combination of allylic substitution and cross‐coupling reactions. The templates have been designed such that these processes proceed not only with a high degree of regio‐ and stereoselectivity, but the transformations can all be conducted sequentially in the same flask using the same catalyst.
History of Eating Disorder in Mothers of Children with Early Onset Eating Disorder or Disturbance
Authors: Watkins Beth , Cooper Peter J , Lask Bryan
Published: August 2011

The literature suggests that there is significant familial aggregation of eating disorders. A specific association has also been reported between childhood feeding problems and maternal eating disorder. This study investigates whether subgroups of children with early onset eating disturbance are distinguished by maternal eating disorder history. The mothers of 66 children with either anorexia nervosa (AN), food avoidance emotional disorder (FAED) or selective eating (SE) were interviewed to ascertain eating disorder history. Seventeen per cent of mothers reported a history of eating disorder, compared with 3%–5% reported for community samples. A history of eating disorder was reported by 5.9% of mothers of children with SE, 12.9% of mothers of children with AN and 33.3% of mothers of children with FAED. The findings, based on this small sample, suggest that children with FAED are especially likely to have grown up in a dysfunctional food environment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Do Men with Eating Disorders Differ from Women in Clinics, Psychopathology and Personality?
Authors: Núñez‐Navarro Araceli , Agüera Zaida , Krug Isabel , Jiménez‐Murcia Susana , Sánchez Isabel , Araguz Noemí , Gorwood Phillip , Granero Roser , Penelo Eva , Karwautz Andreas , Moragas Laura , Saldaña Sandra , Treasure Janet , Menchón José Manuel , Fernández‐Aranda Fernando
Published: August 2011

Objective

To determine if male and female eating disorders differ in clinics, psychopathology and personality traits when compared with a healthy group.

Methods

Sixty male and 60 female eating disorder individuals (16% anorexia nervosa, 42% bulimia nervosa and 42% eating disorder not otherwise specified), matched for age and diagnostic, were compared with 120 healthy‐eating participants (60 male and 60 female participants). All were diagnosed according to the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision. Assessment measures included Eating Disorder Inventory—2, Symptom Checklist—Revised and Temperament and Character Inventory—Revised, as well as other clinical and psychopathological indices.

Results

Male eating disorder participants reported significant lower laxative abuse (p = 0.020) and significant higher vomiting episodes (p = 0.019) than female eating disorder participants. Differences on drive for thinness, body dissatisfaction and some Symptom Checklist—Revised scales were found across genders in eating disorder participants. Male eating disorder participants scored significantly lower than female participants with eating disorders on harm avoidance, reward dependence and cooperativeness.

Conclusions

Although eating disorder clinical features were similar across genders, male eating disorder participants had less body image concern and general psychopathology than female eating disorder participants. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Unraveling driving factors for large rock–ice avalanche mobility
Authors: Schneider D. , Huggel C. , Haeberli W. , Kaitna R.
Published: August 2011

Large rock–ice avalanches have attracted attention from scientists for decades and some of these events have caused high numbers of fatalities. A relation between rock slope instabilities in cold high mountain areas and climate change is currently becoming more evident and questions about possible consequences and hazard scenarios in densely populated high mountain regions leading beyond historical precedence are rising. To improve hazard assessment of potential rock–ice avalanches, their mobility is a critical factor. This contribution is an attempt to unravel driving factors for the mobility of large rock–ice avalanches by synthesizing results from physical laboratory experiments and empirical data from 64 rock–ice avalanches with volumes >1x106 m3 from glacierized high mountain regions around the world. The influence of avalanche volume, water and ice content, low‐friction surfaces, and topography on the apparent coefficient of friction (as a measure of mobility) is assessed. In laboratory experiments granular ice in the moving mass was found to reduce bulk friction up to 20% while water led to a reduction around 50% for completely saturated material compared with dry flows. Evidence for the effects of water as a key driving factor to enhance mobility was also found in the empirical data, while the influence of the ice content could not be confirmed to be of much relevance in nature. Besides liquefaction, it was confirmed that mobility increases with volumes and that frictional surface characteristics such as flow paths over glaciers are also dominant variables determining mass movement mobility. Effects of the topography along the flow path as well as channeling are assumed to be other critical factors. The results provide an empirical basis to roughly account for different path and flow characteristics of large rock–ice avalanches and to find appropriate ranges for friction parameters for scenario modeling and hazard assessments. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Look at me, I'll remember you
Authors: Conty Laurence , Grèzes Julie
Published: August 2011

Being looked at by a person enhances the subsequent memorability of her/his identity. Here, we tested the specificity of this effect and its underlying brain processes. We manipulated three social cues displayed by an agent: Gaze Direction (Direct/Averted), Emotional Expression (Anger/Neutral), and Pointing gesture (Presence/Absence). Our behavioral experiment showed that direct as compared with averted gaze perception enhanced subsequent retrieval of face identity. Similar effect of enhanced retrieval was found when pointing finger was absent as compared with present but not for anger as compared with neutral expression. The fMRI results revealed amygdala activity for both Anger and Direct gaze conditions, suggesting emotional arousal. Yet, the right hippocampus, known to play a role in self‐relevant memory processes, was only revealed during direct gaze perception. Further investigations suggest that right hippocampal activity was maximal for the most self‐relevant social event (i.e. actor expressing anger and pointing toward the participant with direct gaze). Altogether, our results suggest that the perception of self‐relevant social cues such as direct gaze automatically prompts “self‐relevant memory” processes. Hum Brain Mapp 33:2428–2440, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Memory training impacts short‐term changes in aging white matter: A Longitudinal Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study
Authors: Engvig Andreas , Fjell Anders M. , Westlye Lars T. , Moberget Torgeir , Sundseth Øyvind , Larsen Vivi Agnete , Walhovd Kristine B.
Published: August 2011

A growing body of research indicates benefits of cognitive training in older adults, but the neuronal mechanisms underlying the effect of cognitive intervention remains largely unexplored. Neuroimaging methods are sensitive to subtle changes in brain structure and show potential for enhancing our understanding of both aging‐ and training‐related neuronal plasticity. Specifically, studies using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) suggest substantial changes in white matter (WM) in aging, but it is not known whether cognitive training might modulate these structural alterations. We used tract‐based spatial statistics (TBSS) optimized for longitudinal analysis to delineate the effects of 8 weeks intensive memory training on WM microstructure. 41 participants (mean age 61 years) matched for age, sex and education were randomly assigned to an intervention or control group. All participants underwent MRI‐scanning and neuropsychological assessments at the beginning and end of the study. Longitudinal analysis across groups revealed significant increase in frontal mean diffusivity (MD), indicating that DTI is sensitive to WM structural alterations over a 10‐week interval. Further, group analysis demonstrated positive effects of training on the short‐term changes. Participants in the training group showed a relative increase in fractional anisotropy (FA) compared with controls. Further, a significant relationship between memory improvement and change in FA was found, suggesting a possible functional significance of the reported changes. The training effect on FA seemed to be driven by a relative decrease in radial diffusivity, which might indicate a role for myelin‐related processes in WM plasticity. Hum Brain Mapp 33:2390–2406, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Longitudinal patterns of benzodiazepine consumption in a German cohort of methadone maintenance treatment patients
Authors: Specka Michael , Bonnet Udo , Heilmann Martin , Schifano Fabrizio , Scherbaum Norbert
Published: August 2011

Objective

Cross‐sectional studies show that considerable proportions of opiate dependents in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) consume benzodiazepines (BZD). The longitudinal patterns of BZD use over time were described here.

Methods

After admission to MMT, patients from two outpatient MMT clinics (n = 345) were observed for up to 2 years whilst in treatment. The use of BZD, cannabis, opiates and cocaine was assessed by urine sampling carried out twice a month.

Results

For the whole sample, the mean BZD‐positive urine specimen rate was 0.36 during the first 3 months. Rates slightly decreased during the first year and remained stable afterwards (last observation carried forward). For study completers (n = 152), the rate decreased over time, from 0.31 (first 3‐month period) to 0.19 (last period; p < 0.001). According to a longitudinal cluster analysis, 26% of all patients showed a pattern of constantly high BZD‐positivity rates, mostly in combination with other substances. Inpatient detoxifications from BZD (carried out in 18% of cases) did not have a sustained effect on levels of BZD use.

Conclusions

BZD consumption in MMT is often part of a polydrug consumption pattern and is associated with poorer treatment retention. It is necessary to further investigate the reasons for BZD use in MMT patients and to develop effective interventions to reduce levels of BZD consumption. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of alcohol on highway driving in the STISIM driving simulator
Authors: Mets Monique A. J. , Kuipers Esther , de Senerpont Domis Lieke M. , Leenders Maartje , Olivier Berend , Verster Joris C.
Published: August 2011

Objective

The STISIM driving simulator is widely used. To enhance its usefulness in pharmacological research, a calibration study was performed to test a standardized highway driving test scenario after administration of three different dosages of alcohol and placebo.

Methods

Twenty‐seven healthy young adults (14 men and 13 women; mean age (SD) = 22.8 (1.4)) participated in this randomized, single‐blind crossover trial. Subjects received alcohol to gain a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.05%, 0.08%, and 0.11%, or placebo–alcohol. In each condition, subjects completed a 100‐km highway driving simulator test. The standard deviation of lateral position, the weaving of the car, was the primary parameter of the test.

Results

Alcohol produced dose‐dependent driving impairment. Standard deviation of lateral position and standard deviation of speed were significantly increased relative to placebo (p < 0.05). Subjective driving assessments were in line with the objective driving measurements.

Conclusion

The STISIM highway driving simulator test is able to differentiate dose‐dependent impairment after administration of alcohol. The highway driving test scenario is suitable for future psychopharmacological research. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of focal adhesion kinase catalytic activity on the proliferation and migration of squamous cell carcinoma cells
Authors: Serrels Alan , McLeod Kenneth , Canel Marta , Kinnaird Andrew , Graham Kathryn , Frame Margaret C , Brunton Valerie G
Published: August 2011

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is upregulated in several epithelial tumours and there has been considerable interest in developing small molecule kinase inhibitors of FAK. However, FAK also has important adaptor functions within the cell, integrating signals from both integrins and growth factors. To investigate the role of FAKs kinase domain, we generated fak‐deficient squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cell lines. Re‐expression of a wild type or kinase dead FAK allowed us to delineate its kinase dependent functions. In addition, we used the novel FAK kinase inhibitor PF‐562,271. The kinase activity of FAK was important for tumour cell migration and polarity but more striking was its requirement for the anchorage independent 3 dimensional (3D) proliferation of SCC cells and their growth as xenografts in mice. Inhibition of FAK activity and prevention of growth in 3D correlated with Src inhibition. We further identified a mechanism whereby FAK regulates proliferation in 3D via regulation of the kinase activity of Src. This was dependent on the kinase activity of FAK and its resulting phosphorylation on Y397 that provides a high affinity binding site for Src. These data support the further development of FAK kinase inhibitors as agents that have the potential to inhibit both tumour cell migration and proliferation.
Matched‐pair analysis comparing the outcomes of primary breast and nodal diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma in patients treated with rituximab plus chemotherapy
Authors: Yhim Ho‐Young , Kim Jin Seok , Kang Hye Jin , Kim Seok Jin , Kim Won Seog , Choi Chul Won , Eom Hyeon Seok , Kim Jeong‐A. , Lee Jae Hoon , Won Jong Ho , Shim Hyeok , Huh Jooryung , Lee Dae‐Ho , Suh Cheolwon , Kwak Jae‐Yong
Published: August 2011

Primary breast diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an extremely rare presentation of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma that has been associated with poorer clinical outcomes compared with nodal DLBCL in the pre‐rituximab era. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of rituximab on clinical outcomes in patients with primary breast DLBCL. Data from 25 female patients with primary breast DLBCL receiving rituximab plus chemotherapy were matched to 75 female patients (1:3) with nodal DLBCL by following five established prognostic factors (age, Ann Arbor stage, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, serum lactate dehydrogenase level and B symptoms). Overall survival (OS) was similar between primary breast and nodal DLBCL groups (3‐year OS rate, 82.2% vs. 90.7%, respectively; p = 0.345). In the analysis of immunohistochemically defined prognostic subgroups, 19 of 20 available cases in the primary breast DLBCL group displayed a non‐germinal center (GC) phenotype. Compared with patterns of recurrence, extranodal progression in the breast or central nervous system (CNS) was significantly higher in the primary breast DLBCL group than in the nodal DLBCL group (p < 0.001). Additionally, the stage‐modified International Prognostic Index was the only independent prognostic factor for OS in this population. This suggests that clinical outcomes of primary breast DLBCL might no longer be inferior to those of nodal DLBCL in the rituximab era, which might be associated with the intrinsic biologic characteristics of the non‐GC phenotype. However, despite including rituximab, extranodal progression in the breast or CNS was problematic. This study was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as no. NCT01266668.
Differential glycosylation of MUC1 and CEACAM5 between normal mucosa and tumour tissue of colon cancer patients
Authors: Saeland Eirikur , Belo Ana I. , Mongera Sandra , van Die Irma , Meijer Gerrit A. , van Kooyk Yvette
Published: August 2011

Altered glycosylation in epithelial cancers may play an important role in tumour progression, as it may affect tumour cell migration and antigen presentation by antigen presenting cells. We specifically characterise the glycosylation patterns of two tumour antigens that are highly expressed in cancer tissue and often detected in their secreted form in serum: the epithelial mucin MUC1 and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA, also called CEACAM5). We analysed 48 colorectal cancer patients, comparing normal colon and tumour epithelium within each patient. Lectin binding was studied by a standardised CEA/MUC1 capture ELISA, using several plant lectins, and the human C‐type lectins MGL and DC‐SIGN, and Galectin‐3. Peanut agglutinin (PNA) bound to MUC1 from tumour tissue in particular, suggests increased expression of the Thomsen‐Friedenreich antigen (TF‐antigen) (Core 1, Galβ1‐3GalNAc‐Ser/Thr). Only small amounts of Tn‐antigen (GalNAcα‐Ser/Thr) expression was observed, but the human C‐type lectin MGL showed increased binding to tumour‐associated MUC1. Furthermore, sialylation was greatly enhanced. In sharp contrast, tumour‐associated CEA (CEACAM5) contained high levels of the blood‐group related carbohydrates, Lewis X and Lewis Y. This correlated strongly with the interaction of the human C‐type lectin DC‐SIGN to tumour‐associated CEA, suggesting that CEA can be recognized and taken up by antigen presenting cells. In addition, increased mannose expression was observed and branched N‐glycans were prominent, and this correlated well with human Galectin‐3 binding. These data demonstrate that individual tumour antigens contain distinct glycan structures associated with cancer and, since glycans affect cellular interactions with its microenvironment, this may have consequences for progression of the disease.
Tumor‐dependent down‐regulation of the ζ‐chain in T‐cells is detectable in early breast cancer and correlates with immune cell function
Authors: Boniface J. De , Poschke I. , Mao Y. , Kiessling R.
Published: August 2011

Suppressive factors produced by tumors or tumor‐associated cells represent a major obstacle to immune‐mediated tumor eradication and immunotherapy. We studied tumor‐dependent changes in expression of the ζ‐chain, a key molecule for the transduction of stimulatory signals through the T‐cell receptor and activating receptors on natural killer (NK) cells, in patients with early (stages 1 and 2) breast cancer. Ex‐vivo levels of ζ‐chain expression, proliferation and cytokine expression in lymphocyte subpopulations were measured in breast tumors, their draining lymph nodes and in pre‐ and postoperative blood samples of cancer patients and healthy controls by multi‐parametric flow cytometry. We found that T‐cell ζ‐chain expression in peripheral blood of breast cancer patients (n = 29) was down‐regulated compared with healthy controls (n = 10) (p ≤ 0.033), which was most pronounced in stage 2 (n = 15, p ≤ 0.004). T‐ and NK‐cell ζ‐chain loss was most distinct in the tumor and decreased with increasing distance (p ≤ 0.015). After surgical tumor resection, peripheral blood ζ‐chain levels normalized to those observed in healthy controls. ζ‐chain expression in peripheral blood T‐cells correlated with lymphocytic proliferative activity (p ≤ 0.035), and with the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in CD8+ T‐cells (p ≤ 0.035). Breast cancer patients had lower numbers of circulating early memory CD8+ T‐cells than healthy donors (p ≤ 0.000), correlating with lower T‐cell ζ‐chain levels (p ≤ 0.011). Our findings suggest that phenotypic and functional alterations in lymphocytes can be detected even in early stage breast cancer patients. The observed immunosuppression appears to be systemic and tumor dependent, as it is strongest in the tumor, correlates with tumor stage and normalizes after surgery.
A review of the logistic role of l‐carnitine in the management of radiation toxicity and radiotherapy side effects
Authors: Khan Haseeb Ahmad , Alhomida Abdullah Saleh
Published: August 2011

Radiation therapy is a key modality in the treatment of different cancer types. Fatigue is the most common side effect of radiotherapy, while others include nausea, hair loss, skin irritation, anemia, infertility, cardiovascular disease, cognitive impairment and even the development of second cancers. Studies in experimental animals have shown protective effects of carnitine against exposure of various organs to ionizing radiation, whereas carnitine deficiency is known to enhance radiation‐induced toxicity. This report summarizes the recent literature on the adverse effects of radiotherapy and the impact of radiation on carnitine homeostasis. Although some studies have demonstrated the prophylactic benefits of carnitine against the toxic effects of chemotherapy, the role of carnitine in the prognosis and management of cancer patients receiving radiotherapy is not clear and needs to be explored. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hepatoprotective activity of quercetin against acrylonitrile‐induced hepatotoxicity in rats
Authors: Abo‐Salem Osama M. , Abd‐Ellah Mohamed F. , Ghonaim Mabrouk M.
Published: August 2011

Acrylonitrile is a potent hepatotoxic, mutagen, and carcinogen. A role for free radical‐mediated lipid peroxidation in the toxicity of acrylonitrile has been suggested. The present study was designed to assess the hepatoprotective effect of quercetin against acrylonitrile‐induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Liver damage was induced by oral administration of acrylonitrile (50 mg/kg/day/5 weeks). Acrylonitrile produced a significant elevation of malondialdehyde (138.9%) with a marked decrease in reduced glutathione (72.4%), and enzymatic antioxidants; superoxide dismutase (81%), and glutathione peroxidase (53.2%) in the liver. Serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferases, direct bilirubin, and total bilirubin showed a significant increase in acrylonitrile alone treated rats (115.5%, 110.8%, 1006.8%, and 1000.8%, respectively). Pretreatment with quercetin (70 mg/kg/day/6 weeks) and its coadministration with acrylonitrile prevented acrylonitrile‐induced alterations in hepatic lipid peroxides and enzymatic antioxidants as well as serum aminotransferases and bilirubin. Histopathological findings supported the biochemical results. We suggest that querectin possess hepatoprotective effect against acrylonitrile‐induced hepatotoxicity through its antioxidant activity. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 25:386–392 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/jbt.20406
Phenol degradation by isolated bacterial strains: kinetics study and application in coking wastewater treatment
Authors: Zhu Xiaobiao , Tian Jinping , Chen Lujun
Published: August 2011

BACKGROUND: In biological treatment of coking wastewater, phenol may decrease the treatment efficiency because of its high concentration and toxicity to microorganisms. Bioaugmentation has been regarded as a good improvement of the traditional biological treatment using isolated degrading strains. In this study, two phenol degrading strains, Pseudomonas sp. PCT01 and PTS02, were isolated and investigated for degradation ability and application to real coking wastewater treatment.

RESULTS: Complete phenol degradation was achieved after 18 h inoculation in medium containing 229‐461 mg L−1 of phenol for both strains. The presence of phenol, pyridine and other compounds in mixed substrate or in coking wastewater prolonged the degradation to 20‐32 h with an initial phenol concentration of 160‐280 mg L−1. The study of degradation kinetics yielded a two‐stage model to describe the effect of the initial phenol concentration and inhibitory compounds on phenol degradation. The highest degradation rate constant of the second stage, 1.25 h−1 for PCT01 and 0.75 h−1 for PTS02, was obtained at low phenol concentration in a single substrate.

CONCLUSION: It was found that both strains could degrade phenol effectively and maintain their phenol degradation ability in coking wastewater, and therefore could be used for bioaugmentation treatment of coking wastewater. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Poly(glycidyl methacrylate‐co‐3‐thienyl‐methylmethacrylate) based working electrodes for hydrogen peroxide biosensing
Authors: Ozoner Seyda Korkut
Published: August 2011

BACKGROUND: Hydrogen peroxide biosensors based on Poly(glycidyl methacrylate‐co‐3‐thienylmethylmethacrylate)/ Polypyrrole [Poly(GMA‐co‐MTM)/PPy] composite film were reported. Poly(GMA‐co‐MTM) including various amounts of GMA and MTM monomers was synthesized via the radical polymerization. Enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was trapped in Poly(GMA‐co‐MTM)/PPy composites during the electropolymerization reaction between pyrrole and thiophene groups of MTM monomer, and chemically bonded via the epoxy groups of GMA. Analytical parameters of the fabricated electrodes were calculated and are discussed in terms of film electroactivity and mass transfer conditions of the composite films.

RESULTS: The amount of electroactive HRP was found to be 1.25, 0.34 and 0.213 µg for the working electrodes of Poly(GMA30%‐ co‐MTM70%)/PPy/HRP, Poly(GMA85%‐co‐MTM15%)/PPy/HRP and Poly(GMA90%‐co‐MTM10%)/PPy/HRP, respectively. Optimal response of the fabricated electrodes was obtained at pH 7 and an operational potential of − 0.35 V. It was observed that effective enzyme immobilization and electroactivity of the composite films could be changed by changing the ratios of GMA and MTM fractions of Poly(GMA‐co‐MTM) based working electrodes.

CONCLUSION: The amount of electroactive enzyme increases with increasing MTM content of the final copolymer. High operational stabilities of the biosensors can be attributed to the strong covalent enzyme linkage via the epoxy groups of GMA due to preventing enzyme deterioration and loss. A more convenient microenvironment for mass transfer was provided for the electrodes by higher GMA ratios. It is observed that mass transfer is dominated by the mechanism of electron transfer to obtain effective sensitivity values. This work contributes to discussions clarifying the problems regarding the design parameters of biosensors. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Methane production from citrus wastes: process development and cost estimation
Authors: Forgács Gergely , Pourbafrani Mohammad , Niklasson Claes , Taherzadeh Mohammad J. , Hováth Ilona Sárvári
Published: August 2011

BACKGROUND: Because of its extreme toxicity for microorganisms, the limonene content of citrus wastes (CWs) has been a major obstacle to the conversion of CWs to biofuels. The main objective of this study was to develop a new process for the utilization of CWs that can be economically feasible when the supply of CW is low.

RESULTS: Steam explosion pre‐treatment was applied to improve the anaerobic digestibility of CWs, resulting in a decrease of initial limonene concentration by 94.3%. A methane potential of 0.537 ± 0.001 m3 kg−1 VS (volatile solids) was obtained during the following batch digestion of treated CWs, corresponding to an increase of 426% compared with that of the untreated samples. Long‐term effects of the treatment were further investigated by a semi‐continuous co‐digestion process. A methane production of 0.555 ± 0.0159 m3 CH4 kg−1 VS day−1 was achieved when treated CWs (corresponding to 30% of the VS load) were co‐digested with municipal solid waste.

CONCLUSION: The process developed can easily be applied to an existing biogas plant. The equipment cost for this process is estimated to be one million USD when utilizing 10 000 tons CWs year−1. 8.4 L limonene and 107.4 m3 methane can be produced per ton of fresh citrus wastes in this manner. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Rab7 and actin cytoskeleton participate during mobilization of β1EHFNR in fibronectin‐stimulated Entamoeba histolyticatrophozoites
Authors: Javier‐Reyna R. , Hernández‐Ramírez V.I. , González‐Robles A. , Galván‐Mendoza I. , Osorio‐Trujillo C. , Talamás‐Rohana P.
Published: August 2011

In vitro interaction of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites with fibronectin (FN) induces redistribution of the amoebic fibronectin receptor (β1EhFNR). Trafficking of beta1 integrins is important for cell adhesion and migration in higher eukaryotes and requires the participation of Rab proteins. In E. histolytica, the machinery involved in integrin trafficking is not completely known. EhRab7 is a 24.5‐kDa protein whose alignment with other Rab7 proteins demonstrated that it shared significant homology with Rab7 proteins from other organisms, including humans. Using different types of microscopy (fluorescence and confocal microscopy), it was established that Rab7 and the actin cytoskeleton participated in the mobilization of β1EhFNR in FN‐stimulated trophozoites. β1EhFNR and Rab7 co‐localized only in vesicular structures at 5 min, and at longer time (1 h), both co‐localized in both plasma membrane and in vesicular structures; at the same time, Rab7 co‐localized with specific actin structures (phagocytic vacuoles). At 5 h the β1EhFNR, Rab7, and actin co‐localized at the plasma membrane, and only β1EhFNR and Rab7 decorated vesicles of different sizes. Actin and Rab7 co‐localized in a cap‐like structure at one end of the cell. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer and electron microscopy confirmed the close interaction between β1EhFNR and Rab7. Moreover, the use of a lysosome‐specific marker (LysoTracker) and a Golgi‐specific marker (NBD C6‐ceramide) allowed us to establish that, at some point within the endocytic route, β1EhFNR and Rab7 co‐localized within a lysosome‐type organelle, but not a Golgi‐like organelle, which indicated that this integrin‐like molecule was returned to the plasma membrane via exocytic or secretory vesicles.Microsc. Res. Tech., 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Use of different morphological techniques to analyze the cellular composition of the adult zebrafish optic tectum
Authors: Corbo Christopher P. , Othman Nidaa A. , Gutkin Michael C. , Alonso Alejandra Del C. , Fulop Zoltan L.
Published: August 2011

Cellular composition of the adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) optic tectal cortex was examined in this study. Morphological techniques such as 1μm thick serial plastic sections stained with osmium tetroxide and toluidine blue, modified rapid Golgi silver impregnation, GFAP immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy, as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used. Neuronal and glial components are described and the layers of the cortex are revisited. Specific neuronal arrangements as well as unique glial/ependymal cells are described. A three dimensional rendering of the astrocytic fiber arrangement in the marginal zone is presented and a composite drawing summarizes the cellular composition of the optic tectum. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bismuth triflate–L(−)‐proline catalyzed synthesis of chiral 2,5‐diaryl‐2,3‐dihydropyrano[2,3‐b]quinolin‐4‐ones
Authors: Mahajan Nitu , Koul Surrinder , Razdan Tej K.
Published: August 2011

The synthesis of chiral (2R) 2,5‐diaryl‐2,3‐dihydropyrano[2,3‐b]quinolin‐4‐ones, was achieved, at ambient temperature, by the reaction of 3‐acetyl‐4‐aryl‐carbostyril and an aldehyde, in the presence of bismuth triflate–L(−)‐proline complex, formed in situ. The products were obtained in 62–78% yield with high enantioselectivity (72–96% ee). J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
Synthesis of tetrahydropyrimidino[4,3‐a]isoquinolines via regiospecific N‐alkylation‐annulation of 4‐aryldihydropyrimidinones
Authors: Singh Jagjeet , Mahajan Nitu , Sharma Rattan L. , Razdan Tej K.
Published: August 2011

4‐Aryldihydropyrimidinones were obtained in excellent yields via solid‐phase Biginelli reaction of arylaldehydes, β‐ketoester and urea, using bismuth nitrate, immobilized on Al2O3 as catalyst. Subsequently, the products were converted into corresponding tetrahydropyrimidino[4,3‐a]isoquinolines (69–73% yield) by one‐pot regiospecific N‐alkylation‐annulation reaction using sodium hydride and dimethylaminopyridine. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
Synthesis and transformations of hydrazine substituted 6‐fluoro derivatives of 1,3,4‐thiadiazolo[3,2‐a]pyrimidine
Authors: Kukaniev Muhamadsho A. , Párkányi Cyril
Published: August 2011

2‐Alkyl and 2‐arylhydrazine derivatives of 5H‐2‐R‐6‐fluoro‐7‐methyl‐1,3,4‐thiadiazolo[3,2‐a]pyrimidin‐5‐one were prepared by reaction of 5H‐2‐bromo‐6‐fluoro‐7‐methyl‐1,3,4‐thiadiazolo[3,2‐a]pyrimidin‐5‐one with hydrazine derivatives. A convenient procedure was developed for the preparation of new hydrazine derivatives of 5H‐2‐R‐6‐fluoro‐7‐methyl‐1,3,4‐thiadiazolo[3,2‐a]pyrimidin‐5‐one. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
On the atmospheric circulation characteristics associated with fog in Ioannina, north‐western Greece
Authors: Houssos E. E. , Lolis C. J. , Gkikas A. , Hatzianastassiou N. , Bartzokas A.
Published: August 2011

The evolution of the atmospheric circulation over Europe and the Mediterranean during fog events in Ioannina, north‐western Greece, is examined for the period 1957–2002. A 24‐h period starting at 12:00 UTC is defined as a fog day, when at least one of the present and/or past weather codes of the corresponding SYNOPs refers to fog. A sequence of such fog days is defined as a fog event. In total, 1019 fog events are found during the period under study. A methodology scheme using S‐mode factor analysis and K‐means cluster analysis is applied to the patterns of 850 hPa air temperature and 1000 and 500 hPa geopotential heights for the day before the initiation, the first day of occurrence and the day after the dissipation of fog, resulting in the classification of the 1019 fog events into ten clusters. For each one of the ten clusters, the mean 00:00 UTC patterns of the above parameters are constructed for 3 days. These patterns correspond to the evolution of the atmospheric circulation associated with fog formation and dissipation in the Ioannina region. Most of the patterns are characterized by anticyclonic activity or a weak southerly flow over Greece. The differences among the ten clusters refer mainly to the position and the intensity of the surface and upper air synoptic systems involved. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Developing site‐specific future temperature scenarios for Northern Ireland: addressing key issues employing a statistical downscaling approach
Authors: Mullan Donal , Fealy Rowan , Favis‐Mortlock Dave
Published: August 2011

Modelling future temperature changes is a crucial step in the climate change impacts analysis stage for a wide range of environmental and socioeconomic sectors. A scale mismatch exists, however, between the coarse spatial resolution at which general circulation models (GCMs) project future climate change scenarios, and the finer spatial resolution at which impact modellers require such projections. Various downscaling techniques can be used to bridge this gap, with statistical downscaling methods emerging as a popular, low‐cost and accessible means of developing site‐specific future scenarios. Despite its widespread use, little attention has been paid to some of the key issues in statistical downscaling which are central to the development of the future scenarios, including GCM grid‐box choice and the effects of modifying the calibration period. In this study, such issues are examined with respect to the development of site‐specific future temperature scenarios for nine climatological stations across Northern Ireland. Results indicate that the more remote grid box of the two analysed is most strongly correlated with maximum and minimum temperatures, illustrating the importance of examining potential spatial offsets in the predictor‐predictand relationship. In addition, modifications to the calibration period result in only minor differences to seasonal calibration and validation values as well as resultant future projections, indicating that longer calibration periods do not always offer improvements over shorter periods. Future downscaled scenarios reveal considerable warming across all sites and seasons, with large inter‐GCM differences apparent. This underlines the importance of employing multiple GCMs and emissions scenarios to help address the uncertainties inherent in global climate modelling. This study illustrates the potential of statistical downscaling methods in generating high‐resolution future climate change scenarios appropriate to the requirements of impact modellers, provided a thorough analysis of some of the key issues that shape the character of the future scenarios are fully explored. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Smithfield's journey to sustainability: A work in progress
Authors: Deptolla Ralph
Published: August 2011

Smithfield Foods certainly did not set out to gain a reputation as a bad corporate citizen and neighbor when the company was founded in 1936. But in the process of growing from a modest meatpacking company located on the banks of the historic Pagan River in Smithfield, Virginia, to an $11 billion global food company employing more than 48,000 people worldwide, Smithfield Foods grappled with embarrassing environmental issues that made it a target of governmental agencies and activist groups. This case study examines Smithfield Foods' challenging journey to become a leader in corporate social responsibility and sustainability by learning from its mistakes and creating a new company culture focused on core values that place a premium on leadership, performance, and accountability. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Combined solid‐phase extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry used for determination of chloropropanols in water
Authors: González Paula , Racamonde Inés , Carro Antonia M. , Lorenzo Rosa A.
Published: August 2011

A sensitive and rapid derivatization method for the simultaneous determination of 1,3‐dichloro‐2‐propanol (1,3‐DCP) and 3‐chloropropane‐1,2‐diol (3‐MCPD) in water samples has been developed. The aim was to research the optimal conditions of the derivatization process for two selected reagents. A central composite design was used to determine the influence of derivatization time, derivatization temperature and reagent volume. A global desirability function was applied for multi‐response optimization. The analysis was performed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. During the optimization of the extraction procedure, four different types of solid‐phase extraction (SPE) columns were tested. It was demonstrated that the Oasis HLB cartridge produced the best recoveries of the target analytes. The pH value and the salinity were investigated using a Doehlert design. The best results for the SPE of both analytes were obtained with 1.5 g of NaCl and pH 6. The proposed method provides high sensitivity, good linearity (R2≥0.999) and repeatability (relative standard deviations % between 2.9 and 3.4%). Limits of detection and quantification were in the range of 1.4–11.2 ng/mL and 4.8–34.5 ng/mL, respectively. Recoveries obtained for water samples were ca. 100% for 1,3‐DCP and 3‐MCPD. The method has been successfully applied to the analysis of different samples including commercially bottled water, an influent and effluent sewage.
Needle microextraction trap for on‐site analysis of airborne volatile compounds at ultra‐trace levels in gaseous samples
Authors: Alonso Monica , Godayol Anna , Antico Enriqueta , Sanchez Juan M.
Published: August 2011

Different capillary needle trap (NT) configurations are studied and compared to evaluate the suitability of this methodology for screening in the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air samples at ultra‐trace levels. Totally, 22 gauge needles with side holes give the best performance and results, resulting in good sampling flow reproducibility as well as fast and complete NT conditioning and cleaning. Two different types of sorbent are evaluated: a graphitized carbon (Carbopack X) and a polymeric sorbent (Tenax TA). Optimized experimental conditions were desorption in the GC injector at 300°C, no make‐up gas to help the transport of the desorbed compounds to the GC column, 1 min splitless time for injection/desorption, and leaving the NT in the hot injector for about 20 min. Cross‐contamination is avoided when samples containing high VOC levels (above likely breakthrough values) are evaluated. Neither carryover nor contamination is detected for storage times up to 48 h at 4°C. The method developed is applied for the analysis of indoor air, outdoor air and breath samples. The results obtained are equivalent to those obtained with other thermal desorption devices but have the advantage of using small sample volumes, being simpler, more economical and more robust than conventional methodologies used for VOC analysis in air samples.