bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Structure Modifying Agents on the Structural, Morphological and Optical Features of Hydrothermally Grown ZnO
Authors: Ahson Rabia , Ahmad Riaz , Afzal Naveed , Mubarik Farrukh Ehtesham
Published: October 2019

Morphology of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) is an important parameter to enhance the efficiency of optoelectronic devices. Morphology also plays a significant role in gas sensing properties of ZnO. In this research work, different morphologies of Zinc Oxide including nanorods, disks and flakes were
obtained using Zinc Acetate, Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate and Trisodium Citrate as additives to a parent solution of Zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO3)2·6H2O) and Hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA, (CH2)6N4) for hydrothermal growth.
Use of Zinc Acetate as an additive has been rarely reported. This work presents the ability of Zinc Acetate to transform the morphology of ZnO nanorods to nanoneedles. Furthermore, in this study addition of Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate and Trisodium Citrate to the parent solution has shown potential
for growing continuous granular films by the low cost and low temperature hydrothermal technique. Variation in crystallite size and band gap values with increasing concentration of Zinc Acetate, Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate and Trisodium Sulphate has been studied. Films with crystallite sizes of
7.48 nm and 6.77 nm were achieved with 5 mM Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate and 5 mM Trisodium Citrate respectively. The band gap of films produced with 5 mM Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate and with 5 mM Trisodium Citrate were 3.43 eV and 3.45 eV respectively. Therefore hydrothermal growth with Sodium Dodecyl
Sulphate or Trisodium Citrate is a potential technique for obtaining granular ZnO films.
The Graphene/Fe3O4 Nanocomposites as Electrode Materials of Supercapacitors
Authors: Zhang Jiaoxia , Gao Yifeng , Jiao Yueting , Pu Liuyue , Li Shiyun , Tang Jijun , Zhang Yamei
Published: October 2019

The graphene/Fe3O4 (GN/Fe3O4) nanocomposites used as electrode of supercapacitors were prepared by chemical reduction-high temperature treatment. The Fe3O4 with uniform size regularly decorate on the surface of graphene.
According to the charge and discharge test, the GN/Fe3O4-0.05 electrode has the good mass specific capacitance (265.6 F/g) at a current density of 0.5 A/g. When the power density is 20.27 kW/kg, the energy density reaches 11.26 Wh/kg. Finally, the button supercapacitors
were assembled used the prepared nanocomposites as electrodes. The nanocomposites exhibit stable capacitance efficiency after 100 cycles of charging and discharging. The capacitance efficiency still exceeds 80% after 500 cycles of charging and discharge, indicating that the nanocomposite has
excellent cycle stability.
Peptides Co-Assembling into Hydrangea-Like Microstructures
Authors: Guo Zhen , Shen Zhiwei , Wang Yujiao , Tan Tingyuan , Zhang Yi
Published: October 2019

Supramolecular assembly in vitro is a simple and effective way to produce multi-level biostructures to mimic the self-assembly of biomolecules in organisms. The study on peptide assembly behaviors would benefit a lot to understand what goes on in life, as well as in the construction
of plenty of functional biomaterials that have potential applications in various fields. Since cellular microenvironments are crowded and contain various biomolecules, studying protein and peptide co-assembly is of great interest. Here, we introduced the co-assembly of 5-FAM-ELVFFAE-NH2
(EE-7) and (CY5)-KLVFFAK-NH2 (KK-7), which are sequences derived from the core of the amyloid β (Aβ) peptide, a key protein in Alzheimer’s diseases. Morphologic studies employing atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy indicated that
the co-assembled entities had a novel hydrangea-like microstructure, in contrast to micro-sheet structures formed from monocomponent EE-7 or KK-7, respectively. Fluorescence co-localization experiments confirmed that the hydrangealike microstructures were indeed made of both EE-7 and KK-7.
We suggest that the formation of the hydrangea-like microstructures is driven by both the electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions between EE-7 and KK-7. A molecular mechanism has been provided to explain the formation of the hydrangea-like microstructures.
Nickel Ferrite (NiFe2O4) Nanoparticles as Magnetically Recyclable Nanocatalyst for Highly Efficient Synthesis of 4H-Chromene Derivatives
Authors: Pourshojaei Yaghoub , Zolala Fatemeh , Eskandari Khalil , Talebi Mahshid , Morsali Laleh , Amiri Mahnaz , Khodadadi Arash , Shamsimeymandi Reza , Faghih-Mirzaei Ehsan , Asadipour Ali
Published: October 2019

An adapted one-pot route to nanocatalyst-assisted synthesis of 4H-chromenes via three component condensation reaction between dimedone, malononitrile, and a broad range of aryl aldehydes by the use of magnetic nickel ferrite nanoparticles is described. By this achievement, not only
a novel route to highly efficient synthesis of these series of heterocycles was introduced but also the scope of these medicinally important products was developed via preparation of some novel products. Above all, a new application of nickel ferrite nanoparticles (NiFe2O4
NPs) as highly efficient, green and magnetically recyclable catalyst has been introduced. Overall, obtaining good to excellent yields of products, environmentally and economic benign procedure, easy handling, availability of starting materials, use of non-toxic solvents, and high recyclability
of nano-catalyst could be countered as most important advantages of this methodology.
Adsorption Performance of Reactive Red 2BF onto Magnetic NiFe2O4 Nanoparticles Prepared via the Coprecipitation Process
Authors: Li Sha-Sha , Wang Zhou
Published: October 2019

Magnetic NiFe2O4 nanoparticles were successfully prepared via the coprecipitation process with ferric nitrate, nickel nitrate, and sodium hydroxide as raw materials, and they were characterized by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the transmission electron
microscope (TEM), the X-ray diffraction (XRD), the vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), the energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). The magnetic NiFe2O4 nanoparticles were employed to research the adsorption performance of reactive red
2BF (RR-2BF) onto them, and they revealed very large adsorption capacity of RR-2BF. The adsorption kinetics data were evaluated with the pseudo first-order, the pseudo second-order and the intraparticle diffusion models, and the results showed that the pseudo second-order kinetics model was
best fitted for the adsorption of RR-2BF onto magnetic NiFe2O4 nanoparticles. While, the adsorption isotherm experiments were carried out at room temperature, and the experimental data conformed to the Langmuir model, which suggested that the adsorption of RR-2BF onto
magnetic NiFe2O4 nanoparticles was the monolayer adsorption process. The magnetic NiFe2O4 nanoparticles revealed good reusability, and the adsorption capacity was maintained over 80% of the initial capacity after being used for five cycles.
A Novel Co3O4–BiPO4 Nanoarchitectonics Material Preparation for the Electrocatalytic Detection of Epinephrine
Authors: Luk Hsiang-Ning , Chen Yi-Hsin , Hsieh Chia-Ying , Han Yan Wei , Wu Ren-Jang , Chavali Murthy
Published: October 2019

A novel sensing material of cobalt oxide-bismuth phosphate (Co3O4–BiPO4) was prepared by the hydrothermal method. Thus prepared sensing material was characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The
sensor was used for the determination of epinephrine by using modified Co3O4–BiPO4 on glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) methods showed a wide linear response to a concentration range, from
1.71 to 55.00 μM, and the epinephrine detection limit for this sensing system was found to be 1.334 μM. The Co3O4–BiPO4 electrode has very high selectivity towards the detection of epinephrine supported by an interference test. The
epinephrine sensor seems very advantageous for future clinical health and medical sectors.
Adsorption of Rhodamine 6G Dye on Binary System of Nanoarchitectonics Composite Magnetic Graphene Oxide Material
Authors: Gautam Drashya , Lal Shyam , Hooda Sunita
Published: October 2019

Magnetic Graphene Oxide nanocomposite prepared by the co-precipitation method based on concept of nanoarchitectonics. In co-precipitation method, Graphene oxide converts into Magnetic graphene oxide nanocomposite with uniform deposition of Fe3O4 nano particles
on the surface of Graphene oxide. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy spectroscopy technique reveals the size (~2.5 nm) and uniformity of Fe3O4 nano particles on Graphene oxide surface. The other properties characterized by Scanning electron microscopy, Raman
spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and vibrating-sample magnetometer. For Adsorption process, time, temperature, dose of adsorbent, initial concentration of dye solution and pH factors are optimize for Rhodamine 6G dye. Kinetic data expressed by Pseudo
first order model and Pseudo second order model. Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherms used to evaluate the adsorption isotherm of Rhodamine 6G onto the surface of Magnetic graphene oxide nanocomposite and thermodynamic parameters tell us about the nature of reaction.
Nanoarchitectonics of Acicular Nanocrystal Assembly and Nanosheet Assembly for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Masuda Yoshitake , Akimoto Junji , Kato Kazumi
Published: October 2019

Nanoarchitectonics of metal oxide nanocrystal electrodes were developed for lithium-ion batteries. The electrodes included copper nanoparticles and doped fluorine. For the acicular nanocrystals, charge–discharge reactions progressed at 1.8 V over 100 cycles at 100 and 10 μA.
A 15-mmdiameter battery containing acicular nanocrystals showed capacity, coulomb efficiency, and specific capacity, respectively of 20 μAh, 98%, and ~242 mAh/g at 100 μA and 40 μAh, 99%, and 484 mAh/g at 10 μA. The TiO2/SnO2 electrode
consisted of a SnO2 sheet-assembled structure with surface layers of anatase TiO2. The TiO2/SnO2 battery operated at 1.3 (100 cycles) and 1.2 (50 cycles) V at 100 and 10 μA, respectively; its capacity, coulomb efficiency, and specific capacity,
respectively were 50 μAh, 98%, and 161 mAh/g at 100 μA and 200 μAh, 97–98%, and 643 mAh/g at 10 μA. The characteristic microstructure, chemical composition, and crystal faces of both materials contributed to battery performance.
Fabrication of Al–TiO2 Thin Film Electrode by Spray Pyrolysis Technique for Urea Sensing
Authors: Mathi Vathani A. , Dhanalakshmi S. , Jeyakumaran N. , Prithivikumaran N.
Published: October 2019

A simple cost effective Al–TiO2 thin film electrode was fabricated for urea sensing. Urea is the key end product of nitrogen metabolism in humans. Increased level of urea leads to loss of kidney function. Thus determination of urea is important in analysis of kidney
diseases. Al–TiO2 thin films were deposited with different concentration of Al by Spray pyrolysis technique. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern reveals the anatase phase of the Al–TiO2 thin films with tetragonal structure. A shift is observed in the XRD peak
position compared to as prepared TiO2 thin film indicates the incorporation of Al ions into Ti ions. The UV-Vis spectroscopy study shows that the absorption increases and the absorption peak shifts towards the visible region for Al–TiO2 thin films compared with
that of the as prepared TiO2 thin film. The optical band gap values changes with the change in the Al concentration in TiO2 thin films. The electrochemical analysis for optimized Al–TiO2 thin film electrode was carried out by cyclic voltammetry (CV) method.
CV studies of Al–TiO2 thin film electrode show the good stability and linearity which is essential to fabricate biosensor. The sensor response to urea is linear with correlation coefficient of 0.944 and the sensitivity is 3.17 μA mM−1 cm−2.
Synthesis of X3(PO4)2 [X = Ni, Cu, Mn] Nanomaterials as an Efficient Electrode for Energy Storage Applications
Authors: Saravanakumar B. , Haritha A. , Ravi G. , Yuvakkumar R.
Published: October 2019

In this study, a general and effective phosphorization strategy is demonstrated to enhance the super capacitor performance of Ni, Cu, and Mn transition metals. The composites such as Ni3(PO4)2, Cu3(PO4)2 and Mn3(PO4)2
were achieved by employing hydrothermal method mixing with ethylene glycol. These composite nanostructures were characterized by standard sophisticated techniques such as XRD, RAMAN, FTIR, UV, PL and SEM studies. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies revealed the monoclinic crystallographic structure
of the materials. The optical and vibrational properties of the product are characterized by photoluminescence and FTIR studies. These prepared materials have shown desired electrochemical stability. The above characterization indicates the functional groups and materials nature. The electrochemical
properties of synthesized phosphate materials are analyzed by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and galvanostatic charging and discharging studies (GCD). The Cu3(PO4)2 electrode showed a remarkable specific capacitance of
232.025 F g−1 at a scan rate of 20 mV/s, which is expected to have a promising electrode for super capacitor applications. The GCD study of synthesized Cu3(PO4)2 nanostructure has also been tested for 1000 cycles at 10 A/g current density to
evaluate the cyclic stability of the electrode and retains 94% of initial specific capacitance.
Vortex-Aligned Ordered Film of Crystalline Fullerene C70 Microtubes with Enhanced Photoluminescence and Photovoltaics Properties
Authors: Bairi Partha , Kumar Gundam Sandeep , Acharya Somobrata , Maji Subrata , Ariga Katsuhiko , Shrestha Lok Kumar
Published: October 2019

Crystalline fullerene C70 microtubes (FMTs) were produced employing ultrasound-assisted liquid– liquid interfacial precipitation (ULLIP) technique at the interface between fullerene C70 solution in 1,2 dichlorobenzene (DCB) and isopropanol (IPA) at 15 °C.
Using the vortex-flow motion of the subphase water (also called Vortex-Langmuir-Blodgett technique), the FMTs were aligned and homogeneous films were prepared at the air-water interface. The aligned FMTs film exhibited enhanced photoluminescence (PL) with PL intensity ~5 times higher than
that of the pristine C70. Moreover, the aligned FMT film showed better photovoltaics properties compared with randomly oriented FMTs and pristine C70 film obtained from the spin coating. The compact, directional orientation and proper surface coverage of the FMT film
enhanced the charge transport properties in the photovoltaic device.
Electrochemical Study of Bimetal Organic Frameworks with Graphene Oxide for Lithium-Sulfur Cells as Nanoarchitectonics
Authors: Song Woo-Seop , Jung Yongju , Kim Seok
Published: October 2019

We studied that hybrid material of metal organic framework, using two different metals (bimetal organic frameworks), containing graphene oxide (GO) as a sulfur immobilizing host was successfully synthesized by hydrothermal reaction. Composites were prepared using ligands of varying
ratios to observe the structure properties depending on the amount of ligand used. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were conducted to determine the morphology and micro-structure of the composite.
Electrochemical properties were characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge–discharge tests. Based on these study, bimetal organic frameworks showed different morphology by ligand amounts and the enhanced performance for Li–S battery cathode.
Preparation and Capacitance of Ni Metal Organic Framework/Reduced Graphene Oxide Composites for Supercapacitors as Nanoarchitectonics
Authors: Kim Jeonghyun , Park Soo-Jin , Chung Sungwook , Kim Seok
Published: October 2019

We obtained nickel metal organic framework/reduced graphene oxide (Ni-MOF/rGO) composites in the presence of graphene oxide solution using hydrothermal method. The electrochemical performance of the composite was measured by voltammetry and charge–discharge tests. As a result
of morphological and structural analysis, Ni-MOF/rGO composite was found to be a composite of cubic structure with good crystallinity and large specific surface area. The Ni-MOF/rGO composite used as the electrode material of the supercapacitor exhibited a high specific capacitance (1154.4
F/g) of 1 A/g in the 6 M KOH and 53.4% at the current density range of 0.66 to 3 A/g. A retention of capacitance of 90% after 3000 cycles was confirmed. This means that Ni-MOF/rGO composites are proper electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage systems.
Nanoarchitectonic Composites of Mixed and Covalently Linked Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes and Tetra-[α-(p-amino)benzyloxyl] Phthalocyanine Zinc(II)
Authors: Lu Guifen , Liu Xudong , Zhang Peng , Bao Li , Zhao Bosheng
Published: October 2019

The nanoarchitectonic composites mixed-ZnPc-fMWCNT and linked-ZnPc-fMWCNT were prepared through tetra-[α-(p-amino)benzyloxyl]phthalocyanine Zinc(II) (ZnPc) mixed and covalently linked to multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), respectively. Various
spectroscopic methods were used to identify the nanocomposites formed between ZnPc and MWCNTs whether by π–π interaction or by covalent linking. Their photocatalytic properties were fully investigated by carrying out the photodegradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) in aqueous
solution under visible light irradiation. The nanocomposites displayed excellent photocatalytic performance, with the photodegradation efficiency as high as 94% for linked-ZnPc-fMWCNT and 83% for mixed-ZnPc-fMWCNT within 3 h irradiation. The repetition test revealed that both
nanocomposites have excellent stability and recyclability, and then they are promising candidates as eco-friendly photocatalysts for degradation of organic dyes in aqueous environments.
Novel Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Clay Nanocomposite Film Prepared by the Heterogeneous Saponification of Poly(vinyl acetate)/Clay Nanocomposite Film
Authors: Yang Seong Baek , Park Sung Min , Kwon Dong Jun , Shin Jae-Cheon , Sabina Yeasmin , Yeum Jeong Hyun
Published: October 2019

A novel PVA/clay (MMT) film is prepared for the first time based on the saponification of the PVAc/MMT film in the presence of heterogeneous conditions. With the help of optical microscopy, the characteristics and surface morphology of the saponified PVA/MMT film is confirmed. It is
found to contain black MMT nanoparticles in PVAc films as the content of MMT increased. According to atomic force microscopy results, PVAc/MMT films shows unexpected surface roughness owing to the slow progress of the saponification reaction in the presence of MMT contents in the PVAc matrix.
The thermal stability of the PVA/MMT film is measured using thermal gravimetric analyses. The results indicate that thermal stability increases significantly when the MMT concentration increases. The entire structure of the PVA/MMT nanocomposite has been elucidated using XRD. To prove the
differences between the PVAc/MMT and the PVA/MMT films, XRD measurements and Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy analyses are utilized.
Comparative Study of Different Silicon/Carbon Nanocomposites as Anode Electrodes for Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Nulu Arunakumari , Nulu Venugopal , Sohn Keun Yong
Published: October 2019

Silicon is an extensively examined anode material for use in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) owing to its high theoretical capacity and low working potential. However, silicon charge storage reactions with Li+ suffer from low conductivity and substantial volume changes during
repeated electrode reactions. One established way to overcome these problems is by preparing a silicon composite with carbon materials for structural support. Here, we report the simple synthesis of different silicon/carbon hybrid composites, which are silicon nanoparticle aggregates within
a carbon matrix. We have chosen acetylene black, super-p, and ketjen black as carbon sources. The synthesized composites work well as anode materials for LIBs. Comparatively, the nano silicon–carbon composite obtained from ketjen black carbon demonstrates an excellent discharge capacity
of 4,000 mAh·g–1 at 0.1 C, and good rate capability of 1,100 mAh·g–1 at a 2 C rate.
Observed HIRS and MODIS High-Cloud Frequencies in the 2000s
Authors: Frey Richard A. , Menzel W. Paul
Published: October 2019

This paper compares the cloud parameter data records derived from High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) measurements from the years 2003 through 2013. Cloud-top pressure (CTP) and effective emissivity (εf; cloud emissivity multiplied by cloud fraction) are derived using the 15-μm spectral bands in the CO2 absorption band and implementing the CO2-slicing technique; the approach is robust for high semitransparent clouds but weak for low clouds with little thermal contrast from clear-sky radiances. The high-cloud (HiCld; with CTP less than 440 hPa) seasonal cycles of HIRS and MODIS observations are found to be in sync, but the HIRS frequency of detection is about 10% higher than that of MODIS (which is attributed to a lower threshold for cloud detection in the HIRS CO2 bands). Differences are largest during nighttime and at the beginning of the time series (2003–06). Both show Northern Hemisphere (NH) and Southern Hemisphere (SH) seasonal HiClds are out of phase and both agree within 2% on NH–SH HiCld differences. During the summer, maximum HiCld frequency averages 5% more in the NH.
Characterizing the Energetics of Vortex-Scale and Sub-Vortex-Scale Asymmetries during Tropical Cyclone Rapid Intensity Changes
Authors: Marks Jr. Frank D. , Dubey S. , Shreevastava A. , Krishnamurti T. N.
Published: October 2019

Our collective understanding of azimuthally asymmetric features within the coherent structure of a tropical cyclone (TC) continues to improve with the availability of more detailed observations and high-resolution model outputs. However, a precise understanding of how these asymmetries impact TC intensity changes is lacking. Prior attempts at investigating the asymmetric impacts follow a mean–eddy partitioning that condenses the effect of all the asymmetries into one term and fails to highlight the differences in the role of asymmetries at different scales. In this study, we present a novel energetics-based approach to analyze the asymmetric impacts at multiple length scales during periods of rapid intensity changes. Using model outputs of TCs under low and high shear, we compute the different energy pathways that enhance/suppress the growth of multiscale asymmetries in the wavenumber (WN) domain. We then compare and contrast the energetics of the mean-flow field (WN 0) with that of the persistent, coherent vortex-scale asymmetric structures (WNs 1 and 2) and the more local, transient, sub-vortex-scale asymmetries (WNs ≥ 3). We find in our case studies that the dominant mechanisms of growth/decay of the asymmetries are the baroclinic conversion from available potential to kinetic energy at individual scales of asymmetries and the transactions of kinetic energy between the asymmetries of various length scales, rather than the barotropic mean–eddy transactions as is typically assumed. Our case study analysis further shows that the growth/decay of asymmetries is largely independent of the mean. Certain aspects of eddy energetics can potentially serve as early-warning indicators of TC rapid intensity changes.
A Flexible Bayesian Approach to Bias Correction of Radar-Derived Precipitation Estimates over Complex Terrain: Model Design and Initial Verification
Authors: Chen Haonan , Cifelli Rob , Chandrasekar V. , Ma Yingzhao
Published: October 2019

This study develops a flexible Bayesian technique to quantify uncertainties associated with the operational Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) products over complex terrain. Radar-only rainfall estimates and rain gauge observations over the Russian River watershed in Northern California are utilized to demonstrate this new bias correction approach. Conventional mean field bias (MFB) and local bias (LB) correction methods are also implemented for comparison purposes. Results show that the proposed Bayesian technique outperforms the conventional MFB and LB correction approaches. The radar QPE performance is dramatically improved after the Bayesian-based bias correction: the root-mean-square error is reduced from 4.2 to 1.71 mm, the normalized mean absolute error is reduced from 64.5% to 24.2%, and the correlation with gauge measurements increases from 0.11 to 0.74. In addition, the terrain impact on radar QPE bias correction performance is investigated. After incorporating the terrain elevation information in the Bayesian framework, the QPE performance is further enhanced. Overall, the QPE performance scores after including the terrain information are improved about 10% relative to those only based on rainfall intensity values.
Atmospherically Forced Regional Ocean Simulations of the South China Sea: Scale Dependency of the Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Authors: Tang Shengquan , von Storch Hans , Chen Xueen
Published: October 2019

When subjecting ocean models to atmospheric forcing, the models exhibits two types of variability—a response to the external forcing (hereafter referred to as signal) and inherently generated (internal, intrinsic, unprovoked, chaotic) variations (hereafter referred to as noise). Based on an ensemble of simulations with an identical atmospherically forced oceanic model that differ only in the initial conditions at different times, the signal-to-noise ratio of the atmospherically forced oceanic model is determined. In the large scales, the variability of the model output is mainly induced by the external forcing and the proportion of the internal variability is small, so the signal-to-noise ratio is large. For smaller scales, the influence of the external forcing weakens and the influence of the internal variability strengthens, so the signal-to-noise ratio becomes less and less. Thus, the external forcing is dominant for large scales, while most of the variability is internally generated for small scales.
On Baroclinic Instability over Continental Shelves: Testing the Utility of Eady-Type Models
Authors: Chen Shih-Nan , Chen Chiou-Jiu , Lerczak James A.
Published: October 2019

This study examines the utility of Eady-type theories as applied to understanding baroclinic instability in coastal flows where depth variations and bottom drag are important. The focus is on the effects of nongeostrophy, boundary dissipation, and bottom slope. The approach compares theoretically derived instability properties against numerical model calculations, for experiments designed to isolate the individual effects and justified to have Eady-like basic states. For the nongeostrophic effect, the theory of Stone (1966) is shown to give reasonable predictions for the most unstable growth rate and wavelength. It is also shown that the growing instability in a fully nonlinear model can be interpreted as boundary-trapped Rossby wave interactions—that is, wave phase locking and westward phase tilt allow waves to be mutually amplified. The analyses demonstrate that both the boundary dissipative and bottom slope effects can be represented by vertical velocities at the lower boundary of the unstable interior, via inducing Ekman pumping and slope-parallel flow, respectively, as proposed by the theories of Williams and Robinson (1974; referred to as the Eady–Ekman problem) and Blumsack and Gierasch (1972). The vertical velocities, characterized by a friction parameter and a slope ratio, modify the bottom wave and thus the scale selection. However, the theories have inherent quantitative limitations. Eady–Ekman neglects boundary layer responses that limit the increase of bottom stress, thereby overestimating the Ekman pumping and growth rate reduction at large drag. Blumsack and Gierasch’s (1972) model ignores slope-induced horizontal shear in the mean flow that tilts the eddies to favor converting energy back to the mean, thus having limited utility over steep slopes.
Why Do Experts Solve Complex Problems Using Open Innovation? Evidence from the U.S. Pharmaceutical Industry
Authors: Lee Yeolan , Fong Eric , Barney Jay Bryan , Hawk Ashton
Published: October 2019

This article investigates how project expertise and complexity jointly impact the decision to adopt open or closed innovation. It identifies four different types of open innovation models—crowdsourcing, coopetition, science-based, and network—and explores the varying conditions of project expertise and complexity under which firms tend to adopt a particular type. Using large data analysis from pharmaceutical drug development projects, the authors find that complexity moderates the relationship between project expertise and the choice of open or closed innovation and that levels of complexity and project expertise vary between different open innovation models.
From idea endorsement to idea implementation: A multilevel social network approach toward managerial voice implementation
Authors: He Wei , Han Yi , Hu Xiaofei , Liu Wu , Yang Baiyin , Chen Hongzhi
Published: October 2019

Endorsing employee voice is one thing; implementation of endorsed ideas is another. Although organizational research has paid increasing attention to examining managers’ psychological endorsement of employee voice, the factors that can affect managers’ actual implementation of endorsed employee voice remain unclear. Drawing on the theory of planned behavior, we develop a conceptual model of managerial voice implementation and conceptualize it as a manager’s planned behavior that is affected by the manager’s motivation, felt obligation, and perceived control in relation to implementation. We further apply social network approaches to explain how social network characteristics across multiple levels in the team (i.e. dyadic ties, network centrality, and network closure) can facilitate the manager’s psychological impetus for voice implementation – transforming endorsed voice into managerial practices in the workplace. Finally, we discuss the theoretical and practical implications of this manager-centric and social network-based framework of managerial voice implementation.
Regional Discontinuities and the Effectiveness of Further Training Subsidies for Low-Skilled Employees
Authors: Dauth Christine
Published: October 2019

The author analyzes the effects of further training subsidies for low-skilled employees on individual labor market outcomes in Germany. Using detailed administrative data, the author exploits cross-regional variation in the policy styles of local employment agencies to identify causal effects of program participation. Findings show that training subsidies significantly increase cumulative employment duration and earnings in the short run and middle run for compliers, that is, those workers who additionally participate due to a more generous policy style in their agency. These gains are particularly pronounced for certain subgroups, such as women. A rough cost-benefit analysis, however, suggests that the program overall is not beneficial for the public budget.
Pleasant Ambient Scents: A Meta-Analysis of Customer Responses and Situational Contingencies
Authors: Roschk Holger , Hosseinpour Masoumeh
Published: October 2019

To prevail in the fierce competition of in-store experiences, some firms have focused on providing pleasant ambient scents. However, equivocal results on scent effects make generalizations and managerial guidance uncertain. While efforts to consolidate research findings have been conducted, a comprehensive quantitative integration is notably lacking. In this meta-analysis, the authors integrate 671 available effects from ambient scent experiments and show that exposure to pleasant ambient scents on average produces a substantial increase in the level of customer responses (3%–15%). The effects of ambient scent depend on situational contingencies and are, for example, positively related to congruency, unidimensional aroma structure, ascribed familiarity of a scent, service exchange, proportion of female participants in the sample, and imagined (vs. fictitious) offering. Thus, the authors estimate expenditures would increase by 3% and 23% for an average and a most favorable condition, respectively. The authors also examine effect patterns, identifying, for example, ambient scent as more cognitive than affective and nonlinear effects of perceived concentration. Using the insights, they develop a research agenda and provide clear strategic guidance to leverage ambient scent effects.
Mapping blue helmets: Introducing the Geocoded Peacekeeping Operations (Geo-PKO) dataset
Authors: Cil Deniz , Fjelde Hanne , Hultman Lisa , Nilsson Desirée
Published: October 2019

In this article, we introduce the Geocoded Peacekeeping Operations (Geo-PKO) dataset, which presents new data on subnational peacekeeping deployment for all UN missions to Africa, 1994–2014. The Geo-PKO dataset is the most comprehensive dataset of its kind and enables scholars to address new questions about peacekeeping operations and their effects by exploring variations in peacekeeping at the subnational level. The dataset offers information on several key features of peacekeeping deployment at the local level, such as data on the size of deployments and how these vary over time, as well as information on the location of mission headquarters, the type of peacekeepers deployed, and which troop-contributing countries deploy to each location. This article describes the data collection process and illustrates some of the many utilities of this dataset for the scholarly community. For example, we show that peacekeeping troops are able to reduce battle-related violence in areas with high road density, suggesting that peacekeepers’ ability to project their power is stronger when they can increase their reach and more easily patrol larger territories. Hence, our data can fruitfully be combined with information such as socio-economic, geographical or demographic characteristics, to further explore how peacekeeping operations can contribute to peace and security in the areas where they operate. By providing fine-grained data on the location of peacekeepers across time and space, the Geo-PKO dataset should help facilitate important inquires that can push the research agenda on peacekeeping forward.
The conditional effect of audiences on credibility
Authors: Hauenstein Matthew
Published: October 2019

How do leaders signal their intentions during a crisis? Scholars point to audience costs, potential political punishment for bluffing during bargaining, to explain how accountable leaders communicate. However, the empirical support for audience costs is mixed. I argue that this apparent disconnect between theory and evidence is due to different ways that audiences can threaten to use their sanctioning power during a crisis. When determining whether to punish a leader for a failed coercive threat, their domestic supporters should balance concerns over consistency and policy outcomes. As such, accountable leaders’ ability to credibly communicate is not automatic, rather it depends on their supporters’ policy preferences. I apply this insight using casualty sensitivity as a conditioning policy preference. I expect, and find, that audiences only help a leader commit to fight when fighting is low-cost, and actually prevent commitment when fighting is high-cost. Using compellent threat data, I find that audiences have countervailing effects on credibility due to their preferences for leaders who are both consistent and avoid costly conflict. This conditional effect could explain prior mixed support for audience costs in observational data, as prior studies pool together instances where I find audiences have strong, but opposing, effects.
Dimensionality of Suicide Behaviors: Results within Two Samples from Two Different Countries
Authors: Campos Rui C. , Holden Ronald R. , Spínola Joana , Marques Diandra , Lambert Christine E.
Published: October 2019

Across two countries and two languages, this research examined the multidimensional associations of suicide behaviors (i.e., life-time attempts, life-time communication of intent to others, life-time self-harming, life-time suicide notes, and current suicide ideation) and empirically relevant psychological risk factors (i.e., different facets of mental pain, perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, and acquired capability), controlling for depressive symptoms. For the Portuguese sample, two underlying dimensions emerged: an ideation dimension and a behavioral dimension, and for the Canadian sample, three dimensions emerged: an ideation dimension and two behavioral dimensions that can be viewed as a splitting of the Portuguese second dimension. Results highlight possible cultural differences between the two countries and that suicide behaviors should be viewed as a multidimensional phenomenon not as a one-dimensional continuum.
Modeling matrix fracture in fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites with different fiber preforms
Authors: Li Longbiao
Published: October 2019

In this paper, the stress-dependent matrix multiple fracture in silicon carbide fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites with different fiber preforms is investigated. The critical matrix strain energy criterion is used to determine the matrix multiple fracture considering the interface debonding. The effects of the fiber radius, fiber elastic modulus, matrix elastic modulus, fiber volume, interface shear stress, and interface debonded energy on the matrix multiple fracture and the interface debonding are analyzed. The experimental matrix multiple cracking and interface debonding of minicomposite, unidirectional, and two-dimensional woven SiC/SiC composites with different fiber volumes and interphases are predicted. The matrix cracking density increases with the increasing of the fiber volume, fiber elastic modulus, interface shear stress, and interface debonded energy, and the decreasing of the fiber radius and matrix elastic modulus.
Meaning in Life, Self-Control, Positive and Negative Affect: Exploring Gender Differences Among Adolescents
Authors: Hamama Liat , Hamama-Raz Yaira
Published: October 2019

The present study explores gender differences in adolescence with regard to meaning in life and self-control skills and in relation to positive and negative affect. Participants were 500 adolescents between the ages of 13 and 16 years. Outcomes revealed that females reported higher negative affect and self-control skills in comparison with males. Moreover, the association between self-control skills and negative affect was stronger among females than among males. In contrast to our assumptions, positive affect was not found to be higher among females although females scored higher in meaning in life than their male counterparts. In addition, self-control skills mediated the association between meaning in life and negative affect, and gender moderated the association between self-control skills and negative affect only among females. Considering these findings, gender seems to be vital in explaining differences in the use of self-control skills and meaning in life and their links to positive and negative affect.
Effects of Migration on Infant and Maternal Health in China
Authors: Tang Di , Gao Xiangdong , Rebeira Mayvis , Coyte Peter C.
Published: October 2019

We assess the association between maternal migrant status and health outcomes in China, which has one of the world’s largest migrant populations. Health records from the Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital from January 1, 2013, to June 30, 2017, were used to analyze 104 681 live births for Shanghai native-born and migrant women based on International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision diagnosis codes and demographic data. Regression analysis including propensity score matching was conducted to investigate the association between maternal migrant status and adverse infant birth outcomes (fetal disease, congenital malformation, neonatal disease) and maternal health after controlling for pregnancy status and socioeconomic factors. The results demonstrate that migrant women had statistically significant increased odds (9.1%-10%, P < .001) of having infants with adverse health outcomes compared with their urban counterparts and that migrant mothers have less likelihood of pregnancy complications and gestational diabetes mellitus. Our results show the mixed effects of migration on infant and maternal health may be a possible outcome of China’s Hukou system that often represents an important barrier in accessing prenatal health care by migrant women. Current reforms that improve access to prenatal health care services for migrant women may enhance the health outcomes of their infants.
The Result of Treatment of Deep Neck Infection in Patients Referred According to Public Health System
Authors: Cheepcharoenrat Chuan
Published: October 2019

There are many factors that result in the treatment of deep neck infection (DNI). This study aims to compare the results of DNI treatment between referred and walk-in patients. This retrospective cohort study reviewed the data of 282 DNI patients. The peritonsillar abscesses and limited intraoral abscesses were excluded. The outcome of treatment such as duration of hospital stay, the expense of treatment, morbidity, and mortality were reviewed during staying in the hospital. A total of 282 patients were included in this study, there were 152 referred patients and 130 walk-in patients. Patients who were sent to have treatment results were not significantly different from those who had come directly to the hospital regardless of the length of stay, the cost of medical treatment, complications, and death due to complications with sepsis ( P = .013). However, the referred patients exhibited a risk to have sepsis 1.1 times more than the patients who went straight to the medical specialists (univariate analysis risk ratio [RR]: 1.1, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.8-1.3; P = .620). The results were confirmed in the multivariate analysis after adjusting for age, gender, diabetes, chronic renal failure, cirrhosis, and dental care. It was found that the risk to have sepsis in the “refer in” group was 1.1 times more than the other group (multivariate analysis RR: 1.1, 95% CI: 0.8-1.3; P = .658). In conclusion, the results of treatment in referred patients were not different from walk-in patients. Deep neck infection patients at hospitals that do not have a specialized doctor will receive appropriate treatment because of the effective DNI referral system according to public health systems. However, in referred patients, sepsis should be maintained prior to delivery.
The Effects of Obstructive Sleep Apnea on Risk factors for Cardiovascular diseases
Authors: Jung Joo Hyun , Park Jung Woo , Kim Dong Hyun , Kim Seon Tae
Published: October 2019

Introduction:

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is known to cause variety of cardiovascular diseases.

Objective:

The aim of this study was to examine the correlation between polysomnography (PSG) and risks factor for coronary heart disease in patients suspected to have OSA.

Methods:

A total of 108 consecutive adult habitual snorers underwent PSG. We assessed patients using the respiratory disturbance index (RDI), the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), body mass index (BMI), fasting serum total cholesterol, triglycerides (TGs), and C-reactive protein (CRP).

Results:

Mean RDI scores were 0.53, 10.6, 27.3, and 45.1 in the control group (n = 21), mild (n = 29), moderate (n = 31), and severe (n = 27), respectively. Partial correlation analysis showed that patients’ RDI score was significantly correlated with CRP after adjustment for BMI. Partial correlation analysis showed that the mean ESS score correlated significantly with the CRP level after adjustment for BMI. Partial correlation analysis showed that the mean least oxygen saturation was significantly correlated with CRP after adjustment for BMI Pearson’s correlation coefficients examining the relationship between BMI and total cholesterol; TG and CRP were found to be 0.531, 0.401, and 0.321. The correlation of CRP levels with disease severity as assessed by RDI, ESS, and least oxygen saturation was significant after adjustment for BMI.

Conclusions:

Patients with OSA have elevated serum levels of high-sensitivity-CRP, a marker for inflammation and an independent risk predictor for cardiovascular morbidity.
Intraoperative Surgical Complications in Transoral Laser CO2 Microsurgery of the Larynx: An Observational, Prospective, Single-Center Study
Authors: Chiesa-Estomba Carlos Miguel , Sistiaga-Suarez Jon Alexander , González-García Jose Angel , Larruscain Ekhiñe , Altuna-Mariezcurrena Xabier
Published: October 2019

Introduction:

Despite good outcomes of CO2 laser of the larynx, a lack of prospective data related to intraoperative complications in the indexed literature is evident.

Materials and Methods:

An observational, prospective, nonrandomized study.

Results:

One hundred and twenty-eight patients met the inclusion criteria. The total rate of intraoperative complications was 14.8% (19/128). The rate of complications according to anatomical location was 7 (38.8%) of 18 for supraglottic tumors and 11 (10.3%) of 107 for glottic tumors, and 1 (33.3%) of 3 for subglottic tumors ( P = .001). We do not found difference in complications according to severity (minor vs major complication).

Conclusion:

Previous studies reported good oncologic outcomes and low complication rates with CO2 transoral laser microsurgery (TOLMS) compared to traditional open surgery. However, it is important to consider the different intraoperative surgical, major and minor complications related to CO2 TOLMS and discuss this with our patients during the preoperative assessment, especially in those patients who need a supraglottic tumor resection.
Hearing Aid Problems in Elderly Populations
Authors: Bulğurcu Suphi , Uçak Irmak , Yönem Ayşegül , Erkul Evren , Çekin Engin
Published: October 2019

The use of hearing aid (HA) may improve the hearing performance and ease the perceived negative consequences of hearing difficulties in elderly individuals. The aim of this study was to determine the problems experienced by elderly individuals with HA and to investigate the factors that could increase the use of HA. A total of 122 female and 127 male patients with a mean age of 76.79 ± 6.91 years who were recommended HA were evaluated. The following details were taken from the patients: age, gender, duration of hearing complaint, whether or not they received HA, number of family members, number of hours they used HA in a day, type of device, number of ears with HA, educational status, whether they continued to work, whether they were tested before taking the device, the reasons for not taking HA, and the reasons that reduce their use of HA. A total of 18 patients did not receive HA for the following reasons: 9 considered HA too expensive, 8 thought it would be difficult to use HA, and 1 did not like it because of its appearance. No significant difference was found in the patients’ daily HA use duration, age, sex, number of immediate family members, education level, type of device, test before taking the device, and use of HA in single ear or bilateral ears. There was a significant difference in the daily HA use duration and whether the patients continued to work. We need to help reduce the problems associated with the use of HA to help older individuals have a more active role in society and help them in their health problems.