bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Gezerd Down Under
Authors: Rechter David
Published: October 2023

The disproportionate Jewish involvement in nineteenth- and twentieth-century leftwing politics in Europe, Russia and America has been well documented. Differing approaches to questions of Jewish identity-its individual, collective and political meanings-have led to a diversity of opinion regarding the relationship of this political involvement to Jewish tradition.Some have downplayed the Jewishness of at least the most notable of these radical Jews, a view that finds its most succinct expression in Isaac Deutscher’s phrase “the non-Jewish Jew.”2 Jews defining themselves as international socialists, it is argued, rejected their Jewish identity as meaningless and, worse, an obstruction to revolutionary progress. Finding themselves at the margins of both their host society and their own Jewish community, they substituted political radicalism for a lost or unwanted Jewish identity.3 An alternative approach (the “veryJewish Jew”?) attempts to find in Jewish tradition and culture an explanation of Jewish radicalism, while a middle course is steered by those who see the Jewish attachment to the Left as primarily rooted in self-interest and sociopolitical circumstances, neither deeply embedded in, nor irretrievably alienated from, Jewish tradition.
London: A Metropolitan University?
Authors: Rothblatt Sheldon
Published: October 2023

The London University began life as a solitary college. In a decade it was a federation, and it has never ceased to be a federation, if different now from then. Its past and present, although a logical extrapolation from its history, could not be predicted and becomes, therefore, yet another instance of the wise assumption that no institution, least of all a university, exists apart from a much larger social and cultural whole.
Professor At The University Of Basel (1870-1878)
Authors: Gilman Sander L
Published: October 2023

I met Nietzsche in Maderanertal in 1870, quite by chance and fleetingly. He gave the impression of a very introverted, somewhat ailing man. He tended to avoid encounters and conversations; but if they took place, then he was striking for the cordiality and earnestness he developed and seemed to direct to his counterpart. One immediately felt challenged to tell him something that one felt to be important. During a music session we played him Brahms’ fourhanded love-waltz and Beethoven’s Opus 26. He listened attentively, then replied with Wagner’s “Eulogy” from Die Meistersinger. He played it freely and seemed to reproduce it according to a performance he had heard rather than a studied extract of sheet music. In later years I heard it played again by him in exactly the same manner. He had no virtuosity, played almost hard and squarely, seeking the tones in memory, then on the keyboard. Near Nietzsche I had the feeling of a riddle, a mystery. He responded to something like a girlish naturalness with a certain solemnity against a background of modest humor and high spirits.
Introduction: Politics, Society, and the Individual in the Jacksonian Era
Authors: Kohl Lawrence Frederick
Published: October 2023

When Rip Van Winkle returned home after his long sleep in the mountains he found his world transformed. The drowsy village he remembered had about it a “busy, bustling, disputatious tone.” It seemed to Rip that the very character of the people had changed. He found himself lost and alone in this new world: “Strange names were over the doors—strange faces at the windows—every thing was strange.” Cut off from the familiar ties of family and friends he began to doubt his own identity.
The Idea of Composition as a Discipline
Authors: Phelps Louise Wetherbee
Published: October 2023

In the first chapter I tried to show how a great transformation in our view of reality forms a background for the effort of composition to constitute itself reflectively as a unified discipline. The two decades in which we have striven toward that goal coincide with movements in many spheres of inquiry toward a contextualist understanding of knowledge, thought, and communication. The patterns of change vary locally and unfold at different rates in different fields, but they have a synergistic effect as interdisciplinary thinkers begin to perceive, formulate, and argue their coherence in philosophical terms.
Dialectics of Coherence
Authors: Phelps Louise Wetherbee
Published: October 2023

In Philosophy in a New KeySusanne Langer writes of the great generative ideas that periodically arise to transform our intellectual enterprises by changing the very terms in which we frame our questions and conceive our purposes. When one of these concepts bursts into consciousness, we cannot at first view it critically, because it is the nature of a key change to possess us with its compelling new vision of the world. For some time afterward we are absorbed in exploiting the energizing, fertilizing power of the new idea, which seems limitless in its implications and applications. Only later, as a paradigm matures, can we begin to refine and correct its key concept and to achieve the critical distance necessary to recognize its bounds.
Toward a Human Science Disciplined by Practical Wisdom
Authors: Phelps Louise Wetherbee
Published: October 2023

As I interpret the line quoted (which is not elaborated in his letter), Gadamer claims that science, in the form of general laws, cannot tell us precisely how to make practical-moral decisions in everyday life, while he suggests-somewhat mysteriously-that perhaps the wisdom of experience should “discipline” science itself. To translate this language into that of composition debates, Gadamer is saying that theory, at least theory as defined by the natural sciences, cannot govern daily teaching practices, but that conceivably it might work the other way around.
Dien Bien Phu: A Critique
Authors: Davidson Phillip B
Published: October 2023

In their books on the battle of Dien Bien Phu, both Giap and Navarre listed their reasons for Giap’s victory and Navarre’s defeat. They agreed that the sudden and massive increase in Chinese aid following the suspension of the Korean War fueled Giap’s victory. Giap listed two additional basic factors in his success: correct strategy and high Vietminh morale.1 While this is an oversimplified explanation for a complex success, Giap accurately put his finger on three fundamental factors which brought him victory.
The Best of Years and the Worst of Years 1967
Authors: Davidson Phillip B
Published: October 2023

For both sides, 1967 was the “best of years and the worst of years.” The United States would take long strides toward winning the shooting war in South Vietnam and over North Vietnam, and both sides would realize it. Yes, in 1967, militarily speaking, there really was a “light at the end of the tunnel” On the other hand, neither side would recognize that the United States would begin to lose the political and psychological war at home. On the other side, Ho, Giap, and Pham Van Dong would come to the stark realization in 1967 that they were losing the war militarily in both North and South Vietnam. As a result they would decide on a course of action which would hand a military victory to the United States and the South Vietnamese in 1968.
Nixon’s War: Peace With Honor 1969
Authors: Davidson Phillip B
Published: October 2023

On 20 January 1969, Richard Milhous Nixon took the oath of the office as president of the United States. “Johnson’s War” had now become “Nixon’s War,” and it became his task, aided by his national security adviser, Dr. Henry Kissinger, to lead the country out of the war which he had inherited. During his presidential campaign, Nixon had repeatedly stated that he had a plan to end the war. This was political hyperbole, for Nixon had only a vague, generalized approach to getting out of the war which combined the ideas of weakening the enemy, strengthening the RVNAF, and beginning United States troop withdrawals. The first concrete plan for the conduct of the war was devised after the Nixon administration had been in office some four months.
Culture
Authors: Briggs Asa
Published: October 2023

The concept of culture has an agricultural ongm: it first referred to the tending or “cultivation” of crops. In the later stages of its history the concept has retained within it the sense of process. The “culture of the mind” is not acquired at once, nor does a person become “cultivated” at once. Many attempted definitions of the word culture have been inspired by the sense that it was being misused. One reason is that during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries it acquired new meanings far removed from its humble origins. For some people it became a thing in itself, a state rather than a process, or perhaps an achievement or veneer, something that persons or societies either had or did not have. Pride in a specific national culture was a buttress of nationalism, and both developing educational and communications systems were geared to enhancing it. For Matthew Arnold (1822-1888), self-proclaimed bearer of “sweetness and light” to mid-Victorian Britain, culture was “the pursuit of our total perfection by means of getting to know, on all the matters which most concern us, the best which has been thought and said in the world.” In referring to the world and not to the nation, Arnold was insisting that the best was universal.
Ethnopoetics
Authors: Tedfock Dennis
Published: October 2023

Study of the verbal arts in a worldwide range of languages and cultures. Primary attention is given to the vocal-auditory channel of communication in which speaking, chanting, or singing voices give shape to proverbs, riddles, curses, laments, praises, prayers, prophecies, public announcements, and narratives (see Folktale; Proverb; Riddle). The aim is not only to analyze and interpret oral performances but also to make them directly accessible through transcriptions and translations that display their qualities as works of art. Ethnopoetics originated in the United States among poets such as David Antin, Jerome Rothenberg, and Gary Snyder, all of whom had training in anthropology or linguistics; Nathaniel Tarn, whose poetic career was preceded by an anthropological career under the name E. Michael Mendelson; and anthropologists and linguists with experience in writing poetry, including Stanley Diamond, Dell Hymes, and Dennis Tedlock.
Speech Play
Authors: McDowell John Holmes
Published: October 2023

The creative disposition of language resources; the manipulation of formal features and processes of language to achieve a striking restructuring of familiar discourse alignments. A great deal of conversational speech play is essentially frivolous, yet it serves vital communicative needs, such as establishing a proper social bonding among participants in a speech event. More over, when it is used in connection with certain social and RIT UAL enactments, speech play may acquire a profound or even exalted stature. Speech play is a species of what Roman Jakobson refers to as “introversive semiosis,” that is, language turned in on itself. Speech play highlights relationships among linguistic elements that tend to remain latent in the more reference-oriented uses of linguistic codes. It fastens on the “wrinkles” in the linguistic code, its points of overlap, inconsistency, ambiguity, and anomaly. It draws attention to inconvenient linguistic facts, such as the piling up of lexemes on a single phonetic unit, the dose phonetic resemblance of contrasting lexical items (the French poisson, meaning “fish” and poison, meaning “poison”), or the ambiguity produced by optional deletions in a syntactic structure (“the shooting of the hunters was terrible”).
Program Management
Authors: Schwartz Samuel M , Friedman Mischa E
Published: October 2023

One of the most striking changes in the extramural programs began in the early 1970s. A high-level staff committee chaired by Dr. Theodore Cooper, then Director of the NHLBI, completed its study of the organization and management of the extramural programs. The resulting recommendations were implemented and the structure of the extramural programs was totally revamped. In the context of this chapter, the most relevant recommendations of the Cooper Committee were: (1) The extramural programs in each institute should be organized according to scientific program areas, and (2) the grant and contract mechanisms should be combined under single management within a program area.
Decision Points and Communications and Appeals
Authors: Schwartz Samuel M , Friedman Mischa E
Published: October 2023

While it is important for a PI to know what to do, and when and how to do it in applying for grant support, it is also valuable to know where the critical decision points are in the process. This will avoid time-consuming delays in the processing and review of applications.

Because so much depends on the award of a grant, useful advice from experienced researchers and administrators should be sought. Where appropriate, the completed draft of the application should be discussed with knowledgeable senior faculty members of the department. There may be a departmental publications committee organized to approve the submission of applications as well as research papers for publication.
The CIA in the Groves of Academe
Authors: Johnson Loch K
Published: October 2023

The diction comes straight out of the Operations Directorate: “We exploit our territory [the campuses] as effectively as possible.”1 “He has excellent penetration into the student body.” 2 “We have 200 assets in approximately 100 academic institutions.”3 “Exploit,” “penetration,” “assets”-terms that normally are associated with the dark arts of espionage have slipped easily into the vernacular of CIA officials responsible for intelligence activities on American college and university campuses.
Controlling the CIA: A Critique of Current Safeguards
Authors: Johnson Loch K
Published: October 2023

Is it possible to have an effective secret service in an open society? That is the central question of this book. The weight of the evidence suggests a positive answer-indeed, democracies in this perilous world must have a secret service. The United States could well perish at the hands of foreign enemies without the protection afforded its citizens by the eyes and ears of the intelligence community. But an important caveat has to be added immediately: democracies must also maintain strong safeguards to shield their citizens against the possible misuse of secret power at home or abroad.
Introduction
Authors: Sloan Frank A , Bovbjerg Randall R , Githens Penny B
Published: October 2023

If aging Doctor Kildare were to return to medical practice today, having been in suspended animation since the early 1960s (Brand 1941), he would find enormous changes in his malpractice insurance coverage. The first surprise is that the physician’s malpractice coverage has become so important. No longer can he practice at his hospital without it. And much higher limits are needed to protect his practice and other assets against the financial risks of lawsuits. The annual bill takes up to 5 percent of his gross revenues from practice, compared with a fraction of 1 percent while he was building his practice. He also encounters much more variation in rates across many more risk categories than he was accustomed to, with a major distinction being whether he wants to continue delivering babies or not. And he is astonished to learn that his standard coverage no longer protects him from all lawsuits arising out of this year’s practice, no matter when the claim comes in, but instead covers only claims filed this year—and then only claims arising from prior years when he was covered with the same company.
Regulation and Its Effects
Authors: Sloan Frank A , Bovbjerg Randall R , Githens Penny B
Published: October 2023

Among insurers, it is an article of faith that theirs is a heavily regulated (and taxed) industry. And so it is, in many ways. Among consumer advocates, it is an article of faith that most regulations codify industry preferences and that most regulators barely scratch the surface of insurers’ behavior, so that much stronger regulation is needed. And so they do, in other ways.

The practical result is an evolving mix of competition and regulation across different spheres of operation . and over time, as different influences wax and wane. An unusual feature of the malpractice marketplace is the recent rise to dominance of provider-sponsored insurers (Chapters I, 2). Along with self-insurance, this leading role for the insureds themselves creates a kind of private regulation in the interests of dominant professionab. Primary insurers must also answer to their reinsurers (Chapter 5), who have a strong interest in many aspects of primary insurers’ practices. Market competition and the duty to shareholders (especially in physician•’-ponsorcd com¬ panies) are also strong forces. To what extent regulatory versus other factors affect insurance practice is a major policy issue.
Profitability in Malpractice Coverage: Excessive or Normal?
Authors: Sloan Frank A , Bovbjerg Randall R , Githens Penny B
Published: October 2023

Perhaps the single most innammatory accusation raised against malpractice and other property-liability insurers is that they have made excessive profits at the expense of consumers. Such charges have frequently surfaced in times of stress-notably after requests for substantial premium increases or withdrawal of insurers from some geo¬ graphic areas or lines of coverage. Critics have insisted that crises of availability are trumped up by an industry seeking excessive profits and have often demanded inves¬ tigations, pressured regulators to reject price rises, and even voted rate rollbacb, as under California’s Proposition 103 in 1988. The belief in insurance “ripoffs” is wide¬ spread. but systematic, long-term evidence has been sparse. Policymakers and other interested observers need more.
The Enchantment and the Leech: Cherokee Memory
Authors: Hatley Tom
Published: October 2023

LATE in the seventeenth century, when the people who had only recently begun to call themselves Cherokee came into first contact with the Carolina colonists, these mountain-dwellers were already recovering from an earlier, troubled time. The dreams told by the Cherokee priests to their white visitors remembered a long period of shortage and depopulation. Especially vivid is the story of “enchantment” surviving in the record of an English trader named Alexander Longe who lived among the Cherokees from 1714 to 1724. At a town called Agustoghe, Longe was told, a “beloved man,” or village elder, had through fasting discovered a hidden village disguised as a “tum pool,” or whirlpool, in a river. The enchanted town was a place where “all things comes naturally without any trouble. The people never dies there nor never grows old … the light never fails. In the midst of winter there is green com … and [the town] speaks Cherokee as we do.” The elder added that he could lead the people to this village of refuge from the present only if they would undertake a fast. After the prescribed time the fast was suddenly broken by a mysterious entrance: in a darkened townhouse, with everyone present, “a troop of women [came] with all sorts of victuals as green com, pumpkin, water and muskmelons and turkey, deer, bear and buffalo meat.” The people of Agustoghe disappeared into this better place in the whirlpool.
Precious Freight: The Freedom Train
Authors: Fried Richard M
Published: October 2023

Attorney General Tom Clark was a worried man. The nation’s chief law enforcement officer from 1945 to 1949, he confronted the problems of war’s aftermath. Similar concerns had eroded the patience and tweaked, then mocked, the political ambitions of A. Mitchell Palmer, Wilson’s attorney general. Like Palmer, Clark served in a time of tumult that included labor militancy, a perceived decline in law and order, consumer shortages and inflation, and Communist agitation given poignancy by threats emergent in the Soviet Union-all in a context of clamorous interest-group politics and a plummeting civic consciousness.
Housework Made Easy
Authors: Nolan Mary
Published: October 2023

Those who tirelessly preached the gospel of rationalization sought to trans, form not only machines, factories, and vast business enterprises, but also the households and family lives of middle,class and, especially, working,class Germans. Women were central to this project. Bourgeois feminists, educa, tors, and social workers orchestrated a vast propaganda campaign to ratio, nalize the working,class home and the proletarian housewife. Working,class women were both the intended audience and the designated agents of the desired changes. The anticipated benefits from household rationalization, however, were to go first and foremost to others-husbands and children, industry and the national economy, political parties and the state. The impetus to rationalize housework came from diverse groups who shared a commitment to modern technology and productivist ideologies. There were of course Weimar Germany’s famous modern architects of the Bauhaus and the Neues Bauen movement, such as Bruno Taut and Martin Wagner, who regarded functional modern architecture as the key to trans, forming working-class housing and the lives led within it.1 Their partners in this campaign were industrialists, Social Democrats, and bourgeois femi, nists. All accepted aid from the same social workers, engineers, industrial sociologists, and vocational education teachers and coordinated their efforts through the Home Economics Group of the RKW.2 Each believed that whether or not modern public housing was built, the working-class house, wife could be Taylorized, the proletarian home rationalized. Each shared a vision of a “new person” who would be “modern, clean, rational, disciplined, as well as family oriented.”
Santa Clara Revisited: The Development of Corporate Theory
Authors: Horwitz Morton J
Published: October 2023

The gradual acceptance of the reality of multiple causation was one measure of recognition that a more complex and interdependent society had emerged by the turn of the century. During the quarter century after 1873, Americans had been forced to come to terms with an accelerating sense of loss of control over their destinies, as those familiar “island communities” that had structured an earlier way of life were seen to be rapidly fading away. It was a period marked by three deep economic downturns. As the Panic of 1873 was followed by depressions in 1885 and 1893-1897, Americans discovered the seemingly harsh inexorability of the business cycle. If the Paris Commune of 1871 introduced fear of socialism into American culture, the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 triggered a pervasive fear that, by succumbing to the disease of European class struggle, America had finally been drawn into the bitter cycles of European history.
The Progressive Transformation in the Conception of Property
Authors: Horwitz Morton J
Published: October 2023

The basic problem of legal thinkers after the Civil War was how to articulate a conception of property that could accommodate the tremendous expansion in the variety of forms of ownership spawned by a dynamic industrial society. At a time when legal conceptions were still overwhelmingly derived from ideas about landed property, new forms of property developed and expanded that were increasingly difficult to fit into the conventional categories. The rise of the business corporation generated a number of novel questions about property rights, in terms both of constitutional protection of corporate property and of shareholders’ property rights in the corporation. The enormous expansion in the variety of commercial instruments produced new forms of ownership in need of legal classification.
Early Judicial Attempts to Adapt Entity Law to the New Economy of Corporate Groups
Authors: Blumberg Phillip I
Published: October 2023

The doctrine of entity law, regarding the corporation as a separate juridical person with its own rights and obligations distinct from those of its shareholders, presents obvious opportunities for manipulation, particularly where the corporation is owned and controlled by a single shareholder. Accordingly, it was inevitable that, notwithstanding the development of entity law and its reinforcement by the adoption of the policy of limited liability, the courts would develop an accompanying corrective doctrim: to avoid the grotesque consequences that would otherwise result from unyielding application of the doctrine.
National Law and Multinational Business: Enterprise Law and Extraterritoriality
Authors: Blumberg Phillip I
Published: October 2023

Enterprise concepts generally seek to impose legal obligations of one component of a corporate group upon the other components of the group; occasionally, enterprise principles are used to attribute legal rights of one group component to another. In the case of multinational corporations with component corporations in several, if not many, countries, the use of enterprise principles by a nation invariably involves extraterritorial application of the doctrine to foreign affiliates, thereby frequently precipitating a clash with the national legal systems of the other countries in which the group operates. This is particularly likely when the group operates in other nations that continue to rely on entity principles.
Assessment of Risk to Children
Authors: Wender Esther H
Published: October 2023

The assessment of risk to children is different from judgments regarding risk in adults. In this context, risk refers to the possibility of harmful outcome from procedures involved in research studies. One of the assumptions of this analysis is that the assessment of medical risk in children is relatively straightforward and differs from such assessment in adults only because of differences in physiology and disease susceptibility in children, issues that are the substance of pediatric medicine and have been previously well researched. When assessing risk as it uniquely affects children, however, the primary issues are psychological, and the psychological issues vary both with the progress of development and with environmental circumstance.
Vulnerable Children
Authors: Cooke Robert E
Published: October 2023

Previous chapters deal with the vulnerability of children in general. This chapter identifies specific groups of children who are especially likely to suffer greater harm or benefit less from research unless specific safeguards are in place.
The Two Tempers of Draco
Authors: Bernstein Iver
Published: October 2023

For New York’s middle and upper classes, no less than for its wage laborers, the riot week was a time of evaluating commitments and choosing sides. The riots provoked sharp disagreement among local elites over whether to declare federal martial law and allow a Republican standing army to enforce the draft in New York City. The debate over federal power also became a dispute over relations with the poor and between the races. By midweek there were two well-defined elite positions on the violence with no neutral ground in between. The polarization of the middle and upper classes turned the draft riots from a working-class challenge o[ unprecedented scope into something larger-a political crisis.
Aging Aircraft
Authors: Oster Clinton V , Strong Johns , Zorn C Kurt
Published: October 2023

One of the most chilling images of recent times was the April 1988 film footage of the Aloha Airlines B-737-200 which had the top half of the front fuselage torn away in flight. While the flight crew landed the aircraft safely and only one fatality occurred, the image of passengers and crew exposed to flying debris and hurricane force winds brought concerns about aging aircraft to the fore.
Summing Up and Looking Ahead
Authors: Oster Clinton V , Strong Johns , Zorn C Kurt
Published: October 2023

Pre-deregulation concerns about an erosion in the high level of safety in the U.S. airline industry have not been realized during the first decade of deregulation. Jet carrier safety performance has been sharply better post-deregulation than in any comparable pre-deregulation period. Perhaps more significantly in light of concerns about competitive pressures leading to maintenance shortcuts, the rate of accidents precipitated by equipment failure has been lower following deregulation. Jet carrier accidents due to air traffic control error are also less frequent, suggesting that neither the PATCO strike nor increasing congestion has resulted in decreased safety.
The Carolina Venture in Economic Context
Authors: Coclanis Peter A
Published: October 2023

In April 1670 an elderly Puritan led a small band of Englishmen down from the solid little frigate Carolina and onto the eerie lowland the Kiawah Indians called home. Though Europeans had moved through the history of the area for well over a century, their boot prints up to this time were faint. The lone and level sands of Kiawah, as in the antique land of Shelley’s “Ozymandias,” still stretched far away. The arrival of the Carolina changed the course of history at Kiawah, however, for with its coming, permanent European settlement-occupation if you will-had begun. The arrival of the frigate that spring day, indeed, the history of the colony founded by the adventurers that sprang from its hold, should be seen as characteristic, if relatively minor, episodes in the story of the commercial expansion of early modern Europe. This commercial expansion, moreover, was part of an even larger phenomenon which began in the twelfth century and stretched into the nineteenth century, the evolution of a market society. Though but an existential moment in the saga of this epochal development, South Carolina can only be understood within its context. And so, it is with the market that our narrative properly begins.
The Economic Rise of the South Carolina Low Country
Authors: Coclanis Peter A
Published: October 2023

It was a long, hard ride for the Huguenot Samuel Peyre from his home in French Santee to the city of Charleston. Down the private path carved out of the wilderness to the Craven County Highway. Down that highway for a number of miles, through Mattasee, Flowery Cane, and Fountain Run swamps. Then, into Berkeley County. Down the Berkeley County Highway past Biggan Church, then, after crossing Fair Forest Swamp, down the highway further until it became the Congaree Road. Down the Congaree Road for a good piece, then across the stream where the Mepkin Bridge later stood. Down the road further still, until, reaching Strawberry, he would spend the night at an inn. After rising early the next day, he would continue down the Congaree Road to Bonneau’ s Ferry over the eastern branch of the Cooper River. Upon crossing that stream, he would pick up the Congaree Road again and continue on until he crossed three small creeks, French Quarter, Gibson’s, and Clouter’s by name. Continuing on a little further, he would ride up on his tired mount to the east bank of the Cooper River. After crossing that wide, wide river, he would catch the King’s Highway, the highway to Charleston. With luck, by nightfall he would ride into the city. Clearly, the trip from the French Santee area to Charleston in, let us say, 1740 was not easy. For French Santee was for all practical purposes the “outback” of the colony of South Carolina at that time.
“Lay dis body down’’: The Economic Demise of the Low Country
Authors: Coclanis Peter A
Published: October 2023

On January 22, 1737, a “very Melancholy accident” was reported in the South-Carolina Gazette. A planter’s son and a Negro slave, according to the newspaper, disappeared while traveling by canoe down the Ashley River for Charleston, where the former—apparently a young boy—was to attend school. Being missed, a search was launched after them. This effort notwithstanding, neither the white boy nor the Negro slave ever was seen alive again. Their bodies ultimately were found, however, “ ... sticking in the Mud in the said River, their Arms clasping one another.” Their deathly embrace seems, in retrospect, a fitting metaphor for the economic history of the area they both called home. Requiescant in pace. The economy of the South Carolina low country collapsed in the nineteenth century. Collapse did not come suddenly—many feel, for example, that the area’s “golden age” lasted until about 1820—but come it did nonetheless. By the late nineteenth century it was clear that the forces responsible for the area’s earlier dynamism had been routed, the dark victory of economic stagnation virtually complete. Indeed, so complete was this victory that much of the low country remains languid even today. In this chapter we shall attempt to explain some of the reasons for the low country’s demise. In so doing, it is hoped that we shall also gain greater insight into the nature of the area’s eighteenth-century rise.
The Fundamental Role of Risk Tradeoffs
Authors: Kip Viscusi W
Published: October 2023

Risk is an inherent part of almost every facet of our lives. We encounter risks in our food, transportation, employment, and recreation. These risks are seldom certain prospects. Usually there is some probability less than 1 that we will incur some adverse health outcome. In the case of extremely undesirable consequences, such as severe injury or ·death, the odds of occurrence are usually quite slim.
Social Insurance for Work and Product Injuries
Authors: Kip Viscusi W
Published: October 2023

Government policies designed to reduce risk are primarily concerned with the ex ante value of the statistical lives saved. In contrast, social insurance efforts primarily focus on the appropriate compensation amount after the accident has occurred. These functions are not entirely divisible since this ex post compensation may have important incentive effects for accident prevention. Moreover, an understanding of the appropriate principles for social insurance will enable us to better understand the differences between the appropriate value of life for compensation and prevention.
Risk within Reason
Authors: Kip Viscusi W
Published: October 2023

Society’s system for managing risks to life and limb is deeply flawed. We overreact to some risks and virtually ignore others. Often too much weight is placed on risks of low probability but high salience (such as those posed by trace carcinogens or terrorist action); risks of commission rather than omission; and risks, such as those associated with frontier technologies, whose magnitude is difficult to estimate. Too little effort is spent ameliorating voluntary risks, such as those involving automobiles and diet. When the bearers of risk do not share in the costs of reduction, moreover, extravagance is likely.
The Impact of Occupational Safety and Health Regulation, 1972–1975
Authors: Kip Viscusi W
Published: October 2023

Since the passage of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, there has been a steady decline in the injury rate for manufacturing workers. This favorable trend has been widely cited as evidence of the effectiveness of the regulatory activities of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. This chapter provides both a conceptual analysis of the likely effects of regulation and analyzes the determinants of health and safety investments and industry injury rates over the 1972–75 period.
The Mis-Specified Agenda: The 1980s Reforms of Health, Safety, and Environmental Regulation
Authors: Kip Viscusi W
Published: October 2023

The 1970s marked the advent of a new wave of regulation of health, safety, and the environment.1 Congress created a series of new agencies with broad responsibilities, including the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). Although some of these agencies consolidated the functions previously dispersed among other smaller agencies, the sweeping legislative mandates given to these agencies marked a dramatic increase in the level of regulation of the American economy. Congress directed these agencies to promote health, safety, and environmental quality almost without compromise.
Autonomous Selfhood: Individualism Versus Compound Individuality
Authors: Crittenden Jack
Published: October 2023

The autonomous self, as discussed, emerges with the unfolding of formal opera¬ tional thought. Here identity is embedded in these operations, that is, in abstract reasoning, rationality, the system and rules of logic and language that are indepen¬ dent of the phenomena they govern. For the first time self-reflectivity is possible, and it marks this level as that of individuality. Only at this level can the person be independent of the rules and roles of his “sodality” and thus be free of the need for group conformity and approbation.1
Veneration of Community
Authors: Crittenden Jack
Published: October 2023

Participation in the generative procedures, which we might abbreviate as “gener¬ ative participation,” assumes a willingness to take part in making decisions that affect not only one’s own life but also the shape and future of the lives of others and of the life of the community. II cannot be the simple pursuit of private interests. This participation opens up the possibility of intimate relationships, as it promotes a habit of considering disparate views and incorporating them into one’s own worldview. And it does more. The group or community is opened to continuous democratic deliberation about its general will or common interest, just as the individual is similarly opened to the recasting of his worldview.
Life in the Household
Authors: Gottlieb Beatrice
Published: October 2023

We do not think about the household today as something public or economically productive. Home is where you go to get away from the world and to rest from your labors. Even a housewife who feels that she never rests from her labors tends to think that her purpose is to maintain a setting for private activities. Exceptions are considered unusual-for example, the author of this book, who works at home. In the past, and not even the very distant past, it was difficult to separate household activities from other activities. A house hold was at one and the same time a family’s private residence and a place in the public eye. More than any other aspect, the use to which the household is put differentiates the Western family of the present from the Western family of the past.
What’s Mass Wrong with Production?
Authors: Scitovsky Tibor
Published: October 2023

Specialization, division of labor, mass production, economies of scale-all are names and aspects of the one principle, recognized and first stated by Adam Smith: that the division of labor increases its product. That principle is the foundation of our high standard of living, the guiding light of all economic progress, and it continues to shower benefits upon us. Yet it has drawbacks as well. Since the drawbacks affect us as universally as the blessings, it is essential that we have a balanced view of them together. The drawbacks, however, are as commonly ignored as the advantages are recognized; that is why I set out to redress the balance.
What’s Wrong with Specialization?
Authors: Scitovsky Tibor
Published: October 2023

Having dealt with some of the implications of the economies of scale, let me now come to those of specialization more narrowly interpreted. Specialization is the key to the high and still rising efficiency of production in our economy, which perhaps explains the specialist’s high prestige in our production-oriented society. But if narrow specialization is the necessary condition of efficiency in production, efficiency in consumption demands the very oppo­ site. Humanity has many needs, and people’s welfare depends on the balanced satisfaction of all or most of them. One of these, enjoyable stimulation, has a great variety of sources, and here again, a full and interesting life demands the ability to enjoy, if not all, at least a good selection also of them.
Chapter IV
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman
Published: October 2023

The thirty-fourth year of Dorcasina, was another remarkable era of her life, as at that age he was addressed in a style of love and gallantry exactly adapted to her taste. The year before, there had arrived at Philadelphia, from Europe, a young Irishman, about twenty-one years of age. He was natural son to the steward of an Irish nobleman. During his life time, his father had kept him at school. The boy was likely, impudent, and a good scholar; always at the head of all mischief in every school he attended; and remarkable for having always a pack of cards in his pocket, and for attending every cock-fight and horse­ race, within a dozen miles of him. Upon the death of his father, which happened when he was about twenty, being left in adestitute situation, he repaired to London, the general resort of people of all conditions, to try his luck at gambling, or any other kind of villany which would procure him a subsistence.
Chapter X
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman
Published: October 2023

There had arrived ,that day, at the inn ,a gentleman from Philadelphia, attended by a shrewd Irish servant, possessed of as much impudence as his countryman, O’Connor. Unfortunately for Dorcasina, he was standing in the entry, when she arrived. Seeing a woman of such a strange appearance, his curiosity was excited, and he determined to watch her closely. Consequent upon this determination, he heard the message delivered to the hostess by Patrick, and saw the former show Dorcasina the way to’Connor’s chamber. Resolved to see the end of the adventure, he waited patiently, at the bottom of the stairs, till, after an hour’s absence, he saw her descend them.
Chapter XII
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman
Published: October 2023

As soon as Dorcasina had made this sacrifice of her inclination to her duty, she retired to her chamber and gave free vent to the emotions with which she was oppressed. She now experienced the fallacy and uncertainty of all sublunary felicity. Yesterday, she was the happiest of human beings: to-day, she experienced a sad reverse. Her grief was bitter and severe; but it did not carry her to despair. Her faith in the integrity of O’Connor being still unshaken, she flattered herself that the letter from Mr. W. would cause another revolution, in the mind of her father, which would be altogether in his favour. But alas! she was now debarred the pleasure of seeing him; and of having her sorrows soothed and composed by the magic voice of love and sympathy. She was also distressed at the thoughts of what her lover would suffer by this separation, and she wished to communicate to him her promise. But fearing the shock would be too great for him, she was willing to delay it as long as possible.
Chapter XVII
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman
Published: October 2023

After this adventure, Dorcasina tarried at home, unmolested, a whole month; during which term, she never once visited her favourite retreat. In the interim, her mind had become tolerably composed, and her time was divided between her father, her domestic duties, and her novels. Her thoughts, however, dwelt much upon her absent lover; and his letters, the pledges of his love, were daily read over and daily caressed. She, likewise, often reflected upon the strange behaviour of the barber, and puzzled herself in conjecturing who, in the village, was capable of writing the letters, which she supposed had been by him deposited in the tree.
Chapter VI
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman
Published: October 2023

For four years, after the adventures related in the preceding chapters, Dorcasina conducted herself with the utmost propriety, and her father flattered himself that time and experience had entirely done away all her romantic ideas; and that she had now become as rational a woman in regard to love and marriage, as she was in every other respect. About the end of this term, he one day received a letter from Mr. Cumberland of Philadelphia, requesting permission to pay his addresses to Dorcasina. Mr. Cumberland, who was a merchant engaged in extensive commerce, was turned of fifty, and had been three years a widower. He had five children, who were all of them married. He was a respectable, economical, domestic kind of a man, who loved money, and, next to that his wife (when he had one) and his children; and was what the world calls an excellent husband and father. Having married his two youngest daughters, since the death of their mother, his life became so solitary that he began to think of taking another wife. Having but a very limited acquaintance, and being too deeply immersed in business to have leisure to look round himself, he requested a friend to recommend to him some lady, who he thought would make him a suitable companion. This friend had heard of Dorcasina Sheldon, of her father’s estate, and the amiable parts of her character. He therefore recommended her to Mr. Cumberland as a person in every respect suitable to become his wife. Mr. Sheldon, having formerly had dealings with Mr. Cumberland, and knowing him to be a man of integrity and punctuality, was pleased with the application; and thought that, if Dorcasina gave him her hand in marriage, she would be extremely well disposed of.
Chapter VII
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman
Published: October 2023

In the morning Betty did not make her appearance in the kitchen, till breakfast time; and then she came dressed out in her Sunday apparel, to the no small astonishment of the white servants, and the inexpressible diversion of Scipio, who did not fail to get out of her every thing which passed in the back parlour. As soon as she had breakfasted, instead of assisting in the kitchen, as usual, she retired again to her chamber, where she passed great part of the forenoon, hoping and expecting to receive a visit from Mr. Cumberland.
Chapter IX
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman
Published: October 2023

The physician arriving, and prescribing for him proper cordials and restoratives, he recruited daily; and finally regained so much strength as to be able to walk about the house, and enjoy the company of his daughter and friends; who were not without some expectations of his recovering a tolerable state of health. In these however they were disappointed. After about a month had elapsed, he one day discovered the symptoms, which his physician had told him would probably precede a second stroke. This circumstance he cautiously communicated to his daughter, and desired that messengers might be sent for the doctor and Mr. Stanly. On the arrival of the latter, Dorcasina was desired by her father to leave the chamber, as he wished for some conversation with their common friend. As soon as she had withdrawn, Mr. Sheldon taking Mr. Stanly’s hand and affectionately squeezing it, thus addressed him. “I find, my dear friend, I am fast approaching that country “from whose bourne no traveller returns,” and am happily not dismayed at the prospect. I have lived beyond the common age of man, and can look back with satisfaction upon a life spent in the practice of piety and virtue; and forward, through the merits of a Saviour, to a happy immortality.
The Squire and the Widow 1750-1795
Authors: Nagel Paul C
Published: October 2023

The deaths of Thomas and Henry Lee, masters of Stratford and Lee Hall, opened a new era in the family’s story. Thanks to another generation, the Lees’ world would soon extend beyond Potomac plantation society and Williamsburg politics, reaching to faraway places like Philadelphia, Edinburgh, London, Paris, and even Berlin. Four youngsters were born to Henry and Mary Bland Lee at Lee Hall. The first, John Lee, arrived in 1724, making him senior among the fourth generation of Lees along the Potomac. Next was Richard Lee, born in 1726. In 1729, Henry and Mary named a third infant Henry, whose greatest fame would be as grandfather of Robert E. Lee. In 1730, while she was yet only twenty-six, Mary Bland Lee produced her last child, a daughter Laetitia, named after her grandmother Lee.