bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increase in HIV-1 transmitted drug resistance among untreated 16~25-y-old youths in the China-Myanmar border areas during 2009~2017
Authors: DING Yibo , CHEN Min , WANG Jibao , YANG Yuecheng , FENG Yi , WANG Lijie , DUAN Song , LIN Qianru , XING Hui , MA Yanling , HAN Mengjie , MA Liying
Published: July 2020

Background Transmitted drug resistance (TDR) can affect antiretroviral therapy (ART) efficacy. Surveillance drug resistance mutations in untreated youths newly reported with HIV-1 are highly representative of local TDR. We investigated HIV-1 TDR, TDR transmission based on molecular networks, and the effect of TDR mutations (TDRMs) on the CD4 count among youths in the China-Myanmar border area near the "Golden Triangle" to better understand TDR and guide ART.Methods From 2009 to 2017, 573 ART-naïve youths (16~25 y) newly reported with HIV-1 were enrolled. CD4 counts were obtained from whole blood. HIV pol gene sequences were amplified from RNA extracted from plasma. The Stanford REGA program and phylogenetic trees were used to determine genotypes. TDRMs were analyzed using the Stanford Calibrated Population Resistance tool. TDR transmission was evaluated from molecular networks of HIV-1 pol genes.Results The average prevalence of TDR was 6.3%, and the resistance to NNRTIs, NRTIs, and PIs was 3.49%, 2.62%, and 0.52%, respectively. TDR prevalence increased significantly during the period 2009~2017 (3.92%~9.48%, p<0.05). The mean CD4 count was significantly lower among individuals with TDRMs (373/mm3 vs. 496/mm3, p=0.013). The rate of network entry of youths harboring TDRMs (63.89%) was significantly higher than that of youths without TDRMs (44.9%).Conclusions The HIV-1 TDR increase and low CD4 count of patients with TDRMs in Dehong at the China-Myanmar border suggest the need for early ART and completion of resistance testing before initiating ART in HIV hotspots. Youths with TDRMs are likely to have links to others, necessitating intervention in onward transmission.
Predictive Gait Quality Measures Using Modular Neuromuscular Control Parameters in Chronic Post-stroke Individuals
Authors: Shin Sung Yul , Kim Yusung , Jayaraman Arun , Park Hyung-Soon
Published: July 2020

BackgroundRecent evidence suggests that disinhibition and/or hyperexcitation of the brainstem descending pathways and intraspinal motor network diffuse spastic synergistic activation patterns after stroke. This results in simplified or merged muscle sets (i.e., muscle modules or synergies) compared to non-impaired individuals and this leads to poor walking performance. However, the causal relations of how these neuromuscular deficits influence gait quality (e.g., symmetry or natural walking patterns) are still unclear. The objective of this exploratory study was to investigate the relations of modular neuromuscular framework and gait quality measures in chronic stroke individuals.MethodsSixteen chronic post-stroke individuals participated in this study. Full lower body three-dimensional kinematics and electromyography (EMG) were concurrently measured during overground walking at a comfortable speed. We classified subjects into two groups based on the number of muscle modules and compared gait quality measures using a two-sampled t-test. Then, a stepwise multiple regression was used to investigate the optimal combination of the neuromuscular parameters to predict gait quality measures.ResultsSubjects who had a reduced number of muscle modules had greater asymmetry in the kinematic parameters including limb length (p < 0.01), footpath area (p < 0.01), hip (p < 0.05) and knee (p < 0.01) flexion/extensions, and hip abduction/adduction (p < 0.01). We also found that the gait quality measures were predictable with the input variables from the modular neuromuscular control framework including variability accounted for (\(VAF\)) information from the muscle modules and area under the EMG envelope curves of the quadriceps (i.e., rectus femoris and vastus lateralis) and tibialis anterior muscles with significant association (average R2 = 45.6%).ConclusionsThe results suggest that there exists a strong correlation between the neuromuscular control framework and the gait quality measures. This study helps to understand the underlying causality of disturbances in gait quality and provides insight for a more comprehensive outcome measure to assess gait impairment after stroke.
Social Media Perceptions of Clubfoot Treatment: A Global Observational Study
Authors: Keil Evan J , Shaikh Hashim , Navvaro Sergio M , Dube Andile , Yao Lilian E , Sheik-Ali Sharaf , Ncube Thando , Lavy Christopher
Published: July 2020

Background: Clubfoot is a debilitating congenital anomaly that is often under treated in lower- and middle-income countries. There exists an active social media community with regards to clubfoot on both Instagram and Twitter. The purpose of this observational study was to investigate shared content related to clubfoot on social media.Methods: A search for public posts on social media regarding clubfoot was performed from October 31st, 2018 to October 31st, 2019. Three hashtags on Instagram and Twitter were analyzed: #clubfootsurgery, #clubfoot, and #clubfootmommas. Data was analyzed using Chi-squared tests with significance set to p<0.05.Results: Overall, 2050 posts with clubfoot-related hashtags were identified as publicly shared on these social media platforms over the 12-month period. 1992 met the inclusion criteria. Pictures consisted of 93.9% of posts which overwhelmingly had a positive tone, while only 16 posts were explicitly negative. On Instagram, personal accounts authored 95.5% of posts and on Twitter, organizations shared 99.4% of posts. Content related to active treatment was shared 32.7% of the time - of these posts, 94.8% showed Ponseti casting or Ponseti bracing. Chi-squared analysis was performed comparing Instagram with Twitter for media format, timing, tone, author, content, visibility, and topic reference. Statistically significant differences between the two (p<0.001) groups were found in each of these categories.Conclusions: Clubfoot treatment has a large social media presence with contributions from patients, treatment organizations, and physicians. Personal accounts on Instagram emphasize the patient experience, whereas organizations on Twitter focus primarily on education and increasing overall awareness.
Effects of Clinical Factors on Medical Burden in Non-Severe COVID-19 Patients
Authors: He Jian-Bin , Yi Gao-Zhong , Yang Yang , Chen Wen-Feng , Mi Yun-Shi , Zou Yu-Hang , Alam Didarul , Chen Lin
Published: July 2020

Background: To date, the medical resources and the important clinical risk factors of non-severe patients with the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) have not been investigated.Methods: we retrospectively analyszed 104 patients with COVID-19 admitted to the isolation ward in Hubei, China, from February to March 2020. The general information, clinical symptoms, blood test and CT imaging characteristics were analyzed. Results: The median length of stay (LOS) is 14 days, and the cost of hospitalization (COH) is ＄2,522.86. The main influencing factors include the following：① CT imaging: lesions of the lungs were bilateral and multiple. The range of involved and interstitial changes affect the medical burden significantly (P=0.009 and P=0.013, respectively); ②Treatments: Patients were more severe with high flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy (HFNC) or used methylprednisolone more than 1mg / kg; ③ Blood test indicators: lymphocyte (LC) count level <1,000 and increased LDH (Lactate dehydrogenase) level have impact on medical burden; ④ These indicators have significant impact on medical resource after regression analysis except for LDH.Conclusions: The hospitalization cost of non-severe COVID-19 is higher than that of the common CAP patients. The main influencing factors are multiple extensive interstitial changes on CT scans, absolute lymphocyte level <1,000, use of high-dose methylprednisolone and HFNC.
Thermal Cooling with Sprinklers or Microsprinklers Reduces Heat Damage and Improves Fruit Quality in Northern Highbush Blueberry
Authors: Yang Fan-Hsuan , Bryla David R. , Orr Scott T. , Strik Bernadine C. , Zhao Yanyun
Published: July 2020

Hot and sunny weather can cause a considerable amount of fruit damage in northern highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) and result in millions of dollars of crop loss each year. To combat this issue, many growers use over-canopy sprinkler or microsprinkler systems to cool the fruit, but questions remain on the amount of time and frequency these systems should be run and whether they have any effect on fruit quality. Two series of studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of using sprinklers or microsprinklers for reducing blueberry fruit temperature and improving fruit quality in western Oregon. With sprinklers, treatments were applied in 2014 and 2015 to ‘Elliott’ blueberry and included irrigation (night) and cooling (day) with sprinklers, sprinkler irrigation (at night only) with no cooling, and drip irrigation with no cooling. The sprinklers were run for cooling for 15 minutes every hour whenever air temperature was ≥32 or 35 °C. Berry temperature declined rapidly within the first 15 minutes of cooling and never exceeded ambient air temperature during the cooling cycles. While the percentage of fruit with heat damage was low even without cooling (<2%), cooling reduced damage to nearly 0% in 1 of 2 years and increased berry weight relative to no cooling in both years when it was run at ≥32 °C. Cooling also reduced the concentration of soluble solids (sugars) in the berries in 2014 but had no effect on yield, fruit firmness, titratable acidity, harvest date, or the total content of phenolics or anthocyanins in the berries in either year. With microsprinklers, cooling was tested at a commercial farm and at an experimental site. At the farm, 1.3-ha blocks of ‘Aurora’ blueberry were irrigated by drip and either had no cooling or were cooled using microsprinklers run continuously or pulsed in 1-hour or 20-minute cycles during three extreme heat events (≥35 °C) in 2015. Continuous cooling was the most effective treatment for reducing berry temperature, but it resulted in wetter conditions, which might impede fruit harvest afterward and increase the presence of slugs, insect pests, and fungal diseases. Pulsed cooling, especially with short cycles, effectively maintained fruit temperatures near that of ambient air and reduced water use by 50%. At the experimental site, cooling with microsprinklers, which in this case were pulsed in 20-min cycles when air temperature was ≥ 32 °C, reduced heat damage in ‘Aurora’ and ‘Elliott’ in 2016. Cooling at this site also increased berry weight by an average of 10% in both cultivars and increased fruit firmness by 32% during the first of three harvests in ‘Aurora’; however, it reduced the concentration of soluble solids in the berries in both cultivars. In general, cooling with microsprinklers used considerably less water than cooling with sprinklers, but it appeared to be equally effective at reducing berry temperature.
Isolation of the Histone Lysine Methyltransferase Gene PhSDG8 and Characterization of Function in Shoot Branching
Authors: Dong Lili , Liu Tongrui , Gao Di , Li Jing , Qian Jie
Published: July 2020

Petunia (Petunia ×hybrida) is an important ornamental plant, and its branch development has become a hot research topic. In this study, PhSDG8, an ortholog of SET domain group 8 (SDG8), was cloned from the petunia cultivar Mitchell Diploid. It had an open reading frame (ORF) of 5070 bp and encoded 1689 amino acids, with Suppressor variegation 3–9, Enhancer of zeste, Trithorax (SET), Zinc finger-cysteine and tryptophan conserved (Zf-CW), associated with SET (AWS) and Post SET domains. The predicted amino acid sequence of PhSDG8 was most closely related to Nicotiana sylvestris ASHH2 (NsASHH2). Expression analysis revealed that PhSDG8 expressed highest in the stems and lowest in the axil. Subcellular localization analysis showed that PhSDG8 was localized in the nucleus. Overexpression of PhSDG8 reduced the branch number of Arabidopsis thaliana sdg8-2. The silencing of PhSDG8 resulted in an increase in the number of branches of petunia and significant upregulation of PhUGT74E2. These results suggested that PhSDG8 may be a candidate gene for regulating the branching of petunia.
Prenatal diagnosis of rare form of chromosomal abnormality: double
trisomy 48,XXX,+18 in the first trimester in association with spina bifida
Authors: K.K. Otaryan , M.A. Kolyshkina , Y.B. Aninyan et all
Published: July 2020

The case of prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defect at 11+5 weeks of gestation is presented. Chorion villus
sampling performed. Karyotyping revealed double trisomy (48,XXX,+18). Termination of pregnancy was
performed at 13 weeks of gestation.
Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of congenital sodium diarrhea
Authors: M.V. Medvedev, M.V. Kubrina
Published: July 2020

A case of prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of a rare congenital malformation of the intestine: sodium diarrhea
at 34 weeks of gestation is presented. The difficulties of postnatal diagnosis based on a combination of clinical
and anamnestic and laboratory data and confirmed by the results of determining the level of fecal electrolytes
and genetic studies of mutations in genes are discussed.
TRANSPORTE COLETIVO DE CURITIBA E REGIÃO METROPOLITANA: A PERCEPÇÃO DOS MOTORISTAS DE ÔNIBUS
Authors: Corrêa Wilianson Alves , Seguin Janaína
Published: July 2020

Curitiba é uma cidade usada como referência em planejamento urbano e mobilidade. Na década de 1970 a capital paranaense implantou um sistema inovador de transporte coletivo, o BRT -Bus Rapid Transit, ou Transporte Rápido por Ônibus, porém o crescimento urbano, a criação de áreas metropolitanas e a escassez de políticas públicas que beneficiassem a mobilidade urbana com ênfase no transporte coletivo, e não no transporte individual, afastaram os passageiros do transporte coletivo. O objetivo desse estudo é analisar a percepção dos motoristas de ônibus coletivo quanto ao transporte público de Curitiba. Para tanto, realizou-se uma pesquisa descritiva, de abordagem qualitativa, com a técnica de entrevistas em profundidade.  Os resultados obtidos esclarecem que as principais causas que levaram o afastamento de passageiros do transporte coletivo são a queda de velocidade operacional, a falta de segurança e a perda da qualidade. Ao final, conclui-se que são necessárias ações conjugadas das três esferas de poder para que haja mudanças na cultura da mobilidade urbana, com restrição progressiva de transporte individual motorizado em áreas densas para que haja descongestionamento nas regiões de maior fluxo, também a tomada de medidas adequadas quanto à segurança do cidadão, dos motoristas e dos usuários do transporte coletivo.
ACESSIBILIDADE DOS CANAIS DE RELACIONAMENTO VIRTUAL NAS ORGANIZAÇÕES PÚBLICAS PARANAENSES PARA PESSOAS COM DEFICIÊNCIAS VISUAIS
Authors: Semicek Thiago , Duarte Priscila da Silva
Published: July 2020

Segundo o princípio da impessoalidade, todos os cidadãos devem ser atendidos pelos servidores públicos com imparcialidade, sem receber discriminações e/ou ser alvo de privilégios. No entanto, mesmo os órgãos governamentais modernizando, constantemente, os seus canais de relacionamento com os cidadãos ainda é presente o tratamento desigual, evidenciado por meio da falta de acessibilidade aos serviços essenciais por aqueles que possuem algum(s) tipo(s) de deficiência(s) física e/ou mental. Com base nisso, o objetivo geral deste artigo foi analisar a acessibilidade dos canais de relacionamento virtual de três órgãos públicos de economia mista do estado do Paraná. E, os objetivos específicos foram identificar as políticas disseminadas, mapear as estratégias já implementadas e analisar os dados encontrados frente às orientações indicadas na cartilha e-MAG e na legislação vigente. Esse estudo se justifica devido à grande quantidade de portadores de deficiência visual, mapeados pelo IBGE em 2010 e como a maior parte dos cidadãos necessitam de acesso aos serviços de fornecimento de gás, telefonia, internet, energia elétrica, água e esgoto. A metodologia utilizada consistiu na pesquisa em sites e relatórios oficiais divulgados, anualmente, na internet, pelos órgãos públicos selecionados. Os resultados da pesquisa apontaram que existe uma crescente preocupação de alguns órgãos públicos estudados quanto à acessibilidade dos cidadãos com deficiência visual aos seus canais de relacionamento. Entretanto, ainda persiste um distanciamento entre as políticas disseminadas e as estratégias implementadas, devido a impeditivos de ordem financeira, tecnológica e sociocultural. Portanto, é necessário conscientizar os servidores públicos sobre a importância do aumento da acessibilidade para que os seus impeditivos atuais sejam ultrapassados e vencidos, e o princípio da impessoalidade possa ser seguido com plenitude.
Adaptation of flux-based solvers to 2D two-layer shallow flows with variable density including numerical treatment of the loss of hyperbolicity and drying/wetting fronts
Authors: Murillo J. , Martinez-Aranda S. , Navas-Montilla A. , García-Navarro P.
Published: July 2020

An important feature of the two-layer shallow flow model is that the resulting system of equations cannot be expressed in conservation-law form. Here, the HLLS and ARoe solvers, derived initially for systems of conservation laws, are reformulated and applied to the two-layer shallow flows in a great variety of problems. Their resulting extension and combination allows us to overcome the loss of the hyperbolic character, ensuring energy or exactly balanced property, guarantees positivity of the solution, and provides a correct drying/wetting advance front without requiring tuning parameters. As a result, in those cases where the rich description of internal and external waves cannot be provided by the ARoe solver, HLLS is applied. Variable density is considered in each layer as a result of a bulk density driven by the mixture of different constituents. A wide variety of test cases is presented confirming the properties of this combination, including exactly balanced scenarios in subcritical and subcritical-transcritical scenarios, dam-break problems over bed variations and wet/dry fronts, non-hyperbolic conditions, transcritical exchange flow with loss of hyperbolicity. Despite the complexity of the test cases presented here, accurate and stable simulations are guaranteed, ensuring positivity of the solution without decreasing the time step.
Water allocation using game theory under climate change impact (case study: Zarinehrood)
Authors: Hemati Hasti , Abrishamchi Ahmad
Published: July 2020

The combined effects of climate change and growing water demand due to population growth, industrial and agricultural developments cause an increase in water scarcity and the subsequent environmental crisis in river basins, which results in conflicts over the property rights and allocation agreements. Thus, an integrated, sustainable and efficient water allocation considering changes in water resources due to climate change and change of users' demands is necessary. In this study, the drainage basin of Zarinehrood was chosen to evaluate the function of selective methods. Assessing climate change impact scenarios of the Fifth IPCC reports, e.g., RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 and RCP8.5, have been used. For downscaling outputs of GCMs an artificial neural network (ANN) and for bias correction a quantile mapping (QM) method have been used. Using a bargaining game and the Nash bargaining solution (NBS) with two methods, one symmetric and two AHP methods, the water available for users was allocated. Results indicate an overall increase in temperature and precipitation in the basin. In bargaining game solutions, AHP provided better utilities for players than the symmetric method. These results show that with water management programs and use of a cooperative bargaining game, water allocation can be done in an efficient way.
Characteristics and causes of groundwater dynamic changes in Naoli River Plain, Northeast China
Authors: Xinqiang Du , Kaiyang Chang , Xiangqin Lu
Published: July 2020

Identification of groundwater dynamic behavior and its mechanism is the basis of groundwater protection and management. In Naoli River Plain (NRP), an important agricultural cultivation base and wetland in China, the trend of groundwater dynamic change is complicated under natural climate and human activities. Based on the methods of the Mann–Kendall test, Sen's slope estimation and correlation analysis, groundwater hydrodynamic characteristics and causes were identified. Within 68 observation wells from year 2000 to 2015, there are 28, 30 and 10 wells, accounting for 41.2%, 44.1% and 14.7%, that belong to rising, declining and relatively stable change trends, respectively. The average groundwater rising and declining rates are 0.19 m/year and 0.26 m/year respectively. The groundwater level was increasing or stable in the areas where there was no intensive groundwater exploitation, such as wetland, mountain foregrounds, residential lands and dry farmland. The groundwater level was declining obviously in the paddy fields with groundwater as the source of irrigation water. Thus, the groundwater dynamics in NRP were affected both by human activities of groundwater irrigation and climate change. The carrying capacity of groundwater for agricultural cultivation has been overloaded in some areas, and a conjunctive utilization of surface water and groundwater is needed urgently in NRP.
Turystyka jako główna forma rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego Huculszczyzny w okresie II Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej
Authors: Piekarski Stanisław , Oleksiejuk Jacek
Published: July 2020

Jednym z bardziej fascynujących regionów kulturowo-klimatycznych Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej była Huculszczyzna, położona w województwie stanisławowskim. Początkowo region ten pozostawał poza kręgiem zainteresowań organizatorów działalności turystycznej. Dopiero na początku lat trzydziestych XX wieku uznano, że Huculszczyzna powinna stać się ważnym elementem polskiej polityki turystyczno-sportowej. Do realizacji tego zadania skierowano przede wszystkim ówczesne Ministerstwo Spraw Wojskowych. Ważna rola przypadła też utworzonemu w 1932 roku Towarzystwu Przyjaciół Huculszczyzny. W latach 1933–1935, w okresach letnich, organizowano ogólnopolskie Święta Huculszczyzny. Ich zimowym odpowiednikiem były Zimowe Marsze Huculskim Szlakiem II Brygady Legionów Polskich. Imprezom turystyczno-sportowym, w dużej mierze o charakterze polityczno-propagandowym, towarzyszyła walka o poprawę infrastruktury turystycznej. Głównym tego przejawem było zbudowanie w latach 1935–1938 okazałego Muzeum Huculskiego w Żabiem. W efekcie, pod koniec międzywojnia, Huculszczyzna stała się pod względem turystycznym regionem konkurującym o pierwszeństwo z Tatrami i Zakopanem.
Las w ujęciu systemowym. Słabe i mocne strony
Authors: Embros Grzegorz
Published: July 2020

W artykule przedstawiono przykładowe metody opisu zagadnień objętych zarówno systemem „leśnym”, jak i jego podsystemami. Ma to na celu doprecyzowanie sposobu budowania systemowego obrazu lasu i jego podsystemów. Zestawione będą mocne i słabe strony takiego ujęcia oraz możliwości ich uwzględnienia w profilowaniu relacji człowiek – las. Zwrócona będzie uwaga na poszerzanie interpretacji ujęcia systemowego i wynikające z tego konsekwencje. Powyższe, wraz z analizą konsekwencji, stanowi centralny punkt i zasadniczy cel artykułu. Tak zarysowana perspektywa systemowa może być spożytkowana, na przykład, w edukacji środowiskowej. W jej ramach, może wspomagać opis czy objaśnianie mechanizmów lub zjawisk występujących w ramach systemu „las”. Poza tym, może stanowić podstawę, w oparciu o którą będą wypracowane „narzędzia systemowe”, wykorzystywane następnie przy kształtowaniu postaw i działań człowieka względem lasu, będzie się przekładać na stan relacji pomiędzy człowiekiem a lasem. Może to znaleźć odzwierciedlenie w, szeroko rozumianym, procesie decyzyjnym poprzedzającym działania podejmowane w zakresie gospodarowania przez człowieka systemem leśnym.
Analiza antropologiczna materiału kostnego podjętego w czasie badań ratowniczych na Placu Słowiańskim w Krakowie (sezon 2017)
Authors: Marchewka Justyna
Published: July 2020

Celem pracy było oszacowanie najmniejszej możliwej liczby pochowanych (MNI) w analizowanym ossuarium podjętym w czasie prac ratowniczych na krakowskim Placu Słowiańskim. Prócz tego podjęto próbę określenia profilu biologicznego zmarłych oraz próbę ustalenia, z którego z przykościelnych cmentarzy zlokalizowanych przy Placu Słowiańskim mogły one pochodzić. MNI zostało ustalone w oparciu o zachowane kości skroniowe strony prawej i wyniosło 51. Najliczniej reprezentowanymi w badanym materiale kośćmi były kości czaszki i większe kości szkieletu postkranialnego. Zauważono także zdecydowanie mniejszy udział kości dziecięcych. Obie te obserwacje wskakują na selekcję kości jakiej dokonywano w czasie przenosin szkieletów grobów pierwotnych do grobu wtórnego. Wyniki badań nie pozwoliły na jednoznaczne wskazanie pochodzenia szczątków, choć bardziej prawdopodobnym jest, iż ossuarium powstało na skutek przenosin ciał z cmentarza przy kościele św. Krzyża.
Preskryptywny charakter internalizacji aksjologicznej jako podstawa stosunku człowieka do lasu jako ekowartości
Authors: Łukaszewska Katarzyna
Published: July 2020

Internalizacja, czyli uwewnętrznianie treści o charakterze aksjologicznym, jest zbieżna z zyskiwaniem umiejętności o wyższym standardzie moralnym. Źródłem odpowiedzialności staje się wówczas po prostu obiektywna wartość. Uwewnętrznienie aksjologicznych wymagań płynących od ekowartości jest najskuteczniejszym rodzajem zobowiązania, ponieważ ma ono charakter preskryptywny: obietnicy danej sobie nie można nie dotrzymać bez poczucia straty danego słowa. W tym kontekście zinternalizowana ekowartość preskryptywnie oddziałuje na człowieka, którego odpowiedzialność jest tym głębsza, im silniej sama wartość jest uwewnętrzniona. Stąd też las, jako przykład ekowartości, przyjmuje dla człowieka charakter bezwzględny tylko w przypadku internalizacji preskryptywnej, gdy źródłem powinności jest nie tyle konieczność ekologiczna, ile wartość autoteliczna.
Kreacjonizm i ewolucjonizm z punktu widzenia modelu poziomów analizy – z odwołaniem do fragmentów twórczości Piotra Lenartowicza SJ
Authors: Bylica Piotr
Published: July 2020

Model poziomów analizy (MPA) wyróżnia pięć rodzajów twierdzeń opisowych o rzeczywistości dzieląc je przede wszystkim pod względem stopnia ich empirycznej testowalności. Celem tego artykułu jest wskazanie przy użyciu MPA odmian kreacjonizmu i ewolucjonizmu oraz twierdzeń w nich zawartych. Pozwoli to ocenić różne ich odmiany w kontekście prób godzenia nauki i religii oraz problemu naukowości poszczególnych twierdzeń kreacjonizmu i ewolucjonizmu. W tekście zostaną wykorzystane odwołania do wypowiedzi Piotra Lenartowicza, który zabierał ważny głos w dyskusji między omawianymi stanowiskami. Pozwoli to wskazać przy pomocy MPA zarówno trafne spostrzeżenia Lenartowicza dotyczące światopoglądowo-filozoficznych czynników w nauce, jak i te, które trudno utrzymać, gdy uwzględni się ustalenia współczesnej filozofii nauki na temat relacji między obserwacją a teorią i czynnikami filozoficznymi. Szczególnie MPA pozwoli łatwiej dostrzec, że teistyczne przekonania filozoficzno-teologiczne mające wynikać niejako z nieuprzedzonej obserwacji świata pełnią w rzeczywistości rolę założeń, które wpływają na to, co dostrzega się w świecie jako fakty.
Piotra Lenartowicza filozofia a nauki matematyczne
Authors: Janusz Robert
Published: July 2020

W artykule omawiana jest filozofia przyrody Piotra Lenartowicza SJ w kontekście matematycznego przyrodoznawstwa. Refleksje filozoficzne dotyczące biologii Lenartowicz opierał na Arystotelesie, tymczasem Galileusz twierdził, że językiem przyrody jest matematyka. Na bazie współczesnej fizyki, która odparła mechanicyzm i materializm w mechanice kwantowej, rozwija się biologia, której filozofia bywa nadal interpretowana materialistycznie. Zamierzenia Lenartowicza naprawy filozofii biologii przez powrót do Arystotelesa ignorują jednak te aspekty, które pokonała fizyka matematyczna, a których jeszcze nie zasymilowała filozofia biologii.
Arystotelesowsko-tomistyczny obraz świata w ujęciu Piotra Lenartowicza SJ a naukowy obraz świata. Aspekty metanaukowe
Authors: Duchliński Piotr
Published: July 2020

Celem artykułu jest rekonstrukcja obrazu świata, który w swoich analizach filozoficznych zakładał krakowski jezuita – filozof i biolog – Piotr Lenartowicz SJ. Rekonstrukcja pokazała, że autor przyjmował arystotelesowsko-tomistyczny obraz świata, w którym naczelną rolę odgrywała kategoria substancji, której heurystyczna rola ujawnia się, w sposób szczególny, w opisie i wyjaśnieniu dynamiki życia biologicznego. W artykule dokonano krytycznej oceny zakładanego obrazu świata poprzez skonfrontowanie go ze współczesnym tzw. naukowym obrazem świata, akceptowanym przez zwolenników filozofii w kontekście nauki. Doprowadziło to do wskazania epistemologicznych ograniczeń stosowalności arystotelesowskiej kategorii substancji w opisie bytu ożywionego, ponadto zostało pokazane, że dyskusje między zwolennikami różnych obrazów świata (naukowego i arystotelesowsko-tomistycznego) są w ostateczności nierozstrzygalne, ze względu na obecność w akceptacji tych obrazów osobowościowych uwarunkowań takich, jak: wiara epistemiczna i emocje. Komponenty te czynią z użytkowników obrazów świata, wyznawców niechętnych do zmiany swoich poglądów.
Rozwój zrównoważony jako otwarty system aktywności
Authors: Najder-Stefaniak Krystyna
Published: July 2020

Autor artykułu traktuje pojęcie zrównoważonego rozwoju jako projekt rozumienia rzeczywistości i magazyn wiedzy, który jest wypełniany treścią od momentu wprowadzenia pojęcia do dyskursu nauki. Pokazuje, że metafora ekosystemu pomaga zaproponować główne tezy artykułu: 1) zrównoważony rozwój to system aktywności, który wzbogaca środowisko społeczne i przyrodnicze ludzi; 2) w zrozumieniu jego specyfiki pomaga metafora życia; 3) zrównoważony rozwój musi być otwartym, względnie izolowanym systemem. Pojęcie życia, zrównoważonego rozwoju, twórczego trwania i transgresji są kluczem do przedstawionych rozważań.
Wybrane problemy w procesie projektowania strategii zrównoważonego rozwoju gmin
Authors: Sandner Jan
Published: July 2020

Praca przedstawia podstawowe problemy, jakie pojawiają się w procesie tworzenia strategii zrównoważonego rozwoju gmin. To właśnie gminy i powiaty stanowią podstawowe struktury, które są odpowiedzialne za kształtowanie miejscowego rozwoju. Prawidłowe planowanie strategiczne może prawidłowo ukierunkować rozwój podstawowych procesów społeczno-gospodarczych danej społeczności, z uwzględnieniem zasad zrównoważonego rozwoju. Praca przedstawia rolę, jaką w procesie tym powinny odgrywać zasoby środowiska przyrodniczego. Opisuje możliwe metody wdrażania i waloryzowania zasobów środowiska.
Nieodzowna utopia wartości. Aksjologiczne znaczenie myślenia utopijnego
Authors: Łukaszewska Katarzyna
Published: July 2020

Utopia jest dla człowieka nieodzowna ‒ prowokuje do myślenia, rzuca wyzwania, nie boi się niemożliwego. Dzięki absolutyzacji zdolność do refleksji określa kierunek rozwoju, jego wymiar i znaczenie. Dla aksjologii utopia jest podstawą wcielania w życie wartości o bezwzględnym charakterze, nawet jeśli ich poznanie opiera się na szczególnym rodzaju autonomicznego i intuicyjnego samozobowiązania. Nie można nikogo zmusić do realizowania wartości, ale można nimi zarazić poprzez osobiste zaangażowanie w aksjologiczną utopię, która otwiera na nierelatywność, niewymierność, umiar i zrównoważenie w rozwoju. Utopia wartości przybliża nas do istnienia czegoś, co nie jest wyłącznie relatywne, zależne, uwarunkowane. Teoria wartości bezwzględnych tłumaczy utopijny sens tworzenia zharmonizowanej hierarchii wartości i szukania obiektywnych wartościowań, służących nie tylko pojęciu zrównoważonego rozwoju, lecz także szeroko rozumianej idei wspólnego dobra, wspólnotowego wysiłku.
Wartości organizacyjne wybranych firm w Polsce
Authors: Jastrzębska Ewa
Published: July 2020

Współczesne wyzwania (kryzys klimatyczny, utrata bioróżnorodności, życie w świecie VUCA), w tym kryzys przywództwa i narastające zagrożenia globalne sprawiają, że powraca pytanie o wartości fundamentalne, także w biznesie przyczyniającym się do wielu obecnych problemów. W dzisiejszych czasach wartość w biznesie przestaje być już rozumiana wyłącznie w kategoriach ekonomicznych, a zarządzanie przez wartości staje się fundamentem efektywnej firmy. Celem opracowania jest ocena wartości organizacyjnych liderów społecznej odpowiedzialności biznesu (CSR) w Polsce dokonana na tle próby zdefiniowania zarządzania przez wartości i samych wartości organizacyjnych. Zarządzanie przez wartości można uznać za filozofię, jak i rzeczywisty, praktyczny proces wyjaśniania wartości organizacji, skutecznego ich komunikowania i dostosowywania do nich praktyk biznesowych. Przeprowadzone wśród liderów CSR badanie pozwoliło zauważyć zmianę wartości – kluczowa dla firm stała się odpowiedzialność (którą firmy potrafią intepretować bardzo szeroko, odnosząc ją do różnych grup interesariuszy) i inne wartości behawioralne. Widać także wzrost popularności wartości uczciwość. Zaskakujący jest natomiast spadek znaczenia wartości społecznościowych (nastawionych na otoczenie i środowisko) w kontekście obecnych zagrożeń globalnych, z których środowiskowe zaczyna się zaliczać do kluczowych.
The Application and Functional Progress of γ-Poly-Glutamic Acid in Food: A Mini-Review
Authors: Wang Guoliang , Liu Qing , Wang Ying , Li Jingyuan , Chen Yue , Wen Qilong , Zheng Dongwen , Kang Wei , Quan Helong
Published: July 2020

γ-Poly-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a naturally occurring homo-polyamide produced by various strains of
Bacillus. As a biopolymer substance, γ-PGA possesses a few predominant features containing good water solubility,
biocompatibility, degradability and non-toxicity. Based on this, γ-PGA can be used in pharmaceutical, such as
drug carrier/deliverer, vaccine adjuvant, and coating material for microencapsulation, etc. Moreover, it has also
been applied in a broad range of industrial fields including food, medicine, bioremediation, cosmetics, and agriculture.
Especially, γ-PGA is an extremely promising food ingredient. In this mini-review, our aim is to review
the function and application progress of γ-PGA in the food industry: e.g., improving taste and flavor, enhancing
physical property, and promoting health.
Ionic Liquid: A Promising Material for Petroleum Production and Processing
Authors: Zhao Yansong , Chen Zhonghua , Yang Fei , Zhen Yingpeng
Published: July 2020

Ionic liquids can be utilized in petroleum science. However, significant attention
has been paid to the utilization of ionic liquids in petroleum science by researchers. In this
work, the recent development of the utilization of ionic liquids in petroleum science is introduced.
First of all, ionic liquids can be utilized as an additive in the oil & gas industry, such
as a surfactant, corrosion inhibitor, demulsifier, and dispersant. In addition, ionic liquids can
be utilized in the separation process of oil & gas processing. For example, ionic liquids can
be utilized to remove naphthenic acids from oils, extract toluene from alkanes, dissolution of
asphaltene in oils, extract phenol from model oil, and separate oil mixtures in a combination
of membranes. Ionic liquids can also be utilized in novel technology development for enhanced
oil recovery, and oil field scale control process. Moreover, utilization of ionic liquids in gasoline desulfurization
process is important and crucial, which is greener, lower cost, and safer compared with the traditional
processing technology. Furthermore, ionic liquids can be utilized as novel solvents to form micro-emulsion.
Some ionic liquids have task-specific functional groups, which can reduce the cost and improve the separation
efficiency. The utilization of ionic liquids in the catalysis process of the oil & gas industry is also introduced in
this work. In the end, the utilization of ionic liquids in the oil sand treatment process and asphaltene precipitation
inhibition process is discussed. This work will benefit the novel environmentally friendly technology development
using ionic liquids for oil & gas production and processing.
Knowledge about Medicine Use in Pregnancy: A National Study among Pharmacy Students in Jordan
Authors: Taybeh Esra’ , Kokash Rawan , Talhouni Ahmad , Alsous Mervat
Published: July 2020

Background:

Knowledge of medication use during pregnancy presents a concern to
pharmacists upon graduation since they will be responsible for drug-related inquiries and counselling
pregnant women about their medications. The present study aimed to assess undergraduate
senior pharmacy students’ knowledge about medication use during pregnancy in Jordan.

Methods:

A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Jordanian universities. A total of 409 senior
pharmacy students participated in the study.

Results:

The results found that the majority of the students (60.6%) did not have enough instruction
on medications during pregnancy through their undergraduate study. Overall, only 2.5% of
the participating students were considered to have good knowledge about medicine use during
pregnancy and accordingly, the majority (52.6%) were not confident to recommend medicines for
pregnant women in the future. In view of that, participating students suggested the addition of an
obligatory course to the current curriculum. Students in public universities, Pharm.D. students, and
those in their sixth year of study were more knowledgeable than others (P > 0.05).

Conclusion:

It was concluded that pharmacy students have low knowledge regarding medication
use in pregnancy. The results call for a reassessment of the current pharmacy curriculum.
Developments in the Application of 1,2,3-Triazoles in Cancer Treatment
Authors: Slavova Katerina I. , Todorov Lozan T. , Belskaya Nataliya P. , Palafox Mauricio A. , Kostova Irena P.
Published: July 2020

Background:

The impact of cancer on modern society cannot be emphasized enough in
terms of both economic and human costs. Cancer treatments are known, unfortunately, for their
side effects – frequently numerous and severe. Drug resistance is another issue medical professionals
have to tackle when dealing with neoplastic illnesses. Cancer rates are rising worldwide due to
various factors - low-quality nutrition, air and water pollution, tobacco use, etc. For those and
many other reasons, drug discovery in the field of oncology is a top priority in modern medical science.

Objective:

To present the reader with the latest in cancer drug discovery with regard to 1,2,3-triazole-
containing molecules in a clear, concise way so as to make the present review a useful tool for
researchers.

Methods:

Available information present on the role of 1,2,3-triazoles in cancer treatment was collected.
Data was collected from scientific literature, as well as from patents.

Results:

A vast number of triazole-containing molecules with antiproliferative properties have
been proposed, synthesized and tested for anticancer activity both in vitro and in vivo. The substances
vary greatly when considering molecular structure, proposed mechanisms of action and affected
cancer cell types.

Conclusion:

Triazole-containing molecules with anticancer activity are being widely synthesized
and extensively tested. They vary significantly in terms of both structure and mechanism of action.
The methods for their preparation and administration are well established and with proven reproducibility.
These facts suggest that triazoles may play an important role in the discovery of novel antiproliferative
medications with improved effectiveness and safety profile.
Andrographolide Inhibits Proliferation of Colon Cancer SW-480 Cells via Downregulating Notch Signaling Pathway
Authors: Khan Imran , Mahfooz Sadaf , Saeed Mohd , Ahmad Irfan , Ansari Irfan A.
Published: July 2020

Background:

Recently, the Notch signaling pathway has gained attention as a potential therapeutic
target for chemotherapeutic intervention. However, the efficacy of previously known Notch inhibitors in colon
cancer is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of andrographolide on aberrantly
activated Notch signaling in SW-480 cells in vitro.

Methods:

The cytostatic potential of andrographolide on SW-480 cells was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-
2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, morphology assessment, and colony formation assay. The
apoptotic activity was evaluated by FITC Annexin V assay, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), Hoechst,
Rhodamine 123, and Mito Tracker CMXRos staining. Scratch assay was conducted for migratory potential
assessment. 7’-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein Diacetate (DCFH-DA) staining was used to evaluate the Reactive
Oxygen Species (ROS) generation. Relative mRNA expression of Bax, Bcl2, NOTCH 1, and JAGGED 1 was
estimated by Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). Cell cycle phase distribution was
evaluated by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining.

Results:

MTT assay demonstrated the dose and time-dependent cytotoxicity of andrographolide on SW-480
cells. It also inhibited the migratory and colony forming potential of SW-480 cells. Furthermore, andrographolide
also showed disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential and induced apoptosis through nuclear condensation.
Flow cytometric evaluation showed that andrographolide enhanced early and late apoptotic cells and
induced upregulation of pro-apoptotic (Bax and Bad) and downregulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl2 in treated SW-
480 cells. Andrographolide augmented intracellular ROS generation and induced G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest in
colon cancer SW-480 cells. Furthermore, andrographolide repressed the Notch signaling by decreasing the expression
of NOTCH 1 and JAGGED 1.

Conclusion:

The findings suggested that andrographolide constraint the growth of SW-480 cells through the
inhibition of the Notch signaling pathway.
Chrysin’s Impact on Oxidative and Inflammation Damages in the Liver of Aged Male Rats
Authors: Samini Mohammad , Farkhondeh Tahereh , Azimi-Nezhad Mohsen , Samarghandian Saeed
Published: July 2020

Aims:

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of chrysin on one of the
natural antioxidants on aging progression in an animal model.

Background:

Oxidative stress and inflammation increase in hepatic tissue during aging, leading to
liver dysfunction.

Objective:

The current research was conducted to show the effect of chrysin on the activities of antioxidant enzyme (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase), serum nitric oxide (NO),
and lipid peroxidation as well as inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) of aging rats.

Method:

Male Wistar rats of different ages, 2, 10, and 20 months, were randomly divided into six
groups as follows (n=8, per each group): young control rats (C2), young CH-treated rats (CH2), middle-aged control rats (C10), middle-aged CH-treated group (CH10), aged control group (C20), and
aged CH-treated group (CH20). Chrysin (20 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally once a day for
30 days.

Result:

Present findings indicated that chrysin treatment ameliorated the increased liver levels of lipid
peroxidation, TNF-α, and IL-1β as well as serum levels of NO.

Conclusion:

The findings suggest that chrysin could be effective against the progression of ageinduced damage by modulation of oxidant-antioxidant system and inflammatory response.
JUSTICE IN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
Authors: Nelson Dustin S.
Published: July 2020

Intellectual property (IP) rights represent an anomaly within a free market economic system. IP rights, that is, necessarily constrain the actions of individuals within the market. In response to this anomaly, IP scholars have offered various justifications for the application of such supposed constraints within a free market economy. Chief among these justifications is the widespread appeal to utilitarianism via incentivization. Yet, it is not exactly clear that this incentivization is actually producing the benefits required for the utilitarian justification. Rather than abandoning the IP system, however, some have simply suggested an alternative justification. These scholars argue that IP rights are actual, moral rights that deserve protection as moral rights. Further, scholars argue that any distributional inequality generated by the IP system are nonetheless justified under Rawls’s theory of justice. I argue, however, that Rawls’s theory of justice cannot “justify” a selective, IP regime.
O geopatrimônio e o potencial geoturístico no Distrito Federal, Brasil
Authors: Martins Gabriella Emilly Pessoa Nunes , Oliveira Karen Aparecida de , Mendes Venícius Juvêncio de Miranda , Steinke Valdir Adilson
Published: July 2020

O presente trabalho buscou abordar o geopatrimônio, a geoconservação e o geoturismo, apresentando um diagnóstico dos locais potenciais de interesse ao geopatrimônio. Partiu-se de mapear dois cenários: um com base em pontos de cunho geoturístico — sendo as principais cachoeiras e cavernas do Distrito Federal (DF), Brasil — e, num segundo contexto, foram utilizadas as jazidas minerais como recurso geocientífico, especialmente para o entendimento do potencial patrimonial da gênese geológica e geomorfológica do Distrito Federal. Assim, a pesquisa teve como objetivo indicar os locais em que os processos de origem da paisagem possam ser observados de maneira peculiar, abrigando a geodiversidade e o geopatrimônio da unidade federativa, oferecendo um novo olhar geográfico sobre o potencial geoturístico e educacional científico na região, propiciando a preservação e conservação do meio-ambiente. Essa abordagem, centrada nos aspectos descritos, resultou em um mapa com mais de duzentos pontos de interesse ao patrimônio geomorfológico no DF. A partir disso, foi possível propor uma nova metodologia, na qual a dinâmica do espaço-tempo é fundamental: a variação dos valores comumente atribuídos ao geopatrimônio num período de 12 meses.
A cultural bridge for academic integrity? Mainland Chinese master’s graduates of UK institutions returning to China
Authors: Gow Stephen
Published: July 2020

Cultural and developmental perspectives (Flowerdew & Li, 2007) of plagiarism were explored through interviews with Chinese graduates of UK master's degrees after they have returned to work in transnational higher education in China. This allowed reflection on experiences of plagiarism in the context of the participants' educational history, life in the UK and their return to China. These accounts provided narratives of their development of academic integrity and a cultural comparison of the British and Chinese understandings of plagiarism. Interpretive repertoires (Gilbert & Mulkay, 1984) identified the significant commonalities and inconsistencies within and between the participants' accounts. The findings suggest that the participants use UK institutional vocabulary and have developed a more strict approach to plagiarism and academic integrity during their master's course and in their subsequent educational career. Analysis indicates that rather than being equivalents, plagiarism and the corresponding Chinese terms are dependent on the particular assessment backgrounds in the UK and China. Having moved between and adapting to these educational contexts, the potential for these returning Chinese graduates to act as a cultural bridge for academic integrity within internationalised higher education is discussed.