bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Weakly Nonlinear Oscillations Superimposed on Finite Circumferential Shear of a Compressible, Nonlinear, Viscoelastic, Isotropic Material
Authors: Van Dyke T. J. , Wimman A. S.
Published: March 2007

A study is presented of the weakly nonlinear oscillatory response of a compressible, nonlinear, viscoelastic, isotropic material. In its reference configuration, the material takes the form of a hollow concentric circular cylinder bonded to a fixed support at its inner boundary and to a rigid shell at its outer boundary. The cylinder is brought to a deformed equilibrium state in which the outer shell has been rotated through a finite angle about the axis of the cylinder. The material model used combines linear damping with a generalized Blatz-Ko model. The parameters in this model are chosen so that this static deformation consists of circumferential shear, without radial displacement, in which case the normal stresses are self-equilibrating and no local volume change is induced. The outer shell is then subjected to a sinusoidal rotational disturbance, and the subsequent motion of the cylinder is studied. It is found that due to dynamic effects the normal stresses are no longer self-equilibrated and radial motion is induced. The method of multiple scales is used to analyze the case where the motion is small but finite. This problem has unusual features for which special techniques for using the method of multiple scales were developed. The particular numerical results presented in this paper are for steady-state solutions to the problem of primary resonance of the first mode; however, the method is readily extendible. Results are given for both the purely elastic case and the case with linear damping. Many of the phenomena often associated with nonlinear oscillations occur, including mode saturation, the possibility of jump phenomena, and quadratic shift; however, the interpretation of these phenomena is complicated by the interaction of the spatial and temporal distributions of the deformation. These phenomena are examined by considering the influence of various system parameters on the moment that must be placed on the outer cylinder to maintain the motion. Of particular interest is the result that even a slight amount of compressibility has a significant impact on the motion.
Overview about Solution Representations for Elasticity Problems and Some Selected Particular Solutions
Authors: Piltner Reinhard
Published: March 2007

Solution representations for elasticity problems are presented in this overview article. The types of problems covered are (i) plane strain/stress for isotropic and anisotropic materials, (ii) plate bending for isotropic and anisotropic thin plates, (iii) three-dimensional plate analysis, and (iv) three-dimensional elasticity problems. The solution contributions are decomposed into homogeneous and particular solutions. All homogeneous solution representations involve arbitrary complex valued functions. Choosing different types of complex functions, it becomes possible to construct easily infinite sets of functions satisfying the governing differential equations. The solution representations are very useful for (i) solving problems analytically, (ii) analyzing a local solution behavior (as, for example, near comers, cracks, or holes), and (iii) for application in numerical methods.
The Energy of a One-Dimensional Structured Deformation
Authors: Piero Gianpietro Del
Published: March 2007

Starting from an assumed expression for the energy of a simple deformation, a representation formula for the energy of a one-dimensional structured deformation is obtained. If w and 0 denote the bulk and the interfacial energy density for a simple deformation, the corresponding densities for a structured deformation are determined by the lower semicontinuous and convex envelope of w and by the subadditive envelope of 0. This result holds under a specific type of convergence assumed for approximating sequences of simple deformations; as discussed briefly in the final remarks, other physically meaningful notions of convergence may lead to different expressions for the energy.
Further Results for the Eversion of Highly Compressible Elastic Cylinders
Authors: Haughton David M.
Published: March 2007

We consider the eversion problem for highly compressible hyperelastic thick-walled cylinders. We focus attention on two features of such problems that are not adequately described by standard analysis. We investigate, first, closure of the cavity for sufficiently thick tubes and, second, the instability of relatively thin tubes. We find that the closure of the cavity can be ascribed to the fact that actual foam cylinders behave differently in tension and compression. However, the instability of thinner cylinders seems to be governed by some other mechanism. In the course of the analysis, we show how exact solutions to the equilibrium equation for the eversion problem can be generated. Unfortunately such solutions are not compatible with the boundary conditions.
Instability of a Bell Constrained Cylindrical Tube Under end Thrust-Part 1: Theoretical Development
Authors: Pan Feixia , Beatty Millard F.
Published: March 2007

The instability of a cylindrical tube of uniform crosssection, made of a homogeneous, isotropic Bell constrained material and subjected to end thrust parallel to its axis, is examined. The theory of small deformations superimposed on an assigned finite homogeneous deformation is applied to derive equations for the stability analysis. The solution presented by Wilkes for the incompressible case is extended to study the system of equations for the infinitesimal superimposed displacements. In contrast to Wilkes, the roots of the characteristic equation are examined for three possible situations in which these roots may be real, pure imaginary, or complex conjugate. The solutions of the system of ordinary differential equations corresponding to these cases are discussed. The buckling equation is thus derived, and conditions imposed by the nature of the characteristic roots are presented.
Two-Dimensional Models of Linearly Elastic Shells: Error Estimates between Their Solutions
Authors: Mardare Cristinel
Published: March 2007

The author considers a family of linearly elastic shells, all having the same middle surface that is assumed to be elliptic. Under some regularity assumptions on the data, the author gives an error estimate between the solution of Koiter's model and the solution of a two-dimensional membrane shell problem. The proof uses a corrector method.
Benchmarking from a Home Health Care Perspective
Authors: Gingerich Barbara Stover , Zimmerman Sarah
Published: March 2007

Benchmarking and reengineering have been proceeded by the productivity efforts such as those of the Florida Hospital Home Care Association. Data collection and analysis by the 11 represented home care agencies resulted in the development of a practical book, Innovative Benchmarking: A Practical Approach to Improving Productivity. The practical applications, implications for the future, and appendices will provide a foundation for ongoing productivity and benchmarking efforts.
Knowledge and Attitudes Toward Chronic Pain Management Among Home Health Care Nurses
Authors: Laborde Elizabeth B. , Texidor Margaret S.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a summary of a study of home health care nurse's knowledge and attitudes toward pain management. Pain management is a significant component of nursing care planning and the corresponding provision of quality in home health care nursing care delivery. Understanding current attitudes and knowing what information home health care nurses require to support them in the delivery of excellent patient care is important to the quality of the nursing care provided in the home environment. This study concluded that there is a need for learning among home health care nurses with regard to analgesic pharmacology and pain management practice skill development. Also it is necessary for nursing administration to support regular continuing education annually or more often regarding both these topic areas.
Avoiding Legal Land Mines in Home Health Care Nursing
Authors: Warner Ilene , Albert Raymond
Published: March 2007

Litigation in home health care has been an extremely rare occurrence. Recently there has been an increase in malpractice law suits against home care agencies, which tend to focus primarily upon issues of impaired communication with physicians, lack of continuity of services, failure to conform with the agencies' own policies and procedures, and inadequate assessment and interventions when changes in the treatment plan are warranted. An understanding of the principles of malpractice liability, an examination of case law in the area, and the components of establishing a risk management program will be investigated.
Dying at Home in Two Different Cultures: Hermeneutical Exemplars
Authors: Hadwiger Stephen C. , Hadwiger Mariquit C.
Published: March 2007

Two hermeneutical exemplars are presented of men who died in their homes. While the families enjoyed the experience of having their loved one at home, the experiences had cultural differences from each other. One man died in the United States utilizing the services of a professional hospice agency. The other man died in the Philippines with the assistance of his family. In addition to the cultural contrasts between these two exemplars, the primary purpose is the portrayal of the creativity of one nurse in producing a very positive experience with dying at home.
The Promise of Conservation Biology
Authors: Galusky Wyatt James
Published: March 2007

Michael Soulé’s Conservation Biology helped institutionalize a scientific discipline founded upon normative principles. Maintaining that biodiversity possesses intrinsic value, Conservation Biology promoted the task of providing mechanisms and influencing policy which would allow for the preservation of that diversity. As such, the discipline quickly became the darling of many environmentalists who saw this scientific field as possessing the best of both worlds: the technical acumen and political power of science along with the ethical foresight of environmentalism. Negotiating between those two worlds, however, has not been easy. Today, the foremost challenge facing conservation biology remains balancing scientific legitimacy with political efficacy. Conservation biology also must be careful not to use “nature” to seal off debate on what constitutes the proper role of humans. As such, Soulé’s daunting task still remains worth pursuing.
Verbal Vivisection
Authors: Balcombe Jonathan
Published: March 2007

This commentary revisits and provides some further analysis on Dunayer’s critique of language use by the animal research community. Without question, such language is often used to distort and soften certain harsh realities of vivisection. The commentator elaborates on the terms consent , sacrifice , euthanasia , and vivisection and reflects on the particular challenges faced by any writer who sets out to assail the use of language by another interest group. For in doing so, the writer risks falling into the same traps of manipulative or prejudicial language that are being denounced. Dunayer is not immune to this, but she raises some valid and provocative points along the way.
The Case against Animal Experimentation
Authors: Fox Michael Allen
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author attempts to supplement Joan Dunayer’s critique of vivisection by first stating and then exploring in some detail “the ideology of biomedical and behavioral science,” which consists of several mindsets that resist the development of noninvasive animal science and science that does not rely on animal research. Other issues examined are animal rights versus animal welfare, the bogus concept of “necessary suffering,” the tendency to deny or minimize animal pain and suffering, and the phenomenon of “compartmentalization” (or psychological distancing). A focused account of all these elements, the author argues, enables understanding of where vivisectionists are coming from and why they are so resistant to radical change in their methods.
Women, Water, Energy
Authors: Gaard Greta
Published: March 2007

How can an ecofeminist perspective help us understand and respond to the problems of water pollution and energy production that we face today? Using contemporary examples ranging from the Arrowhead-Weston Project to Manitoba Hydro, Sumas Energy 2, and the Columbia River dams, this article exposes the corporate appropriations of water power from the people and from the land. Ecofeminism illuminates the way in which gendered, cultural assumptions about water, power, and human relations have led to creating a water-power infrastructure that perpetuates environmental sexism, environmental racism, and environmental classism. As an alternative, an ecofeminist approach to water justice advocates strategies for bringing about an ecological democracy, an ecological economics, and a partnership culture in which water and energy flow freely.
Considering the Nature of Wilderness
Authors: McDonald Bryan
Published: March 2007

Roderick Nash helped to define the field of environmental history with his 1967 book, Wilderness and the American Mind . Nash’s work examines the transition of American attitudes toward wilderness from hostility to recognition of the need to create and protect wilderness as places where humans may go but should not stay. This piece considers both Nash’s work and the continued relevance and impact of his ideas. The objective way Nash describes wilderness as a pristine place through much of his work has become increasingly problematic as scholars consider the ways in which humans construct and reconstruct different and often contradictory conceptualizations of nature. Although Nash’s work does not definitively explore the idea of wilderness and its modern significance, it does provide a foundational consideration of the way Americans have interacted with the concept of a reality not modified by human industry, culture, or technology.
The price of success? Security-oriented cultures and high reliability organizations
Authors: Rousseau Denise M.
Published: March 2007

A review of culture studies in high reliability organizations demonstrates the predominance of a highly controlling security-oriented culture in such diverse organizations as the Federal Aviation Administration, Naval Air Squadrons and aircraft carrier deck operations. The organizations share behavioral norms supporting hierarchical referral of decisions and avoidance of conflict. Such norms tend to be behavior-inhibiting and are associated with member dissat isfaction and role conflict. Little evidence is indicated for use of operator dis cretion and problem solving despite repeated calls for more decentralization in high reliability organizations during crises. High reliability organizations need to learn to manage the transition between the centralization and control appro priate for standard operating conditions and the flexibility and discretion crises necessitate.
Development of the ADHD Self-Report Rating Scale
Authors: Quarto C.J.
Published: March 2007

A self-report questionnaire designed to identify children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was developed by utilizing DSM-IV criteria and associated symptoms outlined in the research literature. The questionnaire was administered to 867 students who attended elementary, middle schools and high schools across the United States. Their responses were subjected to exploratory factor analysis and a three-factor solution was deemed appropriate for accounting for variation in the data. The factor scales were labeled Cognitive Inefficiency, Hyperactivity/Impulsivity, and Positive Impression. The respective scales contain items that are highly similar and produce stable results over time. Future research directions are outlined which bear on the validity of the questionnaire.
A Survey of Performance Measurement Systems in State Transportation Departments
Authors: Poister Theodore H.
Published: March 2007

State departments of transportation are investing suabstantial time and effort in developing performance measurement systems to help manage more effectively in a period of unprecedented change. Based on information obtained from a mail survey, review of documents, and follow-up telephone interviews, this article examines conventional and leading-edge approaches to performance measurement in these large public works agencies, which have often been characterized as being "data rich/information poor." Compared with the traditional operations-oriented management information systems, the new generation of performance measures emerging in departments of transportation tend to be more outcome-oriented and more strategically focused, with much greater emphasis on quality and customer service.
Siblicide
Authors: UNDERWOOD ROCKY C. , PATCH PETER C.
Published: March 2007

This study presents a first look at the phenomenon of siblicide on a national level using data from the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Uniform Crime Reports and the Supplementary Homicide Reports. Five hundred and fourteen (514) single victim cases between 1993 and 1995 were examined. Contrary to what one might expect, siblicide was more common in early to middle adulthood as opposed to adolescence. Results indicated a stable trend in the frequency of siblicide at approximately 1.0% of the national homicide rate over a 12-year period. Specific variables addressed included age, gender, type of weapon, race/ethnicity, offender-victim relationship, and the geographical distribution of siblicide cases.
On the Decline and Possible Fall of Ppbs
Authors: Harlow Robert L.
Published: March 2007

The apparent failure of the Planning-Programming-Budgeting System (PPBS) to fulfill hopes for it in the federal government is examined in this article from the perspective of arguments surrounding its inception. It is argued that PPBS proponents had a naive conception of the political process, and that PPBS as an overall system has failed for precisely the reasons predicted by early critics. The productive aspects of the system do not require the overall framework to be useful, and, to the extent that improved budgeting is possible, it can be achieved in other ways more consistent with the actual structure of political decision-making in a world characterized by great complexity and disagreement about values.
Distributional Externalities and the Optimal Form of Income Transfers
Authors: Rodgers James D.
Published: March 2007

When preferences exhibit certain interdependencies, redistributive transfers can make everyone better off. However, the optimal form of such transfers depends on the nature of the postulated externalities. Lump sum transfers cannot achieve some Pareto optima if interdependence involves particular commodities. Here, price subsidies or earmarked (voucher) transfer schemes are required. However, if the interdependence relates to the general welfare of recipients, cash transfers are preferable. Preferences revealed in the political process in favor of in-kind programs suggest "particular-commodity" interdependence. But even if this is so, the analysis does not provide a conclusive case for in-kind transfers. Among other things, comparative costs of administering and policing in-kind as opposed to cash programs must also be considered.
A Tax Revenue Forecasting Model for the State of Hawaii
Authors: Hambor John C. , Norman Morris R. , Russell R. Robert
Published: March 2007

This paper reports on the application of an econometric forecasting technique to a state (Hawaii) with a relatively simple revenue structure and sufficient data to permit the estimation of relationships which determine the bulk of state revenues. A thirty-equation model which determines excise, personal income, corporate income, and other state tax revenues is estimated with quarterly data and used to forecast state revenues for a single fiscal year.
Frequent Voter Recontracting: On Constitutional Choice and Minority Group Power
Authors: Barnett Richard R.
Published: March 2007

The Buchanan and Tullock Constitutional Choice model is examined. It is shown that it is important to distinguish between the concepts of negative and positive voter power and between cases in whichfrequent voter recontracting is and is not possible or likely to occur. Allowing for frequent voter recontracting it is further shown that positive voter power—the power to take action on behalf of the group rather than simply to prevent action from being taken— must lie, in any meaningful sense, with a majority coalition.
The Impact of Income Tax Progressivity On Tax Revenue
Authors: Hunter William J. , Scott Charles E.
Published: March 2007

The possibility of a relationship between tax revenue and tax progressivity has been an issue of interest to both theorists and policymakers in recent years. Among the public choice theorists there is debate about the expected direction of association. The empirical results have also been mixed. In this article we discuss the theoretical foundations of this relationship and empirically test a resulting median voter model for state income tax receipts. The empirical findings support a negative relationship between state income tax receipts and the progressivity of their income tax system.
Tax Policies and the Real and Financial Decisions of the Firm: the Effects of the Tax Reform Act of 1986
Authors: Nadeau Serge , Strauss Robert P.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews various models proposed in the literature to estimate the impact of taxation on the real and financial decisions of the firm, and uses one of these models to estimate the impact of the Tax Reform Act of 1986. The model that the authors use is composed of three recursive equations: a dividend payout rate equation, a leverage equation, and an investment equation. The equations are estimated and simulated with U.S. aggregate data. The authors find that the Tax Reform Act of 1986 will increase the dividend payout rate, reduce leverage, and may decrease the after-tax real cost of financing in the long run. On the other hand, mainly because of the removal of the Investment Tax Credit, the authors expect a significant reduction in corporate investment in machinery and equipment in the long run.
Withholding Position and Income Tax Compliance: Some Experimental Evidence
Authors: Martinez-Vazquez Jorge , Harwood Gordon B. , Larkins Ernest R.
Published: March 2007

There is a common belief that tax withholding systems have worked not only as Abstract efficient tax collection mechanisms but also as effective tax evasion controls. However, little is known about the role of withholding in tax compliance beyond the fact that withholding may reduce opportunities for evasion. This article analyzes in an experimental setting some effects that withholding may have on tax compliance. In particular, three hypotheses are examined concerning the reasons that individuals who unexpectedly find themselves underwithheld might decide to evade taxes: the reflection effect from prospect theory, which holds that risk-averse individuals may behave as risk-lovers when they perceive prospects as losses; the liquidity position of taxpayers; and fiscal illusion. The empirical results from the experiments give some support to the liquidity hypothesis but do not support the other two hypotheses.
The Valuation of Government Loan Guarantees: a Theoretical and Empirical Perspective
Authors: Mensah Samuel
Published: March 2007

This study provides a model for the valuation of the benefits associated with government guarantee programs. The model generates the social value of a government loan guarantee under disequilibrium conditions that justify public investment as a second best decision rule. The social value of a loan is obtained by conditioning the benefits on the survival of the borrowing firm. An estimated hazard function captures the annual rate of benefit attrition resulting from the failure of borrowing firms. Benefit-cost indexes are generated by business class, thus providing ex ante asset allocation guidelines. Application of the model to a portfolio of loan guarantees administered by the Ontario Development Corporation indicates a positive social value under the assumed disequilibrium conditions.
Ingratiation and Assertiveness in the Service Provider–Customer Dyad
Authors: Yagil Dana
Published: March 2007

This study examined influence tactics used in the service encounter in relation to organizational service climate, on one hand, and customer satisfaction with the quality of service, on the other. Questionnaires were administered to 115 service provider–customer dyads, and the data were analyzed with structural equation modeling. The results show that both the organizational service climate and the customer’s behavior affect the influence tactics employed by the service provider. The customer’s satisfaction with the quality of the service is increased by ingratiation and decreased by the assertive behavior of the service provider. The results are discussed with regard to the role of influence processes in the service encounter.
Optimal Membership Fee and Usage Price Over Time for a Network Service
Authors: Fruchter Gila E. , Rao Ram C.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the pricing decision of a provider of network services in the face of a growing market of customer bases that join the network and then have a demand for the service. The authors find the optimal pricing policy consisting of an ongoing membership fee and a usage price that maximizes the sum of discounted profits. Consistent with empirical observations, the authors assume that the average usage demand declines with the number of customers. The authors find that the optimal policy consists of a penetration strategy for the membership fee, low at the beginning, increasing with network size, and a skimming strategy for the usage price, starting high and declining later. The intuition behind the results is that if early adopters are heavy users, it is better to increase network size through a low membership fee and have a high usage price for the heavy users initially.
The Impact of Relationship Type on Customer Loyalty in a Context of Service Failures
Authors: Mattila Anna S.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the impact of relationship type (true service relationship, pseudorelationship, and service encounter) on customers’ behavioral intentions in a context of service failures. Overall, the results from the two scenario-based experiments indicate that building a true service relationship with the customer might be a critical factor in ensuring customer loyalty with a failed recovery attempt. Moreover, the findings suggest that bonding the customer to the company might reduce customer resistance to premium prices.
Men at Work
Authors: RANSON GILLIAN
Published: March 2007

Studies of cultural images of fatherhood suggest the emergence of a new “involved” father to replace the breadwinner whose family responsibilities are discharged at work rather than at home. Yet, much of the research on fatherhood pays little attention to the implications of involved fatherhood for the way men organize their working lives. This article addresses this gap by exploring, with a theoretically strategic group of middle-class professional men, the extent to which their family responsibilities shape how they think about their careers and what they do on the job. In this group, particular perspectives on fatherhood seemed to accompany particular perspectives on careers. Fatherhood responsibilities for many continued to be organized around the demands of the workplace. Fathers who were most ready to challenge these demands, and for whom family time was neither negotiable nor discretionary, tended to be those whose career goals had already been met.
The Tortures of Mel Gibson
Authors: BROWN JEFFREY A.
Published: March 2007

The long-standing tradition of male masochism in popular cinema represents a dilemma for psychoanalytically informed gender studies. The persistent image of heroic male bodies bruised, beaten, and displayed for the film audience challenges the gendered binaries that have characterized such moments of powerlessness as feminine. The excessive physical tortures endured by Mel Gibson's characters in such movies as Lethal Weapon, Braveheart, and most clearly Payback illustrate the importance of suffering as an essentially masculine trait. Instead of representing sadism as categorically masculine and masochism as categorically feminine, the torture of cinematic heroes, such as Gibson's Porter in Payback, signifies the necessity of both sides of the sadomasochistic continuum in constructing a superior and unified image of masculinity. Moreover, the visual evidence of physical suffering on display in Gibson's films enhances his sex symbol status by clearly positioning the character's masculinity as undeniably heterosexual and authentic.
Reichhold Box Method for the Determination of Formaldehyde Release From Urea-Formaldehyde and Phenol-Formaldehyde Foams: Kinetic Treatment
Authors: Rybicky Jaroslav , Kambanis Stamatis M.
Published: March 2007

The rate of formaldehyde release from urea-formal dehyde and phenol-formaldehyde foams can be investigated, in addition to other techniques, by means of the Reichhold Box Method. It has been recently described and experimentally as sessed. In this paper, the method is analyzed and assessed kineti cally. Under certain kinetic circumstances, such as the rate of formaldehyde release being much larger than the rate of air sam pling, the method can provide the concentration of formaldehyde on the foam surface. The typical UF foams are shown to belong to this kinetic category.
The Thermal Insulating Properties of Vermiculite
Authors: Low Norman M.P.
Published: March 2007

A study has been carried out to determine the thermal insulating properties of expanded vermiculite mineral in the form of loose particles and in the form of compressed vermiculite boards. Measurements show that the thermal con ductivity of the loose vermiculite particles is in the range of 0.0633-0.0738 w/(m °C) and these values were found to vary with the pouring density of the loose particles and also with the size of the particles. Studies also show that loose vermiculite particles can be readily compacted into rigid and densified board with the addition of an external bonding medium. A phosphate-based cementitious material was found to be an effective bonding medium. Com pressed vermiculite boards containing the phosphate-based cementitious material exhibit a thermal conductivity in the range of 0.1040-0.1530 W/(m°C), a compressive strength of about 20 MN/m2 and a transverse strength of about 9 MN/m2. The compressed and bonded vermiculite boards are found to have good potential as a building material for construction applications.
A Procedure for Determining the Thermal Diffusivity of Materials
Authors: Stephenson D.G.
Published: March 2007

The thermal diffusivity of a solid material can be determined using pairs of identi cal specimens prepared for a thermal conductivity determination in a Guarded Hot Plate apparatus (ASTM C-177). Specimens are placed one on top of the other with a temperature sensor between them, and the pair is placed between the heat-sink plates of a Guarded Hot Plate apparatus. The temperature of these plates is varied at a constant rate.

The thermal conductivity, specific heat and density of the material are assumed to be constant over the range of temperature used for the test. For a pair of granite slabs, at a mean temperature of 8°C, the thermal diffusivity is 8.49 × 10-7 m2/s ± 0.02 × 10-7 m2/s.
Calibration of Heat Flow Meters in Vacuum, Cryogenic, and High Temperature Conditions
Authors: Albers Mark A.
Published: March 2007

The Heat Flow Meter (HFM) Apparatus (ASTM C518) can be an ex tremely versatile test instrument used in a wide variety of conditions. Two special design HFM apparatuses are described here. They are Vacuum-Cryogenic and High Temperature (600°C) Heat Flow Meters. Calibration technique is the main key to obtaining useful information from testing under these unusual conditions. A few standards are available for use in these areas, however, others must be generated from Guarded Hot Plate (ASTM C177) tests under similar conditions. Mathematical modeling and statistical regression methods are employed to obtain calibration equa tions in order to calculate the coefficient or sensitivity under a variety of test condi tions. Error analysis is used to estimate the uncertainty of these test measurements which is usually greater than under standard conditions. These types of calibration methods have proven to be viable and useful for many years at the Manville-Schuller Mountain Technical Center thermal test labs. This allows the use of HFMs in testing conditions traditionally reserved for Guarded Hot Plates. The lower cost, simpler design, and easier operation of the HFM apparatus are significant advantages.
Variations in Airtightness of Houses Constructed with Polyethylene and ADA Air Barrier Systems Over a Three-Year Period
Authors: Proskiw G. , Eng P.
Published: March 2007

Periodic airtightness tests were carried out on twenty-four new houses over a three-year period to evaluate their air barrier systems and to search for evidence of air barrier degradation. Ten of the houses were constructed with polyeth ylene air barriers while the remaining fourteen used an early version of the Airtight Drywall Approach (ADA). The twenty-four project houses were architecturally sim ilar and of approximately equal size and general layout; stucco was the predominate exterior wall finish. All were exposed to similar terrain shielding.

The study found that the airtightness of the polyethylene air barrier houses re mained stable over their respective monitoring periods. Two of the ten houses dem onstrated possible, albeit slight, evidence of airtightness degradation, however, the magnitude of these changes was small and judged to not be of practical significance. For example, all but one of the polyethylene houses met the airtightness requirements of the Canadian R-2000 Standard for energy efficient housing at the end of their monitoring periods. With respect to the critical issue of air barrier degradation, no evidence was found to indicate that polyethylene is unsuitable for use as an air barrier material in residential construction.

The airtightness of the fourteen ADA houses also remained stable over the moni toring period. Six of the fourteen houses displayed possible, but once again slight, evidence of airtightness degradation, however, the magnitude of the changes was also small and not of practical significance. All fourteen ADA houses met the airtightness requirements of the R-2000 Program at the end of their respective monitoring periods. It was concluded that no evidence could be found to indicate that the ADA system is unsuitable for use in residential construction.
Performance of Source Drainage External Insulation Finish System at the Window/Wall Junction
Authors: Edgar John
Published: March 2007

This paper presents the results of research conducted to exam ine the efficiency of critical details in source drainage EIFS. The research was prompted by a BOCA1 model code change requiring that the interface between dissimilar materials be tested to demonstrate that the details resist water pene tration into wall assemblies. The objective of the research was twofold: (1) to satisfy the BOCA requirements, and (2) to examine the effectiveness of source drainage as a method of water management. The experimental simulations in volved much more severe conditions than the BOCA requirements to assess source drainage.

The research evaluated a number of construction details for rain penetration resistance under static pressure differences up to 1 kPa (20.9 psf) and dynamic pressure variations at wind speeds up to 33.5 m/s (121 km/h) (75 mph). The re sults show that traditional techniques based on source drainage, such as window flashing, are effective as a means for managing water at the window/wall junc tions of the EIFS cladding systems.

This paper describes the test procedure and focuses on window details.
In situ Performance of Expanded Molded Polystyrene in the Exterior Basement Insulation Systems (EIBS)
Authors: Swinton M.C. , Bomberg M.T. , Kumaran M.K. , Maref W.
Published: March 2007

Several different Exterior Basement Insulation Systems (EIBS) were built and instrumented as part of the basement consortium2 research project. These EIBS specimens were instrumented prior to back filling with soil, and their in situ thermal performance was monitored over two years. Soil temperatures and moisture content were monitored concurrently. Weather data were recorded on a daily basis.

Through analysis of the measured surface temperature records, the presence of water was detected at the outer surface during various periods of heavy rain and major thaws throughout the two-year period. During these periods, the surface of the concrete showed no evidence of water penetration through the insulation layer over most of the height of the basement wall.

Since the test setup involved different thermal insulating materials placed next to each other, the presence of lateral heat flow was inevitable. Both 2-D and 3-D models were used to quantify the lateral heat flow across the edges of different in sulating materials. The measured spatial and temporal temperature profiles were used as boundary conditions.

The thermal performance of each insulation specimen was found to remain sta ble over the two-year period and was not significantly affected by episodes of wa ter movement at the exterior face of the specimens. The thermal resistance of
Strong Medicine and Unintended Consequences
Authors: Barkdoll Gerald L.
Published: March 2007

Essays, opinions, and professional judgments are welcome in this section of EP. Forum articles speak to and about the philosophical and ethical dilemmas of our profession. Authors are invited to express their views to encourage constructive dia logue centered on issues. To keep the dialogue substantive, other articles motivated by previous Forum presentations should have independent titles and themes. Items labeled "Comments on ..." and "Rejoinder to ..." will not be published inForum— such responses, and those not of article length or nature, are welcome and encouraged in theIn Response section of EP. Standard citations and reference lists should acknowledge and identify earlier contributions and viewpoints. Manuscripts should not exceed 10 double-spaced typewritten pages in length.
The Impact of Federal Government Reinvention on Federal Evaluation Activity
Authors: Wargo Michael J.
Published: March 2007

Directors of the largest and most active executive branch evaluation offices assessed the impacts of the first year of federal government reinvention. They reported an increase in customer focus, little change in evaluation flexibility and privatization, and little change or a decrease in evaluation activity, authority, funding, and staffing. These findings suggest an erosion of government capacity to conduct evaluations that is expected to Wargo intensify as the Republican congress and the Democratic administration race to outdo each other in reinventing government prior to the upcoming presidential election.
The Illinois State Police as an Archetypal Model
Authors: Falcone David N.
Published: March 2007

This article is a social history regarding the creation and evolution of the state police in Illinois as an archetypal model. The methodology and data collection employed a content analysis of both primary and secondary sources. It is posited that the Illinois State Police is a historical artifact that is the product of: (1) the Progressive agenda and the concomitant police professionalization movement; (2) social, economic and cultural forces at work during the years immediately following the turn of the century; and (3) the desire by entrenched power to control the laboring and unruly classes. Both the evolution of the Illinois State Police and its place within the American scheme of policing are representative of other state-level policing agencies across the nation.
The Effect of Familiarity on Distraction and Single Cue Use after Hippocampal Damage
Authors: Holden Janean Erickson , Therrien Barbara
Published: March 2007

Spatial disorientation frequently occurs in conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease that damage the hippocampus, a brain structure necessary for learning and memory. Use of a single cue to mark a submerged escape platform in the Morris water test can reduce spatial disorientation in rats. If the cue used is a familiar one, disoriented rats perform the wayfinding task as well as control animals. However, in a real-world environment, cues rarely occur alone. This study examined whether rats with bilateral hippocampal lesions familiar with a cue performed the Morris water test as well as controls and faster than lesioned rats unfamiliar with the cue when a distracter was present. Bilateral electrolytic lesions were made in male rats that had received either familiarity with a cue or handling only. Familiar lesioned rats were introduced to the distracter on test days 1 (FB1) or 3 (FB3), and unfamiliar lesioned rats on day 3 (UB3). No significant differences were found for FB1 or FB3 rats and their respective controls. FB1 rats increased mean swim times on day 1 compared to preoperative day 4 (16.44 ± 4.3 vs. 4.06 ± 2.1 s, respectively, p< 0.03) but quickly adapted to the distracter. FB3 rats were slower than FB1 rats on day 3 (6.81 ± 1.0 vs. 4.56 ± 0.3 s, respectively, p < 0.05). UB3 rats were impaired on the task compared to FB1 rats on days 3-7 (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that cue familiarity is effective in the presence of a distracter and that the response of disoriented rats to a distracter is influenced by the amount of prior experience with the cue.
Measuring Circadian Temperature Rhythm
Authors: Hanneman Sandra K.
Published: March 2007

Experimental control and mathematical techniques increase confidence that results of circadian temperature rhythm studies reflect true changes in the circadian timing system versus coupling with exogenous synchronizers. Masking effects represent confounding influences in studies that are concerned with the endogenous temperature rhythm. Because it is technically difficult to measure directly the behavior of the endogenous timing system, marker rhythms are used as proxy measures. However, in addition to entraining, the external environment exerts a direct masking effect on the monitored rhythm. Methods for measuring circadian temperature rhythm are reviewed in this article. Constant routine, forced desynchrony, and purification methods represent attempts, at an experimental or mathematical level, to remove masking effects and more accurately capture the endogenous circadian temperature rhythm. Exogenous factors have not been subjected to the same scrutiny as the endogenous features of circadian temperature rhythm. But it is the environmental context, the extent to which the endogenous features are adaptively modified by the field environment, that will ultimately determine the biological value of circadian temperature rhythm to the organism. Thus, nurse investigators are encouraged to use rigorous methods to study both endogenous circadian temperature rhythm and exogenous rhythms.
Amlodipine Decreases Iron Uptake and Oxygen Free Radical Production in the Heart of Chronically Iron Overloaded Mice
Authors: Crowe Sarah , Bartfay Wally J.
Published: March 2007

Hereditary hemochromatosis is a disorder of iron metabolism, which is currently the most prevalent autosomal recessive disorder in the world, with an expression of the homozygous form occurring in approximately 1 in 200 individuals of European descent. Approximately one third of patients with hemochromatosis die of iron-induced cardiac complications. Although the exact mechanism is not known, it is believed that the toxicity of excess iron in biological systems is due to its ability to catalyze the generation of harmful reactive oxygen free radical species (ROS), which can damage proteins, lipids, and DNA. There is preliminary evidence to suggest that nontransferrinbound iron uptake in the myocardium may occur through voltage-dependent L-type calcium channels, and that calcium channel blockers (CCBs) may possess antioxidant properties. Accordingly, the authors hypothesized that the administration of amlodipine besylate would (1) decrease iron uptake in the myocardium and (2) decrease oxygen free radical production as measured by cytotoxic aldehyde–derived peroxidation products in a murine model of iron overload cardiomyopathy. The findings show that the CCB amlodipine is partially effective in limiting iron uptake in the heart and significantly inhibits the production of ROS in chronically iron-loaded mice. These are important preliminary findings because they suggest that CCBs may have significance in the clinical management of genetic disorders of iron metabolism.
Spatial Patterns of Atrophied Muscle Fibers during Exercised Recovery
Authors: Kasper Christine E.
Published: March 2007

The effect of run training during the recovery period on the spatial distributions of fiber type was examined in atrophic soleus muscle of adult rats following 28 days of hindlimb suspension. During recovery, clusters of damaged and type IIC fibers were observed, which were more pronounced in the exercised animals than in both exercised and nonexercised control groups. The results indicate that exercise during recovery following suspension-induced hindlimb muscle atrophy produces changes in the soleus fiber-type cross-sectional area, both absolute and relative. These changes were not seen in the sedentary recovery group or in control rats exposed to the same exercise regimen. The author concludes that this treatment, unlike neurogenic pathologies, does not cause any remodeling during recovery, in the sense of changed adjacency relations among fiber types.
Ignored and Apparently Invisible : Women at Work in Northern Ireland
Authors: Robinson Gillian , Heaton Norma , Davies Celia
Published: March 2007

This paper gives an account of some of the authors' experiences as a group of women academics, interested in exploring the patterns of women's paid employment in Northern Ireland and understanding its contribution both to their lives and to the dynamics of the local economy. It examines the form that feminist criticism of official statistics has taken in the UK context. Next, it considers the case of Northern Ireland as a specific context for the debate about and reform of statistical practice. The authors argue that, while more use can be made of existing data sets, there need to be adjustments to customary practice so as better to reflect the reality of employment of women.
Painting New (Feminist) Pictures of Human Resource Development (and) Identifying Research Issues for Political Change
Authors: Hughes Christina
Published: March 2007

In responding to the question `What can feminist analyses contribute to the field of human resource development?' this article focuses on three areas of management learning. These are debates in relation to: gendered learning styles and ways of knowing; accessing and participating in learning; and the pedagogues of the human resource professional. The article outlines relevant research agendas and researchable questions in each of these fields.