bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural styles in the Papuan Fold Belt, Papua New Guinea: constraints from analogue modelling
Authors: Hill Kevin C. , Lucas Katie , Bradey Keith
Published: November 2010

Cross sections, seismic data and centrifuge analogue modelling reveal the structural styles in the oil-producing areas of the Papuan Fold Belt. They include inverted basement faults, detachment faults in the Jurassic section 1–2 km beneath the Neocomian Toro Sandstone reservoir, and tight, overturned folds in the reservoir sequence with stretched and boudinaged forelimbs, cut by break-thrusts. Additional features include highly variable thicknesses in the Cretaceous Ieru Formation, the regional seal sequence, including through-going detachments that isolate the overlying thick Miocene Darai Limestone. Centrifuge analogue modelling of intact, plane-layered strata determined that the mechanical stratigraphy and the thickness of weak beds above the lower décollement horizon exert the greatest control on the structural style. Large-offset thrust faults were only produced in models with pre-cut faults, generating early inversion and then large ramp anticlines, similar to those in the Kutubu Oilfield, which has reserves of >350 million barrels. It is suggested that the Kutubu Oilfield trend was underlain by a large normal fault and that, by analogy with the Vulcan Sub-basin, oil-rich source rocks may be confined to the hanging wall or north side of this fault. Oil would have been generated and expelled during thin-skinned deformation.
The use of palaeo-thermo-barometers and coupled thermal, fluid flow and pore-fluid pressure modelling for hydrocarbon and reservoir prediction in fold and thrust belts
Authors: Roure F. , Andriessen P. , Callot J. P. , Faure J. L. , Ferket H. , Gonzales E. , Guilhaumou N. , Lacombe O. , Malandain J. , Sassi W. , Schneider F. , Swennen R. , Vilasi N.
Published: November 2010

Basin modelling tools are now more efficient to reconstruct palinspastic structural cross sections and compute the history of temperature, pore-fluid pressure and fluid flow circulations in complex structural settings. In many cases and especially in areas where limited erosion occurred, the use of well logs, bottom hole temperatures (BHT) and palaeo-thermometers such as vitrinite reflectance (Ro) and Rock-Eval (Tmax) data is usually sufficient to calibrate the heat flow and geothermal gradients across a section. However, in the foothills domains erosion is a dominant process, challenging the reconstruction of reservoir rocks palaeo-burial and the corresponding calibration of their past thermal evolution. Often it is not possible to derive a single solution for palaeo-burial and palaeo-thermal gradient estimates in the foothills, if based solely on maturity ranks of the organic matter.

Alternative methods are then required to narrow down the error bars in palaeo-burial estimates, and to secure more realistic predictions of hydrocarbon generation. Apatite fission tracks (AFT) can provide access to time–temperature paths and absolute ages for the crossing of the 120 °C isotherm and timing of the unroofing. Hydrocarbon-bearing fluid inclusions, when developing contemporaneously with aqueous inclusions, can provide a direct access to the pore-fluid temperature and pressure of cemented fractures or reservoir at the time of cementation and hydrocarbon trapping, on line with the tectonic evolution. Further attempts are also currently made to use calcite twins for constraining reservoir burial and palaeo-stress conditions during the main deformational episodes. Ultimately, the use of magnetic properties and petrographical measurements can also document the impact of tectonic stresses during the evolution of the layer parallel shortening (LPS).

The methodology integrating these complementary constraints will be illustrated using reference case studies from Albania, sub-Andean basins in Colombia and Venezuela, segments of the North American Cordillera in Mexico and in the Canadian Rockies, as well as from the Middle East.
Protein-to-protein interactions
Authors: Cannataro Mario , Guzzi Pietro H. , Veltri Pierangelo
Published: November 2010

Studying proteins and their structures has an important role for understanding protein functionalities. Recently, due to important results obtained with proteomics, a great interest has been given to
interactomics
, that is, the study of protein-to-protein interactions, called PPI, or more generally, interactions among macromolecules, particularly within cells. Interactomics means studying, modeling, storing, and retrieving protein-to-protein interactions as well as algorithms for manipulating, simulating, and predicting interactions. PPI data can be obtained from biological experiments studying interactions. Modeling and storing PPIs can be realized by using graph theory and graph data management, thus graph databases can be queried for further experiments. PPI graphs can be used as input for data-mining algorithms, where raw data are binary interactions forming interaction graphs, and analysis algorithms retrieve biological interactions among proteins (i.e., PPI biological meanings). For instance, predicting the interactions between two or more proteins can be obtained by mining interaction networks stored in databases. In this article we survey modeling, storing, analyzing, and manipulating PPI data. After describing the main PPI models, mostly based on graphs, the article reviews PPI data representation and storage, as well as PPI databases. Algorithms and software tools for analyzing and managing PPI networks are discussed in depth. The article concludes by discussing the main challenges and research directions in PPI networks.
Orienting Kinesthetically
Authors: Amemiya Tomohiro , Sugiyama Hisashi
Published: November 2010

Orientation and position information are vital for people with visual impairments if they are to avoid obstacles and hazards while walking around. We develop and evaluate a haptic direction indicator that delivers directional information in real time through kinesthetic cues. The indicator uses a novel kinesthetic perception method called the pseudo-attraction force technique, which employs the nonlinear relationship between perceived and physical acceleration to generate a force sensation. In an experiment, we find that the haptic direction indicator allowed people with visual impairments to walk safely along a predefined route at their usual walking pace without any previous training, independent of the existence of auditory information. The findings indicate that the haptic direction indicator is effective at delivering simple navigational information, and is a suitable substitute for and/or enhancement to conventional wayfinding methods.
The Design of Alice
Authors: Cooper Stephen
Published: November 2010

This article explores the major design characteristics (both pedagogic as well as technical) that helped to shape Alice 2. It identifies several strengths of Alice as well as several weaknesses. An example problem is solved in Alice, covering many of the design characteristics. Finally, the effects and impacts of Alice instruction are presented, and the future directions of Alice development are provided.
Alice, Greenfoot, and Scratch -- A Discussion
Authors: Utting Ian , Cooper Stephen , Kölling Michael , Maloney John , Resnick Mitchel
Published: November 2010

This article distills a discussion about the goals, mechanisms, and effects of three environments which aim to support the acquisition and development of computing concepts (problem solving and programming) in pre-University and non-technical students: Alice, Greenfoot, and Scratch. The conversation started in a special session on the topic at the 2010 ACM SIGCSE Symposium on Computer Science Education and continued during the creation of the resulting Special Issue of the ACM Transactions on Computing Education.
Interview with Jill Walker Rettberg
Authors: Atzenbeck Claus
Published: November 2010

Jill Walker Rettberg is Associate Professor of Digital Culture at the University of Bergen, where she researches online narratives and social media. She is the author of "Blogging" (Polity Press, 2008) and co-editor of "Digital Culture, Play and Identity: A World of Warcraft Reader" (MIT Press, 2008). She has published on electronic literature, hypertext, digital art and social media, and has blogged at http://jilltxt.net for ten years.
Hypertext 2011
Authors: De Bra Paul
Published: November 2010

The ACM Hypertext Conference is the main venue for high quality peer-reviewed research on hypermedia theory, systems and practices. The Web, Semantic Web, Web 2.0, Social Networks and collaborative hypermedia environments are all manifestations of the success of hypermedia research.
The Expression of Soluble and Active RecombinantHaemophilus influenzaeIgA1 Protease inE. coli
Authors: Long Shinong , Phan Elaine , Vellard Michel C.
Published: November 2010

Immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1) proteases fromHaemophilus influenzaeare extracellular proteases that specifically cleave the hinge region of human IgA1, the predominant class of immunoglobulin present on mucosal membranes. The IgA1 proteases may have the potential to cleave IgA1 complexes in the kidney and be a therapeutic agent for IgA1 nephropathy (IgAN), a disease characterized by deposition of the IgA1 antibody in the glomerulus. We have screened for the expression of recombinantH. influenzaeIgA1 protease by combining various expression plasmids, IgA1 protease constructs, andE. colistrains under multiple conditions. Using the method we have developed, approximately 20–40 mg/L of soluble and activeH. influenzaeIgA1 protease can be produced fromE. colistrain C41(DE3), a significant increase in yield compared to the yield upon expression inH. influenzaeor other related bacteria.
Revisiting Sum of Residues Modular Multiplication
Authors: Kong Yinan , Phillips Braden
Published: November 2010

In the 1980s, when the introduction of public key cryptography spurred interest in modular multiplication, many implementations performed modular multiplication using a sum of residues. As the field matured, sum of residues modular multiplication lost favor to the extent that all recent surveys have either overlooked it or incorporated it within a larger class of reduction algorithms. In this paper, we present a new taxonomy of modular multiplication algorithms. We include sum of residues as one of four classes and argue why it should be considered different to the other, now more common, algorithms. We then apply techniques developed for other algorithms to reinvigorate sum of residues modular multiplication. We compare FPGA implementations of modular multiplication up to 24 bits wide. The sum of residues multipliers demonstrate reduced latency at nearly 50% compared to Montgomery architectures at the cost of nearly doubled circuit area. The new multipliers are useful for systems based on the Residue Number System (RNS).
The Lrp Family of Transcription Regulators in Archaea
Authors: Peeters Eveline , Charlier Daniel
Published: November 2010

Archaea possess a eukaryotic-type basal transcription apparatus that is regulated by bacteria-like transcription regulators. A universal and abundant family of transcription regulators are the bacterial/archaeal Lrp-like regulators. The Lrp family is one of the best studied regulator families in archaea, illustrated by investigations of proteins from the archaeal model organisms:Sulfolobus,Pyrococcus,Methanocaldococcus, andHalobacterium. These regulators are extremely versatile in their DNA-binding properties, response to effector molecules, and molecular regulatory mechanisms. Besides being involved in the regulation of the amino acid metabolism, they also regulate central metabolic processes. It appears that these regulatory proteins are also involved in large regulatory networks, because of hierarchical regulations and the possible combinatorial use of different Lrp-like proteins. Here, we discuss the recent developments in our understanding of this important class of regulators.
Dynamical System and Nonlinear Regression for Estimate Host‐Parasitoid Relationship
Authors: Miranda Cabrera Ileana , Baños Díaz Heyker Lellanis , Martínez María de los Ángeles
Published: November 2010

The complex relationships of a crop with the pest, its natural enemies, and the climate factors exist in all the ecosystems, but the mathematic models has studied only some components to know the relation cause‐effect. The most studied system has been concerned with the relationship pest‐natural enemies such as prey‐predator or host‐parasitoid. The present paper shows a dynamical system for studying the relationship host‐parasitoid (Diaphorina citri, Tamarixia radiata) and shows that a nonlinear model permits the estimation of the parasite nymphs using nymphs healthy as the known variable. The model showed the functional answer of the parasitoid, in which a point arrives that its density is not augmented although the number host increases, and it becomes necessary to intervene in the ecosystem. A simple algorithm is used to estimate the parasitoids level using the priori relationship between the host and the climate factors and then the nonlinear model.
Mixture of Generalized Gamma Density‐Based Score Function for Fastica
Authors: Waheed M. EL-Sayed , Mohamed Osama Abdo , Abd El-aziz M. E.
Published: November 2010

We propose an entirely novel family of score functions for blind signal separation (BSS), based on the family of mixture generalized gamma density which includes generalized gamma, Weilbull, gamma, and Laplace and Gaussian probability density functions. To blindly extract the independent source signals, we resort to the FastICA approach, whilst to adaptively estimate the parameters of such score functions, we use Nelder‐Mead for optimizing the maximum likelihood (ML) objective function without relaying on any derivative information. Our experimental results with source employing a wide range of statistics distribution show that Nelder‐Mead technique produce a good estimation for the parameters of score functions.
Fat Restriction Is Associated with Impaired Quality of Life in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease
Authors: Kuwabara A. , Nakase H. , Tsuji H. , Shide K. , Chiba T. , Inagaki N. , Tanaka K.
Published: November 2010

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease, is reported to be associated with impaired health-related quality of life (QOL). Although decreased QOL in these subjects has been reported to be associated with various factors, the effect of nutritional therapy, especially nutrients intake on QOL has received less attention. In this study, we evaluated the various factors including nutrients intake on QOL using SF-8 in 64 patients with IBD. Patients with IBD seem to have decreased QOL especially in the mental aspects. The percentage energy intake from fat of total energy fat intake (% energy) of the whole subjects, was lower than those of the annual National Nutrition Survey in Japan. Multiple regression analyses revealed that fat intake (% energy) was a significant predictor for mental component summary. In conclusion, fat restriction contributes to impaired QOL especially in the mental aspects in IBD patients.
Prenatal Diagnosis of Persistent Urogenital Sinus with Duplicated Hydrometrocolpos and Ascites – A Case Report
Authors: Pauleta Joana , Melo Maria Antonieta , Borges Gertrudes , Carvalho Rui , Marques João Paulo , Dupont Juliette , Monteiro Cecília Pardal , Graça Luís Mendes
Published: November 2010

We report a successful case of persistent urogenital sinus associated with a duplicated nonsyndromic form of hydrometrocolpos and ascites diagnosed prenatally. Though urogenital malformations are extremely rare and variable in presentation, the conjugation of those anomalies in a newborn is reported here for the first time. Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis was suspected at 25 weeks’ gestation and MRI imaging supported the diagnosis. Periodic ultrasound surveillance was conducted until birth at 35 weeks’ gestation by cesarean section. The presumptive diagnosis was confirmed after birth. One month later, the newborn underwent reconstructive surgical intervention with good outcome.
Mutations of Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor Genes in Human Osteosarcoma Cells
Authors: Okabe Kyoko , Hayashi Mai , Fujii Minako , Honoki Kanya , Mori Toshio , Fukushima Nobuyuki , Tsujiuchi Toshifumi
Published: November 2010

Objective: Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), which is a bioactive phospholipid, interacts with specific G protein-coupled transmembrane receptors. Recently, alterations in LPA receptor genes have been reported in some tumor cells. In this study, to assess an involvement of LPA receptor genes in the development of human cancer cells, we looked for the presence of mutations in LPA receptor 1–6 (LPA1–6) genes in MG63 osteosarcoma, HT1080 fibrosarcoma, A549 lung adenocarcinoma, MCF-7 breast carcinoma, and G-361 melanoma cells. Methods: Genomic DNAs were extracted from each cell and polymerase chain reaction-single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis was performed to identify the mutations. Results: MG63 showed mutations in LPA1 and LPA3 genes, while no mutations in the LPA receptor genes were found in HT1080, A549, MCF-7 and G-361 cells. Sequence analysis revealed a CGC to CGT (Arg to Arg) transition at codon 314 in LPA1, and a GCG to GTG (Ala to Val) transition at codon 247 in LPA3. Conclusion: These results indicated that the mutations in LPA1 and LPA3 genes occur in MG63 cells, suggesting that the alterations in LPA receptor genes may play some role in the pathogenesis in human osteosarcoma cells.
Early Aggressive Treatment Strategy against Myasthenia Gravis
Authors: Nagane Yuriko , Suzuki Shigeaki , Suzuki Norihiro , Utsugisawa Kimiaki
Published: November 2010

Background/Aims: In treating myasthenia gravis (MG), our aims were to achieve early minimal manifestations (MM) by performing early aggressive therapy (EAT) using plasmapheresis and high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone, and then to maintain the status with low-dose oral corticosteroids (EAT strategy). We examined the merits of the EAT strategy. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed long-term effects of the EAT strategy (duration of therapy: 4.1 years) for 49 de novo MG patients and compared the effects to those of high-dose oral prednisolone therapy for 22 patients. Results: The EAT group achieved marked early improve- ment with much lower doses of oral prednisolone compared to the high-dose prednisolone group. The patients who achieved MM with prednisolone ≤5 mg/day were more frequent in the EAT group at both 1 year (57.1 vs. 4.5%) and final observation (77.6 vs. 27.3%). Both new-onset diabetes and patients who had complained of moon face were less frequent in the EAT group. However, in the EAT group, due to a temporary inability to maintain MM, additional short-term hospitalizations to return to MM by EAT were required. Conclusions: The EAT strategy has advantages of early improvement with less frequent steroid-related complications. The labor and cost required are evident disadvantages.
Inhibition and Genetic Ablation of the B7/CD28 T-Cell Costimulation Axis Prevents Experimental Hypertension
Authors: Vinh Antony , Chen Wei , Blinder Yelena , Weiss Daiana , Taylor W. Robert , Goronzy Jörg J. , Weyand Cornelia M. , Harrison David G. , Guzik Tomasz J.
Published: November 2010

Background—

The pathogenesis of hypertension remains poorly understood, and treatment is often unsuccessful. Recent evidence suggests that the adaptive immune response plays an important role in this disease. Various hypertensive stimuli cause T-cell activation and infiltration into target organs such as the vessel and the kidney, which promotes vascular dysfunction and blood pressure elevation. Classically, T-cell activation requires T-cell receptor ligation and costimulation. The latter often involves interaction between B7 ligands (CD80 and CD86) on antigen-presenting cells with the T-cell coreceptor CD28. This study was therefore performed to examine the role of this pathway in hypertension.

Methods and Results—

Angiotensin II–induced hypertension increased the presence of activated (CD86
+
) dendritic cells in secondary lymphatic tissues. Blockade of B7-dependent costimulation with CTLA4-Ig reduced both angiotensin II– and deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)–salt–induced hypertension. Activation of circulating T cells, T-cell cytokine production, and vascular T-cell accumulation caused by these hypertensive stimuli were abrogated by CTLA4-Ig. Furthermore, in mice lacking B7 ligands, angiotensin II caused minimal blood pressure elevation and vascular inflammation, and these effects were restored by transplantation with wild-type bone marrow.

Conclusions—

T-cell costimulation via B7 ligands is essential for development of experimental hypertension, and inhibition of this process could have therapeutic benefit in the treatment of this disease.
Marked Variability in Susceptibility to Ventricular Fibrillation in an Experimental Commotio Cordis Model
Authors: Alsheikh-Ali Alawi A. , Madias Christopher , Supran Stacey , Link Mark S.
Published: November 2010

Background—

Precordial blows in sports and daily activities can trigger ventricular fibrillation (VF) (commotio cordis). Whereas chest wall blows are common, commotio cordis is rare. Although factors such as timing, location, orientation, and energy of impact are critically important, we also hypothesize that there is individual susceptibility to commotio cordis. Using our model of commotio cordis, we evaluated individual animal susceptibility to VF induction and assessed animal characteristics that might be involved.

Methods and Results—

This retrospective analysis included 139 juvenile swine (weight, 8 to 54 kg) that were anesthetized and placed prone in a sling to receive chest wall strikes with a ball propelled at 30 to 40 mph. Each animal received a minimum of 4 impacts directly over the cardiac silhouette, all timed to a narrow vulnerable window during cardiac repolarization. Of 1274 total impacts, 360 impacts (28%) resulted in VF. There was wide variability in individual animal susceptibility to VF. In 38 animals, none of the impacts resulted in VF (range, 4 to 18 impacts per animal). The majority of animals (91; 65%) were induced into VF with <30% of the strikes. In fact, only 19 animals (14%) had >50% occurrence of VF with chest wall impacts, and only 7 (5%) had >80% occurrence of chest impacts that induced VF. In the animal-based analysis, individual correlates of VF included animal weight, mean impact velocity, mean left ventricular pressure generated by the blow, mean QRS duration, mean QTc, and QTc variability. In multivariable analysis, mean left ventricular pressure generated by the blow, mean QRS duration, and QTc variability remained significant correlates of risk, and number of impacts gained statistical significance such that animals with more impacts were less susceptible to VF.

Conclusions—

Swine display a wide range of individual vulnerability to VF triggered by chest wall impact, with a distinct minority being uniquely susceptible. Mild abnormalities in cardiac depolarization and repolarization might underlie this susceptibility. Such individual susceptibility may also be present in humans and contribute to the rarity of commotio cordis.
Lifetime Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Arterial Pulse Wave Velocity in Adulthood
Authors: Aatola Heikki , Koivistoinen Teemu , Hutri-Kähönen Nina , Juonala Markus , Mikkilä Vera , Lehtimäki Terho , Viikari Jorma S.A. , Raitakari Olli T. , Kähönen Mika
Published: November 2010

Background—

The relationships between childhood lifestyle risk factors and adulthood pulse wave velocity (PWV) have not been reported. We studied whether childhood and adulthood lifestyle risk factors are associated with PWV assessed in adulthood.

Methods and Results—

The study cohort comprised 1622 subjects of the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study followed up for 27 years since baseline (1980; aged 3 to 18 years) with lifestyle risk factor data available since childhood. Arterial PWV was measured in 2007 by whole-body impedance cardiography device. Vegetable consumption in childhood was inversely associated with adulthood PWV (β=−0.06,
P
=0.02), and this association remained significant (β=−0.07,
P
=0.004) when adjusted for traditional risk factors (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, and smoking). Vegetable consumption was also an independent predictor of PWV in adulthood when adjusted for lifestyle or traditional risk factors (β=−0.08,
P
=0.002 and β=−0.07,
P
=0.0007, respectively). Persistently high consumption of both fruits and vegetables from childhood to adulthood was associated with lower PWV compared with persistently low consumption (
P
=0.03 for both). The number of lifestyle risk factors (the lowest quintile for vegetable consumption, fruit consumption, physical activity, and smoking) in childhood was directly associated with PWV in adulthood (
P
=0.001). This association remained significant when adjusted for the number of lifestyle risk factors in adulthood (
P
=0.003).

Conclusions—

These findings suggest that lifetime lifestyle risk factors, with low consumption of fruits and vegetables in particular, are related to arterial stiffness in young adulthood.
Role of Home Blood Pressure Monitoring in Overcoming Therapeutic Inertia and Improving Hypertension Control
Authors: Agarwal Rajiv , Bills Jennifer E. , Hecht Tyler J.W. , Light Robert P.
Published: November 2010

Hypertension remains the most common modifiable cardiovascular risk factor, yet hypertension control rates remain dismal. Home blood pressure (BP) monitoring has the potential to improve hypertension control. The purpose of this review was to quantify both the magnitude and mechanisms of benefit of home BP monitoring on BP reduction. Using a structured review, studies were selected if they reported either changes in BP or percentage of participants achieving a pre-established BP goal between randomized groups using home-based and office-based BP measurements. A random-effects model was used to estimate the magnitude of benefit and relative risk. The search yielded 37 randomized controlled trials with 9446 participants that contributed data for this meta-analysis. Compared with clinic-based measurements (control group), systolic BP improved with home-based BP monitoring (−2.63 mm Hg; 95% CI, −4.24, −1.02); diastolic BP also showed improvement (−1.68 mm Hg; 95% CI, −2.58, −0.79). Reductions in home BP monitoring-based therapy were greater when telemonitoring was used. Home BP monitoring led to more frequent antihypertensive medication reductions (relative risk, 2.02 [95% CI, 1.32 to 3.11]) and was associated with less therapeutic inertia defined as unchanged medication despite elevated BP (relative risk for unchanged medication, 0.82 [95% CI, 0.68 to 0.99]). Compared with clinic BP monitoring alone, home BP monitoring has the potential to overcome therapeutic inertia and lead to a small but significant reduction in systolic and diastolic BP. Hypertension control with home BP monitoring can be enhanced further when accompanied by plans to monitor and treat elevated BP such as through telemonitoring.
Shelter During the Storm
Authors: Krohn Marvin D. , Lizotte Alan J. , Bushway Shawn D. , Schmidt Nicole M. , Phillips Matthew D.
Published: November 2010

Using data from the Rochester Youth Development Study, the authors show that trajectories of past violence predict future violence better than other more traditional measures of risk. The authors then evaluate whether factors that can be manipulated during this time can both promote less violence for all individuals as well as protect against violence among those who are most at risk for more violence. This article finds that several factors protect youth from violent behavior but not from gun or weapon carrying. Implications of these findings for future research on risk and protective factors of youth violence and for strategies for preventing such behavior are discussed.
Using the Bifactor Model to Assess the Dimensionality of the Hong Psychological Reactance Scale
Authors: Brown Allison R. , Finney Sara J. , France Megan K.
Published: November 2010

The Hong Psychological Reactance Scale (HPRS) purports to measure reactance: a motivational state experienced when a behavioral freedom is threatened with elimination. To date, five studies have examined the psychometric properties of the HPRS, but reached different conclusions regarding its factor structure. The current study further investigated the factor structure of the HPRS by testing four competing models using responses from 1,282 college students. A modified bifactor model, in which a general reactance factor explained common variance among all the items and specific factors explained shared residual variance among sets of items, was championed. Implications for estimating reliability and scoring the HPRS are discussed.
African Americans’ Lay Theories About the Detection of Prejudice and Nonprejudice
Authors: Winslow Matthew P. , Aaron Angela , Amadife Emmanuel N.
Published: November 2010

Two studies examine African Americans’ perceptions of prejudice and nonprejudice in Whites and their perceptions of Whites’ impression management behaviors related to prejudice. Responses to open-ended questions about what makes them think a person is and is not prejudiced and general advice for Whites were collected from a total of 236 African American university students. The most common behaviors listed that indicated prejudice included name calling and stereotyping. Indications of nonprejudice included positive behaviors (smiling, helping), equal treatment, and seeking out interaction with minorities. Respondents also advised Whites to be authentic. Results also indicated that common impression management behaviors by Whites may backfire. Results are discussed in terms previous research and the complicated nature of interracial interactions.
A Bird, a Crocodile, and the 21st Century Cowrie Shell: Analyzing Ghana’s Currency Change
Authors: Afi Abui Dzokoto Vivian , Clifford Mensah Edwin , Opare-Henaku Annabella
Published: November 2010

Ghana’s currency was redenominated in 2007. The current study explored this transition as an example of change occurring in a cultural context. This was achieved using interviews as a window into the experiences of a sample of 40 Ghanaians who daily live in the aftermath of this change. These findings indicate that the old currency continues to play a very important role in post-redenomination Ghana. Though no longer physically present, the old currency remains an integral part of the daily financial discourse. While participants gave several reasons for this tendency, the “Sankofa—Denkyem” (retrospective adaptability) effect is introduced as a cultural framework that adequately explains the results of this study.
The Significance of Race and Geography on Legislative Behavior: Exploring the Legislative Agenda in Post-Katrina Louisiana
Authors: Winburn Jonathan , Sullivan Jas M.
Published: November 2010

Hurricane Katrina dramatically altered the political landscape in Louisiana, and a clear racial gap in public opinion formed regarding the governmental response to the storms. Using data from the 2005 and 2006 legislative sessions, the authors examine the changes in the legislative agenda in response to Hurricane Katrina with a focus on the role of race and district geography on these changes. They find an important influence for both district location and race on the post-Katrina agenda of disaster relief and Black-interest legislation. This article provides a look at what factors influence the introduction of a new issue to the policy agenda and highlights how a new issue can bring more attention to previously existing ones.
The Personality Construct of Hardiness, V
Authors: Maddi Salvatore R. , Khoshaba Deborah M. , Harvey Richard H. , Fazel Mostafa , Resurreccion Nephthys
Published: November 2010

In the past 25 years, personality hardiness has been emphasized as a composite of the interrelated attitudes of commitment, control, and challenge that together provide the existential courage and motivation to turn stressful circumstances from potential disasters into growth opportunities. As such, hardiness has become considered the pathway to resilience and is increasingly used in consulting work. This study continues the construct validation of hardiness, using its latest measure, the Personal Views Survey III-R. In a large sample of undergraduates, this test showed adequate internal consistency reliability and absence of relationship to socially desirable responding. Furthermore, as expected, hardiness was positively related to measures of the ongoing, existential process of finding meaning through experiencing rather than imposing preexisting notions of what life is all about.
Traumatic Histories and Stressful Life Events of Incarcerated Parents II: Gender and Ethnic Differences in Substance Abuse and Service Needs
Authors: Carlson Bonnie E. , Shafer Michael S. , Duffee David E.
Published: November 2010

Substance abuse is increasingly common in prison inmates. This article presents findings on substance abuse and service needs of male and female inmate parents in Arizona, with a particular focus on gender and ethnic differences across inmates. A sample of 838 incarcerated fathers and 1,441 mothers completed anonymous questionnaires regarding traumatic and stressful events experienced as children and/or adults, including addiction. Exposure to childhood and adult traumatic events, especially child abuse, was related to self-reported alcohol and drug problems for both males and females. Mothers reported significantly more postrelease service needs than fathers. Implications for practice and policy are discussed.
Capital Visions
Authors: Tornhill Sofie
Published: November 2010

The electoral loss of the Sandinistas in 1990 marked the beginning of a transformation agenda in Nicaragua aimed at dismantling the revolutionary legacy. During the presidency of Enrique Bolaños (2002–2007), efforts to attract transnational capital to tax-exempt free-trade zones intensified. Advertising campaigns directed toward presumptive investors, workers, and the general public attempted to brand Nicaragua as an ideal destination for transnational capital, frame neoliberal restructurings in terms of a “common good,” and depict free-trade zones as a vehicle for female emancipation. Analysis of some of the products of these campaigns highlights efforts to legitimate new forms of the state and citizenship and suggests that the narrative of progress is troubled by intersecting power relations of gender and class that open the way for divergent interpretations of the global division of labor.
The Impact of Symptomatology on Response to a Health Promoting Intervention among Older Adults with Schizophrenia
Authors: Leutwyler Heather C. , Wallhagen Margaret , McKibbin Christine
Published: November 2010

Purpose

To explore the relationship between the symptoms of schizophrenia experienced by older persons diagnosed with schizophrenia and type 2 diabetes mellitus and their response to a health promoting intervention.

Methods

Secondary data analysis of data obtained from a lifestyle intervention program that recruited participants over age 40 with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and type 2 diabetes mellitus from board-and-care facilities and day treatment programs. Participants had been randomly assigned to a 24-week diabetes awareness and rehabilitation training (DART; n = 32) or a usual care plus information (UCI; n = 32) comparison group. Baseline and 6-month (intervention completion) assessments included a diabetes knowledge test (DKT), diabetes self-efficacy measured by the diabetes empowerment scale (DES), and symptomatology defined by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Simple linear regression models in 3 steps were used to analyze the data.

Results

A significant condition by symptom interaction was found for DKT. The difference between change in knowledge for DART and UCI groups depended on the prevalence and severity of the total, negative, and general symptoms. There was no significant condition by positive symptom interaction for DKT. A significant main effect was found between total, negative, positive, and general symptoms in the total sample for improvement in DES scores. Higher prevalence and severity of symptoms was negatively associated with improvement in DES scores.

Conclusion

Researchers need to consider the impact of schizophrenia symptoms in response to health promoting interventions.
Living Critically and ‘Living Faithfully’ in a Global Age: Justice, Emancipation and the Political Theology of International Relations
Authors: Thomas Scott M.
Published: November 2010

This article asks is there a place for religion and spirituality in a critical theory of international relations (IR)? The usual answer is ‘no’ because of critical theory’s generally negative assessment of religion in domestic and international politics. However, while many of these criticisms can be acknowledged, a critical theory of IR still has to grapple with the more complex understanding of religion that already exists in critical theory, and the global resurgence of religion how Eurocentric its concept of religion actually is and how rooted it is in the European experience of modernisation. For the people of the global South — which comprises most of the people in the world — the struggle to ‘live faithfully’ amid the problems of world poverty, climate change, conflict and development can not be separated from their struggle for justice and emancipation. Therefore, a greater dialogue between critical theory and theology is necessary if critical theory is to more fully and creatively contribute to our understanding of some of the most important global issues in the study of IR in the 21st century.
Comparison of the effects ofN-acetyl cysteine and erdosteine in rats with renal injury caused by paracetamol intoxication
Authors: Kandiş Hayati , Erkan Melih Engin , Yildirim Ümran , Güneş Harun , Erbaş Mesut , Yildirim Hayriye AK , Gezer Suat , Kara İsmail Hamdi
Published: November 2010

Aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate the therapeutic and preventive effects of N-acetyl cysteine and erdosteine on renal injury associated with paracetamol (acetaminophen) intoxication. Materials and methods: Female albino Wistar rats were divided into six groups: control; paracetamol (1 g/kg, oral); paracetamol (1 g/kg, oral) + erdosteine (150 mg/kg/day, oral); paracetamol (1 g/kg, oral) + N-acetyl cysteine (140 mg/kg bolus, followed by 70 mg/kg, oral); N-acetyl cysteine control (140 mg/kg bolus, followed by 70 mg/kg, oral); and erdosteine control (150 mg/kg/day, oral). Potential renal injury was assessed using biochemical analyses, radionuclide imaging, and histopathological parameters. Results: In the paracetamol group, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels were significantly increased compared with controls. Histopathological examination showed tubular vacuolization, tubular necrosis, and remarkable interstitial inflammation. The excretion function was observed to be insufficient on radionuclide imaging. However, in the groups treated with erdosteine or N-acetyl cysteine after paracetamol, biochemical analyses, radionuclide imaging, and histopathological parameters showed significantly less evidence of renal toxicity than that observed in the group receiving paracetamol alone. Less renal toxicity was detected in rats receiving N-acetyl cysteine than in those receiving erdosteine. Conclusion: Renal injury may develop after paracetamol overdose. Erdosteine and N-acetyl cysteine are both effective in the prevention of renal injury when given in the early phase of paracetamol nephrotoxicity. N-acetyl cysteine is more protective than erdosteine.
Time, income and substantive freedom: A capability approach
Authors: Burchardt Tania
Published: November 2010

This article offers a conceptual model of how resources, including time and human and social capital, interact with responsibilities, including personal care, childcare and other unpaid work, to produce a range of feasible time allocations. Each allocation generates a combination of disposable income and free time. This set of feasible income—time combinations provides a measure of the individual’s capability set or his/her substantive freedom. The approach is illustrated empirically with data and simulations based on the UK Time Use Survey 2000. The results show that having low educational qualifications (reflecting limited command over resources), having more or younger children (implying greater caring responsibilities), being single and being disabled (both of which adversely affect the rate at which resources can be converted into valuable outcomes) are each independently associated with having a small capability set, defined in terms of the level and range of combinations of disposable income and free time that can be achieved. The paper concludes that the range of combinations of disposable income and free time that a person can achieve provides a useful metric for assessing inequality in individuals’ substantive freedom to pursue their goals in life — a key target for liberal egalitarians.
Methods for Addressing Conflict in Cotaught Classrooms
Authors: Conderman Greg
Published: November 2010

As a service delivery option for students with disabilities, coteaching continues to gain popularity. Successful coteaching largely rests upon the compatibility of coteachers. Sometimes conflict may occur when two teachers with different backgrounds and views work closely together. This article focuses on why conflict is inevitable in cotaught classrooms and how coteachers can address conflict professionally.
Analyzing Tourism Return Intention to an Urban Destination
Authors: Barros Carlos Pestana , Assaf A. George
Published: November 2010

This article employs a mixed logit bounded random parameter model to analyze the returning preferences of tourists visiting the city of Lisbon, Portugal. The results show that accommodation characteristics and destination attributes (accommodation range, events, food quality, expected weather beach, overall quality, reputation, and safety) have a positive and significant impact on the probability of returning to the city. The model comparison shows that the mixed logit bounded random parameter outperforms the traditional mixed logit model and leads to more accurate conclusions.
The representation of emotion vs. emotion-laden words in English and Spanish in the Affective Simon Task
Authors: Altarriba Jeanette , Basnight-Brown Dana M.
Published: November 2010

An Affective Simon Task was administered to English-speaking monolinguals and Spanish—English bilinguals, in order to assess the extent to which valence and emotionality are automatically processed when reading a word. Participants classified words in white on the basis of valence (positive or negative), or classified them on the basis of color (blue or green) via a key press. Words were either emotion words (e.g., happy; anxious) or emotion-laden words (e.g., dream; shark). Bilinguals viewed words in both English and Spanish. While only negative emotion words produced the typical congruency effects, both negative and positive emotion-laden words produced significant Simon effects, in monolinguals. Similar effects emerged for bilinguals, in both languages. Results indicate that emotion word type moderates the Affective Simon Task and also provide a demonstration of these effects in bilinguals. Overall, the data also provide further evidence that affective coding in both a dominant and a subordinate language can influence subsequent responses in seemingly irrelevant tasks. Results are discussed within a framework focused on the representation of emotion in both monolingual and bilingual speakers.
On so-called Spanglish
Authors: Otheguy Ricardo , Stern Nancy
Published: November 2010

The word ‘Spanglish’, used most often to describe the casual oral registers of the speech of Hispanics in the USA, is an unfortunate and misleading term. Speakers of popular varieties of Spanish in the USA would be better served by recognizing that they are already speakers of Spanish. The present article is intended as a technical discussion of the empirical foundations for our position that there is no justification for the use of the term Spanglish. We demonstrate that features that characterize popular varieties of Spanish in the USA are, for the most part, parallel to those of popular forms of the language in Latin America and Spain. Further, we show that Spanish in the USA is not of a hybrid character, that is, not centrally characterized by structural mixing with English. We reject the use of the term Spanglish because there is no objective justification for the term, and because it expresses an ideology of exceptionalism and scorn that actually deprives the North American Latino community of a major resource in this globalized world: mastery of a world language. Thus on strictly objective technical grounds, as well as for reasons of personal and political development, the term Spanglish is to be discarded and replaced by the term Spanish or, if greater specificity is required, Spanish in the United States.
Through whose eyes? The impact of identification on judgments of group status
Authors: Pettit Nathan C. , Lount Robert B.
Published: November 2010

This paper examines how group identification influences individuals’ judgments of the in-group’s status. Across four studies, using multiple manipulations of identification and measurements of group status, we demonstrate that increased identification with one’s group positively influences judgments of the in-group’s status. Moreover, we find confirmatory support for our prediction that this relationship is mediated by collective self-esteem. Implications of this research for social identity theory and both intragroup and intergroup status perceptions are discussed.
Legitimacy, humanitarian intervention, and international institutions
Authors: Kahler Miles
Published: November 2010

The legitimacy of humanitarian intervention has been contested for more than a century, yet pressure for such intervention persists. Normative evolution and institutional design have been closely linked since the first debates over humanitarian intervention more than a century ago. Three norms have competed in shaping state practice and the normative discourse: human rights, peace preservation, and sovereignty. The rebalancing of these norms over time, most recently as the state’s responsibility to protect, has reflected specific international institutional environments. The contemporary legitimacy of humanitarian intervention is based on UN Security Council authorization of the use of force. Although the Security Council is often viewed as representative of great-power influence, international acceptance of its role is based on the role of non-permanent members and their support for the sovereignty norm. The current rebalanced norms supporting humanitarian intervention, institutional bias that protects state sovereignty, and the changing character of mass violence may undermine the tenuous contemporary legitimacy of humanitarian intervention. Normative adjustments and new institutional designs are required to insure the legitimacy of international action that protects populations against mass violence.