bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isoform- and Cell Type–Specific Roles of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 N-Terminal Serine Phosphorylation in Liver Ischemia Reperfusion Injury
Authors: Ni Ming , Zhou Haoming , Zhang Jing , Jin Dan , Lu Tianfei , Busuttil Ronald W. , Kupiec-Weglinski Jerzy W. , Wang Xuehao , Zhai Yuan
Published: July 2020

Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (Gsk3) α and β are both constitutively active and inhibited upon stimulation by N-terminal serine phosphorylation. Although roles of active Gsk3 in liver ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) have been well appreciated, whether Gsk3 N-terminal serine phosphorylation has any functional significance in the disease process remains unclear. In a murine liver partial warm ischemia model, we studied Gsk3 N-terminal serine mutant knock-in (KI) mice and showed that liver IRI was decreased in Gsk3αS21A but increased in Gsk3βS9A mutant KI mice. Bone marrow chimeric experiments revealed that the Gsk3α, but not β, mutation in liver parenchyma protected from IRI, and both mutations in bone marrow–derived cells exacerbated liver injuries. Mechanistically, mutant Gsk3α protected hepatocytes from inflammatory (TNF-α) cell death by the activation of HIV-1 TAT-interactive protein 60 (TIP60)–mediated autophagy pathway. The pharmacological inhibition of TIP60 or autophagy diminished the protection of the Gsk3α mutant hepatocytes from inflammatory cell death in vitro and the Gsk3α mutant KI mice from liver IRI in vivo. Thus, Gsk3 N-terminal serine phosphorylation inhibits liver innate immune activation but suppresses hepatocyte autophagy in response to inflammation. Gsk3 αS21, but not βS9, mutation is sufficient to sustain Gsk4 activities in hepatocytes and protect livers from IRI via TIP60 activation.
Coronavirus disease 2019 in children
Authors: Kuttiatt Vijesh Sreedhar , Abraham Philip Raj , Menon Ramesh P. , Vaidya Pankaj C. , Rahi Manju
Published: July 2020

Despite the global spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, there are limited data emerging in children. This review provides an update on clinical features, diagnosis, epidemiology, management and prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children. Specific characteristics noted in children and their implications in disease management as well as transmission control are highlighted. Besides respiratory symptoms, gastrointestinal and atypical features such as chilblains, neurological symptoms and multisystem inflammation are also reported. Younger infants and those with comorbidity were found to be at risk of severe illness. Infected pregnant women and neonates were reported to have good prognosis. It is possible to manage the children with mild disease at home, with strict infection prevention control measures; severely affected require respiratory support and intensive care management. There are anecdotal reports of using antiviral and immunomodulatory drugs, benefit of which needs to be confirmed in clinical trials. A significant percentage of asymptomatic infection in children has epidemiological implication as these may act as links in transmission chain in the community. There is a need for systematic data on extra-pulmonary manifestations and atypical features, risk factors of severity, role of imaging and biomarkers, testing and management strategies and trials with antivirals and immunomodulatory drugs in children. The psychosocial effects of quarantine, closure of schools, lack of play activities and impact of lockdown need to be addressed. Understanding the biological basis for the profound age-dependent differential outcome of COVID-19 infection is important. Elucidating the protective mechanisms in children may aid in developing novel treatment strategies.
Data-driven inference of the reproduction number for COVID-19 before and after interventions for 51 European countries
Authors: Karnakov Petr , Arampatzis Georgios , Kičić Ivica , Wermelinger Fabian , Wälchli Daniel , Papadimitriou Costas , Koumoutsakos Petros
Published: July 2020

The reproduction number is broadly considered as a key indicator for the spreading of the COVID-19 pandemic. Its estimated value is a measure of the necessity and, eventually, effectiveness of interventions imposed in various countries. Here we present an online tool for the data-driven inference and quantification of uncertainties for the reproduction number, as well as the time points of interventions for 51 European countries. The study relied on the Bayesian calibration of the SIR model with data from reported daily infections from these countries. The model fitted the data, for most countries, without individual tuning of parameters. We also compared the results of SIR and SEIR models, which give different estimates of the reproduction number, and provided an analytical relationship between the respective numbers. We deployed a Bayesian inference framework with efficient sampling algorithms, to present a publicly available graphical user interface (https://cse-lab.ethz.ch/coronavirus) that allows the user to assess and compare predictions for pairs of European countries. The results quantified the rate of the disease’s spread before and after interventions, and provided a metric for the effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions in different countries. They also indicated how geographic proximity and the times of interventions affected the progression of the epidemic.
Bakım Uygulamalarında Robotların Yardımcı Ekipman Olarak Kullanılması
Authors: YILMAZ Sezcan
Published: July 2020

Periyodik bakım ve arıza/hasar tespiti genellikle bakım personeli tarafından manuel olarak gerçekleştirilmektedir. Arızanın tespiti için sadece gözlemin yeterli olduğu bazı durumlar olmasına rağmen genellikle ölçüme de ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Diğer taraftan arızanın giderilmesi için de birçok durumda yine bakım personelinin doğrudan müdahalesine ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bakım personelinin gerçekleştirdiği faaliyetlerin tümünün robotlara devredilmesi günümüz teknolojisinde henüz mümkün değildir. Bu nedenle günümüzde bakım, arıza tespiti ve onarımda kullanılan robotlar daha çok bakım personellerine yardımcı ekipmanlar olarak görülmektedir. Her türlü bakım ihtiyacı için kullanılabilecek tek bir robot olmadığından, birçok uygulama görev tabanlı robotları gerektirir. Bu çalışmada robotik bakım uygulamaları ve sağladığı avantajlar değerlendirilmiştir.
VULNERABILIDADE NATURAL À PERDA DE SOLO DA MICROBACIA HIDROGRÁFICA DO RIO CARNAÍBA DE DENTRO, SEMIÁRIDO BAIANO
Authors: Gybson Soares Costa Jardel , Ribeiro Caetano Mateus , Magno Santos Clemente Carlos
Published: July 2020

A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo classificar o grau de vulnerabilidade natural à perda de solo da microbacia hidrográfica do Rio Carnaíba de Dentro (BA), indicando a prevalência dos processos do balanço morfogênese/pedogênese. A área de estudo localiza-se no contexto regional do sudoeste do Semiárido Brasileiro. Como técnica utilizou-se as Geotecnologias, a fim de realizar a coleta, armazenamento, tratamento, análise espacial e representação dos dados obtidos, da vulnerabilidade à perda de solo da microbacia do Rio Carnaíba de Dentro (BA). Concluiu-se que houve um equilíbrio entre a pedogênese/morfogênese, uma vez que o meio Medianamente Estável/Vulnerável possui maior incidência sobre microbacia do Rio Carnaíba de Dentro (BA), contrariando a hipótese da prevalência dos processos de morfogênse, majoritariamente presentes em todo semiárido brasileiro. Logo, a partir dos dados e informações obtidos é possível fornecer subsídios para um melhor direcionamento na elaboração de políticas públicas para a microbacia do Rio Carnaíba de Dentro (BA).
Sistem Rekomendasi Pemilihan Notebook Berbasis Website
Authors: Mar’ artus Lu’lu’ul , Majaruni Maryo Indra
Published: July 2020

Laptop merupakan Perangkat Komputer yang memiliki fungsi sama persis dengan Komputer Desktop/ PC Desktop. Semakin majunya teknologi, laptop dikembangkan oleh masing-masing pemegang merk/brand dengan berbagai macam feature. Perubahan desain mengalami perkembangan yang sangat pesat, baik dari segi desain, kecepatan laptop, serta penambahan fitur-fitur yang lengkap. Pada saat ini, laptop juga dijual dengan harga relatif murah dan bisa menyesuaikan budget pengguna. Hal ini bisa dijadikan alternatif pengguna untuk memiliki perangkat elektronik laptop dengan harga yang relatif terjangkau. Sistem pendukung keputusan pemilihan laptop menggunakan metode TOPSIS ini dipilih karena mampu memilih alternatif terbaik dari sejumlah alternatif. Dalam hal ini alternatif yang dimaksud adalah laptop terbaik berdasarkan kriteria-kriteria yang ditentukan dengan langkah-langkah metode TOPSIS yang sederhana, mudah dipahami, efektif dan efisien. Proses implementasi metode TOPSIS ini dapat menghasilkan urutan alternatif dari nilai yang terbesar ke nilai yang terkecil, sehingga diharapkan laptop yang direkomendasikan benar - benar sesuai dengan keinginan, kebutuhan, dan kemampuan pengguna.. Kata Kunci— Topsis, Sistem Pendukung Keputusan, Pemilihan Laptop.
Metro AC CER Güç Dağıtım Sistemlerinde Yük Paylaşımının Modellenmesi
Authors: ÖLMEZ Turan , KİLİC Beyhan
Published: July 2020

Türkiye’de, Büyükşehirlerdeki trafik sorununa çözüm olarak raylı sistemler gibi kendisine ayrılmış yol üzerinde hareket eden toplu taşıma araçları tercih edilmektedir. Raylı sistemler, taşıma kapasitesi ve düşük maliyetli enerji tüketimi nedeniyle gelişmiş ülkelerde en çok tercih edilen toplu taşıma türüdür. Artan taleple doğru orantılı olarak enerji ihtiyacı ve güç kaybında da bir artış vardır. Bundan dolayı raylı sistemlerin proje tasarım aşamasındaki güç akışı analizi kritik önem arz etmektedir. Güç akış analizi ile raylı sistemlerde kullanılacak ekipmanlar (kablo kesiti, OG hücresi, CER transformatör gücü, yük ayırıcı ve kesiciler vb) ve bu ekipmanların teknik özellikleri belirlenir. Bu makalede M5 Üsküdar – Yamanevler Sürücüsüz metro hattında güç akış analizi, alternatif işletme senaryoları için yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmada ETAP (Elektriksel Geçici Rejimve Analiz Programı) yazılımı kullanılarak elde edilen benzetim sonuçlarına göre, güvenli ve sürdürülebilir güç akışı için en kötü durumlar gözönüne alınarak çözümler sunulmuştur.
Adult Neurogenesis: Facts and Potential Targets in Some Neurological and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Authors:   Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, Adigun Kabirat , Adebiyi Olamide ,   Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Published: July 2020

Adult neurogenesis is a process where new neurons are generated post-natally from neural stem cells maintained till adulthood. These neural stem cells are maintained in the hippocampus and the olfactory bulb although recent evidence has established their presence in other regions of the brain. Adult neurogenesis was first thought to be impossible due to several factors, one of which includes the integration of these newly formed neurons into the already existing neuronal circuitry in the brain. However, the development of new immunohistochemical techniques specific for neuronal and neural stem cells and confocal imaging have improved the evidence of neurogenesis since its discovery in the 1960s. Adult neurogenesis has been implicated in brain functions and its alteration is associated with various neurodegenerative diseases. Manipulations of adult neurogenesis and the several factors affecting it can be used to better understand and treat neurological and neurodegenerative conditions. This review discusses a general overview of adult neurogenesis, the factors affecting it and some neurological and neurodegenerative diseases relating to alterations in neurogenesis.
Modulation of radiative aerosols effects by atmospheric circulation over the Euro-Mediterranean region
Authors: Nabat Pierre , Somot Samuel , Cassou Christophe , Mallet Marc , Michou Martine , Bouniol Dominique , Decharme Bertrand , Drugé Thomas , Roehrig Romain , Saint-Martin David
Published: July 2020

Abstract. The present work aims at better understanding regional climate–aerosol interactions by studying the relationships between aerosols and synoptic atmospheric circulation over the Euro-Mediterranean region. Two 40-year simulations (1979–2018) have been carried out with version 6.3 of the Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques (National Centre for Meteorological Research) – Aire Limitée Adaptation dynamique Développement InterNational (CNRM-ALADIN) regional climate model, one using interactive aerosols and the other one without any aerosol.
The simulation with aerosols has been evaluated in terms of different climate and aerosol parameters. This evaluation shows a good agreement between the model and observations, significant improvements compared to the previous model version and consequently the relevance of using this model for the study of climate–aerosol interactions over this region. A first attempt to explain the climate variability of aerosols is based on the use of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index. The latter explains a significant part of the interannual variability, notably in winter for the export of dust aerosols over the Atlantic Ocean and the eastern Mediterranean, and in summer for the positive anomalies of anthropogenic aerosols over western Europe. This index is however not sufficient to fully understand the variations of aerosols in this region, notably at daily scale. The use of “weather regimes”, namely persisting meteorological patterns, stable at synoptic scale for a few days, provides a relevant description of atmospheric circulation, which drives the emission, transport and deposition of aerosols. The four weather regimes usually defined in this area in winter and in summer bring significant information to answer this question. The blocking and NAO+ regimes are largely favourable to strong aerosol effects on shortwave surface radiation and near-surface temperature, either because of higher aerosol loads or because of weaker cloud fraction, which reinforces the direct aerosol effect. Inversely, the NAO− and Atlantic Ridge regimes are unfavourable to aerosol radiative effects, because of weaker aerosol concentrations and increased cloud cover. This study thus puts forward the strong dependence of aerosol loads on the synoptic circulation from interannual to daily scales and, as a consequence, the important modulation of the aerosol effects on shortwave surface radiation and near-surface temperature by atmospheric circulation. The role of cloud cover is essential in this modulation as shown by the use of weather regimes.
Strong sensitivity of the isotopic composition of methane to the plausible range of tropospheric chlorine
Authors: Strode Sarah A. , Wang James S. , Manyin Michael , Duncan Bryan , Hossaini Ryan , Keller Christoph A. , Michel Sylvia E. , White James W. C.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. The 13C isotopic ratio of methane, δ13C of
CH4, provides additional constraints on the CH4 budget to
complement the constraints from CH4 observations. The interpretation of
δ13C observations is complicated, however, by uncertainties in
the methane sink. The reaction of CH4 with Cl is highly fractionating,
increasing the relative abundance of 13CH4, but there is currently
no consensus on the strength of the tropospheric Cl sink. Global model
simulations of halogen chemistry differ strongly from one another in terms
of both the magnitude of tropospheric Cl and its geographic distribution.
This study explores the impact of the intermodel diversity in Cl fields on
the simulated δ13C of CH4. We use a set of GEOS global
model simulations with different predicted Cl fields to test the sensitivity
of the δ13C of CH4 to the diversity of Cl output from
chemical transport models. We find that δ13C is highly
sensitive to both the amount and geographic distribution of Cl. Simulations
with Cl providing 0.28 % or 0.66 % of the total CH4 loss bracket
the δ13C observations for a fixed set of emissions. Thus, even
when Cl provides only a small fraction of the total CH4 loss and has a
small impact on total CH4, it provides a strong lever on δ13C. Consequently, it is possible to achieve a good representation of
total CH4 using widely different Cl concentrations, but the
partitioning of the CH4 loss between the OH and Cl reactions leads to
strong differences in isotopic composition depending on which model's Cl
field is used. Comparing multiple simulations, we find that altering the
tropospheric Cl field leads to approximately a 0.5 ‰
increase in δ13CH4 for each percent increase in how much
CH4 is oxidized by Cl. The geographic distribution and seasonal cycle
of Cl also impacts the hemispheric gradient and seasonal cycle of δ13C. The large effect of Cl on δ13C compared to total
CH4 broadens the range of CH4 source mixtures that can be
reconciled with δ13C observations. Stronger constraints on
tropospheric Cl are necessary to improve estimates of CH4 sources from
δ13C observations.
Chemical characterization of secondary organic aerosol at a rural site in the southeastern US: insights from simultaneous high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) and FIGAERO chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS) measurements
Authors: Chen Yunle , Takeuchi Masayuki , Nah Theodora , Xu Lu , Canagaratna Manjula R. , Stark Harald , Baumann Karsten , Canonaco Francesco , Prévôt André S. H. , Huey L. Gregory , Weber Rodney J. , Ng Nga L.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. The formation and evolution of secondary organic aerosol
(SOA) were investigated at Yorkville, GA, in late summer (mid-August to mid-October 2016). The organic aerosol (OA) composition was
measured using two online mass spectrometry instruments, the
high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) and the
Filter Inlet for Gases and AEROsols coupled to a high-resolution
time-of-flight iodide-adduct chemical ionization mass spectrometer
(FIGAERO-CIMS). Through analysis of speciated organics data from
FIGAERO-CIMS and factorization analysis of data obtained from both
instruments, we observed notable SOA formation from isoprene and
monoterpenes during both day and night. Specifically, in addition to
isoprene epoxydiol (IEPOX) uptake, we identified isoprene SOA formation from non-IEPOX pathways
and isoprene organic nitrate formation via photooxidation in the presence of
NOx and nitrate radical oxidation. Monoterpenes were found to be the
most important SOA precursors at night. We observed significant
contributions from highly oxidized acid-like compounds to the aged OA factor
from FIGAERO-CIMS. Taken together, our results showed that FIGAERO-CIMS
measurements are highly complementary to the extensively used AMS
factorization analysis, and together they provide more comprehensive
insights into OA sources and composition.
An in situ gas chromatograph with automatic detector switching between Vocus PTR-TOF-MS and EI-TOF-MS: Isomer resolved measurements of indoor air
Authors: Claflin Megan S. , Pagonis Demetrios , Finewax Zachary , Handschy Anne V. , Day Douglas A. , Brown Wyatt L. , Jayne John T. , Worsnop Douglas R. , Jimenez Jose L. , Ziemann Paul J. , de Gouw Joost , Lerner Brian M.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. We have developed a field-deployable gas chromatograph (GC) with thermal desorption preconcentration (TDPC), which is demonstrated here with automatic detector switching between two high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometers (TOF-MS) for in situ measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This system provides many analytical advances including acquisition of fast time-response data in tandem with molecular speciation and two types of mass spectral information for each resolved GC peak: molecular ion identification from Vocus proton transfer reaction (PTR) TOF-MS and fragmentation pattern from electron ionization (EI) TOF-MS detection. This system was deployed during the 2018 ATHLETIC campaign at the University of Colorado Dal Ward Athletic Center in Boulder, Colorado where it was used to characterize VOC emissions in the indoor environment. The addition of the TDPC-GC increased the Vocus sensitivity by a factor of 50 due to preconcentration over a 6 min GC sample time versus direct air sampling with the Vocus which was operated with a time resolution of 1 Hz. The GC-TOF methods demonstrated average limits of detection of 1.6 ppt across a range of monoterpenes and aromatics. Here, we describe the method to use the two-detector system to conclusively identify a range of VOCs including hydrocarbons, oxygenates and halocarbons, along with detailed results including the quantification of anthropogenic monoterpenes, where limonene accounted for 47–80 % of the indoor monoterpene composition. We also report the detection of dimethylsilanediol (DMSD), an organosiloxane degradation product, which was observed with dynamic temporal behavior distinct from volatile organosiloxanes (e.g. decamethylcyclopentasiloxane, D5 siloxane). Our results suggest DMSD is produced from humidity-dependent, heterogeneous reactions occurring on surfaces in the indoor environment, rather than formed through gas-phase oxidation of volatile siloxanes.
Reviews and syntheses: Bacterial bioluminescence – ecology and impact in the biological carbon pump
Authors: Tanet Lisa , Martini Séverine , Casalot Laurie , Tamburini Christian
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Around 30 species of marine bacteria can emit light, a
critical characteristic in the oceanic environment is mostly
deprived of sunlight. In this article, we first review current knowledge on
bioluminescent bacteria symbiosis in light organs. Then, focusing on
gut-associated bacteria, we highlight that recent works, based on omics
methods, confirm previous claims about the prominence of bioluminescent
bacterial species in fish guts. Such host–symbiont relationships are
relatively well-established and represent important knowledge in the
bioluminescence field. However, the consequences of bioluminescent bacteria
continuously released from light organs and through the digestive tracts to
the seawater have been barely taken into account at the ecological and
biogeochemical level. For too long neglected, we propose considering the
role of bioluminescent bacteria and reconsidering the biological carbon
pump, taking into account the bioluminescence effect (“bioluminescence shunt
hypothesis”). Indeed, it has been shown that marine snow and fecal pellets
are often luminous due to microbial colonization, which makes them a visual
target. These luminous particles seem preferentially consumed by organisms
of higher trophic levels in comparison to nonluminous ones. As a
consequence, the sinking rate of consumed particles could be either
increased (due to repackaging) or reduced (due to sloppy feeding or
coprophagy/coprorhexy), which can imply a major impact on global biological
carbon fluxes. Finally, we propose a strategy, at a worldwide scale, relying
on recently developed instrumentation and methodological tools to quantify
the impact of bioluminescent bacteria in the biological carbon pump.
Biogenic volatile organic compound ambient mixing ratios and emission rates in the Alaskan Arctic tundra
Authors: Angot Hélène , McErlean Katelyn , Hu Lu , Millet Dylan B. , Hueber Jacques , Cui Kaixin , Moss Jacob , Wielgasz Catherine , Milligan Tyler , Ketcherside Damien , Bret-Harte Marion Syndonia , Helmig Detlev
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Rapid Arctic warming, a lengthening growing season, and increasing abundance of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC)-emitting shrubs are all anticipated to increase atmospheric BVOCs in the Arctic atmosphere, with implications for atmospheric oxidation processes and climate feedbacks. Quantifying these changes requires an accurate understanding of the underlying processes driving BVOC emissions in the Arctic. While boreal ecosystems have been widely studied, little attention has been paid to Arctic tundra environments. Here, we report terpenoid (isoprene, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes) ambient mixing ratios and emission rates from key dominant vegetation species at Toolik Field Station (TFS; 68°38' N, 149°36' W) in northern Alaska during two back-to-back field campaigns (summers 2018 and 2019) covering the entire growing season. Isoprene ambient mixing ratios observed at TFS fell within the range of values reported in the Eurasian taiga (0–500 pptv), while monoterpene and sesquiterpene ambient mixing ratios were respectively close to and below the instrumental quantification limit (~ 2 pptv). We further quantified the temperature dependence of isoprene emissions from local vegetation including Salix spp. (a known isoprene emitter), and compared the results to predictions from the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature version 2.1 (MEGAN2.1). Our observations suggest a 180–215 % emission increase in response to a 3–4 °C warming. The MEGAN2.1 temperature algorithm exhibits a close fit with observations for enclosure temperatures below 30 °C. Above 30 °C, MEGAN2.1 predicts an isoprene emission plateau that is not observed in the enclosure flux measurements at TFS. More studies are needed to better constrain the warming response of isoprene and other BVOCs for a wide range of Arctic species.
Southern Ocean BGC-Argo Detect Under Ice Phytoplankton Growth Before Sea Ice Retreat
Authors: Hague Mark , Vichi Marcello
Published: July 2020

Abstract. The seasonality of sea ice in the Southern Ocean has profound effects on the life cycle (phenology) of phytoplankton residing under the ice. The current literature investigating this relationship is primarily based on remote sensing, which often lacks data for half the year or more. One prominent hypothesis holds that following ice retreat in spring, buoyant melt waters enhance irradiance levels, triggering a bloom which follows the ice edge. However, an analysis of BGC-Argo data sampling under Antarctic sea ice suggests that this is not necessarily the case. Rather than precipitating rapid accumulation, we show that melt waters enhance growth in an already highly active phytoplankton population. Blooms observed in the wake of the receding ice edge can then be understood as the emergence of a growth process that started earlier under sea ice. Indeed, we estimate that growth initiation occurs, on average, 4–5 weeks before ice retreat, typically starting in August and September. Novel techniques using on-board data to detect the timing of ice melt were used. Furthermore, such growth is shown to occur under conditions of substantial ice cover (> 90 % satellite ice concentration) and deep mixed layers (> 100 m), conditions previously thought to be inimical to growth. This led to the development of several 0D model experiments in which we sought to investigate the mechanisms responsible for such early growth. The results of theses experiments suggest that a combination of higher light transfer (penetration) through sea ice and extreme low light adaptation by phytoplankton can account for the observed phenology.
An observation-based evaluation and ranking of historical Earth
System Model simulations for regional downscaling in the northwest
North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Laurent Arnaud , Fennel Katja , Kuhn Angela
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Continental shelf regions in the ocean play an important role in the global cycling of carbon and nutrients but their responses to global change are understudied. Global Earth System Models (ESM), as essential tools for building understanding of ocean biogeochemistry, are used extensively and routinely for projections of future climate states; however, their relatively coarse spatial resolution is likely not appropriate for accurately representing the complex patterns of circulation and elemental fluxes on the shelves along ocean margins. Here, we compared 29 ESMs used in the IPCC’s Assessment Rounds (AR) 5 and 6 and a regional biogeochemical model for the northwest North Atlantic (NWA) shelf to assess their ability to reproduce observations of temperature, nitrate, and chlorophyll. The NWA region is biologically productive, influenced by the large-scale Gulf Stream and Labrador Current systems, and particularly sensitive to climate change. Most ESMs compare relatively poorly to observed nitrate and chlorophyll and show differences with observed temperature due to spatial mismatches in their large-scale circulation. Model-simulated nitrate and chlorophyll compare better with available observations in AR6 than in AR5, but none of the models performs equally well for all 3 parameters. The ensemble means of all ESMs, and of the five best performing ESMs, strongly underestimate observed chlorophyll and nitrate. The regional model has a much higher spatial resolution and reproduces the observations significantly better than any of the ESMs. It also simulates reasonably well vertically resolved observations from gliders and bi-monthly ship-based monitoring observations. A ranking of the ESMs suggests that the top 3 models are appropriate as boundary forcing for regional projections of future changes in the NWA region.
Novel method to reduce the transverse sensitivity of granular thin film strain gauges by modification of strain transfer
Authors: Mathis Maximilian , Vollberg Dennis , Langosch Matthäus , Göttel Dirk , Lellig Angela , Schultes Günter
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Strain gauges based on polyimide carrier foils and piezoresistive
granular thin films are highly sensitive to strain. Unlike
conventional metal foil, granular film strain gauges also have
a pronounced sensitivity to strain acting in the transverse
direction. A novel method that allows for the modification of the strain transfer is
proposed and proven experimentally. The method is based on the
creation of stand-alone polyimide paths, on top of which the
piezoresistive thin film is located. In this way, the granular film
hardly receives any transverse strain; hence, the transverse
sensitivity is drastically reduced. A picosecond laser system can be
used for both patterning of the thin film and for controlled ablation
of polyimide in order to generate well-defined high path
structures. The working principle of the method is demonstrated by
simulation, followed by an experimental verification using measurements
of the transverse gauge factor. Furthermore, the output signal of
force transducers may be increased using granular thin film strain
gauges of reduced transverse sensitivity.
Opportunities and Risks of Disaster Data from Social Media: A Systematic Review of Incident Information
Authors: Wiegmann Matti , Kersten Jens , Senaratne Hansi , Potthast Martin , Klan Friederike , Stein Benno
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Compiling and disseminating information about incidents and disasters is key to disaster management and relief. But due to inherent limitations of the acquisition process, the required information is often incomplete or missing altogether. To fill these gaps, citizen observations spread through social media are widely considered to be a promising source of relevant information, and many studies propose new methods to tap this resource. Yet, the overarching question of whether, and under which circumstances social media can supply relevant information (both qualitatively and quantitatively) still remains unanswered. To shed some light on this question, we review 37 large disaster and incident databases covering 27 incident types, organize the contained data and its collection process, and identify the missing or incomplete information. The resulting data collection reveals six major use cases for social media analysis in incident data collection: impact assessment and verification of model predictions, narrative generation, enabling enhanced citizen involvement, supporting weakly institutionalized areas, narrowing surveillance areas, and reporting triggers for periodical surveillance. Aside from this analysis, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the use of social media data for closing information gaps related to incidents and disasters.
12th century locked women: “Eleanor, Heloise, and a few others
Authors: Moulinier Brogi Laurence
Published: July 2020

Thanks to an unprecedented experience, that of confinement on a global scale due to a pandemic, this article offers a reflection on the confinement of only a part of humanity, women, at a given time, the 12th century, as a modest contribution to the history of gender relations in the Middle Ages. Different women, in fact, underwent or on the contrary sought at that time isolation and seclusion: in all cases, their loneliness was linked to men, who inspired them to withdraw as a solution to escape marriage and sexuality, or required to get rid of their unwanted company. We therefore wonder here what are the faces and common points of the various forms of relegation that were going on, what resistance women could oppose, but also what were its limits: some of them chose the solitude as a pledge of peace and security but could they really be left alone? Could the recluses really provide for themselves? Were the imprisoned wives not kept in touch with the outside world, especially the male? At the end of this study, absolute solitude in the feminine seems more an ideal than a reality because even in the most austere cells, women could hardly do without men completely. On the other hand, confinement largely protected them physically, leaving in many cases other types of love than carnal one to flourish
Gemma Avenoza, Laura Fernández Fernández y Lourdes Soriano Robles (eds.), La producción del libro en la Edad Media. Una visión interdisciplinar. Madrid: Sílex, 2019. ISBN 978-84-7737-661-3
Authors: Rodríguez Martín Elvira
Published: July 2020

Reseña de la obra de Gemma Avenoza, Laura Fernández Fernández y Lourdes Soriano Robles (eds.), La producción del libro en la Edad Media. Una visión interdisciplinar. Madrid: Sílex, 2019. ISBN 978-84-7737-661-3
Impact of sports on psychological status: Anxiety and depression for the spinal cord injury patients
Authors: Hasan Imran Mahmudul , Alam Sharmin , Imdadul Haque Kazi , Amran Hossain KM , Islam Nipa Shamima , Forhad Hossain Md.
Published: July 2020

Aims: To explore the effectiveness of sports activities to improve the psychological status through progression in anxiety and depression level of Spinal Cord Injury patients. Methods: The design of the study was prior and after an experimental design of quantitative research. The data were collected from inpatient SCI Unit, Centre for the Rehabilitation of the Paralysed (CRP), Bangladesh. The study involved thirtyone (31) male participants with SCI selected by conveniently and they were participating in sports three weeks. The assessor was blind (Single blinded study). The dependable variable was psychological status (anxiety and depression), assessed with Strait-trait anxiety inventory X2 for anxiety, Depression Measurement Scale and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Score (HADS) - for Anxiety and depression. Independent variables included socio-demographic factors (age, sex, marital status etc), sports, type of paralysis and type of patients. Data analyzed by paired T-test considering the questionnaire as parametric Test in SPSS 20 version. Results: Analysis of difference revealed major positive change and reduced the anxiety and depression level of SCI patients after participating in sports. The mean age was 34.81 years and the paraplegic patient was 25 and tetraplegic 6, while the complete patient was 16 and incomplete 15. Mean score between Strait Trait Anxiety-X2 (STAI-X2) before 55.9 and after 45.9, Depression Measurement Scale (DMS) 104.9 and 76.3, Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS) for anxiety 13.1 and 10 and HADS for depression 13.7 and 10.3. There was significance variance within Scale. In addition, paraplegic and incomplete participants were more improved then tetraplegic and complete participants. The ‘p’ value of the variable is (lessthan 0.05). Conclusion: Sports activities play an important role to alleviate anxiety and depression level after spinal cord injury. Both were hampering their quality of life. The study would indicate that improvement was higher in paraplegic and incomplete person with SCI.
Goal-oriented feedback on motor behavior in virtual reality based stroke therapy: A case study using the rehabilitation gaming system
Authors: Marwecki Sebastian , Rubio Ballester Belén , Duarte Esther , F.M.J. Verschure Paul
Published: July 2020

Aims: We address the role of short-term goals in virtual reality (VR) applications for motor relearning, which benefit stroke therapy. Methods: We let stroke patients as well as healthy participants perform reaching tasks in a VR environment for motor rehabilitation, the so-called rehabilitation gaming system (RGS). During the task, patients were provided with feedback about one´s own performance (mastery goal), healthy participants additionally received feedback of others performances (ego goal). Measurements include protocols for motor learning and different kinetic variables (both stroke patients and healthy participants) as well as subscales of the intrinsic motivation inventory (IMI) (only healthy participants). As healthy participants showed lower fatigue levels, we could apply additional measurements. Result: Both mastery goals and ego goals potentially enhance intrinsic motivation and adherence, as they show to foster task performance (e.g., response time in mastery goals decreased with p = 0.014 for healthy participants, for stroke patients with p = 0.011 in the first iteration) as well as perceived effort (p = 0.007 for mastery, p = 0.008 for ego goals). As a secondary outcome, by controlling task difficulty, motor learning does not change across conditions (p = 0.316 for stroke patients, p = 0.323 for healthy participants). This raises the question whether or not task difficulty alone fosters the effectivity of VR based therapy applications, i.e., motor learning, to which motivators such as short-term goals provide little trade-off. Conclusion: Firstly, we suggest the implementation of mastery and ego goals in VR based stroke therapy, as adherence benefits from the motivational context they provide. Secondly, we argue towards simplicity regarding heuristics in therapeutic game design, which apparently often does not differ from conventional game design apart from setting the right level of challenge.
Assessment of emergency healthcare worker knowledge of indicators of human trafficking
Authors: Hoblet Karen Linda , Kuhn Rebecca , Perne Heather , Jablonski Joseph
Published: July 2020

Human trafficking is a multibillion-dollar industry and Toledo, Ohio has been identified as a hub of human trafficking activity. Current literature identified that healthcare providers working in emergency departments, urgent care centers, and physician offices (nurses, physician assistants, and physicians) are in positions to identify victims of human trafficking and help with rescue. Current curricular guidance for healthcare education did not include specific information on indicators of human trafficking and resources to assist with rescue and recovery. The human trafficking awareness study was completed to determine if healthcare providers working in nine Toledo, Ohio area emergency departments had knowledge of the indicators of human trafficking and of the resources to help victims. The study design also afforded the opportunity to provide healthcare workers in these organizations’ information about indicators of human trafficking and local, state and national resources to help victims with rescue and recovery.
Enhancing University Students’ Achievement in Physics using Computer-Assisted Instruction
Authors: Ugwuanyi Christian Sunday , Okeke Chinedu I.O
Published: July 2020

Twenty-first century classrooms have come with a lot of changes in instructional delivery at various levels of education. However, most lecturers in Nigerian universities still adopt the traditional method of instruction not minding the demands of the twenty-first century classrooms. As a result of this, there is a dearth of empirical evidence on the impact of computer-assisted instruction on the students’ achievement in physics. This study, therefore, sought the efficacy of computer-assisted instruction (CAI) on students’ achievement in physics. A randomized controlled trial experimental design was adopted for the study using a sample of 120 participants. Physics Achievement Test (PAT) was used to collect data for the study. Analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data. It was found that Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI) had a significant effect on students’ achievement in physics at posttest and follow-up assessments. Thus, Physics education lecturers should be trained on how to design and use CAI package for effective twenty-first century classroom instructional delivery in Nigerian university.
Aesthetic Consolation: A Possible Remedy for Solastalgia in James Bradley’s Clade (2017)
Authors: Khalaf Abeer Mohammed Raafat
Published: July 2020

Climate change is one of the significant and threatening problems worldwide. It has attracted the attention of scientists and politicians as well as writers and critics especially in the western world. Writers have responded by writing climate change fiction despite the challenges of representation. James Bradley, an Australian novelist and critic, is one of those writers who are deeply occupied by the impacts of climate change. He has written Clade (2017) which traces the life of Adam Leith, a climatologist, and his family descendants amid the disastrous consequences of climate change. To analyze this novel, the researcher focuses on solastalgia, and applies the approach of everyday aesthetics. In a nutshell, the paper attempts to highlight the impact of climate change, examine the relationship between the characters and their environment, and explore the possibility of adaptation and detection of aesthetic values in an environment destroyed by climate change.
English Language Teaching in Brazil: A Gap in Policy, Problems in Practice
Authors: Batista Fernanda C. A.
Published: July 2020

Only three percent of Brazilians are estimated to speak English despite the status of this language as a mandatory subject in grades 10 to 12 of basic education and preferred foreign language in grades 5 to 9. This paper will analyse possible reasons for this fact. The widespread concept in the Brazilian society that speaking English is beneficial to individuals because it provides access to the globalised world does not seem to be enough to promote the actual learning of the language by the majority of the population, and it is argued here that this fact has to do with a gap in the foreign language teaching policy documents: the 2015 National Education Guidelines and Framework Law (LDB 2015), the Brazilian National Curriculum Parameters for Primary Education (PCN-EF), and the Brazilian National Curriculum Parameters for Secondary Education (PCN-EM). These documents do not prescribe the necessary conditions for English Language Teaching (ELT) to take place effectively, but, instead, provide suggestions for teachers on how to adapt to the status quo, which means focusing on reading to the detriment of the other aspects of the English language due to a number of factors ranging from a lack of resources to a large number of students per class.

 
Biochar Effects on Nutrients Retention and Release of Hydroponics Growth Media
Authors: Haraz Mohammed Taha , Bowtell Les , Al-Juboori Raed A.
Published: July 2020

Applying biochar (BC) to broad acre crops is an effective way to sequester carbon while improving soil fertility and reducing nutrient leaching. Adopting a similar approach in a hydroponic environment, BC may enhance nutrient availability and reduce natural fluctuations in the nutrient solution. This study monitored the effect of BC addition to peatmoss growth media with ratios of 0%, 5%, 25% and 50% on pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and macronutrient retention, over 15 days using hydroponic nutrient solution controls. Deionised water was used to measure nutrient releases in the closed loop hydroponic system, showing that biochar increased pH level in both retention and release stages. As expected, the pH increased by a maximum of 1.5 units with the highest biochar to growth media ratio due to the natural liming nature of the BC. The EC was also affected, as BC increased in the media EC reduced. With regards to retention of nutrients, BC recovered nitrate, phosphate, calcium and sulphate but did not affect magnesium. Potassium levels increased in solution with increasing BC ratio. In terms of outcomes relevant to global agriculture, the results show that the same level of production can nominally be obtained with around half the nutrient requirements.
Analysis of Spatiotemporal Features of Cassava Evapotranspiration in Benin Using Integrated FAO-56 Method and Terra/MODIS Data
Authors: Koyo Patrice , Hu Jichao , Amou Martial
Published: July 2020

This study analyzed the temporal and spatial features of cassava evapotranspiration from 1985 to 2015 in Benin using linear regression, Mann-Kendall trend test, Sen’s slope estimator, and interpolation. The study used basic meteorological data from the Met office of Benin and the Terra/MODIS vegetation index. The estimated crop coefficients (Kc) from FAO and NDVI have shown a strong and positive linear relationship with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.968, while NDVI-Kc presented values slightly lower than FAO-Kc. The rates of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) varied from 1.23 to 7.63 mm/day and 2.92 mm/day on average. At the local level, there were significant upward trends in the seasonal ETc for stations located in the bimodal rainfall pattern area (Cotonou, Bohicon, and Save) and non-significant for stations in the unimodal rainfall pattern area (Kandi, Parakou, and Natitingou). At the country level, both methods revealed a non-significant positive trend in cassava evapotranspiration in the study area while showing a strong and positive linear relationship in variations throughout the growing season, r = 0.956. Cassava’s growth in Benin may encounter in the future the risk of water deficit.
Heat Tolerance in Sugarcane: Optimum Temperature and Phenological Stage to Determination of Thermotolerance as Selection Criteria
Authors: Castro-Nava Sergio , Delgado-Martínez Rafael , García-Girón Jose Manuel
Published: July 2020

Heat stress is the major abiotic stressor in agriculture which reduces crop productivity and yield. Six sugarcane (Sacharum officinarum L.) genotypes were studied to investigate the impact of three temperature levels at four phenological stages on tissue electrolyte production and the feasibility of using the cell thermostability method (CTM) for the identification and selection of heat tolerant sugarcane genotypes. The cell membrane thermostability was quantified by measuring relative cell injury percentage with a modification in the temperature treatment on four phenological stages in a field experiment. Our results suggest that heat tolerance based on cell membrane thermostability can be improved using the existing genetic variability available within the commercial or experimental sugarcane germplasm. We conclude that the cell membrane thermostability test can be a useful screening procedure for selecting sugarcane genotypes that tolerate high temperature stress. The test can be used in conjunction with a temperature trait of 60 °C during the maturity stage. This procedure predicts the ability of sugarcane genotypes to maintain yield and juice quality under stressful field conditions.