bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaporative Cooling Irrigation Influences Disease, Insect, and Mite Pests of ‘Delicious’ Apples1
Authors: Olcott-Reid Brenda , Sutton Turner B. , Unrath C. R.
Published: August 2022

Evaporative cooling, trickle, and no irrigation were compared under a reduced pesticide program and no pesticides for effects on pests of ‘Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) at 1 location in 1979 and at 2 locations in 1980. Evaporative cooling slightly increased foliar scab in one orchard and fruit scab at both locations on trees receiving no fungicides, but fungicides applied to one side of the trees overcame this effect. Irrigation treatments did not affect white rot incidence. Evaporative cooling lowered bitter rot incidence on non-sprayed trees in the year in which they were inoculated, apparently by washing off spores, but increased bitter rot on trees receiving fungicides in the following year when inoculum levels were much higher. Aphid colonies and damage from external fruit feeders and codling moth all increased under evaporative cooling when populations were high enough to detect differences between treatments, but this occurred during only one season at one location for each pest. Following either delayed dormant oil or selective miticide applications in June, evaporative cooling consistently maintained European red mites and usually maintained two-spotted spider mites below damaging levels, while pest mite populations on trickle- and non-irrigated trees resurged to high levels.
Chromosomal Behavior in Octoploid Strawberry Progenies and their Parental Clones during Meiosis1
Authors: Ibrahim Atef M. F. , Sadanaga K. , Denisen E. L.
Published: August 2022

Chromosomal behaviro during diakinesis and metaphase I was studied in 4 octoploid cultivated strawberry progenies and their parental clones (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.). In all genotypes studied, most of the chromosomes were paired as bivalents. Loose bivalents and/or univalents were observed in some pollen mother cells (PMCs) during diakinesis. Two nucleoli were observed in a few PMCs. Twenty-eight bivalents in diakinesis indicated that the progenies and their parents were octoploid, with 2n = 8χ = 56 chromosomes. Some bivalents associated together were observed for all genotypes; however, the configurations of these associations were only end-to-end, end-to-side, or side-to-side, but not ring or chain configurations. The appearance of these configurations, therefore, indicated that they are probably formed by the aggregation of bivalents and are pseudomultivalents, not genuine multivalents.
Effects of Controlled-release Fertilizers and Application Methods on Growth and Leaf Elemental Concentration of Kalanchoe Blossfeldiana ‘Pixie’1
Authors: Kovacic Mary T. , Holcomb E. Jay
Published: August 2022

No significant differences in height or fresh weight were observed whether slow-release fertilizers were incorporated or topdressed on Kalanchoe grown in a sub-irrigation system. Osmocote 14–6.1–11.6 (NPK) at either 8.3 or 16.6 kg/m3 and Osmocote 19–2.6–10 at either 5.9 or 11.8 kg/m3 produced the tallest and heaviest plants. Plants fertilized with MagAmp 7–17.5–5 at 5.9 kg/m3 flowered in less time than plants receiving other fertilizers. No differences were found for supplemental micronutrients applied as one-time drench or those not treated with micronutrients. Leaf analysis ranges in high quality kalanchoe plants are reported for 10 elements.
Nitrogen Balances for Container-Grown Privet1
Authors: Stewart Jennifer A. , Lund L. J. , Branson R. L.
Published: August 2022

A greenhouse experiment was conducted using ornamental privet plants (Ligustrum japonicum Thunb.) to determine the effects of irrigation treatment (daily vs. every 2 days), container type (plastic vs. clay), and mix (redwood-sand; pine-sand; pine-soil; or sphagnum peat-perlite-sand) on the fate of applied N. The sinks for N that could be accounted for consisted of uptake by plants, N absorbed and/or adsorbed by the mix and container, and N leached. Growth rate and uptake of applied N was greatest for plants in plastic containers which were irrigated daily. The type of mix used did not appear to significantly affect plant growth. Compared with all other treatments, larger proportions of the applied N were absorbed and/or adsorbed by redwood-sand or pine-sand mixes in plastic containers irrigated on alternate days. Larger proportions of applied N were lost in leachate water from plastic containers that were irrigated daily than all of the other treatment variables. Unaccounted-for N (denitrified) was greater for plastic containers (16.2%) than clay containers (10.8%), and pine mixes had significantly greater proportions of applied N denitrified (17.7% for pine-sand and 18.9% for pine-soil) than redwood (9.3%) or peat (8.1%).
Phosphorylase, Phosphatase, α-Amylase Activity and Starch Breakdown during Ripening of ‘Marmelo’ Banana [(Musa acuminata Colla) × (Musa balbisiana Colla) ABB Group] Whole Fruit and Thin Slices1
Authors: Chitarra Adimilson B. , Lajolo Franco M.
Published: August 2022

Starch hydrolysis, phosphorylase, phosphatase and α-amylase activity of ‘Marinelo’ banana (Musa acuminata Colla × Musa balbisiana Colla, ABB group) during ripening of whole fruit and thin slices infiltrated with water (controls), cycloheximide and actinomycin D were investigated. Phosphatase and α-amylase activity of whole fruit increased during the climacteric while phosphorylase decreased as starch degradation proceded. Starch degradation had a different temperature coefficient than that of α-amylase activity when the storage temperature was raised from 20 to 25°C and stopped when 25% of the starch was still present. Activity of α-amylase in slices infiltrated with water, increased before the onset of the climacteric as a result of injury and at the same time starch was being hydrolyzed. Cycloheximide inhibited this induced activity increase but not starch breakdown or the increase of activity which occurs during the climacteric. Actinomycin D did not inhibit the α-amylase increase and its effect was a general retardation of ripening.
Effect of Soil Compaction on Physical Properties of Potting Media and Growth of Pilea pubescens Liebm. ‘Silver Tree’1
Authors: Conover C. A. , Poole R. T.
Published: August 2022

Physical characteristics were determined for 5 potting media composed of varying ratios of Florida sedge peat and pine bark subjected to compaction pressures of 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, or 0.3 kg/cm2. Percent noncapillary pore space decreased as compaction pressure and amount of peat in the mixture increased, while water holding capacity by volume increased with peat addition and compaction pressure. Top growth of Pilea pubescens ‘Silver Tree’ in compacted media was generally as good as in noncompacted media, but root growth was restricted.
The Effect of Supplemental HPS Lighting during Propagation on Rooting and Quality of ‘White Marble’ Cut Chrysanthemums1
Authors: Hughes Becky R. , Tsujita M. James
Published: August 2022

Supplemental high pressure sodium (HPS) night lighting during propagation increased early growth and rooting of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. cv. White Marble cuttings planted in October, and early growth only in cuttings planted in January. The results depended on the ambient light conditions and the level of supplemental HPS irradiance. Flower quality was enhanced by the supplemental light treatments only in the October plantings. Improving ambient light conditions as the crop developed apparently compensated for poor light conditions during the rooting period of the January planting.
Soil, Tree, and Fruit Responses to Lime and to Type and Timing of Nitrogenous Fertilizer Applications under ‘Sturdeespur Delicious’ Apple trees1
Authors: Lord William J. , Baker John H. , Damon Richard A.
Published: August 2022

Incorporating high Ca lime with the soil in the planting hole for trees of ‘Sturdeespur Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) on Malling-Merton 106 rootstock increased leaf Ca for the first 2 years. Annual soil applications of NH4NO3 for 8 years, in comparison to applications of KNO3or Ca (NO3)2, increased acidity of soil to depths of 50 to 61 cm. Soil Ca levels were reduced by NH4NO3 but were not increased by Ca (NO3)2. The trees were fertilized either 1 month prior to bloom or at bloom. Time of application or N source had no appreciable influence on tree growth, leaf nutrition, yield, fruit Ca levels, bitter pit and cork spot, or internal breakdown after storage.
Temperature and Cultivar Influences on the Chilling Period of Rabbiteye Blueberry1
Authors: Gilreath Phyllis R. , Buchanan D. W.
Published: August 2022

Budbreak of ‘Woodard’ and ‘Bluegem’ rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) occurred sooner than ‘Tifblue’ following chilling at constant 10 and 15°C and a diurnal regime of 8 hours at 15°/16 hours at 7°. Results indicate a narrower range of effective chilling temperatures for ‘Tifblue’. The temperature effect was more pronounced for ‘Woodard’ rooted cuttings than budsticks and was more significant for floral than vegetative budbreak. Floral budbreak of rooted cuttings subjected to 14 days at 30° in the middle of the chilling period was faster than at continuous chilling treatments. The number of days required for budbreak was significantly reduced as chilling hours increased.
The Effect of Quantum Flux Density, Day and Night Temperature and Phosphorus and Potassium Status on Anthocyanin and Chlorophyll Content in Marigold Leaves1
Authors: Armitage A. M. , Carlson W. H.
Published: August 2022

A temperature of 10°C resulted in the greatest synthesis of anthocyanins in foliage of marigold (Tagetespatula L.) regardless of whether cold was applied during the day or night. Response surface techniques were used to determine combinations of light and temperature which result in equal levels of anthocyanin or chlorophyll. Predicted responses indicate that as night temperature increased from 10 to 26°C, a wide range of quantum flux densities and day temperatures resulted in low anthocyanin content. Night temperature of 10° and high day temperature resulted in the same chlorophyll content as 26° night temperature and low day temperature if quantum flux density was low. No significant correlation was found between anthocyanin level and foliar phosophorus or potassium.
Effects of Pruning on Penetration of Photosynthetically Active Radiation and Leaf Physiology in Apples Trees1
Authors: Porpiglia Peter J. , Barden John A.
Published: August 2022

Several summer pruning treatments were applied in August to ‘Stayman’/Malling Merton (MM) 111 apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees measuring 4m high and 5m wide to examine the resulting changes in light climate. Diffuse photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) increased immediately by about 1/5 on the periphery and 1/10 within the canopy from 2 types of summer pruning. These changes in PAR had no effect on net photosynthetic (Pn) potential, dark respiration (Rd), or specific leaf weight (SLW) determined 21 and 54 days after pruning. One method of summer pruning reduced penetration of PAR into inner canopy positions the year following treatment.
Gene Dose Effects on Cane Thorn Density and Cotyledonary Gland Number in Tetraploid Blackberries1
Authors: Pavlis Gary C. , Moore J. N.
Published: August 2022

Fourteen tetraploid seedling populations of blackberry (Rubus sp.), representing quadruplex, (TTTT), triplex (TTTt), duplex (TTtt), simplex (Tttt), and nulliplex (tttt) genotypes for the major gene conferring thorniness, were evaluated for segregation of cane thorn density and cotyledonary gland number. Comparisons of seedling distribution curves, means and variances of segregating and non-segregating populations did not show a gene dose effect on gland and thorn occurrence. Inheritance of cotyledonary glands and cane thorns in blackberry was qualitative with the density of glands and thorns apparently controlled by several modifying genes.
Inheritance of Resistance to Muskmelon Necrotic Spot Virus in a Melon Aphid-resistant Breeding Line of Muskmelon1
Authors: Coudriet D. L. , Kishaba A. N. , Bohn G. W.
Published: August 2022

Resistance to muskmelon necrotic spot virus (MNSV) was transferred by successive backcrossing without selection from Cucumis melo L. cv. Gulfstream to a breeding line of muskmelon resistant to the melon aphid, Aphis gossypii (Glover), as a single recessive gene. This hypothesis is supported by the shift of resistant plants from 50 to 100% resistance in backcrossed and inbred progenies. The same gene, designated nsv for necrotic spot virus, for resistance was shown to be present in ‘PMR-5′ and ‘Planters Jumbo’. This finding documents the value of repeated backcrosses in breeding programs designed to transfer single gene characters from exotic sources into adaptive cultivars.
Plant Regeneration from Leaf Mesophyll Protoplasts of Selected Ornamental Nicotiana Species1
Authors: Passiatore J. E. , Sink K. C.
Published: August 2022

Shoot tips of Nicotiana aiata Link & Otto, N. forgetiana Sander and N. sanderae W. Wats seedlings were established on modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) salts and vitamins medium to provide leaf material as the cell source for protoplasts. Viable protoplasts (8.0 × 105 to 1.5 × 106/ml per g fresh weight) were enzymatically isolated from N. alata in 2.5% Driselase plus 4.0–4.7% mannitol or sorbitol in cell protoplast wash solution (CPW). An enzyme mixture of 1.0% Driselase, 1.0% Macerozyme R-10, 1.0% Cellulase R-10, 0.5% potassium dextran sulfate and 4.0% mannitol in CPW released 4.0 × 105 to 1.0 × 106 and 7.6 × 105 to 8.5 × 105/ml protoplasts per g leaf tissue respectively from N. forgetiana and N. sanderae. Only 4 of 13 tested culture media, also exhibiting species selectivity, promoted sustained cell division of protoplasts to the macroscopic callus stage in 28-35 days. Optimum plating efficiency ranged from 15 to 37% when the protoplasts were cultured at 5.0 × 104/ml in Cool White light. Plating efficiency did not increase when cultures were placed under Gro-Lux light. Macroscopic callus was readily regenerated to shoots in 2 months on MS medium + 1.0 mg/liter zeatin (Z) or MS + 2.0 mg/liter idoleacetic acid (I A A) + 1.0 mg/liter benzy lamino purine (BA). Rhizogenesis occurred in hormone-free MS medium. Regenerated plants flowered in the greenhouse and exhibited minor variation in flower form and pigmentation.
Taxonomic affinities of 5 Cultivars of Vitis vinifera L. as Aided by Serological Analysis of Pollen Proteins1
Authors: Samaan Latif G. , Wallace D. H.
Published: August 2022

The Ouchterlony immuno-double diffusion and crossed immuno-electrophoresis tests each identified one specific pollen protein in each of 5 grape cultivars. Additional proteins that were common provided evidence for ‘White Roumi’ being closely related to ‘Red Roumi’ and ‘Italia’ and distantly related to ‘Thompson Seedless’. An intermediate but close serological relationship was also identified between ‘Italia’ and both ‘Bez-EI-Nakah’ and ‘Thompson Seedless’.
Relationship between Abnormal Embryo Sac Development and Fruitfulness in Olive1
Authors: Rallo L. , Martin G. C. , Lavee S.
Published: August 2022

Differences in pistil abortion did not account for variation in fruiting among ‘Manzanillo’ (biennal bearing), ‘Rubra’ (regular cropping), and ‘Swan Hill’ (strong blooming but unfruitful) olives (Olea europaea L.). Competition among normal fruits in an inflorescence seems to be a main factor in regulating final crops. Parthenocarpic fruit of ’Manzanillo’ and ‘Swan Hill’ did not exhibit fruit competition. A high percentage of ovules in ‘Swan Hill’ contained poorly developed embryo sacs at anthesis and were not fertilized. Most of the few parthenocarpic fruit formed eventually shriveled and abscised.
A Direct and Analytical Method for Determining Water-soluble Sugars from a Single Extract of Carrot Root Tissue1
Authors: Hosfield G. L. , Sippel S. A. , Curtin D. D.
Published: August 2022

A procedure is outlined for the analysis of major water soluble sugars present in roots of carrot (Daucus carota L.). Fresh root tissue homogenized in methanol-chloroform-water (13:4:3, v/v/v) permitted differential extraction of sugars and carotenoid pigments based on their solubilities in the solvents eliminating the need to decolorize extracts. Moreover, determination of all sugars could be made from the same root extract. The relative concentrations of reducing sugars and total sugars were determined by a method using dinitrosalicylic acid and the enzyme, invertase. Glucose was determined by the glucose oxidase method. Sucrose and fructose were determined colorimetrically using standard anthrone procedures. Recovery of sugars added to extracts and assay solutions agreed with values from control samples in which no sugar was added. This indicated that interfering substances were absent from the samples. The procedure's utility was demonstrated on roots of 4 open pollinated cultivars. Sucrose, glucose, and fructose comprised more than 97% of the total water-soluble sugars in each cultivar. This procedure, because of its precision, economy, and practicality can be applied to genetic research and plant breeding aimed at improving carrot eating quality.
The Effect of Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis on Ethylene-induced Senescence in Isolated Carnation Petals1
Authors: Wulster G. , Sacalis J. , Janes H.
Published: August 2022

Exposure of isolated petals of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) to ethylene resulted in a rapid loss of fresh weight and “in-rolling,” both of which were prevented by pretreatment of petals with cycloheximide (CHI). Actinomycin D (ActD) had no effect on these responses. Treatment of petals with ethylene also resulted in an increase in O2 uptake, which was also inhibited by pretreatement with CHI. “In-rolling” of petals was prevented only if CHI was applied to petals within 4 hours after beginning the exposure to ethylene, but an 8 hour delay in application of CHI after exposure to ethylene was effective in inhibiting the loss of fresh weight.
Studies of ‘Delicious’ Apple Maturation and Ripening As a Chronometric Response to Light-Dark Cycles1
Authors: Blanpied G. D.
Published: August 2022

Two studies were carried out to determine if the relatively constant length of seasons (LOS) for ‘Delicious’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) was controlled by the number of light-dark cycles (days). Potted, bearing trees received 19-hour light-dark (19 L-D) cycles and 24-hour light-dark (24 L-D) cycles in growth chambers during July and August. At the end of treatment period, 19 L-D trees received 15 more light-dark cycles than 24 L-D trees. In the second study, orchard trees were illuminated with 2200–4400 lux for 75 min beginning at midnight during July and August. Measurements of skin chlorophyll, flesh firmness, titratable acidity, total soluble solids content, and ethylene evolution of harvested fruits as well as internal C2H4 concentrations in attached fruit indicated that maturation and ripening of ‘Delicious’ apples were not affected by these treatments.
The Effect of Phosphorus and Soil Moisture Levels on Yield and Processing Quality of ‘Centennial’ Sweet Potatoes1
Authors: Hammett H. L. , Constantin R. J. , Jones L. G. , Hernandez Travis P.
Published: August 2022

‘Centennial’ sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) did not respond to increasing levels of P over an 8 year period probably due to the low soil pH and relatively high native P levels. Increasing the available soil moisture to above 25% resulted in a 3.4 MT/ha increase in yield of marketable roots over that obtained with natural rainfall but increasing the available moisture had no influence on yield. The P rate had no effect on dry matter and/or carotenoid content, firmness and splitting of processed roots. Protein content as percent of dry weight was reduced with increased P rate. Increasing the available soil moisture resulted in lower dry matter, protein, and carotenoid contents but had no influence on fiber content, firmness, or splitting.
Relationship of Soluble Solids, Alcohol-insoluble Solids, Fruit Calcium, and Pectin Levels to Firmness and Surface Pitting in ‘Lambert’ and ‘Bing’ Sweet Cherry Fruit1
Authors: Facteau T. J.
Published: August 2022

Firmer ‘Lambert’ and ‘Bing’ sweet cherry fruit (Prunus avium L.) was associated with higher soluble solids (SS), higher concentration of alcohol-insoluble solids (AIS), and pectinase-soluble pectic substances and less crop, surface pitting, and lower concentration of water-soluble pectic substances. Fruit Ca and ethylene diamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA) soluble pectic substances were not associated with fruit firmness. Total pectic substances were lower in AIS extracted with 70% ethanol held at 70°C for 1 hour as compared with AIS extracted with 70% ethanol at room temperature plus 80% ethanol in 5% HCI (v/v) for an additional hour. The major differences between the 2 methods were less EDTA and more pectinase pectins in 70°C ethanol-extracted AIS.
The Choice of Plot Size in Randomized Block Experiments1
Authors: Binns M. R.
Published: August 2022

Blocking of experimental units is frequently used to improve the precision of an experiment, yet many discussions of optimal plot size do not include a factor for the effect of blocking. Since there is a relationship between the choice of optimal plot size and number of plots per block, such an omission may make recommendations inappropriate for blocked experiments. An adjusting formula of H. F. Smith allowing for blocking is expressed more intuitively in terms of the correlation among plots within blocks.
Sixteen-year Summary of Apple Rootstock Influence on Yield, Yield Efficiency, and Trunk Growth1
Authors: Larsen Fenton E , Fritts Robert
Published: August 2022

The influence of 9 rootstocks on growth and production of ‘Goldspur’ (GS) and ‘Wellspur Delicious’ (WS) and 3 rootstocks on growth and production of ‘Red King Delicious’ (RK) and ‘Golden Delicious’ (GD) apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees was evaluated. The spur-type ‘Delicious’ strain (WS) produced more fruit per tree than the non-spur (RK) strain with Mailing (M) 7 and Malling-Merton (MM) 106 but not with M 26 roots. ‘Golden Delicious’ produced more fruit per tree than GS on all 3 stocks. Yield efficiencies were usually superior with spurred strains. There was a decline in efficiency evident or projected with RK. Comparing cumulative yields after 16 years with 9 stocks within spurred strains showed that highest yields were with MM 106 roots. Yields were influenced by tree spacing, scion type, and rootstock. Clonal rootstocks were more efficient producers than seedling. The least size-controlling stocks (seedling, MM 104, MM 109, and M 25) tended to be less efficient producers than M 2, M 7, M 26, MM 106, or MM 111 in the final year of the experiment, but the differences were not all significant and the trends throughout the experiment were not consistent, partially due to biennial bearing with some stocks. Largest trees with spurred tops were WS, GS/seedling, MM 104, and MM 109, and smallest trees were on M 26. RK/M 7, M 26 were identical in size.
An Evaluation of Chilling Models for Estimating Rest Requirements of Highbush Blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.)1
Authors: Norvell Dona Jo , Moore J. N.
Published: August 2022

Experiments utilizing both natural and artificial chilling conditions were conducted to evaluate chilling models for estimating rest completion of highbush blueberries. Temperatures of 1° and 12°C were effective in satisfying the rest requirement of blueberries, but were less effective than 6°. Thus, neither the Utah chill unit model nor the accumulated hours below 7.2° model are accurate, since the Utah model does not consider temperatures below 1.4°C as effective in chilling and the accumulated hours below 7.2° model does not consider temperatures above 7.2° as effective. A modification of the Utah model allowing each hour at 1° to contribute 0.5 chill units gave predictable results for highbush blueberries. Natural field chilling was more effective in satisfying rest requirements than artificial chilling in cold chambers.
Effect of Tree Density on Fruit Quality, Temperature, Light Penetration, Growth, and Production of Old-line ‘Atwood’ Navel Orange Trees1
Authors: Boswell S. B. , Nauer E. M. , Atkin D. R.
Published: August 2022

Trees of old-line ‘Atwood’ navel orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] on Rubidoux trifoliate orange [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] rootstock were planted in 1970 at 6 different spacings in 5 replications to determine effects of tree spacing on fruit quality, tree growth, yield, air temperature, light penetration, and production costs. Growth rate was measured by trunk circumference and tree height. Trunk circumference increased as spacing increased. Closely spaced trees were 0.7 m higher than widely spaced trees after 9 years. Fruit quality analyses showed no differences until the trees began to crowd. Fruit colored faster in 1980 on the widely spaced trees than on closely spaced trees. Fruit from trees spaced 5.5 × 5.5 m reached legal maturity (8:1, solids:acid ratio) 12 days ahead of fruit from trees spaced 2.7 × 4.6 m.
The Effect of Gamma Irradiation of Seeds on Germination and Plant Morphology of Pelargonium × hortorum L. H. Bailey1
Authors: Grossman Herbert H. , Craig Richard
Published: August 2022

Seeds of Pelargonium × hortorum cv. ‘Carefree Deep Salmon’ were given 1, 2, or 3 krad of acute gamma radiation to determine the influence on germination, plant morphology and growth. Percent germination was stimulated by 1 krad and inhibited by 3 krad compared to the control. Plant height and branch length were initially greater for irradiated plants, but the controls eventually grew significantly taller and had greater branch length than plants irradiated with 2 and 3 krads. The growth differential appeared to reflect differences in internode elongation and it is suggested that gamma irradiation may have altered the gibberellin status of the plants. Similar effects were noted for leaf and branch number; however, only the 3 krad dose caused a significant reduction in these parameters.
Gene Action and Heterosis for Yield and Vegetative Characteristics in a Cross between a Gynoecious Pickling Cucumber Inbred and a Cucumis sativus var. hardwickii Line1
Authors: Lower R. L. , Nienhuis James , Miller C. H.
Published: August 2022

Parents, F1, F2 and backcross generations of a cross between a Cucumis sativus L. gynoecious inbred, GY 14, and a selection of Cucumis sativus var. hardwickii (R.) Alef. were evaluated for several horticultural characteristics. Generation means were significantly different for all characteristics, and were analyzed using an unweighted least squares procedure. An additive-dominance model accounted for most of the variation among generations for fruit weight per plant, lateral number, main stem and mature fruit length, diameter and length/diameter ratio. Additive × additive epistasis was involved in the variation among generations for fruit number per plant. Heterois above the high-parent was observed for fruit weight per plant and the main stem length, dominance was the major contributing factor to variation for these traits. F1 deviation from mid-parent was observed for lateral number.
Genetic and Environmental Determinants of Zoysiagrass Adaptation in a Subtropical Region1
Authors: Busey Philip , Reinert James A. , Atilano Ray A.
Published: August 2022

Visual evaluations of a 5-year-old replicated planting of 63 zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.) genotypes in southern Florida showed highly significant (P < 1%) differences in overall vigor and survival, flight selections and 2 commercial cultivars (‘Emerald’ and ‘Meyer’) were sodded at 2 distant sites. Selected genotypes (FZ-28, FZ-80, FZ-26, and FL-1753) were significantly better adapted, had significantly less weed encroachment and greater vigor and ground coverage, than Emerald or Meyer. The latter commercial cultivars were unacceptable in most evaluations. Furthermore, FZ-28 and FZ-80 had low sting nematode (Belonolaimus longicaudatus Rau) counts and FZ-28 had few eggs of Banks grass mite (Oligonychus pratensis [Banks]). Sod webworm (Crambus spp.) infestation appeared to be another variable closely associated with adaptive differences among genotypes and explained serious establishment problems at some sites. Zoysiagrass was successfully established as a turf only on one site involving fumigated soil and generally proved poorly suited for this subtropical region.
Antitranspirant Effects on Leaf Water Potential and Winter Injury of Holly1,23
Authors: Pair John C. , Still Steven M.
Published: August 2022

Three of 6 antitranspirants significantly reduced winter injury 1 of 5 years when applied 1 and 2 times to Ilex × attenuata Ashe ‘Foster's No. 2’. No reduction of winter injury was observed during 1979 and 1980 even though leaf water potentials recorded during winter stress periods indicated that Exhalt 4-10, Vapor Gard, Wilt Pruf, Folicote, and Foligard significantly reduced transpirational loss of water in midwinter. Two applications of Folicote and Exhalt 4-10 increased water potential more than the single fall application, but did not reduce winter injury significantly. Clear Spray did not increase leaf water potential and appeared to crack and peel within 3 weeks aftef application. Scanning electron micrographs indicated better coverage of leaf surfaces by dipping them by spraying and verified the rapid cracking of Clear Spray.
Genetic Control of Root Development in Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Grown under Phosphorus Stress1
Authors: Fawole Iyiola , Gabelman W. H. , Gerloff G. C.
Published: August 2022

Genetic control of root development in beans was investigated in the parents, F1, backcrosses and F2 obtained from 6 crosses made among 6 lines obtained from an earlier study of efficiency in P utilization. One line produced significantly larger and more vigorous roots and a narrower shoot/root ratio than the other 5 lines, both at stress and at adequate levels of P. Quantitative inheritance patterns and transgressive segregation for root dry weights were observed and high broad sense heritability estimates were obtained. Dominance variance was more important than additive variance in 4 families.
Vegetative Growth Response of ‘Olympus’ Strawberry to Polyethylene Mulch and Drip Irrigation Regimes1
Authors: Renquist A. Richard , Breen Patrick J. , Martin Lloyd W.
Published: August 2022

Two field plantings of strawberries [Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv. Olympus] were grown with and without black polyethylene mulch at 3 levels of drip irrigation and differential irrigation was maintained after plant establishment for 1 month in 1977 and 2 months in 1978. During the driest portion of each year the soil water potential at 20 cm depth remained above −0.5 bars for the highest level of irrigation, and fell below −11 bars at the lowest level. Mulch conserved soil moisture at the 2 lower irrigation levels in 1977, but this effect was minor in 1978. Vegetative growth was increased by both irrigation and mulch. The number of leaves produced during the first growing season was 30% (1977) and 25% (1978) greater in the high than the low-irrigation regime. Mulching improved leaf production 27% (1977) and 14% (1978). Most of these vegetative differences between treatments were still apparent at fruit harvest the following July. During a second year of treatments on the 1977 planting, the number of leaves was further enhanced by mulch and high irrigation. At the subsequent fruit harvest, 2-year-old plants had more leaves than those 1 year old, but the leaf area per plant averaged 27% lower. Leaf and crown dry weights of either 1- or 2-year-old plants at fruit harvest were slightly greater due to irrigation and significantly higher due to mulch, whereas root dry weight was unaffected by either treatment. The amount of summer irrigation required to sustain vigorous vegetative growth in mulched plants was only one third that of unmulched strawberries.
Nitrogen, Potassium, Sulfur Fertilization, and Protein Content of Sweet Potato Roots1
Authors: Purcell A. E. , Walter W. M. , Nicholaides J. J. , Collins W. W. , Chancy H.
Published: August 2022

An increase in the rate of applied N to plantings of sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas(L.) Lam.] caused an increase in root N content but did not affect the non-protein N/total N ratio. An increase in the rate of applied K caused an increase in root yield but did not affect root N content nor the non-protein N/total N ratio. Sulfur had no effect on yield or composition of the roots.
Quantum Flux Density Studies of Chrysanthemum in a Controlled Environment with High-pressure Sodium Lamps. II. Long Day and Short Day Studies1
Authors: Stefanis James P. , Langhans R. W.
Published: August 2022

Growth of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat) was studied as a function of quantum flux density (QFD), QFD duration, and temperature. Plants were grown under high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps in a controlled environment (CE) for 13 long days and during the first 2 weeks of short days. Treated plants were also grown to flowering in a greenhouse to determine treatment effect on flowering time and plant size at flowering. Dry weight of vegetative shoots was greatest at 27°C after cuttings were rooted. Rooting and growing chrysanthemum cuttings vegetatively in a CE under HPS lamps appeared best at 280 μEm−2s−1 for 18 hours/day when plants were grown to flowering in a greenhouse. Flower initiation was not accelerated at QFD greater than 140 μEm−2s−1 provided 12 hours/day. A photochlorosis was observed on all treatments irradiated with HPS lamps; the photochlorosis was irreparable at QFD of 420 μEm−2s−1.
Nectar and the Nectary of Phaseolus vulgaris L.1
Authors: Webster Barbara D. , Ross Ryan M. , Evans Thomas
Published: August 2022

The discoid nectary of Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Red Kidney, produces nectar comprised of sugars, amino acids, protein, lipids, reducing acids, phenols, and alkaloids. Nectar is secreted through open stomates located near the inner and outer rims of the shallowly lobed nectary. Closed stomates are present on external and internal flanks of the nectary. Nectar production by this autogamous cultivar is anomolous, since such production usually exists to attract pollinators to ensure transfer of germ cells. Honey bees and bumblebees which regularly visit the plants for nectar are provided with a highly nutritious resource, apparently at the expense of the plant. Diversion of energy for nectar production thus appears to be an unrewarded expense to this cultivar.
Effect of NAA on Shoot Production in Vitro from BA-pretreated Petunia Leaf Explants 1
Authors: Economou Athanasios S. , Read Paul E.
Published: August 2022

Leaf explants from ‘Sugar Daddy’ and ‘Sugar Plum’ petunia (Petunia hybrida L.) were pretreated in solutions of 0, 200, 400, and 800 mg/liter 6-benzylamino purine (BA) and were placed in a cytokinin-free modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, to which 0.05, 0.1, or 0.2 mg/liter naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) were incorporated to test interaction. NAA at 0.05 or 0.1 mg/liter increased shoot number, fresh weight, and shoot quality rating for ‘Sugar Daddy’, while in ‘Sugar Plum’ addition of NAA increased shoot fresh weight and improved shoot quality rating without any effect on shoot number.
Photosynthesis and Photosynthate Partitioning in Sweet Potato Genotypes1
Authors: Bhagsari Ajmer S. , Harmon Silas A.
Published: August 2022

Field experiments were conducted during 1979 and 1980 growing seasons with sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] genotypes at different stages of growth to determine leaf net photosynthetic rates (Pn) and photosynthate partitioning patterns. Net photosynthesis was measured in an open system with an infrared analyzer on the youngest and the fully expanded leaves still attached to the plant. Photosynthesis rates differed significantly in both years. Photosynthesis varied from 19.1 to 32.4 mg CO2dm−2hr−1 in 1979 and from 25.8 to 36.9 mg CO2dm−1hr−1 in 1980. A new selection, 75-96-1, averaged highest both years. Percentages of photosynthate partitioning to storage roots also differed significantly. About 45 days after planting, ‘Centennial’ and ‘Georgia Jet’ diverted the highest percentage, about 28%, of the total dry matter to the storage roots. But ‘Georgia Red’ diverted the highest percentages of photosynthate (51.0 and 56.4) to the storage roots 75 and 90 days after planting, respectively. Photosynthate partitioning to storage roots ranged from 11.2 to 56.4%, 90 days after planting. Final root yield correlated significantly (r = 0.69 to 0.87) with photosynthate partitioning at all stages of growth. During 1980, Pn and total dry matter yield also were significantly correlated. Harvest index was significantly correlated (r = 0.89) with final storage root yield. But Pn did not significantly correlate with either storage root yield or photosynthate partitioned to roots. Stomatal density was 2 to 3 times more on the abaxial than the adaxial surface of the leaves. Percentages of neither leaf nitrogen nor chlorophyll content of leaves differed significantly. High-yielding genotypes generally initiated storage root formation earlier and also partitioned more photosynthate to storage roots than low-yielding genotypes.
Artificial Versus Natural Infestation for Evaluation of Kernel and Stalk Damage in Maize by the European Corn Borer1
Authors: Grier Stephen L. , Davis David W.
Published: August 2022

Artificial was compared to natural infestation for evaluating kernel damage and stalk tunneling on maize (Zea mays, L.) caused by European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis, Hiibner) larvae. Under conditions of natural infestation, differential damage levels among families were more closely correlated with silk date than oviposition frequencies on the host plants. The association between damage and silk date was reduced following artificial infestation. Artificial infestation, which permits infestation at a common stage of maturity (full silk), a uniform and greater insect population on host plants, and a uniform opportunity for larval development on the ear from time of infestation to time of evaluation, is preferred for differentiating maize genotypes for borer resistance.
Improvement of Fruit Firmness and Acidity in Controlled-atmosphere-stored ‘Golden Delicious’ Apples by a Rapid O2 Reduction Procedure1
Authors: Lau O. L. , Looney N. E.
Published: August 2022

‘Golden Delicious’ apples (Malus domestiea Borkh.) were subjected to regular air storage, to conventional controlled-atmosphere (CA) storage (O2 reduced to 2.5% within 20–25 days of harvest by fruit respiration), or to several rapid CA procedures in which O2 levels were quickly reduced to 2.5% by N2 flushing. Fruit subjected to rapid CA (rapid reduction of O2) was consistently 1 to 2 kg firmer and substantially higher in titratable acids than those in conventional CA or air storage at the conclusion of a 6- to 8-month storage period. Long delays in air at 0°C or at ambient temperatures before initiation of O2 reduction resulted in softer fruit.
Influence of Supplemental Light and Preforcing Storage Treatments on the Forcing of ‘Red Garnette’ Rose as a Pot Plant1
Authors: Asaoka Masaharu , Heins Royal D.
Published: August 2022

Potted ‘Red Garnette’ rose (Rosa hybrida L.) plants were flowered for Valentine’s Day under natural winter light conditions. Storage of early dug plants at 2°, 4.5°, and 10°C decreased greenhouse forcing time. Increasing storage time from 0 to 6 weeks at 10° decreased greenhouse forcing time by 31 days. Shoot length on potted plants stored at 10° for 4 and 6 weeks was reduced 33% and 26%, respectively, compared to plants stored at 2° for similar time periods. The number of flower buds per plant was reduced by 10° storage. Supplemental lighting with high-pressure sodium light at 30 and 60 μEm−2s−1 for 12 hours increased the number of flowering shoots per plant; however, the number of flower buds per flowering shoot was unaffected. Incandescent lighting (2 μEm−2s−1) did not increase the number of flowering shoots but did increase the number of flower buds per plant. Time to open flower at 16° (night)/20° (day) was linearly related to flower bud diameter (days to flower = 31.6 − 2.1 (bud diameter in mm); r2 = 0.95). Temperatures of 27° to 38° for 4 days prior to forcing decreased plant height but delayed flowering.
Phosphorus Requirement of Ilex crenata Thunb. cv. Helleri Grown in a Pine Bark Medium1
Authors: Yeager T. H. , Wright R. D.
Published: August 2022

Greenhouse-grown branched liners of ‘Helleri’ holly were fertilized with either 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, or 30 ppm P to establish a P level in the pine bark medium that resulted in maximum shoot dry weight. Pine bark P levels greater than 10 ppm did not result in increased shoot dry weight. Total mg of P in shoot tissues continued to increase with P treatments higher than 10 ppm, indicating luxury consumption of P. Total mg of P in root tissues increased to the 5 ppm P treatment. Total μg of Mn in shoot tissues increased while total pg of Mn in root tissues decreased with increasing pine bark P levels. In a subsequent experiment, dry shoot weights of ‘Helleri’ holly grown in a pine bark medium amended with either 270, 540, or 810 g/m3 of P supplied as superphosphate (9% P) or fertilized with 10 ppm P were not different, while root dry weights decreased with increasing P amendment. Water extractable P for the 810 g/m3 treatment decreased 245 ppm during the experiment and by week 5 was below 10 ppm.
Effect of Ozone, Antioxidant Protection, and Early Blight on Potato in the Field1
Authors: Bisessar S.
Published: August 2022

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv Norchip) plants were exposed under field conditions to ambient ozone and natural infection of early blight incited by Alternaria solani (Ell. & G. Martin) Jones & Grout. Oxone concentrations in excess of 8.0 pphm were recorded on 18 days during the summer of 1979. Foliar ozone symptoms first occurred during flowering; 3 weeks later early blight infection occurred. Ozone and blight injuries were reduced with 10- and 7-day interval foliage sprays using an antioxidant, ethylene diurea (EDU), and a fungicide, chlorthalonil (Bravo), respectively. Plants protected by either EDU or chlorthalonil exhibited significantly less ozone injury and blight injury than nonsprayed control potatoes, with EDU having the greater effect. Fungicide-antioxidant combination sprays were even more effective in reducing both early blight infection and ozone injury. The fungus colonized ozone-injured sites more than non-ozone-injured areas of the foliage, suggesting that ozone injury was a factor in increased infection of potato leaves by A. solani. Increases observed in potato tuber weights paralleled the decreases observed in ozone and blight foliar injury. The combined effects of fungicide and antioxidant were additive in reducing ozone injury and in increasing tuber weight.
Effects of Summer vs. Dormant Pruning and NAA Treatment on Growth of One- and Two-year-old Apple Trees1
Authors: Marini Richard P. , Barden John A.
Published: August 2022

Summer pruning significantly restricted radial growth of trunks, shoot growth, and root growth of young trees of ‘Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) the year of treatment. Summer pruning early in the season was most devitalizing. Application of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) to the pruning cut after summer pruning had inconsistent effects on dry weight accumulation, but usually reduced regrowth. Growth of summer-pruned trees was generally similar to growth of comparably dormant-pruned trees the year following treatment.
Relationship Between Fatty Acid Composition and Low-temperature Seed Germination in Tomato1
Authors: Maluf W. R. , Tigchelaar E. C.
Published: August 2022

Seed germination at 10°C in partially isogenic F5 lines of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) with varying low-temperature germinating abilities was negatively correlated with oleic acid levels and positively correlated with linoleic acid contents. Fatty acid composition did not change with time of incubation at 10°C, nor in the presence of activated carbon. Fatty acid composition of membrane-lipid fractions was similar to the total fatty acid of the seeds. The proportion by which linoleic acid is higher in cold-germinating lines (CG) is roughly the same as the amount by which oleic acid is lower in non-cold-germinating (NCG) lines. We suggest that gene regulation of cold-germinating ability is associated with a more extensive desaturation of oleic acid into linoleic acid during seed development.
Inheritance of Fruit Size in the Cultivated Tetraploid Blackberry [Rubus (Tourn.) L. subgenus Eubatus]1
Authors: Caldwell Judith D. , Moore J. N.
Published: August 2022

Twelve seedling populations involving large, intermediate, and small-fruited parental clones of tetraploid blackberries were evaluated for fruit size inheritance. The amount and type of variation and the significant deviations from the mid-parent means in seedling distributions indicated that inheritance was quantitative with partial dominance for small fruit size. Maximum heritability, estimated by the genetic variance/phenotypic variance, was 0.76. Narrowsense heritability, estimated by regressing progeny on the mid-parents, was 0.62, indicating that most of the genetic variability (82%) was transmittable through the sexual cycle (gametes). These results suggest that simple breeding procedures based on inter-mating parent clones selected on the basis of their phenotypic performance are likely to produce significant genetic gains in fruit size of blackberries.
Weight Changes of Radish and Marigold Exposed at Three Ages to NO2, SO2, and O3 Alone and in Mixture1
Authors: Sanders J. S. , Reinert R. A.
Published: August 2022

Radish (Raphanus sativus L. cv. Cherry Belle) and marigold (Tagetes patula L. cv. King Tut) were exposed 3 times (every other day), for 3 hours each time to NO2, SO2, and O3, alone and in mixture at 0.3 ppm of each pollutant. Plants were exposed to the pollutant treatments at 3 ages. Radish was most sensitive to O3 at 19–23 days from seeding. The response of marigold to the individual pollutants was not dependent on plant age. Pollutant treatments containing O3 reduced radish root (hypocotyl) dry weight 48% per plant compared with plants exposed to treatments without O3. Interactions of NO2, SO2, and O3 on weight changes in marigold were significant. Sulfur dioxide, alone, reduced the dry weight of the marigold flower and roots, but the inhibitory effect of SO2 was reversed in the presence of NO2 or O3.
Effect of Rootstocks and Interstems on Composition of ‘Delicious’ Apple Leaves1
Authors: Abdalla Omer A. , Khatamian Houchang , Miles Neil W.
Published: August 2022

Leaf nutrient composition (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn, and Cu) was determined for 10-year-old ‘Delicious’ apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) grown on 21 rootstock and interstem combinations classified according to vigor (standard, semi-standard, semi-dwarf, dwarf). Significant differences in leaf P, K, and Mn were observed between the 4 vigor classifications. P and K were higher in leaves of standard than in leaves of dwarf trees, but leaves of dwarf trees had higher Mn than those of the other size classifications had. “Delicious”/Malling (M)7/Alanarp (A) 2 (dwarf) and ‘Delicious’/M7/Robusta (R) 5 (semidwarf) contained high K and low Mg levels. High Mg and low K were found in dwarf trees on M 2 and M 26 rootstocks. Calcium was higher in leaves of trees on Mailing Merton (MM) 106 rootstock than in those on M 7/MM 104. Trees on M 26 had high Mn. Fruit yield was correlated negatively to tree size and leaf K and positively to leaf Mg and Mn. Other elements were unaffected by the rootstock systems tested, which suggested that the rootstock and interstem combinations had only a minor effect on nutritional status of scion leaves.