bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Study on the Genetic Algorithm Optimization of an Asphalt Mixture’s Viscoelastic Parameters Based on a Wheel Tracking Test
Authors: Zhang Jinxi , Zhou Weiqi , Cao Dandan , Zhang Jia
Published: November 2023

The generalized Maxwell (GM) constitutive model has been widely applied to characterize the viscoelastic properties of asphalt mixtures. The parameters (Prony series) of the GM are usually obtained via interconversion between a dynamic modulus and relaxation modulus, and they are then input to a finite element model (FEM) as viscoelastic parameters. However, the dynamic modulus obtained with the common loading mode only provides the compressive and tensile properties of materials. Whether the compression or tensile modulus can represent the shear properties of materials related to flow rutting is still open to discussion. Therefore, this study introduced a novel method that integrates the Kriging model into the genetic algorithm as a surrogate model to determine the viscoelastic parameters of an asphalt mixture in rutting research. Firstly, a wheel tracking test (WTT) for AC-13 was conducted to clarify the flow rutting development mechanism. Secondly, two sets of the AC-13 viscoelastic parameters obtained through the optimization method and the dynamic modulus were used as inputs into the FEM simulation of the WTT to compare the simulation results. Finally, a sensitivity analysis of viscoelastic parameters was performed to improve the efficiency of parameter optimization. The results indicating the viscoelastic parameters obtained by this method could precisely characterize the development law of flow rutting in asphalt mixtures.
Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized from Indigofera linnaei Ali and This Plant’s Biological Applications
Authors: Prathap Nadarajan , Dravid Nagarajan , Kaarmukhilnilavan Srinivasan R. , Shivakumar Muthugounder Subaramanian , Venkatesan Srinivasan , Shaik Mohammed Rafi , Shaik Baji
Published: November 2023

The leaf extract of Indigofera linnaei Ali, an Indian medicinal plant, was utilized in the synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs). Green chemistry is a safe and cost-effective method for the synthesis of nanoparticles using plant extracts. The synthesis of CuO NPs was confirmed using ultraviolet–visible (UV-visible) spectrum λ-max data with two peaks at 269 and 337 nm. Different functional groups were identified using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to confirm the crystalline structure of the CuO-nanoparticles. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses were performed to examine the surface morphology and elemental composition of the biosynthesized CuO-NPs. Furthermore, the synthesized CuO-NPs exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus faecalis. Additionally, they exhibited a good insecticidal effect on Culex quinquefasciatus larvae, with low LC50 55.716 µg/mL and LC90 123.657 µg/mL values. The CuO-NPs inhibited human breast cancer cells in a concentration-dependent manner, with an IC50 value of 63.13 µg/mL.
Evaluation of Exercise Mobile Applications for Adults with Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors
Authors: Chen Shiqi , Wu Yin , Bushey Erica L. , Pescatello Linda S.
Published: November 2023

Objective: To conduct a systematic review to determine if there are exercise mobile applications (apps) that can produce evidence-based, individualized exercise plans. Materials and Methods: We searched the Apple Store and Google Play for exercise apps with terms related to exercise and health. Exercise apps were eligible if they: (1) had a ≥4 out of 5 overall rating with ≥1000 reviews; (2) were free to download; and (3) were not gender specific. Exercise apps were evaluated via the evidence-based exercise prescription (ExRx) standards of the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) and American Heart Association. For the exercise app evaluation criteria, an app was included if it (1) was evidence-based; (2) contained a preparticipation health screening protocol; (3) built a cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor profile; (4) prioritized one chronic disease or health condition to focus on; (5) framed the exercise plan by the frequency, intensity, time, and type principle (FITT) of ExRx; and (6) specified special considerations. Results: Of the 531 potentially qualifying apps, 219 qualified. The qualifying apps were rarely evidenced-based (0.5%) or had a preparticipation screening protocol (3.7%). Only 27.7% built CVD risk factor profiles. Most apps (64.8%) focused on body image and/or athletic performance. Only 4.3% focused on chronic diseases or health conditions, while the remainder (34.5%) did not disclose a focus. No app framed the exercise plans by the FITT of ExRx. Only 1.4% of the apps specified special considerations. Conclusion: There are no commercially available exercise apps that generate an evidence-based, individualized exercise plan for adults with CVD risk factors.
The Effect of Silver and Samarium on the Properties of Bioglass Coatings Produced by Pulsed Laser Deposition and Spin Coating
Authors: Lavric Roxana , Vreme Cornelia , Busuioc Cristina , Isopencu Gabriela-Olimpia , Nicoara Adrian-Ionut , Oprea Ovidiu-Cristian , Banciu Daniel-Dumitru , Constantinoiu Izabela , Musat Ana-Maria-Raluca
Published: November 2023

The current study reports the use of silver (Ag) and samarium (Sm) as dopants to improve the properties of standard bioglass in terms of biological performance. This experiment considers thin films of doped bioglass obtained by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and spin coating (SC). For both methods, some parameters were gradually varied, as the main objective was to produce a bioglass that could be used in biomedical fields. In order to study the morphology, the phase composition and other properties, the samples obtained were subjected to multiple analyses, such as thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Furthermore, the in vitro bioactivity of the samples, as assessed through simulated body fluid (SBF) immersion, as well as immunocytochemistry and evaluation of actin filaments, assessed through fluorescence microscopy, are reported. The results confirmed the formation of the designed vitreous target employed as the source of material in the PLD experiments only at sintering temperatures below 800 °C; this vitreous nature was preserved in the grown film as well. The presence of Ag and Ce dopants in the parent glassy matrix was validated for all stages, from powder, to target, to PLD/SC-derived coatings. Additionally, it was demonstrated that the surface topography of the layers can be adjusted by using substrates with different roughness or by modulating the processing parameters, such as substrate temperature and working pressure in PLD, rotation speed, and number of layers in SC. The developed material was found to be highly bioactive after 28 days of immersion in SBF, but it was also found to be a potential candidate for inhibiting the growth of Gram-negative bacteria and a suitable support for cell growth and proliferation.
Mechanical Investigation of Recyclability for Sustainable Use of Laser-Based Metal–Polymer Joints
Authors: Wortmann Christoph , Brosda Maximilian , Häfner Constantin
Published: November 2023

Metal–plastic hybrid components combine the strength of metal with the low density of plastic. Due to weight reduction, these components are becoming increasingly important. To reduce the need for raw materials, processes for the recyclability of hybrid compounds are being investigated to reuse the metal part. The aim of this research is to characterize the mechanical bond strength after laser-based cleaning and reuse of the metal component. For this purpose, laser radiation is used to introduce microstructures into the metal surface. Afterwards, the polymer is joined to the metal component with laser radiation. As a reference of the initial mechanical bond strength, the joined samples are examined in a tensile testing machine. The polymer residues remaining in the structured metal surface are removed with different laser-based cleaning strategies. The metal is used again to generate another hybrid joined sample with a new polymer component. The results of the subsequent tests in the tensile testing machine are used for a detailed analysis of the reusability. As a result of this investigation, the laser-cleaned specimens showed significant improvements in bond strength compared to the uncleaned specimens. The process of laser-based cleaning for the reuse of the metallic part of hybrid joined components provides a fundamental procedure for improving the circular economy. In the future, this study should be validated in subsequent investigations on realistic components with complex geometries.
Acquired Triazole Resistance Alters Pathogenicity-Associated Features in Candida auris in an Isolate-Dependent Manner
Authors: Bohner Flora , Papp Csaba , Takacs Tamas , Varga Mónika , Szekeres András , Nosanchuk Joshua D. , Vágvölgyi Csaba , Tóth Renáta , Gacser Attila
Published: November 2023

Fluconazole resistance is commonly encountered in Candida auris, and the yeast frequently displays resistance to other standard drugs, which severely limits the number of effective therapeutic agents against this emerging pathogen. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of acquired azole resistance on the viability, stress response, and virulence of this species. Fluconazole-, posaconazole-, and voriconazole- resistant strains were generated from two susceptible C. auris clinical isolates (0381, 0387) and compared under various conditions. Several evolved strains became pan-azole-resistant, as well as echinocandin-cross-resistant. While being pan-azole-resistant, the 0381-derived posaconazole-evolved strain colonized brain tissue more efficiently than any other strain, suggesting that fitness cost is not necessarily a consequence of resistance development in C. auris. All 0387-derived evolved strains carried a loss of function mutation (R160S) in BCY1, an inhibitor of the PKA pathway. Sequencing data also revealed that posaconazole treatment can result in ERG3 mutation in C. auris. Despite using the same mechanisms to generate the evolved strains, both genotype and phenotype analysis highlighted that the development of resistance was unique for each strain. Our data suggest that C. auris triazole resistance development is a highly complex process, initiated by several pleiotropic factors.
Using Lie Derivatives with Dual Quaternions for Parallel Robots
Authors: Montgomery-Smith Stephen , Shy Cecil
Published: November 2023

We introduce the notion of the Lie derivative in the context of dual quaternions that represent rigid motions and twists. First we define the wrench in terms of dual quaternions. Then we show how the Lie derivative helps understand how actuators affect an end effector in parallel robots, and make it explicit in the two cases case of Stewart Platforms, and cable-driven parallel robots. We also show how to use Lie derivatives with the Newton-Raphson Method to solve the forward kinematic problem for over constrained parallel actuators. Finally, we derive the equations of motion of the end effector in dual quaternion form, which include the effect of inertia from the actuators.
Microwave Frequency Offset Induced by Subsurface Damage in Abrasive-Machined Semiconductor Ceramic Waveguide
Authors: Wang Haoji , Wei Jinhua , Lin Bin , Cui Xiaoqi , Hou Hetian , Fu Zhiyuan , Ding Jianchun , Sui Tianyi
Published: November 2023

Ceramic waveguide components play a critical role in modern microwave semiconductor systems. For the first time, this work reports experimental results obtained when dielectric ceramics are abrasive-machined into waveguide components. This process will cause subsurface damage (SSD), resulting in a deviation in their working frequency which can degrade the performance of the system. For a substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) resonator working at 10.1 GHz, SSD with a depth of 89 um can cause a maximum frequency offset of 20.2%. For a mm wave component working at 70 GHz, the corresponding frequency offset could increase to 169%. Three resonator SIW filters with SSD are studied, and the results demonstrate that the frequency offset induced by SSD can reduce the pass rate of the filters from 95.4% to 0%. A theoretical analysis is performed to reveal the mechanism and to offer a quantitative estimation of the limiting range of the offset caused by SSD. Feasible methods for reducing the offset caused by SSD, such as structure design, processing optimization, and material reinforcement, are discussed.
Combining Color and Spatial Image Features for Unsupervised Image Segmentation with Mixture Modelling and Spectral Clustering
Authors: Panić Branislav , Nagode Marko , Klemenc Jernej , Oman Simon
Published: November 2023

The demand for accurate and reliable unsupervised image segmentation methods is high. Regardless of whether we are faced with a problem for which we do not have a usable training dataset, or whether it is not possible to obtain one, we still need to be able to extract the desired information from images. In such cases, we are usually gently pushed towards the best possible clustering method, as it is often more robust than simple traditional image processing methods. We investigate the usefulness of combining two clustering methods for unsupervised image segmentation. We use the mixture models to extract the color and spatial image features based on the obtained output segments. Then we construct a similarity matrix (adjacency matrix) based on these features to perform spectral clustering. In between, we propose a label noise correction using Markov random fields. We investigate the usefulness of our method on many hand-crafted images of different objects with different shapes, colorization, and noise. Compared to other clustering methods, our proposal performs better, with 10% higher accuracy. Compared to state-of-the-art supervised image segmentation methods based on deep convolutional neural networks, our proposal proves to be competitive.
Point-Rich: Enriching Sparse Light Detection and Ranging Point Clouds for Accurate Three-Dimensional Object Detection
Authors: Zhang Yanchao , Zheng Yinuo , Zhu Dingkun , Wu Qiaoyun , Zeng  Hansheng , Gu Lipeng , Zhai Xiangping Bryce
Published: November 2023

LiDAR point clouds often suffer from sparsity and uneven distributions in outdoor scenes, leading to the poor performance of cutting-edge 3D object detectors. In this paper, we propose Point-Rich, which is designed to improve the performance of 3D object detection. Point-Rich consists of two key modules: HighDensity and HighLight. The HighDensity module addresses the issue of density imbalance by enhancing the point cloud density. The HighLight module leverages image semantic features to enrich the point clouds. Importantly, Point-Rich imposes no restrictions on the 3D object detection architecture and remains unaffected by feature or depth blur. The experimental results show that compared with the Pointpillars on the KITTI dataset, the mAP of Point-Rich under the bird’s eyes view improves by 5.53% on average.
Cryptographically Secured Pseudo-Random Number Generators: Analysis and Testing with NIST Statistical Test Suite
Authors: Almaraz Luengo Elena , Román Villaizán Javier
Published: November 2023

There are several areas of knowledge in which (pseudo-)random numbers are necessary, for example, in statistical–mathematical simulation or in cryptography and system security, among others. Depending on the area of application, it will be necessary that the sequences used meet certain requirements. In general, randomness and uniformity conditions are required in the generated sequences, which are checked with statistical tests, and conditions on sequence unpredictability if the application is in security. In the present work, a literature review on cryptographically secure pseudo-random number generators (CSPRNGs) is carried out, they are implemented, and a critical analysis of their statistical quality and computational efficiency is performed. For this purpose, different programming languages will be used, and the sequences obtained will be checked by means of the NIST Statistical Test Suite (NIST STS). In addition, a user’s guide will be provided to allow the selection of one generator over another according to its statistical properties and computational implementation characteristics.
Copper Sulfation from Enargite Roasting Using Coal and Fayalite Slag Mixture
Authors: Véliz Miguel , Aracena Alvaro , Jerez Oscar , Pérez-Tello Manuel , Balladares Eduardo
Published: November 2023

In this work, the roasting of an enargite mix was carried out in oxidative conditions. The temperature range of the study was 773–973 K. The mixture had a 4:6:6 molar ratio of enargite, magnetite and coal, respectively. The roasting was made in an open atmosphere. The time was 1 h for each isothermal test. The effect of temperature and weight loss were studied. The results indicate that the temperature affects the products. At 773–873 K, the copper phases were sulfates. When the temperature was increased to 973 K, all the present phases were oxidized, and no arsenic phase was encountered in the XRDs. Therefore, this process is an excellent alternative for roasting copper concentrates with enargite, removing arsenic in the gas phase and generating a calcine that could then go to lixiviation to finally recover the copper through electrowinning.
Using Video Vignettes to Understand Perceptions of Leaders
Authors: Moskowitz Derek , Sanchez Diana R. , Trinh Brian
Published: November 2023

Video vignettes are one form of virtualized vignettes that may build upon traditional text vignettes and enable research participants to see and experience a unique scenario that is better translated visually than through a written text. This study examined using video vignettes to study perceptions of leaders. Participants watched virtualized, video vignettes depicting a male leader expressing either a masculine, gender-conforming expression or a feminine, gender-nonconforming expression. Participants evaluated these leaders on measures of leadership likability and leadership effectiveness. Results demonstrated that the videos of the masculine male leader were perceived as more likable and more effective than the videos of the feminine male leader. This relationship was not moderated by gender-related expectations the participants had. This finding reveals that there is a prototypical expectation that male leaders who depicted masculine expressions are more likable and effective. Additionally, we also found that the participant’s individual ideologies of gender-related expectations and conformity expectations were related to the results in unique ways. When the participant believed an ideal leader should have higher versus lower feminine traits, those participants also rated both leaders more positively regardless of the type of gender expression that was depicted in the video vignettes. In contrast, participants with strong expectations that others should conform to gender norms in social situations generally rated both leaders more negatively, regardless of the gender expression in the video vignette. The results are discussed in detail and the benefits of using virtualized and video vignettes are discussed.
Influence of the Ti-TiN-(Y,Ti,Al)N Nanolayer Coating Deposition Process Parameters on Cutting Tool Oxidative Wear during Steel Turning
Authors: Vereschaka Alexey , Sotova Catherine , Milovich Filipp , Seleznev Anton , Sitnikov Nikolay , Shekhtman Semen , Pirogov Vladimir , Baranova Natalia
Published: November 2023

Ti-TiN-(Y,Ti,Al)N coatings with a three-layer architecture (adhesive Ti layer, transition TiN layer, and wear-resistant (Y,Ti,Al)N layer) were studied. When depositing coatings, three arc current values of the yttrium cathode were used: 65, 85, and 105 A. The yttrium contents in the coatings were 30, 47, and 63 at. %, respectively. When turning 1045 steel, a coating with 30 at. % yttrium showed better wear resistance compared to a commercial (Ti,Cr,Al)N coating. The coating with 63 at. % yttrium did not show an increase in wear resistance compared to the uncoated sample. Nanolayers with a high yttrium content are oxidized more actively compared to nanolayers with a high titanium content. Phase analysis shows partial retention of the initial phases (Y,Ti,Al)N and (Ti,Y,Al)N during the formation of the Y2O3 oxide phase in the outer layers of the coating and the presence of only the initial phases in the deep layers. Coating nanolayers with high contents of aluminum and yttrium lose their original structure to a greater extent during oxidation compared to layers without aluminum.
Polypyrrole Solid-State Supercapacitors Drawn on Paper
Authors: Arena Antonella , Scandurra Graziella , Branca Caterina , Ruggeri Mariangela , Federico Mauro , Romano Valentino , D’Angelo Giovanna , Ciofi Carmine
Published: November 2023

Solid-state supercapacitors with areal capacitance in the order of 100 mF⋅cm−2 are developed on paper substrates, using eco-friendly, low-cost materials and a simple technology. The electrochemically active material used as the electrode is prepared from a stable water-based ink, obtained by doping commercial polypyrrole (PPY) powder with dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DBSA), and characterized by optical and electrical measurements, Raman investigation and Atomic Force Microscopy. The PPY:DBSA ink can be directly applied on paper by means of rechargeable water pens, obtaining, after drying, electrically conducting solid state tracks. The PPY:DBSA layers are then interfaced to one another through a polymer gel based on potassium hydroxide and chitosan, acting both as the ion-conducting medium and as the separator. The areal capacitance of the devices developed by following such a simple rule can be improved when the PPY:DBSA ink is applied in combination with other nanostructured carbon material.
Bismuth-Based Metal–Organic Framework as a Chemiresistive Sensor for Acetone Gas Detection
Authors: Ali Ashraf , Greish Yaser E. , Alzard Reem H. , Siddig Lamia A. , Alzamly Ahmed , Qamhieh Naser , Mahmoud Saleh T.
Published: November 2023

Analyzing acetone in the exhaled breath as a biomarker has proved to be a non-invasive method to detect diabetes in humans with good accuracy. In this work, a Bi-gallate MOF doped into a chitosan (CS) matrix containing an ionic liquid (IL) was fabricated to detect acetone gas with a low detection limit of 10 ppm at an operating temperature of 60 °C and 5 V operating bias. The sensor recorded the highest response to acetone in comparison to other test gases, proving its high selectivity along with long-term stability and repeatability. The sensor also exhibited ultra-fast response and recovery times of 15 ± 0.25 s and 3 ± 0.1 s, respectively. Moreover, the sensor membrane also exhibited flexibility and ease of fabrication, making it ideal to be employed as a real-time breath analyzer.
Evaluation of Anorexia in Cancer and Its Association with Autonomic Nervous System Activity Assessed by Heart Rate Variability
Authors: Molfino Alessio , Gallicchio Carmen , Imbimbo Giovanni , Melena Michele , Antonini Silvia , Gigante Antonietta , Muscaritoli Maurizio
Published: November 2023

Alterations in the central nervous system in cancer patients are pivotal in determining appetite dysregulation and body weight loss (BWL). Autonomic nervous system activity was tested by measuring heart rate variability (HRV) in cancer patients presenting with anorexia. We considered inpatients with different types of cancer and investigated anorexia using their FAACT scores. HRV was evaluated by a three-channel Holter ECG. The domains of low frequencies (LF, sympathetic activity) and high frequencies (HF, parasympathetic activity) were calculated. Also, SDNN (autonomic activity) and RMSSD (parasympathetic activity) were assessed. We enrolled 56 patients with cancer and 23 controls. In cancer patients, RMSSD and SDNN were lower than in controls (p < 0.001 and p = 0.009). Sympathetic activity (LF nu) was lower in cancer patients than in controls (p = 0.023), including sympathovagal balance (LF/HF nu ratio) (p = 0.025). RMSSD was reduced in anorexic (p < 0.001) and non-anorexic (p = 0.003) cancer patients compared to controls. The SDNN was lower in anorexic cancer patients than in non-anorexic cancer patients (p = 0.025), and it was lower in anorexic cancer patients than in controls (p = 0.001). LF nu was lower in anorexic cancer patients than in controls (p = 0.015), as was LF/HF (p = 0.031). SDNN was negatively correlated with BWL in the cancer group (rho = −0.40; p = 0.007). Our data support the hypothesis that autonomic nervous system dysregulation exists in patients with cancer presenting with anorexia, with implications for its diagnosis and treatment.
Enablers and Barriers Related to Preconception Physical Activity: Insights from Women of Reproductive Age Using Mixed Methods
Authors: Kandel Pragya , Lim Siew , Dever Michelle , Lamichhane Prabhat , Skouteris Helen , Currie Sinead , Hill Briony
Published: November 2023

Engaging in regular preconception physical activity (PA) is associated with benefits, including improved cardiovascular health and mental well-being. However, most women do not meet PA recommendations in the preconception period. This study aimed to investigate enablers and barriers related to PA in preconception women using a sequential mixed method design. An online survey was followed by Zoom interviews with women of reproductive age (aged 18–45 years). A weaving approach and the Capability Opportunity Motivation Behaviour (COM-B) model were used to integrate and present the data. Seven hundred and eighty-eight non-pregnant women from Australia, India, and the US completed the quantitative survey, and 13 Australian-based women participated in a qualitative interview. Physical activity levels were associated with having social support, a desire to improve body image, and becoming a healthier person. Women encountered barriers such as misconceptions about PA, competing priorities, financial constraints, and a lack of accessibility. Enablers for participation in PA included knowledge of its importance, a desire to be healthier, weight loss, social support, and having goals. The multifaceted and intricate nature of enablers and barriers for preconception PA lays the groundwork for developing tailored interventions and policies aimed at promoting preconception PA among women.
New Horizons in Dermal and Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems
Authors: Marto Joana , Simões Sandra
Published: November 2023

Dermal and transdermal drug delivery represents an important strategy to target drugs towards the site of action or to noninvasively enhance treatment activity, circumventing the hepatic first passage and reducing toxicity [...]
Quantum Correlation Resource Recycling via Sequential Measurements: Theoretical Models and Optical Experiments
Authors: Huang Xianzhi , Zhan Liyao , Li Liang , Bao Suhui , Tao Zipeng , Ying Jiayu
Published: November 2023

Quantum correlation is a key resource for a variety of quantum information processing and communication tasks, the efficient utilization of which has been a longstanding concern, and it is also one of the main challenges in the application of quantum technology. In this review, we focus on the interaction between quantum measurements and quantum correlations by designing appropriate measurement strategies, specifically exploring the trade-off between information gain and disturbance degree in weak measurements to ensure that quantum correlations from the same source can be shared among multiple independent observers. We introduce the basic knowledge and classification of quantum measurements, investigate the weak measurement scenario, and show the theoretical model construction of quantum correlation recycling in the original works. We summarize the theoretical and experimental development process and the latest progress in this field. Finally, we provide an outlook for more quantum resource applications that can profit from the optimization of quantum measurement strategies.
Investigating Mechanical Properties of Fabricated Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Composites via LCD Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Palacio Anthony , Baniasadi Mahmoud , Kardel Kamran
Published: November 2023

Stereolithography (SLA) additive manufacturing is a method of manufacturing capable of generating complex geometric shapes with extremely high accuracy. Classic SLA uses UV curable resins, particularly polylactic acid (PLA), for part generation, but recent research has focused on utilizing this technology for the generation of various composite materials. There has been success in manufacturing composite materials using this technology, but little research has been performed on the generation of carbon-fiber-reinforced composite materials. Carbon fiber stereolithography (CF-SLA) is often overlooked due to carbon fiber’s natural inability to bond with PLA. To overcome this boundary, surface modification techniques were used on chopped carbon fibers to achieve greater bonding. Here, two modification techniques were explored: a sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant addition and nitric acid (HNO3) etching. These methods were used to functionalize and prepare the surface of chopped carbon fiber (CF) for bonding with cured PLA resin. Treated fibers were dispersed in generic PLA resin, and tensile test specimens were printed for examining the reinforcement potential of the two treatment methods. Additional complexities arise during printing with fibers including fiber alignment, accumulation, and fiber fallout. To address these issues, a novel in-process mixing method was developed to maintain fiber dispersion. A two-level three-factor factorial design was performed for both treatment methods to determine optimal printing parameters. Through mechanical testing, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and contact angle measurements, the accompanying material property changes were characterized to further develop the field of fiber-reinforced liquid crystal display (LCD) additive manufacturing. After testing, it was found that composites created with SDS nanoparticle modification were stronger than both the acid etched fiber sample and plain PLA. Specifically, SDS surface treatment resulted in a 15% increase in modulus and maximum strength of the sample, mainly by enhancing the interlayer bonding between CF and PLA.
Towards the Understanding of the Aging Behavior of p-PVC in Close Contact with Minced Meat in the Artwork POEMETRIE by Dieter Roth
Authors: Gassmann Paula , Bohlmann Carolin , Pintus Valentina
Published: November 2023

This paper presents scientific investigations into the materiality and aging behavior of a copy of Dieter Roth’s multiple POEMETRIE (1968), mainly made of p-PVC components and minced meat, with the aim of informing conservation-restoration strategies. The main issues were represented by plasticizer migration, fat diffusion, and leakage, which led to the formation of a sticky surface layer. Replicas of p-PVC without minced meat were prepared and artificially thermally aged, while several techniques were used to investigate both the artwork and the replicas in terms of materials and degradation state. These include UV/Vis imaging, pH measurements, FTIR-ATR, and Py-GC/MS. In addition to showing that p-PVC-based materials composed of slightly different plasticizers were affected by similar degradation pathways (i.e., plasticizer migration, yellowing, etc.), this study reports that fat components were also shown to be unstable, resulting in migration/leakage in different directions, where their degradation amplified that of the p-PVC bags. This work represents a first study of plasticizer migration and fat diffusion in the art and conservation context. Also, an ammine-wax type of lubricant was identified in the most recent p-PVC formulations as the replicas selected for this study, thus providing an important source of information in different polymer-based research areas.
Transient Hydraulic Performance of a Prototype Pump during Starting and Stopping Periods
Authors: Zheng Shao-Han , Ye Jian-Gang , Zhao Yan-Juan , Zhang Yu-Liang , Jia Xiao-Qi
Published: November 2023

In order to meet different operational requirements, existing low specific speed centrifugal pumps may have to be run at high speeds. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the transient performance of such centrifugal pumps during high speed starting and stopping. However, there are currently no experiments on the starting and stopping of low specific speed centrifugal pumps. In this paper, transient hydraulic performance experiments during starting and stopping had been carried out on an atypical open impeller centrifugal pump with a rated flow rate of 6 m3/h using an updated test rig. The correlation of speed, flow, head and shaft power with time was obtained for four flow ratios of 0.353, 1.022, 1.654 and 2.343 operating conditions. It was found that the fluctuation of the shaft power curve was the strongest during the starting process, and there was a significant impact phenomenon. The corresponding impact shaft power from small to large flow rates were 0.167 kW, 0.409 kW, 0.234 kW and 0.215 kW, and the shaft power impact phenomenon was the most obvious under rated operating conditions. During the stopping process, the speed, flow rate and head all remain stable for a small period of time, and the time required to decrease to 0 is longer than the time required to reach a stable state during starting. During stopping, the shaft power will instantly decrease, accompanied by varying degrees of fluctuations.
Effects of Surface-Wave-Sustained Argon Plasma Torch Interaction with Liquids
Authors: Marinova Plamena , Benova Evgenia , Topalova Yana , Todorova Yovana , Bogdanov Todor , Zhekova Maya , Yotinov Ivaylo , Krcma Frantisek
Published: November 2023

In this paper, an investigation of the interaction of a surface-wave-sustained argon plasma torch with liquids is presented. The plasma is produced by an electromagnetic wave traveling along the plasma–dielectric interface, and at the same time, the plasma is a part of this waveguide structure. Because the interaction of the plasma torch with water (liquid) results in modifications of the properties of both the treated water and the plasma itself, a detailed study of the effects in both media is required. The results of the experimental investigation of a surface-wave-sustained argon plasma torch interaction with liquids show significant changes in the plasma parameters, such as the electron excitation temperature Te and the average rotation temperature Trot. In addition, mechanical waves are produced both in the meniscus surface and in the plasma torch by the interaction between the plasma torch (ionized gas with charged particles and electric field) and the liquid surface, which is different from the effects produced by a neutral gas jet on a liquid surface. As a result of the plasma–water interaction, the water’s chemical and physical characteristics, such as the water conductivity, pH, and H2O2 concentration, are modified. As a possible application for water purification, the performed SWD treatment of model wastewater shows a significant variation in nitrate, ammonium, phosphate, and COD (chemical oxygen demand) concentration as a result of the treatment.
Spaceborne SAR Time-Series Images Change Detection Based on SAR-SIFT-Logarithm Background Subtraction
Authors: Shen Wenjie , Jia Yunzhen , Wang Yanping , Lin Yun , Li Yang , Bai Zechao , Jiang Wen
Published: November 2023

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) image change detection aims to detect changes with images of the same area acquired at different times. It has wide applications in environmental monitoring, urban planning and resource management. Traditional change detection methods for spaceborne SAR time-series images typically adopt a pairwise comparison strategy to obtain multi-temporal change information. However, this kind of method has the problem of losing the overall change information, which is time consuming. To address this problem, this paper proposes a new change detection algorithm for spaceborne SAR time-series data based on SAR-SIFT-Logarithm Background Subtraction. This algorithm combines the SAR-SIFT image registration technology with Logarithm Background Subtraction. The method first preprocesses the input time-series data with steps like noise reducing and radiometric calibration. Then, the images will be coregistered by the SAR-SIFT step to avoid mismatches-induced detection performance degradation. Next, the parts that remained unchanged throughout the time period are modeled with a median filter to obtain the static background. The change information is then obtained via the subtraction of background and CFAR detection and clustering. The proposed algorithm is validated using the Sentinel-1 GRD and PAZ-1 time-series dataset. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method effectively detects the overall change information and reduces processing time compared to traditional pairwise comparison methods.
SAR-HUB: Pre-Training, Fine-Tuning, and Explaining
Authors: Yang Haodong , Kang Xinyue , Liu Long , Liu Yujiang , Huang Zhongling
Published: November 2023

Since the current remote sensing pre-trained models trained on optical images are not as effective when applied to SAR image tasks, it is crucial to create sensor-specific SAR models with generalized feature representations and to demonstrate with evidence the limitations of optical pre-trained models in downstream SAR tasks. The following aspects are the focus of this study: pre-training, fine-tuning, and explaining. First, we collect the current large-scale open-source SAR scene image classification datasets to pre-train a series of deep neural networks, including convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and vision transformers (ViT). A novel dynamic range adaptive enhancement method and a mini-batch class-balanced loss are proposed to tackle the challenges in SAR scene image classification. Second, the pre-trained models are transferred to various SAR downstream tasks compared with optical ones. Lastly, we propose a novel knowledge point interpretation method to reveal the benefits of the SAR pre-trained model with comprehensive and quantifiable explanations. This study is reproducible using open-source code and datasets, demonstrates generalization through extensive experiments on a variety of tasks, and is interpretable through qualitative and quantitative analyses. The codes and models are open source.
Deformation Behavior and Reactivation Mechanism of the Dandu Ancient Landslide Triggered by Seasonal Rainfall: A Case Study from the East Tibetan Plateau, China
Authors: Ren Sanshao , Zhang Yongshuang , Li Jinqiu , Zhou Zhenkai , Liu Xiaoyi , Tao Changxu
Published: November 2023

In recent years, numerous ancient landslides initially triggered by historic earthquakes on the eastern Tibetan Plateau have been reactivated by fault activity and heavy rainfall, causing severe human and economic losses. Previous studies have indicated that short-term heavy rainfall plays a crucial role in the reactivation of ancient landslides. However, the deformation behavior and reactivation mechanisms of seasonal rainfall-induced ancient landslides remain poorly understood. In this paper, taking the Dandu ancient landslide as an example, field investigations, ring shear experiments, and interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) deformation monitoring were performed. The cracks in the landslide, formed by fault creeping and seismic activity, provide pathways for rainwater infiltration, ultimately reducing the shear resistance of the slip zone and causing reactivation and deformation of the Dandu landslide. The deformation behavior of landslides is very responsive to seasonal rainfall, with sliding movements beginning to accelerate sharply during the rainy season and decelerating during the dry season. However, this response generally lags by several weeks, indicating that rainfall takes time to infiltrate into the slip zone. These research results could help us better understand the reactivation mechanism of ancient landslides triggered by seasonal rainfall. Furthermore, these findings explain why many slope failures take place in the dry season, which typically occurs approximately a month after the rainy season, rather than in the rainy season itself.
Effects of Particle Size and Grading on the Breakage of Railway Ballast: Laboratory Testing and Numerical Modeling
Authors: Chen Jing , Liu Yangzepeng , Hu Qihang , Gao Rui
Published: November 2023

Ballast is coarse aggregate with particle size normally ranging from 10 mm to 65 mm. Upon repeated train loading, ballast deteriorates in the form of either continuous abrasion of sharp corners or size degradation, which have been reported as the fundamental cause for the instability of railway tracks. In this study, the splitting behavior of ballast grain with varying particle sizes under diametrical compression was examined to investigate the size effect and the Weibull characteristics of ballast tensile strength; a Weibull modulus of 2.35 was measured for the tested granite ballast. A series of large-scale monotonic triaxial tests on ballast aggregates having various size gradings was performed to study the effect of particle gradation on the mechanical behavior of ballast. The results show that compared to mono-sized uniformly distributed aggregates, non-uniformly distributed aggregates generally have greater shear strength, larger peak friction angle, 50% strength modulus, and greater volumetric dilation. The ballast aggregate conforming to the recommended PSD as per current standards exhibited the most superior mechanical performance, possessing the greatest shear strength, peak friction angle, and 50% strength modulus. Micromechanical analysis showed that aggregates with larger d50 values have higher coordination numbers, inter-particle contact forces, and higher anisotropy level of contact normals, thus causing a greater possibility of particle breakage during shearing.
Comparative Evaluation of Road Pricing Schemes: A Simulation Approach (Australian Perspective)
Authors: Munir Tariq , Dia Hussein , Shafiei Sajjad , Ghaderi Hadi
Published: November 2023

Road network pricing and congestion charging continue to be debated as efficient instruments to address traffic congestion and emissions. For cities where the schemes have not been implemented yet, the impacts of these schemes are typically evaluated using transport simulation models to understand the impacts and design effective solutions before the schemes are deployed. This paper considers a simulation approach for the city of Melbourne in Australia to investigate the potential impacts of road network pricing on reducing private vehicle travel, road congestion, and vehicle emissions. The study uses a dynamic traffic simulation model developed for Melbourne using the AIMSUN modeling tool, which was extended for modeling road user pricing and congestion charging, including considerations and formulations of distance-based, delay-based, joint-distance-and-delay-based, and cordon-based schemes under low-cost, medium-cost, and high-cost regimes. The study’s contributions also include an extension of the modeling framework to include public transport options to allow for providing travelers with the option of choosing an alternative mode of transport if they do not wish to pay. A mesoscopic stochastic route choice modeling approach was adopted to examine the impact of road pricing inside a nominated charging zone within the network. The results showed it would be possible to achieve a reduction of 11% in vehicle count, a 20% reduction in travel time, a 13% reduction in emissions, and a 3% increase in travel speed within the proposed pricing zone under a high-cost pricing scenario. The results also showed a significant reduction in emissions resulting from shifting drivers who are not willing to pay the congestion charge to public transport. When 20% of car drivers shifted to public transport, carbon emissions were reduced by up to 30% and network performance improved by 45%, compared to the baseline scenario without pricing. The findings of this research provide important directions for policymakers in deciding on the type and scope of charging schemes to use and how these could reshape transportation taxation systems by moving away from taxes on vehicles through registration fees and towards user-pay taxations where travelers pay for the amount of travel they do or the pollution and emissions they are responsible for.
Life Cycle Carbon Emissions and an Uncertainty Analysis of Recycled Asphalt Mixtures
Authors: Wang Jingjing , Sha Chuan , Ly Sivmey , Wang Hao , Sun Yu , Guo Meng
Published: November 2023

The efficient recycling of road materials is an effective way to reduce carbon emissions. Approximately 400 million tons of waste asphalt pavement materials is generated annually in China, but the utilization rate is less than 50%. In this paper, a whole life cycle CO2 emission calculation model for recycled asphalt mixtures is established, and an uncertainty analysis is carried out on the basis of this model. The steps in the recycled asphalt mixture stage with the greatest impact on emissions are identified. The life cycle of asphalt mixtures is divided into raw material production, mixture preparation, material transportation and construction phases based on the carbon emission trends in the four phases. First, recycled asphalt mixtures are considered, and the carbon emissions along a two-way four-lane highway are analyzed based on the relevant carbon emission factor and other known data. The carbon dioxide emissions of each stage are also compared to identify the key links among stages. Then, the carbon emissions of hot-recycled asphalt mixtures are compared with those of ordinary asphalt mixtures and cold-recycled asphalt mixtures in each stage. Finally, an analytical uncertainty study of recycled asphalt mixtures is conducted using uncertainty modeling in different scenarios. Based on the quantitative results of the carbon emission calculations through life cycle assessment (LCA), future measures for reducing carbon emissions from recycled asphalt mixtures are proposed.
Modeling Analysis and Research on the Evaporation System of a Multisource Organic Solid Waste Incinerator
Authors: Feng Zixuan , Zhuo Xiaohui , Luo Zixue , Cheng Qiang
Published: November 2023

The co-incineration of multisource organic solid waste has gradually become an important method for solid waste recycling. Through a combination of computational fluid dynamics simulation and field monitoring, a distributed parameter model of the evaporative heating surface of an incinerator was developed. The distributions of heat flux, wall temperature, and steam quality in the incinerator were analyzed under four combustion conditions involving solid waste from various sources, types, and proportions. The results revealed that under the two working conditions with 20% waste cloth, as the calorific value of the mixed fuel increased, both the peak heat flux and the peak wall temperature increased, and the nonuniformity of heat transfer within the furnace intensified. Under the influence of the composition and calorific value of the mixed fuel, the steam quality of the working fluid at the outlet of the rear water wall in the cases with 20% waste cloth was significantly higher than that in the case of pure municipal solid waste combustion and the case with 20% sludge. This study offers valuable insights into the resource utilization of multisource organic solid waste in co-incinerators.