bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A influência do HPV como fator de risco para o carcinoma epidermoide bucal
Authors: De Souza Andrade Brandão Maria Gabriela , Azevedo da Silva Louise Bárbara , Do Nascimento Santos Joab Gabriel , Santos da Silva Brenda Camila , Gomes Lourenço Ana Luísa , De Oliveira Batista dos Santos Jemima Hanã , Arruda Barroso de Moraes Anna Beatriz , Alves Martins Maurício , Souza de Santana Glauciele , Dos Santos Pereira Ilídia Carol , Feitosa El-Deir Edith Maria , Brilhante Ribeiro Silveira Anna Luiza , Guedes Alcoforado Bárbara , Alencar Barros Araújo Ítalo
Published: February 2024

Introdução: O carcinoma epidermoide bucal (CEB) é um tipo de neoplasia maligna, considerada um dos tumores com maior taxa de incidência na população brasileira, correspondendo de 90% a 95% dos casos de câncer que acometem a cavidade oral e orofaringe. O Papilomavírus Humano (HPV) é um vírus que possui afinidade pelo tecido epitelial, compreende diversos subtipos e frequentemente é associado à formação de neoplasias benignas e malignas. Objetivo: Diante disso, a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo abordar a correlação entre o CEB e o HPV. Metodologia: O estudo constitui-se de uma revisão de literatura, baseada em artigos científicos pesquisados nos bancos de dados Scielo, PubMed/Medline e LILACS, através dos descritores: “Papilomavírus Humano”; “Neoplasias Bucais” e “Odontologia”. Foram incluídos artigos originais, revisões de literatura e relatos de caso em português, inglês e espanhol, sem levar em consideração os períodos de publicação. Resultado: O HPV possui alguns subtipos de vírus que se relacionam com lesões benignas e outros com potencial carcinogênico. Esse último está diretamente ligado à proteína codificada pelo gene E2 que inibe a expressão dos genes E6 e E7, atuantes na imortalização celular. A inexistência desses genes resulta em uma uma degradação celular excessiva e desregulada, que favorece o acúmulo de mutações e a ocorrência de aberrações cromossômicas. Conclusão: É preciso que haja mais estudos específicos que permitam a compreensão da atuação do HPV como agente carcinogênico. Apesar da diversidade de fatores vistos na literatura, ainda não há estudos conclusivos relacionando o HPV como fator de risco para o carcinoma oral.
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI KEYAKINAN MASYARAKAT KABUPATEN GARUT TERHADAP PROGRAM VAKSIN COVID-19
Authors: Maspupah Ayu , Turipanam Alamanda Dini
Published: February 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhi keyakinan masyarakat Kabupaten Garut terhadap program vaksin Covid-19. Adapun metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah metode kuantitatif karena data yang didapatkan berupa angka dan berdasarkan tujuannya, penelitian ini bersifat konfirmatif. Sedangkan teknik pengumpulan data pada penelitian ini melalui studi kepustakaan dan studi lapangan yang meliputi observasi, wawancara, dan kuesioner yang disebarkan kepada 100 responden di wilayah Kabupaten Garut dengan titik pusat lokasi di Pendopo Kabupaten Garut yang merupakan sentra vaksinasi Covid-19. Penelitian ini menggunakan alat analisis SPSS dengan uji validitas Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) yang tujuannya untuk menguji seberapa baik variabel atau indikator yang diukur dapat mewakili construct atau faktor yang terbentuk sebelumnya. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dari kedua belas indikator yang diukur menggunakan uji Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) dapat membentuk empat faktor yang sama dengan teori yang ada dan menghasilkan sembilan indikator yang dapat mewakili keempat faktor tersebut. Dengan demikian, dapat dikatakan bahwa faktor-faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi keyakinan masyarakat Kabupaten Garut terhadap program vaksin Covid-19 yaitu keamanan vaksin, efektivitas vaksin, efek samping vaksin dan berita hoaks.
Pemetaan Tema Penelitian Tentang Manajemen Strategi dan Pemasaran: Analisis Bibliometrik
Authors: Sanjaya Febry Prima , Aisyah Vella Nur , Handriana Tanti
Published: February 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan pemetaan tema penelitian terkait manajemen strategi dan pemasaran. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu dengan analisis bibliometrik, di mana sumber data penelitian berasal dari database Scopus. Studi ini menghasilkan temuan bahwa kedua disiplin ini memiliki keterkaitan yang erat, dengan tema-tema seperti stakeholder engagement, employee participation, dan human resource management menjadi fokus utama penelitian. Tema baru yang berkembang marketing strategy. Marketing strategy adalah rencana terperinci yang merumuskan cara perusahaan untuk mencapai tujuan pemasaran dan bisnisnya dengan mengidentifikasi target pasar, pesaing, serta sumber daya yang digunakan. Penelitian ini menyarankan untuk penelitian berikutnya untuk lebih mengungkapkan wawasan yang lebih detail tentang bagaimana perusahaan mengembangkan, mengimplementasikan, dan mengevaluasi strategi pemasaran dalam berbagai situasi bisnis. Implikasi dari temuan ini adalah pentingnya mengintegrasikan aspek-aspek kedua disiplin ini dalam pengembangan strategi bisnis yang sukses.
TENDÊNCIA DA MORTALIDADE INFANTIL NO BRASIL DE 2000 A 2021
Authors: Juliana Roberta Rufino Luminato  , Márcia Regina Campos Costa da Fonseca
Published: February 2024

Objetivo: analisar a tendência da mortalidade infantil no Brasil, 2000-2021. Método: Estudo ecológico de série temporal, com dados extraídos do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade e do Sistema de Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos. Foram calculadas as taxas de mortalidade infantil geral, por componentes etários, por regiões e por causas de evitabilidade para todos os anos. Os dados foram analisados por gráficos de controle, definidas as Zonas A (controle - 99,7% dos dados), B (alerta - 95,4% dos dados) e C (central - 68,3% dos dados). As taxas foram analisadas pelos aspectos: uma das taxas acima da linha de controle superior/inferior, pelo menos seis pontos consecutivos crescentes/decrescentes, pelo menos nove pontos consecutivos do mesmo lado (acima/abaixo) da média, dois de três pontos consecutivos em alguma das Zonas A e quatro de cinco pontos consecutivos em alguma das Zonas B/além. Essas alterações indicam aumento ou queda nos pontos dos gráficos e uma tendência. Resultados:  De 2000-2021 observou-se tendência de queda das taxas de mortalidade infantil em 1.000 nascidos vivos (21,3-2000;11,9-2021) e componentes etários: neonatal precoce (10,7-2000;6,2-2021, neonatal tardia (2,9-2000;2,1-2021), pós-neonatal (7,7-2000;3,5- 2021), sendo este último, o de maior impacto na queda. Com relação às taxas de mortalidade infantil por região, percebe-se tendência de queda em todas, embora desigualdades regionais ainda subsistam (Norte e Nordeste - maiores taxas). Em relação à tendência das taxas de mortalidade infantil por causas, à “reduzíveis pelas ações de imunização” manteve-se estável, para as demais, tendência decrescente no período. Conclusão: a mortalidade infantil está em queda no Brasil.
UNVEILING THE LIVED EXPERIENCES OF 5-6S MONEY LENDERS: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL INQUIRY
Authors: April Mae T. Callo  , Emma V. Sagarino
Published: February 2024

The purpose of this study was to uncover and understand the experiences of 5-6 money lenders in Kapalong, Davao del Norte. In-depth interviews were done with 10 purposively chosen money lenders. The gathered information was analyzed thematically. The experiences of the participants encompass the struggle of collecting debt amortization and lack of working capital. Hence, they stressed the need for financial agreements, additional investment, efficiency & amiability, and aid through training, capital, and tax incentives. The results imply that government agencies may craft a program to improve the lending experiences of the money lenders and enhance the lending industrys overall quality.
KEYWORDS: Business management, micro-money lenders, plight, qualitative-phenomenological inquiry, thematic analysis, Philippines
THE INFLUENCE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL CAPITAL AND JOB CHARACTERISTICS ON PERFORMANCE WITH ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT AS MEDIATION
(STUDY AT THE REGIONAL SECRETARIAT OFFICE OF SALATIGA CITY)
Authors: Auditya Imam Satria Jati  , Dhea Hayu Nabila  , Gita Sugiyarti
Published: February 2024

This research aims to investigate the influence of psychological capital and job characteristics on employee performance, with organizational commitment as a moderating variable at the Salatiga City Regional Secretariat. Organizations, especially the Regional Secretariat, have an important role in achieving regional government goals. Appropriate job design and strong psychological capital can improve employee performance, while organizational commitment is expected to moderate the relationship between psychological capital variables, job characteristics, and performance. The research results show that psychological capital, consisting of self-efficacy, optimism, hope and resilience, has a significant positive effect on employee performance. Job characteristics, including skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and job feedback, also make a positive contribution to employee performance. Organizational commitment acts as a moderating factor that strengthens the relationship between psychological capital, job characteristics, and performance. This research contributes to the understanding of the factors that influence employee performance in local government environments. Practical implications involve recommendations for increasing psychological capital, job redesign, and strengthening organizational commitment as human resource management strategies. It is hoped that these findings can become a basis for developing human resource management theory in the local government context.
KEYWORDS: Psychological Capital, Job Characteristics, Organizational Commitment, Employee Performance, Local Government.
MÜƏSSİSƏLƏRİN İNKİŞAFININ TƏŞKİLATI-İQTİSADİ MEXANİZMLƏRİ
Authors: Xaliq Qurbanov Xaliq Qurbanov
Published: February 2024

Müəssisələrin inkişafının təşkilati-iqtisadi mexanizminin təmini üçün, onun hüquqi, resurs, normativ-metodiki, elmi-texniki və informasiya idarəetmə altsistemləri öyrənilməli və işlənməlidir. Müəssisə idarəetmə sisteminin iqtisadi və təşkilati parametrlərinə təsir göstərən funksional və hədəf sistemləri nəzərə almaqla, rəqabət üstünlüklərinin əldə edilməsi məsələləri və s.
Kapital qoyuluşlarında və səmərəliliyin təmin edilməsində kiçik və orta müəssisələrə üstünlük verilməsilə yanaşı, Təşkilati və İqtisadi Mexanizmin Təkmilləşdirilməsi Konsepsiyasına əsasən, bütün tərəflərin maraqları nəzərə alınmalıdır. Əhalinin yaradıcılığını artırmaq, intellektual məhsullar və innovasiya layihələri üçün bazarlar yaratmaq xüsusilə vacibdir.
Müəssisənin səmərəliliyini yüksəltmək məqsədilə, maliyyə və transaksiya, idarəetmə, loqistik, istehsal-texnoloji və s. istiqamətlərdə əməliyyatların əlaqəli şəkildə aparılması vacibdir. Bazar seqmentlərinin genişliyi və modernliyi müasir dövrdə regionun inkişaf səviyyəsi ilə bağlıdır. Əsas da maliyyə, informasiya, kredit və kommersiya elementlərindən istifadə zamanı kompleks tədbirlər planının işlənmə zərurətindən faydalanmaq.
Sənaye müəssisənin təşkilati-iqtisadi mexanizmlərinin təkmilləşdirilməsində əsas konfiqurasiyalardan biri də kadrlardır və onlar sahəsində aparılan işlərin perspektivliyi nəzərə alınmalıdır. Müəssisənin daha yaxşı inkişafı üçün işçilərin müxtəlif təlimlərə göndərilməsi prosesinin təşkili ilə bu ehtiyacın ödənilmə mərhələsinin müəyyən edilməsi.
Müasir iş şəraiti müəssisənin rəhbərliyi tərəfindən səmərəliliyin idarə edilməsində, qabaqcıl metod və yanaşmalardan istifadə etmək zərurətindən irəli gəlir. Bu zaman o, öz öhdəliklərini, inkişaf strategiyasını və idarəetmə qərarlarının formalaşdırılması alqoritmini nəzərə almaqla, metodik yanaşmalar tövsiyə edir. Bütün bu meyyarlar müəssisənin inkişafının təşkilati-iqtisadi mexanizminin daha da təkmilləşməsində davamlı təminat yaradır.
Açar sözlər: təşkilati-iqtisadi mexanizm, müəssisənin səmərəliliyi, innovasiya layihələri, qabaqcıl metod, idarəetmə qərarları.
İQTİSADİYYAT, İQTİSAD ELMİ, İQTİSADÇILAR VƏ “NOBEL İQTİSADİYYATI”
Authors: Elşən Hacızadə Elşən Hacızadə
Published: February 2024

Məqalədə iqtisadiyyatla bağlı bütün çevrəni əhatə edən mahiyyət məsələlərindən və müəllifin monoqrafik tədqiqatı olan “Nobel iqtisadiyyatı”nın elmi şərhindən bəhs olunur. Burada geniş tədqiqat əsasında ayrı-ayrılıqda həyatımızda iqtisadiyyatın, iqtisadçıların və iqtisad elminin yeri və əhəmiyyəti, iqtisadçı alimlərin svilizasiyanın inkişafındalkı rolu dəyərləndirilir, “İqtisadiyyat üzrə Nobel mükafatı” nominasiyasının yaranışına aparan yolun zəruriliyi göstərilir. Nəticə olaraq, yeni bir elmi anlayış kimi “Nobel iqtisadiyyatı”nın döriyyəyə girişi əsaslandırılır.
Açar sözlər: iqtisadiyyat, iqtisad elmi, iqtisadçılar və “Nobel iqtisadiyyatı”.
ANALYSIS OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FINANCIAL STABILITY OF THE “UNITED AIRPORTS OF GEORGIA” IN 2017-2021
Authors: Tinatin Doliashvili Tinatin Doliashvili , Vakhtan Nadiradze Vakhtan Nadiradze
Published: February 2024

Within the financial condition of any firm, its profitability is meant, or in other words, the ability to smoothly cover debts and appear safe in any field of commercial relations. Its solvency and financial stability determine all these.
The solvency of the firm is characterized by the degree of liquidity. Accordingly, the existing property of a business entity is liquid if it can be freely converted into a medium of exchange within one financial year. Therefore, the entrepreneur is very interested in this issue so that the business will be successful in the future.
The paper analyzes the characteristics of solvency and financial stability of "United Airports of Georgia" LLC ("UAG"/"Company") in dynamics in five years (2017-2021) according to the informative extract from the financial reporting components. Based on this, a dynamic analysis of the general indicators of the stability of the company's financial condition has been carried out, and appropriate conclusions have been drawn.
Keywords: finance, financial stability, solvency, airport.
Effect of Information/Knowledge/Attitude/Practice Theory-Based Progressive Rehabilitation Care on the Risk of Lower Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis and Nutritional Status of Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Baoyun Li , Min Dai
Published: February 2024

Coronary heart disease is one of the cardiovascular disorders with a high risk of morbidity and mortality among older adults. Percutaneous coronary intervention is the most effective treatment for coronary heart disease. However, there are substantial safety concerns for postoperative lower-extremity deep venous thrombosis and nutrient loss. Herein, we randomly divided 112 patients with coronary heart disease into an experimental group who received progressive rehabilitation nursing care based on the information/knowledge/attitude/practice theory and a control group who received conventional nursing care. We found that the experimental group had a lower incidence of deep venous thrombosis, better cardiac function, enhanced physical fitness, and nutritional status than the control group after nursing care. Moreover, we observed better self-care ability, quality of life, and higher nursing satisfaction in the experimental group than in the control group. We demonstrated the importance of information/knowledge/attitude/practice theory-based progressive rehabilitation care in providing a more reliable safety guarantee for deep venous thrombosis and nutritional status for patients with coronary heart disease after percutaneous coronary intervention, as recommended in clinical practice.
Small Portfolio Construction with Cryptocurrencies
Authors: Veliu Denis , Aranitasi Marin
Published: February 2024

In this paper, we describe and apply different models of portfolio construction in the selection between a small number of big-cap cryptocurrencies. Our purpose is to select the minimum riskiness between cryptocurrencies, comparing different risk measures and maximum diversification. We build our models without the constraints of the expected returns. Without relying on expected returns, we have the same condition on the comparison between them. Cryptocurrencies are not common stock or other assets indexed in the market but it is interesting to study how diversification can significantly improve investment performance. We first give the methodology to use high-frequency observation data, in the numeral approximation especially in the novel application of the Risk parity models, used with different risk measures we can achieve a very good result, from the position of gaining and variation. Since Risk parity models divide the weights of the asset in equal risk contribution proportion, it is suggested to use a small number of cryptocurrencies, otherwise their performance will be close to the uniform portfolio. To the traditional Mean Variance model, and the alternative, Expected shortfall/Conditional Value at Risk, we use three versions of Risk Parity with two different risk measures and a naive risk parity. The uniform portfolio is used as a benchmark for selection comparison with the other portfolio models. We give the conditions for the Risk Parity with the Expected shortfall/Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR) to guarantee convergence with the numerical approximation. In the end, we study the tradeoff between each model and which is more suitable for a small cryptocurrency portfolio.
Tanggapan Kiai dalam Menyikapi Pementasan Ludruk di Giligenting
Authors: Zubairi Ahmad , Wahid Abdul
Published: February 2024

Pementasan kesenian Ludruk di kecamatan Giligenting memunculkan berbagai ragam tanggapan dari masyarakat. Kiai sebagai tokoh keagamaan ada yang membolehkan dan ada juga yang menolak. Ludruk menimbulkan berbagai tanggapan penilaian sebagai suatu hal yang melanggar hukum Islam dan sebagian dari para kiai ada yang membolehkan. Maka dari itu penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana tanggapan kiai terhadap pementasan kesenian Ludruk yang dipentaskan di kecamatan Giligenting. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan cara mengumpulkan data berupa hasil observasi dan wawancara di Wilayah Kecamatan Giligenting. Peneliti melakukan observasi untuk mengetahui gambaran umum wilayah kajian yaitu wilayah Giligenting, sedangkan wawancara dilakukan sebagai cara untuk mendapat informasi dari beberapa informan terkait respon masyarakat dan kiai terhadap pementasan kesenian Ludruk. Peneliti menemukan ketegangan antara agama dengan budaya. Kiai melakukan penolakan terhadap pementasan kesenian Ludruk berdasarkan hukum-hukum Islam yang berlaku. Kiai mengecam kesenian Ludruk sebagai hal kurang baik serta menjadi ladang maksiat yang dapat merugikan nilai Islam dalam kehidupan masyarakat. Namun, tidak semua kiai menolak pementasan Ludruk tersebut ada pula yang menanggapi bahwa tingkat keharamannya tidak terlalu banyak.Kata Kunci : Kiai, Masyarakat, Ludruk
Mapping the emergence of the theme of corruption in the area of corporate governance: a bibliometric review of the literature
Authors: Lima Anderson Antônio , Ribeiro Thiago de Luca Santana
Published: February 2024

Objective: Despite the evident theoretical importance of corporate governance as a mechanism for controlling corrupt practices, as far as we know there are no review articles that relate these themes. In this sense, the objective of this article is to map the emergence and evolution of corruption in the area of corporate governance and present the state of the art and trends in future studies on these topics.

Method: This article is a bibliometric review, it is a statistical analysis method that provides a quantitative understanding of the academic literature on a given scientific field. The bibliometric techniques used are cocotation analysis and bibliographic matching analysis. In other words, we sought to understand the theoretical roots and identify the frontiers of knowledge.

Results: In the co-citation analysis, 4 theoretical clusters (theoretical bases) were identified and in the pairing, 6 theoretical clusters (frontiers of knowledge) were identified. It is clear from the graphic mappings that current research (frontiers) has more congruence between the different themes, while the research that forms the theoretical bases is more idiosyncratic.

Originality/Relevance: As far as we know, this is one of the first articles to store knowledge about corruption in the area of corporate governance and cluster it into theoretical bases and boundaries.

Theoretical/methodological contributions: The pairing analysis identified the following main topics in vogue: Disclosure of sustainability reports; Institutional Theories; Political connections; Corporate Governance Control Mechanisms; National culture; Foreign investments; Organizational performance; Financial paper; Factors determining bribery; and role of national and international regulatory agencies.
Sosyal Bilimler Dil ve Edebiyat
Authors: Arıcan Osman , Özakın Duygu , Aydemir Duygu , Kocapınar Pelin , Önder Alev , Yıldız Kemal , Akgün Atıf
Published: February 2024

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Benlik Saygısı ve Din
Authors: Kımter Nurten
Published: February 2024

İnsanın kendisini gerçekçi bir şekilde görerek değerlendirmesini, kendisini olduğu gibi kabullenmesini ve kendisine sevgi, saygı duymak suretiyle kendi özüne güvenebilmesini sağlayan olumlu bir ruh hali olarak benlik saygısı, ruhsal anlamda sağlık ve mutluluğun bir anahtarı ve başarılı olmanın ön koşuludur.
Onkoloji
Authors: Büyükşimşek Mahmut , Tohumcuoğlu Mert , Sedef Ali Murat , Bahçeci Aykut , Nayır Erdinç , Yılmaz Mesut , Bakkal Temi Yasemin , Beşen Ali Ayberk , Diker Ömer , Şimşek Melih , Aslan Ferit , Olgun Polat , Mirili Cem , Eser Kadir , Oğul Ali , Bilgin Burak , Köşeci Tolga , Haksöyler Veysel , Işık Deniz , Yeşil Çınkır Havva , Aktaş Gökmen , Kuş Tülay , Yetişir Abdullah Evren , Güven Meşe Şermin , Sümbül Hilmi Erdem , Güneş Ahmet Kürşad , Özlü Can , Bayram Ertuğrul
Published: February 2024

Meme Kanseri
Erken Evre Meme Kanserinde Güncel Hormonal Tedaviler
Mahmut BÜYÜKŞİMŞEK
Erken Evre Meme Kanserinde Güncel Anti-HER2 Tedaviler
Mert TOHUMCUOĞLU
Metastatik Meme Kanserinde Güncel Hormonal Tedavi
Ali Murat SEDEF
HER2-Pozitif Metastatik Meme Kanserinde Sistemik Tedavi
Aykut BAHÇECİ
Triple Negatif Meme Kanseri
Erdinç NAYIR
Akciğer Kanseri
Metastatik Küçük Hücreli Dışı Akciğer Kanserinde Kemoterapi
Mesut YILMAZ
Rekürren ve Metastatik EGFR Mutant Küçük Hücreli Dışı Akciğer Kanseri Tedavisinde Moleküler Hedefli Tedaviler
Yasemin BAKKAL TEMİ
ALK-pozitif Küçük Hücreli Dışı Akciğer Kanseri Tedavisinde Yeni Gelişmeler
Ali Ayberk BEŞEN
Hüseyin MERTSOYLU
Küçük Hücre Dışı Akciğer Kanseri’nde İmmunoterapinin Yeri
Ömer DİKER
Küçük Hücreli Akciğer Kanseri Tedavisinde Değişen Tedaviler
Melih ŞİMŞEK
Baş Ve Boyun Kanserleri
Ferit ASLAN
Tiroid Kanserlerinde Güncel Yaklaşımlar
Ferit ASLAN
Gastrointestinal Sistem Kanserleri
Erken Evre Mide Kanserlerine Yaklaşım
Polat OLGUN
Pankreas Kanserinde Güncel Tedavi Yaklaşımları
Cem MİRİLİ
Kolorektal Kanser Tedavisinde Yenilikler
Kadir ESER
Hepatoselüler Kanser Tedavisinde Güncel Yaklaşım
Ali OĞUL
Genitoüriner Sistem Kanserleri
Prostat Kanserinde Güncel Tedavi Yaklaşımları ve Yenilikler
Burak BİLGİN
Renal Hücreli Karsinom
Tolga Köşeci
Metastatik Mesane Kanserinde Güncel Tedaviler
Veysel HAKSÖYLER
Jinekolojik Kanserler
Serviks Kanseri Güncel Tedavisi
Deniz IŞIK
Endometrium Karsinomu Tedavisi
Havva YEŞİL ÇINKIR
Over Kanseri Tedavisi
Gökmen AKTAŞ
MELANOM
Malign Melanomlarda Hedefe Yönelik Tedavilerdeki Gelişmeler
Ömer DİKER
Malign Melanom’ da İmmünoterapinin Yeri
Tülay KUŞ
Yumuşak Doku Sarkomlarının Tedavisinde Değişenler
Abdullah Evren YETİŞİR
Santral Sinir Sistemi Tümörlerinde Güncel Tedaviler
Şermin GÜVEN MEŞE
Hematolojik Maligniteler
Non Hodgkin Lenfoma Tedavisinde Yenilikler
Hilmi Erdem SÜMBÜL
Hodgkin Lenfoma Tedavisinde Yenilikler
Ahmet Kürşad GÜNEŞ
Multiple Myelomda Güncel Tedaviler
Can ÖZLÜ
Primeri Bilinmeyen Kanserler
Ertuğrul BAYRAM
Anatomi Atlası ve Ders Kitabı
Authors: Yücel Ahmet Hilmi , Durgun Behice , Oğuz Özkan , Bozkır Gülhal , Kızılkanat Döndü , Boyan Neslihan , Göker Pınar
Published: February 2024

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Güncel Anesteziyoloji ve Ağrı Çalışmaları II
Authors: Yılmaz Yadigar , Yılmaz İnal Ferda , Arpacı Ayşe Hande , Işık Berrin , Kartufan F. Ferda , Karaca Onur , Şimşek Tuncer , Kayır Selçuk , Akdağlı Ekici Arzu , Gölboyu Birzat Emre , Girgin Senem , Doğan Güvenç , Akelma Hakan
Published: February 2024

Cerrahi Pozisyonlar
Yadigar YILMAZ
Ferda YILMAZ İNAL
Çocuklarda Postoperatif Derlenme Ajitasyonu
Ayşe Hande ARPACI
Berrin IŞIK
Erişkin Hastalarda Elektif, Non-Kardiyotorasik Cerrahi Öncesi
Ferda KARTUFAN
Geriatrik Anestezi
Onur KARACA
İntrakranial Kitlelerde Anestezi Yönetimi
Onur KARACA
İskemik Beyin Hasarı Ve Anestezi Yönetimi
Tuncer ŞİMŞEK
Lokal Anestezikler
Selçuk KAYIR
Robot Yardımlı Ürolojik Cerrahilerde Anestezik Zorluklar
Arzu AKDAĞLI EKİCİ
Sakroiliak Eklem Bozukluğu İlişkili Ağrıda Girişimsel Yöntemler
Birzat Emre GÖLBOYU
Tavi ‘De (Transkatater Aort Valv Replasmanı) Anestezi Yönetimi
Senem GİRGİN
Toraks Cerrahisinde Anestezi Yönetimi
Güvenç DOĞAN
Yanık Hastalarında Ağrı Yönetimi ve Tedavisi
Hakan AKELMA
Yanıklı Hastalarda Anestezi Yönetimi ve Tedavisi
Hakan AKELMA
Spor İşletmelerinde Çalışanların Psikolojik Sözleşme İhlalleri: Sinizm ve Bağlılık
Authors: Bozkır Akif , Ulucan Hakkı
Published: February 2024

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Tüm Şehirlerle Türkiye 01'den 81'e
Authors: Ağırman Hande
Published: February 2024

Geçmişte, dünyanın birçok değişik kıtasında hâlâ bulunan Türkiye'nin geçmişteki izleri üzerine yapılan arkeolojik kazılarda elde edilen buluntular, Türkiye tarihinin sağlam kaynaklarını oluşturmaktadır. Türkiye’nin coğrafî konumu ise insan yaşamı için en elverişli olan orta kuşakta yer almış ve yedi coğrafî bölgesinin temel ayrıntılarına inilirse, her kıtası kendi içinde bölümlere ayrılan farklı özelliklerinin sayısı yüze kadar çıkmaktadır. Zira Türkiye'nin geçmişi bu denli sağlam bir kültüre sahip ve toprakları, tarihin en eski dönemlerinden beri büyük medeniyetlerin kurulmasına zemin hazırlaması, dünden bugüne dünya arkeologlarının ve çoğuülkelerin ilgisini çekmektedir.
İnfertilite Hemşireliği
Authors: Akbaş Çelebi Asiye , Kaplan Ece , Zeyneloğlu Simge , Kara Pınar , Nazik Evşen , Aksoy Can Ahu , Buldum Aysu , Güner Emül Tuba , Aksu Aslıhan , Karadağ Gülendam , Öztürk Nuray , Atasever İlknur , Koç Gülten , Abiç Arzu , Alaçam Elçin , Yılmaz Mualla , Yeşilçınar İlknur , Güvenç Gülten , Mermer Gülengül , Bulut Ebru , Hazır Selin , Değirmenci Filiz , Ergöl Şule
Published: February 2024

Üreme Organlarının Anatomisi ve Fizyolojisi
Asiye AKBAŞ ÇELEBİ
Doğurganlık Bilinci ve İnfertilite Açısından Önemi
Ece KAPLAN
Simge ZEYNELOĞLU
İnfertilitenin Epidemiyolojisi, Etiyolojisi ve Risk Faktörleri
Pınar KARA
Evşen NAZİK
İnfertil Çiftlerin Değerlendirilmesi ve Hemşirenin Rolü
Ahu AKSOY
Duygu VEFİKULUÇAY YILMAZ
İnfertilitede Kullanılan Tedavi Yöntemleri ve Hemşirenin Rolü
Aysu BULDUM
Tuba GÜNER EMÜL
İnfertilite Tedavi Sürecinde Ortaya Çıkan Komplikasyonlar ve Hemşirelik Yaklaşımı
Aslıhan AKSU
Tuba GÜNER EMÜL
İnfertil Çiftlerde Sağlıklı Yaşam Biçimi Davranışları Geliştirmenin Önemi ve Hemşirenin Rolü
Gülendam KARADAĞ
Nuray ÖZTÜRK
İnfertilite Tanı ve Tedavisinde Bireyin/Çiftin Eğitim ve Danışmanlık Gereksinimleri
İlknur ATASEVER
Gülten KOÇ
İnfertilitenin Psikososyal ve Psikoseksüel Etkileri
Arzu ABİÇ
Tuba GÜNER EMÜL
İnfertilite Tedavi Sürecinde Stresle Başetme Yöntemleri
Elçin ALAÇAM
Mualla YILMAZ
İnfertilite Hemşireliğinde Kanıta Dayalı Uygulamalar
İlknur YEŞİLÇINAR
Gülten GÜVENÇ
İnfertilite Tedavi Sürecinde Etik Sorunlar ve Yasal Düzenlemeler
Gülengül MERMER
Ebru BULUT
Yardımla Üreme Tekniklerinde Teknolojik Gelişmeler
Selin HAZIR
Üremeye Yardımcı Tedavi Uygulamalarında Risk Yönetimi
Filiz DEĞİRMENCİ
Duygu V. YILMAZ
İnfertilite Hemşiresinin Rol ve Sorumlulukları
Şule ERGÖL
Klâsik Dönemde Sünnî-Şiî Tefsir Algısı ( Nesefî-Râzî Örneği )
Authors: Efe Seyfullah
Published: February 2024

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Representasi Makna Pesan Motivasi Pada Lirik Lagu Stay Alive Jeon Jungkook BTS
Authors: Chusna Nailu Roifatul , Hakim Lukman
Published: February 2024

The topic of Korean Pop or Kpop music is a very interesting discussion, especially among teenagers. Kpop it self has a distinctive style of song lyrics, with a mix of Korean and English, so that everyone can enjoy the song as a whole. The lyrics of the song it self contain a series of words that are produced from the form of meaning, expression or mood, about something that happens in the singer. This study aims to get an idea of ​​what the meaning of the motivational messages contained in the song Stay Alive sung by Jeon Jungkook BTS is. This research uses descriptive qualitative method with semiotic analysis approach of Ferdinand De Saussure. The results of the study show several meanings of motivational messages contained in the song stay alive, namely always love your self, don't forget to always be grateful and fight for anything in life and accept God's destiny with a positive attitude.
Muhadharah Sebagai Upaya Pengembangan Public Speaking Pada Santri di Pondok Pesantren Yanbuul Ulum, Siak, Riau
Authors: Yosepin Pipin , Husna Lutfia
Published: February 2024

In developing themselves, students are required to have the ability to speak in public. Self-confidence is important for a student to have in order to be able to improve communication techniques as a form of cadre training for preaching training. This article describes efforts to develop public speaking among students in muhadharah activities at the Yanbuul Ulum Islamic Boarding School, Siak Riau. The purpose of this writing is to find out the extent to which muhaharah activities for students have an impact when speaking in public. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. Data collection techniques are carried out by observation, interviews and documentation. Interviews were conducted with 7 informants consisting of the Islamic boarding school principal, supervisor and 5 santri. The results of the research show that 1) Routine muhadharah activities for students are able to change the mentality of students who previously lacked self-confidence to become more confident. 2) Students are able to overcome obstacles in public speaking and can speak fluently in public. 3) In giving speeches, students can be creative in choosing materials and methods of preaching each week according to the events required. Muhadharah activities at the Yanbuul Ulum Islamic boarding school, Siak Riau are very effective in training students' public speaking. Students are more confident when giving speeches and are creative in choosing preaching methods according to the needs of the event. Students are expected to be able to develop themselves into professional da'wah agents.
EFICIENCIA DE LA HARINA DE CÁSCARA DE CACAO (THEOBROMA CACAO) EN LA REMOCIÓN DE TURBIDEZ DE AGUAS RESIDUALES DOMÉSTICAS
Authors: Pinchi Del Aguila Mark Gabriel , Carranza Reátegui Lady Sheyla , Almestar Villegas Carmelino
Published: February 2024

El objetivo del artículo fue analizar la eficiencia de la harina de cáscara de cacao (Theobroma cacao) en la remoción de turbidez de aguas residuales domésticas. Las dosis del coagulante fueron 600, 800 y 1000 mg/L, con velocidad rápida de 180 RPM por un minuto, velocidad lenta (40 y 60 RPM) por 15 minutos y tiempo de sedimentación de 15 minutos. El volumen de cada jarra fue de 1 L. Se encontró un p-valor de 0,001 para el factor velocidad lenta; es decir existe diferencia significativa de la turbidez para los dos valores de velocidad lenta. Para el factor concentración de floculante, el p-valor fue 0,737; es decir, no existe diferencia significativa de la turbidez para los cuatro valores de concentración de floculante. Asimismo, el p-valor para la interacción (velocidad lenta * concentración) fue 0,737; es decir no fue significativo. Se concluye que el uso de floculantes naturales es una alternativa sustentable para la remoción de turbidez del agua residual doméstica.
ESTUDIO TEÓRICO DE LA ADSORCIÓN DE MOLÉCULAS DE CATEQUINA, QUERCETINA y ÁCIDO GÁLICO SOBRE HIERRO COMO POTENCIALES INHIBIDORES DE CORROSIÓN: SIMULACIÓN COMPUTACIONAL
Authors: H. Córdova Carlos , La Rosa-Toro G. Adolfo
Published: February 2024

El estudio de biomoléculas extraídas a partir de productos naturales está cobrando cada vez más importancia en la evaluación de diferentes propiedades tales como las antioxidantes, aquellas que tienen la capacidad de inhibir la corrosión. El presente trabajo muestra los estudios computacionales realizados para evaluar principalmente tres moléculas polifenólicas, como son la catequina, la quercetina y el ácido gálico en su potencial efecto antioxidante, así como las posibles interacciones ante un sustrato de hierro que simula su estructura cristalina cúbica centrada en el cuerpo. Las moléculas polifenólicas fueron estudiadas mediante simulación computacional utilizando la teoría de la densidad funcional (DFT). Fueron optimizadas por el software Gaussian 09, por los cálculos del Estudio de Teoría Funcional de la Densidad (DFT), con el funcional B3LYP (tres parámetros híbrido de funcional Becke y Lee-Yang- Para) y conjunto de bases 6 -31G. Para el diseño de la celda unitaria de hierro se utilizó el software Vesta. Para la construcción de una red de celdas de hierro que simularía una superficie de acero de bajo carbono se utilizó el software Chemcraft.Para los cálculos de distribución de densidad de cargas de Mulliken de las moléculas polifenólicas se utilizó el software Spartan. En los cálculos computacionales se obtuvieron los gaps energéticos de las moléculas de ácido gálico (-4.71eV), catequina (-4.30eV) y quercetina (-3.73Ev).
REMOCIÓN DE ARSÉNICO DEL AGUA DEL RÍO LOCUMBA (DISTRITO DE ITE, REGIÓN DE TACNA-PERÚ), UTILIZANDO CLORURO FÉRRICO
Authors: Machaca Rodríguez Angélica , Pizarro Rabanal Jean Carlos , Cornejo Ponce Lorena , Morales Cabrera Dante , Avendaño Cáceres Edgardo
Published: February 2024

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue proponer una alternativa de solución al problema de falta de horas de abastecimiento de agua subterránea para consumo humano del distrito de Ite, realizando el tratamiento con cloruro férrico para la remoción de arsénico (0,4930±0,0642 mgL-1) de origen natural del río Locumba; que será utilizado como fuente adicional de agua. Metodología: se utilizó un equipo probador de jarras para el estudio de las condiciones de operación. Se aplicó un análisis factorial fraccionado y luego un análisis de superficie respuesta para estudiar en las variables de operación: su influencia, linealidad y las condiciones adecuadas de operación. Adicionalmente se realizó la especiación y el análisis del arsénico(As+3) utilizando la extracción por fase sólida (EFS) y voltamperometría. Resultados: Se logró reducir el número de variables de operación de cinco a tres variables (dosis de FeCl3, velocidad de floculación, tiempo de sedimentación); a estas últimas se les aplico el diseño de superficie respuesta determinando que las muestras que fueron filtradas luego del proceso de tratamiento; en todas las condiciones de operación mostraron concentración de arsénico menores a 0,01 mgL-1. En las muestras no filtradas se logró concentraciones por debajo de 0,01 mgL-1 en dos condiciones de operación. Los resultados de las muestras de arsénico sin filtrar se ajustaron a un modelo cuadrático, obteniendo un valor de r2-ajustado de 94%. Elmodelo cuadrático encontrado mostró ser punto silla. Las mejores condiciones de operación para la mayor remoción de arsénico (0,00924 mgL-1) en las muestras sin filtrar fueron: 40 mgL-1 de dosis de FeCl3, 60 rpm como velocidad de floculación, 80 minutos de tiempo de sedimentación, pH=7 y un tiempo de floculación de 25 minutos. Conclusiones: Es posible remover el arsénico del agua del río Locumba a niveles aptos para el consumo humano utilizando como coagulante el cloruro férrico en las condiciones de operación encontradas en el presente estudio. Debe tenerse presente que el pH es una de las variables más importantes en este tipo de procesos de tratamiento y el uso de ácido sulfúrico para regularlo una de las mejores alternativas por el costo y la cercanía de Ite a la compañía minera Southern Copper Corporation quien produce este insumo químico.
DESARROLLO DE ELECTRODOS PARA SUPERCAPACITORES A PARTIR DE ÓXIDOS DE COBALTO (Co3O4) DERIVADOS DE ZIF-67
Authors: Baena Moncada Angélica María , Ñahuis Ortiz Bryan , Ruiz Montoya José G.
Published: February 2024

Los óxidos de cobalto (Co3O4) son de gran interés para su uso en supercapacitores (SCs) por su alta capacitancia teórica, baja toxicidad y costo. En este estudio, se sintetizó Co3O4 mediante la calcinación del ZIF-67 y se caracterizó fisicoquímica y estructuralmente con espectroscopia infrarroja (IR) y Raman, difracción de rayos X (DRX) además de microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM-EDS). Para el ZIF-67, los espectros IR muestran enlaces Co-N asociados a la coordinación del cobalto con el 2-metilimidazol, además, los patrones de difracción confirman la estructura cristalina típica del material. Para los óxidos resultantes de la calcinación del ZIF-67 se evidencia la presencia de enlaces Co-O asociados a la estructura de espinela del Co3O4, además de presentar una estructura cristalina típica. Por otro lado, la evaluación electroquímica reveló que los Co3O4 tienen capacitancias específicas de 179,5 F g-1 a 2 A g-1 (186,3 F g-1 a 10 mV s-1), con una retención del 92 % después de 100 ciclos de carga/descarga en medio alcalino. Finalmente, este comportamiento electroquímico sumado a la versatilidad de la síntesis hace de los Co3O4 derivados de ZIF-67 potenciales candidatos para su incorporación en SCs.
DESARROLLO DE NANOPARTÍCULAS DE QUITOSANO-GELATINA Y QUITOSANO-COLÁGENO PARA LIBERACIÓN DE FÁRMACOS
Authors: Carlos Salazar Max Jorge , Vega Chacón Jaime Ricardo , Amaro Martins Virginia da Conceição , Guzzi Plepis Ana Maria
Published: February 2024

Polymeric nanoparticles have demonstrated a great potential for biomedical application, especially in drug delivery systems acting as nanocarriers. The polymers obtained from living organisms, known as biopolymers, are promising materials for these purposes since they present biodegradability, biocompatibility and low immunogenicity, which are features required for in vivo applications. In this work, polymeric nanoparticles were prepared from mixtures of biopolymers such as chitosan, collagen and gelatin by ionic reticulation with sodium tripolyphosphate. Picric acid as a model drug was encapsulated into the nanoparticles. Chitosan of 50.4 kDa of molecular weight and 81 % of deacetylation degree was prepared through the deacetylation and depolymerization of chitin extracted from squid pens (Loligo sp). The composition, size distribution, and surface charge of the prepared nanoparticles were evaluated. Moreover, the influence of the nanoparticles mass and picric acid concentration were analyzed during the loading process by determining of the loaded content and the incorporation efficiency. Maximum loaded contents of picric acid were 7.16 % and 6.45 % for chitosan/gelatin nanoparticles and chitosan/collagen nanoparticles, respectively. In vitro release tests showed a quick picric acid release in chitosan/gelatin nanoparticles. The nanoparticles prepared with collagen took longer time to release the picric acid. Kinetic studies, using mathematical models, revealed that the release takes place through a diffusion mechanism.
Análisis de las Prácticas Pedagógicas y su Impacto en la Inclusión de los Alumnos en el Aula de Preescolar
Authors: Dozal Soto Cinthia Carolina , García Tobón Martha Karen , Jaramillo Flores Beatriz Alicia , Landa Alfán Noemí
Published: February 2024

El presente artículo de investigación tiene su origen en un jardín de niños del municipio de Durango, México y se enfoca en analizar el impacto de las prácticas pedagógicas en las aulas de preescolar, identificando aquellas que promueven la inclusión, así como las que representan un obstáculo para garantizar una atención justa y equitativa. Dicha investigación de enfoque cualitativo es del tipo exploratoria-descriptiva; exploratoria para estudiar el problema de la investigación (prácticas pedagógicas e inclusión educativa) y descriptiva para describir la situación alrededor de la cual se centra el estudio (las prácticas pedagógicas y su repercusión en dicha inclusión educativa en las aulas). La recopilación de información se lleva a cabo mediante la observación no participante, que implica la observación directa de los hechos en las aulas, empleando una Guía de evaluación de prácticas inclusivas en el aula –GEPIA-, adaptada del índice de inclusión de Booth y Ainscow (2002), cuya guía de evaluación de prácticas inclusivas se utiliza para obtener datos específicos sobre la implementación de estrategias inclusivas en las aulas de preescolar. Esta investigación resulta relevante para todas las instituciones educativas del nivel preescolar, puesto que la mayoría de los estudios que existen sobre el tema han sido realizados sobre otros niveles educativos.
Enhancing California Bearing Ratio through Optimized Compaction Efforts: A Study on Alluvial Soils in North India
Authors: Sobti Dr Jaskiran , Sidhu Daljeet
Published: February 2024

The quantity of soil required for embankment construction is enormous. Often the soil is brought to the site in dumpers in multiple rounds. This to and from movement of the wagons leads to the deterioration of the existing flexible pavement. In the absence of good earth nearby, using existing soils to act as a subgrade material upon meeting the desired strength and stability characteristics is the need of the hour. The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) is an indicator of soil's strength, which further depends on the degree of compaction of soil. In this study, an effort has been made to find the required compaction efforts to achieve maximum CBR value finding its applicability for both conventional flexible and perpetual pavements. Three different types of alluvial soils in North India were tested for CBR with varying compaction efforts using the modified Proctor test. The effect of mixing different soils was also considered to find the effectiveness of mechanically mixing soils on the required compaction efforts. It was observed that there is a constant upsurge in the CBR of soils upon an increase in the percentage compactive effort up to a certain limit. In the case of clayey soils, the rate of increase is less as compared to the well-graded sands. This study also highlights the effect of mechanical mixing of such soils with sandy soils in desired proportions giving rise to amplified values of CBR ratio of the soil blend. The regression analysis was also conducted to examine a correlation between the compactive effort and CBR values and it was best represented by exponential function for different types of soils.
Student teachers’ mentorship experiences during teaching practice: A comparison of mentor-student dynamics in rural and urban schools
Authors: Mbhiza Hlamulo Wiseman , Nkambule Thabisile , Masinire Alfred
Published: February 2024

All teacher training institutions in South Africa send their student teachers to schools for teaching practice as part of preparation for the teaching profession. Our concern is that while teaching practice programmes have been established across various universities, limited research explores student teachers' perceptions of teaching practice and mentorship in general, especially in rural and urban schools. In this article, we explored student teachers' comparative experiences and perceptions of working with mentors from both rural and urban schools during teaching practice. Within an interpretive paradigm, this study utilised qualitative approach involving 15 third-year Bachelor of Education students. The data were generated through the use of their reflective journals as well as group debriefing discussions. To analyse the data, we employed Fairclough's Critical Discourse Analysis. The findings reveal that student teachers encountered different mentor teachers in both rural and urban schools, ranging from mentors who were willing to help them learn and develop knowledge about the teaching profession to those who were reluctant to work with them. The student teachers felt unsupported by rural mentors compared to their mentorship experiences with urban mentors, as rural mentors sometimes abandoned classes for them. There is a need for the induction of school-based mentors into university expectations of their roles to ensure that they effectively support student teachers during teaching practice.
Lord Byron and the Free Press: A Burkean Outlook?
Authors: Chountis Ioannes P.
Published: February 2024

This article endeavours to resolve the apparent inconsistencies between Lord Byron’s advocation of the free press and his suppression of the revolutionary press in Missolonghi. The novel approach uses a methodological framework based on recent studies on Byron’s forms of thinking and Edmund Burke’s ideas on prudential judgement and rejection of metaphysical abstraction in political matters. After a brief outline of Byron’s experience of censorship and a short analysis of
The Vision of Judgement
, his clash with Stanhope and motives to suppress
The Greek Chronicles
are investigated. The set of ideas articulated by Burke is used as a prism to interpret Byron’s actions and resolve
prima facie
inconsistencies. Overall, it is suggested that Byron’s relativist and sceptical outlook was subtly Burkean in regard to the free press, a framework that could be used in future research to resolve further questions in Byron studies.
Shaping a New
Marino Faliero
for Drury Lane
Authors: Armstrong James
Published: February 2024

The less-than-successful stage premiere of Lord Byron’s tragedy
Marino Faliero
has been blamed on an allegedly mutilated text presented to the audience. A close examination of the cut text, however, shows the theatre had attempted to re-shape the play into a new and stage-worthy work. The theatre’s cuts attempted to streamline the play, advancing more quickly to the main action. Edits also reduced the speeches assigned to minor characters who would not have been played by well-known actors. Most importantly, the cuts reflected the political reality of the time, censoring significant passages that would almost certainly have led the government to deny a license for performance. Ultimately, censorship appears to have been the chief cause of the most devastating cuts to the text.
On the power sums problem of bi-periodic Fibonacci and Lucas polynomials
Authors: Du Tingting , Wang Li
Published: February 2024

This paper mainly discussed the power sums of bi-periodic Fibonacci and Lucas polynomials. In addition, we generalized these results to obtain several congruences involving the divisible properties of bi-periodic Fibonacci and Lucas polynomials.
Dual Brunn-Minkowski inequality for $ C $-star bodies
Authors: Wang Xudong , Xiang Tingting
Published: February 2024

In this paper, we introduced the concept of $ C $-star bodies in a fixed pointed closed convex cone $ C $ and studied the dual mixed volume for $ C $-star bodies. For $ C $-star bodies, we established the corresponding dual Brunn-Minkowski inequality, dual Minkowski inequality, and dual Aleksandrov-Fenchel inequality. Moveover, we found that the dual Brunn-Minkowski inequality for $ C $-star bodies can strengthen the Brunn-Minkowski inequality for $ C $-coconvex sets.