bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
WW Domain of BAG3 Is Required for the Induction of Autophagy in Glioma Cells
Authors: Merabova Nana , Sariyer Ilker Kudret , Saribas A. Sami , Knezevic Tijana , Gordon Jennifer , Turco M. Caterina , Rosati Alessandra , Weaver Michael , Landry Jacques , Khalili Kamel
Published: September 2014

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved, selective degradation pathway of cellular components that is important for cell homeostasis under healthy and pathologic conditions. Here we demonstrate that an increase in the level of BAG3 results in stimulation of autophagy in glioblastoma cells. BAG3 is a member of a co‐chaperone family of proteins that associates with Hsp70 through a conserved BAG domain positioned near the C‐terminus of the protein. Expression of BAG3 is induced by a variety of environmental changes that cause stress to cells. Our results show that BAG3 overexpression induces autophagy in glioma cells. Interestingly, inhibition of the proteasome caused an increase in BAG3 levels and induced autophagy. Further analysis using specific siRNA against BAG3 suggests that autophagic activation due to proteosomal inhibition is mediated by BAG3. Analyses of BAG3 domain mutants suggest that the WW domain of BAG3 is crucial for the induction of autophagy. BAG3 overexpression also increased the interaction between Bcl2 and Beclin‐1, instead of disrupting them, suggesting that BAG3 induced autophagy is Beclin‐1 independent. These observations reveal a novel role for the WW domain of BAG3 in the regulation of autophagy. J. Cell. Physiol. 230: 831–841, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The contribution of tropical cyclones to rainfall in northwest Australia
Authors: Ng Benjamin , Walsh Kevin , Lavender Sally
Published: September 2014

Northwest Australian rain gauge data is analysed to obtain new estimates of the fraction of rainfall caused by tropical cyclones (TCs), in one of the regions of the globe where this fraction is greatest. For annual rainfall, at some coastal stations more than 40% of rainfall arises from TCs. There is substantial seasonal variation in this fraction, with largest fractions occurring in the October through December period, where some stations have more than 70% of rainfall from TCs. There is a sharp gradient in this percentage away from the coastline, with inland values typically less than 30%. With the exception of a narrow coastal region in the tropics, changes in TC rainfall cannot explain recent rainfall trends in this region, with only a small number of locations exhibiting agreement between trends in total rainfall and trends in TC rainfall.
THE RISE, FALL, AND REINVENTION OF DETROIT: WHAT MY HOMETOWN MEANS FOR YOUR BUSINESS
Authors: Linkner Josh
Published: September 2014

Linkner contends that lessons drawn from the sobering financial collapse of the city of Detroit (his hometown) can be profitably applied by all types of enterprises. He describes how Detroit's problems grew and festered over a long period of time, leading eventually to bankruptcy. Now, it is in the early days of a renaissance, in part due to highly committed, visionary business and civic leaders. He says that the city has been able to hit the metaphorical reset button, and organizations almost always have access to a similar theoretical device, no matter how dire their circumstances might be.
THE THREE VIRTUES OF FAILURE
Authors: Lueneburger Christoph
Published: September 2014

Failure is not something that is particularly valued by society, and is avoided by individuals and organizations. Yet Lueneburger writes that failure can be an asset, depending on what you can learn from it and then apply in the future. In studying and writing about how strong organizations (businesses and nonprofits) develop “cultures of purpose,” he discovered that these organizations honed three cultural attributes—energy, resilience, and openness. All relate to how people respond to and learn from failures. Lessons are drawn from executives at such disparate organizations as the New York Philharmonic and TNT, a global logistics company.
VITAL INSTINCTS: THE DNA OF HEALTHY CONVERSATIONS
Authors: Glaser Judith E.
Published: September 2014

A personal battle with breast cancer led Glaser toward new discoveries about how conversations within organizations can be used for healthy growth of the organization. There are three levels: Level 1—Transactional, Level 2—Positional, and Level 3—Transformational. This highest form goes “beyond telling, selling, and defending.” She ultimately discovered “co‐creating conversations.” This concept, she explains, “is when people think together, define reality together, and take on the shared responsibility for the health of an organization together.” Mastering these levels can lead to the triggering of what Glaser calls “vital instincts,” the mechanism hardwired within each of us for greatness.
Technical and industrial approaches for super plastic forming and diffusion bonding (SPF/DB) titanium alloy leading edge manufacturing
Authors: Ortiz A. A. , Gago J. , Sanchez P. , Gil V. , Rubio L.
Published: September 2014

The A330/340 HTP leading edge has shifted the prior composite into a new metallic design based on a SPF/DB manufacturing process for a two sheet D‐nose. Superplastic forming and diffusion bonding were the technological means to obtain an integrated detailed part.

Moreover, this component was part of the set that made introduction and development SPF/DB feasible within EADS CASA at its facilities located in Cadiz. The main driving factor to launch this program was the weight saving intended for the A330/340 horizontal stabilizer.

The design concept was based on two raw material sheets (with initial nominal thicknesses of 3 mm and 0.8 mm) forming skins and spars. The skin was shaped into an aerodynamic nose and the flat spar was also stiffened by swages. It was diffusion bonded to the above mentioned skin by means of two flanges. The final shape is denominated by the term D‐nose, due to the resulting geometrical configuration.

The initial manufacturing process was based on a two step press forming process, with part integration as the main goal. This process was robust enough to achieve structural parts with industrial tolerance ranges. Since tighter tolerances ranges and higher than expected ramp up arose, creative improvements were set up to meet the program expectations. A single press forming phase was implemented, resulting in a lower press labour time and a higher quality product.

Further increased mass production rates challenged the industrial means to reach higher efficiency. A compromise between part integration, costs and industrial means best practices has shown how detail parts assembly constitutes also a cost effective solution under specific industrial conditions.

This article describes the advantages and drawbacks of three alternative SPF manufacturing processes to fabricate superplastic titanium alloys leading edges, which have been validated for mass production purposes.
Diffusion bonding systems
Authors: Jahn S. , Sändig S. , Dahms S. , Gemse F.
Published: September 2014

Worldwide there is a trend to use diffusion bonding for more and more applications, for example for optical components, micro devices and heat transfer elements. Despite that the market for diffusion bonded product is still small today, more than 30 companies offer diffusion bonding systems worldwide. These systems are different, starting from basic concept and type of machine, the principle of heat input and force application. In the presentation an overview of commercially available diffusion bonding system concepts and their differences is given.
The study of the technology parameters on the superplasticity of the new Al–Zn–Mg–Cu–Ni–Zr base alloy
Authors: Mikhaylovskaya A. V. , Kotov A. D. , Levchenko V. S. , Portnoy V. K.
Published: September 2014

Al–Zn–Mg–Cu aluminum alloy contain 0.3% Zr and 4% Ni was processed by traditional hot and cold rolling with a total reduction from 0  to  80%. The relationship between superplastic behavior and reduction of cold deformation and casting cooling rate was analyzed. It is shown that the decrease in the reduction of cold rolling do not significantly influence on flow stress and elongation. Decrease in casting cooling rate leads to insignificantly decrease in superplastic indicators. Alloy exhibits advanced superplasticity: the elongation of 400–800% at the strain rates of (5 × 10–3–1 × 10–1) s–1.
Material saving and cost reduction with hot forming of U‐shaped titanium part
Authors: Stutz L. , Beck W. , Arends S. , Horstmann M. , Ventzke Volker , Kashaev N.
Published: September 2014

Titanium alloy sheets are widely used for highly loaded components in the aerospace industry as well as spacecrafts. The unique combination of high strength, outstanding corrosion resistance and thermal endurance makes titanium alloys the preferred material for applications with severe requirements.

Due to the limited formability at room temperature, forming processes have to be conducted in a multitude of steps what is costly and labour intensive. Additionally, typical titanium alloy sheets show a significant anisotropy of mechanical properties and material flow. Undesired earing, wall thickness variation and residual stresses are the result.

Complex shaped parts can be produced at elevated temperatures to avoid named drawbacks. The present work introduces a newly developed hot deep drawing process, applied to titanium sheets at FormTech. In comparison with conventional superplastic forming processes via gas pressure, hot deep drawing comes with a significantly reduced process time and hence, increased output over time.

Titanium sheets of the work horse alloy Ti–6Al–4V were formed in a single stroke to a U‐shaped component at process temperatures ranging from 750 to 890 °C. Specimens were extracted to validate the neglectable influence of the hot forming process on mechanical properties and fatigue behaviour. In conclusion, hot deep drawing of titanium sheets offers a cost efficient alternative to a gas pressure superplastic forming process, while maintaining its main benefits such as significantly improved formability, low residual stresses and tight tolerances.
1H NMR spectra of alcohols and diols in chloroform: DFT/GIAO calculation of chemical shifts
Authors: Lomas John S.
Published: September 2014

Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) shifts of aliphatic alcohols in chloroform have been computed on the basis of density functional theory, the solvent being included by the integral‐equation‐formalism polarisable continuum model of Gaussian 09. Relative energies of all conformers are calculated at the Perdew, Burke and Ernzerhof (PBE)0/6‐311+G(d,p) level, and NMR shifts by the gauge‐including atomic orbital method with the PBE0/6‐311+G(d,p) geometry and the cc‐pVTZ basis set. The 208 computed CH proton NMR shifts for 34 alcohols correlate very well with the experimental values, with a gradient of 1.00 ± 0.01 and intercept close to zero; the overall root mean square difference (RMSD) is 0.08 ppm. Shifts for CH protons of diols in chloroform are well correlated with the theoretical values for (isotropic) benzene, with similar gradient and intercept (1.02 ± 0.01, −0.13 ppm), but the overall RMSD is slightly higher, 0.12 ppm. This approach generally gives slightly better results than the CHARGE model of Abraham et al. The shifts of unsaturated alcohols in benzene have been re‐examined with Gaussian 09, but the overall fit for CH protons is not improved, and OH proton shifts are worse. Shifts of vinyl protons in alkenols are systematically overestimated, and the correlation of computed shifts against the experimental data for unsaturated alcohols follows a quadratic equation. Splitting the 20 compounds studied into two sets, and applying empirical scaling based on the quadratic for the first set to the second set, gives an RMSD of 0.10 ppm. A multi‐standard approach gives a similar result. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low peak power multiband spokes pulses for B1+ inhomogeneity‐compensated simultaneous multislice excitation in high field MRI
Authors: Sharma Anuj , Bammer Roland , Stenger V. Andrew , Grissom William A
Published: September 2014

Purpose

To design low peak and integrated power simultaneous multislice excitation radiofrequency pulses with transmit field inhomogeneity compensation in high field MRI.

Theory and Methods

The “interleaved greedy and local optimization” algorithm for small‐tip‐angle spokes pulses is extended to design multiband (MB) spokes pulses that simultaneously excite multiple slices, with independent spokes weight optimization for each slice. The peak power of the pulses is controlled using a slice phase optimization technique. Simulations were performed at 7T to compare the peak power of optimized MB spokes pulses to unoptimized pulses, and to compare the proposed slice‐independent spokes weight optimization to a joint approach. In vivo experiments were performed at 7T to validate the pulse's function and compare them to conventional MB pulses.

Results

Simulations showed that the peak power‐minimized pulses had lower peak power than unregularized and integrated power‐regularized pulses, and that the slice‐independent spokes weight optimization consistently produced lower flip angle inhomogeneity and lower peak and integrated power pulses. In the brain imaging experiments, the MB spokes pulses showed significant improvement in excitation flip angle and subsequently signal homogeneity compared to conventional MB pulses.

Conclusion

The proposed MB spokes pulses improve flip angle homogeneity in simultaneous multislice acquisitions at ultrahigh field, with minimal increase in integrated and peak radiofrequency power. Magn Reson Med 74:747–755, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Improving the spectral resolution and spectral fitting of1H MRSI data from human calf muscle by the SPREAD technique
Authors: Dong Zhengchao , Zhang Yudong , Liu Feng , Duan Yunsuo , Kangarlu Alayar , Peterson Bradley S.
Published: September 2014

Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (1H MRSI) has been used for thein vivomeasurement of intramyocellular lipids (IMCLs) in human calf muscle for almost two decades, but the low spectral resolution between extramyocellular lipids (EMCLs) and IMCLs, partially caused by the magnetic field inhomogeneity, has hindered the accuracy of spectral fitting. The purpose of this paper was to enhance the spectral resolution of1H MRSI data from human calf muscle using the SPREAD (spectral resolution amelioration by deconvolution) technique and to assess the influence of improved spectral resolution on the accuracy of spectral fitting and onin vivomeasurement of IMCLs. We acquired MRI and1H MRSI data from calf muscles of three healthy volunteers. We reconstructed spectral lineshapes of the1H MRSI data based on field maps and used the lineshapes to deconvolve the measured MRS spectra, thereby eliminating the line broadening caused by field inhomogeneities and improving the spectral resolution of the1H MRSI data. We employed Monte Carlo (MC) simulations with 200 noise realizations to measure the variations of spectral fitting parameters and used anF‐test to evaluate the significance of the differences of the variations between the spectra before SPREAD and after SPREAD. We also used Cramer–Rao lower bounds (CRLBs) to assess the improvements of spectral fitting after SPREAD. The use of SPREAD enhanced the separation between EMCL and IMCL peaks in1H MRSI spectra from human calf muscle. MC simulations andF‐tests showed that the use of SPREAD significantly reduced the standard deviations of the estimated IMCL peak areas (p< 10−8), and the CRLBs were strongly reduced (by ~37%). Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of diffuse fibrosis in the failing human heart via diffusion tensor imaging and quantitative histological validation
Authors: Abdullah Osama M. , Drakos Stavros G. , Diakos Nikolaos A. , Wever‐Pinzon Omar , Kfoury Abdallah G. , Stehlik Josef , Selzman Craig H. , Reid Bruce B. , Brunisholz Kim , Verma Divya Ratan , Myrick Craig , Sachse Frank B. , Li Dean Y. , Hsu Edward W.
Published: September 2014

Non‐invasive imaging techniques are highly desirable as an alternative to conventional biopsy for the characterization of the remodeling of tissues associated with disease progression, including end‐stage heart failure. Cardiac diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has become an established method for the characterization of myocardial microstructure. However, the relationships between diffuse myocardial fibrosis, which is a key biomarker for staging and treatment planning of the failing heart, and measured DTI parameters have yet to be investigated systematically. In this study, DTI was performed on left ventricular specimens collected from patients with chronic end‐stage heart failure as a result of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (n = 14) and from normal donors (n = 5). Scalar DTI parameters, including fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean (MD), primary (D1), secondary (D2) and tertiary (D3) diffusivities, were correlated with collagen content measured by digital microscopy. Compared with hearts from normal subjects, the FA in failing hearts decreased by 22%, whereas the MD, D2 and D3 increased by 12%, 14% and 24%, respectively (P < 0.01). No significant change was detected for D1 between the two groups. Furthermore, significant correlation was observed between the DTI scalar indices and quantitative histological measurements of collagen (i.e. fibrosis). Pearson's correlation coefficients (r) between collagen content and FA, MD, D2 and D3 were –0.51, 0.59, 0.56 and 0.62 (P < 0.05), respectively. The correlation between D1 and collagen content was not significant (r = 0.46, P = 0.05). Computational modeling analysis indicated that the behaviors of the DTI parameters as a function of the degree of fibrosis were well explained by compartmental exchange between myocardial and collagenous tissues. Combined, these findings suggest that scalar DTI parameters can be used as metrics for the non‐invasive assessment of diffuse fibrosis in failing hearts. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Several variants of the Hermitian and skew‐Hermitian splitting method for a class of complex symmetric linear systems
Authors: Wu Shi‐Liang
Published: September 2014

This paper is concerned with several variants of the Hermitian and skew‐Hermitian splitting iteration method to solve a class of complex symmetric linear systems. Theoretical analysis shows that several Hermitian and skew‐Hermitian splitting based iteration methods are unconditionally convergent. Numerical experiments from an n‐degree‐of‐freedom linear system are reported to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed methods. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Women's views and the impact of noninvasive prenatal testing on procedures in a managed care setting
Authors: Tiller George E. , Kershberg Hilary B. , Goff John , Coffeen Christin , Liao Wayne , Sehnert Amy J.
Published: September 2014

Objective

To prospectively determine the impact of noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) on invasive procedure utilization in a managed care setting and to elucidate women's views.

Methods

Pregnant women at 10–20 weeks' gestation with high‐risk indications for fetal aneuploidy in the Kaiser Permanente Southern California organization were eligible. Enrolled patients received routine prenatal counseling, completed a questionnaire and were offered the option of NIPT by a genetic counselor. Downstream data through 28 weeks' gestation were collected from the electronic medical record (EMR). The EMR was also used to identify a matched historical cohort from 1 year prior to NIPT availability. Rates of invasive prenatal procedures were compared using McNemar's test.

Results

Two hundred women completed the questionnaire and underwent NIPT. Twenty‐two subjects (11%) in the prospective cohort underwent an invasive prenatal procedure compared with 58 (29%) in the historical cohort (p<0.0001). Safety and accuracy were the most important factors in considering NIPT. At the time of survey, only 12% indicated being very comfortable with the possibility of undergoing amniocentesis.

Conclusion

This prospective study demonstrates a 62% reduction in invasive prenatal procedures after NIPT testing and finds safety, accuracy, and personal beliefs key to women's decision‐making. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Working for Patients: NHS reform and drug budgets
Authors: Baines Darrin
Published: September 2014

In our series on the history of prescribing policy, Dr Darrin Baines traces how successive governments have attempted to curb drug costs. Here, he describes the controversial reforms introduced following the publication of Working for Patients in 1989.
Omalizumab: now licensed as adjunct for urticaria
Authors: Chaplin Steve , Grattan Clive
Published: September 2014

Omalizumab (Xolair), which was originally licensed for IgE‐mediated asthma, is now indicated as adjunctive therapy for chronic spontaneous urticaria. In our New products review, Steve Chaplin presents the data relating to its efficacy and adverse events, and Dr Clive Grattan discusses its place in therapy.
A Reevaluation of the Adaptive Exponentially Weighted Moving Average Control Chart When Parameters are Estimated
Authors: Aly Aya A. , Saleh Nesma A. , Mahmoud Mahmoud A. , Woodall William H.
Published: September 2014

The performance of control charts can be adversely affected when based on parameter estimates instead of known in‐control parameters. Several studies have shown that a large number of phase I observations may be needed to achieve the desired in‐control statistical performance. However, practitioners use different phase I samples and thus different parameter estimates to construct their control limits. As a consequence, there would be in‐control average run length (ARL) variation between different practitioners. This kind of variation is important to consider when studying the performance of control charts with estimated parameters. Most of the previous literature has relied primarily on the expected value of the ARL (AARL) metric in studying the performance of control charts with estimated parameters. Some recent studies, however, considered the standard deviation of the ARL metric to study the performance of control charts. In this paper, the standard deviation of the ARL metric is used to study the in‐control and out‐of‐control performance of the adaptive exponentially weighted moving average (AEWMA) control chart. The performance of the AEWMA chart is then compared with that of the Shewhart
and EWMA control charts. The simulation results show that the AEWMA chart might represent a good solution for practitioners to achieve a reasonable amount of ARL variation from the desired in‐control ARL performance. In addition, we apply a bootstrap‐based design approach that provides protection against frequent false alarms without deteriorating too much the out‐of‐control performance. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plasticity for axolotl lens regeneration is associated with age‐related changes in gene expression
Authors: Sousounis Konstantinos , Athippozhy Antony T. , Voss S. Randal , Tsonis Panagiotis A.
Published: September 2014

Mexican axolotls lose potential for lens regeneration 2 weeks after hatching. We used microarrays to identify differently expressed genes before and after this critical time, using RNA isolated from iris. Over 3700 genes were identified as differentially expressed in response to lentectomy between young (7 days post‐hatching) and old (3 months post‐hatching) axolotl larvae. Strikingly, many of the genes were only expressed in the early or late iris. Genes that were highly expressed in young iris significantly enriched electron transport chain, transcription, metabolism, and cell cycle gene ontologies, all of which are associated with lens regeneration. In contrast, genes associated with cellular differentiation and tissue maturation were uniquely expressed in old iris. Many of these expression differences strongly suggest that young and old iris samples were collected before and after the spleen became developmentally competent to produce and secrete cells with humoral and innate immunity functions. Our study establishes the axolotl as a powerful model to investigate age‐related cellular differentiation and immune system ontogeny within the context of tissue regeneration.
Global Warming Effects on Faecal Coliform Bacterium Watershed Impairments in Portugal
Authors: Fonseca A. , Botelho C. , Boaventura R. A. R. , Vilar V. J. P.
Published: September 2014

Impairment of surface water quality by faecal coliform bacteria is an issue of great importance across the globe. A water quality model, Hydrological Simulation Program FORTRAN, was used to predict the impacts of farming and climate change on faecal coliform loads and concentrations in streams of the Lis River watershed, in the Leiria region, Portugal. The calibrated faecal coliform model simulated well the patterns and range of observed faecal coliform concentrations. The accuracy of the model was evaluated by the per cent bias coefficient and the coefficient of determination. The results indicate a general deterioration of the water quality regarding faecal contamination in Lis River. Maximum daily loads were calculated for each of the impaired streams; an average of 77% reduction in the current faecal coliform load from the watershed is necessary to achieve the established water quality goals by the Council Directive 75/440/EEC (). Climate change scenarios (increments on temperature and precipitation) were assumed to predict the behaviour of faecal coliform bacteria in the watershed. The simulated results showed that an increase of 1°C in air daily temperature results in an increase of water temperature of 1.1°C and a 1.5% decrease on faecal coliform bacteria in stream concentration. The combined effect of air temperature (+1°C) and precipitation (+7%) increment leads to an increase of ~2% in bacteria inflow to the basin. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flooding and Surface Connectivity of Taxodium‐Nyssa Stands in a Southern Floodplain Forest Ecosystem
Authors: Kupfer J. A. , Meitzen K. M. , Gao P.
Published: September 2014

An understanding of the factors controlling the permanent and episodic links between the main stem of a river and the ecosystems of its alluvial floodplain is necessary for evaluating the influence of modern river processes on floodplain ecology and habitat diversity and for the successful implementation of flow regimes that meet human needs for water in a manner that sustains the ecological integrity of affected systems. In this study, we examined relationships between river hydrology and lateral hydrological connectivity, which is crucial to directing fluxes of water, material, and organisms into and across a floodplain. We did so by translating measures of river discharge for the Congaree River into high resolution maps of flood conditions for the floodplain at Congaree National Park using a 2D flood inundation model. Utilizing a graph network approach, we then analyzed the connectivity of a key wetland ecosystem, Taxodium‐Nyssa forested swamps, to the main stem river and to each other under different flows. Our results underscore that floodplain connectivity is initiated at sub‐bankfull discharges and does not depend on levee overtopping, while also clarifying that various sources of connectivity are triggered at different flow levels in specific reaches. Further, our findings demonstrate the sensitive and non‐linear response of floodplain connectivity to river flows and provide useful information to facilitate the management of flood processes in the Congaree River watershed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Venous anomalies of the fetal heart
Authors: Bloomfield Sue
Published: September 2014

Venous anomalies of the fetal heart are rare, difficult to diagnose and often not appreciated on routine antenatal ultrasound. When not identified, these anomalies may have potentially devastating outcomes. With practice, these anomalies can be recognised on standard views of the heart at the morphology scan. The aim of this article is to discuss the anatomy, pathology and sonographic findings of anomalies of the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and pulmonary veins in the fetus and discuss some of the associated findings and outcomes.
Fighting with Oneself to Maintain the Interaction Order: A Sociological Approach to Self‐Injury Daily Process
Authors: Brossard Baptiste
Published: September 2014

This article proposes an interactionist approach to self‐injury behavior in youth. Mostly based on in‐depth interviews with seventy people who self‐harm or who have self‐harmed at some point in their lives, it describes the process of daily self‐injuring. It shows that this practice consists less in the self‐harm in itself than in a liminal emotional state, composed of several successive steps, and that self‐injury makes sense because concerned individuals subjectively see it as the most practical of known activities for releasing emotional troubles, then maintaining the interaction order surrounding them.
“The Brown Face of Hope”
Authors: Meier Terry
Published: September 2014

African American children's literature has a potentially powerful role to play in increasing reading engagement for African American boys. Unfortunately, this body of literature is not always used effectively in schools. Many teachers use African American books as an add‐on to pre‐exisiting curriculum rather than fully exploring the topics, themes, and images that characterize the literature and that speak in powerful ways to issues of relevance in the lives of African American boys. A close examination of nine picture book biographies and one historical fiction account of famous African American men reveals the rich potential of this literature for making a difference in children's lives.
Software for predicting the 3D structure of RNA molecules
Authors: Dufour David , Marti‐Renom Marc A.
Published: September 2014

RNA is not regarded anymore as a simple transfer molecule between DNA and proteins. Indeed, over the past decades a plethora of new functional roles have been assigned to RNA molecules. Such functions are carried out either by RNA molecules alone or through interactions with DNA, other RNA molecules, or proteins. In all cases, the structure that the RNA molecule adopts will impact its function, as it happens with proteins. Therefore, to fully characterize the function of an RNA molecule, its structure needs to be either determined by experiments or predicted by computation. Unfortunately, our knowledge of the atomic mechanism by which RNA molecules adopt their biological active structures is still limited. Such hurdle is now being addressed by the development of new computational methods for RNA structure prediction, which complement experimental methods such as X‐ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance, small‐angle X‐ray scattering, and cryo‐electron microscopy. This software focus is not dedicated to a single computational method but aims at outlining the most adopted methods for computational RNA structure prediction. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2015, 5:56–61. doi: 10.1002/wcms.1198

This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Computational Biochemistry and Biophysics

Software > Simulation Methods
An investigation of in‐field blockage effects in closely spaced lateral wind farm configurations
Authors: McTavish S. , Rodrigue S. , Feszty D. , Nitzsche F.
Published: September 2014

A method of increasing the performance of wind farms has been established by limiting the lateral separation between neighbouring wind turbines. The close proximity of the wind turbines creates a beneficial in‐field blockage effect that results in a core of increased speed that is accelerated through the gap between the turbines. A preceding study indicated that the performance of three wind turbines can be increased by over 10% with tip‐to‐tip separation of 0.5 diameters (D) compared with the power output of the respective turbines in isolation. A corresponding flow‐mapping study has been completed in the current work using a single‐normal hot‐wire anemometer to characterize the increased flow speed through a narrow lateral gap, leading to the observation of a region of increased speed that occurs between 0D and 2.5D downstream of the gap between laterally spaced wind turbines. The experimental results were confirmed by conducting a series of computational simulations with the generalized unsteady vortex particle discrete vortex method code. The simulations were conducted with three rotors arranged in five different configurations, and the increase in power generated by the multi‐rotor configurations closely followed the observed experimental trends. The closely spaced lateral wind turbine configurations may have the ability to increase the annual capacity factor of wind farms while reducing wind farm land use requirements. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The large-scale influence of the Great Barrier Reef matrix on wave attenuation
Authors: Gallop Shari L. , Young Ian R. , Ranasinghe Roshanka , Durrant Tom H. , Haigh Ivan D.
Published: September 2014

Offshore reef systems consist of individual reefs, with spaces in between, which together constitute the reef matrix. This is the first comprehensive, large-scale study, of the influence of an offshore reef system on wave climate and wave transmission. The focus was on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), Australia, utilizing a 16-yr record of wave height from seven satellite altimeters. Within the GBR matrix, the wave climate is not strongly dependent on reef matrix submergence. This suggests that after initial wave breaking at the seaward edge of the reef matrix, wave energy that penetrates the matrix has little depth modulation. There is no clear evidence to suggest that as reef matrix porosity (ratio of spaces between individual reefs to reef area) decreases, wave attenuation increases. This is because individual reefs cast a wave shadow much larger than the reef itself; thus, a matrix of isolated reefs is remarkably effective at attenuating wave energy. This weak dependence of transmitted wave energy on depth of reef submergence, and reef matrix porosity, is also evident in the lee of the GBR matrix. Here, wave conditions appear to be dependent largely on local wind speed, rather than wave conditions either seaward, or within the reef matrix. This is because the GBR matrix is a very effective wave absorber, irrespective of water depth and reef matrix porosity.
Rural Neighborhoods and Child Aggression
Authors: Bowen Natasha K. , Wretman Christopher J.
Published: September 2014

Structural equation modeling with latent variables was used to evaluate the direct and mediated effects of a neighborhood risk factor (negative teen behaviors) on the parent‐report aggressive behavior of 213 students in grades 3 through 5 attending a school in a low‐income, rural community. Contagion and social control hypotheses were examined as well as hypotheses about whether the neighborhood served as a microsystem or exosystem for rural pre‐adolescents. Analyses took into account the clustering of students and ordinal nature of the data. Findings suggest that rural neighborhoods may operate as both a microsystem and exosystem for children, with direct contagion effects on their aggressive behaviors as well as indirect social control effects through parenting practices. Direct effects on aggression were also found for parenting practices and child reports of friends’ negative behaviors. Pre‐adolescence may be a transitional stage, when influences of the neighborhood on child behavior begin to compete with influences of caregivers. Findings can inform the timing and targets of violence prevention in rural communities.
The Search-Coil Magnetometer for MMS
Authors: Le Contel O. , Leroy P. , Roux A. , Coillot C. , Alison D. , Bouabdellah A. , Mirioni L. , Meslier L. , Galic A. , Vassal M. C. , Torbert R. B. , Needell J. , Rau D. , Dors I. , Ergun R. E. , Westfall J. , Summers D. , Wallace J. , Magnes W. , Valavanoglou A. , Olsson G. , Chutter M. , Macri J. , Myers S. , Turco S. , Nolin J. , Bodet D. , Rowe K. , Tanguy M. , de la Porte B.
Published: September 2014

The tri-axial search-coil magnetometer (SCM) belongs to the FIELDS instrumentation suite on the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission (Torbert et al. in Space Sci. Rev. (2014), this issue). It provides the three magnetic components of the waves from 1 Hz to 6 kHz in particular in the key regions of the Earth’s magnetosphere namely the subsolar region and the magnetotail. Magnetospheric plasmas being collisionless, such a measurement is crucial as the electromagnetic waves are thought to provide a way to ensure the conversion from magnetic to thermal and kinetic energies allowing local or global reconfigurations of the Earth’s magnetic field. The analog waveforms provided by the SCM are digitized and processed inside the digital signal processor (DSP), within the Central Electronics Box (CEB), together with the electric field data provided by the spin-plane double probe (SDP) and the axial double probe (ADP). On-board calibration signal provided by DSP allows the verification of the SCM transfer function once per orbit. Magnetic waveforms and on-board spectra computed by DSP are available at different time resolution depending on the selected mode. The SCM design is described in details as well as the different steps of the ground and in-flight calibrations.
The Identification and Quantification of Phospholipids from Thermus and Meiothermus Bacteria
Authors: Lagutin Kirill , MacKenzie Andrew , Houghton Karen M. , Stott Matthew B. , Vyssotski Mikhail
Published: September 2014

Structural identities of the major phospholipid (PL‐2), minor phospholipid (PL‐1) and trace phospholipid (PL‐0) from representative strains of the genera Thermus and Meiothermus were established. Phospholipids were quantified using phosphorus‐31 nuclear magnetic resonance (31P‐NMR). The structures of the major phospholipid (PL‐2) from Thermus filiformis MOK14.7 and Meiothermus ruber WRG6.9 were identified as 2′‐O‐(1,2‐diacyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phospho)‐3′‐O‐(α‐N‐acetylglucosaminyl)‐N‐glyceroyl alkylamine (GlcNAc‐PGAA) and 2′‐O‐(2‐acylalkyldiol‐1‐O‐phospho)‐3′‐O‐(α‐N‐acetylglucosaminyl)‐N‐glyceroyl alkylamine (GlcNAc‐diolPGAA). Interestingly, M. ruber contained only a diacyl form of GlcNAc‐PGAA (87 %), while T. filiformis contained both GlcNAc‐PGAA (59 %) and GlcNAc‐diolPGAA (18 %). The structures of the minor phospholipid (PL‐1) were established as 2′‐O‐(1,2‐diacyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phospho)‐3′‐O‐(α‐glucosaminyl)‐N‐glyceroyl alkylamine (GlcN‐PGAA, 13 %) in T. filiformis and 2′‐O‐(1,2‐diacyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phospho)‐3′‐O‐(α‐galactosaminyl)‐N‐glyceroyl alkylamine (GalN‐PGAA, 19 %) in M. ruber. This is the first reliable discovery of phosphatidylglyceroylalkylamines modified by glucosamine or galactosamine with a free amino group. No signs of diol‐based phosphatidylglyceroylalkylamines were found in PL‐1 phospholipids. Similar to PL‐2, trace phospholipid (PL‐0) from T. filiformis contained both unsubstituted diol‐based phosphatidylglyceroylalkylamine (diolPGAA) and PGAA, while M. ruber contained only free PGAA. Unlike analysis using TLC, the diol form of phosphatidylglyceroylalkylamines is clearly resolved from the diacyl form via 31P‐NMR.
Patterns of and Reasons for Infrequent Internet Use: A Qualitative Exploration of Australian Youth
Authors: Park Sora
Published: September 2014

While there is a popular belief that the digital generation is immersed in and adept at using digital media, recent studies point to a large variation among young people in their appropriation of digital technologies. This study examined the patterns of, and reasons for, infrequent use of digital technology among the younger generation, by conducting semi-structured interviews with 19 school-aged Australian youth. Infrequent users focused narrowly on a small number of applications and did not explore the wide range of available activities. This was mainly due to their lack of confidence and the perceived irrelevance of digital technologies to their lives. Most participants in this study had chosen a vocational path where computers and the internet were not integral to their everyday learning experience. This deterred them from improving their digital media literacy. Based on observations, I argue that it is not sufficient merely to provide access to digital media; rather, users need motivation, skills and perceived benefits in order to utilise this technology fully. In the case of school-aged youth, schoolwork as well as their peer group culture influences how they situate themselves in the digital environment that surrounds them.
A MODEST RESPONSE TO EMPIRICAL SKEPTICISM ABOUT INTUITIONS
Authors: Osborne Philip
Published: September 2014

In his paper entitled “How to Challenge Intuitions Empirically Without Risking Skepticism,” Jonathan Weinberg challenges the practice of using intuitions to substantiate philosophical theses by appealing to the principle (defended empirically) that we ought to trust only evidence sources that are not “hopeless,” where an evidence source is hopeless when it exhibits “fallibility unmitigated by a decent capacity for detecting and correcting the errors it entails.” Since intuitions are hopeless, they ought not be trusted. I respond by appealing to an alternative principle and defend this alternative by arguing that it explains data regarding the conduct of many our epistemic practices better than Weinberg’s principle of hopefulness.
The instability of a sedimenting suspension of weakly flexible fibres
Authors: Manikantan Harishankar , Li Lei , Spagnolie Saverio E. , Saintillan David
Published: September 2014

Suspensions of sedimenting slender fibres in a viscous fluid are known to be unstable to fluctuations of concentration. In this paper we develop a theory for the role of fibre flexibility in sedimenting suspensions in the asymptotic regime of weakly flexible bodies (large elasto-gravitation number). Unlike the behaviour of straight fibres, individual flexible filaments rotate as they sediment, leading to an anisotropic base state of fibre orientations in an otherwise homogeneous suspension. A mean-field theory is derived to describe the evolution of fibre concentration and orientation fields, and we explore the stability of the base state to perturbations of fibre concentration. We show that fibre flexibility affects suspension stability in two distinct and competing ways: the anisotropy of the base state renders the suspension more unstable to perturbations, while individual particle self-rotation acts to prevent clustering and stabilizes the suspension. In the presence of thermal noise, the dominant effect depends critically upon the relative scales of flexible fibre self-rotation compared to rotational Brownian motion.
Wave–vortex decomposition of one-dimensional ship-track data
Authors: Bühler Oliver , Callies Jörn , Ferrari Raffaele
Published: September 2014

We present a simple two-step method by which one-dimensional spectra of horizontal velocity and buoyancy measured along a ship track can be decomposed into a wave component consisting of inertia–gravity waves and a vortex component consisting of a horizontal flow in geostrophic balance. The method requires certain assumptions for the data regarding stationarity, homogeneity, and horizontal isotropy. In the first step an exact Helmholtz decomposition of the horizontal velocity spectra into rotational and divergent components is performed and in the second step an energy equipartition property of hydrostatic inertia–gravity waves is exploited that allows a diagnosis of the wave energy spectrum solely from the observed horizontal velocities. The observed buoyancy spectrum can then be used to compute the residual vortex energy spectrum. Further wave–vortex decompositions of the observed fields are possible if additional information about the frequency content of the waves is available. We illustrate the method on two recent oceanic data sets from the North Pacific and the Gulf Stream. Notably, both steps in our new method might be of broader use in the theoretical and observational study of atmosphere and ocean fluid dynamics.
Are Teachers’ Beliefs Related to Their Preferences for ADHD Interventions? Comparing Teachers in the United States and New Zealand
Authors: Curtis David F. , Hamilton Richard J. , Moore Dennis W. , Pisecco Stewart
Published: September 2014

This investigation examined the relationship between teachers’ beliefs and their preferences for classroom interventions for behaviours consistent with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Teacher ratings of intervention acceptability, effectiveness, and rate of change were compared across United States and New Zealand samples. Beliefs examined were personal teaching efficacy, general teaching efficacy, and pupil control ideology (PCI). Samples were compared regarding their preferences for the daily report card, response cost technique, classroom lottery, and medication as classroom strategies for managing ADHD-related behavioural concerns. Data were analysed using general linear modelling techniques, and an interaction was demonstrated between ADHD intervention x PCI x nationality. Differences were observed for ADHD interventions across samples based upon pupil control orientations. Implications for educators and their classroom practices are discussed.
Constructing New Expertise: Private and Public Initiatives for Safe Food (Brussels in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century)
Authors: Scholliers Peter
Published: September 2014

In 1856, the mayor of Brussels proposed the establishment of a municipal laboratory with a chemist to analyse food and beverages to restrain fraud. His proposal was accepted and a laboratory – possibly one of the first municipal laboratories in Europe – was set up. The laboratory still exists today. This paper aims at tracing the conditions in which it emerged, situating it within thelaissez-fairecontext of the time. It was brought into existence by a liberal administration, in a period of little interventionism replete with unencumbered private interests (those of bakers, butchers, grocers, millers, pharmacists, doctors and so on). What will be considered here is the general mood with regard to food fraud, fair trade, correct price, and the quality of food in the first half of the nineteenth century. On a broader level, this contribution addresses the frictions between private and public initiative, while focusing on the process of construction of expertise. The paper makes use of contemporary documents such as reviews, newspapers, association reports and city council chronicles.
Psychotherapy and Moralising Rhetoric in Galen’s Newly DiscoveredAvoiding Distress (Peri Alypias)
Authors: Xenophontos Sophia
Published: September 2014

In this article, I examine Galen’s credentials as an ethical philosopher on the basis of his recently discovered essayAvoiding Distress(Peri alypias). As compensation for the scholarly neglect from which Galen’s ethics suffers, I argue that his moral agenda is an essential part of his philosophical discourse, one that situates him firmly within the tradition of practical ethics of the Roman period. Galen’s engagement with Stoic psychotherapy and the Platonic-Aristotelian educational model affirms his ethical authority; on the other hand, his distinctive moralising features such as the autobiographical perspective of his narrative and the intimacy between author and addressee render hisAvoiding Distressexceptional among other essays, Greek or Latin, treating anxiety. Additionally, I show that Galen’s self-projection as a therapist of the emotions corresponds to his role as a practising physician, especially as regards the construction of authority, the efficacy of his therapy and the importance of personal experience as attested in his medical accounts. Finally, the diligence with which Galen retextures his moral advice in hisOn the Affections and Errors of the Soul– a work of different nature and intent in relation toAvoiding Distress– is a testimony to the dynamics of his ethics and more widely to his philosophical medicine.

The philosopher’s lecture room is a ‘hospital’: you ought not to walk out of it in a state of pleasure, but in pain; for you are not in good condition when you arrive. Epictetus,Discourses3.23.30