bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A histone deacetylase 7-derived peptide promotes vascular regeneration via facilitating 14-3-3γ phosphorylation
Authors: Yang Junyao , Moraga Ana , Xu Jing , Zhao Yue , Luo Peiyi , Lao Ka Hou , Margariti Andriana , Zhao Qiang , Ding Wei , Wang Gang , Zhang Min , Zheng Lei , Zhang Zhongyi , Hu Yanhua , Wang Wen , Shen Lisong , Smith Alberto , Shah Ajay M , Wang Qian , Zeng Lingfang
Published: November 2019

Histone deacetylase 7 (HDAC7) plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of the endothelium integrity. In this study, we demonstrated that the intron-containing Hdac7 mRNA existed in the cytosol and that ribosomes bound to a short open reading frame (sORF) within the 5′-terminal noncoding area of this Hdac7 mRNA in response to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulation in the isolated stem cell antigen-1 positive (Sca1+) vascular progenitor cells (VPCs). A 7-amino acid (7A) peptide has been demonstrated to be translated from the sORF in Sca1+-VPCs in vitro and in vivo. The 7A peptide was shown to receive phosphate group from the activated mitogen-activated protein kinase MEKK1 and transfer it to 14-3-3 gamma protein, forming an MEKK1-7A-14-3-3γ signal pathway downstream VEGF. The exogenous synthetic 7A peptide could increase Sca1+-VPCs cell migration, re-endothelialization in the femoral artery injury, and angiogenesis in hind limb ischemia. A Hd7-7sFLAG transgenic mice line was generated as the loss-of-function model, in which the 7A peptide was replaced by a FLAG-tagged scrabbled peptide. Loss of the endogenous 7A impaired Sca1+-VPCs cell migration, re-endothelialization of the injured femoral artery, and angiogenesis in ischemic tissues, which could be partially rescued by the addition of the exogenous 7A/7Ap peptide. This study provides evidence that sORFs can be alternatively translated and the derived peptides may play an important role in physiological processes including vascular remodeling.
Incorporating patient demographics into Raman spectroscopy algorithm improves in vivo skin cancer diagnostic specificity
Authors: Zhao Jianhua , Zeng Haishan , Kalia Sunil , Lui Harvey
Published: November 2019

The study objective is to evaluate whether incorporating patient demographics into Raman spectral analysis can improve diagnostic performance. In vivo Raman spectra of 731 cases were analyzed by dividing the data into two groups: skin cancers/precancers (malignant melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis, n = 340) and benign lesions (pigmented nevi and seborrheic keratosis, n = 391). Patient age, gender, skin type and location of the lesion were taken into account in the analysis. Multivariate statistical analysis including principal component and general discriminant analysis and partial least squares (PLS) were utilized for lesion discrimination. Based on PLS analysis, the area under receiver operating characteristic curve was improved from 0.913 to 0.934 (P < .05) after incorporating patient demographics into the algorithm; the specificity was increased from 33.5% to 44.5%, 56.0% to 68.5% and 76.0% to 82.1% for sensitivity of 99%, 95% and 90%, respectively (P < .05 for all sensitivity levels).
Black holes with baryonic charge and $$ \mathcal{I} $$ -extremization
Authors: Kim Hyojoong , Kim Nakwoo
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Recently it was discovered that twisted superconformal index $$ \mathcal{I} $$
I
can be used to understand the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of magnetically charged black holes in AdS spacetime. In this paper we apply the so-called $$ \mathcal{I} $$
I
-extremization procedure to three-dimensional gauge field theories and their geometric dual, focusing in particular on the seven-dimensional Sasaki-Einstein manifold M1,1,1. We generalize recent studies on relations among toric geometry, variational principles, and black hole entropy to the case of AdS2× Y9, where Y9 is a fibration of toric Sasaki-Einstein manifold M1,1,1 over a two-dimensional Riemann surface Σg. The nine-dimensional variational problem is given in terms of an entropy functional. In order to illustrate the computations as explicitly as possible, we consider cases where either only mesonic or baryonic fluxes are turned on. By employing the operator counting method, we calculate the S3 free energy and the topologically twisted index $$ \mathcal{I} $$
I
at large-N. The result for $$ \mathcal{I} $$
I
, it turns out, can be also obtained from the variational principle of the entropy functional with mesonic fluxes. We also study asymptotically AdS4 black holes which are magnetically charged with respect to the vector field in the Betti multiplet. By extremizing the entropy functional with baryonic flux, we compute the entropy and find that it agrees with the entropy of an explicit solution in a four-dimensional gauged supergravity which is a consistent truncation of eleven-dimensional supergravity in AdS4× M1,1,1.
Ability of Laparoscopic Gastric Mobilization to Prevent Pulmonary Complications After Open Thoracotomy or Thoracoscopic Esophagectomy for Esophageal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis
Authors: Booka Eisuke , Tsubosa Yasuhiro , Haneda Ryoma , Ishii Kenjiro
Published: November 2019

Background

Esophagectomy has a high risk of postoperative morbidity, and pulmonary complications are the most common causes of serious morbidity. Thoracoscopic esophagectomy has been reported to reduce postoperative pulmonary complications; however, it remains unclear whether laparoscopic gastric mobilization can reduce the occurrence of postoperative pulmonary complications after open thoracotomy or thoracoscopic esophagectomy. The present meta‐analysis assessed the ability of laparoscopic gastric mobilization to prevent postoperative complications after open thoracotomy or thoracoscopic esophagectomy.

Method

Studies reported between January 2000 and April 2019 in the PubMed and the Cochrane Library databases that analyzed the impact of laparoscopy on postoperative complications were systematically reviewed. In the meta‐analysis, data were pooled and the primary outcome was postoperative pulmonary complications. The secondary outcomes were other postoperative complications, operative details, length of hospital stay and postoperative mortality.

Results

A total of 13 studies (1915 patients; 1 randomized trial, 1 prospective study and 11 observational studies) were included. Laparoscopic gastric mobilization after open thoracotomy resulted in significantly reduced postoperative pulmonary complications (OR = 0.47, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.27–0.82, p = 0.008) and postoperative mortality (OR = 0.49, 95%CI: 0.25–0.94, p = 0.03). Similarly, laparoscopic gastric mobilization after thoracoscopic esophagectomy resulted in significantly reduced postoperative pulmonary complications (OR = 0.56, 95%CI: 0.37–0.84, p = 0.005) and anastomotic leakage (OR = 0.59, 95%CI: 0.39–0.91, p = 0.02).

Conclusions

Laparoscopic gastric mobilization could be recommended for reducing postoperative pulmonary complications after esophagectomy irrespective of the thoracic approach.
Simple and efficient synthesis of 2,2′-arylmethylenebis(3-hydroxy-5,5-dimethyl-2-cyclohexene-1-one) derivatives
Authors: Magyar Ágnes , Hell Zoltán
Published: November 2019

A simple and efficient method for the synthesis of 2,2′-arylmethylenebis(3-hydroxy-5,5-dimethyl-2-cyclohexene-1-one) derivatives using 4 Å molecular sieves as catalyst is described. This approach offers several advantages such as high yields, mild reaction conditions, easily accessible, and reusable catalyst, and simple work-up procedure.

Graphic abstract
Early Childhood Education and Care Access for Children from Disadvantaged Backgrounds: Using a Framework to Guide Intervention
Authors: Archambault Judith , Côté Dominique , Raynault Marie-France
Published: November 2019

Early childhood education and care (ECEC) can have substantial beneficial effects on overall child development and educational success for children from disadvantaged backgrounds. Unfortunately, it is well documented that they are underrepresented in quality ECEC programs. In order to improve access to quality ECEC, it is important to understand the factors leading to these inequities. This paper is based on a synthesis of published literature on interventions aimed at improving access to ECEC. We propose a framework identifying the spectrum of factors influencing access to quality ECEC for disadvantaged populations. We also present, in the context of our proposed framework, different interventions that have been taken to improve access to ECEC opportunities for children from low socioeconomic and/or new immigrant backgrounds. We believe that the framework proposed in this paper serves not only as a framework by which to understand the overlapping processes, factors, and stages affecting access to ECEC, but also as a model to help decision makers coordinate their efforts and maximize their impact towards more equity in access to quality early childhood education.
Perceived livelihood impacts and adaptation of vegetable farmers to climate variability and change in selected sites from Ghana, Uganda and Nigeria
Authors: Fadairo Olushola , Williams Portia Adade , Nalwanga Faridah Sendagire
Published: November 2019

In the wake of deepened situations of changing climate, a clear understanding of the perceived impacts and adaptation of climate variability and change on livelihoods of vegetable farmers in Western and Eastern Africa, which is not readily available, is critical for sustainable vegetable production in Africa. Development planning for climate change vulnerability and adaptation assessment was utilised in the study. Using multi-stage sampling procedure, 193 vegetable farmers in selected sites prominent for vegetable production from Uganda, Ghana and Nigeria were used. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, analysis of variance and linear regression at α0.05. Awareness of climate variability and change was high among most respondents from the three countries, but highest among respondents from Uganda (78.3%). Awareness was highest for long dry spell ($$\bar{x}$$

x

¯

 = 1.90) and drought ($$\bar{x}$$

x

¯

 = 1.81) and lowest for harmful gas emissions ($$\bar{x}$$

x

¯

 = 0.76). Changes in climate variability and trends were perceived to be highest in terms of flood volume/damage caused by flood to farmlands in Nigeria ($$\bar{x}$$

x

¯

 = 3.85) and Uganda ($$\bar{x}$$

x

¯

 = 5.0), but in terms of increased temperature for Ghana ($$\bar{x}$$

x

¯

 = 4.93). Impact of climate-related changes on vegetable farming was high in Ghana (98.3%) and Nigeria (46.6%) but low in Uganda (5.0%). Awareness (β = 0.14), perception (β = 0.15) use of adaptation strategies (β = 0.10) and household size (β = − 0.19) predicted change in perceived impact of climate variability among vegetable farmers. Vegetable farmers in Nigeria, Ghana and Uganda are affected differently by climate variability. Farmers in these countries also have different priorities for adaptation strategies. Locality-specific climate adaptation strategies would help ease farmers burden due to climate change.
Nurturing innovation and creativity in educational practice: principles for supporting faculty peer learning through campus design
Authors: Winks Lewis , Green Nicholas , Dyer Sarah
Published: November 2019

While much work has focused on pedagogical innovation processes within universities, less has been said of the processes and cultures which foster and give rise to creativity within higher education and the ways in which faculty members are encouraged to develop their pedagogy across disciplines and within their departments. This paper examines the ways campus spaces at a UK university are utilised by staff for peer learning and the barriers and affordances for innovation and creativity in educational practice. Utilising an interdisciplinary design, this paper suggests that the various spaces available to university teaching staff are able to be further utilised to support creative practice and peer learning, presented as four design principles: innovation happens in everyday spaces, communal spaces need social functions, forums have different scales, and collaborative spaces require a collective culture. The normalising of a culture of innovation requires both physical and behavioural adjustments to the use of space, suggesting that both faculty and institutions need to work together to reimagine spaces for faculty peer learning.
Screening of triploid with low-coverage whole-genome sequencing by a single-nucleotide polymorphism-based test in miscarriage tissue
Authors: Geng Qian , Cui Xiaoli , Zhang Yaqi , Zhang Lijuan , Zhang Cai , Wang Kai , Chen Jianguo , Zhu Qingyan , Xie Jiansheng , Xu Zhiyong , Liu Yang , Zhang MengMeng , Ding Lijie , Zhang Wenyong , Yang Chuanchun
Published: November 2019

Purpose

To establish a single-nucleotide polymorphism-based analysis (SBA) method to identify triploidy in the miscarriage tissue by using low-coverage whole-genome sequencing (LC-WGS).

Methods

The method was established by fitting a quadratic curve model by counting the distribution of three heterozygous mutation content intervals. The triploid test result was mainly determined by the opening direction and the axis of symmetry of the quadratic curve, and Z test between the same batch samples was also used for auxiliary judgment.

Results

Two hundred thirteen diploid samples and 8 triploid samples were used for establishment of the analytical method and 203 unknown samples were used for blind testing. In the blind testing, we found 2 cases positive for triploidy. After chromosome microarray analysis (CMA) and mass spectrometry verification, we found that both samples were true positives. We randomly selected 5 samples from the negative samples for mass spectrometry verification, and the results showed that these samples were all true negatives.

Conclusions

Our method achieved accurate detection of triploidy in the miscarriage tissue and has the potential to detect more chromosomal abnormality types such as uniparental disomy (UPD) using a single LC-WGS approach.
Insights into postoperative respiration by using continuous wireless monitoring of respiratory rate on the postoperative ward: a cohort study
Authors: Posthuma Linda M. , Visscher Maarten J. , Lirk Philipp B. , van Dijkum Els J. M. Nieveen , Hollmann Markus W. , Preckel Benedikt
Published: November 2019

Change of respiratory rate (RespR) is the most powerful predictor of clinical deterioration. Brady- (RespR ≤ 8) and tachypnea (RespR ≥ 31) are associated with serious adverse events. Simultaneously, RespR is the least accurately measured vital parameter. We investigated the feasibility of continuously measuring RespR on the ward using wireless monitoring equipment, without impeding mobilization. Continuous monitoring of vital parameters using a wireless SensiumVitals® patch was installed and RespR was measured every 2 mins. We defined feasibility of adequate RespR monitoring if the system reports valid RespR measurements in at least 50% of time-points in more than 80% of patients during day- and night-time, respectively. Data from 119 patients were analysed. The patch detected in 171,151 of 227,587 measurements valid data for RespR (75.2%). During postoperative day and night four, the system still registered 68% and 78% valid measurements, respectively. 88% of the patients had more than 67% of valid RespR measurements. The RespR’s most frequently measured were 13–15; median RespR was 15 (mean 16, 25th- and 75th percentile 13 and 19). No serious complications or side effects were observed. We successfully measured electronically RespR on a surgical ward in postoperative patients continuously for up to 4 days post-operatively using a wireless monitoring system. While previous studies mentioned a digit preference of 18–22 for RespR, the most frequently measured RespR were 13–16. However, in the present study we did not validate the measurements against a reference method. Rather, we attempted to demonstrate the feasibility of achieving continuous wireless measurement in patients on surgical postoperative wards. As the technology used is based on impedance pneumography, obstructive apnoea might have been missed, namely in those patients receiving opioids post-operatively.
The Mimicry Among Us: Intra- and Inter-Personal Mechanisms of Spontaneous Mimicry
Authors: Arnold Andrew J. , Winkielman Piotr
Published: November 2019

This review explores spontaneous mimicry in the context of three questions. The first question concerns the role of spontaneous mimicry in processing conceptual information. The second question concerns the debate whether spontaneous mimicry is driven by simple associative processes or reflects higher-order processes such as goals, intentions, and social context. The third question addresses the implications of these debates for understanding atypical individuals and states. We review relevant literature and argue for a dynamic, context-sensitive role of spontaneous mimicry in social cognition and behavior. We highlight how the modulation of mimicry is often adaptive but also point out some cases of maladaptive modulations that impair an individuals’ engagement in social life.
Advances in Corrosion-Resistant Thermal Spray Coatings for Renewable Energy Power Plants: Part II—Effect of Environment and Outlook
Authors: Sadeghi Esmaeil , Markocsan Nicolaie , Joshi Shrikant
Published: November 2019

High-temperature corrosion of critical components such as water walls and superheater tubes in biomass/waste-fired boilers is a major challenge. A dense and defect-free thermal spray coating has been shown to be promising to achieve a high electrical/thermal efficiency in power plants. The field of thermal spraying and quality of coatings have been progressively evolving; therefore, a critical assessment of our understanding of the efficacy of coatings in increasingly aggressive operating environments of the power plants can be highly educative. The effects of composition and microstructure on high-temperature corrosion behavior of the coatings were discussed in the first part of the review. The present paper that is the second part of the review covers the emerging research field of performance assessment of thermal spray coatings in harsh corrosion-prone environments and provides a comprehensive overview of the underlying high-temperature corrosion mechanisms that lead to the damage of exposed coatings. The application of contemporary analytical methods for better understanding of the behavior of corrosion-resistant coatings is also discussed. A discussion based on an exhaustive review of the literature provides an unbiased commentary on the advanced accomplishments and some outstanding issues in the field that warrant further research. An assessment of the current status of the field, the gaps in the scientific understanding, and the research needs for the expansion of thermal spray coatings for high-temperature corrosion applications is also provided.
A systematic review on supplier selection and order allocation problems
Authors: Aouadni Sourour , Aouadni Ismahene , Rebaï Abdelwaheb
Published: November 2019

The supplier selection and order allocation are two key strategic decisions in purchasing problem. The review presented in this paper focuses on the supplier selection problems (SSP) and order allocation from year 2000 to 2017 in which a new structure and classification of the existing research streams and the different MCDM methods and mathematical models used for SSP will be presented. The review was examined in three aspects: the summaries of the existing evidence concerning the problems, the identification of gaps in the current research to help determine where further investigation might be needed and positioning new research activities.
Effects of termites growth on litter decomposition: a modeling approach
Authors: Issoufou Abdourhimou amadou , Soumana Idrissa , Maman Garba , Konate Souleymane , Mahamane Ali
Published: November 2019

Purpose

Litter decomposition is a biological process resulting from enzymatic activities of microorganisms and influenced in a variety of ways by activities of termites in semi-arid regions. We presented a general model of the decomposition process from litter to carbon sequestration and nitrogen. We aimed at building a termite population growth model which could deal with one substrate.

Methods

Our model divides the decomposition/growth process at the population level. We put these changes into equations using an analogy with chemical reactions at equilibrium.

Results

Our findings provide evidence that activities of termites can promote the significant activity of microbial decomposers and increase degradation rates of soil organic matter (SOM). Also, termite activity was probably an additional contributor to the difference between fungus-comb chamber and soil environment, in which the fungus-comb compartment was positively related to carbon and nutrients release. According to the developed, observed differences in decomposition rate, changes were strongly affected by the termite communities’ activities in the two types of compartment.

Conclusion

This functional distinction highlights the importance of termites’ activities on microbial activities stimulation through their development featuring their impacts on soil nutrient cycling.
What are people’s experiences of orthorexia nervosa? A qualitative study of online blogs
Authors: Greville-Harris Maddy , Smithson Janet , Karl Anke
Published: November 2019

Purpose

Orthorexia nervosa (ON) is a proposed new eating disorder, used to describe a pathological obsession with healthy or ‘clean’ eating. Although some quantitative research has been carried out in ON, very little qualitative work has been published to date to explore individual experiences of ON. Thus, this study aimed to explore individuals’ personal experiences of ON, as described in online blogs.

Methods

Fifteen women bloggers, who self-identified as having ON, consented for their blog entries to be analysed in this study. Forty pre-existing blog entries describing the first-person experiences of ON were analysed using thematic analysis.

Results

Three key themes were discussed: (1) initial motivations for a healthier lifestyle, (2) fuelling the problem—social influences, and: (3) when healthy becomes unhealthy. Bloggers described the role of social messages, comparison with others around ideas of ‘healthiness’, as well as confusion around diagnosis as factors influencing their disordered eating. They also described the exacerbating impact of perfectionism and perceived control, as well as a confirmatory cycle of fear and avoidance. For some bloggers, increased physical symptoms in response to feared foods provided confirmation for these fears, further exacerbating food avoidance.

Conclusion

Whilst the debate around the diagnosis of ON continues, these bloggers’ accounts suggest that ON is experienced as a legitimate, debilitating disorder, worthy of clinical and research investigation. This study provides evidence of some of the potential triggers and maintaining factors for this disordered eating style.

Level of evidence

Level V, qualitative descriptive study.
Challenges and perspectives of selenium supplementation in Graves’ disease and orbitopathy
Authors: Bednarczuk Tomasz , Schomburg Lutz
Published: November 2019

Purpose

This review focuses on the results of prospective randomized clinical trials and the conclusions from respective meta-analyses in order to summarize experiences with adjuvant selenium (Se) supplementation in Graves’ hyperthyroidism and orbitopathy, while identifying ambiguous findings and highlighting important open research issues.

Methods

We searched the PubMed and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) through May 31, 2019, for relevant studies.

Results

The available evidence concerning routine use of Se in the treatment of Graves’ hyperthyroidism remains ambiguous. Results of meta-analyses, including ten RCTs, suggest that adjuvant Se supplementation can enhance the restoration of biochemical euthyroidism. Unfortunately, these results must be judged cautiously owing to several important limitations. Moreover, an in-depth analysis of relevant long-term clinical measures of therapeutic success (such as remission rate after antithyroid drug treatment), besides surrogate markers (for example, hormone or autoantibody concentrations), is generally missing. Based on a single study, Se supplementation is recommended in patients with mild orbitopathy of short duration because it may decrease inflammation and eye-specific symptoms while also achieving a marked improvement in disease-specific quality of life. The effects of Se supplementation on moderate-to-severe orbitopathy remain as yet unknown.

Conclusions

Additional randomized clinical trials with clinically relevant endpoints are urgently needed to further aid in clinical decision-making, including better stratification of Graves’ disease patients, who are most likely to benefit from Se supplementation.
CHURCHILL'S DEFEAT IN DUNDEE, 1922, AND THE DECLINE OF LIBERAL POLITICAL ECONOMY
Authors: TOMLINSON JIM
Published: November 2019

This article uses Churchill's defeat in Dundee in 1922 to examine the challenges to liberal political economy in Britain posed by the First World War. In particular, the focus is on the impact of the war on reshaping the global division of labour and the difficulties in responding to the domestic consequences of this reshaping. Dundee provides an ideal basis for examining the links between local politics and global economic changes in this period because of the traumatic effects of the war on the city. Dundee depended to an extraordinary extent on one, extremely ‘globalized’, industry – jute – for its employment. All raw jute brought to Dundee came from Bengal, and the markets for its product were scattered all over the world. Moreover, the main competitive threat to the industry came from a much poorer economy (India), so that jute manufacturing was the first major British industry to be significantly affected by low-wage competition. Before 1914, the Liberals combined advocacy of free trade with a significant set of interventions in the labour market and in social welfare, including trade boards. The Dundee case allows us to examine in detail the responses to post-war challenges to these Liberal orthodoxies.
DOCTORS WITH BORDERS: HIERARCHIES OF HUMANITARIANS AND THE SYRIAN CIVIL WAR
Authors: Sweis Rania Kassab
Published: November 2019

In humanitarian studies, it is typically the white western doctor who stands apart as the cultural prototype or universal figure through which global aid is delivered to vulnerable groups. This article, by contrast, examines the experiences of members of a prominent Syrian-American global medical aid organization. The members of this organization provide life-saving emergency care to millions of Syrians affected by the ongoing civil war, both inside Syria and in surrounding refugee camps. Drawing on over four years (2014–18) of intermittent interviews and observations with these doctors, I suggest that they are positioned precariously within a global “hierarchy of humanitarians” that deems their lives less worthy of mobility and protection than others. In critically analyzing the unequal politics of humanitarianism that exists around the Syrian war, this research complicates our understandings of the givers of global aid, as well as the medical humanitarian encounter itself in times of war.
Theoretical plasma physics
Authors: Kaufman Allan N. , Cohen Bruce I.
Published: November 2019

These lecture notes were presented by Allan N. Kaufman in his graduate plasma theory course and a follow-on special topics course (Physics 242A, B, C and Physics 250 at the University of California Berkeley). The notes follow the order of the lectures. The equations and derivations are as Kaufman presented, but the text is a reconstruction of Kaufman’s discussion and commentary. The notes were transcribed by Bruce I. Cohen in 1971 and 1972, and word processed, edited and illustrations added by Cohen in 2017 and 2018. The series of lectures is divided into four major parts: (i) collisionless Vlasov plasmas (linear theory of waves and instabilities with and without an applied magnetic field, Vlasov–Poisson and Vlasov–Maxwell systems, Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin–Jeffreys (WKBJ) eikonal theory of wave propagation); (ii) nonlinear Vlasov plasmas and miscellaneous topics (the plasma dispersion function, singular solutions of the Vlasov–Poisson system, pulse-response solutions for initial-value problems, Gardner’s stability theorem, gyroresonant effects, nonlinear waves, particle trapping in waves, quasilinear theory, nonlinear three-wave interactions); (iii) plasma collisional and discreteness phenomena (test-particle theory of dynamic friction and wave emission, classical resistivity, extension of test-particle theory to many-particle phenomena and the derivation of the Boltzmann and Lenard–Balescu equations, the Fokker–Planck collision operator, a general scattering theory, nonlinear Landau damping, radiation transport and Dupree’s theory of clumps); (iv) non-uniform plasmas (adiabatic invariance, guiding-centre drifts, hydromagnetic theory, introduction to drift-wave stability theory).
‘He Causes a Ruckus Wherever He Goes’: Saʿid Muḥammad al-ʿAsali as a missionary of modernism in north-west China
Authors: BROPHY DAVID
Published: November 2019

This article examines the activities of the Syrian hadith scholar Saʿid Muḥammad al-ʿAsali al-Ṭarabulsi al-Shami (1870–1932?), better known as Shami Damulla, as a window onto the relationship between the Ottoman empire and the Muslims of Xinjiang, or Eastern Turkistan. Scholars of Islam in the Soviet Union have identified al-ʿAsali as an influential figure in Soviet Turkistan in the 1920s, but much remains to be clarified about his formative years, and his multiple sojourns in China prior to the Russian Revolution. Here, I seek to fill some of these gaps by tracing al-ʿAsali's connections to modernist and revivalist scholarly circles in India and the Middle East, his activities in Xinjiang, and the strategies he adopted to insert himself into the relationship between the Ottoman court and China. These strategies were both political and intellectual. While moving within Muslim communities across Eurasia, al-ʿAsali also sought to engage the Chinese tradition on its own terms, authoring a 1905 study of Qing institutions entitledThe Law of China(Qanun al-Sin)—a rare example of intellectual exchange between late-Ottoman Islamic reformism and the revitalized Confucianism of the late Qing. From a diverse range of sources, a picture emerges of a figure much more complicated, though no less controversial, than can be found in existing characterizations of al-ʿAsali.
Electoral Discrimination: The Relationship between Skin Color and Vote Buying in Latin America
Authors: Johnson Marcus
Published: November 2019

Under what conditions do elections produce racially discriminatory outcomes? This article proposes electoral discrimination as an electoral mechanism for racial marginalization in indigenous and Afro-descendant Latin America. Electoral discrimination occurs when voters are mobilized under differential terms of electoral inclusion based on their observable characteristics. Using the 2010–2014 rounds of the AmericasBarometer and a conjoint experiment, the author finds that skin color is a robust predictor of vote buying across countries in the region with large, visible black and indigenous populations. A significant portion of the relationship between skin color and vote buying is due to the disproportionate impacts of race-neutral targeting criteria on dark-skinned voters. Observed differences in wealth, political and civic engagement, partisanship, political interest, interpersonal trust, and geography together explain a portion of the skin color–client gap, although the individual contribution of each of these factors differs by country. In addition, the author finds an independent relationship between skin color and vote buying over and above these race-neutral factors. The argument and findings in this article speak broadly to the consequences of electoral mobilization in ethnoracially stratified states in Latin America and beyond.
The Contemporary Dance Field in Turkey in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: OLACAK MÜGE
Published: November 2019

Based on my experiences and observations as a dancer, performer, researcher and culture manager, this article aims to shine a light on the performing-arts field, particularly on contemporary dance, in Turkey in the twenty-first century. Given the current political, social and economic shifts in Turkey, which have doubtless affected artistic practice and structures, it is important to draw attention to and explore the emerging players in the field of dance – dance institutions, producers, artists and audience. In addition, it is necessary to create awareness about the new generation's efforts to develop the field in relation to new organizational and partnership structures, shifting from a vertical hierarchy to autonomous and collective working models.
Performing in a Landscape of Forgetting
Authors: DRAZ AYŞE
Published: November 2019

In the summer of 2018, the theatre company Hemhâl, which I co-founded with Nezaket Erden and Hakan Emre Ünal, travelled to a small village in southern Turkey. The main reason for our trip was to realize Nezaket's dream of taking her widely acclaimed solo performance, Dirmit, Dear Shameless Death, to the village where her extended family live. Furthermore, we thought that this performance could resonate with the villagers since it is an adaptation of a Turkish novel by Latife Tekin which talks about the struggles and internal conflicts of a migrant family moving from a small rural village to the big city.
Binocular summation in marmoset lateral geniculate nucleus
Authors: Belluccini Elissa , Zeater Natalie , Pietersen Alexander N.J. , Eiber Calvin D. , Martin Paul R.
Published: November 2019

In primates and carnivores, the main laminae of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) receive monocular excitatory input in an eye-alternating fashion. There is also evidence that nondominant eye stimulation can reduce responses to dominant eye stimulation and that a subset of LGN cells in the koniocellular (K) layers receives convergent binocular excitatory input from both eyes. What is not known is how the two eye inputs summate in the K layers of LGN. Here, we aimed to answer this question by making extracellular array electrode recordings targeted to K layers in the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) LGN, as visual stimuli (flashed 200 ms temporal square-wave pulses or drifting gratings) were presented to each eye independently or to both eyes simultaneously. We found that when the flashed stimulus was presented to both eyes, compared to the dominant eye, the peak firing rate of most cells (61%, 14/23) was reduced. The remainder showed response facilitation (17%) or partial summation (22%). A greater degree of facilitation was seen when the total number of spikes across the stimulus time window (200 ms) rather than peak firing rates was measured. A similar pattern of results was seen for contrast-varying gratings and for small numbers of parvocellular (n = 12) and magnocellular (n = 3) cells recorded. Our findings show that binocular summation in the marmoset LGN is weak and predominantly sublinear in nature.
Kindergarten antecedents of the developmental course of active and passive parental monitoring strategies during middle childhood and adolescence
Authors: Racz Sarah J. , McMahon Robert J. , King Kevin M. , Pinderhughes Ellen E. , Bendezú Jason J.
Published: November 2019

Decades of research have highlighted the significance of parenting in children's development, yet few studies have focused specifically on the development of parental monitoring strategies in diverse families living in at-risk neighborhoods. The current study investigated the development of active (i.e., parental discussions and curfew rules) and passive (i.e., child communication with parents) parental monitoring strategies across different developmental periods (middle childhood and adolescence; Grades 4–5 and 7–11) as well as individual (child, parent), family, and contextual antecedents (measured in kindergarten) of this parenting behavior. Using an ecological approach, this study evaluated longitudinal data from 753 participants in the Fast Track Project, a multisite study directed at the development and prevention of conduct problems in at-risk children. Latent trajectory modeling results identified little to no mean growth in these monitoring strategies over time, suggesting that families living in at-risk environments may engage in consistent levels of monitoring strategies to ensure children's safety and well-being. Findings also identified several kindergarten antecedents of the growth factors of these parental monitoring strategies including (a) early child conduct problems; (b) parental warmth/involvement, satisfaction, and efficacy; and (c) parent–child relationship quality. These predictive effects largely highlighted the important role of early parenting behaviors on later levels of and growth in parental monitoring strategies. These findings have important implications for potential prevention and intervention targets to promote the development of parental monitoring strategies among families living in more at-risk contexts.
Effects of the After Deployment: Adaptive Parenting Tools (ADAPT) intervention on fathers and their children: A moderated mediation model
Authors: Gewirtz Abigail H. , Snyder James , Zamir Osnat , Zhang Jingchen , Zhang Na
Published: November 2019

Deployment to war is associated with disruptions to emotion regulation and parenting. Using data from a randomized controlled trial, we examined whether fathers with poorer emotion regulation would differentially benefit from the After Deployment, Adaptive Parenting Tools program, a 14-session group-based parenting intervention. Prior analyses of the intervention demonstrated benefits to observed couple parenting and children's adjustment, but not to fathers’ observed parenting. In this study we examined whether intervention effects on fathers’ observed distress avoidance were moderated by baseline emotion regulation, and whether reduced distress avoidance was associated with improved observed parenting and reduced children's internalizing symptoms. A subset of the full randomized controlled trial sample (181 families with a father who had returned from deployment to war in Iraq or Afghanistan, a nondeployed mother, and a target child aged 4–13) completed measures at baseline, 12-months, and 24-months postbaseline. Results indicated that fathers high in baseline emotion regulation difficulties assigned to the intervention group showed reductions in observed distress avoidance at 12 months compared to controls, which were subsequently associated with improvements in observed parenting practices and reductions in children's internalizing symptoms at 24 months. The results suggest a role for personalizing parenting programs for fathers high in emotion dysregulation.
The socialization of boys and men in the modern era: An evolutionary mismatch
Authors: Biglan Anthony , Van Ryzin Mark J. , Moore Kevin J. , Mauricci Michelle , Mannan Irin
Published: November 2019

This paper examines the misalignment between modern human society and certain male phenotypes, a misalignment that has been highlighted and explored in great detail in the work of Tom Dishion. We begin by briefly enumerating the ongoing developmental difficulties of many boys and young men and how these difficulties affect them and those around them. We then suggest that the qualities that have been advantageous for men and their families in our earlier evolution but that are often no longer functional in modern society are a source of these problems. Finally, we provide a brief review of prevention programs that can contribute to preventing this type of problematic development and eliciting more prosocial behavior from at-risk boys and men. We conclude with an overview of research and policy priorities that could contribute to reducing the proportion of boys and young men who experience developmental difficulties in making their way in the world.
The potential impact of policies to reduce Social Security funding shortfalls on consumers' expected benefits and behavior
Authors: Perez-Arce Francisco , Rabinovich Lila , Yoong Joanne
Published: November 2019

To ensure the long-term sustainability of the US Social Security System, several policy alternatives can theoretically be implemented. However, in practice, consumer responses can be challenging for policymakers to anticipate. We conducted a randomized survey on the nationally-representative Understanding America Study (UAS) panel where respondents were presented with a series of ‘policy scenarios’ in which the government enacts alternative reforms aimed to reduce the expected shortfall in the trust fund that pays Social Security retirement benefits. These scenarios included an increase in the Social Security payroll tax, an increase in the wage ceiling, and a reduction of benefits. We find that changes in respondents’ subjective expectations about their benefits and how this will affect their behaviors are directionally consistent with what would be expected when individuals are attentive to the available information and form rational expectations (e.g., monthly benefit expectations increase upon the announcement of an increase in the Social Security tax rate or in the wage ceiling, and they decrease less-than-proportionally with hypothetical benefit cuts). However, surprisingly, these changes are not sensitive to the magnitudes of policy change (e.g., the increase in expected benefits is about the same regardless of the size of Social Security payroll tax increases). Individuals with higher levels of education, cognitive ability, and financial literacy are more likely to adjust their expectations as predicted by theory.
Potential feedbacks between loss of biosphere integrity and climate change
Authors: Lade Steven J. , Norberg Jon , Anderies John M. , Beer Christian , Cornell Sarah E. , Donges Jonathan F. , Fetzer Ingo , Gasser Thomas , Richardson Katherine , Rockström Johan , Steffen Will
Published: November 2019

Non-technical abstract

Individual organisms on land and in the ocean sequester massive amounts of the carbon emitted into the atmosphere by humans. Yet the role of ecosystems as a whole in modulating this uptake of carbon is less clear. Here, we study several different mechanisms by which climate change and ecosystems could interact. We show that climate change could cause changes in ecosystems that reduce their capacity to take up carbon, further accelerating climate change. More research on – and better governance of – interactions between climate change and ecosystems is urgently required.
Gibt es Meerjungfrauen?
Authors: Rauch Mirka , Reintke Aniko
Published: November 2019

Zusammenfassung. Was unser Selbst- oder Weltbild ins Wanken bringt, bekommt selten einen angemessenen Raum innerhalb des Unterrichtsgeschehens. Wie jedoch Momente der Irritation, Emotion, Unsicherheit gewinnbringend für Bildungsprozesse und Gemeinschaftsgefühl genutzt werden können, lehrte uns die Tätigkeit in einer, auf den Pflegeberuf vorbereitenden, Maßnahme für Asylbewerber und geflüchtete Menschen. Dieser Artikel berichtet über Rückblicke auf didaktisches und methodisches Handeln und solidarische Entwicklung – ein Erfahrungsbericht.
F-R-E-I–Schema
Authors: Winter Rainer
Published: November 2019

Zusammenfassung. Das F-R-E-I–Schema wurde für Pflegekräfte entwickelt – es dient als Handlungsinstrument qualitativer Pflege und Reflexion in der täglichen Praxis. Des Weiteren bietet es die Möglichkeit, eigenes Wissen und Handeln fachlich zu hinterfragen, zu begründen und somit als einen berufspolitischen Handlungsansatz das Image der Pflege nachhaltig zu verbessern. Ferner sind dadurch salutogenetische Ergebnisse für Pflegekräfte möglich.
Wie sage ich es...?
Authors: Panfil Eva-Maria , Pott Jutta , Meier Sabrina
Published: November 2019

Zusammenfassung. Verwechslungen von Eingriffsart und -ort oder vergessene Tupfer im Operationsgebiet bestimmen die Diskussionen um die Patientensicherheit. Auszubildende lernen in ihrer Ausbildung Methoden, wie sie dies verhindern können, z. B. Kommunikationskonzepte wie Speaking up. Dennoch bereitet es ihnen Schwierigkeiten, dies in der Praxis umzusetzen. Gründe dafür beschreibt der folgende Beitrag.
Explaining the Missing Energy in Mars’s Electrons
Authors: Zastrow Mark
Published: November 2019

Electrons energized and trapped at Mars were thought to lose energy inside the planet’s magnetosheath, but new research suggests a different explanation of spacecraft data.
New Type of Storm Spotted on Saturn
Authors: Barbuzano Javier
Published: November 2019

In 2018, four massive storms formed near the planet’s north pole, interacting with each other and affecting a full latitudinal band.
Virtual Super Instrument Enhances Solar Spacecraft
Authors: Redd Nola
Published: November 2019

The same algorithms that help control self-driving cars and speech-to-text functionality have helped build a virtual instrument to study the Sun.
Road Dust: A Health Hazard Hidden in Plain Sight
Authors: Sever Megan
Published: November 2019

Legacy heavy metals from past industrial activity combine with traffic paint; asphalt; and bits of tires, brakes, and car parts to create toxic dust on our roadways.
Arid Arabian Peninsula Is Tapping into Vast Groundwater Reserves
Authors: Morton Mary
Published: November 2019

A new, multipronged study sheds light on an ancient aquifer system.
Nicholas Constantinos Matalas (1930–2019)
Authors: Vogel R. , Stedinger J. , Landwehr J.
Published: November 2019

A modest giant in the field of stochastic hydrology.
Recommended: Science Journalism, Science Princesses, and Wine
Authors:   AGU
Published: November 2019

What Earth and space science stories are we recommending this week?
Eight Lessons I Learned Leading a Scientific “Design Sprint”
Authors: McGranaghan Ryan
Published: November 2019

Applying the fast-paced technique, pioneered by Google to spur rapid innovation, to space science yielded unexpected benefits and may be a model for collaborations across many scientific disciplines.
White House Order Shutters Some Key Advisory Committees
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: November 2019

Committees that had focused on environmental issues, marine protected areas, and the nation’s electric grid are among those terminated.
Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation of Short‐Period Planetary Waves and Polar Night Jet in Winter Antarctica Observed in SABER and MERRA‐2 and Mechanism Study With a Quasi‐Geostrophic Model
Authors: Lu Xian , Wu Haonan , Chu Xinzhao , Oberheide Jens , Mlynczak Martin G. , Russell James M.
Published: November 2019

Analyzing Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) observations from 2003 to 2018, the interannual variability of 2–5d eastward propagating planetary waves is found to correlate positively with zonal‐mean zonal winds averaged over 67.5°±10°S but negatively with the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) index in austral winter. The composite‐mean wave amplitudes are ~20% larger in QBOe than in QBOw. On statistical average, the poleward flank strengthening and the equatorward flank weakening of polar night jet (PNJ) during QBOe form a dipole‐cell pattern. In contrast, only a single negative cell is seen in the Northern Hemisphere zonal‐mean zonal winds (January) previously explained by the Holton‐Tan theory. Such difference implies an interhemispheric asymmetry and other processes needed to explain the additional positive cell in Antarctica. Mechanistic modeling illustrates that the stronger PNJ generates eastward propagating planetary waves with larger growth rates (stronger waves) in QBOe than QBOw, explaining the QBO‐like signal in the Antarctic planetary waves.