bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The family as its own reflecting team: a family therapy method
Authors: Lange Richard
Published: July 2010

Social research has suggested that people, in general, tend to overestimate their skills and abilities. Interestingly, research has found that peers are better predictors of a person's behaviour than self‐assessment, suggesting that others know us better than we know ourselves. Family therapists should be aware that family members might not give accurate accounts of themselves. In order to overcome this problem, therapists should incorporate peer assessments into therapy. Reflecting teams and videotaping do incorporate peer assessments, yet these methods can be impractical. This article describes a method of family therapy using enactments as a means of setting up the family as its own reflecting team. The method suggests that the family and therapist switch roles several times during the enactment, and then encourages a discussion on the peer observations on how each person addresses a problem in the family. Case examples illustrate how feedback from peers promotes insights.
Relationship of fruit and vegetable intake with adiposity: a systematic review
Authors: Ledoux T. A. , Hingle M. D. , Baranowski T.
Published: July 2010

Fruit and vegetable (FV) intake has been proposed to protect against obesity. The purpose of this paper was to assess the FV consumption to adiposity relationship. Twenty‐three publications were included. Inclusion criteria: longitudinal or experimental designs; FV intake tested in relation to adiposity; child, adolescent or adult participants; published in English‐language peer‐reviewed journals. Exclusion criteria: dietary pattern and cross‐sectional designs; participants with health concerns. Experimental studies found increased FV consumption (in conjunction with other behaviours) contributed to reduced adiposity among overweight or obese adults, but no association was shown among children. Longitudinal studies among overweight adults found greater F and/or V consumption was associated with slower weight gain, but only half of child longitudinal studies found a significant inverse association. Limitations in methods prevented a thorough examination of the role of increased FV intake alone or mechanisms of effect. An inverse relationship between FV intake and adiposity among overweight adults appears weak; this relationship among children is unclear. Research needs to clarify the nature of, and mechanisms for, the effects of FV consumption on adiposity. Whether increases in FV intake in isolation from lower caloric intake or increased physical activity will result in declines or slower growth in adiposity remains unclear.
The effect of learning style on preference for web‐based courses and learning outcomes
Authors: Zacharis Nick Z.
Published: July 2010

As the number of courses offered online increases rapidly, it is important for teachers and institutions to identify specific learner characteristics of successful online students. This paper reports on a study that compared an online group of freshmen computer science majors with an equivalent on‐campus group to find if their individual learning styles play a role in the selection of course delivery mode (online or face to face) and in their academic achievement. No significant statistical differences were detected in learning styles and learning performance between the two groups. Implications for teaching practice and design of learning activities that resulted from this study are discussed.
Testing the ‘Party Matters' Thesis: Explaining Progress Towards Kyoto Protocol Targets
Authors: Jensen Christian B. , Spoon Jae-Jae
Published: July 2010

There is growing interest in whether and how parties matter. We add to this discussion by exploring the ways in which parties matter for policy outcomes. To do this, we look at the European Union (EU) member states' progress towards the greenhouse gas emissions targets set for them by the Kyoto Protocol and the EU's Burden Sharing Agreement. We find that governments that are more pro-environment and less ideologically divided make better progress towards their targets. We also demonstrate that green party representation in government predicts convergence. This article contributes to research examining the ways in which parties matter as well as the growing literature on coalition politics and veto players.
Testing for Equivalence of Means under Heteroskedasticity by an Approximate Solution of a Partial Differential Equation of Infinite Order
Authors: BACHMAIER MARTIN
Published: July 2010

Abstract. A test for two‐sided equivalence of means has been developed under the assumption of normally distributed populations with heterogeneous variances. Its rejection region is limited by functions ±hthat depend on the empirical variances.his stated implicitly by a partial differential equation, an exact solution of which would provide a test that is exactly similar at the boundary of the null hypothesis of non‐equivalence.his approximated by Taylor series up to third powers in the reciprocal number of degrees of freedom. This suffices to obtain error probabilities of the first kind that are very close to a nominal level ofα = 0.05at the boundary of the null hypothesis. For more than 10 data points in each group, they range between 0.04995 and 0.05005, and are thus much more precise than those obtained by other authors.
Integrated Spatio‐temporal Data Mining for Forest Fire Prediction
Authors: Cheng Tao , Wang Jiaqiu
Published: July 2010

Forests play a critical role in sustaining the human environment. Most forest fires not only destroy the natural environment and ecological balance, but also seriously threaten the security of life and property. The early discovery and forecasting of forest fires are both urgent and necessary for forest fire control. This article explores the possible applications of Spatio‐temporal Data Mining for forest fire prevention. The research pays special attention to the spatio‐temporal forecasting of forest fire areas based upon historic observations. An integrated spatio‐temporal forecasting framework – ISTFF – is proposed: it uses a dynamic recurrent neural network for spatial forecasting. The principle and algorithm of ISTFF are presented, and are then illustrated by a case study of forest fire area prediction in Canada. Comparative analysis of ISTFF with other methods shows its high accuracy in short‐term prediction. The effect of spatial correlations on the prediction accuracy of spatial forecasting is also explored.
Raiders of the lost archetype: eo in the strong verbs of classes IV and V
Authors: Laing Margaret , Lass Roger
Published: July 2010

The standard handbooks for Old English, based on West Saxon, show ‐e‐ vocalism in the infinitive and present plural of the strong verbs of classes IV and V: e.g. beran/beraþbear, sprecan/sprecaþspeak. This is surprising, since e with a back vowel in the following syllable ‘should’ undergo back umlaut, resulting in beoran, beoraþ, etc. ‘Correct’ ‐eo‐ vocalism in the relevant parts of the present system of class IV and V strong verbs is in fact attested in West Mercian Old English (e.g. Vespasian Psalter). Such spellings also appear in some early Middle English Southwest Midland spelling systems, including ‘AB language’. In this paper we examine the forms recorded for the relevant categories of class IV and V strong verbs in the LAEME corpus of tagged texts to evaluate the possible survival of an ‘archetypal’ tradition of eo vs e use.
Pay me Right: Reference Values and Executive Compensation
Authors: Gregorič Aleksandra , Polanec Sašo , Slapničar Sergeja
Published: July 2010

This paper examines the importance of reference values for executive compensation contracts. We rely on a quasi‐experimental setting (the adoption of pay guidelines), and a well‐defined measure of individual‐specific reference values to provide evidence on how a change in CEO reference compensation leads to subsequent changes of actual pay. We find that executive compensation adjusts gradually towards the new reference values, and that the speed of the adjustment depends on the corporate governance characteristics: the firm ownership structure, the role of the State and of the employees in the firm decision making. These results provide empirical support for theoretical models of bargaining that take into account reference values.
From ‘Relief’ to ‘Justice and Protection’: The Maintenance of Deserted Wives, British Masculinity and Imperial Citizenship, 1870–1920
Authors: Levine‐Clark Marjorie
Published: July 2010

In the early twentieth century, local British poor law guardians’ concerns with the maintenance of deserted and neglected families were transformed into imperial, and later transnational, policy promoting justice for abandoned wives and children. Both local court cases concerning maintenance and policy debates at the national and imperial levels reveal the ways in which a breadwinner model of masculinity shaped maintenance policy and practice. Although the maintenance problem was framed differently by local welfare providers and imperial heads of state, concerns about welfare costs and human rights intersected in the figure of the irresponsible male citizen, who challenged the dominant model of British/imperial masculinity by refusing to maintain his wife.
Ida Vera Simonton's Imperial Masquerades: Intersections of Gender, Race and African Expertise in Progressive‐Era America
Authors: Rich Jeremy
Published: July 2010

Ida Vera Simonton, a New York socialite, visited the French colony of Gabon in 1906 and 1907. Her subsequent narratives about her stay demonstrate a very ambiguous view of the horrors of European colonialism that she claimed to despise and the amoral nature of Africans. Simonton ultimately employed her stay in Gabon to claim a right to form female self‐defence squads in New York and to act as an independent defender of white women. By carefully shaping her public persona to alternately appropriate discourses of masculine regeneration through empire and to highlight her female vulnerability, she made herself into a provocative spectacle. In an ironic twist, given how much Simonton embellished on her own experiences, Broadway producers in 1925 plagiarised her 1912 novel Hell's Playground in their successful play White Cargo. Simonton successfully sued for damages, thus upholding her highly edited version of her trip in law. Her writings expose the intersections of racial anxieties, gendered visions of empire and feminist aspirations in the United States during the Progressive era.
Etiology of late cerebrovascular events after carotid endarterectomy
Authors: Fluri F. , Hatz F. , Voss B. , Lyrer P. A. , Engelter S. T.
Published: July 2010

Background:  Progressive carotid artery disease has been shown to cause cerebrovascular events years after a patient’s carotid thromboendarterectomy (CEA). Yet, some late cerebrovascular events in CEA patients are attributable to other etiologies.

Objective:  We sought to determine frequency and characteristics of late cerebrovascular events in post‐CEA patients attributable to etiologies other than progressive carotid disease.

Methods:  In a post hoc analysis of data from a CEA‐registry with long‐term follow‐up, all patients with transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or stroke occurring >1 month post‐CEA were identified. The etiologies of these events were dichotomized into the groups large‐artery atherosclerosis (LAA) and that non‐large‐artery atherosclerosis (non‐LAA), i.e. all other etiologies (Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Trial‐criteria). Frequency and characteristics of both groups were compared.

Results:  Sixty of 361 post‐CEA patients (16.6%; 95%CI 12.9–20.9%) had late cerebrovascular events after 7 years (median). Thirty patients had ischaemic strokes and 30 had TIAs. These events were attributable to LAA in 48% (29/60) and to non‐LAA in 52% (31/60). In the LAA group, contralateral carotid stenosis (62%; 18/29) was more frequent than recurrent ipsilateral stenosis (38%; 11/29). Amongst non‐LAA patients, cardioembolism (29%; 9/31) and small‐artery‐occlusion (23%; 7/31) were the most frequent causes. LAA and non‐LAA patients did not differ in age, time since CEA, risk factor profile, type of event, and baseline medication.

Conclusion:  In post‐CEA‐patients, half of the late cerebrovascular events were attributable to etiologies other than LAA. Clinical features did not distinguish LAA‐events from non‐LAA events. Thus, stroke prevention in post‐CEA patients should not be confined to screening for progressive carotid disease but includes efforts to optimize the management of risk factor and cardiac diseases.
Effective prevention of stress‐induced sweating and axillary malodour formation in teenagers
Authors: Martin A. , Hellhammer J. , Hero T. , Max H. , Schult J. , Terstegen L.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Emotional sweating and malodour production represent a relevant challenge to today’s antiperspirant (AP) and deodorant products as stress in everyday life increases continuously. The aim of this study was to investigate stress‐induced sweating in teenagers who are known to experience various stressful situations, e.g. exams at school or job interviews. To induce emotional sweating in 20 female and 20 male adolescents (16–18 years of age), we applied the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), considered today to be the most reliable and standardized stress protocol. In this study, we demonstrate that the TSST induces high amounts of sweat and strong axillary malodour in the tested age group. Notably, male teenagers showed significantly higher stress‐induced odour scores than female subjects, although no gender differences were detected concerning other physiological stress markers. Testing of a novel deodorant/AP product developed to specifically address the needs of adolescent consumers revealed excellent deodorant and AP efficacy under the challenging conditions of the TSST.
Substantial skin disorders in psychiatric illness coincide with diabetes and addiction
Authors: Mookhoek EJ , van de Kerkhof PCM , Hovens JEJM , Brouwers JRBJ , Loonen AJM
Published: July 2010

Background  Dermatological diseases in psychiatric patients are common; however, epidemiological data on this subject are scarce and to our knowledge integral studies of dermatological disease in psychiatric inpatients are not available yet.

Aim  The aim of this study was to describe the incidence of dermatological problems in psychiatric inpatients.

Method  This study evaluates the consultations for new dermatological problems by inpatients of a general psychiatric hospital of over 700 beds during a 6‐month period.

Results  A total of 255 patients consulted their physician because of a new dermatological problem. Diagnoses (n = 360) included skin infections (32%), accidents (7%), decubitus ulcers (7%), complications of medical treatment (3%), auto mutilation (1%) and neoplasms of the skin (1%). Patients with skin infections were likely to have diabetes [odds ratio (OR) = 3.6; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.56–8.40]. Patients with decubitus ulcers were likely to have an addiction problem (OR = 6.4; 95% CI: 1.46–28.00). Dermatitis was associated with affective disorder (OR = 2.5; 95% CI: 1.12–5.43) but not with psychosis (OR = 0.5; 95% CI: 0.23–0.90). Only a poor correlation existed between the length of hospital stay and skin problems.

Conclusions  Dermatological problems are common in hospitalized psychiatric patients. Patients with diabetes mellitus are at high risk for skin infections. There are significant relationships between the psychiatric and the dermatological diagnoses. The length of the admission to a psychiatric hospital does not seem to play a major role in skin diseases.
Joint Identification of Multiple Genetic Variants via Elastic‐Net Variable Selection in a Genome‐Wide Association Analysis
Authors: Cho Seoae , Kim Kyunga , Kim Young Jin , Lee Jong‐Keuk , Cho Yoon Shin , Lee Jong‐Young , Han Bok‐Ghee , Kim Heebal , Ott Jurg , Park Taesung
Published: July 2010

Unraveling the genetic background of common complex traits is a major goal in modern genetics. In recent years, genome‐wide association (GWA) studies have been conducted with large‐scale data sets of genetic variants. Most of those studies have relied on single‐marker approaches that identify single genetic factors individually and can be limited in considering fully the joint effects of multiple genetic factors on complex traits. Joint identification of multiple genetic factors would be more powerful and would provide better prediction on complex traits since it utilizes combined information across variants. Here we propose a multi‐stage approach for GWA analysis: (1) prescreening, (2) joint identification of putative SNPs based on elastic‐net variable selection, and (3) empirical replication using bootstrap samples. Our approach enables an efficient joint search for genetic associations in GWA analysis. The suggested empirical replication method can be beneficial in GWA studies because one can avoid a costly, independent replication study while eliminating false‐positive associations and focusing on a smaller number of replicable variants. We applied the proposed approach to a GWA analysis, and jointly identified 129 genetic variants having an association with adult height in a Korean population.
Architectural and morphological assessment of rat abdominal wall muscles: comparison for use as a human model
Authors: Brown Stephen H. M. , Banuelos Karina , Ward Samuel R. , Lieber Richard L.
Published: July 2010

The abdominal wall is a composite of muscles that are important for the mechanical stability of the spine and pelvis. Tremendous clinical attention is given to these muscles, yet little is known about how they function in isolation or how they interact with one another. Given the morphological, vascular, and innervation complexities associated with these muscles and their proximity to the internal organs, an appropriate animal model is important for understanding their physiological and mechanical significance during function. To determine the extent to which the rat abdominal wall resembles that of human, 10 adult male Sprague‐Dawley rats were killed and formalin‐fixed for architectural and morphological analyses of the four abdominal wall muscles (rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis). Physiological cross‐sectional areas and optimal fascicle lengths demonstrated a pattern that was similar to human abdominal wall muscles. In addition, sarcomere lengths measured in the neutral spine posture were similar to human in their relation to optimal sarcomere length. These data indicate that the force‐generating and length change capabilities of these muscles, relative to one another, are similar in rat and human. Finally, the fiber lines of action of each abdominal muscle were similar to human over most of the abdominal wall. The main exception was in the lower abdominal region (inferior to the pelvic crest), where the external oblique becomes aponeurotic in human but continues as muscle fibers into its pelvic insertion in the rat. We conclude that, based on the morphology and architecture of the abdominal wall muscles, the adult male Sprague‐Dawley rat is a good candidate for a model representation of human, particularly in the middle and upper abdominal wall regions.
Transcription factor families inferred from genome sequences of photosynthetic stramenopiles
Authors: Rayko Edda , Maumus Florian , Maheswari Uma , Jabbari Kamel , Bowler Chris
Published: July 2010

Featured paper: See Commentary p1
Spasticity and the Intellect: Dr. Little versus the Obstetricians
Authors: Cameron Hector Charles
Published: July 2010

How Little at last drew the attention of obstetricians to his views on the cause of spastic diplegia; followed by an account of Lord Byron's lameness, which, in Dr. Cameron's opinion, was due to spastic paraplegia and not to club‐foot.
PROBLEM SOLVING AND MENTAL DEFECT
Authors: O'CONNOR N.
Published: July 2010

The traditional view is that the low‐grade mental defective is relatively ineducable. It is suggested that part of this ineducability may be traced to conditions of deprivation which are not conducive to the learning of fundamental processes upon which other learning may take place. Experimental work with defectives has shown that while initial performance on tasks is related to intelligence‐test performance, the final performance after training is not. The conclusion drawn from other experiments is that defectives are lacking in the controlling function of language, but even here there are grounds for supposing that a measure of verbal efficiency can be achieved.
HYPERTONIA AND PHYSICAL THERAPY*
Authors: CROSLAND J. H.
Published: July 2010

Physical therapy can modify hypertonia per se.

It can to a variable extent modify the effect that the hypertonic muscle has on limb function.

A clear distinction should be drawn between the paresis of hypertonic muscle and the weakness of normal muscle, and the increased weakness of hypotonic muscle when stretched for long periods. Where there is increased tone, stretching helps. Where there is decreased tone, stretching is harmful.

Physical therapy can increase the power of hypertonic muscle once the hypertonus has been modified.
Hughlings Jackson
Authors: Symonds. Sir Charles , Bishop W. J.
Published: July 2010

The major advances in knowledge are made by experimental investigation, but it is sometimes forgotten that this must be preceded by experiment in thought, and it was in this that Jackson's genius was transcendent. From clinical observation he arrived at questions that have provided the material for an immense amount of experimental research in the laboratory, as well as guiding clinical enquiry in profitable directions. To take examples, his conclusion that positive symptoms from destructive lesions must arise from the uncontrolled activity of the healthy parts remaining–simple as it now appears–was the starting point of a revolution in thought which has ever since inspired neurophysiology. Again, if we consider our present knowledge of the epilepsies, Jackson's concept of the discharging lesion and his idea that there are as many different kinds of epilepsy as there are sites of discharge were the seeds from which the trees have grown.
Writings of Hughlings Jackson*
Authors: Mitchell RG
Published: July 2010

We must remember that many doctrines were stated years ago in principle which were then novel and much disputed, hut are now so generally accepted that we are in danger of ceasing to think of the very early propounders of those doctrines
A Cerebral Palsy Centre in the Tropics
Authors: Field C. Elaine
Published: July 2010

Dr. Elaine Field sets a clinical problem and gets some authoritative replies.
The Emotional Aspects of Prematurity
Authors: OPPE Thomas
Published: July 2010

The emotional aspects of prematurity have received less attention than the physical consequences of premature birth and its complications. It is, however, possible that many of the difficulties encountered by prematurely‐born children when growing‐up may be related to early disturbances in the mother‐baby relationship and it is the purpose of this article to examine more closely some of the factors concerned.

The emotional aspects of prematurity have been discussed with emphasis on the dislocation of the early mother‐and‐baby relationship. The significance of this on the future development of the child is discussed and suggestions are made concerning the management of prematurity in order to avoid some of the adverse effects.

Les aspects affectifs de la prématurité

Discussion des aspects affectifs de la prématurité, et notamment de l'interruption des premières relations mère‐enfant. Quelles en seront les consequences sur le développement ultérieur del'car;enfant? Plusieurs propositions sont faites concernant les soins à donner au prématuré afind'éviter certaines répercussions défavorables.

Die affektiven Aspekte der Frühgeburt

Die affektiven Aspekte der Frühgeburt werden besprochen, insbesondere die Unter‐brechung der ersten Verbindung zwischen Mutter und Kind. Die Bedeutung dieser Tatsache für die spätere Entwicklung des Kindes wird erörtert und mehrere Massnahmen für die Behandlung der Frühgeborenen, um gewisse ungünstige Folgen zu vermeiden, werden vorgeschrieben.
Disabilities of the Foot in Cerebral Palsy
Authors: STAMM T. T.
Published: July 2010

In spastic paraplegia there are three main indications for surgery:

(1) To simplify the mechanics so that the limited powers of voluntary control may be more effective.

(2) To correct unbalanced muscle actions.

(3) To correct deformity.

Overaction of the calf muscles, producing an equinus deformity, is almost always present in spastic paralysis and is the most frequent indication for surgical interference. Open elongation of the tendo Achilles is the safest procedure. This is often combined with triple arthrodesis to stabilise the foot and at the same time correct any valgus or varus deformity.

Atteintes du pied dans Vinfirmité motrice cérébrate

Dans la paraplégie spastique, il y a trois indications opératoires principales:

(1) Pour simplifier la mécanique de telle facon que le pouvoir limité de contrôle volontaire soit plus efficace.

(2) Pour corriger les actions musculaires déséquilibrées.

(3) Pour corriger les déformations.

Une hyperactivityé des muscles du mollet entrainant une déformation en équin est presque toujours présente dans la paralysie spastique et c'est Findication la plus fréquente a une intervention chirurgicale. l'élongation ouverte du tendon d'Achille est la technique la plus sûre. On l'associe souvent à une arthrodèse triple pour stabiliser le pied et en même temps corriger toute déformation, qu'elle soit en valgus ou en varus.

Stoerungen des Fusses bei Zerebrallaehmung

In der spastischen Paraplegie gibt es drei operatorische Hauptindikationen:

(1) Um die Mechanik so zu vereinfachen, dass die beschränkte Macht der willkür‐lichen Kontrolle wirksamer werde.

(2) Um die unausgeglichene Muskeltätigkeit zu verbessern.

(3) Um die Deformationen zu verbessern.

Hyperaktivität der Wadenmuskeln, die einen Spitzfuss erzeugt, findet sich fast immer in der spastischen Paralysie und stellt die haüfigste Indikation für einen chirurgischen Eingriff dar. Offene Verlängerung der Achillessehne ist das sicherste Verfahren. Man verbindet sie oft mit einer dreifachen Arthrodese, um den Fuss festzustellen und gleichzeitig alle Valgus‐oder Varusdeformationen zu verbessern.
Lower Extremity Bracing In Cerebral Palsy*
Authors: FULDNER RUSSELL V.
Published: July 2010

Established methods of treating cerebral palsy are re‐examined in the light of recently introduced techniques based on neurophysiological approaches. These aim to control involuntary movements and encourage voluntary activities through the utilisation of reflex mechanisms in the central nervous system. Inhibition, facilitation, integration of synergic movements and balance attainment are among the principles employed. The same principles can be constructively applied to bracing as a therapeutic technique. Properly made, a lower extremity brace is a highly effective adjunct in the treatment of cerebral palsy.

l'appareillage d'un membre inférieur dans l'infirmité motrice cérébrate.

Les méthodes de traitement de l'infirmité motrice cérébrale sont reprises à la lumière des techniques récentes procédant d'approches neurophysiologiques. Ces techniques, par les mécanismes de reflexe du système nerveux central, tendent à contrôler les mouvements involontaires et à stimuler les activités volontaires. L'inhibition, l'aisance, l'intégration de mouvements synergiques et l'acquisition de l'équilibre sont, notamment, utilisées. Ces mêmes principes peuvent être utilement appliqués à l'appareillage en tant que technique thérapeutique. Correctement exécuté, l'appareillage d'un membre inférieur est un auxilliaire de grande efficacité dans le traitement de l'infirmité motrice cérébrale.

Korrektierapparate der unteren Extremitäten bei Zerebrallähmung Die Behandlungsmethoden der Zerebrallähmung werden vom Gesichtspunkt der neuen, auf physiologische Basis gestützten Techniken aus, untersucht. Diese Techniken erzielen die Beherrschung der unwilligen Tätigkeit durch die Reflexmechanismen des Zentralnerven‐systems. Hauptsächlich werden Inhibition, Erleichterung und Integrierung der synergischen Bewegungen und Erwerbung des Gleichgewichts verwendet. Dieselben Prinzipien können erfolgreich für die Apparate als Behandlungstechnik angewendet werden. Ein geeigneter Apparat ist eine höchst wirksame Hilfe für die Behandlung der Zerebrallähmung.
Modern Concept of Congenital Dislocation of the Hip
Authors: Andrén Lars
Published: July 2010

It is now established that the cause of congenital dislocation of the hip is elongation of the joint capsule. This elongation is largely ascribable to maternal hormones, which also produce temporary instability of the pubic symphysis in the infant. Hormone analysis has shown a decreased breakdown of oestrogens in newborn infants with congenital dislocation of the hip.

Immediate postural treatment for a couple of weeks will produce a permanent cure.

Concept moderne de la luxation congénitale de la hanche

On peut à présent considérer comme établi le fait que l'élongation de la capsule de l'articulation de la hanche est la cause des luxations congénitales. Cette élongation est en majeure partie imputable aux hormones maternelles qui produisent également chez le nourrisson une instabilité symphysaire momentanée. L'analyse hormonale a montré un catabolisme d'oestrogènes chez les nouveau‐nés atteints de luxation congénitale de la hanche.

Un traitement postural immédiat de deux semaines environ amènera une guérison durable.

Moderne Auffassung der angeborenen Verrenkung der Huefte

Es kann jetzt als festgesetzt betrachtet werden, dass die Verlängerung der Kapsel des Hüftengelenkes die Ursache der angeborenen Verrenkungen ist. Diese Verlängerung ist hauptsächlich den Hormonen der Mutter, die auch beim Säugling eine momentane Unbeständigkeit der Symphyse erzeugt, zuzuschreiben. Hormonanalyse hat Katabolismus der Oestrogene bei den Neugeborenen mit angeborener Verrenkung der Hüfte gezeigt.

Eine sorortige ungefähr zwei Wochen lange Haltungstherapie wird dauernde Heilung bringen.
Blindness in Little Children
Authors: Keith R. Mac
Published: July 2010

“The child who has had favourable opportunities for learning before nursery school age is able to take his place in a regular nursery school programme with sighted children. There have been significant advantages to both blind and sighted children by having blind children in sighted nursery classes. It must be recognised that no nursery school programme can make up to the child for the lack of opportunities in the early years of life or overcome all the problems created by limited experience and inappropriate handling.”
Phenylketonuria: Clinical Aspects
Authors: KIRMAN BRIAN H.
Published: July 2010

There are no reliable physical signs in phenylketonuria and diagnosis is based on chemical tests. Cases can be readily identified in affected families. All backward children should be tested, and with ‘Phenistix’ routine testing of babies at 3 weeks is feasible. Carriers are identifiable. The disease is not progressive when established. There are few complications apart from occasional epilepsy and eczema. The expectation of life is better than in mongolism. Treatment with a low phenylalanine diet should be tried at the earliest possible moment, though the results obtained require further validation. Other methods of therapy should be sought. Some patients may attend school or a special training centre from home, while others need hospital care.

La phénylacétonurie: aspects cliniques

Il n'y aucun a signe physique certain dans la phénylacetonurie. Le diagnostic ne repose que sur les examens chimiques. Il est facilie de déceler les malades dans les families qui en sont atteintes. Tous les enfants retardés devraient être examinés et le ‘Phenistix’ permet de faire les examens courants des petits enfants de 3 semaines. Les porteurs sont identifiables. La maladie se stabilise dès qu'elle est établie. Les complications sont rares en dehors de cas sporadiques d'épilepsie et d'eczéma. Les chances de suivie sont plus favorables que dans le mongolisme. Le traitement par régime pauvre en phénylalanine devrait être essayé le plus tôt possible bien que les résultats obtenus réclament de nouvelles confirmations. Il est souhaitable de rechercher d'autres méthodes thérapeutiques. Certains malades vivant dans leur foyer peuvent aller à l'école ou dans les centres de formation spécialisés. D'autres par contre relèvent de l'hôpital.

Phenylketonuria: klinische Aussichten

Es gibt kein sicheres physisches Zeichen bei Phenylketonuria und die Diagnose stützt sich auf chemische Proben. Die Fälle können leicht in befallenen Familien festgestellt werden. Alle zurückgebliebenen Kinder müssten untersucht werden Routineuntersuch ungen bei Säuglingen von 3 Wochen ausführbar. Träger sind identifizierbar. Die Krankheit schreitet nicht mehr fort wenn sie festgesetzt worden ist. Komplikationen sind selten ausser gelegentlichen Epilepsia und Exemfällen. Die Lebenswahrscheinlichkeit ist besser als bei Mongolismus Behandlung durch Phenylalaninarme Diät müsstso früh wie möglich versucht werden, obgleich die erlangten Resultate weitere Bestätig ungen erfordern. Andere Behandlungsmethoden müssten gesucht werden. Einige Patienten können daheim die Schule oder spezielle Ausbildungsanstalten besuchen, während andere Hospitalpflege brauchen.
The Development of Visual Capacity in the Infant and Young Child
Authors: BROWN C. A.
Published: July 2010

A brief description is given of the development of the eye in utero, with special reference to the embryonic structures which persist in premature babies.

The anatomical features which distinguish the eye of the premature and full‐term infant from that of the adult are outlined.

The physiological mechanisms involved in the development of vision in the infant are discussed.

The methods of examination of babies' eyes are briefly described.

The development of visual capacity in the premature and full‐term infant is followed through the early months of life, and an attempt is made to assess the visual acuity at each stage.

Developpement de la capacité visuelle chez le nourrisson

Nous trouvons dans cet article:

une brève description du développement de L'oeil in utero avec référence partiulière aux structures embryonnaires persistant chez les prématurés; un aperçu des signes anatomiques distinguant L'oeil de L'enfant prématuré et à terme de celui de L'adulte;

une discussion sur les mécanismes physiologiques mis en jeu dans le développement de la vision chez le nourrisson.

Les méthodes d'examens de L'oeil du petit nourrisson sont décrites.

Le développement de la capacité visuelle chez le prématurá et L'enfant à terme est suivi pendant les premiers mois de la vie, cependant que Ton cherche àévaluer L'accuité visuelle à chaque étape du développement.

Entwicklung der Sehjähigkeit beim Säugling

Die Entwicklung des Auges in utero wird kurz beschrieben, mit spezieller Verweisung auf die embryonnären Strukturen die bei Frühgeborenen fortbestehen.

Die anatomischen Unterscheidungszeichen zwischen dem Auge des frühgeborenen und ausgetragenen Kindes und dem des Erwachsenen werden kurz besprochen.

Die physiologischen Mechanismen, die die Entwicklung der Sehfähigkeit des Säuglings in sich schliessen, werden erörtert.

Die Untersuchungsmethoden des Auges des Säuglings werden kurz beschrieben.

Die Entwicklung der Sehfähigkeit bei dem frühgeborenen und dem normal ausgetragenen Kinde wird während der ersten Lebensmonate verfolgt und man versucht, die Sehschärfe in jedem Stadium abzuschätzen.
Preliminary Clinical Trial of Carisoprodol in Infantile Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Woods Grace E.
Published: July 2010

A subjective clinical trial of carisoprodol, a new skeletal muscle‐relaxant drug, has been carried out on 46 cerebral palsied patients at four different institutions. Reports from physiotherapists, speech therapists, school teaching staff and nursing staff have been received at fortnightly intervals. Thirty‐three cases showed varying degrees of improvement. It was necessary to continue the drug for six weeks before making a firm judgement of results. Drowsiness and irritability were two side‐effects which wore off or could be ameliorated with other drugs. Athetoids showed the most marked degree of improvement. Spastic diplegias also showed improvement, particularly those cases which followed a premature birth. The results in other cases were varied.

There appears to be a need for separate double‐blind trials of carisoprodol on each type of cerebral palsy.

Expéimentation clinique préiminaire du carisoprodol dans la paralysie cékérale infantile

Une expérimentation clinique subjective du Carisoprodol, qui est un nouveau relaxant de la musculature squelettique, a été entreprise sur 46 encéphalopathes dans 4 établissements différents. A intervalles de 15 jours en 15 jours, des compte rendus des physiothérapeutes, des rééducateurs de la parole, du personnel éducatif scolaire et du personnel soignant, ont été enregistrés. 33 cas ont été améliorés à des degrés variks. Il était nécessaire de poursuivre I'administration du médicament pendant 6 semaines au moins, avant d'avoir une opinion valable sur les résultats. Les vertiges et l'irritabilité ont etk deux effets secondaires qui disparaissaient ou ont été améliorés grâce à d'autres médicaments. Les athétoÏdes ont été le plus améliorés. Les diplégies spasmodiques ont étéégalement améliortés plus particuliérement les cas consécutifs à un accouchement prématuré. Les résultats dans les autres cas étaient variables.

II paraît nécessaire d'entreprendre une expérimentation à l'aide de Carisoprodol et de placebo pour chaque type de paralysie cearébrale.

Einleitender kiinischer Versuch des Carisoprodols bei zerebraler Kinderlahmung Ein subjektiver klinischer Versuch des Carisoprodols, eines neuen Entspannungsmittels der Skelettmuskeln, wurde bei 46 Patienten mit Zerebrallahmung in 4 verschiedenen Anstalten durchgefuhrt. Die Berichte der Physiotherapeuten, Sprachtherapeuten, des Lehr‐ und des Pflegepersonals sind alle 14 Tage aufgenommen worden. 33 Falle haben verschiedene Grade von Verbesserung gezeigt. Es war notwendig, das Mittel sechs Wochen lang zu gebrauchen, bevor es moglich wurde, ein festes Urteil uber die Resultate zu fallen. Schlafrigkeit und Reizbarkeit waren zwei Nebenwirkungen, die durch andere Mittel beseitigt oder verbessert werden konnten. Die Athetolden wurden am meisten gebessert. Spastische Diplegien zeigten ebenfalls Besserung, besonders die auf Fruhgeburt gefolgten Falle. Die Resultate in den anderen Fallen waren verschieden. Es scheint notwendig, getrennte Versuche mit Carisoprodol und Placebo bei jedem Typ von Zerebrallahmung zu machen.
EEG and Epilepsy in Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Melin Karl‐Axel
Published: July 2010

The incidence of epilepsy in cases of cerebral palsy is variously estimated at from 14 to 75 per cent. Probably about a third of all cerebral palsy patients have a fit at some time. The incidence is much higher in spastic than in choreo‐athetoid cases.

Serial, as distinct from single, EEG records are of considerable value in assessing cases of cerebral palsy and their progress. When a cerebral palsied child shows well‐marked paroxysmal abnormalities or a spike focus in the EEG, even if there have been no convulsions, anticonvulsants should be given prophylactically. Cerebral palsied children who have one or more fits but show repeatedly normal EEGS commonly develop without any further convulsions.

Nouveaux aspects de I'EEG dam la paralysie cérébrale

Selon les auteurs, le taux des épileptiques dans les cas de paralysie cérébrale oscille entre 14 et 75 pour cent. II est probable qu'environ un tiers de tous les infirmes moteurs cérébraux a une crise à un moment ou un autre. Ce taux est beaucoup plus élevé chez les spastiques que chez les choréo‐athétoidiques.

Des électroencéphalogrammes pratiqués en série sont d'un interêt considérable pour préciser l'évolution des paralysies cérébrales. Quand un enfant, infirme moteur cérébral, présente des anomalies paroxystiques ou un foyer de pointes à I'EEG, même s'il n'a jamais eu de convulsions, il y a lieu d'administrer des anti‐convulsivants, de façon préventive. Des enfants atteints de paralysie cérébrale qui ont presenté une ou plusiers crises, mais ont des tracés électroencéphalographiques en série normaux, grandissent habituellement sans présenter d'autres phénomènes épileptiques.

Weitere Aussichten des EEG bei Zerebrallähmung

In den verschiedenen Abschätzungen schwankt die Häufigkeit der Epilepsie in den Fällen von Zerebrällahmung von 14 bis 75 Prozent. Wahrscheinlich hat ein drittel aller Patienten mit Zerebrallähmung einmal einen Anfall. Der Prozentsatz ist viel höher bei Spastikern als bei choreo‐athetosischen Kranken.

Reihen—EEG sind sehr wertvoll für die Untersuchung der Zerebrällahmungsfälle und ihres Verlaufs. Wenn ein Kind mit Zerebrallähmung ausgeprägte paroxystische Abnormitäten oder einen Herd mit Apitzen im EEG zeigt, sogar wenn es niemals Anfälle gehabt hat, muss man prophylaktisch antikonvulsive Medikamente geben. Kinder mit Zerebrallähmung die einen oder mehrere Anfälle hatten, aber wiederholt normale Elektroenkephalogramme aufweisen, entwickeln sich gewöhnlich ohne weitere Anfälle.
An Introductory Review
Authors: Dott Norman M.
Published: July 2010

After welcoming the conference to Edinburgh, Professor Dott went on to speak of the nature of the Society's undertakings.
Hydrocephalus Secondary To Meningitis
Authors: Maccabe J. J.
Published: July 2010

Fourteen cases of hydrocephalus in the adult, secondary to proven meningitis, have been treated in the Department of Surgical Neurology in Edinburgh over the past 15 years.

The organism most frequently responsible was the meningococcus. In two instances, hydrocephalus followed tuberculous meningitis.

Four cases developed hydrocephalus as the meningitis was apparently terminating. One showed secondary impairment of consciousness with papilloedema and rising of fluid pressure on lumbar puncture. Treatment by lumbar drainage of CSF resulted in a return to normal pressure readings and a gradual lightening of the conscious level.

Complete separation of a portion of ventricle containing secreting choroid plexus occurred in a second case. Lumbar air encephalogram demonstrated a moderate degree of ventricular distension with basal cisternal obstruction. A left parietal abscess developed and was aspirated. Clinical improvement followed but was not maintained. The left posterior and inferior horns were now greatly distended and completely closed off from the body of the lateral ventricle (Figs. 1 and 2). The loculation was drained with a polythene tube into the body of the ventricle and thereafter the patient made steady progress.
Hydrocephalus Associated with Increased Intracranial Venous Tension
Authors: Taylor A. R.
Published: July 2010

A Further case, in addition to the one described by Gibson, Taylor and Richardson (1961), where the symptoms were strongly suggestive of arterio‐venous aneurysm giving rise to the syndrome of expansion of the skull and dilatation of the scalp veins in the absence of increased ventricular pressure, was reported. Air pictures suggested defective absorption of CSF through the arachnoid villi.
Demonstration of a Low‐Impedance Valve
Authors: Turner E.
Published: July 2010

Although the use of a Spitz‐Holter valve represented a substantial advance in the treatment of infantile hydrocephalus, many surgeons remain attracted to the method of drainage into a serous cavity. The hard core of the problem is represented by those patients who tend to block tubes and to seal off the ends of them with fibrin or organised connective tissue. My personal impression is that this is often associated with an elevated protein in the cerebro‐spinal fluid, though there is probably a dfference between a rising protein, and a falling one, as might be seen after haemorrhage or an attack of meningitis. Furthermore some cases probably tended to block without the initial examination of the protein showing any abnormality. One advantage of the Spitz‐Holter valve was its action as a subcutaneous pump, clearing the tube.

The same principle has been applied to a pump devised by Mr. R. F. Farr, of the physics department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital. This opens under the slightest positive gradient of pressure but acts as a non‐return valve. About 80 such drainage operations are performed a year, and, during the last year, the new valve has been in regular use instead of a straight drainage tube. Fifty such valves have been inserted; at first ventriculo‐laparostomy was performed and during the last five months ventriculo‐thoracostomy has been carried out. Its use has reduced recurrence to a few recalcitrant cases, and it is noteworthy that it is the same cases that tend to come back repeatedly.

In the abdomen the tube is placed well away from the parietal peritoneum. The insertion into the chest has not been followed up long enough to make any generalisation about clinical results.

The cost is low, and by this I mean the cost to the patient, though the monetary cost is also low. The patient suffers only one or two cutaneous scars, and if for technical reasons the tube has to be replaced, no permanent damage has been done. It is for this reason that the valve is presented at this stage. It is felt that, in its present form, the valve is not suitable for drainage directly into the bloodstream.
Hypoglycaemia as a Cause of Convulsive Disorder
Authors: McKendrick T.
Published: July 2010

In children hypoglycaemia may cause severe and protracted convulsions. Symptoms of adrenaline release may not occur. Differentiation of the types depends on (a) a glucose‐tolerance test, (b) the reaction to insulin, adrenaline, glucagon, leucine and tolbutamide, and (c) the reaction to a 24‐hour fast.

The main types are: (1) organic hyperinsulinism, enzymatic defect, hypopituitarism or hypoadrenalism; (2) functional hyperinsulinism; (3) leucine sensitivity, which is probably a form of hyperinsulinism; and (4) idiopathic hypoglycaemia. The functional types are much the commonest. Treatment varies with the cause and includes high‐protein diet, frequent feeds, steroids, ephedrine and partial or subtotal pancreatectomy. Except in the idiopathic group, the prognosis is good unless the underlying condition, such as liver failure, is serious.

Hypoglycémie comme cause de troubles convulsifs

L'hypoglycémie peut provoquer chez les enfants des convulsions sévkès et prolongées. Des symptômes de décharge d'adrénaline ne se manifestent pas toujours. La différenciation des types depend de: (a) un test de tolerance au glucose; (b) la reaction a l'insuline, l'adrénaline, le glucagon, la leucine et la tolbutamide; et (c) la réaction à un jeun̂e de 24 heures.

Les types principaux sont: (1) l'hyperinsulinisme organique, l'insuffisance enzymatique, l'insuffisance hypophysaire et l'insuffisance adrenalinique; (2) “hyperinsulinisme fonctionnel; (3) la sensibilite à la leucine qui est probablement une forme d'hyperinsulinisme; et (4) l'hypoglycémie idiopathique. Les types fonctionnels sont de beaucoup les plus frequents. Le traitement varie selon la cause et peut comprendre un regime riche en protéines, des repas fréquents, des stéroïdes, de l'Cphédrine et une pancréatectomie partielle ou subtotale. Sauf dans le groupe idiopathique, le pronostic est bon, excepté si d'autres atteintes, telles qu'une déficience hépatique, sont graves.