bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Magnetic nanoemulsion aided optical defect detection in carbon steel components: Effect of defect width variation on optical contrast
Authors: Nandy Manali , Lahiri B. B. , Philip John
Published: May 2022

Optical detection of defects of varying widths in ferromagnetic steel components is carried out using polyacrylic acid stabilized magnetic nanoemulsions (MNEs). Magnetic field lines are leaked from the defect regions, due to permeability variation, when a defective ferromagnetic steel component is magnetized. Under the influence of such magnetic flux leakage (MFL), the MNE droplets exhibit orientational ordering, where the inter-droplet separation within the chains varies with the strength of the magnetic field. Exploiting this tunable optical grating phenomenon, wide area naked eye visualization of the surface opening and buried defects is carried out. The defect morphology is accurately estimated using a double thresholding-based image processing technique. The optical contrast varies non-monotonically with defect width for the surface opening defects, which is due to the formation of the surface dipoles on the defect edges. The surface dipoles are strongly coupled for lower defect width due to smaller spatial separation, which causes the MFL to be lower. With increasing defect width, the surface magnetic field lines are diffused leading to a lowering of the MFL. In between, for ∼2 mm wide defect, MFL is the highest and the generated optical contrast is found to be the strongest. The MFL profiles are numerically estimated using finite element modeling and experimentally verified using a Hall probe. The cross correlation between the generated optical contrast and MFL magnitudes clearly demonstrates the non-monotonic effect of defect width on the optical contrast of the MNE-based sensors for large area naked eye non-destructive defect detection in ferromagnetic materials.
Analysis of overdispersion in airborne transmission of COVID-19
Authors: Chaudhuri Swetaprovo , Kasibhatla Prasad , Mukherjee Arnab , Pan William , Morrison Glenn , Mishra Sharmistha , Murty Vijaya Kumar
Published: May 2022

Superspreading events and overdispersion are hallmarks of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the specific roles and influence of established viral and physical factors related to the mechanisms of transmission, on overdispersion, remain unresolved. We, therefore, conducted mechanistic modeling of SARS-CoV-2 point-source transmission by infectious aerosols using real-world occupancy data from more than 100 000 social contact settings in ten US metropolises. We found that 80% of secondary infections are predicted to arise from approximately 4% of index cases, which show up as a stretched tail in the probability density function of secondary infections per infectious case. Individual-level variability in viral load emerges as the dominant driver of overdispersion, followed by occupancy. We then derived an analytical function, which replicates the simulated overdispersion, and with which we demonstrate the effectiveness of potential mitigation strategies. Our analysis, connecting the mechanistic understanding of SARS-CoV-2 transmission by aerosols with observed large-scale epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 outbreaks, adds an important dimension to the mounting body of evidence with regard to airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and thereby emerges as a powerful tool toward assessing the probability of outbreaks and the potential impact of mitigation strategies on large scale disease dynamics.
Numerical investigations on the deformation and breakup of an n-decane droplet induced by a shock wave
Authors: Zhu Wanli , Zheng Hongtao , Zhao Ningbo
Published: May 2022

This paper adopts the coupled level-set and volume-of-fluid and the large eddy simulation methods to simulate the deformation and breakup of an n-decane droplet under the action of a shock wave. We aim to investigate the effects of the shock Mach number and droplet diameter on temporary deformation and breakup characteristics at high Weber numbers from 5813 to 22 380. Additionally, special attention is paid to subsequent sub-droplet size distributions, which many researchers generally ignore. The results indicate that the evolution of droplet deformation and breakup in the shear breakup regime generally agrees with the obtained experimental data. Based on the present methods, the physical mechanisms for variations of multiple recirculation zones and the development of Kelvin–Helmholtz instability in wave formation are discussed. Larger shock Mach number and smaller droplet diameter can significantly increase the cross-stream and stream-wise deformations. Moreover, both relaxation and breakup times are directly proportional to the initial droplet diameters but inversely proportional to the shock Mach numbers. Eventually, as the shock Mach number increases, the superficial area and mass ratios of sub-droplets to parent droplets all increase from 5.596 to 8.278 and from 23.38% to 38.38%, while the ratios increase from 2.652 to 18.523 and from 4.63% to 92.7%, respectively, as the droplet diameter decreases.
Application of the imaginary time hierarchical equations of motion method to calculate real time correlation functions
Authors: Xing Tao , Li Tianchu , Yan Yaming , Bai Shuming , Shi Qiang
Published: May 2022

We investigate the application of the imaginary time hierarchical equations of motion method to calculate real time quantum correlation functions. By starting from the path integral expression for the correlated system–bath equilibrium state, we first derive a new set of equations that decouple the imaginary time propagation and the calculation of auxiliary density operators. The new equations, thus, greatly simplify the calculation of the equilibrium correlated initial state that is subsequently used in the real time propagation to obtain the quantum correlation functions. It is also shown that a periodic decomposition of the bath imaginary time correlation function is no longer necessary in the new equations such that different decomposition schemes can be explored. The applicability of the new method is demonstrated in several numerical examples, including the spin-Boson model, the Holstein model, and the double-well model for proton transfer reaction.
Mixing in small scale fluidic systems swayed by rotationality effects
Authors: Kaushik P. , Shyam Sudip , Mondal Pranab Kumar
Published: May 2022

In the present endeavor, we discuss the enhancement strategy of important fluidic functionality, i.e., mixing in an on-chip device embedded in a rotating disk both qualitatively as well as quantitatively. Our analysis, on accounting for the effect of rotation in the framework, uses a set of mechanically consistent classical fluid dynamic equations in describing the mixing of the constituent fluids comprehensively. Motivated by the need of benchmarking our modeling framework, we perform experiments in the limiting case of pure diffusion and show that suggestions from the experimental part of this endeavor verify the numerical results quite effectively. The results indicate that the effect of molecular diffusion and rotation-induced forcing non-trivially modulates the underlying mixing in the portable fluidic device. Of particular interest, we show that, even for weak molecular diffusion between the chosen fluid pair, strong advective transport of species as rendered by a higher rotational effect results in an enhanced mixing, that too achievable at short distances from the channel entry. Finally, a phase diagram mapping the mixing efficiency in the flow-fluid properties plane is provided, expected to be a design guideline for the portable fluidic systems/devices, typically used for mixing and diagnosis of bio-fluids.
Intimate partner violence before and during the COVID-19 lockdown: findings from a cross-sectional study in Singapore
Authors: O’Hara Caitlin Alsandria , Tan Rayner Kay Jin
Published: May 2022

Background The coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic resulted in lockdowns worldwide, with reports suggesting a concomitant increase in the incidence of intimate partner violence (IPV). This study was part of the International Sexual and Reproductive Health (I-SHARE) Consortium, examining IPV and its correlates before and during lockdown in April 2020. Methods This cross-sectional observational study, conducted online during August–September 2020, recruited 259 participants from Singapore who reported having a steady partner. Alongside socio-demographic data before and during COVID-19 lockdown, the respondents self-reported their encounters with partner violence. Partner violence was measured using an adapted six-item version of the WHO IPV scale. Results Data revealed an incidence of 17.2%, 25.0%, 16.7%, 17.6%, 17.5% and 18.5% of restriction of contact with others, verbal abuse, restriction of access to finances, physical violence, pressured sex and forced sex, respectively, before COVID-19 lockdown. During lockdown, incidences of these forms of violence were 17.4%, 19.8%, 14.7%, 13.5%, 14.7% and 15.2%, respectively. Multivariable analyses showed that being younger, being non-heterosexual, and having more children and adolescents at home were significantly associated with partner violence both before and during lockdown. Analyses also revealed that being of Chinese ethnicity and having a monthly income above SGD3000 were not significantly correlated to partner violence before lockdown but emerged as significant during lockdown. Conclusions Some sociodemographic factors were associated with violence regardless of lockdown, while other factors were exacerbated by lockdown. Interventions should consider these key correlates of partner-based violence, ensuring adequate and appropriate support for vulnerable populations both within and outside of lockdown contexts.
Genome-wide association identifies a missing hydrolase for tocopherol synthesis in plants
Authors: Albert Elise , Kim Sungsoo , Magallanes-Lundback Maria , Bao Yan , Deason Nicholas , Danilo Benoit , Wu Di , Li Xiaowei , Wood Joshua C. , Bornowski Nolan , Gore Michael A. , Buell C. Robin , DellaPenna Dean
Published: May 2022

Significance

Tocopherols (vitamin E) are plant-synthesized, lipid-soluble antioxidants whose dietary intake, primarily from seed oils, is essential for human health. Tocopherols contain a phytol-derived hydrophobic tail whose in vivo source has been elusive. The most significant genome-wide association signal for
Arabidopsis
seed tocopherols identified an uncharacterized, seed-specific esterase (VTE7) localized to the chloroplast envelope, where tocopherol synthesis occurs.
VTE7
disruption and overexpression had large impacts on tissue tocopherol contents with metabolic phenotypes consistent with release of prenyl alcohols, including phytol, during chlorophyll synthesis, rather than from the bulk degradation of thylakoid chlorophylls as has long been assumed. Understanding the source of phytol for tocopherols will enable breeding and engineering plants for vitamin E biofortification and enhanced stress resilience.
Engineering nonphotosynthetic carbon fixation for production of bioplastics by methanogenic archaea
Authors: Thevasundaram Kershanthen , Gallagher Joseph J. , Cherng Freeman , Chang Michelle C. Y.
Published: May 2022

Significance

Biological carbon fixation provides opportunities to directly utilize CO
2
to synthesize a broad range of value-added compounds, potentially displacing petroleum feedstock use in industry. Chemoautotrophs are particularly interesting as their carbon fixation can be driven chemically by renewable H
2
in place of light, which can limit industrial fermentation of photosynthetic organisms. We describe the development of a methanogenic host,
Methanococcus maripaludis
, for metabolic engineering. Since redox cofactors used in upstream archaeal carbon fixation pathways are orthogonal to typical downstream biosynthetic pathways, it was necessary to engineer both NADH biosynthesis and turnover. In doing so, we are able to show that methanogenic archaea can, indeed, serve as a platform for the high-yield production of bioplastics and monomers from CO
2
and H
2
.
Human pathogenic RNA viruses establish noncompeting lineages by occupying independent niches
Authors: Mutz Pascal , Rochman Nash D. , Wolf Yuri I. , Faure Guilhem , Zhang Feng , Koonin Eugene V.
Published: May 2022

Significance

Numerous pathogenic viruses are endemic in humans and cause a broad variety of diseases, but what is their potential for causing new pandemics? We show that most human pathogenic RNA viruses form multiple, cocirculating lineages with low turnover rates. These lineages appear to be largely noncompeting and occupy distinct epidemiological niches that are not regionally or seasonally defined, and their persistence appears to stem from limited outbreaks in small communities so that only a small fraction of the global susceptible population is infected at any time. However, due to globalization, interaction and competition between lineages might increase, potentially leading to increased diversification and pathogenicity. Thus, endemic viruses appear to merit global attention with respect to the prevention of future pandemics.
Disciplinary boundary crossings in collaborative CLIL in higher education
Authors: Bianchá Ramírez Héctor Fabio , Shah Shamir , Segura Antury Jhonny , Castro López Silvia Juliana
Published: May 2022

This study uses European English as a Medium of Instruction (EMI) experiences and the Boundary Crossings model
(Moore et al., 2015) as a departure point to inquire and analyse Content Teacher
(CT) perspectives about disciplinary boundary crossings in a systematic and collaborative Content and Language Integrated Learning
(CLIL) implementation in a private university in Colombia. A semi-structured interview explored the perspectives of ten CTs who
collaborated with English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers and a language support centre in the design and implementation of
CLIL experiences. The data were transcribed, coded and categorised with Atlas.ti. An analysis of the findings led to the
formulation of a continuum which shows that four CTs draw strict to moderate boundaries between content and language learning,
while the other six perceive these systems as an emerging, integrated whole. Some emergent pedagogical implications are also
discussed.
“Against everything and everybody”
Authors: Lobejón Santos Sergio , Gutiérrez Lanza Camino
Published: May 2022

TheStar-Bookscollection, published by Producciones Editoriales S. A. from 1975 to 1982, is a foremost example of the post-Francoist counterculture and one of the best chronicles of this period of Spanish history. The collection became a viable platform for various national and international authors who had remained silenced for decades at a time when books were still subjected to official censorship.Star-Booksstood out for its eclectic nature and its rebellious spirit, reflected in the striking covers and themes, which clashed against Francoist orthodoxy. This paper highlights the collection’s role in promoting the counterculture in Spain and sheds light on how censorship operated in this period. Detailed analyses of the sociopolitical context, theStar-Bookscatalogue, the available censorship materials, and several collection titles show the more permissive nature of post-Francoist censorship.
Transformation Plasma Physics
Authors: Zhang Zeren , Huang Jiping
Published: May 2022

Plasma technology has widespread applications in many fields, whereas the methods for manipulating plasma transport are limited to magnetic control. In this study, we used a simplified diffusion-migration approach to describe plasma transport. The feasibility of the transformation theory for plasma transport was demonstrated. As potential applications, we designed three model devices capable of cloaking, concentrating, and rotating plasmas without disturbing the density profile of plasmas in the background. This research may help advance plasma technology in practical fields, such as medicine and chemistry.
Curvature invariants for accelerating Kerr–Newman black holes in (anti-)de Sitter spacetime
Authors: Kraniotis G V
Published: May 2022

The curvature scalar invariants of the Riemann tensor are important in general relativity because they allow a manifestly coordinate invariant characterisation of certain geometrical properties of spacetimes such as, among others, curvature singularities, gravitomagnetism. We calculate explicit analytic expressions for the set of Zakhary–McIntosh curvature invariants for accelerating Kerr–Newman black holes in (anti-)de Sitter spacetime as well as for the Kerr–Newman–(anti-)de Sitter black hole. These black hole metrics belong to the most general type D solution of the Einstein–Maxwell equations with a cosmological constant. Explicit analytic expressions for the Euler–Poincare density invariant, which is relevant for the computation of the Euler–Poincare characteristic χ(M), and the Kretschmann scalar are also provided for both cases. We perform a detailed plotting of the curvature invariants that reveal a rich structure of the spacetime geometry surrounding the singularity of a rotating, electrically charged and accelerating black hole. These graphs also help us in an exact mathematical way to explore the interior of these black holes. Our explicit closed form expressions show that the above gravitational backgrounds possess a non-trivial Hirzebruch signature density. Possible physical applications of this property for the electromagnetic duality anomaly in curved spacetimes that can spoil helicity conservation are briefly discussed.
Kinetics of processes initiated in a water cathode by the action of a direct current discharge at atmospheric pressure in air: simulation and experiment
Authors: Shutov D A , Batova N A , Smirnova K V , Ivanov A N , Rybkin V V
Published: May 2022

The kinetics of the formation of hydrogen peroxide, nitrate and nitrite ions and the pH of the solution, which served as the cathode, were studied under the action of a direct current discharge at atmospheric pressure in air. A 0D kinetic model has been developed that describes the reactions occurring in solution. The model includes 28 components, 119 reactions between them, as well as fluxes of particles coming to the surface of the solution from the discharge. The particle fluxes were determined from the 0D model of a discharge in air based on the self-consistent solution of the Boltzmann equation, the equations of vibrational kinetics for the ground states of N2, O2, H2O, NO molecules, and the equations of chemical kinetics. The proposed model is semi-empirical, since it includes not only known experimental kinetic data, but also some assumptions that were made to match the calculation results with experiment. An analysis of the experimental data and calculations by the model showed that the main factors initiating reactions in solution are the bombardment of the surface by a flux of positive ions accelerated in the cathode potential drop and the flux of NO molecules from the discharge. Ion bombardment leads to the formation of hydrogen peroxide, during the decomposition of which OH radicals are formed, the subsequent reactions of which determine the composition of the particles of the solution. The source of nitrogen-containing particles is the flux of NO molecules from the discharge. Data are given on the kinetics of the concentrations of the main particles of the solution and the analysis of the mechanisms of the processes of their formation and decay. The results of calculations of the concentrations of H2O2, NO2
−, NO3
−, and pH agree with the experiment within the limits of the latter’s accuracy.
Assessment of doses in contaminated urban areas: modelling exercise based on Fukushima data
Authors: Takahara Shogo , Charnock Thomas W , Silva Kampanart , Hwang Won Tae , Lee Joeun , Yu Charley , Kamboj Sunita , Yankovich Tamara , Thiessen Kathleen M
Published: May 2022

State-of-the-art dose assessment models were applied to estimate doses to the population in urban areas contaminated by the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. Assessment results were compared among five models, and comparisons of model predictions with actual measurements were also made. Assessments were performed using both probabilistic and deterministic approaches. Predicted dose distributions for indoor and outdoor workers from a probabilistic approach were in good agreement with the actual measurements. In addition, when the models were applied to assess the doses to the representative person, based on a concept recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection and in the International Atomic Energy Agency Safety Standards, it was evident that doses to the representative person obtained with a deterministic approach were always higher than those obtained with a probabilistic approach using the same model.
Atomic structures and mechanical properties in Zr–Ni–Al metallic glasses studied by molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Zou Yang , Pan Shaopeng , Niu Xiaofeng , Qiao Junwei , Song Kaikai , Wang Weimin , Qin Jingyu
Published: May 2022

Based on molecular dynamics simulations, the atomic structures and mechanical properties of Zr75−x
Ni25Al
x
(x = 5–70) metallic glasses (MGs) were investigated by replacing Zr with Al. These MGs can be divided into the Zr-based (x = 5–45) and the Al-based systems (x = 50–70) according to the change of glass transition temperatures. Pair distribution function, bond pair, Voronoi analysis, and quasi-nearest atom were used to characterize the atomic structures in the MGs. It is found that the change rate relative to the Al concentration for the structural properties together with other properties in the Al-based systems is larger than those in the Zr-based systems. Moreover, the mixing enthalpy at 2000 K has a quadratic relationship with glass transition temperature and strength in both systems. Our results are helpful to understand the relationship among the properties of MGs.
Study of the Electrical Properties and Electrochemical Sensing Efficiency of Hydrothermally Synthesized Sr Doped Nickel Oxide Nanomaterials
Authors: Abbas Waseem , Mazhar Muhammad Ehsan , Ahmad Javed , Ahmad Sohail , Khan Hassan M. , Khan Imran , Zada Imran , Honey Shehla , Nisa Mehrun , Rao Komal Ali , Ahmad Mushtaq
Published: May 2022

Herein, we present pure nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs) and Sr doped NiO NPs SrxNi1−xO (x = 0.0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04) which are synthesized via hydrothermal approach. As-synthesized samples are analyzed through structural characterization techniques like x-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The single cubic phase is obtained for NiO NPs and the samples with low Sr dopant contents (1% to 2%); however, samples with high Sr dopant contents (3% to 4%) have a secondary phase (SrO phase). The particle size of Sr doped NiO NPs ranges from 50–100 nm, and the particles lose their uniformity as dopant concentration is increases. Electrical and dielectric characteristics of as-synthesized samples are studied, and the effect of Sr dopant contents is discussed. Electrochemical studies reveal that the selected samples exhibit remarkable catalytic activity toward glucose sensing owing to their specific structural and morphological characteristics.
Study of the structural and optical properties of thallium gallium disulfide (TlGaS2) thin films grown via thermal evaporation
Authors: Isik M , Karatay A , Ech-Chergui A N , Gasanly N M
Published: May 2022

Thallium gallium disulfide (TlGaS2) belonging to layered structured semiconducting family has been a significant compound due to its outstanding characteristics. Its layered characteristics take attention for two-dimensional (2D) material research area and thus TlGaS2 is known as promising layered compound to develop 2D materials for optoelectronic devices. To the best of our knowledge, the present work is the first one investigating TlGaS2 thin films grown by thermal evaporation method. The current study focused into the structural, morphological, and optical characteristics of thermally evaporated TlGaS2 thin films. X-ray diffraction pattern of the films exhibited one peak around 36.10° which was associated with (−422) plane of the monoclinic crystalline structure. The atomic compositional ratio of Tl:Ga:S was found to be suitable for the chemical formula of TlGaS2. Scanning electron microscopy images showed uniformly and narrowly deposited nanoparticles with sizes varying between 100 and 200 nm. Room temperature transmission measurements were recorded to obtain the bandgap energy of the evaporated thin films. Tauc analyses indicated direct band gap energy of 2.60 eV. Finally, Urbach energy was obtained as 95 meV. The results of the present paper would provide valuable insight to 2D material technology to understand the potential device applications of the TlGaS2.
Magnetotransport behavior of YBa2Cu3O7-δ
–Sm0.55Sr0.45MnO3 superconducting-ferromagnetic composite thin films
Authors: Kumari Suman , Anas Mohd , Raghav D S , Chauhan Shital , Siwach P K , Malik Vivek , Singh H K
Published: May 2022

We report a detailed study on the magnetotransport behavior of YBa2Cu3O7-δ
-Sm0.55Sr0.45MnO3 (YBCO-SSMO) superconducting-ferromagnetic composite thin films (thickness ∼80 nm) of nominal compositions (YBCO)1-x(SSMO)x (x = 0, 0.08, and 0.14). Films are grown by pulsed laser deposition of the pure and composite targets on (001)-SrTiO3 substrates, and all are single crystalline with the c-axis normal to the plane of the substrate. The Tc(R = 0) of the pure YBCO film is ≈87 K and decreases to ≈75 K and ≈44 K with the incorporation and increase of the ferromagnetic fraction in the superconducting matrix. Successive decrease in the slope of the normal state R-T curves maps the incorporation of the high resistance channels of the SSMO. In an external magnetic field (H), the rate of decrement in the Tc(R = 0) is found to be dTc(R = 0)/dH ∼1.8 K T−1, ∼4.7 K T−1, and ∼2.8 K T−1, respectively for x = 0, 0.08, and 0.14. The upper critical field and the irreversibility field are appreciably depressed in the composite samples and suggest a broadening of the mixed-phase vortex regime. The application of the thermally activated flux flow (TAFF) model shows that the activation energy decreases sharply from U0 = 4314 (910) meV, 498 (130) meV, and 253 (66) meV for YS00, YS08, and YS14, respectively, at H = 0 T (6 T). The analysis of the field-dependent activation energy in terms of

U

0

∼

H

−
α

and

U

0

≈
−
U

log

H

dependence suggests decoupling of the 2D vortices due to the ferromagnetic phase. The hysteresis in the current-voltage characteristics is seen to decrease with an increase in the SSMO content.
Testing the ΛCDM paradigm with growth rate data and machine learning
Authors: Arjona Rubén , Melchiorri Alessandro , Nesseris Savvas
Published: May 2022

The cosmological constant Λ and cold dark matter (CDM) model (ΛCDM) is one of the pillars of modern cosmology and is widely used as the de facto theoretical model by current and forthcoming surveys. As the nature of dark energy is very elusive, in order to avoid the problem of model bias, here we present a novel null test at the perturbation level that uses the growth of matter perturbation data in order to assess the concordance model. We analyze how accurate this null test can be reconstructed by using data from forthcoming surveys creating mock catalogs based on ΛCDM and three models that display a different evolution of the matter perturbations, namely a dark energy model with constant equation of state w (wCDM), the Hu & Sawicki and designer f(R) models, and we reconstruct them with a machine learning technique known as the Genetic Algorithms. We show that with future LSST-like mock data our consistency test will be able to rule out these viable cosmological models at more than 5σ, help to check for tensions in the data and alleviate the existing tension of the amplitude of matter fluctuations S
8 = σ
8 (Ωm,0/0.3)0.5.
On tuning a mean-field model for semi-supervised classification
Authors: Bergamim Emílio , Breve Fabricio
Published: May 2022

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) has become an interesting research area due to its capacity for learning in scenarios where both labeled and unlabeled data are available. In this work, we focus on the task of transduction—when the objective is to label all data presented to the learner—with a mean-field approximation to the Potts model. Aiming at this particular task we study how classification results depend on β and find that the optimal phase depends highly on the amount of labeled data available. In the same study, we also observe that more stable classifications regarding small fluctuations in β are related to configurations of high probability and propose a tuning approach based on such observation. This method relies on a novel parameter γ and we then evaluate two different values of the said quantity in comparison with classical methods in the field. This evaluation is conducted by changing the amount of labeled data available and the number of nearest neighbors in the similarity graph. Empirical results show that the tuning method is effective and allows NMF to outperform other approaches in datasets with fewer classes. In addition, one of the chosen values for γ also leads to results that are more resilient to changes in the number of neighbors, which might be of interest to practitioners in the field of SSL.
Effect of Silicon Fullerenes on Changes in the Heat Capacity of Nacl Electrolytes
Authors: Rajabova S S , Tilloeva T R , Safarov M M , Zaripova M A
Published: May 2022

The paper presents the results of an experimental study of the isobaric heat capacity of solutions of electrolytes of the water and NaCl system in the temperature range 288-373K. To measure the heat capacity of electrolytes, the method of monotonous heating was used (developed by Professor M.M.Safarov). The total relative error of measuring the heat capacity of this place with a confidence probability of 95% is on average equal to 3.8%. It is established that the specific isobaric heat capacity of electrolytes decreases with increasing temperature and concentration of sodium chlorine. The addition of fullerene leads to an increase in the heat capacity of solutions of the water and sodium chlorine system. On the basis of experimental data and the law of thermodynamic similarity, approximation dependences were obtained. Using the expressions obtained, it is possible to calculate the heat capacities of electrolytes at different temperatures and concentrations of fullerene nanoparticles.
Surface Tension of Colloid Systems of Castor Oil and Benzene at P=0.101 MPa
Authors: Rajabov A R , Hakimov D S , Safarov M M
Published: May 2022

The article describes the production and use of benzene and lubricants. The combination of these solutions represents a new chemical formula. Methods for measuring the surface tension coefficient of these liquids are given. The research results are presented in the form of tables and diagrams.
Non-Thermal Plasma Installation as a Pre-Treatment Method of Barley Seeds (Hordeum vulgare L.)
Authors: Petrukhina D , Gorbatov S , Tkhorik O , Medzhidov I , Tikhonov V , Shishko V , Ivanov I , Tikhonov A , Gluchshenko N , Kharlamov V
Published: May 2022

Microbial organisms are key pathogens for plants, animals, and humans. The elimination of pathogenic microbes is an essential topic for researchers. Non-thermal atmospheric plasma (NTAP) can potentially inactivate pathogenic microorganisms. This paper draws the results of the biocidal effect study in pre-treatment of barley seeds by NTAP. The effect was observed in 7-day-old seedlings. The results of reducing the total microbial number (by 36.7% after 5 minutes of exposure) were obtained. Thus, treatment with non-thermal plasma can reduce the microbiological contamination of agricultural plant seeds.
Experimental installation for study the low-power ICRF plasma at low pressures with equipment for experiment data synchronization
Authors: Terentev T N , Zheltukhin V S , Shemakhin A Yu , Nekrasov I K , Samsonova E S , Shemakhin E Yu , Tsokalo I E , Tyurin V A
Published: May 2022

An installation for numerical and experimental studies of low-pressure radio frequency plasma for surface modification of functional materials with equipment for data synchronization are presented. The equipment for data synchronization as well as intermediate results for plasma generation are showed.
One-dimensional continuum finite-difference model of the dynamics of a dusty medium in aerodynamic, electric and gravitational fields
Authors: Tukmakov D A
Published: May 2022

This paper presents a mathematical model of the dynamics of a gas suspension under the action of an aerodynamic field, an electric field, and a gravitational field. The continuum model is used to describe the dynamics of the disperse component. The intercomponent momentum exchange included the aerodynamic drag force, the dynamic Archimedes force, and the added mass force. The Coulomb force acting on dispersed particles was taken into account. The model assumes the solution of the equations of conservation of “average density”, momentum and energy for the dispersed phase. The electric field was described by the Poisson equation. The equations of the mathematical model were supplemented with boundary conditions. The equations of mechanics were integrated by explicit finite-difference method of McCormack.
Investigation of Electric Discharge With Liquid Electrodes Under Influence on Carbon Fiber
Authors: Khazeev K I , Kayumov R R , Nizameev A A , Akhatov M F
Published: May 2022

In this work, experimental reseaches of the effect of a DC electric discharge with jet electrolytic cathode and liquid anode at atmospheric pressure on carbon fiber are carried out. Experimental studies were carried out in the voltage range U= 100-1300 V and discharge current 1=0.02-1.8 A. A 20% NaCl solution in process water was used as liquid electrodes. The length of the jet varied lc = 10÷50 mm, the diameter of the jet dc = 1÷3 mm. The optimal form of discharge and modes for processing carbon fiber have been established. The optimal mode of electric discharge which is between a jet electrolytic cathode and a liquid anode at atmospheric pressure is revealed. After processing for 30 s, the tensile strength of the modified samples changed by 7% compared to the untreated sample.
Influence of ion-plasma treatment on the surface morphology of epitaxial lead-tin telluride films
Authors: Belov Y D , Zimin S P , Amirov I I , Naumov V V
Published: May 2022

The paper discusses the physical aspects of surface modification of Pb1-xSnxTe (x = 0.00-0.80) epitaxial films during ion-plasma treatment in argon plasma. Lead–tin telluride films 1−2 μm thick were grown on (111) BaF2 substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. The ion-plasma treatment of the samples was carried out in a high-density low-pressure radio frequency (RF) inductively coupled plasma at an ion energy of 75 eV. The duration of the process is 240 s. The evolution of the surface morphology of the films and the formation of micro- and nanostructures at different ratios of lead and tin are studied.
Classical and quantum warm dense electron gas dynamic characteristics: analytic predictions
Authors: Ara J. , Filinov A.V. , Tkachenko I.M.
Published: May 2022

We apply a novel 9-moment variational version of the self-consistent non-perturbative method of moments to study how the temperature affects the dynamic response of the electron gas in thermodynamic equilibrium. The theoretical results are obtained with the only input being the static structure factor. Comparison is carried out with the data obtained in the random-phase and the effective static local-field (ESA) (1) approximations. A quite satisfactory agreement is achieved with the system dynamic structure factor evaluated within the ESA interpolation scheme. We analyze the system properties for the temperature values (1 ≤ T/TF
≤ 4) chosen in the range where the electron gas starts to undergo a transition from the degenerate to classical behaviour. The extension of the method to a broader range of temperatures and densities is straightforward and is left for future studies. Nevertheless, we demonstrate a systematic way to investigate the gradual transition from degenerate to classical systems.
Spatial Structure of Gas Dynamic Characteristics In A Glow Discharge With A Supersonic Axisymmetric Gas Flow
Authors: Timerkaev B A , Petrova O A , Shamsutdinov R S , Sayfutdinov A I
Published: May 2022

The paper presents the results of theoretical calculations of the gas-dynamic parameters of a supersonic flow in an axisymmetric Laval nozzle for the case when the central body removed from the nozzle serves as one of the glow discharge electrodes. It is shown that the presence of a supersonic flow makes it possible to establish a stationary inhomogeneous density of gas particles between the cathode and the anode of a glow discharge. The density of gas particles near the cathode and anode may differ by tens of times. The results of the study of the glow pattern of a discharge with a supersonic gas flow are presented. The dependence of the characteristics of the glow discharge on the distribution of inhomogeneous gas density in the interelectrode region is revealed. This effect opens up new possibilities for the use of discharges with supersonic gas flow for nanocoating and synthesis of nanostructures.
Electric Arc Synthesis of Silicon Nanostructures
Authors: Timerkaev B A , Turutin V Y , Feltsinger V S , Zalyalieva A A , Vakhitov R R , Shamsutdinov R S
Published: May 2022

The paper proposes a method for the synthesis of silicon carbide of microscopic sizes and silicon Nano formations in the form of nanotubes and nanofilaments in an argon arc. Graphite electrodes with silicon inclusions were used as arc discharge electrodes. The electrodes were placed in a plasma reactor in an upright position at an argon pressure of 485 Torr. During the discharge, carbon and silicon atoms evaporated from the anode surface. As a result of the experiment, deposits of silicon carbide were formed on the surface of the graphite cathode, and carbon-silicon nanostructures were formed on the surface of the anode. The synthesized samples were analyzed on an electron microscope.
Optimization of the Conditions for the Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles by Plasma Chemical Method
Authors: Shavaleeva S M , Uktamov Z A , Erlingayte E A , Nuriddinov K S
Published: May 2022

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO) have a lot of useful properties, thanks to which they are used in various fields of science, technology and medicine. The properties of such nanoparticles largely depend on the method of their synthesis. This paper presents the results of optimization the conditions for the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles by the plasma chemical method, as well as, clarifying the structure of the obtained samples. It is shown that the lack of air and the duration of the discharge affect the size and structure of the resulting particles. Analysis of the data obtained shows that synthesis in a vacuum chamber on graphite electrodes located inside a galvanived pipe at a pressure of 66, 7 k PA, a voltage of 20 V, DC power of 75 A is optimal for obtaining zinc oxide nanorods by the plasma chemical method.
About graphite evaporation dynamics caused by radiation in near zone of magnetoplasma compressor discharge
Authors: Pavlov A V , Shchepanyuk T S , Chebykin E O , Skriabin A S , Telekh V D
Published: May 2022

The results of processes above the surface of graphite samples which exposed with powerful vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation experimental studies are presented. The characteristic radiation exposure time was 3...100 μs, the radiation energy in the vacuum region of the spectrum was 1...2 kJ. The main characteristics of the processes were recorded on direct, shadow photographs and interferograms. The temporal dynamics of the expansion of the plasma layer formed during evaporation of the flat graphite targets surface by VUV radiation, as well as the dynamics of buffer gas compression and shock wave motion are analyzed. It is shown that the temperature of the carbon plasma above the samples surface reached 1 eV. Research is relevant in the fields of space, plasma technologies, the development of the element base of microelectronics and fundamental studies of the powerful radiation interaction with matter.
Impact of mask thickness on the imaging performance of the coded-aperture gamma camera
Authors: Zhu B. , Wang Z. , Zheng Z. , Zhou R. , Yang C.
Published: May 2022

Coded-aperture gamma imaging techniques have been applied
widely in several radiation monitoring fields. However, in terms of
the design of the coded-aperture mask, the category and rank of the
mask are generally considered, but there is a lack of detailed
research on selection of the appropriate mask thickness. Concretely,
the imaging performance is affected by the mask thickness in terms
of two factors: the full-field image quality of the overall field of
view (FOV), which represents the background noise tolerance of the
radioactive source; and the image brightness consistency, which
represents consistency of the imaging efficiency. We have studied
and analyzed these two imaging performance indexes in relation to
the mask thickness based on the model of our custom-made gamma
camera. Specifically, the full-field image quality initially
improves and later deteriorates with the mask thickness increases
from 0.1 mm to 30 mm because of the competition and the tradeoff
between the transmission background and the oblique irradiation
effect; the image brightness consistency initially descends, then
improves, and finally decreases again under the same conditions as a
result of the tradeoff between the improvement of the transmission
background ratio and deterioration of the oblique irradiation
coefficient ratio. Furthermore, these two indexes change trends are
both related to gamma-ray energy. Finally, based on a comprehensive
analysis of the imaging performance, the optimal thicknesses for the
customized W-Cu alloy modified uniformly redundant array masks for
59.5 keV, 662 keV, 1250 keV gamma-ray imaging are 0.5 mm, 10 mm,
and 16 mm, respectively.
Global assessment of land and water resource demand for pork supply
Authors: Govoni Camilla , Chiarelli Davide Danilo , Luciano Alice , Pinotti Luciano , Rulli Maria Cristina
Published: May 2022

Growing population and rising incomes are leading to an ever-increasing demand for animal-based foods. Pigmeat is currently the most consumed meat globally, even exceeding the consumption of poultry meat. Despite the disproportionate environmental burden of animal production—mostly attributable to associated feed demand, up-to-date country-scale quantifications of the land and water impacts of the concentrate feed (mainly cereals and soybean) and co-products required to support pig production are still missing. In addition, the specific role that international feed trade plays in separating resource use from consumption and in altering resource use efficiencies remains unclear. This paper analyses at a country-scale the internal and external consumption of natural resources (i.e. land and water) to support pig feed production in 2018. Combining data on the country- and production system-specific diets and crop-specific yields with an agro-hydrological model, we find that 64.1 Mha of agricultural land (5% of all croplands) and 332.6 km3 of water (both green and blue) (6% of all agricultural water use) were utilized by China, EU-27 and the United States (accounting for 70% of pigmeat production) to produce pig feed alone. Comparing domestic feed production scenarios with those that also consider the feed trade, we show that global resource consumption tends to be more efficient when considering international feed trade, especially in China and EU-27, while sometimes causing significant environmental impacts. This demonstrates the need to investigate the environmental effects of pig feed associated both with the domestic use of natural resources, but also to the ones displaced by international trade.
Variants of the flower pollination algorithm for inversion of schlumberger sounding curve
Authors: Raflesia F , Widodo
Published: May 2022

Flower pollination algorithm (FPA) is a nature-inspired algorithm that mimics flowering plant pollination behavior. Yang created the FPA in 2012, and it has since proven to be superior to other metaheuristic algorithms. Many FPA variants have recently been developed through modification and hybridization. This paper provides FPA variants consisting of Modified Flower Pollination Algorithm (MFPA), elitism Flower Pollination Algorithm (eFPA), Dimension by Dimension Improvement Flower Pollination Algorithm (DDIFPA) and Flower Pollination Algorithm with Bee Pollinator (BPFPA). Validation of the code that has been created is done through simple model testing. All algorithms provide inversion results that are consistent with true value. The results of two synthetic models indicate that eFPA is the only algorithm that can reach the global optimum. Besides having the best level of accuracy, eFPA also has the best stability.
Geological and Isothermal 3-D Model of Blawan-Ijen Geothermal System
Authors: Aris Masdukhan , Suryantini  , Pratama Angga Bakti
Published: May 2022

The Blawan-Ijen is one of the geothermal prospects in the eastern part of Java island, Indonesia. This prospect is situated in the caldera called the Kendeng caldera. The Blawan-Ijen has geothermal manifestations in two different locations, the Ijen crater in the southeast and Blawan in the northern part of the caldera. These manifestations are estimated to have different reservoirs. Different manifestations of characteristic and lithological complexity in the Kendeng caldera make the geothermal system contained in the caldera less known. Therefore, a 3D model was built on understanding the geometries of the Blawan-Ijen geothermal system. In this research, the model is limited to the geological and isothermal model. The data used in building the models are based on the literature and research data that has been done previously. Geological and isothermal models were built using Leapfrog Geothermal software. The 3D conceptual model provides a general overview of the geometries of the Blawan-Ijen geothermal system. The isothermal model shows temperature anomalies and their possible distribution.
Application of Geo-electrical Method in Preliminary Study for Earth Electrode Site Selection
Authors: Sumintadireja Prihadi
Published: May 2022

Electrical power transmission is usually done as high voltage transmission for efficiency. For that purpose, effective grounding is necessary especially at the location of the power transmission control center. To obtain a good connection to the ground, very conductive or low resistivity soil should be present up to an appropriate depth at the earth electrode site. In this paper we present the results of the geoelectrical survey performed in a candidate site in the southern part of South Sumatra province, Indonesia. The objective of this preliminary study is to delineate the most appropriate location for the grounding electrodes. Data acquisition for 2D resistivity tomography was done along several lines crossing the survey area. Low resistivity layer of 10 Ohm.m or less up to 50 m depth was found at the north-western sector of the area.
Application of Vertical Gravity Gradient to Delineate Groundwater Damage at Bandung Basin
Authors: Abdurrahman Dadi , Setianingsih  , Santoso Djoko , Kadir Wawan Gunawan A. , Dahrin Darharta , Isniarno Noor Fauzi , Amukti Rian
Published: May 2022

Bandung basin is the center of the population at West Java, and several Industrial areasis. In supporting its sustainability, water needs is one of the factors that must be fulfilled. The water needs are obtained by taking water directly from groundwater. Excessive extraction of groundwater can cause damage, the impact of which is the more difficult it is to obtain groundwater and cause environmental disaster in the form of land subsidence. Using the vertical gravity gradient technique in the Bandung basin area is expected to map the critical groundwater damage zone. The results from the vertical gravity gradient area of the Bandung basin map, the region of groundwater with critical status are found in almost all cities, except in the Baleendah area to Ciparay and Soreang to the south of Cimahi.