bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regulation of Hematopoiesis by Bone Marrow Microvascular Endothelium
Authors: Rafii Shahin
Published: November 2023

Both hematopoietic stem cells and endothelial progenitor cells (angioblasts) are believed to originate from the same mesenchymal cell referred to as a hemangioblast (Risau et al., 1988; Coffin et al., 1991; Auerbach et al., 1996; Caprioli et al., 1998; Choi et al., 1998). Hemangioblasts give rise to blood islands, which are composed of primitive hematopoietic stem cells residing in close cellular contact with angioblasts. This close interaction between hematopoietic stem cells and endothelial cells persists as the site of hematopoiesis shifts from the yolk sac or aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region to the fetal liver, and then ultimately to the spleen and adult bone marrow. Within the bone marrow microenvironment, bone marrow endothelial cells (BMEC) form a complex network of sinusoids where hematopoiesis takes place.
The Angiopoietins, and How They Act Coordinately with Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor During Normal and Pathologic Angiogenesis
Authors: Davis Samuel , Holash Jocelyn , Suri Chitra , Maisonpierre Peter C , Wiegand Stanley J , Yancopoulos George D
Published: November 2023

Embryonic vascular development involves a complex series of events during which endothelial cells differentiate, proliferate, migrate, and undergo profound morphological changes (Risau, 1995, 1997). These processes are generally divided into two successive stages. The first, known as vasculogenesis, refers to the processes whereby newly differentiated endothelial cells spontaneously coalesce into tubes to form a rather homogeneous and primitive primary vasculature. The second stage, during which this primary vascular network is remodeled into large and small vessels, is termed angiogenesis. Embryonic angiogenesis also encompasses sprouting into previously avascular organs, such as the brain. Recent findings, to be discussed in detail below, suggest that vascular development culminates with the maturation and stabilization of developing vessels into quiescent vessels in which the endothelium is well integrated with surrounding matrix and support cells, allowing it to serve an important barrier function.
Introduction
Authors: Costa João
Published: November 2023

This collection of essays brings together a number of studies dealing with aspects of Portuguese syntax within the Principles and Parameters framework (Chomsky and Lasnik 1993) and its extension known as the Minimalist Program (Chomsky 1995). According to this framework, explanatory adequacy in the description of languages may be attained by determining the universal language-independent principles that govern the shape of natural languages rather than by postulating language-specific and construction-specific rules for describing isolated phenomena. Language variation is explained by a minimal set of parameters, with different values specified for different languages. Under the Minimalist Program, it is explicitly proposed that language-specific variation may be a consequence of morphological variation reflected in the syntax.1
A Minimalist Approach to Clitic Climbing
Authors: Martins Ana Maria
Published: November 2023

In the Minimalist framework (Chomsky 1993, 1994), movement is driven by morphological necessity, that is, movement is possible only for the purposes of morphological feature checking. In Kayne’s (1989) account of clitic climbing (CC), languages displaying this phenomenon are showed to have certain properties, induced by the nature of INFL, which make clitic extraction out of an infinitival clause available. A minimalist approach to this subject, however, will have to show that clitics must move out of the infinitival clause, not that they can move, since the principles of economy would preclude movement if it were not necessary to satisfy morphological requirements. Postulating a restructuring rule (which maps a biclausal structure into a monoclausal one), applying optionally in some languages as in Rizzi’s account (1982) and several others, does not hold water on minimalist assumptions either. My goal in this chapter is to show why movement of the clitic out of an infinitival clause is in certain instances needed. I will restrict my attention to Romance.
Viral Infections and Prion Diseases of the Central Nervous System (Excluding Retroviral Diseases)
Authors: Rushing Elisabeth J
Published: November 2023

The past decade has witnessed a rapid growth in our knowledge of how to diagnose and treat viral diseases. In particular, the advent of effective antiviral treatment options has focused new attention on the prompt and accurate diagnosis of nervous system viral infections. The routine availability of antibody testing of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and more recently, of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis has facilitated early detection of many viral infections (DiBiasi and Tyler, 1999). Despite these advances, viral infections of the nervous system remain an important source of global morbidity and mortality. In general, most acute viral infections are benign and self-limited and clinically significant central nervous system (CNS) disease is an uncommon complication of systemic viral infection. In other instances, as exemplified by the notorious 1918–1919 influenza pandemic, the tragic aftermath included worldwide outbreaks of viral encephalitis with debilitating morbidity and over 25 million deaths (Reid et al., 2001). Furthermore, in a variety of diseases including multiple sclerosis and schizophrenia, viruses are once again under scrutiny as potential pathogens (Johnston et al., 2001; Stohlman and Hinton, 2001; Pearce, 2001). What role will the pathologist play in the investigation and diagnosis of CNS viral diseases? In the future, pathologists will probably rely less on their knowledge of morphology and will instead be called upon to integrate molecular diagnostic tools with traditional histopathologic methods (Gressens et al., 1993). The reasons are twofold: the lack of diagnostic specificity of morphologic features in most viral infections, and secondly, the fact that the presence of a viral agent in infected tissue is not always coupled with specific pathologic change. Nonetheless, classic histopathologic study will continue to complement newer molecular diagnostic methods and provide useful insight into both the recognition and pathogenesis of viral diseases. The present review focuses on the basic patterns of disease and selected advances regarding the most common agents, as well as a brief survey of important emerging causes of viral infections of the nervous system. In addition, special consideration will be given to a discussion of the so-called “slow virus infections” or prion diseases.
Neuropathology of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Authors: Petito Carol K
Published: November 2023

Retroviruses are RNA viruses that contain a reverse transcriptase (RNA-dependent DNA polymerase) by which they replicate and persist in cells as intermediate DNA proviruses. In humans and experimental animals, infections by these viruses are associated with neoplasms and a variety of neurologic disorders resulting from direct or indirect involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) (Johnson and McArthur, 1987). Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-1), the retrovirus responsible for T-cell lymphomas and leukemias, is associated with a chronic, slowly progressive myelopathy characterized by spastic paraparesis or paraplegia, extensor plantar reflexes and hyperreflexia, and urinary incontinences; sensory disturbances are infrequent (Cartier et al., 1997). HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM) is endemic in certain parts of the tropics (Vemant et al., 1987) and Japan (Osame et al., 1987a). Maternal, hereditary, and transfusion-acquired transmissions may occur (Osame et al., 1987b; Gout et al., 1990). HTLV-1 antigens and DNA, as well as antiHTLV-1 antibodies, are found in patients’ sera and cerebrospinal fluid (Bhagavati et al., 1988). Pathologic studies demonstrate lymphocytic inflammation of meninges, perivascular spaces, and parenchyma of the spinal cord with loss of myelin and axons in the lateral and anterior columns (Akuzuki et al., 1988).
Central Nervous System Trauma
Authors: Case Mary E S
Published: November 2023

Head injuries account for half of all trauma deaths and for more cases of permanent disability than any other type of trauma (Kraus, 1993). Head injury statistics vary markedly depending upon how the head injury is defined and whether the data come from hospitals, medical examiners’ reports, or police reports; data on admissions for head injury are not collected uniformly in the United States. Many hospitalized patients who have other severe injuries in addition to their head injury do not have the diagnosis of head injury recorded in the hospital record, so those injuries are lost from the database (Moss and Wade, 1996). In a series of 49,143 patients from 95 trauma centers, the overall mortality of patients with head injury was 18.2%, three times higher than in patients with no head injury (Gennarelli et al., 1989). U.S. mortality data from 1979 to 1986 recorded 315,328 deaths associated with head injury, representing 2% of all deaths, 26% of injury deaths, and an annual death rate of 16.9 per 100,000 residents (Sosin et al., 1989). The head injury death rate varies among different population settings up to a high of about 32 per 100,000 residents, and urban populations have the higher rates. The most common causes of these head injuries are traffic accidents (~50%), gunshot wounds (20%–40%), falls (10%), and assaults (5%–10%). Head injury is a major cause of mortality and morbidity at all ages. The death rate for head injury in children is about 10 per 100,000, five times the mortality rate for leukemia, the next leading cause of death (Kraus et al., 1986). The annual head injury rate for children in San Diego was found to be 185 per 100,000. The most common causes of childhood head injury were falls (35%), recreational activities (29%), and traffic accidents (24%). The mechanism of children’s head injuries varies with the age of the child. In some series, falls account for as many as 75% of head injuries in those under the age of 3 years (Jamison and Kaye, 1974; Hanhn et al., 1988; Luerssen et al., 1988). Many studies find that children have a lower mortality rate and better outcome than adults after severe head injury, although this trend does not hold for the very young child who sustains abusive head injury (Berger et al., 1985; Alberico et al., 1987).
Introduction to Neurooncology
Authors: Nelson James S , Burger Peter
Published: November 2023

CNS tumors may be primary or secondary. Primary CNS tumors develop initially within the brain, spinal cord, optic nerves, cranial or spinal nerve roots, leptomeninges, and dura. Pituitary tumors are primary intracranial tumors and are sometimes classified as primary CNS tumors. Secondary tumors originate from primary neoplasms arising in organs, structures, and tissues outside the CNS and reach the CNS either by direct extension when the primary tumor is located in a contiguous structure such as the base of the skull or by metastasis, indicated by absence of continuity between the CNS tumor deposit and its primary source outside the CNS. Primary CNS tumors are generally classified according to their cellular origin (glioma, astrocytoma), their tissue of origin (meningioma, nerve sheath tumors), or their organ of origin (pinealoma). The craniopharyngioma is an exception to this scheme. Distinctive Characteristics Of CNS Tumors Although similar to systemic neoplasms in some respects, tumors involving the central nervous system have the following distinctive characteristics. • Primary central nervous system tumors rarely metastasize outside the CNS. Malignancy is indicated by rapid growth, invasion of adjacent structures, and spread to other parts of the central nervous system along anatomic pathways such as the ventricular system or subarachnoid space. Even apparently benign tumors may cause considerable morbidity or death because they involve major blood vessels or other vital structures and cannot be safely excised. Such tumors are categorized more appropriately as slowly growing rather than benign. They are sometimes described as “malignant by position.”
Non-Neoplastic Diseases of the Peripheral Nervous System
Authors: Schmidt Robert E
Published: November 2023

The most frequently sampled peripheral nerve in clinical settings is the sural nerve, a predominantly sensory nerve distributed to the lateral aspect of the foot. This entire nerve is typically sampled over the course of a few centimeters; however, in some cases fascicular biopsy is performed. The sural nerve biopsy specimen is studied using hematoxylin and eosin, trichrome (for connective tissue), and silver stains (for axons), as well as with specialized stains as needed (e.g., Congo red for amyloid or Hirsch-Peiffer acidified cresyl violet stain for metachromatic materials). A biopsy of the entire cross section of the sural nerve contains approximately 6 to 12 individual fascicles of nerve (Fig. 22.1) embedded in the epineurium, which consists of collagenous connective tissue, scattered fat cells, and blood vessels. Each fascicle is delimited from the epineurium by the perineurium (arrows, Fig. 22.1). The perineurium consists of several laminae of flattened perineurial cells (arrowheads, Fig. 22.2) with numbers of laminae decreasing proximodistally in parallel with diminishing fascicular size. Perineurial cells, the innermost layers of which are joined together by tight junctions, restrict entry of foreign materials into the endoneurium and may show minute calcifications as a nonspecific finding in various neuropathies. Several septae of perineurial cells may subdivide individual fascicles, in some cases in anticipation of branching. The endoneurial space—technically, the space inside the perineurial cell sheath and outside the axon–Schwann cell unit (arrows, Fig. 22.2)—contains collagen, a mucopolysaccharide ground substance, and small volumes of fluid, which can be sampled by micropuncture using specialized techniques. Other cellular elements within the endoneurium are small capillaries and venules, scattered fibroblasts (approximately 10 times fewer fibroblasts than Schwann cell nuclei), occasional macrophage/monocytes, which are frequently perivascular, and scattered mast cells.
The Ethical Challenges of Health Care Rationing
Authors: Fleck Leonard M
Published: November 2023

What does it mean to be a just and caring society when we (societal decisionmakers) have only limited resources to meet virtually unlimited health care needs? What does it mean to be a just and caring hospital or managed care organization (MCO) when administrators have only limited resources to meet the virtually unlimited health needs of the patient population for which they are responsible? What does it mean to be a just and caring physician or other health professional when only limited resources are available to meet the disproportionate health needs of the patient before that professional now? These three questions are all variants at different social levels of the problem of health care rationing, which is the central focus of this volume. ?is is what I refer to as the “Just Caring” problem, whose scope and complexity I will sketch below as the primary task of this chapter.
Lastchance Therapies
Authors: Fleck Leonard M
Published: November 2023

What does it mean to be a just and caring society (or a just and caring hospital or managed care plan) when we have only limited resources to meet virtually unlimited health care needs, and the need before us now is a person faced with death in the near future unless he or she has access to a very expensive medical intervention that offers only a relatively small chance of a relatively small gain in life expectancy? Such medical interventions are what Daniels and Sabin (a) refer to as “lastchance therapies” because patients who need them have no other medical options to forestall death in the foreseeable future.
The Liberalism Problem
Authors: Fleck Leonard M
Published: November 2023

She was a Jehovah’s Witness patient. She made it unequivocally clear to the attending surgeon that she was not to be transfused, no matter what happened in the surgery. She understood she was at risk of death. During the surgery she did in fact bleed excessively, to the point that her life was clearly at risk.
Human Resource and Employment Practices in Telecommunications Services, 1980-1998
Authors: Batt Rosemary , Keefe Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

In the academic literature on manufacturing, much research and debate have focused on whether firms are adopting some form of “high-performance” or “high-involvement” work organization based on such practices as employee participation, teams, and increased discretion, skills, and training for frontline workers (Ichniowski et al., 1996; Kochan and Osterman, 1994; MacDuffie, 1995). Whereas many firms in the telecommunications industry flirted with these ideas in the 1980s, they did not prove to be a lasting source of inspiration for the redesign of work and employment practices. Rather, work restructuring in telecommunications services has been driven by the ability of firms to leverage net work and information technologies to reduce labour costs and create customer segmentation strategies. “Good jobs” versus “bad jobs,” or higher versus lower wage jobs, do not vary according to whether firms adopt a high-involvement model.
Advance Care Planning in the Outpatient and ICU Setting
Authors: Teno Joan M
Published: November 2023

Knowing when to stop, or when to implement treatment wishes in an advance directive, is an important and difficult decision that health care providers are faced with on a daily basis in caring for seriously ill patients in an ICU. These are rightfully difficult and thought-provoking decisions. In the past three decades, Americans have successfully grappled with the morality of withdrawal or foregoing of life-sustaining treatment. Through court cases and guidelines from the Presidential Commission on Biomedical Ethics, a broad-based consensus has developed that it is ethical to withhold or with draw life-sustaining treatment.
Pain and Symptom Control in the Dying ICU Patient
Authors: Foley Kathleen M
Published: November 2023

The care of the critically ill dying patient requires the knowledge, skills, compassion, and resources of a multidisciplinary team. To manage the common symptoms in this patient population, assessment and treatment strategies must be integrated with the needs of the individual patient. The goal of symptom management varies with the specific goals of care for each individual patient. For the dying patient, the goals of care are to provide adequate control of major physical and psychological symptoms to al low the patient to die in comfort and to enhance their quality of living during their last days of life. Some patients may remain conscious during the dying process; others may be obtunded or comatose secondary to central nervous system disease or dysfunction or from pharmacologic agents administered for symptom control.
Helping the Clinician Cope with Death in the ICU
Authors: Block Susan D
Published: November 2023

Intensive care unit clinicians confront the challenge of simultaneously preparing for both survival and death as possible outcomes for their patients. While they are striving to rescue their patients from an acute illness or exacerbation of a chronic disease, ICU clinicians also recognize that a substantial proportion will die in the ICU or during this hospitalization. Practically every death in the ICU now involves some degree of withholding or withdrawing potentially life-prolonging treatment.
A New Look at Competitive Forces
Authors: Belzer Michael H
Published: November 2023

Government regulation was one of the hallmarks of the first three quarters of the twentieth century in the United States. Whether to improve social or environmental conditions, ensure that those who create negative competitive externalities pay for them, assure fair business practices, or control prices, regulations have become a familiar part of the American economic landscape. Anyone who uses electricity, drives a car, talks on the telephone, or pays taxes is familiar with government regulation. Since the Ten Commandments, regulations have reached into every area of our social and economic relationships.
The Road from Institutional to Market Regulation
Authors: Belzer Michael H
Published: November 2023

Since the 1950s academics and practitioners, including trucking industry management and the people who once handled cases before the Interstate Commerce Commission, have debated the relative costs and benefits of transportation regulation. Some economists argue that economic regulation benefits regulated industries at the expense of consumers, while others contend that regulation benefits consumers by ensuring stable, high-quality distribution. Some maintain that regulation stifles industry competition and thereby innovation, encouraging inefficiency. Others argue that it prevents transportation industries from engaging in destructive competitive practices that would undermine the industry’s ability to make “normal profits”—the minimum amount of profit a firm must earn in order to induce reinvestment. Still others argue that transportation is a utility that benefits everyone, and the government interest in preventing monopolistic practices, including rate gouging and restricted service output, as well as in preventing discrimination in service and price, justifies the cost of somewhat inefficient allocation. These supporters of economic regulation claim it provides a framework within which to base competitive business strategies that promote investment in new service capability.
Labor Market Failure and the Role of Institutions
Authors: Belzer Michael H
Published: November 2023

Until the late 1970s trucking was an occupation with above-average wages and reasonable working conditions, lucrative enough to produce a stable and relatively skilled workforce. But the labor market institutions that once sufficed to ensure some measure of equity and efficiency have proved inadequate. While the steady erosion of Teamsters’ real wages presents a problem for policymakers who want to retain a broad middle class, the concomitant and more severe decline in non-union wages has created a problem for the industry as well.
Is Balkan Comparative Syntax Possible?
Authors: Joseph Brian D
Published: November 2023

The question asked in the title to this paper might seem to have a self-evident answer, especially in the context of the other papers in this volume, all of which deal with some aspect of the syntax of two or more languages of the Balkans. However, it is not as irrelevant or trivial a question as it might at first seem, for despite the successes of these studies and others to be cited below with regard to taking a comparative perspective on the various languages in the Balkans, the logically prior question of whether it is in fact possible or even enlightening to do comparative Balkan syntax needs to be explored.
Developing a Positive Ethical Climate in the Healthcare Organization
Authors: Spencer Edward M , Mills Ann E , Rorty Mary V , Werhane Patricia H
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 7 we concluded that market-based approaches in which health care is viewed as an economic good (Carson, Carson & Roe, 1995, p. 33) have been left, by default, to determine cost, access, and quality. These market-based approaches have resulted in a ferociously competitive environment in which HCOs are struggling for identity as well as survival. The unwillingness oflarge payers of healthcare benefits to continue to fund increases in the cost of those benefits, combined with ERISA laws and the legal identification of managed care organizations as insurance organizations (which exempts them from antitrust regulations), have given thirdparty payers and managed care organizations significant negotiating power in their contractual relationships with providers, including HCOs.
Why Women Menstruate
Authors: Coutinho Elsimar M , Segal Sheldon J
Published: November 2023

The biological cause of the menstrual cycle is the changing cascade of hormones produced by the brain, pituitary gland, and ovary of a woman who has achieved the age of puberty, or the menarche. These chemical messengers are the product of evolutionary adaptations that have produced a system to restrict the reproductive rate to a single offspring, nurtured and protected in the woman’s uterus, and nursed and cared for after birth. The result is a method of reproducing that is physiologically efficient for the individual and effective to assure continuity of the species. In more primitive vertebrates, fish or frogs for example, survival of the species is based not on nurturing, but on the production and fertilization of huge numbers of eggs, only a few of which will survive to reach sexual maturity and maintain the reproductive cycle.

The human female body, from the time of sexual maturation, prepares each lunar month for the possible occurrence of a pregnancy; two different sequences of events are repeated. From among the tens of thousands of immature eggs in the ovaries, several will start to develop, each within its own compartment of the ovary called the follicle. After about ten days, usually only one will continue to flourish and become fully mature, ready to be released from its follicle at about mid-cycle on the fourteenth day.
Menstrual Cycle-Related Disorders
Authors: Coutinho Elsimar M , Segal Sheldon J
Published: November 2023

Several disruptive diseases or conditions can occur during menstruation for many women. These are known as catamenial diseases to indicate their monthly recurrence. They are caused by immunological, hemodynamic, hormonal, and metabolic changes that occur during menstruation. Pre-existing chronic illnesses can flare up; some during the pre-menstrual phase, others during menstruation itself. The most common of these menstrual cycle-related disorders is dysmenorrhea, or menstrual cramps. For many women, this can be an incapacitating affliction. For others, while tolerable, it is a monthly problem they dread. Migraine is the next most frequent catamenial condition and this complex syndrome can also be life-limiting. Endometriosis, a serious chronic disease, is actually caused by menstruation. Uterine lining cells sloughed off at the time of a woman’s period are discharged through the fallopian tubes into the pelvic cavity where they attach themselves to pelvic organs. Each month, these endometrial implants grow in response to hormonal changes of the cycle. Endometriosis affects about one in ten women and can be extremely painful. Frequently, it is the reason for pelvic pain and painful sexual intercourse (dyspareunia) and is a major cause of difficult to treat infertility. Additional conditions that can take on a catamenial character include asthma, insomnia, arthritis, epilepsy, and others that are exacerbated by menstruation. This chapter will discuss these disorders and their relation to a woman’s menstrual cycle.
Medical Suppression of Menstruation
Authors: Coutinho Elsimar M , Segal Sheldon J
Published: November 2023

Substantial health benefits can be derived from adopting menstruation suppression as standard practice. The most radical way to end menstruation irreversibly is to surgically remove a woman’s ovaries (oophorectomy or ovariectomy) and/or uterus (hysterectomy). Obviously, this is not an option for women who wish to preserve their fertility. However, modern medicine can now achieve the same result without drastic surgery and with the assurance of reversibility that allows a woman to be confident that she can maintain her reproductive potential.

This therapy began with the advent of the oral contraceptive pill in the early 1960s. When this ovulation inhibiting medication was developed and introduced for use in birth control, it was less widely publicized that with this drug it was possible for women to control their own menstruation. Understandably, doctors may have been reluctant to advise normal, healthy women to continuously take a drug with which they had little experience. But as its use has grown, it is has been found that the health benefits outweigh the risks. Women should have the information to consider the use of ovulation-suppressing hormone pills without cyclical interruption in order to prevent menstruation. The strategy to market “the pill” to mimic menstruation was primarily a marketing decision. There was no scientific or medical basis to assume that intermittent use of the new product would be better or safer than continuous use.
Absence of Menstruation and Disease
Authors: Coutinho Elsimar M , Segal Sheldon J
Published: November 2023

The absence of menstruation in women of reproductive age is considered a sign of disease and should be treated as an abnormality if the woman is neither pregnant nor breastfeeding. Menstruation will not occur, for example, in the case of congenital absence of the uterus, an anomaly that occurs in one in five thousand women. This defect is generally noticed when a woman reaches sixteen or seventeen years of age without menstruating. Resulting from a defect in fetal development of the reproductive system, absence of the uterus is generally accompanied by absence of the vagina. Since the ovaries function normally, ovulating and cyclically producing hormones, these women are otherwise normal in all respects. Surgical intervention to create an artificial vagina resolves the sexual problem. Assisted reproduction procedures now make it possible for these women to have children, using their own eggs and a surrogate mother’s uterus to gestate the externally inseminated egg.

Other defects of the uterus can result in a lack of menstruation. Very small uteri have an insufficiently developed endometrium. Because of the absence of essential hormone receptors, this type of hypoplastic or infantile uterus does not respond adequately to the stimulating action of sexual hormones. Another condition is the syndrome of testicular feminization, a genetic abnormality causing the absence of uterus, vagina, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. In fact, the individual with this genetic abnormality has undescended testes either in the abdominal cavity or the inguinal canal.
The Project of Sentencing Reform
Authors: Hirsch Andrew Von
Published: November 2023

The contributors to this volume, whatever their disagreements over the particulars of sentencing policy, seem united in their support of what might be called the “project of sentencing reform.” An agenda for such a project was set forth over two-and-a-half decades ago and continues to influence our own thinking today.1 It has, to my mind, the following three main elements: a principled approach to sentencing, parsimony, and fairness.
Shukko (Employee Transfers) and Tacit Knowledge Exchange in Japanese Supply Networks: The Electronics Industry Case
Authors: Lincoln James R , Ahmadjian Christina
Published: November 2023

How Japanese companies manage purchase-supply relations has drawn consider- able attention from scholars and practitioners. Indeed, the Japanese approach to supply chain management is now worldwide “best practice” in the automobile industry and in other strategic industrial sectors (Mitchener and Steinmetz, 1998). Close and long-term relations; high trust and mutual disclosure of information; and cospecialized investment in knowledge and other assets together comprise a supply management regime that has been much admired and copied (Womack, Jones, and Roos, 1990). In its ideal form, the Japanese model averts the Scylla of low-trust contracting and the Charybdis of full vertical integration under a corporate chain of command. Outcomes include: more and earlier supplier participation in customer designs; higher quality components; higher reliability of deliveries; and so on.
Catharine Brown: Cherokee Convert to Christianity
Authors: Perdue Theda
Published: November 2023

In July 1817 Catharine Brown, a seventeen- or eighteen-year-old Cherokee woman, enrolled in the Brainerd Mission School. The daughter of a relatively prosperous but uneducated Cherokee couple, she had no previous formal education, and the missionaries harbored strong doubts about her ability to adjust to the regimen of the mission school. In the six years before her untimely death in 1823, however, she achieved everything missionaries sought in converts: she was pious and chaste, industrious and humble, absolutely committed to the conversion of her people to Christianity. Catharine Brown’s brief life illustrates the goals of Protestant missions among Native peoples—and the limitations imposed on their efforts.
Lozen: An Apache Woman Warrior
Authors: Moore Laura Jane
Published: November 2023

During the waning days of the nineteenth-century Indian wars, five thousand American soldiers pursued a band of thirty-six Apache men, women, and children. Led by the chief Naiche and the shaman Geronimo, the group had holed up in the Sierra Madre mountains in northern Mexico. These Apaches never suffered a decisive defeat, but by the summer of 1886 they were tired of running and wanted to be reunited with their families back on the reservation. Two women assumed the dangerous mission of approaching United States troops in order to begin negotiations. While the American soldiers proudly recorded the names of the Apache men whom they met during these military campaigns, only Apache oral traditions identify Lozen and Dahteste as the “squaws” who played such an important role. Well suited to their task, the women were fighting members of the band, able to defend themselves and speak for their people. Each no doubt carried a knife, rifle, and cartridge belt, but since they were women, the soldiers did not assume that they posed much threat.
Delfina Cuero: A Native Woman’s Life in the Borderlands
Authors: Round Phillip H
Published: November 2023

Borders—artificial political divides separating land, peoples, and cultures—create special challenges for those who live alongside them. The international border between Mexico and the United States, a militarized strip known as la frontera, or la liña to many who live along its two-thousand-mile length, requires of its residents complex coping strategies that extend beyond bilingual phrases and bicultural gestures. Border patrols survey the land through night vision binoculars, and barbed wire and guard posts punctuate the terrain. The border itself becomes almost a living presence in the lives of people living on either side, a psychological shadow that consigns them to what Chicana theorist Gloria Anzaldúa has called that “vague and undetermined place created by the emotional residue of an unnatural boundary.”1
Ada Deer: Champion of Tribal Sovereignty
Authors: Lurie Nancy Oestreich
Published: November 2023

In 1953, Congress adopted House Concurrent Resolution 108, which called for the “termination” of Indian reservations and federal jurisdiction over the tribes as quickly as possible. Termination was designed to dissolve reservations and, in combination with the euphemistically named Voluntary Relocation Program, disperse Indian people irrevocably into the nation’s urban centers.1 The government and general public always had expected Indians to simply vanish as a people, and though their numbers dwindled steadily throughout the nineteenth century, tribal remnants seemed unable to fulfill their supposedly inevitable destiny of becoming one with the dominant society.
Decision Analysis
Authors: Altier William J
Published: November 2023

Most managers spend more of their time dealing with situations in the area of future change-”What functions should be handled in a regional office?” or “Identify potential problems in the packaging area”-than with situations in the area of past change-”Excessive rejects of Product A.” Also, the future-change thinking processes are easier to learn and more forgiving than the past-change process. Within future change, managers tend to be more concerned with the planned than the unplanned (although whether this is prudent is a valid question that we will discuss later). For these reasons, it seems appropriate to start our excursion into the realm of structured thinking with the tools of Planned Future Change-that is, the tools of Decision Analysis (Figure 5.1).
Introduction to Ischemic Cerebrovascular Disease
Authors: Adams Harold P , Bachinski Vladimir , Norris John W
Published: November 2023

Ischemic cerebrovascular disease (ischemic stroke) is a leading public health problem. Every 53 seconds, someone in the United States has a stroke. Annually, approximately 750,000 Americans have an initial or recurrent ischemic stroke. Stroke incidence is even higher in most other countries. Rates are particularly high in Asia and Eastern Europe. Changes in the rates of stroke vary considerably among regions; for example, the incidence of stroke is declining in Western Europe and North America while it is rising in Eastern Europe. Although definitive data from many thirdworld countries are not available, stroke likely is a major health care problem in these nations. Poungvarin recently reported that stroke is a rising problem in the developing world. With the advancing life expectancy of people in developing countries, the importance of ischemic stroke likely will grow as a worldwide problem.
Presentations of Ischemic Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack
Authors: Adams Harold P , Bachinski Vladimir , Norris John W
Published: November 2023

The diagnosis of ischemic stroke remains clinical; it is based on the findings of the history and physical examination. In particular, the nuances of the history are critical because many of the examination findings are not specific for stroke.
Non-Atherosclerotic Vasculopathies
Authors: Adams Harold P , Bachinski Vladimir , Norris John W
Published: November 2023

Several non-atherosclerotic vascular diseases can cause ischemic stroke. When compared with atherosclerosis and cardioembolism, the number of persons with stroke secondary to non-atherosclerotic vasculopathies is relatively small. In one clinical trial, stroke attributed to nonatherosclerotic vasculopathies accounted for less than 5% of cases. Although these disorders can occur in any age group, the impact of non-atherosclerotic vasculopathies is most prominent in young adults and children because atherosclerosis is relatively uncommon in this population. Non-atherosclerotic vasculopathies can be categorized as non-inflammatory, infectious, and inflammatory but non-infectious (Table 7-1).
Management of Hospitalized Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Adams Harold P , Bachinski Vladimir , Norris John W
Published: November 2023

A patient with a mild stroke that occurred more than 24 hours before being seen by a physician probably does not need hospitalization. In this situation, the risks of neurological worsening or serious complications are relatively small. The patient likely will not need extensive rehabilitation, and the primary priority in treatment will be the initiation of therapies to prevent recurrent stroke. In addition, a patient with a mild stroke that is several days old likely will decline admission to the hospital—and for good reason: the illness is no longer acute. Admission to the hospital also is not justified if a physician’s primary activity is evaluating to determine the cause of stroke. All of the necessary tests can be obtained quickly on an out-patient basis. Hospitalization should be reserved for a situation such as performance of a carotid endarterectomy.
Electrodiagnostic Evaluation of the Peripheral Neuropathy Patient
Authors: Cornblath David R , Chaudhry Vinay
Published: November 2023

Electrodiagnostic studies are a physiological extension of the neurological examination. They are used to answer specific questions arising from clinical problems. The plan of the examination is as important as interpretation of the results. The significant issues are understanding the clinical problem, knowing what the available electrodiagnostic techniques and their limitations are, and applying those techniques and interpreting their results in the context of the patient.
The Role of Autoantibody Testing
Authors: Kissel John T
Published: November 2023

A relatively recent development to assess patients with peripheral neuropathy has been the identification of serum autoantibodies directed against various components of peripheral nerve. Table 6-1 lists the main types o neuropathy in which antibodies have been identified, the antigen against which the antibodies are directed, and the approximate prevalence of the antibody in each condition. The presence of such antibodies obviously raises the possibility that these conditions are at least partially immune-mediated, suggesting that immunosuppressive therapy for these entities might prove to be effective. In practice, however, many of the antibodies described are associated with clinical syndromes that are not unique to patients with the antibody; in other words, the antibody does not define a clinical syndrome. In addition, the pathogenic role for the antibody in causing the clinical disease is uncertain, and the value of treatment for many of the conditions is also unclear. The appropriate use of these antibodies in the clinical diagnosis and management of patients is the focus of this chapter.
Peroxisomal Defects: Refsum Disease and Adrenomyeloneuropathy
Authors: Mendell Jerry R
Published: November 2023

Peroxisomes are single-membrane-bound organelles, measuring about 0.2 to 0.5 µm in diameter. They lack DNA and have no defined internal cytoarchitecture. These organelles are found in all cells in the human body, especially the liver and kidney, but are absent from mature erythrocytes.1 Peroxisomes catalyze the 13 oxidation of fatty acids and related substrates. Those preferentially or exclusively oxidized in peroxisomes include very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids, dicarboxylic fatty acids, prostaglandins, and the side chain of cholesterol. Peroxisomes also catalyze the initial reaction in the biosynthesis of plasmalogens, which are phospholipids abundantly found in the myelin. Bile acid formation requires peroxisomes and they are the principal site for H202-based cellular respiration using catalase and oxidases.

Peroxisomal disorders can be divided into two major categories: those in which peroxisomes are absent or severely reduced because their assembly is defective, and disorders involving single peroxisomal enzyme defects. The peroxisomal disorders associated with neurological dysfunction are listed in Table 24-1. Peripheral neuropathy occurs as a predominant manifestation of two peroxisomal disorders, both caused by single enzyme defects: Refsum disease (Table 24-2) and X-linked adrenomyeloneuropathy (a subtype of adrenoleukodystrophy) (see Table 24-3). These disorders are genetically distinct from other conditions that carry similar names: neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy and infantile Refsum disease.
Vitamin Deficiencies: Cobalamin (Vitamin B12), Vitamin E (Tocopherol), and Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
Authors: Mendell Jerry R , Kissel John T
Published: November 2023

The most important vitamin-deficient states to consider in relation to peripheral nerve disease include those involving cobalamin (vitamin Bl2), vitamin E (a-tocopherol), and thiamine (vitamin Bl). In all three cases, most patients present with acquired deficiencies of the vitamin. Inherited disorders, which predispose to selective deficiencies of cobalamin and vitamin E, are particularly challenging to diagnose.
Sun Tzu and The Art of Modern Warfare
Authors: McNeilly Mark
Published: November 2023

Long acknowledged as a classic text on strategy, Sun Tzu’s The Art of War has been admired by leaders as diverse as Mao Zedong and General Norman Schwartzkopf. However, written two thousand years ago, the book can often be hard to fathom. Now Mark McNeilly, author of Sun Tzu and the Art of Business, which made Sun Tzu accessible to the business executive, has extracted six concepts most applicable to modern warfare, making them easy to understand and apply to military situations. Drawing on a wealth of fascinating historical examples, McNeilly shows that these six principles might be used in wars of the future limited actions, regional conflicts -and how they can provide insight into current affairs, such as the future course of China’s increasingly important strategic and military role in the world. He describes how to win the information war how, to lead by example, and how to use alliances to defeat the opponent. Perhaps the most important lesson to be learned from Sun Tzu, especially for strategists who want to maximize their resources, is how to “win without fighting”. And, should fighting be unavoidable, victory should be achieved in a manner that minimizes losses, leaves the victor stronger and ensures a lasting peace. Including the full text of The Art of War in the popular Griffith translation, with cross-references to quotations used in the book, Sun Tzu and the Art of Modern Warfare unlocks these elusive secrets for anyone interested in strategy and warfare, whether they are professional soldiers, military history buffs, or business executives.
The Changing Character of War
Authors: McNeilly Mark
Published: November 2023

“Here begins our tale. The empire, long divided, must unite; long united, must divide. Thus it has ever been.” So begins Three Kingdoms, the ancient historical Chinese novel. It tells the story of three warring kingdoms that fought each other during the civil war at the end of the Han dynasty. The situation Three Kingdoms speaks of, a world of everchanging political situations and continual conflict between states, has been true throughout history and rings true even today.

After the end of the Cold War some wrote of “the endofhistory”—a world in which further military conflict would not occur, a world that would live primarily in peace. Unfortunately, that hoped-for dream has not become reality. Instead, small nations continue to fight one another, factions within nations battle in civil wars, and large nations exert influence and flex their muscles to gain strategic advantage. A count of conflicts within and between nations at the turn of the twenty-first century by the National Defense Council Foundation listed sixty-eight conflicts throughout the world. This was much higher than the thirty-five conflicts occurring at the end of the Cold War. While many of these struggles are being fought with conventional weapons, many nations are also deploying increasingly powerful weapons, including weapons of mass destruction (WMD).
Sequelae Of Primary HIV Infection And Nonfocal Complications Of Moderately Advanced HIV Disease
Authors: Brew Bruce James
Published: November 2023

The neurologic manifestations of primary human immunodeeficiency virus (HIV) infection (PHI) are discussed in this chapter. Then aseptic meningitis and catatonia, the only nonfocal cerebral manifestations of HIV infection in the moderately advanced stage of HIV diseases, are reviewed. The neurologic manifestations of PHI are important because they are not rare, they may be the first manifestation of HIV infection, and they may afford an opportunity for consideration of early antiretroviral therapy. Before the neurologic sequelae are discussed, the pertinent aspects of PHI, also known as seroconversion illness, are summarized.