bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Validity of the Central Sensitization Inventory to Address Human Assumed Central Sensitization: Newly Proposed Clinically Relevant Values and Associations
Authors: Schuttert Ingrid , Wolff André P. , Schiphorst Preuper Rita H. R. , Malmberg Alec G. G. A. , Reneman Michiel F. , Timmerman Hans
Published: July 2023

Central sensitization cannot be directly demonstrated in humans and thus a gold standard is missing. Therefore, we used human assumed central sensitization (HACS) when associated with humans. The central sensitization inventory (CSI) is a screening questionnaire for addressing symptoms that are associated with HACS. This cross-sectional study compared patients with chronic pain and at least one central sensitivity syndrome with healthy, pain-free controls via ROC analyses. Analyses were performed for all participants together and for each sex separately. Regression analyses were performed on patients with chronic pain with and without central sensitivity syndromes. Based on 1730 patients and 250 healthy controls, cutoff values for the CSI for the total group were established at 30 points: women: 33 points; men: 25 points. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were used to identify possible predictors for the CSI score in 2890 patients with chronic pain. The CSI score is associated with all independent factors and has a low association with pain severity in women and a low association with pain severity, age, and body mass index in men. The newly established CSI cutoff values are lower than in previous studies and different per sex, which might be of clinical relevance in daily practice and importance in research.
COVID-19-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Treated with Hyperbaric Oxygen: Interim Safety Report from a Randomized Clinical Trial (COVID-19-HBO)
Authors: Kjellberg Anders , Douglas Johan , Hassler Adrian , Al-Ezerjawi Sarah , Boström Emil , Abdel-Halim Lina , Liwenborg Lovisa , Hetting Eric , Jonasdottir Njåstad Anna Dora , Kowalski Jan , Catrina Sergiu-Bogdan , Rodriguez-Wallberg Kenny A. , Lindholm Peter
Published: July 2023

Background: A few prospective trials and case series have suggested that hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) may be efficacious for the treatment of severe COVID-19, but safety is a concern for critically ill patients. We present an interim analysis of the safety of HBOT via a randomized controlled trial (COVID-19-HBO). Methods: A randomized controlled, open-label, clinical trial was conducted in compliance with good clinical practice to explore the safety and efficacy of HBOT for severe COVID-19 in critically ill patients with moderate acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Between 3 June 2020, and 17 May 2021, 31 patients with severe COVID-19 and moderate-to-severe ARDS, a ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure to fractional inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2) < 26.7 kPa (200 mmHg), and at least two defined risk factors for intensive care unit (ICU) admission and/or mortality were enrolled in the trial and randomized 1:1 to best practice, or HBOT in addition to best practice. The subjects allocated to HBOT received a maximum of five treatments at 2.4 atmospheres absolute (ATA) for 80 min over seven days. The subjects were followed up for 30 days. The safety endpoints were analyzed. Results: Adverse events (AEs) were common. Hypoxia was the most common adverse event reported. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups. Numerically, serious adverse events (SAEs) and barotrauma were more frequent in the control group, and the differences between groups were in favor of the HBOT in PaO2/FiO2 (PFI) and the national early warning score (NEWS); statistically, however, the differences were not significant at day 7, and no difference was observed for the total oxygen burden and cumulative pulmonary oxygen toxicity dose (CPTD). Conclusion: HBOT appears to be safe as an intervention for critically ill patients with moderate-to-severe ARDS induced by COVID-19. Clinical trial registration: NCT04327505 (31 March 2020) and EudraCT 2020-001349-37 (24 April 2020).
Efficacy of Catheter Ablation Using the Electroanatomical System without the Use of Fluoroscopy in Patients with Ventricular Extrasystolic Beats
Authors: Rodkiewicz Dariusz , Koźluk Edward , Momot Karol , Rogala Karolina , Piątkowska Agnieszka , Buksińska-Lisik Małgorzata , Kwasiborski Przemysław , Mamcarz Artur
Published: July 2023

Background: Catheter ablation (CA) has become safe and efficient for the treatment of patients with ventricular extrasystolic beats (VEBs). The three-dimensional electroanatomic mapping (EAM) system allows the elimination of fluoroscopy time during CA procedures. Non-fluoroscopy CA is a challenging procedure requiring intimate knowledge of cardiac anatomy in patients with VEBs. The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the non-fluoroscopy CA using the EAM system in patients with VEBs. Methods: Completely fluoroless CA of VEBs guided by EAM was performed in 86% (94 out of 109) of consecutive patients with VEBs. The remaining 15 patients underwent conventional fluoroscopy-guided CA. Demographic and clinical baseline characteristics, procedure parameters, and following complications were obtained from the medical records. Primary outcomes were the acute procedural success rate, the permanent success rate (6-month follow-up), complications, and procedure time. Results: There were no significant differences between groups regarding baseline characteristics. Acute procedural success was achieved in 85 patients (90%) in the non-fluoroscopy group and in 14 patients (93%) in the fluoroscopy group (ns). A long-term success rate was achieved in 82 patients (87%) in the non-fluoroscopy group and in 14 (82%) patients in the fluoroscopy group (ns). The median procedure time was 85 min in the non-fluoroscopy group and 120 min in the fluoroscopy group (p = 0.029). There was only one major complication in the non-fluoroscopy group (ns). Conclusions: Completely fluoroless CA of VEBs guided by EAM is a feasible, safe, and efficient procedure.
An Efficient Method for Simulating the Temperature Distribution in Regions Containing YAG:Ce3+ Luminescence Composites of White LED
Authors: Nguyen Quang-Khoi , Vu Thi-Hanh-Thu
Published: July 2023

A thermal model was built to estimate the temperature distribution in the hemispherical packaging volume of a white LED at a steady state. Inherent heat sources appeared in the white LED when its power was measured. A simplified 3D to 2D space process that improves the model and solves the heat diffusion equation in a simpler and faster manner is presented. The finite element method was employed using MATLAB software (version R2017b) to identify the temperature distribution. The model was applied for different values of injection current, including 50 mA, 200 mA, 350 mA, and 500 mA. The influence of the injection current and thermal conductivity difference on the temperature distribution of the encapsulant, blue LED die, and substrate region was clearly observed. The results indicate that white light packaging technology should locate phosphor far from the LED die, that the thermal conductivity of the silicone–phosphor region should be improved, that heat should be dissipated for pc-WLEDs when using a high operating power, and that the injection current should be kept as moderate as possible.
Effect of an In-Office Bleaching Agent with Surface Pre-Reacted Glass-Ionomer Filler on the Enamel Surface: A In-Vitro Study
Authors: Shimojima Mika , Hiraishi Noriko , Akabane Kodai , Nassar Mohannad , Otsuki Masayuki , Shimada Yasushi
Published: July 2023

In-office bleaching with high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) agents causes undesirable alterations in the enamel. Surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer (S-PRG) filler is a functional material known for its acid-neutralizing and demineralization-inhibition properties. This study evaluates the effect of S-PRG filler incorporation in H2O2-based bleaching on the enamel surface. Bovine enamel surfaces were bleached using a bleaching paste formulated with a liquid (35% H2O2) and a powder containing 5% or 10% S-PRG filler. The surface roughness and the Vickers microhardness of the treated enamel surfaces were evaluated. The enamel surfaces were observed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and analyzed using energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) technology. The surfaces were challenged by citric acid and observed by SEM. The specimens bleached with the paste containing the S-PRG filler showed lower enamel surface roughness and higher microhardness values than did those bleached with the plain paste (0% S-PRG filler); meanwhile, there were no significant differences between the 5% or 10% S-PRG filler groups. The S-PRG filler groups showed enamel surface morphologies similar to those of the non-bleached enamel, according to SEM observation, and EDX analysis detected the presence of fluoride and strontium ions. The S-PRG filler groups showed a higher resistance to erosion. The S-PRG filler mitigated the detrimental effects of bleaching agents on the enamel surface and provided resistance to erosion.
An Empirical Model Linking Physico-Chemical Biomaterial Characteristics to Intra-Oral Bone Formation
Authors: Sadeghian Dehkord Ehsan , Kerckhofs Greet , Compère Philippe , Lambert France , Geris Liesbet
Published: July 2023

Facial trauma, bone resection due to cancer, periodontal diseases, and bone atrophy following tooth extraction often leads to alveolar bone defects that require bone regeneration in order to restore dental function. Guided bone regeneration using synthetic biomaterials has been suggested as an alternative approach to autologous bone grafts. The efficiency of bone substitute materials seems to be influenced by their physico-chemical characteristics; however, the debate is still ongoing on what constitutes optimal biomaterial characteristics. The purpose of this study was to develop an empirical model allowing the assessment of the bone regeneration potential of new biomaterials on the basis of their physico-chemical characteristics, potentially giving directions for the design of a new generation of dental biomaterials. A quantitative data set was built composed of physico-chemical characteristics of seven commercially available intra-oral bone biomaterials and their in vivo response. This empirical model allowed the identification of the construct parameters driving optimized bone formation. The presented model provides a better understanding of the influence of driving biomaterial properties in the bone healing process and can be used as a tool to design bone biomaterials with a more controlled and custom-made composition and structure, thereby facilitating and improving the clinical translation.
Metacognitive Awareness and the Hot Hand: When Winning, No Amount of Awareness Will Have Strong Believers Avoid the Heuristic
Authors: Choi Yeonho , Son Lisa K.
Published: July 2023

In some instances, such as in sports, individuals will cheer on the player with the “hot hand”. But is the hot hand phenomenon a fallacy? The current research investigated (1) whether the hot hand fallacy (HHF) was related to risky decisions during a gambling scenario, and (2) whether metacognitive awareness might be related to optimal decisions. After measuring for baseline tendencies of using the hot hand heuristic, participants were presented with a series of prior card gambling results that included either winning streaks or losing streaks and asked to choose one of two cards: a good card or a bad card. In addition, we examined whether high metacognitive awareness—as measured by the ability to discriminate between correct and incorrect responses—would be negatively related to the risky decisions induced by the hot hand heuristic. The results showed that our predictions were partially supported. For winning streaks, individuals who had a weak tendency for using the heuristic exhibited fewer risky decisions with higher metacognitive awareness. However, those with a strong baseline tendency for using the hot hand showed no sign of decrease with metacognitive awareness. On the whole, the complex data suggest that further research on the HHF would be helpful for implementing novel ways of avoiding the fallacy, if needed.
Genetic Variation of Magnaporthe oryzae Population in Hunan Province
Authors: Peng Zhirong , Fu Yuefeng , Wang Fan , Liu Qiqi , Li Yi , Zhang Zhengbing , Yin Li , Chen Xiao-Lin , Xu Jingbo , Deng Huafeng , Xing Junjie
Published: July 2023

Studies on the population structure and variation of Magnaporthe oryzae in fields are of great significance for the control of rice blast disease. In this study, a total of 462 isolates isolated from different areas of Hunan Province in 2016 and 2018 were analyzed for their population structure and variation tendency. The results showed that from 2016 to 2018, the concentration of fungal races of M. oryzae increased and the diversity decreased; furthermore, 218 isolates in 2016 belonged to ZA, ZB, ZC, ZE, ZF and ZG, with a total of 6 groups and 29 races, in which the dominant-population ZB group accounted for 66.2%; meanwhile, in 2018, 244 isolates were classified into 4 groups and 21 races, including ZA, ZB, ZC and ZG, in which the dominant-population ZB group accounted for 72.54%. In 2018, isolates of ZD, ZE and ZF populations were absent, and the number of total races and isolates of the ZA and ZC groups decreased. Fungal pathogenicity was identified, with 24 monogenic lines (MLs) carrying 24 major R genes. The resistance frequency of R genes to fungal isolates in 2018 decreased significantly, in which except Pikm was 64.5%, the other monogenic lines were less than 50%. Rep-PCR analysis for isolates of Guidong in Hunan also showed that fungal diversity decreased gradually. The influence of R genes on fungal variation was analyzed. The pathogenicity of isolates purified from Xiangwanxian 11 planted with monogenic lines was significantly more enhanced than those without monogenic lines. All the results indicated that in recent years, the fungal abundance in Hunan has decreased while fungal pathogenicity has increased significantly. This study will greatly benefit rice-resistance breeding and the control of rice blast disease in Hunan Province.
Accuracy of Computed Tomography Angiography for Diagnosing Extracranial Mural Lesions in Patients with Acute Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion: Correlation with Digital Subtraction Angiography
Authors: Fernández-Gómez Miriam , Gallo-Pineda Félix , Hidalgo-Barranco Carlos , Castro-Luna Gracia , Martínez-Sánchez Patricia
Published: July 2023

Extracranial carotid mural lesions (CML), caused by atherosclerosis or dissection, are frequently observed in acute internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion, often requiring angioplasty or stenting. This study aimed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of computed tomography angiography (CTA) in differentiating extracranial CML from thromboembolic etiology in acute ICA occlusion in patients eligible for endovascular treatment. Two neuroradiologists retrospectively studied patients with apparent extracranial ICA occlusion on CTA. Patients were divided into two groups: thromboembolism and CML, based on findings from CTA and digital subtraction angiography (DSA). CTA sensitivity and specificity were calculated using DSA as the gold standard. Occlusive patterns and cervical segment widening were evaluated for atherosclerosis, dissection, and thromboembolism etiologies. CTA had a sensitivity of 84.91% (74.32–95.49%) and a specificity of 95.12% (87.31–100%) in detecting extracranial CML. Atherosclerosis was the most common cause, distinguishable with high accuracy using CTA (p < 0.001). No significant differences were found in occlusive patterns between dissection and thromboembolism (p = 0.568). Cervical segment widening was only observed in dissection cases due to mural hematoma. Conclusions: CTA accurately differentiates extracranial CML from thromboembolic etiology in acute ICA occlusion. The pattern of the occlusion and the artery widening help to establish the location and the etiology of the occlusion.
Chlamydial and Gonococcal Genital Infections: A Narrative Review
Authors: Rodrigues Rafaela , Vieira-Baptista Pedro , Catalão Carlos , Borrego Maria José , Sousa Carlos , Vale Nuno
Published: July 2023

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) constitute one of the leading causes of disease burden worldwide, leading to considerable morbidity, mortality, health expenditures, and stigma. Of note are the most common bacterial STIs, chlamydial and gonococcal infections, whose etiological agents are Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), respectively. Despite being usually asymptomatic, in some cases these infections can be associated with long-term severe complications, such as pelvic inflammatory disease, chronic pelvic pain, infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and increased risk of other STIs acquisition. As the symptoms, when present, are usually similar in both infections, and in most of the cases these infections co-occur, the dual-test strategy, searching for both pathogens, should be preferred. In line with this, herein we focus on the main aspects of CT and NG infections, the clinical symptoms as well as the appropriate state-of-the-art diagnostic tests and treatment. Cost-effective strategies for controlling CT and NG infections worldwide are addressed. The treatment for both infections is based on antibiotics. However, the continuing global rise in the incidence of these infections, concomitantly with the increased risk of antibiotics resistance, leads to difficulties in their control, particularly in the case of NG infections. We also discuss the potential mechanism of tumorigenesis related to CT infections. The molecular bases of CT and NG infections are addressed, as they should provide clues for control or eradication, through the development of new drugs and/or effective vaccines against these pathogens.
The Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Hemorrhagic Transformation in the Treatment of Stroke with Tissue Plasminogen Activator
Authors: Babenko Valentina A. , Fedulova Ksenia S. , Silachev Denis N. , Rahimi-Moghaddam Parvaneh , Kalyuzhnaya Yulia N. , Demyanenko Svetlana V. , Plotnikov Egor Y.
Published: July 2023

Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of disability and mortality worldwide. The only approved treatment for ischemic stroke is thrombolytic therapy with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), though this approach often leads to a severe complication: hemorrhagic transformation (HT). The pathophysiology of HT in response to tPA is complex and not fully understood. However, numerous scientific findings suggest that the enzymatic activity and expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in brain tissue play a crucial role. In this review article, we summarize the current knowledge of the functioning of various MMPs at different stages of ischemic stroke development and their association with HT. We also discuss the mechanisms that underlie the effect of tPA on MMPs as the main cause of the adverse effects of thrombolytic therapy. Finally, we describe recent research that aimed to develop new strategies to modulate MMP activity to improve the efficacy of thrombolytic therapy. The ultimate goal is to provide more targeted and personalized treatment options for patients with ischemic stroke to minimize complications and improve clinical outcomes.
Identifying Essential Elements of Good Giraffe Welfare—Can We Use Knowledge of a Species’ Fundamental Needs to Develop Welfare-Focussed Husbandry?
Authors: Rose Paul
Published: July 2023

Measurement of zoo animal welfare states enables improvement to husbandry and management to be evidence-based and implemented according to species’ needs. Theoretical welfare concepts are often discussed, and whilst it is helpful to ensure wide consensus across all stakeholders on what welfare comprises, practical application of such evidence-based information is as equally important. All species housed in zoos will have specific needs that must be met by their housing, husbandry, and care to enable them to thrive. Therefore, this paper examined how to identify key animal care needs and an animal’s responses to them to form a basis for species-specific welfare assessment approaches. There are examples of familiar-to-the-zoo species that still pose challenges regarding delivery of optimal husbandry and management. As such, the identification and evaluation of core concepts of the biology, behaviour, “needs and wants” of these species is required to support validation and refinement of physical, behavioural, and psychological welfare measures. This article evaluated the use of evidence to build capacity in welfare measurement for a familiar zoo-housed species, the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis, Linnaeus 1758), by outlining seven key needs and requirements that must be provided in the zoo (“giraffe W-E-L-F-A-R-E” = Warmth, Enrichment, Leaves, Feeding, Alfalfa, Rumination, Exercise). Provision of these inputs, and opportunities for all giraffes in a herd to engage with them, provides the foundation for further welfare assessment to be implemented. Specifically, the validation and measurement of mental states that are more likely to be positive if key behavioural and ecological needs have already been met. This paper advocated for this evidence-based approach to “welfare-focussed husbandry”, with distillation of key information that supports species-relevant care, to be developed for other zoo-housed species as support for their welfare assessment protocols. Such welfare-focussed husbandry is layered on top of the basic animal care requirements of the species in the zoo to ensure all individuals have the best opportunity to attain positive welfare states. In this way, and once validated, foundational welfare assessment can be easily completed by busy animal care staff, capacity is built into zoo operations as all stakeholders are aware of exactly what each species needs, and deeper dive welfare assessment (especially concerning animal mental states) can be targeted more effectively. Further evolution of these seven steps for the giraffe is suggested and extrapolation of this approach, to aid identification of key welfare indicators across all zoo-housed species, is encouraged.
Mountainous Areas: Alleviating the Shortage of Cultivated Land Caused by Changing Dietary Structure in China
Authors: Wang Yuhan , Yang Chenyujing , Zhang Yuanyuan , Xue Yongji
Published: July 2023

Achieving food security and improving nutrition is one of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. With rapid socioeconomic development, the dietary structure of the Chinese population has changed significantly, leading to increased demand for cultivated land. At the same time, rapid urbanization has continuously reduced the amount of cultivated land in China, and there is an urgent necessity for the nation to alleviate the shortage of cultivated land to meet the population’s evolving dietary consumption needs. A review of the literature indicates that the use of mountainous areas to produce agricultural products for the population can effectively reduce the use of cultivated land on the plains and mitigate the shortage of cultivated land to meet dietary consumption needs. According to the different natural and socioeconomic conditions of mountainous areas, this study concludes that the adoption of mountain hillside, mountain understory, and mountainous limited cultivated land use patterns to develop agricultural production in mountainous areas is an effective approach to address the shortage of cultivated land caused by changes in the Chinese dietary structure.
Bridging Pyroptosis and Immunity: A Comprehensive Study of the Pyroptosis-Related Long Non-Coding RNA Signature in Breast Cancer
Authors: Tian Ye , Dong Jing , Li Lin
Published: July 2023

Breast cancer continuously poses serious clinical challenges to human health due to its intrinsic heterogenicity and evolving drug resistance. Recently, increasing evidence has shown that pyroptosis, known as a programmed and inflammatory form of cell death, participates in tumorigenesis, progression, and remodeling of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). However, a comprehensive insight into pyroptosis-related signatures for breast cancer remains elusive. The current study established a pyroptosis-related lncRNA signature using transcriptome data and corresponding clinical information from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Pyroptosis-related gene clusters, the associated differential expression in breast cancer patients’ subtypes, and the potential mechanisms were all discussed. This integrative analysis revealed a unique signature underpinning the dichotomy of breast cancer progression and survival outcomes. Interestingly, the pyroptosis-related lncRNA signature was revealed as closely intertwined with the TIME. A correlation was established between the pyroptosis-related LncRNA signature and the TIME, underlying the mutual effect between pyroptosis and the immune responses implicated in breast cancer. The findings in this work underline the critical role exerted by pyroptosis in breast cancer, providing new insights into disease progression, prognosis, and therapeutic potential. This work has been poised to provide new avenues for personalized, immune-based cancer therapeutics by enhancing our understanding of pyroptosis in breast cancer.
Differences in Hemodynamic Response to Passive Leg Raising Tests during the Day in Healthy Individuals: The Question of Normovolemia
Authors: Pranskunas Andrius , Gulbinaite Egle , Navickaite Aiste , Pranskuniene Zivile
Published: July 2023

Background: The passive leg-raising (PLR) test was developed to predict fluid responsiveness and reduce fluid overload. However, the hemodynamic response of healthy individuals to the PLR test and how it changes during the day, between the morning and evening, after individuals have consumed food and fluids, has not been profoundly explored. This study aimed to compare the systemic hemodynamic changes in healthy individuals between morning and evening PLR tests. Methods: In this study, the PLR test was performed twice a day. The first PLR test was performed between 08h00 and 09h00 in the morning, while the second PLR test was performed between 20h00 and 21h00 in the evening. Hemodynamic parameters were measured using an impedance cardiography monitor, and a cutoff value of a 10% increase in stroke volume (SV) during the PLR test was used to differentiate between preload responders and non-responders. Results: We included 50 healthy volunteers in this study. When comparing the morning and evening PLR test results, we found no PLR-induced differences in heart rate (−3 [−8–2] vs. −2 [−8–4] beats/min, p = 0.870), SV (11 [5–22] vs. 12 [4–20] mL, p = 0.853) or cardiac output (0.7 [0.2–1.3] vs. 0.8 [0.1–1.4] L/min, p = 0.639). We also observed no differences in the proportion of preload responders during the PLR test between the morning and evening (64% vs. 66%, p = 0.99). However, there was a moderate agreement between the two PLR tests (morning and evening) (kappa = 0.429, p = 0.012). There was a moderate correlation between the changes in SV between the two PLR tests (rs = 0.50, p < 0.001). Conclusion: In young, healthy individuals, we observed no change in the systemic hemodynamic responsiveness to the PLR test between the morning and evening, without restriction of fluid and food intake.
A New Perspective on Metabolic Syndrome with Osteopontin: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Cicekli Ipek , Saglam Duygu , Takar Nadir
Published: July 2023

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) imposes a substantial burden on the healthcare systems and economies of countries and is a major public health concern worldwide. MetS is mainly caused by an imbalance between calorie intake and energy expenditure; however, it is recognized that additional variables, such as chronic inflammation, may have the same predictive potential as insulin resistance or MetS components in the genesis of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular events. More importantly, the early diagnosis or treatment of MetS may significantly reduce the burden on the health systems of the disease with any prevention or biomarker and should not be underestimated. Osteopontin (OPN), also called secreted phosphoprotein 1, is a soluble protein found mostly in body fluids. Studies suggest that serum OPN levels may be an early and new biomarker to predict metabolic and cardiovascular complications significantly associated with some diseases. This review aims to provide specific insight into the new biomarker OPN in MetS. With this purpose, it is examined the link between the MetS cornerstones and OPN. In addition, the interaction between the microbiota and MetS is predicted to be bidirectional, and the microbiota may act as a bridge in this interaction process. Increased OPN levels may have unfavourable consequences for cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and obesity, all of which are components of MetS. Further studies are required to evaluate the use of OPN levels as a clinical biomarker risk of MetS.
Impact of Protein Nα-Modifications on Cellular Functions and Human Health
Authors: Chang Yie-Hwa
Published: July 2023

Most human proteins are modified by enzymes that act on the α-amino group of a newly synthesized polypeptide. Methionine aminopeptidases can remove the initiator methionine and expose the second amino acid for further modification by enzymes responsible for myristoylation, acetylation, methylation, or other chemical reactions. Specific acetyltransferases can also modify the initiator methionine and sometimes the acetylated methionine can be removed, followed by further modifications. These modifications at the protein N-termini play critical roles in cellular protein localization, protein-protein interaction, protein-DNA interaction, and protein stability. Consequently, the dysregulation of these modifications could significantly change the development and progression status of certain human diseases. The focus of this review is to highlight recent progress in our understanding of the roles of these modifications in regulating protein functions and how these enzymes have been used as potential novel therapeutic targets for various human diseases.
2,7-Bis(pyridin-4-ylethynyl)-9H-carbazole
Authors: Podda Enrico , Arca Massimiliano , Pintus Anna , Lippolis Vito , Ferino Giulio , Orton James B. , Coles Simon J. , Aragoni Maria Carla
Published: July 2023

2,7-Bis(pyridin-4-ylethynyl)-9H-carbazole (1) was synthesized by reacting 4-ethynylpyridine hydrochloride with 2,7-dibromo-9H-carbazole. The full characterization of compound 1 is presented, and the crystal structure of its monohydrate was determined by single-crystal XRD analysis.
A Power-Based Framework for Quantifying Parameter Uncertainties in Finite Vibroacoustic Metamaterial Plates
Authors: Atzrodt Heiko , Maniam Arun , Droste Marvin , Rieß Sebastian , Hülsebrock Moritz
Published: July 2023

Vibroacoustic metamaterials (VAMMs) are artificial materials that are specifically designed to control, direct, and manipulate sound waves by creating a frequency gap, known as the stop band, which blocks free wave propagation. In this paper, a new power-based approach that relies on the active structural intensity (STI) for predicting the stop band behavior of finite VAMM structures is presented. The proposed method quantifies the power loss in a locally resonant finite VAMM plate in terms of percentage, such as STI99% and STI90%, for stop band prediction. This allows for the quantitative analysis of the vibration attenuation capabilities of a VAMM structure. This study is presented in the context of a two-dimensional VAMM plate with 25 resonators mounted in the middle section of the plate. It has been demonstrated that this method can predict the stop band limits of a finite VAMM plate more accurately than using negative effective mass, unit cell dispersion analysis, or the frequency response function methods. The proposed approach is then implemented to establish a framework for investigating the influence of parameter uncertainties on the stop band behavior of the VAMM plate. Based on the STI99% method, which aims for significant vibration reduction, stricter tolerances in the mass fabrication process are required to ensure the robustness of VAMM. Conversely, the STI90% method suggests that larger fabrication tolerances can be leveraged to achieve a broader stop band range while still meeting the desired performance level, leading to cost savings in manufacturing.
The Corrosion Properties of Bronze Alloys in NaCl Solutions
Authors: Song Zhiqiang , Tegus Ojiyed
Published: July 2023

Chloride ions play an important role in the corrosion of bronze through their active reactivity to copper alloys. The corrosion behavior of bronze alloys in NaCl solution was investigated by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and electrochemical tests, with a special emphasis on the corrosion resistance of the α and δ phases in Cu-20 wt%Sn bronze alloys. The experimental results show that the corrosion current density of Cu-20 wt%Sn bronze alloys increases from 1.1 × 10−7 A/cm2 to 2.7 × 10−6 A/cm2 with the increase in the chloride ion concentration from 10−3 mol/L to 1 mol/L. After a soaking duration of 30 days, the matrix corrosion depth reaches 50 μm. The α phase of the alloys is easily corroded in NaCl solution, while the δ phase with high Sn content has strong corrosion resistance. This study provides relevant data for the analysis and protection of ancient bronze alloys.
Enhanced Adhesion of Copper Films on Fused Silica Glass Substrate by Plasma Pre-Treatment
Authors: Yang Liqing , Yang Xianli , Gao Fei , Guan Yongmao , Wan Rui , Wang Pengfei
Published: July 2023

A non-thermal atmospheric jet plasma pre-treatment technique was introduced to help the growth of extremely sticky copper films on fused silica glass substrates. A tape test was utilized to assess the bonding quality between copper films and fused silica glass substrates. AFM was used to characterize the sample surface roughness and XPS for chemical bonding characterization. The Owens–Wendt method and a Theta Lite Optical Tensiometer were used to analyze the contact angle and surface energy. The results showed that the surface energy greatly increased from 34.6 ± 0.3 mJ·m−2 to 55.9 ± 0.4 mJ·m−2 after 25 s plasma pre-treatment due to the increasing Si-O and Si-N concentrations, which brought about the electrostatic force increasing at the copper/glass interface. After 25 s plasma pre-treatment, the average surface roughness (Sa) grew from 0.8 ± 0.1 nm to 2.4 ± 0.3 nm. With higher surface roughness, there were more spaces and vacancies for the copper atoms to make contact on the bonded surfaces and increase the mechanical bite force. The electrostatic force and the mechanical bite force on the interface helped to form an atomic diffusion connection layer and improved the interactions between the copper film and the glass substrate. The findings in the SEM supported the conclusions stated above. Therefore, the adhesion between copper films and fused silica glass substrates increased by about 20% by 25 s plasma pre-treatment compared with the untreated glass substrate.
Study on the Strength and Failure Characteristics of Silty Mudstone Using Different Unloading Paths
Authors: Wang Jijing , Zhang Hualin , Qi Shuangxing , Bian Hanbing , Long Biao , Duan Xinbo
Published: July 2023

To investigate the strength and failure characteristics of silty mudstone using different stress paths, silt-like mudstone specimens were subjected to triaxial unloading tests. The results indicate the following. (1) When subjected to equivalent initial deviator stress levels and differing confining pressures, the peak stress, residual stress, and elastic modulus, exhibited during unloading, increased concordantly with greater initial confining pressure. Both the peak strain and residual strain increased with rising initial confining pressure. The increase in peak strain and residual strain initially decelerated, then noticeably increased, before ultimately decreasing again. Additionally, the unloading failure time and strain rate demonstrated a negative correlation as the confining pressure increased. (2) Under different initial deviatoric stress conditions, the peak stress, residual stress, and residual strain, under unloading confining pressure conditions, decreased as the initial deviatoric stress levels elevated. Conversely, the peak strain and elastic modulus initially increased, then decreased under increasing initial deviatoric stress conditions. The unloading failure time and strain rate were both observed to decrease as the initial deviatoric stress levels increased. (3) Utilizing the Mohr stress circle enabled the characterization of the shear strength variation in the specimens during the unloading process. The cohesion and internal friction angle remained relatively consistent across the different unloading stress paths appraised, with cohesion being greater in path I versus path II, whereas the internal friction angle exhibited an inverse relationship. (4) The specimen failed during unloading due to lateral expansion caused by unloading confining pressure and collapse failure. The failure fracture surfaces predominantly manifested shear failure morphologies.
Preparation and Validation of a Longitudinally and Transversely Stiffened Panel Based on Hybrid RTM Composite Materials
Authors: Li Weidong , Ma Zhengzheng , Shen Pengfei , Luo Chuyang , Zhong Xiangyu , Jiang Shicai , Bai Weihua , Xie Luping , Hu Xiaolan , Bao Jianwen
Published: July 2023

In the face of the difficulty in achieving high-quality integrated molding of longitudinally and transversely stiffened panels for helicopters by resin-matrix composite materials, we combine the prepreg process and the resin transfer molding (RTM) process to propose a hybrid resin transfer molding (HRTM) for composite stiffened panel structures. The HRTM process uses a mixture of prepreg and dry fabric to lay up a hybrid fiber preform, and involves injecting liquid resin technology. Using this process, a longitudinally and transversely stiffened panel structure is prepared, and the failure modes under compressive load are explored. The results show that at the injection temperature of the RTM resin, the prepreg resin dissolves slightly and has little effect on the viscosity of the RTM resin. Both resins have good miscibility at the curing temperature, which allows for the overall curing of the resin. A removable box core mold for the HRTM molding is designed, which makes it convenient for the mold to be removed after molding and is suitable for the overall molding of the composite stiffened panel. Ultrasonic C-scan results show that the internal quality of the composite laminates prepared using the HRTM process is good. A compression test proves that the composite stiffened panel undergoes sequential buckling deformation in different areas under compressive load, followed by localized debonding and delamination of the skin, and finally failure due to the fracture of the longitudinal reinforcement ribs on both sides. The compressive performance of the test specimen is in good agreement with the finite element simulation results. The verification results show that the HRTM process can achieve high-quality integrated molding of the composite longitudinally and transversely stiffened panel structure.
Design and Performance of Layered Heterostructure Composite Material System for Protective Armors
Authors: Siddique Farah , Li Fuguo , Hussain Mirza Zahid , Zhao Qian , Li Qinghua
Published: July 2023

A new layered heterostructure composite material system (TC4 as front layer and 2024Al alloy as back layer) was developed and analyzed for its design and performance in terms of an enhanced absorption capability and anti-penetration behavior. The Florence model for energy absorption was modified, so that it can be utilized for the layered heterostructure composite material system with more efficacy. Numerical simulation through Ls-Dyna validated the analytical model findings regarding the energy absorption of the system and both were in good agreement. Results showed that two ductile materials with diverse properties, the hardness gradient and varied layer thickness joined together, specifically behaved like a unified structure and exhibited elastic collision after slight bending, which is possibly due to the decreased yield strength of the front layer and increased yield strength of the second layer. To validate the analytical and numerical findings, the samples of the layered heterostructure composite material system were subjected to a SHPB (Split Hopkinson pressure bar) compression test. The deformation behavior was analyzed in the context of the strain energy density and stain rate sensitivity parameter at different strain rates. The encouraging results proposed that two ductile materials with a hardness gradient can be used as an alternate structure instead of a brittle–ductile combination in a layered structure.
Cost-Effective Engineered Cementitious Composites with Hybrid PVA and Basalt/PP Fiber: A Study on Compressive, Tensile and Impact Performance
Authors: Liao Weibin , Wu Peizong , Huang Jiatao , Chen Gai , Lin Jiaxiang , Guo Yongchang , Chen Runsheng
Published: July 2023

Currently, oil-coated PVA fibers are the most commonly used material in ECC research. However, the high price limits the application of PVA-ECC in practical engineering. In order to reduce the cost, one of the methods is to partially replace the PVA fibers in ECC. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of PVA/BF-ECC and PVA/PP-ECC, polyvinyl alcohol fibers (PVA), basalt fibers (BFs) and polypropylene fibers (PP) were added at 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% by volume of PVA in addition to 1% by volume of PVA. Subsequently, tensile, compression and drop-weight impact tests were conducted on single or hybrid fiber concrete. The results showed that the post-peak compression toughness, tensile strength, and initial cracking impact strength of PVA/BF-ECC and PVA/PP-ECC increased significantly with the increase in the volume ratio of BF and PP fibers, while the performance of PVA-ECC materials with the same fiber volume ratio decreased slightly. Therefore, the cost can be reduced by designing hybrid PVA/BF-ECC materials that meet the performance requirements. The experimental evidence presented in this study demonstrates the feasibility and reasonable prospect of the new hybrid PVA/BF-ECC.
Numerical Modeling of Mechanical Behavior of Functionally Graded Polylactic Acid–Acrylonitrile Benzidine Styrene Produced via Fused Deposition Modeling: Experimental Observations
Authors: Sevim Caglar , Caliskan Umut , Demirbas Munise Didem , Ekrikaya Safa , Apalak Mustafa Kemal
Published: July 2023

Functionally graded materials (FGM) have attracted considerable attention in the field of composite materials and rekindled interest in research on composite materials due to their unique mechanical response achieved through material design and optimization. Compared to conventional composites, FGMs offer several advantages and exceptional properties, including improved deformation resistance, improved toughness, lightness properties, and excellent recoverability. This study focused on the production of functionally graded (FG) polymer materials by the additive manufacturing (AM) method. FG structures were produced by the fused deposition modeling (FDM) method using acrylonitrile benzidine styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA) materials, and tensile tests were performed according to ASTM D638. The effects of different layer thicknesses, volume ratios, and total thicknesses on mechanical behavior were investigated. The tensile standard of materials produced by additive manufacturing introduces geometric differences. Another motivation in this study is to reveal the differences between the results according to the ASTM standard. In addition, tensile tests were carried out by producing single-layer samples at certain volume ratios to create a numerical model with the finite element method to verify the experimental data. As a result of this study, it is presented that the FG structure produced with FDM improves mechanical behavior.
Environmentally Friendly Approach for Nd2Fe14B Magnetic Phase Extraction by Selective Chemical Leaching: A Proof-of-Concept Study
Authors: Khoshsima Sina , Vidmar Janja , Samardžija Zoran , Tomše Tomaž , Kušter Monika , Mishra Amit , Šturm Sašo , Žužek Kristina
Published: July 2023

The green transition initiative has exposed the importance of effective recycling of Nd-Fe-B magnets for achieving sustainability and foreign independence. In this study, we considered strip-cast, hydrogenated, jet-milled Nd-Fe-B powder as a case study to explore the potential for selective chemical leaching of the Nd-rich phase, aiming to extract the Nd2Fe14B matrix phase. Diluted citric and nitric acids at concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, and 1 M were considered potential leaching mediums, and the leaching time was 15 min. Microstructural investigation, magnetic characterization, and elemental compositional analysis were performed to investigate leaching efficiency and selectivity. Based on SEM analysis, Nd/Fe ratio monitoring via ICP-MS, and the high moment/mass value at 160 emu/g for the sample leached with 1 M citric acid, 1 M citric acid proved highly selective toward the Nd-rich phase. Exposure to nitric acid resulted in a structurally damaged Nd2Fe14B matrix phase and severely diminished moment/mass value at 96.2 emu/g, thus making the nitric acid unsuitable for selective leaching. The presence of hydrogen introduced into the material via the hydrogen decrepitation process did not notably influence the leaching dynamics. The proposed leaching process based on mild organic acids is environmentally friendly and can be scaled up and adopted for reprocessing industrial scrap or end-of-life Nd-Fe-B magnets to obtain single-phase Nd-Fe-B powders that can be used for novel magnet-making.
Prediction of Compressive Strength of Biomass–Humic Acid Limonite Pellets Using Artificial Neural Network Model
Authors: Yan Haoli , Zhou Xiaolei , Gao Lei , Fang Haoyu , Wang Yunpeng , Ji Haohang , Liu Shangrui
Published: July 2023

Due to the detrimental impact of steel industry emissions on the environment, countries worldwide prioritize green development. Replacing sintered iron ore with pellets holds promise for emission reduction and environmental protection. As high-grade iron ore resources decline, research on limonite pellet technology becomes crucial. However, pellets undergo rigorous mechanical actions during production and use. This study prepared a series of limonite pellet samples with varying ratios and measured their compressive strength. The influence of humic acid on the compressive strength of green and indurated pellets was explored. The results indicate that humic acid enhances the strength of green pellets but reduces that of indurated limonite pellets, which exhibit lower compressive strength compared to bentonite-based pellets. Furthermore, artificial neural networks (ANN) predicted the compressive strength of humic acid and bentonite-based pellets, establishing the relationship between input variables (binder content, pellet diameter, and weight) and output response (compressive strength). Integrating pellet technology and machine learning drives limonite pellet advancement, contributing to emission reduction and environmental preservation.
Lanthanide-Based Metal–Organic Frameworks with Single-Molecule Magnet Properties
Authors: Manna Fabio , Oggianu Mariangela , Avarvari Narcis , Mercuri Maria Laura
Published: July 2023

Lanthanide metal–organic frameworks (Ln-MOFs) showing single-molecule magnet (SMM) properties are an ever-growing family of materials where the magnetic properties can be tuned by various interrelated parameters, such as the coordinated solvent, temperature, organic linkers, lanthanide ions and their coordination environment. An overview of the general synthetic methodologies to access MOFs/Ln-MOFs and the peculiarities and parameters to control and/or fine-tune their SMM behavior is herein presented. Additionally, diverse challenging strategies for inducing SMM/SIM behavior in an Ln-MOF are discussed, involving redox activity and chirality. Furthermore, intriguing physical phenomena such as the CISS effect and CPL are also highlighted.