bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of reference evapotranspiration models for the agro-ecological zones of Nigeria
Authors: Dauda K A , Olayaki-Luqman M
Published: March 2020

Irrigation practices are best done by estimating the crop water requirement in order to avoid over or under irrigation which may negatively affect crop yields. In this study, weather data (2004-2015) were collected and analyzed. The weather data include; minimum and maximum temperature (°C), relative humidity (%), wind speed (km/day), sunshine (hr/day) and radiation (MJ/m2/day). FAO Penman-Monteith model is a universal standard model used with other five evapotranspiration models such as; Priestley-Taylor model, Thornth-Waite model, Hargreaves model, ASCE-Penman Monteith model and Blaney-Criddle model to compute the mean monthly reference evapotranspiration (ET°) for the six agro-ecological zones of Nigeria. Statistic regressions were performed to examine the relationship of the reference ET° estimates from the five models with the estimates by FAO Penman-Monteith model. The results of the analyses show that the mean monthly average ETo estimates by the FAO Penman-Monteith model, Priestley-Taylor model, Thornth-Waite model, Hargreaves model, ASCE-Penman Monteith model and Blaney-Criddle model across the six weather stations are; 6.48, 7.66, 14.14, 11.16, 5.57, and 3.70 mm/day, respectively. The best predictor is the ASCE-Penman Monteith model which correlated well with the FAO Penman-Monteith model while, the Priestley-Taylor model is the second-best model. Thornth-Waite model and Hargreaves model produced underestimated ET values while, Blaney-Criddle model greatly over-estimated the FAO Penman-Monteith model. Therefore, this study is useful to the precise agricultural water management and regional water resources planning.
Effects of treated greywater irrigation regimes and mulches on yield of Capsicum chinense under surface drip irrigation system
Authors: Raphael O D , Ogedengbe K , Amodu M F
Published: March 2020

A field study was conducted to determine the effects of combine treatment of greywater application rates and mulches types on growth and yield of Capsicum chinense in Omu-Aran, Nigeria. Greywater (GW) was treated using a pilot-scale horizontal sub-surface flow constructed wetlands (HSSF CW) vegetated with Canna indica plants. Four irrigation levels (60, 80, 100 and 120% of ETc) and four mulches types (Black plastic film BM, Silver plastic film SM, Rice straw RS and un-mulched Control) were applied to the potted plants. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design, with main plots as irrigation levels and mulches types as sub-plots. C. indica plants were found to be effective in GW Phytoremediation treatment in CW. The maximum fruit yield was observed for T10 (I100SM) 4666.70 kg/ha due to reflective mulch ability to increase light and heat to plant resulting to a higher yield. Significant difference was observed between the mean yield of I60 and other irrigation regimes, whereas between I80 to I120 there was no significant difference in mean yield recorded. Silver mulch combined with full irrigation with treated greywater effluent was found to be the best of all treatments in the study.
Effects of De-Oiled Jute Seed and Cottonseed Extracts as Natural Polymeric Coagulants for Surface Water Treatment
Authors: Lawal N S , Ogedengbe K , Olasoju S A , Abdulrasaq A A
Published: March 2020

Developing countries are currently facing intense drinking water shortages due to paucity of funds to set-up potable water treatment plants. This has led to the outbreak of water-borne diseases resulting in huge medical spending for the government. Employing natural biopolymers (Cottonseed (Gossypium hirsutum) [CS] extracts and de-oiled Jute seed (Corchorus olitorius) [JS]) for surface water treatment presents an alternative to improving the quality of drinking water in rural communities. This study was therefore aimed at comparing the effectiveness of the two natural bio-polymers for improving surface water quality. The oils were extracted using n-hexane as extractor solvent (with water at about 40-70°C) for six (6) hours and the seed residues were used to prepare extract stock solutions for the water treatment. Measured water samples (100 ml) were treated using the bio-polymer extracts employing different doses (10, 20, 30, and 40 ml). Physico-chemical analysis of the treated samples using CS and JS extracts yielded optimum treatment values of 7.2 and 6.89 for pH; 24.45 and 19.48 NTU for turbidity; 92.41 and 0.52 μs/cm for conductivity; 120.55 and 149.67 mg/l for BOD while 208.82 and 237.32 mg/l were recorded for COD. These corresponds to total reduction efficiencies of 14.98 and 34.31% (pH); 32.19 and 58.37% (Conductivity), 55.5% and 64.56% (turbidity), 36.86 and 60.4% (BOD) and 52.34 and 64.40% (COD) for CS and JS respectively. These results show the potentials and limitations of the two biopolymers as alternative coagulants if applied at optimum concentrations. They can be utilized to reduce waterborne diseases in rural communities lacking basic water treatment facilities.
Phytoremediation rates of morning glory (Ipomea asarifolia) in an aquaculture effluent hydroponic system
Authors: Kiridi E A , Ogunlela A O
Published: March 2020

Most fish farmers dispose of aquaculture effluent indiscriminately and this adversely affect the environment. On the other hand, conventional wastewater treatment plants are costly to install and run. This research studies morning glory phytoremediation in a hydroponic aquaculture effluent for possible use as a cheaper alternative to wastewater treatment. Four replicates containing about 100 g of morning glory in each hydroponic unit were studied at 7 days interval. Measured pre and post treatment parameters include: pH, electrical conductivity (EC), complete suspended solids (TSS) and total dissolved solids (TDS). Ammonium-nitrogen (NH4
+ -N), nitrite-nitrogen (NO2
− -N), nitrate-nitrogen (NO3
− -N), phosphorus (PO4
3- -P) and biomass were also evaluated. Results showed that the percentage reduction in pH ranged from 1.9% to 11.6%, EC from 49.8% to 92.4%, TSS from 34.0% to 73.3%, TDS from 50.4% to 94.3%, NH4
+ -N from 38.9% to 85.2%, NO2
− -N from 0% to 76.6%, NO3
− -N from 63.2% to 90.4% and PO4
3- -P from 10.0% to 52.5%. The recorded biomass was 417.0 g, 567.0 g, 642.0 g, 679.5 g. A paired sample t-test demonstrates that at a confidence level of 95 percent it can be statistically concluded that there was significant inequality between pre-and post-treatment values. This implies potency of this plant and can be useful in the treatment of aquaculture effluent.
Mapping groundwater suitability for irrigation using GIS: A Case study of Ilorin, Kwara State, Southwestern Nigeria
Authors: Olasehinde D A , Adeniran K A , Olasehinde D O , Bayeiri M R , Adewara S O
Published: March 2020

Agricultural water in the right quantity and desired quality is needed to drive agrarian revolution in Nigeria. Groundwater, among the forms of water in nature is strategic for Nigeria has it is easy to exploit, readily available not affected by seasonality and the largest natural storage of available freshwater on the planet. The study was aimed at evaluating and mapping irrigation water quality of groundwater system within Ilorin metropolis. Forty-four well samples were collected in triplicates over the dry and wet seasons with their locations georeferenced. The water samples were sent to the laboratory and the results were incorporated into a GIS database in the development of a water map. Six indices, Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR), Permeability Index (PI), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Kelly’s Ratio (KR) and Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP), were used to evaluate suitability for irrigation. The geo-spatial representation is displayed using Surfer 9 and ARC Map software. The sampling points were concentrated in the southern portion of the study area, with dense settlements and expected anthropogenic activities. The western portion of the study area within the vicinity of Moro river basin reflected general good irrigation water quality and low settlement is prime for irrigated agriculture. The geospatial representations of irrigation water quality developed guides decision makers on the use of various ground water sources within the area. In the same light, it demonstrates high efficiency of GIS in elucidating complex geospatial data through the development of quality maps.
Hydraulic properties determination from pumping test in Northern areas of Ondo state, South-western Nigeria for groundwater development
Authors: Elemile O O , Falowo O O , Arijeniwa A Z , Omole D O , Ijaware V A
Published: March 2020

Groundwater potential evaluation of the Northern area of Ondo State using information obtained from hydrogeological measurements of hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity, and yield aquifer characteristics from 37 drilled boreholes. These data were analyzed alongside the information gathered during the pumping test at each site which includes drawdown values, static water level, and pumping rate. The average depth of the borehole and installation depth are 30.76 m and 28.9 m respectively. The static water level ranges from 2.7 m to 14.0 m with an average of 6.0 m. The drawdown recorded from the observation wells varies from 1.9 m and 15.1 m. The yield capacity of the boreholes ranges between 0.40 – 2.98 L/s, and an average of 25.5654 m3/d. The values of hydraulic conductivity conducted in the area vary from 0.37 to 23.29 m/d, and an average of 3.67 m/d. The calculated transmissivity for the study area ranges from 4.79 (gneiss) to 165.32m2/d (migmatite) and an average of 30.08m2/d. The values of specific capacity vary from 4.07 – 140.53, while storativity within the range of 0.0002 – 0.001 are the most dominant showing a corresponding low specific capacity values generally less than 10 m2/d. Consequently, specific yield, hydraulic conductivity, and transmissivity values were integrated to generate a groundwater potential map for Ondo Northern area.
Toxicity potential of particulate in the airshed of a university farm
Authors: Fakinle B S , Adebayo B M , Aremu C O , Sonibare J A
Published: March 2020

This research work provided information on the particulate in the airshed of a university farm and its toxicity potential. The study area for this research was Landmark University farm. The ambient airborne particulates were monitored at eight different section of the farm using the Aeroset 531S particulate monitor. A control sampling point was also situated in front of the University library some kilometers away from the University farm. 11.42 – 32.40 μg/m3, 59.32 – 473.52 μg/m3 and 79.58 – 955.10 μg/m3 for PM2.5, PM10 and TSP respectively. The control point measured averages were of 20.80 μg/m3, 64.46 μg/m3 and 80.86 μg/m3for PM2.5, PM10 and TSP respectively. An assessment of toxicity potential of these particulates shows unhealthy air conditions at some sampling location at the University farm.
Comparative effect of local (blue crown) and foreign commercial feeds (skreting) on the growth and survival of Clarias gariepinus juveniles
Authors: Awotoye T G , Adesina B T
Published: March 2020

Aquaculture production is considered the future global solution to decline wild fish capture. An experiment lasting eight weeks (two months) was conducted on the experimental farm of the Dpartment of Agricultural Education, Federal College of Education, Okene, to evaluate the growth performance and survival of Clarias gariepinus juveniles in circular bowls labeled A1, A2, B1 and B2. Fishes were divided into four groups, with 25 fishes per bowl. The fingerlings stocked were of the same size and length. Fishes in bowl A1 and A2 were fed with imported commercial feed (skretting) while B1 and B2 were fed with Nigeria local commercial feed (blue crown). The fingerlings were fed three times daily at libitum (7am, 12am and 6pm) for a period 8 weeks (60) days. Growth performance and physiochemical parameters were monitored weekly. The proximate compositions of the feed were compared as well as the economy analysis of using both feed in cat fish culture. Fish fed with skretting had the best growth performance with a mean weight and length gain than those feed with blue crown. The average cost of feeding 1kg of fish with blue crown feed was ₦361.08k and ₦339.26k for imported commercial feed.
Eco-friendly conversion coating for the protection of aluminium alloys in the food/beverage canning industries
Authors: Oki M , Adediran A A , Egiebor N , Olaofe I , Awiaka C S , Dawodu O
Published: March 2020

In view of environmental and health challenges associated with conversion coatings derived from heavy metal ion compounds, this work reports the development and performance of water extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) calyces (Hibiscus flower), as a starting green inhibitor in the development of environment friendly, non-carcinogenic conversion coating on aluminium alloy for application in the canning and food packaging industries. Gravimetric analyses revealed that the coating developed sluggishly, a coating weight of about 3 mg was attained after 30 mins of treatment in the coating bath. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses showed that the coating solution and the coating materials stripped from the aluminium alloy substrate had identical functional groups which were either shifted down or upfield in the FTIR spectra of the coating. However, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination revealed that the thin coating developed on aluminium mapped the grain and sub grain boundaries of the substrate. Whereas, within the detection limits of the EDS, the coating is composed essentially of carbonaceous compounds of aluminium and its oxides as well as those of the other elements present in the substrate and in the coating solution. These compounds are probably hydrated. The corrosion performance and adhesion characteristics of the HS coating were better than for the ‘bare’ aluminium alloy substrate.
Commercial utilization of inert atmosphere silo for maize storage
Authors: Oyewole S N , Gbabe E K , Olayanju A M , Adebiyi A O , Ogunbiyi O A , Abel G I , Ogundare M O , Adarabierin I G , Olayemi F F , Okunola A A
Published: March 2020

Inert atmosphere silo (IAS) has been advocated by Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute (NSPRI) as a sustainable alternative to the use of conventional silos and synthetic chemicals for grains storage in tropical climates. A battery of two units of 250 tonnes IAS installed at the commercial farm of Landmark University Omu-Aran by NSPRI was evaluated for maize storage. Quality parameters such as proximate compositions and microbial loads were determined and their respective results subjected to T-Test statistical analysis. The results of the analysis showed a slight increase in moisture content from 10.57 % to 10.66 % (db) after 6 months of storage. During the storage period, insect infestation was completely suppressed and quality of the grain was maintained, as there was no significant difference at (P≤ 0.05) in the proximate compositions of the initial and final samples. There was significant difference (P≤0.05) in bacteria loads and fungi counts of the initial and final samples. Reduction in microbial loads was experienced and the values obtained were within acceptable limits (104 Cfu/g) recommended for cereals. The germinability of the maize was maintained at 96 % after 6 months; thus indicating effectiveness of the technology for commercial storage of maize seed.
Feminization, food security, and hunger eradication: A Case of Omu-Aran community in Kwara State, Nigeria
Authors: Ake M , Rasak B , Igbolekwu C , Ogunlade P , Nwozo A
Published: March 2020

A profound change of the global food and agriculture system is needed if we are to nourish today’s 795 million hungry and the expected 2 billion people by 2050. Aside from hunger and malnutrition, food insecurity results in a wide range of problems such as health, environmental degradation, and a high rate of crime. When food security improves, most facets of life improve as well. While most Nigerians engaged in activities outside the agricultural sector, the country is in danger of being engulfed in a food crisis. Improving agriculture and food security (being able to produce enough food to sustain families and communities year after year), is a herculean task for the Omu-Aran community. There are no incentives for women to engage in commercial agriculture. Based on the above, this study tends to examine the role of women in proving food security and how this could help in the eradication of hunger in the Omu-Aran community in Kwara State. It argues that women have more restricted access than men to productive resources and opportunities including land, livestock, inputs, education, extension and research services, and financial services. Closing this gender gap would give an important boost to agricultural productivity and output, and in bringing agricultural yields similar to those of men, government at all levels, as well as corporate and financial establishments, must commit a large chunk of resources towards motivating women farmers. Role theory provides the theoretical framework for the study. The design for the study was both descriptive and exploratory. A two-stage sampling consisting of purposive and simple random techniques were used to select the respondents. The sample population comprises 35 food crop farming households in the Omu-Aran community. A structured interview was used to elicit information on the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents. Twenty-five in-depth interviews were conducted. Quantitative data were analyzed descriptively while qualitative data was content analyses.
Gender issues and women’s participation in agricultural production in Warri South Local Government area of Delta State, Nigeria
Authors: Asamu F F , Odagwe M C , Rasak B , Arisukwu O , Igbolekwu C , Oyeyipo E E
Published: March 2020

Gender inequality of women participation in agricultural production has become a worrisome discussion in the present dispensation. This is because women constitute large portion in agriculture business. The study therefore examines this issue, stressing on the extent of women’s participation in agriculture. The highest frequency of women that engage in farming all year round is 48 (30.0%), 44 (27.6%) respondents engage in farming activities half a year, 35 (21.8%) engage quarterly in a year. While cultural practices 36 (22.5%) form the highest causes of gender inequality and women’s participation in agricultural production in Warri South Local Government Areas of Delta State, using data collected through questionnaire interview from 160 subjects. The study reveals that gender inequality of women in agricultural participation has considerable impact on the production process.
Clean energy generation and material recovery potentials from solid wastes generated in Omu Aran community
Authors: Oladejo O S , Ilesanmi O T , Olanipekun A A , Ajayi O E
Published: March 2020

The present method of waste disposal in Omu Aran is a direct open dumping and burning at various unapproved dumpsites. The study was conducted at selected five major dumpsites within Omu Aran community, to investigate the existing waste management systems, characterize solid wastes generated, and estimate the rate of solid waste generation. An exploratory study design was adopted for a period of one year, January 2018 to January 2019. Five (5) randomly selected spots of 1sq.m were located on each of the five (5) major dumpsites in Omu Aran. For each of the dumpsites, solid wastes were collected from top to the depth of 300 mm in each of the five (5) selected one- sq.m spots. Estimated waste generated was about seventy-four tons (73,744.92 kg) with generation rate of 0.496 kg/person. Total amount of material recyclable was about thirty-two tons (32,447.76 kg; about 44 %) and energy recovery material, to attain zero-waste, integrated waste management scheme was over forty one ton (41,297.16 kg; about 56 %). The combustible components of solid waste generated in Omu Aran community (kg/day), energy content (kJ/day) and electricity generation potential (MW) were presented. Estimated energy content of solid wastes from the Omu Aran dumpsite was 1097.999 GJ/day. This implies that there is possibility of electricity generation up to 12.708 MW from daily steam production. Considering the high material recyclability, reusability and energy recovery potentials from solid wastes generated in Omu Aran community, it was recommended that the Irepodun Local Government Authority adopts sustainable and integrated waste management options of waste minimization from the source, reuse, recycling of solid waste generated within the large community.
Development of small-scale downdraft gasifiers for biomass gasification
Authors: Olayanju T M A , Dairo O.U , Sobukola O , Odebiyi O , Dahunsi S O
Published: March 2020

Biomass gasification mainly involves a process whereby agricultural residues or biomass are subjected to partial combustion for the biomass to undergo pyrolysis and reduction, thereby releasing its gaseous component such as hydrogen, carbon-dioxide and methane. Past studies have laid emphasis on the need to study the effect of moisture content and biomass types on the rate of gasification and gasifier efficiency. This study focused on the development of a downdraft gasifier for production of syngas using agricultural wastes as raw materials. The design of the Imbert type downdraft gasifier was based on specific gasification rate, called hearth load Gh, nozzle air blast velocities, throat inclination angle, air inlet diameter and size of reduction zone. The developed gasifier consisted of a reactor, cyclone and filtration unit of 0.006, 0.016, and 0.006 m3 capacities respectively. The testing and evaluation of the designed gasifier showed adequate capacity for biomass treatment by pyrolysis. The fabricated gasifier also showed high efficiency in the pyrolysis of the selected biomasses and the product yields are appreciable. The development and use of such gasifier especially for the treatment of other agricultural wastes is hereby solicited.
Performance evaluation of downdraft gasifiers under various conditions
Authors: Olayanju T M A , Dairo O U , Sobukola O , Odebiyi O , Dahunsi S O
Published: March 2020

This research studied the effect of biomass types and moisture content on the performance of a downdraft gasifier. Sawdust, woodchip and bean chaff were used as test samples at three moisture contents (10, 20 and 30% w.b) which was determined with oven drying method and Pascal’s manometric tube was prepared to measure the quantity of methane, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide in the syngas. The gas obtained at 10% moisture content for the three biomass after gasification was analyzed and compared to standard values. Ash content, gasification time and temperature were measured using standard methods. The ash contents at 10, 20 and 30% moisture contents for wood chips, sawdust and bean chaff were 0.210, 0.457, 0.750kg, 0.202, 0.290, 0.651kg and 0.295, 0.228, 0.394kg respectively. The gas samples were taken at 10% moisture for analysis because it produced the lowest ash content. Gas produced at 10% moisture content showed that methane, CO2 and H2S contents for wood chips; sawdust and bean chaff were 60.85, 27.50, 0.44%; 62.33, 23.77, 0.87% and 63.94, 18.91, 0.58% respectively. The values of CO was insignificant. The moisture content of the biomass significantly (p < 0.05) affected the values of ash content, gasification time and temperature but the effects of biomass types were not significant. Ash content and gasification time increased with increase in moisture level with the least value of 0.210 kg and 61 minutes at 10% moisture content respectively. The gasification temperature decreased as moisture level increased and vice versa. Increase in moisture level increased the ash content and gasification time. The higher the gasification temperature, the lower the time. Gasifier efficiency was also affected by moisture content and biomass types. The best gasifier efficiency was observed at 10% moisture content with 60, 57 and 75% for sawdust, woodchips and bean chaff respectively.
Effects of climate change on grain productivity in Nigeria (1970-2014)
Authors: Bamiro O M , Adeyonu G A , Babatunde A , Solaja S O , Sanni S A , Faronbi O A , Awe T E
Published: March 2020

This study examines the effect of climate change on the yield for four main grain crops in Nigeria (sorghum, maize, millet and rice) over the period 1970-2014. Cobb Douglas and Maximum Likelihood Estimation were explored to obtain reliable estimates. Results suggests that climate have diversified effects on grain yield and variability which shows that as the climate becomes warmer, higher yield variability can be observed on these selected crops. In addition more rainfall increases the yield variability on sorghum, maize, millet and rice. The increasing variation on rainfall also increased crop yield variability on rice. Based on the empirical findings it can be concluded that climate change, through an increase in actual average temperature and changing rainfall pattern has resulted to a decline in productivity of most food grain crops. This effect varies within crops and there is need to adapt different policies for various crops to mitigate the adverse effect of climate change in Nigeria.
Development of an indented cylinder metering device for a tractor drawn manure spreader
Authors: Agidi G , Gana I M , Usman H
Published: March 2020

The research work was carried out to develop an indented cylinder metering device for a tractor drawn manure spreader capable of transporting, metering and uniform spreading of the manure in the farm. Materials of right strength and sizes for the equipment parts were determined and selected based on the design analysis and calculations carried out. Hopper, manure metering system, floor wheels, energy transfer system, machine frame and gear system are the main components of the machine. The equipment was tested using three factors; number of grooves, speed and the manure moisture contents while the response is spreading efficiency. The metering system used are 1, 2, 3 and 4 grooves, and the speed was varied at four levels of 8 km/hr, 13 km/hr, 18 km/hr, and 23 km/hr. The manure moisture content was varied at 8%, 12%, 16% and 20% (d.b). The test outcomes of the equipment using cow dung, the largest manure delivery efficiency of 82% was achieved from a velocity of 23 km/h using a metering cylinder with four grooves, whereas a minimum efficiency of 48% was achieved from a velocity of 8 km/h using a single groove metering cylinder. Also highest manure delivery efficiency of 85% was obtained from manure with 8% moisture content (db) while least efficiency of 63% moisture content was obtained from manure with 20% moisture content (db). The efficiency of manure delivery improved with both tractor speed and amount of metering groove but reduced with enhanced humidity content of manure. The three parameters therefore have important impacts on the efficiency of manure delivery. The throughput capacity of the equipment is 11 hectares per day. It is anticipated that the development of this equipment will decrease human drudgery, reduce accumulation of manure in the soil and improve application uniformity and enhance the productivity of the farmer.
Energy consumption and environmental burden analysis of cassava tuber production in Ogbomoso southwest Nigeria
Authors: Olaniran J A , Jekayinfa S O , Adekanye T A
Published: March 2020

The behavior of an agricultural system can be understood better by considering its economic and environmental analysis. In order to reduce environmental load of energy uses, there is need for improved energy conversion and utilization. In this research, the energy consumption pattern in cassava production, and its environment burden were considered. Data of resources consumption were collected from cassava cultivation field and relevant research institutions, and converted to their energy value. Selected environmental impacts categories of the crop were determined using life cycle assessment model according to ISO 14040-14043 series. The results from the findings showed that crop protection, planting operation, land preparation, harvesting and packing consumed 16764.83, 5057.32, 5011.46 and 294MJ/ha which represented 61.80%, 18.64%, 18.48% and 1.08% respectively of the total energy consumption. Other energetic parameters and their value determined in cassava production were, energy productivity (1.47 kg/MJ), energy ratio (8.95) and net energy gain (215672.39 MJ/ha). The percentage nonrenewable energy and renewable energy consumed were 78.40% and 21.60% respectively. The environmental impacts associated with cassava production include global warming potential (GWP) (8.025E+01 kg CO2 equiv.), acidification potential (AP) (1.8892E-02 kg SO2 equiv), eutrophication potential (EP) (6.7375E-01 kg NO3 equiv.), and ozone layer depletion potentials (OLDP) (2.9981E-04 kg RII equiv.) The results obtained established cassava tuber as energy crop, and it production has negative impact on the environment. Non-renewable energy utilization in the crop production should be targeted for reduction.
Synurbic avian species in Greater Jakarta Area, Indonesia
Authors: Mardiastuti A , Mulyani Y A , Rinaldi D , Rumblat W , Dewi L K , Kaban A , Sastranegara H
Published: March 2020

The objective of this study is to reveal birds found in Greater Jakarta Area, and categorize the bird based on the probability of encounter, namely urban exploiters, adapters, and avoiders. Bird list of 36 sites in Greater Jakarta Area collected by other workers in the last seven years were used as the basis of determination. Percentiles were used as cut off points for each category. Of the 243 bird species found the study area, there were 8 species categorized as urban exploiters and the 3 highest ranks were the Sooty-headed Bulbul, Cave Swiftlets and Eurasian Tree Sparrow. Forty-nine bird species were categorized as urban adapters. The rest of species, which constitute a big portion of the species spotted in the Greater Jakarta (186 species, 76.5%) were categorized into urban avoiders. The nocturnal species was represented only by Black-crowned Night-heron. The presence of species exploiters and adapters showed that (a) Greater Jakarta Area still have sufficient green open spaces, including significant numbers of mature and decayed trees; (b) there were still good quality of small rivers, creeks, and swampy area; (c) small mammals were sufficient to support small raptors, and (d) bird community was quite rich to perform brood parasitism habit.
Sub-population survey of Dipterocarpus retusus Bl. in Mount Gede Pangrango National Park
Authors: Junaedi D I , Handayani A , Suhendri Y , Rustandi
Published: March 2020

Dipterocarpaceae are globally important tree family due to its conservation status. Most of Dipterocarpaceae in Java are distributed in lowland area. However, several species exist in higher altitude such as Gede Pangrango National Park (GPNP) area. All Dipterocarpaceae species in GPNP are vulnerable or endangered based on IUCN Red List status. Dipterocarpaceae species are main priorities for plant conservation in GPNP. In this study we conducted early survey of Dipterocarpus retusus Bl. sub-population in Bodogol area (northwest slope of GPNP) at elevation 800-1000 m above sea level. We searched D. retusus individuals along trail in the Bodogol area from forest exterior towards forest interior. The subpopulation of D. retusus detected in mixed forests that dominated by emergent Fagaceae species (Castanopsis argentea). Positive correlation between diameter and height may reflect low disturbance rate in Bodogol forest area. We also found negative effect of habitat elevation toward plant height, which mean that the centre of sub-population located in the lower elevation part of the sampling location. This study signifies the importance of Bodogol forest area that contain globally important Red List plant species.
Captive reproduction of timor monitor, Varanus timorensis (Gray, 1831) in Indonesia
Authors: Arida E , Mulyadi  , Handayani N W
Published: March 2020

Varanus timorensis is an endemic species of Monitor lizards in Indonesia. Distribution areas of the species are restricted to a few islands in the Lesser Sundas and protection for conservation is given through a legal status in the Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 7 Tahun 1999. Successful breedings have been reported outside Indonesia and we attempt for the first time to report efforts to breed this species in captive environments in Indonesia. We conducted inspections at five reptile breeding facilities in Java between 2017 and 2018. Using information and data obtained from interviews with owners and/or managers, we estimate production capacity for each facility and compare with export permit data. We found sufficient breeding infrastructure in all five facilities and parental stocks at F0 and F1 levels were recorded by legal documents issued by the Biodiversity Conservation Directorate of Ministry of Environment and Forestry to ensure no additional animals are stocked from the wild. Estimates of individuals produced in breeding facilities is lower than minimum estimates of production capacity. We found no breeding records were available during inspections. Therefore, Management and Scientific Authorities should carry out regular inspections and collect direct reproductive data, for example once or twice per year.
Population dynamics of Macrobrachium sintangense and M. lanchesteri in Lake Lido, West Java
Authors: Aprila L S , Wowor D , Boer M , Farajallah A
Published: March 2020

Macrobrachium is a genus of freshwater prawn widely distributed in tropical and subtropical waters. Its two species found in Lake Lido, i.e Macrobrachium sintangense and M. lanchesteri. Macrobrachium sintangense is an indigenous prawn species from Indonesia while M. lanchesteri is an introduced species. The objective of this study is to identify the growth pattern, mortality rate, and recruitment pattern of both. The study was conducted from July to December 2015. The results show that the growth parameter carapace asymptotic length (CLœ) of M. sintangense and M. lanchesteri were 20.50 mm and 18.50 mm, respectively; and the growth coefficient (K) were 1.02/Year and 1.10/Year, respectively. The exploitation rate of M. sintangense were 0.68 and 0.81 thus both have exceeded the optimum exploitation rate. Therefore, these species can be considered as overexploited. The recruitment of the two species was performed twice per year. During the study, the population of M. sintangense happened to ceased in December 2015. An extra six-month study was conducted to see the recovery of this population, however M. sintangense had been extinct since then. It is suspected that there had been a natural competition between the native M. sintangense and the introduced M. lanchesteri.
New record of Varuna litterata (Fabricius, 1798) from Meru Betiri National Park, East Java, Indonesia
Authors: Susilo V E , Wowor D , Suratno  , Abror M N
Published: March 2020

Some freshwater crabs can be found from brackish up to the freshwater habitats. The crab of the family Varunidae, i.e. Varuna litterata (Fabricius, 1798) has unique migration distribution pattern because it is a euryhaline and catadromous species. The Varunid species is distributed throughout the Indo Pacific region. The purpose of this study was to determine the existence of V. litterata in Meru Betiri National Park (MBNP). Specimens were collected along the rivers passing Andongrejo and Bandealit resorts in MBNP by road sampling method on various habitats, and from lowland up to the middle stretch. The collected specimens were preserved in 70% ethanol. V. litterata was found mainly in settlements at lowland area. This species can migrate to the freshwater as far as 31 Km from the coast. During the collecting time, large females were found in coastal area showing this species association with marine life.
Mixed flock of insectivorous birds in Gunung Gede-Pangrango National Park, West Java, Indonesia
Authors: Putra G G , Mardiastuti A , Mulyani Y A
Published: March 2020

Although mixed flock has been widely studied in various locations elsewhere, very little information was reported from Indonesia. This study was aimed at re-discovering the mixed-flocks that were reported existed in Gunung Gede-Pangrango National Park three decades ago. Transects between 1,600m and 2,400m with 200 m interval were surveyed for 50h in Gunung Putri Resort. Flock size, composition, dominance and sighting probability were calculated. Five mixed flocks were re-discovered in the study site (probability 0.10), decreased in number compared to previous research (probability 0.57). The flocks were found between 2,000m and 2,300m asl, consisted of 9 species, averaging 39.6 individual birds (ranged 9-11 birds) and. Blue Nuthatch, Mountain White-eye and Little Pied Flycatcher were dominant and always part of every flock member. Ashy Drongo and Lesser Racquet-tailed Drongo could play role as flock leaders.
The 16S rRNA analysis of proteolytic bacteria isolated from recirculating aquaculture system
Authors: Dinoto A , Handayani R , Saputra S
Published: March 2020

Unused feed containing protein in the water affects the fish survivability under the recirculating aquaculture systems. Microbial communities play important roles in nutrient cycling in the aquatic ecosystems, however, bacteria that may help in protein degradation remains underexplored. This study aimed to identify the proteolytic bacteria obtained from aquaculture system based on 16S rRNA genes. Bacteria were isolated using non-selective medium and then assayed for proteolytic activity on skim milk agar. Characterizations were conducted for selected proteolytic bacteria before subjected to Sanger dideoxy DNA sequencing. The results of BLAST show that five representative isolates are closely related to Flavobacterium nitratireducens, Micrococcus aloeverae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Exiguobacteríum indicum at the level similarity of 99%. The nucleotides of collected proteolytic bacterial strains have been deposited in NCBI Genbank. Finding of those proteolytic bacteria in the recirculating aquaculture system may lead the further ecological studies about their roles in the ecosystem.
Transaction records as a tool for bird trade monitoring in supporting bird’s conservation and sustainable use
Authors: Irham M , Yohanna  , Kurniawan P T
Published: March 2020

Birds market survey has been proofed to be effective as a complementary method to evaluate the population of birds in the wild. We implemented this method to monitor the birds trade in Jambi. Rather than direct observation to the market, we examine the transaction records from three wholesalers to obtain data. Our results show that during the period of January-September 2017 the total birds traded is 11,660 specimens and transaction value is Rp 941,932,900.00. Number of generic species is 76 in which some names refer to same species. From those generic species, we can identify about 26 species and the rest of birds is grouped according to their genus or family by which consist of 11 kind of birds. There are 4 species (and group of species) that traded over 1000 specimens i.e Acridotheres javanicus (2,824), Chloropsis sp. (2,185), Garrulax mitratus (1,266), and Zosterops sp. (1,355). The expensive songbirds such as Pycnonotus zeylanicus and Kittacincla malabarica are absent but the least expensive species but favorable, Copsychus saularis, is only traded in small number (157 specimens). Combine field survey and market survey may give better picture of overall bird population that critical for setting up conversation strategy of Indonesian birds.
Genetic analysis and molecular phylogeny of zigzag leafhopper Maiestas dorsalis (Motschulsky) using mitochondrial COI gene
Authors: Manurung B , Hasairin A , Daulae A H
Published: March 2020

The zigzag leafhopper Maiestas dorsalis (Hemiptera) is a tungro virus vector that cause damage on rice plants. Genetic analysis of M. dorsalis that be isolated from Samosir island, North Sumatra, Indonesia using partial DNA sequence of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) DNA is still limited. This study aims to identify and to find out the genetic data of M. dorsalis that be derived from region of its mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI). Analysis was done by four steps, namely: Hopper collection on paddy field by using insect net, DNA extraction by using Zymo Tissue & Insect DNA Mini Preparation, amplification by PCR using My TaqTM HS Red Mix and DNA sequence analysis using ABI PRISM 3730xl Genetic Analyzer. Primer cocktail tRWF-Mlep was used in DNA amplification step. The research result pointed out that COI DNA fragment of M. dorsalis has length 521 bp. This COI DNA sequence was dominated by A and T(U) bases with concentration 74.30%. The concentration of T(U), C, A and G nucleotides in the COI sequence were 35.90%, 13.40%, 38.44%, and 12.30%, respectively. Identification of M. dorsalis based on this COI DNA sequence confirmed the identification result based on its morphological characters.
Revisiting diversity of coccinellid beetle in Mount Gede-Pangrango National Park: a preliminary observation
Authors: Maulana A , Wardaningsih A S , Widayanti M , Prawasti T S
Published: March 2020

Declines in insect population and diversity particularly in the tropical forest region have stimulated wide interest among researchers worldwide. Loss of insect diversity and abundance is expected to provoke cascading effect on the ecosystem, but few data and documentation are available. So far, the coccinellid beetle study in Mount Gede-Pangrango National Park, Indonesia was conducted more than 40 years ago with last well-documented exploration by 2004. We aimed to update and deliver the newest data on the diversity of coccinellids of Mount Gede-Pangrango National Park. We tracked along the interpretation path and beetles were collected using hand method during observation between July 2018 to October 2019. A total of 17 species coccinellids were identified. Seven species belong to the phytophagous group of Diekeana, Epilachna, and Henosepilachna. Two mycophagous species from Psylloborini and Sticholotidini tribe, while others species (8 species) are a member of the predatory group, including Coccinellini and Chilocorini tribe. In this study, plenty of them are common species and widely distributed in the open area of the buffer zone. Our temporary findings indicate the possibility of species loss compared to past surveys that discover rare taxa, such as Ryszardia, and other specialist Epilachna group infesting wild host-plants.
Contradictory between morphology and phylogenetic trees of Orthosiphon spp. (Lamiaceae) from Indonesia
Authors: Sudarmono  , Kim S Y , Paik J H
Published: March 2020

The nuclear ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS), and three chloroplast loci (trnL-trnF, rps16 and trnL) were also carried out in this study. Morphological analysis of leaves, stems, and flowers is used to identify visual differences. This study was the purpose of analyzed morphological and phylogenetic relationships among ten taxa of Orthosiphon from the analysis of DNA sequences. The results that the difference in leaves, flowers and stems is very striking in seven taxa of Orthosiphon aristatus (OGP and OGW) and O. endanghidayatae (OWW, OG + W and OW + W). The phylogenetic trees constructed from cpDNA (trnL gene, trnL-trnF intergenic spacer region, and rps16 region) of using NJ methods among taxa of Orthosiphon aristatus and O. endanghidayatae collected from Indonesia showed constant topologies with high bootstrap values (BS 86% and 100%, respectively), but were different from those ITS of nrDNA that the phylogenetic trees supported low bootstrap values (65% by NJ). Although differing from morphology to species of Orthosiphon spp. but still similar in DNA analysis. The results of this study indicate that the speciation process of O. endanghidayatae (OWW, OG + W and OW + W) is as a process of morphological changes faster than the process of genetic change.
Diversity of dragonflies (Insecta: Odonata) in Ujung Kulon National Park
Authors: Sugiman U , Atmowidi T , Priawandiputra W
Published: March 2020

Ujung Kulon National Park is a lowland tropical forest that was still preserved. There was limited information about the diversity of dragonflies in Ujung Kulon National Park. The purpose of this study was to study species diversity of dragonfly in Ujung Kulon. The research was conducted in Ujung Kulon Peninsula, Banten, Indonesia in five locations and three types of aquatic habitats i.e., natural ponds, streams in forests, and rivers. The transect line method is used to collect adult dragonflies. Thirty-one species of dragonflies belong to two anisopteran families and six zygopteran families were reported in this study. Twenty-two species were as new records based on previous publications. There were different species compositions in all habitat types (R = 1, p = 0.0016, one-way ANOSIM with Bray-Curtis similarity index). Natural ponds have the highest anisopteran species richness compared to other habitats. Eight species Anisoptera only were found in natural ponds. Meanwhile, zygopteran species prefer in flowing water habitat.
The effect of different concentrations of ammonium sulfate and pH extraction on the production of phycocyanin from Galdieria sp
Authors: Rahman D Y , Syafindra A M , Rosananda N , Sasongko A , Susilaningsih D
Published: March 2020

The alternative blue pigment of phycocyanin sources other than Spirulina is Galdieria from Cyanidiales order. Galdieria sp. is unicellular red microalgae which naturally found in volcanic area with a high temperature and low pH (0.5–3). In this study, Galdieria sp. 009 has grown autotrophically in Allen medium and on different concentrations of ammonium sulfate. The growth and in vivo phycocyanin content were quantified in the cultures. Phycocyanin was extracted using a physical method with different extraction pH (3, 5, and 7). Highest specific phycocyanin content up to 100 mg g−1 was observed in cell grown on Allen medium with two times ammonium sulfate concentration and extracted with pH 7. The different concentrations of ammonium sulfate used in the Allen medium impacted the yield of phycocyanin. Although extraction at pH 7 caused high phycocyanin content, the phycocyanin tends to have high thermostability (>60°C) and purity index at pH 5. The phycocyanin extracted from Galdieria sp.009 may potentially be an alternative blue food colorant beside Spirulina, as it has higher thermostability that Spirulina phycocyanin (>47°C).
Initial study of polymer-based nanoparticles effect on carotenogenesis of Haematococcus lacustris
Authors: Widyaningrum D , Ohama T
Published: March 2020

The carotenogenesis in Haematococcus lacustris, accompanying by encystment starting from green motile cells to aplanospores, is suggested mediating by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Our previous study showed that isobutyl-cyanoacrylate nanoparticles (IBCA- NPs) induced the cell mortality, preceding by intracellular ROS accumulation, in most of Volvocales species but not H. lacustris. This study aimed to investigate the effect of IBCA- NPs exposure to H. lacustris on carotenogenesis. The cells were cultured on C medium then exposed to 100 mg · L−1 -1 of 180 nm of IBCA-NPs for the 14 days. The accumulation of astaxanthin was started after four days of IBCA-NPs exposure. The ratio of intermediate cells reached to 46% after 14 days of IBCA-NPs exposure, while the ratio of intermediate cells of untreated culture was only 11%. The results suggested that the addition of nanoparticles could enhance the production of astaxanthin. Further studies are required to investigate the correlation between nanoparticle exposure and ROS generation that leads to the biosynthesis of astaxanthin. The condition of cell growth and the addition of nanoparticles shall be optimized to increase the production of ketocarotenoid and to minimalize the negative effect of longer exposure time of IBCA-NP that could lead the cell mortality.