bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Involving Consumers: The Role of Digital Technologies in Promoting ‘Prosumption’ and User Innovation
Authors: Rayna Thierry , Striukova Ludmila
Published: July 2016

Since the First Industrial Revolution, consumers have been mainly considered as playing a passive role with regard to production. However, the recent decades have seen a progressive growth in consumer involvement in production processes, for instance, in the form of user innovation, DIY and mass customisation. Yet, it was not until the advent of digital technologies that consumers’ input in production processes could become really significant in all dimensions of production (design, manufacturing and distribution). This increased (sometimes leading) role of consumers in production has been referred to as ‘prosumption’. While prosumption has so far been mainly significant online (where consumers have arguably taken over the creation and distribution of content), recent advances in digital technologies (mobile networks, 3D printing) have enabled prosumption to reach to world of physical objects, as illustrated by the increased importance of consumer-made goods (‘makers’ movement) and of the ‘sharing economy’. Although prosumption can be highly disruptive to markets, there has not been so far a thorough investigation of the nature of this phenomenon. Yet, understanding this nature is critical to apprehend disruptions. Furthermore, while digital technologies have been acknowledged as a key factor in the rise of prosumption, the exact role of each set of technologies has not yet been studied, which is a problem, as different technologies enable different types of prosumption. The aim of this article is to fill these two gaps. To do so, a framework of prosumption, which encompasses both inputs and outputs of consumer contribution, is introduced. This framework is then applied to multiple case studies, which enables to show how prosumption has evolved and what changes lie ahead.
Consideration of structural constraints in passive rotor blade design for improved performance
Authors: Lim J.W.
Published: July 2016

This design study applied parameterisation to rotor blade for improved performance. In the design, parametric equations were used to represent blade planform changes over the existing rotor blade model. Design variables included blade twist, sweep, dihedral and the radial control point. Updates to the blade structural properties with changes in the design variables allowed accurate evaluation of performance objectives and realistic structural constraints – blade stability, steady moments (flap bending, chord bending and torsion) and the high-g manoeuvre pitch link loads. Performance improvement was demonstrated with multiple parametric designs. Using a parametric design with advanced aerofoils, the predicted power reduction was 1.0% in hover, 10.0% at μ = 0.30 and 17.0% at μ = 0.40, relative to the baseline UH-60A rotor, but these were obtained with a 35% increase in the steady chord bending moment at μ = 0.30 and a 20% increase in the half peak-to-peak pitch link load during the UH-60A UTTAS manoeuvre. Low vibration was maintained for this design. More rigorous design efforts, such as chord tapering and/or structural redesign of the blade cross section, would enlarge the feasible design space and likely provide significant performance improvement.
EARLY BOLZANO ONGROUND-CONSEQUENCEPROOFS
Authors: CENTRONE STEFANIA
Published: July 2016

In his earlyContributions to a Better-Grounded Presentation of Mathematics(1810) Bernard Bolzano tries to characterizerigorous proofs(strenge Beweise).Rigorousis,prima facie, any proof that indicates the grounds for its conclusion. Bolzano lists a number of methodological constraints all rigorous proofs should comply with, and tests them systematically against a specific collection of elementary inference schemata that, according to him, are evidently of ground-consequence-kind. This paper intends to give a detailed and critical account of the fragmentary logic of theContributions, and to point out as well some difficulties Bolzano’s attempt runs into, notably as to his methodological ban on ‘kind crossing’.
The Metabolic Ghetto
Authors: Wells Jonathan C. K.
Published: July 2016

Chronic diseases have rapidly become the leading global cause of morbidity and mortality, yet there is poor understanding of this transition, or why particular social and ethnic groups are especially susceptible. In this book, Wells adopts a multidisciplinary approach to human nutrition, emphasising how power relations shape the physiological pathways to obesity, diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Part I reviews the physiological basis of chronic diseases, presenting a 'capacity-load' model that integrates the nutritional contributions of developmental experience and adult lifestyle. Part II presents an evolutionary perspective on the sensitivity of human metabolism to ecological stresses, highlighting how social hierarchy impacts metabolism on an intergenerational timescale. Part III reviews how nutrition has changed over time, as societies evolved and coalesced towards a single global economic system. Part IV integrates these physiological, evolutionary and politico-economic perspectives in a unifying framework, to deepen our understanding of the societal basis of metabolic ill-health.
Discourse on Leadership
Authors: Spector Bert A.
Published: July 2016

In a wide-ranging and provocative new study, Bert A. Spector provides a critical analysis of past and present theories of leadership. Spector asserts that our perception of leadership influences who we vote for, who we hire and promote, and ultimately, who we choose to grant our authority to. Focusing on leadership in discourse, the book sets out to explore how the notion of leadership has been articulated, studied and debated by academics, but also by practitioners, journalists, and others who seek to influence the thoughts of others. Paying particular attention to the social, economic, political, intellectual and historical forces that have helped shape the discussion, Discourse on Leadership offers an insightful historiography of leadership as a concept and how our understanding of it continues to evolve.
The Value of Milton
Authors: Leonard John
Published: July 2016

In The Value of Milton, leading critic John Leonard explores the writings of John Milton from his early poetry to his major prose. Milton's work includes one of the most difficult and challenging texts in the English literary canon, yet he remains impressively popular with general readers. Leonard demonstrates why Milton has enduring value for our own time, both as a defender of political liberty and as a poet of sublimity and terror who also exhibits moments of genuine humanity and compassion. A poet divided against himself, Milton offers different rewards to different readers. The Value of Milton examines not only the significance of his most celebrated verse but also the function of biblical allegory, classical culture, and the moods, voice and language that give Milton's writings their perennial appeal.
The Social Life of the Japanese Language
Authors: Okamoto Shigeko , Shibamoto-Smith Janet S.
Published: July 2016

Why are different varieties of the Japanese language used differently in social interaction, and how are they perceived? How do honorifics operate to express diverse affective stances, such as politeness? Why have issues of gendered speech been so central in public discourse, and how are they reflected and refracted in language use as social practice? This book examines Japanese sociolinguistic phenomena from a fascinating new perspective, focusing on the historical construction of language norms and its relationship to actual language use in contemporary Japan. This socio-historically sensitive account stresses the different choices which have shaped Japanese and Western sociolinguistics and how varieties of Japanese, honorifics and politeness, and gendered language have emerged in response to the socio-political landscape in which a modernizing Japan found itself.
Pliny the Elder and the Emergence of Renaissance Architecture
Authors: Fane-Saunders Peter
Published: July 2016

The Naturalis historia by Pliny the Elder provided Renaissance scholars, artists and architects with details of ancient architectural practice and long-lost architectural wonders - material that was often unavailable elsewhere in classical literature. Pliny's descriptions frequently included the dimensions of these buildings, as well as details of their unusual construction materials and ornament. This book describes, for the first time, how the passages were interpreted from around 1430 to 1580, that is, from Alberti to Palladio. Chapters are arranged chronologically within three interrelated sections - antiquarianism; architectural writings; drawings and built monuments - thereby making it possible for the reader to follow the changing attitudes to Pliny over the period. The resulting study establishes the Naturalis historia as the single most important literary source after Vitruvius's De architectura.
Studies in Expansive Learning
Authors: Engeström Yrjö
Published: July 2016

Professor Engeström's exciting approach sees expansive learning as the central mechanism of transformation in societal practices and institutions. For researchers and practitioners in education, this book provides a conceptual and practical toolkit for creating and analyzing expansive learning processes with the help of interventions in workplaces, schools and communities. Chapters 1-3 situate the theory of expansive learning in the field of learning science. Chapters 4-8 contain empirical studies of expansive learning in various organizational settings (such as banks, schools and hospitals). In Chapters 9-10, the author looks at new challenges and possibilities arising from rapidly spreading 'wildfire' activities (disaster relief, for example) and from the methodology of formative interventions aimed at triggering and supporting expansive learning. This book provides an integrative account of recent empirical studies and conceptual developments in the theory of expansive learning, and serves as a companion volume to Learning by Expanding.
Soft Computing in Electromagnetics
Authors: Choudhury Balamati , Jha Rakesh Mohan
Published: July 2016

Soft computing techniques are emerging as an important tool in solving design, performance and optimisation problems in electromagnetics. Soft Computing in Electromagnetics offers detailed discussion on the application of soft computing concepts in the field of metamaterial antennas, radar absorbers, transmission line characterisation and optimised radar absorbing material (RAM) and introduces implementation of soft computing tools in a relatively new area of metamaterials. The soft computing methods are used to optimise fault detection, electromagnetic propagation and path loss detection. The development of two CAD packages for design of metamaterial split ring resonators (SRR) and path-loss prediction is discussed. The concepts are explained with the help of algorithms and the corresponding software codes. Numerical examples and MATLAB codes are provided throughout the text to facilitate understanding.
“Trash ” Censorship and National Identity in Early Twentieth-Century Germany
Authors: Ritzheimer Kara L.
Published: July 2016

Convinced that sexual immorality and unstable gender norms were endangering national recovery after World War One, German lawmakers drafted a constitution in 1919 legalizing the censorship of movies and pulp fiction, and prioritizing social rights over individual rights. These provisions enabled legislations to adopt two national censorship laws intended to regulate the movie industry and retail trade in pulp fiction. Both laws had their ideological origins in grass-roots anti-'trash' campaigns inspired by early encounters with commercial mass culture and Germany's federalist structure. Before the war, activists characterized censorship as a form of youth protection. Afterwards, they described it as a form of social welfare. Local activists and authorities enforcing the decisions of federal censors made censorship familiar and respectable even as these laws became a lightning rod for criticism of the young republic. Nazi leaders subsequently refashioned anti-'trash' rhetoric to justify the stringent censorship regime they imposed on Germany.
Understanding and Avoiding the Oil Curse in Resource-rich Arab Economies
Authors: Elbadawi Ibrahim , Selim Hoda
Published: July 2016

For over eighty years the Arab region has derived massive wealth from its natural resources, yet the region's economies remain little diversified, while the oil market is experiencing major structural shifts with the advent of shale gas. Moreover, the resource itself is eventually exhaustible. Under these conditions economic prosperity cannot be sustainable. The critical question is how can the countries of this region escape the 'oil curse'? In this volume, leading economists argue that the curse is not a predestined outcome but a result of weak institutions and bad governance. A variety of analytical perspectives and examination of various international case studies leads to the conclusion that natural resources can only spur economic development when combined with sound political institutions and effective economic governance. This volume, with its unique focus on the Arab region, will be an important reference for researchers and policy makers alike.
Ideological Conflict and the Rule of Law in Contemporary China
Authors: Seppänen Samuli
Published: July 2016

This book is an informative and thought provoking study in understanding the ideological divisions within Chinese legal academia and their relationship to arguments about the rule of law. It describes argumentative strategies used by Chinese legal scholars to legitimize and subvert China's state-sanctioned ideology and examines Chinese efforts to invent new, alternative rule of law conceptions. In addition to this descriptive project, the book advances a more general argument about the rule of law phenomenon, insisting that many arguments about the rule of law are better understood in terms of their intended and actual effects rather than as logical propositions or other good faith arguments. To illustrate this proposition, the book demonstrates that various paradoxical, contradictory and otherwise implausible arguments about the rule of law play an important role in the Chinese debates. More specifically, paradoxical statements about the rule of law can be 'useful' for an ideological project.
Rational Decision and Causality
Authors: Eells Ellery
Published: July 2016

First published in 1982, Ellery Eells' original work on rational decision making had extensive implications for probability theorists, economists, statisticians and psychologists concerned with decision making and the employment of Bayesian principles. His analysis of the philosophical and psychological significance of Bayesian decision theories, causal decision theories and Newcomb's paradox continues to be influential in philosophy of science. His book is now revived for a new generation of readers and presented in a fresh twenty-first-century series livery, including a specially commissioned preface written by Brian Skyrms, illuminating its continuing importance and relevance to philosophical enquiry.
The Globalization of Adoption
Authors: McBride Becca
Published: July 2016

This book expands our understanding of a growing, yet largely unstudied phenomenon: the flow of children across borders through intercountry adoption. What explains the spread of intercountry adoption through the international system over time? McBride investigates the interconnected networks of states, individuals, and adoption agencies that have collaborated to develop the practice of intercountry adoption we see today. This book tells the story of how adoption agencies mediate between individuals and states in two ways: first by teaching states about intercountry adoption as a policy, and second by helping states implement intercountry adoption as a practice. McBride argues that this process of states learning about intercountry adoption from adoption agencies has facilitated the global development of the practice in the past seventy years.
Differential Topology
Authors: Wall C. T. C.
Published: July 2016

Exploring the full scope of differential topology, this comprehensive account of geometric techniques for studying the topology of smooth manifolds offers a wide perspective on the field. Building up from first principles, concepts of manifolds are introduced, supplemented by thorough appendices giving background on topology and homotopy theory. Deep results are then developed from these foundations through in-depth treatments of the notions of general position and transversality, proper actions of Lie groups, handles (up to the h-cobordism theorem), immersions and embeddings, concluding with the surgery procedure and cobordism theory. Fully illustrated and rigorous in its approach, little prior knowledge is assumed, and yet growing complexity is instilled throughout. This structure gives advanced students and researchers an accessible route into the wide-ranging field of differential topology.
Morale and the Italian Army during the First World War
Authors: Wilcox Vanda
Published: July 2016

Italian performance in the First World War has been generally disparaged or ignored compared to that of the armies on the Western Front, and troop morale in particular has been seen as a major weakness of the Italian army. In this first book-length study of Italian morale in any language, Vanda Wilcox reassesses Italian policy and performance from the perspective both of the army as an institution and of the ordinary soldiers who found themselves fighting a brutally hard war. Wilcox analyses and contextualises Italy's notoriously hard military discipline along with leadership, training methods and logistics before considering the reactions of the troops and tracing the interactions between institutions and individuals. Restoring historical agency to soldiers often considered passive and indifferent, Wilcox illustrates how and why Italians complied, endured or resisted the army's demands through balancing their civilian and military identities.
Freedom in the Arab World
Authors: Abu-'Uksa Wael
Published: July 2016

A preoccupation with the subject of freedom became a core issue in the construction of all modern political ideologies. Here, Wael Abu-'Uksa examines the development of the concept of freedom (hurriyya) in nineteenth-century Arab political thought, its ideological offshoots, their modes, and their substance as they developed the dynamics of the Arabic language. Abu-'Uksa traces the transition of the idea of freedom from a term used in a predominantly non-political way, through to its popularity and near ubiquity at the dawn of the twentieth century. Through this, he also analyses the importance of associated concepts such as liberalism, socialism, progress, rationalism, secularism, and citizenship. He employs a close analysis of the development of the language, whilst at the same time examining the wider historical context within which these semantic shifts occurred: the rise of nationalism, the power of the Ottoman court, and the state of relations with Europe.
The IBA Guidelines on Party Representation in International Arbitration
Authors: Ashford Peter
Published: July 2016

The guidelines on party representation are one of three key publications published by the IBA and are commonly referred to or adopted as good practice in international arbitration. This user-friendly handbook to the guidelines will benefit the understanding and practical application of arbitration protocol in the legal community. Written by a respected and experienced arbitration practitioner, this is a companion volume to The IBA Rules on the Taking of Evidence in International Arbitration and combines commentary from the drafting committee, additional analysis of the guidelines and tabular comparative material addressing the interaction with Major Professional Conduct Rules and Major Institutional Rules. It is a convenient and invaluable resource for best practice on the duties of arbitrators, institutions and other representatives in this field.
The School of Oriental and African Studies
Authors: Brown Ian
Published: July 2016

The School of Oriental and African Studies, a college of the University of London, was established in 1916 principally to train the colonial administrators who ran the British Empire in the languages of Asia and Africa. It was founded, that is, with an explicitly imperial purpose. Yet the School would come to transcend this function to become a world centre of scholarship and learning, in many important ways challenging that imperial origin. Drawing on the School's own extensive administrative records, on interviews with current and past staff, and on the records of government departments, Ian Brown explores the work of the School over its first century. He considers the expansion in the School's configuration of studies from the initial focus on languages, its changing relationships with government, and the major contributions that have been made by the School to scholarly and public understandings of Asia, Africa, and the Middle East.
Investment Arbitration and EU Law
Authors: KOKOTT Juliane , SOBOTTA Christoph
Published: July 2016

Investment arbitration is based on international agreements and operates in parallel to the EU legal and judicial system. Therefore conflicts between EU law and investment protection are possible. These may result from the substantial investment protection standards, but also from the operation of a parallel system of judicial protection. The EU law position on such conflicts will depend on whether the investment agreement was concluded between Member States, between Member States and other countries, or between the EU and other countries.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of the Use of Probiotics for the Prevention ofClostridium difficile–Associated Diarrhea in a Provincial Healthcare System
Authors: Leal Jenine R. , Heitman Steven J. , Conly John M. , Henderson Elizabeth A. , Manns Braden J.
Published: July 2016

OBJECTIVE

To conduct a full economic evaluation assessing the costs and consequences related to probiotic use for the primary prevention ofClostridium difficile–associated diarrhea (CDAD).

DESIGN

Cost-effectiveness analysis using decision analytic modeling.

METHODS

A cost-effectiveness analysis was used to evaluate the risk of CDAD and the costs of receiving oral probiotics versus not over a time horizon of 30 days. The target population modeled was all adult inpatients receiving any therapeutic course of antibiotics from a publicly funded healthcare system perspective. Effectiveness estimates were based on a recent systematic review of probiotics for the primary prevention of CDAD. Additional estimates came from local data and the literature. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess how plausible changes in variables impacted the results.

RESULTS

Treatment with oral probiotics led to direct costs of CDN $24 per course of treatment per patient. On average, patients treated with oral probiotics had a lower overall cost compared with usual care (CDN $327 vs $845). The risk of CDAD was reduced from 5.5% in those not receiving oral probiotics to 2% in those receiving oral probiotics. These results were robust to plausible variation in all estimates.

CONCLUSIONS

Oral probiotics as a preventive strategy for CDAD resulted in a lower risk of CDAD as well as cost-savings. The cost-savings may be greater in other healthcare systems that experience a higher incidence and cost associated with CDAD.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol2016;37:1079–1086
Lakotacrinus brezinain. gen. n. sp., a new stalked crinoid from cold methane seeps in the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Pierre Shale, South Dakota, United States
Authors: Hunter Aaron W. , Larson Neal L. , Landman Neil H. , Oji Tatsuo
Published: July 2016

Despite a rich and varied record, Mesozoic stalked crinoids are relatively rare in the Western Interior Seaway of North America compared to those found in Northern Europe. A unique example of Mesozoic stalked crinoid is described from cold methane seeps (hydrocarbon seep mounds also called “tepee buttes”) from the Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian) of the Northern Great Plains of the United States; the first crinoids to be described from such an environment. The Late Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway has never before yielded any identifiable stalked crinoid remains. Nevertheless, there have been significant studies on both free living and stalked crinoids from other locations in the Upper Cretaceous of North America that provide a good basis for comparison.Lakotacrinus brezinain. gen. n. sp. is characterized by a tapering homeomorphic column with through-going tubuli, lacking any attachment disc. The arms are unbranched and pinnulate, with muscular and syzygial articulations. The unique morphology of the column justifies the establishment of Lakotacrinidae new family. A new suborder Lakotacrinina n. subord., is also proposed as there exists no corresponding taxon within the Articulata that can accommodate all the characteristics of this new genus. This new crinoid shares many features with other members of the articulates, including bathycrinids, bourgueticrinids and guillecrinids within the Order Comatulida, as currently defined in the revised Treatise of Invertebrate Paleontology. Reconstructing the entire crinoid using hundreds of semi-articulated and disarticulated (well preserved) fossils, reveals a unique paleoecology and functional morphology specifically adapted to living within this hydrocarbon seep environment.
A Controlled Experiment on the Perception of Helicopter Rotor Noise
Authors: Crosse G. W. , Davidson I. M. , Hargest T. J. , Porter M. J.
Published: July 2016

During a recent open week at the National Gas Turbine Establishment at Pyestock, an experiment involving just over 1,000 subjects was made to establish some measure of the disturbance value of such rhythmic or amplitude modulated noises as are generated by helicopter rotors. The results were (i) that, as may be implied from Niese's results with modulated tones, the subjective assessment of such a noise depends upon its peak sound pressure level (i.e. 82·5 db. in Fig. 3) rather than upon its r.m.s. value, (ii) that the effect of the modulation frequency is negligible in the range from 4 to 12 cycles/sec. and (iii) that these results are invariant with peak sound pressure level in the range from 85 to 95 db. re 2 x 10–4 dynes/cm2.
The First Halford Lecture Frank Bernard Halford, C.B.E., Fellow 1894-1955
Authors: Brodie, John L. P.
Published: July 2016

The Prime Purpose of this initiative Halford lecture is to speak of the man and his work.

It may seem rather peculiar to preface such a lecture with an obituary but as I wrote one of them with deep feeling in my heart I make no apology for quoting parts of it to start this lecture and later, to expand on those aspects of his rich life which may be of interest.
Air Traffic Control Over The North Atlantic
Authors: Pike E. W.
Published: July 2016

Before considering the special case of the North Atlantic, I should like to attempt some clarification of the term “Air Traffic Control” (A.T.C.). It is in fact a service for which I.C.A.O. member states have accepted responsibility dedicated primarily to avoidance of air-to-air collision hazards and secondly, to providing an expeditious traffic flow. When traffic is dense these requirements are somewhat incompatible and, of course, safety considerations are paramount; therefore the traffic flow suffers impediment in some form or other. Traffic Controllers provide service by issuing clearances which are subject to pilot acceptance. Pilots can ask for alternative clearances if they deem those offered unacceptable. Although the A.T.C. service clearly shoulders a large measure of responsibility for avoidance of air-to-air collisions, the ultimate responsibility is vested in the pilot-in-command who is authorised to take any action he considers necessary to maintain safe flight.
The Present Status of Aircraft Stability Problems in the Aeroelastic Domain
Authors: Taylor A. S.
Published: July 2016

In his classic paper, The Expanding Domain of Aeroelasticity, Collar indicated how various types of problems (involving at least two of the three kinds of force—aerodynamic, elastic and inertial), which had hitherto been dealt with in their own “watertight compartments,” were tending to coalesce into a single subject which might be defined as “the dynamics of a deformable aeroplane.” The title of the subject, as Collar pointed out, at once suggests (to the mathematician at least) the formal solution of the problems which it comprises.
Safe Mechanisms
Authors: Hafner Raoul
Published: July 2016

Looking back at the pioneering period of aviation one is struck by the almost complete lack of mechanical components in the early aeroplanes. Besides the single primitive engine there were no more than about a dozen hinges on control surfaces which, together with a few pulleys and levers, formed the entire mechanical system of the aircraft. As flying speeds increased, however, the need for mechanisms grew; retracting gear for the undercarriage became necessary, wings had to be fitted with flap gear, and engines and propellers received reduction gears and pitch varying mechanisms. The advent of the turbine opened further avenues for development; thus for flight at great heights cabin pressurisation became necessary, and supersonic flight demanded powered controls and flight stabilising mechanisms. Finally, a large family of VTOL aircraft, including the helicopter, came into existence.
Some Experiences of a Pioneer in the Aircraft Industry in Australia
Authors: Wackett Lawrence
Published: July 2016

Those who have followed a career similar to mine have generally displayed an interest in things mechanical from an early age. I was true to type in this respect, and showed my liking for making things from as early as I can remember. This was not because I was taught to do so, for my father died when I was only six. However, I inherited a fine kit of tools which I had seen him use, and I taught myself to use them.

As early as 1910 I constructed some balloons, one about 15 ft. in diameter which rose fully 1,000 ft. and drifted miles over the countryside. I made large kites and some model aeroplanes with elastic motors which flew short distances.
Basic Principles of Radar With Particular Reference to Aircraft and Missile Applications An Introductory Lecture for Non-Specialists
Authors: Boardman F. D.
Published: July 2016

Summary: Modern radar techniques have found wide application in the fields of aeronautics and guided missiles and to make full use of these techniques the designer of modern aircraft and missile systems requires a knowledge of the basic radar principles. This paper is an introduction to these principles. Four main functions of radar are discussed, namely the detection of objects in the beam, measurement of range, information on direction, and the use of the doppler principle to measure velocity and to distinguish moving objects. The discussion is confined to primary or self-contained radars although the principles are applicable to navigation aids such as Gee and Loran. The paper concludes with a brief description of the radome problem.
Pressure Loss Data for Crimped Metal Strip Matrices
Authors: Lindley B. C.
Published: July 2016

Data were obtained of the pressure loss characteristics of metal strip matrices constructed by winding together alternate layers of crimped and plain metal strip. The hydraulic diameters of the passages so formed were in the range 0.023 in. to 0.060 in. with passage lengths from 1 in. to 6 in. and metal thickness from 0.002 in. to 0.006 in.

The units were mounted in a 6 in. diameter duct in which air velocities of up to 200 ft./sec. were obtained. The range of passage Reynolds number was from 300 to 6,000. The majority of the experimental results were for atmospheric pressure, but some tests were carried out at sub-atmospheric pressures to test a correlation equation derived from analysis of the results.
The Inertial Effects of Springs in Oscillation Experiments to Determine Damping
Authors: Frost M. D.
Published: July 2016

The calculation of damping from the results of resonance and free oscillation experiments has hitherto been based on elementary theory in which the springs or other elastic supports are represented by lumped stiffness parameters. This “ light spring theory” is generalised here to include the elastic stiffness terms in distributed parameter form; i.e. the mass of the springs or other supports is taken account of by including wave equations for the propagation of stress waves in the springs and so on. A record of the free motion of a model in a wind tunnel, shown in Fig. 1., indicates the inertial effects of the spring supports. To minimise this “surging” of the supports one may design them to have high natural frequencies compared with the system frequencies. However, this gives no indication of the error entailed in using light spring theory, nor does it cover experiments which must be performed at high frequencies.
Advantages and Limitations of Models
Authors: Sobey A. J.
Published: July 2016

The use of models for structural test investigations in the presence of kinetic heating effects is examined. The principal features of the complex process to be represented are discussed under the classifications external air flow, internal heat transfer, elastic response. Of these the second is found to influence most model design, and an analysis of a typical structure is included to illustrate the various contributions to internal heat transfer.
The Critical Height of Distributed Roughness to Cause Boundary Layer Transition
Authors: Dommett R. L.
Published: July 2016

It has been found that there is a critical height for “sandpaper” type roughness below which no measurable disturbances are introduced into a laminar boundary layer and above which transition is initiated at the roughness. Braslow and Knox have proposed a method of predicting this height, for flow over a flat plate or a cone, using exact solutions of the laminar boundary layer equations combined with a correlation of experimental results in terms of a Reynolds number based on roughness height, k, and local conditions at the top of the elements. A simpler, yet more general, method can be constructed by taking additional advantage of the linearity of the velocity profile near the wall in a laminar boundary layer.
A Note on the Causes of Thin Aerofoil Stall
Authors: Moore T. W. F.
Published: July 2016

Recent Researches have led to some possible explanations for thin aerofoil stalling behaviour. Apart from the Owen Klanfer criterion these are the reverse flow breakdown hypothesis of McGregor and Wallis's turbulent separation theory.

This note describes simple theoretical boundary layer calculations which indicate the feasibility of Wallis's hypothesis. In addition the results of some experiments on a thin two-dimensional aerofoil with various leading edge configurations with Reynolds number, based on model chord, of 1.8 million and 1 million support either of these hypotheses, depending on the leading edge configuration. It is concluded that thin aerofoil stall can occur broadly, through either of the suggested mechanisms, depending on conditions in the nose region.
Analysis of the complete genome sequence of black queen cell virus JL1 from infected honeybees in China
Authors: Yang Q. , Song Z.-Y. , Feng X. , Zhang J. , Zheng Y. , Wang X.-H. , Sui J.-C. , Wang Z.-G. , Sun Y.
Published: July 2016

There are six strains of the complete genomic sequences of black queen cell virus (BQCV) published in the GenBank, including South Africa (AF183905), South Korea (JX149531), Hungary 10 (EF517515), Poland 4 (EF517519), Poland 5 (EF517520) and Poland 6 (EF517521). Based on the six BQCV strains published in the GenBank, ten pairs of primers were designed in the present study using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to obtain the first complete genome sequence of a BQCV strain in China, called the BQCV China-JL1 strain (KP119603). A phylogenetic tree was then built to analyse their genetic relationships. The BQCV China-JL1 strain showed 86–93% similarity with the six strains published in the GenBank. The BQCV China-JL1 strain consisted of 8358 nucleotides (nt). The 5′-proximal open reading frame (ORF1) initiated at nt position 546 and terminated at nt position 4676, ORF3 initiated at nt position 4891 and terminated at nt position 5433, and the 3′-proximal ORF (ORF2) was located between nt positions 5750 and 8203.
Representing argument structure
Authors: HERZIG SHEINFUX LIVNAT , MELNIK NURIT , WINTNER SHULY
Published: July 2016

Existing approaches to the representation of argument structure in grammar tend to focus either on semantics or on syntax. Our goal in this paper is to strike the right balance between the two levels by proposing an analysis that maintains the independence of the syntactic and semantic aspects of argument structure, and, at the same time, captures the interplay between the two levels. Our proposal is set in the context of the development of a large-scale grammar of Modern Hebrew within the framework of Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG). Consequently, an additional challenge it faces is to reconcile two conflicting desiderata: to be both linguistically coherentandrealistic in terms of the grammar engineering effort. We present a novel representation of argument structure that is fully implemented in HPSG, and demonstrate its many benefits to the coherence of our Hebrew grammar. We also highlight the additional dimensions of linguistic generalization that our proposal provides, which we believe are also applicable to grammars of other languages.
The Assessment of Results obtained in Transonic Wind Tunnels
Authors: O'hara F.
Published: July 2016

The development of wind tunnel sections with partly open walls has made it possible to operate at continuously variable speeds through the transonic range up to low supersonic speeds. Some consideration must be given, however, to the general reliability of the measurements in these tunnels of the aerodynamic characteristics of air vehicles or missiles. A comparative assessment of the possible overall errors in force and pressure measurements in relation to desirable standards of accuracy is, in fact, required. A number of points connected with such an assessment are briefly discussed (mainly on the basis of experience in the 3 ft. tunnel at R.A.E., Bedford) in this paper, which touches on flow uniformity, accuracy of model manufacture, and interference effects, including a comparison between tunnel and free flight model results; illustrative examples of results for an aircraft model, with some full scale flight comparisons, are discussed briefly and a few comments are made on the problems associated with the achievement of representative flow conditions on sting–mounted models at transonic speeds.
Approximate Deflections in Cantilevers Curved in Plan
Authors: Mellor P. B. , Johnson W.
Published: July 2016

It is not difficult to establish equations by means of Castigliano's First Theorem intended to give the deflections and rotations at any point in a cantilever curved in plan. However, when the bending modulus, EI, and the torsional modulus, GJ, are unequal in magnitude and when the plan form is not of simple shape, these equations become difficult to handle, if not unmanageable. For the case in which EI ≃ GJ (a solid circular section or annulus) it is possible to obtain simple, approximate, and explicit expressions for the deflections under a concentrated end load of W1 and end couples M0, T0 for any form of beam. These expressions are now extended in Section 1 to take account of the end loading shown in Fig. 1.
The Effects of Kinetic Heating on Aircraft Structures
Authors: Kitchenside A. W.
Published: July 2016

Kinetic heating, which is associated with supersonic flight, is probably the greatest challenge which has confronted the structural engineer, since the design and analysis of affected structures requires a radical extension of current practice. For example, the laws of heat transfer and the effects of high temperature on structural materials become important factors in structural analysis. To obtain a clear appreciation of the situation it is therefore necessary for the designers of the structure to become familiar with these factors, together with certain aspects of boundary layer theory.
The Pressure Jet Helicopter
Authors: Stepan A.
Published: July 2016

Before enlarging on the main subject of this paper, it will be helpful to clarify some fundamental conceptions of various rotor drive configurations.

In the past the original shaft-driven helicopter presented two major problems to the designer. These were first: the necessity to choose between either some torque balancing device or a multi-rotor layout and, second: the necessity of a large reduction gear box, the weight of which seemed to become prohibitive with increasing all-up weight of the design. Big helicopters with either single rotor/tail rotor configuration or multi-rotor configuration, are flying successfully and prove that these afore-mentioned problems, although still in existence, were mastered in an admirable way. Nevertheless, in the old days the words “ tip. drive ” had a magic sound to the harassed designer.
An Experiment on Flat Plate Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow—The Effect of Local Fluid Addition on Friction and Velocity Distribution
Authors: Barrow Henry
Published: July 2016

For a Flat Surface at zero incidence in a deep uniform stream, the total frictional drag F per unit width of the surface can be calculated from the well known equation

Using the momentum principle in the usual way, it can be shown that when fluid is added locally to the flow through the surface, the total frictional drag F1 is given by
Standardised Polynomials Jor Curve Fitting
Authors: Fine M.
Published: July 2016

Lagrange's Interpolation formula can be used to obtain an approximate polynomial representation of a curve (derived empirically, or known otherwise) as well as to interpolate between isolated values of a function. In obtaining such an approximating polynomial, standardisation of the values of the independent variable has the advantage that many relevant quantities can be calculated and tabulated (or plotted, or both) in advance.
Pyestock’s Contribution to Propulsion
Authors: Constant Hayne
Published: July 2016

The first Sir Henry Royce Memorial Lecture described the work of a brilliant engineer, who was directly responsible for the design of a long series of great engines. As a contrast, I have been asked to tell you about the work, not of an individual, but of a team. A team, moreover, that has had no responsibility for the final product, but whose task has been that of attempting to clear the ground and make the engine designers’ work less difficult.

The year 1957 has a certain significance in gas turbine history, in that it is the twentieth anniversary of several important early events. It was in March 1937 that the Engine Sub-Committee of the Aeronautical Research Committee discussed the internal combustion turbine and as a result recommended “that the Air Ministry should take up the question of the development of the internal combustion turbine as a matter of urgency and make all possible arrangements for its production at the earliest possible moment …”
The Aerodynamic Drag of Perforated Plates at Zero Incidence
Authors: Minton P. , Francis J. R. D.
Published: July 2016

Perforated Plates have been used at large angles of incidence to produce drag forces and evidence on their properties has been published by de Bray. Less appears to be known about the drag forces on such surfaces at zero incidence, although they are usually considered to be aerodynamically rough. This has been confirmed by Ambrose, who carried out pipe flow experiments using perforated liners which fitted tightly in the bore of a pipe. Perforated plates used in this way do not allow flow completely through them and give “pitted” surfaces. If a perforated plate is mounted so that it is possible for cross flows to occur between the main flows on both sides of the plate the drag forces on it may be affected, and in this case the perforations will be referred to as “holes.”
Heat Transfer from Rotating Discs
Authors: Rotem Z.
Published: July 2016

Coefficients for heat transfer from free rotating discs, at Reynolds numbers in excess of 4.8 x 105 have recently been obtained by Cobb and Saunders. These results are consistent with a limiting turbulent-flow heat transfer given by: —

Nu mean = 0.0172 Re0.80 . . (1)
The Measurement and Analysis of Gust Structure
Authors: Hooke F. H.
Published: July 2016

The gustiness of the atmosphere is studied, among other reasons, because of its importance in producing loads on aeroplane structures much larger than the loads occurring in calm air.

Atmospheric turbulence is studied by observing the behaviour of aeroplanes passing through it, by observing the motion of balloons or other articles carried along by the wind itself, or by examining the fluctuations in velocity or direction occurring at a point fixed relative to the earth. The first of these methods is the most flexible and is the most convenient for aeronautical investigators.
Guidance and Control
Authors: Bedford L. H.
Published: July 2016

The title of this paper is to be construed as primarily referring to guided missiles. Some of the principles have possible application to more peaceful purposes, such as aircraft flight, but the primary emphasis is towards weapon systems.

The principal guidance and control methods are discussed on a review basis but certain of them, which are particularly important or of which the author has special experience, are considered more fully. These are, in particular, guidance and control problems relating to homing missiles.
The Effect of Variation in Cylinder Length on the Exhaust Tort Timing of a Two-Stroke Cycle Engine
Authors: Benson R. S.
Published: July 2016

In a previous note a method was developed for calculating the exhaust port area for two-stroke cycle engines assuming the cylinder length to be constant. It was pointed out by Williams and Pullman that the effect of the variation in cylinder length was important, this was appreciated in the preparation of the note, but it was necessary to assume a constant length in order to obtain an analytical solution. In this note the method given earlier is extended to cover a cylinder discharging direct to atmosphere with a moving piston.
Lateral Control at Supersonic Speeds by means of Control Surfaces on Nacelles or on the Fuselage
Authors: Holder D. W. , Lock R. C.
Published: July 2016

A method for providing lateral control at supersonic speeds by means of control surfaces located on nacelles or on the fuselage is described. These surfaces are arranged so that they affect the pressures over adjacent wings, and hence produce a rolling moment. The note includes the results of calculations and of a limited number of measurements which enable the effectiveness of such controls to be estimated.