bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Student health services: how educational?
Authors: Pashley Barry , Shepherd Angela
Published: March 2007

STUDENT Health Services are by now established as necessary features of British universities and they are likely to become increasingly common in our other in stitutions of higher education also. The influential rationale for such special provision (as presented e.g. by Mal leson, 1964; Ryle, 1969; Gunn, 1970; Cauthery, 1974) may be outlined briefly. For economic, humanitarian and educational reasons, stu dents' health problems as well as their academic ones have to be identified and met. But because of the particular institutional context in which students operate, the prob lems, their causes and their effects are in large part peculiar to students as stu dents. In consequence they are inadequately met by social services available to the general public and are best met directly via institution- ally provided services. Matters do not end simply with the provision of readily accessible and specialised pri mary and secondary health services, however. In the first place there seems among the advocates of such provision to be a general acceptance of the view expressed by Mair (1967) that because the con cepts of 'health' and 'welfare' are interdependent, the con cerns of student health ser vices extend into the 'phy sical, mental, moral and spiritual aspects of student life.' Secondly, and connected with this, there is the view that because they exist in the context and under the aus pices of educational institu tions, student health services are not simply adjuncts but are integral to the whole educational enterprise. This being so, then although stu dent health professionals readily count 'Preventive Medicine and Health Educa tion' among their primary tasks (Scott, 1974), their 'educative functions' may be more extensive and contro versial than they at first appear. This paper reports recent research findings which throw some new light upon this issue.
The effectiveness of antenatal education
Authors: Hibbard B.M. , Robinson J.O. , Pearson J.F. , Rosen M. , Taylor A.
Published: March 2007

A SURVEY of antenatal education methods, their uptake and value was un dertaken in Cardiff. Seven hundred and forty four women were interviewed during their first pregnan cies.

The effectiveness of an tenatal education was assessed objectively in terms of acquisition of knowledge and the level of anxiety at the time of first attendance, at 35 weeks gestation, and soon after the birth of the baby.

Initial knowledge and its acquisition during pregnancy was particularly poor in the lower socio-economic groups and in younger women. In these patients reading dif ficulties were common. Mothercraft classes were beneficial, but attendance by those most in need was very poor.

Acquisition of knowledge by any means, including attendance at mothercraft classes, reduced maternal anxiety in late pregnancy.

Suggestions for improving the nature and delivery of antenatal education are made.
Research in health education units — warts and all
Authors: McCafferty Ian , Perkins Elizabeth R.
Published: March 2007

WHILE there is general agreement that research in health education is valuable, there is considerable disagreement on the form it should take, and how it should be organised. After a review of the problems and opportunities from two perspectives, a number of points are suggested which should be taken into account by anyone considering basing research posts in service units.
Women's magazines and smoking
Authors: Amos Amanda
Published: March 2007

WOMEN'S magazines are read by over half the women in Britain. Although potentially these magazines represent a major source of health education and information for women, relatively little attention has been paid to assess ing this role. This study focuses on the coverage given by five of the most popular women's magazines to a major cause of mortality and morbidity among women — smoking. From a content analysis of their 1982 issues, and interviews with several editorial staff and journalists, two main conclusions are drawn. First, the coverage of smoking in several of these magazines is surprisingly low and there fore needs to be increased. Second, cigarette advertise ments should be banned in these magazines. It is suggested that health professionals could play an important role in implementing these recommendations.
Women's responses to detection of breast lumps: a British study
Authors: Owens R Glynn , Duffy J.E. , Ashcroft J.J.
Published: March 2007

THE ROLE of breast self examination (BSE) and knowledge about breast cancer in reducing delay in reporting breast abnormalities was assessed in 50 pre-menopausal women, using structured interview and questionnaire. No significant relationship was found between BSE and promptness of reporting, but one third believed they would have reported more promptly had they known about lumpectomy - a less drastic form of treatment for early stage breast cancer. This suggests that detection and presenta tion should be regarded as independent targets for health educators.
Women's beliefs and feelings about breast cancer and its control
Authors: Calnan Michael
Published: March 2007

THERE is a lack of comprehensive evidence on women's beliefs about breast cancer and its control. This survey involved detailed interviews with wom en aged 45-64 living in England. The results show that cancer, rather than breast cancer, was the major source of anxiety and fear. Those who were specifi cally concerned about breast cancer were worried about breast loss, although less emphasis was placed on the implications for the women's sexual identity than on general fears about disfigurement and the problems involved with coping with it. A fifth of the respondents implied that there was some kind of stigma attached either to having cancer or having breast cancer. The early detection of breast cancer was seen by the majority as the only way of controlling breast cancer.
Aids — a health education challenge
Authors: Kurtz Zarrina
Published: March 2007

THE current state of knowledge about acquired immune deficiency syndrome (Aids) is outlined, and current health education advice summarised. Argu ments for an intensive, integrated health education campaign to allay fear and promote preventive action are presented.
Nutrition education at the age of retirement from work
Authors: Davies Louise , Anderson Joan P , Holdsworth M Diane
Published: March 2007

A NUTRITION education session was incorporated into the pre-retirement courses given to men and women employees of two firms. The study investi gated the main sources of the participants' know ledge. By using a variety of techniques to stimulate interest, their nutritional knowledge score increased short-term. Topics covered with discussion or visual impact within the lecture were better remembered in the long-term than the topics covered by lecture alone. Nutrition knowledge scores were significant ly higher in the long-term in those who had attended the session than in a control group. The paper highlights the need for informed nutrition education for this age group and this could well be provided within a pre-retirement course.
Local or national? Room for a fresh approach
Authors: Harrap Diana
Published: March 2007

Few schools have guidelines for health education, and personal education is often taught only to girls. With the help of the Health Education Council, Birmingham teachers have developed and piloted courses in personal, social and health education, which address local problems and fulfil local needs. Such an approach has considerable benefits.
Smoke-free spaces for kids — a Canadian experiment
Authors: Noble Keith Allan , Lauzon Richard R. J.
Published: March 2007

Under the auspices of the Canadian Heart Founda tion, a programme was introduced to encourage smoke-free areas in schools and play areas. Evalua tion of the first year shows a widespread and positive response.
People's need for information - the work of the National Advisory Service on Aids
Authors: Slavin Hazel , Smith Keith
Published: March 2007

THE Advisory Service on Aids was funded by the DHSS for the health departments of the UK to provide free and confidential advice for listeners to the BBC national radio Aids campaign on radios 1, 2, & 4 in December 1986. The service was expanded and re-opened in January 1987 to offer the same free and confidential advice and support the DHSS leaflet Aids — Don't Die of Ignorance and the BBC's local radio campaign.
Aids and peer teaching
Authors: Redman J.
Published: March 2007

YOUTH teaching youth, or peer teaching, about Aids was a joint project between the Health Promotion Service of North Warwickshire Health Authority and the Youth Service of Warwickshire County Council. It is argued that given the importance of peer pressure on sexual behaviour, peer teaching could be a valu able way of educating young people about Aids, safer sex, and the many issues surrounding this disease.
Access to dental health? An ethnic minority perspective of the dental services
Authors: Williams Sonia A. , Gelbier S.
Published: March 2007

THERE is an increasing awareness that health pro fessionals must become more responsive to the needs of consumers if the health system is to meet the needs of the population it serves. This study focused on dental health care. The aims were to enquire about awareness of dental care facilities and to explore ways in which some Asian mothers con sidered that access to oral health care could be improved. One hundred mothers originating from Pakistan or Bangladesh, some of whom had never been to the dentist, were involved in informal dis cussions conducted in their mother tongue. A num ber of barriers to oral care were identified. Access to services could be improved through the provision of appropriate health education and by developing bet ter professional dental care with more sensitive training and manpower deployment. More effective use of the dental services could also be achieved through inter-disciplinary health promotion, for example using health visitors, teachers and other professionals with whom Asian groups have already established reliable contacts. Public support for bet ter oral health requires encouragement from health professionals and opinion leaders within the appro priate Asian communities, as well as by policy decisions to maintain and improve those dental ser vices that are utilised at present.
Clean-air kids or ashtray kids — children's views about other people smoking
Authors: Michell Lynn
Published: March 2007

IN a questionnaire survey of 658 10 to 14-year-old children from Lothian Region schools, the majority expressed strong disapproval of other people smok ing in their homes, on public transport and in public places. A minority of 42 children expressed tolerance or approval of other people smoking. The life-style profiles of the two groups of children were compared. The profiles of the pro-smoking children were sig nificantly different on every measure from the anti smoking group. They were more likely to come from smoking families, to have smoking friends, to choose unstructured, peer-oriented free-time activities, to be negative about school and to perceive themselves as low-achievers. With one important exception, the pro-smoking children conformed to the portraits of children who smoke regularly reported elsewhere in the literature. But only half were smokers them selves. The implications of the findings for anti smoking education programmes for the different groups of children are discussed.
Encouraging a healthy and active community — a Canadian perspective on governmental interventions
Authors: Shephard Roy J.
Published: March 2007

A WIDE variety of governmental agencies are cur rently engaged in encouraging Canadians to adopt a healthy way of life. More inter-agency co-operation might well improve community impact, as might a careful theoretical analysis of the determinants of health behaviour. However, the changing of attitudes and social norms is inevitably a slow process, and a steady investment of public funds may be needed for 15 to 20 years before the intrinsic rewards of a healthy life-style have a substantial influence on community behaviour.
Annual health reports and the development of public health in England
Authors: Chambers Jacky , Bevan Penny
Published: March 2007

A SURVEY of 28 annual health reports was under taken. Their style and content varied considerably, but very few met the requirements outlined in HC(88)64. The involvement of other agencies in the preparation of these reports, a capacity for research into local needs, and the co-ordination of national, regional and local data provision, will be essential if they are to achieve their intended purpose.
Children and advertising: does the Voluntary Agreement work?
Authors: Nelson Elizabeth , Charlton Anne
Published: March 2007

A PILOT study of the home reading habits of 2,433 children from three secondary schools was under taken to determine whether they saw and remem bered cigarette advertisements in national newspapers and magazines. The results indicate that a very high percentage of children read, or look at, most newspapers and magazines belonging to their parents or other adult members of the family. The majority of these children were aware of the cigarette advertisements contained in them and could correctly recall the brands most frequently ad vertised. Awareness was highest among children who smoked, but 60 per cent of all children who had never smoked had also seen and remembered ciga rette advertisements. A link was found between the recall ability of children from each school and their exposure to specific publications which were most popular in their region. The four brand names most frequently identified by all children, whatever their smoking habits, were those most frequently adver tised in colour. The children were less likely to remember advertisements printed in black and white and those with a 'tombstone' format. The need for a total ban on cigarette advertisements in the national press, or legislation to limit their content and format, is indicated.
An analysis of health education materials for minority communities by cultural and linguistic group
Authors: Bhatt Arvind , Dickinson Roger
Published: March 2007

THIS paper examines the perceptions of needs and priorities in health education for minority communi ties (South Asian, Chinese, and Caribbean) as re flected in the 1990 Health Education Authority catalogue of health education materials. The paper also examines the distribution of leaflet and non- leaflet materials amongst the cultural and linguistic groups within these communities. A comparison is made with the previous catalogue published in 1987 to identify shifts in emphasis in health education materials for minority communities.
Evaluation of the Look After Your Heart initial tutor training course in East Anglia
Authors: Barth A.D. , Camilleri-Ferrante Corrine , Wilson Sarah
Published: March 2007

THE Look After Your Heart programme has been run ning in East Anglia since 1987 and has now trained over 60 Tutors in the region. This study was designed to investigate the pass rate of candidates who stud ied the Initial Tutor Training Course in East Anglia between January 1988 and April 1991, and also to examine the number of Look After Yourself courses run by qualified tutors, that is, the activity level of tutors in East Anglia. A self-completion question naire was sent to all tutors who had trained in East Anglia between 1988 and 1991. The findings of the report did not reveal any single predictor of a suc cessful trainee: it showed that tutors who were em ployer funded and/or were educated to degree standard were significantly more likely to pass Part 2. The data also showed a signicantly higher pro portion of trainees passed Part 2 if they had experi enced a pre-course Look After Yourself class. The activity level of tutors after Part 2 was low through out the region. It was noted that a substantial num ber of tutors had made changes to the standard Look After Yourself course format and material; this is a major area of concern and will be investigated more fully in future studies.
Registered Mental Nurses' perceived role in health education about smoking
Authors: Hancock Beverley , Hancock Denys G.
Published: March 2007

TWENTY-FOUR Registered Mental Nurses (RMNs) were interviewed about their health education role in general and, more specifically, their ideas about smoking. The results suggest that RMNs have not received sufficient pre- or post-registration trainingto enable them to fulfil their potential health education role. Furthermore, many of the nurses felt that health education strategies in relation to smoking conflicted with their fundamentally non-judgemental approach to client care. The entire sample were interested in learning more about their health education role and the study indicates a need for health education training for RMNs.
Follow up and target achievement in general practice of men at high risk of heart attack
Authors: Wilson Andrew , Morrell Jane , Groom Lindsay
Published: March 2007

IN a study involving seven practices, the records of 292 men found to be at high risk of a heart attack were analysed twelve months after identification, to determine how far a protocol for follow up of patients was followed and the extent to which targets for risk reduction were achieved. It was found that 248 (84.9 per cent) had a further recording of one or more risk factors after identification at the screening examin ation. Follow up was most thorough for those with a raised blood pressure, and least complete for those with raised cholesterol. Of the 205 men with an in itially raised blood pressure, 153 achieved the target of 100 mm Hg or less at follow up, representing 75 per cent of the original group and 94 per cent of those followed up. Approximately 20 per cent of smokers and heavy drinkers identified at the screening exam ination reported achieving the target of cessation and safe drinking respectively at their last follow up. Rates of change for the overweight and those with raised cholesterol were no better than might be ex pected by chance. Overall these results compare favourably with previous studies. The use of proto cols, facilitator support and the motivational effect of knowledge of risk status may all have contributed. However, even with this level of support a significant number of patients was lost to follow up. Practices should give priority to achieving optimal rates of follow up for smoking and hypertension.
Evaluation of the BBC/HEA Health Show
Authors: Wallace Simon
Published: March 2007

THE Health Show was a joint BBC/HEA television programme which aimed to provide information and motivate viewers to adopt healthier lifestyles by making simple behavioural changes. Research, con ducted among a sample drawn from the half million people who requested a copy of an information book let promoted during the programme, showed that the venture had been a success in terms of the ob jectives set out in Table 1. The 'fly on the wall' mech anism where real families attempted to follow a healthier lifestyle appeared to be the most popular element of the show and would seem to offer scope for further exploitation. The information given out was valued for being sensible and uncontroversial and the 'telethon' format provoked enthusiasm for behavioural change. Many of those who sent off for the booklet claimed that The Health Show had en couraged them to make changes to their behaviour, though caution is required in interpreting this find ing as requesters of the guide were characterised by above average awareness and interest in health issues.
The Airedale schools survey: providing local information on smoking prevalence in schoolchildren
Authors: Edwards Richard , Watson Paul
Published: March 2007

The Health of the Nation sets national targets for risk factor reduction. One of the resulting challenges is to develop local monitoring procedures to allow realistic local targets to be set, and evaluate progress towards achieving them. We report a survey of smoking prevalence in schoolchil dren using the setting of annual school nurse health interviews for secondary school pupils, Years 7 and 10. This type of initiative is a simple, reliable method for local monitoring of trends in smoking for this age group, and should aid targeting and evaluation of interventions to prevent smoking uptake.
Accidents in the community: a role for the primary care team?
Authors: Steele K. , Grandidier H. , Mills K. , Gilmore B. , McGlade K. , Reilly P.
Published: March 2007

The aims of this prospective study were to examine the incidence, circumstances and process of care of patients sustaining accidents within a registered practice population of 53,587 with a view to directing preventa tive initiatives. It involved three rural and three urban practices and included all accidents sustained by patients which were reported either directly to primary care or indirectly via Accident & Emergency depart ments over a three-month period. An overall accident rate of 117.6 per thousand registered patients per year was recorded; most of these accidents were minor. Major accidents were most likely to occur at home. Accidents were commonest in patients under 30 (62.4%) and in males (61.5%). Those aged 0-4 or 60+, and females, were at greater risk of domestic accidents. One third of accidents resulted from falls and 10 per cent of accidents resulted in a fracture. Ninety-one per cent of urban patients presented initially to an Accident & Emergency department following an accident, compared with 44 per cent of rural patients. Given that sporting/leisure activity accounts for 40 per cent of all accidents, there is a need for greater supervision and improvements in protective clothing. As most accidents happen in the home and involve the young and the elderly, there would seem to be a role for the primary care team in addressing accident prevention as part of child health and elderly surveillance programmes. There is also a need to identify a suitable means of educating patients about the appropriateness of attending their doctor (as an alternative to an A & E department) with minor trauma. There is scope for increased involvement of practice nurses in this field.
The impact of the mass media on public images of mental illness: media content and audience belief
Authors: Philo Greg , Secker Jenny , Platt Steve , Henderson Lesley , McLaughlin Greg , Burnside Jocelyn
Published: March 2007

An analysis of media content in April 1993 found that two-thirds of items dealing with mental health issues forged a link between mental illness and violence. Using some of this material, the impact on the beliefs of an audience sample was explored. Six general groups and one user group took part in the study. Two-fifths of the general sample believed mental illness to be associated with violence and gave the media as their source. While some respondents with personal knowledge of mental illness, including the user group, rejected the dominant media message, others accepted it against the evidence of their own eyes. The findings indicate the importance of working with the media to destigmatise mental health problems.
Health promotion in community pharmacy: a qualitative study
Authors: Keene JM , Cervetto S.
Published: March 2007

A literature review reveals that the role of community pharmacists in health education is supported strongly by the profession but is in practice still relatively undeveloped. A survey of contractors was undertaken in West Glamorgan in 1994 to examine the present state of health education among pharmacists, the costs and benefits they perceived, and what factors would lead to a significant increase in this activity. Qualitative analysis was employed to reveal the complexity of the issues facing pharmacists in developing this role. It shows that payment, training and relationships with other professions are crucial issues in the present context of a profession working in a market situation.
Exploring the health needs of Bangladeshi women: a case study in using qualitative research methods
Authors: Hennings Jean , Williams Jan , Haque Badrun Naher
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses the use of qualitative research methods in a study carried out in 1994/95 by an English midwife, in partnership with a Bangladeshi community worker, to explore Bangladeshi women's ex periences of antenatal care in one health district. Practical and ethical issues of access, sampling and informed consent are discussed and the challenges of conducting in-depth interviews and focus groups with this group of women are detailed. The key role of the Bangladeshi community worker as interpreter, gatekeeper and cultural guide is explored. It is suggested that research of this kind, whilst labour intensive, respects cultural diversity and can provide a depth of understanding not obtainable through traditional survey methods.
Advertising emergency contraception using local radio: an evaluation
Authors: Hall Christine , Milner Philip
Published: March 2007

Emergency contraception offers considerable potential for reducing un wanted pregnancies, yet knowledge about its availability and use remains poor. This paper describes a radio advertising campaign in Rotherham and surrounding areas to promote the use of emergency contraception. The effectiveness of the campaign was evaluated by comparing the prescribing of emergency contraception in the districts participating in the campaign with a control district. It was concluded that the campaign was worthwhile and recommended that this type of initiative is repeated, ensuring that the advertisement is clear and unambiguous and bearing in mind that helplines targeting young people should be available at appropriate times.
The health promoting school in Europe: conceptualising and evaluating the change
Authors: Parsons Carl , Stears David , Thomas Caroline
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a holistic model of the health promoting school and a panoramic framework for evalution. The framework is board, acknowle dging the range of national settings in which health promoging schools are being developed, and draws attention to the emphasis on context and process rather than outcomes. The conceptual model is applied to the European Network of Health Promoting Schools (ENHPS), where the same forces may be at work in relation to the innovation but operate in different ways and with different degrees of strength. The paper recommends a selective approach to evaluation which will serve specific audiences and decision making needs.
Survey of tobacco advertising and display of the 'under-16' sign: influencing compliance with the Voluntary Agreement
Authors: Robertson Wendy , Archer Pam , Jeffreys Wendy , Parfitt David , Field Neil
Published: March 2007

In 1995, a survey was carried out of all garages in Solihull Borough to assess, firstly, the extent of tobacco advertising and compliance with the Voluntary Agreement on tobacco advertising, and secondly, for the presence and position of the warning notice prohibiting sales to under-16- year-olds. In all, 49 garages were visited, of which 40 met the inclusion criteria of selling both petrol and cigarettes. Seven tobacco advertisements were suspected of breaching the Voluntary Agreement, but only one was confirmed as a breach by the official monitoring committee, COMATAS, which was an Embassy showcase without a health warning. The 'under-16' warning notice was not displayed at five garages. Similar surveys of different retail sales outlets for tobacco are carried out each year in Solihull to ensure compliance of tobacco advertising material with the Voluntary Agreement and the display of the 'under-16' warning notice. This paper discusses the rationale for carrying out similar systematic surveys in other districts for more effective lobbying and influence on compliance.
A case study of inter-agency collaboration in the education and promotion of young people's sexual health
Authors: Bloxham Sue
Published: March 2007

A case study of an inter-agency collaboration was carried out through in-depth interviews with 25 staff from four participating professional groups working together in a series of adolescent sexual health initiatives. The staff included teachers, clinical health professionals, youth and community workers and health promotion officers. The results support earlier studies in indicating that effective collaboration is aided by shared aims, mutual respect, and good working relationships. A key finding of this research is that, in the field of sexual health, shared aims and mutual respect among the participants can be achieved by slowly nurtured relationships growing from a clear personal incentive to collaborate. However, this strong interpersonal network was linked with a lack of cross-agency planning at a management level. The challenge is to combine a strategic approach without losing the genuine commitment of participat ing staff.
Dietary patterns in school meals in secondary schools: a case study using data from cafeteria sales in Birmingham
Authors: Passmore Sandra
Published: March 2007

The most recent national survey of the diets of British schoolchildren reported on the dietary patterns and nutrient intakes of 2697 schoolchil dren in the mid-1980s. Eyidence on the current dietary patterns of secondary-school pupils is not available nationally, but it is argued in this paper that useful information could be obtained from the school meals service. As an example of this possible method the sales data from 70 secondary-school dining rooms (used by 21,000 pupils daily) for one school year (1995/96) were analysed and the results compared to the findings of the 1989 national survey.
Towards an understanding of young people's conceptualisation of food and eating
Authors: Watt Richard G , Sheiham Aubrey
Published: March 2007

Young people's perceptions of food were explored in this qualitative research project. Eighty-one adolescents aged 13 or 14 years participated in semi-structured individual interviews in which the meaning of and associated beliefs concerning foods were examined. The findings indicate that many young people conceptualise and classify foods into either 'healthy' or 'fast' foods. Data analysis indicated that the percerved social acceptability of these foods to adults and young people differed and that the location of consumption also varied. Future health promotion inter ventions designed to influence the eating patterns of young people need to be based upon an understanding of their complex belief systems.
Dissemination of printed information for patients: a qualitative study of general practices
Authors: Dixon-Woods Mary
Published: March 2007

Printed information for patients has been shown to have many benefits, and health professionals are routinely encouraged to make use of it. However, there is evidence, that there are problems in disseminating printed information. This paper reports a qualitative study of why these problems occur in general practice, focusing on GPs, practice nurses, health visitors and practice managers, It finds that use of leaflets varies, between and within professional groups, and is affected by perceptions of: the value of leaflets, individual patients, appropriate topics for using leaflets, quality of leaflets, professional role, and by organisational and institutional factors.
Access to healthy foods: part II. Food poverty and shopping deserts: what are the implications for health promotion policy and practice?
Authors: Lang Tim , Caraher Martin
Published: March 2007

Health and Lifestyles Survey (HLS) data on food in an accompanying article are in line with a complex picture emerging from research on food behaviour. This article puts that study and wider literature into a public policy context. Two traditions of approaching food and health-related behaviour are discern ible. One attempts to improve health through individual action, the other through social structures. The HLS, with data based on self-reporting, suggests that public policy on food and health should change direction. Food divisions in society are complex but are associated with poor access, transport, con fidence low income, gender divisions and different priorities. Concern about 'food deserts'-areas with poor food facilities-suggests that health promotion should re-think strategy. New alliances for health could include interests within the state as well as outside in the private sector. Town and transport planners are particularly significant for the new health promotion approach.
Developing appropriate research methodologies with black and minority ethnic communities. Part I: reflections on the research process
Authors: Douglas Jenny
Published: March 2007

This paper outlines and reviews research methodologies developed in the Smethwick Heart Action Research Project in relation to their ability to ascer tain and document the needs and experiences of black and minority ethnic communities. One of the aims of the research was to document inequalities that existed in the health experiences of black and minority ethnic communities in Smethwick, and hence appropriate research methodologies were needed which were able to examine differences between ethnic groups, genders and socio-economic groups. A number of areas were explored in developing anti oppresssive and participatory research methodologies, in particular strategies for sampling black and minority ethnic populations, matching interviewers to respondents for language and ethnicity, and the effect of the 'race' of the interviewer. This first paper outlines the methodologies developed; the follow ing paper will discuss the findings of the research.
Addressing smoking and health among women living on low income III. Ayr Barnardo's Homelessness Service and Dundee Women's Aid
Authors: Amos Amanda , Gaunt-Richardson Paula , McKie Linda , Barlow Joy
Published: March 2007

This is the third of three articles, all of which are published in this issue of the HEJ, on the Women, Low Income and Smoking Project. This ASH Scotland project was funded by the Health Education Board for Scotland (HEBS) for three years (to March 1999) to explore new ways of addressing issues around smoking among women living on low incomes. The article considers two initiatives funded by the project, which worked with women who had experi enced homelessness. These agencies focused on different aspects of smoking. Barnardo's aimed to provide a programme of sessions which would allow women to try new activities and reflect on their attitudes to smoking and personal choices. Women's Aid aimed to run a smoking support group which would develop a smoking policy and supportive materials for their refuges. The paper outlines the development of the two initiatives, their experiences, outcomes and lessons learnt.
Turning the stones over: Sixteenth-century millenarianism from the Tagus to the Ganges
Authors: Subrahmanyam Sanjay
Published: March 2007

This article proposes a conjunctural reading of a series of political and ideological currents that underpinned empire-building strategies over a good part of Eurasia in the sixteenth century. Drawing on recent research concerning Ottoman and other Mediterranean millenarian movements, it argues that one can understand these in a context that stretches as far as Portugal on the one hand, and Mughal India on the other. Such a reinterpretation allows us to approach the question of the 'Discoveries' anew, but it also gives us a methodological tool to pursue the project of 'connected histories' that places South Asia in a wider and interactive historical context.
The journey of an anthropologist in Chhotanagpur
Authors: Dasgupta Sangeeta
Published: March 2007

This article analyses some of Sarat Chandra Roy's writings on the Oraons that were for mulated between 1915 and 1937 in order to point to the different shades of opinion that were reflected in his works as he sought to define, and redefine, his image of the Oraons and that of the 'tribe'. An anthropologist who had in the formative years internalised the precepts of British social anthropology and supported colonial intervention in Chhotanagpur, Roy became, towards the end of his career, one who deeply sympathised with the communities of Chhotanagpur as he advocated an 'Indian approach' to the study of anthropology. In a larger context, this article cautions one against an uncritical acceptance of anthropological representations, and suggests that an anthropologist and his writings need to be located within a historical context.
The indigo dye industry in colonial Bengal: A re-examination
Authors: Ray Indrajit
Published: March 2007

This article seeks to document and analyse various facets of the indigo dye industry in Bengal during 1772-1860. Britain's trade in Indian indigo during 1600-1757 is first dis cussed here briefly to identify why the imperial government in Bengal nurtured the industry's growth against the odds of international competition and domestic constraints of organisational and technical shortfalls. We then sketch out the course of its development in response to various fiscal and monetary incentives from the government as well as supports of market. information. The spread of its development is assessed in terms of number of firms, capital employed and the creation of job opportunities. Finally, the industry's welfare implications are studied in depth to verify whether the industry was a boon or a bane to the society of Bengal during the nineteenth century.
Colonial constructions of 'agrarian fields' and 'forests' in the Kolli Hills
Authors: Menon Ajit
Published: March 2007

Forest histories have more often than not remained aloof from more broad-based economic histories of agrarian communities. As a result, narratives of the forest economy have focused almost entirely on the process offorest settlement. This article focuses on regional processes of territorialisation associated with revenue and forest settlement in the context of the Kolli Hills. It is argued that the colonial state's usurpation of land created a false dichotomy betweenforests and fields that did not exist locally. Hence, the impact of colonialism on forest- dependent communities is understood within the wider purview of the land question in the Kolli Hills, both in the past and the present.
Stress in Farmers
Authors: Booth Nicholas J. , Lloyd Keith
Published: March 2007

This study aims to document the nature and extent of occupational stress in farming. A postal survey of farmers in the South West of England, was undertaken and results indicate high levels of occupational stress in farming families. 35% of respondents scored positively on the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) with female respondents showing significantly higher scores than males. A significant proportion of respondents also showed elevated levels of anxiety and depression as measured by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD).

indices of psychological distress were correlated with ill health and family problems though the most common sources of perceived stress were coping with new legislation, the amount of paper work and media criticism. People who reported a greater number of stressors scored higher on all 3 measure of psychological distress.
Sex Differences in Opinion Towards Mental Illness of Secondary School Students in Hong Kong
Authors: Ng Petrus , Chan Kai-Fong
Published: March 2007

Sex differences in social attitudes have been well documented. Women hold more positive attitudes toward mental illness than men do. This paper reports on the effect of sex differences in a study of secondary school students' opinions about mental illness in Hong Kong. A total of 2,223 secondary school students, drawn by random sample, completed a 45-item questionnaire on Opinion about Mental Illness in Chinese Community (OMICC) with a six-point Likert Scale. Individual items with weak correlations were eliminated, leaving 33 items for analysis (Cronbach's Alpha = .866). Using factor analysis six factors were identified. These include: Benevolence, Separatism, Stereotyping, Restrictiveness, Pessi mistic Prediction and Stigmatization. Results showed that girls scored higher regarding benevolence. Boys were found to have more stereotyping, restrictive, pessimistic and stigmatizing attitudes towards mental illness.
The Performance of the Center for Epidemiologic Study Depression Scale (Ces-D) in an Arab Female Community
Authors: Ghubash Rafia , Daradkeh Tewfik K. , Al Naseri Khawla S. , Al Bloushi Nadia Bin A. , Al Daheri Alia M.
Published: March 2007

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the CES-D.

Methods : Three samples of young Arab females were chosen from different young female populations (n=450). The translated version of the CES-D, socio- demographic and risk factors questionnaires were applied to the above three samples. A subsample was selected (n = 30) to re-rate the scale items and the same sample was interviewed by the SCID. The internal consistency and test- re-test reliability were estimated as well as the factor structure of the Arabic CES-D. The discriminative and criterion validity of the scale was also investigated using the ROC analysis.

Results: Seventy five percent (n = 350) of the subjects completed the scale. Alpha coefficient was found to be 0.88 and the split-half reliability was 0.83. The average re-test reliability (ICC = 0.59). Factor analysis yielded three factors: interpersonal problems, mixed affective/somatic factor and the positive affect factor. There was significant differences in mean total score between depressed and non-depressed subjects as classified by SCID as well as by self-perception of depression and the need for treatment. ROC analysis revealed that a cut-off point of 21 discrimi nated best between depressed and non-depressed subjects (sensitivity= 82%, specificity = 83% with AUC of 84%).

Conclusion: The Arabic CES-D was found to possess reasonable reliability and reasonable discriminative and criterion validity.
Predictors of Post-Hospital Employment Status for Psychiatric Patients in Hong Kong: From Perceptions of Rehabilitation Professionals To Empirical Evidence
Authors: Tsang Hector , Ng Bacon , Ip Yee Chiu  , Mann Stephen
Published: March 2007

Fifty participants with mental illness and a concrete discharge plan were selected from two mental hospitals in Hong Kong and assessed on their Psychosocial support by the Chinese Version of the Significant Others Scale, social vocational competence using the Workshop Behavior Checklist and the Vocational Social Skills Scale, medical history, work history, and demographic variables. At three months after discharge, the employed participants ( n = 12) were shown to have better psychosocial support and social vocational competence than the unemployed participants ( n = 24) by univariate comparison. The employed and unemployed participants did not differ in their medical and work history, and demographic variables. Implications of the results for rehabilitation programming are discussed.
Care of Patients With Chronic Mental Illness: Comparison of Home and Half-Way House Care
Authors: Shu Bih-Ching , Lung For-Wey , Lu Yi-Ching , Chase Gary A. , Pan Peter
Published: March 2007

Community-based services are being developed as mental health services. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect between home care and half-way house services on patients with schizophrenia. The design was quasi- expsriroental and used repeated measurements. There were 60 subjects, 37 receiving home care and 23 receiving half-way house care which were affiliated with one general hospital in the south of Taiwan. Of the 60 chronic schizophrenic patients, there were 34 males and 26 females with an average age of 34 years. The Quality of Life Scale was applied to measure each patient four times, at an interval of two months. These follow-up data were analyzed by Generalized Estimating Equation-I (GEE-I) because repeated observations on an individual may be correlated. The result showed that the total QOL in patients receiving home care programs was significantly higher than those receiving half-way house service. The total scores of QOL in patients under half-way house and home care services did not show secular change. The patients under home care program showed a somewhat improvement for a short period of time. However, as time went on, the patients showed no obvious improvement in their life quality. The dimensions of indepen dence and social activity in QOL also showed significantly different between these two groups. The results may provide guides on designing programs and activities for the chronic mental patients. However, the best decision to apply which program for patients need continouous and comprehensive assessment.
Social in Pakistani Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Bender Keith G.
Published: March 2007

The paper presents a case register-based descriptive survey of social problems of general hospital psychiatric patients in Pakistan.

47.2% of psychiatric patients had a social problem. Problems with primary support group occurred in 33.4%, 14.2% had relational problems and 7.8% had problems relating to bereavement or death. Social problems were more common in females and patients who had adjustment disorder or depression. Psychiatric patients had more social problems than those who were diagnosed as having a physical problem only. Female depressed patients experienced problems with their in-laws more frequently than other types of social problem.

The implications are that: i) some DSMIV categories require changing to make them more international applicable; ii) specific psycho-social inquiry during psychiatric diagnostic interviews is essential; iii) grief counselling and family therapy are important psychotherapeutic needs of Pakistani psychiatric patients; iv) these, in turn, indicate priorities in mental health professional training curricula.
Psychiatric Problems of Turkish Labourers in Holland
Authors: Sayil Isik
Published: March 2007

A study is made of factors associated with adjustment and neurosis among male Turkish migrants in Amsterdam. A random sample of 180 with a mean age of 34 years were screened with the Cornell Medical Index. Forty-five per cent were deemed to be neurotic. On comparison with the normals it was found that neurosis was associated with high levels of physical illness and complaint. Severe psychiatric symptoms were prominent in the neurotic group and 36% used excessive amounts of alcohol. Psychological difficulties were also prominent among them. Many fear for their families at home and more than a half were unduly suspicious. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Clinical Aspects of Cultural Psychiatry On Guam
Authors: Allan Andrew T. , Tydingco Phil , Perez Victor
Published: March 2007

The authors would like to express their gratitude to the patients and staff of the Guam Community Mental Health Center, in particular to Dr. E, Paramaguru (Medical Director), Gregory Marone (Psychologist), Mama Cing (Administrator), and Josephine Mesa (Secretary), for the many ideas and insights which made possible this manuscript.
Yuta (Shaman) and Community Mental Health on Okinawa
Authors: Naka Koichi , Toguchi Seijun , Takaishi Toshihiro , Ishizu Hiroshi , Sasaki Yuji
Published: March 2007

This study reports on the relations between the yuta (shaman) and the community mental health activities on Okinawa, Japan. Focus is on the process of initiation of the yuta and its mean ings from the mental health viewpoints,the functions of the yuta in the particular cultural background of the island, and the importance of admitting the existence of the yuta in its relations to the psychiatric treatment in a mental hospital. The discussion is based on the authors' research findings which were obtained mostly through their therapeutic activities and their field studies. The authors' assumption is that each culture has in it a certain social background that is unique in that culture by which a stress or insanity is increased or brought about, but in the same culture there are ways to decrease the stress and to cure the insanity.