bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using cognitive general imagery to improve soccer strategies
Authors: Munroe‐Chandler Krista J. , Hall Craig R. , Fishburne Graham J. , Shannon Vanessa
Published: October 2017

Athletes use imagery for both cognitive and motivational functions (Paivio 1985) The cognitive function involves the rehearsal of skills (cognitive specific) and strategies of play (cognitive general). To date most of the imagery research has been concerned with skill rehearsal (cognitive specific), and there have been no controlled studies investigating the effects of cognitive general imagery on the learning and performance of game plans or strategies of play. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a cognitive general imagery intervention on three distinct soccer strategies in a young elite female soccer team. Participants were 13 competitive female soccer players with a mean age of 12.54 years. Imagery scores were determined via the Sport Imagery Questionnaire (SIQ; Hall, Mack, Paivio, & Hausenblas, 1998) prior to, during, and after the intervention. A staggered multiple baseline design across behaviors was used to evaluate the effect of imagery on three distinct soccer strategies (defending a direct free kick, taking a direct free kick, and defending a corner kick) which were introduced at weeks 2, 4 and 6. Results indicated that cognitive general and cognitive specific imagery use as well as motivational general‐arousal imagery use significantly increased from baseline to post intervention. Based on the present study's findings, the execution of soccer strategies was not significantly enhanced with the implementation of a cognitive general intervention. Additional research should be conducted in order to reach clearer conclusions that will have implications for young athletes and their learning strategies.
SUMOylation of human septins is critical for septin filament bundling and cytokinesis
Authors: Ribet David , Boscaini Serena , Cauvin Clothilde , Siguier Martin , Mostowy Serge , Echard Arnaud , Cossart Pascale
Published: October 2017

Septins are cytoskeletal proteins that assemble into nonpolar filaments. They are critical in diverse cellular functions, acting as scaffolds for protein recruitment and as diffusion barriers for subcellular compartmentalization. Human septins are encoded by 13 different genes and are classified into four groups based on sequence homology (SEPT2, SEPT3, SEPT6, and SEPT7 groups). In yeast, septins were among the first proteins reported to be modified by SUMOylation, a ubiquitin-like posttranslational modification. However, whether human septins could be modified by small ubiquitin-like modifiers (SUMOs) and what roles this modification may have in septin function remains unknown. In this study, we first show that septins from all four human septin groups can be covalently modified by SUMOs. We show in particular that endogenous SEPT7 is constitutively SUMOylated during the cell cycle. We then map SUMOylation sites to the C-terminal domain of septins belonging to the SEPT6 and SEPT7 groups and to the N-terminal domain of septins from the SEPT3 group. We finally demonstrate that expression of non-SUMOylatable septin variants from the SEPT6 and SEPT7 groups leads to aberrant septin bundle formation and defects in cytokinesis after furrow ingression. Altogether, our results demonstrate a pivotal role for SUMOylation in septin filament bundling and cell division.
Dynamic localization of a yeast development–specific PP1 complex during prospore membrane formation is dependent on multiple localization signals and complex formation
Authors: Nakamura Tsuyoshi S. , Numajiri Yumi , Okumura Yuuya , Hidaka Junji , Tanaka Takayuki , Inoue Ichiro , Suda Yasuyuki , Takahashi Tetsuo , Nakanishi Hideki , Gao Xiao-Dong , Neiman Aaron M. , Tachikawa Hiroyuki
Published: October 2017

During the developmental process of sporulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, membrane structures called prospore membranes are formed de novo, expand, extend, acquire a round shape, and finally become plasma membranes of the spores. GIP1 encodes a regulatory/targeting subunit of protein phosphatase type 1 that is required for sporulation. Gip1 recruits the catalytic subunit Glc7 to septin structures that form along the prospore membrane; however, the molecular basis of its localization and function is not fully understood. Here we show that Gip1 changes its localization dynamically and is required for prospore membrane extension. Gip1 first associates with the spindle pole body as the prospore membrane forms, moves onto the prospore membrane and then to the septins as the membrane extends, distributes around the prospore membrane after closure, and finally translocates into the nucleus in the maturing spore. Deletion and mutation analyses reveal distinct sequences in Gip1 that are required for different localizations and for association with Glc7. Binding to Glc7 is also required for proper localization. Strikingly, localization to the prospore membrane, but not association with septins, is important for Gip1 function. Further, our genetic analysis suggests that a Gip1–Glc7 phosphatase complex regulates prospore membrane extension in parallel to the previously reported Vps13, Spo71, Spo73 pathway.
The Economics of Consumption
Authors: Jappelli Tullio , Pistaferri Luigi
Published: October 2017

Consumption decisions are crucial determinants of business cycles and growth. Knowledge of how consumers respond to the economic environment and how they react to the risks that they encounter during the life cycle is therefore crucial for evaluating stabilization policies and the effectiveness of fiscal packages implemented in response to economic downturns or financial crises. Do anticipated income changes have a different impact on consumption than unanticipated shocks? Do all consumers respond in the same way, or does the response vary by the economic circumstances and consumers’ characteristics? Do the rich increase consumption less than the poor when their income changes? In the past decades, economist have proposed many analytical perspectives, and studied these questions with a variety of data and approaches. This book attempts to guide readers through the most important theoretical papers in the field, and to evaluate theoretical models using facts or available empirical estimates. It is divided into three parts. The first seven chapters provide the basic ingredients of models with intertemporal choice, guiding the reader from a model without uncertainty to intertemporal models with precautionary saving and borrowing constraints. The central part of the book reviews recent empirical literature on the effect of income changes on consumption and on the relevance of precautionary saving. The last four chapters contain a selection of various extensions of the intertemporal model studied in the first part of the book.
The Response of Consumption to Unanticipated Changes in Income
Authors: Jappelli Tullio , Pistaferri Luigi
Published: October 2017

In this chapter we examine tests of the hypothesis that consumption will respond to unanticipated income changes and that the response will depend on the persistence of the shock and on the degree of imperfection in the credit and insurance markets. The literature has considered three approaches to estimating the effect of income shocks on consumption, that is, the marginal propensity to consume. One identifies episodes in which income changes unexpectedly and seeks to evaluate, in a quasi-experimental setting, how consumption reacts. A second estimates the marginal propensity to consume with respect to income shocks using the covariance restrictions imposed by theory on the joint behavior of consumption and income growth. The third estimates the impact of shocks by combining realizations and expectations of income or consumption in surveys where data on subjective expectations are available.
DISC: DISulfide linkage Characterization from tandem mass spectra
Authors: Liu Yi , Sun Weiping , Shan Baozhen , Zhang Kaizhong
Published: October 2017

Motivation

Enzymatic digestion under appropriate reducing conditions followed by mass spectrometry analysis has emerged as the primary method for disulfide bond analysis. The large amount of mass spectral data collected in the mass spectrometry experiment requires effective computational approaches to automate the interpretation process. Although different approaches have been developed for such purpose, they always choose to ignore the frequently observed internal ion fragments and they lack a reasonable quality control strategy and calibrated scoring scheme for the statistical validation and ranking of the reported results.

Results

In this research, we present a new computational approach, DISC (DISulfide bond Characterization), for matching an input MS/MS spectrum against the putative disulfide linkage structures hypothetically constructed from the protein database. More specifically, we consider different ion types including a variety of internal ions that frequently observed in mass spectra resulted from disulfide linked peptides, and introduce an effective two-layer scoring scheme to evaluate the significance of the matching between spectrum and structure, based on which we have also developed a useful target-decoy strategy for providing quality control and reporting false discovery rate in the final results. Systematic experiments conducted on both low-complexity and high-complexity datasets demonstrated the efficiency of our proposed method for the identification of disulfide bonds from MS/MS spectra, and showed its potential in characterizing disulfide bonds at the proteome scale instead of just a single protein.

Availability and implementation

Software is available for downloading at http://www.csd.uwo.ca/yliu766/.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Astrocyte-Specific Deletion of Sox2 Promotes Functional Recovery After Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Chen Chunhai , Zhong Xiaoling , Smith Derek K , Tai Wenjiao , Yang Jianjing , Zou Yuhua , Wang Lei-Lei , Sun Jiahong , Qin Song , Zhang Chun-Li
Published: October 2017

Injury to the adult brain induces activation of local astrocytes, which serves as a compensatory response that modulates tissue damage and recovery. However, the mechanism governing astrocyte activation during brain injury remains largely unknown. Here we provide in vivo evidence that SOX2, a transcription factor critical for stem cells and brain development, is also required for injury-induced activation of adult cortical astrocytes. Genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation-seq analysis of mouse cortical tissues reveals that SOX2 binds to regulatory regions of genes associated with signaling pathways that control glial cell activation, such as Nr2e1, Mmd2, Wnt7a, and Akt2. Astrocyte-specific deletion of Sox2 in adult mice greatly diminishes glial response to controlled cortical impact injury and, most unexpectedly, dampens injury-induced cortical loss and benefits behavioral recovery of mice after injury. Together, these results uncover an essential role of SOX2 in somatic cells under pathological conditions and indicate that SOX2-dependent astrocyte activation could be targeted for functional recovery after traumatic brain injury.
Assessing the capacity of social determinants of health data to augment predictive models identifying patients in need of wraparound social services
Authors: Kasthurirathne Suranga N , Vest Joshua R , Menachemi Nir , Halverson Paul K , Grannis Shaun J
Published: October 2017

Introduction

A growing variety of diverse data sources is emerging to better inform health care delivery and health outcomes. We sought to evaluate the capacity for clinical, socioeconomic, and public health data sources to predict the need for various social service referrals among patients at a safety-net hospital.

Materials and Methods

We integrated patient clinical data and community-level data representing patients’ social determinants of health (SDH) obtained from multiple sources to build random forest decision models to predict the need for any, mental health, dietitian, social work, or other SDH service referrals. To assess the impact of SDH on improving performance, we built separate decision models using clinical and SDH determinants and clinical data only.

Results

Decision models predicting the need for any, mental health, and dietitian referrals yielded sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy measures ranging between 60% and 75%. Specificity and accuracy scores for social work and other SDH services ranged between 67% and 77%, while sensitivity scores were between 50% and 63%. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values for the decision models ranged between 70% and 78%. Models for predicting the need for any services reported positive predictive values between 65% and 73%. Positive predictive values for predicting individual outcomes were below 40%.

Discussion

The need for various social service referrals can be predicted with considerable accuracy using a wide range of readily available clinical and community data that measure socioeconomic and public health conditions. While the use of SDH did not result in significant performance improvements, our approach represents a novel and important application of risk predictive modeling.
Looking for Exceptions
Authors: Tesón Fernando R.
Published: October 2017

The success condition implies that intervention is almost never permissible. This may seem counter-intuitive. This chapter shows why those intuitions are not reliable. First, evidence from cognitive psychology shows that we regularly overestimate our ability to make a positive difference in the world, and underestimate the possibility that we might fail. This means that we should discount the intuition that interventions can succeed more often. Second, the chapter turns to the example of the intervention of Kosovo. This is one of the favorite examples cited by interventionists to defend their position. However, looking at the details of that case shows that even Kosovo offers at best only tenuous support for interventionism.
Introduction
Authors: Burton Justin Adams
Published: October 2017

Nicki Minaj is a monster. She’s not the only one on Kanye West’s “Monster” (2010)—so are Jay Z and Rick Ross—but she’s monstrous in a way the others aren’t. Minaj’s tour de force verse shifts between multiple personas and calls our attention to the ways she can deploy what Savannah Shange calls her “strategic queerness,” slipping in and out of recognizable performances of mainstream humanism. The introduction to Posthuman Rap traces the contours of Minaj’s queerness and listens for the way the song responds to her, laying out both the sonic and political parameters I’ll tease out in the rest of the book.
Introduction
Authors: Tulloch John , Middleweek Belinda
Published: October 2017

This introduction traces the book’s origins across three significant dialogical moments. First is the mediated moment of television producer Middleweek interviewing the 7/7 survivor Tulloch, followed by their intertextual engagement with two texts of intimacy, Chéreau’s film and Giddens’s book. Second is an interdisciplinary dialogue employing feminist mapping theory to forge a “bridging” and “rainbow” scholarship between disciplinary fields that provide ways of seeing real sex films, including risk sociology, feminist psychoanalytical theory, and critical geopolitical theory, in combination with concepts of genre, authorship, production, stardom, social audience, and spectatorship. Third is a dialogue within theories of risk modernity exploring the tension between the “demand for constant emotional closeness” and the quest for “confluent love” in real sex film as the utopia and dystopia of love are played out through cinema.
Intimacy
Authors: Tulloch John , Middleweek Belinda
Published: October 2017

Chapter 1 discusses the film Intimacy as constructed discursively from two entirely different perspectives: a film reviewer’s intertextual references and professional organization of knowledge in constructing for his readers a negative view of the film and the authors’ no less intertextual, no less constructed, interdisciplinary “overlapping” of frames, interpreting Intimacy by way of a “mutual understanding” between and a “galvanizing extension” of disciplinary assumptions. In this analysis the narrative is explored via the relationship of three milieus: the sex scenes of Jay and Claire; the social world of south London beyond Jay’s flat, where this sex takes place; and Jay’s own personal memory space. The tension and balance between language and silence explored between and within these scenes reveal the film’s exploration of modern intimacy at a time when sex for reproduction, marriage, and romantic love are under constant renegotiation.
Intimacies and Addictions in Le Secret
Authors: Tulloch John , Middleweek Belinda
Published: October 2017

Chapter 9 analyzes two French films, the simulated sex Le Secret and real sex The Piano Teacher, by drawing on Giddens’s theory of addiction as central to the utopia/hell duality in risk modernity. It compares the addictive behavior of Erika in The Piano Teacher and Marie in Le Secret, arguing that differences are those determined by geographical space and historical time rather than the (often imperceptible) differences between real sex and simulated sex films. Le Secret is given detailed textual analysis to show that this comparison indicates a historically placed structure of feeling that is global as well as intimate in scope and therefore visible in cultural works way beyond the relatively small movement of real sex cinema. Addiction is the focus of that structure of feeling in this chapter.
Desire, Intimacy, Transgression, and the Gaze in the Work of Andrea Arnold and Lynne Ramsay
Authors: Tulloch John , Middleweek Belinda
Published: October 2017

Chapter 11 revisits feminist screen studies notions of the filmic gaze through the simulated, high-impact sex films made by female directors Andrea Arnold and Lynne Ramsay. With particular emphasis on Arnold’s Red Road and Ramsay’s Morvern Callar, the chapter explores the work of Laura Mulvey, Lynn Williams, Anne Kaplan, Elizabeth Grosz, Slavoj Žižek, and Elena del Rio in light of Horeck and Kendall’s “unsayable” and Grønstad’s “unwatchable” concepts to shift emphasis from the gaze to the role of the sensory and the affective in extreme cinema. Overall, this chapter brings into dialogue the concepts of desire, intimacy, and risk in feminist film studies as part of a larger conversation (undertaken throughout this book) about sociological theories of risk, the mapping of embodiment in feminist geography, and interdisciplinary debates more generally.
Discussion
Authors: Brinkmann Svend
Published: October 2017

Qualitative research was made possible with the split between the subjective and the objective, as it has by and large sought to develop systematic modes of inquiry about everything that does not seem to conform to the practices of inquiry found in the natural sciences. This chapter summarizes and compares the different philosophies treated in this book: positivism, realism, phenomenology, hermeneutics, pragmatism, structuralism, post-structuralism, and global/local. It also constructs a matrix that includes all of these philosophies. It provides a brief discussion on how to “choose” a philosophical position as a qualitative researcher and whether this is a matter of choice at all (or rather a matter of one’s basic view of humanity and the knowledge produced by humans). The four standard phases of a qualitative research project are presented, and for each phase, specific philosophical issues are discussed.
Social Enterprise Law
Authors: Reiser Dana Brakman , Dean Steven A.
Published: October 2017

Social Enterprise Law presents a series of audacious legal technologies designed to unleash the potential of social enterprise. Until now, the law has been viewed as an obstacle to social entrepreneurship, too inflexible to embrace for-profit businesses with a social mission at their core. Legislators have poured resources into creating hybrid corporate forms such as the benefit corporation to eliminate barriers to the creation of social enterprises. That first generation of social enterprise law has not done enough. The authors provide a framework for future legislation to do what benefit corporations have not: create durable commitments by social entrepreneurs and investors to balance financial gains and social mission by putting a speed limit on profits. They show how sophisticated investors need not wait for the advent of these legislative changes, outlining a contingent convertible debt instrument that relies instead on financial engineering to build trust between those with capital and those ready to use it to nurture a double bottom line. To allow social enterprises to harness the vast power of the crowd, they develop a tax regime that would provide crowdfunding platforms the means to screen the commitment of for-profit startups. Armed with these tools of social enterprise law 2.0 and the burgeoning metrics of measuring public benefit, entrepreneurs and investors can navigate even the turbulent waters of exit without sacrificing mission, so that a sale need not mean selling out.
Introduction
Authors: Reiser Dana Brakman , Dean Steven A.
Published: October 2017

This introduction provides an overview of the challenges social enterprises face in raising capital and briefly describes the authors’ array of potential solutions, grounded in finance, corporate governance and contract law. It argues that to distinguish themselves from conventional for-profit ventures, social enterprises must broadcast their commitment to pursuing a social mission as well as profits. The chapter then explains that, although the law has evolved to accept the existence of social enterprises, it does not offer them a means to prove that they are what they claim to be. The introduction briefly articulates how social enterprise law could make the leap from permissive to protective—the topic the rest of the book will explore comprehensively. It concludes with a roadmap of the remaining chapters, which trace the history of social enterprise law and chart its possible future.
The Holy Grail of Retail Investment
Authors: Reiser Dana Brakman , Dean Steven A.
Published: October 2017

This chapter explores solutions to the trust deficit inhibiting social enterprises’ access to the retail investment market. Although the size of this market makes it an attractive source of capital, the chapter explains how securities regulation traditionally hindered small businesses from reaching it. It surveys the impact of reforms under the 2012 JOBS Act, identifying new pathways for retail investment in small businesses. Even with these changes, however, the chapter argues social enterprise’s access to retail investment will be stymied unless founders and investors can trust each other. It conceives a surprising solution: offering electing social enterprises a federal tax benefit linked to mission-driven expenditures, paired with an elevated tax burden on distributions of profits. The tax benefit would be broadly attractive, but only entrepreneurs and investors devoted to social mission would accept the associated tax burden. Entrepreneurs, investors and crowdfunding platforms could use election to identify trustworthy social enterprises.
The Promise of Metrics
Authors: Reiser Dana Brakman , Dean Steven A.
Published: October 2017

This chapter considers social enterprise law’s reliance upon metrics: the tools for measuring the success of a venture’s social mission. It explains that measuring social return presents a far more daunting challenge than quantifying financial yield, and describes ongoing efforts to meet this challenge. In doing so, it focuses first on foundational metrics like IRIS, which creates a vocabulary for discussing impact, and then on evaluative metrics like B Lab’s B Impact Assessment, which uses this vocabulary to judge and compare a social enterprise’s success across industries and over time. The chapter then identifies how each of the earlier chapter’s proposed legal tools rely on metrics to function, and shows how they can be refined as the accuracy of metrics improves. It also shows how certification bodies and intermediaries like social stock exchanges likewise rely on metrics to power their complementary solutions to enhance social enterprises’ access to capital.
Conclusion
Authors: Reiser Dana Brakman , Dean Steven A.
Published: October 2017

This conclusion summarizes the major contributions of the work as a whole. Having identified a trust deficit as the primary obstacle to capitalizing social enterprises, this conclusion reminds the reader of the many ways the law can be an ally in overcoming it. It notes the potential of innovations as diverse as new organizational forms, hybrid financial instruments, tax regimes, social performance metrics, and exit planning in building trust, and reminds the reader that the power of the law lies in transforming hopes and expectations into enforceable rights and obligations. The chapter emphasizes the link between the book’s innovative proposals and the broader insight that law can engender the trust required to access capital markets to generate public benefit.
Introduction
Authors: de Almeida Roberto G.
Published: October 2017

It is patent that the so-called cognitive revolution of the 1950s and 1960s was the result of ideas emerging at the confluence of psychology, linguistics, philosophy, computer science, and neuroscience—what became known as cognitive science. In the last 60 years or so, Jerry Fodor has been one of the most important exponents of this revolution. He has advanced key ideas on the foundations of cognitive science, in particular on the nature of mental representation and on mental processes seen as computations over symbols. Many of his contributions have been the subject of deep divides and have generated classical controversies. The chapter provides a rough guide to Fodor’s contributions to psycholinguistics, to the modularity of mind, to atomism as a theory of conceptual representation, to the language of thought hypothesis, and to cognitive architecture more broadly—topics that figure prominently in the present book.
The Unity of Consciousness and the Consciousness of Unity
Authors: Bever Thomas G.
Published: October 2017

Every language-learning child eventually automatically segments the organization of word sequences into natural units. Within the natural units, processing of normal conversation reveals a disconnect between listener’s representation of the sound and meaning of utterances. A compressed or absent word at a point early in a sequence is unintelligible until later acoustic information, yet listeners think they perceived the earlier sounds and their interpretation as they were heard. This discovery has several implications: Our conscious unified experience of language as we hear and simultaneously interpret it is partly reconstructed in time-suspended “psychological moments”; the “poverty of the stimulus language learning problem” is far graver than usually supposed; the serial domain where such integration occurs may be the “phase,” which unifies the serial percept with structural assignment and meanings; every level of language processing overlaps with others in a “computational fractal”; each level analysis-by-synthesis interaction of associative-serial and structure dependent processes.
Getting to the Root of the Matter
Authors: Batmanian Natalie , Stromswold Karin
Published: October 2017

Spontaneous speech data from three monolingual Turkish-speaking children between the ages 2;1 and 2;8 revealed that children produce bare lexical stems in ungrammatical contexts before they use grammatical morphemes productively. Given that root words are very rare in Turkish, the fact that Turkish children produce them indicates that they are able to decompose multimorphemic words into root + grammatical affixes. We also tested the hypothesis that when the correspondence between morphological form and grammatical meaning is one-to-one, morphemes are likely to be acquired earlier than when the correspondence between form and meaning is one-to-many (Slobin, 1973). Three grammatical morphemes, despite appearing equally frequently in adult speech, were acquired at different stages by children. The past tense inflection –di, which has a one-to-one correspondence between morphological form and grammatical meaning, is the morpheme that was acquired first by the children.
Imagination in Community Engagement
Authors: Daiute Colette
Published: October 2017

Imagining is a sociocultural process, wrought of interactions, relationships, and provocations. This chapter presents theory and illustrations of that process as relational imagining—using diverse expressive media to interact, from diverse speaker/author perspectives, for a variety of important purposes, with diverse actual and implied others and environments. Drawing on practical research, the author discusses relational imagining in several places where children, adolescents, and adults struggling with extreme challenges—war, poverty, segregation—collectively employed expressive media as cultural tools to understand what was going on around them and to imagine how things might be better. Participants in community contexts used diverse expressive media, such as narratives, letters, and policy documents, to mediate relations with diverse individuals and social structures affecting their lives. Interestingly, participating children, adolescents, and adults used some media in some relational arrangements to conform to local cultural norms, but used others to imagine novel possibilities. Implications of relational imagining for human development theory and practice are considered.
Imagining the Self Through Cultural Technologies
Authors: Gillespie Alex , Corti Kevin , Evans Simon , Heasman Brett
Published: October 2017

The aim of this chapter is to understand how the imagination of the self is mediated by cultural technologies, showing how major new inventions (such as language, writing, digitization) qualitatively change the ways in which we imagine ourselves. First, the authors look at how technology can support cognition in general and imagination specifically, examining traditional technologies such as narrative (stories, novels, and films), which have long facilitated humans’ imagination of themselves and others. Second, the authors explore how digital technologies, especially online avatars, are used to open up spaces for imagining alternative lives and virtual selves. Finally, the authors focus on future possibilities for moving human imagination out of fixed narratives and off the screen into dynamic real-world avatars and cyborg bodies. They argue that cultural technologies are becoming increasingly powerful, enabling humans not only to imagine diverse potential selves but also to institute these potential selves in practice.
The Reformation of Conduct
Authors: Ussishkin Daniel
Published: October 2017

This chapter explores the ways in which military reformers during the nineteenth century promoted a new notion of military discipline that, like other reformist programs, was articulated in terms of individual ethical conduct. It discusses attempts to reform existing mechanistic military discipline and penal practices, as well as myriad efforts to promote “moral discipline” through the regulation of both the use of leisure and of the social and built environment. By the latter part of the century, such notions that discipline should be interiorized were increasingly understood through the Victorian liberal idiom of character.
Looping Effects and the Cognitive Science of Mindfulness Meditation
Authors: Thompson Evan
Published: October 2017

Cognitive neuroscience tends to conceptualize mindfulness meditation as inner observation of a private mental realm of thoughts, feelings, and body sensations, and tries to model mindfulness as instantiated in neural networks visible through brain imaging tools such as EEG and fMRI. This approach confuses the biological conditions for mindfulness with mindfulness itself, which, as classically described, consists in the integrated exercise of a whole host of cognitive and bodily skills in situated and ethically directed action. From an enactive perspective, mindfulness depends on internalized social cognition and is a mode of skillful, embodied cognition that depends directly not only on the brain, but also on the rest of the body and the physical, social, and cultural environment.
The University Debate Between Antonio Caso and Vicente Lombardo Toledano (1933)
Authors: Sánchez Carlos Alberto
Published: October 2017

The debate between Antonio Caso and Vicente Lombardo Toledano was political, philosophical, and public. To decide whether to reform public education, particularly undergraduate education, Caso and Lombardo Toledano argued over whether “[t]‌he courses that constitute the study plan for the Bachelor degree will obey the principle of essential identity in regards to the different phenomena of the Universe and will culminate with the teaching of philosophy based on nature.” Caso argued that despite violating the autonomy of the University and academic freedom, protected under the Constitution, the education reform proposed by the Second Commission was based on a false philosophical thesis: historical materialism. Since Caso and Lombardo Toledano agree that University is defined as a “cultural community,” much of the debate is focused on the nature of community, culture, history, and ethics.
Religion and Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Nason-Clark Nancy , Fisher-Townsend Barbara , Holtmann Catherine , McMullin Stephen
Published: October 2017

Intimate partner violence is a complex, fear-inducing reality for large numbers of women throughout the world. When violence exists in a relationship, safety is compromised, shame abounds, and peace evaporates. Violence is learned behavior, and it flourishes most when it is ignored, minimized, or misunderstood. When violence strikes the homes of deeply religious women, they are more vulnerable. They are more likely to believe that their abusive partners can, and will, change. They are less likely to leave a violent home, temporarily or forever. They are often reluctant to seek outside sources of assistance. They are frequently disappointed by the response of the religious leader to their call for help. This book navigates the relatively unchartered waters of intimate partner violence in families of deep faith. The program of research on which it is based spans more than 25 years and includes a wide variety of specific studies involving religious leaders; congregations; battered women; men in batterer intervention programs; and the army of workers who assist families impacted by abuse, including criminal justice workers, therapeutic staff, advocacy workers, and religious leaders. The book provides a rich and colorful portrayal of the intersection of intimate partner violence and religious beliefs and practices that inform and interweave throughout daily life, enabling the examination and evaluation of the ways in which religion both augments and thwarts the journey toward justice, accountability, healing, and wholeness for women and men caught in the web of intimate partner violence.
Multiple-Offense Sentencing Discounts
Authors: Hoskins Zachary
Published: October 2017

This chapter examines one intuitively appealing legal practice for which retributivist accounts struggle to find justification: multiple-offense sentencing discounts. It also considers several proposed strategies for justifying bulk discounts on the basis of retributivism. Three strategies are discussed: those that appeal to an absolute punishment maximum, those that appeal to interpersonal practices of blame and making amends, and those that suggest that perpetrators of multiple offenses sometimes have reduced culpability. The chapter argues that each of these strategies either is implausible as a ground for bulk-sentencing discounts or is plausible only insofar as it incorporates nonretributivist considerations into its account—thus is in fact a hybrid view. It concludes by looking at hybrid theories as an alternative, suggesting that such approaches not only can provide justification for bulk-sentencing discounts, but are also more plausible in general than is generally assumed.
Multiple Offenders and the Question of Desert
Authors: Lee Youngjae
Published: October 2017

This chapter advances the proposition that while multiple offenders are more culpable than single-crime offenders and should thus be treated differently, multiple offenders should not be punished to such an extent that the state ends up treating an offender who has committed multiple offenses more harshly or in the same way as those who have committed more serious offenses, given the message each punishment communicates about the character defects about the recipient of the punishment. Following this principle would likely result in a presumption in favor of concurrent sentencing or at least “bulk discounts,” where even if an offender is guilty of committing multiple offenses, the punishment for each additional offense is smaller than that for the first offense. This chapter further argues that the practice of bulk discounts for multiple offenders is consistent with the practice of imposing the recidivist premium on those who, after having been convicted and punished, continue to reoffend.
How Is HEL Relevant to Me?
Authors: Lanehart Sonja L.
Published: October 2017

This chapter discusses teaching the History of the English Language (HEL) as a sociolinguist and being guided by three areas in learning sciences: goals, self-regulated learning, and interest, particularly social and personal. Specifically, this chapter addresses the age-old student question, “How is this relevant to me?” Part of our job as college teachers involves getting students to realize the practicality of a course for their needs (e.g., “I need to take this class in order to graduate”), and another part is to acknowledge (or awaken in some cases) their intellectual curiosity (e.g., “I’ve always wondered why “knight” is spelled with letters that aren’t even pronounced”). This chapter provides examples of instruction and assignments that correspond to research literature on goals and interest with respect to teaching and self-regulated learning more broadly and teaching HEL from the perspective of a sociolinguist more specifically.
Addressing “Emergence” in a HEL Classroom
Authors: Kretzschmar William A.
Published: October 2017

“Emergence” is the key term from the study of complex systems, a new science currently useful in physics, genetics, evolutionary biology, and economics, but also a perfect fit for the humanities. The science of complexity describes how massive numbers of random interactions can give rise to order, regularities that “emerge” from the interactions without specific causes. This chapter will present an argument for designing History of English Language (HEL) courses that bear “emergence” in mind, offering as an option the story of the language centered on the continual emergence and re-emergence of lexical, phonological, and grammatical forms of English out of the interaction of its speakers and the contingencies of their history.
Word Classes in the History of English
Authors: Denison David
Published: October 2017

The chapter briefly introduces word classes (parts of speech) and corpus linguistics as helpful adjuncts to courses on the history of English, enabling students to find their own examples of phenomena discussed in their course and to test what they are taught against real data. Some suitable corpora from Old English to the present are listed, and essential terminology and techniques are introduced. Problems of varying complexity are suggested for exploration, mostly from current English and recent periods, including derivation and semantic change, conversion, stepwise change from noun to adjective, and the histories of forms like “going to”/“gonna,” “might’ve”/“might of,” “kind of”/“kinda.”
What Has Beowulf to Do with English? (Let’s Ask Lady Philology!)
Authors: Momma Haruko
Published: October 2017

This chapter appeals to the early reception history of Beowulf to show why Old English remains an integral part of the history of the English language. It explains via examples how even a small amount of knowledge of the vernacular of England before 1066 is advantageous for the study of English from later periods and different geographical locations. As implied by its aliases “Saxon” and “Anglo-Saxon,” Beowulf’s language was not recognized as English until the 1870s. Nineteenth-century philology gave rise not only to Beowulf studies but also to the history of English as we know it. This chapter compares publications on the history of the English language as a case study to show how the approach to the subject changed after the introduction of the “new philology” in the nineteenth century.
Teaching Diversity and Change in the History of English
Authors: Penhallurick Rob
Published: October 2017

Teaching the history of the English language (HEL) leads one naturally to talking about its geographical and social diversity—its dialects and varieties and their features. This chapter will address the role of diversity and change within the History of English, focusing especially on regional dialects, and providing specific examples of written and audio resources that can be used in the HEL classroom. In particular, it refers to an introductory undergraduate course on Studying the English Language developed and taught by the author, explaining its rationale, exemplifying its content, and discussing how it can feed into subsequent courses and topics of a degree programme.
Misinformation in the Courtroom
Authors: Berkowitz Shari R. , Loftus Elizabeth F.
Published: October 2017

For many decades eyewitness-memory researchers have testified as expert witnesses in legal cases. Although eyewitness-memory experts may testify to the myriad factors that can influence and distort an eyewitness’s memory, one crucial factor that can contaminate an eyewitness’s memory is misinformation. This chapter provides a review of the scientific research on misinformation and highlights the sources of misinformation that eyewitness-memory experts sometimes come across in criminal investigations and trials. The chapter concludes with recommendations for legal professionals who may encounter or need to uncover misinformation in the context of a legal case.
Nonverbal Detection of Deception
Authors: Vrij Aldert
Published: October 2017

Throughout history it has been assumed that lying is accompanied by specific nonverbal behaviors; various sources still claim that nonverbal behavior is very revealing about deception. Systematic research, however, examining nonverbal cues to deceit has shown that nonverbal cues to deceit are faint and unreliable. This chapter starts with discussing under which circumstances people pay attention to nonverbal behavior and provides reasons why they do so. This is followed by a theoretical background of nonverbal cues to deception and discussions of the (weak) empirical evidence about (1) the relationship between nonverbal cues and deception, including the empirical evidence regarding the Behavior Analysis Interview and Ekman’s approach of observing facial expressions, and (2) people’s (poor) ability to detect deceit when paying attention to nonverbal behavior. Despite the popularity of observing nonverbal behavior to detect deception, analyzing speech content provides more accurate results, particularly when specific interview protocols are used.
Examples and Rules
Authors: Kaveny Cathleen
Published: October 2017

This chapter examines Jeffrey Stout’s claim that American constitutional democracy constitutes a well-functioning moral and political tradition that is not hostile to religion, although it does not depend on any specifically religious claims. It argues that the claim can be given additional support by a consideration of well-known cases in contract law. The chapter first shows how contract law can be understood as a MacIntyrean tradition. It then illustrates the mutually interpreting nature of rules and facts, by close attention to a case involving fraud, Syester v. Banta. It concludes by suggesting that both religious and secular ethicists might find common law cases in general and contract-law cases in particular to be a rich source of moral reflection.
Neighbor Love and Legal Precedent
Authors: Kaveny Cathleen
Published: October 2017

This chapter engages the important recent work of Gene Outka on the relationship of love and justice. Outka’s work examines the relationship of universal love and impartiality. This topic can be explored in the legal context by asking what love requires in the process of the judicial administration of justice. How do the requirements of universal love shape the way we understand the demands of legal impartiality in specific cases? The chapter places Outka’s ideas in conversation with Watts v. Watts, an intriguing Wisconsin Supreme Court case involving the breakup of a couple who held themselves out as legally married without actually having gone through the ceremony. It uses Watts as a touchstone to examine the tension between our obligations of special care for the particular neighbors before us, on the one hand, and the demand for equal regard for all neighbors, near and distant, on the other.
Juridical Insights and Theological Disputes
Authors: Kaveny Cathleen
Published: October 2017

This chapter highlights the methodological contributions of Robert E. Rodes Jr. Writing at the intersection of law and theology, Rodes shows how conceptual tools used to distinguish between different types of legal statements can shed light on knotty theological and ethical problems. He distinguishes among three functions of law: normative, constitutive, and epistemic. He also differentiates between two methods by which the law promotes moral values: didactic and instrumental. And he identifies two strategies for relating the church to the world: Erastian and High Church. By reframing conflicts like the one between religious liberty and same-sex marriage, Rodes offers legally-inspired strategies for diffusing the culture wars.
“I survived the war, but how can I survive peace?”
Authors: Lindorfer Simone , Wienberg Kirsten
Published: October 2017

Despite international efforts to politically acknowledge war rape and a whole raft of psychosocial interventions both at the time and throughout the last twenty years, war rape survivors in Bosnia and Herzegovina are still suffering from the tremendous psychological and social consequences of their experience. How can an evaluative research on Bosnian war rape survivors carried out twenty years after the war by two women’s rights activist organizations help us to develop an evaluation and research practice shaped by the precepts of feminist and liberation psychology? The chapter highlights the ethical and methodological choices that were made, and shows how the research process enabled empowering dynamics at both personal and political levels. The main recommendations of the chapter focus on the need to radicalize research ethics, avoid psychological reductionism and linear psychological thinking about “impact” in evaluation, and resist mainstream PTSD-focused research and intervention methodologies.