bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regime transitions and energetics of sustained stratified shear flows
Authors: Lefauve Adrien , Partridge J. L. , Linden P. F.
Published: July 2019

We describe the long-term dynamics of sustained stratified shear flows in the laboratory. The stratified inclined duct (SID) experiment sets up a two-layer exchange flow in an inclined duct connecting two reservoirs containing salt solutions of different densities. This flow is primarily characterised by two non-dimensional parameters: the tilt angle of the duct with respect to the horizontal, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}$ (a few degrees at most), and the Reynolds number $Re$, an input parameter based on the density difference driving the flow. The flow can be sustained with constant forcing over arbitrarily long times and exhibits a wealth of dynamical behaviours representative of geophysically relevant sustained stratified shear flows. Varying $\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}$ and $Re$ leads to four qualitatively different regimes: laminar flow; mostly laminar flow with finite-amplitude, travelling Holmboe waves; spatio-temporally intermittent turbulence with substantial interfacial mixing; and sustained, vigorous interfacial turbulence (Meyer & Linden, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 753, 2014, pp. 242–253). We seek to explain the scaling of the transitions between flow regimes in the two-dimensional plane of input parameters $(\unicode[STIX]{x1D703},Re)$. We improve upon previous studies of this problem by providing a firm physical basis and non-dimensional scaling laws that are mutually consistent and in good agreement with the empirical transition curves we inferred from 360 experiments spanning $\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}\in [-1^{\circ },6^{\circ }]$ and $Re\in [300,5000]$. To do so, we employ state-of-the-art simultaneous volumetric measurements of the density field and the three-component velocity field, and analyse these experimental data using time- and volume-averaged potential and kinetic energy budgets. We show that regime transitions are caused by an increase in the non-dimensional time- and volume-averaged kinetic energy dissipation within the duct, which scales with $\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}Re$ at high enough angles. As the power input scaling with $\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}Re$ is increased above zero, the two-dimensional, parallel-flow dissipation (power output) increases to close the budget through an increase in the magnitude of the exchange flow, incidentally triggering Holmboe waves above a certain threshold in interfacial shear. However, once the hydraulic limit of two-layer exchange flows is reached, two-dimensional dissipation plateaus and three-dimensional dissipation at small scales (turbulence) takes over, at first intermittently, and then steadily, in order to close the budget and follow the $\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}Re$ scaling. This general understanding of regime transitions and energetics in the SID experiment may serve as a basis for the study of more complex sustained stratified shear flows found in the natural environment.
Inertial torques and a symmetry breaking orientational transition in the sedimentation of slender fibres
Authors: Roy Anubhab , Hamati Rami J. , Tierney Lydia , Koch Donald L. , Voth Greg A.
Published: July 2019

Experimental measurements of the force and torque on freely settling fibres are compared with predictions of the slender-body theory of Khayat & Cox (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 209, 1989, pp. 435–462). Although the flow is viscous dominated at the scale of the fibre diameter, fluid inertia is important on the scale of the fibre length, leading to inertial torques which tend to rotate symmetric fibres toward horizontal orientations. Experimentally, the torque on symmetric fibres is inferred from the measured rate of rotation of the fibres using a quasi-steady torque balance. It is shown theoretically that fibres with an asymmetric radius or mass density distribution undergo a supercritical pitch-fork bifurcation from vertical to oblique settling with increasing Archimedes number, increasing Reynolds number or decreasing asymmetry. This transition is observed in experiments with asymmetric mass density and we find good agreement with the predicted symmetry breaking transition. In these experiments, the steady orientation of the oblique settling fibres provides a means to measure the inertial torque in the absence of transient effects since it is balanced by the known gravitational torque.
The decay of isotropic turbulence carrying non-spherical finite-size particles
Authors: Schneiders Lennart , Fröhlich Konstantin , Meinke Matthias , Schröder Wolfgang
Published: July 2019

Direct particle–fluid simulations of heavy spheres and ellipsoids interacting with decaying isotropic turbulence are conducted. This is the rigorous extension of the spherical particle analysis in Schneiders et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 819, 2017, pp. 188–227) to $O(10^{4})$ non-spherical particles. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this represents the first particle-resolved study on turbulence modulation by non-spherical particles of near-Kolmogorov-scale size. The modulation of the turbulent flow is precisely captured by explicitly resolving the stresses acting on the fluid–particle interfaces. The decay rates of the fluid and particle kinetic energy are found to increase with the particle aspect ratio. This is due to the particle-induced dissipation rate and the direct transfer of kinetic energy, both of which can be substantially larger than for spherical particles depending on the particle orientation. The extra dissipation rate resulting from the translational and rotational particle motion is quantified to detail the impact of the particles on the fluid kinetic energy budget and the influence of the particle shape. It is demonstrated that the previously derived analytical model for the particle-induced dissipation rate of smaller particles is valid for the present cases albeit these involve significant finite-size effects. This generic expression allows us to assess the impact of individual inertial particles on the local energy balance independent of the particle shape and to quantify the share of the rotational particle motion in the kinetic energy budget. To enable the examination of this mechanistic model in particle-resolved simulations, a method is proposed to reconstruct the so-called undisturbed fluid velocity and fluid rotation rate close to a particle. The accuracy and robustness of the scheme are corroborated via a parameter study. The subsequent discussion emphasizes the necessity to account for the orientation-dependent drag and torque in Lagrangian point-particle models, including corrections for finite particle Reynolds numbers, to reproduce the local and global energy balance of the multiphase system.
Workplace smoking restrictions and support for smoking cessation in the USA: state, region, and overall trends from 2010–11 to 2014–15
Authors: Mai Yujiao , Ha Trung , Soulakova Julia N.
Published: July 2019

We discuss the most recent changes in smoking policies and support for smoking cessation offered to smokers at US workplaces. We used reports of employed adults (n = 112,008) regarding smoking restrictions and support for smoking cessation offered at their indoor workplaces from the 2010–11 and 2014–15 Tobacco Use Supplement–Current Population Survey. The percentage of adults who reported having workplace smoking restrictions was 94% in 2010–11 and 93% in 2014–15 (P = 0.001). There was a decrease in the Northeastern region (P < 0.001) and no significant changes in the other three US regions. The percentages decreased in Hawaii, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee and increased in Indiana, Nebraska, and Wyoming. The percentage of employees who reported having workplace support for smoking cessation increased from 24% to 29% (P < 0.001), which was uniform across all US regions but differed across the US states. The percentages decreased in Hawaii and increased in the majority of states. Analysis of smokers' reports (versus all reports) resulted in lower percentages of workplaces with smoking restrictions and support for smoking cessation. It is essential to further enhance support for smoking cessation offered to smokers at US workplaces.
Radiocarbon Dating of Legacy Music Instrument Collections: Example of Traditional Indian Vina from the Musée De La Musique, Paris
Authors: Durier M G , Bruguière P , Hatté C , Vaiedelich S , Gauthier C , Thil F , Tisnérat-Laborde N
Published: July 2019

Although radiocarbon (14C) dating is commonly used for archeological music instruments, little research has been conducted on modern instruments (16th–19th centuries). New technology, based on the Mini Carbon Dating System (MICADAS), enables some of the recurring challenges (e.g. sampling size) to be circumvented and paves the way for a new field of investigation. We here address the Indian instrumentarium, about which very little is known. We investigate the making and the restoration phases of two vina, a kinnari vina (E.1444), and a rudra vina or bin (E.997.24.1). By comparing 14C measurements made on several samplings of elements of the instruments with museological information, we were able to specify a unique calibrated interval of ages [1666 AD–1690 AD] for the kinnari vina, with a restoration phase [1678 AD–1766 AD] for the upper nut. The bin is likely attributed to the [1650 AD–1683 AD] interval.
Compound-Specific Radiocarbon Analysis of Atmospheric Methane: A New Preconcentration and Purification Setup
Authors: Espic C , Liechti M , Battaglia M , Paul D , Röckmann T , Szidat S
Published: July 2019

Methane contributes substantially to global warming as the second most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas. Radiocarbon (14C) measurements of atmospheric methane can be used as a source apportionment tool, as they allow distinction between thermogenic and biogenic methane sources. However, these measurements remain scarce due to labor-intensive methods required. A new setup for the preparation of atmospheric methane samples for radiocarbon analysis is presented. The system combines a methane preconcentration line with a preparative gas chromatography technique to isolate pure methane samples for a compound-specific radiocarbon analysis. In order to minimize sample preparation time, we designed a simplified preconcentration line for the extraction of methane from 50 L atmospheric air, which corresponds to 50 µg C as required for a reliable14C analysis of methane-derived CO2gas measurement with accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). The system guarantees a quantitative extraction of methane from atmospheric air samples for14C analysis, with a good repeatability and a low processing blank. The setup was originally designed for the measurement of samples with low methane concentrations, but it can also be adapted to apportion sources from environmental compartments with high methane levels such as freshwaters or wetlands.
Response to H. Floris Cohen's essay review on Newtonian scholarship
Authors: Feingold Mordechai
Published: July 2019

Long ago, George Sarton set down criteria for reviewers. In addition to insisting on the need to compose ‘faithful’ reviews, he cautioned against four types of unfit reviewers: the ‘egoist’, the ‘obscure’ reviewer, the one who is noncommittal, and the pedantic critic. Unfortunately, Cohen's review comes short on several counts. Cohen writes that he intends to examine what is ‘new’ in the three books he reviews, and whether the results therein contained are ‘worth learning’ (p. 687). Cohen denies being given to ‘misplaced hero worship’, insisting that his sole aim is to assess whether ‘scholarly novelty’ (p. 693) has been attained. Nevertheless, given his repeated rebuke of the authors under review for ‘failing to refer back to [Richard] Westfall's work’ on Newton – now nearly half a century old – it seems that he grounded his critique principally on Westfall's interpretation.
SLEEPING EUROPA FROM PLATO COMICUS TO MOSCHUS AND HORACE
Authors: Hadjittofi Fotini
Published: July 2019

The rape (or threatened rape) of a sleeping Europa in Plato Comicus has curiously not attracted any attention from critics commenting on later texts which narrate the story of Europa. Yet, the motifs of night, sleep and dreaming play a prominent role in the Europa poems of both Moschus and Horace. This article will investigate the role of these motifs and argue for a closer connection between these two poems than has thus far been allowed. It will also maintain that, in both poems, the suggestion that the heroine was (or could be) raped in her sleep is lurking in the background and that, if taken into consideration, it can significantly expand our scope of interpretation and perhaps account for some features which would otherwise be hard to explain. While it is not unlikely that the two authors to be discussed here had direct access to Plato Comicus'Europa, my argument does not rely on knowledge of this comedy, which could, after all, be parodying an earlier tragedy. Rather, the main thesis of this article is that a classical or early Hellenistic version of Europa's myth (which Plato Comicus may either reflect or be the source of) had the young woman raped in her sleep. This tradition, then, informs these two later poems, which may or may not have been directly influenced by Plato Comicus’ rendition.
Synaptic and brain-expressed gene sets relate to the shared genetic risk across five psychiatric disorders
Authors: Hammerschlag Anke R. , de Leeuw Christiaan A. , Middeldorp Christel M. , Polderman Tinca J. C.
Published: July 2019

Background

Mounting evidence shows genetic overlap between multiple psychiatric disorders. However, the biological underpinnings of shared risk for psychiatric disorders are not yet fully uncovered. The identification of underlying biological mechanisms is crucial for the progress in the treatment of these disorders.

Methods

We applied gene-set analysis including 7372 gene sets, and 53 tissue-type specific gene-expression profiles to identify sets of genes that are involved in the etiology of multiple psychiatric disorders. We included genome-wide meta-association data of the five psychiatric disorders schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The total dataset contained 159 219 cases and 262 481 controls.

Results

We identified 19 gene sets that were significantly associated with the five psychiatric disorders combined, of which we excluded five sets because their associations were likely driven by schizophrenia only. Conditional analyses showed independent effects of several gene sets that in particular relate to the synapse. In addition, we found independent effects of gene expression levels in the cerebellum and frontal cortex.

Conclusions

We obtained novel evidence for shared biological mechanisms that act across psychiatric disorders and we showed that several gene sets that have been related to individual disorders play a role in a broader range of psychiatric disorders.
Perceptions de pères vivant avec un fils ou une fille adulte ayant une déficience intellectuelle sur la transition de l’après-parents
Authors: Faubert Zoé , Goupil Georgette
Published: July 2019

With the increase in life expectancy, many people with intellectual disabilities (ID) are living in the family home with their parents. This research focuses on the experience of 17 fathers of adults with ID. These fathers answered a questionnaire including open and closed questions. During the individual interview, fathers described their motivations to cohabit with their son or daughter, cohabitation benefits and constraints, housing options considered and planning for the future. Results indicate that fathers chose this cohabitation. However, they experience anxiety because they do not know who will support the adult with ID when they can no longer do so. Postparental planning considerations include legal concerns and informal discussions with siblings or the extended family. These results describe a complex parental situation in which there is interaction between their emotions, their attachment to the adult with ID and their previous experiences with residential, social or rehabilitation services.
Are there missed opportunities for vaccinating against hepatitis B among people who inject drugs in the UK?
Authors: Njoroge J. , Hope V.D. , O'Halloran C. , Edmundson C. , Glass R , Parry J.V. , Ncube F.
Published: July 2019

Sustaining the impact of hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination on incidence and prevalence of HBV infection requires increasing and maintaining the uptake of vaccine among those at risk. In recent years, the level of vaccine uptake among people who inject drugs (PWID) in the UK has levelled-off. Data (2015–2016) from the national unlinked-anonymous monitoring survey of PWID, an annual survey that collects data from PWID across England, Wales and Northern Ireland, were used to examine HBV vaccine uptake. Data from participants who had injected drugs during the previous year were used to investigate sources of hepatitis B vaccine doses as well as factors associated with vaccine uptake. Among the 3175 anti-HBc-negative participants, 3138 (99%) reported their vaccination status; 23% (714) reported no vaccine uptake. Among those not vaccinated, 447 (63%) reported being sexually active and 116 (16%) reported sharing needles and syringes. Majority of those not vaccinated reported accessing services in the previous year that could have provided hepatitis B vaccine doses. These missed opportunities for vaccinating of PWID indicate a need for additional targeted interventions.
An assessment of the Tagula HoneyeaterMicroptilotis vicina, a Data Deficient bird species in a Melanesian endemic hotspot
Authors: GOULDING WILLIAM , MOSS PATRICK T. , MCALPINE CLIVE A.
Published: July 2019

We conducted research into the ‘Data Deficient’ and endemic Tagula HoneyeaterMicroptilotis vicinaof the Louisiade Archipelago, Papua New Guinea. This species was only observed on Sudest and Junet Islands. Islands were visited between October and January in the years from 2012–2014 and in 2016. We conducted the first assessment of spatial and habitat use by this species using radio-tracking in 2016. These findings were also used to inform estimates using traditional population density methods. CTMM package in R was used for home-range estimation for the tracked honeyeaters. Our results supported that members of this species display territoriality during the breeding season, occupying a mean of 2.0 ± 0.6 (SE) ha on Junet Island (n= 5). Whether individuals defended defined territories at other times of the year was not known but re-sightings of marked birds confirmed them to be locally resident. Population estimates ranged between 53,000 and 85,000 individuals. However, more conservative estimates nearing 50,000 individuals were considered prudent given lower population densities observed on parts of the larger Sudest Island (0.64/ha). This species utilised the canopy and understorey layers in a range of habitats from mangroves at sea-level, gardens and regrowth of various ages to cloud forest on the highest point of Sudest Island (∼800 m asl). Dietary observations support that like many closely related species, Tagula Honeyeaters have a broad diet of mostly insects supplemented with nectar and fruit. Observations indicated that this species had life history attributes toward the slower end of the spectrum but similar to other congeners. Vocalisations were more diverse in both structure and complexity than those of suspected close relatives the MimicMicroptilotis analogusand GracefulMicroptilotis gracilisHoneyeaters. Morphological measures were similarly different, supporting species level recognition.
Changing expectations mediate adaptation in L2 production
Authors: Montero-Melis Guillermo , Jaeger T. Florian
Published: July 2019

Native language (L1) processing draws on implicit expectations. An open question is whether non-native learners of a second language (L2) similarly draw on expectations, and whether these expectations are based on learners’ L1 or L2 knowledge. We approach this question by studying inverse preference effects on lexical encoding. L1 and L2 speakers of Spanish described motion events, while they were either primed to express path, manner, or neither. In line with other work, we find that L1 speakers adapted more strongly after primes that are unexpected in their L1. For L2 speakers, adaptation depended on their L2 proficiency: The least proficient speakers exhibited the inverse preference effect on adaptation based on what was unexpected in their L1; but the more proficient speakers were, the more they exhibited inverse preference effects based on what was unexpected in the L2. We discuss implications for L1 transfer and L2 acquisition.
Are We Still Needed? Reflections on the Profession in BIALL's Fiftieth Anniversary Year
Authors: Speight Dunstan
Published: July 2019

In this article Dunstan Speight, President of BIALL 2018–2019, provides a short overview of current challenges and opportunities facing the profession. In addition to trends affecting all types of law libraries, the article discusses some of the main issues facing the three main types of information service: academic, law firm and chambers, and professional bodies. The article concludes with a discussion of how core skills and experience are still relevant in the fast-changing world of legal information.
Conferences, Communication and BIALL: a Whistle-Stop Tour of the 90s
Authors: Maher Michael
Published: July 2019

This was the decade of the IT office revolution which would have a profound impact on working practices within law firms, including the library. The first, and arguably biggest, change was the creation of the World Wide Web by Tim Berners-Lee in 1991. The first law firm website was set up in 1994, and by the end of the decade virtually all law firms were using this as the key way to present their offerings. The first text message was sent in 1992. In 1994 Amazon was founded, as a source for buying books! By 1996 we were able to organize our contacts and diaries on a PalmPilot. Google was founded in 1998.
BIALL @ 50 Years: 2010 to date
Authors: Toor Narinder
Published: July 2019

Back in December 2009, I joined Arnold & Porter as an information professional. Working at a law firm that values and celebrates the contributions made by their support staff, has meant that this role has transformed into a very rewarding career. Reflecting on the last 10 years, the one word I would use to sum up law librarianship is expertise. As information professionals, we research and review areas and concepts that are unfamiliar but we are adept at not only pinpointing the key points and issues but conveying them with clarity, certainty and confidence. As well as providing this invaluable support, we guide, inform and advise. Over the past decade, BIALL has remained central to the law librarian community, helping us to navigate the ever changing landscape of the legal sector.
The BIALL Conference 1970 to 2019
Authors: Bowl Catherine , Furlong John , Mosley Caroline
Published: July 2019

In this article, the authors, Catherine Bowl, John Furlong and Caroline Mosley look at the direction the Association's Annual Conference has taken over the past 50 years since the first Conference in Liverpool in 1970. The emphasis is on the mid-1990s to the present day, during which period the authors served as Chairs of BIALL's Conference Committee1.
Discerning the Body of Christ: A Retrieval of Thomas Cranmer’s Eucharistic Theology by Way of the Spiritual Senses
Authors: Arcadi James M.
Published: July 2019

Thomas Cranmer’s Eucharistic theology has been the source of no small amount of scholarship and dispute. I argue that these disputes are in part due to the fact that Cranmer wavers between describing two distinct realities and that these realities are not necessarily coincidental. There is the reality of the consecrated elements, which he understands figuratively as being the body and blood of Christ. But Cranmer also describes a second reality, which is the direct connection between the soul of the recipient and the actual body and blood of Christ. I highlight the latter reality by recourse to recent work on the notion of the spiritual senses in the Christian theological tradition.
Women's Substantive Representation in Decline: The Case of Democratic Failure in Hungary
Authors: Ilonszki Gabriella , Vajda Adrienn
Published: July 2019

The substantive representation of women has attracted limited attention in cases in which women are present in politics in small numbers over an extended period of time. This article aims to fill this gap by focusing on two policy episodes in a postcommunist state where female descriptive representation has remained low and static and the regime's democratic backlash can also be observed. The two analytical questions refer to the agency and regime aspects of women's substantive representation under unfavorable conditions. Who is representing women under these conditions, and where and how is their representation taking place? How do the regime's characteristics explain the evolving representation patterns? The article will first argue that the same descriptive representation levels can imply different substantive representation patterns in terms of both actors and space. Second, by reconnecting descriptive representation and substantive representation, the article demonstrates that the decline of a regime's democratic credentials is detrimental to female substantive representation.
Reflections on the development of the Movement and international humanitarian law through the lens of the ICRC Library's Heritage Collection
Authors: Raboud Ismaël , Niederhauser Matthieu , Mohr Charlotte
Published: July 2019

The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) Library was first created at the initiative of the ICRC's co-founder and president, Gustave Moynier. By the end of the nineteenth century, it had become a specialized documentation centre with comprehensive collections on the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, international humanitarian law (IHL) and relief to war victims, keeping track of the latest legal debates and technological innovations in the fields related to the ICRC's activities. The publications collected by the Library until the end of the First World War form a rich collection of almost 4,000 documents now known as the ancien fonds, the Library's Heritage Collection.

Direct witness to the birth of an international humanitarian movement and of IHL, the Heritage Collection contains the era's most important publications related to the development of humanitarian action for war victims, from the first edition of Henry Dunant's groundbreaking Un souvenir de Solférino to the first mission reports of ICRC delegates and the handwritten minutes of the Diplomatic Conference that led to the adoption of the 1864 Geneva Convention. This article looks at the way this unique collection of documents retraces the history of the ICRC during its first decades of existence and documents its original preoccupations and operations, highlighting the most noteworthy items of the Collection along the way.
What Did Chartism Petition For? Mass Petitions in the British Movement for Democracy
Authors: Chase Malcolm
Published: July 2019

Chartism was in effect Britain’s civil rights movement and petitioning was at its heart: it defined who the Chartists were as well as the “other” against which they were implacably opposed. Its history has been effectively narrated around its three national petitions (1839, 1842, and 1848), and its decline almost habitually and directly linked to circumstances surrounding the last of these. More than 3.3 million people signed the 1842 National Petition. Chartism’s history after 1842 is partly one of how the State learned to manage the movement in general and petitioning in particular. The question posed by the title is deliberately ambiguous: What did the Chartists petition for and, equally, why did they bother? The first issue will be answered by a close reading of the three texts (surprisingly not undertaken by previous historians of the movement). The second will answered through an analysis of the wider uses of petitioning. The third issue addressed by this article is how petitioning constructed Chartism. In every contributing locality, canvassing was a major intervention in political life. The subscriptional community created by its petitions were “the people,” a term that clearly included not only men but also women and children. This was a different and wider meaning of the term “the people” from that used by Chartism’s opponents and it was a profound departure. Petitioning shaped, articulated, and mobilized the politics of a nascent working class, “banded together in one solemn and holy league” but excluded from economic and political power.
Investigating the Fast Response of Precipitation Intensity and Boundary Layer Temperature to Atmospheric Heating Using a Cloud‐Resolving Model
Authors: Chua Xin Rong , Ming Yi , Jeevanjee Nadir
Published: July 2019

Coarse‐resolution global climate models cannot explicitly resolve the intensity distribution of tropical precipitation and how it responds to a forcing. We use a cloud‐resolving model to study how imposed atmospheric radiative heating (such as that caused by greenhouse gases or absorbing aerosols) may alter precipitation intensity in the setting of radiative‐convective equilibrium. It is found that the decrease in total precipitation is realized through preferentially reducing weak events. The intensity of strong precipitation events is maintained by a cancellation between the moistening of air parcels and weakening of updrafts. A boundary layer energy budget analysis suggests that free‐tropospheric heating raises boundary layer temperatures mainly through a reduction in rain reevaporation. This insight leads to a predictive scaling for the surface sensible and latent flux changes. The results imply that cloud microphysical processes play a key role in shaping the temperature and precipitation responses to atmospheric heating.
THEMIS Observations of Particle Acceleration by a Magnetosheath Jet‐Driven Bow Wave
Authors: Liu Terry Z. , Hietala Heli , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Omelchenko Yuri , Roytershteyn Vadim , Vainio Rami
Published: July 2019

Localized magnetosheath jets with high dynamic pressure are frequently observed downstream of Earth's bow shock. When such a fast magnetosheath jet compresses the ambient magnetosheath plasma, an earthward compressional bow wave could form. Such bow waves have been predicted by simulations but have never been observed. Using multipoint Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substroms (THEMIS) observations, we report the first observation where such a bow wave driven by an intrinsically formed magnetosheath jet can reflect and accelerate particles up to tens of kiloelectron volt for ions and 100 keV for electrons. By analyzing the ion distributions, we infer how particles reach the spacecraft from the bow wave demonstrating good agreement with our model of single particle motion. Our study implies that particle acceleration at magnetosheath jets could contribute significantly to particle acceleration at shocks in general.
Quality Control for Crowdsourced Personal Weather Stations to Enable Operational Rainfall Monitoring
Authors: de Vos Lotte Wilhelmina , Leijnse Hidde , Overeem Aart , Uijlenhoet Remko
Published: July 2019

Automatic personal weather stations owned and maintained by weather enthusiasts provide spatially dense in situ measurements that are often collected and visualized in real time on online weather platforms. While the spatial and temporal resolution of this data source is high, its rainfall observations are prone to typical errors, currently preventing its large‐scale, real‐time application. This study proposes a quality control methodology consisting of four modules targeting these errors, applicable in real time without requiring auxiliary measurements. The quality control improves the overall accuracy of a year of hourly rainfall depths in Amsterdam to a bias of −11.3% (0.2% when a proxy for overall rainfall underestimation by personal weather stations is used), a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.82, and a coefficient of variation of 2.70, while maintaining 88% of the original data set. Application on a national scale (average 1 station per ∼10 km2) yields high‐resolution nationwide rainfall maps, hence showing the great potential of personal weather stations for complementing existing often sparse traditional rain gauge networks.
Segmentation of SED by Boundary Flows Associated With Westward Drifting Partial Ring current
Authors: Wang Zihan , Zou Shasha , Coppeans Thomas , Ren Jiaen , Ridley Aaron , Gombosi Tamas
Published: July 2019

The segmentation mechanism of polar cap patches is agreed to be related to temporal changes of interplanetary magnetic field or transient reconnection. In this letter, using Global Ionosphere Thermosphere Model driven by two‐way coupled Block‐Adaptive‐Tree‐Solarwind‐Roe‐Upwind‐Scheme and Rice Convection Model, a new segmentation mechanism is proposed. This mechanism works as follows: A strong boundary flow between the Region 1 and Region 2 field‐aligned currents develops, while a shielding process develops in the inner magnetosphere. As the partial ring current drifts westward, the peak of the boundary flow also moves westward. This strong boundary flow raises the ion temperature through enhanced frictional heating, enhances the chemical recombination reaction rate, and reduces the electron density. When this boundary flow crosses the storm‐enhanced density (SED) plume, the plume will be segmented into patches. No external interplanetary magnetic field variations or transient reconnections are required in this mechanism.
Driving Planetary Period Oscillations From the Hall Conducting Layer of Saturn's Upper Atmosphere
Authors: Smith C. G. A.
Published: July 2019

We develop a simple physical model of the planetary period oscillations (PPOs) observed in Saturn's magnetosphere. The model couples together flows and currents in five two‐dimensional systems: an upper and lower atmospheric layer in each hemisphere, and the equatorial magnetosphere. We neglect the curved geometry of the planet and the magnetosphere but use a simple scaling argument to account for the very different sizes of the two systems. We show that it is possible to drive a PPO current system with many of the observed properties by invoking a twin vortex system in the Hall conducting layer of either hemisphere. The twin vortex system is able to generate divergent currents because our model includes a representation of the latitudinal variation of conductance. The large inertia and low Pedersen conductance of this layer of the atmosphere means that the twin vortex system and the PPO currents have a very stable rotation velocity and a very long dissipation timescale, explaining the long term persistence and stability of the PPO current systems. For a range of realistic parameters, part of the PPO current system closes through the equatorial magnetosphere, and part through the opposite hemisphere, as observed. We make predictions about the phase relationships between these closure currents that allow our model to be tested. Although the wind speeds required to produce the observed currents are implausibly large, interaction with enhanced electron density in the auroral regions reduces the necessary wind speeds to plausible values.
Seismotectonics of the Zagros (Iran) From Orogen‐Wide, Calibrated Earthquake Relocations
Authors: Karasözen Ezgi , Nissen Edwin , Bergman Eric A. , Ghods Abdolreza
Published: July 2019

We use calibrated earthquake relocations to reassess the distribution and kinematics of faulting in the Zagros range, southwestern Iran. This is among the most seismically active fold‐and‐thrust belts globally, but knowledge of its active faulting is hampered by large errors in reported epicenters and controversy over earthquake depths. Mapped coseismic surface faulting is extremely rare, with most seismicity occurring on blind reverse faults buried beneath or within a thick, folded sedimentary cover. Therefore, the distribution of earthquakes provides vital information about the location of active faulting at depth. Using an advanced multievent relocation technique, we relocate ∼2,500 earthquakes across the Zagros mountains spanning the ∼70‐year instrumental record. Relocated events have epicentral uncertainties of 2–5 km; for ∼1,100 of them we also constrain origin time and focal depth, often to better than 5 km. Much of the apparently diffuse catalog seismicity now collapses into discrete trends highlighting major active faults. This reveals several zones of unmapped faulting, including possible conjugate left‐lateral faults in the central Zagros. It also confirms the activity of faults mapped previously on the basis of geomorphology, including oblique (dextral‐normal) faulting in the NW Zagros. We observe a primary difference between the Lurestan arc, where seismicity is focused close to the topographic range front, and the Fars arc, where out‐of‐sequence thrusting is evident over a width of ∼100–200 km. We establish a focal depth range of 4–25 km, confirming earlier suggestions that earthquakes are restricted to the upper crust but nucleate both within and beneath the sedimentary cover.
Effect of the Injection Scenario on the Rate and Magnitude Content of Injection‐Induced Seismicity: Case of a Heterogeneous Fault
Authors: Almakari Michelle , Dublanchet Pierre , Chauris Hervé , Pellet Frédéric
Published: July 2019

Injection of fluids into underground formations reactivates preexisting faults and modifies the seismic hazard, as demonstrated by the 2011 Mw 5.7 and the 2016 Mw 5.8 earthquakes in Oklahoma. Currently, the effect of injection remains poorly understood. We model the seismicity triggered by a fluid flowing inside a Dietrich‐Ruina heterogeneous 2‐D fault, which can generate irregular sequences of events with magnitudes obeying Gutenberg Richter distribution. We consider a punctual injection scenario where injection pressure increases at a constant rate until a maximum pressure is reached and kept constant. We show that such a fluid injection leads to a sharp increase in the seismicity rate, which correlates with the time series of the pore pressure rate, for a wide range of injection pressure. Increasing the final pressure leads to an increase in the amplitude and the duration of the seismicity rate perturbation but also to a decrease in the frequency of large‐magnitude events. The maximum seismicity rate during the sequence also increases with the injection pressure rate, as long as a pressure‐rate threshold is not exceeded. Beyond it, the effect of increasing the injection rate is to make large‐magnitude earthquakes more frequent. While the total number of induced earthquakes is essentially controlled by the maximum pressure, the total seismic moment liberated increases with both the maximum pressure and the pressure rate. The comparison of our model to Dietrich's (1994, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JB02581) model shows the important trade‐off existing between seismicity rate perturbations and magnitude content variations of fluid induced seismicity.
A Numerical Model for Fluvial Transport of Subglacial Sediment
Authors: Delaney Ian , Werder Mauro A. , Farinotti Daniel
Published: July 2019

Sediment discharge from glaciers impacts downstream aquatic habitats, hydropower operations, and river infrastructure. Since discharge of subglacial sediment will evolve in response to glacier retreat, estimating future subglacial sediment dynamics is of great relevance. To develop tools and methods to better constrain the responsible processes, we present a till dynamics model that accounts for limited sediment access coupled to a subglacial hydrology model to describe the evolution of a subglacial till layer over a glacier's longitudinal profile in one dimension. Synthetic simulations examining the effects of changing hydrology highlight the importance of properly constraining both the erosion of underlying bedrock and the subglacial sediment connectivity. This is because changes in hydrology alter the timing of peak sediment discharge but only marginally affect total sediment discharge once the subglacial sediment reservoir is exhausted. Model simulations for real‐world glaciers yield insights into the distribution of sediment along the glacier bed, including locations where sediments are deposited or exhausted. Comparison between model results and field data shows that total and peak sediment discharge, as well as interannual variability, can be captured with acceptable skill for periods ranging from hours to decades. The results from this model show that modeling subglacial sediment transport on decadal to subdaily scales is possible but requires processes such as bedrock erosion and sediment connectivity to be considered.
The onset of sleep disturbances and their associations with anxiety after acute high-altitude exposure at 3700 m
Authors: Bian Shi-Zhu , Zhang Laiping , Jin Jun , Zhang Ji-Hang , Li Qian-Ning , Yu Jie , Chen Jian-Fei , Yu Shi-Yong , Zhao Xiao-Hui , Qin Jun , Huang Lan
Published: July 2019

Sleep disturbances and psychiatric repercussions pose great challenges at high altitude; however, few studies have investigated sleep disturbance and anxiety profiles and their associations after acute exposure in consecutive patients. Thus, we aimed to study the profiles of sleep disturbances in consecutive patients after high-altitude exposure and the association of such disturbances with anxiety. A total of 668 participants were recruited at sea level and 3700 m. The trials were performed at sea level (1 week prior to a 2-h flight to a high-altitude destination) and at 3700 m (24, 72, and 168 h). Sleep disturbances were assessed by self-reported sleep patterns and scores on the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS). State anxiety was assessed using the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS). In our study, the incidence of sleep disturbances increased significantly after acute high-altitude exposure (65.3%, 434/668) and then gradually decreased after 72 h (50%, 141/282) and 168 h (44%, 124/282). The sleep assessments AIS [2.0 (4.0) vs. 4.0 (5.0)] and ESS [4.0 (4.0) vs. 5.0 (5.0)] increased significantly (p < 0.05). Also, the SAS increased significantly from 26.25 (3.75) to 28.75 (7.5). The SAS was significantly high in sleep disturbance group [31.25 (7.5) vs. 27.5 (5), p < 0.001] than in the non-sleep- disturbance group. The baseline SAS and AIS scores were significantly higher in participants with sleep disturbances than in those without (p < 0.01). Age, baseline insomnia, sleepiness, fatigue, and higher SAS were predictors of sleep disturbances in univariate regression (all p values < 0.05). However, only an older age (p = 0.045) and a higher baseline SAS (p = 0.018) remained independent predictors of sleep disturbances. Our findings indicated that acute high-altitude exposure triggers the onset of sleep disturbances, which are closely associated with anxiety. Furthermore, baseline state anxiety and age are independent predictors of sleep disturbances at high altitude.
mTOR hyperactivation in Down Syndrome underlies deficits in autophagy induction, autophagosome formation, and mitophagy
Authors: Bordi Matteo , Darji Sandipkumar , Sato Yutaka , Mellén Marian , Berg Martin J. , Kumar Asok , Jiang Ying , Nixon Ralph A.
Published: July 2019

Down syndrome (DS), a complex genetic disorder caused by chromosome 21 trisomy, is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction leading to the accumulation of damaged mitochondria. Here we report that mitophagy, a form of selective autophagy activated to clear damaged mitochondria is deficient in primary human fibroblasts derived from individuals with DS leading to accumulation of damaged mitochondria with consequent increases in oxidative stress. We identified two molecular bases for this mitophagy deficiency: PINK1/PARKIN impairment and abnormal suppression of macroautophagy. First, strongly downregulated PARKIN and the mitophagic adaptor protein SQSTM1/p62 delays PINK1 activation to impair mitophagy induction after mitochondrial depolarization by CCCP or antimycin A plus oligomycin. Secondly, mTOR is strongly hyper-activated, which globally suppresses macroautophagy induction and the transcriptional expression of proteins critical for autophagosome formation such as ATG7, ATG3 and FOXO1. Notably, inhibition of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and complex 2 (mTORC2) using AZD8055 (AZD) restores autophagy flux, PARKIN/PINK initiation of mitophagy, and the clearance of damaged mitochondria by mitophagy. These results recommend mTORC1-mTORC2 inhibition as a promising candidate therapeutic strategy for Down Syndrome.
A new bioavailable fenretinide formulation with antiproliferative, antimetabolic, and cytotoxic effects on solid tumors
Authors: Orienti Isabella , Francescangeli Federica , De Angelis Maria Laura , Fecchi Katia , Bongiorno-Borbone Lucilla , Signore Michele , Peschiaroli Angelo , Boe Alessandra , Bruselles Alessandro , Costantino Angelita , Eramo Adriana , Salvati Valentina , Sette Giovanni , Contavalli Paola , Zolla Lello , Oki Toshihiko , Kitamura Toshio , Spada Massimo , Giuliani Alessandro , Baiocchi Marta , La Torre Filippo , Melino Gerry , Tartaglia Marco , De Maria Ruggero , Zeuner Ann
Published: July 2019

Fenretinide is a synthetic retinoid characterized by anticancer activity in preclinical models and favorable toxicological profile, but also by a low bioavailability that hindered its clinical efficacy in former clinical trials. We developed a new formulation of fenretinide complexed with 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (nanofenretinide) characterized by an increased bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. Nanofenretinide was active in cell lines derived from multiple solid tumors, in primary spheroid cultures and in xenografts of lung and colorectal cancer, where it inhibited tumor growth independently from the mutational status of tumor cells. A global profiling of pathways activated by nanofenretinide was performed by reverse-phase proteomic arrays and lipid analysis, revealing widespread repression of the mTOR pathway, activation of apoptotic, autophagic and DNA damage signals and massive production of dihydroceramide, a bioactive lipid with pleiotropic effects on several biological processes. In cells that survived nanofenretinide treatment there was a decrease of factors involved in cell cycle progression and an increase in the levels of p16 and phosphorylated p38 MAPK with consequent block in G0 and early G1. The capacity of nanofenretinide to induce cancer cell death and quiescence, together with its elevated bioavailability and broad antitumor activity indicate its potential use in cancer treatment and chemoprevention.