bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Task failure during sustained low‐intensity contraction is not associated with a critical amount of central fatigue
Authors: Souron Robin , Voirin Anne‐Cloé , Kennouche Djahid , Espeit Loïc , Millet Guillaume Y , Rupp Thomas , Lapole Thomas
Published: September 2020

Fatigue‐related mechanisms induced by low‐intensity prolonged contraction in lower limb muscles are currently unknown. This study investigated central fatigue kinetics in the knee extensors during a low‐intensity sustained isometric contraction. Eleven subjects sustained a 10% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) until task failure (TF) with neuromuscular evaluation every 3 minutes. Testing encompassed transcranial magnetic stimulation to evaluate maximal voluntary activation (VATMS), motor evoked potential (MEP), and silent period (SP), and peripheral nerve stimulation to assess M‐wave. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was also recorded. MVC progressively decreased up to 50% of the time to TF (ie, 50%TTF) and then plateaued, reaching ~50% at TF (P < .001). VATMS progressively decreased up to 90%TTF and then plateaued, the decrease reaching ~20% at TF (P < .001). SP was lengthened early (ie, from 20%TTF) during the exercise and then plateaued (P < .01). No changes were reported for MEP evoked during MVC (P = .87), while MEP evoked during submaximal contractions decreased early (ie, from 20%TTF) during the exercise and then plateaued (P < .01). RPE increased linearly during the exercise to be almost maximal at TF. M‐waves were not altered (P = .88). These findings confirm that TF is due to the subjects reaching their maximal perceived effort rather than any particular central event or neuromuscular limitations since MVC at TF was far from 10% of its original value. It is suggested that strategies minimizing RPE (eg, motivational self‐talk) should be employed to enhance endurance performance.
Biography, Trauma, the Holocaust and the Sociological Eye
Authors: Stein Peter J.
Published: September 2020

My book, A Boy’s Journey: From Nazi‐Occupied Prague to Freedom in America (2019) chronicles the first 15 years of my life in the context of the Holocaust, a war and an occupation, relatives disappearing, father returning from a concentration camp, and meeting Jewish relatives who resisted and survived. It is also a story of immigration and assimilation, learning a new language and a new culture in America, of forgetting the old and developing a new identity.
Generating Support for a Hypothetical War: Presidential Cues and Justifications
Authors: Gooch Andrew
Published: September 2020

Objective

Support for wars that involve the United States typically divides by party identification among American voters, leading many scholars to believe that voters need only a partisan cue to go along with war. However, presidents do not endorse war in isolation; instead, they justify it with a variety of reasons ranging from minimal to extensive. Causally identifying these factors—partisan cues and justifications—can be challenging because (1) both occur simultaneously and (2) measured opinion on war usually occurs after the public has been exposed to both.

Method

This study leverages experimental evidence that randomizes presidential cues (an actual sitting president) and justifications about a hypothetical (and unnecessary) war in which elites have not staked out positions.

Results

Results show that a presidential endorsement alone does not generate support for a hypothetical war, but the inclusion of a justification, even one that is minimal, can increase support for war and improve presidential approval. Overall support still remains low for a hypothetical war and is concentrated among in‐partisans.

Conclusion

These results imply that a segment of the American public will go along with war, but the reach is limited to their own party.
Causation and Behavior: The Necessity and Benefits of Incorporating Evolutionary Thinking into Political Science
Authors: Mansell Jordan
Published: September 2020

Political science now recognizes that both biological and social factors are significant to the expression of political phenomena. While necessary, this development has significant theoretical and methodological consequences. The recognition of biological and social factors complicates, rather than simplifies, the study of political phenomena by requiring a more complex model of behavioral causation.Objective.To adapt to this complexity, political science must familiarize itself with the study of behavior in the life and evolutionary sciences and adopt a consilient behavioral model.Method.To assist with this development, this article familiarizes political scientists with the principles on causation as they relate to behavior. It also reviews the most common approaches to studying behavioral causation in the evolutionary sciences.Conclusion.The article discusses the practical benefits of incorporating evolutionary thinking into the study of politics, including the importance of evolutionary thinking for problems of omitted variable bias.
New apatite fission track evidence from the northern Qiangtang terrane reveal two‐phase evolution of central Tibet
Authors: Zhang Jiawei , Li Yalin , Xu Ming , Dai Jingen , Qian Xinyu , Han Zhongpeng , Zhang Huiping , Pang Jianzhang
Published: September 2020

The growth of central Tibet remains elusory, albeit important in evaluating different topographic growth models accounting for the Tibetan Plateau development. Thermochronological records in the northern Qiangtang terrane (QT) provide valuable information for investigating the cooling and exhumation history in central Tibet. New apatite fission track data, assisted by inverse thermal modelling, reveal two stages of accelerated cooling. The Early Cretaceous cooling is related with refrigeration of the QT and exhumation probably induced by crustal shortening. The Eocene‐Oligocene renewed cooling reflects the far‐field contraction after the onset of the India‐Asia collision and Cenozoic crustal shortening deformation in the QT, coupled with thermal relaxation and transient lithospheric removal. Our data support models indicating that Cretaceous crustal shortening produced a thickened crust in the QT, whereas the present‐day elevation was established during Eocene‐Oligocene due to crustal shortening, continental subduction and lithospheric delamination.
Liquid home? Financialisation of the built environment in the UK’s “hotel‐style” care homes
Authors: Horton Amy
Published: September 2020

This paper combines the political economy of financialisation with feminist care ethics and sociocultural geographies of home. Together, these perspectives explain why and how real estate is converted into liquid financial assets, and expose the implications for embedded relationships. The argument is developed through a case study of UK care homes, with particular attention to the role of real estate investment trusts. Investors in care companies have sought to render their real estate assets more calculable and profitable, by standardising the assets themselves into hotel‐like spaces. In effect, the work of translating between liquid finance and particular homes is transferred – from investors to those creating relationships in hotel‐like spaces. Yet the fundamental illiquidity of residents, relationships, and “home” constrain and destabilise financialisation. The paper concludes by discussing the implications of “liquid home” for economic, urban, and welfare geographies, and recommends that policy pay more attention to the financing of spaces for care.
Modeling the West Nile virus transfusion transmission risk in a nonoutbreak country associated with traveling donors
Authors: Kiely Philip , Seed Clive R. , Hoad Veronica C. , Gambhir Manoj , Cheng Allen C. , McQuilten Zoe K. , Wood Erica M.
Published: September 2020

Background

West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito‐borne virus and transfusion transmission (TT) has been demonstrated. The European Union and neighboring countries experience an annual transmission season.

Study Design and Methods

We developed a novel probabilistic model to estimate the WNV TT risk in Australia attributable to returned donors who had travelled to the European Union and neighboring countries during the 2018. We estimated weekly WNV TT risks in Australia for each outbreak country and the cumulative risk for all countries.

Results

Highest mean weekly TT risk in Australia attributable to donors returning from a specific outbreak country was 1 in 23.3 million (plausible range, 16.8‐41.9 million) donations during Week 39 in Croatia. Highest mean weekly cumulative TT risk was 1 in 8.5 million donations (plausible range, 5.1‐17.8 million) during Week 35.

Conclusions

The estimated TT risk in Australia attributable to returning donors from the European Union and neighboring countries in 2018 was very small, and additional risk mitigation strategies were not indicated. In the context of such low TT risks, a simpler but effective approach would be to monitor the number of weekly reported West Nile fever cases and implement risk modeling only when the reported cases reached a predefined number or trigger point.
Harmonic Source Identification in Power Distribution System and Meter Placement using Network Impedance Approach
Authors: Zaidi Maryam Nabihah , Mat Said Dalila , Abdul Kadir Aida Fazliana , Ahmad Nasarudin
Published: September 2020

The growing use of non-linear loads in the electrical systems has made harmonics a serious problem. Harmonic disturbance leads to degradation of power quality by deforming the current or voltage waveforms, thus, necessitating the effective techniques for harmonics detection.  The purpose of this study is to propose a method for a single harmonic source identification in power distribution system by implementing a network impedance technique, and optimize the meters allocation by optimum meter placement algorithm (OMPA). The main advantage of this technique is that it results in enhanced accuracy with minimum vulnerability towards deviations in the measurements. Moreover, it minimizes the number of nodes for meter allocations, thereby resulting in economic advantages. To validate the results and effectiveness of the proposed methodology, a standard IEEE 13-Bus industrial network is designed using ETAP software and the algorithm is developed in MATLAB software. The validation of proposed algorithm OMPA is done by comparing its results with Monte Carlo Algorithm (MCA) technique. The results show that without any deviation in the network impedances, OMPA gives 89% accuracy as compared to 75% accuracy of MC. With the deviations in the harmonic impedances, the accuracy of both algorithms is decreased. For the deviation value ꝺ = 1-13 in the harmonic impedances, the overall accuracy of OMPA stays at 75%, while that of MCA drops down to 56%. The developed algorithm OMPA is not only better in performance in harmonics identification with minimum number of meters, but also shows more resistance to the variations in the harmonic impedances as compared to MCA.
Case Study of Teacher Training for Project STEM Course
Authors: Han Shu , Hong Rongzhao , An Xin , Li Yushun
Published: September 2020

Educators are paying more attention to students' hands-on ability with critical thinking which has not been emphasized in previous Chinese education system. To fill this gap, there is a need to organize a hands-on workshop to develop teachers’ STEM hands-on skills to promote on high school campus. Therefore, the purposes of this study are: 1. exploring the development status of teachers' hands-on ability after ending the workshop and 2. exploring the effectiveness of the project-based STEM training with interdisciplinary concept content compared with the traditional STEM training. Based on the two-day teacher training of STEM workshop, this paper used Flanders interaction analysis which is an observation technique used to record and analyze the process and impact of teacher-student interaction in the classroom. Through the analysis, we found that the learners were active in this training course, the interaction between teachers and learners was very frequent, and the relationship between them was quite consistent (harmonious). Then we inferred the training effect of the teachers in the training by combining the works or results submitted by the learners after the workshop. The error rate of these exercises or results was low, indicating that peer discussion or group discussion played an important role in the process of practice. Compared with the traditional iFIAS method, it can be found that in the training based on the project-based teaching model, learners' advanced cognitive abilities such as analysis and synthesis were developed, and their knowledge transfer ability was more flexible, which was also a reflection of interdisciplinary ability.
Deuterium Ingress at the Rolled Joints in CANDU Reactors: Where Does It Come From and How Can It Be Reduced?
Authors: Langille S. T. , Coleman C. E. , McRae G. A.
Published: September 2020

Simple, small-scale, experiments demonstrate that the initial protium in stainless-steel end fittings contributes to the high deuterium concentrations found in the zirconium pressure tubes at CANDU rolled joints. This protium isotopically exchanges becoming deuterium that is then gettered by the zirconium pressure tube. We propose to reduce the concentration of hydrogen isotopes at the ends of pressure tubes in heavy-water nuclear reactors with yttrium getters placed in the outer regions of the stainless-steel end fittings away from the heat-transport heavy water. Simple, small-scale, experiments demonstrate the operating principle showing that yttrium can getter hydrogen isotopes from the zirconium through the stainless steel.
A Study of a New Bidirectional Pressure-Regulating Valve for Hydraulically Interconnected Suspension Systems
Authors: Luo Liang , Zhang Nong , Zheng Minyi , Wu Jinglai , Zhu Bo
Published: September 2020

Due to inevitable inner leakage in hydraulic circuits and structural limits of a hydraulically interconnected suspension (HIS) system, pressure difference between HIS's two independent hydraulic circuits leads to vehicular unbalance under noncornering driving conditions and deteriorates HIS's performance under steering driving conditions. In order to address this problem, a new bidirectional pressure-regulating valve was designed to balance hydraulic pressures in the two HIS's hydraulic circuits under noncornering driving conditions. Moreover, it separates the two hydraulic circuits and enables HIS's antirollover function under cornering driving conditions. Detailed structure and functions of this valve were introduced first. Systematic and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation results show that the gap between the spool and cylinder is of importance to valve's performance. Experimental results validate that the developed valve satisfies all requirements of the HIS. Furthermore, the valve can distinguish steering and nonsteering conditions and enables HIS's function accurately without any pressure shock.
Taxonomic study of Setoxylobates (Acari, Oribatida, Haplozetidae) and some related taxa

Authors: Ermilov Sergey G. , Liao Jhih-Rong
Published: September 2020

The genus Setoxylobates (Oribatida, Haplozetidae) is recorded in Taiwan for the first time; one new species of this genus is described based on adults from soil of mountain tea farm in Taiwan. Setoxylobates taigangensis Ermilov sp. nov. differs from Setoxylobates foveolatus Balogh & Mahunka, 1967 in having smaller body size and setiform bothridial setae, and the absence of foveolae on the body. Revised generic diagnosis and an identification key to known species of Setoxylobates are provided. The taxonomic status and systematic placement of some related poronotic taxa are discussed, resulting in the following new taxonomic proposals: Protoribates Berlese, 1908 (=Lignobates Mahunka, 2006 syn. nov.); Setoxylobates Balogh & Mahunka, 1967 (=Plenoxylobates Hammer, 1979 syn. nov.). A new species name is proposed: Protoribates mahunkasandori Ermilov nom. nov. (=Lignobates berndhauseri Mahunka, 2006, preoccupied by Mahunka 1993). The initial generic status of Polyxylobates Hammer, 1973 and the position of Perxylobates mayuloeus Corpuz-Raros, 1979 in Perxylobates are supported.
Mitochondrial haplotype analyses of the mite Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) collected from honeybees Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera, Apidae) in Uruguay

Authors: Mendoza Yamandú , Gramajo Estela , Invernizzi Ciro , Tomasco Ivanna H.
Published: September 2020

The ectoparasite Varroa destructor is currently the main health problem faced by honeybees Apis mellifera in the world. It has been identified that two haplotypes were able of infecting and reproducing in this species: the “Korean haplotype” (K) and the “Japanese haplotype” (J). Both haplotypes differ in their virulence, being the K haplotype more harmful than the J. V. destructor was detected for the first time in Uruguay in 1978, but its effect on honeybees is very different depending on the region of the country. Although the K haplotype predominates in South America, the presence of J haplotype in Uruguay is possible, and may be the cause of different virulence of the mites. The aims of this study were to identify the haplotype of V. destructor existing throughout Uruguay and, at the same time, to present a new strategy of RFLP which that presents an internal positive control of digestion. Despite the differences in the effect of V. destructor on honeybees in different areas of the country, all the colonies evaluated presented the K haplotype. The presence in the past of haplotype J cannot be ruled out, and could be assessed with independent nuclear markers.
Relationship Between Seated Single-Arm Shot Put and Isokinetic Shoulder Flexion and Elbow Extension Strength
Authors: Watson Matthew D. , Davies George J. , Riemann Bryan L.
Published: September 2020

Context: A recent report demonstrated moderate to strong relationships between seated single-arm shot-put (SSASP) test performance and isokinetic pushing forces at varying velocities, directly supporting the SSASP test as a reflection of multijoint upper-extremity strength. Yet, no previous work appears to have assessed whether the SSASP test is more reflective of shoulder flexion or elbow extension strength. Objective: To examine the relationship between isokinetic shoulder flexion and elbow extension strength and SSASP test performance and to compare limb symmetry indices (LSI) between the 2 tests. Design: Correlational design. Setting: Biomechanics laboratory. Patients (or Other Participants): A total of 30 healthy and physically active young adults. Intervention(s): Participants completed the SSASP test and concentric isokinetic (60°/s and 180°/s) shoulder flexion and elbow extension using their dominant and nondominant arms. Main Outcome Measures: SSASP test performance and isokinetic shoulder flexion and elbow extension peak torques as well as LSI between the 2 tests. Results: Strong relationships were observed between SSASP ranges and isokinetic peak torques at each velocity for both shoulder and elbow (r ≥ .804, P < .001). While the Bland–Altman results on the LSI only demonstrated a significant bias for the shoulder (60°/s, P = .009), limits of agreement results demonstrated extremely wide intervals (32.5%–52.1%). Conclusions: The SSASP test is a multijoint upper-extremity functional performance test that is reflective of equal shoulder flexion and elbow extension contributions; however, there was large variability regarding the agreement between the SSASP LSI and isokinetic shoulder and elbow strength LSI.
Mechanisms of autoregulation of C3G, activator of the GTPase Rap1, and its catalytic deregulation in lymphomas
Authors: Carabias Arturo , Gómez-Hernández María , de Cima Sergio , Rodríguez-Blázquez Antonio , Morán-Vaquero Alba , González-Sáenz Patricia , Guerrero Carmen , de Pereda José M.
Published: September 2020

Cancer-associated mutations in the GEF C3G may promote lymphoma progression by activating the GTPase Rap1.
In Vivo
Evolution of CTX-M-215, a Novel Narrow-Spectrum β-Lactamase in an Escherichia coli Clinical Isolate Conferring Resistance to Mecillinam
Authors: Yin Mengyun , Hu Guoping , Shen Zhen , Fang Chengli , Zhang Xuefei , Li Dan , Doi Yohei , Zhang Yu , Wang Minggui , Guo Qinglan
Published: September 2020

Here, we report a novel narrow-spectrum β-lactamase CTX-M-215 identified in an
Escherichia coli
clinical isolate in China and conferring high-level resistance to mecillinam but not to cefotaxime. CTX-M-215 differed from CTX-M-125, a CTX-M extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), by an N132D substitution, which decreased hydrolytic activities toward penicillins and cephalosporins except for mecillinam. High similarity was observed between CTX-M-215- and CTX-M-125-bearing plasmids, carried by different isolates in the same patient, indicating
in vivo
evolution of CTX-M-215 from CTX-M-125.
Removal of Remdesivir’s Metabolite GS-441524 by Hemodialysis in a Double Lung Transplant Recipient with COVID-19
Authors: Lê Minh Patrick , Le Hingrat Quentin , Jaquet Pierre , Wicky Paul-Henri , Bunel Vincent , Massias Laurent , Visseaux Benoit , Messika Jonathan , Descamps Diane , Mal Hervé , Timsit Jean-François , Peytavin Gilles
Published: September 2020

Remdesivir has reported efficacy against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
in vitro
and
in vivo
. Drug-drug interactions limit therapeutic options in transplant patients. Remdesivir and its metabolite GS-441524 are excreted principally in urine. In intensive care unit (ICU) settings, in which multiple-organ dysfunctions can occur rapidly, hemodialysis may be a viable option for maintaining remdesivir treatment, while improving tolerance, by removing both remdesivir’s metabolite (GS-441524) and sulfobutylether β-cyclodextrin sodium (SEBCD).
Staphylococcus aureus Preferentially Liberates Inorganic Phosphate from Organophosphates in Environments where This Nutrient Is Limiting
Authors: Kelliher Jessica L. , Leder Macek Aleeza J. , Grudzinski Kevin M. , Radin Jana N. , Kehl-Fie Thomas E.
Published: September 2020

Phosphate is an essential nutrient that Staphylococcus aureus and other pathogens must acquire from the host during infection. While inorganic monophosphate (Pi) is the preferred source of this nutrient, bacteria can also obtain it from phosphate-containing organic molecules. The Pi-responsive regulator PhoPR is necessary for S. aureus to cause infection, suggesting that Pi is not freely available during infection and that this nutrient must be obtained from other sources. However, the organophosphates from which S. aureus can obtain phosphate are unknown. We evaluated the ability of 58 phosphorus-containing molecules to serve as phosphate sources for S. aureus. Forty-six of these compounds, including phosphorylated amino acids, sugars, and nucleotides, supported growth. Among the organophosphate sources was glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P), which is commonly found in the mammalian host. Differing from the model organism Escherichia coli, S. aureus does not import G3P intact to obtain Pi. Instead, S. aureus relies on the phosphatase PhoB to release Pi from G3P, which is subsequently imported by Pi transporters. To determine if this strategy is used by S. aureus to extract phosphate from other phosphate sources, we assessed the ability of PhoB- and Pi transporter-deficient strains to grow on the same library of phosphorus-containing molecules. Sixty percent of the substrates (28/46) relied on the PhoB/Pi transporter pathway, and an additional 10/46 (22%) were PhoB independent but still required Pi transport through the Pi transporters. Cumulatively, these results suggest that in Pi-limited environments, S. aureus preferentially generates Pi from organophosphates and then relies on Pi transporters to import this nutrient.

IMPORTANCE For bacteria, the preferred form of the essential nutrient phosphate is inorganic monophosphate (Pi), but phosphate can also be extracted from a variety of phosphocompounds. Pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, experience Pi limitation within the host, suggesting that the use of alternative phosphate sources is important during infection. However, the alternative phosphate sources that can be used by S. aureus and others remain largely unexplored. We screened a library of phosphorus-containing compounds for the ability to support growth as a phosphate source. S. aureus could use a variety of phosphocompounds, including nucleotides, phosphosugars, and phosphoamino acids. Subsequent genetic analysis determined that a majority of these alternative phosphate sources are first processed extracellularly to liberate Pi, which is then imported through Pi transporters.
Low Baseline Pulmonary Levels of Cytotoxic Lymphocytes as a Predisposing Risk Factor for Severe COVID-19
Authors: Duijf Pascal H. G.
Published: September 2020

COVID-19 is caused by the highly contagious coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and currently has detrimental human health, community, and economic impacts around the world. It is unclear why some SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals develop severe COVID-19 symptoms, which can be fatal, while others only develop mild symptoms. In the absence of an effective and widely available vaccine, it is of paramount importance that we identify risk factors for development of severe symptoms to be able to improve treatment approaches. The
ACE2
gene encodes the receptor on human cells that the virus uses to infect these cells. This study finds that if the lungs of healthy individuals have high levels of ACE2, they typically have low levels of the immune cells that eliminate viruses. Therefore, some individuals may develop severe COVID-19 due to simultaneous high levels of the virus receptor and low levels of immune cells that eradicate the virus in their lungs.
Reprogramming of Differentiated Mammalian and Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium: Current Achievements and Prospects
Authors: Rzhanova L. A. , Kuznetsova A. V. , Aleksandrova M. A.
Published: September 2020

Impairment of the homeostatic and functional integrity of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is the main cause of some degenerative diseases of the human eye, which are accompanied by loss of eyesight. Despite the significant progress made over the past decades in the development of new methods for treatment for this pathology, there are still several complications when using surgical methods for correction of eyesight and so far insurmountable limitations in the applications of modern approaches, such as gene therapy and genetic engineering. One of the promising approaches to the treatment of degenerative diseases of the retina may be an approach based on the application of regenerative capacities of its endogenous cells with high plasticity, in particular, of RPE cells and Müller glia. Currently, vertebrate RPE cells are of great interest as a source of new photoreceptors and other neurons in the degrading retina in vivo.In this regard, the possibilities of their direct reprogramming by genetic, epigenetic, and chemical methods and their combination are being investigated. This review focuses on research in gene-directed reprogramming of vertebrate RPE cells into retinal neurons, with detailed analysis of the genes used as the main reprogramming factors, comparative analysis, and extrapolation of experimental data from animals to humans. Also, this review covers studies on the application of alternative approaches to gene-directed reprogramming, such as chemical-mediated reprogramming with the use of cocktails of therapeutic low-molecular-weight compounds and microRNAs. In general, the research results indicate the complexity of the process for direct reprogramming of human RPE cells into retinal neurons. However, taking into account the results of direct reprogramming of vertebrate cells and the accessibility of human RPE cells for various vectors that deliver a variety of molecules to cells, such as transcription factors, chimeric endonucleases, recombinant proteins, and low-weight molecular compounds, the most optimal combination of factors for the successful conversion of human RPE cells to retinal neurons can be suggested.
Overwintering and cold tolerance in the Moor Frog (Rana arvalis) across its range
Authors: Berman D.I. , Bulakhova N.A. , Meshcheryakova E.N. , Shekhovtsov S.V.
Published: September 2020

Only two species of boreal Holarctic frogs (genus Rana Linnaeus, 1758) can survive freezing and overwinter on land; they are found in the subarctic and cold regions of North America (Wood Frog, Rana sylvatica LeConte, 1825) and Eurasia (Moor Frog, Rana arvalis Nilsson, 1842) and are an example of an unusual adaptive strategy of overwintering. Freeze tolerance (down to –16 °C) of R. sylvatica has been thoroughly studied; however, little is known about cold resistance of R. arvalis in cold regions. We found that R. arvalis from European Russia and from West Siberia tolerate freezing down to –12 or –16 °C, whereas frogs from the Danish population survived freezing only to –4 °C (Y. Voituron et al. 2009b; J. Comp. Physiol. B, 179: 223–230). All of these populations, according to mitochondrial DNA markers, are closely related. We suggest that the observed differences in cold tolerance (–4 °C vs. –12 or –16 °C) could be caused either by adaptations to climatic factors or by differences in experimental protocols. The northeastern boundary of the geographic range of R. arvalis in Yakutia coincides with the transitional area between discontinuous and continuous permafrost; beyond this area, winter soil temperature sharply declines. The lower lethal temperature and overwintering ecology of R. arvalis in Siberia are similar to those of the North American R. sylvatica.
Off-shell renormalization in the presence of dimension 6 derivative operators. II. Ultraviolet coefficients
Authors: Binosi D. , Quadri A.
Published: September 2020

The full off-shell one loop renormalization for all divergent amplitudes up to dimension 6 in the Abelian Higgs-Kibble model, supplemented with a maximally power counting violating higher-dimensional gauge-invariant derivative interaction $$\sim g ~ \phi ^\dagger \phi (D^\mu \phi )^\dagger D_\mu \phi $$

∼
g

ϕ
†

ϕ

(

D
μ

ϕ
)

†

D
μ

ϕ

, is presented. This allows one to perform the complete renormalization of radiatively generated dimension 6 operators in the model at hand. We describe in details the technical tools required in order to disentangle the contribution to ultraviolet divergences parameterized by (generalized) non-polynomial field redefinitions. We also discuss how to extract the dependence of the $$\beta $$
β
-function coefficients on the non-renormalizable coupling g in one loop approximation, as well as the cohomological techniques (contractible pairs) required to efficiently separate the mixing of contributions associated to different higher-dimensional operators in a spontaneously broken effective field theory.
Dilaton mass formulas in a hairy binary black hole model
Authors: Chen Shouxin , Yang Yisong
Published: September 2020

In this note an analytic integration is obtained for the differential equation governing the scalar-field-dependent mass in a hairy binary black hole model, in the context of the Einstein–Maxwell–dilation theory, which gives a closed-form formula-level description of the mass function. We also identify a particular solution which attracts all solutions of the mass-governing equation exponentially rapidly in large-dilaton-field limit.
Heterotic orbifolds, reduced rank and SO(2n + 1) characters
Authors: Partouche Hervé , de Vaulchier Balthazar
Published: September 2020

The moduli space of the maximally supersymmetric heterotic string in [Formula: see text]-dimensional Minkowski space contains various components characterized by the rank of the gauge symmetries of the vacua they parametrize. We develop an approach for describing in a unified way continuous Wilson lines which parametrize a component of the moduli space, together with discrete deformations responsible for the switch from one component to the other. Applied to a component that contains vacua with [Formula: see text] gauge-symmetry factors, our approach yields a description of all backgrounds of the component in terms of free-orbifold models. The orbifold generators turn out to act symmetrically or asymmetrically on the internal space, with or without discrete torsion. Our derivations use extensively affine characters of [Formula: see text]. As a by-product, we find a peculiar orbifold description of the heterotic string in 10 dimensions, where all gauge degrees of freedom arise as twisted states, while the untwisted sector reduces to the gravitational degrees of freedom.
Heteroclinic Chaotic Threshold in a Nonsmooth System with Jump Discontinuities
Authors: Tian R. L. , Wang T. , Zhou Y. F. , Li J. , Zhu S. T.
Published: September 2020

In smooth systems, the form of the heteroclinic Melnikov chaotic threshold is similar to that of the homoclinic Melnikov chaotic threshold. However, this conclusion may not be valid in nonsmooth systems with jump discontinuities. In this paper, based on a newly constructed nonsmooth pendulum, a kind of impulsive differential system is introduced, whose unperturbed part possesses a nonsmooth heteroclinic solution with multiple jump discontinuities. Using the recursive method and the perturbation principle, the effects of the nonsmooth factors on the behaviors of the nonsmooth dynamical system are converted to the integral items which can be easily calculated. Furthermore, the extended Melnikov function is employed to obtain the nonsmooth heteroclinic Melnikov chaotic threshold, which implies that the existence of the nonsmooth heteroclinic orbits may be due to the breaking of the nonsmooth heteroclinic loops under the perturbation of damping, external forcing and nonsmooth factors. It is worth pointing out that the form of the nonsmooth heteroclinic Melnikov function is different from the one of the nonsmooth homoclinic Melnikov function, which is quite different from the classical Melnikov theory.
A Cancer Model for the Angiogenic Switch and Immunotherapy: Tumor Eradication in Analysis of Ultimate Dynamics
Authors: Starkov Konstantin E.
Published: September 2020

In this paper, we study ultimate dynamics and derive tumor eradication conditions for the angiogenic switch model developed by Viger et al. This model describes the behavior and interactions between host ([Formula: see text]); effector ([Formula: see text]); tumor ([Formula: see text]); endothelial ([Formula: see text]) cell populations. Our approach is based on using the localization method of compact invariant sets and the LaSalle theorem. The ultimate upper bound for each cell population and ultimate lower bound for the effector cell population are found. These bounds describe a location of all bounded dynamics. We construct the domain bounded in [Formula: see text]- and [Formula: see text]-variables which contains the attracting set of the system. Further, we derive conditions imposed on the model parameters for the location of omega-limit sets in the plane [Formula: see text] (the case of a localized tumor). Next, we present conditions imposed on the model and treatment parameters for the location of omega-limit sets in the plane [Formula: see text] (the case of global tumor eradication). Various types of dynamics including the chaotic attractor and convergence dynamics are described. Numerical simulation illustrating tumor eradication theorems is fulfilled as well.
Exploring the Location and Linear Stability of the Equilibrium Points in the Equilateral Restricted Four-Body Problem
Authors: Zotos Euaggelos E.
Published: September 2020

The planar version of the equilateral restricted four-body problem, with three unequal masses, is numerically investigated. By adopting the grid classification method we locate the coordinates, on the plane [Formula: see text], of the points of equilibrium, for all possible values of the masses of the primaries. The linear stability of the libration points is also determined, as a function of the masses. Our analysis indicates that linearly stable points of equilibrium exist only when one of the primaries has a considerably larger mass, with respect to the other two primary bodies, when the triangular configuration of the primaries is also dynamically stable.
NEW PERSPECTIVE AIMED AT LOCAL FRACTIONAL ORDER MEMRISTOR MODEL ON CANTOR SETS
Authors: FENG YI-YING , YANG XIAO-JUN , LIU JIAN-GEN , CHEN ZHAN-QING
Published: September 2020

In this paper, we structure the idea of the fractal memristor to simulate the nonlinear self-similarity dopant drift effect for the first time. We investigate the fractal memristor device with the use of the local fractional Laplace transform, and the dynamic fractal behavior of the fractal HP TiO2 memristor model is simulated by changing the integer order of traditional memristor model to [Formula: see text]. Compared with the traditional model, the fractal memristor can be well-presented in describing the non-differentiable dopant drift effect.
Saturable absorption behavior of (5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrinato)-silver crystal thin film at wavelength 532 nm
Authors: Hu Yali , Li Tingbin
Published: September 2020

A single crystal of (5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrinato)-silver was obtained and its structure reported. Using direct growth on quartz substrates method, a crystal thin film was obtained and the film’s morphology was investigated by atomic force microscopy. The nonlinear absorption properties of the film were studied using open aperture [Formula: see text]-scan technique by picosecond laser pulses at different fluence at wavelength 532 nm, nonlinear saturable absorption behavior was observed. Time-dependent unrestricted Hartree-Fock with the basis set LanL2DZ was used in computing the linear and non-linear optical properties of (5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrinato)-silver.
Automating Resolution is NP-Hard
Authors: Atserias Albert , Müller Moritz
Published: September 2020

We show that the problem of finding a Resolution refutation that is at most polynomially longer than a shortest one is NP-hard. In the parlance of proof complexity, Resolution is not automatable unless P = NP. Indeed, we show that it is NP-hard to distinguish between formulas that have Resolution refutations of polynomial length and those that do not have subexponential length refutations. This also implies that Resolution is not automatable in subexponential time or quasi-polynomial time unless NP is included in SUBEXP or QP, respectively.
Incentive Mechanisms for Crowdsensing
Authors: Liu Zhao , Li Kenli , Zhou Xu , Zhu Ningbo , Li Keqin
Published: September 2020

Crowdsensing is a popular method that leverages a crowd of sensor users to collect data. For many crowdsensing applications, the collected raw data need to be preprocessed before further analysis, and the preprocessing work is mainly done by the crowdsourcer. However, as the amount of collected data increases, this type of preprocessing approach has many disadvantages. In this article, we construct monetary-based incentive mechanisms to motivate users to preprocess the collected raw data for the crowdsourcer. For two common crowdsensing scenarios, we propose two system models, which are the single-task-multiple-participants (STMP) model and the multiple-tasks-multiple-participants (MTMP) model. In the STMP model, we design an incentive mechanism based on game theory and prove that there is a Nash equilibrium. In the MTMP model, we develop an incentive mechanism based on an auction and demonstrate that the incentive mechanism has the desirable properties of truthfulness, individual rationality, profitability, and computational efficiency. Furthermore, the utility maximization problems of the crowdsourcer and users are simultaneously considered in our incentive mechanisms. Through theoretical analysis and extensive experiments, we evaluate the performance of our incentive mechanisms.
Co-designing on the Jordanian-Syrian border
Authors: Fisher Karen E. , People of Za'atari Camp
Published: September 2020

In this forum we celebrate research that helps to successfully bring the benefits of computing technologies to children, older adults, people with disabilities, and other populations that are often ignored in the design of mass-marketed products.
--- Juan Pablo Hourcade, Editor
Design-led innovation
Authors: Gabay Ron
Published: September 2020

This forum is dedicated to maximizing the success of HCI practitioners within the frenetic world of product and service design. It focuses on UX strategy approaches, leadership, management techniques, and above all the challenge of bringing HCI to peer-level status with longstanding business disciplines such as marketing and engineering.
--- Daniel Rosenberg, Editor
On Becoming “A Teacher or Something”: An Autobiographical Review
Authors: Peterson Ruth D.
Published: September 2020

This autobiographical review reflects on how I came to attend college, go to graduate school, and become a professor of sociology specializing in criminology. My story is about an African-American child growing up in the rural Jim Crow South with expectations of being destined to have an impressive career. I identify the source of my high career expectations, the roles of family members in helping fulfill these expectations, the educational experiences that I had and what I took from them, and how my career evolved as a university professor. I also discuss my efforts to give back or pay forward to those who set the stage for my career early on and those who mentored, supported, or collaborated with me in the real-world context of university life. Most generally, this article provides a window into my personal journey from rural Georgia to success, “fame,” and giving back in academia.
Developing an Understanding of Science
Authors: Shtulman Andrew , Walker Caren
Published: September 2020

Young children are adept at several types of scientific reasoning, yet older children and adults have difficulty mastering formal scientific ideas and practices. Why do “little scientists” often become scientifically illiterate adults? We address this question by examining the role of intuition in learning science, both as a body of knowledge and as a method of inquiry. Intuition supports children's understanding of everyday phenomena but conflicts with their ability to learn physical and biological concepts that defy firsthand observation, such as molecules, forces, genes, and germs. Likewise, intuition supports children's causal learning but provides little guidance on how to navigate higher-order constraints on scientific induction, such as the control of variables or the coordination of theory and data. We characterize the foundations of children's intuitive understanding of the natural world, as well as the conceptual scaffolds needed to bridge these intuitions with formal science.
Evolutionary Genomics of High Fecundity
Authors: Eldon Bjarki
Published: September 2020

Natural highly fecund populations abound. These range from viruses to gadids. Many highly fecund populations are economically important. Highly fecund populations provide an important contrast to the low-fecundity organisms that have traditionally been applied in evolutionary studies. A key question regarding high fecundity is whether large numbers of offspring are produced on a regular basis, by few individuals each time, in a sweepstakes mode of reproduction. Such reproduction characteristics are not incorporated into the classical Wright–Fisher model, the standard reference model of population genetics, or similar types of models, in which each individual can produce only small numbers of offspring relative to the population size. The expected genomic footprints of population genetic models of sweepstakes reproduction are very different from those of the Wright–Fisher model. A key, immediate issue involves identifying the footprints of sweepstakes reproduction in genomic data. Whole-genome sequencing data can be used to distinguish the patterns made by sweepstakes reproduction from the patterns made by population growth in a population evolving according to the Wright–Fisher model (or similar models). If the hypothesis of sweepstakes reproduction cannot be rejected, then models of sweepstakes reproduction and associated multiple-merger coalescents will become at least as relevant as the Wright–Fisher model (or similar models) and the Kingman coalescent, the cornerstones of mathematical population genetics, in further discussions of evolutionary genomics of highly fecund populations.
Canalization and Robustness in Human Genetics and Disease
Authors: Gibson Greg , Lacek Kristine A.
Published: September 2020

Canalization refers to the evolution of populations such that the number of individuals who deviate from the optimum trait, or experience disease, is minimized. In the presence of rapid cultural, environmental, or genetic change, the reverse process of decanalization may contribute to observed increases in disease prevalence. This review starts by defining relevant concepts, drawing distinctions between the canalization of populations and robustness of individuals. It then considers evidence pertaining to three continuous traits and six domains of disease. In each case, existing genetic evidence for genotype-by-environment interactions is insufficient to support a strong inference of decanalization, but we argue that the advent of genome-wide polygenic risk assessment now makes an empirical evaluation of the role of canalization in preventing disease possible. Finally, the contributions of both rare and common variants to congenital abnormality and adult onset disease are considered in light of a new kerplunk model of genetic effects.
Drug-Coated Balloon for De Novo Coronary Artery Lesions: A Systematic Review and Trial Sequential Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Liu Wei , Zhang Min , Chen Guangping , Li Zongzhuang , Wei Fang
Published: September 2020

Objective. To investigate the efficacy of drug-coated balloon (DCB) treatment for de novo coronary artery lesions in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Background. DCB was an effective therapy for patients with in-stent restenosis. However, the efficacy of DCB in patients with de novo coronary artery lesions is still unknown. Methods. Eligible studies were searched on PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library Database. Systematic review and meta-analyses of RCTs were performed comparing DCB with non-DCB devices (such as plain old balloon angioplasty (POBA), bare-metal stents (BMS), or drug-eluting stents (DES)) for the treatment of de novo lesions. Trial sequential meta-analysis (TSA) was performed to assess the false positive and false negative errors. Results. A total of 2,137 patients enrolled in 12 RCTs were analyzed. Overall, no significant difference in target lesion revascularization (TLR) was found, but there were numerically lower rates after DCB treatment at 6 to 12 months follow-up (RR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.47 to 1.01; P=0.06; TSA-adjusted CI: 0.41 to 1.16). TSA showed that at least 1,000 more randomized patients are needed to conclude the effect on TLR. A subgroup analysis from high bleeding risk patients revealed that DCB treatment was associated with lower rate of TLR (RR: 0.10; 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.78; P=0.03). The systematic review illustrated that the rate of bailout stenting was lower and decreased gradually. Conclusions. DCB treatment was associated with a trend toward lower TLR when compared with controls. For patients at bleeding risk, DCB treatment was superior to BMS in TLR.