bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
REPERCUSSÕES DA CRISE DO CAPITAL NO TRABALHO DO DOCENTE DA UNIVERSIDADE PÚBLICA BRASILEIRA
Authors: Jacob Chaves Vera Lucia , Guimarães André Rodrigues
Published: June 2016

O objetivo deste texto é analisar o trabalho docente universitário no contexto da crise estrutural do capital. Partimos da tese de que o processo de contrarreforma do Estado brasileiro e da educação superior é decorrência de tal crise. Com isso, a educação é crescentemente submetida à lógica privado-mercantil com a proliferação de instituições e matrículas no setor privado, bem como na adoção dos princípios desse setor na gestão das instituições públicas, com graves consequências ao trabalho docente. Adotamos o estudo de caso sendo escolhida a UFPA como lócus da pesquisa. Na coleta de dados, utilizamos fontes documentais e estatísticas. O estudo evidencia que, no âmbito das universidades federais, as ações governamentais introduzem mecanismos que intensificam o trabalho docente para atender às demandas de expansão no ensino de graduação e pós-graduação e o aproximam da lógica privado-mercantil.
O PROCESSO DE INCLUSÃO NO ENSINO SUPERIOR: ENCONTROS E DESENCONTROS DOS SUJEITOS QUE PARTICIPAM DESTE PROCESSO
Authors: Furlan Fabiano , Ribeiro Sônia Maria
Published: June 2016

O estudo em questão foi desenvolvido em uma universidade catarinense. O objetivo foi investigar o processo de inclusão de estudantes com necessidades especiais (NE) da matrícula ao acolhimento em sala de aula. A amostra teve a seguinte composição: um gerente da Central de Atendimento Acadêmico da instituição, três professores/chefes de departamento e três acadêmicos com deficiências. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, e a análise de dados a partir de abordagem qualitativa. Os dados revelam a iniciativa da universidade em identificar os acadêmicos com NE logo no ato da matrícula. A postura dos chefes de departamento alternou, indo da isenção de responsabilidades à participação ativa no processo de inclusão. Os acadêmicos manifestam a disposição de participarem do processo de inclusão na universidade.
A EXPANSÃO DO ENSINO SUPERIOR NO BRASIL PELO PROGRAMA REUNI: DEMOCRATIZAÇÃO DA FORMAÇÃO UNIVERSITÁRIA OU APENAS UMA AMBIVALÊNCIA LEGAL?
Authors: Pachane Graziela Giusti , Vitorino Bruna De Melo
Published: June 2016

Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar o impacto das recentes políticas educacionais nas condições de trabalho dos professores, em especial o REUNI e, partir delas, seus reflexos na qualidade da educação ofertada nas universidades brasileiras. Iniciamos por uma breve contextualização das recentes políticas educacionais, a seguir, apresentamos os dados obtidos em uma pesquisa realizada em 2013/2014, cuja coleta foi realizada com professores efetivos de uma universidade federal, atuantes em cursos abertos após a adesão ao REUNI. A realidade retratada é preocupante, pois tende à precarização do trabalho docente com consequente queda na qualidade de ensino. Assim, embora o REUNI, por um lado tenha significado real ampliação da oportunidade de acesso ao ensino superior, por outro, deixa muito a desejar no que diz respeito a infra-estrutura universitária, condições de trabalho dos professores e na qualidade da educação ofertada, o que nos leva ao questionamento proposto no título.
DOCÊNCIA UNIVERSITÁRIA: FORMAÇÃO PEDAGÓGICA NO STRICTO SENSU
Authors: Chaves Amanda Pires , Vasconcellos Maura Maria Morita
Published: June 2016

O artigo tem como foco a formação para a docência universitária. O objetivo principal foi analisar ações e propostas relativas à formação docente para a Educação Superior na Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu. Num estudo qualitativo, de caráter exploratório-descritivo, foram consultados, por meio de um questionário, alunos de um Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Educação Física. Como resultado, considera que o Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu investigado, tem buscado aliar o equilíbrio entre a formação para o ensino e a formação para a pesquisa, mas, ainda assim, acaba por privilegiar a pesquisa, pressionado por políticas públicas e avaliações de caráter produtivo, que induzem à formação do pesquisador, relegando ao segundo plano a formação para a docência em si. Evidencia a necessidade de maior investimento da Pós-Graduação na formação para a docência.
Prediction and mastering of wine acidity and tartaric precipitations: the Mextar® software tool
Authors: Devatine Audrey , Gerbaud Vincent , Gabas Nadine , Blouin Jacques
Published: June 2016

The MEXTAR® software is a mathematical tool able to predict the physicochemical state of a wine. Solving rigorously physicochemical equilibria, including complexation ones, it enables to simulate various operations endured by a wine: tartaric precipitations, acid addition, acid removal, malolactic fermentation.

Using only classical chemical analytic determinations, namely, pH, total acidity, tartaric acid and potassium content, MEXTAR® computes the physicochemical state of a wine before and after the endured operation: pH and total acidity, tartaric salts supersaturation and the associated saturation temperature taking into account both the ionic activity coefficients and the complexed fraction of the involved ions, amount of tartaric salts that can be precipitated to obtain either a supersaturation chosen by the user at a given temperature or a chosen final saturation temperature, required amount of acidification or desacification chemical substances to reach a chosen pH or total acidity.

The article describes the theoretical background upon which MEXTAR® has been developed and details the computation procedures associated to the simulation of the operations described above. Iterative processes are used to determine the various parameters enounced above. They aim in particular at the verification of the electroneutrality of the sample. However, at first electroneutrality is rarely verified because the wine chemical analytical determination is never exhaustive. Therefore, we introduce the concept of «vinic acid» to compensate the negative ion deficit of usual wine chemical analytical determination. This «vinic acid» is describe as a diacid with a fixed second dissociation constant (pK2 = 5) and a first dissociation constant determined automatically by MEXTAR®. This enables MEXTAR® to simulate accurately experimental tartaric precipitations for several samples. Thanks to the predicting capacity of MEXTAR®, the correlation between the total polyphenol content (IPT) in red wines and the difficulty to stabilise high IPT wine with respect to tartaric salts is confirmed. Finally, malolactic fermentations are also well simulated. A validation of MEXTAR® for the acid addition or removal has yet to be done when reliable experimental data are available.
The assessment of vine water and nitrogen uptake by means of physiological indicators influence on vine development and berry potential (Vitis vinifera L. cv Merlot, 2000, Bordeaux)
Authors: Gaudillère Jean-Pierre , Choné Xavier , Van Leeuwen Cornelis , Trégoat Olivier
Published: June 2016

Vine water and nitrogen uptake can be assessed by means of physiological indicators in field conditions. In this study, pre-dawn leaf water potential (ψB) and stem water potential (ψT) were used to indicate vine water status of Vitis vinifera L cv. Merlot. Carbon isotope composition of grape sugar (ΔC13) was used as an integrative indicator of vine water deficit during the ripening period. Must assimilable nitrogen and leaf blade colour intensity, were used to assess vine nitrogen status. All of the three indicators of vine water status allowed a clear differentiation of vine water uptake conditions in the ten experimental plots. The indicators of vine nitrogen status showed more ambiguous results. Must assimilable nitrogen content did not only vary with vine nitrogen uptake, but also with yield. Leaf colour was more easy to interpret. Vine development and berry composition were more influenced by water uptake conditions than by vine nitrogen status. In 2000, which was a dry vintage in Bordeaux, water stress induced early growth slackening and a small berry size. Grapes contained more sugar, anthocyanin and total phenolics and less malic acid when water availability was low. On plots where water uptake conditions were similar, low vine nitrogen status increased berry potential.
Isolation and culture of leaf protoplasts from Tunisian grapes
Authors: Mliki Ahmed , Jardak Rahma , Reustle Götz M. , Ghorbel Abdelwahed
Published: June 2016

Experimental conditions for leaf protoplast isolation and culture were optimised for in vitro plants deriving from shoot culture of two Tunisian grape varieties, Sakasly and Muscat d’Alexandrie (Vitis vinifera L.). The best yields were obtained from leaves of 4 to 5 weeks old in vitro plants, digested for 13 hours under 25 rpm agitation with an enzymatic mixture containing 0.25 % cellulase of Aspergillus niger, 0.25 % cellulase of Penicillium funiculosum, 0.5 % cellulysin of Trichoderma viridae, and 0.2 % macerozyme R-10 of Rhizopus sp. More than 50 % of the purified protoplasts had a diameter of 30-40 μm and were rich in chloroplasts. Best aptitude for cell division was found in protoplasts immobilised in sodium alginate layers at a density of 0.5x106 cell/ml, cultivated in CPW-13 medium containing 4 mg/l of NOA and 0.88 mg/l of TDZ. The variety Muscat d’Alexandrie gave better yield whereas Sakasly showed better cell division rates. Formation of micro and macrocallus have been obtained, but the oxidation of the medium has to be solved in order to promote plant regeneration.
Fermentative aroma in wines from Vitis vinifera cv. Kalecik karasi in relation with inoculation with selected dry yeasts
Authors: Nurgel Canan , Erten Hüseyin , Canbas Ahmet , Cabaroglu Turgut , Selli Serkan
Published: June 2016

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of addition of selected S. cerevisiae yeasts on cv. Kalecik karasi wines. Kalecik karasi grown in Middle Anatolia is a native grape variety of Vitis vinifera. Inoculation with the selected yeasts produced higher amounts of ethanol compared to spontaneous fermentation and repressed the non-Saccharomyces yeasts earlier. The total concentration of flavour compounds increased by using selected wine yeasts. Higher alcohols were abundant compounds and isoamyl alcohol levels varied from 75 to 132 mg/l. The addition of S. cerevisiae yeasts produced higher concentrations of 4-vinyl phenol and isoamyl acetate. Wines were also analysed by sensory evaluation. Those obtained with selected yeasts differed from the control wine in triangle test. The most preferred wine was the one produced by commercial S. cerevisiae in the ranking test.
Characterizing a vine terroir by combining a pedological field model and a survey of the vine growers in the Anjou Region (France)
Authors: Bodin Fabrice , Morlat René
Published: June 2016

The aim of this research was to develop an operational method of characterization of «terroirs» in response to the request from wine professionals. A study based on both a survey of vine growers and a characterization of the natural factors of «terroir» (geological, pedological and mesoclimatic components) using the concept of Basic Terroir Unit (B.T.U) was made in 18 communes of the Anjou region. The natural factors of “terroir” were characterized by (1) a geological component (stage and nature of the parent rock) and (2) an agro-pedological component studied according to a field model allowing to distinguish three kinds of soil environments named : Rock, Alteration and Altérite. Each of them represent a functioning unit in wich an homogenous response in terms of vine behaviour can be expected. The approach based on the survey of vine growers was developed in order to replace the network of experimental plots of land formerly used to integrate the plant behaviour in its environment. These networks required considerable investment in time and money. Our study showed that vine growers perceived correctly the behaviour of the vine through different variables relative to the soil, the climate and the plant. They distinguished particularly well between two of the environments (Rock and Alterite) generated by the model. There was good agreement between the results obtained with the two approaches (survey and characterization of natural factors of «terroirs»).
Effect of oak wood heating on cognac spirit matured in new barrel: a pilot study
Authors: Snakkers Guillaume , Boulesteix Jean-Michel , Estréguil Sylvie , Gaschet Jacqueline , Lablanquie Odile , Faure Annie , Cantagrel Roger
Published: June 2016

This study investigates the influence of different levels of wood heat treatment on the quality of a Cognac spirit using a pilot barrel model. The pilot barrels were composed of a stainless steel cylinder closed at both ends by a piece of stave. The aim of the study was to analyze the impact of wood heat treatment on Cognac in both analytical and sensory terms and to confirm the validity of the pilot barrel model. The findings give a relatively wide view of the influence on the composition of Cognac of new wood heated at different temperatures. Heating gave notes of «vanilla» and «toasted» to the spirit while excessive heating led to lower quality with the appearance of «fungus» and «dusty». The good quality of the spirits obtained validates the pilot barrel as a model for the extraction of wood compounds by spirit.
«Rossica» - the concept evolution at the Russian bibliology in the XIX-XXI centuries
Authors: Troyak I. S.
Published: June 2016

The article represents main approaches to definition of the concept «Rossica» at the Russian bibliography and bibliology based on the domestic publications analysis of two last decades. The term ambiguity related to its national or thematic segments is noted. The attention is paid to using Rossica materials in historical researches, as well as prospects of studying this category of editions.
Russian editions of the XIX century in the University Library collection in Warsaw
Authors: Ol’Chak Z. .
Published: June 2016

The article first represents results of the quantitative analysis of the Russian XIX century editions stored in the collection of the University Library in Warsaw. The research objective is to check the view, settled in bibliology, regarding it as the owner of one of the largest collections of the Russian books and magazines outside Russia. Calculations were carried out with the library card catalogs - the Chief alphabetical one and the Catalog of periodicals.
Are library environment and library space synonymous? (Some problems of modern library terminology)
Authors: Vaneev A. N.
Published: June 2016

The article describes main directions of the national library terminology development. The first one is an active use of foreign, mainly Anglo-American concepts and terms. Among the approaches to this issue stand out: introducing new terms, which are absent in the Russian language; using foreign terms to clarify existing Russian ones; replacing Russian words with foreign calques. The second direction is application of various science concepts and terms in the library science. Its characteristic feature is the reliance on theoretical philosophical ideas and concepts. The author discusses such philosophical notions as «environment» and «space», and their adaptation to the library science, shows the difference of such terms as «space of library» and «library space», «inner and outer library spaces». In frames of «library space» a real, virtual, and imaginary space are considered
Knowledge and Behavior Change of People Living with HIV through Nutrition Education and Counseling
Authors: Hudayani Fitri , Sartika Ratu Ayu Dewi
Published: June 2016

HIV, AIDS and nutrition are interconnected. In the HIV Integrated Care Unit of Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Public Hospital, nutrition education and counseling services are provided within a collaborative service for people living with HIV (PLWH). This study aimed to determine influence of nutrition education and counseling to knowledge and behavior of PLWH. This study was conducted with quasi experimental design using treatment and control groups. The treatment group consisted of 25 samples and 29 samples for control group. Samples were adults between 18 – 50 years old selected by applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. A pretested questionnaire was used to assess knowledge. Paired t-test sample was used to analyze data. This study was conducted on May – July 2014. Based on results of this study, there was effect in form of knowledge change (p value = 0.000) with score 6.38 point lower on the control group and any significant differences in behavior change (p value = 0.048) for the treatment group after receiving nutrition education and counseling. This study shows that nutrition and counseling using media of education which is more complete and continuously provided may improve knowledge and change behavior of PLWH.Perubahan Pengetahuan dan Perilaku Orang yang Hidup dengan HIVmelalui Konseling dan Edukasi GiziHIV, AIDS, dan gizi saling berhubungan. Pada Unit Pelayanan Terpadu HIV Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Nasional Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo, layanan edukasi dan konseling gizi disediakan secara kolaboratif untuk orang yang hidup dengan HIV. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pendidikan dan konseling gizi terhadap pengetahuan dan perilaku orang yang hidup dengan HIV. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan desain kuasi eksperimental menggunakan kelompok perlakuan dan kontrol. Kelompok perlakuan terdiri dari 25 sampel dan 29 sampel untuk kelompok kontrol, dilakukan sebelum dan setelah perlakuan. Sampel berusia dewasa antara 18 – 50 tahun dipilih dengan menerapkan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Sampel uji-t berpasangan digunakan untuk menganalisis data. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Mei – Juli 2014. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, diketahui bahwa adanya efek berupa perubahan pengetahuan (nilai p = 0,000) dengan nilai 6,38 poin lebih rendah pada kelompok kontrol dan terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan dalam perubahan perilaku (nilai p = 0,048) untuk kelompok perlakuan setelah menerima edukasi dan konseling gizi. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa edukasi dan konseling gizi menggunakan media edukasi yang lebih lengkap dan diberikan secara berkelanjutan dapat meningkatkan pengetahuan dan mengubah perilaku orang yang hidup dengan HIV.
Analisis Bahaya Titik Kendali Kritis Proses Pengolahan Bola-Bola Daging di Instalasi Gizi Rumah Sakit
Authors: Trisnaini Inoy
Published: June 2016

Pada simpul lingkungan terdapat beberapa media yang dapat menjadi transmisi penularan penyakit, salah satunya melalui makanan. Bola-bola daging dengan bahan utama daging sapi merupakan salah satu makanan yang dibuat di Instalasi Gizi Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat (RSUP) dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang. Bahan pangan hewani merupakan sumberutama bakteri penyebab infeksi dan intoksikasi termasuk Salmonella sp. dan Escherichia coli . Bola-bola daging rentan mengalami kontaminasi oleh bahaya fisik, biologi, maupun kimia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini ialah analisis bahaya dan titik kendali kritis terhadap proses pengolahan bola-bola da-ging. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Sumber infor-masi terdiri atas enam orang informan. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode wawancara mendalam dan observasi. Instrumen yang digunakan ialah per-alatan pengujian angka paling mungkin Escherichia coli dan Salmonella sp., pedoman wawancara mendalam, checklists , dan kamera. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa titik kendali kritis dalam proses pengolahan bola-bola daging terletak pada tahap penerimaan daging giling, penyimpanan bahan makanan basah, pengadonan dan pembentukan adonan, perebusan, penirisan, serta penyajian. Meskipun hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara fisik bola-bola daging dinilai baik dan kandungan Escherichia coli dan Salmonella sp. pada bola-bola daging ialah negatif, yang menjadi titik tekan adalah potensi bahaya biologi berupa bakteri patogen dan bahaya kimia nitrit nitrat.Kata kunci: Bola-bola daging, kontaminasi, pengolahan makanan, titik kendali kritisAbstractIn the knot environment there are some medias that could transmit disease, one of them is food. Meatballs with beef as main ingredient is one of food that is made in The Installation Nutrition RSUP dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang. Meats are the main source of bacteria that cause infections and intoxications, such as Salmonella and Escherichia coli. Meatballs are so vulnerable to get contaminated by physical, biological, or chemical hazards. The purpose of this research is hazard analysis and critical control point at meatballs making. This research is descriptive qualitative research.Sources of information consists of six informants. Methods of research con-ducted is in-depth interview and observation. The instrument used is the test equipment NER Escherichia coli and Salmonella, in-depth interview guide-lines, checklists, and camera. The results showed that the critical controlpoints in meatballs making is acceptance of minced beef, wet food storage, kneading and forming the dough, boiling, draining, and presentation. Although based on the observation and interviews indicated that physicallymeatballs were good and E. coli and Salmonella in meatballs were nega-tive, the stress point is the potential dangers of biological pathogens and chemicals nitrite nitrate. Key words: Meat balls, contamination, food processing, critical control point
Keikutsertaan Pria dalam Program Keluarga Berencana di Indonesia
Authors: Musafaah Musafaah
Published: June 2016

Pria telah mengikuti program keluarga berencana (KB) sejak dahulu. Metode pantang berkala dan kondom telah dikenal berabad-abad lalu, tetapi sejak ditemukan kontrasepsi wanita, program KB pada pria seakan diabaikan. Keikutsertaan pria dalam ber-KB masih sangat rendah jika dibandingkan dengan Bangladesh, Pakistan, dan Nepal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis keikutsertaan pria dalam ber-KB meliputi keterpaparan media massa dan kontak informasi KB melalui media massa. Penelitian ini menggunakan data Survei Demografi dan Kesehatan Indonesia (SDKI) tahun 2007 dengan pendekatan cross sectional terhadap 6.013 pria menikah usia 15 – 54 tahun. Teknik pengambilan sampel yangdigunakan adalah two stage sampling. Analisis data menggunakan chi square dan regresi logistik. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pria yang terpapar dengan media massa memiliki kecenderungan 2,12 kali lebih besar untuk ber-KB daripada pria yang kurang terpapar dengan media massa.Selain itu, penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa pria yang kontak informasi KB melalui media massa memiliki kecenderungan 2,21 kali lebih besar untuk ber-KB daripada pria yang tidak kontak informasi KB melalui media massa. Penelitian ini menunjukkan pria memiliki kecenderungan terbesar untuk ber-KB apabila pria terpapar media massa dan mendapatkan informasi KB melalui media massa dengan OR yang terbesar = 2,77.Kata kunci: keikutsertaan pria, keluarga berencana, media massaAbstractMen already used contraception with withdrawal and condom which had known centuries ago. Since contraception for women was found, men family planning program was likely ignored. The involving of men in family planning in Indonesia is still lower than Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Nepal. The objective of this study is to analyze the credencial factor of men participation in family planning through mass media exposure and contact information. This study used Indonesia Demografic and Health Survey (IDHS) 2007 data used cross-sectional study and 6.013 married men aged 15 – 54 years old as participants. Sampling method used is two stage sampling. Data wasanalyzed by chi square and logistic regression. The research showed that men who were exposed mass media 2,12 times more involved in family planning than men who were not exposed mass media and men who were contact information in family planning through mass media 2,21 times moreparticipating in family planning than men who were not. The result showed that men have the highest possibility to participate in family planning if exposed by mass media and contacted to family planning information through mass media with biggest OR = 2,77.Keywords: The involvement of men, family planning, mass media
A QUARTA CAPA DE LIVROS DIDÁTICOS DE INGLÊS À LUZ DA TEORIA DE GÊNEROS DA ESCOLA DE SIDNEY.
Authors: Silva Renato Caixeta
Published: June 2016

Resumo: Neste trabalho, apresenta-se a análise do gênero quarta capa de livros didáticos de inglês com base nas ideias sobre gênero da Escola de Sidney, considerando-o como parte do contexto cultural escolar e comercial. Apresentam-se, primeiramente, os referenciais teóricos dessa Escola, e nesta linha, a ideia de gênero como uma atividade linguística e social organizada em estágios e voltada a objetivos, que tem uma configuração contextual e elementos com objetivos inerentes. Também é feita uma análise linguístico-discursiva de aspectos ideacionais e interpessoais de dois exemplares do gênero com base na proposta de Martin e Rose (2003 e 2007), evidenciando que o livro didático de inglês é representado, nesse gênero, como agente importante nos processos de ensino e aprendizagem. Por fim, argumenta-se sobre a implicação deste trabalho para cursos de formação docente.
AS REPRESENTAÇÕES DOCENTES SOBRE AS CAUSAS DA INDISCIPLINA NA ESCOLA: DE QUEM É A CULPA?
Authors: Silva Elisabeth Ramos da , Abud Maria José Milharezi
Published: June 2016

Este trabalho apresenta uma pesquisa realizada com 20 professores de língua portuguesa do ensino fundamental e médio que se queixavam da indisciplina em sua escola. O objetivo foi investigar quais as representações docentes acerca dos fatores aos quais eles atribuem o comportamento inadequado dos alunos. Para tanto, foi solicitado a esses professores que respondessem à seguinte questão: Para melhorar a disciplina na escola, o que poderia ser feito? Certamente os fatores apontados por esses docentes indicam a quê ou a quem eles atribuem a culpa pelo comportamento inadequado dos alunos. As respostas foram analisadas segundo os constructos da Análise de conteúdo proposta por Bardin (2010). Os resultados revelaram que o professor responsabiliza principalmente a atuação docente como a maior causa dos atuais problemas de indisciplina na escola, isto é, nas representações desses docentes a culpa recai principalmente sobre sua própria atuação na sala de aula, o que acentua a sua desvalorização e a perda da autoridade junto aos alunos.
A EXTENSÃO SINTÁTICA NA ESCRITA DE TEXTOS ESCOLARES
Authors: Martins Mário , Marques Rui
Published: June 2016

Neste artigo, apresenta-se um estudo de correlação entre extensão sintática e progressão escolar em textos escritos por crianças e adolescentes em idade escolar monolíngues de português europeu. Para a caracterização da extensão, utilizam-se como medidas a frequência média de palavras por oração (BERMAN, 2007), a frequência média de palavras por unidade-t e a frequência média de orações subordinadas por unidade-t (HUNT, 1965, 1970). Com recurso à plataforma UAM CorpusTool (O’DONNELL, 2008), estas medidas foram aplicadas a um corpus quasi-longitudinal composto por 244 textos de registos narrativos (n=122) e argumentativos (n=122), escritos por alunos do 5.º (n=26), do 7.º (n=46) e do 10.º (n=50) ano do sistema escolar português. Os resultados mostram que, por um lado, a extensão da oração, medida pela frequência média de palavras, não mantém correlação com a progressão escolar em nenhum dos dois registros avaliados e, por outro, a unidade-t, quer aferida pela frequência média de palavras, quer pela frequência média de orações subordinadas, só tem representação significativa nos textos do registro narrativo, não sendo detectado o mesmo para os textos argumentativos. Com este trabalho, pretende-se contribuir para uma compreensão mais pormenorizada dos movimentos configuradores do desenvolvimento sintático na língua escrita de crianças e jovens em idade escolar.
SPLINTERS SÃO CRUZAMENTOS DE CRUZAMENTOS? REPENSANDO O ESTATUTO DESSE CONSTITUINTE EM PORTUGUÊS
Authors: Gonçalves Carlos Alexandre Victorio , Carvalho Wallace Bezerra , Andrade Katia Emmerck
Published: June 2016

Constitui objetivo deste artigo checar, para o português, a validade da proposta de Tomaszewicz (2008), para quem splinters não constituem unidades de análise morfológica, sendo, na verdade, cruzamentos de cruzamentos. Para tanto, tomamos por base as análises otimalistas de Gonçalves (2005) e Andrade (2008), sobre cruzamento vocabular, observando em que medida formações mais recentes, com o que vimos chamando de splinters (GONÇALVES, 2011; GONÇALVES, 2013; ANDRADE, 2014), conseguem ser bem sucedidas frente ao ranking de restrições proposto. Desse modo, procuramos conferir, com dados do português do Brasil, se a ideia de que splinters são cruzamentos de cruzamentos de fato se sustenta em nossa língua.
EXTRACTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CHITOSAN FROM LOCAL MARINE RESOURCES
Authors:   Mircea cel Batran Naval Academy, Manuela Rossemary APETROAEI
Published: June 2016

This paper presents the chemical extraction of two marine polysaccharides (chitin and chitosan) from one of the crustacean species of Romanian Black Sea waters. The characterization of these polysaccharides were studied through optical microscopy and FT-IR/ATR spectroscopy. The spectra samples were compared with those of chitin and chitosan standards and results showed the presence of chitin and chitosan in the studied samples.
Assessment and Synthesis of 50 Years of Published Drainage Phosphorus Losses
Authors: Christianson L. E. , Harmel R. D. , Smith D. , Williams M. R. , King K.
Published: June 2016

The prevalence of anthropogenic drainage systems in intensively cropped areas across North America combined with the degradation of important freshwater resources in these regions has created a critical intersection where understanding phosphorus (P) transport in drainage waters is vital. In this study, drainage‐associated nutrient load data were retrieved and quantitatively analyzed to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the P loading and crop yield impacts of agronomic management practices within drained landscapes. Using the Drain Load table in the MANAGE (Measured Annual Nutrient loads from AGricultural Environments) database, the effect of factors such as soil characteristics, tillage, and nutrient management on P loading were analyzed. Across site‐years, generally less than 2% of applied P was lost in drainage water, which corroborates the order of magnitude difference between agronomic P application rates and P loadings that can cause deleterious water quality impacts. The practice of no‐till significantly increased drainage dissolved P loads compared with conventional tillage (0.12 vs. 0.04 kg P ha−1). The timing and method of P application are both known to be important for P losses, but these conclusions could not be verified due to low site‐year counts. Findings indicate there is a substantial need for additional field‐scale studies documenting not only P losses in drainage water but also important cropping management, nutrient application, soil property, and drainage design impacts on such losses.

Core Ideas

Used the MANAGE water quality database to evaluate factors affecting drainage P loss.

Generally less than 2% of applied P was lost in drainage across all studies.

P application timing/method are important, but sparse data limited the assessment.

The scarcity of drainage P data relative to N is a critical gap in understanding.
An Evaluation of the Contribution of Macro‐ and Microelements from Colonial Nesting Waterbirds to Surface Water
Authors: Telesford‐Checkley Judlyn M. , Mora Miguel A. , Boellstorff Diane E. , Provin Tony L.
Published: June 2016

Macro‐ and microelements contained in the feces of cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis) and other colonial birds in heronries can be sources of contamination of nearby waterways. Concentrations of the macroelements potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), sulfur (S) and the microelements zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and boron (B) were measured in water and fecal samples collected from four locations containing heronries during the breeding seasons of 2011, 2012, and 2013. Nitrogen and phosphorus were measured but not reported in this study. Concentrations of K in feces ranged from 8.19 × 103 ± 4.38 × 102 to 4.88 × 104 ± 7.57 × 102 mg kg−1, and concentrations in water ranged from 3.92 ± 0.05 to 17.93 ± 0.37 mg L−1. Similarly, concentrations of Ca in feces ranged from 4.17 × 103 ± 1.84 × 103 to 1.16 × 104 ± 4.14 × 103 mg L−1, and concentrations in water ranged from 25.28 ± 0.89 to 67.88 ± 2.02 mg L−1. When birds nested directly over water, concentrations of K, Ca, and Mg in water were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than concentrations in water adjacent to birds nesting on islands. The results from this study show that macroelements from avian feces have the potential to enrich surface water and to negatively affect surface water quality. These results provide information regarding the contribution of nutrients from heronries (comprised primarily by cattle egrets) to watersheds.

Core Ideas

Deposition of inorganic elements to soil and water from bird feces is dependent on heronry size.

Potassium, Ca, and Mg are the main elements deposited from avian feces to water.

Birds nesting over or near water contribute significant amounts of nutrients to water.
Impact of Kura Clover Living Mulch on Nitrous Oxide Emissions in a Corn–Soybean System
Authors: Turner Peter A. , Baker John M. , Griffis Timothy J. , Venterea Rodney T.
Published: June 2016

Nitrous oxide (N2O), produced primarily in agricultural soils, is a potent greenhouse gas and is the dominant ozone‐depleting substance. Efforts to reduce N2O emissions are underway, but mitigation results have been inconsistent. The leguminous perennial kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum M. Bieb.) (KC) can grow side‐by‐side with cash crops in rotational corn (Zea mays L.)–soybean (Glycine max L.) systems. With biological nitrogen fixation, KC provides land managers an opportunity to reduce external fertilizer inputs, which may diminish problematic N2O emissions. To investigate the effect of a KC living mulch on N2O emissions, automated soil chambers coupled to a N2O analyzer were used to measure hourly fluxes from April through October in a 2‐yr corn–soybean (CS) rotation. Emissions from the KC treatment were significantly greater than those from the conventional CS treatment despite the fact that the KC treatment received substantially less inorganic nitrogen fertilizer. A seasonal tradeoff was observed with the KC treatment wherein emissions before strip‐tillage were reduced but were surpassed by high losses after strip‐tillage and postanthesis. These results represent the first reported measurements of N2O emissions from a KC‐based living mulch. The findings cast doubt on the efficacy of KC for mitigating N2O loss in CS systems. However, if KC reduces nitrate leaching losses, as has been reported elsewhere, it may result in lower indirect (offsite) N2O emissions.

Core Ideas

Kura clover living mulch increased total N2O emissions.

Nitrogen scavenging by the kura clover living mulch may have reduced spring N2O emissions.

Emissions in the kura clover treatment were affected by soil disturbance and plant stress.

Corn and soybean yield were only marginally affected by kura clover living mulch.
Comparison of the Physical and Chemical Properties of Laboratory and Field‐Aged Biochars
Authors: Bakshi Santanu , Aller Deborah M. , Laird David A. , Chintala Rajesh
Published: June 2016

The long‐term impact of biochar on soil properties and agronomic outcomes is influenced by changes in the physical and chemical properties of biochars that occur with time (aging) in soil environments. Fresh biochars, however, are often used in studies because aged biochars are generally unavailable. Therefore, a need exists to develop a method for rapid aging of biochars in the laboratory. The objectives of this study were to compare the physicochemical properties of fresh, laboratory‐aged (LA), and field‐aged (FA) (≥3 yr) biochars and to assess the appropriateness of a laboratory aging procedure that combines acidification, oxidation, and incubations as a mimic to field aging in neutral or acidic soil environments. Twenty‐two biochars produced by fast and slow pyrolysis, and gasification techniques from five different biomass feedstocks (hardwood, corn stover, soybean stover, macadamia nut shells, and switchgrass) were studied. In general, both laboratory and field aging caused similar increases in ash‐free volatile matter (% w/w), cation and anion exchange capacities, specific surface area, and modifications in oxygen‐containing surface functional groups of the biochars. However, ash content increased for FA (18–195%) and decreased for LA (22–74%) biochars, and pH decreased to a greater extent for LA (2.8–6.7 units) than for FA (1.6–3.8 units) biochars. The results demonstrate that the proposed laboratory aging procedure is effective for predicting the direction of changes in biochar properties on field aging. However, in the future we recommend using a less aggressive acid treatment.

Core Ideas

Major biochar aging mechanisms are leaching, surface oxidation, and DOC adsorption.

Biochar aging depends on types of feedstocks and thermochemical techniques.

VM/FC and H/Corgratios of biochar are complementary indices of biochar stability.

Laboratory aging can assess the long‐term impacts of biochar on soil properties.
Plant Population Influence on Maize Yield Components in Croatia and Nebraska
Authors: Milander Jeremy J. , Jukic Zeljko , Mason Stephen C. , Glausha Tomie , Kmail Zaher
Published: June 2016

Analysis of yield components to address inconsistent maize (Zea mays L.) grain yields across plant populations is limited in Europe and the United States. The research objectives were to compare maize yield components at low and high plant populations in eastern Nebraska and central Croatia using path analysis to better understand maize grain yield determination with changing plant population and determine relative importance among maize primary and secondary yield components. Research was conducted by planting three maize hybrids at 65,000 plants ha−1 to 105,000 plants ha−1 in 2012 and 2013 at Zagreb, Croatia, and Mead, NE. Grain yield, ears per square meter, rows per ear, ear circumference, kernels per ear, kernels per row, ear length, and kernel weight were determined. Average grain yield was 10.7 Mg ha−1 and plant population influence on yield was inconsistent and <2 Mg ha−1. Among yield components, the number of rows per ear (direct effect of 0.54 [P ≤ 0.01] with kernels per ear and 0.39 [P ≤ 0.01] with kernels per row) and the number of kernels per ear (direct effect of 0.54 [P ≤ 0.01] with grain yield) were of most importance for maize at high plant populations, while the number of kernels per row (direct effect of 0.93 [P ≤ 0.01] with kernels per ear and 0.61 [P ≤ 0.01] with kernel weight) and kernel weight (direct effect of 0.47 [P ≤ 0.01] with grain yield) were most important at low plant populations. Future maize management research for low plant population environments should focus on production of the number of kernels per ear and kernel weight, while for high plant populations, the focus should be on the number of rows per ear.
Sowing Density Effect on Common Bean Leaf Area Development
Authors: Ricaurte Jaumer , Clavijo Michelangeli Jose A. , Sinclair Thomas R. , Rao Idupulapati M. , Beebe Stephen E.
Published: June 2016

Sowing density is a major management factor that affects growth and development of grain crops by modifying the canopy light environment and interplant competition for water and nutrients. While the effects of density and plant architecture on static vegetative and reproductive growth traits have been explored previously in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), there are no reports of intensive measurements of the temporal dynamics on node addition and leaf area development. Such results are reported here from two sites of field experiments where the effects of sowing densities (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 35 plants m−2) and genotypes with contrasting plant architectures (two each from growth habits I, II, and III) were assessed. Analysis of the phyllochron (°C node−1) indicated genotype and density effects (but no interaction) on the rate of node addition. While significant, these differences amounted to <2 d of leaf development at either site. In terms of leaf area development, analysis using a power function reflected large differences in the dynamics and final size of individual plant leaf area (PLA) between the lower density (<15 plants m−2) treatments and commonly used values (>20 plants m−2) at the growth habit but not genotype level. These differences in node addition and leaf development dynamics translated to marked differences among growth habits and densities in estimated leaf area indices and, consequently, in the estimated fraction of intercepted light at lower densities.
Functional Analysis of Potato CPD Gene: A Rate‐Limiting Enzyme in Brassinosteroid Biosynthesis under Polyethylene Glycol‐Induced Osmotic Stress
Authors: Zhou Xiangyan , Zhang Ning , Yang Jiangwei , Si Huaijun
Published: June 2016

The constitutive photomorphogenesis and dwarf (CPD) gene was initially isolated from an Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. cpd mutant and encodes C‐3 oxidase as a key rate‐limiting enzyme in the brassinosteroids (BRs) biosynthesis pathway. For a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of CPD gene overexpression in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and CPD‐overexpressing potato plant tolerance to polyethylene glycol (PEG)‐induced osmotic stress, CPD gene was cloned by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) from potato. The coding region was 1473 bp and encoded a deduced protein of 490 amino acids. The transgenic potato plants with CPD gene overexpression were obtained. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) analysis indicated that the CPD gene expressed in the roots, stems, and leaves of the transgenic and nontransgenic (NT) plants with particularly enhanced expression in the leaves. The proline content was 0.18‐ to 0.62‐fold higher and the malonaldedyde (MDA) content decreased by 45.1 to 87.4% in CPD‐overexpressing potato plants than in the NT plants under PEG‐induced osmotic stress conditions. The soluble sugar content, soluble protein content, and the superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities were all greater in the drought‐stressed transgenic plantlets at different sampling times than in the NT seedlings. These results indicated that CPD gene overexpression could ameliorate the effects of PEG‐induced osmotic stress. These results lay the foundation for further research on BR regulation in potato development and growth.
A Fourier‐Transform Infrared Study of Biochar Aging in Soils
Authors: Singh B. , Fang Y. , Johnston C.T.
Published: June 2016

Core Ideas

Aged biochars in different soils were analyzed using DR‐FTIR in this study.

Native soil organic C, biochar C, and minerals created distinct absorption bands.

Ar/Al band ratio systematically changed in soils with high‐temperature biochar.

Ar/Al ratios and biochar C mineralized in the soils were linearly correlated.

DR‐FTIR is a simple procedure for long‐term monitoring of high‐temperature biochars.

We used diffuse reflectance Fourier‐transform infrared (DR‐FTIR) spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and chemical and isotopic analyses to characterize the light fraction of four contrasting soils (control and biochar‐amended soils) to determine changes in biochar properties after aging. Two Eucalyptus saligna Sm. wood biochars, produced at 450°C (B450) and 550°C (B550), were incubated separately in each of the four soils for up to 12 mo at 20, 40, and 60°C. Total C and isotopic (δ13C) methods were used to quantify the amounts of biochar C and native C mineralized during incubation. The DR‐FTIR spectra of the light fraction showed distinct absorption bands representing native soil organic C, biochar C, and mineral constituents present in the soils; the mineral bands were consistent with XRD data of the clay fraction of the four soils. Analysis of the DR‐FTIR spectra in the ν(C–H) bands showed that the ratio of the aromatic ν(C–H) bands systematically increased relative to the aliphatic ν(C–H) bands with increasing mineralization of biochar C in the B550 amended soils, and this relationship was unique for each soil type. In contrast, this relationship was not observed for the B450 amended soils that contained a relatively smaller proportion of aromatic C.
Inflow Rate Impact on Hillslope Erosion Processes and Flow Hydrodynamics
Authors: Li Guifang , Zheng Fenli , Lu Jia , Xu Ximeng , Hu Wei , Han Yong
Published: June 2016

Core Ideas

Effects of inflow rate on the Mollisol erosion process were examined.

Inflow rate effects on soil loss were dependent on the dominant erosion pattern.

When upslope inflow was included, soil loss increased 12 to 1950 times.

Different hydrodynamic parameters were crucial for sheet and rill erosion.

Inflow water from upslope is an extremely important factor that influences downslope erosion processes. Little information is available concerning how inflow water affects downslope erosion processes in the Chinese Mollisol region, where a large amount of runoff is generated from upslope. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of inflow rate on erosion processes and flow hydrodynamic parameters. A soil pan (10 m long, 1.5 m wide, and 0.5 m deep) was subjected to rainfall simulation and inflow experiments under one rainfall intensity (50 mm h−1), two slope gradients (5 and 10°), and five inflow rates (50, 100, 150, 200, and 300 L min −1). The result showed that when upslope inflow was included, soil loss increased 12 to 1950 times compared with no upslope inflow. When rill erosion dominated, rill erosion accounted for 52 to 90% of the total soil loss as the inflow rate increased from 50 to 300 L min−1. An increase in the inflow rate from 50 to 300 L min−1 caused the flow velocity to increase 0.6 to 7.8 and 1.7 to 12.9 times at 5 and 10° slopes, respectively, while the Darcy–Weisbach coefficient decreased from 13.5 to 95.4%. For sheet‐dominated erosion, significant linear regressions were fitted between shear stress, stream power, unit stream power, and inflow rate; but for rill‐dominated erosion, power functions were established between these flow hydrodynamic parameters and the inflow rate.
Exotic molluscs in State of Paraíba, Northeast Brazil: a bibliographic survey
Authors: Paz Ronilson José da , Brito Júnior Luciano de , Paz Marilia Carolina Pereira da
Published: June 2016

We present a list of exotic mollusc species recorded in the literature from State of Paraíba (PB), Northeast Brazil, as of April 2014. The total number of species of exotic mollusc recorded is seven, two Bivalvia and five Gastropoda. The Class Bivalvia's species was represented by Isognomon bicolor (Adams, 1845) and Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774), and Class Gastropoda's species by Achatina fulica (Bowdich, 1822), Melanoides tuberculata (Müller, 1774), Physella acuta (Draparnaud, 1805), Aplexa marmorata (Guilding, 1828), and Lymnaea columella (Say, 1817).
Market Segmentation, Customers, and Value Propositions Analysis for Polymer Clay Art Business Start-Up
Authors: Hidayat Desman , Suci Apriani Kurnia , Saliha Gita Khadijatu
Published: June 2016

Polymer clay art is one of the creative businesses that are recently starting to get a lot of attentions. To prepare a startup business in this field, analysis from a lot of aspects is needed. The purpose of this article was to explain the approach of the polymer clay art business startup from the market segmentation, customer, and value proposition side of the business. The method was applied by analyzing those steps in details. The analysis started from brainstorming to choose the market matching to business, the customer side, value proposition, and between both aspects. The result of the analysis shows the business focus of the polymer clay art business, where the value propositions are focusing on unique decorations, and several types of customer segments.