bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Budowanie wizerunku pracodawcy – studium przypadku Skanska S.A.
Authors: Wiśniewska Sylwia
Published: August 2017

Celem niniejszego opracowania jest wskazanie możliwości i  narzędzi kształtowania wizerunku pracodawcy na przykładzie działań realizowanych przez Skanska S.A. W arty‑ kule zaprezentowano problemy definicyjne, związane z pojęciem budowania wizerunku pracodawcy. Omówiono również klasyczne i  internetowe działania, ukierunkowane na kształtowanie wizerunku firmy jako atrakcyjnego pracodawcy. Ponadto, dokonano ana‑ lizy działań podejmowanych przez Skanska S.A., mających na celu kreowanie pozytyw‑ nego i spójnego wizerunku pracodawcy zarówno wewnątrz, jak i na zewnątrz organizacji. Opracowanie stanowi studium przypadku. W artykule autor zastosował metodę opisową.
Wizerunek a reputacja przedsiębiorstwa. Istota, znaczenie, wzajemne relacje
Authors: Wojnarowska Halina
Published: August 2017

Rosnąca konkurencja i  wzrastające wymagania interesariuszy wobec przedsiębiorstw rodzą konieczność profesjonalnego kształtowania ich relacji z  otoczeniem biznesowym i społecznym. Kreowanie wizerunku, budowanie wiarygodności i reputacji przedsiębior‑ stwa staje się, obok kwestii jego finansowej efektywności, osiągania przewagi konkuren‑ cyjnej, zwiększania rynkowej wartości równie ważnym, jak nie najważniejszym celem, często bowiem determinującym możliwość realizacji pozostałych. W niniejszym artykule, w świetle literatury przedmiotu podjęto rozważania dotyczące pojęcia, znaczenia, ewolu‑ cji i wzajemnych relacji między wizerunkiem a reputacją przedsiębiorstwa. W ich efekcie zasugerowano konkretne działania, które przedsiębiorstwa powinny podejmować, aby być bardziej wyrazistymi, przewidywalnymi i godnymi zaufania
Mobbing, niebieskie kołnierzyki i gorące biurka. Zapożyczenia i metafory w zarządzaniu zasobami ludzkimi
Authors: Bielenia-Grajewska Magdalena
Published: August 2017

Założeniem artykułu jest omówienie językowego wymiaru zarządzania zasobami ludzkimi. W celu zawężenia perspektywy badawczej autorka skupia się na dwóch zjawiskach językowych, zapożyczeniach i metaforach, które odgrywają dużą rolę w komunikacji organizacyjnej. Część badawcza artykułu poświęcona jest analizie korpusu metafor związanych z zarządzaniem personelem i dyskusji o roli języka symbolicznego w kształtowaniu tożsamości indywidualnej i grupowej organizacji.
Rola poczucia sprawiedliwości i cynizmu organizacyjnego w inicjowaniu pozytywnych i negatywnych zachowań wobec pracodawcy
Authors: Macko Maciej , Grudziński Aleksander
Published: August 2017

Praktycy kierowania i  badacze zachowań organizacyjnych często podejmują próby odpowiedzi na pytanie: jakie czynniki decydują o tym, że jedni pracownicy są gotowi do osobistych poświęceń dla organizacji, a inni działają nieefektywnie i częściej dezorganizują działania firmy? Szczególne zainteresowanie budzi pytanie, czy wrogie zachowania pracowników mogą być wynikiem negatywnych ocen atrakcyjności samej organizacji? W  niniejszej pracy dokonujemy pomiaru sprawiedliwości organizacyjnej i  cynizmu organizacyjnego oraz badamy ich związki z zachowaniami uczestnictwa i zachowaniami wskazującymi na wycofanie z organizacji. Badanie pokazuje, że poczucie sprawiedliwości organizacyjnej może stanowić firmowy zasób ograniczający cyniczne postawy pracowników, współwystępuje z  zachowaniami promocyjnymi wobec pracodawcy i  zmniejsza ryzyko wystąpienia zachowań negatywnych. Dzięki wynikom staramy się pokazać cechy środowiska pracy, które pracownicy mogą postrzegać, jako uzasadnienia dla ograniczania swojego udziału w organizacjach pracodawców.
Kompetencje studentów o różnych motywach studiowania w kontekście kształtowania kariery zawodowej
Authors: Andrałojć Magdalena
Published: August 2017

Celem artykułu jest odpowiedź na pytanie, jak studenci o różnych motywach studiowania oceniają poziom dopasowania swoich kompetencji do potrzeb rynku pracy. Dyskusję osadzono w tematyce kształtowania kariery zawodowej i dokonywanych przez młode osoby wyborów na rynku pracy. Zrozumienie dokonywanych przez studentów wyborów jest szczególnie ważne w sytuacji pogłębiających się różnic w traktowaniu pracy przez osoby młode (pokolenie Y) oraz doświadczone (pokolenie X). Do przeprowadzenia analizy wykorzystano dane zebrane w ramach projektu „Kadry dla Gospodarki” w roku akademickim 2011/2012. Projekt realizowany jest na Uniwersytecie Ekonomicznym w  Poznaniu od 2010 roku.
Stan i perspektywy kształcenia i rozwoju kompetencji dla potrzeb branży telekomunikacyjnej
Authors: Fryczyńska Marzena
Published: August 2017

W  artykule dokonano diagnozy kształcenia i  rozwoju kompetencji dla potrzeb branży
telekomunikacyjnej. Przedstawiono kluczowe podmioty, w których kształci i rozwija się
kompetencje potrzebne branży. Analizą objęto szkolnictwo zawodowe, szkolnictwo wyż‑
sze, kształcenie podyplomowe, zrzeszenia branżowe, instytucje szkoleniowe, dostawców
sprzętu i  technologii oraz przedsiębiorstwa z  branży. Przedstawiono praktyki kształ‑
cenia oraz oceniono, w jakim zakresie odpowiadają one edukacji formalnej, kształceniu
pozaformalnemu i  wspierają uczenie się nieformalne. Wskazano na wyzwania, którym
powinny sprostać instytucje kształcenia, jeśli chcą zapewnić wysoką jakość kompetencji
dla rozwojowej i konkurencyjnej branży telekomunikacyjnej. Niniejszy artykuł powstał
w  wyniku prac badawczych nad projektem „Bilans kwalifikacji i  kompetencji w  wybranych sektorach”,
realizowanym w Katedrze Rozwoju Kapitału Ludzkiego Szkoły Głównej
Handlowej na zlecenie Instytutu Badań Edukacyjnych.
Sektorowe badania podaży i popytu na kwalifikacje i kompetencje
Authors: Juchnowicz Marta
Published: August 2017

Celem artykułu jest uzasadnienie potrzeby prowadzenia cyklicznych badań podaży
i  popytu na kwalifikacje w  ujęciu sektorowym. Zasadniczym powodem prowadzenia
takich badań jest konieczność poprawy stanu zatrudnialności. Warunkiem osiągnięcia
tego efektu jest, między innymi, stworzenie Sektorowych Ram Kwalifikacji. SRK to
narzędzie służące do badania oczekiwań kompetencyjnych uczestników rynku pracy,
które umożliwi dostosowanie systemu i programów kształcenia do potrzeb rynku pracy,
lepszą porównywalność świadectw i dyplomów w skali europejskiej oraz stworzy warunki
do uznawania kompetencji uzyskanych w  drodze uczenia się pozaformalnego i  niefor‑
malnego. Sektorowe Ramy Kwalifikacji są niezbędne do budowy systemu Krajowych Ram
Kwalifikacji, jako części europejskiej przestrzeni uczenia się przez całe życie (Eurpean
Area of Lifelong Learning), spójnych z  Europejskimi Ramami Kwalifikacji. Opracowanie
takiego systemu wymaga zobiektywizowanych, prawdziwych informacji o podaży i popy‑
cie na kwalifikacje i kompetencje. Artykuł przedstawia założenia projektu badawczego,
którego celem była charakterystyka podaży i popytu na kwalifikacje i kompetencje w pię‑
ciu celowo wybranych sektorach. Badanie naukowe „Bilans kwalifikacji i  kompetencji
w wybranych sektorach” zostało przeprowadzone w latach 2012–2014 przez pracowników
Katedry Rozwoju Kapitału Ludzkiego SGH w  Warszawie na zlecenie Instytutu Badań
Edukacyjnych. W Polsce projekt ten ma charakter pilotażowy. Jego koncepcja może być
inspiracją do kontynuowania badań w kolejnych sektorach polskiej gospodarki.
Analiza struktury wynagrodzeń absolwentów Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Poznaniu kończących studia w latach 2011 i 2012
Authors: Szwarc Krzysztof
Published: August 2017

Losy absolwentów wyższych uczelni są bardzo ważnym elementem analiz, pozwalającym określić ewentualny sukces młodych osób na rynku pracy. Otrzymywane wynagrodzenia to jeden z  czynników pozwalających porównać sytuację danej osoby z  sytuacją innych, czy to rówieśników, czy to absolwentów innych roczników. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono strukturę miesięcznych wynagrodzeń (netto) osób, które ukończyły studia na Uniwersytecie Ekonomicznym w Poznaniu w latach 2011 i 2012. Na podstawie kwartyli scharakteryzowano strukturę ich płac ogółem. Ponadto dokonano porównania zarobków według takich cech, jak: płeć, fakt podejmowania stałej pracy podczas studiów, miejsce zamieszkania, awans w  roku poprzedzającym badanie, sektor zatrudnienia i  studia ukończone na określonym wydziale. W  analizie wykorzystano dane z  „Badania losów absolwentów UEP”.
Impact of Human Resources Management on Organizational Effectiveness – Still More Questions than Answers
Authors: Łukasiewicz Grzegorz
Published: August 2017

The article presents an analysis of the previous research concerned with the effect of human resources management on organizational effectiveness. The first part discusses the development of research in the historical aspect and focuses on the role it may play in popularization of the concept of human capital management. The last part discusses the basic problems related to empirical verification of interrelations between HRM and organizational effectiveness.
Person‑Organization Fit as a Significant Factor of Creating Company’s Value – Implications for Human Capital Measurement
Authors: Wojtczuk‑Turek Agnieszka
Published: August 2017

Human capital is generally assumed to be the most significant element of the intellectual capital, which brings special contribution in building company value. Thus, managers are interested in gaining and maintaining the personnel that has a significant competence potential (knowledge, skills, attitudes, motivation). Therefore, when attempting to establish factors that allow to create value in an organization on the basis of human capital, it becomes necessary to account for the examination of organizational context itself. However, such research should not only focus on the organizational context as such, separately, but examine organizational context in its relation to professional functioning of the employees. One of the perspectives of approaching this aspect of organizational context is the measurement of employee‑organization fit.
MUSEUMS – VIEW FROM THE INSIDE
Authors: Kosiewski Piotr
Published: August 2017

The publication Museums, exhibits, museum
professionals complements our knowledge of how
museums functioned in the Communist period and their
situation after 1989. The book includes discussions or memoirs
by eleven people vital to Polish museology, who were
connected with National Museums (in Cracow, Poznań and
Wrocław), museum-residences (the Wawel Museum, the
Royal Castle in Warsaw), specialised museums (the National
Maritime Museum in Gdańsk, the Museum of Literature in
Warsaw, the Jagiellonian University Museum), ethnographic
museums (in Cracow and Toruń) and the Tatra Museum,
which is an example of an important regional museum in
Poland. Among the people are Zofia Gołubiew, Mariusz
Hermansdofer, Jerzy Litwin, Janusz Odrowąż-Pieniążek, Jan
Ostrowski, Andrzej Rottermund and Stanisław Waltoś.
The book presents the image of Polish museology in
a scattershot but interesting way. It also mentions more
detailed aspects, such as how particular museums were
founded or developed in the Communist period, and the
individual role of museum professionals in founding and
developing the establishments they managed. However,
the most attention is paid to issues regarding the state of
museums after 1989. The most important of these include
the contemporary functions and tasks of those establishments
and the challenges they will face in the future, and
the role of a musealium and its place in a contemporary
museum. The observations regarding internal changes in
museum institutions, in the “master-disciple” relation in the
past and today, the appearance of new specialities, and the
change of their status and role in institutions (for example,
of people responsible for education) are also noteworthy.
Another significant thread is the discussion on the definition
of a “museum professional” and which museum employees
may use this title.
Review of Clinical Next-Generation Sequencing
Authors: Yohe Sophia , Thyagarajan Bharat
Published: August 2017

Context.—

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is a technology being used by many laboratories to test for inherited disorders and tumor mutations. This technology is new for many practicing pathologists, who may not be familiar with the uses, methodology, and limitations of NGS.

Objective.—

To familiarize pathologists with several aspects of NGS, including current and expanding uses; methodology including wet bench aspects, bioinformatics, and interpretation; validation and proficiency; limitations; and issues related to the integration of NGS data into patient care.

Data Sources.—

The review is based on peer-reviewed literature and personal experience using NGS in a clinical setting at a major academic center.

Conclusions.—

The clinical applications of NGS will increase as the technology, bioinformatics, and resources evolve to address the limitations and improve quality of results. The challenge for clinical laboratories is to ensure testing is clinically relevant, cost-effective, and can be integrated into clinical care.
Pathologic Findings of Breast Lesions Detected on Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Jabbar Seema B. , Lynch Beverly , Seiler Stephen , Hwang Helena , Sahoo Sunati
Published: August 2017

Context.—

Breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is now used routinely for high-risk screening and in the evaluation of the extent of disease in newly diagnosed breast cancer patients. Morphologic characteristics and the kinetic pattern largely determine how suspicious a breast lesion is on MRI. Because of its high sensitivity, MRI identifies a large number of suspicious lesions. However, the low to moderate specificity and the additional cost have raised questions regarding its frequent use.

Objectives.—

To identify the pathologic entities that frequently present as suspicious enhancing lesions and to identify specific MRI characteristics that may be predictive of malignancy.

Design.—

One hundred seventy-seven MRI-guided biopsies from 152 patients were included in the study. The indication for MRI, MRI features, pathologic findings, and patient demographics were recorded. The MRI findings and the pathology slides were reviewed by a dedicated breast radiologist and breast pathologists.

Results.—

Seventy-one percent (126 of 177) of MRI-guided breast biopsies were benign, 11% (20 of 177) showed epithelial atypia, and 18% (31 of 177) showed malignancy. The vast majority (84%; 62 of 74) of MRI lesions with persistent kinetics were benign. However, 57% (17 of 30) of lesions with washout kinetics and 65% (62 of 95) of mass lesions were also benign.

Conclusions.—

Magnetic resonance imaging detects malignancies undetected by other imaging modalities but also detects a wide variety of benign lesions. Benign and malignant lesions identified by MRI share similar morphologic and kinetic features, necessitating biopsy for histologic confirmation.
HER2 Heterogeneity in Gastroesophageal Cancer Detected by Testing Biopsy and Resection Specimens
Authors: Fazlollahi Ladan , Remotti Helen E. , Iuga Alina , Yang Hui-Min , Lagana Stephen M. , Sepulveda Antonia R.
Published: August 2017

Context.—

In advanced gastric, esophageal, and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinomas (GE-GEJ-AC) that overexpress ERBB2 (erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 or HER2), anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody therapy confers survival benefit. To select patients for treatment, HER2 expression and gene amplification are evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization.

Objective.—

To determine whether GE-GEJ-AC tested for HER2 on biopsy specimens of a primary tumor show different IHC scores and/or HER2 amplification by in situ hybridization in matched resection specimens, potentially changing therapy eligibility.

Design.—

Immunohistochemistry and silver in situ hybridization were performed in biopsy and/or resection specimens from 100 patients. HER2 testing was performed in matched resection and biopsy specimens of 15 cases to determine whether GE-GEJ-AC with IHC scores of 0, 1+, and 2+ in biopsy and resection specimens had different IHC and silver in situ hybridization results.

Results.—

The IHC 3+ cases showed HER2 amplification in 4 of 5 cases (80%), and IHC scores of 0, 1+, and 2+ showed 3.5%, 14.3%, and 23.5% HER2 amplification by silver in situ hybridization. Among the 15 paired biopsy and resection specimens, 9 (60%) had at least pT2 stage GE-GEJ-AC with HER2 IHC scores of 0, 1+, or 2+ in the biopsy, and 2 of those 9 cases (22%) had IHC 3+ and HER2 amplification by silver in situ hybridization on the resection specimen.

Conclusions.—

Our data suggest that HER2 testing should be repeated on resection specimens of GE-GEJ-AC with HER2 IHC scores of negative (0 and 1+) or equivocal (2+) and in situ hybridization amplification negative biopsy specimen results to evaluate for HER2 heterogeneity when patients are being considered for anti-HER2 therapy.
Willingness to use pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Malaysia: findings from a qualitative study
Authors: Bourne Adam , Cassolato Matteo , Thuan Wei Clayton Koh , Wang Bangyuan , Pang Joselyn , Lim Sin How , Azwa Iskandar , Yee Ilias , Mburu Gitau
Published: August 2017

Background: Men who have sex with men (MSM) continue to be disproportionately affected by HIV in Malaysia. Recent success has been observed within demonstration projects examining the efficacy of HIV pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), an antiretroviral ‐based medication taken by HIV‐negative men to prevent sero‐conversion. In order for such promising findings to be translated in real‐world settings, it is important to understand the acceptability of PrEP, including perceived barriers to access or uptake.

Methods: As part of a larger mixed‐methods study exploring acceptability and willingness to use PrEP among MSM in Malaysia, 19 men took part in audio‐recorded focus group discussions hosted by a community‐based HIV organization and facilitated by a trained researcher. Discussions focussed on awareness and potential information management, general perceptions of PrEP and potential motivations or barriers to the use of PrEP, including those at the personal, social, health system or structural level. Data were transcribed verbatim and underwent a detailed thematic analysis.

Results: Rather than perceiving PrEP as a replacement for condoms in terms of having safer sex, many participants viewed it as an additional layer protection, serving as a crucial barrier to infection on occasions where condom use was intended, but did not occur. It was also perceived as more valuable to “at‐risk” men, such as those in HIV sero‐discordant relationships or those with a higher number of sexual partners. Elements of discussion tended to suggest that some men taking PrEP may be subject to stigma from others, on the assumption they may be promiscuous or engage in high‐risk sexual behaviours.

Conclusions: This qualitative study indicates that, broadly speaking, PrEP may be acceptable to MSM in Malaysia. However, in order for its potential to be realized, and uptake achieved, educative interventions are required to inform the target population as to the efficacy and potential, positive impact of PrEP. Given concerns for how those taking it may be stigmatized, it is crucial that the use of PrEP is presented as a responsible course of action, and one of a range of strategies that men can use to keep themselves safe from HIV.
What drive students to behave more environmentally friendly towards waste?
Authors: Halimatussadiah Alin
Published: August 2017

Students’ behavior towards waste takes a crucial role to successful sustainable waste management at school level. As many scholars mentioned, a proper waste management should not only environmentally effective and economically efficient, but also socially acceptable. Therefore, it is important to know how to drive students to behave more environmental friendly. Using eco-friendly behavior survey for students as part of community engagement program titled “Creating Healthy, Fit and Productive Generation through Comprehensive Mental Revolution Model”, this paper aims to identify factors that determine students’ eco-friendly behavior. This survey was administered to 797 students from three high schools in the city of Bekasi, SMA N 1 Bekasi, SMA N 2 Bekasi and SMK Korpri. We divided three broad characteristics in determining student’s eco-friendly behavior, namely individual characteristics, household characteristics and community characteristics, as mentioned in various researches. The result shows that out of three broad characteristics, individual characteristics play significant role in determining the level of student’s eco-friendly behavior. In terms of individual characteristics, knowledge about waste and school course plays positive and significant role in determining the level. For the study course, we conclude that students in the science course have a relatively higher eco-friendly behavior level compared to social course or others. Female students are also more likely to have higher level of eco-friendly behavior rather than male students. Finally, daily expenditure significantly determines the level. On the other hand, we found that environmental concern and class rank do not have significant effect to student’s behavior. In addition, none of the household and community characteristics variables were significant in determining the behavior. This result emphasizes the importance of individual characteristics improvement, especially waste knowledge and environmental education, to drive students in dealing waste appropriately.
Life skills program for improving adolescent mental health in the af-termath Mount Merapi eruption, Yogyakarta-Indonesia
Authors: Kaligis Fransiska
Published: August 2017

The ability of adolescents to cope with stressful life events has not been well developed. Facing stressful situ-ations might trigger them to engage in many dangerous and self-destructive behaviors. Life skills program in improving mental health of adolescents has been proven in many countries, as it has in Indonesia. In post-disaster situation, there is rarely any community program which focuses on adolescent mental health. Life skills program is a psychological intervention to teach adolescents to improve their skill to cope with stress, develop self-esteem, deal with peer pressure, think critically, communicate appropriately and act assertively. Teachers and local health professionals who have already been trained about life skills program apply this program in adolescents experiencing a stressful event, a natural disaster from the eruption of Mount Merapi in Yogyakarta-Indonesia. This study attempts to apply and evaluate the effectiveness of the program for adolescents who had survived a natural disaster in Yogyakarta-Indonesia. Three-weeks life skills training was conducted in 2012 on 40 junior and senior high school students, post Mount Merapi eruption in Yogyakarta and Magelang. Subjects were assessed for their self-image using Rosenberg self-image questionnaire, and their emotional-behavioral problems and mental strength using Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), before and after the train-ing. SPSS was used for the statistical analysis. The average age of the subjects was 14.48 + 1.21 years old. There were significant differences on the self-esteem and mental strength aspects of the subjects before and after intervention. Score on low self-esteem was improved (p=0.005), negative self perception also became better (p<0.001), and prosocial behavior was increased (p=0.001). There were also decreasing difficulties and emo-tional-behavioral problem score after intervention, and other aspects of self-esteem such as instability and self-consciousness. Life skills training has several positive effects in improving mental strength and self-image and decreasing emotional and behavioral problems of adolescents post-disaster.
The Revival of Sang Hyang Dedari Dance: A Phenomenological Approach To Social-Ecological Reconstruction in Bali
Authors: Putri LG Saraswati
Published: August 2017

This research and community engagement investigates an ancient Balinese ritual known as Sang Hyang Dedari. The dance is interrelated to an agricultural aspect of the traditional Balinese living. As the Balinese struggle to maintain their values from the constant threat of modernization and industrialization, this dance reveals the powerful impact of creating an awareness of socio-ecological equilibrium. The effort made by the villagers of Geriana Kauh, Karangasem, displays how local community rebuilds its environment based on their traditional ecological value. Analyzing Sang Hyang Dedari dance through phenomenological approach, thus, it can be discovered how the ritual sustains the social relations. The bodies of the dancers are the center of an elaborate nexus between people, nature and god. To understand how the dualism of sacred and profane bodies, this research utilizes the body theory by Maurice Merleau-Ponty. The importance of phenomenology as a theory relates to the understanding on how the ritual works as an event in its totality. Understanding the unity between the presence of the divine, nature and human. The output of this research and community engagement is a museum built in cooperation between University of Indonesia with the villagers of Geriana Kauh, Karangasem. As the performance and knowledge about Sang Hyang Dedari appeared to be scarce, this museum is a form of collaboration to retrace the history of Sang Hyang Dedari ritual, in an attempt to conserve the ancient knowledge.
Assessment of COSMIC radio occultation and AIRS hyperspectral IR sounder temperature products in the stratosphere using observed radiances
Authors: Feltz M. L. , Knuteson R. O. , Revercomb H. E.
Published: August 2017

Upper air temperature is defined as an essential climate variable by the World Meteorological Organization. Two remote sensing technologies being promoted for monitoring stratospheric temperatures are GPS radio occultation (RO) and spectrally resolved IR radiances. This study assesses RO and hyperspectral IR sounder derived temperature products within the stratosphere by comparing IR spectra calculated from GPS RO and IR sounder products to coincident IR observed radiances, which are used as a reference standard. RO dry temperatures from the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) mission are compared to NASA Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) retrievals using a previously developed profile‐to‐profile collocation method and vertical temperature averaging kernels. Brightness temperatures (BTs) are calculated for both COSMIC and AIRS temperature products and are then compared to coincident AIRS measurements. The COSMIC calculated minus AIRS measured BTs exceed the estimated 0.5 K measurement uncertainty for the winter time extratropics around 35 hPa. These differences are attributed to seasonal UCAR COSMIC biases. Unphysical vertical oscillations are seen in the AIRS L2 temperature product in austral winter Antarctic regions, and results imply a small AIRS tropical warm bias around ~35 hPa in the middle stratosphere.
Development of the Beidou Ionospheric Observation Network in China for space weather monitoring
Authors: Hu Lianhuan , Yue Xinan , Ning Baiqi
Published: August 2017

The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) beacon has been widely used in ionospheric monitoring. The Chinese Beidou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) started to operate in 2012, with three kinds of constellations: the medium Earth orbit, the inclined geosynchronous satellite orbit, and the geosynchronous Earth orbit. A compact, portable, and low‐power GNSS observation instrument which is named BG2 GNSS ionospheric monitor was developed at the Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. It is capable of tracking BDS, Global Positing System, and Global Navigation Satellite System signals with a sampling rate up to 5 Hz. To use the unique BDS GEO signals for ionospheric monitoring, the Beidou Ionospheric Observation Network (BION) utilizing the BG2 GNSS ionospheric monitor was established recently in China with a total of 30 sites. This paper describes the development of the GNSS ionospheric monitor, the construction of the network, data processing, and preliminary scientific research. As demonstrated in the following paper, the BDS GEO total electron content data have shown unique value in some specific ionospheric studies due to the fact that it is not influenced by the mixed effect of spatial and temporal ionospheric variability as observed with other GNSS signals.
Human Tool Use and the Left Inferior Parietal Cortex
Authors: Osiurak François
Published: August 2017

Humans are unique in being proficient tool users and showing specific tool use behavioural patterns that do not exist in nonhuman users (e.g. use of one tool to create another). A fundamental issue for cognitive neuroscience is to understand the neurocognitive bases of human tool use. A long‐standing hypothesis is that the human brain stores knowledge about how to manipulate tools with the hand (i.e. manipulation knowledge). This hypothesis has been challenged in recent years by neuropsychological and neuroimaging findings. Rather, it seems that the uniqueness of human tool use might be based on the ability to reason about physical object properties (i.e. technical reasoning). Some key brain regions within the left inferior parietal cortex might be involved in these reasoning skills.

Key Concepts

If tool use is not specific to humans, human tool use differs from animal tool use in several respects.

Tool use is impaired after damage to the left inferior parietal cortex.

The human inferior parietal cortex contains brain areas that do not exist in macaques and other nonhuman primates.

Some of these brain areas might support the uniquely human ability to reason about physical object properties, which is critical to human tool use.
Neuroethics
Authors: Sullivan Laura Specker , Goering Sara
Published: August 2017

Neuroethics is widely described as the ethics of neuroscience and the neuroscience of ethics. The ethics of neuroscience includes the ethical, legal and social implications of research and new technologies, particular issues with how neuroscientific research is carried out with animal or human subjects, and structural concerns about transparent funding for research or fair distribution of research outcomes. The neuroscience of ethics refers to insight from neuroscientific research on moral thought and moral action and is closely allied with moral psychology. More broadly, neuroethics is one branch of biomedical ethics – the study of ethical issues in biological and medical research and clinical practice. Neuroethics deals with issues of identity, authenticity, autonomy, free will and enhancement – that is, with questions about how our understandings of neuroscience and new technologies affect who we are, how we understand ourselves, what we can do and who we can become.

Key Concepts

Deep brain stimulation involves ethical questions about the nature and value of human identity.

Neurotechnology can support, enhance or constrain autonomy, understood as an individual's capacities to self‐determine, that is to reflect on and to make significant life choices.

Neuroscience may call into question responsibility and free will, as it provides more information about how humans form intentions and make conscious decisions.

The ability to cognitively enhance individuals raises concerns about social equality, fairness and what it means to be a human being.

Neurological interventions are relevant to justice when their benefits and burdens fall disproportionately on different members of society or when relevant stakeholders are not consulted in the development of novel technology that will affect their lives.
Ethical Issues of Noninvasive Prenatal Testing for Down Syndrome
Authors: Bryant Louise D
Published: August 2017

The rapid introduction of non‐invasive prenatal testing for Down syndrome into clinical practice has reignited the ethical debate around testing technologies and their potential impact on individuals and society. The debate is centred on the benefits of the new technology in terms of enhancing autonomous choice versus the rights of people with Down syndrome and their families not to be harmed. While cell‐free DNA technology can increase access to early, safe information about a pregnancy it may also help undermine the inclusion of people with Down syndrome in our communities. Within this highly charged social arena, individual women and men make personal reproductive decisions and the quality of life of people with Down syndrome and their families is subject to public scrutiny.

Key Concepts

Noninvasive prenatal testing for Down syndrome (trisomy 21) using cell‐free DNA in maternal blood has spread rapidly into clinical practice.

Noninvasive prenatal testing can be conducted reliably from around 9 weeks gestation, carries no risk of miscarriage, has a higher detection rate and lower false positive rate than existing screening tests but is not yet diagnostic for Down syndrome.

The introduction of noninvasive prenatal testing has reignited existing ethical arguments around the benefits of reduced of harm to the unborn foetus versus the potential harms to people with Down syndrome and their families.

The limitations of the new screening test have been less well publicised than the benefits, which may impact on the ability of women to make informed choices and interpret test results.

There are concerns that the widespread introduction of noninvasive prenatal testing as a safe, early and accurate test may lead to significant reductions in the number of people with Down syndrome being born and that the test therefore supports a eugenics agenda.

Personal contact with disabled people is associated with more positive attitudes towards disability, which in turn are associated with less favourable attitudes to termination of affected pregnancies; over time, a significant reduction in the number of people with Down syndrome would reduce opportunities for personal interaction.

The widespread introduction on noninvasive prenatal testing enables access to a safe test for more women; however, currently, the test is available through private health providers or medical insurance schemes only reducing access to many women on lower incomes.
The Enabling Electronic Motif for Topological Insulation in ABO3 Perovskites
Authors: Zhang Xiuwen , Abdalla Leonardo B. , Liu Qihang , Zunger Alex
Published: August 2017

Stable oxide topological insulators (TIs) have been sought for years, but none have been found; whereas heavier (selenides, tellurides) chalcogenides can be TIs. The basic contradiction between topological insulation and thermodynamic stability is pointed out, offering a narrow window of opportunity. The electronic motif is first identified and can achieve topological band inversion in ABO3 as a lone‐pair, electron‐rich B atom (e.g., Te, I, Bi) at the octahedral site. Then, twelve ABO3 compounds are designed in the assumed cubic perovskite structure, which satisfy this electronic motif and are indeed found by density function theory calculations to be TIs. Next, it is illustrated that poorly screened ionic oxides with large inversion energies undergo energy‐lowering atomic distortions that destabilize the cubic TI phase and remove band inversion. The coexistence windows of topological band inversion and structure stability can nevertheless be expanded under moderate pressures (15 and 35 GPa, respectively, for BaTeO3 and RbIO3). This study traces the principles needed to design stable oxide topological insulators at ambient pressures as a) a search for oxides with small inversion energies; b) design of large inversion‐energy oxide TIs that can be stabilized by pressure; and c) a search for covalent oxides where TI‐removing atomic displacements can be effectively screened out.
An Accessible Organotypic Microvessel Model Using iPSC‐Derived Endothelium
Authors: Ingram Patrick N. , Hind Laurel E. , Jiminez‐Torres Jose A. , Huttenlocher Anna , Beebe David J.
Published: August 2017

While organotypic approaches promise increased relevance through the inclusion of increased complexity (e.g., 3D extracellular microenvironment, structure/function relationships, presence of multiple cell types), cell source is often overlooked. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)‐derived cells are potentially more physiologically relevant than cell lines, while also being less variable than primary cells, and recent advances have made them commercially available at costs similar to cell lines. Here, the use of induced pluripotent stem cell‐derived endothelium for the generation of a functional microvessel model is demonstrated. High precision structural and microenvironmental control afforded by the design approach synergizes with the advantages of iPSC to produce microvessels for modeling endothelial biology in vitro. iPSC microvessels show endothelial characteristics, exhibit barrier function, secrete angiogenic and inflammatory mediators, and respond to changes in the extracellular microenvironment by altering vessel phenotype. Importantly, when deployed in the investigation of neutrophils during innate immune recruitment, the presence of the iPSC endothelial vessel facilitates neutrophil extravasation and migration toward a chemotactic source. Relevant cell sources, such as iPSC, combine with organotypic models to open the way for improved and increasingly accessible in vitro tissue, disease, and patient‐specific models.
An Ultrasensitive Organic Semiconductor NO2 Sensor Based on Crystalline TIPS‐Pentacene Films
Authors: Wang Zi , Huang Lizhen , Zhu Xiaofei , Zhou Xu , Chi Lifeng
Published: August 2017

Organic semiconductor gas sensor is one of the promising candidates of room temperature operated gas sensors with high selectivity. However, for a long time the performance of organic semiconductor sensors, especially for the detection of oxidizing gases, is far behind that of the traditional metal oxide gas sensors. Although intensive attempts have been made to address the problem, the performance and the understanding of the sensing mechanism are still far from sufficient. Herein, an ultrasensitive organic semiconductor NO2 sensor based on 6,13‐bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)­pentacene (TIPS‐petacene) is reported. The device achieves a sensitivity over 1000%/ppm and fast response/recovery, together with a low limit of detection (LOD) of 20 ppb, all of which reach the level of metal oxide sensors. After a comprehensive analysis on the morphology and electrical properties of the organic films, it is revealed that the ultrahigh performance is largely related to the film charge transport ability, which was less concerned in the studies previously. And the combination of efficient charge transport and low original charge carrier concentration is demonstrated to be an effective access to obtain high performance organic semiconductor gas sensors.
An “On‐Site Transformation” Strategy for Treatment of Bacterial Infection
Authors: Qi Guo‐Bin , Zhang Di , Liu Fu‐Hua , Qiao Zeng‐Ying , Wang Hao
Published: August 2017

To date, numerous nanosystems have been developed as antibiotic replacements for bacterial infection treatment. However, these advanced systems are limited owing to their nontargeting accumulation and the consequent side effects. Herein, transformable polymer–peptide biomaterials have been developed that enable specific accumulation in the infectious site and long‐term retention, resulting in enhanced binding capability and killing efficacy toward bacteria. The polymer–peptide conjugates are composed of a chitosan backbone and two functional peptides, i.e., an antimicrobial peptide and a poly(ethylene glycol)‐tethered enzyme‐cleavable peptide (CPC‐1). The CPC‐1 initially self‐assembles into nanoparticles with pegylated coronas. Upon the peptides are cleaved by the gelatinase secreted by a broad spectrum of bacterial species, the resultant compartments of nanoparticles spontaneously transformed into fibrous nanostructures that are stabilized by enhanced chain–chain interaction, leading to exposure of antimicrobial peptide residues for multivalent cooperative electrostatic interactions with bacterial membranes. Intriguingly, the in situ morphological transformation also critically improves the accumulation and retention of CPC‐1 in infectious sites in vivo, which exhibits highly efficient antibacterial activity. This proof‐of‐concept study demonstrates that pathological environment‐driven smart self‐assemblies may provide a new idea for design of high‐performance biomaterials for disease diagnostics and therapeutics.
Capillary Flow‐Driven, Hierarchical Chiral Self‐Assembly of Peptide Nanohelix Arrays
Authors: Wang Yuefei , Qi Wei , Xing Ruizhe , Xing Qiguo , Su Rongxin , He Zhimin
Published: August 2017

Precise control over the chiral self‐assembly of synthetic molecules is of fundamental interest in chemistry and material science. This study reports the hierarchical chiral self‐assembly of a ferrocene‐modified dipeptide in evaporating droplets. The capillary flows during solvent evaporation changed greatly on the self‐assembly of the peptides, leading to the chiral amplification and the formation of well‐defined nanohelixes. By changing the initial temperature difference (ΔT) between the droplets and the substrate, it is possible to control the fluid mechanical effects under two distinct regimes: the “coffee ring” effect caused by outward capillary flow and the Rayleigh convection by buoyancy force. This allows us to control the orientational growth of peptide nanohelixes with their axis parallel or perpendicular to the substrate. The results highlight the vital roles of capillary flow in directing the hierarchical chiral self‐assembly of peptides and offer new opportunities for the fabrication of highly ordered chiral nanomaterials.
Copper‐Catalyzed Direct Trifluoro‐ and Perfluoroalkylselenolations of Boronic Acids with a Shelf‐Stable Family of Reagents
Authors: Glenadel Quentin , Ghiazza Clément , Tlili Anis , Billard Thierry
Published: August 2017

Herein the copper‐catalyzed direct perfluoroalkylselenolation of aryl‐ and vinylboronic acids is described for the first time. The key to success is the design of new shelf‐stable perfluoroalkylselenolating reagents, namely perfluoroalkyl tolueneselenosulfonates. The reaction occurs at room temperature in the presence of commercially available catalyst and ligand in catalytic quantities.

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Anchoring CoFe2O4 Nanoparticles on N‐Doped Carbon Nanofibers for High‐Performance Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Li Tongfei , Lv Yinjie , Su Jiahui , Wang Yi , Yang Qian , Zhang Yiwei , Zhou Jiancheng , Xu Lin , Sun Dongmei , Tang Yawen
Published: August 2017

The exploration of earth‐abundant and high‐efficiency electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is of great significant for sustainable energy conversion and storage applications. Although spinel‐type binary transition metal oxides (AB2O4, A, B = metal) represent a class of promising candidates for water oxidation catalysis, their intrinsically inferior electrical conductivity exert remarkably negative impacts on their electrochemical performances. Herein, we demonstrates a feasible electrospinning approach to concurrently synthesize CoFe2O4 nanoparticles homogeneously embedded in 1D N‐doped carbon nanofibers (denoted as CoFe2O4@N‐CNFs). By integrating the catalytically active CoFe2O4 nanoparticles with the N‐doped carbon nanofibers, the as‐synthesized CoFe2O4@N‐CNF nanohybrid manifests superior OER performance with a low overpotential, a large current density, a small Tafel slope, and long‐term durability in alkaline solution, outperforming the single component counterparts (pure CoFe2O4 and N‐doped carbon nanofibers) and the commercial RuO2 catalyst. Impressively, the overpotential of CoFe2O4@N‐CNFs at the current density of 30.0 mA cm−2 negatively shifts 186 mV as compared with the commercial RuO2 catalyst and the current density of the CoFe2O4@N‐CNFs at 1.8 V is almost 3.4 times of that on RuO2 benchmark. The present work would open a new avenue for the exploration of cost‐effective and efficient OER electrocatalysts to substitute noble metals for various renewable energy conversion/storage applications.
Topological Field Theory and Computing with Instantons
Authors: Di Ventra Massimiliano , Traversa Fabio L. , Ovchinnikov Igor V.
Published: August 2017

It is well known that dynamical systems may be employed as computing machines. However, not all dynamical systems offer particular advantages compared to the standard paradigm of computation, in regard to efficiency and scalability. Recently, it was suggested that a new type of machines, named digital –hence scalable– memcomputing machines (DMMs), that employ non‐linear dynamical systems with memory, can solve complex Boolean problems efficiently. This result was derived using functional analysis without, however, providing a clear understanding of which physical features make DMMs such an efficient computational tool. Here, we show, using recently proposed topological field theory of dynamical systems, that the solution search by DMMs is a composite instanton. This process effectively breaks the topological supersymmetry common to all dynamical systems, including DMMs. The emergent long‐range order – a collective dynamical behavior– allows logic gates of the machines to correlate arbitrarily far away from each other, despite their non‐quantum character. We exemplify these results with the solution of prime factorization, but the conclusions generalize to DMMs applied to any other Boolean problem.
Zwischen Nationalismus und Internationalismus: die Deutsche Chemische Gesellschaft 1867–1945
Authors: Johnson Jeffrey Allan
Published: August 2017

Vor einhundertfünfzig Jahren, am Vorabend der Gründung des zweiten Deutschen Reichs, sammelten sich in Berlin rund einhundert Menschen, um die Deutsche Chemische Gesellschaft (DChG) zu gründen. Ihr charismatischer Gründungspräsident war August Wilhelm von Hofmann, Prophet einer verblüffend produktiven und profitablen Symbiose zwischen Hochschule und Industrie in der organischen Chemie. Als Emil Fischer 1892 Hofmanns Nachfolger wurde, war die DChG die größte chemische Gesellschaft der Welt, mit mehr als dreitausend Mitgliedern und der auflagenstärksten Chemiezeitschrift, den Berichten. Unter Fischer förderte sie eine rege internationale Zusammenarbeit mit ausländischen Gesellschaften. 1900 kam die Einweihung des Hofmann‐Hauses in Berlin als Sitz der Gesellschaft. Dort wurde die umfangreiche Publikationstätigkeit, darunter die Herausgabe des chemischen Zentralblatts und von Handbüchern, zentralisiert. Doch kaum fünfzig Jahre später, nach Krieg und rassistisch‐nationalistischem Extremismus, lag das Haus in Ruinen und die Gesellschaft hatte aufgehört zu existieren. Der Jahrestag der Gründung dieser Gesellschaft sei hier Anlass zu fragen, warum ein so vielversprechender Anfang zu diesem schändlichen Ende führte.