bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal assessment of probable rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Bjørnarå K. A. , Dietrichs E. , Toft M.
Published: April 2015

Background and purpose

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) is frequently present in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and may have prognostic implications. There are few longitudinal studies of RBD in patients with PD. Our aim was to investigate whether RBD was a persistent feature in a follow‐up study of 107 patients with PD.

Methods

After a mean follow‐up time of 3 years, 96 patients were available for reassessment. Probable RBD (pRBD) was diagnosed by the REM sleep behaviour disorder screening questionnaire.

Results

At follow‐up, pRBD was found in 49% of the patients, versus 38% at baseline. The pRBD status remained unchanged in three‐quarters of the patients, whilst 17% had new pRBD symptoms. Disease duration was longer in the pRBD group, 9.4 vs. 7.6 years (P = 0.02).

Conclusions

Probable RBD is a persistent feature in PD and probably increases over time.
Noncognate DNA damage prevents the formation of the active conformation of the Y‐family DNA polymerases DinB and DNA polymerase κ
Authors: Nevin Philip , Lu Xueguang , Zhang Ke , Engen John R. , Beuning Penny J.
Published: April 2015

Y‐family DNA polymerases are specialized to copy damaged DNA, and are associated with increased mutagenesis, owing to their low fidelity. It is believed that the mechanism of nucleotide selection by Y‐family DNA polymerases involves conformational changes preceding nucleotidyl transfer, but there is limited experimental evidence for such structural changes. In particular, nucleotide‐induced conformational changes in bacterial or eukaryotic Y‐family DNA polymerases have, to date, not been extensively characterized. Using hydrogen–deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, we demonstrate here that the Escherichia coli Y‐family DNA polymerase DinB and its human ortholog DNA polymerase κ undergo a conserved nucleotide‐induced conformational change in the presence of undamaged DNA and the correct incoming nucleotide. Notably, this holds true for damaged DNA containing N2‐furfuryl‐deoxyguanosine, which is efficiently copied by these two polymerases, but not for damaged DNA containing the major groove modification O6‐methyl‐deoxyguanosine, which is a poor substrate. Our observations suggest that DinB and DNA polymerase κ utilize a common mechanism for nucleotide selection involving a conserved prechemical conformational transition promoted by the correct nucleotide and only preferred DNA substrates.
Headache, Cerebral Aneurysms, and the Use of Triptans and Ergot Derivatives
Authors: Baron Eric P.
Published: April 2015

Background

Uncertainty exists regarding the correlation between unruptured cerebral aneurysms and their role in headache etiology. It is also unclear whether surgical endovascular treatment may improve or worsen the headache, and if there are predictable factors for headache outcome such as pre‐existing headache features, aneurysm characteristics, or other medical history. There is debate regarding safe treatment of migraine in patients with aneurysms, both before and after endovascular treatments. Particularly, there is hesitancy to use the triptans and ergot derivatives such as dihydroergotamine because of their vasoconstrictive effects and concern for adverse events related to the aneurysm such as aneurysmal instability and rupture.

Objective

To review the literature regarding the anatomy, pathophysiology, and association between headache, untreated vs surgically treated aneurysms, and the use of triptans and ergot derivatives for migraine treatment in this setting.

Conclusion

Associations between some headaches and aneurysms may exist. Some chronic headaches may respond to surgical aneurysm repair while others may worsen. These associations are undefined by current literature because of variable results, study methods, and limited data. Prospective studies are needed which incorporate pre‐ and post‐procedure headache character and diagnosis, aneurysm characteristics, type of aneurysm repair, associated risk factors for worsening post‐procedure headache, and ultimately combining all of these data to better predict headache outcome following surgical aneurysm treatment. Lastly, the caution and avoidance of triptan and ergot derivative use for migraine in the setting of aneurysm is not supported by the current evidence, and much of this concern may be excessive and unwarranted, although more evidence confirming safety is needed.
Care Ethics and Confucianism: Caring throughLi
Authors: Epley Kelly M.
Published: April 2015

The role ofli, or ritual, in Confucianism is a perceived impediment to interpreting Confucianism to share a similar ethical framework with care ethics because care ethics is a form of moral particularism. I argue that this perception is false. The form of moral particularism promoted by care ethicists does not entail the abandonment of social conventions such asli. On the contrary, providing good care often requires employing systems of readily recognizable norms in order to ensure that care is successfully communicated and completed through one's care‐giving practices. I argue thatliperforms this communicative function well and that the early Confucians recommend breachingliprecisely when its efficacy in performing this function is compromised.
The Distribution of Emotions: Affective Politics of Emancipation
Authors: Bargetz Brigitte
Published: April 2015

Currently, affect and emotions are a widely discussed political topic. At least since the early 1990s, different disciplines—from the social sciences and humanities to science and technoscience—have increasingly engaged in studying and conceptualizing affect, emotion, feeling, and sensation, evoking yet another turn that is frequently framed as the “affective turn.” Within queer feminist affect theory, two positions have emerged: following Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick's well‐known critique, there are either more “paranoid” or more “reparative” approaches toward affect. Whereas the latter emphasize the potentialities of affect, the former argue that one should question the mere idea of affect as liberation and promise. Here, I suggest moving beyond a critique or celebration of affect by embracing the political ambivalence of affect. For this queer feminist theorizing of affective politics, I adapt Jacques Rancière's theory of the political and particularly his understanding of emancipation. Rancière takes emancipation into account without, however, uncritically endorsing or celebrating a politics of liberation. I draw on his famous idea of the “distribution of the sensible” and reframe it as the “distribution of emotions,” by which I develop a multilayered approach toward a nonidentitarian, nondichotomous, and emancipatory queer feminist theory of affective politics.
Cutaneous lymphoma misdiagnosed as chronic lymphadenitis
Authors: Munteanu Mircea , Mohor Georgiana S , Baderca Flavia , Solovan Caius
Published: April 2015

Cutaneous lymphomas (CLs) represent a group of lymphoproliferative disorders that can be difficult to diagnose in the early stage because they could mimic many benign inflammatory dermatoses (chronic eczema, bullous dermatosis, idiopathic erythroderma, psoriasis, lymphadenitis). Primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphomas are a unique and controversial group of skin lymphomas characterised by the absence of extracutaneous manifestations at diagnosis.

We present the case of a 60‐year‐old man with 7‐month history of a growing inguinal mass/tumour, which was misdiagnosed as inguinal chronic lymphadenitis.

Recognition of the correct entity, primary cutaneous diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma leg type, led to an appropriate therapeutic strategy, knowing that these types of tumours behave more aggressively than other types of primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphomas. The patient was discharged with rituximab + chemotherapy indication and favourable outcome.

The aim of the presentation is to describe these common skin manifestations, however seen in a primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma, which underlines the necessity of rigorous monitoring/long‐term follow‐up as well as exhaustive histopathological analysis for the diagnosis.
Vibration Assisted Hot‐Press Sintering of AlN Ceramics
Authors: Feng Bin , Zhou Yao , Peng Cheng , Li Xiaoyan , Liu Juying , Wang Yumei , Rao Pinggen , Wu Jianqing
Published: April 2015

AlN ceramics is very difficult to be sintered due to its strong covalent bonds and low self‐diffusion. In this work, a new hot‐press sintering system assisted by vibration was used to densify AlN ceramics. During hot‐pressing process an additional vibration caused by pressure fluctuation is imposed on the sample. The well‐densified AlN ceramics had been obtained at 1750°C under 15 MPa, or at 1800°C under 10 MPa which were much milder than traditional hot‐press conditions and would be beneficial to prolong working life of the graphite mold. The samples made by this method have a bending strength about 320 MPa. After annealing, it shows a thermal conductivity of 217 W/mK.
The Legal and Political Accountability Structure of ‘Post‐Crisis’ EU Economic Governance
Authors: Dawson Mark
Published: April 2015

How should decision‐making under EU economic governance be understood following the euro‐crisis? This article argues, contra existing depictions, that the post‐crisis EU has increasingly adopted methods of decision‐making in the economic field which marry the decision‐making structure of inter‐governmentalism with the supervisory and implementation framework of the Community Method. While this ‘post‐crisis’ method has arisen for clear reasons – to achieve economic convergence between eurozone states in an environment where previous models of decision‐making were unsuitable or unwanted – it also carries important normative implications. Post‐crisis governance departs from the mechanisms of legal and political accountability present in previous forms of EU decision‐making without substituting new models of accountability in their place. Providing appropriate channels of political and legal control in the EU's ‘new’ economic governance should be seen as a crucial task for the coming decade.
Distinct trajectories of separation anxiety in the preschool years: persistence at school entry and early‐life associated factors
Authors: Battaglia Marco , Touchette Évelyne , Garon‐Carrier Gabrielle , Dionne Ginette , Côté Sylvana M. , Vitaro Frank , Tremblay Richard E. , Boivin Michel
Published: April 2015

Background

Little is known about how children differ in the onset and evolution of separation anxiety (SA) symptoms during the preschool years, and how SA develops into separation anxiety disorder. In a large, representative population‐based sample, we investigated the developmental trajectories of SA symptoms from infancy to school entry, their early associated risk factors, and their associations with teachers' ratings of SA in kindergarten.

Methods

Longitudinal assessment of SA trajectories and risk factors in a cohort of 1,933 families between the ages of 1.5 and 6 years.

Results

Analyses revealed a best‐fitting, 4‐trajectory solution, including a prevailing, unaffected Low‐Persistent group (60.2%), and three smaller groups of distinct developmental course: a High‐Increasing (6.9%), a High‐Decreasing (10.8%), and a Low‐Increasing group (22.1%). The High‐Increasing group remained high throughout the preschool years and was the only trajectory to predict teacher‐assessed SA at age 6 years. Except for the High‐Increasing, all trajectories showed substantial reduction in symptoms by age 6 years. The High‐Increasing and High‐Decreasing groups shared several early risk factors, but the former was uniquely associated with higher maternal depression, maternal smoking during pregnancy, and parental unemployment.

Conclusions

Most children with high SA profile at age 1.5 years are expected to progressively recover by age 4–5. High SA at age 1.5 that persists over time deserves special attention, and may predict separation anxiety disorder. A host of child perinatal, parental and family‐contextual risk factors were associated with the onset and developmental course of SA across the preschool years.
Liraglutide is effective and well tolerated in combination with an oral antidiabetic drug in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized, 52‐week, open‐label, parallel‐group trial
Authors: Kaku Kohei , Kiyosue Arihiro , Ono Yuri , Shiraiwa Toshihiko , Kaneko Shizuka , Nishijima Keiji , Bosch‐Traberg Heidrun , Seino Yutaka
Published: April 2015

Introduction

The safety and efficacy of liraglutide in combination with an oral antidiabetic drug (OAD) compared with combination of two OADs were assessed in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes.

Materials and Methods

This was a 52‐week, open‐label, parallel‐group trial in which patients whose type 2 diabetes was inadequately controlled with a single OAD (glinide, metformin, α‐glucosidase inhibitor or thiazolidinedione) were randomized 2:1 to either pretrial OAD in combination with liraglutide 0.9 mg/day (liraglutide group; n = 240) or pretrial OAD in combination with an additional OAD (additional OAD group; n = 120). The primary outcome measure was the incidence of adverse events (AEs).

Results

Overall, 86.3% of patients in the liraglutide group and 85.0% of patients in the additional OAD group experienced AEs; these were similar in nature and severity. Adverse event rates were 361 and 331 per 100 patient‐years of exposure, respectively. Confirmed hypoglycemia was rare (seven episodes in two patients on liraglutide, and two in two patients on additional OAD). There were no reported pancreatitis events, and no unexpected safety signals were identified. Mean reductions in glycosylated hemoglobin were significantly greater in the liraglutide group than the additional OAD group [estimated mean treatment difference −0.27% (95% confidence interval (CI) −0.44, −0.09; P = 0.0026)]; reductions in mean fasting plasma glucose levels were also greater with liraglutide [estimated mean difference −5.47 mg/dL (−0.30 mmol/L; 95% CI: −10.83, −0.10; P = 0.0458)].

Conclusions

Liraglutide was well tolerated and effective as combination therapy with an OAD in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes.
A simulation study of the interception of prescribing errors by clinical pharmacists in an acute hospital setting
Authors: Caruba Thibaut , Boussadi Abdelali , Lenain Emilie , Korb‐Savoldelli Virginie , Gillaizeau Florence , Durieux Pierre , Sabatier Brigitte
Published: April 2015

Rationale, aims and objectives

To evaluate the performance of several pharmacists in the same department who analysed the same prescriptions in a simulation study.

Methods

One hundred prescriptions were retrospectively extracted from the prospective database of our hospital. Five clinical pharmacists working in the same department were asked to analyse individually the order lines of each prescription as if it were part of their routine daily practice. Afterward, an independent committee of five other clinical pharmacists reviewed the same 100 prescriptions. We calculated the sensitivity and the specificity of error detection in a line order by using the results of the committee as the gold standard.

Results

A total of 908 order lines were analysed (mean 9 ± 3 order lines per prescription). Fifty‐one medication errors were identified by the committee (5.6%), including 23 related to laboratory test results: renal failure, or therapeutic concentrations being too low or too high. The sensitivity of the five pharmacists ranged between 19.6% and 56.9% and the specificity between 92.8% and 98.7%. The rates of agreement between each pharmacist and the committee, assessed using kappa coefficient, were between 0.20 and 0.39. The main factors affecting sensitivity and/or specificity in univariate analysis were the number of drugs per prescription, type of drug prescribed (ATC classification) and the glomerular filtration rate.

Conclusion

Discrepancies between the performances of pharmacists exist, as there are between other health care professionals. Pharmacist training, standardization of the pharmaceutical analysis of drug prescription, and implementation of a clinical decision support system allowing biological values to be linked to drug prescriptions could improve individual performance.
Conference report: interdisciplinary workshop in the philosophy of medicine: parentalism and trust
Authors: Bullock Emma , Gergel Tania , Kingma Elselijn
Published: April 2015

On 13 June 2014, the Centre for the Humanities and Health at King's College London hosted a 1‐day workshop on ‘parentalism and trust’. This workshop was the sixth in a series of workshops whose aim is to provide a new model for high‐quality open interdisciplinary engagement between medical professionals and philosophers. This report briefly describes the workshop methodology and the discussions on the day.
Does teledermatology reduces secondary care referrals and is it acceptable to patients and doctors?: a service evaluation
Authors: Ford John A. , Pereira Augustine
Published: April 2015

Rationale, aims and objectives

Referrals to dermatology for skin lesions is increasing. Teledermatology allows patients to obtain specialist advice remotely. The aim of this study is to assess if teledermatology reduces secondary care dermatology referrals and evaluate its acceptability to patients and clinicians.

Methods

A 24‐month before and after comparative evaluation of a teledermatology service was undertaken involving four non‐randomly allocated intervention practices and 18 control practices. Referral data for 12 months before and after the introduction of teledermatology was compared in intervention and control practices. Patient questionnaires explored their satisfaction and structured user dialogues explored the usefulness and benefits to clinicians. Time series analysis, adjusted for age and sex, was undertaken to assess the impact on secondary care referrals.

Results

There were 195 Telederm referrals during the 12‐month pilot period. Seborrhoeic keratosis was the commonest diagnosis. No action was required in 86 patients. Urgent referral to secondary care was recommended in 64 patients and routine referral in 19. The difference in referral rate before and after was +2.11 referrals per 1000 practice population in the teledermatology group and +1.39 in the control group. This was statistically significant in the adjusted, but not unadjusted, analysis. There was a 14% response rate for the questionnaire. The service was very popular with patients and clinicians. Clinicians highlighted the significant educational benefit.

Conclusion

We did not find any evidence that teledermatology reduced secondary care referral rates but in this small pilot, we found that it increased referrals in the short term. It was very popular among patients and clinicians, especially for its educational value.
Molecular cloning of Salmo salar Toll‐like receptors (TLR1, TLR22, TLR5M and TLR5S) and expression analysis in SHK‐1 cells during Piscirickettsia salmonis infection
Authors: Salazar C , Haussmann D , Kausel G , Figueroa J
Published: April 2015

In fish, the innate immune system is the primary response against infection. Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) recognize pathogens through pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and some target molecules of TLRs are homologous between fish and mammals. Piscirickettsia salmonis is one of the main pathogens affecting the salmon industry in Chile. Better knowledge of mechanisms underlying its invasive capacity and recognition of target cells is crucial for vaccine development. Therefore, Salmo salar L. TLR1, TLR22, membrane TLR5M and soluble TLR5S sequences were cloned, and expression kinetics were analysed by RT‐qPCR in salmon head kidney cells (SHK‐1) infected with three different P. salmonis preparations: alive, formaldehyde treated, extract. Clearly, all analysed TLRs were expressed and transcription level changes were revealed at 2 hpi, 12 or 16 hpi and 24 hpi depending on P. salmonis infection scheme. Increased IL1‐beta expression confirmed TLR pathway response. Furthermore, significant expression modulations of several members of the TLR pathway in this in vitro model suggest that P. salmonis extract rather than formaldehyde‐inactivated bacteria might strengthen the salmon immune system.
Analysis of the amyloid precursor protein role in neuritogenesis reveals a biphasic SH‐SY5Y neuronal cell differentiation model
Authors: da Rocha Joana Fernandes , da Cruz e Silva Odete A. B. , Vieira Sandra Isabel
Published: April 2015

The existence of an intrinsic programme controlling neuritogenesis and activated during early neuronal differentiation and regeneration stages is well established. However, the identity and role of each molecular player and event, as well as how such a programme is modified by environmental signals, remain a focus of research. The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a neuromodulator of the developing and mature nervous system, although in a highly complex manner which is far from clear. To study APP‐induced neuritogenesis, the retinoic acid (RA)‐induced SH‐SY5Y cell differentiation model was first minutely characterized in terms of RA dose, morphological outputs and relevant biochemical markers. The findings reported here unveiled two differentiation phases for the 10 μM RA dose: 1–4 (4 days excluded) and 4–8 days, clearly defined by fold increases in the ratio between APP and acetylated Tubulin. Moreover, we describe, for the first time, a unique peak of secreted APP (sAPP)/APP ratio in the first phase. Subsequent APP and sAPP modulations confirmed that a high sAPP/APP ratio potentiates the elongation of smaller processes at the earlier neuritogenic phase. This sAPP/APP ratio drops in the second phase, as holoAPP levels increase to assist the maintenance of the longer neurites, potentially via their stabilization.

image

We show that SH‐SY5Y cells differentiation (‘Diff.’) induced by 10 µM retinoic acid (RA) is biphasic, and describe the behaviour of the Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein APP and its secreted sAPP fragment in this model. This includes a unique sAPP/APP peak in the first phase, and a plateau for holoAPP in the second phase, both related to APP neuritogenic functions.
7T MRI‐Histologic Correlation Study of Low Specific Absorption Rate T2‐Weighted GRASE Sequences in the Detection of White Matter Involvement in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Bagnato Francesca , Hametner Simon , Pennell David , Dortch Richard , Dula Adrienne N. , Pawate Siddharama , Smith Seth A. , Lassmann Hans , Gore John C. , Welch Edward B.
Published: April 2015

BACKGROUND

The high value of the specific absorption rate (SAR) of radio‐frequency (RF) energy arising from the series of RF refocusing pulses in T2‐weighted (T2‐w) turbo spin echo (TSE) MRI hampers its clinical application at 7.0 Tesla (7T). T2‐w gradient and spin echo (GRASE) uses the speed from gradient refocusing in combination with the chemical‐shift/static magnetic field (B0) inhomogeneity insensitivity from spin‐echo refocusing to acquire T2‐w images with a limited number of refocusing RF pulses, thus reducing SAR.

OBJECTIVES

To investigate whether low SAR T2‐w GRASE could replace T2‐w TSE in detecting white matter (WM) disease in MS patients imaged at 7T.

METHODS

The .7 mm3 isotropic T2‐w TSE and T2‐w GRASE images with variable echo times (TEs) and echo planar imaging (EPI) factors were obtained on a 7T scanner from postmortem samples of MS brains. These samples were derived from brains of 3 female MS patients. WM lesions (WM‐Ls) and normal‐appearing WM (NAWM) signal intensity, WM‐Ls/NAWM contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) and MRI/myelin staining sections comparisons were obtained.

RESULTS

GRASE sequences with EPI factor/TE = 3/50 and 3/75 ms were comparable to the SE technique for measures of CNR in WM‐Ls and NAWM and for detection of WM‐Ls. In all sequences, however, identification of areas with remyelination, Wallerian degeneration, and gray matter demyelination, as depicted by myelin staining, was not possible.

CONCLUSIONS

T2‐w GRASE images may replace T2‐w TSE for clinical use. However, even at 7T, both sequences fail in detecting and characterizing MS disease beyond visible WM‐Ls.
Types and Causes of Injuries of Carers of Adults With Intellectual Disabilities: Observational Study
Authors: Finlayson Janet , Jackson Alison , Mantry Dipali , Morrison Jillian , Cooper Sally‐Ann
Published: April 2015

The aim of this research was to investigate the incidence, types, and causes of injury experienced by a community‐based cohort of family and paid carers of adults with ID (n = 446) in Scotland over a 12‐month period, compared with the age and sex‐matched general population in the same geographical area (n = 1,225). We hypothesized that they would be at an increased risk of injury due to their caring/support role, and particularly as a consequence of caring for adults with ID who present physical aggression. Young and middle‐aged female and older‐aged male carers experienced more injuries in the previous 12 months than did the matched general population, but not significantly so. Contrary to our hypothesis, young and middle‐aged male and older female carers experienced fewer injuries, but this was also not significant. Carers were significantly less likely to experience injury from the use of a tool, implement or equipment (p = .045), and, contrary to our expectations, the carers were not more likely to experience injury from another person's physical aggression (p = .065). Types and causes differed between the carers and the general population. Injuries occur commonly among carers of adults with ID. While carers were not more likely to experience harmful injury from another person's physical aggression, we speculate that the underlying causes of injury are likely to differ between carers and the general population, with the carers being injured due to their carer role. This requires further in‐depth study.
The Use of HCG-Based Combination Therapy for Recovery of Spermatogenesis after Testosterone Use
Authors: Wenker Evan P. , Dupree James M. , Langille Gavin M. , Kovac Jason , Ramasamy Ranjith , Lamb Dolores , Mills Jesse N. , Lipshultz Larry I.
Published: April 2015

Introduction and Aim

About 3 million men take testosterone in the United States with many reproductive-age men unaware of the negative impact of testosterone supplementation on fertility. Addressing this population, we provide an early report on the use of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)-based combination therapy in the treatment of a series of men with likely testosterone-related azoospermia or severe oligospermia.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed charts from two tertiary care infertility clinics to identify men presenting with azoospermia or severe oligospermia (<1 million sperm/mL) while taking exogenous testosterone. All were noted to have been placed on combination therapy, which included 3,000 units HCG subcutaneously every other day supplemented with clomiphene citrate, tamoxifen, anastrozole, or recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (or combination) according to physician preference.

Main Outcome Measure

Clinical outcomes, including hormone values, semen analyses, and clinical pregnancies, were tracked.

Results

Forty-nine men were included in this case series. Return of spermatogenesis for azoospermic men or improved counts for men with severe oligospermia was documented in 47 men (95.9%), with one additional man (2.1%) having a documented pregnancy without follow-up semen analysis. The average time to return of spermatogenesis was 4.6 months with a mean first density of 22.6 million/mL. There was no significant difference in recovery by type of testosterone administered or supplemental therapy. No men stopped HCG or supplemental medications because of adverse events.

Conclusions

We here provide an early report of the feasibility of using combination therapy with HCG and supplemental medications in treating men with testosterone-related infertility. Future discussion and studies are needed to further characterize this therapeutic approach and document the presumed improved tolerability and speed of recovery compared with unaided withdrawal of exogenous testosterone.
Triple Counterpoint and Six‐Four Chords in Bach's Sinfonia in F Minor
Authors: Stoia Nicholas
Published: April 2015

The Sinfonia (Three‐Part Invention) in F minor stands out among J. S. Bach's masterworks of triple counterpoint because of its bold departures from conventional practices of dissonance treatment and harmonic syntax with respect to six‐four chords, licence that Bach takes to accommodate thematic material in the bass. This essay explores several interrelated musical components central to the extraordinary nature of the piece: the polyphonic structure of the subject and the transferred resolution of its most prominent dissonance; the above‐mentioned departures from conventional treatment of six‐four chords; the altered linear and harmonic meanings of the subject, first countersubject and second countersubject in the context of modulation via auxiliary cadence; Bach's use of particular permutations to mark with perfect authentic cadences both keys and sections of form; and his use of certain permutations to create a prolongational structure on a deep middleground level. The essay also briefly explores the views of the eighteenth‐century theorists Johann Philipp Kirnberger and Friedrich Wilhelm Marpurg regarding six‐four chords in the context of invertible counterpoint; Bach's employment of melodic and cadential formulas common in eighteenth‐century fugue andpartimento; and the descriptions of those cadential formulas by several seventeenth‐ and eighteenth‐century theorists.
Is donating a kidney to a friend bad for your marriage?
Authors: Serur David , Charlton Marian , Bretzlaff Gretchen , Sinacore Joseph , Christos Paul , Gordon‐Elliott Janna
Published: April 2015

Studies have shown that kidney donation to a spouse has a positive impact on marriage. This study was done to evaluate the impact on marriage when donation occurs to someone other than the spouse. Two groups of donors from our centre who donated around the same period were studied: donation to a spouse (spouse donor (SD)) or to someone other than the spouse (non‐spouse donor (ND)). A survey, the Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale, was used to evaluate the effect of donation on the marriage. This tool consists of 14 questions that measure how satisfying and stable the relationship is. The results showed equal or better marriage scores in the ND group compared with the SD group. The NDs scored higher on two questions, one regarding agreement or disagreement on career choices (P = 0.05) and the other regarding the frequency of having stimulating exchanges of ideas with one's spouse (P = 0.02). With the highest possible total score of 69, NDs scored 53.4 and SDs scored 47.7 (P = 0.16). Scores of 47 and below indicate marital distress. In one final additional question, 97% of NDs reported ‘no change or good effect’ on the marriage, similar to 91% for SDs (P = 0.46). This is the first study to evaluate the effect of kidney donation on the state of marriage when the spouse is not the recipient. It appears that marriage is not impacted negatively when kidney donation occurs to someone other than the spouse.
Remarks on typification of nineteen names in Tamarix (Tamaricaceae)
Authors: Villar Jose L. , Alonso María Angeles , Juan Ana , Crespo Manuel B.
Published: April 2015

The earlier typifications of 12 names of Tamarix (T. arabica, T. aralensis, T. boveana, T. chinensis, T. hohenackeri, T. karelinii, T. kotschyi, T. leptopetala, T. laxa var. araratica, T. laxa var. subspicata, T. mannifera var. persica and T. pycnocarpa) are discussed. In eight cases, a second‐step lectotype was selected, because several specimens of the type collection were found at the herbaria where the first‐step lectotypes were indicated. Five previous indications of holotypes were corrected to lectotype designations, as no particular specimens had been explicitly mentioned in the protologue. The typifications of T. hampeana and T. mascatensis are clarified. Moreover, four additional names (T. bengalensis, T. gallica var. arborea, T. mannifera var. purpurascens and T. passerinoides var. macrocarpa) are lectotypified, and an epitype is selected for T. pallasii var. macrostemon. Lectotypes are designated from the material present at G‐BOIS, P, P‐LOUR, PRC, and W. Most of the 19 names treated in this work were described in the 18th and 19th centuries by important European botanists such as Bunge (12), Boissier (1), Candolle (1), Ehrenberg (3) and Loureiro (1).
Molecular signals required for the establishment and maintenance of ectomycorrhizal symbioses
Authors: Garcia Kevin , Delaux Pierre‐Marc , Cope Kevin R. , Ané Jean‐Michel
Published: April 2015

Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) symbioses are among the most widespread associations between roots of woody plants and soil fungi in forest ecosystems. These associations contribute significantly to the sustainability and sustainagility of these ecosystems through nutrient cycling and carbon sequestration. Unfortunately, the molecular mechanisms controlling the mutual recognition between both partners are still poorly understood. Elegant work has demonstrated that effector proteins from ECM and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi regulate host defenses by manipulating plant hormonal pathways. In parallel, genetic and evolutionary studies in legumes showed that a ‘common symbiosis pathway’ is required for the establishment of the ancient AM symbiosis and has been recruited for the rhizobia–legume association. Given that genes of this pathway are present in many angiosperm trees that develop ectomycorrhizas, we propose their potential involvement in some but not all ECM associations. The maintenance of a successful long‐term relationship seems strongly regulated by resource allocation between symbiotic partners, suggesting that nutrients themselves may serve as signals. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the early and late signal exchanges between woody plants and ECM fungi, and we suggest future directions for decoding the molecular basis of the underground dance between trees and their favorite fungal partners.
Mandibular canal, foramina of the mandible and their variations: part II: the clinical relevance of the preoperative radiographic evaluation and report of five cases
Authors: Eliades A.N. , Papadeli Ch. , Tsirlis A.T.
Published: April 2015

Aims

In part I of the article, a detailed description of the anatomical variations of the mandibular canal and the foramina of the mandible was given. The aim of part II is to discuss the clinical relevance of the anatomical variations.

Materials and methods

A literature review was carried out, and five cases of mandibular canal variations are reported.

Results

Anatomical variations of the mandibular canal and foramina of the mandible are reported in bibliography. Bifid and double mandibular canals have been firstly reported in 1973. Since then, the anatomical variations of the mandibular canal have been described by case reports, cadaveric and retrospective radiological studies. It has been proved that the inferior alveolar nerve gives communication fibers to other nerves and extraosseous branches, before entering the mandibular canal, whereas even if it enters the mandible, it branches during its course into the canal. Also, the supplementary innervation of mandibular teeth and periodontal tissues by the long buccal and mylohyoid nerves has been suggested. Several authors also reported the existence of retromolar foramen and supplementary buccal and lingual foramina and their important role either in vascularisation or innervation.

Conclusions

The neurovascular contents of the mandibular canals and foramina gain more importance in oral surgery and implantology because these components are vulnerable to damage during implant placement and sagittal split osteotomy surgery, and complications may occur during the surgery (i.e. unsuspected bleeding, nerve injury). Also, clinicians should be aware of accessory foramina or canals of the mandible in understanding failed inferior alveolar nerve block.
Onychopapilloma Presenting as Longitudinal Erythronychia in an Adolescent
Authors: Beggs Sarah , Butala Niraj , Heymann Warren R. , Rubin Adam I.
Published: April 2015

We report a case of pediatric onychopapilloma that presented with monodactylous longitudinal erythronychia. Pediatric dermatologists should be aware that this rare, benign nail unit tumor can occur in children. Clinicians should recognize its clinical and histologic presentation and be cognizant of management options.
Television viewing time and risk of eating disorders in Spanish adolescents: AVENA and AFINOS studies
Authors: Martínez‐Gómez David , Veses Ana M , Gómez‐Martínez Sonia , Pérez de Heredia Fátima , Castillo Ruth , Santaliestra‐Pasias Alba M , Calle Maria Elisa , Garcia‐Fuentes Miguel , Veiga Oscar Luis , Marcos Ascensión
Published: April 2015

Background

Effective preventive interventions for both eating disorders and obesity in adolescence should be focused on shared risk factors. We analyzed the association between television (TV) viewing time and the risk of eating disorders, as well as the potential role of obesity in this association.

Methods

The sample consisted of a total of 3458 Spanish adolescents, aged 13–18.5 years, from the Food and Assessment of the Nutritional Status of Adolescents (AVENA) and Physical Activity as a Preventive Measure of the Development of Overweight, Obesity, Allergies, Infections, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adolescents (AFINOS) studies. Adolescents’ TV time was assessed by self‐report. Body mass index was calculated and the adolescents were classified into non‐overweight and overweight–obesity. The risk of eating disorders was evaluated using the SCOFF questionnaire.

Results

Adolescents who watched TV >1 h/day had a higher risk for eating disorders, compared with those adolescents who watch TV <1 h/day. Also, overweight–obese adolescents had a higher risk for eating disorders than those who were non‐overweight. Analyses across groups of TV viewing time and weight status showed similar trends, so that the higher the time spent in TV viewing, the higher the risk of eating disorders, regardless of weight status.

Conclusions

TV viewing time might be a focal point for prevention of both eating disorders and obesity in adolescence.
The Metaphysics of Social Groups
Authors: Ritchie Katherine
Published: April 2015

Social groups, including racial and gender groups and teams and committees, seem to play an important role in our world. This article examines key metaphysical questions regarding groups. I examine answers to the question ‘Do groups exist?’ I argue that worries about puzzles of composition, motivations to accept methodological individualism, and a rejection of Racialism support a negative answer to the question. An affirmative answer is supported by arguments that groups are efficacious, indispensible to our best theories, and accepted given common sense. Then, I turn to an examination of the features of social groups. I argue that social groups can be divided into (at least) two sorts. Groups of Type 1 are organized social groups like courts and clubs. Groups of Type 2 are groups like Blacks, women, and lesbians. While groups of both sorts have some features in common, they also have marked differences in features. Finally, I turn to views of the nature of social groups. I argue that the difference in features provides evidence that social groups do not have a uniform nature. Teams and committees are structured wholes, while race and gender groups are social kinds.
Framing civil life in elizabethan ireland: Bryskett, spenser and The Discourse of Civill Life
Authors: Wadoski Andrew
Published: April 2015

This paper argues that Lodowick Bryskett's account of a conversation with Edmund Spenser in The Discourse of Civill Life (1606), in which a broadly Aristotelian ethical framework is coordinated with the social ends of the Protestant empire building, examines the collisions of humanist theory and governmental practice in the New English polity in Ireland. It interrogates both the possibility of a coherent philosophical foundation for political action and the transformative pressures exerted by the exercise of political power on those philosophical precepts. The Discourse thus shows the complex and contrasting ways in which two figures at the vanguard of Elizabethan moral philosophy, and on the fraught and violent front lines of Elizabethan imperial power, sought to mediate humanist ideals about the nature and practice of civil life with the daily exigencies of establishing and maintaining the early modern colonial state.
An Anatomy of Nationhood and the Question of Assimilation: Debates on Turkishness Revisited
Authors: Al Serhun
Published: April 2015

Scholars have primarily debated the anatomy ofTurkishness within the framework of an ethnic versus civic dichotomy. Arguing that such an approach would be inconclusive and less explanatory, this article approachesTurkishness from a singularity/plurality framework. First, the article emphasizes the singular nature ofTurkishness – defined as monolithic nationhood – in the early Republican years that rejected any alternative identity approaches other than the definition of the state elites. Second, the article argues that the homogenization of the nation by the new state targeted those who considered themselvesTurks as well, especially those who did not fit the ‘ideal’ or ‘imagined’Turk (i.e. Muslim but secular, urban, and Western). The final section analyses the persistence and change in the monolithic nationhood inTurkey throughout the twentieth century and considers the implications of the state's recent identity policies on the meaning ofTurkishness.
‘Facebook Helped Me Do It’: Understanding the EuroMaidan Protester ‘Tool‐Kit’
Authors: Onuch Olga
Published: April 2015

This article examines the role of Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) and, specifically, social media in the EuroMaidan mobilization process. Based on extensive data collection (surveys, interviews, focus groups, and digital archival research), this article argues that, while social media was not the only mechanism behind the mobilization of millions of Ukrainians, it was an important part of the larger ‘tool‐kit’ drawn upon by protesters. Specifically, ICTs allowed activists to facilitate connectivity, coordinate the mobilization process, speed up the flow of information, and create opportunities for grassroots self‐organization by ‘ordinary’ citizens who participated in the protests. Furthermore, the virtual nature of these tools made it possible for a wide range of Ukrainians to cross socio‐economic, regional, and even linguistic boundaries to consolidate a ‘new’ collective civic identity. The article also highlights that these new protest ‘tools’ had a de‐mobilizing effect: while the protest claims were not centred around Ukrainian language or nationality in 2014, but rather on civic identity and the protection of human rights, social media provided radical voices with an efficient vehicle to shape the terms of public discourse. The speed at which social media was used made it possible to spread misinformation, confuse protesters and international observers alike, and even hinder the very aims of the protesters.
Vitamin D effect on umbilical cord blood characteristics: a comparison between African Americans and Caucasians
Authors: Eldjerou Lamis K. , Cogle Christopher R. , Rosenau Emma H. , Lu Xiaomin , Bennett Clay A. , Sugrue Michele W. , Hoyne Jonathan , Lambert Amy , Ashley Lindsay , Sazama Kathleen , Fields Gary , Wingard John R. , Zubair Abba C.
Published: April 2015

BACKGROUND

Umbilical cord blood (UCB) units collected from African Americans (AAs) have lower total nucleated cell (TNC) and CD34+ cell counts and are more likely to disqualify for banking compared to other ethnic groups. Furthermore, AAs have higher prevalence of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) deficiency. Given the importance of 25(OH)D in hematopoiesis, we examined the racial differences in UCB unit 25(OH)D content and its correlation with UCB cellular characteristics.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

A total of 119 UCB units that did not meet the TNC count banking criteria were analyzed. Fifty‐one UCB units were collected from AA mothers and 68 from Caucasian mothers. We analyzed UCB volume, hematocrit (Hct), TNCs, mononuclear cells (MNCs), CD34+ cells, plasma 25(OH)D concentration, and progenitor clonogenic capacity measured by colony‐forming cell (CFC) assay.

RESULTS

Compared to Caucasians, AAs had significantly lower UCB 25(OH)D levels (p < 0.0001), TNCs (p = 0.002), MNCs (p = 0.026), and CD34+ cells (p = 0.026). Severe deficiency (25(OH)D < 10 ng/mL) was only detected in AAs. No difference in median CFC count/10,000 MNCs was detected between AAs and Caucasians. Independent of race, a significant association was detected between 25(OH)D level and TNCs (r = 0.193 p = 0.035) and Hct (r = 0.196 p = 0.033).

CONCLUSION

These results indicate the importance of 25(OH)D level as a racially independent predictor of UCB cellular characteristics and support further investigation of bioactive vitamin D and other predictors of hematopoiesis on cord blood quality.
Livestock Keepers' Reasons for Doing and Not Doing Things Which Governments, Vets and Scientists Would Like Them to Do
Authors: Garforth C.
Published: April 2015

Farmers are rational. They do what makes sense to them in the particular circumstances of their farm, family and business. The challenge for those who want to influence farmers' behaviour – policy makers, veterinarians, public health professionals – is to understand their rationality, to gain some insight into how they see the world and the various options it offers to them. This study explores some of the reasons that emerge from recent research on why their decisions are not always the ones that other people expect or want them to take. These include differences in values, motivations, social influences and behavioural types. Also relevant is how farmers view the sources from which advice and information are seen to come: some advice is rejected simply because a farmer does not see the person or organization as a trustworthy source. It is now widely accepted that farmers' motivations for continuing what they are doing, and for changing what they are doing, are not simply economic or financial. Their decisions cannot be predicted on the basis of simplistic notions of ‘economic rationality’. While costs and returns are clearly important in weighing up choices (and farm management economics has given us several useful tools and methodologies for analysing these), farmers operate within a social context that both constrains and facilitates their behavioural choices. They have complex sets of core values, just like anyone else, which will make some choices more attractive than others that are potentially more rewarding financially. It is therefore appropriate to look to the wider family of social sciences beyond economics, including sociology, psychology and social psychology, to help us understand more fully the factors that inform and influence farm‐level decisions. And this improved understanding should make us better at designing policy and advisory interventions that will benefit farmers and society.