bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and Hospitalizations of Cardiovascular Disease Complications in Adults with Diabetes: A Comprehensive USDDS Database Analysis
Authors: Ken-Eze Udoka Charity , Onyekachukwu Ozojide Kingsley , Anamazobi Eberechukwu.G. , Okobi Okelue Edwards , Olawoye Adedoyin , Efe Ubogun Ogheneakpobor
Published: June 2024

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among adults with diabetes. Understanding the prevalence and trends in hospitalizations for CVD complications in this population is crucial for informing healthcare strategies and interventions.
Aim: This study aimed to analyze the prevalence and hospitalization rates of CVD complications among adults with diabetes using data from the USDSS database.
Methods: This retrospective study analyzed USDSS database data from 2000 to 2020, exploring CVD complications' prevalence and hospitalization patterns in adults with diabetes.The study explored prevalence rates of major CVD complications, including heart disease and stroke, alongside demographic factors like age, gender, race/ethnicity, and education level. Hospitalization rates for ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and stroke were calculated. Temporal trends were analyzed graphically, and statistical tests (chi-square, ANOVA) with a significance level of p<0.05 were conducted.
Results: The analysis revealed notable temporal trends in major heart disease prevalence and stroke rates among adults with diabetes. Over the study period, major heart disease incidence increased from 2.7 in 2000 to 4.9 in 2022, with an average of 4.22. Prevalence ranged from its lowest at 18.2% in 2014 to its highest at 23.7% in 2001, with the latest at 17.4% in 2022. Stroke cases rose steadily from 1.1 in 2000 to 2.1 in 2022, with the latest prevalence at 7.4%. Subgroup analysis revealed variations across gender, age, race, and education levels. Hospitalization rates for CVD declined from 78.6 per 1,000 in 2000 to 46 per 1,000 in 2020. Rates for ischemic heart disease decreased from 32.2 per 1,000 to 10.2 per 1,000, heart failure from 20.7 per 1,000 to 15 per 1,000, and stroke from 9.4 per 1,000 to 8.4 per 1,000.
Conclusion: This study provides valuable insights into the prevalence and hospitalization trends of cardiovascular disease complications among adults with diabetes in the United States. The findings underscore the importance of targeted interventions to reduce the burden of CVD in this population.
Optimizing Spacing and Nutrient Management for Enhanced Growth and Yield of Summer Green Gram (Vigna radiata L.): A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Saini Naveen , Patil Sushant Sukumar , Birunagi Swapnil Mahesh
Published: June 2024

Summer green gram (Vigna radiata L.), a vital legume in many agricultural systems, requires precise agronomic practices to maximize its growth and yield. This review examines the influence of optimized plant spacing and nutrient management on the performance of summer green gram. Proper spacing is crucial for minimizing competition for resources among plants, ensuring adequate sunlight, and promoting effective pest and disease control. Different plant densities and their impact on biomass production, pod formation, and seed quality are analysed. Nutrient management, particularly the balanced application of macro and micronutrients, plays a significant role in enhancing physiological and biochemical processes in the plant. The review highlights the importance of integrating organic and inorganic fertilizers to improve soil fertility, boost microbial activity, and increase nutrient uptake efficiency. Studies indicate that appropriate nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium levels, along with essential micronutrients like zinc and boron, are vital for optimal plant development and yield. The synergistic effects of spacing and nutrient strategies on green gram's growth parameters, including plant height, leaf area index, nodulation, and chlorophyll content, are explored. This comprehensive review synthesizes current research findings and offers practical recommendations for farmers and agronomists aiming to enhance green gram productivity sustainably. By adopting optimal spacing and tailored nutrient management practices, significant improvements in yield and resource use efficiency can be achieved, contributing to food security and agricultural sustainability. The review underscores the need for continued research to refine these agronomic practices under diverse environmental conditions to fully realize the potential of summer green gram cultivation.
Adaptation and crosscultural validation of the foot impact scale for rheumatoid arthritis using Rasch analysis
Authors: Woodburn James , Turner Deborah E. , Rosenbaum Dieter , Balint Geza , Korda Judit , Ormos Gabor , Szabo Aniko , Vliet Vlieland Thea P. M. , van der Leeden Marike , Steultjens Martijn P. M.
Published: February 2012

Objective

To adapt and crossculturally validate the Foot Impact Scale for Rheumatoid Arthritis (FIS‐RA) using Rasch analysis.

Methods

The FIS‐RA was translated from English to German, Hungarian, and Dutch target languages and administered to 653 rheumatoid arthritis patients. Rasch analysis was undertaken on the impairment/footwear (FIS‐RAIF) and activity limitation/participation restriction subscales for each language version separately and for pooled data. Overall fit to the Rasch model, item and person fit, unidimensionality, differential item function (DIF), and local response dependency were tested. To meet Rasch model assumptions, item deletion, subtests analysis, and item‐splitting strategies were adopted.

Results

With the exception of the Hungarian FIS‐RAIF subscale, preliminary fit to the Rasch model was unsuccessful for all target languages individually and for pooled data. Multidimensionality, misfitting items, local dependency, and DIF by age, sex, disease duration, and language were observed. With adjustment, fit to the Rasch model was satisfactorily achieved for all language versions. For the pooled data, the Rasch model assumptions for crosscultural validity were met following item deletion, subtest analysis, and item splitting for language DIF.

Conclusion

With adaptations, the FIS‐RA was successfully translated and crossculturally validated for use in 4 European languages. The 2 subscales can be used at the individual level for patient assessment and at the group level for research purposes.
Adherence with intravenous zoledronate and intravenous ibandronate in the United States medicare population
Authors: Curtis Jeffrey R. , Yun Huifeng , Matthews Robert , Saag Kenneth G. , Delzell Elizabeth
Published: February 2012

Objective

To evaluate adherence to drug therapy among new users of zoledronate and intravenous (IV) ibandronate among US Medicare enrollees.

Methods

We used data from the Medicare 5% random sample to evaluate new users of IV zoledronate and IV ibandronate with continuous Part A and Part B fee‐for‐service coverage. The outcome was adherence as quantified by the proportion of days covered (PDC) measured continuously and dichotomously (≥80%). Followup time extended from 18–27 months for all individuals. Factors associated with low adherence to zoledronate were evaluated with logistic regression.

Results

We identified 775 new users of zoledronate and 846 new users of IV ibandronate. For both drugs, 30–48% of the first infusions were given in an outpatient infusion center, not in a physician's office. The mean PDC for zoledronate users was 82%, which was greater than the mean PDC for the IV ibandronate users (58–62% depending on the time period; P < 0.0001). Approximately 30% of zoledronate users did not receive a second infusion. Factors associated with low adherence to zoledronate included older age and receipt of the first infusion in an outpatient infusion center rather than a physician's office.

Conclusion

Less frequently dosed IV bisphosphonates have not resolved the problem of suboptimal adherence with prescription osteoporosis medications. Interventions continue to be warranted to improve long‐term adherence to osteoporosis treatments.
Impact of process parameters on critical performance attributes of a continuous blender—A DEM‐based study
Authors: Dubey Atul , Vanarase Aditya U. , Muzzio Fernando J.
Published: February 2012

A discrete element method‐based computational study carried out to study the effect of impeller design, speed, and input feed rate on the performance of a continuous powder blender is presented. The blender performance was characterized using the mean particle residence time, the residence time distribution, the number of blade passes experienced by the powder, and the mean centered variance. The powder residence time decreased with increasing impeller speed; however, the number of blade passes experienced a maximum at an intermediate speed. The effects of feed rate and impeller design were more prominent at lower speeds. Lower feed rate resulted in the powder experiencing higher number of blade passes. The number of blade passes was also higher for the alternate blade pattern when compared to the forward pattern. The computational findings were compared with an experimental study which showed that the model captured the essential flow dynamics well. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Secondary nucleation of Aβ fibrils on liposome membrane
Authors: Shimanouchi Toshinori , Kitaura Nachi , Onishi Ryo , Umakoshi Hiroshi , Kuboi Ryoichi
Published: February 2012

The amyloid fibrils of amyloid β protein (Aβ) from Alzheimer's disease are likely to show the cytotoxicity, depending on their morphology. The relationship between the nucleation kinetics of the Aβ fibrils and their morphology has been investigated. From the perspective of a crystallization technique assuming primary/secondary nucleation steps and an elongation step, the secondary nucleation rate B [# m−3 s−1], was experimentally and coarsely determined by using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy combined with thioflavin T. In an aqueous solution, linear and rigid fibrils were formed with a relatively smaller B value ((2.83 ± 0.55) × 105 # m−3 s−1), whereas spherulitic amyloid assemblies were formed in the presence of negatively charged liposome including oxidized lipids, with a larger B value ((7.65 ± 0.47) × 105 # m−3 s−1). Those findings should lead to a better understanding of the mechanism for the formation of fibrils and senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Lack of association of the 5‐HT3A receptor with schizophrenia
Authors: Nothdurfter Caroline , Giegling Ina , Konte Bettina , Hartmann Annette M. , Konnerth Heike , Friedl Marion , Rammes Gerhard , Rupprecht Rainer , Rujescu Dan
Published: February 2012

The serotonin type 3 (5‐HT3) receptor (R) belongs to the family of ligand‐gated ion channels. It is supposed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and might also represent an interesting target for the pharmacological treatment of this disorder. In this study, we searched for variations within the 5‐HT3A receptor gene which might be specifically associated to schizophrenia. Twenty‐nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of 943 schizophrenic patients compared to 2,343 healthy individuals were analyzed. SNPs were selected taking into account previous results on a 5‐HT3A receptor domain involved in neuroleptic binding. Dominant logistic and linear regression models were calculated for the phenotypes number of hospitalizations, duration of hospitalization, age at onset and case–control. The data did not show significant associations of any SNP under investigation specific for schizophrenic patients. In conclusion, our study does not support the hypothesis that the 5‐HT3A receptor plays a major role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gait selection and the ontogeny of quadrupedal walking in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis)
Authors: Young Jesse W.
Published: February 2012

Locomotor researchers have long known that adult primates employ a unique footfall sequence during walking. Most mammals use lateral sequence (LS) gaits, in which hind foot touchdowns are followed by ipsilateral forefoot touchdowns. In contrast, most quadrupedal primates use diagonal sequence (DS) gaits, in which hind foot touchdowns are followed by contralateral forefoot touchdowns. However, gait selection in immature primates is more variable, with infants and juveniles frequently using LS gaits either exclusively or in addition to DS gaits. I explored the developmental bases for this phenomenon by examining the ontogeny of gait selection in juvenile squirrel monkeys walking on flat and simulated arboreal substrates (i.e., a raised pole). Although DS gaits predominated throughout development, the juvenile squirrel monkeys nonetheless utilized LS gaits in one‐third of the ground strides and in one‐sixth of pole strides. Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that gait selection within the juvenile squirrel monkey sample was not significantly associated with either age or body mass per se, arguing against the oft‐cited argument that general neuromuscular maturation is responsible for ontogenetic changes in preferred footfall sequence. Rather, lower level biomechanical variables, specifically the position of the whole‐body center of mass and the potential for interference between ipsilateral fore and hindlimbs, best explained variation in footfall patterns. Overall, results demonstrate the promise of developmental studies of growth and locomotor development to serve as “natural laboratories” in which to explore how variability in morphology is, or is not, associated with variability in locomotor behavior. Am J Phys Anthropol 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Benzotriazole‐Bridged Sensitizers Containing a Furan Moiety for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells with High Open‐Circuit Voltage Performance
Authors: Mao Jiangyi , Guo Fuling , Ying Weijiang , Wu Wenjun , Li Jing , Hua Jianli
Published: February 2012

Two new benzotriazole‐bridged sensitizers are designed and synthesized (BTA‐I and BTA‐II) containing a furan moiety for dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Two corresponding dyes (BTA‐III and BTA‐IV) with a thiophene spacer were also synthesized for comparison. All of these dyes performed as sensitizers for DSSCs, and the photovoltaic performance data of these benzotriazole‐bridged dyes showed a high open‐circuit voltage (Voc: 804–834 mV). Among the four dyes, DSSCs based on BTA‐II, with a furan moiety and branched alkyl chain, showed the highest Voc (834 mV), a photocurrent density (Jsc) of 12.64 mA cm−2, and a fill factor (FF) of 0.64, corresponding to an overall conversion efficiency (η) of 6.72 %. Most importantly, long‐term stability of the BTA‐I, BTA‐II, BTA‐III, BTA‐IV‐based DSSCs with ionic‐liquid electrolytes under 1000 h light‐soaking was demonstrated, and BTA‐II exhibited better photovoltaic performance of up to 5.06 % power conversion efficiency.
A modular approach to the design of protein‐based smart gels
Authors: Grove Tijana Z. , Forster Jason , Pimienta Genaro , Dufresne Eric , Regan Lynne
Published: February 2012

The modular nature of repeat proteins makes them a versatile platform for the design of smart materials with predetermined properties. Here, we present a general strategy for combining protein modules with specified stability and function into arrays for the assembly of stimuli‐responsive gels. We have designed tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) arrays which contain peptide‐binding modules that specify the strength and reversibility of network crosslinking in combination with spacer modules that specify crosslinking geometry and overall stability of the array. By combining such arrays with multivalent peptide ligands, self‐supporting stimuli‐responsive gels are formed. Using microrheology, we characterized the kinetics of gelation as a function of concentration and stoichiometry of the components. We also show that such gels are effective in encapsulating and releasing small molecules. Moreover, TPR gels alone are fully compatible with cell growth, whereas gels loaded with an anticancer compound release the compound, resulting in cell death. Thus, we have demonstrated that this new class of tunable biomaterials is ripe for further development as tissue engineering and drug delivery platform. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 97:508–519, 2012.
Drigalski‐Spatel zum Selbermachen
Authors: Schrödel Andrea
Published: February 2012

Aus zuvor isolierten Bakterienkolonien können Kulturen auf Agarplatten angelegt werden, indem man eine Bakteriensuspension gleichmäßig auf der Platte verteilt. Besteht die verwendete Bakteriensuspension ausschließlich aus Abkömmlingen einer zuvor isolierten Ursprungszelle, spricht man von einer Reinkultur. Das homogene Wachstum einer Reinkultur auf einer Agarplatte ist unter anderem Voraussetzung für Empfindlichkeitsprüfungen (Antibiotikaresistenztests). Zum Ausstrich der Suspension wird üblicherweise ein nach seinem Erfinder benannter Spatel – der Drigalski‐Spatel – verwendet. Was aber, wenn schnell ein Bakterienausstrich angefertigt werden soll, aber kein Drigalski‐Spatel im Labor auffindbar ist?
Hetero‐oligophenylene‐Based AIEE Material as a Multiple Probe for Biomolecules and Metal Ions to Construct Logic Circuits: Application in Bioelectronics and Chemionics
Authors: Bhalla Vandana , Vij Varun , Dhir Abhimanew , Kumar Manoj
Published: February 2012

New hetero‐oligophenylene derivative (2) was synthesized which exhibits aggregation‐induced emission enhancement (AIEE) in H2O/THF (80:20). The aggregates serve as a biological probe for three different proteins, that is bovine serum albumin (BSA), cytochrome c, and lysozyme, and DNA in contrasting modes. Further, among 29 metal ions tested, the contrasting fluorescence behavior of aggregates of 2 is observed with only Pb2+ and Pd2+ ions. Multiple output logic circuits based upon the fluorescence behavior between BSA and cytochrome c and between Pb2+ and Pd2+ ions are constructed.
Fueled by microtubules: Does tubulin dimer/polymer partitioning regulate intracellular metabolism?
Authors: Cassimeris Lynne , Silva Victoria Caruso , Miller Elizabeth , Ton Quynh , Molnar Cody , Fong John
Published: February 2012

Microtubules (MTs) or their subunits, tubulin dimers, interact with multiple components that contribute to intracellular metabolic pathways. MTs are required for insulin‐dependent transport of glucose transporter 4 to the plasma membrane, they bind most glycolytic enzymes and are required for translation of the mRNA encoding hypoxia inducible factor‐1α. Tubulin dimers bind the voltage‐dependent anion channel of the mitochondrial outer membrane; this channel functions in metabolite transport in and out of mitochondria. We hypothesize that tubulin partitioning between dimer and polymer pools regulates multiple steps in metabolism, where metabolic output is greatest when both tubulin dimers and MT polymers are present and reduced by drug treatments that disrupt this normal balance. Experimental evidence from these drug‐induced changes in tubulin dimer/polymer partitioning supports our model for several metabolic steps. Signal transduction pathways that stabilize or destabilize MTs can shift the normal ratio between unpolymerized and polymerized tubulin dimers, and one downstream consequence of this shift in tubulin partitioning could be a change in metabolic output. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
Clinical impact of leukemic blast heterogeneity at diagnosis in cytogenetic intermediate‐risk acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Hoffmann Marianne Hutchings , Klausen Tobias Wirenfeldt , Boegsted Martin , Larsen Steffen Falgreen , Schmitz Alexander , Leinoe Eva Birgitte , Schmiegelow Kjeld , Hasle Henrik , Bergmann Olav Jonas , Sorensen Suzette , Nyegaard Mette , Dybkær Karen , Johnsen Hans Erik
Published: February 2012

Background:

Individual cellular heterogeneity within the acute myeloid leukemia (AML) bone marrow samples can be observed by multi parametric flow cytometry analysis (MFC) indicating that immunophenotypic screening for leukemic blast subsets may have prognostic impact.

Material and methods:

Samples from de novo AML patients of all cytogenetic risk groups were collected at diagnosis and subjected to MFC based on a four‐color antibody panels against 33 CD membrane markers and retrospectively analyzed for the leukemia blast expression pattern and mean fluorescence intensity. Identification of the leukemic blast cells was based on right angle light scatter (SSC) and expression of CD45 and the cellular heterogeneity identified by the presence of at least two distinct subsets by any CD marker.

Results:

Analysis of marrow samples from 86 patients with cytogenetic intermediate risk identified recurrent heterogeneous blast phenotypes for selected CD markers, three of which had prognostic impact with loss or gain of CD58, CD117, or CD14 expression.

Multivariate Cox regression analysis of diagnostic variables identified poor prognostic factors: Age >55 years, presence of extramedullary disease, WHO performance score >2, a heterogeneous CD58, CD117, or CD14 expression on blast cells. Each variable added to a simple and clinical useful and MFC based prognostic score system associated to inferior survival in the intermediate risk group of AML patients.

Conclusions:

These observations support that leukemic blast heterogeneity detected by MFC has additional prognostic significance in de novo AML; however, the score system needs to be prospectively validated in future clinical trials before implementation. © 2012 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Genetic signatures of a demographic collapse in a large‐bodied forest dwelling primate (Mandrillus leucophaeus)
Authors: Ting Nelson , Astaras Christos , Hearn Gail , Honarvar Shaya , Corush Joel , Burrell Andrew S. , Phillips Naomi , Morgan Bethan J. , Gadsby Elizabeth L. , Raaum Ryan , Roos Christian
Published: February 2012

It is difficult to predict how current climate change will affect wildlife species adapted to a tropical rainforest environment. Understanding how population dynamics fluctuated in such species throughout periods of past climatic change can provide insight into this issue. The drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) is a large‐bodied rainforest adapted mammal found in West Central Africa. In the middle of this endangered monkey's geographic range is Lake Barombi Mbo, which has a well‐documented palynological record of environmental change that dates to the Late Pleistocene. We used a Bayesian coalescent‐based framework to analyze 2,076 base pairs of mitochondrial DNA across wild drill populations to infer past changes in female effective population size since the Late Pleistocene. Our results suggest that the drill underwent a nearly 15‐fold demographic collapse in female effective population size that was most prominent during the Mid Holocene (approximately 3‐5 Ka). This time period coincides with a period of increased dryness and seasonality across Africa and a dramatic reduction in forest coverage at Lake Barombi Mbo. We believe that these changes in climate and forest coverage were the driving forces behind the drill population decline. Furthermore, the warm temperatures and increased aridity of the Mid Holocene are potentially analogous to current and future conditions faced by many tropical rainforest communities. In order to prevent future declines in population size in rainforest‐adapted species such as the drill, large tracts of forest should be protected to both preserve habitat and prevent forest loss through aridification.
Ionic‐Liquid‐Assisted Morphology Tuning of Calcium Carbonate in Ethanolic Solution
Authors: Fernandes Mariana , Almeida Paz Filipe A. , de Zea Bermudez Verónica
Published: February 2012

The influence of 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride, 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride, 1‐butyl‐1‐methylpyrrolidinium chloride, 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate and 3‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐1‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ionic liquids (ILs) on the morphology and structure of CaCO3has been investigated in an ethanolic medium by using calcium chloride and ammonium carbonate as the calcium and carbon sources, respectively. Syntheses were carried out at 9 °C and room temp. at different IL concentrations and CO32–/Ca2+molar ratios. No polymorph selectivity was detected, and calcite was the sole crystalline form obtained under all the considered reactions conditions. In the case of the BF4–‐based ILs, anion decomposition occurred, which led to the formation of fluorite. Low temperature reduced the precipitation rate. With the ILs employed, the morphology of CaCO3has been finely tailored: calcite microcubes, microframes and microboxes with potential application in drug delivery, as well as nanocubes and nanocorn‐like objects were produced with Cl–‐based ILs; with BF4–‐based ILs, hierarchically structured materials, in which calcite coexists with fluorite, and complex and intricate shapes were produced, such as nanostructured microspheres, nanostructured calla‐lily‐like and ice‐cream‐ball‐like micro‐objects.
Do TiO2 Nanoparticles Really Taste Better When Cooked in a Microwave Oven?
Authors: Dufour Fabien , Cassaignon Sophie , Durupthy Olivier , Colbeau‐Justin Christophe , Chanéac Corinne
Published: February 2012

Microwave‐assisted synthesis represents a valuable improvement in the domains of molecular and organic chemistry and was recently extended to inorganic and materials chemistry. A comparison of titanium dioxide nanoparticles synthesised in aqueous solution prepared in a microwave or a conventional oven is presented here. More precisely, three different protocols were used in order to determine the impact of the heating mode on the final product in terms of crystalline structure, particle size and morphology. Therefore, the resultant powders were analysed by Raman spectroscopy as well as X‐ray and electron diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The results show that microwave treatment significantly reduces the heating time and generally produces smaller nanoparticles. The rutile/anatase/brookite phase distribution is also modified by the heating mode in certain protocols up to the formation of a pure anatase phase, for instance. The impact of microwaves on the solvent and on the inorganic precursors has been demonstrated. A photocatalytic test and time‐resolved microwave conductivity experiments were performed on rather similar samples prepared with the two heating modes in order to probe the improvement of the crystalline quality and its consequences on the photocatalytic activity of the TiO2 material.
Simultaneous Determination of Ascorbic Acid, Acetaminophen, and Tryptophan by Square Wave Voltammetry Using N‐(3,4‐Dihydroxyphenethyl)‐3,5‐Dinitrobenzamide‐Modified Carbon Nanotubes Paste Electrode
Authors: Ensafi Ali A. , Karimi‐Maleh Hassan , Mallakpour Shadpour
Published: February 2012

N‐(3,4‐Dihydroxyphenethyl)‐3,5‐dinitrobenzamide modified‐multiwall carbon nanotubes paste electrode was fabricated and used as an electrocatalyst for the oxidation of ascorbic acid (AA), acetaminophen (AC), and tryptophan (TP) at pH 7.0. In a mixture containing AA, AC, and TP, the separation potentials were large enough to determine those compounds individually and simultaneously. The peak currents obtained were found to be linearly dependent on AA, AC, and TP concentrations in the ranges of 0.03–70, 0.6–452, and 0.7–270 µmol L−1, respectively. The sensor was used for the determination of AC, AC, and TP in different real samples with satisfactory results.
In vitro degradation and cytocompatibility of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate cements prepared using the monocalcium phosphate monohydrate/hydroxyapatite system reveals rapid conversion to HA as a key mechanism
Authors: Alge Daniel L. , Goebel W. Scott , Chu Tien‐Min Gabriel
Published: February 2012

We previously showed that dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) cements can be prepared using monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM) and hydroxyapatite (HA). In this study, we have characterized the degradation properties and biocompatibility of these novel cements. To study the degradation properties, cements were prepared using MCPM:HA molar ratios of 4:1, 2:1, 2:3, and 2:5. Degradation was evaluated in vitro by static soaking in PBS, and changes in pH, mass, compressive strength, and composition were monitored. Conversion of DCPD to HA was noted in the 4:1 group, which initially consisted of pure DCPD. However, the 2:1 group, which initially consisted of DCPD and an intermediate amount of unreacted HA, underwent rapid conversion to HA associated with significantly greater pH drop and mass loss as well as a complete loss of mechanical integrity. On the basis of these results, we directly compared the cytocompatibility of 2:1 MCPM:HA cements to DCPD cements prepared with an equivalent percent molar excess of β‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP) using an in vitro cell viability assay. Viability of cells co‐cultured with 2:1 MCPM:HA cements was significantly reduced after just 48 h, while viability of cells cultured with the β‐TCP‐based cements was no different from control cells. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that conversion to HA plays an important role in the degradation of DCPD cements prepared with the MCPM/HA system, affecting both physical properties and cytocompatibility. These results could have important clinical implications for MCPM/HA cements. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2012.
Hyaluronic acid viscosupplements from avian and non‐mammalian sources exhibit biocompatibility profiles with unique, source‐specific, antigenic profiles
Authors: Wooley Paul H. , Song Zheng , Harrison Andrew
Published: February 2012

The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the biocompatibility profiles of hyaluronic acid (HA) viscosupplements from avian and non‐mammalian sources. Inflammatory and immune reactions were assessed in models of both clinically relevant and stringent immunological exposure conditions. Experiments were conducted to evaluate tissue reactions and immunological responses and assess antibody formation with the capacity to bind directly to and cross‐react with the different viscosupplements. Mice were exposed to viscosupplements using the air pouch inflammation model and specific immunization using Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA). Murine pouch membrane tissue reactions revealed generally mild to moderate responses, with cellular infiltration and cytokine profiles of pouch tissue characteristic of predominantly fibroblastic responses rather than marked inflammatory reactions. In vitro testing indicated that pouch injections did not elicit detectable T‐cell proliferative responses, while antibody assays revealed that mice immunized with viscosupplements in FCA and subsequently boosted were capable of mounting an antibody response with a range of specificities. High reactivity to avian serum albumin was seen in sera from mice injected with HA from an avian source, while low positive reactivity to the bacterial antigen Staphylococcal Lipotechoic Acid was observed in sera from mice injected with HA from bacterial sources. These specificities did not indicate any propensity to cross‐react, suggesting that patients with adverse immune responses to HA from an avian source should be unresponsive to subsequent injection with HA from a non‐avian source. Overall, the findings demonstrate that viscosupplements exhibit good biocompatibility profiles in the murine air pouch, but when provoked to elicit immunological reactions exhibit unique antigenic spectra. These findings suggest that an immunologically mediated immune reaction directed against avian proteins should not necessarily be a contraindication for the administration of non‐avian viscosupplements. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2012.
Eversion during external rotation of the human cadaver foot produces high ankle sprains
Authors: Wei Feng , Post Joel M. , Braman Jerrod E. , Meyer Eric G. , Powell John W. , Haut Roger C.
Published: February 2012

While high ankle sprains are often clinically ascribed to excessive external foot rotation, no experimental study documents isolated anterior tibiofibular ligament (ATiFL) injury under this loading. We hypothesized that external rotation of a highly everted foot would generate ATiFL injury, in contrast to deltoid ligament injury from external rotation of a neutral foot. Twelve (six pairs) male cadaveric lower extremity limbs underwent external foot rotation until gross failure. All limbs were positioned in 20° of dorsiflexion and restrained with elastic athletic tape. Right limbs were in neutral while left limbs were everted 20°. Talus motion relative to the tibia was measured using motion capture. Rotation at failure for everted limbs (46.8 ± 6.1°) was significantly greater than for neutral limbs (37.7 ± 5.4°). Everted limbs showed ATiFL injury only, while neutral limbs mostly demonstrated deltoid ligament failure. This is the first biomechanical study to produce isolated ATiFL injury under external foot rotation. Eversion of the axially loaded foot predisposes the ATiFL to injury, forming a basis for high ankle sprain. The study helps clarify a mechanism of high ankle sprain and may heighten clinical awareness of isolated ATiFL injury in cases of foot eversion prior to external rotation. It may also provide guidance to investigate the effect of prophylactic measures for this injury. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:1423–1429, 2012
Structure elucidation and NMR assignments of new spirosolane alkaloids from Solanum campaniforme
Authors: Torres Maria Conceição M. , Almeida José Gustavo L. , Braz‐Filho Raimundo , Silveira Edilberto R. , Pessoa Otília Deusdênia L.
Published: February 2012

From the leaves of Solanum campaniforme, two new spirosolane alkaloids β‐acetoxyl‐(25S)‐22βN‐spirosol‐4‐en‐3‐one (1) and β‐hydroxyl‐(25S)‐22βN‐spirosol‐4‐en‐3‐one (4) were isolated along with two other known alkaloids of the same class (25S)‐22βN‐spirosol‐1,4‐dien‐3‐one (2) and (25S)‐22βN‐spirosol‐4‐en‐3‐one (3), which are reported for the first time as natural products. The structures of all alkaloids were established after an extensive analysis by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy (COSY, HSQC, HMBC and NOESY) as well as HRESIMS. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of polyamides from diols and diamines with liberation of H2
Authors: Gnanaprakasam Boopathy , Balaraman Ekambaram , Gunanathan Chidambaram , Milstein David
Published: February 2012

The amidation reaction based on catalytic coupling of alcohols with amines previously reported by us, using the pincer complexes 1 and 2 as catalysts, was applied to the generation of polyamides from nonactivated diols and diamines. A range of polymers was prepared, with Mn up to 26.9 kDa. Unlike the traditional syntheses of polyamides based on carboxylic acid derivatives, which require the use of toxic reagents and generate stoichiometric amounts of waste, this process generates only molecular hydrogen as byproduct. Both aromatic and aliphatic diols and diamines were used. Gel permeation chromatography measurements of the dimethylformamide‐soluble polymers and thermal studies of the polyamides were performed. Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight (MALDI‐TOF) spectra are also reported. Thermogravimetric analyses studies indicate that the aromatic polyamides (with the exception of the pyridine‐based polyamide) are more thermally stable than the aliphatic ones. This general, environmentally benign method for the synthesis of polyamides is homogeneously catalyzed under neutral conditions by dearomatized ruthenium‐pincer complexes 1 and 2 and proceeds in 1,4‐dioxane under an inert atmosphere. Conditions for polyamidation in the absence of solvent are also reported, using the pincer complex 2 as catalyst. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Ponderosa pine forest structure and northern goshawk reproduction: Response to Beier et al. (2008)
Authors: Reynolds Richard T. , Boyce Douglas A. , Graham Russell T.
Published: February 2012

Ecosystem‐based forest management requires long planning horizons to incorporate forest dynamics — changes resulting from vegetation growth and succession and the periodic resetting of these by natural and anthropogenic disturbances such as fire, wind, insects, and timber harvests. Given these dynamics, ecosystem‐based forest management plans should specify desired conditions such as tree species composition, age class, tree density and structure, size and density of snags and course woody debris, and the size, shape, and juxtaposition of trees, groups of trees, and stands in order to create and sustain habitats for wildlife. The management recommendations for the northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) in the southwestern United States (hereafter, recommendations; Reynolds et al. ) is a management plan designed to conserve this top predator by accounting for factors thought to limit their populations: vegetation structures, foods, predators, and competitors. The recommendations combined coarse‐ and fine‐filter approaches to develop desired habitats for goshawks and their prey in landscapes whose compositions, structures, and patterns were conditioned on the aut‐ and synecologies of over‐ and understory plant species in forest ecosystems. Management plans that address all stages of a species' life history, the physical and biological factors limiting its populations, the habitats of other members of its ecological community, and the spatial and temporal dynamics of forests it occupies should be robust to failure (Reynolds et al. , ). The recommendations have been implemented in National Forests in the southwestern United States since 1996 (USDA Forest Service ), but their efficacy at conserving goshawk reproduction and survival has yet to be demonstrated. Recently, Beier et al. () conducted a test of the recommendations and concluded that reproduction of goshawks declined as forest structures in their breeding areas became increasingly similar to those described in the recommendations. Here we show that methods they used to determine similarity to the structural conditions described in the recommendations resulted in inappropriate measures of similarity. We also show that their monitoring of goshawk reproduction on the 13 breeding areas used in their study was insufficient, and show how their insufficient monitoring introduced a systematic bias that reduced the precision of their test even if they had correctly measured similarity. We end by suggesting approaches for determining structural similarity to the goshawk recommendations in ponderosa pine and how to achieve adequate sampling for reproduction on breeding areas. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Identity and perceived peer relationship quality in emerging adulthood: The mediating role of attachment‐related emotions
Authors: Doumen Sarah , Smits Ilse , Luyckx Koen , Duriez Bart , Vanhalst Janne , Verschueren Karine , Goossens Luc
Published: February 2012

Identity formation and the perceived quality of one’s peer relationships are theorized to be intimately linked in emerging adulthood. The present study examined the associations between identity styles (i.e., information‐oriented, normative, and diffuse‐avoidant styles) and the quality of relationships with peers (as indexed by friendship quality and loneliness) in a sample of 343 college students from Belgium. High scores for the information‐oriented style were positively related to friendship quality, whereas high scores for the diffuse‐avoidant identity style were positively related to loneliness. These direct associations were mediated, at least in part, by attachment‐related emotions (i.e., avoidance and anxiety). These associations, both direct and indirect, provide the first evidence linking identity styles and the quality of peer relationships. Suggestions for future research are provided, both at the methodological and the conceptual level.
Electoral Business Cycles in OECD Countries
Authors: CANES-WRONE BRANDICE , PARK JEE-KWANG
Published: February 2012

Studies of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries have generally failed to detect real economic expansions in preelection periods, casting doubt on the existence of opportunistic political business cycles. We develop a theory that predicts that a substantial portion of the economy experiences a real decline in the preelection period if the election is associated with sufficient policy uncertainty. In particular, policy uncertainty induces private actors to postpone investments with high costs of reversal. The resulting declines, which are called reverse electoral business cycles, require sufficient levels of polarization between major parties and electoral competitiveness. To test these predictions, we examine quarterly data on private fixed investment in ten OECD countries between 1975 and 2006. The results show that reverse electoral business cycles exist and as expected, depend on electoral competitiveness and partisan polarization. Moreover, simply by removing private fixed investment from gross domestic product, we uncover evidence of opportunistic cycles.
Intakes and adequacy of potentially important nutrients for cognitive development among 5-year-old children in the Seychelles Child Development and Nutrition Study
Authors: McAfee Alison J , Mulhern Maria S , McSorley Emeir M , Wallace Julie MW , Bonham Maxine P , Faure Jude , Romain Sarah , Esther Christina , Shamlaye Conrad F , Watson Gene E , Myers Gary J , Clarkson Thomas W , Davidson Philip W , Strain JJ
Published: February 2012

Objective

To assess the nutritional adequacy of Seychellois children in relation to nutrients reported to be important for cognitive development.

Design

Dietary intakes were assessed by 4 d weighed food diaries and analysed using dietary analysis software (WISP version 3·0; Tinuviel Software, UK). Individual nutrient intakes were adjusted to usual intakes and, in order to investigate adequacy, were compared with the UK Estimated Average Requirements for children aged 4–6 years.

Setting

Children 5 years old were followed up as part of the Seychelles Child Development Nutrition Study (SCDNS), located in the high-fish-consuming population of Mahé, Republic of Seychelles.

Subjects

Analysis was carried out on a sample of 229 children (118 boys, 111 girls).

Results

Children consumed a diet of which fortified cereal and milk products contributed the most to nutrient intakes. The majority (≥80 %) of children met requirements for several nutrients important for child development including Fe, folate and Se. Adjusted dietary intakes of Cu, Zn, iodine, niacin and vitamin A were below the Estimated Average Requirement or Recommended Nutrient Intake. Mean adjusted energy intakes (boys 4769 kJ/d (1139·84 kcal/d), girls 4759 kJ/d (1137·43 kcal/d)) were lower than the estimated energy requirement (boys 5104 kJ/d (1220 kcal/d), girls 5042 kJ/d (1205 kcal/d)) for 88 % of boys and 86 % of girls.

Conclusions

Nutrition was adequate for most children within the SCDNS cohort. Low intakes of some nutrients (including Zn, niacin and vitamin A) could reflect nutritional database inaccuracies, but may require further investigation. The study provides valuable information on the adequacy of intakes of nutrients which could affect the growth and development of Seychellois children.
Continuity or Change? Disability Policy and the Rudd Government
Authors: Soldatic Karen , Pini Barbara
Published: February 2012

This article reports on shifts and continuities in policy relating to disabled people and the administrative apparatus of federal disability policy under the Rudd government (2007–10). It begins with a brief historical overview of disability policy in Australia. It then gives particular attention to highlighting the contentious and dramatic changes to disability policy which were instigated by the Howard government (1996–2007). Following this, attention is focused on the major developments in disability policy and administration with the election of the Rudd Labor government in 2007. Through this discussion, we demonstrate the ways the altered vocabularies, practices and instruments of the state have manifested in relation to disability policy in Australia, ultimately shaping opportunities for either inclusion or exclusion at the national level among disabled people.
Comparison of two transmittance algorithms in the community radiative transfer model: Application to AVHRR
Authors: Chen Yong , Han Yong , Weng Fuzhong
Published: February 2012

Two transmittance algorithms, Optical Depth in Absorber Space (ODAS) and newly developed Optical Depth in Pressure Space (ODPS), are currently available in the Community Radiative Transfer Model (CRTM) version 2. There are noticeable differences of simulated brightness temperature (BT) between the two algorithms for the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer's (AVHRR) three infrared channels. For channel 3, the BT difference is dependent on the zenith angle and is mainly caused by the plane‐parallel atmospheric assumption used in ODAS. For channels 4 and 5, the differences arise from both zenith angle and gaseous absorption in the two algorithms. In the ODPS algorithm, a reduction in radiance due to chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) absorption is partially offset by an increase due to a smaller local zenith angle at higher atmospheric levels. A further evaluation of the two transmittance algorithms was performed by comparing AVHRR simulated and observed BTs over ocean. Overall, ODPS is better than ODAS. The BT biases at channels 4 and 5 are dramatically improved in ODPS and very close to zero. At satellite nadir position, an inclusion of CFCs in ODPS reduces bias by 0.25, and 0.15 K for channels 4, and 5, respectively. However, the channel 3 bias shows a strong zenith angle dependence when it is larger than 40° in both the ODAS and ODPS simulations. This bias is due probably to the cloud contamination at larger zenith angles, and additional absorption in the atmosphere associated with other greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor.
Estimation of the initial amplitude of plasma bubble seed perturbation from ionograms
Authors: Carrasco A. J. , Batista I. S.
Published: February 2012

This work gives the description of an experimental method for the calculation of the initial amplitude of plasma bubble seed perturbation in the bottomside F layer from ionograms. The observations show that after sunset the ionograms exhibit irregularities in the base of the F trace. In the context of the plasma depletion in the bottomside F‐layer, the irregularities in ionograms can be seen like isodensity contour in evolution (in space and time). The initial amplitudes, calculated using the methodology, vary between 0.03 and 0.08. The ionograms analyzed were obtained from the station of Cachimbo (9.5°S, 54.8°W) during COPEX campaign in Brazil. The methodology can be useful for application in numerical simulation of plasma bubbles in which actual ionospheric parameters are used.
A new method reveals more TGFs in the RHESSI data
Authors: Gjesteland T. , Østgaard N. , Collier A. B. , Carlson B. E. , Eyles C. , Smith D. M.
Published: February 2012

This letter presents a new search algorithm for identifying Terrestrial Gamma ray Flashes (TGFs) in the Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) data. The algorithm has been applied to data from the period 2004–2006 and we have found more than twice as many TGFs as previously reported. The new TGFs follow the same geographical and seasonal variations as the previously reported TGFs. The match percentage between the new TGFs and World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) data is comparable to the RHESSI catalog TGFs. Our results shows that previous searches only identified the most intense events, and that there might be a large population of faint TGFs.