bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gendered Grief, Temporality, and Reinvention in Two Northern French Crusade Songs
Authors: Golden Rachel May
Published: May 2022

This chapter focuses on two anonymous lament songs from the thirteenth-century trouvère repertory that develop voice’s capacity to engage with and reinterpret losses stemming from crusading contexts. One of these, Chanterai por mon corage, is voiced by a grieving female narrator; the other, Li chastelains de Couci ama tant, is voiced by a grieving male one. These songs cross gender and genre boundaries, particularly in how they refashion the typically feminized emotion of grief as expressed through the stereotyped genre of lament song. Further, these songs resound with ritualistic lamenting practices and challenge temporal expectations for forward motion, especially through unusual melodic techniques that emphasize stillness, repetition, and circularity. Drawing on Carolyn Dinshaw’s concept of “queer time,” this chapter reveals how these songs invest the lyric voice with the power to insist on the personal within broader cultural movements. In doing so, they challenge our expectations for social and sexual dynamics of power and desire, which are expressed in nuanced and unexpected ways through the voices of the songs’ narrators: thus these songs insist upon affective, non-conforming subjectivities, suggesting that private moments of sorrow are experienced by both men and women alike, in ways that transcend the gender binary.
Real Men Preach
Authors: Walker Lydia M.
Published: May 2022

This chapter explores the voiced quality of thirteenth-century crusade preaching through the works of preacher Jacques de Vitry. It inspects evidence from his sermons and letters in the context of crusading initiatives, which organized the collective involvement of men and women. The caliber of a crusade preacher’s performance influenced recruitment, and his power of persuasion was not exclusively found in the cleverness of propaganda; this chapter examines how it remained subject to the effectiveness of his vocal delivery. In his sermons, Jacques depicted the preaching voice in militaristic terms, but also with metaphors of paternity and conjugal obligation, thereby situating voice as a natural extension of masculine authority. Jacques’ reports of his preaching for the Fifth Crusade corroborate that such gendered frameworks underpinned his practice. His letters depict the prowess of his own vocal virtuosity, substantiated most palpably by the ardor of his female listeners. This chapter, therefore, argues that voice was, for Jacques, a critical factor in delineating the measure of a religious man, and shows how voice was integral to crusading preaching, not only as a means of delivery but also as a means of advancing important views on gender and masculinity.
Jonete et Jolie
Authors: Grau Anna Kathryn
Published: May 2022

Polyphonic medieval motets function as a complex locus of “voice” in medieval French literature. Through their layered musical construction, motets may combine two or more different “voices” in simultaneous polyphonic articulation, while the individual parts may also incorporate additional voices through direct discourse and refrain citation. The musical settings of polyphonic motets—the temporal interplay of voices, the resulting kaleidoscope of voices, motivic echoes, and musical borrowings—are often neglected in studies of the female voice in medieval song that treat motet and trouvère song interchangeably. However, analysis of the music of several songs and motets with stereotyped naive and objectified female personae show how musical details can complicate readings of the gendered voice in motets, opening additional space for conflicting interpretations and reactions, including “resistant reading.”
Craft at a Prodigious Scale
Authors: Fennell Christopher C.
Published: May 2022

American pottery manufacturers of refined earthenwares and porcelain faced a number of challenges in attempting to develop their operations during the late 1700s and early 1800s. The American pottery industry was dispersed geographically and struggled to compete against those greater economies of scale enjoyed by British manufacturers. From 1850 onward, American producers expanded significantly, evolving rapidly from artisan production to increasingly mechanized factories, particularly in locations such as Trenton, New Jersey, and East Liverpool, Ohio. Yet, decades before the start of that trend, the Landrums of Edgefield, South Carolina, initiated ambitious innovations in their potteries in the backcountry. The innovation and development of alkaline-glazed stoneware pottery in America was introduced by these potteries in the nineteenth century. They employed enslaved African American laborers and later free African Americans. Documentary evidence indicates that many enslaved Africans were brought to this area of pottery production throughout the first half of the nineteenth century, providing newly arrived cultural influences from societies targeted by the trans-Atlantic slave trade. Edgefield potteries present fascinating research questions of understanding technological innovations and investigating the impacts of African American, European-American, and Asian manufacturing traditions and knowledge on a rural enterprise and its cultural landscape.
Introduction
Authors: Edwards-Ingram Ywone D. , Edwards Andrew C.
Published: May 2022

This edited volume is a compendium of essays centered around historical archaeology in and around Williamsburg, Virginia, carried out by Colonial Williamsburg Foundation archaeologists. The main themes revolve around the cultural and historical environment, community and identity—especially in the cultural landscape—and finally the role of archaeology in conservation and reconstruction.
Discovering What Counts
Authors: Poole Meredith M. , Samford Patricia M.
Published: May 2022

Archaeological research, dating back to the 1930s, has a long and notable existence at the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. Over time, archaeology at Williamsburg has matured to an endeavor that studies the town not only within the larger regional and national landscape but also beyond its years as Virginia’s colonial capital. From an early focus on architectural reconstruction, Williamsburg’s archaeological program transitioned under Ivor Noël Hume’s leadership to one that combined large-scale excavations, historical research, and detailed artifact analysis to interpret evidence of colonial life. In 1982, a more comparative anthropological approach to archaeological evidence began under the directorship of Marley Brown III, one that included expanding work beyond the town’s historic core. In 2008, archaeology and architectural research were again joined into one department under Edward Chappell. Since 2018, new technologies began shaping the products of archaeological research, placing them in the hands of wider audiences. This essay positions the articles included in this volume into the larger context of past, present, and future archaeology at Williamsburg.
Domesticating the Chesapeake Landscape
Authors: Bowen Joanne
Published: May 2022

In 1699, when Williamsburg became the new capital of Virginia, the colony’s plantation economy had begun to incorporate producing wheat into what had been a singular focus on tobacco production. This chapter draws on zooarchaeological and documentary evidence to show how this new capital emerged as part of the transformation of the landscape, from one based on slash-and-burn agriculture and free ranging livestock into a hybrid system that incorporated elements of the mixed husbandry system colonists had known in the Old World. Behavioral studies identify the role livestock played as colonizers, and how, working in tandem with colonists, they produced a free ranging herd system. Data show how ecodynamic relationships between colonists, their livestock, and the agricultural system resulted in transforming the tobacco-focused landscape, one capable of producing commodities for trade and feeding Williamsburg’s emerging population.
“Useful Ornaments to His Cabinet”
Authors: Chapman Ellen
Published: May 2022

Human remains used as articulated medical specimens, although very rare in the archaeological record, have been recovered from an apothecary’s private residence and Charlton’s Coffeehouse in Williamsburg. These contexts provide a unique opportunity to examine how prepared human specimens were used in the eighteenth-century scientific and medical communities. This chapter describes the reconstruction process for an articulated human skeleton used in the Galt Pasteur Apothecary Shop to interpret the colonial use of human skeletons for display and study. Synthesis of archaeological, historical, biological, and material culture research shows that articulated human skeletons were used in Williamsburg to display medical knowledge and expertise in natural philosophy. Through using multiple lines of evidence, this study deepens current understandings of re-created spaces in Williamsburg and the broader colonial processes of the society.
Architectural Reconstruction and the Importance of a Name
Authors: Edwards Andrew C.
Published: May 2022

Most of the landscape visitors see when touring Colonial Williamsburg is based on archaeological work used to inform accurate portrayals of buildings and settings long since altered by time and history. The issues inherent in “bricks and mortar” reconstructions can create challenges in how they are interpreted to the public. The recently reconstructed tinsmith’s shop associated with the Revolutionary Period Public Armoury is exemplary of such a challenge. The building that was the home of free and enslaved Williamsburg residents for all but one of its 75-year existence is interpreted as a war-time manufactory. How can its important alter-history be revealed in light of its current interpretation? This chapter attempts to answer this question in its analysis of the history of reconstruction and archaeological excavations of the site.
From Household to Neighborhood
Authors: Boroughs Jason
Published: May 2022

As Williamsburg became a prosperous urban center, African Americans interacted in dynamic rural plantation neighborhoods that enveloped the city and dominated the landscapes and waterways of colonial and antebellum Virginia. Neighbors, free and enslaved, laid deep ancestral and communal roots within mosaics of local places as they shared in labors and experiences, trials and exploits on grounds that reverberated with the comings and goings of successive generations. Starting from a recently excavated antebellum field quarter and post-Emancipation tenant residence adjacent to Colonial Williamsburg’s Historic Area, this essay asserts that in order to craft more nuanced archaeological interpretations that are based in similar domestic contexts, the types of associated places that typically defined life in plantation communities (places that became entwined with the lives and experiences of generations past and present) must be addressed.
Reconstructing the Landscape of African and African American Burials and Commemorations in Williamsburg, Virginia
Authors: Edwards-Ingram Ywone D.
Published: May 2022

This chapter creatively imagines and reconstructs a cumulative-historic landscape of African American burials and commemorations in Williamsburg. It explores how the historic area of the town, now mainly known as Colonial Williamsburg, once served as a core with peripheral areas of plantations, ports, and settlements that engendered and sustained practices and relationships based on race, inequality, and marginalization. The priority is to look at how sociocultural factors influenced the formation and use of burial and cultural landscapes and how these actions and their consequences can be seen as providing lessons for the present and the future. The study covers the seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries with additional focus on commemorative activities of the twenty-first century, all mediated through the lenses and practices of historical archaeology and reconstruction.
Framing the Questions That Matter
Authors: Williams Emily
Published: May 2022

Colonial Williamsburg has one of the longest continuously running archaeological conservation programs in North America. This program provides a unique laboratory in which to examine both historic and present-day intersections between archaeology and conservation to consider the inherent tensions and synergies between the two fields and to look at the ways they both contribute to the creation and understanding of history. Examining the history of the program and its evolution over time highlights some of the questions that continue to vex conservators and archaeologists as they work together, but it also suggests some new areas for exploration and cross-disciplinary cooperation. Using a retrospective approach, this chapter examines the interactions between the two fields and ways to frame new collaborations.
Engaging Haiti through Art and Religion
Authors: Accilien Cécile
Published: May 2022

In the European context, visual art and religion are often studied together; in studies of Haitian culture and society, however, Haitian art and religion are less often combined. This is true in the popular mindset as well as in teaching and scholarship, in part due to racist and imperialist attitudes toward Vodou. Vodou is typically viewed outside Haiti as something terrifying and ultimately unknowable, while Haitian visual art is seen as unthreatening, an unlikely source of revolution. This chapter pushes back against both of these popular misconceptions—art as tame, and Vodou as frightening—and proposes ways to teach Haitian art and religion together by engaging with artist such as Ulrick Jean-Pierre, Vladimir Cybil Charlier, Hërza Barjon, and Colette Brésilla. As the chapter demonstrates, art and religion are tightly intertwined, and considering the relationships between them can generate creative and transformative avenues through which students gain more profound understandings of Haitian society and culture. Works of art are intricate cultural signifiers, and art is therefore a crucial tool for teaching about the complexity of Haiti. Through engaging with Haiti’s long tradition of art, which has spanned multiple genres, students can become visually immersed in Haiti’s history and current realities.
Creating Interdisciplinary Knowledge about Haiti’s Creole Language
Authors: Walicek Don E.
Published: May 2022

While academic interest in Haiti has grown considerably in the last decade, university courses that focus on the country’s history and different aspects of its culture tend to give minimal attention to issues of language. Providing a forward-looking profile of Kreyòl, this chapter argues that information about various long-standing challenges, all of which emerged as the result of the colonization of the Caribbean, should be incorporated into classroom teaching about Haiti. The challenges discussed include: obstacles to the expansion of Kreyòl’s use as a medium of instruction in Haiti’s educational system; Eurocentric assumptions that sustain negative language myths and misunderstandings of language structure and language history; and issues related to effective language planning and the protection of language rights of speakers. The framework that linguist Michel DeGraff calls “postcolonial creolistics” is presented as an effective platform for analyzing and overcoming these challenges. Various anecdotes in the chapter come from the author’s experience in ‘Interdisciplinary Approaches to Haiti’s Past and Present,’ an undergraduate English course that he offered at the University of Puerto Rico.
Haiti in the Presidencies of John Adams and John Quincy Adams
Authors: Staloff Darren , Benedicty-Kokken Alessandra
Published: May 2022

This chapter tells a story that focuses on the role of Haiti in the political careers of John Adams and his son John Quincy Adams. We offer students and instructors insight into the importance of Haiti in the political imaginary and foreign policy of the first four decades of U.S. history. Thanks to the past decade’s proliferation of excellent scholarship in English, which brings U.S. and Haitian histories into dialogue with each other, the present article provides specific suggestions as to course modules and readings.
Teaching the 2004 Coup in Haiti from a French Perspective
Authors: Watt Sophie
Published: May 2022

This chapter examines the ways in which the teaching of the 2004 coup in Haiti allows for a deeper understanding of current Haitian politics and neo-imperialism. Critical discourse analysis and an examination of the role played by the French liberal press and intellectuals in justifying the coup encourage students to use their language skills and knowledge of the history of Haiti to assess critically the justifications and impact of this multilateral military intervention. This teaching unit offers students an opportunity to better understand discourse as social practice. It also allows for discussion of the history of ideas and concepts, such as neo-imperialism and neoliberalism, in order to gain a deeper understanding of the impact such an ideology and practice continue to have in Haiti.
Peck’s Fatal Assistance
Authors: Peysson-Zeiss Agnès
Published: May 2022

The earthquake that occurred in Haiti on January 12, 2010, created an immediate international response, and many rushed to Haiti’s aid: states, NGOS, non-profit organizations, and individuals. Among them was Raoul Peck, who returned to help his country as it confronted tragedy. However, Peck elected to bring a different kind of aid, a visual analysis through documentary filmmaking of the humanitarian situation on the island, considered by some as the second-largest disaster after the earthquake. This chapter discusses how to teach the film, investigating solidarity politics and inequality politics as Peck rethinks the meaning of aid on the ground. It follows Peck’s gaze as he records what is invisible as well as what is visible. It also includes a discussion of Peck’s use of silence and epistolary exchanges. Peck reverses the gaze, filming the “aiding” parties looking for answers, challenging the measures taken and enabling the spectator to investigate key issues and questions that haunt post-earthquake relief and recovery work in Haiti.
Teaching Haiti and the Dominican Republic
Authors: François Anne M.
Published: May 2022

Portrayals of Haitian immigrants in mass media are often one-dimensional, a fact that has resulted in the perpetuation of clichés and stereotypes. By contrast, many diasporic writers, filmmakers, artists, and intellectuals present far more complex and layered representations of Haitian immigrants in their works. This chapter discusses a course on diasporic representations of Haitian immigrant experiences in literature, painting, films, and music of Haiti and the Dominican Republic, an interdisciplinary course focused on the humanities but relevant to a variety of fields, including global studies, migration studies, area studies, and cultural studies.
Introduction
Authors: Hirsch Silvia , Canova Paola , Biocca Mercedes
Published: May 2022

In this introduction we take a comparative approach to analyze the most outstanding historical and contemporary political and social processes that constitute the Gran Chaco. We take a trinational perspective to examine five major processes that have shaped and continue to influence the socio-economic, political and cultural dynamics in the area: missionization, millenarian movements, the Chaco war, industrial enclaves, political mobilization and the struggle for rights. In each of these descriptions we highlight the peculiarities of how particular events involving different groups of people have developed and played out in each country. In the conclusion we emphasize the main themes that emerge from the chapters, emphasizing similarities and differences that have marked the broad transformations experienced in each country, and delineate present and future challenges that hinge upon the sustainability, both environmental and human, of this vast and complex region.
The Rise and Fall of an Indigenous Homeland
Authors: Bossert Federico
Published: May 2022

This chapter traces the history of the Chané territory in the Itiyuro river basin (Salta Province, Argentina), from its time as an autonomous indigenous territory to the present. To reconstruct this history, the chapter builds on two kinds of historical evidence: archival documents about the region, and Chané historical memory. In so doing, it seeks to identify the concrete processes of colonization and territorial dispossession suffered by the Chané in the first half of the twentieth century. Further, by contrasting archival sources with local historical memory, the article highlights how this colonization process is understood in the indigenous historical imaginary today, and the concrete meanings that the Chané ascribe to their land.
Were the Chiriguano a Colonial Fabrication?
Authors: Gustafson Bret
Published: May 2022

The historical origins of the Guaraní who live in what is now Bolivia are condensed into what, for this chapter, I will refer to the Chiriguano Thesis. In short, the Chiriguano thesis suggests that these western-most Guaraní speakers are not, in fact, Guaraní. Rather, it is argued, they are Chiriguano, the result of ethnogenetic fusion between Guaraní peoples who invaded from the east and Arawak-speaking Chané peoples who were already living in the Andean foothills and valleys. In this chapter I argue that given the linguistic evidence, the Chiriguano thesis is at best deeply problematic. In many of its expressions, it is apocryphal, having emerged from colonial narratives. I point out the limitations of the thesis in its crude form, and offer observations on the need for rethinking histories of contact and exchange in the western Chaco.
Cosmology of Development
Authors: Cernadas César Ceriani
Published: May 2022

This chapter explores the historical and ideological relationships between missionary agencies and community development projects in the indigenous communities of the Argentine Chaco. The chapter aims to discuss humanitarianism as a moral narrative of modernity and how Christian missions and faith-based NGOs have built a “cosmology of development” on indigenous societies. This cosmology entangles discourses of culture, person, social rights and gender in cultural imagery about modernity, development and social change sustained in Christian values. Therefore, this analysis is located in the context of anthropological and historical studies on the discursive construction of the Chaco as a conceptual and visual geography of alterity. In this way, the work presents a relational analysis of the semantic and moral articulations between religion, modernity, and development in twentieth century Argentine indigenous Chaco.
“They Only Know the Public Roads”
Authors: Kalisch Hannes
Published: May 2022

Using the accounts of an elder of the community, Maangvayaam’ay’, this chapter views the Enlhet notion of territoriality from different perspectives and at different times in the group's history. From an initial standpoint, we describe traditional practices in the construction of territory in a shared way with the Nivaclé through cross-identification enabling the creation of interconnected territories. From a second standpoint, we look at Enlhet territoriality in terms of the interaction between humans and invisible beings. From a final standpoint, we focus on the encounter with Mennonite settlers which culminated in the indigenous group's settling in a religious mission. Throughout this process, certain specific features of the interactions between the Enlhet and the invisible inhabitants of their territory have facilitated the actions of the settlers to subject the indigenous people to their interests. Simultaneously, the Enlhet have reconfigured their territoriality in a way that reflects not only their geographical reduction to the missions, but also a disarticulation from the invisible world and a significant loss of their possibilities for agency.
Tense Territories
Authors: Bebbington Denise Humphreys , Cortez Guido
Published: May 2022

This chapter explores how the expansion of natural gas production in the Bolivian Chaco has shaped the possibilities for lowland indigenous groups, such as the Weenhayek, to: a) recover ancestral lands; b) consolidate self-governance and autonomy; and c) access gas rents in order to sustain traditional ways of living. It traces the interactions between the organizational processes of the Weenhayek, and state-led efforts to promote hydrocarbons investment within their territory. It uses a case of state-promoted consultation and compensation to describe the tensions that natural gas projects catalyze within Weenhayek populations and organizations, as well as between them and the state. These tensions must be understood in relation to Weenhayek economic practices and territorial and organizational experiences in both historical and contemporary periods. They must also be understood as products of non-transparent corporate practice and government policies favoring central political imperatives over the territorial projects of lowland indigenous groups.
Ayoreo Women and Access to Health Care
Authors: Canova Paola
Published: May 2022

This chapter explores how multiculturalism is articulated and experienced as a contemporary form of governance in Paraguay, revealing how multicultural citizenship is constructed by colliding agendas that ultimately reproduce colonial hierarchies, that continue to exclude indigenous peoples from accessing state resources and services. The chapter provides a historical outline of neoliberal state reforms initiated after the fall of the 35-year-long dictatorship of Alfredo Stroessner in 1989. Drawing on the case study of Ayoreo women, it examines how the current context of state-sponsored multicultural health system reforms plays out at the local level. The experiences of Ayoreo people living in the context of the Mennonite Colonies reveal how health providers engage in discourses and practices that aim at regulating indigenous women’s bodies and ultimately limit their access to health prevention and treatment programs.
Afterword
Authors: Gordillo Gastón
Published: May 2022

This afterward analyses the common threads interconnecting the book chapters as well as the specificity of the places described in each chapter to examine the Gran Chaco as a contested geography. It outlines how this region has been shaped by legacies of violence enacted by three different nation-states and by local practices of adaptation and resistance.
Tracking Design Variation within Late Mississippian Complicated Stamped Pottery Assemblages from the Georgia Coast
Authors: Semon Anna M.
Published: May 2022

Late Mississippian (AD 1300–1580) ceramic assemblages from the Georgia coast contain abundant quantities of complicated stamped pottery. The filfot cross is the most prolific stamped design and subtle differences in design elements can be used to track filfot variation and paddles. Semon uses stylistic attribute analysis to characterize regional filfot cross variation. In addition, Semon uses design similarities and differences to explore local and regional social interactions and touch on the motif’s referent and potential meanings. These data expand our knowledge of coastal Late Mississippian iconography, pottery practices, and social networks.
A Preliminary Stylistic Assessment of the Ceramic Imagery of the Late Prehistoric Peoples of Choctawhatchee Bay, Florida, and Its Implications
Authors: Scarry John F.
Published: May 2022

Preliminary examination of iconography on ceramic vessels from Choctawhatchee Bay, Florida, suggests that the people of the region were culturally distinct. Furthermore, it suggests that they were only indirectly influenced by Mississippian peoples of the interior. Several features serve to distinguish Choctawhatchee Bay iconography from that of surrounding regions. First, vessels were often decorated with multiple registers of repetitive images. Second, we have not seen imagery convincingly connected to the Siouan mythos of Evening Star and the Hero Twins. Finally, much of the imagery appears to be linked to death—e.g., stylized skulls, hands, and long bones.
Local Eyes
Authors: Lankford George E.
Published: May 2022

This chapter explores how folkloric perspective on eastern woodlands and plains mythic narratives can be coupled with iconographic analyses of Mississippian cosmological imagery in different ways. In particular, it posits that a recursive interaction between analyses of Native American narratives and iconography can be productive and that disjunction can be viewed as a resource, rather than an obstacle that bedevils interpretation, because it indicates change through time that needs to be addressed with novel approaches. These issues are examined through several case studies that illustrate how aspects of Native American myths, such as Twins narratives, are exemplified by certain Mississippian symbols. A second case study focuses on Medicine societies, like the historic Algonkian Midewiwin, and specifically whether “migis” shells—an important ritual object used within them—are represented in Mississippian imagery from Moundville, Alabama.
Fire Burn and Cauldron Bubble
Authors: Dye David H.
Published: May 2022

Witchcraft had deep roots in Pre-Contact social logic, benefiting power holders and the wealthy through the agency of revenge accusations and magical spells. Sorcery shaped and undergirded factional competition and displayed the spiritual power of the witch as well as the witch hunter. Witchcraft is materialized through various forms, but especially owl effigy ceramic vessels. Witchcraft perpetrators created medicinal concoctions and crafted visual forms of culturally accepted and identifiable shapeshifting and transformation. I argue that the agency of the witch was greatly feared, providing an important source of spiritual power manipulated by Mississippian political aggrandizers.
Mnemonic Parallelism and the Cosmologies Materialized in Late Mississippian Pecan Point Headpots
Authors: Giles Bretton T.
Published: May 2022

Giles considers how pre-Columbian imagery, cosmological schema, and ceremonial practices were intertwined with and structured the collective memory of (at least) certain Late Mississippian communities in the Central Mississippi Valley. Giles focuses on how imagery incised into the visages of several Pecan Point headpots is linked to Mississippian cosmological schema and historic Native American prairie-plains tattooing traditions and ceremonies. In particular, Giles explores how layered models of the cosmos were depicted on the visages of several Pecan Point headpots, as well as the way they typify (mnemonic) parallelism. Additionally, Giles examines how the symbolic associations of Pecan Point headpots, including the way in which they might have exemplified beliefs about tattooing, human bodies, lifecycles, and mortuary practices.
From Enwrapped Worlds
Authors: Nowak Jesse C.
Published: May 2022

Though iconographic-featured research of Mississippian symbolic art has contributed great advances to our understanding of religious beliefs, identities, and ritual, this chapter advocates an alternative semiotic approach inspired by the works of Charles Sanders Peirce. A Peircean semiotic approach attempts to unbind a symbol-referent model by studying a dynamic field of sign relationships that can include people, objects, practices, and their evidence in archaeological contexts. Specifically, this study operationalizes a Peircean semiotic method to investigate how the construction of meaning is bound to the materiality of fine ware decorated ceramic bottles recovered from the Southern Caddo cultural region dating to the Early Caddo Period (A.D. 850–1200).
Merging Art Historical and Anthropological Approaches in Pre-Columbian Iconography
Authors: Knight Vernon James
Published: May 2022

Two divergent academic traditions—art history and anthropology—share a common concern with pre-Columbian iconography but have divergent perspectives. The traditional anthropological approach begins with the ethnographic record and “upstreams” that information as far as it will reach—a specific instance of the direct historical approach. The traditional art historical approach insists on the importance of situated “translations,” over time and across ethnolinguistic boundaries, of the relationships between form and meaning. I have argued that the two perspectives can be merged, honoring the validity of what Panofsky called “disjunction,” while at the same time providing a role for ethnographic homology.
Unearthing the Missions of Spanish Florida
Authors: Marrinan Rochelle A. , Peres Tanya M.
Published: May 2022

This chapter offers an introduction the volume. As such the authors define what a mission is in terms of a historical place and an archaeological site. They give a thorough overview of the archaeology of the Mission period and synthesize previous efforts in locating and documenting the Spanish Missions of La Florida. This overview spans the earliest years of mission archaeology, ca. 1950s to the most recent in the twenty-first century. The authors include a section on the mission effort by Spanish Catholic missionaries in La Florida and describe what we know about each mission site that has been documented archaeologically. The chapter concludes with an overview of current themes in Mission period archaeology and an overview of the contributed chapters.
An Analysis of Artifacts and Archaeology at 8JE106, a Spanish Mission Site in Florida
Authors: Lotane Alissa Slade
Published: May 2022

Site 8JE106 was discovered, recorded, and investigated between 1968 and 1972, by B. Calvin Jones, an archaeologist from what was then the State of Florida’s Division of Archives, History, and Records Management. Jones identified the site as the location of the seventeenth-century Mission San Miguel de Asilé. Site 8JE106 is located just to the west of the Aucilla River, which is considered to be the traditional dividing line between Timucua and Apalachee provinces in northern Florida, with Apalachee to the west and Timucua to the east. Historical documentation suggests that San Miguel de Asilé was a Timucuan mission. Following that theory, Miguel de Asilé would be located on the eastern side of the Aucilla River, contradictory to Jones’ conclusions. This chapter present the results of analysis of the artifacts and Jones’ excavation documents reinterpret the site.
Imported Ceramics and Colonowares as a Reflection of Hispanic Lifestyle at San Luis de Talimali
Authors: Lee Jerry
Published: May 2022

The second location of Mission San Luis (8LE4) served as the administrative, military, and religious headquarters of the Apalachee missions of northwest Florida from about 1656 to its abandonment in 1704. A 1675 census relates that San Luis served 1400 natives, making it the largest mission at that time. From the start, San Luis had a greater Spanish presence than a ‘typical’ Apalachee mission, but by the 1680s the Spanish population increased to an unknown but substantial number. Three decades of historical and archaeological research at Mission San Luis has illuminated many facets of both Apalachee and Spanish colonial life. Five residences (four Spanish and one Apalachee) and their associated refuse deposits are examined and the combined percentages of imported ceramics and colonowares from each household is considered as one index of their incorporation into Hispanic foodways and lifestyle.
The Lives of Friars in Apalachee Province
Authors: Marrinan Rochelle A .
Published: May 2022

In Apalachee Province, a single Catholic friar manned the mission stations as they generally did in most of the mission provinces of Spanish Florida. In the Spanish system, the Crown assured standard provisions for the construction of the mission church and support of the friars, charging the governors with their maintenance. Large trash-filled pits in the church-convento area at the O’Connell Mission site (8Le157) provide direct evidence relative to the life of the resident friar. A comparison of documentary evidence of official provisions with the contents from these late Mission period features suggests that the lives of the friars in the province depended more on local resources than on support from St. Augustine.
Reconstructing the Sonic History of Mission San Luis de Talimali
Authors: Eyerly Sarah , Sciuchetti Mark , Bani Rachel , Zabanal Laura
Published: May 2022

In this chapter, the authors use their expertise in musicology, music performance, and geography to reconstruct the sonic history of Mission San Luis. Drawing on broad categories of evidence, such as archaeological data, historical research, soundscape compositions, field recordings, and historically-informed recordings of spoken texts and music they bring to the forefront the soundways of La Florida’s paramount mission community and an outlying farmstead. They offer eight historical soundscape compositions. Each acoustical reconstruction has explanatory text and are linked to a Soundscape Map hosted on the companion website.
Urban Hydrology
Authors: Hansen Gail , Macedo Joseli
Published: May 2022

Urban hydrology is about the availability of clean water and threats from water shortages and water pollution. Water management in urban areas includes the capture, movement, storage, infiltration, and use of water, which is impacted primarily by impermeable surfaces that modify the natural movement of water. Social dimensions of urban water include flooding and public health issues due to inadequate stormwater infrastructure and poor water quality. Several stormwater management approaches are used today to maintain pre-development hydrologic function by improving infiltration, detention and evaporation to control and clean stormwater. Creating green floodplains, and restoration or conservation of natural wetlands and water bodies are new water policies that reflect strategies for resilient cities that are experiencing flooding or drought due to climate change.
Urban Vegetation
Authors: Hansen Gail , Macedo Joseli
Published: May 2022

Urban plants are both cultivated and naturally established vegetation in cities that provide biodiversity, host wildlife, and provide ecosystem services, such as clean air, temperature moderation, and carbon sequestration. Social and cultural benefits include natural beauty and enhanced liveability of cities. Urban vegetation includes native and non-native species found in public and private green spaces, such as parks and residential yards. Challenges to growing vegetation in urban areas include poor soil quality, soil compaction, lack of water, temperature extremes, and the use of chemical treatment for pests and weeds. New trends are emerging to improve environmental health, such as using green walls and roofs, valuing weeds as desired urban plants, the rising use of native plants, and new algorithm models to map trees and vegetation with satellite imagery and radar.
Urban Wildlife
Authors: Hansen Gail , Macedo Joseli
Published: May 2022

Urban areas support nearly every taxonomic group of insects, amphibians, reptiles, fish, birds, and mammals, including wild and domestic animals. The most successful urban wildlife can adjust to human activity and are generalists when seeking food, water, and shelter. Some animals are enjoyed by humans, while others are feared and exterminated. Insects and mammals have the most conflicts with humans, and urban wildlife managers find dealing with the people involved more challenging due to expectations for interacting with animals in urban green spaces. Negative impacts on wildlife include fragmentated habitat, road barriers, and chemical pollution. Strategies to improve habitat include using native plants in parks, creating shared spaces for enhanced wildlife viewing, protecting riparian corridors and floodplains, and creating strong urban tree canopies and wildlife corridors.
Urban Biodiversity
Authors: Hansen Gail , Macedo Joseli
Published: May 2022

Biodiversity concepts have been challenged recently by a more complex view that diversity of species traits, and not just their abundance, is important for ecological function. The concept of functional trait biodiversity is important for cities because it conveys the importance of ecosystem protection during development. Urban biodiversity focuses on novel human-made ecosystems and the ecological systems that are transformed by anthropogenic factors. Novel urban ecosystems often have low density and variety of flora and fauna, primarily due to aesthetic preferences for certain plant material in urban green spaces. Urbanization is growing in biodiversity hot spots, which are biogeographic regions where biodiversity is threatened by city growth. Cities have begun taking steps to enhance biodiversity through climate change polices that are linked to ecosystem services.
Urban Ecosystem Services
Authors: Hansen Gail , Macedo Joseli
Published: May 2022

Urban ecosystem services describe the human/nature relationship in terms of benefits and values to human well-being. Services from nature include products such as food, resources such as clean air and water, and intrinsic benefits such as recreation opportunities. The challenge is to put a value on these services so there is incentive to protect them. One method is to assign a market value, either directly, such as the cost of food, or through proxy values such as tourism opportunities or real estate values. Cultural ecosystem services specifically consider the human/social relationship to nature in cities and human involvement in creating ecosystem services, such as parks, to provide cultural services. Market-based approaches, including tax incentives, policy regulations, and eco-certification programs are also strategies used to value services.
Novel Ecosystems
Authors: Hansen Gail , Macedo Joseli
Published: May 2022

Novel ecosystems are human-built landscapes with no natural analog. Debate remains around the definition of novel ecosystems, however, those who work in the urban sphere accept that almost all landscapes in cities differ from anything historical and are novel because they are altered in structure and function and manged by humans. The most defining characteristic is an ecosystem consisting of new combinations and abundance of species that make it unique from other ecosystems in the same biome. Environmental concerns about novel ecosystems include lack of biodiversity, invasive species, use of non-natives, and human health impacts. Current strategies for novel systems include using plant species with wide tolerance ranges, increasing functionally redundant species, and using species from a wide range of environments to help maintain ecosystem services.
Green Infrastructure
Authors: Hansen Gail , Macedo Joseli
Published: May 2022

Green infrastructure comprises natural elements, such as bioswales and greenways, that mitigate the effects of urbanization and development. These elements may mimic natural systems or make use of them to perform functions usually relegated to “gray infrastructure,” such as culverts and cisterns. Low-impact development strategies can be used in the implementation of green infrastructure in urban areas. The purpose of these strategies is to decrease the reliability on infrastructure designed to retain and store stormwater, decant and filter runoff from paved surfaces, and prevent erosion on slopes whilst creating urban amenities that increase access to natural environments, such as urban parks. Green infrastructure improves the quality of built environments, helps conserve natural features and amenities, and provides greater integration of nature into cities.
Urban Structures
Authors: Hansen Gail , Macedo Joseli
Published: May 2022

Cities are more sustainable when their urban structures are designed to work within the natural environment. Cities have increasingly adopted policies that either mandate or create incentives for buildings to be “green” and for infrastructure to have low impact. Green buildings feature green roofs, green walls, recycled and recyclable materials, and renewable energy systems. Life-cycle assessments are a more holistic way to determine the sustainability of urban structures, taking into consideration the production, functional life, and the disposal of materials used in the construction of buildings. Technological innovations make it possible for zero-net goals to be achieved. New approaches to water resource management, such as the development of “sponge cities” as a critical infrastructure for flood control and mitigation, illustrate how hardscapes within the urban fabric can have low impact and contribute to net gains.
History of Nature in Cities
Authors: Hansen Gail , Macedo Joseli
Published: May 2022

Nature has influenced the form and function of cities from the time of the first human settlements, where geology, hydrology, and vegetation helped create the infrastructure needed for cities. Early historical records of nature in cities comes from paintings of idealized gardens and parks that established the aesthetic preferences evident today. Important historical phenomena that influenced nature in cities include the invention of irrigation, the concept of collecting and arranging plants to create gardens, and perceptions of nature that have shaped landscape styles to fit humans need for nature. Three approaches to recognizing history includes the restoration of historic human-made green spaces, using historic ecology such as original hydrology patterns to inform design, and layering historic ecology and present-day ecology with cultural needs for modern urban life.
The Legal Landscape
Authors: Hansen Gail , Macedo Joseli
Published: May 2022

Land use and environmental legislation provide an important foundation to the legal landscape of places. Land use legislation usually establishes parameters at the local level, whilst environmental legislation is more commonly addressed at the federal level. The reach of jurisdictions is a critical dimension; the sphere of control and legality of enforcement of specific legal parameters allow for proper implementation of laws at the appropriate level. Legal frameworks are only as good as the enforcement of laws, rules, and regulations within them. Beyond local, state, and federal powers, there are international agreements and treaties that promulgate guidelines related to issues that cannot be contained within political boundaries. These usually have the objective of protecting the whole planet, for example, climate change.
Valuing Ecosystem Services in Urban Areas
Authors: Hansen Gail , Macedo Joseli
Published: May 2022

Ecosystem services are linked to economic and/or social costs to guide policy decision-making for urban growth and to integrate impacts on the natural environment in decision-making. Valuing urban nature is complicated by the mix of social, environmental and economic benefits from nature and the competing interests among ecosystem users. Payments for urban ecosystem services is a means of acknowledging economic worth and motivations for improving ecosystem services. Payments typically consider the different motivations of the public and private beneficiaries and providers for increasing services, such as a guarantee of no loss of income when switching management practices, increased profit when selling a private home, or reduced maintenance costs in public park.
Landscape Performance Data
Authors: Hansen Gail , Macedo Joseli
Published: May 2022

Landscape performance data is a relatively new concept to measure return on investment and feasibility of green space projects. Data about the environmental, social, and economic benefits of a project are used to determine landscape performance. The goal is to produce a body of knowledge that will help cities reduce investor risk and inform public policy. The key to using performance measures requires selecting the appropriate metrics and the appropriate method for both collection and evaluation. Research methods such as surveys, field studies, and field observation are used to collect site data. Value landscape engineering uses performance data to consider the value of all the services associated with a landscape over its lifetime; estimating such things as carbon footprint, annual costs for landscapes, services and goods provided by nature, and benefits from green infrastructure.