bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Communicating geomorphology through International English
Authors: Lewin John
Published: October 2016

International English has come to dominate science publication. For both first and second language speakers, the constraints of language for communication in geomorphology are reviewed, including uncertainties with terminology, subtleties of qualification and explanation in the written presentation of arguments, and formalities in the rhetorical structuring of published papers. Distinctive qualities of style and presentation need to be recognized because, in geomorphology as generally, full qualitative meanings may passlingua francaor second language speakers by, whilst formulaic discourse may disguise shortcomings. The alternative of language simplification for international usage may not be wholly desirable if valued functions are lost. Language is also increasingly being coupled with visual devices, pictorial and diagrammatic images and data tables, which are internationally intelligible. These can leave viewers with greater hermeneutic (text interpretation) freedom, and therefore a variety of outcomes in understanding. Mathematical treatments, with their precision and predictive utility, have great universal value and they leave readers with rather less interpretive freedom. Debate is due, both by first and by second English language geomorphologists, as to how well developing presentation styles in international English suit scientific purposes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The toxicity of creosote-treated wood to Pacific herring embryos and characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons near creosoted pilings in Juneau, Alaska
Authors: Duncan Danielle L. , Carls Mark G. , Rice Stanley D. , Stekoll Michael S.
Published: October 2016

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from creosote exposure in the laboratory resulted in deleterious effects in developing Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) embryos, and potentially toxic concentrations of PAHs were measured using passive water samplers at 1 of 3 harbor field sites in Juneau, Alaska, USA. Aqueous total PAH concentrations of 4.6 μg/L and 8.4 μg/L from creosote exposure resulted in skeletal defects and ineffective swimming in hatched larvae in the laboratory (10% effective concentrations) and were the most sensitive parameters measured. Hatch rates also suffered from creosote exposure in a dose-dependent manner: at exposures between 5 μg/L and 50 μg/L total PAH, 50% of the population failed to hatch. Comparisons between laboratory and field deployed passive samplers suggested that for at least 1 harbor in Juneau, concentrations sufficient to induce teratogenic effects were found directly on creosoted pilings, within 10 cm of them, and sometimes at a distance of 10 m. Total PAH concentrations generally decreased with distance from creosoted pilings. Creosote pilings contribute to the PAH load within a marina and can rise to PAH concentrations that are harmful to fish embryos, but at a scale that is localized in the environment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1261–1269. © 2016 SETAC
Sustaining the emergency wireless multihop infrastructure by distributed sharing of energy consumption
Authors: Teng Rui , Li Huan‐Bang , Miura Ryu
Published: October 2016

Wireless multihop infrastructures (WMIs) facilitate low‐cost and quick deployable network infrastructures for emerging applications in emergency responses and smart cities. Cooperative sharing of energy consumption is essential for network sustainability. This paper studies the problem of cooperative sharing of routing services in an emergency WMI (E‐WMI) by examining the regulation of route switching from perspectives of network‐wide and long‐time energy efficiency. A key idea in the regulation of route switching is employing explicit routing terms among base stations in an E‐WMI, allowing tolerance of temporary imbalance of energy consumption in the network. A routing term refers to a period for a base station to continuously serve routing in an E‐WMI. By taking into account the specific features of E‐WMIs, this paper overcomes the challenging problems of complexity and difficulty in examining the explicit route switching and energy distribution in multihop networks. We find that there exists the optimal routing term and number of route switching for the long‐time energy efficiency. With the optimal routing terms, a network can take a principle of distributed energy sharing by route switching management rather than only applying end‐to‐end energy‐efficient routing that does not have a long‐time management of network energy consumption.
Antibacterial and antifouling properties of a polyurethane surface modified with perfluoroalkyl and silver nanoparticles
Authors: Xu Deqiu , Su Yuling , Zhao Lili , Meng Fancui , Liu Chang , Guan Yayuan , Zhang Jiya , Luo Jianbin
Published: October 2016

Inspired by mussel‐adhesion phenomena in nature, a simple, mild surface modification process was elaborated to endow the polyurethane (PU) substrate with antibacterial/antifouling properties. In the present study, polydopamine was coated directly onto polyurethane surfaces. AgNO3 was then added and absorbed onto the surface by the active catechol and amine groups of the polydopamine coating. Meanwhile, the adsorbed Ag+ ions were reduced in situ into metallic silver nanoparticles by the “bridge” of the polydopamine coating which yielded a coating with good antimicrobial properties. Finally, 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H‐perfluorodecanethiol (CF3(CF2)7CH2CH2SH, F‐SH) was attached on the PDA coating via the Michael addition reaction. The hydrophobic F‐SH layer above the antibacterial layer yielded a surface with excellent antifouling properties. Preliminary antibacterial assays indicate that the coated surfaces show enhanced antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (Gram‐negative bacteria) and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram‐positive bacteria). Platelet adhesion was significantly reduced for the F‐SH‐coated PU film. These results suggest that the modified PU could be used as an antibacterial material for future biomedical applications. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 531–538, 2017.
Injectable dopamine‐modified poly(α,β‐aspartic acid) nanocomposite hydrogel as bioadhesive drug delivery system
Authors: Gong Chu , Lu Caicai , Li Bingqiang , Shan Meng , Wu Guolin
Published: October 2016

Hydrogel systems based on cross‐linked polymeric materials with adhesive properties in wet environments have been considered as promising candidates for tissue adhesives. The 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) is believed to be responsible for the water‐resistant adhesive characteristics of mussel adhesive proteins. Under the inspiration of DOPA containing adhesive proteins, a dopamine‐modified poly(α,β‐aspartic acid) derivative (PDAEA) was successfully synthesized by successive ring‐opening reactions of polysuccinimide (PSI) with dopamine and ethanolamine, and an injectable bioadhesive hydrogel was prepared via simply mixing PDAEA and FeCl3 solutions. The formation mechanism of the hydrogel was investigated by ultraviolet‐visible (UV‐vis) spectroscopic, Fourier transformation infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopic, visual colorimetric measurements and EDTA immersion methods. The study demonstrated that the PDAEA‐Fe3+ hydrogel is a dual cross‐linking system composed of covalent and coordination crosslinks. The PDAEA‐Fe3+ hydrogel is suitable to serve as a bioadhesive agent according to the rheological behaviors and the observed significant shear adhesive strength. The slow and sustained release of the model drug curcumin from the hydrogel in vitro demonstrated the hydrogel could also be potentially used for drug delivery. Moreover, the cytotoxicity tests in vitro suggested the prepared polymer and hydrogel possessed excellent cytocompatibility. All the results indicated that the dopamine modified poly(α,β‐aspartic acid) derivative based hydrogel was a promising candidate for bioadhesive drug delivery system. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 1000–1008, 2017.
Porous 3D implants of degradable poly‐3‐hydroxybutyrate used to enhance regeneration of rat cranial defect
Authors: Shumilova A. A. , Myltygashev M. P. , Kirichenko A. K. , Nikolaeva E. D. , Volova T. G. , Shishatskaya E. I.
Published: October 2016

The study describes preparation and testing of porous 3D implants of natural degradable polymer of 3‐hydroxybutyric acid P(3HB) for regeneration of bone tissue defects. The ability of the P(3HB) implants to favor attachment and facilitate proliferation and directed differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) was studied in the culture of MSCs isolated from bone marrow and adipose tissue. Tissue‐engineered hybrid systems (grafts) constructed using P(3HB) and P(3HB) in combination with osteoblasts were used in experiments on laboratory animals (n = 48) with bone defect model. The defect model (5 mm in diameter) was created in the rat parietal bone, and filling of the defect by the new bone tissue was monitored in the groups of animals with P(3HB) implants, with commercial material, and without implants (negative control). Computed tomography (CT) and histologic examination showed that after 120 days, in the group with the osteoblast‐seeded P(3HB) implants, the defect was completely closed; in the group with the cell‐free P(3HB) implants, the remaining defect was no more than 10% of the initial one (0.5 mm); in both the negative and positive controls, the size of the defect was about 1.0–1.2 mm. These results suggest that P(3HB) has good potential as osteoplastic material for reconstructive osteogenesis. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 566–577, 2017.
Irreversible Deterioration of Cortical and Trabecular Microstructure Associated With Breastfeeding
Authors: Bjørnerem Åshild , Ghasem-Zadeh Ali , Wang Xiaofang , Bui Minh , Walker Susan P , Zebaze Roger , Seeman Ego
Published: October 2016

Estrogen deficiency associated with menopause is accompanied by an increase in the rate of bone remodeling and the appearance of a remodeling imbalance; each of the greater number of remodeling transactions deposits less bone than was resorbed, resulting in microstructural deterioration. The newly deposited bone is also less completely mineralized than the older bone resorbed. We examined whether breastfeeding, an estrogen-deficient state, compromises bone microstructure and matrix mineral density. Distal tibial and distal radial microarchitecture were quantified using high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography in 58 women before, during, and after breastfeeding and in 48 controls during follow-up of 1 to 5 years. Five months of exclusive breastfeeding increased cortical porosity by 0.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.3–0.9), reduced matrix mineralization density by 0.26% (95% CI 0.12–0.41) (both p < 0.01), reduced trabecular number by 0.22 per mm (95% CI 0.15–0.28), and increased trabecular separation by 0.07 mm (95% CI 0.05–0.08) (all p < 0.001). Relative to prebreastfeeding, at a median of 2.6 years (range 1 to 4.8) after cessation of breastfeeding, cortical porosity remained 0.58 SD (95% CI 0.48–0.68) higher, matrix mineralization density remained 1.28 SD (95% CI 1.07–1.49) lower, and trabeculae were 1.33 SD (95% CI 1.15–1.50) fewer and 1.06 SD (95% CI 0.91–1.22) more greatly separated (all p < 0.001). All deficits were greater than in controls. The results were similar at distal radius. Bone microstructure may be irreversibly deteriorated after cessation of breastfeeding at appendicular sites. Studies are needed to establish whether this deterioration compromises bone strength and increases fracture risk later in life. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
PlGF Knockdown Decreases Tumorigenicity and Stemness Properties of Spheroid Body Cells Derived from Gastric Cancer Cells
Authors: Mahmoodi Fatemeh , Akrami Hassan
Published: October 2016

Placental growth factor (PlGF) a member of the vascular endothelial growth factor family regulates some cell processes such as survival, growth of vascular endothelial cells, invasiveness, and also involves in pathological angiogenesis and metastasis in most cancers. Cancer stem cells are believed to be the main reason for the tumor relapse and resistance to therapy. These cells have various characteristics as same as normal tissue‐specific adult stem cells including self‐renewability and potent to differentiate into various cell types. However, the function of PlGF in gastric cancer stem cells is not well understood. We have investigated the effect of PlGF knockdown on the tumorigenicity and stem cell properties of spheroid body cells derived from two human gastric cancer cell lines. In this study, we isolated spheroid body cells which have stemness properties from MKN‐45 and AGS without using growth factors. Validation of spheroid body cells was confirmed by various methods. Then the effects of PlGF knockdown were investigated on in vitro tumorigenicity, differentiation, migration, angiogenesis, and transcription levels of stemness markers of spheroid body cells. Our findings indicated that isolation of spheroid body cells from MKN‐45 and AGS cells without using growth factors is an easy and inexpensive method to isolate cancer stem cells and knockdown of PlGF in spheroid body cells reduced in vitro tumorigenicity and stemness properties of spheroid body cells such as Self‐renewal ability, colony forming, migratory, and MMPs activities and decreased ability to differentiation and angiogenesis. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 851–859, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cognitive‐Behavioral Treatment of Hoarding in Youth: A Case Illustration
Authors: McKay Dean
Published: October 2016

Hoarding in children is associated with more severe ancillary psychopathology, and has poor treatment outcome. At present, there are no empirically established procedures for treating hoarding in youth. The present case illustration is of a 10‐year old child (“Grace”) who presented for treatment with significant hoarding related to academic concerns and additional unrelated symptoms of obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD). Grace was treated with cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) primarily comprising exposure with response prevention, behavioral experiments, and cognitive therapy, along with a program of reinforcement delivered by her parents to maintain her motivation for therapy. After 23 sessions and one booster session, Grace's symptoms improved significantly, with gains maintained at 1‐year follow‐up. In addition to the benefits of the specific interventions chosen, the role of therapist–patient/parent alliance as a contributory factor for good outcome is emphasized. As hoarding is underinvestigated in youth, suggestions for further investigation are offered.
Role of microRNAs on the Regulation of Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Insulin Signaling in Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Lima Tanes I. , Araujo Hygor N. , Menezes Eveline S. , Sponton Carlos H. , Araújo Michel B. , Bomfim Lucas H.M. , Queiroz André L. , Passos Madla A. , e Sousa Thais Amaral , Hirabara Sandro M. , Martins Amanda R. , Sampaio Helena C.L.B. , Rodrigues Alice , Curi Rui , Carneiro Everardo M. , Boschero Antônio C. , Silveira Leonardo R.
Published: October 2016

Mitochondria play a critical role in several cellular processes and cellular homeostasis. Mitochondrion dysfunction has been correlated with numerous metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. MicroRNAs are non‐coding RNAs that have emerged as key regulators of cell metabolism. The microRNAs act as central regulators of metabolic gene networks by leading to the degradation of their target messenger RNA or repression of protein translation. In addition, vesicular and non‐vesicular circulating miRNAs exhibit a potential role as mediators of the cross‐talk between the skeletal muscle and other tissues/organs. In this review, we will focus on the emerging knowledge of miRNAs controlling mitochondrial function and insulin signaling in skeletal muscle cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 958–966, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Conversion of methanol to light olefins over H‐MCM‐22 dealuminated with different methods
Authors: Zhang Lei , Wang Hui , Liu Guangbo , Gao Kun , Wu Jinhu
Published: October 2016

Background

In the post‐oil society, the methanol‐to‐olefin (MTO) conversion is a successful non‐oil route for the production of ethene, propene and butene, which are important chemicals in modern chemical industry. Recently, the global demand for propene increased, which makes high propene selectivity attractive in the MTO conversion. However, looking for an effective catalyst is the main challenge.

Results

H‐MCM‐22 zeolite was dealuminated with nitric acid, oxalic acid and ammonium hexafluorosilicate (AHFS). Then, the parent and dealumianted samples were examined in the MTO reaction. The results showed that the total acid amounts decreased and the distribution of Brőnsted acid sites in the pores of H‐MCM‐22 were reregulated after the different dealumination procedures. The results of thermogravimetric (TG) analysis of the spent samples demonstrated that H‐MCM‐22 (10A) dealumination with 10 mmol L−1 AHFS solution had the lowest coking rate and coke selectivity, which makes it exhibit the longest lifetime (54 h), and highest propene and butene selectivity (71.8%).

Conclusion

Dealumination with AHFS is an effective method for H‐MCM‐22. Because it can eliminate almost all the extra‐framework aluminum (AlEF) species and concentrate the Brőnsted acid sites in the sinusoidal channels which promote the propene and butene formation with a resistance to carbonaceous deposition in the MTO reaction. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Isobutyrate biosynthesis via methanol chain elongation: converting organic wastes to platform chemicals
Authors: Chen Wei‐Shan , Huang Shengle , Strik David PBTB , Buisman Cees JN
Published: October 2016

BACKGROUND

Isobutyrate is a platform chemical that is currently produced from a non‐renewable fossil‐based feedstock. This study aimed at developing a renewable isobutyrate production process by using methanol chain elongation, a novel bioprocess that uses organic waste as primary feedstocks and an undefined reactor microbiome as the catalyst.

RESULTS

A continuous anaerobic bioreactor experiment was first performed using a synthetic medium containing acetate, butyrate and methanol, all of which are common derivatives from organic residues. Continuous isobutyrate (2.0 g L−1 day−1) and caproate formation (0.2 g L−1 day−1) from methanol, acetate and butyrate were demonstrated. A batch test to synthesise isobutyrate from a real organic waste, i.e. acidified supermarket waste (ASW), was performed. Up to 6.2 g L−1 isobutyrate was formed which accounted for 63% of all identified products.

CONCLUSION

In this study, a proof‐of‐principle for isobutyrate production from organic waste via methanol chain elongation was demonstrated. The continuous accumulation or supply of butyrate, the suppression of methanogenic activity and methanol addition were shown to be of use to provide conditions for isobutyrate formation. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Extreme precipitation events and their relationship with ENSO and MJO phases over northern South America
Authors: Shimizu Marília Harumi , Ambrizzi Tércio , Liebmann Brant
Published: October 2016

Several droughts and floods in Amazonia and Northeast Brazil have occurred in recent years and projections from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change indicate an increase of these extreme events. El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is one of the phenomena associated with extreme rainfall events in the Amazon. However, recent studies have indicated that the basic response of ENSO is dependent on the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) phase. Hence, this study analyses the MJO influence on precipitation extreme events over northern South America in El Niño and La Niña years. Extreme precipitation events over northern South America for the rainy season (December–May) were obtained through a composite analysis of the combinations of ENSO and MJO phases. Most of the dry extreme events occurred during El Niño periods, while wet extreme events were more recurrent during La Niña or neutral years. However, the results showed that the MJO convection could enhance or weaken the basic response of ENSO on extreme precipitation events. Moreover, dry/wet extreme events over both Amazon and Northeast Brazil are favoured when MJO convection over Indonesia is enhanced (MJO phases 4 and 5)/suppressed (MJO phase 2). Additionally, the interannual variability of the extreme events showed an increasing linear trend for dry extreme events and a decreasing linear trend for wet extreme events. The results presented here contribute to a better understanding of the climate variability and will be helpful for the forecast of ENSO effects on extreme events over northern South America.
Raman microspectroscopy as a useful tool for nanopathology
Authors: Čabanová Kristina , Peikertová Pavlína , Bielniková Hana , Barošová Hana , Motyka Oldřich , Čábalová Lenka , Dvořáčková Jana , Komínek Pavel , Kukutschová Jana
Published: October 2016

Interactions between organisms and micro‐ and nano‐sized particles are studied in a relatively new research field—nanopathology. Some diseases (oncological and/or inflammatory) may be connected with accumulation of the particles in the tissues. In general, precise and accurate qualitative evaluation of chemical composition of particles is very important. In such analyses, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy is used most often. Nevertheless, it reveals merely the elemental composition of particles/clusters. On the other hand, because Raman microspectroscopy is non‐destructive and it is coupled with an optical microscope, it has potential for detection of particles of unknown nature; in addition, it allows determination of the chemical composition of these particles/clusters. Therefore, this technique could be a very useful supporting tool for nanopathology. The aim of the presented study is to survey the possibilities and advantages of Raman microspectroscopy for the detection and characterization of particles of an unknown nature in the samples of human nasal mucosa and amniotic fluids. Three different approaches of analysis are hereby discussed: (1) analysis of the entire area of the sample, (2) division of the sample in sections, and subsequent analysis of a defined number of points in selected parts, and (3) Raman spectral imaging of the selected parts. Results clearly prove high efficiency of Raman microspectroscopy as a tool for characterization of the particles/clusters in human tissues and body fluids, and thus it may allow a better understanding of the potential impact to human health in relation to specific diagnoses. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectroscopy study on influence of network architecture on hydration of poly(2‐(2‐methoxyethoxy)ethyl methacrylate) hydrogels
Authors: Olejniczak Magdalena N. , Kozanecki Marcin , Saramak Jakub , Matusiak Malgorzata , Kadlubowski Slawomir , Matyjaszewski Krzysztof
Published: October 2016

Thermo‐responsive polymer hydrogels attract a great attention because of their unique behavior in response to changes in the thermal environment. It is related to metastable intermolecular interactions resulting in volume phase transitions (VPT). The hydration of poly(2‐(2‐methoxyethoxy)ethyl methacrylate) (PMEO2MA)‐based materials was studied by Raman spectroscopy and further supported by density functional theory calculations. Hydrogels based on random networks prepared via radiation‐induced free radical polymerization and cross‐linking were compared with hydrogels with more regular structure formed by atom transfer radical polymerization. Two types of regular networks were studied: bare one and decorated by linear dangling chains. It was found that both, the total bound water surrounding the polymer chains (~11 H2O per polymer unit) and accessibility of CO groups for water molecules, are independent of topology of PMEO2MA network. Contrarily, network architecture strongly influences CO–water complex stability, which decreases in a following order: regular bare network, irregular bare network, regular decorated network. It was also shown that the stability of CO–water complex is correlated with VPT temperature in PMEO2MA hydrogels. These studies prove a key role of polymer hydration in its thermo‐responsive properties. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ceratonia siliqua L. (immature carob bean) inhibits intestinal glucose absorption, improves glucose tolerance and protects against alloxan‐induced diabetes in rat
Authors: Rtibi Kaïs , Selmi Slimen , Grami Dhekra , Saidani Khouloud , Sebai Hichem , Amri Mohamed , Eto Bruno , Marzouki Lamjed
Published: October 2016

BACKGROUND

This study was designed to investigate the effects of immature carob pod aqueous extract (ICPAE) on intestinal glucose absorption in vitro and in vivo using an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) as well as the potential antidiabetic effect in alloxan‐induced diabetic rats. OGTT was carried by administration of glucose (2 g kg−1, p.o.) and after treatment with extract (50, 100 and 200 mg kg−1 body weight). Diabetes was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan (150 mg kg−1). However, the extracts at various doses or glibenclamide (GLB, 10 mg kg−1 body weight) were given by oral administration for 2 weeks.

RESULTS

ICPAE (50–2000 µg mL−1) exerted dose‐dependent reduction of sodium‐dependent glucose transport across isolated mice jejunum and the maximal inhibition exceeded 50%.The ICPAE treatment improved glucose tolerance. More importantly, ICPAE at various doses showed a significant reduction in blood glucose and biochemical profiles in diabetic rats.

CONCLUSION

Our findings confirm that the degree of maturity of carob characterized by a different phytochemical composition may be responsible for these actions. Therefore, these compounds may be used as a food supplement in hyperglycemia and diabetes treatments. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Quality evaluation of Shenmaidihuang Pills based on the chromatographic fingerprints and simultaneous determination of seven bioactive constituents
Authors: Liu Sifei , Zhang Guangrui , Qiu Ying , Wang Xiaobo , Guo Lihan , Zhao Yanxin , Tong Meng , Wei Lan , Sun Lixin
Published: October 2016

In this study, we aimed to establish a comprehensive and practical quality evaluation system for Shenmaidihuang pills. A simple and reliable high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection method was developed both for fingerprint analysis and quantitative determination. In fingerprint analysis, relative retention time and relative peak area were used to identify the common peaks in 18 samples for investigation. Twenty one peaks were selected as the common peaks to evaluate the similarities of 18 Shenmaidihuang pills samples with different manufacture dates. Furthermore, similarity analysis was applied to evaluate the similarity of samples. Hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis were also performed to evaluate the variation of Shenmaidihuang pills. In quantitative analysis, linear regressions, injection precisions, recovery, repeatability and sample stability were all tested and good results were obtained to simultaneously determine the seven identified compounds, namely, 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural, morroniside, loganin, paeonol, paeoniflorin, psoralen, isopsoralen in Shenmaidihuang pills. The contents of some analytes in different batches of samples indicated significant difference, especially for 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural. So, it was concluded that the chromatographic fingerprint method obtained by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection associated with multiple compounds determination is a powerful and meaningful tool to comprehensively conduct the quality control of Shenmaidihuang pills.
Risk of progressive hearing loss in untreated superior semicircular canal dehiscence
Authors: Patel Neil S. , Hunter Jacob B. , O'Connell Brendan P. , Bertrand Natalie M. , Wanna George B. , Carlson Matthew L.
Published: October 2016

Objective

Patients with incidental or minimally symptomatic superior semicircular canal dehiscence (SSCD) are usually observed, without surgical repair. However, it remains unknown whether a labyrinthine fistula of the superior semicircular canal is associated with progressive conductive or sensorineural hearing loss over time.

Study Design

Retrospective review at two tertiary care academic referral centers.

Methods

Adults analyzed were diagnosed with SSCD by high‐resolution temporal bone computed tomography and vestibular evoked myogenic potential testing and observed with a minimum of two sequential audiograms. Patients with other potential causes of hearing impairment were excluded.

Results

A total of 40 ears in 30 adult patients (median age: 59 years; 63% female) were analyzed. Median audiometric follow‐up was 23 months (range 1–136 months). None experienced a sudden hearing loss over the follow‐up period. In patients with audiometric follow‐up of at least 20 months (median 34 months), the median change in air‐conduction pure tone average and air–bone gap was 0.9 decibels (dB) per year (interquartile range [IQR] 0–2.1) and 0.7 dB per year (IQR 0–2.0), respectively. Speech discrimination scores did not differ when comparing median initial (100%) and median final (98%) scores (P = 0.77). There was no statistically significant change in bone‐conduction thresholds at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz over the period of observation.

Conclusion

The risk of progressive hearing loss with observed SSCD is low during short‐ and intermediate‐term follow‐up. Further studies are necessary to determine whether late hearing loss occurs. Such information may be critical toward patient counseling regarding the need for and timing of surgery.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 127:1181–1186, 2017
OCT for Process Monitoring of Laser Transmission Welding
Authors: Schmitt Robert , Ackermann Philippe
Published: October 2016

Non‐destructive monitoring of laser transmission welding of polymers is a crucial topic in different production areas. Process parameter deviation may result in product failure. Current monitoring often relies on post process or inline methods which are not able to give a qualitative process feedback. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) enables tomographic measurements of transparent material structures (weld seam and defects; Fig. 1) with a few microns resolution. It provides high accuracy for monitoring and quality assurance of pre, inline and post process situations.
Comparison of the Suspended Sediment Dynamics in Two Loess Plateau Catchments, China
Authors: Zhao Guangju , Yue Xiaoli , Tian Peng , Mu Xingmin , Xu Wenlong , Wang Fei , Gao Peng , Sun Wenyi
Published: October 2016

Changes in runoff and sediment loads are of great importance for the management of river basins and the implementation of soil and water conservation measures. This study compared the suspended sediment dynamics in the Huangfuchuan and Yanhe catchments on the Loess Plateau. Both annual runoff and sediment load displayed significant reductions from 1955 to 2012. The decreasing rates were −0·88 mm a−1 and −2·72 Mg ha−1 a−1 in the Huangfuchuan catchment, respectively, and ‐0.31 mm a−1 and −1·20 Mg ha−1 a−1 in the Yanhe catchment. A total of 183 and 195 events, respectively, were selected to assess the suspended sediment dynamics in both catchments during the periods of 1971–1989 and 2006–2012. The results showed a good linear relationship between the sediment yield and runoff depth in both catchments from 1971 to 1989 and a relatively worse relationship in the Yanhe catchment from 2006 to 2012. The magnitude and frequency of the hyper‐concentrated sediment flow obviously decreased in the 2000s compared with that between 1971 and 1989. A hysteresis analysis suggested that complex and counter‐clockwise loops were the dominant patterns. Various soil and water conservation measures (e.g., afforestation, grassing, terraces, and check dams) played a critical role in runoff and sediment load changes in both catchments. The two catchments showed obvious heterogeneities in runoff and sediment yield because of different lithologies, soil types, and vegetation. The results of this study provide valuable information on suspended sediment dynamics and could be used to improve soil erosion control measures on the Loess Plateau. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The importance of physical transport and oxygen consumption for the development of a metalimnetic oxygen minimum in a lake
Authors: Kreling Julika , Bravidor Jenny , Engelhardt Christof , Hupfer Michael , Koschorreck Matthias , Lorke Andreas
Published: October 2016

Although the occurrence of metalimnetic oxygen minima (MOM) in lakes during summer stratification was described by early limnologists, not much is known about the processes leading to its formation. Generally, dissolved oxygen (DO) consumption and net transport contribute to the observed DO decrease, but the latter was rarely considered in former studies. To examine the importance of both processes to MOM development in Lake Arendsee, Germany, we measured DO concentration and temperature with high spatial and temporal resolution during a complete stratification period. Vertical turbulent diffusivities were estimated from temporal changes of the heat content of the lake. The MOM development was not caused by locally enhanced DO consumption rates, but rather by a combination of vertical gradients in DO concentration and consumption. A vertical DO mass balance revealed that net DO transport into the metalimnion was in the same order of magnitude as DO consumption in the MOM. We found that DO consumption was governed by microbial respiration and the vertical variations of DO depletion rates in the metalimnion could be explained by a minor contribution of temperature and a higher contribution of turbidity, implying that the downward flux of particulate organic carbon promoted the MOM development. The intensive metalimnetic respiration in lakes forming a MOM can be expected to accelerate nutrient cycling close to the photic zone and thus, may further stimulate primary production.
Novel Structural Changes during Temperature‐Induced Self‐Assembling and Gelation of PLGA‐PEG‐PLGA Triblock Copolymer in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Khorshid Neda Khameh , Zhu Kaizheng , Knudsen Kenneth D. , Bekhradnia Sara , Sande Sverre Arne , Nyström Bo
Published: October 2016

The thermoresponsive amphiphilic block copolymer poly(d,l‐lactic acid‐co‐glycolic acid)‐block‐poly(ethylene glycol)‐block‐poly(d,l‐lactic acid‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA‐PEGn‐PLGA), which exhibits a reversible temperature‐induced sol–gel transition at higher polymer concentrations in aqueous solution has attached a great deal of interest because of its potential in biomedical applications. In the present work, the length of the hydrophobic PLGA blocks is kept constant, whereas the length of the hydrophilic PEG block is altered and this variation has a pronounced impact on the phase behavior of the aqueous samples and the structure of the polymer. A short PEG block promotes gelation at a low temperature, whereas a longer PEG block shifts the gelation point to higher temperature. By using a combination of turbidity, rheology, and small angle neutron scattering (SANS) methods, the authors have revealed dramatic temperature effects. In dilute solution, the SANS experiments expose asymmetric ellipsoid structures for the copolymer with the short PEG‐spacer, whereas spherical core–shell structure is observed for the polymer with long PEG‐spacer. In the semidilute concentration regime, SANS measurements disclose similar profiles for the two copolymers. In a broad temperature interval, the transition from spherical core–shell micelles to cylindrical structure and packing of cylinders is observed.

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Efficient Release of Affinity‐Captured Cells Using a Coiled‐Coil‐Based Molecular Trigger
Authors: Zhang Mengen , Shen Wei
Published: October 2016

Affinity‐based cell separation is label‐free and highly specific, but it is difficult to efficiently and gently release affinity‐captured cells due to the multivalent nature of cell‐material interactions. To address this challenge, we have developed a platform composed of a capture substrate and a cell‐releasing molecular trigger. The capture substrate is functionalized with a cell‐capture antibody and a coiled‐coil A. The cell‐releasing molecular trigger B‐PEG (polyethylene glycol), a conjugate of a coiled‐coil B and polyethylene glycol, can drive efficient and gentle release of the captured cells, because A/B heterodimerization brings B‐PEG to the substrate and PEG chains adopt extended conformations and break nearby multivalent antibody‐biomarker interactions. No enzymes or excessive shear stress are involved, and the released cells have neither external molecules attached nor endogenous cell‐surface molecules cleaved, which is critical for the viability, phenotype, and function of sensitive cells.

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Hairy Nanoparticles with Hard Polystyrene Cores and Soft Polydimethylsiloxane Shells: One‐Pot Synthesis by Living Anionic Polymerization and Characterization
Authors: Zhou Guangchang , Person Vernecia , Khan Ishrat M.
Published: October 2016

Hairy core–shell nanoparticles have emerged as a unique class of polymeric nanocomposites. Hairy nanoparticles (HNPs) with hard polystyrene (PS) cores and soft polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) shells have been synthesized by living anionic polymerization via “one‐pot synthesis” approach. The size and composition of both core and shell components can be controlled. The synthetic approach produces an entirely new class of HNPs. Differential scanning calorimetry thermograms of the core–shell nanoparticles show two distinct transition temperatures corresponding to a glass transition temperature (Tg) of PS segment and a melting transition temperature (Tm) of PDMS segment indicating the formation of a phase separated system. The synthesized HNPs show different morphologies dependent on the content of PDMS due to the fusion of particles. Solvents play a crucial role in the fusion of particles. Diethyl ether can reduce the fusion of particles and generate almost uniform particles. The HNPs can self‐assemble into hierarchical suprastructures. The HNPs may have potential applications in emerging industries such as high‐density microelectronic materials and lithography.

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Gamma‐Cyclodextrin‐Recognition‐Responsive Characteristics of Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)‐Based Hydrogels with Benzo‐12‐crown‐4 Units as Signal Receptors
Authors: Wei Yun‐Yan , Liu Zhuang , Ju Xiao‐Jie , Shi Kun , Xie Rui , Wang Wei , Cheng Zhengdong , Chu Liang‐Yin
Published: October 2016

Molecular‐recognition‐responsive characteristics of a novel poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐benzo‐12‐crown‐4‐acrylamide) (PNB12C4) hydrogel have been investigated. In the prepared PNB12C4 hydrogel, benzo‐12‐crown‐4 (B12C4) groups act as guest molecules and γ‐cyclodextrin (γ‐CD)‐receptors, and poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) networks act as phase‐transition actuators. The formation of stable γ‐CD/B12C4 complexes enhances the hydrophilicity of the PNB12C4 hydrogel networks, and induces positive shift of the volume phase transition temperature (VPTT) of PNB12C4 hydrogel. Moreover, the PNB12C4 hydrogel also shows thermoresponsive adsorption property selectively towards γ‐CD. The γ‐CD‐recognition sensitivity of PNB12C4 hydrogel can be dramatically improved by increasing γ‐CD concentration in solution or B12C4 content in PNB12C4 copolymer networks. The results in this study provide valuable information for developing crown ether‐based smart materials in various applications.

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A new network perspective in the study of labour markets
Authors: Lloret‐Climent Miguel , Nescolarde‐Selva Josué Antonio , Mora‐Mora Higinio , Signes‐Pont María Teresa
Published: October 2016

Graph theory is a fundamental tool in the study of economic issues, and input–output tables are one of the main examples. We use the interpretation of the labour market through networks to obtain a better understanding on its overall functioning. One benefit of the network perspective is that a large body of mathematics exists to help analyze many forms of networks models. If an economic system has obtained a suitable model, then it becomes possible to utilize relevant mathematical tools, such as graph theory, to better understand the way the labour market works. This interpretation allows us to employ the concepts of coverage, invariance, orbit and the structural functions supply–demand and competition and interpret them from the point of view of circular flow. In this paper, we aim to interpret the labour market through networks that are represented by graphs and where characteristic concepts of chaos theory such as cover, invariance and orbits interact with the concept circular flow. Finally, an example of this approach to labour markets is described, and some conclusions are drawn. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sulforaphane epigenetically enhances neuronal BDNF expression and TrkB signaling pathways
Authors: Kim Jisung , Lee Siyoung , Choi Bo‐Ryoung , Yang Hee , Hwang Youjin , Park Jung Han Yoon , LaFerla Frank M. , Han Jung‐Soo , Lee Ki Won , Kim Jiyoung
Published: October 2016

Scope

Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin that supports the survival of existing neurons and encourages the growth and differentiation of new neurons and synapses. We investigated the effect of sulforaphane, a hydrolysis product of glucoraphanin present in Brassica vegetables, on neuronal BDNF expression and its synaptic signaling pathways.

Methods and results

Mouse primary cortical neurons and a triple‐transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (3 × Tg‐AD) were used to study the effect of sulforaphane. Sulforaphane enhanced neuronal BDNF expression and increased levels of neuronal and synaptic molecules such as MAP2, synaptophysin, and PSD‐95 in primary cortical neurons and 3 × Tg‐AD mice. Sulforaphane elevated levels of synaptic TrkB signaling pathway components, including CREB, CaMKII, ERK, and Akt in both primary cortical neurons and 3 × Tg‐AD mice. Sulforaphane increased global acetylation of histone 3 (H3) and H4, inhibited HDAC activity, and decreased the level of HDAC2 in primary cortical neurons. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that sulforaphane increased acetylated H3 and H4 at BDNF promoters, suggesting that sulforaphane regulates BDNF expression via HDAC inhibition.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that sulforaphane has the potential to prevent neuronal disorders such as Alzheimer's disease by epigenetically enhancing neuronal BDNF expression and its TrkB signaling pathways.
Combinatory estrogenic effects between the isoflavone genistein and the mycotoxins zearalenone and alternariol in vitro
Authors: Vejdovszky Katharina , Schmidt Verena , Warth Benedikt , Marko Doris
Published: October 2016

Scope

The isoflavone genistein, present in soy‐based food and dietary supplements, is known for its estrogenic potential. In addition to phytoestrogens, food may also contain mycotoxins with estrogenic properties like zearalenone or alternariol, raising the question on potential combinatory effects of these xenoestrogens.

Methods and results

Combinatory estrogenic effects of genistein with zearalenone or alternariol were studied in the human endometrial adenocarcinoma cell line Ishikawa as expression of alkaline phosphatase (AlP) activity. Combinations of genistein with either zearalenone or alternariol, showed synergism and antagonism in the AlP assay, depending on the combination ratios and the concentration range. For combinations of zearalenone with genistein synergistic effects dominated.

Conclusion

We demonstrate that mixture effects of phyto‐ and mycoestrogens potentially pose unexpected risks to consumers. Our study highlights the necessity of according considerations regarding combinatory effects in future risk assessment. The applied in vitro study design represents a cost‐efficient screening method to discover interactive effects of estrogens as a basic decision tool for priority risk assessment.
Mis‐estimation and bias of hyperpolarized apparent diffusion coefficient measurements due to slice profile effects
Authors: Gordon Jeremy W. , Milshteyn Eugene , Marco‐Rius Irene , Ohliger Michael , Vigneron Daniel B. , Larson Peder E.Z.
Published: October 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this work was to explore the impact of slice profile effects on apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) mapping of hyperpolarized (HP) substrates.

Methods

Slice profile effects were simulated using a Gaussian radiofrequency (RF) pulse with a variety of flip angle schedules and b‐value ordering schemes. A long T1 water phantom was used to validate the simulation results, and ADC mapping of HP [13C,15N2]urea was performed on the murine liver to assess these effects in vivo.

Results

Slice profile effects result in excess signal after repeated RF pulses, causing bias in HP measurements. The largest error occurs for metabolites with small ADCs, resulting in up to 10‐fold overestimation for metabolites that are in more‐restricted environments. A mixed b‐value scheme substantially reduces this bias, whereas scaling the slice‐select gradient can mitigate it completely. In vivo, the liver ADC of hyperpolarized [13C,15N2]urea is nearly 70% lower (0.99 ± 0.22 vs 1.69 ± 0.21 × 10−3 mm2/s) when slice‐select gradient scaling is used.

Conclusion

Slice profile effects can lead to bias in HP ADC measurements. A mixed b‐value ordering scheme can reduce this bias compared to sequential b‐value ordering. Slice‐select gradient scaling can also correct for this deviation, minimizing bias and providing more‐precise ADC measurements of HP substrates. Magn Reson Med 78:1087–1092, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
Intraindividual genomic heterogeneity of high‐grade serous carcinoma of the ovary and clinical utility of ascitic cancer cells for mutation profiling
Authors: Choi Youn Jin , Rhee Je‐Keun , Hur Soo Young , Kim Min Sung , Lee Sung Hak , Chung Yeun‐Jun , Kim Tae‐Min , Lee Sug Hyung
Published: October 2016

Intraindividual tumoural heterogeneity (ITH) is a hallmark of solid tumours and impedes accurate genomic diagnosis and selection of proper therapy. The aim of this study was to identify ITH of ovarian high‐grade serous carcinomas (OSCs) and to determine the utility of ascitic cancer cells as a resource for mutation profiling in spite of ITH. We performed whole‐exome sequencing, copy number profiling and DNA methylation profiling of four OSC genomes by using multiregional biopsies from 13 intraovarian lesions, 12 extraovarian tumour lesions (omentum/peritoneum), and ascitic cells. We observed substantial levels of heterogeneity in mutations and copy number alterations (CNAs) of the OSCs. We categorized the mutations into ‘common’, ‘shared’ and ‘private’ according to the regional distribution. Six common, eight shared and 24 private mutations were observed in known cancer‐related genes. Common mutations had a higher mutant allele frequency, and included TP53 mutations in all four OSCs. Region‐specific chromosomal amplifications and deletions involving BRCA1, PIK3CA and RB1 were also identified. It is of note that the mutations detected in ascitic cancer cells represented 92.3–100% of overall somatic mutations in the given case. Phylogenetic analyses of ascitic genomes predicted a polyseeding origin of somatic mutations in ascitic cells. Our results demonstrate that, despite ITH, somatic mutations, CNAs and DNA methylations in both ‘common’ category and cancer‐related genes were highly conserved in ascitic cells of OSCs, highlighting the clinical relevance of genome analysis of ascitic cells. Ascitic tumour cells may serve as a potential resource for discovering somatic mutations of primary OSC with diagnostic and therapeutic relevance. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.