bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using ISDN for document delivery
Authors: Tuck Bill
Published: February 2008

As part of Quartet, a research project funded by the British Library, University College London (UCL) has been investigating the use of digital telephone networks for document delivery. The system will facilitate the transmission of electronically encoded documents, such as scientific journal articles, usually in facsimile image format, from a central archive to a requesting client, and the intention is to investigate the technical and economic viability of basing such a system on ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network). Present experiments involve the use of Group IV Telefax across IDA, British Telecom's prototype ISDN network, and Megastream links between UCL and the British Library's Document Supply Centre at Boston Spa (near York). This paper is based on a talk given to the UK Online Users Group at Aslib, London, in November 1987.
CD‐ROM: an end user training tool? — the experience of using Medline in a small medical school library
Authors: Whitsed Nicky
Published: February 2008

The arrival of CD‐ROM (compact disc read only memory) databases provides the opportunity for libraries to gain valuable experience in teaching end users how to search for bibliographic information. This paper considers some of the issues, by describing the experiences of one small medical school library (Charing Cross and Westminster), which has introduced the Medline database on CD‐ROM. Such issues include the assessment of training needs, the type of teaching sessions and the documentation. Details are given of the one‐to‐one approach adopted at Charing Cross and Westminster for training end users to search Medline on CD‐ROM. Fourteen references guide the reader to further papers on end user searching and CD‐ROM developments.
OPACs and JANET: a simple technique for easy user access
Authors: Burton Jim , Newport José , Robinson Everard
Published: February 2008

Online Public Access Catalogues (OPACs) in an increasing number of libraries are now available using the Joint Academic Network (JANET). Until the present time, this access has been obstructed for the casual user by the lengthy JANET addressing codes and varying log‐on procedures required by each library system.
dBase to CDS/ISIS: a program to convert data from dBase/foxBase to CDS/ISIS
Authors: Goyal R.K. , Kumar Surinder
Published: February 2008

Several microcomputer‐based software packages are available which support library operations and the creation and searching of bibliographic databases. dBase/foxBase are such packages which are widely used in library operations, but these packages are limited in scope. Some of the important features such as variable field length, variable record length, full boolean search capability, flexible indexing and special print formatting are not available.
Automation in the Department of Printed Books at the National Library of Wales: Part 1, system configuration and acquisitions
Authors: Jeremiah David
Published: February 2008

This article is the first in a series of three describing the automation system used in the Department of Printed Books at the National Library of Wales. An overview of the computer system (a McDonnell Douglas M9000 using a version of the URICA package) and the communications network is given. The procedures for monograph acquisitions are outlined together with the policy for acquiring computer‐readable records relating to potential intake. Subsequent articles will describe cataloguing, the Online Public Access Catalogue, circulation, retrospective record conversion and serials control.
Using Excel at Aston University Library and Information Services: the application of spreadsheets to library stock management
Authors: Abbott Christine
Published: February 2008

Although spreadsheets are now widely used in libraries, there is little evidence that their application to practical problems of library stock management has been recognised. This paper describes a project undertaken at Aston University Library and Information Services to use the spreadsheet package Excel to assist in planning the respacing of the periodical stock. After briefly outlining the background to the project, the paper describes in detail the construction of the spreadsheet and its implementation. Use of the Excel model demonstrated how the capacity of spreadsheets to perform complex calculations can be successfully applied to practical library problems.
Report on the European Conference on Library Automation and Networking
Authors: Tedd Lucy A.
Published: February 2008

The first European Conference on Library Automation and Networking was held in Brussels during 9–11 May, 1990 and was attended by about 700 participants from some 26 countries. Most participants came from the Northern European countries such as Scandinavia, Belgium, Netherlands, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Switzerland and the UK, but there were also some from Southern Europe (e.g. Italy, Spain, Portugal and Greece), as well as a few from Eastern Europe (e.g. Czechoslovakia, Romania, Poland, Yugoslavia) and even three from the USSR. The conference was organised on the initiative of the EFLC, the European Foundation for Library Cooperation. EFLC was founded in 1986 and is an organisation of some 19 members, acting in a personal capacity, from nine countries. EFLC's aims are to strengthen library co‐operation in Europe and to manage libraries' information resources in order to improve user services in Europe. However, other European groups related to libraries also helped in the organisation of the conference; these were:
Computerised storage and retrieval of structured text information: CDS/ISIS Version
Authors: Nieuwenhuysen Paul
Published: February 2008

The computer software package CDS/ISIS is suitable for the storage and retrieval of structured, text‐oriented information, such as bibliographic descriptions. Versions exist for various hardware including IBM microcomputers and compatibles. The software is very attractive, mainly because it is powerful and because the producer, Unesco, normally fulfils requests to use it for free. Micro CDS/ISIS is reviewed in this paper which includes recent experience with Version 2.3.
User friendliness and human‐computer interaction in online library catalogues
Authors: Hancock‐Beaulieu Micheline
Published: February 2008

The notion of user friendliness is discussed in terms of the relationship between interface design and the nature of human‐computer interaction in OPACs. Menu driven interfaces, boolean searching and document representation are identified as major barriers to interaction. It is argued that user friendly interfaces cannot be developed independently without developments in the functionality of the search software and enhancements of the raw database. WIMP environments, probabilistic retrieval and knowledge base structures are suggested as a combined strategy to improve the quality of interaction in online catalogues.
A unified automation system using VTLS for academic libraries in Finland
Authors: Häkli Esko
Published: February 2008

During a period of five years (1989–1993) all academic libraries in Finland (20 institutions) will install the same local library system and will be connected with each other through the Finnish academic data communication network FUNET. The software uses Hewlett Packard 3000 series' computers and has been developed by the US company VTLS Inc. This library network LINNEA will also include an auxiliary central system with a union catalogue, and various authority files as well as some other functions for the whole network. The selection process and the adaptation of the software has been carried out by the Automation Unit of Finnish Research Libraries which also assists individual libraries in installing the software.
UNIMARC, CDS/ISIS and conversion of records in the National Library of Greece
Authors: Bokos George
Published: February 2008

The following article summarises the results of the LIBACT1/GR project concerning the implementation of UNIMARC and CDS/ISIS in the National Library of Greece and the conversion of the existing records of the Library into the UNIMARC format. The article outlines the basic features of the CDS/ISIS implementation and describes a solution to the problems of implementing UNIMARC on this piece of software. A technique used for the automated UNIMARC formatting of the Library's bibliographic and authority records (from simple ASCII text original files) is also described and evaluated.
Multi‐lingual OPAC developments in the British Library
Authors: Butcher Roger
Published: February 2008

The British Library was established in 1973 from organisations with much longer histories. One of these was the Library of the British Museum which was founded in 1753. Since then the collections of the British Library have developed, until today it is one of the major libraries in the world. It is best known for its collections of books and periodicals and there are over 600 kilometres of shelving to hold these. Possibly less well known are the collections of nearly 1.5 million music scores, two million maps, three million microforms, 32 million patent specifications and about 40 million stamps.
Review of automated library and information services in Nigeria
Authors: Okojie V.O.
Published: February 2008

The earliest recorded use of computers in Nigeria was by the Nigerian Ports Authority, Lagos in 1948 for invoicing and general accounting. Until recently computers were used only for accounting purposes in Nigeria. However, computers are now being used in about 16 libraries for various functions such as acquisition, cataloguing, circulation services, information services (including CD‐ROM searches) and administrative and management functions. Although these uses are still for most libraries at the priMary level, the fact that some libraries have taken this critical first step is encouraging and promising. The situation has improved so much that whereas most vendors who had previously ignored the potential of selling library software packages are now actively involved in promoting the available packages.
An overview of British Library automation at St. Pancras
Authors: Butcher Roger
Published: February 2008

The new British Library building is being constructed next to St. Pancras railway station in London. The building itself is being constructed for the Department of National Heritage by PSA Projects, their Management Contractors, Laing Management, and a large number of sub‐contractors. By contrast the automation supporting the services in the new building is being managed directly by the British Library. This paper gives an outline of these computer systems and the services that they provide. It concentrates more on what the systems do rather than the technology by which they achieve their results. The main computer systems supporting reader services are readers' admissions, the online catalogue and automatic book request.
A marriage of high‐tech and fine art: the National Gallery's Micro Gallery Project
Authors: Baker Christopher
Published: February 2008

The Micro Gallery is a computerised, interactive, public access information system, located in the Sainsbury Wing of the National Gallery in London. It provides detailed information about the Gallery's collection of paintings in an accessible form, using digitised colour images and touch screen technology. A member of the team responsible for its development, here discusses the evolution of the system, its reception, and the projects it has spawned.
Teaching information handling skills with hypertext
Authors: Creanor Linda , Durndell Helen
Published: February 2008

This paper describes the development and content of four Computer Assisted Learning packages designed to teach information skills to higher education students. The areas covered include database searching and library search skills. Educational aspects of using hypertext and hypermedia for learning are discussed along with development issues and a description is given of the staff costs involved. The main source of external funding was the Higher Education Funding Councils' Teaching and Learning Technology Programme (TLTP).
CD‐ROM database quality: Some observations based on experience at Sultan Qaboos University library
Authors: Johnston Colin S.
Published: February 2008

Over the past four years Sultan Qaboos University Library in Oman has increased its CD‐ROM collection to 10 databases. It quickly became apparent to both staff and end users that discs varied in quality. This paper provides examples of inconsistencies in thesaural control, indexing policies, spelling mistakes, mistyping and hyphenation in various CD‐ROM databases. Differences between some CD‐ROM databases and their printed and online counterparts are also given. Also the limitations of the search software on some CD‐ROM products are highlighted. Few product reviews include comments on all these shortcomings although their effects can have significant impact on search results.
Effects on non‐professional staff of the implementation of computer‐based library systems in college libraries: some case studies
Authors: Daniels Rachel J.
Published: February 2008

This paper looks at the theme of library automation from a fresh standpoint — that of non‐professional library workers. The general effects of system implementation are examined, with particular reference to the possible impact on non‐professional staff in UK college libraries. Three case studies involving college libraries provide a comparison between theory and reality.
An introduction to sharing resources via the Internet in academic libraries and information centres in Europe
Authors: Tedd Lucy A.
Published: February 2008

An introduction is given to some of the resources on the Internet that may be used in academic libraries in Europe. Particular reference is made to accessing other libraries' catalogues, document delivery services, shared information products and campus wide information systems. Several figures of screen outputs are included to provide the reader with an insight into the range of information available. The use of the Bulletin Board for Libraries (BUBL) as a starting point for finding out about resources on the Internet is suggested.
Development of allegro at Braunschweig Technical University Library
Authors: Eversberg Bernhard
Published: February 2008

Library computing has a history of conflicting demands, the conflicts being perhaps more acute than in many other areas of computer use.
The use of PRINCE project management methodology in choosing a new library system at the University of Wales Bangor
Authors: Lewis Ainsley C.
Published: February 2008

This paper examines how the application of a project management methodology (PRINCE) together with the use of project management software (Microsoft Project Version 4.0 for Windows) helped with the exercise of replacing a library computer system at the University of Wales Bangor. It concludes that the use of project management techniques within the higher education sector is necessary. Although the task of adopting such methods appears daunting, the possible alternative of expensive failure is perhaps more frightening. In addition, it examines how computer software can greatly reduce the administrative burden of managing large projects, especially and almost paradoxically, when resources are limited.
Database quality: a literature review of the past and a plan for the future
Authors: Medawar Katia
Published: February 2008

Database quality problems have been a major concern in recent years. With the increasing number of databases mounted online and on CD‐ROM, users are more exposed to errors affecting the quality of their search. This article draws attention to database quality problems in Library and Information Services (LIS) through a review of the literature concentrating on the implication of poor quality on users, work undertaken in the area and measures taken for further quality improvement. The Centre for Information Quality Management (CIQM) has been set up in the UK to deal with database quality problems. A CIQM project funded by the British Library, is investigating database quality problems and their effects on users. Suggestions for reducing database quality problems have been given by a variety of authors whose common idea is the creation of an organisation similar to CIQM, and an international standard which producers could use to provide higher quality databases.
The use of the Internet in the development of a global network for disaster management for the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
Authors: Stoddart Linda
Published: February 2008

This article discusses the information needs of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, the types of information required and how the development of a world‐wide network, using the Internet, linking national societies and delegations will facilitate the dissemination of this information. The role of the Federation's Information Resource Centre in accessing relevant information and making it available is also discussed.
Suffix stripping with modern Greek
Authors: Kalamboukis T.Z.
Published: February 2008

The problem of morphological analysis may be considered as minor for languages like English compared to languages with a rich inflectional system like Greek. The plural inflection of the English noun which, apart few exceptions, is very simple (add ‐s) while in modern Greek there are 41 different inflectional suffixes. Storage of all the inflected forms of lexical items appearing in a text would cause an explosion in terms of storage space and retrieval time. There are different forms of the written Greek language: such forms include classical Greek, formal language and modern Greek. In this work we examine modern Greek texts.
The European Libraries Programme: an overview
Authors: Iljon Ariane
Published: February 2008

The European Commission's Libraries programme (as it is popularly known) is set in the context of the European Union's Research and Technological Development (RTD) Framework Programmes. It has been one of the areas of general interest addressed within the specific programme ‘Telematics systems in areas of general interest’ which ran from 1991–1994. The Telematics Programme was in its turn part of the Third Framework Programme (FP3). At the time of writing (June 1995) this has now been followed by the Telematics Applications Programme of the Fourth Framework Programme, 1994–1998 (FP4). This paper looks back and takes stock of what has been the Commission's first initiative specifically in the libraries area.
An overview of some Estonian libraries and their computer systems: A visitor's impressions
Authors: Tedd Lucy A.
Published: February 2008

This paper, based on the experience of running a workshop on library automation in Estonia combined with visits to several major libraries, outlines the main problems faced by Estonian libraries in recent years and the steps taken to improve the situation. It provides insight, through analysis of articles published by (mostly) Estonian professionals into the problems of identifying the problems — lack of funds, lack of qualifications, organisational problems, and searching for possible solutions: networking, resource sharing, use of information technology and international co‐operation. A description of the role of the Open Society's Regional Library Programme in supporting these steps and details about some of the Estonian libraries that were visited prior to the workshop complete the picture of a varied library landscape, richer for its splendid new national library in one of the smallest states on the outskirts of the new Europe.
The State of Scholarly Electronic Conferencing
Authors: Kovacs Michael J. , Kovacs Diane K.
Published: February 2008

E‐mail based electronic conferences (e‐conferences) and journals (e‐journals) are an increasingly popular means of communication for scholars who have access to the academic networks BITNET or Internet. This article explains the technology that allows e‐conferences to form and proliferate, presents preliminary research on scholars' use of the networks, and then examines general issues informing and moderating e‐conferences.
Commercialization and the Commercial Internet Exchange: How the CIX Can Help Further the Commercialization of the Internet
Authors: Estrada Susan
Published: February 2008

An important factor affecting the successful commercialization of the Internet will be cooperation and open exchange of ideas regarding a range of networking issues. The Commercial Internet Exchange Association (CIX), a recently organized trade association, is actively pursuing a number of initiatives to assist its members' transition into this commerical Internet environment. Such cooperative efforts are essential for the future success of the commercial Internet.
Forces Shaping the Electronic Publishing Industry of the 1990s
Authors: Hawkins Donald T. , Smith Frank J. , Dietlein Bruce C. , Joseph Eugene J. , Rindfuss Robert D.
Published: February 2008

Results of an in‐depth study of the electronic publishing (EP) industry, with particular emphasis on the consumer marketplace, are presented. EP was defined as the use of electronic media to deliver information to users in electronic form or from electronic sources. EP is contrasted to electronic‐aided publishing, which is the use of electronic means to format and produce a conventional information product. An “information chain” model of the information flows between publishers (or producers) and users was helpful in understanding the boundaries of EP and defining its markets. Following a review of the conventional publishing industry, a model of the forces driving the EP industry was derived. Although technology is the strongest driving force, it is by no means the only one; the others are economics, demographics, social trends, government policies, applications growth, and industry trends. Each of these forces is described in detail in a “cause and effect” scenario, from which keys to success in the EP marketplace are derived. Although there is some turmoil in the industry, with new services continuing to appear and disappear, the overall picture is one of optimism. EP should be a significant part of consumers' lives by the end of the decade.
THE LIMITS OF CONTROL IN THE MULTINATIONAL CORPORATION
Authors: Mentzer Marc S.
Published: February 2008

As a business grows, its managerial hierarchy gains new layers, and top management finds it more difficult to control those toward the bottom of the chain of command. Multinational corporations are so large (and still growing) that they tax all organizational control mechanisms, including the traditional hierarchy, matrix structures, loose coupling, corporate culture, and personnel rotation. The applicability and drawbacks of each of these mechanisms are surveyed as they relate to the dilemma of management control in the multinational corporation.
COMPETITIVE STRATEGIES FOR NEWLY DEMOCRATIZED COUNTRIES
Authors: Rustagi Narendra K.
Published: February 2008

To become competitive with the industrialized world, a country may follow the following strategy: (1) stabilization of the exchange rate and the economy (extension of the state control of industries for a short period may be the next best alternative to a functioning free economy). A private market could then be phased in. (2) The privatization should be started from bottom up, e.g., start with selling small parts of various industries to develop a cadre of entrepreneurs and then sell bigger units or the whole firm. (3) Agencies should be developed to help/direct the transfer of technology from abroad.
ACQUISITIONS, TAKEOVERS, AND MERGERS: AN ANALYSIS OF POST‐ACTION EFFECTS ON ATTRITION AND PRODUCTIVITY
Authors: Gutknecht John , Murkison Gene
Published: February 2008

A survey of three organizations that had been recently acquired was conducted. The three firms were different in size and purpose. Based on the method of carrying out the acquisitions, there were significantly differing results in levels of job satisfaction, reported staying and leaving behavior, and post‐merger productivity. Recommendations concerning Management and, specifically, Human Resources Department interventions are made.
CULTURAL DETERMINISM AND COMPENSATION PRACTICES
Authors: Riahi‐Belkaoui Ahmed
Published: February 2008

This study examines the international differences in compensation practices and relates these differences to cultural influences. The results show that the compensation practices were influenced by various cultural dimensions. Cultural differences create different social environments that affect compensation practices.
EGYPTIAN STATE OWNED ENTERPRISES: A SECTOR IN TRANSITION
Authors: Youssef Samir
Published: February 2008

Despite the increasing world‐wide preference for free market economies, many developing nations (DNs) still have a significant public sector. Egypt, for one, still has about 70 percent of total national investment under the control of State‐owned enterprises (SOEs); quite an improvement over the sixties and early seventies when this ratio was 90 percent (Handussa, 1989). Judging by the rate of change since the declaration of the open‐door policy in 1974, it is wise to assume that SOEs will continue to play a dominant role in the Egyptian economy for the foreseeable future.
LABOR RELATIONS IN PALESTINIAN INSTITUTIONS
Authors: Shami Mufeed M.
Published: February 2008

The need for studying labor relations within Palestinian institutions stems from the special nature of the labor union movement in the occupied territories. The political aims of these labor unions overshadow their economic aims (Quatamish, 1989) which affected the relations between labor and management and development for the present form of the collective bargaining. Is it possible for the management of an institution with an organized labor union to establish a relationship with the union council that can achieve the objectives of the institution while benefiting both parties? What factors influence such relations? In what direction can these relations be expected to develop in coming years? The purpose of this study is to answer these questions and find out the impact of environmental factors upon the economic aims of an organization, the interests of its employees, and the social responsibility of the organization.
JOB VALUES OF FRENCH SPEAKING BUSINESS STUDENTS IN FRANCE AND CANADA: AN OVER TIME STUDY
Authors: Ahmed Sadrudin A. , Jabes Jak
Published: February 2008

This article reports the results of a cross‐cultural study carried out at two different time periods ranging from late 1970s to late 1980s on job related motivations, personality and values of business students in France and Canada. The major research objective was to investigate the similarities and differences in the achievement motivation of the French Canadians, and French students, their value structures and the characteristics they look for in a job. A related objective was to see how these have been affected over time. The results indicate that Canadians were more pragmatic and self‐oriented, seeking to excel in their jobs and wishing to be rewarded by leading a comfortable life and recognition. French students, on the other hand, put greater value on the peer group, tended to search for enriching and diverse social relationships and placed a higher value on spiritual and society oriented goals. Over time both national groups had become more acquisitive, and they displayed greater concern for peer status and excellence.
AN EMPIRICAL COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN ISLAMIC AND COMMERCIAL BANKS' SELECTION CRITERIA IN EGYPT
Authors: Hegazy Ibrahim A.
Published: February 2008

The purpose of this paper is to determine the number of selection criteria of Islamic and commercial banks in Egypt and to identify the relative influence that each attribute may exert on the selection process. Findings indicate differences in the important selection criteria of Islamic and commercial banks in Egypt. Although the number of attributes was similar, differences prevailed in the relative importance of selection criteria. This finding could be linked to the fundamental difference between these two banking systems that are widely spread in the Middle East.
IMPLICATIONS OF FASB #52
Authors: Johnson Merlin N. , Kallianatis Ioannis N. , Moorti Kasibhatla Krishna , Malindretos John , Eduardo Rivera‐Solis Luis
Published: February 2008

This note reports the results of a survey sent to chief financial officers of the 250 largest U.S.‐based multinational types of exchange risk exposures concern CFOs and the techniques they use for hedging exchange rate risks.
EXPLORING THE NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT: INITIAL REACTION FROM ASIA
Authors: Paik Yongsun
Published: February 2008

As the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is put into effect, Asian countries have shown growing concerns about the protectionist nature of the NAFTA. Key provisions of NAFTA which have potential negative impacts on Asian economies are examined. The economic analysis suggests that there will not be much, if any, trade or investment diversion effect of NAFTA upon Asian countries. The initial reaction to NAFTA from these countries supports this prediction.
ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT, JOB SATISFACTION AND JOB CHARACTERISTICS: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF EXPATRIATES IN SAUDI ARABIA
Authors: Bhuian Shadid N. , Al‐Shammari Eid. S. , Jefri Omar A.
Published: February 2008

The authors explore the nature of commitment, job satisfaction and job characteristics, and the nature of the interrelationships among these variables concerning expatriate employees in Saudi Arabia. An examination of a sample of 504 expatriate employees reveals that these employees are, by and large, indifferent with respect to their perceptions of commitment, job satisfaction, and job characteristics. In addition, the results provide strong support for (1) the influence of job satisfaction on commitment, (2) the influence of job variety on commitment, and (3) the influence of job autonomy, identity, and feedback on job satisfaction.
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE: 1988–1993
Authors: Jermakowicz Walter W. , Bellas Carl J.
Published: February 2008

This paper examines in some detail the magnitude, structure and patterns of foreign direct investment in Central and Eastern Europe between 1988 and 1993. The authors identify and describe three major forms of investment structuring and three operative investment strategies. Data show the actual flows of capital from their source countries to their countries of investment. These data are used to explain the differences in patterns of investment across the CEE. The number and types of foreign direct investments within individual countries are presented and discussed. The paper concludes by assessing the success to date of FDI.
THE INFLUENCE OF ISLAM ON BANK FINANCIAL REPORTING
Authors: Naser Kamel , Pendlebury Maurice
Published: February 2008

This paper discussed the evolution of Islamic banks and their financial reporting practices. The paper reflected on religious justifications for establishing banks. In addition, a comparison between Islamic and commercial banks was provided.
A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR ALIGNING MANAGERIAL BEHAVIORS WITH CULTURAL WORK VALUES
Authors: Michael James , College Wagner
Published: February 2008

Attempts to transfer Western management theories without considering the host's cultural value system is a prescription for failure. While conceptual frameworks for understanding cultural differences exist, such as the ones developed by Hofstede and Hall, we know little about which managerial practices are relevant in what cultural settings. Adopting the view that the effectiveness of different management behaviors depends on the culture in which they are practiced, this paper develops various propositions that match specific managerial behaviors with cultural work values. The matching of managerial behaviors with cultural values has a wide range of applications in overseas selection decisions and training programs.
ENTREPRENEURIAL BEHAVIORAL PROFILES AND COMPANY PERFORMANCE: A CROSS‐CULTURAL COMPARISON
Authors: Hunt Richard E. , Adams David C.
Published: February 2008

In small businesses, the owner is typically the dominant decision‐maker. An area of largely neglected consideration is the impact of the individual decision‐maker's “self monitoring” behavior, i.e., the degree to which he/she actively scans the business' external environment. This is an especially critical issue in the international business arena, where cultural differences are significant factors.
JOB SATISFACTION AND ORGANIZATION COMMITMENT: A COMPARISON OF UNITED STATES AND MEXICO EMPLOYEES
Authors: Borycki Christine , Thorn Ron G. , LeMaster Jane
Published: February 2008

This study compares the nature of job satisfaction and organization commitment of employees in a United States manufacturing plant to employees in a Mexico maquiladora manufacturing plant. Demographic and job related variables were measured and used in a regression analysis to explain job satisfaction and organization commitment in both plants. Results indicate that significant differences exist. The regression models for the constructs, job satisfaction, and organization commitment in both countries are presented.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ACCULTURATION, ATTITUDE TOWARD THE ADVERTISEMENT, AND PURCHASE INTENTION OF ASIAN‐INDIAN IMMIGRANTS
Authors: Khairullah Durriya Z. , Khairullah Zahid Y.
Published: February 2008

The paper examines relationships between acculturation, affective attitude toward the advertisement (Aad), and purchase intention (PI) of Asian‐Indian immigrants. Our results indicate that (i) Aad as well as PI of Asian‐Indian immigrants for the Indian versus the American advertisements vary within and across the stages of acculturation: low, moderate, and high, and (ii) there is a strong positive relationship between Aad and PI. Our results imply that the degree of acculturation (DA) should be considered in advertising. Low and moderate acculturated Asian‐Indians would be more effectively reached by developing Indian advertisements depicting Indian cultural themes rather than American advertisements showing mainstream American culture. High acculturated Asian‐Indian immigrants should be reached by American advertisements rather than Indian advertisements. Our findings also confirm that the more consumers like an advertisement the more likely they are to indicate an intention to purchase the advertised product.
CULTURAL VALUE ORIENTATIONS AND BUYER‐SELLER INTERACTION: AN ORGANIZING FRAMEWORK
Authors: Vida Irena
Published: February 2008

The purpose of this conceptual study is to offer an assessment and evaluation of the literature in the field of international marketing negotiations and to propose a descriptive organizing framework which could serve as a basis to integrate and evaluate the existing empirical and conceptual work. The premise of the model is that certain cultural value orientations will be reflected in the characteristics of individuals and in those of their respective companies. Cultural value orientations will, thus, indirectly affect the process of negotiation and the outcomes of the dyadic interaction.
USAGE OF CORPORATE CAREER DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES BY EXPATRIATE MANAGERS AND THE EXTENT OF THEIR INTERNATIONAL ADJUSTMENT
Authors: Selmer Jan
Published: February 2008

A sample of 343 Western business expatriates assigned to Hong Kong responded to a mail survey regarding usage of corporate career development activities and their extent of international adjustment. Although such activities are targeted at the job and its context, there was no (positive) association as anticipated between career development activities and work adjustment of the expatriates. Instead, there was a significant positive relation between these activities and psychological adjustment, as measured by subjective well‐being. Implications for globalizing corporations of these findings are discussed in detail.
ORGANIZATIONAL LEADERSHIP AND AUTHORITY RELATIONS ACROSS CULTURES: BEYOND DIVERGENCE AND CONVERGENCE
Authors: Ogbor John O.
Published: February 2008

This article examines the interaction between Western leadership and authority practices and those of a non‐Western culture in their managerial and organizational contexts. Specifically, it examines the mechanism for organizational commitment through the use of a non‐Western authority relationship in a Western organization situated in a non‐Western culture. Data concerning the experience of an organizational change in a non‐Western cultural context fail to confirm some of the ideas advanced in the divergence and convergence thesis. An alternative framework for conceptualizing the process of interaction and outcome of organizational development in situations of cross‐cultural transfer and application of management practices is proposed.
EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE ON CORPORATE SOCIAL DISCLOSURE (CSD) PRACTICES IN JORDAN
Authors: Abu‐Baker Nafez , Naser Kanial
Published: February 2008

This study provides empirical evidence on corporate social disclosure practices in a sample of 143 companies. Chosen from four different industry groupings, these companies form 83% of the total population of companies listed on the Amman Financial Market. The results of the analysis reveal that CSD received modest attention from most surveyed companies in terms of space devoted and subjects covered in such disclosure in the annual reports. There is a limited number, however, of Jordanian companies operating in the banking and manufacturing sectors which have articulated their CSD responsibilities in a convincing manner. The themes most commonly disclosed across the four industry groupings were human resources and community involvement. Environmental disclosure needs much more attention by the Jordanian shareholding companies. Significant differences among various industry groupings were, on the other hand, noted with respect to the amounts, methods and locations of CSD in the annual reports of the sampled companies.
FROM STRATEGY TO CORPORATE OUTCOMES: ALIGNING HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS WITH ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENT
Authors: Twomey Daniel F. , Harris Drew L.
Published: February 2008

The resource view of strategy holds internal resources as a source of unique and inimitable competitive advantage. This strategic perspective, applied to Human Resource Management (HRM), suggests that aligning HRM sub‐systems with a strategy will produce behaviors and outcomes consistent with the strategy. A current popular strategy attempts to foster intrapreneurial behavior among employees by seeking breakthrough performance and product innovation. A survey of corporate executives shows that infusing HRM sub‐systems with entrepreneurial thrusts will produce more intrapreneurial behaviors and greater organization outcomes.
INVOLVEMENT OF EMPLOYEES AND THEIR PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS IN SAUDI CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES
Authors: AlKahtani Abdulwahab S.
Published: February 2008

The investigator of this study examined organizational involvement of employees in Saudi construction companies and a random sample was drawn from the participating companies in Riyadh and Dammam. Employees' levels of involvement in the construction companies, were compared on the basis of their personal characteristics. The sample was divided into two groups on the basis of employees' personal characteristics such as education, organizational tenure, pay, rank, and age. The results showed that there was a difference in the level of organizational involvement between employees on the basis of their five personal characteristics included in this study. Further, the findings of this study showed that the levels of employees' involvement in the construction companies differed as their personal characteristics differed. Employees with a low level of education showed a higher level of organizational involvement than did employees with a high level of education. Employees with long organizational tenure reported a higher level of involvement than did employees with short organizational tenure. Also, employees with a high salary showed a higher level of involvement than did employees with a low salary. Old employees showed a higher level of organizational involvement than young employees. High ranking employees showed a higher level of organizational involvement than did employees with a low rank.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND MANAGEMENT FRAUD: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Saksena Pankaj
Published: February 2008

Management fraud is an important issue, as determined by significant governing bodies and major accounting firms. There are significant implications for the profession and the capital markets from instances of management fraud. This study determined instances of management fraud using SEC AAER's and advances our understanding of the internal and external environmental factors that might lead to instances of management fraud. There is further analysis of industries where instances of management fraud were prevalent.
NEPAL: CHANGING POLITICAL ECONOMY
Authors: Bhattarai Dinesh
Published: February 2008

Nepal's political economy has been in the process of changing ever since the establishment of a unified kingdom on November 12, 1769, following the unification drive by the King of Garkha, Prithivi Narayan Shah. Although Nepal has never been colonized, her political economy has been largely influenced by changes in neighboring countries. Monarchs ruled the country from 1770 to 1845. At that point, Jung Bahadur Rana, taking full advantage of the ongoing conspiratorial politics in the king's palaces, decimated his foes and established himself as the Prime Minister of the country and turned the powerful king into titular head of state from 1846 to 1950. After a brief experiment of open and competitive politics following the 1950 revolution, the country fell back into a rule of absolutism from 1960 to 1990, then finally reverted to a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary system in 1990 following the Jana Andolan (People's Movement).
THE ROLE OF EFFECTIVE RESOURCE UTILIZATION ON STRATEGY'S IMPACT ON PERFORMANCE
Authors: Parnell John A. , Carraher Shawn
Published: February 2008

Researchers have investigated the link between business strategy and performance, the process of resource acquisition and employment, and issues associated with strategy implementation. However, empirical investigations into the moderating or mediating effects of resource deployment and implementation in the strategy‐performance relationship have been lacking. Data analyzed in the present study lends support for the notion that the appropriate strategy should be aligned with specific resource competencies if the strategy is to be successful.
ASSESSMENT OF AN OUTREACH INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS PLANNING PROJECT AS AN MBA CAPSTONE COURSE
Authors: Cordell Victor V.
Published: February 2008

A survey was conducted on graduates from the Monterey Institute of International Studies MBA program to assess the effectiveness of a capstone international business plan (IBP) course as meeting the stated overall objectives of the MBA program. The paper contrasts the IBP with other experiential learning practices in business education. It then describes the format and procedures of the IBP, followed by the methodology for conducting the study. Results demonstrate that program objectives are met through this course offering. The general architecture and dynamics, as well as the assessment of the IBP, are adaptable to team project activities at other institutions.
ELIMINATING BRIBERY AS A TRANSNATIONAL MARKETING STRATEGY
Authors: Scott Judith , Gilliard Debora , Scott Richard
Published: February 2008

Since 1977, U.S. firms have been prohibited from bribing foreign officials under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. As a result, many traditional competitors of U.S. multinational firms have been willing to pay bribes to foreign officials as a marketing ploy to win sales at the expense of their American counterparts. Because bribery of public officials is widespread in many developing nations to facilitate overseas sales, U.S. firms lost significant overseas contracts while their foreign competitors gained market share. Recognizing the dilemma that American firms are in, successive U.S. administrations have led the charge against bribery and have attempted to get other nations to join in the battle. Now, after twenty years, these attempts are finally paying off. A growing number of international organizations have developed guidelines to help curb corruption in the future. This paper traces the U.S.'s attempts to curtail official bribery, and details new information outlets and laws passed by other nations to be used as weapons as they join in the U.S.‐led fight against bribery.
THE FOUR FACES OF PAY: AN INVESTIGATION INTO HOW CANADIAN MANAGERS VIEW PAY
Authors: Das Hari
Published: February 2008

While over 300 major studies have looked at pay, an empirically derived model of managerial perceptions of pay is yet to emerge. This study attempts to answer the question: “what does pay mean to managers?” Based on three different samples of Canadian managers, the present paper outlines a four factor model of managerial perceptions of pay. It is suggested here that pay has multiple meanings to managers: pay is a symbol of success, it acts as a reinforcer and motivator, it reflects performance and, finally, it reduces anxiety. The paper suggests that two core dimensions may underlie managerial perceptions of pay: its capacity to produce and reduce tension and its focus on self and others. The implications of the present findings for theory and practice and how the present findings relate to past writings in the field are outlined.
CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR IN A NON‐WESTERN CONTEXT: AN EXAMINATION OF THE ROLE OF SATISFACTION, COMMITMENT AND JOB CHARACTERISTICS ON SELF‐REPORTED OCB
Authors: Kuehn Kermit W. , Al‐Busaidi Yousef
Published: February 2008

This study examines organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) in a non‐Western context. Job satisfaction, organizational commitment, job characteristics and demographic variables were tested as predictors of OCB. Data were collected (n=153) from public and private‐sector organizations in the Sultanate of Oman. Results indicated that job satisfaction and normative commitment were significant predictors of OCB, while job characteristics were not. Age also proved to be a resilient predictor in this sample, with younger Omanis reporting lower satisfaction and OCB than older workers. Managerial and research implications are discussed.
SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM IN SAUDI ARABIA: IN SEARCH OF A CULTURALLY COMPATIBLE MODEL FOR REFORM
Authors: Assad Soraya W.
Published: February 2008

Economic development programs in Saudi Arabia have rapidly enlarged organizational size, and complexity. New organizations have also been created to implement the objectives of the developing nation. Yet in its quest for economic progress, Saudi Arabia continues to face challenges resulting from ways in which cultural values influence administrative structures and behavior in organizations. Current problems in organization can be understood in the context of an ongoing encounter between forces of change and forces of stability. This study examines Saudi management problems, explores alternative models for reform, cites areas of compatability between Saudi Islamic tradition and Western management practices, and makes recommendations to integrate the various systems.
EXPATRIATE ADJUSTMENT TO FOREIGN ASSIGNMENTS
Authors: Andreason Aaron W.
Published: February 2008

Ineffective expatriate performance and premature returns have been found to relate primarily to an inability to adjust to the foreign environment rather than a lack of technical competence. Research has identified three dimensions of expatriate adjustment: adjustment to work, adjustment to interactions with people in the foreign country and general adjustment to the culture and living conditions. Five major factors that have been found to influence these dimensions of adjustment and research using these factors provides a framework to help international firms understand and take a more active role in facilitating expatriate adjustment.