bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Peripheral fibrinolytic markers, soluble adhesion molecules, inflammatory cytokines and endothelial function in hypopituitary adults with growth hormone deficiency
Authors: Gómez José Manuel , Sahún Manel , Vila Ramon , Domènech Pere , Catalina Pablo , Soler Juan , Badimón Lina
Published: April 2006

Background  Increased mortality due to cardiovascular disease has been described in adult patients with untreated GH deficiency (GHD). GH replacement has been demonstrate to improve vascular reactivity and reverse early atherosclerotic changes in adults with GHD.

Objective  Assessment of fibrinolytic markers, soluble adhesion molecules, inflammatory cytokines and endothelial function in hypopituitary adults with GHD at baseline and 1 year after GH replacement therapy.

Methods  We studied 10 patients with GHD (five men and five women; aged 45·6 ± 10·4 years) at baseline and 1 year after GH replacement therapy compared with a control group (nine men and 16 women) matched for age and body mass index (BMI). All subjects, patients and controls, were life‐long nonsmokers, normotensive and nondiabetic. The following variables were recorded: anthropometric and body composition variables, serum concentrations of glucose, insulin and C‐peptide; thrombin anti‐thrombin (TAT) fragments and fibrin degradation product D‐dimer, which were determined by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); IGF‐I by radioimmunoassay (RIA); C‐reactive protein (CRP) by highly sensitive immunonephelometry; E‐selectin, P‐selectin, soluble intercellular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (sICAM‐1), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (sVCAM‐1), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) by ELISA. The assessment of endothelial function in vivo was measured with a Doppler device.

Results  Patients with GHD without GH substitution had higher hip/waist ratio and body fat than controls. Insulin, C‐peptide and triglyceride concentrations were also higher. Our results demonstrated no difference in fibrinogen and in TAT fragment concentrations among patients and controls. E‐selectin concentrations were higher in patients than in controls (26·1 ± 11 vs. 10·7 ± 6·2 µg/l, P = 0·0001). P‐selectin, sICAM‐1, sVCAM‐1, IL‐6, MCP‐1 and CRP were similar in the two groups. Vascular reactivity and carotid intima–media thickness (IMT) were also similar in patients and controls. After 1 year of GH treatment we found no changes in biochemical parameters, fibrinolytic markers, soluble adhesion molecules, inflammatory cytokines and endothelial function.

Conclusion  Adults with GHD show some subtle changes in soluble adhesion molecules but our data suggest no beneficial effects of GH over these markers in relationship to endothelial function. Factors other than GH treatment, such as differences in age, degree of obesity, the presence of diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension or tobacco consumption, could explain the observed increase in markers of vascular risk in GH‐deficient patients.
Children's and young people's experiences of chronic renal disease: a review of the literature, methodological commentary and an alternative proposal
Authors: Darbyshire Philip , Oster Candice , Henning Paul
Published: April 2006

Aim. The aims of this paper were to review and critique existing research literature on children's and young people's experiences of chronic renal disease and to propose alternative approaches that may be more fruitful in addressing existing research shortcomings.

Background. Chronic renal disease, which results in approximately 1·6–4 new cases per year per million population in the 0–15 years age group, is a serious illness that causes severe and irreversible reduction in kidney function. Despite modern medical advances, its significance and implications for the lives of the children and young people concerned are profound.

Method. Salient literature for this review was obtained using the major health and social science electronic databases such as Medline, CINAHL, Psyclit and Sociofile. Manual searching of relevant books, journals and ‘grey literature’, combined with the genealogy approach, extended and strengthened the search.

Conclusions. Research in this area focuses mainly on two areas, namely psychological adjustment and adaptation to end‐stage renal disease. This research is grounded within a framework of empirical psychology that values objectivity, measurement and quantification. This predominantly psychometric approach is critiqued for simplifying the complex experience of end‐stage renal disease and for pathologizing children and young people with this disease. We identify a significant gap in the research literature, namely the lack of research that takes into account these children's and young peoples’ownperspectives of their experiences.

Relevance to clinical practice. Chronic renal disease has a significant impact on children's and young people's lives. Understanding the experiences of these children is important for the provision of effective healthcare. Conducting child‐centred qualitative research in this area would allow us to explore vital questions of meaning, perception and understanding. If health and social care organizations claim to provide ‘consumer‐focused’ services, it behoves us to develop first a clearer understanding of the lives and experiences of children and families who seek our help and to use this knowledge and understanding to plan and provide more grounded and responsive services.
The Assessment of Basic Learning Abilities (ABLA) test predicts the relative efficacy of task preferences for persons with developmental disabilities
Authors: Reyer H. S. , Sturmey P.
Published: April 2006

Background Prior studies have showed that presentation methods could affect the accuracy of a choice assessment.

Methods In the current study, high‐ and low‐ preferred work tasks were identified in nine adults with developmental disabilities. Both tasks were then introduced in pairs within a choice assessment using the actual tasks, pictures of the tasks and spoken descriptions of the tasks. Participants were also given the Assessment of Basic Learning Abilities (ABLA) test that evaluated their discrimination skills.

Results For five of the participants, their consistent choice of preferred task was predicted by their discrimination skills as assessed by the ABLA.

Conclusions These findings extend that of Conyerset al. whereby the systematic assessment of discrimination skills could predict the effectiveness of different presentation methods in this population.
Decision‐making of Chinese caregivers for adult out‐of‐home placement
Authors: Marcus Y. L. Chiu , Rommel C. H. Hung
Published: April 2006

Background  In the light of the existence of lengthy waiting lists for out‐of‐home placements, this study examines the factors affecting the decision to apply or not to apply for this facility in a city traditionally characterized by a cultural and policy emphasis on family responsibility and by relatively low levels of welfare commitment to residential services.

Method  A sample of 321 people responsible for providing care for adults with moderate to severe intellectual disability (ID) from 22 service units of seven non‐governmental organizations in Hong Kong was surveyed by means of a structured questionnaire.

Results  The non‐application group reported better emotional ties with the people with ID and greater confidence in their caregiving skills, but also tended to be caring for more challenging people with poorer health and higher or more frequent levels of self‐harm behaviour than the application group who exhibited higher levels of worry and fear. Discriminant analysis successfully predicted 80% of non‐application cases, while logistic regression revealed that decline in perceived competence to care, absence of other health problems and at least one parent of the client having long‐term illness were better predictors of the decision to apply than handicap‐specific characteristics of the people with ID themselves.

Conclusion  The implications of this finding are discussed, and consideration given to the possibility of developing policies designed to strengthen and treasure family values while not detracting from the importance of providing proper community support.
Finding fathers: spatio‐temporal analysis of paternity assignment in grey seals (Halichoerus grypus)
Authors: TWISS SEAN D. , POLAND VERONICA F. , GRAVES JEFFERSON A. , POMEROY PADDY P.
Published: April 2006

Molecular studies of pinniped breeding systems exhibit a broad range of agreement and disagreement with observational indices of male breeding success. Grey seal studies have reported considerable discrepancies between genetic and behavioural paternity measures that have been interpreted as evidence of previously unidentified male strategies and/or tactics. Therefore, these studies have the power to fundamentally alter our perceptions of mating systems. However, other pinniped studies exhibit no such disagreements, and one possible explanation for disparities may be sampling biases in space and time. Therefore, it is essential that potential sampling biases are examined to evaluate the likelihood of previously unidentified male strategies. We examined paternities assigned at the North Rona grey seal colony between 1999 and 2002 in relation to concurrent detailed behavioural and locational data for males and females. We found that (i) for females observed in sexual interaction(s) during their oestrus period, it was highly probable that one of the interacting males fathered their next pup; (ii) over 80% of assigned paternities agreed with observations of the in‐colony behaviour and spatio‐temporal proximity of the males and females involved; and (iii) a minority of females exhibit mate choice and seek sires outside their local male's home range, although evidence suggests that these females mate on the colony rather than at sea. In conclusion, nearly all paternities assigned agreed with expectation based upon detailed knowledge of the spatio‐temporal patterns of individuals during the breeding season. We found little evidence of unidentified male strategies at North Rona, Scotland, whereas further examination of mechanisms of female choice may be productive.
Neural gastrointestinal electrical stimulation enhances colonic motility in a chronic canine model of delayed colonic transit
Authors: Sanmiguel C. P. , Casillas S. , Senagore A. , Mintchev M. P. , Soffer E. E.
Published: April 2006

Abstract  Neural gastrointestinal electrical stimulation (NGES) induces sequential contractions and enhances emptying in acute canine gastric and colonic models. This study was set to determine (i) the effect of NGES in a chronic canine model of delayed colonic transit and (ii) possible mechanism of action. Four pairs of electrodes were implanted in the distal colon of nine mongrel dogs. Delayed colonic transit was induced by diphenoxylate/atropine and alosetron. Transit was fluoroscopically determined by the rate of evacuation of radiopaque markers, and was tested twice in each dog, in random order, on and off stimulation. Two stimulation sequences, separated by 1 min, were delivered twice a day via exteriorized electrodes. Colonic manometry during stimulation was performed before and after intravenous (i.v.) injection of 1 mg of atropine. Complete evacuation of all markers was significantly shortened by NGES, from 4 days to 2 days, interquartile range 3–4 days vs 2–3 days, respectively, P = 0.016. NGES induced strong sequential contractions that were significantly diminished by atropine: 190.0 ± 14.0 mmHg vs 48.7 ± 19.4 mmHg, respectively (P < 0.001). NGES induces strong sequential colonic contractions and significantly accelerates movement of content in a canine model of delayed colonic transit. The effect is atropine sensitive.
Iliac compartment block following ilioinguinal iliohypogastric nerve block
Authors: SHIVASHANMUGAM THIAYAGARAJAN , KUNDRA PANKAJ , SUDHAKAR SUBRAMANI
Published: April 2006

Transient femoral nerve palsy is a known complication associated with percutaneous ilioinguinal iliohypogastric nerve block. Excess volume and higher concentrations of local anesthetic have been implicated for transient femoral nerve palsy. We encountered partial iliac compartment block involving lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh and femoral nerve with a lower concentration (0.25%) of bupivacaine administered in the smallest indicated volume of 0.25 ml·kg−1 using a double‐shot technique.
Widespread distribution and high prevalence of an alpha‐proteobacterial symbiont in the tick Ixodes ricinus
Authors: Lo N. , Beninati T. , Sassera D. , Bouman E. A. P. , Santagati S. , Gern L. , Sambri V. , Masuzawa T. , Gray J. S. , Jaenson T. G. T. , Bouattour A. , Kenny M. J. , Guner E. S. , Kharitonenkov I. G. , Bitam I. , Bandi C.
Published: April 2006

Summary The tick Ixodes ricinus is responsible for the transmission of a number of bacterial, protozoan and viral diseases to humans and animals in Europe and Northern Africa. Female I. ricinus from England, Switzerland and Italy have been found to harbour an intracellular α‐proteobacterium, designated IricES1, within the cells of the ovary. IricES1 is the only prokaryote known to exist within the mitochondria of any animal or multicellular organism. To further examine the distribution, prevalence and mode of transmission of IricES1, we performed polymerase chain reaction screening of I. ricinus adults from 12 countries across its geographic distribution, including tick colonies that have been maintained in the laboratory for varying periods of time. IricES1 was detected in 100% of field‐collected female ticks from all countries examined (n = 128), while 44% of males were found to be infected (n = 108). Those males that are infected appear to harbour fewer bacteria than females. Sequencing of fragments of the 16S rRNA and gyrB genes revealed very low nucleotide diversity among various populations of IricES1. Transmission of IricES1 from engorged adult females to eggs was found to be 100% (n = 31). In tick colonies that had been maintained in the laboratory for several years, a relatively low prevalence was found in females (32%; n = 25). To our knowledge, IricES1 is the most widespread and highly prevalent of any tick‐associated symbiont.
A macroarray expression analysis of novel cDNAs vital for growth initiation and primary metabolism during development ofHeterobasidion parviporumconidiospores
Authors: Li Guosheng , Osborne Jason , Asiegbu Fred O.
Published: April 2006

The pathogenHeterobasidion parviporumcauses significant losses to forest industries in Europe and North America. The fungus is spread by basidiospores on fresh stumps where it differentiates into a specialized infection hyphae to colonize its host. This differentiation is driven by recognition and its strategic success lies in its ability to do this rapidly and efficiently. To investigate gene expression pattern during the spore germination stages, mRNA of germinated and ungerminated conidiospores ofH. parviporumharvested at distinct developmental time points (18, 36, 72 and 120 h) corresponding to periods of isotropic/germ tube emergence, polarized apical, early and late mycelial lateral branching growth stages was hybridized to macroarrays containing 338 cDNAs fromH. parviporum. The results of the statistical analysis identified a total of 24, 39, 38 and 30 genes that were differentially upregulated at 18, 36, 72 and 120 h, respectively, relative to time 0. The number of the downregulated genes was 4, 6, 8 and 13 genes respectively. During isotropic, polarized and mycelial growth stages, majority of the differentially expressed genes belonged to functional categories metabolism (21–32%) and protein formation (21–30%). Real‐time polymerase chain reaction (real‐time‐PCR) data essentially confirmed the macroarray analyses. The real‐time‐PCR result showed that transcript levels of genes involved in glucose metabolism (phosphoglucomutase), amino acid metabolism (arginase, delta‐1‐pyrroline‐5‐carboxylate reductase, sulfur metabolism‐negative regulator, imidazoleglycerol phosphate dehydratase) and protein synthesis (40S ribosomal protein S15) were significantly increased during polarized growth (36 h) stage but decreased at early and late stages of mycelial growth (72–120 h). An understanding of the various molecular and physiological processes during the development ofH. parviporumspores is an important step towards the goal of identifying novel antifungal strategies.
Fear but not awareness predicts enhanced sensory processing in fear conditioning
Authors: Moratti Stephan , Keil Andreas , Miller Gregory A.
Published: April 2006

It is not clear whether enhanced cortical processing of reinforced stimuli as reported by neuroimaging studies is due to expectancy of an aversive event alone or to activation of the fear system. The present study investigated cortical and autonomic responses of aware participants using an instructed fear conditioning design. Steady‐state visual evoked fields (ssVEF) and heart rate change were recorded to assess sensory processing and activation of the fear system by reinforced (CS+) and nonreinforced stimuli (CS−). Participants who showed heart rate acceleration demonstrated increased ssVEFs in visual and parietal cortex during CS+ in acquisition trials. Heart rate decelerators did not show enhanced cortical activation with respect to the CS+. Participants in both groups reported awareness of CS–US contingencies. Awareness of stimulus contingency in fear conditioning seems not to be sufficient to elicit enhanced visual cortical processing.
Spurious Regression Under Broken‐Trend Stationarity
Authors: Noriega Antonio E. , Ventosa‐Santaulària Daniel
Published: April 2006

Abstract.  We study the phenomenon of spurious regression between two random variables, when the generating mechanism of individual series is assumed to follow a stationary process around a trend with (possibly) multiple breaks in the level and slope of trend. We develop the relevant asymptotic theory and show that the phenomenon of spurious regression occurs independent of the structure assumed for the errors. In contrast to previous findings, the presence of a spurious relationship will be less severe when breaks are present in the generating mechanism of individual series. This is true whether the regression model includes a linear trend or not. Simulations confirm our asymptotic results, and reveal that in finite samples, the phenomenon of spurious regression is sensitive to the presence of a linear trend in the regression model and to the relative location of breaks within the sample.
Partitioning of metabolizable energy intake in sucking altricial and precocial rodent pups
Authors: Kam M. , Khokhlova I. S. , Degen A. A.
Published: April 2006

We partitioned the metabolizable energy intake (MEI) into energy for maintenance (MEm) and for growth (MEg) in sucking precocial and altricial rodent pups. Each of the two components includes energy loss due to the heat increment of feeding. MEm of precocial pups expressed as average daily energy costs or as a proportion of MEI was greater than in altricial pups of similar size and, therefore, less energy was available for growth. Consequently, the overall energy cost (via total MEI) per unit postnatal growth of precocial pups was greater than for altricial pups of similar size. We used the proportion of calculated MEm to that predicted by body mass as an index of precociality in rodent pups. The proportion of MEg to MEI in precocial pups was lower than in altricial pups and was inversely related to the index of precociality.
A new look at the scaling of size in mammalian eyes
Authors: Burton R. F.
Published: April 2006

The allometric dependence of eye size on body mass in adult mammals must be largely due to the fact that small heads cannot bear large eyes. This obvious but neglected point is explored using brain mass as a measure of the relevant aspect of head size. Data are taken from the literature. Although there are large interspecific variations in the ratio of eye mass to brain mass, brain mass itself varies over a much greater range, making it possible to discern a clear correlation between the two masses. Indeed, much of the data suggest a simple proportionality (isometry). Over a wide range of body sizes, body mass seems to have no separate and consistent effect on eye/brain ratio, although this ratio is low in many small mammals with poor vision. In species with brains weighing between about 220 and 5200 g, the data can be interpreted as suggesting that eye mass is independent of brain mass, as if increases in eye size beyond a certain point produce little advantage. Whether this ‘plateau’ is functionally meaningful is unclear, however, and large whales do have much bigger eyes, even allowing for their unusually thick sclera.
Processing of emotional adjectives: Evidence from startle EMG and ERPs
Authors: Herbert Cornelia , Kissler Johanna , Junghöfer Markus , Peyk Peter , Rockstroh Brigitte
Published: April 2006

Affective startle modulation in the electromyographic (EMG), auditory startle evoked potentials, and visually evoked potentials (VEPs) were assessed while subjects evaluated pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral adjectives. Acoustic startle probes were presented at random time points 2.5–4.0 s after word onset. The visual P2 and P3 potentials were generally larger during processing of emotional than of neutral adjectives. In contrast, the late positive component was enhanced and was correlated with larger EMG startle responses and auditory startle evoked potential P3 amplitudes for pleasant words only. During internal cognitive activity, the startle reflex represents a measure of ”processing interrupt.” Thus the startle tone interrupted processing of particularly pleasant adjectives and caused re‐alerting to environmental stimuli. Specific effects for pleasant material may arise from a ”positivity offset,” favoring responses to pleasant material at lower arousal levels.
Pharmacokinetic profile of a new modified release formulation of zolpidem designed to improve sleep maintenance
Authors: Weinling Estelle , McDougall Stuart , Andre Frédéric , Bianchetti Gabrio , Dubruc Catherine
Published: April 2006

The aim of this study was to compare the relative bioavailability and the pharmacokinetic profile of a single oral dose of a zolpidem modified‐release (MR) 12.5‐mg formulation with those of the standard 10‐mg zolpidem immediate‐release (IR) formulation. Absolute bioavailabilities of oral formulations were evaluated using intravenously (i.v.) administered zolpidem as a reference. Twenty‐four healthy, Caucasian, male volunteers (18–45 years old) received single doses of three oral formulations (zolpidem‐MR 12.5 mg, zolpidem‐IR 10 mg and an experimental form) and zolpidem i.v. infusion (8 mg) in a randomized, open‐label, crossover trial. Blood samples (18 time‐points) were collected up to 16 h post‐dose after oral administration and up to 12 h post‐dose after i.v. administration. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by non‐compartmental analysis, allowing comparisons between treatments based on estimated ratios and differences, with 90% confidence intervals. The initial absorption phase of the zolpidem‐MR formulation was as fast as that of zolpidem‐IR with no significant difference in tmax. With zolpidem‐MR 12.5 mg, Cmax was moderately lower than with zolpidem‐IR (ratio of 0.82), and plasma zolpidem concentrations were maintained above those observed with zolpidem‐IR for a longer period of time, particularly from 3 to 6 h post‐dose. This was confirmed by an increase in half‐value duration (HVD) from 2.3 h with zolpidem‐IR to 4.6 h with zolpidem‐MR 12.5 mg. The mean terminal half‐life was similar between formulations. Zolpidem‐MR 12.5 mg provides the appropriate pharmacokinetic characteristics to extend plasma zolpidem concentrations into the middle of the night (3–6 h post‐dose), while retaining the same tmax and terminal half‐life.
Organic C levels in intensively managed arable soils – long‐term regional trends and characterization of fractions
Authors: Sleutel S. , De Neve S. , Singier B. , Hofman G.
Published: April 2006

Substantial losses of soil organic carbon (SOC) from the plough layer of intensively managed arable soils in western Europe have recently been reported, but these estimates are associated with very large uncertainties. Following soil surveys in 1952 and 1990 of arable soils in West Flanders (Belgium), we resampled 116 sites in 2003 and thus obtained three paired measurements of the OC stocks in these soils. Ten soils were selected for detailed physical fractionation to obtain possible further explanations for changes in SOC stocks. Between 1990 and 2003, the SOC stocks decreased at an average rate of −0.19 t OC ha−1 year−1. This loss is significant but is still less than half the rate of SOC decrease that was estimated previously for the whole region of Flanders, which includes the study area. Variation in SOC stocks or in the magnitude of SOC stock losses could not be related to soil texture, to changes in ploughing depth, or to recent land‐use changes. A good relationship, however, was found between the SOC losses and organic matter (OM) inputs. The results of the physical fractionation also suggested management to be the predominant factor determining variation in SOC stocks because no correlation was found between soil texture and the absolute amounts of OC present in the largest OM fractions, that is, the OC in free particulate organic matter (POM), and OC associated with the silt + clay size fraction. The proportion of OC in free POM was up to 40% of the total OC, which indicates the important impact of management on SOC and also indicates that a substantial part of the SOC still present, may in the future be lost at a time scale of years to decades assuming that the intensive management continues.
Amanita muscaria toxicosis in two dogs
Authors: Rossmeisl John H. , Higgins Michael A. , Blodgett Dennis J. , Ellis Matthew , Jones Delbert E.
Published: April 2006

Objective: To report the manifestations, history, and pathophysiologic basis of disease in 2 dogs with Amanita muscaria toxicosis.

Case summaries: Two dogs were evaluated for an acute onset of gastroenteritis and seizures. A. muscaria toxicosis was suspected in each dog after confirmation of environmental exposure and visualization of ingested mushrooms in vomitus. The diagnosis was confirmed following identification of toxic Amanita metabolites in the urine and serum of each dog. Administration of supportive and symptomatic therapies resulted in the complete recovery of each animal.

Unique information provided: Ingestion of the mushroom, A. muscaria, by dogs can result in acute gastrointestinal distress that precedes a potentially life‐threatening central neurologic syndrome characterized by seizures, tremors, and somnolence. Central nervous system dysfunction results primarily from the actions of ibotenic acid and its decarboxylation product, muscimol, which are analogues of the neurotransmitters glutamate and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), respectively. Identification of these toxins in the urine and serum of affected dogs using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) provides a definitive diagnosis.
Morphogenesis of the Endoplasmic Reticulum: Beyond Active Membrane Expansion
Authors: Vedrenne Cécile , Hauri Hans‐Peter
Published: April 2006

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of higher eukaryotic cells is a dynamic network of interconnected membrane tubules that pervades almost the entire cytoplasm. On the basis of the morphological changes induced by the disruption of the cytoskeleton or molecular motor proteins, the commonly accepted model has emerged that microtubules and conventional kinesin (kinesin‐1) are essential determinants in establishing and maintaining the structure of the ER by active membrane expansion. Surprisingly, very similar ER phenotypes have now been observed when the cytoskeleton‐linking ER membrane protein of 63 kDa (CLIMP‐63) is mutated, revealing stable attachment of ER membranes to the microtubular cytoskeleton as a novel requirement for ER maintenance. Additional recent findings suggest that ER maintenance also requires ongoing homotypic membrane fusion, possibly controlled by the p97/p47/VICP135 protein complex. Work on other proteins proposed to regulate ER structure, including huntingtin, the EF‐hand Ca2+‐binding protein p22, the vesicle‐associated membrane protein‐associated protein B and kinectin isoforms further contribute to the new emerging concept that ER shape is not only determined by motor driven processes but by a variety of different mechanisms.
Structure and function of wildfire and mountain pine beetle forest boundaries
Authors: J. B McIntire Eliot , Fortin Marie‐Josée
Published: April 2006

Landscape boundaries, in particular those created by natural disturbances, are fundamental structures in landscape functioning. At the stand scale, forest boundaries show a wide range of characteristics varying from sharp to diffuse, wavy to straight, enclosed areas (patches) to open ones; all of these have different effects of forest vegetation. The objectives of this study were 1) to characterize the structure of forest boundaries (width, steepness, heterogeneity) and 2) to investigate forest vegetation functional response in the boundary zones created by wildfires and mountain pine beetle (MPB) outbreaks. We studied 11 mountain pine beetle and 7 wildfire boundary zones (4–7 y since disturbance) using field‐based two‐dimensional grids in southern central British Columbia (Canada). Boundary zone delineation was determined through spatially constrained clustering algorithms at three sampling unit resolutions (5×5 m, 10×10 m, and 20×20 m). Then, to characterize boundary width and shape, we developed two new boundary indexes (maximized and minimized boundary zones). The identified boundary widths ranged from 0 to 127 m with a mean width of 51 m at the 20×20 m resolution for both fire and MPB. Although the widths were comparable between disturbance types, fires generally had steeper boundaries (more pronounced) than MPB, largely due to higher peak tree mortality within the disturbances (89 vs 43%). Most of the forest vegetation response variables (understory vegetation diversity, plot‐level species richness, evenness, and multivariate community measures) in the boundary zones tended not to be intermediate in value between the intact forest and disturbance area, in spite of intermediate tree mortality. Tree mortality heterogeneity in the boundary zones was often highest in fires and was equal to the internal heterogeneity in MPB disturbances. Using historical natural disturbance patterns as a conservation strategy, this study proposes that forest management should create boundary complexity (width and shape), thereby creating landscape heterogeneity similar to landscapes influenced primarily by natural disturbances.
Factors determining the distribution of the spur‐thighed tortoiseTestudo graecain south‐east spain: a hierarchical approach
Authors: Anadón José D. , Giménez Andrés , Martínez Marcelo , Martínez Julia , Pérez Irene , Esteve Miguel A.
Published: April 2006

This work represents the first attempt to model the habitat‐species relationships of a species of terrestrial tortoise on a large scale. We applied hierarchical variance partition methodology to Generalised Lineal Models (GLMs), with the presence of the tortoise in 1 km2cells as the response variable. We posited the existence of a hierarchical scheme of factors (including climate, relief and lithology, and land‐use) that determine the distribution ofTestugo graecain southeastern Spain. We also identified the environmental variables within each factor with the greatest explanatory power and decoupled local vs landscape effects. Climate, followed by relief and lithology, and then land‐use, turned out to be the most important factor shaping the distribution ofT. graecain south‐east Spain as well as determining the presence of the species within its range. Univariate models showed that the main climate constraints were related to rainfall and extreme minimum temperatures, two factors which could be related to constraints imposed by the length of the annual activity period and productivity. Finally, multi‐scale decomposition suggested that neighbouring habitat and local dynamics may also be important in the distribution of the species at the landscape scale.
The Comparison of Three Cyprinid Species in Terms of Heavy Metals Accumulation in Some Tissues
Authors: Çalta Metin , Canpolat Özgür
Published: April 2006

In this study, three cyprinids species (Acanthobrama marmid, Cyprinus carpio, and Chondrostoma regium) from Keban Dam Lake, Elazıg˘, Turkey, were compared in terms of the levels of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in muscle, skin, liver, gonad, and gill tissues. The Co, Cr, Cd, Mn, and Pb were not found in detectable levels in any organs and tissues of any species, according to results obtained by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Only Fe, Cu, and Zn were detected in all tissues examined.    The results obtained from different cyprinid species were compared to each other and to tolerable values for heavy metals provided from the Food and Agriculture Organization (Rome, Italy) to determine whether these fish species have any risk for human consumption.
THE IDENTITY OF ACHRAS ZAPOTA L. AND THE NAMES FOR THE SAPODILLA AND THE SAPOTE
Authors: Moore Harold E. , Stearn William T.
Published: April 2006

Achras zapotaL. (1753) is to be typified bySapota fructu ovato, majoriPlumier (1703), which is shown by Plumier's unpublished description and drawing to be a form of the sapodilla or naseberry. If a broad generic concept is adopted, the correct name for the sapodilla isManilkara zapota(L.) P. van Royen, for the sapotePouteria sapota(Jacq.) H. E. Moore & Stearn. If a narrow generic concept is adopted, the correct names are respectivelyAchras zapotaL. andCalocarpum sapota(Jacq.) Merrill.
THE NOMENCLATURE OF SISYRINCHIUM BERMUDIANA AND RELATED NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES
Authors: Ward Daniel B.
Published: April 2006

Five species of Sisyrinchium (Iridaceae) are of common occurrence in northeastern North America. A sixth species is endemic to Bermuda. Their rather similar morphology has led to differing applications of the names given the various species. Examination of materials available to the original authors indicates the correct names for these species to be as follows: S. angustifolium Mill. (= S. graminoides Bicknell, S. bermudiana sensu authors), with branched, relatively broad stems, broad leaves, and small blue flowers; S. atlanticum Bicknell, with branched, narrow stems with many geniculate nodes, narrow leaves, usually drying pale green; S. arenicola Bicknell, a provisional name, with branched, narrow stems and few or no geniculate nodes, narrow leaves, drying dark, and often with a fibrous base; S. mucronatum Michx., with very narrow leaves, unbranched and non‐geniculate stems, often purplish spathes, and large violet flowers; S. montanum Greene (= S. angustifolium sensu Bicknell), similar but with somewhat broader leaves, larger capsules, and green spathes; and S. bermudiana L. (= S. iridioides Curtis), the coarse and ornamental, branched, Bermuda endemic.
CHROMOSOME CHANGES IN PLANT EVOLUTION
Authors: Jones Keith
Published: April 2006

When attempts are made to use chromosome characters as independent indicators of the direction of evolution there are few upon which we can depend. On the other hand, if we adopt the synthetic approach and view the chromosome in conjunction with all other characters of organisms then we can indeed determine with greater certainty patterns and pathways of evolution. This is not to equate the chromosome with the other aspects of our plants for we know that chromosomes can inform in ways which neither genes nor phenotypes can, but we require to know not only the way in which genes are assembled and controlled in their inheritance but also their nature as expressed in the chemical and structural phenotypes. We do stand at a cross‐road in the application of chromosome studies in plant biosystematics. We have arrived here not because we have been misled by the chromosomes but rather for the reason that they have been so frequently misused and misunderstood.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE STOMATAL COMPLEX AS A TAXONOMIC CHARACTER IN THE MONOCOTYLEDONS
Authors: Tomlinson P. B.
Published: April 2006

Existing descriptions of patterns of stomatal development in monocotyledons are very few, often inaccurate and sometimes misleading. The terminologies developed therefrom are probably not very useful. In this article the situation is clarified with respect to information obtained from the examination of the development of the stomatal complex in about 100 species of monocotyledons representing most families. Certain families lack divisions of cells surrounding the guard cell mother cell (meristemoid). Others possess such divisions which may be categorized as either oblique or non‐oblique. Many families lack oblique divisions, others are characterized by oblique divisions. There seems to be a correlation between the presence of oblique divisions and the shortness of the protodermal cells. In some families the sequence of divisions is quite precise, in others it is quite variable. Available evidence shows that there are no major groups of monocotyledonous families characterized by a particular pattern of divisions in the development of the stomatal complex and that speculations about the phylogenetic significance of these patterns are premature. It is suggested that the stomatal complex has value as a systematic character only in combination with a variety of other characters and only by consideration of groups which are already known to be natural. Our present appreciation of the affinities of monocotyledonous groups should be used as a source of comparative information about the development of the stomatal complex in monocotyledons and not vice versa.
AXOR AND MONIT: TWO NEW POLYTHETIC‐DIVISIVE STRATEGIES FOR HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION
Authors: Lambert J. M. , Meacock S. E. , Barrs J. , Smartt P. F. M.
Published: April 2006

Two new divisive strategies for hierarchical classification are reported. Both use a form of ‘directed search’ to limit the number of possible polythetic splits examined. An objective method for testing the accuracy of divisions is defined. Preliminary results of tests of the two new methods against certain existing techniques have shown the former to produce superior divisions.
NOMENCLATURAL HISTORY AND TYPIFICATION OFMARTYNIAANDPROBOSCIDEA(MARTYNIACEAE)
Authors: Hevly Richard H.
Published: April 2006

The specimen ofMartynia annua[Houstoun in Martyn] L. in the Linnaean herbarium does not correspond with the original description of that species but is instead a specimen ofProboscidea louisianica(Miller) Thellung. Examination of the nomenclatural history of these two species, which are the type species of the generaMartyniaandProboscidea, indicates that the names can be maintained in their current usage. No type specimens were indicated by the describing authors, but illustrations provided by them can serve as lectotypes.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF HYBRIDIZATION FOR PLANT TAXONOMY AND EVOLUTION
Authors: Stebbins G. Ledyard
Published: April 2006

The pattern of evolutionary phylogeny has been highly reticulate mainly on account of hybridization (crossing between individuals belonging to populations which have different adaptive norms) followed by stabilization and perpetuation of some of the hybrid derivatives. The significance of hybridization in obtaining a picture of evolutionary relationships is discussed. First the evolutionary advantages that might result from hybridization are considered, second the drawbacks; finally the ways and degrees to which such drawbacks may be overcome are discussed.
CHROMOSOMAL CONSPECTUS OF THE EUPHORBIACEAE
Authors: Hans A. S.
Published: April 2006

Generic interrelationships, evolution and ancestry of the family Euphorbiaceae is reviewed from a chromosomal point of view with the world wide data including the author's record of 43 species from the eastern Himalayas. The arrangement of genera is according to Bentham and Hooker's system of classification and repeated references are made to Hutchinson's recent view of tribalism in the family. The family is believed to be polyphyletic having at least two base numbers x = 7 and 13. The other base numbers encountered in the family are x = 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17 and 18 coupling with the well known morphological and taxonomical complexity of the family. The Euphorbiaceae seem to be of Asiatic origin and primitive ***Phyllantheae may have evolved in the New World. Both polyploidy and aneuploidy are effective in speciation and as much as 48 per cent of the known taxa exhibit polyploidy.
THE FLORA OF THE U.S.S.R.
Authors: Kirpicznikov M. E.
Published: April 2006

The monumental “Flora URSS” comprises 30 volumes and 2 separate indexes. Vol. I was published in the end of 1933, while the entire publication was completed in August, 1964. The “Flora URSS” numbers about 22000 pages containing the descriptions of all the higher plants of the Soviet Union (except Bryophyta), viz. 160 families, 1676 genera and 17520 species. Besides, many widespread cultivated species are described, although not listed. Over 10% of the species listed in the “Flora URSS” are new to science. The work is illustrated with 10000 original drawings on 1250 plates.

The article deals with the following information about the “Flora URSS”: the scientific characteristics of the work (the concepts of race, species and phylogenetic series; the scope and distribution of the material, the area embraced etc.); the general evaluation; the status and the prospects of the development of the Komarov's concept of species, etc. A special section is devoted to some results ensuing from the accounts of taxa published in the “Flora URSS”. The data on the number of genera and species of each of the families described are presented in tables and so are the data on endemic genera and on the genera established by Soviet botanists.
A REVISED CLASSIFICATION OF FOSSIL PALM AND PALM‐LIKE LEAVES
Authors: Read Robert W. , Hickey Leo J.
Published: April 2006

Nine genera of fossil palm and palm‐like leaves are recognized in this study. Amesoneuron H. R. Goeppert, Bactrites E. W. Berry, Palmacites A. Brongniart, Phoenicites A. Brongniart, and Sabalites G. Saporta are considered to be true palms. Some specimens, because of their uniquely recognizable characteristics, have been identified with the modern genus Phoenix Linnaeus. Sanmiguelia R. W. Brown, Paloreodoxites F. Knowlton and Propalmophyllum O. Lignier are also included in this study because of their superficial resemblance to palms. However, they lack one or more characters essential for their recognition as true palms (i.e. hastula, primary costa, and two orders of venation paralleling a prominent but uniform mid‐vein in the individual segments). A diagnostic key and a synopsis of accepted form and organ genera, with appropriate synonymies and new combinations complete the paper. A list of genera to be excluded from the Palmae is appended.
A SEROLOGICAL AND ELECTROPHORETIC INVESTIGATION OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICANABIES(PINACEAE)
Authors: Clarkson Roy B. , Fairbrothers David E.
Published: April 2006

Three taxa of the genusAbiesoccur in Eastern North America:A. balsamea(L.) Mill. var.balsamea, A. balsamea(L.) Mill. var.phanerolepisFern., and A.fraseri(Pursh) Poir. The occurrence of “intermediate” populations in the Mid‐Appalachians has resulted in a confused literature concerning the delimitation and distribution of these taxa. Data obtained from serological and electrophoretic investigation of seed protein are presented which support results of independent studies by Myers and Bormann (1963) and Robinson and Thor (1969). These data indicate thatA. b. var.balsameaandA. fraseriare closely related and recently segregated taxa and thatA. b. var.phanerolepisis more closely related toA. b. var.balsameathan toA. fraseriand is not of hybrid origin.
ANALYSIS OF A HYBRID SWARM BETWEEN HETEROCENTRON ELEGANS AND H. GLANDULOSUM (MELASTOMATACEAE)
Authors: Whiffin Trevor
Published: April 2006

A hybrid swarm between Heterocentron elegans and H. glandulosum was analyzed using a number of different methods: construction of a hybrid index; factor analysis; flavonoid composition; and pollen fertility. From these various studies, information is presented concerning the extent and significance of hybridization between the two species. In addition, the different methods of analysis are compared in terms of the type of information that they contribute.
THE RELATIONSHIPS OF THREE MEXICAN AVENEAE AND SOME NEW CHARACTERS FOR DISTINGUISHINGDESCHAMPSIAANDTRISETUM(GRAMINEAE)
Authors: Koch Stephen D.
Published: April 2006

The generaDeschampsiaandTrisetumwere found to be clearly distinct with respect to 13 characteristics of the lemmas, caryopses, lodicules, ligules, basal culm branching and chromosome number. Of these, the type of endosperm and lodicule morphology were found to be the most reliable. Comparison ofDeschampsia mexicana, D. pringlei, andPeyritschia koelerioideswith these two genera on the basis of the 13 characters showed that all three are closely related toTrisetum.The application of McVaugh's criteria for segregate genera resulted in the retention ofPeyritschiaas distinct fromTrisetum, but with the addition of the formerDeschampsia pringlei. Deschampsia mexicanawas transferred toTrisetum.New names:Peyritschia pringlei(Scribn.) S. D. Koch;Trisetum mexicanum(Swallen) S. D. Koch.

Se encontró que los génerosTrisetumyDeschampsiason muy diferentes, tomando como base a 13 características encontradas en las lemas, cariopses, lodículos, lígulas, ramificación de la parte basal de los culmos y número de cromosomas. Entre éstas, se encontró que el tipo de endosperma y la morfología de las lodículas son las mas confiables. Se utilizó estos 13 carácteres para compararDeschampsia mexicana, D. pringlei, yPeyritschia koelerioidescon las especies típicas de aquellos dos géneros. Se concluyó que las tres estén muy relacionadas conTrisetum.Como resultado de la aplicación de los criterios de McVaugh para géneros segregados, quedó el géneroPeyritschiaseparado deTrisetum, pero con la adición deDeschampsia pringlei.Se cambióDeschampsia mexicanaaTrisetum.Nombres nuevos:Peyritschia pringlei(Scribn.) S. D. Koch;Trisetum mexicanum(Swallen) S. D. Koch.
THE EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL PRESERVATIONS ON PLANT COLLECTIONS TO BE USED IN CHEMOTAXONOMIC SURVEYS
Authors: Coradin Lidio , Giannasi David E.
Published: April 2006

The absence of flavonoids in otherwise perfectly preserved tropical plant specimens suggest that chemical solutions used to preserve these specimens in the field are responsible for the removal (i.e. pre‐extraction) of flavonoids during pressing and storage in the field. Accordingly, seventeen temperate plant taxa representing two fem and nine angiosperm families were subjected to collecting procedures and preservative solutions typically used in tropical field work. These solutions, especially those containing formaldehyde, effectively “pre‐extracted” flavonoids and other phenolics from plants placed in presses and stored in plastic bags, and the newspaper blotter in which the chemically treated specimen had been stored could also be extracted and upon two‐dimensional paper chromatography show a partial flavonoid “profile” of spots corresponding to that observed in the “donor” species. Direct extraction of fresh or dried material in flasks with any of the common preservatives used confirms that all of these solutions are highly effective in extracting flavonoids. It is recommended that chemical preservatives not be employed indiscriminately on plant material to be used later in chemotaxonomic surveys.
REMARKS ON ALGAL NOMENCLATURE VI
Authors: Silva Paul C.
Published: April 2006

Thirty‐nine generic names of living algae are formally proposed for conservation. Two new combinations are made, Hormiscia gregaria (Braun) P. C. Silva, replacing H. neglecta Kornmann in connection with the proposal to conserve Urospora, and Desmococcus viridis (C. Agardh) P. C. Silva, replacing D. vulgaris Brand in connection with the proposal to conserve Chlamydomonas.