bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Obtaining interspecific hybrids, and molecular analysis by microsatellite markers in grapevine
Authors: Schuck Mariane Ruzza , Biasi Luiz Antonio , Mariano Ada Michele , Lipski Bernardo , Riaz Summaira , Walker Michael Andrew
Published: March 2013

The objective of this work was to assess the potential of interspecific hybridization of Vitis labruscana and Muscadinia rotundifolia by using artificial cross-pollinations. Microsatellite markers were used to confirm interspecific hybridizations and the identity of the parental genotypes. In crosses in which M. rotundifolia was used as the female parent, no true hybrids were obtained. In the reciprocal crosses, 114 seedlings were identified as true V. labruscana x M. rotundifolia hybrids. Self pollination occurred in direct and in reciprocal crosses. The crossings between 'Bordo' x 'Carlos', 'Magnolia', 'Regale' and' Roanoke', and between' Isabel' x 'Bountiful', 'Carlos', 'Magnolia', 'Regale' and 'Roanoke' were confirmed. The 15 markers evaluated showed that two M. rotundifolia parental genotypes had the same fingerprint profile, indicating a like lyplanting error. The success of hybridization depends mainly on the species and on the cultivar used as the female parent. Microsatellite markers are efficient to confirm the paternity of interspecific F1 hybrids and to determine the correct identity of M. rotundifolia cultivars.
A percepção de emoções em trechos de música ocidental erudita
Authors: Ramos Danilo , Bueno José Lino Oliveira
Published: March 2013

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar respostas emocionais a trechos musicais do repertório erudito ocidental. Músicos e não músicos ouviam cada trecho musical e associavam-no a categorias emocionais (Alegria, Tristeza, Serenidade ou Medo/Raiva). Os resultados indicaram que, para ambos os grupos, cada trecho musical, na maioria, não foi associado a mais de uma categoria emocional. De um modo geral, as associações foram semelhantes entre os grupos, embora as respostas dos músicos tenham sido mais consistentes. Estes resultados sugerem um processamento cognitivo de respostas emocionais à música ocidental relacionado à estrutura cognitiva do evento, a diferenças entre indivíduos e à expertise musical.
O Beethoven de DeNora: o contexto está no texto
Authors: Castro Marcos Câmara de
Published: March 2013

Estudo sobre a repercussão do livro de DENORA (1995), e discussão sobre os conceitos que vêm à tona, a partir de uma abordagem sociológica do fenômeno do "gênio criador"; do surgimento do conceito de "música séria"¹ em oposição ao entretenimento; das estratégias de ocupação de um determinado campo cultural e suas aplicações em novos contextos. Todos os fatores que elegeram Beethoven são inoperantes num mundo em que novas regras se impõem na produção artística, tanto quanto na produção de mercadorias em geral: essa a principal contribuição do livro, que passou despercebida pela maioria das resenhas publicadas à época de sua publicação. Os esquissos do projeto da música dita "séria" são facilmente detectáveis na obra de Beethoven, em que sua busca de profundidade, em oposição à música leve, atinge novos patamares pari passu com sua posição social como compositor.
A música por uma óptica neurocientífica
Authors: Rocha Viviane Cristina da , Boggio Paulo Sérgio
Published: March 2013

O estudo da neurociência tem trazido muitas contribuições em diversas áreas, buscando melhor compreender o funcionamento do cérebro humano. O estudo da música tem sido valorizado em diversas áreas, das quais se destacam a percepção auditiva, a relação entre música e movimento, a relação entre música e memória, estudos com música e linguagem, além daqueles acerca das emoções evocadas por música. Além disso, muitos estudos têm apontado para o papel da música como ferramenta de intervenção em diferentes alterações neurológicas como afasia, autismo e dislexia. Este artigo apresenta uma revisão dos trabalhos publicados em periódicos internacionais, na última década, relacionados à música e neurociência, representativos de cada uma das sub-áreas acima citadas. Concluiu-se que há contribuição da neurociência tanto para o campo de música, da pedagogia musical e da performance, quanto para o campo da musicoterapia.
Separation Anxiety in Children Ages 4 through 9 with Oral Clefts
Authors: Tyler Margaret C. , Wehby George L. , Robbins James M. , Damiano Peter C.
Published: March 2013

Background

Psychosocial research on children with oral clefts (OCs), i.e., clefts of the lip, palate, or lip and palate, has suggested that these children may have higher rates of anxiety in general, but overall results have been equivocal. In this study we estimated the prevalence of separation anxiety disorder (SAD) in a population-based sample of children with OCs and identified associated risk factors.

Methods

Parents of 279 children with OCs, identified through three state birth defect registries, responded to a postal survey that included the Separation Anxiety subscale of the Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) and items regarding the child's OC and its sequelae, parent and child health, parent mental health, family structure, and socioeconomic status indicators. Associations with SA were evaluated using bivariate and multivariate statistics.

Results

One quarter (24%) of the children screened positive for SAD, which was substantially higher than the U.S. child population estimates of 3% to 5%. OC-related impairments in speaking and eating more than doubled the risk of SAD, as did lower socioeconomic status and lower maternal health rating. Maternal mental health and marital status remained in the logistic model but were not significant.

Conclusions

Children with OCs appear to be at increased risk for SAD as measured by the SCARED instrument. OC-related problems with speech and eating more than doubled the risk of SAD. The use of targeted screening tools may help refine our understanding of psychosocial adjustment in children with OCs.
Do Implant Length and Width Matter for Short Dental Implants (<10 mm)? A Meta‐Analysis of Prospective Studies
Authors: Monje Alberto , Fu Jia‐Hui , Chan Hsun‐Liang , Suarez Fernando , Galindo‐Moreno Pablo , Catena Andrés , Wang Hom‐Lay
Published: March 2013

Background: This meta‐analysis of prospective clinical trials was conducted to determine the effects of dental implant length and width on implant survival rate of short (<10 mm) implants.

Methods: An electronic search of the PubMed database for relevant studies published in English from November 1998 to March 2012 was performed. Selected studies were randomized clinical trials, human clinical trials, or prospective trials with a clear aim of investigating the success or survival rate of short (<10 mm) implants.

Results: Eight studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were subsequently analyzed. A total of 525 short (<10 mm) dental implants were analyzed, of which 253 were 3.5 mm in diameter (48.19%), 151 were 4.0 mm (28.76%), 90 were 4.1 mm (17.14%), 21 were 4.8 mm (4%), and 10 were 5.1 mm (1.9%). All implants included in this meta‐analysis had a follow‐up period of 12 to 72 months. The included studies reported on the survival rate and diameter of the implants. Six of the studies used “short implants” (7 to 9 mm), and the remaining were classified as “extra‐short implants” (≤6 mm). Five‐year estimated failure rates were 1.61% and 2.92%, respectively, for extra‐short and short implants (z = −3.49, P <0.001, 95% confidence interval = 0.51% to 4.10%). Furthermore, it was found that the wider the implant, the higher the failure rate (estimated failure rate = 2.36%, 95% confidence interval = 1.07% to 5.23%).

Conclusions: Neither implant length nor width seemed to significantly affect the survival rate of short implants (<10 mm). Nonetheless, further well‐designed randomized clinical trials are needed to confirm these findings.
Transferability of Genomic Simple Sequence Repeat and Expressed Sequence Tag‐Simple Sequence Repeat Markers from Sorghum to Miscanthus sinensis, a Potential Biomass Crop
Authors: Dai Lijing , Wang Bo , Zhao Hua , Peng Junhua
Published: March 2013

Miscanthus sinensis Andersson is a high‐yielding perennial rhizomatous biomass crop with C4 photosynthesis and an important germplasm for Miscanthus breeding. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers are highly informative and widely used in many crop plants for genetic analyses and breeding applications. However, few SSR markers are available for M. sinensis research at present. In this study, 65 genomic SSR (gSSR) and 55 expressed sequence tag‐SSR (eSSR) markers covering 10 linkage groups of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] were evaluated for transferability to M. sinensis. Forty‐three (66%) gSSR and 35 (64%) eSSR markers of sorghum could amplify Miscanthus DNA and generate specific and sharp bands. In M. sinensis, the percentage of polymorphic alleles was 90.9% for gSSR and 81.5% for eSSR, indicating that gSSR revealed relatively higher polymorphism than eSSR. A moderately high genetic diversity was detected in the sample M. sinensis population. Phylogenetic tree unambiguously distinguished sorghum from M. sinensis and clustered 21 M. sinensis accessions mainly into two groups showing significant geographic substructure differentiation. Principal coordinate analysis showed similar results as the phylogenetic analysis. The transferable sorghum SSR markers tested in this study should be useful for germplasm evaluation, genetic mapping, and marker‐assisted selection of Miscanthus.
Genetic Mapping and Confirmation of Quantitative Trait Loci for Seed Protein and Oil Contents and Seed Weight in Soybean
Authors: Pathan Safiullah M. , Vuong Tri , Clark Kerry , Lee Jeong‐Dong , Shannon J. Grover , Roberts Craig A. , Ellersieck Mark R. , Burton Joseph W. , Cregan Perry B. , Hyten David L. , Nguyen Henry T. , Sleper David A.
Published: March 2013

Demand for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] meal has increased worldwide and soybean importers often offer premiums for soybean containing higher contents of protein and oil. Objectives were to detect quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with soybean seed protein, oil, and seed weight in a soybean mapping population and confirm detected QTL across genetic backgrounds and environments. Two populations of 216 and 156 recombinant inbred lines were developed from Magellan × PI 438489B and Magellan × PI 567516C crosses, respectively, and grown in two Missouri environments in 2008. More than 900 simple sequence repeat (SSR) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were used for mapping in each population. Across environments and genetic backgrounds, we have identified seven QTL for protein, six for oil, and four for seed weight. Two QTL were detected in common for protein and oil, one on chromosome (Chr.) 5 and another on Chr. 6. Additionally, we have detected one new seed weight QTL on Chr. 6, in the same region of protein and oil QTL. Confirmed protein and oil QTL on Chrs. 5 and 6 may be important targets to find candidate genes involved in modification of protein and oil contents and seed weight using genetic and genomic approaches. Also, SSR and SNP markers closely associated with these QTL can be useful for marker‐assisted selection.
Foliar Absorption of Various Inorganic and Organic Nitrogen Sources by Creeping Bentgrass
Authors: Stiegler J. Chris , Richardson Michael D. , Karcher Douglas E. , Roberts Trenton L. , Norman Richard J.
Published: March 2013

Foliar N fertilization often makes up a major portion of the total N inputs applied to creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) golf greens. Many such applications are made using fertilizers that have been formulated and marketed as specialty foliar fertilizers. Various forms of inorganic and organic N are included in these specialty products. However, little is currently known about the foliar absorption efficiency among different chemical N forms routinely applied to putting greens. This project was conducted to evaluate the foliar uptake of N from several 15N‐labeled inorganic and organic sources. Three common N fertilizer forms {urea (NH2CONH2), ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4], and potassium nitrate (KNO3)} were used in the trial along with three amino acids (glycine, l‐glutamic acid, and l‐proline). All treatments were applied at a rate of 0.5 g N m⁻2 on 18 Sept. 2008, 14 Oct. 2008, and 24 June 2010 to plots within a ‘Penn G2’ creeping bentgrass research green. Plant tissue samples were taken 1 and 8 h after application for N analysis. Foliar uptake of the various N compounds ranged from 31 to 56% of the N applied at the final sampling time of 8 h after application. Nitrogen source had a significant effect on the amount of N fertilizer recovered within plant leaves and shoots. Foliar absorption of KNO3 into aerial plant parts was lower than most of the chemical forms tested while most of the compounds supplied N to the plant in similar proportions.
Dietary and Lifestyle Factors and Medical Conditions Associated with Urinary Citrate Excretion
Authors: Mandel Ernest I. , Taylor Eric N. , Curhan Gary C.
Published: March 2013

Background and objectives

Lower urinary citrate excretion is a risk factor for nephrolithiasis and associated with metabolic acidosis and higher prevalence of hypertension and insulin resistance. This study sought to quantify the independent predictors of urinary citrate excretion in population-based cohorts.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

A cross-sectional study of 2561 individuals from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study and Nurses’ Health Studies I and II who provided two 24-hour urine collections was conducted. Dietary data were ascertained from the semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Lifestyle and disease data were derived from responses to biennial questionnaires. Multivariable linear regression was used to quantify the predictors of urinary citrate excretion.

Results

After adjusting for age, urinary creatinine, dietary, and other factors, higher intake of nondairy animal protein (per 10 g/d; −20 mg/d; 95% confidence interval [−29 to −11]), higher body mass index (per 1 kg/m2; −4 mg/d; [−6 to −2]), and history of nephrolithiasis (−57 mg/d; [−79 to −36]), hypertension (−95 mg/d; [−119 to −71]), gout (−104 mg/d; [−155 to −54]), and thiazide use (−34 mg/d; [−68 to −1]) were independently associated with lower 24-hour urinary citrate excretion. Higher intake of potassium (per 1000 mg/d; 53 mg/d; [33 to 74]), higher urinary sodium (per 100 mEq/d; 56 mg/d; [31 to 80]), and history of diabetes (61 mg/d; [21 to 100]) were independently associated with higher citrate excretion.

Conclusions

Several dietary and lifestyle factors and medical conditions are independently associated with urinary citrate excretion.
Development of a capillary electrophoresis method for the simultaneous determination of cephalosporins
Authors: Hancu Gabriel , Kelemen Hajnal , Rusu Aura , Gyéresi Árpád
Published: March 2013

A rapid and simple capillary electrophoresis method has been developed for
the simultaneous determination of six extensively used cephalosporin
antibiotics (cefaclor, cefadroxil, cefalexin, cefuroxim, ceftazidim,
ceftriaxon). The determination of cephalosporins was performed at a pH 6.8,
using a 25 mM phospate - 25 mM borate mixed buffer, + 25 kV voltage at a
temperature of 25 ?C. We achieved a baseline separation in approximately 10
minutes. The separation resolution was increased by addition of an anionic
surfactant, 50 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate, to the buffer solution. The
proposed separation was evaluated on the basis of detection and
quantification limits, effective electrophoretic mobility and relative
standard deviation for migration times and peak areas.
Diversity of the Larval Cranial Setae in Palaearctic Notodontidae (Noctuoidea) and and their Taxonomic Distribution
Authors: Dolinskaya I. V.
Published: March 2013

Larval cranial setae of each larval instar of 66 species belonging to 35 genera of Palaeartic Notodontid moths from Ukraine and Far East of Russia (Primorskii krai) was examined with the use of a scanning electron microscope. A comparison with outgroup species - Lasiocampoidea (Lasiocampidae), Sphingoidea (Sphingidae) and Noctuoidea (Erebidae: Lymantriinae, Arctiinae; Noctuidae) is conducted. Main kinds of setae during larval development and their transformation are discussed. Possible apomorphic and plesiomorphic states of the different characters are discussed in relation to the different taxa.
Risk factors of aseptic bone resorption: a study after autologous bone flap reinsertion due to decompressive craniotomy
Authors: Dünisch Pedro , Walter Jan , Sakr Yasser , Kalff Rolf , Waschke Albrecht , Ewald Christian
Published: March 2013

Object

In patients who have undergone decompressive craniectomy, autologous bone flap reinsertion becomes necessary whenever the cerebral situation has consolidated. However, aseptic necrosis of the bone flap remains a concern. The aim of this study was to report possible perioperative complications in patients undergoing autologous bone flap reinsertion and to identify the risk factors that may predispose the bone flap to necrosis.

Methods

All patients admitted to the authors' neurosurgical department between September 1994 and June 2011 and who received their own cryoconserved bone flap after decompressive craniectomy were studied. The grade of the bone flap necrosis was classified into 2 types. Type II bone necrosis was characterized by aseptic resorption with circumscribed or complete lysis of tabula interna and externa requiring surgical revision. To define predisposing factors, a multivariate analysis was performed using bone necrosis as the dependent variable.

Results

Among the 372 patients (mean age 48.6 years, 57.4% males) who received 414 bone flaps during the observation period, 134 (36.0%) had a diffuse traumatic brain injury, 69 (18.5%) had subarachnoid hemorrhage, 58 (15.6%) had cerebral infarction, 56 (15.1%) had extraaxial bleeding, 43 (11.6%) had intracerebral bleeding, and 12 (3.2%) had a neoplasm. Surgical relevant Type II bone flap necrosis occurred in 85 patients (22.8%) and 91 bone flaps, after a median time of 15 months (interquartile range [IQR], 10–33 months). In a multivariate analysis with Type II necrosis as the dependent variable, bone flap fragmentation with 2 (OR 3.35, 95% CI 1.59–7.01, p < 0.002) or more fragments (OR 24.00, 95% CI 10.13–56.84, p < 0.001), shunt-dependent hydrocephalus (OR 1.76, 95% CI 0.99–3.12, p = 0.04), and a younger age (OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.96–0.99, p = 0.004) was associated with a higher risk for the development of an aseptic bone flap necrosis.

Conclusions

In patients undergoing bone flap reinsertion after craniotomy, aseptic bone necrosis is an underestimated problem during long-term follow-up. Especially in younger patients with an expected good neurological recovery and a fragmented bone flap, an initial allograft should be considered because of an increased risk for aseptic bone flap necrosis.
Photoaligning and Photopatterning — A New Challenge in Liquid Crystal Photonics
Authors: Chigrinov Vladimir
Published: March 2013

Photoalignment possesses obvious advantages in comparison with the usually “rubbing” treatment of the substrates of liquid crystal display (LCD) cells. The application of the photoalignment and photopatterning nanotechnology for the new generation of photonic and display devices will be reviewed.
Asellus aquaticus as a Potential Carrier of Escherichia coli and Other Coliform Bacteria into Drinking Water Distribution Systems
Authors: Christensen Sarah , Arvin Erik , Nissen Erling , Albrechtsen Hans-Jørgen
Published: March 2013

Individuals of the water louse, Asellus aquaticus, enter drinking water distribution systems in temperate parts of the world, where they establish breeding populations. We analysed populations of surface water A. aquaticus from two ponds for associated faecal indicator bacteria and assessed the risk of A. aquaticus transporting bacteria into distribution systems. Concentrations of up to two E. coli and five total coliforms·mL−1 were measured in the water and 200 E. coli and >240 total coliforms·mL−1 in the sediments of the investigated ponds. Concentrations of A. aquaticus associated bacteria never exceeded three E. coli and six total coliforms·A. aquaticus−1. During exposure to high concentrations of coliforms, concentrations reached 350 coliforms·A. aquaticus−1. A. aquaticus associated E. coli were only detected as long as E. coli were present in the water and sediment. The calculated probability of exceeding drinking water guideline values in non-disinfected systems by intrusion of A. aquaticus was low. Only in scenarios with narrow pipes and low flows, did total coliforms exceed guideline values, implying that the probability of detection by routine monitoring is also low. The study expands the knowledge base for evaluating incidents with presence of coliform indicators in drinking water by showing that intruding A. aquaticus were not important carriers of E. coli or other coliform bacteria even when emerging from faecally contaminated waters.
Development and Antibacterial Activity of Cashew Gum-Based Silver Nanoparticles
Authors: Quelemes Patrick , Araruna Felipe , De Faria Bruna , Kuckelhaus Selma , Da Silva Durcilene , Mendonça Ronaldo , Eiras Carla , Dos S. Soares Maria , Leite José Roberto
Published: March 2013

The present study describes the development of a green synthesis of silver nanoparticles reduced and stabilized by exuded gum from Anacardium occidentale L. and evaluates in vitro their antibacterial and cytotoxic activities. Characterization of cashew gum-based silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was carried out based on UV–Vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering analysis which revealed that the synthesized silver nanoparticles were spherical in shape, measuring about 4 nm in size with a uniform dispersal. AgNPs presented antibacterial activity, especially against Gram-negative bacteria, in concentrations where no significant cytotoxicity was observed.
Genetic Analysis of HIV-1 Integrase Sequences from Treatment Naive Individuals in Northeastern South Africa
Authors: Bessong Pascal , Nwobegahay Julius
Published: March 2013

Raltegravir, an integrase inhibitor, is not a component of the current South African antiretroviral treatment guidelines, but it could be introduced in the near future as cases of virological failures from current treatment regimens begin to occur. The aim of this study was to analyze the complete HIV integrase gene obtained from individuals at two treatment sites in northeastern South Africa for the presence of Raltegravir associated drug resistant mutations and viral subtypes based on the integrase gene. Examination for mutations against other integrase inhibitors, such as Elvitegravir and Dolutegravir, was also done. Viruses from 127 treatment naive individuals were analyzed. Genetic drug resistance mutations were determined using the Stanford HIV Drug Resistance Interpretation program and the International AIDS society-USA guidelines. Viral subtyping was done by phylogenetic analysis, and recombinants were determined using the REGA, jpHMM and RIP tools. No major resistance mutations were detected. However, 7% of the sequences had minor mutations and polymorphisms. The majority (99%) of the viruses were HIV-1 C. Recombination analysis showed that the polymerase gene of one virus was likely composed of HIV-1 subtype A1 and C sequences. The present study indicates that Raltegravir, Elvitegravir and Dolutegravir resistant mutations may be absent in the study communities and further indicates the presence of recombinant viruses in northeastern South Africa.
Isolation and Functional Analysis of ZmLTP3, a Homologue to Arabidopsis LTP3
Authors: Zou Hua-Wen , Tian Xiao-Hai , Ma Guo-Hui , Li Zhi-Xin
Published: March 2013

Plant lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) are encoded by multigene families and play important roles in plant physiology. One full-length cDNA encoding an Arabidopsis LTP3 homologue was isolated from maize by RT-PCR and named as ZmLTP3. RT-PCR analysis indicated that the ZmLTP3 expression is induced by salicylic acid (SA), mannitol and salt. Furthermore, in different tissues the ZmLTP3 displayed different expression patterns, indicating that ZmLTP3 may play multiple roles in stress resistance. Over-expression of ZmLTP3 in wild-type Arabidopsis resulted in the increased salt tolerance. Under salt stress condition, compared to wild-type (WT) plants, transgenic Arabidopsis grew better, had higher seedling fresh (FW), dry weight (DW), seed yields, proline content and lower MDA content and relative electric conductivity level. Our results suggest that maize ZmLTP3 might encode a member of LTPs family and play roles in salt resistance.
Phospholipases of Mineralization Competent Cells and Matrix Vesicles: Roles in Physiological and Pathological Mineralizations
Authors: Mebarek Saida , Abousalham Abdelkarim , Magne David , Do Le , Bandorowicz-Pikula Joanna , Pikula Slawomir , Buchet René
Published: March 2013

The present review aims to systematically and critically analyze the current knowledge on phospholipases and their role in physiological and pathological mineralization undertaken by mineralization competent cells. Cellular lipid metabolism plays an important role in biological mineralization. The physiological mechanisms of mineralization are likely to take place in tissues other than in bones and teeth under specific pathological conditions. For instance, vascular calcification in arteries of patients with renal failure, diabetes mellitus or atherosclerosis recapitulates the mechanisms of bone formation. Osteoporosis—a bone resorbing disease—and rheumatoid arthritis originating from the inflammation in the synovium are also affected by cellular lipid metabolism. The focus is on the lipid metabolism due to the effects of dietary lipids on bone health. These and other phenomena indicate that phospholipases may participate in bone remodelling as evidenced by their expression in smooth muscle cells, in bone forming osteoblasts, chondrocytes and in bone resorbing osteoclasts. Among various enzymes involved, phospholipases A1 or A2, phospholipase C, phospholipase D, autotaxin and sphingomyelinase are engaged in membrane lipid remodelling during early stages of mineralization and cell maturation in mineralization-competent cells. Numerous experimental evidences suggested that phospholipases exert their action at various stages of mineralization by affecting intracellular signaling and cell differentiation. The lipid metabolites—such as arachidonic acid, lysophospholipids, and sphingosine-1-phosphate are involved in cell signaling and inflammation reactions. Phospholipases are also important members of the cellular machinery engaged in matrix vesicle (MV) biogenesis and exocytosis. They may favour mineral formation inside MVs, may catalyse MV membrane breakdown necessary for the release of mineral deposits into extracellular matrix (ECM), or participate in hydrolysis of ECM. The biological functions of phospholipases are discussed from the perspective of animal and cellular knockout models, as well as disease implications, development of potent inhibitors and therapeutic interventions.
Glycosylation of Conotoxins
Authors: Gerwig Gerrit , Hocking Henry , Stöcklin Reto , Kamerling Johannis , Boelens Rolf
Published: March 2013

Conotoxins are small peptides present in the venom of cone snails. The snail uses this venom to paralyze and capture prey. The constituent conopeptides display a high level of chemical diversity and are of particular interest for scientists as tools employed in neurological studies and for drug development, because they target with exquisite specificity membrane receptors, transporters, and various ion channels in the nervous system. However, these peptides are known to contain a high frequency and variability of post-translational modifications—including sometimes O-glycosylation—which are of importance for biological activity. The potential application of specific conotoxins as neuropharmalogical agents and chemical probes requires a full characterization of the relevant peptides, including the structure of the carbohydrate part. In this review, the currently existing knowledge of O-glycosylation of conotoxins is described.
Insecticidal and Feeding Deterrent Effects of Fraxinellone from Dictamnus dasycarpus against Four Major Pests
Authors: Lü Min , Wu Wenjun , Liu Huixia
Published: March 2013

Fraxinellone, a well-known and significant naturally occurring compound isolated from Meliaceae and Rutaceae spp. has been widely used as a drug for the treatment of tumors. On the other hand, fraxinellone exhibited a variety of insecticidal activities including feeding-deterrent activity, inhibition of growth, and larvicidal activity. The present study focused on the antifeedant and larvicidal activities of fraxinellone against the larvae of Lepidoptera, including Mythimna separata, Agrotis ypsilon, Plutella xylostella, and one kind of sanitary pest, Culux pipiens pallens. Meanwhile, the ovicidal activities and the effects of fraxinellone on the larval development of M. separata were also observed. The LC50 values of fraxinellone against 3rd instar larvae of M. separata, 2nd instar larvae of P. xylostella and 4th instar larvae of C. pipiens pallens were 15.95/6.43/3.60 × 10−2 mg mL−1, and its AFC50 values against 5th instar larvae of M. separata, 2nd instar larvae of P. xylostella and 2nd instar larvae of A. ypsilon were 10.73/7.93/12.58 mg mL−1, respectively. Compared with the control group, fraxinellone obviously inhibited the pupation rate and the growth of M. separata. Once M. separata was treated with fraxinellone at concentrations of 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 mg mL−1, respectively, the stages from the larvae to adulthood and the egg hatching duration were prolonged to 1/2/3, and 4/3/4 days, respectively. Additionally, fraxinellone strongly inhibited the development rate and the egg hatch proportion of M. separata.
Antibacterial Activity Composition of the Fermentation Broth of Streptomyces djakartensis NW35
Authors: Zhang Wenjuan , Wei Shaopeng , Zhang Jiwen , Wu Wenjun
Published: March 2013

The new compound Z-4-2 was isolated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces djakartensis NW35, together with the known compound N-acetyltryptamine (Z-9-2) by bioassay-guided fractionation. Its chemical structure was elucidated as (E)-2-methoxy-1,4 naphthoquinone-1-oxime (Z-4-2) mainly by NMR analyses and MS spectral data. Their antibacterial activities against bacteria were evaluated by the filter paper method. The results of indicated that these compounds possess significant antibacterial activities.
Apocynin: Chemical and Biophysical Properties of a NADPH Oxidase Inhibitor
Authors: Petrônio Maicon , Zeraik Maria , Fonseca Luiz , Ximenes Valdecir
Published: March 2013

Apocynin is the most employed inhibitor of NADPH oxidase (NOX), a multienzymatic complex capable of catalyzing the one-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to the superoxide anion. Despite controversies about its selectivity, apocynin has been used as one of the most promising drugs in experimental models of inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we aimed to study the chemical and biophysical properties of apocynin. The oxidation potential was determined by cyclic voltammetry (Epa = 0.76V), the hydrophobicity index was calculated (logP = 0.83) and the molar absorption coefficient was determined (e275nm = 1.1 × 104 M−1 cm−1). Apocynin was a weak free radical scavenger (as measured using the DPPH, peroxyl radical and nitric oxide assays) when compared to protocatechuic acid, used here as a reference antioxidant. On the other hand, apocynin was more effective than protocatechuic acid as scavenger of the non-radical species hypochlorous acid. Apocynin reacted promptly with the non-radical reactive species H2O2 only in the presence of peroxidase. This finding is relevant, since it represents a new pathway for depleting H2O2 in cellular experimental models, besides the direct inhibition of NADPH oxidase. This could be relevant for its application as an inhibitor of NOX4, since this isoform produces H2O2 and not superoxide anion. The binding parameters calculated by fluorescence quenching showed that apocynin binds to human serum albumin (HSA) with a binding affinity of 2.19 × 104 M−1. The association did not alter the secondary and tertiary structure of HSA, as verified by synchronous fluorescence and circular dichroism. The displacement of fluorescent probes suggested that apocynin binds to site I and site II of HSA. Considering the current biomedical applications of this phytochemical, the dissemination of these chemical and biophysical properties can be very helpful for scientists and physicians interested in the use of apocynin.
Kinetic and Surface Study of Single-Walled Aluminosilicate Nanotubes and Their Precursors
Authors: Arancibia-Miranda Nicolás , Escudey Mauricio , Molina Mauricio , García-González María
Published: March 2013

The structural and surface changes undergone by the different precursors that are produced during the synthesis of imogolite are reported. The surface changes that occur during the synthesis of imogolite were determined by electrophoretic migration (EM) measurements, which enabled the identification of the time at which the critical precursor of the nanoparticles was generated. A critical parameter for understanding the evolution of these precursors is the isoelectric point (IEP), of which variation revealed that the precursors modify the number of active ≡Al-OH and ≡Si-OH sites during the formation of imogolite. We also found that the IEP is displaced to a higher pH level as a consequence of the surface differentiation that occurs during the synthesis. At the same time, we established that the pH of the reaction (pHrx) decreases with the evolution and condensation of the precursors during aging. Integration of all of the obtained results related to the structural and surface properties allows an overall understanding of the different processes that occur and the products that are formed during the synthesis of imogolite.
Multisensor NDVI-Based Monitoring of the Tundra-Taiga Interface (Mealy Mountains, Labrador, Canada)
Authors: Simms Élizabeth , Ward Heather
Published: March 2013

The analysis of a series of five normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) images produced information about a Labrador (Canada) portion of the tundra-taiga interface. The twenty-five year observation period ranges from 1983 to 2008. The series composed of Landsat, SPOT and ASTER images, provided insight into regional scale characteristics of the tundra-taiga interface that is usually monitored from coarse resolution images. The image set was analyzed by considering an ordinal classification of the NDVI to account for the cumulative effect of differences of near-infrared spectral resolutions, the temperature anomalies, and atmospheric conditions. An increasing trend of the median values in the low, intermediate and high NDVI classes is clearly marked while accounting for variations attributed to cross-sensor radiometry, phenology and atmospheric disturbances. An encroachment of the forest on the tundra for the whole study area was estimated at 0 to 60 m, depending on the period of observation, as calculated by the difference between the median retreat and advance of an estimated location of the tree line. In small sections, advances and retreats of up to 320 m are reported for the most recent four- and seven-year periods of observations.
Experimental Study on the Precise Orbit Determination of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System
Authors: He Lina , Ge Maorong , Wang Jiexian , Wickert Jens , Schuh Harald
Published: March 2013

The regional service of the Chinese BeiDou satellite navigation system is now in operation with a constellation including five Geostationary Earth Orbit satellites (GEO), five Inclined Geosynchronous Orbit (IGSO) satellites and four Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellites. Besides the standard positioning service with positioning accuracy of about 10 m, both precise relative positioning and precise point positioning are already demonstrated. As is well known, precise orbit and clock determination is essential in enhancing precise positioning services. To improve the satellite orbits of the BeiDou regional system, we concentrate on the impact of the tracking geometry and the involvement of MEOs, and on the effect of integer ambiguity resolution as well. About seven weeks of data collected at the BeiDou Experimental Test Service (BETS) network is employed in this experimental study. Several tracking scenarios are defined, various processing schemata are designed and carried out; and then, the estimates are compared and analyzed in detail. The results show that GEO orbits, especially the along-track component, can be significantly improved by extending the tracking network in China along longitude direction, whereas IGSOs gain more improvement if the tracking network extends in latitude. The involvement of MEOs and ambiguity-fixing also make the orbits better.
Mid-Infrared Lifetime Imaging for Viability Evaluation of Lettuce Seeds Based on Time-Dependent Thermal Decay Characterization
Authors: Kim Ghiseok , Kim Geon , Ahn Chi-Kook , Yoo Yoonkyu , Cho Byoung-Kwan
Published: March 2013

An infrared lifetime thermal imaging technique for the measurement of lettuce seed viability was evaluated. Thermal emission signals from mid-infrared images of healthy seeds and seeds aged for 24, 48, and 72 h were obtained and reconstructed using regression analysis. The emission signals were fitted with a two-term exponential model that had two amplitudes and two time variables as lifetime parameters. The lifetime thermal decay parameters were significantly different for seeds with different aging times. Single-seed viability was visualized using thermal lifetime images constructed from the calculated lifetime parameter values. The time-dependent thermal signal decay characteristics, along with the decay amplitude and delay time images, can be used to distinguish aged lettuce seeds from normal seeds.
New simple synthesis of ring-fused 4-alkyl-4H-3,1-benzothiazine-2-thiones: Direct formation from carbon disulfide and (E)-3-(2-aminoaryl)acrylates or (E)-3-(2-aminoaryl)acrylonitriles
Authors: Ding Qiuping , Lin Yuqing , Ding Guangni , Liao Fumin , Sang Xiaoyan , Peng Yi-Yuan
Published: March 2013

A new simple and efficient method to construct ring-fused 4-alkyl-4H-3,1-benzothiazine-2-thione derivatives has been developed from carbon disulfide and (E)-3-(2-aminoaryl)acrylates or (E)-3-(2-aminoaryl)acrylonitriles under mild conditions, without the need for a metal catalyst. The newly developed method tolerates a wide range of substrates in moderate to excellent yields. Moreover, this method is advantageous over previous ones for the easy synthesis of reactants.
Control of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin production with spices in culture medium and rice
Authors: Aiko V. , Mehta A.
Published: March 2013

Cinnamon, cardamom, star anise and clove were studied for their effect on growth of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) synthesis. The experiments were carried out in yeast extract sucrose culture broth as well as in rice supplemented with spices. AFB1 produced was analysed qualitatively and quantitatively using thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography, respectively. At a concentration of 10 mg/ml, cardamom and star anise did not exhibit any antifungal or anti-aflatoxigenic activity in culture broth, whereas cinnamon and clove inhibited A. flavus growth completely. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of cinnamon and clove were 4 and 2 mg/ml, respectively. Concentrations of cinnamon and clove below their minimum inhibitory concentrations showed enhanced fungal growth, while AFB1 synthesis was reduced. Clove inhibited the synthesis of AFB1 significantly up to 99% at concentrations ≥1.0 mg/ml. The spices also inhibited AFB1 synthesis in rice at 5 mg/g, although fungal growth was not inhibited. Clove and cinnamon inhibited AFB1 synthesis significantly up to 99 and 92%, respectively, and star anise and cardamom by 41 and 23%, respectively. The results of this study suggest the use of whole spices rather than their essential oils for controlling fungal and mycotoxin contamination in food grains.
A imigração PALOP em Portugal. O caso dos doentes evacuados
Authors: Henriques Maria Adelina
Published: March 2013

Todos os dias chegam ao nosso país pessoas oriundas dos PALOP1 que vêm tratar a sua saúde nos nossos hospitais. Umas chegam ao abrigo dos acordos de saúde celebrados com Portugal, outras vêm com um qualquer visto de estada temporária. Mas vêm, porque no seu país não existe tratamento para os seus males! Por isso nos deparamos com uma grande diversidade cultural nos nossos hospitais, reforçada pelo peso dos imigrantes provenientes desses países em Portugal. Subjacente à vinda de muitos destes doentes, estão anos de “batalhas”, de sofrimento, enquanto aguardam a decisão do Ministério da Saúde do seu país quanto ao pedido de junta médica, ou aguardam as verbas do Ministério das Finanças para pagamento da viagem para Portugal ou esperam por um visto. Também os processos de triagem nos países de origem apontam para processos de seleção pouco claros e ineficazes.Já em Portugal, a falta de apoio das suas embaixadas, associada a fatores como o desconhecimento da língua, o desenraizamento cultural, entre outros, leva a que muitas destas pessoas vivam com grandes dificuldades. Apesar dos problemas com que estes doentes (sobre)vivem em Portugal, muitos não querem regressar ao país de origem. A dificuldade em obter tratamento médico e medicamentos é a razão mais apontada para não regressar.
A importância da competência cultural no atendimento de saúde a refugiados e requerentes de asilo
Authors: Santinho Cristina
Published: March 2013

O artigo que aqui se apresenta resulta de uma investigação realizada para o doutoramento em Antropologia, sobre a saúde física e mental dos refugiados em Portugal, tendo igualmente em conta o cenário político que envolve esta temática. Esta investigação decorreu de Janeiro de 2007 a Dezembro de 2010, e seguiu as seguintes metodologias: observação participante, entrevistas em profundidade, recolha de histórias de vida. Pretende-se aqui salientar que a ausência em Portugal daquilo que se convencionou denominar no campo das ciências sociais de “competência cultural na saúde” tem consequências nefastas para uma categoria muito específica de imigrantes: os refugiados. Os efeitos dessa ausência podem contribuir para aprofundar ainda mais o sofrimento e eventuais traumas, afastando-os assim de uma integração satisfatória na sociedade portuguesa que lhes prometeu proteção.
Das competências críticas dos médicos: ilustrações oriundas da medicina paliativa
Authors: Martins Alexandre Cotovio
Published: March 2013

Discutem-se neste artigo tomadas de posição de médicos de cuidados paliativos a exercerem medicina em hospitais de Portugal Continental, a propósito da sua defesa pública deste tipo de cuidados. O foco da análise centra-se no processo de tradução pública do sentido moral que constroem na sua atividade profissional quotidiana e na exemplificação, concomitante, das suas competências críticas, enquanto atores socialmente competentes.
Contributos para uma análise da tese da “modernidade reflexiva” de Anthony Giddens, a partir da perspetiva de Pierre Bourdieu
Authors: Melo M. Benedita Portugal e
Published: March 2013

Cativante, a tese da “modernidade reflexiva” de A. Giddens dificilmente poderá ser sustentada empiricamente se alguns dos seus pressupostos não forem (re)equacionados. Confrontando a perspetiva de A. Giddens com a de P. Bourdieu, procura-se, assim, neste artigo, dar resposta às seguintes questões: a) o contacto com os conhecimentos periciais é suficiente para os indivíduos quebrarem a inércia da rotina que alimenta as suas práticas quotidianas e desenvolverem uma reflexividade distinta da reflexividade prática que usualmente constroem? b) o que caracteriza a reflexividade institucional? c) quais são os fatores que possibilitam a disseminação e receção de uma reflexividade baseada em conhecimentos periciais? A argumentação apresentada desenvolve a hipótese de que os atores sociais constroem diferentes tipos de reflexividade e só sentirão a urgência de produzir uma reflexividade “suprarracionalizada” se se encontrarem perante “situações críticas” (Giddens, 1989).
Cidadania ecológica. Conceções e práticas de estudantes universitários
Authors: Baldin Nelma , Albuquerque Cristina
Published: March 2013

O presente artigo centra-se numa discussão crítica sobre o conceito de “cidadania ecológica” nas atuais “sociedades de risco”. Neste contexto, procuramos destacar sobretudo as insuficiências de discursos e práticas que tendem a acentuar a dimensão da responsabilidade individual em termos ambientais. Para ilustrar a discussão apresentamos as conclusões gerais de um estudo efetuado junto de estudantes dirigentes associativos da Universidade da Região de Joinville (Univille, Brasil) e da Universidade de Coimbra (Portugal). O objetivo global do estudo foi a compreensão das conceções e práticas dos estudantes no domínio ambiental.
CNE Article: Moral Distress and Psychological Empowerment in Critical Care Nurses Caring for Adults at end of Life
Authors: Browning Annette M.
Published: March 2013

Background

Critical care nurses providing care for adults at the end of life may encounter moral distress when they cannot do what they believe is ethically correct. Psychological empowerment can decrease moral distress among critical care nurses.

Objectives

To describe the relationships between moral distress, psychological empowerment, and demographics in critical care nurses caring for patients at the end of life.

Method

A total of 277 critical care nurses were surveyed via the Moral Distress Scale and the Psychological Empowerment Instrument. Responses were scored on a Likert scale of 1 to 7.

Results

Moral distress intensity was high (mean 5.34, SD 1.32) and positively correlated with age (r = 0.179, P = .01). Moral distress frequency was moderate (mean 2.51, SD 0.87) and negatively correlated with nurses’ collaboration in end-of-life patient care conferences (r = −0.191, P = .007). Psychological empowerment scores (mean 5.31, SD 1.00) were high and positively correlated with age (r = 0.139, P = .03), years of experience (r = 0.165, P = .01), collaboration in end-of-life-care conferences (r = 0.163, P = .01), and end-of-life-care education (r = 0.221, P = .001) and were negatively correlated with moral distress frequency (r = −0.194, P = .01). Multiple regression analysis revealed that empowerment was a significant predictor of moral distress frequency (â = .222, P < .01).

Conclusion

The significant negative correlation between psychological empowerment and frequency of moral distress in these nurses indicated that nurses with higher perceived empowerment experience moral distress less often. This finding is of particular interest as interventions to decrease moral distress are sought. (American Journal of Critical Care. 2013;22:143–152)