bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social-economical decision making in current and remitted major depression
Authors: Pulcu E. , Thomas E. J. , Trotter P. D. , McFarquhar M. , Juhasz G. , Sahakian B. J. , Deakin J. F. W. , Anderson I. M. , Zahn R. , Elliott R.
Published: October 2014

Background.

Prosocial emotions related to self-blame are important in guiding human altruistic decisions. These emotions are elevated in major depressive disorder (MDD), such that MDD has been associated with guilt-driven pathological hyper-altruism. However, the impact of such emotional impairments in MDD on different types of social decision-making is unknown.

Method.

In order to address this issue, we investigated different kinds of altruistic behaviour (interpersonal cooperation and fund allocation, altruistic punishment and charitable donation) in 33 healthy subjects, 35 patients in full remission (unmedicated) and 24 currently depressed patients (11 on medication) using behavioural-economical paradigms.

Results.

We show a significant main effect of clinical status on altruistic decisions (p = 0.04) and a significant interaction between clinical status and type of altruistic decisions (p = 0.03). More specifically, symptomatic patients defected significantly more in the Prisoner's Dilemma game (p < 0.05) and made significantly lower charitable donations, whether or not these incurred a personal cost (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). Currently depressed patients also reported significantly higher guilt elicited by receiving unfair financial offers in the Ultimatum Game (p < 0.05).

Conclusions.

Currently depressed individuals were less altruistic in both a charitable donation and an interpersonal cooperation task. Taken together, our results challenge the guilt-driven pathological hyper-altruism hypothesis in depression. There were also differences in both current and remitted patients in the relationship between altruistic behaviour and pathological self-blaming, suggesting an important role for these emotions in moral and social decision-making abnormalities in depression.
Barth and the divine perfections
Authors: Sonderegger Katherine
Published: October 2014

Colin Gunton advanced the radical claim that Christians have univocal knowledge of God. Just this, he said in Act and Being, was the fruit of Christ's ministry and passion. Now, was Gunton right to find this teaching in Karl Barth – or at least, as an implication of Barth's celebrated rejection of ‘hellenist metaphysics’? This article aims to answer this question by examining Gunton's own claim in Act and Being, followed by a closer inspection of Barth's analysis of the doctrine of analogy in a long excursus in Church Dogmatics II/1.

Contrary to some readings of Barth, I find Barth to be remarkably well-informed about the sophisticated terms of contemporary Roman Catholic debate about analogy, including the work of G. Sohngen and E. Pryzwara. Barth's central objection to the doctrine of analogy in this section appears to be the doctrine's reckless division (in Barth's eyes) of the Being of God into a ‘bare’ God, the subject of natural knowledge, and the God of the Gospel, known in Jesus Christ. But such reckless abstraction cannot be laid at the feet of Roman theologians alone! Barth extensively examines, and finds wanting, J. A. Quenstedt's doctrine of analogy, and the knowledge of God it affords, all stripped, Barth charges, of the justifying grace of Jesus Christ. From these pieces, Barth builds his own ‘doctrine of similarity’, a complex and near-baroque account, which seeks to ground knowledge of God in the living act of his revelation and redemption of sinners. All this makes one tempted to say that Gunton must be wrong in his assessment either of univocal predication or of its roots in the theology of Karl Barth.

But passages from the same volume of the Church Dogmatics make one second-guess that first conclusion. When Barth turns from his methodological sections in volume II/1 to the material depiction of the divine perfections, he appears to lay aside every hesitation and speak as directly, as plainly and, it seems, as ‘univocally’ as Gunton could ever desire. Some examples from the perfection of divine righteousness point to Barth's startling use of frank and direct human terms for God's own reality and his unembarrassed use of such terms to set out the very ‘heart of God’.

Yet things are never quite what they seem in Barth. A brief comparison between Gunton's univocal predication and Barth's own use of christological predication reveals some fault-lines between the two, and an explanation, based on Barth's own doctrine of justification, is offered in its place.
Climate, demographic factors and geographical variations in the incidence of invasive meningococcal disease in Italy
Authors: VESCIO F. , BUSANI L. , MUGHINI GRAS L. , FAZIO C. , NERI A. , AVELLIS L. , REZZA G. , STEFANELLI P.
Published: October 2014

We investigated the effect of climatic, demographic factors and intra-country geographical variations on the incidence of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) in Italy. For this purpose, incidence rates of IMD cases reported in Italy between 1994 and 2012 were calculated, and a cluster analysis was performed. A geographical gradient was determined, with lower incidence rates in central and southern Italy, compared to the northern parts, where most clusters were observed. IMD rates were higher in medium-sized towns than in villages. Adults were at lower risk of IMD than children aged ⩽4 years. IMD incidence tended to decrease with increasing monthly mean temperatures (incidence rate ratio 0·94, 95% confidence interval 0·90–0·99). In conclusion, geographical variations in IMD incidence were found, where age and temperature were associated with disease occurrence. Whether geographical variations should be considered in national intervention plans is still a matter for discussion.
Politics and the Reception of Andrew Lloyd Webber’sThe Phantom of the Opera
Authors: Winkler Amanda Eubanks
Published: October 2014

This article analyses the complicated and conflicted critical response to Andrew Lloyd Webber’sThe Phantom of the Operawithin the political, economic and cultural context of the Thatcher/Reagan era. British critics writing for Conservative-leaning broadsheets and tabloids took nationalist pride in Lloyd Webber’s commercial success, while others on both sides of the Atlantic claimed thatPhantomwas tasteless and crassly commercial, a musical manifestation of a new Gilded Age. Broader issues regarding the relationship between the government and ‘elite’ culture also affected the critical response. For some,Phantomforged a path for a new kind of populist opera that could survive and thrive without government subsidy, while less sympathetic critics heardPhantom’s ‘puerile’ operatics as sophomoric jibes against an art form they esteemed.
Diagonal Asymptotics for Products of Combinatorial Classes
Authors: WILSON MARK C.
Published: October 2014

We generalize and improve recent results by Bóna and Knopfmacher and by Banderier and Hitcz-enko concerning the joint distribution of the sum and number of parts in tuples of restricted compositions. Specifically, we generalize the problem to general combinatorial classes and relax the requirement that the sizes of the compositions be equal. We extend the main explicit results to enumeration problems whose counting sequences are Riordan arrays. In this framework, we give an alternative method for computing asymptotics in the supercritical case, which avoids explicit diagonal extraction.
Nutritional status as assessed by nutrient intakes and biomarkers among women of childbearing age – is the burden of nutrient inadequacies growing in America?
Authors: Rai Deshanie , Bird Julia K , McBurney Michael I , Chapman-Novakofski Karen M
Published: October 2014

Objective

Understanding nutrient intakes among women of childbearing age within the USA is important given the accumulating evidence that maternal body weight gain and nutrient intakes prior to pregnancy may influence the health and well-being of the offspring. The objective of the present study was to evaluate nutritional status in women of childbearing age and to ascertain the influence of ethnicity and income on nutrient intakes.

Design

Nutritional status was assessed using data on nutrient intakes through foods and supplements from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Biomarker data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were used to assess nutritional status for selected nutrients. Poverty–income ratio was used to assess family income.

Subjects

White (n1560), African-American (n889) and Mexican-American (n761) women aged 19–30 and 31–50 years were included.

Setting

A nationally representative sample of non-pregnant women of childbearing age resident in the USA.

Results

African-American women had the lowest intakes of fibre, folate, riboflavin, P, K, Ca and Mg. Women (31–50 years) with a poverty–income ratio of ≤1·85 had significantly lower intakes of almost all nutrients analysed. Irrespective of ethnicity and income, a significant percentage of women were not consuming the estimated recommended amounts (Estimated Average Requirement) of several key nutrients: vitamin A (~80 %), vitamin D (~78 %) and fibre (~92 %). Nutrient biomarker data were generally reflective of nutrient intake patterns among the different ethnic groups.

Conclusions

Women of childbearing age in the USA are not meeting nutrient intake guidelines, with differences between ethnic groups and socio-economic strata. These factors should be considered when establishing nutrition science advocacy and policy.
Sustainability in the Qatar national dietary guidelines, among the first to incorporate sustainability principles
Authors: Seed Barbara
Published: October 2014

Objective

To present one of the first national dietary guidelines that incorporates food sustainability principles into its public health recommendations.

Design

The paper outlines recommendations and utilizes an ecological framework of policy analysis to examine context, drivers, consequences and future suggestions in establishing and maintaining sustainability principles within the Qatar Dietary Guidelines.

Setting

Qatar.

Subjects

Population of Qatar.

Results

Qatar has produced one of the first national dietary guidelines to integrate principles of food sustainability. National interest in environmental sustainability and food security, population concern over food waste (reinforced by Islamic religious law), strong authority of the Supreme Council of Health (supported by an Emirate government), a small domestic food industry and a lack of food industry influence on the guidelines have contributed to the inclusion of sustainability principles within the document.

Conclusions

Whether these principles will be embraced or rejected by the population in the long term will likely be determined by the Dietary Guidelines Task Force and the Supreme Council of Health’s commitment to educating the population about the relevance and importance of these principles and establishing champions to advocate for them.
The NIR arm of SHARK: System for coronagraphy with High-order Adaptive optics from R to K bands
Authors: Farinato Jacopo , Baffa Carlo , Baruffolo Andrea , Bergomi Maria , Carbonaro Luca , Carlotti Alexis , Centrone Mauro , Codona Johanan , Dima Marco , Esposito Simone , Fantinel Daniela , Farisato Giancarlo , Gaessler Wolfgang , Giallongo Emanuele , Greggio Davide , Hinz Philip , Lisi Franco , Magrin Demetrio , Marafatto Luca , Pedichini Fernando , Pinna Enrico , Puglisi Alfio , Ragazzoni Roberto , Salasnich Bernardo , Stangalini Marco , Verinaud Christophe , Viotto Valentina
Published: October 2014

SHARK is a proposal aimed at investigating the technical feasibility and the scientific capabilities of high-contrast cameras to be implemented at the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT). SHARK foresees two separated channels: near-infrared (NIR) channel and visible, both providing imaging and coronagraphic modes. We describe here the SHARK instrument concept, with particular emphasis on the NIR channel at the level of a conceptual study, performed in the framework of the call for proposals for new LBT instruments. The search for giant extra-Solar planets is the main science case, as we will outline in the paper.
WHY DID RAYMOND ARON WRITE THAT CARL SCHMITT WAS NOT A NAZI? AN ALTERNATIVE GENEALOGY OF FRENCH LIBERALISM
Authors: STEINMETZ-JENKINS DANIEL
Published: October 2014

In hisMémoires, published in the year of his death in 1983, Raymond Aron—the French sociologist and Cold War champion of liberalism—astonishingly remarked that as a man of high culture Carl Schmitt could have never been a Nazi. Aron's defenders have typically downplayed his mature views on Schmitt: for how else could the main defender of the liberal faith in France devote himself to salvaging the reputation of the greatest antiliberal of the age? This essay argues, however, that Aron's bizarre statements about Schmitt actually provide a crucial aperture into the nature of Aron's liberalism. I will begin by placing Aron's comments about Schmitt within his Clausewitz project of the 1970s. Aron took Schmitt as a guiding inspiration even as he sought to overcome Schmitt's existential interpretation of Clausewitz. By doing so, Aron hoped to establish a rational foundation for political action. Yet Aron's attempt to contain Clausewitz would not only lead to a renewal of interest in Schmitt's thought; it would also revive Aron and Schmitt's correspondence that had lain dormant since the early 1960s. As the 1970s advanced, this would have implications for how Aron viewed Schmitt, especially in light of the critical German reception ofPenser la guerre, Clausewitz. This essay concludes by looking at the intellectual legacy of Aron's Schmittian inspirations—at just the time he became the avatar of contemporary French liberalism
SCALES OF TIME AND THE ANTICIPATION OF THE FUTURE: GIBBON, SMITH, PLAYFAIR
Authors: SACHS JONATHAN
Published: October 2014

This essay shows how Adam Smith addressed concerns about economic decline not only by proposing quantifiable categories through which relative decline could be measured, but also by characterizing the century as the proper timescale in which such quantities could be observed. What sometimes appears up close to be a process of decline and fall, Smith suggested, could, with a shift to a more distant long view, be explained instead as part of a normal business cycle. William Playfair then used Smith's emphasis on quantification to develop elaborate graphic techniques—what we now call the time-series line graph and the pie chart—to visualize more easily the patterns Smith sought to identify. Collectively, the reordering of temporal scale by Smith and Playfair helps us to rethink not only discourses of decline, but also our understanding of the temporalities of political economy as a problem of historical distance that needs to be thought about beyond temporal terms.
MARCEL MAUSS AND THE FRENCH “UNCONSCIOUS”
Authors: MEHLMAN JEFFREY
Published: October 2014

In 2008, just prior to his hundredth birthday, an immortality of sorts was conferred on the anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss when his Oeuvres were published—leather-bound, gold-embossed, on Bible paper—in Gallimard's Pléiade collection. He died the following year and we are now beginning to see, for the first time, assessments of his achievement—including the two volumes under review—in a world without Lévi-Strauss. Patrick Wilcken's stylishly written biography is considerably shorter than Denis Bertholet's French biography of 2003, but is nonetheless the first in a position to take in the entire arc of the anthropologist's career—from his nineteenth-century-style expeditions to the Brazilian interior in the 1930s, via his wartime exile in New York, where the twin influences of the linguist Roman Jakobson and assorted surrealists led to the writing of a groundbreaking thesis, to the vanguard structuralist project, the international celebrity, the eventual disillusionment with modernism, the unexpected late references to Gobineau (from an antiracist ideologue), and the final years, when he claimed to feel like a “shattered hologram” and received the visit of a notoriously philistine president of France on his hundredth birthday. Wilcken steers his biography skillfully between the pitfalls of reverence and dismissiveness. It is useful, for instance, to be reminded by a skeptical John Updike that “with such a hunting license granted, parallels and homologies are easy to bag—child's play for a brain as agile as M. Lévi-Strauss” (quoted at 299). But it is equally good to learn of the frequency with which what Wilcken calls Lévi-Strauss's “hit-and-run tactics” would pay off, generating fresh perspectives (75).
THEN AS NOW, WHY NIEBUHR?
Authors: GASTON K. HEALAN
Published: October 2014

The literature on the life and legacy of the American Protestant thinker Reinhold Niebuhr has long been driven by questions about Niebuhr's continued relevance. Like other contributions to the recent “Niebuhr revival,” each of the three books under consideration here raises this question—John Patrick Diggins's Why Niebuhr Now? (2011) by offering a series of “sympathetic reflections” on Niebuhr's central claim that human beings are both creatures and creators of history (ix); Daniel F. Rice's edited volume Reinhold Niebuhr Revisited (2009) by inviting a cadre of top Niebuhr scholars to make the case for Niebuhr's relevance to a new generation; and Rice's own Reinhold Niebuhr and His Circle of Influence (2013) by contending that close attention to Niebuhr's formative relationships sheds light on his ongoing relevance.
Escaping Malthus: a comparative look at Japan and the ‘Great Divergence’
Authors: Gruber Carmen
Published: October 2014

The causes and consequences of the Industrial Revolution have led to a great deal of scholarship and debate within the field of economic history, from efforts to understand the internal dynamics of England and Europe to more recent revisionist literature that has sought to expand the debate by looking to Asia. This has enlivened and broadened the ‘Great Divergence’ debate through examining, by way of ecological factors, not only why China did not industrialize but also why England took a different path from that of China. This article expands the argument by looking at Japan, with a focus on coal mining as a foundation for escaping Malthusian constraints. As such, it will assess the extent of Malthusian pressure in pre-modern Japan and the importance of coal mining in alleviating these pressures relative to conditions in England and China.
The world of the Sylheti seamen in the Age of Empire, from the late eighteenth century to 1947
Authors: Hossain Ashfaque
Published: October 2014

This article examines the maritime activities and emigration of Muslim Sylhetis, from what today is north-eastern Bangladesh. Among the Bengali people, Sylhetis were the pioneers in crossing the sea in the Age of Empire. In their voyages, they worked as crewmen on merchant ships, and then began to settle abroad, mainly in Britain and the USA. Some of those who settled in Britain started restaurants and lodging houses. One of the unexplored questions of South Asian historiography is: why was it the Sylhetis who became seamen and emigrants, even though they lived about 300 miles away from the sea? This article traces the socioeconomic, religious, and ecological environment of Sylhetis to understand their transnational mobility, notably within the increasingly interconnected realms of the British empire.
The role of DNA methylation: a challenge for the DOHaD paradigm in going beyond the historical debate
Authors: Ngo S. , Sheppard A.
Published: October 2014

A heritage of considerable research into such phenomena as parental imprinting and carcinogenesis is an almost axiomatic association of the DNA methylation epigenetic mark with the silencing of gene expression. However, the increasing technical resolution afforded by burgeoning -omics technologies reveals that a more elaborate interaction may exist between DNA methylation, within sub-regions of gene structure and/or specific dinucleotide sites, and levels of gene activity. Furthermore, seminal observations from the field of DOHaD, which clearly define the alignment of sequential epigenetic modifications and gene activity appear not to support a strictly causal relationship between DNA methylation and gene silencing. The temporal element implicit within DOHaD studies provides a useful framework within which to further explore the role of epigenetic mechanisms and in particular perhaps, to address the question of ‘deterministic intent’ when implicating the epigenetic regulation of gene activity in the manifestation of phenotype.
Migrant Motherhood, ‘Failed Migration’, and the Gendered Risks of Precarious Labour
Authors: Constable Nicole
Published: October 2014

This article offers an ethnographically-based counterpoint to recent optimistic macro-approaches to the “migration-development nexus” that view international labour migrants as “agents of change,” depict migration as a win-win for the sending and receiving states, and associate migration with positive changes in the sending community, including the influx of monetary remittances and the entry of new ideas, such as gender equity and human rights (Faist 2008). Based on over sixteen months of ethnographic field research among Indonesian and Filipino migrant workers who became mothers in Hong Kong, I argue that it is important to consider examples of so-called ‘failed migration’ (not only migratory successes) in order to fully understand the costs of migration, including the gendered risks and gendered inequalities. Cases of migrant mothers vividly reveal how migratory ‘failures’ are often blamed on women's individual gendered moral shortcomings, but as I argue, their experiences, and those of all migrant workers, must be understood within specific contexts of precarious labour migration and Asian neoliberal policies of exception in Asia.
Is Ostracism by a Despised Outgroup Really Hurtful?
Authors: Fayant Marie-Pierre , Muller Dominique , Hubertus Joseph Hartgerink Chris , Lantian Anthony
Published: October 2014

Previous research has shown that being ostracized by members of a despised outgroup is as hurtful as being ostracized by ingroup members ( Gonsalkorale & Williams, 2007 ). In the current study, we conduct a direct replication of the Gonsalkorale and Williams’s study and also investigate whether this (lack of) effect is due to the way negative consequences of ostracism were measured. To do so, we created a new measure that directly assesses whether people were hurt from being ostracized (or not). Our results and a small-scale meta-analysis including Gonsalkorale and Williams’s results show that ostracism effects are not significantly diminished when the source of ostracism is a despised outgroup. We discuss theoretical and methodological implications.
Men’s Hunger, Food Consumption, and Preferences for Female Body Types
Authors: Guéguen Nicolas
Published: October 2014

Nelson and Morrison (2005 , study 3) reported that men who feel hungry preferred heavier women. The present study replicates these results by using real photographs of women and examines the mediation effect of hunger scores. Men were solicited while entering or leaving a restaurant and asked to report their hunger on a 10-point scale. Afterwards, they were presented with three photographs of a woman in a bikini: One with a slim body type, one with a slender body type, and one with a slightly chubby body. The participants were asked to indicate their preference. Results showed that the participants entering the restaurant preferred the chubby body type more while satiated men preferred the thinner or slender body types. It was also found that the relation between experimental conditions and the choices of the body type was mediated by men’s hunger scores.
Genomic insights into the uncultivated marine Zetaproteobacteria at Loihi Seamount
Authors: Field Erin K , Sczyrba Alexander , Lyman Audrey E , Harris Christopher C , Woyke Tanja , Stepanauskas Ramunas , Emerson David
Published: October 2014

The Zetaproteobacteria are a candidate class of marine iron-oxidizing bacteria that are typically found in high iron environments such as hydrothermal vent sites. As much remains unknown about these organisms due to difficulties in cultivation, single-cell genomics was used to learn more about this elusive group at Loihi Seamount. Comparative genomics of 23 phylogenetically diverse single amplified genomes (SAGs) and two isolates indicate niche specialization among the Zetaproteobacteria may be largely due to oxygen tolerance and nitrogen transformation capabilities. Only Form II ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RubisCO) genes were found in the SAGs, suggesting that some of the uncultivated Zetaproteobacteria may be adapted to low oxygen and/or high carbon dioxide concentrations. There is also genomic evidence of oxygen-tolerant cytochrome c oxidases and oxidative stress-related genes, indicating that others may be exposed to higher oxygen conditions. The Zetaproteobacteria also have the genomic potential for acquiring nitrogen from numerous sources including ammonium, nitrate, organic compounds, and nitrogen gas. Two types of molybdopterin oxidoreductase genes were found in the SAGs, indicating that those found in the isolates, thought to be involved in iron oxidation, are not consistent among all the Zetaproteobacteria. However, a novel cluster of redox-related genes was found to be conserved in 10 SAGs as well as in the isolates warranting further investigation. These results were used to isolate a novel iron-oxidizing Zetaproteobacteria. Physiological studies and genomic analysis of this isolate were able to support many of the findings from SAG analyses demonstrating the value of these data for designing future enrichment strategies.
Cassava genome from a wild ancestor to cultivated varieties
Authors: Wang Wenquan , Feng Binxiao , Xiao Jingfa , Xia Zhiqiang , Zhou Xincheng , Li Pinghua , Zhang Weixiong , Wang Ying , Møller Birger Lindberg , Zhang Peng , Luo Ming-Cheng , Xiao Gong , Liu Jingxing , Yang Jun , Chen Songbi , Rabinowicz Pablo D. , Chen Xin , Zhang Hong-Bin , Ceballos Henan , Lou Qunfeng , Zou Meiling , Carvalho Luiz J.C.B. , Zeng Changying , Xia Jing , Sun Shixiang , Fu Yuhua , Wang Haiyan , Lu Cheng , Ruan Mengbin , Zhou Shuigeng , Wu Zhicheng , Liu Hui , Kannangara Rubini Maya , Jørgensen Kirsten , Neale Rebecca Louise , Bonde Maya , Heinz Nanna , Zhu Wenli , Wang Shujuan , Zhang Yang , Pan Kun , Wen Mingfu , Ma Ping-An , Li Zhengxu , Hu Meizhen , Liao Wenbin , Hu Wenbin , Zhang Shengkui , Pei Jinli , Guo Anping , Guo Jianchun , Zhang Jiaming , Zhang Zhengwen , Ye Jianqiu , Ou Wenjun , Ma Yaqin , Liu Xinyue , Tallon Luke J. , Galens Kevin , Ott Sandra , Huang Jie , Xue Jingjing , An Feifei , Yao Qingqun , Lu Xiaojing , Fregene Martin , López-Lavalle L. Augusto Becerra , Wu Jiajie , You Frank M. , Chen Meili , Hu Songnian , Wu Guojiang , Zhong Silin , Ling Peng , Chen Yeyuan , Wang Qinghuang , Liu Guodao , Liu Bin , Li Kaimian , Peng Ming
Published: October 2014

Cassava is a major tropical food crop in the Euphorbiaceae family that has high carbohydrate production potential and adaptability to diverse environments. Here we present the draft genome sequences of a wild ancestor and a domesticated variety of cassava and comparative analyses with a partial inbred line. We identify 1,584 and 1,678 gene models specific to the wild and domesticated varieties, respectively, and discover high heterozygosity and millions of single-nucleotide variations. Our analyses reveal that genes involved in photosynthesis, starch accumulation and abiotic stresses have been positively selected, whereas those involved in cell wall biosynthesis and secondary metabolism, including cyanogenic glucoside formation, have been negatively selected in the cultivated varieties, reflecting the result of natural selection and domestication. Differences in microRNA genes and retrotransposon regulation could partly explain an increased carbon flux towards starch accumulation and reduced cyanogenic glucoside accumulation in domesticated cassava. These results may contribute to genetic improvement of cassava through better understanding of its biology.
Optimization of Evans blue quantitation in limited rat tissue samples
Authors: Wang Hwai-Lee , Lai Ted Weita
Published: October 2014

Evans blue dye (EBD) is an inert tracer that measures plasma volume in human subjects and vascular permeability in animal models. Quantitation of EBD can be difficult when dye concentration in the sample is limited, such as when extravasated dye is measured in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) intact brain. The procedure described here used a very small volume (30 µl) per sample replicate, which enabled high-throughput measurements of the EBD concentration based on a standard 96-well plate reader. First, ethanol ensured a consistent optic path length in each well and substantially enhanced the sensitivity of EBD fluorescence spectroscopy. Second, trichloroacetic acid (TCA) removed false-positive EBD measurements as a result of biological solutes and partially extracted EBD into the supernatant. Moreover, a 1:2 volume ratio of 50% TCA ([TCA final] = 33.3%) optimally extracted EBD from the rat plasma protein-EBD complex in vitro and in vivo and 1:2 and 1:3 weight-volume ratios of 50% TCA optimally extracted extravasated EBD from the rat brain and liver, respectively, in vivo. This procedure is particularly useful in the detection of EBD extravasation into the BBB-intact brain, but it can also be applied to detect dye extravasation into tissues where vascular permeability is less limiting.
Growth mechanism of metal-oxide nanowires synthesized by electron beam evaporation: A self-catalytic vapor-liquid-solid process
Authors: Yu Hak Ki , Lee Jong-Lam
Published: October 2014

We report the growth mechanism of metal oxide nanostructures synthesized by electron beam evaporation. The condensed electron beam can easily decompose metal oxide sources that have a high melting point, thereby creating a self-catalytic metal nanodot for the vapor-liquid-solid process. The metal oxide nanostructures can be grown at a temperature just above the melting point of the self-catalyst by dissolving oxygen. The morphology of nanostructures, such as density and uniformity, strongly depends on the surface energy and surface migration energy of the substrate. The density of the self-catalytic metal nanodots increased with decreasing surface energies of the substrate due to the perfect wetting phenomenon of the catalytic materials on the high surface energy substrate. However, the surfaces with extremely low surface energy had difficulty producing the high density of self-catalyst nanodot, due to positive line tension, which increases the contact angle to >180°. Moreover, substrates with low surface migration energy, such as single layer graphene, make nanodots agglomerate to produce a less-uniform distribution compared to those produced on multi-layer graphene with high surface migration energy.
Plasmonic aptamer–gold nanoparticle sensors for small molecule fingerprint identification
Authors: Chávez Jorge L. , Leny Juliann K. , Witt Suzanne , Slusher Grant M. , Hagen Joshua A. , Kelley-Loughnane Nancy
Published: October 2014

Apt–AuNPs were utilized as cross-reactive sensors for identification and quantification of small molecular targets through principal components analysis.
Robust platforms for creating organic–inorganic nanocomposite microspheres: decorating polymer microspheres containing mussel-inspired adhesion layers with inorganic nanoparticles
Authors: Satoh H. , Saito Y. , Yabu H.
Published: October 2014

A novel method for creating stable polymer microspheres decorated with inorganic nanoparticles using a mussel-inspired adhesive layer is reported.
Conducting polymer nanoparticles decorated with collagen mimetic peptides for collagen targeting
Authors: Santos José Luis , Li Yang , Culver Heidi R. , Yu Michael S. , Herrera-Alonso Margarita
Published: October 2014

We report on the formation of conducting polymer nanoparticles (CPNs), stabilized by a collagen mimetic peptide (CMP)-polymer amphiphile.
Highly efficient CO2 capture by carbonyl-containing ionic liquids through Lewis acid–base and cooperative C–H⋯O hydrogen bonding interaction strengthened by the anion
Authors: Ding Fang , He Xi , Luo Xiaoyan , Lin Wenjun , Chen Kaihong , Li Haoran , Wang Congmin
Published: October 2014

Carbonyl-containing anion-functionalized ionic liquids exhibit a significant enhancement in CO2 capacity and excellent reversibility.
The solvent effect in an axially symmetric FeIII4 single-molecule magnet
Authors: Zhu Yuan-Yuan , Yin Ting-Ting , Jiang Shang-Da , Barra Anne-Laure , Wernsdorfer Wolfgang , Neugebauer Petr , Marx Raphael , Dörfel María , Wang Bing-Wu , Wu Zong-Quan , Slageren Joris van , Gao Song
Published: October 2014

The axial symmetry of an FeIII4 SMM is broken by the interaction of the molecule with the disordered solvent molecules.
Photoinduced water oxidation catalyzed by a double-helical dicobalt(ii) sexipyridine complex
Authors: Chen Man , Ng Siu-Mui , Yiu Shek-Man , Lau Kai-Chung , Zeng Raymond J. , Lau Tai-Chu
Published: October 2014

A dicobalt(ii) sexipyridine complex functions as a molecular catalyst for visible light-induced water oxidation at pH 8–8.5 in the presence of Ru(bpy)32+ and S2O82−.
Copolymerisation at work: the first example of a highly porous MOF comprising a triarylborane-based linker
Authors: Helten Stella , Sahoo Basudev , Bon Volodymyr , Senkovska Irena , Kaskel Stefan , Glorius Frank
Published: October 2014

A copolymerisation approach was successfully utilised to create the first highly accessible, non-interpenetrated MOF comprising a triarylborane carboxylate linker.
Application of the maximum entropy principle to determine ensembles of intrinsically disordered proteins from residual dipolar couplings
Authors: Sanchez-Martinez M. , Crehuet R.
Published: October 2014

We present a method based on the maximum entropy principle that can re-weight an ensemble of protein structures based on data from residual dipolar couplings (RDCs).
Microemulsion systems for catalytic reactions and processes
Authors: Schwarze M. , Pogrzeba T. , Volovych I. , Schomäcker R.
Published: October 2014

This mini-review shows the diversity of microemulsion systems for catalytic reactions with the potential for process development.
Solid–liquid separation by particle-flow-instability
Authors: Wang Steven , Metcalfe Guy , Stewart Robert L. , Wu Jie , Ohmura Naoto , Feng Xin , Yang Chao
Published: October 2014

A robust separation strategy using novel particle-flow-instability physics is successfully developed for adifficult-to-separate suspensionin which there is some combination of a small density difference between solid and liquid, high viscosity, and small-sized particles.
Concluding remarks: there's nowt so queer as carbon electrodes
Authors: Unwin Patrick R.
Published: October 2014

This contribution provides a personal overview and summary of Faraday Discussion 172 on “Carbon in Electrochemistry”, covering some of the key points made at the meeting within the broader context of other recent developments on carbon materials for electrochemical applications. Although carbon electrodes have a long history of use in electrochemistry, methods and techniques are only just becoming available that can test long-established models and identify key features for further exploration. This Discussion has highlighted the need for a better understanding of the impact of surface structure, defects, local density of electronic states, and surface functionality and contamination, in order to advance fundamental knowledge of various electrochemical processes and phenomena at carbon electrodes. These developments cut across important materials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, conducting diamond and high surface area carbon materials. With more detailed pictures of structural and electronic controls of electrochemistry at carbon electrodes (and electrodes generally), will come rational advances in various technological applications, from sensors to energy technology (particularly batteries, supercapacitors and fuel cells), that have been well-illustrated at this Discussion.
Luminescent dansyl-based ionic liquids from amino acids and methylcarbonate onium salt precursors: synthesis and photobehaviour
Authors: Fiorani Giulia , Selva Maurizio , Perosa Alvise , Benedetti Alvise , Enrichi Francesco , Licence Peter , Easun Timothy L.
Published: October 2014

Luminescent ionic liquids (LILs) bearing the dansyl chromophore were prepared from two aminoacids, a dipeptide, and onium salts precursors using innovative eco-friendly protocols.
A cartridge based sensor array platform for multiple coagulation measurements from plasma
Authors: Cakmak O. , Ermek E. , Kilinc N. , Bulut S. , Baris I. , Kavakli I. H. , Yaralioglu G. G. , Urey Hakan
Published: October 2014

A new cantilever-based system enabling multiple coagulation tests on the same disposable cartridge is demonstrated.
CIP2A regulates cancer metabolism and CREB phosphorylation in non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Peng Bo , Lei Ningjing , Chai Yurong , Chan Edward K. L. , Zhang Jian-Ying
Published: October 2014

Overexpression of CIP2A in lung cancer increased lactate production and CREB phosphorylation but decreased H2O2 production.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine-benzimidazole hybrids as inhibitors of both tubulin polymerization and PI3K/Akt pathway
Authors: Kamal Ahmed , Rao A. V. Subba , Nayak V. Lakshma , Reddy N. V. Subba , Swapna Konderu , Ramakrishna G. , Alvala Mallika
Published: October 2014

Imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine-benzimidazole hybrids are firstly reported herein to induce cytotoxicity by targeting microtubules.
Structural, optical and electrical characterization of gadolinium and indium doped cadmium oxide/p-silicon heterojunctions for solar cell applications
Authors: Pan L. L. , Meng K. K. , Li G. Y. , Sun H. M. , Lian J. S.
Published: October 2014

The Al/n-CdO:Gd:In/p-Si/Ag heterojunction diode showed excellent photoelectrical properties and was suitable for solar cell applications.
Synthesis and photovoltaic properties of new donor–acceptor (D–A) copolymers based on benzo[1,2-b:3,4-b′:6,5-b′′] trithiophene donor and different acceptor units (P1 and P2)
Authors: Keshtov M. L. , Deng Y. , Xie Z. , Geng Y. , Kuklin S. A. , Kochurov V. S. , Khokhlov A. R. , Koukaras E. N. , Sharma G. D.
Published: October 2014

A power conversion efficiency of about 5.26% has been achieved for the device based onP1:PC71BM.
Micellar charge induced emissive response of a bio-active 3-pyrazolyl-2-pyrazoline derivative: a spectroscopic and quantum chemical analysis
Authors: Sarkar Arindam , Rakshit Soumyadipta , Chall Sayantani , Mati Soumya Sundar , Singharoy Dipti , Bañuelos Jorge , López Arbeloa Iñigo , Bhattacharya Subhash Chandra
Published: October 2014

HOMO–LUMO distribution of PYZ in its ground and first singly excited state.
Gold nanorods for optimized photothermal therapy: the influence of irradiating in the first and second biological windows
Authors: Maestro Laura Martínez , Camarillo Enrique , Sánchez-Gil José A. , Rodríguez-Oliveros Rogelio , Ramiro-Bargueño J. , Caamaño A. J. , Jaque Francisco , Solé José García , Jaque Daniel
Published: October 2014

The absorption efficiencies of gold nanorods working in the first and second biological windows are investigated.
A highly sensitive microfluidics system for multiplexed surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection based on Ag nanodot arrays
Authors: Chen Gang , Wang Yuyang , Wang Hailong , Cong Ming , Chen Lei , Yang Yongan , Geng Yijia , Li Haibo , Xu Shuping , Xu Weiqing
Published: October 2014

We present a microfluidics system with Ag nanodot arrays as the enhancement substrate for multiplexed SERS detection of low-concentration mixtures of thiram and adenine.
Additives in protic–hydridic hydrogen storage compounds: a molecular study
Authors: Choudhuri Indrani , Mahata Arup , Pathak Biswarup
Published: October 2014

Listed model compounds having best dehydrogenation properties where ΔEavg is the average hydrogen removal energy for the complete dehydrogenation.
Antisite defects in LiCoPO4 nanocrystals synthesized via a supercritical fluid process
Authors: Devaraju Murukanahally Kempaiah , Truong Quang Duc , Tomai Takaaki , Hyodo Hiroshi , Sasaki Yoshikazu , Honma Itaru
Published: October 2014

Antisite defects in cathode materials are important to understand the chemistry of cathode materials. Herein, we investigated the antisite defects in LiCoPO4 nanocrystals synthesized via a supercritical fluid process.
Selective reduction of graphite oxide: a novel approach
Authors: Panigrahi Ritwik , Srivastava Suneel K.
Published: October 2014

Schematic representation of selective reduction of GO and formation of RSGOCu nanocomposites.
Melamine based porous organic amide polymers for CO2capture
Authors: Zulfiqar Sonia , Sarwar Muhammad Ilyas , Yavuz Cafer T.
Published: October 2014

Amide based porous organic polymers derived from 1,3,5-benzenetricarbonyl chloride and 2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-triazine in different solvent media.
Integrated desulfurization of diesel by combination of metal-free oxidation and product removal by molecularly imprinted polymers
Authors: Ferreira Joana P. , Viveiros Raquel , Lourenço Anita , Soares da Silva Mara , Rosatella Andreia , Casimiro Teresa , Afonso Carlos A. M.
Published: October 2014

The desulfurization of diesel containing dibenzothiophene (DBT) is achieved based on the combination of Brønsted acid catalyzed oxidation of DBT by H2O2 and the selective removal of the oxidized products using a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) produced in supercritical carbon dioxide.
High-performance CdS–ZnS core–shell nanorod array photoelectrode for photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation
Authors: Zhang Jian , Wang Lianhui , Liu Xiaoheng , Li Xing'ao , Huang Wei
Published: October 2014

High-performance CdS–ZnS core–shell nanorod array photoelectrode for photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation from water.
Interleukin-10 chimeric protein to protect transplanted neural progenitor cells from immune responses
Authors: Nakaji-Hirabayashi T. , Kitano H.
Published: October 2014

Novel system for protecting transplanted cells from inflammatory responses.
A charged iridophosphor for time-resolved luminescent CO2gas identification
Authors: Ma Yun , Xu Hang , Zeng Yi , Ho Cheuk-Lam , Chui Chung-Hin , Zhao Qiang , Huang Wei , Wong Wai-Yeung
Published: October 2014

A phosphorescent probe based on a long-lived iridium(iii) complex has been developed for time-resolved CO2gas identification with high selectivity and photostability.
The architecture of an Okazaki fragment-processing holoenzyme from the archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus
Authors: Cannone Giuseppe , Xu Yuli , Beattie Thomas R. , Bell Stephen D. , Spagnolo Laura
Published: October 2014

DNA replication on the lagging strand occurs via the synthesis and maturation of Okazaki fragments. In archaea and eukaryotes, the enzymatic activities required for this process are supplied by a replicative DNA polymerase, Flap endonuclease 1 (Fen1) and DNA ligase 1 (Lig1). These factors interact with the sliding clamp PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) providing a potential means of co-ordinating their sequential actions within a higher order assembly. In hyperthermophilic archaea of the Sulfolobus genus, PCNA is a defined heterotrimeric assembly and each subunit interacts preferentially with specific client proteins. We have exploited this inherent asymmetry to assemble a PCNA–polymerase–Fen1–ligase complex on DNA and have visualized it by electron microscopy. Our studies reveal the structural basis of co-occupancy of a single PCNA ring by the three distinct client proteins.
A novel anti-proliferative role of HMGA2 in induction of apoptosis through caspase 2 in primary human fibroblast cells
Authors: Shi Xi , Tian Baoqing , Ma Wenlong , Zhang Na , Qiao Yuehua , Li Xiaoxue , Zhang Yu , Huang Baiqu , Lu Jun
Published: October 2014

The HMGA2 (high-mobility group AT-hook) protein has previously been shown as an oncoprotein, whereas ectopic expression of HMGA2 is found to induce growth arrest in primary cells. The precise mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain to be unravelled. In the present study, we determined that HMGA2 was able to induce apoptosis in WI38 primary human cells. We show that WI38 cells expressing high level of HMGA2 were arrested at G2/M phase and exhibited apoptotic nuclear phenotypes. Meanwhile, the cleaved caspase 3 (cysteine aspartic acid-specific protease 3) was detected 8 days after HMGA2 overexpression. Flow cytometric analysis confirmed that the ratio of cells undergoing apoptosis increased dramatically. Concurrently, other major apoptotic markers were also detected, including the up-regulation of p53, Bax and cleaved caspase 9, down-regulation of Bcl-2; as well as release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria. We further demonstrate that the shRNA (small-hairpin RNA)-mediated Apaf1 (apoptotic protease activating factor 1) silencing partially rescued the HMGA2-induced apoptosis, which was accompanied by the decrease of cleaved caspase-3 level and a decline of cell death ratio. Our results also reveal that γH2A was accumulated in nuclei during the HMGA2-induced apoptosis along with the up-regulation of cleaved caspase 2, suggesting that the HMGA2-induced apoptosis was dependent on the pathway of DNA damage. Overall, the present study unravelled a novel function of HMGA2 in induction of apoptosis in human primary cell lines, and provided clues for clarification of the mechanistic action of HMGA2 in addition to its function as an oncoprotein.
Global output‐feedback stabilisation of switched stochastic non‐linear time‐delay systems under arbitrary switchings
Authors: Liu Liang , Zhao Xu‐Dong , Niu Ben , Wang Huan‐Qing , Xie Xue‐Jun
Published: October 2014

This study considers the global output‐feedback control for a class of switched stochastic non‐linear time‐delay systems under arbitrary switchings. By using the backstepping technique and choosing an appropriate Lyapunov–Krasoviskii functional, an output‐feedback controller independent of switching signals is constructed to render the closed‐loop system globally asymptotically stable in probability and the output can be regulated to the origin almost surely. Two simulation examples are provided to show the effectiveness of the designed controller.
Framework for optical millimetre‐wave generation based on tandem single side‐band modulation
Authors: Niknamfar Maryam , Shadaram Mehdi
Published: October 2014

A novel scheme for optical millimetre‐wave (mm‐wave) generation based on tandem sub‐carrier multiplexing in hybrid communication systems is suggested. The method is analysed mathematically for optimum settings. The tandem single side‐band (TSSB) method is tolerant to fibre chromatic dispersion. However, the TSSB technique is prone to critical interference of unwanted harmonics which may result in poor data transmission bit error rate (BER). Based on the proposed mathematical derivation for TSSB modulation, a framework is provided to enhance the mm‐wave generation system performance. Up to 2 Gb/s data transmission over multiple 60 GHz sub‐bands is considered. The model includes a single‐mode fibre with chromatic dispersion factor of 16 ps/(nm km). Two cascaded dual electrode Mach–Zehnder modulators are used to generate TSSB 60 GHz sub‐bands. Three oscillators are required to generate two tandem mm‐wave signals. A proper selection of these three frequencies is vital to guarantee a successful data transmission. Mathematical analysis is carried out to verify the proposed scheme and a summary of appropriate frequency sets is presented and discussed. The BER curves are obtained. The results verify that the TSSB‐based mm‐wave generation framework proposed in this study guarantees data transmission with an acceptable BER.