bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Local dexamethasone improves periodontal healing of replanted dogs' teeth
Authors: Sae‐Lim V. , Metzger Z. , Trope M.
Published: October 2007

Abstract— The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate histologically the effect of dexamethasone on root resorption in stored and replanted dogs' teeth. Twenty‐nine roots from three beagle dogs were endodontically treated to prevent subsequent inflammatory root resorption of pulpal origin. The teeth were extracted and randomly assigned to three groups for 18‐h storage. Group 1: control group teeth (n= 13) were stored in vials containing ViaSpan only; Group 2: topical treatment teeth (n=10) were stored in vials containing ViaSpan and dexamethasone (16 μg/ml); and Group 3: systemic treatment teeth (n=6) were stored in bids containing ViaSpan without any additives. Dexamethasone was administered intramuscularly (0.5 mg/kg body weight) 2 days prior to, on the day of, and every other day after extraction and replantation for two administrations. After 12 weeks, the dogs were sacrificed, and the teeth histologically prepared and evaluated according to the analysis of Andreasen. Significant differences were found for complete healing (P= 0.0583) and inflammatory root resorption (P= 0.0568) but not for replacement resorption (P= 0.1952). In addition, comparing local to systemic administration of dexamethasone (Group 2 vs. Group 3), statistically significant differences were found for healing, 85% (Group 2) vs. 67% (Group 3) (P=0.0125) and inflammatory root resorption, 13% (Group 2) vs. 28% (Group 3) (P=0.0126). This study indicated that topical use of dexamethasone enhances healing and results in fewer resorption complications.
Calculus‐like deposit at apex of tooth with refractory apical periodontitis
Authors: Harn W.‐M. , Chen Y.‐H. M. , Yuan K. , Chung C.‐H. , Huang P.‐H.
Published: October 2007

Abstract— It is generally accepted that bacteria in or outside the root canal are the reason for apical periodontitis and endodontic failures. This case report presents a 60‐year‐old woman with a periapical lesion and a fistulous tract which did not respond to conventional root canal treatment. During periapical surgery, granulomatous tissue was removed and a calculus‐like deposit was observed on the root surface. A radicular cyst was diagnosed. Nine months after this calculus‐like deposit had been removed and the cyst enucleated, complete recovery of the bone had occurred. It is suggested that the presence of the calculus‐like deposit at the apex of the tooth or its effects may in part have delayed the healing of the periapical inflammation in spite of apparently adequate endodontic treatment.
A retrospective evaluation of patients with uncomplicated crown fractures and luxation injuries
Authors: Robertson A.
Published: October 2007

Abstract— This paper is a review of the clinical findings from my thesis “Pulp survival and hard tissue formation subsequent to dental trauma”. Traumatic injuries in children and adolescents are a common problem, and the prevalence of such injuries has increased over the last 10–20 years. The purpose of the present investigations was to evaluate the long‐term results following uncomplicated crown fractures and luxations involving subsequent pulp canal obliteration. A total of 241 patients with 545 injured teeth were available for clinical examination, of whom 102 answered a questionnaire and were interviewed before oral examination. In addition, 82 permanent incisors presenting with pulp canal obliteration were followed for a period of 7 to 22 years (mean 16 years). The findings showed little pulpal response to crown fracture and subsequent restorative procedures as long as there was no concomitant periodontal injury (15‐year follow‐up). Approximately every fourth resin composite filling was rated as unacceptable at clinical examination. The interview showed that half of the individuals were dissatisfied with the color and/or anatomic form of the composite restoration. Pulp canal obliteration was found in all luxation categories, and 69% of the teeth demonstrated yellow crown discoloration. According to the survival curve the 20‐year pulp survival rate diagnosed radiographically was 84%. Although the risk of pulp necrosis increased with time, routine endodontic intervention of teeth with ongoing pulp canal obliteration of the root canal did not seem justified.
An in vitro comparison of thermoplasticised gutta‐percha obturation techniques with cold lateral condensation
Authors: Gulabivala K. , Holt R. , Long B.
Published: October 2007

Abstract— This study compared the apical sealing ability, obturation time and extrusion of gutta‐percha and sealer when root canals were ohturated using either cold lateral condensation or one of the three methods using thermoplasticised gutta‐percha (Alpha Seal, Thermafil or JS Quick Fill) in vitro. One hundred and thirty‐one root canals from 78 extracted human teeth were used; 116 canals were divided into five groups so that they were balanced with respect to prepared canal anatomy, and the remaining 15 canals were used as positive and negative controls. The canals in the first four groups were prepared with hand files using the step‐down technique to a standard apical size and flare. The last group was prepared using engine‐driven rotary nickel‐titanium files (McSpad‐den) to a similar apical size and Hare. One of the four obturating techniques was used to fill the canals in each of the first four groups. The fifth group was obturated using the Alpha Seal technique. The roots were immersed in india ink, demineralised and rendered transparent to assess the extent of maximum linear dye penetration. The Alpha Seal groups had the highest number of specimens without any leakage. There was a significant difference in the proportions of specimens that did not leak when the Alpha Seal (P<0.01) and cold lateral condensation groups (P<0.05) were compared with JS Quick Fill. Cold lateral condensation had a higher proportion of specimens with leakage in canals with curvature greater than 20′ than in canals with curvatures less than 20 (P<0.05). The curvature of canals had no effect on the sealing ability of the other techniques. The method of canal preparation had no effect on the sealing ability of Alpha Seal. Alpha Seal, Thermafil andJS Quick Fill were significantly quicker to perform than cold lateral condensation.
Effect of Er:YAG laser treatment on the root canal walls of human teeth: an SEM study
Authors: Takeda F. H. , Hatashima T. , Eto J. N. , Kimura Y. , Matsumoto K.
Published: October 2007

Abstract— The purposes of the study were to observe the morphological changes on root canal walls after instrumentation and irrigation, and assess the efficacy of conventional cleansing procedures and the effectiveness of Er:YAG laser in removing debris and smear layer from the root canal walls. Thirty‐six endodontically treated human mandibular incisor teeth with single root canals were bisected longitudinally and divided into three groups of 12 teeth. Group 1 (Gl) was left unlased as a control. The teeth of group 2 (G2) and group 3 (G3) were irradiated by Er:YAG laser (laser parameters were set at 1 W, 100 mJ/pulse and 10 Hz) for 3 s and 5 s. The teeth were prepared for scanning electron microscope study. Control specimens showed debris and heavy smear layer obscuring the dentinal tubules at all levels in the canals. The root canal walls irradiated by Er:YAG laser were free of debris, with an evaporated smear layer and open dentinal tubules. These results suggested that Er:YAG laser irradiation had an efficient cleaning effect on the prepared root canal walls.
Tube‐like mineralization in the dental pulp of traumatized primary incisors
Authors: Holan G.
Published: October 2007

Abstract— Mineralization in the pulp is a common finding in permanent as well as primary teeth and is associated with caries, aging, traumatic injuries and systemic conditions. This article describes an unusual pattern of pulpal calcification. A tube‐like calcified structure formed in the dental pulp of primary incisors following mild traumatic injuries. It was studied by clinical, radiographic and histologic evaluation and by scanning electron microscopy.

The tube‐like structure was found to estend along the entire length of the pulp canal. Generally it was separated from the root dentin by normal pulp tissue, but was connected to the dentin in some sites. It had the histologic appearance of osteodentin with cell inclusions in a ring‐like formation that was incomplete in places. The scanning electron microscope study showed rough inner and outer surfaces of a tube‐like structure with openings that seemed to be dentinal tubules.
Delayed apical healing after apexification treatment of non‐vital immature tooth: a case report
Authors: Capurro M. , Zmener O.
Published: October 2007

Abstract— We report the endodontic treatment of a non‐vital permanent immature tooth in which unexpected complications such as exacerbation of apical periodontitis followed by external root resorption occurred after that the initial stages of the healing process were clinically and radiographically evident. After continued treatment stable repair was obtained.
Prevalence of oral disease among adults with primary HIV infection*
Authors: Owotade FJ , Shiboski CH , Poole L , Ramstead CA , Malvin K , Hecht FM , Greenspan JS
Published: October 2007

Objective:  To explore the type and prevalence of oral mucosal lesions among adults with primary HIV infection (PHI) compared with HIV‐negative adults at high risk for HIV disease, and in relation to HIV viral load.

Methods:  We conducted standardized oral examinations to identify specific oral mucosal lesions among adults with PHI, both pre‐seroconversion and post‐ seroconversion‐recently infected, compared with HIV‐negative adults. We compared the group with oral lesions to those without oral lesions with respect to HIV‐RNA load and CD4 + T‐cell count.

Results:  Among 115 adults (predominantly men), pseudomembranous candidiasis was the most common oral lesion among those with PHI, and was found in 4% of the 23 participants in pre‐seroconversion and in 9% of 69 participants with post‐seroconversion recent infection, compared with none found among 23 HIV negatives. Among those with PHI, the median viral load was higher and the median CD4 + T‐cell count lower among the 15 participants with an oral lesion of any type than among the 77 participants without oral lesions (P = 0.02 and 0.04, respectively).

Conclusion:  This finding suggests that individuals with PHI who have oral lesions may be more likely to transmit HIV because of their higher viral load.
Differential gene expression profiles of normal human parotid and submandibular glands
Authors: Sun Q‐F , Sun Q‐H , Du J , Wang S
Published: October 2007

Background:  Parotid and submandibular glands have different properties including characteristics of the secreted saliva and tumor incidences. The differences in properties of parotid and submandibular glands are not clear from a genetic viewpoint.

Objective:  To study differential gene expression profiles between normal human parotid and submandibular glands.

Materials and methods:  Three pairs of normal parotid and submandibular glands were obtained. RNA was extracted from these samples. After reverse transcription, the cDNA was in vitro‐transcribed to produce biotin‐labeled cRNA. The purified biotin‐labeled cRNA samples were hybridized to microarray chips.

Results:  Among the 54 675 tested transcripts, 47 transcripts were upregulated at least twofold in the parotid gland compared with the submandibular gland, including tumor‐associated genes (pleiotrophin, WNT5A, ABCC1) and transport‐associated genes (SLCO1A2, SLC13A5, KCNJ15). Ninety‐eight transcripts were upregulated at least twofold in the submandibular gland compared with the parotid gland, including the chloride channel CFTR and mucin‐associated genes that belong to the starch and sucrose metabolism pathway (GalNAc‐T4, GalNAc‐T7 and GalNAc‐T13). Quantitative real‐time reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) analysis of nine differentially expressed genes confirmed the microarray results.

Conclusion:  This study revealed the different gene expression profiles of normal human parotid and submandibular glands, providing a genetic basis for their differing properties.
Outcome of childhood ulcerative colitis at 2 years
Authors: Howarth LJ , Wiskin AE , Griffiths DM , Afzal NA , Beattie RM
Published: October 2007

Aim: Ulcerative Colitis (UC) has an incidence of 1.4 per 100 000 in childhood. There is a paucity of data regarding outcome particularly with the increased use of early immunosuppression. This study reviews outcome at 2 years in a cohort with UC referred to a single centre.

Method: Patients were recruited on the basis of a diagnosis made between 2000 and 2003 as a consecutive cohort. All had UC according to standard clinicopathological criteria. Children with indeterminate colitis were excluded. Follow‐up data was collected at 2 years by case notes review.

Results: Thirty‐two children are reported. The median age at diagnosis was 11 years (range 2–16). All were treated with corticosteroids and 5‐ASA derivatives at diagnosis. The majority of patients (94%, 30/32) received more than one course of steroids. By 2 years azathioprine use was high with 75% (24/32) of patients on treatment for steroid‐dependent disease. There were 6 extra‐intestinal manifestations and 8 disease related complications occurring in 12 patients (38%). The colectomy rate was 9% (3/32) for unresponsive disease.

Conclusion: There is a high need for Azathioprine in childhood UC. Colectomy rate at 2 years was around 10%. Extra‐intestinal manifestations and disease related complications are common.
Evaluation of the Ages and Stages Questionnaires in identifying children with neurosensory disability in the Magpie Trial follow‐up study
Authors: Yu Ly‐Mee , Hey Edmund , Doyle Lex W , Farrell Barbara , Spark Patsy , Altman Doug G , Duley Lelia ,   on behalf of the Magpie Trial Follow‐Up Study Collaborative Group
Published: October 2007

Aim: To evaluate performance of the Ages and Stages Questionnaires (full ASQ), and a shortened version (short ASQ), in detecting children with severe neurosensory disability in the Magpie Trial follow‐up study.

Methods: All children, born to women in the Magpie Trial and selected for follow‐up, with a completed full 30 items and/or short 9‐items ASQ were included in this analysis. Sensitivity and specificity, corrected for verification bias, were computed to assess detection ability.

Results: Of the 2046 children who completed a full ASQ, 406 (19.8%) failed the assessment, 54 of whom had confirmed neurosensory disability. Adjusted sensitivity and specificity (95% confidence intervals) were 87.4% (62.9–96.6%), and 82.3% (80.5–83.9%), respectively. Two of the five domains in the full ASQ (Fine Motor and Problem Solving) contributed little to detection ability. Sensitivity and specificity for the short ASQ were 69.2% and 95.7%, respectively.

Conclusions: Sensitivity of the full ASQ for severe neurosensory disability is generally good, and does not appear to be much reduced by restricting questions to three out of the five domains. The short ASQ reported here reduced performance, although this might be improved by a different choice of questions or scoring system.
Complexity of foetal alcohol or drug neuroimpairments
Authors: Elgen I , Bruaroy S , Laegreid LM
Published: October 2007

Aims: To describe children exposed to street drug during pregnancy (SDE) and compare these with children suffering from Foetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) regarding growth, somatic health and neuroimpairments.

Methods: In the region, Hordaland county an information program was carried out to educate health‐care and social workers on symptoms and signs of SDE and FAS/FASD and referral was encouraged for suspected cases. Referred children received a neuropaediatric evaluation, and were categorized as FAS/FASD and SDE children.

Results: Among the referred children 50 were diagnosed with SDE and 47 children were diagnosed with FAS/FASD. SDE children had increased risk of neonatal abstinence symptoms but were somatic healthy and had no growth restriction and were performing well academically. Almost all children in both groups met the criteria of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

Conclusion: Children exposed to drugs are somatic healthy but have increased risk of neuroimpairments such as ADHD.
Aerobic fitness, fatness and the metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents
Authors: Eisenmann Joey C.
Published: October 2007

The paediatric obesity epidemic is well documented. Recently, there has also been the emergence of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) among children and adolescents. Although it is well known that obesity is linked to the metabolic syndrome in youth, the role of physical activity and fitness on the metabolic syndrome is unclear. The purpose of this review was to examine the concepts of and associations between fitness, fatness and the MetS in children and adolescents. In general, the association between fatness and the MetS (or components of the MetS) is stronger than those for fitness. Furthermore, the correlation between fatness and the MetS remains significant after controlling for fitness, whereas the correlation between fitness and MetS does not remain significant after controlling for fatness. When subjects are cross‐tabulated into categories (fat‐fit, etc.), there is good evidence that fitness attenuates the MetS score among fat children and adolescents. The reasons for these observations possibly involve genetics, adipocytokines and mitochondrial function. Further study is needed to understand the role of physical activity and other environmental factors on this phenomena. In addition, longitudinal studies of the fat‐fit phenotype are required and should include measurements of the hormonal mileau, adipokines and the oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle during childhood and adolescence.
Medical diagnoses and growth of children residing in Russian orphanages
Authors: Miller Laurie C. , Chan Wilma , Litvinova Aina , Rubin Arkady , Tirella Linda , Cermak Sharon
Published: October 2007

Aims: Survey the health of young children residing in Russian orphanages.

Methods: Retrospective chart review of all 193 ‘healthy’ young children (105M:88F, age range 2–72 months) residing in orphanages in Murmansk, Russia.

Results: Mothers of these institutionalized children had complex histories including chronic health problems (38%), use of tobacco (41%), alcohol (39%) and illicit drugs (7%). Frequent diagnoses of the children included rickets (21%), foetal alcohol syndrome (10%), anemia (6%), developmental delay (11% mild, 25% moderate, 28% severe), behavioural problems (60%) and ‘perinatal encephalopathy’ (46% <1 year of age). At orphanage entry, growth delays were common (underweight 34%, short stature 25%, microcephaly 34%). During orphanage residence, height z scores further decreased (p = 0.01), but head circumference improved (p < 0.0001, paired t‐tests). Head circumferences increased significantly in 62% of microcephalic children. Smaller children (z score <−2) at entry exhibited more rapid growth (z score/month) for weight (+0.24 vs. −0.12, p = 0.04), height (+0.81 vs. −0.65, p = 0.0001), and head circumference (+1.02 vs. −0.10, p = 0.0004). Growth correlated with child developmental status.

Conclusions: Young institutionalized children in Murmansk have complex medical status, social histories and frequent growth and developmental delays. Anthropometric measurements—particularly head circumference—improved during orphanage residence in children who entered with more severe growth delays.
Cholesterol screening in school children: is family history reliable to choose the ones to screen?
Authors: Derinoz Okşan , Tumer Leyla , Hasanoglu Alev , Pasaoglu Hatice , Aksakal F. Nur , Ceyhan Mustafa Nuri
Published: October 2007

Aim: Hyperlipidemia is a major factor accompanying atherosclerosis. As the basis of atherosclerotic heart disease begins at early childhood, we aim to find out which children should be tested for hypercholesterolemia, what the high cholesterol level in children is and what cautions should be taken to avoid atherosclerosis.

Methods: The study was carried on 2096 school children (1043 male, 1053 female) in Ankara. Their mean age was 9.03 years. Demographic properties of the study group and their families were determined and the serum lipid levels of the subjects were obtained. The relation between these demographic properties and lipid levels were investigated.

Results: In 135 of the subjects' serum cholesterol level was ≥200 mg/dL and in 83 subjects serum LDL‐cholesterol level was ≥130 mg/dL. Despite 64.4% of the subjects reported a family history of hyperlipidemia, no relations between family history and serum lipid levels were found.

Conclusion: We suggest that regardless of family history, all children over 5 years should be screened for hyperlipidemia. Education about hyperlipidemia and precautions for its complications should be given to both children and families. The best and easiest way to reach children is to screen them at schools. School is also a good place for education of children about hyperlipidemia and risk factors.
Act and Event in Rahner and von Balthasar: A Case Study in Catholic Systematics
Authors: Olsen Cyrus P.
Published: October 2007

In Benedict XVI's God is Love §1 humanity's relationship with God is described as an encounter with an ‘event’, the Christ‐event. I argue that this shift in Catholic theology towards language of act and event signalled a relationship to existentialism, which, taken broadly, entailed an emphasis upon subjectivity and freedom uncharacteristic of the focus upon objectivity common to neo‐Scholastic thought. As we shall see with Karl Rahner and Hans Urs von Balthasar, however, this newfound emphasis on subjectivity and freedom did not necessitate an abandonment of all the elements of the more ‘objective’ perspective. Rather, the task during the ascendancy of existentialist thought became the integration of human subjectivity with the objective and independent reality of the world and God. I suggest that Rahner and von Balthasar use notions such as act and event as a way of being mindful of the role of the subject's creativity and freedom in its encounter with the world, God, and other persons, without thereby undermining the freedom and creativity of that which is other than the subject.
Hope and the Hopeless: The Contemporary Addressee of Gaudium et spes
Authors: Brownsberger William
Published: October 2007

Henri de Lubac argues that Christians today lack an appreciation of the centrality of the Gospel to human meaning. This apologetically disastrous deficiency is related, for him, to Cajetan's “corruption” of Thomas's understanding of nature and grace. After presenting this issue, this article examines the reception of ideas akin to Cajetan's conception by Christians and popular culture, which latter has accordingly adopted an indifferentist mentality toward religion. Other impediments to thinking through the Gottesproblem today are taken up next, specifically the legacy of critical atheism and the distraction that shields persons from this problem's relevance. Distraction, although aimed at saving persons from the thought of death and from anxiety, actually produces a deadening and banalization of human hope. The hope of Gaudium et spes, which is addressed last, is not the eviscerated hope of contemporary persons. The language barrier centering on “hope” between the Council fathers and contemporary persons can only be bridged by addressing the formative causes of the hope of those indifferent to the Gospel.
From Soul to Self
Authors: Theron Stephen
Published: October 2007

The origin of self as subject can be sought neither in astrology, genetics nor in arbitrary divine will. These answers depend upon a realist belief in a world of objects, governed by the sufficient reason principle, as if the divine ideas were a necessary set of the possibles! The alternative is the unity of self and God, i.e. personal contingency is impossible. Otherness, rather, is in any thinkable God (any non‐abstract infinity is differentiated). The world too, as other, is inseparable from God, therefore, willing to be what he then is, though not temporally. Transcendence, as infinite, demands immanence. Why God has no real relation to creatures (Aquinas) is because they are not as God is, or as God transcends such being. Human actuality requires inversion of the common‐sense world. The idea of a privileged access to truth is arbitrary. Truth, rather, must be intrinsically human. We live in God. Only so are we, images, in ourselves. Emergent knowledge is natural to the universe. It constructs it.
Chaperone‐assisted refolding of Escherichia coli maltodextrin glucosidase
Authors: Paul Subhankar , Punam Shashikala , Chaudhuri Tapan K.
Published: October 2007

In vitro refolding of maltodextrin glucosidase, a 69 kDa monomeric Escherichia coli protein, was studied in the presence of glycerol, dimethylsulfoxide, trimethylamine‐N‐oxide, ethylene glycol, trehalose, proline and chaperonins GroEL and GroES. Different osmolytes, namely proline, glycerol, trimethylamine‐N‐oxide and dimethylsulfoxide, also known as chemical chaperones, assist in protein folding through effective inhibition of the aggregation process. In the present study, it was observed that a few chemical chaperones effectively reduced the aggregation process of maltodextrin glucosidase and hence the in vitro refolding was substantially enhanced, with ethylene glycol being the exception. Although, the highest recovery of active maltodextrin glucosidase was achieved through the ATP‐mediated GroEL/GroES‐assisted refolding of denatured protein, the yield of correctly folded protein from glycerol‐ or proline‐assisted spontaneous refolding process was closer to the chaperonin‐assisted refolding. It was also observed that the combined application of chemical chaperones and molecular chaperone was more productive than their individual contribution towards the in vitro refolding of maltodextrin glucosidase. The chemical chaperones, except ethylene glycol, were found to provide different degrees of protection to maltodextrin glucosidase from thermal denaturation, whereas proline caused the highest protection. The observations from the present studies conclusively demonstrate that chemical or molecular chaperones, or the combination of both chaperones, could be used in the efficient refolding of recombinant E. coli maltodextrin glucosidase, which enhances the possibility of identifying or designing suitable small molecules that can act as chemical chaperones in the efficient refolding of various aggregate‐prone proteins of commercial and medical importance.
A novel factor XI missense mutation (Val371Ile) in the activation loop is responsible for a case of mild type II factor XI deficiency
Authors: Bozzao Cristina , Rimoldi Valeria , Asselta Rosanna , Landau Meytal , Ghiotto Rossella , Tenchini Maria L. , De Cristofaro Raimondo , Castaman Giancarlo , Duga Stefano
Published: October 2007

Coagulation factor XI (FXI) is the zymogen of a serine protease that, when converted to its active form, contributes to blood coagulation through proteolytic activation of factor IX. FXI deficiency is typically an autosomal recessive disorder, characterized by bleeding symptoms mainly associated with injury or surgery. Of the more than 100 FXI gene mutations reported in FXI‐deficient patients, most are associated with a proportional decrease in FXI functional and immunologic levels (type I defects), whereas only a few mutations leading to the presence of dysfunctional molecules in plasma have been molecularly analyzed to date (type II deficiencies). We report the functional and molecular characterization of a missense mutation (Val371Ile) identified, in the heterozygous state, in a 25‐year‐old Italian male with mild FXI deficiency. Laboratory analysis revealed reduced functional FXI levels (34%), but normal antigen levels (102%), distinctive of a type II defect. Given the proximity of Val371 to the FXI activation site, a possible interference with zymogen activation was postulated. Expression experiments of the FXI–Val371Ile recombinant protein, followed by activation assays, showed both a different time course in FXI activation and a slight delay in factor IX activation by thrombin‐activated FXI.
Presence of a Sexual Problem may not Affect Women's Satisfaction from their Sexual Function
Authors: Ferenidou Fotini , Kapoteli Voula , Moisidis Kyriakos , Koutsogiannis Ioannis , Giakoumelos Alexandros , Hatzichristou Dimitrios
Published: October 2007

Introduction

It has been proposed that women's sexual problems/dysfunctions, in the absence of personal and interpersonal distress, may have little clinical importance, as they may not necessarily affect women's sexual satisfaction. However, data are missing to support such interpretation.

Aim

The objective of the present study was to examine whether the presence of a sexual problem necessary affects women's satisfaction with sexual function.

Method

The study included 164 women who visited a general hospital because of symptoms not related to their sexual function and were asked to complete voluntarily and anonymously demographic data and two questionnaires.

Main Outcome Measures

Women completed the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI)—an instrument which evaluates women sexual function—and the Symptom Checklist of Sexual Function—women version (SCSF-w), a screening tool of women's self-perception of sexual function.

Results

Mean patients’ age was 43 ± 12.6 (18–72) years. According to the FSFI, 48.8% of the participants had a sexual dysfunction. However, based on their self-perception of sexual function (SCSF), 80.5% of the sample declared to be satisfied with their sexual function, despite the fact that 69.5% of them reported at least one sexual problem. Of all women, only 26.2% would like to talk about their sexual problem(s) with a doctor (57.4% of those who are “bothered” by their sexual symptoms). Logistic regression analysis revealed no association between any sexual dysfunction and women's satisfaction from their sexual function.

Conclusion

Despite the presence of sexual problem(s), women may be satisfied with their sexual function, but half of those who are bothered would like to talk about it with their doctor. The presence of a sexual problem or its severity is not a determinant of women's help-seeking behavior. Such data strongly support current definitions of women's sexual dysfunction, where the presence of personal distress has been included as a crucial dimension.
A Rapid Method for Hydraulic Profiling in Unconsolidated Formations
Authors: Dietrich Peter , Butler James J. , Faiß Klaus
Published: October 2007

Information on vertical variations in hydraulic conductivity (K) can often shed much light on how a contaminant will move in the subsurface. The direct‐push injection logger has been developed to rapidly obtain such information in shallow unconsolidated settings. This small‐diameter tool consists of a short screen located just behind a drive point. The tool is advanced into the subsurface while water is injected through the screen to keep it clear. Upon reaching a depth at which information about K is desired, advancement ceases and the injection rate and pressure are measured on the land surface. The rate and pressure values are used in a ratio that serves as a proxy for K. A vertical profile of this ratio can be transformed into a K profile through regressions with K estimates determined using other techniques. The viability of the approach was assessed at an extensively studied field site in eastern Germany. The assessment demonstrated that this tool can rapidly identify zones that may serve as conduits for or barriers to contaminant movement.
Agricultural Pollutant Penetration and Steady State in Thick Aquifers
Authors: Kraft G.J. , Browne B.A. , DeVita W.M. , Mechenich D.J.
Published: October 2007

The leakage of pollutants from agricultural lands to aquifers has increased greatly, driven by increasing fertilizer and pesticide use. Because this increase is recent, ground water pollutant concentrations, loads, and exports may also be increasing as pollutants penetrate more deeply into aquifers. We established in an aquifer profile a ground water recharge and pollutant leakage chronology in an agricultural landscape where 30 m of till blankets a 57‐m thick sandstone aquifer. Pollutant concentrations increased from older ground water (1963) at the aquifer base to younger ground water (1985) at its top, a signal of increasing pollutant leakage. Nitrate‐N increased from 0.9 to 13.2 mg/L, implying that leakage increased from 1.9 to 16.5 kg/ha/year. Nitrate load and export could increase from 130% to 230% before reaching a steady state in 20 to 40 years. Chloride increases were similar. Pesticide residues alachlor ethane sulfonic acid (ESA), metolachlor ESA, and atrazine residues partially penetrated the aquifer profile. Their concentration‐age‐date patterns exhibited an initial increase and then a leveling corresponding to the timing of product adoption and leveling of demand. Unlike NO3, projecting pesticide residue steady states is complicated by the phasing in and out of pesticide products over time; for example, neither alachlor nor atrazine is currently used in the area, and newer products, which have not had time to transit to the aquifer, have been adopted. The circumstances that resulted in the lack of a pollutant steady state are not rare; thus, the lack of steady states in agricultural region aquifers may not be uncommon.
Air‐Based Measurements of Permeability in Pebbly Sands
Authors: Conrad Caleb M. , Ritzi Robert W. , Dominic David F.
Published: October 2007

We considered small‐scale measurement of permeability in pebbly sands having coarser grains supported in a finer grained matrix (fine packing). Our central question was whether air‐based measurements are representative if made with a permeameter tip seal pressed in the sand matrix. We created pebbly sands and variably sorted sands, with systematic variation in aspects of their fine packing. We made permeability measurements by inserting the tip seal of an air permeameter in the matrix of these samples and compared them to the permeability of the composite sample determined by both water‐based methods and theory. The air‐permeameter measurements made in this way represent the permeability of the composite mixtures of coarser and finer grains and allow for the discernment of permeability between samples with different matrix compositions, ranging from fine to coarse sand. Furthermore, the collective results show that permeability differences in the pebbly sands and variably sorted sands with fine packing, however measured, are primarily due to differences in matrix permeability and not due to differences in the size or the percentage of the coarser grains.
Storm‐Damaged Saline‐Contaminated Boreholes as a Means of Aquifer Contamination
Authors: Carlson Douglas A. , Van Biersel Thomas P. , Milner L. Riley
Published: October 2007

Saline water from a storm surge can flow down storm‐damaged submerged water supply wells and contaminate boreholes and surrounding aquifers. Using data from conventional purging techniques, aquifer test response analysis, chemical analysis, and regression analysis of chloride/silica (Cl/Si) ratio, equations were derived to estimate the volume of saline water intrusion into a well and a porous media aquifer, the volume of water needed to purge a well shortly following an intrusion event, and the volume of water needed after delay of several or more months, when the saline plume has expanded. Purging time required is a function of volume of water and pumping rate. The study site well is located within a shoreline community of Lake Pontchartrain, St. Tammany Parish, in southeastern Louisiana, United States, which was impacted by two hurricane storm surges and had neither been rehabilitated nor chlorinated prior to our study. Chemical analysis of water samples in fall 2005 and purging of well and aquifer in June 6, 2006, indicated saline water had intruded the well in 2005 and the well and aquifer in 2006. The volume of water needed to purge the study well was approximately 200 casing volumes, which is significantly greater than conventionally used during collection of water samples for water quality analyses.
Assimilating to a White Identity: The Case of Arab Americans
Authors: Ajrouch Kristine J. , Jamal Amaney
Published: October 2007

Racial identity is one of the primary means by which immigrants assimilate to the United States. Drawing from the tenets of segmented assimilation, this study examines how the ethnic traits of immigrant status, national origin, religious affiliation, and Arab Americaness contribute to the announcement of a white racial identity using a regionally representative sample of Arab Americans. Results illustrate that those who were Lebanese/Syrian or Christian, and those who felt that the term “Arab American” does not describe them, were more likely to identify as white. In addition, among those who affirmed that the pan-ethnic term “Arab American” does describe them, results illustrated that strongly held feelings about being Arab American and associated actions were also linked with a higher likelihood of identifying as white. Findings point to different patterns of assimilation among Arab Americans. Some segments of Arab Americans appear to report both strong ethnic and white identities, while others report a strong white identity, yet distance themselves from the pan-ethnic “Arab American” label.
The Use of Remittance Income in Mexico
Authors: Airola Jim
Published: October 2007

Immigration affects sending countries through the receipt of remittance income. The impact of these cash transfers on households and communities has brought attention to remittances as a development mechanism. This study attempts to understand the degree to which household consumption is affected by the receipt of remittance income and the ways in which the broader communities may be impacted. Using household income and expenditure data for Mexico, expenditure patterns of remittance-receiving households are analyzed. Regression analysis indicates that remittance-receiving households spend a greater share of total income on durable goods, healthcare, and housing.
Baroreflex control of sinus node during dynamic exercise in humans: effect of muscle mechanoreflex
Authors: Vorluni L. , Volianitis S.
Published: October 2007

Aim:  This study evaluated the influence of muscle mechanical afferent stimulation on the integrated arterial baroreflex control of the sinus node during dynamic exercise.

Methods:  Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and pulse interval (PI) were measured continuously and non‐invasively in 15 subjects at rest and during passive cycling. The arterial baroreflex was evaluated with the cross‐correlation method (xBRS) for the computation of time‐domain baroreflex sensitivity on spontaneous blood pressure and PI variability. xBRS computes the greatest positive correlation between beat‐to‐beat SBP and PI, and when significant at P = 0.01, slope and delay are recorded as one xBRS value. Heart rate variability (HRV) was evaluated in the frequency domain.

Results:  Compared with rest, passive exercise resulted in a parallel increase in heart rate (67 ± 3.2 vs. 70 ± 3.6 beats min−1; P < 0.05) and mean arterial pressure (87 ± 2 vs. 95 ± 2 mmHg; P < 0.05), and a significant decrease in xBRS (13.1 ± 1.8 vs. 10.5 ± 1.7 ms mmHg−1; P < 0.01) with an apparent rightward shift in the regression line relating SBP to PI. Also low frequency power of HRV increased while high frequency power decreased (56.7 ± 3.5 vs. 62.7 ± 4.8 and 43.2 ± 3.4 vs. 36.9 ± 4.9 normalized units respectively; P < 0.05).

Conclusion:  These data suggest that the stimulation of mechanosensitive stretch receptors is capable of modifying the integrated baroreflex control of sinus node function by decreasing the cardiac vagal outflow during exercise.
Japan's Security Policy in East Asia
Authors: AUSLIN Michael , GREEN Michael
Published: October 2007

Japan's strategic thinking has been driven by three main factors: a fear of isolation, calculation of the geopolitical strength of China (and to a lesser extent, Korea), and accommodation to the prevailing international power structure. During the Cold War Japan aligned with Washington, but maintained sufficient distance to explore a mutually beneficial relationship with China based on Japan's dominant economic position. As Chinese power has grown and Japan's own economic tools for statecraft have slowed, Tokyo has moved closer to the United States to balance Chinese power. Japan has also had to seek new ways to shape the security environment in Asia, turning to multilateral diplomacy such as the Changmai Initiative. Where Japan's diplomacy in Asia in the 1980s and 1990s emphasized Japan's unique ability to champion “Asian” values with the West, increasingly Tokyo has emphasized its unique ability to champion universal values of democracy and rule of law in Asia. This theme has been used by conservative governments to improve Japan's brand over China, but also builds on a tradition of Japanese diplomatic efforts to take a lead in rule‐making in the region. Prime Minister Koizumi's assertive foreign policy helped to reinvigorate Japan's international position, but he moved from the traditional three part formulation of Japan's orientation – the U.S. alliance, the UN system and Asia – to a simpler two part formulation of “the U.S.‐Japan alliance and international cooperation.” The lack of focus on Asia has contributed to growing tensions with South Korea and China over history issues, even as Japan's global and broader regional standing has increased according to most opinion polls. These regional challenges will continue to confront future Prime Ministers well past Koizumi.
Japan's New Foreign Economic Policy: A Shift Toward a Strategic and Activist Model?*
Authors: SOLÍS Mireya , URATA Shujiro
Published: October 2007

This article analyzes key departures in Japanese foreign economic policy: the development of an extensive network of free trade agreements thereby abandoning the exclusive focus on the multilateral system as the vehicle for trade liberalization, and the revamping of the official development assistance (ODA) program by slashing its budget, emphasizing national interests in aid giving, and phasing out yen loans to China. We argue that the remarkable degree of policy activism in both trade and ODA represents the Japanese government's attempt to respond strategically to common challenges: domestically the economic recession, internationally the pressure for policy convergence and competition with China. However, in both issue areas the ability of the government to embark on swift policy changes has been compromised by domestic politics: opposition from vested interests and politicization of policy‐making, bureaucratic sectionalism, and weak executive leadership. We conclude with some policy recommendations to improve the coherence of foreign economic policy formulation in Japan.
International human resource management in the 21st century: emerging themes and contemporary debates
Authors: Scullion Hugh , Collings David G. , Gunnigle Patrick
Published: October 2007

This article introduces the special issue of Human Resource Management Journal on International Human Resource Management in the 21st Century. We begin by considering some of the key aspects of the changing landscape of international business and the key emergent issues for IHRM at the beginning of the 21st century. Key themes which we consider include: the changing nature of the global economic landscape, with a particular focus on India, China and Central and Eastern Europe; increasing global terrorism in the post‐9/11 world; the changing nature of careers; and, finally, changing patterns of global staffing. We then conclude by outlining the content of the special issue.
Behind the veil: an exploratory study of the myths and realities of women in the Iranian workforce
Authors: Ghorbani Majid , Tung Rosalie L.
Published: October 2007

Despite significant advancements, women executives and professionals have continued to complain about the existence of a glass ceiling in the UK, the USA, Canada and other countries that espouse equal employment opportunities. Little is known about the role and plight of women in the workforce in Islamic countries. In general, Western societies perceive the participation of women in the workforce and their upward career mobility as very limited in Islamic societies. This article seeks to address this limitation in the field by unravelling some of the myths and realities pertaining to women in the Iranian labour force. Based on interviews with 12 Iranians, reality checks were performed on five widely held perceptions of the status of women in Iran, including women's participation in the labour force, appointment to managerial/professional positions, representation in higher education, segregation in the workplace, and Islam's attitude towards non‐Muslims. These issues are discussed in the contexts of foreign direct investment in Iran and other Islamic countries. Implications for international human resource management, including the assignment of women expatriates to Iran and other Islamic nations, are also addressed.
A strategic contingency approach to expatriate assignment management
Authors: Caligiuri Paula M. , Colakoglu Saba
Published: October 2007

This exploratory study examines how expatriate management practices differ with respect to three international management strategies (local, centralised or global) in 27 mature multinational corporations. In particular, this study examines the categories of expatriate assignments, the strategic integration of expatriate assignments into leadership development and the types of human resource practices that firms utilise to manage expatriates. Results indicate that organisations differentially assign expatriates based on the firm's respective international management strategy. Firms with a global management strategy made greater use of developmental expatriates, had a greater number of senior managers with expatriate experience and had a stronger focus on leadership development through expatriation. Firms did not differ with respect to their use of expatriate management practices based on their international management strategy.
Prediction of twelve‐month service disengagement from an early intervention in psychosis service
Authors: Turner Mark , Smith‐Hamel Cecilia , Mulder Roger
Published: October 2007

Aim: The aim is to examine disengagement in an early psychosis treatment service and contrast clinical and demographic variables of patients who disengage against those who do not.

Methods: Those with termination of treatment, despite therapeutic need within 12 months of entry (disengagers) (n = 57; 24.6%), were compared with those who remained in treatment at 12 months (n = 175) on a range of clinical and demographic variables collected at admission. After testing the difference between proportions, data analysis was conducted using methods of logistic regression.

Results: Alcohol and/or cannabis abuse/dependence, initial diagnosisother than mood disorder, long duration of untreated psychosis, lower Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale total symptoms, and lower insight at referral accounted for 27% of variance in patient ‘disengagement’ within 12 months.

Conclusion: A significant proportion of patients with first episode psychosis disengage from treatment within 12 months. Despite a number of factors being associated with disengagement, prediction using admission factors was poor. Early Intervention in Psychosis Services would benefit from increased attention to alcohol and drug problems, trying to reduce the duration of untreated psychosis, improving psychiatric symptoms and increasing insight in all patients to decrease service disengagement.