bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TAKTYKA I TECHNIKI PROWADZENIA ROZMÓW I PRZESŁUCHAŃ
Authors: Kosmaty Piotr
Published: January 2020

Artykuł naukowy uwzględnia praktykę stosowania prawa w zakresie metod przesłuchań oraz dopuszczalnych uprawnień przesłuchującego związanych z szeroko rozumianą swobodą wypowiedzi. W artykule odmiennie niż w części I — Taktyki i technik prowadzenia rozmów i przesłuchań — odniesiono się wyłącznie do aspektów procesowych prowadzonych przesłuchań. Jakiekolwiek odstępstwo od ściśle określonych zasad procesowych przedstawionych w artykule naukowym pozwala na zgromadzenie dowodów określanych w teorii procesu karnego „owocami z zatrutego drzewa”, co w doktrynie i w samym stosowaniu prawa wciąż sprawia wiele trudności interpretacyjnych. W tekście określono normatywne granice wykorzystania dozwolonych metod przesłuchania. Wskazano expressis verbis na czynności niedozwolone.
Wybrane aspekty funkcjonowania uczelni wojskowych w świetle zapisów Konstytucji dla Nauki Cz.1
Authors: Liberacki Marcin
Published: January 2020

Dużym wyzwaniem dla środowisk akademickich oraz podmiotów związanych z nauką i szkolnictwem wyższym jest ustawa Prawo o szkolnictwie wyższym i nauce, wprowadzona w życie 1 października 2018 roku. Autor omawia funkcjonowanie wyższego szkolnictwa wojskowego jako pewnego systemu oraz możliwości i szanse wynikające z zapisów Ustawy 2.0, zwłaszcza dla federacji uprawnionych podmiotów naukowych. Ze względu na obszerność zagadnień związanych z tą sferą nie analizuje całego systemu wyższego szkolnictwa wojskowego, lecz koncentruje się na problemach, które – jak ocenia – powinny być rozważane w pierwszej kolejności. Chodzi o kwestie funkcjonowania uczelni wojskowych w systemie nauki i szkolnictwa wyższego oraz o utrzymanie przez nie odpowiedniej kategorii w świetle zbliżającej się ewaluacji naukowej.
Co-occurrence of apocrine adenocarcinoma and invasive mammary-type ductal carcinoma in extramammary Paget disease of the axilla
Authors: Jang Seung Bin , Kim Sung-Eun , Kim Young Ah , Choi Hye Ryeon
Published: January 2020

Extramammary Paget disease (EMPD) is an uncommon malignancy that occurs in apocrine gland-rich areas of the body. EMPD of the axilla is rare, but a few cases have been reported. Some cases of EMPD have been reported with underlying apocrine adenocarcinoma; rarely, mammary-type ductal carcinoma can accompany EMPD. Here, we report a very rare case of EMPD with apocrine adenocarcinoma and invasive mammary-type ductal carcinoma. A 55-year-old woman was referred with a brownish pigmented plaque accompanying an area of ulceration in the left axilla. A preoperative biopsy indicated Paget disease, and an additional evaluation was performed to determine whether it was of primary or secondary origin. A wide excision was made, and the axilla was reconstructed using a thoracodorsal artery perforator flap. The biopsy showed apocrine adenocarcinoma and invasive mammary-type ductal carcinoma with pagetoid spreading. The patient had no evidence of recurrence or other postoperative complications.
Lateral nasal advancement flap for reconstruction of the nasal sidewall and dorsum
Authors: Ogawa Yutaka , Ogawa Yasuko
Published: January 2020

Malignant skin tumors and precancerous lesions have a predilection to be located in the nasal dorsum or sidewall. Although invasive reconstructions have been presented, no simple and suitable method has yet been reported for this area. The flap presented herein, named the lateral nasal advancement flap, is designed on the adjacent lateral region of the sidewall or nasal dorsum and advanced in the medial direction. Two Burow’s triangles are removed in the upper and lower portions of the flap: the upper triangle along the nasofacial sulcus and the lower triangle along the nasofacial sulcus and/or the alar groove. Excellent results were obtained in the two clinical cases described in this report. Neither a trap door deformity nor dog-ears developed in either case. The postsurgical scars followed the aesthetic lines and became inconspicuous. A distinct angle was formed in the nasofacial sulcus without anchor sutures. This surgical procedure is technically simple and is performed under local anesthesia. Although the flap is a cheek-based advancement flap, postsurgical scars do not remain in the cheek; instead, they are located in the nasofacial sulcus and alar groove. The lateral nasal advancement flap is recommended for reconstruction of the nasal sidewall and dorsum.
Anthropometric analysis of the eyeball exposure area in Koreans
Authors: Park Ki Soo , Ka Soon Il , Park Dae Hwan
Published: January 2020

Background Eyelids vary in morphology and structure depending on age, sex, and race. Usually, one-dimensional measurements are used to evaluate blepharoplasty outcomes. However, in recent years, three- or four- directional enlargements of the eyelid have been used for blepharoplasty in Asian patients, and the outcomes of techniques such as lateral canthoplasty or canthotomy and medial epicanthoplasty with increased scleral area cannot be analyzed using marginal reflex distance 1 or the area of corneal exposure. Therefore, we describe the use of a measurement method based on the eyeball exposure area (EEA).

Methods To obtain normal EEA values by age and sex, 320 individuals were recruited. The participants were divided into eight age groups (n=40 in each group: female subjects, n=20; male subjects, n=20): 10–19, 20–29, 30–39, 40–49, 50–59, 60–69, 70–79, and 80–89 years. The EEA value was obtained by dividing the exposed area by the total eyeball area. The normal EEA values and differences in EEA according to age and sex were calculated.

Results The mean EEA values for male and female subjects were 66.86% ±9.20% and 71.48%±10.48%, respectively. In each age group, the EEA values of females were higher than those of males. EEA decreased significantly with age in both male and female subjects (P<0.05).

Conclusions We determined normal EEA values according to age and sex. EEA can be used as an indicator of the outcome of blepharoplasty.
Asociación de Cooperativas Argentinas y Agricultores Federados Argentinos: dos buenos ejemplos de la transición en el cooperativismo agrario argentino
Authors: Mateo Graciela
Published: January 2020

Las cooperativas conforman una experiencia centenaria del agro argentino. En el siglo XXI, su desarrollo es uno de los principales ejes del Plan Estratégico Agroalimentario y Agroindustrial Participativo y Federal 2010-2020 para el logro de objetivos de competitividad y equidad social. Desde sus orígenes, el cooperativismo agrario procura cumplir con un doble objetivo: el primero, de carácter social, está destinado a la prestación de un servicio basado en principios de solidaridad, libre asociación y gestión democrática; el segundo, de carácter económico, está orientado a defender los intereses y mejorar la situación económica de sus asociados.Desde un criterio funcional, las cooperativas agrarias pueden cubrir diversas actividades, necesidades o servicios, tales como el aprovisionamiento, la producción, comercialización, la transformación o industrialización y el crédito, cumpliendo una o varias de esas fases. El artículo procura mostrar las transformaciones y permanencias operadas en el modelo cooperativo, a través del análisis de dos asociaciones emblemáticas del agro argentino: por un lado, la Asociación de Cooperativas Argentinas (ACA), primera entidad de segundo grado constituida en 1922 y que en la actualidad se encuentra entre los principales exportadores de cereales. Por otro, Agricultores Federados Argentinos (AFA), conformada en 1932 y que hoy es la principal cooperativa de primer grado del país.

This paper analyzes the gestation of environmental protec-tion regulations related to mining activities, as well as specific mining provisions that were approved and had an impact to reduce the negative effects to the natural environment. The mining regulations that were approved in the Modern Age envisaged some measures in order to avoid damage to agri-culture, livestock and to villages in the environment of mining activities. In the XIX century, with a liberal State, several laws and mining regulations were slowly being adopted from the middle of the century, due to social conflicts, which introduced measures with health and natural protection effects. With a greater de-gree of state interventionism in the XX century, in a context of pressure from affected social groups, various sectoral rules for the protection of rivers and streams were approved. The Law of Mines in force introduced that it was approved by decree to fix the imperative conditions of protection of the environ-ment, being the origin of the first Royal Decree of restoration of mining activities of 1982.
Collaborative teaching and learning of interactive multimodal spoken academic genres for doctoral students
Authors: Fortanet-Gómez Inmaculada , Querol-Julián Mercedes
Published: January 2020

The last teaching-learning stage in the education system is the doctoral programmes, which turn graduatestudents into researchers. This evolution involves writing a dissertation, but also being able to discuss research.However, training on spoken genres has not received much attention, and the interest has been mainly onmonologic prepared speeches. This paper focuses on a genre of interactive speech, the discussion session (DS)that follows the paper presentation, which is particularly challenging for novice researchers. We present alearner-led pedagogy for the teaching-learning of this genre that fosters thinking-based learning and multimodal awareness. It was implemented in a course of academic discourse for doctoral students in order to prove its effectiveness. We propose a process of active and collaborative deconstruction and construction of DSs to identify verbal and non-verbal resources and their interpersonal functions, so that novel researchers reflect on and integrate them in their repertoire.
Loss of centromere function drives karyotype evolution in closely related Malassezia species
Authors: Sankaranarayanan Sundar Ram , Ianiri Giuseppe , Coelho Marco A , Reza Md Hashim , Thimmappa Bhagya C , Ganguly Promit , Vadnala Rakesh Netha , Sun Sheng , Siddharthan Rahul , Tellgren-Roth Christian , Dawson Thomas L , Heitman Joseph , Sanyal Kaustuv
Published: January 2020

Genomic rearrangements associated with speciation often result in variation in chromosome number among closely related species. Malassezia species show variable karyotypes ranging between six and nine chromosomes. Here, we experimentally identified all eight centromeres in M. sympodialis as 3–5-kb long kinetochore-bound regions that span an AT-rich core and are depleted of the canonical histone H3. Centromeres of similar sequence features were identified as CENP-A-rich regions in Malassezia furfur, which has seven chromosomes, and histone H3 depleted regions in Malassezia slooffiae and Malassezia globosa with nine chromosomes each. Analysis of synteny conservation across centromeres with newly generated chromosome-level genome assemblies suggests two distinct mechanisms of chromosome number reduction from an inferred nine-chromosome ancestral state: (a) chromosome breakage followed by loss of centromere DNA and (b) centromere inactivation accompanied by changes in DNA sequence following chromosome–chromosome fusion. We propose that AT-rich centromeres drive karyotype diversity in the Malassezia species complex through breakage and inactivation.
TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA 1 participates in flowering time regulation inArabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Paffendorf Barbara A.M. , Qassrawi Rawan , Meys Andrea M. , Trimborn Laura , Schrader Andrea
Published: January 2020

Pleiotropic regulatory factors mediate concerted responses of the plant’s trait network to endogenous and exogenous cues. TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA 1 (TTG1) is such a factor that has been predominantly described as a regulator of early developmental traits. Although its closest homologs LIGHT-REGULATED WD1 (LWD1) and LWD2 affect photoperiodic flowering, a role of TTG1 in flowering time regulation has not been reported. Here we reveal that TTG1 is a regulator of flowering time inArabidopsis thalianaand changes transcript levels of different targets within the flowering time regulatory pathway.TTG1mutants flower early and TTG1 overexpression lines flower late at long-day conditions. Consistently, TTG1 can suppress the transcript levels of the floral integratorsFLOWERING LOCUS TandSUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO1and can act as an activator of circadian clock components. Moreover, TTG1 might form feedback loops at the protein level. The TTG1 protein interacts with PSEUDO RESPONSE REGULATOR (PRR)s and basic HELIX-LOOP-HELIX 92 (bHLH92) in yeast.In planta, the respective pairs exhibit interesting patterns of localization including a recruitment of TTG1 by PRR5 to subnuclear foci. This mechanism proposes additional layers of regulation by TTG1 and might aid to specify the function of bHLH92. Within another branch of the pathway, TTG1 can elevateFLOWERING LOCUS C(FLC) transcript levels. FLC mediates signals from the vernalization, ambient temperature and autonomous pathway and the circadian clock is pivotal for the plant to synchronize with diurnal cycles of environmental stimuli like light and temperature. Our results suggest an unexpected positioning of TTG1 upstream ofFLCand upstream of the circadian clock. In this light, this points to an adaptive value of the role of TTG1 in respect to flowering time regulation.
Appetite regulating genes may contribute to herbivory versus carnivory trophic divergence in haplochromine cichlids
Authors: Ahi Ehsan P. , Duenser Anna , Singh Pooja , Gessl Wolfgang , Sturmbauer Christian
Published: January 2020

Feeding is a complex behaviour comprised of satiety control, foraging, ingestion and subsequent digestion. Cichlids from the East African Great Lakes are renowned for their diverse trophic specializations, largely predicated on highly variable jaw morphologies. Thus, most research has focused on dissecting the genetic, morphological and regulatory basis of jaw and teeth development in these species. Here for the first time we explore another aspect of feeding, the regulation of appetite related genes that are expressed in the brain and control satiety in cichlid fishes. Using qPCR analysis, we first validate stably expressed reference genes in the brain of six haplochromine cichlid species at the end of larval development prior to foraging. We next evaluate the expression of 16 appetite related genes in herbivorous and carnivorous species from the parallel radiations of Lake Tanganyika, Malawi and Victoria. Interestingly, we find increased expression of two appetite-regulating genes (anorexigenic genes), cart and npy2r, in the brain of carnivorous species in all the three lakes. This supports the notion that appetite gene regulation might play a part in determining trophic niche specialization in divergent cichlid species, already prior to exposure to different diets. Our study contributes to the limited body of knowledge on the neurological circuitry that controls feeding transitions and adaptations in cichlids and other teleosts.
Ecology of an ocelot population at the northern edge of the species’ distribution in northern Sonora, Mexico
Authors: Rorabaugh James C. , Schipper Jan , Avila-Villegas Sergio , Lamberton-Moreno Jessica A. , Flood Timothy
Published: January 2020

We used data from eight years of camera trapping at Rancho El Aribabi, a cattle ranch and conservation property in northern Sonora, Mexico, to examine the ecology of the northern-most known breeding population of ocelots (Leopardus pardalis). Ocelots were found mostly in two discrete and disjunct areas: a riverine riparian canyon at just less than 1,000 masl elevation and along arroyos in an oak-mesquite savanna in the Sierra Azul at 1,266–1,406 masl. An ocelot was also detected at a site between those two areas, in an area of a Sonoran desertscrub-foothills thornscrub ecotone at 1,300 masl. At least 18 ocelots, both males and females, were detected during the 2007–2011 and 2014–2018 sampling periods. A female with a kitten was documented in 2011. No individual ocelots were photographed in both areas, which are separated by a minimum of 11.29 km, and no individuals were photographed in both time periods. In a binary logistic regression, key environmental variables predicting ocelot presence were, in order of importance, distance to a paved road, distance to human habitation, proximity to water, and an anthropogenic influences index that was dominated by cattle. Another analysis corroborated the finding regarding ocelot presence and cattle. Contrary to previous studies, ocelot presence was not tied to vegetation cover close to the ground. We present information about the types of habitats and sites ocelots used, short-term movements, daily and seasonal activity patterns, and behavior, including occurrence of different individuals at or near the same site over short periods of time. We discuss ocelot home range, density, and movements, but small sample sizes and study design problems limit the value of estimates derived from our work. Rancho El Aribabi is a private, conservation ranch for which the owners have made voluntary conservation commitments that provide habitat and protection for ocelots and other animals and plants. This northern-most known breeding population is a likely source of ocelots that are periodically detected in southeastern Arizona. Our results should help facilitate conservation of the ocelot in other semi-arid areas of northwestern Mexico and adjacent USA.
Comparative analysis of cutaneous bacterial communities of farmed Rana dybowskii after gentamycin bath
Authors: Bie Jia , Tong Qing , Liu Xiaoning , Zhang Xianhao , Wang Hongbin
Published: January 2020

Introduction

Pathogenic bacteria limit the success of Rana dybowskii breeding. Gentamicin is used to treat R. dybowskii disease. To understand the effects of gentamicin on the composition and structure of the cutaneous bacterial community of R. dybowskii, three groups (control, gentamicin and recovery) were established in this study.

Materials & Methods

The V3–V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene was analyzed in samples by high-throughput sequencing. Alpha diversity and beta diversity were evaluated to compare the cutaneous bacterial community diversity.

Results

A total of 1,159,668 valid sequences and 3,132 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained from these three experimental groups. The number of OTUs obtained in the control group, gentamicin group and recovery group were 2,194, 2,288, and 2,047, respectively, and the number of shared OTUs was 1,313. The alpha diversity of the cutaneous bacterial community was not significantly affected by gentamicin, while beta diversity was significantly affected.

Discussion & Conclusions

The effect of a gentamicin bath on relative species abundance was greater than the effect on the species composition. The changes in Proteobacteria, Acinetobacter, and Chryseobacterium were significant, and reductions were observed after the recovery period. Six potentially pathogenic genera were detected, including Aeromonas, Citrobacter, Chryseobacterium, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus. Among them, Aeromonas and Chryseobacterium were significantly inhibited by the gentamicin bath. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the application of gentamicin in R. dybowskii breeding.
Gini coefficients for measuring the distribution of sexually transmitted infections among individuals with different levels of sexual activity
Authors: Gsteiger Sandro , Low Nicola , Sonnenberg Pam , Mercer Catherine H. , Althaus Christian L.
Published: January 2020

Objectives

Gini coefficients have been used to describe the distribution of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infections among individuals with different levels of sexual activity. The objectives of this study were to investigate Gini coefficients for different sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and to determine how STI control interventions might affect the Gini coefficient over time.

Methods

We used population-based data for sexually experienced women from two British National Surveys of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-2: 1999–2001; Natsal-3: 2010–2012) to calculate Gini coefficients for CT, Mycoplasma genitalium (MG), and human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6, 11, 16 and 18. We applied bootstrap methods to assess uncertainty and to compare Gini coefficients for different STIs. We then used a mathematical model of STI transmission to study how control interventions affect Gini coefficients.

Results

Gini coefficients for CT and MG were 0.33 (95% CI [0.18–0.49]) and 0.16 (95% CI [0.02–0.36]), respectively. The relatively small coefficient for MG suggests a longer infectious duration compared with CT. The coefficients for HPV types 6, 11, 16 and 18 ranged from 0.15 to 0.38. During the decade between Natsal-2 and Natsal-3, the Gini coefficient for CT did not change. The transmission model shows that higher STI treatment rates are expected to reduce prevalence and increase the Gini coefficient of STIs. In contrast, increased condom use reduces STI prevalence but does not affect the Gini coefficient.

Conclusions

Gini coefficients for STIs can help us to understand the distribution of STIs in the population, according to level of sexual activity, and could be used to inform STI prevention and treatment strategies.
Application of Cationic Tapioca to Unmodified Pearl Corn Starch – A Papermaking Handsheet Study
Authors: Dölle Klaus , Parsons Emily , Konecny Jacob
Published: January 2020

An handsheet study was performed to compare the application of unmodified pearl corn starch and cationic tapioca starch on 100% recycled paperboard. To analyze the benefits tensile index, Canadian Standard Freeness, and starch retention was measured. The results found that cationic tapioca starch had the highest tensile index at 61.36 N*m/g for a dosage rate of 16 lbs./ton at a comparable dosage for unmodified pearl corn starch at 48 lbs./ton the tensile index was 56.11 N*m/g. Tests of the Canadian Standard Freeness showed that the unmodified pearl corn starch had the lowest freeness at 34.3 ml. The cationic tapioca starch had a freeness of 53.5 ml. For starch retention, more starch was retained in the sheet with cationic tapioca starch, with only 0.0065 grams ending up in the filtrate, compared to 0.015 grams of filtrate for the sheet containing unmodified pearl corn starch.
Differential effects of the menstrual cycle on reactive and proactive aggression in borderline personality disorder
Authors: Peters Jessica R. , Owens Sarah A. , Schmalenberger Katja M. , Eisenlohr‐Moul Tory A.
Published: January 2020

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized by rapidly shifting symptoms, including intense anger and aggressive behavior. Understanding how fluctuations in ovarian hormones across the menstrual cycle may contribute to symptom instability is key for accurate assessment of BPD symptoms and effective interventions. Reactive and proactive aggression, as well as anger‐in and anger‐out, were assessed daily in 15 physically healthy, unmedicated naturally cycling female individuals meeting criteria for BPD across 35 days. Urine luteinizing hormone surge and salivary progesterone were used to confirm ovulation and verify the cycle phase. Multilevel models evaluated cyclical differences of symptoms between cycle phases. Both forms of aggressive behavior demonstrated marked cycle effects, with reactive aggression highest during the midluteal cycle phase, co‐occurring with initial increases in anger and irritability and followed by perimenstrual peaks in anger and anger‐in. In contrast, highest levels of proactive aggression were observed during the follicular and ovulatory phases, when emotional symptoms and anger were otherwise at lowest levels. These findings highlight the importance of identifying the function of aggression when considering potential psychological and biological influences. Naturally cycling individuals with BPD may be at elevated risk for luteal worsening of a range of interpersonally reactive symptoms, including reactive aggression, whereas proactive aggression may occur more in phases characterized by less emotional and cognitive vulnerability and greater reward sensitivity. Research on aggression in this population should consider cycle effects. Cycling individuals with BPD attempting to reduce aggressive behavior may benefit from cycle‐tracking to increase awareness of these effects and to develop appropriate strategies.
Observer uncertainties of soft tissue‐based patient positioning in IGRT
Authors: Hirose Taka‐aki , Arimura Hidetaka , Fukunaga Jun‐ichi , Ohga Saiji , Yoshitake Tadamasa , Shioyama Yoshiyuki
Published: January 2020

Purpose

There remain uncertainties due to inter‐ and intraobserver variability in soft‐tissue‐based patient positioning even with the use of image‐guided radiation therapy (IGRT). This study aimed to reveal observer uncertainties of soft‐tissue‐based patient positioning on cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) images for prostate cancer IGRT.

Methods

Twenty‐six patients (7–8 fractions/patient, total number of 204 fractions) who underwent IGRT for prostate cancer were selected. Six radiation therapists retrospectively measured prostate cancer location errors (PCLEs) of soft‐tissue‐based patient positioning between planning CT (pCT) and pretreatment CBCT (pre‐CBCT) images after automatic bone‐based registration. Observer uncertainties were evaluated based on residual errors, which denoted the differences between soft‐tissue and reference positioning errors. Reference positioning errors were obtained as PCLEs of contour‐based patient positioning between pCT and pre‐CBCT images. Intraobserver variations were obtained from the difference between the first and second soft‐tissue‐based patient positioning repeated by the same observer for each fraction. Systematic and random errors of inter‐ and intraobserver variations were calculated in anterior–posterior (AP), superior–inferior (SI), and left–right (LR) directions. Finally, clinical target volume (CTV)‐to‐planning target volume (PTV) margins were obtained from systematic and random errors of inter‐ and intraobserver variations in AP, SI, and LR directions.

Results

Interobserver variations in AP, SI, and LR directions were 0.9, 0.9, and 0.5 mm, respectively, for the systematic error, and 1.8, 2.2, and 1.1 mm, respectively, for random error. Intraobserver variations were <0.2 mm in all directions. CTV‐to‐PTV margins in AP, SI, and LR directions were 3.5, 3.8, and 2.1 mm, respectively.

Conclusion

Intraobserver variability was sufficiently small and would be negligible. However, uncertainties due to interobserver variability for soft‐tissue‐based patient positioning using CBCT images should be considered in CTV‐to‐PTV margins.
Early phase 2 trial of TAS‐205 in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: Komaki Hirofumi , Maegaki Yoshihiro , Matsumura Tsuyoshi , Shiraishi Kazuhiro , Awano Hiroyuki , Nakamura Akinori , Kinoshita Satoru , Ogata Katsuhisa , Ishigaki Keiko , Saitoh Shinji , Funato Michinori , Kuru Satoshi , Nakayama Takahiro , Iwata Yasuyuki , Yajima Hiroyuki , Takeda Shin’ichi
Published: January 2020

Objective

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive muscular disease characterized by chronic cycles of inflammatory and necrotic processes. Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) is produced by hematopoietic PGD synthase (HPGDS), which is pathologically implicated in muscle necrosis. This randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled early phase 2 study (NCT02752048) aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of the novel selective HPGDS inhibitor, TAS‐205, with exploratory measures in male DMD patients aged ≥5 years.

Methods

Patients were randomized 1:1:1 to receive low‐dose TAS‐205 (6.67–13.33 mg/kg/dose), high‐dose TAS‐205 (13.33–26.67 mg/kg/dose), or placebo. The primary endpoint was the change from baseline in a 6‐minute walk distance (6MWD) at Week 24.

Results

Thirty‐six patients were enrolled, of whom 35 patients were analysed for safety. The mean (standard error) changes from baseline to Week 24 in 6MWD were −17.0 (17.6) m in the placebo group (n = 10), −3.5 (20.3) m in the TAS‐205 low‐dose group (n = 11), and −7.5 (11.2) m in the TAS‐205 high‐dose group (n = 11). The mean (95% confidence interval) difference from the placebo group was 13.5 (−43.3 to 70.2) m in the TAS‐205 low‐dose group and 9.5 (−33.3 to 52.4) m in the TAS‐205 high‐dose group. No obvious differences were observed in the incidences of adverse events between treatment groups. No adverse drug reactions specific to TAS‐205 treatment were observed.

Interpretation

The HPGDS inhibitor TAS‐205 showed a favorable safety profile in DMD patients. Further research is required to examine the effectiveness of TAS‐205 in a larger trial.
Positive UDTs up for fentanyl, methamphetamine, and cocaine
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: January 2020

More people are combining illicit fentanyl with methamphetamine or cocaine. A decrease in drug‐overdose deaths, the first decline since 1990, is attributed to a decrease in deaths involving prescription opioids, but at the same time, deaths due to illicit fentanyl and stimulants — methamphetamine and cocaine — are increasing. In an effort to ascertain those trends, researchers supported by drug‐testing laboratory Millennial Health went back and looked in detail at urine drug testing (UDT) data they reported in 2019, which included a 798% increase in positive rates for illicit fentanyl and among all results positive for methamphetamine, and an 1850% increase for illicit fentanyl among all results positive for cocaine.
Thick‐Film Organic Solar Cells Achieving over 11% Efficiency and Nearly 70% Fill Factor at Thickness over 400 nm
Authors: Gao Wei , An Qiaoshi , Hao Minghui , Sun Rui , Yuan Jian , Zhang Fujun , Ma Wei , Min Jie , Yang Chuluo
Published: January 2020

Thickness‐insensitive small molecule acceptors (SMAs) are still a great challenge for developing thick‐film organic solar cells (OSCs) towards practical use. Herein, two SMAs, MF1 and MF2, are designed and synthesized by employing a bifunctional end group with fluorine and methyl moieties. Combined with fused‐ring cores with alkyl side chains, both MF1 and MF2 exhibit ordered π–π stacking and high charge carrier mobilities in neat and blend films. The champion devices based on PM7:MF1 and PM7:MF2 deliver high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 12.4% and 13.7%, and high fill factors (FFs) of 78.3% and 74.5%, respectively. With increasing active layer thickness, the FFs of the OSCs decrease relatively slowly, demonstrating the preferrable properties of MF1 and MF2 in terms of their thickness insensitivity, especially for MF1. As a result, the two thick‐film OSCs achieve over 11% PCEs at an active layer thickness over 400 nm (an FF close to 70% for PM7:MF1) and over 10% PCEs when the thickness is increased up to 500 nm. These are the highest PCEs among OSCs with such active layer thicknesses to date. This work reveals a molecular design strategy by reasonably combining fluorine and methyl together to simultaneously enhance charge carrier mobilities and fine‐tune the morphology, which is beneficial to achieve high‐performance thick‐film OSCs.
Uniform Virus‐Like Co–N–Cs Electrocatalyst Derived from Prussian Blue Analog for Stretchable Fiber‐Shaped Zn–Air Batteries
Authors: Chen Shengmei , Ma Longtao , Wu Shuilin , Wang Shuyun , Li Zebiao , Emmanuel Adesina Ayotunde , Huqe Md Rashedul , Zhi Chunyi , Zapien Juan Antonio
Published: January 2020

Zn‐air batteries (ZABs) offer promising commercialization perspectives for stretchable and wearable electronic devices as they are environment‐friendly and have high theoretical energy density. However, current devices suffer from limited energy efficiency and durability because of the sluggish oxygen reduction and evolution reactions kinetics in the air cathode as well as degenerative stretchability of solid‐state electrolytes under highly alkaline conditions. Herein, excellent bifunctional catalytic activity and cycling stability is achieved by using a newly developed Co–N–C nanomaterial with a uniform virus‐like structure, prepared via a facile carbonization of a prussian blue analogue (PBA). Furthermore, a solid‐state dual‐network sodium polyacrylate and cellulose (PANa‐cellulose) based hydrogel electrolyte is synthesized with good alkaline‐tolerant stretchability. A solid‐state fiber‐shaped ZAB fabricated using this hydrogel electrolyte, the virus‐like Co–N–Cs air cathode, and a zinc spring anode display excellent stretchability of up to 500% strain without damage, and outstanding electrochemical performance with 128 mW cm−2 peak power density and good cycling stability for >600 cycles at 2 mA. The facile synthesis strategy demonstrated here opens up a new avenue for developing highly active PBA‐derived catalyst and shows, for the first time, that virus‐like structure can be favorable for electrochemical performance.
In Situ Photocatalyzed Oxygen Generation with Photosynthetic Bacteria to Enable Robust Immunogenic Photodynamic Therapy in Triple‐Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Liu Lanlan , He Huamei , Luo Zhenyu , Zhou Haimei , Liang Ruijing , Pan Hong , Ma Yifan , Cai Lintao
Published: January 2020

Hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment is a major hurdle dampening the antitumor effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT). Herein, active photosynthetic bacteria (Synechococcus 7942, Syne) are utilized for tumor‐targeted photosensitizer delivery and in situ photocatalyzed oxygen generation to achieve photosynthesis‐boosted PDT. Photosensitizer‐encapsulated nanoparticles (HSA/ICG) are assembled by intermolecular disulfide crosslinking and attached to the surface of Syne with amide bonds to form a biomimetic system (S/HSA/ICG). S/HSA/ICG combined the photosynthetic capability of Syne and the theranostic effect of HSA/ICG. Syne capable of photoautotrophy exhibit a moderate immune stimulation effect and a certain photodynamic role under 660 nm laser irradiation. Upon intravenous injection into tumor‐bearing mice, S/HSA/ICG can effectively accumulate in tumors and generate oxygen continuously under laser irradiation through photosynthesis, which remarkably relieve tumor hypoxia and enhance reactive oxygen species production, thereby completely eliminating primary tumors. This photosynthesis‐boosted PDT can also effectively reverse the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment and robustly evoke systematic antitumor immune responses, which exhibit excellent effect on preventing tumor recurrence and metastasis inhibition in a metastatic triple‐negative breast cancer mouse model. Hence, this photosynthetic bacteria‐based photosynthesis‐boosted immunogenic PDT offers a promising approach to eliminate both local and metastatic tumors.
A Hydrogel Microneedle Patch for Point‐of‐Care Testing Based on Skin Interstitial Fluid
Authors: He Rongyan , Niu Yan , Li Zedong , Li Ang , Yang Huayuan , Xu Feng , Li Fei
Published: January 2020

Skin interstitial fluid (ISF) holds great potential as a highly desirable sample resource for point‐of‐care testing (POCT), where the key is to effectively collect target biomarkers from ISF. Hydrogel microneedle patch has great promise for ISF extraction. However, it is challenging to recover target biomarkers from the extracted skin ISF in hydrogel microneedle patches in an easy‐administrated, fast, and bulky instrument‐free manner. Herein, a hydrogel microneedle patch made of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and chitosan (CS) for POCT based on the ISF is developed. The phase transition property of PVA/CS hydrogel makes the microneedles stiff when dry, which is beneficial to easily penetrate into skin. Meanwhile, the highly porous microstructure of hydrogel offers good swelling ability for extraction of ISF and the thermal degradation property of PVA makes it convenient to quickly and efficiently recover target biomarkers from microneedle patch. The capability of this platform for POCT applications is further demonstrated by successful detections of typical biomarkers collected from the mimetic skin and monitoring the glucose level in rabbit skins during a day. The developed hydrogel microneedle patch holds the advantages of extraction of skin ISF and recovery of biomarkers, thus presenting as a powerful platform for skin ISF‐based POCT applications.
Lithium‐Ion Battery Separators for Ionic‐Liquid Electrolytes: A Review
Authors: Francis Candice F. J. , Kyratzis Ilias L. , Best Adam S.
Published: January 2020

Ionic liquids (ILs) are widely studied as a safer alternative electrolyte for lithium‐ion batteries. The properties of IL electrolytes compared to conventional electrolytes make them more thermally stable, but they also have poor wetting with commercial separators. In a lithium‐ion battery, the electrolyte should completely wet out the separator and electrodes to reduce the cell internal resistance. Investigations of cell materials with IL electrolytes have shown that the wetting issues in IL–electrolyte cells are most likely due to poor separator compatibility, not electrode compatibility. A compatible separator must be developed before IL electrolytes can be used in commercial lithium‐ion batteries. Herein, separators for IL electrolytes, including commercial and novel separators, are reviewed. Separators with different processing methods, polymers, additives, and different IL electrolytes are considered. Collated, the separator studies show a strong correlation between ionic conductivity and membrane porosity, even more than the electrolyte type. The challenge of a suitable separator for IL electrolytes is not solved yet. Herein, it is revealed that a separator for IL electrolytes will most likely require a combination of high thermal and mechanical stability polymer, ceramic additives, and an optimized manufacturing process.
Lateral 2D WSe2 p–n Homojunction Formed by Efficient Charge‐Carrier‐Type Modulation for High‐Performance Optoelectronics
Authors: Sun Jiacheng , Wang Yuyan , Guo Shaoqiang , Wan Bensong , Dong Lianqing , Gu Youdi , Song Cheng , Pan Caofeng , Zhang Qinghua , Gu Lin , Pan Feng , Zhang Junying
Published: January 2020

As unique building blocks for next‐generation optoelectronics, high‐quality 2D p–n junctions based on semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have attracted wide interest, which are urgent to be exploited. Herein, a novel and facile electron doping of WSe2 by cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) is achieved for the first time to form a high‐quality intramolecular p–n junction with superior optoelectronic properties. Efficient manipulation of charge carrier type and density in TMDs via electron transfer between Br− in CTAB and TMDs is proposed theoretically by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Compared with the intrinsic WSe2 photodetector, the switching light ratio (Ilight/Idark) of the p–n junction device can be enhanced by 103, and the temporal response is also dramatically improved. The device possesses a responsivity of 30 A W−1, with a specific detectivity of over 1011 Jones. In addition, the mechanism of charge transfer in CTAB‐doped 2D WSe2 and WS2 are investigated by designing high‐performance field effect transistors. Besides the scientific insight into the effective manipulation of 2D materials by chemical doping, this work presents a promising applicable approach toward next‐generation photoelectronic devices with high efficiency.
Emission Color Manipulation in Transparent Nanocrystals‐in‐Glass Composites Fabricated by Solution‐Combustion Process
Authors: Pan Qiwen , Ouyang Tianchang , Wu Xintong , Huang Xiongjian , Yang Jingxuan , Kang Shiliang , Yang Dandan , Liu Xiaofeng , Qiu Jianrong , Dong Guoping
Published: January 2020

Rational design and fabrication of multicolor fluorescent sources represent one of the significant challenges in the development of high‐performance solid‐state lighting, tunable coherent lasing, and full‐color display technologies. However, generation of simultaneous multicolor emission, especially white light generation with a wide color gamut is usually beyond the ability of a single material. Heterogeneous structures made by combinations of red, green, and blue emission building blocks are bulky, inefficient, complicated, and costly. Here reported is a bottom‐up strategy to generate simultaneous multicolor emission with continuous tunability in a single monolithic material based on the “nanocrystals‐in‐glass composite” (NGC) architecture. In this approach, a self‐sustained low‐temperature solution combustion process enables homogeneous solvent dispersion and eventually stable immobilization of multiple nanocrystals in transparent matrix. With transparency of up to 80%, further demonstrated is drawing of fiber from the melt of these combustion‐processed NGC materials. The optical spectra of the as‐drawn glass fiber can be precisely tuned and clustering is effectively suppressed. Moreover, the NGC materials exhibit remarkable anti‐thermal quenching behavior at temperatures of up to 200 °C. The bottom‐up strategy for NGC provides a versatile platform for the fabrication of high‐performance multifunctional fiber‐based devices for advanced applications in lasers, illumination, displaying, and biophotonics.
Recent Advances in the Construction of Phosphorus‐Substituted Heterocycles, 2009–2019
Authors: Chen Long , Liu Xiao‐Yan , Zou Yun‐Xiang
Published: January 2020

Phosphorus‐substituted heterocycles represent an important class of organophosphorus compounds, which not only widely exist in biologically active pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, but also have widespread applications in material science and organic synthesis as ligands for transition metal complexes. The synthesis of such compounds integrates the development of new synthetic methods and exploration of efficient catalytic systems, reflects the latest achievements in organic, transition metal, photo and even electrochemical catalysis, and facilitates the synthesis of sufficient quantities of related compounds as potential medicinal agents and biological probes in this area. Over the past few decades, two major synthetic strategies have been established toward phosphorus‐substituted heterocycles. This review summarizes the recent progress in this field and discusses the reaction mechanisms in detail. The advantages and limitations of each subdivisional tactic are presented, and the synthetic opportunities still open are outlined.

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Can Hybrid Na–Air Batteries Outperform Nonaqueous Na–O2 Batteries?
Authors: Khan Ziyauddin , Vagin Mikhail , Crispin Xavier
Published: January 2020

In recent years, there has been an upsurge in the study of novel and alternative energy storage devices beyond lithium‐based systems due to the exponential increase in price of lithium. Sodium (Na) metal‐based batteries can be a possible alternative to lithium‐based batteries due to the similar electrochemical voltage of Na and Li together with the thousand times higher natural abundance of Na compared to Li. Though two different kinds of Na–O2 batteries have been studied specifically based on electrolytes until now, very recently, a hybrid Na–air cell has shown distinctive advantage over nonaqueous cell systems. Hybrid Na–air batteries provide a fundamental advantage due to the formation of highly soluble discharge product (sodium hydroxide) which leads to low overpotentials for charge and discharge processes, high electrical energy efficiency, and good cyclic stability. Herein, the current status and challenges associated with hybrid Na–air batteries are reported. Also, a brief description of nonaqueous Na–O2 batteries and its close competition with hybrid Na–air batteries are provided.
A study of the axial and radial competition segregation in a rotating drum with internal diameter changing
Authors: Huang An‐Ni , Cheng Tung‐Hsin , Kuo Hsiu‐Po
Published: January 2020

A binary mixture is mixed in a rotating drum composed by 19 rings with different inner diameters. It is found that the larger particles are concentrated in the rings with smaller inner diameters. The collection of the larger particles in these rings is due to the particle dynamic angle of repose. The transition from the particle segregation core pattern at the end wall to the good radial mixing rings is through a transient turning comet segregation pattern. This transition is closely related to the distance from the ring with the smallest inner diameter to the ring with the largest inner diameter. Having a higher fraction of larger particles in a ring requires both the collection ring having a smaller inner diameter and a smoother inner diameter transition to the neighboring rings.
Rinse, Sense, Adjust, Repeat: Biomimetic Continuous Process Water Analysis in Washing Machines Based on the Hammerhead Shark's Olfaction Hydrodynamics
Authors: Kampowski Tim , Langer Max , Bold Georg , Riffel Michael , Ose Lutz , Seidler Christian , Schaumann Uwe , Masselter Tom , Speck Thomas , Thielen Marc
Published: January 2020

Domestic household appliances (e.g., washing machines) are major factors in the anthropogenic global energy balance, which is why an efficient control of their energy and material consumption are of great importance in the future. At the same time, most of today's washing machines can be considered as “black boxes” which lack dynamic analysis techniques for an automated and optimized resource management. Following a biomimetic approach, rapid prototyping methods are combined with high‐speed videography and 2D particle tracking. In addition, preliminary work on the functional morphology and hydrodynamic characteristics of the olfactory organ of Sphyrna tudes is utilized to generate a flow channel module suitable for the implementation of diverse state‐of‐the‐art sensor technologies into innovative washing machines. The module's fluid dynamics are essentially determined by its optimized channel geometry and the fluid's inflow velocity. Future investigations will reveal whether a precise change of individual hydrodynamic parameters can solely be achieved by a variation of the inflow velocity and whether specific flow profiles can be established to allow for dynamic online analytics of multiple sensors during washing.
Intelligent Nanoarchitectonics for Self‐Assembling Systems
Authors: Ariga Katsuhiko , Shrestha Lok Kumar
Published: January 2020

For the sustainable developments of life and society, various problems such as environmental, energy, and biohealth issues must be solved by a wide range of scientific and technical efforts. Therefore, the fabrication of functional materials and systems with strategic intelligence is required. As seen in the evolution processes in nature, self‐assembling processes are capable of creating highly intelligent materials and systems. This task would be taken by an emerging concept, nanoarchitectonics, through the combination of nanotechnology concepts with other scientific disciplines such as materials science, supramolecular chemistry, organic chemistry, and bio‐related science and technology. Herein, several examples are presented to overview intelligent nanoarchitectonics for the creation of functional materials and systems mainly through self‐assembly in various scale ranges. These examples are classified into several sections according to atom‐level, molecular‐level, materials‐level, and life‐level intelligent assembly, where several key items such as atom switch devices, molecular switches, molecular machines, shape‐shifting and shape‐specified assemblies, and cell control at interfaces are included. Discussions on these examples show a high possibility of the nanoarchitectonics' approach in intelligent fabrication of functional materials.