bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PELATIHAN PENGGUNAAN METODE MENGAJAR REMAJA DI MASA PANDEMI COVID-19 DI HKBP RESORT JATISAMPURNA BEKASI
Authors: Sianipar Desi , Rambitan Stanley , Sairwona Wellem , Zega Yunardi Kristian
Published: March 2021

Metode mengajar merupakan cara atau alat yang digunakan oleh para pendidik untuk mengimplementasikan rencana yang sudah disusun dalam kegiatan pembelajaran, agar tujuan yang telah disusun tercapai secara optimal. Dengan demikian, gereja perlu menyediakan para pendidik, khususnya pendidik remaja yang berkualitas, salah satu kualitas yang harus dimiliki oleh para pendidik remaja adalah mampu menggunakan metode mengajar yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan remaja, khususnya di masa pandemi covid-19 sekarang ini. Oleh karena itu, kegiatan ini dirancang untuk membantu para pembina remaja dalam penggunaan metode mengajar yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan remaja dan untuk meningkatkan keterampilan bagi para pendidik dalam mengajar remaja di masa pandemi Covid-19. Hasil yang diperoleh dari kegiatan ini adalah menghasilkan para pembina remaja yang dapat memahami metode mengajar khususnya dalam Alkitab, metode mengajar secara luring, prinsip-prinsip dalam pemilihan metode mengajar dan cara mengajar remaja yang kreatif di masa pandemi Covid-19 dengan penggunaan metode pembelajaran daring.

 

Kata kunci: Pelatihan, Metode Mengajar, Pandemi Covid-19, dan Remaja.
Cross-Platform Analysis and Development of Online Catering Platform (Kunyahku)
Authors: Swarna Indra , Purnama James , Anthony Randy
Published: March 2021

Kunyahku is an online catering platform that provides catalogs of menus from local caterer near the user and become the distributor that will take the order and deliver them. In developing an application, the most important aspect for small start-up companies is to have a development stack that can deliver the app into multiple platform by using a single code base to reduce the cost of developers, improve efficiency and reduce the time to develop the application itself. To provide the necessity of building an application for Kunyahku, this paper is aimed to find the most suitable cross platform framework for developing the Kunyahku application. This research focuses on comparison between existing popular cross-platform and proving the suitable one to be used in development cycle in the case of Kunyahku requirements. Sets of test and comparison were conducted in order to compare the most suitable cross platform between React Native and Flutter such as render test and comparing each advantage coming out from using each of the cross-platform.After all the requirements are gathered and then the most suitable framework will be chosen which is Flutter. Performance analysis and the benefits of using Flutter framework are elaborated and thus proving it is the most suitable development stack to be used in Kunyahku case and the development time can be reduced since it is a cross-platform technology that output the application into three different platform rather than managing separate platform for each different one. Testing shows that flutter also met all the requirements thus proving flutter address the problems of scalability and faster development compared to developing each native platform one by one.
Development of API Middleware and Mobile Application for a Job marketplace by Using RESTful API and Mobile Development Framework
Authors: Wahyudi Evan Tirta , Erwin Alva , Lim Charles
Published: March 2021

The research is conducted based on the nationwide goals of Indonesia proposed in the Nawacita document, where one of the big goals is to improve the human resource greatly. Providing a good medium such as a job marketplace can be part of improving the human resource. Since most of Indonesian citizen nowadays has easy access to internet, which can ease their way of using a job marketplace application. Creating a job marketplace application may minimize a number of unemployment in Indonesia. Addition to that, through a focus group discussion, it has been discovered that respondents find job marketplace such as JobStreet and Indeed jobs does not satisfy respondents’ UI and UX view towards the application. The objective of this research is to create a job marketplace mobile application that is useful and easy to use for users. The prototype mobile application is developed using react native, and a middleware that is developed using Express JS is made alongside to bridge data to the mobile application. To assess the prototype mobile application, two evaluation method is used which is User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ) and Questionnaire User Interface Satisfaction (QUIS). 6 respondents were allowed to examine prototype application, and answer the questionnaire. The result of the evaluation both shows positive results from both questionnaires.
Red clover seed production - research and practice
Authors: Clifford P.T.P. , Anderson A.C.
Published: March 2021

National average certified seed yields (1972.76) of New Zealandâ€™s red clover cultivars are low, being 259 and 147 kg/ha, respectively, for Hamua and Turoa. Major factors considered important for improving these yields are: reduction in paddock size to improve pollination; preference for undersown pure sowings with the exception of wellmanaged Hamua/Manawa ryegrass mixtures; appropriate grazing management to promote a good level of individual plant development by closing; closing to be no earlier than the beginning of December; irrigation no later than closing date; harvesting dates brought forward 10 March for Hamua and early April for Turoa and Pawera by using a desiccant and direct heading when necessary.
White clover seed production with irrigation
Authors: Lay J.K.
Published: March 2021

Irrigation has removed much of the risk associated with white clover seed production in an area of poorly distributed annual rainfall of 530 mm. Machine-dressed seed yields range between 540 and 900 kg/ha. The importance of minimizing harvesting losses is emphasized. Key words: Trifolium repens, seed production, irrigation.
Farm forestry for economic and environmental sustainability - A new decision support system for farm foresters
Authors: Halliday M.M. , Knowles R.L.
Published: March 2021

The objective of this programme is to provide farm foresters and others with knowledge about sustainable and profitable land use with commercial tree crops. Initially the study examined the role of trees in stabilising soils when planted on eroding hill country pasture. Three species - radiata pine, Douglas-fir, and poplar - were compared for effects in reducing erosion. Tree size, tree stocking per hectare, root tensile strength, and rate of decay of roots after harvest were found to be important. Erosion control becomes effective once a stand of trees reached the equivalent of 30 tonnes/ha of radiata pine root biomass. Silviculture, and choice of species, determines to what extent this critical threshold is achieved. Decision support software, developed in this programme as "calculators', estimate the 'Equivalent Farming Gross Margin' of crops of radiata pine, and Douglas-fir, compared to the livestock previously grazing the land. The calculators, which run under Microsoft EXCELTM, also allow the identification of the most profitable silviculture for the tree crop, and generate yield tables. The calculators are being applied in two case studies; the first involves calibrating the radiata pine calculator for Hawkes Bay and the Wairarapa against actual tree data. Calibration of the calculator for bare land is also being studied. The second study will investigate how well tree crops can compete financially with pastoral farming systems in the Lake Taupo catchment, where there are increasing concerns about nutrient in-flows from pastoral farming. Further enhancements of the calculators are planned which will permit calibration against younger stands, and evaluation of a much wider range of silviculture. Keywords: farm forestry, erosion, root biomass, root strength, financial return, IRR, PNW, farming gross margin, Pinus radiata, Douglas-fir, poplar
Edible forage yield and nutritive value of poplar and willow
Authors: Kemp P.D. , Barry T.N. , Douglas G.B.
Published: March 2021

Poplar and willow on farms are a potential source of supplementary forage during summer. To incorporate poplar and willow into farm feed budgets, a method is needed to non-destructively estimate the edible forage yield of the trees. Also needed is an estimate of the nutritive value of the forage. Previously uncut trees on hill farms in the lower North Island were measured and a relationship between tree forage yield and diameter of the trunk at breast height (DBH, 1.4 m) was developed. The DBH was from 5 to 32 cm and the forage yield from 1 to 66 kg dry matter (DM)/tree. Nutritive value of poplar and willow (metabolisable energy 8-9 MJ/kg DM) was similar to that of normal summer pasture, but was lower in fibre and higher in soluble carbohydrate, and of higher nutritive value than drought pasture. The concentrations of the secondary chemicals condensed tannins and phenolic glycosides were high in poplars and willows, and they have some positive effects on livestock performance, but their role requires further research. It was concluded that poplar and willow provide forage of sufficient quantity and quality to warrant using them as supplements to pasture for feeding to livestock during summer droughts.
Seasonal growth and development of Caucasian and white clovers under irrigated and dryland conditions
Authors: Black A.D. , Moot D.J. , Lucas R.J.
Published: March 2021

Dry matter (DM) production of sown monocultures of Caucasian and white clovers was compared under irrigated and dryland (non-irrigated) conditions in their third year. Caucasian clover produced 11.9 t DM/ ha when irrigated and 9.4 t DM/ha under dryland conditions, and both treatments exceeded white clover by ~2.5 t DM/ha. This increase in yield reflected ~23 kg DM/ha/day higher production rates in spring and summer. During this period, production rates of irrigated treatments increased by 11 kg DM/ ha/day/oC for Caucasian compared with 8 kg DM/ha/ day/oC for white clover as mean daily air temperature increased from 8-16 oC. In late summer/autumn, production rates of Caucasian clover decreased more than white clover when air temperature dropped from 16-9 oC. Growth (photosynthesis) and development (leaf appearance) characteristics of each species were also examined. Leaf photosynthesis was ~6 Æ’ÃŠmol CO2/m2/ s higher for Caucasian than for white clover irrespective of measured air temperatures (7-28 oC) and soil moisture from 1.00-0.39 of water holding capacity (WHC, 512 mm to 1.5 m depth). Both clovers had similar ranges of optimum temperature (21-25 oC) and soil moisture (1.00-0.86 of WHC) for photosynthesis. These results could explain the observed higher production rates for Caucasian clover in spring and summer, under both irrigated and dryland conditions. Lower production rates of Caucasian clover in autumn may be attributed to a similar phyllochron (126 oCd), but higher base temperature (5 oC) than for white clover (1 oC), and hence a slower recovery to canopy closure post grazing. This study shows that Caucasian clover has potential to increase spring and summer legume production, in combination or as the sole legume species in both irrigated and dryland grass/clover pastures in lowland temperate environments of New Zealand. Key words: irrigation, photosynthesis, phyllochron, seasonal production, Trifolium ambiguum M. Bieb, T. repens
Dryland legumes: perspectives and problems
Authors: Scott D.
Published: March 2021

The different perspectives or concepts involved in developing legumes for dryland pastoral systems is commented on in relation to: N-fixation versus animal feed; root nodule bacteria requirements; large introduced legume flora compared with indigenous; species niche in relation to environmental gradients of moisture, temperature, fertility, and grazing; species adaptation along the decreasing fertility gradient from fine-root nutrient scavenging grasses, N-fixers, mycorrhiza, and proteoid roots; interaction of N- fixation with soil organic matter; establishment; determinants of pastures legume composition; and the possible role of allelopathy. Key words: dryland, environmental gradients, legumes, N-fixation, pasture composition
Climate reality - actual and expected
Authors: Salinger J.
Published: March 2021

New Zealand average surface temperatures have increased by 0.7 Â°C since 1871. In the last quarter of the 20th century, more prevalent west to southwest flows occurred, accompanying a higher incidence of El NiÃ±o events. This resulted in annual rainfall decreasing in eastern areas of the North Island. As well as the global warming signal, interannual to decadal climate variability is a strong feature of east coast dryland climates. The El NiÃ±o-Southern Oscillation, (ENSO), through El NiÃ±o/ and La NiÃ±a episodes, drives climate variability seasonally. The recently described Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) shifts climate every one to three decades and changes precipitation averages in these areas. These features of the climate system leave east coast dryland farming open to considerable climate variability. Records of potential soil moisture deficit (PSMD) around Napier and Ashburton show that significant PSMD developed in these regions by 1 December, in 50 to 85% of years with severe deficits in 20 to 55% of years. These deficits build as summer progresses. El NiÃ±o events intensify, whilst La NiÃ±a episodes normally ameliorate these conditions on seasonal time scales. The IPO climate shifts significantly change the dryness of the soil of these areas, with the transition from negative to positive phases increasing PSMD by 35 to 50 mm. Climate change over the next few decades will be driven by the underlying trend of global warming. For New Zealand, this will be a warming of about 0.2 Â°C per decade. The latest scenarios and climate model results indicate that westerly circulation is likely to strengthen over New Zealand, with a drying of east coast climate in the order of 10% by 2080. These will cause an increase in PSMD in the order of 20 to 30%. ENSO and IPO variability will be a continuing feature of New Zealand climate in coming decades. East coast dryland farms experience substantial climate variability. As climate warming continues in the decades of the 21st century, these areas will become increasingly stressed as potential evapotranspiration (PET) rates increase, particularly when the IPO next changes phase and during El NiÃ±o events. Climate forecasting is an exciting new technology that will give farmers early warning and increase preparedness for dry seasons ahead, allowing them to make key strategic decisions. A mixture of new and traditional technologies will also assist, such as intercropping and use of seasonal climate forecasting. Despite this, dryland farming systems are likely to become increasingly limited owing to low rainfall and high potential evapotranspiration rates.
The challenges facing legumes in a dryland environment - a consultant's view
Authors: Brown C.D. , Green R.B.
Published: March 2021

The dryland regions of New Zealand suffer from summer moisture deficits in the majority of years. These dryland regions have been developed along the same basis as other farming regions, with increasing fertiliser usage leading to more subdivision and higher stocking rates. Given the exposure to droughts, the production per head of these regions has been extremely variable. Historically, dryland farming systems have been based around breeding ewe systems with all lambs finished if the season allowed. Since the removal of all Government support during adverse events, in the early 1990s, farm systems have become considerably more diverse. Irrigation areas have doubled between 1985 and 1999 to approximately 500 000 hectares. Both sub clover and lucerne have been used extensively in dryland areas, but the main legume is still white clover. Farmers recognise the significant limitations in the ability of white clovers to cope with summer droughts, but have not been able to efficiently utilise other legumes, which require unique management to perform. There are a number of reasons for this. Looking forward, the five key roles that legumes have in dryland farming systems are, to persist within a general purpose pasture, to produce nitrogen, to improve summer feed quality, to improve year round quality feed through specialist crops and pastures and to provide specialist composite feeds (i.e. condensed tannins). With the increased diversity in farming systems, growers require a more diverse range of legumes from perennial species to annuals that will fit a short-term high feed quality niche.
Crop growth and development affect seasonal priorities for lucerne management
Authors: Moot D.J. , Brown H.E. , Teixeira E.I. , Pollock K.M.
Published: March 2021

Successful lucerne stand management requires balancing animal and plant requirements to produce crops of high quality and yield at times of high animal demand. Understanding the impact of environmental signals on crop growth and development can aid management decisions throughout the season. In spring, crops remobilise reserves from the roots to shoots and expand nodes accumulated through the winter, producing rapid stem extension and canopy closure as temperatures increase. The timing of spring defoliation should be based on crop yield and animal requirements rather than any specific developmental stage. Through spring and summer, crops should be rotationally grazed, with highest lamb live-weights achieved from 6-8 weeks grazing solely on lucerne. Summer crop production is dependent on rainfall and the plant available water content. During summer, grazing at the appearance of open flowers or basal buds is recommended as a compromise between maximum yield and quality. In autumn, the priority of assimilates allocation in the crop changes from above to below ground growth. To enhance the recharge of root reserves, an extended period of flowering is recommended in February or March. The time of flowering is dependent on the accumulation of thermal time and increases as photoperiod shortens. In periods of prolonged drought, lucerne herbage should be hard grazed and then spelled until the end of late autumn regrowth. A final hard grazing in June or early July, to remove overwintering aphids, should be followed by spraying 7-14 days later. Crops continue to develop nodes through the winter, and stands should be spelled until spring to ensure nodes are not removed by grazing, as this delays regrowth and reduces dry matter production. Key words: Flowering, grazing, herbicide, Medicago sativa, nodes, photoperiod, phyllochron, root reserves
The value of exotic germplasm to the NZ livestock industry
Authors: Lancashire John
Published: March 2021

A number of recent reports in New Zealand have stated that restricted access to new plant genetic material from overseas is a major risk to the future growth of the primary sector. This paper reviews one part of the overall problem by discussing the historical role of exotic forage germplasm in plant improvement in New Zealand, and quantifies the current contribution of recently imported plant material to exports from the pastoral sector. In the past 30 years there has been a large increase in the number of improved cultivars. There are now 115 forage cultivars of 26 species available to farmers, compared with 20 cultivars and 12 species in the early 1970s. 65 per cent of these contain exotic germplasm. The current annual contribution of cultivars containing exotic forage germplasm to New Zealand pastoral exports of around $14 billion is $735 million. This represents an almost 6 fold increase over the figure of $128 million in 1992, which is significantly faster than the 75% increase in pastoral exports in the same period. A more important issue is the loss of future opportunities which will result from the continuation of restricted access to novel material from overseas. These include responses to climate change, biosecurity breaches and developments in biotechnology, food type and quality and endophyte. A return to the well tried system of accredited institutions carrying out field evaluations under supervision is proposed.
Interactions between host plant genotype and Neotyphodium fungal endophytes affects insects
Authors: Popay A.J. , Easton H.S.
Published: March 2021

Neotyphodium endophytes usually confer resistance on their host grasses to insect attack, but can also occasionally increase host plant susceptibility to particular insects. In either case host plant genotype interaction with the endophyte appears to play a role in determining the strength of the interactions between the insect and its host. An example of this is the relationship between the root aphid, Aploneura lentisci and perennial ryegrass infected with different strains of endophyte. Aphid numbers on individual ryegrass plants infected with the Wild-type endophyte are generally similar to, or less than, those on endophyte-free (Nil) ryegrass whereas populations on plants infected with the AR1 endophyte are significantly higher. By analysing for differences between individual plants using data from five different samplings, significant differences in both the total number of root aphid per plant and aphid loading (number/g of root) were found among 20 plants infected with either the Wild-type or AR1 (P
The role of perennial ryegrass endophyte in Italian ryegrass
Authors: Cooper Bruce , Hume David , Panckhurst Kathryn , Popay Alison , Lyons Tom
Published: March 2021

Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and short-term hybrid ryegrass (L. boucheanum) have reliable establishment and high cool season growth, but varying persistence after the first summer. In Northland, there is increased stress on ryegrass from invertebrate insect attack. Selected strains of endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii) have been identified that protect perennial ryegrass from invertebrate attack. Two of these endophyte strains (AR1 and AR37) were inoculated into two Italian ryegrass cultivars (Status and Corvette) and compared in a small plot agronomic trial with the same cultivars free or low in the naturally-occurring endophyte N. occultans. From April 2004 to June 2005, ryegrass plots with these endophyte-cultivar combinations were measured for dry matter yields and plant survival under summer/autumn insect pressure in Northland. In autumn/winter 2005, novel endophytes resulted in greater plant survival and yield advantages (82%) than the same cultivars with no/low N. occultans endophyte. These effects were consistent across cultivars. Increased agronomic performance corresponded with lower damage from African black beetle larvae (Heteronychus arator). This result has implications for extending the persistence and potential yields of Italian/hybrid ryegrass pastures subject to pest attack.
Reaction of Trifolium semipilosum to four species of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp)
Authors: Mercer C.F. , Barrett B.A.
Published: March 2021

The clover root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne trifoliophila (Mt), debilitates white clover (Trifolium repens) in New Zealand pastures. Genetic resistance (R) to Mt in white clover is complexly inherited and difficult to utilise in breeding programmes. Single-gene, dominant, and complete R to Mt has been identified at the TRKR locus in T. semipilosum. The current study aimed to characterise the T. semipilosum reaction to three additional root-knot nematode species, viz. M. hapla, M. javanica, and M. incognita and if resistant, to determine if TRKR was the R source. Tests were conducted in peat-based potting mix in a temperature-controlled glasshouse using a subset of Mt-resistant and Mt-susceptible plants from the full-sib T. semipilosum population used to map TRKR. Mt resistant and susceptible white clover plants were challenged with Mt, M. hapla, M. incognita, and M. javanica for comparison. Experiments confirmed that T. semipilosum was able to host the four Meloidogyne species. Some T. semipilosum plants exhibited R to M. javanica and M. incognita whereas all were uniformly susceptible to M. hapla. There were no correlated reactions among the full-sib plants to challenge by the four nematode species, suggesting the genetic factor(s) conferring R to M. javanica and M. incognita are independent of the TRKR locus. Furthermore, the R to Mt is complete, with no galls formed on challenged plants whereas the observed R to M. javanica and M. incognita is apparently partial. White clover plants either resistant or susceptible to Mt were uniformly susceptible to M. hapla and M. javanica. These experiments suggest that T. semipilosum is a source of multiple nematode R loci. We plan to characterise further nematode resistances at loci in Trifolium genomes, and to investigate transfer of R alleles from T. semipilosum to white clover and other economic species.
Non-ryegrass pastures - the science and farmer practice
Authors: Musgrave D.J.
Published: March 2021

A review of recently published science demonstrates that relatively simple non-perennial ryegrass mixtures have performed well in environments as diverse as under deer grazing in Dunedin and the Manawatu, under sheep grazing in dryland mid-Canterbury, and under both irrigated and dryland dairy cow grazing in the Waikato and Northland. Animal productivity has been lifted by up to 30% in milk solids and 50% in deer liveweight gain in non-perennial ryegrass mixtures compared to perennial ryegrass-based pastures. In some cases, the ryegrass pasture has produced similar or more dry matter, yet animal performance has been greater on the non-perennial ryegrass pastures. In other cases, dry matter productivity from complex nonryegrass mixtures has been around 30% higher than from perennial ryegrass pastures. Interviews with farmers from South Canterbury to Northland have all reported positive experiences with non-ryegrass pastures and most have said they will not be planting perennial ryegrass-based pastures again.
Black beetle: lessons from the past and options for the future
Authors: Bell N.L. , Townsend R.J. , Popay A.J. , Mercer C.F. , Jackson T.A.
Published: March 2021

An outbreak of the pasture insect pest black beetle began in the Waikato and Bay of Plenty in 2007/8 and has persisted. The extent and severity of damage caused by black beetle during the current outbreak has focused farmer and researcher attention on methods to maintain persistent pasture now and in future outbreaks. This paper reviews previous research in combination with data from the current outbreak and relates these to current pasture management practice. The possibility of being able to predict the distribution, occurrence and duration of black beetle outbreaks is explored while actual and potential means of controlling black beetle are outlined. We conclude that there are methods available to successfully renew pastures in the presence of black beetle but that outbreak situations increase risks and may limit subsequent pasture persistence. There are fewer readily available options to maintain an existing pasture and more research is urgently needed to provide these options. Keywords: Heteronychus arator, paspalum, pasture, pasture renewal, pest resistance, pest tolerance, ryegrass
Endophytes improve ryegrass persistence by controlling insects
Authors: Popay A.J. , Hume D.E.
Published: March 2021

Fungal endophytes reduce populations and damage by several different insect pests which alone or in combination with each other can reduce ryegrass persistence. AR1, AR37, the Standard endophytes and two endophytes in tetraploid ryegrasses, NEA2 in cv. Bealey and Endo5 in cvs. Quartet II and Banquet II, are available to the New Zealand farmer. Their effects on insects depend on the spectrum and concentration of alkaloids they produce. Argentine stem weevil is controlled by all endophytes except perhaps Bealey NEA2; black beetle is controlled by all endophytes except AR1; pasture mealybug are controlled by AR1, AR37 and Standard and likely to also be controlled by Endo5 and NEA2; porina and root aphid are controlled by AR37. Increased persistence of ryegrass infected with endophyte is reflected in increases in endophyte infection rates in pasture, higher yields and tiller densities and reduced weed invasion, particularly where climatic stress is also present. AR37, with the protection it provides against a range of insect pests, is the most effective endophyte for improving persistence. Keywords: alkaloids, Argentine stem weevil, black beetle, insect damage, Neotyphodium
Persistence of Grazing Tolerant Lucernes under Australian Conditions
Authors: Sewell J.C. , Hill R.D. , Reich J.
Published: March 2021

Recent experiments have demonstrated that lucerne (Medicago sativa) varieties selected for grazing tolerance will persist far better when grazed for extended periods than varieties not selected for grazing tolerance. A field experiment, with lucerne varieties representing a range of winter activity ratings, was conducted at Ballarat. After 2.5 years of rotational grazing the experiment was continuously grazed for 173 days from late spring to early autumn at a stocking rate equivalent to 50 sheep/ha. This intensity is not considered much higher than some farmers would adopt during a drought. Ground cover of some varieties had significantly declined by the end of the grazing period but further decline occurred throughout the following winter months while livestock were excluded. The grazing tolerant lines persisted better than most standards, even those within the same dormancy category, with some standards almost completely dead while the grazing tolerant lines were over 60% alive. Keywords: grazing tolerance, lucerne (Medicago sativa), persistence
Identifying the need for pasture renewal and valuing the contribution of renewal on a dairy farm - Telford Dairy, a case study
Authors: Stevens D.R. , Knowles I.
Published: March 2021

How do we know which pastures to renew and do we increase profitability when we renew them? An inventory of pasture production of the Telford dairy farm was developed using paddock grazing records to estimate potential pasture production and variability from different soil types. Using the difference between low and high producing pastures as the potential for improvement, the change in pasture production with renewal was calculated and valued using several methods, from the simple conversion of extra dry matter into milk solids production through to whole farm systems optimisation using Farmax Dairy Pro. The cost of pasture renewal was highest when valued by the Pasture Renewal Charitable Trust model when the cost of lost grazing was estimated. The return for pasture renewal was lowest from Farmax Dairy Pro modelling when whole farm-integration was considered. At the average value of milk for the last 5 years, the payback period was between 2.5 and 3.1 years, depending on the model used. Keywords: analysis, modelling, pasture production records, pasture renewal, soil types.
Plant responses to climate and relationships with pasture persistence
Authors: Chapman D.F. , Edwards G.R. , Nie Z.N.
Published: March 2021

Relationships between climatic factors and persistence of grazed perennial ryegrass and white clover pastures in New Zealand are reviewed from an ecophysiological perspective. 'Persistence' is defined in terms of physical survival of plants of sown cultivars: the effects of climate on plant populations are considered. Substantial information is available on the population dynamics of perennial ryegrass and white clover in different climatic environments, particularly on the influence of drought on populations. Substantial, direct negative effects of drought on the density of perennial ryegrass tillers and white clover stolons have been recorded, though populations have generally recovered after release from drought conditions. Otherwise, the effects of climaterelated resource limitations on population size are more likely to be interactive, working in concert with other factors such as management, soil fertility and insect pest challenges to limit the capacity of homeostatic responses to restore the optimal (for long term survival) balance between above- and below-ground resources. The relative extent to which more recent cultivars of perennial ryegrass are able to tolerate multiple, simultaneous resource limitations compared to older cultivars (with different phenotype) is considered, but there is little direct evidence on this matter. Issues that should be considered in future pasture persistence research are identified and discussed. One of these concerns is the persistence of trait expression in cultivars bred for specific traits. More research on this topic is warranted, since molecular plant breeding techniques are strongly based on trait manipulation, and genotype x environment interactions can be expected in the spatially and temporally variable environment of grazed pastures. Keywords: drought, ecology, plant breeding, ryegrass, white clover
Ryegrass in pastures - breeding for resilience
Authors: Easton H.S. , Stewart A.V. , Kerr G.A.
Published: March 2021

The suggestion that modern pasture cultivars persist less well than their predecessors is not supported by facts. However in some regions there is a crisis in farmer experience of persistence of ryegrass pastures, and ryegrass breeding can contribute to a resolution. This paper considers the turnover of tillers in a pasture, the population structure of a grass sward and the involvement of endophyte and companion clover. Knowledge gaps in key processes of pasture persistence are discussed. The plant breeding process involves access to relevant genetic variation, its assessment, and creation of improved populations and eventually cultivars based on selected superior plants. All these scientific processes use ever-evolving techniques. Breeding objectives evolve with industry needs and the changing environment. The methods employed in the breeding phases, the breeding objectives and the final evaluation of cultivars require ongoing revision. Plant breeding will make a growing contribution to modern farming if its developing capabilities are interfaced with other research disciplines providing critical information on key pasture processes. Keywords: Lolium perenne, endophyte, persistence, tillering
Pasture renewal in the Waikato and Bay of Plenty regions: An overview of farmer practice, experience and attitudes
Authors: Smith Kelly , Brazendale R.
Published: March 2021

Pasture persistence and performance, and associated issues such as black beetle, are of central concern to dairy farmers. The Pasture Renewal Survey 2010 aimed to better understand farmers' confidence in their ability to make informed decisions on their pasture renewal practices, their satisfaction with the success of this decision-making and the performance of their renewed pastures over time. In addition, the survey investigated their attitudes to information sources and what barriers they saw to improving pasture performance on farm. A postal and online survey elicited responses from 776 dairy farmers in the Waikato and Bay of Plenty regions. The four main findings of the work were: 1. Farmers are more confident of their ability to make appropriate on-farm management decisions for renewed pasture than they are of their ability to choose appropriate cultivars and endophyte. 2. Farmers, while generally satisfied with their own success in renewing pasture, reported decreasing levels of satisfaction with renewed pastures over the 3 successive years following renewal. 3. Farmers do not rate information sources very highly in terms of their usefulness in relation to pasture renewal. 4. Weather-related issues and pest-related issues (particularly black beetle) were the most commonly identified barriers to improving pasture performance. Keywords: farmer confidence, farmer satisfaction, information sources, pasture renewal.
HEAT DAMAGE AND DRYING EFFECTS ON SEED QUALITY
Authors: Hill M.J. , Johnstone C.R.
Published: March 2021

Heat damage to seed can occur as a result of the cumulative effects of respiration and fungal heating, and by the accumulation and retention of radiant heat within the seed mass following harvest - both situations being collectively referred to as 'field heating'. Another type of heating damage occurs in heated air drying systems. Excessive drying air temperature can have deleterious effects on seed quality - this is generally referred to as "drying damage". Both 'field heating' and 'drying damage' result in loss of quality due to the thermosensitivity of seeds. This is a characteristic which is markedly influenced by the seed moisture content, by the extent and duration of heat production, and by the retention of heat within the seed mass. The role of the thermophilic fungi, Aspergillus spp., in accentuating heat damage, and the effects of both 'field heat' and 'drying damage' on the market acceptability and quality of seed is also discussed. Keywords: Respiration heating, fungal heating, Aspergillus, seed quality
Establishment and management of sown finishing pastures
Authors: Cosgrove G.P. , Hay R.J.M. , Boswell C.C.
Published: March 2021

Over the last decade at least seven improved pasture cultivars which have application in the summer moist finishing regions of Manawatu, coastal and south Otago and Southland have been released. Ryegrass and white clover are the dominant pasture components in these regions. Production from such pastures is limited by cool winter temperatures in OtagoISouthland and by summer moisture stress in Manawatu (see Chapter 7). Improved cultivars of ryegrass and white clover, alternative species and better management strategies can be used to lessen the effect of these limitations. The establishment and management aspects are discussed in this chapter.
Limitations to production and choice of species in finishing pastures
Authors: Harris A.J. , Chu A.C.P.
Published: March 2021

During the past 15 years many new pasture species and cultivars have been released and are now commercially available. However, with the exception of Nui and Ellett ryegrasses, only a few have received enthusiastic acceptance by farmers. Acceptance depends in part to the extent to which the new plant can overcome periods of low productivity. Other reasons which are the frequent subject of comment by seed merchants include historic use of a pasture mixture and seed cost.
Pasture growth limitations in hill country and choice of species
Authors: Chapman D.F. , Macfarlane M.J.
Published: March 2021

There is undoubted potential for large increases in farm production from steep hill country. Estimates suggest stock numbers could more than doubie through both land development and intensification of current enterprises to top farmer levels. Many factors, economic, physical and social, influence current output, land development and intensification. Our intention is to review the physical and biological limitations to pasture production. These are of considerable concern to the farmer. In a recent survey, winter-early spring and summer feed shortages were the first and third most important reasons nominated by farmers for not carrying more stock.
Description Of Species
Authors: Anon A.
Published: March 2021

The attributes of each species are described in turn, starting with the legume, followed by grasses, and then herbs and shrubs. Within each of these main groups the species are listed in approximate order of their importance within the high country. Where several cultivars of a particular species are available, the most suitable ones are mentioned. With less emphasis on cultivar testing in recent years, some of the recommendations are becoming somewhat dated.
The High Country Environment
Authors: Anon A.
Published: March 2021

The most important environmental factors influencing farming and the choice of pasture species are: l Temperature l Soil moisture 0 Soil fertility 0 Pasture management. Temperature and moisture gradients define the general pattern of soils, original vegetation and present farming systems within New Zealand (Figure 1). With decreasing moisture and temperature, pasture production falls, so pasture yields in the high country are generally much lower than elsewhere. The traditionally large size of both paddocks and runs in the high country was related to the low level of pasture yield from native vegetation.
SEED CERTIFICATION
Authors: Broadfoot K.G.
Published: March 2021

The provision of good seed is an essential requirement for a healthy primary production industry. Without good seed, pastures and crops can be low producing, livestock production less than optimal and land not utilised to advantage. An effective Seed Industry needs: * Plant Breeders to produce suitable cultivars for the differing requirements in various parts of New Zealand. * An authority to supervise the multiplication of the seed produced by the breeder. * Skilled and efficient farmers to grow the seed. * Modern cleaning plants capable of removing impurities from the harvested seed. * An efficient seed trade to expedite the flow of seed from producer to consumer (NZ and overseas). * A means of ensuring that contaminated seed does not spread undesirable weeds through NZ. * Plant Quarantine regulations which can effectively prevent the entry of diseases, insects and undesirable species. * A prompt and accurate seed testing service. Seed certification is a means of achieving all these.
MANAWA, MOATA AND TAMA
Authors: Brown K.R. , Mcintosh R.R.
Published: March 2021

Grasslands Manawa, Moata and Tama are greenfeed crops. Manawa is a perennial x Italian hybrid, also known as 'short-rotation ryegrass'. Moata is a tetraploid Italian ryegrass and Tama is a tetraploid Westerwolds Italian ryegrass (i.e., it is an extreme annual type). About 1500 ha of these three were entered for certification in the 1987/88 season; twice as much Moata was sown as Manawa and Tama. Yields of l$OO kg ha-' are achieved by specialist growers in these crops; in theory yields of 2000 kg ha-' should be possible.
HERBICIDES AND FERTILISERS
Authors: Ralston M.P.
Published: March 2021

In the battle against weeds one can either try the Father Christmas approach -hoe, hoe, hoe, ,., or try herbicides However, before beginning on the herbicide approach it must be stated that with increases- in the price of herbicides, and awareness of associated problems including weed tolerance, hoeing and spot-spraying should be a more common practice. The weed problem is such that one in ten ryegrass seed crops are rejected or downgraded because of weeds. This is a massive mortality rate. Seventy-five percent of all rejections and downgradings are because of weeds; they are a major .problem in seed production. Wild oats are a major contributor to the problem, also soft brome (also known as goosegrass) particularly when over-threshed; bearing this in mind headers should be adjusted to' keep awns intact.
ESTABLISHMENT, SPACING DENSITY AND GRAZING EFFECT
Authors: Hare M.D.
Published: March 2021

For the production of acceptable yields of grass seeds, attention must be paid throughout the life of the plant towards encouraging the type of growth and development that is likely to result in the maximum seed production from any particular stand during its lifetime. The lifetime of certified grass seed crops'in New Zealand ranges from one harvest season for Tama ryegrass, to four harvest seasons for perennial ryegrass, six for tall fescue, seven for phalaris and eight for cocksfoot. Management of these stands, particularly the long term stands, is a year round process right from the day harvest is finished until the next season's harvest. In this paper severalcultural aspects of grass seed production which will encourage consistent high seed yields throughout the lifetime of the stand, and methods of avoiding the decline in seed yields that often comes with stand age, will be discussed. Particular emphasis will be placed on plant density in establishing the stand, time of establishment and post-harvest management.
Inheritance of multifoliolate leaves in white clover
Authors: Ford J.L. , Claydon R.B.
Published: March 2021

During 1988/89 selected white clover (Trifolium repens L.) genotypes were studied to determine their inheritance of multifoliolate (mf) leaves in relation to the multifoliolate percentage of the parent material. Genotypes differing in multifoliolate frequency were crossed in an incomplete diallel with plants from three Grasslands white clover cultivars, Huia, Kopu and Tahora. Each cultivar was used in three separate pair crosses, with genotypes expressing multifoliolate leaf percentages of 25%, 50% and 75% respectively. These mf plants were also pair crossed and plants from within each cultivar were pair crossed 3 times. All plants in the total of 21 pair crosses were bee pollinated. Harvested seed from each genotype was sown and raised under glasshouse conditions, and after ninety days each young plant was evaluated for mf leaf production. Leaf count results showed that 31% of cultivar x mf genotypes expressed mf leaves, while in the mf x mf programme 90% of genotypes displayed mf leaves. A distinct increase in the percentage of multifoliolate leaves occurred in crosses between mf plants and the trifoliolate cultivars when the mf genotype was the maternal parent. It is apparent that the multifoliolate character is heritable and that the percentage of mf leaves can be increased through breeding and selection. Keywords: expression levels, inheritance, multifoliolate, white clover
Leaf senescence and clonal growth of white clover
Authors: Butcher S.M. , Fountain D.W. , Mcmanus M.T.
Published: March 2021

Leaf senescence is a programmed event where resources are mobilised from older tissues to the meristematic regions of the plant. In white clover (Trifolium repens L.), leaf and stolon senescence have an important impact on the persistence of the legume in pasture. As part of our investigation of leaf senescence, we have evidence for a central role for the plant hormone ethylene and have identified genes encoding ethylene biosynthetic enzymes. In this paper we include data showing some physiological changes as leaf tissue undergoes senescence and present evidence for the role of ethylene in regulating this process. Keywords: chlorophyll, ethylene, senescence, stolon, leaf, Trifolium repens L.
Issues affecting the competitiveness of white clover rhizobia in New Zealand pastures
Authors: Ronson C.W. , Lowther W.L.
Published: March 2021

Research into improving symbiotic nitrogen fixation of white clover in New Zealand pastures through the introduction of effective rhizobia is reviewed. Naturalised populations of rhizobia are usually highly diverse and of reduced effectiveness compared to inoculant strains, and large increases in nitrogen fixed have been found in situations where high nodule occupancy by an inoculant strain was obtained. The likelihood of an inoculant strain initially forming a high proportion of nodules is dependent on the size of the naturalised and inoculant populations, and the strain of rhizobia. Lack of persistence of the inoculant strain in competition with naturalised rhizobia also limits improvement of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in pasture through inoculation. Recent studies suggest that genetic instability of inoculant strains and exchange of symbiotic plasmids contribute to the diversity of naturalised populations and lack of inoculant persistence. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the ecology of naturalised populations, including their genetic interactions with inoculant strains, in order to develop strategies to improve the competitiveness and persistence of inoculant strains. Alternatively it may be possible to increase the effectiveness of indigenous populations through gene transfer from the inoculant strain. The possibility of breeding specific host cultivar/rhizobial strain combinations also merits further research. Keywords: competition, genetic stability, inoculation, nitrogen fixation, rhizobia, white clover