bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dimensões do mercado de crédito e crescimento econômico municipal no Brasil
Authors: Tomazzia Eduardo Cardeal , Jesus Cleiton Silva de , Gonçalves Flávio de Oliveira
Published: April 2018

O objetivo geral deste artigo é verificar a relação entre desenvolvimento do setor bancário e crescimento econômico em nível local no Brasil. Para tanto, foi investigado empiricamente um painel de dados de municípios brasileiros, no período de 1999 a 2008, e comparados indicadores de crédito com indicadores de produto. Como inovação em relação a trabalhos anteriores, a dimensão regional do desenvolvimento bancário foi considerada como alternativa e complemento às variáveis de nível local. Entre os principais resultados encontrados, verificou-se a grande importância das variáveis de crédito para explicar o produto, em especial às variáveis referentes às micro e mesorregiões. Além disso, constatou-se que a relação de causalidade, no sentido de Granger, indica uma relação de bicausalidade entre o produto per capita e as variáveis de crédito. Com as evidências aqui encontradas parece seguro afirmar que a dimensão do mercado de crédito relevante para o crescimento econômico municipal no Brasil é o micro e meso-regional.
Os determinantes do desenvolvimento (catching up) na abordagem neoschumpeteriana: integrando a teoria microeconômica evolucionária com conceito de revoluções tecnológicas
Authors: Lopes Herton Castiglioni
Published: April 2018

O texto objetiva integrar a teoria microeconômica evolucionária com a ideia de revoluções tecnológicas e seus desdobramentos, reunindo elementos que ajudam a explicar o desenvolvimento econômico (catching up) das nações ao longo do tempo. Os autores neoschumpeterianos mantêm foco no estudo da inovação e fornecem uma série de análises complementares, sem as quais é impossível compreender os diferenciais de desenvolvimento entre os países. A partir do que está pro- posto, observa-se que o desenvolvimento acontece diante do progresso técnico, quando se abrem as janelas de oportunidade de uma revolução tecnológica, que faz surgir novos paradigmas tecnoeconômicos e direciona a inovação no âmbito das firmas.
Efeitos do setor de ocupação e da escolaridade do trabalhador sobre a probabilidade de inserção em faixas salariais nos municípios de Minas Gerais nos anos 2000
Authors: Cruz Aline Cristina , Paiva Pedro Henrique de Abreu , Vieira Norberto Martins
Published: April 2018

Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar os efeitos, provenientes das diferenças de ocupação dos setores produtivos e do nível de escolaridade, dos trabalhadores sobre a probabilidade de comporem faixas salariais distintas nos municípios mineiros nos anos de 2000 e de 2010. Para tal, usou-se o censo demográfico desses anos e o instrumental dos modelos Logit. Os resultados comprovam que, quando considerados os setores produtivos, os indivíduos possuem diferentes probabilidades de inserção em faixas salariais determinadas, embora tais disparidades tenham diminuído ao longo dos anos 2000. Destaca-se que a educação demonstra maior relevância neste estudo, pois revela maior probabilidade de inserção em faixas salariais superiores, principalmente para indivíduos com curso superior, sobretudo no ano de 2010. Em suma, fica evidente que as políticas públicas de melhoria da distribuição de renda em Minas Gerais devem se voltar principalmente ao nível educacional de sua população.
Cuidados paliativos: enfrentamento dos enfermeiros de um hospital privado na cidade do Rio de Janeiro – RJ / Palliative care: coping nurses in a private hospital in the city of Rio de Janeiro - RJ
Authors: Morais Evelyn Nascimento de , Conrad Deise , Mattos Elane Moreira de , Cruz Samuel Augusto Chaves da , Machado Glaucia Costa , Abreu Maiza de Oliveira
Published: April 2018

Objetivo: evidenciar o entendimento dos enfermeiros sobre Cuidados Paliativos, identificar os principais desafios encontrados pelos enfermeiros que cuidam de pacientes fora da possibilidade terapêutica e detectar o enfrentamento destes enfermeiros ao lidarem com essa clientela. Métodos: tratou-se de um estudo de caráter exploratório, descritivo numa abordagem qualitativa. O instrumento de coleta de dados foi por meio de uma entrevista semi estruturada. A amostra foi composta por 13 Enfermeiros, com idade superior a 20 anos, que possuíam no mínimo um ano de experiência na prática hospitalar e que tivessem prestado assistência ao paciente em cuidados paliativos. Resultados: os dados foram analisados pelo conteúdo proposto por Bardin e nos permitiu a criação de três categorias. Conclusão: percebemos que os profissionais de enfermagem enfrentam conflitos internos ao prestarem assistência à pacientes sem possibilidade de cura. Acreditamos que o favorecimento de momentos de discussões em grupo, troca de experiências, palestras institucionais, reuniões com a equipe multiprofissional para abordar essa temática, seria de extrema importância, pois estaria alicerçando e assessorando os profissionais de enfermagem a lidarem melhor com suas sensações e desafios frente a assistência dessa específica clientela.
Corporeidade de adoecidos oncológicos em cuidados paliativos domiciliares: a vivência de familiares cuidadores / Corporeality of oncological patients in palliative home care: the experience of family caregivers
Authors: Martins Raisa Silva , Correa Júnior Antonio Jorge Silva , Santana Mary Elizabeth de , Santos Lucialba Maria Silva dos
Published: April 2018

Objetivo: Descrever a vivência de cuidadores no que concerne aos cuidados às dimensões do corpo de adoecidos em cuidados paliativos domiciliares. Método: Estudo do tipo descritivo com abordagem qualitativa por intermédio da Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin, realizado com cuidadores domiciliares com familiares cadastrados pelo Serviço de Atendimento Domiciliar de um Centro de Assistência de Alta Complexidade em Oncologia. Resultados e Discussão: A população estudada compreendeu 10 cuidadoras que recebiam visitas domiciliares. A partir da análise dos códigos e conteúdos das mensagens, foram categorizadas unidades dos discursos em dois eixos. São eles: “Corporeidade: Cuidados vivenciados que atendem as Necessidades Orgânicas” e “Corporeidade: Cuidados Vivenciados que atendem as necessidades Psicoemocionais, Psicoespirituais e Ambientais”. Conclusão: o cuidado está compartimentalizado para os familiares que contrapõem os préstimos ao corpo social e préstimos ao corpo físico, recordando primeiramente do último.
Educação permanente em saúde: a concepção freireana como subsídio à gestão do cuidado / Permanent education in health: the freire concept as an aid in care management
Authors: Costa Maria Antônia Ramos , Souza Verusca Soares de , Teston Elen Ferraz , Spigolon Dandara Novakowski , Matsuda Laura Misue
Published: April 2018

Objetivo: Investigar o emprego da educação permanente na gestão do cuidado, embasado nos referenciais de Paulo Freire. Método: Estudo do tipo metassíntese da literatura. A busca dos artigos/publicações foi realizada nos meses de junho e julho de 2014, nas bases de dados da Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs), Índice Bibliográfico Español de Ciencias de La Salud (IBECS) e; Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), contempladas pela Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS). Após a fase de localização, da leitura do título e do resumo, foram selecionados seis artigos para análise. Resultados: As informações apreendidas na análise dos dados foram sintetizadas e agrupadas em duas categorias: Educação Permanente em Saúde - perspectiva conceitual e; Educação Permanente em Saúde e o Método Paulo Freire. Conclusão: A Educação Permanente, especialmente na enfermagem, é apontada como estratégia que promove a melhoria da gestão e do cuidado.
The involvement of 4‐1BB/4‐1BBL signaling in glial cell‐mediated hypothalamic inflammation in obesity
Authors: Kim Jiye , Kwon Yoon‐Hee , Kim Chu‐Sook , Tu Thai H. , Kim Byung‐Sam , Joe Yeonsoo , Chung Hun T. , Goto Tsuyoshi , Kawada Teruo , Park Taesun , Choi Myung‐Sook , Kim Min‐Seon , Yu Rina
Published: April 2018

Obesity‐induced inflammation occurs not only in peripheral tissues but also in areas of the central nervous system. Glial cells such as astrocytes and microglia play crucial roles in obesity‐related hypothalamic inflammation, leading to the derangement of energy metabolism and neurodegenerative pathologies. Here, we show that the interaction of 4‐1BB/4‐1BBL between lipid‐laden astrocytes/microglia promotes hypothalamic inflammation in obesity. Stimulation of 4‐1BB, a member of the TNF receptor superfamily, and/or its ligand 4‐1BBL on astrocytes and/or microglia with a specific agonist resulted in activation of the inflammatory signaling pathway and enhanced production of inflammatory mediators. Contact coculture of lipid‐laden astrocytes and microglia increased the production of inflammatory mediators, and blockade of the 4‐1BB/4‐1BBL interaction reduced the inflammatory response. Moreover, deficiency of 4‐1BB reduced hypothalamic inflammation in obese mice fed an high‐fat diet. These findings suggest that 4‐1BBL/4‐1BB signaling enhances the glial cell‐mediated inflammatory cross talk and participates in obesity‐induced hypothalamic inflammation.
DNA methylation and expression of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene in the hypothalamus of three‐week‐old chickens show sex‐specific differences
Authors: Rancourt Rebecca C. , Schellong Karen , Tzschentke Barbara , Henrich Wolfgang , Plagemann Andreas
Published: April 2018

Increased availability and improved sequence annotation of the chicken (Gallus gallus f. domestica) genome have sparked interest in the bird as a model system to investigate translational embryonic development and health/disease outcomes. However, the epigenetics of this bird genome remain unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of gene expression and DNA methylation at the proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene in the hypothalamus of 3‐week‐old chickens. POMC is a key player in the control of the stress response, food intake, and metabolism. DNA methylation of the promoter, CpG island, and gene body regions of POMC were measured. Our data illustrate the pattern, variability, and functionality of DNA methylation for POMC expression in the chicken. Our findings show correlation of methylation pattern and gene expression along with sex‐specific differences in POMC. Overall, these novel data highlight the promising potential of the chicken as a model and also the need for breeders and researchers to consider sex ratios in their studies.
Volume and recurrence of submarine‐fan‐building turbidity currents
Authors: Jobe Zane R. , Howes Nick , Romans Brian W. , Covault Jacob A.
Published: April 2018

Submarine fans are archives of Earth‐surface processes and change, recording information about the turbidity currents that construct and sculpt them. The volume and recurrence of turbidity currents are of great interest for geohazard assessment, source‐to‐sink modelling, and hydrocarbon reservoir characterization. Yet, such dynamics are poorly constrained. This study integrates data from four Quaternary submarine fans to reconstruct the volume and recurrence of the formative turbidity currents. Calculated event volumes vary over four orders of magnitude (105 to 109 m3), whereas recurrence intervals vary less, from 50 to 650 years. The calculated turbidity‐current‐event volume magnitudes appear to be related to slope position and basin confinement. Intraslope‐fan deposits have small event volumes (ca 106 m3) while ponded‐fan deposits have very large event volumes (108 to 109 m3). Deposits in non‐ponded, base‐of‐slope environments have intermediate values (107 to 108 m3). Sediment bypass in intraslope settings and flow trapping in ponded basins likely account for these differences. There seems to be no clear relationship between event recurrence and basin confinement. Weak scaling exists between event volume and source‐area characteristics, but sediment storage in fluvial and/or intraslope transfer zones likely complicates these relationships. The methodology and results presented here are also applied to reconstruct the time of deposition of ancient submarine‐fan deposits of the Tanqua Karoo basin, South Africa. The volume and recurrence of submarine‐fan‐building turbidity currents form intermediate values between values measured in submarine canyons and channels (<105 m3 and <101 years) and on abyssal plains (>108 m3 and >103 years), indicating that small, frequent flows originating in submarine canyons often die out prior to reaching the fan, while rare and very large flows mostly bypass the fan and deposit sediment on the abyssal plain. This partitioning of flow volume and recurrence along the submarine sediment‐routing system provides valuable insights for better constraining geohazards, hydrocarbon resources and the completeness of the stratigraphic record.
Energy demand and the context-dependent effects of genetic interactions underlying metabolism
Authors: Hoekstra Luke A. , Julick Cole R. , Mika Katelyn M. , Montooth Kristi L.
Published: April 2018

Genetic effects are often context dependent, with the same genotype differentially affecting phenotypes across environments, life stages, and sexes. We used an environmental manipulation designed to increase energy demand during development to investigate energy demand as a general physiological explanation for context-dependent effects of mutations, particularly for those mutations that affect metabolism. We found that increasing the photoperiod during which Drosophila larvae are active during development phenocopies a temperature-dependent developmental delay in a mitochondrial-nuclear genotype with disrupted metabolism. This result indicates that the context-dependent fitness effects of this genotype are not specific to the effects of temperature and may generally result from variation in energy demand. The effects of this genotype also differ across life stages and between the sexes. The mitochondrial-nuclear genetic interaction disrupts metabolic rate in growing larvae, but not in adults, and compromises female, but not male, reproductive fitness. These patterns are consistent with a model where context-dependent genotype-phenotype relationships may generally arise from differences in energy demand experienced by individuals across environments, life stages, and sexes.
Piecing together the fragments: elucidating edge effects on forest carbon dynamics
Authors: Smith Ian A , Hutyra Lucy R , Reinmann Andrew B , Marrs Julia K , Thompson Jonathan R
Published: April 2018

Forest fragmentation is pervasive throughout the world's forests, impacting growing conditions and carbon (C) dynamics through edge effects that produce gradients in microclimate, biogeochemistry, and stand structure. Despite the majority of global forests being <1 km from an edge, our understanding of forest C dynamics is largely derived from intact forest systems. Edge effects on the C cycle vary by biome in their direction and magnitude, but current forest C accounting methods and ecosystem models generally fail to include edge effects. In the mesic northeastern US, large increases in C stocks and productivity are found near the temperate forest edge, with over 23% of the forest area within 30 m of an edge. Changes in the wind, fire, and moisture regimes near tropical forest edges result in decreases in C stocks and productivity. This review explores differences in C dynamics observed across biomes through a trade‐offs framework that considers edge microenvironmental changes and limiting factors to productivity.
Giant Enhancement in Rashba Spin‐Seebeck Effect in NiFe/p‐Si Thin Films
Authors: Bhardwaj Ravindra G. , Lou Paul C. , Kumar Sandeep
Published: April 2018

The spin‐Seebeck effect mediated thermoelectric energy conversion can provide an efficient alternative to traditional thermoelectrics for waste heat recovery. To achieve this goal, efficient spin to charge conversion using earth‐abundant materials is essential. Proximity induced Rashba effect arises from the charge potential mediated by structural inversion asymmetry, which has been reported in Si thin films and can be manipulated by controlling the thickness of Rashba layer. We demonstrate a giant Rashba spin‐Seebeck effect in NiFe/p‐Si (polycrystalline) bilayer thin films. The bilayer thin film specimens have p‐Si layer thickness of 5, 25, and 100 nm while keeping the NiFe layer thickness at 25 nm. The Rashba spin‐Seebeck coefficient has been estimated to be  μV K−1 for 100 nm p‐Si, and increases by an order of magnitude to  μV K−1 for 5 nm p‐Si. The measured spin‐Seebeck coefficient in 5 nm p‐Si specimen is one of the largest coefficients ever reported. The measured voltage of 100.3 μV is one of the largest reported spin‐Seebeck voltages, with smallest area of ≈160 × 10 μm2 used in any spin‐Seebeck measurement. This scientific and technological breakthrough using earth abundant elements brings the spin mediated thermoelectric energy conversion for waste heat recovery closer to reality.
Infrared singularities of QCD scattering amplitudes in the Regge limit to all orders
Authors: Caron-Huot Simon , Gardi Einan , Reichel Joscha , Vernazza Leonardo
Published: April 2018

Abstract

Scattering amplitudes of partons in QCD contain infrared divergences which can be resummed to all orders in terms of an anomalous dimension. Independently, in the limit of high-energy forward scattering, large logarithms of the energy can be resummed using Balitsky-Fadin-Kuraev-Lipatov theory. We use the latter to analyse the infraredsingular part of amplitudes to all orders in perturbation theory and to next-to-leading-logarithm accuracy in the high-energy limit, resumming the two-Reggeon contribution. Remarkably, we find a closed form for the infrared-singular part, predicting the Regge limit of the soft anomalous dimension to any loop order.
Extremal black hole horizons
Authors: Armas Jay , Harmark Troels , Obers Niels A.
Published: April 2018

Abstract

Using the blackfold effective theory applied to extremal Kerr branes we provide evidence for the existence of new stationary extremal black hole solutions in asymptotically flat spacetime with both single and multiple disconnected horizons. These include extremal doubly-spinning black rings, black saturns, di-rings and bi-rings in five spacetime dimensions as well as extremal Myers-Perry black holes and black saturns in dimensions greater than five. Some of these constructions constitute the first examples of black hole solutions with extremal disconnected horizons in vacuum Einstein gravity.
Connecting holographic Wess-Zumino consistency condition to the holographic anomaly
Authors: Shyam Vasudev
Published: April 2018

Abstract

The Holographic Wess-Zumino (HWZ) consistency condition is shown through a step by step mapping of renormalization group flows to Hamiltonian systems, to lead to the Holographic anomaly. This condition codifies how the energy scale, when treated as the emergent bulk direction in Holographic theories, is put on equal footing as the other directions of the space the field theory inhabits. So, this is a defining feature of theories possessing local Holographic bulk duals. In four dimensional Holographic conformal field theories, the a and c anomaly coefficients are equated, and this is seen as a defining property of theories which possess General Relativity coupled to matter as a dual. Hence, showing how the former consistency condition leads to the latter relation between anomaly coefficients adds evidence to the claim that the HWZ condition is a defining feature of theories possessing local gravity duals.
Combination of KLOE σ (e+e− → π+π−γ(γ)) measurements and determination of $$ {a}_{\mu}^{\pi^{+}{\pi}^{-}} $$ in the energy range 0.10 < s < 0.95 GeV2
Authors:   The KLOE-2 collaboration, Anastasi A. , Babusci D. , Berlowski M. , Bloise C. , Bossi F. , Branchini P. , Budano A. , Balkeståhl L. Caldeira , Cao B. , Ceradini F. , Ciambrone P. , Curciarello F. , Czerwinski E. , D’Agostini G. , Danè E. , De Leo V. , De Lucia E. , De Santis A. , De Simone P. , Di Cicco A. , Di Domenico A. , Domenici D. , D’Uffizi A. , Fantini A. , Fantini G. , Fermani P. , Fiore S. , Gajos A. , Gauzzi P. , Giovannella S. , Graziani E. , Ivanov V. L. , Johansson T. , Kang X. , Kisielewska-Kaminska D. , Kozyrev E. A. , Krzemien W. , Kupsc A. , Loffredo S. , Lukin P. A. , Mandaglio G. , Martini M. , Messi R. , Miscetti S. , Morello G. , Moricciani D. , Moskal P. , Passeri A. , Patera V. , del Rio E. Perez , Raha N. , Santangelo P. , Schioppa M. , Selce A. , Silarski M. , Sirghi F. , Solodov E. P. , Tortora L. , Venanzoni G. , Wislicki W. , Wolke M. , Keshavarzi A. , Müller S.E. , Teubner T.
Published: April 2018

Abstract

The three precision measurements of the cross section σ(e
+
e
− → π
+
π
−γ(γ)) using initial state radiation by the KLOE collaboration provide an important input for the prediction of the hadronic contribution to the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon. These measurements are correlated for both statistical and systematic uncertainties and, therefore, the simultaneous use of these measurements requires covariance matrices that fully describe the correlations. We present the construction of these covariance matrices and use them to determine a combined KLOE measurement for σ(e
+
e
− → π
+
π
−γ(γ)). We find, from this combination, a two-pion contribution to the muon magnetic anomaly in the energy range 0.10 < s < 0.95 GeV2 of

$$ {a}_{\mu}^{\pi^{+}{\pi}^{-}}=\left(489.8\pm {1.7}_{\mathrm{stat}}\pm {4.8}_{\mathrm{sys}}\right)\times {10}^{-10} $$

a
μ

π
+

π
−

=

489.8
±

1.7
stat

±

4.8

s
y
s

×

10

−
10

.

Data vectors and covariance matrices are available at http://www.lnf.infn.it/kloe/ppg/
ppg_2017/ppg_2017.html.
Cosmic censorship at large D: stability analysis in polarized AdS black branes (holes)
Authors: Iizuka Norihiro , Ishibashi Akihiro , Maeda Kengo
Published: April 2018

Abstract

We test the cosmic censorship conjecture for a class of polarized AdS black branes (holes) in the Einstein-Maxwell theory at large number of dimensions D. We first derive a new set of effective equations describing the dynamics of the polarized black branes (holes) to leading order in the 1/D expansion. In the case of black branes, we construct ‘mushroom-type’ static solutions from the effective equations, where a spherical horizon is connected with an asymptotic planar horizon through a ‘neck’ which is locally black-string shape. We argue that this neck part (of black string) cannot be pinched off dynamically from the perspective of thermodynamical stability. In the case of black holes, we show that the equatorial plane on the spherical horizon cannot be sufficiently squashed unless the specific heat is positive. We also discuss that the solutions are stable against linear perturbation, agreeing with the thermodynamical argument. These results suggest that Gregory-Laflamme type instability does not occur at the neck, in favor of the cosmic censorship.
A method for model-independent measurement of the CKM angle β via time-dependent analysis of the B0 → Dπ+π−, D → K0
sπ+π− decays
Authors: Bondar A. , Kuzmin A. , Vorobyev V.
Published: April 2018

Abstract

A new method for model-independent measurement of the CKM angle β is proposed, that employs time-dependent analysis of flavour-tagged B
0 → Dπ+π− decays with D meson decays into

$$ \mathcal{C}\mathcal{P} $$

C
P

-specific and K

s

0
π
+
π
− final states. This method can be used to measure the angle β with future data from the BelleII and LHCb experiments with the precision level of one degree.
The Root-Ely Modified Test of Rectus Femoris Spasticity Has Reliability in Individuals with Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Drefus Lisa C. , Clarke Siobhan , Resnik Karen , Koltsov Jayme , Dodwell Emily R. , Scher David M.
Published: April 2018

Background

Stiff-knee gait is a common gait deviation in individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) due to rectus femoris (RF) muscle spasticity. The Duncan-Ely test is a velocity-dependent measurement of spasticity that is recorded as positive or negative. At our institution, we use a modification of the Duncan-Ely test, a 5-point ordinal rating scale, which delineates where the catch occurs within the rapid arc of knee flexion. It has been named the Root-Ely test.

Questions/Purposes

We sought to determine the intra- and inter-rater reliability of the Duncan-Ely and Root-Ely tests in pediatric patients with CP.

Methods

A convenience sample of 20 ambulatory subjects was recruited; mean age was 10.5 ± 4.5 years, and the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels were I–III. Five clinicians measured each individual's RF spasticity using the Root-Ely protocol during a single visit. Simple κ statistics with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were utilized for intra-rater reliability and weighted κ statistics with 95% CI for inter-rater reliability.

Results

The Root-Ely scale intra-rater reliability was 0.77 to 0.90 and inter-rater reliability was 0.32 to 0.87. Inter-rater reliability was good to excellent among experienced clinicians and fair to moderate in new clinicians.

Conclusion

The Root-Ely 5-point scale has acceptable intra- and inter-rater reliability in pediatric individuals with CP among experienced clinicians. The Root-Ely test allows experienced clinicians to reliably quantify severity of RF spasticity and may give orthopaedic surgeons a clinical tool to better predict ideal candidates for RF transfers in individuals with CP in order to improve stiff-knee gait.
EFFECTS OF REGIONALIZED TRADE RESTRICTIONS ON QUANTITY EXPORTED DURING A HIGHLY PATHOGENIC AVIAN INFLUENZA EVENT
Authors: THOMPSON JADA M.
Published: April 2018

From December 2014 to June 2015, U.S. poultry was affected by highly pathogenic avian influenza that led to destruction of 48 million birds and losses in international trade. During the event, 45 countries placed trade restrictions on U.S. poultry exports, varying from regionalized to national poultry restrictions. Using a gravity model of trade, the effects on quantity traded is estimated for poultry exports at the aggregated and disaggregated commodity level to understand product flows during an event. Results indicate U.S. poultry exports benefit from countries willing to apply limited trade restrictions, and the trade impact varies across disaggregated commodities.
Tryptophan metabolic profile in term and preterm breast milk: implications for health
Authors: O'Rourke Louise , Clarke Gerard , Nolan Aoife , Watkins Claire , Dinan Timothy G. , Stanton Catherine , Ross R. Paul , Ryan Cornelius Anthony
Published: April 2018

Breast milk is the only source of the essential amino acid tryptophan (TRP) in breast-fed infants. Low levels of TRP could have implications for infant neurodevelopment. The objectives of the present study were to compare the relationship of TRP and its neuroactive pathway metabolites kynurenine (Kyn) and kynurenic acid (KynA) in preterm and term expressed breast milk (EBM) in the first 14 d following birth, and the relationship of TRP metabolism to maternal stress and immune status. A total of twenty-four mothers were recruited from Cork University Maternity Hospital: twelve term (>38 weeks) and twelve preterm (<35 weeks). EBM samples were collected on days 7 and 14. Free TRP, Kyn and KynA were measured using HPLC, total TRP using MS, cytokines using the Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) assay system, and cortisol using a cortisol ELISA kit. Although total TRP was higher in preterm EBM in comparison with term EBM (P< 0·05), free TRP levels were lower (P< 0·05). Kyn, KynA and the Kyn:TRP ratio increased significantly in term EBM from day 7 to day 14 (P< 0·05), but not in preterm EBM. TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 were higher in day 7 preterm and term EBM in comparison with day 14. There were no significant differences between term and preterm EBM cortisol levels. Increased availability of total TRP, lower levels of free TRP and alterations in the temporal dynamics of TRP metabolism in preterm compared with term EBM, coupled with higher EBM inflammatory markers on day 7, may have implications for the neurological development of exclusively breast-fed preterm infants.
Desert wetlands record hydrologic variability within the Younger Dryas chronozone, Mojave Desert, USA
Authors: Pigati Jeffrey S. , Springer Kathleen B. , Honke Jeffrey S.
Published: April 2018

One of the enduring questions in the field of paleohydrology is how quickly desert wetland ecosystems responded to past episodes of abrupt climate change. Recent investigations in the Las Vegas Valley of southern Nevada have revealed that wetlands expanded and contracted on millennial and sub-millennial timescales in response to changes in climate during the late Quaternary. Here, we evaluate geologic evidence from multiple localities in the Mojave Desert and southern Great Basin that suggests the response of wetland systems to climate change is even faster, occurring at centennial, and possibly decadal, timescales. Paleowetland deposits at Dove Springs Wash, Mesquite Springs, and Little Dixie Wash, California, contain evidence of multiple wet and dry cycles in the form of organic-rich black mats, representing periods of past groundwater discharge and wet conditions, interbedded with colluvial, alluvial, and aeolian sediments, each representing dry conditions. Many of these wet-dry cycles date to within the Younger Dryas (YD) chronozone (12.9–11.7 ka), marking the first timeintra-YD hydrologic variability has been documented in paleowetland deposits. Our results illustrate that desert wetland ecosystems are exceptionally sensitive to climate change and respond to climatic perturbations on timescales that are relevant to human society.
Persistent use of a shorebird staging site in the Yellow Sea despite severe declines in food resources implies a lack of alternatives
Authors: ZHANG SHOU-DONG , MA ZHIJUN , CHOI CHI-YEUNG , PENG HE-BO , BAI QING-QUAN , LIU WEN-LIANG , TAN KUN , MELVILLE DAVID S. , HE PENG , CHAN YING-CHI , VAN GILS JAN A. , PIERSMA THEUNIS
Published: April 2018

Many shorebird populations are in decline along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway. The rapid loss of coastal wetlands in the Yellow Sea, which provide critical stop-over sites during migration, is believed to be the cause of the alarming trends. The Yalu Jiang coastal wetland, a protected area in the north Yellow Sea, supports the largest known migratory staging populations of Bar-tailed GodwitsLimosa lapponica(menzbieriandbauerisubspecies) and Great KnotsCalidris tenuirostris. Monitoring of the macrozoobenthos food for these shorebirds from 2011 to 2016 showed declines of over 99% in the densities of the bivalvePotamocorbula laevis, the major food here for both Bar-tailed Godwits and Great Knots. The loss of the bivalve might be caused by any combination of, but not limited to: (1) change in hydrological conditions and sediment composition due to nearby port construction, (2) run-off of agrochemicals from the extensive shoreline sea cucumber farms, and (3) parasitic infection. Surprisingly, the numbers of birds using the Yalu Jiang coastal wetland remained stable during the study period, except for the subspecies of Bar-tailed GodwitL. l. menzbieri, which exhibited a 91% decline in peak numbers. The lack of an overall decline in the number of bird days in Great Knots and in the peak numbers ofL. l. baueri, also given the published simultaneous decreases in their annual survival, implies a lack of alternative habitats that birds could relocate to. This study highlights that food declines at staging sites could be an overlooked but important factor causing population declines of shorebirds along the Flyway. Maintaining the quality of protected staging sites is as important in shorebird conservation as is the safeguarding of staging sites from land claim. Meanwhile, it calls for immediate action to restore the food base for these beleaguered migrant shorebirds at Yalu Jiang coastal wetland.
Primary Distrust: Political Distrust and Support for the Insurgent Candidacies of Donald Trump and Bernie Sanders in the 2016 Primary
Authors: Dyck Joshua J. , Pearson-Merkowitz Shanna , Coates Michael
Published: April 2018

Donald Trump dominated the 2016 Republican primary despite the fact that he was not, in any meaningful sense, a Republican. Bernie Sanders came just shy of winning the Democratic nomination despite the fact that he switched his party affiliation from Independent to Democrat only three months before the election. Why did two candidates with no formal ties to the political parties fare so well? One possibility is that primary voters are more ideologically extreme and that ideology drives support for these candidates. However, another possibility is that concerns about government process drives support for insurgent candidates. We test the proposition that distrust was the primary motivator of primary voting for these two insurgent candidates using two datasets: a poll of New Hampshire voters fielded a week before their primary and a national poll taken in June 2016. Results confirm the hypothesis that distrust drove intraparty vote choice in the 2016 presidential primaries.
Faculty Constitutions in the Ivory Tower: Exploring the Balance of Power between the Professoriate and the Administration
Authors: Woessner Matthew , Kehler Jessica
Published: April 2018

The presumption that rules and institutional structures profoundly influence an organization’s behavior is deeply rooted in the study of governance. Whereas social scientists have explored the link between institutional structure and political power at the national, state, and local level, there is virtually no quantitative research on how competing constitutional frameworks influence power in an academic setting. The researchers theorize that, given academics’ relatively limited input into institutional decision making, faculty respondents will perceive they have greater influence when they exercise direct control over faculty representatives. Merging a database of academic constitutions with faculty survey responses from the North American Academic Survey (NAAS), the authors find that, even when controlling for institutional size, budget, and academic mission, some features of academic constitutions are strongly correlated with perceptions of faculty power. In general, more representative constitutions are strongly associated with faculty influence. However, contrary to the underlying theory, faculty employed at schools where an administrator is designated as the chair or president of the academic senate feel they are more influential than those that elect their own leader. The results suggest a new and potentially important line of inquiry for political researchers.
Phoning It In: Overcoming Implementation Challenges in Field-Experiment Partnerships
Authors: Calfano Brian Robert
Published: April 2018

The use of field experiments in political science has become extensive, but the promise of conducting a randomized intervention in a “real world” setting also raises perils for researchers. Partnering with organizations to deliver a randomized intervention may be a cost effective route to data collection, but a long-distance partnership presents certain challenges. In particular, the researcher needs to be especially vigilant about treatment application given the potential for noncompliance with the random assignment schedule. I provide an evaluation of a field intervention’s effectiveness where the long-distance partner organization inadvertently violated the random assignment of voter precincts in a canvassing effort prior to a citizen vote to repeal a non-discrimination housing ordinance protecting LGBT residents of a Midwestern city. I then provide recommendations for researchers to help mitigate treatment noncompliance when they cannot be present during treatment delivery.
Analytic Transparency, Radical Honesty, and Strategic Incentives
Authors: Yom Sean
Published: April 2018

As a pillar of Data Access and Research Transparency (DA-RT), analytic transparency calls for radical honesty about how political scientists infer conclusions from their data. However, honesty about one’s research practices often means discarding the linguistic template of deductive proceduralism that structures most writing, which in turn diminishes the prospects for successful publication. This dissonance reflects a unique dilemma: transparency initiatives reflect a vision of research drawn from the biomedical and natural sciences, and struggle with the messier, iterative, and open-ended nature of political science scholarship. Analytic transparency requires not only better individual practices, such as active citations, but also institutional strategies that reward radical honesty. Journals can provide authors with protected space to reveal research practices, further blind the review process, and experiment with special issues. More broadly, analytic openness can be mandated through procedural monitoring, such as real-time recording of research activities and keystroke logging for statistical programs.
Ideas matter
Authors: Deamer Peggy
Published: April 2018

Are current definitions of ‘research’ stifling ideas that might be relevant to our discipline? This paper explores how a drive toward empirical research - while linking architecture to issues, facts, and data important to architecture's relevance - also drives architecture away from speculative ideas necessary to imagining a better future. This observation is briefly examined in the four spheres of design, history/theory, teaching, and advocacy. In design, the move in research from program to production to mapping may be seen as a form of avoiding the very thing most needing ideas/research – how to change the way we conceive of design work. In history/theory, the drive to archival specificity may be seen as fear of speculation. In teaching, empirical models emphasising sustainability that are evidence of ‘real research’ may leave behind theory altogether. And in advocating for a more empowered profession, the requirement for financial data and economic validation as proof for necessitating change may miss the larger problem of our current self-imposed identity as architects. Ideas that are not justified by current norms of research are still necessary.
Lost in translation
Authors: Kapp Silke
Published: April 2018

This paper discusses the ongoing process of internationalisation of scientific research, and its peculiar implications for the field of architecture and planning. I first consider this field's traditional ability of translating and code-switching, as well as the recent experience of adjusting its research practices to academic assessment systems. I then explore some views about the global spread of modern science, from the ideal of a scientific community to the recognition of a political economy of internationalised science, which defines central and peripheral positions, and the kind of knowledge we produce, how we do it and what for. Finally, I propose that in architecture and planning, unlike in most other scientific fields, the nodes of international research networks tend to have different empirical objects, i.e., their own geographical regions. Peripheral research aiming at international relevance can hardly avoid complying with agendas and theoretical frameworks derived from very different socio-spatial environments, thus focusing on problems of minor importance for its own context. Yet architecture, as a weak-science with a tradition of code-switching, still holds the possibility of international collaboration on other terms, stressing differences rather than similarities, and the thorough debate of concepts, methods and theories.
Meteorological and Management Factors Influencing Weed Abundance during 18 Years of Organic Crop Rotations
Authors: Teasdale John R. , Mirsky Steven B. , Cavigelli Michel A.
Published: April 2018

Organic crop production is often limited by the inability to control weeds. An 18-yr data set of weed cover in organic crop rotations at the long-term Farming Systems Project at Beltsville, MD, was analyzed to identify meteorological and management factors influencing weed abundance. A path analysis using structural equation models was employed to distinguish between the direct effect of factors on weed cover and the indirect effect on weed cover through effects on crop competitiveness. Grain yield of corn (Zea maysL.) and soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] served as a surrogate for crop competitiveness and was found to be the most important factor influencing weed cover. Precipitation during late vegetative and early reproductive crop growth had a strong positive effect on crop yield, and thereby a negative indirect effect on weed cover, but this effect was partially offset by a positive direct effect on weed cover. Delayed crop planting date and crop rotational diversification including crops other than summer row crops had a moderate negative effect on weed cover, while having minimal effect on crop performance. Rotary hoeing also had a direct negative effect on weed cover, but a corresponding negative effect on crop performance resulted in a diminished total effect on weeds. Results demonstrate the complex interactions that define the relative abundance of weeds faced by organic growers, but, generally, factors that enhanced crop competitiveness provided the most effective weed management.
Cognitive Reflection Effects on Time Discounting
Authors: Białek Michał , Sawicki Przemysław
Published: April 2018

Abstract. In this work, we investigated individual differences in cognitive reflection effects on delay discounting – a preference for smaller sooner over larger later payoff. People are claimed to prefer more these alternatives they considered first – so-called reference point – over the alternatives they considered later. Cognitive reflection affects the way individuals process information, with less reflective individuals relying predominantly on the first information they consider, thus, being more susceptible to reference points as compared to more reflective individuals. In Experiment 1, we confirmed that individuals who scored high on the Cognitive Reflection Test discount less strongly than less reflective individuals, but we also show that such individuals are less susceptible to imposed reference points. Experiment 2 replicated these findings additionally providing evidence that cognitive reflection predicts discounting strength and (in)dependency to reference points over and above individual difference in numeracy.
Impact of Hurricanes and Nor’easters on Coastal Forests
Authors: Witman Sarah
Published: April 2018

Scientists trace severe storms’ effects through tree ring growth patterns.
Effects of sildenafil treatment on thermogenesis and glucose homeostasis in diet-induced obese mice
Authors: Johann Kornelia , Reis Marlen Colleen , Harder Lisbeth , Herrmann Beate , Gachkar Sogol , Mittag Jens , Oelkrug Rebecca
Published: April 2018

Abstract

Stimulation of thermogenic pathways appears to be a promising approach to find new ways of tackling metabolic diseases like obesity and diabetes mellitus type 2. Thermogenic, weight reducing and insulin sensitizing effects of phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE 5) inhibitors have recently been postulated, suggesting that modulators of endogenous cGMP signaling have the therapeutic potential to treat metabolic disorders. However, most studies have been performed in vitro or in animals that were not glucose intolerant. We, thus, aimed to test the metabolic effects of the PDE 5 inhibitor sildenafil by treating diet-induced obese (DIO) mice orally for 8 days. Surprisingly, our results revealed no changes in body temperature, brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis and gene expression in BAT and inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT), thus excluding a thermogenic or 'browning' effect of sildenafil in preexisting obesity. In contrast, sildenafil-treated DIO mice displayed changes in liver metabolism and glucose homeostasis resulting in impaired glucose tolerance (P < 0.05), demonstrating for the first time an unfavorable metabolic effect of increased hepatic cGMP signaling in obesity. As sildenafil is commonly prescribed to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension and erectile dysfunction in diabetic and/or obese patients, follow up studies are urgently required to re-evaluate the drug safety.
Impact of spatial organization on a novel auxotrophic interaction among soil microbes
Authors: Jiang Xue , Zerfaß Christian , Feng Song , Eichmann Ruth , Asally Munehiro , Schäfer Patrick , Soyer Orkun S
Published: April 2018

A key prerequisite to achieve a deeper understanding of microbial communities and to engineer synthetic ones is to identify the individual metabolic interactions among key species and how these interactions are affected by different environmental factors. Deciphering the physiological basis of species–species and species–environment interactions in spatially organized environments requires reductionist approaches using ecologically and functionally relevant species. To this end, we focus here on a defined system to study the metabolic interactions in a spatial context among the plant-beneficial endophytic fungus Serendipita indica, and the soil-dwelling model bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Focusing on the growth dynamics of S. indica under defined conditions, we identified an auxotrophy in this organism for thiamine, which is a key co-factor for essential reactions in the central carbon metabolism. We found that S. indica growth is restored in thiamine-free media, when co-cultured with B. subtilis. The success of this auxotrophic interaction, however, was dependent on the spatial and temporal organization of the system; the beneficial impact of B. subtilis was only visible when its inoculation was separated from that of S. indica either in time or space. These findings describe a key auxotrophic interaction in the soil among organisms that are shown to be important for plant ecosystem functioning, and point to the potential importance of spatial and temporal organization for the success of auxotrophic interactions. These points can be particularly important for engineering of minimal functional synthetic communities as plant seed treatments and for vertical farming under defined conditions.
Genomic expansion of magnetotactic bacteria reveals an early common origin of magnetotaxis with lineage-specific evolution
Authors: Lin Wei , Zhang Wensi , Zhao Xiang , Roberts Andrew P , Paterson Greig A , Bazylinski Dennis A , Pan Yongxin
Published: April 2018

The origin and evolution of magnetoreception, which in diverse prokaryotes and protozoa is known as magnetotaxis and enables these microorganisms to detect Earth’s magnetic field for orientation and navigation, is not well understood in evolutionary biology. The only known prokaryotes capable of sensing the geomagnetic field are magnetotactic bacteria (MTB), motile microorganisms that biomineralize intracellular, membrane-bounded magnetic single-domain crystals of either magnetite (Fe3O4) or greigite (Fe3S4) called magnetosomes. Magnetosomes are responsible for magnetotaxis in MTB. Here we report the first large-scale metagenomic survey of MTB from both northern and southern hemispheres combined with 28 genomes from uncultivated MTB. These genomes expand greatly the coverage of MTB in the Proteobacteria, Nitrospirae, and Omnitrophica phyla, and provide the first genomic evidence of MTB belonging to the Zetaproteobacteria and “Candidatus Lambdaproteobacteria” classes. The gene content and organization of magnetosome gene clusters, which are physically grouped genes that encode proteins for magnetosome biosynthesis and organization, are more conserved within phylogenetically similar groups than between different taxonomic lineages. Moreover, the phylogenies of core magnetosome proteins form monophyletic clades. Together, these results suggest a common ancient origin of iron-based (Fe3O4 and Fe3S4) magnetotaxis in the domain Bacteria that underwent lineage-specific evolution, shedding new light on the origin and evolution of biomineralization and magnetotaxis, and expanding significantly the phylogenomic representation of MTB.