bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vulnerability in Rural Areas
Authors: Kapoor Sanjeev , Ojha Raj Kumar
Published: July 2006

In India's developing economy, the rural population is vulnerable to a broad range of risks and crises that directly affect its livelihood. These risks directly affect the level and/or sources of income and productive assets of these households. The study aimed to identify the most common risks and crises that rural households face; ways and means of households' response to such crises and risks; and potential demand for microinsurance in rural areas.

Although the study identifies variety of risks and crises, which are faced by rural households in Uttar Pradesh, death, sickness, agriculture and livestock related shocks are ranked high not only in terms of financial pressure experienced by the poor, but also in terms of their frequency of occurrence. The study argues that there is clear demand for providing the poor with insurance services to help them better manage risk both ex ante and ex post. The lessons of microcredit products should be extended to insurance products also.
Explanations in Resource Inequality
Authors: Tiwary Rakesh
Published: July 2006

Caste represents a unique form of inequality. Scholars successfully explained ritual inequality involved in caste, however, views on resource inequality were few and limited in their approach. While resource inequality was of partial interest to sociologists, economists' views were inadequate to explain its persistence and rigidity in the Indian social context. One reason may be the prolonged emphasis on landownership and control structures. Inadequate efforts have been made by different streams to identify and explain inequalities in access to other critical resources. The article aims to find inadequacies in traditional explanations and argue for alternative explanations of resource inequities. In this effort, the author proposes to systematically explore water resource access structure, to particularly highlight the cumulative inequality that scheduled caste groups face in rural India. The article is based on secondary data on select indicators regarding water access for agriculture and domestic use of water. The arguments can be carried forward by identifying other direct and indirect indicators as well as gathering evidence from primary studies over interfaces of caste groups as social categories and water as a natural resource, with an aim to study inequalities in access and their implications.
Regional Issues, National Norms
Authors: Sachsman David B. , Simon James , Valenti JoAnn M.
Published: July 2006

Does a national norm exist for environment reporters, or do they differ by region? This study used a census approach to examine environmental journalists in four regions of the United States. Across all four regions, these reporters spent much of their time covering nonenvironment stories. They relied more often on local and state sources than on national sources and used a variety of story frames and angles to construct their reporting. In discussing barriers to reporting, they were more likely to cite such issues as time constraints or the size of the news hole rather than interference by editors or advertisers. Most felt the need to remain objective, rejecting calls for advocacy or a civic-journalism approach. The study found more similarities across the regions than differences, suggesting that there is a national norm for covering the environment.
Evaluating Public Responses to Environmental Trend Indicators
Authors: Johnson Branden B. , Chess Caron
Published: July 2006

Indicators of trends in environmental conditions have been touted as ways to inform the public and provide a “report card” on environmental agency performance, but no quantitative analysis of such claims has been done. A small study of New Jersey residents’ reactions to indicators as presented by the state environmental agency found that these indicators were deemed understandable, credible, and useful. However, actual comprehension was not related to perceived understanding, and many in this well-educated sample exhibited the ecological fallacy of inferring local environmental conditions or priority-setting uses that these indicators could not possibly provide. Prior beliefs about statewide trends in environmental quality, accuracy in extracting information from the indicator presentations, and demographic variables had varying but significant effects on reactions to and interpretations of the indicators. These findings have implications for preparation and evaluation of institutional communications about science in general.
Brain Imaging
Authors: Racine Eric , Bar-Ilan Ofek , Illes Judy
Published: July 2006

Advances in neuroscience are increasingly intersecting with issues of ethical, legal, and social interest. This study is an analysis of press coverage of an advanced technology for brain imaging, functional magnetic resonance imaging, that has gained significant public visibility over the past ten years. Discussion of issues of scientific validity and interpretation dominated over ethical content in both the popular and specialized press. Coverage of research on higher order cognitive phenomena specifically attributed broad personal and societal meaning to neuroimages. The authors conclude that neuroscience provides an ideal model for exploring science communication and ethics in a multicultural context.
Learning From the Best: The Benefits of a Structured Health Policy Fellowship in Developing Nursing Health Policy Leaders
Authors: Hofler Linda D.
Published: July 2006

This article describes the experience of a nurse leader engaged in a state Health Policy Fellowship instituted in North Carolina by the North Carolina Center for Nursing (NCCN). This Health Policy Fellowship is designed to provide a focused practicum in major aspects of state-level health policy with emphasis on the role of the nurse leader. The program design includes exposure to experienced mentors with diverse areas of focus to learn from observation and interaction. This article describes the experience of a state Health Policy Fellow and includes discussion of understandings derived from interacting with key state stakeholders in the health policy arena and pearls of wisdom from the policy fellowship experience.
Impact of Nursing Overtime on Nurse-Sensitive Patient Outcomes in New York Hospitals, 1995-2000
Authors: Berney Barbara , Needleman Jack
Published: July 2006

During the past several years, nurses and their advocates have expressed concern about heavy use of overtime in hospitals and claimed that it undermines the quality of nursing care. Using staffing and discharge data covering 1995 to 2000 from 161 acute general hospitals in New York State, this study uses multi variate regression to analyze the relationship between overtime and the rates of six nurse-sensitive patient outcomes and mortality. We find an association of overtime with lower rates of mortality in medical and surgical patients but do not consider these findings definitive. Because overtime use is episodic and unit specific, further study of these issues using data that examines the occurrence of adverse events by unit during periods of heavy nurse overtime is recommended.
MOLECULAR STRUCTURES OF MOLYBDENUM AND TUNGSTEN OXIDE TETRACHLORIDES BY GAS ELECTRON DIFFRACTION
Authors: Iijima Kinya , Shibata Shuzo
Published: July 2006

The molecular structures of MoOCl4 and WOCl4 in the gaseous state were determined by electron diffraction. Both molecules were found to have a square-pyramidal structure and the following molecular parameters were obtained by the least-squares method: rg(Mo–Cl) = 2.278 ± 0.003 Å, rg(Mo–O) = 1.670 ± 0.012 Å, and ∠OMoOCl = 103.0 ± 2.3° for MoOCl4; rg(W–Cl) = 2.280 ± 0.003 Å, rg(W–O) = 1.684 ± 0.015 Å, and ∠OWCl = 102.6 ± 1.5° for WOCl4.
CONFORMATIONS OF RACEMIC 8α-METHOXY AND 8β-ACETOXY DERIVATIVES OF 1,1,4aβ-TRIMETHYL-2β-HYDROXY-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,7,8,9-DECAHYDROPHENANTHRENE AS REVEALED BY X-RAY METHODS, AN EXAMPLE OF UNUSUALLY FLATTENED CONFORMATION OF CYCLOHEXENE RING
Authors: Furusaki Akio , Hamanaka Nobuyuki , Matsumoto Takeshi
Published: July 2006

The conformations of the 8α-methoxy and 8β-acetoxy derivatives of 1,1,4aβ-trimethyl-2β-hydroxy-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,7,8,9-decahydrophenanthrene have been studied by means of X-ray crystallographic analysis. As a result, it has been found that, in the former substance, the C ring of cyclohexene-type has an unusually flattened conformation and shows an unusual thermal behavior.
TRANSITION-METAL COMPLEXES OF PYRROLE PIGMENTS, VIII, SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ACETATOBIS(3,3′,5,5′-TETRAMETHYLDIPYRROMETHENATO)CHROMIUM(III)
Authors: Murakami Yukito , Matsuda Yoshihisa , Iiyama Kiyotaka
Published: July 2006

The reaction of chromium(II) acetate with 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethyldipyrromethene in methanol under nitrogen atmosphere resulted in the formation of a unique mononuclear chromium(III) chelate consisting of metal, dipyrromethene, and acetate at a 1 : 2 : 1 molar ratio. Both ligand-field bands and ESR spectra are consistent with the distorted octahedral coordination geometry (C2) symmetry) of M-cis-O2N4, type.
AN ESR STUDY OF COPPER(II) COMPLEXES WITH β-ALANINE
Authors: Misumi Seizo , Isobe Toshiyuki , Kimoto Shinkichi
Published: July 2006

A single crystal of bis(β-alaninato)copper(II) hexahydrate (Cu(β-ala)2·6H2O) was prepared and measured by ESR. As the dehydration of Cu(β-ala)2·6H2O from the surface of the crystal is well known, the behaviour of the dehydration by three different drying methods was studied by ESR and it was found that the change from the dx2−y2 ground-state to the dz2 ground-state takes place.
AN EMPIRICAL FORMULA FOR ASYMMETRIC GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC PEAK
Authors: Ohzeki Kunio , Okamura Takashi , Sugawara Masao , Kambara Tomihito
Published: July 2006

It was found that the asymmetric gas chromatographic peak can be described as a normal distribution curve in oblique coordinates. By converting the curve into the rectangular coordinates, we obtained the empirical formula as shown by equation (1).
THE DECARBONYLATION OF METHANOL WITH Ni(0) COMPLEX
Authors: Inoue Yoshio , Hidai Masanobu , Uchida Yasuzo
Published: July 2006

Ni(CO)(PPh3)3 was prepared by treating Ni(COD)2 [COD=1,5-cyclooctadiene] with methanol in the presence of triphenylphosphine and a conjugated diene such as isoprene. The conjugated diene, which was a necessary component of the formation of the complex, was hydrogenated with the residual fragment from methanol, e.g. hydrogen. Together with the complex formation reaction, addition of methanol to the diene was accomplished.
SPIN STATES OF METHYLENES PRODUCED FROM LEAST-MOTION DISSOCIATION OF ETHYLENE
Authors: Kikuchi Osamu
Published: July 2006

Spin states of methylenes produced from least-motion dissociation of ethylene were clarified by a semi-empirical CI method. Three lower-lying 1Ag states of D2h, methylene-dimer at Rcc=∞ were expressed in terms of the valence orbitals of two methylenes, and the states of two methylenes correlating to these states were determined.
THE CRYSTAL AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF MELATONIN, N-ACETYL-5-METHOXYTRYPTAMINE
Authors: Wakahara Akio , Fujiwara Takaji , Tomita Ken-ichi
Published: July 2006

The molecular structure and configuration of melatonin, one of tryptophan metabolites, has been determined by X-ray diffraction method and some structural features are compared with those of related compounds. The structure was solved by the symbolic addition procedure and was refined by block-diagonal least-squares method.
THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE MOLECULAR COMPLEX FORMED FROM 4-NITROPYRIDINE N-OXIDE AND HYDROQUINONE IN THE MOLE RATIO 2 : 1
Authors: Shiro Motoo , Kubota Tanekazu
Published: July 2006

Crystals of the molecular complex composed of 4-nitropyridine N-oxide (4NPO) and hydroquinone (HQ) with 2 : 1 molecular ratio, 2(C5H4N2O3)·C6H6O2, crystallized in monoclinic, space group P21\sqrtc, with two formula units in a cell (a = 5.963, b = 14.606, c = 10.157 Å, β = 105°13′). One HQ is connected to two 4NPO molecules by two hydrogen bonds. Molecular arrangement of a sandwich type was not observed between HQ and 4NPO. It was concluded that charge transfer interactions of the π-π type are not operative in the crystal of the complex.
LIBERATION OF AMMONIA FROM α-CIS-ETHYLENEDIAMINE-N,N′-DIACETATO(DIAMMINE)COBALT(III) ION IN CARBONATE BUFFER SOLUTIONS
Authors: Kuroda Kashiro
Published: July 2006

Reaction of the α-cis isomer of ethylenediamine-N,N′-diacetato(diammine)cobalt(III) ion, α-cis-[Co(Co(EDDA)(NH3)2]2, has been examined kinetically in aqueous carbonate buffer solutions. It has been found that the complex releases the coordinated ammonia with first order in concentration of both the complex and hydroxyl ion. It has also been found that the activation energies of the cobalt–nitrogen bond breaking reactions are abnormally large amounting to around 40 kcal.
PHOTOINDUCED REACTIONS. LXIV. REACTION OF α,α′-DIALKYLSTILBENES WITH SINGLET OXYGEN: “ENE” REACTION AND CLEAVAGE TO CARBONYL FRAGMENTS
Authors: Saito Isao , Matsuura Teruo
Published: July 2006

Photosensitized oxygenation (a system generating singlet oxygen) of α,α′-dialkylstilbenes gave exclusively an allylic hydroperoxide, the “ene”reaction product, whereas the introduction of methoxy groups into their para positions causes a competition between “ene” reaction and cleavage to carbonyl fragments. In the latter case, a solvent dependence on the competition was observed.
THE REACTIVITY OF DIAZO KETONES. III. THE THERMAL OR PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTION OF AZIBENZIL WITH MOLECULAR OXYGEN
Authors: Tanaka Masanobu , Nagai Toshikazu , Tokura Niichiro
Published: July 2006

Thermal or photochemical reaction of azibenzil (I) with molecular oxygen in benzene gave tetraphenylglycolide (II), instead of benzil or a cyclic peroxide, together with bis-benzilketazine (III) and diphenylketene (IV). The formation of II did not occur from III or IV, suggesting that phenyl benzoyl carbene reacted with molecular oxygen followed by phenyl migration.
9-OXONEROLIDOL FROM CAMPHOR LEAF OIL
Authors: Hiroi Mituru , Takaoka Daisuke
Published: July 2006

9-Oxonerolidol was obtained from the nonvolatile fraction of the leaf oil of camphor tree. Its constitution was determined by means of spectal and chemical analyses.
PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS OF AROMATIC ESTERS. V. PHOTOCYCLOADDITIONS OF TRIMESIC ACID TRIESTERS TO CYCLOOCTENE
Authors: Katsuhara Yutaka , Nakamura Toshiomi , Shimizu Akira , Shigemitsu Yasuo , Odaira Yoshinobu
Published: July 2006

Irradiation of a benzene solution of trimesic acid triesters and cyclooctene yielded exclusively 1:1 cycloadducts without formation of oxetane derivatives. The photoadducts were shown to be tetracyclo[6.6.0.0.2,703,6]tetradec-4-ene derivatives. The reactive species of the present reaction was suggested to be an exciplex.
THE EFFECT OF BASE STRENGTH OF SCHIFF BASES ON THEIR CATALYTIC HYDROGENATION WITH BIS(DIMETHYLGLYOXIMATO)COBALT(II)
Authors: Yamaguchi Tatsuaki , Nakayama Motoharu , Tsumura Touru
Published: July 2006

Kinetic measurements were reported for the catalytic hydrogenation of certain Schiff bases with bis(dimethylglyoximato)cobalt(II). The influences of substituents of Schiff bases upon the reactivity were shown to increase with the basicity, which were quite different pattern with that of the hydrogenation with pentacyanocobaltate.
THE PHOTOADDITION OF STILBENE TO 1-METHYLPYRROLE. THE EFFECT OF PROTIC SOLVENTS
Authors: Kubota Tadatoshi , Sakurai Hiroshi
Published: July 2006

Irradiation of an acetic acid solution of trans-stilbene and 1-methylpyrrole afforded 1-methyl-2-(1,2-diphenylethyl)pyrrole (I), 1-methyl-3-(1,2-diphenylethyl)pyrrole (II), and 1,2-diphenylethyl acetate (III), though irradiation of stilbene in neat 1-methylpyrrole gave complex mixtures.
NEW SYNTHESIS OF trans-ISOFLAVAN-4-OL
Authors: Arai Mannosuke , Kabuto Kuninobu , Horino Hiroshi , Inoue Naoto
Published: July 2006

trans-Isoflavan-4-ol was synthesized from chromene with phenylpalladium chloride in one step. Treatment of the alcohol with NBS gave isoflavone.
MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF γ-GUANIDINO-β-HYDROXY PROPANE SULFONIC ACID DETERMINED BY X-RAY METHOD
Authors: Kim Yang Bae , Wakahara Akio , Fujiwara Takaji , Tomita Ken-ichi
Published: July 2006

The molecular structure of γ-guanidino-β-hydroxy propane sulfonic acid was determined by X-ray diffraction method and we described some structural features compared with other related compounds.
ON THE FIRST BANDS OF THE PHOTOELECTRON SPECTRA OF AMINES, ALCOHOLS AND MERCAPTANS
Authors: Ogata Hitoshi , Onizuka Hatsuki , Nihei Yoshimasa , Kamada Hitoshi
Published: July 2006

The HeI photoelectron spectra of methylamine, methyl alcohol and methyl mercaptan were measured in gas phase. Theoretical calculations were performed by the CNDO/2 method. An interesting relationship was found between observed band widths of the first bands and calculated coefficients of the molecular orbitals.
MOLECULAR ABSORPTION SPECTRUM OF InCl IN FLAME
Authors: Haraguchi Hiroki , Fuwa Keiichiro
Published: July 2006

Molecular absorption spectrum of InCl was observed in the flame for the first time at the wavelengths near 2670 Å, when 0,2 M indium in 2 M HCl aqueous solution was aspirated into the air-acetylene flame. The absorption band of InO was, also, observed near 2730 Å in the same spectrum.
NEW ACTIVE SULFUR TRANSFER REAGENTS: ARENETHIOSULFENYL CHLORIDES. A CONVENIENT SYNTHESIS OF EPISULFIDES FROM OLEFINS
Authors: Fujisawa Tamotsu , Kobori Takeo
Published: July 2006

Arenethiosulfenyl chlorides, readily prepared from the corresponding thiophenols and sulfur dichloride, reacted with olefins to give disulfide adducts, which could easily be transformed into episulfides in good yields by treatment with sodium amide or sulfide. The episulfidation of olefins has been shown to be stereospecific, since trans- and cis-2-butenes afforded the corresponding trans and cis episulfides, respectively.
METABRIDGED TROPONE AND PHENOLS
Authors: Hiyama Tamejiro , Ozaki Yoshimi , Nozaki Hitosi
Published: July 2006

Bromination, dehydrobromination and subsequent dehydrogenation of bicyclo[9.4.1]hexadecan-16-one afford [9] (2,7)troponophane, whereas the same treatment of bicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecan-15-one gives 15-hydroxy[9]metacyclophane. 15-Hydroxy-12-methyl[9]metacyclophane is prepared by dehydrogenation of 13-methylenebicyclo[9.3.1]pentadecan-15-one. PMR study of these compounds suggests that the nonamethylene chain is restricted to reside in the one side of the aromatic rings.
THE CRYSTAL AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF 1-METHYL-5-BROMOURACIL AND SOME STRUCTURAL CONSIDERATIONS ON THE MUTATION MECHANISM
Authors: Mizuno Hiroshi , Morita Kiyomi , Fujiwara Takaji , Tomita Ken-ichi
Published: July 2006

A thymine analogue,1-methyl-5-bromouracil, has been investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis. Its crystal structure is isomorphous with 1-methylthymine.
QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SALTS AS A QUASI-STABLE INTERMEDIATE IN TRIETHYLENELIAMINE-CATALYZED AMINOLYSIS OF PHENYL N-PHENYLCARBAMATES WITH ANILINE
Authors: Furuya Yoshiaki , Itoho Kazuo , Shibata Osamu , Ohkubo Katsutoshi
Published: July 2006

An identification of quaternary ammonium salts formed as a quasi-stable intermediate in the course of the triethylenediamine-catalyzed aminolysis of phenyl N-phenylcarbamates with aniline was performed by UV spectroscopic measurements and semiempirical ASMO-SCF calculations.
APPLICATION OF TRIS(DIPIVALOMETHANATO)EUROPIUM(III) PMR SHIFT REAGENT TO 4-AZA-HOMOADAMANTAN-5-ONE AND 4-AZA-1,1-BISHOMOADAMANTAN-5-ONE
Authors: Sasaki Tadashi , Eguchi Shoji , Mizutani Masato
Published: July 2006

The pmr spectra of compounds in the title were found to be analyzable with the aid of a pmr shift reagent, Eu(dpm)3. The shift value of each proton was discussed from the characteristic europium shift parameter S value.

The results supported a complex formation between Eu(dpm)3 and the lactams on the amide oxygen side rather than the nitrogen, and also untwisted forms of these ring systems as for–NHCO–and–NHCOCH2–moieties.
THE STEREOCHEMISTRY OF THE INTERMEDIATE VINYLIC RADICAL IN THE RADICAL CYCLIZATION OF 6-HALO-1-PHENYL-1-HEXYNES. EVIDENCE FOR LINEAR 1-PHENYLVINYLIC RADICALS
Authors: Ohnuki Takashi , Yoshida Masayuki , Simamura Osamu , Fukuyama Masaru
Published: July 2006

Reaction of 6-bromo-1-phenyl-1-hexyne-6,6-d2 with n-butyllithium gave (E)-and (Z)-2-benzylidenecyclopentane-1,1-d2 in equal amounts by way of radical cyclization, and 6-iodo-1-phenyl-1-hexyne-3,3-d2 with tri-n-butyltin hydride afforded similarly the same product mixture. These results are explained in terms of a linear 1-phenylvinylic radical with an sp-hybridized radical centre and a half-filled p orbital conjugated with the phenyl group.
PHOTO-DOPING OF METAL INTO CHALCOGENIDE GLASSES
Authors: Shimizu Isamu , Kokado Hiroshi , Inoue Eiichi
Published: July 2006

The photo-doping length of Ag reached more than 20μm in the chalcogenide glass (As16S80Te4) when the Ag layer of 1500A in thickness on the glass was doped by exposure to light. The distribution profiles of the photo-doped Ag in the chalcogenide glass layer showed its own characteristics.
ENZYMATIC AND NONENZYMATIC HYDROLYSES OF THE HETERO-AROMATIC PHOSPHATES
Authors: Murakami Yukito , Sunamoto Junzo , Gondo Chieko
Published: July 2006

Enzymatic hydrolyses of 3-pyridyl, 8-quinolyl, 2-pyridylpropyl, and phenyl phosphates were studied in the presence of potato acid phosphatase at 37°C while an ionic strength of the aqueous reaction system was maintained at 0.10 with potassium chloride. The kinetic data were analyzed in terms of the Michaelis-Menten model. The hydrophobic interaction was found to prevail over the polar interaction in the ES-complex formation. A LFER trend observed in the enzymatic hydrolyses suggests that the electrostatic interaction between substrate and enzyme under hydrophobic atmosphere in the enzyme-recess contributes to the profound rate enhancement.
INVESTIGATION ON LOW-SPIN COBALT(II) COMPLEXES. II. AN ESR STUDY OF THE SCHIFF BASE COMPLEXES OF THE PLANAR cis-[CoN2O2] TYPE
Authors: Nishida Yuzo , Kida Sigeo
Published: July 2006

ESR spectra of nine Schiff base complexes of the planar cis-[CoN2O2] type were measured in host crystals of the nickel(II) homologues. The spectra showed rhombic patterns, the three eight-lined hyperfine structures due to 59Co being resolved. The theoretical discussion on these data led to the conclusion that in the ground state an unpaired electron hauses in dyz(or dxz) orbital.
STRUCTURE OF HYPACRONE, A NOVEL SECO-ILLUDOID, POSSIBLE BIOLOGICAL PRECURSOR OF PTEROSINS IN HYPOLEPIS PUNCTATA METT.
Authors: Hayashi Yuji , Nishizawa Mugio , Sakan Takeo
Published: July 2006

Further investigation of Hypolepis punctata results in the isolation of a novel seco-illudane sesquiterpenoid, hypacrone, as an acrid principle of the plant. This compound is also shown to be a biological precursor of pterosins.
Solubility and Crystallization-controlled Synthesis of Lamellar Mesostructured Calcium Phosphate in the Ethanol/Water System
Authors: Ikawa Nobuaki , Oumi Yasunori , Kimura Tatsuo , Ikeda Takuji , Sano Tsuneji
Published: July 2006

A novel lamellar mesostructured calcium phosphate was synthesized at room temperature by using n-hexadecylamine in the EtOH/H2O system, which controlled the solubility of calcium source and the preferential formation of crystalline calcium phosphate species.
Metathesis Approach to Linkage of Two Tetraplatinum Cluster Units: Synthesis, Characterization, and Dimerization of [Pt4(μ-OCOCH3)7(μ-OCO(CH2)nCH=CH2)] (n = 0–3)
Authors: Ohashi Masato , Yagyu Akihiro , Xu Qinghong , Mashima Kazushi
Published: July 2006

Reaction of [Pt4(μ-OCOCH3)8] (1) with 1 equiv of acrylic acid led to the selective monosubstitution of one of the four in-plane acetates in 1, affording [Pt4(μ-OCOCH3)7(μ-OCOCH=CH2)] (2a), whereas treatment with excess amounts of acrylic acid resulted in a full-substitution of four in-plane acetates, yielding [Pt4(μ-OCOCH3)4(μ-OCOCH=CH2)4] (3). Similarly, monosubstituted heptaacetate complexes [Pt4(μ-OCOCH3)7{μ-OCO(CH)nCH=CH2}] (2b–2d: n = 1–3) were prepared. Catalytic intermolecular coupling reactions of 2c and 2d assisted by Grubbs’ catalysts gave the desired dimers [{Pt4(μ-OCOCH3)7}2{μ-OCO(CH2)nCH=CH(CH2)n(μ-OCO)}] (6c: n = 2; 6d: n = 3).
Modification of the n-Si(111) Surface with Alkyl Chains Having the Terminal C=C Double Bond
Authors: Ohashi Masato , Takabayashi Susumu , Mashima Kazushi , Nakato Yoshihiro
Published: July 2006

We synthesized a series of the n-Si(111) electrodes covered with alkyl chains having the terminal C=C double bond, and found that they gave high VOC as well as high stability in the electrolyte when electrodeposited with Pt nanoparticles, whose size was able to be controlled by the chain length of the alkyl group.
Synthesis of Ni Nanoparticles by Reduction of NiO Prepared with a Flow-through Supercritical Water Method
Authors: Sue Kiwamu , Suzuki Akira , Suzuki Muneyuki , Arai Kunio , Ohashi Tomotsugu , Matsui Keitaro , Hakuta Yukiya , Hayashi Hiromichi , Hiaki Toshihiko
Published: July 2006

Synthesis of Ni nanoparticles having an average diameter of 8.1 nm by reduction of NiO nanoparticles was carried out at 673 K. HCOOH was used as a reductant, which decomposes to CO and/or H2 at higher temperatures. NiO nanoparticles having an average diameter of 3.8 nm were obtained from Ni(NO3)2 + KOH aqueous solution by a flow-through supercritical water method at 673 K and 30 MPa. Effect of HCOOH concentration on particle size and saturation magnetization was investigated.
Public intellectuals and the media: integrating media theory into a stalled debate
Authors: Park David W
Published: July 2006

A continuing debate regarding public intellectuals consistently involves a narrative of decline. This declinist position rests on an assumption that the media are central to the public intellectual role, though the declinists focus strictly on institutional explanations, to the neglect
of the role played by the media. This paper explains how the application of media theory to this debate will give us a better understanding of the public intellectual. I suggest five avenues for the integration of communication theory into the study of public intellectuals. First, there are
fruitful comparisons to be made between public intellectuals and journalists. Second, the ritual dimension of public intellectual communication is worth exploring. Third, we should consider the roles played by media organizations and institutions as they shape the public intellectual role.
Fourth, recent developments in the sphere of public intellectuals demonstrate the need to examine public intellectuals across all media. Fifth, we should be careful to analyse the authority at work in public intellectual communication.
An American werewolf in Kabul: John Walker Lindh, the construction of race, and the return to whiteness
Authors: Brayton Sean
Published: July 2006

On 1 December 2001, North America was officially introduced to John Walker Lindh The American Taliban. Lindh was captured in Afghanistan fighting against the Northern Alliance. The event created a groundswell of news reports concerning the political development of Lindh. In this paper, I interrogate the ways in which race is reproduced through a popular online magazine and its account of the John Walker Lindh case. There is a series of narratives used to describe Lindh that relies upon a moral panic of sorts to accomplish two critical tasks. First, it polices the boundaries of whiteness by alternately whitening Lindh and othering Islam. Second, these depictions mobilize support for a metanarrative of national discipline exemplified by the Patriot Act. Both discourses represent a cautionary tale against border crossing and racial transcendence in a so-called post-9/11 era.
Intercalibration of Research Survey Vessels on Lake Erie
Authors: Tyson Jeffrey T. , Johnson Timothy B. , Knight Carey T. , Bur Michael T.
Published: July 2006

Fish abundance indices obtained from annual research trawl surveys are an integral part of fisheries stock assessment and management in the Great Lakes. It is difficult, however, to administer trawl surveys using a single vessel−gear combination owing to the large size of these systems, the jurisdictional boundaries that bisect the Great Lakes, and changes in vessels as a result of fleet replacement. When trawl surveys are administered by multiple vessel−gear combinations, systematic error may be introduced in combining catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) data across vessels. This bias is associated with relative differences in catchability among vessel−gear combinations. In Lake Erie, five different research vessels conduct seasonal trawl surveys in the western half of the lake. To eliminate this systematic bias, the Lake Erie agencies conducted a side-by-side trawling experiment in 2003 to develop correction factors for CPUE data associated with different vessel−gear combinations. Correcting for systematic bias in CPUE data should lead to more accurate and comparable estimates of species density and biomass. We estimated correction factors for the 10 most commonly collected species age-groups for each vessel during the experiment. Most of the correction factors (70%) ranged from 0.5 to 2.0, indicating that the systematic bias associated with different vessel−gear combinations was not large. Differences in CPUE were most evident for vessels using different sampling gears, although significant differences also existed for vessels using the same gears. These results suggest that standardizing gear is important for multiple-vessel surveys, but there will still be significant differences in catchability stemming from the vessel effects and agencies must correct for this. With standardized estimates of CPUE, the Lake Erie agencies will have the ability to directly compare and combine time series for species abundance.
Comparative Abundance, Survival, and Growth of One Wild and Two Domestic Brown Trout Strains Stocked in Michigan Rivers
Authors: Wills Todd C.
Published: July 2006

Stocking is commonly practiced to create, sustain, or enhance fisheries, but comprehensive evaluations of stocking success are rare. I assessed the relative abundance, survival, and growth of three strains of brown trout Salmo trutta that were stocked as sympatric populations into six rivers to evaluate relative stocking performance from 1997 to 2000. Stocked brown trout from wild broodstock were initially smaller but were more abundant and had higher survival and growth rates than fish from two domestic strains. However, on average, the densities and biomass of all stocked brown trout were lower than the densities and biomass of unclipped resident brown trout. Fisheries managers must consider the performance of individual stocked brown trout strains, as well as the performance of stocked brown trout in general, when implementing or reviewing brown trout stocking programs.
Evaluation of a Gastric Lavage Method on Juvenile Pallid Sturgeon
Authors: Wanner Greg A.
Published: July 2006

Because of the endangered status and limited knowledge of the early life history of the pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus, I tested the safety and efficiency of a nonlethal method for investigating the food habits of age-2 juvenile pallid sturgeon. Pallid sturgeon were fed a mixture of live prey items, including earthworms Lumbricus terrestris, red worms Alloloborpha calliginosa, meal worms Tenebrio molitor, and wax worms Galleria mellonella. Gastric lavage was performed on two test groups; a third group did not undergo gastric lavage but was held as a control (N = 30 fish per group). Over a 60-d test period, no mortality was observed. No significant differences were detected in relative condition and growth in length between the two lavaged groups and the control group over the 60-d test period. The efficiency of the gastric lavage procedure was tested on 29 age-2 juveniles, and food items were recovered from 100% of the fish with food in their stomachs. The average recovery rate for all food items combined was 74.9% by number and 73.7% by weight. Gastric lavage was determined to be a safe method for recovering food items from juvenile pallid sturgeon. More research is needed to test the efficiency of the method in recovering natural prey in the field.
An Evaluation of the Accuracy of Age Estimation Methods for Southern Lake Michigan Alewives
Authors: LaBay Steven R. , Lauer Thomas E.
Published: July 2006

An evaluation of otoliths, scales, vertebrae, and opercles taken from southern Lake Michigan alewives Alosa pseudoharengus was conducted to identify the best structure for estimating age. Based on percent agreement and coefficient of variation analyses, ages estimated from otoliths were significantly more precise than ages estimated from other structures. Mean frequency counts of annuli on scales, vertebrae, and opercles tended to overestimate the relative abundance of young fish and underestimate the relative abundance of older fish more than those of otoliths. Length frequency histogram analysis of alewives collected in 2003 corroborated the accuracy of otolith age estimates. The mean time necessary to estimate alewife ages did not differ significantly between structure types. Based on their precision, accuracy, and time efficiency, otoliths are recommended for estimating ages of southern Lake Michigan alewives.
Evaluation of a Modified Bag Limit for Walleyes in Wisconsin: Effects of Decreased Angler Effort and Lake Selection
Authors: Fayram Andrew H. , Schmalz Patrick J.
Published: July 2006

We evaluated a modified daily bag limit for walleyes Sander vitreus to determine whether management goals were achieved. The modified bag limit consisted of no minimum length limit but allowed a daily harvest of only one walleye longer than 356 mm. The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources implemented the single-fish, 356-mm regulation in 1997 on a number of lakes in northern Wisconsin that were previously subject to a 381-mm minimum length limit. The intent of the regulation was to increase the harvest of smaller walleyes in order to increase growth, spawning stock abundance, and harvest rate in lakes characterized by high densities of slow-growing walleyes. We examined the effects of the regulation in light of variables associated with walleye populations, the walleye fishery, and tribal harvest. All lakes included in our evaluation are located within the ceded territory of northern Wisconsin, where tribal harvest of walleyes, which is regulated differently than angler harvest, occurs annually. The daily bag limit for walleyes ranged between two and five, depending on the level of tribal harvest. Walleye fishery characteristics measured before 1997 (381-mm limit) and after 1999 (single-fish, 356-mm limit) demonstrated an increased angler harvest rate and a decreased mean length of harvested walleyes. However, we found none of the desired changes in walleye population characteristics. In addition, we found no evidence that lakes that were changed to the single-fish, 356-mm regulation were characterized by slower growth than those that retained the 381-mm regulation. The single-fish, 356-mm regulation requires increased harvest to achieve the desired changes to walleye population characteristics. Our results suggest that a significant decline in angler effort over time, in conjunction with the possibility that the lakes selected to receive the single-fish, 356-mm regulation did not exhibit particularly slow walleye growth, acted to offset increases in harvest rate and played a role in the general failure of this regulation to meet its goals.
Front address structure for high luminous efficacy and low address voltage in ACPDPs
Authors: Yoshinari Masaki , Shintani Yoichi , Ishibashi Tasuku , Okumura Yoichi , Komaki Toshihiro
Published: July 2006

Abstract— 8‐in. AC plasma display panels with front address (FA) structures were developed. Deep barrier ribs, high‐Xe‐content gas, and long sustain gaps were applied to FA structures to achieve high luminous efficacy. The FA structures have several advantages over conventional structures. Because address electrodes are closer to sustain electrodes, FA PDPs can be driven at lower address voltages, under the condition of deep barrier ribs or high‐Xe‐content gas, than conventional PDPs. A disadvantage of FA PDPs is relatively high capacitance between the sustain electrodes and address electrodes compared to that of conventional PDPs.
A transparent sheet display by plastic MEMS
Authors: Taii Yusuke , Higo Akio , Fujita Hiroyuki , Toshiyoshi Hiroshi
Published: July 2006

Abstract— A new type of color‐image display pixel based on MEMS (microelectromechanical systems) technology of plastic materials is presented. The mechanism for making color is optical interference using a Fabry‐Perot interferometer. A thin sheet of PEN (polyethylene naphthalate) with a metal half‐mirror was laminated over a glass or PEN substrate with an optical cavity inside. The electrostatically controlled deformation of the PEN film changes the color of the transmitting light by interference within the optical cavity. Color pixels of three primary colors (red, green, and blue) were successfully developed and demonstrated, with a driving voltage ranging from 80 to 120 Vdc. Thanks to the mechanical flexibility of the PEN films, the display could operate even when placed on a curved surface.
Uncooled infrared photodetectors in Poland
Authors: Piotrowski J. , Piotrowski A.
Published: July 2006

The history and present status of the middle and long wavelength Hg1-xCdxTe infrared detectors in Poland are reviewed. Research and development efforts in Poland were concentrated mostly on uncooled market niche.

Technology of the infrared photodetectors has been developed by several research groups. The devices are based on mercury-based variable band gap semiconductor alloys. Modified isothermal vapour phase epitaxy (ISOVPE) has been used for many years for research and commercial fabrication of photoconductive, photoelectromagnetic and other devices. Bulk growth and liquid phase epitaxy was also used. At present, the fabrication of IR devices relies on low temperature epitaxial technique, namely metalorganic vapour phase deposition (MOCVD), frequently in combination with the ISOVPE.

Photoconductive and photoelectromagnetic detectors are still in production. The devices are gradually replaced with photovoltaic devices which offer inherent advantages of no electric or magnetic bias, no heat load and no flicker noise. Potentially, the PV devices could offer high performance and very fast response. At present, the uncooled long wavelength devices of conventional design suffer from two issues; namely low quantum efficiency and very low junction resistance. It makes them useless for practical applications. The problems have been solved with advanced 3D band gap engineered architecture, multiple cell heterojunction devices connected in series, monolithic integration of the detectors with microoptics and other improvements. Present fabrication program includes devices which are optimized for operation at any wavelength within a wide spectral range 1–15 μm and 200–300 K temperature range. Special solutions have been applied to improve speed of response. Some devices show picoseconds range response time. The devices have found numerous civilian and military applications.
Advanced features of SCD’s uncooled detectors
Authors: Fraenkel A. , Mizrahi U. , Bykov L. , Adin A. , Malkinson E. , Zabar Y. , Seter D. , Gebil Y. , Kopolovich Z.
Published: July 2006

SCD has recently presented an uncooled detector product line based on the high-end VOx bolometer technology. The first FPA launched, BIRD, is a 384×288 (or 320×240) configurable format with 25 μm pitch. Typical NETD values for these FPAs range at 50 mK with an F/1 aperture and 60 Hz frame rate. These detectors also exhibit a relatively fast thermal time constant of approximately 10 ms.

In this paper we elaborate on the special advanced features that were incorporated within the ROIC and supporting algorithms. In this framework we have addressed two important issues: the power consumption and the time span between shutter activations. Minimum power consumption is a critical issue for many un-cooled applications. SCD has addressed this by introducing the “power-save” concept accompanied with flexible dilution architecture. The paper will present recent results exhibiting the various advantages.

One of the limiting factors on the performance of uncooled detectors is their vulnerability to ambient drift. Usually, even minor temperature fluctuations are manifested as high residual non-uniformity (RNU) or fixed pattern noise (FPN). As a result frequent shutter operations must be applied, with the risk of blocking the scenery in critical time frames. The challenge is thus twofold: to increase the time span between shutter corrections and achieve better control of its activation.

For this purpose BIRD provides two complementing mechanisms: A real-time (frame-by-frame) ambient drift compensation accompanied by an RNU prediction mechanism. The paper will discuss these features in detail and present illustrative system implementations.
Uncooled thermo-mechanical detector array with optical readout
Authors: Torun H. , Urey H.
Published: July 2006

This paper reports a novel uncooled infrared FPA whose performance is comparable to the cooled FPA’s in terms of noise parameters. FPA consists of bimaterial microcantilever structures that are designed to convert IR radiation energy into mechanical energy. Induced deflection by mechanical energy is detected by means of optical methods that measure sub nanometer thermally induced deflections. Analytical solutions are developed for calculating the figure of merits for the FPA. FEM simulations and the analytical solution agree well. Calculations show that for an FPA, NETD of < 5 mK is achievable in the 8–12 μm band. The design and optimization for the detectors are presented. The mechanical structure of pixels is designed such that it can be possible to form large array size FPA’s. Microfabrication of the devices to improve the performance further, employs low cost standard MEMS processes.
Quantum structures for multiband photon detection
Authors: Perera A.
Published: July 2006

The work describes multiband photon detectors based on semiconductor micro-and nano-structures. The devices considered include quantum dot, homojunction, and heterojunction structures. In the quantum dot structures, transitions are from one state to another, while free carrier absorption and internal photoemission play the dominant role in homo or heterojunction detectors. Quantum dots-in-a-well (DWELL) detectors can tailor the response wavelength by varying the size of the well. A tunnelling quantum dot infrared photodetector (T-QDIP) could operate at room temperature by blocking the dark current except in the case of resonance. Photoexcited carriers are selectively collected from InGaAs quantum dots by resonant tunnelling, while the dark current is blocked by AlGaAs/InGaAs tunnelling barriers placed in the structure. A two-colour infrared detector with photoresponse peaks at ∼6 and ∼17 μm at room temperature will be discussed. A homojunction or heterojunction interfacial workfunction internal photoemission (HIWIP or HEIWIP) infrared detector, formed by a doped emitter layer, and an intrinsic layer acting as the barrier followed by another highly doped contact layer, can detect near infrared (NIR) photons due to interband transitions and mid/far infrared (MIR/FIR) radiation due to intraband transitions. The threshold wavelength of the interband response depends on the band gap of the barrier material, and the MIR/FIR response due to intraband transitions can be tailored by adjusting the band offset between the emitter and the barrier. GaAs/AlGaAs will provide NIR and MIR/FIR dual band response, and with GaN/AlGaN structures the detection capability can be extended into the ultraviolet region. These detectors are useful in numerous applications such as environmental monitoring, medical diagnosis, battlefield-imaging, space astronomy applications, mine detection, and remote-sensing.
Characterization of semiconductor laser frequency chirp based on signal distortion in dispersive optical fiber
Authors: Krehlik P.
Published: July 2006

In the paper, the simple method of laser chirp parameters estimation is presented. It is based on measuring time-domain distortions of chirped signal transmitted through dispersive fiber and finding laser chirp parameters by matching measured distortions to calculated ones. Experiments undertaken with 1.55 μm telecommunication grade distributed feedback (DFB) lasers and standard single-mode fiber are described, together with some practical remarks on measurement setup and main conclusions.
CW mode locked Nd:YVO4 laser pumped by 20-W laser diode bar
Authors: Jabczyński J. , Żendzian W. , Kwiatkowski J.
Published: July 2006

The efficient cw mode locking (cw-ML) regime was demonstrated in Nd:YVO4 laser by means of saturable absorber mirror (SAM). The 0.3-at.% Nd3+ doped 10-mm-long YVO4 crystal end pumped by 20-W diode module with a beam shaper was applied as a gain medium located in the close vicinity to the rear flat mirror of the first arm of Z-type resonator of 316 cm total length with two curved mirrors of 100-cm curvature radii. The SAM of 2%-saturable absorptance and saturation fluence of 50 μJ/cm2 was mounted at the opposite end of a resonator. The developed “dynamically stable” cavity design mitigates detrimental role of thermal aberration in gain medium, enforcing clean perfect mode locking even for the highest pump densities. The cw-ML pulses with 47.5 MHz repetition rate and pulse durations in the range of 15–20 ps were observed for a wide range of pump powers and output coupler losses. In the best case, for 32% of output coupler transmission, up to 6.2 W of average power with near 35% slope efficiency was achieved. The thresholds for Q-switched ML, cw-ML regimes were 2.67 W and 6.13 W of pump power, respectively. For the maximum pump power of 20 W we obtained 133 nJ of pulse energy with 16-ps pulse duration, resulting in a peak power higher than 8 kW. The threshold energy density at SAM giving the QML regime was estimated to be about 30 μJ/cm2, threshold of cw-ML regime was 220 μJ/cm2.
Disease-Modifying Drugs for Adult-Onset Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Faison Maya N. , Davis Andrew M. , Trotter Kimberly C.
Published: March 2024

This article summarizes a 2022 clinical practice guideline on the use of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) for adults with rheumatoid arthritis from the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR).
A Renaissance in Academic Medicine—Using a Coach Approach to Develop Early-Career Faculty
Authors: David Daryn H.
Published: March 2024

This Viewpoint discusses contemporary approaches to mentoring and coaching new physicians.
Emerging Strategies for Beta Cell Encapsulation for Type 1 Diabetes Therapy
Authors: Toftdal Mette Steen , Grunnet Lars Groth , Chen Menglin
Published: March 2024

Diabetes is a prevalent chronic disease affecting millions of people globally. To address this health challenge, advanced beta cell therapy using biomaterials‐based macroscale, microscale, and nanoscale encapsulation devices must tackle various obstacles. First, overcoming foreign body responses is a major focus of research. Strategies such as immunomodulatory materials and physical immunoshielding are investigated to reduce the immune response and improve the longevity of the encapsulated cells. Furthermore, oxygenating strategies, such as the use of oxygen‐releasing biomaterials, are developed to improve oxygen diffusion and promote cell survival. Finally, yet importantly, promoting vascularization through the use of angiogenic growth factors and the incorporation of pre‐vascularized materials are also explored to enhance nutrient and oxygen supply to the encapsulated cells. This review seeks to specifically highlight the emerging research strategies developed to overcome these challenges using micro and nanoscale biomaterial encapsulation devices. Continuously improving and refining these strategies make an advance toward realizing the improved therapeutic potential of the encapsulated beta cells.