bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECTS OF INCLUDING GRADUATED LEVELS OF GROUND OATS IN A GROWING RATION FOR BROILERS
Authors: Beacom S. E.
Published: March 2010

In two replicated trials involving 3,000 birds, ground oats were substituted for the wheat-corn component of a broiler growing ration at 5 per cent increments to constitute from 0 to 45 per cent of the total ration. The test rations were fed for 8 weeks, following which all lots were fed a standard finishing ration for 3 weeks. Level of oats had no significant effect on mortality rate. The response of growing birds to increased levels of oats in the diet varied somewhat between years and did not follow a consistent pattern. On the average, birds receiving 10 per cent oats gained weight significantly (P =.05) more slowly than did those fed the control ration, but there were no statistically significant differences in gain between the controls and those receiving any of the other levels of oats.For the growing and finishing periods combined, average feed requirement varied between 2.91 and 3.15 pounds per pound of gain. Birds started on the higher levels of oats tended to gain less efficiently than those receiving 15 per cent oats or less during the growing period. Grades for fleshing were not affected by level of oats but grades for finish decreased significantly as the level of oats in the growing ration increased.It is indicated that broiler chicks could make good use of much higher levels of good quality oats in their growing diet than usually recommended, provided a suitable finishing ration is fed to produce the necessary finish.
A COMPARISON OF MILK PRODUCTION AND ITS RELATION TO LAMB GROWTH IN FIVE BREEDS OF SHEEP
Authors: Slen S. B. , Clark R. D. , Hironaka R.
Published: March 2010

Milk production from ewes of five breeds of sheep (Suffolk, Hampshire, Rambouillet, Canadian Corriedale, and Romnelet) and the growth of lambs suckling these ewes were compared. Milk production was measured by weighing the lambs prior to and after nursing and crediting the gain in weight to milk produced. Ewes nursing twins produced more milk than those nursing singles (P <.01). Among ewes nursing singles, Suffolk produced the greatest amount of milk (P <.01). Milk production from ewes nursing twins was greatest (P <.05) in Canadian Corriedale and Suffolk ewes. It is suggested that the milk drawn by twin lambs is a measure of milk production while that drawn by single lambs is a measure of ad lib. consumption.Single lambs gained more body weight than twin lambs (P <.01) but differences between breeds were not consistent. Gain in body weight of lambs varied with the milk consumed and, also, may have been influenced by differences in creep-feed consumption.The significant correlation coefficients between milk production and body weight gain of twin lambs in four of the five breeds suggests that milk production is a major consideration in determining the body weight gain of lambs, although other factors also apparently influence body weight gain of the lambs. Since no differences were found in the protein or fat content of the milk (P >.05), it would appear that these factors had little influence on the body weight gain of the lambs or its correlation with milk production.
INFLUENCE OF VARIETY, NITROGEN FERTILIZATION, LOCATION AND YEAR OF GROWTH ON THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF WHEAT AS DETERMINED BY RAT GROWTH
Authors: Bhatty R. S. , Bowland J. P. , Bentley C. F. , Zalik S.
Published: March 2010

The influence of variety, nitrogen fertilization, location (Grey Wooded vs. Black soil) and year of growth on the nutritive value of wheat fed to weanling rats was studied. Methods of dietary supplementation were: (a) no protein or amino acid supplement; (b) 0.6 per cent L-lysine — HCl; (c) wheat gluten to raise the total protein to 20 per cent. A complete vitamin and mineral supplement was added to all diets.Food intake was not influenced by any of the variables. Weight gains for a 2-week period were higher for rats fed Thatcher than for those fed Kenhi wheat (independent of protein content). Location and year of growth also influenced rate of gain. When lysine supplement was added, rats fed fertilized grain grew more rapidly than those fed unfertilized grain. Efficiency of food utilization followed a similar pattern to rate of gain, but varietal differences were less evident.Fifty to eighty per cent of the variation obtained in rat gain was associated with the protein or lysine content of the wheat. An inverse correlation of 0.72 was obtained between the level of protein in the wheat and the percentage of lysine in the protein. As there were no interactions between variety and the other variables, a biological assay with rats could yield useful information on the feeding value of wheat varieties, over and above information obtained from chemical analyses.
EFFECT OF LOW ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURES ON CERTAIN PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF SHEEP
Authors: Hess E. A.
Published: March 2010

Some physiological responses of yearling sheep placed in a fluctuating low-temperature environment were determined. Four wethers placed in an unheated room, ranging from −2°F. to +56°F., showed significantly higher heart rates, lower rectal temperatures, reduced water consumption, and decreased urine volume than four wethers maintained in a heated room in which ambient temperature was regulated between 55°F. and 65°F. Respiration rates, eosinophil numbers, and jugular blood hematocrits were not significantly different. Correlations of heart rates with rectal temperatures, respiration rates with degree-hours per day, and heart rates with rectal temperatures in the cold were significant.Blood plasma concentrations (m-equiv./1.) of Na+, K+, and Mg+ were not altered significantly by exposure of wethers to the cold, although some transient high concentrations of Na+ were noted. Correlations among plasma Na+, K+, and Mg+ and degree-hours per day were not significant.Urine concentration of Mg+ was not affected by environmental temperature, but the concentrations of urine Na+ and K+ were significantly higher in the cold environment. Correlations among urine K+ and Mg+ and degree-hours per day were not significant, but the correlation between urine Na+ and degree-hours was significant.Observations made during the experiment confirm the necessity of pre-training of animals to be used for environmental studies.
EFFECTS OF SOME INSECTICIDES ON INFESTATIONS OF THE SHORT-NOSED CATTLE LOUSE
Authors: Shemanchuk J. A. , Haufe W. O. , Thompson C. O. M.
Published: March 2010

Commercially available pesticides were tested for the control of the short-nosed cattle louse, H. eurysternus. A single treatment with 0.5 per cent dieldrin or malathion at a rate of 2 gallons per head at a pressure of 400 pounds was effective. Chlordane, lindane, and toxaphene applied at the same rate were effective with two treatments at 16-day intervals. DDT was the least effective under these conditions.No significant difference in effect on louse populations was observed between sprays of suspensions prepared from wettable powders and emulsions prepared from emulsible concentrates of lindane, Co-Ral, Korlan, and malathionThree treatments of Trolene administered orally at rates of 100 mg./kg. at 75 mg./kg. at intervals of 11 and 9 days were effective against louse infestations. Trolene at 10 mg./kg./day and 5 mg./kg./day fed to cows for 22 days reduced the louse populations but did not provide complete controlA louse population index, consisting of the total number of lice at 52 sites, each of 2 square centimeters in size, on the animal s body is described.
EFFECT OF VARIETY AND GROWING CONDITIONS ON THE PROTEIN AND AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF RAPESEED
Authors: Clandinin D. R. , Bayly Louise
Published: March 2010

The protein content and the distribution of essential amino acids in the protein of six varieties or strains of rapeseed grown at three widely separated locations in Alberta, Beaverlodge, Edmonton and Lethbridge, were studied. Differences in protein content and amino acid distribution in the protein of the seed attributable to varietal or strain effects were noted. Turkish and Polish rapeseed were significantly lower in protein content than rapeseed of the Argentine variety. The Argentine variety and the two strains of Argentine-type studied were significantly lower in lysine than the Polish variety. Station differences in protein content approached significance at the 5 per cent level while location had a highly significant effect on the lysine content of the protein of the seed and significant effects on the histidine, arginine, phenylalanine and leucine content.
THE EFFECTS OF GREEN TALL BUTTERCUP IN ROUGHAGE ON THE GROWTH AND HEALTH OF BEEF CATTLE AND SHEEP
Authors: Hidiroglou M. , Knutti H. J.
Published: March 2010

During a 12-week period steers and shearling sheep were fed with tall buttercup at the approximate levels of 20–55 per cent and 60–90 per cent, respectively, of the green feed ration. The average intake of green buttercup per animal per day during this period was about 16 pounds for steers and about 8 pounds for the sheep. The buttercup consumed consisted of all phenological stages except the young seedling stage. At no time was any physical evidence of diarrhea, colic or other clinical symptoms observed. On rations high in buttercup, and on those practically free of it, steers gained 1.24 and 1.75 pounds per animal per day, respectively, whereas sheep gained 0.08 and 0.25 pounds per day, respectively.
INHERITANCE AND PLANE OF NUTRITION IN SWINE: I. EFFECTS OF SEASON, PLANE OF NUTRITION, SEX AND SIRE ON FEEDLOT PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Plank R. N. , Berg R. T.
Published: March 2010

Four trials, involving 124 pigs, were conducted to study the effects of differing planes of nutrition on swine characteristics and to study the relative response of specific genetic groups of pigs to these differing planes. Seasonal and sex effects were also evaluated. Equalized limited feeding to a scale of 75 per cent of the U.S. N.R.C. recommended levels for bacon hogs was compared to liberal feeding wherein pigs were fed to appetite three times daily and to ad libitum feeding.Winter-fed pigs grew slower, were less efficient, had a higher dressing percentage and shorter carcasses than summer-fed pigs.As the plane of nutrition increased, average daily gains increased, feed conversion ratios were correspondingly inferior, dressing percentage rose, backfat thickness increased and area of loin and total Record of Performance score decreased.Females outgained barrows under equalized limited feeding, whereas barrows outgained females at a similar feed requirement by eating more feed under liberal feeding. Female carcasses were superior to those of barrows with a tendency for the differences to be greater under the equalized limited feeding system.Genotype × plane of nutrition interactions were significant for average daily feed consumed (P <.05), average daily gain (P <.01), length (P <.05), and total R.O.P. score (P <.01). Under equalized limited feeding pigs with the ability to gain both rapidly and efficiently tended to produce superior carcasses while under liberal feeding rapid gains seemed to reflect mainly increased feed consumption and a trend toward inferior feed conversion and fatter carcasses.
NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITIES AND COMPARISON OF MEASURES OF FEED ENERGY FOR GILTS FED RATIONS VARYING IN ENERGY AND PROTEIN LEVEL DURING GROWTH, GESTATION AND LACTATION
Authors: Zivkovic S. , Bowland J. P.
Published: March 2010

An experiment with 20 gilts, fed at different levels of energy and protein intake, was conducted to investigate the apparent digestibility of nutrients during growth, gestation and lactation; and to compare apparent digestible energy (DE) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) as measures of the energy value of swine rations.Apparent protein digestibility averaged 76 per cent and did not vary between periods (growth, gestation, lactation), but apparent digestibility of other nutrients did vary. Digestibility of crude fat in the feeds ranged from 46 to 76 per cent, while 15 per cent added stabilized tallow had a digestibility of over 94 per cent. The digestibilities of dry matter, protein and crude fiber were improved and digestibility of nitrogen-free extract reduced when gilts received supplemental fat in their ration. Increasing the level of protein in the ration tended to increase protein digestibility. There was a significant littermate effect on digestibility of protein, fat and TDN.The determined DE and TDN values were similar to calculated values and did not differ significantly between periods. The correlation coefficient (r) between kcal. DE/gm. of feed and percentage TDN was.93. The r between coefficients of digestibility for energy and for dry matter was.95 and between coefficients of digestibility for energy and for organic matter was. 96. An average ratio of 2,028 kcal. DE/lb. TDN or 4.47 kcal. DE/gm. TDN was found. There were differences in this ratio between rations and between periods.
EFFECTS OF TREATING FORAGE WITH THE HERBICIDE MCPA ON LIVER AND PLASMA LEVELS OF CAROTENE AND VITAMIN A IN BEEF CALVES
Authors: Hidiroglou M. , Knutti H. J.
Published: March 2010

Thirty-eight beef cows, each with their calf, were divided into two equal groups. The control group was grazed on untreated pastures while the other group grazed pastures treated with MCPA (16 oz./acre). The two groups were compared for levels of carotene and vitamin A in the liver and plasma of calves as well as the vitamin A level in the milk fat of dams. The average vitamin A values in those tissues were lower in the MCPA pasturing group than in the control group, while carotene content was similar for both groups. The terminal values of vitamin A were 36.2 (mcg./100 ml. plasma), 17.8 (mcg./g. liver), 10.90 (mcg./g. milk fat). Comparable values for the MCPA group were 22.0 mcg., 12.07 mcg. and 8.52 mcg. There was some evidence that constituents in the MCPA treated forage might interfere with the conversion of carotene to vitamin A in the animal body. The depressing effect of MCPA on both plasma and liver vitamin A lasted at least 2 weeks beyond the period during which MCPA-treated forage was pastured. A similar experiment, carried out later in the growing season, revealed no changes between treatments such as in the early season, probably due to weather conditions and reduced absorption of MCPA by the herbage.
SKELETAL ANOMALIES IN SWINE
Authors: Fredeen H. T. , Jarmoluk Leon
Published: March 2010

Skeletal anomalies, principally of the axial skeleton, occurred with a frequency of 0.28 per cent in a population of 10,683 pigs produced over an 8-year period. These anomalies are described and possible genetic interpretations considered. It was concluded that they were manifestations of metabolic disturbances of non-genetic origin occurring at different stages and/or with variable intensity during embryonic development.
SILICA UROLITHIASIS IN BEEF CATTLE: V. EFFECT OF CONTROLLING URINE pH ON THE INCIDENCE AND COMPOSITION OF URINARY CALCULI IN CALVES
Authors: Bailey C. B. , Bezeau L. M. , Lawson J. E.
Published: March 2010

Two groups of pregnant Hereford cows received native prairie hay until parturition; their calves received the same hay from weaning till 1 year of age. Both calves and cows grazed native range during the suckling period. One group of cows and calves received dried molasses beet pulp and potassium bicarbonate throughout the experiment to ensure excretion of an alkaline urine. When hay was fed, the pregnant cows and lacer the calves in the beet pulp group produced an alkaline urine while the urine of the animals in the other group was acidic. During the summer on range, the urine of the calves of both groups was alkaline.Calves were killed at birth, weaning, and 1 year of age, and uroliths were found in them all. Individual uroliths ranged from 0.1 to 5 millimeter in diameter. The average weights of uroliths from the beet pulp group were 168 mg. at weaning arid 778 mg. at 1 year of age; from the other group the weights were 37 and 189 mg., respectively. Differences between groups were not statistically significant. The uroliths from the animals in the beet pulp group contained more silica than those from the other group. It was concluded that factors other than urine pH are involved in the formation of siliceous uroliths in animals receiving large amounts of silica in the diet.
VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS AND LACTIC ACID IN THE ALIMENTARY TRACT OF THE YOUNG PIG
Authors: Friend D. W. , Cunningham H. M. , Nicholson J. W. G.
Published: March 2010

A total of 208 digesta samples from the stomach, small intestine, caecum and colon of 79 piglets killed between 1 and 9 weeks of age were analysed for volatile fatty acids (C1 – C5) and lactic acid.The total concentration of the acids in the large intestine ranged from 11 to 29 meq./100 ml. fluid which generally exceeded that in the stomach and small intestine. As the pigs aged, concentration tended to decrease in the upper sections and increase in the lower section of the tract. The addition of whey to a basal "creep" ration, fed from 3 weeks of age, had no apparent effect on the concentration of acids.Formic acid was found only in the small intestine. Increased proportions of acetic and propionic acids in the stomach of the 5-week-old pig indicated dietary effects due to the introduction of solid feed. Lactic acid proportions were from zero in the large intestine to 95 per cent in the stomach. The proportions of lactic acid in the stomach and small intestine of pigs at 9 weeks was markedly higher than at 7 weeks when weaned. Antibiotic (100 gm. chlortetracycline/ton) added to the whey ration fed to 4 pigs from 7 weeks of age gave increases in concentration which were significant (P < 0.05) only in the stomach. The proportion of acids was not altered by antibiotic in the feed.
WHALE SOLUBLES AS A PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT IN RATIONS FOR FINISHING BEEF CALVES
Authors: Waldern D. E.
Published: March 2010

Sixty-three Hereford steer calves were used in a feeding trial which comparade a simple basal grain ration [11.7 per cent total crude protein (TCP)] with the basal grain ration supplemented with either whale solubles (16.3 per cent TCP) or linseed meal (15.3 per cent TCP) to determine whether whale solubles could replace linseed meal as a source of protein in steer finishing rations. Forage (mixed grass-legume hay and grass-legume silage) and grain were fed in a ratio of approximately 1:1.25.Results for steers fed the basal ration, basal plus whale solubles and basal plus linseed meal were: average daily gain— 1.68, 1.72, 1.85; pounds of total digestible nutrients per pound of gain — 5.5, 5.4, 5.2; dressing percentage — 58.5, 58.7, 59.1; and per cent lean in rib-cut at last rib — 64.6, 65.5, 67.8.Steers fed the basal ration plus linseed meal gained significantly more (P < 0.05) and required less feed per pound of gain than those fed either the basal ration or the basal ration plus whale solubles. Differences between groups for the other measured characteristics were not significant (P = 0.05). Carcasses of steers fed the basal ration or basal plus whale solubles graded slightly higher than those of steers fed the basal ration plus linseed meal.Whale solubles did not equal linseed meal as a source of supplemental protein for finishing steer calves under the conditions of this experiment.
NOTE ON THE USE OF HIGH LEVELS OF OATS IN LAYING RATIONS
Authors: Waldern D. E. , Meyer H. C.
Published: March 2010

not available
NOTE ON A RAPID METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE CARBON CONTENT OF FEEDS AND EXCRETA
Authors: Cunningham H. M.
Published: March 2010

not available
OBSERVATIONS ON DIGESTION IN THE PIG USING A RE-ENTRANT INTESTINAL FISTULA
Authors: Cunningham H. M. , Friend D. W. , Nicholson J. W. G.
Published: March 2010

Sixty-four 12- to 24-hour collections were made of digesta flowing from re-entrant ileal fistulas of two pigs used to study the digestibility and rate of passage of various materials in the proximal digestive tract. An average of 88 per cent of the digestible dry matter and 91 per cent of the digestible protein of a 20 per cent protein ration was digested in the stomach and small intestine. The ration was very finely ground and fed only for short periods. The dry matter content of the fistula digesta was considerably higher when the concentrate ration was fed than when dried skim milk powder or various soluble carbohydrates were fed. Glucose was the most completely digested of all carbohydrates tested, usually followed in decreasing order by corn starch, galactose, sucrose, lactose and potato starch. Undigested soluble carbohydrates were accompanied by large volumes of fluid which seldom exceeded isotonic concentrations. Undigested potato starch resulted in digesta which at times contained 42 per cent dry matter. Fats fed with dried skim milk were well digested with maximum digestion coefficients of 91 recorded for corn oil and 84 for tallow. There were few changes in the composition of the digesta flowing from the fistula at various times of the day but there was a significant increase (P <.01) in the protein and ash content from the first to second 6-hour interval after feeding dried skim milk.
THE TREATMENT OF TIMBER MILK-VETCH POISONING AMONG CATTLE AND SHEEP
Authors: Nicholson H. H.
Published: March 2010

Timber milk-vetch Astragalus decumbens var. serotinus, is poisonous to cattle and sheep from early growth to the beginning of the seed-pod stage if consumed in sufficient amounts. About 400 pounds consumed over an 8- to 10-day period was required to poison lactating beef cows. Grazing and feeding experiments have shown that the plant is relatively unpalatable and is consumed only when grasses and legumes have been depleted by grazing pressure or early spring grazing is done before grass growth has commenced. Intramuscular injection of thiamine hydrochloride at the rate of 400 milligrams per adult cow and 100 milligrams per sheep or lamb has shown therapeutic value.
THE FEEDING VALUE OF DRIED POTATO PULP FOR PIGS
Authors: Friend D. W. , Cunningham H. M. , Nicholson J. W. G.
Published: March 2010

Dried potato pulp (molassed) was fed to growing pigs to replace barley and to finishing pigs to replace oats in the rations. Levels of 0, 15, 30 and 45 per cent potato pulp, in place of barley, were tested with pigs from weaning to market weight. Although 22 per cent potato pulp in a growing ration reduced (P < 0.05) the rate of liveweight gain, results indicated that up to 15 per cent potato pulp allowed satisfactory gains.The replacement of oats by potato pulp in a finisher ration gave an increased rate of gain which was not statistically significant. A level of 30 per cent potato pulp in growing-finishing rations gave lower (P < 0.01 and 0.05 respectively) rates of gain than did the zero and 15 per cent level. Feed efficiency was reduced significantly by all levels of potato pulp fed through the growing-finishing period. Potato pulp appeared to influence "fill" as reflected in lower dressing percentages based on liveweight at marketing. Compared with the controls, 45 per cent potato pulp reduced (P < 0.05) depth of shoulder and loin fat. Coefficients of apparent digestibility for potato pulp dry matter, crude fiber and energy were 81, 75, and 76 per cent respectively; but the crude protein, approximately 7 per cent of the dry matter, was only 25 per cent digestible. This finding emphasized the need for protein supplementation of pig rations containing potato pulp.
SOLVENT-EXTRACTED RAPESEED OIL MEAL AS A PROTEIN SOURCE FOR PIGS AND RATS: II. NITROGEN DIGESTIBILITY AND RETENTION; AND ENERGY AND DRY MATTER DIGESTIBILITY
Authors: Manns J. G. , Bowland J. P.
Published: March 2010

Rats and pigs received diets containing solvent-extracted rapeseed oil meal (R.O.M.) substituted on an equivalent protein basis for 0 to 100 per cent of the dietary soybean oil meal (S.O.M.). R.O.M. represented up to 15.6 per cent of the total diet. Apparent nitrogen (N), energy and dry matter (D.M.) digestibility coefficients were reduced during growth (4 to 5 weeks of age) when rats received R.O.M. in replacement for 50 or 100 per cent of the dietary S.O.M., and during gestation when they received R.O.M. in replacement for 25 to 100 per cent of the S.O.M. Results with pigs were similar but less consistent. Retention of gross N or digested N was lower in rats receiving R.O.M. in substitution for over 50 per cent of the S.O.M. during growth or over 25 per cent of the S.O.M. during gestation. A supplement of 0.2 per cent L-lysine added to the diet containing the highest level of R.O.M. had no influence on digestibility or retention in rats but improved N, energy and D.M. digestibilities for pigs at 75 pounds liveweight and during gestation and lactation. Sex of rats did not influence digestibility coefficients, but boars were more efficient than gilts in digesting energy and D.M.
SOLVENT-EXTRACTED RAPESEED OIL MEAL AS A PROTEIN SOURCE FOR PIGS AND RATS: III. BLOOD SERUM PROTEIN BOUND IODINE, STANDARD METABOLIC RATES, THYROID ACTIVITY, ADRENAL AND GONAD WEIGHTS
Authors: Manns J. G. , Bowland J. P. , Mendel V. E. , Zivković S.
Published: March 2010

Serum protein bound iodine (P.B.I.) levels in rats’ blood were generally not changed by feeding solvent-extracted rapeseed oil meal (R.O.M.) in the diet. Serum P.B.I. levels in pigs’ blood were reduced as the levels of dietary R.O.M. increased. There was a decrease in standard metabolic rate of rats after they had received R.O.M. in replacement for 50 or 100 per cent of the soybean oil meal in the diet (7.8 to 15.6 per cent R.O.M. in the total diet) for a 2-week period.The thyroid glands of rats receiving high levels of dietary R.O.M. for 4 weeks were increased in weight 52 to 105 per cent over those receiving no R.O.M. Moderate hypertrophy was evident at 3 weeks and there was a regression of the hypertrophy at 9 weeks. Histological examination of the glands showed extreme hyperplasia and almost complete lack of colloid in the follicles after 4 weeks on diets containing R.O.M. but a return to more normal activity after 9 weeks. Pigs at market weight of 200 pounds had only limited, but significant, thyroid hypertrophy when fed the same levels of R.O.M. as were fed to the rats.Adrenal and gonad weights did not differ for rats or pigs fed varying levels of R.O.M. The ratio of thyroid weight to body weight was higher for female than for castrate male pigs. The ratio of adrenal weight to body weight was higher for female than for male rats.
SOLVENT-EXTRACTED RAPESEED OIL MEAL AS A PROTEIN SOURCE FOR PIGS AND RATS: IV. LIVER WEIGHTS AND VITAMIN A STORAGE IN THE LIVER
Authors: Bowland J. P. , Manns J. G. , Zivković S.
Published: March 2010

Sows receiving rations containing solvent-extracted rapeseed oil meal (R.O.M.) as a replacement for 50 or 100 per cent of the soybean oil meal in the ration (6.0 and 12.0 per cent R.O.M. in the total ration during gestation and lactation) had larger livers on the basis of either absolute weight or of the ratio of liver weight to body weight. The sows receiving the highest level of dietary R.O.M. had increased liver storage of vitamin A per gram of liver and in the total liver. With pigs at 200 pounds live-weight, 12-week-old growing rats, or rats following reproduction, the ratio of fiver weight to body weight was increased when high levels of R.O.M. were included in the diet, but these differences were non-significant. Vitamin A storage in the fivers of these animals was not influenced consistently by the level of R.O.M. in the diet.
PERFORMANCE OF HEAVY-TYPE LAYERS ON A LOW ENERGY RATION
Authors: Aitken J. R. , Merritt E. S. , Meyer H. E. W. , Griesbach L.
Published: March 2010

Three replicate trials were conducted to test the possibility that high mortality of non-specific origin being encountered in a genetic control strain of meat-type laying hens might be due to excessive energy intake. In each trial, the medium energy laying ration on which this strain of birds has been maintained for a number of years was compared with the same ration diluted with 20 per cent pulverized oat hulls, for a period in excess of 330 days.Mortality was not influenced by the energy content of the ration, nor was rate of egg production. The low energy ration reduced final body weight by only 0.1 to 0.2 pounds, suggesting that the birds on the control diet were not unduly fat. Comparison of these results with others reported in the literature leads to the speculation that mortality due to obesity may be a problem only in heavier and faster-growing strains than the strain used in this study.
A COMPARISON OF NUTRITIONAL EFFECTS IN SWINE AND MICE: RESPONSES IN FEED INTAKE, FEED EFFICIENCY AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS TO SIMILAR DIETS
Authors: Troelsen J. E. , Bell J. M.
Published: March 2010

The relative feed intake, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics of growing pigs and mice were studied to determine the value of the mouse as a pilot animal in pig nutrition research. Fifteen rations were fed in two experiments to 120 pigs and 120 mice. They were composed of equal parts of wheat and barley, plus one of three levels each of oat hulls, alfalfa meal, wheat bran, cellulose, and corn-cob meal to produce mixtures containing an estimated 62, 65, and 68 per cent of total digestible nutrients. With pigs, data were obtained on feed and growth from 100 to 200 pounds live weight; carcass measurements were made on the slaughtered barrows at 200 pounds. Feed and growth records of mice were kept for 14 days commencing at weaning; the carcasses were then analysed for water, fat, protein and ash.The relative response of the two species is indicated by the following correlation coefficients: feed consumption (0.67); digestibility of dry matter (0.96); digestibility of energy (0.87); consumption of digestible energy (0.79); rate of gain (0.63), and per cent fat in mouse carcasses and back fat thickness in the barrows (0.70). The correlation between per cent fat in mouse carcasses and the R.O.P. score for barrows was −0.67.The mean ratio of swine and mice was 581:1 for physiological body weight (kg.0.75), 693:1 and 654:1 for consumption of dry matter, and digestible energy, respectively, reflecting a relatively greater feed capacity of pigs and a higher energy digestibility by mice. The corresponding ratios for the effects of changes in ration composition were 369:1, 331:1, and 462:1, indicating that the pigs were better equipped to cope with bulky rations. It was suggested that mice were more efficient in conversion of feed to body weight gain because in pigs a greater part of the gain was fat.
THE EFFECT OF ARSENICAL DIPPING ON THE ARSENIC CONTENT OF SHEEP TISSUES
Authors: Hoffman I. , Carson R. B. , Morris Ray F.
Published: March 2010

The arsenic residues in sheep tissues resulting from arsenical dipping which can be expected to be present at time of marketing have been established as being below one part per million.Large amounts of arsenic are shown to persist in the wool of treated sheep indicating extended and continuing protection against blowfly strikes. While several scourings remove most of the arsenic from wool, some is firmly held by the fibers even after repeated scourings.
THE ADDITION OF BUFFERS TO RUMINANT RATIONS: IV. THE EFFECT OF ADDITIONS OF SODIUM BICARBONATE, SODIUM PROPIONATE, LIMESTONE AND COD LIVER OIL ON INTRA-RUMEN ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Nicholson J. W. G. , Cunningham H. M. , Friend D. W.
Published: March 2010

Two experiments with fistulated steers were designed to study the effects of adding 5.7 per cent sodium bicarbonate, 5.7 per cent ground limestone, and 5.7 per cent sodium bicarbonate plus either 3.6 per cent sodium propionate or 60 milliliters per day of cod liver oil to an all-concentrate basal ration composed of barley, oats, linseed oil meal, molasses, minerals and vitamins A and D2. The effects of using rolled or ground grains were also studied. All of the buffered rations, except that containing limestone, resulted in a higher rumen pH and buffering capacity than did the basal ration. The buffers had little effect on the total concentration but did result in changes in the molar proportions of the VFA in rumen fluid. In both experiments, the buffered rations, except that containing limestone, gave a lower molar per cent of acetic acid than did the basal ration. The addition of either cod liver oil or sodium propionate to the sodium bicarbonate ration resulted in a higher molar per cent of the propionic acid than with the basal ration. The butyric acid concentration was lower for the ration containing cod liver oil than for either the basal or sodium bicarbonate rations. Rolled grains in the basal ration gave less extreme results than did ground grains; however, the differences were not significant.Samples taken at 3, 5, 8 and 16 hours after feeding showed marked diurnal variations in all criteria studied, except the proportion of acetic acid. Values obtained at 3 and 5 hours after feeding showed little change but thereafter there was a decrease in concentration of total VFA and the proportion of propionic acid and an increase in pH, buffering capacity and the proportions of butyric and the higher acids. Interactions between the rations and times of sampling show that the buffers are most effective in modifying the intra-rumen environment shortly after feeding but this effect had partly disappeared by 5 hours after feeding.
EFFECT OF DIETARY ENERGY AND CALCIUM LEVEL ON EGG PRODUCTION AND EGG QUALITY
Authors: MacIntyre T. M. , Chancey H. W. R. , Gardiner E. E.
Published: March 2010

Two experiments were conducted with Single-Comb White Leghorn laying hens to measure some of the effects of energy and calcium levels on egg production and quality. In Experiment 1, rations containing 3.95 per cent calcium gave significantly higher egg production than rations containing 3.00 or 2.25 per cent, but in Experiment 2 there was no difference in egg production between rations containing 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 per cent calcium. Rations containing 1.0 per cent calcium gave significantly lower egg production than rations containing 2.0 per cent or more. Levels of calcium up to 6.0 per cent had no adverse effect on egg production.Egg-shell quality as measured by specific gravity improved with increasing levels of calcium. A calcium intake of at least 4 grams per bird per day was necessary for best egg-shell quality.
FURTHER STUDIES OF SURVIVAL AND SERUM PROTEIN COMPOSITION IN COLOSTRUM-DEPRIVED PIGS REARED IN A NON-ISOLATED ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Owen B. D. , Bell J. M.
Published: March 2010

Forty-eight newborn colostrum-deprived pigs were studied in an experiment designed to provide further information regarding effects of immune globulin source (university herd vs. abattoir blood), period of globulin feeding (5 days vs. 10 days), albumin feeding, and birth weight on survival and serum protein composition.Orally administered immune globulins from either university or abattoir swine serum provided an effective passive immunity during the period of administration. This response was presumed to be partly attributable to coproantibody activity of the globulins. Albumin feeding and the birth weight of the pigs had no effect on survival. The absence of the birth weight effect, which had been observed consistently in earlier experiments, was probably due to the fact that it was not possible, in allotting the pigs, to establish an appreciable difference in average birth weight.Mortality increased progressively during the experiment, indicating an increasing disease level. It was concluded that improved sanitary practices would be essential if this type of rearing program were to have practical value.The distribution of serum proteins at 2 days of age reflected experimental treatments. In globulin-treated pigs the usual decline in γ-globulin levels between 2 days and 4–6 weeks of age was noted. Possible reasons for certain unexpected differences in serum albumin levels are discussed.
THE EFFECTS OF WATER EXTRACTS OF FORAGES ON IN VITRO CELLULOSE DIGESTION BY RUMEN MICROORGANISMS
Authors: Marquardt R. R. , Asplund J. M.
Published: March 2010

Aqueous extracts of 14 forages of widely varying quality were buffered with Na2CO3 and used as media for growth of rumen microorganisms. The ability of these media, with and without supplementation with phosphate–sulphate and/or urea, to support cellulose digestion was studied. None of the unsupplemented extracts supported maximum cellulolysis. Although cellulose digestion was improved by supplementation, the extent of improvement by the addition of phosphate–sulphate vs. urea varied with the forage extract. Both supplements together increased cellulose digestion more than the sum of the increases when they were added separately and usually resulted in rates of cellulose digestion approaching that obtained with a complete nutrient medium. Considerable variation between inoculum groups was observed when forage extracts were used as media. It was concluded that, with the exception of phosphate, sulphate, and, in some cases, nitrogen, an adequate supply of the nutrients required for cellulose digestion by rumen microorganisms was usually present in the aqueous extracts of forages.
THE FEEDING VALUE OF DRIED POTATO PULP FOR FATTENING CATTLE AND LAMBS
Authors: Nicholson J. W. G. , Friend D. W. , Cunningham H. M.
Published: March 2010

Fattening cattle and lambs efficiently utilized concentrate rations containing 40 or 50% dried potato pulp fed with limited amounts of hay in three experiments. When dried potato pulp and urea replaced oats as 40% of a cattle ration, the rate of gain was significantly increased from 1.68 to 1.94 lb per day, warm carcass weight from 426 to 480 lb, carcass weight corrected to equal fat content from 363 to 466 lb, and specific gravity decreased from 1.075 to 1.063. Feeding apple pomace and urea in place of the oats resulted in higher feed consumption, but gains and carcass weights were not significantly better than those obtained with the potato pulp ration. Replacing the soybean oil meal with urea and barley in a 14% crude protein concentrate ration containing 40% dried potato pulp reduced the rate of gain of steers from 2.26 to 2.06 lb per day and increased the feed required per pound of gain from 8.48 to 9.30 lb.Lambs fed a concentrate ration containing 50% dried potato pulp and a small amount of hay gained 0.5 lb per day and consumed 4.27 lb of dry matter per pound of gain. Pelleting this concentrate ration slightly reduced feed consumption and gains. Dried potato pulp alone could not be pelleted.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE NUMBER OF GRADE A HOGS AND THE TOTAL NUMBER OF HOGS MARKETED
Authors: Ashton G. C. , MacGregor M. A. , Gordon W. M. , Graham D. N.
Published: March 2010

A regression equation was derived to estimate the number of grade A hogs expected to be marketed when the total number of hogs marketed is known. The form of the equation with its determined constants is Y = 0.016X0.869, where[Formula: see text]The equation was found to fit the data from 69 lots of Ontario Brant County hogs reasonably well (r2 = 0.912). The use of the magnitude of the excess grade A hogs marketed over the expected number of grade A hogs to rank a farmer’s hog production provides one means of giving credit for volume of marketings as well as for quality. This method of producer appraisal may change the ranked order markedly compared with the method of ranking on the basis of per cent grade A’s only.
THE EFFECT OF ORGANIC ACID SALTS ON GROWTH AND RUMEN VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS OF SHEEP FED PELLETED OR CHOPPED HIGH-ROUGHAGE RATIONS
Authors: Nicholson J. W. G. , Cunningham H. M.
Published: March 2010

Four experiments were conducted with sheep to compare the addition of sodium citrate and sodium propionate to pelleted and unpelleted rations and to determine the response to sodium citrate supplementation of different quality-hays. There were no significant differences in rate of gain or feed consumption of a ⅔ roughage −⅓ concentrate ration due to supplementation with sodium citrate or sodium propionate. Pelleting either the mixed ration or all-roughage rations increased feed consumption and rate of gain in all experiments. Pelleting the mixed ration decreased digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and nitrogen in the one experiment in which this was determined. Pregnant and lactating ewes lost less body weight when fed a limited amount of long hay plus pelleted hay ad libitum than similar ewes fed a standard ration of long hay ad libitum plus 0.5 lb of concentrates per day. It was necessary to feed lambs 0.5 lb of rolled barley per day with long hay ad libitum to obtain gains equal to those of similar lambs fed pelleted hay ad libitum. The addition of sodium citrate significantly increased the rate of gain of lambs fed ad libitum a slightly moldy, weathered legume hay in the pelleted form together with 0.25 lb of long hay per head per day.The addition of sodium citrate to a mixed ration or to all-roughage rations did not usually alter the proportions of rumen volatile fatty acids. The addition of sodium propionate decreased the proportion of acetic acid while increasing that of propionic acid. In both experiments where this was determined, pelleting an all-roughage ration resulted in a decrease in the proportion of acetic acid and an increase in the longer chain volatile fatty acids in rumen fluid.
DICOUMAROL STUDIES: III. DETERMINING TOLERANCE LIMITS OF CONTAMINATION IN LOW COUMARIN SWEETCLOVER VARIETIES USING A CATTLE BIO-ASSAY
Authors: Goplen B. P. , Linton J. H. , Bell J. M.
Published: March 2010

Feeding trials demonstrated that low coumarin varieties with up to 10% contamination with high coumarin plants could be fed safely to young cattle, even when severely spoiled, with no hemorrhagic risk from "sweetclover disease". This maximum contamination was determined from trials in which low coumarin sweetclover hay samples with various levels of contamination (5, 10, 15, 25, 50, 75%) were fed to pairs of animals, and blood samples drawn daily for analysis by the one-stage prothrombin time test and whole blood clotting times. Hemorrhagic risk was assessed by severing the marginal ear veins and dehorning.Greatly elevated prothrombin times returned toward normal approximately 4 days after withdrawal of toxic feed. Whole blood clotting times remained normal in these trials in spite of extended prothrombin times. Similarly, extended prothrombin times were not accompanied by hemorrhagic risk. Apparently prothrombin times are affected before whole blood clotting times and hemorrhagic risk and hence are a useful criterion in assessing dicoumarol toxicity prior to actual danger of hemorrhaging. Cattle were less tolerant than sheep to dicoumarol and displayed little variation between animals in reaction to the toxic factor.
BLOAT INVESTIGATIONS: I. REDUCTION OF BLOAT INCIDENCE IN DAIRY CATTLE WITH PENICILLIN AND ANTIFOAMING AGENTS
Authors: Miltimore J. E. , McArthur J. M. , Anstey T. H. , Pigden W. J.
Published: March 2010

Lactating Jersey cows fed alfalfa soilage received bloat preventive treatments rotated over groups of animals in a Latin square design. Eight trials involving observations over 2260 cow days were conducted during a 4-year period.Penicillin (75 and 100 mg) by capsule reduced bloat incidence by an average of 80%. Effectiveness of penicillin was not increased by mineral oil (4 oz) drench.Mineral oil (8 oz) by drench and emulsified mineral oil (4 oz) mixed with soilage were equal to penicillin. Mineral oil (4 oz) by drench was ineffective.Tallow (4, 8, and 12 oz) mixed with soilage was effective whereas tallow (4 and 8 oz) as a drench was not effective. Tallow and peanut oil (4 oz) in emulsified form on soilage were effective and comparable to penicillin.Antifoam E.F. Emulsion (1.4 oz) by capsule, methyl silicone (3 oz) by capsule, turpentine (1.5 oz) drench, and monosodium phosphate (7 oz) drench were ineffective.The most effective preventive treatments investigated here would not prevent all animal losses. However these preventives may be useful in reducing losses where close animal supervision cannot be practised and/or where therapy of bloated animals is inconvenient or dangerous.
EFFECT OF A SODIUM HYDROXIDE TREATMENT ON THE UTILIZATION OF WHEAT STRAW AND POPLAR WOOD BY RUMEN MICROORGANISMS
Authors: Wilson R. K. , Pigden W. J.
Published: March 2010

not available
THE EFFECT OF MOISTURE CONTENT OF FORAGE STORED IN POLYVINYL SILOS ON INTAKE AND PERFORMANCE OF DAIRY COWS
Authors: Logan V. S. , Haydon P. S.
Published: March 2010

Legume–grass forage was ensiled two seasons in 25-ton polyvinyl-encased stacks at dry matter (D.M.) levels of 22 to 37% or stored as field-cured hay. The polyvinyl sleeve coverings provided initial gas-tight conditions. High losses occurred in the high D.M. (32 to 37%) silage during the feeding-out period. Silage quality, as indicated by volatile fatty acid ratios, proximate principles, and digestibility coefficients, was not significantly influenced by D.M. content. When cows were fed the lower D.M. (22 to 29%) silages and hay, forage intake was inversely related to its dry matter content. Intake of high D.M. silage appeared abnormally low. Milk yields appeared to be more consistently influenced by small variations in grain intake than forage dry matter intake through both trials. Milk yields from silages were greater than from hay per unit of D.M. intake. Moisture content of forage had no significant effect on milk composition as indicated by percentage of butterfat, solids-not-fat, or protein.
PELLETED AND UNPELLETED ALL-CONCENTRATE RATIONS FOR FATTENING BEEF CATTLE
Authors: Roberts W. K.
Published: March 2010

A feeding trial and digestibility study were conducted with pelleted whole barley and dry rolled barley, in all-concentrate rations, for fattening steers. Steers receiving pelleted whole barley gained 0.2 lb more per day than those receiving dry rolled barley, and required less feed per 100 lb gain (757 vs. 791 lb, respectively).The chromic oxide technique was used in the digestibility study, and no significant (P > 0.05) differences in apparent dry matter or energy digestibility were observed between the dry rolled and pelleted whole barley. Apparent digestible energy values for dry rolled and pelleted whole barley were 1.440 and 1.413 Mcal per lb, respectively.Rumen pH, at various times after feeding, was slightly lower in steers receiving pelleted whole barley than in steers receiving dry rolled barley. The lowest average pH values (6.0 and 6.3 for steers receiving the pelleted and dry rolled barley, respectively) were observed at 3 hours after feeding. In vitro microbial activity of rumen contents, as measured by change in gas pressure, was affected very little by the barley preparation prior to feeding.A second steer feeding trial was conducted with whole pelleted and dry rolled barley and oats. When the barley and oats were pelleted small increases in average weight gains were observed. Average feed per 100 lb gain was approximately 9.7% less for pelleted barley and 11.8% less for pelleted oats than for these grains when fed in the dry rolled form. The oats and barley used in this trial showed average bushel weights of 39 and 49 lb, respectively, and the feeding value of oats was 91.4% of the value of barley on the basis of average daily gains, and 94.9% on the basis of feed required per 100 lb gain.
EGG PRODUCTION OF TWO BREEDS OF LAYING HENS IN A HEATED AND AN UNHEATED HOUSE UNDER RIGOROUS WINTER CONDITIONS
Authors: Tessier J. L. , Hidiroglou M. , Charette L. A.
Published: March 2010

An experiment was conducted during three consecutive winters (1955–56, 1956–57, and 1957–58) to determine the effects of rigorous climatic conditions on egg production and feed consumption by laying hens.Two breeds of birds (White Leghorn and Barred Plymouth Rock) were housed in an unheated and a heated house.The results indicate no significant adverse effects of the colder house on egg production.The saving in feed consumption in the heated house did not make up for the added cost of heating, which amounted to $1.01 per bird.