bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new species of Neoascaris from Rattus assimilis, with a redefinition of the genus
Authors: Sprent J. F. A.
Published: June 2009

Neoascaris mackerrasae from the small intestine of the Australian allied rat (Rattus assimilis) is described. It is compared with Neoascaris vitulorum and found to differ as follows:

(1) It is a considerably smaller species.

(2) The vulva is situated more posteriorly.

(3) The nucleus of the dorsal oesophageal gland is oval and situated in the dorsal sector of the ventriculus, whereas in N. vitulorum it is elongate and is situated in the sub ventral sectors.

(4) The eggs are more coarsely pitted.

(5) The spicules have two flanges which form a gutter on the ventral surface, whereas in N. vitulorum they are almost cylindrical.

The genus Neoascaris is redefined so as to include the presence of rudimentary cervical alae and the unequal distribution of the oesophageal glands. The genus is placed in the family Toxocaridae Hartwich, 1954.

Other ascaridoid parasites occurring in rodents are listed and differentiated from N. mackerrasae. It is suggested that on account of the arrangement in the ventriculus of the nuclei of the oesophageal glands, N. mackerrasae may represent a primitive species among the ascaridoid parasites of mammals.
The ingestion of particulate fat from the blood by Trypanosoma lewisi and Trypanosoma equiperdum
Authors: Wotton R. M. , Halsey H. R.
Published: June 2009

The ability of certain species of trypanosomes (T. lewisi and T. equiperdum) to ingest previously stained oil drops which occurred simultaneously in the blood has been observed.

Tryparsamide incorporated in dyed (Sudan IV) cod-liver oil.when administered orally, was found to be effective against T. equiperdum infections in mice.
Morphology and Life-cycle of an Amoeba Producing Amoebiasis in Reptiles
Authors: Geiman Quentin M. , Ratcliffe Herbert L.
Published: June 2009

The morphology and life cycle of an amoeba producing amoebiasis in reptiles is described. The organism is assigned to the species Entamoeba invadens Rodham 1934, because of the pathogenicity of that species.

Material for the study was derived from 30 individuals of 7 species of reptiles, either dying of spontaneous amoebiasis or experimentally infected. (Material from 3 additional species of reptiles dying of amoebiasis was not used in this study.)

With the exception of a few minor morphological differences, E. invadens was found to be strikingly similar to E. histolytica in morphology of trophic and cystic stages, and in the processes of encystation, excystation, and metacystic development.

Metacystic development was studied in stained preparations made from the intestines of snakes 1–24 hours after the inoculation by mouth of mature cysts. Excystation usually takes place in the jejunum and ileum, a single quadrinucleate amoeba hatching from each cyst. Each quadrinucleate metacystic amoeba ultimately forms 8 amoebulae as a result of one division of each cystic nucleus, cytoplasmic division, and parcelling out of the cystic (N) and daughter (n) nuclei. Nineteen of the 24 possible combinations of N and n nuclei were observed.

The culture phenomena of multiple fission without encystment is suggested, and cannibalism of cysts by the trophozoites is described.
The Parasites of the Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicaL.) in the British Isles
Authors: Warwick Tom
Published: June 2009

Of the five species of helminths of the British muskrat (Ondatra zibethicaL.), two (Notocotylus quinqueserialisandHymenolepis evaginata) have been introduced with the animal. The three other species of helminths (Capillaria hepatica, Taenia taeniaeformislarva andT. tenuicollislarva) have probably been largely re-acquired from the local fauna. All of the three common species of ectoparasites [Laelaps multispinosus(Tetragonyssus spiniger),Listrophorus validusandDermacarusn.sp.] occur in North America. Three other species (Tyroglyphussp.,Myobian.sp.,Polyplaxsp.) have occurred as single individuals, the last species having probably been acquired from the water vole. Introduction into Britain has greatly depleted the original helminth fauna as regards number of species and individuals; but not so with the ectoparasites. Lists of the parasites hitherto recorded from the muskrat are given and those found in brown rats (Rattus norvegicusErx.) and water voles (Arvicola amphibius amphibiusL.).
Further Observations upon a “Trichomonas” from Pond Water
Authors: Bishop Ann
Published: June 2009

In July, 1934, I found a trichomonad-like organism in water taken from a pond in Lincolnshire. Its morphology, and method of division, and also the cultural conditions under which it will grow, have been described previously (Bishop, 1935). It was named, provisionally, “Trichomonas” keilini. In “T.” keilini, unlike most trichomonads, the undulating membrane is short, the bordering flagellum never becomes free, and there is no basal fibre beneath the undulating membrane. “T.” keilini was never found directly in the pond water but only after it was centrifuged and allowed to stand for 7–21 days.
Notes on New Aspidogastrid Species, with a Consideration of the Phylogeny of the Group
Authors: Faust Ernest Carroll , Tang Chung-Chang
Published: June 2009

1. Cotylaspis sinensis and Lophotaspis orientalis are described as new species of trematodes from the small intestine of the turtle, Amyda tuberculata, from Foochow, Fukien Province, China.

2. Stichocotyle cristata is described as a new species from the spiral valve of the cow-nosed ray, Rhinoptera quadriloba, from Biloxi Bay, Mississippi.

3. A new subgenus, Multicalyx, is created for the species Stichocotyle cristata, while the species S. nephropis appropriately belongs to a new subgenus Stichocotyle.

4. Evidence is provided that aspidogastrid worms are referable neither to the Monogenea nor the Digenea, but belong to an intermediate subclass group, Aspidogastrea, n.n.

5. The genus Stichocotyle has been removed from the family Aspidogastridae Poche, 1907, and placed in a new family, Stichocotylidae.
The Significance of thepH in the Development of Mosquito Larvae
Authors: MacGregor Malcolm E.
Published: June 2009

1. Previous work by the writer drew attention to the fact that thepH index of natural waters was in some manner correlated with the presence or absence of particular mosquito larvae.

2. The observation led other investigators to study this hypothesis, and a short summary of their published records is given.

3. The actual significance of thepH index was, however, obscure, and the present work has been undertaken to attempt to demonstrate the actual significance of thepH in mosquito breeding-places.

4. By gradually eliminating first one and then another of the interacting factors, the writer has been able to demonstrate (a) that if thepH of the normal environment is changed the development of the larvae is adversely affected; (b) that under bacteriologically sterile conditions the foregoing statement is no longer true; and (c) that consequently the acid or alkaline reaction of the medium, within ordinary limits, has no direct effect upon the development of the larvae.

5. Nevertheless, it is shown that the influence of thepH. is of unquestionable importance and that its significance lies in the fact that, under natural conditions, it indicates the favourable or unfavourable association of chemical and biological factors in the breeding-places upon which the successful or unsuccessful development of the larvae depends.

6. It may therefore be stated that although thepH index is not an infallible guide, it does in the majority of instances provide a reliable index as to whether the necessary combination of chemical and biological factors in any given water are such that they will permit the development of the larvae of particular species. Some species find their optimum conditions for development in waters which are acid, others in waters which are alkaline, and it can be shown that to alter thepH of such waters is often to bring about a complete change in the biological group associations, which frequently means the acquired abnormal dominance of factors unfavourable to a particular species of larvae. Clearly, the system is to some extent elastic, and in rare instances what are in general acidophile larvae may be found in waters showing alkalinity.

7. The chief conclusion is, however, that in most instances in various localities the larvae of certain species do actually show a restriction to waters exhibiting apH index within a definite short range, and that thepH index is consequently often a reliable index also as to whether the chemical and biological group associations will favour or preclude the successful development of such larvae.

8. A new technique is described for the production of a high percentage of successful cultures ofAëdes argenteuslarvae and pupae under bacteriologically sterile conditions.

9. The phase of “suspended development” has been investigated and is found to have its probable explanation in the temporary or complete disappearance of micro-organisms on which the conversion of the organic materials of the environment, to a suitable larval diet, depends.
Some New Parasitic Nematodes and Cestodes from Java
Authors: Baylis H. A.
Published: June 2009

The species described in this paper were contained in a collection of parasitic worms made in Java by Dr. E. Jacobson, and sent to Prof. G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., by whom the material was kindly forwarded to the writer for determination.
On Natural Control
Authors: Thompson W. R.
Published: June 2009

There can be no doubt that reasoning by analogy contributes enormously to the progress of Science by suggesting the hypotheses which form the basis of experimental investigation. But although it is useful, it is also dangerous and it is not infrequently the source of plausible but inaccurate and misleading catchwords.
Historical Review and Relationship of the Genera of the Family Ixodidae
Authors: Sharif M.
Published: June 2009

Nuttall and Warburton (1911, pp. 105–13) give a detailed account of the systematic survey of the family Ixodidae and recognise nine genera in the family. They consider Aponomma Neumann as a subgenus of Amblyomma Koch, but I consider it a valid genus.
Metazoan Parasites from Mice in the Isle of Lewis, Outer Hebrides
Authors: Elton Charles
Published: June 2009

A preliminary survey of parasites fromApodemus hebridensis,Mus musculusandEpimys norvegicuson the Isle of Lewis, Outer Hebrides, is described; also the fauna of House Mouse nests. Special discussion is given of the flea fauna, and it is shown that there is much overlapping in host relations. The original flea fauna ofApodemuson the outer islands of the British Isles is indicated.
A List of Parasitic Rhabdocoela (Turbellaria) of Plymouth
Authors: Chrenko Frank A.
Published: June 2009

No Worker on British Turbellaria having hitherto given any attention to parasitic species, I devoted the greater part of my visit to the Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association, Plymouth, Aug.–Sept. 1933, to the collection and investigation of these forms. The number discovered is small in proportion to the number of hosts examined. All but the last have been identified from von Graaf (1913), and all but the first and last are new to the British fauna.
Ixodes ricinus in Relation to its Physical Environment: the Influence of Climate on Development
Authors: MacLeod J.
Published: June 2009

During the last few decades, a considerable amount of experimental works has been carried out on the relations of insects to their environment: in certain groups such studies have advanced to an extent which renders possible tentative efforts at accurate prediction of their activities and spread. Among the arachnids, however, the experimental study of ecological relationships has been almost entirely neglected, and this despite the fact that several species, especially among the mites and ticks, are of marked economic significance. Since 1892–3, when the researches of Smith and Kilborne on piroplasmosis in cattle were published, ticks have been proved to be vectors of numerous important diseases of man and animals in many parts of the world, and much knowledge of their bionomics has been gained through observations conducted in the field and in the laboratory. The ecology of ticks under precisely controlled conditions, however, provides a practically unexplored field.
The Susceptibility of Autogenous and Anautogenous Races of Culex pipiens to Infection with Avian Malaria (Plasmodium relictum)
Authors: Tate P. , Vincent M.
Published: June 2009

1. Anautogenous English and autogenous Greek, Hungarian, Maltese and cross-bred strains of C. pipiens were infected with an Algerian and a German strain of P. relictum.

2. The different strains of C. pipiens behaved similarly as regards susceptibility and transmission towards the same strain of P. relictum.

3. The two strains of malaria differ in the infection rate produced in mosquitoes. The Algerian strain produces an infection rate of about 89 per cent., while that of the German strain is only about 43 per cent.

4. The difference in the infection rates of the two strains is not due merely to differences in the number of gametocytes formed.

5. In general C. pipiens fed on birds infected with the Algerian strain of malaria became more heavily infected than those fed on birds infected with the German strain.

6. C. pipiens were infected in some cases by feeding on birds with chronic infections of the Algerian strain of P. relictum, but not when fed on birds with chronic infections of the German strain.

7. No seasonal influence was found as regards the infection of C. pipiens by P. relictum.

8. The Algerian strain of malaria was successfully transmitted by English, Greek, Hungarian, Maltese and Greek-Hungarian strains of C. pipiens, and the German strain of malaria by English, Greek, Maltese and Greek-English strains of C. pipiens.
The Action of Atebrin on Bird Malaria
Authors: Tate P. , Vincent M.
Published: June 2009

1. Atebrin given during the incubation period delays the appearance of parasites in the blood of birds infected by direct blood inoculation with Plasmodium relictum.

2. If given to birds infected by the bites of mosquitoes it does not retard the appearance of parasites in the blood, when given either before, or after, the infective bites, but it has some action in diminishing the severity of the attack and the degree of splenic enlargement.

3. Parasites appear in the blood of birds, infected by sporozoites, actually during the course of atebrin treatment if this is prolonged beyond the normal incubation period.

4. When asexual parasites appear in the blood of mosquito-infected birds after atebrin treatment they are abnormal in appearance and devoid of pigment grains; gametocytes are rarely seen in the blood of such birds, but if present they have normal pigment granules.

5. Treatment with atebrin produces peculiar bodies in the blood cells of canaries.
Lestodiplosis alvei sp.n. (Diptera, Cecidomyidae)
Authors: Barnes H. F.
Published: June 2009

Male. Length about 1·5 mm. Antennae slightly longer than head, thorax and abdomen: 2 + 12, basal enlargement of flagellar segments with regular ring of moderately long stout setae and one ring of circumfila, distal enlargement with two rings of circumfila and irregular ring of stout setae, loops of circumfila regular and moderately long, those on basal enlargement extending about one-third length of stem, distal ring on distal enlargement extending about two-thirds length of neck; 1st and 2nd flagellar segments fused; 3rd flagellar segment with stem about three times as long as broad, neck slightly longer, about three-and-a-half times as long as broad, distal end slightly darkened as on all flagellar segments; 10th flagellar segment with stem about four times as long as broad, neck slightly longer in proportion. Palpi quadriarticulate with few setae: proximal segment quadrate, 2nd just over three times as long as broad, 3rd about three times as long as broad, the same width as 2nd, distal segment about four times as long as broad, slightly narrower than two previous segments. Thorax brown. Wings hyaline; 3rd vein reaching margin at apex of wing. Legs hairy; claws moderately curved, simple; empodium slightly shorter than claws. Genitalia: basal clasp segment long narrow, small basal lobe prominent; distal clasp segment long narrow, darkened; dorsal lamella moderate length and breadth, distinctly longer than ventral lamella, deeply emarginate, each lobe rounded; ventral lamella comparatively short but broad; style long, moderately stout.
Certain aspects of the host-parasite relationship of Nematospiroides dubius (Baylis): IV. The effect of the host's age on experimental infections in the mouse and rat
Authors: Dobson Colin
Published: June 2009

1. The mouse and rat (an abnormal host) show an age resistance towards experimental infections with N. dubius.

2. This resistance was complicated by a different reaction in the male and female mouse and rat.

3. The rat exhibits age resistance despite being gonadectomized immediately after weaning.

4. Gonadectomy with replacement of the homologous sex hormone did not materially alter the age resistance of the host, but the administration of testosterone to the castrated male rat increased the numbers of larvae which penetrated the gut wall. Oestradiol decreased these numbers in the spayed female rat.

5. The relationships between the age resistance and the sex resistance of the hosts was discussed.
Acanthobothriumsp.nov. (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea) and a comment on the order Biporophyllaeidea
Authors: Williams H. Harford
Published: June 2009

A description is given of the external features of the scolex and strobila and the anatomy of the proglottid ofAcanthobothrium pearsonisp.nov. found in the intestine ofOrectolobus maculatusBon. In view of the similarity in host distribution and anatomy to that ofBiporophyllaeus madrassensisSubramanian some comments are made on the status of the order Biporophyllaeidea and it is suggested thatB. madrassensismay be a proglottid of a species ofAcanthobothrium.
The development of Spirochaeta duttoni and S. recurrentis in Pediculus humanus
Authors: Heisch R. B. , Harvey A. E. C.
Published: June 2009

1. The development of S. duttoni and S. recurrentis was studied in lice.

2. After penetrating the anterior part of the midgut spirochaetes were seen in the haemocoele, haemocytes, neural ganglia and muscles of lice. They were never seen elsewhere.

3. The haemocytes of infected lice sometimes contained coarse granules believed to be the breakdown products of spirochaetes due to phagocytosis.
On Retortamonas cheloni sp.nov., a parasitic Protozoon from the starred tortoise
Authors: Janakidevi Kilambi
Published: June 2009

Retortamonas cheloni sp.nov., from the large intestine of the starred tortoise, Testudo elegans Schoepff, 1792, is described. Body oval with a long caudal process; length of body 4·2–11·5μ, 7·9 average; breadth 3·0–6·5μ, average 4·4; length of caudal process 1·0–7·0μ, average 4·0. Nucleus round, situated at the extreme anterior end, with a thin ring of chromatin adjacent to the nuclear membrane and sometimes an endosome. Cytostome deep, extending one-third to one-half of the body-length and bordered by two siderophilic threads. Close to the nucleus are two blepharoplasts from which arise two unequal flagella and the two siderophilic threads. Periplast rigid.
Fleas (Siphonaptera) collected by Miriam Rothschild in the Bernese Oberland, Switzerland
Authors: Allan Ronald M.
Published: June 2009

During August 1953, the Hon. Miriam Rothschild, with the assistance of Dr Schifferli and Fritz Muhlethaler, succeeded in obtaining three nests of the Alpine chough Pyrrhocorax graculus L. on the Niesen (1200 m.) Bernese Oberland, Switzerland. Three nests of the snow finch Montifringilla nivalis L. were collected during the same period from behind gutters and under eaves on the railway buildings at Eigergletscher (2320 m.), Bernese Oberland, immediately after the young birds had flown.
The distribution of esterase enzymes in Ascaris lumbricoides
Authors: Lee D. L.
Published: June 2009

1. The distribution of non-specific esterase and of cholinesterase in Ascaris lumbricoides has been determined using histochemical methods.

2. Non-specific esterase has been shown to be present in the cuticle, in the walls of the excretory canals, in the innervation processes of the muscles, in the coelomocytes, in the oesophageal glands, in the intestine, in the rectal glands, in the male and female reproductive systems, in parts of the nervous system and as 'caps' of enzyme on fat globules in the hypodermis and muscles.

3. Cholinesterase has been detected in the innervation processes and sheath of the muscles, in the sphincter muscles, in the intestine, in the sensory papillae and amphids, and in parts of the nervous system, including a nerve in the spicules.

4. Parts of the nervous system and the innervation processes of the muscles contain an esterase which is not inhibited by cholinesterase inhibitors and it is suggested that there may be esterase, distinct from cholinesterase, involved in nerve transmission.

5. Merocrine secretion of esterase has been observed in the intestine.
A description of six new species of the genus Cryptochaetum (Diptera-Agromyzidae) from East Africa and East Indies; together with a key to the adults and larvae of all known species
Authors: Thorpe W. H.
Published: June 2009

The material here described was mostly obtained as a result of a period of study and travel in East Africa in 1939. Two of the species were reared from Coccidae of the genus Aspidoproctus at Amani, Tanganyika Territory, and their life, history is the subject of an accompanying paper. I am greatly indebted to Dr F. W. Edwards, F.R.S., for allowing me to describe the remarkable species collected by him on Ruwenzori, Uganda, in 1935. I am also most grateful to Dr R. H. Le Pelley of the Scott Agricultural Laboratories, Nairobi, and Dr E. A. Lewis of the Veterinary Research Laboratory, Kabete, Nairobi, for other valuable new material. In addition, The Imperial Institute of Entomology has kindly allowed me to examine and describe material from Uganda in their possession which had been erroneously identified as Cryptochaetum iceryae (Will.). Type specimens of all species will be deposited in the British Museum.
The metacercaria of a pleurolophocerca cercaria parasitizingPeringia ulvae(Pennant, 1777)
Authors: Rothschild Miriam
Published: June 2009

The metacercaria shown in Fig. 1 was obtained in the laboratory from Gobies (Gobius ruthensparriEuphras.) experimentally infected with a Pleurolophocerca cercaria fromPeringia ulvae. This cercaria is regarded as the most interesting of all the Heterophyid larvae infecting this snail. It has been referred to briefly in a previous publication (Rothschild, 1938). It differs from typical Opisthorchid cercariae in the following characteristics:

(1) The lateral fin-folds are continuous and extend the whole length of the tail. The dorso-ventral fin-fold is reduced.

(2) The oesophagus and intestinal caeca (in addition to the pharynx) can be clearly made out.

(3) The cuticle is more heavily spined.

(4) The ventral sucker is better developed.

(5) The penetration gland ducts (fourteen in number) are not arranged in such definite bundles.

(6) Three acicular boring spines are present in the oral sucker.

In other respects the cercaria possesses the usual characters of the group.
The intestinal protozoa of the wood-feeding roachPanesthia
Authors: Kidder George W.
Published: June 2009

1. The Protozoa from the hindgut of the wood-feeding roachesPanesthia javanicaandP. spadicaare described.

2. These Protozoa are to be regarded as commensals.

3. They belong to three subphyla of the phylum Protozoa.

4. Two are flagellates,Monocercomonoides panesthiaesp.nov. andHexamita cryptocerciCleveland.

5. Two species ofEndamoebaare described,E. philippinensissp.nov. andE. javanicasp.nov., the former small and a bacteria feeder, the latter large and xylophagous.

6. An unidentified amoeba was observed in one roach.

7.Nyctotherus uichancoisp.nov. was found in the majority ofPanesthia javanicaand infrequently inP. spadica.

8. Nine species of heterotrichous ciliates (Clevelandiagen.nov. andParaclevelandiagen.nov.) make up the family Clevelandiidae fam.nov.

9. This family is characterized by the posterior position of the mouth which may occur at the end of a projection, varying in length. It is closely related to the family Plagiotomidae, to whichNyctotherusbelongs.

10. A well-integrated neuromotor system is described in the family Clevelandiidae, being practically identical in all members.

11. The relationships ofPanesthia, Cryptocercus, the domestic cockroaches, and the termites are discussed on the basis of their protozoan faunas.
On the function of the polar filament of Nosema bombycis
Authors: Ohshima Kaku
Published: June 2009

Among the new facts discovered in the course of the writer's investigation on the function of the polar filament of the spore of Nosema bombycis (Ohshima, 1927), the following two are considered the most important:

(1) As soon as its filament extrusion is accomplished in the midgut of a silkworm, the spore discharges a viscous fluid through the tube of the filament. This fluid remains hanging in a spherical shape at the extremity of the filament.

(2) Both the polar filament and the viscous fluid are speedily digested by the digestive ferment of the silkworm in a few seconds.
OnAdelina tribolii, a coccidian parasite ofTribolium ferrugineumF
Authors: Bhatia M. L.
Published: June 2009

The coccidian dealt with in this paper is a parasite of the blood, fat bodies and connective tissue ofTribolium ferrugineum. W. A. Riley and L. Krogh were the first and perhaps the only ones who noticed stages of this parasite, when studying the histology of the larvae of this beetle. They found the pupae and adults uninfected, but in the course of the present work some of them were heavily infected, though only a small number could be examined.
A mathematical analysis of superparasitism by Collyria calcitrator Grav
Authors: Walker Marjory G.
Published: June 2009

1. An outline of the life history of Cephus pygmaeus Linnaeus is given.

2. The parasites of Cephus are listed and are discussed briefly in relation to the particular parasite Collyria calcitrator Gravenhorst.

3. It is shown that if the host larvae collected from wheat-stubble in autumn are used for the investigation of the extent of parasitism by Collyria, allowance must be made for the fact that the parasite Pleurotropis benefica Gahan is intrinsically inferior to Collyria, and that its cocoons must represent hosts left unparasitized by Collyria.

4. In summer the adults of Collyria emerge, on the whole, earlier than those of the host Cephus. This suggests that at the beginning of the season of oviposition there will be a scarcity of hosts in comparison with the numbers of parasites wishing to oviposit. The relative activity of host and parasite during the egg-laying period is worked out on hypotheses of the average length of life of the individuals, and is shown diagrammatically.

5. The Cephus larvae travel down the stem and hibernate at the base. When the wheat is cut, a proportion of the larvae and their parasites are removed with the straw. The way in which this may prevent the stubble material from giving a true indication of the degree of parasitism in the population as a whole is discussed.

6. On the basis that 3910 hosts receive 3600 parasites, various hypothetical distributions are worked out arithmetically in order to find which type of discrimination between healthy and parasitized hosts gives an arrangement of parasites most in agreement with what has been found for Collyria in Cephus. The most satisfactory result is that obtained when it is assumed that the probability of an already parasitized host being re-attacked varies with the proportion of parasitized hosts. It is also shown that a shortage of hosts at a time of parasite activity may cause a high degree of superparasitism, thus giving a false impression of the parasite's power of discrimination.

7. Suggestions for further field work are given.
The experimental production of cutaneous myiasis of sheep
Authors: Macleod John
Published: June 2009

A method is described by which active cutaneous myiasis of sheep by Lucilia sericata larvae can be produced with certainty and precision at any season of the year. The method is such that it can readily be employed in field experiments.
Studies onPenetrocephalus ganapatii, a new genus (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) from the marine teleostSaurida tumbil(Bloch)
Authors: Rao K. Hanumantha
Published: June 2009

1. The character of the scolex, the long filamentous neck and the morphology of the proglottids are features which justify the establishment of a new genus,Penetrocephalus,to accommodate the pseudophyllid speciesP. ganapatii(=Both-riocephalus ganapatii(Rao, 1954),B. penetratus(Subhapradha, 1955)) from the marine teleostSaurida tumbilBloch, off Waltair, Bay of Bengal.

2. The anatomy of the female reproductive system is described in detail, and a preliminary interpretation of the histochemistry of egg-shell formation is given.

3. On the basis of histochemical tests it is suggested that Mehlis's gland, which surrounds the cellular ootype, secretes a phospholipid-like material which may aid in the release of shell precursors from the vitelline cells, but it does not form part of the shell. It appears also to be responsible for the synthesis of PAS-positive yolky matter found in these cells in the egg capsule. The functions of Mehlis's gland in helminths are discussed.

4. In a majority of helminths where the egg-shell is a quinone-tanned protein, it is considered that it is solely if not entirely derived from shell globules in the vitelline cells.
The distribution of glycogen and fat in Thelastoma bulhõesi (Magalhães, 1900), a nematode parasitic in cockroaches
Authors: Lee D. L.
Published: June 2009

1. The distribution of glycogen and fat in Thelastoma bulhõesi has been shown to be essentially the same as in Ascaris lumbricoides.

2. The chief storage areas of glycogen are the muscle cells and the lateral lines, with smaller amounts in the dorsal and ventral lines, the intestine and the oesophagus.

3. The chief storage areas of fat are the dorsal, ventral and lateral lines, the intestine, the oocytes, oogonia and ova.

4. Fat has been found in the lumen of the intestine of several nematodes, especially in the males of Hammerschmidtiella diesingi after 24 hr. starvation.

5. Both glycogen and fat in females of T. bulhõesi were considerably reduced, except in the gonads, after 12 days starvation.

6. Staining whole mounts with oil red O was found to be the most convenient method of determining if the food reserves were being used or not.
A new paruterinid cestode, Lallum magniparuterina gen. et sp.nov. from the intestine of a common teal, Nettion crecca Linn.
Authors: Johri G. N.
Published: June 2009

A description is given of a new species of paruterinid Cestode, belonging to the subfamily Paruterinae Fuhrmann, 1907, of the family Dilepididae Fuhrmann, 1907, to which the name Lallum magniparuterina gen. et sp.nov. is given. It is parasitic in the intestine of the common teal, Nettion crecca Linn.
Development of Carmyerius exoporus Maplestone (Trematoda: Gastrothylacidae) in a snail host
Authors: Dinnik J. A. , Dinnik N. N.
Published: June 2009

The development of Carmyerius exoporus Maplestone in the snail Anisus nata-lensis Krauss is described with the emphasis laid on the redial and cercarial productivity of the rediae of the first and subsequent generations.

The miracidium gives rise to one sporocyst. From 25 to 32 germinal cells present in the miracidium, only six to eleven develop into embryo balls in the sporocyst and, of these, only three to nine develop into rediae of the first generation.

The redia of the first generation gives birth to daughter rediae and cercariae. No alternation in the development of redial and cercarial embryos was noted in the rediae of C. exoporus and a small number of redial embryos was observed to develop alongside the more numerous cercarial embryos throughout the life of the first generation rediae.

The rediae of the second and subsequent generations also give birth to daughter rediae and cercariae.

The cercariae leave their parent redia when they are still immature and continue the development in the snail tissue.
Invasion of the egg masses of the mollusc Bulinus (Physopsis) globosus, by larval chironomids
Authors: Pringle G.
Published: June 2009

1. It has been observed that the larvae of four species of chironomid midges invade and destroy the contents of the egg masses of Bulinus (Physopsis) globosus in Amani lake, Tanganyika.

2. There was no indication that this type of predation exercised any restraint on the density of adult snails.
Notes on some new species of parasitic mites
Authors: Radford Charles D.
Published: June 2009

Amongst the collections of mites that have been sent to me for identification I have recently found six new species which are described and figured in the present paper.
On the ascarids parasitic in seals, with special reference to the genus Contracaecum
Authors: Baylis H. A.
Published: June 2009

Difficulties encountered in the determination of species of Contracaecum from seals led the writer to undertake a comparative morpholgical study of a considerable amount of material. This included the Ascarids from seals collected by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition (Scotia) in 1902–4, and deposited in the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh, which were obtained on loan through the courtesy of Dr A. C. Stephen. In the present paper some results of this investigation are presented, and short notes are added on other species of Ascaridae recorded from Pinnipedia.
Studies on the helminth fauna of Alaska
Authors: Rausch Robert , Schiller Everett L.
Published: June 2009

It is concluded that E. sibiricensis is the etiologic agent of alveolar hydatid disease in man. The cestode has a wide distribution in Eurasia, and St Lawrence Island apparently represents the north-easternmost extent of its range. The study of the cestode in Europe has been complicated by the co-existence of E. granulosus, which does not occur on St Lawrence Island. Microtine rodents, particularly Microtus spp. and Clethrionomys rutilus, are the natural intermediate hosts of this cestode, although other species of mammals, including man, are parasitized with varying degrees of success on the part of the larval cestode.
Nuclear division in the trophic stages of Iodamoeba bütschlii (Prowazek, 1912) Dobell, 1919
Authors: Pan Chia-Tung
Published: June 2009

1. Study of the nuclear morphology of a large number of haematoxylin-stained specimens of Iodamoeba bütschlii has permitted description of the process of nuclear division in this organism.

2. The interphase nuclei of the trophozoites were classified into four types (types I to IV) depending on the distribution of the periendosomal granules. The development of the four types of interphase nuclei appears to follow the process of nuclear division.

3. During the early prophase stages the periendosomal granules are incorporated into the endosome. More than twenty small granules are formed from the organizing endosome.

4. In late metaphase stages more than ten, and probably twelve, granules can usually be counted per set of the daughter chromosomes.

5. The centrodesmus may extend beyond the nuclear boundary during the anaphase stages, while the nuclear membrane appears intact.

6. The periendosomal granules reappear by the end of telophase stages when the two daughter nuclei are nearly completely separated.

7. In the freshly separated daughter cell the nucleus may still retain the trailing tail and appear tadpole-shaped, but the periendosomal granules are usually arranged like those in the type I interphase nucleus.

8. The validity of the genus Iodamoeba is re-emphasized on the basis of the characteristic nuclear structures and the unique process of nuclear division as here described for I. bütschlii.
A cytochemical investigation of the Sabin-Feldman phenomenon in Toxoplasma gondii and an explanation of its mechanism on this basis
Authors: Kulasiri C. , Dasgupta B.
Published: June 2009

Ribonucleic acid which was normally present in Toxoplasma gondii was found to disappear or become undemonstrable during the action of the dye-test antibodies using cytochemical techniques. A possible explanation for the mechanism of the dye test has been put forward based on this evidence.
Dirofilaria aethiops Webber, 1955, a filarial parasite of monkeys I. The morphology of the adult worms and microfilariae
Authors: Webber Winfrith A. F.
Published: June 2009

1. Dirofilaria aethiops Webber, 1955 has been discovered in African monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). Adult worms were found in the interfascicular connective tissue, especially in the thighs; microfilariae were found in the blood.

2. The adult worms are morphologically similar to other members of the genus, from which they differ principally in the structure of the spicules of the male worms. The thickening of the left spicule is complex at the twist; the latter is nearer to the proximal than to the distal end. The right spicule is robust and ends in a cap-like structure.

3. The microfilariae are indistinguishable from those of other members of the genus.

4. In Dirofilaria schoutedeni Vuylsteke & Rodhain, 1938 the left spicule is simpler in structure than the left spicule of D. aethiops, and the twist is nearer to the distal end than to the proximal end. The distal part of the right spicule of D. schoutedeni has longitudinal markings but no cap.

5. D. aethiops has been recorded from Tanganyika, Uganda and Gambia, in Cercopithecus and Colobus monkeys.

6. The anatomy of the female D. aethiops, as it is shown in serial sections, is briefly described.
On the family Parasubuluridae van den Berghe & Vuylsteke, 1938, and the subfamily Numidicinae López-Neyra, 1945 (Nematoda)
Authors: Inglis William G.
Published: June 2009

1. Oxynema crassispiculum (Sonsino, 1889) has been redescribed and shown to possess two spicules.

2. The genus Numidica Barreto, 1919 has been shown to be synonymous with the genus Oxynema von Linstow, 1899.

3. The genus Oxynema has been redefined and a synonymic list is given of the species that it now contains.

4. Oxynema typicum Kreis, 1940 is considered to be a species incertae sedis.

5. Baylisnumidica petrodromi (Baylis, 1934) has been redescribed and shown to belong to the genus Parasubulura Berghe & Vuylsteke, 1938.

6. The family Parasubuluridae is reduced to subfamily rank, and placed in the family Subuluridae.
studies on Entamoeba invadens Rodhain, 1934, in vitro, and its relationship to some other species of Entamoeba
Authors: McConnachie Elspeth W.
Published: June 2009

1. Optimum growth of E. invadens occurred in HSre + S in the presence of Bact. coli, at 24–30° C. The amoebae could not be ‘trained’ to grow above 35° C.

2. The amoebae ingested normal rat erythrocytes, but not those of chick or frog.

3. Mass encystation occurred only under conditions which favoured the growth of the amoebae, but was not dependent on an acceleration in growth rate; in certain strains, an increased production of cysts was correlated with the depletion of starch in the medium.

4. The amoebae were always killed by treatment with N/20-HCl for 1 hr. at room temperature, although usually they did not survive after treatment for only 10 min. At room temperature, the cysts survived treatment with N/10-HC1 for at least 6 days, and with 0·002% HgCl2 for at least 4 hr.

5. The amoebae of E. invadens were adversely affected by aerobic conditions.

6. The amoebae could survive for up to 35 days at 8° C. but for not more than 7 days at 37° C. The cysts survived for at least 14 days at 8° C., for 7, but not 11, days at 24° C., and for less than 7 days at 37° C.

7. It is suggested that, in view of the morphological identity of E. aulastomi, E. invadens, E. moshkovskii and E. histolytica, and the fact that the amoebae of these groups form a series growing at increasingly higher temperatures, these four organisms constitute subspecies rather than full species. The taxonomic status of E. ranarum is still open to question.
Neurosecretory granules in the infective stage of Haemonchus contortus
Authors: Rogers W. P.
Published: June 2009

Large numbers of electron-dense bodies, 700–1900 Å in diameter, usually seen each with its own limiting membrane, were found in axons of the ventral nerve of infective juveniles of H. contortus. Axons containing these granules merged, without limiting membranes, with a ‘light’, diffusely granular region, about 1·5–2 μm3. The ‘light’ area also merged without boundaries with the underlying cuticle which was different from the surrounding cuticle. This modified cuticle, of which the anterior border lies about 1·3 μm from the posterior edge of the excretory pore, extends slightly beyond the ‘light’ area. Otherwise it is a useful topographical marker for the extent of the ‘light’ area.

It is considered that the ‘light’ region has a special role in the physiology of the cuticle.

I wish to thank Mrs M. Ross for expert technical assistance and Mr R. I. Sommerville for valuable advice. This work was supported by a U.S. Public Health Service Grant, AI 04093–05. The use of the Siemens electron microscope was made possible by a grant from the Australian Research Grants Committee. Financial help from Parke, Davis and Co. (Australia) is also gratefully acknowledged.
Observations on the tissue and post-tissue larval development of Ascaridia dissimilis Vigeuras 1931, and a comparison with that of Ascaridia galli, in turkeys
Authors: Horton-Smith C. , Long P. L. , Lee D. L.
Published: June 2009

A tissue phase of the nematode A. dissimilis has been demonstrated. The larvae enter the tissue soon after hatching and not, as previously thought, after 7 days.

The growth rate of A. dissimilis in young poults has been studied. Sexual differentiation can be observed from the 14th day and sexual maturity occurs as early as 28 days after infection.

From the recorded figures it is evident that A. dissimilis is not necessarily a smaller species than A. galli. The age of the host influences the development of maturity of the worms and probably the size of the nematodes as well. The largest female recorded here was 128 mm and the largest male was 77 mm when removed from a turkey 76 days after infection.

The infectivity of A. dissimilis ova is not impaired after storage at room temperature in 1 % formalin for up to 237 days. Embryonation is complete in 9–10 days at 30 °C.

It has been shown that chickens are probably refractory to A. dissimilis.

We wish to acknowledge the technical assistance of Mr J. Brownbill, Mrs B. Fisher and Mr P. R. Mills.
Facultative Blood-sucking in Phytophagous Hemiptera
Authors: Myers J. G.
Published: June 2009

In 1926 Bequaert wrote, “In the light of the theory of evolution, the various cases in which hemipterous insects, that are normally predaceous or even phytophagous, occasionally become blood-suckers are of considerable interest. They show that haematophagous habits may be readily and rather suddenly acquired by insects that have developed suitable piercing and sucking mouth-parts, without previous adaptation to a blood diet.” These remarks accompanied an annotated list of the species of Hemiptera known to bite man without provocation. In the list are included six species of Cimicids and eleven Reduviids (Triatoma and Rhodnius) which are apparently obligate blood-suckers of Vertebrates; and nine Reduviids, one Nabid, five Anthocorids, and two Lygaeids (Geocoris henoni Puton and G. scutellaris Puton) which are normally predaceous on other insects, whose haemolymph they suck, being thus obligate blood-suckers of Arthropoda. The case of Clerada apicicornis Sign. is obscure, though this species is probably normally predaceous on other insects. An Australian species (C. nidicola Bergr.) is an inquiline in the nests of “opossums” (phalangers).
The fine structure of the acanthor shell of Pomphorhynchus laevis (Acanthocephala)
Authors: Stranack F. R.
Published: June 2009

The fine structure of the shell formed round developing zygotes of an acanthocephalan has been described and compared with the descriptions from light microscopy. The origin of layer 1 from globules in the ovum has been postulated and a sequence of elaboration of the three shell layers has been suggested. The layers of the shell should continue to be numbered rather than labelled with descriptive terms until their origin and chemical composition have been established.

I should like to thank the Avon and Dorset River Authority for collection of the fish.
Cotylascaris thylacini: a synonym of Ascaridia columbae
Authors: Sprent J. F. A.
Published: June 2009

The writer (Sprent, 1971) described four female specimens of an ‘ascaridoid’ nematode from a vial labelled ‘Tasmanian Marsupial Wolf’. The name Cotylascaris thylacini was proposed, in spite of there being no male specimens available. This was because no other genus among ascaridoids was known by the writer to possess cup-like cuticular structures on the margins of the lips and also because the thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus) is considered to be on the verge of extinction, if not extinct already.
Organization of frozen-etched Thelohania bracteata (Strickland, 1913) (Microsporida, Nosematidae) emphasizing the fine structure of the posterior vacuole
Authors: Liu T. P. , Davies D. M.
Published: June 2009

This study examines the ultrastructure of the posterior vacuole in frozen-etched spores of Thelohania bracteata (Nosematidae), a microsporidian infecting the fat body of larval black-flies (Simuliidae). This organelle, considered important in providing intrasporal pressure for sporoplasm extrusion through the polar filament, has a double membrane with particles on its internal faces as revealed by the freeze-etching technique. The size and pattern of these particles differ from those in membranes of the polar filament and nucleus, and this difference may have functional significance. The posterior vacuole, and also the polaroplast, may originate from expanded sacs that occur in the immature spore. There is evidence from this study that there are many basic ultrastructural similarities between spores of different microsporidian species and that at least some reported differences are the result of varying techniques.

We gratefully acknowledge the freeze-etching facilities provided by the Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, McMaster University. The research was supported by Grant A-130 from the National Research Council of Canada.
Observations on the fine structural changes associated with schizogony and gametogony in Eimeria tenella
Authors: McLaren Diane J.
Published: June 2009

Changes associated with schizogony and gametogony in Eimeria tenella have been studied by means of electron microscopy.

In infections of E. tenella both small and large schizonts are formed, and in both cases merozoites are developed by a surface ‘budding’ mechanism. The final severance of the merozoite from the schizont appears to give rise to the dorsal pore of the merozoite. Newly formed merozoites contain structures which are absent in the mature organism.

Early in microgametogony the nucleus of the microgametocyte divides repeatedly to produce a number of smaller nuclei which migrate peripherally in the cell. The chromatin aggregates into the peripheral part of each nucleus, which then elongates to form the nucleus of the of microgamete. That part of the gametocyte nucleus which is devoid of chromatin, probably gives rise to the perforatorium and three flagella of the gamete. Residual material is left in the gametocyte cytoplasm in the form of a gametogenic cyst.

‘Wall-forming’ bodies are present in the earliest macrogametocyte and ‘dark bodies’ are developed later. After fertilization these bodies migrate to the periphery of the zygote. In E. tenella the oocyst wall is trilaminate. The limiting membrane of the zygote separates from the cell to become the outermost membrane of the cyst wall. The middle layer of the cyst wall is developed from the ‘dark bodies’, and the ‘wall forming’ bodies give rise to the inner layer of the oocyst wall.