bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biological Control of the Western Corn Rootworm Using An Entomoparasitic Nematode, 1991
Authors: Journey A. M. , Ostlie K. R.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy of Steinernema carpocapsae, All strain as a biological control agent for WCR was evaluated on a Waukegan silt loam soil at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, Rosemount. Experimental plots, consisting of 30 plants in 3 rows (76 cm row spacing) of 10, were laid out in a completely random design on 28 Jun, and infested with WCR eggs at 600 eggs/30.5 cm of row using the method of Branson and Sutter (1980). Most of the corn (planted 10 Jun) had then reached the 3 or 4-leaf stage. On 17 Jul, nematodes (BioVector° were applied. Approximately 11 ml of S. carpocapsae suspended in 0.15% agar were applied around the base of each treated plant with a 35 ml syringe. Control plants received agar only. Six replicates of 4 nematode rates and an agar control were used; although applied per-plant, rates are expressed as nematodes/30.5 cm of row. All plots were watered after treatment until the top 5 cm of soil appeared uniformly moist. Three WCR emergence cages were placed in each plot on 24 Jul, each covering 2 plants. Beetle traps were monitored weekly from 31 Jul through 23 Sep. On 17 Sep, 10 roots from each plot were dug, washed, and rated using the Iowa 1-6 root injury scale (with half-point increments of greater sensitivity).
Sulfur for Corn Rootworm Control, 1991
Authors: Journey A. M. , Ostlie K. R. , Luedeman L. J.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy of disintegrating and feed grade sulfurs was evaluated against WCR as part of I investigations into organic alternatives to chemical control. Experimental plots, measuring 2 rows (76 cm row spacing) X 14 m, were planted on 7 Jun in a Waukegan silt loam soil at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Research Station, Rosemount. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block I design with 4 replications; an insecticide check (Counter 15 G) was included. All treatments were applied at planting using a modified Nobel applicator. In (order to insure adequate rootworm pressure, approximately 3 m of each plot row was artificially infested with WCR eggs at a rate of 600 eggs per 30.5 cm on 19 Jul using the method of Sutter and Branson (1980). On 21 Aug, 5 roots were dug from each plot, washed, and rated using the Iowa 1-6 scale (subdivided into half-point increments for higher sensitivity).
Biological Insecticide Performance Against First Generation European Corn Borer, 1991
Authors: Journey A. M. , Ostlie K. R. , Luedeman L. J.
Published: March 2022

Experimental plots measuring 1 row (76 cm row spacing) × 7.6 m were established in a commercial corn field (planted 6 Jun) on the St. Paul campus of the University of Minnesota. The center 15 plants of each plot were infested with 2 “black-headed” ECB egg masses on 19 Jul. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied on 25 Jul to corn in late whorl stage (V16). Granules were banded over the row with a Gandy granular applicator; liquids were applied in a band over the row using a C02 powered backpack sprayer delivering 217 liter/ha (20 gal/acre) through an 8004 nozzle. Insecticide performance was evaluated on 27-29 Aug by dissecting the stalks of all 15 infested plants per plot, and counting tunnels and ECB larvae.
Efficacy of Selected Bacillus Thubingiensis Formulations Against Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm, 1991
Authors: Graves J. B. , Long D. W. , Leonard B. R.
Published: March 2022

The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 7 treatments and a control replicated 4 times. Cotton was planted on 16 May with plots consisting of 5 rows (on 102 cm centers) X 13.7 m. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays (pH of water was 7.0) with a hi-clearance tractor equipped with a compressed air delivery system. Two TX-8 hollow cone nozzles equally spaced per row delivered a total vol of 56.2 liters/ha at 3.02 kg/cm2. All plots were oversprayed twice with methyl parathion 4 EC at 0.34 kg (AI)/ha for boll weevil suppression. Treatments were applied on 29 Jul and 14 Aug and all plots were mechanically harvested on 2 Oct. On 1 and 8 Aug, 25 terminals/plot were sampled for boUworm and tobacco budworm eggs, larvae and damage. On these dates, 25 squares/plot were examined for worm damage. Live larvae/25 squares were counted on 1, 7, and 19 Aug. On 19 Aug, 25 bolls/plot were examined for larval damage. Rainfall was recorded on 9 Aug (0.41 cm) and 10 Aug (2.06 cm).
Pyrethroid Aphicide Efficacy, 1990
Authors: Harris F. A. , Furr R. E.
Published: March 2022

Fourteen treatments of 9 candidate pesticides were tested for efficacy against cotton aphids in cotton planted 5 May. Treatments were arranged in randomized complete blocks replicated 4 times. Dimensions of each plot were 26.7 ft wide (8 rows) by 50 ft long. All plots were sprayed on 29 May with Ammo 2.5 EC (0.025 lb Al/acre) to diminish the predator population and help initiate a cotton aphid infestation. All plots were also sprayed on 8 Jun with Orthene 90 SP (0.375 lb Al/acre) for control of a tarnished plant bug infestation. Pesticide applications were made with a compressed air spray system mounted on a John Deere, model 6000 high clearance sprayer operated at 5.5 mph using Conejet, TX-8 nozzles calibrated to deliver 7.3 gal/acre at 42 psi. Applications were made on 6, 20, 27 Jul, 2, 17, and 31 Aug. Pretreatment counts of aphids were made on 3 Jul and posttreatment counts at approximately weekly intervals thereafter. Counts were made on 5 mature leaves (5-8 nodes below terminal) and 5 terminal leaves (4th fully expanded leaf from the terminal bud) in each plot. The 2 center rows of each plot (2°50 row ft samples) were harvested on 2 Oct, with an International Harvester model 622 cotton picker.
Early and Mid Season Systemic Insecticides, 1990
Authors: Harris F. A. , Furr R, E.
Published: March 2022

Systemic insecticides were evaluated when applied in-furrow at planting treatments for thrips control and as side-dress applications for cotton aphid control at the early squaring stage of crop development. Treatments were applied to 4-row plots (13.3 × 50 ft) in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Planting and in-furrow granular (IFG) insecticide treatment application was with a 4 row John Deere, model 7100 planter adapted for Almaco cone planters and Kincaid cone granule applicators, on 8 May. The in-furrow spray (IFS) treatment was applied with a compressed air operated sprayer (20 psi, 3.8 gal/acre, Conejet TX-8 spray tips). Spray was directed onto the seed and adjacent soil (ca. 3 inch wide band) as seed dropped into the seed furrow and before seed were covered with soil. Side-dress granule (SDG) treatments were applied with a Gandy, granule applicator (on tool bar with 4 applicator knives) about 3 inches deep and about 9 inches to the side of plants. Side-dress spray (SDS) treatments were applied on 22 Jun with a compressed air operated sprayer (20 psi, 6.7 gal/acre, Teejet 8003 nozzle tips) and injected through the same knives as SDG. Insecticides (Karate 1 E + Orthene 90 SP°0.025 + 0.5 lb Al/acre) for bollworm/tobacco budworm control were applied 14 and 22 Aug. Plots (2 center rows) were harvested with an International Harvester model 622 cotton picker on 2 Oct.
Effects of a 22% Urea Aqueous Foliar Fertilizer on Aphid Control Test-II, 1991
Authors: Long D. W. , Graves J. B. , Leonard B. R.
Published: March 2022

The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 5 treatments and a control replicated 4 times. Cotton was planted on 7 May with plots consisting of 2 rows (on 102 cm center) × 6.1 m and foliar sprays were applied with a utility tractor equipped with a compressed air system calibrated with water to deliver 95 liters/ha at 3.66 kg/cm2 (2 TX-6 nozzles/row) and 5.5 km/h. Treatments were applied on 9 Jul and evaluations were made on 11 Jul and 16 Jul. The plots had not been treated previously and plant height at treatment initiation ranged from 75-120 cm. Effectiveness on aphid populations was evaluated by randomly collecting 20 plant terminals from the center 2 rows of each plot and placing diem immediately into 0.95 liter glass jars. In the laboratory, 10 ml of sodium hypochlorite (5.25%), 5 ml of dilute liquid detergent solution, and 500 ml of tap water were added to the glass jars. Following vigorous agitation, the contents of the jars were poured onto a no. 30 metal sieve and plants were thoroughly washed to dislodge remaining aphids, which were funneled into 300-mesh sieves. Contents of the 300- mesh sieve were backwashed into a Buchner filter apparatus (7 cm diam) containing ruled filter paper. Numbers of aphids were determined using a Zeiss binocular stereoscope at 12 × magnification. No rainfall was recorded during the course of this test.
Adjuvant Effects on an Insecticide Applied in Foliar Fertilizer (22% Urea) for Aphid Control, Test-IV, 1991
Authors: Long D. W. , Graves J. B. , Leonard B. R.
Published: March 2022

The experimental design was a completely randomized block, with 7 treatments and a control replicated 4 times. Cotton was planted on 7 May with plots consisting of 2 rows (on 102 cm center) × 6.7 m and foliar sprays were applied with a utility tractor equipped with a compressed air system calibrated with water to deliver 28 liters/ha total spray solution at 1.9 kg/cm2 (2, TX-3 nozzles/row) traveling at 7.2 km/h. Treatments were applied on 15 Jul and evaluations were made on 17 Jul. The plots had not been treated previously and plant height at treatment initiation ranged from 50-75 cm. Effectiveness on aphid populations was evaluated by randomly collecting 25 plant terminals from each plot and placing them immediately into 0.95 liter glass jars. In the laboratory, 10 ml of sodium hypochlorite (5.25%), 5 ml of dilute liquid detergent solution, and 500 ml of tap water were added to the glass jars. Following vigorous agitation, the contents of the jars \\ re poured onto a no. 30 metal sieve and plants were thoroughly washed to dislodge aphids, which were funneled into 300-mesh sieves. Contents of the 300-mesh sieve were backwashed into a Buchner filter apparatus (7 cm diam) containing ruled filter paper. Numbers of aphids were determined using a Zeiss binocular stereoscope at 12 × magnification. No rainfall was recorded between 15 and 17 Jul and 1.9 cm or rainfall was recorded on 21 Jul.
Control of the Bollworm-Tobacco Budworm Complex, 1991
Authors: Micinski S. , Fitzpatrick B. J. , Graves J. B.
Published: March 2022

Nine insecticides and 6 insecticide combinations were evaluated at the Red River Research Station, Bossier City, LA, to determine the efficacy of the selected treatments in controlling the bollworm-tobacco budworm complex on cotton. Cotton was planted 21 May on 40-inch centers. Experimental plots were 4 rows × 100 ft and were arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 system for spraying small plots. Insecticides were applied in 3.0 gal of finished spray solution/acre at 50 psi with TX-3 hollow-cone nozzles spaced 20 inches apart. Treatments were applied on 10, 19 Jul, 1, 9, and 20 Aug. A standard cotton insecticide program was followed on the entire test area after the last observation on 23 Aug. Plant damage was monitored 3-6 days following each application by examining 25 squares/plot. Yields were determined by mechanically harvesting the center 2 rows of each plot on 8 and 23 Oct.
Southern Corn Rootworm Control in Peanuts, North Carolina, 1991
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Hertl P. T.
Published: March 2022

Peanuts were planted 16 May at the Edward Farless farm in Bertie Co. Seed rate was approximately 80 lb/acre in a sandy loam soil with 1.3% humic matter and a pH of 5.6. Soil temperature was 69°F. Plots were 4 rows (on 36 inch centers) × 20 ft with 4 replications/treatment arranged in a randomized complete block. Except for insecticide applications, the crop was grown using standard agronomic practices as recommended by the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service. The pre-plant incorporated (PPI) Lorsban 4 E was applied prior to planting by spraying the insecticide as a broadcast treatment over the plot with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer using 8002 nozzles and operating at 40 psi. Immediately after application, the insecticide was lightly incorporated with a hand rake. The pegging-time applications of Lorsban 4 E were applied in a similar fashion, but were placed in a 16 inch band over the row and were not incorporated. A bicycle-wheel applicator utilizing a Noble metering unit was used to apply the at-pegging treatments on 16 Jul in a 16 inch band. Growing conditions were dry in May and Jun, but Jul and Aug had above normal precipitation. This same wet weather also promoted increased leaching of pesticides. Peanuts were sampled for rootworm damage on 7 Sep by collecting 100 pods/plot at random from 5 plants in the two right-hand rows. Pods were placed in plastic bags and returned to the laboratory for freezing and subsequent examination. Yield was determined by harvesting the 2 left-hand rows of the plots on 15 Oct. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and means separated by DNMRT. All data were transformed Vx = 0.05 prior to analysis, but actual means are reported.
Apple, Lorsban Timing and Rate Trial for Suppression of European Red Mite, 1990
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C.
Published: March 2022

Sprays were applied to mature trees near Doublas, MI ('A' Block) at a rate of 125 gal/acre with an FMC 1029 sprayer. Treatments were arranged as completely randomized units consisting of single trees replicated 4 times. Treatments were applied on 24 Apr (1/2 inch green), 30 Apr (P), 15 May (PF), 27 May (IC), 8 Jun (2C), 19 Jun (3C), 1 Jul (4C), 14 Jul (5C), 27 Jul (6C), 8 Aug (7C), 19 Aug (8C), 3 Sep (9C), and 17 Sep (10C). When timed applications were not made, treatment plots were maintained with Guthion 35 WP at 3.0 lb per acre. The Kelthane application was timed for a threshold of 5 mites/leaf. Dodine and Nova were applied separately to all treatments. On 13 Jun, 25 Jun, 9 Jul, 19 Jul, 6 Aug, and 15 Aug, samples consisting of 50 leaves per tree (200 per treatment) were picked at random and brushed on a mite brushing machine. ERM adults and eggs, and AF and ZM were counted.
Control of Rice Water Weevil with Carbofuran, 1991
Authors: Bernhardt J. L.
Published: March 2022

Carbofuran was evaluated for control of RWW at Stuttgart (Crowley silt loam soil) and Keiser (Sharkey silt clay soil), AR. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Plot size was 9 rows with 17.8 cm spacing × 4.88 m. At Stuttgart, rice ('Newbonnet') was drill-seeded at 123.2 kg seed/ha 25 Apr and emerged 6 May. Propanil at 4.48 kg (AI)/ha and thiobencarb at 2.24 kg (AI)/ha were applied 16 May. Plots were temporarily flooded 17 May and permanently flooded 30 May. Urea at 151.2 kg/ha was applied in a 3-way split of 84 kg/ha 30 May and 33.6 kg/ha each on 10 and 22 Jul. Carbofuran 4 F was sprayed 30 May with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with Tee Jet 8002 flat fan spray tips. Carbofuran 3 C and fertilizer granules (33.6 kg/ha) coated with carbofuran 4 F were applied with a hand-held shaker 13 Jun. At Keiser, rice ('Alan') was drill-seeded at 100.8 kg seed/ha 23 May and emerged 5 Jun. Propanil at 4.48 kg (AI)/ha and thiobencarb at 3.36 kg (AI)/ha were applied 14 Jun. Urea at 151.2 kg/ha was applied in a 3-way split of 84 kg/ha 25 Jun and 33.6 kg/ha each on 7 and 26 Jul. Carbofuran 4 F, 3 G, and coated fertilizer granules were applied on 24 Jun with the same equipment as at Stuttgart. On 20 and 27 Jun at Stuttgart and on 16 and 25 Jul at Keiser, 5, 10.2 cm diam by 10.2 cm deep, soil cores were removed from each plot. Soil and plant roots were washed into 40-mesh screens. Screens were immersed in salt water and RWW larvae and pupae were recovered and counted. Plots were harvested with a small plot combine.
Control of Rice Water Weevil with Nematodes, 1990
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G. , Smith K. , Martin R.
Published: March 2022

Experiments, designed as randomized complete blocks, were conducted at the Texas A&M University Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont and its satellite station at Eagle Lake. Each of 2 experiments at Beaumont and a single experiment at Eagle Lake consisted of 5 and 8 treatments, respectively, all with 4 replications. Soil at Beaumont was Beaumont clay and that at Eagle Lake was Nada fine sandy loam. At the Beaumont location plots were 13 × 6 ft, broadcast sown to dry soil with 100 lbs seed/acre, and fertilized with urea at 110 lbs N/acre. Plots were flush irrigated (flooded for 24 to 48 h then drained) as needed until the permanent flood was applied on 4 Jun (22 d after seedling emergence through soil). On 30 May plots were treated with 3, 2, and 0.25 lbs (AI)/acre propanil, thiobencarb, and bentazon, respectively. Metal barriers were placed around plots to receive treatments applied to flood water. Treatments were applied as described in the tables. Nematode treatments were applied with a 4 nozzle hand-held boom sprayer using CO2, at 22 psi, as a propellant. Nozzles were LF 3, 80 degrees without screens. Final spray vol was 100 gal/acre. Nematode treatments were made at dusk with the spray boom positioned below the canopy to prevent drift. Furadan was applied with a hand-held shaker. At panicle differentiation (29 Jun) plots were fertilized with urea at 60 lbs N/acre. From 25 to 27 Jun, 5, 4-inch diameter × 4-inch deep soil cores were removed from each plot of Experiment 1. Each core contained a single plant with roots which were washed and inspected for immature RWW. Plots in Experiment 2 were sampled 9-10 Jul as in Experiment 1. At maturity plots in both experiments were harvested, yields adjusted to 12% moisture, and grain milled to determine quality. Plots at Eagle Lake were 13 × 6 ft, drill planted (6-inch row spacing) at 100 lbs seed/acre, and fertilized with urea and 16-20-0 at 45 lbs N/acre on 21 Mar. Seedlings emerged through soil between 5 and 7 Apr. Plots were flush irrigated as needed until the permanent flood was applied 11 May (34 to 36 d after seedling emergence). On 19 Apr molinate, propanil, and bentazon were applied at 3.0; 3.0; and 0.5 lb (AI)/acre, respectively, followed by an application of thiobencarb, molinate, and propanil at 2.0; 3.0, and 3.0 lbs (AI)/acre, respectively, on 3 May. Treatments as listed in the table were applied as described for the experiments at Beaumont. At panicle differentiation (1 Jun), plots were fertilized with urea at 45 lbs N/acre. On 7 Jun (13 d after application of treatments), plots were sampled, as in experiments at Beaumont, for RWW immatures. Plots were not harvested; thus, yield and milling quality are not available for the Eagle Lake experiment. Data for RWW densities were transformed using Vx + 0.5; yield and milling data were not transformed. Data were subjected to ANOVA and where appropriate DMRT.
Apple, Control of Leafhoppers with Insecticides, 1990
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C.
Published: March 2022

Sprays were applied to mature trees near Douglas, MI (Block—E) at a rate of 300 gal/acre with an FMC 1029 handgun sprayer. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design of single trees replicated 4 times. Treatments were applied on 16 Jul. Dodine, Bravo, and Bayleton were applied separately to all treatments. Evaluations were made on 16, 20, and 31 Jul by counting motile leafhopper stages on the end 4 leaves of 25 terminals per tree (100 terminals per treatment).
Sugarcane Borer Control, 1991
Authors: Schexnayder H. P. , White C. A. , Reagan T. E.
Published: March 2022

Seven insecticide treatments were tested for season long control of SCB in a block of 'CP74-383' variety plant cane (SCB-susceptible sugarcane) located in Assumption Parish on the Westfield Plantation in Paincourtville, LA. The test consisted of 3 row (1.8 m centers) plots, 7.3 m long (0.004 ha/plot) arranged in a randomized block design with 5 replications. Insecticide applications were made when SCB infestations exceeded economic threshold levels of 5% of the stalks containing live larvae in the leafsheaths. The treatments (11 Jul, 2, and 22 Aug) were applied to the sugarcane canopy of all 3 rows in each plot with knapsack sprayers (pressure and output ca. 1.41 kg/cm2 and 250 liters/ha, respectively). Season long control was evaluated on 26 Sept by examining 20 stalks randomly selected from the center row of each plot for SCB entrance and exit holes. Data on the percentage of bored intemodes were analyzed using a weighted logistic analysis, and least squares separation of means where significant differences among treatment were detected.
Culttvar Vs. Seed Damage with and Without Insecticide, 1989
Authors: Noetzel Davi. , Ford Harla.
Published: March 2022

A range of 10 sunflower cultivars were established at the Southwest Experiment Station in Lamberton, MN. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Plots were 4 rows × 9.15 m long with 1.5 m between replicates. Karate 1 E at 0.044 kg/ha was applied to plots as indicated (+) using a hand held CO2 sprayer at 40 psi in 64 liters/ha. Stand counts were taken from 6.7 m of the 2 center rows. Damaged seed counts were taken by smashing heads prior to threshing, removing a sample of this unclean material, and examining 200 seeds for BSM and SFM larval feeding. Remaining material was then threshed and clean seed weighed for yields.
Tobacco Aphid Control, 1990
Authors: Johnson Dougla. , Maksymowicz Willia.
Published: March 2022

Tobacco was transplanted at the Research and Education Center, Princeton, KY, on 30 May. All tobacco was produced using standard agronomic practices, including topping on 7 Aug, harvest on 19 Sept, housing, firing, stripping, and grading. Plots were 3 rows wide by 25 ft long. Adjacent plots were separated by single untreated guard rows. Foliar application of insecticides was made to the center row using a Co2 powered back pack sprayer fitted with 3, 70° hollow cone nozzles/row with one nozzle directly over the row and with 8 inch drops (aimed 135° from vertical) on either side of the row. Treatments were applied in 29 gal/acre at 42 psi. Aphid ratings were made from 5 consecutive plants in the center of each plot, using the following rating scale. 0°no aphids present, 1°very light, 1 aphid to small colonies, 2°several colonies but not widespread, 3°general, widespread colonies, 4°extremely heavy, on all plant parts. Application of Orthene 75 SP was applied in the transplant water, by foliar application or by a combination. Thiodan 3EC was applied by foliar application. The topping time spray was made on 8 Aug. Schedule sprays were made on 26 Jul, 8 Aug, and 24 Aug. Thus, the schedule sprays included the topping time spray. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design.
Tobacco Insect Control on Dark-Fired Tobacco, 1991
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Reed Martha B. , Wilkinson W. B.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted at the VPI & SU Southern Piedmont Agricultural Experiment Station, Blackstone, VA, to test various insecticides and insecticide application methods for tobacco aphid control on dark-fired tobacco. Tobacco was transplanted into Wedowee sandy loam soil on 17 May. Experimental plots were 1 row (4 ft) wide × 40 ft (24 plants) long and separated by single, untreated, border rows. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications was utilized to evaluate the treatments. Blocks were separated by 5 or 10 ft vacant alleys. Except for insect control, production practices followed recommendations of the Virginia Cooperative Extension Service. Immediately after transplanting, transplant water (TPW) treatments were applied with a measuring cup at 8 fl oz/plant (314 gal/acre) to designated plots. Foliar treatments were applied on 9 Jul with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer delivering 26.4 gal/acre through 3 TX-10 hollow cone nozzles/row at 60 psi. Temik was applied before transplanting in a 12-inch band using a Gandy granular applicator and was incorporated immediately by bedding. Aphid numbers were estimated for the upper 4 leaves of 10 plants/plot. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA, SAS 1985) and significant means (P = 0.05) were separated using DMRT. Aphid data were transformed to log(x+1) before analysis. Actual means are presented in the tables.
Evaluation of Insecticidal Control of Hessian Fly and Sawfly in Wheat, 1990
Authors: Buschman L. L. , El Houssaini K.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted in dryland wheat at Sidi El Aydi, Morocco, during the 1989-90 growing season. The Hessian fly susceptible spring bread wheat variety 'Nesma' was planted in a vertic calcixeroll soil (66% clay, 25% silt, 9% sand, and 1.87% organic matter). Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. The plots were 1.5 m wide (six rows) × 9 m long and separated by 0.5 m bare ground. Granular insecticides were applied in-furrow with the seed at planting (15 Dec 1989) to control the first generation HF. Foliar insecticide applications were made on 8 Feb to control 2nd generation HF and on 21 Mar to control SF. They were applied with a hand-operated backpack sprayer delivering 833 liter/ha. Twenty plants (5 from each of the center 4 rows) were collected from each plot on 25 May and examined in the laboratory for HF and for SF cut stems. After harvest in Jun plants in 0.5 m from each of the center 2 rows of each plot were collected and examined in the laboratory for SF cut stems. Minimum air temperatures for Dec through Apr averaged 3.4 to 8.0°C and maximum air temperatures averaged 17.0 to 23.6°C. A total of 113.8 mm of rain fell prior to planting, but after planting there were only 4 rainfall events during the period greater than 10 mm, on 27 Dec, 4 Jan, 29 Jan, and 9 Mar, for a total accumulation in the period of 200 mm.
Apple, Leafhopper Control, 1991
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C.
Published: March 2022

Sprays were applied to mature trees in Douglas, MI ('E' Block) on 7 Jun at a rate of 90 gpa with an FMC 1029 sprayer. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design of single trees replicated 4 times. Dodine, Captan, Nova, Rubigan, and NAA were applied separately to all treatments. Applications of all materials were made on 7 Jun. Evaluation of pests was made on 7 Jun (pre-count), 10 Jun, 17 Jun, and 24 Jun. Motile stages of leafhoppers were counted on the end 4 leaves of 25 terminals per tree (100 per treatment).
Insect and Mite Control, 1991
Authors: Forsythe H. Y.
Published: March 2022

Test materials were applied to 8-yr-old apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays by handgun and hydraulic sprayer operating at 250 psi at 200 gal/acre. All treatments were made on 23 May (petal fall), 5 Jun (first cover), 18 Jun (second cover), 2 Jul (third cover), 15 Jul (fourth cover), 29 Jul (fifth cover), 13 Aug (sixth cover), and 26 Aug (seventh cover). The standard pesticide program consisted of Thiram 65 W (2.0 lb/100 gal) on 5 dates, Cyprex 65 W (6 oz) on 1 date, and Nova 40 W (2.5 oz) on 5 dates. There were no mixtures of insecticides with other pesticides. There were 8 'McIntosh' single-tree replications for each treatment. A randomized complete block design was used. Except for test trees, the orchard was not sprayed with insecticides or acaricides. On 30 Aug, up to 100 apples were picked from each tree and examined on 10 Sep for external AM egg punctures, PC egg-laying scars, and CM and LAW typical feeding injuries. ERM were counted on 25 leaves collected at chest-height around the periphery of each tree. Leaves were brought into the laboratory and brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20 and alcohol mixture; mites were counted the same day. AA were counted on 10 terminals around each tree. Summer months were slightly warmer and more humid than normal, with less than adequate rainfall in Jun and Jul.
Pear, Prebloom Applications of Insegar for Control of Pear Psylla, 1991
Authors: Burts Everet.
Published: March 2022

Mature bearing pear trees were sprayed with air carrier equipment applying 400 gal per acre to test prebloom applications of Insegar for control of PP. Plots consisted of unreplicated blocks of 1/2 acre or larger. Treatments were applied at delayed dormant (20 Mar) and at clusterbud (8 Apr) stages of tree development. Additional sprays applied to the entire orchard during the growing season included Dimilin 25% WP 1 lb/acre plus superior type oil 1 gal/acre on May 31, Guthion 35% WP 2.5 lb/acre plus Vendex 4 L 2 pt/acre on 11 Jul and Guthion 35% WP 2 lb/acre plus Mitac 50% WP 3 lb/acre on 31 Jul. Treatments were evaluated by adult, egg, and nymph counts on several dates after treatment. Adults were counted by the limb tap method. Early season eggs and nymphs were counted on fruiting spurs collected at random from test plots and examined under magnification in the laboratory. Later egg and nymph samples were counted from 2 50-leaf samples per plot. Leaf samples consisted of the proximal leaf, distal leaf, and 3 leaves from the middle of 10 terminal shoots. Leaves were brushed and resulting slides were examined under magnification. PP russet was rated according to US grade standards for fresh market 'Bartlett' and 'd'Anjou' pears on 2 samples of 25 mature fruit per plot. Factors of fruit quality including firmness, soluble solids, and size were evaluated from 2 10-fruit samples per plot at normal harvest maturity. Fruit and foliage were examined for phytotoxicity after each spray.
Sawfly Control, 1991
Authors: Collins J. A. , Forsythe H. Y.
Published: March 2022

Materials were applied on 11 Jun to 20- by 20-ft plots in a crop-year blueberry field at Deblois, Maine. There were 3 replications of each treatment in a completely random design with 5-ft untreated buffer strips around each plot. Insecticides were applied at a rate of 25 gal/ acre using a C02-propelled, 30-inch boom sprayer with 4 flat-spray, 800067 Teejet nozzles operating at 35 psi. Plants showed ca. 2% bloom and 98% fruit set at treatment. On sample dates indicated in table, 10 sweeps with a standard 12-inch sweep net were taken from the center of each plot; the larvae were counted and then released over the same plot. There were no unusual weather conditions during the test. Temperatures were generally warm.
Asparagus Beetle Control, 1991
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A.
Published: March 2022

‘Mary Washington’ asparagus was planted in Feb, 1985, near Benson, NC, on 60 inch centers. Plots consisted of 2 rows 10 ft long, separated by 5 ft alleys, and replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a C02 backpack sprayer using a single hollow cone nozzle (18 ×). Application rate was 54 gal/acre delivered at 50 psi. Applications were made 12 Apr (spears) and 17 May (ferns). Spears were harvested 16 Apr and the number with eggs and feeding damage was recorded. Counts of asparagus beetle larvae and adults on all ferns in the plots were made 21 May.
Seedcorn Maggot Control in Edible Dry Bean, 1989
Authors: Noetzel Davi. , Sheets Beck.
Published: March 2022

This trial was located at the Staples Irrigation Station in Staples, MN. Soils were irrigated sandy loams. Plots were 2 rows X 9.15 m in length. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. The plot rows were marked with the planter and a 1:1:1 bait mixture of bone meal, blood meal, and meat scraps was applied four days prior to planting. Approximately 102 kg of this mixture was applied to the plot area. The seed was treated with a sticker, coated with the appropriate seed treatment, allowed to dry, and planted 27 May using a John Deere Maximerge planter. Granular insecticide treatments were applied in a 15.2 cm band on the row following planting. The field was then irrigated to ensure rapid and uniform germination. Stand counts and yield were taken from two 3.05 m lengths of row. The threshed seed was cleaned, dried, moisture level determined, and final yields adjusted to a standard moisture.
Control of Lepidoptera on Late Season Cabbage, 1991
Authors: Hoy Casey W. , Vaughn T. T.
Published: March 2022

‘Bravo’ cabbage was transplanted at Fry Farm, Wooster, OH, on 17 Jun. The field was sprayed with one insecticide application of Sevin XLR on 24 Jul for flea beetles. Plots were 2 rows wide on 36 inch centers, 50 ft long, and separated by 10 ft alleys. Each treatment was replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Applications were made 5, 16, and 20 Sep using a tractor mounted drop nozzle boom sprayer delivering 50 gal/acre at 50 psi with three D-4 hollow cone nozzles/row. Five plants per plot were randomly selected and destructively sampled for DBM, ICW, and CL small (1-2 instar) and large (>3 instar) larvae on 26 Sep. A final marketability rating of 30 cabbage heads per plot was also taken on 26 Sep, judging marketability according to USDA guidelines for fresh market no. 1 cabbage.
Control of the Sweetpotato Whitefly in Cantaloupe in Texas, 1991
Authors: Riley David G.
Published: March 2022

Cantaloupe was seeded into Sunshine Mix* potting mixture in 10 cm pots on 19 Mar in a greenhouse heavily infested with SPW. Plants were transferred on 8 Apr into spray chambers (25 cm X 30 cm PVC cylinders) in a randomized complete block design with ten treatments and six replicates. Plants were irrigated daily using drip tubes to avoid wetting of foliage. Untreated plants were interspaced between treated plants for an added source of SPW adults. Adults were counted on the third expanded leaf from the growing point and SPW immatures were sampled using a 2.1 cm diameter leaf disk cutter 24 hours prior to treatment. Plants were sprayed to runoff (3 seconds/31 ml/plant, ca. 100 gal/acre) using a C02 backpack sprayer with two TX-4 hollow cone spray tips (Spraying Systems Co.) positioned 5 to 10 cm from the plant canopy (one above and one below) at 60 psi. SPW adults were counted 24 and 72 hours after treatment. Immatures were sampled on 2.1 cm diameter leaf disks and numbers were recorded by instar 24 and 120 hours after treatment.
Control of the Sweetpotato Whitefly in Cantaloupe with Two Pyrethroid and Two Organochlorine Insecticides, 1991
Authors: Riley David G.
Published: March 2022

Cantaloupe was seeded into Sunshine Mix® potting mixture in 10 cm pots on 24 Jun in a greenhouse heavily infested with SPWF. Plants were transferred on 22 Jul into spray chambers (25 cm × 30 cm PVC cylinders) in an RCB design with five treatments and six replicates. Plants were irrigated daily using drip tubes to avoid wetting of foliage. Adults were counted on the second or third expanded leaf from the growing point 24 hours prior to treatment. Plants were sprayed to runoff (3 seconds/31 ml/plant, ca. 100 gal/acre) using a C02 backpack sprayer with two TX-4 hollow cone spray tips (Spraying Systems Co.) positioned 5 to 10 cm from the plant canopy (one above and one below) at 60 psi. Treatment applications were made on 24 and 31 Jul. Untreated plants were inter-spaced between treated plants for an added source of SPWF adult re-infestation. SPWF adults were counted on the second or third expanded leaf on treated plants at 24 and 120 hours after the first application and at 24 hours after the second application. Immature SPWF (including eggs and all stages of nymphs) were sampled from one 2.1 cm diameter leaf disk/plant and numbers were recorded by instar from the oldest or second oldest leaf at 120 hours after the first and second treatment applications.
Management of Lepidopterous Pests on Cabbage, 1991
Authors: Jansson R. K. , Lecrone S. H. , Lance R.
Published: March 2022

‘Rio Verde’ cabbage seeds were incorporated into a germination mix (Pro-Mix) and direct seeded into a Rockdale soil at the University of Florida’s Tropical Research and Education Center on 27 Dec 1990. The soil was fumigated with Terr-O-Gas (75% methyl bromide, 25% chloropicrin; 246 kg/ha) and covered with white on black plastic mulch on 19 Dec. Plants were spaced 0.3 m apart within rows and 0.76 m apart between row on 1.8 m-center beds. Fertilizer (1680 kg/ha of granular 6:12:12) was applied and incorporated into the soil on 18 Dec. Goal 2 EC was applied (.56 kg (AI)/ha) between the beds on 20 Dec for week control. Plants were irrigated 4 h/day using a turbo T-tape irrigation system (model 40) which delivered 5.0 liters of water/m of dripline/h. Fourteen insecticide treatments and a nontreated check were compared. Treatments were: biweekly applications of CME 13406 (0.033 kg (AI)/ha) until heading and then judiciously thereafter; the above in combination with Butacide (10:1; Butacide:CME 13406 AI); the above in combination with Cutlass WP (2.2 kg/ha); biweekly applications of the above rotated on alternate weeks with applications of Cutlass WP (2.2 kg/ha); weekly applications of Cutlass WP (2.2 kg/ha); weekly applications of Javelin WG (1.1 kg/ha); weekly applications of Dipel 2X (1.1 kg/ha); three applications of Biosafe Steinernema carpocapsae (Filipjev) strain All (3.7 and 7.4 billion infective juveniles/ha); three applications of S. carpocapsae (7.4 billion infective juveniles/ha) and six application of Cutlass WP (2.2 kg/ha) when S. carpocapsae was not applied; judicious applications of RH-9999 20 WP (0.11 or 0.22 kg (AI)/ha) rotated with Cutlass WP (2.2 kg/ha) on dates when RH-9999 was not applied; judicious applications of Margosan-0 (0.3% Al) 0.22 kg (AI)/ha) as above; judicious applications of MK-244 0.16 EC (0.011 kg (AI)/ha) as above; Phosdrin 4 EC (0.56 kg (AI)/ha) in combination with Cutlass WP (2.2 kg/ha); and a nontreated check. All treatments, except S. carpocapsae were applied with Bond (2.3 liters/ha). CME 13406, the above in combination with Butacide, and the above in combination with Cutlass WP were applied on four dates: 31 Jan, 14 Feb, 1 and 14 Mar.
Harlequin Bug Control on Cabbage, Spring, 1992
Authors: Rowland S. , Cartwright B.
Published: March 2022

‘Golden Acres’ cv. cabbage was transplanted into a Bemow series fine sandy loam soil covered with black plastic mulch on 6 May at the Wes Watkins AREC, Lane, OK. Planting beds were formed on 1.8 m centers with two rows of plants per bed. Plots were one bed wide by 4.6 m long and arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Plants were spaced 30 cm apart within rows. An unplanted buffer 3 m long within rows and one unplanted row between plots was used to minimize spray drift. Standard cultural practices were used throughout the trial. Treatments were applied on 2 and 9 Jul with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with two TX-18 spray nozzles spaced 46 cm apart and directed inward towards the plants. The sprayer was calibrated on 28 Jun at 99.6 liters per acre. Eight randomly selected plants per plot were sampled for HB nymphs and adults on 9, 13 and 16 Jul. No pretreatment means for HB were available.
Apple, Control of the Pandemis Leafroller with AC 303630 in the Delayed Dormant Period, 1991
Authors: Brunner Jay F. , Smith L. O.
Published: March 2022

AC 303630 was evaluated for control of overwintered PLR larvae. The test was conducted in an orchard at the WSU-Tree Fruit Research Center in Wenatchee. Test trees were 12-year-old spur type ‘Red Delicious’ on a dwarfing root. Trees ranged in size from 8 to 12 ft and were planted on a 18 x 12 spacing. The test design consisted of two-tree plots replicated five times in randomized complete blocks. Treatments were as handgun sprays at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gal/acre. Treatment were applied on 8 Apr, at the half-inch green-tip stage of fruit bud development. Pre-treatment samples (4 Apr) consisted of 10 fruit buds from each tree in a replicate (20 buds per replicate, 100 buds per treatment). In the laboratory, buds were examined under magnification and the number infested with leafroller larvae recorded. On 13 Apr 100 growing points (buds) on the first tree in each replicate were examined and the number of active feeding sites (live leafroller larvae) recorded. On 22 May every tree was examined for two minutes and the number of live leafroller larvae recorded. Weather during the test period was generally good, without significant rainfall.
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae on Fall Cabbage, 1992
Authors: Whalen J. , Spellman M.
Published: March 2022

Cabbage transplants were planted on 21 Aug near Georgetown, DE, Two row plots, 20 ft long on 40 inch centers, were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized wheel barrow sprayer delivering 34 gal/acre at 40 psi. Applications were made on 25 Aug; 1, 8, 15, 21, and 29 Sep; 5, 12, and 19 Oct. Latron B-1956 spreader/sticker (0.06%) was added to all treatments on every spray date. Number of larvae/5 plants was recorded on 4, 18, and 24 Sep; and 2 Oct.
Control of Lepidopterous Pests on Cabbage
Authors: Walgenbach J. F. , Palmer C. R.
Published: March 2022

Transplants were set on 1 Jun at the Mountain Horticultural Crops Research Station, Fletcher, NC. Plants were set 12 inches apart within 30 ft rows, and rows were on 3.5 ft centers. Double-row plots were separated by a single untreated row, and treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Insecticide applications were begun when approximately 30% of plants were infested with lepidopterous larvae. Applications were made on 30 Jun, 10, 20 and 27 Jul, and 3 Aug. All applications were made with a CO2 backpack sprayer operating at 50 psi and delivering 50 gal/acre (unless otherwise indicated in table) through three hollowcone nozzles per row. The nozzles were arranged on the spray wand with one overhead and two drop nozzles. Rainfall was abundant throughout the trial period with 5.82 inches in Jun, 1.72 inches in Jul, and 8.11 inches in Aug. DBM, CL and ICW larval populations were sampled by recording number of larvae on 10 heads per treatment (40 total) at 3 and 7 DAT. ANOVA was conducted on cumulative 3 and 7 DAT counts, and 3 + 7 DAT (season total) counts. Plots were harvested on 17 Aug, and damage ratings were recorded for 20 heads per treatment (80 total) on a scale of 0-5; 0 = no damage, 1 = frame leaf damage, 2 = minimal wrapper leaf damage, 3 = significant wrapper leaf damage, 4 = head damage, and 5 = severe damage. All heads receiving a rating of =< 2 were considered marketable.
Evaluation of Potential Controls of Sweetpotato Whitefly on Cauliflower, 1991-1992
Authors: Rethwisch M. D. , Shaw M. , Thiessen J. , McDaniel C. W. , Zaccaria J. J.
Published: March 2022

Five insecticide treatments were applied to cauliflower grown by Pasquinelli Produce, Yuma, AZ, for control of SPWF. Treatments were applied three times, two weeks apart (20 Nov, 4 and 18 Dec). Treatments were made with a back-pack sprayer with four TX2 nozzles calibrated to deliver 35 gal/acre on 20 Nov, and with four TX4 nozzles calibrated to deliver 60 gal/acre during Dec treatments. Gallonage was increased to provide better coverage. Nozzles were angled to provide entire plant coverage with 2 nozzles angled up into the plant and the other two angled down into the plant. Treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Plots consisted of a 25 ft row on single beds with 40 inch centers. SPWF adult numbers were low to moderate at time of initial treatment, with adequate numbers of nymphs and eggs present. Samples were obtained after each application (25 Nov, 16 Dec, 8 Jan) based on accumulated heat units for SPWF development. Samples consisted of the lower 6 leaves of four plants/plot on 25 Nov and 8 Jan, and the lower 8 leaves on 11 Dec.
Lepidopterous Larvae Control, Johnston CO. (1), 1992
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Wade C.
Published: March 2022

‘Old Fashion Cabbage’ collards were transplanted in late June near Benson, NC. Single row plots, 10 ft long on 42 inch centers were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Alleys of 5 ft were used between replicates. Treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer using a single hollow cone nozzle (18X) operating at 60 psi to deliver 54.5 gal/acre. Applications with Triton AG-98 (spreader) were made with all treatment 6, 12 and 20 Oct. Visual estimates of foliar damage and insect counts were made 12, 20, 27 Oct and 3 Nov.
Apple, Pandemis Leafroller Control in Summer, 1991
Authors: Brunner Jay F. , Smith L. O.
Published: March 2022

Four insecticides were evaluated in large plots in a commercial apple orchard for control of PLR adults and larvae during the summer. The test was conducted in two blocks at the Wells and Wade Fruit Company Birchmont orchard (block 4 D = Test plot and block 1D1 = Test plot 2). Test trees were 14-year-old spur type ‘Red Delicious’ on dwarfing roots pruned to a central leader structure. The orchard was irrigated by under-tree sprinklers on a 14-day schedule. Treatments in test plot 1 were applied to approximately one acre blocks using an Airofan PTO air blast sprayer delivering 400 gal/acre. Treatments in test plot 2 were applied to approximately four acre blocks (the untreated being only one acre) using the same equipment and water volume. Treatments were applied on 14 Jun at peak adult flight. On 21 Jun Lorsban was again applied in test plot 2 to alternate rows not treated on 14 Jun. A pre-treatment sample of leafroller density was made on 31 May by counting active feeding sites (live larvae) in a two-minute search on each of 12 trees per plot. Post-treatment counts were made on 2 Aug by counting live PLR larvae in 20 actively growing shoots from 24 trees in each treatment. On 1 Oct, a picking bag of fruit was collected from each of 25 trees per treatment and examined for the presence of PLR damage. WTLM samples were taken on 18 and 25 Jul following the second generation. Five leaves were collected from each of 10 trees in each treatment and mines dissected to determine the number of WTLM mines per leaf and the percent parasitism.
Microbial Control of Second Generation European corn Borer and Fall Armyworm, 1992
Authors: Hazzard R. V. , Gault J.
Published: March 2022

Sweet corn was planted at South Deerfield, Mass., on 17 Jun in blocks of 4 rows by 7.6 m with 76 cm between-row and 15 cm in-row spacing. A randomized complete block design with 4 replicates was used. ECB traps (two Heliothis Scentry traps, baited with Trecé lures for Iowa or NY strains) were present from the beginning of the experiment. FAW (Multipher bucket trap with Trecé lure) and CEW traps (Texas wire cone trap, Hereon lure) were both installed on 8 Jul. Traps indicated that second-generation ECB flight began by 3 Aug, and remained strong from 18 Aug until the trial ended. FAW moths were captured only from 22 Jul to 10 Aug. No CEW flight was detected until 31 Aug. Corn was scouted at pretassel on 13 Aug to assess percent infestation with ECB (8 plants/plot from outer 2 rows). Insecticide treatments were initiated on 15 Aug after finding 7.8% infestation of ECB and FAW. Sprays during silking were initiated at 10% silk emergence (20 Aug) and were applied twice weekly on 24, 27, and 31 Aug and 4 Sep.
Seed Treatment and Foliar Insecticidal Control of Fall Armyworm in Florida Sweet Corn, 1991
Authors: Stansly P. A. , Cawley B. M.
Published: March 2022

Three raised, plastic-mulched beds on 1.8 m centers were divided into 4 replicate blocks. Each block was comprised often 4.3 m single-row plots separated by 0.6 m of buffer space. Five randomly selected plots in each block were planted on 28 Oct with three seed per planting hole spaced every 25 cm in double rows 25 cm apart. Remaining plots were planted with seed from the same lot which had been treated just prior to planting with Larvin 3.2, by mixing a small amount of seed with sufficient chemical to give a treatment rate of 1.4 L per 100 lbs seed. The number of seedlings was noted and plants were thinned to one stalk per planting hole. Five post-planting treatments were assigned randomly to the two seed treatment categories in each block. Beginning 11 Nov, plants were evaluated positive or negative for feeding damage to the whorl and 2 uppermost leaves.