bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Group sequential designs for clinical trials when the maximum sample size is uncertain
Authors: Yarahmadi Amin , Dodd Lori E. , Jaki Thomas , Horby Peter , Stallard Nigel
Published: August 2024

Motivated by the experience of COVID‐19 trials, we consider clinical trials in the setting of an emerging disease in which the uncertainty of natural disease course and potential treatment effects makes advance specification of a sample size challenging. One approach to such a challenge is to use a group sequential design to allow the trial to stop on the basis of interim analysis results as soon as a conclusion regarding the effectiveness of the treatment under investigation can be reached. As such a trial may be halted before a formal stopping boundary is reached, we consider the final analysis under such a scenario, proposing alternative methods for when the decision to halt the trial is made with or without knowledge of interim analysis results. We address the problems of ensuring that the type I error rate neither exceeds nor falls unnecessarily far below the nominal level. We also propose methods in which there is no maximum sample size, the trial continuing either until the stopping boundary is reached or it is decided to halt the trial.
Curcumin Analogues as Organic Fluorophores for Latent Fingerprint Imaging
Authors: Kush Durgi Nikita , N. Pavana , D. K. Ramesh , Pralhad Pujar Prasad
Published: August 2024

Synthesis and characterization of two curcumin analogues BAA and Br‐AA via a condensation reaction was reported. Both the synthesized organic luminophores exhibited aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) with bright yellow and green emission respectively. Increase in the water% enhanced the emission by both the compounds confirmed the AIE property. A detailed study of latent fingerprints visualization was also carried out for both the analogues. Both the compounds showed good to normal capability to develop latent fingerprints (LFPs). Compound BAA performed better as a fluorescent material to develop LFPs compared to Br‐AA. The LFPs developed were analyzed to obtain 1–3 level of fingerprint patterns under UV 365 nm illumination. The LFPs developed using BAA exhibited excellent efficiency, sensitivity, high contrast with low background interreference. All three levels of fingerprint patterns were identified by BAA. However, Br‐AA showed inability to develop high clarity images of latent fingerprints. The solid‐state emission nature of the analogues was also evaluated from their emission spectra and CIE coordinates were found to be were (0,187, 0.518) and (0.265, 0.484) for BAA and Br‐AA respectively.
Imidazole‐Oxadiazole Hybrid as Potential Antimicrobial Agents: Design, Synthesis, Drug–Likeness, Pharmacophore and Molecular Docking Study
Authors: Reddy Anjanareddy Basava , Allaka Tejeswara Rao , Avuthu Vidya Sagar Reddy , Kishore Pilli V. V. N. , Nagarajaiah Honnappa
Published: August 2024

A new series of imidazole linked 1,3,4‐oxadizoles were designed and synthesized from 2‐butyl‐4‐chloro‐1H‐imidazole‐5‐carbaldehyde (1) as a starting material. The synthesized compounds were characterized by well–known spectroscopic techniques, i. e., IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectrometry. Against Gram–positive bacteria S. aureus, compounds 8 e, 8 i, and 8 k showed the highest antibacterial activity with diameter zone values 25±0.44, 25±0.65, 22±0.91 mm respectively. Compounds 8 e, 8 g, and 8 i are active against Gram–negative bacteria E. coli with ZI of 26±0.58, 21±0.51, 26±0.71 mm. Interestingly, the molecules 8 a, and 8 h were more selective towards antifungal activity against F. oxysporum (ZI=21±0.11, 21±0.51 mm), compared to clotrimazole (19±0.13 mm). The docking study results of compound 8 d formed highly stable H‐bonding with Asp‐89, Asn‐145, Val‐88, Arg‐144 amino acids, which are plays a crucial role in ensuring efficient binding of the ligand in a crystal structure of S. aureus mutated in GyrB ATPase domain (PDB: 3U2K). The study of computer aided ADMET was also carried out, using SwissADME, ADMETlab2.0 to investigate the pharmacokinetic properties of the tested triazole compounds.
Functionalized and Ag‐Loaded Nano‐Delivery System for Doxorubicin: Loading, Controlled Release and Kinetic Studies
Authors: Aydogdu Burcu , Kaplan Ince Olcay , Ince Muharrem , Unal Ilkay
Published: August 2024

Multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (fMWCNTs) that functionalized and loaded Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) were investigated to adsorp doxorubicin hydrochloride (DXR). DXR release behavior efficiency was determined using kinetic studies. DXR agent was treated into fMWCNTs@AgNPs material with different drug loading rates. The material was successfully established and characterized using transmission electron microscopy, and fourier transform–infrared spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis was performed to elucidate the effect of temperature on mass loss and X‐ray diffraction analysis was systematically assessed the crystalline state of DXR. Various kinetic models including Higuchi, Baker Hixson‐Crowell, and power‐law were applied. It was revealed that DXR has more binding affinity to the fMWCNTs@AgNPs material system surface as a nanocarrier at pH 7.4 and showed more release at pH 5.0. Functionalized material confirmed its efficiency as pH‐based drug delivery system. Used material can be utilized as promising nanocarriers, and findings will contribute to the rational design of novel delivery tools for drugs.
MXene‐Based Responsive Hydrogels and Applications in Wound Healing
Authors: Wang Wu , Cai Tianjiao , Shao Chunyang , Xiao Yuru , Xiang Yanjing , Jiang Yinyan
Published: August 2024

In recent years, stimulation‐responsive hydrogels have emerged as a promising vehicle for wound management and drug delivery. However, due to their limited therapeutic effect, there is an urgent need to develop new hydrogel systems that can achieve effective wound treatment. MXenes have been widely used in diagnostic, antimicrobial, and electrochemical sensing applications, and are increasingly being investigated for their potential in wound therapy. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of responsive MXene‐based hydrogels systems for wound repair, including their synthesis methods, structures, surface modification strategies, biomedical applications, cytotoxicity, and biocompatibility. We also discuss the opportunities and challenges that responsive MXene‐based hydrogels are likely to face in the future. Overall, this review will be a useful resource for researchers and practitioners working on the development and application of responsive MXene‐based hydrogels for wound treatment.
Effect of Cuso4 ⋅ 5H2O Concentration and Reaction Solution Temperature on the Uniformity of Cu Coating Prepared by Electroless Plating on Graphite Surface
Authors: Wei Hongming , Li Mingchao , Zou Jianpeng
Published: August 2024

Copper plating on graphite surfaces is employed as an effective strategy to enhance the wettability between Cu and graphite, which is otherwise inadequate. To achieve a uniformly coated Cu layer on graphite surfaces, this study utilized rotational electroless plating. Subsequently, the effects of CuSO4 ⋅ 5H2O concentrations (10, 15, 20, and 25 g/L) and reaction solution temperatures (30, 40, 50, and 60 °C) on the uniformity and density of the Cu coating on the graphite surface were investigated. The findings reveal that variations in the concentration of the CuSO4 ⋅ 5H2O have a limited impact on the uniformity and densification of the Cu coating. Specifically, as the concentration of CuSO4 ⋅ 5H2O increases from 10 g/L to 25 g/L, there is a slight decrease in the uniformity and integrity of the Cu coating, with the density of Cu‐coated graphite powder decreasing marginally from 3.646 g/cm3 to 6.642 g/cm3. In contrast, the temperature of the reaction solution has a significant effect on the uniformity and densification of the Cu coating. With an increase in the reaction solution temperature from 30 °C to 60 °C, there is a noticeable deterioration in the uniformity and integrity of the Cu coating, with a decrease in the density of Cu‐coated graphite powder from 3.653 g/cm3 to 6.620 g/cm3.
Positional Information‐Based Organization of Surfactant Droplet Swarms Emerging from Competition Between Local and Global Marangoni Effects
Authors: de Visser Pieter J. , Neeleman Mink , Dankloff Pim F. J. , Derks Max T. G. M. , Korevaar Peter A.
Published: August 2024

Positional information is key for particles to adapt their behavior based on their position in external concentration gradients, and thereby self‐organize into complex patterns. Here, position‐dependent behavior of floating surfactant droplets that self‐organize in a pH gradient is demonstrated, using the Marangoni effect to translate gradients of surface‐active molecules into motion. First, fields of surfactant microliter‐droplets are generated, in which droplets floating on water drive local, outbound Marangoni flows upon dissolution of surfactant and concomitantly grow myelin filaments. Next, a competing surfactant based on a hydrolysable amide is introduced, which is more surface active than the myelin surfactant and thereby inhibits the local Marangoni flows and myelin growth from the droplets. Upon introducing a pH gradient, the amide surfactant hydrolyses in the acidic region, so that the local Marangoni flows and myelin growth are reestablished. The resulting combination of local and global surface tension gradients produces a region of myelin‐growing droplets and a region where myelin growth is suppressed, separated by a wave front of closely packed droplets, of which the position can be controlled by the pH gradient. Thereby, it is shown how “French flag”‐patterns, in synthetic settings typically emerging from reaction‐diffusion systems, can also be established via surfactant droplet systems.
Comparative Study of the Impact of Alkali‐Steeping (Na2CO3, K2CO3, NaOH) with Equivalent pH on Rice Flour Processing Properties
Authors: Wu Yingying , Gao Wanxin , Prakash Sangeeta , Wan Jie
Published: August 2024

In this research, the rice grains are soaked in different alkalizing agents (Na2CO3, K2CO3, and NaOH) with a pH of 12 to investigate the influence of traditional alkali processing methods on the physicochemical and processing characteristics of the resultant rice flour. Further, the microstructure, crystalline structure, molecular structure, pasting properties, thermal properties, and rheological properties of the rice flour are analyzed. Soaking the rice in Na2CO3 solution and K2CO3 solution elevates the apparent amylose content in the rice flour, increases relative crystallinity, promotes the degradation of starch molecular chain, and enhances the rice flour's ability to endure stress and heat. The gelatinization enthalpy of Na2CO3‐treated rice flour and K2CO3‐treated rice flour increases, while the viscosity indices of paste gel decrease. The use of alkaline salts during steeping helps mitigate short‐term retrogradation in rice products. However, in comparison to these alkaline salts, NaOH solution with the same pH has minimal impact on the surface and longitudinal section morphology structure of starch–protein in rice grain, pasting properties, thermal properties, and rheological properties of rice flour due to its lower Na+ concentration. This indicates that NaOH solution with the same pH value cannot replace alkaline salt solutions in traditional alkali processing techniques.
Phase‐Separated Droplets Can Direct the Kinetics of Chemical Reactions Including Polymerization, Self‐Replication and Oscillating Networks
Authors: Smokers Iris B. A. , Visser Brent S. , Lipiński Wojciech P. , Nakashima Karina K. , Spruijt Evan
Published: August 2024

Phase‐separated compartments can localize (bio)chemical reactions and influence their kinetics. They are believed to play an important role both in extant life in the form of biomolecular condensates and at the origins of life as coacervate protocells. However, experimentally testing the influence of coacervates on different reactions is challenging and time‐consuming. We therefore use a numerical model to explore the effect of phase‐separated droplets on the kinetics and outcome of different chemical reaction systems, where we vary the coacervate volume and partitioning of reactants. We find that the rate of bimolecular reactions has an optimal dilute/coacervate phase volume ratio for a given reactant partitioning. Furthermore, coacervates can accelerate polymerization and self‐replication reactions and lead to formation of longer polymers. Lastly, we find that coacervates can ‘rescue’ oscillating reaction networks in concentration regimes where sustained oscillations do not occur in a single‐phase system. Our results indicate that coacervates can direct the outcome of a wide range of reactions and impact fundamental aspects such as yield, reaction pathway selection, product length and emergent functions. This may have far‐reaching implications for origins of life, synthetic cells and the fate and function of biological condensates.
Bedside emergency surgical decompression and venoarterial extra‐corporeal membrane oxygenation for obstructive uropathy with uroseptic cardiomyopathy‐induced arrest: A case report
Authors: Xiong Lin , Xu Xiang , Kwan Kristine J. S. , Lo Richard K. , Li Xu
Published: August 2024

Background

Septic shock combined with septic cardiomyopathy greatly increases the risk of mortality in elderly patients. Patients with a rapid deteriorating state unresponsive to standard resuscitation may benefit from extra‐corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). In cases where obstructive uropathies lead to urosepsis, emergent decompression with double‐J (D‐J) stenting may be necessitated.

Case Presentation

We report the case of a 72‐year‐old woman who arrived at the emergency department and rapidly deteriorated into a state of shock. During the process of resuscitation, emergent biochemical and ultrasound results suggested septicemia and septic cardiomyopathy due to urinary tract infection caused by ureteric stone obstruction. She was transferred to the intensive care unit to be put on venoarterial ECMO after failed resuscitation. Given the suspected diagnosis, it was decided that an emergent bedside digital disposable flexible ureteroscopy (ddFURS) and D‐J catheterization to be performed as rescue decompression procedure. The patient was successfully stabilized with received antibiotic and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) before being transferred to the cardiology department to correct her arrhythmia. She was weaned off CRRT and was able to walk without the need of aids upon discharge.

Conclusion

Uroseptic cardiomyopathy can rapidly progress to renal and cardiac failure. Emergent decompression with ddFURS and D‐J stenting can be performed effectively even in a patient with venoarterial ECMO for rescuing uroseptic cardiomyopathy‐induced arrest secondary to obstructive uropathy. Short‐term outcomes were favorable. However, long‐term prognosis remains to be elucidated.
The complexities of blood‐feeding patterns in mosquitoes and sandflies and the burden of disease: A minireview
Authors: Bursali Fatma , Touray Mustapha
Published: August 2024

Mosquitoes and sandflies exhibit a wide range of blood feeding patterns, targeting a wide range of vertebrate species, including birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians, for proteins vital for egg development. This broad host range increases the opportunity for them to acquire pathogens of numerous debilitating‐and‐fatal diseases from various animal reservoirs, playing a significant role in disease crossover between animals and humans, also known as zoonotic transmission. This review focuses on the intricate blood‐feeding habits of these dipteran vectors, their sensory systems and the complex dance between host and pathogen during disease transmission. We delve into the influence of blood sources on pathogen spread by examining the insect immune response and its intricate interplay with pathogens. The remarkable sense of smell guiding them towards food sources and hosts is explored, highlighting the interplay of multiple sensory cues in their navigation. Finally, we examine the challenges in mosquito control strategies and explore innovations in this field, emphasizing the need for sustainable solutions to combat this global health threat. By understanding the biology and behaviour of these insects, we can develop more effective strategies to protect ourselves and mitigate the burden of vector‐borne diseases.
Risk perceptions of wildlife by the resident human population in the Iona National Park, southwest Angola
Authors: Fabiano Ezequiel C. , Verschueren Stijn , Shikangalah Rosemary
Published: August 2024

Establishing conservation management requires an understanding of local livelihoods, human–wildlife interactions, and community risk perceptions of wildlife, particularly in fragile landscapes with residing human populations. The Iona National Park in Angola is characterized by a harsh but unique arid environment and is home to semi‐nomadic human residents. Due to the prolonged civil war, the park's management only resumed in the early 2000s. To understand the socio‐ecological needs of such systems, we conducted semi‐structured questionnaires with 356 respondents across all villages in the national park. We identified main livelihood strategies in Iona National Park as livestock production of goat and cattle, and cultivation of maize. Estimates of livestock biomass (8.42 kg ha‐1) indicated severe overstocking. Seventeen wild mammal species were reported as threatening livelihoods, of which leopard and cheetah presented the highest risk for cattle; leopard, fox species, and caracal for goats; and porcupine and baboon for crops. The complexity of human–wildlife conflict was highlighted by contrasting perceptions of species abundance, perceived risk, and culprit species. The restoration of arid African landscapes may require the implementation of community‐based natural resource management that is aligned with ecosystem carrying capacity. This study therefore provided new insights and baseline information for effective conservation management, both for the Iona National Park and for areas with a similar socio‐environmental context.
Facultative parthenogenesis discovered for the first time in Jamaican boa (Chilabothrus subflavus) using novel microsatellite markers
Authors: Bailey Carolyn A. , Righton Alison L. , Reeves Andy , Ray Dylan , Krebs Jessi , Louis Edward E.
Published: August 2024

The mode of reproduction most often seen in snakes is sexual, but studies have noted facultative parthenogenesis in at least six families. Here, we provide evidence for the first observed case of facultative parthenogenesis in a captive Jamaican boa (Chilabothrus subflavus). A 7‐year‐old female Jamaican boa, isolated since birth, was found to have produced a litter of 15 offspring. To provide molecular DNA evidence of parthenogenesis, 13 new microsatellite loci were isolated in the species. All offspring were found to be homozygous at each locus and only possess alleles found in the dam, implicating that they were born from asexual reproduction. Several developmental abnormalities, including stillbirths and spinal deformities, were noted in the litter which may be explained by their increased level of homozygosity. To preserve genetic diversity in the captive population, research should be conducted to understand the prevalence of this mode of reproduction and to guide future management decisions of this IUCN listed Vulnerable species.
A newly recognised mafic sill-hosted Ni-sulfide deposit emplaced during the 2.4 Ga Widgiemooltha dike swarm event, Eastern Goldfields, Western Australia
Authors: Siégel Coralie , Schoneveld Louise , Spaggiari Catherine , Le Vaillant Margaux , Barnes Stephen , Godel Belinda , Mahon David , Verrall Michael , Martin Laure , Caruso Stefano , Shelton Tina
Published: August 2024

The Cathedrals Ni-Cu prospect, located at the western margin of the Eastern Goldfields of the Yilgarn Craton, is hosted within a mafic intrusion interpreted as a sill complex. U-Pb dating of apatite from the sill yielded a crystallisation age of 2336 ± 64 Ma, inferring an association of sill emplacement and Ni mineralisation related to emplacement of the c. 2400 Ma Widgiemooltha dike swarm. The sill is typically differentiated into a lower olivine orthocumulate layer overlain by a dolerite unit containing xenoliths of partially assimilated granitoids in its upper portion. The latter is interpreted to be the result of stoping and melting of the granitic hanging wall, thereby creating a gravitationally stable buoyant melt layer beneath the top contact. Ni-Cu-Fe sulfides are increasingly abundant towards the base of the sill, ranging from globular disseminated sulfides to net-textured and massive sulfides at the basal contact. The presence and orientation of sulfide globule-bubble pairs indicates a primary near-horizontal orientation. Massive sulfides commonly exhibit a loop texture with pyrrhotite grains surrounded by pentlandite and chalcopyrite. Despite the variety of sulfide textures, sulfur isotopes have a homogeneous mantle-like signature without significant mass independent fractionation. Mineral chemistries that indicate sulfide prospectivity in larger intrusions do not work as effectively in this small sill, therefore new indicators may need to be developed to explore for similar deposits. To date, there are no other known magmatic deposits of this age in Australia. Sills of this age may be more prospective than previously recognised.
Effect of Single-Dose Imipramine on Anal Sphincter Tone in Healthy Women: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study Using Anal Acoustic Reflectometry
Authors: Christoffersen Thea , Kornholt Jonatan , Riis Troels , Sonne David P. , Klarskov Niels
Published: August 2024

Introduction and Hypothesis

Despite the high prevalence of fecal incontinence, existing treatment options may be inadequate. Drugs that enhance the tone of the anal sphincter complex could potentially be an effective pharmacological approach. This study investigated the effect of the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine on anal sphincter tone in healthy women, employing anal acoustic reflectometry as the evaluating method.

Methods

In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study, 16 healthy female volunteers were randomized to one of two treatment sequences. The participants attended two study visits separated by at least 7 days’ washout. At each visit, they received a single dose of 50 mg imipramine or matching placebo, in alternating order. We assessed the anal opening pressure under the resting state and during voluntary squeezing of the pelvic floor. Measurements were performed pre-dose and 1 h after drug administration, corresponding to the estimated time of peak plasma concentration of imipramine.

Results

All participants completed the study. In total, 44% of the participants reported at least one adverse effect, primarily anticholinergic. Compared with placebo, imipramine increased anal opening pressure by 15.2 cmH2O (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.0–28.2 cmH2O, p = 0.03) in the resting state and 15.1 (95% CI 4.2–26.0 cmH2O, p = 0.01) cmH2O during squeezing.

Conclusions

The findings indicate that imipramine increases anal sphincter tone in healthy women. However, further research is required to evaluate its clinical impact on individuals with fecal incontinence. This research also demonstrates the effectiveness of using anal acoustic reflectometry for assessing pharmacological effects on anal sphincter function.
Protective effect of irbesartan against hepatic ischemia–reperfusion injury in rats: role of ERK, STAT3, and PPAR-γ inflammatory pathways in rats
Authors: El-Marasy Salma A. , Mostafa Rasha E. , Mabrok Hoda B. , Khattab Marwa S. , Awdan Sally A. El
Published: August 2024

This study aimed to elucidate the possible hepatocellular protective role of irbesartan during hepatic ischemia–reperfusion injury (HIRI) and the probable underlying mechanisms. Wistar rats were allocated into four groups: sham; HIRI (control); irbesartan (50 mg/kg) + HIRI; irbesartan (100 mg/kg) + HIRI; irbesartan + GW9662 (1 mg/kg, i.p.) + HIRI. Rats pretreated orally with irbesartan or vehicle for 14 days underwent 45-min hepatic ischemia followed by 60-min reperfusion. Irbesartan preconditioning diminished alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) serum levels, and reduced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Irbesartan decreased proapoptotic BAX (bcl-2-like protein 4), increased anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) hepatic content, and thereby reduced BAX/BCL2 ratio. Moreover, irbesartan preconditioning reduced autophagy-related proteins Beclin1 and LC3 II, and elevated p62 (protein responsible for autophagosome degradation). It elevated proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ), and reduced tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) hepatic gene expression. Also, hepatic protein expressions of nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κB p65) and caspase-3 were lessoned by irbesartan pretreatment in HIRI rats. However, GW9662 abrogated irbesartan's effect on HIRI. The protective effect of irbesartan on HIRI may be mediated by alleviation of ERK, STAT3, and PPAR-γ inflammatory pathways, exerting anti-apoptotic and anti-autophagic effects in HIRI in rats.
A shift scheduling model for ridepooling services
Authors: Berthold Lukas , Fliedner Malte , Schulz Arne
Published: August 2024

The planning of efficient shift schedules is a key challenge for many service companies whose economic success heavily relies on the efficient employment of personnel. In spite of the recent advances in autonomous driving, mobility services, such as ride pooling, still heavily rely on the use of human drivers and will presumably remain in this category in the near to midterm. As a consequence, shift scheduling of drivers is one of the key success factors in the current industry environment. Determining appropriate shifts that minimize an under- and oversupply of vehicles for all planning periods is a challenging task, since demand can vary heavily over time and the assignment flexibilities are limited due to driver preferences and regulations. In this work, we present a shift scheduling model for ridepooling services. Moreover, we introduce a data generator for instances with realistic properties of a ridepooling service. Using it, we study the effect of different kinds of flexibilities on solution quality.
Anthropogenic electromagnetic radiation alters the transcription levels of the genes encoding the SIFamide and myoinhibitory peptide and their receptors in Ixodes ricinus synganglion
Authors: Šofranková Lívia , Baňas Miroslav , Pipová Natália , Majláth Igor , Kurimský Juraj , Cimbala Roman , Zbojovský Ján , Šimo Ladislav , Majláthová Viktória
Published: August 2024

The research of the influences of man-made electromagnetic fields on tick physiology has been very sparse and long neglected since the pioneer studies published in 1996 and 2000. Once multiple behavioral tests confirmed an attraction and possible perception of electromagnetic fields in ticks, a new interest in this topic erupted in recent years. In this study, qRT-PCR is utilized to determine the changes in the mRNA transcript levels of neuropeptides SIFamide and myoinhibitory peptide (mip and sifa) and their representative receptors (mip-r1 and sifa-r1) in the synganglia of the tick Ixodes ricinus irradiated by 900 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic field. It was determined that 40 V/m intensity has a significant suppressory effect on the transcript levels of all genes after at least 60 minutes of constant exposure in both sexes. Commonly occurring intensity of radiation in urban areas (2 V/m) produced an elevation in mRNA levels after various timespans in every gene. A significant decrease of transcript abundances was detected in females after one hour of exposure to 2 V/m. Results of this study widen the knowledge of EMF-induced alterations in the neurophysiology of I. ricinus, the most commonly distributed hard tick in Europe.
Nationwide cost-effectiveness and quality of life analysis of minimally invasive distal pancreatectomy
Authors: De Pastena Matteo , Esposito Alessandro , Paiella Salvatore , Montagnini Greta , Zingaretti Caterina C. , Ramera Marco , Azzolina Danila , Gregori Dario , Kauffmann Emanuele F. , Giardino Alessandro , Moraldi Luca , Butturini Giovanni , Boggi Ugo , Salvia Roberto
Published: August 2024

Background

This study analyzed the Quality of Life (QoL) and cost-effectiveness of laparoscopic (LDP) versus robotic distal pancreatectomy (RDP).

Methods

Consecutive patients submitted to LDP or RDP from 2010 to 2020 in four high-volume Italian centers were included, with a minimum of 12 months of postoperative follow-up were included. QoL was evaluated using the EORTC QLQ-C30 and EQ-5D questionnaires, self-reported by patients. After a propensity score matching, which included BMI, gender, operation time, multiorgan and vascular resections, splenic preservation, and pancreatic stump management, the mean differential cost and Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALY) were calculated and plotted on a cost-utility plane.

Results

The study population consisted of 564 patients. Among these, 271 (49%) patients were submitted to LDP, while 293 (51%) patients to RDP. After propensity score matching, the study population was composed of 159 patients in each group, with a median follow-up of 59 months. As regards the QoL analysis, global health and emotional functioning domains showed better results in the RDP group (p = 0.037 and p = 0.026, respectively), whereas the other did not differ. As expected, the median crude costs analysis confirmed that RDP was more expensive than LDP (16,041 Euros vs. 10,335 Euros, p < 0.001). However, the robotic approach had a higher probability of being more cost-effective than the laparoscopic procedure when a willingness to pay more than 5697 Euros/QALY was accepted.

Conclusion

RDP was associated with better QoL as explored by specific domains. Crude costs were higher for RDP, and the cost-effectiveness threshold was set at 5697 euros/QALY.
Copula lucentia sp. nov., a new box jellyfish (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeida) from Western Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Fonfría Eva S. , Straehler-Pohl Ilka , Stampar Sérgio N. , Collins Allen G. , Hoverd William Alan , Bordehore Cesar
Published: August 2024

A new species of box jellyfish, Copula lucentia sp. nov., is described from El Campello, Spain, and compared to the holotype of Copula sivickisi that was successfully recovered after being lost for almost 60 years. So far, the only cubozoan species recorded in the Western Mediterranean was Carybdea marsupialis. The genus Copula just included the type species (Copula sivickisi) reported from different localities in the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. Morphologically, this new species possesses the typical characteristics of the genus Copula (four adhesive pads on the apex and a vertical keyhole-shaped rhopalial niche ostium) but it can be differentiated from the C. sivickisi holotype by the velarial canal pattern. In C. lucentia sp. nov., the velarial canal roots taper towards the velarial rim and each root bears one to two narrow triangular canals with sharp tips, resembling a bird beak. In contrast, the velarial canal roots of C. sivickisi bear two short, broad canals that increase breadth towards the velarial rim and split up into three- to six-lobed, finger-like canals with rounded tips, giving the canal pattern a paw-like appearance. Molecular analyses of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and nuclear 16S ribosomal DNA genes confirm the distinction of the new species and show that there are even more Copula species than expected, but which will not be focused on here. This study highlights not only that there are species yet to be discovered in the Mediterranean Sea but that a revision of the genus Copula is necessary.
Space-borne DInSAR measurements exploitation for risk classification of bridge networks
Authors: Miano Andrea , Mele Annalisa , Silla Michela , Bonano Manuela , Striano Pasquale , Lanari Riccardo , Di Ludovico Marco , Prota Andrea
Published: August 2024

Existing bridges constitute essential infrastructures of land transport and communications routes worldwide. They are often outdated and vulnerable; for this reason, monitoring and safety should be ensured for their use. The reduced economic and technical resources lead to the necessity of defining intelligent monitoring strategies for the preliminary classification of the infrastructures to establish an order of priority for executing more in-depth checks, verifications, and interventions. In this context, earth monitoring through satellite remote sensing has become a fundamental research topic in the last decades. This technique allows to obtain innumerable information on the temporal and spatial evolution of displacements at a territorial scale by means of the observation of wide deformation phenomena such as subsidence, landslides, and settlements. Furthermore, at a smaller scale, as in the case of a single bridge, the use of high spatial resolution and high sampling rate data could be crucial in civil engineering scenarios to carry on a preliminary structural monitoring of a road, railway network, or a single bridge. This work proposes a procedure for a large-scale analysis for the monitoring of an entire road network, based on remote sensing Structural Health Monitoring (SHM). The capability of the procedure is investigated on a network of 68 bridges, using deformation measurements derived from satellite remote sensing, where large stacks of ascending and descending Differential SAR Interferometry DInSAR data products were available. A Risk Class is estimated for each bridge based on the deformation analysis, considering the potential phenomena at both territorial and local scales. Based on such a Risk Class, the stakeholders can define most critical bridges as well as more in-depth monitoring strategies.
Child Maltreatment: To Report or Not to Report? It’s More Complex than That
Authors: Vollmer-Sandholm Mary Jo , Myhre Arne Kristian , Albæk Ane Ugland , Stray-Pedersen Arne
Published: August 2024

Child maltreatment (CM) is a widespread problem, contributing to health and societal difficulties often throughout the lifespan. Healthcare professionals (HCPs) who see potential warning signs for CM are responsible for protecting the child from future harm, which may involve alerting the authorities. The decision-making is challenging as unwarranted reporting may lead to mistrust and not benefit the child. We sought to explore what factors might influence HCPs’ decisions to report suspected CM in a Norwegian sample. Using a cross-sectional survey among HCPs in Norwegian hospitals with pediatric wards, we presented five case vignettes describing different probabilities of CM and variables assessing experience, knowledge, and confidence. A total of 382 HCPs completed the survey. Despite recognizing warning signs for CM in the case vignettes, a large proportion were reluctant to report to authorities. Recognition of CM and expressed willingness to report four or all five of the case vignettes (high reporters) was associated with the profession, knowledge, experience, and confidence in handling CM cases. Expressed confidence in performing physical examinations for physical or sexual abuse and talking with parents about abuse was significantly associated with high reporting (OR 2.3 to 17.8). Qualitative data further supported the role of self-efficacy. In summary, reporting to the authorities is an important but complex aspect in cases of suspected CM, but many HCPs relate that they fail to do so. This study indicates reporting suspicion of CM is correlated with self-efficacy and knowledge among HCPs, which should inform educational, social, and policy decisions.
Spinal scoliosis: insights into developmental mechanisms and animal models
Authors: Yan Chongnan , Jin Guoxin , Li Lei
Published: August 2024

Spinal scoliosis, a prevalent spinal deformity impacting both physical and mental well-being, has a significant genetic component, though the exact pathogenic mechanisms remain elusive. This review offers a comprehensive exploration of current research on embryonic spinal development, focusing on the genetic and biological intricacies governing axial elongation and straightening. Zebrafish, a vital model in developmental biology, takes a prominent role in understanding spinal scoliosis. Insights from zebrafish studies illustrate genetic and physiological aspects, including notochord development and cerebrospinal fluid dynamics, revealing the anomalies contributing to scoliosis. In this review, we acknowledge existing challenges, such as deciphering the unique dynamics of human spinal development, variations in physiological curvature, and disparities in cerebrospinal fluid circulation. Further, we emphasize the need for caution when extrapolating findings to humans and for future research to bridge current knowledge gaps. We hope that this review will be a beneficial frame of reference for the guidance of future studies on animal models and genetic research for spinal scoliosis.
“An Acre of Land to Plant or a Stick of Wood to Make a Fence or Fire”: An Archaeology of Mohegan Allotment
Authors: Cipolla Craig N. , Quinn James , Levy Jay
Published: August 2024

Although land loss is among the most profound impacts that settler colonialism had for Indigenous societies across North America, archaeologists rarely study one of the principal colonial mechanisms of land dispossession: allotment. This process forever altered the course of North American history, breaking up collectively held Indigenous lands into lots “owned” by individuals and families while further stressing local Indigenous subsistence patterns, social relations, political organization, and more. Archaeology's long-term, material, and sometimes collaborative vantage stands to offer insights on this process and how it played out for Indigenous peoples in different times and places. As its case study, this article considers the allotment of Mohegan lands in southeastern Connecticut (USA). An archaeology of Mohegan allotment speaks to more than land loss and cultural change. It provides evidence of an enduring and long-term Indigenous presence on the land; of the challenges faced and overcome by Mohegan peoples living through, and with, settler colonialism; and of the nuances of Indigenous-colonial archaeological records. This study also shows the importance of Indigenous and collaborative archaeologies for shedding new light on these challenging but important archaeological traces.
Advance Care Planning im Akutkrankenhaus
Authors: Markgraf Miriam , Meyer Gabriele , Kirchner Änne
Published: August 2024

Zusammenfassung: Hintergrund: Advance Care Planning (ACP) ist ein international etabliertes Konzept mit dem Ziel einer vorausschauenden Versorgungsplanung für den Fall einer zukünftigen Einwilligungsunfähigkeit. In Deutschland wird ACP aktuell noch nicht regelhaft im akutstationären Setting angeboten. Fragestellung/Ziel: Ziel ist es, Voraussetzungen für die Implementierung eines ACP-Programmes in Akutkliniken in Deutschland durch Sichten internationaler Initiativen und Führen von Experteninterviews zu identifizieren und zu bewerten. Methoden: In den Datenbanken MEDLINE und CINAHL erfolgte eine systematische Literaturrecherche nach international angewandten Strategien zur Umsetzung von ACP in Akutkrankenhäusern. Konsekutiv wurde ein Leitfaden für Interviews mit Expert_innen zur Bewertung der Strategien entwickelt. Die Analyse erfolgte mittels qualitativer Inhaltsanalyse nach Mayring. Ergebnisse: Aus 13 eingeschlossenen Publikationen wurden 17 Voraussetzungen identifiziert und nach der Bewertung durch Expert_innen 16 Kategorien zugeordnet. Die Expert_innen hoben insbesondere hervor, dass passende Rahmenbedingungen, wie ausreichende Zeitressourcen und Schulungen, geschaffen werden müssen, wohingegen die Literaturrecherche zeigte, dass eher Voraussetzungen aus dem Bereich Gesprächsablauf und -organisation im Vordergrund standen. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Implementierung von ACP im akutstationären Setting erscheint machbar, unterliegt aber umfassenden settingspezifischen Bedingungen und Herausforderungen, wie einer gesetzlichen Regelung sowie der Definition und Strukturierung der Prozesse.
Multiple Ionospheric Descending Layers Over Arecibo
Authors: Selvaraj D. , Sivakandan Mani , Sulzer Michael P.
Published: August 2024

Observations using Arecibo Observatory's highly sensitive Incoherent Scattering Radar (AO‐ISR) show ionospheric descending layers from as high as ∼400 km, much higher than earlier studies, with continuity down to 90 km. The AO‐ISR was operated to observe the ion‐line and plasma‐line with coded‐long‐pulse for high temporal and spatial resolution of 35/10 s and 300 m, respectively, during 01–06 February 2019. We found multiple layering structures descending from 400 to 90 km in all these six days. These layers are traditionally called intermediate descending layers (IDLs) (>130 km and below F‐peak), upper semi‐diurnal daytime and nighttime layers (110–130 km), and lower diurnal layers (<110 km). We have denoted the new daytime descending layers above the hmF2 as top‐side descending layers (TDLs). All these layers are collectively named ionospheric descending layers (IonDLs) since all of them are connected with some discontinuity at the F1‐peak (i.e., 170 km), except for the daytime lower‐diurnal layer. The most pronounced IonDLs occur in the twilight times. IonDLs mainly occur in shear zones of the vertical ion drifts and are favored by downward ion drifts, and their descent speeds increase with increasing altitude. The estimated phase velocities of the waves in the F‐region are comparable with the descending speed of the IonDLs. Furthermore, IonDLs/IDLs occur with and without spread‐F events but intensified spread‐F events raise their beginning altitude. The TDLs and IDLs are driven by gravity waves with periods of 1.5–4 hr.
A 30 m Global Flood Inundation Model for Any Climate Scenario
Authors: Wing Oliver E. J. , Bates Paul D. , Quinn Niall D. , Savage James T. S. , Uhe Peter F. , Cooper Anthony , Collings Thomas P. , Addor Nans , Lord Natalie S. , Hatchard Simbi , Hoch Jannis M. , Bates Joe , Probyn Izzy , Himsworth Sam , Rodríguez González Josué , Brine Malcolm P. , Wilkinson Hamish , Sampson Christopher C. , Smith Andrew M. , Neal Jeffrey C. , Haigh Ivan D.
Published: August 2024

Global flood mapping has developed rapidly over the past decade, but previous approaches have limited scope, function, and accuracy. These limitations restrict the applicability and fundamental science questions that can be answered with existing model frameworks. Harnessing recently available data and modeling methods, this paper presents a new global ∼30 m resolution Global Flood Map (GFM) with complete coverage of fluvial, pluvial, and coastal perils, for any return period or climate scenario, including accounting for uncertainty. With an extensive compilation of global benchmark case studies—ranging from locally collected event water levels, to national inventories of engineering flood maps—we execute a comprehensive validation of the new GFM. For flood extent comparisons, we demonstrate that the GFM achieves a critical success index of ∼0.75. In the more discriminatory tests of flood water levels, the GFM deviates from observations by ∼0.6 m on average. Results indicating this level of global model fidelity are unprecedented in the literature. With an optimistic scenario of future warming (SSP1‐2.6), we show end‐of‐century global flood hazard (average annual inundation volume) increases are limited to 9% (likely range ‐6%–29%); this is within the likely climatological uncertainty of −8%–12% in the current hazard estimate. In contrast, pessimistic scenario (SSP5‐8.5) hazard changes emerge from the background noise in the 2040s, rising to a 49% (likely range of 7%–109%) increase by 2100. This work verifies the fitness‐for‐purpose of this new‐generation GFM for impact analyses with a variety of beneficial applications across policymaking, planning, and commercial risk assessment.
Volumetric Reconstruction of Ionospheric Electric Currents From Tri‐Static Incoherent Scatter Radar Measurements
Authors: Reistad J. P. , Hatch S. M. , Laundal K. M. , Oksavik K. , Zettergren M. , Vanhamäki H. , Virtanen I.
Published: August 2024

We present a new technique for the upcoming tri‐static incoherent scatter radar system EISCAT 3D (E3D) to perform a volumetric reconstruction of the 3D ionospheric electric current density vector field, focusing on the feasibility of the E3D system. The input to our volumetric reconstruction technique are estimates of the 3D current density perpendicular to the main magnetic field, j⊥, and its covariance, to be obtained from E3D observations based on two main assumptions: (a) Ions fully magnetized above the E region, set to 200 km here. (b) Electrons fully magnetized above the base of our domain, set to 90 km. In this way, j⊥ estimates are obtained without assumptions about the neutral wind field, allowing it to be subsequently determined. The volumetric reconstruction of the full 3D current density is implemented as vertically coupled horizontal layers represented by Spherical Elementary Current Systems with a built‐in current continuity constraint. We demonstrate that our technique is able to retrieve the three dimensional nature of the currents in our idealized setup, taken from a simulation of an active auroral ionosphere using the Geospace Environment Model of Ion‐Neutral Interactions (GEMINI). The vertical current is typically less constrained than the horizontal, but we outline strategies for improvement by utilizing additional data sources in the inversion. The ability to reconstruct the neutral wind field perpendicular to the magnetic field in the E region is demonstrated to mostly be within ±50 m/s in a limited region above the radar system in our setup.
Interpretable Multiscale Machine Learning‐Based Parameterizations of Convection for ICON
Authors: Heuer Helge , Schwabe Mierk , Gentine Pierre , Giorgetta Marco A. , Eyring Veronika
Published: August 2024

Machine learning (ML)‐based parameterizations have been developed for Earth System Models (ESMs) with the goal to better represent subgrid‐scale processes or to accelerate computations. ML‐based parameterizations within hybrid ESMs have successfully learned subgrid‐scale processes from short high‐resolution simulations. However, most studies used a particular ML method to parameterize the subgrid tendencies or fluxes originating from the compound effect of various small‐scale processes (e.g., radiation, convection, gravity waves) in mostly idealized settings or from superparameterizations. Here, we use a filtering technique to explicitly separate convection from these processes in simulations with the Icosahedral Non‐hydrostatic modeling framework (ICON) in a realistic setting and benchmark various ML algorithms against each other offline. We discover that an unablated U‐Net, while showing the best offline performance, learns reverse causal relations between convective precipitation and subgrid fluxes. While we were able to connect the learned relations of the U‐Net to physical processes this was not possible for the non‐deep learning‐based Gradient Boosted Trees. The ML algorithms are then coupled online to the host ICON model. Our best online performing model, an ablated U‐Net excluding precipitating tracer species, indicates higher agreement for simulated precipitation extremes and mean with the high‐resolution simulation compared to the traditional scheme. However, a smoothing bias is introduced both in water vapor path and mean precipitation. Online, the ablated U‐Net significantly improves stability compared to the non‐ablated U‐Net and runs stable for the full simulation period of 180 days. Our results hint to the potential to significantly reduce systematic errors with hybrid ESMs.