bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Individual Differences in System Justification Predict Power and Morality-Related Needs in Advantaged and Disadvantaged Groups in Response to Group Disparity
Authors: Hässler Tabea , Shnabel Nurit , Ullrich Johannes , Arditti-Vogel Anat , SimanTov-Nachlieli Ilanit
Published: July 2018

Guided by the needs-based model, we explored how individual differences in system justification predict group members’ needs in response to information about group-based disparities. Across two studies (N=819), we found that among disadvantaged-group members (LGBTIQ* individuals/women) system justification was negatively related to need for power. Among advantaged-group members ([cis-]heterosexuals/men), system justification wasnegatively related to motivation to restore their ingroup’s moral essence (i.e., moral shame and wish that the ingroup would act more morally) but positively related to motivation to restore their ingroup’s moral image (i.e., need for positive moral image and expectation that the outgroup should acknowledge the ingroup’s morality). These results theoretically extend the needs-based model by offering a more nuanced picture of morality-related needs. Further,they underline the importance of considering individual differences in system justification for understanding advantaged- and disadvantaged-group members’ responses to social inequality.
Moral development: conflicts and compromises
Authors: Buon Marine , Habib Marianne
Published: July 2018

In this chapter, we present a brief overview of what we know (and what we do not know) about the development of morality. We aim to describe all the key advances in the field of morality ranging from Piaget and Kohlberg to recent insights regarding infants' socio-moral abilities and multiple-processes models of morality. This findings are critically discussed in order to highlight current debate in the field of moral development and promising avenues for future research.
The flash-lag, Fröhlich and related motion illusions are artifacts of discrete sampling in the visual system
Authors: Schneider Keith Allan
Published: July 2018

The Fröhlich effect and flash-lag effect, in which moving objects appear advanced along their trajectories compared to their actual positions, have defied a simple and consistent explanation. Here, we show that these illusions can be understood as a natural consequence of temporal compression in the human visual system. Discrete sampling at some stage of sensory perception has long been considered, and if it were true, it would necessarily lead to these illusions of motion. We show that the discrete perception hypothesis, with a single free parameter, the perceptual moment or sampling rate, can quantitatively explain all of the scenarios of the Fröhlich and flash-lag effects. We interpret discrete perception as the implementation of data compression in the brain, and our conscious perception as the reconstruction of the compressed input.
Narrative Identity
Authors: McLean Kate C. , Syed Moin
Published: July 2018

Narrative identity is a subjective recollection of the personal past, which serves to integrate alife. Narrative identity emerges in adolescence, with clear pre‐cursors in childhood, and withconsequence for mental health and well‐being in adolescence and adulthood. This entryreviews the theoretical foundation of the field, major dimensions of narrative identity, itsdevelopment, and current and future research.
Heat-Aggression Association-AMP
Authors: McCarthy Randy J.
Published: July 2018

Previous research has asserted that individuals hold cognitive associations between the constructs of hot temperatures and aggression (e.g., DeWall & Bushman, 2009). However, subsequent studies have cast doubt on whether these previously-used methods reliably produce effects that support this assertion (e.g., McCarthy, 2014). Thus, the evidence for the existence of a cognitive heat-aggression association is mixed. To test for this hypothetical association using a different method, and to address shortcomings in the previously-used methods, the current studies used a modified Affect Misattribution Procedure (e.g., Payne, Cheng, Govorun, & Stewart, 2005) to examine whether exposure to heat-related words increased the accessibility of aggressive cognitions. Both a pilot study and a Registered Report showed that exposure to heat-related words increased the accessibility of aggressive cognitions. However, exposure to cold-related words also, and unexpectedly, increased the accessibility of aggressive cognitions. And these results were only found for participants who reported that the primes influenced their Misattribution Task performance. Thus, although the current results found that exposure to heat-related stimuli caused theoretically-predicted effects, the overall evidence is somewhat mixed as to whether this is due to a cognitive association between hot temperatures and aggression.
Going Off Script: Effects of Awe on Memory for Script-Typical and –Irrelevant Narrative Detail
Authors: Danvers Alexander Francois , Shiota Michelle N.
Published: July 2018

People often filter their experience of new events through knowledge they already have, e.g., encoding new events by relying on prototypical event “scripts” at the expense of actual details. Previous research suggests that positive affect often increases this tendency. Three studies assessed whether awe—an emotion elicited by perceived vastness, and thought to promote cognitive accommodation—has the opposite effect, reducing rather than increasing reliance on event scripts. True/false questions on details of a short story about a romantic dinner were used to determine whether awe (1) reduces the tendency to impute script-consistent but false details into memory, and/or (2) promotes memory of unexpected details. Across studies we consistently found support for the first effect; evidence for the second was less consistent. Effects were partially mediated by subjective awe, and independent of other aspects of subjective affect. Results suggest that awe reduces reliance on internal knowledge in processing new events.©American Psychological Association, 2017. This paper is not the copy of record and may not exactly replicate the authoritative document published in the APA journal. Please do not copy or cite without author's permission. The final article is available, upon publication, at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/emo0000277
A low-cost Morris Water Maze for undergraduate research: Construction and demonstration in a rat model of obesity-induced diabetes
Authors: Gallivan Lester Maxwell , Schmitzer-Torbert Neil
Published: July 2018

The Morris Water Maze (MWM) is a standard task for assessing hippocampal-dependent learning and memory, but the cost of commercial versions of the task may be prohibitive for some undergraduate research projects. We describe the construction of a low-cost MWM for use with rats, and demonstrate the effectiveness of the MWM in a study of the effect of diet-induced obesity on cognitive function in rats. Previous studies have described an impairment in MWM performance in rats fed a high-fat diet combined with streptozotocin injection (to model Type 2 diabetes). We attempted to replicate this finding, and to test the ability of a novel anti-inflammatory treatment to reduce cognitive deficits in the diabetic model. Across five days of hidden-platform training, rats in all groups (normal pellet diet vs. high-fat diet, vehicle vs. treatment) improved on the water maze at similar rates. On a 30-second probe trial, each group showed a preference for the target quadrant used during training. On the probe trial, rats in the high-fat diet group receiving vehicle injections performed significantly better than rats on a normal pellet diet receiving vehicle injections, or on a high-fat diet receiving treatment. These results did not replicate previous findings that a high-fat diet combined with streptozotocin injections produces deficits in the water maze. However, the results did validate the effectiveness of a low-cost water maze constructed from commonly available materials for hidden platform water maze training, which we expect may be of use to other undergraduate researchers interested in learning and memory.
Psychological distance promotes transcending of local maxima
Authors: Yudkin Daniel Alexander
Published: July 2018

Agents must sometimes decide whether to exploit a known resource or search for potentially more profitable options. Here, we investigate the role of psychological distancing in promoting exploratory behavior. We argue that exploration dilemmas pit the value of a reward (“desirability”) against the difficulty or uncertainty of obtaining it (“feasibility”). Based on construal level theory, which suggests that psychological distance increases the importance of rewards’ desirability (versus feasibility), we expect that psychological distance will increase exploration. Two pretests and three experiments support this prediction. Pretests A and B confirm that exploration dilemmas conform to the feasibility/desirability decision structure. In Experiment 1, participants who were prompted to consider an exploration game from a physically distanced perspective were more likely to leave a local maximum in search of a global maximum. Experiments 2 and 3 show that social distance has similar results. Experiment 4 finds evidence of a direct association between construal mindset and exploration. Overall, this research highlights how psychological distancing strategies can promote exploration.
In Rape-Trauma PTSD, Patient Characteristics Indicate Which Trauma-Focused Treatment They are Most Likely to Complete
Authors: Keefe John R , Stirman Shannon Wiltsey , Cohen Zachary Daniel , DeRubeis Robert J , Smith Brian Neil , Resick Patricia
Published: July 2018

Objectives: Dropout rates for effective therapies for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be high, especially in practice settings. Although clinicians have intuitions regarding what treatment patients may complete, there are few systematic data to drive those judgments.Methods: A multivariable model of dropout risk was constructed with randomized clinical trial data (n=160) comparing prolonged exposure (PE) and cognitive processing therapy (CPT) for rape-induced PTSD. A two-step bootstrapped variable selection algorithm was applied to identify moderators of dropout as a function of treatment condition. Employing identified moderators in a model, five-fold cross-validation yielded estimates of dropout probability for each patient in each condition. Dropout rates between patients who did and did not receive their model-indicated treatment were compared.Results: Despite equivalent dropout rates across treatments, patients assigned to their model-indicated treatment were significantly less likely to drop out relative to patients who did not (relative risk = 0.49 [95% CI: 0.29 to 0.82]). Moderators included in the model were: childhood physical abuse, current relationship conflict, anger, and being a racial minority, all of which were associated with higher likelihood of dropout in PE than CPT.Conclusions: Individual differences among patients affect the likelihood they will complete a particular treatment, and clinicians can consider these moderators in treatment planning. In the future, treatment selection models could be used to increase the percentage of patients who will receive a full course of treatment, but replication and extension of such models, and consideration of how best to integrate them into routine practice, are needed.
Should I Stay or Should I go?: Women’s Implicit Stereotypic Associations Predict their Commitment and Fit in STEM
Authors: Block Katharina , Hall William , Schmader Toni , Inness Michelle , Croft Elizabeth
Published: July 2018

Gender stereotypes that associate science and technology to men more than women create subtle barriers to women’s advancement in these fields. But how do stereotypic associations, when internalized by women, relate to their own sense of fit and organizational commitment? Our research is the first to demonstrate that, among working engineers, women’s own gender stereotypic implicit associations predict lower organizational commitment. In a sample of 263 engineers (145 women), women (but not men) who implicitly associated engineering with men more than women were less committed to their organization. This relationship was mediated by lower self-efficacy and value-fit, and not explained by other personality, demographic, or organizational factors. We discuss how internalized cultural biases can constrain women’s experiences in STEM.
Is automatic speech-to-text transcription ready for use in psychological experiments?
Authors: Ziman Kirsten , Heusser Andrew C. , Fitzpatrick Paxton C. , Field Campbell E. , Manning Jeremy R.
Published: July 2018

Verbal responses are a convenient and naturalistic way for participants to provide data in psychological experiments (Salzinger, 1959). However, audio recordings of verbal responses typically require additional processing such as transcribing the recordings into text, as compared with other behavioral response modalities (e.g. typed responses, button presses, etc.). Further, the transcription process is often tedious and time-intensive, requiring human listeners to manually examine each moment of recorded speech. Here we evaluate the performance of a state-of-the-art speech recognition algorithm (Halpern et al., 2016) in transcribing audio data into text during a list-learning experiment. We compare the computer-generated transcripts to transcripts made by human annotators. Both sets of transcripts matched to a high degree and exhibited similar statistical properties, in terms of the participants' recall performance and recall dynamics that the transcripts captured. This proof-of-concept study suggests that speech-to-text engines could provide a cheap, reliable, and rapid means of automatically transcribing speech data in psychological experiments. Further, our findings open the door for verbal response experiments that scale to thousands of participants (e.g. administered online), as well as a new generation of experiments that decode speech on-the-fly and adapt experimental parameters based on participants' prior responses.
How to Create Shared Symbols
Authors: Fay Nicolas , Walker Bradley , Swoboda Nik , Garrod Simon
Published: July 2018

Human cognition and behaviour is dominated by symbol use. This paper examines the social learning strategies that give rise to symbolic communication. Experiment 1 contrasts an individual-level account, based on observational learning and cognitive bias, with an inter-individual account, based on social coordinative learning. Participants played a referential communication game in which they tried to communicate a range of recurring meanings to a partner by drawing, but without using their conventional language. Individual-level learning, via observation and cognitive bias, was sufficient to produce communication systems that became increasingly effective, efficient and shared over games. However, breaking a referential precedent eliminated these benefits. The most effective, most efficient and most shared signs arose when participants could directly interact with their partner, indicating that social coordinative learning is important to the creation of shared symbols. Experiment 2 investigated the contribution of two distinct aspects of social interaction: behaviour alignment and concurrent partner feedback. Each played a complementary role in the creation of shared symbols: behaviour alignment primarily drove communication effectiveness, and partner feedback primarily drove the efficiency of the evolved signs. In conclusion, inter-individual social coordinative learning is important to the evolution of effective, efficient and shared symbols.
Syntactic Cues to Individuation in Mandarin Chinese
Authors: Cheung Pierina , Barner David , Li Peggy
Published: July 2018

When presented with an entity (e.g., a wooden honey-dipper) labeled with anovel noun, how does a listener know that the noun refers to an instance ofan object kind (honey- dipper) rather than to a substance kind (wood)?While English speakers draw upon count-mass syntax for clues to the noun’smeaning, linguists have proposed that classifier languages, which lackcount-mass syntax, provide other syntactic cues. Three experiments testedMandarin- speakers’ sensitivity to the diminutive suffix -zi and thegeneral classifier ge when interpreting novel nouns. Experiment 1 foundthat -zi occurs more frequently with nouns that denote object kinds.Experiment 2 demonstrated Mandarin-speaking adults’ sensitivity to ge and -ziwhen inferring novel word meanings. Experiment 3 tested Mandarin three- tosix-year-olds’ sensitivity to ge. We discuss differences in thedevelopmental course of these cues relative to cues in English, and theimpact of this difference to children’s understanding of individuation.
Early gender differences in core values predict anticipated family vs. career orientation (Pre-Print)
Authors: Block Katharina , Gonzalez Antonya Marie , Schmader Toni , Baron Andrew Scott
Published: July 2018

Communion and agency are often described as core human values. In adults, these values predict gendered role preferences. Yet little work has examined the extent to which young boys and girls explicitly endorse communal and agentic values and whether early gender differences in values predict boys’ and girls’ different role expectations. In a sample of 411 children aged 6 to 14, we find consistent gender differences in communal and agentic value endorsement. Across our age range, boys endorse communal values less and agentic values more than do girls. Moreover, gender differences in values partially account for boys’ relatively lower family vs. career orientation, predicting their orientation over and above gender identification and parent reports of children’s gender expression. These findings suggest that gender differences in core values emerge surprisingly early in development and predict children’s expectations well before they make decisions about adopting adult roles in their own families.
The bright side of negative experience: Preexposure to negative image improves non-judging attitude in mindfulness meditation
Authors: Sasaki Kyoshiro , Ono Fuminori , Yamada Yuki
Published: July 2018

Mindfulness is a state of attending to current experiences without judging them and can be achieved by a meditation exercise called mindfulness meditation. A previous study revealed that non-judging of inner experiences, which is a facet of mindfulness, is related to the suppression of negative emotion. For a deeper understanding of this process, the present study examined whether the exposure to negative stimuli modulates the effect of mindfulness meditation. In the experiment, 24 participants were randomly assigned to one of two emotional conditions (negative and neutral). They observed a sequence of negative or neutral images and then engaged in mindfulness meditation. They also answered the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire before and after the meditation. The results showed that the score on the non-judging subscale increased in the participants who were exposed to the negative images. The improvement in the non-judging attitude was possibly due to the psychological function that helps to suppress negative emotion that was evoked by the previous event.
Understanding Resilience by relating Stimuli Optimality to Schema Constructs
Authors: Arbanasić Karmela , Kirk Nicholas Hubert
Published: July 2018

We hereby define a novel, two-phase framework which describes the process of elaborating input stimuli of heterogeneous nature into cognitive schemas. For our first phase (PI), we formalize the concept of stress as the deviation from the optimal stimuli level of an individual, described as either understimulation or overstimulation. As second phase (PII), we consider retrieval and rating of autobiographical memories on an importance-positivity scale, which provides an estimation of the individual’s self- and world-schema. The present paper also highlights the novel nonlinear transformation function between the mentioned first (PI) and second phase (PII), in terms of translating over- and under-stimulation to the self- and world-view over time. The described framework, in addition to proposing a novel classification of individuals based on their needs for stimuli, entails representation and potentially diagnosis of multiple psychopathological conditions we have analytically described herein.
Mempertanyakan Pemrofilan Kriminal sebagai Sebuah Ilmu Psikologis
Authors: Abraham Juneman
Published: July 2018

Psychology contributes to criminal profiling process. Unfortunately, after intensive review on latest research findings, it is detected that most criminal profiling process is not based on strong scientific assumptions. This article explains the reasons why criminal profiling is quite a problem for psychology as a science. The author proposes several ideas to overcome this problem. The first idea is about the accurate understanding of criminal profiling scientific status. The science-pseudoscience-non science dichotomy and protoscience-science spectrum will support this understanding. The second idea is that there are some things to be considered for criminal profiling in order to be a prestigious discipline and be used scientifically appropriate by scientists and practitioners of forensic psychology and criminology.
The impact of verbal cues on 14- and 24-month-olds' visual action anticipation
Authors: Adam Maurits , Eiteljoerge Sarah F V , Mani Nivedita , Elsner Birgit
Published: July 2018

When infants and caregivers interact with each other, a lot of information in the language and the action domain is shared between them. Past research shows that from the first year of life, infants' abilities to process language and action information develop significantly. However, a lot of the research focussed on the language and the action domain in isolation, without investigating in which ways these two domains might inform each other. A growing body of research suggests that verbal information can hinder or facilitate childrens' goal anticipation, but the mechanisms involved are not yet completely understood. The current study investigated the impact of different verbal information in the form of nouns, verbs, or unspecific information, on 14- and 24- month-olds' goal anticipation during observation of a human grasping action. There was no differential effect of language cues on goal anticipation, and also no hindering or facilitating effect could be found in either age group. The results are discussed with respect to current literature and address the need of further fine-grained analyses of the impact of language cues on early action processing.
Data-informed nudges for student engagement and success
Authors: Blumenstein Marion , Liu Danny , Richards Deborah , Leichtweis Steve , Stephens Jason
Published: July 2018

Student engagement has never mattered more in college and university education. While the problem of low engagement and underachievement may differ greatly depending on learning contexts their relationship is well-established. Increasingly, digital technologies have allowed teachers to utilize actionable insights gleaned from data about learner engagement and performance to influence students’ choices on regulating their learning behaviour towards academic success. In this context, we apply the framework of nudge theory from behavioural economics to analyse how teachers, as ‘choice architects’, subtly influence students’ decisions. Drawing on four case studies from Australasian universities, we analyse the approach taken by teachers to engage with data and their cohorts to produce personalised nudges that target antecedent factors of student engagement. Since these approaches were enabled by implementing three open-source learning analytics platforms, we also discuss the forms of data (both online and offline) that teachers leveraged, the concrete actions derived from these data, and the positive impacts on student satisfaction, support, and academic success. To assist teachers, designers, and managers implement data-informed nudges in their contexts, we present a practical framework that synthesises student engagement and nudge theory in a data-rich environment, as well as a set of principles that have emerged from our teachers’ experience in nudging students for engagement and success.
Wisdom and how to cultivate it: Review of emerging evidence for a constructivist model of wise thinking
Authors: Grossmann Igor
Published: July 2018

Some folk beliefs characterize wisdom as an essence – a set of immutable characteristics, developing as a consequence of an innate potential and extraordinary life experiences. Emerging empirical scholarship involving experiments, diary and cross-cultural studies contradicts such folk beliefs. Characteristics of wise thinking, which include intellectual humility, recognition of uncertainty and change, consideration of different perspectives and integration of these perspectives, is highly variable across situations. Cumulatively, empirical research suggests that variability in wise thinking is systematic, with greater wisdom in ecological and experimentally-induced contexts promoting an ego-decentered (vs. egocentric) viewpoint. Moreover, teaching for wisdom benefits from appreciation of context-dependency of intentions and actions depicted in the narratives of wisdom exemplars’ lives. I conclude by advancing a constructivist model of wisdom, suggesting that cultural-historical, personal-motivational, and situational contexts play a critical role for wisdom, its development and its application in daily life.
We may not know what we want, but do we know what we need? Examining the ability to forecast need satisfaction in goal pursuit
Authors: Werner Kaitlyn M. , Milyavskaya Marina
Published: July 2018

Do we have the necessary perceptual abilities to set goals that are congruent with our own values and needs? In a prospective study, participants (n=185) identified three goals that they planned to pursue throughout the week. For each goal they then rated their motivation for pursuing it and made predictions about the extent to which goal attainment would satisfy their needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. One week later, participants rated their progress on each goal, as well as the actual need satisfaction they experienced. Using Bayesian analysis, we found support for our (null) hypothesis that participants predicted that their goals would satisfy their basic needs, irrespective of goal self-concordance. While people sometimes overestimated their need forecasts, we found that people who pursued more self-concordant goals actually benefited more from their pursuits, both compared to others who pursued less concordant goals and among their own goals.
Verifiability is a Core Principle of Science
Authors: Srivastava Sanjay
Published: July 2018

Scientific knowledge is supposed to be verifiable. Replications promote verifiability in several ways. Most straightforwardly, replications can verify empirical claims. Replication research also promotes dissemination of information needed for other aspects of verification; creates metascientific knowledge about what results to treat as credible even in the absence of replications; and reinforces a broader norm of scientists checking each other’s work.
A hierarchical Bayesian state trace analysis for assessing monotonicity while factoring out subject, item, and trial level dependencies
Authors: Sadil Patrick , Cowell Rosemary , Huber David E.
Published: July 2018

Traditional state trace analyses assess the latent dimensionality of a cognitive process by asking whether the means of two dependent variables conform to a monotonic function across a set of conditions. Recently proposed methods test whether a function’s deviation from monotonicity is statistically significant (e.g., Kalish et al. 2016, Davis-Stober et al. 2017). However, these tests assume trial-level independence between the two measures, but violations of this assumption can lead to incorrect conclusions. To address these limitations, we developed a hierarchical Bayesian model that factors out the separate roles of subject dependencies, item dependencies, and trial-level dependence via three separate bivariate normal distributions, capturing each type of dependency between the two measures. This is performed with separate models that do, or do not allow a non-monotonic relation between the condition effects (i.e., same vs. different rank orders). The Widely Applicable Information Criterion (WAIC) – a cross validation measure of model fit – is then used to assess the reliability of the model comparison, providing a statistical conclusion regarding the dimensionality of the latent psychological space. We validated this new state trace analysis technique using model recovery simulation studies, which assumed different ground truths regarding monotonicity and the direction/magnitude of the trial-level dependence. We also provide an application of this new technique to an implicit learning study that compared performance on an implicit retrieval task (forced choice recognition) versus an explicit retrieval task (cued recall).
Replication of Saffran, Newport, & Aslin (1996) Word segmentation: The role of distributional cues, Exp. 1
Authors: Garcia Caitlin , Iozzo Gina , Lamirato Katie , Ledoux James , Mu Jesse , Murdock Kara , Savery Alyssa , Spizzirro James , Trimm Kelsey , Van Horne Kendall , Vidal Juliani , Dietz Sven L. , Ravid Jon , Skorb Lauren , Hartshorne Joshua K.
Published: July 2018

We replicated Exp. 1 of Saffran, Newport, & Aslin (1996) Word segmentation: The role of distributional Cues, Journal of Memory and Language, 35, 606-621, as part of a multi-year project to replicate every published adult statistical word segmentation study. Despite a much larger sample than the original (101 subjects vs. 24), evidence of successful segmentation was weak and mixed, and none of the item or condition effects replicated. We consider whether this is more likely to be a failure of replication or a failure of generalization (e.g., to a different population).
Research on Research: A Meta-Scientific Study of Problems and Solutions in Psychological Science
Authors: Nuijten Michele B.
Published: July 2018

SUMMARY DOCTORAL DISSERTATION: Psychology is facing a “replication crisis”. Many psychological findings could not be replicated in novel samples, which lead to the growing concern that many published findings are overly optimistic or even false. In this dissertation, we investigated potential indicators of problems in the published psychological literature. In Part I of this dissertation, we looked at inconsistencies in reported statistical results in published psychology papers. To facilitate our research, we developed the free tool statcheck; a “spellchecker” for statistics. In Part II, we investigated bias in published effect sizes. We showed that in the presence of publication bias, the overestimation of effects can become worse if you combine studies. Indeed, in meta-analyses from the social sciences we found strong evidence that published effects are overestimated. These are worrying findings, and it is important to think about concrete solutions to improve the quality of psychological research. Some of the solutions we propose are preregistration, replication, and transparency. We argue that to select the best strategies to improve psychological science, we need research on research: meta-research.
A PRACT: A Pragmatic Randomized Adaptive Clinical Trial to Investigate Brief Interventions in the Emergency Department in Tanzania
Authors: Vissoci Joao Ricardo Nickenig
Published: July 2018

BackgroundAlcohol abuse, especially in resource limited low income settings, comes with increased health and injury risks. Treatment in these settings lacks the specialized trained personnel and infrastructure. Implementing evidence based interventions from a high-income setting, like a Brief Intervention (BI) for alcohol administered to Emergency Department injury patients, will require fine tuning and adaptations to the setting, population and culture. As such, this study aims to rapidly optimize and evaluate the impact of a BI to control alcohol use and related harms. Methods/DesignOur single-blinded adaptive randomized controlled trial is designed to determine the most efficacious BI intervention to reduce hazardous alcohol use among acute injury patients. Phase 1, in this ‘seamless phase 1 to phase 2’ adaptive trial, will determine if a BI with or without a SMS booster is more effective than a no-contact usual care. Without a change in study procedures and statistical efficiency, phase 2 will compare if a BI without or with a standard SMS booster is more effective. Finally, in Phase 3, we will compare the more effective arm in Phase 2 to a new BI with personalized SMS booster. The study will occur among acute injury patients who present to Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center referral hospital in Northern Tanzania who are 1) alcohol positive on arrival to the hospital, 2) have an Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test of 8 or above or 3) have admitted to drinking alcohol prior to suffering their injury. The intervention consists of a nurse administered brief motivational interviewing session with or without a standard or personalized SMS booster; the control group will be a no-contact group until the time of follow-up. The primary outcome for the study is mean weekly consumption and number of binge drinking events; the secondary outcomes for the study are a reduction of alcohol related consequences by the Drinker Inventory of Consequences.
Can Research Participants Comment Authoritatively on the Validity of Their Self-Reports of Mind Wandering and Task Engagement? A Replication and Extension of Seli, Jonker, Cheyne, Cortes, and Smilek
Authors: Meier Matt Ethan
Published: July 2018

Seli, Jonker, Cheyne, Cortes, and Smilek (2015) found that, through retrospective confidence reports, subjects can distinguish the validity of their mind wandering reports during a sustained attention (“metronome response”) task. In addition, some subjects were better able to make this distinction than others. Here, I sought to replicate both the within and between-subjects’ effects of confidence judgments on thought probe validity. To this end, I executed a preregistered close replication of Seli et al. (2015) and extended this work by administering the metronome response task twice and by measuring potential individual difference markers for which subjects may be better than others at monitoring their thoughts: working memory capacity, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and dispositional mindfulness. With data from 291 subjects, I found only weak evidence for a within-subjects effect of confidence on thought-report validity in the first administration of the metronome response task and weak to non-existent evidence for individual differences in thought monitoring. No evidence was found for individual differences in the ability to provide valid thought reports.
Policy Implications of Implicit Social Cognition
Authors: Nosek Brian A. , Riskind Rachel G.
Published: July 2018

Basic research in implicit social cognition demonstrates that thoughts and feelings outside of conscious awareness or conscious control can influence perception, judgment and action. Implicit measures reveal that people possess implicit attitudes and stereotypes about social groups that are often distinct from their explicitly endorsed beliefs and values. The evidence that behavior can be influenced by implicit social cognition contrasts with social policies that implicitly or explicitly assume that people know and control the causes of their behavior. We consider the present state of evidence for implicit social cognition and its implications for social policy. We conclude that considering implicit social cognition can contribute usefully to policy, but that most uses of implicit measures themselves as selection or evaluation devices is not easily justified.
Abstract concepts, language and sociality: from acquisition to inner speech
Authors: Borghi Anna M. , Barca Laura , Binkofski Ferdinand , Tummolini Luca
Published: July 2018

The problem of representation of abstract concepts, such as “freedom” and “justice”, has become particularly crucial in recent years, due to the increased success of embodied and grounded views of cognition. We will present a novel view on abstract concepts and abstract words. Since abstract concepts do not have single objects as referents, children and adults might rely more on input from others to learn them; we therefore suggest that linguistic and social experience play an important role for abstract concepts. We will discuss evidence obtained in our and other labs showing that processing of abstract concepts evokes linguistic interaction and social experiences, leading to the activation of the mouth motor system. We will discuss the possible mechanisms that underlie this activation. Mouth motor system activation can be due to re-enactment of the experience of conceptual acquisition, which occurred through the mediation of language. Alternatively, it could be due to the re-explanation of the word meaning, possibly through inner speech. Finally, it can be due to a metacognitive process revealing low confidence in the meaning of our concepts. This process induces in us the need to rely on others to ask/negotiate conceptual meaning. We conclude that with abstract concepts language works as a social tool: it extends our thinking abilities and pushes us to rely on others to integrate our knowledge.
How reliable is perception?
Authors: Lupyan Gary
Published: July 2018

People believe that perception is reliable and that what they perceive reflects objective reality. On this view, we perceive a red circle because there is something out there that is a red circle. It is also commonly believed that perceptual reliability is threatened if what we see is allowed to be influenced by what we know or expect. I argue that although human perception is often (but not always) highly consistent and stable, it is difficult to evaluate its reliability because when it comes to perception, it is unclear how one could establish a fact of the matter. An alternative to thinking of perception as being in the business of truth, is thinking of it as being in the business of transducing sensory energy into a form useful for guiding adaptive behavior. On this position, perception ought to be (and, as I argue, is) richly influenced by some types of knowledge insofar as this knowledge can aid in the construction of useful representations from sensory input.
Modeling Second-Language Learning from a Psychological Perspective
Authors: Rich Alexander , Popp Pamela Joy Osborn , Halpern David , Rothe Anselm , Gureckis Todd Matthew
Published: July 2018

Psychological research on learning and memory has tended to emphasize small-scale laboratory studies. However, large datasets of people using educational software provide opportunities to explore these issues from a new perspective. In this paper we describe our approach to the Duolingo Second Language Acquisition Modeling (SLAM) competition which was run in early 2018. We used a well-known class of algorithms (gradient boosted decision trees), with features partially informed by theories from the psychological literature. After detailing our modeling approach and a number of supplementary simulations, we reflect on the degree to which psychological theory aided the model, and the potential for cognitive science and predictive modeling competitions to gain from each other.
Is working memory stored along a logarithmic timeline? Converging evidence from neuroscience, behavior and models
Authors: Singh Inder , Tiganj Zoran , Howard Marc
Published: July 2018

A growing body of evidence suggests that short-term memory does not only store the identity of recently experienced stimuli, but also information about when they were presented. This representation of ‘what’ happened ‘when’ constitutes a neural timeline of recent past. Behavioral results suggest that people can sequentially access memories for the recent past, as if they were stored along a timeline to which attention is sequentially directed. In the short-term judgment of recency (JOR) task, the time to choose between two probe items depends on the recency of the more recent probe but not on the recency of the more remote probe. This pattern of results suggests a backward self-terminating search model. We review recent neural evidence from the macaque lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC) (Tiganj, Cromer, Roy, Miller, & Howard, in press) and behavioral evidence from human JOR task (Singh & Howard, 2017) bearing on this question. Notably, both lines of evidence suggest that the timeline is logarithmically compressed as predicted by Weber-Fechner scaling. Taken together, these findings provide an integrative perspective on temporal organization and neural underpinnings of short-term memory.
How to find a scientific revolution: intellectual field formation and the analysis of terms
Authors: Alicea Bradly
Published: July 2018

Progress in scientific fields is usually thought to consist of formulating testable hypotheses and initiating paradigm shifts. Both of these views exclude the content of scientific fields that lead to milieu in which hypotheses and paradigms are formed. Therefore, it is proposed that a new view of scientific fields called coherence-based relevance be used to take into account the intellectual content of theories and how that can affect our view of both the history of science and the empirical world. The argument can be summarized by the argument that as scientific fields emerge, they are shaped by three forces: the historical contingency of the new field, the pattern of co-authorship and intellectual affinities within the field, and the salience of key references and citations within this social network. In this paper, the first two points will be tested with data (title words) from selected journals and conference proceedings for three specific examples. When the same terms are used over time, it is indicative of stasis in terms of what is viewed as relevant in the field. A lack of similarity over time suggests a field in flux, at least in terms of relevant topics, theories, and methods. These results will be discussed, as well as the relationship between relevance, conceptual coherence, and changes in scientific practice over time.
A positive psychology study and intervention on the well-being of French PhD students in biology
Authors: Marais Gabriel , Shankland Rebecca , Haag Pascale , Fiault Robin , Juniper Bridget
Published: July 2018

In France, little data are available on mental health and well-being in academia, and nothing has been published about PhD students. From studies abroad, we know that doing a PhD is a difficult experience resulting in high attrition rates with significant financial and human costs. Here we focused on PhD students in biology at university Lyon 1. A first study aimed at measuring the mental health and well-being of PhD students using several generalist and PhD-specific tools. Our results on 136 participants showed that a large fraction of the PhD students experience abnormal levels of stress, depression and anxiety, and their mean well-being score is significantly lower than that of a British reference sample. French PhD student well-being is specifically affected by career uncertainty, perceived lack of progress in the PhD and perceived lack of competence, which points towards possible cultural differences of experiencing a PhD in France and the UK. In a second study, we carried out a positive psychology intervention. Comparing the scores of the test and control groups showed a clear effect of the intervention on reducing anxiety. We discuss our results and the possible future steps to improve French PhD students’ well-being.
Response to Ruby et al: On a ‘failed’ attempt to manipulate conscious perception with transcranial magnetic stimulation to prefrontal cortex
Authors: Seth Anil , Barrett Adam , Schwartzman David J , Bor Daniel
Published: July 2018

Does disruption of prefrontal cortical activity using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) impair visual metacognition? An initial study supporting this idea (Rounis, Maniscalco, Rothwell, Passingham, & Lau, 2010) motivated an attempted replication and extension (Bor, Schwartzman, Barrett, & Seth, 2017). Bor et al. failed to replicate the initial study, concluding that there was not good evidence that TMS to prefrontal cortex impairs visual metacognition. This failed replication has recently been critiqued by some of the authors of the initial study (Ruby, Maniscalco, Lau, & Peters, 2017). Here, we argue that these recent criticisms are misplaced. In responding to the criticisms of Ruby et al, we encounter some more general issues concerning good practice in replication of cognitive neuroscience studies, and in setting criteria for excluding data when employing statistical analyses like signal detection theory. We look forward to further studies of the role of prefrontal cortex in metacognition, with increasingly refined methodologies, motivated by the discussions in this series of papers.
Testing sexual strategies theory predictions for age and gender using popular song lyrics
Authors: Fox Spencer , Reeb Tanner , ingram Ella
Published: July 2018

Popular songs contain more references to evolutionarily-relevant reproductive themes than their unpopular counterparts. If these patterns result from preference adaptation, then popular song content should reflect human preferences. We compared two Sexual Strategies Theory (SST) predictions to popular song content: (1) that males will have higher interest in short-term mating compared with females, and (2) that individuals will increase long-term mating interest with age. We selected a random sample of popular genre songs from a single year and popular songs from artists whose careers spanned at least two decades (e.g. Aretha Franklin and Elton John), and tallied reproductive references in the lyrics using two complementary song frameworks to compare artist and genre reproductive strategies: classifying songs into short- and long-term mating strategies, and classifying lyrics into committal and non-committal references. Contrary to our expectation from SST, genders in both song samples used the same types and quantities of reproductive references, though male song choice significantly favored short-term interests. We found a significant age by gender interaction in song and content usage: male references and songs became more commitment-focused as the age of the artist increased, while reproductive references used by females remained focused on commitment regardless of age, though the relationship had little explanatory power. Surprisingly, we found that song popularity was predicted best by age, not song content, suggesting that artist demographics are an important predictor for song popularity. Our analysis revealed some consistency with SST, but we found that song lyrical classification frameworks need further improvement before being able to provide a temporally and culturally flexible framework for testing hypotheses regarding mating strategies and preferences.
Towards guaranteed data-integrity: A method of preventing Questionable Research Practices
Authors: Bierman Dick , Jolij Jacob
Published: July 2018

We have tested the feasibility of a method to prevent the occurrence of so-called Questionable Research Practices (QRP). A part from embedded pre-registration the major aspect of the system is real-time uploading of data on a secure server. We outline the method, discuss the drop-out treatment and compare it to the Born-open data method, and report on our preliminary experiences. We also discuss the extension of the data-integrity system from secure server to use of blockchain technology.