bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and dielectric evaluations of Er doped Mg-Mn-Cr ferrites
Authors:   Department of Physics, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan 38000, Nawaz Z. H. , Elhindi K. M. ,   Plant Production Department, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia, Amin N. ,   Department of Physics, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan 38000, Akhtar M. ,   Department of Physics, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan 38000, Mumtaz S. ,   Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, South Korea, Arshad M. I. ,   Department of Physics, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan 38000
Published: November 2024

In this study solgel auto-combustion technique was successfully implanted to synthesized
Er-doped soft ferrites with the chemical formula Mg₀.₂Mn₀.₈Cr0.03Fe1.97-xErₓO₄ (MMCE
ferrites). The required stoichiometric amounts of the chemicals, along with citric acid as a
polymerization mediator, were calculated and used. The electrical and structural properties
of Er-substituted Mg-Mn-Cr ferrite were characterized using various techniques. X-ray
diffraction analysis confirmed that all samples exhibited a single-phase spinel structure
with an Fd-3m space group, with X-ray density, lattice constant, and crystallite size
varying based on Er concentration. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy
revealed stretching and cation vibrations of other groups in the wave number range of 250
cm⁻¹ to 1500 cm⁻¹. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed that the particles
were agglomerated, forming larger, closely packed clusters. DC resistivity measurements
indicated that the resistivity of the samples increased significantly, reaching 10¹⁰ Ω·m at
the highest La concentration. Currently, rare-earth-substituted ferrite nanoparticles are
widely used in high-frequency microwave devices due to their exceptional electrical
properties, making ferrites highly valuable.
Arheološka istraživanja na Lergovoj gradini
Authors: Ilkić Mato , Čelhar Martina
Published: November 2024

U ožujku 2023. obavljena je druga faza arheoloških iskopavanja na Lergovoj gradini, liburnskom naselju s markantnim bedemom. Riječ je o sondi 3 koja je u gornjem dijelu sadržavala različite nalaze iz posljednjih nekoliko stoljeća prije Krista, poput ulomaka amfora i sjevernoafričkog novca. Na dnu sonde otkrivena je keramika iz srednjeg brončanog doba.
CYCLIC VINYL ETHERS AS THE PRODUCTS OF CYCLISATION OF 2,5,5-TRIETHYL-2-ALKYNYL-3,4-BIS(HYDROXYMETHYL)PYRROLIDINE-1-OXYLS
Authors: M.M. GULMAN , S.A. DOBRYNIN , YU.V. GATILOV , I.A. KIRILYUK
Published: November 2024

2,5,5-Triethyl-2-alkynyl-3,4-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidine-1-oxyls (alkynyl = C≡CR, and R = H (2), C(Me)2 OH (1), Ph (7)) undergo cyclisation on heating with sodium hydroxide to form cyclic vinyl ethers, the derivatives of 6-methylene-hexahydro-1H-furo[3,4-b]pyrrole-1-oxyl. A bicyclic radical derived from radicals 1 or 2 is capable of reversible addition of alcohols to the vinyl group in the presence of acids. Cyclisation of radical 7 in the acid environment in the presence of mercury acetate follows a different route, with the formation of 2,2,7a-triethyl-3-(hydroxymethyl)-6-phenyl-1,2,3,3a,4,7a-hexahydropyrano[4,3-b]pyrrole-1-oxyl.
CATALYTIC REDUCTIVE HYDRODEFLUORINATION OF 1,1-DIFLUORONAPHTHALEN-2(1H)-ONE
Authors: O.T. DYAN , M.A. KULAGINA , P.A. ZAIKIN
Published: November 2024

An optimised method of 1,1-difluoronaphthalen-2(1H)-one hydrodefluorination leading to the formation of fluoronaphthol under mild conditions is proposed. The palladium-catalysed process is shown to involve carbonyl reduction followed by subsequent hydrogen fluoride elimination. The structure of the intermediate product and the effect of catalyst support material on hydrodefluorination selectivity have been determined.
SYNTHESIS AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ((9H-(4,5-DIAZAFLUOREN)-9-YLIDENE)METHYL)ARYLENES
Authors: D.S. CHESHKINA , C.S. BECKER , A.A. SONINA , M.S. KAZANTSEV
Published: November 2024

The synthesis of ((9H-(4,5-diazafluorene)-9-ylidene)methyl)arylenes is presented and their physicochemical characteristics are studied by cyclic voltammetry and optical spectroscopy. The target compounds were synthesised from commercially available reagents in three steps using a combination of Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling and condensation reactions. It was found that the compounds had a low photoluminescence quantum yield in solution, and 9-(4-([2,2′-bithiophen]-5-yl)phenylidene)-9H-4,5-diazafluorene demonstrates aggregation-induced luminescence. The crystal structure of 9-(4-([2,2′-bithiophen]-5-yl)phenylidene)-9H-4,5-diazafluorene was solved by X-ray diffraction analysis. The single crystals of this compound have the elongated plate morphology and exhibit photoluminescence quantum yield of 5 %.
Peculiarities of the Age-Related Changes in the Organization of Brain Activity of Servicemen, Which Determine the Functional Motility of Nervous Processes
Authors:   ESC “Institute of Biology and Medicine” of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Ukraine, Podkovka O.I. , Makarchuk M.Y. ,   ESC “Institute of Biology and Medicine” of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Ukraine, Filimonova N.B. ,   ESC “Institute of Biology and Medicine” of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Ukraine, Pampuha I.V. ,   ESC “Institute of Biology and Medicine” of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Ukraine, Nikiforov M.M. ,   ESC “Institute of Biology and Medicine” of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Ukraine, Loza V.M. ,   ESC “Institute of Biology and Medicine” of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Ukraine, Kravchenko K.O. ,   ESC “Institute of Biology and Medicine” of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Ukraine
Published: November 2024

One of the individual-typological qualities of a person characterizing the processes of inhibition and excitation in the central nervous system is the level of functional motility of nervous processes (FMNP). The degree of its development largely determines individual differences in adaptive capabilities, the speed of orientation in new conditions, and the ability to adapt one’s behavior to changing environmental factors. Therefore, this characteristic is crucial for professional selection and monitoring of professional efficiency. Our work aimed to determine the level of FMNP in three age groups of representatives of different military specialties and to study the peculiarities of the functioning of neural networks in the brain that are formed during the FMNP test. During the original computer tests to assess FMNP, electroencephalograms (EEG) were recorded with subsequent coherent analysis. Group 1 (18-23 years old) had the lowest level of FMNP and differed significantly from group 3 (35-54 years old). A coherent analysis of EEG showed that the neurophysiological basis for a higher level of FMNP during passing tests for its determining by the participants of the group 3 could be a higher level of motivation and selective attention to visual stimuli due to δ-band coherence in the fronto-parietal regions, better synchronization of the distant neural clusters due to the developed neural network in the θ-band (in the parietal, fronto-parietal and temporal-central areas), higher level of the occipital-central (i.e. visual-motor) integration and blocking of distracting information due to more connections in α-band range. Since most differences were found in the α-band, it could be assumed that the α-activity is of crucial importance for the successful passing of the FMNP test by the older age group. Key words: functional motility of nervous processes; coherence; neural networks; electroencephalogram; age-related changes.
Markers of Post-Traumatic Stress in Civilian Men and Women of Different Ages During the Russian-Ukrainian War
Authors:   D.F. Chebotarev Institute of Gerontology, NAMS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine, Naskalova S.S. , Antoniuk-Shcheglova I.A. ,   D.F. Chebotarev Institute of Gerontology, NAMS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine, Bondarenko O.V. ,   D.F. Chebotarev Institute of Gerontology, NAMS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine, Asanov E.O. ,   D.F. Chebotarev Institute of Gerontology, NAMS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine, Dyba I.A. ,   National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”, Kyiv, Ukraine, Pisaruk A.V. ,   D.F. Chebotarev Institute of Gerontology, NAMS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine, Mekhova L.V. ,   National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”, Kyiv, Ukraine, Bogomas L.M. ,   National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”, Kyiv, Ukraine, Slypchenko V.G. ,   National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”, Kyiv, Ukraine, Shatilo V.B. ,   D.F. Chebotarev Institute of Gerontology, NAMS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
Published: November 2024

The impact of chronic psychoemotional stress disrupts various vital physiological functions, which can accelerate the development of age-related pathology. The aim of our study was to study a complex of markers of post-traumatic stress associated with war in men and women of different ages. 127 people (the main group) who were in the city of Kyiv or the Kyiv region during active hostilities in February and March 2022 were examined. The data of 122 people examined before the start of the Russian-Ukrainian war (control group) were used for comparison. An analysis of the psychoemotional state was carried out according to the results of the PLC-5 scale, the Beck depression scale, the Spielberger-Hanin test, as well as the determination of the concentration of cortisol in the blood plasma of autonomic nervous regulation by the heart rate variability (HRV) analysis method. Chronic war-related stress is characterized by greater changes in stress markers in women compared to men. The incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder, situational anxiety and depression is highest in young women. During the war, the cortisol levels in the blood are likely to increase in women of all age groups and middle-aged men. With chronic stress in both men and women, the influence of the sympathetic increases and the influence of the parasympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system weakens, such changes prevail in young people and the elderly. Thus, we found that chronic psycho-emotional stress associated with war is characterized by more significant changes in stress markers in women compared to men. At the same time, the frequency of the risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder, situational anxiety and depression is highest among young women. The basis of these changes is probably an increase in cortisol levels in the blood and an increase in the influence of the sympathetic and weakening of the parasympathetic departments of the autonomic nervous system.
Polymorphism +1245G/T of the COL1A1 Gene in Children With Growth Hormone Deficiency
Authors:   Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine, Ryznychuk M.O. , Kvachenyuk D.A. ,   State Institution 'V.P. Komisarenko Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine', Kyiv, Ukraine
Published: November 2024

Among a significant number of existing polymorphisms of the COL1A1 gene, the most studied is the polymorphism in the transcription initiation site SpI (+1245 G/T, rs1800012), and the heterozygous polymorphism of the COL1A1 gene determines the degree of bone mineral density reduction and, accordingly, linear bone growth. The +1245G/T polymorphism of the COL1A1 gene in children with growth hormone (GH) deficiency was investigated by polymerase chain reaction. A genetic study of 28 children (21 boys, 7 girls) with GH deficiency was performed. The age of the children was 10.86 ± 3.15 years, and the growth retardation was -2.34 (±0.85) SDS. At the time of the study, the children were in a state of euthyroidism. They had a polymorphism of the COL1A1 gene, namely +1245 G/T (rs1800012). In the group of patients with GH deficiency, the proportion of the T/G genotype was 1.4 times higher than in the controls. The presence of homozygous TT and GG genotypes can be protective against GH deficiency (OR = 0.38, 95%CI 0.08-1.79; P = 0.22 and OR = 0.99, 95%CI 0.40-2.18; P = 0.88, respectively). The ratio of allele frequencies in children with GH deficiency (pT = 0.268, qC = 0,732) was significantly different from 1:1, indicating a bias in the study group, possibly due to small sample size. The allele frequencies in patients with GH deficiency were practically indistinguishable from the control group, and the distribution of genotypes corresponded to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The main allele in the control group was G (pT = 0.693), as well as in the group with GH deficiency (pT = 0.732). Thus, in children with GH deficiency, carrying the G allele of the polymorphic locus +1245G/T (rs1800012) of the COL1A1 gene prevails, which may be a prerequisite for the development of this pathology.
Histostructural Changes in Immunocompetent Organs, Liver, and Lungs During Experimental Endotoxemia Induced by Lipopolysaccharide
Authors:   Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine, Pavlovich S.I. , Grushka N.G. ,   Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine, Kondratska O.A. ,   Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine, Krasutska N.O. ,   Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine, Antonuyk V.M. ,   Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine, Meshko V.V. ,   Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine, Yanchiy R.I. ,   Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
Published: November 2024

The purpose of the work was to study morphological changes in immunocompetent organs, liver and lungs during experimental endotoxemia induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The histological method with hematoxylin-eosin staining and subsequent microscopic analysis was used in the work. The histostructural damage to the immune system organs (thymus, spleen, lymph nodes) occurs in experimental endotoxemia caused by LPS. There is a circulatory disorder with morphological changes in all layers of the vascular walls. Necrobiotic and necrotic damage to organ cells was also revealed. The liver of experimental animals underwent especially pronounced changes in histostructure. Significant microcirculation disorders with dilation and congestion of vessels of various sizes and significant damage to endothelial cells were identified. Necrotic changes in hepatocytes were accompanied by a significant increase in stellate reticuloendotheliocytes and increased lymphocytic infiltration, which is the basis for liver dysfunction and the development of an inflammatory immune reaction. In conclusion, the data obtained on the morphological manifestations of endotoxemic damage can serve as the basis for the development of effective therapeutic approaches in the treatment of LPS-induced internal organ damage.
The Application of Intermittent Hypoxic Training and Amaranth Oil Under Chronic Fluoride Intoxication
Authors:   Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine, U.V. Konyk U.V. , Kozak L.P. ,   Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Ukraine
Published: November 2024

The study of the effect of environmental factors and the possibilities of correcting their influence, especially during war, cannot occur without taking into account changes in the organism’s energy metabolism. Recently, intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) has been used extensively for altitude preacclimatization, for the treatment of a variety of clinical disorders, and in sports. Amaranth oil has an antioxidant, membrane-protective effect. Therefore, it is possible to apply it to maintain the structural and functional integrity of cellular and subcellular membranes during fluoride intoxication. The aim of the present study was to evaluate changes in morphologic characteristics of liver tissues and the state of energy metabolism in rats with chronic fluorine intoxication treated by intermittent hypoxic training and with an amaranth oil feeding supplement. Fluorine intoxication was induced by oral administration of sodium fluoride (10 mg/ kg) for 30 days. IHT was carried out in a pressure chamber as follows: five 10-min elevations to the “height” of 3000 m were repeated 5 times with 15-minute intervals for 10 days. At the same time, rats were fed amaranth oil in the diet at a daily dose of 38 mg/kg for 10 days. The liver tissue specimens underwent electron microscopy examination. It was found that both intermittent hypoxic training and amaranth oil contributed to the normalization of energy metabolism and liver ultrastructure under chronic fluoride intoxication. The ultrastructural organization of sinusoidal hemocapillaries, biliary hemocapillaries and the cytoplasm of hepatocytes indicates a powerful corrective effect of both amaranth oil and IHT in fluoride intoxication. The simultaneous application of IHT and amaranth oil with chronic exposure to fluorides leads to the normalization of energy metabolism and, as a result, to the complete restoration of the structure of organ elements due to the sufficient strengthening of intracellular reparative regeneration. The high efficiency of the combined application of IHT and amaranth oil against damage to the structure and function of organs and cells, proven based on biochemical indicators and ultrastructural characteristics, justifies the expediency of including these factors in the complex correction of metabolic processes under fluoride intoxication.
Blended Learning: Threats and Hurdles in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Nigeria and Kenya.
Authors:   Africa International University, Karen, Nairobi, Kenya, Sele John Philip , Nyakerario Faith , Wanjiku Cynthia
Published: November 2024

This study examines the introduction of blended learning in Kenya and Nigeria, with special attention given to the obstacles and opportunities that promote its success in those countries. Such factors include recent trends, areas of developed ICT usage and regions with established infrastructure, comparable to cultural, economic and policy issues. Thus, the results are expected to bear a trend in discussing blended learning in developing countries, offering practical recommendations for decision-makers, educators and solution providers.
Similar but different – on the legal regulation of the status of political parties in the Republic of Poland and the Czech Republic
Authors: Uziębło Piotr
Published: November 2024

The legal regulation of the status of political parties in Poland and the Czech Republic contains many important similarities. Examples include the need to meet similar conditions for the registration of political parties or the requirements for potential members of these parties. There are also far-reaching differences. First of all, in the Czech Republic there is a not entirely clear distinction between political parties and political movements, especially due to the lack of a legal definition of each of these entities. This is what distinguishes the Polish law, clearly indicating such a definition already in its first article. This also applies to the body keeping the register (records). In the Czech Republic it is the executive authority, while in Poland it is a common court. In both cases, refusal to enter a party into the register is dealt with through the courts. Another differentiation is the prerequisites for banning political parties, which in Poland are much more restrictive.
The problem of statelessness in Poland and the Czech Republic in the context of the principle of popular sovereignty
Authors: Gajda Agnieszka
Published: November 2024

Konstytucyjne rozwiązania odnoszące się do zasady suwerenności narodu/ludu w Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej i Republice Czeskiej wykazują zarówno podobieństwa, jak i różnice. Autorka wskazuje je poprzez analizę dogmatycznoprawną i prawnoporównawczą. Na tle tych rozważań zauważa, że doświadczenie bezpaństwowości ma konsekwencje nie tylko w sferze prawa krajowego, ale również w sferze prawa Unii Europejskiej. Autorka opisuje problem bezpaństwowości, z którym mierzyła się Republika Czeska od 1993 r., uznając przyjęte w tym państwie, we współpracy z UNHCR, rozwiązania za wzorcowe. Ponadto wskazuje na doświadczenia Polski, która od czasu wybuchu wojny w Ukrainie zmaga się z zwiększonym problemem bezpaństwowości. Autorka zastanawia się nad niedoskonałością obowiązujących przepisów prawa, ich interpretacji, ale również praktyki stosowania prowadzącej do odchodzenia od standardów ochrony praw człowieka. Wykazuje, że prawna i rzeczywista sytuacja bezpaństwowców jest gorsza niż osób posiadających obywatelstwo. Dochodzi do wniosku, że należy stworzyć wewnętrzną, kompleksową regulację prawną dotyczącą bezpaństwowców, która zapewniłaby im ochronę, w tym szczególne procedury, które umożliwiłyby legalny pobyt i korzystanie z praw i wolności uciekającym przed wojną Ukraińcom na terytorium państw przyjmujących. W pracy zastosowano również metodę analizy aktów prawnych i materiałów źródłowych.
Development of a Model and Implementation of a Shadow Puppet-Based Sports Game to Introduce Shadow Puppets to Adolescents
Authors: Wibowo Antonius Tri , Sukarmin Yustinus , Purwanto Sugeng , Saputro Yulius Agung , Sulistiya Febri
Published: November 2024

Shadow puppets are starting to be abandoned by teenagers in Indonesia due to globalization. This study aims to develop a Javanese shadow puppet-based sports game to introduce shadow puppets to teenagers – Borg & Gall development research. The research stages are preliminary studies, validation assessment by six experts in the field of sports games, shadow puppet experts, and graphic design experts. Validation using the Delphi technique, with data analysis using Aiken’s V content validity coefficient. Furthermore, the trial stage with a sample of 34 adolescents aged 12–19 years, divided into 14 on a small scale trial and 20 on a large scale trial. The data collection technique used a survey with a questionnaire instrument using Likert scale with a score range of 1–5. The results of this study produced a Javanese Kigfun Game (J-KIG), a sports game product that combines soccer and softball sports games with shadow puppet characters from the Ramayana story. The J-KIG game obtained valid results with a score of 0.8–1. The small-scale trial received a feasibility assessment of 87% with the criteria "Very Feasible," while the large-scale trial obtained a feasibility assessment of 84% with the terms "Feasible”.
An assessment of Rare Earth Elements in borehole cores from the Ermelo, Witbank and Waterberg Coalfields, South Africa: Focus on mode of occurrence
Authors: Modiba D.G. , Wagner N.J.
Published: November 2024

There is currently limited knowledge concerning South African coal deposits as hosts for rare earth elements (REE). This project aims to determine the concentration of REE, including yttrium and scandium (REY+Sc) in various coal seams and adjacent sediments in borehole cores from the Ermelo, Witbank, and Waterberg coalfields in South Africa. Coal petrography (maceral count and vitrinite reflectance), XRD, XRF, sequential chemical extraction procedure (SCEP) before ICP-MS, and mineral liberation analysis (MLA) were conducted on the coal and associated sediment samples. The coals were inertinite-rich, medium-rank bituminous coal, with moderate to high ash content. The two dominant minerals in all the coalfields are kaolinite and quartz, except for sample ZBS2M, where dolomite was dominant. The dominant major oxides are Al2O3, SiO2, Fe2O3, and CaO, which concur with the XRD results. The ICP-MS results following SCEP indicated that both coal and the associated sediments were light REY+Sc dominant. There was also an elevation of medium REY+Sc in the Witbank coal's associated sediment samples. Notably, the samples with the highest REY+Sc results were the sediment samples. The Waterberg samples had the lowest REY+Sc from both the coal (less than 2 μg/g to 7 μg/g) and associated sediments (2 μg/g to 15 μg/g). While the highest REY+Sc was yielded from the Witbank-associated sediments (500 μg/g to 2,500 μg/g). The carbonate fraction step proved to be the most successful leaching step, as most REY+Sc was recovered in that step for all coalfields. In addition to the carbonate fraction, the silicates and sulfide fraction in the Witbank samples, and the ion-exchangeable fraction for the Waterberg-associated sediments samples proved successful in leaching out the REY+Sc. MLA determined that monazite and xenotime in all the coal samples were the REY+Sc-bearing minerals.
Storytelling, belonging and identity in the graphic design classroom: A critical reflection
Authors: van der Merwe Marguerite
Published: November 2024

In a diverse student cohort, learning can be designed to encourage belonging and celebrate identity in the classroom. However, in increasingly international student cohorts, international students can find themselves displaced, living and working in new environments, and might struggle to find their voice and express their heritage in the context of their studies. By designing curricula to encourage storytelling, educators can help students to find their voice and identity as designers, and create a space for safety, vulnerability, and belonging in the classroom. As such, this paper is situated in the context of graphic design higher education and takes the form of a critical reflection, comprising a self-evaluation of the use of storytelling in the classroom based on the author's teaching experience. Rhizomatic learning (Cormier 2008) is discussed in relation to its application in the context of a graphic design classroom and its relevance in a curriculum designed to support storytelling. The critical reflection follows Brookfield's (2017) model for critically reflective teaching and takes the form of a series of vignettes featuring student projects - part of an editorial design project run annually for final-year students in the BA Information Design programme at the University of Pretoria, South Africa. In addition to these vignettes, the critical reflection references a design research workshop run for students of MA Graphic Design at the University for the Creative Arts in the United Kingdom.
Opportunities and potential risks of the DeFi ecosystem
Authors:   MGIMO University, Umarov Husan S.
Published: November 2024

The prospects for the widespread introduction of decentralized finance into global financial markets are analyzed. The aim of the study is to consider the opportunities provided to users and investors by the DeFi ecosystem (decentralized finance), and the potential risks of implementing services, applications, protocols based on decentralized financial instruments in both foreign and Russian financial markets. With the help of the theoretical (analysis, synthesis, abstraction) and empirical (comparison, observation) research methods, opinions of leading domestic and foreign experts on the innovative capabilities of DeFi are presented. Based on up-to-date statistical data from the innovative dApps – DappRadar platform, analytical reviews, conference reports, public speeches and expert interviews, initiatives of the main financial regulator of the United States – The United States Securities and Exchange Commission (The United States Securities and Exchange Commission), the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), and the Russian Financial Action Task Force (FATF) group for the development of financial measures to combat money laundering, the author emphasizes the need to implement a regulatory framework to settle the spread of decentralized finance. The resulting conclusions are the inclusion of digital assets in the “anti-money laundering” legislation of Russia, as well as a number of other measures aimed at bringing regulatory clarity to the sphere of DeFi initiatives. The main conclusion of the study highlights the difficulties in the large-scale spread of decentralized finance, which is justified by the direct impact of potential risks of using it, distributed by the author to a number of system groups. As a promising predictive model for the development of DeFi, the author proposes a safe harbor model for tokens developed by Hester Peirce. The relevance and scientific novelty of the research are justified by the possibility of using the achieved results (including in the field of analyzing initiatives recommended by large regulatory institutions in relation to uncontrolled financial markets) to introduce a transparent, open, reliable ecosystem of decentralized finance.
EFFECT OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE COMPOST, GYPSUM AND MYCORRHIZA ON METALS CONTENT IN SOIL AND PEANUT GRAIN
Authors: Janbazi Rudsari Maryam , Doroudian Hamidreza , Mohammadıyan Roshan1 Naser , Sadeghi Seyyed Mostafa , Ashouri Majid
Published: November 2024

Municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) is widely used as an organic soil amendment and fertilizer on
agricultural land. However, applying MSWC can cause adverse effects due to the heavy metals contained. This study aimed to determine the heavy metal content of MSWCs in the presence of mycorrhizae and gypsum and their effects on soil and peanut grain. The field experiment was conducted using a split factorial design based on a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications in Iran during 2018 and 2019. The main factor includes two levels of gypsum (0 and 150 kg ha-1) and the sub-factors include the presence and absence of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and different levels of MSWC at five levels (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 t ha-1). The findings showed that MSWC significantly increased the concentrations of manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), and boron (B) in soil and grains. In addition, Co, Ni, and Zn concentrations in grain increased and Pb, Mn, Ni, and Zn concentrations in soil decreased with AMF
application. Gypsum treatment also had no significant effect on metals in both grain and soil. According to the obtained results, the use of 4 t ha-1 of MSWC along with mycorrhiza in peanut cultivation is suggested in order to reduce the environment risks of soil and plants cause by the use of compost, and also use the benefits of urban waste compost.
THE CHARACTER OF THE PROTAGONIST IN T. SHEVCHENKO'S POEM "KATERYNA"
Authors:   Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine, Zadorozhna L. M.
Published: November 2024

The article is devoted to the consideration of the essence of the relationship between the extraordinary beauty of temperament and the personality of the lyrical heroine (protagonist) of the poem "Kateryna" on one side and general social laws in terms of morality on the other. The phenomenon of T. Shevchenko's work who is the author of the poem "Kateryna" (1838–1839), as well as the author of the painting "Kateryna" (1842) is embodied in the unique ability of the artist to express a certain image in two guises: portraying the heroine of the poem and creating the painting. The text of T. Shevchenko's poetic work appears as a kind of clue to the perception and interpretation of the plot and the system of images of the painting.

In portraying the heroine of the poem "Kateryna" T. Shevchenko emphasizes the individual who attracts him primarily by his/her spiritual and moral qualities. The fate of his heroine, says T. Shevchenko, fits into the general context of the numerous 130 fates of robbed and abandoned girls. He is primarily interested in how the fate of the portrayed heroine stands out.

By portraying a single person, the poet presents the whole complex of problems caused by a certain historically defined way of life (despotism in this case). The village community's failure to take care of a person, when, by the will of fate, the person finds himself/herself in the greatest difficulty of life, is a transgression against Christian ethics. It is the village community, not Kateryna, that undermines the principles of good deeds. Kateryna's actions were by their nature based on confession and following the precepts of love; another thing is that the subject to whom this love is directed deceived and punished the girl.

Therefore, it is the village community that is responsible for the consequences of its interaction with Kateryna and her family. That is why on the painting "Kateryna" T. Shevchenko portrays a semantically lonely girl in her spiritual challenge and a peasant who watches her not without condemnation, and almost virtual existence of a military officer, which, at the same time, are a kind of markers in one case of everyday life and in the other case of sensual things.

In the creation of the portrait image of the heroine of the poem "Kateryna" T. Shevchenko is a master of etching: from individual drawings (as if by an engraver's cutter) his lines gradually reveal themselves as a holistic image, and so holistic that it appears even in detail.
THE THEME OF NATIONAL SELF-CRITICISM IN T. SHEVCHENKO'S POEMS OF THE PERIOD OF EXILE
Authors:   Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine, Zadorozhna S. V.
Published: November 2024

The relevance of the article is due to the fact that this topic is one of the main and central in the work of Taras Shevchenko and, unfortunately, the least researched.

During the years of exile, it is concretized in the plane of self-betrayal, captivity of spirit, lack of responsibility for the fate of Ukraine by representatives of the national leadership.

For analysis, the author of the article selected the most complex texts depicting the most tragic pages of Ukrainian history – the poems "Irzhavets", "Chernets", "Moscaleva krynytsa". The main focus is on situations and images that embody national shame and sin, in particular on the images of Hetman Mazepa and Colonel Pali. It is noted that in assessing the image of Mazepa, T. Shevchenko differs from the 143 tendency to portray Hetman Mazepa both in European literature and in domestic artistic and historiographical monuments.

The main attention in the article is focused on the interpretive specifics, on the peculiarities of the interpretation of the psychological drama of the central characters. Characteristic stylistic features of texts are considered.

Based on the analysis of the value-semantic parameters of both editions of another poem of the period of exile "Moscaleva krynytsa" the author of the article presents his version of both the symbolism of the name and the essential features of the central character. At the same time, the illegality of absolutization of any interpretations, the reason for which is the depth of Shevchenko's texts, is emphasized.
VASIL SHCHURAT'S SHEVCHENKO STUDIES AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY
Authors:   Shevchenko Institute of Literature of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kalynchuk A. M.
Published: November 2024

The article deals with Vasyl Shchurat's explorations of Shevchenko's works, written at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. It is known that the first publications on Shevchenko's work appeared in the 1840s. Since the late 1850s, Shevchenko's works have been actively involved in the historical and cultural life of Galician Ukraine. In the late 19th century in Galicia, the cultural idealization of Shevchenko's image began to supersede the scientific study of his heritage: the subject matter and problems of research were expanded, the first full editions of his works appeared, which were banned in the Dnieper Ukraine. In such historical and cultural circumstances, the scientific study of the poet Vasily Shchurat began. In total, he devoted about 40 publications to Shevchenko: various methods of test analysis, multifaceted studios, a detailed examination of Shevchenko's problems. The texts of the notes of the scientist, published in the journals "Zorya", "Bukovyna", "Ruslan", which have not been discussed in Shevchenko studies, have been clarified. Therefore, in due course, there is a thorough discussion of V. Shchurat's Shevchenko studies. Studies of the historical and literary nature of V. Shchurat attested to the reception of Shevchenko and the attempts to overcome the poet's cult in Galician criticism, which took place in the early 1870s others in the magazines of that time. The value of V. Shchurat's works at the turn of the century is emphasized, since in the situation of the detachment of Western Ukraine from the Dnieper region, researchers of Shevchenko's creativity who were oriented in the cultural epic of that period were needed.
AXIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF THE TRACTATUS "THE IMITATION OF CHRIST" IN THE LIFE AND CREATION WORK OF TARAS SHEVCHENKO
Authors:   Shevchenko Institute of Literature of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine, Lebid-Hrebeniuk Y. M.
Published: November 2024

The article considers various aspects of the ethical paradigm of the tractatus "The imitation of Christ" by Thomas a Kempis, which becomes decisive for Taras Shevchenko in certain periods of life and significantly affects to the ideological orientation of literary texts. The tractatus presents the idea that the study of Christ's life and the emulation of his example is the highest achievement that man can imitate. Book is full of practical and straightforward advice for spiritual growth. The emphasis is placed on the consideration of thematic parallels with the text of the tractatus in the life position of Taras Shevchenko's, his religious views (reflected in letters and diary), as well as understanding the concept of "imitatio Christi" in the literary format. The religious source of tractatus was discussed in the investigation, particularly, сhristological motives, as well as aspects of Christian ethic present in Shevchenko's poetry. And as a matter of fact, the existence of Christian motives, as a structure, which elements are transformed, depending on context, circumstances and individual author's desire, ensures wholeness and completeness of Shevchenko's creation work. For Taras Shevchenko's poetical creation work, one of the most powerful Christological motives was the motif of suffering, which appealed to Christ the Martyr, who atoned for human sins. Much attention is given to one of the most powerful Christological motif in Shevchenko's poetry – the motif of humility, which in the poet's texts is connected with the polysemantic image of Christ. According to the Shevchenko, humen, through their suffering can be cleansed from sins, rise to a higher plane of spiritual development. Also the article gives a detailed analysis of motives patience, tolerance and love for one's neighbour.
RENAISSANCE TYPE OF PERSONALITY IN THE WORKS OF TARAS SHEVCHENKO (ON THE MATERIALS OF 'LILEYA', 'RUSALKA', 'VIDMA')
Authors:   Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine, Lisovska O. S.
Published: November 2024

The article examines the peculiarities of the representation of the personality in the works of Taras Shevchenko, in particular in the ballads 'Lileya', 'Rusalka', and the poem 'Vidma', in which the woman is represented as the victim of the social circumstances of the time and at the same time shows the awareness of her own tragedy, showing a desire to rise, declaring personal self-sufficiency and sovereignty. It is stated that Taras Shevchenko's work, in particular literary, represents the phenomenon of human personality, based on the synthesis of European and Ukrainian traditions. His or her will and character were formed in the context of the pan-European era of Romanticism, which cultivated a strong heroic personality. It is emphasized that the personal paradigm in these poetic works is based on the Renaissance traditions in particular on the idea of human and national freedom to its very foundations, as well as on the independence of the individual, which are actualized by the artist in the era of Romanticism. The dominance of the humanistic principle in the creation of images of specific individuals is determined. It is noted that the idea of anthropocentrism is central to the formation of images of individuals. The peculiarity of Taras Shevchenko image of the bastard, his/her psychological fullness and humanistic essence is analyzed. The biblical basis of the image of the lily is investigated. The main carriers of the ideas of the personal principle are women in the analyzed works. Thus, Taras Shevchenko denies the patriarchal lower purity of women and appeals to her matriarchal role in the society and history, showing images of the woman-mother, the woman-beloved, a woman-sister. The additional emphasis is placed on affirming the colossal and indestructible power of love.
SOME CONSIDERATIONS ON THE ITALIAN TRANSLATION OF ŠEVČENKO'S POETRY BY GIOVANNA BROGI AND OKSANA PAXL'OVS'KA
Authors:   Borys Hrinchenko University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine, Del Gaudio S. , Makarenko A. ,   Milan State University, Italy
Published: November 2024

The article is devoted to an analytic evaluation of the Italian translation of Taras Ševčenko's poetry ("Kobzar") carried out by G. Brogi and O. Paxl'ovs'ka. Despite the fact that Ševčenko's poetic works had been translated into many world languages, the Italian reader, until 2015 had a rather limited access to the poet's verses. In this context, the publication of a translated collection of the most substantial work of Ševčenko's poetry ("Taras Ševčenko. Dalle carceri zariste al Pantheon ucraino", Eng. translation: "Taras Ševčenko. From the Tsarist prisons to the Ukrainian Pantheon"), preceded by well-documented and explanatory chapters on the biographic vicissitudes of the poet in which also his motifs and the historical-cultural milieu have 102 been illustrated, has had a significant impact for the further development of the Italian-Ukrainian cultural-linguistic and literary relations.

If the wide range of lexical-stylistic combinations associated with mythopoetic symbols, the use of elements derived from popular poetry and folkloristic genres along with expedients typical of earlier East Slavic literary traditions render the Ukrainian poetical text unique, the process of its decodification and rendering in another language represents a difficult undertaking for the translator.

In this study, we first outline some earlier translation attempts of Ševčenko's poems in Italy and the perception of his poetry and personality over the last century. Successively we analyze a number of selected fragments consistently chosen among the most renowned verses of the great Ukrainian poet. The focus remains on traditional aspects of poetic translation such as phonostylistic features (e.g. rhyme, rhythm, alliteration etc.) and lexical-grammatical transformations.

The Italian translation confirmed that it is, at times, extremely difficult, if not impossible, to preserve, the rhythmic and rhyme peculiarities of Ševčenko's versification. However, it is worthy to point out that the main aim of the translators was to convey the underlying meaning of the original poetry. At the same time, they tried to preserve, as much as they could, the poetic images.

The poetic competence of the translators combined with their textual-literary expertise succeeded, in some fragments, to approximate the Italian translation to the Ukrainian original verse. On the other hand, the translation of other verses, for the reasons already expressed, was less effective.
Use of Social Networks as an Integral Part of Advertising and PR-strategies of Universities (on the Example of Leading Universities of Ukraine)
Authors:   Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine, Sabadash Mariia
Published: November 2024

The article considers how leading Ukrainian universities (state and private) use social networks as part of their advertising and PR-strategies. Using the methods of comparative analysis, quantitative and qualitative analysis, induction and deduction, it is determined what are the main trends of communication manifestations of universities in social networks, what platforms are the most used, what are the differences in the use of social networks in the strategies of universities, what topics are the most popular, as well as what formats of messages get the greatest response from the audience. Specific cases of social media advertising campaigns by certain universities are also discussed.

The performed analysis of scientific works on the research topic among international and Ukrainian researchers allowed to make a brief overview of Ukrainian universities’ experience in applying social media in strategy building, revealed the significance of social media in university communication, highlighted already confirmed patterns and problems.

In addition, the article explains the approaches to selecting a university, the main criteria for analysis, and provides a table with averaged quantitative indicators for 2023 regarding subscribers, their reactions and monthly activity of certain universities in such social networks: Instagram, Telegram, Facebook, YouTube, TikTok, Twitter (X) and LinkedIn.

This allows not only to see whether universities take into account a comprehensive approach to the formation of communication activity in social networks, but also to determine the pattern between the frequency and systematicity of publications and audience response.
Orden público y democratización policial en el Quinquenio Republicano
Authors: González Calleja Eduardo
Published: November 2024

Durante la Segunda República existió un fuerte contraste entre las políticas reformistas diseñadas por los gobiernos y su puesta en práctica por los escalones intermedios e inferiores de una Administración poco inclinada a asumir los deberes y las responsabilidades que imponía la nueva situación democrática. El presente texto analiza los intentos de reforma y las resistencias a los cambios en la administración policial, y concluye que mientras que en el nivel de los centros decisorios el Estado se abstenía de tomar partido en los conflictos sociopolíticos o mantenía una escrupulosa actitud legalista, en el ámbito de los aparatos periféricos se evidenció una creciente tolerancia respecto a los intereses caciquiles y los grupos violentos de naturaleza antirrepublicana.
Enviado el (Submission Date): 12/03/2024
Aceptado el (Acceptance Date): 22/04/2024
La enseñanza e instrucción pública en el primer bienio de la II República
Authors: Sanfeliu Gimeni Luz , Valero Gómez Sergio
Published: November 2024

El primer bienio de la II República fue, para la educación española, un periodo de importantes transformaciones pese a las dificultades generadas por la crisis económica de 1929 y por la oposición de la Iglesia católica a las reformas secularizadoras. La nueva Constitución reconocía que el Estado asumía en exclusiva la responsabilidad educativa e incluía en su articulado la escuela unificada y la enseñanza activa, laica, obligatoria y gratuita, entre otros principios. Además, en el plano técnico-docente, las creaciones y construcciones escolares y la formación y selección del Magisterio fueron asuntos prioritarios para lograr el cumplimiento de lo establecido en el texto constitucional.
Fecha de envío/Submission date: 10/03/2024
Fecha de aceptación/Acceptance date: 23/04/2024