bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Frequency and temporal profile of recanalization after cerebral vein and sinus thrombosis
Authors: Herweh C. , Griebe M. , Geisbüsch C. , Szabo K. , Neumaier‐Probst E. , Hennerici M. G. , Bendszus M. , Ringleb P. A. , Nagel S.
Published: November 2015

Background and purpose

The temporal course of recanalization and its association with clinical outcome were analysed in our patients with cerebral sinus and/or venous thrombosis (CSVT) and follow‐up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Methods

Between January 1998 and September 2014 all patients from our institutions with CSVT were systematically analysed. Baseline data, treatment characteristics and follow‐up MRI were retrospectively recorded. The status of recanalization was assessed as complete (CRec), partial (PRec) or failed recanalization. Clinical follow‐up was measured with the modified Rankin Scale. Excellent outcome was defined as modified Rankin Scale 0–1.

Results

Ninety‐nine patients were identified; 97% of these patients were treated with oral anticoagulation (OAC) and the median (min–max) time of OAC was 7 months (1–84). CRec was achieved in 57.6% (57/99), PRec in 29.3% (29/99) and only 13 (13.1%) patients did not recanalize. The median (min–max) time to PRec was 4 months (0.25–14) and to CRec 6 months (2–34). Median time to last clinical follow‐up was 8 months (1–88); 91.8% (89/99) had an excellent outcome at last clinical follow‐up and only 2.1% (2/99) died. Only thrombosis of the superior sagittal sinus was independently associated with successful recanalization (odds ratio 16, 95% confidence interval 2–138). No severe haemorrhagic complications and no recurrence of CSVT occurred within clinical follow‐up. No association of outcome and recanalization status was found.

Conclusions

The recanalization rate of CSVT under OAC was high and the median time to CRec was 6 months. Thrombosis of the superior sagittal sinus is a positive predictor of recanalization. Outcome in this cohort was excellent but no significant association of outcome and recanalization status was found.
Systematic Review of Self‐Report Family Assessment Measures
Authors: Hamilton Elena , Carr Alan
Published: November 2015

A systematic review of self‐report family assessment measures was conducted with reference to their psychometric properties, clinical utility and theoretical underpinnings. Eight instruments were reviewed: The McMaster Family Assessment Device (FAD); Circumplex Model Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales (FACES); Beavers Systems Model Self‐Report Family Inventory (SFI); Family Assessment Measure III (FAM III); Family Environment Scale (FES); Family Relations Scale (FRS); and Systemic Therapy Inventory of Change (STIC); and the Systemic Clinical Outcome Routine Evaluation (SCORE). Results indicated that five family assessment measures are suitable for clinical use (FAD, FACES‐IV, SFI, FAM III, SCORE), two are not (FES, FRS), and one is a new system currently under‐going validation (STIC).
The Role of Motivation and Learner Variables in L1 and L2 Vocabulary Development in Japanese Heritage Language Speakers in the United States
Authors: Mori Yoshiko , Calder Toshiko M.
Published: November 2015

This study investigates the role of motivation and learner variables in bilingual vocabulary development among first language (L1) Japanese students attending hoshuukoo (i.e., supplementary academic schools for Japanese‐speaking children) in the United States. One hundred sixteen high school students ages 15–18 from eight hoshuukoo completed Japanese and English vocabulary tests and a student characteristics questionnaire. A principal component analysis identified six motivational factors: preference for Japan, Japanese heritage, no choice, career orientation, American identity, and positive perceptions. The students highly rated career orientation, positive perceptions, and Japanese heritage as reasons to learn both languages. Regression analysis revealed negative effects of American identity and career orientation on L1 Japanese vocabulary knowledge and a positive impact of positive perceptions on second language (L2) English proficiency. The students' college plans were highly related to the motivational factor of preference for Japan. In sum, bilingual competence can be related to motivational factors, and individual differences in bilingual proficiency among young learners of Japanese as a heritage language can be, at least partially, accounted for by socio‐psychological factors.
Estimating Rapidity of Change in Complex Urban Systems: A Multidimensional, Local‐Scale Approach
Authors: Salvati Luca , Serra Pere
Published: November 2015

This study illustrates an exploratory approach based on a Multiway Factor Analysis (MFA) to estimate rapidity of change in complex urban systems, based on “fast” and “slow” variables. The proposed methodology was applied to 18 socioeconomic indicators of long‐term (1960–2010) transformations in 115 municipalities of Athens’ metropolitan area (Greece), including demography, land‐use/planning, and urban form and functions. Athens was regarded as a dynamic urban area with diversified structures and functions at the local scale, expanding through a self‐organized pattern rather than a centralized planning strategy. Athens’ urban system was described using nine supplementary (topographic and territorial) variables and 30 independent indicators assessing the local context in recent times. Exploratory data analysis found an increasing connectedness and redundancy among socioeconomic indicators during the phase of largest urban expansion (1960–1990). Only the rate of population growth was classified as a “fast” variable for all five decades investigated. The overall rapidity of change was higher in 1960–1970, 1980–1990, and 2000–2010, decades that coincided with specific phases of urban expansion driven by migration inflow, second‐home suburbanization, and Olympic games, respectively. Rapidity of change was high for functional indicators during all five decades studied, while demography indicators changed more rapidly in the first three decades and land‐use/planning indicators in the last two decades. Rapidity of change was highest in peri‐urban municipalities with a highly diversified economic structure dominated by industry. Our methodology provides a comprehensive overview of the transformations of a complex urban system, quantifying low‐level indicators that are rarely assessed in the mainstream literature on urban studies. These results may contribute to design policies addressing complexity and promoting resilience in expanding metropolitan areas.
Validation of the FIB‐4 index for evaluation of fibrosis in patients with recurrent hepatitis C after living donor liver transplantation: A single center experience
Authors: Kitajima Toshihiro , Kaido Toshimi , Hamaguchi Yuhei , Yagi Shintaro , Taura Kojiro , Fujimoto Yasuhiro , Hatano Etsuro , Okajima Hideaki , Haga Hironori , Uemoto Shinji
Published: November 2015

Aim

The FIB‐4 index has been proposed as a simple, non‐invasive surrogate marker of liver fibrosis in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV). However, the utility of FIB‐4 in HCV positive patients after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) has not been assessed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of FIB‐4 in the detection of significant liver graft fibrosis caused by recurrent HCV infection after LDLT compared with other simple fibrosis markers.

Methods

A total of 259 liver biopsies (LB) with evidence of recurrent HCV were taken from 110 HCV positive LDLT patients who had undergone concomitant splenectomy before administration of antiviral therapy. In LB performed at 3 months or later after LT (n = 202, subject group), FIB‐4 was compared between fibrosis stages and the accuracy of FIB‐4 in predicting significant fibrosis (METAVIR, F ≥ 2) was assessed compared with aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ratio, age–platelet index, and AST to platelet ratio index (APRI).

Results

FIB‐4 was significantly different between all fibrosis stages (F0 and F1–F4, P = 0.022; F0/1 and F2–F4, P < 0.0005; and F0–F2 and F3F4, P = 0.034) and provided the best area under the receiver–operator curve (AUROC) compared with other markers (FIB‐4, 0.711; APRI, 0.693; age–platelet index, 0.663; and AST to ALT ratio, 0.562). The optimal cut‐off value to identify significant fibrosis was 2.20 with 65% sensitivity and 69% specificity.

Conclusion

FIB‐4 is a more reliable marker for diagnosing significant liver fibrosis than APRI, age–platelet index, and AST to ALT ratio in LDLT patients with HCV.
Development of a smart, anti‐water polyurethane polymer hair coating for style setting
Authors: Liu Y. , Liu Y.J. , Hu J. , Ji F.L. , Lv J. , Chen S.J. , Zhu Y.
Published: November 2015

Objective

The goal of this work was to develop a novel polyurethane polymer coating for the surface of the hair that could be used for style setting via the shape memory effect (SME). The features of the films are in accordance with conventional hair styling methods used in the laboratory.

Methods

In this study, a new polyurethane polymer was synthesized; the morphology and mechanical behaviour of the coated hair were systematically investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an Instron 5566 (with a temperature oven). The SME of the hair was tested using a 35‐g weight and over five washing and drying cycles.

Results

The experimental result shows that the polyurethane polymer has effects on the mechanical behaviour of the hair. It indicates that the fixed shape (at 22°C) and recover rate (at 60°C) of different casted thickness films are similar. And the stress of the film becomes larger with increasing film thickness. Furthermore, the shape memory ability could be endowed with the hair styling using this polymer; the hair fibre could recover to the 65% of its original shape after five cycle deformation by 35 g mass under the heat‐treated condition; it could recover its original setting styling even after 5th water washing and drying. The SEM results indicated that the microsurface of the hair is coated with the polymer membrane; it contributes to the shape memory ability of the coated hair to keep and recover to the original setting styling. The styling hair can return to the original hair because the polyurethane polymer can be washed out by water with suitable strength and shampoo totally which does not leave any flake.

Conclusion

The polyurethane polymer‐based hair setting agent has been developed successfully, and it could be coated evenly on the human hair with good hand feeling and SMEs. The SME is highly related to the quantity of polyurethane polymer solution, and the effect could be improved by increasing the solution quantity. The maximum deformation of the coated hair could be recovered 94% at 75°C, once its shape is changed by an external force. The treated hair can withstand warm water rinsing for at least five cycles, and it can keep 65% of its original setting style after water rinsing. The polyurethane polymer could be totally removed by shampooing the hair and hot towel covering for 5–10 min. This research provides an effective way for the development of new intelligent shaping agents.
Unconventional T‐cell recognition of an arthritogenic epitope of proteoglycan aggrecan released from degrading cartilage
Authors: Falconer Jane , Mahida Rahul , Venkatesh Divya , Pearson Jeffrey , Robinson John H.
Published: November 2015

It has been proposed that peptide epitopes bind to MHC class II molecules to form distinct structural conformers of the same MHC II–peptide complex termed type A and type B, and that the two conformers of the same peptide–MHC II complex are recognized by distinct CD4 T cells, termed type A and type B T cells. Both types recognize short synthetic peptides but only type A recognize endosomally processed intact antigen. Type B T cells that recognize self peptides from exogenously degraded proteins have been shown to escape negative selection during thymic development and so have the potential to contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. We generated and characterized mouse CD4 T cells specific for an arthritogenic epitope of the candidate joint autoantigen proteoglycan aggrecan. Cloned T‐cell hybridomas specific for a synthetic peptide containing the aggrecan epitope showed two distinct response patterns based on whether they could recognize processed intact aggrecan. Fine mapping demonstrated that both types of T‐cell recognized the same core epitope. The results are consistent with the generation of aggrecan‐specific type A and type B T cells. Type B T cells were activated by supernatants released from degrading cartilage, indicating the presence of antigenic extracellular peptides or fragments of aggrecan. Type B T cells could play a role in the pathogenesis of proteoglycan‐induced arthritis in mice, a model for rheumatoid arthritis, by recognizing extracellular peptides or protein fragments of joint autoantigens released by inflamed cartilage.
An Analysis of the Effects of Intra‐ and Interorganizational Arrangements on Hospital Supply Chain Efficiency
Authors: Nyaga Gilbert N. , Young Gary J. , Zepeda E. David
Published: November 2015

Efficiency in supply chain operations is increasingly a key strategic goal as organizations focus on containing cost. This is especially the case for hospitals where supply chain costs account for a substantial portion of operating budgets. In this study, we examine the impact of incentive mechanisms for internal stakeholders and negotiating leverage with external partners on supply chain efficiency in the hospital industry. We premise the study on agency, stewardship, and power theories. We use data from over 200 California hospitals in a five‐year period (pooled data) to estimate regression models using generalized estimating equation. We find that physician employment and contract management enhance supply chain efficiency. Surprisingly, we did not find that better supply chain efficiency was associated with either hospital affiliation with systems or high‐volume purchases through large national group purchasing organizations. The results have important theoretical and managerial implications for supply chain management.
Sex Disparity in Blood Pressure Levels Among Nigerian Health Workers
Authors: Adeoye Abiodun M. , Adebiyi Adewole , Owolabi Mayowa O. , Lackland Daniel T. , Ogedegbe Gbenga , Tayo Bamidele O.
Published: November 2015

Sex disparity in hypertension prevalence is well established in developed nations; however, there is paucity of data on the distribution of hypertension prevalence between the sexes in developing countries. Therefore, the authors examined sex differences in hypertension prevalence and cardiovascular risk factors in a sample of 352 healthy hospital workers in Nigeria. The mean ages of the men and women were 37.2±7.9 and 44.7±9.1 years, respectively. Thirty‐five percent of participants were hypertensive, with 54% on treatment and 70% with controlled blood pressure. Men had a higher prevalence of hypertension (38.4% vs 33.0%) and prehypertension (37.6% vs 29.7%). Women had significantly higher odds of developing hypertension and of being on treatment. Mean blood pressure and fasting plasma glucose values were higher in men, while women were more often older, obese, and dyslipidemic and had a lower mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (P<.0001). These findings indicate sex disparity in blood pressure among hospital employees. Sex‐focused management of hypertension is therefore advocated for hospital employees.
Effect of Sodium Chloride on the Properties of Ready‐to‐Eat Pressure‐Induced Gel‐Type Chicken Meat Products
Authors: Guo Tianyue , Xue Siwen , Zou Yufeng , Han Minyi , Xu Xinglian , Zhou Guanghong
Published: November 2015

Pressurized meat foods are increasingly being accepted by consumers nowadays. Unlike in thermal processing, the salt content required for pressure‐induced gelation of muscle proteins is not clear. Sodium chloride levels of 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2 and 1.4% were used to prepare ready‐to‐eat chicken breast meat products in an attempt to find the minimum amount of salt necessary for pressure‐induced gels treated by 600 MPa at 40C for 5 min, while maintaining suitable physicochemical and functional properties. With the salt content increasing, values of lightness and whiteness increased (P < 0.05), redness and yellowness decreased (P < 0.05), water loss decreased (P < 0.05), textural properties such as hardness and chewiness were substantially augmented (P < 0.05), and cohesiveness and resilience were improved (P < 0.05). Three‐dimensional network structure was well formed with salt content of more than 1.2%. These changes in functional properties could be explained by the gel microstructures and transformations among the secondary structure fractions of proteins (P < 0.05). Increasing salt content had no effect on products' appearance (P > 0.05), but significantly influenced flavor, firmness and juiciness (P < 0.05). 1.2% sodium chloride content was the minimum salt addition for general acceptability. These results, which serve as a helpful guide for industrial production, indicate that a minimum of 1.2% sodium chloride should be added for pressure‐induced meat products.

Practical Applications

Processing parameters should be optimized in response to the growing market share of pressurized meat products. A high pressure of 600 MPa has a significant potential to produce ready‐to‐eat meat products, but the amount of sodium chloride needed for this application has not been identified. The present study focused on pressurized chicken breast meat with different concentrations of sodium chloride for comparing the physicochemical and textural properties. The information presented in this paper could help the industry to manufacture low‐salt ready‐to‐eat meat products by one‐step high‐pressure processing.
Development of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatitis C virus infection who achieved sustained virological response following interferon therapy: A large‐scale, long‐term cohort study
Authors: Nagaoki Yuko , Aikata Hiroshi , Nakano Norihito , Shinohara Fumi , Nakamura Yuki , Hatooka Masahiro , Morio Kei , Kan Hiromi , Fujino Hatsue , Kobayashi Tomoki , Fukuhara Takayuki , Masaki Keiichi , Ono Atsushi , Nakahara Takashi , Kawaoka Tomokazu , Miki Daiki , Tsuge Masataka , Hiramatsu Akira , Imamura Michio , Takahashi Shoichi , Kawakami Yoshiiku , Ochi Hidenori , Chayama Kazuaki ,   The Hiroshima Liver Study Group
Published: November 2015

Background:

We assessed the risk factors for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) following successful eradication of hepatitis C virus (HCV) with interferon (IFN) therapy in a long‐term, large‐scale cohort study.

Methods:

We reviewed 1094 consecutive patients with HCV who achieved sustained virological response (SVR) following IFN therapy between January 1995 and September 2013.

Results:

During the observation period (median 50 months: range 13–224), 36 (3%) of 1094 patients developed HCC after SVR. The median period from SVR to diagnosis of HCC was 37 months (range 17–141), and the cumulative rates of HCC at 5, 10, and 15 years were 4%, 6%, and 12%, respectively. Multivariate analysis identified old age (≥60 years, HR, 3.1: 95%CI, 1.3–6.6: P = 0.009), male sex (HR, 12.0: 95%CI, 2.8–50.0: P < 0.0001), advanced fibrosis stage (F3/4, HR, 3.2: 95%CI, 1.6–7.2: P < 0.0001), and alpha‐fetoprotein ≥10 ng/mL at 1 year after SVR (HR, 7.8: 95%CI, 2.9–16.8: P < 0.0001) as significant and independent risk factors for post‐SVR HCC.

Conclusions:

Older age and male sex (host factors), advanced fibrosis stage (pre‐IFN treatment factor), and higher alpha‐fetoprotein values (post‐treatment factor) were significantly associated with HCC development after HCV eradication.
Greenhouse Gas and Energy Life Cycle Assessment of Pine Chemicals Derived from Crude Tall Oil and Their Substitutes
Authors: Cashman Sarah A. , Moran Kevin M. , Gaglione Anthony G.
Published: November 2015

Pine chemicals are co‐products of papermaking that are upgraded into diverse products from inks to adhesives. They can also be utilized for energy purposes. This research investigates the carbon and energy life cycle assessment (LCA) of pine chemicals derived from crude tall oil (CTO). The study goals are to determine the cradle‐to‐gate carbon and energy footprint for CTO‐derived chemicals, compare CTO‐derived chemicals to their likely substitutes, and calculate the carbon and energy effects of shifting CTO resources from current chemical production to biodiesel production. The data collected represent 100% of the U.S. and 90% of the European CTO distillation industry for 2011. This analysis is the first industry‐level LCA of pine chemicals. The carbon footprint for CTO‐derived pine chemical products is 50% lower than the likely mix of alternative products, including hydrocarbon resins for rubber, ink, and adhesive, alkyl succinic anhydride for paper size, and heavy fuel oil for heat. Current and proposed European policies could result in CTO being classified as renewable biomass for energy production, creating incentive to convert CTO into fuel rather than chemicals. The differences in the carbon and energy footprints of utilizing CTO for biodiesel versus chemicals are not meaningful when comparing European CTO biodiesel, which displaces conventional diesel, to European CTO‐derived chemicals, which displace the previously discussed substitutes. Therefore, there is no additional carbon or energy benefit that accrues by diverting CTO from current chemical feedstock applications to use for biodiesel production in Europe.
Towards a Circular Economy in Australian Agri‐food Industry: An Application of Input‐Output Oriented Approaches for Analyzing Resource Efficiency and Competitiveness Potential
Authors: Pagotto Murilo , Halog Anthony
Published: November 2015

The food industry in Australia (agriculture and manufacturing) plays a fundamental role in contributing to socioeconomic sectors nationally. However, alongside the benefits, the industry also produces environmental burdens associated with the production of food. Sectorally, agriculture is the largest consumer of water. Additionally, land degradation, greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption, and waste generation are considered the main environmental impacts caused by the industry. The research project aims to evaluate the eco‐efficiency performance of various subsectors in the Australian agri‐food systems through the use of input‐output–oriented approaches of data envelopment analysis and material flow analysis. This helps in establishing environmental and economic indicators for the industry. The results have shown inefficiencies during the life cycle of food production in Australia. Following the principles of industrial ecology, the study recommends the implementation of sustainable processes to increase efficiency, diminish undesirable outputs, and decrease the use of nonrenewable inputs within the production cycle. Broadly, the research outcomes are useful to inform decision makers about the advantages of moving from a traditional linear system to a circular production system, where a sustainable and efficient circular economy could be created in the Australian food industry.
Culture‐ and Immigration‐Related Stress Faced by Chinese American Families with a Patient Having Schizophrenia
Authors: Kung Winnie W.
Published: November 2015

The impact of culture and immigration on the experience of Chinese American families with a member having schizophrenia is explored within the frameworks of family systems and stress and coping. This qualitative study was conducted within an intervention study of family psychoeducation using therapists’ session notes from 103 family sessions and 13 relatives’ group sessions from nine patients and 19 relatives. The high stigma attached to mental illness leading to social isolation, and families’ devotion to caregiving exacerbated caregiver burden. Taboo against discussing dating and sexuality and the consideration of arranged marriages caused unique stress. The insecurity as immigrants and shortage of bilingual services were related to greater enmeshment within these families. Implications on research methodology and practice are discussed.
Quantitative description of collagen fibre network on trabecular bone surfaces based on AFM imaging
Authors: HUA W.‐D. , CHEN P.‐P. , XU M.‐Q. , AO Z. , LIU Y. , HAN D. , HE F.
Published: November 2015

The collagen fibre network
is an important part of extracellular matrix (ECM) on trabecular bone surface. The geometry features of the network can provide us insights into its physical and physiological properties. However, previous researches have not focused on the geometry and the quantitative description of the collagen fibre network on trabecular bone surface. In this study,we developed a procedure to quantitatively describe the network and verified the validity of the procedure. The experiment proceeds as follow. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to acquire submicron resolution images of the trabecular surface. Then, an image analysing procedure was built to extract important parameters, including, fibre orientation, fibre density, fibre width, fibre crossing numbers, the number of holes formed by fibre s, and the area of holes from AFM images. In order to verify the validity of the parameters extracted by image analysing methods, we adopted two other methods, which are statistical geometry model and computer simulation, to calculate those same parameters and check the consistency of the three methods’ results. Statistical tests indicate that there is no significant difference between three groups. We conclude that, (a) the ECM on trabecular surface mainly consists of random collagen fibre network with oriented fibres; (b) our method based on image analysing can be used to characterize quantitative geometry features of the collagen fibre network effectively. This method may provide a basis for quantitative investigating the architecture and function of collagen fibre network.
Redundant arytenoid mucosa: clinical presentation, treatment and outcome in three cats
Authors: De Lorenzi D. , Mantovani C. , Tripaldi F. , Ferasin H.
Published: November 2015

Three cats showing chronic, intermittent respiratory distress associated with increased noise on inspiration were examined. Head, neck and thoracic radiographs were unremarkable and laboratory findings were within normal ranges. In all three cats direct laryngoscopy revealed bilateral redundant arytenoid mucosa, which collapsed into the supraglottic and glottis airways during inspiration. Temporary tracheostomy and endoscopic diode laser excision of the excessive mucosa resolved symptoms in all three cats. Redundant arytenoid mucosa is a rare condition that may cause signs similar to laryngeal paralysis or laryngeal mass in cats. According to our results, diode laser surgery in association with temporary tracheostomy appears an appropriate mode of therapy.
Religion and Revolutionary We‐Ness: Religious Discourse, Speech Acts, and Collective Identity in Prerevolutionary Nicaragua
Authors: Reed Jean‐Pierre , Pitcher Sarah
Published: November 2015

Building on language as action perspectives and recent social movement research on speech acts, we explore the role religious discourse plays in the maintenance of a collective identity we call revolutionary “we‐ness.” Using NVivo qualitative data analysis software we perform a content analysis of Volume 1 of The Gospel in Solentiname (Cardenal 1976), a historical record of Biblestudy discussions in prerevolutionary Nicaragua. Based on a framework of collective identity construction (boundary work, oppositional consciousness, identity assertion) into which a taxonomy of speech acts (accusations, declarations, directives, exhortations, prescriptions, and warnings) are organized, our content analysis illustrates how revolutionary we‐ness is constituted, and how the recursive employment of speech acts suggests a resonance of ideological motives in religious discourse. We found the degree to which identity assertion, expressed in declarative speech acts, predominated over oppositional consciousness, which in turn figured over boundary work in the constitution of revolutionary we‐ness. Our speech acts approach fills a void in framing theory and confirms religious discourse's capacity to promote radical self‐understandings and commitment to revolutionary activism.
Coupling experimental data with individual‐based modelling reveals differential effects of root herbivory on grassland plant co‐existence along a resource gradient
Authors: Pfestorf Hans , Körner Katrin , Sonnemann Ilja , Wurst Susanne , Jeltsch Florian
Published: November 2015

Question

The empirical evidence of root herbivory effects on plant community composition and co‐existence is contradictory. This originates from difficulties connected to below‐ground research and confinement of experimental studies to a small range of environmental conditions. Here we suggest coupling experimental data with an individual‐based model to overcome the limitations inherent in either approach. To demonstrate this, we investigated the consequences of root herbivory, as experimentally observed on individual plants, on plant competition and co‐existence in a population and community context under different root herbivory intensities (RHI), fluctuating and constant root herbivore activity and grazing along a resource gradient.

Location

Berlin, Germany, glasshouse; Potsdam, Germany, high performance cluster computer.

Methods

The well‐established community model IBC‐Grass was adapted to allow for a flexible species parameterization and to include annual species. Experimentally observed root herbivory effects on performance of eight common grassland plant species were incorporated into the model by altering plant growth rates. We then determined root herbivore effects on plant populations, competitive hierarchy and consequences for co‐existence and community diversity.

Results

Root herbivory reduced individual biomass, but temporal fluctuation allowed for compensation of herbivore effects. Reducing resource availability strongly shifted competitive hierarchies, with, however, more similar hierarchies along the gradient under root herbivory, pointing to reduced ecological species differences. Consequently, negative effects on co‐existence and diversity prevailed, with the exception of a few positive effects on co‐existence of selected species pairs. Temporal fluctuation alleviated but did not remove negative root herbivore effects, despite of the stronger influence of intra‐ compared to interspecific competition. Grazing in general augmented co‐existence. Most interestingly, grazing interacted with RHI and resource availability by promoting positive effects of root herbivory.

Conclusions

Through integrating experimental data on the scale of individual plants with a simulation model we verified that root herbivory could affect plant competition with consequences for species co‐existence. Our approach demonstrates the benefit that accrues when empirical and modelling approaches are brought more closely together, and that gathering data on distinct processes and under specific conditions, combined with appropriate models, can be used to answer challenging research questions in a more general way.
The Mediterranean monk seal Monachus monachus: status, biology, threats, and conservation priorities
Authors: Karamanlidis Alexandros A. , Dendrinos Panagiotis , de Larrinoa Pablo Fernández , Gücü Ali Cemal , Johnson William M. , Kiraç Cem O. , Pires Rosa
Published: November 2015

The Mediterranean monk seal Monachus monachus is the most endangered seal species. In this review we summarize the status, ecology, and behaviour of the Mediterranean monk seal, and identify the main threats that currently affect the species and the conservation priorities for securing its survival.

Once abundant throughout the Black Sea and Mediterranean, as well as off the Atlantic coasts of northwestern Africa and Macaronesia, the Mediterranean monk seal has recently suffered dramatic declines, both in abundance and geographical range. It is now estimated that fewer than 700 individuals survive in three or four isolated subpopulations in the eastern and western Mediterranean, the archipelago of Madeira and the Cabo Blanco area in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean.

Mediterranean monk seals are coastal marine mammals. When resting and pupping on land, individuals generally seek refuge in inaccessible marine caves; this behaviour is, in part, believed to be an adaptation to increased disturbance by humans. Larger aggregations or colonies of the species can now be found only at Cabo Blanco in the Atlantic Ocean and on the island of Gyaros in the eastern Mediterranean.

The main threats to the survival of the Mediterranean monk seal are habitat deterioration; deliberate killing, mainly by fishermen; and accidental entanglement and drowning in fishing gear. Limited availability of food sources and stochastic and unusual events have occasionally also contributed to Mediterranean monk seal mortality.

Based on a common consensus among scientists and conservationists, the main conservation priorities for the monk seal are: habitat protection; mitigating negative interactions between seals and fisheries; scientific research and monitoring of local seal populations; education and public awareness campaigns; and rescue and rehabilitation of wounded, sick, and orphaned seals.
Stable isotope analysis and fin whale subpopulation structure in the eastern North Atlantic
Authors: Vighi Morgana , Borrell Asunción , Aguilar Alex
Published: November 2015

The North Atlantic fin whale was subject to heavy exploitation in the past and, despite partial recovery, it is still considered endangered. Recent research has questioned its currently accepted subpopulation structure and migratory movements, challenging management and conservation efforts. Here we contribute to this discussion by presenting results of stable isotope analysis of fin whale bones and krill samples collected from fin whale stomachs from two exploited areas, west Iceland and northwest Spain, and comparing these results with North Atlantic isoscapes. In krill, δ15N values were highly variable and no significant differences in δ15N and δ13C between areas emerged. δ15N and δ13C values in bone were higher than in krill, due to trophic enrichment, and were not significantly different between areas. Both krill and bone results were slightly inconsistent with the local isoscapes, maybe due to seasonal variations in local productivity and in krill diet and, in the case of bone, to its capability to integrate long‐term isotopic values, derived from food consumed in distant areas. Conversely, δ18O values, which reflect the basal signal of sea water, were consistent with isoscapes and significantly higher in whales from northwestern Spain, possibly indicating migration to breeding grounds located at lower latitudes.
Fluoride content of retail tea bags and estimates of daily fluoride consumption from typical tea drinking in UK adults and children
Authors: Ruxton C. H. S. , Bond T. J.
Published: November 2015

There are concerns that tea could provide fluoride (F‐) intakes that exceed safe limits. However, F‐ intakes at the recommended daily allowance (RDA) can support dental health. Benefits and risks were explored in an analysis of UK retail teas. Samples of 49 tea bags and infusions (black blended, speciality/single estate, decaffeinated) were analysed for F‐/kg dry weight using an ion selective electrode. Standardised infusions were prepared and analysed as for dry tea. Daily F‐ from tea was estimated by combining estimated UK tea consumption with F‐ in black blended tea. Findings showed that mean F‐/kg dry weight was 1164 mg black blended, 877 mg speciality and 1464 mg decaffeinated. Infusions contained 4.91 mg/l black blended, 3.0 mg/l speciality and 7 mg/l decaffeinated equating to 0.72–1.68 mg of F‐ per serving. Based on population means and 95th percentile intakes of tea, including non‐consumers, daily F‐ intakes from tea were less than the RDA and adequate intake (AI) (except for adults with intakes > 95th percentile) but also within age‐appropriate tolerable upper intake levels (UL) at both mean and 95th percentile tea intakes. After excluding non‐consumers, intakes of F‐ remained less than UL for all groups except those aged 1.5–3 years or ≥65 years with tea intakes > 95th percentile. In addition, mean F‐ intakes of all consumers aged less than 65 years were below AI, while F‐ intakes of those at the 95th centile of tea intake were above AI. This suggests tea can be consumed safely from age of 4 years. Some brands contained sufficient F‐ for a European Union (EU) health claim relating to strengthening and maintaining tooth enamel. In conclusion, typical tea consumption in the UK delivers F‐ within UL for most age groups not taking into account other sources of F‐, but greater dental health benefits might be achieved if average adult consumption were to rise to 4–5 servings per day.
Fibre – Need to increase intake according to new recommendations
Authors: Buttriss J. L.
Published: November 2015

In its report on Carbohydrates and Health, the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) has recommended increases in the dietary reference values for fibre to 30 g/day for adults and 15–30 g/day for children, depending on their age. Intakes are currently much lower than this, at an average of 18 g/day in adults, less in children, and there are socio‐economic differences, with lower intakes in the lowest income quintile compared to the highest. Dietary modelling shows that achieving these recommendations is possible but will require substantial changes to dietary patterns for many, with meals based around fibre‐rich starchy foods (such as wholegrain and high‐fibre options of bread, breakfast cereals, pasta and rice, and jacket potatoes), supplemented by inclusion of high‐fibre snacks such as unsalted nuts and considerable amounts of vegetables and fruit, daily. This article discusses the challenges associated with communicating these new recommendations, in the context of current labelling legislation.
Understanding the impact of European Regulation on the substantiation and use of claims on food and drinks: Design of the REDICLAIM project and initial results
Authors: Raats M. M. , Malcolm R. N. , Lähteenmäki L. , Pravst I. , Gage H. , Cleary A. , Klopčič M. ,   the REDICLAIM Consortium
Published: November 2015

The European Regulation on nutrition and health claims on foods (Nutrition and Health Claims Regulation: European Commission No. 1924/2006) establishes, for the first time, a common framework for the regulation of such claims across the European Union (EU). The opportunities for product innovation arising from this new legislation combined with protection of consumer interest in respect of controlling misleading advertising, while at the same time promoting public health, are noteworthy. But such opportunities need to be evaluated against the burden on industry of the need to undertake significant research activity into these claims and to present a scientific substantiation to satisfy the procedure for approval. Whether this legislation is driving product innovation and the development of healthy and nutritional food or whether it is a barrier to such developments is an area in need of investigation. The EU‐funded project REDICLAIM is currently considering these issues and the impact of the Nutrition and Health Claims Regulation especially in relation to ‘reduction of disease risk’ claims. This article establishes the issues surrounding the common framework of health legislation and sets out the work programme for REDICLAIM.
Working with difference: Thematic concepts of Japanese nurses working in New Zealand
Authors: Healee David , Inada Kumiko
Published: November 2015

The purpose of this study was to compare the differences experienced by Japanese nurses working in New Zealand from an organizational and personal perspective, using a qualitative approach. Interview data was analyzed using a thematic method to abstract increasing levels of themes until one main theme explained the data: finding a voice. This core theme demonstrated that Japanese nurses had to learn to accommodate difference while learning to speak up. Moreover, this needed to occur through a number of cultural filters. The principal conclusion was that migrant nurses face multiple personal and organizational challenges when working in a new environment. Finding a voice is the method in which nurses learn to communicate and work within new healthcare settings. Nurses use a number of filters to manage the transition. The host country needs to recognize these differences and accommodate them through orientation modules.
Association between job strain, mental health and empathy among intensive care nurses
Authors: Gosselin Emilie , Bourgault Patricia , Lavoie Stephan
Published: November 2015

Background

Nursing shortage is a worldwide issue. It could influence factors such as job strain, nurses' mental health and nurse empathy towards patients.

Aim

The aim of the study is to explore the associations between job strain, psychological distress, psychological well‐being and empathy in intensive care units (ICUs).

Design

A cross‐sectional descriptive correlational design.

Methods

Data were collected using questionnaires and an observation tool completed by three observers during a standardized clinical simulation (SCS). A total of 26 nurses practicing in three ICUs participated in the study, which took place over 3 days in December 2011.

Results

One dimension of job strain, psychological demand, was associated with two subscales of mental health (psychological distress positively and psychological well‐being negatively). Positive correlations were demonstrated between psychological distress and nurse empathy as perceived by both the observers and the actor who played the role of patient.

Conclusion

Some associations have been confirmed between job strain, psychological distress, psychological well‐being and empathy in the ICU while others needs further investigation.

Relevance to clinical practice

It is important to reduce psychological demand among intensive care nurses in order to prevent psychological distress. The exploration of the connection between empathy and psychological distress should be advanced. This study suggests that SCSs provide an innovative approach that is useful for research.
Audit of UK ventilator care bundles and discussion of subglottic secretion drainage
Authors: Baldwin Fiona , Gray Rebecca , Chequers Mandy , Dyos Judy
Published: November 2015

Aims

The UK Department of Health (2012) recommends a ventilator care bundle in the form of a high impact intervention to reduce the incidence of ventilator‐associated pneumonia. The aims of this project were to audit compliance with individual components of this care bundle in the UK.

Design

The first survey directly addressed compliance with each component of the recommended ventilator care bundle. The second survey was targeted towards the use of subglottic secretion drainage (SSD) and the logistics of implementing it.

Methods

The first survey was distributed electronically to the Nurse Leads of the Critical Care National Network Nurses Forum and then circulated more widely through local networks. This Forum covers England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The second survey was circulated electronically to the Intensive Care Society Linkmen and was UK‐wide.

Results

The first survey received 112 responses following circulation via 40 Leads. Ninety‐nine percent of responses were from nurses, the rest were from doctors. The second survey had 77 responses, 88% from doctors and was circulated via 155 Linkmen. The surveys showed that over 95% of respondents worked in intensive care units that use a ventilator care bundle. Compliance with each component of the bundle was greater than 85% in all units, except for SSD, which was performed in 47–53% of the units.

Conclusions

In this survey, most units comply with most of the nationally recommended ventilator care bundle components with the exception of SSD. Because of a lack of availability of suitable endotracheal tubes, a significant number of patients are being re‐intubated to facilitate this therapy.

Relevance to clinical practice

Compliance with most components of the nationally recommended ventilator care bundle is good. SSD has not been as widely implemented as the other components and patients are undergoing re‐intubation to facilitate it.
Macroevolution of leaf defenses and secondary metabolites across the genus Helianthus
Authors: Mason Chase M. , Bowsher Alan W. , Crowell Breanna L. , Celoy Rhodesia M. , Tsai Chung‐Jui , Donovan Lisa A.
Published: November 2015

Leaf defenses are widely recognized as key adaptations and drivers of plant evolution. Across environmentally diverse habitats, the macroevolution of leaf defenses can be predicted by the univariate trade‐off model, which predicts that defenses are functionally redundant and thus trade off, and the resource availability hypothesis, which predicts that defense investment is determined by inherent growth rate and that higher defense will evolve in lower resource environments.

Here, we examined the evolution of leaf physical and chemical defenses and secondary metabolites in relation to environmental characteristics and leaf economic strategy across 28 species of Helianthus (the sunflowers).

Using a phylogenetic comparative approach, we found few evolutionary trade‐offs among defenses and no evidence for defense syndromes. We also found that leaf defenses are strongly related to leaf economic strategy, with higher defense in more resource‐conservative species, although there is little support for the evolution of higher defense in low‐resource habitats.

A wide variety of physical and chemical defenses predict resistance to different insect herbivores, fungal pathogens, and a parasitic plant, suggesting that most sunflower defenses are not redundant in function and that wild Helianthus represents a rich source of variation for the improvement of crop sunflower.
The role of experiments in investigating the taphonomy of exceptional preservation
Authors: Briggs Derek E. G. , McMahon Sean
Published: November 2015

In the last 20 years, much taphonomic experimentation has focused on the interpretation of exceptionally preserved fossils. Decay experiments have been used to interpret the features preserved in soft‐bodied fossils and to determine the sequence of character loss and its impact on phylogenetic position. Experiments on the impact of microbial communities on decay and mineralization have started to illuminate the processes involved in the fossilization of soft tissues, including embryos. The role of decay in promoting authigenic mineralization has been used to investigate the formation of Ediacaran macrofossils and concretions. Maturation experiments have shown how the constituents of animals and plants are transformed over time to a macromolecular material that converges on a similar stable composition. Other maturation experiments have explained how structural colours in fossils are altered from the original. A major area requiring investigation is the role of specific types of microbes in decay and their impact on sediment and pore water chemistry, as well as the environmental controls that determine their presence and level of activity. Microbial activity has received less attention than other factors in attempts to explain why the occurrence and nature of exceptional preservation varies in time and space through the fossil record.
Ampliative Transmission and Deontological Internalism
Authors: Oliveira Luis R.G.
Published: November 2015

Deontological internalism is the family of views where justification is a positive deontological appraisal of someone's epistemic agency: S is justified, that is, when S is blameless, praiseworthy, or responsible in believing that p. Brian Weatherson discusses very briefly how a plausible principle of ampliative transmission reveals a worry for versions of deontological internalism formulated in terms of epistemic blame. Weatherson denies, however, that similar principles reveal similar worries for other versions. I disagree. In this article, I argue that plausible principles of ampliative transmission reveal a worry for deontological internalism in general.