bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimal and nonoptimal choice in a laboratory‐based sunk cost task with humans: A cross‐species replication
Authors: Macaskill Anne C. , Hackenberg Timothy D.
Published: November 2013

The current four experiments examined the sunk cost effect—nonoptimal persistence following investment—in a laboratory‐based decision‐making task with adult humans. Subjects made repeated decisions about whether to persist in a course of action—a fixed‐ratio schedule whose response requirements varied unpredictably from one trial to the next—or to abandon it and escape in favor of a new trial with a potentially smaller fixed ratio schedule. Satisfying the ratio requirement produced a brief video clip from a preferred television program. In Experiment 1, sunk‐cost errors were less likely in subjects who had previously experienced markedly differential reinforcement for escape. In Experiment 2, stimulus changes correlated with changes in mean response requirement, and these changes reduced sunk‐cost errors in a small number of subjects. In Experiment 3, sunk‐cost errors occurred more frequently as the ratio of the mean response requirements for persistence and escape approached 1.0. The importance of this variable was further supported by the results of Experiment 4, in which features other than this ratio did not markedly alter performance. These four experiments identified some key determinants of whether humans commit the sunk‐cost error and confirmed the utility of video clips as reinforcers in experimental research with humans.
Synthesis and Biological Activities of Some New Annulated Pyrazolopyranopyrimidines and Their Derivatives Containing Indole Nucleus
Authors: Saundane Anand R. , Walmik Prabhaker , Yarlakatti Manjunatha , Katkar Vijaykumar , Verma Vaijinath A.
Published: November 2013

The key intermediate 6‐amino‐3‐methyl‐4‐aryl‐1‐(5′‐substituted‐3′‐phenyl‐1H‐indol‐2′‐carbonyl)‐1,4‐dihydropyrano[2,3‐c]pyrazol‐5‐carbonitriles 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d, 3e, 3f, 3g, 3h, 3i, 3j, 3k, 3l, 3m, 3n, 3o were prepared by cyclocondensation of 3‐methyl‐1‐(5′‐substituted‐3′‐phenyl‐1H‐indol‐2′‐carbonyl)‐5‐(4H)‐pyrazolones 1a, 1b, 1c with arylidine derivatives of malononitrile 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, 2e. The compounds 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d, 3e, 3f, 3g, 3h, 3i, 3j, 3k, 3l, 3m, 3n, 3o were subjected to cyclocondensation reaction with formamide, formic acid, and carbon disulfide to afford the title compounds 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, 4e, 4f, 4g, 4h, 4i, 4j, 4k, 4l, 4m, 4n, 4o, 5a, 5b, 5c, 5d, 5e, 5f, 5g, 5h, 5i, 5j, 5k, 5l, 5m, 5n, 5o, and 6a, 6b, 6c, 6d, 6e, 6f, 6g, 6h, 6i, 6j, 6k, 6l, 6m, 6n, 6o, respectively. The structures of all these previously unknown compounds were confirmed by their spectral studies and elemental analysis. These compounds were screened for their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities.
An Efficient Method for the Synthesis of 3‐Arylnaphtho[2,3‐f]quinoline‐1,2‐dicarboxylate Derivatives Catalyzed by Yb(OTf)3
Authors: Zhou Jie‐Xing , Wang Wei , Wang Xiang‐Shan
Published: November 2013

A mild and efficient method for the synthesis of 3‐arylnaphtho[2,3‐f]quinoline‐1,2‐dicarboxylate derivatives via Povarov reaction of aromatic aldehyde, anthracen‐2‐amine, and but‐2‐ynedioate is described using Yb(OTf)3 as catalyst. The features of this procedure are mild reaction conditions, good yields, and operational simplicity.
Test–retest reliability of fMRI activation generated by different saccade tasks
Authors: Lukasova Katerina , Sommer Jens , Nucci‐da‐Silva Mariana P. , Vieira Gilson , Blanke Marius , Bremmer Frank , Sato João R. , Kircher Tilo , Amaro Edson
Published: November 2013

Purpose

To assess the reproducibility of brain‐activation and eye‐movement patterns in a saccade paradigm when comparing subjects, tasks, and magnetic resonance (MR) systems.

Materials and Methods

Forty‐five healthy adults at two different sites (n = 45) performed saccade tasks with varying levels of target predictability: predictable (PRED), position predictable (pPRED), time predictable (tPRED), and prosaccade (SAC). Eye‐movement pattern was tested with a repeated‐measures analysis of variance. Activation maps reproducibility were estimated with the cluster overlap Jaccard index and signal variance coefficient of determination for within‐subjects test–retest data, and for between‐subjects data from the same and different sites.

Results

In all groups latencies increased with decreasing target predictability: PRED < pPRED < tPRED < SAC (P < 0,001). Activation overlap was good to fair (>0.40) in all tasks in the within‐subjects test–retest comparisons and poor (<0.40) in the tPRED for different subjects. The overlap of the different tasks for within‐groups data was higher (0.40–0.68) than for the between‐groups data (0.30–0.50). Activation consistency was 60–85% in the same subjects, 50–79% in different subjects, and 50–80% in different sites. In SAC, the activation found in the same and in different subjects was more consistent than in other tasks (50–80%).

Conclusion

The predictive saccade tasks produced evidence for brain‐activation and eye‐movement reproducibility. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;40:37–46. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Association between leaflet fusion pattern and thoracic aorta morphology in patients with bicuspid aortic valve
Authors: Merritt Bryce A. , Turin Alexander , Markl Michael , Malaisrie S. Chris , McCarthy Patrick M. , Carr James C.
Published: November 2013

Purpose

To determine if patients with certain bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) phenotypes are predisposed to particular morphological abnormalities of the thoracic aorta.

Materials and Methods

One hundred ninety‐two patients with BAV who underwent magnetic resonance angiography between January 2007 and July 2010 were retrospectively identified. Aortic morphology was examined through measurements of aortic size index at nine levels along the thoracic aorta, three‐dimensional volume of the ascending aorta, vessel asymmetry, and assessment of aortic root morphology.

Results

We found 140 patients (73%) with right and left coronary cusps (R‐L) fusion, 46 patients (24%) with R‐N fusion, and 6 patients (3%) with left and noncoronary cusps (L‐N) fusion. Mean aortic volume in the proximal ascending aorta was significantly greater in R‐L patients (0.93 versus 0.60 cm3/m2; P < 0.01). R‐N patients possessed greater aortic size index at the distal ascending aorta and proximal aortic arch, and were also significantly more likely to have Type 2 patterns of aortic dilatation.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that BAV with R‐L fusion is associated with increased dimensions of the aortic root, while BAV with R‐N fusion is associated with increased dimensions of the distal ascending aorta and proximal arch. Our findings illustrate the morphological heterogeneity that exists among BAV phenotypes. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;40:294–300. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ultrafast volumetric B1+ mapping for improved radiofrequency shimming in 3 tesla body MRI
Authors: Sprinkart Alois M. , Nehrke Kay , Träber Frank , Block Wolfgang , Gieseke Jürgen , Schmitz Georg , Willinek Winfried A. , Schild Hans , Börnert Peter
Published: November 2013

Purpose

To evaluate the use of the recently proposed ultrafast B1+ mapping approach DREAM (Dual Refocusing Echo Acquisition Mode) for a refinement of patient adaptive radiofrequency (RF) shimming.

Materials and Methods

Volumetric DREAM B1+ calibration scans centered in the upper abdomen were acquired in 20 patients and three volunteers with written informed consent at a clinical dual source 3 Tesla (T) MR system. Based on these data, RF transmit settings were optimized by central‐slice based RF‐shimming (CS‐RF shim) and by a refined, multi‐slice adaptive approach (MS‐RF shim). Simulations were performed to compare flip angle accuracy and B1+ homogeneity (cv = stddev/mean) achieved by CS‐RF shim versus MS‐RF shim for transversal and coronal slices, and for volume shimming on the spine.

Results

By MS‐RF shim, mean deviation from nominal flip angle was reduced to less than 11% in all slices, all targets, and all subjects. Relative improvements in B1+ cv (MS‐RF shim versus CS‐RF) were up to 14%/39%/47% in transversal slices/coronal slices/ spine area.

Conclusion

Volumetric information about B1+ can be used to further improve the accuracy and homogeneity of the B1+ field yielding higher diagnostic confidence, and will also be of value for various quantitative methods which are sensitive to flip angle imperfections. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;40:857–863. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Polylaminin recognition by retinal cells
Authors: Hochman‐Mendez Camila , Lacerda de Menezes João Ricardo , Sholl‐Franco Alfred , Coelho‐Sampaio Tatiana
Published: November 2013

Polylaminin (polyLM) is a flat biomimetic polymer of laminin capable of promoting axonal growth both in vitro and in vivo. It is assembled in a cell‐free system when laminin 111 is incubated in acidic pH, whereas incubation in neutral buffer leads to the formation of bulky and irregular polymers (LM). In the present work, we compared the behaviors of cells isolated from the P1 rat retina on polyLM and LM. PolyLM induced cellular spreading and the outgrowth of neurites in contact with the substrate, whereas LM led to the formation of large clusters of cells, with neurites growing only inward. After 24 hr in culture, the number of cells on polyLM increased threefold, and this increase was inhibited by 60% in the presence of the PKA inhibitor H89 and by 41% in the presence of the PKC inhibitor chelerythrine chloride, whereas both inhibitors abolished neuritogenesis. Neither the cell number nor the outgrowth of neurites was affected by the ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 on polyLM. On the other hand, PD98059 was able to reduce the cell number on LM, whereas the other inhibitors were not. Immunostaining of P1 retina with an antilaminin antibody revealed that the protein was expressed not only at its inner surface but also within the neuroblast layer in close contact with individual cells. Our results indicate that, when provided in its active polymerized form, laminin can influence both neuritogenesis and proliferation of retinal cells. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fatty acid specificity ofT1lipase and its potential in acylglycerol synthesis
Authors: Qin Xiao‐Li , Lan Dong‐Ming , Zhong Jin‐Feng , Liu Lu , Wang Yong‐Hua , Yang Bo
Published: November 2013

BACKGROUND

T1lipase has received considerable attention due to its thermostability. Fatty acid specificity ofT1lipase (crude and purified) was investigated, and its potential in the synthesis of acylglycerols was also evaluated.

RESULTS

Fatty acid specificity ofT1lipase (crude and purified) was investigated in the esterification of fatty acids (C6:0 toC18:3), suggesting that crude and purifiedT1lipase had the lowest preference forC18:0 [specificity constant (1/α) = 0.08] followed byC18:1 (1/α= 0.12) and showed the highest preference forC8:0 (1/α= 1). A structural model was constructed to briefly explore interactions between the lipase and its substrate. Furthermore, crudeT1lipase‐catalysed synthesis of diacylglycerols (DAGs) and monoacylglycerols (MAGs) by esterification of glycerol withC18:1 was studied for evaluating its potential in acylglycerols synthesis. The optimal conditions were glycerol/oleic acid molar ratio 5:1, the lipase concentration 9.7 U g−1of substrates, water content 50 g kg−1of substrates and temperature 50 °C, which yielded 42.25%DAGs, 26.34%MAGsand 9.18% triacylglycerols at 2 h.

CONCLUSION

DAGsandMAGswere synthesised in good yields althoughC18:1 (a much poorer substrate) was used. Our work demonstrates thatT1lipase, which was discovered to show 1,3‐regio‐selectivity, is a promising biocatalyst for lipids modification. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Ultrashort‐Pulse Laser Structuring of Thin‐Film Solar Modules
Authors: Letsch Andreas , Ametowobla Mawuli , Bartl Dominik , Nolte Stefan , Peschel Thomas
Published: November 2013

A thin‐film photovoltaic module is made up of individual solar cells, which are monolithically connected in series via micro scribing. Depending on the semiconductor material used for electric energy production, the connection today can be made by lasers or mechanical tools. Of all thin‐film technologies, it just happens to be CIGS technology with its high potential in terms of efficiency which is nowadays wasting power. This is because two of three structures are scribed with a mechanical tool thus loosing valuable module surface. This article presents first results of a completely laser‐connected CIGS module from the BMBF‐funded joint research program T4nPV as well as fundamental investigations of laser‐based scribing processes.
Clean Surface Required
Authors: Bergfeld Stefan
Published: November 2013

The market for devices that use organic electronics is continuously growing. The OLED display used in many modern smartphones is only one example. Methods such as lithography and reactive ion etching were used during development in the lab and in pilot production. However, these methods are feasible on the lab scale but too expensive for mass production. In order to fulfill the high market requirements the production costs for such devices need to be reduced and the productivity increased. Due to the low running cost and high reproducibility of laser processes the laser allows cheaper production, higher up‐time and lower labor costs. The speed of laser processes is also scalable with laser power and repetition rate. Therefore the laser is especially suitable for high‐volume production.
Diode Lasers in Car‐Body Construction
Authors: Luft Axel
Published: November 2013

For more than twelve years, diode lasers are used in series body manufacturing. The first diode laser was installed for brazing tailgates in the Audi A3 in 2001. The most recent generation was introduced last year [1]. For the current model, diode lasers braze tailgates and now even produce the joints between roof and side panels (Fig. 1). A decade of applications in bodyshell work: what has changed in the meantime? How did diode lasers evolve? And what applications do diode lasers serve today?
Comparison of three reference methods for the measurement of intracellular pH using 31P MRS in healthy volunteers and patients with lymphoma
Authors: Rata Mihaela , Giles Sharon L. , deSouza Nandita M. , Leach Martin O. , Payne Geoffrey S.
Published: November 2013

31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P MRS) can measure intracellular pH (pHi) using the chemical shift difference between pH‐dependent inorganic phosphate (Pi) and a pH‐independent reference peak. This study compared three different frequency reference peaks [phosphocreatine (PCr), α resonance of adenosine triphosphate (αATP) and water (using 1H MRS)] in a cohort of 10 volunteers and eight patients with non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Well‐resolved chemical shift imaging (CSI) spectra were acquired on a 1.5T scanner for muscle, liver and tumour. The pH was calculated for all volunteers and patients using the available methods. The consistency of the resulting pH was evaluated. The direct Pi–PCr method was best for those spectra with a very well‐defined PCr, such as muscle (pH=7.05 ± 0.02). In liver, the Pi–αATP method gave more consistent results (pH=7.30 ± 0.06) than the calibrated water‐based method (pH=7.27 ± 0.11). In NHL nodes, the measured pH using the Pi–αATP method was 7.25 ± 0.12. Given that the measured range includes some biological variation in individual patients, treatment‐related changes of the order of 0.1 pH units should be detectable. © 2013 The Authors. NMR in Biomedicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Reliability analysis for multidisciplinary systems with the mixture of epistemic and aleatory uncertainties
Authors: Tao Y. R. , Han X. , Duan S. Y. , Jiang C.
Published: November 2013

Epistemic and aleatory uncertain variables always exist in multidisciplinary system simultaneously and can be modeled by probability and evidence theories, respectively. The propagation of uncertainty through coupled subsystem and the strong nonlinearity of the multidisciplinary system make the reliability analysis difficult and computational cost expensive. In this paper, a novel reliability analysis procedure is proposed for multidisciplinary system with epistemic and aleatory uncertain variables. First, the probability density function of the aleatory variables is assumed piecewise uniform distribution based on Bayes method, and approximate most probability point is solved by equivalent normalization method. Then, important sampling method is used to calculate failure probability and its variance and variation coefficient. The effectiveness of the procedure is demonstrated by two numerical examples. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wie die Meeresspiegel steigen
Authors: Asmus Jörg
Published: November 2013

Die Meereshöhen auf nahezu der gesamten Erdoberfläche können nur ozeanographische Satelliten wie Jason hoch präzise erfassen. Diese Daten geben genaue Informationen über die lokalen Veränderungen der Meeresspiegel und Meeresströmungen. Sie sind zum einen für die maritime Meteorologie wichtig, etwa für die Routenberatung von Schiffen. Zum anderen zeigen sie, wo und wie stark der vom Menschen verursachte Klimawandel die lokalen Meeresspiegel anwachsen lässt. Global steigt der Meeresspiegel derzeit im Mittel um 3, 18 mm pro Jahr. In einigen Gebieten im Pazifik sind es sogar 10 mm pro Jahr. Inselstaaten, deren Einwohner auf flachen Atollen leben, müssen auf die Folgen des Klimawandels reagieren
Paradoxe Schatten
Authors: Ucke Christian , Schlichting Hans Joachim
Published: November 2013

Eine helle Lichtquelle kann unter gewissen Bedingungen von einem im Wasser schwimmenden Ball gleichzeitig mehrere Schatten auf dem Grund erzeugen. Dieser sogenannte Shadow‐Sausage‐Effekt wurde zwar schon 1967 publiziert, ist jedoch insbesondere mit einem kugelförmigen Objekt wenig bekannt.
Stimmiges Klavier
Authors: Mathelitsch Leopold , Verovnik Ivo
Published: November 2013

In Pianos sorgen schwingende Saiten für den Klang, wobei für mittlere Töne zwei und höhere Töne drei Saiten zuständig sind. Für einen vollen Ton müssen diese leicht gegeneinander verstimmt sein. Vor allem müssen aber sämtliche Tonintervalle gegenüber dem physikalisch reinen Intervall leicht verstimmt werden. Dies erfordern erstens die Tonartwechsel der klassischen und modernen Musik. Wegen der anharmonischen Obertöne der Stahlsaiten wirkt zweitens nur so der Gesamtklang des Instruments harmonisch.
Supraleitung – eiskalt serviert
Authors: Jacobi Manfred
Published: November 2013

Der letzte Physiknobelpreis vor Ausbruch des Ersten Weltkrieges ging an den niederländischen Physiker Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1853–1926) für seine Arbeiten über die Eigenschaften von Körpern bei niedrigen Temperaturen und seine Herstellung von flüssigem Helium.
James Bond und die zerplatzenden Christbaumkugeln
Authors: Vollmer Michael , Möllmann Klaus‐Peter
Published: November 2013

Rohe Eier oder wassergefüllte Christbaumkugeln platzen beim Eindringen des Projektils einer Luftpistole. Dieser Vorgang lässt sich einfach durch die sehr geringe Kompressibilität des Wassers und eine damit verbundene starke Druckerhöhung erklären (Physik in unserer Zeit 2013, 44(5), 251). Eine genaue Analyse aller Vorgänge sollte aber auch Fragen beantworten wie: Spielen vorhandene Luftblasen in der Flüssigkeit eine Rolle? Wie lange dauert es bis zum Aufplatzen, und muss die wassergefüllte Kugel eigentlich fest verschlossen sein?
Beschleunigungspfeile mit AccelVisu
Authors: Wilhelm Thomas , Lück Stephan , Kuhn Jochen
Published: November 2013

Mit dem App AccelVisu für iPhone und iPod touch steht eine Möglichkeit zur Verfügung, gleichzeitig Richtung und Betrag einer beschleunigten Bewegungen direkt sichtbar zu machen. Dies kann sehr aufschlussreich für das grundlegende Verständnis von Beschleunigungen sein.
Production of 18F‐Labeled Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles by Proton Irradiation for Biodistribution and Biological Fate Studies in Rats
Authors: Pérez‐Campaña Carlos , Sansaloni Francesc , Gómez‐Vallejo Vanessa , Baz Zuriñe , Martin Abraham , Moya Sergio E. , Lagares Juan I. , Ziolo Ronald F. , Llop Jordi
Published: November 2013

A simple and straightforward method is presented for the direct proton beam activation of 18O‐enriched titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) via the 18O(p,n)18F nuclear reaction in order to assess the biological fate of the NPs using positron emission tomography (PET). The radiolabeling of the NPs does not alter their morphological properties as demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering measurements. The simultaneous formation of other radioisotopes by activation of the titanium atom, i.e., 48V, 47V, 44gSc, has been investigated using high‐resolution gamma spectrometry and PET. The labeling of TiO2 NPs with radioactive 18F atoms makes it possible to perform short‐term in vivo biodistribution studies of the metal oxide NPs in rats after intravenous and oral administration using PET. The accumulation of NPs in different organs could be quantified during almost 8 h after administration.
Electron spin resonance study on pure single crystalline sapphire
Authors: Hori Masahiro , Fukumoto Nobuhiro , Ono Yukinori , Chikaoka Ryo , Moriwaki Shigenori , Mio Norikatsu
Published: November 2013

Paramagnetic spin is investigated using electron spin resonance technique at room temperature for a pure sapphire, or single crystalline sapphire that is made without any intentional doping. In particular, the spin density of the pure sapphire is compared with that of a commercial available sapphire. Four kinds of signals are detected for commercially available sapphire, all of which have spin density on the order of 1015 cm‐3. It is found that for the pure sapphire, one of them is missing and rest of the three have lower density on the order of 1014 cm‐3 or lower. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Evaluation of β‐FeSi2/Si‐interface using Ag‐coating on Si surface
Authors: Akiyama Kensuke , Motomura Shunichi , Hayashi Gohei , Funakubo Hiroshi , Itakura Masaru
Published: November 2013

β‐FeSi2 films preferred to (100)‐, (010)/(001)‐ and (101)/(110)‐orientation on Ag‐coated Si(100), Ag‐coated Si(110) and Ag‐coated Si(111) substrates, respectively. The full width at half maximum of the rocking curve of the β‐FeSi2 800, 040 /004 and 202 /220 for the (100)‐, (010)/(001)‐ and (101)/(110)‐oriented β‐FeSi2 films were 0.59°, 0.20° and 0.18°, indicating the good perfect quality of the crystal orientation. The photoluminescence intensity of the (101)/(110)‐orientated β‐FeSi2 films on Ag‐coated Si(111) substrates was larger than the others, when the samples were indirectly excited by Ar‐ion laser irradiation to the Si substrate side. The hetero‐interface constituted with the β‐FeSi2 (101)/(110) plane and Si(111) plane seems to have the lowest density of non‐radiative center. From the transmission electron microscope analysis, the hetero‐interface constituted with the β‐FeSi2 (101)/(110) plane and Si(111) plane is considered as thermodynamically stable. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Cytoplasmic intron retention, function, splicing, and the sentinel RNA hypothesis
Authors: Buckley Peter T. , Khaladkar Mugdha , Kim Junhyong , Eberwine James
Published: November 2013

Cytoplasmic splicing represents a newly emerging level of transcriptional regulation adding to the molecular diversity of mammalian cells. As examples of this noncanonical form of transcript processing are discovered, the evidence of its importance to normal cellular function grows. Work from a number of groups using a variety of cell types is steadily identifying a large number of transcripts (and soon to be even larger as genome‐wide analyses of retained introns across a number of cellular phenotypes are currently underway) that undergo some level of regulated endogenous extranuclear splicing as part of their normal biosynthetic pathway. Here, we review the existing data covering cytoplasmic retained intron sequences and suggest that such sequences may be a component of ‘sentinel RNA’ that serves to generate transcript variants within the cytoplasm as well as a source for RNA‐based secondary messages. WIREs RNA 2014, 5:223–230. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1203

This article is categorized under:

RNA Processing > Splicing Mechanisms

RNA Processing > Splicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing

RNA Methods > RNA Analyses in Cells
Dissolution of Soap Scum by Surfactant Part I: Effects of Chelant and Type of Soap Scum
Authors: Itsadanont Sawwalak , Scamehorn John F. , Soontravanich Sukhwan , Sabatini David A. , Chavadej Sumaeth
Published: November 2013

The equilibrium solubilities of two model soap scums [calcium stearate and magnesium stearate: Ca(C18)2 and Mg(C18)2] were measured in aqueous solutions containing three different types of surfactants: methyl ester sulfonate (MES) as an anionic; alcohol ethoxylate (EO9) as a nonionic; and dimethyldodecylamine oxide (DDAO) as an amphoteric with and without a chelating agent [disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (Na2EDTA)]. The solubility of calcium soap scum was generally higher than that of magnesium soap scum, the exception being some DDAO systems. The use of the DDAO surfactant with the Na2EDTA chelating agent at high pH gives the highest solubilities of both studied soap scums. The soap scum solubility is on the order of 2,000 times that in water at high pH. The DDAO is the most effective surfactant under all conditions. The MES is more effective than the EO9 at low pH with the opposite trend observed at high pH. The synergism from added chelant is generally greater at higher pH and is greatest for DDAO followed by EO9.
Determination and Structural Elucidation of Triacylglycerols in Krill Oil by Chromatographic Techniques
Authors: Araujo Pedro , Zhu Han , Breivik Joar Fjørtoft , Hjelle Jan Idar , Zeng Yingxu
Published: November 2013

The content of triacylglycerols (TAG) in krill oil is generally omitted from the labels of commercial supplements and unacknowledged in studies aimed at proving its health benefits. The present study demonstrates that TAG compounds, in addition to phospholipids and lysophospholipids, are an important lipid class in pure krill oil. The fatty acid composition of TAG molecules from krill oil and their distribution on the backbone of TAG structures were determined by gas chromatography and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric, respectively. The content of omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n‐3 PUFA) was similar to those reported in the literature for fish oil. It was estimated that 21 % of n‐3 PUFA were at the sn‐2 position of TAG structures. To our knowledge, this is the first determination and structural characterization of TAG in pure krill oil supplements.
Exogenous Sphingosine 1‐Phosphate Protects Murine Splenocytes Against Hypoxia‐Induced Injury
Authors: Chawla Sonam , Sahni Chayanika , Tulsawani Rajkumar , Singh Mrinalini , Saraswat Deepika , Bansal Anju , Saxena Shweta
Published: November 2013

Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P), a biologically active pleiotropic lipid, is involved in several physiological processes especially in the area of vascular biology and immunology encompassing cell survival, angiogenesis, vascular tone, immune response etc. by interacting with specific cell surface receptors. Hypoxia, a condition common to innumerable pathologies, is known to lethally affect cell survival by throwing off balance global gene expression, redox homeostasis, bioenergetics etc. Several molecular events of cellular adaptations to hypoxia have been closely linked to stabilization of hypoxia inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α). Signalling functions of S1P in physiological events central to hypoxia‐induced pathologies led us to investigate efficacy of exogenous S1P in preconditioning murine splenocytes to sustain during cellular stress associated with sub‐optimal oxygen. The present study recapitulated the pro‐survival benefits of exogenous S1P under normobaric hypoxia. Results indicate a direct effect of S1P supplementation on boosting cellular adaptive responses via HIF‐1α stabilization and, activation of pro‐survival mediators ERK and Akt. Overwhelming anti‐oxidative and anti‐inflammatory benefits of S1P preconditioning could also be captured in the present study, as indicated by improved redox homeostasis, reduced oxidative damage, balanced anti/pro‐inflammatory cytokine profiles and temporal regulation of nitric oxide secretion and intra‐cellular calcium release. Hypoxia induced cell death and the associated stress in cellular milieu in terms of oxidative damage and inflammation could be alleviated with exogenous S1P preconditioning.
ENTITLEMENT AND MUTUALLY RECOGNIZED REASONABLE DISAGREEMENT
Authors: Hazlett Allan
Published: November 2013

Most people not only think that it is possible for reasonable people to disagree, but that it is possible for people to recognize that they are parties to a reasonable disagreement. The aim of this paper is to explain how such mutually recognized reasonable disagreements are possible. I appeal to an “entitlement claim” which implies a form of relativism about reasonable belief, based on the idea that whether a belief is reasonable for a person can depend on the fact that she has inherited a particular worldview from her community.
Effect of background turbulence on an axisymmetric turbulent jet
Authors: Khorsandi B. , Gaskin S. , Mydlarski L.
Published: November 2013

The effect of different levels of background turbulence on the dynamics and mixing of an axisymmetric turbulent jet at different Reynolds numbers has been investigated. Approximately homogeneous and isotropic background turbulence was generated by a random jet array and had a negligible mean flow (${\langle {U}_{\alpha } \rangle }/ {u}_{\alpha \mathit{rms}} \ll 1$). Velocity measurements of a jet issuing into two different levels of background turbulence were conducted for three different jet Reynolds numbers. The results showed that the mean axial velocities decay faster with increasing level of background turbulence (compared with a jet in quiescent surroundings), while the mean radial velocities increase, especially close to the edges of the jet. Furthermore, the axial root-mean-square velocities of the jet increased in the presence of background turbulence, as did the jet’s width. However, the mass flow rate of the jet decreased, from which it can be inferred that the entrainment into the jet is reduced in a turbulent background. The effect of background turbulence on the entrainment mechanisms is discussed.
On the Information Content of Wine Notes: Some New Algorithms?
Authors: Klimmek Martin
Published: November 2013

We present a framework for measuring the information content or, more subjectively, the meaningfulness of wine tasting notes. Our analysis is based on developing a summary statistic related to Theil's uncertainty coefficient. The methods we develop can be used for the comparative analysis of tasting notes against a benchmark tasting system. An analysis of the examples of real and “fake” tasting notes in Quandt (2007) illustrates the method. We argue that the categorization of wine jargon leads to informative tasting notes. (JEL Classification: A12, C65, C83, D83)
Effect of dairy powders fortification on yogurt textural and sensorial properties: a review
Authors: Karam Marie Celeste , Gaiani Claire , Hosri Chadi , Burgain Jennifer , Scher Joël
Published: November 2013

Yogurts are important dairy products that have known a rapid market growth over the past few decades. Industrial yogurt manufacture involves different processing steps. Among them, protein fortification of the milk base is elemental. It greatly enhances yogurt nutritional and functional properties and prevents syneresis, an undesirable yogurt textural defect. Protein enrichment can be achieved by either concentration process (evaporation under vacuum and membrane processing: reverse osmosis and/or ultrafiltration) or by addition of dairy ingredients. Traditionally, skim milk powder (SMP) is used to enrich the milk base before fermentation. However, increased quality and availability of other dairy ingredients such as milk protein isolates (MPI), milk protein concentrates (MPC) whey protein isolates (WPI) and concentrates (WPC), micellar casein (MC) and caseinates have promoted their use as alternatives to SMP. Substituting different dry ingredients for skim milk powder in yogurt making affects the yogurt mix protein composition and subsequent textural and sensorial properties. This review focuses on various type of milk protein used for fortification purposes and their influence on these properties.
Lymphoma presenting as neck lumps: causes of waiting time target breaches and potential solutions
Authors: Raja H , Pabla L , Wheatley H , Farr M R B
Published: November 2013

Objectives:

This study aimed to assess the speed of referral, diagnosis and treatment of patients with lymphoma presenting with a neck lump, and to identify where delays are occurring that prevent UK national targets from being met.

Method:

The study entailed a retrospective survey of patients presenting with a neck lump secondary to lymphoma between 2006 and 2008 in Gloucestershire, UK.

Results:

Forty-seven of 54 patients (87 per cent) were seen within 2 weeks of referral. However, the 62-day rule, which covers the time from referral to the initiation of treatment, was met in only 32 of the 54 cases (59 per cent). There were no breaches of the 31-day target, which concerned the time from decision to treat to the initiation of treatment. Subsequent target breaches were due to longer waiting times for radiological and pathological investigations.

Conclusion:

Radiological examinations should be ordered at the first consultation and biopsies performed as soon as possible. Establishing one-stop, rapid access clinics should improve the achievement of a maximum 62-day wait for patients with lymphoma presenting with neck lumps.
Negative ion sound solitary waves revisited
Authors: CAIRNS R. A.
Published: November 2013

Some years ago, a group including the present author and Padma Shukla showed that a suitable non-thermal electron distribution allows the formation of ion sound solitary waves with either positive or negative density perturbations, whereas with Maxwellian electrons only a positive density perturbation is possible. The present paper discusses the qualitative features of this distribution allowing the negative waves and shared with suitable two-temperature distributions.
Xumi (part 1): Lower Xumi, the variety of the lower and middle reaches of the Shuiluo river
Authors: Chirkova Katia , Chen Yiya
Published: November 2013

The Xumi 旭米 language (/EPʃʉ-hĩ ketɕɐ/ ‘the language of the Shu people’) is spoken by approximately 1,800 people who reside along the banks of the Shuiluo River (水洛河) in Shuiluo Township (水洛乡) of Muli Tibetan Autonomous County (木里藏族自治县; smi li rang skyong rdzong in Written Tibetan, hereafter, WT). This county is located in the South-West of Sichuan Province (四川省) in the People's Republic of China (see Figure 1).
Xumi (part 2): Upper Xumi, the variety of the upper reaches of the Shuiluo river
Authors: Chirkova Katia , Chen Yiya , Antolík Tanja Kocjančič
Published: November 2013

This Illustration focuses on the variety of the Xumi language (旭米, /LPʂuketɕɜ/ or /EPʂu-hĩ ketɕɜ/) that is spoken in the upper reaches of the Shuiluo river (水洛河) in Shuiluo Township (水洛乡) (hereafter Upper Xumi). The township is located in Muli Tibetan Autonomous County (木里藏族自治县, smi li rang skyong rdzong in Written Tibetan, hereafter, WT), in the South-West of Sichuan Province (四川省) in the People's Republic of China.
A phonetically versatile contrast: Pulmonic and glottalic voicelessness in Scottish English obstruents and voice quality
Authors: Gordeeva Olga B. , Scobbie James M.
Published: November 2013

This paper presents impressionistic, electroglottographic and acoustic data exploring the distribution of glottalic and pulmonic airstream in word-final Scottish English obstruents. We explore the relationship between these airstream mechanisms and aspirated or glottalised phonatory settings of individual speakers near this obstruent locus. We address the hypothesis that the tendency for pre-stop glottalisation found in some British English varieties can explain the occurrence of glottalically-released stops. This hypothesis suggests that ejectives would appear as an occasional artefact of mistimed glottalisation. We also investigate whether a glottalic airstream acts as a potential contrast enhancement mechanism, through association with /−voice/ as opposed to /+voice/ stops. We show that glottalisation and aspiration can readily co-occur in the same speaker, and that local phonatory setting (with glottalised or aspirated articulation) can be consistently used as a secondary correlate of obstruent /−voice/, in the context of stops and fricatives respectively. The results show that although glottalisation as a secondary correlate of /−voice/ stops often co-occurs with an ejective release, they are not necessarily bound together. These results argue against a simple epiphenomenal explanation for the appearance of ejective stops in English, while also showing that they are not (yet) a systematic phonological enhancement in this variety.
Clicking behavior as a possible speaker discriminant in English
Authors: Gold Erica , French Peter , Harrison Philip
Published: November 2013

This study examines the potential of frequency of clicking (the production of velaric ingressive stops) as a possible basis for discriminating among speakers of English by forensic phoneticians. From analyses of clicking behavior among 100 young male speakers of Standard Southern British English (SSBE) recorded in two interactional tasks, it concludes that, contrary to the view of some forensic practitioners, the majority of speakers – of this language variety at least – do not vary sufficiently from one another in their rates of clicking for this feature to serve as a reliable discriminator. Further, speakers are generally not stable in their clicking behavior, either within or across interactions, and their rates of clicking may vary through accommodation to the click rates of their interlocutors. In view of these findings, it is suggested that the mere comparison of clicking rates across questioned and known recordings is unlikely to be of assistance to forensic phoneticians in the majority of forensic speaker comparison cases.
In Memoriam: John Richard Baldwin (1935–2013)
Authors: Ashby Michael
Published: November 2013

John Baldwin, a former member of the UCL Phonetics Department, died on 14 April 2013, at the age of 77, after a long illness. He was a member of the IPA Council in 1984–1990 and served for a time as Treasurer.
Femtosecond laser induced forward transfer of indium thin films
Authors: Thomas John , Bernard Rodney , Thomas John T. , Alti Kamlesh , Chidangil Santhosh , Kumari Satchi , Khare Alika , Mathur Deepak
Published: November 2013

We report utilization of the laser induced forward transfer technique to re-deposit indium thin films onto the accepter substrate using nJ laser pulses from a femtosecond laser oscillator. Keeping the accepter substrate stationary enables dots of Indium to be deposited; in contrast, linear motion of the accepter substrate facilitates deposition of lines of Indium. The effect of laser pulse energy on the deposition process is studied. The effect of translation speed of donor substrate on the laser induced forward transfer pattern is also probed and an upper limit of translation speed is established beyond which smearing is observed to occur.
The Alchemy of Rasa in the Performer–Spectator Interaction
Authors: Cooper Scheherazaad
Published: November 2013

Born from its usage in the Natyasastra, rasa, as both concept and experience, is notoriously difficult to define. As an experience, rasa is generated within performance but cannot be contrived. However, the conditions for its coming into being can be prepared for by both practitioner and spectator, who generate rasa together within the performance. Rooted in a deeply specific cultural context, rasa is the Indian classical contribution to the particular area of performance studies research that seeks to explore and discuss the ineffable experience of the spectator in performance. However, the concept gains traction in the understanding of and engagement with its cultural specificity, and therefore serves as a poignant example of how cultural specificity is a way through cultural barriers in performance. Scheherazaad Cooper has recently completed her PhD in practice-as-research at Goldsmiths, University of London, focusing on the contemporary Odissi Indian classical dance practitioner's cultivation of access points in performance. This article is developed from the research undertaken for her doctoral thesis, inspired and informed by Maria Shevtsova's work in the sociology of theatre and performance.
Envisioning Nagasaki: from ‘atomic wasteland’ to ‘international cultural city’, 1945–1950
Authors: DIEHL CHAD R.
Published: November 2013

This article looks at the first five years of reconstruction in Nagasaki City after the atomic bombing of 9 August 1945, elucidating how the municipal vision of reconstruction shaped the city's post-war urban identity, especially in comparison to Hiroshima. From early on, city officials envisioned the future of Nagasaki as a restored ‘international cultural city’, not solely as a centre of atomic memory, while Hiroshima made the atomic experience the centre of its urban identity. This article seeks to revive Nagasaki as a subject of historical inquiry in order to balance scholarly, as well as popular, literature on the bombings, which has favoured Hiroshima for nearly seven decades. In short, the story of Nagasaki sheds a different light on bombing and aftermath, not only in comparison with Hiroshima but with other cities that have suffered mass destruction and the course of their subsequent reconstruction.
Dietary patterns and weight status associated with behavioural problems in young children
Authors: Oh Se-Young , Ahn Hyojin , Chang Namsoo , Kang Myung-Hee , V Oh Jiyoung
Published: November 2013

Objective

To investigate the associations of behavioural problems with dietary patterns and weight status in young children.

Design

We assessed poor social skills and behavioural problems with a seventy-six-item Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scale (PKBS) and found three dietary patterns (‘Korean healthy’, ‘animal foods’ and ‘sweets’) in food/food group intake data assessed by an FFQ and analysed using factor analysis. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to assess the association of diet and weight status with behaviour.

Setting

Pre-schools in the metropolitan areas of Korea.

Subjects

A total of 1458 children (mean age 5·2 (sd 0·9) years) from the Practical Approach for Better Maternal and Child Nutrition and Health Study conducted from 2001 to 2005.

Results

The ‘Korean healthy’ pattern showed a significant inverse association with poor social skills in the second highest quartile group (OR = 0·42; 95 % CI 0·21, 0·82) compared with the lowest quartile group for boys. For girls, the ‘sweets’ pattern was associated with a greater risk of poor social skills (OR = 3·41; 95 % CI 1·29, 9·01 at Q4 v. Q1) and problem behaviours (OR = 2·80; 95 % CI 1·05, 7·43 at Q4 v. Q1). Regarding weight status, both underweight and overweight boys had a higher risk of poor social skills than normal-weight boys.

Conclusions

Dietary patterns and weight status are important indicators for the behaviour of young children. Healthy and unhealthy dietary patterns, underweight and overweight status, and gender differences should thus be considered for further studies.
Effectiveness of multidisciplinary team conference on decision-making surrounding the application of continuous deep sedation for terminally ill cancer patients
Authors: Koike Kazuhiko , Terui Takeshi , Takahashi Yuji , Hirayama Yasuo , Mizukami Naomi , Yamakage Michiaki , Kato Junji , Ishitani Kunihiko
Published: November 2013

Objective:

Continuous deep sedation (CDS) is a way to reduce conscious experience of symptoms of severe suffering in terminally ill cancer patients. However, there is wide variation in the frequency of its reported. So we conducted a retrospective analysis to assess the prevalence and features of CDS in our palliative care unit (PCU).

Methods:

We performed a systemic retrospective analysis of the medical and nursing records of all 1581 cancer patients who died at the PCU at Higashi Sapporo Hospital between April 2005 and August 2011. Continuous deep sedation can only be administered safely and appropriately when a multidisciplinary team is involved in the decision-making process. Prior to administration of CDS, a multidisciplinary team conference (MDTC) was held with respect to all the patients considered for CDS by an attending physician. The main outcome measures were the frequency and characteristics of CDS (patient background, all target symptoms, medications used for sedation, duration, family's satisfaction, and distress). We mailed anonymous questionnaires to bereaved families in August 2011.

Results:

Of 1581 deceased patients, 22 (1.39%) had received CDS. Physical exhaustion 8 (36.4%), dyspnea 7 (31.8%), and pain 5 (22.7%) were the most frequently mentioned indications. Continuous deep sedation had a duration of less than 1 week in 17 (77.3%). Six patients (0.38%) did not meet the appropriate criteria for CDS according to the MDTC and so did not receive it. Although bereaved families were generally comfortable with the practice of CDS, some expressed a high level of emotional distress.

Significance of results:

Our results indicate that the prevalence of CDS will be decreased when it is carried out solely for appropriate indications. Continuity of teamwork, good coordination, exchange of information, and communication between the various care providers are essential. A lack of any of these may lead to inadequate assessment, information discrepancies, and unrest.
Experiences of time: A qualitative inquiry into experiences of time as described by palliative care inpatients
Authors: Robertson Matra
Published: November 2013

Objectives:

In palliative care, health professionals provide support and care for patients for the duration of the unknown time toward death. While the experiences of patients diagnosed with a life limiting illness in palliative care have received some scholarly attention, little research has explored these experiences as described by palliative inpatients themselves. The purpose of this article is to explore how patients describe their lived experiences of time while in a palliative inpatient facility.

Methods:

This study used a qualitative phenomenological method and nine inpatients were recruited. They were interviewed utilizing in-depth semi-structured interviews, which were audio taped and transcribed. These interview transcripts of their descriptions were the data sources for this inquiry. Their description is part of a broader phenomenological inquiry on the experience of living with a life limiting illness described by palliative inpatients. Data were analyzed to identify essential themes within and across cases.

Results:

Three essential themes were revealed: “brief time”; “waiting time,” and “transcendental horizon: future time.” These themes were not mutually exclusive and participant's experiences of time approaching death were described as a time of living toward death.

Significance of results:

The findings suggest that patients diagnosed with a life limiting illness have multi-dimensional experiences of time. Understanding the experiences of temporality for patients close to the gravity of death, from the patients' own words, can provide direction for patient informed interventions in clinical practice.