bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prediction of Organization in Free Recall from Reported Learning Strategy
Authors: Loeb Jane W. , De Nike L. Douglas
Published: September 2011

The effect of learning strategies on amount of clustering in recall of randomized categorized word lists was investigated. Significant correlations between the degree of Ss' repotted use of the categories in learning and clustering in recall were obtained for each of 3 lists. Instructions designed to interfere with the use of the categories as a learning strategy were ineffective in lessening clustering, in part because few Ss followed the instructions. An hypothesis that Ss who reported that they had been unaware of the categories would cluster less than aware Ss was not confirmed, in part because few Ss were unaware. These results were discussed as suggestive of what happens in similar experiments.
Comment on Dr. Pereboom's Comment
Authors: Ashida Sachio
Published: September 2011

A defense and further remarks are presented.
Birth Order and School Related Attitudes
Authors: McClure Robert F.
Published: September 2011

Birth order was used as a predictor of college attendance, academic performance, and conscious attitudes of 173 students. First borns attended college more than expected, but their grades were not better than those of later borns, not was birth order reflected in conscious attitudes toward academic or social interests.
Jesness Inventory and Self-Concept Measures for Delinquents before and after Participation in Outward Bound
Authors: Kelly Francis J. , Baer Daniel J.
Published: September 2011

The Jesness Inventory and 10 concept measures were administered to 60 male delinquents immediately before and after participation in an Outward Bound program. Significant changes were found on 6 Jesness Inventory Scales indicating more favorable social attitudes and evaluation of feelings. Significant improvements were also observed for the 3 concept measures “I am,” “I would like to be” and “Boys who don't get into trouble.” These results suggest that Outward Bound is a desirable short-term means of promoting positive change in the social attitude and self-concept of male delinquents.
Guilt in Moral Development: A Comparative Study
Authors: Peretti Peter O.
Published: September 2011

Questions have arisen during the last few years concerning the prevalent morals in the American society. People have been questioning the degree to which morals have been changing. The following investigation attempted to find out: (1) those areas which college students consider important in their moral considerations; (2) the extent to which such students will feel guilty when considering to engage in activities in these areas; and (3) any differences in pertinent classifications for youngsters reared or not reared in relatively strict Christian backgrounds. Results suggest 13 areas which tend to be important to the youth in moral considerations, differences in guilt feelings, and differences in responses relative to backgrounds.
Attribution of Hostile Intent in Literature
Authors: Nadel Barbara S. , Altrocchi John
Published: September 2011

This selective literary analysis is an attempt to gain insights from literature that may contribute to understanding what kinds of people attribute hostile intent to what kinds of other people under what conditions. In addition to re-emphasizing the importance of projection, hostility, envy, guilt and masochism in the attribution of hostile intent, this analysis also reaffirmed the importance of the relationship between attribution of hostile intent and the arousal of anger and other strong emotions; suggested the importance for attribution of hostile intent of the relative power of the attributor and the stimulus person and their degree of intimacy; and suggested that hostile intent tends to be attributed to a person who represents those positive qualities which are lacking in the attributor, to those who have made it up the social ladder, and to those who are viewed as representations of the devil. Finally, this analysis suggested that there are rare individuals who seem to be incapable of attributing hostile, intent to others, with tragic results for themselves. The authors thus speculate that the capacity to attribute hostile intent may be necessary for survival.
Simplified Computational Programming for Mixed Analysis-of-Variance Designs with Equal and Unequal Subclass Numbers
Authors: Becker Gilbert , Chebib Farouk
Published: September 2011

Factorial analysis-of-variance designs containing at least one factor with independent levels (assuming fixed effects) and at least one factor with correlated levels can be analyzed with computer programs for simple, n-way designs. The technique can be used in designs with unequal as well as with equal subclass numbers.
Beginning a Multidimensional Theory of Creativity
Authors: Chambers Jack A.
Published: September 2011

Creativity is defined as a multidimensional process of interaction between the organism and its environment which results in the emergence of new and unique products, the three main dimensions of creativity being level, field, and type. Within this definition 12 hypotheses are advanced to account for the what, why, and how of creativity. Theoretical contributions by Freud, Jung, Adler, Rank, the neo-Freudians, inter-personal theorists, trait theorists, and association theorists are considered and relevant research findings offered.
Rule Learning by Adolescents
Authors: Bruno Rachelle , Tedford W. H.
Published: September 2011

78 Ss from 12 to 14 yr. old were tested on three rules: Inclusive disjunction, Joint denial, and Conditional. Errors made in reaching criterion indicated that these rules form a hierarchy from least to most difficult in the stated order. There was no evidence of any proactive inhibition in learning a new rule after having learned a different one. Performance improved with practice even when a 24-hr. delay was inserted between problems.
Dependence of the Risky Shift on Instructions: A Replication
Authors: Willems Edwin P. , Clark Russell D.
Published: September 2011

An earlier study of group-induced shift toward risk was replicated by varying usual (risk-oriented) and neutral instructions orthogonally against 2 group conditions to induce shift toward risk. In agreement with the earlier study, (a) usual (risk-oriented) instructions produced a shift toward risk while neutral instructions did not and (b) the differential effect of experimental instructions was found to be located in the group process because “before” scores were unaffected.
Influence of Consecutive Small-Reward Trials and Intertrial Reinforcements in the Varied Magnitude of Reinforcement Experiment
Authors: Thomas James H. , Homzie M. J.
Published: September 2011

2 varied magnitude of reward instrumental runway studies with rats were conducted to ascertain whether the sequential variables, intertrial reinforcements and number of successive small magnitude of reward trials (S-length) would influence resistance to extinction (Rn) in a manner similar to that of comparable variables in the partial reinforcement (PR) situation. Exp. I indicated that S-length affects Rn in the same manner as the number of consecutive nonreinforced trials in the PR experiment. Contrary to the results of PR experiments, in Exps. I and II, the intertrial reinforcement procedure did not reduce Rn. The results of the two experiments indicate, however, that animals receiving identical goal events but differing in the sequence of such events exhibit differential Rn.
Risk Preferences as Related to Judged Consequences of Failure
Authors: Clark Russell D. , Willems Edwin P.
Published: September 2011

In order to explore why the most widely used measure of risk proneness (Choice-dilemmas Questionnaire) yields so much internal variation, its items were filled out in the usual manner and then in terms of how serious the consequences of failure would be in each case. Correlations between the usual risk recommendations, consequences of failure, and national norms for magnitude of risky shift suggested a positive relationship between risk preference and degree of shift toward risk, a negative relationship between seriousness of consequences of failure and risk preference, and a negative relationship between seriousness of consequences and degree of shift toward risk. The findings suggest empirical and theoretical specificity for the speculation that different items engage different values.
Reply to Dr. Harris' Comments on My Comments
Authors: Rapoport A.
Published: September 2011

More comment on the resolution of the paradox: meta-game—Prisoner's Dilemma game is presented.
Deriving a Personality Characteristic from Test-Taking Behavior
Authors: Creaser James W. , Little Ellis Beecher
Published: September 2011

Students were asked to indicate how sure they were of items on a test. Whether a student was under- or over-confident in the accuracy of his knowledge was determined by comparing the number of correct items with the degree of confidence expressed. A moderate consistency in this trait was found from one test to another.
Effects of Varying Amount of Reward in Free Operant Conditioning of Humans on a Fixed-Ratio Schedule
Authors: Webb James T. , Hirschfield Paul P.
Published: September 2011

38 Ss were divided into 4 groups, each group being placed on a 21:1 fixed-ratio schedule. Group I received an increase in magnitude of reward at a late stage of learning; Group II received a decrease in magnitude of reward at the same point in learning. Group III received an increase in reward-size at an early point in learning, while Group IV received a decrease in magnitude of reward at an early stage of learning. As predicted, shifts in reward significantly influenced running time in Groups III and IV but not in Groups I and II. These results are discussed as relevant to secondary reinforcement and learned expectancy.
Influence of Rehearsal on Serial-Position Effects in Immediate Free Recall
Authors: Sampson Jeffrey R
Published: September 2011

48 male Ss were presented 24 items, half as words and half as simple line drawings, with or without instructions to try to remember them. Ss given a learning set reported rehearsing items during stimulus presentation, while non-set Ss did not. Free recall performance showed a serial-position factor which interacted with the set-non-set condition; primacy was much stronger and recency somewhat weaker for the rehearsing (set) Ss. This result supports conjectures of other investigators concerning the effects of rehearsal on serial position phenomena.
Familiarity Scale Values for 420 Nouns in Twelve Combinations of Frequency of Occurrence and Conceptual Categorization
Authors: Bowen John H.
Published: September 2011

A category-scaling technique was used to obtain familiarity scale values for 420 nouns. The judges were instructed to base their ratings of familiarity on exposure frequency. The nouns were selected with random numbers from word pools of approximately equal sizes in the Thorndike-Lorge (T-L) source with control of word length and syllabification. 12 sets of words, with 35 words in each set, were scaled. The word sets were formed from words in three T-L frequency categories (.22 < 1, 1–4, and 5–100+ words per million) and four conceptual categories (names of animals, persons, occupations and articles of dress). Correlation coefficients which ranged from .68 to .95 were obtained between scale values having frequency-specific anchors and scale values with anchors which were not specific to the frequency categories. Indices of internal consistency show that empirical cumulative rating proportions were predicted from normal-theory cumulative proportions with an average error of .016.
Communicator Discrepancy, Measurement Delay, and Influence
Authors: Saiyadain Mirza S.
Published: September 2011

106 Ss made judgments of numerosity after they were exposed to the judgments of male confederates. There was a curvilinear relationship between communication discrepancy and immediately measured opinion change. The prediction that with delayed measurement retention of the changed opinion would dissipate over time was not significantly supported. A significant linear trend interacted with the curvilinear trend in the immediate measurement condition. These results were interpreted as being consistent with the sleeper-effect phenomenon.
One-Trial Conditioning in Rats with No Apparatus Familiarization before Training
Authors: Fried P. A.
Published: September 2011

A relatively weak, unlearned “step-out” response was used to demonstrate reliable one-trial avoidance conditioning in tats without the typical pretraining apparatus familiarization. Approximately 90% of the experimental animals increased their response latency by at least 1,000% on retention trials given 10 min. and/or 24 hr. after the training trial.
Manual for Alcoholic Scales of the Inventory of Habits and Attitudes (IHA)
Authors: Haertzen C. A. , Monroe J. J. , Hill H. E. , Hooks N. T.
Published: September 2011

Scales designed to show individual differences in alcoholics and differences between alcoholics and other groups were developed by factor analytic and empirical methods using personaliry, demographic, and alcohol experience items from the Inventory of Habits and Attitudes (IHA). IHA was constructed by Monroe and Hill as a matched form of their Personal Inventory (PI). PI was designed to measure characteristics of opiate addicts, especially Acceptability for Psychotherapy (AP). Several studies have indicated the utility of AP. A Language of Addiction and General Alcoholic Scale differentiated alcoholics from opiate addicts, mentally ill, and normal Ss by 3 SDs. The factor strucrure of scales was similar in boch alcoholics and nonalcoholics.
Primary and Secondary Male Characteristics: The Hairiness and Large Penis Stereotypes
Authors: Verinis J. S. , Roll S.
Published: September 2011

36 male and 24 female college students were shown slides of a hairy arm, an arm without hair, a hairy chest, a chest without hair, a large penis and a small penis. They were asked to rate the slides on various adjective scales. The hairy arm and, to some degree, the hairy chest were rated as more potent and more active than their hairless counterparts and the large penis was rated as more potent than the small penis. These results were replicated for a smaller group.
Interactive Effects of Shock, Insulin, and Food Pellet Properties on Operant Behavior
Authors: Vitulli William F.
Published: September 2011

Rats were trained on multiple and concurrent schedules of reinforcement to assess the interactive effects of shock, insulin, and food pellet properties. The intensities of shock were .4 ma. and .8 ma. The temporal intervals between pellet occurrence and shock onset were .0, .5, 1.0, and 2.0 sec. The doses of insulin were 4, 12, 20, and 28 units. The types of pellets were Noyes sucrose and Noyes standard. The effects of the parameters or these variables were studied in comparison to the steady state behavior of Ss under the multiple and concurrent schedules. Rates of responding changed systematically as a function of shock and pellet type. Insulin produced considerable variation in responding.
Effects of 6-Fluoro-N, N-Diethyltryptamine (6-FDET) on Selected Rat Behaviors
Authors: Jackson Donald E.
Published: September 2011

6-FDET has been shown to produce the autonomic symptoms and mood changes characteristic of hallucinogens, but not perceptual and thinking disturbances. Hence it has been tested as an active placebo in clinical studies. In the absence of behavioral information about this drug, several studies were run to assess its effect on certain rat behaviors. It was found that 6-FDET exerts a fast-acting, relatively short-lived inhibitory effect on drinking and water-motivated behaviors. No evidence was found to indicate that 6-FDET affects acquisition of conditioned suppression.
Partial Redundancy and Cue Selection
Authors: Berry Franklin M. , Baumeister Alfred A.
Published: September 2011

Normal children learned either “easy” or “hard” paired-associates (PA) with or without partially relevant colored backgrounds. The partially redundant conditons (trigram and partially relevant color-cue) produced far more confusion errors at either level of trigram difficulty. Normal children apparently utilized the colors for response evocation even though such a strategy could not lead to total-list learning.
Preliminary Study of Behavioral and Teratogenic Effects of Two “Stress” Procedures Administered during Different Periods of Gestation in the Rat
Authors: Hutchings Donald E. , Gibbon John
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the teratogenicity of prenatal maternal stress in the rat as well as the emotional effects produced in the offspring. To derermine whether the magnitude of these effects or the direction of emotional change in the offspring depends on differences in the severity of the maternal treatments or the period in gestation when they are administered, animals were either “handled” or exposed to shock-escape during the 2nd or 3rd week only of gestation. Both treatments were equally effective in lowering the emotionality of the offspring irrespective of the period in gestation when treatments were administered. No appreciable teratogenic effects were produced by either treatment.
Manifest Anxiety as Related to Perceived Similarity to Peers
Authors: Ward William D. , Day Charles R.
Published: September 2011

80 college students were involved in testing the hypotheses that peer identification would be negatively associated with adjustment and that peer identification would be more important to the adjustment of the females than to the adjustment of the males. Perceived similarity to a peer (PSP) was measured with the Role Construct Repertory Test, and the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale was the adjustment index. A 2 × 2 factorial design, sex by PSP, with MAS scores as the dependent variable, was used. High PSP Ss differed significantly from low PSP Ss ( p < .001), and the main effect for sex and the sex by PSP interaction were not significant. Cell comparisons, however, suggested that the males were more responsible for the main effect than the females were. The first hypothesis was clearly supported, and the trend opposite to the second hypothesis was noted.
Authoritarianism, Creativity, and other Correlates of the Famous Sayings Test
Authors: Eisenman Russell , Platt Jerome J.
Published: September 2011

The four subscales of Bass's Famous Sayings test were compared with brief measures of authoritarianism, creativity, extraversion, response acquiescence, and moral judgments in mitigating circumstances. Intercorrelations among the subscales of Bass's test were similar to those obtained by Vidulich and Bass (1960), while correlations with the other personality tests showed several significant relationships consistent with expectations. In this sample of college students ( N = 59) hostility correlated significantly with both authoritarianism (.26) and creativity (.40).
Avoidance Learning as a Function of CS Quality and CS Termination on Escape Trials
Authors: Bolles Robert C. , Hargrave George E. , Grossen Neal E.
Published: September 2011

Rats were trained in a shuttle box with 1 of 5 CSs and with either immediate or delayed CS termination on escape trials. An avoidance response always produced immediate CS termination. Differences among CSs were found, but with all CSs there was a decrement under the delay condition. This decrement is explained on the basis that CS termination serves as a reinforcing safety signal, and the safety signal is more effective when it is response contingent.
Prediction of Rehospitalization of Family-Care Patients Using the MMPI
Authors: Johnson George R. , Martin Patrick L. , Vogler Roger E.
Published: September 2011

Peterson's scale, derived from the MMPI, was not predictive of rehospitalization for 40 schizophrenic patients preparing to leave the hospital.
Relation of Expressed Attitudes to Improvement in Functional Psychotics
Authors: Levlne David , Wittenborn J. Richard
Published: September 2011

The attitudes of a sample of 120 mental hospital patients toward themselves, their future, their symptoms and their hospitalization were correlated with 6 measures of improvement. It was found that the attitudes expressed by the patients were relevant for predicting the outcome of their mental disorder.
Effect of Time-Out from Positive Reinforcement on Aggressive Behavior in Young Children
Authors: Gentry William D.
Published: September 2011

The effect of time-out from positive reinforcement on aggressive behavior was explored in 5-yr.-olds, 6 boys and 10 girls. Instrumental aggressive and nonaggressive doll-play were observed prior to and immediately following rime-out from CRF token reinforcement. The results indicated that, while time-out from positive reinforcement was not an effective antecedent of aggressive behavior for children in general, it did produce a notable increase in the over-all activity level of females. The fact that girls, and not boys, were aroused by the time-out procedure was discussed in terms of the relationship between activity-related cue properties of the doll-play apparatus and the normal activity of 5-yr.-old girls.
Paired-Associate Analogue of Language Learning: Role of Reinforcement, Repetition, and Number of Rule Instances
Authors: Fletcher Faye M. , Etaugh Claire F. , Reid Larry D.
Published: September 2011

Adults learned 25 paired associates, forming a 5 by 5 matrix, in which the stimuli were 2-digit numbers and the responses were 2-letter pairs; 23 pairs (“regulars”) followed matrix rules; 2 pairs (“irregulars”) did not. on study trials, Ss were presented 21 regular pairs once and 2 irregular pairs twice; test trials were with all 25 stimuli. Ss learned the pairs more rapidly than those in a similar study which used fewer pairs and a smaller matrix. Ss receiving verbal reinforcement for correct responses on test trials performed no better than Ss not reinforced. Ss receiving both verbal reinforcement and repetition of correct responses on test trials learned fastest. Performance on irregular pairs was initially better than on regular pairs. Errors on the irregulars involved generalization of regular responses.
Contribution of the Rorschach to Description of Personality Structure Defined by Several Objective Tests
Authors: Jones Kenneth J. , Jones Priscilla P.
Published: September 2011

A randomly selected sample of 178 male high school juniors were administered the California Test of Mental Maturity, the Kuder Preference Record, the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey and the standard Rorschach. The 4 batteries of scores were analyzed using Horst's method of canonical correlation over several sets of measures. The data yielded four profiles of scores interpreted as those of class leader, introvert, debater, and athlete. In general, the Rorschach did not seem to overlap to a large extent with the three objective tests; however, its profiles were not inconsistent with the other batteries.
Note on Prejudice and Personality
Authors: Serum Camella S. , Myers David G.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between prejudice and personality was examined in a sample of 101 high school Ss. Contrary to prediction, no significant correlation of prejudice with repression (.18) or anxiety (.05) scores was observed.
Reliability of a Composite in the Case of Ranked Data
Authors: Silverstein A. B.
Published: September 2011

Formulas are derived for the reliability of a composite in the case of ranked data, making use of the special formulas for the mean, variance, and correlation coefficient that are available in this case. The formulas derived are actually identities, differing not in the answers they give but in certain statistics which the investigator may prefer to use.
Operant Conditioning of Virginia Opossum
Authors: Cone A. L. , Cone Donna M.
Published: September 2011

Laboratory-raised Virginia opossum have been found to readily acquire a lever-press response for water reinforcement. Fixed ratio behavior is comparable to that observed in other species. Fixed interval behavior, however, tends to move fairly rapidly toward an economical response style in which very few responses are emitted per reinforcement. Neither introduction of limited hold procedures nor lengthening of the deprivation schedule had any effect upon the FI responding.
Operant Conditioning of Spoken Phonemes /S/ and /Z/ and Awareness
Authors: Dixon Paul W. , Hammond Sharon
Published: September 2011

Four groups of 15 Ss each selected 1 of 2 nouns and gave its plural when it was presented on a 3- × 5-in. index card. Each S was then given a post-conditioning interview. 15 Ss were reinforced by the word “good” for choosing nouns whose plurals were formed by adding the voiced alveolar fricative /z/. 15 were reinforced for choosing plurals formed by adding the unvoiced alveolar fricative /s/. The other two groups were used as /s/ and /z/ controls. Both reinforced groups showed significant conditioning effects when compared with their controls with no significant interaction between reinforcement and phoneme response class. Ss showed a preference for /z/ as compared to /s/ plurals at a statistically significant level. A comparison of conditioning scores for those who were aware of the reinforcement “good” and also those who were not aware of any reinforcement was made with those who were aware of a correlated or correct reinforcement response contingency. Greater awareness produced significantly greater conditioning, indicating that conditioning effects are related to a post-conditioning interview even in a reinforcement response contingency which is not easily discriminable.
Effect of Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict on Startle Magnitude
Authors: Bachmann Rudolph F. , Armus Harvard L.
Published: September 2011

The present study was conducted to test the hypothesis that conflict increases the magnitude of the startle response. Animals were trained to enter a dark goal box to avoid electric shock. 10 animals reached criterion performance of 16 consecutive correct goal-box choices and were then tested for startle under conflict and con-conflict conditions over 3 test days. The results supported the hypothesis that conflict increases the magnitude of the startle response. An analysis in terms of conflict increasing the drive level was offered, along with an alternative analysis based on the possibility that drive was increased by fear.
A Social Attitude Scale: Evidence on Reliability and Validity
Authors: Kerlinger Fred N.
Published: September 2011

A social attitude scale was administered to samples in 4 states. Item and factor analyses indicated that the scale's 2 subscales, liberalism and conservatism, are reliable and valid measures which appear to be relatively orthogonal dimensions of general social attitudes.
Adler's Theory of Birth Order
Authors: Greene Roger L. , Clark John R.
Published: September 2011

Adler's theory of birth order was investigated as a preliminary step to using this theory as a model to integrate the vast amount of empirical research on birth order. The present study employed two different methods of analyzing the effect of ordinal birth position on personality in a college population. Adler's hypothesis that the birth of a sibling has a more profound effect on personality if it occurs within a range of 3 yr. of his own birth was not supported in the present study. The consideration of ordinal birth position irrespective of age difference appears to be a more productive approach in this type of research. Regardless of the approach utilized, Adler's theory of the effect of ordinal position on personality variables was not supported.
Influence of Dyadic Interaction on Creative Functioning
Authors: Torrance E. Paul
Published: September 2011

Two experiments, one with college students and the other with 5-yr.-old children as Ss, were conducted to test the hypothesis that dyadic interaction will facilitate the production of original ideas among individuals. 20 college Ss were administered 4 tasks from the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking under standard conditions; 20 others randomly assigned to dyads from the same population were tested under the same conditions except that they were encouraged to hitchhike on one another's ideas but forbidden to repeat an idea produced by the other. Similarly, 24 5-yr.-olds were tested alone and 22 of their randomly selected classmates were tested in dyads. Results indicate that dyadic interaction facilitated originality of thinking but the differences are stronger for the college students than for the 5-yr.-olds.
Effect of Instructions and Internal-External Control of Reinforcement on a Conditioned Finger-Withdrawal Response
Authors: Rothschild Bertram H. , Horowitz Irwin A.
Published: September 2011

The hypotheses that demand characteristics and personality affect the acquisition of a conditioned avoidance response were investigated. Ss were put into a buzzer-shock-finger withdrawal situation and then given Rotter's I-E scale. All Ss were told that they would receive a shock. Half of them were also instructed to avoid it. Significantly fewer of the uninstructed group learned the avoidance response. Of the instructed group, those Ss who acquired the response had higher I-E scores. External Ss made proportionately fewer CRs during acquisition and required more trials to extinction than the Internal Ss. The study suggests that human avoidance conditioning depends upon S's personality and the demand characteristics of the situation.
Psychology of the Scientist: Xxix. Consider This: A Psycholiterary Study of Walden Two
Authors: Kirchner John H.
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to explore the humanistic aspects of B. F. Skinner mainly through his literary efforts. It is the major contention of this paper that Walden Two represents two facets of Skinner's personality and was intended as such. Parallels between the novel and Skinner's other works are drawn.
The Activity Record: A Measure of Social Isolation-Involvement
Authors: Sachson Angela D. , Rappoport Leon , Sinnett E. Robert
Published: September 2011

An interview schedule, the Activity Record (AR), was developed to provide measures of social isolation-involvement. The AR differentiates normal and abnormal Ss and relates to personality variables such as MMPI Si and sociometric variables. It defines and loads heavily on an introversion-extraversion factor. Its ease of administration, reliability, and validity make it a suitable alternative where direct observation is not desirable or feasible, and it can be used where E is not studying all members of a closed group such as is required with sociometry.
Recall of Words of High and Low Familiarity in Mixed and Unmixed Lists
Authors: Corteen Raymond S.
Published: September 2011

In an experiment on the effect of changes in familiarity on the free recall of words, it was found that unfamiliar words are recalled relatively more frequently when presented in mixed lists of familiar and unfamiliar words than when they are presented in unmixed lists. A simple information processing model initially suggested to explain this phenomenon is not confirmed by all of the results.
Relationship between the Qt and the Wais
Authors: Davis William E. , Dizzonne Michael F.
Published: September 2011

Quick Test IQs (combination form) correlated highly with WAIS Full Scale IQ for 43 neuropsychiatric inpatients. A significantly higher relationship was found between WAIS Verbal IQ and QT scores than between WAIS Performance IQ and QT scores. The results were interpreted as supporting the position that the QT is a good estimate of intelligence which is highly resistant to the reduction in performance on some intelligence test tasks often associated with psychopathology.
Systematic Strategies and Transfer Effects with Mixed- and Unmixed-List Designs
Authors: Johnson G. J.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated performance on AB-AB' and AB-ABr paradigm items under mixed list (ML) and unmixed list (UL) conditions. In ML 2 different subsets of second-list items each represented a different type of paradigm, while in UL second-list pairs were homogeneous with respect to type of paradigm. 4 groups of 24 Ss each learned 2 lists of 2-syllable adjectives. First-list items were arranged so as to provide AB-AB' UL, AB-ABr UL and 2 ML conditions. Number of correct responses and trials to criterion measures showed markedly superior performance on AB-ABr items under ML. Early training performance was significantly better for AB-AB' pairs under UL than under ML. The results were viewed as inconsistent with predictions based on a priori assumptions concerning the use of cognitive mediational strategies in transfer tasks. The possible influence of intralist associative factors in ML vs UL transfer effects was discussed.
On Measuring a Complex Attitude: The Construct Validity of an Attitude-Toward-Psychology Scale
Authors: Steininger Marion P.
Published: September 2011

Responses to an attitude-toward-psychology scale became more favorable during a 1-yr. introductory course, with greater change for “fact” than “opinion” items. Thus, responses may reflect both “favorability toward psychology” and “critical thinking about psychology,” but these constructs are confounded in the scale. An open-ended format may better depict the attitudinal complexity developed during the course.
A Denotative Dimension of Meaning for the Mentally Ill-Healthy Role in Society
Authors: Noe Francis P.
Published: September 2011

The problem of measuring meaning continues to present conceptual and methodological difficulty in research. In most cases, attitudinal or connotative meanings are elicited from social objects particularly role sets, cultural groups or specialized aggregates. But in some cases, the scaling of a denotative object like a role set would have desirable advantages. For the mentally ill-healthy role set, this could mean avoiding stereotypic responses provided the scales were sufficiently projective. To exploit this possibility, a differential scale representing the ill-healthy roles was tested under various conditions of control. The findings suggest that the ill-healthy items adequately scale and distinguish between the concept criteria. A further theoretical implication was tested, showing that the mentally ill-healthy roles were not significantly different when compared to the evaluational dimension of the semantic differential implying that legitimacy (tendency to sanction) is the central focus of meaning for this dyadic structure.
Interpersonal Trust and Delinquency: A Reply to Rotter
Authors: Fitzgerald B. J. , Pasewark R. A. , Noah S.
Published: September 2011

Rotter's comments on the validity of his Interpersonal Trust Scale are discussed in terms of: the validity of the scale with incarcerated delinquents, alternative hypotheses of social class and situational factors to explain our negative results, and the need for further studies before the Interpersonal Trust Scale can be accepted as a measure of interpersonal trust.
Counterbalancing and Fakability of the Gordon Personal Inventory and Profile
Authors: Schwab Donald P.
Published: September 2011

Studies designed to investigate the impact of order of administration on the observed fakability of the GPI and GPP were conducted on two groups of upper-division college Ss. When honest preceded fake instructions, 6 of 8 tests (mean differences between honest and fake administrations) were statistically significant. When fake instructions were administered first, only three of the eight differences were statistically significant. Implications of the findings for previous fakability studies which have not controlled for order of administration were discussed.
Indices of the Adequacy of Factor Extraction Suggesting a General Function in Factor Analysis
Authors: Fritz Kentner V.
Published: September 2011

In a systematic study of factor-extraction-termination criteria, computer generated data were arranged in matrices having 4, 8, and 16 “true” factors with 16, 32, and 48 variables for sample sizes of 50, 100, 200, and 500. Four graphical methods of data treatment involving residuals, factor loadings, number of variables, and sample sizes gave results of such regularity as to suggest the possibility of a mathematical approach to factor extraction termination.
Behavioral Correlates of the Acl Heterosexual Scale
Authors: Von Singer Ron , Pederson M. Gordon
Published: September 2011

This study attempts to find specific behaviors which relate to high and low scores (± 1½ SD) on the heterosexual scale of the Adjective Check List. The Gough Adjective Check List and a structured telephone survey of 23 questions were administered to 36 male Liberal Arts freshmen. This survey yielded a number of obvious, as well as some surprising, significant behavioral differences between the two groups. The high group's behavior tended to be more assertive, more involved in formal dating practices, and generally more mature.
16 Pf Correlates of Sensation-Seeking
Authors: Gorman Bernard S.
Published: September 2011

A group of 64 undergraduates (39 women, 25 men) was given Zuckerman's Sensation-Seeking Scale and Cattell's 16 PF. High sensation-seekers were characterized by greater dominance, surgency, adventurousness, suspicion, and bohemian unconcernedness and by less shrewdness and self-sentiment control than low sensation-seekers. This pattern was more pronounced for women than men. The relationship of this constellation to psychopathy was discussed.
Internal Consistency of Verbal Response Classes
Authors: Conger Judith Cohen , Conger Anthony J.
Published: September 2011

The traditional determination of adequacy of measurement in verbal conditioning studies is questioned. Reliance on the single criterion of inter-rater reliability ignores other critical aspects of the typical study, namely, the internal consistency of response classes and problems intrinsic to derived scores. Illustrative data are presented in which inter-rater reliabilities are quite respectable but the typical significance test for experimental effects would be applied to a measure that contained little non-error variance because of low internal consistency. In such a case, experimental effects could not be detected.
Drugs: Personality:: Personality: Drugs
Authors: Aaronson Bernard S.
Published: September 2011

The concepts, drug and personality, are conceptually similar, fulfill similar functions, and are defined by similar operations in their respective domains. Usual studies of drug-personality interaction imply mind-body dualism. A monistic concept is set forth and some implications of extending methods from personality psychology to pharmacology and from pharmacology to personality psychology are set forth.
The College Classroom: Models of Education—Techniques for Change
Authors: Fiebert Martin S.
Published: September 2011

The examination of the three models of education considered here as well as the ideas of Farber and McLuhan can clarify some basic problems facing educators and students. While I have possibly ignored some practical issues, I have assumed that creative and courageous changes by individual instructors in their classrooms can result in a more meaningful learning environment, one which leads to increased satisfaction for teacher and learner and where greater role flexibilities can result in more accurate personal perception and acceptance. Such changes could contribute to the modification of existing institutions.
Religious Preference, Practice, and Personal Sexual Attitudes and Behavior
Authors: Sutker Patricia B. , Sutker Louis W. , Kilpatrick Dean G.
Published: September 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of religious affiliation and religiosity upon reported sexual attitudes and behavior in the South. A Sexual Attitude Survey (SAS) was administered to 509 undergraduate students, divided into Catholics, Protestants, Jews, and nonbelievers and further classified by frequency of monthly church attendance. Results indicated that college men are more sexually liberal than college women regardless of religious preference or religiosity, that sexual liberality decreases with increased frequency of church attendance, and that in general nonbelievers report more liberal sexual attitudes and behavior than Catholics, Protestants, and Jews.
Note on the Use of the Slosson Intelligence Test with Mentally Retarded Residents
Authors: Carlisle A. Lindsay , Shinedling Martin M. , Weaver Richard
Published: September 2011

The Slosson Intelligence Test (SIT) was given to 122 male and female profoundly and severely mentally retarded residents of an institution who had previously been given a Stanford-Binet, Kuhlmann Extension of the Binet Test or Kuhlmann Test of Mental Development. A correlation of .91 was found between scores on the SIT and the Kuhlmann, indicating the SIT as a useful test to use with severely retarded persons.
Factor Analytical Study of Tests of Anxiety
Authors: Hundal P. S. , Singh Agyajit , Singh Mohinder
Published: September 2011

200 male students were administered Taylor's MAS, N-Scale of MPI, Cattell's ASQ, Sinha's Anxiety Scale and Dutt's Anxiety Questionnaire. Two indices of academic achievement and three measures of physique were also noted. Data were processed by principal axis method of factor analysis. Four factors were extracted and interpreted.
Integration and Scholastic Performance: A Pilot Study of Chicago Public High School Graduates Attending the University of Illinois, Chicago
Authors: Little Ellis , Nowell Gadis
Published: September 2011

Grade point averages of 897 white university students representing 25 public high schools in Chicago were examined. Socioeconomic status and individual ability were taken into consideration. A comparison was then made of the scholastic performance of white students who attended integrated high schools and that of white students who attended white-segregated high schools. With no refinement as to ability or socioeconomic status, white students from integrated high schools performed as well as white students who attended white-segregated high schools. However, when the above average ability—above average socioeconomic status groups—are compared, the findings are barely significant (if P = .05). This leaves open the question of whether there may be some slight suppression of achievement associated with attendance at an integrated high school. More research is necessary before definite conclusions can be teached.
Religious Correlates of Death Anxiety
Authors: Templer Donald I. , Dotson Elsie
Published: September 2011

No significant relationships between Death Anxiety Scale score of 213 college students and several variables of religious affiliation, belief, and activity were obtained. The apparent absence of any such relationship was explained in terms of religion having a quite limited effect upon the attitudes and behavior of most college students in our society.
Note on Wais Vocabulary Performance by Young and Old Adults
Authors: Looft William R.
Published: September 2011

An analysis of the WAIS Vocabulary performance of 56 young adults ( Mage about 19 yr.) and 39 old adults ( Mage about 77 yr.), equated for educational level, showed that the average performance of the younger group was significantly higher. An examination of the responses of the two age groups to specific items suggested generational change in the degrees of understanding and the kinds of referents for several words.
Connotative Similarity of Remote Associates Test Items as a Function of Their Cultural Availability
Authors: Hood Ralph W. , Ginsburg G. P.
Published: September 2011

The connotative similarity of Remote Associates Test (RAT) items as a function of their cultural availability was investigated. It was demonstrated that RAT items whose correct answers are readily available in the culture as associative responses to the stimulus terms comprising their respective RAT items are more connotatively dissimilar than RAT items whose correct responses are not so readily available. The implication that the RAT is a heterogeneous instrument requiring a variety of cognitive processes was briefly discussed.
Test of Relationship between Yeasaying and Social Desirability
Authors: Greenwald Herbert J. , Clausen John D.
Published: September 2011

Possible overlap in previous measures testing the independence of yeasaying and social desirability responding prompted a test with separate measures. As in previous studies, no relationship was found; the present measure of yeasaying—number of agreements to 20 “non-discriminating” items—did not correlate with either the positively or negatively keyed items of the Crowne-Marlowe Social Desirability Scale.
Socio-Economic Status and Post-Trauma Intelligence in Children with Severe Head Injuries
Authors: Woo-Sam James , Zimmerman Irla Lee , Brink Joyce D. , Uyehara Katherine , Miller Allan R.
Published: September 2011

Study of 46 severely head-injured children suggests that the degree of intellectual recovery post-trauma is best predicted by the age at injury. These younger children generally fared less well than older children. However, socio-economic affiliation also was a determining factor. The majority of younger children were from the lower socio-economic class and proportionately more younger than older children of lower-class affiliation functioned at the subnormal level. In contrast, for the middle-class group proportionally as many younger as older children functioned at the subnormal level.
Effects of Response Cost and Reinforcement Magnitude on Performance on Programmed Materials
Authors: Berman Mark Laurence
Published: September 2011

Response cost and reinforcement were systematically manipulated over a range of values in order to assess effects on performance on programmed materials. Performance was found not to be related in a direct manner to reinforcement magnitude. Citing several previous studies it is noted that Ss prefer to do accurate, rather than simply rapid, work.
Rationale for Confidence-Scored Multiple-Choice Tests
Authors: Rippey Robert M.
Published: September 2011

A system for responding to and scoring multiple-choice tests is proposed. This system asks students to express their distribution of preference for options as well as their certainty in that distribution. Such a system of scoring allows the use of types of test items which have previously been ignored.
Epinephrine and Nor-Epinephrine Effects on Social Dominance Behavior
Authors: Lawrence Carl W. , Haynes Jack R.
Published: September 2011

Effects of epinephrine and nor-epinephrine on social dominance behavior in 24 male C57BL/6J mice were investigated. The social dominance hierarchy was created by placing pairs of Ss in a linear maze. The only way S could get to the goal box was by pushing the opposing S out. The dominant S pushed the submissive S out of the maze. After the dominance hierarchy was established, each S was placed in the dominance situation under each of the drug conditions, epinephrine and nor-epinephrine. The results showed that all conditions were significantly different from each other, with the greatest amount of dominance behavior being shown under nor-epinephrine and the greatest submissive behavior under epinephrine. It was concluded that epinephrine and nor-epinephrine may have differential effects on social dominance behavior.
Leveling-Sharpening: Its Relation to Repression-Sensitization and Memory
Authors: Lewinsohn Peter M. , Flippo Joseph R. , Bergquist William H.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this investigation was to study the relationships between leveling-sharpening and (a) repression-sensitization and (b) shortand long-term memory. Two separate measures of repression-sensitization, the Byrne R-S Scale and the Rorschach Index of Repressive Style, were used. Repression-sensitization and leveling-sharpening were not related nor was the hypothesized relationship between leveling-sharpening and memory obtained.