bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Classification of Karst Springs For Flash Flood-Prone Areas in Western Turkey
Authors: Demiroglu M.
Published: January 2016

Abstract. Flash floods are the result of very intensive rainfall events and karst plays an important role in flash floods. A study, using a hydrogeochemical approach, assessing data from several springs of different carbonate rocks in Western Turkey was made to classify karst aquifers' response to heavy rain events. Physicochemical measurements in wet and dry seasons and discharge rates were compared in order to explain aquifer characteristics. The groundwaters have pH values ranging from 6.3 to 8.9, temperatures (T) vary from 7 to 35 °C, and electrical conductivity (EC) values go from 140 to 998 μS cm/S. The groups that have high EC, high T, and low dissolved oxygen (DO) values represent the deep circulating waters. Low EC, low T and high DO values represent the shallow circulating waters. Low variations of the measurements in both the wet and dry seasons reveal that fracture permeability is predominantly controlled by diffused groundwater flow with low or high storage and conduit permeability with high storage. High variations of the measurements show conduit permeability with low storage but high transfer capability is predominantly controlled by turbulent groundwater flow which effective in flash floods.
Trust and Social Commerce
Authors: Lee Julia Y.
Published: January 2016

Internet commerce has transformed the marketing of goods and services. The separation between point of sale and seller, and the presence of geographically dispersed sellers who do not engage in repeated transactions with the same customers challenge traditional mechanisms for building the trust required for commercial exchanges. In this changing environment, legal rules and institutions play a diminished role in building trust. Instead, new systems and methods are emerging to foster trust in one-shot commercial transactions in cyberspace.The Article focuses on the rise of “social commerce,” a socio-economic phenomenon centered on the use of social media and other modes of social connection in electronic commerce. It identifies three mechanisms that are central to the development of trust in social commerce: communication and voluntary disclosure; barriers to entry; and community policing. These mechanisms simulate the characteristics of closely-knit environments, creating conditions conducive to trust. The Article describes these mechanisms in four new commercial settings: the sharing economy; next generation electronic commerce; online escort services; and online black markets in credit cards and controlled substances.
Comparing the Effect of One-way versus Two-way Tasks on Iranian Intermediate EFL Learners’ Phrasal Verb Learning
Authors: Khodareza Mohammad Reza , Shabani Gholamhossein
Published: January 2016

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of one-way and two-way tasks, as two various techniques for teaching vocabulary, on Iranian intermediate EFL learners' phrasal verb learning. The participants in this study were sixty EFL learners majoring in TEFL, all of whom were in the second semester of academic year 2015. In order to establish a homogenized group, a test of proficiency titled CELT was administered to ninety sophomore students, and sixty were selected to serve the purpose of the study.  They were intermediate students with the age range within 18 to 29. After the administration of the proficiency test as the homogeneity, they were then divided into two equal comparison groups, either of whom comprised thirty participants: one-way task (OWT) and two-way task (TWT) groups. A pretest, comprising forty multiple-choice phrasal verbs, was administered to the both groups. Then both groups underwent twelve sessions of treatment (treatment for the TWT group, and placebo for the OWT group). The OWT group was taught phrasal verbs by means of one-way task, and the TWT group was taught vocabulary via two-way tasks as input. After the treatment period, the same version of phrasal verb test was administered to both groups as posttest to examine the effectiveness of the treatment. Both groups in this study were taught by the same researcher and through the same methodology. The data were analyzed through running paired-samples and independent samples t-tests, the outcome of which revealed that both the OWT group and the TWT group had vocabulary gains but the effect of two-way tasks on phrasal verbs learning was more salient than that of the one-way task group. The implications and recommendations were also presented.
Aviation Risk Management to Comparative Performance in Air China with American Airlines
Authors: Alnuaimi Qussay A. B. , Xia Xinping , Jawad Firas Aziz M.
Published: January 2016

This paper presents a model comparison between the Air China and American Airline. The aim of this study is to research on strong and weak points of these companies on the grounds. Both the countries are from in the continent of Asia and North America and the world. It also concentrates on the domestic and international aviation sector to comparative both Air China and American Airline with political and economic volatility. The sample of SWOT is used to test indexes and to measure volume of strengths and weakness to both the firms. The model represents one of the  tools of Aviation Risk Management to evaluate Air China through find all the elements of development and address the weaknesses and shortcomings of the Chinese aviation company in order to compete with the major international airlines.
Vrijheid van godsdienst en de grens tussen radicale en strafbare uitlatingen
Authors: Nieuwenhuis Aernout
Published: January 2016

Freedom of religion and the dividing line between the merely provocative and the definitely criminal public statement.

Certain radical public acts of expression, those which for instance incite hatred or recruit participants for armed conflict, are punishable under criminal law, even when these pronouncements are religiously motivated. This study examines which statements incur punishment, and the role freedom of religion and freedom of expression play when making this assessment.
Patrimonio minero y turismo de proximidad: explorando sinergias. El caso de Cardona
Authors: Llurdés Joan Carles , Diaz Soria Inmaculada , Romagosa Francesc
Published: January 2016

El número de experiencias de turismo de patrimonio minero en España ha experimentado un notable crecimiento durante los últimos años, contribuyendo con ello a revalorizar un recurso que ha conseguido hacerse un pequeño hueco en un contexto turístico cada vez más competitivo. Simultáneamente, también ha ido ganando aceptación el denominado turismo de proximidad, en la medida que favorece la revalorización del patrimonio local por la propia población. Partiendo de la idea de que ambas formas de turismo son complementarias, es muy lógico querer encontrar sinergias. El artículo analiza el caso concreto del Parque Cultural de la Montaña de Sal, en la antigua localidad minera de Cardona (Cataluña). Aunque con matices, los datos y el análisis realizado demuestran que Cardona ha ganado protagonismo en los últimos años en los ámbitos del turismo de patrimonio y de proximidad, con la consolidación de su oferta turística-minera.
Potencialidad de los espacios públicos abiertos para las relaciones intergeneracionales. Un estudio de caso en la ciudad de Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Canarias, España)
Authors: Delgado-Acosta Carmen-Rosa , Calero-Martín Carmen-Gloria , González-Bencomo Hermínia
Published: January 2016

El acelerado proceso de envejecimiento de las sociedades avanzadas ha suscitado la preocupación por fomentar la interacción de los mayores con los jóvenes para conseguir sociedades más cohesionadas. Los espacios públicos abiertos, al ser los lugares de concurrencia de usuarios de diferentes edades, son los escenarios idóneos para lograr la intergeneracionalidad. Para que esta sea posible es indispensable que se lleven a cabo actividades de encuentro, ya sean inducidas a partir de programas intergeneracionales o surjan de forma espontánea porque el diseño del espacio público lo estimula. Mediante las metodologías cuantitativa y cualitativa y con el objeto de constatar las relaciones intergeneracionales espontáneas en los espacios públicos abiertos y la potencialidad de los mismos para su desarrollo, se analiza el uso y la apropiación de jóvenes y mayores en dos plazas de Santa Cruz de Tenerife y los factores que pueden contribuir a que los espacios públicos resulten lugares para la interrelación generacional.
Valenzuela Rubio, Manuel (coord.) (2013). Las ciudades españolas en la encrucijada: entre el ‘boom’ inmobiliario y la crisis económica
Authors: Medina Cruz Antonio José
Published: January 2016

Valenzuela Rubio, Manuel (coord.) (2013)Las ciudades españolas en la encrucijada: entre el ‘boom’ inmobiliario y la crisis económicaMadrid: Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles, 584 p.ISBN 978-84-616-6726-0
Burgueño, Jesús i Gras, M. Mercè (2014). Atles de la Catalunya senyorial: els ens locals en el canvi de règim (1800-1860)
Authors: Oliveras Samitier Josep
Published: January 2016

Burgueño, Jesús i Gras, M. Mercè (2014)Atles de la Catalunya senyorial: els ens locals en el canvi de règim (1800-1860)Barcelona: Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya i Rafael Dalmau (ed.), 238 p. + CDISBN 978-8439391838 i 978-8423207947
Del Pino, Julio A. (2015). Estructuras residenciales y movilidad. Más allá de la segunda residencia
Authors: López-Colás Julián
Published: January 2016

Del Pino, Julio A. (2015)Estructuras residenciales y movilidad. Más allá de la segunda residenciaMadrid: CIS, 381 p.ISBN 978-84-7476-666-0
Official Methods for the Determination of Minerals and Trace Elements in Infant Formula and Milk Products: A Review
Authors: Poitevin Eric
Published: January 2016

The minerals and trace elements that account for about 4% of total human body mass serve as materials and regulators in numerous biological activities in body structure building. Infant formula and milk products are important sources of endogenic and added minerals and trace elements and hence, must comply with regulatory as well as nutritional and safety requirements. In addition, reliable analytical data are necessary to support product content and innovation, health claims, or declaration and specific safety issues. Adequate analytical platforms and methods must be implemented to demonstrate both the compliance and safety assessment of all declared and regulated minerals and trace elements, especially trace-element contaminant surveillance. The first part of this paper presents general information on the mineral composition of infant formula and milk products and their regulatory status. In the second part, a survey describes the main techniques and related current official methods determining minerals and trace elements in infant formula and milk products applied for by various international organizations (AOAC INTERNATIONAL, the International Organization for Standardization, the International Dairy Federation, and the European Committe for Standardization). The third part summarizes method officialization activities by Stakeholder Panels on Infant Formula and Adult Nutritionals and Stakeholder Panel on Strategic Food Analytical Methods. The final part covers a general discussion focusing on analytical gaps and future trends in inorganic analysis that have been applied for in infant formula and milk-based products.
New Methods for the Analysis of Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Infant Formula and Adult Nutritionals
Authors: Gilliland Don
Published: January 2016

The AOAC Stakeholder Panel on Infant Formula and Adult Nutritionals (SPIFAN) defined fat-soluble vitamins (FSVs) to include vitamins A, D, E, and K. The levels of FSVs have been closely scrutinized because of a number of factors, including nutrition value especially in foods used to provide sole-source nutrition and the potential for health risks associated with content both below and above recommended levels. Stricter scrutiny and emphasis on nutrient-level compliance with regulatory requirements placed an increased demand on analytical methods that were fit-for-purpose, provided accurate and precise results. Over time, compendial methods have been developed and published by organizations such as AOAC INTERNATIONAL, the European Committee for Standardization, the International Dairy Federation, and the International Organization for Standardization, among others. In general, these methods have shown adequate precision for regulatory compliance based on example food matrixes for which they were designed. However, method evaluation for infant formulas and adult nutritional products was limited to very few matrixes within these categories. As such, method applicability gaps were noted and correlated with more complicated or diverse product matrixes. AOAC undertook the task of modernizing test methods for the determination of nutrients in infant formulas and in adult nutritional products formulated specifically for both healthy adults and those requiring specific nutritional intake. Composition of products in this category continued to evolve, which in turn presented increasing and new challenges to analytical methodology. A summary of a new generation of candidate compendial methods for determination of FSVs in these matrixes, identified by SPIFAN, is presented here.
Functional Differences Between Placental Micro- and Macrovascular Endothelial Colony-Forming Cells
Authors: Solomon Ioana , O'Reilly Megan , Ionescu Lavinia , Alphonse Rajesh S. , Rajabali Saima , Zhong Shumei , Vadivel Arul , Shelley W. Chris , Yoder Mervin C. , Thébaud Bernard
Published: January 2016

Alterations in the development of the placental vasculature can lead to pregnancy complications, such as preeclampsia. Currently, the cause of preeclampsia is unknown, and there are no specific prevention or treatment strategies. Further insight into the placental vasculature may aid in identifying causal factors. Endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) are a subset of endothelial progenitor cells capable of self-renewal and de novo vessel formation in vitro. We hypothesized that ECFCs exist in the micro- and macrovasculature of the normal, term human placenta. Human placentas were collected from term pregnancies delivered by cesarean section (n = 16). Placental micro- and macrovasculature was collected from the maternal and fetal side of the placenta, respectively, and ECFCs were isolated and characterized. ECFCs were CD31+, CD105+, CD144+, CD146+, CD14−, and CD45−, took up 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethyl-indocarbocyanine perchlorate-labeled acetylated low-density lipoprotein, and bound Ulex europaeus agglutinin 1. In vitro, macrovascular ECFCs had a greater potential to generate high-proliferative colonies and formed more complex capillary-like networks on Matrigel compared with microvascular ECFCs. In contrast, in vivo assessment demonstrated that microvascular ECFCs had a greater potential to form vessels. Macrovascular ECFCs were of fetal origin, whereas microvascular ECFCs were of maternal origin. ECFCs exist in the micro- and macrovasculature of the normal, term human placenta. Although macrovascular ECFCs demonstrated greater vessel and colony-forming potency in vitro, this did not translate in vivo, where microvascular ECFCs exhibited a greater vessel-forming ability. These important findings contribute to the current understanding of normal placental vascular development and may aid in identifying factors involved in preeclampsia and other pregnancy complications.

Significance

This research confirms that resident endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) exist in the micro- and macrovasculature of the normal, term human placenta. Their isolation from two different anatomical locations yields two functionally different ECFC populations. Investigation of these ECFC populations during placental pathologies, such as preeclampsia, may lead to a better understanding of the disease process and aid in developing new therapies.
Effect of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Technology in Blood Banking
Authors: Focosi Daniele , Pistello Mauro
Published: January 2016

Population aging has imposed cost-effective alternatives to blood donations. Artificial blood is still at the preliminary stages of development, and the need for viable cells seems unsurmountable. Because large numbers of viable cells must be promptly available for clinical use, stem cell technologies, expansion, and banking represent ideal tools to ensure a regular supply. Provided key donors can be identified, induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology could pave the way to a new era in transfusion medicine, just as it is already doing in many other fields of medicine. The present review summarizes the current state of research on iPSC technology in the field of blood banking, highlighting hurdles, and promises.

Significance

The aging population in Western countries is causing a progressive reduction of blood donors and a constant increase of blood recipients. Because blood is the main therapeutic option to treat acute hemorrhage, cost-effective alternatives to blood donations are being actively investigated. The enormous replication capability of induced pluripotent stem cells and their promising results in many other fields of medicine could be an apt solution to produce the large numbers of viable cells required in transfusion and usher in a new era in transfusion medicine. The present report describes the potentiality, technological hurdles, and promises of induced pluripotent stem cells to generate red blood cells by redifferentiation.
Closure and Dedication Practices in the Homol’ovi Settlement Cluster, Northeastern Arizona
Authors: Adams Charles E.
Published: January 2016

This paper explores material patterns of structure and village closure among several villages in the Homol’ovi Settlement Cluster on the Little Colorado River in northeastern Arizona, with special emphasis on Chevelon Pueblo. Excavations in nearly 200 structures within the cluster reveal a variety of closure practices, including burial of floors and floor features, structural burning, and object placement. It is argued that these patterns are part of a long Pueblo tradition of closure practices used, not to sever connections with a space, community, or landscape, but to continue material connections to these places. Some indications of dedication practices for plazas and features were uncovered at Homol’ovi I and will be discussed as part of broader memory-making practices within the community. Finally, a case will be made that the burning of Chevelon Pueblo may have been a purposeful act of forgetting.
Organizational Variability in Early Aggregated Communities in Middle-Range Societies: An Example from the Kayenta Region of the American Southwest
Authors: Stone Tammy
Published: January 2016

Early aggregated communities are the result of individuals and families from geographically dispersed social networks coming together at a single geographic locale. In the process of this transition, individuals and families must find new ways to relate to one another and are constantly negotiating their positions in new, and highly dynamic, social orders. To facilitate this negotiation, villages, and families within villages, experiment with existing and new social mechanisms. The result can be considerable differences in the organization of villages within the same region and even houses within a village. This study examines this variability at two Tsegi-phase villages (Segazlin Mesa and Pottery Pueblo) in the Kay enta region of the American Southwest to better understand these processes.
A stochastic neuronal model predicts random search behaviors at multiple spatial scales in C. elegans
Authors: Roberts William M , Augustine Steven B , Lawton Kristy J , Lindsay Theodore H , Thiele Tod R , Izquierdo Eduardo J , Faumont Serge , Lindsay Rebecca A , Britton Matthew Cale , Pokala Navin , Bargmann Cornelia I , Lockery Shawn R
Published: January 2016

Random search is a behavioral strategy used by organisms from bacteria to humans to locate food that is randomly distributed and undetectable at a distance. We investigated this behavior in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, an organism with a small, well-described nervous system. Here we formulate a mathematical model of random search abstracted from the C. elegans connectome and fit to a large-scale kinematic analysis of C. elegans behavior at submicron resolution. The model predicts behavioral effects of neuronal ablations and genetic perturbations, as well as unexpected aspects of wild type behavior. The predictive success of the model indicates that random search in C. elegans can be understood in terms of a neuronal flip-flop circuit involving reciprocal inhibition between two populations of stochastic neurons. Our findings establish a unified theoretical framework for understanding C. elegans locomotion and a testable neuronal model of random search that can be applied to other organisms.
Analysis of five complete genome sequences for members of the class Peribacteria in the recently recognized Peregrinibacteria bacterial phylum
Authors: Anantharaman Karthik , Brown Christopher T. , Burstein David , Castelle Cindy J. , Probst Alexander J. , Thomas Brian C. , Williams Kenneth H. , Banfield Jillian F.
Published: January 2016

Five closely related populations of bacteria from the Candidate Phylum (CP) Peregrinibacteria, part of the bacterial Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR), were sampled from filtered groundwater obtained from an aquifer adjacent to the Colorado River near the town of Rifle, CO, USA. Here, we present the first complete genome sequences for organisms from this phylum. These bacteria have small genomes and, unlike most organisms from other lineages in the CPR, have the capacity for nucleotide synthesis. They invest significantly in biosynthesis of cell wall and cell envelope components, including peptidoglycan, isoprenoids via the mevalonate pathway, and a variety of amino sugars including perosamine and rhamnose. The genomes encode an intriguing set of large extracellular proteins, some of which are very cysteine-rich and may function in attachment, possibly to other cells. Strain variation in these proteins is an important source of genotypic variety. Overall, the cell envelope features, combined with the lack of biosynthesis capacities for many required cofactors, fatty acids, and most amino acids point to a symbiotic lifestyle. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that these bacteria likely represent a new class within the Peregrinibacteria phylum, although they ultimately may be recognized as members of a separate phylum. We propose the provisional taxonomic assignment as ‘CandidatusPeribacter riflensis’, Genus Peribacter, Family Peribacteraceae, Order Peribacterales, Class Peribacteria in the phylum Peregrinibacteria.
Deficiencies of effectiveness of intervention studies in veterinary medicine: a cross-sectional survey of ten leading veterinary and medical journals
Authors: Di Girolamo Nicola , Meursinge Reynders Reint
Published: January 2016

The validity of studies that assess the effectiveness of an intervention (EoI) depends on variables such as the type of study design, the quality of their methodology, and the participants enrolled. Five leading veterinary journals and 5 leading human medical journals were hand-searched for EoI studies for the year 2013. We assessed (1) the prevalence of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) among EoI studies, (2) the type of participants enrolled, and (3) the methodological quality of the selected studies. Of 1707 eligible articles, 590 were EoI articles and 435 RCTs. Random allocation to the intervention was performed in 52% (114/219; 95%CI:45.2–58.8%) of veterinary EoI articles, against 87% (321/371; 82.5–89.7%) of human EoI articles (adjusted OR:9.2; 3.4–24.8). Veterinary RCTs were smaller (median: 26 animals versus 465 humans) and less likely to enroll real patients, compared with human RCTs (OR:331; 45–2441). Only 2% of the veterinary RCTs, versus 77% of the human RCTs, reported power calculations, primary outcomes, random sequence generation, allocation concealment and estimation methods. Currently, internal and external validity of veterinary EoI studies is limited compared to human medical ones. To address these issues, veterinary interventional research needs to improve its methodology, increase the number of published RCTs and enroll real clinical patients.
Textile Dyeing, 2. Dyeing of Cellulose Fibers
Authors: Kühnel Gerd , Wolff Joachim , Ruppert Günther , Schmitt Michael , Heid (Retired) Christian , Hückel (Retired) Max , Leube (Retired) Herbert
Published: January 2016

The article contains sections titled:1.Dyeing with Reactive Dyes1.1.Fundamentals1.2.Dyeing Techniques1.3.Special Processes and Development Trends2.Dyeing with Direct Dyes2.1.Applications and Properties2.2.Dyeing Principle2.3.Pretreatment of Substrates2.4.Dyeing Parameters2.5.Dyeing Techniques2.6.Special Processes2.7.Aftertreatment3.Dyeing with Anthraquinone Vat Dyes3.1.Chemistry of Vat Dyes3.2.Vatting3.3.Dye Absorption in the Exhaustion Process3.4.Oxidation3.5.Aftertreatment (“Soaping”)3.6.Dyeing Techniques4.Dyeing with Indigo4.1.Chemistry and Historical Development4.2.Dyeing Technique5.Dyeing with Sulfur Dyes5.1.Types and Mode of Reaction5.2.Additives to the Dye Bath5.3.Dyeing5.4.Dyeing Techniques5.5.Combination with Other Dye Groups5.6.Wastewater6.Dyeing with Naphtol AS Dyes7.Dyeing with Pigments8.Other Dyeing Methods8.1.Dyeing with Leuco Esters of Vat Dyes8.2.Dyeing with Mordant Dyes8.3.Dyeing with Acid Dyes8.4.Dyeing with Basic Dyes8.5.Dyeing with Mineral Dyes8.6.Dyeing with Oxidation Dyes8.7.Dyeing with Phthalogen Dyes8.8.Dyeing with Coupling and Diazotization Dyes9.Other Plant Fibers
Constraints on the source parameters of low‐frequency earthquakes on the San Andreas Fault
Authors: Thomas Amanda M. , Beroza Gregory C. , Shelly David R.
Published: January 2016

Low‐frequency earthquakes (LFEs) are small repeating earthquakes that occur in conjunction with deep slow slip. Like typical earthquakes, LFEs are thought to represent shear slip on crustal faults, but when compared to earthquakes of the same magnitude, LFEs are depleted in high‐frequency content and have lower corner frequencies, implying longer duration. Here we exploit this difference to estimate the duration of LFEs on the deep San Andreas Fault (SAF). We find that the M ~ 1 LFEs have typical durations of ~0.2 s. Using the annual slip rate of the deep SAF and the average number of LFEs per year, we estimate average LFE slip rates of ~0.24 mm/s. When combined with the LFE magnitude, this number implies a stress drop of ~104 Pa, 2 to 3 orders of magnitude lower than ordinary earthquakes, and a rupture velocity of 0.7 km/s, 20% of the shear wave speed. Typical earthquakes are thought to have rupture velocities of ~80–90% of the shear wave speed. Together, the slow rupture velocity, low stress drops, and slow slip velocity explain why LFEs are depleted in high‐frequency content relative to ordinary earthquakes and suggest that LFE sources represent areas capable of relatively higher slip speed in deep fault zones. Additionally, changes in rheology may not be required to explain both LFEs and slow slip; the same process that governs the slip speed during slow earthquakes may also limit the rupture velocity of LFEs.
A data‐constrained three‐dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulation model for a coronal mass ejection initiation
Authors: Wu S. T. , Zhou Yufen , Jiang Chaowei , Feng Xueshang , Wu Chin‐Chun , Hu Qiang
Published: January 2016

In this study, we present a three‐dimensional magnetohydrodynamic model based on an observed eruptive twisted flux rope (sigmoid) deduced from solar vector magnetograms. This model is a combination of our two very well tested MHD models: (i) data‐driven 3‐D magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) active region evolution (MHD‐DARE) model for the reconstruction of the observed flux rope and (ii) 3‐D MHD global coronal‐heliosphere evolution (MHD‐GCHE) model to track the propagation of the observed flux rope. The 6 September 2011, AR11283, event is used to test this model. First, the formation of the flux rope (sigmoid) from AR11283 is reproduced by the MHD‐DARE model with input from the measured vector magnetograms given by Solar Dynamics Observatory/Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager. Second, these results are used as the initial boundary condition for our MHD‐GCHE model for the initiation of a coronal mass ejection (CME) as observed. The model output indicates that the flux rope resulting from MHD‐DARE produces the physical properties of a CME, and the morphology resembles the observations made by STEREO/COR‐1.
Comparison of the transport and deposition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa under aerobic and anaerobic conditions
Authors: Zhang Huixin , Zeng Hongbo , Ulrich Ania C. , Liu Yang
Published: January 2016

Laboratory‐scale columns were employed to study the effect of oxygen and ionic strength on the transport of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 in porous media. In anaerobic experiments, cells were grown and transport experiments were conducted in a well‐controlled anaerobic chamber. Cell surface electrokinetic potentials were measured and surface elemental composition was analyzed using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Transport experimental results showed reduced travel distance of PAO1 with increased ionic strength under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, consistent with calculated Derjaguin‐Landau‐Verwey‐Overbeek (DLVO) theory. The deposition rates of PAO1 were significantly higher in aerobic than in anaerobic condition at higher ionic strength (10 and 100 mM), although the electrokinetic potentials were similar throughout the tested ionic strength (1, 10, and 100 mM). No difference in PAO1 deposition rate was observed at 1 mM. XPS analysis showed that variation in cell surface composition due to different growth conditions played a primary role in determining the different deposition behaviors.
Structure and Properties of Nanocomposites Formed by the Occlusion of Block Copolymer Worms and Vesicles Within Calcite Crystals
Authors: Kim Yi‐Yeoun , Semsarilar Mona , Carloni Joseph D. , Cho Kang Rae , Kulak Alexander N. , Polishchuk Iryna , Hendley Coit T. , Smeets Paul J. M. , Fielding Lee A. , Pokroy Boaz , Tang Chiu C. , Estroff Lara A. , Baker Shefford P. , Armes Steven P. , Meldrum Fiona C.
Published: January 2016

This article describes an experimentally versatile strategy for producing inorganic/organic nanocomposites, with control over the microstructure at the nano‐ and mesoscales. Taking inspiration from biominerals, CaCO3 is coprecipitated with anionic diblock copolymer worms or vesicles to produce single crystals of calcite occluding a high density of the organic component. This approach can also be extended to generate complex structures in which the crystals are internally patterned with nano‐objects of differing morphologies. Extensive characterization of the nanocomposite crystals using high resolution synchrotron powder X‐ray diffraction and vibrational spectroscopy demonstrates how the occlusions affect the short and long‐range order of the crystal lattice. By comparison with nanocomposite crystals containing latex particles and copolymer micelles, it is shown that the effect of these occlusions on the crystal lattice is dominated by the interface between the inorganic crystal and the organic nano‐objects, rather than the occlusion size. This is supported by in situ atomic force microscopy studies of worm occlusion in calcite, which reveal flattening of the copolymer worms on the crystal surface, followed by burial and void formation. Finally, the mechanical properties of the nanocomposite crystals are determined using nanoindentation techniques, which reveal that they have hardnesses approaching those of biogenic calcites.
Wetting‐Assisted Crack‐ and Wrinkle‐Free Transfer of Wafer‐Scale Graphene onto Arbitrary Substrates over a Wide Range of Surface Energies
Authors: Kim Hyun Ho , Lee Seong Kyu , Lee Seung Goo , Lee Eunho , Cho Kilwon
Published: January 2016

The polymer‐supported wet transfer of chemical vapor deposition‐grown graphene provides high‐quality large‐area graphene on a target substrate. The transfer‐induced defects that result from these processes, such as micrometer‐scale folds and cracks, have been regarded as an inevitable problem. Here, the transfer processes are thoroughly examined stage‐by‐stage and it is found that lamination wrinkles, which cause defects in the graphene, are generated as a result of the high contact angles of the trapped transfer medium liquids. Systematic theoretical and experimental studies demonstrate that a liquid droplet with a low surface tension trapped between the polymer/graphene film and the substrate minimizes lamination wrinkles during the transfer process by completely wetting the target substrate, regardless of the surface energy. In connection with these results, a simple and broadly applicable transfer method is developed using an organic liquid with a low surface tension to uniformly transfer high‐quality graphene onto arbitrary substrates, even onto superhydrophobic substrate. The graphene obtained using the proposed organic liquid transfer method displays better electrical and mechanical properties than the graphene transferred by the conventional method using water. This effective and practical transfer method provides an approach to obtaining high‐quality graphene for use in graphene‐based devices.
Epitaxy of Radial High‐Energy‐Facetted Ultrathin TiO2 Nanosheets onto Nanowires for Enhanced Photoreactivities
Authors: Lin Haifeng , Wang Xun
Published: January 2016

Rational design and construction of novel nanostructures with outstanding functions, and investigation on the relationship between their structures and properties have continuously been intriguing but are still challenging now. In this work, 1D TiO2(B) hierarchitectures with epitaxial {100} and {010} high‐energy‐facetted ultrathin 2D nanosheets that are parallel to the c‐axis are demonstrated for the first time. These hierarchitectures show much improved photochemical properties as compared with the nanoparticles and nanowires as well as the physical mixture of nanosheets and nanowires. These include photodegradation of methyl orange and water splitting, due to the remarkably increased surface area and active sites, and enhanced separation and transport of charge carriers. The findings reported here may inspire the engineering of highly active nanostructures for energy and environment related applications.
SiO2 Hollow Nanosphere‐Based Composite Solid Electrolyte for Lithium Metal Batteries to Suppress Lithium Dendrite Growth and Enhance Cycle Life
Authors: Zhou Dong , Liu Ruliang , He Yan‐Bing , Li Fengyun , Liu Ming , Li Baohua , Yang Quan‐Hong , Cai Qiang , Kang Feiyu
Published: January 2016

The low Coulombic efficiency and serious security issues of lithium (Li) metal anode caused by uncontrollable Li dendrite growth have permanently prevented its practical application. A novel SiO2 hollow nanosphere‐based composite solid electrolyte (SiSE) for Li metal batteries is reported. This hierarchical electrolyte is fabricated via in situ polymerizing the tripropylene gycol diacrylate (TPGDA) monomer in the presence of liquid electrolyte, which is absorbed in a SiO2 hollow nanosphere layer. The polymerized TPGDA framework keeps the prepared SiSE in a quasi‐solid state without safety risks caused by electrolyte leakage, meanwhile the SiO2 layer not only acts as a mechanics‐strong separator but also provides the SiSE with high room‐temperature ionic conductivity (1.74 × 10−3 S cm−1) due to the high pore volume (1.49 cm3 g−1) and large liquid electrolyte uptake of SiO2 hollow nanospheres. When the SiSE is in situ fabricated on the cathode and applied to LiFePO4/SiSE/Li batteries, the obtained cells show a significant improvement in cycling stability, mainly attributed to the stable electrode/electrolyte interface and remarkable suppression for Li dendrite growth by the SiSE. This work can extend the application of hollow nanooxide and enable a safe, efficient operation of Li anode in next generation energy storage systems.
Opening of Bottleneck Pores for the Improvement of Nitrogen Doped Carbon Electrocatalysts
Authors: Pampel Jonas , Fellinger Tim‐Patrick
Published: January 2016

A facile synthesis strategy to control the porosity of ionothermal nitrogen doped carbons is demonstrated. Adenine is used as cheap and biomass based precursor and a mixture of NaCl/ZnCl2 as combined solvent‐porogen. Variation of the ratio between the two salt influences the pore structure over a wide range. The eutectic mixture leads to micro‐ and mesoporous material with high total pore volume (TPV) of 3.0 cm3 g−1 and very high surface area of 2900 m2 g−1 essentially rendering the product an “all‐surface‐area” nitrogen doped carbon. Increasing NaCl contents cause a continuous increase of the mesopore size and the formation of additional macropores resulting in a very high maximal TPV of 5.2 cm3 g−1, showing 2540 m2 g−1 specific surface area using 60 mol% NaCl. Interestingly, the electrocatalytic activity of the samples toward oxygen reduction is strongly affected by the detailed pore structure. The different—however, chemically equivalent—catalysts vary up to 70 mV in their half wave potentials (E
1/2).The sample with optimized pore system shows a high selectivity toward the favored four electron process and an outstanding E
1/2 of ≈880 mV versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), which is one of the best values reported for nitrogen doped carbons so far.
Random genetic drift, natural selection, and noise in human cranial evolution
Authors: Roseman Charles C.
Published: January 2016

Objectives

This study assesses the extent to which relationships among groups complicate comparative studies of adaptation in recent human cranial variation and the extent to which departures from neutral additive models of evolution hinder the reconstruction of population relationships among groups using cranial morphology.

Materials and Methods

Using a maximum likelihood evolutionary model fitting approach and a mixed population genomic and cranial data set, I evaluate the relative fits of several widely used models of human cranial evolution. Moreover, I compare the goodness of fit of models of cranial evolution constrained by genomic variation to test hypotheses about population specific departures from neutrality.

Results

Models from population genomics are much better fits to cranial variation than are traditional models from comparative human biology. There is not enough evolutionary information in the cranium to reconstruct much of recent human evolution but the influence of population history on cranial variation is strong enough to cause comparative studies of adaptation serious difficulties. Deviations from a model of random genetic drift along a tree‐like population history show the importance of environmental effects, gene flow, and/or natural selection on human cranial variation. Moreover, there is a strong signal of the effect of natural selection or an environmental factor on a group of humans from Siberia.

Discussion

The evolution of the human cranium is complex and no one evolutionary process has prevailed at the expense of all others. A holistic unification of phenome, genome, and environmental context, gives us a strong point of purchase on these problems, which is unavailable to any one traditional approach alone. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:582–592, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Photodegradation of methylene blue with a titanium dioxide/polyacrylamide photocatalyst under sunlight
Authors: Kazemi Foad , Mohamadnia Zahra , Kaboudin Babak , Karimi Zeinab
Published: January 2016

Hydrogels containing TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) have photocatalytic properties and degrade pollutants under light. In this study, a polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogel was synthesized with TiO2 P25 NPs as the initiator, acrylamide as a monomer, and N,N′‐methylene bisacrylamide as a crosslinker in aqueous media under sunlight. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy were applied to characterize the TiO2/PAAm hydrogel. The effects of different synthetic conditions, such as the initiator concentration, crosslinker, and dilution, on swelling were investigated. The maximum swelling of the TiO2/PAAm hydrogel was 45 g/g in the hydrogel synthesized with optimum conditions by 0.2% TiO2. The photocatalytic degradability of the hydrogel was investigated with methylene blue (MB) as the pollutant target. Also, the effects of the pH and MB concentration were studied. Under optimum conditions, 95.00% of the MB was degraded by the TiO2/PAAm photocatalyst after 5 h of irradiation under sunlight. The comparison of the results with those of the TiO2 P25 powder showed that the TiO2 NPs had better activity than the hydrogel, but unlike the hydrogel, the activity of these NPs decreased in each recycling time because of the aggregation of NPs. Finally, the hydrogel was recycled seven times without a considerable reduction in the degradation efficiency. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43386.
Breaking the ice: the introduction of biofouling organisms to Antarctica on vessel hulls
Authors: Hughes Kevin A. , Ashton Gail V.
Published: January 2016

Few reports exist that describe marine non‐native species in the Southern Ocean and near‐shore waters around the Antarctic continent. Nevertheless, Antarctica's isolated marine communities, which show high levels of endemism, may be vulnerable to invasion by anthropogenically introduced species from outside Antarctica via vessel hull biofouling.

Hull surveys of the British Antarctic Survey's RRS James Clark Ross were undertaken between 2007 and 2014 at Rothera Research Station on the Antarctic Peninsula (Lat. 67°34'S; Long. 68°07'W) to investigate levels of biofouling. In each case, following transit through scouring sea‐ice, over 99% of the vessel hull was free of macroscopic fouling communities. However, in some surveys microbial/algal biofilms, balanomorph barnacles and live individuals of the cosmopolitan pelagic barnacle, Conchoderma auritum were found in the vicinity of intake ports, demonstrating the potential for non‐native species to be transported to Antarctica on vessel hulls.

Increasing ship traffic volumes and declining duration of sea ice in waters to the north and west of the Antarctic Peninsula mean the region may be at increased risk of non‐native species introductions. Locations at particular risk may include the waters around popular visitor sites, such as Goudier Island, Neko Harbour, Whalers Bay, Cuverville Island and Half Moon Island, and around northern peninsula research stations.

Simple and cost‐effective mitigation measures, such as intentionally moving transiting ships briefly through available offshore sea ice to scour off accessible biofouling communities, may substantially reduce hull‐borne propagule pressure to the region. Better quantification of the risk of marine non‐native species introductions posed by vessel hulls to both Arctic and Antarctic environments, as sea ice patterns and shipping traffic volumes change, will inform the development of appropriate regional and international management responses.

Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A review of climate change and the implementation of marine biodiversity legislation in the United Kingdom
Authors: Frost Matthew , Bayliss‐Brown Georgia , Buckley Paul , Cox Martyn , Dye Stephen R. , Sanderson William G. , Stoker Bethany , Withers Harvey Narumon
Published: January 2016

Marine legislation, the key means by which the conservation of marine biodiversity is achieved, has been developing since the 1960s. In recent decades, an increasing focus on ‘holistic’ policy development is evident, compared with earlier ‘piecemeal’ sectoral approaches. Important marine legislative tools being used in the United Kingdom, and internationally, include the designation of marine protected areas and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) with its aim of meeting ‘Good Environmental Status’ (GES) for European seas by 2020.

There is growing evidence of climate change impacts on marine biodiversity, which may compromise the effectiveness of any legislation intended to promote sustainable marine resource management.

A review of key marine biodiversity legislation relevant to the UK shows climate change was not considered in the drafting of much early legislation. Despite the huge increase in knowledge of climate change impacts in recent decades, legislation is still limited in how it takes these impacts into account. There is scope, however, to account for climate change in implementing much of the legislation through (a) existing references to environmental variability; (b) review cycles; and (c) secondary legislation and complementary policy development.

For legislation relating to marine protected areas (e.g. the EC Habitats and Birds Directives), climate change has generally not been considered in the site‐designation process, or for ongoing management, with the exception of the Marine (Scotland) Act. Given that changing environmental conditions (e.g. rising temperatures and ocean acidification) directly affect the habitats and species that sites are designated for, how this legislation is used to protect marine biodiversity in a changing climate requires further consideration.

Accounting for climate change impacts on marine biodiversity in the development and implementation of legislation is vital to enable timely, adaptive management responses. Marine modelling can play an important role in informing management decisions.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Driver's braking behavior approaching pedestrian crossings: a parametric duration model of the speed reduction times
Authors: Bella Francesco , Silvestri Manuel
Published: January 2016

The driver's braking behavior while approaching zebra crossings under different safety measures (curb extensions, parking restrictions, and advance yield markings) and without treatment (baseline condition) was examined. The speed reduction time was the variable used to describe the driver's behavior. Forty‐two drivers drove a driving simulator on an urban scenario in which the baseline condition and the safety measures were implemented. The speed reduction time was modeled with a parametric duration model to compare the effects on driver's braking behavior of vehicle dynamic variables and different countermeasures. The parametric accelerated failure time duration model with a Weibull distribution identified that the vehicle dynamic variables and only the countermeasure curb extensions affected, in a statistically significant way, the driver's speed reduction time in response to a pedestrian crossing.

This result shows that the driver, because of the improved visibility of the pedestrian allowed by the curb extensions, was able to receive a clear information and better to adapt his approaching speed to yield to the pedestrian, avoiding abrupt maneuvers. This also means a reduction of likelihood of rear‐end collision due to less aggressive braking. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.