bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nostalgia and All That Jazz
Authors: Hill Constance Valis
Published: November 2021

This chapter opens with the performative reunion of the Nicholas Brothers on Hollywood Palace on July 31, 1964; returns to the years 1958–1964, when the brothers navigated separate careers (with Harold expatriating to France and inventing a career as a soloist, and Fayard remaining in the United States to eke out a career as a jazz artist in a field offering few opportunities); and continues through the seventies, when popular tastes for tap nostalgia forced the brothers to repeat many of the routines that had made them famous in the thirties and forties. The chapter’s story takes place roughly in the fifties and sixties, when tap dance fell into decline and dancers found themselves out of work. It was not until the early sixties, when dancers Baby Laurence, Bunny Briggs, Pete Nugent, Cholly Atkins, and Honi Coles performed at the Newport Jazz Festival, that signs appeared of a slow recovery for tap dance that would not materialize until the seventies. The ways Fayard and Harold, separately and as a team, found to endure these difficult decades were acts of reaction, whether through compromise, expediency, or expatriation, to the sociohistorical constraints that hindered black musical artists, and are testament to the solid musical foundation of their jazz tap dancing, which both flowed with and resisted the musical schisms of the time.
Introduction
Authors: Ó Briain Lonán
Published: November 2021

This introduction delineates the three main pillars of the book. Red music is defined within the context of the Vietnamese music industry and compared with propaganda music in other communist countries. The concept of a continuous revolution is described through reference to literature from political thinkers in Vietnam and the wider communist world. Radio and the voice are assessed as key themes in recent anthropological studies. This is followed by a review of the social history of sound reproduction, which is considered in the fields of ethnomusicology, sound studies, radio studies, and related fields. After outlining the research methodology (ethnographic and archival approaches) and structure of the book, the introduction concludes with notes on language, recordings, and musical transcriptions.
Songs of the Golden Age in the Democratic Republic
Authors: Ó Briain Lonán
Published: November 2021

Following the Geneva Accords of 1954, the VOV employed an array of ensembles that performed newly composed red music and revolutionary songs (ca khúc cách mạng) from the First Indochina War. Chapter 3 examines the construction of the DRV’s broadcasting and performing arts infrastructure at a time when radio was the principal mass medium for sound-based communications and the primary source for news and cultural programming. These infrastructural developments coincided with an escalation of tensions in the Second Indochina War (1955–75), when the DRV used radio to inundate southern listeners with their propaganda. With a particular focus on the central site for cultural production (state radio) and the most prominent musical form of the era (red music), this chapter illustrates how the DRV’s Ministry of Culture used radio productions on socialist themes as technologies of governmentality. Broadcasters reified the roles of men, women, and children in the ears and minds of their listening public. Their productions also played a crucial role in defining cultural boundaries between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie as broadcasters sought to sonically territorialize the socialist state. Based on interviews with former station employees, analyses of iconic songs, and archival documents, the research suggests the ongoing veneration of singers, songs, and stories from this golden age of radio music constructs a particular narrative about Vietnamese history that commemorates the achievements of the CPV and perpetuates its control in the reform era.
National Radio in the Reform Era
Authors: Ó Briain Lonán
Published: November 2021

After unification, the mission of Vietnamese state media was rewritten to incorporate southern voices. Broadcasters assimilated the technical and administrative apparatus of the former Republic of Vietnam and adapted their programming to appeal to new audiences. Since the early reform era (1986 onwards), broadcasters have had to become more responsive to listener demands by establishing phone-in shows and playing requests, and they now consciously engage listeners online in the diaspora. Chapter 4 examines how the VOV’s broadcasting and musical wings were restructured after unification and again following economic reforms. The research investigates the spaces allocated to southern and minority content from the late 1970s onwards, including a consideration of the styles of broadcasting in minority languages. The chapter also examines the history and contemporary role of the VOV’s sound archives to understand how the categorization of musical style in the Socialist Republic has shaped perceptions of place and locality. Request letters and audience surveys illustrate how listeners took greater ownership over content just as a proliferation of commercial media alternatives were being made accessible in the socialist-oriented market economy. The chapter concludes by examining the diversification of musical styles on air to understand how the public are engaging with popular culture beyond the communist bloc more intensely since the 1990s.
A Better and Healthier Time to Be Alive than Ever
Authors: Galea Sandro
Published: November 2021

This chapter discusses how the time of the COVID-19 pandemic was also a time when the world, in many respects, had never been better—or healthier. In a number of key areas—from life expectancy, to declines in poverty, to reductions in preventable diseases like HIV/AIDS—it was, and is, a more favorable time to be alive than any other point in recorded history. All these advances was a byproduct of foundational forces unfolding over time, forces like industrialization, global development, urbanization, and political changes. However, the incidental nature of this success has meant that we have yet to fully acknowledge why it occurred, which hinders our ability to advance it in the future. Why do we need to know how we got here? First, our understanding of the causes of health shapes our investment in health. America's investment in healthcare comes at the expense of their investment in the foundational drivers of health. The second reason is that if we do not understand the true causes of health, we will be unable to build a world that is ready for the next pandemic.
Who We Are: The Foundational Forces
Authors: Galea Sandro
Published: November 2021

This chapter examines the foundational forces that shape health. Even without a pandemic, the United States is faced with public health threats that are shaped by foundational forces. From the political and economic roots of the obesity epidemic, to the social stigma that informs the opioid crisis, to the many structural drivers of climate change, the social, economic, political, and demographic foundations of health are central to the challenges that must be addressed, nationally and globally, in the years to come. Engaging with these forces helped inform the response to COVID-19; they can help in addressing these other challenges as well. And just as a virus can have long-term effects on the body, the pandemic reshaped the societal foundations, with lasting implications for the economy, culture, attitudes towards core issues like race, politics, and more. Whether the experience of the pandemic leads to significant long-term benefits will depend on whether Americans retain the hard lessons of that moment and apply them to foundational forces.
Health as a Public Good
Authors: Galea Sandro
Published: November 2021

This chapter addresses how COVID-19 exposed the shortcomings in reducing poor health, shortcomings exacerbated by the treatment of health as a commodity rather than as a public good. One key reason for America's hesitance to embrace health as a public good is the overreliance on medicine. The truth is, we cannot buy health for ourselves; what we can buy is healthcare, and that can only help us after we are already sick. At the individual level, this approach means Americans will always be in danger of poor health. At the collective level, it means accepting a permanent reservoir of preventable disease and death within society, the presence of health haves and have nots, and, when crisis strikes, an overwhelmed healthcare system. Another reason is that engaging with health as a public good would inform Americans' understanding of their collective responsibility to each other. Ultimately, pursuing health as a public good means acknowledging health is a human right. There must be no degrees of privilege when it comes to accessing the conditions that support health.
Sincerity and the Limits of Symbolism
Authors: Walker Jennifer
Published: November 2021

Whereas some religiously themed puppet or otherwise “popular” productions were overwhelmingly successful with Parisian critics and audiences, Maurice Bouchor and Ernest Chausson’s La Légende de Sainte-Cécile and, later, the Théâtre du Vaudeville’s unsuccessful production of Armand Silvestre and Eugène Morand’s Les Drames sacrés (with music by Charles Gounod) were colossal failures both with the critics and with the public by virtue of their dependence on editorial intervention as a means through which to modernize ancient stories. In these cases, critics indicted the works as insincere—a fatal flaw when it came to the representation of sacred subjects on secular stages. Through analyses of these short works, this chapter examines how each work navigated the slippage between avant-garde aesthetics and Catholic tradition and reveals two opposite but closely related processes of critical success and failure: while successful works eschewed the intellectual aura of Symbolism in favor of traditional and “sincere” engagements with Catholic heritage, these failed productions embraced the complexities of modern music and drama—authorial decisions that, in the end, rendered them insincere for Parisian audiences and thus incapable of being perceived as truly religious.
The Republic’s Righteous Woman at the Opéra-Comique
Authors: Walker Jennifer
Published: November 2021

The 1901 premiere of Massenet’s Grisélidis was sandwiched between two of the most high-profile premieres that had hitherto been staged at the Opéra-Comique. In the early days of his career, Massenet built his reputation on his penchant for creating intriguing and “dangerous” female characters that personified and even validated the fear shared equally by the Republic and the Church: that women who behaved badly could cause the downfall of even the most righteous man and, in the process, endanger the strength and health of the nation itself. Grisélidis (and its eponymous heroine), however, marked a striking departure from these otherwise “troublesome” women. As a model bourgeoisie whose Catholic faith shaped her every action, Grisélidis appeared as an exemplar of female behavior to Republicans and Catholics alike. While the dangerous and demoralizing threats of the “new” woman loomed large over Paris, the patient, righteous, and ever-faithful Grisélidis represented the paragon of womanhood that could appease both the Church and the State. On the one hand, she symbolizes Eve herself, or perhaps Eve’s redemption. On the other, Grisélidis functions as the ideal French Catholic. The system of traditional moral values epitomized in Grisélidis ultimately and successfully crossed party lines: Grisélidis was everything that both the Church and the Republic thought a French woman should be.
Hijacking History
Authors: Wellman Kathleen
Published: November 2021

Hijacking History analyzes world history textbooks for high school students produced by the three most important publishers of Christian educational materials—Abeka Books, Bob Jones University Press, and Accelerated Christian Education. Initially intended for Christian schools, they now are also widely used for homeschooling. They have already been used by several generations. According to these textbooks, historians, informed by their faith, tell the story of God’s actions interpreted through the Bible. History becomes a weapon to judge and condemn civilizations that did not accept the true God or adopt “biblical” social and political positions. In their treatment of the modern world, these textbooks identify ungodly ideas to be vanquished—evolution, humanism, biblical modernism, socialism, and climate science among them. These curricula’s judgments, as Hijacking History documents, are rooted in the history of American evangelicals and fundamentalists and the battles they fought with secular culture. These curricula’s use of history has important civic ramifications. They assume that God sanctions their positions on social, political, and economic issues. Thus God’s providential relationship with American Christians entails that America should be a Christian nation advancing evangelical Christianity and capitalism throughout the world; American foreign policy and military interventions are invariably virtuous. Christianity, as these textbooks present it, is proselytizing but intolerant of other religions and Christian groups, hegemonic, and unquestionably anchored to the political right. As Hijacking History argues, the ideas these world histories promote resonate in contemporary debates about religion, politics, and education; reinforce cultural divisions; and challenge civic values of a pluralistic democracy.
What Christianity?
Authors: Wellman Kathleen
Published: November 2021

This chapter teases out many strands of Christian thought that inform the “Christian perspective” these curricula bring to bear in narrating history. It contends that they are unequivocally but narrowly Protestant. They reflect fundamental tenets of Martin Luther and John Calvin but incorporate facets of evangelicalism’s history from the eighteenth-century First Great Awakening to the present. Although the publishers do not acknowledge it, their understanding of “Christian” reflects every important evolution of evangelicalism and the battles fought both within that tradition and with external foes. The chapter highlights the broad variety of religious ideas contributing to these curricula’s undifferentiated “Christianity,” including providentialism, millennialism, and fundamentalism as well as narrower, minority religious views, notably dispensationalism, dominionism, and Christian Reconstructionism. These minority views were influential in shaping the contemporary alliance of the religious and political right.
Misguided Ancients
Authors: Wellman Kathleen
Published: November 2021

Although the ancient Greeks and Romans have long been appreciated as foundations for Western civilization, for these textbooks, the Greeks’ philosophy, gods, and immorality tar them as godless humanists. Nonetheless, the Greeks and the Romans allow these curricula to introduce several key social, political, and moral arguments. They assess whether ancient civilizations implemented the “family values” of the political right as it emerged in the 1970s. Thus the Greeks were commendable in excluding women from the public sphere and the Romans for their strong patriarchal families. But Rome fell when it failed to maintain family values. These textbooks disparage the Romans to downplay their influence on the American founding. Furthermore, the rise of Islam reveals the presence of Satan in the world. These curricula’s repudiation of the classical tradition reflects not only contemporary concerns of the religious right but also American anti-intellectualism.
Bad Ideas and Deplorable Politics
Authors: Wellman Kathleen
Published: November 2021

This chapter discusses the grave failures these textbooks see in the nineteenth century. They attack Darwin and make anti-evolution a touchstone of good and evil. But the greatest danger of the nineteenth century was the acceptance of biblical modernism as a new way to understand and interpret Scripture. It was not literal, did not subscribe to inerrancy, and relied on historical and linguistic study. Germany’s adoption of the historical, critical study of Scripture leads to its later destruction in World War II. When human beings adopted ideas and policies intended to redress social ills, they were subscribing to the false philosophies of Darwinism, socialism, or Marxism. While these curricula denounce Marx, they blame liberalism for the political excesses of the revolutions of 1830 and 1848. Rebellion, never sanctioned by God, is anathema. The chapter places these critiques in the context of evangelical responses to nineteenth-century cultural developments.
Latin Americans’ Ways of Praying
Authors: Morello Gustavo S.J.
Published: November 2021

What defines a person as religious or not is whether she has a relationship with a suprahuman power. If she does, many practices can help to keep that relationship going. This chapter explores respondents’ practices that include the whole body, their emotions, and many objects, places, and other persons. These practices are not necessarily prescribed by religious institutions or perceived as religious by the secular society. Because it is the “black box” that registers the connection between the subject and the suprahuman, this chapter explores in detail the practice of “prayer,” broadly understood, how people “connect,” and the role of others in that practice.
Religion in Latin America’s Public Sphere
Authors: Morello Gustavo S.J.
Published: November 2021

This chapter investigates the role of religion in Latin America’s public sphere. For respondents, religion and politics share the space where power is traded. The privileged position is to challenge the economic order and to generate peaceful relations among the peoples and defend human dignity. Respondents dislike the use of that power to pursue a partisan agenda and to have a privileged voice over other persons. At odds with the laïcité project, respondents welcome religion in the public sphere when it challenges modernity to include the poor, and advocates for human dignity. Religion is cheered as a countercultural force. However, this acceptance of religion’s presence in the public sphere does not mean a resacralization of it. Respondents prefer to keep the differentiation of social functions.
Working in a School Setting
Authors: Mulkern Patrick , Combs Cindy Reide , Cordova-Rodriguez Jacqueline , Stone Susan
Published: November 2021

The introductory chapter sets the stage for understanding the roles, responsibilities, and all other relevant information necessary for the success of school social workers within the public school setting. The chapter begins with a review of the key concepts related to the practice of school social work. It also discusses enduring practice tensions, policy domains that influence practice, seven domains of knowledge, values, and skills relevant to the success of new school social workers. The roles of school social workers and the factors that shape these roles are examined. Finally, the chapter discusses the importance and use of student and school assessments.
Advancing Antiracist Policies and Practices in Schools
Authors: Curtis Carolyn , Jointer Tynisha , Brake Andrew , Bonton Ashley
Published: November 2021

As social justice allies and advocates, the top professional priority of school social workers should be to embrace and advance antiracist policies and practices to (re)build schools as institutions of equity, inclusion, and opportunity. This chapter addresses a critical question related to the struggle for diversity, equity, and inclusion in P-12 schools in the United States. It explores how new school social workers in their first three years of practice can establish themselves as leaders in guiding their school to assess the degree of cultural acceptance, while taking steps toward advancing antiracist policies and practices. Finally, the chapter offers an array of tools regarding assessing cultural acceptance and techniques for incorporating them across all tiers of a school community.
Crisis Intervention
Authors: Chock-Goldman Jessica , Meader Heather
Published: November 2021

Crisis intervention is a major component of school social work practice. This chapter discusses two crises that school social workers may face: suicidal ideation and natural and human-caused disasters. Due to the amount of time children spend at school, schools play an essential component in identifying suicide risk. A case vignette is presented alongside methods that school social workers can use to strengthen suicide prevention. The importance of using methods sensitive to race and ethnicity of diverse student populations is stressed. The second part of the chapter discusses methods to identify and address the multiple needs of the school community after a disaster. Special attention is given to addressing the disproportionate impacts that disasters have on communities of color and those who are economically disadvantaged.
How to Become Indispensable and Stay Relevant
Authors: Shayman Emily , Anthony Jacquelyn , Jones Brittannee
Published: November 2021

School social workers are indispensable due to the menu of services they offer to students, the school, and the community and their unique knowledge base, which encompasses cultural responsiveness, theory (crisis intervention, ecological framework, systems theory, and strengths-based approaches), practice skills, and ability to connect and collaborate within an interdisciplinary team of professionals. Social workers can bring distinct and desirable perspectives to groups of educators. This chapter provides suggestions on how school social workers can find respect by, for example, honing their leadership skills, offering solution-focused perspectives, and advocating for the profession. This chapter offers guidance for those new to the field regarding how to showcase their social work perspective to help meet school-based and community needs.
Introduction
Authors: Thatcher Mark R.
Published: November 2021

This chapter presents the book’s central questions and arguments. How do multiple identities coexist in a single community? How do these identities relate to one another? How do they influence the politics of the communities involved? A brief discussion of the definition and subjective nature of identity is followed by an examination of several ways in which identity and politics are interrelated. Identities are often created and reshaped through political conflict, and they often shape a community’s political choices and provide tools for leaders and tyrants to create legitimacy for themselves. Next, the chapter defines each of four types of identity (polis identity, regional identity, Greekness, and ethnicity) and examines how they overlap and intersect with one another. Finally, it lays out the interdisciplinary method followed in the rest of the book, which explores these issues by using a wide variety of sources.
Shifting Identities in Thucydides’s Sicily
Authors: Thatcher Mark R.
Published: November 2021

This chapter explores the politics of identity in the Sicilian theater of the Peloponnesian War. Initially, most poleis in Sicily formed alliances based on ethnicity (either Dorian or Ionian), a form of kinship diplomacy that was typical in Greek politics. Camarina, however, allied with the Ionians despite being Dorian due to its unique polis identity, which had been shaped by hostility toward its mother city, Syracuse. Political decisions were thus conditioned by identities, and these, in turn, were often shaped by political rhetoric. An analysis of two speeches of the Syracusan politician Hermocrates, as rewritten by Thucydides, reveals a series of arguments, based on different identities in different contexts, that persuaded poleis to follow his recommendations. Identity thus played a central role in Greek politics, since the changing salience of different identities enabled poleis to make decisions on the basis of multiple identities over a short time.
An Introduction and Preview
Authors: Lucas Robert E.B.
Published: November 2021

This introductory chapter outlines the scope of the book and sets out its central objectives, namely, examining the magnitude, nature, causes, and consequences of population movements between the rural and urban sectors of developing countries, and emphasizing the reasons for addressing these issues. Two broad components in approaching these topics are distinguished: first, a review of the existing literature on each aspect, though some key limitations of these cumulative contributions are noted; and second, an introduction of extensive new evidence, derived from a database assembled for present purposes. These data encompass seventy-five low- and middle-income countries in Africa, the Asia-Pacific region, Latin America, and the Caribbean. The volume covers a wide set of facets and implications of migration across the rural-urban divide, and this initial chapter also incorporates a brief preview of these data in summarizing the content of each ensuing chapter.
The Impermanence of Moves: Return and Onward Migration
Authors: Lucas Robert E.B.
Published: November 2021

Several, independent data analyses demonstrate that neither rural-urban nor urban-rural migrations are as permanent as one normally assumes; return is common within a few years. Return from rural-urban migration is more prevalent among men and the less-well-educated and is strongly associated with rejoining a spouse. Age of return to a rural area is bimodal, peaking around age 20 and among children; no evidence of return upon retirement is apparent. Across countries, more than half return to a district other than their origin. Returned migrants’ rural incomes are greater than those of people who remained at home, both on average and among measurably equivalent groups. Upward mobility in income in towns is affirmed, particularly for the less-well-educated. Seasonal migration is more common among men and the better educated and by individuals, not joint families. Seasonal migration in India as well as step and onward migration elsewhere are not as common as is popularly claimed.
Getting Structural (Ir)rationality into View
Authors: Worsnip Alex
Published: November 2021

This chapter introduces the central notion of structural (ir)rationality that the book is concerned with, giving some central examples and hallmarks of the phenomenon. The author defines a lack of “fitting-togetherness” found in some combinations of mental states as incoherence. And he calls the particular kind of irrationality that incoherent states like these display structural irrationality. The author provides an initial case for a “dualist” view of rationality that distinguishes two equally genuine notions of rationality, structural and substantive. He also makes a number of clarifications about structural rationality, coherence, and the relationship between the two. Finally, he previews some of the central challenges for a theory of structural rationality.
Eliminations and Reductions I
Authors: Worsnip Alex
Published: November 2021

This chapter examines and argues against attempts to eliminate the category of structural rationality or reduce it to substantive rationality. Together with the following chapter—which argues against eliminations and reductions of the converse kind—it thereby provides a positive case for dualism about rationality, according to which both kinds of rationality are genuine and neither is reducible to the other. On the way, it also argues that there are cases where being substantively rational does not suffice for being structurally rational, and examines the preface paradox and cases of misleading higher-order evidence.
Eliminations and Reductions II
Authors: Worsnip Alex
Published: November 2021

This chapter examines and argues against attempts to eliminate the category of substantive rationality or reduce it to structural rationality. Together with the previous chapter—which argues against eliminations and reductions of the converse kind—it thereby provides a positive case for dualism about rationality according to which both kinds of rationality are genuine and neither is reducible to the other. On the way, it also argues against ideal attitudes accounts of reasons; neo-Kantian views according to which it’s structurally irrational to be immoral; and radical forms of coherentism and Bayesianism in epistemology.
Unifying the Instances of Incoherence
Authors: Worsnip Alex
Published: November 2021

This chapter gives an account of what unifies the diverse list of instances of incoherence. In so doing, it defends a biconditional test for when a combination of attitudinal mental states is incoherent. On the view defended, roughly, a set of states is incoherent iff it’s constitutive of these states that any agent who has them together necessarily has some disposition, when conditions of full transparency are met, to revise them. The chapter also relates the view it defends to constitutivism, according to which mental states are (at least partly) constituted by the norms that govern them, and to the view that rationality is a precondition of interpretation. It also explains how, even on the account offered, it is possible to be incoherent, and defends the contention that instances of incoherence in the sense identified are thereby instances of (structural) irrationality.
Covering Muslims
Authors: Bleich Erik , van der Veen Maurits
Published: November 2021

For decades, scholars and observers have criticized negative media portrayals of Muslims and Islam. Yet most of these critiques are limited by their focus on one specific location, a limited time period, or a single outlet. This book offers the first systematic, large-scale analysis of American newspaper coverage of Muslims through comparisons across groups, time, countries, and topics. It demonstrates conclusively that coverage of Muslims is strikingly negative by every comparative measure examined. Muslim articles are negative relative to those touching on Catholics, Jews, or Hindus, and to those mentioning marginalized groups within the United States as diverse as African Americans, Latinos, Mormons, and atheists. Coverage of Muslims has also been consistently and enduringly negative across the two-decade period from 1996 through 2016. This pattern is not unique to the United States; it also holds in countries such as Britain, Canada, and Australia, although less so in the Global South. Moreover, the strong negativity in the articles is not simply a function of stories about foreign conflict zones or radical Islamist violence, even though it is true that terrorism and extremism have become more prominent themes since 9/11. Strikingly, even articles about mundane topics tend to be negative. The findings suggest that American newspapers may, however inadvertently, contribute to reinforcing boundaries that generate Islamophobic attitudes. To overcome these drawbacks, journalists and citizens can consciously “tone-check” the media to limit the stigmatizing effect of negative coverage so commonly associated with Muslims and Islam.
Perspectives Moving Forward
Authors: Lele Uma , Agarwal Manmohan , Baldwin Brian C. , Goswami Sambuddha
Published: November 2021

Growing differentiation among developing countries, declining capital flows and remittances, uncertain external aid, weakening global architecture, and rising China are reviewed. In 2021, developed countries, led by the United States, had begun a recovery. Considerable progress was achieved in developing countries prior to the COVID-19 pandemic in reducing poverty; infant and child mortality, stunting, wasting, anemia; increasing food security and nutrition; and improving gender empowerment. Impacts of the pandemic on the poverty–food security–nutrition–health nexus and implications for action are described. Agricultural total factor productivity growth across regions and countries shows huge differences in aggregate productivity growth performance. Countries with low growth also lagged in structural transformation. Premature deindustrialization in developing countries peaks at earlier levels of per capita GDP than for industrialized countries. All farm sizes can achieve productivity growth and success, but smallholders require the functioning of factor and product markets, with strong public policy. Productivity growth measures have not included changes in the quality or quantity of natural resources, but that is changing. Overall, the issue of low financial flows to developing countries needs to be addressed, and available resources need to be used strategically to leverage greater public and private investments to food and agriculture. Substantial investments are needed in human and institutional capital and physical infrastructure for new technologies. The G20’s contribution to the global architecture for food and agriculture has not met its potential relative to a promising early start. For 54 industrial and emerging countries monitored by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, changes in their agricultural policies offer scope for improvement in the overall policy environment and investment climate at the global level, including release of valuable resources for building better.
Mixing, Mass Transfer, and Numerical Models
Authors: Engh Thorvald Abel , Sigworth Geoffrey K. , Kvithyld Anne
Published: November 2021

We want to eliminate dissolved impurities to another phase: slag, gas, solid, or a molten metal that has limited solubility in the main metal. The various phases may be in the form of droplets, bubbles, particles, or walls. The contact areas with metal should be large. The aim in reactor design and operation is to achieve relatively high velocities and small dimensions. Relations for mass transfer are also included since the behaviour of systems with molten metals may be different from that usually treated in chemical engineering. In the field of turbulence the Prandtl eddy length is important for describing removal to walls. Hydrogen in aluminium and the pick-up of hydrogen in aluminium from water vapour is studied in some detail, measured, and modelled. It is taken into account that hydrogen gas is two-atomic. The approach concerning aluminium may be applied to a range of metals.
Absence and Nothing
Authors: Mumford Stephen
Published: November 2021

Nothing is not. Yet it seems that we invoke absences and nothings often in our philosophical explanations. Negative metaphysics is on the rise. It has been claimed that absences can be causes, there are negative properties, absences can be perceived, there are negative facts, and we can refer to and speak about nothing. Parmenides long ago ruled against such things. Here we consider how much of Parmenides’ view can survive. A soft Parmenidean methodology is adopted in which we aim to reject all supposed negative entities but are prepared to accept them, reluctantly, if they are indispensable and irreducible in our best theories. We then see whether there are any negative entities that survive this test. Some can be dismissed on metaphysical grounds, but other problems are explained only once we reject another strand in Parmenides and show how we can think and talk about nothing. Accounts of perception of absence, empty reference, and denial are gathered. With these, we can show how no truthmakers are required for negative truths since we can have negative beliefs, concerning what-is-not, without what-is-not being part of what is. This supports a soft ontological Parmenideanism, which accepts much though not all of Parmenides’ original position.
Causation by Absence
Authors: Mumford Stephen
Published: November 2021

Absences sometimes appear to be causes, such as when a houseplant dies due to lack of water. This would be problematic, however, because if absences can be causes it would follow, by the Eleatic principle, that they exist. The reality of causation by absence can be challenged, however. It is not clear that something ever comes from nothing, in the sense of being caused by it. Further, if absences are causes, it seems that there is nothing to stop a vast escalation of causes for every effect that occurs, since among its causes would be the absence of everything that could have prevented it. We should say instead that absences can be invoked in the explanation of events, but in non-causal explanations. The absence of F can be an explanation of G where, had F occurred, G would not have. This contains no commitment to any absence being causally powerful.
Mere Possibilities
Authors: Mumford Stephen
Published: November 2021

The mere possibilities are the possibilities that are not also actual. It would seem that they have no being but some attempts to account for them effectively give being to them: to say that they are actual at some other world or that they reside within the causal powers of things. This seems to grant mere possibilities both non-being and being, against Parmenideanism. Instead, a fictionalist stance is advanced wherein mere possibilities are fictional recombinations of already existing elements. Such recombinations have no being themselves but they can still be grounded in what there is. The Parmenidean preference is for a grounding in nature rather than other possible worlds since our knowledge of other worlds is largely informed by our knowledge of this world.
Negative Belief
Authors: Mumford Stephen
Published: November 2021

We are in a position to assess the fortunes of the soft Parmenidean project. A number of putative negative existents were dismissed as no threat to the project, but there remained a number of outstanding metaphysical problems, such as whether there were really negative properties and how negative truths were made true. To solve these, we needed to consider how we are able to talk about nothing without existential commitment to it. This required an account of perception of absence, showing how we gain an idea of absence, and then an account of empty terms, showing how we can talk about what-is-not. Finally, we gave an account of denial as an alternative to asserting a negative. When we put these together, it explains how we can have negative beliefs concerning what is not the case without having to treat any absence or nothing as if it is something.
Narrative and point of view
Authors: Cumming Samuel
Published: November 2021

This chapter launches a simultaneous investigation of the conventions of temporal progression and subjective point of view in narratives. Historically, the two have been seen as mutually exclusive, as in Plato’s opposition of diegesis and mimesis, and Benveniste’s of histoire and discours. More recently, Mimo Caenepeel proposes, in the same vein, that subjective clauses of free indirect discourse do not (generally) advance narrative time, and suggests that this is because stative aspect, which does not (generally) induce a temporal update, is obligatory for clauses with a subjective point of view. The chapter will critically examine this interesting proposal.
Brazil
Authors: Santos Fabiano , Guarnieri Fernando , Salles Nara
Published: November 2021

In this chapter, we present the politics of congressional speech in Brazil as the result of incentives produced by this country’s political model, the so-called coalitional presidentialism. On the one hand, a majority formed by larger parties controls the decision-making process related to the Brazilian public agenda, turning the core policy debate into a partisan and ideological issue. On the other, “autonomous” spaces for delivering speeches are both claimed and occupied by legislators with more specific identities, such as women and deputies with longer-lived congressional trajectories. These personal traits cannot be limited to the traditional cleavages of the political system. For this, we analyzed more than 190,000 speeches delivered in the following phases of the floor sessions held between 2001 and 2018.
Ghana
Authors: Sanches Edalina Rodrigues , Dias António Luís
Published: November 2021

This chapter investigates the politics of parliamentary debates in Ghana, a country that combines a hybrid presidential regime with a candidate-centered electoral system. Although these features place Ghana as a typical case in which parliamentary rules grant more leeway to individual MPs, our analysis reveals a more complex scenario that defies conventional wisdom. The partial linkage between the legislative and parliamentary branches gives the executive strong agenda-setting powers; moreover, party leadership’s marked influence in the way business in the House unfolds means that there is a skewed playing field, which curtails individual MPs’ access to the floor. The empirical section draws on an original dataset of legislative debates from 2005 through 2019 to examine the determinants of floor access in the Ghanaian parliament. Three findings merit highlighting. First, female MPs are less likely to be selected to speak, and their speeches are significantly shorter when compared to those of male MPs. Second, seniority and exposure to parliament increase the chances of participating in a debate. Third, party leaders have most access to the floor, followed by committee chairs and ministers. However, female MPs who are members of the party leadership speak significantly less than their male counterparts.
Japan
Authors: Smith Daniel M.
Published: November 2021

This chapter explores patterns in legislative speech in the House of Representatives of Japan from 1996 to 2017. In the two main arenas of legislative debate—plenary sessions and committee meetings—the inter-party dimension of speech is characterized by the disproportionate share of speaking activity by opposition parties, as well as the dominant Liberal Democratic Party’s junior coalition partner, Kōmeitō. Within parties, senior members and leaders speak more than others in plenary debates, where debate time is more limited. Backbenchers, including those who lost a single-member district (SMD) race but won a seat through the proportional representation (PR) tier of the mixed-member majoritarian electoral system, are relatively more active in committees. Although women are under-represented in terms of seats, they are not significantly under-represented in terms of relative speaking activity in either arena.
Turkey
Authors: Yildirim T. Murat
Published: November 2021

This chapter focuses on legislative speechmaking patterns in Turkey over four election cycles between 1995 and 2011. Specifically, the chapter aims to test the theory of legislative speechmaking outlined earlier in this volume, where political parties in closed-list proportional electoral systems are hypothesized to have full control over the speakers’ list to ensure the party discipline and unity. Results based on 35,000 legislative speeches made by over 2100 MPs do not support some elements of the outlined theory. In particular, I show that as the number of terms served in the parliament increases, the propensity to take the legislative floor decreases. Additionally, government party MPs are significantly less likely to take the floor. However, in line with the theory, cabinet ministers take the floor much more frequently, relative to others. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of the theory of legislative speechmaking around the world.
Camera trapping for conservation
Authors: Rovero Francesco , Kays Roland
Published: November 2021

Camera traps use a motion sensor to capture images of passing animals, representing verifiable and non-invasive records of the presence of a given species at a specified place and time. These simple records provide fundamental data on biodiversity that have proven invaluable to conservation. Thanks to the improved (better, smaller, and less expensive) camera technology and the concurrent development of analytical approaches, camera trapping science has grown steadily in the last 15 years and advanced our knowledge of elusive and rare fauna across the planet. Here we review the use and potential of camera trapping in conservation science. We start with an introduction to the importance and challenges of studying reclusive wildlife and discuss the technical aspects of camera traps that make them so efficient and widely used for this purpose. We then review the variety of ways camera trapping has contributed to conservation, first presenting the wildlife metrics camera traps can document and then surveying how these have been applied to conservation through studies of habitat preference, distribution models, threat assessments, monitoring, and evaluations of conservation interventions. We also present case studies showing how camera trapping can effectively contribute to link ecological monitoring to conservation, including how data and images can be used to engage the public and policymakers with conservation issues, and how this work is now being scaled up through citizen science and networks of standardized data collection coupled with cyber-infrastructures for automatized analyses. We conclude by reviewing possible technological improvements of camera traps and how they would aid conservation in the future.
Environmental DNA for conservation
Authors: Piaggio Antoinette J.
Published: November 2021

Detection and monitoring of wildlife species of concern is a costly and time-consuming challenge that is critical to the management of such species. Tools such as lures and traps can cause unnecessary stress or other health impacts to sensitive species. Development and refinement of tools that provide means to detect rare and elusive species without requiring contact with them reduce such impacts. Further, the potential of detection after the target species has moved on from a sampling site could allow for higher potential for detection of rare species. The ability to amplify DNA from environmental samples (e.g. water, soil, air, and other substrates) has provided a non-invasive method for detection of rare or elusive species while reducing negative impacts to wildlife. Like other non-invasive methods, such as cameras, there are methodological pitfalls associated with environmental DNA (eDNA) sampling to consider. Each study system will provide unique challenges to adequate eDNA sampling. Thus, pilot studies are critical for successful implementation of a larger-scale detection and monitoring study. This chapter will describe the benefits and challenges of using eDNA, detail types of eDNA sampling, and provide guidance on designing appropriate study design and sampling schemes. Empirical studies using eDNA applied to wildlife conservation efforts will be highlighted and discussed.
Digital surveillance technologies in conservation and their social implications
Authors: Simlai Trishant , Sandbrook Chris
Published: November 2021

In recent years, a range of new and existing monitoring technologies have been developed or redeployed for the practice of conservation. These include the use of drones, camera traps, and satellite and thermal imagery for activities such as anti-poaching and law enforcement. These technologies bring exciting new technical capabilities for conservation, but they also raise social concerns related to privacy and pervasive surveillance. Without proper consultation and dialogue with local communities, it has been suggested that the use of such technologies may lead to marginalization, interstakeholder tensions, and ultimately strain the relationship between conservation agencies, local communities, and even local authorities. In many respects surveillance is constitutive of modern society, especially in urban spaces. The social implications of surveillance have been heavily researched and discussed in that context, but the application of surveillance technologies in conservation and environmental management and its impacts remain an underexplored field of inquiry. This chapter aims to explore and understand the complexities that lie behind using surveillance technologies for conservation. It argues that these digital technologies are not a panacea for all conservation-related problems and need careful review before, during, and after use. The chapter also argues that it is important to consider who controls, benefits from, and pays for these technologies. Finally, the chapter calls for comprehensive ethical guidelines and frameworks of regulation that promote democratization of these technologies.