bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stromelysin‐3 suppresses tumor cell apoptosis in a murine model*
Authors: Wu Erxi , Mari Bernard P. , Wang Fengfei , Anderson Ian C. , Sunday Mary E. , Shipp Margaret A.
Published: August 2002

Stromelysin‐3 (STR‐3) is a matrix metalloproteinase with a unique pattern of expression and substrate specificity. During embryogenesis and remodeling of normal adult tissues, STR‐3 is produced by stromal cells in direct contact with epithelial cells undergoing regional apoptosis and selective cell survival. STR‐3 is also overexpressed by interdigitating stromal cells in primary epithelial malignancies. Although STR‐3 does not degrade classic extracellular matrix components, the enzyme promotes the establishment of local tumors in nude mice by as yet undefined mechanisms. STR‐3 is induced when malignant epithelial cells come into contact with surrounding stromal elements; the active stromal cell‐derived 45 kDa enzyme is subsequently processed to a 35 kDa protein without enzymatic activity. We have generated MCF‐7 transfectants expressing wild type or catalytically inactive 45 kDa STR‐3 (STR‐3wt and STR‐3cat‐) or secreted 35 kDa STR‐3 (35 kDa STR‐3sec) and evaluated their implantation and survival in nude mice. Tumors developed significantly more rapidly in animals receiving STR‐3wt, rather than vector‐only, STR‐3cat‐ or 35 kDa STR‐3sec transfectants. Most importantly, STR‐3wt tumors had a significantly lower percentage of apoptotic cells than tumors derived from vector‐only, STR‐3cat‐ or 35 kDa STR‐3sec transfectants. Taken together, these studies suggest that the active STR‐3 enzyme may increase tumor take by suppressing tumor cell apoptosis and that 45 kDa to 35 kDa STR‐3 processing limits STR‐3 activity at the tumor/stromal interface. Because STR‐3 is secreted as an active enzyme rather than a proform, subsequent 45 kDa to 35 kDa STR‐3 processing may represent a novel mechanism for regulating enzymatic activity. J. Cell. Biochem. 82: 549–555, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamic changes in p27kip1 variant expression in activated lymphocytes
Authors: Yaroslavskiy B. , Watkins S.C. , Alber Sean , Steinman Richard A.
Published: August 2002

The p27Kip1 cell cycle inhibitor (p27) has emerged as a critical mediator of normal cellular growth control. We report the expression of a 24 kD C‐terminal variant of p27 in normal peripheral blood lymphocytes. This variant is rapidly degraded in a proteasome‐dependent manner when lymphocytes are activated by interleukin‐2 or by superantigen. Whereas p24 degradation is complete within 16 h of mitogen addition, full‐length p27 is decreased only modestly over 72 h of mitogen exposure and is present in activated and cycling lymphocytes. Persistent p27 is present in a complex with cyclin D3 in activated lymphocytes, and is localized both in the nucleus and cytoplasm. These results indicate that lymphocytes exiting from quiescence use several mechanisms to overcome the p27Kip1‐enforced cell cycle checkpoint, and that elimination of p27 is not required for cell cycle entry. J. Cell. Biochem. 83: 380–389, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytoplasm of sea urchin unfertilized eggs contains a nucleosome remodeling activity
Authors: Medina Ricardo , Gutiérrez José , Puchi Marcia , Imschenetzky María , Montecino Martin
Published: August 2002

After fertilization the sea urchin sperm nucleus transforms into the male pronucleus which later fuses with the female pronucleus re‐establishing the diploid genome of the embryo. This process requires remodeling of the sperm chromatin structure including the replacement of the sperm histones by maternally derived cleavage stage histone variants. In recent years, a group of protein complexes that promote chromatin‐remodeling in an ATP‐dependent manner have been described. To gain understanding into the molecular mechanisms operating during sea urchin male pronuclei formation, we analyzed whether chromatin‐remodeling activity was present in unfertilized eggs as well as during early embryogenesis. We report that in the sea urchin Tetrapygus niger, protein extracts from the cytoplasm but not from the nucleus, of unfertilized eggs exhibit ATP‐dependent nucleosome remodeling activity. This cytosolic activity was not found at early stages of sea urchin embryogenesis. In addition, by using polyclonal antibodies in Western blot analyses, we found that an ISWI‐related protein is primarily localized in the cytoplasm of the sea urchin eggs. Interestingly, SWI2/SNF2‐related proteins were not detected neither in the nucleus nor in the cytoplasm of unfertilized eggs. During embryogenesis, as transcriptional activity is increased an ISWI‐related protein is found principally in the nuclear fraction. Together, our results indicate that the cytoplasm in sea urchin eggs contains an ATP‐dependent chromatin‐remodeling activity, which may include ISWI as a catalytic subunit. J. Cell. Biochem. 83: 554–562, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Some new HSOLSSOMs of types hn and 1m u1
Authors: Ge G. , Abel R. J. R.
Published: August 2002

In this paper, two new direct construction methods are given for holey self‐orthogonal Latin squares with a symmetric orthogonal mate (HSOLSSOMs). Some new HSOLSSOMs using already known methods are also given. The known existence results for HSOLSSOMs of types 1m u1 and hn are improved; for type 1m u1 there remain just four possible exceptions with u odd and 3 ≤ u ≤ 15; for type hn, there are just two possible exceptions remaining, for (h, n) = (6, 12) and (6, 18). As a byproduct, the known existence results for three holey mutually orthogonal Latin squares (3 HMOLS) are also improved. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Combin Designs 9: 435–444, 2001
Ratio of baseline erythropoietin (EPO) level and corrected reticulocyte count as an indicator for a favourable response to recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) therapy in anaemic cancer patients
Authors: Charuruks Navapun , Voravud Narin , Limpanasithikul Wacharee
Published: August 2002

Purpose: Recently, recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) was introduced for the management of anemia in malignancy. To identify an indicator for a favourable response to rhEPO, 28 anaemic cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy and treated with rhEPO were evaluated. Methods: Patients were classified into responder (16 of 28, 57%) and nonresponder (12 of 28, 43%) groups according to their responses to rhEPO therapy (response being defined as an increase in Hb level of >2 g/dl from baseline without blood transfusion). Results: Treatment with rhEPO showed significant improvements in the red blood cell (RBC) count, haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), and reticulocyte count (ret. count) after 4 weeks. Upon analysing the baseline value of the EPO level and the corrected ret.count in these two groups, we found that the ratio of the EPO level and the corrected ret.count (EPO/ret.count) demonstrated a statistical significance (P = 0.03) in the prediction of response to rhEPO therapy. This ratio showed a sensitivity of 87.5%, specificity of 66.7%, and overall accuracy of 78.6%. Conclusion: Our study suggested that the baseline ratio of EPO/ret.count should be used as an indicator for a favourable response to rhEPO therapy. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 15:260–266, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
NIST physical standards for DNA‐based medical testing
Authors: Barker Peter E. , Watson Michael S. , Ticehurst John R. , Colbert Jennifer C. , O’Connell Catherine D.
Published: August 2002

As DNA and RNA become major targets for clinical laboratory analysis, benchmark reagents will play an increasingly important role in standardization. Reliable national and international nucleic acid standards promote automation and third‐party reimbursement for clinical testing. Furthermore, nucleic acid standards provide materials for quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC), and proficiency testing. Standard methods and training initially evolved from consensus guidelines endorsed by professional societies and governmental agencies. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), a nonregulatory agency of the U.S. Department of Commerce, develops and certifies physical and chemical standards in support of national commerce, manufacturing, and science. In its role supporting U.S. science and industry, the NIST responds to specific standards needs, most recently for medically and biologically important analytes. Broad‐based consensus developed through interdisciplinary NIST workshops initiated development of NIST‐certified DNA standards. Such materials serve the diagnostic community and help manufacturers benchmark a variety of DNA diagnostic testing platforms. Here we summarize the NIST experience and programs for development of national standards for DNA‐based medical diagnostic testing. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 16:5–10, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of substrate size on immunoinhibition of amylase activity
Authors: Warshawsky Ilka , Hortin Glen L.
Published: August 2002

Immunoinhibition assays are hypothesized to work by antibodies blocking substrate access to enzyme active sites. To test this hypothesis, the inhibition of amylase isoenzymes by monoclonal and polyclonal antisera was assessed using substrates of varying sizes: chromogenic sustrates 3, 5, or 7 glucose units in length, novel synthetic macromolecular substrates, and starch. The synthetic macromolecular substrates consisted of small oligosaccharide substrates linked to an inert polymer that conferred a large size to substrate molecules as determined by gel filtration chromatography. When substrate size increased, amylase activity could be inhibited equivalently by antibody concentrations that are 10‐fold lower. Progressively less polyclonal serum was required to inhibit amylase activity as substrate length increased from 3 to 5 to 7 glucose units and as size was increased by linkage to a polymer. Different effects of substrate size were observed with two monoclonal antibodies. One monoclonal antibody blocked amylase activity independent of substrate size, while another monoclonal antibody had little inhibitory effect except using starch as substrate. We conclude that use of larger substrates can expand the repertoire of inhibitory epitopes on enzymes and convert a noninhibitory antibody into an inhibitory one. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 15:64–70, 2001.
Histamine release test and measurement of antigen‐specific IgE antibody in the diagnosis of allergic conjunctival diseases
Authors: Uchio Eiichi , Matsuura Noriko , Matsumoto Satoru , Kadonosono Kazuaki , Ohno Shigeaki
Published: August 2002

Although systemic allergic laboratory tests for the quantification of allergen‐specific serum IgE antibody have been widely used, in these tests a high titer of serum specific IgE does not necessarily indicate evidence of allergy. We evaluated the diagnostic value of the glass microfiber‐based histamine release test (HRT) using small amounts of whole blood, in 36 cases of allergic conjunctival diseases: 17 cases of allergic conjunctivitis and 19 of atopic keratoconjunctivitis. The patients were evaluated by HRT, capsulated hydrolic carrier polymer (CAP)‐RAST, and conjunctival provocation test (CPT) against ten allergens. The positive rates for all allergens were higher in CAP‐RAST than in HRT. The mean concordance of HRT with CAP‐RAST results was 0.789. The mean concordance of HRT with CPT was 0.892 and that of CAP‐RAST with CPT was 0.693. A significantly higher concordance was observed in HRT than CAP‐RAST for Japanese cedar and mite antigen. The mean sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency of HRT were higher than those of CAP‐RAST. These results indicate that CAP‐RAST is good for the screening of allergens and that HRT has an advantage in the confirmation of clinical allergens in allergic conjunctival diseases because of its high sensitivity, specificity, efficiency, and higher concordance with CPT. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 15:71–75, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An experiential alternative to countertransference
Authors: Mahrer Alvin R.
Published: August 2002

In an experiential alternative, the therapist and the client attend mainly to a “third thing” throughout the session instead of to one another. A case is presented in which the experiential alternative can offer some new, and perhaps interesting, uses of the therapist's personal reactions in comparison with the uses of countertransference and personal reactions of the therapist when therapist and client attend mainly to one another throughout the session. These new uses are presented and illustrated. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session 57: 1021–1028, 2001.
MMPI profile characteristics of women with varying levels of normal dissociation
Authors: Leavitt Frank
Published: August 2002

MMPI‐2 correlates of normal dissociation as measured by the absorption subscale items of the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) were examined in patients with diagnoses in the dissociative spectrum (n = 119) and not in the dissociative spectrum (n = 97). All patients completed the MMPI‐2 and DES and were assigned to subgroups based on a cut‐off score of 30 on normal dissociation. Results indicated that normal dissociation was unusually prominent among patients with mental disorders. The MMPI profiles of those with high imbalances of normal dissociation were skewed in the direction of more pathology across a broad range of mental symptoms. This was true for both dissociative and nondissociative patients. These findings provide preliminary evidence that high imbalances in normal dissociation may be related to psychopathology of a general nature. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 57: 1469–1477, 2001.
A case illustration of resistance from a cognitive perspective
Authors: Newman Cory F.
Published: August 2002

Brian, a 36‐year‐old, single, white male, entered cognitive therapy in response to a depressive episode precipitated by the loss of a job. In addition to his Major Depression, the client met diagnostic criteria for Dysthymia and Personality Disorder Not Otherwise Specified. The first three sessions focused on Brian's unemployment crisis and related dysphoria, as well as his passive‐avoidant approach to life. Brian collaborated with the therapist in formulating a treatment plan and quickly found a new job, whereupon he abruptly withdrew from therapy. Shortly thereafter, Brian contacted the therapist in a renewed state of “crisis” and returned for a fourth session. The therapist attempted to draw a link between Brian's passive‐avoidant style and his vulnerability to problems such as those he currently was experiencing. The client had difficulty understanding the therapist's thread of logic, became somewhat defensive and combative, and did not return for further sessions. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session 58: 145–149, 2002.
Auld lang Syne: Success predictors, change processes, and self‐reported outcomes of New Year's resolvers and nonresolvers
Authors: Norcross John C. , Mrykalo Marci S. , Blagys Matthew D.
Published: August 2002

New Year's resolvers (n = 159) and comparable nonresolvers interested in changing a problem later (n = 123) were followed for six months via telephone interviews to determine their self‐reported outcomes, predictors of success, and change processes. The two groups did not differ in terms of demographic characteristics, problem histories, or behavioral goals (weight loss, exercise program, and smoking cessation being the most prevalent). Resolvers reported higher rates of success than nonresolvers; at six months, 46% of the resolvers were continuously successful compared to 4% of the nonresolvers. Self‐efficacy, skills to change, and readiness to change assessed before January 1 all predicted positive outcome for resolvers. Once into the new year, successful resolvers employed more cognitive–behavioral processes but fewer awareness‐generating and emotion‐enhancing processes than nonsuccessful resolvers. Discussion centers on the research and intervention opportunities afforded by the annual tradition of resolutions. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 397–405, 2002.
Postprandial dilatation of the gallbladder in cholelithiasis
Authors: Samovsky Maria , Loberant Norman
Published: August 2002

Purpose

We assessed the postprandial sonographic findings in patients with cholelithiasis whose gallbladders were completely contracted after fasting.

Methods

The gallbladders of 5 patients with recurrent abdominal pain were completely contracted despite overnight fasting and could not be adequately examined on sonography. The patients were given a fatty meal and re‐examined after 30 minutes.

Results

In all patients, the gallbladder became distended after the meal, and gallstones were clearly demonstrated.

Conclusions

Patients whose gallbladders are completely contracted after overnight fasting and cannot be adequately evaluated on sonography should be given a fatty meal and re‐examined sonographically. This technique is efficient in preventing unnecessary additional patient visits for the evaluation of cholelithiasis. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 29:513–516, 2001.
Role of systematic ultrasound‐guided staging biopsies in predicting extraprostatic extension and seminal vesicle invasion in men with prostate cancer
Authors: Okihara Koji , Kamoi Kazumi , Lane Roger B. , Evans Robert B. , Troncoso Patricia , Babaian R. Joseph
Published: August 2002

Purpose

To assess the presence of extraprostatic extension and seminal vesicle invasion in men with prostate cancer, we performed systematic staging biopsies targeting neurovascular bundles, seminal vesicles, and other extraprostatic tissues before the men underwent radical prostatectomy. We retrospectively evaluated the clinical efficacy of these systematic staging biopsies compared with digital rectal examination (DRE) and transrectal sonography (TRUS).

Methods

Two hundred forty‐four candidates for prostatectomy who had a diagnostic biopsy Gleason score of 8 or higher and/or indications of extraprostatic extension (eg, seminal vesicle invasion) by DRE or TRUS underwent staging biopsies using an 18‐gauge Tru‐Cut needle under real‐time TRUS guidance between June 1997 and March 2000. We determined the number of staging biopsy cores to be taken based on the Gleason score of the diagnostic biopsy as well as abnormal DRE and/or TRUS findings. The chi‐square test was used to evaluate the statistical significance of differences.

Results

There were no complications of staging biopsy. In 75 (31%) of the 244 patients, results of the staging biopsies were positive. The clinical stage was upgraded by staging biopsy in 18 (24%) of these 75 patients. After the staging biopsies, 90 patients underwent radical prostatectomy. Among these 90 patients, staging biopsy specimens were positive for cancer in 20 (47%) of the 43 patients who received neoadjuvant therapy and in 1 (2%) of the 47 patients who did not receive neoadjuvant therapy. There were no false‐positive staging biopsies in either group. Among the 90 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy, the false‐negative rate for the prediction of organ‐confined disease was 43% (30/69) for staging biopsies compared with 29% (10/34) for TRUS. The diagnostic accuracy of staging biopsies (67%; 60/90) was higher than that of DRE (52%; 47/90; p < 0.05) but lower than that of TRUS (79%; 71/90; p = 0.066).

Conclusions

Staging biopsies can reliably sample extraprostatic tissue, including the seminal vesicles and neurovascular bundles. Positive staging biopsy results can aid in the selection of treatment options and in the prediction of outcome for individual patients by providing definitive histologic confirmation of locally advanced disease. Conventional predictive variables for staging can be applied when the results of staging biopsies are negative. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:123–131, 2002; DOI 10.1002/jcu.10052
Determination of thyroid volume by Sonography in healthy Brazilian schoolchildren
Authors: Rossi Adriana , Tomimori Eduardo , Camargo Rosalinda , Medeiros‐Neto Geraldo
Published: August 2002

Purpose

Our objective was to establish thyroid volume by sonography in Brazilian schoolchildren and to correlate thyroid volume with anthropometric characteristics.

Methods

Sonographic studies of thyroid volume were conducted in 1,977 schoolchildren (6–14 years old) from 21 villages and towns in Central Brazil. Iodine concentration was analyzed in urine specimens and in salt samples obtained from the children's homes. Thyroid volumes were also compared with volumes reported for other countries.

Results

Age, height, and weight correlated with thyroid volume. Thyroid volumes for boys and girls were generally lower than those obtained in Europe and comparable to those obtained in Malaysia and Iran. Urinary iodine excretion was considered elevated in about half of the Brazilian schoolchildren, and the iodine content of salt samples was more than 50 ppm in 58%.

Conclusions

We observed relatively smaller thyroid gland volumes in Brazilian schoolchildren as compared with those reported in Europe. This was apparently due to a higher iodine intake in our population. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:226–231, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/jcu.10060
Sonographic diagnosis of a giant aneurysm of the common hepatic artery
Authors: Bachar Gil Nissim , Belenky Alexander , Lubovsky Lubov , Neuman‐Levine Margalit
Published: August 2002

Hepatic artery aneurysms are rare vascular lesions sometimes found incidentally during abdominal imaging. We present the case of a 61‐year‐old man whose initial symptoms were tenderness in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen and epigastric pain. Gray‐scale sonography revealed ascites and an 8.1‐cm mass in the region of the porta hepatis; color Doppler sonography revealed a turbulent arterial waveform with high peak systolic velocity. We diagnosed a giant aneurysm of the common hepatic artery. Three‐dimensional CT angiography confirmed this diagnosis and also revealed hemoperitoneum. The patient underwent aneurysmectomy and recovered well. This case shows that the use of both sonography and CT angiography offers a promising alternative to conventional angiography for the diagnosis of and treatment planning for hepatic artery aneurysms. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:300–302, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www. interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/jcu.10077
Autotomy as a prelude to regeneration in echinoderms
Authors: Wilkie I.C.
Published: August 2002

‘Autotomy’ refers to the adaptive detachment of animal body parts where this serves a defensive function, is achieved by an intrinsic mechanism, and is nervously mediated. With regard to each echinoderm class, this article itemises those structures that are autotomous, evaluates the extent to which autotomy precedes regeneration in natural populations, reviews current knowledge of the morphology of autotomy planes and mechanisms that effect fracture at autotomy, and comments on autotomy‐related issues arising from studies of the cellular events of regeneration. Each autotomy plane can be regarded as an assemblage of breakage zones traversing the individual anatomical components of the autotomous structure. In any one autotomy plane some breakage zones are permanent sites of weakness that are fractured by external forces and some are potential sites of weakness that undergo a loss of tensile strength only at the time of autotomy. The latter occur predominantly in mutable collagenous structures, although there are a few examples of muscles that undergo an endogenous rupturing process. Available evidence indicates that autotomy is by far the commonest proximate cause of structural loss in echinoderms. Most echinoderm regeneration is therefore necessitated by autotomy and proceeds from the retained side of a fractured autotomy plane. Due to a lack of relevant research there is as yet little evidence for or against the presence of specific regeneration‐promoting adaptations at autotomy planes, although it is argued that an autotomy plane designed primarily to effect rapid detachment would by itself increase regenerative efficiency. Microsc. Res. Tech. 55:369–396, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nonuniform distribution of myosin light chains within the thick filaments of lobster slow muscle: Immunocytochemical study
Authors: Brown Lisa D. , Cantino Marie E.
Published: August 2002

The in situ distribution of the alpha and beta myosin light chains was investigated at the subsarcomeric and subfilament levels in individual fibers of the superficial flexor muscle (SFM) of the lobster, Homarus americanus. Polyclonal antibodies were produced against the two classes of myosin light chains and used for subsequent immunolocalization on thin sections of sarcomeres and on isolated filaments from both the medial and lateral fiber bundles of the SFM. The beta myosin light chains were uniformly distributed within the crossbridge region of sarcomeres of both medial and lateral bundles. The alpha myosin light chains were uniformly distributed within the crossbridge region of sarcomeres from the medial bundle, but were nonuniformly distributed over the crossbridge region of lateral bundle sarcomeres. In the latter, the number of alpha myosin light chains was highest toward the center of the thick filaments, diminishing towards the ends. Similar distributions of alpha light chains were found in isolated myosin filaments. These data demonstrate that heterogeneity in protein composition extends to the level of the myosin filament and suggest that the myosin filament substructure in lobster may be different than that found in vertebrate skeletal muscle. J. Exp. Zool. 290:6–17, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Embryonic and postembryonic neurogenesis in the ventral nerve cord of the freshwater crayfish Cherax destructor
Authors: Sullivan Jeremy M. , Macmillan David L.
Published: August 2002

Previous studies of neurogenic activity in the thoracic neuromeres of indirect developing crustaceans indicated that the temporal patterns of neurogenesis can be correlated with the appearance of the thoracic appendages during larval and metamorphic development. To test further the idea that the temporal patterns of neurogenesis in crustaceans are related to their life histories, we examined neurogenesis in the ventral nerve cord of a direct developing crustacean, the freshwater crayfish Cherax destructor, whose life history contains neither larval stages nor metamorphoses. Neurogenesis was examined using the in vivo incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine into DNA. During late embryonic development the thoracic neuromeres of the crayfish contain arrays of mitotically active neuroblasts similar to those previously described in the spider crab and lobster. The arrays in the crayfish abdomen are, however, greatly reduced compared with those of the thorax. On hatching, both the thoracic and abdominal appendages of C. destructor are capable of movement. The pleopods, however, do not beat rhythmically until the second postembryonic stage whereas the pereiopods are not used in coordinated walking movements until the third stage. An examination of the time course of neurogenesis in the ventral nerve cord revealed that neurogenic activity in each neuromere ceases during or before the moult to the developmental stage in which its segmental appendage is first used in coordinated movements. These findings indicate that the patterns of neurogenesis in crustaceans are indeed related to the maturation of the segmental appendages and, in particular, to the maturation of motor behaviours. J. Exp. Zool. 290:49–60, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Is the unique negatively charged polypeptide of crayfish yolk HDL a component of crustacean vitellin?
Authors: Abdu Uri , Yehezkel Galit , Weil Simy , Ziv Tamar , Sagi Amir
Published: August 2002

The yolk protein of Cherax quadricarinatus contains six major high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) subunits with the approximate molecular masses of 177, 155, 106, 95, 86, and 75 kDa, of which only the 106‐kDa polypeptide is negatively charged. On the basis of their molecular weights, time of appearance and disappearance, their floating density and susceptibility to enzyme degradation (by a serine proteinase), these six HDL polypeptides were classified into two subgroups. One group comprises the higher‐molecular‐weight compounds above 106 kDa, and the other includes the lower‐molecular‐weight compounds up to 95 kDa. Other than being different from the lower‐molecular‐weight polypeptides, the negatively charged 106‐kDa polypeptide was significantly different from members of its higher‐molecular‐weight group belonging to a different, less abundant, yolk protein as shown by HPLC separation. Immunological studies and peptide mapping in which the 106‐kDa polypeptide did not show similarity to any of the other HDL components confirmed these differences. Moreover, the amino acid composition of the 106‐kDa polypeptide was different from that of known vitellin from other crustacean species. This unique negatively charged polypeptide presents an enigma as it is known to be a secondary vitellogenic‐related HDL polypeptide, immunolocalized in yolk globules; however, it is different to all the other HDL polypeptides, thus presenting the question whether it is indeed a component of “classical” crustacean vitellin. J. Exp. Zool. 290:218–226, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
GTPase stimulation in shrimp Ras(Q61K) with geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate but not mammalian GAP
Authors: Chang Kai‐Chun , Chuang Nin‐Nin
Published: August 2002

BALB/3T3 cells were transformed by transfection with DNA encoding the mutated ras(Q61K) from shrimp Penaeus japonicus (Huang et al., 2000). The GTPase‐activating protein (GAP) in the cytosol fraction was significantly expressed and degraded, compared to untransformed cells on the western blot. To understand this in more detail, the interaction of the bacterially expressed shrimp Ras (S‐Ras) with GAP was investigated using GAP purified from mouse brains. SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the monomers of the purified GAP to have a relative mass of 65,000. Since the purified GAP was bound to the Ras conjugated affinity sepharose column with high affinity and its GTP hydolysis activity upon binding with tubulin was suppressed, the purified enzyme was concluded to be neurofibromin‐like. The purified GAP enhanced the intrinsic GTPase activity of the S‐Ras, to convert it into the inactive GDP‐bound form, in agreement with findings for GTP‐bound KB‐Ras in vitro. To compare the effects between isoprenoids and GAP on the GTP‐hydrolysis of Ras, we applied the GTP‐locked shrimp mutant S‐Ras(Q61K) and GTP‐locked rat mutant KB‐ras(Q61K). Radioassay studies showed that geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate at μg level catalyzed the GTP hydrolysis of S‐Ras(Q61K) and KB‐ras(Q61K) competently, but not farnesyl pyrophosphate or the purified GAP. The present study provides the view that the geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate at carboxyl terminal CAAX assists GTP hydrolysis to Ras proteins probably in a manner similar to the substrate assisted catalysis in GTPase mechanism. J. Exp. Zool. 290:642–651, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Economic liberalization and new product enterprises in the newly industrializing countries: an analysis of the Indian experience
Authors: Katrak Homi
Published: August 2002

This paper examines whether India's recent economic liberalization policies have led to a shift away from the relatively R&D intensive new product enterprises (NPEs) and towards old product enterprises (OPEs). The former type of enterprises had begun production under the earlier protectionist regime and there has been concern whether they will do well under the more competitive liberalized environment. Empirical tests, covering two 6‐year periods, 1985–90 and 1991–96, found only limited evidence that the growth in the number of the NPEs had been relatively lower in the post liberalisation period, compared to that of the OPEs. However the NPEs' contribution to the growth of industry output had not decreased in that period. Overall there has been no adverse effect on the NPEs. These results may well be showing that any unfavourable influence of trade liberalisation on the NPEs has been offset by the liberalisation of the imports of technology and also the de‐licensing policy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of L‐[3,3,4,4,S‐methyl‐2H7]methionine for use as a substrate for the methionine loading test
Authors: Hasegawa Hiroshi , Shinohara Yoshihiko , Tagoku Kazunori , Hashimoto Takao
Published: August 2002

Optically pure L‐[3,3,4,4,S‐methyl‐2H7]methionine (L‐[2H7]‐methionine) for use as a substrate for the methionine loading test has been prepared. The racemic [2H7]methionine was prepared from DL‐[3,3,4,4‐2H4]methionine (DL‐[2H4]methionine) by conversion of the S‐CH3 group to a C2H3 group. The racemate was resolved by stereospecific hydrolysis of the N‐acetylated derivative with acylase. After an intravenous administration of L‐[2H7]methionine in a rat, the concentration of L‐[2H7]methionine and the metabolites in plasma were determined by GC‐MS‐SIM. L‐[2H4]Homocysteine and L‐[2H4]methionine were detected in plasma at 30 min after dosing. These results show that L‐[2H7]methionine was converted by de‐methylation and subsequent re‐methylation to form L‐[2H4]methionine. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of (E)‐4‐[4,4‐dimethyl‐2,5‐dioxo‐3‐{1′‐(125I)iodo‐1′‐propen‐3′‐yl}‐1‐imidazolidinyl]‐2‐trifluoromethylbenzonitrile: A potential radioligand for the androgen receptor
Authors: Dort Marcian E. Van , Hagen Clarke A.
Published: August 2002

The synthesis of a novel radioiodinated nonsteroidal androgen receptor ligand (E)‐4‐[4,4‐dimethyl‐2,5dioxo‐3‐{1′‐(125I)iodo‐1′‐propen‐3′‐yl}‐1‐imidazolidinyl]‐2‐trifluoromethylbenzonitrile ([125I]1) is described. In vitro competitive binding studies demonstrated that 1 bound to the rat androgen receptor with high affinity (Ki = 13 nM). No‐carrier‐added [125I]1 was synthesized from the corresponding tri‐n‐butyltin precursor by an oxidative radioiododestannylation reaction with Na[125I]iodide and 3% aqueous hydrogen peroxide as oxidant. Subsequent HPLC purification provided [125I]1 in 86‐92% (average = 90%;n = 5) isolated radiochemical yields having >99% radiochemical and chemical purity and a specific activity range of 1574‐1835 Ci/mmol (average = 1733Ci/mmol; n = 3). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rosiglitazone maleate (BRL 49653‐C); the preparation of [14C] and [3H] isotopomers
Authors: Kirefu Tabassum , Landvatter Scott W , Latter Alison J , Lawrie Kenneth WM , Morecombe Donald J , Willcocks Kenneth
Published: August 2002

The glitazone insulin sensitisers are an important class of pharmaceuticals for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes. Syntheses of [methyl‐14C] and [3H]rosiglitazone maleate (BRL 49653‐C), marketed by SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals as Avandia® are described. [Methyl‐14C]BRL 49653‐C was prepared in 5 steps in 12.6% overall radiochemical yield from K[14C]CN. Catalytic reduction with tritium gas of a dibromo derivative gave [3H]rosiglitazone with a specific activity of 58Ci/mmol. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of carbon‐14 labelled ampropylfos (1‐[14C]‐α‐aminopropanephosphonic acid)
Authors: Hudson Harry R. , Ismail Fatima
Published: August 2002

1‐[14C]‐α‐Aminopropanephosphonic acid, with a specific activity of 1.736 µCi mg−1, has been prepared from 1‐[14C]‐propanal, triphenyl phosphite, and benzyl carbamate by interaction in toluene in the presence of boron trifluoride‐etherate, followed by hydrolysis. The product was shown by single crystal X‐ray diffraction to be structurally identical to an unlabelled specimen. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of several isotopically labeled pyrrolo[1,3‐d]pyrimidine analogs
Authors: Easter John A. , Stolle Wayne T.
Published: August 2002

Four members of a novel class of pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyrimidines that show potential for the treatment of asthma and neurodegenerative disorders, have been prepared with radioisotope labels and in one case with multiple stable isotope labels for ADME studies as part of the drug development process. The syntheses utilize an isotopically labeled 2,4,6‐trisubstituted pyrimidine as a common building block, readily prepared from isotopically labeled urea. Cyclizations of the pyrimidine with bromo‐ketones generate the ring fused pyrrolo[2,3‐d]‐pyrimidines with elegant efficiency as demonstrated by the preparation of structures 4, 5, 8 and 12. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of 15N‐labelled nornicotine and 15N‐labelled nicotine
Authors: Vo‐Thanh Giang , Felpin François‐Xavier , Nourrisson Gilbert , Trierweiler Michel , Robins Richard J. , Lebreton Jacques
Published: August 2002

The synthesis of 15N‐labelled nornicotine 2 and 15N‐labelled nicotine 1 is described via the reductive aminocyclization of a 1,4‐ketoaldehyde with a corresponding amine in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride. Yields of 30% and 26%, respectively, were obtained from 3‐bromopyridine. The 15N‐label has been easily introduced from ammonium‐15N‐labelled chloride as an inexpensive label source. As far as we are aware, this is the first synthesis of 15N‐labelled nicotine. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
9th Conference of the Central European Division e.V. of the International Isotope Society
Authors: Andres Hendrik , Sidorov G.V. , Zverkov Yu.B. , Myasoedov N.F. , Cimpoia A.R. , Susan A.B. , Saljoughian Manouchehr , Morimoto Hiromi , Williams Philip G. , Than Chit , Salter R , Moenius T , Ackermann P , Studer M , Morgan A , Chappelle M , Konstantinova Olga V. , Khripach Vladimir A. , Zhabinskii Vladimir N. , Antonchick Andrey P. , Schneider Bernd , Rees A. T. , Colebrook A. , Seidel Dietrich , Rodriguez M. I. , Metz Y. , Voges R. , Kelly Terence P. , Rodgers Thomas R. , Wright Christopher , Kröger Mario , Fels Gregor , Mahnke Marion , Moenius Thomas , Fredenhagen Andreas , Waldmeier F. , Garner R. C. , Langguth Peter , Koggel Annette , Dressler Cornelia , Peinhardt Günther , Spahn‐Langguth Hildegard , von Unruh G.E. , Schnettler R. , Oechslein C.R. , Reinecke H.‐J. , Gay J. , Graffunder H.
Published: August 2002

Title
Author(s)

Tetramethylammonium Tri‐acetoxyborotritide, a Reagent for Hydroxy‐directed Ketone Reduction
H. Andres

Synthesis of Tritium‐labeled Nucleosides with Anti‐HIV and Anticancer Activity
G.V. Sidorov, Yu.B. Zverkov, N.F. Myasoedov, A.R. Cimpoia, A.B. Susan

Tritide Reduction of Nucleosides and Carbohydrates
M. Saljoughian, H. Morimoto, P.G. Williams, C. Than

A New Homogeneous Complex for H/D/T Exchange Labelling
R. Salter, T. Moenius. P. Ackermann. M. Studer, A. Morgan, M. Chappelle

Synthesis of [26‐2H3]Brassinosteroids
O.V. Konstantinova, V.A. Khripach, V.N. Zhabinskii, A.P. Antonchick, B. Schneider

The Specific Activity Determination and Confirmation of Identity of a Radiolabelled Peptide Using Tandem Mass Spectrometry
A.T. Rees, A. Colebrook

Different Carbon‐14 Labelling Syntheses of Vardenafil
D. Seidel

Carbon‐14 Labelling of β‐Amino Acids and β‐Peptides
M.I. Rodriguez, Y. Metz, R. Voges

A Rapid Synthesis of 2‐Chioro[2,6‐144C]isonicotinic Acid
T.P. Kelly, T.R. Rodgers, C. Wright

Reduction of 2,4,6‐Trinitro[ring‐14C]toluene (TNT) with Baker's Yeast (Saccharomyces Cervisiae)
M. Kröger, G. Fels

Application of Microbiotic Methods for the Synthesis of Radiolabelled Isotopomers ‐ A Review [1]
M. Mahnke, T. Moenius

Screening of Storage‐Stability of 14C Radiochemicals
A. Fredenhagen

Application of AMS for Human ADME
F. Waldmeier, R.C. Garner

Binding Studies for Affinity Screening to the Exsorptive Transporter P‐Glycoprotein: [3H]Talinolol as Radioligand
P. Langguth, A. Koggel, C. Dressler, G. Peinhardt, H. Spahn‐Langguth

Stable Isotopes in Medicine
G.E. von Unruh

GMP‐Trends for Clinical Trial Samples
R. Schnettler, C.R. Oechslein

Changes in Radiation Protection in Law in Germany
H.‐J. Reinecke

Information Systems for Radiation Protection
J. Gay, H. Graffunder
Deterioration of storage phosphor screens with use
Authors: Reinprecht Ingrid , Windisch Manfred , Fahnestock Margaret
Published: August 2002

More than 1000 laboratories worldwide use phosphorimager systems for radioisotopic gel and blot quantification. This method is extraordinary sensitive and has a wide dynamic range, and it is therefore often preferred to conventional film‐based analysis. We checked the accuracy of our storage phosphor screen by exposing the same 32P‐labelled blot in different positions on the same screen. The first exposure took place at the top of the screen, an area used more often; the second exposure at a relatively little‐used area of the screen. As the screens are said to last indefinitely, regardless of how often they are used, we did not expect a difference in the results. In fact, we found a significant impact of the position of the gel on the results. The position that was used more often gave inaccurate results; in contrast, the unused area of the screen gave data that were confirmed by X‐ray film autoradiography. We conclude that, contrary to described properties, a deterioration of the phosphor screens takes place with repeated use. To avoid obtaining invalid data, we recommend frequent checks of the screens. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic 3D MR angiography of the pulmonary arteries in under four seconds
Authors: Goyen Mathias , Laub Gerhard , Ladd Mark E. , Debatin Jörg F. , Barkhausen Jörg , Truemmler Karl‐Heinz , Bosk Silke , Ruehm Stefan G.
Published: August 2002

Although 3D MRA has been shown to provide excellent depiction of the pulmonary arterial tree, its clinical use has been limited due to lengthy breath‐holding requirements. Employing the newest gradient generation (1.5 T MR system, amplitude of 40 mT/m and a slew rate of 200 mT/m/msec), we evaluated a technique permitting the dynamic acquisition of 3D data sets of the entire pulmonary tree in under 4 seconds. Coronal image sets were collected using a repetition time of 1.64 msec and an echo time of 0.6 msec, resulting in an acquisition time of 3.74 seconds. Three volunteers and eight dyspneic patients with known or suspected pulmonary embolism underwent MRI of the pulmonary arteries. The pulmonary arterial tree was visible to a subsegmental level in all examined subjects. Regarding the presence of pulmonary emboli in four patients, there was complete concordance between MR angiographic findings and those of corroborative studies. We conclude that diagnostic MRA of the pulmonary vasculature can be obtained even in patients with severe respiratory distress. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:372–377. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proton MR spectroscopy in clinical routine
Authors: Burtscher Isabella M. , Holtås Stig
Published: August 2002

In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) addresses metabolic pathways and their steady states in different tissue types. The brain has by tradition, and due to technical limitations in other organs, been one of the tissues most studied by MRS, and both 1H‐ and 31P‐MRS have been used. Although 31P‐MRS is outstanding for the evaluation of sources of metabolic energy in the brain, 1H‐MRS has become the major clinically applied method in neurospectroscopy, as it provides information on markers of neuronal function, myelin, cell membranes, and metabolic active compounds. Furthermore, MR sensitivity is much greater for protons than it is for phosphorus and 1H‐MRS, therefore allowing better spatial resolution. This review focuses on neurospectroscopy and diagnostic insights into diverse neurological problems provided by 1H‐MRS applied as a clinical tool. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:560–567. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamic observation of pulmonary perfusion using continuous arterial spin‐labeling in a pig model
Authors: Roberts David A. , Rizi Rahim R. , Lipson David A. , Ferrante Margaret A. , Bearn Lisa , Rolf Les , Baumgardner James , Yamomoto Alvin , Hatabu Hiroto , Hansen‐Flaschen John , Gefter Warren B. , Schnall Mitchell D.
Published: August 2002

The continuous arterial spin‐labeling (CASL) method of perfusion MRI is used to observe pulmonary perfusion dynamically in an animal model. Specifically, a respiratory‐triggered implementation of the CASL method is used with approximate spatial resolution of 0.9 × 1.8 × 5.0 mm (0.008 cc) and 2‐minute temporal resolution. Perfusion MRI is performed dynamically during repeated balloon occlusion of a segmental pulmonary artery, as well as during pharmacological stimulation. A total of three Yorkshire pigs were studied. The results demonstrate the ability of the endogenous spin‐labeling method to characterize the dynamic changes in pulmonary perfusion that occur during important physiological alterations. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;14:175–180. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diagnostic efficacy and safety of MRI of the liver with superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (SH U 555 A)
Authors: Kehagias Dimitris T. , Gouliamos Athanassios D. , Smyrniotis Vassilios , Vlahos Lambros J.
Published: August 2002

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy and safety of an intravenous injection of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent, SH U 555 A, in adult patients with known focal liver lesions. Pre‐ and post‐contrast image sets were obtained in 19 patients after injection of SH U 555 A as a part of a phase III clinical trial (patients <60 kg body weight received 0.9 mL and patients >60 kg received 1.4 mL). Three blinded readers evaluated the post‐contrast images. Blood pressure and heart rate were recorded and laboratory tests were performed at baseline, during and immediately after the procedure, and four and 24 hours after the MR procedure. On post‐contrast MRI, there was statistically significant improvement in diagnostic confidence, visualization, delineation, and contrast between the lesions and the healthy parenchyma in comparison to precontrast. Twenty more lesions were detected on post‐contrast images. The management in six patients (31.7%) was changed after post‐contrast imaging. Changes in vital signs and laboratory tests were minimal and did not affect the patients' clinical condition. Only a moderate allergic reaction (diffuse erythematous rash) was recorded. SH U 555 A is an effective and safe contrast agent for MRI of the liver. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001; 14:595–601. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epidemiological characteristics, risk factors, and clinical manifestations of acute non‐A–E hepatitis
Authors: Chu Chia‐Ming , Lin Deng‐Yn , Yeh Chau‐Ting , Sheen I‐Shyan , Liaw Yun‐Fan
Published: August 2002

A substantial proportion of acute non‐A, non‐B hepatitis was of unknown etiology and was termed non‐A–E hepatitis. Analysis of the clinical features is needed while attempting to identify the causative agent(s). In this study, the clinical and biochemical features of 53 patients who were admitted to hospital with acute non‐A–E hepatitis were compared with a cohort of patients with acute hepatitis C (n = 70) and E (n = 5). In acute non‐A–E hepatitis, the sex ratio was 34:19, and ages ranged from 21 to 76 years (median 49). Biochemical tests [median (range)] revealed albumin 3.6 (2.2–4.4) g/dl, AST 714 (193–2311) U/l, ALT 896 (310–3,000) U/l, bilirubin 11.2 (0.9–36.3) mg/dl, and prothrombin time > 1.1 (0–11.5) seconds. No patients reported parenteral exposures or household contact. Forty‐five percent had severe hepatitis (i.e., albumin < 3 g/dl, bilirubin > 15 mg/dl or prothrombin time > 3 sec), including 3% with fulminant hepatitis. Chronic evolution was noted in 7%. These features were similar to those of hepatitis C or E, except for a significantly high frequency of parenteral exposures (20%), household contact (16%), and chronicity (70%) in hepatitis C. In conclusion, there is no obvious parenteral risk factor identified in acute non‐A–E hepatitis. Clinical severity is similar to that of hepatitis C at least in hospitalized patients, but the rate of chronic evolution is much lower. J. Med. Virol. 65:296–300, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.