bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Propagation of Coxsackie Viruses in Cultures of Human Tissues
Authors: Weller T. H. , Robbins F. C. , Stoddard M. B. , Florentino G. L.
Published: January 2023

Three Coxsackie viruses, the DeMole, Wiederhold, and High Point agents, were investigated with regard to their capacity to multiply in suspended cell or roller tube cultures of various human tissues. Marked differences in the in vitro behavior of the three viruses were demonstrated. The Wiederhold virus exhibited a cytopathogenic effect on the cells of both embryonic and mature tissues. In sharp contrast, multiplication of the High Point agent was observed only in cultures prepared with human embryonic brain tissue. Multiplication of the DeMole virus occurred in cultures of embryonic brain and intestine and mature kidney, but not in those of embryonic skin and muscle tissue. Evidence of cytopathogenicity was presented only in cultures of embryonic brain and intestine. This agent also multiplied in cultures of embryonic mouse tissues.
Precipitin Production in Chickens
Authors: Schmidt Mary H. , Wolfe Harold R.
Published: January 2023

A total of nine antigens, six from animal, two from plant origin and one pneumococcal polysaccharide were injected into chickens.

The animal proteins resulted in higher antibody N response than the plant proteins.

With the procedures used hemoglobin, thyroglobulin and the polysaccharide did not yield quantitatively detectable amounts of antibody.

A statistical analysis of the antigenicity of the nine substances was made. Injection of hemoglobin simultaneously with human globulin did not affect the antigenicity of either one.

Injection of bovine albumin simultaneously with that of vicilin gave contradictory results.
Serotypic Recombination in Salmonella
Authors: Lederberg Joshua , Edwards Philip R.
Published: January 2023

The technique of genetic transduction has been applied to the exchange of flagellar antigens among various serotypes of Salmonella, somatic groups B and D. Each transduction resulted in the substitution or transfer of a single antigenic phase, whether to or from a monophasic or diphasic recipient strain. The types generated include several serotypes previously discovered and named, and others which so far have no place in the Kauffmann-White scheme. However, the precise role of transduction in the natural evolution of serotypes must be settled by further studies.

In the present material, the transduction of a flagellar antigen was unaccompanied by any other alterations in antigenic structure or biochemical behavior, so far as studied. In a few instances, transduction revealed the character of antigenic determinants which were not directly expressed in the source strain. Thus, the presence of an a phase in S. abortus-equi (IV XII [a]:enx) was confirmed, while S. gallinarum proved to carry a determinant for the gm antigen, which is unexpressed in the absence of flagella. In no case were the component factors of the complex antigens of a single phase (viz. 1,2…, e,h…, g,p…, e,n,x…, 1,5…) separated in transduction, and such tests as were made indicated that the transduced antigen was identical with the phase of the source strain.
The Effect of Rabbit Antibody Administration on the Behavior of I131 Labelled Human Serum Albumin in Mice
Authors: Melcher L. R. , Masouredis S. P. , Shimkin M. B. , Miller Patricia , Reed Roswell
Published: January 2023

It has been shown that there is an increase in the rate of disappearance of radioactivity from the plasma following administration of specific antigen to mice previously injected with I131 rabbit antibody (1). Dixon et al. demonstrated a similar phenomenon with I131 antigen in actively immunized rabbits (2, 3). The increased rate of loss of I131 from the plasma was followed by an increased rate of I131 excretion. The determination of radioactivity in the “globulin” space, thyroid and excreta and by balance calculations of I131 in the mouse after antigen administration revealed a transient deficit of I131. This deficit probably represents an additional I131 tissue pool since a temporary increase of tissue to plasma I131 ratio was found at this time.

In the experiments reported here the behavior of I131 trace labelled human serum albumin was studied in mice.
Anaphylaxis in the Mouse Produced with Crystalline Bovine Albumin
Authors: Solotorovsky Morris , Winsten Seymour
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Sensitization and fatal anaphylactic shock was produced in the mouse with 1 mg doses of crystalline bovine albumin dissolved in saline. Using alum-precipitated bovine albumin, the sensitizing doses were reduced to 0.016 mg. Following sensitization with alum-precipitated bovine albumin, fatal shock was produced with a challenging dose of 0.016 mg of antigen. The mouse shows a satisfactory degree of susceptibility to fatal anaphylactic shock. Further studies with this species appear justified.
Studies of the Complement-Fixation Reaction in Virus Systems
Authors: Rice Christine E. , Brooksby J. B.
Published: January 2023

In direct complement-fixation tests, the quantitative behaviour of FMD viral antigens with hyperimmune guinea-pig sera was found to be similar to that noted in a number of viral antigen-antibody systems previously studied. The relative complement-fixing capacity of several FMD antigens with different guinea-pig antisera was estimated from the slope of the complement-antigen regression lines. Such a comparison showed a much closer resemblance in the complement-fixing behaviour of the strain of A type FMD virus isolated during the recent Canadian outbreak and an A type strain isolated in England at about the same time, than either displayed toward a stock A strain, No. 119, that had been maintained for many years by cattle passage.

Sera of only two of the convalescent cattle tested, exhibited fixation of guinea-pig complement with FMD virus antigen. The relatively rapid development of inhibitory or neutralizing activity in the sera of cattle infected with FMD virus could be detected, however, by an indirect complement-fixation method with FMD antigens; pre-infection bleedings from the same animals did not show this activity. In lower dilutions, these convalescent sera blocked or neutralized the complement-fixing activities of FMD viral antigens of heterologous as well as of the homologous type. In higher serum dilutions the inhibitory activity extended only to virus of the homologous type.

At the present time, there is an evident need for a satisfactory in vitro method of demonstrating antibody in the sera of cattle convalescent from foot-and-mouth disease. The direct complement-fixation test has proved of limited value for this purpose since only a small proportion of cattle develop complement-fixing activity with FMD antigens. The preliminary studies presented here suggest that the indirect complement-fixation test, particularly if used in parallel with one of the direct form, merits further investigation from this practical standpoint.
The Inter-Relation of Age, Immune Response, and Susceptibility to Mumps Virus in Hamsters
Authors: Overman John R. , Kilham Lawrence
Published: January 2023

Direct comparison of mumps virus growth and antibody response has been made in hamsters inoculated at various ages. Hamsters, of an age at which inoculation of virus does not cause apparent disease, produce antibody earlier and in relatively greater amounts than do younger hamsters in which the mumps virus causes a fatal encephalitis. Older hamsters are susceptible to mumps virus if the incubation period is shortened so that death occurs before high serum antibody levels are established.
The Growth Curve of the Virus of Herpes Simplex in Rabbit Corneal Cells Grown in Tissue Culture with Parallel Observations on the Development of the Intranuclear Inclusion Body
Authors: McNair Scott T. F. , Burgoon C. F. , Coriell L. L. , Blank H. , Schermerhorn L. , Jordan Virginia , Rawson Sara
Published: January 2023

A method is described whereby rabbit corneal epithelial cells were grown in tissue culture and infected with herpes simplex virus. A comparison was made between the histologic changes observed in the infected cells and the amount of infectious virus detectable in the tissue at different hours after infection.

The developmental cycle of herpes virus in such tissue culture cells was found to be similar to that already described (5) in the chorioallantoic membrane of the embryonated egg.

Histologic studies revealed that during the latent period, from 2–6 hours when infectivity was low, changes occurred in the nucleus which indicated a profound disturbance of structure. During the phase of increasing virus, between 6–12 hours, these structural changes became progressively differentiated into a fully formed inclusion body.
Factors Influencing the Effect of Hemagglutinating Viruses on Tumor Cell Suspensions
Authors: Moore Alice E. , Diamond Leila C.
Published: January 2023

Tumor inhibition has been demonstrated for four strains of influenza and two strains of NDV when these viruses are mixed with suspensions of either sarcoma 180 or Ehrlich carcinoma cells. Spontaneous elution has been demonstrated for only the strains of DNV. Cells from which the virus has eluted are incapable of being inhibited by fresh virus. Treatment of NDV by heat, ultrasonics, formalin or ultraviolet has resulted in the prompt loss of the tumor inhibitory power. The Lee strain of influenza virus heated to 56° C for 20 minutes and mixed with tumor cells retained the ability to inhibit tumor formation although its infectivity was greatly diminished. Although Lee virus and NDV treated with ultraviolet were incapable of inhibiting tumor growth, they prevented the adsorption of fully active virus. Cells treated with RDE failed to be inhibited when either NDV or influenza viruses were added. When inhibition had taken place by mixture of virus and cells the addition of RDE resulted in removal of the virus and tumor growth.
The Presence of H Antigen in Escherichia Coli K Suspensions
Authors: Wright Joyce , Villanueva Regina
Published: January 2023

Motility in varying degree was observed, after 20 hours' incubation at 37°C, in 74 of 100 Escherichia coli strains grown on nutrient agar slants and in 63 of the same strains grown on glucose agar plates. K suspensions in saline were prepared from cultures of 17 E. coli O 111 B 4 and 26 E. coli O 55 B 5 strains grown on solid media, and H antigen was demonstrated, by means of tube agglutination tests with the appropriate H antisera, in 21 of the 43 suspensions from nutrient agar alant cultures and in 19 of those from glucose agar plate cultures. K antisera prepared with saline suspensions of an E. coli O 55 B 5 strain grown on glucose agar plates contained H 6 agglutinin to titres ranging from 1 in 6,400 to 1 in 51,200. Problems relating to the presence of H antigen in K suspensions prepared from solid medium cultures and of H agglutinin in K antisera are discussed.
Rapid Double Diffusion Precipitin Analysis
Authors: Jennings Robert K. , Malone Frances
Published: January 2023

A modification of the Ouchterlony three-depot method of double diffusion precipitin analysis is described. The use of depots which form long straight interfaces with the reaction arena leads to the development of rectilinear zones of precipitate. The progress of zone growth may be predicted after a few hours in properly selected instances, so that useful information may be obtained without long observation periods. The rectilinear zones also serve to render the significance of coalescence patterns somewhat more apparent. Experiments are described, emphasizing factors in pattern development.
Increased Susceptibility of Mice to Anaphylactic Shock Following Cobalt-60 Gamma Radiation
Authors: Stoner Richard D. , Hale WM. M.
Published: January 2023

Gamma radiation exposure of 650 rep. markedly enhanced active anaphylactic shock in mice sensitized with alum-precipitated tetanus toxoid and challenged with fluid tetanus toxoid 7 days post-radiation. The enhancing effect of ionizing radiation upon the severity of the anaphylactic response is not of an immediate nature, but appears during a 2- to 7-day post-radiation period. Passive and reversed passive anaphylaxis was more severe in 7-day post-radiated mice sensitized with homologous antibody. Irradiated mice sensitized with anti-bovine albumin rabbit serum demonstrated increased sensitivity to passive anaphylaxis when challenged 1 day later with bovine albumin antigen. Seven-day post-radiated mice did not show increased sensitivity to intravenous injection of histamine. The antihistaminic agents, Thephorin, Benadryl, and Pyronil, afforded almost complete protection from fatal anaphylaxis in irradiated mice.
Separation of Hemagglutination Inhibitors for Gdvii and Influenza Viruses in Normal Allantoic Fluid and Human Urine
Authors: Tamm Igor , Tyrrell David A. J.
Published: January 2023

Normal chick embryo allantoic fluid and normal human urine both inhibit hemagglutination by GDVII virus as well as by influenza viruses. The inhibitors of GDVII virus are not affected by Vibrio cholerae filtrate or by active influenza viruses. The allantoic fluid inhibitor appears to combine with GDVII virus at 4°C and dissociates from the virus at 22°C. It is heat stable and is partially sedimented by very high gravitational fields, i.e., 120,000 G for 2 hours. The GDVII inhibitor of allantoic fluid is precipitated by 0.75 saturated ammonium sulfate or by 6 volumes of ethyl alcohol. The precipitated material is Biuret and Molisch positive. The GDVII inhibitor of urine is not precipitated by 0.58 M NaCl but is precipitated by 0.75 saturated ammonium sulfate. In both allantoic fluid and urine, by a combination of chemical purification and starch zone electrophoresis, it has been shown that the GDVII inhibitor is chemically distinct from the influenza virus (Lee) inhibitor.
The Effect of a Synthetic Lysine Polypeptide upon the Velocity of Precipitation of Tobacco Mosaic Virus by Its Antiserum
Authors: Stahmann M. A. , Matthews R. E. F.
Published: January 2023

When small amounts of a basic synthetic lysine polypeptide preparation are added to tobacco mosaic virus along with its specific antiserum, both the antiserum and the polypeptide react simultaneously with the virus to cause an increase in the velocity of precipitate formation. However, when larger amounts are added to the virus before the antiserum, the polypeptide rapidly combines with the acidic surface of the virus and then at certain ratios of virus to polypeptide may interfere with subsequent combination with the antiserum and so decrease the velocity of precipitation. Precipitates are formed in the region of antigen excess in the presence of the polypeptide.
The Use of the Chick in Titration of Diphtheria Antitoxin
Authors: Branham Sara E. , Wormald Marion F.
Published: January 2023

Twelve commercial diphtheria antitoxins have been titrated in eight day old White Rock chicks. Repeated tests give unit values with no more than 3% variation.

Such a titration was also used for small amounts of antitoxin in the serum of guinea pigs immunized with toxoids. Twelve toxoids were studied in this way.

Both the commercial antitoxins and the sera from toxoid-immunized animals were also titrated in guinea pigs by the official guinea pig test recommended by the Laboratory of Biologics Control of the National Institutes of Health. The unit values obtained by the two methods were approximately the same.

Evidence to support the validity of these titrations in chicks is found in the straight lines obtained when the amount of toxin and antitoxin neutralized at various unit levels are plotted on log-log paper.

Under circumstances where large numbers of tests are required and satisfactory guinea pigs are difficult to obtain, the chick test affords a convenient and reliable tool for use in the study of diphtheria.
Separation of Inhibitors of Hemagglutination and Specific Antibodies for Influenza Viruses by Starch Zone Electrophoresis
Authors: Tyrrell David A. J.
Published: January 2023

Specific antibodies, α inhibitor and β inhibitor against influenza viruses in serum were separated from each other by starch zone electrophoresis. Specific antibodies migrated only with γ globulin, β inhibitor was associated with the slowly moving β globulin, and α inhibitor usually migrated with α globulins. Antibodies in human serum and α inhibitor in human and rabbit serum each appeared to contain at least two components of different electrophoretic mobility and biological specificity. The α inhibitor activity of purified serum mucoprotein or acid glycoprotein was found to be due to a trace contaminant. The α inhibitor titer of human serum was elevated during the acute phase of various infectious diseases.
Studies on Vi Antigen
Authors: Webster Marion E. , Sagin Jerome F. , Anderson Pearl R. , Breese Sydney S. , Freeman Monroe E. , Landy Maurice
Published: January 2023

The Vi antigen was isolated by the same method from 3 generically different bacterial species, viz. E. coli, P. ballerup and S. typhosa. A comparison was made of some of the chemical and physical properties of the purified antigens. These include nitrogen, acetyl groups, neutral equivalent, viscosity, infrared spectra, electrophoretic mobilities and sedimentation constants. Except for significant differences in viscosity, the analytical values for the three isolated antigens were similar. The average molecular weight of the Vi antigen derived from E. coli was estimated at 1,000,000.
The Effect of Cortisone and Adrenocorticotropic Hormone on Passively Transferred Delayed Hypersensitivity to 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Seebohm Paul M. , Tremaine Mary M. , Jeter W. S.
Published: January 2023

Peritoneal exudates from guinea pigs sensitized to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene transferred this sensitivity to non-sensitized recipients. This transfer was not inhibited when donor animals were treated with ACTH or cortisone if the same number of peritoneal exudative cells was used. ACTH and cortisone suppressed the cellular reaction to intraperitoneally injected mineral oil by approximately 50%. Cortisone given to passively sensitized guinea pigs did not suppress sensitivity. ACTH given to passively sensitized guinea pigs did suppress sensitivity. Attempts to estimate quantitatively the number of cells required for passive sensitization have been inconclusive, although a range for the lower limits has been established for the degree of sensitivity in the donor animals used in this experiment.
The Antigenic Composition of Ammodytes Viper Venom
Authors: Piantanida M. , Muić N.
Published: January 2023

A considerable amount of information on the antigenic composition of snake venoms has been gained from cross-neutralizing effects between different venoms (or partially purified fractions) and their antisera. Grasset (1, 2) concludes, from a large number of cross experiments, that many venoms have an antigenic nucleus in common, but the group specificity does not always correspond to the zoological classification of snakes. Within a group, the venoms are supposed to be individually differentiated by secondary antigenic fractions in different proportions. The antiserum of one venom partially neutralizes all the venoms of the same group, but the effect is more complete for venoms containing more of the secondary components in common with the antigen used for immunization. Césari and Boquet (3) and other authors reach similar conclusions. The validity of these assumptions has not been confirmed directly; nevertheless they have proved very valuable for the preparation of polyvalent antisera.
In Vivo Localization of Labeled Rat Adrenal Antibodies
Authors: Spar Irving L. , Bale William F.
Published: January 2023

After intravenous injection in rats the degree of localization of I131-labeled rabbit antibodies against rat adrenal tissue was measured in thirteen rat organs or tissues.

The labeled antibodies, after intravenous injection, localize strongly in rat adrenal tissue, less strongly but significantly in ovarian, kidney, spleen and liver tissue, and almost not at all in the other major body organs and tissues measured. Radioautographs indicated that localization in the adrenal was greatest in the zona reticularis, and in the kidney in the glomeruli.

The results suggest that an in vivo localization and reaction with adrenal tissue of auto-antibodies produced against the adrenal and perhaps other tissues may sometimes be a factor in endocrine malfunction. The results are also discussed with regard to the possible use of antibodies as carriers of radioactive or high neutron cross section isotopes for therapeutic purposes.
Mixed Bacterial Infections in Relation to Antibiotic Activities
Authors: Halbert Seymour P. , Sonn Constance , Swick Lois
Published: January 2023

A high degree of protection was obtained by antibiotic-producing Micrococcus pyogenes var. albus strains of the human ocular microflora in mixed infections of mice with Clostridium septicum. Protection was obtained against at least 1,000 LD50 doses of this latter organism. The protection is most probably associated with in vivo secretion of functioning antibiotics. Strong correlation of in vitro and in vivo results with strains of varying antibiotic properties points to this conclusion. Failure to observe any differences in the abilities of these strains to survive in the tissues tends to rule out the possibility of nonspecific factors being operative. Solid protection was obtained both against the Clostridium septicum spores and vegetative cells. Living micrococci were more protective than heat-killed organisms. The latter apparently owe their small to moderate degree of prophylactic abilities to strongly adsorbed or intracellular antibiotic. This could not be washed off, and attempts to grow these organisms without antibiotic production were failures. Antibiotic-producing micrococci injected at sites removed from the Cl. septicum inoculation site, also seemed to confer a small degree of protection against lethal outcome. Delay in the injection of the antibiotic-producing micrococci until 2 or 5 hours after the Cl. septicum inoculum, greatly reduced the effectiveness of the protection, but did not completely eliminate it. Some of the animals injected after 5 hours had already developed local gas gangrene. The data presented strongly indicate that the human bacterial flora may represent a rich source of potentially valuable antibiotics for certain limited infections.
Relative Effects of Various Agents on Complement and Antibody Production. I
Authors: Rice Christine E.
Published: January 2023

The repeated injection of guinea pigs with ethionine or carbon tetrachloride in a dosage sufficient to produce chronic fatty degeneration of the parenchymal cells of the liver, brought about a definite decline in complement titer but did not significantly affect the development of agglutinative or complement-fixing activity in the serum in response to the injection of killed suspensions of Brucella abortus organisms. In rabbits, ethionine also reduced complement production but not that of antibody. Complement, antibody, and total serum-protein production were not reduced in rabbits or guinea pigs showing fatty infiltration of the liver resulting from a high-cholesterol diet. On the other hand, guinea pigs receiving repeated injections of gum-acacia solution showed reduced production of all three; antibody production was also reduced in similarly treated rabbits.

These data indicate that the same agency may have a similar or relatively different effect on complement and antibody production in the same animal. This possibility should be considered therefore in evaluating the influence of any particular factor upon a state of immunity or resistance believed to be dependent upon the combined action of complement and antibody.
Kinetic Studies on Immune Hemolysis
Authors: Levine Lawrence , Mayer Manfred M. , Rapp Herbert J.
Published: January 2023

It has been shown that C′x and C′y correspond to C′1,4 and C′2,3, respectively. The complex EAC′1,4 reacts with C′2 forming a complex EAC′1,4,2, which in turn reacts with C′3, yielding an activated or damaged cell, E*, which then undergoes the terminal transformation reaction to a ghost with release of hemoglobin. Mg++ is involved in the action of C′2. The complex EAC′1,4,2 has been isolated, and its reaction with C′2 has been studied. In a system containing optimal Ca++ and Mg++ the reaction between EAC′1,4,2 and C′3 is the rate-controlling process. In a Mg++ deficient system the C′2 step is the pacemaker. The complex EAC′1,4,2 can serve as a substrate for the determination of C′3.
Kinetic Studies on Immune Hemolysis
Authors: Mayer Manfred M. , Levine Lawrence , Rapp Herbert J. , Marucci A. Alvin
Published: January 2023

At 37°C EAC′1,4,2 becomes unreactive with C′2 according to first order kinetics with a half-life of 10.3 minutes. C′2 is taken up by EAC′1,4,2, as determined by activity measurements and by analyses with radio-iodinated C′3. Under the usual experimental conditions only a small proportion of C′3 is fixed by EAC′1,4,2, leaving a major part free in the fluid phase. From these findings it follows that the reaction between EAC′1,4,2 and C′3 comes to a standstill because of the decay of the cell substrate. The same is true in the reaction between Ea and C′. There is no lag in the reaction between EAC′1,4,2 and C′3, indicating that the resulting formation of a damaged cell is essentially a single event with respect to time. The velocity of reaction between EAC′1,4,2 and C′3 is directly proportional to the concentration of EAC′1,4,2 and varies as the second or third power of the concentration of C′3. This may mean that two or three “molecules” of C′3 must combine simultaneously, or nearly simultaneously, with EAC′1,4,2 for a productive reaction.
The Effects of Paba Derivatives on the Multiplication of Typhus Rickettsiae
Authors: Greiff Donald , Donahoe Hugh B. , Chiga Masahiro , Pinkerton Henry
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The rickettsiostatic activity of 1) isosteres of PABA, 2) p-halobenzoic acids, 3) p-alkoxybenzoic acids and 4) compounds with substitutions in the carboxyl group of PABA were determined. The compounds were titrated to an upper limit which was toxic to the embryo or inhibitory to the growth of rickettsiae and to a lower limit which was non-inhibitory to the growth of rick-ettsiae. PABA and its isosteres showed the following order of activity: p-aminobenzoic acid τ; p-methylbenzoic acid τ; p-fluorobenzoic acid. p-Hydroxybenzoic acid did not exhibit rickettsiostatic activity. The order of rickettsiostatic activity of the p-halobenzoic acids was: p-iodobenzoic acid τ; p-bromobenzoic acid τ; p-chlorobenzoic acid τ; p-fluorobenzoic acid. The rickettsiostatic activity of the effective p-alkoxybenzoic acids increased directly as the length of the carbon chain: p-pentoxy benzoic acid τ; p-propoxybenzoic acid τ; p-ethoxybenzoic acid τ; p-methoxybenzoic acid. p-Butoxy-benzoic acid was not active. p-Aminohippuric acid partially inhibited the growth of rickettsiae. Other compounds containing carboxyl group substitutions (p-aminoacetophenone and p-aminopropiophenone, and methyl-p-aminobenzoate) were very toxic to the embryos and did not inhibit rickettsiostatic activity when given in tolerated doses.
Quantitative Complement Fixation in Syphilis as a Statistically Controlled Assay
Authors: Bier Otto G. , Siqueira M. , Furlanetto R. S.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Discussion

The main interest of the present investigation lies in the application of well known methods of biological assay to quantitative studies of complement fixation.

A linear relationship was established between the logarithm of the amount of serum and the number of C′H50 fixed by a constant, optimal amount of cardiolipin antigen. Based upon this linearity, the dose-response curves for 11 different sera were compared. Regression lines with a common slope were calculated for 8 of these sera. As tested by the analysis of variance, these lines agreed with the experimental data within the limits of chance variation. The regression lines for 2 other sera, although exhibiting a different slope, could also be considered as parallel.

The potencies of 7 sera and their respective standard errors were calculated in relation to one serum, taken as a reference standard.

It is pertinent to mention that the only previous statistical treatment of complement fixation data known to us is that of Thompson (10), based on results furnished by the method of Wadsworth, Maltaner and Maltaner. From theoretical considerations, Thompson showed the possibility of establishing valid estimates of potency from dose-response curves under conditions other than those of straight lines intersecting at 0 dose, or parallel straight lines. The experimental data which conform to Thompson's model were obtained, however, by a method entirely different from the one adopted in this investigation.

Further work is required to establish the validity of the present method for the comparison of potencies of syphilitic sera, as well as for its application to other immune systems.
Studies on Antibacterial Factors in Mammalian Tissues and Fluids
Authors: Myrvik Quentin N. , Weiser Russell S.
Published: January 2023

The bactericidin active against B. subtilis has been quantitated in the serum of the rat, rabbit, human, guinea pig, cow and dog. High values were obtained only in the rat and rabbit. Although the serums of healthy humans contain only small amounts of bactericidin the levels may increase several fold during the acute phase of various illnesses.

The bactericidin of rabbit serum was studied in detail. However, its tissue source was not determined and all attempts to extract bactericidin from the spleens, livers, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes of rabbits were unsuccessful.

Bactericidin in rabbit serum pH 7.4 was found to be completely destroyed by heating at 60°C for 2 hours and is a substance of cationic nature readily absorbable with bentonite. Its inactivation by citrate is apparently due to its property of forming a salt with citrate rather than to the withdrawal of calcium ions by citrate.

Electron microscope studies of the comparative cytologic effects of lysozyme and bactericidin on B. subtilis indicated that lysozyme exerts its principal lytic effect on the cell wall, whereas bactericidin tends to lyse all components of the cell. It is also notable that polymorphonuclear leukocytes which are rich in lysozyme do not appear to contain bactericidin.

The results provide strong evidence that the bactericidin of rabbit serum, active against B. subtilis, is distinct from lysozyme and independent of lysozyme in its action.
The Isolation and Characterization of Heat-Resistant Mutants of the Najarian Strain of NDV
Authors: Goldman Elise Cahn , Hanson Robert P.
Published: January 2023

The heat resistance of the Najarian strain of Newcastle disease virus at 56°C ± 0.2 as measured by hemagglutination and egg infectivity tests is discussed. Subcultures of greater heat resistance were obtained by inoculating embryos with virus that survived exposure to various periods of heating at 56°C. The isolate was considered to be a mutant when it differed significantly from the original strain and was obtained from inocula which contained less than one infective unit per inoculated embryo. The infectivity of the mutant NAJ/H1 for embryos survived exposure to 56°C for 240 minutes as compared to the parent that survived for 60 minutes. The hemagglutinin of the mutant persisted for at least 300 minutes as compared to 45 minutes for the parent. It was shown that heat-resistant mutants were more readily isolated when short rather than long periods of heat treatment were employed. This was done in a series of cycles in which the virus contained in embryonic fluids was heated and then injected into embryonating eggs and allowed to multiply.
Studies on Pneumococcal Polysaccharide
Authors: Stark Orton K. , Crispell Earl
Published: January 2023

Various mechanisms which have been suggested to account for “immunological paralysis” following injection of large doses of SI have been reviewed. Experimental evidence does not support some of these.

When 500 μg of C14-SI is injected into mice the radioactivity of splenic extracts remains essentially unaltered for the period of one year, indicating persistence in the animal tissue of the antigen or of some complex formed with it. In contrast free antigenic C14-SI in the spleen at the end of one year is reduced to approximately 1.5 per cent of that present two days after injection. Preliminary experiments indicate that mice which have been immunized by injection of an antigenic dose of SI promptly lose their immunity when given 500 μg, as would be expected if the mechanism postulated is true.

These results are consistent with the hypothesis that “immunological paralysis” is a result of the removal of antibodies as rapidly as formed through union with the excess antigen. This mechanism would account for the fact that larger than minimal dosages of SI require longer periods for the production of free antibodies. Studies of dosage size might show that many antigens may produce short term deleterious effects on the degree of immunity produced when injected in large doses.
Quantitative Studies in Hemagglutination
Authors: Wilkie M. H. , Becker E. L.
Published: January 2023

By means of the assay technique described in the first paper, anti-B sera and B antigens from different genotype sources were investigated and no significant differences were found except in the A1B source of B antigen. Increasing cell concentrations increased the HD50 of a given serum and eventually depressed the slope of the regression lines produced by this technique.
Effects of Antisera on Tyrosinase in Glomerella Extracts
Authors: Owen Ray D. , Markert Clement L.
Published: January 2023

Antisera produced in rabbits by the injection of Glomerella extracts rapidly inhibit, and slowly precipitate, the tyrosinase activity of the extracts. Effects of variations in substrate, antiserum, and extract concentrations suggest that a competitive relationship, perhaps of the sort that has been designated “kinetic competition,” prevails between at least a fraction of the antibodies and the substrate, with regard to the portion of the enzyme surface that includes its substrate-combining sites. Complexity of serum effects on the enzymatic activity, including dialyzable and nondialyzable inhibition and protection, activation, or reactivation of the enzyme, as well as characteristics of the course of the tyrosinase reaction itself, prevents the application of a rigorous kinetic analysis to this system at this time.

Inhibition and precipitation of the enzymatic activity by antisera provide a delicate system to test for serological differences among Glomerella tyrosinases. Some of the factors involved in enzyme serology, important in this connection, are discussed.
The Interaction of Serum with Erythrocytes Modified by Newcastle Disease Virus
Authors: Evans Alfred S. , Lem Nancy
Published: January 2023

The cell-sensitizing substance of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) differs from the virus hemagglutinin. Two different sorts of red cell sensitization may occur, one of which results in agglutination by immune serum, the other in agglutination by infectious mononucleosis serum. The sensitizing component for infectious mononucleosis serum varies with the NDV strain and persists through passage at limiting dilutions. It may be a useful genetic marker.
Immunoelectrophoretic Studies on Serum Proteins
Authors: Williams Curtis A. , Grabar Pierre
Published: January 2023

Immunoelectrophoretic methods can be used to determine the mobility of specific precipitating antibodies and to relate these to normal components of the immune serum. Antibodies of immune horse serum show a wide range of mobilities from that of γ-globulin to that of the rapidly-migrating β-globulin. The mobilities of horse serum proteins with immune function do not all correspond to those of horse serum components revealed by rabbit antisera against normal and immune horse serum. Antibodies of the ass and rabbit have the mobility of γ-globulin, although two close but distinctly different mobilities are revealed in the case of the rabbit antisera. The value of immunoelectrophoretic analysis to the control of separation and purification of antibody rich serum fractions is pointed out.
Studies on the O Antigen of Salmonella Typhosa
Authors: Landy Maurice , Johnson Arthur G. , Webster Marion E. , Sagin Jerome F.
Published: January 2023

Immunological studies have demonstrated that when a somatic antigen of the “Boivin” type is freed of protein, the resultant lipopolysaccharide exhibits no loss in antigenic activity. Indeed antigenic activity in mice, rabbits, and man is increased considerably. This product approached immunological homogeneity in the quantitative precipitin test more closely than the “Boivin” type antigen, as evidenced by an improved supernatant analysis and the formation of soluble antigen-antibody complexes in the region of far antigen excess. The essentially complete agreement of agglutinin nitrogen values with total precipitable N values for horse and rabbit antisera, together with evidence that serological specificity was entirely comparable to that of intact typhoid bacilli, all provide evidence that the immunologically active form of the somatic O antigen in S. typhosa is the lipopolysaccharide.
Antibodies to Shigellae in Normal Human Sera
Authors: Weil A. J. , Felsen J.
Published: January 2023

In a population where the incidence of shigellosis is low, agglutinating antibodies versus the types, 1, 2, 3 and (to a lesser degree) 4, of Sh. flexneri were found with frequency. Antibodies versus Sh. flexneri type 6, Sh. sonnei, Sh. dysenteriae type 2 (ambigua) and the alkalescens bacillus were rare. The normal Flexner antibodies are directed against components of the group antigen rather than against the type-characterizing antigens. These antibodies frequently have the properties of a cold agglutinin in that they are more reactive at 5°C than at 37°C. Non-agglutinating (univalent) antibodies were also found. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
A Comparative Study of Type 2 Poliomyelitis Viruses
Authors: Wenner Herbert A. , Kamitsuka Paul
Published: January 2023

In this report, some additional evidence has been obtained for the existence of biologic variations among Type 2 strains of poliomyelitis viruses. The differences observed among such strains as Leyva and Theiler's Lansing are well defined and are clearly at variance in respect to the prototype Lansing virus. Variations encountered with those strains intermediate in position are also well defined. These strains are of interest because they have been passaged relatively infrequently and presumably possess native biologic characters. In contrast, strains passaged many times in rodents, or in monkeys, change their biologic properties and acquire additional characters, some of them peculiar to the recipient host. Hence, the designated characters assigned to the 16 strains are not viewed as stable; for it is clear that changes occur among strains of Type 2 poliomyelitis viruses studied under varying influences in the experimental laboratory.

Experimental data obtained during the study provided opportunity for comparing monkey kidney epithelial cell cultures and mice and monkeys with regard to their sensitivities in delineating available units of poliomyelitis virus. In most instances, tissue cultures were the superior indicator systems.
Separation of Tetanus Antitoxin Dissociated from a Toxin-Antitoxin Precipitate
Authors: Bolyn A. E. , Moskowitz M.
Published: January 2023

The foregoing study has shown that after treatment with pepsin of a toxin-antitoxin precipitate dissolved at pH 3, a substantial quantity of inactive precipitate may be removed by adjusting the pH to about 4.7 and heating in a water bath of 45°C for a short time. After removing the precipitate, the clear supernatant, which contained free antitoxin, was concentrated and fractionated at varying concentrations of ammonium sulfate. Most of the antitoxin activity was precipitable at between 40 and 50% saturation with ammonium sulfate. The fraction obtained under the latter conditions showed only one electrophoretic component, when studied in a phosphate buffer of 0.20 ionic strength and pH 7.7 at a protein concentration of 1%. It had an antitoxic activity of 1,470 units per mg nitrogen by the flocculation test and 1,330 units per mg nitrogen by the animal protection tests.
The Timing of Antigen Injection Relative to Whole Body X-Irradiation and the Development of Circulating Antibody and the Splenic Histologic Reaction in the Rat
Authors: Fitch Frank W. , Wissler Robert W. , LaVia Mariano , Barker Patricia
Published: January 2023

Antibody formation and the histological reaction of the rat spleen have been studied following intravenous antigenic stimulation at varying times relative to whole body x-irradiation. Irradiation within four days after antigen injection caused a depression of the peak of antibody. This depression became more marked as the interval between irradiation and antigen injection was shortened. Irradiation 1 and 6 days before antigen injection abolished antibody formation.

The amount of circulating antibody was correlated with the degree of hyperplasia and increase in pyronin staining of cells of the splenic red pulp. Depression of circulating antibody by whole body x-irradiation appears to be related to alteration of the histologic response to antigenic stimulation.
Susceptibility to Infection as a Function of Postirradiation Time Following Oral Challenge
Authors: Perkins Eugene H. , Donaldson David M. , Marcus Stanley
Published: January 2023

Total body x-irradiation (300–350 r) resulted in increased susceptibility of mice to infections induced by the gastric instillation of Streptococcus hemolyticus (Group C), paracolon bacilli, Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli on the first, third, fourth, and fifth postirradiation days. No difference in mortality was observed if mice were challenged at later dates (between the sixth and twenty-fifth postirradiation days) or 1, 2, or 3 days prior to x-irradiation. Analysis of the data indicates that increased susceptibility to infection via the oral route following irradiation is dependent upon early damage to the gastrointestinal tract in conjunction with the depression of cellular and humoral defenses which develop at later postirradiation times.
Infection of One-Day-Old Fertile Hen's Egg with Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Yoshino Kamesaburo
Published: January 2023

A method for the inoculation of herpes simplex virus into the blastoderm of 1-day-old fertile hen's egg is described. After infection, embryonic development ceases, but an increment of virus titer occurs in the egg white of such nondeveloping eggs. Infection can be achieved by as little as one infectious unit as judged by titration on the CAM of 13-day-old embryos. Since the appearance of virus in the egg white was irregular, due to the inhomogeneity of the material, this was replaced by yolk saline. With the eggs thus treated, growth curves were obtained, and it could be demonstrated that newly formed virus was released into the yolk saline at an increasingly higher rate with the passage of time up to 5 days following inoculation, while the whole egg titer, presumably representing intracellular virus, showed a sharp rise already at the end of 24 hr.

Practical applications of the techniques are discussed.
The Effects of Aging, and the Modifications of These Effects, on the Immunity of Mosquitoes to Malarial Infection
Authors: Terzian Levon A. , Stahler N. , Irreverre F.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

It has been shown that the older the mosquito Aedes aegypti grows the more resistant it becomes to infection with the malarial parasite Plasmodium gallinaceum. Thus, the levels of infection, as measured by the parasite population of the host, in groups of aging mosquitoes, 2 to 4 weeks old, were progressively and significantly lower than the levels of infection in young, newly emerged, control groups. It has been shown, too, that aging mosquitoes given a normal blood meal at least 9 days prior to the infective feed become again as susceptible to infection as newly emerged, young mosquitoes. Similarly, mosquitoes maintained on raisin infusions for a period of 4 weeks became again as susceptible to infection as young mosquitoes. On the other hand, aging mosquitoes fed on solutions of chick or human plasma, hemoglobin, lysed red cells, or plasma and lysed red cells combined, developed an even greater degree of resistance to infection than that which results as a consequence of advanced age. These facts, and the fact that changes in tissue nitrogen levels of aging mosquitoes bore no demonstrable relation to changes in the innate immunity of such mosquitoes, suggest that host immunity to infection depends upon the addition or depletion of specific physiological or metabolic factors which function in low concentration, rather than upon gross quantitative changes in the nitrogen levels of the host animal. Finally, from the observed differences in effect on host immunity between whole blood and separated blood elements, it appears not unreasonable to assume that there is present some labile component in whole blood, most probably associated with intact cells, which undergoes considerable qualitative change when cells are lysed or the blood elements are mechanically separated.
The Influence of the A-Like Substance of Rabbits on Their Immune Response to Human Blood-Group A-Substance
Authors: Glynn L. E. , Holborow E. J. , Johnson G. D.
Published: January 2023

Purified human blood group A substance from ovarian cysts may be rendered fully antigenic in rabbits by immunising with a streptococcal vaccine in which the organisms are “coated” with the substance. Specific precipitating antibody is obtained both in rabbits whose tissues contain A-like substance, and in rabbits which lack this substance. Evidence is presented that the antibodies produced by the two types of rabbit differ sharply in both specificity and serologic characteristics. Antibody obtained by this method in rabbits whose tissues contain A-like substance cannot be obtained by immunizing with human group-A red cells. The relationship of these findings to the problem of auto-antibody production is discussed.
Investigation of the Tetanus Toxin from Two Different Strains of Clostridium Tetani
Authors: Largier John F.
Published: January 2023

Conclusion and Summary

The toxins produced by two different strains of Clostridium tetani, one sporulating and the other non-sporulating, appear to be identical in regard to molecular size, electrophoretic mobility, neutralization and flocculation tests. The principal difference appears in the amount of toxin and other macromolecular material synthesized by the Clostridium tetani under the conditions of growth used in this study. The non-sporulating Harvard strain produces a far greater yield of toxin and less other macromolecular material. However, the number of antigens produced by the two organisms appears to be qualitatively the same.

Both toxins show an approximate diffusion coefficient of 5.5 × 10-7cm2/sec using an analytic method of measurement, and a sedimentation constant of 3.9 Svedberg units as determined in a Spinco analytic ultracentrifuge. These results together with a partial specific volume of 0.749 (calculated from amino acid analysis), point to an approximate molecular weight of 68,000.