bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of profens in pharmaceuticals by heart‐cut achiral‐chiral two‐dimensional HPLC
Authors: Peñín‐Ibáñez Miguel , Santos‐Delgado María Jesús , Polo‐Diez Luís María
Published: March 2018

Profens are important non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory pharmaceutical drugs and their behavior depends on their enantiomeric form. Three of the most employed profens, ketoprofen, naproxen and ibuprofen, were separated simultaneously in pairs by two‐dimensional achiral‐chiral high‐performance liquid chromatography using heart‐cut mode. The total amount of each profen was determined using a C8 column in the first achiral system; in the second chiral system, the enantiomeric fraction of each profen was determined using an α1‐acid glycoprotein column. Mobile phases were optimized by factorial design, response surfaces and multi‐response analysis paying particular attention to mobile phase compatibility of both columns and to transferring time between systems. The effect of temperature on each profen and their enantiomer retention was studied, the thermodynamic parameters being calculated. Calibration graphs were linear in the ranges of 2–20, 0.5–10 and 10–40 mg/L for ketoprofen, naproxen and ibuprofen respectively in both systems. The method allowed the analysis of three pharmaceuticals establishing the enantiomeric fraction of each profen using a simple sample preparation; moreover, the first achiral system cleans the sample deeply preventing deterioration of the expensive chiral column. Recoveries over 80% and the enantiomeric fraction of each profen were obtained allowing determination of the pharmaceutical purity.
A simplified method for determining acceleration amplitude of prestressed concrete floor under individual jumping load
Authors: Liu Jiepeng , Cao Liang , Zhou Zikai
Published: March 2018

Modern long‐span prestressed concrete (PC) floors typically possess low damping and low natural frequency, presenting a potential vibration sensitivity problem induced by human activities. Field test and numerical analysis methods are available to study this kind of problems but would be inconvenient for design engineers. This paper proposes a simplified method to determine the acceleration amplitude of a PC floor subjected to individual jumping load, carrying out through a mix of analytical and experimental techniques. To theoretically analyze the acceleration response, the PC floor was simplified as an anisotropic rectangular plate and the mode decomposition method was used. To facilitate the calculation of the acceleration amplitude aP, a frequency‐dependent coefficient βJ is introduced, which depends on the geometry and support condition of the PC floor and dynamic amplification factor KJ. Field tests on 7 PC floors with various boundary conditions and fundamental natural frequencies were conducted to determine βJ coefficient. Based on the test results, practical formulas for βJ coefficient is first proposed, followed by that for acceleration amplitude aP. The proposed simplified method is easy for practical use and will yield safe and conservative structural designs.
Effects of mixing strategy on catalyst‐assisted reactive blending of polycarbonate and polyethylene terephthalate
Authors: Habibelahi Majid , Ehsani Morteza , Morshedian Jalil
Published: March 2018

Reactive melt mixing of polycarbonate (PC) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) blends with constant composition of 80:20 in the presence of a freshly added catalyst was conducted through a two‐step method. At first, PC and PET underwent premixing and melt mixed in the absence of a fresh catalyst. Then, mixing continued with catalyst addition under the same previous condition. The effects of varied premixing times from 1 to 5 min and mixing intensity at rotor speeds of 30 and 50 rev/min (rpm) were separately evaluated in transesterification reaction. The results of solubility analysis showed that the longer premixing time and the higher mixing rate enhanced the rate and extension of reaction. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermal analysis by differential scanning calorimetry were conducted on specimens on the basis of solubility separations. The height ratio of carbonyl group peaks of PC and PET phases were calculated for their corresponding FTIR spectra. The height ratio for PET showed a good correlation with solubility data. Moreover, crystallinity of PET phase was influenced by the reaction which was analyzed by solubility parameters. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 25:127–133, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
A Design Thinking Mindset Beyond the Public Health Model
Authors: Chan Kee
Published: March 2018

In the era of precision medicine, where sequencing genome technology is emerging and extending to the general public, a question remains unclear: Can we bridge policies and programs to foster a human‐centered focus on public health and wellness using personalized medical technology? Public health wellness is a byproduct of the social determinants of health and genetic factors. Research has shown that our epigenetic influences impact our health and well‐being more significantly than what is in our genetic code. How might we design our health and wellness efforts to achieve a healthier population? This commentary highlights the application of design thinking as a driver toward a human‐centered approach in developing policy by maximizing our understanding of genetic code and new technology in the context of human needs and values for population health. Using the parameters of a design thinking theoretical approach, this paper suggests using a logic model framework to assess and evaluate the impact of precision medicine initiatives on public health and public wellness. By applying the core principles of design thinking: (i) empathy, (ii) observation, (iii) ideation, (iv) prototyping, and (v) experimentation in a system framework, we can foster a collaborative, collective approach to transforming public health.
Localized buckling of laminated cylindrical shells with low reduced shear modulus under non‐uniform axial compression
Authors: Mikhasev Gennadi , Mlechka Ihnat
Published: March 2018

The problem on buckling of a thin laminated non‐circular cylindrical shell under action of axial compressive forces non‐uniformly distributed along edges is considered. It is assumed that some layers are made of a “soft” material so that the reduced (effective) shear modulus for the entire package is much less than the reduced Young's modulus. The differential equations based on the generalized hypotheses of Timoshenko and including the effect of transverse shears are used to predict the buckling of laminated cylinders regardless a number of layers and their mechanical properties. Using the asymptotic method, the buckling modes are constructed in the form of functions rapidly decaying far away from some generatrix at the reference surface. It is shown that accounting transverse shears strongly effect on the buckling modes and corresponding critical buckling forces. In particular, the preferable buckling form for a medium‐length thin laminated cylinder with a low reduced shear modulus (as compared with the reduced Young's modulus) is found to be a system of small dents in the axial direction, whose amplitudes decay in the circumferential direction without oscillations; whereas the buckling of a shell with a relatively large reduced shear modulus may occur with formation of waves in both the axial and circumferential directions. As an example, the buckling of cylindrical sandwiches assembled from the ABS‐plastic and magnetorheological elastomer with variable shear modulus under different levels of an applied magnetic field is examined
Stress and social behaviors of maternally deprived captive giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis)
Authors: Siciliano‐Martina Leila , Martina Jason P.
Published: March 2018

Maternal deprivation can cause long‐term behavioral changes in captive mammals. Studies regarding captive ungulates have also indicated behavioral shifts in the presence of the animal keeping staff; however, little is known about these effects in captive giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis). To examine this, we observed a population of reticulated giraffes composed of maternally raised and maternally deprived individuals by direct and camera observations at Binder Park Zoo, Battle Creek, Michigan. We conducted observations using a unique ethogram with special regard for behaviors that might indicate stress or anti‐social tendencies. Several variables can interact to create behavioral changes; to account for this, our study design examined the interactive effects of observation technique, raising style, and temperature on giraffe behavior. The results of these observations showed a significant increase in the rate of stereotypic and antisocial behaviors resulting from the interaction of observation technique and raising style. Stereotypic behaviors in particular showed a marked increased during cooler temperatures among giraffes of all raising style. Likewise, raising style, observation technique, and their interaction significantly impacted the time spent rubbing the enclosure. The findings of this study suggest that captive giraffe behavior can be a complex response to multiple factors and studies only examining single factors might oversimplify behavioral shifts.
Preoperative Smoking Cessation is Integral to the Prevention of Postoperative Morbidities in Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy
Authors: Yoshida Naoya , Nakamura Kenichi , Kuroda Daisuke , Baba Yoshifumi , Miyamoto Yuji , Iwatsuki Masaaki , Hiyoshi Yukiharu , Ishimoto Takatsugu , Imamura Yu , Watanabe Masayuki , Baba Hideo
Published: March 2018

Background

Preoperative smoking cessation is considered integral to decreasing postoperative morbidities after esophagectomy. To our knowledge, the association of the duration of smoking cessation with the occurrence of postoperative morbidity has never been investigated in minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE).

Methods

A total of 198 consecutive MIEs for esophageal cancer between June 2011 and December 2017 were eligible for the study. According to the length of smoking cessation, patients were separated into three groups: ≤ 30, 31–90, and ≥ 91 days. Incidence of postoperative morbidities was retrospectively analyzed among the groups.

Results

In patients with smoking cessation ≤ 30 days, morbidities of Clavien–Dindo classification (CDc) ≥ II, severe morbidities of CDc ≥ IIIb, pneumonia, and any pulmonary morbidities were frequently observed. Morbidities of CDc ≥ II, pneumonia, and any pulmonary morbidities increased as the length of cessation became shorter. Smoking cessation ≤ 30 days was a significant risk factor for severe morbidity (hazard ratio [HR] 4.89, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.993–12.011; P < 0.001). Smoking cessation ≤ 90 days (HR 3.98, 95% CI 1.442–10.971; P = 0.008), past smoking (per 100 increase in Brinkman index), and cardiovascular comorbidity were significant risk factors for pneumonia. Smoking cessation ≤ 30 days (HR 3.13, 95% CI 1.351–7.252; P = 0.008) and past smoking were significant risk factors for any pulmonary morbidity.

Conclusions

Preoperative smoking cessation is considerably important to prevent postoperative morbidities, even in MIE. At least, preoperative cessation ≥ 31 days is preferable to decrease considerable morbidities after MIE.
Preparation of ultrafine grained copper nanoparticles via immersion deposit method
Authors: Abbasi-Kesbi Fatemeh , Rashidi Ali Mohammad , Astinchap Bandar
Published: March 2018

Today, the exploration about synthesis of nanoparticles is much of interest to materials scientists. In this work, copper nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized by immersion deposit method in the absence of any stabilizing and reducing agents. Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate as precursor salt and distilled water and Ethylene glycol as solvents were used. The copper nanoparticles were deposited on plates of low carbon steel. The effects of copper sulfate concentrations and solvent type were investigated. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and UV–Visible spectroscopy were taken to investigate the crystallite size, crystal structure, and morphology and size distribution and the growth process of the nanoparticles of obtained Cu particles. The results indicated that the immersion deposit method is a particularly suitable method for synthesis of semispherical copper nanoparticles with the crystallites size in the range of ~22 to 37 nm. By increasing the molar concentration of copper sulfate in distilled water solvent from 0.04 to 0.2 M, the average particles size is increased from 57 to 81 nm. The better size distribution of Cu nanoparticles was achieved using a lower concentration of copper sulfate. By increasing the molar concentration of copper sulfate in water solvent from 0.04 to 0.2, the location of the SPR peak has shifted from 600 to 630 nm. The finer Cu nanoparticles were formed using ethylene glycol instead water as a solvent. Also, the agglomeration and overlapping of nanoparticles in ethylene glycol were less than that of water solvent.
It’s all about relationships: A qualitative study of family physicians’ teaching experiences in rural longitudinal clerkships
Authors: Cuncic Cary , Regehr Glenn , Frost Heather , Bates Joanna
Published: March 2018

Introduction The relationship between preceptor and trainee is becoming recognized as a critical component of teaching, in particular in the negotiation of feedback and in the formation of professional identity. This paper elaborates on the nature of the relationships between preceptor and student that evolve in the context of rural longitudinal integrated clerkships (LICs).

Methods We drew on constructivist grounded theory for the research approach. We interviewed nine LIC family practice preceptors from three sites at one educational institution. We adapted the interview framework based on early findings. We analyzed the data through a constant comparative process. We then drew on concepts of relationship-based learning as sensitizing concepts in a secondary analysis.

Results We constructed three themes from the data. First, preceptors developed trusting professional and personal relationships with students over time. These relationships expanded to include friendship, advocacy, and ongoing contact beyond the clerkship year. Second, preceptors’ approach to teaching was anchored in the relationship with an understanding of the individual student. Third, preceptors set learning goals collaboratively with their students, based not only on program objectives, but also with the student as a future physician in mind.

Discussion Our findings suggest that rural family medicine preceptors developed engaged and trusting relationships with their students over time. These relationships imbued all activities of teaching and learning with an individual and personal focus. This orientation may be a key factor in supporting the learning outcomes demonstrated for students studying in rural LICs.
Beneficial effects of environmental enrichment on behavior, stress reactivity and synaptophysin/BDNF expression in hippocampus following early life stress
Authors: Dandi Εvgenia , Kalamari Aikaterini , Touloumi Olga , Lagoudaki Rosa , Nousiopoulou Evangelia , Simeonidou Constantina , Spandou Evangelia , Tata Despina A.
Published: March 2018

Exposure to environmental enrichment can beneficially influence the behavior and enhance synaptic plasticity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the mediated effects of environmental enrichment on postnatal stress‐associated impact with regard to behavior, stress reactivity as well as synaptic plasticity changes in the dorsal hippocampus. Wistar rat pups were submitted to a 3 h maternal separation (MS) protocol during postnatal days 1–21, while another group was left undisturbed. On postnatal day 23, a subgroup from each rearing condition (maternal separation, no‐maternal separation) was housed in enriched environmental conditions until postnatal day 65 (6 weeks duration). At approximately three months of age, adult rats underwent behavioral testing to evaluate anxiety (Elevated Plus Maze), locomotion (Open Field Test), spatial learning and memory (Morris Water Maze) as well as non‐spatial recognition memory (Novel Object Recognition Test). After completion of behavioral testing, blood samples were taken for evaluation of stress‐induced plasma corticosterone using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while immunofluorescence was applied to evaluate hippocampal BDNF and synaptophysin expression in dorsal hippocampus. We found that environmental enrichment protected against the effects of maternal separation as indicated by the lower anxiety levels and the reversal of spatial memory deficits compared to animals housed in standard conditions. These changes were associated with increased BDNF and synaptophysin expression in the hippocampus. Regarding the neuroendocrine response to stress, while exposure to an acute stressor potentiated corticosterone increases in maternally‐separated rats, environmental enrichment of these rats prevented this effect. The current study aimed at investigating the compensatory role of enriched environment against the negative outcomes of adverse experiences early in life concurrently on emotional and cognitive behaviors, HPA function and neuroplasticity markers.
The interaction of Matrix Reasoning and Social Motivation as predictors of Separation anxiety in boys with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Bitsika Vicki , Sharpley Christopher F.
Published: March 2018

Background

It has been suggested that higher cognitive functioning based in the pre‐frontal cortex is implicated in the ability of people with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) to understand and communicate in social situations. Low motivation to engage in social interaction may also be influential in this process. Although both of these factors have been argued to influence the levels of comorbid anxiety in young people with ASD, no detailed examination of those relationships has been reported to date.

Methods

A sample of 90 boys with ASD (aged 6 to 12 yr) and 29 of their non‐ASD peers, matched for age and IQ, completed tests of cognitive function and anxiety.

Results

Only one form of anxiety—fear of being separated from their parents– was significantly associated with cognitive function, at the Full Scale IQ and Matrix Reasoning levels, plus motivation to engage in social interactions, and only for the ASD boys.

Conclusion

These data represent a complex interaction between the neurobiological aspects of ASD, fluid reasoning, social motivation, and Separation Anxiety in boys with ASD. As such, they bring a new perspective to understanding and treating anxious behaviour in these boys.
Mapping Global Migration Law, or the Two Batavias
Authors: Thomas Chantal
Published: March 2018

This symposium has marshaled numerous insights regarding the emergence of a general field of inquiry within international law on the movement of people. To move into this conceptual terrain has required a certain amount of defiance of the conventional wisdom that questions of migration are within the purview of the sovereign state, and a matter of sovereign territorial prerogative. Yet this conventional wisdom manifestly no longer describes the times. There are now a host of limitations under positive international law on the prerogative of states to control rights of noncitizens to entry, residence, and work within their territories; and limitations on states’ rights to exclude or expel noncitizens therefrom.
Geometric decomposition of the conformation tensor in viscoelastic turbulence
Authors: Hameduddin Ismail , Meneveau Charles , Zaki Tamer A. , Gayme Dennice F.
Published: March 2018

This work introduces a mathematical approach to analysing the polymer dynamics in turbulent viscoelastic flows that uses a new geometric decomposition of the conformation tensor, along with associated scalar measures of the polymer fluctuations. The approach circumvents an inherent difficulty in traditional Reynolds decompositions of the conformation tensor: the fluctuating tensor fields are not positive definite and so do not retain the physical meaning of the tensor. The geometric decomposition of the conformation tensor yields both mean and fluctuating tensor fields that are positive definite. The fluctuating tensor in the present decomposition has a clear physical interpretation as a polymer deformation relative to the mean configuration. Scalar measures of this fluctuating conformation tensor are developed based on the non-Euclidean geometry of the set of positive definite tensors. Drag-reduced viscoelastic turbulent channel flow is then used an example case study. The conformation tensor field, obtained using direct numerical simulations, is analysed using the proposed framework.
Flow topology of helical vortices
Authors: Velasco Fuentes Oscar
Published: March 2018

Equal coaxial symmetrically located helical vortices translate and rotate steadily while preserving their shape and relative position if they move in an unbounded inviscid incompressible fluid. In this paper, the linear and angular velocities of this set of vortices ($U$ and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}$ respectively) are computed as the sum of the mutually induced velocities found by Okulov (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 521, 2004, pp. 319–342) and the self-induced velocities found by Velasco Fuentes (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 836 2018). Numerical computations of the velocities using the Helmholtz integral and the Biot–Savart law, as well as numerical simulations of the flow evolution under the Euler equations, are used to verify that the theoretical results are accurate for $N=1,\ldots ,4$ vortices over a broad range of values of the pitch and radius of the vortices. An analysis of the flow topology in a reference system that translates with velocity $U$ and rotates with angular velocity $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}$ serves to determine the capacity of the vortices to transport fluid.
Local available energetics of multicomponent compressible stratified fluids
Authors: Tailleux Rémi
Published: March 2018

We extend the local theory of available potential energy (APE) to a general multicomponent compressible stratified fluid, accounting for the effects of diabatic sinks and sources. As for simple compressible fluids, the total potential energy density of a fluid parcel is the sum of its available elastic energy and APE density. These respectively represent the adiabatic compression/expansion work needed to bring it from its reference pressure to its actual pressure and the work against buoyancy forces required to move it from its reference state position to its actual position. Our expression for the APE density is new and is derived using only elementary manipulations of the equations of motion; it is significantly simpler than existing published expressions, while also being more transparently linked to the relevant form of APE density for the Boussinesq and hydrostatic primitive equations. Our new framework is used to clarify the links between some aspects of the energetics of Boussinesq and real fluids, as well as to shed light on the physical basis underlying the choice of reference state(s) in local APE theory.
Malicious legal transplants
Authors: Siems Mathias
Published: March 2018

It is frequently assumed that legal transplants can help law makers in choosing the best ideas from elsewhere in the world. However, this paper suggests that there can also be cases of ‘malicious legal transplants’. It explains why such transplants emerge and how they may be prevented. This discussion fills a gap in the normative debate about legal transplants: while it is valuable to identify good models, it is equally important to understand how the impact of malicious ideas can be prevented.
Palaeolatitudinal distribution of lithologic indicators of climate in a palaeogeographic framework
Authors: CAO WENCHAO , WILLIAMS SIMON , FLAMENT NICOLAS , ZAHIROVIC SABIN , SCOTESE CHRISTOPHER , MÜLLER R. DIETMAR
Published: March 2018

Whether the latitudinal distribution of climate-sensitive lithologies is stable through greenhouse and icehouse regimes remains unclear. Previous studies suggest that the palaeolatitudinal distribution of palaeoclimate indicators, including coals, evaporites, reefs and carbonates, has remained broadly similar since the Permian period, leading to the conclusion that atmospheric and oceanic circulation control their distribution rather than the latitudinal temperature gradient. Here we revisit a global-scale compilation of lithologic indicators of climate, including coals, evaporites and glacial deposits, back to the Devonian period. We test the sensitivity of their latitudinal distributions to the uneven distribution of continental areas through time and to global tectonic models, correct the latitudinal distributions of lithologies for sampling- and continental area-bias, and use statistical methods to fit these distributions with probability density functions and estimate their high-density latitudinal ranges with 50% and 95% confidence intervals. The results suggest that the palaeolatitudinal distributions of lithologies have changed through deep geological time, notably a pronounced poleward shift in the distribution of coals at the beginning of the Permian. The distribution of evaporites indicates a clearly bimodal distribution over the past ~400 Ma, except for Early Devonian, Early Carboniferous, the earliest Permian and Middle and Late Jurassic times. We discuss how the patterns indicated by these lithologies change through time in response to plate motion, orography, evolution and greenhouse/icehouse conditions. This study highlights that combining tectonic reconstructions with a comprehensive lithologic database and novel data analysis approaches provide insights into the nature and causes of shifting climatic zones through deep time.
COMPLEX PRODUCT STRUCTURES ON HOM-LIE ALGEBRAS
Authors: NOURMOHAMMADIFAR L. , PEYGHAN E.
Published: March 2018

In this paper, we introduce the notion of complex product structures on hom-Lie algebras and show that a hom-Lie algebra carrying a complex product structure is a double hom-Lie algebra and it is also endowed with a hom-left symmetric product. Moreover, we show that a complex product structure on a hom-Lie algebra determines uniquely a left symmetric product such that the complex and the product structures are invariant with respect to it. Finally, we introduce the notion of hyper-para-Kähler hom-Lie algebras and we present an example of hyper-para-Kähler hom-Lie algebras.
Community assembly of glass frogs (Centrolenidae) in a Neotropical wet forest: a test of the river zonation hypothesis
Authors: Rivera Nelson , Folt Brian
Published: March 2018

The river zonation hypothesis predicts that abiotic and biotic conditions along riparian gradients drive variation in animal communities. Glass frogs are a diverse group of Neotropical anurans that use riparian habitats exclusively for oviposition and larval development, but little is known about how glass frog communities are distributed across riparian gradients. Here, we measured glass frog community assembly across a gradient of riparian habitats from first- to fifth-order streams at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. We performed repeated nocturnal frog calling surveys and built occupancy andN-mixture abundance models to test for varying patterns of species occupancy, community assembly, species richness (α-diversity) and species turnover (ß-diversity). We observed significant differences in patterns of species occupancy and community assembly across a stream-order gradient: occupancy of two species increased with stream order (Teratohyla pulverata,Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni), one species decreased (Teratohyla spinosa), and one species did not vary (Espadarana prosoblepon). We evaluated four a priori hypotheses describing how α- and ß-diversity of centrolenids are shaped across the riparian gradient; our data were most consistent with a pattern of nested assemblages and increasing species richness along the riparian gradient. Species-specific patterns of occupancy and abundance resulted in assemblage-level differences consistent with theoretical predictions for highly aquatic organisms along riparian gradients.
Sustaining ecological and subsistence functions in conservation areas: eider habitat and access by Native hunters along landfast ice
Authors: LOVVORN JAMES R. , ROCHA AARIEL R. , MAHONEY ANDREW H. , JEWETT STEPHEN C.
Published: March 2018

In the Arctic, rapid climate change has kindled efforts to delineate and project the future of important habitats for marine birds and mammals. These animals are vital to subsistence economies and cultures, so including the needs of both animals and hunters in conservation planning is key to sustaining social-ecological systems. In the northeast Chukchi Sea, a nearshore corridor of open water is a major spring migration route for half a million eider ducks that are hunted along the landfast ice. Zoning areas for industrial activities or conservation should consider both eider habitat and hunter access to those habitats from the variable ice edge. Based on benthic sampling in 2010‒2012, a model of eider foraging energetics and satellite data on ice patterns in April and May 1997‒2011, we mapped the range of positions of the landfast ice edge relative to a given dispersion of habitat suitable for eider feeding. In some sectors, feeding areas were too limited or too far from landfast ice to provide regular hunting access. In other sectors, overlap of the ice edge with eider feeding habitat was quite variable, but often within a consistent geographic range. Areas accessible to hunters were a small fraction of total eider habitat, so areas adequate for conserving eiders would not necessarily include areas that meet the hunters’ needs. These results can inform spatial planning of industrial activities that yield cash income critical to subsistence hunting in less developed locations. Our study provides an approach for mapping ‘subsistence conservation areas’ throughout the Arctic and an example for such efforts elsewhere.
La traditionõrale comme source historique. Le « Livre II » du Ophir de Espanã de Fernando de Montesinos
Authors: Szemiński Jan
Published: March 2018

L’article propose et développe un protocole d’étude appliqué à un texte andin composite. L’exercice devrait permettre d’aboutir à une reconstruction de la formation du texte depuis son ultime formulation indienne jusqu’à sa version préservée. Le texte se compose en réalité de faits de narration, restitués sous forme de phrases résumant l’action et reconstruites par l’historien d’après le texte – mais non déductibles de la stricte formulation du texte même –, d’une part, et, d’autre part, d’interpolations introduites par les rédacteurs successifs. Il s’avère que le « Livre II » de Montesinos pourrait contenir des traditions remontant aux VIe-Xe siècles, soit à l’horizon Wari-Tiahuanaco des Andes centrales.
Le versant brésilien de l’Atlantique-Sud : 1550-1850
Authors: de Alencastro Luiz Felipe
Published: March 2018

L’histoire du Brésil moderne a toujours été interprétée à partir d’une question centrale : l’élevage du bétail dans la vallée de Saõ Francisco, les relations entre maîtres et esclaves, les structures de la dépendance générées par le capitalisme marchand, les privilèges bureaucratiques ou les enjeux de l’économie de l’or au XVIIIesiècle. De nouvelles recherches sur la traite négrière, sur l’asservissement des Indiens, sur les migrations internes et internationales, permettent d’élaborer un axe interprétatif d’une portée plus large : les transformations du travail dans le contexte colonial et national jusqu’au milieu du XIXesiècle. Ces transformations s’inscrivent dans un espace plus ample qui conditionne l’Amérique portugaise et le Brésil de 1550 à 1850 : l’Atlantique-Sud. Dès lors, la périodisation historique gagne une autre signification. La rupture avec l’ordre colonial intervient en 1850, lors de l’arrêt définitif de la traite des Noirs, et non pas en 1808 (ouverture des ports et arrivée de la Cour portugaise à Rio de Janeiro) ou en 1822, avec l’indépendance du Brésil.
L'historiographie des origines de la France: Genèse d'un imaginaire national
Authors: Burguière André
Published: March 2018

Résumés

Du VIIe siècle, quand les premières chroniques donnèrent à la Francia un ancêtre troyen fuyant sa cité en flammes, à la fin du XIXe siècle, quand Fustel de Coulanges réfuta définitivement la thèse d’une conquête franque, l’historiographie de la France n’a cessé d’osciller, dans son long périple, entre la thèse d’une origine franque et celle d’une origine gauloise. Un parcours historiographique particulièrement long mais nullement exceptionnel : la majorité des dynasties princières de l’Europe ont prétendu descendre d’un guerrier troyen ou d’un fils de Noé. La plupart des histoires nationales ont pensé leurs origines dans une opposition entre des indigènes et des conquérants. Reconstituer les étapes de ce discours des origines, c’est identifier les usages politiques successifs qui l’ont inspiré et sans cesse remanié. Mais on peut essayer aussi, pour rendre le cas français plus comparable à d’autres, d’isoler certains traits structurels de son imaginaire national et de la pensée historique qui s’est construite avec lui.
11 Septembre Guerre et télévision au XXIesiècle
Authors: Gluck Carol
Published: March 2018

Résumés

Cet essai, qui examine les modalités de la guerre du XXIesiècle avec pour finalité d’explorer la manière dont opère la mémoire collective dans les mass media contemporains, se fonde sur une ethnographie des médias appliquée à l’attaque terroriste du 11 Septembre; l’auteur étudie la construction médiatique immédiate du récit de la guerre contre le terrorisme, transformé en une narration héroïque, puis s’interroge sur la façon dont le 11 Septembre et ses suites pourraient, dans les années à venir, être reformulés dans la mémoire publique, en s’appuyant à titre de comparaison sur l’exemple des événements de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Suivre l’interaction des médias et de la mémoire permet de percevoir, et même d’affecter, l’avenir du passé et le processus par lequel la « guerre de la terreur » est continuellement re-médiatisée dans la mémoire et ses politiques.
Le missile et la souris: Mouvements virtuels pour la paix dans un âge de terreur
Authors: Morris-Suzuki Tessa
Published: March 2018

Résumés

Depuis le 11 Septembre 2002, de nombreux groupements militant pour la paix ont utilisé internet pour diffuser l’information et rechercher des solutions au conflit. L’article examine les modalités de l’émergence de tels groupes et propose quelques réflexions préliminaires sur leur potentiel et leurs limites, en prenant l’exemple de deux mouvements pré-internet, le groupe Beheiren contre la guerre au Viêt-nam, au Japon, et le mouvement féminin de Greenham Common, en Grande-Bretagne, pour explorer le lien entre les supports de communication ainsi que les répertoires d’actions alors mises en oeuvre par les mouvements pacifistes. Puis, à travers le cas actuel de quelques-uns d’entre eux, on examine l’évolution de leur gamme d’actions dans le contexte de la diffusion des nouveaux médias et le déplacement d’une guerre mondiale à une guerre globale.
Espace et mémoire collective à Jérusalem
Authors: Bulle Sylvaine
Published: March 2018

L’observation du champ de la mémoire urbaine de Jérusalem à partir du seul cadre bâti de la vieille ville est un mode de questionnement historiographique, qui consiste à élargir l’approche historique d’un territoire à une sociologie des appropriations urbaines. L’article part du constat de la permanence de la stabilité de l’image de la vieille ville de Jérusalem pour effectuer une étude des modalités d’appropriation de cette dernière par les deux communautés juive et arabe. L’article s’attache à décrire la construction de l’esthétique urbaine autour de la ville sainte dans la période du Mandat Britannique liée à la présence d’administrateurs occidentaux, avant qu’elle ne soit appropriée, transmise et véhiculée par différents courants et agents de la mémoire, israéliens et palestiniens. On ne décrit pas seulement un conflit de mémoire autour des valeurs symboliques de la ville sainte. On interroge les régimes d’historicité de la mémoire soumises aux contingences économiques contemporaines et la place des temporalités sociales dans l’écriture de l’histoire d’un territoire.
La cité et son territoire dans la province d’Achaïe et la notion de « Grèce romaine »
Authors: Rousset Denis
Published: March 2018

On considère souvent que le passage de la péninsule balkanique sous la domination romaine a transformé les cités grecques indépendantes en simples districts administratifs d’une province désormais unifiée et qu’il s’est accompagné d’une mutation dans les modes d’occupation et d’exploitation des campagnes. Il est en réalité nécessaire de réexaminer l’histoire du monde rural en s’interrogeant sur les fondements chronologiques des prospections archéologiques, et il est également possible de montrer la pérennité de la cité jusque sous l’Empire. C’est la notion même de « Grèce romaine », considérée à la fois comme un continuum spatial et une unité chronologique allant de 200 avant J.-C. à 200 après J.-C., qui est ainsi mise en question.
Les Anglais et les Grecs Un réseau de coopération commerciale en Méditerranée vénitienne
Authors: Fusaro Maria
Published: March 2018

Cette réflexion est axée sur l’étude des réseaux commerciaux anglais à Venise et dans les territoires grecs sous domination vénitienne (en particulier les îles de Zante et Céphalonie) entre le XVIe et le XVIIe siècle. Il s’agit d’analyser l’organisation du commerce anglais dans les territoires de la République et les méthodes grâce auxquelles les marchands anglais ont réussi à s’établir en des régions auparavant contrôlées par le réseau commercial vénitien, ainsi que les différences structurelles entre leurs entreprises en territoires ottoman et vénitiens. L’analyse est axée sur l’importance des contacts entre les marchands anglais et le réseau grec visant à établir, en Méditerranée « vénitienne », une coopération entre réseaux commerciaux étendue au commerce avec les Balkans.
L’émergence d’une économie de réseau (1640-1815): Le vin de Madère
Authors: Hancock David J.
Published: March 2018

L’auteur examine le rôle des réseaux commerciaux dans la mise en place d’une communauté atlantique intégrée et cohérente au cours des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. La plupart des travaux qui traitent du monde atlantique à l’époque moderne considèrent l’émergence de celui-ci ainsi que la prééminence de la métropole européenne comme un fait donné et établi; ils ne cherchent pas à comprendre l’évolution des institutions, des acteurs et des idées ou se contentent de contester le rôle joué par la métropole. L’auteur remet en cause ces conclusions en analysant les conditions du commerce du vin de Madère au cours de son âge d’or. En trois étapes intimement reliées entre elles :la production, la distribution et la consommation, il suggère que la vie économique et sociale dans les empires britannique et portugais était décentralisée et auto-organisée. L’essai souligne l’importance des liens à l’intérieur et entre les empires, ce qui limitait le pouvoir métropolitain. Il démontre ainsi les bénéfices d’une perspective atlantique « trans-impériale ».
De Chladenius à Droysen. Théorie et méthodologie de l’histoire de langue allemande (1750-1860)
Authors: Escudier Alexandre
Published: March 2018

Depuis une trentaine d’années, l’historiographie allemande des Lumières(Aufklärungshistorie)a fait l’objet d’une large redécouverte, qui a mis un terme à l’occultation dont elle avait fait l’objet, à des fins auto-légitimantes, par les refondateurs des études historiques au XIXesiècle.De ce renouveau historiographique, ayant mis en évidence le rôle décisif alors joué par les entreprises de théorisation de l’histoire – à la fois comme processus et comme discipline –, on retrace ici le contexte et les enjeux, pour aborder ensuite la palette de thèmes épistémologiques respectivement déployée entre 1750 et 1820, puis à l’époque de l’« historisme ».Á l’intérieur de ce dernier, on marque la différence théorique radicale existant entre le dispositif rankeen, dit historisme classique, et la césure majeure que constitue l’Historik(1857) de Droysen.En distinguant nettement l’acception usuelle de l’« historisme » comme constellation théorique spécifique (empirisme proclamé, objectivisme gnoséologique et idéalisme théologisant) de la question de la « crise de l’historisme » à l’époque moderne, au sens de Ernst Troeltsch, on plaide, pour finir, pour une histoire de l’histoire intégrée ayant pour horizon théorique une histoire socio-culturelle croisée de la sensibilité moderne au relativisme historique.L’histoire de l’histoire a ainsi pour vocation de dépasser la seule histoire des sciences et de se transformer à terme en une anthropologie historique de l’historicité.
« Sentirse negro »Empreintes du passé et mémoire collective au Chocó
Authors: Losonczy Anne-Marie
Published: March 2018

L’exploration ethnographique des registres culturels sur lesquels se construisent la narration, l’évocation, l’occultation et la transmission du passé dans les groupes noirs de la côte Pacifique colombienne ainsi que l’analyse de leur rôle dans la genèse des sociabilités noires mettent en cause l’imputation généralement acceptée d’une mémoire collective et d’une tradition unitaire à toute société non nationale. Mémoire et tradition unifiées apparaissent au contraire comme une construction savante délibérée, suscitée et médiatisée par la nouvelle définition multiculturelle de l’État colombien, emblèmes et légitimation du statut juridique et territorial de minorité ethnique. Mais cette nouvelle insertion juridique dans l’espace national s’accompagne, dans les territoires – auparavant isolés – de groupes noirs, de l’irruption brutale d’une violence multiforme, insurrectionnelle et contre-insurrectionnelle, expérience fondatrice qui sert de ciment identitaire et politique aux citoyens non ethniques de la nation. L’article examine leurs stratégies de survie et de reconstruction, en petits groupes et en réseaux, puis leur singularité historique en Colombie, fondées sur une « mémoire marron » qui, toujours, réactualise l’expérience fondatrice de la fuite et de la mise à distance de la contrainte et de la violence, et dessine les contours de ce nouveau régime de mémoire.
Esclavage et prix de la fiancée La société thrace au risqué de l'ethnographie comparée
Authors: Testart Alain , Brunaux Jean-Louis
Published: March 2018

Dans cet article, nous nous proposons de relire les sources ethnographiques antiques, surtout grecques, à propos des Thraces, qui habitaient l’actuelle Bulgarie. Les auteurs proposent de nouvelles traductions et s’appuient sur quelques recherches nouvelles en anthropologie comparée pour étudier les coutumes relatives aux prestations matrimoniales (prix de la fiancée) et à l’esclavage interne (vente des enfants en esclavage, esclavage pour dettes). Ils montrent le lien entre elles et en dégagent les implications, en particulier politiques.
Fêtes et logiques territoriales dans les quartiers d’Edo au XIXe siècle
Authors: Carré Guillaume
Published: March 2018

L’étendue et la complexité de l’organisation spatiale, sociale et administrative de la ville d’Edo au XIXe siècle rendent difficile l’appréhension des divers éléments constitutifs de ces identités territoriales. Les fêtes, liées aux établissements religieux, et en particulier celles des sanctuaires shintō, constituent cependant un moment privilégié pour l’expression des représentations qu’avaient les habitants des quartiers bourgeois de leur rapport à l’espace urbain. Les communautés vicinales tenues par les propriétaires et leurs représentants tentent en effet d’y conjuguer l’exaltation du sentiment communautaire avec l’affirmation des hiérarchies de la bourgeoisie. Mais la fête sert aussi de lieu d’exhibition pour d’autres groupes sociaux, locataires, journaliers, etc., structurés selon des logiques propres dépendant de leurs formes d’insertion dans la société urbaine. Se dessine ainsi une pluralité de modes de construction de l’appartenance territoriale, parfois conflictuels, mais dont la coexistence et l’interpénétration fondent les fortes identités locales de certains quartiers.
Historiographie palestinienne. La construction d’une identité nationale
Authors: Sfeir-Khayat Jihane
Published: March 2018

Cet article présente une lecture de l’histoire de la Palestine telle qu’elle est perçue par les historiens arabes. Il aborde l’évolution de cette histoire à travers les étapes marquantes de la construction identitaire et nationale du peuple palestinien. On propose, notamment, une analyse de l’historiographie arabe moderne de la Palestine dans le sens où elle est conçue en miroir de l’histoire israélienne et comme outil de revendication de l’appartenance d’un peuple à une terre. L’année 1948, caractérisant l’expulsion (Nakba) des Palestiniens de leur terre, est un tournant décisif dans l’écriture et l’appréhension de l’histoire palestinienne : elle représente l’année de départ mais également celle du retour vers la construction d’une identité nationale, territoriale et historique.
Du Proche-Orient à l’Atlantique
Authors: Guilaine Jean
Published: March 2018

Cette contribution évoque quelques questions aujourd’hui débattues sur la genèse des civilisations néolithiques au Proche-Orient : processus de sédentarisation dès l’Épipaléolithique, évolution de l’architecture circulaire vers des bâtiments quadrangulaires, apparition précoce au sein des premiers villages d’édifices à usage collectif, mise en place au IXeet VIIIemillénaires avant notre ère d’un vaste complexe culturel (le Néolithique pré-céramique B), traversé par de grands courants d’échanges et marqué par les premiers dénivelés sociaux. Sont également discutés les raisons symboliques et idéelles, d’une part, économiques (agriculture, élevage), de l’autre, intervenues dans la dynamique de cette transition et les caractères de la diffusion de l’économie de production dans la partie nord de l’Afrique et surtout en Méditerranée et en Europe du Sud, le rôle des populations autochtones d’Europe dans ce processus, enfin, l’évolution des communautés néolithiques vers des sociétés de plus en plus complexes et hiérarchisées. L’accumulation des données archéologiques permet désormais de sortir de la stricte lecture des matériaux pour proposer sur cette période des scénarios historiques valables.
De Sandino aux contras. Formes et pratiques de la guerre au Nicaragua
Authors: Bataillon Gilles
Published: March 2018

Comment interpréter les guerres civiles – Somoza/sandinistes ; sandinsistes/contras– dont le Nicaragua a été le théâtre de 1978 à 1987 ? Alors que la plupart des analyses mettent l’accent sur les « blocages » socio-politiques internes et le rôle des interventions étrangères, on s’efforce ici d’analyser ces guerres en les réinscrivant dans un continuum avec les autres affrontements armés qui ont marqué le XXe siècle nicaraguayen. L’ancrage de ces deux guerres dans un « temps long » de la violence nicaraguayenne permet ensuite de comprendre comment, tout au long du siècle, la violence fut une modalité d’action légitime et codifiée et comment celle-ci permit tout à la fois l’apparition de nouveaux acteurs sociopolitiques et, ce faisant, leur accès légitime à des ressources économiques. On décrit ensuite quelles furent les modalités de structuration interne de ces acteurs, puis la « culture politique » dans laquelle s’inscrivit cette succession d’actions guerrières. On s’interroge pour finir sur le basculement qui s’est fait jour lors de la fin de l’affrontementcontras/sandinistes et lors du mandat de Violeta Barrios de Chamorro