bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of an in vitro fluorometric assay to study adherence of Pasteurella haemolytica to bovine cells
Authors: Clarke Jean M. , Morton Rebecca J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To develop an in vitro fluorometric assay to assessPasteurella haemolyticaadherence to bovine respiratory and epithelial cells and compare adherence of single strains ofP haemolyticaserovars A1 and A2 (PhA1 and PhA2, respectively).

Sample Population—Monolayers of bovine turbinate and Madin Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells.

Procedure—To determine optimal inoculum concentration and incubation time, various concentrations ofP haemolyticawere labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate and incubated with monolayers of bovine cells for various times. Bovine cells were washed to remove nonadherent bacteria, and percentage of bacteria adhered (percentage of adherence) was estimated fluorometrically. Percentage of adherence of PhA1 was compared with that of PhA2.

Results—The optimal inoculum concentration that resulted in measurable fluorescence of adherent bacteria was 1 × 108colony-forming units/ml, and the optimal incubation time was 45 minutes. Percentage of adherence of PhA1 to MDBK and turbinate cells was significantly greater than that determined for PhA2.

Conclusions—The in vitro fluorometric assay is a timeefficient, inexpensive, and labor-saving method for evaluation ofP haemolyticaadherence to bovine cells. The concentration of bacteria used to inoculate bovine cells in this assay is similar to that typically used in other types of in vitro adherence assays. The predominance of PhA1 over PhA2 during the early stages of bovine respiratory disease may be attributable to the ability of PhA1 to adhere more avidly to nasopharyngeal tissue. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:129–132)
In vitro determination of contact areas in the normal elbow joint of dogs
Authors: Preston Chris A. , Schulz Kurt S. , Kass Philip H.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate areas of articular contact of the proximal portions of the radius and ulna in normal elbow joints of dogs and the effects of axial load on size and location of these areas.

Sample Population—Forelimbs obtained from cadavers of 5 adult mixed-breed dogs.

Procedure—After forelimbs were removed, liquidphase polymethyl methacrylate was applied to articular surfaces of the elbow joint, and limbs were axially loaded. Articular regions void of casting material were stained with water-soluble paint. Relative articular contact areas were determined by computer-assisted image analyses of stained specimens. Repeatability of the technique was evaluated by analyses of casts from bilateral forelimbs of 1 cadaver. Incremental axial loads were applied to left forelimbs from 4 cadavers to determine effects of load on articular contact.

Results—Specific areas of articular contact were identified on the radius, the craniolateral aspect of the anconeus, and the medial coronoid process. The medial coronoid and radial contact areas were continuous across the radioulnar articulation. There was no articular contact of the medial aspect of the anconeus with the central trochlear notch. Coefficients of variation of contact areas between repeated tests and between contralateral limbs was < 20%. Significant overall effects of axial load on contact area or location were not identified.

Conclusions—Three distinct contact areas were evident in the elbow joint of dogs. Two ulnar contact areas were detected, suggesting there may be physiologic incongruity of the humeroulnar joint. There was no evidence of surface incongruity between the medial edge of the radial head and the lateral edge of the medial coronoid process. (Am J Vet Res2000;61: 1315–1321)
Comparison of sensitivity of sodium currents to tetrodotoxin in equine muscle specimens with that in murine and human muscle specimens
Authors: Beech Jill , Fletcher Jeffrey E. , Erwin Kirsten , Lindborg Susan R.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine sensitivity of equine skeletal
muscle to tetrodotoxin and compare that with sensitivity
of murine and human skeletal muscles.

Sample Population—Semimembranosus, vastus lateralis,
triceps brachii, and masseter muscle specimens
from 22 euthanatized horses, vastus lateralis
muscle biopsy specimens from 25 clinically normal
humans, and diaphragmatic muscle specimens from
6 mice.

Procedure—Electrically elicited twitch responses
were measured in muscle specimens incubated in
medium alone and with tetrodotoxin (100 nM, 400
nM, 1.6 µM for equine specimens and 100 nM, 200
nM, 400 nM, 800 nM, 1.6 µM for murine and human
specimens). Percentages of tetrodotoxin-sensitive
and -resistant sodium channels were determined and
compared among muscles and species.

Results—2 sodium channels with different sensitivities
to tetrodotoxin were identified in equine muscle.
One was blocked with 100 nM tetrodotoxin and the
other was unaffected by tetrodotoxin at concentrations
up to 1.6 µM. The only difference detected
among the 4 equine muscles was that masseter muscle
specimens had a higher percentage of tetrodotoxin-
sensitive channels than triceps brachii muscle
specimens. Tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channels
constituted 31 to 66% of the equine muscle twitch
response, which was greater than that determined
for normal human and murine muscle (< 5%).

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Equine skeletal
muscle contains a high percentage of tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channels. The 4 equine muscles
evaluated were more similar to each other than to
murine and human muscles. Shifts in expression of
sodium channel subtypes may play a role in the manifestation
of certain myopathies. (Am J Vet Res
2000;61:133–138)
Genetic analysis of vesicular stomatitis virus–New Jersey from the 1995 outbreak in the western United States
Authors: Llewellyn Zara N. , Ou Xiu , Chang Gwong-Jen , Schmitt Beverly , Salman M. D. , Akkina Ramesh K.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To compare molecular associations between the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-New Jersey isolates of the 1995 outbreak with those from previous outbreaks between 1982 and 1985 in the western United States.

Sample Population—23 virus isolates considered representative of the 1995 outbreak of vesicular stomatitis.

Procedure—Viral gene coding for surface-envelope protein G was evaluated by use of nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis.

Results—Changes in up to 0.77% of the nucleotide bases and 1.35% of the amino acids were detected among the 1995 viral isolates, whereas changes in up to 3.2 and 2.9% of the nucleotides and amino acids, respectively, were found, compared with the 1982 to 1985 viruses. Insertions or deletions were not found in the entire gene, which spanned 1,554 nucleotide bases.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the 1995 VSV-New Jersey belongs to a lineage distinct from that of the 1982 to 1985 viruses that caused previous outbreaks in the western United States. Furthermore, it also is distinct from strains from Central America and from the Georgian Hazelhurst strain. (Am J Vet Res2000; 61:1358–1363)
Evaluation of local and systemic immune responses induced by intramuscular injection of a Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae bacterin to pigs
Authors: Thacker Eileen L. , Thacker Brad J. , Kuhn Michael , Hawkins Peggy A. , Waters W. Ray
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate immune responses induced by administration ofMycoplasma hyopneumoniaebacterin to pigs.

Animals—60 healthy 7- to 10-day-old cross-bred boars.

Procedure—Pigs were assigned to 1 of 4 pig groups (15 pigs/group): vaccinated, challenged; vaccinated, nonchallenged; nonvaccinated, challenged; nonvaccinated, nonchallenged. Vaccinated pigs received IM injections of a mycoplasma bacterin on days 0 and 14, whereas nonvaccinated pigs received saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. Pigs in the challenged groups were inoculated intratracheally withM hyopneumoniaeon day 42. Pigs were euthanatized and necropsied 41, 44, 48, and 70 days after the first vaccination, and proportion of lung surface with pneumonic lesions was determined. Percentage of lymphocyte subpopulations and number of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) secreting lymphocytes in blood and tissues, cytokine and antibody concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and serum antibody concentrations were determined.

Results—Vaccination against and infection withM hyopneumoniaeinduced a local mucosal immune response in the respiratory tract of pigs. Proportion of lung surface with pneumonic lesions in vaccinated challenged pigs was reduced on day 70, compared with nonvaccinated challenged pigs. Vaccination stimulated the production ofM hyopneumoniae-specific IFN-γ secreting blood lymphocytes. Tumor necrosis factor-α concentration in BAL fluid on day 70 was increased in nonvaccinated challenged pigs, compared with vaccinated challenged pigs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Vaccination againstM hyopneumoniaeinduced local, mucosal, humoral, and cellular immune responses. Moreover, vaccination reduced the severity of lung lesions in challenged pigs, suggesting that mucosal antibodies, mediation of the inflammatory response, and cellmediated immune responses are important for control of mycoplasmal pneumonia in pigs. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1384–1389)
Conglutinin and immunoconglutinin titers in stressed calves in a feedlot
Authors: Purdy Charles W. , Loan Raymond W. , Straus David C. , Briggs Robert E. , Frank Glynn H.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether increased conglutinin titers are evident in stressed calves that do not develop respiratory tract disease in feedlots,compared with respiratory tract disease, and to determine the increase in immunoconglutinin titers.

Animals—101 mixed-breed beef calves.

Procedure—Calves were processed at 4 farms of origin and allowed to remain with their dams for another 100 days. Calves from each farm were brought to a centrally located order-buyer barn. In a feedlot, 101 calves were assigned to pens and observed daily for clinical signs of acute respiratory tract disease. When sick calves were detected, they were treated with antibiotics and isolated in a pen for 4 days. Conglutinin and immunoconglutinin titers were determined for all calves.

Results—During the 28-day study, 73 calves developed respiratory tract disease, whereas 28 calves remained healthy. Mean conglutinin titers differed significantly among calves from the 4 farms. Significant differences were not detected in conglutinin titers among calves on the basis of sex, morbidity, or vaccination status againstMannheimia haemolyticaat each farm, the order-buyer barn, or the feedlot on days 8, 15, and 28 after arrival. Immunoconglutinin titers in calves differed significantly among farms and morbidity status.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Mean conglutinin titers in calves do not appear to be associated with the incidence of acute respiratory tract disease; however, increased immunoconglutinin titers appear to be associated with recovery of stressed calves from respiratory tract disease during the first 15 days after arrival in a feedlot. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1403–1409)
Comparison of the effects of adrafinil, propentofylline, and nicergoline on behavior in aged dogs
Authors: Siwak Christina T. , Gruet Philippe , Woehrlé Frédérique , Muggenburg Bruce A. , Murphey Heather L. , Milgram Norton W.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To compare the efficacy of adrafinil,
propentofylline, and nicergoline for enhancing behavior
of aged dogs.

Animals—36 Beagles between 9 and 16 years old.

Procedure—Dogs were randomly assigned to receive
adrafinil (20 mg/kg of body weight, PO, q 24 h; n = 12),
propentofylline (5 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h; 12), or nicergoline
(0.5 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h; 12) for 33 days. Baseline
behaviors in an open field and in kennels (home cage)
were recorded before treatment. After treatment,
behaviors in the open field were recorded 2 hours
after drug administration on days 2, 15, and 28, and 10
hours after administration on days 7, 20, and 33.
Behaviors in the home cage were recorded 2 and 7
hours after drug administration on days 4, 17, and 30.

Results—Treatment with adrafinil resulted in a significant
increase in locomotion in each of the open-field
tests and an increase in locomotion in the home cage.
This latter increase was smaller and more variable
than that in the open field. Locomotion was not
affected by treatment with propentofylline or nicergoline.
In the open field, sniffing decreased over time in
all 3 groups, but the largest decline was observed in
the propentofylline group.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Treatment
with adrafinil may improve the quality of life of aged
dogs by increasing exploratory behavior and alertness.
(Am J Vet Res 2000;61:1410–1414)
Effect of administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs before surgery on renal function in clinically normal dogs
Authors: Lobetti Remo G. , Joubert Kenneth E.
Published: December 2005

Objectives—To investigate renal function in clinically normal dogs undergoing general anesthesia for ovariohysterectomies that received nonsteriodal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID) before surgery.

Animals—40 clinically normal dogs.

Procedure—After induction of anesthesia, dogs were given an analgesic. Renal function was assessed before surgery and 24 and 48 hours after surgery by means of serum urea and creatinine concentrations, fractional clearance of sodium (FCNa), urine y-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, and urine analysis. Ten dogs in each of 4 groups received ketorolac tromethamine (0.5 mg/kg of body weight), ketoprofen (1 mg/kg), carprofen (4 mg/kg), or morphine (0.1 mg/kg; control group).

Results—Duration of general anesthesia ranged from 1.75 to 5 hours, with a mean of 3 hours. Two ketorolac- and 2 ketoprofen-treated dogs had transient azotemia. A significant decrease in the FCNabetween before surgery and 24 hours after surgery, and between before surgery and 48 hours after surgery, was found in ketoprofen- and carprofen-treated dogs. Ketorolac-, ketoprofen-, and morphine-treated dogs had a decrease in urine specific gravity. Two ketorolac- , 1 ketoprofen-, 1 carprofen-, and 4 morphine-treated dogs had increases in renal tubular epithelial cells on urine sediment examination 24 hours after surgery.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In clinically normal dogs undergoing general anesthesia and elective surgery, the use of NSAID as analgesics is not contraindicated. Compared with ketorolac or ketoprofen, carprofen had the least effect on renal function and integrity. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1501–1506)
Growth of the conceptus in alpacas
Authors: Bravo P. Walter , Mayta Mario M. , Ordoñez Cesar A.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine growth of the alpaca conceptus
during early gestation, using ultrasonography.

Animals—40 pregnant alpacas (20 multiparous, 20
nulliparous).

Procedure—Transrectal ultrasonography with a 5-
MHz probe was performed 3 times weekly from days
7 through 45 after copulation (day of copulation = day
0). Blood samples were collected for progesterone
assay on days of ultrasonography.

Results—Forty embryonic vesicles and embryos
were identified and measured. Embryonic vesicles
were first detected on day 12 after copulation and
appeared spherical. Cumulative percentage of embryonic
vesicles detected was 50, 82.5, and 100% on
days 12, 14, and 16, respectively. Embryos were first
detected by day 22 and heartbeats by day 24.
Similarly, cumulative percentage of embryos detected
was 17.5, 82.5 and 100% for 22, 24, and 26 days
after copulation, respectively. Embryonic vesicles
occupied both uterine horns beginning on day 19. A
positive correlation existed between length and width
of embryonic vesicles. Size of embryonic vesicles and
embryos and progesterone concentrations did not differ
between multiparous and nulliparous females.
Five sets of twins were detected from days 21
through 33 after copulation, but the conceptus identified
in the right uterine horn became nondetectable
between days 28 and 33.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—
Ultrasonography was useful in detecting the earliest
appearance of alpaca embryonic vesicles and determining
the changes in growth from days 12 through
45 after copulation. Embryos were first detected by
day 22. Transrectal ultrasonography was not harmful
to animals and did not provoke embryonic death in
this study. (Am J Vet Res 2000;61:1508–1511)
Norepinephrine kinetics in dogs with experimentally induced renal vascular hypertension
Authors: Buranakarl Chollada , Benjanirut Chutamas , Pondeenana Somchai , Bovée Kenneth C.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine norepinephrine (NE) kinetics
in dogs with experimentally induced renal vascular
hypertension.

Animals—4 mixed-breed dogs.

Procedure—The study comprised a control and
hypertensive period. The hypertensive period followed
induction of renal vascular hypertension
achieved by surgical placement of clips on both renal
arteries to reduce diameter by approximately 80%.
Arterial blood pressure, renal clearance, and NE kinetics
were measured during each period while dogs
were receiving a low-sodium diet. Measurements of
NE kinetics and renal clearance during the hypertensive
period were made 5 days after induction of
hypertension.

Results—Five days after induction of hypertension,
arterial blood pressure increased by 15 to 20 mm Hg.
Mean (± SEM) plasma NE concentration and NE
spillover rate increased significantly from 151.5 ± 14.1
pg/ml and 8.03 ± 0.62 ng/kg/min, respectively, during
the control period to 631.4 ± 30.5 pg/ml and 54.0 ± 5.2
ng/kg/min, respectively, during the hypertensive period.
Norepinephrine clearance rate also increased (54.0
± 2.4 vs 86.0 ± 9.3 ml/kg/min). Positive associations
between mean arterial pressure (MAP) and NE concentration
and spillover rate were detected. However,
MAP and NE clearance rate were not associated.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Increased
blood pressure during the hypertensive period was
likely attributable to increased NE spillover rate, which
resulted in a significant increase in plasma NE concentration.
Analysis of these results suggests that
central sympathetic outflow was increased and may
be responsible for the pathogenesis of high blood
pressure during the acute phase of renal vascular
hypertension in dogs. (Am J Vet Res 2000;61:
1534–1541)
Assessment of five portable blood glucose meters for use in cats
Authors: Wess Gerhard , Reusch Claudia
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate the clinical and analytic accuracy
of 5 portable blood glucose meters (PBGM) in
cats, with emphasis on the detection of potential
sources of error.

Animals—200 cats.

Procedure—Venous blood glucose readings from 5
PBGM were compared with the results of a hexokinase
reference method. Agreement among methods
was determined by error grid analysis and statistical
methods.

Results—A total of 2,975 PBGM readings and 513 reference
values were analyzed. The accuracy of the
PBGM varied in different glycemic ranges. The largest
differences between PBGM readings and reference values
were in the high glycemic range; 4 PBGM underestimated
and 1 PBGM overestimated the reference
values in most instances. In the low and reference
glycemic ranges, the absolute differences between
PBGM readings and reference values were small.
Despite the analytic differences in accuracy, 4 PBGM
had 100% and 1 PBGM had 98.7% of readings in the
clinically acceptable values of the error grid analysis.
Within- and between-day precisions were good for all
PBGM. Significant differences were not detected
between readings of EDTA and lithium-heparinized
blood and fresh blood without anticoagulant. Compared
with these blood types, 1 PBGM had significantly different
readings with fluoride anticoagulated blood. In
blood samples with a low Hct, all PBGM overestimated
glucose concentrations. Sample volumes < 3 µl resulted
in inaccurate measurements in 3 PBGM.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Performance
varied among the 5 PBGM analyzed; however, all
PBGM were deemed acceptable for clinical use in
cats. (Am J Vet Res 2000;61:1587–1592)
Expression of vasoactive intestinal peptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P, and intermediate neurofilaments in nasal mucosal nerve fibers of horses without nasal disease
Authors: Corcoran Brendan M. , Mayhew Ian G. , Hahn Caroline N. , Prince Dean R.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the distribution of nerve fibers containing calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and intermediate neurofilaments in nasal mucosa of horses.

Animals—6 horses without evidence of nasal disease.

Procedure—Full-thickness nasal tissue specimens were obtained from the rostral portion of the nasal septum at necropsy, and fluorescence immunohistochemistry was performed to assess mucosal distribution of nerve fibers.

Results—Nerve fibers with CGRP-like immunoreactivity (CGRP-Li) formed a dense subepithelial network, and a large number of fibers were found coursing between epithelial cells. Fibers with CGRP-Li were also associated with blood vessels and mucous glands. Fibers with SP-like immunoreactivity (SP-Li) had a similar distribution and density. In contrast, there were few fibers with VIP-like immunoreactivity. Fibers containing intermediate neurofilaments were prominent and appeared as large nerve fiber bundles mainly adjacent to the nasal septum but also close to mucous glands and within the lamina propria. Intermediate neurofilaments were also identified in single nerve fibers at all sites, but the density of fibers with intermediate neurofilaments did not match that of fibers with CGRP- or SP-Li.

Conclusions—The density and distribution of nerve fibers containing SP- or CGRP-Li in nasal mucosa of horses was similar to that reported for other species. However, expression of VIP in nerve fibers was low. Antibodies against intermediate neurofilaments identified many nerve fibers in nasal mucosa of horses but did not appear to identify small diameter fibers expressing SP or VIP. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1619–1624)
Kinematics and ground reaction forces in horses with superficial digital flexor tendinitis
Authors: Clayton Hilary M. , Schamhardt Henk C. , Willemen Maarten A. , Lanovaz Joel L. , Colborne G. Robert
Published: December 2005

Objective—To measure and correlate kinematic and ground reaction force (GRF) data in horses with superficial digital flexor tendinitis.

Animals—6 sound horses.

Procedure—Horses were evaluated before (sound evaluation) and after (lame evaluation) induction of superficial digital flexor tendinitis in 1 forelimb (randomized) by injection of collagenase. As each horse trotted, kinematic data were collected by use of an optoelectronic system, and GRF data were measured by use of a force plate. Three-dimensional kinematic and GRF data were projected onto a 2-dimensional sagittal plane.

Results—Lame limbs had significantly lower peak vertical GRF, less flexion of the distal interphalangeal joint, and less extension of the metacarpophalangeal joint, compared with compensating limbs. Carpal joint kinematics did not change. Compensating limbs had a more protracted orientation throughout the stance phase and higher braking longitudinal force and impulse; however, total range of rotation from ground contact to lift off did not change. Transfer of body weight from lame to compensating limbs was smooth, without elevation of the body mass into a suspension phase. Propulsive components of longitudinal GRF did not differ between limbs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In horses with experimentally induced superficial digital flexor tendinitis, changes in vertical GRF were reflected in angular excursions of the distal interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints, whereas changes in longitudinal GRF were associated with alterations in the protraction-retraction angle of the entire limb. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:191–196)
Detection of attenuated wavy fibers in the myocardium of Newfoundlands without clinical or echocardiographic evidence of heart disease
Authors: Tidholm Anna , Häggström Jens , Jönsson Lennart
Published: December 2005

Objectives—To determine whether attenuated wavy fibers may be found in the myocardium of Newfoundlands without clinical or echocardiographic evidence of heart disease.

Animals—15 Newfoundlands from a kennel with a known predisposition to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and 32 dogs of other breeds that died suddenly or were euthanatized for reasons unrelated to heart disease and did not have gross postmortem evidence of heart disease.

Procedure—Echocardiography was performed on all Newfoundlands on a yearly basis. Necropsy specimens from all dogs were evaluated for attenuated wavy fibers (ie, myocardial cells < 6 µm in diameter with a wavy appearance).

Results—None of the Newfoundlands had clinical signs of heart disease, and results of echocardiographic examinations were within reference ranges. Seven Newfoundlands had histologic evidence of attenuated wavy fibers, whereas attenuated wavy fibers were not found in the remaining 8 Newfoundlands or in any of the 32 dogs of other breeds.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Findings suggest that attenuated wavy fibers in dogs with a known predisposition for DCM may indicate an early stage of the disease. However, further studies on a larger number of dogs are needed to confirm this hypothesis. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:238-241)
Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and analgesic effects of morphine after rectal, intramuscular, and intravenous administration in dogs
Authors: Barnhart Matthew D. , Hubbell John A. E. , Muir William W. , Sams Richard A. , Bednarski Richard M.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To compare systemic bioavailability and
duration for therapeutic plasma concentrations and
cardiovascular, respiratory, and analgesic effects of
morphine administered per rectum, compared with IV
and IM administration in dogs.

Animals—6 healthy Beagles.

Procedure—In a randomized study, each dog
received the following: morphine IV (0.5 mg/kg of
body weight), morphine per rectum (1, 2, and 5 mg/kg
as a suppository and 2 mg/kg as a solution), and a control
treatment. Intramuscular administration of morphine
(1 mg/kg) was evaluated separately. Heart and
respiratory rates, systolic, diastolic, and mean blood
pressures, adverse effects, and plasma morphine concentrations
were measured. Analgesia was defined as
an increase in response threshold, compared with
baseline values, to applications of noxious mechanical
(pressure) and thermal (heat) stimuli. Data were evaluated,
using Friedman repeated-measures ANOVA on
ranks and Student-Newman-Keuls post-hoc t-tests.

Results—Significant differences were not found in
cardiovascular, respiratory, or analgesia values
between control and morphine groups. Overall systemic
bioavailability of morphine administered per rectum
was 19.6%. Plasma morphine concentration after
administration of the highest dose (5 mg/kg) as a suppository
was significantly higher than concentrations
60 and 360 minutes after IV and IM administration,
respectively. A single route of administration did not
consistently fulfill our criteria for providing analgesia.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Rectal administration
of morphine did not increase bioavailability
above that reported for oral administration of morphine
in dogs. Low bioavailability and plasma concentrations
limit the clinical usefulness of morphine
administered per rectum in dogs. (Am J Vet Res
2000;61:24–28)
Effects of lactoferrin and milk on adherence of Streptococcus uberisto bovine mammary epithelial cells
Authors: Fang Weihuan , Almeida Raul A. , Oliver Stephen P.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether lactoferrin (LF) or
milk influenced adherence of Streptococcus uberisto
bovine mammary epithelial cells.

Sample Population—Three strains of S uberis from
cows with mastitis, pooled milk samples from 3 clinically
healthy Jersey cows early in the lactation period, and
bovine mammary epithelial cells from a clonal cell line.

Procedures—Adherence of S uberis to bovine mammary
epithelial cells in the presence of various concentrations
of LF or milk and after pretreatment of
bacteria with LF or milk was tested. Bacteria were
cultured with mammary epithelial cell monolayers for
1 hour. The culture supernatant was removed, and
the epithelial cells were lysed. Adherence index was
calculated as number of colony-forming units (CFU) in
the cell lysate divided by number of CFU in the supernatant
times 10,000.

Results—All 3 strains of S uberis were found to bind
to purified LF and LF in milk. Addition of LF to the culture
medium enhanced adherence of all 3 strains to
mammary epithelial cells, whereas addition of milk
enhanced adherence of 2 strains and decreased
adherence of the third. Pretreatment of bacteria with
LF or milk increased adherence of 1 of the strains but
decreased adherence of the other 2. Increased
adherence was antagonized by rabbit antibovine LF
antibody.

Conclusions—Results suggest that LF may function
as a bridging molecule between S uberis and bovine
mammary epithelial cells, facilitating adherence of the
bacteria to the cells. (Am J Vet Res 2000;61:275–279)
Single primer polymerase chain reaction fingerprinting for Pasteurella multocida isolates from laboratory rabbits
Authors: Dabo S. Mady , Confer Anthony W. , Lu Yue Shoung
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate a rapid polymerase chain
reaction (PCR) fingerprinting technique for discriminating
among Pasteurella multocida isolates from laboratory
rabbits.

Sample Population—33 P multocida isolates from
rabbits with clinical pasteurellosis.

Procedure—PCR assays were conducted with 2
minisatellites (core sequence and modified core
sequence of phage M13) and 2 microsatellites
([GTG]5 and [GACA]4). Each bacterium was assigned
to a PCR type for each of the primers used. Boiled
bacterial extracts and purified genomic DNA were
compared by use of PCR assays for phage M13 and
(GACA)4. Plasmids were isolated from each bacterium,
and their influence on PCR fingerprint was determined,
using boiled extracts as a DNA source.

Results—M13 core sequence and M13 modified
core sequence yielded 5 and 8 PCR types, respectively.
The microsatellites (GTG)5 and (GACA)4 yielded
4 and 9 PCR fingerprint types, respectively.
Fingerprint patterns obtained by use of isolated DNA
differed from those obtained by use of boiled
extracts, although discrimination among P multocida
isolates was similar. The presence or absence of plasmids
did not affect PCR fingerprints.

Conclusion—Single primer PCR fingerprinting with
minisatellite and microsatellite primers is an efficient
and reproducible method for the discrimination of
P multocida isolates from rabbits and can be performed
directly, using boiled bacterial extracts as a source of
template, although more bands were obtained from
pure genomic DNA. (Am J Vet Res 2000;61:305–309)
Comparison of results of scanning electron microscopy and magnetic resonance imaging before and after administration of a radiographic contrast agent in the tendon of the deep digital flexor muscle obtained from horse cadavers
Authors: Asperio Roberto M. , Marzola Pasquina , Sbarbati Andrea , Osculati Francesco , Addis Flaminio
Published: December 2005

Objective—To analyze the tendon of the deep digital flexor (TDDF) muscle of the forelimb in horses by use of a contrast radiographic agent (gadopentate dimeglumine [Gd-DTPA/Dimeg]) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to determine the concentration of water protons in the tendons by use of MRI.

Sample Population—8 TDDF harvested from the forelimbs of 6 horse cadavers.

Procedure—Examinations were performed on the same portion of each tendon. Tendons were examined by use of two techniques: MRI before and after treatment with Gd-DTPA/Dimeg as well as scanning electron microscopy.

Results—Tendons did not have detectable signal intensity on MRI before treatment with Gd- DTPA/Dimeg; however, intravascular injection of Gd-DTPA/Dimeg allowed evaluation of the internal structure of the tendons. Scanning electron microscopy images correlated well with images obtained by use of MRI before and after administration of Gd-DTPA/Dimeg. Localized spectra revealed the concentration of water protons in the TDDF.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The techniques used in this study provided information about internal organization of the TDDF in horses. Analysis of results revealed that the best technique involved vascular injection of contrast medium. Results of MRI correlated well with results for scanning electron microscopy. After administration of Gd-DTPA/Dimeg, MRI provided additional information about tendon morphologic characteristics. This technique may be of value for examination of tendons in lame horses. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:321–325)
Evaluation of the safety of fenbendazole in cats
Authors: Schwartz Roger D. , Donoghue Ann R. , Baggs Raymond B. , Clark Theodore , Partington Carol
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate the safety of fenbendazole in domestic cats.

Animals—28 six- to seven-month old domestic shorthair cats.

Procedure—Cats were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups or a control group (n = 7/group). Cats in the treatment groups were given fenbendazole at a dosage of 50, 150, or 250 mg/kg, PO, every 24 hours for 9 days; control cats were given a placebo. A fecal examination, coagulation tests, serum biochemical analyses, CBC, and urinalyses were performed before and 5, 9, and 21 days after initiation of treatment; cats were closely monitored for adverse reactions. After the last dose of fenbendazole was given, 4 control cats and 4 cats given fenbendazole at the highest dosage were euthanatized, and necropsies were performed.

Results—None of the cats developed any adverse reactions. For cats in the control and all treated groups, laboratory test results were within reference limits, and there were no significant differences in results of laboratory tests among groups. No gross or histologic lesions were identified in the control or treated cats that were euthanatized.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Fenbendazole administered to healthy cats at a dosage 5 times the dosage and 3 times the duration approved for use in dogs and wild felids did not cause any acute or subacute adverse reactions or pathologic changes. Results suggest that cats may be safely treated with fenbendazole. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:330–332)
Isolation and measurement of carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes in erythrocytes of dogs
Authors: Nishita Toshiho , Kondo Hidenori , Ishida Sayaka , Ochiai Hideharu , Asari Masao
Published: December 2005

Objective—To purify canine carbonic anhydrase (CA)
isoenzymes CA-I and CA-II and to determine concentrations
of CA-I and CA-II in erythrocytes of Beagles
and dogs native to Japan.

Sample Population—Blood samples from 116
Beagles, including 24 pregnant Beagles, and blood
samples from 29 dogs native to Japan.

Procedure—Canine CA-I and CA-II were purified by
use of column chromatography. Concentrations of
CA-I and CA-II in erythrocytes of dogs were determined,
using an ELISA.

Results—Mean (± SD) concentrations of CA-I and CA-II
in erythrocytes of Beagles were 3.21 ± 0.86 and
1.63 ± 0.39 mg/g of Hb, respectively. Mean concentration
of CA-I was greater in male Beagles than female
Beagles. In contrast, mean concentration of CA-II was
greater in female Beagles than male Beagles.
Furthermore, concentration of CA-II was greater in
pregnant female Beagles than male or nonpregnant
female Beagles. Mean concentrations of CA-I and CAII
in erythrocytes of dogs native to Japan were
11.03 ± 4.39 and 3.29 ± 0.91 mg/g of Hb, respectively.
Mean concentration of CA-I was greater in male dogs
from Japan than female dogs from Japan.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The ELISA
used in this study proved to be precise and sensitive
for determining CA-I and CA-II concentrations in dogs.
The ELISA may enable study of changes in isoenzymes
associated with hereditary or metabolic disorders
of blood or other body fluids, using only a small
sample. Measurement of the concentrations of CA
isoenzymes in dogs may be of diagnostic value.
(Am J Vet Res 2000;61:387–392)
Basic three-dimensional kinematics of the vertebral column of horses walking on a treadmill
Authors: Faber Marjan , Schamhardt† Henk , Weeren René van , Johnston Christopher , Roepstorff Lars , Barneveld Ab
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine kinematic movements of the vertebral column of horses during normal locomotion.

Animals—5 Dutch Warmblood horses without apparent lameness or problems associated with the vertebral column.

Procedure—Kinematics of 8 vertebrae (T6, T10, T13, T17, L1, L3, L5, and S3) and both tuber coxae were determined, using bone-fixated markers. Horses were recorded while walking on a treadmill at a constant speed of 1.6 m/s.

Results—Flexion-extension was characterized by 2 periods of extension and flexion during 1 stride cycle, whereas lateral bending and axial rotation were characterized by 1 peak and 1 trough. The range of motion for flexion-extension was fairly constant for vertebrae caudal to T10 (approximately 7°). For lateral bending, the cranial thoracic vertebrae and segments in the pelvic region had the maximal amount of motion, with values of up to 5.6°. For vertebrae between T17 and L5, the amount of lateral bending decreased to < 4°. The amount of axial rotation increased gradually from 4° for T6 to 13° for the tuber coxae.

Conclusions—This direct measurement method provides 3-dimensional kinematic data for flexion-extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation of the thoracolumbar portion of the vertebral column of horses walking on a treadmill. Regional differences were observed in the magnitude and pattern of the rotations. Understanding of the normal kinematics of the vertebral column in healthy horses is a prerequisite for a better understanding of abnormal function. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:399–406)
Continuous infusion of gentamicin into the tarsocrural joint of horses
Authors: Lescun Timothy B. , Adams Stephen B. , Wu Ching Ching , Bill Robert P.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To develop a method for continuous infusion of gentamicin into the tarsocrural joint of horses, to determine pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in synovial fluid of the tarsocrural joint during continuous infusion, and to evaluate effects of continuous infusion of gentamicin on characteristics of the synovial fluid.

Animals—12 healthy adult horses.

Procedure—An infusion catheter consisting of flow control tubing connected to a balloon infuser was used. Gentamicin solution (100 mg/ml) was infused in the right tarsocrural joint and balanced electrolyte solution was infused in the left tarsocrural joint for 5 days. Synovial fluid and serum gentamicin concentrations were measured by use of a fluorescence polarization immunoassay.

Results—17 of the 24 (71%) infusion catheters initially placed functioned without complications for the entire 5-day infusion period. Median gentamicin concentration in synovial fluid from treated joints during the 5-day infusion period ranged from 287.5 to 982 μg/ml. Median serum gentamicin concentration during this period ranged from 2.31 to 2.59 μg/ml. Mean (± SD) elimination half-life and total clearance of gentamicin from the synovial fluid were 6.25 ± 1.01 hours and 1.52 ± 0.96 ml/min, respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—An infusion catheter can be used for continuous infusion of gentamicin into the tarsocrural joints of horses for up to 5 days. At a gentamicin dosage of 0.17 ± 0.02 mg/kg/h, continuous intra-articular infusion results in synovial fluid gentamicin concentrations greater than 100 times the minimal inhibitory concentration reported for common equine pathogens. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:407–412)
Electrodiagnostic evaluation of peripheral nerve function in rheas and barred owls
Authors: Clippinger Tracy L. , Platt Simon R. , Bennett R. Avery , Chrisman Cheryl L.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To establish reference values for electrodiagnostic evaluation of peripheral nerve function in birds.

Animals—6 rheas and 6 barred owls.

Procedure—Birds were anesthetized with propofol or isoflurane in oxygen. Using a computer-based electromyograph system and needle electrodes for stimulation and recording, electromyography (EMG) was performed on the pectoral, biceps brachialis, and gastrocnemius muscles, and evoked EMG was performed on the tibial and ulnar nerves. Motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) was calculated. Repetitive stimulation was performed on these 2 nerves. Late F waves were recorded for each nerve, when possible.

Results—Activity was evident during insertion of the electrodes, but muscles tested were electrically quiescent after spontaneous EMG. Motor nerve conduction velocity was faster in the tibial nerve than ulnar nerve but did not differ significantly between species. Mean ± SEM MNCV was 132.3 ±± 7.8 m/s for the tibial nerve and 59.7 ± 7.8 m/s for the ulnar nerve. A significant difference was not observed in responses at the fourth or ninth stimulation during repetitive stimulation. Subsequent to the initial stimulation, amplitudes were ± 22.7% of the initial motor potential amplitude. Recorded F waves were inconsistent, which may have been associated with technique.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Reference range (mean ± 2 SEM) for MNCV was 34.1 to 75.3 m/s for the ulnar nerve and 116.7 to 147.9 m/s for the tibial nerve in barred owls and rheas. After repetitive stimulation, motor potential amplitudes may be ± 22.7% of the initial amplitude response. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:469–472)
Effect of three loading doses of warfarin on the international normalized ratio for dogs
Authors: Monnet Eric , Morgan Michelle R.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate effect of 3 loading doses of
warfarin sodium on the international normalized ratio
(INR) for dogs.

Animals—18 dogs weighing between 25 and 30 kg.

Procedure—Dogs were randomly allocated into 3
groups and received 2, 4, or 6 mg of warfarin administered
orally once a day for 2 days after surgery for
bilateral iliac artery grafting. Activated partial thromboplastin
(APTT) and prothrombin times (PT) were measured
before and after treatment. Prothrombin time
also was reported as an international normalized ratio.

Results—The APTT were not significantly different
among groups before or after treatment. The INR and
PT were significantly increased in all groups after treatment.
The INR and PT of the 6-mg group were significantly
greater than those of the 2-mg and 4-mg groups.
None of the dogs had clinical evidence of bleeding.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—A warfarin loading
dose of 6 mg/d can be safely administered for 2
days to dogs weighing between 25 and 30 kg.
Anticoagulation can be achieved safely in dogs in 2 days
by use of warfarin. The effects of warfarin can be monitored
with the INR. (Am J Vet Res 2000;61:48–50)
Effect of dietary protein quality and fatty acid composition on plasma lipoprotein concentrations and hepatic triglyceride fatty acid synthesis in obese cats undergoing rapid weight loss
Authors: Ibrahim Wissam H. , Szabo Joseph , Sunvold Gregory D. , Kelleher Joanne K. , Bruckner Geza G.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine effects of dietary lipid and protein on plasma lipoprotein and free fatty acid concentrations and hepatic fatty acid synthesis during weight gain and rapid weight loss in cats.

Animals—24 ovariohysterectomized cats.

Procedure—Cats were fed a high energy diet until they gained 30% of their ideal body weight and then randomly assigned to receive 1 of 4 weight reduction diets (6 cats/diet) at 25% of maintenance energy requirements. Diets contained a low or high quality protein source and a lipid source deficient or sufficient in long chain essential fatty acids. Plasma samples and liver biopsy specimens were obtained before and after weight gain and during and after weight loss for determination of free fatty acid, triglyceride, and lipoprotein concentrations. Synthesis of these substances was measured by use of isotope enrichment.

Results—Plasma total cholesterol concentration and concentration of lipoprotein fractions increased after weight gain, compared with baseline values. Weight loss resulted in a significant decrease in concentrations of all lipoprotein fractions except high density lipoprotein. High density lipoprotein concentration was significantly greater in cats fed diets containing an oil blend, compared with cats fed diets containing corn oil. Fatty acid synthesis after weight loss was below the detection limit of the measurement technique.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In cats undergoing rapid weight loss there is neither increased triglyceride synthesis nor decreased transport of very low density lipoproteins from the liver, suggesting that their involvement in the development of hepatic lipidosis may be minimal. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:566–572)
Quantitative urinalysis in healthy Beagle puppies from 9 to 27 weeks of age
Authors: Lane India F. , Shaw Darcy H. , Burton Shelley A. , Donald Alan W.
Published: December 2005

Objectives—To evaluate indices of renal function in healthy, growing Beagle puppies from 9 to 27 weeks of age and to determine whether indices change with age during this period.

Animals—6 healthy Beagle puppies.

Procedure—Urine collections were performed at 2-week intervals in puppies 9 to 27 weeks old. Daily excretion of urinary creatinine, protein, sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphorus, and calcium were determined, as were quantitative urinalyses including endogenous creatinine clearance, urine protein-tocreatinine ratios (UPr/C), and fractional clearances of sodium (FNa), potassium (FK), chloride (FCl), calcium (FCa), and phosphorus (FP).

Results—Significant differences among age groups were detected for endogenous creatinine clearance, and daily urinary protein, potassium, calcium, and phosphorus excretion. Significant differences also existed among age groups for UPr/C, FNa, FK, FCl and FP. Age-related effects fit a linear regression model for FNa, UPr/C, daily phosphorus excretion, and daily protein excretion. Quadratic regression models were judged most appropriate for endogenous creatinine clearance, FK, daily chloride excretion, and daily potassium excretion. Endogenous creatinine clearance measurements higher than adult reference ranges were observed from 9 to 21 weeks of age. The FNa, FK, FCl, FCa, and FP were slightly higher than those reported for adult dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Selected results of quantitative urinalyses in healthy 9- to 27-week-old Beagle puppies differ with age and differ from those measured in adult dogs. Diagnostic measurements performed in puppies of this age range should be compared with age-matched results when possible. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:577–581)