bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morphological characterization and physiological potential of Stenachaenium megapotamicum (Spreng.) Baker seeds
Authors: Noya Mariana Grassi , Cuquel Francine Lorena , Panobianco Maristela
Published: October 2013

Stenachaenium megapotamicum (Spreng.) Baker is a native species with ornamental potential for use in landscaping and floral arrangements. This study aimed to evaluate germination and storage of S. megapotamicum seeds. In addition, the seeds were characterized morphologically. Germination was tested under constant (10, 15, 20 and 25 °C) and alternating (15-20 °C) temperatures. The seeds were stored inside two types of packages (kraft paper and polyethylene bags) under 5 and 18 °C for six months. Water content, germination speed index, and thousand seed weight were measured. The fruits are botanically named cypselae; seed coat and fruit wall are juxtaposed and inseparable; the exalbuminous seeds are 4.8 mm long, 1.7 mm wide and 0.4 mm thick, on average. Germination temperature at 20 °C under constant light was considered optimal. Cypselae can be stored for six months in kraft paper or polyethylene bags at 5 or 18 °C, resulting in above 80% germination.
Germination and morphology of fruits, seeds and plants of Cereus jamacaru DC
Authors: Abud Haynna Fernandes , Pereira Magnum de Sousa , Gonçalves Nayara Roberto , Pereira Diego de Sousa , Bezerra Antonio Marcos Esmeraldo
Published: October 2013

This work aimed to evaluate the germination and morphology of fruits, seeds and description of plant growth stages of mandacaru. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement, consisting of combinations of two light conditions and three temperature regimes. A daily count of the number of germinated seeds was performed until the 16th day after sowing in order to determine the percentage, speed and time of germination. External and internal aspects were considered for the morphological description. The germination and the development of plants were evaluated for 150 days and featured eight stages of growth, based on morphological differentiation. The fruit has 154,66 ± 40,01 g mass, 82,26 ± 5,78 mm length, 62,63 ± 6,63 mm diameter and 1439 ± 189,78 seeds. The temperature of 25 °C under a photoperiod of 12 h provides the highest rate of seed germination and the seeds behave as neutral photoblastic. The germination is epigeal and fanerocotyledonary. The growth is slow and after 150 days of sowing the plant presents epicotyl with a large amount of thorns, where the whole plant is 325.30 mm in length.
Influence of seed size and water restriction on germination of soybean seeds and on early development of seedlings
Authors: Pereira Welison Andrade , Pereira Sara Maria Andrade , Dias Denise Cunha Fernandes dos Santos
Published: October 2013

Germination is a biological process that depends on adequate water supply to embryo development. Water deficit slows this process and depending on intensity and extent of this deficit may cause seed death. Nevertheless, it has not yet been reported whether seed size influences physiological potential, or tolerance to water stress. This study aimed at assessing the effects of seed size, as well as of water stress on germination of the seeds and on early soybean seedling development. The experiment was composed by seeds of 10 soybean cultivars classified by metallic screens with three sizes of oval holes (S12, S13 and S14) and subjected to three water potentials (0, -0.1, and -0.2 MPa), with four replications. Data on genotypes were grouped as replications and arranged on a factorial 3 x 3 (size x water potential), with 40 replications. Data assessed were: first and final count of germination; length and seedling dry weight; and correlation between length/mass of radicle and hypocotyl. It was concluded that under ideal moisture conditions larger seeds have better physiological quality, producing more vigorous seedlings; but, that under water potential of -0.2 MPa smaller seeds produce larger seedlings; and that the hypocotyl is more influenced by water stress than the radicle.
Physiological quality of fennel ( Foeniculum vulgare Miller) seeds stored in different containers and environmental conditions
Authors: Rubim Raquel Fialho , Freitas Silvério de Paiva , Vieira Henrique Duarte , Gravina Geraldo de Amaral
Published: October 2013

For an adequate conservation of seeds it is essential previously establishing the ideal conditions for their storage. Thereby, this study aimed at evaluating influence of packaging types and storage environmental conditions on physiological quality of fennel seeds. The seeds were stored into three different packaging types (cotton bags, multiwall paper bags, and glass containers), and stored under two environmental conditions (laboratory and cold chamber) during a twelve months period. Physiological seed quality was assessed before storage and at every two months after storage through tests of germination, germination speed index, and electrical conductivity. Experiment was performed on a completely randomized design with treatments arranged in a split-split plot arrangement in time (two environmental storage conditions x three packaging types x six storage periods + a control treatment), with four replications. Fennel seeds packaged into glass containers have maintained their physiological quality stable over the twelve storage months regardless storage environmental conditions; being considered the best container for storing fennel seeds; and cotton packaging was considered as the least efficient for both storage under laboratory environmental conditions as well as for storage under cold chamber conditions.
Physiological quality of dynamically cooled and stored soybean seeds
Authors: Zuchi Jacson , França-Neto José de Barros , Sediyama Carlos Sigueyuki , Lacerda Filho Adílio Flauzino de , Reis Múcio Silva
Published: October 2013

Storage is an important step in the production of soybean seeds, mainly in tropical regions, where high temperatures can drastically reduce seed quality. The storage at cooler temperatures may be a feasible alternative to preserve seed quality during storage. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological quality of soybean seeds artificially cooled by a dynamic process and stored in an environment, with non controlled temperature and relativity humidity. Two seed lots of cultivars Monsoy 8757, TMG 115 RR and BRS Valiosa RR were used. After processing and during packaging the seeds were cooled to 18 ºC by a dynamic process. Seed samples were collected after 0, 60 and 120 days of storage, using the following parameters germination, accelerated aging, seedling emergence in sand, speed of emergence index, electrical conductivity, tetrazolium and seed health. Although soybean seeds artificially cooled by the dynamic method may have slightly superior performance in maintaining physiological quality during storage in non-refrigerated warehouse, for lots of high physiological quality, these advantages are not observed.
Physiological quality of osmoprimed gherkin seeds
Authors: Reis Rodrigo de Góes Esperon , Silva Humberto Pereira da , Neves José Maria Gomes , Guimarães Renato Mendes
Published: October 2013

It was aimed to verify the effect of different methodologies of osmopriming on physiological quality of gherkin seeds. Prior, it has been characterized the initial profile of the gherkin seeds. Then, the seeds were osmoprimed in gerboxes containing two blotter papers wetted with osmotic solutions in a volume equal to three times the paper dry weight and kept in BOD at 15 °C. After the priming, the seeds were dried at room temperature for 48 hours. Then, the following variables were evaluated: seeds moisture content, percentage of germination, percentage of emergence, emergence speed index and electrical conductivity. The analyses of variances were realized according to a randomized design in a factorial scheme 3 x 2 x 4: three solutes (polyetilene glycol 6000 - PEG, potassium nitrate - KNO3 and PEG + KNO3), two osmotic potentials (-0.55 and -1.10 MPa) and four times of priming (24, 48, 72 and 96 hours), followed by analyses of regression. It is concluded that the priming has no effect on germination and affects positively the vigor of the gherkin seeds lots; osmopriming with potassium nitrate is effective in improving the physiological quality of gherkin seeds lot.
Alternative methods for detecting soybean seeds genetically modified for resistance to herbicide glyphosate
Authors: Melo Lilian Faria de , Fagioli Marcelo , Sá Marco Eustáquio de
Published: October 2013

The objective of this study was to verify application of two methodologies: substrate moistened with herbicide solution (SM) and immersion of seeds in herbicide solution (IH) for detecting soybean seeds genetically modified. For this, non-transgenic and transgenic soybean seeds, harvested in the 2008/2009 crop seasons were used. The treatments with substrate moistened were: SM1) 0.03% herbicide solution, at 25 ºC, with evaluation in the sixth day (hs -0.03% -25 ºC, 6th d); SM2) HS -0.03% -35 ºC, 5th d; SM3) HS -0.03% - 40 ºC, 5th d; and SM4) hs -0.06% -5 ºC, 5th d. In the methodology of immersion of seeds the following treatments were performed: IH1) seed immersion in a 0.6% herbicide solution, at 25 ºC, for 1 h, (si -0.06% -25 ºC, 1 h; IH2) si -0.06% - 35 ºC, 30 min.; IH3) si -0.06% -40 ºC, 30 min.; IH4) si -0.12% -35 ºC, 30 min.; and IH5) si -0.12% -40 ºC, 30 min. Bioassays allow detecting soybean seeds tolerant to glyphosate herbicide within five days. The seeds of non-genetically modified and genetically modified soybean cultivars may be easily distinguished through the treatments SM2 and SM4 of the moistened substrate methodology; and treatments IH3, IH4, and IH5 of seed immersion methodology. Both methodologies are easily feasible, practical, and applicable in seed analysis laboratories, once do not require special equipments.
Self-Regulation, Culture, and Academic Delay of Gratification
Authors: Bembenutty Héfer , Karabenick Stuart A.
Published: October 2013

The ability to delay short-term gratification to pursue valuable long-term goals is essential for personal and even societal success. We provide a review of the conceptual status of delay of gratification from the perspectives of volitional, expectancy-value, and self-regulation theories as well as evidence regarding the associations between academic delay of gratification (ADOG), motivational beliefs, and use of self-regulated learning strategies. Cultural factors are considered, specifically influences on the assessment and understanding of research on ADOG. Suggestions are provided for ways to facilitate self-regulation of learning and delay of gratification within and across cultural contexts.
The (Law)Man in the Cattleman Hat: Hegemonic Masculinity Redux
Authors: Hart Kylo-Patrick R.
Published: October 2013

This article explores noteworthy parallels between the distinctive brand of masculinity exhibited by the television character Deputy U.S. Marshal Raylan Givens (played by Timothy Olyphant), Justified's (law)man in the cattleman hat, and the 1950s man in the gray flannel suit. It articulates the numerous ways by which this 21st-century lawman's conduct in various domains of his personal and professional lives represents a throwback to the hegemonic masculinity of an earlier historical era.
Grandfather Involvement: Contact Frequency, Participation in Activities, and Commitment
Authors: Bates James S. , Taylor Alan C.
Published: October 2013

Notwithstanding the recent growth in scholarship about grandparents and the sustained interest in fatherhood, there has been limited attention paid to the study of grandfathers. Few strides have been made to understand grandfathering behaviors and attitudes, and little is known about the relationships grandfathers develop and maintain with grandchildren. We suggest one reason for this trend is the lack of theoretical and conceptual groundwork needed to assist scholars engaged in grandparent-grandchild research. To address this issue, we propose the construct grandfather involvement and define it as having three critical components: Contact frequency, participation in activities, and commitment. These components have been previously explored in the grandparent literature and in other literatures as essential elements of the development of meaningful and healthy relationships. Until now, however, they have not been formulated into a usable framework. Having a clear definitional understanding of grandfather involvement will allow scholars to utilize the concepts to increase empirical and theoretical scholarship on grandfathers.
Nanooncology: The future of cancer diagnosis and therapy
Authors: Thakor Avnesh S. , Gambhir Sanjiv S.
Published: October 2013

In recent years, there has been an unprecedented expansion in the field of nanomedicine with the development of new nanoparticles for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Nanoparticles have unique biological properties given their small size and large surface area‐to‐volume ratio, which allows them to bind, absorb, and carry compounds such as small molecule drugs, DNA, RNA, proteins, and probes with high efficiency. Their tunable size, shape, and surface characteristics also enable them to have high stability, high carrier capacity, the ability to incorporate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances and compatibility with different administration routes, thereby making them highly attractive in many aspects of oncology. This review article will discuss how nanoparticles are able to function as carriers for chemotherapeutic drugs to increase their therapeutic index; how they can function as therapeutic agents in photodynamic, gene, and thermal therapy; and how nanoparticles can be used as molecular imaging agents to detect and monitor cancer progression. CA Cancer J Clin 2013;63:395‐418. ©2013 American Cancer Society, Inc.
Pricing Guidelines for Graded Hotels and Guesthouses in South Africa
Authors: Plessis Engelina Du , Saayman Melville
Published: October 2013

Pricing accommodation is a complex process. This study attempted to provide guidelines for determining competitive prices for hotels and guesthouses in South Africa, the two types of accommodation that hold the largest share of the South African market. A survey was conducted in cooperation
with the major role players in South Africa's accommodation sector: the South African Tourism Service Association (SATSA), the Federated Hospitality Association of Southern Africa (FEDHASA), and the Tourism Grading Council of South Africa (TGCSA). A total of 2,288 questionnaires were sent
out via e-mail and 247 were returned completed. The significance of the mean price differences of the star grading levels was tested, and hotels and guesthouses were compared using an independent t test. A significant difference was found between the prices of hotels and guesthouses,
especially in the five-star category. The study also revealed a 20% difference between the prices of the star categories. The pricing guidelines provided here can sustain competitiveness with growing profitability.
Community Tourism Awareness Campaign: Eden District Municipality, South Africa's Example
Authors: Ramukumba T.
Published: October 2013

Although there is an increasing community understanding of the benefits tourism brings to communities, there are still many who are yet to appreciate the significance of tourism, including policy makers and the general public. Because community support, or lack of it, can have a significant
effect on the success or failure of a tourist destination, awareness-raising activities about the significance of tourism play a crucial role in the future development of the industry. Ironically, it is a role that is still not fully appreciated by many in the industry. Tourism is simultaneously
portrayed as a destroyer of culture, undermining social norms and economies, degrading social structures, stripping communities of individuality, and as a savior of the poor and disadvantaged, providing opportunities and economic benefits, promoting social exchange, and enhancing livelihoods.
Therefore, the study focused on evaluating the accessibility and effectiveness of the different communication mediums that are used by the Eden District Municipality to raise community tourism awareness. The study used surveys because they are commonly used for collecting data within the field
of tourism and hospitality. For purposes of this research, a descriptive survey was conducted. The study found that across the different stakeholders in the tourism industry of the Eden District Municipality, there was a significant difference statistically on their views on mediums used to
communicate community-based tourism issues, both benefits and costs, and the accessibility of the mediums used as well as the effectiveness of the medium used to communicate the benefits and costs of community-based tourism.
Enfants de la rue de Casablanca : enfants et adolescents « exilés dehors »
Authors: Bernichi Asmaa
Published: October 2013

À Casablanca, comme ailleurs à travers le monde, des enfants et adolescents vivent dans la rue. Ils sont aux prises avec un passé traumatique, un avenir incertain. La rencontre avec ces enfants et adolescents « exilés dehors » nous a permis de rendre compte de l’environnement défaillant et traumatique qu’ils tentent de fuir en s’exilant dans la rue. Ceci leur confère une place d’étranger inquiétant, craint et rejeté. La rue devient la scène de l’expression de la faillite de l’environnement, le lieu de la survie, de l’expérience de l’intime et du collectif.
L'adolescence n'est-elle pas une métaphore de la migration ?
Authors: Le Fourn Jean-Yves
Published: October 2013

L’adolescence ne serait-elle pas une métaphore de la «  migration  » avec une contrée d’origine, le monde de l’enfance et sa terre promise le monde adulte. Les différents «  passages  » ne sont-ils pas dès lors à interroger avec une dimension topologique ?
De l'autre côté de la mer
Authors: Petraglia Gaia
Published: October 2013

L’auteur, partant d’une réflexion sur le métissage contemporain, s’arrête sur l’analyse de la question relative aux adolescents de la seconde génération et de leurs parents. À travers quelques exemples cliniques d’enfants et de leurs parents écoutés dans un Service Psychologique pour familles émigrées, elle réfléchit sur le trauma migratoire et sur les secrets non élaborés qui se transmettent dans les générations suivantes. Elle pose de même la question du contre-transfert culturel, élément central pour ne pas causer de dégâts dans la relation thérapeutique et analyse la potentialité créative des adolescents de seconde génération.
La pudeur et l'affichage
Authors: Marzouki Nadia
Published: October 2013

Les débats français autour du foulard islamique et de la burqa ont reposé sur la volonté d’attribuer un sens au voile, symbole d’oppression ou revendication d’identité. Or la dichotomie entre soumission et résistance ne rend pas compte de la polysémie des symboles religieux. Et le combat pour l’égalité peut parfois verser dans le désir d’exclusion totale du religieux, fondé sur des arguments anthropologiques plutôt que politiques.
Constellations et racontages pour des histoires des arts comme expériences
Authors: Martin Serge
Published: October 2013

L’Histoire des arts dans les programmes scolaires n’est pas sans porter un paradoxe majeur que deux mémoires professionnels récents tentent d’éviter : une modélisation téléologique et unitaire d’une pluralité expérientielle. En partant de la démarche de ces deux mémoires, cet article rappelle les apports décisifs d’Henri Meschonnic et de John Dewey pour que vivre les arts à l’école puisse intensifier les rapports entre formes et expériences. Ainsi pourraient s’envisager des histoires (ou racontages au sens de Walter Benjamin) des arts (ou constellations au sens d’Abby Warburg) et non une Histoire des arts...
Histoire des arts. Les regards de quelques partenaires
Authors: Baldner Jean-Marie , Barbaza Alice
Published: October 2013

L’un des objectifs de l’Histoire des arts est d’offrir à tous les élèves des situations de rencontre avec des œuvres. Cette rencontre suppose des lieux, des moments et des contextes où la médiation est essentielle. Les conditions en sont un partenariat où chacun, élèves, professeurs, artistes, équipes des musées, des centres d’art, des théâtres... puisse affirmer sa singularité dans le dialogue. Riche de projets et d’expériences diverses, la situation et son évolution, avant et après les textes définissant l’Histoire des arts, n’en sont pas moins complexes et hérissées de difficultés, ainsi qu’en témoignent les propos recueillis auprès de diverses institutions artistiques.
Étude du plan stratégique de développement durable de la collectivité montréalaise à travers le filtre de l'adaptation aux changements climatiques
Authors: Simonet Guillaume
Published: October 2013

L’adaptation aux changements climatiques est un dossier qui prend de l’ampleur dans les agendas gouvernementaux et municipaux, prenant acte que les changements climatiques sont en cours et que les effets d’une réduction même drastique des émissions de gaz à effet de serre responsables du phénomène ne seront visibles que sur le long terme. L’article propose d’analyser le Plan stratégique de développement durable de la collectivité montréalaise (PSDD) et les enjeux organisationnels et sociopolitiques locaux soulevés lors de son élaboration, en focalisant sur la problématique climatique et plus particulièrement sur le volet adaptation. Pour ce faire, l’étude a choisi de mener une série d’entretiens semi-dirigés auprès des principaux responsables de cette élaboration et a choisi de prendre l’analyse stratégique comme raisonnement d’étude. Les résultats montrent un décalage entre le processus formel et les dynamiques organisationnelles réelles, permettant de mieux éclairer la place des enjeux soulevés par les changements climatiques au niveau montréalais face aux enjeux municipaux internes.
Quand la maîtrise du français s'achète
Authors: Daadouch Christophe
Published: October 2013

Un décret d’application de la loi du 16 juin 2011, dite « Besson », définit pour la première fois le niveau requis et les modalités d’acquisition de la langue française, par souci d’équité. Mais ce décret ouvre surtout la voie à la privatisation des formations linguistiques à destination des étrangères et des étrangers qui souhaitent acquérir la nationalité française... en même temps qu’il consacre la mainmise de l’État sur les contenus de ces formations.
De l’activisme urbain en Égypte : émergence et stratégies depuis la révolution de 2011
Authors: Stadnicki Roman
Published: October 2013

On assiste, depuis la révolution de 2011, à la montée d’un activisme urbain en Égypte qui se caractérise par l’augmentation du nombre de militants de la cause urbaine et par le développement de nouvelles stratégies d’action marquant fortement l’espace urbain, au Caire notamment. Cet article examine les conditions d’émergence, aux niveaux politique, social et territorial, de cet activisme particulier. Il établit ensuite une typologie en fonction des intérêts défendus par les acteurs en présence (droits de l’homme, droit à la ville, défense du bien commun). Il montre enfin que les activistes urbains égyptiens sont les instigateurs de changements déjà aisément perceptibles sur la scène urbaine et urbanistique.
Circulations à la frontière entre Kurdes d’Irak et Kurdes d’Iran.
Authors: Roussel Cyril
Published: October 2013

En périphérie de l’Iran, des espaces comme le Kurdistan d’Irak - tout comme Dubaï dont le cas est plus connu - profitent de la politique protectionniste de la république islamique et du différentiel transfrontalier pour mettre en place un commerce illégal important. La richesse alors créée a généré toute une réorganisation de l’espace frontalier. Elle a engendré aussi un ensemble de chaînes d’acteurs parfois fort complexe où intérêts économiques et politiques demeurent bien souvent entremêlés.
Un espace social transnational entre les Émirats et le sud de l’Iran : les Khodmouni (Lârestâni) à Dubaï
Authors: Moghadam Amin
Published: October 2013

La région du Lârestân, dans le sud iranien, a noué depuis plusieurs siècles des relations continues avec la rive méridionale du golfe Persique au travers de mouvements circulatoires transnationaux. Lors de la création de l’État des Émirats arabes unis en 1971, les plus anciens migrants ont obtenu la nationalité et la citoyenneté de ces nouveaux États, ceux qui sont arrivés après sont restés des « travailleurs temporaires » en raison des politiques restrictives d’accès à la nationalité. Cet article tentera d’explorer les dynamiques transnationales qui animent la communauté des Lârestâni et leur impact sur le pays d’origine.
Mesures de la pauvreté en eau : analyse comparative et développement de l‘indice de pauvreté en eau
Authors: Jemmali Hatem
Published: October 2013

La plupart des indicateurs de pénurie d’eau sont souvent basés sur des évaluations purement géophysiques pour apprécier le patrimoine hydrique d’une région donnée. Telle pénurie est souvent appelée « pénurie physique » ; par contre lorsque plus qu’une dimension est considérée, d’autres aspects socio-économiques et écologiques interviennent dans l’évaluation de ce patrimoine hydrique. Cela a abouti à l’apparition d’autres types de pénurie à savoir la « pénurie économique ». Cette étude exploratoire sur les méthodes d’évaluation de la pénurie d’eau confirme tout l’intérêt de la démarche multidisciplinaire consistant à prendre en compte l’ensemble des dimensions qui sous-tendent le concept de pauvreté en eau. Dans cette perspective multidimensionnelle, l’évaluation de la pauvreté en eau à l’échelle internationale, conformément aux travaux de Sullivan (2002) et Lawrence et al. (2002) est fondée sur une combinaison d’indicateurs préalablement agrégés en cinq indices (Ressources, Accès, Capacité, Usage et Environnement).
L’expertise, composante essentielle mais insuffisante des stratégies pour la biodiversité : le cas de la démoustication en Camargue (France)
Authors: Guillet Fanny , Mermet Laurent
Published: October 2013

La Camargue, espace d’intérêt biologique notamment pour l’avifaune nicheuse et migratrice, est restée en dehors des zones démoustiquées de la côte méditerranéenne française jusqu'au début des années 2000. Suite à des demandes du secteur touristique et à un épisode d’éclosion exceptionnel en 2005, une démoustication expérimentale est mise en place, accompagnée d’une étude d’impact réclamée par les acteurs d’environnement. Cet article analyse, à partir de ce cas, la relation triangulaire entre les pouvoirs publics, leurs experts, et les acteurs porteurs d’une contre-expertise dans le cas d’une controverse relative à des enjeux de biodiversité. Il adopte le cadre conceptuel de l’Analyse stratégique de la gestion environnementale (Mermet et al., 2005) qui permet d’aborder le rôle des différents acteurs dans la gestion d’un écosystème et leur rôle respectif par rapport à l’enjeu environnemental. On montrera que l’expertise instituée par l’appareil politico-administratif peut l’aider à faire fi d’engagements écologiques pourtant pris par les politiques eux-mêmes. On verra aussi que la présence d’acteurs spécialisés porteurs d’une contre-expertise est déterminante dès lors que se posent publiquement des enjeux d’action concernant la biodiversité. Cette fonction de contre-expertise, positionnée en porte-parole de la biodiversité dans l’arène publique se décline en une série de rôles stratégiques complémentaires que détaille l’article.
Comment légitimer l'accession au statut d'expert pour limiter les controverses : étude de cas en biodiversité
Authors: Marc Daniel , Blanc Frédéric
Published: October 2013

L’environnement en général et plus encore la gestion de la biodiversité sont des domaines où le besoin et la revendication d’expertise est à la fois très forte et très répartie. Cela s’explique en partie par une intrication des problématiques qu’il rencontre avec celles de plusieurs disciplines scientifiques. La tentation de rechercher en la science une objectivité garante du bien-fondé des décisions publiques y est donc prégnante. Ensuite il s’agit d’un domaine qui intéresse fortement la société civile et pour lequel il est relativement aisé de se forger des opinions. Le terreau est donc bien présent pour que les controverses soient nombreuses sur ces questions. Depuis la définition de l’expert, scientifique, usager, sachant ou foule profane jusqu’à légitimation des experts eux-mêmes, les points d’achoppement sont variés. Nous montrons dans cette étude de cas, les stratégies de long terme développées par deux acteurs de l’environnement en France, l’Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage et les Conservatoires d’Espaces Naturels, pour obtenir une plus grande légitimité. Le premier disposant d’une légitimité légale rationnelle a voulu la compléter par le développement de leur expertise scientifique. Les seconds forts d’un ancrage territorial et d’une pratique rigoureuse ont cherché la légitimation de leurs actions par la loi. Les deux semblent aujourd’hui avoir réussi dans leurs démarches. Leur investissement semble avoir été productif du point de vue de leur légitimité intrinsèque, mais bien plus nuancée quant à la portée réelle de cette légitimité. Les controverses restent nombreuses quelle que soit la légitimité de l’expert et en ce sens l’efficience des investissements consentis est à relativiser. Par contre, il en ressort une professionnalisation du statut d’expert, plus claire et mieux argumentée, laissant penser que ce foisonnement d’acteurs, source de concurrence est une chance pour l’intérêt général.
Dynamique du peuplement ligneux dans un parcours agrosylvopastoral du Sénégal
Authors: Sarr Oumar , Ngom Daouda , Bakhoum Amy , Akpo Léonard E.
Published: October 2013

Ce travail étudie la dynamique d’une végétation ligneuse dans les parcours communautaires de Kaffrine depuis la période des grandes sécheresses sahéliennes à l’actuelle (1973-2012). La méthodologie utilise des questionnaires appliqués aux résidents et aux transhumants des villages retenus. Leur contenu a abordé des aspects liés à l’état du peuplement ligneux. Les résultats indiquent une dégradation progressive du milieu avec une perte importante de biodiversité, marquée par une disparition de certaines familles et une baisse du nombre de genres et d’espèces. C’est la famille des Combretaceae qui se maintient le mieux avec une très bonne régénération malgré les nombreuses contraintes. Vue les fonctions multiples qu’assure l’arbre dans ces parcours, il est important de repenser des moyens de gestion durable avec les populations locales afin de réhabiliter et préserver ces écosystèmes.
Le modèle des parcs nationaux à l’épreuve du territoire
Authors: Alban Nicolas , Hubert Gilles
Published: October 2013

Le modèle de Parc national mis en place par l'État depuis 1960 n'est pas parvenu à trouver sa place sur le territoire, handicapé par son aspect descendant et réglementaire. Malgré cet échec et la transformation rapide du contexte scientifique et politique, l'État a mis du temps à proposer une réforme de son outil. Les tergiversations du législateur aboutissent finalement en 2006 à un non-choix qui renvoie la responsabilité des arbitrages à l'administration chargée de la mise en œuvre de la nouvelle loi. En conséquence, les Directions des établissements des Parcs nationaux sont mises en tension, écartelées entre des scènes de gouvernance et des choix irréconciliables, qui pourraient conduire à terme à la remise en cause du modèle français des Parcs nationaux. Dans ce contexte, l'avenir des institutions des Parcs nationaux sur le territoire passe par leur capacité à se construire une légitimité locale et une pertinence d'action, sans oublier la question de fond de la refonte de leur modèle.
Wnt6 Is Expressed in Granulomatous Lesions of Mycobacterium tuberculosis–Infected Mice and Is Involved in Macrophage Differentiation and Proliferation
Authors: Schaale Kolja , Brandenburg Julius , Kispert Andreas , Leitges Michael , Ehlers Stefan , Reiling Norbert
Published: October 2013

The Wnt signaling network, an ancient signaling system governing ontogeny and homeostatic processes, has recently been identified to exert immunoregulatory functions in a variety of inflammatory and infectious disease settings including tuberculosis. In this study, we show that Wnt6 is expressed in granulomatous lesions in the lung of Mycobacterium tuberculosis–infected mice. We identified foamy macrophage-like cells as the primary source of Wnt6 in the infected lung and uncovered a TLR–MyD88–NF-κB–dependent mode of induction in bone marrow–derived macrophages. Analysis of Wnt6-induced signal transduction revealed a pertussis toxin–sensitive, ERK-mediated, but β-catenin–independent induction of c-Myc, a master regulator of cell proliferation. Increased Ki-67 mRNA expression levels and enhanced thymidine incorporation in Wnt6-treated macrophage cultures demonstrate a proliferation-promoting effect on murine macrophages. Further functional studies in M. tuberculosis–infected macrophages using Wnt6 conditioned medium and Wnt6-deficient macrophages uncovered a Wnt6-dependent induction of macrophage Arginase-1 and downregulation of TNF-α. This identifies Wnt6 as a novel factor driving macrophage polarization toward an M2-like phenotype. Taken together, these findings point to an unexpected role for Wnt6 in macrophage differentiation in the M. tuberculosis–infected lung.
The Role of CD8+ T Cells and Their Local Interaction with CD4+ T Cells in Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein35–55–Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Leuenberger Tina , Paterka Magdalena , Reuter Eva , Herz Josephine , Niesner Raluca A. , Radbruch Helena , Bopp Tobias , Zipp Frauke , Siffrin Volker
Published: October 2013

T cells have an essential role in the induction of multiple sclerosis and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Although for CD4+ T cells it is well established that they contribute to the disease, less is known about the role of CD8+ T cells. Our aim was to determine the individual contribution of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35–55–induced EAE. We investigated MOG35–55–activated CD8+ T cells to clarify their potential to induce or attenuate EAE. We monitored the behavior of CD8+ T cells and their interaction with CD4+ T cells directly at the site of inflammation in the CNS using intravital imaging of the brainstem of EAE-affected living anesthetized mice. We found that mice without CD4+ T cells did not develop relevant clinical signs of disease, although CD8+ T cells were present in the CNS of these mice. These CD8+ T cells displayed reduced motility compared with those in the presence of CD4+ T cells. In mice that harbored CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, we saw a similar extent of clinical signs of EAE as in mice with only CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, the dynamic motility and viability of CD4+ T cells were not disturbed by CD8+ T cells in the lesions of these mice. Therefore, we conclude that in MOG35–55–induced EAE, CD8+ T cell accumulation in the CNS represents instead an epiphenomenon with no impact on clinical disease or on the effects of CD4+ T cells, the latter being the true inducers of the disease.
A Novel Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drug, Iguratimod, Ameliorates Murine Arthritis by Blocking IL-17 Signaling, Distinct from Methotrexate and Leflunomide
Authors: Luo Qiong , Sun Yang , Liu Wen , Qian Cheng , Jin Biao , Tao Feifei , Gu Yanhong , Wu Xingxin , Shen Yan , Xu Qiang
Published: October 2013

Iguratimod, a novel disease-modifying antirheumatic drug, which is now used in clinics in China and Japan, has been confirmed as a highly efficacious and safe drug for rheumatoid arthritis therapy. The antiarthritic mechanism of iguratimod, especially compared with that of the classical disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, has not been elucidated. In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of the antiarthritic effects of iguratimod and two reference drugs, methotrexate and leflunomide. We found that iguratimod dose dependently and potently inhibited arthritic inflammation of the synovium in collagen-induced arthritis and predominantly targeted IL-17 signaling. Consistent with its effects in vivo, iguratimod significantly suppressed the expression of various proinflammatory factors triggered by IL-17 in the cultured fibroblast-like synoviocytes. The inhibition of IL-17 signaling by iguratimod was further linked to a decrease in the mRNA stability of related genes and a reduction in phosphorylation of MAPKs. Iguratimod mainly targets Act1 to disrupt the interaction between Act1 and TRAF5 and IKKi in the IL-17 pathway of synoviocytes. Together, our results suggest that iguratimod yields a strong improvement in arthritis via its unique suppression of IL-17 signaling in fibroblast-like synoviocytes. This feature of iguratimod is different from those of methotrexate and leflunomide. This study may be helpful for further understanding the unique antiarthritic mechanism of iguratimod in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Induced Regulatory T Cells Promote Tolerance When Stabilized by Rapamycin and IL-2 In Vivo
Authors: Zhang Ping , Tey Siok-Keen , Koyama Motoko , Kuns Rachel D. , Olver Stuart D. , Lineburg Katie E. , Lor Mary , Teal Bianca E. , Raffelt Neil C. , Raju Jyothy , Leveque Lucie , Markey Kate A. , Varelias Antiopi , Clouston Andrew D. , Lane Steven W. , MacDonald Kelli P. A. , Hill Geoffrey R.
Published: October 2013

Natural regulatory T cells (nTregs) play an important role in tolerance; however, the small numbers of cells obtainable potentially limit the feasibility of clinical adoptive transfer. Therefore, we studied the feasibility and efficacy of using murine-induced regulatory T cells (iTregs) for the induction of tolerance after bone marrow transplantation. iTregs could be induced in large numbers from conventional donor CD4 and CD8 T cells within 1 wk and were highly suppressive. During graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), CD4 and CD8 iTregs suppressed the proliferation of effector T cells and the production of proinflammatory cytokines. However, unlike nTregs, both iTreg populations lost Foxp3 expression within 3 wk in vivo, reverted to effector T cells, and exacerbated GVHD. The loss of Foxp3 in iTregs followed homeostatic and/or alloantigen-driven proliferation and was unrelated to GVHD. However, the concurrent administration of rapamycin, with or without IL-2/anti–IL-2 Ab complexes, to the transplant recipients significantly improved Foxp3 stability in CD4 iTregs (and, to a lesser extent, CD8 iTregs), such that they remained detectable 12 wk after transfer. Strikingly, CD4, but not CD8, iTregs could then suppress Teff proliferation and proinflammatory cytokine production and prevent GVHD in an equivalent fashion to nTregs. However, at high numbers and when used as GVHD prophylaxis, Tregs potently suppress graft-versus-leukemia effects and so may be most appropriate as a therapeutic modality to treat GVHD. These data demonstrate that CD4 iTregs can be produced rapidly in large, clinically relevant numbers and, when transferred in the presence of systemic rapamycin and IL-2, induce tolerance in transplant recipients.
Increased Level of E Protein Activity during Invariant NKT Development Promotes Differentiation of Invariant NKT2 and Invariant NKT17 Subsets
Authors: Hu Taishan , Wang Hongcheng , Simmons Amie , Bajaña Sandra , Zhao Ying , Kovats Susan , Sun Xiao-Hong , Alberola-Ila Jose
Published: October 2013

E protein transcription factors and their natural inhibitors, Id proteins, play critical and complex roles during lymphoid development. In this article, we report that partial maintenance of E protein activity during positive selection results in a change in the cell fate determination of developing iNKT cells, with a block in the development of iNKT1 cells and a parallel increase in the iNKT2 and iNKT17 subsets. Because the expression levels of the transcription factors that drive these alternative functional fates (GATA-3, RORγT, T-bet, and Runx-3) are not altered, our results suggest that E protein activity controls a novel checkpoint that regulates the number of iNKT precursors that choose each fate.
Determinants of Farm Revenues from Rainfed Agriculture in the Punjab, Pakistan
Authors: Qasim Muhammad , Knerr Beatrice
Published: October 2013

Pakistan faces a widening domestic food gap, while the country's farm sector is caught in a vicious circle of low farm incomes, lack of investment and outmigration of a young labour force. Hence, increasing farm revenues is essential for enhancing food security. Significant disparities between crop yields attained in experimental fields of research stations and actual yields in farmers' fields demonstrate a clear potential for revenue augmentation, particularly in rainfed agriculture. The authors explore the reasons for the low productivity of rainfed agriculture determining farm revenues. Based on a field survey in Punjab province, they show that farm revenues per acre are inversely related to the size of operational landholdings and positively related to irrigated area, off-farm income, livestock, hired labour and tractor ownership.
Great Expectations? Antecedents of Women Farmers' Willingness to Participate in Agricultural Education Programmes
Authors: Charatsari Chrysanthi , Papadaki-Klavdianou Afroditi , Michailidis Anastasios , Partalidou Maria
Published: October 2013

The aim of this research was to identify the factors affecting women farmers' participation in agricultural education programmes (AEPs) and to investigate the motives and expectations that influence women's willingness to participate in AEPs. Data were drawn from a random sample of women farmers from northern Greece, while a witness sample of male farmers was used to test the moderating effect of gender on the motivation to participate in AEPs. The results of multivariate analysis indicate that the most crucial parameters in the prediction of women's participation in AEPs are those reflecting their level of involvement in agriculture. Compared with men, women farmers report significantly higher levels of motivation to participate in AEPs deriving from self-actualization needs. Interestingly, the findings reveal that the expectation of gaining economic benefits is a far less important predictor of willingness to attend AEPs. The implications for agricultural education administrators, limitations and future research directions are noted.
Applying ‘Fair Trade’ to British Upland Agriculture
Authors: Mansfield Lois , Peck Frank
Published: October 2013

Fair trade seeks to ensure that disadvantaged farmers and workers in developing countries get a better deal for their produce on the world stage. A particular feature of the scheme is the setting of a minimum price between producer and purchaser. While many recognize the validity of such an approach for developing countries, the issues that fair trade seeks to address resonate strongly with the marginal farming communities of British uplands. This paper considers the validity of applying fair trade principles to the case of upland farm businesses in Cumbria. The authors consider the economic, environmental and social contexts of these businesses, followed by a critical appraisal of fair trade principles and the issue of local food production. Finally, they suggest possible mechanisms that could be adopted using fair trade principles to develop a more sustainable farming economy in this marginal area.
Assessing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Potato Production and Processing in the Czech Republic
Authors: Moudrý Jan , Jelínková Zuzana , Jarešová Martina , Plch Radek , Moudrý Jan , Konvalina Petr
Published: October 2013

This study evaluates the impact of selected potato farming and processing activities on the environment in terms of greenhouse gas emissions. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology was used for this evaluation, and was applied to products cultivated under both conventional and organic production, and processed under technological conditions common in the Czech Republic. Farm questionnaires were supplemented with information from the scientific literature to acquire the necessary data for modelling. The SIMA Pro software and the ReCiPe Midpoint (H) method were used for simulation. The results show a lower level of emissions under organic production (0.126 kg CO2e per kg of potatoes, compared with 0.145 kg CO2e per kg of conventionally grown potatoes). However, this benefit is cancelled out by higher emissions due to the transportation of organic products over long distances.
High‐Temperature Oxidation Behavior of Hastelloy N Alloy for Molten Salt Reactor at 650–980 °C
Authors: Wang Songlin , Li Xin , Lu Yanling , Dong Anping , Ye Xiang‐Xi , Leng Bin , Huang Hefei , He Lin , Zhou Xingtai
Published: July 2024

Isothermal oxidation of Hastelloy N, a nickel‐based superalloy with low Cr content, is conducted at 650–980 °C in air. The oxide film exhibits a complex structure with outer and inner oxide layers. The outer oxide layer consists of NiO, Fe2O3, NiFe2O4, and MoO2, while NiCr2O4, MnCr2O4, and Cr2O3 are the main phases in the inner oxide layer. At temperatures above 700 °C, the formation of gaseous MoO3 produces cracks and spallation of the outer oxide layer. Moreover, Al2O3 and SiO2 are identified along the grain boundary under the inner oxide layer owing to internal oxidation. The oxidation behavior of Hastelloy N alloy at 650–980 °C is jointly controlled by the chemical reactions at the oxide/alloy interface and the diffusion of Cr3+ and O2− in the bulk alloy. The formation mechanism of each oxide layer is discussed.
Phase Composition, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties of Spark Plasma Sintered AlCrFeNiX (X = Co, Cu, and CoCu) High Entropy Alloys
Authors: Li Xiang , Luo Shifeng , Wang Yan , Wang Nan , Shen Guangqian , Chen Jieming , Huang Shi , Yang Xinyu , Zhang Jiuxing
Published: July 2024

Phase composition, microstructure, and mechanical properties of spark plasma sintered (SPSed) AlCrFeNiX (X = Co, Cu, and CoCu) high entropy alloys (HEAs) were investigated. The results show that gas‐atomized AlCrFeNiCo and AlCrFeNiCu HEAs exhibit the single body‐centered cubic (BCC) phase, while a dual‐phase (face‐centered cubic (FCC) + BCC) structure is observed in AlCrFeNiCoCu HEA. After spark plasma sintering, an FCC phase with different lattice parameters can be observed in all three HEAs except for the BCC phase. FCC1 phase enriched in Fe‐Cr and FCC2 phase enriched in Cu appear in SPSed AlCrFeNiCo and AlCrFeNiCu HEAs, respectively, while both FCC1 and FCC2 phases are precipitated in SPSed AlCrFeNiCoCu HEA. The SPSed AlCrFeNiCoCu HEA has the largest fraction of the FCC phase (33%), while the lowest fraction of the FCC phase (12%) is observed in the SPSed AlCrFeNiCu HEA. Furthermore, the brittle and hard σ phase is also precipitated in SPSed AlCrFeNiCo HEA. The SPSed AlCrFeNiCo HEA possesses the highest hardness of 465 HV and compressive yield strength of 1175 MPa, which is attributed to the high volume fraction of BCC phase and σ phase, while the SPSed AlCrFeNiCoCu HEA shows the lowest hardness of 363 HV and compressive yield strength of 1024 MPa due to the highest volume fraction of FCC phase.