bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Temperature Biofeedback Treatment for Migraine Headache: A Controlled Multiple Baseline Study
Authors: Drury Robert L , DeRisi William J. , Liberman Robert Paul
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

A multiple baseline, within subject, controlled design was used to examine the effectiveness of a temperature biofeedback procedure augmented with autogenic and relaxation training, in the treatment of four patients who met the criteria for the migraine syndrome. Before treatment was begun, each patient recorded baseline data on hourly ratings of headache intensity and amount of analgesic medication used. The treatment package consisted of: (1) instructions aimed at generating favorable therapeutic expectations; (2) modified relaxation training; (3) use of autogenic phrases; and, (4) fingertip temperature feedback. In accord with the multiple baseline design, this package was introduced to individual patients sequentially in such a way that the effect of treatment was observed in headache and medication records of one patient before treatment was introduced to the next patient.

Results indicated that the treatment package had an impact on ratings of headache intensity and medication usage. The data showed idiosyncratic variations and individual differences among subjects in the response to treatment.
Symptom Characteristics of Chronic and Non‐Chronic Headache Sufferers
Authors: Bakal Donald A. , Kaganov Judith A.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

A psychobiological model of headache is proposed which integrates the numerous aspects of headache research within a unitary conceptual framework. Central to the model is the development of a predisposition for headache that becomes more extensive and more autonomous in function as the disorder increases in severity and chronicity. Guided by the model, the present study examined the prevalence of musculoskeletal, vascular, and autonomic symptoms in a group of chronic headache patients and in a group of occasional headache sufferers. The symptoms were assessed by a 14‐item questionnaire that permitted the respondents to indicate the extent to which each of the symptoms was perceived to be present across all headache attacks. In addition, a single item was included to assess the extent to which the respondents perceived their headache attacks to be a problem. The data indicated that the primary difference between the chronic and non‐chronic headache sufferer was in terms of the frequency with which the different symptoms occurred rather than in terms of the kind of symptoms present. A stepwise regression analysis revealed that the symptom of nausea with the addition of four musculoskeletal symptoms accounted for 57.3% of the variance associated with the extent to which respondents perceived their headaches to be a problem. These data were interpreted as supportive of a severity model of chronic headache.
Biochemical Basis for Biofeedback Treatment of Migraine: A Hypothesis
Authors: Mathew Roy C. , Ho Beng T. , Kralik Patricia , Claghorn James L.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

Review of literature strongly suggests that relaxation plays a significant role in biofeedback treatment of migraine headaches. Platelet monoamine oxidase activity was measured in eleven subjects with chronic anxiety, before and after relaxation therapy. Post‐treatment enzyme activity levels showed significant reductions as compared to the pretreatment values. A hypothesis is presented to explain the biochemical basis for biofeedback treatment of migraine.
The Nature of Cluster Headache
Authors: Medina Jose L. , Diamond Seymour , Fareed Jewed
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

The course of cluster headache was related to the levels of platelet serotonin and platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) histamine. They increased at the onset of the active period, decreased when the headaches were controlled, andincreased with the recurrence of another active period.

Studies on 28 patients proved that the radionuclide static and dynamic brain scans, electroencephalograms, and visual and somatosensory evoked responses are normal during the free intervals. However, during the attacks bloodflow and visual evoked potential changes may occur.

Cytological and biochemical studies during attacks of cluster headaches showed a generalized elevation of platelet serotonin and PRP histamine, and a reduction in the number of platelets. Blood samples obtained during the attacksfrom the jugular vein ipsilateral to the headaches showed a significant drop in the number of platelets and, possibly, a drop in PRP histamine.

Cluster headache is a generalized biochemical and cytological disorder whose target is selective cranial vessels.
The Platelet Release Reaction During Migraine Attacks
Authors: Gawel M. , Burkitt M. , Rose F. Clifford
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

An investigation is reported of serum levels of Beta Thromboglobulin (BTG), a platelet release reaction specific protein, and the stable metabolites of thromboxane B2 and prostacyclin during and between migraine attacks, and in age and sex matched controls.

The level of BTG in plasma from controls was 61.3 ngml (± 26.15), in patients during migraine attacks 127.69 ngml (± 82.8) whilst between attacks the level was 69.06 ngml.

No changes were observed in the levels of the stable metabolite of thromboxane B2 and prostacyclin.

The significant rise in BTG (p = < .02) during migraine attacks indicates that the platelet release reaction occurs during the headache phase.
Classical Conditioning of Digital Pulse Volume in Migraineurs and Normal Controls
Authors: Price Kenneth P. , Clarke Lewis K.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

Twenty–two pairs of migraine headache sufferers and normal controls were exposed to a differential classical conditioning paradigm. The migraineurs did not show differential conditioning of digital pulse volume. The normal controls, on the other hand, showed conditioned vasoconstriction to the CS+ (and vasodilation to the CS‐ ) during the second block of conditioning trials. These data support reports of response stereotypy in migraineurs and extend our earlier findings that migraineurs have a deficit in learning in the autonomic nervous system. The use of unmedicated subjects in studies of this type is suggested.
Clonazepam (Rivotril) in Migraine Prophylaxis
Authors: Stensrud Per , Sjaastad Ottar
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

A double‐blind cross‐over study with clonazepam (Rivotril) 0.5 mg b.i.d. versus placebo was carried out in 38 migraine patients. After a pre–test period of 4 weeks, Rivotril 1 mg per day and placebo were given during a 4 week period each, in a randomized fashion; thereafter Rivotril 2 mg per day was given for 4 weeks in a semi‐blind fashion.

With regard to headache days, the results for both I and 2 mg Rivotril differed significantly (p<0.05) from the pre–test status, whereas with regard to the headache index, only the result for 2 mg differed significantly from pre‐test results. When the placebo results (and not the pre–test results) were used, no significant difference was found with either 1 or 2 mg Rivotril.

More than half the patients complained of some drowsiness on Rivotril medication, particularly in the initial phase. Eighteen patients continued with Rivotril medication on a long–term basis in an open trial with some beneficial effect and less side–effects.
Transient Global Amnesia in Migraine
Authors: Olivarius Bent de Fine , Jensen Troels Staehelin
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

The clinical features of five migraine patients, suffering one to several episodes of transient global amnesia (TGA), were evaluated. All patients were women, with an age range of 34 to 67 years. One patient had common, and four, classical migraine. Two patients had typical vertebro‐basilar migraine; two others had previously experienced transitory neurological symptoms compatible with transitory circulatory disturbances in the vertebro‐basilar arterial system.

On the basis of these data and available literature, the pathophysiological mechanisms are discussed. It is suggested that in our patients, TGA was due to transitory ischemia in the mamillo–hippocampal formation, secondary to shortlasting vasospasms in the arteries supplying mesial and basal parts of the temporal lobes. It was concluded that TGA in migraine is a benign condition, and does not usually require extensive neuroradiological investigations.
Elongated Styloid Process (Eagle's Syndrome) Causing Hemicrania
Authors: Massey E. Wayne , Massey Janice
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

Hemifacial pain and hemicrania can be caused by an elongated styloid process (Eagle's syndrome). This entity is reviewed historically with six case histories and x–rays presented. The etiology of the symptom complex is unclear, but possible mechanisms such as cranial nerve pressure and carotid sympathetic nerve involvement are discussed. Specific treatment is surgical removal of the tip of the styloid process.
The Headaches of Ischemic Cerebrovascular Disease
Authors: Edmeads John
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

It has been suggested that the headaches which frequently precede or accompany transient cerebral ischemic attacks and completed strokes may be produced by dilatation of collateral circulation. This hypothesis was tested in studies of 400 patients in an acute stroke unit. Detailed clinical analysis was made of the headaches that occurred. Cerebral circulation was assessed by various combinations of dynamic technetium brain scans, contrast enhanced CT scans, cerebral angiography, and intracarotid 133 Xenon regional cerebral blood flow studies. Headaches occurred in 25% of the patients, and most had the clinical characteristics of vascular headaches. There was no correlation between headaches and cerebral hyperperfusion or collateral circulation. It is unlikely that simple dilatation of collateral circulation is a cause of the headache of ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Platelet aggregation with release of serotonin, prostaglandins, and other substances is a more probable cause.
The Relationship Between Stage III + IV + REM Sleep and Arousals with Migraine
Authors: Dexter James D.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

Three studies are presented investigating the relationship between sleep stages and the onset of migraine on awakening. Study I consists of the polygraphic recording of daytime naps in patients who suffer from sleep‐precipitated migraine. All headache naps contained Stages III, IV or REM Sleep.

The second study is that of serotonin levels during napping in which serotonin levels were stable during naps in which only Stages I and II were recorded. During naps when Stages III, IV or REM Sleep were recorded, there was considerable variation in serotonin levels.

The final study is that of nocturnal sleep periods associated with morning awakening with headache or the onset of headache within 1 hour. The results of this study show an association between nights of increased Stage III + IV + REM sleep and those mornings when headaches occur.
What Does the Headache Patient Want?
Authors: Packard Russell C.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

A survey was circulated among 100 outpatients with headache and 50 physicians to explore the question of what the headache patient wants when he comes to the doctor. Factors considered “most important to the patient” were rated by both physicians and patients. Other information obtainedfrom patients included: age, sex, duration of headache(s), whether there was more than one type of headache, did they understand the cause of the headache, how much they believed “tension” contributed to their headache, whether they were concerned about a brain tumor, andexpectations about pain relief.

Factors of importance to patients were listed as to those chosen first (most important), and as to their frequency of appearance among the top three choices. Pain relief and an explanation of what was causing the pain were listed with high frequency among both physician and patient groups. However, physicians tended to rate pain relief and medications higher (98% and 68%, respectively) than did the patients (69% and 20% respectively). Of factors selected first, 66% of physicians thought patients were primarily seeking pain relief, but only 31% of the patients listed pain relief as most important; 46% desired an explanation of the cause. One out of five patients chose factors not selected at all by physicians, such asa neurologic exam, an eye exam, or a doctor willing to follow them for their headache.

From this study it is concluded that although pain relief is an important aspect of treatment, it is often not the primary concern of the headache patient.
Migraine and Weather
Authors: Wilkinson Marcia , Woodrow Jane
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

At the Princess Margaret Migraine Clinic, 310 patients were studied during an acute attack of headache to see whether atmospheric conditions affect the incidence of migraine attacks.

The onset of attack was correlated with five aspects of weather before onset, at onset and after onset. It was also observed that most patients began their attacks between 6:00 a.m. and 9:00 a.m. which led to a secondary study of 100 non acute patients to find the time and day of the week on which their headaches most commonly occurred.

No correlation was found between the onset of attack and adverse weather conditions. In both studies most patients developed their headaches between 6:00 a.m. and 9:00 a.m. but on no specific day of the week.

In this study no conclusive relationship could be found between atmospheric changes and the incidence of headaches in Britain. Most headaches seem to begin between 6:00 and 9:00 a.m.
Timolol in Migraine Prophylaxis
Authors: Briggs R. S. , Millac P. A.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

The literature on the use of beta‐blocking drugs in migraine suggests that not all such agents are effective. A double‐blind crossover study of timolol in migraine prophylaxis was undertaken with fourteen patients, in order to assess the value of this drug in particular, and also to elucidate further the reason for the varied response to different beta‐blockers. Timolol significantly reduced the frequency of migraine attacks, and was preferred to placebo. This supports the contention that beta‐blocking drugs without intrinsic sympathomimetic activity are effective in migraine prophylaxis.
Doxepin in the Prophylactic Treatment of Mixed ‘Vascular’ and Tension Headache
Authors: Mørland T. J. , Storli O. V. , Mogstad T.‐E.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

The prophylactic effect of the tricyclic antidepressant doxepin given chronically in patients with mixed migrainous and tension headache, has been investigated in a double‐blind cross‐over trial. Twenty‐three patients without serious medical, neurological or psychiatric diseases were included. They were given a course of 9 weeks of doxepin 100 mg daily and doxepin placebo each. Between the two courses a placebo period of 2 weeks was interposed. Only 14 patients completed the trial. The results showed no significant difference in number of headache days on doxepin in comparison to placebo, but on doxepin there was a significant reduction in terms of headache indices, and of the consumption of analgesics and ergotamine preparations. Ten of the 14 patients experienced side effects on doxepin (weight increase, drowsiness, dryness of the mouth).
Prevalence of Headache Within a College Student Population: A Preliminary Analysis
Authors: Andrasik Frank , Holroyd Kenneth A. , Abell Theresa
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

1161 college students were surveyed to provide information about headache prevalence. Virtually all students reported experiencing some headache pain. Females reported headaches that were more frequent, more painful, and of longer duration than males. Information regarding suspected causes, onset characteristics, presence of migraineous symptoms, and nature and localization of experienced pain was also collected. The significance and implications of these findings, as well as suggestions for future research, are discussed.
Use of CT Scans in an Out‐patient Headache Population: An Evaluation
Authors: Sargent Joseph D. , Lawson Robert C. , Solbach Patricia , Coyne Lolafaye
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

A total of 177 consecutive patients with either tension or migraine headaches were examined with unenhanced CT Scans. For the overall group 28% were abnormal while 26% of the patients with migraine and 33% of those with tension headaches had abnormal scans. Our findings were similar to several smaller studies in more seriously disabled patients. Follow‐up studies are planned to determine if our CT Scan results are indicative of a progressive disorder.
The Management of Non‐traumatic Headache in a University Hospital Emergency Room
Authors: Dickman Robert L. , Masten Thomas
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

One hundred twenty‐four consecutive records of adults presenting to a univerity hospital emergency room between February 1‐May 31, 1978 with the chief complaint of non‐traumatic headache were analyzed. Although the vast majority of these patients had benign problems, the charts revealed poor documentation of a data base sufficient to evaluate this complaint. Further, relatively few unreferred patients received followup care in the hospital's ambulatory care center. Although corroborating previous work on the benign nature of this problem as seen in emergency room settings, this study additionally documents major deficiencies in the use of an emergency room as a setting in which to manage this problem.
A Double‐blind Placebo‐controlled Prophylactic Study of Flunarizine (Sibelium®) in Migraine
Authors: Louis Paul
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

The potential prophylactic value of a daily dose of 10 mg flunarizine, a calcium antagonist with anti‐vasospastic properties was studied in a 3‐month double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial in 58 migraineurs. With an almost perfect mutual correlation, both the patients' overall appreciation of the treatment and the reduction of migraine attacks proved flunarizine to be effective (p<0.001). Half of the flunarizine‐patients considered the treatment certainly beneficial in contrast to none of the placebo‐patients. In 21 of the 29 flunarizine‐patients the attack rate was lower than expected in 20 of the 29 controls it was not. Younger patients appeared to respond better to the treatment. Flunarizine displayed a gradually increasing effect; during the third month 83% of the treated patients were completely attack‐free. The drug did not appear to influence the severity and duration of attacks, however. Treatment was very well tolerated. Flunarizine, therefore, appears to be a very suitable agent for migraine prophylaxis but it should be given for more than two months in order to obtain full effectiveness with this dosage.
Tolfenamic Acid and Ergotamine Abuse
Authors: Ala‐Hurula V. , Myllylä V.V. , Hokkanen E. , Tokola O.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

Thirteen migraine patients using ergotamine tartrate on a daily basis for their headaches were found to have developed the so called “ergotamine headache,” a dull constant headache always reappearing if the patient did not take their daily doses. They were treated with tolfenamic acid, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis and action, combined with chlordiazepoxide during the acute withdrawal phase after discontinuing their daily habit of taking ergotamine. As a whole, the results of the discontinuation of the use of ergotamine were encouraging in the group of these patients showing a serious medical problem. None of the patients relapsed into ergotamine abuse, and during the subsequent 3–6 months nine of the patients also treated their migraine attacks solely with tolfenamic acid.
Temporal Relationship of EEG Abnormalities in Migraine to Headache and Medication
Authors: Slevin John T. , Faught Edward , Hanna George R. , Lee Soo Ik
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

EEGs of 55 subjects with classic or common migraine were correlated with headache subtype, age of onset, duration of illness, family history, and time span either from last headache or medication. Eleven patients (20%) had abnormal EEGs: five were diffusely slow, one demonstrated bitemporal slowing, one generalized spikes, and two each showed either a photoconvulsive response or excessive buildup to hyperventilation. EEG abnormalities did not correlate chronologically with medication or headache. Six of 30 patients with headache andor medication within 48 hours of the EEG had abnormal records, a number not statistically different from the five of 25 who had abnormal EEGs in the absence of headache or medication in the previous 48 hours. EEG abnormalities in migraine, while varied and nonspecific, do persist during asymptomatic intervals. This suggests more permanent alterations of cerebral physiology than can be accounted for by transient vascular changes during migraine attacks themselves.
Cluster Headache in One Year Old Infant?
Authors: Terzano M.G. , Manzoni G.C. , Maione R.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

Cluster headache is a type of essential headache affecting young or middle‐age patients, whereas it is highly rare in children.

The case we are reporting here concerns a child who since the very first days after his birth appeared to suffer from severe attacks of agitation and sudden fits of weeping twice a day on average. When 21 months old, while in the hospital, he was found during the fits of weeping to complain of severe pain in the forehead, right temple and around the right eye. The examination carried out on him revealed no lesions of any type. The characteristics of 213 attacks were recorded up to the age of 27 months, when the crises disappeared spontaneously. The nature, duration and location of pain and the associated phenomena, as well as their regular occurrence every day make this type of headache affecting this patient fall within the category of cluster headache. The possibility of this type of headache appearing at such an early age seems to bear out the hypothesis that it may derive from a congenital biochemical disorder.
Short‐term Psychotherapy and Refractory Headache
Authors: Barnat Michael R.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

As seemed necessary, short‐term exploratory psycho‐therapy was offered to patients seeking treatment for refractory headache. The reasons for their psycho‐therapeutic referral included patient request, refractoriness to all medication, emotional traumatization at the time they were seen, or suspected family or marital triggers for headache. An attempt was made to sample the responses of these patients. Patients were asked via a specially devised form to state why they thought they were referred for psychotherapy, what they perceived they derived from the process and how they perceived it from a cost‐benefit standpoint. Preliminary findings suggest that patients do see a general rationale to referrals and rate the effort more positively than negatively in cost‐benefit terms. Their written interpretation however does not reflect some of the subtle and specific effects of psychotherapeutic intervention.
Relationship Between Headaches and Depression
Authors: Cox Daniel , Thomas Douglas
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACT

Previous research has documented the therapeutic effects of antidepressant medications on chronic headaches, implying the etiological role of depression in some headache. Clinical experience indicates patients suffering from chronic headaches frequently become depressed because of the refractory head pain. The current study demonstrated that reduction of headaches leads to reduction of depression, implying the etiological role of headaches in depression. The need to further clarify the relation between depression and headaches is emphasized.
Effect on Non‐steroidal Anti‐inflammatory Drugs on Arachidonic Acid Metabolism
Authors: Siegel Marvin I.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

The enzymes of arachidonic acid metabolism via the lipoxygenase pathway in human platelets have been characterized and partially purified. Two separable lipoxygenase activities can be detected by chromatography on Sephadex G‐150 and DEAE‐Sephadex. One of these has an apparent molecular weight (Mr ) of 100,000. A second enzyme species behaves as an Mr 160,000 entity containing, in addition to lipoxygenase, a peroxidase activity that catalyzes the conversion of 12L‐hydro‐peroxy‐5,8,10,14‐icosatetraenoic acid (HPETE) to 12L‐hydroxy‐5,8,10,14‐icosatetraenoic acid (HETE). Aspirin, indomethacin, sodium salicylate, phenylbutazone, ibuprofen, naproxen, and sulindac, but not acetaminophen or phenacetin, give rise to increased levels of HPETE in the lipoxygenase pathway. This increase in HPETE levels is the result of the ability of these drugs to directly inhibit the enzymatic conversion of HPETE to HETE. The labile lipoxygenase produced HPETE stimulates its own production by increasing lipoxygenase activity; HETE does not share this activity. In addition, HPETE strongly suppresses prostaglandin and thromboxane production by inhibiting cyclo‐oxygenase (prostaglandin synthetase). The ability of sodium salicylate, which does not inhibit cyclo‐oxygenase in vitro, to elevate levels of HPETE may account for its ability to inhibit prostaglandin production in vivo. Moreover, since HPETE's are precursors of slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis, the acute responses to aspirin and other anti‐inflammatory drugs observed in certain sensitive individuals may be the result of these patients' extreme sensitivity to HPETE peroxidase inhibition or the resultant rise in HPETE concentration.
Headache: An Epidemiological Survey in a Dutch Rural General Practice
Authors: Post Doeke , Gubbels Jan W.
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSIS

An epidemiologic study of headache in a rural general practice was carried out by delivering questionnaires to the houses of the target population and collecting them personally in two weeks. All persons between 16 and 65 years of age, 2,450 in all, were asked to participate in the survey; there was a response of 92%.

Headache has been an underrated problem in Holland. The impact of headache on an individual patient can be assessed by the duration of the headache, the severity of the headache, and the extent to which usual daily work is interfered with. In this survey, 12% of the persons questioned had a headache at least once a week and in 4% the headache lasted longer than a day. However, only 15% of the people with headache visited a G.P. and less than 1% had specialist treatment. Women were more likely to seek medical assistance than men.
MANAGING MUNICIPAL SERVICES IN AN ERA OF DECUNING FEDERAL ASSISTANCE
Authors: Forrester John P. , Spindler Charles J.
Published: June 2005

Federal aid to local governments was cutback throughout the Reagan administration. In dealing with these revenue cutbacks, ex‐recipients have a variety of options, to find new sources of revenue or reduce expenditures. Based on the perspectives of local government budget officials and environmental data, this study attempts to determine which governments will be most successful in minimizing service cutbacks in this environment. Using a cross‐sectional analysis and data concerning federal revenue sharing, we find both support and differences for many predictors found in previous case‐studies of fiscal stress. The differences likely stem from the new cutback environment. This study illustrates that management strategies under fiscal decentralization are strategic and not haphazard.
POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF SOCIO‐ECONOMICS*
Authors: Etzioni Amitai
Published: June 2005

Avariety of efforts are currently underway to develop alternatives to the neoclassical paradigm and neoclassical analysis of economic behavior. Here, the author seeks not to argue which approach is most productive, but to demonstrate the useful policy implications of adding key noneconomic (so‐ cial, psychological and political) variables to a paradigm that attempts to model economic behavior. This co‐deterministic paradigm is called socio‐ economics. The article discusses the different and often insightful policy analysis that results from employing a socio‐economic set of variables in four major areas: (1) allowing for shifting preferences; (2) including institu‐ tional contexts and influences within which individual transactions take place; (3) recognizing the effects of political as well as economic power differences; and (4) combining macro and structural policies.
AMBIGUITY, CONTRADICTIONS, AND FRUSTRATIONS AT THE BALLOT BOX: A PUBLIC CHOICE PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Mitchell William C.
Published: June 2005

A theoretical analysis of citizen participation in politics from a public choice perspective indicates that widespread apathy and disinterest are not aberrations in citizen behavior due to civic irresponsibility or the personal failings of individuals. Rather such responses are highly rational adapta‐ tions to a political system and political decision‐making process over which the individual has little control and participation in which, while demand‐ ing, yields few tangible returns. Elections and voting are poor mechanisms for aggregating choice, allocating resources or directing public policy.
WHO'S REGISTERED AND WHO'S NOT: TARGETING VOTER REGISTRATION IN CHICAGO
Authors: Harris Fredrick C. , Taylor D. Garth , Kleppner Paul
Published: June 2005

Racial minorities, the poor, the less educated and the young are the groups least likely to be registered and most likely to be under‐represented in voting. The potential payoff from participation in local elections is great: voting is their only real avenue of influence and municipal office holders are more directly responsive to voters than are federal officials. The success enjoyed by blacks in Chicago during the 1980s demonstrates what can be accomplished with high levels of registration and turnout. Yet the barriers to a continuingly high turnout are formidable. An analysis prepared for the Chicago Urban League by social scientists specifies the areas in need of expanded registration efforts, the type of problems likely to be en‐ countered, and the mobilizing tactics most likely to be successful. The problem of turnout and the differential impact of race and class has real‐life consequences. The power of the political party to facilitate, or by not engag‐ ing in registration activities, to depress involvement is indicated in the various wards of the city where the local party has a commanding presence.
Comparative Local Economic Development: A Framework for Further Research
Authors: Fasenfest David
Published: June 2005

Recent research on local economic development does not provide an adequate framework for anticipating the consequences of cross national policy transfer and emulation. The research focuses on case specific analysis of one or another program within specific national or economic situations, but such analyses are not structured by a common understanding of the forces which shape policy formation or implementation. This article argues that we must rethink how we understand local policy by combining state‐centered and class‐centered theories of local policy outcomes. It suggests that such an approach would provide a better basis for both anticipating policy outcomes and predicting transferability.
Worker Perspectives on the Private Financing of Government‐Sponsored Dislocated Worker Programs
Authors: Sheets Robert G. , Ting Yuan
Published: June 2005

This study analyzes worker perspectives on the financing responsibilities of businesses, workers and government for dislocated worker programs that provide job search and retraining assistance to unemployed workers. It is based on a survey of 1,555 experienced workers in Illinois. Joint business and worker financing approaches were the most favored and least polarizing financing alternative. In contrast, the government grant approach was extremely polarizing with significant support but strong negative reaction among higher‐income, white, and college‐educated workers. Surprisingly strong negative reaction was also found among lower‐income, blue‐collar workers. The results are consistent with related research on the conservative attitudes of American workers toward social welfare programs.
Reagan's Welfare Reforms: Were the Program Savings Realized?
Authors: Fairleigh Fred Englander , Kane John
Published: June 2005

This paper provides a discussion of the impact of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981 (OBRA) on AFDC caseloads and expenditures. Intervention analysis and regression analysis are used to examine whether OBRA resulted in either temporary or permanent changes in the levels of these variables. This study indicates that while OBRA may have resulted in a decline in AFDC caseloads, it did not have a significant effect on total AFDC expenditures.
Policy Sciences: The State of the Discipline
Authors: Doron Gideon
Published: June 2005

This overview surveys the conceptual and practical development of the policy sciences as an independent field of academic studies. It outlines the conditions that led to the emergence of this field and its expansion over the years. In addition, the article portrays the range of substantive topics and methodologies of the policy sciences. Finally, it presents the logic that guided the structure of this symposium.
The Craft of Policy Design: Can It Be More Than Art?
Authors: Weinter David L.
Published: June 2005

The craft for predicting and evaluating the impacts of policy alternatives has received much of the attention of students of public policy analysis. Relatively little attention has been given to understanding and improving the craft for designing alternative policies. Beyond catalogs of generic policy instruments, two sources provide useful insights into policy design. First, the study of institutional choice as policy design draws attention to the selection of procedures and incentive systems to achieve substantive policy outcomes. Second, the study of the manipulation of the dimensions of policy choice (heresethetics), which provides insight into strategy in political arenas, may help with the broader problem of packaging and presenting policies so that they remain viable during implementation.
Diversity on Campus: A Reassessment of Current Strategies1
Authors: Mindle Grant B. , Bunch Kenyon D. , Nicholas Carolyn
Published: June 2005

The underrepresentation of minorities in higher education evokes a widely shared sense of urgency among educational policymakers. Allan Oster, president of the American Association of State Colleges and Universities, has described the persistent gap between minority and white participation rates as “[o]ne of the most pressing issues facing higher education today” (American Council on Education, 1988b, p. iv). Eliminating the gap and overcoming the other educational inequalities faced by minorities “is not an option, but a necessity; and the need is not eventual, it is immediate” (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990, p. 14). Failure to take timely and decisive action not only threatens the moral and intellectual integrity of higher education as a whole, but our nation's economic well‐being (American Council on Education, 1988b, p. 1). As officials at Smith College so eloquently said, “[i]t is no exaggeration to say that the future of the nation and the future of higher education depend on the ability of the educational establishment to become more inclusive” (Smith College, 1989, preamble).
Social Security as Poverty's Guardian
Authors: Hebrew David Macarov
Published: June 2005

Although social security programs were originally introduced as measures to reduce the poverty of needy groups, factors such as coverage, vestedness, administrative regulations and the so‐called “wage stop” effectively prevent millions of people throughout the world from living decently when their only source of income is from social security. In the overwhelming majority of social security programs worldwide, including old‐age pensions, illness and maternity programs, workers compensation, and family or children's allowances, coverage is open only to workers and usually excludes housewives, transient workers, agricultural laborers, new immigrants and part‐time workers. Similarly, vestedness requirements effectively prevent many people from receiving benefits. Administrative regulations, including waiting times and proof of status, add to the difficulties many people have in getting social security benefits. Most importantly, the stipulation in almost every program that no one should be able to get from welfare programs that which he or she could get from wages or salaries keeps the level of payments far below the poverty line. This paper will document and demonstrate the influence of social security programs throughout the world in contributing to the maintenance of poverty and will propose some radical solutions for overcoming the problem.
Protection of Atypical Work and Family Benefits: Comparison of the Australian, German and British Social Security Systems
Authors: Bieback Karl‐Jürgen
Published: June 2005

In defining atypical work, this paper encompasses part‐time work, casual and temporary work, outwork/homework/telework and small self‐employment. All three national social security systems are very selective and inflexible in protecting these forms of work as they are modeled according to the dominant pattern of full‐time, continuous employment. As atypical work is women's work, it is also regulated by social security benefits for the other part of women's work—domestic work. Family benefits have a very ambiguous function. They provide some means to escape from private dependency and they sometimes even recognize domestic work as insured normal labor market work. On the other side, they were also intended to subsidize the low wages of marginal work and allow only for a small amount of paid work, especially atypical work, while on benefit. Thus, they also structured and sustained the segmentation of labor market work and domestic work.
Integrated Impact Assessment as Environmental Policy: The New Zealand Experiment
Authors: Bartlett Robert V.
Published: June 2005

The scope, complexity and interrelatedness of environmental problems presents a difficult challenge to policymakers. To date, public policies have been responsive largely to particular matters of public concern. They have typically been ad hoc, sectoral and segmental. Their administration has been charged to various agencies, each with its special mission. In consequence, governments have often acted to cross purposes; small results have often been ineffectual and, as often, unnecessarily expensive. Incremental innovation is seldom able to affect significantly the tendencies of the larger system of public policy and administration within which it is undertaken. Inasmuch as no country has had long experience with administration of environmental policy, a comparison of different approaches to environmental problems is useful. Direct transfers of method from one country to another may seldom be practicable, yet there may be lessons learned from the diverse experience of governments addressing similar problems. A comprehensive and radical institutional experiment in environmental policy has been initiated in the government of New Zealand. The New Zealand experiment may illuminate the effects of institutional structure on the implementation of policy. The relationships between constitutional principles, policy priorities and administrative structures have never been clear. The problems of coping with multiple environmental trends, their causes and their consequences justify efforts to find more effective methods of policymaking.
Abortion Policy and Super‐optimum Solutions
Authors: Nagel Stuart S.
Published: June 2005

Super‐optimum solutions to public policy problems are ones that enable conservatives, liberals, and other major viewpoints all to come out ahead of their best initial expectations simultaneously. Thinking in terms of multiple goals and alternatives facilitates the development of mutually beneficial packages, possibly with the aid of spreadsheet‐based software that enables one to better deal with the multiplicity of goals and alternatives. This article describes how super‐optimum solutions might be applied to abortion policy and deals with auxiliary policies concerning birth control and adoptions. It also addresses related policies that focus on the Chinese population problem. Chinese abortion policy involves a battle between women who do want to stay pregnant and a society that would like to facilitate pregnancy termination. American abortion policy involves a battle between women who do not want to stay pregnant and a society that is reluctant to facilitate abortions.
Psycho‐social Analysis of Black Teenage Pregnancies: Implications for Public and Cultural Policies
Authors: Taylor Jerome , Franklin Agnes
Published: June 2005

This paper identifies three challenges to understanding and remedying problems in black teenage pregnancy: cultural, developmental, and normative.
Language Policy, Literacy, and Minority Languages
Authors: Walter Stephen L. , Ringenberg Kay R.
Published: June 2005

This paper surveys the development of language policy over the last 40 or more years, particularly with respect to linguistic minorities and the attendant problems of illiteracy and lack of access to basic education among these groups. While there are discernible, emerging trends in the area of language policy, we make considerable effort to point out that the evolution of such policy in the past has often been the product of an unpredictable confluence of national and international politics, economics (at all levels), social, cultural, and religious differences, intrigue, historical accident, human perversity, and serendipitous circumstances.
Adult Education in China: Policies and Practice in the 1980s
Authors: Tang Qian
Published: June 2005

Since the beginning of the 1980s, a comprehensive system of adult education has been established in China to meet the requirements of rapid socioeconomic development. This article gives a description of this system. The main measures taken by governments at various levels were making elementary education available in all rural areas to stem the number of new illiterates; focusing adult literacy work on the 12 to 45 age group; and utilizing various methods, including vocational training, to consolidate the newly literate. Experience has shown that, in rural areas, the most effective way to promote adult education is that the three major components of rural education—elementary, vocational, and adult—be conducted in a coordinated manner. In urban areas, emphasis was given to providing on‐the‐job training designed to improve professional knowledge and skills of those employees in industries experiencing fast technological advancement. Retraining for those whose jobs were eliminated by poorly performing public enterprises has become an urgent need. Although there were great achievements during the 1980s, many problems still exist. Improving quality of teaching, modifying curriculum to meet the needs of local development, providing short‐term agricultural‐technical training in rural areas, offering retraining for the unemployed, and mobilizing financial resources from all sectors of the society are among the measures which the Chinese government has taken in the 1990s to further develop its adult education system.
Issue Networks and Nonprofit Organizations
Authors: Nyland Julie
Published: June 2005

Nonprofit organizations play an important role in the development of public policy. Traditionally, this involvement is characterized as nonprofit interest group representation, aimed at influencing public policy through lobbying and mobilizing activities. This does not adequately reflect or explain the complex interactions of the state and nonprofit organizations regarding public policy formulation, nor the multiple roles that may be played. A recent study of housing policy changes exposes hidden issue networks that may operate across public and nonprofit sectors. Through their involvement in the formative phases of public policy in issue networks, nonprofit policy activists play an active role as “coproducers” of public policy.
USING DECISION FRAMES IN NAFTA INTRANATIONAL CONFLICTS
Authors: Ley‐Borras Roberto
Published: June 2005

The regular commercial trade among North American countries involves many issues. To foster free trade, NAFTA provides a legal and political framework for resolving commercial conflicts among its three signatory countries. However, there are also intranational conflicts among the economic actors in each country.

Within a given country, participants in a NAFTA deal include individual firms or groups of firms, industry representatives, national commerce officials, state political leaders, and national political leaders, among others. Differences in decision frames and actor objectives can lead to controversy in many NAFTA deals.

This article suggests making explicit the decision frame of each actor, or category of actors, and using a unified decision frame for obtaining national agreements on particular NAFTA‐related issues. Unified decision frames should include a common time frame and shared objectives, alternatives and information. This approach can promote agreement on the scope of a trade issue, help identify additional opportunities, reduce actors = uncertainties, clarify prefernces, and promote trust.
CRITICAL ISSUES IN URBAN TECHNOLOGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:
Authors: Zoreda‐Lozano Juan J. , Castañeda Victor
Published: June 2005

This paper presents a general approach to the structural links between urban technologies for water use and sustainable development in Mexico City. These links belong to the public domain and are sufficiently generalizable so as to be expanded and modified to suit other technologies in similar contexts. They offer a convenient backdrop against which to meaningfully address critical technological issues that affect the performance of urban settlements as well as their biophysical environments.
IT WORKERS SHORTAGE: Implications for Education Policy
Authors: Wilson Clay
Published: June 2005

This article examines the information technology (IT) worker shortage by comparing the rate of salary increase for IT workers from 1995 to 1998 to the rate of inflation for those same years. Findings show that the median salary for IT workers has increased at twice the rate of inflation. Universities and businesses form partnerships to develop innovative products. Continuous innovation has meant that both industry and universities require workers, students and faculty to continuously change their skill sets. At every point as technology changes there is a shortage of the newest combination of required skill sets. A recommendation is made to change education strategy so IT workers have easier access to continuous education via the Internet, funded by their employers.
FEDERAL POLICY IN LOCAL CONTEXT:PUZZLING THROUGH THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF PARADIGMATIC POLICY REFORM
Authors: Wallis Joe
Published: June 2005

Although comprehensive reform programs (CRPs) have been influenced by theories of government failure, they pose some puzzles for these theorists. My purpose is to address puzzles that relate to observed characteristics of the timing, radicalism, implementation, rhetoric and democratic consequences of reforms. The long period of paradigm stability which typically precede them is explained in terms of the institutional and political risks associated with radical policy reform while the reforms themselves are explained in terms of factors that generated opportunities for new sources of policy leadership. This leadership was collectively supplied by a network that sought to break the hold of a fragmented structure of policy communities over the policy process.