bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why Good People Do Bad Environmental Things
Authors: DeSombre Elizabeth R.
Published: April 2018

We all behave in ways that cause environmental harm whether we intend to or not. This book looks at how social structures, incentives, information, habits, attitudes, norms, and the inherent characteristics of environmental resources explain and influence how we behave, and how those causes influence what we can do to change behavior. It is essential to understand why bad environmental behavior makes sense, especially from an individual perspective, in order to figure out how to change that behavior. Environmental activists often focus on providing information or raising concern about environmental problems; these approaches are ultimately less effective than systematic and institutional approaches. We should restructure incentives to reward good behavior and penalize action that causes environmental harm, change social norms so that environmental behavior is seen as a community expectation, and develop habits, defaults, and business routines so that people engage in better environmental behavior without having to make active decisions to do so. Environmental problems are serious, and we need to change our collective behavior to prevent or address them. Because this action is important, it is worthwhile to figure out what works, or doesn’t work, to change behavior. To do that, we have to understand why even good people do bad environmental things.
The Cities on the Hill
Authors: Ogorzalek Thomas K.
Published: April 2018

Recent electoral cycles have drawn attention to an urban–rural divide at the heart of American politics. This book traces the origins of red and blue America. The urbanicity divide began with the creation of an urban political order that united leaders from major cities and changed the Democratic Party during the New Deal era. These cities, despite being the site of serious, complex conflicts at home, are remarkably cohesive in national politics because members of city delegations represent their city as well as their district. Even though their constituents often don’t see eye-to-eye on important issues, members of these city delegations represent a united city position known as progressive liberalism. Using a wide range of congressional evidence and a unique dataset measuring the urbanicity of U.S. House districts over time, this book argues that city cohesion, an invaluable tool used by cities to address their urgent governance needs through higher levels of government, is fostered by local institutions developed to provide local political order. Crucially, these integrative institutions also helped foster the development of civil rights liberalism by linking constituencies that were not natural allies in support of group pluralism and racial equality. This in turn led to the departure from the coalition of the Southern Democrats, and to our contemporary political environment. The urban combination of diversity and liberalism—supported by institutions that make allies out of rivals—teaches us lessons for governing in a world increasingly characterized by deep social difference and political fragmentation.
Ties That Bind
Authors: Ogorzalek Thomas K.
Published: April 2018

This empirical chapter explores the dynamics of city delegation theory, the glue that helps hold together the urban political order’s pieces. The first half of the chapter takes a close look at the New York and Chicago city delegations in action, emphasizing the role of different institutions in holding the delegations together. The second half of the chapter includes statistical tests of city delegation theory, including an innovative dyadic framework, demonstrating that strong local institutions are associated with greater delegation cohesion. Together, these analyses illustrate that city representatives defend the interests of not only their own constituencies, but of their entire city. The analyses also show that the strength of local institutions of horizontal integration (IHIs) developed to order local government, also promote delegation cohesion in national representation.
Human Rights in Global Health
Authors: Robinson Mary
Published: April 2018

Institutions matter for the advancement of human rights in global health. Given the dramatic development of human rights under international law and the parallel proliferation of global institutions for public health, there arises an imperative to understand the implementation of human rights through global health governance. This volume examines the evolving relationship between human rights, global governance, and public health, studying an expansive set of health challenges through a multi-sectoral array of global organizations. To analyze the structural determinants of rights-based governance, the organizations in this volume include those international bureaucracies that implement human rights in ways that influence public health in a globalizing world. Bringing together leading health and human rights scholars and practitioners from academia, non-governmental organizations, and the United Nations system, this volume explores: (1) the foundations of human rights as a normative framework for global health governance, (2) the mandate of the World Health Organization to pursue a human rights-based approach to health, (3) the role of inter-governmental organizations across a range of health-related human rights, (4) the influence of rights-based economic governance on public health, and (5) the focus on global health among institutions of human rights governance. Contributing chapters map the distinct human rights activities within a specific institution of global governance for health. Through the comparative institutional analysis in this volume, the contributing authors examine institutional efforts to operationalize human rights in organizational policies, programs, and practices and assess institutional factors that facilitate or inhibit human rights mainstreaming for global health advancement.
Development of Human Rights through WHO
Authors: Meier Benjamin Mason , Kastler Florian
Published: April 2018

With both the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and the World Health Organization (WHO) coming into existence in 1948, there was great postwar promise that these two institutions would complement each other, with WHO serving to support human rights in its health policies, programs, and practices. Yet WHO’s support for human rights would vary dramatically in the decades that followed: neglecting human rights law during crucial years in the development of health-related rights, implementing human rights as a foundation for its “Health for All” campaign, and operationalizing rights-based standards in the international response to HIV/AIDS. This chapter examines WHO’s evolving contributions to (and, in some cases, negligence of) the rights-based approach to health, with this history framing WHO’s enduring challenges in exercising its international legal authorities, collaborating with the United Nations human rights system, and mainstreaming human rights in the WHO Secretariat.
The International Labor Organization
Authors: Swepston Lee
Published: April 2018

Occupational safety and health (OSH) is a vital part of the right to health. While the International Labor Organization (ILO) historically treated OSH as an entirely technical matter, it has increasingly been influenced by a human rights agenda. The ILO has responded by adopting and promoting a large number of international standards—in the form of conventions, recommendations, and codes of practice that result in protection against dangers at work. These standards combat specific risks, guide the establishment of health protection across industries, provide guidance for dealing with HIV and AIDS in the workplace, help to set up systems of health protection, provide for how disabled workers can function, and design social security regimes. The ILO also provides practical help to prevent accidents and diseases at the workplace and to stop industrial accidents that kill and injure large numbers of workers—and that have a damaging influence on public health.
The United Nations Population Fund
Authors: Filmer-Wilson Emilie , Mora Luis
Published: April 2018

This chapter analyzes UNFPA’s evolving human rights approach to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights, of which the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) was a major turning point. In translating the rights-based vision of the ICPD into practice, UNFPA has pursued two strategies: engaging with the human rights system to strengthen accountability for sexual and reproductive health and rights and advancing operational clarity and guidance on the links between human rights and sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights. In these efforts, important milestones have been achieved, and today, UNFPA is widely recognized as a human rights-based organization. However, the organization has struggled to fully employ human rights in its work. The 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda, on which UNFPA’s new Strategic Plan for 2018–2021 is based, provides a powerful framework for UNFPA to more fully align itself with the rights-based vision of the ICPD.
National Foreign Assistance Programs
Authors: Hammonds Rachel , Ooms Gorik J.
Published: April 2018

This chapter reviews the role of bilateral development assistance in advancing health-related international human rights obligations by examining the evolution of efforts to coordinate bilateral development assistance agencies and the international public financing dimensions of their governance and goals. This chapter examines the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s Development Assistance Committee (OECD-DAC) as an entry point for exploring: the evolution of international obligations for health-related rights, focusing on the right to health; the origins of the OECD-DAC and the parallel rise of national development assistance agencies; the factors that facilitated and/or inhibited a coordinated approach to human rights mainstreaming in bilateral development assistance agencies; and the emergence of the aid effectiveness agenda and the International Health Partnership Plus Related Initiatives. This chapter concludes by assessing upcoming challenges to coordinate bilateral development assistance for health.
The United Nations Special Procedures
Authors: Murphy Thérèse , Müller Amrei
Published: April 2018

This chapter examines the UN Special Procedures, a system of independent experts appointed to monitor and report on human rights violations and to advise and assist in promoting and protecting rights. It positions the Special Procedures as a “missing population,” neglected not just by proponents of global health but by human rights advocates too. This chapter sets out to counter this neglect by “peopling” human rights law. It does this by adding the Special Rapporteurs and others who make up the system of Special Procedures, positioning these experts as an essential supplement to the actors—courts, treaty bodies, non-governmental organizations, victims, and states—that dominate accounts of human rights law. Adding Special Procedures would help in particular to address the widespread failure to see human rights law as a deliberative and iterative process that draws in a range of actors.
The Germany Illusion
Authors: Fratzscher Marcel
Published: April 2018

“The new economic miracle,” “role model for Europe,” and “beacon of stability”—these and similar euphoric headlines in Germany about the nation and its economy have become almost commonplace in recent years as the country’s self-confidence has grown despite a deep European crisis. The headlines in Europe, the United States, and elsewhere around the globe, however, are startlingly different: “Germany’s austerity obsession,” “Europe’s reluctant hegemon,” “Germany benefitting at the expense of Europe.” So stark a contrast prompts several questions: What is the true state of Germany’s economy? What is Germany’s role in Europe amid a growing national divide and a renationalization of policymaking throughout Europe, both of which threaten the continent’s very future? This book offers an attempt at reconciliation of both views about Germany’s economic strengths, and it proposes a path by which Germany can re-engage with its European neighbors and with the United States, to the end of helping rebuild Europe’s future.
From “sick man of Europe” to economic superstar
Authors: Fratzscher Marcel
Published: April 2018

The public perception in Germany and across Europe is that the German economy is booming. Yet to the extent that it is genuine, this euphoria is unusual as it comes in the midst of a still deep European crisis, one which Brexit is looming on the horizon, there is an unpredictable US government under President Donald Trump, and the real danger exists of a crisis in the Italian banking system. The chapter provides an overview of the elements that have led to the transformation of Germany from being a weak and laggard economy to be one of Europe’s economic superstars.
Germany, the euro, and the European Central Bank
Authors: Fratzscher Marcel
Published: April 2018

The euro is at a crossroads. Not only has it been blamed for having contributed to the European crisis and for preventing a solution, but there is a growing conflict between many in Germany and the European Central Bank (ECB), the guardian of the euro and the common monetary policy. This division and isolated views in Germany are worrisome. Why do politicians, the media, and in particular, economists differ so fundamentally in their views on the euro and monetary policy? How is it possible that in this age, in which information is abundantly available and shared globally, nationality and the environment in which people operate play such a big role? What does it mean for the future of Europe?
Introduction
Authors: Mathews Jud
Published: April 2018

This chapter introduces readers to the horizontal effect of rights and why it matters. It explains how horizontal effect doctrines define some of the key commitments of the legal systems that produce them. The chapter also introduces the three legal systems that are the subject of the book, Germany, the United States, and Canada, and lays out the basic structure of the case studies. For each, the focus is on three things in particular: a court’s initial moves to apply rights horizontally, the doctrinal structures the court devises to manage the horizontal effect of rights, and the broader consequences these choices have on governance, in interaction with the moves made by other actors and institutions. Applying rights horizontally has the potential to empower courts, but a mix of variables shape the consequences of any such move. The chapter previews the patterns that the case studies reveal.
Constitutional Cascades in the Federal Republic
Authors: Mathews Jud
Published: April 2018

This chapter picks up from the last, presenting the German Federal Constitutional Court’s expansive horizontal application of rights, as first announced in the landmark Lüth decision of 1958, as a continuation of its efforts to assert itself in a competitive institutional environment. In time, the Court’s horizontal rights jurisprudence went further, contributing to a constitutional cascade. Subsequent decisions drove constitutional norms deeper and deeper into ordinary law, bringing civil courts and legislatures under the tutelage of the Court and also engaging them as co-venturers in the project of elaborating constitutional meaning. The chapter explores the different ways the Court interacted with lawmakers and lower courts in the contexts of free speech, antidiscrimination law, and family law.
State Action and Constitutional Containment
Authors: Mathews Jud
Published: April 2018

This chapter explores the U.S. Supreme Court’s use of, and departures from, the state action rule. It begins by reconstructing the state action rule’s origins in the Civil Rights Cases. From the late nineteenth century onward, the state action rule served as a constitutional containment device, bolstering the Court’s monopoly over constitutional interpretation and eliminating uncomfortable questions about what rights meant for the ordering of American society. A changing political context and the emergence of new normative demands in the twentieth century put this regime under pressure, which the Court managed through a series of strategic evasions of the state action rule, even while pledging fealty to it.
From Here and There
Authors: Délano Alonso Alexandra
Published: April 2018

Assistance for immigrants to learn English, receive health services, open a bank account, apply for naturalization, or get a work certification is generally considered the responsibility of the government and society of the country where they reside, as part of the process of supporting their integration and ultimately their formal acquisition of citizenship. But in the past two decades, Mexico and other countries of origin of Latin American migrants in the United States have increasingly taken part in these activities through their consular representations, with the stated goal of addressing the needs and protecting the rights of precarious status migrants. These diaspora policies—focused on the provision of social services for emigrants in their country of destination as a way to support their well-being and access to opportunities to participate as community members in the places where they live—are one of the clearest manifestations of the reconceptualization of the boundaries of citizenship and the rights and obligations that come with it. These cases reveal how origin countries can play an important role in providing resources to support migrants’ access to social rights in the country of destination, an area of migration governance that is rarely discussed as a space for collaboration between governments, civil society, migrants, and international institutions. At the same time, the expansion of rights across borders offers an opportunity to re-examine questions of state accountability and responsibility regarding the causes of emigration as well as the protection of rights for returning migrants.
Turkestan and the Rise of Eurasian Empires
Authors: Anooshahr Ali
Published: April 2018

It has long been known that the origins of the early modern dynasties of the Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals, Mongols, and Shibanids in the sixteenth century go back to “Turco-Mongol” or “Turcophone” war bands. However, too often has this connection been taken at face value, usually along the lines of ethnolinguistic continuity. The connection between a mythologized “Turkestani” or “Turco-Mongol” origin and these dynasties was not simply and objectively present as fact. Rather, much creative energy was unleashed by courtiers and leaders from Bosnia to Bihar (with Bukhara and Badakhshan along the way) in order to manipulate, invent, and in some cases disavow the ancestry of the founders of these dynasties. Essentially, one can even say that Turco-Mongol progenitors did not beget the Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal, Mongol, and Shibanid states. Quite the contrary, one can say that historians writing in these empires were the ancestors of the “Turco-Mongol” lineage of their founders. Using one or more specimens of Persian historiography, in a series of five case studies, each focusing on one of these nascent polities, the book intends to show how “Turkestan,” “Central Asia,” and “Turco-Mongol” functioned as literary tropes in the political discourse of the time.
Introduction
Authors: Anooshahr Ali
Published: April 2018

New developments of intellectual networks and historiography set the groundwork for the use of Persian chronicles in describing the rise of the early modern empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, Shibanids, Mongols, and Mughals around 1500. Part of this project involved grappling with the supposed Eurasian or Turco-Mongol ancestry of the new dynasties. However, such a heritage was not always positive. Persianate historians working for these new patrons had to rework such origin myths in order to modify them, to completely recast them, or in some cases disavow them. Thus the problematique of origins can be studied not just as a modern issue but one that was confronted in the sixteenth century.
Epilogue
Authors: Anooshahr Ali
Published: April 2018

The Persian historiographical tradition imposed a good deal of restriction on the premodern projects of genealogy. Authors in the service of the nascent states of the sixteenth century often ran against the discursive limits of this canon. The same applied to early European orientalists and historians of these empires such as Mountstuart Elphinstone, William Erskine, and John Leyden who often followed career paths similar to their Indo-Persian forerunners, but who transmitted the Persian chronicle conventions into notions of ethnicity that were of importance to the early British imperial vision of the past. The histories of these empires are now understood in these terms.
The Social and Technological History of Political Communication Change
Authors: Epstein Ben
Published: April 2018

Chapter 2 provides a historical overview of information and communications technology (ICT) development through the lens of political communication orders (PCOs) and political communication revolutions (PCRs). This chapter begins a focus on the first stage of the political communication cycle (PCC): the technological imperative. This historically rich chapter details the social and technological history of the four PCOs that have existed through American political history and the revolutions that disrupted them. First is the Elite PCO from the colonial era through the 1830s, when newspapers were printed for small, elite audiences. The Mass PCO emerged as printing technology and political access expanded in the early nineteenth century, creating the first mass media in the United States. Next, the Broadcast PCO grew out of the expansion of radio and later television use across the country. Finally, the Information PCO is linked to the internet and digital communication since the 1990s.
Conclusion
Authors: Epstein Ben
Published: April 2018

This chapter summarizes the key takeaways from the book and the utility of the political communication cycle (PCC) overall. Technological changes and political contexts matter a great deal in the process of political communication change, but nothing is as consequential as the political choices that political actors and organizations make. These behavioral motivations explain much of the difference in innovativeness over time between different types of organizations, like the campaigns, social movements, and interest groups detailed in chapters 5 through 7. The conclusion applies these historical lessons to the current status of political communication, clarifying where we now are in the recurring cycle, and explaining why our position within the stabilization phase matters for political actors and consumers of political communication alike. Finally, this chapter sketches three possible paths forward and highlights related areas that could become subjects of future studies.
Introduction
Authors: Introvigne Massimo
Published: April 2018

The chapter lists the different uses of the word ‘Brethren’ in modern Protestantism and defines the book’s focus on the group commonly called Exclusive Brethren (particularly, on the Plymouth Brethren Christian Church). The question is not merely linguistic and involves a discussion of two contested categories, ‘evangelicalism’ and ‘fundamentalism’. The two labels are used both for denominations and for groups or trends within denominations. The chapter examines the influential definition of ‘evangelicalism’ proposed by British historian David Bebbington, and concludes that the Exclusive Brethren represent a distinctive and idiosyncratic expression of evangelicalism. They can also be defined as part of ‘fundamentalism’, in a theological sense, although the polemical use of the label ‘fundamentalist’ in recent times has somewhat confused the issue.
Introduction
Authors: Helfont Samuel
Published: April 2018

The introduction to the book discusses Saddam Hussein’s religious policies and how they eventually led to the emergence of religious insurgencies when his regime fell during the American-led invasion of Iraq in 2003. It shows that Saddam worked diligently and to some extent successfully to impose the Ba‘th Party’s Arab nationalist interpretation of religion on a critical mass of Iraqi society. The introduction also places Saddam’s policies within a broader context of authoritarian regimes in the 20th century. It discusses how these regimes needed to create the institutional capacity to deal with religion if they wanted to instrumentalize it politically. The Soviet Union created Red Priests, Communist China created the religious sector, and the Nazis created German Christians. Similarly, the Ba’thists in Iraq need to create a cadre of trusted religious leaders as well as the security infrastructure to monitor them and thus instrumentalize Islam.
Mechanisms of Control
Authors: Helfont Samuel
Published: April 2018

This chapter discusses the way in which the Ba’thist regime monitored and enforced boundaries on acceptable interpretations of religion in Iraq. The Ba’thists built on and expanded the instructions that it had developed during the first decade of Saddam Hussein’s presidency. The work of local committees became more thorough and systematic. Party bureaus and security services controlled who could work in the religious landscape as well as what they could say. Local branches of the Ba’th Party began keeping spreadsheets on every mosque and all religious leaders in their territories. They maintained and updated these spreadsheets through national “inventories” they conducted of the religious landscape. Iraqi intelligence and security services also updated their structures to better monitor and mitigate threats coming from religious actors; they were always on the lookout for ways to infiltrate various circles within the religious opposition by using spies.
Operationalizing Neighborhood Definitions in Health Research
Authors: Duncan Dustin T. , Regan Seann D. , Chaix Basile
Published: April 2018

Defining neighborhoods for health research continues to be challenging. This chapter discusses different methods to operationalize neighborhood boundaries, including self-report, administrative definitions, geographic information system buffers and activity spaces, including global positioning system (GPS)–defined activity spaces. It discusses the strengths and limitations of each method of examining neighborhood boundaries (e.g., spatial misclassification, technical difficulties, assumptions). Readers are provided with examples of neighborhood definitions frequently applied in the epidemiology and population health literature. In addition, the chapter provides a rigorous overview of theories for selecting neighborhood definitions, including spatial polygamy theory for GPS-defined activity space neighborhoods.
Neighborhoods, Spatial Stigma, and Health
Authors: Keene Danya E. , Padilla Mark B.
Published: April 2018

An emerging literature on spatial stigma suggests that negative representations of place may adversely affect the health of individuals who reside in disadvantaged neighborhoods. This chapter reviews the literature on spatial stigma as it relates to neighborhood health inequality. The chapter draws on existing neighborhood research to describe the processes that may connect spatial stigma to health and the ways that spatial stigma is experienced and managed within neighborhoods. It also reviews existing empirical literature that connects measures of spatial stigma to health outcomes, including hypertension. Although the growing literature on spatial stigma represents a new concept for the study of neighborhood effects, it also represents a fundamental departure from this literature.
Reflections on Lawrence Freedman’s ‘Deterrence’
Authors: Morgan Patrick M.
Published: April 2018

This chapter focuses on the social aspects of strategy, arguing for the importance of relationships in strategy and, in particular, in understanding of deterrence. Deterrence, in its essence, is predicated upon a social relationship – the one deterring and the one to be deterred. Alliance and cooperation are important in generating the means for actively managing international security. Following Freedman’s work on deterrence in the post-Cold War context, ever greater interaction and interdependence might instill a stronger sense of international community, in which more traditional and ‘relatively primitive’ notions of deterrence can be developed. However, this strategic aspiration relies on international, especially transatlantic, social cohesion, a property that weakened in the twenty-first century, triggering new threats from new kinds of opponent. The need for a sophisticated and social strategy for managing international security is made all the more necessary.
Trust and International Relations
Authors: Lebow Richard Ned
Published: April 2018

The importance of classical sources and a social approach to understanding questions of international security is developed in this chapter, alongside the concepts of trust and deterrence, all important in Freedman’s scholarly world, especially his Strategy: A History. The study begins with Sophocles and Plato, linking trust to friendship, and viewing both trust and society as co-constitutive phenomena. While deterrence and realist models of international relations assume that trust is in short supply, following the great figures of ancient Greece, in reality, trust will be more widespread the more robust the society is. The chapter explores the importance of honor and reputation. It concludes, after Plato, that trust comes the demonstrable willingness to do things for friends that have nothing to do with one’s own goals. Treating others as friends builds security through co-constitutive interaction. This applies to societies and states, as well as individuals.
Confessions of a Premature Constructivist
Authors: Freedman Lawrence
Published: April 2018

This chapter explores Freedman’s self-reflective characterization as a ‘premature constructivist’ and notes that Peter Katzenstein once called him a ‘realist constructivist.’ It explores the sociology of knowledge, the importance of intellectual leadership and language, and, most importantly, argues that understanding how knowledge is socially constructed need not lead to a loss of confidence in its validity. This concluding point in the confession of a premature constructivist is the starting point for strategists, scriptural scholars and constructivist realists – all versions of the same intellectual approach described and espoused by Freedman, and all appropriate to students of war and peace.
Troubles After Dort
Authors: Collier Jay T.
Published: April 2018

Chapter 4 surveys a significant debate that Richard Montagu stirred in the aftermath of Dort. This debate has been largely classified, both then and now, as one between Arminians and Calvinists. However, a reanalysis of the debate suggests that Montagu’s argument better fits the profile of a previously permitted minority opinion within the Reformed tradition that followed a different reading of Augustine on perseverance. The chapter argues that Montagu was not a genuine Arminian and that his repudiation of an irrespective divine decree did not propose a view of election caused by foreseen faith. By better understanding Montagu’s context and arguments, one can see that Montagu’s denial of the perseverance of all saints was not presented on semi-Pelagian grounds. The chapter also demonstrates the way Dort’s narrowing tendencies created difficulties for the Church of England’s broad-church approach to being Reformed.
Ālāol’s Poetics
Authors: d'Hubert Thibaut
Published: April 2018

The first section of Chapter 5 goes one step further toward the analysis of Ālāol’s speech by focusing on the performance of his works. I argue that the Bengali pā͂cālī was redefined as it became a part of the Indo-Persian mode of sociability of the majlis. Words became the subject of inquiry to serve both mundane and spiritual ends in the courtly context. The second part is an exploration of Ālāol’s ars poetica, focusing on the terminology used by the poet to speak about his practice of literature. Tracing the genealogies of Ālāol’s terminology is only one part of my approach; the other is to draw the outline of his poetics as a system for his works. In a linguistic tradition lacking theoretical literature on poetics, the interpretation of his discourse and the reconstruction of his ars poetica constitute an attempt at reading Middle Bengali literature on its own terms.
Lyric Poetry and Deśī Aesthetics in Eastern South Asia
Authors: d'Hubert Thibaut
Published: April 2018

In Chapter 7, I turn to eastern South Asia more specifically and study the way courtly lyrics and Sanskrit musicological literature contributed to the formation of a supraregional vernacular poetics. I argue that the spread of both Indo-Afghan romances and vernacular connoisseurship in lyrical arts eventually converged in the Bengali Muslim literature of Arakan in the seventeenth century. Such a comparative approach to seemingly disconnected traditions is not merely meant to solve a historical puzzle, but rather it should highlight the epistemological framework that allowed those trends to come into being and invite us to read poetical and theoretical works with a better knowledge of the literary canons and conceptual realms that informed their creation. It is also an attempt to trace the fate of regional courtly cultures during a period predominantly associated with the spread of Mughal courtly models.
Uncharted Territory
Authors: Freer Courtney
Published: April 2018

This introductory chapter outlines where and how this book contributes original research to the existing scholarship on politics of rentier states in the Arabian Peninsula, as well as the academic work on political Islam through a brief literature review. This book will demonstrate that political Islam serves as a prominent voice critiquing social policies, as well as promoting more strictly political, and often populist or reformist, views supported by a great many Gulf citizens. As laid out in this chapter, this book demonstrates that the way that Islamist organizations operate in the unique environment of the super-rentiers is distinct. It also presents information about the methodology and sources used, as well as a detailed explanation for the use of country cases chosen. The chapter closes by describing the format of the book.
Rentier Islamism
Authors: Freer Courtney
Published: April 2018

This chapter comprises an extended, substantive conclusion to take into account individual country experiences and to compare these countries along common themes. In this final chapter, a new model is elucidated for understanding how Muslim Brotherhood movements influence government policies in the super-rentier states, which is called rentier Islamism. The chapter reprises the book’s critique of rentier state theory for its failure to appreciate the resiliency of ideological opposition to oil-wealthy regimes, who have tried various tactics to contain and suppress Islamism. The chapter concludes by predicting the lasting influence of the Muslim Brotherhood as exercising both political and cultural influence within the Gulf.
Outsourcing Welfare
Authors: Germano Roy
Published: April 2018

This book is about how remittances—the money international migrants send to family members in their home countries—contribute to economic, political, and social stability in developing countries. Remittances are motivated by altruism, they rise in times of crisis, and they are spent largely on basic goods and services. Because of these qualities, remittances are transnational safety nets that serve a function similar to the social welfare programs most developed countries use to insulate citizens from market, environmental, and life-course risks. Outsourcing Welfare argues that counting on expatriates to send money home has become a de facto social welfare policy in many cash-strapped developing countries during an age of austerity, climate change, and globalization. Through ethnographic research in a coffee-growing village and a pork-producing town in rural Mexico, Outsourcing Welfare shows that the Mexican government was able to count on people to go abroad and send back remittances to compensate for economic shocks that occurred during Mexico’s neoliberal market transition. The book also analyzes survey data collected during Mexico’s 2007–2008 food crisis to illustrate how remittances reduced economic grievances and the demand for government-provided welfare. In later chapters, the book explores the effects of remittances on economic grievances, civil unrest, and political behavior in Africa, the Middle East, the Caribbean, and Latin America during the global food and financial crises of 2008–2011.
Remittances and the Politics of Austerity
Authors: Germano Roy
Published: April 2018

Remittances sent by international migrants have become an increasingly important source of social welfare in the developing world. This chapter explores what remittances are, why migrants send them, and how poor families use them. I argue in this chapter that remittances are more than just gifts from one relative to another. They play a larger social welfare role that complements funds that governments spend on social welfare programs. This social welfare function has become particularly important in recent decades as developing countries have prioritized austerity and integrated into volatile global markets. I argue that by filling a welfare gap in an age of austerity, remittances help to reduce the suffering and anger that so often trigger political and social instability during times of economic crisis.
Conclusion
Authors: Germano Roy
Published: April 2018

This chapter concludes the book by summarizing key arguments and findings and discussing the implications of remittances for democracy. The chapter argues that remittances are a benefit to democracy when they prevent the rise of authoritarian-minded populists in times of economic crises. Remittances are harmful to democracy, however, when they reduce accountability and allow governments to neglect the poor. This chapter argues that it is in governments’ interest to augment the global flow of remittances in an effort to create the stable social and political conditions needed for economic development. The chapter also proposes a number of steps governments can take to reduce the costs of emigrating and sending remittances.
Introduction
Authors: Kotzmann Jane
Published: April 2018

The Introduction highlights the importance of higher education and the existence of educational disadvantage in society, contextualised within current political events and discussions. It describes the intrinsic importance of education in allowing people to learn about themselves and the world they live in. It details the significant instrumental importance of education in the likelihood people will obtain employment and command higher incomes. It also provides a brief outline of different historical perspectives in relation to how best to provide higher education teaching and learning. The importance of law and policy for higher education is discussed, and the purpose and limitations of the research identified.
The Distinctions
Authors: Foley Richard
Published: April 2018

This chapter discusses four distinctions between science and the humanities. The first one is that in the sciences, especially the basic sciences, there is pressure to arrive at universal generalizations, whereas the humanities seek indexical insights, that is, ones about particular times, places, or things. The second distinction is that it can be appropriate for the sciences to seek insights that are as independent as possible of the perspectives or points of view of the inquirers, but this is neither feasible nor desirable in the humanities. The third is that the sciences should limit themselves to being descriptive, but it is appropriate for the humanities to be concerned with prescriptive claims that express values. The final distinction is that a primary aim of the sciences is to expand what is collectively known, whereas collective knowledge and consensus play a less central role in the humanities.
The 1944 Korematsu Supreme Court Decision
Authors: Yamamoto Eric K.
Published: April 2018

This chapter unravels the World War II majority and dissenting opinions in Korematsu v. United States, describing the recited factual foundations of the Court’s ruling (along with the dissenters’ sharp counterpoints) and detailing the Court’s announced strict scrutiny standard alongside its actual extremely deferential judicial review. In closely examining the Japanese American internment (exclusion and incarceration) case, it concisely examines the documents and written and oral arguments about military necessity advanced by the government (and accepted by the Court majority), along with Justice Murphy’s factual rejoinders and condemnation of the majority’s complicity in the government’s descent into “the ugly abyss of racism.” It closes by examining Justice Jackson’s Korematsu “loaded weapon” warning, along with contemporary views of the warning’s relevance.
Listening to Bach
Authors: Melamed Daniel R.
Published: April 2018

Modern audiences can learn to listen to Johann Sebastian Bach’s Mass in B Minor BWV 232 and Christmas Oratorio BWV 248 in ways that reflect eighteenth-century sensibilities and that recognize our place in the tradition of the works’ performance and interpretation. The sacred music of Bach’s time recognized both old and new styles. In the Mass in B Minor, Bach contrasts, combines, and reconciles them to make a musical point. Listeners can also learn to hear musical types and musical topics that were significant in the eighteenth century, including sleep arias, love duets, and secular choral arias, and how Bach put these types to use. A sensitivity to musical style also offers ways to listen to and think about music created by parody—the reuse of music with new words—like almost all of the Mass in B Minor and most of the Christmas Oratorio. Parody, though interesting, is almost never audible and is of little consequence compared with what listening tells us about a piece. Modern performances are stamped with audible consequences of our place in the twenty-first century. The ideological choices we make in performing the Mass and the Oratorio, the present-day way of performing the Christmas work in relation to the calendar, and the legacy of reception and interpretation have all affected the way his music is understood and heard today.
Listening to the Christmas Oratorio with a Calendar
Authors: Melamed Daniel R.
Published: April 2018

Johann Sebastian Bach’s Christmas Oratorio has six parts that Bach performed on six days from Christmas to Epiphany. We usually experience it as a unified work, and Bach considered it one, but in some ways, its designation as a single oratorio was more conceptual than real. Our best tool for understanding the Oratorio’s original context might be a calendar. The work’s place in the church year helps us understand its construction and scoring, stimulates our thinking about the independence of its parts, and aids in examining the musical elements that make it a unified work. Despite modern attempts to invent a tradition of multiday Christmas pieces stretching back to the seventeenth century, there was no such tradition. Bach’s model was a central German practice of Passion settings spread over days or weeks. Bach could not present a Passion this way, but that was evidently his inspiration for the Christmas Oratorio.
The Christmas Oratorio in the Shadow of Bach’s Passions
Authors: Melamed Daniel R.
Published: April 2018

The Christmas Oratorio has consistently been in the shadow of Johann Sebastian Bach’s Passion settings. This was ordained by the context of the work’s revival after the St. Matthew and St. John Passions and by Bach’s image established by nineteenth-century performance and understanding of those works. Commentators apologized for the Oratorio’s lighter tone and addressed its problematic parody origin in secular music. Almost all of the Oratorio’s arias and choruses were adapted from older music, and commentators claimed in the early and mid-twentieth century that some gospel choruses were also based on older music. The hypothesis is unsupported by evidence and is actually ideological. It is entwined with a scholarly and practical obsession with Bach’s lost St. Mark Passion and the futile search for its recovery. And it is tied disturbingly to stereotypes of Jews and their musical depiction, an unsettling legacy of interpretation that we need to confront.
The Quality of Justice
Authors: Orentlicher Diane
Published: April 2018

The author’s interviews with Bosnians generated a lengthy catalogue of frustrations with the performance of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). Notably, Bosnian criticisms of the ICTY’s performance are widely echoed by international scholars and practitioners. Yet Bosnians who were interviewed, particularly Bosniaks (Muslims), are overwhelmingly glad the Tribunal was created because it provided justice, however flawed, for atrocious crimes. This chapter elucidates performance-related sources of Bosnians’ satisfaction with the ICTY on the one hand, such as landmark judgments, and disappointments on the other hand, including sentencing patterns and controversial verdicts. The chapter’s findings offer myriad practical lessons for other war crimes tribunals.
Denial and Acknowledgment in Serbia
Authors: Orentlicher Diane
Published: April 2018

A paramount hope of Serbians who supported the ICTY was that its judgments would convince Serbian society that Serbs committed mass atrocities with extensive support from the Serbian government, and would persuade Serbia’s citizens and government to condemn those crimes unequivocally. During the first five or six years following the collapse of the Milošević regime, there was palpable progress in this sphere, a trend many Serbians believe the ICTY influenced. More recent years have, however, seen a rise in denialism. This chapter explores factors that account for each of these trends. Its conclusions reflect the rich insights of Serbians who administered periodic public opinion surveys, as well as social science research illuminating dynamics behind entrenched yet false beliefs, such as confirmation biases, motivated reasoning, social identity, heuristics, and framing effects.
Rights, History, Critique
Authors: Koskenniemi Martti
Published: April 2018

Rights are an inextricable part of contemporary domestic and international legal speech. They appear in political manifestoes and professional vocabularies and they are used to defend agendas of reform and retrenchment alike. The idiom of (subjective) rights has a long pedigree in Western legal and political thought. But its content and significance have varied by reference to the needs of the moment. Recently, efforts have been made to contextualize the use of rights as part of Western politics and law. This suggests viewing the expansion of rights-talk as inextricable from the globalization of Western political ideas and the universalization of typical Western preferences. This chapter examines some of those uses. The idea is not to find the “origin” of rights (for there is no such single origin) but to enquire into the meaning, power, and limits of a ubiquitous form of politico-legal speech.
Human Rights and Justification
Authors: Besson Samantha
Published: April 2018

In this reply the author argues that the three features of the global human rights practice identified in Kumm’s chapter are more ambivalent and therefore more difficult to account for in one single theory of human rights than the chapter seems to argue. Human rights are both limited in content and object as well as potentially unlimited in scope; they are at the same time prone and resistant to trade-offs; and they are both universal and local in justification. While it is true that human rights are justificatory through and through, this is only one of their many specificities in terms of judicial reasoning, and it does not help much in understanding these three dual features of human rights.