bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Renewable Horizons: Solar Power and Dairy Industry in India
Authors: Vekariya Yogeshkumar , Chopde Santosh , Kathiriya Mital , Halder Kumaresh
Published: April 2024

Renewable energy is energy obtained from sources that are essentially inexhaustible such as wind power, solar power, geothermal energy, tidal power, bio-energy and hydropower. It is also known as non-conventional energy. Harnessing renewable energy offers numerous environmental benefits, including mitigating climate change, reducing air pollution, conserving natural resources, and enhancing energy security by diversifying energy sources. Solar resources are available in every country and both Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) and Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) technologies can be used to convert solar resource into electricity. SPV can use both direct and diffuse sunlight to generate power, while CSP relies on direct sunlight, restricting its deployment to areas with high Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI). Mandatory demand supported with higher subsidies for green technologies will positively attracts dairies towards use of solar energy. In many villages, power cut hinders the reception of milk from milk producers as electronic weighing system and milk testing instruments require uninterrupted power supply. solar-powered dairy operations offer resilience against power outages and fluctuating energy costs, empowering farmers with greater control over their operations. As the Indian dairy industry embraces solar power, it not only secures a greener future but also fosters economic growth and energy access in rural communities, marking a significant stride towards sustainability and self-sufficiency.
Analyzing Water Quality and Consumer Perceptions at Refill Stations in Guyana: Mixed-Methods Analysis
Authors: Boston Cecil , Kurup Rajini , Beckles Denise
Published: April 2024

Aim: Water refill stations continue to be a means of providing safe and affordable drinking water. However, due to the growing number of water refill stations, there have been concerns regarding the water quality and voluntary compliance with the local standard. Therefore, this study sought to comparatively assess the quality of potable water from selected water refill stations in an urban and rural community and to understand purchaser’s attitudes and practices towards water refill stations.
Methodology: The study included six (6) water refill stations and 612 randomly selected purchasers and was conducted from January to May 2022. The water samples were collected at various times and on different days of the week. Data was collected using a pretested interview schedule, observational checklist, and purchaser questionnaire.  A p-value of ≤0.05 was used to determine statistical significance.
Results: The results showed that only 50% of the refill stations avail themselves of any form of water quality testing. Moreover, water refill stations within the urban community showed more voluntary compliance with the local standard. A significant association of water quality parameters was seen in pH (0.00), turbidity (0.04), iron (0.01), and aluminum (0.000). There were also notable differences within the means of total dissolved solids (Urban (44.1)-Rural (50.7) and total coliform Urban (18.6) Rural (2.1). There were generally good attitudes and practices among purchasers with sex (0.05), education (0.00), and ethnicity (0.03) showing significant association.
Conclusion: In conclusion, while the framework exists, though voluntary, for water refill stations to operate, there are concerns surrounding the quality of refill water. Several water quality parameters were out of range which justifies quality concerns. Nevertheless, water refill stations within the urban community had fewer violations as compared to those in the rural community. Purchasers were noted as having good attitudes and practices towards refill water and water refill stations.
A Review on Effect of Organic Conditioner on Physico-chemical and Microbiological Properties of Soil
Authors: Naskar Sagnik , Kumari Manju , Anvesha .
Published: April 2024

The unbalanced use of chemical fertilizers has caused adverse effects on the environment and human health, which has raised the focus on environmentally friendly agricultural techniques for sustainable farming globally. The article investigates the effects of organic conditioners on the physical, chemical, and microbiological characteristics of soil, with focus on liquid organic conditioners such Panchagavya, Jeevamruth, and Beejamruth. In order to purify agricultural fields, the necessity of organic agriculture methods that are both commercially and environmentally feasible is emphasized. The advantages of applying Soil conditioners are explained, including increased crop production, quality, affordability, and safety for the environment in addition to increases in soil health, fertility, and pest resistance. An overview of the basic principles of liquid organic manures is provided, with a focus on their ability to release nutrients, stimulate microbial activity, and facilitate plant absorption. The review discusses how organic conditioners might improve the biological characteristics of soil, such as the presence of chemicals that promote plant growth and helpful microbes. Liquid organic manure adoption is essential for healthy ecosystems, sustainable agriculture, and increased soil fertility and productivity. Because liquid organic manures may be applied in a variety of ways and used as soil drenches, foliar sprays, and seedling treatments, they are a crucial part of environmentally friendly farming methods. It is advised to combine liquid and solid organic manures to reduce negative effects and guarantee a robust and fruitful farming environment.
Evaluation of the Effects of Nutrient Omissions on the Growth and Seed Yield of Two Castor Plant Varieties in Southwest Nigeria
Authors: Oladejo Kolawole, Gani , Omolola Adejinle, Folake , Adedayo Adesina
Published: April 2024

Purpose: This pot experiment determined the critical nutrient elements for improved performance of two castor varieties in the study area.
Methods: Two castor plant varieties; Indian Brown (IB) and Brazilian White (BW) were raised using ten nutrient types; 120 kg N, 50 kg P, 60 kg K, 10 kg Mo, 5 kg Zn, 2.5 kg Cu, 3 kg Fe and 5 kg Bo all in kg/ha as full nutrient (FN) with omissions of each of the element from FN and the control (no amendment) between August 2021 and January 2022 at Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria. Data were collected on Plant Height (PH), Stem Girth (SG), Number of Capsules (NC) and Seed Weight (SW).
Results: The IB produced taller (71.0 cm) plants and higher SW (16.9 g/plant) compared to BW with respective values of 57.6 cm and 12.5 g/plant. At 16 weeks after sowing, the full nutrient produced the thickest stem (57.1 mm) while the omission of nitrogen produced the thinnest stem (47.9 mm). The omission of zinc produced the highest NC (30) while the omission of nitrogen (17) and boron (14) produced lowest NC. Omission of potassium produced highest SW (20.3 g/plant), while omission of nitrogen (12.5 g/plant), phosphorus (13.0 g/plant) and boron (11.3 g/plant) produced lowest SW.
Conclusions: IB should be the choice variety over BW while nitrogen, phosphorus and boron are critical nutrient elements for its improved performance in the study area.
Nursing of Children with Incomplete Kawasaki Disease
Authors: Hu Yuandou , Pan Yan
Published: April 2024

Objective: To explore how to care for incomplete Kawasaki disease (IKD).

Methods: To study the nursing of IKD caused by coronary artery disease by referring to relevant literature. Through the analysis of the existing domestic and foreign literature, it is found that correct and timely nursing plays a vital role in the treatment of IKD.

Results: Clinical practice showed that timely and effective nursing measures are the important means to treat IKD. Eye care, skin care, and fever care can reduce the pain caused by this disease.

Conclusion: Correct, effective and timely nursing measures play an important role in the treatment of IKD.
Effect of Different Doses of Herbicides on Growth and Yield in Maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Singh Shivendra , Yadav Ram Ashish , Prajapati Sunil Kumar , Kumar Pradeep , Gangwar Parthik , Sachan Prashun , Khan Naushad
Published: April 2024

A field experiment was conducted at Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur during Kharif season of 2021, to evaluate effect of different doses of Mesotrione 2.27% w/w + Atrazine 22.7% w/w SC on growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.). The experiment was laid down in the Randomized block design with ten treatments which was replicated three times. At 45, 60 and 90 DAS among different herbicidal treatments maximum plant height was observed in Mesotrione 2.27% w/w + Atrazine 22.7% w/w SC) @ 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1. Among the herbicidal treatments, highest cob length (15.67 cm), grain rows per cob (13.26), grains per row (26.93) and grains per cob (370.83) was observed in the treatment T4 (Mesotrione 2.27% w/w + Atrazine 22.7% w/w SC) @ 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1) followed by treatment T3 (Mesotrione 2.27% w/w + Atrazine 22.7% w/w SC) @ 0.875 kg a.i. ha-1). Data from experiment revealed that significantly highest grain yield was recorded in weed free plot (35.65 q ha-1). While among herbicidal treatments, application of Mesotrione 2.27% w/w + Atrazine 22.7% w/w SC @ 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 (35.18) resulted in significantly higher grain yield followed by (T3) Mesotrione 2.27% w/w + Atrazine 22.7% w/w SC @ 0.875 kg a.i. ha-1 (34.38 q ha-1). Among all the treatments all the parameters of crop growth and yield was highest in the weed free treatment (T9).
Estudo Prospectivo sobre o Potencial Uso do Cacau no Setor de Cosméticos: análise das tendências atuais para PD&I
Authors: Reis Rafael Miranda Carvalho dos , Pereira Neila de Paula , Rabêlo Olivan da Silva
Published: April 2024

Foi realizado um estudo para prospectar a patenteabilidade de produtos cosméticos contendo insumos derivados do cacau nos últimos 20 anos. A consideração das propriedades bioativas antioxidantes do cacau discutidas na literatura foi um fator relevante na escolha dos códigos de classificação de patentes. A pesquisa foi direcionada para obter informações sobre as principais tendências da aplicabilidade do cacau em formulações cosméticas e foi conduzida utilizando a base de dados do Orbit Intelligence. No total, foram identificados 1.321 documentos de patentes no escopo do estudo (universo), incluindo patentes "vivas" e "mortas". O ano de 2016 apresentou o maior número de documentos, e as empresas L’Oréal e Shiseido se destacaram com o maior número de famílias de patentes (28 famílias). As tecnologias e aplicações do cacau no setor são amplas e versáteis, sendo a manteiga de cacau o insumo de maior aplicação.
Correlation equation for predicting filter coefficient under unfavorable deposition conditions
Authors: Chang You‐Im , Chan Hsun‐Chih
Published: March 2008

A new correlation equation for predicting the filter coefficient under unfavorable deposition conditions is presented. By adopting the triangular network model of using the Brownian dynamic simulation method, as the sum of four individual deposition mechanisms, e.g., the Brownian diffusion, the DLVO interactions, the gravitational force, and the interception, the correlation equation is obtained by regressing against a broad range of parameter values governing particle deposition in deep bed filtration. The new correlation equation is able to describe previous experimental results well, especially for those submicro particles with significant Brownian motion behavior. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
A virtual classroom for information technology in construction
Authors: Rebolj Danijel , Menzel Karsten , Dinevski Dejan
Published: March 2008

The paper describes a new postgraduate program called “ITC‐Euromaster.” It briefly outlines the development process, explains the content of the program, the methodological and didactic approach and the learning environment. The paper concludes with the first experiences in delivering the courses of the new program. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 16: 105–114, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20129
Comprehensive gearbox design using expert system techniques
Authors: Başak Hüdayim , Taşkesen Ahmet
Published: March 2008

In this study, a computer aided design (CAD) software is developed in order to design various gearboxes under several conditions, to draw detailed assembly drawings and to carry out comprehensive gearbox analysis. An expert system computer language, VisualLISP, is used for this purpose. With the developed software, gear designs and shaft analysis can be carried out by using necessary parameters for the gear box. Certain detailed analyses such as rolling bearing selection and gearbox volume determination are realized by the expert system techniques. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 16: 157–164, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20132
A Structural Model of the Membrane‐Bound Aromatic Prenyltransferase UbiA from E. coli
Authors: Bräuer Lars , Brandt Wolfgang , Schulze Diana , Zakharova Svetlana , Wessjohann Ludger
Published: March 2008

The membrane‐bound enzyme 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid oligoprenyltransferase (ubiA) from E. coli is crucial for the production of ubiquinone, the essential electron carrier in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. On the basis of previous modeling analyses, amino acids identified as important in two putative active sites (1 and 2) were selectively mutated. All mutants but one lost their ability to form geranylated hydroxybenzoate, irrespective of their being from active site 1 or 2. This suggests either that the two active sites are interrelated or that they are in fact only one site. With the aid of the experimental results and a new structure‐based classification of prenylating enzymes, a relevant 3D model could be developed by threading. The new model explains the substrate specificities and is in complete agreement with the results of site‐directed mutagenesis. The high similarity of the active fold of UbiA‐transferase to that of 5‐epi‐aristolochene synthase (Nicotiana tabacum), despite a low homology, allows a hypothesis on a convergent evolution of these enzymes to be formed.
Molecular Recognition of Small‐Cell Lung Cancer Cells Using Aptamers
Authors: Chen Hui William , Medley Colin D. , Sefah Kwame , Shangguan Dihua , Tang Zhiwen , Meng Ling , Smith Josh E. , Tan Weihong
Published: March 2008

Early diagnosis is the way to improve the rate of lung cancer survival, but is almost impossible today due to the lack of molecular probes that recognize lung cancer cells sensitively and selectively. We developed a new aptamer approach for the recognition of specific small‐cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell‐surface molecular markers. Our approach relies on cell‐based systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (cell‐SELEX) to evolve aptamers for whole live cells that express a variety of surface markers representing molecular differences among cancer cells. When applied to different lung cancer cells including those from patient samples, these aptamers bind to SCLC cells with high affinity and specificity in various assay formats. When conjugated with magnetic and fluorescent nanoparticles, the aptamer nanoconjugates could effectively extract SCLC cells from mixed cell media for isolation, enrichment, and sensitive detection. These studies demonstrate the potential of the aptamer approach for early lung cancer detection.
Surgical versus radiographic determination of para‐aortic lymph node metastases before chemoradiation for locally advanced cervical carcinoma
Authors: Gold Michael A. , Tian Chunqiao , Whitney Charles W. , Rose Peter G. , Lanciano Rachelle
Published: March 2008

BACKGROUND

Patients with cervical cancer who had negative para‐aortic lymph nodes (PALNs) identified by pretreatment surgical staging were compared with patients who had only radiographic exclusion of PALN metastases before they received treatment with pelvic radiation and brachytherapy (RT) plus cisplatin (C)‐based chemotherapy.

METHODS

Patients who participated in 1 of 3 Phase III Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) trials (GOG 85, GOG 120, and GOG 165) and who were assigned randomly to receive either RT plus C or RT plus C combined with 5‐fluorouracil with or without hydroxyurea comprised this retrospective analysis. Patients who had negative PALN status determined by surgical sampling (mandatory in GOG 85 and GOG 120 and optional in GOG 165) were compared with patients who had negative PALN status determined radiographically (GOG 165).

RESULTS

Five hundred fifty‐five patients underwent surgical PALN sampling (the S group), and 130 patients underwent radiographic evaluation only (the R group). Age, race, histology, and tumor grade were similar. Patients in the R group had better performance status (P < .01), less advanced stage (P = .023), and smaller tumor size (P = .004) compared with patients in the S group, although patients with stage III and IV disease in the S group had better 4‐year progression‐free survival (48.9% vs 36.3%) and overall survival (54.3% vs 40%) compared with patients in the R group. In multivariate analysis, the R group was associated independently with a poorer prognosis compared with the S group (for disease progression: hazard ratio [HR], 1.35, 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.01–1.81; for death: HR, 1.46, 95% CI, 1.08–1.99).

CONCLUSIONS

Surgical exclusion (compared with radiographic exclusion) of positive PALNs in patients with cervical cancer who received chemoradiation (RT plus C‐based chemotherapy) had a significant prognostic impact. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Efficacy of stereotactic radiosurgery as a salvage treatment for recurrent malignant gliomas
Authors: Kong Doo‐Sik , Lee Jung‐Il , Park Kwan , Kim Jong Hyun , Lim Do‐Hoon , Nam Do‐Hyun
Published: March 2008

BACKGROUND

The objective of this prospective cohort study was to determine the efficacy of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) as a salvage treatment in patients with recurrent malignant gliomas.

METHODS

Between January 2000 and December 2006, 114 consecutive patients were treated with SRS as a salvage treatment for recurrent malignant gliomas at a single institution. Clinical outcome and its prognostic factors were analyzed and compared with the historical control group who were treated at the same institution between 1995 and 1999.

RESULTS

The median overall survival from the time of diagnosis was 37.5 months (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 11.7–63.2 months) for patients with grade 3 gliomas (according to World Health Organization criteria) and was 23months (95% CI, 16.2–29.3 months) for patients with glioblastomas. The median progression‐free survival after SRS was 8.6 months (95% CI, 1.1–16.2 months) for patients with grade 3 gliomas and 4.6 months for patients with glioblastomas (95% CI, 4.0–5.2 months). With regard to treatment‐related complications, radiation‐induced necrosis was observed in 22 of 114 patients (24.4%). Compared with this historic control group, SRS significantly prolonged survival as a salvage treatment in patients with recurrent glioblastomas (23 months vs 12 months; P < .0001), but it was not found to provide a significant surgical benefit in patients with recurrent grade 3 gliomas (37.5 months vs 26 months; P = .789). On univariate analysis of prognostic factors, tumor volume (<10 mL) and low histologic grade were found to significantly influence better survival (P = .009 and P = .041, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

SRS is a safe and effective modality in selected patients with recurrent small‐sized glioblastomas. However, the efficacy of SRS for recurrent grade 3 gliomas needs to be further evaluated in well‐designed clinical studies. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Experience with 31 sentinel lymph node biopsies for sarcomas and carcinomas in pediatric patients
Authors: Kayton Mark L. , Delgado Ruby , Busam Klaus , Cody Hiram S. , Athanasian Edward A. , Coit Daniel , La Quaglia Michael P.
Published: March 2008

BACKGROUND

Few data exist regarding techniques, indications, and outcomes for sentinel lymph node biopsy in pediatric patients with sarcomas and carcinomas.

METHODS

A retrospective 10‐year review was conducted, with Institutional Review Board waiver, of the pathology, lymphoscintigraphy, and clinical records for all pediatric patients selected to undergo sentinel lymph node biopsy at a major cancer center.

RESULTS

Thirty‐one sentinel lymph node biopsies were performed in 30 pediatric patients (median age, 12 years; range, 2–21 years). With the administration of technetium 99m sulfur colloid, sentinel lymph nodes were identified preoperatively in 30 of 31 cases, and intraoperatively in the remaining case. Radiotracer alone was used in 13 of 31 cases but was supplemented with isosulfan blue dye in the remaining 18 cases. There were no complications. Positive sentinel lymph nodes occurred in 1 of 9 patients with rhabdomyosarcoma and in 2 of 5 patients with breast cancer, and in both of these diseases the sentinel lymph node results helped guide treatment decisions. No other patients had positive sentinel lymph nodes, and among those with nonrhabdomyosarcoma soft‐tissue sarcomas there were no lymph node basin recurrences despite a lack of lymph node basin irradiation or formal lymph node dissection. The median follow‐up was 48 months (range, 0‐111 months).

CONCLUSIONS

Sentinel lymph node biopsy for pediatric soft‐tissue tumors can be performed safely, and the results can alter treatment decisions both for children with rhabdomyosarcoma and adolescents with breast cancer. In patients with nonrhabdomyosarcoma soft‐tissue sarcoma, we observed no positive sentinel lymph nodes and no lymph node basin recurrences; these data should prompt the prospective study of sentinel lymph node biopsy as a modality that might help guide the administration or withholding of regional therapy among pediatric patients with nonrhabdomyosarcoma soft‐tissue sarcoma. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Neoadjuvant therapy for soft tissue sarcomas
Authors: Scoggins Charles R.
Published: March 2008

Despite advances in surgery and radiotherapy, patients continue to die from soft tissue sarcoma. An editorial is offered that discusses the impact of continued research into these challenging cancers.
Trigonal‐Pyramidal Tetra‐Sandwich Complexes as 3D NLOphores
Authors: Steffens Stefan , Prosenc Marc H. , Heck Jürgen , Asselberghs Inge , Clays Koen
Published: March 2008

The Negishi cross‐coupling reaction of 1,3,5‐trihalobenzene with ferrocenyl‐ and ruthenocenyllithium, yields the corresponding 1,3,5‐trimetallocenylated benzene derivatives in good yield, when 1,3,5‐triiodobenzene is used. In a subsequent stacking reaction with the cationic (η5‐cyclopentadienyl)ruthenium(II) and (η5‐pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)ruthenium(II) half‐sandwich complexes to the centralbenzene ring, the trigonal‐pyramidal tetra‐sandwich complexes (η5‐cyclopentadienyl)(η6‐1,3,5‐triferrocenylbenzene)ruthenium(II) hexafluorophosphate (4), (η5‐pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)(η6‐1,3,5‐triferrocenylbenzene)ruthenium(II) hexafluorophosphate (5) and (η5‐cyclopentadienyl)(η6‐1,3,5‐triruthenocenylbenzene)ruthenium(II) hexafluorophosphate (6) are formed. X‐ray structure analyses of the complexes 4 and 6 confirm the trigonal‐pyramidal architecture composed of four sandwich units. Cyclic voltammetric studies of the ferrocenyl‐containing complexes 4 and 5 reveal only one reversible redox couple with a peak separation of ΔEp < 80 mV, demonstrating a negligible mutual electronic influence of the ferrocenes in all meta positions. The positive charge of the central sandwich cation shifts the oxidation potential anodically to +186(5) and +154(5) mV vs. ferrocene/ferrocenium for 4 and 5, respectively. Based on a charge/NMR shift correlation, the charge flow from the metallocenes to the central sandwich unit can be calculated. Concerning the second harmonic generation (SHG), 4 demonstrates a larger first hyperpolarizability β than the all‐ruthenium congener 6 due to the better electron‐donating properties of the ferrocene substituents. The structural data, the redox behaviour and the experimentally obtained charge flow from the donor to the acceptor units are in good agreement with the results of corresponding DFT calculations. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Donor and ate‐Coordination in Rare‐Earth Metal Bis(dimethylsilyl)amide Complexes
Authors: Meermann Christian , Gerstberger Gisela , Spiegler Michael , Törnroos Karl W. , Anwander Reiner
Published: March 2008

Complete thf donor exchange is observed when complexes Ln[N(SiHMe2)2]3(thf)2 (Ln = La, Nd) are treated with the monofunctional donor molecules triphenylphosphane oxide, N‐methylimidazole, and 1,3‐dimethylimidazolin‐2‐ylidene. The resulting complexes Ln[N(SiHMe2)2]3(donor)2 exhibit a trigonal‐bipyramidal coordination geometry with the donor molecules located in the apical positions. Bifunctional chelating donors 1,10‐phenanthroline, 1,2‐bis(dimethylphosphanyl)ethane, and N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine give discrete complexes Ln[N(SiHMe2)2]3(phen) (Ln = Sc, La, Nd), Nd[N(SiHMe2)2]3(dmpe), and La[N(SiHMe2)2]3(tmeda). The phen adducts are isostructural as demonstrated for the large Nd3+ and small Sc3+ centers by X‐ray structure analyses and display a distorted square‐pyramidal coordination geometry in the solid state. The distinct coordination of various donor molecules implies subtle changes of the Si–H bonding which can be straightforwardly examined by NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. Ate complex {Y[N(SiHMe2)2]4Li}2 can be isolated and crystallized from Y(OTf)3–Li[N(SiHMe2)2]–hexane reaction mixtures. Dimerization is accomplished by unusual intermolecular Li···H–Si interactions.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Changes in sialylation of low‐density lipoprotein in coronary artery disease
Authors: Goodarzi Mohammad Taghi , Rezaei Mohsen , Moadel Esmaeil , Homayounfar Shahram , Safari Mohammad Reza
Published: March 2008

Reduction of LDL sialylation may correlate with coronary artery disease (CAD), but the details of this modification and its effect on CAD are not well studied. This study was aimed to show desialylation of LDL and to reveal more details of this modification. Blood samples were collected from 16 patients with CAD and 25 healthy individuals. Serum sialic acid was determined. LDL was extracted from all samples, and the interaction of the extracted materials with lectins (MAA, SNA, and DSA) was studied using the lectin blotting method. Serum total sialic acid (TSA) concentrations in CAD patients and healthy individuals were 71.9 ± 2.66 and 60.76 ± 2.34 mg/dL, respectively, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (p <0.001). The intensity of interaction of extracted LDL with SNA and MAA lectins was lower in CAD patients compared to that in normal subjects (p <0.001). The intensity of interaction of LDL with DSA was higher in CAD (p <0.001). There was a reverse correlation between TSA and intensity of LDL interaction with SNA and MAA in both groups, but in the case of DSA this correlation was direct and positive. These findings indicated an increase in desialylation of LDL in CAD. It was concluded that LDL was subjected to glycosylation changes in CAD and that there was a positive correlation between TSA and the desialylated form of LDL. This modification may contribute to the pathogenesis of CAD.
The effect of phytosterol concentration on oxidative stability and thermal polymerization of heated oils
Authors: Winkler Jill K. , Warner Kathleen
Published: March 2008

This study determined the effect of adding mixed phytosterols, at various concentrations, on the thermal polymerization and oxidative stability index (OSI) of soybean and high‐oleic sunflower oils. The indigenous tocopherols and phytosterols were removed from the oils by molecular distillation. Pure phytosterols were added back to these stripped oils at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2.5 wt‐%. These oils were heated at 180 °C, and triacylglycerol dimers and polymers, fatty acid composition, and residual phytosterols were determined. Added phytosterols at 1 and 2.5% significantly decreased thermal polymerization of stripped soybean oil over 8 h. Phytosterols at 2.5% significantly increased polymerization of stripped high‐oleic sunflower oil over 12 h. Added phytosterols did not affect the loss of polyunsaturated fatty acids in either oil. The decomposition of the added phytosterols was followed in both oils during the heating study. The loss of phytosterols in soybean oil ranged from 7 to 13%, while loss in stripped high‐oleic sunflower oil ranged from 13 to 20%. Phytosterols added at 1 and 2.5% significantly decreased the OSI for stripped high‐oleic sunflower oil. This research shows that added phytosterols, especially at higher concentrations, will have an impact on the thermal and oxidative stability of oils.
Do not use the Friedewald formula to calculate LDL‐cholesterol in hypercholesterolaemic rats
Authors: Sanchez‐Muniz Francisco J. , Bastida Sara
Published: March 2008

Reputable calculations such as the Friedewald formula are used extensively to determine LDL‐cholesterol (LDL‐C) values from known total cholesterol, triacylglycerol and HDL‐cholesterol (HDL‐C) levels. To the best of our knowledge, however, the validity of this equation has not yet been confirmed in rats. The aim of the present study is to give some insights as to why this formula must be used carefully in rats, and to find cut‐off points below which this formula can be considered reliable. Sera of 54 rats with different cholesterol, triacylglycerol and HDL‐C levels were tested. LDL was isolated by ultracentrifugation and LDL‐C measured by an enzymatic colorimetric method and compared against LDL‐C obtained by the formula. In rats whose serum cholesterol was <100 mg/dL, or whose HDL‐C constituted ≥75% of total cholesterol, or whose cholesterol/phospholipids ratio was <1, or whose serum did not contain β‐VLDL, LDL‐C obtained by both methods did not significantly differ. Under other conditions, however, and particularly in hypercholesterolaemic rats who did present β‐VLDL, the results clearly show that the Friedewald formula overestimates LDL‐C levels. In conclusion, (VLDL + LDL)‐C instead of VLDL‐C and LDL‐C must be used when ultracentrifugation or other alternative methods are not available to measure LDL‐C in hypercholesterolaemic rats.
Functionalized 2,5‐Dipyridinylpyrroles by Electrochemical Reduction of 3,6‐Dipyridinylpyridazine Precursors
Authors: Bakkali Hicham , Marie Cécile , Ly Akarim , Thobie‐Gautier Christine , Graton Jérôme , Pipelier Muriel , Sengmany Stéphane , Léonel Eric , Nédélec Jean‐Yves , Evain Michel , Dubreuil Didier
Published: March 2008

The ring contraction of pyridinylpyridazine derivatives into the corresponding pyrroles by electrochemical reduction was studied, and the influence of the substituents of the pyridazine precursors on the process is discussed. Cyclic voltammetry studies underlines the electron‐withdrawing or ‐donating effect of the substituent on the pyridazine ring, which determines the reaction pathway of their preparative electrolysis. The ring‐contraction process, with extrusion of nitrogen, proceeds by two subsequent two‐electron, two‐proton processes via a 1,2‐dihydropyridazine intermediate. The latter can either rearrange into an isolable 1,4‐dihydropyridazine or undergo formation of pyrroles by disproportionation or by a second electrochemical reduction involving two‐electrons and two protons. X‐ray structure, fluorescence spectra, and conformational analysis of pyridinylpyrrole sequences supported this study. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Switchable Fluorescent and Solvatochromic Molecular Probes Based on 4‐Amino‐N‐methylphthalimide and a Photochromic Diarylethene
Authors: Yan Sergey F. , Belov Vladimir N. , Bossi Mariano L. , Hell Stefan W.
Published: March 2008

New fluorescent photochromic compounds (1‐H and 1‐Boc) have been synthesized and characterized in different solvents. The fluorescence emission can be switched “on” and “off” with visible light and UV, respectively, by means of the photochromic reaction. The emission wavelength and efficiency strongly depend on the polarity of the solvent. The compounds show a positive solvatochromic effect in the emission maxima, and their fluorescence quantum yield decreases as the solvent's polarity increases (from cyclohexane to dioxane). In solvents more polar than dioxane the emission is too weak and therefore undetectable, and thus 1‐H and 1‐Boc behave as “normal” photochromic compounds. The photochromic reaction is also sensitive to the environment. A decrease of more than an order of magnitude was found for the quantum yield of the colouring reaction (ΦOF→CF) for 1‐H in ethanol compared with cyclohexane, and an about threefold decrease in ΦOF→CF was observed for the compound 1‐Boc in polar solvents (compared with apolar solvents). For both compounds the ring‐opening reaction was found not to dependent on the solvent. The novel fluorescent molecular switches 1‐H and 1‐Boc are able to probe the polarity of their microenvironment. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Crotylation of Aldehydes by Crotyltins: Discrimination between Mechanisms Involving Transmetallation or Simple Lewis Acid Assistance through the Consideration of the Stereochemistry of the Corresponding Homoallylic Alcohols (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 10/2008)
Authors: Fargeas Valérie , Zammattio Françoise , Chrétien Jean‐Mathieu , Bertrand Marie‐Jo , Paris Michaël , Quintard Jean‐Paul
Published: March 2008

The cover picture shows the different pathways that can be involved in the reaction of crotyltins with aldehydes in the presence of metal salts. Depending on the experimental conditions, the crotyltins can isomerize through 1,3‐metallotropy or transmetallate with metal salts. The ratio of E/Z linear homoallylic alcohols and the ratio of syn/anti branched homoallylic alcohols are used to discriminate between these pathways. Details are discussed in the article by F. Zammattio, J.‐P. Quintard et al. on p. 1681 ff..
Dystrophin‐dependent and ‐independent AQP4 pools are expressed in the mouse brain
Authors: Nicchia Grazia Paola , Rossi Andrea , Nudel Uri , Svelto Maria , Frigeri Antonio
Published: March 2008

In a recent study, we demonstrated that in the plasma membrane AQP4 is organized into several distinct large multisubunit complexes. In this study, we analysed whether these pools are similarly affected in dystrophin‐deficient mice and immunolocalized the sites of dystrophin‐dependent and ‐independent AQP4 pools. Western blot performed on two‐dimensional Blue Native/SDS‐PAGE membranes indicated that, among the AQP4 pools, it was mainly a large multisubunit complex that was specifically affected in dystrophin‐deficient mice (DP71 and mdx3cv mice). This dystrophin‐dependent AQP4 pool was immunolocalized in perivascular astrocytes, since it was found to be significantly altered in both types of dystrophin‐deficient mice. Dystrophin‐independent pools were immunolocalized in the granular cell layer of the cerebellum and in the subpial endfoot layer and ependymal cells in the brain. These data provide a better understanding on the association between AQP4 and the dystrophin‐glycoprotein complex in the central nervous system. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sexual dysfunction in schizophrenia: focus on recent evidence
Authors: Baggaley Martin
Published: March 2008

Background

Antipsychotic medications are known to be commonly associated with sexual dysfunction. Sexual dysfunction is estimated to affect 30–80% of patients with schizophrenia and is a major cause of poor quality of life. However, few comparative studies on the sexual dysfunction effects associated with antipsychotic medication have been published and the effects of the newer atypical antipsychotics have been largely unexamined.

Objective

This review aims to examine the latest evidence regarding the sexual function effects of different antipsychotic medications, particularly the newer prolactin‐sparing drugs, quetiapine and aripiprazole, in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective psychosis.

Methods

A literature search was conducted within PubMed/MEDLINE using the terms risperidone, haloperidol, clozapine, olanzapine, ziprasidone, quetiapine, aripiprazole; sexual dysfunction; schizophrenia. The results were limited to studies published since 2002.

Results

Recently published studies show that the relative impact of antipsychotics on sexual dysfunction can be summarised as risperidone > typical antipsychotics (haloperidol) > olanzapine > quetiapine > aripiprazole.

Conclusions

The availability of prolactin‐sparing antipsychotics should enable psychiatrists to consider and manage proactively the sexual function consequences of pharmacological intervention, thereby improving sexual side effects, which may lead to improved treatment adherence and psychiatric outcome in patients with schizophrenia. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐term trend of precipitation and runoff in Korean river basins
Authors: Bae Deg‐Hyo , Jung Il‐Won , Chang Heejun
Published: March 2008

The spatial and temporal variations of precipitation and runoff for 139 basins in South Korea were investigated for 34 years (1968–2001). The Precipitation‐Runoff Modelling System (PRMS) was selected for the assessment of basin hydrologic response to varying climates and physiology. A non‐parametric Mann–Kendall's test and regression analysis are used to detect trends in annual, seasonal, and monthly precipitation and runoff, while Moran's I is adapted to determine the degree of spatial dependence in runoff trend among the basins. The results indicated that the long‐term trends in annual precipitation and runoff were increased in northern regions and decreased in south‐western regions of the study area during the study period. The non‐parametric Mann–Kendall test showed that spring streamflow was decreasing, while summer streamflow was increasing. April precipitation decreased between 15% and 74% for basins located in south‐western part of the Korean peninsula. June precipitation increased between 18% and 180% for the majority of the basins. Trends in seasonal and monthly streamflow show similar patterns compared to trends in precipitation. Decreases in spring runoff are associated with decreases in spring precipitation which, accompanied by rising temperatures, are responsible for reducing soil moisture. The regional patterns of precipitation and runoff changes show a strong to moderate positive spatial autocorrelation, suggesting that there is a high potential for severe spring drought and summer flooding in some parts of Korea if these trends continue in the future. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intake of flavonoids and risk of cancer in Finnish men: The Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study
Authors: Mursu Jaakko , Nurmi Tarja , Tuomainen Tomi‐Pekka , Salonen Jukka T. , Pukkala Eero , Voutilainen Sari
Published: March 2008

Limited amount of evidence suggests that high intake of flavonoids could be associated with decreased risk of lung and colorectal cancer, but more studies are needed. In this prospective cohort study, we assessed the relation between the intakes of 26 flavonoids from 5 subclasses; flavonols, flavones, flavanones, flavan‐3‐ols and anthocyanidins, and the risk of lung, prostate and colorectal cancer. The study population consisted of 2,590 middle‐aged eastern Finnish men of the prospective population‐based Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) Study. The mean intake of flavonoids was 131.0 ± 214.7 mg/day. During the mean follow‐up time of 16.2 years, 62 lung, 138 prostate, and 55 colorectal cancers occurred. All lung cancer cases occurred among either current smokers (n = 50) or previous smokers (n = 12). After adjustment for age, examination years, body mass index, smoking status, pack‐years of smoking, physical activity and intakes of alcohol, total fat, saturated fat, fiber, vitamin C and E, relative risk (RR) for lung cancer was 0.27 (95% CI: 0.11–0.66) for the highest quarter of total flavonoid intake as compared with the lowest quarter. Out of 5 flavonoid subclasses, flavonols and flavan‐3‐ols were associated with lung cancer, for the highest quarter of intake the RR were 0.29 (95% CI: 0.11–0.78) and 0.24 (95% CI: 0.09–0.64), respectively. No association between flavonoid intake and risk of prostate or colorectal cancer were found. We conclude that high intake of flavonoids is associated with decreased risk of lung cancer in middle‐aged Finnish smoking men. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Overcoming imatinib resistance using Src inhibitor CGP76030, Abl inhibitor nilotinib and Abl/Lyn inhibitor INNO‐406 in newly established K562 variants with BCR‐ABL gene amplification
Authors: Morinaga Koji , Yamauchi Takahiro , Kimura Shinya , Maekawa Taira , Ueda Takanori
Published: March 2008

Because imatinib (IM) resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia is primarily caused by the re‐establishment of Abl kinase, new inhibitors may be efficacious. We evaluated 3 new agents against 2 new K562 variants, IM‐R1 and IM‐R2 cells, which were developed having 7‐ and 27‐fold greater IM resistance, respectively, than the parental K562 cells. Both variants possessed BCR‐ABL gene amplification along with elevated levels of its transcript and protein. Greater BCR‐ABL gene amplification was observed in IM‐R2 cells than in IM‐R1 cells, which was consistent with the higher mRNA and protein levels of Bcr‐Abl, and ultimately correlated with the greater IM resistance in IM‐R2 cells. No mutation in the Abl kinase domain was detected in either variant. Despite the absence of Lyn overexpression, the Src kinase inhibitor CGP76030 showed positive cooperability with IM in inhibiting cell growth of not only K562 cells but also these 2 variants. This might be because of the augmented inhibition of Erk1/2 phosphorylation. The new Abl kinase inhibitor nilotinib was 10‐fold more potent than IM in inhibiting the growth of K562 cells. Nilotinib inhibited the growth of IM‐R1 and IM‐R2 cells as potently as K562 cells. The combination of nilotinib with CGP76030 showed little additivity, because the potency of nilotinib masked the efficacy of CGP76030. The new dual Abl/Lyn inhibitor INNO‐406 (formerly NS‐187) was slightly more potent than nilotinib in inhibiting the growth of all 3 cell lines. Because BCR‐ABL gene amplification occurs in blast crisis, these inhibitors might overcome IM resistance in such patients' leukemia. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combination of oncolytic adenovirotherapy and Bax gene therapy in human cancer xenografted models. Potential merits and hurdles for combination therapy
Authors: Hioki Masayoshi , Kagawa Shunsuke , Fujiwara Toshiya , Sakai Ryo , Kojima Toru , Watanabe Yuichi , Hashimoto Yuuri , Uno Futoshi , Tanaka Noriaki , Fujiwara Toshiyoshi
Published: March 2008

Cancer gene therapy and oncolytic virotherapy have been studied extensively. However, their clinical application is hampered by their weak anticancer activity. We previously constructed a replicating adenovirus (OBP‐301, Telomelysin), in which the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) promoter drives expression of the adenoviral E1 genes, and causes selective lysis of human cancer cells. We hypothesized that combination adenoviral therapy containing OBP‐301 and a nonreplicating adenovirus expressing the proapoptotic Bax gene could overcome the weakness and augment the anticancer efficacy of each modality. Combination treatment resulted in marked Bax protein expression and enhanced efficacy in in vitro cell viability assay, when compared with either single treatment. However, combination treatment was not as effective in suppressing both subcutaneous and pleural disseminated tumors compared with OBP‐301 treatment alone. Further investigation revealed that combination treatment resulted in suppressed E1A protein expression associated with reduced viral replication. Our results suggest that Bax gene therapy in combination with oncolytic adenovirotherapy potentially augments their antitumor activity, but further improvements may be required to maximize the combinatorial effect in vivo, for the Bax gene expression to avoid interference with production of the oncolytic virus. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Flexural strength, fatigue life, and stress‐induced phase transformation study of Y‐TZP dental ceramic
Authors: Pittayachawan Piyapanna , McDonald Ailbhe , Young Anne , Knowles Jonathan C.
Published: March 2008

Objectives: Yttria partially‐stabilized zirconia polycrystalline (Y‐TZP) has been the subject of extensive research because of its high strength and toughness. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biaxial flexural strength, fatigue life, and to investigate in more detail on single cycle specimens, the pressure‐induced phase transformation of a Y‐TZP dental ceramic using Raman microspectroscopy. Materials and Methods: Thirty standardized discs (15 × 1.2 mm2) were used to examine the biaxial flexural strength (ISO 6872 standard) using a Dartec HC10 Servohydraulic testing machine (Zwick Ltd., UK). The specimens were also submitted to Vickers hardness (on polished and as‐received surfaces within the same specimen) and dynamic fatigue test. The initial bulk phases were examined via X‐ray diffraction and the local phase transformations that occurred in the zirconia induced by the various Vickers indentation loads (20–50 kg) were examined via Raman microspectroscopy on single cycle specimens. The fracture surface after biaxial flexural testing was also examined via Raman spectroscopy. Results: The Cercon specimens tested had flexural strength and Weibull modulus (m) of ∼823.3 (±114.7) MPa and 8.3, respectively. As‐received surfaces (1378.7 ± 51.8 Hv) had slightly higher hardness value compared with polished surfaces (1354.33 ± 50.9 Hv); however, two‐way analysis of variance showed no significant difference in hardness values between polished and as‐received surfaces (P > 0.05). Additionally, the specimens survived to 5 × 105 cycles when using a load of 70% of the mean biaxial flexural strength or lower. Raman microspectroscopy showed transformation of tetragonal to cubic and monoclinic phases within the indentation area. The fraction of monoclinic phase showed only limited variation with load or distance from the center to indentation edge. The level of cubic phase, however, was greatest at the indentation center. Transformation to cubic phase was observed on the lower surfaces (tension side) of fractured specimens. It was also observed near the specimen center exposed upon fracture. In the latter region an increase in monoclinic phase was additionally observed. Further work will be carried out using Raman microspectroscopy to assess the effect of fatigue on phase transformations. Conclusion: The zirconia based ceramic has mechanical properties that may allow it to withstand the loading found in posterior areas. Transformation toughening was found when high loads impacted on the surface of zirconia. However it should be born in mind that this work was not carried out on veneered specimens, which exhibit different failure modes. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2009