bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Adaptive Learning Technology on Improving Students’ Concept Understanding
Authors: Soelistianto Farida Arinie , Andrasmoro Dony , Yusriati Yusriati , Mardiati Mardiati , Fawait Aldi Bastiatul
Published: September 2024

Adaptive learning technology is an educational method that uses artificial intelligence and computer algorithms. This learning system can manage students’ interaction pattern during learning activities. The use of adaptive learning technology is able to change students from just receiving information to an active and collaborative part in the learning process. This research was conducted with the aim of improving the quality of education in Indonesia by encouraging teachers to use this technology. This research also aims to provide a better understanding of the potential and weaknesses of adaptive learning technology in improving students’ concept understanding as well as providing stronger guidance for curriculum development and better educational practices.  The method used in this research is quantitative method. This method is a way of collecting numerical data that can be tested. Data is collected through the distribution of questionnaires addressed to students. Furthermore, the data that has been collected from the distribution of the questionnaire, will be accessible in Excel format which can then be processed with SPSS. From the results of the study, it can be seen that the impact of using adaptive learning technology shows that adaptive learning technology can improve the quality of education. Research shows that with the use of adaptive learning technology, it can change teaching methods, learning materials, and can find out the level of learning difficulties faced by these students. From this study, researchers can conclude that the impact of using adaptive learning technology, can improve student understanding and achievement and has the potential to improve the quality of education. with the existence of adaptive learning technology, it is able to increase student involvement and motivation in learning, so that student understanding in learning can be achieved well.
Lingkungan Impact Terhadap Disiplin Belajar Siswa
Authors: Tinsiawati Ismail  , Sudirman
Published: September 2024

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah “Untuk mengetahui Pengaruh Lingkungan Belajar Terhadap Disiplin Belajar Siswa Pada Mata Pelajaran IPS Terpadu Di Kelas VIII SMP Negeri 2 Suwawa Kabupaten Bone Bolango Provinsi Gorontalo”. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan metode ex post fakto. Sampel penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas VIII SMP Negeri 2 Suwawa Kabupaten Bone Bolango Provinsi Gorontalo yang berjumlah 51 orang. Teknik pengumpulan data diperoleh dari hasil observasi, kuesioner dan dokumentasi. Kemudian teknik analisis data menggunakan regresi sederhana dengan bantuan program SPSS 23. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa lingkungan belajar berpengaruh positif terhadap disiplin belajar dengan koefisien determinasi sebesar 0.177 atau 17.7%. sisanya 82.3% dipengaruhi oleh faktor lain yang tidak didesain pada penelitian ini.
Stability and change in voluntary and paid work in sports associations over two decades
Authors: Elmose-Østerlund Karsten
Published: September 2024

Four surveys of sports associations form the basis for analyses of 1) the development in voluntary and paid work in the associations over two decades, and 2) the relationship between key characteristics of the associations and voluntary and paid work. Overall, the development in voluntary and paid work in the associations has remained stable in the period. The most significant change is an aging of coaches and leaders over time. Large associations perform better than small ones when it comes to voluntary work and are more likely to hire paid employees. Conversely, old associations and associations in small local areas are less successful when it comes to voluntary work.
Foreningers involvering i at bevare og udvikle lokalsamfund i landdistrikter
Authors: Ibsen Bjarne , Iversen Evald Bundgård
Published: September 2024

Hvor meget involverer foreninger i landdistrikter sig i lokalsamfundets udvikling, og hvad kan forklare forskelle på involvering? Analysen af denne problemstilling bygger på data fra en spørgeskemaundersøgelse i 2022 af alle typer foreninger i fire landkommuner. Analysen, der er inspireret af nyinstitutionel teori, viser, at langt de fleste foreninger involverer sig i opgaver, der har som formål at bevare eller udvikle lokale forhold og institutioner, og foreningerne har også en positiv holdning til at bidrage til udviklingen af lokalsamfundet. Foreningernes involvering i lokalsamfundet afhænger især af lokalsamfundets størrelse, foreningens primære mål samt foreningens størrelse og ressourcer, mens foreningens alder, den kommunale kontekst og den offentlige støtte har lille betydning for involveringen.
Ten quick tips for clinical electroencephalographic (EEG) data acquisition and signal processing
Authors: Cisotto Giulia , Chicco Davide
Published: September 2024

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a medical engineering technique aimed at recording the electric activity of the human brain. Brain signals derived from an EEG device can be processed and analyzed through computers by using digital signal processing, computational statistics, and machine learning techniques, that can lead to scientifically-relevant results and outcomes about how the brain works. In the last decades, the spread of EEG devices and the higher availability of EEG data, of computational resources, and of software packages for electroencephalography analysis has made EEG signal processing easier and faster to perform for any researcher worldwide. This increased ease to carry out computational analyses of EEG data, however, has made it easier to make mistakes, as well. And these mistakes, if unnoticed or treated wrongly, can in turn lead to wrong results or misleading outcomes, with worrisome consequences for patients and for the advancements of the knowledge about human brain. To tackle this problem, we present here our ten quick tips to perform electroencephalography signal processing analyses avoiding common mistakes: a short list of guidelines designed for beginners on what to do, how to do it, and what not to do when analyzing EEG data with a computer. We believe that following our quick recommendations can lead to better, more reliable and more robust results and outcome in clinical neuroscientific research.
Identificação das necessidades, do potencial e de estratégias para aumento da competitividade da lichia no Brasil
Authors: Patino Marco Tulio Ospina , Berti Lívia Nicioli , Pinto Ricardo Soares de Arruda , Simonato Eder
Published: September 2024

A produção e comercialização de frutas exóticas têm atraído a atenção dos mercados de exportação com potencial para crescimento em volume e valor. No entanto,  a lichia (Litchi chinensis) tem enfrentado dificuldades em sua inserção devido a problemas relacionados a diminuição da produção e da comercialização, o nível de preço e a frequência no abastecimento. Diante deste cenário, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar os problemas que afetam a produção e comercialização da lichia no Brasil e propor estratégias para o aumento da competitividade. Foi realizada uma descrição da produção e comercialização da lichia para identificar os atributos presentes nas oportunidades e ameaças, os pontos fortes e fracos (análise SWOT). A partir dessa análise foram definidas quatro estratégias para aumento da competitividade da lichia no Brasil: a) incentivar aumentos na área plantada com lichia; b) promover práticas para aumento da produção, controle de pragas e doenças; c) propor formas de comercialização e industrialização associativas entre os produtores e d) estabelecer mecanismos para atender às demandas dos mercados interno e externo, cada vez mais exigentes.
Efficiency and Performance of Different Fish Marketing Channels in Raichur District of Karnataka, India
Authors: B Prashanth , K. K Shashidhara , Vaishnavi C , Goudappa S B , Reddy B S , A C Sudhakar
Published: September 2024

Agriculture plays a pivotal role in India's economic growth, with fish farming being one of the earliest and most critical methods of food production. Every year the production of fish has been increasing. When compared to the advancements made in fish production, India's fish marketing system is incredibly inadequate and ineffective. Hence this study tried to found efficiency of various fish marketing channels. In various marketing channels, there are several marketing intermediaries. The net returns of fish farmers will vary depending on the number of intermediaries, distance to the marketing location and exports of the commodity. Therefore, out of all the different marketing channels available in their area, farmers must select the most effective one. Hence, to find out the effective marketing channel of Raichur District the study was formulated with 120 fish farmers as respondents who belongs to community based fish farming. Results showed that, majority of the fish producers sold their produce through channel III (69.50%) even though it is less efficient marketing channel than channel I (11.55%) and channel II (18.95%) because of their nearness and convenience. Also the quantity sold was more in the same channel which was around 2876.27 kg of the total production. This research provides valuable insights into the current state of fish marketing in Raichur and offers a foundation for future studies and policy interventions aimed at optimizing the fish farming sector in India.
Teachers’ Motivation in Enhancing Sustainable Management of School Projects: Case of Secondary Schools in Sumbawanga Municipality, Tanzania
Authors: Haule Jordan Nicholaus , Mkude Daniel, J. , Wandela Eugenia
Published: September 2024

The study on Teachers’ Motivation in Enhancing Sustainable Management of School Projects: Case of Secondary Schools in Sumbawanga Mincipality, Tanzania. The study aimed at examining the ways of teacher’s motivation on the sustainable management of the school projects in secondary schools. Specifically the study was conducted around by two specific objectives which were; firstly was to identify kinds of school projects implemented from 2017 up 2023 in Sumbawanga public secondary schools, and second was to propose ways of motivating teachers to enhance sustainability of school project management. The study based on ground of both research approaches which were qualitative and quantitative approaches.  Hierarchy of Needs Theory by Abraham Maslow in 1954 was used to guide the study. The study took place in Rukwa region in Sumbawanga Municipal council. Twelve (12) public secondary schools were involved in the study. The sample size of the study was 234 whereby 12 of the respondents were heads of the school and 222 were ordinary teachers. Data from the respondents were collected using questionnaire, interview and observation. The obtained data were analyzed basing on both quantitative and qualitative information. Quantitative data were analyzed by percentage distribution and presented using table while qualitative data were analyzed by developing categories and subcategories. The findings of the study identified two major aspects that answer the purpose of the study firstly the finding revealed several implemented school projects for the period from 2017-2023 in Sumbawanga municipality; secondly, the findings indicate ways of teachers motivation that are needed to motivate teachers in order teachers to dedicate their effort in managing sustainably the school projects. Basing on the study findings, the study recommended that schools and government should motivate teachers not financially only but, recognition, team working and appreciation can also be used to motivate teachers, so that teachers can manage well the school projects for benefit of the current and future students.
Influential Factors Shaping Farmers Knowledge Levels Regarding Critical Interventions in Dryland Farming in Drought Prone Region of Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Chennamadhava M. , Praveena P. L. R. J. , Lakshmi T. , Reddy P. Maheswara
Published: September 2024

This study was conducted to investigate the profile, knowledge, and adoption of critical interventions among dryland farmers in the Prakasam district of Andhra Pradesh. Ex post facto research design was followed for the study and a sample of 120 dryland farmers were drawn. The research focused on the association between 16 independent variables and dryland farmers' knowledge and adoption of critical interventions in redgram and cotton. The findings revealed that variables such as education, land holding, yield, annual income, extension contact, mass media exposure, information seeking behavior, social participation, credit orientation, risk preference, irrigation status, economic orientation, decision making ability, and cropping pattern were positively and significantly related to knowledge and adoption of critical interventions in both crops. Conversely, age and experience in dryland farming were negatively and significantly related to knowledge and adoption. The independent variables explained 85.20% of the variation in knowledge on critical interventions in redgram, 76.80% in cotton, and 74.70% and 72.80% in the extent of adoption of critical interventions in redgram and cotton, respectively. These findings suggest that addressing these factors can enhance dryland farmers' knowledge and adoption of critical interventions, ultimately improving productivity and sustainability. Specifically, increasing education, land holding, yield, and annual income, and promoting extension contact, mass media exposure, and social participation can positively impact knowledge and adoption. Additionally, improving credit orientation, risk preference, irrigation status, economic orientation, and decision-making ability can also enhance adoption. Conversely, addressing the negative impact of age and experience is crucial. Overall, this study highlights the importance of a comprehensive approach to enhancing dryland farmers' knowledge and adoption of critical interventions.
Isolation of Rhizobium from Moisture Stress Imposed Groundnut Nodules
Authors: Himaja B. , Manjunath M. , Triveni S. , Sharma S. Harish Kumar
Published: September 2024

Groundnut is an important oil seed crop accounts for a less than half of the major oilseeds produced in the country. Oil content of Groundnut varies from 44 % to 50 % depending upon the varieties and agronomic practices. It is also called as ‘king of oil seeds’ More than 85 % of the crop Is grown under rainfed conditions in low fertile soils. Rhizobium is a well-known symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria. Inoculation of Rhizobium improves plant growth, pod kernel and Oil yield. Rhizobium species help in improving root nodulation and nitrogen fixation, enhancing plant growth and yield of leguminous plants including groundnut under moisture stress conditions. Hence the present study is to isolate Rhizobium species from groundnut nodules by following method given by Vincent (1970) after growing them on Yeast Mannitol Agar Media morphological characteristics were studied, which can be further used for improving nodulation efficiency and plant growth promotion under moisture stress conditions.
Suggestion for Farmers to the Adoption of Solar Pumps in Jodhpur District of Rajasthan, India
Authors: Choudhary Divya , Lal Banwari , Choudhary Kamlesh , Yadav Reshma
Published: September 2024

The Jodhpur district of Rajasthan is where the research investigation was conducted. There are seven tehsils in the Rajasthani district of Jodhpur. The two tehsils with the most solar pumps built were Osian and Balesar. Ten villages from each selected tehsil were selected based on which villages would most benefit from solar pumps. Due to their abundance of solar pumps, twenty communities were picked, and among them, one hundred twenty-five (125) responders were chosen. The research paper outlines some recommendations for enhancing the program's management as well as issues farmers ran across when adopting solar pumps. The adoption of solar pumps in agriculture is a promising and sustainable solution to address multiple challenges faced by farmers and the environment. Traditional irrigation methods often rely on fossil fuels or grid electricity, contributing to environmental degradation and high operational costs. Solar pumps, powered by renewable energy, offer a compelling alternative that can enhance agricultural productivity, reduce carbon emissions, and improve the livelihoods of farmers. This article explores the benefits of adopting solar pumps and provides suggestions for their widespread implementation.
Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites of Poultry Chicken Slaughtered and Sold in Uyo Metropolis, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
Authors: L. O. Oriaku, , I. I. Silas, , E. P. Nnanna-Chigozie, , S. X. Inyang, , A. O. Gbadebo, , S. B. Jesse,
Published: September 2024

Gastrointestinal parasites (GIP) are important biological enemies causing poor health in poultry, thereby causing significant reduction in harvest. This study was aimed to assess the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of poultry chickens slaughtered in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State. One hundred and fifty (150) intestinal contents of poultry chickens slaughtered were collected from poultry dressing units in market within Uyo metropolis and kept in polythene bags, and then transported to the Animal and Environmental Biology laboratory of the University of Uyo for analysis. The gizzard, small and large intestine and caeca were assessed for GIP. The method employed in this assessment was Direct Wet Mount following other standard methods. The parasites were analyses by microscopic examination of the fecal smears, thereafter identification of parasite. Five species were encountered in this study: Ascaris galli (32.76%) had the highest, followed by of Eimeria tenella (25.86%), Raillietina tetragona (16.39%) and Histomonas meleagridisis (16.39%). The least was recorded in Heterakis gallinarum (10.34%). Among the 67 (male) and 83 (female) samples, 34.38% and 65.62% respectively recorded positive. Ascaris galli, being the most prevalent was seen in 38 samples and Histomonas meleagridisis (the lowest) was seen in only 12 samples. > 12 weeks age group recorded lowest prevalence (9.3%) while 8-12 weeks had highest (19.30%). This study reveals that 39.12% had single parasitic infection, while mixed had 60.94%. Based on these results, poultry in Uyo farms are affected with gastrointestinal parasitic infection. Therefore, it is recommended that farmer should improve upon their management skills and issues concerning hygiene.
Effects of Native Rhizobia on Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] Production and Soil Properties in Daloa, Center-West of Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Amani Kouadio , Yao Guy Fernand , Fondio Lassina , N’Gbesso Mako François De Paul , Zro Ferdinand Bi , Kouamé Christophe , Konaté Ibrahim
Published: September 2024

The field experiment study was conducted at the experimental station of Jean Lorougnon Guede University in Daloa to evaluate the potential effects of native rhizobia strains on soybean production and soils properties. The experiment was layout in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments include seven native strains, one exotic strain (Bradyrhizobium japonicum IRAT FA3), one synthetic fertilizer NPK 12-22-22 formulation and one negative control (no fertilizer, no inoculation). Agronomic parameters (plant height, plant dry biomass, nodule number plant-1, pod number plant-1, pod weight plant-1, seed yield ha-1) and soil parameters (pH, total nitrogen, orgnanic carbon, organic matter and available phosphorus) were measured. Results showed that all tested native rhizobia enhanced nodules number, plant growth and soybean yield as compared to negative control. Among these native rhizobia, RSC119 and RSC504 induced more nodules than the introduced strain B. japonicum IRAT FA3. RSC119, RSC309 and RSC508 produced more pods and seed yield than the introduced strain B. japonicum IRAT FA3 and the synthetic fertilizer NPK 12-22-22. RSC508 induced the highest pods number plant-1 (102 pods) and seed yield (4.2 t.ha-1). Moreover, these local bacteria had positive effects on soil properties following the soybean’s harvest. Among these bacteria, RSC119 enhanced mostly total nitrogen, organic matter and available phosphorus, then RSC508 significantly reduced soil acidity. This study therefore suggests that local rhizobia are effectiveness and could be use as inoculum to improve soybean productivity and soil properties restoration.
Effect of Sole and Combination of Food Plants on Degumming of Cocoon and Physical Properties of eri (Samia ricini Donovan) Silk Yarn
Authors: Brahma Latika Rani , Saikia Dipankar , Saikia Monimala , Dutta Lohit Ch.
Published: September 2024

The study revealed that castor fed worms registered for maximum yarn yield and size with minimum degumming loss and degumming period followed by kesseru fed worms. Though borpat fed worms registered lower values in respect of yarn yield with higher degumming loss and longer degumming period, the food plants had no significant effect on physical properties of the yarns viz, breaking load, tenacity, elongation percentage and imperfection. Interchange of food plants was found to have a decreasing trend in yarn yield and yarn size than sole food plants, however, there was no significant difference among the interchange combinations of food plants in respect of yarn yield and physical properties of the yarns viz., tenacity, elongation and imperfection.
Assessment of Genetic Diversity for Yield Component Traits and Grain Yield of Blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]
Authors: Yadav Mahesh , Kumari Juhee , Gantait Aishmita , Kumar Vivek , Maxton Ann
Published: September 2024

Due to its high nutritional content and ability to supply a diet rich in protein, pulses hold a special place in Indian agriculture. In contrast to the world's production of cereals, pulses are grown seldom in low-fertile soils under conditions of moisture stress, which eventually hides their actual yield capability due to inadequate management approaches. The current study's objective is to estimate the genetic parameters of 13 yield attributing traits in 20 genotypes of urd bean to choose more yield-contributed characters in urd bean. Number of pods per plant revealed high estimates of PCV, GCV and heritability. In the Metroglyph study, superimposition of genotypes was seen because to the near closeness of two variables used to display the genotypes. In this classification analysis made based on number of pods per plant and harvest index for all the 20 genotypes of urd bean form four complexes.  Out of 20 genotypes, 4 genotypes like IC-331226, IC-261173, IC-385718, and IC-426495 were recorded highest index score and fell into different complex, hence used as parents for getting good combinations for future hybridization programmes.
Incorporating Privacy by Design Principles in the Modification of AI Systems in Preventing Breaches across Multiple Environments, Including Public Cloud, Private Cloud, and On-prem
Authors: Okon Samuel Ufom , Olateju Omobolaji Olufunmilayo , Ogungbemi Olumide Samuel , Joseph Sunday Abayomi , Olisa Anthony Obulor , Olaniyi Oluwaseun Oladeji
Published: September 2024

The rapid integration of artificial intelligence (AI) across various sectors has significantly amplified privacy concerns, particularly with the growing reliance on cloud environments. Existing methods often fall short of effectively preventing privacy breaches due to inadequate risk assessment and mitigation strategies. These limitations highlight the necessity for more robust solutions, indicating the importance of Privacy by Design (PbD) principles. This study addresses these gaps by proposing a comprehensive approach to incorporating PbD principles into AI systems to prevent breaches across public, private, and on-prem environments. The proposed work utilizes logistic regression analysis to identify significant predictors of privacy breaches, revealing that both the environment (B = -1.142, p < .001) and severity of vulnerabilities (B = 0.932, p < .01) play crucial roles. Additionally, a strong positive correlation (r = 0.791) between breach detection rates and PbD effectiveness is observed, indicating the need for enhanced detection mechanisms. To support the empirical findings, this study also reviews existing case studies. It conducts a thematic analysis to provide a deeper understanding of the practical challenges and solutions associated with PbD implementation, particularly in healthcare and smart city applications. These analyses serve to supplement the empirical evidence and demonstrate the effectiveness of PbD over other existing methods. The study concludes that implementing PbD principles is critical for achieving robust privacy protection, and the study recommends prioritizing advanced breach detection mechanisms, comprehensive privacy impact assessments, continuous stakeholder engagement, and investment in privacy-enhancing technologies to address privacy risks effectively.
Nitrogen Fixation
Authors: Newton William E.
Published: December 2015

About 80% of the Earth's atmosphere is made up of nitrogen gas (N2), but nitrogen is most often the limiting nutrient for agricultural productivity, because neither plants nor animals can use it directly. It must first be fixed into either ammonium or nitrate. Only the simplest life forms, bacteria and archaea, can produce ammonium from N2using the enzyme called nitrogenase. N2is also fixed by nonbiological processes, which contribute equally to the total annual fixation rate. In fact, without commercial fertilizers, the human population could not be supported. This article first describes the major industrial processes and their shortcomings, emphasizing the dominant Haber‐Bosch process. Then, an overview of the various biological nitrogen‐fixing systems, both free‐living and symbiotic organisms, focusing on the agriculturally important legume–Rhizobiumsymbiosis is provided. Nitrogenase is detailed and analyzed next with sections on its evolution, biosynthesis, composition and structure, regulation, and catalytic mechanism, the last of which is now beginning to be understood in some detail. The penultimate section describes attempts to duplicate either the reactivity or the structure of nitrogenase in chemical systems, some of which have achieved limited catalytic capability. Finally, the last section attempts to highlight both the important strides made and the problems that remain. These include limiting losses of applied fertilizer to ground water and atmosphere; careful matching of inoculant with cultivar; reducing fossil fuel energy inputs to fertilizer production; manipulating plant colonization and symbiosis development to produce new pairings; and simplifying the biological process for transfer to other organisms.
Biological Effects of Radiofrequency Energy as Related to Health and Safety
Authors: Foster Kenneth R.
Published: December 2015

This article examines biological effects of radiofrequency fields (3 kHz to 300 GHz) with emphasis on potential hazards, specifically effects that a person would perceive as adverse to health and safety. Its approach is tutorial rather than comprehensive, and its perspective follows that of major international exposure limits that were established by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the International Committee on Non‐Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). The main emphasis is on unequivocal effects that are potentially hazardous, which are principally thermal in nature. A concluding section summarizes major areas of controversy. Issues related to electromagnetic compatibility, for example, RF interference with medical devices, are excluded from discussion. Additional sources are included in an annotated bibliography.
Electrowetting Effect: Theory, Modeling, and Applications
Authors: Ni Qi , Crane Nathan B.
Published: December 2015

Electrowetting is a phenomenon in which an electric field at a fluid interface changes the equilibrium interface position. This is generally observed as a quadratic relationship between the applied voltage and the change in the cosine of the apparent contact angle. While the phenomena were first observed more than 100 years ago, until recently, applications were limited by poor reliability. The application of modern materials and manufacturing methods has enabled the fabrication of a wide range of devices that show excellent repeatability. Applications range from focusing lenses to miniature biomedical diagnostics and optical displays. The article reviews the basic electrowetting phenomena, the characteristics of key configurations, and key materials issues in fabricating reliable electrowetting devices. Some practical applications and modeling approaches of the electrowetting phenomena are also reviewed.
Spectral albedo and transmittance of thin young Arctic sea ice
Authors: Taskjelle Torbjørn , Hudson Stephen R. , Granskog Mats A. , Nicolaus Marcel , Lei Ruibo , Gerland Sebastian , Stamnes Jakob J. , Hamre Børge
Published: December 2015

Spectral albedo and transmittance in the range
were measured on three separate dates on less than
thick new Arctic sea ice growing on Kongsfjorden, Svalbard at
,
. Inherent optical properties, including absorption coefficients of particulate and dissolved material, were obtained from ice samples and fed into a radiative transfer model, which was used to analyze spectral albedo and transmittance and to study the influence of clouds and snow on these. Integrated albedo and transmittance for photosynthetically active radiation (
) were in the range 0.17–0.21 and 0.77–0.86, respectively. The average albedo and transmittance of the total solar radiation energy were 0.16 and 0.51, respectively. Values inferred from the model indicate that the ice contained possibly up to 40% brine and only 0.6% bubbles. Angular redistribution of solar radiation by clouds and snow was found to influence both the wavelength‐integrated value and the spectral shape of albedo and transmittance. In particular, local peaks and depressions in the spectral albedo and spectral transmittance were found for wavelengths within atmospheric absorption bands. Simulated and measured transmittance spectra were within 5% for most of the wavelength range, but deviated up to 25% in the vicinity of
, indicating the need for more optical laboratory measurements of pure ice, or improved modeling of brine optical properties in this near‐infrared wavelength region.
Seasonal cycles of O3 in the marine boundary layer: Observation and model simulation comparisons
Authors: Parrish D. D. , Galbally I. E. , Lamarque J.‐F. , Naik V. , Horowitz L. , Shindell D. T. , Oltmans S. J. , Derwent R. , Tanimoto H. , Labuschagne C. , Cupeiro M.
Published: December 2015

We present a two‐step approach for quantitatively comparing modeled and measured seasonal cycles of O3: (1) fitting sine functions to monthly averaged measurements and model results (i.e., deriving a Fourier series expansion of these results) and (2) comparing the phase and amplitude of the statistically significant terms between the models and measurements. Two and only two sine terms are sufficient to quantify the O3 seasonal cycle in the marine boundary layer (MBL) in both the measurements and the model results. In addition to the expected fundamental (one sine cycle per year), a second harmonic term (i.e., two sine cycles per year) is identified as a ubiquitous feature of O3 in the MBL. Three chemistry climate models (Community Atmosphere Model with chemistry, GFDL‐CM3, and GISS‐E2‐R) approximately reproduce many features of the measured seasonal cycles at MBL surface sites throughout the globe, with some notable quantitative disagreements, but give divergent results that do not agree with O3 sonde measurements above the MBL. This disagreement and divergence of results between models indicate that the treatment of the MBL dynamics in the chemistry‐climate models is not adequate to reproduce the isolation of the MBL indicated by the observations. Within the MBL the models more accurately reproduce the second harmonic term than the fundamental term. We attribute the second harmonic term to the second harmonic of opposite phase in the photolysis rate of O3, while the fundamental term evidently has many influences. The parameters derived from the Fourier series expansion of the measurements are quantitative metrics that can serve as the basis for future model‐measurement comparisons.
Causality
Authors: Evandt Øystein , Aalen Odd O.
Published: December 2015

The concept of causality has been essential to the development of science. Aspects of how to establish causal relationships are discussed, including causality and statistics, empirical versus mechanistic causal models, agreement of causal relationships within acceptable margins, and Karl Poppers concept of falsifiability. A few concepts and tools related to causality in quality and reliability are briefly mentioned. Newer developments in causality and statistics are discussed, including counterfactual causality and graphical models based on Bayesian networks. References to important literature on these developments are given, in addition to references to more established knowledge.
Confounder Summary Score
Authors: Greenland Sander
Published: December 2015

Consider an observational study of the effect of a “treatment” variable
X
on an outcome variable
Y
in which multiple confounders must be controlled. Simultaneous stratification on all observed confounder combinations may lead to many uninformative strata (i.e., strata in which there is either no variation in the treatment or no variation in the outcome). The usual method of coping with this problem is to estimate treatment effects from coefficients in a regression model for the dependence of the outcome on the treatment and confounders. Confounder summary scores are alternatives that use fitted models to define strata.
Admixture Mapping
Authors: Basu Analabha
Published: December 2015

Admixture between populations leads to linkage disequilibrium between loci if the allele frequencies are different between populations. One can test whether the linkage disequilibrium is due to linkage or admixture. One can condition the analysis on parental genotype or parental admixture. In the former case, what is scored is whether a haplotype in a parent is transmitted or not to an affected offspring.
Sensitivity Analysis of Computer Models
Authors: Fassò Alessandro
Published: December 2015

Sensitivity analysis (SA) of computer models has been developed over the last decades paralleling the development of massive computer simulations of engineering, chemical, and environmental systems.

Through extensive simulations, global SA is aimed at assessing the importance of each input to the model outputs by means of variance decomposition.

Depending on model complexity and simulation costs, various techniques are available ranging from design of experiments (DOE) to intensive Monte Carlo, metamodeling, and inference.
Dose–Response Modeling of Clustered Data
Authors: Chen James J. , George Ebenezer Olusegun
Published: December 2015

Dose–response modeling is a mathematical/statistical procedure for examining the relationship between the dose level of an exposure to an agent and the probability of an effect (adverse or beneficial) of the exposure on a biological entity. Clustered data refer to a set of correlated responses. Clustered data occur from study designs, such as repeated observations on the same subject or sampling from correlated subsamples. Approaches to dose–response modeling of clustered data may be categorized into parametric, semi‐parametric, nonparametric, Bayesian, and non‐Bayesian, all of which are likelihood‐based quasi‐likelihood procedures and the nonlikelihood‐based generalized estimating equations approach.
Tessellations
Authors: Schoenberg Frederic Paik
Published: December 2015

A
tessellation
is a partition of a space into subregions. Usually these subregions are required to be convex and polygonal, and tessellations of the plane () are more frequently discussed. In addition to the classical Voronoi and Delaunay tessellations, other tessellations are reviewed here, including Johnson–Mehl tessellations, hyperplane tessellations, dead leaves tessellations, Boolean models, and generalized Voronoi tessellations such as weighted Voronoi tessellations and order‐k Voronoi tessellations.
Normal Reference Rule
Authors: Scott David W. , Kosar Robert
Published: December 2015

Many statistical procedures contain meta‐parameters or design parameters that must be specified in order to run. Cross‐validation, simulation, or other advanced algorithms often are invoked to choose those parameters with real data. However, for a preliminary or informal look at data, rules of thumb are often employed in order to start an analysis with the least effort. The most important of these preliminary approaches is thenormal reference rule, which imagines the data are in fact normally distributed and computes the design parameter under that assumption. In this note, we examine the justification for such an assumption and give examples that are in common use.
Quantifying Bulk Electrode Strain and Material Displacement within Lithium Batteries via High‐Speed Operando Tomography and Digital Volume Correlation
Authors: Finegan Donal P. , Tudisco Erika , Scheel Mario , Robinson James B. , Taiwo Oluwadamilola O. , Eastwood David S. , Lee Peter D. , Di Michiel Marco , Bay Brian , Hall Stephen A. , Hinds Gareth , Brett Dan J. L. , Shearing Paul R.
Published: December 2015

Tracking the dynamic morphology of active materials during operation of lithium batteries is essential for identifying causes of performance loss. Digital volume correlation (DVC) is applied to high‐speed operando synchrotron X‐ray computed tomography of a commercial Li/MnO2 primary battery during discharge. Real‐time electrode material displacement is captured in 3D allowing degradation mechanisms such as delamination of the electrode from the current collector and electrode crack formation to be identified. Continuum DVC of consecutive images during discharge is used to quantify local displacements and strains in 3D throughout discharge, facilitating tracking of the progression of swelling due to lithiation within the electrode material in a commercial, spiral‐wound battery during normal operation. Displacement of the rigid current collector and cell materials contribute to severe electrode detachment and crack formation during discharge, which is monitored by a separate DVC approach. Use of time‐lapse X‐ray computed tomography coupled with DVC is thus demonstrated as an effective diagnostic technique to identify causes of performance loss within commercial lithium batteries; this novel approach is expected to guide the development of more effective commercial cell designs.
What to diffuse in a gender‐specific store? The effect of male and female perfumes on customer value and behaviour
Authors: Doucé Lieve , Janssens Wim , Leroi‐Werelds Sara , Streukens Sandra
Published: December 2015

Sensory marketing can be an efficient way to involve consumers in the store environment. Diffusing a pleasant ambient scent that matches with the store setting is often used to create pleasant shopping experiences. The aim of this study is to extend scent marketing research: (i) by examining the effect of pleasant ambient scent on the different dimensions of customer value; and (ii) by exploring whether product‐scent incongruity can have a positive effect on consumer evaluations. A field experiment with 182 participants showed that a pleasant gender‐incongruent ambient perfume positively influences different dimensions of customer value as compared to the absence of a perfume. Moreover, a gender‐incongruent perfume also leads to a more positive evaluation of the play, product excellence, and social dimension of customer value as compared to a gender‐congruent perfume. A pleasant gender‐congruent ambient perfume, on the other hand, only has a positive effect on the aesthetic dimension of customer value as compared to the absence of a perfume. The observed ambient scent effects do not differ between men and women. These results are in contrast with existing literature. However, an explanation for this undocumented effect can be found in the mate attraction theory. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ChemInform Abstract: Structures and Bonding of Auropolyboroenes [Au2(B4)xB3]‐, [Au2(B4)xB2]2‐ and [Au2(B4)xB]+(x = 2, 3): Comparison with Dihydride Polyboroenes.
Authors: Shao Peng , Ding Li‐Ping , Lu Cheng , Cai Jiang‐Tao , Liu Bo , Sun Chang‐Bo
Published: December 2015

Equilibrium structures of title ions are determined by DFT calculations (TPSS with the τ‐dependent gradient‐corrected functional as implemented in the GAUSSIAN09 code).
ChemInform Abstract: Tunable Color and Energy Transfer in Single‐Phase White‐Emitting Ca20Al26Mg3Si3O68 :Ce3+,Dy3+ Phosphors for UV White Light‐Emitting Diodes.
Authors: Yuan Bo , Song Yanhua , Sheng Ye , Zheng Keyan , Zhou Xiuqing , Ma Pingchuan , Xu Xuechun , Zou Haifeng
Published: December 2015

Ca20Al26Mg3Si3O68 :xCe3+,yDy3+ (x = 0.02‐0.12; y = 0‐0.09) phosphors are prepared by solid state reaction of CaCO3, Al2O3, MgO, SiO2, Li2CO3 (as charge compensator for the lanthanoide dopants), CeO2, and Dy2O3 in stoichiometric amounts (corundum crucible, 5% H2/N2, 1400 °C, 2 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Enhancing the Reversibility of Mg/S Battery Chemistry Through Li+ Mediation.
Authors: Noked Malachi , et al.
Published: December 2015

(CF3SO2)2NLi is added to the non‐nucleophilic ((Tms)2N)2Mg electrolyte used in a Mg/S secondary battery system with an activated carbon/sulfur cathode and Mg foil as anode separated by a Whatman glass fiber separator.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Bromination of Unfunctionalized Olefins with H2O as a Nucleophile.
Authors: Zhang Xun , Li Jing , Tian Hua , Shi Yian
Published: December 2015

A dimeric cinchona alkaloid is used to catalyze the enantioselective bromohydroxylation of unactivated olefins, with H2O as nucleophile and N‐bromobenzamide as bromine source.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2,3‐Benzodiazepines and 2,3‐Benzodiazepin‐4‐ones from Arynes and β‐Diketones.
Authors: Okuma Kentaro , Tanabe Yukiko , Nagahora Noriyoshi , Shioji Kosei
Published: December 2015

2,3‐Benzodiazepines are synthesized by two‐step or one‐pot reactions from aryne precursors.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Free Reduction of Aromatic and Aliphatic Nitro Compounds to Amines: A HSiCl3‐Mediated Reaction of Wide General Applicability.
Authors: Orlandi M. , Tosi F. , Bonsignore M. , Benaglia M.
Published: December 2015

A new trichlorosilane‐mediated reduction of both aliphatic and aromatic nitro groups to amines is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Domino Hydrogenation—Reductive Amination of Phenols, a Simple Process to Access Substituted Cyclohexylamines.
Authors: Jumde Varsha R. , Petricci Elena , Petrucci Chiara , Santillo Niccolo , Taddei Maurizio , Vaccaro Luigi
Published: December 2015

The reaction can also be conducted under thermal conditions (not shown) and is mentioned to be amenable to a continuous‐flow production of cyclohexylamines in gram scale.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed C—N Bond Cross‐Coupling of Aryl Halides and Amines in Water in the Presence of Ligand Derived from Oxalyl Dihydrazide: Scope and Limitation.
Authors: Kurandina D. V. , Eliseenkov E. V. , Khaibulova T. S. , Petrov A. A. , Boyarskiy V. P.
Published: December 2015

An efficient and convenient method is described for the copper‐catalyzed C—N bond cross‐coupling of aryl bromides with electron‐donor substituents and aliphatic amines in water.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Catalytic Asymmetric Doubly Vinylogous Michael Addition of α,β‐Unsaturated γ‐Butyrolactams to Dienones.
Authors: Gu Xiaodong , Guo Tingting , Dai Yuanyuan , Franchino Allegra , Fei Jie , Zou Chuncheng , Dixon Darren J. , Ye Jinxing
Published: December 2015

The addition of lactam (II) to sterically congested dienones proceeds with high site‐, diastereo‐, and enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Monoselective o‐C—H Functionalizations of Mandelic Acid and α‐Phenylglycine.
Authors: Dastbaravardeh Navid , Toba Tetsuya , Farmer Marcus E. , Yu Jin‐Quan
Published: December 2015

Diverse and high yielding ortho‐C—H functionalizations of readily available, enantiomerically pure pivaloyl‐protected mandelic acid is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Formaldehyde as Tethering Organocatalyst: Highly Diastereoselective Hydroaminations of Allylic Amines.
Authors: Hesp Colin R. , MacDonald Melissa J. , Zahedi M. Mehdi , Bilodeau Didier A. , Zhao Shu‐Bin , Pesant Marc , Beauchemin Andre M.
Published: December 2015

An efficient approach to 1,2‐diamine motifs via highly diastereoselective intermolecular Cope‐type hydroaminations of allylamines with hydroxylamines is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Unprecedented Transformation of a Directing Group Generated in situ and Its Application in the One‐Pot Synthesis of 2‐Alkenyl Benzonitriles.
Authors: Kumar Ravi , Arigela Rajesh K. , Kundu Bijoy
Published: December 2015

An unprecedented protocol for the transformation of benzoyl azides (I) into benzonitrile derivatives (II) via iminophosphoranes generated in situ is described.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Odorless Thia‐Michael Reaction by Copper Ferrite Nanoparticle‐Catalyzed Reaction of Elemental Sulfur, Aryl Halides and Electron‐Deficient Alkenes.
Authors: Gholinejad Mohammad , Firouzabadi Habib
Published: December 2015

Aryl alkyl sulfides are synthesized from the title reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Recyclable Hypervalent‐Iodine‐Mediated Dehydrogenative α,β′‐Bifunctionalization of β‐Keto Esters under Metal‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Duan Ya‐Nan , Cui Li‐Qian , Zuo Lin‐Hong , Zhang Chi
Published: December 2015

Benzo‐fused 2,3‐dihydrofurans are rapidly constructed from various β‐dicarbonyl compounds and activated methylene compounds or electro‐rich phenol nucleophiles.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Formal [4 + 1] Cycloaddition of Benzamides and Isonitriles via Directed C—H Cleavage.
Authors: Takamatsu Kazutaka , Hirano Koji , Miura Masahiro
Published: December 2015

The addition of diphenyl sulfide leads to an unique acceleration effect, presumably due to the suppression of inactive isonitrile‐overcoordinated copper.
ChemInform Abstract: Cobalt(III)‐Catalyzed C2‐Selective C—H Alkynylation of Indoles.
Authors: Zhang Zhuo‐Zhuo , Liu Bin , Wang Cai‐Yun , Shi Bing‐Feng
Published: December 2015

An hypervalent iodine‐alkyne reagent bearing tert‐butyldiphenylsilyl as protecting group instead of triisopropylsilyl is also compatible but gives lower yields (not shown).
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Michael Addition of Nitroalkanes to 2‐Enoyl‐pyridine N‐Oxides Catalyzed by Scandium(III)/Copper(II) Complexes.
Authors: Li Lijun , Zhang Sheng , Hu Yanbin , Li Yanan , Li Chong , Zha Zhenggen , Wang Zhiyong
Published: December 2015

A new C2‐symmetric Schiff‐base ligand is synthesized from a tridentate‐Schiff‐base and applied to the asymmetric Michael addition of nitroalkanes to enoyl‐pyridine N‐oxides.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 10‐Substituted 3,6‐Diphenyl‐9‐aryl‐3,4,6,7,9,10‐hexahydroacridine‐1,8(2H,5H)‐dione Derivatives.
Authors: Wang Fang‐Ming , Bao Dan , Hu Bing‐Xiang , Zhou Ze‐Yu , Huang Deng‐Deng , Chen Li‐Zhuang , Dan Yuan‐Yuan
Published: December 2015

A series of novel xanthene derivatives (III) are synthesized via L‐proline catalyzed reaction of cyclohexanedione (I) with aromatic aldehydes, and readily converted into acridione derivatives (V) and (VI) by condensation with amines or NH4OAc, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Fe3O4@Silica Sulfonic Acid Nanocomposite as a Magnetically Separable Catalyst for the Synthesis of 2‐Arylpyrrolo[2,3,4‐kl]acridin‐1(2H)‐ones.
Authors: Ghasemzadeh Mohammad Ali , Mirhosseini‐Eshkevari Boshra
Published: December 2015

via a one‐pot, three‐component reaction of dimedone, anilines and isatin
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthesis of Novel Benzo[b]pyrido[3′,2′:4,5]thieno[2,3‐e][1,6]naphthy‐ridine‐8‐ones.
Authors: Wang Dao‐Lin , Wang Yong‐Yang , Shi Xiao‐Ce , Ma Jian
Published: December 2015

Title compounds are efficiently synthesized by Pictet—Spengler reaction between quinolinones (III) with various aromatic aldehydes.