bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Magnetic relaxation for Mn-based compounds exhibiting the Larmor precession at THz wave range frequencies
Authors: Mizukami S. , Iihama S. , Sasaki Y. , Sugihara A. , Ranjbar R. , Suzuki K. Z.
Published: August 2016

Mn-based hard magnets are potentially suitable for advanced ultra-high frequency spintronics applications because they exhibit the Larmor precession of magnetization at THz wave-range frequencies with low magnetic relaxation. However, the low magnetic relaxation properties are not well understood; thus, a more detailed study is necessary. In this study, magnetization precessions in L10 Mn1.54Ga, D022 Mn2.12Ga, and C38 MnAlGe epitaxial films grown on MgO substrates were investigated using an all-optical pump-probe method under a magnetic field of ∼20 kOe. The coherent magnetization precessions at frequencies of more than 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 THz for the C38 MnAlGe, L10 Mn1.54Ga, and D022 Mn2.12Ga films, respectively, were clearly measured. The effective damping constant for the C38 MnAlGe film was smaller than the previously reported value measured at 10 kOe by a factor of 2, whereas those showed a large angular dependence. The effective damping constants for the L10 Mn1.54Ga and D022 Mn2.12Ga films were independent of the field angle and approximately identical to the values measured at 10 kOe. Thus, it was concluded that the values for the Gilbert damping constant, α, were 0.008 and 0.012 for the L10 Mn1.54Ga and D022 Mn2.12Ga films, respectively. The possible origin of the discrepancy between the experimental and theoretical α values for these films is discussed.
The separated electric and magnetic field responses of luminescent bacteria exposed to pulsed microwave irradiation
Authors: Williams Catrin F. , Geroni Gilles M. , Pirog Antoine , Lloyd David , Lees Jonathan , Porch Adrian
Published: August 2016

Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) are ubiquitous in the digital world we inhabit, with microwave and millimetre wave sources of non-ionizing radiation employed extensively in electronics and communications, e.g., in mobile phones and Wi-Fi. Indeed, the advent of 5G systems and the “internet of things” is likely to lead to massive densification of wireless networks. Whilst the thermal effects of EMFs on biological systems are well characterised, their putative non-thermal effects remain a controversial subject. Here, we use the bioluminescent marine bacterium, Vibrio fischeri, to monitor the effects of pulsed microwave electromagnetic fields, of nominal frequency 2.5 GHz, on light emission. Separated electric and magnetic field effects were investigated using a resonant microwave cavity, within which the maxima of each field are separated. For pulsed electric field exposure, the bacteria gave reproducible responses and recovery in light emission. At the lowest pulsed duty cycle (1.25%) and after short durations (100 ms) of exposure to the electric field at power levels of 4.5 W rms, we observed an initial stimulation of bioluminescence, whereas successive microwave pulses became inhibitory. Much of this behaviour is due to thermal effects, as the bacterial light output is very sensitive to the local temperature. Conversely, magnetic field exposure gave no measurable short-term responses even at the highest power levels of 32 W rms. Thus, we were able to detect, de-convolute, and evaluate independently the effects of separated electric and magnetic fields on exposure of a luminescent biological system to microwave irradiation.
Impact of extended defects on recombination in CdTe heterostructures grown by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Zaunbrecher Katherine N. , Kuciauskas Darius , Swartz Craig H. , Dippo Pat , Edirisooriya Madhavie , Ogedengbe Olanrewaju S. , Sohal Sandeep , Hancock Bobby L. , LeBlanc Elizabeth G. , Jayathilaka Pathiraja A. R. D. , Barnes Teresa M. , Myers Thomas H.
Published: August 2016

Heterostructures with CdTe and CdTe1-xSex (x ∼ 0.01) absorbers between two wider-band-gap Cd1-xMgxTe barriers (x ∼ 0.25–0.3) were grown by molecular beam epitaxy to study carrier generation and recombination in bulk materials with passivated interfaces. Using a combination of confocal photoluminescence (PL), time-resolved PL, and low-temperature PL emission spectroscopy, two extended defect types were identified and the impact of these defects on charge-carrier recombination was analyzed. The dominant defects identified by confocal PL were dislocations in samples grown on (211)B CdTe substrates and crystallographic twinning-related defects in samples on (100)-oriented InSb substrates. Low-temperature PL shows that twin-related defects have a zero-phonon energy of 1.460 eV and a Huang-Rhys factor of 1.50, while dislocation-dominated samples have a 1.473-eV zero-phonon energy and a Huang-Rhys factor of 1.22. The charge carrier diffusion length near both types of defects is ∼6 μm, suggesting that recombination is limited by diffusion dynamics. For heterostructures with a low concentration of extended defects, the bulk lifetime was determined to be 2.2 μs with an interface recombination velocity of 160 cm/s and an estimated radiative lifetime of 91 μs.
Fundamental piezo-Hall coefficients of single crystal p-type 3C-SiC for arbitrary crystallographic orientation
Authors: Qamar Afzaal , Dao Dzung Viet , Phan Hoang-Phuong , Dinh Toan , Dimitrijev Sima
Published: August 2016

Piezo-Hall effect in a single crystal p-type 3C-SiC, grown by LPCVD process, has been characterized for various crystallographic orientations. The quantified values of the piezo-Hall effect in heavily doped p-type 3C-SiC(100) and 3C-SiC(111) for different crystallographic orientations were used to obtain the fundamental piezo-Hall coefficients, P12=(5.3±0.4)×10-11 Pa-1,P11=(−2.6±0.6)×10-11 Pa-1, and P44=(11.42±0.6)×10-11 Pa-1. Unlike the piezoresistive effect, the piezo-Hall effect for (100) and (111) planes is found to be independent of the angle of rotation of the device within the crystal plane. The values of fundamental piezo-Hall coefficients obtained in this study can be used to predict the piezo-Hall coefficients in any crystal orientation which is very important for designing of 3C-SiC Hall sensors to minimize the piezo-Hall effect for stable magnetic field sensitivity.
Internal additive noise effects in stochastic resonance using organic field effect transistor
Authors: Suzuki Yoshiharu , Matsubara Kiyohiko , Asakawa Naoki
Published: August 2016

Stochastic resonance phenomenon was observed in organic field effect transistor using poly(3-hexylthiophene), which enhances performance of signal transmission with application of noise. The enhancement of correlation coefficient between the input and output signals was low, and the variation of correlation coefficient was not remarkable with respect to the intensity of external noise, which was due to the existence of internal additive noise following the nonlinear threshold response. In other words, internal additive noise plays a positive role on the capability of approximately constant signal transmission regardless of noise intensity, which can be said “homeostatic” behavior or “noise robustness” against external noise. Furthermore, internal additive noise causes emergence of the stochastic resonance effect even on the threshold unit without internal additive noise on which the correlation coefficient usually decreases monotonically.
Enhanced self-repairing capability of sol-gel derived SrTiO3/nano Al2O3 composite films
Authors: Yao Manwen , Peng Yong , Xiao Ruihua , Li Qiuxia , Yao Xi
Published: August 2016

SrTiO3/nano Al2O3 inorganic nanocomposites were prepared by using a conventional sol-gel spin coating process. For comparison, SrTiO3 films doped by equivalent amount of sol-Al2O3 have also been investigated. Aluminum deposited by using vacuum evaporation was used as the top electrode. The nanocomposites exhibited a significantly enhanced dielectric strength of 506.9 MV/m, which was increased by 97.4% as compared with the SrTiO3 films doped with sol-Al2O3. The leakage current maintained of the same order of microampere until the ultimate breakdown of the nanocomposites. The excellent electrical performances are ascribed to the anodic oxidation reaction in origin, which can repair the internal and/or surface defects of the films.
Efficient power combiner for THz radiation
Authors: Seidfaraji Hamide , Fuks Mikhail I. , Christodoulou Christos , Schamiloglu Edl
Published: August 2016

Most dangerous explosive materials, both toxic and radioactive, contain nitrogen salts with resonant absorption lines in the frequency range 0.3-10 THz. Therefore, there has been growing interest in remotely detecting such materials by observing the spectrum of reflected signals when the suspicious material is interrogated by THz radiation. Practical portable THz sources available today generate only 20–40 mW output power. This power level is too low to interrogate suspicious material from a safe distance, especially if the material is concealed. Hence, there is a need for sources that can provide greater power in the THz spectrum. Generating and extracting high output power from THz sources is complicated and inefficient. The efficiency of vacuum electronic microwave sources is very low when scaled to the THz range and THz sources based on scaling down semiconductor laser sources have low efficiency as well, resulting in the well known “THz gap.” The reason for such low efficiencies for both source types is material losses in the THz band. In this article an efficient power combiner is described that is based on scaling to higher frequencies a microwave combiner that increases the output power in the THz range of interest in simulation studies. The proposed power combiner not only combines the THz power output from several sources, but can also form a Gaussian wavebeam output. A minimum conversion efficiency of 89% with cophased inputs in a lossy copper power combiner and maximum efficiency of 100% in a Perfect Electric Conductor (PEC)-made power combiner were achieved in simulations. Also, it is shown that the TE01 output mode is a reasonable option for THz applications due to the fact that conductive loss decreases for this mode as frequency increases.
Weak co-ordination between vein and stomatal densities in 105 angiosperm tree species along altitudinal gradients in Southwest China
Authors: Zhao Wan-Li , Chen Ya-Jun , Brodribb Timothy J. , Cao Kun-Fang
Published: August 2016

Leaf-level water balance, as revealed by a correlation between stomatal density (SD) and vein density (VD), has been reported in some plants. However, the generality of this correlation and how it may be affected by altitude changes are unclear. Here, we investigated whether this balance is maintained across tree species of diverse families along a large altitudinal gradient. We measured leaf area (LA), SD, stomata length (SL), and VD in 105 angiosperm species across two altitudinal ranges, 800–1400 m above sea level (a.s.l.) in tropical montane forests (TMF) and 2000–2600 m a.s.l. in subtropical montane forests (SMF) in Yunnan, South-west China. The average SD was independent of altitude in both regions. Similarly, the average VD within either SMF or TMF was also not significantly different. However, overall, TMF had significantly larger VD and LA but smaller SL than SMF. Vein density was positively correlated with SD across SMF species, with a weaker correlation for TMF species and all species combined. Stomatal length was negatively correlated with SD and VD across all species. Our results extend the leaf water balance theory to diverse angiosperm tree species, and indicate decoupled adaptation of SD and VD in these species along a large altitudinal gradient.
Captivity humanizes the primate microbiome
Authors: Clayton Jonathan B. , Vangay Pajau , Huang Hu , Ward Tonya , Hillmann Benjamin M. , Al-Ghalith Gabriel A. , Travis Dominic A. , Long Ha Thang , Tuan Bui Van , Minh Vo Van , Cabana Francis , Nadler Tilo , Toddes Barbara , Murphy Tami , Glander Kenneth E. , Johnson Timothy J. , Knights Dan
Published: August 2016

Significance

Trillions of bacteria live in the primate gut, contributing to metabolism, immune system development, and pathogen resistance. Perturbations to these bacteria are associated with metabolic and autoimmune human diseases that are prevalent in Westernized societies. Herein, we measured gut microbial communities and diet in multiple primate species living in the wild, in a sanctuary, and in full captivity. We found that captivity and loss of dietary fiber in nonhuman primates are associated with loss of native gut microbiota and convergence toward the modern human microbiome, suggesting that parallel processes may be driving recent loss of core microbial biodiversity in humans.
Dental calculus reveals Mesolithic foragers in the Balkans consumed domesticated plant foods
Authors: Cristiani Emanuela , Radini Anita , Edinborough Marija , Borić Dušan
Published: August 2016

Significance

The starch record entrapped in dental calculus of Mesolithic human teeth from the site of Vlasac in the central Balkans provides direct evidence that complex Late Mesolithic foragers of this region consumed domesticated cereal grains. Our results challenge the established view of the Neolithization in Europe that domestic cereals were introduced to the Balkans around ∼6200 calibrated (cal.) BC as a part of a “package” that also included domesticated animals and artifacts, which accompanied the arrival of Neolithic communities. We infer that Neolithic domesticated plants were transmitted independently from the rest of Neolithic novelties from ∼6600 cal. BC onwards, reaching inland foragers deep in the Balkan hinterland through established social networks that linked forager and farmer groups.
Explosive ice age diversification of kiwi
Authors: Weir Jason T. , Haddrath Oliver , Robertson Hugh A. , Colbourne Rogan M. , Baker Allan J.
Published: August 2016

Significance

The role of Pleistocene ice ages in driving a recent burst of diversification is controversial. We used thousands of loci to test the timing and rates of diversification in kiwi—a flightless avian group endemic to New Zealand. Not only did we discover many kiwi taxa—we found 16 or 17 genetically distinct lineages within the currently recognized five species—but we found that most diversification dates to the seven major glacial advances that characterized the latter half of the Pleistocene ice ages and that directly fragmented New Zealand into a series of glacial refugia. Rates at which new kiwi taxa originated increased fivefold during these major cycles, thus linking rapid kiwi diversification to glacial periods.
Repeated replacement of an intrabacterial symbiont in the tripartite nested mealybug symbiosis
Authors: Husnik Filip , McCutcheon John P.
Published: August 2016

Significance

Mealybugs are plant sap-sucking insects with a nested symbiotic arrangement, where one bacterium lives inside another bacterium, which together live inside insect cells. These two bacteria, along with genes transferred from other bacteria to the insect genome, allow the insect to survive on its nutrient-poor diet. Here, we show that the innermost bacterium in this nested symbiosis was replaced several times over evolutionary history. These results show that highly integrated and interdependent symbiotic systems can experience symbiont replacement and suggest that similar dynamics could have occurred in building the mosaic metabolic pathways seen in mitochondria and plastids.
Military history and translation studies
Authors: Kujamäki Pekka , Footitt Hilary
Published: August 2016

Both translation studies and military history are disciplines which occupy
radically shifting territories, and it has been at their currently uneasy borders
that this conversation on transdisciplinarity has been conducted. The
move from culturally as well as socially visible translational contexts to
non-hegemonic
social actors and ordinary lives provides us with a space in
which the traditional monolingual assumptions of military history can be
challenged, and in which the military terrain as a space of encounter can be
reimagined as a linguistically embodied landscape. Combining the historian’s
concern to take account of the particularities of any situation with the translation
scholar’s desire to address the multilingualism of war potentially moves
these disciplines beyond their traditional frontiers, forcing both of them to
grapple with the messiness and disruptions which characterise any war and
conflict ‘on the ground’.
International business, marketing and translation studies
Authors: Jiménez-Crespo Miguel A. , Singh Nitish
Published: August 2016

This chapter delves into the different approaches to localization of websites
and the interdisciplinary links between two disciplines that have an interest
in the exploration of this phenomenon, translation studies and international
business and marketing. The chapter explores how the cultural, user-based
and goal oriented perspectives in international business and marketing have
impacted translation studies research into web localization. At the same time, it
explores through an interview and commentary with Dr. Nitish Singh, author of
Localization Strategies for Global E-Business (2012), The Culturally Customized
Website (2005) and many other contrastive web localization studies, whether
and how translation research has been introduced in the conceptualization and
theorizations in the partner discipline.
Multilingualism studies and translation studies
Authors: Meylaerts Reine , du Plessis Theo
Published: August 2016

This chapter explores the relation between multilingual studies and translation
and interpreting by focusing on two interrelated fields in multilingual studies,
conveniently referred to as language policy and planning. By focusing particularly
on this specialised field, one is able to understand the role of translation
and interpreting better and thus chart the way forward how to deal with this
relation in translation studies. The chapter first presents a historical overview
by establishing at what point and for what purpose multilingualism studies
felt the need to adopt the concept of ‘translation’. It then moves on to describe
how this concept has been adapted to and been understood in language policy
and planning, including how it is defined. Specific attention is then given to
theoretical and methodological exchanges between language policy and planning
and translation and interpreting. Despite some interesting developments
the authors conclude that one still sees very little evidence of constructive
exchanges between language policy and planning studies and translation studies.
It is argued that a real theoretical, conceptual and methodological exchange
would benefit both disciplines but that many challenges remain.
On Basque dialects
Authors: Hualde José Ignacio
Published: August 2016

This chapter offers an overview of geographical variation in Basque. After discussing several proposals for the classification of Basque dialects, the main phenomena showing dialectal variation are introduced. Variation in morphosyntactic features, nominal inflection, verbal inflection, derivational morphology and phonology are discussed in separate sections. Two additional sections are devoted to the historical development of Basque dialects and to the nature of the written regional standards known as “literary” dialects.
Lead removal from brass scrap by fluorine-free compound separation
Authors: Hilgendorf S. , Binz F. , Welter J.-M. , Friedrich B.
Published: August 2016

Taking complexity of process technology, economical and environmental reasons as well as time impact into account, removal of lead based on intermetallics formation and subsequent separation proves to be the most balanced approach. The hitherto used aggregation agent sodium fluoride does serve as a suitable additive in European countries. Therefore, fluorine-free compound separation is evaluated. Thermochemical modelling of Cu–Zn–Pb–Ca–O system identifies ideal process conditions, namely, charging calcium with an amount of 1.5 wt-% at 930°C. Experiments carried out at stated parameters reveal comprehensive formation of Pb–Ca compounds, chemically similar to the stoichiometric intermetallic phase Ca5Pb3. Thus, the results prove the technological feasibility of lead removal from molten brass scrap using fluorine-free compound separation.

This paper is part of a Themed Issue on Brass Alloys.
Effects of Coded-Wire-Tagging on Stream-Dwelling Sea Lamprey Larvae
Authors: Johnson Nicholas S. , Swink William D. , Dawson Heather A. , Jones Michael L.
Published: August 2016

The effects of coded wire tagging Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus larvae from a known-aged stream-dwelling population were assessed. Tagged larvae were significantly shorter on average than untagged larvae from 3 to 18 months after tagging. However, 30 months after tagging, the length distribution of tagged and untagged larvae did not differ and tagged Sea Lampreys were in better condition (i.e., higher condition factor) and more likely to have undergone metamorphosis than the untagged population. The reason why tagged larvae were more likely to metamorphose is not clear, but the increased likelihood of metamorphosis could have been a compensatory response to the period of slower growth after tagging. Slower growth after tagging was consistent across larval size-classes, so handling and displacement from quality habitat during the early part of the growing season was likely the cause rather than the tag burden. The tag effects observed in this study, if caused by displacement and handling, may be minimized in future studies if tagging is conducted during autumn after growth has concluded for the year.

Received November 25, 2015; accepted April 25, 2016 Published online August 30, 2016
Fluctuations in running and skill‐related performance in elite rugby union match‐play
Authors: Lacome Mathieu , Piscione Julien , Hager Jean‐Philippe , Carling Chris
Published: August 2016

This study investigated end‐game and transient changes in running activities and whether these were concomitantly associated with reductions in skill‐related performance in senior international rugby union match‐play. Altogether, 18 official matches were analysed (322 individual observations) using computerised video‐based tracking and event coding (Amisco Pro®, SUP, Nice, France). In forwards and backs, trivial to small reductions (% difference: −2.1, ±1.3 to −10.0, ±4.0%) in total distance and that covered at high speeds (>18.0 km h−1) occurred in the second‐ versus the first‐half while there were trivial differences in skill‐related performance measures (−2.3, ±4.5 to 7.5, ±14.0%). In both positions, small to moderate declines (−42, ±10 to −21, ±7%) occurred in high‐speed running in the final 10‐min and 5‐min periods versus mean values for all other 10‐min and 5‐min periods throughout the game while only small changes (−18, ±51 to 13, ±41%) in skill‐related performance were observed. Trivial changes in running and skill‐related performance (−11, ±74 to 7, ±39%) were observed in the 5‐min period immediately following the most intense 5‐minute periods of play compared to mean performance over the other 5‐min periods. These findings suggest that international rugby union players were generally able to maintain skill‐related performance over the course of match‐play even when declines in running performance occurred.
Pathways to sustainable intensification through crop water management
Authors: MacDonald Graham K , D’Odorico Paolo , Seekell David A
Published: August 2016

How much could farm water management interventions increase global crop production? This is the central question posed in a global modelling study by Jägermeyr et al (2016 Environ. Res. Lett.

11 025002). They define the biophysical realm of possibility for future gains in crop production related to agricultural water practices—enhancing water availability to crops and expanding irrigation by reducing non-productive water consumption. The findings of Jägermeyr et al offer crucial insight on the potential for crop water management to sustainably intensify agriculture, but they also provide a benchmark to consider the broader role of sustainable intensification targets in the global food system. Here, we reflect on how the global crop water management simulations of Jägermeyr et al could interact with: (1) farm size at more local scales, (2) downstream water users at the river basin scale, as well as (3) food trade and (4) demand-side food system strategies at the global scale. Incorporating such cross-scale linkages in future research could highlight the diverse pathways needed to harness the potential of farm-level crop water management for a more productive and sustainable global food system.
Epictetus
Authors: Sellars John
Published: August 2016

The philosopher Epictetus (b. c. 55–d. c. 135 ce) came originally from Hierapolis in Asia Minor and became a slave in Rome under Epaphroditus, one of Nero’s ministers. He attended the lectures of the Stoic philosopher Musonius Rufus in Rome, at some point gained his freedom, and initially lectured in Rome but fled in the wake of Domitian’s ban against philosophers (c. 92–93 ce). He went on to found his own philosophical school in Nicopolis, Greece, which attracted many famous visitors, not least the emperor Hadrian. Epictetus is regularly referred to as the author of two works, the Dissertationes (Diatribai, Discourses) and the Enchiridion (Encheiridion; Handbook, Manual) although, in fact, both are the work of his pupil Arrian, the noted historian. The Dissertationes contains lively records of discussions with students and visitors that supposedly took place in Epictetus’s classroom, sometime around 108 ce. The Enchiridion is a short summary distilling the central ideas found in the Dissertationes. Four books of the Dissertationes survive out of an original eight or perhaps even twelve (cf. Photius, Bibliotheca cod. 58, who refers to eight books of discourses [Diatribai] and twelve books of conversations [Homiliai]; these could be different titles for the same work), and a number of fragments from the lost books are preserved by other authors. Epictetus was especially famous in his day, a fact reported by a number of sources, including Origen and Lucian. He was an important influence on Marcus Aurelius and later his Enchiridion received a substantial commentary from the Neoplatonist Simplicius. The Enchiridion was adapted for use in a Christian context in the early Middle Ages more than once and translated into Latin during the Renaissance by Perotti and then again by Poliziano. His works were especially popular in the 17th and 18th centuries, a fact attested by the large number of editions and translations of his works produced then. For many years scholarship on Epictetus was dominated by the work of Adolf Bonhöffer, who argued for Epictetus’s complete orthodoxy as a Stoic. For a period there was a trend away from this, pointing to distinctive and innovative aspects of Epictetus’s philosophy. More recent work has acknowledged the distinctive features of Epictetus while at the same time agreeing with Bonhöffer that on most points of doctrine Epictetus remains essentially an orthodox Stoic.
Albert Camus
Authors: Simpson David
Published: August 2016

The identity of Albert Camus (b. 1913–d. 1960) as a philosopher is ambiguous, and his own relation to philosophy was ambivalent. He hesitated to identify as a philosopher, and following his publication of The Rebel, and his confrontation with Jean-Paul Sartre, his standing and ability as a philosopher was often dismissed. In the popular imagination, he became an existentialist, the “philosopher of the absurd,” and the “conscience of postwar France.” There seem to be two explanations for the ambiguity and ambivalence. First, Camus clearly wasn’t, and didn’t see himself as or desire to be, a discursive theoretical philosopher. He was skeptical of the efficacy of systematic philosophy and metaphysical thinking, and none of his mature writing fits this mold. He is instead what Alexander Nehamas has called a “philosopher of the art of living,” like Socrates, Nietzsche, or Foucault. Or, as Matthew Sharpe (see Sharpe 2015, cited under Intellectual Biographies of Camus) and others have claimed, Camus was a “philosophe,” an expression evoking 18th-century, mainly French, thinkers such as Rousseau, de Condorcet, and Voltaire: public intellectuals focused on worldly, political problems, rather than abstract concerns of theoretical philosophy. Second, much of Camus’s writing, both the clearly fictional and the more clearly philosophical, can be understood as a response to contingent historical circumstance, and his work might therefore be seen, from a philosophical perspective, as anachronistic and of little philosophical relevance. However, while this is partly true, it is perverse to deny the continuing relevance of a writer who addresses issues such as the challenge for an individual finding himself or herself in a meaningless life or an impossible situation, the difference between enlightened rebellion and reactionary irrationalism, the ethics of violence, and the complexity of anti- and postcolonialism. The approach taken in this bibliography is that Camus is not a theoretical philosopher, but a philosopher in Nehamas’s or Sharpe’s sense. After his death, and perhaps in the period leading up to his death, Camus lost prominence. His novels remained in print, and L’Étranger became a standard high school text around the world, but Camus the thinker and activist was relegated to a historical niche. Outside France he retained popularity among the New Left, offering a progressive alternative to Stalinism, but that movement had waned by the 1970s. Since the last decade of the 20th century, however, there has been a significant revival of interest, and the majority of the works in this bibliography have been drawn from this “revival.”
The Regulation of Standards in Higher Education
Authors: Coates Hamish , Kelly Paula , Mahat Marian
Published: August 2016

The regulation of standards in higher education is a complex area of scholarship that intersects with several established and emergent fields including quality assurance, regulation, and legal theory, public policy, accreditation, audit, academic standards, transnational education, and the scholarship of higher education policy more generally. A dynamic and diverse area of scholarship, the literature focusing on the regulation of standards in higher education often reflects regional specific contexts, changing policy environments, and evolving debates relating to academic standards in the increasingly global, diverse, and mass higher education industry. The complexity of this area of scholarship is reflective of diverse and non-uniform practice across and within nation-states, and of new forms of regulation stimulated by the technologically enabled and global provision of higher education. For example, in some nations academic standards may be wholly the responsibility of internal institutional quality assurance processes, while elsewhere meeting externally imposed academic standards from state, federal, or independent agencies may be a condition of registration or have funding implications. There are a number of key works and authors who have influenced and propelled the scholarship around the regulation of standards in higher education since the 1990s. Primarily these works have origins in nations where the regulation of higher education has been aligned to national or regional public policy reform such as the United Kingdom (King) and the United States (Dill, Ewell), and more recently Australia (Baird). It is not surprising, therefore, that where regulatory frameworks exist for assuring standards in higher education, scholarship surrounding this area has flourished. It is important too, to recognize the emerging scholarship from regions where the regulation of standards in higher education is a relatively new concept including in Asia. This review provides a regional-specific section that captures the individual contexts of higher education regulation and quality assurance frameworks. The inclusion of texts that reflect the considerable challenges surrounding the regulation of standards in higher education signal the contested terrain of this area of scholarship and the implications for future research.
Communication and Collective Memory
Authors: Edy Jill
Published: August 2016

The term “collective memory” refers to the shared meaning a group of people gives the past. Research on the phenomenon is highly interdisciplinary; collective memory is studied in at least five major academic disciplines: communication, sociology, psychology, history, and anthropology. It is also studied around the globe, with major research literatures in French, German, and Hebrew as well as in English, and case studies ranging across an even greater diversity of communities. The literature’s richness has given rise to several terms referring to essentially the same phenomenon: shared memory, public memory, social memory, and cultural memory. What distinguishes work on collective memory and communication is its emphasis on the production and circulation of shared meaning rather than the specific discipline in which the work is produced. Scholarship in collective memory usually adopts a social-constructionist perspective. Meanings assigned to the past are dynamic and commonly influenced by current circumstances. Scholars explore the limits of social construction in the context of past events that actually occurred, debate the ethics of representation, and theorize the social and technological forces affecting the production and circulation of shared meaning. However, critiques of representation grounded solely in their historical inaccuracies have largely been abandoned as theoretically unproductive. This article offers an overview of the field’s richness rather than an exhaustive listing of all the research that has been done. It is not limited to work produced by communication scholars but instead includes research generated in a variety of disciplines that speaks to the ways we develop and convey shared meanings for the past. Thus, it identifies literature flowing from differing conceptualizations of collective memory and considers the communicative aspects of a variety of social objects and practices, from film and journalism to memorials and museums. It also includes work on how collective memory functions in social life. Embracing the global nature of scholarship on collective memory, studies conducted in communities around the world are included. However, only work available in English is included, which means some evolving European approaches to communication and collective memory may be absent or referred to in secondary sources.
Casablanca
Authors: Lev Peter
Published: August 2016

Casablanca was a critical and popular success when it was released in 1942–1943, and many decades later it is still loved and respected. The American Film Institute’s 1998 poll of “100 Best American Films” listed Casablanca as number 2, behind only Citizen Kane. In a similar BBC poll from 2015 it had dropped to number 9, just behind Psycho, but that is still a remarkable result for a medium budget, black-and-white film from the 1940s. The story of American expatriate Richard Blaine (Humphrey Bogart) and political refugees Victor Laszlo (Paul Henreid) and Ilsa Lund (Ingrid Bergman) in French Morocco is very specific and topical. It is also a mythic and near-universal story, as proposed by Umberto Eco (see Myth and Psychoanalysis), among others. The enduring fascination with Casablanca is probably based on its many appeals—one appeal may fade but others come to the fore. It is at once a fine example of Hollywood wartime propaganda, a dark and exotic film noir, a compassionate film about refugees, a classic love story involving two major stars, a film that more than any other established Bogart as an existential hero, a film of mythic and psychological depth, and a demonstration of the excellent craftsmanship of the Hollywood studio period (c. 1930–1960). The production history of Casablanca has probably been analyzed more than any other Hollywood film. Who was responsible for this film’s quality? Was it the producer Hal Wallis; the director Michael Curtiz; the star actors Bogart, Bergman, and Henreid: the character actors Claude Rains, Conrad Veidt, Peter Lorre, S. Z. Sakall, Madeleine LeBeau, and so on; the writers Julius Epstein, Philip Epstein, Howard Koch, and Casey Robinson; the composer Max Steiner; all of the above; or some of the above? Or was it just luck, a “happy accident,” as proclaimed by Andrew Sarris (see Michael Curtiz)? The lengthy debate has helped us understand the complexities and capabilities of the Hollywood studio system. Casablanca has also become a touchstone of film theory, used in major books and articles on semiotics, myth criticism, mise-en-scène criticism, political criticism, and reception theory. Casablanca was once considered a cult film, with spectators returning again and again and speaking the most famous lines aloud, for example “Here’s looking at you, kid.” It is now simply part of the way we think and feel.
Remembering Freddie Gray: Medical Education for Social Justice
Authors: Wear Delese , Zarconi Joseph , Aultman Julie M. , Chyatte Michelle R. , Kumagai Arno K.
Published: August 2016

Recent attention to racial disparities in law enforcement, highlighted by the death of Freddie Gray, raises questions about whether medical education adequately prepares physicians to care for persons particularly affected by societal inequities and injustice who present to clinics, hospitals, and emergency rooms. In this Perspective, the authors propose that medical school curricula should address such concerns through an explicit pedagogical orientation. The authors detail two specific approaches—antiracist pedagogy and the concept of structural competency—to construct a curriculum oriented toward appropriate care for patients who are victimized by extremely challenging social and economic disadvantages and who present with health concerns that arise from these disadvantages. In memory of Freddie Gray, the authors describe a curriculum, outlining specific strategies for engaging learners and naming specific resources that can be brought to bear on these strategies. The fundamental aim of such a curriculum is to help trainees and faculty understand how equitable access to skilled and respectful health care is often denied; how we and the institutions where we learn, teach, and work can be complicit in this reality; and how we can work toward eliminating the societal injustices that interfere with the delivery of appropriate health care.
Screw Stripping After Repeated Cortical Screw Insertion—Can We Trust the Cancellous “Bailout” Screw?
Authors: Marmor Meir , Mirick Gudrun , Matityahu Amir
Published: August 2016

Background:

During osteosynthesis standard nonlocking cortical screws often require reinsertion, raising concern over possible decrease in their effectiveness. This study aims to quantify that potential loss of fixation with reinsertions as well as examine the ability of a cancellous “bailout screw” to regain insertion torque in a previously stripped screw hole.

Methods:

Four different types of bone surrogates were chosen to represent normal cortical bone, osteoporotic cortical bone, high-density (normal) cancellous bone, and low-density (osteoporotic) cancellous bone; nonlocked 3.5-mm cortical screws were inserted into the predrilled holes 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 times before being torqued maximally to the point of stripping. A 4.0-mm cancellous “bailout” screw was then placed into the same hole and torqued until stripping. Torque was measured continuously using a torque-measuring screwdriver and maximal insertion torque (MIT) of 3.5 and 4.0 screws before stripping was recorded.

Results:

MIT decreased with reinsertion of nonlocked cortical screws. By the third reinsertion in all but the normal bone surrogates, the screws lost approximately one third to one half of their original MIT (50%–71% of original torque). The bailout screw succeeded in restoring the original MIT in the osteoporotic cancellous bone surrogate and the normal cortical bone surrogate. In the normal cancellous and osteoporotic cortical bone surrogates, the bailout screw was only able to restore an average of 50% (range 31%–63%) of the original MIT.

Conclusions:

Screw reinsertion may significantly reduce the MIT of 3.5-mm nonlocked cortical screws. Use of the bailout cancellous screw for a stripped cortical screw should be expected to restore MIT only in normal cortical bone and osteoporotic cancellous bone. In other scenarios, the bailout screw should not be expected to uniformly restore full insertion torque.
Nurse-Driven Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection Reduction Process and Protocol
Authors: Johnson Pamela , Gilman Anna , Lintner Alicia , Buckner Ellen
Published: August 2016

Translating evidence-based practices to the bedside can be facilitated by an active academic-practice partnership between nursing faculty and frontline nursing staff. A collaborative effort between the university's academic nurses and the medical center's clinical nurses explored, created, implemented, and evaluated an evidence-based nurse-driven protocol for decreasing the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infections. The nurse-driven protocol was piloted in 4 intensive care units and included nurse-driven orders for catheter discontinuation, utilization of smaller bore urinary catheters, addition of silver-based cleansing products for urinary catheter care, and education of staff on routine catheter care and maintenance. Data were collected for more than 8 months pre- and postimplementation of the nurse-driven protocol. Postimplementation data revealed a 28% reduction in catheter-associated urinary tract infections in the intensive care units as compared with preimplementation. Secondary benefits of this academic-practice partnership included strengthening the legitimacy of classroom content as lessons learned were integrated into courses in the nursing curriculum. The result of the partnership was a stronger sense of collaboration and collegiality between hospital staff and the university faculty. Transformative leadership engaged numerous stakeholders through collaborative efforts to realize best practices. An academic-practice partnership facilitates transformative change and provides structural stability and sustainability.
Spectacles under Pedicles: Eyewear Modification with the Paramedian Forehead Flap
Authors: Qu Linda T. , Kelpin John P. , Eichhorn Mitchell G. , Komorowska-Timek Ewa
Published: August 2016

The paramedian forehead flap is a widely used method of nasal reconstruction. The flap requires a bridge of tissue from forehead to the nose, for a period of 2 to 3 weeks, before it can be divided at a second procedure. During this time, patients often have difficulty positioning and wearing their eyewear underneath the pedicle of the flap. Here we present a novel approach to the problem. It requires only a simple modification to the patient’s eyewear and greatly facilitates wear and removal.
Clinical Assessment of the Safety and Effectiveness of Nonablative Fractional Laser Combined with Transdermal Delivery of Botulinum Toxin A in Treating Periocular Wrinkles
Authors: Fan Xing , Yin Yue , Wang Shiping , Li Tong , Xue Ping , Yang Qing , Ma Qiaoxin
Published: August 2016

The upper and lower eyelids are traditionally contraindicated for subcutaneous botulinum toxin A (BTX) injection because of possible complications. We assessed the clinical safety and effectiveness of nonablative fractional laser (NAFL) combined with transdermal delivery of BTX in the treatment of periocular wrinkles. Thirty patients who had periocular wrinkles were treated with 1,565-nm NAFL in combination in the left periocular area and normal saline in the corresponding area of the right eye. VISIA skin detector was used to photograph and compare the changes induced by treatment. We also recorded the comfort level of the patients. All 28 patients could tolerate the pain caused by the laser treatment and showed no apparent discomfort during percutaneous drug delivery. No chromatosis or ptosis of upper eyelids occurred after the treatment. We used VISIA to detect changes at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months, respectively, after the treatment. The periocular wrinkles decreased, and the flabbiness of eyelids was significantly reduced. The upper and lower eyelids are traditionally contraindicated for subcutaneous BTX injection, as it may cause complications. The treatment combining 1,565-nm NAFL and transdermal delivery of BTX can decrease periocular wrinkles and flabbiness while avoiding complications to the greatest extent. None of the 28 patients who had completed the treatment suffered from complications or adverse effects; all were satisfied with the treatment outcome.
The Influence of Neurocognitive Functioning on Proactive Coping Behaviors in Adults With HIV
Authors: Cody Shameka L. , Fazeli Pariya L. , D. Moneyham Linda , Vance David E.
Published: August 2016

Although many can appreciate the life-sustaining benefits of combination antiretroviral therapy, some adults with HIV continue to have difficulty managing physical, neurocognitive, and everyday stressors. Fortunately, some adults with HIV are able to use accumulated resources (e.g., social networks) to help them engage in proactive coping behaviors such as planning and problem solving. Others, however, manage their stressors by engaging in avoidant coping, isolating themselves, or ruminating about the negative aspects of their situation. Perhaps, the capacity to engage in proactive coping may be influenced by damage to the frontal–striatal–thalamo circuitry, a region of the brain responsible for executive functioning and often compromised in adults with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. This study examined potential neurocognitive influences on proactive coping behaviors in adults with HIV (N = 98). Participants were administered a series of neurocognitive and psychosocial measures to determine if neurocognitive functioning and other factors that have been associated with coping in other populations, such as spirituality/religiosity, influenced proactive coping behaviors. Multiple regression analysis revealed that spirituality/religiosity (p = .002), rather than neurocognitive functioning (Useful Field of View, p = .277; Trails A, p = .701; Trails B, p = .365; Wechsler Memory Scale-III Digit Span, p = .864), was a significant predictor of proactive coping. Interventions to address spirituality/religiosity needs of adults with HIV may possibly facilitate proactive coping behaviors and improve mood, both of which are important for healthy neurocognitive functioning.