bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Self-packaged Boron Nitride Capacitor for High Temperature Applications
Authors: Badi N. , Boney C. , Bensaoula A.
Published: October 2015

In this work, we investigated applicability of boron nitride (BN) and boron oxynitride (BNO) thin films to fabricate multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) for high temperature and high frequency applications. Advantages of BN include high temperature and chemical resistance, which should result in more compact and reliable devices. Deposited BN layers by a filamentless ion source assisted physical vapor deposition technique show a high thermal stability up to 1000 °C and a very high breakdown voltage of about 600 V/μm. A 15 mm × 15 mm capacitor geometry was picked to create a simpler packaging scheme. Rectangular electrodes are offset and layered to build up the capacitor and a metallization technique is used to produce high temperature oxidation resistant Au/Ti tab electrodes. We have seen consistent results in terms of: stable capacitance values versus frequency from 10 kHz to 2 MHz; near ideal phase angle (low parasitic inductance); and high quality factors values. Laboratory prototype capacitors with operating temperatures (350 °C - 700 °C) far superior to the leading sintering technologies (< 200 °C) were demonstrated. The dissipation factor and the capacitance change within a temperature range of 700 °C are ~ 2% total and ~10 ppm/ °C, respectively. Results on thermal and frequency behavior of single and multilayers self-packaged BN capacitors are presented. We have begun testing the capacitor's performance under actual operating conditions, together with other (R and L) components in a working RLC circuit at elevated temperature, and our preliminary results are reported.
Testing of the Mars Exploration Rovers to Survive the Extreme Thermal Environments
Authors: Man Kin F. , Hoffman Alan R.
Published: October 2015

NASA's Mars Exploration Rover (MER) project involved delivering two mobile science laboratories (rovers) on the surface of Mars to remotely conduct geologic investigations, including characterization of a diversity of rocks and soils. The rovers were launched separately in 2003 and have been in operation on the surface of Mars since January 2004. The rovers underwent a comprehensive pre-launch environmental assurance program that included assembly/subsystem and system-level testing in the areas of dynamics, thermal, and electromagnetic (EMC), as well as venting/pressure, dust, radiation, and solid-particle (meteoroid, orbital debris) analyses. Due to the Martian diurnal cycles of extreme temperature swings, the susceptible hardware that were mounted outside of the thermal controlled zones also underwent thermal cycling qualification of their packaging designs and manufacturing processes. This paper summarizes the environmental assurance program for the MER project, with emphasis on the pre-launch thermal testing program for ensuring that the rover hardware would operate and survive the Mars surface temperature extremes. These test temperatures are compared with some of the Mars surface operational temperature measurements. Selected anomalies resulting from operating the rover hardware in the Mars extreme thermal environment are also presented.
Systematic Characterization of Embossing Processes for LTCC Tapes
Authors: de Torres Heike Bartsch , Gade Robert , Albrecht Arne , Hoffmann Martin
Published: October 2015

Embossing of LTCC green tapes allows the defined patterning of conductor paths and fluidic channels with excellent edge molding. However, basic process settings have not systematically been investigated up to now. We present a comprehensive overview, regarding basic process variables and new manufacturing approaches. Because the molding quality depends on the viscoelastic properties of the tape, rheological measurements were carried out. The influence of the basic process parameters, that is, temperature, pressure, time, and friction, were investigated systematically under the use of design of experiments. The influence of these parameters on the forming of micropatterns down to 10 μm was investigated, as also were the stress of the tape caused by the plastic deformation, the accuracy of edge molding, and the demolding behavior of the embossed tape. Optimum parameters were derived. From the analysis of variances it is clear that friction exerts the most important influence on the molding of fine patterns. Position tolerances of embossed patterns were determined and relaxation effects studied in order to ensure stable process conditions. It was possible to improve the leakage characteristics of valve seats by making use of embossed patterns such as smoothed metallization and a three-dimensional sealing ring. The leakage characteristic of valve seats could be improved by a factor of four.
Combined Manufacture Methods for High Density LTCC Substrates: Thick Film Screen Printing, Ink Jet, Postfiring Thin Film Processes, and Laser-Drilled Fine Vias
Authors: Albertsen Arne , Koiwai Koji , Kobayashi Kyoji , Oguchi Tomonori , Aruga Katsumi
Published: October 2015

This paper highlights the possible combination of technologies such as thick film screen printing, ink jet, and post-firing thin film processes in conjunction with laser-drilled fine vias to produce high-density, miniaturized LTCC substrates. To obtain the silver pattern on the inner layers, both conventional thick film printing and ink jet printing (using nano silver particle dispersed ink) were applied on the ceramic green sheets. The ink jet process made it possible to metallize fine lines with line/space = 30/30 μm. For interlayer connections, fine vias of 30 μm in diameter formed by UV laser were used. Then these sheets were stacked on top of each other and fired to obtain a base substrate. On this base substrate, fine copper patterns for flip chip mounting were formed by a thin film process. The surface finish consisted of a nickel passivation and a gold layer deposited by electroless plating. The combination of the three patterning processes for conducting traces and UV laser drilling of fine vias make it appear possible to realize fine pitch LTCC, for example, for flip chip device mounting.
A Comparison of Back Grinding Processes for Bare Silicon and Through-Silicon Via Wafers Using Numerical Simulations
Authors: Abdelnaby A. H. , Potirniche G. P. , Elshabini A. , Barlow F. , Parker R.
Published: October 2015

The optimization of grinding parameters for silicon wafers is necessary in order to reduce the likelihood of residual stresses and crack nucleation in the machined surface and improve the reliability of electronic packages. This paper describes numerical simulations performed to characterize the back grinding process for bare silicon wafers and through-silicon via (TSV) wafers using the finite element code ABAQUS. The grinding of the two wafer types was performed by simulating the motion of a diamond particle cutting through successive silicon and TSV layers. The silicon material was modeled using orthotropic elasticity and isotropic plasticity, while the copper vias were modeled using isotropic elasticity and Johnson-Cook plasticity. The polyethylene terephthalate (PET) material used as a backing tape for the silicon wafer was modeled using the Mooney-Rivlin hyperelastic model. The computed residual stresses and the plastic deformation in the superficial layer of the ground wafer were compared with experimental values and good correlation was observed. The simulation results can be used to better understand the local stresses and strain fields in both bare silicon and TSV wafers, and to quantify the effect of the copper vias on the wafer properties during and after grinding.
Multiobjective Design Optimization of Microchannel Cooling System Using High Performance Thermal Vias in LTCC Substrates
Authors: Aravelli Aparna , Rao Singiresu S. , Adluru Hari K.
Published: October 2015

Increased heat generation in semiconductor devices for demanding applications leads to the investigation of highly efficient cooling solutions. Effective options for thermal management include passing of cooling liquid through the microchannel heat sink and using highly conductive materials. In the author's previous work, experimental and computational analyses were performed on LTCC substrates using embedded silver vias and silver columns forming microchannels. This novel technique of embedding silver vias along with forced convection using a coolant resulted in higher heat transfer rates. The present work investigates the design optimization of this cooling system (microheat exchanger) using systems optimization theory. A new multiobjective optimization problem was formulated for the heat transfer in the LTCC model using the log mean temperature difference (LMTD) method of heat exchangers. The goal is to maximize the total heat transferred and to minimize the coolant pumping power. Structural and thermal design variables are considered to meet the manufacturability and energy requirements. Pressure loss and volume of the silver metal are used as constraints. A hybrid optimization technique using sequential quadratic programming (SQP) and branch and bound method of integer programming has been developed to solve the microheat exchanger problem. The optimal design is presented and sensitivity analysis results are discussed.
Moisture and Hydrogen Release in Optoelectronic Hermetic Packages
Authors: Albarghouti M. , Dahdah N. El , Perosevic G. , Jain S. , Papillon J.-M. , Fernandez S.
Published: October 2015

In this work the effect of nickel (Ni) plating process on the hydrogen (H) and moisture content of hermetic packages such as those used in optoelectronics was investigated. The work offers an explanation of moisture formation inside hermetic packages by showing that the problem arises from the electroless plating of Ni, which is found to be inherently rich in H. The effects of the Ni plating process, baking, and Au thickness on the moisture and hydrogen content of hermetic packages were thoroughly explored. It was observed that baking the package components before sealing alleviates the problem of moisture formation inside the package but does not fully eliminate it. It was only after changing the Ni plating process from electroless to electrolytic that the moisture problem actually disappeared. This investigation showed that moisture formation inside hermetic packages is due to H evolution from the electroless Ni which eventually reacts with surface oxides to form H2O. SIMS analysis of electroless and electrolytic Ni showed that electroless Ni is around 10-fold richer in H compared with its electrolytic counterpart. SIMS analysis also showed that H content in electroless Ni can be significantly reduced with heat treatment.
Radio Frequency Microelectromechanical System-Platform Based on Silicon-Ceramic Composite Substrates
Authors: Fischer M. , Gropp S. , Nowak J. , Capraro B. , Sommer R. , Hoffmann M. , Müller J.
Published: October 2015

In the last few years, several low-temperature coefficient of expansion of low temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) materials have been developed for direct wafer bonding to silicon. BGK, a sodium-containing LTCC, was originally developed for anodic bonding of the sintered LTCC, whereas BCT (bondable ceramic tape) was tailored for direct silicon bonding of green LTCC tapes to fabricate a quasi-monolithic, silicon ceramic compound substrate. This so-called silicon-on-ceramic (SiCer) technique is based on homogeneous nanostructuring of a silicon substrate, a lamination step of BCT and Si, and a subsequent pressure-assisted sintering. We present a new approach for an integrated radio frequency (RF)-platform setup combining passive, active, and mechanical elements on one SiCer substrate. In this context, RF parameters of the Si-adapted LTCC tapes and the use of commercial metal pastes on BCT with respect to bondability and solderability are investigated. We show first technological results of creating cavities at the SiCer interface for SiCer-specific contacting options (e.g., exposed contact pads at the interface), as well as windows in the ceramic layer of the SiCer substrate for additional Si processing (e.g., Si backside thin-film wiring, plasma etching). A further investigated platform technology is deep reactive-ion etching of the SiCer composite substrate. The etching behavior of Si and BCT is demonstrated and discussed. With the SiCer technique, it is possible to reduce the Si content at the setup of RF microelectromechanical system to a minimum (low signal damping).
Laser Ablation of Thin Films on Low Temperature Cofired Ceramic
Authors: Girardi M. A. , Peterson K. A. , Vianco P. T. , Grondin R. , Wieliczka D.
Published: October 2015

Direct digital manufacturing techniques such as laser ablation are proposed for the fabrication of lower cost, miniaturized, and lightweight integrated assemblies with high performance requirements. This paper investigates the laser ablation of a Ti/Cu/Pt/Au thin-film metal stack on fired low temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) surfaces using a 355-nm Nd:YAG diode-pumped laser ablation system. It further investigates laser ablation applications using unfired, or “green,” LTCC materials in the following ways: (1) through one layer of a laminated stack of unfired LTCC tape to a buried thick-film-conductor ground plane, and (2) in unfired Au thick films. The UV-laser power profile and part fixturing were optimized to address defects such as LTCC microcracking, thin-film adhesion failures, and redeposition of Cu and Pt. An alternate design approach to minimize ablation time was tested for efficiency in manufacture. Multichip modules were tested for solderability, solder leach resistance, and wire bondability. Scanning electron microscopy, as well as cross sections and microanalytical techniques, were used in this study.
Rudolf Bultmann – Evangelie en geloof
Authors: Van Wyk Gabriël M.J.
Published: October 2015

Rudolf Bultmann – The Gospel and faith. Although the name Rudolf Bultmann is well known in South African ecclesiastical circles, many South Africans distrust his theology because of prejudice and the suspicion that it is not faithful to scripture. A synopsis of Bultmann’s own theological description of faith is presented here with the focus on its historical evelopment and with the aim in mind to serve as an apology for a better understanding of his point of view within the context of his life as a confessing Lutheran. The essay ends with a concise critical evaluation of Bultmann’s understanding of Christian faith pointing out its continual value for the current theological debate on the meaning of faith, as well as some minor conditional reservations on his arguments.
‘Retrodiction’ of the Old Testament in the New: The case of Deuteronomy 21:23 in Paul’s Letter to the Galatians and the crucifixion of Yehoshua ben Yoseph
Authors: Steyn Gert J.
Published: October 2015

The fact that the New Testament authors often referred or alluded to, or quoted from their Scriptures (roughly what is known today as ‘the OT’), and then very often linked those quotations, references, and allusions from their Jewish Scriptures to the Christ-event, has led to the viewpoint of some that ‘Christ is found in the OT’ – that is, that the OT prophesised about the events that took place regarding the person, Jesus of Nazareth. It is the intention of this contribution to confirm the position of mainstream biblical scholarship that the Old Testament does not predict the events surrounding Jesus of Nazareth, but that the New Testament writers interpreted the Jesus-events in hindsight in the light of the Scriptures of Israel. The current study attempts to firstly unfold the meta-narrative of the New Testament in five acts. Against the backdrop of the last of these acts, the case of the crucifixion of Jesus as interpreted by Paul to the early Christians in Galatia receives particular attention. It is argued that Paul’s presentation of the crucifixion in Galatians – as based on Deuteronomy 21:23 – is done retrodictively to portray Yehoshua ben Yoseph as liberator of the law in Asia Minor. This study proposes the coinage of a new term in canonical biblical scholarship, namely the term ‘retrodiction’ – in opposition to the term ‘prediction’.
Суммируемость преобразования Фурье мер, сосредоточенных на гиперповерхностях
Authors: Ikromov Isroil Akramovich
Published: October 2015

В этой работе мы рассматриваем оценки для преобразования Фурье зарядов (мер), сосредоточенных на семействах гиперповерхностей. Приведена теорема о суммируемости максимальных функций типа Рэндола,
связанных с некоторым классом невыпуклых гиперповерхностей. Полученные результаты применяются для исследования суммируемости преобразования Фурье зарядов, сосредоточенных на некоторых
гиперповерхностях. В частном случае указано точный показатель суммируемости преобразования Фурье мер. Результаты улучшают недавнюю теорему, доказанную Л. Эрдeшем и М. Салмхофером.
Molecular Investigation into a Malaria Outbreak in Cusco, Peru: Plasmodium falciparum BV1 Lineage is Linked to a Second Outbreak in Recent Times
Authors: Okoth Sheila Akinyi , Chenet Stella M. , Arrospide Nancy , Gutierrez Sonia , Cabezas Cesar , Matta Jose Antonio , Udhayakumar Venkatachalam
Published: October 2015

In November 2013, a Plasmodium falciparum malaria outbreak of 11 cases occurred in Cusco, southern Peru, where falciparum malaria had not been reported since 1946. Although initial microscopic diagnosis reported only Plasmodium vivax infection in each of the specimens, subsequent examination by the national reference laboratory confirmed P. falciparum infection in all samples. Molecular typing of four available isolates revealed identity as the B-variant (BV1) strain that was responsible for a malaria outbreak in Tumbes, northern Peru, between 2010 and 2012. The P. falciparum BV1 strain is multidrug resistant, can escape detection by PfHRP2-based rapid diagnostic tests, and has contributed to two malaria outbreaks in Peru. This investigation highlights the importance of accurate species diagnosis given the potential for P. falciparum to be reintroduced to regions where it may have been absent. Similar molecular epidemiological investigations can track the probable source(s) of outbreak parasite strains for malaria surveillance and control purposes.
Quantitative Kinetoplast DNA Assessment During Treatment of Mucosal Leishmaniasis as a Potential Biomarker of Outcome: A Pilot Study
Authors: Jara Marlene , Valencia Braulio Mark , Adaui Vanessa , Alba Milena , Lau Rachel , Arevalo Jorge , Llanos-Cuentas Alejandro , Boggild Andrea K.
Published: October 2015

Mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) is a disfiguring manifestation of Leishmania (Viannia) infection. We evaluated parasite load (PL) over time as a potential biomarker of treatment outcome in ML. PL was assessed with kinetoplast DNA quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (kDNA-qPCR) at enrollment, days 14 and 21–28 of therapy and 3, 6, 12–18, and 18–24 months after treatment of ML and correlated to demographic, clinical, and parasitologic factors. Forty-four patients were enrolled: 30 men and 14 women. Enrollment PL differed significantly by causative species (P < 0.001), and was higher in patients with severe ML (nasal and laryngeal involvement) compared with those with only isolated nasal involvement (median = 1,285 versus 51.5 parasites/μg tissue DNA; P = 0.005). Two patterns of PL emerged: pattern 1 (N = 23) was characterized by a sequential decline in PL during and after therapy until kDNA was undetectable. Pattern 2 (N = 18) was characterized by clearance of detectable kDNA during treatment, followed by an increased PL thereafter. All patients who failed treatment (N = 4) demonstrated pattern 1. Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis was overrepresented among those with pattern 2 (P = 0.019). PL can be quantified by cytology brush qPCR during and after treatment in ML. We demonstrate that treatment failure was associated with undetectable PL, and L. (V.) braziliensis infection was overrepresented in those with rebounding PL.
Successful Global Health Research Partnerships: What Makes Them Work?
Authors: John Chandy C. , Ayodo George , Musoke Philippa
Published: October 2015

There are many successful global health research partnerships, but little information is available about what makes them successful. We asked 14 research colleagues from Uganda, Kenya, and the United States who have extensive global health research experience about what they considered the top three factors that led to or impeded successful international research collaborations. Four key factors were identified: 1) mutual respect and benefit, 2) trust, 3) good communication, and 4) clear partner roles and expectations. Initial and ongoing assessment of these factors in global health research partnerships may prevent misunderstandings and foster a collaborative environment that leads to successful research.
Ranibizumab versus Bevacizumab for the Treatment of Idiopathic Choroidal Neovascularization: 2-Year Results
Authors: Zhou Pengyi , Yang Lin , Jin Xuemin
Published: October 2015

Purpose

To compare the efficacy and safety of bevacizumab vs ranibizumab for the treatment of idiopathic choroidal neovascularization (ICNV).

Methods

This retrospective study included 60 eyes of 60 patients with ICNV who underwent intravitreal injection of bevacizumab (1.25 mg/0.05 mL, n = 30 eyes) or ranibizumab (0.5 mg/0.05 mL, n = 30 eyes). Multiple treatments were based on complete ophthalmologic investigation including slit-lamp biomicroscopy, fundus examination, fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). The BCVA, central retinal thickness (CRT), intraocular pressure (IOP), FFA results, and complications were compared between the 2 groups during the 2-year follow-up.

Results

Visual acuity was significantly better at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after treatment (p<0.01), with no significant difference in visual acuity between the bevacizumab and ranibizumab groups. In both groups of patients, the CRT after treatment was significantly less than before. At 12 and 24 months, the CRT in the ranibizumab group was significantly less than in the bevacizumab group (p<0.05). The FFA examination showed that CNV was reduced after intravitreal injection of either drug, with no significant difference in IOP between the 2 groups. No ophthalmologic or systemic complications occurred.

Conclusions

Bevacizumab and ranibizumab are effective and safe in the treatment of ICNV, with similar effects in improving visual acuity and reducing retinal edema. The long-term efficacy of ranibizumab is superior to bevacizumab in reducing CRT.
Comparing Changes in Plasma and Skin Autofluorescence in Low-Flux versus High-Flux Hemodialysis
Authors: Ramsauer Bernd , Engels Gerwin , Arsov Stefan , Hadimeri Henrik , Sikole Aleksandar , Graaff Reindert , Stegmayr Bernd
Published: October 2015

Background

Tissue advanced glycation end products (AGE) are increased in hemodialysis (HD) patients, especially those with cardiovascular complications. Skin autofluorescence (skin-AF) can noninvasively estimate the accumulation of AGE in tissue. The aim was to clarify whether HD using a high-flux (HF) dialyzer favors plasma- or skin-AF removal compared to low-flux (LF) dialysis.

Material and methods

28 patients were treated with either an HF-HD or LF-HD but otherwise unchanged conditions in a cross-over design. A glucose containing dialysate was used. Skin-AF was measured noninvasively with an AGE reader before and after HD. Fluorescence (370 nm/465 nm) of plasma (p-AF) was determined as total and nonprotein-bound fractions. Correction for hemoconcentrations were made using the change in serum albumin. Paired and nonpaired statistical analyses were used.

Results

Skin-AF was unchanged after LF- and HF-dialysis. Total, free, and protein- bound p-AF was reduced after a single LF-HD by 21%, 28%, and 17%, respectively ( P<.001). After HF HD total and free p-AF was reduced by 5% and 15%, respectively ( P<.001), while protein bound values were unchanged. The LF-HD resulted in a more pronounced reduction of p-AF than did HF HD ( P<.001). Serum albumin correlated inversely with p-AF in HF-HD.

Conclusions

In the dialysis settings used there was no significant change in skin AF after dialysis, with LF or with HF dialysis. Although only limited reduction in plasma fluorescence was observed, this was more pronounced when performing LF dialysis. These data are not in overwhelming support of the use of HF dialysis in the setting used in this study.
A Neuro-Oncologic Challenge: The Case of a Large, Aggressive, Malignant Meningioma of the Skull Base with Paranasal Sinus Involvement
Authors: Ghirardelli Paolo , Triggiani Luca , Pedretti Sara , Bonetti Fausta , Liserre Roberto , Gipponi Stefano , Panciani Pierpaolo , Buttolo Luciano , Grisanti Salvatore , Urpis Mauro , Spiazzi Luigi , Magrini Stefano Maria , Buglione Michela
Published: October 2015

Background

Malignant meningiomas, rare tumors that account for approximately 1%-3% of all meningioma, have high recurrence, morbidity, and mortality rate and a particularly poor outcome. Surgical excision followed by adjuvant radiotherapy is the current approach for the treatment of these tumors.

Methods

In the case reported, the disease, characterized by a high proliferative index (Ki67 60%-70%), was treated with endoscopic surgery limited to the extracranial portion; then the patient underwent radiotherapy, on the residual tumor volume, to a total dose of 66 Gy delivered in 33 fractions (2 Gy/fraction) by helical intensity-modulated radiation therapy with image-guided radiotherapy daily checks (tomotherapy).

Results

Two and a half years after the treatment, the patient is alive and a partial response is maintained. The patient is healthy overall with grade I fatigue and grade II hearing loss as late toxicity (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events 4.1).

Conclusions

Within a multidisciplinary approach, new radiotherapy techniques confirm their effectiveness and reliability for the treatment of malignant meningioma.
Neither dust nor black carbon causing apparent albedo decline in Greenland's dry snow zone: Implications for MODIS C5 surface reflectance
Authors: Polashenski Chris M. , Dibb Jack E. , Flanner Mark G. , Chen Justin Y. , Courville Zoe R. , Lai Alexandra M. , Schauer James J. , Shafer Martin M. , Bergin Mike
Published: October 2015

Remote sensing observations suggest Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) albedo has declined since 2001, even in the dry snow zone. We seek to explain the apparent dry snow albedo decline. We analyze samples representing 2012–2014 snowfall across NW Greenland for black carbon and dust light‐absorbing impurities (LAI) and model their impacts on snow albedo. Albedo reductions due to LAI are small, averaging 0.003, with episodic enhancements resulting in reductions of 0.01–0.02. No significant increase in black carbon or dust concentrations relative to recent decades is found. Enhanced deposition of LAI is not, therefore, causing significant dry snow albedo reduction or driving melt events. Analysis of Collection 5 Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) surface reflectance data indicates that the decline and spectral shift in dry snow albedo contains important contributions from uncorrected Terra sensor degradation. Though discrepancies are mostly below the stated accuracy of MODIS products, they will require revisiting some prior conclusions with C6 data.
Forks in the Road: Memories of Turning Points and Transitions
Authors: Enz Karalyn F. , Talarico Jennifer M.
Published: October 2015

Turning points and transitions are both life events marked by significant change. Whereas turning points are personal changes in life direction, transitions are external changes in daily circumstances. Transition‐linked turning points are events that fit both of these definitions. Although transitions and turning points have been examined separately, the current study is the first empirical comparison of these types of events and their overlap. Differences in the characteristics of adults' autobiographical memories of turning points, transitions, and transition‐linked turning points were compared using a within‐subjects design. Memories of transition‐linked turning points and turning points were more central to participants' life stories than transitions, whereas memories of transitions had more similarities in content, particularly location, with related memories. These results suggest that transitions organize autobiographical memory whereas turning points anchor the life story. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
3D Porous N‐Doped Graphene Frameworks Made of Interconnected Nanocages for Ultrahigh‐Rate and Long‐Life Li–O2 Batteries
Authors: Zhao Changtai , Yu Chang , Liu Shaohong , Yang Juan , Fan Xiaoming , Huang Huawei , Qiu Jieshan
Published: October 2015

The inferior rate capability and poor cycle stability of the present Li–O2 batteries are still critical obstacles for practice applications. Configuring novel and integrated air electrode materials with unique structure and tunable chemical compositions is one of the efficient strategies to solve these bottleneck problems. Herein, a novel strategy for synthesis of 3D porous N‐doped graphene aerogels (NPGAs) with frameworks constructed by interconnected nanocages with the aid of polystyrene sphere@polydopamine is reported. The interconnected nanocages as the basic building unit of graphene sheets are assembled inside the skeletons of 3D graphene aerogels, leading to the 3D NPGA with well‐developed interconnected channels and the full exposure of electrochemically active sites. Benefiting from such an unique structure, the as‐made NPGA delivers a high specific capacity, an excellent rate capacity of 5978 mA h g−1 at 3.2 A g−1, and long cycle stability, especially at a large current density (54 cycles at 1 A g−1), indicative of boosted rate capability and cycle life as air electrodes for Li–O2 batteries. More importantly, based on the total mass of C+Li2O2, a gravimetric energy density of 2400 W h kg−1 for the NPGA–O2//Li cell is delivered at a power density of 1300 W kg−1.
Rapid Access to Triarylated Cyclotriveratrylenes from Threefold Couplings of CTV‐I3 with Triarylbismuth Reagents
Authors: Rao Maddali L. N. , Talode Jalindar B.
Published: October 2015

A series of C3‐symmetric triiodocyclotriveratrylene (CTV‐I3) derivatives have been successfully arylated to afford the corresponding triarylcyclotriveratrylene derivatives in high yields by using triarylbismuth compounds as threefold coupling reagents under palladium‐catalyzed conditions. This functionalization is valuable in the context of the development of new synthetic and coupling studies to rapidly access cyclotriveratrylene molecular skeletons with rigid and deeper cavities.
Evidence for Degradation of the Chrome Yellows in Van Gogh’s Sunflowers: A Study Using Noninvasive In Situ Methods and Synchrotron‐Radiation‐Based X‐ray Techniques
Authors: Monico Letizia , Janssens Koen , Hendriks Ella , Vanmeert Frederik , Van der Snickt Geert , Cotte Marine , Falkenberg Gerald , Brunetti Brunetto Giovanni , Miliani Costanza
Published: October 2015

This paper presents firm evidence for the chemical alteration of chrome yellow pigments in Van Gogh’s Sunflowers (Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam). Noninvasive in situ spectroscopic analysis at several spots on the painting, combined with synchrotron‐radiation‐based X‐ray investigations of two microsamples, revealed the presence of different types of chrome yellow used by Van Gogh, including the lightfast PbCrO4 and the sulfur‐rich PbCr1−xSxO4 (x≈0.5) variety that is known for its high propensity to undergo photoinduced reduction. The products of this degradation process, i.e., CrIII compounds, were found at the interface between the paint and the varnish. Selected locations of the painting with the highest risk of color modification by chemical deterioration of chrome yellow are identified, thus calling for careful monitoring in the future.
Global and Local Conformation of Human IgG Antibody Variants Rationalizes Loss of Thermodynamic Stability
Authors: Edgeworth Matthew J. , Phillips Jonathan J. , Lowe David C. , Kippen Alistair D. , Higazi Daniel R. , Scrivens James H.
Published: October 2015

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are a major class of medicines, with high specificity and affinity towards targets spanning many disease areas. The antibody Fc (fragment crystallizable) region is a vital component of existing antibody therapeutics, as well as many next generation biologic medicines. Thermodynamic stability is a critical property for the development of stable and effective therapeutic proteins. Herein, a combination of ion‐mobility mass spectrometry (IM‐MS) and hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX‐MS) approaches have been used to inform on the global and local conformation and dynamics of engineered IgG Fc variants with reduced thermodynamic stability. The changes in conformation and dynamics have been correlated with their thermodynamic stability to better understand the destabilising effect of functional IgG Fc mutations and to inform engineering of future therapeutic proteins.
A novel grafting‐modified waste rubber powder as filler in natural rubber vulcanizates
Authors: Yu Ruobing , Gong Zhaohong , Guo Weihong , Zhang Haibin , Liu Chunling
Published: October 2015

Polycardanol was synthesized from cardanol, paraformaldehyde, p‐toluenesulfonic acid, phosphoric acid (H3PO4), and phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) via a two‐step process. Results indicated that polycardanol is an acid with high molecular weight and can be self‐crosslinked at high temperature. A modified WRP (MWRP) grafted by long chain can be obtained from the reaction between WRP and polycardanol. The sulfur content of MWRP is 0.27%, which is lower than that of WRP by 0.47%. The oxygen content of MWRP is higher by 13% than that of WRP. The phosphorus content of MWRP reaches 5.25%. The water contact angle of MWRP is 91.5°, whereas that of WRP is 123.7°. The properties of the WRP/NR and MWRP/NR composites were also investigated. MWRP/NR possesses higher tensile strength than WRP/NR because of the enhanced interfacial interaction between MWRP and the NR matrix. Post‐treatment is also conducive for MWRP/NR to improve its tensile strength at high MWRP content. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42993.
Behaving Optimistically: How the (Un)Desirability of an Outcome Can Bias People's Preparations for It
Authors: Stuart Jillian O' Rourke , Windschitl Paul D. , Smith Andrew R. , Scherer Aaron M.
Published: October 2015

Past research on the desirability bias and on bracing for bad news has focused on the potential influence of outcome desirability on people's stated expectations. The present studies examined its influence on behavior—that is, what is done in anticipation of, or preparation for, an uncertain outcome. In five studies, the desirability of possible outcomes for an event, which was uncertain and uncontrollable by the participant, was manipulated, and preparation behavior was measured. Study 1 used a hypothetical‐events paradigm. Studies 2 and 3 involved a computer activity in which behavior was tracked on a trial‐by‐trial basis. In Studies 4 and 5, the uncertain event was the ending of a videotaped basketball game. Rather than exhibiting bracing or a reluctance to tempt fate, participants tended to behave in a manner consistent with an optimistic desirability bias. In a subset of studies, predictions and likelihood judgments were also solicited; the differential effects of outcome desirability on these measures are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bayesian meta‐analysis of test accuracy in the absence of a perfect reference test applied to bone scintigraphy for the diagnosis of complex regional pain syndrome
Authors: Held Ulrike , Brunner Florian , Steurer Johann , Wertli Maria M.
Published: October 2015

There is conflicting evidence about the accuracy of bone scintigraphy (BS) for the diagnosis of complex regional pain syndrome 1 (CRPS 1). In a meta‐analysis of diagnostic studies, the evaluation of test accuracy is impeded by the use of different imperfect reference tests. The aim of our study is to summarize sensitivity and specificity of BS for CRPS 1 and to identify factors to explain heterogeneity. We use a hierarchical Bayesian approach to model test accuracy and threshold, and we present different models accounting for the imperfect nature of the reference tests, and assuming conditional dependence between BS and the reference test results. Further, we include disease duration as explanatory variable in the model. The models are compared using summary ROC curves and the deviance information criterion (DIC). Our results show that those models which account for different imperfect reference tests with conditional dependence and inclusion of the covariate are the ones with the smallest DIC. The sensitivity of BS was 0.87 (95% credible interval 0.73–0.97) and the overall specificity was 0.87 (0.73–0.95) in the model with the smallest DIC, in which missing values of the covariate are imputed within the Bayesian framework. The estimated effect of duration of symptoms on the threshold parameter was 0.17 (−0.25 to 0.57). We demonstrate that the Bayesian models presented in this paper are useful to address typical problems occurring in meta‐analysis of diagnostic studies, including conditional dependence between index test and reference test, as well as missing values in the study‐specific covariates.
Mentoring serial and high‐risk perpetrators of intimate partner violence in the community: Engagement and initiating change
Authors: Walker Kate , Bowen Erica
Published: October 2015

Background

Mentoring has typically been used with young offenders. A pilot‐mentoring project has been introduced in the UK for high‐risk intimate partner violence (IPV) offenders.

Aims

The aim of the study was to evaluate how serial and high‐risk IPV men engaged with mentoring and how change was initiated for this population.

Methods

Interviews were conducted with two mentors, six mentees and four support workers, and file notes for 16 mentees were examined. Thematic analysis was employed to analyse the data.

Results

The global theme, tools and techniques that facilitate engagement comprised two organising themes, building relationships and tenacity of the mentor, which explained how engagement was initiated and driven. Catalysts to initiate change with its two organising themes, hooks and focus on the future, captured factors that act as potential turning points or triggers for the mentees to address their use of IPV and start the process of change.

Conclusions

Mentoring is an innovative and alternative approach for engaging intervention‐resistant serial and high‐risk IPV perpetrators, enabling them to identify their need to change and laying down the foundation that could facilitate this change. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The HgF2 Ionic Switch: A Triumph of Electrostatics against Relativistic Odds
Authors: Donald Kelling J. , Kretz William J. , Omorodion Oluwarotimi
Published: October 2015

A remarkable transition in the chemical bonding in (HgF2)n clusters as a function of n is identified and characterized. HgF2 is a fascinating material. Certain significant consequences of relativistic effects on the structure of the HgF2 molecule, dimer, and trimer disappear in the extended solid. Relativistic effects in Hg ensure that HgX2 molecules (X≡F, Cl, Br, and I) are linear, rigid, and form weakly bound dimers and trimers held together by weak electrostatic and van der Waals‐type forces (unlike ZnX2 and CdX2 systems in which the intermonomer contacts are strong polar covalent bonds). For HgF2, the location and nature of an apparent transition from weak interactions in the smallest (HgF2)n clusters to ionic bonding in the (fluorite) HgF2 extended solid has remained a mystery. Computational evidence obtained at the M06‐2X, B97D3, and MP2 levels of theory and reported herein indicate that polar covalent bonding in (HgF2)n begins as early as n=5. For n=2 through to n=13, the transition or switch from weak (primarily dipole–dipole‐type) intermonomer interactions to a preference for polar covalent bonding occurs within the range 5<n≤9. Thermodynamic evidence for this transition is provided. Our results demonstrate a significant risk associated with crystal structure prediction from the ground up (i.e., based on bonding patterns in small clusters). The path from monomers through to extended solids may be punctuated at one or several points (as n increases) with transitions in structure and bonding that are not anticipated or betrayed by the bonding in small clusters.
Variable selection and inference procedures for marginal analysis of longitudinal data with missing observations and covariate measurement error
Authors: Yi Grace Y. , Tan Xianming , Li Runze
Published: October 2015

In contrast to extensive attention on model selection for cross‐sectional data, research on model selection for longitudinal data remains largely unexplored. This is particularly the case when data are subject to missingness and measurement error. To address this important problem, we propose marginal methods that simultaneously carry out model selection and estimation for longitudinal data with missing responses and error‐prone covariates. Our methods have several appealing features: the applicability is broad because the methods are developed for a unified framework with marginal generalized linear models; model assumptions are minimal in that no full distribution is required for the response process and the distribution of the true covariates is left unspecified; and the implementation is straightforward. To justify the proposed methods, we provide both theoretical properties and numerical assessments.The Canadian Journal of Statistics43: 498–518; 2015 © 2015 Statistical Society of Canada
Robust model‐based stratification sampling designs
Authors: Zhai Zhichun , Wiens Douglas P.
Published: October 2015

We address the resistance, somewhat pervasive within the sampling community, to model‐based methods. We do this by introducing notions of “approximate models” and then deriving sampling methods which are robust to model misspecification within neighbourhoods of the sampler's approximate, working model. Specifically we study robust sampling designs for model‐based stratification, when the assumed distribution of an auxiliary variable x, and the mean function and the variance function in the associated regression model, are only approximately specified. We adopt an approach of “minimax robustness,” to which end we introduce neighbourhoods of the “working” , and working regression model, and maximize the prediction mean squared error (MSE) for the empirical best predictor, of a population total, over these neighbourhoods. Then we obtain robust sampling designs, which minimize an upper bound of the maximum MSE through a modified genetic algorithm with “artificial implantation.” The techniques are illustrated in a case study of Australian sugar farms, where the goal is the prediction of total crop size, stratified by farm size. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 43: 554–577; 2015 © 2015 Statistical Society of Canada
Germ cell tumors: Treatment consensus across all age groups through MaGIC [Malignant Germ Cell International Collaborative]
Authors: Hurteau Jean A. , Febbraro Terri
Published: October 2015

This editorial discusses the treatment approach to immature teratomas across pediatric and adult age groups by the Malignant Germ Cell International Collaborative.
Is adjuvant chemotherapy indicated in ovarian immature teratomas? A combined data analysis from the Malignant Germ Cell Tumor International Collaborative
Authors: Pashankar Farzana , Hale Juliet P. , Dang Ha , Krailo Mark , Brady William E. , Rodriguez‐Galindo Carlos , Nicholson James C. , Murray Matthew J. , Bilmire Deborah F. , Stoneham Sara , Arul G. Suren , Olson Thomas A. , Stark Daniel , Shaikh Furqan , Amatruda James F. , Covens Allan , Gershenson David M. , Frazier A. Lindsay
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND

There is a debate regarding the management of ovarian immature teratomas (ITs). In adult women, postoperative chemotherapy is standard except for stage I, grade 1 disease, whereas surgery alone is standard in pediatric patients. To determine the role of chemotherapy, a pooled analysis of pediatric and adult clinical trials was conducted.

METHODS

Data from 7 pediatric trials and 2 adult trials were merged in the Malignant Germ Cell International Collaborative data set. Four trials included patients with newly diagnosed pure ovarian ITs and were selected (Pediatric Oncology Group/Children's Cancer Group Intergroup Study (INT 0106), Second UKCCSG Germ Cell Tumor Study (GC2), Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG 0078 and GOG 0090). Adult and pediatric trials were analyzed separately. The primary outcome measures were event‐free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS).

RESULTS

One hundred seventy‐nine patients were included (98 pediatric patients and 81 adult patients). Ninety pediatric patients were treated with surgery alone, whereas all adult patients received chemotherapy. The 5‐year EFS and OS were 91% and 99%, respectively, for the pediatric cohort and 87% and 93%, respectively, for the adults. There were no relapses in grade 1 patients, regardless of the stage or age. Only 1 adult patient with a grade 2 IT relapsed. Among grade 3 patients, the 5‐year EFS was 0.92 (0.72‐0.98) for stage I/II and 0.52 (0.22‐0.75) for stage III in the pediatric cohort (P = .005) and 0.91 (0.69‐0.98) for stage I/II and 0.65 (0.39‐0.83) for stage III/IV in the adult cohort (P = .01). Postoperative chemotherapy did not decrease relapses in the pediatric cohort.

CONCLUSIONS

The grade was the most important risk factor for relapse in ovarian ITs. Among grade 3 patients, the stage was significantly associated with relapse. Adjuvant chemotherapy did not decrease relapses in the pediatric cohort; its role in adults remains unresolved. Cancer 2016;122:230–237. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
RAS/MAPK pathway hyperactivation determines poor prognosis in undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas
Authors: Serrano César , Romagosa Cleofé , Hernández‐Losa Javier , Simonetti Sara , Valverde Claudia , Moliné Teresa , Somoza Rosa , Pérez Manuel , Vélez Roberto , Vergés Ramona , Domínguez Rosa , Carles Joan , Ramón y Cajal Santiago
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND

Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) constitutes the most common subtype of soft tissue sarcoma. However, UPS is clinically and molecularly poorly understood, in great extent due to its intrinsic phenotypic and cytogenetic complexity, which in turn results in the absence of specific prognostic or predictive biomarkers. The RAS/mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPK) and phosphoinositide 3‐kinase inhibitor (PI3K)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways are considered to be 2 major mechanisms for sarcoma proliferation and survival and to the authors' knowledge their role in UPS remains unclear. The objective of the current study was to investigate whether the RAS/MAPK and PI3K/mTOR pathways are activated in UPS, and whether pathway activation is associated with outcome.

METHODS

Records for patients diagnosed and treated for UPS in the study institution between 2000 and 2009 were reviewed. Phosphorylation status of 4E‐binding protein (4E‐BP1), eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF‐4E), S6‐RP, and ERK 1/2, together with total forms of 4E‐BP1 and eIF‐4E, were assessed using immunohistochemistry in paraffin‐embedded tumor tissue. Mutational analysis for KRAS; NRAS; BRAF; and phosphatidylinositol‐4,5‐bisphosphate 3‐kinase, catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) oncogenic mutations was performed as well.

RESULTS

Critical lymph nodes within the RAS/MAPK and PI3K/mTOR pathways were found to be activated in >80% of UPS cases. Hyperactivation of the RAS/MAPK pathway, as assessed by expression of phosphorylated ERK 1/2, was found to independently predict a higher risk of disease recurrence and impaired overall survival. Only a KRAS A146V mutation was detected in 1 tumor.

CONCLUSIONS

The RAS/MAPK and PI3K/mTOR pathways are activated in the majority of cases of UPS. The RAS/MAPK pathway distinguishes a subgroup of patients with localized UPS with a worse outcome. Cancer 2016;122:99–107. © 2015 American Cancer Society.