bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reação de fase aguda e sua relação com o desempenho de cavalos em competição de longa distância
Authors: Amaral L.A. , Paz C.F. , Haetinger C. , Crespo E.P. , Nogueira C.E.W.
Published: May 2015

O exercício físico é um dos estímulos fisiológicos mais estressantes que um animal pode sofrer e, dependendo de sua intensidade, sugere-se que possa gerar uma reação mediada por proteínas de fase aguda (PFA). O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar a reação de fase aguda e sua relação com o desempenho de cavalos submetidos a uma competição de longa distância. O experimento foi desenvolvido durante a Marcha de Resistência anual promovida pela Associação Brasileira de Criadores de Cavalos Crioulos (ABCCC), composta por um percurso de 750km percorrido durante 15 dias. Foram avaliados 23 equinos, os quais foram divididos em dois grupos, sendo o grupo 1 composto pelos 10 primeiros colocados na competição e o grupo 2 formado pelos 13 animais que concluíram a competição em colocações inferiores ou foram desclassificados antes de terminar a prova. Efetuaram-se coletas sanguíneas em repouso (dia 0) e no último dia de competição, e foi realizado o teste de eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida contendo dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS-PAGE) para identificar as proteínas (albumina, haptoglobina, ceruloplasmina, transferrina, imunoglobulina G, imunoglobulina A, glicoproteína ácida e proteína de peso molecular de 23kDa). Os resultados demonstraram que o exercício físico imposto influenciou de forma significativa (P<0,0001) as concentrações séricas de haptoglobina, ceruloplasmina, imunoglobulina A, glicoproteína ácida e proteína de peso molecular de 23kDa. Quando comparados os resultados dos grupos estudados, observou-se que a concentração de haptoglobina após a competição foi superior no grupo de animais com baixo desempenho (grupo 2). Conclui-se que a competição de longa duração é capaz de gerar reação de fase aguda e que o monitoramento da concentração de haptoglobina pode ser um sinalizador de processo inflamatório e baixo desempenho.
Glicerina bruta associada à silagem de sorgo em dietas para cordeiros
Authors: Oliveira Filho C.A.A. , Azevêdo J.A.G. , Carvalho G.G.P. , Silva C.F.P.G. , Santos J.D.
Published: May 2015

Objetivou-se avaliar os níveis de glicerina bruta (GB), 0, 20, 40, 60 e 80g/kg de matéria seca (MS) de silagem de sorgo sobre a cinética da fermentação, 0, 30, 60 e 90g/kg de MS de silagem sobre a cinética de degradação da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), e os níveis 0, 17, 33, 55 e 70g/kg de MS de silagem sobre o consumo e a digestibilidade da MS, os compostos nutricionais e o balanço de nitrogênio em cordeiros. O volume e a taxa de degradação dos carboidratos não fibrosos (Vcnf) e (Kdcnf), respectivamente, apresentaram comportamento quadrático, sendo estimado Vcnf máximo (126,62mL/g de MS) e Kdcnf mínima (0,0782/h) para inclusão de 54,85g e 58,75g GB/kg de MS, respectivamente. Já o tempo de colonização (L), apresentou um decréscimo linear de 0,013h para cada 10g de GB/kg de MS. Houve redução linear de 0,996% na degradação para fração B. Não houve efeito significativo da inclusão de GB sobre o consumo e a digestibilidade da MS, os compostos nutricionais e o balanço de nitrogênio. A utilização de GB entre 50 e 70g/kg de MS em dietas à base de silagem de sorgo pode ser fonte alternativa de energia para cordeiros.
Morfologia do estômago do cervo-do-pantanal (Blastocerus dichotomus, Illiger 1815)
Authors: Machado M.R.F. , Leal L.M. , Sasahara T.H.C. , Oliveira F.S. , Duarte J.M.B , Okuda H.T.
Published: May 2015

Em razão da falta de informações sobre a morfologia do cervo-do-pantanal, objetivou-se apresentar a morfologia das câmaras gástricas desse cervídeo. Macroscopicamente, o estômago do cervo-do-pantanal é formado pelo rúmen, retículo, omaso e abomaso, assemelhando-se aos ruminantes domésticos. Microscopicamente, o rúmen e o abomaso são semelhantes aos animais domésticos, já o retículo e o omaso apresentam características específicas, como acentuada queratinização no ápice das pequenas projeções epiteliais do retículo e pregas omasais revestidas por discretas papilas.
Influência do parasitismo intestinal sobre os parâmetros hematológicos e de líquido peritoneal em equinos de tração
Authors: Lhamas C.L. , Duarte C.A. , Lübeck I. , Silva M.N.G. , Leite C.T. , Pereira E.P. , Roschildt K. , Bernardon F.
Published: May 2015

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a influência do parasitismo intestinal crônico sobre parâmetros hematológicos e de líquido peritoneal por meio da comparação dessas características em equinos naturalmente parasitados e após administração de anti-helmíntico. Utilizaram-se 21 cavalos de tração urbana, entre dois e 19 anos, sem raça definida e com resultado de exame parasitológico superior a 300 ovos por grama de fezes. Foi realizada avaliação física e coleta de fezes, de líquido peritoneal e de sangue em dois momentos do experimento (D0 e D15), sendo efetuado tratamento antiparasitário no D0. No fluido peritoneal foram avaliadas características físicas, bioquímicas, bem como contagem de células nucleadas (CTCN) e diferenciação celular. No sangue foram determinados valores eritrocitários, leucocitários, proteínas plasmáticas totais, glicose e fibrinogênio plasmáticos, além de fosfatase alcalina (FA) sérica. A análise dos parâmetros avaliados não demonstrou diferença significativa entre animais parasitados e após administração de anti-helmíntico, exceto para valores de CTCN, contagem de neutrófilos segmentados e grau de turbidez do líquido peritoneal. As médias se mantiveram dentro dos intervalos de referência, com exceção da CTCN do líquido peritoneal no D0. No líquido peritoneal, houve predomínio de neutrófilos segmentados, seguidos por macrófagos, linfócitos e eosinófilos em ambos os momentos de avaliação. Observaram-se tendência do quadro eritrocitário em manter-se próximo aos limites inferiores e leve leucocitose no D0. A infecção parasitária nos animais estudados foi predominantemente moderada, o que oferece poucos riscos clínicos. Nessas condições, pode-se afirmar que a CTCN, a contagem absoluta de neutrófilos segmentados e o grau de turbidez do líquido peritoneal são influenciados e podem ser considerados ferramentas diagnósticas e prognósticas úteis nas parasitoses intestinais crônicas.
Efeito do ambiente ruminal sobre a degradabilidade de colmos da cana-de-açúcar
Authors: Pereira M.N. , Costa H.N. , Melo R.P. , Chaves M.L. , Lima R.F. , Pereira R.A.N.
Published: May 2015

Avaliou-se o efeito do ambiente ruminal sobre a degradação da FDN de 12 cultivares de cana. As dietas continham: 87,1% de cana (Cana) ou 42,0% de cana e 58,0% de concentrado com milho (Milho) ou polpa cítrica (Polpa). Seis vacas com cânula ruminal formaram quadrados latinos 3x3. Por 11 dias de cada período experimental, o consumo de matéria seca foi fixado em 1,2% do peso vivo. No dia 12, baixo pH ruminal foi induzido no Milho e na Polpa por infusão intrarruminal de milho ou polpa cítrica. Simultaneamente, ureia foi adicionada ao rúmen em todos os tratamentos. Sacos de náilon contendo os cultivares foram incubados por 24h nos dias 11 e 12. O pH ruminal no dia 11 foi 7,01 e NH3 foi 3,4, 4,4 e 6,2mg/dL para Cana, Milho e Polpa, respectivamente. O pH no dia 12 foi 6,98 para Cana, 6,49 para Milho e 6,04 para Polpa, e NH3 foi 13,0mg/dL. Para Cana, a degradabilidade ruminal da FDN foi 21% no dia 11 e 28% no dia 12; para Milho e Polpa esta foi ao redor de 21% em ambos os dias. O ordenamento dos cultivares por degradabilidade ruminal da FDN foi similar nos ambientes ruminais distintos.
Toxicidade aguda ao sal comum e larvicultura intensiva do jundiá Rhamdia quelen em água salobra
Authors: Fabregat T.E.H.P. , Damian J. , Fialho N.S. , Costa D. , Broggi J.A. , Pereira R.G. , Takata R.
Published: May 2015

A tolerância de peixes de água doce à salinidade e os níveis adequados de náuplios de Artemia na alimentação durante a larvicultura são de extrema importância para a padronização dos manejos em ambientes de criação intensiva. Dessa forma, o objetivo do trabalho foi estimar a salinidade letal (SL50) para larvas de jundiá Rhamdia quelen e determinar o efeito da salinidade e da concentração de presas vivas na larvicultura intensiva. No primeiro ensaio, larvas ao final do período lecitotrófico (1,1±0,8mg) foram submetidas às salinidades de 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15 e 20g de sal/L por um período de 96h. No segundo experimento, as larvas de jundiá, no início da alimentação exógena (1,2±0,3mg), foram submetidas a três salinidades (água doce 0, 2 e 4g de sal/L) e três concentrações de presas vivas (início: 300, 500, 700 náuplios de Artemia/larvas/dia, sendo esse montante aumentado a cada cinco dias). O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 3x3, por um período de 15 dias. No experimento 1, as larvas de jundiá submetidas às salinidades de 10, 15 e 20g de sal/L morreram após 12, duas e uma hora de exposição, respectivamente. As SL50 de 72 e 96h foram estimadas em 9,93 e 4,95g de sal/L, respectivamente. No final do teste de toxicidade, não houve diferença na sobrevivência entre as salinidades de 0, 2 e 4g de sal/L. No experimento 2, não foi observado efeito da interação entre salinidade e concentração de presas para o peso e o comprimento. Quanto maior a quantidade de presas, maior o crescimento das larvas. A sobrevivência apresentou interação entre os fatores. O aumento da salinidade proporcionou uma diminuição da sobrevivência, independentemente da concentração de presas. Dessa forma, conclui-se que a SL50 diminuiu com o aumento do tempo de exposição à água salinizada e que a larvicultura da espécie pode ser realizada em salinidades de até 2g de sal/L, com concentração de presas vivas diária inicial de 700 náuplios de Artemia/larva.
Rituais funerários e deposição cerâmica nos sítios AM 41 e La Pointe de Balaté: repensando o período cerâmico tardio na planície costeira oeste da Guiana Francesa
Authors: van den Bel Martijn
Published: May 2015

Por mais de 20 anos se pensou que o período cerâmico tardio (900-1500 A.D.) das planícies costeiras do oeste da Guiana Francesa e do leste do Suriname teria sido dominado pelo complexo Barbakoeba, conforme definido pelo arqueólogo holandês Arie Boomert (1993). Recentemente, várias escavações permitiram enfatizar numerosas diferenças regionais baseadas na análise cerâmica e deposições funerárias. Este artigo tenta ir além da caracterização geral da cerâmica do complexo Barbakoeba, a fim de discutir a diversidade regional deste complexo amplamente distribuído.
Entre o mito e a história: o padre que nasceu índio e a história de Oriximiná
Authors: Henrique Márcio Couto
Published: May 2015

O padre José Nicolino de Sousa é considerado o fundador do município de Oriximiná, no Pará. Entretanto, ele é cultuado sempre na condição de padre civilizador, sendo sua ascendência indígena quase nunca lembrada ou conhecida. Baseado em documentos do século XIX, tais como notícias de jornais, manuscritos e o diário deixado pelo religioso, este trabalho analisa a experiência histórica e a memória acerca de José Nicolino de Sousa, confrontando os mitos que se criaram em torno dele com o que revelam os documentos históricos. Concluiu-se que o povoado que deu origem a Oriximiná surgiu muito antes da viagem fundadora atribuída ao padre, sendo possível criar uma narrativa histórica mais inclusiva acerca da região, envolvendo sujeitos até então silenciados.
Observações sobre os correlatos acústicos do acento em Apurinã (Aruák): estudo de um caso
Authors: Santos Benedito de Sales , Facundes Sidi
Published: May 2015

O presente artigo investiga a duração como possível correlato acústico do acento em Apurinã, levando-se em consideração as hipóteses levantadas por outros autores. Neste trabalho, investiga-se a duração de vogais em sílabas acentuadas, com acento secundário e sem acento, posto ser um possível correlato acústico que marca o acento em Apurinã, como sugerem outros trabalhos e estudos que afirmam ser esse um correlato recorrente nas línguas do mundo. O objetivo é verificar essas hipóteses, revendo os trabalhos anteriores sobre a língua e analisando novos dados, de modo a produzir resultados com base em informações independentes daquelas investigadas até então. Os resultados sugerem uma correlação apenas entre duração e acento primário e levantam questões sobre a sua natureza fonética, assim como uma questão relevante para a fonologia teórica sobre sílabas com vogais nasais que se comportam como sílabas pesadas ou bimoraicas.
A arqueologia dos fermentados: a etílica história dos Tupi-Guarani
Authors: Almeida Fernando Ozorio de
Published: May 2015

O consumo de bebidas fermentadas é geralmente negligenciado pela literatura arqueológica, que trata a questão como tema de interesse secundário (recreativo) na história das populações humanas. Entretanto, a literatura etnográfica das sociedades indígenas das terras baixas sul-americanas indica exatamente o oposto: é o alimento vegetal sólido e não alcoólico que tende a possuir um papel secundário na vida cotidiana e ritualística de diversos coletivos. Os dados arqueológicos aprofundam temporalmente essa relação entre o ser humano e os fermentados. Além disso, os vasos cerâmicos arqueológicos utilizados para o preparo e consumo desses fermentados são fundamentais para a compreensão de processos e eventos históricos que modelaram a dispersão de uma série de grupos pelo continente.
O sistema financeiro atual trava o desenvolvimento econômico
Authors: Dowbor Ladislau
Published: May 2015

A financeirização está no centro dos debates econômicos, porque aprofunda a desigualdade e sobretudo porque trava o desenvolvimento. Este último aspecto é alvo de numerosos estudos internacionais, e aqui abordamos o mecanismo como se manifesta no Brasil. Basicamente, os crediários, cartões de crédito e juros bancários para pessoa física travam a demanda, pois tipicamente o comprador paga o dobro do valor do produto, endivida-se muito comprando pouco, o que esteriliza o impacto de dinamização da economia pela demanda. Os juros elevados para pessoa jurídica travam por sua vez o investimento, isto porque o empresário efetivamente produtivo já enfrenta a fragilidade da demanda. E a taxa Selic elevada, ao provocar a transferência de centenas de bilhões dos nosso impostos para os bancos e outros aplicadores financeiros, trava a capacidade de o Estado expandir políticas sociais e infraestruturas. Essa dinâmica no contexto de uma carga tributária que onera desproporcionalmente o consumo popular, e de um sistema de evasão dos impostos através em particular dos paraísos fiscais, gera um dreno insustentável de recursos que explica que tenhamos uma alta taxa de emprego e um PIB que estagna. As recomendações vão no sentido de uma reforma financeira, e não do ajuste fiscal atualmente proposto.
Uma visão tranquila e científica do novo Acordo Ortográfico
Authors: Bechara Evanildo
Published: May 2015

O presente texto pretende comentar críticas não só às propostas do Acordo Ortográfico de 1990, mas também explicitar de forma acessível ao leitor comum a filosofia que presidiu a elaboração do texto aprovado pelas nações que têm o português como língua oficial. Pretende ainda lembrar aos críticos que o Acordo só tratou dos pontos que se mostravam divergentes entre o sistema de 1945 - vigente em Portugal e nos países africanos - e o sistema de 1943 - vigente no Brasil. As formas não discordantes não entraram na mesa de discussão: trata-se de Acordo, e não de Reforma.
“Doentes e incapazes para marchar”: vida e morte no exército da Companhia Neerlandesa das Índias Ocidentais no Nordeste do Brasil, 1630-1654
Authors: Miranda Bruno Romero Ferreira
Published: May 2015

Dos diversos males que infligiram o exército da Companhia das Índias Ocidentais em seus anos de atividade no Brasil, poucos podem ser comparados às doenças. São escassos, todavia, os dados quantitativos apresentados na historiografia para mostrar seu impacto nas tropas. Além dos índices de baixas por doença que ceifavam muitos militares, sabe-se pouco sobre os tratamentos médicos oferecidos, as principais doenças que atingiam a tropa e suas causas. Este artigo traz elementos que ajudam a compreender aspectos pouco trabalhados em termos quantitativos e sistemáticos pela historiografia e demonstra como as doenças afligiam a companhia e embaraçavam suas ações no território.
Prevalence of dementia in Colombian populations
Authors: Vargas Efraín Amaya , Gallardo Ángela Magnolia Ríos , Manrrique Guillermo González , Murcia-Paredes Lina M. , Riaño María Consuelo Angarita , DNEUROPSY Grupo
Published: May 2015

With the gradual increase in the life expectancy of the population due to scientific progress and public health at the service of society, the prevalence of dementia has been increasing at different rates worldwide. Currently, the prevalence rates range between 5% and 7% (6.4% in the U.S. and up to 8.5 % in Latin America) in subjects older than 60 years. The lowest prevalence rate (2.1%) has been reported from sub-Saharan Africa, probably due to selective mortality under 60 years of age. By contrast, a very high prevalence of dementia (23.6% dementia in individuals ≥60 years) was observed in the city of Neiva, Southern Colombia. We believe that this high rate could be explained by the presence of several risk factors such as very low schooling, low socio-economic strata, chronic diseases, the inclusion of geriatric homes among others, and additional unknown factors.
Obstructive sleep apnea and neurodegenerative diseases: A bidirectional relation
Authors: Bahia Christianne Martins Corrêa da Silva , Pereira João Santos
Published: May 2015

Sleep disorders are common during the clinical course of the main neurodegenerative diseases. Among these disorders, obstructive sleep apnea has been extensively studied in the last decade and recent knowledge regarding its relationship with the neurodegenerative process points a bidirectional relationship. Neurodegenerative diseases can lead to functional changes in the respiratory system that facilitate the emergence of apnea. On the other hand, obstructive sleep apnea itself can lead to acceleration of neuronal death due to intermittent hypoxia. Considering that obstructive sleep apnea is a potentially treatable condition, its early identification and intervention could have a positive impact on the management of patients with neurodegenerative diseases.
Indirect cost with dementia: A Brazilian study
Authors: Ferretti Ceres Eloah Lucena , Nitrini Ricardo , Brucki Sonia Maria Dozzi
Published: May 2015

Costs with dementia have been the focus of research around the world and indirect costs to the caregiver appear in the literature as responsible for the greatest impact. In Latin American (LA) studies, indirect costs with dementia range from 60% to 75% of family income. OBJECTIVE: To present preliminary results of the study "Description of the methods and cost analysis with dementia" currently being conducted at the Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Unit of Hospital de Clínicas of University of São Paulo - HC-FMUSP. METHODS: A cross-sectional study which, to date, includes interviews of 93 primary caregivers. The research protocol includes a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Functional Assessment Staging (FAST) scale, the Burden Interview (Zarit), an economic classification scale, and the Resource Utilization in Dementia (RUD) scale. RESULTS: Monthly indirect costs were US$ 1,122.40, US$ 1,508.90 and US$ 1,644.70 stratified into mild, moderate and severe dementia, respectively. The projected annual indirect costs were US$ 13,468.80, US$ 18,106.80 and US$ 19,736.40, representing 69 to 169% of family income. CONCLUSION: This small sample showed that the impact of indirect costs with dementia in Brazil may be higher than that reported in other Latin American (LA) studies. These initial results may represent an important contribution for further research on costs with dementia in LA.
Relationships between episodic memory performance prediction and sociodemographic variables among healthy older adults
Authors: Oliveira Glaucia Martins de , Cachioni Meire , Falcão Deusivania , Batistoni Samila , Lopes Andrea , Guimarães Vanessa , Lima-Silva Thais Bento , Neri Anita Liberalesso , Yassuda Mônica Sanches
Published: May 2015

Previous studies have suggested that performance prediction, an aspect of metamemory, may be associated with objective performance on memory tasks. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to describe memory prediction before performing an episodic memory task, in community-dwelling older adults, stratified by sex, age group and educational level. Additionally, the association between predicted and objective performance on a memory task was investigated. METHODS: The study was based on data from 359 participants in the FIBRA study carried out at Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo. Memory prediction was assessed by posing the question: "If someone showed you a sheet with drawings of 10 pictures to observe for 30 seconds, how many pictures do you think you could remember without seeing the sheet?". Memory performance was assessed by the memorization of 10 black and white pictures from the Brief Cognitive Screening Battery (BCSB). RESULTS: No differences were found between men and women, nor for age group and educational level, in memory performance prediction before carrying out the memory task. There was a modest association (rho=0.11, p=0.041) between memory prediction and performance in immediate memory. On multivariate linear regression analyses, memory performance prediction was moderately significantly associated with immediate memory (p=0.061). CONCLUSION: In this study, sociodemographic variables did not influence memory prediction, which was only modestly associated with immediate memory on the Brief Cognitive Screening Battery (BCSB).
Glyphosate-Resistant Horseweed (Conyza canadensis) Control with Dicamba in Alabama
Authors: Flessner Michael L. , McElroy J. Scott , McCurdy James D. , Toombs Jordan M. , Wehtje Glenn R. , Burmester Charles H. , Price Andrew J. , Ducar Joyce T.
Published: May 2015

The development and spread of glyphosate-resistant (GR) horseweed has increased the use of dicamba as an alternative herbicide treatment. Research evaluated suspected glyphosate-resistant horseweed populations from DeKalb (GR-1) and Cherokee (GR-2) counties, Alabama, for response to glyphosate, dicamba, and glyphosate + dicamba. Populations used for resistance determination were tested at rosette and bolt growth stages. Glyphosate resistance evaluation treatments ranged from 0 to 36.0 kg ae ha−1. Data confirmed that GR-1 and GR-2 horseweed populations were 3.0 to 38 times more resistant to glyphosate than the susceptible population, according to population, data type, and growth stage at treatment. GR-1 and GR-2 populations were further evaluated for response to dicamba. Dicamba was applied at 0 to 1.12 kg ai ha−1, both with and without the addition of glyphosate at 1.12 kg ae ha−1. All populations had similar tolerance to dicamba, with the exception of GR-2 treated at the rosette growth stage, which had ~2-fold greater tolerance. When glyphosate was tank-mixed with dicamba, the response of GR populations was similar to that of dicamba alone. Therefore, any potential resistance-management benefit of tank-mixing dicamba with glyphosate may be negated when one is attempting to control GR horseweed. Conversely, adding glyphosate to dicamba drastically enhanced control of the susceptible population at both growth stages.
Resident satisfaction for sustainable urban regeneration
Authors: Afacan Yasemin
Published: May 2015

In Turkey, there has been increasing construction activity since 2002, and the urban environment is being altered through a range of construction activities. Both the public and private sectors have contributed directly to these activities through urban regeneration projects and by transforming the negative impacts of poorly planned projects through urban rehabilitation. However, there are negative impacts of these urban regeneration developments. Little attention has been paid to user needs and expectations or to managing regeneration in sustainable ways. Understanding resident satisfaction in regenerated urban areas is a prerequisite for reducing the environmental impact of buildings, increasing sustainable quality and creating healthy urban environments. Thus, in this study, resident satisfaction is investigated through a field survey with 200 residents in Ankara, Turkey. Çukurambar, a regenerated urban area of 4·2 ha, was chosen as the study location. The study, which aimed to determine how to provide housing and commercial areas, was conducted by the Ankara Metropolitan Municipality and began in 2006 and was completed in 2009. By means of statistical analyses, resident satisfaction and importance levels were calculated. The study confirmed the multidimensional nature of sustainable urban development and correlated relationships of different dimensions for neighbourhood satisfaction.
Parasite species richness and intensity of interspecific interactions increase with latitude in two wide‐ranging hosts
Authors: Torchin Mark E. , Miura Osamu , Hechinger Ryan F.
Published: May 2015

Although the latitudinal diversity gradient is a well‐known and general pattern, the mechanisms structuring it remain elusive. Two key issues limit differentiating these. First, habitat type usually varies with latitude, precluding a standardized evaluation of species richness. Second, broad‐scale and local factors hypothesized to shape diversity patterns co‐vary with one another, making it difficult to tease apart independent effects. Examining communities of parasites in widely distributed hosts can eliminate some of these confounding factors. We quantified diversity and interspecific interactions for trematode parasites infecting two similar snail species across 27 degrees of latitude from 43 locations in tropical and temperate oceans. Counter to typical patterns, we found that species richness, levels of parasitism, and intensity of intraguild predation increased with latitude. Because speciation rates are precluded from driving diversity gradients in this particular system, the reversed gradients are likely due to local ecological factors, specifically, increased productivity and stability. We highlight how this system may serve as a useful tool to provide insight into what processes drive diversity gradients in general.
High-Resolution Stratigraphy and Paleobiology of the Hartland Shale
Member
Authors: Sageman B. B.
Published: May 2015

The Hartland Shale Member of the Greenhorn Limestone is predominantly composed of finely laminated calcareous shale with high levels of organic carbon and low levels of fossil diversity and abundance, suggesting a Cretaceous epicontinental anoxic event. At Rock Canyon anticline the Hartland member is conformably underlain by the Lincoln Limestone Member and conformably overlain by the Bridge Creek Limestone Member of the Greenhorn Limestone. A detailed lithostratigraphic, geochemical and paleobiologic study of this interval has identified characteristic lithofacies and biofacies which subdivide the member into three units and suggests a cyclic pattern of oceanographic processes during Hartland deposition. An alternating transgressive pulse/stil1 stand model is proposed to account for these patterns of cyclic sedimentation and oxygen-deficient biofacies distribution.
Stratigraphy and Depositional Environments of the Bridge Creek Limestone
Member of the Greenhorn Limestone at Rock Canyon Anticline Near Pueblo,
Colorado
Authors: Elder William P. , Kirkland James I.
Published: May 2015

The Bridge Creek Limestone Member of the Greenhorn Formation records maximum eustatic rise of the Greenhorn Marine Cycle, and the maximum aerial extent reached by the Western Interior Seaway. Limestone-shale couplets reflecting Milankovitch-style climatic cycles, and abundant laterally persistent bentonites, within a highly refined biostratigraphic framework based primarily on rapidly evolving cosmopolitan molluscan taxa, allows the development of a very detailed system of event-isochron stratigraphy divided into intervals of 100,000 yr or less. The Bridge Creek Limestone Member can be divided into three informal subdivisions (lower, middle, and upper) based on overall lithologic characteristics and slope forming profile. These precisely correlate to the upper Hartland, Jetmore, and Pfeifer members in central Kansas and reflect changes in marine environments and sedimentation style corresponding to the periods just prior to, during, and after maximum transgression respectively. The development and preservation of cyclic sedimentation during deposition of the Bridge Creek Member is largely the result of slow rock accumulation rates of 0.5 to 1.0 cm/1000 years across the central Western Interior. The combination of widespread deposition, numerous chronostratigraphic marker-beds, and a highly refined regional and global biostratigraphy make the Bridge Creek Limestone Member a magnificent natural laboratory for detailed ecologic, evolutionary, biogeographic, and oceanographic studies.
The Niobrara Transgressive Hemicyclothem in Central and Eastern
Colorado
Authors: Fisher Cynthia G. , Kauffman Erle G. , Wilhelm Laura Von Holdt
Published: May 2015

The Niobrara Transgressive Hemicyclothem at Pueblo and to the south and west comprises four discrete lithostratigraphic members, separated by four and possibly five regional disconformities. The sequence disappears to the east and north as disconformities expand, anastomose, and become a single regional unconformity, bringing pelagic Fort Hays limestones, representing maximum transgression and eustatic rise, into erosional contact with maximum regressive shoreface sandstones (Codell) of the underlying Greenhorn Cyclothem. Eight molluscan biozones are defined within the complex Niobrara transgressive sequence in the Axial Basin. These biozones progressively disappear eastward within anastomosing disconformities. Near Pueblo only three molluscan biozones are recognized within the pre-Niobrara part of the cyclothem. A sequence of four foraminiferal biofacies are defined at Pueblo and along the Colorado Front Range which reflect rapid development of clear, warm, well circulated waters early in the transgressive history. These biofacies rise stratigraphically to the west, associated with eustatic rise in sealevel, and grade laterally along any time-line from diverse open water assemblages to environmentally stressed, less diverse, assemblages westward. This lateral gradation, and the rise of foraminiferal biofacies westward, is thought to reflect the westward migration of turbid watermasses associated with the active margin of the seaway during eustatic rise of the Niobrara Marine Cycle.
Whole-Rock, Insoluble Residue, and Clay Mineralogies of Marl, Chalk, and
Bentonite, Smoky Hill Shale Member, Niobrara Formation Near Pueblo,
Colorado—Depositional and Diagenetic Implications
Authors: Pollastro Richard M. , Martinez Carl J.
Published: May 2015

Whole-rock and clay mineralogies of chalk, shale, and bentonite from the Smoky Hill Shale Member, Niobrara Formation near Pueblo and Florence, Colorado have been compared to mineralogies of this member in the Denver basin. Carbonate and noncarbonate mineralogies of chalk and marl from both areas are similar; however, there is less variation in the relative abundance of each phase throughout the Pueblo section. Acid-insoluble residues of chalks and marls primarily consist of clay minerals (particularly mixed-layer illite/smectite (I/S), discrete illite, and kaolinite) and quartz. Minor amounts of feldspar, pyrite, dolomite, and chlorite clay are also common. Bentonite beds typically consist of >90% clay minerals, about 5% quartz, and 5% feldspar. All bentonites were predominantly kaolinitic and crystal Iinity of kaolinite was var i abIe.

I/S clay from insoluble residues Is largely short-range ordered with an average composition of 65% illite layers and 35% smectite layers; some randomly interstratified I/S clay was also present in some samples. I/S clay from bentonite beds was randomly or short-range interstratified with compositions ranging from 30-60% illite layers. Some I/S clay In bentonites with 45-55% illite layers was defined as “transitionally” ordered; that is, the glycol-saturated clays showed characteristics of both random and short-range ordering. The percent illite layers and degree of ordering in I/S from bentonites along a 3 mile (5 km) continuous exposure of the Niobrara Formation at Pueblo, Colorado increased in a westward direction and downsection into the Florence basin, Indicating an increase in the extent of diagenetic reaction of I/S clay in this direction. The composition and degree of ordering of I/S clay in bentonites indicates that maximum pa Ieotemperatures were about 70°–100° C and, therefore, these rocks are marginally mature with respect to oil generation.
Particle-Size-Distribution Measurement Techniques and Their Relevance or Irrelevance to Wire-Wrap-Standalone-Screen Selection for Gradual-Formation-Failure Conditions
Authors: Zhang Ke , Chanpura Rajesh A. , Mondal Somnath , Wu Chu-Hsiang , Sharma Mukul M. , Ayoub Joseph A. , Parlar Mehmet
Published: May 2015

Sand-particle-size distributions (PSDs) are used for various purposes in sand control: for example, decision making between various sand-control techniques and sizing of the filter media (sand screens and/or gravel packs) through either rule of thumb or physical experiments or theoretical models. PSDs of formation-sand samples are also often used to generate “simulated” formation sand for laboratory experiments. The two most commonly used techniques for PSD measurements are sieve and laser. Although some engineers use one technique for no obvious or justifiable reasons, others use both techniques for measurements and do not know what to do with the data when significant differences exist in PSDs obtained from each technique. Although the inherent limitations of (and the differences between), these two techniques as well as other factors affecting the measurements are well-known, a systematic study as to which of these two techniques is relevant to sand-control-screen selection and why is lacking.

In this study, we critically review the current practices in PSD determination and the use (and misuse) of the information obtained from these measurements, propose a methodology toward determining what is relevant under gradual-formation-failure conditions for wire-wrap screen, discuss when it should be used and why, and present initial experimental results that support our conclusions.
An Evaluation of Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Roman-Torres Caio V.G , Neto José S , Souza Marcio A , Schwartz-Filho Humberto O , Brandt William C , Diniz Ricardo E.A.S
Published: May 2015

aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of periodontal scaling and oral hygiene instruction for patients with mild chronic periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis through clinical periodontal parameters and laboratory tests for CRP (C- reactive protein) and ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate). Twelve individuals with rheumatoid arthritis and
12 healthy individuals were evaluated, with a mean age of 45.38 and 46.75 respectively, all female and with mild, chronic periodontitis. The participants were evaluated clinically and periapical radiographs were taken (T1), after which periodontal treatment was instituted. After ninety days (T2), new clinical and laboratory data were obtained. Probing depth, bleeding index, and plaque indexes were observed in both groups, and the results demonstrated reductions but no statistical differences. Laboratory tests for CRP and ESR produced higher values for the rheumatoid arthritis group with T1- T2 reductions on the average, but the values were still higher than in the health group. We conclude that periodontal therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and mild chronic periodontitis showed a improvement in the periodontal clinical parameters and laboratory tests that were evaluated.
Arthroplasty in the Valgus Knee: Comparison and Discussion of Lateral vs Medial Parapatellar Approaches and Implant Selection
Authors: Rawal Jai , Devany Adam J , Jeffery James A
Published: May 2015

Constrained implants are frequently used for primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in patients with moderate and severe genu-valgum (>10˚). This deformity presents corrective challenges for ligament release. The lateral-parapatellar approach has been advocated as an alternative to the traditional medial-parapatellar approach. Claimed advantages include better access for release of tight ligamentous structures, without requirement for release of the medial-collateral ligament.

We present our comparative experience of the use of an unconstrained knee-replacement prosthesis inserted by the lateral-parapatellar approach in comparison to a constrained-knee prosthesis insertedviathe medial-parapatellar approach.

49 primary total knee-replacements in 48 (6 males, 42 females) patients were performed; 32 through a lateral-parapatellar approach (group L) using an unconstrained-prosthesis and 17 through a medial-parapatellar approach more often requiring a constrained-prosthesis (group M). Mean preoperative valgus angle was 18.5 (range 11-34˚). Patient demographics (p=0.7) and valgus correctability were similar between the two groups.

There was no significant difference in the mean post-operative valgus angle. This was 4.2˚ (range 1-9.5˚) using the lateral-parapatellar approach and 5.3˚ (range 0.3-10˚), p=0.12, using the medial-parapatellar approach.

Transient common peroneal injury occurred in 2 patients, both group L, in the presence of valgus angles of greater than 20˚. To date no joints have been revised, or are unstable.

The use of a lateral-parapatellar approach, appropriate soft tissue release, and an unconstrained PCL-preserving implant, yielded in all cases a stable, well aligned knee arthroplasty. This represents a viable alternative to the constrained-prosthesis using a medial-parapatellar approach in patients with moderate and severe genu-valgum.
Assessment of Dosing and Patient Factors on the Efficacy of Warfarin Following Total Joint Replacement
Authors: Murphy Ryan , Stehli Annamarie , Nguyen Hiep , Leu Szu-Yun , Nguyen Danh V , Schwarzkopf Ran
Published: May 2015

The purpose of this study was to determine the percentage of patients discharged with a subtherapeutic INR <1.8 using our institutions inpatient warfarin dosing nomogram following total joint arthroplasty (TJA). We examined predisposing risk factors for a subtherapeutic discharge (INR <1.8), including increased body weight, age, gender, end stage renal disease (ESRD), smoking, and peri-operative transfusion.

Chart review identified 249 patients for study inclusion. Logistic regression (LR) was used to identify associated risk factors for a subtherapeutic INR (<1.8) on day of discharge.

The majority of patients (58.6%, 146 of 249) following TJA surgery were found to have a subtherapeutic INR level (INR<1.8) at discharge (mean length of stay 2.6 days). Multivariate LR analysis found that weight greater than 180 lbs. (OR 2.08, CI 1.09, 3.98, P=0.027) was found to increase the odds of a subtherapeutic INR on day of discharge. Our results were not significant for weight 20% beyond ideal body weight, age (>65y), gender, peri-operative transfusion, smoking, ESRD or autoimmune disease.

A patient’s body weight influences response to warfarin following TJA. An inpatient warfarin dosing nomogram that takes into account a patient’s weight should be used to reduce the risk of subtherapeutic INR levels in obese TJA patients.
Pharmacology of riluzole in acute spinal cord injury
Authors: Chow Diana S. L. , Teng Yang , Toups Elizabeth G. , Aarabi Bizhan , Harrop James S. , Shaffrey Christopher I. , Johnson Michele M. , Boakye Maxwell , Frankowski Ralph F. , Fehlings Michael G. , Grossman Robert G.
Published: May 2015

Object

The aim of this paper was to characterize individual and population pharmacokinetics of enterally administered riluzole in a Phase 1 clinical trial of riluzole as a neuroprotective agent in adults 18–70 years old with acute spinal cord injury (SCI).

Methods

Thirty-five individuals with acute SCI, American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale Grades A–C, neurological levels from C-4 to T-12, who were enrolled in the Phase 1 clinical trial sponsored by the North American Clinical Trials Network for Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury, received 50 mg riluzole twice daily for 28 doses. The first dose was administered at a mean of 8.7 ± 2.2 hours postinjury. Trough plasma samples were collected within 1 hour predose, and peak plasma samples were collected 2 hours postdose on Days 3 and 14 of treatment. Riluzole concentrations were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography assay. The data were analyzed for individual and population pharmacokinetics using basic structural and covariate models. The pharmacokinetic measures studied were the peak concentration (Cmax), trough concentration (Cmin), systemic exposure (AUC0–12), clearance (CL/F), and volume of distribution (V_F) normalized by the bioavailability (F).

Results

The Cmax and AUC0–12 achieved in SCI patients were lower than those in ALS patients on the same dose basis, due to a higher CL and larger V. The pharmacokinetics of riluzole (Cmax, Cmin, AUC0–12, CL, and V) changed during the acute and subacute phases of SCI during the 14 days of therapy. It was consistently observed in patients at all clinical sites that Cmax, Cmin, and AUC0–12 (128.9 ng/ml, 45.6 ng/ml, and 982.0 ng × hr/ml, respectively) were significantly higher on Day 3 than on Day 14 (76.5 ng/ml, 19.1 ng/ml, and 521.0 ng × hr/ml, respectively). These changes resulted from lower CL (49.5 vs 106.2 L/hour) and smaller V (557.1 vs 1297.9/L) on Day 3. No fluid imbalance or cytochrome P 1A2 induction due to concomitant medications was identified during the treatment course to account for such increases in V and CL, respectively. Possible mechanisms underlying these changes are discussed.

Conclusions

This is the first report of clinical pharmacokinetics of riluzole in patients with SCI. The Cmax and AUC0–12 achieved in SCI patients were lower than those in ALS patients on the same dose basis, due to a higher clearance and larger volume of distribution in SCI patients. The finding in SCI patients of an increase in the clearance and distribution of riluzole between the 3rd and 14th days after SCI, with a lower plasma concentration of riluzole on the 14th day, stresses the importance of monitoring changes in drug metabolism after SCI in interpreting the safety and efficacy of therapeutic drugs that are used in clinical trials in SCI. Clinical trial registration no.: NCT00876889.
A systematic review of spinal fMRI research: outlining the elements of experimental design
Authors: Cadotte David W. , Stroman Patrick W. , Mikulis David , Fehlings Michael G.
Published: May 2015

Object

Since the first published report of spinal functional MRI (fMRI) in humans in 1996, this body of literature has grown substantially. In the present article, the authors systematically review all spinal fMRI studies conducted in healthy individuals with a focus on the different motor and sensory paradigms used and the results acquired.

Methods

The authors conducted a systematic search of MEDLINE for literature published from 1990 through November 2011 reporting on stimulation paradigms used to assess spinal fMRI scans in healthy individuals.

Results

They identified 19 peer-reviewed studies from 1996 to the present in which a combination of different spinal fMRI methods were used to investigate the spinal cord in healthy individuals. Eight of the studies used a motor stimulation paradigm, 10 used a sensory stimulation paradigm, and 1 compared motor and sensory stimulation paradigms.

Conclusions

Despite differences in the results of various studies, even when similar stimulation paradigms were used, this body of literature underscores that spinal fMRI signals can be obtained from the human spinal cord. The authors intend this review to serve as an introduction to spinal fMRI research and what it may offer the field of spinal cord injury research.
Optimization of the decision-making process for the selection of therapeutics to undergo clinical testing for spinal cord injury in the North American Clinical Trials Network
Authors: Guest James , Harrop James S. , Aarabi Bizhan , Grossman Robert G. , Fawcett James W. , Fehlings Michael G. , Tator Charles H.
Published: May 2015

The North American Clinical Trials Network (NACTN) includes 9 clinical centers funded by the US Department of Defense and the Christopher Reeve Paralysis Foundation. Its purpose is to accelerate clinical testing of promising therapeutics in spinal cord injury (SCI) through the development of a robust interactive infrastructure. This structure includes key committees that serve to provide longitudinal guidance to the Network. These committees include the Executive, Data Management, and Neurological Outcome Assessments Committees, and the Therapeutic Selection Committee (TSC), which is the subject of this manuscript. The NACTN brings unique elements to the SCI field. The Network's stability is not restricted to a single clinical trial. Network members have diverse expertise and include experts in clinical care, clinical trial design and methodology, pharmacology, preclinical and clinical research, and advanced rehabilitation techniques. Frequent systematic communication is assigned a high value, as is democratic process, fairness and efficiency of decision making, and resource allocation. This article focuses on how decision making occurs within the TSC to rank alternative therapeutics according to 2 main variables: quality of the preclinical data set, and fit with the Network's aims and capabilities. This selection process is important because if the Network's resources are committed to a therapeutic, alternatives cannot be pursued. A proposed methodology includes a multicriteria decision analysis that uses a Multi-Attribute Global Inference of Quality matrix to quantify the process. To rank therapeutics, the TSC uses a series of consensus steps designed to reduce individual and group bias and limit subjectivity. Given the difficulties encountered by industry in completing clinical trials in SCI, stable collaborative not-for-profit consortia, such as the NACTN, may be essential to clinical progress in SCI. The evolution of the NACTN also offers substantial opportunity to refine decision making and group dynamics. Making the best possible decisions concerning therapeutics selection for trial testing is a cornerstone of the Network's function.