bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantification of skin blood flow at patch test sites
Authors: Wahlberg Jan E. , Wahlberg Eric N. G.
Published: April 2006

Irritancy caused by the patch test procedure itself can be evaluated by measuring the skin blood flow with a laser Doppler flowmeter before application of the patches and at intervals after their removal. To investigate this technique further. van der Bend and True test® patches with and without nickel sulfate were applied to the skin of the back and to the volar forearm in healthy subjects. Immediately after removal of the patches, the blood flow values in 26 of 32 test sites were higher than the corresponding pre‐application values. In the majority of cases, blood flow had returned to pre‐application values at 72 h (24 h after removal). This favours these patches compared to those used in previous studies (A1‐test, Finn chambers, Silver patches), which caused a more lasting effect on skin blood flow. The common practice of relying mainly on the 72 h and 96 h readings of patch test sites was thus justified.
Occupational dermatosis among sanders in the furniture industry
Authors: Gan S. L. , Goh C. L. , Lee C. S. , Hui K. H.
Published: April 2006

The prevalence of occupational skin disease was found to be 3.8% in a study of 479 sanders in the furniture‐making industry in Singapore. 17 species of wood imported from South Hast Asia were used. The most common dermatoses from wood dust were pruritus (1.6%), irritant contact dermatitis (1.6%) and xerosis (1.4%), 2 sanders had miliaria. None had allergic contact dermatitis from wood dust. The arms and trunk were the most common sue for pruritus and dermatitis from wood dust. It appeared that the woods commonly used in the furniture making industry are weak sensitizers. Appropriate preventive measures against irritant dermatitis such as dust control, protective clothing, and good personal hygiene should he adequate to prevent occupational dermatoses among the sunders.
Delayed and immediate‐type hypersensitivity to chlorhexidine
Authors: Bergqvist‐Karlsson Annika
Published: April 2006

A case with both contact urticaria and delayed‐type contact allergy to chlorhexidine is presented. A review of the literature on hypersensitivity reactions of delayed and immediate type to this compound is given.
The incidence of allergy to propolis in 605 consecutive patients patch tested in Prague
Authors: Macháčková J.
Published: April 2006

605 consecutive patients were pinch texted with the standard CDRG lest series and with a 10% alcoholic solution of propolis, Positive allergic reactions to propolis were observed m 25 patients (4.2%); thirteen of them exhibited a simultaneous positive patch test to balsam of Peru. In view of the relatively high incidence of allergic reactions and the appearance of pseudo‐cross‐sensitivity to another common allergen, balsam of Peru, propolis should not he used in topical medicaments or as a component of cosmetic preparations.
Ring‐shaped positive allergic patch test reactions to allergens in liquid vehicles
Authors: Lachapellle J. M. , Tennstedt D. , Fyad A. , Masmoudi M. L. , Nouaigui H.
Published: April 2006

In recent years, we have observed several “ring‐shaped” positive allergic patch test reactions to allergens dissolved in a liquid vehicle, a more intense response at the periphery of the site of application than in the central pan. The occurrence of such reactions was evaluated for fomaldehyde. Kathon CG, hydrocortisone and hexamidine diisethionate. Possible explanations for such reactions include pressure and/or a capillary effect.
Primary irritant effect of 3,4,5‐trichloropyridazine
Authors: Warshaw Thelma G.
Published: April 2006

A primary irritant dermatitis to 3,4,5‐trichloropyridazine was observed on the hands of a chemist after accidental exposure. Healing was rapid in comparison to a report on 3,4,6‐trichlorophyridazine toxicity. Prompt treatment with a potent topical corticosteroid, wet soaks, and an oral antihistamine brought resolution within 14 days.
Contact dermatitis in funeral service workers
Authors: Nethercott J. R. , Holness D. L.
Published: April 2006

84 funeral service workers and 38 control workers were evaluated for the presence of skin disease by history, clinical examination and patch tests with formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde. No relationship between either personal or family history of cutaneous or respiratory manifestations of atopy and clinical parameters of cutaneous disease or patch lest results was found. Cutaneous disease was reported in apprentices, active embalmers and inactive embalmers in decreasing order of frequency. Positive patch lest reactions to formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde were found in 4% and 7% of the exposed workers, but in none of the controls. Although exposure to glutaraldehyde was less frequent, the prevalence of positive patch test reactions did not differ. This may suggest that glutaraldehyde poses a greater practical risk of cutaneous sensitization in this trade than formaldehyde.
An outbreak of contact dermatitis from toluenesulfonamide formaldehyde resin in a nail hardener
Authors: de Wit Freek S. , de Groot Anton C. , Weyland J. Willem , Bos Jan D.
Published: April 2006

8 cases of contact dermatitis from toluenesulfonamide formaldehyde resin in a nail hardener are presented. Most patients had used nail lacquers containing this resin for many years without trouble, but became sensitized to the resin shortly after the introduction of this particular nail hardener. A hypothesis concerning the possible mechanism is given.
Irritant contact dermatitis from diallylglycol carbonate monomer and its prevention
Authors: Lovell C. R. , Rycroft R. J. G. , Vale P. T.
Published: April 2006

We report an outbreak of irritant contact dermatitis from diallylglycol carbonate monomer among factory employees making optical plastic lenses. Symptoms lessened after simple preventive methods were introduced. Further upgrading of production methods lessened symptoms still further and also restored the company's economic viability.
Variable incidence of nickel dermatitis
Authors: Lunder Makko
Published: April 2006

The incidence of nickel sensitivity in Ljubljana, Yugoslavia, was stable in the periods 1972–1976 (6.7%) and. 1977–1981 (6.3%). An increase became apparent when the incidence rose to 8.0% in 1982. and 9.1% in 1982–1986, The sex ratio in 1972 1976 was 2:1 with a female predominance, doubling to 4:1 in 1977–1981 and doubling again to 9:1 m 1982–1986. The highest incidence was in the age groups of 11–20 and 21–30 years. Nickel remains a rare cause of occupational dermatitis‐Cheap metal jewellery is the likely source of the increased incidence
Hydrogenation reduces the allergenicity of colophony (rosin)
Authors: Karlberg Ann‐Therése , Boman Anders , Nilsson J. Lars G.
Published: April 2006

Abietic acid is the main component of rosin. It is readily oxidized by air and its oxidation products are considered to be mainly responsible for the allergenic effect. Hydrogenation of the conjugated double bonds of abietic acid decreases its susceptibility to air oxidation and would thus reduce the allergenicity of rosin. Portuguese gum rosin was therefore hydrogenated and its allergenicity was compared with that of unmodified rosin in animal experiments and by patch testing in humans. Its sensitizing potential was determined in 2 studies. No. response was found according to the FCAT method while the GPMT gave significant response in the animals challenged with highest test concentration. Hydrogenated rosin showed no eliciting activity in animals induced with unmodified rosin according to the GPMT method. A marked decrease was found in the frequency of allergy reactions to hydrogenated rosin compared to the reactions to unmodified rosin in patients with known allergy to gum rosin. We conclude that elimination of the unsaturated non‐aromatic compounds by hydrogenation considerably reduces the allergenicity of Portuguese gum rosin.
Generalized eruption with severe liver dysfunction associated with occupational exposure to trichloroethylene
Authors: Nakayama Hiroko , Kobayashi Misaki , Takahashi Masaru , Ageishi Yoshio , Takano Takehito
Published: April 2006

Generalized dermatitis due to trichloroethylene is rare. A 21‐year‐old printer developed exfoliative dermatitis with mucous membrane involvement, fever and liver dysfunction after a 2‐week occupational exposure to trichloroethylene. Positive patch‐test reactions in trichloroethylene and to one of its metabolites, trichloroethanol, were observed. This dermatitis is considered to be mediated by a delayed‐type hypersensitivity mechanism
Sensitization to aluminium by aluminium‐precipitated dust and pollen extracts
Authors: Castelain P.‐Y. , Castelain M. , Vervloet D. , Garbe L. , Mallet B.
Published: April 2006

We report 2 cases of aluminium sensitivity in adults Each time. the means of sensitization was the inoculation of aluminium‐precipitated pollen or dust extracts for hyposensitization. We conclude that aluminium allergy is not exceptional and that in these cases one can observe allergic reactions to the Finn Chamber® tests.
Investigation of the prohapten concept Cross reactions betwen 1,4‐substituted benzene derivatives in the guinea pig
Authors: Basketter D. A. , Gooodwin B. F. J.
Published: April 2006

It has been proposed that the cross‐reactions seen clinically between hydroquinone and para‐phenylenediamine (PPD) arise from the formation of a common hapten, benzoquinone, in vivo, and that these chemicals therefore represent “prohaptens”. A series of 1,4‐substituted benzene derivatives has been used to examine this prohapten concept in the guinea pig model, Using both topical and intradermal routes of application, it is demonstrated that in the guinea pig 1,4‐substituted benzene derivatives capable of oxidation to benzoquinone, including hydroquinone and PPD. show only restricted evidence of cross‐reactions. These results support the prohapten concept However taken in combination with data on cross‐reactivity with 1,2‐ and 1,3‐substitutcd benzenes, rather than giving rise to a single common hapten, they can be more readily interpreted as the formation of a spectrum of antigenic determinants in vivo, some of which are shared in common.
IgE‐mediated allergy to natural rubber in 30 patients with contact urticaria
Authors: Wrangsjö Karin , Wahlberg Jan E. , Axellsson G. K.
Published: April 2006

30 patients who had experienced contact urticaria after exposure to gloves, contraceptives, balloons or dental cofferdams went through a detailed examination including interviews on: exposure to rubber: local and distant symptoms; provocation test; skin prick tests with (among other substance) latex extracts from the rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis patch testing. IgE and RAST analyses, 23 patients (77%) reported additional symptoms from distant organs. 13 belonged to medical occupations: 23 were classified as atopics based on history; 21 had raised IgE‐values: 25 were RAST‐positive to the extracts from Hevea brasiliensis, 13 had a pre‐existing hand dermatitis, of whom 6 were patch test positive to standard allergens. Skin prick tests with extracts from Hevea brasiliensis were the most sensitive diagnostic tool, while the RAST analysis was positive in 25/30 cases. These test and analyses including RAST were negative in 40 control subjects. Provocation tests are of great value, but difficult to standardize. Several patients reported severe reactions at medical and dental examination/treatment situation(surgical gloves, dental cofferdams), and the risk of life‐threatening anaphylactic reactions is emphasized.
Mini‐epidemic of contact dermatitis from ginkgo tree fruit (Ginkgo biloba L.)
Authors: Tomb Roland R. , Foussereau Jean , Sell Yves
Published: April 2006

3 cases of contact dermatitis from ginkgo fruit are reported. Swelling of the prepuce can be the only clinical sign of intolerance, as was observed in 1 case. Diagnosis of contact dermatitis to ginkgo fruit should be made in cities where female ginkgo trees grow, in Chinese, Japanese and South‐East Asian subjects, who are aware of the ginkgo nut's culinary qualities within the fruit, as well as in children who play with the fallen fruits as “marbles”.
Cross‐reaction pattern of the cationic emulsifier oleamidopropyl dimethylamine
Authors: de Groot Anton C. , Jagtman Berend A. , van der Meeren Harrie L. M. , Bruynzeel Derk P. , Bos Jan D. , den Hengst Chris W. , Weyland J. Willem
Published: April 2006

13 patients allergic to the cationic emulsifier oleamidopropyl dimethylamine were tested with a series of related aminde‐amine type surfactants in order to investigate its cross‐reaction pattern. With 1 exception, all patients reacted to at least 4 of the test materials. Most reactions were observed to ricinoleamidopropyl dimethylaqmine lacate and tallowamidopropyl dimethylamine (11 patients, 85%); 9 patients (of 12 tested, 75%) reacted to lauramidopropyl dimethylamine and 6 (46%) to myristamidopropyl dimethylamine. A certain pattern of cross‐reactivity was recognized.
Contact allergy to colour developing agents in the guinea pig
Authors: Liden Carola , Boman Anders
Published: April 2006

Colour developing agents, derivatives of p‐phenylenediamine, can cause contact allergy. Patch test reactions to more than one colour developer are sometime seen in patients. To study whether this is due to simultaneous sensitization or cross‐reactivity, guinea pig maximization tests (GPMT) with CD‐2. CD‐3 and CD‐4 were carried out. 5 experiments were performed, using pet, or water as vehicles. When pet, was used, the challenge concentrations could be raised and cross‐between the colour developers, but not with p‐phenylenediamine‐dihydrochloride, was revealed When water was used as vehicle, the challenge concentrations were limited because of staining of the test sin's and irritation. CD‐1. CD‐2 and CD‐3 were found to be extreme sensitizers according to the classification by Magnusson and Kligman The importance of using an appropriate vehicle to obtain optimal conditions for the GPMT is stressed.

To study the purity and stability of the chemicals used, analysis by HPLC of the test substances at different stages of the GPMT procedure was performed. Aqueous solutions of the colour developers were found to be unstable, while pet. mixtures were stable.
Sensitivity to Kathon CG: findings in 365 consecutive patients
Authors: Fransway Anthony F.
Published: April 2006

In the period from 1983 through 1986, 365 consecutive patients suspected as having allergic contact dermatitis were tested for reaction to Kathon CG. This test was positive in 20 of these patients irritant responses in 7 and allergic sensitivity in 13. Provocative use testing was positive in 1 of the 3 allergic patients tested. The characteristics of this group of patients include having a mean age older than that of the general population or of our population of dermatologic patients, having histories of long‐standing dermatitis, and reporting exposure to various leave‐on formulations. Our rate of positive tests, 3.6%, is similar to that reported by other investigators, although sensitivity testing results differ from center to center. It is recommended that, in certain clinical situations, caution be exercised in the unsupervised use of leave‐on products containing Kathon CG.
Effects of sorbitan sesquioleate on nonimmunologic immediate contact reactions to benzoic acid
Authors: Larmi E. , Lahti A. , Hannuksela M.
Published: April 2006

In order to study the effects of an emulsifier on non‐immunologic immediate contact reactions, 500, 250,125, 62, and 31 mM benzoic acid (BA) was tested in 12 medical students on a skin area of the upper back treated with sorbitan sesquioleate in yellow petrolatum (20:80) 3 times daily for 2 days and on a contralateral skin area treated with petrolatum. The test areas were visually observed and the changes in the skin blood flow were monitored using laser‐Doppler flowmetry 40 min after application. The reactions to 250 and 125 mM BA in petrolatum were stronger on the skin area treated with sorbitan sesquioleate than on the reference site treated with petrolatum. In visual observation and in laser‐Doppler flowmetry. BA in the mixture of sorbitan sesquioleate and petrol‐atum (20:80) produced weaker reactions than in petrolatum. both on the sorbitan sesquioleate treated skin site and on the site treated with petrolatum.
Shoe dermatitis in India
Authors: Bajaj A. K , Gupta S. C. , Chatterjee A. K , Singh K. G.
Published: April 2006

105 patients with foot dermatitis, seen over a period of 18 months, were patch tested with various shoe allergens. 47 showed a positive reaction to I or more allergens. The majority of the cases (37–47) were chrome‐positive. Positivity to plastic material was observed in 8, whereas, rubber and rubber chemicals accounted for 5 cases. Of special interest were positive reactions to 1,3‐diphenylguanidine in 3 and N‐cyclohexyl‐2‐benzothiazolesulfenamide in 2 cases.
Evaluation of the sensitising potential of 4 polyamines present in technical triethylenetetramine using 2 animal species
Authors: Maisey Joanne , Purchase R. , Robbins M. C. , Miller Klara
Published: April 2006

Contact sensitivity to 4 polyamines present in technical grade triethylenetetramine was investigated using the ‘VAA mouse’ assay and the guinea pig maximization lest (GPMT). The criteria used 10 assess sensitivity in the GPMT classed all substances as having the same degree of sensitising potential The mouse assay ranked N‐(2‐piperzin‐l ylethyl)ethylenediamine as having a significantly greater sensitising potential than the other compounds.
Assessment of erythema in irritant contact dermatitis
Authors: Willis Carolyn M. , Stephens Catherine J. M. , Wilkinson J. D.
Published: April 2006

Assessment of erythema in experimentally‐induced irritant contact dermatitis has been performed visually and using the laser Doppler flowmeter (LDF). A close correlation was shown between the 2 methods (r= 0.9079, p < 0.001), with the LDF producing menu blood flow values which were able to discriminate between the different visual scores. Of the 100 patch tests evaluated, 3 gave poor correlations between their visual and LDF readings, including 2 dithranol reactions and 1 sodium hydroxide response. Patch tests with no visible erythema had blood flow values similar to those of normal untreated skin. Although the LDH was an easy instrument to operate, it was not considered suitable for use in the routine patch lest clinic, due mainly to the unacceptable length of time required to measure each patch test.
Allergy to non‐toxoid constituents of vaccines and implications for patch testing
Authors: Cox Neil H. , Moss Celia , Forsyth Angela
Published: April 2006

We report 3 patients with persistent symptoms at vaccination sites. All were allergic to aluminium and one to thiomersal and neomycin too. Aluminium allergy causes false positive patch test reactions and we propose methods of patch testing patients with symptoms at vaccination sites in order to avoid this problem. The practical relevance of allergy to non‐toxoid constituents of vaccines is discussed.
Comparison of colophony patch test preparations
Authors: Karlberg Ann‐Therése , Lidén Carola
Published: April 2006

The patch test reactivity to different petrolatum preparations and concentrations of colophony (gum rosin) was compared. A serial dilution lest with gum rosin 20%‐0.001% gave a clear dose‐response relationship with a maximum response 10% and 20%. Patch testing with 60% in the routine lest did not reveal any further cases compared to simultaneous testing with 20%. Irritancy to the 60% concentration was seen in some cases. A good correlation in reactivity was found between commercially‐supplied lest preparations for routine testing and homogeneous preparations made up in our laboratory. Our results imply that a concentration of 10% is well worth considering fur routine testing.
Experiences with Freund's complete adjuvant test (FCAT) when screening for contact allergens in colophony
Authors: Boman Anders , Karlberg Ann‐Therése , Wahlberg JanE.
Published: April 2006

A procedure, using Freund's complete adjuvant test (FCAT), for the determination of the allergenic potential of fractions and components in colophony of the gum rosin type is described and discussed. Gum rosin was shown to be a potent sensitizer in 11 test series (153 animals). FCAT is compared with the guinea pig maximization test (GPMT). Gum rosin was a potent sensitizer according to this method as well. The FCAT method was found to be advantageous over the GPMT method in that it is technically simpler to use and a smaller amount of test substance is needed. However, closed challenge was preferred to the prescribed open challenge. The importance of statistical evaluation of the results obtained in predictive testing is stressed.
Contact dermatitis in patients with leg ulcers
Authors: Paramsothy Y. , Collins M. , Smith A. G.
Published: April 2006

100 patients with leg ulcers were patch tested against a standard battery of allergens. The readings were carried out daily from the 2nd to the 7th days. 55 patients showed positive reactions to one or more allergens. 32% of positive reactions developed for the first time after 48 h and 11 % after 72 h. No single day or combination of two days gave 100% positive results. A single reading on the 4th day gave the highest number of positive reactions at 92%. The prevalence of positive patch tests was significantly higher in patients with surrounding eczema, and in patients with positive patch tests the ulcer duration was significantly longer than in those with negative patch tests. The total number of positive results in individuals increased linearly with the duration of the ulcer. Of allergens to which the ulcer was exposed, the occurrence of multiple sensitivity was significantly greater than predicted from the prevalence of individual sensitivities. However, there was no association between medicaments and metal sensitivity. This, together with the absence of an exponential rise in the number of allergens with the duration of ulcer, does not support the theory of systemic ampliative allergy.
Sensitization studies in the guinea pig with the active ingredients of Euxyl® K 400
Authors: Bruze Magnus , Gruvberger Birgitta , Agrup Gun
Published: April 2006

The preservative Euxyl® K 400 consists of the 2 active ingredients, 2‐phenoxyethanol and 1, 2‐dibromo‐2, 4‐dicyanobutane. Sensitization studies with the guinea pig maximization test were performed with these substances, but no sensitizing capacity was demonstrated in the case of either compound.
Allergic and irritant skin reactions evaluated by laser Doppler flowmetry
Authors: Staberg Bent , Serup Jøbgen
Published: April 2006

Skin blood flow (SBF) in allergic and irritant reactions was determined by laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) in an attempt to differentiate these reactions in an objective way. 12 subjects with known allergy to nickel were patch tested with nickel sulphate, nickel chloride, and with sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) 1, 2, 5 and 10%. A positive correlation between the concentration of SLS and SBF was found. Compared with control sites, SBF in weak (+) and strong (++) positive allergic and irritant reactions was increased approximately 5–10 fold 1 and 2 days after application, and decreased towards normal 7 days after application. At day 7, the mean SBF was higher in allergic reactions than in irritant reactions. However, no consistent differences were found. It is concluded that although LDF can be used to quantify the strength of allergic and irritant skin reactions, this method cannot be used solely to separate these 2 types of reaction.
Silver polish: another source of contact dermatitis reactions to thiourea
Authors: Dooms‐Goossens A. , Debusschère K. , Morren M. , Roelandts R. , Coopman S.
Published: April 2006

A cleaning woman in a restaurant became sensitized to thiourea in a silver polish. The dermatitis persisted for several months and occasionally flared up after exposure to sunlight, even alter she no longer used the product Patch testing and photopatch testing showed that she had both contact and photocontact allergy.
Patch testing with nickel chloride in a hydrogel
Authors: Fullerton Ann , Menne Torkil , Hoelgaard Annie
Published: April 2006

Various concentrations of NiCl. in a hydrogel were evaluated as a possible alternative to the standard patch test material of 5% NiSO4 pet. Patch test responses were recorded on a total of 430 patients with known or suspected contact allergy. A Nicl2 concentration of 1% or less in the hydrogel failed to elicit a response in some patients who reacted to 5% NiSOi2 pet. The 2% NiCl2 hydrogel produced a small increase in response frequency and may reduce false‐negative reactions. Along with the ability of the material to improve the topical bioavaitability of nickel ions, more irritant reactions were observed. However, in cases with a positive history and a negative patch test with petrolatum, the hydrogel prepared from Methocel seems to be a useful alternative vehicle for water‐soluble allergens.
The irritancy and allergenicity of 2‐n‐octyl‐4‐isothiazolin‐3‐one (Skane M‐8®), with recommendations for patch test concentration
Authors: Emmett Edward A. , Ng See Ket , Levy Marcia A. , Moss Jack N. , Morici Isadore J.
Published: April 2006

Preparations of 2‐n‐octyl‐4–isothiazolin‐3‐one (Skane M‐8® at 1000 p.p.m. a.i. and 500 p.p.m. a.i. in pet. induced allergy in a cumulative insult human patch test. Challenge patch testing using 250 p.p.m. a.i. Skane M‐8 elicited allergy in 6 out of 6 sensitized individuals. Sensitized individuals did not cross react with Kathon® biocide, (Kathon CG). a mixture of 5–chloro‐2–methyl‐4–isiothiazolin‐J‐one and 1 methyl‐4–isothiazolin‐3–one. All pretrolatum preparations to which Tween 85® was added at 2.5% produced mild irritation in cumulative insult patch tests, but no irritation was observed with Tween 85 at 0.625%. We conclude that Skane M‐8, 250 p.p.m. a.i. with Tween 85 0.625% in petrolatum is appropriate for patch testing for Skane M‐8 allergy.
Sensitization experiments with textile dyes in guinea pigs
Authors: Hausen B. M. , Sawall E.‐M.
Published: April 2006

Experimental sensitization of guinea pigs with 6 azo and anthraquinone dyes used frequently us disperse dyes for fabrics (stockings, panty hose) revealed that the blue dyes were moderate sensitizers while the red, yellow and orange dyes were only weak ones. This was found to be in contrast with the order based on the frequency of observed allergic sensitization. which showed the yellow and orange dyes at the top of the list and the blue dyes at the bottom.
Contact allergy due to colophony
Authors: Hausen B. M. , Krueger A. , Mohnert J. , Hahn H. , König W. A.
Published: April 2006

7 resin acids, 3 symbolically prepared derivatives and the neutral fraction of Chinese colophony were studied by experimental sensitization using a modified FCA method. 4 resin acids, laevopimaric. abietic. podocarpic and tetrahydroabietic. proved to be weak sensitizers Neoabietic, dehydroabietic, isopimarie acid and larixol remained negative. However, the derivative, methyl abietate and calcium abietate. were shown to be moderate sensitizers. and the maleic‐modified adduct to be a moderate to strong sensitizer. As laevopimaric acid plays only a minor rote in colophony, abietic acid must he considered a major, even if weak, allergen in non‐modified colophony. The neutral fraction of colophony is also partially involved in colophony allergy.
Effect of mineral oil and linoleic‐acid‐containing emulsions on the skin vapour loss of sodium‐lauryl‐sulphate‐induced irritant skin reactions
Authors: Blanken R. , van Vilsteren M. J. T. , Tupker R. A. , Coenraads P. J.
Published: April 2006

This study evaluates the influence of mineral oil and linoleic‐acid‐containing emulsions on the skin vapour loss (SVL) of detergent‐induced irritant skin reactions. During a period of 2 weeks, 2 × 45 min applications of a sodium lauryl sulphate solution of low molarity were performed on the forearm of 9 volunteers. In the same period, a standard amount of each emulsion was applied on the induced irritant skin reactions, 3 times each day. The effect of the emulsions on the barrier function of the skin was evaluated by means of SVL measurements. The emulsion based on mineral greases significantly reduced SVL values during both weeks, possibly because of an occlusive effect. The emulsion with 15% of linoleic acid significantly reduced SVL values during the 1st week but not during the 2nd week. The emulsion with 38% of linoleic acid did not reduce SVL values at all.
Contact dermatitis in children
Authors: Rademaker M. , Forsyth A.
Published: April 2006

125 children under the age of 12 years were patch tested over a period of 7 years. 60 (48%) of the children had 1 or more positive (+ve) reactions, of which 92% (55/60) were considered relevant. The most common allergens were metals (35 +ves), fragrances (24 +ves) and rubber compounds (11 +ves). 40 of the children were also tested for contact urticaria against food additives and fragrances, of whom 20 were positive (benzoic acid 14, cinnamaldehyde 12).
Sensitization to Kathon CG in Geneva and Switzerland
Authors: Pasche Florence , Hunziker Nicole
Published: April 2006

Between October 1986 and June 1987 we patch tested 420 patients with Kathon CG at 100 ppm and obtained 23 positive reactions (5.5%). The other 5 Swiss university clinics joined our study between January and June 1987 and obtained sensitization rates ranging from 0.7 to 7.5%. The total mean value including Geneva was 3.6%. We did threshold patch testing in 12 patients with the following Kathon CG dilutions: 100, 50, 25, 15 and 7 ppm. We observed progressively diminishing skin reactions, especially below 25 ppm, but we still obtained slight positive reactions in 2 patients with Kathon CG at 7 ppm. Those reactions were relevant because the dermatitis disappeared when the: use of Kathon‐containing creams was discontinued.
Delayed patch test reactions at days 7 and 9
Authors: MacFarlane A. W. , Curley Regina K. , Graham R. M. , Lewis‐Jones M. Susan , King Clodagh M.
Published: April 2006

403 consecutive patients were examined on days 2, 4, 7, and 9 following application of patch tests. Late positive reactions, i.e., those which manifested after day 4, were seen in 29 patients (7.2%). The allergens which most commonly produced late positive reactions were neomycin (7), potassium dichromate (4), and cobalt (3). Paired patch test readings on days 4 and 7 were more reliable than those on days 2 and 4. If only 1 patch test reading were performed, a single reading on day 4 would have been most useful. The reading on day 9 proved to be of limited value. Of 11 patients who were retested after an interval of more than 6 months, 7 showed earlier eliciting reactions, which may have been due to active sensitization.
Contact allergy to colophony
Authors: Hausen B. M. , Jensen S. , Mohnert J.
Published: April 2006

The sensitizing capacity of 15 commercial colophony products was studied experimentally in guinea pigs. The study included 8 French and 6 American colophony derivatives as well as French tall oil colophony. The results indicate that tall oil colophony is the strongest sensitizing material within the tested group and that the maleic‐modified products and the zinc‐calcium‐resinate are moderate sensitizers. Most of the modified products show a higher sensitizing capacity than the genuine resin acids themselves. Cross‐reactions between the resin acids and the derivatives are uncommon. Therefore, patch testing with high concentrations of colophony (e.g., 60%) will not help to detect patients with colophony‐derivative allergy.
Eczematous drug eruption from carbamazepine: coexistence of contact and photocontact sensitivity
Authors: Terui Tadashi , Tagami Hachiro
Published: April 2006

We report a 46–year–old patient with an eczematous eruption on sun–exposed areas which we believe was caused by carbamazepine intake. Oral provocation with the drug produced papulo–vesicular eruptions that were greatly potentiated by long–wave ultraviolet irradiation. Positive reactions to carbamazepine were elicited by patch and photopatch tests and by lymphocyte stimulation tests 6 months after cessation of the intake of carbamazepine.
Dermatoses in metal workers
Authors: de Boer E. M. , van Ketel W. G. , Bruynzeel D. P.
Published: April 2006

In an epidemiological study of 286 metalworkers exposed to metalworking fluids (MWF), the prevalence of contact sensitization was investigated. In part I, irritant contact dermatitis in metal workers has been discussed. In 40 employees with dermatitis, patch tests were performed with a routine series, a series of common components of MWF, and a series of preservatives the employees worked with. Contact sensitization was established in 8 persons (2.8% of all workers), of whom 4 were allergic to biocides and/or corrosion inhibitors. Difficulties in interpretation of the relevance of positive reactions are discussed. Attention is paid to the use of biocides in MWF, their various types and their sensitizing capacities. Measures to reduce the induction of contact sensitization to preservatives in water‐based fluids are discussed.
Testing a purified lanolin preparation by a randomized procedure
Authors: Edman Björn , Möller Halvor
Published: April 2006

Patients with a previous contact allergy to lanolin (wool alcohols and/or Amerchol L 101) were patch tested 1 to 4 years later with lanolin allergens, as well as purified anhydrous lanolin contained in a commercial cream. At this retest, only 20 out of 33 patients with a previous contact allergy to lanolin reacted to lanolin allergens, and only 1 to the purified lanolin (as is). None reacted to the commercial cream containing 6% purified lanolin, this being ascertained by patch test as well as by usage test. To avoid bias at reading, patch tests were applied in a randomized computer‐based order and read blindly.
ETAF/Interleukin‐1 and epidermal lymphocyte chemotactic factor in epidermis overlying an irritant patch test
Authors: Larsen Christian Grønhøj , Ternowitz Thomas , Larsen Frederik Grønhøj , Zachariae Claus , Thestrup‐Pedersen Kristian
Published: April 2006

We have previously demonstrated that the epidermal content of the lymphocyte activating peptide ETAF/IL‐1 and lymphocyte chemotactic factor (ELCF) increases during the development of a cellmediated immune reaction, represented either by the tuberculin skin reaction or by a positive patch test in patients with contact allergy. The present study describes the epidermal content of these mediators during an irritant patch test reaction. The results show that ELCF, but not ETAF/IL‐1, is significantly increased in the epidermis of an irritant patch test with 3% SLS or 5% croton oil, irrespective of the intensity of the clinical patch test reaction. We observed that simple occlusion of epidermis did not induce ELCF activity in healthy persons, whereas patients with previous or current eczema had a significant release of ELCF following such occlusion. These results seem to indicate that there exist important functional differences between allergic and irritant patch test reactions with respect to the presence of lymphocyte activating signals in epidermis.
Allergic contact dermatitis from 3‐(aminomethyl)‐pyridyl salicylate
Authors: Camarasa José G. , Lluch M. , Serra‐Baldrich E. , Zamorano M. , Malet A. , Garcia‐Calderon P. A.
Published: April 2006

2 patients with acute allergic contact dermatitis from 3‐(aminomethyl)‐pyridyl salicylate are described. Both patients were females with histories of urticaria and showed cross‐sensitization to substances of the para group. Clinical manifestations included eczema, angioedema and respiratory effects. In 1 patient, airborne elicitation was suspected. A lymphocyte transformation test confirmed the allergy, with an extremely high response index. 35 normal controls were negative.
Condoms as a source of latex allergen and cause of contact urticaria
Authors: Turjanmaa Kristiina , Reunala Timo
Published: April 2006

To examine the occurrence of latex allergen in condoms and to study the symptoms caused by contact with condoms, 46 patients with latex‐glove contact urticaria (LGCU) were investigated. 7 (24%) of the 29 patients with a history of condom use had experienced local swelling and/or pruritus during intercourse, confirming that condoms can cause local symptoms in latex allergic subjects. Prick tests performed on 16 different condom brands showed that 4 brands caused positive reactions in 52–67% of patients. The remaining 12 brands were not as allergenic and 1 brand was totally negative on prick testing. 1 highly allergenic condom brand was examined by high‐pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), which showed similar protein profiles to those detectable in latex gloves and natural rubber. These results show that, in addition to rubber gloves and balloons, condoms should also be considered as possible sources of latex, and that patients with LGCU should be advised to avoid condoms.
Follow‐up of workers from the prefabricated concrete industry after the addition of ferrous sulphate to Danish cement
Authors: Avnstorp Christan
Published: April 2006

Ferrous sulfate has been added to cement manufactured in Denmark, reducing the water soluble chromate content to not more than 2 ppm, since September 1981. A comparison is made between the medical and employment status of a cohort of workers engaged, or who had been engaged, in the manufacture of prefabricated concrete building components in 1981 and in 1987. Workers who had allergic cement eczema in 1981 appeared to show no improvement 6 years after the reduction of chromate in the cement. Improvement was seen, however, in the eczema of those workers with irritant cement eczema. The 1987 study showed that a larger number of chromate‐sensitized workers required medical services and topical steroid treatment than did those who were not sensitized to chromate. This difference was statistically significant. The worse medical prognosis of the chromate‐sensitized workers could in part be due to the fact that some of these had secondary contact sensitivity to cobalt and rubber chemicals. The chromate‐sensitized workers also took earlier retirement. Younger workers with allergic and irritant cement eczema continued to work and their employment status was not influenced by chromate sensitization.
Cutting fluid dermatitis
Authors: Grattan C. E. H. , English J. S. C. , Foulds I. S. , Rycroft R. J. G.
Published: April 2006

174 consecutive patients with suspected cutting fluid dermatitis were investigated in 2 occupational dermatology clinics. 43% showed allergic reactions which were thought to be relevant to their dermatitis. Irritant contact dermatitis occurred in 63%, but only in 21% was it thought to be the sole diagnosis. Biocides, especially formaldehyde releasers, were the commonest cause of allergic reactions in a cutting fluid patch test series.
Interaction of cinnamaldehyde (a sensitizer in fragrance) with protein
Authors: Weibel Helle , Hansen Jens
Published: April 2006

Formation of a cinnamaldehyde‐protein conjugate in the skin by reaction of cinnamaldehyde with nucleophilic groups in proteins is considered to be responsible for the observed immunogenicity. The kinetics of the reaction of bovine serum albumin with cinnamaldehyde in aqueous solution at 30 °C have been investigated, and the rate of formation of conjugate over the pH range 6.4–10.5 showed a first‐order dependence on cinnamaldehyde concentration. The cinnamaldehyde binding sites on the protein appeared mostly or exclusively to be the thiol groups of cysteine residues.
Penetration of the fragrance compounds, cinnamaldehyde and cinnamyl alcohol, through human skin in vitro
Authors: Weibel Helle , Hansen Jens
Published: April 2006

The delivery of cinnamaldehyde and cinnamyl alcohol in fragrance through human skin has been investigated by in vitro penetration studies using full thickness human skin. Cinnamaldehyde was transformed to cinnamyl alcohol and cinnamic acid in the skin. The transformation took place in model protein solution, bovine serum albumin, as well as in skin homogenates. After conjugation of cinnamaldehyde with the protein, a lag time was observed after which cinnamyl alcohol and cinnamic acid were released. On the other hand, cinnamyl alcohol was not transformed in detectable amounts to either cinnamaldehyde or cinnamic acid during penetration of the skin.
Hyposensitizing therapy with standard antigenic extracts: an important source of thimerosal sensitization
Authors: Tosti A. , Guerra L. , Bardazzi F.
Published: April 2006

The frequency of thimerosal sensitization was determined in 5 groups of subjects: military recruits; healthy subjects; patients with asthma or rhinitis undergoing hyposensitizing therapy with thimerosal‐preserved antigenic extracts; patients with allergic contact dermatitis; patients with allergic contact conjunctivitis. Our patients with allergic contact dermatitis have a higher incidence of positive patch tests to thimerosal than healthy subjects. The source of thimerosal sensitization in this group remains obscure, their history of exposure to this or to other mercury derivatives being comparable to that of the healthy population. Patients with allergic contact conjunctivitis and patients receiving immunotherapy for asthma or rhinitis present a significantly higher frequency of thimerosal sensitization than the other groups, indicating that ophthalmic solutions and thimerosal‐preserved allergen extracts are an important source of thimerosal sensitization. The clinical relevance of thimerosal sensitization was definitively established only in patients with allergic contact conjunctivitis, even though patients receiving immunotherapy frequently presented local reactions at the site of allergen inoculation.
Occupational dermatoses at a film laboratory
Authors: Lidén Carola
Published: April 2006

The occurrence and causes of occupational dermatoses at a film laboratory following modernization was studied. In 1983 the film laboratory moved to new premises built to reduce exposure to hazardous chemicals. The study was carried out during 1983‐1986 with repeated interviews and dermatological examinations of all employees (78 subjects) and patch testing those with a history of or with current chemical exposure or dermatitis (65 subjects). Of 54 chemically exposed subjects, 34 (63%) had a history of occupational dermatoses, and 12 (22%) were contact allergic to film chemicals. Current, probable occupational dermatoses were observed in 13 subjects ‐ thereof 8 with hand eczema. No new case of occupational skin disease occurred during the investigation period, except for 1 case of ulceration from an acid splash. Petrolatum mixtures of the colour developing agents, Metol and hydroquinone were found most suitable for patch testing, since these chemicals are unstable and/or cause irritation in aqueous solutions. It is concluded that occurrence and severity of occupational dermatoses had been reduced by the technical measures taken to reduce chemical exposure.
Allergic contact dermatitis from dental composite resins due to aromatic epoxy acrylates mid aliphatic acrylates
Authors: Kanerva Lasse , Estlander Tuula , Jolanki Riitta
Published: April 2006

7 patients were occupationally sensitized to dental composite resin products (DCR): 6 dental nurses and 1 dentist. All had a positive patch test to their DCR. 2 independent types of allergy were seen; (a) aromatic epoxy acrylate, and/or (b) aliphatic acrylates. 4 out of 5 patients reacted to BIS‐GMA, the most widely used aromatic epoxy acrylate in DCR, but not the dentist. She and 2 dental nurses were allergic to aliphatic acrylates, including triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TREGDMA) and triethylene diglycol diacrylate (TREGDA). 4 patients were allergic to epoxy resin (ER) (containing mainly MW 340), possibly an impurity in some DCR. 2 patients were also allergic to methyl methacrylate (MMA): the dentist, had been exposed to MMA, but the nurse's exposure was uncertain. 1 patient was also allergic to rubber gloves, 2 to rubber chemicals but not their gloves, and 5 to disinfectants used. Diagnosis was delayed as long as 13 years in spite of previous patch testing. Dermatologists need to use the patients' own DCR and the methacrylate series for patch testing. No dental nurses could continue their occupation, but the dentist could occasionally handle DCR if wearing PVC gloves. Dental personnel need to know about the risks of DCR, and use no‐touch techniques and protective gloves.
Airborne contact dermatitis from Compositae plants in northern India
Authors: Sharma S. C. , Kaur S.
Published: April 2006

60 patients (45 male and 15 female) with suspected airborne contact dermatitis from Compositae (Asteraceae) plants and 20 age‐matched controls (15 male and 5 female) were investigated. Patch tests were performed with ethanolic plant extracts of 4 Compositae plants. Parthenium hysterophorus, Chrysanthemum morifolium, Dahlia pinnata and Tagetes indica, all prevalent in northern India. 55 (92%) patients showed positive patch tests, with 35 (64%) demonstrating positive tests to extracts of only 1 of the 4 plants tested. No positive patch tests were seen in the controls. Parthenium hysterophorus (78%) was the most frequent plant reacting, followed by Chrysanthemum morifolium (42%), Dahlia pinnata (18%) and Tagetes indica (7%).
Contact dermatitis from topical imidazole antifungals: 15 new cases
Authors: Jelen Gilbert , Tennstedt Dominique
Published: April 2006

Contact allergy from topical imidazole antifungals is seldom reported. 15 such casts, over a 12‐year period, are reported here. Results are discussed particularly with regard to imidazole cross‐reactions and to sensitization to topicals combining miconzole and hydrocortisone.
Contact allergens of an urban shrub Wigandia caracasana
Authors: Reynolds Gary W. , Gafner Frank , Rodriguez Eloy
Published: April 2006

The principal dermatitic constituents of W. caracasana were isolated from the glandular hairs and identified as unusual prenylated quinones and prenylated phenols. Potentials to elicit irritant and allergic contact dermatitis reactions were evaluated with guinea pigs.
Contact dermatitis from chrysanthemums in India
Authors: Sharma S. C. , Tanwar R. C. , Kaur S.
Published: April 2006

32 patients (24 male, 8 female) with contact dermatitis from Chrysanthemum morifolium are reported. 24 (75%) patients gave a history of seasonal variation and 16 (50%) of photoaggravation and/or photosensitivity. Exposure to chrysanthemums was occupational in 18 and recreational in 12. The common clinical presentations were hand and face dermatitis in 13 (41%) and airborne contact dermatitis in 10 (31 %) patients. All 32 patients demonstrated positive patch tests to ethanolic extracts of the flowers, 30 to the leaves, 28 to the whole plant, and only 6 to the stems, in that order of intensity.
Allergy to nickel or cobalt: tolerance to nickel and cobalt samples in man and in the guinea pig allergic or sensitized to these metals
Authors: Cavelier C. , Foussereau J. , Gille P. , Zissu D.
Published: April 2006

The aim of this study was to evaluate, in animals and humans sensitive to nickel or cobalt, the tolerance to manufactured metal samples of nickel and cobalt of a defined metallographic structure, plated or not with a layer of chrome or copper/chrome of a determined thickness. Under the defined experimental conditions, a guinea pig sensitized to one metal (nickel or cobalt) was intolerant to both metals (nickel and cobalt) A plating of chrome or copper/chrome did not act as a protection. In the human, it was not the same: the tolerance to metal samples was determined by the specific sensitivity. A plating of chrome or copper/chrome did not act as protection.