bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
19 Dietary Supplementation of Botanicals Enhanced Growth Performance and Disease Resistance of Weaned Pigs Experimentally Infected with a Pathogenic E. coli
Authors: Wong Braden T , He Yijie , Kim Kwangwook , Xu Sharon , Lingga Christopher , Li Xunde , Wall Emma , Liu Yanhong
Published: May 2021

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary botanical supplementation on growth performance and frequency of diarrhea of weaned piglets experimentally infected with a pathogenic F18 Escherichia coli (E. coli). Sixty weaned piglets (around 21 days old; 7.15 ± 0.97 kg) were individually housed and randomly allotted to one of five dietary treatments (n = 12): negative control (NC), positive control (PC), high dose of botanicals blend 1 (BB1, 100 ppm), low dose of botanicals blend 2 (BB2, 50 ppm), and high dose of botanicals blend 2 (BB2, 100 ppm). The experiment lasted 28 days: from day -7 to +21 relative to E. coli inoculation. All piglets except the pigs in the NC group were orally inoculated with F18 E. coli (1010 cfu per dose, 3 doses) for 3 consecutive days. Growth performance was recorded throughout the experiment and diarrhea scores were recorded daily. Data were analyzed by ANOVA using PROC MIXED of SAS with a randomized complete block design. E. coli challenge reduced (P < 0.05) pig body weight and growth rate throughout the experiment. Pigs supplemented with high dose BB1 or BB2 tended (P < 0.10) to have greater body weight (19.52 and 19.10 vs. 18.00 kg) on d 21 PI and greater average daily gain from d 0 to 21 PI (554 and 557 vs. 515 g/d) than PC. No differences were observed in pig performance between high dose BB1 or BB2 in comparison with NC. Supplementation of high dose BB1 or BB2 also reduced (P < 0.05) frequency and severity of diarrhea of challenged pigs during the entire experimental period. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of botanicals reduced diarrhea and tended to improve growth performance of weaned pigs infected with E. coli.
35 Effect of Late Gestational Heat Stress on Placental Characteristics in Dairy Cattle
Authors: Potadle Greer M , Dahl Geoff , Fabris Thaigo , Bundy Jennifer M , Tyler Howard
Published: May 2021

To determine the effects of late gestation heat stress on placental development, dairy cows were exposed to heat stress (HT, shade) or cooled (CL, shade, fans and soakers) during the final 46 d pre-calving on the University of Florida dairy facility (temperature-humidity index; THI >68). We hypothesize heat stress (or lack of heat abatement) will reduce placental efficiency and in turn increase placental weight, surface area, and volume. At expulsion all placentae were collected and total placental weight was determined as well as individual cotyledonary weights, surface areas, and volume. In addition, the total number of total cotyledons was recorded and cotyledonary color and placental growth abnormalities (i.e. teratomas) were recorded and photographed. All data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS. In addition, associations between parameters were determined by calculating Pearson Correlation Coefficients using SAS. Placentae from HT cows had a higher total placental weight, higher non-vascular membrane weight, higher total cotyledonary weight, higher total cotyledonary volume, and a higher incidence of teratomas than those from CL cows (P < 0.05). HT cows also had placentae with a significantly greater average cotyledonary weight and volume (P < 0.05). HT cows tended to have a greater incidence of color abnormalities in the placenta (P < 0.075). In addition, HT cows had significantly lighter calves at birth (P < 0.05). These data demonstrate that heat stress (or lack of heat abatement) impacts placental growth during the final stages of gestation, resulting in heavier placentae, an increase in cotyledonary weight and volume, but not an increase in the total number of cotyledons or total cotyledonary surface area. These placental alterations ultimately resulted in lighter calves at birth.
116 Effect of Coated and Non-coated Steroidal Implants on Growth Performance, Dietary Net Energy Utilization and Carcass Traits of Feedlot Finishing Steers
Authors: Buckhaus Elizabeth M , Smith Zachary K
Published: May 2021

Maine-Anjou x Angus steers (n = 156, initial BW 366 ± 37.2 kg) were used in a 132-d finishing experiment at the Ruminant Nutrition Center in Brookings, SD. Steers were weighed on two consecutive days and assigned into 5 weight blocks. Within each weight block steers were randomly assigned to two implant types (equal steroidal hormone dose; both from Zoetis, Parsippany, NJ) and two dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Implant treatments consisted of 1) Coated implant, 200 mg trenbolone acetate (TBA), 28 mg estradiol benzoate (EB) (Synovex ONE Feedlot, ONE) or 2) Non-coated implant, 200 mg TBA, 28 mg EB (Synovex PLUS; PLUS), placed in the left ear. Dietary treatments were 1) 15% or 2) 30% corn silage (DM basis). No interaction between implant and corn silage inclusion was observed for carcass-adjusted (hot carcass weight / 0.63) growth performance, dietary net energy (NE) utilization or carcass traits (P ≥ 0.16). Bunks were managed using a slick bunk approach and all diets contained (DM basis) 33 mg/kg monensin sodium. Implant status was checked on d 28 by a single trained evaluator; steers with missing implants were immediately re-implanted. There was no difference in carcass-adjusted growth performance between implants (P ≥ 0.85). There were no differences in observed NE or the observed-to-expected ratio of NE for either growth or maintenance (P ≥ 0.90). No differences were observed for dressing percent, hot carcass weight, ribeye area, or rib fat (P ≥ 0.22). Marbling differed between implant treatments (433 to 466 ± 8.7; P = 0.01) for PLUS and ONE respectively. Implanting cattle with a coated implant had no detrimental effect on growth performance or carcass traits, but it did increase marbling scores.
115 The Beef Industry in a Post-Pandemic World
Authors: Peel Derrell S
Published: May 2021

The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 caused unprecedented shocks and disruptions in the cattle and beef industry. The shutdown of food service in March 2020 caused an unparalleled stacking of food demand on the retail grocery sector. The rigidity and specialized nature of food service and retail grocery supply chains, compounded by a surge in consumer demand at retail grocery, resulted in temporary shortages of meat in other consumer products in supermarkets. The food service sector recovered somewhat over many weeks but remained diminished through the balance of 2020 and beyond. In April 2020, COVID-19 infections affected the labor forces of many meat packing and processing facilities and resulted in significant reductions in beef packing and further processing for eight to twelve weeks. This caused additional product shortages in retail grocery and food service sectors. These impacts have raised many questions about how the beef industry might adapt to be more resilient in the face of such profound disruptions. Possible changes include more use of multi-purpose facilities (less specialized for food service or retail grocery supply chains); design changes in new plants and retrofitting existing facilities to reduce human health impacts; changes in labor management; changes in inventory management; and changes in business supply chain management and risk assessment practices.
100 Hybrid Rye May Replace Corn in Diets for Nursery Pigs Without Negatively Affecting Average Daily Gain, but gain:feed May Be Reduced
Authors: McGhee Molly L , Stein Hans H
Published: May 2021

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that replacing corn with hybrid rye in diets for weanling pig diets will not influence growth performance. In experiment 1, 160 pigs (6.0 ± 0.7 kg) were allotted to 40 pens and 5 treatments (Phase 1 (day 1–7): 0, 3, 6, 9, or 12% hybrid rye; Phase 2 (day 8–21): 0, 5, 11, 16, or 21% hybrid rye; Phase 3 (day 22–34): 0, 15, 30, 45, or 60% hybrid rye). In experiment 2, 128 pigs (5.6 ± 0.5 kg) were allotted to 32 pens and 4 treatments (Phase 1: 0, 8, 16, or 24% hybrid rye; Phase 2: 0, 16, 32, or 48% hybrid rye; Phase 3: 0, 20, 40, or 60% hybrid rye). Individual body weights were recorded at the start and end of each phase, and diarrhea incidence was recorded every other day. Diarrhea incidence was analyzed using proportions with SAS Proc Glimmix, whereas other data were analyzed in SAS Proc Mixed using linear and quadratic contrast statements. In experiment 1, body weights and average daily gain (ADG) did not differ among treatments (Table 1), but in experiment 2, ADG in phase 1 increased (linear, P < 0.05) as rye inclusion increased. In both experiments, overall average daily feed intake increased (experiment 1, quadratic, P < 0.05; experiment 2, linear, P < 0.05) with greater rye inclusion and in both experiments overall gain:feed decreased (quadratic, P < 0.05) as rye replaced corn in diets. Diarrhea incidence decreased (quadratic, P < 0.05) with 6 or 9% rye inclusion in phase 1 of experiment 1, but not experiment 2. To conclude, hybrid rye may replace the majority of corn in diets for nursery pigs without impacting ADG, but gain:feed will be reduced due to greater feed intake.
123 Effects of Different Feeding Regimes During Wean-to-estrus Interval on Sow Reproductive Performance
Authors: Lu Ning , Popa Ghenadie , Wang Ruiming , Vier Carine M , Navales Ron A , Cast Wayne R , Orlando Uislei A
Published: May 2021

A total of 386 mixed parity sows were used to evaluate the effects of different feeding regimes during the wean-to-estrus interval (WEI) on reproductive performance. At weaning, sows were blocked by genetic line (PIC Yorkshire and Camborough, Hendersonville, TN), parity category (Parity 1 and 4+), weaning visual body condition scores (BCS), and allotted to one of two treatments in a randomized complete block design. The number of weaned piglets of the previous lactation was balanced across treatments. Sows with BCS of 1 at weaning (based on a 3-point scale BCS system) were excluded from the study. A corn-soybean meal-soy hull-wheat bran-based gestation diet with 2.97 Mcal of ME/kg and 0.70% SID lysine was fed in the study. Treatments included two feeding regimes during WEI: T1) feed allowance of 4.5 kg/d with 200 g/day of top-dressed glucose; T2) feed allowance of 3 kg/day. Sows from T1 received two 2.25-kg meals at 0800 and 1630 with 200 g of glucose top-dressed in the morning meal. Sows from T2 received one 3-kg meal at 0800. Experimental data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models with the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS and sow as the experimental unit. There was no evidence for differences between treatments on WEI (T1: 4.48 days; T2: 4.53 days; P = 0.60); percentage of sows that returned to estrus within 7 days post-weaning (T1: 86.01%; T2: 89.64%; P = 0.47); or conception rate at day 35 of the subsequent gestation (T1: 95.87%; T2: 98.50%; P = 0.44). In conclusion, feeding 4.5 kg of gestation diet and 200 g of glucose per day during WEI did not improve return to estrus or conception rate compared to feeding 3 kg of gestation diet per day for weaned sows with BCS greater than 1 on a 3-point scale.
168 Effects of Increasing Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Levels on Growth Performance of 12- to 26-kg Pigs Sired by High Index Boars
Authors: Vier Carine M , Lu Ning , Silva Gustavo , Zaragoza Luis E , Knopf Brandon , Navales Ron A , Cast Wayne R , Dritz Steve S , Orlando Uislei A
Published: May 2021

Our objective was to determine the effects of increasing dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) on the growth performance of late nursery pigs. A total of 1,125 pigs (PIC 337×Camborough, initially 12.0±0.66 kg) were used in a 21-d study. The pigs used in the study were sired by boars ranked in the top 15% of a selected PIC elite boar stud based on index. Pens of pigs were blocked by body weight and randomly allotted to 1 of 5 treatments containing 0.95, 1.10, 1.20, 1.35, and 1.50% of SID Lys. Diets were corn-soybean meal-based and contained 2,480 Kcal of NE/kg. Treatments were achieved with increasing feed-grade amino acids. There were 9 mixed gender pens per treatment and 25 pigs per pen. Data were analyzed using generalized linear and nonlinear mixed models with pen as the experimental unit. Competing models included linear, quadratic polynomial (QP), broken-line linear (BLL), and broken-line quadratic (BLQ). Increasing SID Lys concentration improved average daily gain (ADG, linear, P < 0.001) and gain to feed ratio (G:F, quadratic, P = 0.011). The best-fitting models for ADG were QP and BLL. The QP model estimated the maximum ADG at 1.43% (95% CI: 1.12 to >1.50%), with 99% of maximum ADG achieved at 1.27%. The BLL plateau was estimated at 1.31% (95%CI: 1.06 to >1.50%). The best-fitting models for G:F were QP, BLL, and BLQ. The QP model estimated the maximum G:F at 1.48% (95%CI: 1.23 to >1.50%), with 99% of maximum G:F achieved at 1.24%. The BLL plateau was estimated at 1.30% (95% CI: 1.18 to 1.41%), whereas the BLQ plateau was estimated at 1.36% (95%CI: 1.14 to >1.50%). In conclusion, the estimated optimum SID Lys concentration for 12- to 26-kg pigs sired by high index boars ranged from 1.30 to 1.48%, depending on the response criteria and statistical model.
172 Effects of Dietary Valine, Isoleucine, and Tryptophan Supplementations to Diets Containing Excess Leucine from Corn Protein on Growth Performance of Growing Pigs
Authors: Kwon Woongbi Bi , Soto Jose A , Stein Hans H
Published: May 2021

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that addition of Val, Ile, or Trp alone or in combination will reduce the negative effects of excess Leu in diets for growing pigs. A total of 288 growing pigs (28.6 ± 2.5 kg) were randomly assigned to 1 of 9 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design. There were 2 barrows and 2 gilts in each pen and 8 replicate pens per treatment. A control diet based on corn and soybean meal and 8 diets based on corn and a high-protein corn product (48% crude protein) with 2 levels of crystalline L-Val (0 or 0.10%), L-Ile (0 or 0.10%), and L-Trp (0 or 0.05%) were formulated. The crystalline L-Val, L-Ile, and L-Trp increased standardized ileal digestible (SID) Val:Lys from 70 to 80%, SID Ile:Lys from 53 to 63%, and SID Trp:Lys from 18 to 23%, respectively. All diets were formulated to contain 1.00% SID Lys and the 8 diets containing corn protein contained 171% SID Leu:Lys. Individual pig weights were recorded at the beginning and at the conclusion of the 28-d experiment. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED of SAS with a pen as the experimental unit. Diet was the fixed effect and block and replicate within block were random effects. Results indicated that final body weight and average daily gain were not different between pigs fed the control diet and pigs fed the diet with Val and Trp addition, but greater (P < 0.001) than for pigs fed the diet with Val addition, Ile addition, Trp addition, Val and Ile addition, Ile and Trp addition, or Val, Ile, and Trp addition (Table 1). In conclusion, addition of Val and Trp to diets with excess Leu may prevent negative effects of excess Leu in diets for growing pigs.
170 Meta-analysis to Determine the Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Requirements of Growing-finishing Pigs from 11- to 150-kg
Authors: Orlando Uislei A , Vier Carine M , Cast Wayne R , Lu Ning , Navales Ron A , Dritz Steve S
Published: May 2021

A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) recommendations for 11–150 kg PIC pigs housed under commercial conditions. Data from 29 trials dating from 2013 to 2020 utilizing 48,338 pigs were recorded in a database. Number of pens/treatment and pigs/trial ranged from 9 to 16 and 12 to 25, respectively. Sire lines were PIC 337 in 25 trials, PIC 327 in 3 trials, and PIC TR4 and 327 in 1 trial. Dam lines were PIC Camborough in 18 trials and PIC Camborough 29 in 9 trials. The SID Lys to calorie ratio curves were built for both metabolizable energy (ME) and net energy (NE) systems using the feed ingredient composition in NRC (2012) for energy levels. The response variables average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (G:F) were analyzed using generalized linear and non-linear mixed models with heterogeneous variance (Gonçalves et al., 2016). Each treatment mean within a trial (n = 288) was considered the experimental unit and each trial was used as a random effect. The models were developed for mixed gender pigs and the PIC 337 growth curves were used to estimate the recommendations for barrows and gilts. There was no evidence for an interaction between sire lines or dam lines and treatment (P > 0.10). The SID Lys to calorie recommendations are based on the average for ADG and G:F (Table 1). At these levels, approximately 100% of maximum ADG and 99.4% of maximum G:F are achieved. The NE to ME ratio that results in a similar SID Lys recommendation as a percentage of the diet ranged from approximately 0.72 to 0.74. The updated biological requirements for PIC pigs remained similar compared to previous PIC recommendations (Gonçalves et al., 2017). However, the requirement estimates have been adjusted for late nursery and late finishing phases.
205 Dietary Strategies to Limit Average Daily Gain of Late Finishing Pigs
Authors: Goehring Devin , McCormick Katherine A , Mahoney Julie , Hinson Rodney
Published: May 2021

A total of 2,164 pigs [DNA610 x DNA241; initially 100.7 ± 2.14 kg body weight (BW)] were used in a 54.1 ± 3.85-day study to determine dietary strategies to limit average daily gain (ADG) in late finishing pigs raised in a commercial environment. Mixed-sex pens (20.0 ± 0.85 pigs/pen) balanced by initial BW and gender ratio were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments fed ad libitum with 27 replications each: (1) Nutritionally replete corn soybean-meal control (CTRL), (2) Treatment 1 with 21% reduced lysine and other amino acids (AAR), (3) Corn/vitamin/mineral diet (CVM), and (4) Treatment 3 fed for 21 days then switched to CTRL. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using a linear mixed model. Relative to CTRL, feeding AAR or CVM for 21 days reduced ADG (P < 0.001), average daily feed intake (ADFI; P = 0.005), and gain-to-feed (G:F, P < 0.001). Over 55-days, AAR and CVM diets reduced (P < 0.001) cumulative ADG, ADFI, G:F, and final BW compared to CTRL. Transitioning to CTRL diet from CVM diet after 21-days increased ADG (P < 0.001) and improved G:F (P < 0.001) from day 21 to marketing compared to 55-day CTRL, AAR, and CVM; nevertheless, the compensatory CTRL period was insufficient for the 21-day CVM fed pigs to fully compensate resulting in reduced cumulative BW, ADG (P < 0.001) and poorer G:F (P < 0.001) than the 55-day CTRL. All holding strategies decreased (P < 0.001) carcass yield, hot carcass weight (HCW), and loin depth compared to CTRL. Utilizing a CVM diet for 21 or 55 days increased (P < 0.001) backfat compared to CTRL or AAR. In summary, utilizing lysine deficient or corn/vitamin/mineral diets can limit ADG along with poorer G:F. Transitioning to a non-holding diet after feeding a corn/vitamin/mineral diet for 21-days resulted in compensatory gain, but reductions in growth performance and carcass traits remained evident.
202 Plasma Isoprostanes, but Not Thiobarbituic Acid Reactive Substances, Are a Reliable Measure of Lipid Oxidation in Growing Pigs Fed Peroxidized Soybean Oil
Authors: Wilson Victoria C , Kerr Brian J
Published: May 2021

Past experiments have reported conflicting effects of feeding peroxidized soybean oil (pSO) to growing pigs on plasma F2-isoprostanes (ISP) and thiobarbituic acid reactive substances (TBARS) concentrations. Two experiments were conducted to clarify these inconsistencies. In experiment 1 (Exp. 1), 13.5 to 24.0 kg pigs were fed diets for 22 d which contained 10% SO that was either unheated or peroxidized (heated at 135°C for 42 h). In experiment (Exp. 2), 21.3 to 37.5 kg pigs were fed diets for 27d which contained either 8% SO or pSO. Blood was collected from 1 pig per pen on d 21 and 26 from Exp. 1 and Exp. 2, respectively, with plasma subsequently analyzed for ISP, TBARS, reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM), and antioxidant capacity (AXC). Data were analyzed as a randomized block design with experiment as the blocking factor. There were 10 replications per dietary treatment within each experiment. Pigs fed pSO had reduced gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency compared to pigs fed SO (P ≤ 0.01). Pigs fed pSO had increased concentrations of ISP (P ≤ 0.01), but tended to have decreased concentrations of TBARS (P = 0.10) compared to pigs to pigs fed SO. Pigs fed pSO had increased concentrations of ROM (P ≤ 0.01) while plasma concentrations of AXC did not differ (P = 0.28) compared to pigs fed SO. As a result, the oxidative stress index (OSi), based on the ratio between ROM and AXC, increased (P = 0.04) in pigs fed pSO compared to pigs fed SO. In conclusion, feeding pSO reduces pig performance and increases oxidative stress as measured by plasma ISP, ROM, and OSi. In contrast plasma TBARS were unaffected and may suggest they are not to be relied upon as a sole measure of oxidative stress, specifically lipid damage, in growing pigs.
200 Effect of Long-term Feeding of Deoxynivalenol (DON) Contaminated Diets on Performance of Grower-finisher Pigs
Authors: Bosompem Michael A , Wellington Michael O , Columbus Daniel A
Published: May 2021

Previous studies examining the effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) intake in pigs have largely focused on young animals or have been over a short period of time. The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of long-term feeding of DON contaminated diets on growth performance of grower-finisher pigs. A total of 240 mixed-sex pigs (35.9 ± 1.1 kg) were group housed in 6 pigs/pen (n = 10/treatment) and were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments for 77 d. Diets consisted of a control diet (CON) containing no DON or a diet containing 1, 3, or 5 ppm DON (DON1, DON3, or DON5) achieved by adding DON-contaminated wheat and wheat screenings at the expense of clean wheat. In the grower period, DON5-fed pigs had reduced average daily gain (ADG) compared to CON, with DON1 and DON3-fed pigs being intermediate P < 0.05). There was no effect of dietary treatment on ADG in the finisher period (P > 0.05). Overall the entire study, DON3 and DON5-fed pigs had similar and reduced ADG (P < 0.05) compared to CON and DON1, which did not differ (P > 0.05). Feed intake was reduced in DON-fed pigs in the finisher period (3.12, 2.97, 2.96, and 2.88 ± 0.05; P< 0.05) and in DON3 and DON5-fed pigs overall (2.62, 2.55, 2.47, 2.47 ± 0.03; P < 0.05) compared to CON, with no overall effect observed in the grower period. There was no effect on feed efficiency in any period (P > 0.05). The decrease in performance resulted in reduced final body weight in DON3 and DON5-fed pigs, compared to CON, with DON1-fed pigs being intermediate (P > 0.05). Overall, the effects of DON-intake on performance were variable and generally occurred rapidly after initial exposure and appear to be largely due to the reduction in feed intake.
140 Influence of Enogen Feed Corn and Conventional Yellow Dent Corn in Pelleted or Meal-based Diets on Finishing Pig Performance and Carcass Characteristics
Authors: Williams Hadley , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , Goodband Robert D , DeRouchey Joel M , Stark Charles R , Paulk Chad B , Wecker Haley
Published: May 2021

Previous research has indicated that starch gelatinization during the pelleting process is greater for Enogen® Feed corn compared to conventional yellow dent corn. Increasing starch gelatinization in the pellet increases the starch digestibility in the pig, which potentially leads to increased growth rate. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of feeding Enogen Feed corn in meal or pellet form on finishing pig growth performance and carcass characteristics. A total of 288 pigs (53.0 ± 0.5 kg) were used with 8 pigs/pen and 9 pens/treatment in a 72-d study. Treatments were arranged in a 2×2 factorial with main effects of corn source (Enogen Feed corn or conventional yellow dent corn) and diet form (meal or pellet). Main effects of corn source and diet form as well as their interactions were tested. Pelleting parameters were established with a target conditioner temperature of 82.2°C and corn moisture of 13 to 14%. When pelleting the diets, the conditioning temperature for conventional yellow dent corn averaged 68.4°C and Enogen Feed corn averaged 67.7°C. The hot pellet temperature for conventional yellow dent corn averaged 75.1°C and 75.8°C for Enogen feed corn. For overall performance (d 0 to 72), no interactions between corn source and diet form were observed (P > 0.05). There was a tendency (P < 0.10) for slightly improved average daily gain (ADG) and gain:feed ratio (G:F) for pigs fed conventional yellow dent corn compared to those fed Enogen Feed corn. Pigs fed pelleted diets had increased (P < 0.001) ADG, G:F, and hot carcass weight compared to pigs fed meal diets. In summary, feeding pelleted diets to finishing pigs increased ADG and G:F compared to those fed meal-based diets. There were no major differences observed between corn sources or interactions between corn source and diet form on growth performance.
135 Effect of Gossypol from Cottonseed Meal on Growth Performance, Plasma Gossypol, and Complete Blood Cell Counts in Commercial Growing Pigs: A Preliminary Study on Feral Hog Control
Authors: Mudarra Richard A , Tsai Tsung Cheng Cheng , Hansen Christopher , Littlejohn Brittni P , Maxwell Charles V , Rorie Rick
Published: May 2021

To evaluate the effect of cottonseed meal (CSM) on growth performance, plasma gossypol and complete blood cell (CBC) counts in growing pigs, 40 gilts (Exp 1) and 24 boars (Exp 2), 63 day of age (19.85±0.43 kg), were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 and 3 treatments with 2 replicates/treatments, respectively. Treatments for Exp 1 during phase 1–3 (14 d/phase) were a nutrient adequate control diet (NRC, 2012) without CSM (0% gossypol), and increasing levels of CSM was added to produce diets containing 0.01%, 0.02% and 0.04% gossypol to form treatments 2 to 4, respectively. For Exp 2, treatments were the same as those in the gilt trail, except 0.01% gossypol treatment was eliminated. All pigs were fed a common diet without CSM in phase 4 (14 d). Whole blood was obtained from two close-to-average pen-BW pigs repeatedly at each phase to determine CBC in Exp 1 and plasma gossypol in Exp 1 and 2. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedures of SAS (Cary, NC). ADG did not significantly differ between treatments in phase 1&2 (P > 0.05). In phase 3, ADG decreased linearly and quadratic (P < 0.05) with increasing level of CSM in gilts and boars, respectively, while ADFI did not differ. Neutrophil concentration was higher while mean corpuscular volume (MCV) was lower in gilts fed CSM on d 42 than those fed control regardless level of inclusion, whereas after 14 d of CSM withdrawal, neutrophil level was similar to control and MCV remained low (Treatment*day, P < 0.01). Plasma gossypol increased with increasing level of CSM in both gilts and boars during phase 1–3, and was still higher than control after pigs were fed a common diet for 14 d (P < 0.05). In conclusion, cottonseed meal derived gossypol impairs growth performance, and increase plasma gossypol in gilts and boars.
196 Effect of Exogenous Enzyme Supplementation and Fermentation of Oilseed By-products on in vitro Digestibility and Production of Short Chain Fatty Acid
Authors: Jang Jae-Cheol , Javaid Aqsa , Urriola Pedro E , Shurson Gerald C
Published: May 2021

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of exogenous enzyme supplementation and solid-state fermentation (SSF) with a mixed bacterial culture on in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production of soybean meal (SBM) or rapeseed meal (RSM). A 2 × 2 factorial design was used and included the factors of 1) exogenous enzyme cocktail (supplemented and non-supplemented), 2) microbial fermentation (fermented and non-fermented) applied to SBM or RSM in vitro. The exogenous enzyme cocktail consisted of non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) degrading enzymes (NSP-EZ) with phytase (10,000 FTU/kg), and the SSF were carried out using Bacillus subtilis. The fermented feed ingredients were collected after 48 h incubation at 37oC. Samples were hydrolyzed in two steps using pepsin and pancreatin to calculate IVDMD. Subsequently, the hydrolyzed residues were filtered, dried, and pooled for incubation in a buffered mineral solution with fresh swine feces. Gas production kinetics during fermentation was measured for 72 h and analyzed by fitting data to an exponential model. The fermentation residues were filtered, and the supernatant was analyzed for concentration of SCFA. The IVDMD from simulated gastric and small intestinal hydrolysis was greater (P < 0.01) for SSF in both SBM and RSM. During fermentation, the hydrolysis residue from SBM treated with SSF required less time to reach half asymptote, had greater maximal gas production, and greater fractional degradation (P < 0.01, respectively) compared with non-fermented SBM. The IVDMD from simulated total tract digestion was greater (P < 0.01) for SSF in RSM compared with SBM, while SBM had greater IVDMD for both SSF and NSP-EZ (P < 0.01). Production of butyric acid was greater for SSF (P < 0.01) compared with non-SSF in both SBM and RSM. These results suggest that SSF can improve IVDMD and produce greater amounts of butyric acid compared with NSP-EZ supplementation in SBM and RSM.
198 Effects of Bacillus Spp. on Pathogen Inhibition in vitro and on Growth Performance and Bacterial Shedding in Growing Finishing Pigs
Authors: Tran Huyen , Ayala Diana , Spears Jessica , Karnezos Peter , de Rodas Brenda
Published: May 2021

Three experiments (EXP) were conducted to evaluate effectiveness of Bacillus strains on pathogen inhibition in vitro (EXP. 1 and 2) and on growing-finishing pig performance and bacteria shedding (EXP. 3). In EXP. 1, antimicrobial activity of 4 individual Bacillus strains were tested against 9 bacterial pathogens using agar diffusion cross-streak assay. In EXP. 2, a combination of 4 strains (FS4) was evaluated for antimicrobial activity against surrogate strains of the same pathogens in EXP. 1 using well-diffusion and competitive exclusion assays. There were strong inhibitory effects against Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus aureus with zones of inhibition (ZOI) up to 18.1 and 13.7 mm, respectively. Moderate effects were observed against Listeria monocytogenes, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium with ZOI up to 8.7, 8.7, 8.1, and 6.3 mm, respectively. On broth, FS4 inhibited Listeria completely (9 log10 CFU/mL) and reduced Staphylococcus by 8 log10 CFU/mL after 24h co-cultivation. In EXP. 3, 236 pigs (initial BW: 33 kg; 6–7 pigs/pen; 17 pens/treatment) were used to evaluate effects of feeding FS4 (7.5 x 104 CFU/g of feed) vs. the control (CON) diets. On d 0, 49, and at market, a pooled fresh fecal sample per pen was obtained for the enumeration of total Salmonella, E. coli, coliform, and Lactobacillus. Feeding FS4 improved (P < 0.05) BW (d 72), ADG (d 43–72 and d 0–72), and Feed:Gain (d 43–72) compared to CON. Overall, pigs fed FS4 were numerically heavier (1.1 kg) than CON pigs. FS4 reduced (P < 0.05) total coliform counts in pigs at market, and numerically reduced E. coli at d 49; however, FS4 had no impact on Lactobacillus. Our data indicate that FS4 had strong inhibitory effects against Streptococcus, Listeria, and Staphylococcus and feeding FS4 improved performance of pigs and lowered coliform shedding without impacting Lactobacillus.
215 Effects of Increasing Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Levels on Growth Performance of 39- to 119-kg Pigs Sired by High Index Boars
Authors: Lu Ning , Vier Carine M , Silva Gustavo , Zaragoza Luis E , Knopf Brandon , Navales Ron A , Cast Wayne R , Dritz Steve S , Orlando Uislei A
Published: May 2021

Our objective was to determine the effects of increasing dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) on the growth performance of grow-finish pigs. A total of 1,120 pigs (PIC 337×Camborough, initially 39.0±0.82 kg) were used in a 77-d study. Pigs used in the study were sired by boars ranked in the top 15% of a selected PIC elite boar stud based on index. Pens of pigs were blocked by body weight and randomly allotted to 1 of 5 treatments, which consisted of 85, 95, 105, 115, and 125% of the PIC2016 SID Lys recommendations within each phase. Diets were corn-soybean meal-based and formulated to be iso-caloric. Treatments were achieved with increasing feed-grade amino acids. There were 9 mixed-gender pens per treatment and 24 or 25 pigs per pen. Data were analyzed using generalized linear and nonlinear mixed models with pen as the experimental unit. Competing models included linear, quadratic polynomial (QP), broken-line linear (BLL), and broken-line quadratic (BLQ). Increasing dietary SID Lys from 85 to 125% marginally improved overall average daily gain (ADG, quadratic, P = 0.056), gain to feed ratio (G:F, quadratic, P = 0.062), and final body weight (linear, P = 0.075). There was no evidence for treatment effects on mortality and removals (P > 0.10). The best-fitting models for ADG were QP and BLL. The QP model estimated the maximum ADG at 110.6% (95% CI: 93 to >125%), with 99% of maximum ADG achieved at 97.4%. The BLL plateau was estimated at 105.0% (95% CI: 74 to 136%). The best-fitting model for G:F was QP, estimating the maximum G:F at 107.8% (95% CI: 92 to >125%). In conclusion, the estimated optimum overall SID Lys for 39- to 119-kg pigs sired by high index boars ranged from 105.0 to 110.6% of PIC2016 SID Lys recommendation within each phase, depending on the response criteria and statistical model.
185 The Impacts of Commercial Dietary Acidifiers on Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Dahmer Payton L , Jones Cassandra K
Published: May 2021

A total of 360 weanling pigs (DNA 200 x 400; initially 9.7 ± 0.23 kg BW) were used in a 21-d growth trial to evaluate the effects of commercial diet acidifiers in nursery diets. Upon weaning, pigs were weighed and allotted to pens (6 pigs/pen, 10 replicate pens/treatment, blocked by 2 separate nursery rooms) and pens were then randomly assigned to one of 6 treatment diets: 1) negative control (no antibiotics or acidifiers) and the control with 2) 0.25% Acidifier A (KEM-GEST™, Kemin Industries, Des Moines, IA); 3) 0.3% Acidifier B (ACITVATE® DA, Novus International, Saint Charles, MO); 4) 0.5% Acidifier C (OutPace®, PMI Additives, Arden Hills, MN); 5) 50 g/ton carbadox; 6) 400 g/ton chlortetracycline. Pigs were fed common phase 1 and phase 2 starter diets without antimicrobials for 21 days, then fed experimental diets for 21 days. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized block design with pen as the experimental unit. Dietary treatment significantly impacted (P < 0.05) all growth response criteria for each week of the experiment. Overall (d 0 to 21), ADG was the greatest (P < 0.0001) for pigs fed a diet containing CTC. Likewise, ADFI was increased (P < 0.0001) for pigs consuming CTC compared to those fed the negative control, acidifier A, acidifier B and carbadox diets, while those fed acidifier C were intermediate. Feed efficiency was poorest (P < 0.0001) in pigs fed a diet with carbadox. By the end of the experiment, pigs fed CTC were significantly heavier (P < 0.0001) than pigs fed all remaining treatments. In summary, feeding CTC improved nursery pig performance while carbadox unexpectedly reduced it. The addition of dietary acidifiers did not improve growth performance compared to a negative control.
186 Effects of a Phytogenic Feed Additive (Aromex® Pro) and Narasin (Skycis®) on Finishing Pig Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics
Authors: Ewing Kristen M , Mendoza Omarh , Shull Caleb M , Ritter Matthew J , Carr Scott
Published: May 2021

Feed additives are commonly used in finishing pig diets to improve growth performance and carcass characteristics; however, data is limited on the interaction of various feed additives. The objective of this study was to determine the individual and combined effects of a phytogenic feed additive (Aromex® Pro) and narasin (Skycis®) on finishing pig growth performance and carcass characteristics. The study was conducted at a commercial research facility using a RCBD with 4 dietary treatments: Control (no Aromex® Pro or Skycis®); Aromex (as Control with 90.7 g/ton Aromex® Pro); Skycis (as Control with 13.6 g/ton Skycis®); Aromex + Skycis (as Control with 90.7 g/ton Aromex® Pro and 13.6 g/ton Skycis®). Diets were based on corn, soybean meal, and corn germ meal and were fed using a 3-phase program. Diets were formulated to the same nutrient levels across treatments that met or exceeded nutrient recommendations (NRC, 2012), with the feed additive added at the expense of corn. Pigs were placed on test at 40.6 ± 4.7 kg and harvested in 2 equal groups at 122.4 ± 2.2 kg. Thirteen blocks were used with pens of 34 pigs for 1,768 total pigs. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS with pen as the experimental unit, fixed effect of treatment, and random effect of block. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of treatment on start or end weights, overall ADG (live or carcass weight), overall ADFI, or any carcass characteristics. Overall G:F (live and carcass weight) for Aromex and Skycis was similar (P > 0.05) to each other and greater (P < 0.05) than Control. Aromex + Skycis had G:F (live and carcass weight) similar to Control and Aromex, but less than Skycis. In conclusion, including Aromex® Pro and Skycis® in finishing diets improved feed efficiency, but those effects were not additive.
249 Increasing Structural Fiber Improves Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Ebarb Sara , May Sabrina , Newcomb Mark D
Published: May 2021

Fiber ingredients in swine diets have various components that affect the intestinal tract distinctively. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of structural fiber sources on growth performance of nursery pigs. A total of 1,760 weanling pigs (initial BW = 6.12 ± 0.3 kg, 16 reps/trt, 22 pigs/pen) were used in a study with 5 dietary treatments: 1) Complex nursery diet with no additional fiber (CON); 2) CON + 2% rice hulls; 3) CON + 4% rice hulls; 4) CON + 6% wheat middlings; 5) CON + 12% wheat middlings. Fiber ingredients were added at the expense of corn and some processed soybean meal to maintain similar dietary protein levels. Using an in vitro fermentation estimation of fermentation for rice hulls and wheat middlings, diets were constructed to add similar levels of structural (non-fermentable NDF) fiber between low and high additions of rice hulls and wheat middlings. Pens across two barns were randomly allotted independent of one another and within a location block to one of the five treatments on d 0 of a two-phase study (d 0–11 and d 11–20.5 post-weaning). Data were analyzed by general linear model in R. Mortality and removal data were analyzed as a generalized linear mixed model with a binomial distribution. Contrasts tested the effect of additional fiber (CON vs treatments 2–5), effect of medium vs high fiber (treatment 2/4 vs 3/5), effect of source of fiber (treatment 2/3 vs 4/5), and the interaction of level and source of fiber. Overall (Table 1), additional fiber resulted in increased ADFI (P < 0.05) and tended to increase ADG (P < 0.10). Probability of mortality and removal was reduced (P < 0.05) when additional fiber was included. In summary, increasing the level of structural fiber improved performance and livability of nursery pigs.
83 MicroRNA574-3p Influences Porcine Oocyte Maturation and Regulates Abundance of Proteins Critical to Early Embryo Development
Authors: Adur Malavika K , Li Yunsheng , Ross Jason W
Published: May 2021

MicroRNA are small non-coding RNA involved in post-transcriptional gene regulation impacting oocyte maturation and embryo development. MIR574-3p abundance decreases during oocyte in vitro maturation (IVM) and blastocyst development. The study objective was to evaluate the role of MIR574-3p during porcine oocyte maturation and early embryo development. To assess the function of MIR574-3p during these processes, denuded GV stage oocytes injected with MIR574-3p mimic (MIR574-3p-M), MIR574-3p inhibitor (MIR574-3p-I) or negative control oligo (NC) underwent IVM for 42 hours. The number of MII arrested oocytes was decreased (P = 0.06) in the MIR574-3p-M group (67.7 ± 1.4%) as compared to the NC group (76.1 ± 1.3%), whereas maturation was not affected by MIR574-3p-I (75.6 ± 1.5%) as compared to the NC group (73.1 ± 3.6%). MII arrested oocytes were parthenogenetically activated and cultured for 7 days. Neither mimic nor inhibitor affected the cleavage or blastocyst rate. Using LC-MS/MS we evaluated changes in global protein abundance in injected oocytes after 42 hours of IVM. We identified 971 proteins in MIR574-3p-M injected oocytes, of which 57 were differentially abundant as compared to the control group. In MIR574-3p-I injected oocytes, 1007 proteins were identified, of which 107 were differentially abundant as compared to the control group. Overall, MIR574-3p-M upregulated proteins critical to membrane binding mediating sperm receptors on the zona pellucida, while it downregulated intranuclear activity such as nucleotide biosynthesis, mitotic spindle assembly and orientation; whereas MIR574-3p-I induced upregulation of proteins involved in the processes between and including protein biosynthesis and metabolism, while downregulating proteins critical to ATP, RNA, DNA and protein binding. These data suggest artificially increasing MIR574-3p abundance during IVM alters the oocyte proteome and influences meiotic progression to MII. Project was supported by Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grant no. 2017-67015-26459 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture.
73 Effect of Rate of Gain During Early Gestation on Colostrum and Milk Composition in Beef Heifers
Authors: Baumgaertner Friederike , Menezes Ana Clara B , Da Silva Diniz Wellison Jarles , Sedivec Kevin K K , Kirsch James D , Underdahl Sarah R , Dorsam Sheri T T , Ward Alison K , McCarthy Kacie L L , Caton Joel , Dahlen Carl R
Published: May 2021

We evaluated effects of rate of gain during the first 84 d of gestation on composition of colostrum and milk. At breeding, forty-five Angus-based heifers received either a basal total mixed ration allowing 0.28 kg/d gain [low gain (LG), n = 23] or basal diet plus starch-based supplement allowing 0.79 kg/d gain [moderate gain (MG), n = 22] for 84 days. Heifers were then managed on a common diet until parturition. Colostrum samples (50 mL) were collected before first suckling. Milk samples (50 mL) were collected 6 hours after calf removal on d 62 ± 10 and 103 ± 10 postpartum. Samples were collected by stripping each teat 15 to 20 times after discarding the first 5 strips. At d 103 sampling techniques were compared by collecting a second sample after 1 mL oxytocin administration and 90 sec lag. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS. Fat, protein, somatic cell count (SCC), milk urea nitrogen, and other solids were analyzed in colostrum for effect of treatment, whereas milk was evaluated for effects of treatment, day and their interaction. Heifer was experimental unit and significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. Colostrum SCC was greater (P = 0.05) in LG (6,949 ± 739 cells/mL) than MG (4,776 ± 796 cells/mL). In milk, protein and other solids were greater (P ≤ 0.03) in MG (3.02 ± 0.03 and 6.20 ± 0.02 %, respectively) than LG (2.87 ± 0.03 and 6.14 ± 0.02 %, respectively). On d 103, oxytocin administration and extended lag time after teat stimulation (0.96 ± 0.05 %) increased fat content in milk (P < 0.01) compared with immediate milk sample collection (0.34 ± 0.05 %). Nutrition during early gestation had a sustained impact on milk composition and techniques of oxytocin administration results in greater milk fat content.
74 Production Responses of an Alternative Beef Cow-calf System
Authors: Carlson Zachary E , McPhillips Levi J , Erickson Galen E , Drewnoski Mary E , MacDonald James C
Published: May 2021

A two-yr study was conducted to measure reproductive responses of an alternative cow-calf production system. Multiparous, crossbred cows (n = 160; average age = 5.7 ± 2.8 yrs-old) were utilized, per yr, in a generalized randomized bock design and unstructured treatment design. In yr one, cows were blocked by origin source and age, randomly assigned to one of two production systems, each with four replicates (n = 20 cows/rep). Once allotted to treatment and replicate, cows remained in assigned treatment for the duration of their productive life. Treatments were: 1) traditional extensive spring calving system utilizing perennial pasture and corn residue grazing (TRAD); 2) alternative fall-calving system utilizing confinement, summer-planted oats, and corn residue grazing (ALT). Breeding body condition score (BCS) was greater (P < 0.01) for TRAD compared to ALT (6.45 vs. 5.47 ± 0.159, respectively). There were no differences (P ≥ 0.24) in conception rates (93.86 vs. 94.14 ± 2.26 %), pregnancy loss (4.37 vs. 5.62 ± 1.86 %), calving rates (89.50 vs. 88.49 ± 3.06 %), and weaning rates (86.88 vs. 82.50 ± 3.08 %) for TRAD and ALT, respectively. There was no difference (P = 0.47) in calf body weight at birth (40 vs. 39 ± 1.0 kg) for TRAD and ALT, respectively. Weaning BCS was greater (P < 0.01) for TRAD compared to ALT (5.71 vs. 5.27 ± 0.048). Calves in the TRAD system had greater (P < 0.001) wean BW (237 vs. 185 ± 3.7 kg) compared to ALT calves. Cows from TRAD system had greater (P < 0.001) kg weaned per cow exposed to bulls (208 vs. 151 ± 6.3 kg) compared to ALT cows. Results indicate no difference in reproductive performance among systems. The extensive spring-calving system produced heavier calves at weaning, leading to more kg of calf weaned per cow exposed.
77 Evaluation of Models Used to Predict Dry Matter Intake in Forage-Based Diets
Authors: Wiseman Aksel , Watson Andrea K , Stock Rick , Klopfenstein Terry J
Published: May 2021

Data from experiments conducted at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln were pooled to compare predicted and observed dry matter intake (DMI) of growing cattle consuming foraged-based diets (corn silage, grass, alfalfa, or sorghum-hay) to determine the accuracy of current modeling systems. Experiments (n = 22) were a minimum of 84 days and included individually fed calves using the Calan gate system with 8 to 12 calves per treatment mean or pen-fed calves with 8 to 12 head per pen. Average body weight (BW) of calves ranged from 235 to 397 kg with average daily gain (ADG) between 0.16 and 1.65 kg. Cattle were fed ad libitum and mid-point BW and ADG were entered into the Beef Cattle Nutrient Requirements Model (2016) to determine predicted DMI. Simple regression was used to compare predicted and observed DMI to determine the accuracy of the prediction model. Ninety-three treatment means were evaluated and were separated into three categories: hay-based diets (n = 24), hay-based diets with distillers grains (n = 31), and corn silage-based diets (n =38). The model for observed versus predicted DMI was significant (P < 0.05; R2 = 0.09) when comparing all means but had a poor R2. The model was the best at predicting DMI for forage-based diets (P < 0.08; R2 = 0.22). Observed and predicted DMI were regressed along TDN values, calculated using book values and digestion studies. As TDN increased, observed DMI increased linearly (P < 0.01) and predicted DMI had a quadratic response (P < 0.01), increasing up to 63% and then decreasing with increasing TDN. The model over predicted DMI intake for TDN < 63% and under predicted DMI in forage-based diets greater than 63% TDN. Further development of the current modeling system through addition of intake data from forage fed growing cattle is needed