bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Security Management in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
Authors: Swain Jhum
Published: September 2020

A mobile ad hoc network (MANETs) is an assortment of a variety of portable nodes that are linked collectively in a greater number in a wireless medium that has no permanent infrastructure. Here, all the nodes in the node partake in acting as both router and host and is in charge for accelerating packets to other nodes. This chapter discusses the various attacks on different layers and on various security protocols. So, designing a secure routing protocol is a main challenge in MANET. As we all know, this is a mobile ad hoc network so nodes in the network dynamically establish paths among each other so it is vulnerable to different kinds of threats. So, in this case, we need secured communication among the nodes present in the network.
Authentic Leadership Competencies
Authors: Cui Zi-Ying Anna , Knox Matthew Wayne , Rowlands Josh , DeJesus Luke , Campbell Tessa
Published: September 2020

Now, more than ever, while facing the worldwide pandemic COVID-19, communities such as Tasmanian cities are anticipating for the build from the ground up after the pandemic passes. Entrepreneurial emergence will play a crucial role in the re-establishing of Tasmania's identity, as these individuals are described as being motivated by opportunities and are recognized by their distinct eye for creation and innovation. Leadership competencies are the underlying characteristics of an individual, which can be demonstrated though knowledge, values, capabilities, and behaviors. With the COVID-19 pandemic depleting our resources and population, the need for individuals with effective and ethical leadership competencies has seen a rise, sparking the research question: How can authentic leadership competencies create and enable entrepreneurial emergence?
Administrative Leadership Mindset and Philosophical Approaches
Authors: Reutter Susan S.
Published: September 2020

Corrections is a multi-layered business containing all aspects of life for the employees, clients/inmates, and the general public. Therefore, the findings of the study are transferable to many types of administrators. The chapter uses a case study approach and qualitative research methods. The study findings focuses on corrections administrative leadership mindset, philosophical approaches, and practice policies.. The conceptual and theoretical approaches included effective corrections administrators are promoting the growth of social capital (e.g., social skills and relationships), human capital (employable skills), and cultural capital (e.g., community and public safety). Four state prison wardens/administrators participated in this study. Data was collected via Creswell's in-depth portrait of cases: three-part series of semi-structured interviews. Four themes emerged during data analysis. This chapter focuses on the fourth theme and the conceptual framework.
Fostering Daily Life Skills in Young and Older Adults With Neurodegenerative Diseases Through Technological Supports
Authors: Stasolla Fabrizio , Bottiroli Sara
Published: September 2020

Persons with neurodegenerative diseases may have behavioral, cognitive, emotional, motor, and social impairments due to their clinical conditions. The objective of this article is to provide the reader with the newest empirical contributions available and a comprehensive critical overview on the use of assistive technology-based interventions and virtual reality-mediated setups to assess and recover individuals with neurodegenerative diseases. A literature overview was carried out. Thirty-one studies published along last decade were selected. The retained studies overall recruited 438 participants. Four categories of studies were identified, namely (1) recovering of functional and physical activities, (2) communication abilities, (3) leisure and recreation, and (4) virtual reality. AT-based interventions were effective and suitable to promote adaptive behaviors of patients with neurodegenerative diseases. VR setups were helpful to assess and recover persons with neurodegenerative disorders.
An Event Ontology Model Research for Environmental Pollution Emergencies
Authors: Wang Sha , Peng Qiong , Liang Hua
Published: September 2020

In the modeling process, event ontology design pattern (EODP) is a solution to recurring the same error scheme. It can speed up the construction of event ontology and avoid design ambiguity. A general event model structure is proposed in this paper. In the absence of domain-specific vocabulary, the model structure can represent the most general event information in web text. Based on this, the concept of event ontology mode and the method of extracting event ontology mode are proposed, and the method is used to establish the environmental pollution emergency ontology mode based on shared vocabulary. Finally, the ontology model of environmental pollution emergencies was formalized by using description logic, and the domain event ontology model was implemented by using the event ontology model to verify its validity and conceptual consistency.
Intelligent Environmental Monitoring System Based on Multi-Sensor Data Technology
Authors: Liu Qiuxia
Published: September 2020

Using multi-sensor data fusion technology, ARM technology, ZigBee technology, GPRS, and other technologies, an intelligent environmental monitoring system is studied and developed. The SCM STC12C5A60S2 is used to collect the main environmental parameters in real time intelligently. The collected data is transmitted to the central controller LPC2138 through the ZigBee module ATZGB-780S5, and then the collected data is transmitted to the management computer through the GPRS communication module SIM300; thus, the real-time processing and intelligent monitoring of the environmental parameters are realized. The structure of the system is optimized; the suitable fusion model of environmental monitoring parameters is established; the hardware and the software of the intelligent system are completed. Each sensor is set up synchronously at the end of environmental parameter acquisition. The method of different value detection is used to filter out different values. The authors obtain the reliability of the sensor through the application of the analytic hierarchy process. In the analysis and processing of parameters, they proposed a new data fusion algorithm by using the reliability, probability association algorithm, and evidence synthesis algorithm. Through this algorithm, the accuracy of environmental monitoring data and the accuracy of judging monitoring data are greatly improved.
An Intelligent Irrigation Scheduling and Monitoring System for Precision Agriculture Application
Authors: Math RajinderKumar Mallayya , Dharwadkar Nagaraj V.
Published: September 2020

In spite of technological advancements, the farm productivity of Indian agriculture is still on the lower side. The underlying reason for poor farm productivity in India is due to the inefficient usage of agricultural inputs, resulting in low or poor-quality agricultural yields. Water happens to be one of such imperative agricultural input that has a huge impact on agricultural productivity. Precision agriculture systems can take care of irrigation requirements by optimally and efficiently using irrigation water for producing crops having superior quality and quantity. This work proposes a smart irrigation system that can efficiently manage the water requirements of the crop for its optimal growth. The irrigation schedules are developed using a feed forward neural network model that can predict the variation in the soil moisture considering the environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, and the rain. The results indicate the effectiveness of the developed system in predicting the soil moisture with mean square error as low as 0.13 and the R value as high as 0.98.
Factors Affecting Woman's Continuance Intention for Mobile Games
Authors: Ye Pinghao , Liu Liqiong , Gao Linxia , Mei Quanjun
Published: September 2020

The article finds the main factors affecting women's continuance intention for mobile games, and analyze how and to what extent these factors affect women's continuance intention for mobile games in a research model. In this study, a Model of Factors Affecting Women's continued interest in mobile gaming is comprised of eight variables and relevant hypotheses has been created based on a technology acceptance model (TAM), and three theories of flow theory, the theory of scenarios, and customer satisfaction theory. Also, a questionnaire survey involving 319 female mobile gamers was conducted, and all hypotheses have been verified using a structural equation model. Research results show that the perceived challenges, novelty, and cost of mobile games had significant positive effects on the perceived enjoyment of female mobile gamers; the mobility of mobile games had significant positive effects on the perceived ease-of-use of female mobile gamers; perceived enjoyment and ease-of-use had significant positive effects on female gamers' continuance intention for mobile games; while the security of mobile games had no significant effect on the perceived ease-of-use of female mobile gamers.
Incorporating Information Communication Technology Skills in Accounting Education
Authors: Osmani Mohamad , Hindi Nitham , Weerakkody Vishanth
Published: September 2020

Information and communications technology (ICT) is widely utilized in the accounting profession and has transformed the accounting functions in business and the role of accountants. Acknowledging the significance of ICT skills in accounting education, many employers and professional associations are calling for integration of accounting curricula with ICT. Therefore, it is vital for potential accounting professionals to be equipped with the most current ICT skills pursued by employers. This study searches the current job market to capture a snapshot of the most in demand graduate skills, in particular, ICT skills. Furthermore, it also lists a number of software systems for accountancy solutions and their supplier firms.
Developing a Selection Model for YouTubers Suited for Ad Placement Video Using AHP
Authors: Hsu Pi-Fang , Lin Yi-Xuan
Published: September 2020

Currently YouTube is the most popular video website in Taiwan, and because of the economic benefits associated with internet celebrities, advertisers have started working with YouTube creators to create more business models. Therefore, this study develops the model of creator selection based on the advertiser's viewpoint. This study intends to develop a model to assist companies with selecting the optimal YouTuber for their purposes. First, the proposed model adopts the modified Delphi method to identify suitable criteria for evaluating YouTubers. Next, the model applies the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to determine the relative weights of evaluation criteria, ranks the alternatives, and selects the optimal YouTuber. Additionally, a famous Taiwanese food company is used as an example to illustrate how a YouTuber is selected by applying this model. The results show that when advertisers select a YouTuber, they attach importance to the criteria of personal characteristics, marketing ability, social management ability, and production capacity.
Experience-Based Approach for Cognitive Vehicle Research
Authors: Hiraishi Hironori
Published: September 2020

This study discusses an experience-based approach to cognitive vehicle research. The author recruited six subjects who have different individual driving experiences and skills. This paper made them drive their own cars on the same test course. This research collected the drivers' mental status and operations as the driving data using a simple brainwave sensor and the acceleration sensor of a smart phone. The authors analyzed the data and developed models using the cognitive qualitative analysis and modeling tool (QCAM) that the authors have developed. The authors experimentally verified how different the results of the analysis and modeling were. The experiment results identified a parameter that indicated the degree of experience and skill of each driver. Moreover, the models derived the rules that explain the experience of each driver. The experience-based approach enables an understanding of unconscious operations and situated cognition based on the drivers' experiences, and it also allows novice or senior drivers to record their driving experiences and watch them later to maintain their driving skills.
Onsite Proactive Construction Defect Management Using Mixed Reality Integrated With 5D Building Information Modeling
Authors: Pratheesh Kumar M. R.  , Reji S.  , Abeneth S.  , Pradeep K.
Published: September 2020

Defect management in civil construction work is crucial. This work is aimed at analyzing the conventional method of construction defect management and to bring out a framework for integrating 5D building information modeling with mixed reality. This work is divided into three parts. The first part is the integration of 5D building information modeling with augmented reality that helps to understand the architectural concepts and visualize the workflow onsite. The second part of the work is to develop a user-defined target-based marker-less augmented reality to send screenshots of augmented models and exact progress of work from construction site to engineers working in other locations. The third part of the work is to integrate virtual reality to enable virtual tours of the real site that will be useful for the customers to visualize the building virtually and for the builders to promote sales.
An Immersive Tractor Application for Sustainability
Authors: Mabiletsa Ofentse , Viljoen Sarel J. , Farrell Jason Arthur , Ngqwemla Lwando , Isafiade Omowunmi Elizabeth
Published: September 2020

South Africa is currently addressing the issue of land reform. This research explores how immersive technology could serve as an intervention to avoid unintended consequences in the agricultural industry. This work used participatory design, a stage-based approach, and the SCRUM project management methodology to develop a novel tractor-based immersive technology mobile application. The tractor application developed serves to support novice farmers and learners alike, to learn about and test their skills on tractor components. Three-dimensional modelling software and EON reality software were used to develop the mobile application. Upon completion, the application was tested by experts in this domain of interest and compared to the objectives identified, resulting from land reform as set out by the Department of Agriculture. The tractor application shows promise in promoting Farming 4.0. Moreover, feedback from potential users and experts in this domain confirms the success of the application and interest in future immersive research.
Extraction of Semantic Content and Styles in Comic Books
Authors: Lenadora Damitha , Ranathunge Rakhitha , Samarawickrama Chamath , De Silva Yumantha , Perera Indika , Welivita Anuradha
Published: September 2020

Digitisation of comic books would play a crucial role in identifying new areas in which digital comics can be used. Currently, existing systems in this domain lack the capacity to achieve complete digitisation. Digitisation requires a thorough analysis of the semantic content within comic books. This can be further sub-categorised as detection and identification of comic book characters, extraction and analysis of panels as well as texts, derivation of associations between characters and speech balloons, and analysis of different styles of reading. This paper provides an overview of using several object-detection models to detect semantic content in comics. This analysis showed that, under the constraint of limited computational capacity, YOLOv3 was the best-suited model out of the models evaluated. A study of text extraction and recognition using Optical Character Recognition, a method for determining associable speech balloons, as well as a distance-based approach for associations between characters and speech balloons are also presented here. This association method provides an increased accuracy compared to the Euclidean distance-based approach. Finally, a study on comic style is provided along with a learning model with an accuracy of 0.89 to analyse the reading order of comics.
First record of upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea andromeda (Forskål, 1775) (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae: Cassiopeidae) from Sri Lanka
Authors: Karunarathne Krishan D. , Liyanaarachchi Shanika M. , De Croos M. D. S. T.
Published: September 2020

The circumtropical upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea andromeda is native to the Indian region, but no scientific documentations are confirming its presence in Sri Lankan waters. Hence in this paper, the occurrence of C. andromeda in Sri Lankan waters is reported for the first time. Species identification was based on several specimens collected from shallow waters of north and east coasts of the country in 2017. The C. andromeda found from Sri Lanka is a mild stinger and so far there are no reports on severe health issues cause to fishers and tourists. Also, this species was identified as a potential ornamental species due to its gorgeous appearance with very high colour variation.
The Relationships of Age and Years of Experience to Professional Development for Athletic Trainers Employed in the Collegiate Setting
Authors: Eason Christianne M. , Barrett Jessica L. , Clines Stephanie H.
Published: September 2020

Context

Professional identity is a process in which individuals forms a self-concept in the context of their profession, and includes an ability to articulate a professional philosophy. Professional identity relates to many aspects of a profession, including practices, ethics, and the requirements for success. Professional development is a component of professional identity and represents the growth of professionals as they acquire skills and confidence in autonomous practice. Currently, little is known in regard to the role age and years of experience play in the professional development of athletic trainers (ATs).

Objective

To determine the relationships of age and years of experience to professional development.

Design

Cross-sectional online survey.

Setting

Collegiate athletic training clinical setting.

Patients or Other Participants

Four hundred twenty-three (193 men, 230 women) ATs.

Intervention(s)

Data were collected via a Web-based survey instrument consisting of demographic and Likert-scale questions relating to professional development.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Likert responses were summed, and demographic information was analyzed for frequency and distribution. Pearson correlations were run to evaluate the relationships between variables and linear regression was used to determine if age or years of experience could predict professional development scores.

Results

A positive relationship exists between professional development scores and both age and years of experience. Both age (R2 = 0.066) and years of experience (R2 = 0.075) were statistically significant predictors of variance in overall professional development scores.

Conclusions

Although age and years of experiences were both positively correlated with, and predicted variance in, overall professional development scores, the predicted variance of both variables was relatively small. Although we can say that both age and years of experience are prognostic in the professional development of collegiate ATs, their impact is statistically minimal.
Photographs taken in the field by E.A. Hodgson following the 1925 magnitude 6.2 Charlevoix, Quebec, earthquake
Authors: Lamontagne M
Published: September 2020

The 28 February, 1925, magnitude 6.2 Charlevoix Earthquake occurred at 9:19 p.m. local time. The main shock occurred in the Charlevoix-Kamouraska area and was felt more than 1000 km from the epicenter. Damage was reported in the epicentral zone, as well as in the
cities of Québec and Shawinigan. Chimneys and unreinforced masonry buildings, especially those located on unconsolidated deposits, were particularly impacted by the ground vibrations. Between March 1925 and July 1926, Dr. Ernest A. Hodgson, seismologist of the Canadian Dominion Observatory,
made a total of six visits in the areas where damage was reported. In addition to documenting the damage, he also aimed to better define the epicentre position. He visited the regions of Charlevoix, Kamouraska, Quebec City, Shawinigan, and the Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean. This Open File Report includes all
pictures that were taken by E.A. Hodgson during his field visits. Some of them are evidence of damage and impacts on infrastructures and monuments, others are more of geographic interest. Finally, other pictures of damage from other reports are also included.
Relationship between White Matter Lesions and Neutrophil–Lymphocyte Ratio in Migraine Patients
Authors: Morkavuk Gulin , Akkaya Efdal , Koc Guray , Atac Gokce Kaan , Leventoglu Alev
Published: September 2020

Objectives:

In this study, we aimed to compare the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) levels of migraine patients with and without gliotic lesions on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Materials and Methods:

The records of the patients who were followed up in the neurology outpatient clinic of Ufuk University, Faculty of Medicine, between 2016 and 2019 with the diagnosis of migraine between the ages of 18 and 50 were reviewed retrospectively. Eighty-six patients without systemic, neurological, and infectious diseases between 18 and 50 years of age were included in the study. Patients were divided into two groups: Group 1 – subclinical ischemic/gliotic lesions on MRI and Group 2 – normal MRI. Subparameters and calculated NLRs in whole blood results were compared between the two groups.

Results:

When the two groups were compared in terms of leukocyte and neutrophil counts, a statistically significant difference was found. The leukocyte and neutrophil counts of the patients in Group 1 were significantly higher than those of Group 2 (P = 0.038/P = 0.004). NLR was higher in patients with gliotic lesions on MRI than in patients with normal MRI and was statistically significant (P = 0.016).

Conclusion:

This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between NLR and white matter lesions in patients with migraine. We have conducted this study to see if we can confirm this with a parameter in migraine patients with white matter lesions. Despite the small number of patients, leukocyte count, neutrophil count, and NLR were significantly higher in migraine patients with white matter lesions which support our hypothesis.
Effects of vegetarian diet on bone mineral density
Authors: Chuang Tzyy-Ling , Lin Chun-Hung , Wang Yuh-Feng
Published: September 2020

Factors, such as hormonal changes in postmenopausal women, natural aging degeneration, race, gender, body size, lifestyle, physical activity, sunlight, dietary intake, medications, or other environmental issues, can affect the rate of bone formation or reabsorption, cause changes in bone mineral content, and influence the development of osteoporosis. Do vegetarian diets adversely affect bone mineral density (BMD)? Among postmenopausal Buddhists, long-term practitioners of vegan vegetarian were found to have a higher risk exceeding the lumbar fracture threshold and a lower level of hip BMD after controlling for other variables. However, results of several prospective longitudinal studies failed to show a harmful effect of vegetarianism on bone health. In the Taiwanese adult population, researchers also did not find that a vegetarian diet significantly affects age-related BMD decline. Due to the various levels of nutrients in the diet (such as protein, alkali, calcium, Vitamin K, and phytoestrogens) and major lifestyle factors (such as smoking and physical exercise), determining the impact of a vegetarian diet on bone health is very complex. Good-quality vegetarian food can provide a healthy foundation for building and maintaining healthy bones and preventing fractures.
Points on nodal lines with given direction
Authors: Rudnick Zeév , Wigman Igor
Published: September 2020

We study of the directional distribution function of nodal lines for eigenfunctions of the Laplacian on a planar domain. This quantity counts the number of points where the normal to the nodal line points in a given direction. We give upper bounds for the flat torus, and compute the expected number for arithmetic random waves.
Reduced Order Modeling of Engine Transients for Gasoline Compression Ignition Combustion Control
Authors: Pamminger Michael , Wallner Thomas , Hall Carrie
Published: September 2020

This work focuses on reducing the computational effort of a 0-dimensional combustion model developed for compression ignition engines operating on gasoline-like fuels. As in-cylinder stratification significantly contributes to the ignition delay, which in turn substantially influences the entire gasoline compression ignition combustion process, previous modeling efforts relied on the results of a 1-dimensional spray model to estimate the in-cylinder fuel stratification. Insights obtained from the detailed spray model are leveraged within this approach and applied to a reduced order model describing the spray propagation. Using this computationally efficient combustion model showed a reduction in simulation time by three orders of magnitude for an entire engine cycle over the combustion model with the 1-dimensional spray model. Capturing only the basic features of the spray propagation did not show a substantial decrease in prediction accuracy compared to the 1-dimensional spray model proposed in a previous publication. The reduced order model is able to predict CA50 within ±1CAD for most conditions. Having an estimate of the heat release within the engine as a function of various parameters, combined with first-order transfer functions reflecting the intake dynamics of the engine, allows using this as a full engine model suitable for transient engine simulations. These intake gas dynamics were obtained by applying step changes to engine parameters of interest. From a controls perspective, this engine model is utilized as a plant in a control system to simulate the closed-loop response based on various changes in input parameters. Engine responses and control actions for reference tracking in combustion phasing were investigated for early as well as late pilot injection strategies.
Evaluation of Mechanism for EGR Deposit Formation Based on Spatially- and Time-Resolved Scanning-Electron-Microscope Observation
Authors: Tanaka Kotaro , Sakai Takumi , Fujino Takumi , Sakaida Satoshi , Konno Mitsuru , Kinoshita Koichi , Takeda Yoshinaka
Published: September 2020

Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is widely used in diesel engines to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions. To meet the strict emission regulations, e.g., Real Driving Emissions, the EGR system is required to be used at temperatures lower than the present ones. However, under cool conditions, an adhesive deposit forms on the EGR valve or cooler because of the particulate matter and other components present in the diesel exhaust. This causes sticking of the EGR valve or degradation of the heat-exchange performance, which are serious problems. In this study, the EGR deposit formation mechanism was investigated based on spatially- and time-resolved scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation. The deposit was formed in a custom-made sample line using real exhaust emitted from a diesel engine. The exhaust including soot was introduced into the sample line for 24 h (maximum duration), and the formed deposit was observed using SEM. The deposit was formed on the surface of the sample line below 300 °C (wall temperature) and had two layers: the deposit formed near the surface of the sample line had hard and dense structures, such as a lacquer (called a hard deposit), and the deposit formed on the hard deposit was powdery and exhibited a “grape-like” shape similar to particulate matter (called a powdery deposit). The amounts of both types of deposits increased in proportion to the duration of the exhaust supply. According to the SEM observations of the hard deposit, powdery deposit, and boundary layer between the positions where the hard and powdery deposits were formed, the hard deposit was formed by taking in the powdery deposit, when the exhaust including soot was supplied.
Optimization and Evaluation of a Low Temperature Waste Heat Recovery System for a Heavy Duty Engine over a Transient Cycle
Authors: Singh Vikram , Rijpkema Jelmer , Li Xiufei , Munch Karin , Andersson Sven , Verhelst Sebastian
Published: September 2020

Powertrain efficiency is a critical factor in lowering fuel consumption and reducing the emission of greenhouse gases for an internal combustion engine. One method to increase the powertrain efficiency is to recover some of the wasted heat from the engine using a waste heat recovery system e.g. an organic Rankine cycle. Most waste heat recovery systems in use today for combustion engines use the waste heat from the exhaust gases due to the high temperatures and hence, high energy quality. However, the coolant represents a major source of waste heat in the engine that is mostly overlooked due to its lower temperature. This paper studies the potential of using elevated coolant temperatures in internal combustion engines to improve the viability of low temperature waste heat recovery. The paper first uses engine experiments and multi-linear regression analysis to model the indicated efficiency and recoverable power for a Scania D13 heavy duty engine across a range of engine loads, speeds and coolant temperatures. The recoverable power is obtained from simulations of a dual loop waste heat recovery system using ten working fluids as potential candidates for recovering heat from the exhaust gases and the coolant. The paper then investigates the maximum potential fuel consumption benefit by using elevated coolant temperatures for the Scania engine running on the World Harmonized Transient Cycle. From the simulation results, it was seen that cyclopentane and methanol were the best performing working fluids for the coolant and exhaust gas heat sources respectively. From the analysis on the World Harmonized Transient cycle, when using the best performing working fluids and elevated coolant temperatures, a potential net reduction in fuel consumption of 9% could be obtained.
The Effects of EGR Composition on Combustion Performance and Efficiency
Authors: Randolph Eric , Fieseler Kelsey , Conway Graham , Alger Terrence , Chadwell Christopher
Published: September 2020

Because of the thermodynamic relationship of pressure, temperature and volume for processes which occur in an internal-combustion engine (ICE), and their relationship to ideal efficiency and efficiency-limiting phenomena e.g. knock in spark-ignition engines, changing the thermo-chemical properties of the in-cylinder charge should be considered as an increment in the development of the ICE engine for future efficiency improvements. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) in spark-ignited gasoline engines is one increment that has been made to alter the in-cylinder charge. EGR gives proven thermal efficiency benefits for SI engines which improve vehicle fuel economy, as demonstrated through literature and production applications. The thermal efficiency benefit of EGR is due to lower in-cylinder temperatures, reduced heat transfer and reduced pumping losses. The next major increment could be modifying the constituents of the EGR stream, potentially through the means of a membrane. By doing so, this can change both the chemical and thermodynamic properties of the in-cylinder gas mixture and therefore have an impact on combustion and efficiency. This study evaluated conventional EGR, CO2-only and N2-only EGR on a single-cylinder engine under non-knocking and knock limited conditions. Overall, this study demonstrated the impacts of CO2-only and CO2-reduced EGR on efficiency, combustion stability, burn rate, knock abatement and compression ratio on a single-cylinder engine. Through analysis with Chemkin and GT-Power, it also sought to explain the behaviors observed.
Effect of Jet-Jet Angle on Combustion Process of Diesel Spray in an RCEM
Authors: Jo Hyun , Ishikawa Taichi , Horibe Naoto , Hayashi Jun , Kawanabe Hiroshi , Ishiyama Takuji
Published: September 2020

The effects of jet-jet angle on the combustion process were investigated in an optical accessible rapid compression and expansion machine (RCEM) under various injection conditions and intake oxygen concentrations. The RCEM was equipped with an asymmetric six-hole nozzle having jet-jet angles of 30° and 45°. High-speed OH* chemiluminescence imaging and direct photo imaging using the Mie scattering method captured the transient evolution of the spray flame, characterized by lift-off length and liquid length. The RCEM operated at 1200 rpm. The injection timing was -5°ATDC, and the in-cylinder pressure and temperature were 6.1 MPa and 780 K at the injection timing, respectively, which achieved a short ignition delay. The effects of injection pressure, nozzle hole diameter, and oxygen concentration were investigated. The results show that the liquid and lift-off length of the jet-jet angle of 30° were shorter than those of the jet-jet angle of 45°, irrespective of injection conditions and oxygen concentration. Particularly, when the injection rate was high with high injection pressure and a large nozzle hole, the liquid and lift-off length rapidly and simultaneously decreased, but when the injection pressure was low or the nozzle hole diameter was small, the lift-off length decreased first, and then the liquid length decreased.
Deposit Formation in SCR-Systems - Optical Investigations
Authors: Budziankou Uladzimir , Quissek Max , Lauer Thomas
Published: September 2020

The permanently tightening emission regulations for nitrogen oxides (NOx) pollutants force further development of mobile exhaust aftertreatment systems with selective catalytic reduction (SCR). Of particular interest is the long-term reliability of SCR-systems with regard to unfavorable operating conditions, such as high injection rates of urea water solution (UWS) or low exhaust gas temperatures. Both may lead to the formation of solid deposits which decrease system efficiency by increasing backpressure and impairing ammonia formation.

In order to study the most relevant processes of deposit formation, an optical box with heat resistant glass was designed. Three UWS injectors with different spray characteristics were used to study their influence on the deposit formation under a wide range of stationary and transient operating conditions. Infrared thermography was applied to observe spray-induced wall cooling, both below and above the Leidenfrost point. The formation of a liquid fluid film on a hot surface as well as deposit growth and decomposition were monitored by video recording. A chemical analysis of obtained solid deposits complemented the experimental investigations.

This paper describes influences on deposit formation and decomposition. A strong impact of spray properties, such as droplet Weber number and spray area load, on the critical wall temperature for film formation was found. Different types of liquid film propagation were observed for different surface temperatures. The impact of operating conditions, such as exhaust gas temperature and gas flow rate, on the amount and the chemical composition of the deposits was determined. The experimental observations revealed different impact factors on the persistence of solid deposits.

The obtained experimental results show the complexity of physical and chemical processes leading to formation of solid deposits in SCR systems. Based on that, the requirements of CFD models for modeling of deposit formation and decomposition were defined in terms of physical and chemical properties as well as the necessary simulated time scales.
A Role of NO
2
on Soot Oxidation in DPFs and Effect of Soot Cake Thickness in Catalyzed DPFs Using Temperature-Programmed Oxidation and Electron Microscopic Visualization
Authors: Srilomsak Mek , Hanamura Katsunori
Published: September 2020

Development of the diesel particulate filter (DPF) aims to attain fast oxidation of accumulated soot at low temperature. Numerous researchers have explored the characteristics of soot oxidation under ambient conditions of simulated exhaust gas using thermogravimetric analysis or a flow reactor. In this study, temperature programmed oxidation (TPO) experiments were carried out for soot entrapped in miniaturized DPFs, cut-out from practical particulate filters, yielding wall-flow features typically encountered in real-world DPFs. Furthermore, when using the miniaturized samples, highly accurate lab-scale measurements and investigations can be facilitated. Examining different temperature ramping rates used for the TPO experiments, we propose a rate of 10°C/min as the most effective in analyzing soot oxidation in the practical filter substrates. Then, wash-coated catalyzed filters (CDPFs) were benchmarked with bare-type DPFs to clarify their effects on soot oxidation in a practical wall-flow system. According to the Arrhenius expression, differences in soot cake thickness in CDPFs reflect various values of estimated activation energy. This is due to the soot-catalyst proximity. With presence of 450 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in a reactant gas mixture, the soot oxidation range was extent to a lower temperature. Moreover, a reduction in the estimated activation energy was achieved, even in the case of using bare-type DPFs. The thick soot cake layers in bare-type DPF result in a significant amount of soot mass remaining after treatment at 600°C, a typical active regeneration temperature. Subsequently, soot residuals were traced and characterized after a complete active regeneration process. For these reasons, thickness of a soot cake layer was proposed to be a new factor to define an updated regeneration strategy.
Measuring Automotive Exhaust Particles Down to 10 nm
Authors: Samaras Zissis C. , Andersson Jon , Bergmann Alexander , Hausberger Stefan , Toumasatos Zisimos , Keskinen Jorma , Haisch Christoff , Kontses Anastasios , Ntziachristos Leonidas D. , Landl Lukas , Mamakos Athanasios , Bainschab Markus
Published: September 2020

The latest generation of internal combustion engines may emit significant levels of sub-23 nm particles. The main objective of the Horizon 2020 “DownToTen” project was to develop a robust methodology and provide policy recommendations towards the particle number (PN) emissions measurements in the sub-23 nm region. In order to achieve this target, a new portable exhaust particle sampling system (PEPS) was developed, being capable of measuring exhaust particles down to at least 10 nm under real-world conditions. The main design target was to build a system that is compatible with current PMP requirements and is characterized by minimized losses in the sub-23 nm region, high robustness against artefacts and high flexibility in terms of different PN modes investigation, i.e. non-volatile, volatile and secondary particles. This measurement setup was used for the evaluation of particle emissions from the latest technology engine and powertrain technologies (including vehicles from other Horizon 2020 projects), different fuel types, and a wide range of exhaust aftertreatment systems. Results revealed that in most cases (non-volatile), PN emissions down to 10 nm (SPN10) do not exceed the current SPN23 limit of 6×1011 p/km. However, there are some cases where SPN10 emissions exceeded the limit, although SPN23 were below that. An interesting finding was that even in the latter cases, the installation of a particle filter could significantly reduce PN emissions across a wide particle size range, fuels, and combustion technology. DownToTen results are being used to scientifically underpin the Euro 7/VII emission standard development in the EU. The method developed and the results obtained may be used to bring in the market clean and efficient vehicle technologies, improve engine and emission control performance with different fuels, and characterize size-fractionated particle chemistry to identify the formation mechanisms and control those in a targeted, cost-effective fashion.
ETHICAL LEADERSHIP AND STAFF INNOVATIVE BEHAVIOUR IN NIGERIA
Authors: Nimota Jibola Abdullahi
Published: September 2020

This study investigated ethical leadership and staff innovative behaviour in Nigeria. The aims of this study are to find out the relationships that exist among ethical leadership and staff innovative behaviour. This study also seeks to find the level of practice for the parts in ethical leadership and staff innovative. Quantitative research design was adopted in the study. Sample of 350 participants were randomly selected from the sample university in line with Research Advisor (2006), table of determining sample size of known population. Pearson correlations and linear regression analysis were used to analyze the collected data. The findings show that leadership integrity, power sharing and fairness positively and significantly correlated with staff innovative behaviour. The result also shows that staff innovative behaviour can be influenced by ethics behaviour of academic leaders. In order to improve staff innovative behaviour and development of universities, academic leaders must demonstrate high standards of professional conduct, encourage an open and transparent culture, develop framework that will encourage staff to work together irrespective of their race, gender, religion or age, as well as demonstrate effective fairness in terms of unbiased evaluation of staff performance. If all these are put in place, staff innovative behaviour (self-efficacy, knowledge sharing, and idea generation) will be achieved.
Analysis Of The Effect Of Slope Of The Scratch Side Angle Through The Post Tool On Surface Level Surface At The Working Tool Stermination ST 37
Authors: Riza Muhammad Farid , A Yufrizal , Helmi Nofri
Published: September 2020

The purpose of this research is to see the effect of slope of incision angle chisel through Tool Post to roughness of surface of object. The method used is a lathe ST 37, with 0.5 mm cutting depth, with side angle cutting angle by tilting the Post Tool, ie: 10˚ tilted to the left, 10˚ tilted right, 0˚ (perpendicular), 5˚ tilted right, and 5˚ tilted left. Feeding (constant feeding) is: 0.281 mm / rotation, main cutting corner of chisel 80˚ and cutting speed = 740 rpm. Then the workpiece measured the surface roughness by using Surface Tester Mitutoyo SJ-201P. The result showed that, the smallest surface roughness rate achieved was (ΣRap) = 7, 42 μm with N9 surface roughness class with the Post Tool angle 5 ° to the left. While the largest surface roughness rate achieved is (ΣRap) = 13, 76 μm with the surface roughness class N11 with the tool angle post 10 ° to the right. The value of the roughness level achieved is between N9 - N11.
Fuzzy Logic Based Controller For Buck Converter
Authors: Salim Habibullah , Husnaini Irma , Asnil Asnil
Published: September 2020

This research aims to make buck converter prototype for PLTS system by using fuzzy logic controller. Buck converter is required in the PLTS system if the required unidirectional voltage is smaller than the output voltage of the solar cell. Buck converter used to convert 24 Volt dc voltage to 12 Volt dc with 60 watt capability. While fuzzy logic controller is used to improve buck converter performance based on pulse generation technique for switching. The application of fuzzy logic method is expected to improve the performance of the system by maintaining the stability of buck converter output voltage of 12 volts and reduce the output ripple value. Atmega8535 microcontroller is used to generate PWM pulses for switching on power circuits. The results obtained from the test using a 100 Ohm 5 Watt load obtained the buck converter output voltage of 12.4 Volt.
Heat Transfer Analysis in Heat Exchanger with Various Shifting Media
Authors: Anugrah Endri Rizki , Lapisa Remon , K Arwizet , Ambiyar Ambiyar
Published: September 2020

Solar panels (photovoltaics) function to absorb sunlight exposure to be converted into electrical energy. But if the heat received over the sun, it will reduce the electrical power of the solar panels. Therefore, a heat transfer device is required to maintain the temperature of the solar panels always in the optimal condition to work. The measurement results show that the average temperature out of the panel (T1) is greater than in the panel (T2), the upper temperature of the tank (T5) is greater than the bottom temperature of the tank (T6), and the average temperature value in the tank (T4) is between the upper temperature of the tank (T5) and the bottom temperature of the tank (T6) of any variation of the sender's media. Meanwhile, the difference between the entry temperature (T2) and the exit temperature (T1) in the study indicates how well the medium of the conducter absorbs excessive heat. Then it can be concluded that the medium of coolant is the best conducter media to absorb and conduct heat because it has a difference out panel (T1) and in panel (T2 amounted to 6.522 °c from Air Aki soft-0.0375 ° C, and water ordinary 1.069 °c.

Panel surya (Photovoltaic) berfungsi menyerap paparan cahaya matahari untuk diubah menjadi energi listrik. Namun jika panas matahari yang diterima berlebih, akan mengurangi daya listrik hasil panel surya tersebut. Maka dari itu diperlukan sebuah alat pemindah panas yang mampu menjaga suhu panel surya selalu didalam keadaan optimal untuk bekerja. Hasil pengukuran menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata suhu out panel (T1) lebih besar daripada in panel (T2), suhu atas tangki (T5) lebih besar daripada suhu bawah tangki (T6), dan nilai rata-rata suhu in tangki (T4) berada diantara suhu atas tangki (T5) dan suhu bawah tangki (T6) dari setiap variasi media penghantar. Sementara selisih dari suhu masuk (T2) dan suhu keluar (T1) pada penelitian mengindikasikan seberapa bagus media penghantar dalam menyerap panas yang berlebih. Maka dapat disimpulkan media penghantar coolant adalah media penghantar yang paling baik dalam menyerap dan menghantarkan panas karna memiliki selisih out panel (T1) dan in panel (T2 sebesar 6,522 °C daripada Air Aki Lunak sebesar –0,0375 °C, dan Air biasa 1,069 °C.
Power Consumption Analysis of a BLDC 24V 250W Electric Bike on An Assembled Lithium-ion Battery Pack
Authors: Syafra Wahyudi Fachrul , Purwantono Purwantono , Hasanuddin Hasanuddin , K Arwizet
Published: September 2020

This research is using experimental method. Tests carried out on electric bicycles with 250 Watt Brushless DC motor drive. The total power consumption is obtained through testing the use of electric bicycles which starts from the maximum battery condition until the bike cannot move. The battery used is a type of lithium ion assembly with a total capacity of 29.12 Volt 20Ah. In testing, the bike was driven at maximum speed, with a 65kg rider. In the first test, a distance of 30.6 Km was reached with a power consumption of 1041.1 Watt, 112 minutes of travel time. The second test as far as 31.1 Km requires 1090.8 Watts of power takes 117 minutes. And the 3rd test reached a distance of 35.9 Km with 1178 Watts of power and 128 minutes of travel time. It was also found that the battery was unable to move the bike at the lowest voltage of 22.1 Volt. 

Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen. Pengujian dilakukan pada sepeda listrik dengan penggerak motor Brushless DC 24V 250 Watt. Total konsumsi daya didapat melalui pengujian pemakaian sepeda listrik yang dimulai dari kondisi baterai maksimum sampai sepeda tidak dapat bergerak. Baterai yang digunakan adalah jenis lithium ion rakitan dengan total kapasitas 29.12 Volt 20Ah. Pada pengujian, sepeda digerakan dengan kecepatan maksimalnya, dengan baban pengendara 65Kg. Pada pengujian pertama tercapai jarak 30.6 Km dengan konsumsi daya 1041.1 Watt, waktu tempuh 112 menit. Pengujian ke-2 sejauh 31.1 Km membutuhkan daya 1090.8 Watt waktu tempuh 117 menit. Dan pengujian ke-3 mencapai jarak 35.9 Km dengan daya 1178 Watt dan waktu tempuh selama 128 menit. Didapati juga hasil bahwa baterai tidak mampu mengerakan sepeda pada tegangan terendah sebesar 22.1 Volt.