bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seed Treatment for Hessian Fly Control in Wheat, 1987
Authors: Lidell M. C. , Schuster M. F.
Published: March 2022

Seed of hard red winter wheat (‘Collin’) was treated with 2 oz (AI)/cwt ; and 4 oz (AI)/cwt of thiodicarb (Magnum FL 3.2) by the Gustafson Inc. Seed Technology Labortory. Seed had been pretreated with Vitavax-200 commercially Thirty seeds of each treatment and an untreated control were planted in rows in a plastic flat using a standard soil mixture (2 parts Houston black clay, 2 parts peat, 1 part perlite). Wheat seedlings were infested with Hessian flies at approximately 7 and 14 days after planting. The 3 treatments were replicated 3 times for each infestation date using a randomized complete block design. The experiment was conducted twice in the greenhouse during April and May Experiment 1 was planted 6 Apr and infested on 13 and 20 Apr. Experiment 2 was planted 24 Apr and infested on 1 and 6 May. Wheat was infested b\ placing flats under a cheesecloth tent; approximately 40 Hessian fly adults were introduced onto the flats for 24 h. Hessian flies were reared in the laboratory from field-collected puparia. Plant counts and visual observations were made to evaluate any phytotoxic effects of the insecticide treatments. Efficacy was determined by counting the number of infested plants in each treatment 21 days after infestation. A few plants in each treatment emerged later than the majority of the seedlings, allowing them to escape infestation. The percentage of infested plants reported is therefore slightly lower than would have occurred if all plants had emerged at the same time.
Cereal Leaf Beetle and Aphid Control in Late-Planted Soft Red Winter Wheat, 1987
Authors: Moss Teresa P. , Beahm Mary M.
Published: March 2022

Four insecticidal treatments were evaluated to determine their efficacy in controlling cereal leaf beetle and aphid population densities in soft red winter wheat. Foliar insecticides were applied on 11 May on ‘Pioneer 2551’ wheat planted on a 7-inch row spacing 10 Jan at Midway Farm in Richmond County, Va. Plots were 12 × 30 ft with a 3-ft alle> between treatments. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with 4 replications. Spray concentrates were applied with a C02-powered compressed-air sprayer at 32 psi that delivered 31.8 gal/acre by means of flat-fan Teejet AL8004 nozzels. The efficacy of individual treatments was determined 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14 days after application by inspecting whole plants for the presence of live cereal leaf beetle (CLB) larvae and aphids per row-ft. Yield estimates were obtained harvesting 9 30-ft-long rows from each plot with a small-plot combine. Yields were adjusted to 14% moisture. A Li-Cor LI3000 area meter was used to determine leaf areas of the flag and 2nd leaves and percent defoliation of 40 random plants/treatment.
Control of Green June Beetle Grubs on Golf Course Fairways, 1987
Authors: Hellman J. L. , Patton T. W. , Hellman E. L.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted on a golf course fairway near Bowie in Prince George’s County, Md. Damage to the turf at the time of treatment on 26 Aug was moderate. Plots were 8 × 8 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker can. Liquid formulations were applied from a 2- gal hand-held sprinkling can. All applications were made in 2 directions across each plot. Treatments were watered into the thatch with 0.5 inch of water with the golf course irrigation system. On 27 Aug, the number of dead grubs on the surface of the plots was counted.
Summer Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course Fairway in Lewistown, Pa., 1987
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (40%), Kentucky bluegrass (30%), and perennial ryegrass (30%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a randomized comleplete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a C02 sprayer with 4 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi delivering 5 gal/1,000 sq ft. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade of sand top dressing to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (25 Aug), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 76°F; soil temperature, 79°F; RH 47%; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.75 inches; soil type, loam; soil size separation, 40.2% sand, 43.6% silt, 16.2% clay; soil moisture, 23.3%; soil pH 5.4; organic matter, 3.0%; water pH, slightly acidic; 4.85 inches of rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period. Immediately after i eatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 25 days later (19 Sep). Three sq ft sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs/sq ft was recorded.
Control of Green Peach Aphid on Calendula, 1987
Authors: Pinkston Ken , Price Richard , Ann Schwartz Mary , Gladin Jodie
Published: March 2022

Green peach aphid control was evaluated on greenhouse grown calendula on 12 Jun. The plants were in 4-inch pots that were evenly spaced on a greenhouse bench. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. The plants were sprayed until runoff with a Gilmore all-purpose hand sprayer. A surfactant (Triton B) was added to all treatments. Infestations were determined by examining 4 leaves/plant and counting the number of live aphids/leaf at 1, 7, and 14 DAT.
Efficacy Test and LC50 Determination of Evisect for Leafminer Control, 1987
Authors: Harris M. , Warkentin D. , Begley J.
Published: March 2022

Chrysanthemum cuttings were rooted under mist, soft pinched, and allowed to harden off in 3-inch pots. Plants were then exposed to the leafminer colony for 1.5 h. Small mines were counted 4 days following exposure. Plants were grouped with totals of 40 or more mines/group, and the groups were sprayed to runoff with treatment solutions from hand-held mist bottles. Plants were clipped and bagged 2 days following treatment; pupae were counted 4 days later.
Effects of 4 Horticultural Oils on Whitefly Oviposition, 1987
Authors: Larew H. G.
Published: March 2022

Twenty-five 3-wk-old 'Iceberg' chrysanthemums were randomly divided into 5 groups of 5 plants each, and all but 3 upper leaves from each plant were removed. Plants were sprayed with water, 2% (vol/vol) Sunspray 6E, 11% (vol/vol) of an experimental oil (Sun Refining Company, Philadelphia, Pa.), 2% (vol/vol) Ortho Volck Oil Spray, or 2% (vol/vol) Natur'l Oil. Foliage was allowed to dry, and then all plants were placed in random arrangement for 24 h in a greenhouse among tomato plants that were heavily infested with greenhouse whiteflies. After exposure, all leaves from each plant were frozen to kill adult whiteflies. The eggs on each leaf were counted and the area of each leaf was measured. Counts were calculated on a per 100 cm2 leaf area basis so that comparisons between plants with different leaf areas could be made.
Hairy Chinch Bug Control on a Home Lawn in Boalsburg, Pa., 1987
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

The lawn consisted primarily of fine leafed fescue. Treatment plots were 5 × 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with 4 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 sq ft. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 88°F; soil temperature, 82°F; 60% RH; amount of thatch, 0.5 inches; soil type, silt loam; soil size separation, 23.2% sand, 60.6% silt, 16.2% clay; soil moisture, 24.6%; soil pH 5.3; organic matter, 3.9%; water pH, slightly acidic; 0.8 inches of rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period. Posttreatment counts were made 28 Jul, 7 days after the initial treatment. Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a 6-inch-diam stainless steel cylinder into the turf, filling it with water, and counting the number of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface during a 10-min period. Three floatation samples were taken randomly from each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and converted to a sq-ft count.
Residue Efficacy Test for Melon and Green Peach Aphid Control on Hibiscus, 1987
Authors: Harris M. , Warkentin D. , Begley J.
Published: March 2022

Groups of hibiscus cuttings were sprayed to runoff with treatment solutions using hand-held mist bottles. Group 1 treatments included organophosphates, Avid, and Thiodan. Group 2 included earbamates and pyrethroids. Following air drying, each treated cutting was inoculated with 10 aphids taken from infested hibiscus and placed in root cubes in plastic, ventilated tubes. Treatments were replicated on 5 cuttings for each aphid species, and mortality was assessed at 48 h.
Black Vine Weevil Larvicide Drench Test, Wooster, Ohio, 1986
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Taxus growing in 7.6-liter containers with a hardwood bark and peat medium were obtained from an Ohio nursery for evaluating the efficacy of insecticide drenches against black vine weevil larvae. Plants were maintained under normal nursery conditions throughout the test period and received 1.3 cm of overhead irrigation every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. Containers were drenched with insecticide 2 Jun or 3 Sep, using a total of 946 ml of solution per container, delivered in 2 equal applications. Each insecticide treatment was replicated 5 times. Black vine weevil eggs were obtained from adults held at 22°C and at least 80% RH at a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D). On 14 Jul, 6 wk after the Jun application, all containers received 400 brown eggs placed 2.54 cm beneath the surface of the potting medium. Treatment effects were evaluated in November, when larvae were approaching maturity, by removing the plant and medium from each container and counting the number of larvae.
Evaluation of Insecticides Against Birch Aphid Nymphs on Birch, Wayne County, Ohio, 1985
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Japanese white birch (5.5 m tall) growing in an experimental birch planting at the Ohio State University Agricultural Research and Development Center near Wooster were chosen for evaluating efficacy of insecticides against newly hatched birch aphid nymphs. A CO2 compression sprayer at 40 psi with a single Teejet SS8004 flat-fan nozzle was used to apply 300 ml of finished material to an infested branch of 4 single-tree replicates/treatment. Application was made 12 Apr under sunny skies at 18°C and a breeze of 8-16 km/h. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 15 Apr by counting the number of live nymphs on 12.5-cm sections of 3 terminal twigs from each replicate tree.
Control of Bagworms on Eastern Red Cedar, 1987
Authors: Redmond C. , Buxton M. , Potter D. A.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted on an eastern red cedar hedge located in a highway median in Lexington, Ky. The plants (8-10 ft tall) were pruned to isolate 24 individual 3-ft branches. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 6 replications. Bases of branches were banded with Tangletrap to confine experimental larvae. On 14 Jul, bagworms collected from another site were placed on the foliage and allowed to acclimate for 24 h, after which they were culled to 10 larvae/branch. Insecticides were then applied to the point of runoff. The number of live bagworms remaining on each branch was determined on 18 Jul. To test for residual toxicity, 5 additional bagworms were placed on test branches on 21 Jul (1 wk after treatment) and evaluated for survival on 24 Jul.
Chemical Control of Fall Webworm, on Crabapple, Wayne County, Ohio, 1985
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Naturally infested crabapples growing on campus at the Ohio State University Agricultural Research and Development Center near Wooster were selected for evaluating efficacy of insecticides against fall webworm caterpillers. A KWH backpack mistblower operating at 0.5 throttle and aperture setting 3 was used to apply 400 ml of spray to the web and surrounding foliage on each of 3 single-web replicates/treatment. Application of sprays occurred 12 Sep under partly sunny skies at 10-13°C with a breeze of 0-5 km/h when larvae were 15-25 mm long. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 4, 8, and 15 days posttreatment by dismantling and examining the web in each sprayed tree and counting living and dead larvae.
Pine Needle Scale Control on Scotch Pine in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, 1987
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

Seven insecticide treatments were evaluated to control the spring generation crawlers of the pine needle scale on heavily infested 6-8 ft Scotch pine Christmas trees. Each treatment was applied to 4 tree replicates. Foliar sprays were applied by using a Solo 425 backpack hand-pump sprayer. Each treatment consisted of 940 ml of each treatment/replicate. Treatments were applied 12 May under clear skies. The air temperature was 85°F, and RH was 70%. Six days posttreatment (18 May), a minimum of 5 infested needle fascicles were randomly removed from each tree. Fascicles were then individually placed in plastic bags and transported in an ice coolerl back to the laboratory, where the viability of the first 100 nymphs observed under a dissecting stereomicroscope was determined. Counts were always made! from a minimum of 5 fascicles.
Control of First Generation Crawlers of a Pine Needle Scale on Scotch Pine, Licking County, Ohio, 1985
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Scotch pine (1.5-2 m tall) growing in a Christmas tree plantation were chosen for evaluating efficacy of insecticides against crawlers (5% settled first-stage nymphs). Heavily infested trees were sprayed 30 Apr using a KWH backpack mistblower operating at 0.5 throttle on aperature setting 3 for 30 s to deliver 600 ml of finished spray to each of 4 single-tree replicates/treatment. Conditions were sunny, 24°C, with 8-16 km/h winds. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 10 May by collecting infested needles from at least 3 locations on each tree. Needles were placed in coin envelopes and transported in a cooler to the laboratory, where viability of the first 100 crawlers observed under a dissecting microscope was determined. Counts were made from at least 3 needle fascicles.
Performance of Baythroid for Reduction of Single-Comb Wasp Colonies, 1984
Authors: Wright C. G. , Dupree H. E.
Published: March 2022

Field tests were conducted to determine he relative efficiency of Baythroid compared to Orthene, which has a wasp control label, for single-comb wasp reduction. Adults of Polistes sp. resting on rests attached to buildings were tallied. Nests were sprayed with a 0.25% Baythroid self-pressurized spray or a 1.0% Orthene PCO concentrate (20 replications each). The Orthene was applied at 20 psi using a coarse fan spray from a 3.8-liter compressed-air sprayer. Both sprays were applied randomly to nests for 2-3 s from a distance 2.5 to 3 ft between 6:15 and 10:30 A.M. on Aug 23. Five nests were used as untreated checks. Evaluation of insecticide efficacy and residual life was accomplished by comparing the percent wasp reduction on nests over time. Posttreatment counts were taken at intervals of 8 h and 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days.
Evaluation of Potential Insecticides for Controlling German Cockroaches, 1986
Authors: Wright C. G. , Dupree H. E.
Published: March 2022

Field tests were conducted to determine the relative effectiveness of self-pressurized sprays containing 1 of 2 concentrations of cyfluthrin or 1 concentration of an avermectins bait or dusttype baits of avermectins, boric acid, or fenoxycarb. MaxForce™ (hydramethylnon) bait and a self-pressurized spray of 0.5% chlorpyrifos, both labeled for cockroach control, were used as standards. Dry baits were applied with a Getz™ or Controlbulb™ duster. MaxForce was used as sold to homeowners; the self-pressurized formulations were applied as supplied by Whitmire Research Laboratories, St. Louis, Mo. All formulations were applied to cracks and crevices, except the MaxForce bait stations, which were attached to kitchen surfaces as directed by the label. Single-family houses located in Sampson County, N.C., served as test sites. Only houses with a minimum of 25 cockroaches sighted in a preliminary survey of the kitchen were used. Visual counts in the kitchen before the initial application and at specified intervals afterward determined the percent reduction in cockroach populations. The amount of insecticide for kitchen applications was recorded. No additional MaxForce stations were placed in the MaxForce test houses after the initial application. Other rooms in all test houses were treated, but cockroach numbers and amount of insecticide applied were not measured. Each formulation was replicated 5 times. Analyses were calculated on percent reduction of cockroaches (pre- versus postcounts for a house) using a general linear models procedure and the Goodnight [1982] Waller-Duncan K-ratio t test for variables. The combined wall and floor surfaces in the kitchens ranged from 35 to 90 m2 with a mean of 55 m2. The active ingredient applied in the initial application and during reapplications ranged from 0.007 to 4.2 g and from 0.0 to 1.4 g, respectively, for 50 m2 of kitchen floor and wall surfaces. Smaller quantities of insecticide were used for the reapplications because partial cockroach control had resulted in most of the dwellings.
Evaluation of Larvadex 5SC for Controlling Development of Fannia SPP., 1986
Authors: Meyer Jeffery A. , Cyr Tracy , David Mandeville J. , McKeen William D.
Published: March 2022

The test facility was a small, caged-layer house containing 4 rows of back-to-back cages; the 2 center rows were utilized for this evaluation. Each cage was 12 inches × 16 inches and held 3 birds. The 5% soluble concentrate formulation of Larvadex (cyromazine,N-cyclopropyl-l,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine, CGA-72662) was applied to poultry manure at rates of 0.05 and 0.10%. Each rate was sprayed on either a weekly or biweekly schedule at 0.75 gal/100 ft2 with a 2 gal B & G sprayer at 40 psi. Each treatment was replicated 4 times, utilizing a randomized complete block design. One replicate of each treatment consisted of 2, 5-cage sections of back-toback cages (120 birds/4 reps). Treatments were evaluated by sampling the manure every 4 wk and allowing adult Fannia spp. to emerge. Four, 1-qt cores of manure were sampled from each plot at 0, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after initiating the treatments and held under screened emergence traps. Adult flies were collected over an 8-wk period. The table shows the emergence of field populations of Fannia spp. from manure treated with Larvadex 5SC.
Residual Efficacy of Tempo 2C (F) and Oftanol 21 on Turf Against Adult Cat Fleas, 1985
Authors: Cilek J. E. , Knapp F. W.
Published: March 2022

Turf grass was sprayed with either 25% Tempo 2C (formulation 1874-C) at rates of 6, 10, 50, 100, 150, and 200 g (AI)/1000 ft2 or 22% Oftanol 21 at rates of 2.6, 5.2 10.4, and 20.8 g (AI)/ 1000 ft2. Both formulations were dissolved in water and were applied with a SureShot 1 qt pressurized hand sprayer, calibrated to deliver 6.7 ml/s at 45 psi, to 12 inch × 70 inch swaths of turf grass. Turf height during the studies was ca. 2 inches. A similar area treated with water only served as a control. After treatment, three 5 gal plastic buckets with the bottoms removed were firmly placed into the soil of each plot. Approximately 25 adult cat fleas were released into each bucket. After 24 h, the number of live adult fleas were determined by placing ones’ hand into each bucket, recording and removing the number of fleas that attached. This procedure was repeated until 3 consecutive hand samples were negative for the presence of fleas. The buckets were then removed from the area. Turf plots were reinfested and evaluated weekly as described above. Residual testing of both compounds was terminated when the efficacy in the treated plots fell below 80%.
Efficacy of Aerosol Carpet Sprays for Control of Adult Fleas and Adult Flea Emergence, 1987
Authors: Cilek J. E. , Knapp F. W.
Published: March 2022

Four aerosol formulations, FS-744 (0.1% resmethrin, 0.5% chlorpyrifos 0.5%); FS-745 (0.1% Bay FCR 1272, 0.1% pyrethrins, 0.5% chlorpyrifos, 1% piperonyl butoxide, 1% MGK 264, 3% petroleum distillates); FS-746 (0.03% Precor, 0.2% pyrethrins, 1% piperonyl butoxide, 1% MGK 264); and FS-747 (0.1% Bay FCR 1272, 0.1% pyrethrins, 0.5% chlorpyrifos, 1% piperonyl butoxide, 1% MGK 264, 1.4% petroleum distillates), were evaluated against adult cat fleas and adult flea emergence. Nylon shag pile carpet discs (5 inch diam) were sprayed with each formulation at a rate of 3g/1000 ft2. Untreated carpet discs of the same size were used as controls. Each formulation and the controls were replicated 3 times. Treated discs were placed into separate 1 gal glass jars and ca. 25 adult cat fleas were added. After 24 h, dead and live fleas were recovered by removing the carpet disc from the jar and brushing it vigorously for ca. 1 min within a 5 gal plastic bucket. Discs were then submerged in water to recover any additional live fleas. Nylon shag pile carpet discs (3.5 inch diam) were treated as described above and tested for their effects on adult flea emergence. Each test formulation was replicated 3 times and the control was replicated 6 times. On the day of treatment and 2, 4, 8, 10, and 12 wk posttreatment, ca. 0.25 g of a dried blood and ground cat chow mixture (3:20) and 25 cat flea eggs were placed within the fibers of each treated carpet disc. Infested discs were then placed into 1 pt fonda containers, covered with a fine mesh cloth screen to contain emerging adults and stored at 25°C and 80% RH. When >50% of the adult fleas had emerged in the control containers, treatments were evaluated for % adult emergence by recovering adult fleas as described above. In both tests, carpet discs were used only once during each testing interval. All carpet discs were stored at ca. 25°C between infestation periods.
Evaluation of UC27BF32 Formulations for Control of Cat Flea Adults on Carpet, 1986
Authors: Lemke L. A. , Koehler P. G. , Patterson R. S.
Published: March 2022

Two formulations of UC27BF32, a 50 wettable powder (WP) and 3.3 flowable (F), were evaluated as sprays for control of adult cat fleas on carpet. Each of the 10 treatments was applied to a carpet piece measuring 225 cm2. Treatment rates for both the 50WP and 3.3F were 2.0, 1.0, 0.50, and 0.25%, respectively. Dursban LO (.25%) was used as the standard, while carpet treated with water served as the control. Each treatment was applied at the rate of 3.78 liters/46.45 m2 using a track sprayer. Treatment of the carpet was conducted on the morning of 24 Oct. After the carpet had dried, 10 1 cm2 pieces were cut from each of the larger pieces. Each 1 cm2 piece was placed in the bottom of a 250 ml graduated cylinder. Ten newly emerged adult cat fleas were then placed in each cylinder for 24 h, after which time the number of dead fleas in each one was recorded. All fleas were then removed from the cylinders using a vacuum aspirator. The carpet pieces were stored in the bottom of each cylinder for 7 days. After 7 days, 10 newly emerged fleas were placed in each of the cylinders containing 1 cm2 carpet pieces treated with either UC27BF32 50W (2.0%), 3.3F (2.0%), water, or Dursban LO (0.25%). Twenty-four hours later the number of dead fleas in each cylinder was recorded.
Cabbage Maggot Control, 1988:
Authors: Robbins P. S. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

The plot was planted and treated 27 Jul at a research farm near Geneva, N.Y., in a Lima silt loam soil. Seeds (planted at 10/ft) and treatments were applied using hand-pushed cone seeders. Germination counts were made 30 Aug. Plots consisted of a single row, 20 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block. Insecticide applications were based on a 36-inch row width. All liquid applications were applied in 50 gal/acre. Over-furrow applications were applied to the soil surface after planting using a CO2-powered sprayer. Incorporation treatments were made by applying the treatment to the soil surface using a CO2-powered sprayer or Gandy granule applicator and then planting through it. Injury ratings were made 25 Oct by pulling 10 roots/plot, washing them, and counting the number of tunnels present.
Aphid Control, 1987:
Authors: Royer Tom A. , Edelson J. V.
Published: March 2022

‘Early Round Dutch’ cabbage was planted 8 Oct into double-row beds with 1-m centers at the Texas A & M University Agricultural Research and Extension Center in Weslaco. Soil type was Raymondville clay loam. The plots consisted of 2 beds by 21 m with a buffer row between plots; each block was separated with a 4.5-m buffer. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Granular applications were applied in the furrows 4.5 cm below the seed at planting time. Sidedress treatments were applied in a liquid fertilizer solution (66 kg N-32/ha) on 16 Dec through a liquid fertilizer applicator (two shanks/bed). Foliar sprays of MetaSystox-R were applied 9 and 16 Dec using a CO2-charged backpack sprayer calibrated to spray 93 liters/ha (84.3 kg cm2, 4 flat-fan nozzles/plot). Efficacy was evaluated by removing the roots of 3 plants from each plot and washing them in 3.75 liters of water containing 1 tablespoon of calcium chloride. Dislodged aphids were counted as they floated to the surface of the water. Yields were determined by hand-harvesting both beds in a 4.5-m section of plot. The number of heads and total weight in kg/plot were recorded. Only cabbage heads of commercially acceptable size were harvested during each harvest; thus weight/head was consistent among treatments. Yield was accumulated for each harvest date for analysis. Data were analyzed for treatment differences with ANOVA.
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae on Fall Cabbage, 1988:
Authors: Whalen J. , Breeding R.
Published: March 2022

Cabbage plants were transplanted on 11 Aug near Georgetown, Del. Two-row plots, 20 ft long on 30-inch centers were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized wheelbarrow sprayer using 3 hollow-cone nozzles/row and delivering 44 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Applications were made on 23 and 31 Aug; 6, 13, 20, and 27 Sep; 4 and 12 Oct. Number of larvae/5 plants was recorded on 8, 15, 22, and 29 Sep. Yield (percentage of marketable heads) was taken on 18 Oct and defined as cabbage heads with no visible feeding and having at least 2 undamaged wrapper leaves.
Foliar Pest Control, 1987:
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A.
Published: March 2022

‘Epic’ eggplant was transplanted 9 Jul near Benson, N.C. Single row plots, 10 ft long on 42-inch centers, were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Alleys of 5 ft were used between replicates. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer using a single hollow-cone nozzle (18 x). Application rate was 54 gal/acre delivered at 60 psi. Applications were made on 15 and 22 Jul, 6 and 13 Aug, and 10 Sep. Damage ratings were made on 27 Jul; 4, 20, and 27 Aug; 10 and 17 Sep; and 7 Oct.
Control of Potato Insects, 1987:
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S.
Published: March 2022

Plots were located at the Colorado State University Department of Horticulture Field Research Station north of Fort Collins. ‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes planted 19 May at 34-inch row spacing were used in the study. Plots were 2 rows, 30 ft long, surrounded by untreated rows. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Treatments were applied 1 Sep using a CO2, compressed-air sprayer delivering 33 gal/acre. Evaluations were made by randomly selecting 35 middle and lower leaves/plot.
Insecticide Trial, 1988:
Authors: Mayer D. F. , Lunden J. D. , Miliczky E. M.
Published: March 2022

Plots were established in fields of ‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes planted near Prosser, Wash. Plant spacing was 6 inches with 34 inches between rows. Plot size was 4 rows by 20 ft and arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Standard planting, fertility, and weed control practices were followed. Spray applications were done 31 May with a R & D CO2-pressurized sprayer at a rate of 25 gal/acre using a hand-:-heldboom with 4 nozzles. Evaluations were made on 2, 7, 14, and 21 Jun by counting the live larvae and adult beetles on 10 plants/plot.
Mortality in Leaf Cages, 1988:
Authors: Stoltz Robert L.
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were treated with systemic insecticides in small plots (3 rows by 50 ft, 36-inch row spacing) on the University of Idaho research station near Kimberly. Soil type was Portneuf silt loam and irrigation was by solid set sprinklers. The potatoes were planted 22 Apr. Seven insecticide treatments and an untreated control were replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block design. Temik was applied at rates of 2 and 3 lb (AI)/acre in a 2-3-inch band in the seed furrow at planting, at 2 lb (AI)/acre applied in an 8-inch band 2-3 inches above the seed, and at 2 lb (AI)/acre with granules applied in an 8-inch band in front of the planter disk opener. Thimet was applied at a rate of 3 lb (AI)/acre in a 2-3-inch band in furrow. Combination treatments of Temik plus Mocap (2 and 3 lb [AI]/acre, respectively) were also applied using the in-furrow application method. On a weekly schedule, beginning 45 d after planting, 10 GPA were introduced into leaf cages. The cages were then attached to the bottom of a leaflet on a leaf near the bottom of the plant. Aphid mortality was recorded 48 and 96 h after the cage was attached to the plant.
Control on Potato, 1988:
Authors: Tuttle A. F. , Ferro D. N. , Slocombe A. C.
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted on 9 May in South Deerfield, Mass. Soil type was a fine sandy loam, pH 5.6. CPB pressure was heavy because potatoes were grown adjacent to overwintering sites. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot consisted of two 30-ft rows with a 6-ft fallow area separating each plot. Treatments were applied with CO2-pressurized sprayers at 40 psi, delivering 70 gal/acre. Applications were made on 21 and 28 June and 5 and 18 Jul. Monitor 4 LC was applied to all treatments on 20 Jul at MRFR to control aphids and leafhoppers. CPB population densities were determined by counting larvae on 5-10 whole stalks in each plot. To adequately evaluate microbial insecticides, larvae were counted and recorded as early instars (first and second) or late instars (third and fourth). The performance of these materials was evaluated primarily by comparing late-instar counts, because it took 4-5 days for the dead larvae to drop from the plants. On 22 Jul, each plot was rated for defoliation on a scale of 0-100%. At that time, the control plots were completely defoliated.
Control on Alfalfa, 1986
Authors: Flessel John K.
Published: March 2022

A 1-yr-old stand of ‘Vernal’ alfalfa at the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, was used for this study. Treatments were applied 10 Jul using a tractor-mounted Myers hydraulic sprayer calibrated to deliver 10 gal/acre at 20 psi using 8001 Teejet flat-fan nozzles. Plots were 25 by 80 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. The alfalfa was 18 inches tall at treatment and 28 inches tall at the completion of the study. The weather was normal with the first precipitation 24 h after application. Precipitation fell on 6 days during the study and totaled 1.76 inches. Cygon at 0.25 lb (AI)/acre was the standard.
Alfalfa Weevil Control, 1988
Authors: Parr J. C. , Pass B. C.
Published: March 2022

The test area was a 1-yr-old stand of‘Cimarron’ variety alfalfa. The plots were 34 by 36 ft, and all treatments and the untreated control were replicated 3 times in a completely randomized design. Sprays were mixed to apply the proper rates in 20 gal total vol/acre. Treatments were applied 20 Apr with a low-pressure, low-volume Hahn field sprayer equipped with 21 SS8003 Teejet nozzles and operated at 35 psi. Population densities of AW larvae were determined 2, 7, 9, 13, 16, 20, 23, and 29 DAT by collecting 10 sweeps from each plot with a standard 15-inch-diara beating net. A standard treatment of Furadan 4 F was applied at the rate of 0.5 lb (AI)/acre for compariso.
Alfalfa Pest Control, 1988
Authors: Wedberg John , Jensen Bryan
Published: March 2022

Experimental plots (12 by 12 m) were established in a field of ‘Olds-88’ alfalfa at the University of Wisconsin Arlington Research Station in Columbia County. Each treatment was replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied 23 Aug from a tractor-mounted sprayer equipped with 8002 Teejet flat-fan nozzles delivering 188 liters finished spray/ha at 35 psi. Insecticide-impregnated dry fertilizer was prepared by placing the fertilizer in a cement mixer and slowly spraying the formulated insecticide into the revolving drum with a hand-held mist sprayer. Approximately 2 min was allowed for blending. The fertilizer-insecticide mixture was in a checkerboard pattern applied with a push-type broadcast spreader. Insect abundance was estimated by taking 20 pendulum sweeps in each plot with a standard 38-cm-diam sweep net.
Alfalfa Weevil Control, 1988
Authors: Whalen J. , Breeding R.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were evaluated on a 3-yr-old alfalfa stand at the Delaware State College Farm in Dover. Plots were 12 by 30 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design, and replicated 4 times. Treatments were applied 12 May with a CO2-pressurized ATV 4-wheeled sprayer delivering 19 gal/acre at 40 psi on 12-inch-tall alfalfa. AW density was evaluated prior to treatment and at 4 DAT by collecting 10 stems from each plot and counting the larvae/stem.
Potato Leafhopper Control, 1988
Authors: Whalen J. , Breeding R.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were evaluated on a 3-yr-old alfalfa stand at the Delaware State College farm in Dover. Plots were 12 by 30 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design, and replicated 4 times. Treatments were applied 16 Aug with a CO2-pressurized ATV 4-wheeled sprayer delivering 19 gal water/acre at 40 psi to 4-inch-tall alfalfa. PLH density was evaluated prior to treatment and at 3, 7, and 14 DAT by taking 10 sweeps/plot with a 15-inch-diam sweep net.
Control in Field Corn, 1988
Authors: Berry Edwin C.
Published: March 2022

A test was established at the Iowa State Research Farm at Ankeny to determine the effectiveness of preplanting incorporated insecticides. A randomized complete block design was used, and each treatment was replicated 4 times. Each plot was 1 row by 17.5 ft (1/1,000 acre). Each plot was surrounded by an aluminum barrier buried 6-8 inches and projecting above the soil 10-12 inches. Treatments were applied with a backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 40 psi. All treatments were incorporated 1-2 inches deep with a rotary tiller. Treatments were applied and incorporated 1 d prior to planting. Corn was planted 25 May with a John Deere 7100 Max-Emerge planter modified to plant 20 seeds/17.5 ft. Aluminum barriers were placed around each plot prior to plant emergence. Plots were infested 31 May with 20 third instars from a laboratory colony. From 1 to 10 Jun, cut plants and stand counts were determined. Cut plants were marked with an applicator stick so that they would not be counted as uncut plants in the event of plant regrowth. Data were transformed by arcsine V% + 1 for analysis.
Early Season Raa Control, 1988
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: March 2022

The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 6 insecticide treatments and a control replicated 5 times. Plots consisted of 4 trees, one each of the cultivars ‘Yorking,’ ‘Delicious,’ ‘Golden Delicious,’ and Rome Beauty. Experimental sprays were applied with a Myers Mity Mist airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 50 gal/acre. Spray dates corresponded to the following phenological stages (‘Golden Delicious’): half-inch green, 6 Apr; pink, 25 Apr. A regular fungicide schedule (Benlate, Bayleton, Dithane M-45, Manzate 200) was maintained throughout the season. Postbloom insecticides (Guthion, Lannate) were applied at 1- to 2-wk intervals beginning in mid-June. Effectiveness of the sprays against RAA aphid was evaluated by counting the number of RAA-injured leaves/tree and the total number of damaged apples/tree (‘Rome Beauty’ and ‘Yorking’).
Corn Rootworm Control, 1988
Authors: Bullington Stephen W. , Roberts James E.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were evaluated at 3 sites in western Virginia (Augusta, Wythe, and Montgomery Counties) for control of larvae of NCR and WCR. Four tests were conducted. Insecticides were applied at planting. In 2 of the 4 tests the investigators applied the insecticides to the surface of the ground directly over the furrow in a 6-inch-wide band with a hand-pushed granular spreader. In the other 2 tests the farmers applied the insecticides in furrow, along with the corn, at planting. In all cases, only 1 application of insecticide was made/row. All plots were established in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Each plot was 4 rows wide and 50 ft long. In the banded tests, the replicates were arranged parallel to one another; in the in-furrow tests they were arranged linearly. All samples were taken from the center 30 ft of the center 2 rows of each plot. The corn plants were counted about 2 wk after planting. In mid-summer, damage from larvae was assessed. The lodged plants, those that had toppled because of root system damage by larvae, were counted about 2 months after planting. Actual damage to corn roots also was estimated. This damage was rated on a scale of 1 to 6 (1, damage; 6, complete destruction of the root wad). Root wads of 10 plants/plot were prepared for inspection by the following method. One person stood at either end of each of the 2 center rows, walked about 10 ft toward the center and then unearthed the root wad of every other plant until each had 5 root wads. The roots were then thoroughly washed with hot water from a pressurized sprayer. Ensilage yields were determined at harvest by cutting stalks and weighing them using a sling swung from milk scales attached to a portable tripod. Plant stand counts, lodging counts, damage ratings, and yields were subjected to ANOVA. Two of the 4 tests (one banded and one in furrow) were in Augusta County. In both tests, ‘Doebler X-67’ field corn was planted no-till in rows 36 inches wide on 16 May, and plants were counted 2 Jun. For the in-furrow test, lodged plants were counted on 13 Jul, root damage was rated 13-14 Jul, and yields were determined 6 Sep. In the banded test, the insecticides were applied 3 d after planting, on 19 May. Lodged plants were counted 18 Jul, root damage was rated 18-20 Jul, and yields were determined 15-19 Sep. In the Wythe County test, which was in furrow, ‘Southern States 950’ field corn was planted no-till in rows 34 inches wide on 9 May. Plants were counted 31 May, lodged plants were counted 25 Jul, root damage was rated 25-26 Jul, and yields were determined on 12 Sep. In Montgomery County, ‘Penny’s SX-112’ field corn was planted no-till in rows 30 inches wide on 20-21 May, and insecticides were applied as a band on 24 May. Plants were counted 17 Jun, lodged plants were counted 1 Aug, root damage was rated 1-4 Aug, and yields were determined 21-22 Sep. All fields previously had a cover crop of rye.
Aphicide Evaluation, 1988
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to run-off to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 2 replicates of ‘Golden Delicious’ and 2 replicates of ‘Yorking.’ Treated single trees were separated by others not sprayed with insecticides. The trees were 5 yr old and planted to a spacing of 20 X 30 ft. Sprays were applied with a John Bean sprayer, 35 gal/min pump, equipped with a handgun. Approximately 2.6 gal of spray was applied per replicate tree (190 gal/acre). Dates of application were 23 May, 10 and 23 Jun, and 22 Jul. All plots were oversprayed with Imidan and Dithane biweekly. Effectiveness on the aphid complex was evaluated by counting aphid-infested leaves/10 top terminals, and aphids/most infested leaf. The effect of the sprays on WALH was evaluated by counting the nymphs on 25 leaves/tree. The effect of the test chemicals on ERM, TSSM, and ZM was evaluated by counting the mites several times during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment. The effect of sprays on S. punctum was evaluated by 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the test trees. Russet ratings are based on 30 ‘Golden Delicious’ apples/replicate, 60/treatment. Fruits were rated as 1 (no russeting), 2 (light russeting), 3 (moderate russeting), or 4 (severe russeting). Possible ranges were 30-60 (none to light), 60-90 (light to moderate), 90-120 (moderate to severe).
Control in Field Corn, 1988
Authors: Herbert D. A. , Phipps P. M.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted at the Tidewater Agricultural Experiment Station farm in Suffolk, Va., to evaluate planting time nematicide-insecticide treatments for control of ECB and CEW. Treatments were applied as granules at planting time, 14 Apr, either in furrow with seed using a Noble applicator, incorporated 7-10 cm deep using a rolling cultivator gang mounted on a tool bar directly in front of the planter, or in a band directly in front of the planter with no incorporation. A randomized complete block design was used with 4 replicates. Individual plots were 2 rows (0.9-m row spacing) by 10.7 m. Twenty randomly-selected ears of corn were rated for CEW damage when ears were near maturity. Ear damage by CEW was rated on the following 1-9 scale: 1, no damage; 2, damage to ≤3.8 cm of the tip; 3, damage to >3.8 cm of the tip; 4, ≤2 side hits not associated with tip damage; 5, ≤2 side hits + ≤ 3,8 cm tip; 6, =≤ side hits + >3.8 cm tip; 7, >2 side hits; 8, >2 side hits + ≤3,8cm tip; 9, >2 side hits + >3.8 cm tip. Damage by ECB was recorded as the percentage of ear shanks bored. Whole plot yields, taken 22 Sep, were based on weight of corn with 12% moisture content.
Control of First-Generation European Corn Borer, 1986
Authors: Ostlie K. , Chaddha S. , Hutchins S. , Borgmeier J.
Published: March 2022

Performance of granular insecticides against ECB larvae was evaluated in a small-plot trial near Red Wing, Minn. Plots of 1 row (30-inch row spacing) by 50 ft, were located within a commercial production field that was planted on 2 May. Larvae varied from first to fourth instars with the majority in the third instar. Insecticide treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Granular insecticides were applied with a one-row, electrically driven, Gandy applicator that was manually pushed through the plots. A liquid standard, Pounce 3.2 EC, was applied in 17 gal water/acre at 40 psi through 8002 nozzles on a CO2-powered backpack sprayer. The treatments were applied 22 Jun when temperatures ranged from 85 to 90°F and winds were 10-15 mph. Efficacy was evaluated on 10 Aug by dissecting 10 infested plants/plot and counting the tunnels.
Airblast Experiment, 1988
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to 2-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 2 replicates of ‘Yorking,’ 2 replicates of ‘Stayman,’ and 1 replicate of ‘Golden Delicious.’ Experimental sprays were applied with a Friend Airmaster ‘309’ at 25 gal/acre per alternate side spray (50 gal/acre, both sides) driven at 2 mph. Rates for treatments are listed as amounts/acre/both sides spray. Spray dates for the alternating side treatments were 22 Apr (Danitol treatments only, Orthene was added, complete spray); 23 and 27 May; 6, 13, 20, and 28 Jun; 5, 13, 22, and 28 Jul; 4, 11, 18, and 25 Aug; and 1 Sep. Lannate + Imidan was substituted on 23 and 27 May for the Lorsban + Lannate and Penncap M treatments and on 25 Aug and 1 Sep for the Lorsban + Lannate treatment only. Penncap M was substituted for the Danitol treatments on 6 Jun; 13, 22, and 28 Jul; 4, 11, 18, and 25 Aug; and 1 Sep. Savey was added to the Danitol treatment on 28 Jun and 5 Jul. Swat was added to the Larvin treatment on 6 Jun and to the Larvin, Larvin + Lorsban, and Penncap M treatments on 13, 20, and 28 Jun. Vendex 4 L (475 ml/acre) was added to the one side of all treatments except the Danitol treatments on 13 Jul. On the Lorsban + Lannate treatment, the rate of Lorsban was increased to 908 g/acre and Lannate was dropped on 13, 22, and 28 Jul. Effectiveness against the aphid complex was evaluated by counting the aphid-infested leaves/10 terminals and the aphids on the most infested leaf/terminal. The effectiveness of the sprays against WALH was evaluated by counting the nymphs on 25 leaves/tree. STLM was evaluated by a 5-min count of mines around the periphery of test trees. Effectiveness of the test chemicals against ERM was evaluated by counting mites several times during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree, 125 leaves/treatment. The effect of sprays on S. punctum was evaluated by 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of test trees. Effectiveness of chemicals on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury all drops after 1 Jul and samples picked on 22 Aug and 20 Sep. Apple samples averaged 181 fruits/replicate and 905/treatment. Pest pressure was heavy throughout the season. Russet ratings are based on 30 ‘Golden Delicious’ apples/replicate, 30/treatment. Fruits were rated as 1 (no russeting), 2 (light russeting), 3 (moderate russeting), or 4 (severe russeting). Possible ranges were 30-60 (none to light), 60-90 (light to moderate); 90-120 (moderate to severe).
Ovicidal Activity Trials, 1988
Authors: Elzen G. W.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to cotton grown in small plots at Stoneville, Miss. Test 1 and Test 2 were applied 9 and 30 Aug, respectively, using a high-clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 5 gal/acre at 5 mph and 40 psi using 2 TX6 nozzles/row. Plot size was 30 ft by 4 rows arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replicates/treatment. TB eggs were obtained from a culture maintained at the Southern Field Crop Insect Management Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Stoneville. All eggs used were laid the previous night on tulle cloth material. Eggs were not washed or subjected to chemical treatments before use and were easily removed from the material. Eggs were exposed to insecticides in 2 ways. First, eggs to be treated in the field were placed on the upper surface of the last 3-4 expanded leaves in the terminal of a plant in each replication by brushing a weak solution of xanthium gum and water on the leaves and sprinkling eggs on the surface. Plots were sprayed 30 min after application of the eggs. Eggs sprayed on the plant remained in the field for 2 h after treatment and were then taken to the laboratory to determine mortality. Second, treated leaves (1 from each replication) were collected 24, 48, and 72 h after spraying in the field and taken to the laboratory where eggs were placed on them and mortality was determined over time. Eggs were sprinkled on each leaf in the field and in the laboratory in an effort to get at least 10 eggs/leaf. The number of viable eggs was counted on each leaf in the laboratory 24 h after they were sprayed in the field or placed on sprayed leaves in the laboratory. The number of eggs/leaf averaged 14.0 ± 5.7 (SD). Leaves from all treatments were held in Petri dishes on water-moistened filter paper at 82°F.