bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigations of Nonlinear Optical Chromophores with Femtosecond Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing in Solutions
Authors: Samoc Anna , Samoc Marek , Luther-Davies Barry , Freydank Anke C. , Lucas Nigel T.
Published: August 2003

Time-resolved DFWM experiments were performed with 150 fs pulses at 800 nm in chloroform solutions of π-conjugated molecules: p-bis(o-methylstyryl)-benzene (Bis-MSB) and a newly synthesized derivative of distyrylbenzene: an oligomer of p-phenylenevinylene substituted in the para position with electron donating alkyleneoxy group bearing the methacrylic group and an electron accepting 2-ethylhexylsulfonyl group (MTPV-SOHE monomer). The asymmetric substitution causes a red shift (24 nm) of the absorption maximum and enhancement of third-order optical susceptibility. The second hyperpolarizability derived from a quadratic dependence of the phase matched DFWM signal on concentration of MTPV-SOHE was about 6 times bigger than that in Bis-MSB.
Second Order Approximation for Band Gap Characterization of One-Dimensional Dielectric Omnidirectional Reflector
Authors: Prawiharjo J. , Iskandar A. A. , Tjia M. O. , van Groesen E.
Published: August 2003

A derivation of approximate analytical expressions for band edges ω± of the first band gap of a multilayer periodic structure is presented for both TE and TM waves at arbitrary angles of incidence. It is found that the approximate expressions give an excellent agreement with the numerical results as verified by the band edge variation with respect to the filling fraction [Formula: see text] and refractive index contrast Δn. The analytical expressions for the band edges are further employed to derive a semi numerical optimization of the relative gap width [Formula: see text] with respect to the filling fraction ν. The result is again shown to be in good agreement with the numerical result.
Smoking Cocarettes: A Less Harmful Alternative of Cocaine Use?
Authors: Haasen Christian , Prinzleve Michael , Reimer Jens , Krausz Michael
Published: September 2003

Smoking cocaine hydrochloride in the form of cocarettes is a method of cocaine use that has not been described in the scientific literature so far. Nonetheless it seems to be a somewhat common method of cocaine use in order to avoid the nasal irritation. Three case reports are presented in order to discuss the possibility.
The Role of Serotonin in Early Cortical Development
Authors: Vitalis Tania , Parnavelas John G.
Published: September 2003

The cerebral cortex is widely innervated by serotonin (5-HT)-containing axons originating from neurons in the raphe nuclei. The early development of this monoamine system in the cortex prompted speculation long ago that it has important functions in cortical maturation and plasticity. Here we review evidence, derived from a plethora of studies and from our recent unpublished work, that supports an important role for 5-HT in a number of major events in the developing cortex, especially at the early stages. This evidence points to a regulatory role for 5-HT in neuronal proliferation, migration and differentiation, and in preventing apoptotic cell death.
Stone Composition, Metabolic Profile and the Presence of the Gut-Inhabiting Bacterium Oxalobacter formigenes as Risk Factors for Renal Stone Formation
Authors: Mittal R.D. , Kumar R. , Mittal B. , Prasad R. , Bhandari M.
Published: September 2003

Objective: To examine stone composition, metabolic evaluation and colonization of Oxalobacter formigenes as risk factors for renal stone formation. Subjects and Methods: Eighty patients with renal stones and 70 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Of the 80 patients, 48 were first-time stone formers (FSF) and 32 were ‘recurrent’ stone formers (RSF), recurrent indicating 2 or more episodes of stone formation. Stone analysis by X-ray crystallography, 24-hour urine metabolic profile and detection of O. formigenes-specific DNA by PCR were performed for each patient. Detection of O. formigenes was also performed on 45 and urinary metabolic profile on an additional 25 controls. Results: Calcium oxalate monohydrate was the major component of stones, hyperoxaluria and hypocitraturia were the most common urinary abnormalities in the 80 patients, 46% of RSF patients had hypercalciuria. Urinary abnormalities were far less frequent in the controls, with the exception of hypocitraturia (40%). Of the urinary metabolites, only calcium levels were significantly different (p < 0.05) between FSF (6.50 ± 4.08 mmol/24 h) and RSF (8.21 ± 5.26 mmol/24 h) patients. Colonization of O. formigenes was higher in controls (62.2%) than in FSF (33.3%) or RSF (28%) patients, it was least in patients with more than 4 episodes (7%) of stone formation. Conclusion: The findings indicate that lack of colonization of O. formigenes may be an important risk factor for recurrence of stone formation (calcium oxalate monohydrate).
Ultrasound-Targeted Microbubble Destruction Can Repeatedly Direct Highly Specific Plasmid Expression to the Heart
Authors: Bekeredjian Raffi , Chen Shuyuan , Frenkel Peter A. , Grayburn Paul A. , Shohet Ralph V.
Published: August 2003

Background—

Noninvasive, tissue-specific delivery of therapeutic agents would be a valuable clinical tool. We have previously shown that ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction can direct expression of an adenoviral reporter to the heart. The present study shows that this method can be applied to selectively deliver plasmid vectors to the heart.

Methods and Results—

We used albumin and lipid microbubbles containing plasmids with a luciferase transgene to target the heart in rats. After 4 days, organs were harvested and analyzed for reporter gene expression. In a second set of experiments, the hearts of rats treated with plasmids were harvested at various time points during a 4-week period. Both luciferase activity and mRNA concentrations were measured. Luciferase transfection with plasmids showed highly specific gene expression in the heart, with hardly any activity in control organs. Time course evaluation showed high transgene expression in the first 4 days, with a rapid decline thereafter. Repeated treatment produced a second peak of transgene expression with similar decay.

Conclusions—

Ultrasound-mediated destruction of microbubbles directs plasmid transgene expression to the heart with much greater specificity than viral vectors and can be regulated by repeated treatments. This noninvasive technique is a promising method for cardiac gene therapy.
Dual Functionality of Cyclooxygenase-2 as a Regulator of Tumor Necrosis Factor–Mediated G
1
Shortening and Nitric Oxide–Mediated Inhibition of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation
Authors: Haider Asifa , Lee Irene , Grabarek Jerzy , Darzynkiewicz Zbigniew , Ferreri Nicholas R.
Published: August 2003

Background—

Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 contributes to vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and angiotensin II. The present study demonstrates, however, that depending on prevailing conditions, COX-2–derived prostanoids may also inhibit VSMC proliferation.

Methods and Results—

TNF-α stimulated proliferation of VSMCs by shortening the G
1
phase of the cell cycle. This effect was abolished by NS-398, a selective COX-2 inhibitor. Addition of TNF did not affect the protein-to-DNA ratio, measured by flow cytometry, suggesting that TNF does not induce VSMC hypertrophy. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity attenuated TNF-mediated increases in prostaglandin (PG) I
2
synthesis, whereas thromboxane (TX) A
2
production and COX-2 protein expression were unaffected. Moreover, inhibition of NOS activity increased TNF-mediated proliferation by ≈23%. Thus, NO preferentially stimulates PGI
2
production, suggesting that production of NO by VSMCs challenged with TNF limits the ability of the cytokine to increase proliferation. NO donors increased COX-2 protein expression and PGI
2
synthesis, had no effect on TXA
2
production, and decreased cell numbers by 50%, indicating that expression of COX-2 per se might not be sufficient to support proliferation. The effects of NO donors were prevented when COX-2 activity was inhibited with NS-398.

Conclusions—

The COX-2–dependent proliferative response of VSMCs to TNF was modulated in an NO-dependent manner, and PGI
2
derived from COX-2 might contribute to the antiproliferative effect of NO donors.
Relative Cost Comparison of Treatments for Coronary Artery Disease: The First Year Follow-Up of MASS II Study
Authors: Favarato Desiderio , Hueb Whady , Gersh Bernard J. , Soares Paulo R. , Cesar Luiz A. M. , da Luz Protásio L. , Oliveira Sergio A. , Ramires Jose A. F.
Published: September 2003

Background—

Prior comparisons of costs following CABG and PTCA have demonstrated higher initial costs after CABG but following PTCA, recurrent symptoms and repeat revascularization result in increased late costs and over time their costs equilibrate. The MASS II trial provides an opportunity to compare the costs of CABG and PTCA in addition to a strategy of medical therapy.

Methods—

We studied the 611 patients of MASS II [Medical (203), Angioplasty (205), or Surgery (203) Study], a randomized study to compare treatments for multivessel CAD and preserved left ventricle function. The costs were: CABG US$ 10 650.00; PTCA US$ 6400.00; new AMI hospitalization AMI U$ 2550; angiography not followed-up of PTCA US$ 1900.00; and medication US$ 1200.00 for medical, and US$ 1000.00 for the other groups. We did adjustment for average event-free time, and angina-free proportion. The statistical analysis carried out was chi-square, t test, and analysis of variance.

Results—

After 1 year, 49% Medical, 79% PTCA, and 88% CABG became angina-free;
P
<0.0001. There were 26 coronary angiograms (5 medical, 17 PTCA, and 4 CABG), 23 AMI (8 medical, 17 PTCA, and 6 CABG;
P
=0.03); PTCA was performed in 7 Medical, 17 PTCA, and 1 CABG, (
P
=0.0003), CABG was performed in 15 Medical, 8 PTCA, and zero CABG;
P
=0.002. The event-free and event and angina-free-costs in the first year were US$ 2453.50 and US$5006.32 for Medical; US$ 10348,43; and US$ 13 099.31 for PTCA; and US$ 12 404.21 and US$ 14 095.09 for CABG group. An increase from expected costs of 317%, 77%, and 21%, respectively.

Conclusion—

PTCA effective costs were similar to CAGB costs, Medical treatment presented the lowest cost, and however, the greatest increment, and CABG presented the most stable costs.
Mitral Valve Surgery Can Now Routinely Be Performed Endoscopically
Authors: Casselman Filip P. , Van Slycke Sam , Wellens Francis , De Geest Raphael , Degrieck Ivan , Van Praet Frank , Vermeulen Yvette , Vanermen Hugo
Published: September 2003

Background—

There is an increasing interest in minimally invasive cardiac surgery.

Methods and Results—

Since February 1, 1997 till April 1, 2002, 306 patients underwent endoscopic mitral valve surgery (226 repair, MVP; 80 replacement, MVR). Predominant valve pathology was degenerative in MVP (83.6%) and rheumatic in MVR (65%). Mean age was 61.5±12.9 years. Median preoperative functional class (MVP+MVR) and mitral regurgitation (MVP) were II and 4+. Statistical analysis included Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression methods. Mean follow-up was 19.6±17.3 months and complete. The procedure was successfully performed in all but 6 patients. Hospital mortality included 3 patients (1%) and was technology related in one. Postoperative morbidity included aggressive re-exploration (8.5%), new onset atrial fibrillation (17.0%), and pacemaker implantation (2.3%). There were 1 early and 10 late reoperations, 5 of which were because of endocarditis. Freedom from mitral valve reoperation at 4 years was 91±3.5%. No risk factors for reoperation could be detected. Echocardiographic follow-up showed a median degree of mitral regurgitation (MVP) of 0 and a small paravalvular leak in four patients (MVR). Ninety-four percent of the patients reported no or mild postoperative pain and 99.3% felt they had an esthetically pleasing scar. Ninety-three percent would choose the same procedure again and 46.1% were back at work within 4 weeks.

Conclusions—

Endoscopic mitral valve surgery can be performed safely but definitely requires a learning curve. Good results and a high patient satisfaction are guaranteed. It is now our exclusive approach for isolated atrioventricular valve disease.
Geometric Distortions of the Mitral Valvular-Ventricular Complex in Chronic Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation
Authors: Tibayan Frederick A. , Rodriguez Filiberto , Zasio Mary K. , Bailey Lynn , Liang David , Daughters George T. , Langer Frank , Ingels Neil B. , Miller D. Craig
Published: September 2003

Background—

Better understanding of the precise 3-dimensional geometric changes of the mitral valvular-ventricular complex in chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation (CIMR) is needed in order to devise better surgical repair techniques. We hypothesized that changes after inferior myocardial infarction would be different in hearts that developed CIMR compared with those that did not.

Methods and Results—

Twenty-four sheep underwent coronary snare and marker placement (annulus, papillary muscles, and anterior and posterior leaflets). After 8 days, cinefluoroscopy provided 3-dimensional marker data, and snare occlusion of obtuse marginal branches created inferior myocardial infarction, including the posterior papillary muscle. After 7 weeks, the 16 surviving animals were studied again and grouped by mitral regurgitation grade (≥ 2+, n=10 versus ≤ 1+, n=6). End-systolic mitral annulus dimensions, components of papillary muscle and leaflet displacement, were calculated. After inferior myocardial infarction, total displacement of the posterior papillary muscle from the midseptal annulus (“saddle horn”) was greater in CIMR(+) animals: 6.5±3.2 versus 3.1±2.7 (
P
=0.02), with the posterior papillary muscle moving more laterally (6.8±3.4 versus 2.5±3.5 mm,
P
=0.01). Increase in mitral annular septal-lateral diameter was greater in animals with CIMR (4.9±2.7 versus 2.3±2.0,
P
=0.02), and apical displacement of the posterior leaflet (PL) margin was also greater in the CIMR(+) group (1.7±1.0 versus 0.3±0.5,
P
=0.01).

Conclusions—

The CIMR(+) group had greater septal-lateral annular dilatation, lateral posterior papillary muscle displacement, and apical PL restriction, indicating that these associated geometric alterations may be important in the pathogenesis of CIMR. Treatment of CIMR should address both annular septal-lateral dilatation and lateral displacement of the posterior papillary muscle.
Outcome of Mitral Valve Repair or Replacement: A Comparison by Propensity Score Analysis
Authors: Moss Robert R. , Humphries Karin H. , Gao Min , Thompson Christopher R. , Abel James G. , Fradet Guy , Munt Brad I.
Published: September 2003

Background—

There are no randomized trials comparing outcomes after mitral valve (MV) repair and replacement. Propensity scoring is a powerful tool that has the potential to reduce selection bias in nonrandomized studies.

Methods—

From the BC Cardiac Registries, 2 060 patients presented for MV surgery, with or without CABG between 1991 and 2000. We then identified 322 MV repairs who were then matched by propensity score to an equal number of MV replacement patients. We compared survival and freedom from re-operation outcomes using Cox proportional hazards model analysis. Multivariable analysis was then used to compare outcomes in 358 MV repair patients with 352 MV replacement patients who had undergone chordal sparing surgery.

Results—

The comparison groups generated using propensity scores were well balanced with respect to all collected baseline risk factors. Median follow-up time was 3.4 years. Patients undergoing MV repair had significantly improved survival (RR 0.46; 95% CI, 0.28 to 0.75) but a trend toward more re-operations (RR 2.11; 95% CI, 1.00 to 4.47) compared with patients undergoing replacement. Mitral valve repair patients still had better survival (RR 0.52; 95% CI, 0.32 to 0.85) compared with MV replacement patients who had undergone chordal sparing surgery.

Conclusion—

We used propensity score methods to reduce selection bias in a population-based cohort of patients undergoing MV repair/replacement. Repair was associated with better survival, but a trend to increased re-operation.
African Americans With LVH Demonstrate Depressed Sensitivity of the Coronary Microcirculation to Stimulated Relaxation
Authors: Houghton Jan Laws , Strogatz David S. , Torosoff Mikhail T. , Smith Vivienne E. , Fein Steven A. , Kuhner Patricia A. , Philbin Edward F. , Carr Albert A.
Published: August 2003

Excess coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality among African Americans remains an important yet unexplained public health problem. We hypothesized that adverse outcome is in part due to intrinsic or acquired abnormalities in coronary endothelial function and vasoreactivity. We compared dose-response curves relating changes in coronary blood flow and epicardial diameter to graded infusions of acetylcholine in 50 African American and 65 white subjects with hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and normal coronary arteries. These groups were similar for age, body mass index, mean arterial pressure, and indexed left ventricular mass. The same protocol was conducted in 24 normotensive African American and 56 similar white subjects. We found significant depression in the coronary blood flow dose-response curve relation among African Americans when compared with white subjects with similar LVH (
P
<0.03). Racial differences were observed at all doses of acetylcholine but were less precisely estimated at the highest dose. The same testing among normotensive subjects revealed similar dose-response curves with no significant effect of race. Qualitatively similar results were found with respect to coronary diameter. Adenosine responses, a measure of endothelium-independent function, were similar after partitioning by LVH. Our study demonstrates that there are racial differences in sensitivity of coronary arteries to acetylcholine-stimulated relaxation among those with LVH. These results provide a mechanism whereby racial differences in coronary vasoreactivity might contribute to adverse coronary heart disease outcome among African Americans, a group in whom LVH is prevalent.
Catecholamines Block the Antimitogenic Effect of Estradiol on Human Glomerular Mesangial Cells
Authors: Dubey Raghvendra K. , Zacharia Lefteris C. , Gillespie Delbert G. , Imthurn Bruno , Jackson Edwin K.
Published: August 2003

Local sequential conversion of estradiol to hydroxyestradiols and methoxyestradiols by CYP450 and catechol-
O
-methyltransferase, respectively, contributes to the antimitogenic effects of estradiol on glomerular mesangial cell growth via estrogen receptor–independent mechanisms. Catecholamines are also substrates for catechol-
O
-methyltransferase and therefore, might abrogate the renoprotective effects of estradiol by inhibiting formation of methoxyestradiols. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the antimitogenic effects of estradiol on human glomerular mesangial cell proliferation and collagen synthesis in the presence and absence of catecholamines. Norepinephrine, epinephrine, and isoproterenol abrogated the inhibitory effects of estradiol on cell number, DNA synthesis, and collagen synthesis. For example, serum-induced DNA synthesis was inhibited from 100% to 62±1.9% by 0.1 μmol/L estradiol, and these inhibitory effects were reversed to 91±1.9% by 1 μmol/L epinephrine, 90.7±3.3% by 1 μmol/L isoproterenol, 87.5±2.8% by 10 μmol/L norepinephrine, and 92±1% by 10 μmol/L OR486 (catechol-
O
-methyltransferase inhibitor). The interaction of catecholamines with estradiol was not affected by phentolamine or propanolol, α- and β-adrenoceptor antagonists, respectively. Similar to estradiol, the antimitogenic effects of 2-hydroxyestradiol were abrogated by epinephrine, isoproterenol, and OR486. In contrast to estradiol and 2-hydroxyestradiol, the antimitogenic effects of 2-methoxyestradiol were not attenuated by epinephrine, isoproterenol, or OR486. Norepinephrine, epinephrine, and isoproterenol inhibited the conversion of both estradiol and 2-hydroxyestradiol to 2-methoxyestradiol. Our findings suggest that catecholamines within the glomeruli might abrogate the antimitogenic effects of estradiol by blocking the conversion of 2-hydroxyestradiol to 2-methoxyestradiol.
Interaction of Carbon Monoxide and Adenosine in the Nucleus Tractus Solitarii of Rats
Authors: Lin Chia-Hui , Lo Wan-Chen , Hsiao Michael , Tseng Ching-Jiunn
Published: August 2003

Carbon monoxide has been identified as an endogenous biological messenger in the brain. Heme oxygenase catalyzes the metabolism of heme to carbon monoxide and biliverdin. Previously, we have shown the involvement of carbon monoxide in central cardiovascular regulation, baroreflex modulation, and glutamatergic neurotransmission in the nucleus tractus solitarii of rats. We also showed that adenosine increased the release of glutamate in the nucleus tractus solitarii. In this study, we investigated the possible interactions of carbon monoxide and adenosine in the nucleus tractus solitarii. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized with urethane, and blood pressure were monitored intra-arterially. Unilateral microinjection of increasing doses of hemin (0.01 to 3.3 nmol), a heme molecule cleaved by heme oxygenase to yield carbon monoxide, produced a significant decrease in blood pressure and heart rate in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, similar cardiovascular effects were observed after injection of adenosine (2.3 nmol). These cardiovascular effects of hemin were attenuated by prior administration of the adenosine receptor antagonist 1,3-dipropyl-8-sulfophenylxanthine. Similarly, pretreatment of the heme oxygenase inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin IX or zinc deuteroporphyrin 2,4-bis glycol also attenuated the depressor and bradycardic effects of adenosine. These results indicate that the interaction between carbon monoxide and adenosine may contribute to the activation of heme oxygenase in central cardiovascular regulation.
Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia
Authors: Neff Robert A. , Wang Jijiang , Baxi Sunit , Evans Cory , Mendelowitz David
Published: August 2003

The heart rate increases during inspiration and decreases during expiration. This respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) occurs by modulation of premotor cardioinhibitory parasympathetic neuron (CPN) activity. However, RSA has not been fully characterized in rats, and despite the critical role of CPNs in the generation of RSA, little is known about the mechanisms that mediate this cardiorespiratory interaction. This study demonstrates that RSA in conscious rats is similar to that in other species. The mechanism of RSA was then examined in vitro. Rhythmic inspiratory-related activity was recorded from the hypoglossal rootlet of 700- to 800-μm medullary sections. CPNs were identified by retrograde fluorescent labeling, and neurotransmission to CPNs was examined using patch-clamp electrophysiological techniques. During inspiratory bursts, the frequency of both spontaneous γ-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) and spontaneous glycinergic synaptic events in CPNs was significantly increased. Focal application of the nicotinic antagonist dihydro-β-erythroidine in an α
4
β
2
-selective concentration (3 μmol/L) abolished the respiratory-evoked increase in GABAergic frequency. In contrast, the increase in glycinergic frequency during inspiration was not altered by nicotinic antagonists. Prenatal nicotine exposure exaggerated the increase in GABAergic frequency during inspiration and enhanced GABAergic synaptic amplitude both between and during inspiratory events. Glycinergic synaptic frequency and amplitude were unchanged by prenatal nicotine exposure. This study establishes a neurochemical link between neurons essential for respiration and CPNs, reveals a functional role for endogenous acetylcholine release and the activation of nicotinic receptors in the generation of RSA, and demonstrates that this cardiorespiratory interaction is exaggerated in rats prenatally exposed to nicotine.
Probability of Regaining Dexterity in the Flaccid Upper Limb
Authors: Kwakkel Gert , Kollen Boudewijn J. , van der Grond Jeroen , Prevo Arie J.H.
Published: August 2003

Background and Purpose—

To improve the accuracy of early postonset prediction of motor recovery in the flaccid hemiplegic arm, the effects of change in motor function over time on the accuracy of prediction were evaluated, and a prediction model for the probability of regaining dexterity at 6 months was developed.

Methods—

In 102 stroke patients, dexterity and paresis were measured with the Action Research Arm Test, Motricity Index, and Fugl-Meyer motor evaluation. For model development, 23 candidate determinants were selected. Logistic regression analysis was used for prognostic factors and model development.

Results—

At 6 months, some dexterity in the paretic arm was found in 38%, and complete functional recovery was seen in 11.6% of the patients. Total anterior circulation infarcts, right hemisphere strokes, homonymous hemianopia, visual gaze deficit, visual inattention, and paresis were statistically significant related to a poor arm function. Motricity Index leg scores of at least 25 points in the first week and Fugl-Meyer arm scores of 11 points in the second week increasing to 19 points in the fourth week raised the probability of developing some dexterity (Action Research Arm Test ≥10 points) from 74% (positive predictive value [PPV], 0.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.63 to 0.86) to 94% (PPV, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.76 to 0.91) at 6 months. No change in probabilities of prediction dexterity was found after 4 weeks.

Conclusions—

Based on the Fugl-Meyer scores of the flaccid arm, optimal prediction of arm function outcome at 6 months can be made within 4 weeks after onset. Lack of voluntary motor control of the leg in the first week with no emergence of arm synergies at 4 weeks is associated with poor outcome at 6 months.
Erythroid pyrimidine 5′-nucleotidase: cloning, developmental expression, and regulation by cAMP and in vivo hypoxia
Authors: Mass Markus , Simo Erika , Dragon Stefanie
Published: August 2003

A characteristic process of terminal erythroid differentiation is the degradation of ribosomal RNA into mononucleotides. The pyrimidine mononucleotides can be dephosphorylated by pyrimidine 5′-nucleotidase (P5N-I). In humans, a lack of this enzyme causes hemolytic anemia with ribosomal structures and trinucleotides retained in the red blood cells (RBCs). Although the protein/nucleotide sequence of P5N-I is known in mammals, the onset and regulation of P5N-I during erythroid maturation is unknown. However, in circulating chicken embryonic RBCs, the enzyme is induced together with carbonic anhydrase (CAII) and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) by norepinephrine (NE) and adenosine, which are released by the embryo under hypoxic conditions. Here, we present the chicken P5N-I sequence and the gene expression of P5N-I during RBC maturation; the profile of gene expression follows the enzyme activity with a rise between days 13 and 16 of embryonic development. The p5n-I expression is induced (1) in definitive but not primitive RBCs by stimulation of β-adrenergic/adenosine receptors, and (2) in definitive RBCs by hypoxic incubation of the chicken embryo. Since embryonic RBCs increase their hemoglobin-oxygen affinity by degradation of nucleotides such as uridine triphosphate (UTP) and cytidine triphosphate (CTP), the induction of p5n-I expression can be seen as an adaptive response to hypoxia. (Blood. 2003;102:4198-4205)
Rituximab as adjuvant to high-dose therapy and autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation for aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Horwitz Steven M. , Negrin Robert S. , Blume Karl G. , Breslin Sheila , Stuart Monic J. , Stockerl-Goldstein Keith E. , Johnston Laura J. , Wong Ruby M. , Shizuru Judith A. , Horning Sandra J.
Published: August 2003

Based on the favorable safety profile and the independent activity of rituximab in B-cell lymphoma, we evaluated its efficacy and toxicity after high-dose therapy (HDT) and autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Thirty-five patients with diffuse large cell (25 patients), mantle cell (3 patients), transformed (3 patients), or other (4 patients) subtypes of B-cell lymphoma received HDT followed by a purged autologous graft. The rituximab schedule was 4 weekly infusions (375 mg/m2) starting at day 42 after HCT and, for patients 5 to 35, a second 4-week course 6 months after HCT. All planned therapy was completed in 29 patients. With 30 months' median follow-up, the 2-year event-free survival (EFS) rate was 83% and the overall survival (OS) rate was 88%. For 21 patients with relapsed or refractory large cell lymphoma, the EFS rate was 81% and the OS rate was 85%. Grades 3 to 4 neutropenia occurred in 19 (54%) patients. A prospective study of immune reconstitution included measurements of lymphocyte subsets, immunoglobulins, and response to vaccination. Serious infections were not observed despite delayed B-cell recovery in all patients and suppressed immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels and low pneumococcus antibody titers in a subset. Rituximab after HDT and HCT is feasible, and these phase 2 data support the current US Intergroup phase 3 trial in recurrent/refractory diffuse large cell lymphoma.
Lack of evidence for functional ADP-activated human P2X1 receptors supports a role for ATP during hemostasis and thrombosis
Authors: Vial Catherine , Pitt Samantha J. , Roberts Jon , Rolf Michael G. , Mahaut-Smith Martyn P. , Evans Richard J.
Published: August 2003

Purine nucleotides acting through P2 receptors play key roles in platelet signaling. The P2X1 receptor is an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-gated ion channel that mediates a rapid calcium influx signal, but can also synergize with subsequent adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-evoked P2Y1 receptor-mediated responses and thus may contribute to platelet activation during hemostasis. Recent studies have shown that P2X1 receptors contribute to the formation of platelet thrombi, particularly under conditions of high shear stress. Based on intracellular Ca2+ measurements a previous report has suggested that a splice variant of the P2X1 receptor, P2X1del, is expressed in platelets and, in contrast to the full-length P2X1WT receptor, is activated by ADP. In the present study we show that the P2X1del receptor fails to form functional ion channels and is below the limit of detection in human platelets. Furthermore, ADP does not contribute to the rapid ionotropic P2X receptor-mediated response in platelets. These results support the notion that ATP is the principal physiologic agonist at P2X1 receptors and that it plays a role in the activation of platelets. (Blood. 2003;102:3646-3651)
Health Status and Quality of Life in Patients With Early-Stage Hodgkin’s Disease Treated on Southwest Oncology Group Study 9133
Authors: Ganz Patricia A. , Moinpour Carol M. , Pauler Donna K. , Kornblith Alice B. , Gaynor Ellen R. , Balcerzak Stanley P. , Gatti Gretchen S. , Erba Harry P. , McCoy Sheryl , Press Oliver W. , Fisher Richard I.
Published: September 2003

Purpose: We describe the short and intermediate-term quality-of-life (QOL) outcomes in patients treated on a randomized clinical trial in early-stage Hodgkin’s disease (Southwest Oncology Group [SWOG] 9133) comparing subtotal lymphoid irradiation (STLI) with combined-modality treatment (CMT).

Patients and Methods: Two hundred forty-seven patients participated in the QOL study (SWOG 9208), completing several standardized instruments (Symptom Distress Scale; Cancer Rehabilitation Evaluation System – Short Form; Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey Vitality Scale; and a health perception item), as well as questions about work, marital status, and concerns about having children. This article reports on results from baseline before random assignment, at 6 months, and at 1 and 2 years after random assignment.

Results: Patients receiving CMT experienced significantly greater symptom distress (P < .0001), fatigue (P = .001), and poorer QOL (P = .015) at 6 months than the STLI patients, reflecting a shorter time since completion of therapy in the CMT arm. Importantly, patients in the two groups did not differ on any outcomes at the 1-and 2-year assessments. Both patient groups reported significantly more fatigue before treatment than healthy reference populations, and fatigue did not improve in either group after treatment.

Conclusion: This study demonstrated that patients with early-stage Hodgkin’s disease experience a short-term decrease in QOL and an increase in symptoms and fatigue with treatment, which is more severe with CMT; by 1 year, however, CMT and STLI patients report similar outcomes. Fatigue scores for both arms were lower at baseline than scores for the general population and did not return to normal levels 2 years after random assignment. The mechanisms responsible for this lingering problem warrant further investigation.
Detection of Isolated Tumor Cells in Bone Marrow Is an Independent Prognostic Factor in Breast Cancer
Authors: Wiedswang G. , Borgen E. , Kåresen R. , Kvalheim G. , Nesland J.M. , Qvist H. , Schlichting E. , Sauer T. , Janbu J. , Harbitz T. , Naume B.
Published: September 2003

Purpose: This study was performed to disclose the clinical impact of isolated tumor cell (ITC) detection in bone marrow (BM) in breast cancer.

Patients and Methods: BM aspirates were collected from 817 patients at primary surgery. Tumor cells in BM were detected by immunocytochemistry using anticytokeratin antibodies (AE1/AE3). Analyses of the primary tumor included histologic grading, vascular invasion, and immunohistochemical detection of c-erbB-2, cathepsin D, p53, and estrogen receptor (ER)/progesterone receptor (PgR) expression. These analyses were compared with clinical outcome. The median follow-up was 49 months.

Results: ITC were detected in 13.2% of the patients. The detection rate rose with increasing tumor size (P = .011) and lymph node involvement (P < .001). Systemic relapse and death from breast cancer occurred in 31.7% and 26.9% of the BM-positive patients versus 13.7% and 10.9% of BM-negative patients, respectively (P < .001). Analyzing node-positive and node-negative patients separately, ITC positivity was associated with poor prognosis in the node-positive group and in node-negative patients not receiving adjuvant therapy (T1N0). In multivariate analysis, ITC in BM was an independent prognostic factor together with node, tumor, and ER/PgR status, histologic grade, and vascular invasion. In separate analysis of the T1N0 patients, histologic grade was independently associated with both distant disease-free survival (DDFS) and breast cancer–specific survival (BCSS), ITC detection was associated with BCSS, and vascular invasion was associated with DDFS.

Conclusion: ITC in BM is an independent predictor of DDFS and BCSS. An unfavorable prognosis was observed for node-positive patients and for node-negative patients not receiving systemic therapy. A combination of several independent prognostic factors can classify subgroups of patients into excellent and high-risk prognosis groups.
Preparation of Nano-sized Nickel Metal Particles by Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Wada Yuji , Kuramoto Hiromitsu , Sakata Takao , Mori Hirotaro , Sumida Takayuki , Kitamura Takayuki , Yanagida Shozo
Published: August 2003

Nano-sized nickel metal particles having narrow size-distribution were prepared through reduction of Ni(OH)2 with ethylene glycol under microwave irradiation. The average particle size was controlled between 5-8 nm by changing the irradiation time and irradiation power.
New Anionic Conductor KSbF4 with Fluorite Structure
Authors: Yamada Koji , Ohnuki Yasumasa , Ohki Hiroshi , Okuda Tsutomu
Published: August 2003

A new fluoride ion conductor, β-form of KSbF4, was synthesized and characterized by the conductivity, DTA, XRD, and 19F NMR measurements. The low temperature modification, α-form, showed an irreversible phase transition at 455 K accompanied by a steep increase in conductivity. This high temperature modification was stable on cooling and belongs to a cubic system above 420 K with a disordered fluorite structure. 19F NMR linewidth measurement for this modification suggested a high conductivity due to the fluoride ion.
Extraordinarily Thermostable Photodichroism of Poly(4-cyano-4′-methacryloyloxyazobenzene) Films
Authors: Kidowaki Masatoshi , Fujiwara Takenori , Ichimura Kunihiro
Published: August 2003

Linearly-polarized-light-induced optical anisotropy of a thin film of polymethacrylate with p-cyanoazobenzenes side chains is enhanced at elevated temperatures to display anomalously high stability toward heat and light.
A Novel “Chemical Scissors” Route to Nanocrystallites
Authors: Xie Yi , Yan Ping , Qian Yitai
Published: August 2003

A new strategy, called “chemical scissors” route, utilizing nucleophilic attack to cut the undesired parts off a single-source precursor is proposed, which can significantly reduce the reaction temperature in comparison with simple pyrolysis. As examples, reactions of metal diethyldithiocarbamate (M = Pb, Hg, Cu, Mn, Ag) (acting as the single-source precursor) in ethylenediamine (acting as the scissors and solvent) at 10–100 °C result in nanocrystalline MS (M = Pb, Hg, Mn), Ag2S and Cu1.8S.
Molecular Imprinting of Cyclodextrin in Water for the Recognition of Peptides
Authors: Asanuma Hiroyuki , Kajiya Kentaro , Hishiya Takayuki , Komiyama Makoto
Published: August 2003

Vinyl monomer of 6-O-α-D-glucosyl-β-cyclodextrin was molecularly imprinted to dipeptides in water. The obtained polymers efficiently and selectively bound the template under physiological conditions. This method is applicable to various guests having versatile functional residues.
Morphological Observation of Tetracyanoquinodimethane Deposited from Solution onto the Atomically Smooth Native Oxide Surface of an Al(111) Film by Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Higo Morihide , Lu X , Mazur U , Hipps K W
Published: August 2003

Morphology of tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) deposited from solutions onto atomically smooth native oxide surfaces of Al(111) films was observed for the first time by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The bearing analysis of the AFM images showed that TCNQ is adsorbed onto the surfaces of the oxidized Al films as both a uniform film on a nm scale and micron sized particles with many morphologies.
Formation of Kinetically Stabilized Dithiiranes by Treating Thione S-Oxides Bearing a Bulky Substituent with Lawesson’s Reagent
Authors: Shimada Kazuaki , Kodaki Keiichi , Aoyagi Shigenobu , Takikawa Yuji , Kabuto Chizuko
Published: August 2003

Treatment of sterically crowded thione S-oxides derived from d-camphor with Lawesson’s reagent afforded dithiiranes along with deoxygenation of the starting materials, and the mixtures were subjected to mCPBA oxidation to give the corresponding dithiirane S-oxides and thione S-oxides.
Mechanistic Studies of the Photo-decomposition of Substituted Bis(trichloromethyl)-1,3,5-triazine Sensitized by Merocyanine Dye
Authors: Kawamura Koichi
Published: August 2003

The photochemistry of a merocyanine dye (1)/triazine (2) two-component system that could be used as a visible light radical generator in photopolymerization formulations has been investigated. The electron transfer from excited merocyanine to triazine to generate a reactive photoinitiating radical was proposed based on fluorescence quenching experiments and a product analysis study.
Subpicosecond Pulse Radiolysis Study of Geminate Ion Recombination in Liquid Benzene
Authors: Okamoto Kazumasa , Saeki Akinori , Kozawa Takahiro , Yoshida Yoichi , Tagawa Seiichi
Published: August 2003

Subpico- and picosecond pulse radiolyses were carried out to investigate geminate ion recombination in neat benzene. The fast decay of dimer radical cation corresponding to geminate ion recombination with an electron was directly observed for the first time. The characteristic lifetime and average initial distance between a thermalized electron and its parent cation were estimated to be 1.2 ps and 3.2 nm.
A Novel Brønsted Acid–base System as Anhydrous Proton Conductors for Fuel Cell Electrolytes
Authors: Susan Md A B H , Yoo Migyung , Nakamoto Hirofumi , Watanabe Masayoshi
Published: August 2003

A super-strong acid, bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide, was combined with 4,4′-trimethylenedipyridine at various molar ratios to prepare a novel series of Brønsted acid–base ionic liquids. The protic neutral salt was electroactive for H2 oxidation and O2 reduction at a platinum electrode under non-humidifying condition, which shows the potential of pyridinal systems as new fuel cell electrolytes for elevated temperature operation and foretells the polymeric model of solid-state anhydrous proton conductors.
Diarrhea, respiratory infections, protozoan gastrointestinal parasites, and child growth in Kathmandu, Nepal
Authors: Moffat Tina
Published: August 2003

The differential impact of diarrhea, respiratory infections, and protozoan parasitism on growth is investigated among children under five years of age living in periurban Kathmandu, Nepal. The children's parents are all carpet‐making workers who live in an environment with crowded living conditions, poor sanitation, and contaminated water. Anthropometric data, both cross‐sectional and longitudinal, were collected over a 9‐month period. Morbidity data were gathered from maternal reports, and a subsample of children's stools were examined for gastrointestinal parasites. In a comparison of current growth status and growth velocity for children with and without diarrhea and respiratory infections, it is found that body weight is most affected by infections, particularly for children under 24 months of age. For a subsample of children whose stools were tested for parasites, there is a statistically significant association between stunting (low height‐for‐age) and the presence of a protozoan gastrointestinal parasite. It is concluded that although growth faltering is associated with diarrhea and respiratory infections, the impact of these infections is of less importance for long‐term linear growth retardation than is infection by protozoan gastrointestinal parasites. Am J Phys Anthropol 121:000–000, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exploring artificial cranial deformation using elliptic Fourier analysis of procrustes aligned outlines
Authors: Frieß Martin , Baylac Michel
Published: August 2003

The anatomical effects of artificial cranial deformation on the face and the base have been subject to various metric approaches, including standard linear as well as finite element techniques, and have produced controversial results (Antón [1989] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 79:253–267; Kohn et al. [1993] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 90:147–158). It can be argued that diverging observations partly result from methodological constraints. The present study compares samples of intentionally deformed and undeformed human crania, using elliptic Fourier analysis (EFA), a morphometric approach which has been shown to be particularly appropriate for characterizing the shape of two‐dimensional outlines and associated shape changes. We improve the standard EFA approach by adding a preliminary orientation of the outlines following the rotation parameters of a Procrustes superimposition, using multiple homologous landmarks called control points. The results confirm that circumferentially deformed skulls exhibit modifications of the basioccipital region, together with increased anterior and inferior facial projection. However, the degree to which basioccipital flattening is modified in circumferentially deformed Peruvians was found to be less marked than changes observed in the face. Some of the modifications observed here can be related to morphological trends existing in the population from which our sample was taken. The observation of other modifications may be subject to methodological constraints of standard morphometric approaches. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diurnality and cone photopigment polymorphism in strepsirrhines: Examination of linkage in Lemur catta
Authors: Jacobs Gerald H. , Deegan Jess F.
Published: August 2003

Trichromatic color vision is routine among catarrhine primates, but occurs only as a variant form of color vision in some individuals in most platyrrhine genera. This arises from a fundamental difference in the organization of X‐chromosome cone opsin genes in these two lineages: catarrhines have two opsin genes specifying middle‐ and long‐wavelength‐sensitive cone pigments, while platyrrhines have only a single gene. Some female platyrrhine monkeys achieve trichromacy because of a species polymorphism that allows the possibility of different opsin gene alleles on the two X‐chromosomes. Recently, a similar opsin gene polymorphism was detected in some diurnal strepsirrhines, while at the same time appearing to be absent in any nocturnal genera. The aim of this study was to assess whether cone pigment polymorphism is inevitably linked to diurnality in strepsirrhines. Cone photopigments were measured in a species usually classified as diurnal, the ring‐tailed lemur (Lemur catta), using electroretinogram flicker photometry, a noninvasive electrophysiological procedure. Each of 12 animals studied was found to have the same middle‐wavelength cone pigment, with peak sensitivity at about 547 nm. In conjunction with earlier results, this implies that cone pigment polymorphism is unlikely to exist in this species and that, accordingly, such variation is not a consistently predictable feature of vision in diurnal strepsirrhines. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Muscles of facial expression in Otolemur, with a comparison to Lemuroidea
Authors: Burrows Anne M. , Smith Timothy D.
Published: August 2003

Gross and histologic aspects of facial expression muscles are presented here for Otolemur spp. (suborder Prosimii, family Lorisidae) and are compared with those of lemuroids. Muscles of facial expression are involved in social signaling among primates, and are a primary means by which close‐proximity nonverbal communication is achieved. These muscles have been well described in catarrhines and many of the lemuroids; however, their arrangement is not well known in the lorisids. In the present study we examined muscles of facial expression in Otolemur by dissecting preserved faces. The arrangement and appearance of the muscles were noted, and samples were gathered from each muscle for histologic processing. The results showed 17 muscles of facial expression in Otolemur, as compared to seven reported in previous studies. Histologically, muscles of the ear region were arranged in tight, dense fascicles, while muscles of the orbital region were arranged more loosely. Grossly, the facial expression muscles in Otolemur were very similar in morphology and attachments to those in the lemuroids, with some differences in the ear region. Otolemur garnettii had several muscles that appeared to be more robust than in the larger O. crassicaudatus. This may be due to dietary and/or social differences between the species. In previous studies it was concluded that, relative to lemuroids, Otolemur has a primitive arrangement of facial expression muscles. The current results do not support that conclusion, and in fact support a far greater similarity between Otolemur and lemuroids in general. These results underscore the need for a reexamination of facial musculature in prosimians in general, and may have taxonomic value as regards the position of Otolemur with lemuroids and other galagos. Anat Rec Part A 274A:827–836, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.