bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The brick structures of Go Thap – tombs or temples?
Authors: Slaczka Anna Aleksandra
Published: June 2015

The 1980s and 1990s excavations of the archaeological site of Go Thap in the Mekong Delta resulted in unearthing a number of brick structures. In association with the structures precious objects were found, including over three hundred gold leaves. More than half of the gold leaves were decorated with pictures of men, gods, animals, weapons and auspicious objects, and some of them were inscribed. In addition to the precious objects, the structures were also reported to contain human ashes. In the first part of this paper, I will examine the objects closely, especially the gold leaves, discovered at Go Thap. I will then compare them with similar objects originating from other archaeological sites of Southeast Asia and with objects described in traditional Indian manuals written in Sanskrit and dealing with temple architecture and temple building rituals. On the basis of this comparison, I will propose the hypothesis that the ‘brick structures’ unearthed in Go Thap are not tombs but remains of Hindu shrines, and the associated materials are not crematory remains but traces of consecration ceremonies performed for shrines and temples.
Some Reconsiderations on Pendant-Legged Buddha Images in the Dvāravatī Artistic Tradition
Authors: Revire Nicolas
Published: June 2015

The aim of this paper is to reassess some common ideas about a particular type of buddha image frequently found in central Thailand in ca. 7th- 8th centuries, the buddhas seated in the so-called “European fashion” or pendant-legged, often labelled pralambapādāsana in Sanskrit. While briefly dealing with iconographic questions, including the origins and meanings of this particular posture, the paper will also discuss the matter of terminology in relation to the royal symbolism conveyed by this iconography.
An Incidence of Zoomorphic Spouts from Central Thailand.
Authors: Lertcharnrit Thanik
Published: June 2015

The archaeological site of Promtin Tai in Lopburi Province, central Thailand, is a multi-activity site occupied over the course of several hundred years. The site has been excavated successively by the author since 2004, yielding evidence for various activities ranging from habitation and mortuary rites to copper smelting and probably trading. The chronology of the site has been dated using stratigraphic information and cultural materials; absolute dating samples have been collected and sent for dating, but results have yet been reported from the laboratory. Archaeologically, the site represents a community with strong evidence of early long distance trade and cultural contact with India and developed from an Iron Age village to early historic town.
Ming Gap and the Revival of Commercial Production of Blue and White Porcelain in China
Authors: Tai Yew Seng
Published: June 2015

This paper lists the blue and white porcelains excavated with date inscriptions or from datable tombs in China and shows that there was a ‘Ming Gap’ of blue and white porcelain in China too. Previously, Ming Gap was thought to be restricted to Southeast Asia. This author argues that no blue and white porcelain was allowed to produce in commercial kilns in early Ming Dynasty. But, when the needed raw material, cobalt--which relied on trade in the time of Ming Ban--could be produced locally, the commercial production of blue and white porcelain restarted.
Current Research on the Rock Art at Gua Tambun, Perak, Malaysia
Authors: Tan Noel Hidalgo , Chia Stephen
Published: June 2015

The rock art site of Gua Tambun in Perak, Malaysia was first reported by J. M. Matthews in 1959, following the discovery of the rock paintings by a British military officer. An estimate of more than 80 forms of animals, humans, geometric designs and many other indistinct and vague forms of paintings were reported to be found on the walls of the rock shelter. Since then, no further in-depth research of the rock art has been reported, while time and weather have eroded and faded the paintings even more. In early January 2009, the site was revisited by the authors to document and to study the rock art in detail. The rock art was documented using a combination of close-range, high-resolution digital photography and digital image analysis was used to reconstruct and recompose the faded images. Samples of the material used for painting the rock art were also collected for chemical analysis and dating. This paper presents the preliminary findings of the research, which include more than 500 forms of rock art found at the site.
Le contemporain : objet de collection et de réflexion dans les musées de société
Authors: Provencher St-Pierre Laurence
Published: June 2015

Comment définir l’objet au centre des pratiques actuelles de collecte dans les musées ? Outre son caractère hétérogène et pluriel qui rend ses contours difficiles à cerner, l’objet de collection pourrait-il être qualifié de contemporain ? C’est la piste qu’a choisi d’explorer Laurence Provencher St-Pierre qui démontre dans cet article de quelles manières la collecte du contemporain s’est graduellement développée au cours des dernières décennies de manière à faire du contemporain à la fois un objet de collection et un objet de réflexion pour les musées de société. Sans être une nouvelle pratique, sa collecte occupe une place grandissante dans la communauté muséale et est en train de s’imposer comme une tendance. Un nombre croissant d’institutions manifestent leur désir de s’engager dans une collecte organisée des objets appartenant à un passé récent, voire au présent, et de théoriser sur le sujet. Cette préoccupation s’est imposée comme un enjeu sur le plan de la muséologie internationale, comme en témoigne la création récente du Comité international pour le développement des collections (COMCOL) dont un des groupes de travail s’intéresse spécifiquement à la collecte de l’actuel. Leurs travaux participent à la création d’un discours réflexif sur cette pratique. D’ailleurs, les membres du COMCOL, qui tentent de positionner le présent comme un champ de recherche à part entière pour les muséologues, ont rapidement élargi leur intérêt initial pour la collecte du contemporain à l’objectif plus général de documenter la société contemporaine sous tous ses aspects. Ce passage de la collecte à la documentation du présent semble caractéristique des pratiques muséales actuelles. Cherchant à matérialiser l’intangible qui renvoie à son propre présent, le musée fait de la société le véritable objet au centre de ses pratiques. En conservant les traces de l’aujourd’hui, il s’accorde un rôle d’observateur et témoigne de cette préoccupation marquée de la société pour sa propre époque.
La mise en récit et la construction de mémoires collectives par les institutions patrimoniales
Authors: Cambone Marie
Published: June 2015

La parole du témoin est très présente dans les expositions et les cyberexpositions d’institutions patrimoniales, par exemple sous la forme de publications d’archives ou d’interviews produites en vue de l’exposition. Ces témoignages présentent des récits individuels, subjectifs, au sein d’une institution censément détentrice de savoirs et possédant, aux yeux de la société, une légitimité scientifique. Cela pose alors la question de la place de ces témoignages dans l’exposition. À partir de l’analyse sémio-pragmatique de plusieurs dispositifs, nous avons pu mettre en évidence des stratégies narratives pour exposer des sujets d’histoire récente. Chaque témoignage peut être considéré comme un récit et l’organisation spatiale des récits dans les expositions forme des macro-récits. Chaque internaute-visiteur, par son parcours de visite, compose un macro-récit unique et partiel. Nous avons aussi pu mettre en évidence la logique combinatoire de ces dispositifs.
A pragmatic analyses of the use of types of deixis in poetry and novels of the author Ismail Kadare - The importance and complexity to the pragmatic process concerning the different realities evoked in social interaction, communication and language
Authors: Gjergji Shpresa
Published: June 2015

Context is both social and interpersonal. It is social in the sense that context encompasses the internal organization of a society including communication and consist s of the study of linguistic material produced within the structure of the society. The interpersonal context usually takes priority over the social context in such sub-disciplines as pragmatic, discourse analysis, conversational analysis, etc. The focus is rather on the individuals involved in interaction relative the speaker and the hearer or the reader and the writer to understand of exchanged utterances or texts. However the role of context in linguistic use has been most forcefully asserted in the studies associated with names such as in Yule, Grundy, Buhler, Levinson, Rankema, Keith etc. by introducing the wide notion of deixis referring to the ‘environment text’. The same logic stands in communication of the utterance of ‘Broken April’ by Ismail Kadare referring to the phrase analyzing process, in order of getting intrinsically the meaning out and comparing it with discourse and utterance itself.
Secession and EU Membership - Is an EU member state secessionist territory automatically within EU after archiving its independence or have to reapply for membership?
Authors: Paço Spiro
Published: June 2015

One of the political goals of the EU in broad is the absorption of all European continent state in a sort of United States of Europe. Nowadays the EU counts 28 states and the perspective of enlargement is not stopped by the current economic crisis. The current situation after the just completed pro-EU revolution in Ukraine and the implementation of strong economic link with former USSR Transcaucasian Republics (Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan) may suggest the final number of state in the EU. Many people believe that the United States of Europe puzzle is nearly full defined … but a new kind of EU enlargement may change the situation. This paper will focus only in one question. “Is an EU Member state secessionist territory automatically in the EU after archiving its Independence or have to reapply?” To answer to this question I will analyses the possible past experiences in secessionist territory getting membership in international organization like UN. The Vienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of Treaties is a good material to use in case of succession but the fact that is not in force and not signed by the greatest part of EU member state make it only advisory and not binding.
Review of Administrative Justice in the Republic of Kosovo
Authors: Pepaj Islam
Published: June 2015

The present paper aims to provide a real view of adjudication of administrative cases in Kosovo. The issue of adjudication of administrative cases in the Republic of Kosovo remains a challenge following justice reforms which began in 2013 and are still on-going. Kosovo as a new country faces difficulties in professionalization of public administration and this is closely related to large number of case that are subject of judicial review which is not a case with other countries which have longer experience in public administration. In this context, more attention has been paid to review of administrative acts and issues with special focus on judicial review, following with legal remedies, administration silence as cause of judicial review. The paper also contains information about administrative justice in Kosovo before and 2013, and its current state. New court structure brought with New Law on Courts which entered into force in 2013 affected administrative justice substantially. In the previous system, Kosovo Supreme Court was the only instance handling administrative disputes. In this regard, the issue of effective legal remedies was not in place as required by international standards. However, new court structure brought significant changes regarding legal remedies in administrative justice by setting up three court instances; Administrative departments within Prishtina Basic Court and Appellate Court as well as Supreme Court extraordinary legal remedies review.
Waste Identification Lean Approach in effective education system - Case of Albania
Authors: Çalişkan Nilüfer , Mulgeci Akida
Published: June 2015

The continuing growth and expansions incorporated with technology, has generated variations in tastes, behavior and demand. Thus the changes need management restructures to reduce the costs of adaptation. Lean principles as cost reduction orientated possess the sufficient elements to fix problems in order to reduce wastes and increase the values. The theory application can be used also in education sector in order to increase the quality and reduce the costs. Thus, the aim is to identify the improvidences (waste) and propose several applicable solutions. It is based on interviews and researches to the teachers working in private schools for at least 5 years. This study is being conducted in Private high school in Albania.
Albanian trade policy and the process of alignment with EU Common Commercial Policy
Authors: Kastrati Pranvera , Shehaj Esmeralda
Published: June 2015

Albania is a member of WTO from September 2000 and is currently in a deep and substantial transformation of the trade policy. Albanian trade regime is very liberal, open and transparent fully compliant with WTO law. Accession to EU is the strategic goal of all Governments after ’90s and alignment with EU acquis is at the core of any process. EU integration is an engine for the development in all candidate or potential candidate countries. This process requires the alignment of national policies and harmonization of the legislation. Trade policy is among the most developed policies in European Union and Albania. This is mainly due to the membership in World Trade Organization (WTO) and Free Trade Agreements (FTA) with the most important trading partners. The accession of Albania to EU will significantly affect the Albanian trade policy. This paper analyses the state of play of Albanian trade policy and presents the main developments in the EU Common Commercial Policy after the Lisbon Treaty (2009). Based on this analysis the paper highlights the implications for Albanian trade policy.
Negative regulation of ABA signaling by WRKY33 is critical for Arabidopsis immunity towards Botrytis cinerea 2100
Authors: Liu Shouan , Kracher Barbara , Ziegler Jörg , Birkenbihl Rainer P , Somssich Imre E
Published: June 2015

The Arabidopsis mutant wrky33 is highly susceptible to Botrytis cinerea. We identified >1680 Botrytis-induced WRKY33 binding sites associated with 1576 Arabidopsis genes. Transcriptional profiling defined 318 functional direct target genes at 14 hr post inoculation. Comparative analyses revealed that WRKY33 possesses dual functionality acting either as a repressor or as an activator in a promoter-context dependent manner. We confirmed known WRKY33 targets involved in hormone signaling and phytoalexin biosynthesis, but also uncovered a novel negative role of abscisic acid (ABA) in resistance towards B. cinerea 2100. The ABA biosynthesis genes NCED3 and NCED5 were identified as direct targets required for WRKY33-mediated resistance. Loss-of-WRKY33 function resulted in elevated ABA levels and genetic studies confirmed that WRKY33 acts upstream of NCED3/NCED5 to negatively regulate ABA biosynthesis. This study provides the first detailed view of the genome-wide contribution of a specific plant transcription factor in modulating the transcriptional network associated with plant immunity.
Investigaciones en las Aulas Escolares en Apoyo del Fortalecimiento de la Enseñanza y el Aprendizaje
Authors: Montecinos Carmen
Published: June 2015

Una función importante de la investigación en las aulas escolares es orientar el fortalecimiento de la calidad de las oportunidades de aprendizaje que los docentes diseñan para sus estudiantes. Examinando prácticas pedagógicas con distintos niveles de especificidad, los 5 estudios compilados en esta sección especial ofrecen enfoques alternativos para abordar este desafío. Estos estudios retratan prácticas de enseñanza y actividades de aprendizaje que presentan bajo nivel de desafío cognitivo a los estudiantes, así como ejemplos de una enseñanza reformada. En su conjunto, estos estudios destacan la importancia de investigaciones en las aulas escolares que simultáneamente atiendan a la enseñanza y al aprendizaje. Con el propósito de dar cuenta del carácter situado y distribuido del conocimiento profesional, el estudio de las prácticas docentes a nivel de las aulas escolares requiere, además, atención explícita a factores extra aula que condicionan las acciones individuales.
Influence of year-on-year performance on final degree classification in a chiropractic master's degree program
Authors: Dewhurst Philip , Rix Jacqueline , Newell David
Published: June 2015

Objective: We explored if any predictors of success could be identified from end-of-year grades in a chiropractic master's program and whether these grades could predict final-year grade performance and year-on-year performance.

Methods: End-of-year average grades and module grades for a single cohort of students covering all academic results for years 1–4 of the 2013 graduating class were used for this analysis. Analysis consisted of within-year correlations of module grades with end-of-year average grades, linear regression models for continuous data, and logistic regression models for predicting final degree classifications.

Results: In year 1, 140 students were enrolled; 85.7% of students completed the program 4 years later. End-of-year average grades for years 1–3 were correlated (Pearson r values ranging from .75 to .87), but the end-of-year grades for years 1–3 were poorly correlated with clinic internship performance. In linear regression, several modules were predictive of end-of-year average grades for each year. For year 1, logistic regression showed that the modules Physiology and Pharmacology and Investigative Imaging were predictive of year 1 performance (odds ratio [OR] = 1.15 and 0.9, respectively). In year 3, the modules Anatomy and Histopathology 3 and Problem Solving were predictors of the difference between a pass/merit or distinction final degree classification (OR = 1.06 and 1.12, respectively).

Conclusion: Early academic performance is weakly correlated with final-year clinic internship performance. The modules of Anatomy and Histopathology year 3 and Problem Solving year 3 emerged more consistently than other modules as being associated with final-year classifications.
‘The nervous system of Britain’: space, time and the electric telegraph in the Victorian age
Authors: MORUS IWAN RHYS
Published: July 2002

From its inception, Victorian commentators on the telegraph appeared fascinated by its
apparent capacity to break down barriers of space and time. They waxed lyrical over the ways
in which the telegraph would bring nations closer together, break down boundaries and foster
commerce. They also eulogized the ways in which the telegraph could be used as a seemingly
effortless instrument of discipline. A great deal of work was needed to uphold such fantasies and
make the telegraph work. This paper highlights efforts to establish a telegraphic time signal from
Greenwich as an example of the labour and management required to sustain such rhetoric.
Finally, the paper focuses on the increasingly common metaphor linking the telegraph network
and the nervous system. It suggests that the metaphor worked for the Victorians because both
systems were held to operate through the instantaneous transmission of intelligence as a means
of maintaining bodily and social discipline.
Voter Responses to Electoral Complexity: Ticket Splitting, Rational Voters and Representation in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: BAWN KATHLEEN
Published: July 2002

In order to understand how electoral rules affect political outcomes, we need to know whether and how voters react to them. The ability of voters to react strategically to electoral rules may be limited in cases where the electoral rules are complex. In this article, I look for evidence of rational reactions to a moderately complex electoral system, that used in the Federal Republic of Germany. By examining district-level election results, I find substantial evidence that voters do react rationally, despite the complexity of the two-vote system. The rational reactions by voters lead to excess first votes for incumbents, for candidates of the major party expected to be in government, to major-party candidates in close races and to major-party candidates in districts with significant minority-party support. The findings support both the general claim that voters can react strategically to complex electoral rules, and more specific claims about the value of the two-vote ballot in Germany.
Allele frequency changes in artificial selection experiments:
statistical power and precision of QTL mapping
Authors: KIM YUSEOB , STEPHAN WOLFGANG
Published: July 2002

A simple mathematical model of genic directional selection is developed
to study frequency
changes of genetic marker alleles that are partially linked to a quantitative
trait locus (QTL) under
artificial selection. The effects of population size, number of generations
of artificial selection,
recombination between marker locus and QTL, and the strength of selection
on the change in
allele frequency are analysed by the diffusion equation approach and by
stimulation. Using these
results, we investigate the power of statistical tests for the detection
of QTLs based on the
observation of significant marker allele frequency changes in selection
experiments. The probability
of inferring the correct location of a QTL is also obtained.
Thrust tectonics on Brøggerhalvøya and their relationship to the Tertiary West Spitsbergen Fold-and-Thrust Belt
Authors: SAALMANN K. , THIEDIG F.
Published: July 2002

The Tertiary fold-and-thrust belt on Brøggerhalvøya is characterized by a NE-vergent
pile of nine thrust sheets. The sole thrust of the pile is located in Precambrian phyllites and climbs
up-section to the northeast. Four lower thrust sheets consisting predominantly of Upper Palaeozoic
sediments are overlain by two thrust sheets in the central part of the stack which contain a kilometre-scale
syncline and anticline. The fold is cut by juxtaposed thrusts giving rise to the formation of three
structurally higher basement-dominated thrust sheets. A multiple-stage kinematic model is proposed
including (1) in-sequence foreland-propagating formation of the lower thrust sheets in response to
N–S subhorizontal bedding-parallel movements, (2) a change in tectonic transport to ENE and out-of-sequence
thrusting and formation of the kilometre-scale fold-structure followed by (3) truncation
of the kilometre-scale fold and stacking of the highest basement-dominated thrust sheets by hind-ward-propagating
out-of-sequence thrusting. The strain of the thrust sheets is predominantly compressive
with the exception of the structurally highest thrust sheets, reflecting a temporal change to a
more transpressive regime. Thrusting was followed by (4) N–S extension and (5) W–E extension.
Comparison of the structural geometry and kinematic evolution of Brøggerhalvøya with the data
reported for the fold belt further south allows us to assume a coeval evolution with the fold belt. A
latest Paleocene/Early Eocene age for the main phase of thrusting is suggested for the West
Spitsbergen Fold-and-Thrust Belt; the main phases therefore pre-date the separation of Svalbard and
Greenland due to right-lateral movements along the Hornsund Fault Zone. The fold belt's temporal
evolution followed by the formation of the Forlandsundet Graben can be linked with the plate-kinematic
framework in the span between latest Paleocene and Middle Eocene times.
Low dimensional homotopy for monoids II: groups
Authors: PRIDE STEPHEN J.
Published: July 2002

Consider a group presentation: $$\hat{[Pscr ]}\tfrm{=<\tfbf{x};}\tfbf{r}\tfrm{>}$$. Here x is a set and r is a set of non-empty, cyclically reduced words on the alphabet x ∪ x−1 (where x−1 is a set in one-to-one correspondence x[harr ]x−1 with x). We assume throughout that $\hat{[Pscr ]}$ is finite. Let $\hat{F}$ be the free group on x (thus $\hat{F}$ consists of free equivalence classes [W] of word on x∪x−1), and let N be the normal closure of {[R] : R∈r} in $\hat{F}$. Then the group G=G($\hat{[Pscr ]}$) defined by $\hat{[Pscr ]}$ is $\hat{F}\tfrm{/}N$. We will write W1 =GW2 if [W1]N=[W2]N.
A reduction theorem for perfect locally finite minimal non-FC groups
Authors: LEINEN FELIX
Published: July 2002

A group G is said to be a minimal non-FC group, if G contains an infinite conjugacy class, while every proper subgroup of G merely has finite conjugacy classes. The structure of imperfect minimal non-FC groups is quite well-understood. These groups are in particular locally finite. At the other end of the spectrum, a perfect locally finite minimal non-FC group must be a p-group. And it has been an open question for quite a while now, whether such groups exist or not.
SOUTHERNERS WHO REFUSED TO
SIGN THE SOUTHERN MANIFESTO
Authors: BADGER TONY
Published: July 2002

The aim of those drafting the Southern Manifesto of 1956 was to coerce wavering
Southern politicians into supporting a united regional campaign of defiance of the Supreme Court's
school desegregation ruling. The Manifesto largely succeeded. Most Southern congressmen, including
leading moderates, felt they had no alternative but to succumb to what they perceived to be mass popular
segregationist sentiment and sign the Manifesto. This paper examines the cases of those who refused
to sign: what were the sources of their racial moderation, did they face electoral retribution, or did their
careers suggest there was a political alternative to massive resistance? The evidence from Texas,
Tennessee, Florida, and North Carolina highlights the diversity of political opinion among the non-signers – from New Deal liberal to right-wing Republican ideologue – and the disparate sources for
their racial moderation – national political ambitions, party loyalty, experience in the Second World
War, Cold War fears, religious belief, and an urban political base. Their fate suggests, at the very
least, that outside the Deep South there was room for political manoeuvre, especially if state political
leaders took a united moderate stance. Nevertheless, the cautious and gradualist stance of the moderates
did not offer a convincing alternative to the massive resistance strategy so passionately advocated by the
conservatives.
‘THE PRODUCT OF CIVILIZATION IN ITS MOST

REPELLENT MANIFESTATION’: AMBIGUITIES IN

THE RACIAL PERCEPTIONS OF THE APO (AFRICAN

POLITICAL ORGANIZATION), 1909–23
Authors: ADHIKARI MOHAMED
Published: July 2002

Historical writing on the coloured community of South Africa has

tended to accept coloured identity as given and to portray it as fixed.
The

failure to take cognizance of the fluidity of coloured self-definition
and the

ambiguities inherent to the process has resulted in South African

historiography presenting an over-simplified image of the phenomenon. The

problem stems partly from an almost exclusive focus on coloured protest

politics which has had the effect of exaggerating the resistance of coloureds

to white supremacism and largely ignoring their accommodation with the

South African racial system. Furthermore, little consideration has been

given to the role that coloured people themselves have played in the making

of their own identity or to the manner in which this process of self-definition

shaped political consciousness. This is particularly true of analyses of
the

period following the inauguration of the Union of South Africa in 1910,
a

time when the legitimacy of coloured identity was not in any way questioned

within the coloured community and when coloured protest politics was

dominated by one body, the African Political Organization (APO).
Tributors, Supporters and Merchant Capital: Mining and

Underdevelopment in Sierra Leone. By ALFRED

ZACK-WILLIAMS. Aldershot: Avebury, 1995. Pp. vii +

239. £40 (ISBN 1-85628-466-2).
Authors: FYFE CHRISTOPHER
Published: July 2002

Diamonds were discovered in Sierra Leone in 1930, and in 1934

sole mining rights were granted to the Sierra Leone Selection Trust

(SLST), a subsidiary of the London-based Consolidated African

Selection Trust, part of De Beers empire. In 1956, partly to restrict

the increasingly prevalent illicit mining, and partly for political

reasons, SLST opened part of its lease to mining by licensed miners

under the Alluvial Diamond Mining Scheme (ADMS). The Sierra Leone

government took over 51 per cent of the SLST shares in 1970, and a new

company, the National Diamond Mining Company (NDMC), was formed. In

1980 SLST sold out to British Petroleum and left Sierra

Leone.
MIDWIFERY TRAINING AND FEMALE CIRCUMCISION IN THE INTER-WAR ANGLO-EGYPTIAN

SUDAN
Authors: BELL HEATHER
Published: July 2002

Although the conventional image of the colonial medical encounter
in
Africa depicts a white, male, European doctor treating a black African

patient, most of the actual deliverers of Western medicine in Africa during

the colonial period were non-Europeans. In the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan,
British doctors formed only a small minority of Western medical practitioners.

Most often, it was Syrian, Egyptian and Sudanese doctors, and
Sudanese assistant medical officers, mosquito men, nurses, sanitary officers

and midwives who delivered sanitary and medical services on behalf of the

colonial state. Understanding the cultural exchanges, technology transfer

and power relations involved in the operation of colonial medicine clearly

requires careful study of the training, the role and the experiences of
these
non-European practitioners of Western medicine.

In this paper, one such group of medical practitioners is examined through

a study of the Midwifery Training School or MTS, opened in Omdurman,
Sudan in 1921. The MTS sought to create a class of modern, trained
Sudanese midwives, out of, and in rivalry to, an entrenched class of
traditional midwives, known as dayas. The analysis relies heavily
on the
papers of Mabel E. Wolff, founding matron of the MTS and her sister,
Gertrude L. Wolff, who first arrived in Sudan to train nurses. Throughout

the discussion, the name ‘Wolff’ alone designates Mabel, whose
voice
dominates their collective papers.
SHAPING A SETTLER ELITE: STUDENTS, COMPETITION AND LEADERSHIP AT SOUTH AFRICAN COLLEGE, 1829–95
Authors: DURRILL WAYNE K.
Published: July 2002

Shortly after South African College, the predecessor of today's University
of Cape Town, opened its doors in 1829 faculty members found that they had
a problem. In one meeting of the Faculty Senate alone, four students were
brought up on charges that one had been ‘fighting and noisy’, another
‘fighting – kicking open the door of the Messenger's Room’, another
‘writing on the Professor's desk with chalk’ the words ‘Ziervogel is a
vagabond’ as well as ‘threatening the messenger with his fist’, and another
‘idle, insolent & insubordinate in writing class’ who, in replying to a
reprimand from the writing master, said: ‘You may go to the Devil’. Several
others were noted in the records as absent from class and lying about it.
Moreover, the young college had only two dozen or so books, but already
nine of them had been ‘mutilated by tearing out the leaves & c’. And
virtually all the means for securing property from theft – ‘various locks,
claps and staples’ – had been ‘broken in the College, apparently by some of
the Students.’ So intractable had the students become, in fact, that the college
authorities constructed a small one-room prison with no windows on
campus, which they called the ‘Black Hole’, in which to confine offenders
who could be identified and condemned. Students were regularly sentenced
to terms of three or four hours per day without bread or water, usually in the
early evening, the number of days depending on the severity of the offense.

Students at South African College engaged in violence and intimidation of
all sorts in the first half of the nineteenth century. They attacked professors
and townspeople in Cape Town, preyed on each other, stole and destroyed
property, and continually disrupted the operations of the college. These were
not boys striving to become upstanding citizens, yet in the end they did for
the most part, largely because in organizing campus violence some SAC
students produced a reputation for leadership and a constituency that
followed them. And that reputation proved useful later in securing positions
in the city's merchant houses and in the colonial government. Later in the
century, however, the violence subsided and was replaced with different
means by which to produce a reputation for leadership, mainly structured
competitions among students in a debating society, in sports and for high
rankings in the examinations offered by the University of the Cape of Good
Hope. What I wish to argue here is that the social relations created among
students at South African College were important to forming elites in each
successive generation. Moreover, it is important to know how these social
relations were formed – mostly in competitions among students which
centered around acts of violence, at first physical and later symbolic.
Dynamics of nitrogen capture without fertilizer: the baseline for fertilizing winter wheat in the UK
Authors: SYLVESTER-BRADLEY R. , STOKES D. T. , SCOTT R. K.
Published: July 2002

Experiments at three sites in 1993, six sites in 1994 and eight sites in 1995, mostly after oilseed rape,
tested effects of previous fertilizer N (differing by 200 kg/ha for 1993 and 1994 and 300 kg/ha for
1995) and date of sowing (differing by about 2 months) on soil mineral N and N uptake by winter
wheat cv. Mercia which received no fertilizer N. Soil mineral N to 90 cm plus crop N (‘soil N supply’;
SNS) in February was 103 and 76 kg/ha after large and small amounts of previous fertilizer N
respectively but was not affected by date of sowing. Previous fertilizer N seldom affected crop N in
spring because sowing was too late for N capture during autumn, but it did affect soil mineral N,
particularly in the 60–90 cm soil horizon, presumably due to over-winter leaching. Tillering generally
occurred in spring, and was delayed but not diminished by later sowing. Previous fertilizer N
increased shoot survival more than it increased shoot production. Final shoot number was affected
by previous fertilizer N, but not by date of sowing. Overall, there were 29 surviving tillers/g SNS.

N uptakes at fortnightly intervals from spring to harvest at two core sites were described well by
linear rates. The difference between sowings in the fitted date with 10 kg/ha crop N was 1 month;
these dates were not significantly affected by previous fertilizer. N uptake rates were increased by both
previous fertilizer N and late sowing. Rates of N uptake related closely to soil mineral N in February
such that ‘equivalent recovery’ was achieved in late May or early June. At one site there was evidence
that most of the residue from previous fertilizer N had moved below 90 cm by February, but N
uptake was nevertheless increased. Two further ‘satellite’ sites behaved similarly. Thus at 14 out of
17 sites, N uptake until harvest related directly and with approximate parity to soil mineral N in
February (R2 = 0·79), a significant intercept being in keeping with an atmospheric contribution of
20–40 kg/ha N at all sites.

It is concluded that, on retentive soils in the UK, SNS in early spring was a good indicator of N
availability throughout growth of unfertilized wheat, because the N residues arising from previous
fertilizer mineralized before analysis, yet remained largely within root range. The steady rates of soil
mineral N recovery were taken as being dependent on progressively deeper root development. Thus,
even if soil mineral N equated with a crop's N requirement, fresh fertilizer applications might be
needed before ‘equivalent recovery’ of soil N, to encourage the earlier processes of tiller production
and canopy expansion. The later process of grain filling was sustained by continued N uptake (mean
41 kg/ha) coming apparently from N leached to the subsoil (relating to previous fertilizer use) as well
as from sources not related to previous fertilizer use; significant net mineralization was apparent in
some subsoils.
Responses of potato (Solanum tuberosum) to potassium fertilizers
Authors: ALLISON M. F. , FOWLER J. H. , ALLEN E. J.
Published: July 2002

Between 1989 and 1999, 33 experiments tested the effects of potassium (K) fertilizer on the yield and quality of potatoes. The experiments were done on a range of soil types and used varieties and management conditions common to modern commercial production. The average yield in these experiments was 48 t/ha. Nearly half of the experiments were done on soils that had exchangeable K values < 120 mg/l (MAFF Indices 0–1) but use of K fertilizer resulted in statistically significant increases in fresh weight yield in only seven experiments. Generally, soil exchangeable K was a poor predictor of the probability of a yield response. Potassium fertilizer caused an increase in dry weight yield in only four experiments and these experiments were characterized by the absence of irrigation, soils with small amounts of exchangeable K and use of determinate varieties. Re-examination of published data supported the findings in the current work: potatoes are not particularly responsive to K fertilizer and the optimal K application rate is rarely > 170–210 kg K/ha. When applied at the optimal rate, the effects of K fertilizer on tuber dry matter concentration were nonsignificant. Exceeding the optimal K application rate caused occasional reductions in tuber dry matter concentrations particularly if potassium chloride (KCl) was used. In the two experiments where it was tested, application rate and form of K had no effect on crisp fry-colour. The effect of K fertilizer on tuber K concentration was measured in 21 experiments and on average each tonne of fresh weight yield was associated with 4·2 kg K. The range in values was large, 2·8–5·7 and related to soil exchangeable K.

For fertilizer recommendations based solely on the probability of a significant yield response to K fertilizer it is suggested that no more than 210 kg K/ha be applied even on soils with < 120 mg exchangeable K/l. For fertilizer recommendations based on crop K removal, an uptake value of 4·8 kg K/t fresh weight (FW), as has been suggested, would be adequate, although errors in the estimation of yield may lead to over or under application of K. Since there was little evidence to support fertilizer policies that apply more K than is removed by the crop a fertilizer recommendation system based primarily on the probability of a yield response would be more than sufficient.
Effect of slurry application and mineral nitrogen fertilization on N leaching in different crop combinations
Authors: SIELING K. , GÜNTHER-BORSTEL O. , HANUS H.
Published: July 2002

Nitrogen (N) fertilizer not used by the crop can increase the risk of nitrate leaching into the groundwater. In two growing seasons, 1990/91 and 1991/92, the relationships between N fertilization and yield, N uptake by the grain and the N leaching in the subsequent percolation period were investigated in a multifactorial field experiment at Hohenschulen Experimental Station near Kiel in NW Germany. The crop rotation was oilseed rape – winter wheat – winter barley, and effects of soil tillage (minimum tillage without ploughing, conventional tillage), application of pig slurry (none, application in autumn, application in autumn and in spring), mineral N fertilization (none, 80 or 200 kg N ha−1 to oilseed rape and 120 or 240 kg N ha−1 to cereals) and application of fungicides (none, intensive) were all tested. In each year, the rotation and the treatments were located on the same plots. Mineral N fertilization and fungicide application increased yield and N uptake by grain or seed in all crops. In contrast, the application of slurry, especially in autumn, had only small effects on yield and N uptake. Nitrogen losses by leaching (measured using porous ceramic cups) were affected mainly by the year and the crop. In 1992/93, averaged over all factors, 80 kg N ha−1 was leached compared with 28 kg N ha−1 the previous year. Oilseed rape reduced N losses, whereas under winter wheat up to 160 kg N ha−1 was leached. Due to a lower N-use efficiency, autumn applications of slurry increased N leaching, and mineral N fertilization of the preceding crop also led to higher N losses.

Since the amount of leached N depends both on the nitrogen left by the preceding crop (unused fertilizer N as well as N in residues) and on N uptake by the subsequent crop, it is not possible to apportion the N losses to any particular crop in the rotation. The cropping sequence, together with its previous and subsequent crops, must also be considered.

To minimize leaching, N fertilization must meet the needs of the growing crop. In order to improve the efficiency further, investigations must be conducted in order to understand the dynamics of N in the plant–soil system in conjunction with the weather and crop management practices.
The effect of winter cover crop management on nitrate
leaching losses and crop growth
Authors: FRANCIS G. S. , BARTLEY K. M. , TABLEY F. J.
Published: July 2002

Two field experiments in Canterbury, New Zealand, were conducted
during 1993–95 following the
ploughing of temporary pasture leys. These experiments investigated the
effects of cover crop
management on the accumulation of soil mineral N and nitrate leaching during
winter, and the
growth and N uptake of the following spring cereal crop. The cover crops
used were ryegrass (Lolium
multiflorum L.), oats (Avena sativa L.), lupins (Lupinus
angustifolius L.), mustard (Sinapis alba L.) and
winter wheat (Triticum aestivum).

Ploughing of temporary pasture in autumn (March) resulted in extensive
net N mineralization of
organic N by the start of winter (June). In fallow soil, mineral N in the
profile in June ranged from
98 kg N/ha in 1993 to 128 kg N/ha in 1994. When cover crops were
established early in the autumn
(March) in 1993, both the above-ground dry matter production (1440–3108
kg DM/ha) and its N
content (50–71 kg N/ha) were substantial by the start of winter.
In 1994, establishment of cover crops
one month later (April) resulted in very little dry matter production and
N uptake by June. In both
years, compared with fallow soil, winter wheat planted in May had little
effect on soil mineral N
content by the start of winter.

Compared with fallow, cover crops had little effect on soil drainage
over winter. Cumulative nitrate
leaching losses from fallow soil were much smaller in 1993 (23 kg N/ha)
than in 1994 (49 kg N/ha),
mainly due to differences in rainfall distribution. Cover crops reduced
cumulative nitrate leaching
losses in 1993 to 1–5 kg N/ha and in 1994 to 22–30 kg N/ha.
When cover crops were grazed, soil
mineral N contents were increased due to the return of ingested plant N
to urine patch areas of soil.
Elevated soil mineral N contents under grazing persisted throughout the
winter. Grazing had little
effect on cumulative nitrate leaching losses, mainly because of the small
amount of drainage that
occurred after grazing in either year.

Compared with fallow, incorporation of large amounts of non-leguminous
above ground dry
matter depressed the yield and N uptake of the following spring-sown cereal
crop. Where cover crops
were grazed, yields of the following cereal crops were similar to those
for soil fallow over the winter.
Determination of management and topographic
influences on the balance between resident and
‘Grasslands Huia’ white clover (Trifolium repens) in
an upland pasture using isozyme analysis
Authors: HOPKINS A. , LAMBERT M. G. , BARKER D. J. , COSTALL D. A. , SANDERS P. M. , SCOTT A. G. , WILLIAMS W. M.
Published: July 2002

An investigation was made during 1988 to test the hypothesis that ‘Grasslands Huia’ white clover
(Trifolium repens L.) could be eliminated under close sheep grazing. The effects of grazing
management, topography and fertilizer on the contribution of Huia plants to the white clover
population in an 85 ha experimental upland pasture ecosystem in the southern North Island, New
Zealand (lat. 40° 20′ S, long. 175° 50′ E, 125–350 m altitude) were quantified 11 years after
oversowing. Replicated sampling sites (108 in total) were located on nine combinations of slope and
aspect within grazing management treatments comprising rotational grazing with cattle (RC),
rotational grazing with sheep (RS) and continuous grazing with sheep (CS), with high and low
fertilizer treatments in each case. White clover occurrence, leaf area, phosphoglucoisomerase-2
(PGI-2) allele frequencies and the proportion of Grasslands Huia plants in the white clover population
were determined at each site. White clover frequency was lower on steeper slopes. Aspect, slope and
grazing management affected area of individual clover leaves. The proportion of Huia plants in the
white clover population averaged 54·9, 49·0 and 33·6% for RC, RS and CS, respectively (P < 0·039,
5 D.F.). Fertilizer and topography did not affect the proportion of Huia. It was concluded that
although Huia did persist after 11 years of close sheep grazing, its contribution to the total white
clover population was unsatisfactory in some cases, and use of better adapted cultivars is suggested.
Acacia saligna as a supplementary feed for grazing desert sheep and goats
Authors: DEGEN A. A. , BENJAMIN R. W. , MISHORR T. , KAM M. , BECKER K. , MAKKAR H. P. S. , SCHWARTZ H. J.
Published: July 2002

Acacia saligna, a leguminous tree, has a high crude protein content, remains green all year and can
be grown in deserts using only runoff water. However, dry matter intake (DMI) by sheep and goats
of A. saligna is low, presumably due to its high tannin content. It has been suggested that DMI could
be increased by such methods as wilting of the forage and by neutralizing the negative effects of
tannins by tannin-complexing agents. The purpose of this study was to determine DMI of
supplementary A. saligna (phyllodes and small stems) by grazing sheep (∼ 50 kg) and goats (∼ 37 kg)
when the animals were (1) offered wilted or fresh material (Expt 1); and (2) administered with
polyethylene glycol (PEG), a tannin-binding agent (Expt 2). In this second experiment, there were
three 14-day periods in which one group each of sheep and goats was on a regime of: No
PEG–PEG–No PEG, whereas another group was on a regime of: No PEG–No PEG–PEG. In Expt
1, the DMI of A. saligna was statistically higher in goats than in sheep, but there was no difference
in intake between fresh and wilted material. Average DMI of A. saligna, both fresh and wilted, was
124·1 g/day or 8·41 g/kg0·75 per day for goats and 94·1 g/day or
5·05 g/kg0·75 per day for sheep. Goats
and sheep consuming fresh A. saligna gained more body mass than their respective controls; the
difference was significantly greater in goats but not in sheep. In Expt 2, DMI of fresh A. saligna in
the first period (before PEG) was 104·1 g/day or 7·16 g/kg0·75
per day for goats and 84·8 g/day or 4·51 g/kg0·75 per day for sheep.
Administration of PEG during the second period resulted in an
increase in DMI of 62% in goats and 83% in sheep. These animals maintained a high A. saligna
intake in the third period when PEG was withdrawn. Goats and sheep that did not receive PEG in
the second period had similar A. saligna intake as in the first period, but increased intake by 62% and
47%, respectively, with PEG in the third period. Overall, the two goat groups and two sheep groups
consuming A. saligna lost less body mass than their respective controls; the difference was
significantly less in sheep but not in goats. It was concluded that wilting A. saligna did not increase
DMI. Administration of PEG increased A. saligna intake and the intake remained high after PEG
was withdrawn. Offering A. saligna as a supplement had a positive effect on body mass change.