bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In situearthworm breeding in orchards significantly improves the growth, quality and yield of papaya (Carica papayaL.)
Authors: Xiang Huimin , Zhang Jia-en , Guo Lei , Zhao Benliang
Published: December 2016

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of four fertilizer applications—control (C), chemical fertilizer (F), compost (O), and in situ earthworm breeding (E)—on the growth, quality and yield of papaya (Carica papaya L.). In this study, 5 g plant−1urea (CH4N2O, %N = 46.3%) and 100 g plant−1microelement fertilizer was applied to each treatment. The fertilizer applications of these four treatments are different from each other. The results showed that the E treatment had the highest growth parameters over the whole growth period. At 127 days after transplantation, the plant heights were ordered E > F > O > C, and the stem diameters were E > F > O > C, with significant differences between all treatments. Soluble-solid, sugar, vitamin C, and protein content significantly increased in the E treatment. In addition, the total acid and the electrical conductivity of the fruit significantly decreased in the E treatment. Fruit firmness clearly increased in the O treatment, and decreased in the F treatment. The fresh individual fruit weights, fruit numbers, and total yields were greatly improved in the F and E treatments, and the total yield of the E treatment was higher than that in the F treatment. In conclusion, the in situ earthworm breeding treatment performed better than conventional compost and chemical fertilizer treatments. Furthermore, in situ earthworm breeding may be a potential organic fertilizer application in orchards because it not only improves the fruit quality and yield but also reduces the amount of organic wastes from agriculture as a result of the activities of earthworms.
Mortality in tongue cancer patients treated by curative surgery: a retrospective cohort study from CGRD
Authors: Tsai Ming-Shao , Lai Chia-Hsuan , Lee Chuan-Pin , Yang Yao-Hsu , Chen Pau-Chung , Kang Chung-Jan , Chang Geng-He , Tsai Yao-Te , Lu Chang-Hsien , Chien Chih-Yen , Young Chi-Kuang , Fang Ku-Hao , Liu Chin-Jui , Yeh Re-Ming A. , Chen Wen-Cheng
Published: December 2016

Background

Our study aimed to compare the outcomes of surgical treatment of tongue cancer patients in three different age groups.

Methods

From 2004 to 2013, we retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 1,712 patients who were treated in the four institutions constituting the Chang Gung Memorial Hospitals (CGMH). We divided and studied the patients in three age groups: Group 1, younger (<65 years); Group 2, young old (65 to <75); and Group 3, older old patients (≥75 years).

Results

Multivariate analyses determined the unfavorable, independent prognostic factors of overall survival to be male sex, older age, advanced stage, advanced T, N classifications, and surgery plus chemotherapy. No significant differences were found in adjusted hazard ratios (HR) of death in early-stage disease (stage I–II) among Group 1 (HR 1.0), Group 2 (HR 1.43, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.87–2.34],p= 0.158), and Group 3 (HR 1.22, 95% CI [0.49–3.03],p= 0.664) patients. However, amongst advanced-stage patients (stage (III–IV)), Group 3 (HR 2.53, 95% CI [1.46–4.38],p  = 0.001) showed significantly worse survival than the other two groups after other variables were adjusted for. Fourteen out of 21 older old, advanced-staged patients finally died, and most of the mortalities were non-cancerogenic (9/14, 64.3%), and mostly occurred within one year (12/14, 85%) after cancer diagnosis. These non-cancer cause of death included underlying diseases in combination with infection, pneumonia, poor nutrition status, and trauma.

Conclusions

Our study showed that advanced T classification (T3–4), positive nodal metastasis (N1–3) and poorly differentiated tumor predicted poor survival for all patients. Outcome of early-stage patients (stage I–II) among three age groups were not significantly different. However, for advanced-stage patients (stage III–IV), the older old patients (≥75) had significantly worse survival than the other two patient groups. Therefore, for early-stage patients, age should not deny them to receive optimal treatments. However, older old patients (≥75) with advanced cancer should be comprehensively assessed by geriatric tools before surgical treatment and combined with intensive postoperative care to improve outcome, especially the unfavorable non-cancerogenic mortalities within one year after cancer diagnosis.
Manifestações clínicas e terapia de reposição enzimática da Síndrome de Hunter: relato de caso
Authors: Filho Daher Sabbag , Betinardi Helena Garcia Betinardi , Audi Leticia De Oliveira
Published: December 2016

Introdução: Na Síndrome de Hunter ou Mucopolissacaridose tipo II (MPS II), uma doença genética recessiva ligada ao cromossomo X, ocorre uma deficiência ou ausência da enzima Iduronato-2-Sulfatase, responsável pelo catabolismo da Heparan sulfato e da Dermatan sulfato, causando, assim, um depósito desses mucopolissacarídeos. Estes são encontrados na pele, nos vasos sanguíneos, no coração, em válvulas cardíacas, nos pulmões, nas artérias e superfícies celulares, tendo seu acúmulo intralisossomal diversas consequências morfofisiológicas e de piora gradual. Para tratamento dos pacientes com Síndrome de Hunter é oferecida a Terapia de Reposição Enzimática (TRE), que consiste na administração intravenosa da enzima deficiente. Nesse estudo objetiva-se analisar a evolução do quadro pré e pós TRE. Método: para essa análise usou-se o relato de caso do paciente em questão. Resultados: encontrou-se um paciente com clássicas manifestações clínicas da MPS II, as quais evoluíram a partir da TRE, com intensa melhora no quadro clínico a partir de avanços no quadro respiratório, no desenvolvimento puberal, da diminuição da rigidez articular e da estabilização plaquetária. Conclusões: foi possível concluir que é de extrema importância iniciar a TRE precocemente, uma vez que esta melhora muito o prognóstico e a qualidade de vida do paciente. 
Estudo sobre albinismo oculocutâneo e etnia negra em bairros e localidades de Salvador-Bahia
Authors: Moreira Lília Maria de Azevedo , Pinheiro Matheus Augusto Lima , Borges Vinícius Magalhães , Santa Cecília Maria Helena Machado
Published: December 2016

Introdução: O albinismo é um distúrbio genético globalmente raro, mas que apresenta frequência elevada na África e em populações afrodescendentes, com estimativa de 1:10.000 indivíduos. Objetivo: Contribuir para a caracterização genética da população baiana pela análise da frequência e distribuição do albinismo em bairros e localidades de Salvador-Bahia. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo, de base quantitativa, em amostra de conveniência constituída por indivíduos albinos residentes em Salvador- BA, atendidos no Programa Genética & Sociedade e/ou registrados na Associação de Pessoas com Albinismo na Bahia. Resultados: A análise descritiva dos dados evidenciou a associação entre a etnia negra e a ocorrência do albinismo, destacando-se entre as localidades com associação mais evidente, o povoado de Bananeira na Ilha de Maré, comunidade quilombola, onde a ocorrência do albinismo apresentou-se na proporção de 1:1.000 habitantes. Conclusão: O estudo realizado corrobora dados da literatura que associam o albinismo com a afrodescendência e os seus resultados podem contribuir para a implantação de programas de saúde pública em prol da melhoria da qualidade de vida da população albina e prevenção de morbidades associadas.
Atividade motora em camundongos submetidos a tratamento prévio com Cloreto de magnésio (MgCl2) e Clonazepam
Authors: Treto Rafael Ramón Rodriguez , Da Cunha Renildo Moura , Pinto Wagner De Jesus , De Souza Mardelson Nery , Gutierrez Luiz Aaron Silvério
Published: December 2016

RESUMO

Objetivos: Verificar o efeito do MgCl2, associado ou não ao Clonazepam, sobre a atividade motora e relaxamento muscular esquelético em camundongos Swiss.

Métodos: Camundongos Swiss foram submetidos a tratamento com diferentes doses de MgCl2 de forma única e combinadas com Clonazepam no sentido de se determinar em diferentes tempos a resposta motora através do “teste de campo aberto”. O teste de campo aberto consiste em quantificar (através de piso quadriculado) o deslocamento do animal em uma “caixa de conduta”. Além disso, verificou-se nos animais de experimentação o relaxamento muscular mediante o teste da “grade metálica vertical” a fim de observar a conduta postural, locomoção na decida e sua fixação ou não à grade.

Resultados: O MgCl2 em doses de 24.4 e 27.7mg de Magnésio/Kg de peso provocaram aumento da atividade motora na caixa de conduta. O MgCl2 (100 e 130mg/Kg) combinado com Clonazepam (0.066mg/Kg) provocou redução na velocidade de queda da atividade motora em animais submetidos pela segunda vez à prova de “campo aberto” se opondo, em parte ao fenômeno normal de habituação ao ambiente. Provavelmente, a ação despolarizante do magnésio (Mg+2)seja responsável pelos resultados observados. No teste de miorelaxamento a resposta de todos os animais foi semelhante não apresentando, portanto, diferenças estatísticas.

Conclusões: O MgCl2 (24.4 e 27.7mg de Magnésio/Kg de peso)  bem como as doses de 100 e 130mg de MgCl2/Kg de peso corporal combinadas com Clonazepam,  conduziram ao aumento da atividade motora. Provavelmente a ação despolarizante do íon Mg+2 seja o responsável por esses resultados. Não houve alterações na coordenação motora, no equilíbrio corporal nem da força muscular e tônus muscular esquelético.

DESCRITORES: cloreto de magnésio; atividade motora; clonazepam; relaxamento muscular.
Coal Conversion Processes
Authors: Speight James G.
Published: December 2016

Composed primarily of carbon, coal is a solid fuel of plant origin. The use of coal, an abundant energy source, has increased during the twentieth century. However, emissions resulting from the use of coal have had harmful effects on the environment, which require controlling the type and amount of gaseous products released into the atmosphere.Coal conversion processes and their products are discussed in detail in this article, including carbonization, gasification, and liquefaction. Coal cleaning technologies, including chemical and biological methods and coal desulfurization, are also discussed.
Polymers From Renewable Resources
Authors: Gandini Alessandro , Lacerda Talita M.
Published: December 2016

This article provides an up‐to‐date overview of the vigorously growing field of polymers from renewable resources, that is, macromolecular materials derived from the biomass. Three distinct approaches are discussed: (i) the synthesis of polymers already available from fossil resources, but using renewable counterparts, (ii) the exploitation of natural polymers as such, or after specific chemical modifications, and (iii) the use of monomers and polymers from renewable resources for the synthesis of novel macromolecular materials. The first topic deals mostly with polyolefins and polyesters; the second discusses polysaccharides, lignin, and natural rubber; the third covers sugars, furans, terpenes and rosin, diols and diacids, glycerol, plant oils, and poly(lactic acid) and poly(hydroxyalkanoate)s.
Veterinary Drugs
Authors: Martin Krysta (Moffitt)
Published: December 2016

The use of pharmaceuticals in the treatment and prevention of diseases in animals has expanded greatly since the 1960s. The modern veterinarian, whether in companion animal practice, equine service, food animal medicine, exotic animal medicine, zoo management, or any animal medical or surgical specialty, has a wide range of products to choose from. This includes both veterinary labeled and human labeled products.Pharmaceuticals are subject to governmental regulations, which vary by country. Product development takes a minimum of 8–10 yr and usually requires large sum of money. An understanding of the pharmacokinetic profile of drugs is important when evaluating drug therapy.Antimicrobial therapy against bacteria, fungi, and parasites is an important and frequently utilized drug class in veterinary medicine, just as in human medicine. Anti‐inflammatory agents represent another large class of medications frequently utilized in veterinary medicine. Epilepsy is controlled with anticonvulsants, such as phenobarbital or levetiracetam. Hormones are used in regulating reproductive cycles, gestation, and parturition. Sedatives and anesthetics are needed to perform surgical procedures and to manage excitement in animals to avoid injury. As the understanding of cancer biology and development of targeted pharmaceuticals advances, the use of antineoplastic chemotherapy grows.
High Pressure Chemistry
Authors: Landskron Kai
Published: December 2016

The article provides an overview of high pressure materials chemistry up to megabars of pressure. It begins with a general description of the effect of pressure on the structure of matter and chemical reactions followed by a discussion of practical applications of high pressure chemistry. High pressure apparatuses suitable for hydrothermal and solid‐state high pressure chemistry are described. Examples from high pressure solid‐state and hydrothermal chemistry are given, in particular the high pressure chemistry of carbon, nitrides, and oxides including zeolites. Principles of hydrothermal crystal growth are discussed and illustrated by examples.
Advances in 3‐D electromagnetic focusing: Optimized time reversal and optimal constrained power focusing
Authors: Iero D. A. M. , Crocco L. , Isernia T.
Published: December 2016

In this paper, we show how to successfully deal with the problem of focusing a vector field in a 3‐D scenario, by properly extending two recently introduced procedures developed with respect to 2‐D fields. In particular, to address this problem relevant in many applications, we describe an improved version of the well‐known time reversal technique, the optimized time reversal, and a procedure able to provide an optimal focusing in the presence of arbitrary upper bounds for the field intensity, the optimal constrained power focusing. The two approaches are presented, discussed, and comparatively assessed in two different scenarios representative of realistic working conditions. The results confirm the possibility of tackling the problem of focusing a 3‐D vector field in an efficient way and that the optimal constrained power focusing, while computationally heavier, provides the best possible focusing performance.
Poleward eddy heat flux anomalies associated with recent Arctic sea ice loss
Authors: Hoshi Kazuhira , Ukita Jinro , Honda Meiji , Iwamoto Katsushi , Nakamura Tetsu , Yamazaki Koji , Dethloff Klaus , Jaiser Ralf , Handorf Dörthe
Published: December 2016

Details of the characteristics of upward planetary wave propagation associated with Arctic sea ice loss under present climate conditions are examined using reanalysis data and simulation results. Recent Arctic sea ice loss results in increased stratospheric poleward eddy heat fluxes in the eastern and central Eurasia regions and enhanced upward propagation of planetary‐scale waves in the stratosphere. A linear decomposition scheme reveals that this modulation of the planetary waves arises from coupling of the climatological planetary wavefield with temperature anomalies for the eastern Eurasia region and with meridional wind anomalies for the central Eurasia region. Propagation of stationary Rossby wave packets results in a dynamic link between these temperature and meridional wind anomalies with sea ice loss over the Barents‐Kara Sea. The results provide strong evidence that recent Arctic sea ice loss significantly modulates atmospheric circulation in winter to modify poleward eddy heat fluxes so as to drive stratosphere‐troposphere coupling processes.
Spatiotemporal variability of lake pCO2 and CO2 fluxes in a hemiboreal catchment
Authors: Natchimuthu Sivakiruthika , Sundgren Ingrid , Gålfalk Magnus , Klemedtsson Leif , Bastviken David
Published: December 2016

Globally, lakes are frequently supersaturated with carbon dioxide (CO2) and are major emitters of carbon to the atmosphere. Recent studies have generated awareness of the high variability in pCO2aq (the partial pressure corresponding to the concentration in water) and CO2 fluxes to the atmosphere and the need for better accounting for this variability. However, studies simultaneously accounting for both spatial and temporal variability of pCO2aq and CO2 fluxes in lakes are rare. We measured pCO2aq (by both manual sampling and mini loggers) and CO2 fluxes, covering spatial variability in open water areas of three lakes of different character in a Swedish catchment for 2 years. Spatial pCO2aq variability within lakes was linked to distance from shore, proximity to stream inlets, and deepwater upwelling events. Temporally, pCO2aq variability was linked with variability in dissolved organic carbon, total nitrogen, and dissolved oxygen. While previous studies over short time periods (1 to 6 h) observed gas transfer velocity (k) to be more variable than pCO2aq, our work shows that over longer time (days to weeks) pCO2aq variability was greater and affected CO2 fluxes much more than k. We demonstrate that ≥8 measurement days distributed over multiple seasons in combination with sufficient spatial coverage (≥8 locations during stratification periods and 5 or less in spring and autumn) are a key for representative yearly whole lake flux estimates. This study illustrates the importance of considering spatiotemporal variability in pCO2aq and CO2 fluxes to generate representative whole lake estimates.
Protection by Huang‐Lian‐Jie‐Du decoction and its constituent herbs of lipopolysaccharide‐induced acute kidney injury
Authors: Li Pei , Liao Shan‐Ting , Wang Jun‐Song , Zhang Qian , Xu Ding‐Qiao , Lv Yan , Yang Ming‐Hua , Kong Ling‐Yi
Published: December 2016

Sepsis, characterized by systemic inflammation, often leads to end‐organ dysfunction, such as acute kidney injury (AKI). Despite of the severity and frequency of septicAKIin clinic, its pathogenesis is still poorly understood. Combined with histopathology evaluations, mortality assessments, biochemical evaluations, reverse transcription (RT) reaction and quantitative real‐timePCR, and western blot,1HNMR‐based metabolomics approach was applied to investigate effects of Huang‐Lian‐Jie‐Du‐Decotion (HLJDD), a traditional Chinese medicine prescription, and its four component herbs on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced septicAKIand the underlying mechanism.LPSinduced kidney dysfunction via activation ofNF‐κB and mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs), by excessive production ofIL‐6, tumor necrosis factor‐α, inducible nitric oxide synthase, andCOX‐2, producing perturbance in energy metabolism and oxidative stress.HLJDDand its component herbs could effectively inhibitLPS‐inducedAKIin mice by inhibitingNF‐κB andMAPKactivation and activating the Akt/HO‐1 pathway, and by markedly ameliorating disturbances in oxidative stress and energy metabolism induced byLPS. The four‐component herbs could complement each other.
Antigen–Antibody Binding
Authors: Tsumoto Kouhei , Caaveiro Jose MM
Published: December 2016

Antibodies are a family of glycoproteins that bind specifically to target molecules (antigens). The antibody‐binding sites are formed by six segments of variable structure (CDRs) supported by a scaffold of essentially invariant architecture (framework regions). Shape complementarity between the contact surfaces (in the case of protein antigens) or close interactions with small antigens (hapten, peptide or others), together with complementation of water molecules, are important to achieve high affinity and specificity. The binding of an antigen to an antibody takes place by the formation of multiple noncovalent bonds between the antigen and the amino acids of the binding site. The increase in van der Waals contacts and/or buried surfaces upon complexation generally correlates well with the binding strength. Hydrogen bonds are in most cases critical to achieve high specificity and affinity for the antigen target. Importantly, antibodies have at least two antigen binding sites, boosting the effective affinity of the antibody for its target by a mechanism termed avidity.

Key Concepts

The binding between antibodies and antigens is characterised by high specificity and affinity resulting from distinct structural and energetic features.

Non‐covalent forces dominate antibody‐antigen interactions.

Generally, the recognition of an antigen is driven by the favorable change of enthalpy, and opposed by the entropy term.

Multivalency is an important property of antibodies that govern their interaction with antigens in a biological setting.

Progress in the fundamental understanding of antigen‐antibody interactions will lead to the rational design of more efficient and potent therapeutic antibodies.
Death Receptors
Authors: Krammer Peter H , Pietkiewicz Sabine , Lavrik Inna N
Published: December 2016

Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a common property of all multicellular organisms and maintains essential cellular homeostasis in tissues by balancing cell renewal and removal of mutated or old cells. It can be triggered by a number of factors including ultraviolet (UV) or γ‐irradiation, chemotherapeutic drugs or growth factor withdrawal. A death signal can either be induced by the activation of death receptors (DRs, extrinsic pathway) or via the mitochondria (intrinsic pathway). The DR family is a subfamily of the tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily. Stimulation of the DRs results in the formation of high‐molecular‐weight protein complexes that transduce apoptotic, necroptotic or survival signals.

Key Concepts

Stimulation of the death receptors (DRs) leads to apoptosis, necroptosis or NF‐κB activation.

All DRs are distinguished by the presence of the death domain (DD).

Cross‐linking of DR with death ligands results in the formation of the death‐inducing signalling complex (DISC).

Caspases play the central role in the transduction of DR‐induced apoptotic signal.

Procaspase‐8 is activated at the death effector domain (DED) chains at the DISC.

c‐FLIP proteins block or promote caspase‐8 activation at the DISC depending on their amount at the receptor complex and thereby regulate DR‐induced apoptosis.

Stimulation of DR might lead to the induction of receptor‐interacting protein kinase 1 and 3 (RIPK1‐ and RIPK3)‐mediated nonapoptotic cell death, necroptosis.

Apoptosis and necroptosis are triggered by high‐molecular‐weight protein complexes consisting of similar proteins.
Effects of Organic Farming on Biodiversity
Authors: Rundlöf Maj , Smith Henrik G , Birkhofer Klaus
Published: December 2016

Changes in farming practices over the past century have had negative influence on farmland biodiversity. Organic farming excludes most agrochemicals, such as inorganic fertilisers and synthetic pesticides, and can be an alternative to conventional farming. A recent meta‐analysis indicates that there is on average 30% higher species richness on organically managed farmland compared to conventionally managed farmland. There are, however, large variation between organism groups, with a positive influence on plants and pollinators and possibly predators and birds, but less influence on and insufficient knowledge for other groups. Using more formal experimental design, focusing on understudied organism groups and aspects of biodiversity, such as genetic and ecosystem diversity, and evaluating effects on rare species would advance our knowledge. The yield reduction under organic farming, resulting in more land needed to produce the same amount, could offset some of the biodiversity benefits of organic farming.

Key Concepts

Agricultural landscapes are both used to produce food and other agricultural products and as habitat for farmland biodiversity.

Agricultural intensification, with increased use of agrochemical, mechanisation, crop breeding and conversion of land, is a threat to biodiversity.

Organic farming is aimed at ecosystem management and reduction of agrochemical use.

Organic farming results in around 30% higher biodiversity compared to conventional farming.

The effects of organic farming vary between organism groups owing to their ecological traits.

The effect of organic farming on biodiversity can be modified by landscape heterogeneity, land use intensity and time since conversion to organic farming.

There are remaining gaps in the knowledge about how to combine agricultural production and biodiversity conservation.
Bioethics: The View from Social Science
Authors: Evans John H , Olsen Lauren D
Published: December 2016

Since the inception of professional American bioethics, social scientists have been invested in participating in the debates surrounding the definitions and solutions to bioethical problems. The relationship between the social sciences and professional bioethics, however, has been tenuous, given the different disciplinary methods and ideas that undergird both fields. At present, the social sciences contribute to bioethics in two central ways. As outsiders, or as social scientistsofbioethics, researchers place the profession of bioethics as their object of empirical study; as insiders, or as social scientistsinbioethics, researchers work within the framework of professional bioethics. The former is more critical, often challenging assumptions in professional bioethics, and the latter is more positivistic, supplying empirical data about opinions, values and experiences that help improve existing practices within professional bioethics.

Key Concepts

In American bioethics, there are four jurisdictions that a variety of professionals engage in: cultural bioethics, research bioethics, health care ethics consultation and public policy bioethics.

The profession of bioethics is a group of professionals that have a common set of methods and ideas for posing and solving problems.

The social sciences have had a complex relationship with professional bioethics because often social scientists challenge the methods and ideas that form the basis of professional bioethics' authority.

It is helpful to think of social sciencesofbioethics and social sciencesinbioethics to differentiate between the ways in which social scientists engage with the study of bioethics.

Social scientistsofbioethics empirically study the profession of bioethics, situating its claims to expertise, institutionalisation and practices within the broader cultural and social context.

Social scientistsinbioethics empirically study questions originally raised or delimited in scope by the profession of bioethics, hoping to improve the decision‐making processes or implementation practices within the jurisdictions of bioethics.

While social scienceofbioethics and social scienceinbioethics have historically existed in tension, it is important that they remain distinct areas of inquiry while moving towards constructive conversations.
The Chemistry of Alkynylaluminum Species
Authors: Piccardi Riccardo , Micouin Laurent , Jackowski Olivier
Published: December 2016

Among organoaluminum reagents, alkynylaluminum species exhibit peculiar physicochemical properties and reactivity. Depending on the nature of easily controlled parameters such as substituents on the aluminum center or additives and solvent, their Lewis acidity and nucleophilicity can be independently fine‐tuned in a very precise manner. This chapter describes the preparation of alkynylaluminum compounds, their structure, and their reactivity in several synthetic transformations involving the transfer of their alkynyl group such as nucleophilic substitution reactions, additions to C–X multiple bonds, epoxide and aziridine ring‐opening reactions, reactions with oxonium and iminium species, metal‐assisted cross‐coupling reactions, as well as in rearrangements. The reactivity of the triple bond of these reagents is also presented.
Candidatus
Nitrosotenuaceae
Authors: Herbold Craig W. , Lebedeva Elena , Palatinszky Marton , Wagner Michael
Published: December 2016

Ni.tro.so.te.nu.a.ce'ae. N.L. adj
nitrosus
nitrous; L. adj.
tenuis
slender;
‐aceae
ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Nitrosotenuaceae
the
Nitrosotenuis
family.

Thaumarchaeota / Nitrososphaeria /
Candidatus
Nitrosopumilales /
Candidatus
Nitrosotenuaceae

Candidatus
Nitrosotenuaceae: A family of slender nitrite producers

Candidatus
Nitrosotenuaceae is a family of
Thaumarchaeota
that consists of a single genus,
Ca
. Nitrosotenuis, which can be found widely distributed in soils, freshwater, hot springs, the subsurface, and activated sludge. They may be rods or spheres and may or may not have flagella. Similar to other known and described
Thaumarchaeota
,
Ca
. Nitrosotenuaceae are aerobic chemolithautotrophs that use energy gained from the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite to fix carbon via modified 3‐hydroxypropionate/4‐hydroxybutyrate carbon fixation pathway. At this time, no pure culture of
Ca
. Nitrosotenuaceae exists, but some of the six available enrichments with members of the genus are almost pure. It remains to be demonstrated whether the remaining bacterial contaminants provide essential compounds to
Ca
. Nitrosotenuaceae. Enrichments of
Ca
. Nitrosotenuaceae are intolerant to high salinity (>0.3%), although they are phylogenetically related to the Group I.1a
Thaumarchaeota
(
Ca
. Nitrosopumilaceae), which includes taxa that are widely distributed in the ocean.
Methanomassiliicoccaceae
Authors: Nkamga Vanessa Demonfort , Drancourt Michel
Published: December 2016

Me.tha.no.mas.si.li.i.coc.ca.ce'ae. N.L. neut. n.
Methanomassiliicoccus
type genus of the family; ‐
aceae
ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Methanomassiliicoccaceae
the
Methanomassiliicoccus
family.

Euryarchaeota / Thermoplasmata / Methanomassiliicoccales / Methanomassiliicoccaceae

Roundish cells, usually occurring as single cell without apparent cell wall, obligate anaerobes, and obligately methylotrophic. Methyl donors are methanol or methylamines (mono di‐ or trimethylamine), obligately hydrogen‐dependent, methanogenic metabolism.
C
ellulophaga
Authors: Bowman John P.
Published: December 2016

Cel.lu.lo.pha'ga. N.L. n.
cellulosum
cellulose; Gr. v.
phagein
to eat; N.L. fem. n.
Cellulophaga
eater of cellulose.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Flavobacteriaceae / Cellulophaga

Rod‐shaped cells with rounded ends
, 1.3–6 ×0.4–0.8 µm.
Gram‐stain‐negative
. Cells occur singly or in pairs. Spores and resting cells are not present. Gas vesicles and helical or ring‐shaped cells are not formed.
Motile by gliding. Strictly aerobic. Catalase‐ and oxidase‐positive. Chemoorganotrophic. Colonies are yellow to orange
due to carotenoids.
Flexirubin pigments not produced
. Strains
require Na
+
with optimum growth on organic media containing seawater salts or 2–4% NaCl. All or most species
hydrolyze agar, gelatin, starch, and esculin; produce esterases
(with Tweens as substrates).

Most species can decompose
l
‐tyrosine

. All or most species
form acid from several carbohydrates
. Some species are strongly proteolytic and can attack and lyse living and dead eukaryotic cells, including yeasts and unicellular algal species. Can degrade colloidal cellulose but not crystalline or native forms of cellulose. Temperature optima for growth ranges from 20 to 30°C. Neutrophilic, with optimal growth occurring at pH 7.5–8.5. The major fatty acids are C
15:0
, C
15:1
iso, C
15:0
iso, C
16:1
ω7
c
, C
17:1
iso, C
15:0
3‐OH iso, C
16:0
3‐OH iso, and C
17:0
3‐OH iso. The major polyamine is
homospermidine
. The major isoprenoid quinone is
menaquinone‐6
. The organisms occur in marine ecosystems including coastal mud and sand, tidal pools, seawater, and surfaces of marine benthic, pelagic, and sea‐ice‐associated macroalgae and microalgae.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 32–36 (HPLC,
T
m
).

Type species
:
Cellulophaga lytica
(Lewin 1969) Johansen, Nielsen and Sjøholm 1999, 1239
VP
(
Cytophaga lytica
Lewin 1969, 199
AL
).
Halosimplex
Authors: Vreeland Russell H. , Cui Heng‐lin
Published: December 2016

Ha.lo.sim'plex. Gr. n.
hals halos
salt; L. adj.
simplex
simple, uncomplicated; N.L. neut. n.
Halosimplex
simple salts, the simple halophile in reference to medium requirements of the type species.

Euryarchaeota / Halobacteria / Halobacteriales / Haloarculaceae / Halosimplex

The genus
Halosimplex
(family
Halobacteriaceae;
order
Halobacteriales;
class
Halobacteria
) was initially named in reference to the simple medium requirements of the type species. The species in the genus consist of rod‐shaped or pleomorphic cells that produce round red‐pigmented raised colonies. All species are aerobic and do not reduce nitrate to nitrite or nitrogen. All species are catalase and oxidase positive and grow from 30 to 50°C. The species may be very restricted in their use of carbon sources or medium type (defined or complex) or they may have a more diverse carbon utilization profile. All species possess diether derivatives of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol methyl ester, and four major glycolipids. Two glycolipids are chromatographically identical to S2‐DGD and S‐DGD‐1, the remaining two glycolipids are unidentified. All species have at least two dissimilar 16S rRNA genes. Sequence similarities among the species range from a low of 92.7–99.3%. Species have so far been isolated from unsterilized salt crystals, salt cured brown algae, and a marine solar saltern. Four species are currently recognized, type species
Halosimplex carlsbadense
,
Halosimplex pelagicum, Halosimplex rubrum,
and
Halosimplex litoreum
.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 62.5–67.7.

Type species
:
Halosimplex carlsbadense
.
Prospecting
Authors: Christian Michelle
Published: December 2016

Prospecting – the search for, and discovery of, natural resources – is a little‐known area of Greek and Roman economic activity.
Sulphur
Authors: Martelli Matteo
Published: December 2016

Native sulphur served a variety of purposes in different areas of expertise: metallurgy, medicine, warfare, agriculture, dyeing processes. Already mentioned in Egyptian and Mesopotamian sources, it is referred to by various Greco‐Roman authors in their writings, from Homer to Aristotle, Pliny the Elder, and Late Antique Greco‐Egyptian alchemists.
Leges Liciniae Sextiae
Authors: Drogula Fred K.
Published: December 2016

The
leges Liciniae Sextiae
were a series of rogations passed by the Plebeian Assembly (
Concilium Plebis
) in 367
bce
under the leadership of the plebeian tribunes L. Sextius and C. Licinius, and were subsequently treated as law. According to Livy, the
rogationes
alleviated problems of citizen debt, limited the amount of public land an individual citizen could possess, ended the use of military tribunes with consular powers as an alternative chief magistracy to the consulship, opened the consulship to men of plebeian families, and required that half of the
decemviri sacris faciundis
be chosen from men of plebeian families. While Livy places these
rogationes
within the context of the social tensions between patricians and plebeians during the so‐called Struggle of the Orders, some modern scholars have argued that they were instead political and military in nature.
Medicine, Hellenistic
Authors: Leith D.
Published: December 2016

The loss of almost all contemporary medical writings poses serious challenges to our understanding of medicine in the Hellenistic period. Yet the changes that took place were undoubtedly dramatic, and fundamentally altered the later course of the western medical tradition. There were considerable developments in such areas of investigation as anatomy and pharmacology, and in reflections concerning medical knowledge and how it could be attained. The period also saw the formation of the Hippocratic Corpus in basically the form in which we now know it, as well as the crucial assimilation of Greek medicine by the growing superpower of Rome.
Metropolis in Thessaly
Authors: Georganas Ioannis
Published: December 2016

Metropolis was an ancient town located in western Thessaly in the district of Hestiaiotis.
Twelve Gods
Authors: Rutherford Ian
Published: December 2016

The term “twelve gods” (δώδεkα θεoί) refers to a set of the twelve most important Greek deities, especially in so far as they were worshiped together; the earliest attested cults of the twelve gods are in Athens in the late sixth century
bce
and at Olympia in the fifth. Groups of twelve gods are well attested in Late Bronze Age Anatolia, and it is possible that the Greeks derived the notion of Twelve Gods from there.
Anacharsis
Authors: Schubert Charlotte
Published: December 2016

The fictitious character of Anarcharsis is said to have been a Scythian prince who traveled in Greece, in order to reveal his peculiar nomadic wisdom as well as to collect typical cultural assets. He found his way into the circle of the so‐called Seven Sages, an assemblage of outstanding statesmen and philosophers of the seventh and sixth centuries
bce
, invented by ancient literary tradition. With the discovery of America and the renewed discussions about “the other,” the complementary myths of the “noble” and the “bad” savage were given new life, similar to the pattern already known from antiquity. J.‐J. Barthélemy in his
Voyage du jeune Anarcharsis en Grèce
(1788), J.‐B. Cloots in the time of the French Revolution, and the famous German artist Joseph Beuys (1921–1986) referred to this tradition.
Marinus of Neapolis
Authors: Edwards Mark J.
Published: December 2016

The Neoplatonic philosopher Marinus of Neapolis succeeded Proclus as head of the Academy in Athens in 485
ce
. His surviving works include a commentary on the
Data
of Euclid, and he is credited also with an erudite treatise on astrology. He owes his fame primarily, however, to his
Proclus, or On Happiness
, a hagiographic memoir of his predecessor, unmistakable hostile to
C
hristianity, which treats the life of Proclus as an exemplary progression from civic to philosophic virtue.
Procopius of Gaza
Authors: Amato Eugenio
Published: December 2016

Procopius was a rhetor and sophist who lived in Gaza (ca. 465–70
ce
–526/30
ce
). He wrote numerous works dedicated to pupils of the famous school of his native city, which was run by himself, or addressed to a wider public and rendered on the occasion of festivals or important political‐cultural events. He was highly valued because of the elegance and finesse of his style during the Byzantine period, and he was considered to be one of the last voices of Greek sophistry.
Beloch, Karl Julius (1854–1929)
Authors: Kopff E. Christian
Published: December 2016

Karl Julius Alwin Beloch (1854–1929) was an influential but idiosyncratic ancient historian. He wrote on the history of Campania, the rise of Rome in Italy, and Athenian politics after Pericles. His work on ancient demography is foundational. His critical and insightful Greek history in two editions remains important. He used geography, inscriptions, coins, and papyri to deconstruct the historical tradition. He was a professor in Rome for most of forty years, but was interned as an enemy alien during World War I. He was granted Italian citizenship and his professorship was restored before his death.
Histiaia
Authors: Lasagni Chiara
Published: December 2016

Histiaia was an ancientpolisin northern Euboea and a member of the Delian League. After revolting against Athens in 426bce, Histiaia was depopulated and its territory occupied by Athenian colonists, who settled in Oreos, local deme of Histiaiotis. Because of these events, in reference to the autonomous city‐state reestablished after 404bce, sources use both names, Histiaia and Oreos. During the first part of the fourth centurybce, Histiaia expanded, annexing by synoecism the formerpoleisof Dion, Athenae Diades, and Posideion, which eventually became Histiaian demes.
Koukonisi on Lemnos
Authors: Papadimitriou Nikos
Published: December 2016

Koukonisi is a prehistoric settlement on the island of Lemnos in the northeastern Aegean. Inhabited since the beginning of the third millennium
bce
, it enjoyed its greatest development in the Middle Bronze Age (2000–1650
bce
), when it evolved into a major urban center with close affinities to Troy and western Anatolia. In the Late Bronze Age (sixteenth to thirteenth centuries
bce
), it was more closely connected with the Minoan and Mycenaean worlds.
PEOT/PBT Guides Enhance Nerve Regeneration in Long Gap Defects
Authors: Santos Daniel , Wieringa Paul , Moroni Lorenzo , Navarro Xavier , Valle Jaume Del
Published: December 2016

Development of new nerve guides is required for replacing autologous nerve grafts for the repair of long gap defects after nerve injury. A nerve guide comprised only of electrospun fibers able to bridge a critical (15 mm) nerve gap in a rat animal model is reported for the first time. The nerve conduits are made of poly(ethylene oxide terephthalate) and poly(butylene terephthalate) (PEOT/PBT), a biocompatible copolymer composed of alternating amorphous, hydrophilic poly(ethylene oxide terephthalate), and crystalline, hydrophobic poly(butylene terephthalate) segments. These guides show suitable mechanical properties, high porosity, and fibers aligned in the longitudinal axis of the guide. In vitro studies show that both neurites and Schwann cells exhibit growth alignment with PA fibers. In vivo studies reveal that, after rat sciatic nerve transection and repair with PEOT/PBT guides, axons grow occupying a larger area compared to silicone tubes. Moreover, after repair of limiting (10 mm) and critical (15 mm) nerve gaps, PEOT/PBT guides significantly increase the percentage of regenerated nerves, the number of regenerated myelinated axons, and improve motor, sensory, and autonomic reinnervation in both gaps. This nerve conduit design combines the properties of PEOT/PBT with electrospun structure, demonstrating that nerve regeneration through long gaps can be achieved through the design of instructive biomaterial constructs.
Nanoreinforced Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering: Biomaterials that are Compatible with Load‐Bearing and Electroactive Tissues
Authors: Mehrali Mehdi , Thakur Ashish , Pennisi Christian Pablo , Talebian Sepehr , Arpanaei Ayyoob , Nikkhah Mehdi , Dolatshahi‐Pirouz Alireza
Published: December 2016

Given their highly porous nature and excellent water retention, hydrogel‐based biomaterials can mimic critical properties of the native cellular environment. However, their potential to emulate the electromechanical milieu of native tissues or conform well with the curved topology of human organs needs to be further explored to address a broad range of physiological demands of the body. In this regard, the incorporation of nanomaterials within hydrogels has shown great promise, as a simple one‐step approach, to generate multifunctional scaffolds with previously unattainable biological, mechanical, and electrical properties. Here, recent advances in the fabrication and application of nanocomposite hydrogels in tissue engineering applications are described, with specific attention toward skeletal and electroactive tissues, such as cardiac, nerve, bone, cartilage, and skeletal muscle. Additionally, some potential uses of nanoreinforced hydrogels within the emerging disciplines of cyborganics, bionics, and soft biorobotics are highlighted.
Compatibilized low‐density polyethylene/linear low‐density polyethylene/nanoclay nanocomposites: II. Opposing effects of nanofiller on quiescent and shear‐induced crystallization
Authors: Hemmati Farkhondeh , Yousefzade Omid , Garmabi Hamid
Published: December 2016

Isothermal and non‐isothermal crystallization processes of polyolefin nanocomposites based on low‐density polyethylene/linear low‐density polyethylene/nanoclay have been investigated, and the effects of nanoclay loading and dispersion state have been studied. Moreover, the isothermal crystallization of polyethylene chains has been evaluated in the quiescent and shear‐induced conditions. In quiescent crystallization, adding 1 wt% nanofiller improves the crystallization rate, whereas an increment in the organoclay loading retards the crystallization process. However, an opposing effect of nanoparticles is observed in the shear‐induced crystallization. The findings show that the incorporation of 5 wt% nanoclay in good dispersion state considerably accelerates the shear‐induced crystallization process. This influence is found even for very weak shear flow fields. The synergistic effects of nanoclay addition and shear field presence on the crystallization process are of major significance particularly for polyolefin products, which are commonly manufactured by using melt processing methods.
Phthalocyanines and Subphthalocyanines: Perfect Partners for Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes in Molecular Photovoltaics
Authors: de la Torre Gema , Bottari Giovanni , Torres Tomas
Published: December 2016

The huge interest towards fullerenes and carbon nanotubes in molecular materials and materials science is closely related to the intriguing properties of these carbon nanostructures such as their excellent electrical conductivity and remarkable chemical stability, among others. In this connection, organic photovoltaics (OPVs) is one of the research fields where these carbon allotropes have been extensively employed, mainly as electron‐accepting materials. Among the electron‐donating counterparts, phthalocyanines (Pcs) and subphthalocyanines (SubPcs) are some organic compounds largely used for this pourpose mainly due to their intense light‐harvesting ability in the red and near infrared region of the solar spectrum, and rich and tuneable redox chemistry. In this review, we summarize some of the most recent and relevant achievements in the preparation of fullerene‐ and carbon nanotube‐based OPVs containing Pcs and/or SubPcs, paying a special attention to the effect that i) the structural and electronic modifications of the Pc and SubPc derivatives, ii) the different type of OPV architecture, and iii) the preparation method, have on the performance of the OPV devices. A section of this review has been also devoted to the used of SubPcs as electron‐accepting materials in fullerene‐free PV cells highlighting the great potential of these class of materials for the preparation of efficient organic solar cells.
Efficient and Highly Air Stable Planar Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells with Reduced Graphene Oxide Doped PCBM Electron Transporting Layer
Authors: Kakavelakis George , Maksudov Temur , Konios Dimitrios , Paradisanos Ioannis , Kioseoglou George , Stratakis Emmanuel , Kymakis Emmanuel
Published: December 2016

Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is added in the [6,6]‐Phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) electron transport layer (ETL) of planar inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs), resulting in a power conversion efficiency (PCE) improvement of ≈12%, with a hysteresis‐free PCE of 14.5%, compared to 12.9% for the pristine PCBM based device. The universality of the method is demonstrated in PSCs based on CH3NH3PbI3−xClx and CH3NH3PbI3 perovskites, deposited through one step and two step spin coating process, respectively. After a comprehensive spectroscopic characterization of both devices, it is clear that the introduction of rGO in PCBM ETL results in an important increase of the ETL conductivity, together with reduced series resistance and surface roughness. As a result, a significant photoluminescence quenching of such perovskite/ETL is observed, confirming the increased measured short circuit current density. Transient absorption measurements reveal that in the rGO‐based device, the relaxation process of the excited electrons is significantly faster compared to the reference, which implies that the charge injection rate is significantly faster for the first. Furthermore, the light soaking effect is significantly reduced. Finally, aging measurements reveal that the rGO stabilizes the ELT/perovskite interface, which results in the stabilization of perovskite crystal structure after prolonged illumination.