Refractory Ceramics
Authors: Krause Olaf 
Published: January 2014

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Historical Aspects3.General Classification and Nomenclature4.Raw Materials5.Production5.1.Production of Coarse‐Grained Refractory Products5.1.1.Preparation5.1.2.Shaping5.1.3.Drying5.1.4.Thermal Treatment (Tempering)5.1.4.1.Firing5.1.4.2.Aftertreatment5.2.Production of Insulating Refractory Products and Other Porous Refractory Ceramics5.3.Production of Fine‐Grained Refractory Ceramics5.4.Brick Dimensions and Dimensional Tolerances5.5.Packaging, Storage, and Storage Time5.6.Quality Assurance6.General Composition, Properties, and Testing6.1.Tests that Measure Properties Under Mechanical Load6.2.Tests that Measure Properties Under Thermal Load6.3.Thermal and Electrical Properties6.4.Tests that Measure Properties Under Chemical and Physical Load6.5.Tests that Measure the Interference of Thermal and Mechanical Load6.6.Tests that Measure the Interference of Thermal, Mechanical, and Chemical/Physical Load6.6.1.Interaction with Gas—CO Resistance6.6.2.Interaction with Gas—H2Resistance6.6.3.Interaction with Volatiles—Alkalies6.6.4.Attack by Slag, Melts, and Other Fluid Media6.6.5.Interaction with Accelerated Particles in the Furnace Aerosol6.6.6.Tribomechanic Interaction7.Types of Refractory Ceramics7.1.Dense Shaped Refractory Products7.1.1.Alumina–Silica Products (ISO 10081‐1)7.1.1.1.High‐Alumina Products (HA)7.1.1.2.Fireclay Products (FC)7.1.1.3.Low‐Alumina Fireclay Products (LF)7.1.1.4.Siliceous Products (SS)7.1.1.5.Silica Products (SL)7.1.2.Basic Products Containing Less than 7 mass% Residual Carbon (ISO 10081‐2)7.1.2.1.Magnesia Products (M)7.1.2.2.Doloma Products (D)7.1.2.3.Magnesia Lime Products (ML) and Magnesia–Doloma Products (MD)7.1.2.4.Lime Products (L)7.1.2.5.Magnesia Spinel Products (MSp)7.1.2.6.Forsterite Products (F)7.1.2.7.Magnesia Chromite Products (MCr)7.1.2.8.Chromite Products (Cr)7.1.2.9.Magnesia–Zirconia Products (MZ)7.1.2.10.Magnesia–Zirconia–Silica Products (MZS)7.1.3.Basic Products Containing 7–50 mass% Residual Carbon (ISO 10081‐3)7.1.3.1.Magnesia–Carbon Products (MC)7.1.3.2.Magnesia–Lime–Carbon Products (MLC) Magnesia–Doloma–Carbon Products (MD)7.1.4.Special Products (ISO 10081‐4)7.1.4.1.Alumina–Chromia (ACr) and Chromia products (Cr)7.1.4.2.Alumina–Chromia–Zirconia (ACrZ) and Alumina–Chromia–Zirconia–Silica Products (ACrZS)7.1.4.3.Zirconia (Z) and Zirconia–Silica Products (ZS)7.1.4.4.Alumina–Zirconia–Silica Products (AZS)7.1.4.5.Alumina–Carbon Products (AC)7.1.4.6.Alumina–Magnesia–Carbon Products (AMC)7.1.4.7.Alumina–Fused Silica–Carbon Products (AFC)7.1.4.8.Alumina–Silicon Carbide–Carbon Products (ASC)7.1.4.9.Zirconia–Carbon Products (ZC)7.1.4.10.Silicon Carbide–Carbon Products (SiC)7.1.4.11.Carbon Products (C)7.2.Monolithic or Unshaped Refractory Materials7.2.1.Product Types7.2.1.1.Refractory Castables7.2.1.2.Refractory Ramming Materials7.2.1.3.Tap‐Hole Mixes7.2.1.4.Refractory Gunning Materials7.2.1.5.Dry (Vibratable) Mixes7.2.1.6.Refractory Jointing Materials7.2.1.7.Carbon‐Containing Monolithic (Unshaped) Products7.2.2.Classification of Monolithic (Unshaped) Refractory Materials7.2.3.Application of Monolithic (Unshaped) Refractory Materials7.3.Insulating Refractory Materials7.3.1.Shaped and Unshaped Insulating Refractory Materials7.3.1.1.Insulating Materials7.3.1.2.Insulating Firebricks (IFB)7.3.1.3.Unshaped Insulating Refractory Products7.3.1.4.Microporous Insulating (Refractory) Products7.3.2.High‐Temperature Insulation Wools (HTIW)7.3.2.1.Amorphous Alkaline‐Earth Silicate Wools (AESW)7.3.2.2.Amorphous Aluminosilicate Wools (ASW)7.3.2.3.Polycrystalline Wools (PCW)7.3.2.4.Applications of HTIW8.Selection, Use, and Industry‐Specific Consumption of Refractory Ceramics9.Toxicology and Occupational Health10.Economic Aspects