bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seasonal Variations in the Mean Size of Tsetse Flies
Authors: Jackson C. H. N.
Published: July 2009

The mean size of the males of the three tsetse speciesGlossina pallidipes,G. morsitansandG. swynnertoniis negatively correlated with the mean 2 p.m. saturation deficit of 2 months before.

The correlation is highest (—0·90) forG. pallidipes, the largest species, and lowest forG. swynnertoni, the smallest. The variation coefficient of mean vein length also is highest forG. pallidipesand lowest forG. swynnertoni.

The reason for the apparent 2 months' lag in the effect of saturation deficit on size of flies is that the mean male pupal period is 35 days in Shinyanga (23°C.) and the mean age of males measured is 3–4 weeks. If 1 month's lag is tried, the correlation forG. pallidipesdrops from —0·90 to —0·32, and with no lag at all it is —0·24. The correlation with maximum temperature of 2 months earlier is insignificantly lower than that with saturation deficit; it is —0·79 forG. pallidipes.
Studies of the Biting-habits of African Mosquitos. An Appraisal of Methods employed, with special Reference to the twenty-four-hour Catch
Authors: Haddow A. J.
Published: July 2009

It is felt that the 24-hour catch presents a valuable method of studying the biting-behaviour of mosquitos in the field, and further that conclusions concerning seasonal abundance, vertical distribution and times of biting-activity must be based on catches of this type if serious errors of interpretation are to be avoided.

The time-divisions of the catch should not exceed one hour, and even shorter intervals may be desirable. Timing should be related to the actual times of sunrise and sunset. Where possible, a series of consecutive catches should be carried out, and a shift system must be carefully considered in relation to the particular series projected.

Usually the results from different levels above ground should be treated separately in working out biting-cycles, and this may also apply to results from different seasons or different localities. Further, while in some instances the summation of long series of catches seems permissible, in others it is not, and in these detailed analysis of the figures may be necessary before consistent behaviour-patterns become apparent.

In cases where a measure of the central tendency is to be employed, the geometric mean as modified by C. B. Williams appears to be the most suitable.
Cyclodiene-BHC resistance in Cosmopolites sordidus (Germ.) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Edge V. E.
Published: July 2009

Dieldrin, aldrin and γBHC in kerosene were applied topically to adults of Cosmopolites sordidus (Germ.) collected from banana plantations with no history of insecticide application and from plantations that had been treated regularly with dieldrin for many years. Adults from the latter source were highly resistant to dieldrin and aldrin, while resistance to γBHC was lower; those from the former source were susceptible and the results could be used as base line data. Females collected in spring from two untreated plantations showed LD50 values for dieldrin varying by a factor of 1·5, while females collected in the spring were 1·7 times more susceptible than those collected in the autumn from the same plantation. A discriminating dose of 1 μl of 1·0% dieldrin per weevil is considered suitable for detecting resistant individuals.
Populations and host-plant preferences of Earias spp. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in East Africa
Authors: Reed W.
Published: July 2009

In this ecological survey conducted mainly in western Tanzania between 1962 and 1969, six species of Earias were found, including two undescribed species and E. cupreoviridis (Wlk.), which is restricted to Sida spp.; E. biplaga (Wlk.) and E. insulana (Boisd.) were the only species found on cotton and were virtually restricted to Malvales. Differences in the incidence of Malvales and the Earias larvae feeding on them were noted on a research farm and on surrounding local farms as being due to different farming practices and soil types. E. biplaga was the dominant species on cotton for most of each year and its major alternative host was Waltheria indica; E. insulana was relatively more common on cotton in the dry season and was particularly common on Abutilon spp. Populations of E. biplaga increased on W. indica early in the rainy season, then dispersed onto cotton; populations on cotton could be predicted from the size of earlier populations on W. indica and subsequent rainfall.
Male potency inCulicoides melleus(Coq.) (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae)
Authors: Lenley J. R. , Hinds M. J.
Published: July 2009

Potency in the maleCulicoides melleus(Coq.) has been investigated by direct counts of spermatozoa liberated from spermatophores removed forcibly during copulation. At the first copulation, virgin males 12–24 h old transferred a mean (± s.d.) of 1156±210 sperm to the females. In a series of copulations in immediate succession (with a fresh virgin female at each mating in the series), the numbers of sperm transferred declined progressively to a mean of 72±88 at the seventh copulation. The percentage fertility was recorded in first egg batches oviposited naturally by females that partnered individual males at one of the copulations in an immediately successive series. Fertility remained essentially unchanged at its highest level (62–66%) for the first three copulations. It then declined through copulations 4, 5 and 6, and reached zero at the seventh copulation and beyond. The minimum number of sperm required to ensure full fertility in the first egg batch appeared to be about 600. Limited recovery of potency was exhibited by males mated three times in immediate succession, then kept 24 h and mated again.
Host preference in Aedes simpsoni (Theo.) (Diptera, Culicidae) with special reference to the anthropophilic and non-anthropophilic forms in Uganda
Authors: Mukwaya L. G.
Published: July 2009

Precipitin tests of the blood-meals of the non-anthropophilic population of Aedes simpsoni (Theo.) in Bwayise showed that at least 62% of the meals were mammalian; none was certainly avian or reptile. The remaining 38% were mostly too far digested for identification. Of the positive mammalian feeds, 84% were of rodents and only 5%; were of primates, probably human. In laboratory choice experiments, approximately two-thirds of a sample of the Bwayise strain fed on rodent in preference to monkey. Precipitin tests on blood-meals of the Bwamba strain of Ae. simpsoni confirmed earlier findings that this strain is strongly anthropophilic. At least 86% of wild-caught individuals had fed on mammals, 65% of these specifically identified: 28% of the feeds were of rodents and 72% were of primates, mostly human. During a five-month study at Bwayise in 1969, eleven species of rodents were caught; 91% of the rodents diurnally active were Arvicanthis niloticus which contributed 38% of the total collection and was twice as active during the afternoon as in the morning. The remaining species were predominantly nocturnal. A close relationship was found between the times of activity of A. niloticus and the biting cycle of Ae. simpsoni. In feeding tests using the three commonest rodent species, Ae. simpsoni selected A. niloticus as often as, or more often than, the nocturnal rodent species. This preference was maintained over one generation reared in culture. It is suggested that A. niloticus is the major natural host of the Bwayise strain by reason of the synchrony between rodent and mosquito activity rhythms. The Bwayise strain does not normally feed upon wild primates, so explaining further the almost total absence of human cases of yellow fever in areas of Uganda where this mosquito is non-anthropophilic.
Anopheles and Malaria at Aneityum, New Hebrides
Authors: Laird Marshall
Published: July 2009

Aneityum is the only Pacific island south of Latitude 20°S. from which Anophelines and autochthonous malaria have yet been reported. Both Plasmodium vivax and P. malariae were found there, the former species only being detected in the blood of children who had visited the nearby island of Tanna and the latter in that of children who had never left Aneityum. Autochthonous quartan malaria has not previously been reported from the New Hebrides. In the absence of any other Anophelines from this group, it must be assumed that Anopheles farauti Laveran is the vector of P. malariae at Aneityum.
Rearing Drosophila melanogaster Mg. for Insecticide Investigations
Authors: Kerr R. W.
Published: July 2009

A method is described for rearing Drosophila melanogaster Mg., which provides a high and consistent yield of adult flies, of uniform age and size, for insecticide studies.
Studies in House Leaving and Outside Resting of Anopheles gambiae Giles and Anopheles funestus Giles in East Africa. II.—The Exodus from Houses and the House Resting Population
Authors: Gillies M. T.
Published: July 2009

Observations on the behaviour of Anopheles gambiae Giles and A. funestus Giles in experimental huts and ordinary African houses were carried out in a low-lying area of Tanganyika. Special attention was paid to the exodus of females at different stages of the gonotrophic cycle and to the composition in terms of ovarian development of the house resting population.

About 5 per cent. of the biting population of gambiae and the same number of funestus were shown by the use of window traps to be leaving experimental huts after feeding.

Forty three per cent. of half-gravid gambiae left an experimental hut at dusk, 12–24 hours after entering for a blood meal, whereas only 3 per cent. of funestus left under the same conditions.

Daytime spray catches of gravid gambiae and funestus made in ordinary African houses during the hot season were about 50 per cent. and 30 per cent. lower, respectively, than the corresponding numbers of recently fed specimens. A. funestus therefore makes rather less use of outside shelters than gambiae during the hot months.

In the cool season about 50 per cent. of half-gravid and gravid funestus were absent from house catches.

No mortality could be detected amongst funestus females resting under natural conditions for 24 hours in an experimental hut.

Re-entry of gravid funestus into unoccupied and open types of inhabited houses occurs at dawn.
Species status of two host-associated populations of Aphytis lingnanensis (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) in citrus
Authors: Fernando L.C.P. , Walter G.H.
Published: July 2009

Although Aphytis lingnanensis Compère is an important parasitoid of California red scale Aonidiella aurantii Maskell, several ‘races’ of A. lingnanensis exist which parasitize white louse scale Unaspis citri Comstock. The reproductive status of a white louse scale ‘race’ of A. lingnanensis that originated in Thailand was examined in relation to several populations (from Queensland, California and the Philippines) that parasitize California red scale. None of the wasps from red scale mated with individuals from white louse scale in small cages within 10 min, whereas control crosses all mated in that time. The two ‘races’ would therefore constitute independent reproductive entities (species) in sympatry in the field, although no consistent anatomical differences could be found between them, even with the aid of discriminant function analysis on the number of setae on the delta region of the forewing and the mesoscutum.

Aphytis lingnanensis from California red scale in Queensland mated readily with wasps derived from the same host species in California and the Philippines, and mating took place at random among individuals in mate choice tests. Although such results are equivocal, there are no reasons for suspecting that these different populations of A. lingnanensis from California red scale also comprise more than one species. The results obtained indicate that cross-mating tests designed to quantify reproductive isolation between sexual populations are inappropriate. They should rather be designed to establish whether individuals recognize one another as potential mates. The design of cross-mating tests should therefore consider the usual time to mating, of known conspecifics, under the experimental conditions to be used.
Behavioural and electrophysiological responses of the female malaria mosquitoAnopheles gambiae(Diptera: Culicidae) to Limburger cheese volatiles
Authors: Knols Bart G.J. , van Loon Joop J.A. , Cork Alan , Robinson Rosemary D. , Adam Wim , Meijerink Jocelijn , Jong Ruurd De , Takken Willem
Published: July 2009

Limburger cheese, previously shown to attract femaleAnopheles gambiaeGiles, was solvent extracted and chemically fractionated into acid and non-acid fractions. The extracts and aliquots of headspace odour of the cheese were analysed by gas chromatography and electron impact mass spectrometry. Nineteen saturated and unsaturated aliphatic fatty acids, ranging in carbon chain length from C2to C18, were detected. The most abundant acids (>1 mg/g of cheese) identified in the acid extract were ethanoic, propanoic, butanoic, hexadecanoic and 9-octadecenoic acid. The same compounds were identified in analyses of headspace samples but only trace quantities of the less volatile acids (C10to C16) were present, whilst C18acids were absent. Behavioural responses of femaleA. gambiaetowards a range of dilutions of the acid extract (in diethyl ether) were recorded in a windtunnel bioassay. The undiluted extract was found to be repellent, but became highly attractive (P«0.001) at lower doses, and was still significantly attractive (P<0.001) when diluted 106times. A synthetic mixture of 12 of the more abundant aliphatic acids identified in the acid extract was found to be significantly attractive (P<0.001) when diluted 108times. Electroantennographic (EAG) studies showed significant and reproducible responses to (saturated) Limburger cheese headspace. At doses higher than 0.1%, the synthetic mixture of 12 acids elicited significantly higher EAG amplitudes than the solvent control (paraffin oil). EAG responses were recorded from mosquitoes stimulated with C5to C8acids, that were characterized by significant dose-dependencies. Weaker, though significant EAG responses were obtained with the less volatile acids (C9to C14). Only hexadecanoic acid did not elicit a detectable response. The electrophysiological and behavioural responses obtained with fatty acids isolated from Limburger cheese suggests that together they could act as a kairomone for femaleA. gambiae. The implications of this are discussed together with the occurrence and bacterial production of these compounds on human skin.
The response of Anopheles gambiae s.l. and A. funestus (Diptera: Culicidae) to tents baited with human odour or carbon dioxide in Tanzania
Authors: Mboera L.E.G. , Knols B.G.J. , Takken W. , Torre A. della
Published: July 2009

Field studies on the response of Anopheles gambiae s.l. Giles and Anopheles funestus Giles to tents baited with human odour or carbon dioxide were conducted in south-east Tanzania. Two exit traps and a CDC miniature light trap set beside a bed net were used to sample mosquitoes that entered the tent. Human odour, pumped from an underground pit into a bed net attracted a similar number of mosquitoes as a bed net occupied by a human male. Significantly fewer mosquitoes were caught in a tent into which carbon dioxide (300 ml min-1) was pumped than in a human-odour baited tent (9 and 27% for A. gambiae s.l. and A. funestus respectively). A five-fold increase of the carbon dioxide concentration (to 1500 ml min-1) did not increase the catches of A. gambiae s.l. whereas those of A. funestus were increased to 69% of the catches by human odour. Species identifications of A. gambiae s.l. catches showed that A. arabiensis Patton prevailed and that the proportions of A. arabiensis/A. gambiae s.s. did not differ between treatments. It is concluded that in the indoor situation described, human odour other than carbon dioxide is the principal cue to which these malaria vectors are attracted and that the physical presence of a host and carbon dioxide, when used as a kairomone on its own, accounts for only a minor part of the overall attractiveness of man, particularly for A. gambiae s.l.
Diel activity patterns and host preferences of Glossina fuscipes fuscipes (Diptera:Glossinidae) along the shores of Lake Victoria, Kenya
Authors: Mohamed-Ahmed M.M. , Odulaja A.
Published: July 2009

Diurnal activity patterns and host preference of Glossina fuscipes fuscipes Newstead were studied in forest and linear habitats along Lake Victoria shore, Kenya. The objective was to identify the preferred hosts of G. f. fuscipes, the emanations of which may be attractive to this species. Hourly catches of flies in biconical traps were related to changes in the weather and the prevalence of hosts in the vicinity of traps. Flies were mainly active between 0800 and 1600 h, with males peaking around 1100 h and females around 1300 h. Activity of flies correlated directly with light intensity and temperature, but indirectly with relative humidity. Humans, livestock and the monitor lizard, Varanus niloticus, were the predominant hosts, although a significant positive correlation with fly catches could only be established with the prevalence of lizards. Blood meal identification by microscopic and serological methods showed that 73—98% of G. f. fuscipes fed on monitor lizards irrespective of host prevalence, season or location. The significance and possible epidemiological importance of the relationship between G. f. fuscipes and monitor lizards are discussed.
Detection of esterase activity in susceptible and organophosphate resistant strains of the cattle tickBoophilus microplus(Acari: Ixodidae)
Authors: Rosario-Cruz R. , Miranda-Miranda E. , Garcia-Vasquez Z. , Ortiz-Estrada M.
Published: July 2009

Two organophosphate (OP) resistant strains of the cattle tickBoophilus microplus(Canestrini) from Mexico and Costa Rica were used to analyse the presence of esterase activity associated with resistance. The concentrations of six major proteins in both resistant strains were increased compared to the susceptible Morelos strain, both when stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue after SDS-PAGE, and when analysed for esterase activity by the hydrolysis of naphthyl acetate esters. Esterases were named A or B in relation to the substrate preference for alpha or beta naphthyl acetate and numbered according to their position on the SDS—PAGE. The molecular weights of these proteins were: 125, 115, 108, 77, 43 and 67 Kd for Est-Bl, Est-B2, Est-B3, Est-B4, Est-B5 and Est-A respectively. Est-B3 showed cholinesterase (ChE) activity. This study strengthens the hypothesis that the mechanism associated with OP resistance found in many other insects includes an increase of esterase activity, probably as a result of gene amplification. The genes encoding these enzymes could be potentially used as molecular markers to detect resistance in the cattle tickB. microplususing a DNA probe.
Factors influencing the Action of Dust Insecticides
Authors: David W. A. L. , Gardiner B. O. C.
Published: July 2009

The methods used to investigate the properties of dusts are described and, in a theoretical section, the relevance of the various physical properties to insecticidal action are considered.

In order to investigate the effect of toxic and non-toxic dusts on insects the experimental procedure was simplified to eliminate all difficulties associated with the formation of uniform dust clouds and deposits. In problems relating to the adherence of the dusts to insects the actual quantity of dust was measured either by weighing the insects before and after dusting or by dyeing the dust with Sudan III and determining the quantity colorimetrically. The experiments were all conducted under known conditions of temperature and humidity.

Non-toxic dusts killed insects by causing them to lose water. Not all non-toxic powders were equally effective when conditioned to the same relative humidity. All were without effect at saturated humidity and became progressively more rapid in action as the humidity at which the test was carried out was decreased (p. 32).

The non-toxic dusts caused the insects to lose water by abrading certain areas of the cuticle ; the more extensive the abrasion the more quickly the insects died (p. 27).

To be effective as an abrasive the dust must be hard and finely ground and, perhaps also, sharply angular. Thus materials which ranked high in Moh's scale of hardness were in general more effective than soft materials and hard materials became quite ineffective unless they contained material below about 10 μ, diameter. Presumably the coarser materials could not gain access to the articulations, etc., where abrasion usually occurred. This effect can be seen clearly with carborundum powders. Sharply angular glass was more effective than the same powder converted into rounded spheres (pp. 25–31).
The Coccids of Cacao in Bahia, Brazil
Authors: Silva Pedrito
Published: July 2009

Coccids on cacao have received much attention in recent years in connection with the transmission of swollen-shoot disease in the West African cacao belt and many papers on them have been published by British entomologists.
Observations on the Biting-habits of some Tabanidae in Uganda, with special Reference to arboreal and nocturnal Activity
Authors: Haddow A. J. , Gillett J. D. , Mahaffy A. F. , Highton R. B.
Published: July 2009

In a search for the forest vector of yellow fever, catches of biting Diptera have been made by various methods in forest trees in Bwamba County, Uganda. The work here reported concerns Tabanids taken in catches made during the period 1944–45.

Three species of Tabanids have been taken in trees during these catches, and one of these, Chrysops centurionis, has proved to be mainly arboreal.

Observations on C. centurionis have shown that its main biting-activity begins just before sunset and reaches a peak during the hour after sunset. Thereafter the numbers taken diminish rapidly, but some activity continues throughout the night.

In the wet-season catches, this species was most prevalent in the forest canopy at heights of 50 to 60 feet above ground. In the dry season the most favourable level was lower, at 20 to 30 feet above ground.

It is suggested that monkeys are the natural hosts of C. centurionis, and that C. centurionis may be the vector of filarial infections among wild monkeys.

It is shown that there is a very close correspondence between the biting-behaviour of C. centurionis and that of the mosquito, A ëdes africanus.

Evidence of nocturnal activity has now been obtained in the case of one species of Tdbanus, three species of Haematopota and two species of Chrysops. It is suggested that there may be some connection between the remarkable eye colours of Tabanids and crepuscular or nocturnal activity.

Records of other Bwamba Tabanids are given.
Simple Tests on the Effectiveness of some Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides against the Leather Beetle (Dermestes maculatus Deg.)
Authors: Turner J. N.
Published: July 2009

Comparative tests have been carried out in the laboratory to assess the relative toxicities of Chlordane, BHC and DDT to the leather beetle, Dermestes maculatus. The method used was simple enough for routine industrial purposes when comparisons of new, untried contact insecticides are required, and consists in a measurement of the toxicities of solid films produced by a blood-smear technique on glass photographic plates from standard solutions of insecticide.

Among factors influencing the application of the method, the most important were size of insect and size of crystal clusters as influenced by the volatility of the solvent used to form the film. From LD50 measurements, BHC and Chlordane proved, respectively, 140 and 600 times as toxic as DDT to the leather beetle. DDT had comparatively little effect on eggs, larvae or adult beetles.
The Biology and economic Importance of Alomya debellator (F.), a remarkable Parasite of the Swift Moth, Hepialus lupulinus (L.)
Authors: Cameron Ewen
Published: July 2009

While investigating the biological control of certain Hepialids, a very interesting Ichneumonid parasite, Alomya debellator (F.) was reared from the pupae of the Swift Moth, Hepialus lupulinus (L.).

The systematic position of this parasite has been thoroughly investigated and the members of the special sub-family, Metopiinae, to which it has been assigned, are characterised by the possession of only one trochanter on each foreleg. A. debellator is the sole representative of the tribe Alomyini.

After extensive collecting, and a thorough search of the literature, the conclusion has been reached that the distribution of this parasite is fairly local, but its range in Great Britain and certain other European countries is wide. As a result of the present study H. lupulinus has been definitely proved to be the host of A. debellator.

A fairly full account of the life-history of the parasite has been worked out, and amongst other things, a point of special interest is the arrest in development which occurs in the first-instar larva. Possible explanations of this phenomenon are discussed.

The morphological and anatomical structure of the larva have been fully investigated and described, and useful diagnostic characteristics both for the primary and mature larval stages, have been discovered.

The paper concludes with a discussion on the potential value of A. debellator as a factor in the control of H. lupulinus, and other allied species belonging to the genus Oncopera in Australia. It is maintained, on the evidence collected, that this parasite in some areas is probably the most important single factor of biological control. A note on the feeding habits of Hepialids, and a few remarks about the collecting of parasitised material are appended. Altogether some 7,000 specimens of H. lupulinus larvae and pupae many of which were parasitised by A. debellator were collected from the Willingham area of Cambridgeshire.
The Seasonal Incidence of Ixodes ricinus (L.) on Cattle in mid-Wales
Authors: Evans G. Owen
Published: July 2009

An investigation of the seasonal incidence of I. ricinus on cattle in N.W. Cardigani shire showed that there are normally two peaks of activity, one occurring in spring and the other in autumn. The infestation curve varied considerably from farm to farm according to the husbandry methods practised. Delayed stocking of infested pastures caused an initial higher infestation of the cattle but, except on one farm, did not prolong the infestation beyond the normal period of tick activity. A lower infestation in spring than in autumn occurred on two farms. This resulted from either the lighter stocking of the infested grazings in spring than in autumn or the partial exhaustion of unfed tick population by sheep grazing with the cattle during the spring only.

There was no evidence for the occurrence of a unimodal curve of tick activity in the region studied.
Illustrations of Tsetse Larvae
Authors: Burtt Eric , Jackson C. H. N.
Published: July 2009

Some of the structures illustrated here have already been noticed in two previous papers (Jackson, 1948a & b). All the present drawings were made by one of us (E.B.) from living material of Glossina swynnertoni Austen. The eggs and the first- and second-instar larvae were dissected from wild female flies and examined in saline under the microscope; the third-instar larvae were obtained by keeping females in captivity until larviposition occurred, normally in the late afternoon.
On the Identity of an Ichneumonid Parasite of Hepialus lupulinus (L.)
Authors: Cameron Ewen
Published: July 2009

A paper by the present writer on an Ichneumonid parasite of Hepialus lupulinus (L.) under the name Alomya debellator (F.) appeared in the last issue of this journal (1950). It now transpires that this Ichneumonid is not A. debellator but Ichneumon suspiciosus Wesm. This error was pointed out, as soon as the paper was published, by Mr. J. F. Perkins of the British Museum, and agreed by Mr. G. J. Kerrich of the Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, both of whom, as specialists in the Ichneumonidae, recognised the illustration produced from a drawing prepared by Mr. A. J. E. Terzi as representing a species of Ichneumon, probably I. suspiciosus. The actual specimen illustrated has been traced, and its identification has been confirmed by Mr. Perkins as Ichneumon suspiciosus Wesm. It is certain, moreover, that all the parasite material involved was this species and not A. debellator.
Varietal Differences in the Susceptibility of Peas to Attack by the Pea Moth, Laspeyresia nigricana (Steph.)
Authors: Wright D. W. , Geering Q. A. , Dunn J. A.
Published: July 2009

The variations in susceptibility of different varieties of peas to attack by the Pea
Moth was investigated and an attempt made to determine and measure the factors concerned. Six varieties of peas differing widely in haulm length and earliness of maturation were used in each of two trials. In the first trial (sown 29th March) the early maturing varieties came into flower before the moths were recorded on the crops and suffered the lowest attacks. The later varieties were exposed to attack over a much longer period and suffered the heaviest infestations. In the second trial (sown 3rd May) the attack was more uniform over all varieties with the early varieties more heavily affected than in the first trial; they were exposed to attack from the beginning of flowering until harvesting.

An estimate of the changes in the active moth population during the flight period was obtained and the varieties were compared in relation to the proportion of this population to which each had been exposed. There was a strong positive correlation between the degree of exposure and the incidence of attack on the different varieties.

The infestation of the varieties was also found to be influenced by the amount of cover which each provided; those with the most dense cover suffered the heaviest attacks.

Statistical analyses showed that the two factors, exposure and plant cover, were closely associated and exerted a joint influence on subsequent attack.

Data from other trials corroborated these findings and showed that strains of peas bred to mature early suffered substantially lower pea moth attack than did the later maturing types from which these had been bred.
The Distribution ofIxodes ricinus(L.) on the Body of Cattle and Sheep
Authors: Evans G. Owen
Published: July 2009

Female ticks are almost entirely confined to head, axillary and inguinal regions of cattle. Larval and nymphal stages attach on the head and below the hock joints on the fore- and hind-legs.

The percentage of females on the forequarters of cattle increases during the course of the season, whether in spring or autumn; during the early stages of a season's activity the hindquarters carry a greater number than the forequarters. Later in the season the position is reversed. Suggestions are put forward to account for this phenomenon.

The head, axillary and inguinal regions are the major attachment sites of the female tick on sheep. In ewes the head region carries the higher percentage, but on lambs the axillary region is the most heavily infested. This difference may be due, to some extent, to the fleece of the ewes forming a barrier to the movement of unfed ticks towards the axillary and inguinal regions.

Lambs carry a heavier infestation between the 21st April and 6th June than ewes on the same grazing. This phenomenon has been discussed in the light of previous work in Northern England.

There is no reliable method of estimating the total infestation on cattle. A good picture of the seasonal incidence of the female tick on the host can be obtained from the hindquarters count. The standard count (the forebody) on sheep may be used for estimating total infestations.
A Life-history Study ofEndrosis lactella(Schiff.) (Lep. Oecophoridae)
Authors: Woodroffe G. E
Published: July 2009

Endrosis lactellais widely distributed in Britain, where it is a minor pest of stored products, especially of grain and seeds.

The incubation period of the egg varied between 42 days at 10°C. and 6·0 days at 26°C. It was almost unaffected by changes in relative humidity.

Survival of eggs was low at high temperatures and low humidites, and the mean survival from complete batches of eggs at 70 per cent. R.H. 25°C. was 44 per cent. The highest survival recorded was 81 per cent.

On a diet of middlings the larval stage lasted 133 days at 90 per cent. R.H. 10°C, and 38 days at 90 per cent. R.H. 25°C. No adults were reared from larvae grown below 80 per cent. R.H. At 90 per cent. R.H. and 25°C. there were 7 instars.

On various foodstuffs at 90 per cent. R.H. 20°C, duration of the larval stage varied between 40 days on dead moths and 109 days on macaroni. Survival to the adult stage varied between 75 per cent. on whole wheat and 20 per cent. on groundnuts.

The pupal incubation period was 58 days at 10°C. and 10·4 days at 25°C, and was approximately the same at all humidities.

The time required for complete development from egg to adult was 235 davs at 10°C. and 62 days at 25°C. (90 per cent. R.H.).

There was a significant correlation between the weight of a female moth at emergence and the number of eggs laid. Egg output was lower at 25°C. than at 15°C, was not significantly affected by relative humidity, but was increased by provision of drinking water. Weights of females varied from 2·9 mg. to 9·4 mg. and egg output from 14 eggs to 231 eggs.

The sex ratio of the adults in the dried grass culture was found to be 1 male to 23 females.

Longevity could not be correlated with weight in all experiments, but, in the case of mated females, was dependent upon temperature, humidity and availability of drinking water. The mean adult life in days was 3–0 at 30 per cent. R.H. 25°C.; 5·0 at 90 per cent. R.H. 25°C.; 9·1 at 90 per cent. R.H. 15°C.; and 8.9 at 70 per cent. R.H. 25°C. + drink. Mated males were very short-lived (2–4 days at 70 per cent. R.H. 25°C).

The only important predator was the mite,Cheyletus eruditus, which attacked the young larvae.
A Laboratory Method for testing Residual Insecticides against Anopheline Mosquitos
Authors: Reid J. A.
Published: July 2009

Three interconnecting cages, the largest of which was about 2 feet square, were used in experiments with Anopheles vagus bred from wild-caught larvae.

Variations in the arrangement of these cages showed that:

1. The mosquitos are quiescent by day, if not disturbed, whether kept in the light or in darkness.

2. If they are in complete darkness by night, as in a photographic darkroom, they fly vertically upwards. They will readily escape from a cage about one foot square, with a hold half an inch in diameter in the top, in their continued attempts to fly upwards.

3. They are attracted by a dim light at night and will fly sideways or to a lesser extent slightly downwards, in opposition to the tendency to vertical upward flight. In this way they can pass through openings which they would miss if in complete darkness. Light will not cause them to fly vertically downwards.

4. Anopheles maculatus is less responsive to light under these conditions, than A. vagus.

Using A. vagus, tests were made of the toxicity and residual effect of DDT, BHC and Chlordane as wettable powders on plywood panels. The order of toxicity when fresh was found to be BHC, Chlordane, DDT; the order of the residual effectiveness was DDT, BHC, Chlordane.

A considerable mortality occurred amongst mosquitos surviving the overnight tests with DDT and BHC, if they were kept for a further 48 housrs.

A larger proportion of females was killed than of males, especially by DDT and Chlordane.

BHC was shown to have a marked repellent effect, comparable with that of citronella, but whereas citronella repelled without killing, BHC repelled, but also caused a high subsequent mortality.

A. maculatus was tested once against DDT, and once against BHC in the main series of tests, and was much more readily killed than A. vagus, presumably because of its weaker response to light causing it to remain longer in the main cage in contact with the treated panels.
Further Notes on the Tabanidae of Palestine, with Descriptions of New Species
Authors: Austen E. E.
Published: July 2009

During the two years that have elapsed since the publication by the writer of a previous paper on Palestine Tabanidae, a small amount of material belonging to this family has been received from the same country. With one exception, for the Diptera in question—which, though few in number, present several points of interest, besides including representatives of two new species—the National Collection is indebted to the kindness of either Mr. P. A. Buxton or Mr. I. Aharoni.
On Some Malayan and Other Species of Culicoides, with a Note on the Genus Lasiohelea
Authors: Edwards F. W.
Published: July 2009

The main purpose of this note is to give a name to the Malayan Culicoides that sucks blood from the abdomen of Anopheline mosquitos, and thus to afford cover for the publication of some very interesting observations made recently upon this species by Dr. W. A. Lamborn. At the same time, some account is given of the very few additional specimens of Oriental Culicoides in the British Museum—most of which were also collected by Dr. Lamborn in Malaya; and the opportunity is further taken to describe two other apparently new species of the genus, from Somaliland and Jamaica, respectively, which have recently been received at the Museum.
Note Regarding Types of Some Tachinidae (Diptera) from India
Authors: Tothill J. D.
Published: July 2009

In this Bulletin for May 1918 (Vol. ix, pt. 1) some species of Tachinidae were described from India. It was the intention at the time to deposit the types in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), but owing to war conditions it was considered advisable to retain them in Canada until a later date. In March of this year (1922) the type material was sent to the British Museum; a set of paratypes of most of the species was retained for the National Collection at Ottawa; and another, but larger, set of paratypes was sent to Mr. C. F. C. Beeson, the Forest Entomologist, at Dehra Dun, India.
The Larval and Pupal Stages of the Bibionidae.—Part II
Authors: Morris Hubert M.
Published: July 2009

In previous papers (1917,1921) accounts have been given of four species of the genus Bibio, and the present paper deals with two species of the genus Dilophus, viz., D. febrilis, L., and D. albipennis, Mg. They are the commonest species of Dilophus in Britain, and both frequently occur in great numbers.
Notes on Locusts of Economic Importance, with some new Data on the Periodicity of Locust Invasion
Authors: Uvarov B. P.
Published: July 2009

The present paper is a part of the results of my revisional work on the group Cyrtacanthacrini, which includes all the swarming locusts except Locusta migratoria (L.), the latter having formed the subject of a previous paper. The revision itself, being of a purely systematic character and dealing also with a large number of species of no economic interest, is being published elsewhere, but I thought it might be useful to economic entomologists to give here the principal conclusions arrived at concerning the species of known agricultural importance, especially because this presents an opportunity of discussing some important points in the bionomics of swarming locusts which would be out of place in the revision itself.
A new Australian Phlebotomus (Dipt., Psychodidae)
Authors: Hill Gerald F.
Published: July 2009

The discovery of a species of Phlebotomus in Australia is of considerable interest in view of the fact that the genus contains several exotic species known to be the vectors of specific fevers in man (verruga, pappataci fever, etc.).
Notes on Parasitic Hymenoptera
Authors: Waterston James
Published: July 2009

During the past fifteen years the attention of Economic Entomologists in Central America and the West Indies has been increasingly directed to the damage done by species of the genus Brassolis to the foliage of coconut and other palms. In some of the scattered papers (q.v. Review of Applied Entomology, Series A, 1913–22) dealing with these ravages one finds references to the natural control exercised by Hymenopterous parasites. So far as I am aware the only writers to mention by name any of these enemies are C.Schrottky (1909) and G. E. Bodkin (1917), who list four species between them. Since the spring of 1920 I have examined two small collections of Hymenopterous parasites of Brassolis from Trinidad and British Guiana respectively. In each of these the same one of Schrottky's species is represented, and in all I am now able to list seven species. Two of these have not been seen by me, and two more (Brachymeria and Spilochalcis) are probably recognisable from extant descriptions. In the case of the Telenomus it is hoped that the figures given may facilitate recongnition. Though Ashmead's description of this species is very incomplete, I have forborne for the present to supplement it, since the diagnosis of these minute parasites for any particular geographical area can be attempted best in a comparative key. only the Anastatus has been fully described.
Tsetse-flies breeding in open Ground
Authors: Swynnerton C. F. M
Published: July 2009

As it appears to be a very unusual occurrence for tsetse-flies to breed in places entirely devoid of overhead shade, it is perhaps desirable to place on record two observations of this kind that I have made recently in Tanganyika Territory.
A Preliminary Revision of the Oriental Species of Leptocorisa, Latr. (Hemiptera, Coreidae)
Authors: China W. E.
Published: July 2009

Members of the genus Leptocorisa have long been known in the East as serious pests of rice. A great deal of confusion, however, has existed between the various species, and in many cases there has been considerable uncertainty as to the identity of the insect responsible for damage in any given locality. L. varicornis, F., and L. acuta, Thunb., in particular, have been constantly confused. Leopoldo Uichanco, for example, expressed some doubt as to the determination of the species described by him in his paper on the Philippine rice bug (Philippine Agric. Review, xiv, 1921, pp. 87–125). This confusion was due, no doubt, not only to the general similarity of the two species and the briefness of the original descriptions, but also to the existence of other closely allied species.
A new Psyllid injurious to Fig Trees
Authors: Laing F.
Published: July 2009

General colour (in spirit) green with dark brown barring on abdomen. Antennae from the apical half of iv. to tip dark brown to black, basal segments pale brown. Head pale green, except for a black depression between the base of the lateral ocellar elevation and the median line; genal cones medium brown; lateral ocelli pink. Pronotum of the same uniform colour except for a small black area marginally. Dorsulum pale green, with two large semicircular or subtriangular light brown areas medianly anteriorly; mesonotum striated with light brown, one median narrow stripe and two broad lateral ones; mesoscutellum unicolorous or faintly tinged with brown. Legs with the femora darker than tibiae, tarsi and claws black. Abdomen with two median black areas on first segment, with a lateral hollow black.
On the Life History of Boriomyia (Hemerobius) nervosa, Fab. (Planipennia, Hemerobiidae).
Authors: Miles Herbert W.
Published: July 2009

In October 1921, when banding fruit trees for Anthonomus pomorum, L., numbers of larvae of Boriomyia nervosa, Fab., were found spinning up in the bands. The numbers were such as to attract attention, and afforded an excellent opportunity for working out the life-history.

The cocoons were rather coarsely made, very loose, and in the mesh could be seen numerous oil-like globules. The larvae lay in a characteristic curved position in the cocoons with the head bent forward until it rested on the underside of the thoracic segments, the legs being slightly folded inwards. They remained quiescent in the cocoons until the spring of 1922, when many specimens pupated in March.
Applied Entomology of Palestine, being a Report to the Palestine Government
Authors: Buxton P. A.
Published: July 2009

In the pages which follow I record some observations which I made upon the insect pests of this extremely interesting country while I served the Palestine Government as Medical Entomologist (May 1921 to August 1923). I have divided my notes into three parts. The part which deals with Anopheles and malaria is the fullest; that which deals with some other creatures of medical and veterinary interest is incomplete, and it must not be supposed that an insect is absent or even rare because I have not found it; that which deals with the pests of crops and plants is extremely fragmentary.
The Fumigation of Citrus Trees in Palestine
Authors: Bodkin G. E.
Published: July 2009

The cultivation of citrus trees in Palestine is by no means modern, for as far back as the tenth century A.D. the Arabs discovered the “ bitter orange ” in Northern India, and it was, in all probabllity, brought into this country shortly afterwards. Jacques de Vitry, who made a visit to Palestine in the 13th century, mentions several varieties of citrus.
A Simple Form of Distributor for Insecticide Dusts
Authors: King Harold H. , Johnston H. B.
Published: July 2009

For some years past, when using insecticide dusts on a small scale, we have employed a very simple, improvised apparatus as a distributor, which has given such satisfactory results that we venture to describe it.
Migration as a Factor in Pest-outbreaks
Authors: Fletcher T. Bainbrigge
Published: July 2009

Human experience in the past has often been crystallized into homely saws, of which the one that states that “ Prevention is better than cure ” should be regarded as one of the foundation stones of all work in economic entomology. We see this put into practice in such routine measures as the destruction of mosquito and fly larvae, ploughing fields in the dry weather to destroy grasshopper egg-masses, the destruction of weeds and stubble, the collection of egg-masses, caterpillars and hoppers, the enforced removal of cotton-plants after harvest, legislation against the introduction of pests into new countries, and similar measures which are so familiar that they need not be enlarged on here. Such measures are directed to and, if applied consistently, are largely effective in keeping within bounds insects which, if not thus checked, normally attain to destructive numbers, and by “ normally ” I mean that on the average they occur in such numbers every year, or for a series of years. There are, of course, fluctuations, due to natural causes, in the pest-status of many insects, which may be insignificant in normal years and occasionally rank as bad pests, or vice versa ; of such causes we know as yet very little, beyond the pious ascription of them to the effects of parasitic control or climate. But, after eliminating these fluctuations, we still often find our expectations upset by outbreaks for which it is very difficult to invoke any adequate explanation other than that they are the effect of a large influx into the area affected of the insect concerned. Such a theory may appear far-fetched at first sight, especially as it is very difficult of proof in most cases, but we find in India an accumulation of cases for which such an explanation seems the only one possible.
Additional Notes on the Nomenclature of Australian Tabanidae
Authors: Ferguson Eustace W.
Published: July 2009

The previous paper on the nomenclature of Australian Tabanidae(Ferguson, 1924) was unfortunately despatched for publication long before Enderlein's paper “ Ein neues Tabaniden-system ” (Enderlein 1922) became available in Sydney. Hence certain alterations are necessary to statements which appear in my former paper.
A Note on the Rearing of Anopheline Larvae
Authors: Boyd Mark F.
Published: July 2009

Most field entomologists studying Anophelines limit their collections of Anopheline larvae to those in the third and fourth instar, owing to the lack of success commonly encountered in rearing those in the earlier stages, and regard the rearing of adults from ova as more or less of a “ stunt,” success being so rare.