bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Revolution in Rhyme
Authors: Shams Fatemeh
Published: March 2021

A Revolution in Rhyme: Poetic Co-option under the Islamic Republic offers, for the first time, an original, timely examination of the pivotal role poetry plays in policy, power and political legitimacy in modern-day Iran. Through a compelling chronological and thematic framework, Shams presents fresh insights into the emerging lexicon of coercion and unrest in the modern Persian canon. Analysis of the lives and work of ten key poets traces the evolution of the Islamic Republic, from the 1979 Revolution, through to the Iran-Iraq War, the death of a leader and the rise of internal conflicts. Ancient forms jostle against didactic ideologies, exposing the complex relationship between poetry, patronage and literary production in authoritarian regimes, shedding light on a crucial area of discourse that has been hitherto overlooked.
The Practical Thinking View
Authors: Schapiro Tamar
Published: March 2021

In this chapter, I consider a very common reaction against an imagined brute force view. The “practical thinking” view holds that when you are inclined to act, you are not simply being pushed around. Rather, you are engaged in some kind of practical thinking, the same kind of practical thinking through which you move yourself when you are acting. I do not reject the practical thinking view as such. But I argue that most versions of it make being inclined to act too much like acting. The problem is not the idea that inclinations are guided by practical thinking, but rather the further idea that this thinking is attributable to us in the same sense that our actions are. I call this assumption “motivational monism.” I claim that the practical thinking view can only succeed if it rejects motivational monism.
The High Road
Authors: Schapiro Tamar
Published: March 2021

In this chapter, I begin to show how the inner animal view meets the constraints I laid out. What is the relation between your instinctive part and your deciding part? It cannot be that of rider to horse, because that would be an internalized brute force view. I argue further that it cannot be that of ruler to citizenry, as in Korsgaard’s constitution model of the soul, because that makes the difference between inclination and will too shallow. Instead of looking for familiar analogies, I claim, we should accept that this relation is sui generis, while still articulating a conception that meets the three constraints. Here I focus on non-voluntariness and deliberative role. I explain why it is challenging to meet these constraints jointly. I then show how the inner animal view can be developed so as to meet both. Your inclinations are non-voluntary because they are guided by your instinctive mind, which is different from your deciding mind. They can nevertheless play a deliberative role, because you can take your inner animal’s thinking as raw material and “incorporate” it into a maxim that you can regard as worthy of your choice.
Arthur Sullivan
Authors: Bradley Ian
Published: March 2021

Arthur Sullivan is almost certainly the best loved and most widely performed British composer in history. Although best known for his comic opera collaborations with W.S. Gilbert, it was his substantial corpus of sacred music which meant most to him and for which he wanted to be remembered. Both his upbringing and training in church music and his own religious beliefs substantially affected both his compositions for the theatre and his more serious work, which included oratorios, cantatas, sacred ballads, liturgical pieces, and hymn tunes. Focusing on the spiritual aspects of Sullivan’s life, which included several years as a church organist, involvement in Freemasonry, and an undying attachment to Anglican church music, Ian Bradley uses hitherto undiscovered or un-noticed letters, diary entries, and other sources to reveal the important influences on his faith and his work. No saint and certainly no ascetic, Sullivan was a lover of life and enjoyed its pleasures to the full. At the same time he had a rare spiritual sensitivity, a simple and sincere Christian faith, an unusually generous disposition, and a unique ability to uplift, soften, and assure through both his character and his music that can best be described as a quality of divine emollient.
Introduction
Authors: Bradley Ian
Published: March 2021

The critical reception of the 2018 recording of The Light of the World oratorio marked a milestone in the rehabilitation and rediscovery of Arthur Sullivan’s sacred music. Whereas in his lifetime, he was recognized as a serious composer with a strong commitment to church music, the twentieth century saw an almost total focus on his comic opera collaborations with W.S. Gilbert to the exclusion of virtually all his serious and sacred work. Allied to this, recent biographers and commentators have suggested that he had no real religious faith or commitment. In fact, there is clear evidence from his correspondence and diaries that, although naturally reticent and private about such matters, Sullivan did have a sure and simple faith and was deeply committed to sacred music, as his contemporaries recognized.
The Holiness Framework
Authors: Murphy Mark C.
Published: March 2021

The only framework necessarily characterizing divine action is the holiness framework, on which divine action responds appropriately to God’s own perfection by being motivated to keep what is deficient, defective, and in any way limited at a distance from God. Such a framework makes intelligible our response to God as holy and fits well within our ordinary practical thought about ways in which some actions, things, and relationships can be beneath one. It can also be situated in any theory of reasons for action that has a place for expressive reasons, and is extremely useful in offering an interpretation of divine action in Scripture. The appeal to the holiness framework as the only necessary framework for divine action does not entail that God does not act on reasons of love for creatures; rather, it entails only that God acts on such reasons contingently, if at all.
A Holy Being, Incarnate
Authors: Murphy Mark C.
Published: March 2021

This chapter develops two lines of argument. The first concerns a very fundamental normative problem of Christology. Since the assumption of a human nature is the most intimate relationship that a divine person could stand in with respect to a created being, and all created beings are dramatically limited, it seems a divine person would have overwhelmingly strong reasons against becoming incarnate. The solution appeals to contingent love toward creatures: acting contingently on reasons of love, God chooses (but did not have to choose) to accept the unfittingness resultant upon becoming incarnate for the sake of creatures. The second line of argument concerns the relevance of the holiness framework to the claim that Christ is not just sinless but impeccable. The best explanation for impeccability is from the holiness framework: it is unsurprising that God could not be willing to enter into the most intimate sort of relationship possible with a creaturely nature that exhibits the worst sort of defect, that is, sin.
Transition I
Authors: Kwon Hyeong-ki
Published: March 2021

Due to many problems resulting from the heavy chemical industry (HCI) drive in the 1970s, including excessive input-oriented overinvestments, heavy-handed and highly detailed state control and imbalanced development, Korean capitalism in the 1980s underwent significant changes in the direction of liberalization, including open trade, privatization of banks, reduction of policy loans, and emphasis on private initiatives in the free market. Yet these liberalization measures do not mean an entire transformation of the developmental state to a neoliberal free market system. On the contrary, they initiated the transformation of the classical developmental state (DS) to a new version of state-led developmentalism. This chapter explores first to what extent Korea capitalism in the Chun Doo-hwan administration (1980–7) changed compared with the former DS. Second, we explore why Korea continued its state-led developmentalism by focusing mainly on bureaucratic contests inside the state.
Transition II
Authors: Kwon Hyeong-ki
Published: March 2021

The reforms initiated in the late 1970s took time to materialize the detailed form of new developmentalism. Conflicts between state policymakers and large corporations slowly produced adjustments through tedious attrition in the Roh Tae-woo (1988–92) and Kim Young-sam (1993–7) administrations. Large corporations wanted input-oriented volume expansionism, while economic bureaucrats pressed to change private corporations’ strategy toward specialization in core business. This chapter examines how industrial politics between the state and the private firms, as well as within the state, evolved in the Roh and Kim administrations, and why Korea continued state-led developmentalism by contentious adjustments. First this chapter examines the industrial politics between state and business, as well as among the ministries within the state during the Roh and Kim administrations. And before exploring the transformation following the Asian financial crisis, this chapter examines the electronics industry for a micro-level analysis of Korea’s new developmentalism.
Introduction
Authors: Benger Alaluf Yaara
Published: March 2021

The introductory chapter of the book outlines and questions the conventional approach to the democratization and popularization of British holidaymaking in the late-nineteenth century. This dominant take interprets it as a process of depathologization or the result of a loss of faith in the healing powers of water and a growing demand for entertainment and amusement. It then lays out the aims and objectives of the book by introducing its central claim that historical changes in holiday culture and tourism consumption can be better understood in light of shifts in the way people understood emotions and the emotional self. The popularization of the British holiday resort went hand in hand with intense debates about the purpose of the holiday (health or pleasure) and its methods (treatments or amusements), all related to broader moral controversies concerning class and wellbeing. The chapter presents the research questions, theoretical framework, and structure of the work. It then explains the theoretical implications of the absence of a dedicated study on the emotional aspects of holidaymaking, and introduces the concept of ‘emotional economy’, which serves as the book’s central analytical framework throughout.
The emotionalization of the holiday resort
Authors: Benger Alaluf Yaara
Published: March 2021

This chapter shows that by the turn of the century, British spa and seaside resorts were explicitly proclaiming the emotional effects of holidaymaking and gradually advertising happiness and joy as their main product. It analyses the commodification of emotional experiences and its effects on notions of gender and class. The emotionalization of holidaymaking did not challenge its therapeutic function; rather, the crucial change was that the therapeutic framing of amusement opened holidaymaking to the lower classes, while at the same time paving the way for physicians to become involved in various aspects of the holiday industry. Through the analysis of travel guides, advertisements, popular literature, and texts written by vacationers, the second part of the chapter explores some of the challenges faced by resorts in their new function as an emotional industry. In order to provide emotional change, the resort industry had to adjust itself to all kinds of unstable perceptions of the moral dispositions and emotional meanings of time, space, sights, and sounds (e.g. modernity, technology, urban space, nature, crowds). In contrast to common assumptions about consumerism, it is shown that the kind of consumption practised in holidaymaking was not entirely subordinated to or manipulated by the production system; rather, the value of the product was co-produced within a broader emotional economy.
The System of Public Authority Liability in Germany
Authors: Wollenschläger Ferdinand , Stapf Johannes
Published: March 2021

The foundations of the present law in Germany can be succinctly stated as follows. First, a provision on public authority liability may be found in the constitution (the Grundgesetz) as well as in the Civil Code, the scope and relationship of which remain to be determined. Second, as a general rule, primary legal protection enjoys priority over secondary legal protection, i.e. claimants must bring a prior administrative appeal or complaint before being entitled to damages. Third, there is a rich variety of rules governing administrative liability: old and new, general and sector-specific, procedural and substantive. Although such rules are generally based on the existence of illegality, exceptionally lawful administrative actions may give rise to compensation.
The Principles Governing Public Authority Liability in Poland
Authors: Wierzbowski Marek , Grzywacz Marek , Dyrda Joanna Róg , Ziółkowska Katarzyna
Published: March 2021

Before 1989, Polish courts in some cases affirmed the liability of the State on the basis of existing legislative provisions. After 1989, the Constitution admits administrative liability in very general terms, because everyone shall have the right to be awarded damages for any harm done by administrative action contrary to the law. The more detailed provisions of the Civil Code implement such general principle. More generally, the liability of administrative authorities is regarded as being subject to private law standards. However, in some cases illegality per se will not suffice for liability. This is the case, in particular, for administrative acts that are characterized by real discretion. Moreover, administrative procedures are regulated by parliamentary legislation. Another particular feature of Polish law is that, to prove the unlawfulness of the action taken by administrative authorities, on both procedural and substantive grounds, claimants must bring an action before administrative courts.
Constitutional Foundations of Government Liability in Spain
Authors: Garrido Eva Maria Nieto
Published: March 2021

In Spain, the Civil Code has long been the basis of the liability of administrative authorities, and the Constitution has reaffirmed it by way of a general principle of damages liability. The Constitution has also confirmed the importance attached to the legislative regulation of administrative procedure, especially after the Act of 1958, subsequently amended in 1992 and 2015. A claim may, therefore, more easily than elsewhere, be based on the lack of procedural fairness. Coherently with traditional views of administrative liability, the constitutional provision admits it whenever harm is a consequence of actions taken in the discharge of public functions or services. Another fundamental feature of the Spanish legal system is that there is an ‘objective’ conception of liability, in the sense that it is not only based on misconduct. Procedurally, a specific administrative procedure must be carried out. After its conclusion, a claim can be brought before the specialized judicial branch, the jurisdiction ‘contencioso-administrativa’.
Public Authority Liability in the United Kingdom
Authors: Anthony Gordon
Published: March 2021

Although the UK has not what would be recognized by other legal systems as a general principle of damages liability concerning public authorities, there is no general shield of immunity for them. Nor is there a separate, or dedicated, system of courts that deals with administrative liability. Finally, there is no such thing as a codification of administrative procedure. However, the rules of administrative procedure can be found not only in common law (the rules of ‘natural justice’ or ‘fairness’, i.e. the rule against bias and audi alteram partem) and in statute law, but also in external sources, such as the European Convention on Human Rights, in particular, in Article 6. The latter has obviously influenced case law under the Human Rights Act, notably through the requirement that UK courts take into account the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. Considered as a whole, these sources set out standards of procedural fairness and propriety which must be respected by public authorities.
Standards of Judicial Review of Administrative Action (1890–1910) in the Austro-Hungarian Empire
Authors: Zumbini Angela Ferrari
Published: March 2021

This chapter argues that, if France has been the home of administrative courts, Austria has greatly contributed to the development of administrative law with regard to administrative procedure. Thanks to the Austrian Administrative Court, established in 1875, administrative law has been increasingly important in the regulation of public affairs. The chapter analyses the causes, development, and effects of these features. One main theme is, of course, the scope and purpose of judicial review of administrative action. In this respect, the chapter shows the growth of litigation and the liberal approach followed by the Court. Moreover, the role of the Court as lawmaker is examined in the light of the general principles of law that it developed. . Such principles included legality and procedural fairness, with particular regard to the right to a hearing and the duty to give reasons. Considered as a whole, they required public administrations to act reasonably rather than arbitrarily. Finally, it was judge-made law that constituted the basis for the codification of 1925.
The Judicial Elaboration of Standards for Public Administrations in France
Authors: Mercier Jérémy
Published: March 2021

This chapter underlines how administrative law has taken a much greater significance in France since the period 1890–1910. This period is not only symbolic of a full development of administrative law around the notion of public power (puissance publique) or public service (service public) but also of the ramifications given to the very notion of State and public administration. The chapter deals with different theories (Hauriou, Duguit, etc.) related to a redefinition of the State and public services. It discusses four specific aspects: the institutional context, the case law of the Conseil d’État, the innovative orientations concerning the action of the public authorities, and the creative role of this case law.
Initial Investigation on Excess of Power: Judicial Review of Administrative Action in Italy (1890–1910)
Authors: Bassani Alessandra
Published: March 2021

This study has been carried out in accordance with a precise methodology: it examines the decisions handed down by the Fourth Chamber of the Council of State in its first twenty years of operation on the issue of excess of power. An interpretation of excess of power could be proposed whereby its substance is not to be found in the concept itself, but rather in the explanations provided by the organ that created it as it examines each individual case. Thus, excess of power cannot be pinned down to one single concept, nor should the continuity among its various manifestations be understood conceptually; rather it must be examined from a historical perspective on a case-by-case basis. It is there that it can be seen how excess of power has characterized the work of the Council of State more than any other issue over the course of its existence.
The Historical Foundations of Judicial Review in the United Kingdom
Authors: McCormick Conor
Published: March 2021

This chapter analyses judicially developed standards for reviewing administrative actions in the United Kingdom between 1890 and 1910. By exploring the context, reach, types, and frequency of judicial review during that timeframe—fin de siècle—this historical analysis reveals both significant changes and significant continuities by comparison with twenty-first century standards. The chapter concentrates in particular on reported cases which undermine the Diceyan claim that administrative law did not exist in the United Kingdom during this timeframe; and reflects on the inconsistencies that pervaded that body of law. It concludes that some judges tended to deploy concepts which had the effect of restraining administrative actions, whereas other judicial constructs tended to facilitate the administrative arrangements contested in court. As such, it recommends that the role of judicial review at this time should be characterized with this duality of purpose firmly in mind.
The Development of Administrative Law in the United Kingdom (1890–1910)
Authors: Thomas Robert
Published: March 2021

This chapter offers some reflections and thoughts on the evolution of nineteenth-century fin de siècle administrative law in the United Kingdom. The period 1890–1910 was a time of social, political, and economic change. Administrative power was expanding and there was a need for administrative law controls over the exercise of such power. The chapter examines the following principal themes: the dominant tradition of Diceyan constitutionalism and its reaction to the growth of administrative power; the development of judicial review by the courts; and the growth of non-judicial remedies in the form of tribunals. It is argued that the period between 1890 and 1910 was a formative one for both the administrative state and administrative law. Many of the developments in administrative law during this period still provide the key building blocks on which contemporary administrative law is based.
The Ambivalence of Gay Liberation
Authors: Griffiths Craig
Published: March 2021

This book explores ways of thinking, feeling, and talking about homosexuality in the 1970s, an influential decade sandwiched between the partial decriminalization of sex between men in 1969, and the arrival of the HIV/AIDS crisis in the early 1980s. Moving beyond divided Cold War Berlin, this book also shines a light on the scores of lesser-known West German towns and cities that were home to a gay group by the end of the 1970s. Yet gay liberation did not take place only in activist meetings and on street demonstrations, but also on television, in magazine editorial offices, ordinary homes, bedrooms—and beyond. In considering all these spaces and individuals, this book provides a more complex account than previous histories, which have tended to focus only on a social movement and only on the idea of ‘gay pride’. By drawing attention to ambivalence, this book shows that gay liberation was never only about pride, but also about shame; characterized not only by hope, but also by fear; and driven forward not just by the pushes of confrontation, but also by the pulls of conformism. Ranging from the painstaking emergence of the gay press to the first representation of homosexuality on television, from debates over the sexual legacy of 1968 to the memory of Nazi persecution, The Ambivalence of Gay Liberation is the first English-language book to tell the story of male homosexual politics in 1970s West Germany. In so doing, this book changes the way we think about this key period in modern queer history.
Introduction
Authors: Griffiths Craig
Published: March 2021

This introduction briefly places the 1970s into a longer history of homosexual emancipation in Germany, before moving onto the different ways historians have conceptualized gay liberation. The chapter calls into question the significance of the Stonewall Riots in New York City in 1969. For West Germans, the partial decriminalization of male homosexuality that same year was more important. Even so, 1969 was not a clear-cut turning-point. This introduction sets out the book’s central lens of analysis, ambivalence—the simultaneous attachment to conflicting feelings and attitudes. Drawing on queer, sociological, and psychoanalytic theory, the introduction advances three axes of ambivalence: pride/shame, normal/different, and hope/fear. This framework allows us to explore the tensions and complexities of the 1970s, as well as appreciate continuities in homosexual politics. Gay liberation was never simply the result of the more radical or the more confrontational outlook winning out over the forces of respectability and moderation.
Inequality and Poverty across the World
Authors: Teal Francis
Published: March 2021

In this chapter we begin by examining the sources of poverty in the two waves of globalization, the first from 1700 to 1913 and the second from 1950 to the present. We then ask whether, during this second wave, absolute poverty has been falling? The answer turns out to depend on how we define the absolutely poor due to how incomes across the world have been rising. Under either of the definitions proposed from 2003 to 2008 the number of the absolutely poor has fallen. The data shows that, in percentage terms, the poorest of the poor have seen faster growth in incomes than the richest of the rich. Further, this pattern of growth has ensured that inequality has increased far more in poor than in rich countries.
The Incomes of the Plutocrats in a Comparative Perspective
Authors: Teal Francis
Published: March 2021

We now move to examine the top of the income distribution and begin by asking whether Mr Darcy, the central male character in Jane Austen’s novel Pride and Prejudice, would be regarded as a plutocrat today. If his income were converted to contemporary amounts it would be some £600,000. We show that Mr Darcy would need to earn some £8 million to be as rich as his nineteenth-century predecessor relative to the average wage. To understand how those super-high incomes arise, we introduce the Paretian distribution which we do first informally and then more formally. It is a distribution of this form which could produce what we see, a few very highly paid individuals whose incomes—up in the stratosphere of the super-rich—would still be very spread out. We use the Paretian distribution to estimate the number of plutocrats in the US, the UK, and China and show the incomes of the richest of the rich.
Samuel Wesley in 1688
Authors: Gibson William
Published: March 2021

Chapter 2 examines Wesley’s position while at Oxford and during the Glorious Revolution, when he graduated from Oxford, was ordained, and married. It also considers Wesley’s loyalty to James II and his willingness to switch his allegiance to William and Mary. Wesley was strongly committed to James II and supported him well into the autumn of 1688; he may even have times his marriage in November 1688 to ensure he did so under what he then saw as a legitimate monarch. Nevertheless, in 1689 Wesley swore the oaths to accept William and Mary, and unlike his wife, remained committed to the Protestant succession up to and beyond 1714. The chapter also examines Wesley’s marriage and his early career as a naval chaplain and later as a curate in London, neither of which provided him with sufficient income to support a family. It concludes with consideration of Wesley’s poetic output in the 1690s and especially his poems on the death of Mary II and Archbishop Tillotson.
Wesley, Sacheverell, and Convocation
Authors: Gibson William
Published: March 2021

Chapter 6 explains the role that Wesley played in the events in Church and State between 1709 and 1714, the high point of Tory High Church ambition in Church and State. It suggests that Wesley probably did contribute to the defence of Henry Sacheverell, who was on trial in the House of Lords on the political charge of preaching a seditious sermon. Sacheverell and Wesley have so much in common that Wesley’s claim that he contributed to the defence seems entirely plausible. As a member of Convocation, between 1710 and 1713, Wesley emerged as an important figure in the period. In addition to much committee work and supporting the High Church Tory agenda, he also drafted a key report in 1713 which advanced the High Church clergy’s case against the Bishops and argued that the failure to pursue Church reform was the responsibility of the Latitudinarian Bishops. Also considered is Wesley’s response to the Peace of Utrecht, a major Tory victory against continuing a Whig war.
A Tory Marriage
Authors: Gibson William
Published: March 2021

Chapter 7 examines the Wesleys’ marriage as a deeply political and fraught relationship. Samuel and Susanna Wesley were both Tories and held High Church principles, but it seems that Susanna was a Jacobite, following the Revolution of 1688; whereas Samuel accepted the offer of the throne to William and Mary. In contrast to the usual accounts of the marriage, which suggest two moments of discord, this chapter suggests that their relationship was marked by sustained and enduring conflict. Starting in 1701–2 the couple separated over Susanna’s refusal to say ‘amen’ at prayers for the King. The breach was only superficially resolved in 1702. Thereafter the marriage remained a source of tension. In 1711 Susanna’s establishment of a prayer meeting in Epworth while Samuel was in London led to friction between them. A year later, Samuel reported his wife to the Bishop of Lincoln for her failure to accept the invalidity of her dissenting baptism.
The Wesleys’ Tory Ghost
Authors: Gibson William
Published: March 2021

Chapter 8 looks at the involvement of Samuel Wesley and his family in the supernatural. It argues that the supernatural was profoundly political in this period. The contemporary examples of witchcraft and apparitions were heavily influenced by the Tory-Whig divide and by the High-Low Church divisions. Often belief in supernatural phenomena was regarded as the preserve of the educated and those of High Church and Tory principles. Whigs and Low Churchmen tended to adopt a more rationalist approach. The central discussion of the chapter is of ‘Old Jeffrey’, the Epworth Rectory Ghost which haunted the house for three months in 1716. The hauntings took form of noises and apparitions. It was especially well-documented because John Wesley was at school in London and asked for detailed accounts of the episode. The disturbances of 1716–17 almost certainly reflect community, political, and family divisions which marked the Wesleys in Epworth. There is also evidence that ‘Old Jeffrey’ shared Susanna’s Jacobite politics.
Conclusion
Authors: Gibson William
Published: March 2021

The conclusion reviews the life of Samuel Wesley and judges whether he was a success or a failure as both a parish clergyman and as a High Church Tory. It also examines the degree to which Wesley was representative of other High Churchmen and Tories in the period 1685-1720. His children clearly idolised their father and in particular his oldest son, Samuel junior, who was ordained but never held a parish, preferring instead to be a schoolmaster at Blundells School in Devon, published a poem on his father’s death. The poem represented Samuel Wesley as tolerant towards dissenters, misunderstood in politics and an eirenic and even tempered man. The reality was somewhat different. Nevertheless, Samuel Wesley junior’s poem in some respects began the process of sanitising Wesley’s family and personality from the reality. In some respects, Wesley might have preferred to be known as a poet rather than a clergyman who lived a fractious life.
The Time Revolutionaries of 1859
Authors: Gamble Clive
Published: March 2021

The three principals, their partners, families, and networks are introduced. The chapter uses Darwin’s explanation of natural selection in 1857: ‘We have almost unlimited time; no-one but a practical geologist can fully appreciate this.’ Evans, Lubbock, and Prestwich were all practical geologists but with conflicting interests in managing London’s water supply for health and business. The chapter explores their geological passion and how they came to investigate the question of great human antiquity—the crux of the time revolution. The idea of using stone tools as a proxy for remote human ancestors is examined and the challenges which faced them set out. The characters of the principals are mapped onto the ideals in Samuel Smiles’s Self-Help, where zeal and perseverance sum up the qualities of success in all walks of life. George Eliot’s observations in Adam Bede on the men of New Leisure provides another fit for the three time revolutionaries. The preoccupation of the mid-nineteenth century with time is also examined using three inventions, the railways and railway time, shrinking distance—and hence time—by telegraphy, and freezing time with photographs. Examples range across literature and engineering.
Afterword
Authors: Gamble Clive
Published: March 2021

150 years after it was found the search began for the missing flint that was photographed and described on 27 April 1859. This chapter explores what other documentation was lost and, in particular, the two photographs taken on the day of discovery. The idea of archaeology as an experiment is also discussed. The historically important flint was re-discovered in the Prestwich collection that, after his death in 1896, went to the Natural History Museum. Until 2008 its importance was not recognised. It was possible to match the flint tool, identified by a well-glued label in Prestwich’s handwriting, with the close-up photograph taken in 1859. But when examined in detail a question emerged about its authenticity. Was it a genuine artefact or a forgery by one of the quarrymen that deceived both Evans and Prestwich?
Adaptation and the Brain
Authors: Healy Susan D.
Published: March 2021

The rationale for this work is to make some sort of sense of the seeming myriad of adaptive explanations for why vertebrate brains vary in size. The role that natural selection has played in brain size has been addressed using the comparative method, which allows identification of evolutionary patterns across species. One starting assumption is that brain size is a useful proxy for intelligence and therefore that large-brained animals are more intelligent than smaller-brained animals. Five classes of selection pressure form the majority of explanations: ecology, technology, innovation, sex, and sociality. After chapters in which I describe the difficulties of measuring both brain size and intelligence (cognition), I address the evidence for each of the five factors in turn, reaching the conclusion that although ecology provides the best explanations for variation in the size of brain regions, none of the factors yet offers a robust and compelling explanation for variation in whole brain size. I end by providing the steps I consider necessary to reach such an explanation, steps that I suggest are feasible, if challenging.
Introduction
Authors: Healy Susan D.
Published: March 2021

This brief introductory chapter begins with the key question to be addressed in the book: why does brain size vary among animal species? It contains a short outline of the book’s contents and establishes the rationale for the examination of the evidence that has been gathered using the comparative method over the past five decades. I explain that the book will be both a review and a critique of the work that has attempted to explain which natural selection pressures led to changes in brain size. This is a focus that, to a large extent, excludes work that addresses mechanistic explanations for brain size.
The Sexual Brain
Authors: Healy Susan D.
Published: March 2021

Morphological and behavioural differences between the sexes are ubiquitous across the animal kingdom. There is also good evidence for differences in some brain regions between males and females, in humans, some rodents, and many songbirds. I look at the data for sex differences in cognition, of which there are some that show differences in spatial cognition and in hippocampal structure, at least some of which may be explained by variation in hormone levels. The thesis of The Mating Mind by Geoffrey Miller considerably increased interest in using sexual selection to explain variation in brain size. From female mate choice, male–male competition, sperm competition, mating strategy, to parental care, there are some data that appear to support selection acting on one species rather than the other in sexually a selected manner but I conclude that the data are not generally supportive of the Sexual Brain Hypothesis.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Healy Susan D.
Published: March 2021

In this chapter, I conclude that ecology has been shown to explain variation in the size of brain regions in multiple species, which is not the case for any of the other hypotheses. I go on to suggest the steps that need to be taken to collect the requisite data: collecting data on size of brain regions with identifiable function, choosing the appropriate cognitive test and collecting data from appropriate species, better quantification of ecological factors along with data collected from individuals that differ in age, sex, and geographical location, and demonstration that better cognition confers fitness benefits. Each of these is in both principle and practice feasible, if challenging to assemble for one hypothesis/taxonomic group. With these data, we may eventually be able to shed light on what has caused human brains to become relatively large.
Institutions and Business Strategies
Authors: Coen David , Katsaitis Alexander , Vannoni Matia
Published: March 2021

This chapter focuses on business’ relationship with the EU’s institutions, in particular the European Commission and the European Parliament. From a theoretical perspective, the chapter discusses the role of legitimacy and information-expertise as central resources defining business access. It then examines the growing role of political parties, and the rise of political financing as an alternative lobbying resource. Empirically, the chapter draws from a large-N analysis of a population of 12,000 lobbyists, business, and policy-maker surveys, and an analysis EU-level political parties’ budgets. The chapter also includes a case study on the use of information and business strategies across institutional settings focusing on the European Emissions Trading Scheme. The chapter’s analyses shows how business interests mobilize in similar proportions across institutions. Interestingly, when lobbying members of the European Parliament they address parties across the ideological spectrum. Simultaneously, business donations to EU-level parties are increasing over time, with centre-right and Eurosceptic parties outperforming centre-left and left wing parties. In doing so this chapter contributes to discussions about, information-access, input/output legitimacy, political financing, and business lobbying politicization.
Making Sense of the Complexity of Business-Government Relations in the EU
Authors: Coen David , Katsaitis Alexander , Vannoni Matia
Published: March 2021

In this chapter, we develop a political theory of the firm that draws from a micro-, meso-, and macro-perspective. In doing so, we develop a theory that brings together a set of pieces that form a sum greater than its parts. Specifically, it looks at how the structure and functions of institutions affect how the firm behaves in the political arena. It goes on to look at the variation in business behaviour across policy areas and stages of the policy cycles and it concludes with the focus on the internal features of the company. The chapter concludes by providing some recommendations for scholars of business and politics, policy-makers, and lobbyists.
The Nature and Ontological Status of Appearances
Authors: Jauernig Anja
Published: March 2021

It is shown that things in themselves and appearances are numerically distinct existents whose primary difference consists in that the former are mind-independent while the latter are mind-dependent, in a sense that is explicated in detail. On the proposed reading, the world, understood as the sum total of everything that has reality, comprises several levels of reality, most importantly, a mind-independent, transcendental level, at which things in themselves exits, and a mind-dependent, empirical level, at which appearances exist. Appearances are identified to be intentional objects of experience. The nature and ontological status of appearances is further investigated by way of an examination of Kant’s account of perception and his theory of experience, including a detailed consideration of the formal and material conditions of experience and of the implications of the mathematical antinomies for the specific flavor of Kant’s idealism about appearances.
The fluoride transporter FLUORIDE EXPORTER (FEX) is the major mechanism of tolerance to fluoride toxicity in plants1
Authors: Tausta S. Lori , Berbasova Tanya , Peverelli Martin , Strobel Scott A
Published: March 2021

Fluoride is everywhere in the environment, yet it is toxic to living things. How biological organisms detoxify fluoride has been unknown until recently. Fluoride-specific ion transporters in both prokaryotes (Fluoride channel; Fluc) and fungi (Fluoride Exporter; FEX) efficiently export fluoride to the extracellular environment. FEX homologs have been identified throughout the plant kingdom. Understanding the function of FEX in a multicellular organism will reveal valuable knowledge about reducing toxic effects caused by fluoride. Here, we demonstrate the conserved role of plant FEX (FLUORIDE EXPORTER) in conferring fluoride tolerance. Plant FEX facilitates the efflux of toxic fluoride ions from yeast cells and is required for fluoride tolerance in plants. A CRISPR/Cas9-generated mutation in Arabidopsis thaliana FEX renders the plant vulnerable to low concentrations (100-µM) of fluoride at every stage of development. Pollen is particularly affected, failing to develop even at extremely low levels of fluoride in the growth medium. The action of the FEX membrane transport protein is the major fluoride defense mechanism in plants.
Response to: H. George Frederickson’s Giving the Public in Public Administration its Due
Authors: Bozeman Barry
Published: March 2021

This response to George Frederickson’s retirement speech on the meaning of “public” in public administration highlights Frederickson’s intellectual influence, both on this author and, especially, the entire field of public administration theory. The current paper argues that both the empirical and normative meanings of public are vital and that the interaction of the two helps frame not only public administration theory but also the practice of public administration. By treating “public” as little more than a sector label, a stereotype, it is easy to march in lockstep with those who misguidedly marginalize public administration as little more than a means of addressing market failure.
A prospective longitudinal study shows putamen volume is associated with moderate amphetamine use and resultant cognitive impairments
Authors: Kendrick Keith M , Daumann Joerg , Wagner Daniel , Koester Philip , Tittgemeyer Marc , Luo Qiang , Gouzoulis-Mayfrank Euphrosyne , Becker Benjamin
Published: March 2021

Background

Amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) have become a critical public health issue. Animal models have indicated a clear neurotoxic potential of ATSs. In humans, chronic use has been associated with cognitive deficits and structural brain abnormalities. However, cross-sectional retrospective designs in chronic users cannot truly determine the causal direction of the effects.

Objective

To prospectively determine effects of occasional ATS use on cognitive functioning and brain structure.

Methods

In a prospective longitudinal study design, cognitive functioning and brain structure were assessed at baseline and at 12-month follow-up in occasional ATS users (cumulative lifetime use <10 units at baseline).

Results

Examination of change scores between the initial examination and follow-up revealed declined verbal memory performance and putamen volume in users with high relative to low interim ATS exposure. In the entire sample, interim ATS use, memory decline, and putamen volume reductions were strongly associated.

Conclusions

The present findings support the hypothesis that ATS use is associated with deficient dorsal striatal morphology that might reflect alterations in dopaminergic pathways. More importantly, these findings strongly suggest that even occasional, low-dose ATS use disrupts striatal integrity and cognitive functioning.
Multifocal calcific periarthritis with distinctive clinical and radiological features in patients with CD73 deficiency
Authors: Cudrici Cornelia D , Newman Kam A , Ferrante Elisa A , Huffstutler Rebecca , Carney Katherine , Betancourt Blas , Miettinen Markku , Siegel Richard , Katz James D , Nesti Leon J , St Hilaire Cynthia , Lakshmipathy Deepak , Wen Han , Bagheri Mohammad H , Boehm Manfred , Brofferio Alessandra
Published: March 2021

Objectives

Arterial calcification due to deficiency of CD73 (ACDC) is a hereditary autosomal recessive ectopic mineralization syndrome caused by loss-of-function mutations in the ecto-5′-nucleotidase gene. Periarticular calcification has been reported but the clinical characterization of arthritis as well as the microstructure and chemical composition of periarticular calcifications and SF crystals has not been systematically investigated.

Methods

Eight ACDC patients underwent extensive rheumatological and radiological evaluation over a period of 11 years. Periarticular and synovial biopsies were obtained from four patients. Characterization of crystal composition was evaluated by compensated polarized light microscopy, Alizarin Red staining for synovial fluid along with X-ray diffraction and X-ray micro tomosynthesis scanner for periarticular calcification.

Results

Arthritis in ACDC patients has a clinical presentation of mixed erosive-degenerative joint changes with a median onset of articular symptoms at 17 years of age and progresses over time to the development of fixed deformities and functional limitations of small peripheral joints with, eventually, larger joint and distinct axial involvement later in life. We have identified calcium pyrophosphate and calcium hydroxyapatite (CHA) crystals in SF specimens and determined that CHA crystals are the principal component of periarticular calcifications.

Conclusion

This is the largest study in ACDC patients to describe erosive peripheral arthropathy and axial enthesopathic calcifications over a period of 11 years and the first to identify the composition of periarticular calcifications and SF crystals. ACDC should be considered among the genetic causes of early-onset OA, as musculoskeletal disease signs may often precede vascular symptoms.
The platform economy matures: measuring pervasiveness and exploring power
Authors: Kenney Martin , Bearson Dafna , Zysman John
Published: March 2021

Online platforms are pervasive and powerful in today’s economy. We explore the increased centrality of platforms in two ways. First, we measure the extent to which platforms are insinuating themselves into the economy. We accomplish this by analyzing the presence of platforms as intermediating organizations across all US service industries at the six-digit North American Industry Classification System code level. Our results show that 70% of service industries, representing over 5.2 million establishments, are potentially affected by one or more platforms. Secondly, we undertake a detailed firm-level case study of the mega-platform, Amazon, which demonstrates the ways that the aforementioned macro-level data is expressed by a single platform firm. This case study shows that Amazon’s growth trajectory has resulted in it entering and transforming existing industries and sectors. We conclude by reflecting upon the limitations and implications for future research.