bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reactions Between Lipoids and Antibodies
Authors: Eagle Harry
Published: January 2023

No analytically demonstrable protein is adsorbed from normal serum by the lipoid crystals used as antigen in the diagnostic tests for syphilis. However, their cataphoretic isoelectric point after being placed in normal serum and washed free of excess protein is found to be changed from an original value of pH 1.9 to approximately pH 3.5. This increase is probably to be ascribed to the retention of minute quantities of adsorbed protein on the surface of the particles, too small to be detected analytically by the methods used.

The isoelectric point of the particles after similar sensitization with syphilitic serum rises as high as pH 4.85, the exact value obtained depending on the reagin content of the particular serum used. Even this is probably not the maximum value obtainable, as no serum has yet been found with a sufficiently high reagin titer to make the isoelectric point of the lipoid-reagin aggregates reach a definite maximum. The striking change in cataphoretic mobility caused by syphilitic serum is probably due to the deposition of the specific reactive protein, reagin, on the surface of the lipoid particles.

The isoelectric point of reagin itself in the antigen-reagin complex is probably greater than pH 4.9, and thus falls into the same zone as the specific antibodies to bacteria, proteins and red blood cells, further evidence for the thesis that reagin, despite its apparent non-specificity, is a true antibody. The determination of its exact isoelectric point when in solution awaits its dissociation in quantity from the lipoid-reagin complex studied in the present paper.

Quantitative analysis of the lipoid-reagin aggregates for nitrogen shows protein to constitute up to 6 per cent of the compound. The theoretical value calculated on the assumption that the reagin is deposited as a unimolecular layer of closely packed spherical molecules seven μμ in diameter, is on the order of 10 per cent. It is therefore suggested as a working hypothesis that the reagin protein of syphilitic serum is deposited on the surface of the antigen particles as a unimolecular layer which does not completely cover the individual particles.

The actual concentration of reagin protein in syphilitic serum necessary to give a positive diagnostic test is estimated to be on the order of 0.3 mgm. per 100 cc. The average syphilitic serum, containing 5 to 50 such units, thus contains 1.5 to 15 mgm. per cent of the reactive factor.

It is estimated, with the reservations entailed by the necessary assumptions, that approximately one-twentieth of the surface of the lipoid particles here studied must be covered with reagin to cause visible aggregation.
The Non-Influence of Injections of Trypsin Upon the Protein Quotient in Blood Serum
Authors: Hanson Samuel
Published: January 2023

The normal variation in the antitryptic index is very marked in any particular rabbit, and is even greater in different animals. An unmistakable rise in the antitryptic index has been produced in at least two of the six rabbits immunized against trypsin. The progress of immune body production against trypsin is very peculiar, in that at first there is a marked fall in the antitrypsin, followed soon, however, by rather a sudden rise which is at best only 300 per cent above the normal variation. At this level the antibody content remains approximately stationary for a comparatively brief period and is then supervened by a rapid return to the normal, in spite of continued periodical injections of trypsin. Immunity to pancreas trypsin appears to cause no change in the protein quotient. This fact may serve as additional evidence in favor of the recently emphasized view that immunity is non-dependent on the concentration of the serum proteins.
Complement Fixation with Protein Substances
Authors: Kahn Reuben L. , McNeil Archibald
Published: January 2023

Vegetable and animal proteins, injected into rabbits, called forth the production of complement-fixing antibodies in these animals. (a) Gelatin; (b) racemized proteins; (c) proteoses; (d) Vaughan's soluble poison from casein; (e) insoluble residue remaining from the preparation of Vaughan's poison from casein; and (f) animal tissues, did not produce complement fixing antibodies when injected into rabbits. What has been found to be true in the case of other immunity reactions, appears to be true, also, in the case of the complement fixation reaction, namely that the specificity of the complement fixation reaction depends upon the chemical structure of the protein molecule and if the molecule be split or modified by racemization, its specific complement binding power is lost.
The Rôle of Immunity in the Conduct of the Present War
Authors: Kolmer John A.
Published: January 2023

When the history of the present great war is written a notable victory over the common enemy, disease, will be recorded as one of the greatest triumphs in this greatest of all conflicts. In all probability this triumphs over disease will also be recorded as the most important single factor in explanation of the stamina and long-sustained man-power of the involved nations; never before in the history of the world have so many men been engaged in combat with such freedom from internal deterioration due to disease not only among the warriors in preparation and at the line of battle, but also among the supporting civilian population;history records many instances of cessation of wars and sieges due to disease among offenders or defenders or both and a remarkable freedom from pestilence in the present conflict has undoubtedly played a prominent rSle in permitting it to reach the dimensions of the greatest of all wars.
Active Immunity in Experimental Poliomyelitis
Authors: Abramson H. L. , Gerber Herman
Published: January 2023

The search for a method of specific inoculation against acute poliomyelitis is not a new one. Shortly after the announcement by Landsteiner and Popper (1), in 1909, of the successful transmission of this disease to members of the monkey family, workers in this country and Europe began to study the immunity problems of this disease.

Flexner and Lewis (2), in 1910, demonstrated that monkeys could be immunized against poliomyelitis by repeated subcutaneous injections with increasing amounts of a saline suspension of the crude unmodified virus. They injected animals over a period of two and one-half months. About ten days after the completion of the course of inoculations, the animals were injected intracerebrally with 2 cc. of a filtrate of a very potent virus, of which 0.05 to 0.1 cc. would prove fatal. The animal tested presented no sign of infection, whereas the control died of poliomyelitis.
Precipitation with Antiserum as a Means of Estimating the Immunizing Value of Solutions of Pneumococcus Oral Vaccines
Authors: Ross Victor , Peizer Lenore R.
Published: January 2023

The quantity of precipitate obtained on mixing a solution of pneumococcus vaccine (types 1 and 3) with antiserum appears to be a fairly reliable guide to its immunizing value when administered orally to white rats. This is ascribed to the important rôle which the soluble specific substance appears to have in oral immunization. The effects of feeding a given quantity of vaccine are not always distinguishable from those obtained when twice the amount is used. Such amounts are readily told apart by the precipitates which they yield. Lack of agreement between test tube and feeding results was observed where the method of concentrating the precipitable substance was such as to make it appear that the acetyl group (type 1) might be split off. The difficulties with type 3 are discussed. A preparation for which the immunizing dose for rats has been determined serves as a standard in the precipitation test.
Blood Grouping of 336 Upper Aucaner Bush Negroes and 70 Alukuyana Indians in Dutch Guiana
Authors: Kahn Morton C.
Published: January 2023

The Bush Negroes of Dutch Guiana, South America, are of the identical blood as those Negro slaves originally transported to North America and the West Indies. The slaving ships which supplied these places all received their cargo from the same parts of the West African Coast. The region particularly concerned may be said to have extended from the Senegal river to the Congo mouth, including the adjacent interior for many miles back. The names of the known tribes which contributed black men to this hemisphere are too numerous to mention here, while others have been obliterated by time and the depredation of the slaving trade. The history and present day situation of the Bush Negro is however, unique in the annals of the Negro people in both North and South America.

Beginning in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, numbers of slaves on the plantations of Dutch Guiana escaped into the jungle.
The Effect of Experimental Acidosis on the Production of Immune Bodies in the Rabbit
Authors: Brandes W. W. , Cairns A. B.
Published: January 2023

The effect of acidosis upon the production of immune bodies has been studied previously. Bonanno (1), Davesne and Haber (2), and Moen and Reiman (3), found that it hindered the formation of agglutinins. One of us previously found that, in rabbits, the formation of agglutinins to typhoid bacilli was hindered by acidosis produced by injections of ammonium chloride (4). Weiss, Sumegi, and Benkovics (5) found no appreciable difference in the production of xemolysin in normal, acidotic or alkalinized rabbits.

We wish to report on results obtained in experiments performed to ascertain whether precipitin-formation was affected by acidosis, and if so, in what manner. It was thought that by this means it might be possible to throw further light on the question of similarity or dissimilarity of these immune substances. We originally thought it might be possible to affect the production of one and not the other by this method.
Immunization of Rabbits with Inactive Vaccine Virus
Authors: Bernkopf H. , Kligler I. J.
Published: January 2023

Views as to the possibility of inducing immunity with inactive virus are still divergent. In experiments carried out by one of us (Kligler, 1932) with fowl-pox virus, the results were entirely negative. The prevailing conception based on repeated negative results is that at best only a slight or transient immunity can be induced with inactive virus. A comprehensive critical review of the literature dealing with this aspect of the problem is given by Parker and Rivers (1936).

The restudy of this problem was undertaken as a result of our findings with Rickettsiae (Kligler and Aschner, 1934). In a series of experiments in which relatively large amounts of infected brain emulsions inactivated in various ways were injected into guinea pigs, the results were consistently negative; as much as 3 grams of brain tissue failed to produce more than a slight and irregular increase in the resistance of the treated guinea pigs to an infection with active virus.
A Contribution to the Nature and Origin of Natural Agglutinins
Authors: Ingalls Mabel S.
Published: January 2023

Introduction. The controversy over the origin of natural antibodies has been in progress ever since Hirszfeld and his associates (29, 30) seriously questioned the concept of latent infection as the immediate cause. According to these workers, natural antibodies are “biochemical organs” which appear in the serum, very much like physiologic reflexes, at a certain time in the life of the individual and are inherited according to Mendelian laws. Shortly following this came the contributions of Friedberger, Bock and Furstenheim (21) and many others (10, 23, 62) showing a correlation between the age of an individual and the rise and fall of certain natural antibodies in the serum. The important work done on natural antibodies up to 1932 was thoroughly reviewed by Baumgartner in her paper “The Relationship of Age to Immunological Reactions,” (7) and need not be repeated here.
Further Experiments on the Inactivation of Herpes Virus by Vitamin C (l-Ascorbic Acid)
Authors: Holden Margaret , Molloy Eleanora
Published: January 2023

Synthetic vitamin C (ascorbic acid) at pH 6 inactivated in vitro minimal infective doses of “W” virus, when tested intracerebrally in rabbits.

Incubation of the mixtures of vitamin C and “W” virus was essential for the inactivation of the virus.

Treatment of 4 rabbits with 5 mgm. of synthetic ascorbic acid did not alter the course of dermal infection with “W” virus.

An excess of ascorbic acid was toxic, when injected intracerebrally in rabbits.
Quantitative Studies on the Neutralization of Pathogenic Agents in Tissues by Circulating Antibodies
Authors: Friedemann Ulrich , Zuger Bernard , Hollander Alvin
Published: January 2023

The amount of intravenously injected antitoxin which is necessary to neutralize 10 lethal doses of tetanus toxin, injected intracerebrally, differs in rabbits and guinea pigs even when the difference between the volumes of the plasma of the two animal species is taken into consideration. In the case of diphtheric toxin, however, the values are the same when a correction is made for the volumes of the plasma. The cerebral capillaries of the guinea pig and rabbit, therefore, must be equally permeable to antibodies, contrary to the conclusions existing in the literature. These results also show that the widely held opinion of the impermeability of the cerebral capillaries to antibodies is not tenable.
The M Agglutinogen of Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Wheeler K. M. , Stuart C. A.
Published: January 2023

Erythrocytes from rhesus monkeys were agglutinated by 18 of 58 rabbit immune sera from which 102 specific M typing fluids have been prepared. Absorption of typing fluids with human M and rhesus cells demonstrated two types of M-agglutinins, one acting only on human, the other also on rhesus cells. Typing fluids contained either or both kinds of agglutinins.

Specific M-agglutinins were produced in three of four rabbits injected with rhesus erythrocytes.

Immunization of two rhesus monkeys with human OM cells failed to yield specific M-agglutinins.

Erythrocytes from some rabbits agglutinated in anti-human rabbit serum lacking specific M-antibodies as well as in serums possessing M-antibodies. Where agglutination occurred in the presence of M-antibodies the reaction could not have been specific since the agglutinins for rabbit cells were removed equally well by adsorption with either human M or N cells.
Allergy and Desensitization in Experimental Tuberculosis
Authors: Woodruff C. Eugene , Willis Henry Stuart
Published: January 2023

In tuberculous guinea pigs kept desensitized over long periods of time by means of large daily doses of tuberculin a reversal of the usual picture of guinea pig tuberculosis occurs. The lungs become distended with tuberculous pneumonia, while the liver and spleen show very little involvement.

Treatment with tuberculin in amounts insufficient to bring about complete desensitization produces varying results dependent upon the size of the dose and the length of time it is continued.

The data here presented point to the existence of at least a partial reciprocal relationship between the allergic state of infected guinea pigs and the number of tubercle bacilli demonstrable in their lungs.
A Comparative Study of Phagocytosis and Digestion of Pneumococci by Macrophages and Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes in Normal and Immune Dogs
Authors: Robertson O. H. , van Sant Helen , Peterson Gladys
Published: January 2023

A comparative study was made of the phagocytosis and digestion of pneumococci by macrophages and polymorphonuclear leucocytes in normal and immune dogs. Cellular exudates of the two types of cell were produced in dogs by the intrapleural injection of gum arabic on the one hand, and aleuronat on the other. Observations were carried on both in vivo and in vitro employing a highly virulent Pneumococcus type I. It was found that while the macrophages showed a somewhat greater phagocytic activity than the polymorphonuclears their ability to digest pneumococci was much more pronounced than that of the latter cells. This difference was most marked in the presence of opsonic fluids of relatively low concentration. The use of suspensions of macrophages which had been concentrated by differential sedimentation brought out the superior antipneumococcal activity of these cells most clearly. Macrophages secured from the pleural exudates of dogs highly immune to pneumococcus as well as from the lungs of dogs recovering from experimental pneumonia were found to be just as dependent on opsonins for the phagocytic activity as were cells of normal animals.
Spermatozoal Antibodies and Fertility
Authors: Henle Werner , Henle Gertrude , Church Charles F. , Foster Claire
Published: January 2023

Experiments are reported of an attempt to determine whether or not temporary sterility in female white mice can be produced by passive immunization with antisera against spermatozoa of the mouse and the rat. The results indicate the absence of any effect upon fertility.
Contact-Reactions in Atopy
Authors: Albert Murray , Walzer Matthew
Published: January 2023

A special type of contact-reaction to an oil-free preparation of silkworm has been described. This form of hypersensitiveness seems to occur most frequently in atopic children. It is not based upon the presence of atopic reagin and cannot be passively transferred to normal skin. The reaction is specific and may at times be induced by single or repeated applications of silkworm to the skin. The excitant is not the oil but is probably a protein. Dialyzed extracts of silkworm were found to contain the active excitant and produced positive contact-reactions.
Agglutinins for Sheep Erythrocytes in Rabbit Antipneumococcal Sera
Authors: Chassin Maurice R.
Published: January 2023

The samples of rabbit antipneumococcal sera of types II, III, and IV examined gave consistently negative heterophilic responses, while the responses of types I, V, VII, VIII, XII, and XIV were variable and insignificant. These findings suggest that any superior therapeutic qualities which these rabbit sera may possess over those of horse antipneumococcal sera are not due to the presence in the rabbit sera of heterophilic antibodies.
Thymoxyethyldiethylamine as an Antagonist of Histamine and of Anaphylactic Reactions
Authors: Rosenthal Sol Roy , Brown Mary Louise
Published: January 2023

Discussion and Summary

The specific antagonistic action of thymoxyethyldiethylamine on histamine and its prevention of anaphylactic shock suggests that histamine is liberated into circulating fluids during anaphylactic shock and may cause death of the guinea pig.

Thymoxyethyldiethylamine does not neutralize histamine or antigen directly but antagonizes the action of histamine. Thus, it differs from histaminase (6) and from the neutralizing serum (7) obtained from previously burned pigs or humans, which neutralizes histamine directly.

As irritation or injury to cells causes histamine to leave the cells, it follows that the excess of circulating histamine is only an indicator of the amount of irritation or injury sustained by the cells. It has been very difficult to separate the primary from the secondary effects of histamine. The action of thymoxyethyldiethylamine suggests an answer to this problem. In sensitized animals treated with this drug before the injection of antigen, respiratory difficulty, scratching, or convulsions rarely developed. These animals, however, did show signs of malaise and prostration. They rolled over on one side and appeared listless although their reflexes remained intact. They could not be made to stand or walk. This condition lasted for one to several hours after which recovery was apparent. The cause of this prostration might be due to the primary tissue-alterations, or incomplete neutralization of histamine, or to other substances leaving the injured cells.

As shown in this study, 0.5 mgm. per kilogram of histamine intracardially, or approximately 1 to 2 gamma of histamine per milliliter of blood, is fatal to the guinea pig (5). This takes into consideration dilution by body-fluids. Code (1) found, in anaphylactically shocked guinea pigs, from 0.35 to 1.2 gamma per ml.; the average was about 1 gamma or less; (the normal range is 0.08 to 0.16 gamma). The amount of thymoxyethyldiethylamine injected readily neutralized 0.5 mgm. per kilogram insofar as action on smooth muscle is concerned. Other effects of histamine were probably prevented inasmuch as the animals receiving histamine after thymoxyethyldiethylamine recovered rapidly. Thymoxyethyldiethylamine injected alone in similar amounts as above caused a decreased response to mechanical stimuli in the guinea pig. (The lethal dose of thymoxyethyldiethylamine for guinea pigs is 400 mgm. per kilogram of base.)

It has long been suspected that scratching, respiratory embarrassment, convulsions, and early death are caused by the histamine liberated during anaphylactic shock. Primary tissuedamage and substances other than histamine probably account for the prolonged malaise and prostration in the thymoxyethyldiethylamine-treated animals, and the deaths that sometimes terminate protracted anaphylactic shock.
Studies with Colored Antigens
Authors: Pratt Henry N. , Gregersen Magnus I.
Published: January 2023

By means of conjugating R-salt, a dye, with recrystallized egg-albumin through tetrazotized benzidine, the specificity of the original albumin was altered. This conjugated dye-protein was then injected intravenously into rabbits and a dog and the rate of its disappearance from the blood-plasma was determined by analyzing subsequent samples of plasma quantitatively for the presence of dye by means of spectrophotometric determinations. The dye-protein was found to disappear rapidly from the plasma, 30 to 80 per cent (depending upon amount injected) escaping in the first hour, complete removal being effected in 12 to 24 hours.

Only a small fraction (5 per cent or less) of the dye-protein was taken up by the cellular elements of the blood in vitro, and none could be detected in the urine by colorimetric or immunological methods. The rapid escape of this substance from the plasma cannot, therefore, be explained either by a reaction between it and the cellular elements of the blood or by excretion through the kidney.
The Detoxification of Staphylococcal Toxin by Adsorption on Organic Liquids
Authors: Johlin J. M. , Rigdon R. H.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The hemolytic and dermonecrotic activity of staphylococcal toxin is rapidly and progressively decreased by adsorption on emulsified ether or chloroform and the toxin becomes progressively less soluble as the treatment by adsorption is continued. The process of denaturation, taking place under the influence of surface catalysis, is probably similar to that which takes place spontaneously at a slower rate when the toxin is allowed to stand. The behavior of the toxin after adsorption gives no indication that it contains more than one toxic factor. When the toxin is completely detoxified by prolonged treatment, it appears to retain some of its antigenic properties but is a poor antigen when used according to established procedures.
Passive Immunization against Experimental Infection of Mice with Influenza A Virus: Comparative Effect of Immune Serum Administered Intranasally and Intraabdominally
Authors: Taylor R. M.
Published: January 2023

Immune serum administered intranasally was much more effective in preventing pulmonary infection with influenza A virus in mice than a proportional amount of immune serum injected intraabdominally. The protective action of the immune serum intranasally introduced was demonstrated for at least 48 hours following its administration.

Although mice receiving 30 MLD of virus were protected when immune serum was given intranasally within 6 hours, consistent protection against death could not be achieved if the instillation of the serum was delayed for 24 hours after inoculation of the virus.

The manner of action and possible use of intranasally administered immune serum have been briefly discussed.
Bacteriogenic Hemagglutination. II
Authors: Davidsohn I. , Toharsky B.
Published: January 2023

The hemagglutinating properties of serum and plasma that develop on inoculation of Corynebacterium H or filtrates of its cultures are not related to changes in the pH of serum or plasma. The fraction of the serum or plasma essential for the formation of bacteriogenic hemagglutinins is destroyed by heating at 65 C for ten minutes.

Addition of yeast or of fractions of vitamin B to serum or plasma inoculated with Corynebacterium H favors the development of bacteriogenic hemagglutinins. No such effect was observed when growth-activating substances were added to the serum simultaneously with filtrates of the bacterium. A medium which yields filtrates that are not agglutinogenic when added to serum or plasma, produces filtrates with agglutinogenic properties when yeast-extract is added to the growing culture.

Bacteria which fail to produce changes in the agglutinating properties of serum do not behave differently when yeast is added to the serum in which they are growing.

The agglutinogenic fraction of the serum is partly or completely exhausted in the course of the formation of bacteriogenic agglutinins. After adsorption of the agglutinins only minute traces of the agglutinogenic fraction of the serum are left, which can be transformed into hemagglutinins by reinoculation of the adsorbed serum with the bacterium, but only when yeast-extract is added. If the bacteriogenic agglutinin deteriorates on standing reinoculation with the bacterium or with its filtrates fails to produce a second crop of hemagglutinins.

The serums which acquire new hemagglutinating properties do not change in their behavior in relation to certain bacteria.

Further evidence is added to show the independence of the normal t-agglutinin and of the bacteriogenic hemagglutinin (h-agglutinin).

The ability to react with bacteriogenic h-agglutinin is not limited to red cells, but is found also in various tissues.

Certain bacteriostatic and bactericidal agents are capable of preventing the development of bacteriogenic hemagglutinins in serum or plasma.
The Specific Groups of Antibodies
Authors: Haurowitz Felix , Vardar Muzaffer , Schwerin Paula
Published: January 2023

Rabbits were immunized to iodo-proteins, bromo-protein, caseinogen and arsanil-azoprotein. None of the antibodies contained the determinant group of the antigen or a serologically related group. This is inconsistent with Jordan's theory of antibody-formation.
Influence of Benzene-Poisoning Upon Streptococcal Infections in Rabbits
Authors: Schnitzer R. J. , Goddard I. G.
Published: January 2023

Leucopenia of varying degrees of severity was produced in rabbits as a result of repeated injections of benzene. Such rabbits failed to develop a typical local lesion when infected intracutaneously with a hemolytic streptococcus, but died of streptococcal septicemia. The same dose of organisms produced in normal rabbits a progressive local inflammation but no generalization. The breakdown of the natural resistance under benzene-poisoning seemed to be due both to the leucopenia and also to a profound modification in the character of inflammatory response.
Studies on Antibody-Antigen Mixtures
Authors: Kulka Anna M.
Published: January 2023

Antiserum (type 3 rabbit antipneumococcal serum) and antigen (type 3 polysaccharide) were mixed in such proportions that all free antibodies were precipitated. Neither the precipitate nor the supernate caused contraction of the normal guinea-pig uterus. Only mixtures containing sufficient free antibodies in solution caused contractions of normal uterine tissue. Normal guinea-pig uteri were exposed to an antibody-containing serum and the bath was drained off after one to five minutes. If the corresponding antigen was then added in adequate amounts the horns contracted, indicating adsorption of antibodies to the tissue.
Quantitative Methods in the Study of the Phage-Antiphage Reaction
Authors: Hershey A. D. , Kalmanson G. , Bronfenbrenner J.
Published: January 2023

The following characteristics of antiphage-sera have been defined, and methods given for their measurement: specifically precipitable nitrogen, specific rate of neutralization, neutralizing capacity, precipitating activity, and combining power. The significance and precision of measurement of these characteristics are briefly discussed.

The methods have been designed specifically to study equilibria in immune reactions, and the question of the homogeneity of the reactants.

The specifically precipitable nitrogen of a coli-phage in crude lysates was found to correspond to less than 10−13 mg per lytic unit. This determination provides an additional method for estimating the size of the infective dose of viruses, which can be obtained in sufficient concentration.
Protection in White Mice with Human Post-Convalescent Serum against Infection with Poliomyelitis Virus (Armstrong Strain). II
Authors: Kramer S. D.
Published: January 2023

The results of the 28 experiments described in this communication may be briefly summarized as follows: Significant protection was obtained up to 72 hours after the administration of 0.2 ml human post-convalescent serum intra-abdominally to 10-gram mice. Some protection was noted up to 2 weeks after administration of serum. (expts. 18–31 inclusive, charts I and II).When serum was administered following infection, maximal protection was obtained at the 6-hour interval; some protection was apparent at the 96-hour interval although no protection was observed when serum was administered 48 hours after infection (chart IV).There appears to be some direct relation between the dose of serum and the weight (or age) of the mice (chart III).The protection appears to be specific (chart V).Protection appears to be due to absorbed circulating antibody and not to a local neutralizing effect secondary to antibody released by trauma of blood-vessels at the site of inoculation (see text and chart V).Neutralization tests suggest a direct correlation between the amount of neutralizing antibody and the degree of protection (chart VI).
A Quantitative Study of Passive Anaphylaxis in the Guinea-Pig II
Authors: Kabat Elvin A. , Boldt Martin H.
Published: January 2023

In a previous communication (1) it was shown that intravenous injection of 0.03 milligram of rabbit anti-ovalbumin nitrogen or Type III antipneumococcal antibody-nitrogen would passively sensitize a 250 gram guinea-pig so that fatal anaphylaxis resulted on subsequent intravenous injection of 1 milligram of ovalbumin or 0.10 milligram of Type III specific polysaccharide respectively. No studies were carried out with guinea-pig antibody in passive anaphylaxis since precipitating guinea-pig sera were not available. However, the method developed by Freund and McDermott (2), employing adjuvants in immunization, results in guinea-pig antisera with amounts of antibody adequate for analysis by the quantitative precipitin-method (3) and for anaphylactic studies. In general, the same quantitative relations were found to obtain for guinea-pig antibody as had been established for rabbit antibody (1).

Experimental. Guinea-pig antibodies to ovalbumin were used to produce passive anaphylaxis.
Use of Refined Serum Albumin As a Nutrient for T. Pallidum
Authors: Little Paul A. , Subbarow Y.
Published: January 2023

Refined serum albumin has been identified as the important nutrient that has previously made animal fluids indispensable in the cultivation of Treponema pallidum. By using liver preparations together with serum albumin, we were able to maintain the spirochete continuously on serum-free media. T. pallidum could be cultivated for a limited number of transfers in media containing choline chloride, niacin, pantothenate, pyridoxine, riboflavin, thiamin, and ascorbic acid as a substitute for liver.
Inhibition of Phagocytosis by Penicillin
Authors: Welch Henry , Davis Ruth P. , Price Clifford W.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The toxicity, as determined by inhibition of phagocytosis, of 60 lots of penicillin sodium from ten manufacturers has been studied to determine the effect of purity on the toxicity of this salt of penicillin. Similar studies have been made of six different salts of penicillin prepared on a pilot plant basis and of seven different salts of penicillin prepared commercially. There is a correlation between the toxicity of penicillin preparations as measured by inhibition of phagocytosis and potency. The toxicity for leucocytes of the penicillin preparations studied is not dependent upon the cation used in their production. The weight of the penicillin preparations studied which completely inhibits phagocytosis appears to be the same, regardless of the type or potency of the salt tested. It is suggested that the inhibition of phagocytosis demonstrated in these studies may be the result of an osmotic pressure effect. The concentrations of crude penicillin necessary to inhibit phagocytosis are not obtained in the ordinary clinical use of this material.
The Determination of Meningococcic Antibodies by a Centrifuge-Agglutination Test
Authors: Mayer Ruth L. , Dowling Harry F.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

A method for the determination of agglutinins against N. intracellularis by the use of the centrifuge is described and the theoretical reasons for its superiority are given. Four hundred and four specimens of serum from 121 subjects with and without meningococcal infections were examined by this method. The maximum agglutinin titer in the majority of the patients with meningococcic infections, or receiving antimeningococcic serum, was 1:16 or more, and titers ran up as high as 1:1024. Among the 35 control patients the maximum titer was above 1:8 in only two instances. It is concluded that the centrifuge-agglutination test is simple to perform and achieves a high degree of specificity combined with sufficient sensitivity for all practical uses.
Decreased Antigenicity of Coupled Hapten-Protein Antigen Resulting from Treatment with Too Much Hapten
Authors: Boyd William C. , Warshaver Estelle R.
Published: January 2023

Conjugated protein-arsanilic acid antigens prepared by using six times the theoretical amount of diazotized arsanilic acid proved to be markedly inferior as antigens and no one of thirty rabbits injected with such an antigen produced more than a trace of anti-arsanilic antibody. Antigens prepared in the usual way were successful, sometimes even in animals which had failed even after a long period of injection to respond to the supersaturated antigen.
Changes of the Serum Phosphatase Level After Infection of Cows with Brucella Abortus
Authors: Braun Werner
Published: January 2023

Observations on the serum phosphatase levels of cows before and after infection with Brucella abortus were made as part of an experiment which involved periodical testing of 23 blood-constituents of 49 animals. The age of the animals used ranged from 18 months to 13 years.

It was found that thirty-nine cows which showed agglutinative titers after infection with Brucella abortus had a significantly lowered average phosphatase level for approximately two months after infection, compared with “pre-exposure” levels and average levels of nine non-infected control animals.

One exceptional animal which failed to show agglutinins after infection exhibited a rapid rise of its phosphatase level for five months, up to 300 per cent above the level of all other animals. A second overwhelming infection of this animal with Br. abortus, again caused a rapid increase of its phosphatase level. Six weeks later, however, this animal suddenly showed a rapidly ascending agglutination titer and the phosphatase level decreased simultaneously with the appearance of the titer.

These results are discussed 1) on the basis of possible similarities between antibodies and phosphatase molecules, and 2) on the basis of Sevag's concept that antigens act as biocatalysts and that “specific antibodies formed as final reaction products in response to antigenic stimuli fulfill the function of specific inhibitors of enzymes.” It is shown that the results can be explained by assuming that a Br. abortus antibody globulin acts as a specific inhibitor of phosphatase (“anti-phosphatase”). In order to explain the great increase of the phosphatase level in one animal which failed to show agglutinins after infection, it is further suggested that, in the absence of agglutinins and “anti-phosphatase,” Brucella antigen adds to the normally present phosphatase activity. Available information on the chemical nature of the Brucella antigen is reviewed and its similarity to enzymes pointed out. The need for further work, including an evaluation of the possible role of phosphatase in immunization, is stressed.
Studies on Lymphogranuloma Venereum Complement-Fixing Antigens
Authors: Nigg Clara , Hilleman Maurice R. , Bowser Betty M.
Published: January 2023

The titer of lymphogranuloma venereum complement-fixing yolk sac antigens could be enhanced from 1–200 to 1–3200 by treatment with phenol under certain conditions of autolysis, temperature and time. The titer could be similarly enhanced by boiling or autoclaving with or without phenol. The properties of the antigen and the mechanism of enhancement are discussed.
Production of Types a, b, c, d, e and f H. Influenzae Antibody for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Purposes
Authors: Alexander Hattie E. , Leidy Grace , MacPherson Catherine
Published: January 2023

The procedures used for type b H. influenzae antibody-production are satisfactory for making type-specific antibody for the other five types. The determination of agglutinin-nitrogen for measuring type b antibody-content appears to be applicable to the other five types of H. influenzae antisera. Additional study is required to determine whether the variation in total antibody produced against the different types in comparable numbers of rabbits is due to the particular strain of types used or is related to inherent characteristics of the types.
Immunochemical Studies with Tagged Proteins
Authors: Salley D. J. , Libby Raymond L.
Published: January 2023

A kinetic treatment of the production of antibody by antigen has been developed and applied to the data of Libby and Madison (2). It is shown that the rate of decomposition of antigen may be calculated from the complete antibody-time curve (for a second injection) and agreement obtained with a direct measurement of the rate of antigen-decomposition.

The general aspects of the kinetic method of approach to the antigen-antibody problem have been discussed.
A Simple Lyophilizing Apparatus for Laboratory Use
Authors: Heckly Robert J.
Published: January 2023

A simple lyophilizing apparatus which can be constructed easily from readily available materials is described. It is sturdy and compact for convenient manipulation, can handle up to 2500 ml of material, and is economical in operation. The apparatus is readily adapted to accommodate various types and numbers of bottles or vials.
Preparation of Suspensions of Rickettsiae from Infected Yolk Sacs Without the Use of Ether
Authors: Shepard Charles C. , Topping Norman H.
Published: January 2023

A method for the preparation of purified suspensions of rickettsiae from infected yolk-sacs without the use of ether has been described. It consists of centrifugal washing of the rickettsiae and preferential Celite absorption of yolksac constitutents. The suspensions of the rickettsiae of epidemic and murine typhus fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and Q fever (R. prowazeki, R. mooseri, R. rickettsi, and R. burneti) have been satisfactory for agglutination tests. It has not been possible to prepare suspensions of the rickettsiae of tsutsugamushi disease (R. orientalis) by the method as described. When purified suspensions of typhus fever rickettsiae were treated with ether little or no soluble antigen was released. When normal yolk-sac preparations or serum was added to the suspensions before ether extraction, soluble antigen was liberated.
Immunological Relationship of Mammary Carcinomas Developing Spontaneously in Female Mice of a High-Tumor Line
Authors: Gross Ludwik
Published: January 2023

Three mammary carcinomas developing spontaneously in female descendants of the C3H line of mice have been tested for their immunological relationship. Mice of a subline of the C3H line were used as suitable hosts for the immunity tests. The intracutaneous method of immunization was used for the purpose of immunizing the animals against the individual tumors. The results indicate clearly that all three tumors are immunologically indistinguishable. The implications of these observations are discussed, and the conclusion drawn that these three carcinomas are not independent, “spontaneous” tumors but that they may represent successive links only in a host-to-host transmission of the same neoplasm.
The Effect of Metabolites, Metabolite Antagonists and Enzyme-Inhibitors on the Growth of the Vaccinia Virus in Maitland Type of Tissue Cultures
Authors: Thompson Randall L.
Published: January 2023

A series of compounds was tested in Maitland type of tissue cultures containing chick embryonic tissue in order to determine which substances possess the capacity to increase or decrease the growth of the vaccinia virus.

Succinic acid and other intermediary products of carbohydrate metabolism were not observed to exert a significant influence on the development of the virus. The majority of these compounds increase the rate of oxygen uptake by isolated tissues.

Dinitrophenol inhibited growth of the virus in a concentration of 1 × 10−4. This substance stimulates the respiration of tissues.

Cyanide, azide, atabrine, proflavine, iodoacetic acid and other enzyme-inhibitors either reduced or prevented viral multiplication in a concentration of 1 × 10−5. Malonic acid was less inhibitory.

Analogues of pantothenic and nicotinic acid produced no demonstrable effect on the growth of the virus. Desthiobiotin also was found to be inactive but γ-(3,4-ureylene cyclohexyl) butyric acid stimulated multiplication.

Four substituted amino acids, including methoxinine, amino methane sulfonic acid, α-amino isobutane sulfonic acid and α-amino-phenylmethane sulfonic acid were inhibitory in a concentration of 1 × 10−3.

Benzimidazole prevented viral multiplication. A second purine antagonist, 5-amino-7-hydroxy-1-v-triazolo [d] pyrimidine was inactive.

Sodium sulfadiazine stimulated proliferation of the virus. p-Amino benzoic acid did not alter viral growth.

Ascorbic acid decreased the rate of growth. 2-Methyl naphthoquinone, benzoquinone and hydroquinone were inhibitory for the virus.
Studies on Tularemia
Authors: Downs Cora M. , Coriell Lewis L. , Pinchot Gifford B. , Maumenee Edward , Klauber Alice , Chapman S. S. , Owen Barbara
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The LD50 dose of virulent Bacterium tularense has been determined for white mice, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters and cotton rats. The above mentioned animals are susceptible to infection with small numbers of organisms when tested by various portals of entry. The LD50 and the minimal infective dose have been determined for white rats. This animal is also susceptible to infection by various portals of entry. Studies on chicks and dogs have shown these animals to be much less susceptible than the above mentioned animals. Dogs are able to localize the infection effectively. Young monkeys succumb to as few as 20 organisms but localize the infection more effectively than other animals studied with the exception of the dog. Dogs and monkeys develop cutaneous sensitivity after recovery.
Studies of the Complement-Fixation Reaction in Virus Systems
Authors: Rice Christine E.
Published: January 2023

Studies of the complement-fixing capacity of individual and pooled human sera with influenza A and B antigens have been made by the quantitative technic developed in this laboratory; the relationships between the various reagents have been shown to be similar to those previously demonstrated with other antigen-antibody systems.

In local outbreaks of acute upper respiratory infection occurring in December 1945, serologic evidence of the presence of influenza B virus was obtained by both the complement-fixation and hemagglutination technics. The relative increase in the complement-fixing capacity of convalescent sera was definitely greater than the rise in hemagglutination titer.

For purposes of determining influenza antibody levels in the population of New York State, five series of serum pools were collected between June 1945 and September 1946. Pools collected in January–February 1946 showed an increase in the incidence of high complement-fixing titers with influenza B antigen over that in the first series, July–August 1945, and in the second, collected in December 1945. The percentage of high influenza A complement-fixing titers was definitely greater in a series assembled in May–June 1946 than in the series collected in the early winter or late summer of the same year. These findings suggest that during the winter of 1945–1946 both influenza A and B had been present in New York State. These fluctuations in the level of influenza A and B antibody titers were less readily demonstrable by the hemagglutination-inhibition test.
Interference between Neurotropic and Other Unrelated Viruses
Authors: Vilches Antonio , Hirst George K.
Published: January 2023

The viruses of influenza A and B interfere with the growth and lethal action of western equine encephalomyelitis virus (Lederle strain) in the brains of mice. Influenza strains interfere, to a lesser extent, with mortality caused by eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus, Bwamba virus, and the Rockefeller Institute strain of western equine encephalomyelitis virus. The interference is not produced if the influenza virus is given by the intraperitoneal route or if it is neutralized by immune serum; nor is it produced by several toxic agents having convulsive effect. Interference between influenza A virus (PR8 strain) and western equine encephalomyelitis (Lederle strain) could not be demonstrated in the allantoic cavity of the embryonated hen's egg. Influenza A virus inactivated by irradiation with ultraviolet light retains part of its interfering activity for western equine encephalomyelitis virus. The viruses of mumps and Newcastle disease have also the property of interfering with the growth of western equine encephalomyelitis virus (Lederle strain) in the brains of mice.
The Relative Effectiveness of Pure Penicillins Against Bacillus Anthracis in Vitro and in Vivo
Authors: Housewright Riley D. , Berkman Sam , Henry Richard J.
Published: January 2023

The relative activities of penicillins commercial, F, G, K, and X are 38, 52, 100, 29 and 160, respectively, against Bacillus anthracis in vitro. The relative effectiveness of these same penicillins in protecting mice against experimental anthrax is 100, 80, 100, 40 and 107. The effectiveness of penicillin K against anthrax in mice is greater than its reported effect against streptococcal and pneumococcal infections in mice. The penicillins of choice in the treatment of anthrax are penicillins X, G and F as indicated by these experiments on mice. In general, these results agree with those obtained by other workers on streptococcal and pneumococcal infections in mice and syphilis and gonorrhea in man.