bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimal Allocation of Surgery Blocks to Operating Rooms Under Uncertainty
Authors: Denton Brian T. , Miller Andrew J. , Balasubramanian Hari J. , Huschka Todd R.
Published: March 2010

The allocation of surgeries to operating rooms (ORs) is a challenging combinatorial optimization problem. There is also significant uncertainty in the duration of surgical procedures, which further complicates assignment decisions. In this paper, we present stochastic optimization models for the assignment of surgeries to ORs on a given day of surgery. The objective includes a fixed cost of opening ORs and a variable cost of overtime relative to a fixed length-of-day. We describe two types of models. The first is a two-stage stochastic linear program with binary decisions in the first stage and simple recourse in the second stage. The second is its robust counterpart, in which the objective is to minimize the maximum cost associated with an uncertainty set for surgery durations. We describe the mathematical models, bounds on the optimal solution, and solution methodologies, including an easy-to-implement heuristic. Numerical experiments based on real data from a large health-care provider are used to contrast the results for the two models and illustrate the potential for impact in practice. Based on our numerical experimentation, we find that a fast and easy-to-implement heuristic works fairly well, on average, across many instances. We also find that the robust method performs approximately as well as the heuristic, is much faster than solving the stochastic recourse model, and has the benefit of limiting the worst-case outcome of the recourse problem.
Use of an image intensifier to remove a challenging foreign body in a segmental bronchiole
Authors: Nwaejike N , Khan Z , Villaquiran J , Awan YM , Rahamim J
Published: March 2010

Aspiration of foreign bodies into the tracheobronchial tree is a common presentation in children, but less so in adults. Successful extraction depends on the type of foreign body aspirated, location of the foreign body in the tracheobronchial tree, the experience of the operator and the instrumentation available. We report on our management of a patient who presented with an aspirated foreign body.
Delayed jejunal perforation following blunt abdominal trauma
Authors: Subramanian Vijay , Raju Ravish Sanghi , Vyas Frederick Lorence , Joseph Philip , Sitaram Venkatramani
Published: March 2010

Jejunal perforation is a known complication of abdominal trauma. We report two cases of jejunal perforation presenting nearly 2 months following blunt injury to the abdomen and discuss possible mechanisms for delayed small bowel perforation.
Introduction: The Use of Policing Indicators in the Developing World
Authors: Davis Robert C.
Published: March 2010

This introduction, to the following set of four papers, discusses the origins of performance indicators as used as a tool to promote police accountability. It discusses different ways of conceptualising what police officers do and how it should be measured. It describes the use of community surveys and other new ways of measuring what the police do and discusses some of the problems inherent in trying to measure performance. The paper provides some examples of how performance indicators are being used in the developed world, and then transitions to how they are being used in some developing countries as well and introduces the four case studies.
Fostering Better Policing through the Use of Indicators to Measure Institutional Strengthening
Authors: Mohar Edgar
Published: March 2010

Despite the remarkable achievements in the development of Mexico's democracy, there is a lack of substantial progress in an essential matter: justice and police reform. This has been aggravated in recent years, following a very violent outbreak of organised crime, which has shown the incapability of, and the extent of the corruption within, these institutions. Although there have been 15 years of increased investment in the sector, it is easy to infer that lots of resources have been wasted and little progress achieved because of the lack of clear objectives and sound evaluation.

The State of Queretaro, Mexico, developed a programme to promote police reform within the municipal police services, based on standards designed to strengthen the institutional capabilities to measure and improve individual and organisation performance. This paper relates the experience of evaluating police agencies in Queretaro where, as in the rest of the country, police institutions have been historically closed to public scrutiny. It shows the expected and unexpected outcomes, some positive and some negative, of a programme to reform police services through evaluation, with a voluntary, transparent and objective approach.
A native steroid hormone derivative triggers the resolution of inflammation
Authors: Niro Sandra , Hennebert Olivier , Morfin Robert
Published: March 2010

Inflamed tissues produce both prostaglandins (PGs) and 7α-hydroxylated derivatives of native circulating 3β-hydroxysteroids. These 7α-hydroxysteroids are in turn transformed into 7β-hydroxylated epimers by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in the tissue. 7β-Hydroxy-epiandrosterone (7β-hydroxy-EpiA) affects PG production in two models of inflammation, dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in the rat and TNF-α-induced activation of PG production and PG synthase expression in cultured human peripheral blood monocytes (hPBMC). Treatment with 7β-hydroxy-EpiA led to a shift from high to low colonic PGE2 levels and from low to high 15-deoxy-Δ12–14-PGJ2 (15d-PGJ2) levels, together with changes in the expression of the respective PG synthases and resolution of colonic inflammation. Addition of 7β-hydroxy-EpiA to hPBMC also changed the expression of PG synthases and decreased PGE2 while increasing 15d-PGJ2 production. These effects were only observed with 7β-hydroxy-EpiA and not with 7α-hydroxy- or 7β-hydroxy-dehydroepiandrosterone (7α-hydroxy-DHEA and 7β-hydroxy-DHEA). 15d-PGJ2, which is the native ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor subtype γ, contributes to cell protection and to the resolution of inflammation. Our results therefore suggest that 7β-hydroxy-EpiA may facilitate inflammatory resolution by shifting PG production from PGE2 to PGD2 and 15d-PGJ2. The finding that 7β-hydroxy-EpiA was effective at nM concentrations, whereas the two structurally closely related hydroxysteroids 7α-hydroxy-DHEA and 7β-hydroxy-DHEA were inactive suggests that the effects of 7β-hydroxy-EpiA are specific to this steroid and may be mediated by a specific receptor.
Estrogen receptor-α: molecular mechanisms and interactions with the ubiquitin proteasome system
Authors: Stanišić Vladimir , Lonard David M. , O'Malley Bert W.
Published: March 2010

Estrogen receptor-α (ERα) is a protein with a long history of study that precedes the advent of modern molecular biology. Over the course of 50 years, ERα has been increasingly recognized as a prominent model for the study of the mechanism of gene transcription in vertebrates. It also serves as a regulatory molecule for numerous physiological and disease states. Several fundamental insights have been made using ERα as a model protein, from the discovery that endocrine hormones elicit gene transcription to our understanding of the relationship between ERα-mediated transcription and transcription factor degradation by the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS). Understanding of receptor protein degradation developed alongside other aspects of its molecular biology, from early observations in the 1960s that ERα is degraded on hormone treatment to the current understanding of ERα transcriptional regulation by the UPS. Here, we present the concept of ERα turnover from the perspective of the historical development of this notion and highlight some of the latest discoveries regarding this process. We discuss the logic and significance of ERα degradation pathways in the context of cell and whole-organism homeostasis.
Pharmacotherapy with 17β-estradiol and progesterone prevents development of mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Garay Laura , Gonzalez Deniselle Maria Claudia , Gierman Lobke , Lima Analia , Roig Paulina , De Nicola Alejandro F.
Published: March 2010

Background: Pregnant women with multiple sclerosis (MS) show disease remission in the third trimester concomitant with high circulating levels of sex steroids. Rodent experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an accepted model for MS. Previous studies have shown that monotherapy with estrogens or progesterone exert beneficial effects on EAE. The aim of the present study was to determine if estrogen and progesterone cotherapy of C57BL/6 female mice provided substantial protection from EAE.

Methods: A group of mice received single pellets of progesterone (100 mg) and 17 β-estradiol (2.5 mg) subcutaneously 1 week before EAE induction, whereas another group were untreated before EAE induction. On day 16 we compared the two EAE groups and control mice in terms of clinical scores, spinal cord demyelination, expression of myelin basic protein and proteolipid protein, macrophage cell infiltration, neuronal expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA and protein, and the number of glial fribrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunopositive astrocytes.

Results: Clinical signs of EAE were substantially attenuated by estrogen and progesterone treatment. Steroid cotherapy prevented spinal cord demyelination, infiltration of inflammatory cells and GFAP+ astrogliocytes to a great extent. In motoneurons, expression of BDNF mRNA and protein was highly stimulated, indicating concomitant beneficial effects of the steroid on neuronal and glial cells.

Conclusions: Cotherapy with estrogen and progesterone inhibits the development of major neurochemical abnormalities and clinical signs of EAE. We suggest that a combination of neuroprotective, promyelinating and immuno-suppressive mechanisms are involved in these beneficial effects.
The influence of low dose finasteride, a type II 5α-reductase inhibitor, on circulating neuroactive steroids
Authors: Dušková Michaela , Hill Martin , Stárka Luboslav
Published: March 2010

Background: Finasteride is a 5α-reductase inhibitor that has received clinical approval for the treatment of human benign prostatic hyperplasia and androgenetic alopecia. The treatment is practically without side effects, although some occasional cases of depression syndrome have been reported. 5α-Reductase is an enzyme responsible for the reduction of testosterone, progesterone or deoxycorticosterone to their 5α-reduced derivatives possessing anticonvulsant, antidepressant, and anxiolytic activity. Therefore, the formation of GABAergic neuroactive steroids is likely to be impacted by finasteride.

Objective: The objective of the study was to show how the treatment of premature androgenetic alopecia with low doses (1 mg/day) of finasteride influences the broad spectrum of steroids with potential neuroactivity.

Methods: A group of 12 men with premature androgenetic alopecia participated in the present study. The steroid hormone profile was determined for all individuals. Finasteride was administered for 4 months at a daily dose of 1 mg. After the treatment, the same hormonal profile was determined again.

Results: 5α-Reduced steroids, e.g., 5α-dihydrotestosterone, androsterone, epiandrosterone, 5α-androstene-3α,17β-diol, allopregnanolone, isopregnaolone, and some 5-ene steroids, such as dehydroepiandrosterone and pregnenolone, decreased gradually during treatment.

Conclusions: The decrease of 5α-reduced steroids, especially of allopregnanediol, dihydrotestosterone, and pregnenolone, is probably one of the factors responsible for the increased occurrence of depression in men treated with finasteride, even at low doses.
Differential effects of overexpression of ERα and ERβ in MCF10A immortalised, non-transformed human breast epithelial cells
Authors: Pugazhendhi Dhamayanthi , Darbre Philippa D.
Published: March 2010

Background: Cellular effects of oestrogen are mediated by two intracellular receptors ERα and ERβ. However, to compare responses mediated through these two receptors, experimental models are needed where ERα and ERβ are individually stably overexpressed in the same cell type.

Methods: We compared the effects of stable overexpression of ERα and ERβ in the MCF10A cell line, which is an immortalised but non-transformed breast epithelial cell line without high endogenous ER expression.

Results: Clones of MCF10A cells were characterised which stably overexpressed ERα (10A-ERα2, 10A-ERα13) or which stably overexpressed ERβ (10A-ERβ12, 10A-ERβ15). Overexpression of either ERα or ERβ allowed induction of an oestrogen-regulated ERE-LUC reporter gene by oestradiol which was not found in the untransfected cells. Oestradiol also increased proliferation of 10A-ERα13 and 10A-ERβ12 cells, but not untransfected cells, by 1.3-fold over 7 days. The phytoestrogen, genistein, which is reported to bind more strongly to ERβ than to ERα, could induce luciferase gene expression from an ERE-LUC reporter gene at concentrations of 10−6 M and 10−5 M but only in the clones overexpressing ERβ and not in those overexpressing ERα. Clone 10A-ERβ12 also yielded growth stimulation with 10-6 M genistein. Finally, the overexpression of ERα, but not ERβ, gave rise to increased growth in semi-solid methocel suspension culture in the presence of 70 nM oestradiol, suggesting that overexpression of ERα, but not ERβ, produces characteristics of a transformed phenotype.

Conclusions: This provides a model system to compare effects of oestradiol with other oestrogenic ligands in cells stably overexpressing individually ERα or ERβ.
A Laboratory Evaluation of Plastic (Stucco) Cement-Based Plaster as a Barrier to Water Penetration of Concrete Masonry Construction at Hurricane Force Wind Speeds
Authors: Flynn Russell T. , Gulde Jim
Published: March 2010

Hurricanes cause significant damage to residential construction due to water intrusion. While it is assumed that Portland cement-based exterior plaster (stucco) applied to concrete masonry construction increases the resistance to water penetration, a review of the literature has found no comprehensive tests on this subject. This research was undertaken to provide some information as to the effectiveness of stucco made with plastic (stucco) cement in the prevention of water intrusion through the concrete block and stucco wall system. Results of walls tested in accordance with ASTM E514-06 indicate significant protection against wind driven rain at various wind speeds up to and exceeding those of a Category 5 hurricane.
Theoretical Solutions for Strength-Scaled Unreinforced Masonry for Scaled Soil-Structure Experimentation
Authors: Laefer Debra F. , Erkal Aykut , Cording Edward J. , Long James H. , Hong Linh Truong
Published: March 2010

Reduced-scale masonry testing offers advantages of lower costs and shorter schedules compared to full-scale testing, but achieving results reflective of full-scale behavior requires development and fulfillment of appropriate scaling relationships. In many model-scale experiments, geometric scaling occurs, but kinematic and/or dynamic similitude is not fully satisfied. This paper describes the theoretical basis and evolution of the equations necessary to achieve kinematic similitude for soil-structure testing at one-gravity for unreinforced masonry. Critical considerations relate to preventing the soil from being overloaded. By adopting a standard linear relationship of increased soil stiffness with depth, the controlling principle becomes the application of restricted scaled-loads throughout the entirety of the structure-soil system. As such, material strength and stiffness must be scaled accordingly to respond appropriately under the reduced stress. An example is provided for an adjacent excavation experiment with related empirical verification and computational quantification.
Analysis of indentation creep
Authors: Stone Don S. , Jakes Joseph E. , Puthoff Jonathan , Elmustafa Abdelmageed A.
Published: March 2010

Finite element analysis is used to simulate cone indentation creep in materials across a wide range of hardness, strain rate sensitivity, and work-hardening exponent. Modeling reveals that the commonly held assumption of the hardness strain rate sensitivity (mH) equaling the flow stress strain rate sensitivity (mσ) is violated except in low hardness/modulus materials. Another commonly held assumption is that for self-similar indenters the indent area increases in proportion to the (depth)2 during creep. This assumption is also violated. Both violations are readily explained by noting that the proportionality “constants” relating (i) hardness to flow stress and (ii) area to (depth)2 are, in reality, functions of hardness/modulus ratio, which changes during creep. Experiments on silicon, fused silica, bulk metallic glass, and poly methyl methacrylate verify the breakdown of the area-(depth)2 relation, consistent with the theory. A method is provided for estimating area from depth during creep.
New methods of analyzing indentation experiments on very thin films
Authors: Li Han , Randall Nicholas X. , Vlassak Joost J.
Published: March 2010

Indentation experiments on thin films are analyzed by using a rigorous solution to model elastic substrate effects. Two cases are discussed: elastic indentations where film and substrate are anisotropic and elastoplastic indentations where significant material pileup occurs. We demonstrate that the elastic modulus of a thin film can be accurately measured in both cases, even if there is significant elastic mismatch between film and substrate.
Precipitation of the ZrCu B2 phase in Zr50Cu50–xAlx (x = 0, 4, 6) metallic glasses by rapidly heating and cooling
Authors: Yamamoto Tokujiro , Yokoyama Yoshihiko , Ichitsubo Tetsu , Kimura Hisamichi , Matsubara Eiichiro , Inoue Akihisa
Published: March 2010

Precipitation of ZrCu with the B2 structure in Zr50Cu50–xAlx (x = 0, 4, 6) metallic glasses by rapidly heating and cooling was investigated. By rapidly heating and cooling, the ZrCu B2 phase precipitates the most in Zr50Cu46Al4 metallic glass plates prepared by tilt-casting without using a silica nozzle. The amount of the ZrCu B2 phase precipitated in Zr50Cu46Al4 metallic glass ribbons prepared by using a silica nozzle decreases by Si diffused from the silica nozzle during the preparation. This work is discussed from the viewpoint of crystallization behavior and why larger Zr-based bulk metallic glasses can be formed by suction, tilt, and cap casting without using a silica nozzle.
Witchcraft: Changing patterns of participation in the early twenty first century
Authors: Ezzy Douglas , Berger Helen A
Published: March 2010

Based on statistics from selected search engines, websites, and blogs this paper argues that there are indications that the phenomenal growth of Witchcraft and Paganism during the late twentieth and early twenty-first century may be slowing. In particular, inquisitive inquiry about contemporary Witchcraft—that is, those who are not Witches but are looking for information about it, such as seekers, dabblers, researchers, students doing term papers, and newspaper reporters—has declined since 2004. This decline, however, does not indicate that the religion is “dying” out because while the rate of increase has slowed it has not been eliminated; and of greater import, community networking appears to have remained stable, or possibly to have increased. Community networking can be seen in the use of Internet sites to share information about Witchcraft, upcoming rituals, or books and teachers; those participating in dialogue; or using the Internet as part of their spiritual work or for communications between coven meetings, or with coven members who are unable to attend. The statistics suggest that contemporary Witchcraft and Paganism may be in a period of change, in which there is a consolidation of membership with a slowing of the rate of new members, particularly among the young. Community building on the Internet continues to be important, but the intensity appears to be lessening, with indications of more people “posting” but doing so less frequently. We suggest that this indicates that Witchcraft is now entering a new phase that of consolidation with less intense participation by members.
Reel Teaching = Real Learning: Motivating Reluctant Students Through Film Studies
Authors: Smilanich Brad , Lafreniere Nicole
Published: March 2010

The authors provide a rationale for the critical study of film texts in the English language arts. For struggling or reluctant students, film offers an accessibility that the printed text may not. Students who are intimidated by, or impeded from, accessing print text are able to discuss film with acuity and insight. The study of visual texts can help bridge the gap between the literal and the figurative, an abstraction with which students frequently struggle.

يعرض المؤلفون سبباً للقيام بدراسة نصوص الأفلام بشكل نقدي في الفنون اللغوية الإنكليزية. وبالنسبة للطلاب المواجهين صعوبات في القراءة أو الطلاب المترددين فيها فإن الفيلم يوفر وسيلة لدخوله قد لا تكون موجودة عند النصوص المطبوعة. والطلاب الذين يخافون من محاولة قراءة النصوص المطبوعة أو يواجهون صعوبة في قراءتها فإنهم هم أنفسهم يستطيعون أن يناقشوا الأفلام بالحدة وبنفاذ البصيرة. قد تساعد دراسة النصوص المرئية في سد الثغرة بين الحرفية والمجازية وهذه من الأمور الغامضة التي يواجه الطلاب صعوبة في فهمها.

本文作者为在英语语言艺术学科推行批判式电影文本学习提出其理据。对于有阅读困难或不愿意阅读的学生来说，电影文本所能提供的学习门径可能是印刷文本所不能给予的。那些被印刷文本吓怕或难倒的学生，却能够在讨论电影内容时表现出很有敏锐力和洞察力。学习视觉文本，可以联接字面上的意义和比喻上的意义，而学生对这种抽象的理解却经常感到困难。

Les auteurs présentent un outil pour 'étude critique des textes des films en anglais. Pour les étudiants en difficulté ou peu motivés, le film offre une accessibilité que le texte imprimé n'a pas. Les élèves intimidés ou ne parvenant pas à accéder au texte écrit réussissent à discuter du film avec précision et pertinence. 'étude des textes visuels peut les aider à franchir le pont entre le littéral et le figuré, abstraction avec laquelle les élèves se battent souvent.

Авторы предлагают научное обоснование для включения критического анализа фильмов в программу по родному языку. Слабоуспевающих или нерадивых учеников кинотекст привлекает больше, нежели текст печатный. При общении с печатным текстом у многих школьников возникает страх, внутренний барьер, а фильмы они способны обсуждать живейшим образом и достаточно глубоко. Работа над визуальными текстами может стать мостом между буквой и образом и научить школьников связывать абстрактное с конкретным, что часто дается им нелегко.

Los autores presentan fundamentos para la enseñanza crítica de guiones de películas en las clases de las artes lingüísticas. La cinematografía les podría ofrecer a los estudiantes con dificultades o reacios una accesibilidad que el texto impreso no les ofrece. Estudiantes temerosos del texto impreso, o los que no los pueden accesar fácilmente, pueden discutir películas con perspicacia y discernimiento. El estudio de textos visuales puede superar la brecha entre lo literal y lo figurado, una abstracción con la que los estudiantes a menudo tienen problemas.
Bone morphogenetic proteins in breast cancer: dual role in tumourigenesis?
Authors: Alarmo Emma-Leena , Kallioniemi Anne
Published: March 2010

The human bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family consists of over 20 growth factor proteins that are involved in bone formation and developmental processes. BMPs are extracellular signalling molecules that are able to regulate various cellular functions, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and migration. For the last 10 years, these powerful cytokines have increasingly been studied in several cancers, and aberrant expression patterns of BMPs have been reported. Functional studies have suggested that BMPs are involved in both cancer promotion and inhibition. The role these signalling molecules play in breast cancer is only starting to emerge: thus far, studies have been even contradictory. Different BMP ligands have been shown to decrease as well as increase cancer cell growth and migration. Furthermore, they are involved in bone metastases, which are a common feature in breast cancer. In this sense, BMPs resemble a closely related protein transforming growth factor β, which possesses a bidirectional role in cancer cell regulation. In this review, we focus on the current knowledge of BMP expression, functional roles and involvement in bone metastasis in breast cancer.
PARP1 deficiency exacerbates diet-induced obesity in mice
Authors: Devalaraja-Narashimha Kishor , Padanilam Babu J
Published: March 2010

Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1) regulates gene expression as a transcriptional cofactor and protein functions via poly (ADP-ribosyl)ation. This study was aimed to determine the effect of Parp1 gene deficiency on diet-induced obesity and energy metabolism. Parp1-knockout (Parp-KO) and wild-type (WT) mice on the same genetic background were fed either normal chow or high-fat (HF) diet. Food intake and weight gain were monitored weekly. Plasma levels of glucose, leptin, and insulin were monitored monthly. At 19 weeks, locomotor activity, body composition, respiratory quotient and heat production, glucose and insulin tolerance, and fat reabsorption were analyzed. Parp-KO mice are highly susceptible to diet-induced obesity, accumulation of fat tissue, and they develop hyperleptinemia and insulin resistance and glucose intolerance compared with their WT counterparts. The increased weight gain is due to decreased metabolic rate, heat production, and total energy expenditure (EE). Paradoxically, food intake is less, and the motor activity and oxidation of fat are higher in Parp-KO mice. Absorption of fatty acids is not altered between the groups after HF diet. These results suggest that malfunction of PARP1 signaling exacerbates diet-induced obesity, hyperleptinemia, and insulin resistance, and that it decreases EE in 129 mice.
Settlement of piled foundations using equivalent raft approach
Authors: Dung N. T. , Chung S. G. , Kim S. R.
Published: March 2010

This paper presents a comprehensive study on estimating the settlement of large-scale pile groups using the equivalent raft approach. First, five common methods of analysis are briefly reviewed. The reliability of the methods is then verified by back-analysing six well-documented case studies of large-scale piled foundations, all of which include hundreds of piles. The case studies include three representative footing types, characterised according to the pile cap stiffness as flexible, semi-rigid, and rigid. It was found that the stiffness of the pile cap and the consideration of horizontal stress increments are the key factors affecting the estimation of settlement. It is concluded that, with appropriate consideration of the various factors, several of these methods can reasonably be applied for the estimation of the settlement of pile groups.
Experimental study of RC beams strengthened with distributed prestressed high-strength steel wire rope
Authors: Wu G. , Wu Z.S. , Jiang J.B. , Tian Y. , Zhang M.
Published: March 2010

Based on a comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of existing strengthening methods, this paper proposes a new strengthening technique with prestressed high-strength steel wire rope (P-SWR) for reinforced concrete (RC) beams. The paper presents the theoretical basis of this new method, an experimental programme of flexural strengthening of RC beams with P-SWR, and a comparison between the results of experimental tests on the proposed methods and the results for a carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheet and steel plate. The effectiveness parameters, including the loading method (direct loading or pre-damaged loading), the layers of steel wire rope, bonding or lack of bonding between the steel wire and concrete, and the types of anchorage are discussed. Test results show that the P-SWR can significantly improve the cracking load, stiffness, yield load and ultimate load of RC beams. The final failure model for the beams strengthened with P-SWR has typical characteristics, such as steel yielding, crushed concrete and fractured steel wire ropes. The width of flexural cracks in the concrete beams is effectively controlled. This method also exploits the strain capacity of the wire rope to its limits. Furthermore, the advantages of this new technique include minimum site disruption, minimal increase in the size of the repaired member, minimum scaffolding, superiority for fire and corrosion resistance, and low cost; the method presented is therefore an attractive alternative to existing strengthening methods.
RC beams shear-strengthened with FRP: shear resistance contributed by FRP
Authors: Chen G.M. , Teng J.G. , Chen J.F.
Published: March 2010

In determining the shear strength of reinforced concrete (RC) beams shear-strengthened with externally bonded fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement, the evaluation of the shear resistance contributed by the FRP reinforcement is the key issue. When the FRP reinforcement is in the form of U-jackets or side strips, debonding of the FRP reinforcement from the concrete substrate generally governs the shear strength of the beam and the evaluation of the shear resistance from the FRP becomes more challenging. In this paper, a theoretical shear strength model in closed-form expressions modified from a model proposed by Chen and Teng for shear debonding failure is first presented. A computational model that captures the debonding process more accurately than the closed-form theoretical model is then described. Predictions from both the original model of Chen and Teng and the modified theoretical model are then compared with results from the computational model. These numerical comparisons show that Chen and Teng's original model provides closer predictions for the shear resistance contributed by FRP side strips, but the modified theoretical model generally leads to slightly more accurate predictions for FRP U-jackets. The reasons behind this are explained. The original model of Chen and Teng is recommended as the more suitable model for use in design, given its overall accuracy and simpler form.
Performance and ownership in the governance of urban water
Authors: García-Rubio Miguel A , González-Gómez Francisco , Guardiola Jorge
Published: March 2010

This paper provides additional evidence about the possible relationship between performance and public or private governance of urban water utilities. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) techniques are used to compute technical efficiency scores for a sample of Spanish water utilities. The principal contribution of this research is adaptation of the DEA technique to programmatic efficiency estimation in order to analyse the link between ownership and efficiency. From a first specification of the model, which allows a conventional estimation of efficiency, additional estimations, taking quality and hydraulic yield into account, were made. The results show that private management is more efficient when the estimations are made using the original model and when quality is taken into account. However, there are no significant differences between private and public management when hydraulic yield is included. The results suggest that public managers are more sensitive to the sustainable management of water resources. They also suggest that local governments follow a strategy of privatising water services when they are in financial difficulty, with fewer resources for maintaining distribution networks. This is an aspect that needs further investigation.
A single‐cell‐gap transflective LCD using active‐level‐shift technology
Authors: Ahn Seon Hong , Cho Yong Seok , Jang Yong Kyu , Kim Chi Woo
Published: March 2010

Abstract— A single‐cell‐gap transflective LCD using active‐level‐shift (ALS) technology has been developed and is presented. An efficient pixel architecture has recently been designed to apply different voltages on transmissive and reflective subpixels through two separated storage capacitors, formed by a boosting electrode and pixel electrodes. A 2.2‐in. vertical‐alignment‐mode (VA) transflective LCD prototype with a similar gamma for both the transmissive and reflective areas was obtained. Compared to a conventional dual‐cell‐gap design, the new single‐cell‐gap design achieves a 17% higher aperture ratio and the contrast increased from 200:1 to 500:1.
Driver‐circuits‐integrated LCDs based on novel amorphous In‐Ga‐Zn‐oxide TFT
Authors: Osada Takeshi , Akimoto Kengo , Sato Takehisa , Ikeda Masataka , Tsubuku Masashi , Sakata Junichiro , Koyama Jun , Serikawa Tadashi , Yamazaki Shunpei
Published: March 2010

Abstract— A liquid‐crystal panel integrated with a gate driver and a source driver by using amorphous In—Ga—Zn‐oxide TFTs was designed, prototyped, and evaluated. By using the process of bottom‐gate bottom‐contact (BGBC) TFTs, amorphous In—Ga—Zn‐oxide TFTs with superior characteristics were provided. Further, for the first time in the world, a 4‐in. QVGA liquid‐crystal panel integrated with a gate driver and a source driver was developed by using BGBC TFTs formed from an oxide semiconductor. By evaluating the liquid‐crystal panel, its functionality was successfully demonstrate. Based on the findings, it is believed that the novel BGBC amorphous In—Ga—Zn‐oxide TFT will be a promising candidate for future large‐screen backplanes having high definition.
A common approach to characterizing autostereoscopic and polarization‐based 3‐D displays
Authors: Boher P. , Leroux T. , Patton V. Collomb , Bignon T. , Glinel D.
Published: March 2010

Abstract—Autostereoscopic and polarization‐based stereoscopic 3‐D displays recreate 3‐D images by providing different images in the two eyes of an observer. This aim is achieved differently for these two families of 3‐D displays. It is shown that viewing‐angle measurements can be applied to characterize both types of displays. Viewing‐angle luminance measurements are made at different locations on the display surface for each view emitted by the display. For autostereoscopic displays, a Fourier‐optics instrument with an ultra‐high‐angular‐resolution VCMaster3D is used. For polarization‐based displays, a standard Fourier‐optics instrument with additional glass filters is used. Then, what will be seen by an observer in front of the display is computed. Monocular and binocular quality criteria (left‐ and right‐eye contrast, 3‐D contrast) was used to quantify the ability to perceive depth for any observer position. Qualified monocular and binocular viewing spaces (QMVS and QBVS) are deduced. Precise 3‐D characteristics are derived such as maximum 3‐D contrast, optical viewing freedom in each direction, color shifts, and standard contrast. A quantitative comparison between displays of all types becomes possible.
Developmental stages in the howler monkey, subspecies Alouatta palliata mexicana: a new classification using age-sex categories
Authors: Balcells Cristina Domingo , Baró Joaquím José Veà
Published: March 2010

We present a new classification of age-sex categories for the mantled howler monkey Alouatta palliata. This classification includes only those physical and behavioral characteristics that can be distinguished under field conditions, with the goal of being able to infer the approximate age of monkeys in the wild. Our classification is based on data collected ad libitum during monthly censuses of 8 groups of A. p. mexicana in a fragmented landscape on the “Los Tuxtlas” Biosphere Reserve at the northern limit of this species’ distribution. Our new classification system contains 10 categories that can be compared directly to existing classification schemes to facilitate cross-site studies. We compare the results of our study to the currently used classification system which was based on more southern populations of A. palliata in Panamá and Costa Rica.
Trunk-to-trunk leaping in wild Callimico goeldii in northern Bolivia
Authors: Garber Paul A. , Porter Leila M.
Published: March 2010

Compared to other species of tamarins and marmosets, callimicos (Callimico goeldii) are characterized by hindlimb and hindfoot elongation, and a pattern of locomotion dominated by leaping to and from vertical supports in the forest understory. We present field data on trunk-to-trunk leaping in a habituated group of callimicos in northern Bolivia. We measured the DBH of the takeoff and landing platform, and the distance traveled during 110 trunk-to-trunk leaps. Our results indicate that mean distance leapt by callimicos was 1.8 m (range 0.2–4.3m). There were no significant differences in the size of takeoff (mean = 10.3 cm) and landing platforms (mean = 9.9 cm). In addition, longer leaps did not occur on larger diameter supports than did shorter leaps. Although tree trunks and saplings were the most commonly used takeoff and landing platforms, 31.8% of the time callimicos jumped to and from bamboo culms. These data highlight the facts that trunk-to-trunk leaping represents a highly specialized pattern of locomotion in callimicos, and that these primates travel through mixed forests that include stands of bamboo and canopy trees. Conservation efforts to sustain viable populations of Callimico goeldii must focus on protecting and preserving habitats that contain large tracts of mixed bamboo and secondary forest.
Habitat characterization and population status of the dusky titi (Callicebus ornatos) in fragmented forests, Meta, Colombia
Authors: Wagner Marcela , Castro Francisco , Stevenson Pablo R.
Published: March 2010

No abstract
Fertilizer value of urine in pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima L.) cultivation
Authors: PRADHAN S.K. , PITKÄNEN S. , HEINONEN-TANSKI H.
Published: March 2010

The fertilizer value of human urine was compared with mineral fertilizer in pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) cultivation at a dose of 113 kg N ha-1 with no-fertilization used as control. The growth of the vine was better in urine fertilized pumpkins than in mineral fertilized and non-fertilized pumpkins. Total fruit biomass was higher in mineral fertilized plants compared to urine fertilized and non-fertilized pumpkins. Urine fertilized pumpkins may have suffered from lower potassium or higher chloride, thus they produced fewer flowers and fruits. However, total fruit biomass and the number of fruits were slightly higher in urine fertilized plants than in their non-fertilized counterparts, i.e. 17.2 t ha-1 more pumpkin could be produced with urine fertilizer. The microbial hygiene quality as well as the contents of soluble sugars, protein and taste quality were similar in all treatments, but lower nitrate and higher chloride contents were recorded in urine fertilized pumpkins than other treatments. In conclusion, our study shows that the production rate of urine fertilized pumpkins was somewhat lower than mineral fertilized pumpkins but it was higher than non-fertilized pumpkins. The hygienic quality was equally good with all treatments.;
The impact of distance to the farm compound on the options for use of the cereal plot
Authors: TAMM K. , VÕSA T. , LOKO V.
Published: March 2010

In increasingly competitive conditions, the dominant trend of enlarging the production area of farms is causing a growth in transportation costs making the profitability of cultivating distant plots questionable. The aim of this study was to provide a method to evaluate the rationality of using a plot depending on its distance, area and cultivation technology. An algorithm and a mathematical model were composed to calculate the total costs depending on the distance to the plot. The transportation costs of machines and materials, cost of organisational travel and timeliness costs are taken into account in the model to enable determination of the maximum distance or the minimum area of the plot necessary for profitable cultivation. Simulations allow us to conclude that the growth in yield and selling price of the production allow an increase in the limit value of driving costs and, thus, the profitable distance of the plot; on the other hand, it means also an increase of timeliness costs as a limitation for extending distance. Exploitation of more distant plots can be uneconomical in coming years because of increasing fuel costs.;
A Clinical Evaluation of Bioresorbable Staples for Mucoperichondrial Flap Coaptation in Septoplasty
Authors: Tami Thomas A. , Kuppersmith Ronald B. , Atkins James
Published: March 2010

Background

During septoplasty surgery, the formation of dead space between the mucosal flaps must be minimized to prevent septal hematoma and promote healing. Historically, this has been achieved by using techniques such as nasal packing or the continuous septal quilting or whip suturing. This study presents the first clinical results using a septal stapling device that uses bioresorbable staples to achieve mucoperichondrial flap coaptation during septoplasty.

Methods

The septal stapler was used in 24 subjects. The primary outcome measure was whether septal coaptation was accomplished 1 week postoperatively. The extent of tissue reaction at the site of staple placement was also evaluated.

Results

In all subjects, coaptation with septal staples was successfully accomplished with no septal hematoma formation. At 1 week follow-up, there was either no (79%) or minimal (21%) tissue reaction at the site of staple placement.

Conclusion

The use of bioresorbable staples appears to be a safe, efficient, and effective alternative to other methods used for mucoperichondrial flap coaptation in septoplasty surgery.
Tryptase Does Not Alter Transepithelial Conductance or Paracellular Permeability in Human Airway Epithelial Cells
Authors: Chang Eugene H. , Lee John H. , Zabner Joseph
Published: March 2010

Background

Cell tight junction proteins create a barrier between airway epithelial cells to limit paracellular transport from the apical to basolateral surface. This barrier can impede the entry of respiratory pathogens and toxins from the airway lumen into the systemic circulation. Mast cell–mediated inflammation in the human airway can cause a disruption of this barrier. Tryptase is one of the major mediators released by mast cells and has been studied extensively in diseases such as asthma, reflux, and sinusitis. We hypothesize that tryptase may play a role in airway paracellular permeability by disrupting the cell tight junction proteins.

Methods

We tested this hypothesis by applying tryptase on the apical and basolateral surface to primary human airway epithelia grown in an air–liquid interface and measured changes in the transepithelial conductance and paracellular permeability of the membrane during short (every minute) and longer (over hours) time courses. We then immunostained the cell membranes for occludins and claudins to observe for changes in the structure of the tight junctions after tryptase application.

Results

Our data show that tryptase does not alter paracellular permeability in human airway cells over minutes or hours, and that tryptase does not alter the structure of the cell junction.

Conclusion

Tryptase alone does not alter paracellular permeability in human airway cells. Tryptase may be altering the epithelial membrane independent of the cell tight junction pathway or other mast cell mediators may play a role in permeability.
Antimicrobial Lipids: Novel Innate Defense Molecules are Elevated in Sinus Secretions of Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Lee Jivianne T. , Jansen Mike , Yilma Abebayehu N. , Nguyen Angels , Desharnais Robert , Porter Edith
Published: March 2010

Background

Airway secretions possess intrinsic antimicrobial properties that contribute to the innate host defense of the respiratory tract. These microbicidal capabilities have largely been attributed to the presence of antibacterial polypeptides. However, recent investigation has indicated that host-derived lipids including cholesteryl esters also exhibit antimicrobial properties. The purpose of this study was to determine whether sinus secretions contain such antimicrobial lipids and to compare the lipid composition in patients with and without chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).

Methods

Maxillary sinus fluid was obtained via antral lavage from subjects with (seven patients) and without (nine patients) a history of CRS. After specimen collection, total lipid was extracted according to Bligh and Dyer (Bligh EG and Dyer WJ, A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification, Can J Biochem Physiol 37:911–918, 1959) and lipid profiles were obtained by reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography on an amide-embedded C18 column. In addition, the neutrophil-specific antimicrobial peptides human neutrophil peptides 1–3 (HNP1–3) were quantified by Western immunoblotting.

Results

Lipids, including cholesteryl esters, were identified in the maxillary sinus secretions of patients with and without CRS. However, levels of lipid composition differed between the two groups with CRS patients exhibiting greater amounts of all classes of lipids, reaching over 10-fold higher concentration when compared with non-CRS patients. This increase was independent of HNP1–3 content.

Conclusion

Sinus secretions of patients with CRS appear to show elevated levels of antimicrobial lipids compared with controls independent from neutrophil influx. This up-regulation suggests that host-derived lipids act as mediators of mucosal immunity in CRS. Further study is necessary to determine if such antimicrobial lipids function alone or synergistically with antibacterial peptides in conferring such inherent microbicidal properties.
Endoscopic Skull Base/Sinonasal Adenocarcinoma Surgery: What Evidence Exists?
Authors: Devaiah Anand K. , Lee Matthew K.
Published: March 2010

Background

This study reviewed the published outcomes literature on endoscopic or endoscopic-assisted treatment of sinonasal and skull base adenocarcinoma (SSBA). A systematic literature review was performed.

Methods

A PubMed search of English language articles on endoscopic or endoscopic-assisted SSBA was performed. Each article was examined for patient data and outcomes for analysis.

Results

Sixteen articles (150 retrospective cases) using endoscopic or endoscopic-assisted SSBA were identified. Three (19%) reported at least15 cases of adenocarcinoma with 5-year survival ranging from 53 to 83%. In all identified studies, five (31%) reported adenocarcinoma-specific survival statistics and eight (50%) provided complete patient information. Adjuvant therapy was used in 12 studies (75%), with details outlined in 6 (38%) articles, accounting for 52 of 74 cases (70% of those patients and 35% overall). Adenocarcinoma-specific follow-up was reported in only nine studies (56%); four of these nine articles had a median/mean follow-up time of <3 years. Six articles (38%) used American Joint Committee on Cancer guidelines and four articles (25%) used International Union Against Cancer guidelines. The remaining six articles (38%) did not report on the stage of treated tumors. Four articles (25%) reported length of hospital stay and eight (50%) reported complication data. Three studies comprising 61 cases (41% of overall patients) recorded disease status, tumor stage, site involvement, and complication rates for each patient.

Conclusion

From the existing body of data, one can not conclude that endoscopic methods are superior or inferior to open methods, but there is growing evidence that this is an efficacious technique. Future studies should have emphasis on detailed, prospective reporting.