bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improving Learning Design Using Learning Analytics in Relation to Study Experience
Authors: Aksovaara Satu , Määttä Sami , Kärkkäinen Tommi , Silvennoinen Minna
Published: December 2024

In higher education, the learner-centered approach faces challenges due to the growing number and diversity of students and the increasing complexity of course delivery. Study experiences, which correlate with academic achievement, may be enhanced through learning analytics. In particular, analytics can offer valuable, timely insights by collecting and analyzing data on the study experiences and student-related metrics. This allows teachers to gain understanding of students' psychological qualities, which are not typically inferred from standard learning management systems.
Our case study aims to demonstrate how the practical application of learning analytics (LA)-generated data on students’ psychological qualities can guide teachers in enhancing their instructional delivery and, consequently, enhance student experiences. Initially, we assess the reliability of data concerning students’ psychological traits and study experiences. Subsequently, we explore whether these data can provide insights for teachers that can lead to improved student experiences. Student experiences across two consecutive course implementations are compared to illustrate the potential of LA in informing teachers.
The results show that data can be collected reliably on students' daily academic activities and emotional states during the teamwork week. Preliminary findings from the spring term are shared with teachers, which indicate that the use of LA data can positively influence student experiences without requiring structural changes to instructional materials or course implementation. Although the study is not experimental, it provides valuable insights into specific methods of applying LA to inform teachers and enhance student experiences. Further research is needed to deepen the understanding of these applications.
The impact of new package managers on the library dependency ecosystem
Authors: Rahkema Kristiina , Pfahl Dietmar , Ramler Rudolf
Published: December 2024

Adding dependencies to third-party libraries through package managers is a common practice in software development. The evolution of library dependency networks has been analyzed for many package managers. There are, however, no studies on how the library dependency networks of multiple package managers behave in the same ecosystem. The library dependency network in the Swift ecosystem encompasses libraries from CocoaPods, Carthage, and Swift Package Manager (Swift PM). These three package managers are used when developing, for example, iOS or macOS applications in Swift or Objective-C. In this study, we analyze how the introduction of new package managers has affected the evolution of the library dependency network of the Swift ecosystem. We found that overall the popularity of using package managers has grown over time. We saw that the introduction of Carthage and Swift PM had some but not a large influence on the popularity of CocoaPods. Carthage users; however, are increasingly migrating to Swift PM. This discrepancy could stem from the fundamental differences between CocoaPods and the other two package managers, as well as similarities between Carthage and Swift PM. Based on our observations, we speculate that Apple could increase the popularity of Swift PM by adding features that have so far only been available in CocoaPods, such as a central repository.
A new approach for increasing graduate students’ science communication capacity and confidence
Authors: Harrington Erin R. , McWilliams Scott R. , Karraker Nancy E. , Gottschalk Druschke Caroline , Morton-Aiken Jenna , Finan Elaine , Lofgren Ingrid E.
Published: December 2024

There is an increasing demand for emerging scientists to improve their ability to communicate with public audiences, yet little research investigates the effectiveness of science communication training for graduate students. We responded to this need by developing SciWrite@URI—an interdisciplinary model for science graduate students designed around three learning outcomes based on tenets from the field of writing and rhetoric—habitual writing, multiple genres, and frequent review. SciWrite students completed courses and a science communication internship, attended writing workshops, and became tutors at a newly established Graduate Writing Center. After 2 years of training, students more frequently wrote multiple drafts and engaged in peer review, increased their confidence as writers, and decreased their apprehension about writing. We conclude the tenets of the SciWrite program helped students improve as science communicators, and we make suggestions for effective ways graduate departments and training programs might implement and build on our model.
Vegetation–soil–microbiota dynamics across a 50-year reconstructed grassland chronosequence on the Loess Plateau of China
Authors: Ma Yuanyuan , Shen Yan , Jin Ling , Tian Yu , Ma Hongbin , Lan Jian , Fu Bingzhe
Published: December 2024

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) establishment is an effective strategy for grassland reconstruction in degraded ecosystems. However, the mechanisms underlying vegetation succession in reconstructed grasslands following alfalfa establishment remain elusive. In this study, we investigated vegetation community, soil quality and rhizosphere microbiota dynamics across a reconstructed grassland chronosequence in the loess region of Northwest China. A space-for-time substitution method was used to evaluate grassland vegetation coverage and alfalfa production performance in nine stands of different ages (1–50 years old). High-throughput sequencing was conducted to characterise rhizosphere microbial communities associated with alfalfa. The plant heights, yields and stem-to-leaf ratios of alfalfa all peaked in the 7-year-old stand and then decreased in older stands, with Stipa bungeana replacing alfalfa as the dominant species in the 50-year-old stand. Soil bulk density and major nutrient contents were highest in the artificial grassland (1–10 years). Soil enzyme activities (e.g., urease and sucrase) were enhanced in the transitional grassland (10–30 years), accompanied by enrichment of potentially beneficial microbial taxa (e.g., Actinobacteria and Mortierella) and functional fungi (e.g., saprotrophs and symbiotrophs) in the rhizosphere. Soil water content, total porosity and rhizosphere microbial diversity reached their maximum levels in the natural grassland (>30 years). The results indicate that alfalfa establishment alters soil structure and nutrient status in the short term, creating an optimal rhizosphere micro-environment. The improved soil conditions and rhizosphere microbiota are favourable for subsequent establishment of native grass species, leading to the formation of a stable semi-natural grasslands.
La ontología de las rázones prácticas y el seguimento racional de las reglas
Authors:   ,   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Filosofía, Molina González Yohan Manuel
Published: December 2024

La presente investigación consta de dos partes fundamentales y seis capítulos. La primera se divide en cuatro capítulos y su objetivo fundamental es defender una ontología factualista de las razones prácticas en general. En el primer capítulo se plantea la distinción entre razones normativas, motivadoras y explicativas y el marco de la discusión ontológica de las razones a través de la distinción entre lo que llamaré la cuestión metafísica y la cuestión factual. De acuerdo con esta categorización podemos distinguir al menos cinco concepciones sobre la ontología de las razones que denominaré psicologismo, proposicionalismo puro, proposicionalismo calificado, estatismo puro y estatismo calificado (o factualismo). Los tres capítulos posteriores intentarán defender la tesis de que las razones normativas, motivadoras y explicativas son estados de cosas dados (obtaining states of affairs) o hechos. Para lograr este fin, argumentaré en contra de las distintas concepciones en competencia para cada rol y defenderé mi perspectiva factualista de potenciales objeciones. Si mis argumentos son exitosos, al final habré defendido lo que cabe calificar como un factualismo unitario para las razones prácticas, pues se aportaría una respuesta unificada a la ontología de los tres tipos de razones. En la segunda parte me enfocaré en la ontología de las normas sociales y, de manera fundamental, en el problema del seguimiento racional de las reglas. El primer problema, que trataré en el quinto capítulo, tiene que ver con la naturaleza de las normas sociales, incluyendo las legales, y defenderé una concepción proposicionalista según la cual las normas son proposiciones que se basan en actos de aceptación. En el último capítulo se articulará una propuesta para abordar el problema del seguimiento racional de las reglas a través de la noción de compromiso. Se distinguirán dos clases de compromisos, que llamaré compromisos presuntivos y compromisos de reconocimiento, que contribuirían de diferentes formas para reconstruir el seguimiento de reglas vindicando su carácter operativo para el agente racional.
Prevalence and Outcomes of Relaparotomy: A Case Series from Tertiary Care Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Authors: Singh Chandan , Pendurthi Sahadev , Mehta Mansi , Choudhary Mukesh Vaktaram , Desai Amruta
Published: December 2024

Relaparotomy is usually performed in certain cases of postoperative complications. Depending on the hospital setting, the incidence of relaparotomy differs. Postoperative care for the patient after the primary surgery also affects the incidence of postoperative sepsis. The purpose of the present study is to identify the indications for relaparotomies so that, in the future, the factors causing these complications can be modified to reduce their incidence. The present study comprises 3,127 primary laparotomies, out of which 135 relaparotomies were performed on 132 patients. The most common age group affected was 31 to 40 years (3.22%), with an average age of 39.25 years. Leakage was the most common indication for relaparotomy, accounting for 77 patients; this includes leaks from anastomosis and perforation. The mean duration between primary laparotomy and relaparotomy was 6.85 days. The mortality rate was 45 (34%) patients. The mean number of days spent in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) for patients who required continuous monitoring was 4.45 days, while the mean duration of hospitalisation was 26.4 days. Relaparotomy is a lifesaving procedure. The incidence of relaparotomy is influenced by the primary surgical skill, appropriate surgical technique and postoperative infection control. Relaparotomy is most commonly indicated due to leakage from the anastomotic site.
Marketing Channels and Marketing Efficiency of Castor Oil in Gujarat State
Authors: Bhuva Chiragkumar M. , Trivedi Shilpa M.
Published: December 2024

The research study conducted to estimate the price spread, marketing margin and marketing cost of castor oil in the Gujarat state. Purposive sampling technique was adopted as per the objective of study and total 17 functioning castor oil extractor units were selected for the study purpose. Data were gathered through personal interviews with a castor oil producer and marketing intermediaries belonging to various marketing channels, using a structured questionnaire. Two main marketing channels were identified: Producer-consumer (Channel I), Producer-trader-consumer (Channel II). A significant proportion of castor oil was marketed through Channel I, which exhibited the highest marketing efficiency. This efficiency was primarily due to the absence of market intermediaries, enabling consumers to purchase or receive castor oil directly from producers.
Assessing the Growth Dynamics and Morphological Traits of Pyricularia grisea (Cooke) Sacc. in Response to Media Variation
Authors: Pujari Dainish Kumar , R.S.Netam  , Kerketta Anurag , Kumar Narendra , D.P.Singh  , P.S.Netam  , Singh Aayush , Thakur Kusum , Yadu Shruti
Published: December 2024

Aims: The objectives of this study were to assess the cultural and physiological requirements for growth and development of Pyricularia grisea under in-vitro.
Study Design: Observed data were analyzed by using Completely randomized design with three replications and the critical difference was calculated at 1 % level degree of freedom.
Methodology: Present experiments were conducted at laboratory of Plant Pathology in Shaheed Gundadhoor College of Agriculture and Research Station, Jagdalpur. Pure culture of tested pathogen was isolated from finger millet and maintained in potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium for study. Seven different media were prepared and studied for cultural, physiological and morphological characteristics of Pyricularia grisea.
Results: The significant differences in colony growth and sporulation were observed over 48, 96, and 144 hours of incubation. Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) supported the highest colony diameters, ranging from 24.20 mm to 73.20 mm, followed by oat meal agar (71.40 mm) and finger millet seed extract agar with 2% sucrose (69.80 mm). Czapek dox agar showed the lowest growth (38.40 mm). In terms of sporulation, oat meal agar exhibited the excellent spore production with index of 4 (37 spores per microscopic field), followed by leaf extract agar (33 spores per microscopic field), while Czapek dox agar failed to support sporulation. Colony morphology varied across media: PDA colonies were grayish with concentric rings and rough surfaces; oat meal agar colonies were white with smooth surfaces; finger millet leaf extract agar produced grayish-white colonies with rough surfaces; seed extract agar + 2% sucrose and corn meal agar colonies were black with white edge with smooth surfaces. Seed extract agar colonies were black with white edge with rough surfaces; Czapek dox agar showed poor growth and colonies were black with white edge.
Conclusion: These findings highlighted that PDA and oat meal agar are the most suitable media for culturing P. grisea for its crucial growth.
Assessment of Medical Waste Management Practices: A Case Study of Gitega Regional Hospital, Burundi
Authors: Nduwimana Innocent , Mboneye Anselme , Nkurikiye Justin , Gashubije Longin
Published: December 2024

Background: Medical waste management (MWM) is a critical social responsibility shared by healthcare institutions and governments. Effective waste management systems must integrate with various societal sectors, including health, economics, politics, environment, and education. Adherence to proper MWM practices among healthcare providers demonstrates significant variability, likely due to considerable knowledge deficiencies and behavioral factors.
Objectives: This study was carried out to identify and analyze the factors hindering optimal MWM at Gitega Regional Hospital, central province of Burundi.
Methodology: A cross-sectional, analytical study was conducted at Gitega Regional Hospital, central province of Burundi, from August 1 to 15, 2023. The target population comprised healthcare unit providers, with a sample size of 135 participants. Data were collected through a questionnaire and analyzed using Epi Info software version 7.2.5.0. A bivariate analysis was performed to assess the association between proper MWM and independent variables. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated, and a p-value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: A significant proportion of respondents (73.33%) exhibited insufficient knowledge, while 66.67% demonstrated negative attitudes and behaviors towards MWM. Although 57.78% of respondents reported adequate supplies of MWM tools, factors such as knowledge (OR = 2.66, 95% CI: 2.66-5.86), tool supply (OR = 1.31, 95% CI: 0.63-2.74), and attitudes/behaviors (OR = 1.7, 95% CI: 0.81-3.58) were identified as significant barriers to optimal MWM at Gitega Regional Hospital, central province of Burundi.
Conclusions: The study found a significant correlation between healthcare providers' knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors, waste management tools availability, and MWM efficacy at Gitega Regional Hospital. However, suboptimal management was attributed to limited regulatory authorities' involvement. Further surveys are needed to gain more insights and gather nationwide information.
Nanomaterials for Sustainable Soil Remediation and Contaminant Immobilization
Authors: Raj Pranav , Ghosh Arijit , Ravi  , Jadav Sagar K , Patra Hrusikesh , Shehnaz  , Panotra Narinder , Sharma Vishal , Sharma Rohit , Pandey Shivam Kumar , Singh Bal Veer
Published: December 2024

Soil contamination poses a significant threat to the environment and human health, necessitating effective and sustainable remediation strategies. Nanomaterials have emerged as promising agents for soil remediation due to their unique properties, such as high surface area, reactivity, and adsorption capacity. This review explores the application of various nanomaterials, including iron-based nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and metal oxide nanoparticles, in the remediation of contaminated soils. The mechanisms of contaminant immobilization, such as adsorption, reduction, and degradation, are discussed in detail. The article also highlights the potential environmental risks associated with the use of nanomaterials and the need for responsible application and monitoring. Furthermore, the review examines the integration of nanomaterials with other remediation techniques, such as bioremediation and phytoremediation, to enhance the overall efficiency and sustainability of the remediation process. The challenges and future perspectives in the field of nanomaterial-based soil remediation are also addressed. This comprehensive review provides valuable insights into the application of nanomaterials for sustainable soil remediation and contaminant immobilization, emphasizing the need for further research to optimize their performance and minimize potential risks.
Anterior Mediastinal Teratoma Masquerading as Left Lobar Pneumonia and Pericardial Effusion: A Case Report
Authors: JM Chinawa , FA Ujunwa , N Ezemba , SA Agomuo
Published: December 2024

Introduction: Teratomas are very rare types of germ cell tumours containing tissues originating from two or more of the germ cell layers.
Case Presentation: We present a case of an eight-year-old female child who had features initially suggestive of left lobar pneumonia and pericardial effusion. However, after poor response to chemotherapy, computerized axial tomography (CT) of the chest was done which suggested mediastinal teratomas. Excision of the mass was done but the mass recurred during follow up.
Conclusion: Teratomas located in the anterior mediastinum is a rare form of germ cell tumour located in the anterior mediastinal mediastinum. Persistent non-specific respiratory symptoms should not be overlooked in children, as they may be indicative of anterior mediastinal teratoma. Surgical resection is curative for most teratomas.
Identification and Molecular Characterization of a 16SrV-F Phytoplasma Associated with Little Leaf and Witches’ Broom Disease in Jackal Jujube (Ziziphus oenoplia L.) in Kerala, India
Authors: R. Murali, , Kumar Shambhu , Krishnan Jithu U. , James Donald , S Mahadeva Kumar , Jose Jain Mary
Published: December 2024

Ziziphus oenoplia (Jackal jujube), a perennial thorny shrub in the Rhamnaceae family, is widely distributed in India, particularly in Kerala, Karnataka, Andra Pradesh, Telangana, and Maharashtra, specifically in the Western Ghats, renowned for its medicinal properties, attributed to alkaloids known as ziziphines, the plant is crucial in Ayurvedic medicine. Despite its medicinal importance, Z. oenoplia faces susceptibility to little leaf and witches' broom diseases incited by phytoplasma, suspected as potentially playing a role in sandal spike disease epidemics as an alternate host in Kerala. Plant samples, both infected and healthy, were collected from Wadakkancherry forest area and the Kerala Forest Research Institute campus. The pathogenic agent responsible for wild jujube little leaf and witches’ broom disease was identified through symptomatology, microscopic observation (Scanning Electron Microscope), PCR, nested PCR, and phylogenetic analysis. Symptomatic features included a severe reduction of leaf size, yellowing, and numerous small leaves which appeared in clusters resembling witches’ broom. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) assay confirmed the presence of phytoplasma bodies, which are pleomorphic in shape and absence of cell walls, were found in the phloem sieve tubes of diseased Ziziphus plants, but absent in healthy Ziziphus plants. Molecular analysis using PCR and nested PCR primers authenticated the existence of phytoplasma in the diseased plants. Results of the nucleotide sequence analysis of 16s ribosomal gene showed 100% nucleotide identity with 16SrII phytoplasma isolates, specifically Candidatus Phytoplasma balanitae isolate JWB_K15 (MN902087). The study underscores the molecular distinction between the phytoplasma strains infecting Ziziphus and Sandalwood, providing valuable insights for disease management and ecological preservation.
Migration and Occupation of Rural Landscapes: A Case of the Commune of Kourinion in Western Burkina Faso
Authors: Souleymane TRAORE , COMPAORE Jérôme , OUIMINGA Abdoul Aziz , SOME Corentin Y.S.
Published: December 2024

In Burkina Faso, the agricultural peasantry is in a frantic search for means of subsistence to satisfy its absolute needs. Thus, the orientation of cultural practices according to economic and social issues constitutes an alternative, but it leads to social transformations, a dynamic in land occupation and an influence on natural vegetation. This study aims to analyze the evolution of the occupation of rural landscapes and conflicts of use in connection with the migratory phenomenon in the rural commune of Kourinion. In addition to the literature, this work is based on the analysis of information collected from farmers, land occupation data from 2000 and 2020 and direct observations in the field. The study made it possible to know the conditions of evolution of production systems and the socio-economic and environmental issues of these mutations on rural landscapes. The results reveal that the human and physical potential of the Commune conditions the evolution of agricultural practices centered on arboriculture and cotton cultivation. The diachronic analysis shows a spatio-temporal change through a reduction in the surface area of natural formations in favor of anthropogenic formations: rainfed crops by 41% as well as orchards and residential areas by 30%. The study also confirms that the current changes have a positive impact on the living conditions of households but are variously appreciated on the environment.
Barışta ve Savaşta Neferin Karnını Tok, Sırtını Pek Tutmayı Hedefleyenlerin Mecmuası: Levazım Mecmuası (1931-1955)
Authors: Ateş Oral
Published: December 2024

Askerî Tarih araştırmalarına esas teşkil eden birincil kaynakların yanında süreli yayınlar önemli bir yer teşkil etmektedir. Bu süreli yayınlardan biri olan Kara Kuvvetleri sınıf mecmuaları, 1925 yılından itibaren yayınlanmaya başlamıştır. Her sınıf personelinin sınıfı hakkında teknik bilgiler verilerek mesleki gelişimine katkı sağlamak amacıyla çıkarılan bu mecmualar, zaman zaman yayınlanma periyotları değişse de yılda 2-4 defa yayınlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada, sınıf mecmuaları arasında bir boşluğu 1931 yılında doldurarak geç de olsa yayın hayatına başlayan Levazım Mecmuası incelenecektir. 1948 yılından itibaren ismi Levazım Dergisi olarak değişen mecmua, 1955 yılına kadar yayın hayatını sürdürmüştür. Makalede, dergi hakkında detaylı olarak bilgi verilmesinin yanında yayınlandığı süre içerisinde hangi konu başlıklarında makaleler yazıldığı, hangi dönemde hangi konu başlıklarının öne çıktığı da incelenecektir. Çalışmanın sonunda ise bir makale dizini yapılarak (taramalarımızda bulamadığımız sayılar hariç) tüm sayılarda yayımlanan makaleler çizelge olarak sunulacaktır. Bu şekilde tarih ve lojistik alanında çalışma yapacak araştırmacıların bu dergiye dikkatlerini çekmek ve yapılan araştırmalarda kullanılmasını sağlamak amaçlanmaktadır.
Distinct classes of misfolded proteins differentially affect the growth of yeast compromised for proteasome function
Authors: Burns Grace D. , Hilal Olivia E. , Sun Zhihao , Reutter Karl‐Richard , Preston G. Michael , Augustine Andrew A. , Brodsky Jeffrey L. , Guerriero Christopher J.
Published: August 2021

Maintenance of the proteome (proteostasis) is essential for cellular homeostasis and prevents cytotoxic stress responses that arise from protein misfolding. However, little is known about how different types of misfolded proteins impact homeostasis, especially when protein degradation pathways are compromised. We examined the effects of misfolded protein expression on yeast growth by characterizing a suite of substrates possessing the same aggregation‐prone domain but engaging different quality control pathways. We discovered that treatment with a proteasome inhibitor was more toxic in yeast expressing misfolded membrane proteins, and this growth defect was mirrored in yeast lacking a proteasome‐specific transcription factor, Rpn4p. These results highlight weaknesses in the proteostasis network’s ability to handle the stress arising from an accumulation of misfolded membrane proteins.
Mountain lions reduce movement, increase efficiency during the Covid‐19 shutdown
Authors: Benson John F. , Abernathy Heather N. , Sikich Jeff A. , Riley Seth P.D.
Published: August 2021

Wildlife strongly alter behaviour in response to human disturbance; however, fundamental questions remain regarding the influence of human infrastructure and activity on animal movement. The Covid‐19 pandemic created a natural experiment providing an opportunity to evaluate wildlife movement during a period of greatly reduced human activity. Speculation in scientific reviews and the media suggested that wildlife might be increasing movement and colonizing urban landscapes during pandemic slowdowns. However, theory predicts that animals should move and use space as efficiently as possible, suggesting that movement might actually be reduced relative to decreased human activity.

We quantified space use, movement, and resource‐selection of 12 GPS‐collared mountain lions (eight females, four males) occupying parklands in greater Los Angeles during the Spring 2020 California stay‐at‐home order when human activity was far below normal. We also tested the hypothesis that reduced traffic on Los Angeles area roadways increased permeability of these barriers to animal movement.

Contrary to expectations that wildlife roamed more widely during pandemic shutdowns, resident mountain lions used smaller areas and moved shorter distances relative to their historical behaviour in greater Los Angeles. They also relaxed avoidance of anthropogenic landscape features such as trails and development, which likely facilitated increased travelling efficiency. However, there was no detectable change in road‐crossing, despite reduced traffic volume.

Our results support the theoretical prediction that animals maximize movement efficiency and suggest that carnivores incur energetic costs while avoiding humans. While mountain lions may restrict movement at the landscape level relative to barriers, they appear to increase distances moved at finer scales when avoiding human activity – highlighting the scale‐dependent nature of animal responses to human disturbance.

Avoiding humans can reduce direct mortality of large carnivores and is often suggested to be an important mechanism promoting coexistence in shared landscapes. However, energetic costs incurred by increased movement and space‐use while avoiding human activity may have important consequences for population viability, predator–prey interactions, community structure, and human–wildlife conflict. Management providing sufficient wild prey and education regarding best practices for protection of domestic animals are important for conserving large carnivores in human‐dominated landscapes.
Plan comparison of prostate stereotactic radiotherapy in spacer implant patients
Authors: Oki Yuya , Uehara Kazuyuki , Mizonobe Kazufusa , Akasaka Hiroaki , Shiota Yuichirou , Sakamoto Risako , Harada Aya , Kitatani Keiji , Yabuuchi Tomonori , Miyazaki Shuichirou , Hattori Takayuki , Mayahara Hiroshi
Published: August 2021

In prostate stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), hydrogel spacers are increasingly used. This study aimed to perform a dosimetry comparison of treatment plans using CyberKnife (CK), commonly used for prostate SBRT, Helical TomoTherapy (HT), and TrueBeam (TB) in patients with hydrogel spacer implantations. The data of 20 patients who received hydrogel spacer implantation for prostate SBRT were retrospectively analyzed. The prescription dose was 36.25 Gy in five fractions to 95% of the planning target volume (PTV; D95). The conformity index (CI), gradient index (GI), homogeneity index (HI), and dose‐volume histogram (DVH) were analyzed for the three modalities, using the same PTV margins. The monitor unit (MU) and the beam‐on‐time (BOT) values were subsequently compared. The CI of TB (0.93 ± 0.02) was significantly superior to those of CK (0.82 ± 0.03, p < 0.01) and HT (0.86 ± 0.03, p < 0.01). Similarly, the GI value of TB (3.59 ± 0.12) was significantly better than those of CK (4.31 ± 0.43, p < 0.01) and HT (4.52 ± 0.24, p < 0.01). The median doses to the bladder did not differ between the CK and TB (V18.1 Gy: 16.5% ± 4.5% vs. 15.8% ± 4.4%, p = 1.00), but were significantly higher for HT (V18.1 Gy: 33.2% ± 7.3%, p < 0.01 vs. CK, p < 0.01 vs. TB). The median rectal dose was significantly lower for TB (V18.1 Gy: 5.6% ± 4.5%) than for CK (V18.1 Gy: 11.2% ± 6.7%, p < 0.01) and HT (20.2% ± 8.3%, p < 0.01). TB had the shortest BOT (2.6 min; CK: 17.4 min, HT: 6.9 min). TB could create treatment plans dosimetrically comparable to those of CK when using the same margins, in patients with hydrogel spacers.
Microscale Liquid Metal Conductors for Stretchable and Transparent Electronics
Authors: Dejace Laurent , Chen Haotian , Furfaro Ivan , Schiavone Giuseppe , Lacour Stéphanie P.
Published: August 2021

Integrated wearable electronics capable of transducing and transmitting biophysical information on complex and dynamic systems are attracting high interest across the consumer electronics, clinical, and research domains. Gallium and gallium‐based liquid metals (LMs) emerge as promising conductor technology for wearables due to their excellent combination of electrical conductivity and mechanical compliance. However, LMs feature complex physical and chemical properties that pose significant manufacturability challenges. Herein, a microtechnology approach is presented to fabricate deformable, microscale LM conductors with high surface density and over large surface areas. Based on a combination of soft lithography, directional patterning, and thermal evaporation of gallium, this new technology enables a range of designs and geometries that can be used to form LM‐based stretchable electronic conductors. The versatility of the technology enables a palette of circuit designs that can offer unrivaled transparency (T > 89%) or large metallization density (2/5 µm line/gap).
Creation of a standardized pediatric emergency medicine simulation curriculum for emergency medicine residents
Authors: Burns Rebekah , Madhok Manu , Bank Ilana , Nguyen Michael , Falk Michael , Waseem Muhammad , Auerbach Marc
Published: August 2021

Background

The majority of children seeking care in emergency departments are seen by general emergency medicine (EM) residency program graduates. Throughout training, EM residents manage fewer critically ill pediatric patients compared to adults, and the exposure to children with illness and injury requiring emergent assessment and management is often limited and sporadic across training sites. This report describes the creation of a robust set of simulation cases for EM trainees incorporating topics identified during a previous modified Delphi study to improve their pediatric acute care knowledge and skills.

Methods

All 30 pediatric EM topics and 19/26 procedures previously identified as “must be taught by simulation” to EM residents were mapped to 15 simulation case topics. Twenty‐seven authors from 16 institutions created cases and supporting materials. Each case was iteratively implemented during a peer review process at two to five sites with EM residents. Feedback from learners and facilitators was collected via electronic surveys and used to revise each case before the next implementation.

Results

Thirty‐five institutions participated in the peer review process. Fifty‐one facilitators and 281 participants (90% EM residents) completed surveys. Most facilitators (98%) agreed or strongly agreed with the statement “This simulation case is relevant to the field of emergency medicine.” A majority of facilitators and participants agreed or strongly agreed with the statements “The simulation case was realistic” (98% of facilitators, 94% of participants) and “This simulation case was effective in teaching resuscitation skills” (92% of facilitators, 98% of participants). Most participants reported confidence in knowledge and skills addressed in the learning objectives after participation.

Conclusions

Facilitators and EM residents found cases from a novel simulation‐based curriculum covering critical pediatric EM topics relevant, realistic, and effective. This curriculum can help provide a standardized, uniform experience for EM residents who will care for critically ill pediatric patients in their communities.
Carbon dots: An innovative luminescent nanomaterial
Authors: Shi Yuxin , Xu Huimin , Yuan Ting , Meng Ting , Wu Hao , Chang Jianqiao , Wang Haoyu , Song Xianzhi , Li Yunchao , Li Xiaohong , Zhang Yang , Xie Wenjing , Fan Louzhen
Published: August 2021

In recent years, carbon dots (CDs), including carbon nanodots, carbonized polymer dots, carbon quantum dots, and graphene quantum dots have attracted a mounting interest as readily accessible, nontoxic, and relatively inexpensive carbon‐based nanomaterials. Yet, despite intense research for a number of years, a unifying picture is still lacking to clarify the exact definition, clear chemical structure, and unique optical properties of this family of nanomaterials. In this review, we systematically summarize the recent development of CDs from molecular design to related properties of excited states as well as their applications in optoelectronic devices and biology. We point out the current challenges, including exploring precise synthesis, clarifying the structure‐property relationship, and regulating singlet and triplet states of fluorescence, phosphorescence, and delayed fluorescence. Moreover, the structural optimization of optoelectronic devices, tumor targeting mechanism, selective imaging, and drug delivery of CDs are also highlighted. We hope that the information provided in this review will inspire more exciting research on CDs from a brand‐new perspective and promote practical application of CDs in multiple directions of current and future research.
Exome sequencing of child–parent trios with bladder exstrophy: Findings in 26 children
Authors: Pitsava Georgia , Feldkamp Marcia L. , Pankratz Nathan , Lane John , Kay Denise M. , Conway Kristin M. , Shaw Gary M. , Reefhuis Jennita , Jenkins Mary M. , Almli Lynn M. , Olshan Andrew F. , Pangilinan Faith , Brody Lawrence C. , Sicko Robert J. , Hobbs Charlotte A. , Bamshad Mike , McGoldrick Daniel , Nickerson Deborah A. , Finnell Richard H. , Mullikin James , Romitti Paul A. , Mills James L. ,   University of Washington Center for Mendelian Genomics, NISC Comparative Sequencing Program and the National Birth Defects Prevention Study
Published: August 2021

Bladder exstrophy (BE) is a rare, lower ventral midline defect with the bladder and part of the urethra exposed. The etiology of BE is unknown but thought to be influenced by genetic variation with more recent studies suggesting a role for rare variants. As such, we conducted paired‐end exome sequencing in 26 child/mother/father trios. Three children had rare (allele frequency ≤ 0.0001 in several public databases) inherited variants in TSPAN4, one with a loss‐of‐function variant and two with missense variants. Two children had loss‐of‐function variants in TUBE1. Four children had rare missense or nonsense variants (one per child) in WNT3, CRKL, MYH9, or LZTR1, genes previously associated with BE. We detected 17 de novo missense variants in 13 children and three de novo loss‐of‐function variants (AKR1C2, PRRX1, PPM1D) in three children (one per child). We also detected rare compound heterozygous loss‐of‐function variants in PLCH2 and CLEC4M and rare inherited missense or loss‐of‐function variants in additional genes applying autosomal recessive (three genes) and X‐linked recessive inheritance models (13 genes). Variants in two genes identified may implicate disruption in cell migration (TUBE1) and adhesion (TSPAN4) processes, mechanisms proposed for BE, and provide additional evidence for rare variants in the development of this defect.
Connecting primate gesture to the evolutionary roots of language: A systematic review
Authors: Rodrigues Evelina D. , Santos António J. , Veppo Flávia , Pereira Joana , Hobaiter Catherine
Published: August 2021

Comparative psychology provides important contributions to our understanding of the origins of human language. The presence of common features in human and nonhuman primate communication can be used to suggest the evolutionary trajectories of potential precursors to language. However, to do so effectively, our findings must be comparable across diverse species. This systematic review describes the current landscape of data available from studies of gestural communication in human and nonhuman primates that make an explicit connection to language evolution. We found a similar number of studies on human and nonhuman primates, but that very few studies included data from more than one species. As a result, evolutionary inferences remain restricted to comparison across studies. We identify areas of focus, bias, and apparent gaps within the field. Different domains have been studied in human and nonhuman primates, with relatively few nonhuman primate studies of ontogeny and relatively few human studies of gesture form. Diversity in focus, methods, and socio‐ecological context fill important gaps and provide nuanced understanding, but only where the source of any difference between studies is transparent. Many studies provide some definition for their use of gesture; but definitions of gesture, and in particular, criteria for intentional use, are absent in the majority of human studies. We find systematic differences between human and nonhuman primate studies in the research scope, incorporation of other modalities, research setting, and study design. We highlight eight particular areas in a call to action through which we can strengthen our ability to investigate gestural communication's contribution within the evolutionary roots of human language.
Cryotherapy for treatment of chronic rhinitis: 3‐month outcomes of a randomized, sham‐controlled trial
Authors: Del Signore Anthony G. , Greene Joshua B. , Russell Joseph L. , Yen David M. , O'Malley Ellen M. , Schlosser Rodney J.
Published: August 2021

Background

The purpose of this study was to test whether cryotherapy is superior to a sham procedure for reducing symptoms of chronic rhinitis.

Methods

This study was a prospective, multicenter, 1:1 randomized, sham‐controlled, patient‐blinded trial. The predetermined sample size was 61 participants per arm. Adults with moderate/severe symptoms of chronic rhinitis who were candidates for cryotherapy under local anesthesia were enrolled. Participants were required to have minimum reflective Total Nasal Symptom Scores (rTNSSs) of 4 for total, 2 for rhinorrhea, and 1 for nasal congestion. Follow‐up visits occurred at 30 and 90 days postprocedure. Patient‐reported outcome measures included the rTNSS, standardized Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire [RQLQ(S)], and Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) questionnaires. Adverse events were also recorded. The primary endpoint was the comparison between the treatment and sham arms for the percentage of responders at 90 days. Responders were defined as participants with a 30% or greater reduction in rTNSS relative to baseline.

Results

Twelve US investigational centers enrolled 133 participants. The primary endpoint analysis included 127 participants (64 active, 63 sham) with 90‐day results. The treatment arm was superior at the 90‐day follow‐up with 73.4% (47 of 64) responders compared with 36.5% (23 of 63) in the sham arm (p < 0.001). There were greater improvements in the rTNSS, RQLQ(S), and NOSE scores for the active arm over the sham arm at the 90‐day follow‐up (p < 0.001). One serious procedure‐related adverse event of anxiety/panic attack was reported.

Conclusion

Cryotherapy is superior to a sham procedure for improving chronic rhinitis symptoms and patient quality of life.
Double‐Twisted Spectroscopy with Delocalized Atoms
Authors: Ivanov Igor P.
Published: August 2021

Interaction of atoms with twisted light is the subject of intense experimental and theoretical investigation. In almost all studies, the atom is viewed as a localized probe of the twisted light field. However, as argued in this paper, conceptually novel effects will arise if light‐atom interaction is studied in the double‐twisted regime with delocalized atoms, that is, either via twisted light absorption by atom vortex beam, or via two‐twisted‐photon spectroscopy of atoms in a non‐vortex but delocalized state. Even for monochromatic twisted photons and for an infinitely narrow line, absorption will occur over a finite range of detuning. Inside this range, a rapidly varying absorption probability is predicted, revealing interference fringes induced by two distinct paths leading to the same final state. The number, location, height, and contrast of these fringes can give additional information on the excitation process which would not be accessible in usual spectroscopic settings. Visibility of the predicted effects will be enhanced at the future Gamma factory thanks to the large momenta of ions.
Rhodium(I) Complexes Bearing an Aryl‐Substituted 1,3,5‐Hexatriene Chain: Catalysts for Living Polymerization of Phenylacetylene and Potential Helical Chirality of 1,3,5‐Hexatrienes
Authors: Sakamoto Shiori , Taniguchi Tsuyoshi , Sakata Yoko , Akine Shigehisa , Nishimura Tatsuya , Maeda Katsuhiro
Published: August 2021

Unique bench‐stable rhodium(I) complexes bearing an aryl‐substituted 1,3,5‐hexatriene chain have been synthesized by reactions of (bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta‐2,5‐diene)rhodium(I) chloride dimer ([Rh(nbd)Cl]2) with aryl boronic acids and diphenylacetylenes in the presence of a 50 % aqueous solution of KOH. X‐ray crystallographic analysis of the isolated complexes indicated a square‐planar structure stabilized by a strong interaction with one of the aryl groups on the 1,3,5‐hexatriene chain, which has a helical structure. The helical chirality of the isolated rhodium complexes was confirmed to be sufficiently stable to be resolved into enantiomers by HPLC on a chiral stationary phase at room temperature. It was confirmed that the isolated rhodium complexes functioned as initiators for living polymerization of phenylacetylene to give cis‐stereoregular poly(phenylacetylene) with a well‐controlled molecular weight.
Ein MOF‐basierter CuxOyCz‐Katalysator für die elektrochemische CO2‐Reduktion und die Auswirkungen der lokalen pH‐Änderung
Authors: Sikdar Nivedita , Junqueira João R. C. , Dieckhöfer Stefan , Quast Thomas , Braun Michael , Song Yanfang , Aiyappa Harshitha B. , Seisel Sabine , Weidner Jonas , Öhl Denis , Andronescu Corina , Schuhmann Wolfgang
Published: August 2021

Die Entwicklung hocheffizienter und selektiver Elektrokatalysatoren für die CO2‐Reduktionsreaktion zur Herstellung von Chemikalien mit hohem Mehrwert wird intensiv untersucht. Wir berichten über eine Reihe von CuxOyCz nanostrukturierten Elektrokatalysatoren, die von einem MOF auf Cu‐Basis als poröses selbstopferndes Templat abgeleitet sind. Die Mischung der Katalysatoren mit Polytetrafluorethylen (PTFE) auf Gasdiffusionselektroden (GDEs) unterdrückte die konkurrierende Wasserstoffentwicklungsreaktion. Mit 25 bis 50 Gew.‐% teflonisierter GDEs wurde bei einer Stromdichte von 80 mA cm−2 eine Faradayeffizienz von ≈54 % für C2+‐Produkte erzielt. Die lokale OH−‐Ionenaktivität der PTFE‐modifizierten GDEs wurde durch die Positionierung einer Pt‐Nanoelektrode in unmittelbarer Nähe der GDE bestimmt. Unabhängig von der PTFE‐Menge wurde ein erheblicher Anstieg des OH−/H2O‐Aktivitätsverhältnisses aufgrund der lokal erzeugten OH−‐Ionen bei steigenden Stromdichten festgestellt.
A LaFeO3 supported natural‐clay‐mineral catalyst for efficient pyrolysis of polypropylene plastic material
Authors: Nguyen Linh T. Tr. , Poinern Gérrard Eddy Jai , Le Hanh T. , Nguyen Tien A. , Tran Chien M. , Jiang Zhong‐Tao
Published: August 2021

The pyrolysis and catalytic reforming process of waste plastics are the best pathways to handle vast amounts of waste plastics as they can convert these waste polymers into sustainable products. This study aims to incorporate a natural‐clay‐mineral (NCM) with LaFeO3 nanoparticles, with the LaFeO3/NCM catalyst in the pyrolysis of polypropylene (PP) being used as an example of plastic waste. The decomposition of PP with and without catalyst has been theoretically studied using thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements under atmospheric pressure and nitrogen atmosphere. The TG/DSC results show that (i) the required temperature for pyrolysis of PP with or without catalyst in a practical system ranges from 460°C to 480°C; (ii) the amount of coke produced on the surface of the NCM or LaFeO3 is about 2 wt.% compared with the initial plastic levels; (iii) with the catalyst, PP not only goes through the phase transitions of solid to liquid to gas but also decomposition and combination processes between components from the hydrocarbon chain scission of PP. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) results show significant differences in the fuel oil recovered from the pyrolysis and catalytic reforming process. In the presence of the catalyst, cracking components consist of 49.3% alkenes (branched‐chain alkenes, cyclo‐alkenes, and alkenes) and 34.4% alkanes, while without the catalyst, branched‐chain alkenes were up to 90.2%. Repeated pyrolysis and GC–MS investigations demonstrated the reusability of the LaFeO3/NCM catalyst, which is promising for its recycling and the efficient pyrolysis of PP.