bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dealing with unfinished Indigenous business: The need for historical reflection
Authors: Alford Katrina , Muir Jan
Published: December 2004

The commitment by both major political parties to the abolition of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission symbolises profound problems that continue to bedevil movement towards meaningful reconciliation in Australia.

Unlike Australia, long‐established treaties in Canada, the United States and New Zealand as well as greater theoretical clarity in identifying the process of colonization and its ill‐effects on Indigenous peoples have provided stronger foundations for policy and more positive outcomes.

This article provides a theoretical framework for understanding the effects of colonisation in Australia, and policy prerequisites for redressing its damaging effects. These include a treaty, improved economic resources and stronger political, intellectual and property rights.
The stimulant cathartic, emodin, contracts the rat isolated ileum by triggering release of endogenous acetylcholine
Authors: Ali S. , Watson M. S. , Osborne R. H.
Published: December 2004

1 Anthraquinone stimulant cathartics, such as emodin, are believed to increase the rate of contraction of ileum tissue in vitro via multiple mechanisms. The aim of this study was to probe the effects of emodin on acetylcholine (ACh)‐induced contraction of the rat isolated ileum preparation.

2 Ileal sections were incubated in Tyrode's solution and responses to methacholine, ACh and emodin obtained in the absence and presence of the muscarinic antagonist atropine and the choline uptake inhibitor hemicholinium (HC‐3). Depletion of endogenous ACh in the presence of HC‐3 was achieved by construction of an ACh dose–response curve, using exogenous ACh, prior to re‐testing the effects of emodin in the presence of HC‐3.

3 Emodin caused dose‐dependent tissue contraction that was abolished by inclusion of atropine (1 μm) in the buffer. Atropine (1 μm) antagonized the response caused by methacholine.

4 Incubation of tissues with HC‐3 (1 and 10 μm) reduced the maximum response caused by emodin by 45% and 71% respectively, but had no effect on ACh‐induced tissue contraction.

5 These data suggest that, emodin causes contraction of the ileum by triggering the release of endogenous ACh which acts on muscarinic receptors to cause contraction of the rat isolated ileum preparation.
The roles of α‐ and β‐adrenoceptor stimulation in myocardial ischaemia
Authors: Broadley K. J. , Penson P. E.
Published: December 2004

1 β‐Adrenoceptor (AR) ligands have been the mainstay of cardiovascular therapy for decades, withβ‐AR antagonist being used for hypertension, angina and myocardial infarction and adrenaline in use for cardiopulmonary resuscitation for nearly 100 years.

2 Ischaemia of the heart through coronary artery occlusion causes cell injury and death through necrosis and apoptosis. Reperfusion of the ischaemic myocardium results in cardiac dysfunction and infarction.

3 Stimulation ofα‐ andβ‐ARs in the ischaemic heart have variable and inconsistent effects depending on when the agonist is applied. This review describes the different effects of stimulation of the three establishedβ‐AR subtypes (β1‐,β2‐ andβ3‐ARs) either before ischaemia (preconditioning) or during ischaemia and reperfusion of the heart (postconditioning).

4 Brief periods of ischaemia preceding a major ischaemic episode can have a protective effect against post‐ischaemia–reperfusion damage, known as ischaemic preconditioning. This review considers the role of endogenous catecholamines released during preconditioning and the nature of the adrenoceptor subtypes that mediate these effects. The clinical significance of this to the use ofβ‐AR antagonists is considered.

5 The transduction pathways and effects on apoptosis of the cardioprotective and deleterious effects of AR activation are considered.

6 This commentary reviews the literature and attempts to bring together a unified synopsis of the effects of adrenoceptor stimulation in myocardial ischaemia and the potential clinical relevance.
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ITO THIN FILMS ON GLASS BY A SOL–GEL PROCESS USING METAL SALTS
Authors: SU C. , SHEU T.-K. , WAN M.-A. , CHANG Y.-T. , FENG M.-C.
Published: December 2004

Indium-tin-oxide (ITO) thin film is one of the indispensable materials for advanced optoelectric technologies. In this work, uniform and transparent ITO films were deposited onto glass substrates using a sol–gel method. The initial sols were prepared from anhydrous ethanol solutions of indium nitrate ( In ( NO 3)3·1 H 2 O ) and tin chloride ( SnCl 4), with different In:Sn ratios. The sols were dip-coated on the substrates and were subjected to annealing at different temperatures. Depending on compositions, the electrical resistivity of ITO coating varied from 1.4×103Ω/□ to 3.5×103Ω/□, and the minimum value for the electric resistivity was observed for the films containing 8% Sn by weight. Increasing heat treatment-temperatures from 400 to 600°C led to increase in conductivity by one order of magnitude. The optical transmittance of 550°C-annealed ITO films was more than 90% in the visible region. The morphology of the ITO films was examined by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The rms-roughness of 350 nm thick ITO film was 1.5 nm. Increasing film thickness resulted in decrease in both, surface roughness and electrical resistivity. The correlations among the film properties and the film preparation conditions are discussed in detail.
Chemokines in acute respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Puneet Padmam , Moochhala Shabbir , Bhatia Madhav
Published: December 2004

A characteristic feature of all inflammatory disorders is the excessive recruitment of leukocytes to the site of inflammation. The loss of control in trafficking these cells contributes to inflammatory diseases. Leukocyte recruitment is a well-orchestrated process that includes several protein families including the large cytokine subfamily of chemotactic cytokines, the chemokines. Chemokines and their receptors are involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases. Acute lung injury that clinically manifests as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is caused by an uncontrolled systemic inflammatory response resulting from clinical events including major surgery, trauma, multiple transfusions, severe burns, pancreatitis, and sepsis. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome involves activation of alveolar macrophages and sequestered neutrophils in the lung. The clinical hallmarks of ARDS are severe hypoxemia, diffuse bilateral pulmonary infiltrates, and normal intracardiac filling pressures. The magnitude and duration of the inflammatory process may ultimately determine the outcome in patients with ARDS. Recent evidence shows that activated leukocytes and chemokines play a key role in the pathogenesis of ARDS. The expanding number of antagonists of chemokine receptors for inflammatory disorders may hold promise for new medicines to combat ARDS.
Monotonicity and differential properties of the value functions inoptimal control
Authors: Mirică Ştefan
Published: December 2004

Using the “basic monotonicity property” along locally
admissible trajectories, we extend to very general problems
certain existing results concerning the differential inequalities
verified by the value function of an optimal control problem;
these differential inequalities are expressed in terms of
its contingent, quasitangent, and peritangent
(Clarke′s) directional derivatives and in terms of
certain sets of “generalized tangent directions” to the
“locally admissible trajectories.” Under additional, rather
restrictive hypotheses on the data, which allow suitable estimates
(and even exact characterizations) of the sets of generalized
tangent directions to the trajectories, the differential
inequalities are shown to imply previous results according to
which the value function is a “generalized solution” (in the
“contingent,” “viscosity,” or “Clarke” sense) of the
associated Hamilton‐Jacobi‐Bellman (HJB) equation.
Luke 6:5D Reexamined
Authors: Derrett Duncan
Published: December 2004

It is very doubtful whether Lk 6:5D goes back to Jesus, but two things are clear: (i) it suits a background lacking a firm common ethical authority, and (ii) for that reason it is repugnant to any who would enforce substantive norms. It comes early in the church's development, though it is no part of any gospel. Parallels at Jn 7:49, 9:41; Lk 11:52Q; and Mt 23:3 are worth comparing with it. In general it takes a position opposite to that adopted by Apostolic Fathers. The idea can be traced to Pentateuchal and Prophetic texts (but not via a Jewish exegesis); and so scripture still influenced norms (irrespective of apologetic). Former explanations of the verse are shown to be superfluous and misdirected.
Epithelial hedgehog signals pattern the intestinal crypt-villus axis
Authors: Madison Blair B. , Braunstein Katherine , Kuizon Erlene , Portman Kathleen , Qiao Xiaotan T. , Gumucio Deborah L.
Published: December 2004

Morphological development of the small intestinal mucosa involves the stepwise remodeling of a smooth-surfaced endodermal tube to form finger-like luminal projections (villi) and flask-shaped invaginations (crypts). These remodeling processes are orchestrated by instructive signals that pass bidirectionally between the epithelium and underlying mesenchyme. Sonic (Shh)and Indian (Ihh) hedgehog are expressed in the epithelium throughout these morphogenic events, and mice lacking either factor exhibit intestinal abnormalities. To examine the combined role of Shh and Ihh in intestinal morphogenesis, we generated transgenic mice expressing the pan-hedgehog inhibitor, Hhip (hedgehog interacting protein) in the epithelium. We demonstrate that hedgehog (Hh) signaling in the neonatal intestine is paracrine, from epithelium to Ptch1-expressing subepithelial myofibroblasts(ISEMFs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Strong inhibition of this signal compromises epithelial remodeling and villus formation. Surprisingly, modest attenuation of Hh also perturbs villus patterning. Desmin-positive smooth muscle progenitors are expanded, and ISEMFs are mislocalized. This mesenchymal change secondarily affects the epithelium: Tcf4/β-catenin target gene activity is enhanced, proliferation is increased, and ectopic precrypt structures form on villus tips. Thus, through a combined Hh signal to underlying ISEMFs, the epithelium patterns the crypt-villus axis, ensuring the proper size and location of the emerging precrypt compartment.
Formation of the retinotectal projection requires Esrom, an ortholog of PAM (protein associated with Myc)
Authors: D'Souza Jasmine , Hendricks Michael , Le Guyader Sylvie , Subburaju Sivan , Grunewald Barbara , Scholich Klaus , Jesuthasan Suresh
Published: December 2004

Visual system development is dependent on correct interpretation of cues that direct growth cone migration and axon branching. Mutations in the zebrafish esrom gene disrupt bundling and targeting of retinal axons,and also cause ectopic arborization. By positional cloning, we establish that esrom encodes a very large protein orthologous to PAM (protein associated with Myc)/Highwire/RPM-1. Unlike motoneurons in Drosophila highwire mutants, retinal axons in esrom mutants do not arborize excessively, indicating that Esrom has different functions in the vertebrate visual system. We show here that Esrom has E3 ligase activity and modulates the amount of phosphorylated Tuberin, a tumor suppressor, in growth cones. These data identify a mediator of signal transduction in retinal growth cones,which is required for topographic map formation.
Regulation of isthmic Fgf8 signal bysprouty2
Authors: Suzuki-Hirano Asuka , Sato Tatsuya , Nakamura Harukazu
Published: December 2004

Fgf8 functions as an organizer at the mes/metencephalic boundary (isthmus). We showed that a strong Fgf8 signal activates the Ras-ERK signaling pathway to organize cerebellar differentiation. Sprouty2 is expressed in an overlapping manner to Fgf8, and is induced by Fgf8. Its function, however, is indicated to antagonize Ras-ERK signaling. Here, we show the regulation of Fgf8 signaling in relation to Sprouty2. sprouty2 expression was induced very rapidly by Fgf8b, but interfered with ERK activation. sprouty2 misexpression resulted in a fate change of the presumptive metencephalon to the mesencephalon. Misexpression of a dominant negative form of Sprouty2 augmented ERK activation, and resulted in anterior shift of the posterior border of the tectum. The results indicate that Fgf8 activates the Ras-ERK signaling pathway to differentiate the cerebellum, and that the hyper- or hypo-signaling of this pathway affects the fate of the brain vesicles. Sprouty2 may regulate the Fgf8-Ras-ERK signaling pathway for the proper regionalization of the metencephalon and mesencephalon.
Targeted activation of β-catenin signaling in basal mammary epithelial cells affects mammary development and leads to hyperplasia
Authors: Teulière Jérôme , Faraldo Marisa M. , Deugnier Marie-Ange , Shtutman Michael , Ben-Ze'ev Avri , Thiery Jean Paul , Glukhova Marina A.
Published: December 2004

Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is involved in the maintenance of the progenitor cell population in the skin, intestine and other tissues, and its aberrant activation caused by stabilization of β-catenin contributes to tumorigenesis. In the mammary gland, constitutive activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in luminal secretory cells results in precocious lobuloalveolar differentiation and induces adenocarcinomas, whereas the impact of this signaling pathway on the function of the second major mammary epithelial cell lineage, the basal myoepithelial cells, has not been analyzed. We have used the keratin (K) 5 promoter to target the expression of stabilized N-terminally truncated β-catenin to the basal cell layer of mouse mammary epithelium. The transgenic mice presented an abnormal mammary phenotype:precocious lateral bud formation, increased proliferation and premature differentiation of luminal epithelium in pregnancy, persistent proliferation in lactation and accelerated involution. Precocious development in pregnancy was accompanied by increased Myc and cyclin D1 transcript levels, and a shift in p63 variant expression towards the ΔNp63 form. The expression of ECM-degrading proteinases and their inhibitors was altered in pregnancy and involution. Nulliparous transgenic females developed mammary hyperplasia that comprised undifferentiated basal (K5/14-positive, K8- and α-smooth muscle-actin-negative) cells. Multiparous mice, in addition, developed invasive basal-type carcinomas. Thus, activation of β-catenin signaling in basal mammary epithelial cells affects the entire process of mammary gland development and induces amplification of basal-type cells that lack lineage markers, presumably, a subpopulation of mammary progenitors able to give rise to tumors.
Virtuelle tomografische Rekonstruktionsbilder infolge ungeeigneter Abtastraten (Virtual Tomographic Reconstruction Images due to Unsuitable Scanning Rates)
Authors: Hoppe Dietrich
Published: December 2004

Bei tomografischen Bildrekonstruktionen können zu große Detektorabstände oder zu wenige Projektionen Aliasing-Artefakte hervorrufen. Betrachtet werden Objekte, die eine drehsymmetrische Struktur enthalten. Von ihr entsteht neben dem reellen auch ein virtuelles tomografisches Abbild. Gezeigt wird, dass es schwierig sein kann, ein solches virtuelles Abbild als Aliasing-Artefakt zu identifizieren.
Vergleich von Kompensations- und Ausschlagprinzip am Beispiel der Wägetechnik (Comparison between the Principles of Compensation and Deflection Demonstrated by the Example of Weight Measurements)
Authors: Krause Lutz
Published: December 2004

Es werden Ausschlag- und Kompensationsverfahren in der Wägetechnik mithilfe rückgekoppelter Übertragungsglieder behandelt. Diese Betrachtungsweise erlaubt es, Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede einfach zu veranschaulichen. Es wird deutlich, dass sowohl Ausschlag- als auch Kompensationssysteme zur Kraft- oder Massemessung als rückgekoppelte Trägheitsglieder aufgefasst werden können.
Ultraschall-Werkstoffprüftechnik für Untersuchungen an Fluid-Strömungen mit Blasen/Partikeln (An Ultrasonic Test Set-up for Measuring Fluid-Flows with Bubbles or Particles)
Authors: Sommerlatt Hans-Dieter , Kaiser Erwin
Published: December 2004

Ultraschall-Werkstoffprüftechnik ist für Messungen an Blasenströmungen einsetzbar. Die bisherige Mess- und Auswerte-Konzeption ermöglichte Messungen an maximal zwei Orten. Die sinnvolle Messzeit war auf 2 s begrenzt. Einige Aufgaben erfordern Messzeiten von mindestens 120 s und gleichzeitige Messungen an vielen Orten. Nach einer Analyse und Beseitigung der Schwachstellen sind Messungen an 8 Orten und mehr als 180 s effektive Messzeit möglich. Zusätzlich konnte die Auflösung von 4 ms auf 1 ms verbessert werden.
The Noble House in Colonial Puebla, Mexico: Descent, Inheritance, and the Nahua Tradition
Authors: Chance John K.
Published: December 2004

Claude Lévi‐Strauss's concept of the 'house" has proven to be a viable alternative to traditional lineage theory in the study of many societies, and this paper applies the house concept to a Mesoamencan case. The teccalli, or noble house, was an important aspect of Nahua (Aztec) sociopolitical organization in prchispanic and early colonial central Mexico, particularly in the Puebla‐Tlaxcala Valley. It is often characterized as a lineage with rights in land and commoner labor, yet the nature of descent, succession, and inheritance are little understood. Late colonial wills and lawsuits from the (formerly) Nahua community of Santiago Tecali in the Puebla‐Tlaxcala Valley provide valuable insights into these matters that can also help us to understand earlier periods. It is argued that the Nahua noble house can be better understood as a house than as a lineage, [house, kinship, inheritance, Nahuas, Mesoamerica]
A Widow, a Child, and Two Lineages: Exploring Kinship and Attachment in Chuuk
Authors: Lowe Edward D.
Published: December 2004

This article brings together a life span perspective on emotional attachments and recent anthropological studies of the formation of personal and cultural understandings of kinship. It argues three main points. First, people share idealized cultural models of attachment that associate particular kinds of need fulfillment with particular kinds of kin‐based social relationships. Second, these idealized models are the products of typical relational histories of reciprocated need fulfillment that are significant during various periods of the life span beginning in infancy and continuing into adulthood. Third, these idealized models of attachment shape the ongoing construction and legitimization of kin‐based social relationships in everyday life. After reviewing the relevant literature regarding the formation of emotional attachments in social relationships, I address the main understandings of kinship and emotional attachments for adults who live in Chuuk Lagoon (formerly Truk). This analysis involves two parts. First, a description of an observed ethnographic case offers a real world example of how certain core cultural premises of kinship are brought to bear on actual constructions of kinbased identity, Second, an analysis of data from a survey of perceived social support reveals the basic structure of association between kin‐based social identities and expectations of need fulfillment. The article concludes with a brief discussion of how the idealized cultural models of kinship and attachment are expressed in everyday practice and shape active negotiations of kinship in Chuuk. [Key words: kinship, attachment, Chuuk, Pacific]
Annales History and the Ancient Maya State: Some Observations on the "Dynamic Model"
Authors: Iannone Gyles
Published: December 2004

Joyce Marcus has recently proposed a "dynamic model" for the ancient Maya state. In doing so she has emphasized the importance of spatiotemporal fluctuations between centralization and decentralization. Although this idea has obtained wide‐ranging support, there has been little consideration of why these oscillations occurred. This article proposes that one of the key factors was the fundamental tension between the institutions of kinship and kingship. Viewed through the lens of Annales, or "French Structural" history, this appears to constitute a classic example of the contradictions between a long‐term structure (kinship) and medium‐term (longship) cycle. [Key words: Maya, sociopolitics, integration, cycling, Annales]
Structure, Thought, and Action: Stewards in Chicago Union Locals
Authors: Durrenberger E. Paul
Published: December 2004

Stewards in a Chicago union local agree that having the whole industry organized is the most important factor in getting good contracts for their local, but they do not see organizing as important to their roles as stewards. I bring ethnographic work among Chicago union locals to bear on the question of the relationships among structure, thought, and action and argue that everyday realities are more powerful in determining patterns of thought than patterns of thought are in determining everyday realities. The consciousness of stewards reflects the realities of power at their workplaces. This is not because of the hegemony of another class over the cultural apparatus or its ability to shape ideas that form culture but, rather, its power to shape the realities of workplace life and the daily lives of workers, realities that become encoded as patterns of thought. [Key words: class, unions, consciousness, culture, structure, work]
Anthropological Professionalization and the Virginia Indians at the Turn of the Century
Authors: Gleach Frederic W.
Published: December 2004

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the Indians of Virginia, like marginalized native communities throughout the Southeast, were enmeshed in struggles over their identity, as "one‐drop" rules were increasingly applied and formalized. At that time several scholars, including James Mooney, wrote on the Powhatan tribes in American Anthropologist, the nascent journal of a professionalizing discipline. Previously, most works on the Virginia Indians had been published locally; after a brief florescence on the national scene (roughly corresponding to the 300th anniversary of English settlement in Powhatan territory), that pattern resumed. The works published on Virginia Indians in this period, and the contrast with their relative invisibility in professional journals over the following decades, cast light on U.S. anthropology's development as a profession. This article examines the transition from local to national organizations from the standpoint of ethnographic inclusion of such marginalized peoples. [Keywords: Powhatan Indians, ethnic identity, professionalization, localism, American Anthropologist]
The First Boasian: Alfred Kroeber and Franz Boas, 1896‐1905
Authors: Jacknis Ira
Published: December 2004

This article reviews the interplay of the personal, institutional, and intellectual factors in the relationship between Franz Boas and Alfred Kroeber, his first important student. It focuses on their first decade, 1896‐1905, a critical transitional period in the formation of American anthropology. After a consideration of their personal and familial contexts, it reviews Boas's role as a graduate professor to Kroeber, the beginning of an academic anthropology program at the University of California, Boas and Kroeber's collaborative and competitive relationship as museum curators, their diverging ethnographic strategies, Boas's editing of Kroeber's professional writings, and their disagreements over the organization of national professional societies (primarily the American Anthropological Association and the American Folklore Society). This article is a case study of the construction of anthropological traditions. [Keywords: Franz Boas, Alfred Kroeber, history of anthropology]
Animal Traditions
Authors: Rowell Thelma
Published: December 2004

Animal Traditions. Eytan Avital and Eva Jablonka. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. 446 pp.
Unity of Heart: Culture and Change in a Polynesian Atoll Society
Authors: Howard Alan
Published: December 2004

Unity of Heart: Culture and Change in. Polynesian Atoll Society. Keith Chambers and Anne Chambers. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 2001. xx. 283 pp.
Primate Conservation Biology
Authors: Rose Lisa M.
Published: December 2004

Primate Conservation Biology. Guy Cowlishaw and Robin Dunbar. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. 498 pp.
Fleeting Identities: Perishable Material Culture in Archaeological Research
Authors: Gordon Angela
Published: December 2004

Fleeting Identities: Perishable Material Culture in Archaeological Research. Penelope Ballard Drooker. ed. Carbondale, 1L: Center for Archaeological Investigations, 2001.410 pp.
To Die in This Way: Nicaraguan Indians and the Myth of Mestizaje, 1880‐1965
Authors: Maloney Thomas
Published: December 2004

To Die in This Way: Nicaraguan Indians and the Myth of Mestizaje, 1880‐1965. Jeffrey L. Gould. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1998. 305 pp.
Prayer Has Spoiled Everything: Possession, Power and Identity in an Islamic Town of Niger
Authors: Stiles Erin
Published: December 2004

Prayer Has Spoiled Everything: Possession, Power and Identity in an Islamic Town of Niger. Adeline Masquelier. Durham: Duke University Press, 2001. 352 pp.
The Seven Daughters of Eve: The Science That Reveals Our Genetic Ancestry
Authors: Mai Larry L.
Published: December 2004

The Seven Daughters of Eve: The Science That Reveals Our Genetic Ancestry. Bryan Sykes. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, Inc., 2001. 306 pp.
Good Muslim, Bad Muslim: A Political Perspective on Culture and Terrorism
Authors: Mamdani Mahmood
Published: December 2004

The link between Islam and terrorism became a central media concern following September 11, resulting in new rounds of "culture talk. This talk has turned religious experience into a political category, differentiating 'good Muslims" from "bad Muslims, rather than terrorists from civilians. The implication is undisguised: Whether in Afghanistan, Palestine, or Pakistan, Islam must be quarantined and the devil must be exorcized from it by a civil war between good Muslims and bad Muslims. This article suggests that we lift the quarantine and turn the cultural theory of politics on its head. Beyond the simple but radical suggestion that if there are good Muslims and bad Muslims, there must also be good Westerners and bad Westerners, I question the very tendency to read Islamist politics as an effect of Islamic civilization—whether good or bad—and Western power as an effect of Western civilization. Both those politics and that power are born of an encounter, and neither can be understood outside of the history of that encounter. Cultural explanations of political outcomes tend to avoid history and issues. Thinking of individuals from "traditional" cultures in authentic and original terms, culture talk dehistoricizes the construction of political identities. This article places the terror of September 11 in a historical and political context. Rather than a residue of a premodern culture in modern politics, terrorism is best understood as a modern construction. Even when it harnesses one or another aspect of tradition and culture, the result is a modern ensemble at the service of a modern project. [Keywords: Muslims, culture talk, Islamist politics, political identities, terrorism]
The Mafia and al‐Qaeda: Violent and Secretive Organizations in Comparative and Historical Perspective
Authors: Schneider Jane , Schneider Peter
Published: December 2004

In the immediate aftermath of September 11, we circulated an essay outlining possible comparisons between the 1980s and 1990s repression of organized crime in Italy and Sicily and the pending repression of the al‐Qaeda network. Distributed in several countries, and as a contribution to the Anthropological Quarterly's reflections on September 11, the essay elicited critical and provocative commentary. Respondents questioned, in particular, our neglect of abuses of civil liberties in the antimafia process, our implied conflation of racketeering with religious extremism, and our positive assessment of the role of citizens' social movements in delegitimating terrorist violence. In this article, we address these and related criticisms, in part through expanding and clarifying the original argument. Our premise at the time, that the rhetoric (and pursuit) of a "war" on terrorism distorts what should be framed as a repressive action against a cellular and networked, violent and secretive organization, is reinforced. [Keywords: criminal networks, mafia, social movements, Cold War, revenge]
On Reflexivity
Authors: Salzman Philip Carl
Published: December 2004

The value of reflexivity has been widely accepted in anthropology during the past two decades. The concept of ref lexivity can be seen developing in the work of theorists and ethnographers of the 1960s and 1970s and was brought to flower among theorists and ethnographers of the 1980s and 1990s. But little critical analytic attention has been directed toward its claims to generate new understandings and inform about their positional foundations. However, consideration of the possibility of reliable self‐reports leads to skepticism rather than confidence. Furthermore, the underlying assumption that the unavoidable subjectivity of researchers negates any external validation of knowledge proves to be mistaken, making the question of positionality moot. [Keywords: reflexivity, postmodernism, ethnography, positionality, scientific method]
On the Limits of Life Stages in Ethnography: Toward a Theory of Vital Conjunctures
Authors: Johnson‐Hanks Jennifer
Published: December 2004

This article argues for a new anthropology of the life course, one founded in indeterminacy and innovation. The fact that vital life events are rarely coherent, clear in direction, or fixed in outcome dramatically limits the usefulness of the life cycle model. In its place, I propose a unit of social analysis based in aspiration rather than event. I call this the vital conjuncture—integrating the "vital" of demographic vital events with Bourdieu's conception of the conjuncture of structure and action. Vital conjunctures suggest a new way of aggregating life history experiences and thus working between the individual and the social, free from the stultifying assumption of Stapes de vie. To illustrate the usefulness of the concept of "vital conjuncture, I focus on motherhood among young, educated Beti women in southern Cameroon. I demonstrate that rather than a clear threshold into female adulthood, here motherhood is a loosely bounded, fluid status. Contrary both to folk intuition and to the assumptions of a life cycle framework, Beti motherhood is not a stable status. Beti women who have borne children are not necessarily mothers, at least not all the time. Motherhood, instead, constitutes a temporary social status, an agent position that can be inhabited in specific forms of social action. The material offers perhaps an extreme example of what I argue is a more general phenomenon: "life stages" emerge only as the result of institutional projects, their coherence should be an object, rather than an assumption, of ethnographic inquiry. [Keywords: life course, Africa, demography, vital conjuncture]
From Passive Periphery to Active Agents: Emerging Perspectives in the Archaeology of Interregional Interaction
Authors: Stein Gil J.
Published: December 2004

Traditional archaeological approaches to interregional interaction or culture contact have relied on unidirectional, Eurocentric interpretive frameworks such as the world systems and acculturation models. More recently, researchers from diverse fields such as prehistoric archaeology, the archaeology of ancient literate societies, and historical archaeology have begun to develop a new perspective on interregional interaction. Problems with these more traditional approaches to the archaeology of interregional interaction are summarized, and the main elements are outlined for a new research perspective to study culture contact. A set of methods are suggested to translate this theoretical framework into effective field research. Finally, the expansion of Mesopotamia in the fourth millennium B.C. Uruk period is presented as a case study to illustrate some of the ways that models derived from this emerging perspective can be used to better understand interregional interaction in the world's earliest known colonial system. [Keywords: interregional interaction, culture contact, colonies, trade diasporas, Mesopotamia]
The Holy Land: David Roberts, Dead Sea Scrolls, House of David Inscription
Authors: Kelly Marjorie
Published: December 2004

The Holy Land: David Roberts, Dead Sea Scrolls, House of David Inscription. Bowers Museum of Cultural Art, Santa Ana, California. October 6, 2001 13, 2002.
Black Diversity in New York City: West Indians, Haitians, African Americans
Authors: Robotham Don
Published: December 2004

Islands in the City: West Indian Migration to New York. Nancy Foner. ed. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001.312 pp.

Trends in Ethnic Identification among Second‐Generation Haitian Immigrants to New York City. Flore Zephir. Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey, 2001. 248 pp.
Religióan y Fiesta: Antropología de las Creencias Rituales en Andalucia
Authors: Gilmore David D.
Published: December 2004

Religióan. Fiesta: Antropología de las Creencias Rituales en Andalucia. Salvador Rodriguez Becerra. Seville: Signatura Demos, 2000. 254 pp.
Culture and the Human Body: An Anthropological Perspective
Authors: Linke Uli
Published: December 2004

Culture and the Human Body: An Anthropological Perspective. John W. Burton. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 2001. Pp. 129. vii.
Primate Behavioral Ecology: From Ethnography to Ethology and Back
Authors: Strier Karen B.
Published: December 2004

Nonhuman primates occupy a special niche in anthropology because of the comparative insights into humans they provide. Initial anthropological interest in primates targeted the apes for their close phylogenetic relationships with humans, and the semiterrestrial Old World monkeys for their ecological similarities with hominids adapting to life on the ground. From the earliest anecdotal reports of tool use and hunting to more contemporary quantitative analyses of local "cultural" traditions, nonhuman primates have challenged deep‐rooted concepts of human uniqueness and redefined the boundaries between us and other animals. Yet, despite the long‐standing influence of primate studies in anthropology, approaches to studying primates began diverging from those of earlier ethnographers. Advances in primatology, particularly during the 1990s, have included a much deeper understanding of how ecology, phylogeny, and demography affect behavior. Insights into intraspecific, population‐level variation represent an important area of convergence between primatology, other areas of anthropology, and conservation biology. [Keywords: primate behavioral ecology, anthropocentrism, evolutionary theory, systematic methods, biology]
Human Biology and Ecology: Variation in Nature and the Nature of Variation
Authors: Leslie Paul W. , Little Michael A.
Published: December 2004

Human biology seeks to understand human variation and the biological, environmental, social, and historical influences on that variation. Views of the nature of both variation and environment have changed during the past 100 years. Typological approaches to nature and human diversity shifted to an evolutionary perspective during the first half of the 20th century. In the second half, widespread human biological variation was documented and interpreted in terms of adaptation to the environment. Environmental physiology and reproductive ecology continue to document environmental influences on human biological functioning, but with (1) an expanded concept of environment that acknowledges more fully the interactions among its physical, biotic, and social aspects and (2) an expanded theoretical basis, drawing on evolutionary ecology and life history theory, acknowledging tradeoffs and changing constraints and opportunities over the lifetime. Human biology gains from greater interaction with other fields, such as political ecology, but also contributes to them. [Keywords: biological anthropology, human ecology, adaptation, environmental physiology, reproductive ecology]
Oxidation of Titanium, RGD Peptide Attachment, and Matrix Mineralization of Rat Bone Marrow Stromal Cells
Authors: Mante Francis K. , Little Kevin , Mante Mamle O. , Rawle Christopher , Baran George R.
Published: December 2004

The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of attachment of arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) peptide to titanium surfaces oxidized by different methods. Titanium surfaces were treated as follows: (1) treatment A: passivation in nitric acid, (2) treatment B: heated in air at 400°C for 1 hour, (3) treatment C: immersed in 8.8 M H2O2/0.1 M HCl at 80°C for 30 minutes, and (4) treatment D: treated as in treatment C and then heated at 400°C for 1 hour. RGD was attached to titanium samples treated as in treatments A through D. The quantity of attached RGD was determined by an enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay. Mineralization of a rat bone marrow stromal cell (RMSC) culture on the titanium surfaces after 21 days was determined y atomic absorption spectroscopy. The treatments were ranked according to quantity of RGD attached as C, A, B, and D. Twenty-one days after RMSC culture, the degree of mineralization was significantly higher for treatment C than for treatments A, B, and D and for controls. The efficacy of RGD attachment varies with the oxidation treatment given to titanium. Oxidation in H2O2/0.1 M HCl at 80°C provided the best overall surface for RGD attachment as well as calcified matrix formation of RMSCs.
Transmission disequilibrium tests confirm the link between DRD4 gene polymorphism and infant attachment
Authors: Gervai Judit , Nemoda Zsofia , Lakatos Krisztina , Ronai Zsolt , Toth Ildiko , Ney Krisztina , Sasvari‐Szekely Maria
Published: December 2004

Following up the results of a previous population association study (Lakatos et al. [2000: Mol Psychiatry 5:633–637; Lakatos et al. [2002: Mol Psychiatry 7:27–31]) by analyses based on parental genetic data confirmed the link between infant attachment and the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene. Extended transmission disequilibrium tests (ETDT) were performed to determine whether biased transmission of exon III 48 basepair repeat alleles occurred to infants displaying disorganized and secure attachment behavior with their mothers. The overall allele‐wise TDTs were significant for both groups (P = 0.038 and 0.020, respectively): a trend for preferential transmission of the seven‐repeat allele to disorganized infants was observed (TDT = 3.27, df = 1, P = 0.071), and there was a significant non‐transmission of the same allele to securely attached infants (TDT = 6.00, df = 1, P = 0.014). Analysis of haplotypes of the exon III repeat and the −521 C/T promoter polymorphisms in family trios showed that the transmission bias in the larger secure group was due to the low‐rate transmission of the T.7 haplotype containing both the seven‐repeat and the −521 T alleles (TDT = 4.46, df = 1, P = 0.035). This suggests that not carrying the T.7 haplotype of the DRD4 gene may act as a resilience factor in the optimal development of early attachment. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hormone profiles and reproductive characteristics in wild female Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)
Authors: Fujita Shiho , Sugiura Hideki , Mitsunaga Fusako , Shimizu Keiko
Published: December 2004

In this study we investigated the reproductive characteristics of wild female Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata fuscata) in 2 nonconsecutive years using noninvasive methods to monitor physiological events. We detected ovulation dates and ascertained conceptions from fecal hormone profiles. First ovulations occurred from middle October to early November in 1997, and from middle to late November in 1999. Most females conceived during their first ovarian cycle. On average, postconception bleeding occurred 18.4 days after ovulation, and menstruation occurred 13.7 days after ovulation. The average gestation length was 176.3 days. The average degree of facial redness and the percentage of females that copulated synchronously changed across the ovarian cycle and peaked in the periovulatory period. Although prolonged periods of postconception copulation have been reported in previous studies, they did not occur in this study, which suggests that such behavior may not be a species‐typical characteristic. Female fertility varied between the 2 years. The copulation rates of females with no infant <1 year of age were 100% (14/14) in 1997 and 45.5% (5/11) in 1999. The ovulation rates of the female subjects that we chose for hormonal assays were 100% (9/9) in 1997 and 50.0% (3/6) in 1999. Th conception rates of these selected females were 100% (9/9) in 1997 and 16.7% (1/6) in 1999. The birth rates (the number of females that delivered divided by the total number of adult females in the troop) were 73.3% (11/15) in 1998 and 6.7% (1/15) in 2000. The modified birth rates (the number of females that delivered /the number of adult females with no infant <1 year of age) × 100 were 78.6% (11/14) in 1998 and 9.1% (1/11) in 2000. Am. J. Primatol. 64:367–375, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparing maternal styles in bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: De Lathouwers Mieke , Van Elsacker Linda
Published: December 2004

Studies on Cercopithecine primate maternal styles, using factor analysis on a set of maternal behaviors, commonly render two factors that describe separate dimensions of maternal behavior: protectiveness and rejection. The aims of this study were to 1) investigate whether this method for determining maternal styles in Cercopithecine species can be applied to bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), 2) determine whether they follow the same pattern, and 3) assess whether species differences in maternal style are apparent. We performed a factor analysis on nine maternal behaviors using data on eight mother–infant pairs of each species. This resulted in three factors: protectiveness, distance, and refusal. Protectiveness is positively correlated with time spent in ventral contact, making contact, approaching, and restraining. Distance is positively related with breaking contact and leaving. Refusal is positively correlated with rejecting and nipple‐rejecting. The pattern of protectiveness corresponds with the pattern found in Cercopithecine species, suggesting a high consistency of this dimension across species and higher taxa. The retention of the other two factors indicates that in the Pan species, breaking contact and leaving represent another dimension, apart from rejecting and nipple‐rejecting, which usually fall under one dimension in Cercopithecine species. An interspecific comparison of the factor scores for each dimension of maternal behavior reveals that, on average, bonobos and chimpanzees score equally on protectiveness. Scores on distance increase positively with infant age in chimpanzees, and negatively in bonobos, and on average bonobos have higher scores on refusal. These interspecies differences in maternal style are discussed in the light of interspecies differences in infant development, infant vulnerability to aggression, interbirth intervals, and female sociality. Am. J. Primatol. 64:411–423. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantifying remaining forested habitat within the historic distribution of the cotton‐top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) in Colombia: Implications for long‐term conservation
Authors: Miller L. , Savage A. , Giraldo H.
Published: December 2004

Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data were used to classify forested areas within the historic distribution of the endangered cotton‐top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) in Colombia. This species continues to be threatened by habitat destruction, and we observed a 31% decrease of the forested habitat within the tamarins' historic distribution in 1990–2000. It is estimated that since the establishment of some protected areas for cotton‐top tamarins and other native Colombian wildlife (Parque Nacional Natural Paramillo, Santuarío de Fauna y Flora Los Colorados, and Reserva Forestal de Montes de Maria), almost 43% of the original forested area has been lost. Given that the human population of Colombia increases annually by 1.6% [Patel, 2002], it is important to target specific areas for tamarin protection while creating mitigation strategies to compensate for economic growth. The results of this study provide valuable information to assist in the long‐term development of effective conservation strategies for this endangered primate. Am. J. Primatol. 64:451–457, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mirrors as environmental enrichment for African green monkeys
Authors: Harris Heather G. , Edwards Amanda J.
Published: December 2004

Stainless steel circular mirrors were employed in an enrichment plan for 105 singly housed male African green monkeys. We observed 25 randomly selected males to measure mirror use and to assess the mirrors' effectiveness as an enrichment item. We conducted additional mirror‐use surveys on all 105 males using fingerprint accumulation as an indicator (rated on a scale of 0 to 4). Use was defined as either being in contact with the mirror (contact use (CU)) or looking directly into the mirror without contact (non‐contact use (NC)). Mirror‐use data were collected 10 months after the initial introduction of the mirrors and again at 16 months. The two time points were compared by paired t‐tests. No significant difference in use was found between the two data collection points. On average, the monkeys used the mirrors 5.2% of the total time intervals recorded (approximately 3 min/hr). Results from the five fingerprint‐accumulation surveys showed that 102 of 105 males (97%) had CU with their mirrors over the survey points. Based on the sustained use of the mirrors over a 6‐month period, we concluded that the mirrors were an effective enrichment tool that the vast majority of our monkeys routinely used. Habituation did not appear to occur even a year after the mirrors were introduced. Am. J. Primatol. 64:459–467, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heat-Accelerated Fixation and Rapid Dissection of the Pediatric Brain at Autopsy: A Pragmatic Approach to the Difficulties of Organ Retention
Authors: Barrett Ciara , Brett Francesca , Grehan David , McDermott Michael B.
Published: December 2004

We investigated whether it is possible to accelerate the examination of a pediatric brain at autopsy and thus facilitate its return to the body before a funeral without compromising the quality of the neuropathologic examination. Accelerated fixation and next-day dissection of the brain was performed in selected cases over a 2-year period by using a microwave histologic tissue processor (MicroMed T/T MEGA, Milestone, Sorisole, Italy). Direct comparison of the histologic appearance and immunohistochemical reactivity of 2 cases, 1 fixed by conventional methods and 1 fixed with the accelerated method, was performed in a blinded fashion by a specialist neuropathologist. Examination of rapidly fixed brain by conventional thin coronal sections was readily achieved. There was no appreciable difference between tissue sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin and prepared from conventional formalin-fixed cortical and cerebellar brain tissue and that fixed by rapid heat acceleration. Immunocytochemical studies were not adversely affected by the accelerated heat-fixation process of tissue. Heat-accelerated fixation is a potential method of speeding up the examination of the brain at autopsy without unduly compromising the quality of the neuropathologic examination.