bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Paraoxonase‐1 activity is related to Trichinella spiralis‐induced hepatitis in rats
Authors: Farid Ayman Samir , Fath Eman Mohamed , Mido Shogo , Nonaka Nariaki , Horii Yoichiro
Published: January 2017

Background

Little is known about the potential adverse effects of a chronic zoonotic nematode Trichinella spiralis infection on hepatic inflammation and its relationship to paraoxonase (PON)‐1 and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activities. Therefore, we aimed to examine the effects of T. spiralis infection on hepatic synthesis of PON1.

Methods

Wistar rats were infected with 2500 first‐stage larvae (L1) of T. spiralis, and serum PON1 and BuChE activities were evaluated. Hepatic expression levels of PON1, BuChE and various cytokines and chemokines [interleukin (IL)‐1, IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐10, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)‐1, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)‐1α, and transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1] were evaluated for up to 9 weeks post‐infection (p.i.). The effect of these changes on the degree of hepatic apoptosis was also investigated.

Results

Trichinella spiralis infection in rats induced significant decreases in serum PON1 activities from day 2 until week 7 p.i. and BuChE activity starting from day 4 until 2 weeks p.i. Moreover, T. spiralis infection increased serum pro‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐1, IL‐6 and TNF‐α as well as chemokines MCP‐1, MIP‐1α and TGF‐β1 during the enteral phase of the parasite life cycle. The anti‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐4 and IL‐10 showed significant increases during the enteral phase for the former and the muscle phase for the latter. These were associated with hepatic inflammation and apoptosis. These events typically decreased hepatic PON1 and BuChE mRNA expression.

Conclusions

Immune responses mounted against T. spiralis infection in rats were associated with hepatic inflammation and a subsequent decrease in serum PON1 and BuChE activities.
A demographic approach to evaluating the impact of stressors on bumble bee colonies
Authors: CRESSWELL JAMES E.
Published: January 2017

1. Natural and anthropogenic stressors threaten the sustainability of bumble bees and evaluating their impact is essential to the stewardship of these valuable pollinators. Demographic modelling provides a framework for testing hypotheses about the impacts of stressors, but it has not previously been applied to bumble bees.

2. I therefore formulated a demographic model for a bumble bee colony and then quantified the impact of two stressors, pesticide exposure and spider predation, by perturbing it with their known effects.

3. By simulating a laboratory exposure ofBombus terrestrisL. to dietary imidacloprid (a neonicotinoid insecticide), I tested whether the observed colony decline was explained solely by a toxic effect on the fecundity of the foundress queen. By simulating field observations ofB. terricolaKirby, I tested whether predation by crab spiders reduced colony fitness sufficiently to provide an adaptive explanation for avoidance behaviours seen when bumble bees encounter spiders.

4. InB. terrestris, a dose‐appropriate decrease in fecundity predicted the observed colony decline, which implicates this as a principal mechanism of toxicity. InB. terricola, doubling the rate of spider predation reduced a colony's production of new queens by 11%, which implies that spider avoidance is highly adaptive.

5. These analyses illustrate the utility of demographic modelling for quantifying the impacts of stressors on bumble bees. In the future, models of this type could be used to investigate a wider range of stressors and to produce thereby knowledge and tools useful for safeguarding bumble bees and the pollination services that they provide.
Different spatio‐temporal electroencephalography features drive the successful decoding of binaural and monaural cues for sound localization
Authors: Bednar Adam , Boland Francis M. , Lalor Edmund C.
Published: January 2017

The human ability to localize sound is essential for monitoring our environment and helps us to analyse complex auditory scenes. Although the acoustic cues mediating sound localization have been established, it remains unknown how these cues are represented in human cortex. In particular, it is still a point of contention whether binaural and monaural cues are processed by the same or distinct cortical networks. In this study, participants listened to a sequence of auditory stimuli from different spatial locations while we recorded their neural activity using electroencephalography (EEG). The stimuli were presented over a loudspeaker array, which allowed us to deliver realistic, free‐field stimuli in both the horizontal and vertical planes. Using a multivariate classification approach, we showed that it is possible to decode sound source location from scalp‐recorded EEG. Robust and consistent decoding was shown for stimuli that provide binaural cues (i.e. Left vs. Right stimuli). Decoding location when only monaural cues were available (i.e. Front vs. Rear and elevational stimuli) was successful for a subset of subjects and showed less consistency. Notably, the spatio‐temporal pattern of EEG features that facilitated decoding differed based on the availability of binaural and monaural cues. In particular, we identified neural processing of binaural cues at around 120 ms post‐stimulus and found that monaural cues are processed later between 150 and 200 ms. Furthermore, different spatial activation patterns emerged for binaural and monaural cue processing. These spatio‐temporal dissimilarities suggest the involvement of separate cortical mechanisms in monaural and binaural acoustic cue processing.
Activity‐based probes for the multicatalytic proteasome
Authors: Hewings David S. , Flygare John A. , Wertz Ingrid E. , Bogyo Matthew
Published: January 2017

Proteasomes are multisubunit protease complexes responsible for degrading most intracellular proteins. In addition to removing damaged proteins, they regulate many important cellular processes through the controlled degradation of transcription factors, cell cycle regulators, and enzymes. Eukaryotic proteasomes have three catalytic subunits, β1, β2, and β5, that each has different substrate specificities. Additionally, although we know that diverse cell types express proteasome variants with distinct activity and specificity profiles, the functions of these different pools of proteasomes are not fully understood. Covalent inhibitors of the protease activity of the proteasome have been developed as drugs for hematological malignancies and are currently under investigation for other diseases. Therefore, there is a need for tools that allow direct monitoring of proteasome activity in live cells and tissues. Activity‐based probes have proven valuable for biochemical and cell biological studies of the role of individual proteasome subunits, and for evaluating the efficacy and selectivity of proteasome inhibitors. These probes react covalently with the protease active sites, and contain a reporter tag to identify the probe‐labeled proteasome subunits. This review will describe the development of broad‐spectrum and subunit‐specific proteasome activity‐based probes, and discuss how these probes have contributed to our understanding of proteasome biology, and to the development of proteasome inhibitors.
Potential application of baited remote underwater video to survey abundance of west coast rock lobster Jasus lalandii
Authors: Roberson L. A. , Attwood C. G. , Winker H. , Cockroft A. C. , Van Zyl D. L.
Published: January 2017

The first assessment of the baited remote underwater video system (BRUVs) for monitoring rock lobster Jasus lalandii (Milne‐Edwards) in South Africa was compared to annual ring net and trap survey data. Count data from 58 BRUVs, 36 ring net and 95 trap samples were fitted with generalised additive models using depth, habitat, time and spatial gradient as independent variables. A power analysis was used to determine the number of samples needed per annum to detect a 5 and 10% increase and decrease in population size. The BRUVs outperformed the nets and traps in terms of sampling effort and were better at detecting changes in abundance of lobster than abundance of three fish species. Considering factors such as cost, analysis time, additional data and environmental impact, traps are the most feasible method in deeper waters but BRUVs could replace nets and traps in depths less than 60 m, low‐density areas and marine reserves.
IT professionals' person–organization fit with IT training and development priorities
Authors: Wingreen Stephen C. , Blanton J. Ellis
Published: January 2017

Person–organization fit (P–O fit) research and practice have been hindered on account of the difficulty of operationalizing the richness, complexity and subjectivity of the P–O fit phenomenon. P–O fit for technology professionals is further complicated by the rapidly changing demands the IT profession places on its constituents to continually engage in training and development. A human capital perspective is adopted as a lens through which to view the IT professional's P–O fit, and Social Cognitive Theory is proposed as a framework within which to incorporate the principles of Concourse Theory, which is the guiding philosophy of Q‐Methodology and Q‐sorts. The Q‐methodology was used as a means to operationalize the IT professional's P–O fit with respect to IT training and development. Analysis revealed five distinct P–O fit types of perspectives that explained 35% of the population variance. Post‐hoc analysis of the five types revealed that they are interpretable through the lens of the human capital perspective. The results show promise for continued research on the subject, as well as implications for both researchers and practitioners.
Hermeneutic phenomenological analysis: the ‘possibility’ beyond ‘actuality’ in thematic analysis
Authors: Ho Ken H.M. , Chiang Vico C.L. , Leung Doris
Published: January 2017

Aims

This article discusses the ways researchers may become open to manifold interpretations of lived experience through thematic analysis that follows the tradition of hermeneutic phenomenology.

Background

Martin Heidegger's thinking about historical contexts of understandings and the notions of ‘alētheia’ and ‘techne’ disclose what he called meaning of lived experience, as the ‘unchanging Being of changing beings’. While these notions remain central to hermeneutic phenomenological research, novice phenomenologists usually face the problem of how to incorporate these philosophical tenets into thematic analysis.

Design

Discussion paper.

Data sources

This discussion paper is based on our experiences of hermeneutic analysis supported by the writings of Heidegger. Literature reviewed for this paper ranges from 1927 – 2014. We draw on data from a study of foreign domestic helpers in Hong Kong to demonstrate how ‘dwelling’ in the language of participants’ ‘ek‐sistence’ supported us in a process of thematic analysis. Data were collected from December 2013 – February 2016.

Implications for Nursing

Nurses doing hermeneutic phenomenology have to develop self‐awareness of one's own ‘taken‐for‐granted’ thinking to disclose the unspoken meanings hidden in the language of participants. Understanding the philosophical tenets of hermeneutic phenomenology allows nurses to preserve possibilities of interpretations in thinking. In so doing, methods of thematic analysis can uncover and present the structure of the meaning of lived experience.

Conclusion

We provide our readers with vicarious experience of how to begin cultivating thinking that is aligned with hermeneutic phenomenological philosophical tenets to conduct thematic analysis.
The use of antioxidants in the treatment of traumatic brain injury
Authors: Venegoni Whitney , Shen Qiuhua , Thimmesch Amanda R. , Bell Meredith , Hiebert John B. , Pierce Janet D.
Published: January 2017

Aims

The aim of this study was to discuss secondary traumatic brain injury, the mitochondria and the use of antioxidants as a treatment.

Background

One of the leading causes of death globally is traumatic brain injury, affecting individuals in all demographics. Traumatic brain injury is produced by an external blunt force or penetration resulting in alterations in brain function or pathology. Often, with a traumatic brain injury, secondary injury causes additional damage to the brain tissue that can have further impact on recovery and the quality of life. Secondary injury occurs when metabolic and physiologic processes alter after initial injury and includes increased release of toxic free radicals that cause damage to adjacent tissues and can eventually lead to neuronal necrosis. Although antioxidants in the tissues can reduce free radical damage, the magnitude of increased free radicals overwhelms the body's reduced defence mechanisms. Supplementing the body's natural supply of antioxidants, such as coenzyme Q10, can attenuate oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species.

Design

Discussion paper.

Data sources

Research literature published from 2011–2016 in PubMed, CINAHL and Cochrane.

Implications for nursing

Prompt and accurate assessment of patients with traumatic brain injury by nurses is important to ensure optimal recovery and reduced lasting disability. Thus, it is imperative that nurses be knowledgeable about the secondary injury that occurs after a traumatic brain injury and aware of possible antioxidant treatments.

Conclusion

The use of antioxidants has potential to reduce the magnitude of secondary injury in patients who experience a traumatic brain injury.
“Is it me or should my friends take the credit?” The role of social networks and social identity in recovery from addiction
Authors: Bathish Ramez , Best David , Savic Michael , Beckwith Melinda , Mackenzie Jock , Lubman Dan I.
Published: January 2017

This study explored the role of social network and social identity factors in recovery from addiction. The sample consisted of 537 individuals who completed a survey about their experiences of recovery. Results indicated that the transition from addiction to recovery was characterized by an increase in social connectedness and changes in social network composition coupled with the emergence of a “recovery” identity. These factors accounted for 14% of the variance in quality of life when controlling for known predictors, accounting for a greater proportion of variance than substance use variables. Results suggest that recovery from addiction can be understood as a socially mediated transition characterized by social network and social identity change, which drive broader improvements in quality of life.
Auditory support in linguistically diverse classrooms: factors related to bilingual text‐to‐speech use
Authors: Van Laere E. , van Braak J.
Published: January 2017

Text‐to‐speech technology can act as an important support tool in computer‐based learning environments (CBLEs) as it provides auditory input, next to on‐screen text. Particularly for students who use a language at home other than the language of instruction (LOI) applied at school, text‐to‐speech can be useful. The CBLE E‐Validiv offers content in the LOI and one of six other languages. All content can be read aloud via text‐to‐speech. For students having a home language other than the LOI, the other language is set to their home language; students who use the LOI at home mostly have English or French available. This study aimed to determine fifth‐grade students' use of bilingual text‐to‐speech and examine student characteristics related to this use (n = 360). Multilevel hierarchical regression analyses show that particularly students having their home language available apply text‐to‐speech in their home language. However, their main focus remains on text‐to‐speech in the LOI. Students with a low self‐assessed proficiency in their home language and those who often watch television and read books in the LOI use text‐to‐speech more in the LOI. Considerations for practice, the design of CBLEs with text‐to‐speech and future directions for research are discussed.

Lay Description

What is currently known about the subject?

Text‐to‐speech (TTS) technology converts digital text to spoken language.

Combining visual and auditory information extends working memory's capacity.

TTS has potential to offer bilingual auditory support to language minority students.

Learner characteristics may play a considerable role in the use of TTS.

What does this paper add?

Language minority students use TTS in the language of instruction and their home language.

TTS in the home language is mainly applied as a support to strengthen understanding.

Not being confident about the proficiency in the home language indicates a stronger focus on TTS in the language of instruction.

Reading books and watching television in the language of instruction points to a stronger use of TTS in that language.

What does this mean for practitioners?

The computer‐based learning environment can support students in meaning construction.

TTS can assist language minority students both in the language of instruction and the home language.

Students who are not confident in their home language need special attention.
Review of computer‐based assessment for learning in elementary and secondary education
Authors: Shute V.J. , Rahimi S.
Published: January 2017

In this paper, we review computer‐based assessment for learning (CBAfL), in elementary and secondary education, as a viable way to merge instruction and assessment of students' developing proficiencies. We begin by contextualizing our topic relative to summative and formative assessment before presenting the current literature, which we categorized into the following: (a) supplementary use in classrooms, (b) web‐based, and (c) data‐driven, continuous CBAfL. Examples of research studies per category are provided. Findings show that using CBAfL in the classroom, via the Internet, or embedded in a game, generally enhances learning and other outcomes across a range of content areas (e.g. biology, math, and programming). One conclusion is that feedback, to be most beneficial to learning, should not be overly complex and must be used to be effective. Findings also showed that the quality of the assessment (i.e. validity, reliability, and efficiency) is unimpaired by the inclusion of feedback. The possibilities created by advances in the learning sciences, measurement, and technology have paved the way toward new assessment approaches that will support personalized learning and that can accurately measure and support complex competencies. The next steps involve evaluating the new assessments regarding their psychometric properties and support of learning.

Lay Description

What is currently known about computer‐based assessment for learning (CBAfL)?

Early CBAfL systems were divided into linear and branching programs with no diagnostics and evolved into systems possessing more personalized/adaptive remediation with AI.

Current CBAfL can support a range of competencies in various digital environments.

Advanced learning analytic methods include learning analytics and stealth assessment.

What our paper adds to what is already known about CBA for learning?

Trends in our review suggest CBAs will improve in personalizing learning in a variety of contexts.

Innovative CBAfL techniques will move beyond the laboratory and into the mainstream.

Boundaries between instruction, learning and assessment will eventually become blurred, thus removing the need for high‐stake tests of learning.

What are the implications of our topic for practitioners?

With CBAfL advances, teachers will have more time to provide targeted support to learners.

Students would not need to worry about taking exams if CBAfL is continuous and formative.

Educators will be able to provide personalized learning experiences for diverse students.

Students will be equipped with the knowledge and skills needed to succeed in the 21st century.
Randomized controlled clinical study comparing a volume‐stable collagen matrix to autogenous connective tissue grafts for soft tissue augmentation at implant sites: linear volumetric soft tissue changes up to 3 months
Authors: Zeltner Marco , Jung Ronald E. , Hämmerle Christoph H. F. , Hüsler Jürg , Thoma Daniel S.
Published: January 2017

Aim

To test whether or not the use of a volume‐stable collagen matrix (VCMX) results in soft tissue volume increase at implant sites non‐inferior to an autogenous subepithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG).

Methods

In 20 patients, soft tissue augmentation at implant sites was performed using VCMX or SCTG. Casts obtained prior to augmentation (BL), at 30 (FU‐30) and 90 days (FU‐90) were digitized and transferred to stereolithography (STL) files. BL, FU‐30 and FU‐90 STL files were superimposed and linear volumetric changes evaluated in crestal and buccal regions of interest (ROI). Descriptive analysis was computed for both groups and a test for non‐inferiority was performed.

Results

The median linear changes from BL to FU‐90 in the crestal ROI amounted to 0.175 mm (0.06; 0.51) for VCMX (p = 0.002 over time) and to 0.51 mm (0.23; 0.94) for SCTG (p = 0.129). The differences between the two groups were not significant (p = 0.287). The respective values in the buccal ROI were 0.59 mm (0.26; 1.06) for VCMX (p = 0.002) and 0.94 mm (0.66; 1.13) for SCTG (p = 0.004). The differences between the two groups were not significant (crestal: p = 0.287; buccal: p = 0.534). Non‐inferiority could be concluded for VCMX compared to SCTG for both ROI.

Conclusion

VCMX and SCTG can be used for soft tissue augmentation at implant sites resulting in an at least short‐term increase in volume.
Comparisons of weight changes between sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors treatment and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 analogs treatment in type 2 diabetes patients: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Cai Xiaoling , Ji Liwei , Chen Yifei , Yang Wenjia , Zhou Lingli , Han Xueyao , Zhang Simin , Ji Linong
Published: January 2017

Aims/Introduction

To evaluate the efficacy of weight changes from baseline of the sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors treatment and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) analogs treatment after comparisons with a placebo in type 2 diabetes patients, and the associated factors.

Materials and Methods

Studies were searched from when recording began, June 2004, until June 2015, and re‐searched in July 2016, and placebo‐controlled randomized trials in type 2 diabetes patients with a study length of ≥12 weeks were included.

Results

A total of 97 randomized controlled trials were included. Compared with a placebo, treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors was associated with a significantly greater decrease in weight change from baseline (weighted mean differences −2.01 kg, 95% confidence interval −2.18 to −1.83 kg, P < 0.001). Compared with a placebo, changes with GLP ‐1 treatment were also associated with a comparable decrease in weight change from baseline (weighted mean differences −1.59 kg, 95% confidence interval −1.86 to −1.32 kg, P < 0.001). Meta‐regression analysis showed that the baseline age, sex, baseline glycated hemoglobin, diabetes duration or baseline body mass index were not associated with the weight change from baseline in SGLT2 inhibitors or in GLP‐1 treatment corrected by placebo. Comparisons of weight changes from baseline corrected by placebo between SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP‐1 treatment showed that the difference was not significant (P > 0.05).

Conclusions

According to the present meta‐analysis, treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors and treatment with GLP‐1 analogs led to comparable weight changes from baseline, which are both with significance when compared with placebo treatment.
Efficacy and safety of interleukin‐17 antagonists in patients with plaque psoriasis: a meta‐analysis from phase 3 randomized controlled trials
Authors: Wu D. , Hou S.‐Y. , Zhao S. , Hou L.‐X. , Jiao T. , Xu N.‐N. , Zhang N.
Published: January 2017

Background

The interleukin‐17 (IL‐17) cytokine pathway plays a key role in the development of psoriasis. Antibodies targeting IL‐17 or blocking its receptor may be a new therapeutic approach for psoriasis. To assist treatment selection in daily practice, it is essential to understand the benefit and risk profile of IL‐17 antagonists.

Objective

We performed a meta‐analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of IL‐17 antagonists in patients with psoriasis.

Methods

We searched a number of databases for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published before May 2016. The following outcomes were evaluated: Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) 75, 90, 100 response, Investigator's Global Assessment (IGA) score of 0 or 1 response, adverse events (AEs) and withdrawals. The meta‐analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.2 software.

Results

Nine RCTs with 5951 patients were included. IL‐17 antagonists achieved higher PASI 75, 90, 100 response rates and Dermatology Life Quality Index 0 or 1 response rates than placebo and a lower incidence of discontinuations due to lack of efficacy. In the safety analysis, no significant differences were found between the IL‐17 antagonists and placebo in the proportion of patients with serious AEs, cardiovascular disease and discontinuations due to AEs. However, IL‐17 antagonists were associated with a higher proportion of patients with any AEs and infections than placebo.

Conclusion

IL‐17 antagonists were effective, with an acceptable safety profile, for patients with plaque psoriasis. Vigilance because of the potential for infection will be necessary for IL‐17 antagonists.
Are hybrids between Atlantic salmon and brown trout suitable long‐term hosts of Gyrodactylus salaris during winter?
Authors: Knudsen R , Henriksen E H , Gjelland K Ø , Hansen H , Hendrichsen D K , Kristoffersen R , Olstad K
Published: January 2017

The monogenean parasite Gyrodactylus salaris poses serious threats to many Atlantic salmon populations and presents many conservation and management questions/foci and challenges. It is therefore critical to identify potential vectors for infection. To test whether hybrids of native Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) × brown trout (Salmo trutta) are suitable as reservoir hosts for G. salaris during winter, infected hybrid parr were released into a natural subarctic brook in the autumn. Six months later, 23.9% of the pit‐tagged fish were recaptured. During the experimental period, the hybrids had a sixfold increase in mean intensity of G. salaris, while the prevalence decreased from 81% to 35%. There was high interindividual hybrid variability in susceptibility to infections. The maximum infrapopulation growth rate (0.018 day−1) of G. salaris throughout the winter was comparable to earlier laboratory experiments at similar temperatures. The results confirm that infrapopulations of G. salaris may reproduce on a hybrid population for several generations at low water temperatures (~1 °C). Wild salmon–trout hybrids are undoubtedly susceptible to G. salaris and represent an important reservoir host for the parasite independent of other co‐occurring susceptible hosts. Consequently, these hybrids may pose a serious risk for G. salaris transmission to nearby, uninfected rivers by migratory individuals.
Salmon gill poxvirus, a recently characterized infectious agent of multifactorial gill disease in freshwater‐ and seawater‐reared Atlantic salmon
Authors: Gjessing M C , Thoen E , Tengs T , Skotheim S A , Dale O B
Published: January 2017

Gill diseases cause considerable losses in Norwegian salmon farming. In 2015, we characterized salmon gill poxvirus (SGPV) and associated gill disease. Using newly developed diagnostic tools, we show here that SGPV infection is more widely distributed than previously assumed. We present seven cases of complex gill disease in Atlantic salmon farmed in seawater and freshwater from different parts of Norway. Apoptosis, the hallmark of acute SGPV infection, was not easily observed in these cases, and qPCR analysis was critical for identification of the presence of SGPV. Several other agents including Costia‐like parasites, gill amoebas, Saprolegnia spp. and bacteria were observed. The studied populations experienced significant mortalities, which increased to extreme levels when severe SGPV infections coincided with smoltification. SGPV infection appears to affect the smoltification process directly by affecting the gills and chloride cells in particular. SGPV may be considered a primary pathogen as it was often found prior to identification of complex gill disease. It is hypothesized that SGPV‐induced gill damage may impair innate immunity and allow invasion of secondary invaders. The distinct possibility that SGPV has been widely overlooked as a primary pathogen calls for extended use of SGPV qPCR in Atlantic salmon gill health management.
What prevents critically ill patients with respiratory failure from using non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation: A mixed‐methods study
Authors: Murata Hiroaki , Inoue Tomoko , Takahashi Osamu
Published: January 2017

Aim

To identify the factors that prevent patients in respiratory failure from using noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV). The following were evaluated: (i) the patients who converted from NPPV to endotracheal intubation; and (ii) the patients who abandoned NPPV.

Methods

Patients were interviewed regarding their experience with NPPV. Next, the factors that prevented the continuation of NPPV were identified and those data were collected retrospectively from medical records. The participants included adult patients in intensive care who were undergoing NPPV. The data from the interviews of nine participants were analyzed by using content analysis. Data that were collected from the medical records of 126 participants contributed to the identification of the characteristics that affected the implementation of NPPV. The factors were entered into a model by using logistic regression and decision‐tree analysis.

Results

An interview content analysis revealed eight aspects of the patients’ experiences. In the medical record analysis, the specific factors that were associated with the conversion to intubation were the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores, breathing becoming easier, arterial oxygen partial pressure to fractional inspired oxygen ratio, and realizing the necessity of NPPV. The factors that were associated with the abandonment of NPPV included sleep loss, delirium, discomfort, and the arterial oxygen partial pressure to fractional inspired oxygen ratio. Realizing the necessity of NPPV was not statistically significant. With regard to the decision‐tree analysis, the factors that were selected were similar to those that were selected in the factor analysis.

Conclusion

In the initial stage of NPPV, focusing on dyspnea, sleep loss, discomfort, delirium, and the realization of the necessity of NPPV were critical in deciding on continuing this intervention or the early conversion to intubation.
Family Presence During Resuscitation: A Double‐Edged Sword
Authors: Hassankhani Hadi , Zamanzadeh Vahid , Rahmani Azad , Haririan Hamidreza , Porter Joanne E.
Published: January 2017

Purpose

To illuminate the meaning of the lived experiences of resuscitation team members with the presence of the patient's family during resuscitation in the cultural context of Iran.

Design

An interpretative phenomenology was used to discover the lived experiences of the nurses and physicians of Tabriz hospitals, Iran, with family presence during resuscitation (FPDR). A total of 12 nurses and 9 physicians were interviewed over a 6‐month period.

Methods

The interviews were audio recorded and semistructured, and were transcribed verbatim. Van Manen's technique was used for data analysis.

Findings

Two major themes and 10 subthemes emerged, including destructive presence (cessation of resuscitation, interference in resuscitation, disruption to the resuscitation team's focus, argument with the resuscitation team, and adverse mental image in the family) and supportive presence (trust in the resuscitation team, collaboration with the resuscitation team, alleviating the family's concern and settling their nerves, increasing the family's satisfaction, and reducing conflict with resuscitation team members).

Conclusions

Participants stated that FPDR may work as a double‐edged sword for the family and resuscitation team, hurting or preserving quality. It is thus recommended that guidelines be created to protect patients’ and families’ rights, while considering the positive aspects of the phenomenon for hospitals.

Clinical Relevance

A liaison support person would act to decrease family anxiety levels and would be able to de‐escalate any potentially aggressive or confrontational events during resuscitation. Well‐trained and expert cardiopulmonary resuscitation team members do not have any stress in the presence of family during resuscitation. Resuscitation events tend to be prolonged when family members are allowed to be present.
Does the Scope of the Sell‐Side Analyst Industry Matter? An Examination of Bias, Accuracy, and Information Content of Analyst Reports
Authors: MERKLEY KENNETH , MICHAELY RONI , PACELLI JOSEPH
Published: January 2017

We examine changes in the scope of the sell‐side analyst industry and whether these changes impact information dissemination and the quality of analysts’ reports. Our findings suggest that changes in the number of analysts covering an industry impact analyst competition and have significant spillover effects on other analysts’ forecast accuracy, bias, report informativeness, and effort. These spillover industry effects are incremental to the effects of firm level changes in analyst coverage. Overall, a more significant sell‐side analyst industry presence has positive externalities that can result in better functioning capital markets.
Relatives in Residence: Relatedness of Household Members Drives Schooling Differentials in Mozambique
Authors: Lopus Sara
Published: January 2017

Children typically receive investments from their fathers, but absent fathers often invest at low levels. In a father's absence, what types of nonfathers invest heavily in children? This article investigates educational participation as a reflection of childhood investments on Ibo Island, Mozambique, where only one third of school‐aged children live with their biological fathers. Father‐present children generally attended school at the highest rates. Stepchildren and father‐absent relatives (e.g., grandchildren, nieces) attended school at comparably high rates if any coresiding children were father‐present. This may signal high altruism among present fathers toward some nonoffspring. Consistent with this result, a fixed effects model indicates that, within the same household, adult males invested equally in their own children, relatives, and stepchildren. Prejudicially lower investments were made in children who were unrelated to the household's adult males, however; this result has strong negative implications for the well‐being of African children fostered by nonrelatives.
Effects of Luting Composites on the Resultant Colors of Ceramic Veneers to Intended Shade Tab
Authors: Li Qing
Published: January 2017

Purpose

To investigate the color differences of ceramic veneers and the intended shade tab, and evaluate the effects of luting composites on the resultant colors of ceramic veneers.

Materials and Methods

Pressable leucite‐reinforced feldspathic ceramic discs (IPS e.max), with nominal shade A3, were fabricated with thicknesses of 1.0 mm, 0.7 mm, and 0.5 mm (n = 10/ thickness). The ceramic specimens were cemented onto a composite background (shade Dentin) using a veneer adhesive system with five colors of luting composites (RelyX). The colors of the veneer (veneer/luting/background complexes) and corresponding shade tab (A3, Vitapan) were measured using a spectrophotometer, and subsequently converted to CIE L*a*b* values. Color differences (△E) between each complex and the shade tab were calculated and analyzed with two‐way ANOVA. Tukey's multiple comparisons were used to evaluate the effects of luting composites on the △E values.

Results

The means of color differences between ceramic veneers and intended shade tab were 2.50 ± 0.38, 3.17 ± 0.48, and 3.84 ± 0.63 for the 1.0 mm, 0.7 mm, and 0.5 mm thicknesses, respectively. △E values were significantly affected by the veneer thickness and the luting composite color (p < 0.001). Tukey's multiple comparison results revealed no significant differences among the luting composites in the thickness of 1.0 mm and 0.7 mm.

Conclusions

The color matching of ceramic veneers to the intended shade tab was not achieved in the 0.7 mm and 0.5 mm veneer thicknesses, whichever colors of the luting composites were used.
Serum lincRNA‐p21 as a potential biomarker of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B patients
Authors: Yu Fujun , Zhou Guangyao , Huang Kate , Fan XuFei , Li Guojun , Chen Bicheng , Dong Peihong , Zheng Jianjian
Published: January 2017

Serum long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as promising biomarkers for various human diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using serum long intergenic non‐coding RNA‐p21 (lincRNA‐p21) as a biomarker for chronic hepatitis B patients. Serum lincRNA‐p21 levels were quantified using real‐time PCR in 417 CHB patients and 363 healthy controls. The promoter methylation level of lincRNA‐p21 was detected using bisulphite‐sequencing analysis in primary hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Sera from hepatitis B‐infected patients contained lower levels of lincRNA‐p21 than sera from healthy controls. Serum lincRNA‐p21 levels negatively correlated with stages of liver fibrosis in infected patients. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses suggested that serum lincRNA‐p21 had a significant diagnostic value for liver fibrosis in these patients. It yielded an area under the curve of ROC of 0.854 with 100% sensitivity and 70% specificity in discriminating liver fibrosis from healthy controls. There was additionally a negative correlation between serum lincRNA‐p21 level and the markers of liver fibrosis including α‐SMA and Col1A1. However, there was no correlation of serum lincRNA‐p21 level with the markers of viral replication, liver inflammatory activity, and liver function. Notably, during primary HSCs culture, loss of lincRNA‐p21 expression was associated with promoter methylation. Serum lincRNA‐p21 could serve as a potential biomarker of liver fibrosis in CHB patients. Down‐regulation of lincRNA‐p21 in liver fibrosis may be associated with promoter methylation.
Chronic hepatitis C and chronic kidney disease: Advances, limitations and unchartered territories
Authors: Mendizabal M. , Reddy K. R.
Published: January 2017

Over the past few years, treatment options for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection have evolved dramatically. The current approved interferon‐free direct‐acting antiviral (DAA) regimens have been shown to be safe and effective with sustained virologic response (SVR) rates of >90% in most patients. Unique issues yet remain such as the challenges in patients with impaired renal function or decompensated cirrhosis. Patients with stages 4‐5 chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a higher prevalence of HCV infection compared with the general population. Chronic HCV in those on dialysis and in kidney transplant recipients is associated with higher morbidity and mortality than uninfected patients. The HCV‐infected population is also at risk of developing extrahepatic manifestations associated with altered immune system function and chronic inflammation with cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis being the most common of these manifestations. Therefore, patients with CKD stages 4‐5 have to be considered priority patients for HCV therapy. New antiviral therapies have the potential to improve outcomes in this vulnerable patient population, including those on haemodialysis. Recently published studies conducted in kidney transplant recipients have demonstrated successful outcomes. It is thus essential that we carefully select the most appropriate DAA regimen and the best time for treatment in the context of kidney transplantation or cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis. While sofosbuvir, the only approved nucleotide NS5B inhibitor, has been the backbone of most pangenotypic therapeutic regimens, it has a limitation in those with advanced kidney disease. The currently approved regimens for those with stage 4/5 CKD, while effective, have challenges in that they apply to genotype 1/4 and may require RBV for genotype 1a. Globally, genotype 3 is a common infection, and thus, this group with CKD presents a huge unmet need for effective therapies. As therapy of HCV in renal transplant recipients has been highly successful, it provides an opportunity to expand the use of HCV‐infected organs in solid organ transplantation.
Changes in vascular reactivity and endothelial Ca2+ dynamics with chronic low flow
Authors: Taylor Mark S. , Choi Chung‐sik , Bayazid Leith , Glosemeyer Katherine E. , Baker Calvin C. P. , Weber David S.
Published: January 2017

Disruption of blood flow promotes endothelial dysfunction and predisposes vessels to remodeling and atherosclerosis. Recent findings suggest that spatial and temporal tuning of local Ca2+ signals along the endothelium is vital to vascular function. In this study, we examined whether chronic flow disruption causes alteration of dynamic endothelial Ca2+ signal patterning associated with changes in vascular structure and function. For these studies, we performed surgical PL of the left carotid arteries of mice to establish chronic low flow for 2 weeks; right carotid arteries remained open and served as controls (C). Histological sections showed substantial remodeling of PL compared to C arteries, including formation of neointima. Isometric force measurements revealed increased PE‐induced contractions and decreased KCl‐induced contractions in PL vs C arteries. Endothelium‐dependent vasorelaxation in response to ACh; 10−8 to 10−5 mol/L) was significantly impaired in PL vs C vessels. Evaluation of endothelial Ca2+ using confocal imaging and custom analysis exposed distinct impairment of Ca2+ dynamics in PL arteries, characterized by reduction in active sites and truncation of events, corresponding to attenuated vasorelaxation. Our findings suggest that endothelial dysfunction in developing vascular disease may be characterized by distinct shifts in the spatial and temporal patterns of localized Ca2+ signals.
4‐Hydroxybenzoic acid is a diffusible factor that connects metabolic shikimate pathway to the biosynthesis of a unique antifungal metabolite in Lysobacter enzymogenes
Authors: Su Zhenhe , Chen Hongfu , Wang Ping , Tombosa Simon , Du Liangcheng , Han Yong , Shen Yuemao , Qian Guoliang , Liu Fengquan
Published: January 2017

Heat‐stable antifungal factor (HSAF) produced by Lysobacter enzymogenes is a potential lead compound for developing new antibiotics. Yet, how L. enzymogenes regulates the HSAF biosynthesis remains largely unknown. Here, we show that 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid (4‐HBA) serves as a diffusible factor for regulating HSAF biosynthesis. The biosynthesis of 4‐HBA involved an oxygenase, LenB2, and mutation of lenB2 almost completely abolished 4‐HBA production, leading to significantly impaired HSAF production. Introduction of a heterologous gene coding for 4‐HBA biosynthetic enzyme into the lenB2 mutant restored the production of 4‐HBA and HSAF to their corresponding wild‐type levels. Exogenous addition of 0.5–1 μM 4‐HBA was sufficient to restore HSAF production in the lenB2 mutant. Furthermore, the shikimate pathway was found to regulate the biosynthesis of HSAF via 4‐HBA. Finally, we identified a LysR‐family transcription factor (LysRLe) with activity directed to HSAF production. LysRLe could bind to the HSAF promoter and, as a result, regulates expression of HSAF biosynthesis genes. The 4‐HBA could bind to LysRLe and appeared to partly enhance formation of the LysRLe–DNA complex. Collectively, our findings suggest that L. enzymogenes produces 4‐HBA to serve as an adaptor molecule to link the shikimate pathway to the biosynthesis of a unique antifungal metabolite (HSAF).
Characterization and in vivo regulon determination of an ECF sigma factor and its cognate anti‐sigma factor in Nostoc punctiforme
Authors: Bell Nicole , Lee Jamie J. , Summers Michael L.
Published: January 2017

Based on primary sequence comparisons and genomic context, Npun_F4153 (SigG)/Npun_F4154 (SapG) of the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme were hypothesized to encode an ECF sigma factor/anti‐sigma factor pair. Transcription of sigG increased in heterocysts and akinetes, and after EDTA treatment. Interaction between SigG and the predicted cytoplasmic domain of SapG was observed in vitro. A SigG‐GFP translational fusion protein localized to the periphery of vegetative cells in vivo, but lost this association following heat stress. A sigG mutant was unable to survive envelope damage caused by heat or EDTA, but was able to form functional heterocysts. Akinetes in the mutant strain appeared normal, but these cultures were less resistant to lysozyme and cold treatments than those of the wild‐type strain. The SigG in vivo regulon was determined before and during akinete differentiation using DNA microarray analysis, and found to include multiple genes with putative association to the cell envelope. Mapped promoters common to both arrays enabled identification of a SigG promoter‐binding motif that was supported in vivo by reporter studies, and in vitro by run‐off transcription experiments. These findings support SigG/SapG as a sigma/anti‐sigma pair involved in repair of envelope damage resulting from exogenous sources or cellular differentiation.
The phycocyanobilin chromophore of streptophyte algal phytochromes is synthesized by HY2
Authors: Rockwell Nathan C. , Martin Shelley S. , Li Fay‐Wei , Mathews Sarah , Lagarias John Clark
Published: January 2017

Land plant phytochromes perceive red and far‐red light to control growth and development, using the linear tetrapyrrole (bilin) chromophore phytochromobilin (PΦB). Phytochromes from streptophyte algae, sister species to land plants, instead use phycocyanobilin (PCB). PCB and PΦB are synthesized by different ferredoxin‐dependent bilin reductases (FDBRs): PΦB is synthesized by HY2, whereas PCB is synthesized by PcyA. The pathway for PCB biosynthesis in streptophyte algae is unknown. We used phylogenetic analysis and heterologous reconstitution of bilin biosynthesis to investigate bilin biosynthesis in streptophyte algae.

Phylogenetic results suggest that PcyA is present in chlorophytes and prasinophytes but absent in streptophytes. A system reconstituting bilin biosynthesis in Escherichia coli was modified to utilize HY2 from the streptophyte alga Klebsormidium flaccidum (KflaHY2). The resulting bilin was incorporated into model cyanobacterial photoreceptors and into phytochrome from the early‐diverging streptophyte alga Mesostigma viride (MvirPHY1).

All photoreceptors tested incorporate PCB rather than PΦB, indicating that KflaHY2 is sufficient for PCB synthesis without any other algal protein. MvirPHY1 exhibits a red–far‐red photocycle similar to those seen in other streptophyte algal phytochromes.

These results demonstrate that streptophyte algae use HY2 to synthesize PCB, consistent with the hypothesis that PΦB synthesis arose late in HY2 evolution.