bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The influence of calcined mixture cooling method on hydration products composition of blended cement stone
Authors: Ermilova Elizaveta , Kamalova Zagira
Published: June 2021

Complex additives based on combinations of calcined clays, including kaolinite with limestone, due to the synergetic effect play a major role in the creation of blended cements. Usually carbonate rocks contain clay impurities with adverse effects on the properties of the resultant cements and concretes. At the same time calcium carbonate contained in marl clays during calcination allows getting high-quality pozzolanic material. The effective complex additive based on the calcined mixture of clay and limestone was created. The aim of the study is to determine the effect of fast and slow cooling methods of the artificial mixture after calcination on the hydration products composition of blended cement stone with complex additives of calcined mixtures of clays and carbonates. Obtained results allow determining the conditions for obtaining effective complex additives based on calcined mixtures of ubiquitous clays and carbonate rocks for their application in blended Portland cement, and thus to expand the range of the latter. It is found that the preferred method is the fast cooling of the resulting mixture, which contributes to obtaining a complex additive with higher pozzolanic properties, compared with the additive obtained by the slow cooling method.
Project specifics for the construction of a municipal solid waste treatment plant
Authors: Grakhov Valery , Simakova Ulyana , Mohnachev Sergei , Kislyakova Yulia , Grakhova Evgeniya
Published: June 2021

Environmental trends and growing tendency to think about ecology play an important role in the development of modern industry. Significant role in this field takes a construction of plants for the processing of municipal solid waste, contributing to the neutralization of the harmful effects by different waste. This article represents development and stages of project implementation for the plant OOO «Kamskoye» that works with solid municipal waste in the city of Chaykovsky, Perm Territory. Investment efficiency of the construction of this facility was calculated. A model of interaction between business and government bodies, which regulate investment to waste disposal projects, is presented. The main structural elements of construction of a plant for processing municipal solid waste are shown. The project was developed using a public-private partnership model. The implementation of the project will ensure the production of secondary raw materials for its further use as an alternative source of heat and electricity generation, as well as the use of products necessary for the market in the production process. The main feature and advantage of the project is the possibility of using a principle «waste to income», which allows to provide your production with energy resources from reusable waste.
Management of the innovative activity of the enterprises in investment-based construction industry
Authors: Zagidullina Gulsina , Ivanova Rufina , Badykova Idelia , Biktemirova Ella , Azhimov Timur
Published: June 2021

The study is devoted to scientific provisions and principles of economic development of construction organizations in modern conditions. Based on the study of the theory of economic development, a retrospective analysis of the cyclical nature of construction production, the main factors and directions of their interaction are systematized. Economic and mathematical modeling of the real economic development of construction production was carried out. New approaches to assessing and ensuring the effective functioning of construction organizations are proposed, including substantiation of the target setting of the organization's activities, classification of factor space multidimensional statistical analysis, determination of the optimal ratios of the main technical and economic indicators that ensure the financial and economic stability of construction organizations. The developed models of innovative development of a construction organization are based on increasing the level of total resource productivity. It has been proven that there is a close relationship between the level of economic development and the financial sustainability of a construction organization. An increase in the level of innovative activity in construction production leads to an increase in the financial strength of the organization. The revealed relationship gave the basis to form an algorithm for managing the innovative development of a construction organization on the basis of structure regulation of production costs. The forms and methods of stimulating the economic growth of construction organizations have been substantiated, which consist in improving the system of relations between the participants in the investment process being a significant reserve for economic growth.
Regulatory support for the redevelopment design system
Authors: Lapidus Azarii , Topchiy Dmitry
Published: June 2021

One of the main features of construction as a branch of material production is a wide range of various types of regulations, technical, process flow and methodology documentation, and governing standards determining the conditions for development of design solutions and the formation of the functional quality of construction products. Regulatory control of practical activities in the field of construction should be considered as a necessary tool and most important means of achieving the planned results, bearing in mind, first of all, the quality of organizational and process solutions, methods of construction operations in the specific conditions of a construction site, methods of ensuring control and supervisory measures in simple and complex construction processes. The structure of city-forming factors had changed noticeably by the middle of the twentieth century: the number of people employed in the service sector, education, and the banking sector had grown. The industrial production and transport structure has changed. Society began to impose increasingly stringent requirements on sanitary standards for the functioning of industries and many of them were forced to close down. Science-intensive industries sprang up in major cities to employ the redundant workers. The share of the economically active population employed in scientific and design centers, and medical and educational institutions increased. Relocation of some enterprises outside the major cities in Europe coincided with the perceived need for their radical technical re-equipment. Our country was at least 50-70 years late with these measures, which caused a general technical lag. Intensive housing construction in large cities of Russia has led to the fact that employees often use public and private transportation to get to work from “dormitory” areas in the direction of the center. As market principles for assessing the effectiveness of enterprises allowed for economic reforms, introduction of cadastral changed the structure of the urban economy.
Step fixings of vertical trench walls to prevent ground failure
Authors: Khuziakhmetov Rustam
Published: June 2021

The most commonly used designs for securing vertical walls of trenches and excavations in the actual conditions of work in them do not allow for strict compliance with regulatory safety requirements. To prevent ground failure in trenches and excavations, you can develop ground with a slope angle smaller than the natural slope angle. Development of excavations with vertical walls without securing them is limited to their depth depending on the strength properties of the ground. When excavating to a depth of up to 2-3 m the vertical walls of trenches and excavations must be secured. In this case, the development and backfilling of such excavations should be carried out using constructive solutions (e.g. anchoring), which in original combinations with modern construction materials and technologies allow various construction works to be safely performed in them.
Formation of soot in the disposal of municipal solid waste
Authors: Barysheva Olga , Mokhova Alina
Published: June 2021

In power plants intended for the disposal of solid household waste, the processes take place at a high temperature. For such installations, nonequilibrium processes are characteristic of a change in the composition of combustion products caused by the final rates of the ongoing chemical reactions. This affects the basic characteristics of the combustion process of municipal solid waste. A mathematical model has been created for calculating the chemically nonequilibrium composition of the fuel. Solid household and industrial waste is a high-energy fuel. It is a high energy fuel. The process of thermal neutralization of solid household waste is considered. An alternative calculation method is presented that allows one to find the composition of combustion products under conditions of nonequilibrium in the process of thermal utilization of solid domestic waste. The data on the composition and properties of solid household waste obtained by the developed method of calculation allow predicting the yield of super Eco toxicants in combustion products. On the basis of the equations of formal chemical kinetics, an alternative was created, which consists in determining the composition of combustion products taking into account the kinetics of chemical reactions. The assumption is introduced that transformations in the gas phase are elementary, one-stage. Various chemical interactions can be represented by a set of elementary stages. The most probable are mono-, biand three molecular chemical reactions. The method allows predicting the yield of Eco toxicants by finding the composition of the fuel combustion products prior to its utilization.
Calculation of soil temperature at the intersection of the heating line of the underground gasket and gas pipeline taking into account real operating conditions
Authors: Akhmerova Guzel , Sibgatov Ayrat , Badrutdinov Roman , Khaziakhmetova Elza , Maksudov Rashid
Published: June 2021

Distances from the insulation shell of pipelines duringchannelless laying to utility networks are recommended by regulatory documents, but in real conditions it is not always possible to comply with these parameters. Calculations have been made to verify that the gas pipeline can be laid next to the supply pipeline of the heating network in the problematic section of the installation where these restrictions are not met. The soil temperature on the wall of the gas pipeline case is determined to exclude the heating condition of polyethylene pipes above 40 °C for the entire period of operation. Soil temperatures at the intersection of the heating line and the gas pipeline were determined taking into account the real operating conditions of the district heating networks, the peculiarities of regulating the coolant parameters of the Russian heat systems and the state of thermal insulation.
The strategy of forming the research competence of students – architects by means of mathematics
Authors: Tuktamyshov Nail , Gorskaya Tatyana
Published: June 2021

Formation of students' research competencies is an urgent and important task of universities, which fits into the implementation of the strategy of scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation. The paper discusses the impact of project-based learning technology of mathematics on the formation of research competencies of students-architects. The distinctive features of this work are: the use of design technology of teaching mathematics on the basis of an educational architectural project; identifying the criteria and indicators for the level of research competence of architecture students The paper presents the results of experiments confirming the effectiveness of the proposed technology. The perspectives of using project technology in architects' training are discussed.
Development of spatial-design thinking in architecture education
Authors: Danchenko Ludmila
Published: June 2021

The paper discusses the peculiarities of developing spatial-design thinking of future architects and determining the levels of its formation. The peculiarity of this work is in revealing the sequence of actions and operations of spatial-design thinking during the architect's training as well as applying the modified design-analog method suggested by the authors. The proposed method has a practical orientation. It does not contradict the methods used, and has a wider range of applications in comparison with traditional methods. The article discusses the prospects for the development of the proposed method.
Improving programs for capital repairs of apartment buildings and their role in the sustainability of the region
Authors: Soloveva Anna , Antonyan Olga , Generalov Konstantin , Pyurveeva Kermen
Published: June 2021

The current state of the housing stock of the Russian Federation necessitates overhaul of the common property of apartment buildings. The basis of the state program (concept) for overhaul of apartment buildings is formed by regional programs and short-term plans for overhaul of the common property of apartment buildings. Therefore, the purpose of this article was to study the implementation of the regional program for the overhaul of apartment buildings and develop directions for its improvement. The subject of the research is the regional program for the overhaul of the common property of apartment buildings in the Volgograd region, which is a document that guarantees the overhaul within the time frame established in it. The analysis of the implementation of the program according to the data of the Fund For Overhaul of the Volgograd region is presented. The problems of the implementation of the regional program are identified and directions for their elimination are outlined, which will allow achieving the target indicators of the regional overhaul program.
Digital technologies in the tax sphere as a factor in the sustainability of economic activity
Authors: Maksimchuk Оlga , Borisova Natalya , Ereshchenko Tatyana , Klyushin Vladislav
Published: June 2021

In the future, digital technologies will make it possible to increase the transparency of the economic activities of tax organizations, the transparency of the economy of all economic entities in Russian Federation, which guarantees the stability of receipts to the country's budget, an improvement in the quality of budget planning and economic stability. The purpose of this study is to substantiate the optimization of the economic activities of tax organizations based on the introduction of digital technologies. The object of the research is the economic activity of tax organizations. The subject of the research is digital technologies as a factor in optimizing economic activity and the sustainability of tax organizations. The analysis of the efficiency of tax organizations is presented. The author's vision of the influence of digital technologies on the optimization of economic activity is given on the example of the branch of the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation in terms of tax control and the provision of public services. It is concluded that the optimization of the economic activities of tax organizations based on the introduction of digital technologies will reduce the costs of current activities, tax administration, time costs for tax transactions.
Improving the efficiency of capital repairs of apartment buildings through energy-saving measures (on the example of the Republic of Tatarstan)
Authors: Ilina Evgeniya , Gafurova Diana , Puris Andrey
Published: June 2021

The article discusses the energy-efficient repair and construction of apartment buildings, as well as the dynamics of changes in the energy efficiency class of apartment buildings in the Republic of Tatarstan. The object of the study is directly the energy efficiency of apartment buildings, as well as its increase in the course of major repairs and construction of apartment buildings. The article also discusses measures to improve the energy efficiency of apartment blocks. The purpose of the study is to analyze the state of management of energy efficient construction and repair of apartment building, mainly using the example of the Republic of Tatarstan.
Sustainable development of the field of operational services on innovative basis of smart technologies
Authors: Romanova Anna , Ilina Evgeniya
Published: June 2021

The article deals with the problems of sustainable development of the economy. In modern conditions, the problem of improving the housing and communal services sphere largely depends on the introduction of the latest smart technologies. Such technologies are designed to improve energy efficiency, save resources, simplify work processes, collect relevant information and digitalize the housing and communal services sector as a whole. The experience of the practical use of smart technologies as an innovative energy efficiency solution for apartment buildings is considered. The purpose of the study is to develop innovative approaches to managing the field of operational services and to improve the efficiency of the housing and communal services industry based on smart technologies.
Factor analysis of trends for national innovation-driven development
Authors: Ustinova Lilia
Published: June 2021

The global innovation trends involve ever new and more flexible systems for the development of industries, goods, and services. The consumer ability of society creates stable needs for new state-of-the-art goods, technologies, and products. Within this context, the need to develop innovations as a way to achieve market demands can hardly be overestimated. The article includes an overview of a number of important innovation-based factors, such as the share of domestic spending on research and development in GDP in the Russian Federation, domestic current spending on research and development in the Russian Federation, the overall level of innovative activity of industrial organizations, etc. Besides, following the study, it was found that the overall level of innovative activity of industrial organizations has a direct notable correlation dependence on domestic current spending on research and development.
Seasonal living and deurbanization: the role of the second home in redistribution of population in large cities of Russia
Authors: Mavlioutov Ramil , Belyaev Mikhail
Published: June 2021

The dacha community, as a characteristic phenomenon of Russian reality, increases its importance in the redistribution of the population in large cities of Russia. The dacha as a place of the seasonal living is transforming into the first home. The study of the genesis of the dacha community has established that nowadays, having transformed into a partnership of real estate owners, it has gained the potential to intensify the process of deurbanization of a large city through the transformation of its social, economic, communal-infrastructural and ecological subsystems. The article offers to introduce zoning of the location of dacha cottages from the point of view of geography. This zoning is based on transport services: a city, a neighbouring suburb, a distant suburb. The sample survey of 25 dacha communities in Volgograd with its suburbs and their grouping allowed to find out the following fact: those ones which are located in the border areas of the city and in the neighbouring suburbs have the greatest potential in transforming the dacha into the place of permanent home and promoting deurbanization.
Economic development of the construction industry as a basis for sustainable development of the country
Authors: Khaertdinova Alfira , Maliashova Anna , Gadelshina Svetlana
Published: June 2021

This article examines the main trends in the construction industry as one of the most important economic sectors. Construction makes a significant contribution to the economic potential of the country it forms tangible assets and is an integral part of the wealth of the nation. We examined the resulting indicators of the industry in conjunction with macroeconomic indicators. The studies were carried out using statistics from the World Bank, the countries of the European Union and the Russian Federation in the period from 2000 to 2020. The study set out to compare the indicators affecting construction activities, investment, incomes and other sectors. In parallel we looked at the factors affecting the volume of completed construction works by means of correlation analysis to identify symbiotic relationships between the selected data. The main goal of the study is to identify the factors affecting the performance of the industry and confirm by use of quantitative analysis.
Communicative culture of the future specialist of a technical university and his personal development in modern realities
Authors: Nigmatillina Laysan
Published: June 2021

The important characteristics of a person and activity of future specialist are not only the possession of information, of professional activity technologies, but also of communicative culture, which provides going beyond the regulatory activities, ability to create and transfer values, provide personal development and competitiveness on the labor market. Today, a low level of speech culture leads to a decrease in the general culture of young people and, as a result, is an obstacle to further career development in any field. The problem generally affects such industries as construction, architecture, design, as they are among the most demanded professions on the international labor markets.
Assessment of factors for the development of sustainable entrepreneurship in Russia
Authors: Absalyamov Timur , Absalyamova Svetlana , Sakhapov Rustem , Gatiyatullin Mukhammat
Published: June 2021

The article discusses the factors contributing to the development of sustainable entrepreneurship in Russia. In addition to the main economic factors, such as GRP, per capita income, investment in fixed assets, development of transport infrastructure, etc., frequently studied by researchers, we identified and examined factors the influence of which requires additional studies. We included the volume of tourist flow, the region’s participation in mega-events, the presence of special economic zones, the gender composition of the population, the share of urban population in the region, the number of students, etc. Particular attention is paid to the impact of the sharing economy on the development of entrepreneurship.
Synthesis and analysis of the spatial mechanism
Authors: Sakhapov Rustem , Mudrov Alexander , Gatiyatullin Mukhammat , Kadyrov Adil
Published: June 2021

Spatial mechanisms of various types are widely used in technology. Most of them have one or two ball pairs, the presence of which reduces the service life of the device (ball pairs are difficult to protect from dust and dirt. They are more difficult to manufacture and have a lower loadbearing capacity than rotational pairs). Replacing ball pairs with rotary ones, designed, for example, with standard bearings, will greatly simplify and reduce the cost of their manufacturing technology, increase the service life and expand the area of practical application. The difficulty and complexity of creating fivelink and six-link mechanisms and devices with a special structure lies in the fact that the usual combination of links fails to achieve their operability (with rotatable links). Theoretically, this mechanism has been studied by many foreign and Russian scientists. However, Kazan scientists were the first to form and put into practice spatial mechanisms with rotational pairs. The paper presents synthesis and analysis of the spatial five-link mechanism by the degree of irregularity, axial displacement, elliptical law and by the reproduction of a linear function. The mechanism provides intensification and energy saving of mixing, separation, torque transmission of various drives.
Fundamentals of materials (text readability evaluation)
Authors: Kiselnikov Aleksander , Vakhitova Diliara , Kazymova Tatiana
Published: June 2021

Fundamentals of materials represent a core subject at engineering universities dealing with various construction materials. The study of the discipline and the acquiring of knowledge demand a properly designed manual. Apart from content, manual authors should pay attention to the way they compose the text. Different tools are applied to assess the quality of a manual (its difficulty, complexity, readability). Readability formulae play a significant role in the sphere. Dealing with quantitative parameters of a text (the length of sentences, the length of words and others), readability formulae are able to predict the level of text readability and relate the text to a potential reader in respect to their age and academic level. Flesch-Kincaid Readability Level formula is chosen to analyze two manuals: one comes in the English language, the other – in Russian. The idea is to check how readable the texts of both manuals are. 17 English and 17 Russian texts are taken for the analysis. Pearson correlation is applied to illustrate whether the manuals demonstrate decrease or increase of the readability level of texts throughout the books.
Zoning methodology for estimating the service life of the vehicle
Authors: Ptitsyn Danila , Ershov Vladimir , Podgornyy Artem , Akulov Alexey
Published: June 2021

The article presents a comprehensive method for removing uncertainty when solving multicriteria problems of vehicle maintenance. The task of the control system for the service life of the car is formed, and its characteristics are also highlighted. The main provisions of the zoning method are formulated from the point of view of the hierarchical correlation of the probabilities of the state of the external environment. The dynamics of changes in the quality indicators of cars in a multicriteria setting is estimated.
Transport mobility of Russian super-large cities
Authors: Zagidullin Ramil , Mukhametshina Rumiya
Published: June 2021

The relevance of the issue under study stems from the lack of a method and indicators for determining the population’s level of transport mobility. The purpose of the article is to develop a method for assessing the level of transport mobility. The analysis of studies on the quality of transport services has shown lack of attention to mobility as a public transport service for the public. There are currently no science-based criteria for assessing the mobility level of convenience for passengers who use various modes of public transport for their trips. The use of a transport mobility index will improve both the quality of passenger transport and the overall level of transport services. The developed method for assessing the level of transport mobility will allow researchers to look into the dynamics of the indicators and plan improvements to transport service quality. The presence of a welldeveloped metro network (more than one line) in cities provides a transport mobility index above 0.5, according to the study of Russia’s largest cities’ transport mobility index. Following the example of Rostov-on-Don, which has the smallest area of the cities under study, a high transport mobility index of 0.6 can be achieved through optimal organization of public transport within the city and without a metro network. The existence of lengthy dedicated public transport lanes does not guarantee a high index of urban mobility, as in Kazan. This is due to a predominance of bus lanes being introduced in the central part of the city: this does not allow the outlying areas and the city as a whole to be given a high level of transport mobility.
Metrological evaluation of efficiency and consumption of domestic gas cooking appliances
Authors: Medeiros Moreira Rosana , de Oliveira Elcio Cruz
Published: June 2021

This study evaluates the results of efficiency and consumption tests on gas household appliances and their influence on the classification of the Brazilian Labeling Program. Historically, based on results in interlaboratory comparisons, there is a doubt concerning if the algorithms correct properly the differences among different altitudes. Data from efficiency and consumption tests were collected in two cities with different altitudes, and the proposed calculation methodology is compared with the traditional one. The results show that the arithmetic average, used in the calculation of the efficiency of the burners on the stove table, justifies being replaced by the weighted average, after evaluating the behaviour of the data and treating outliers. The uncertainty of the efficiency and consumption tests was not enough to change the classification range of the product's energy efficiency label. It is concluded that statistically a difference is observed between the results at sea level and at altitude above sea level; since the tests were applied by the same operator using the same apparatus, the only parameter that leaves a doubt is the algorithms for the correction of the altitude. Shortly, this study will be part of a revised Brazilian standard.
Dosha im Überschuss?
Authors: Nagersheth Kalyani
Published: June 2021

Doshas – Vata, Pitta und Kapha – gelten in der ayurvedischen Medizin als potenziell krankmachende Tendenzen, die entsprechend der individuellen Konstitution dominieren, Erkrankungen begünstigen und therapeutisch reguliert werden können. Gesunde Körperfülle, Verdauungsfeuer, guter Schlaf, maßvolle Sinnesreize, Achtsamkeit und Willenskraft zählen zu den zentralen Größen für ein ausbalanciertes Leben. Im vorgestellten Fall konnte die ayurvedische Therapie eine Patientin mit Anorexia nervosa, Erschöpfungssyndrom und Insomnie stabilisieren.
Zum Schutz von Nieren und Gelenken
Authors: März Henrike
Published: June 2021

Infolge zu hoher Harnsäurekonzentrationen im Blut kann es zu Ablagerungen von Harnsäurekristallen in Gelenken und Organen kommen. Ernährungstherapeutische Maßnahmen können die exogene Purinbelastung reduzieren und die Harnsäureausscheidung fördern. Ovo-lakto-vegetabile Kost und bei Übergewicht eine allmähliche Gewichtsreduktion haben sich zur Senkung erhöhter Harnsäurewerte bewährt.
Lust ohne Liebe
Authors: Textor Reinhard
Published: June 2021

Sexualität verlagert sich immer schneller in die technische Welt der Pornografie, Spielzeuge und Dating-Apps, wo sie echte partnerschaftliche Intimität zunehmend verdrängt. Aus lustvoller Liebe wird lieblose Lust und schließlich lustlose Sucht – bis hin zu Selbstwertkrisen und der Unmöglichkeit echter sexueller Begegnung. Zu den wichtigsten Therapieschritten zählen Aussprache, Aufklärung, Suchtkontrolle und Ursachenforschung, um Lebensgestaltung und Selbstentwicklung wieder zurückzuerobern.
Hormon-Hunger!?
Authors: Miorin-Bellermann Juliane
Published: June 2021

Ein Ungleichgewicht im Zusammenwirken von Hunger, Appetit und Sättigung kann nicht nur Gewichtsprobleme auslösen, sondern auch die Krankheitsdynamik von Essstörungen befeuern. Nicht selten kommt eine Hormondysbalance als (Mit)Ursache infrage. Hier können verschiedenste Hormone diagnostisch ausschlaggebend sein: angefangen von z. B. Leptin, Ghrelin und DHEA über Steroidhormone bis hin zu Serotonin und Melatonin. Die hormonbezogene Behandlung innerhalb der multimodalen Therapie umfasst Lebensstiländerungen, die Substitution von Hormonbausteinen und die Gabe von hormondrüsenstimulierenden und -rhythmisierenden Mitteln.
A direct proof for Maxwell–Wagner effect of heterogeneous interface
Authors: Li Changsheng , Chen Gangjin , Qiu Xunlin , Lou Qiwei , Gao Xiaoli
Published: June 2021

In this paper, the Maxwell–Wagner effect and the charge characteristics of the heterogeneous interface at the action of higher electric field and elevated temperature are investigated by means of electret technology. A composite membrane with a double-layer structure of a polypropylene (PP) film and a fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer (FEP) film was made. After being polarized under electric field and elevated temperature, the component PP and FEP films of the composite membranes were separated. The charge density of the PP and FEP films was measured to analyze the characteristics of interfacial charge in the composite membrane. Experimental results directly prove that the charge characteristics at the interface of the composite membranes are consistent with the result calculated by the Maxwell–Wagner effect. The polarity of the interfacial charge can be switched by changing the polarity of the polarizing voltage. The characteristics of the accumulated interfacial charge are strongly dependent on the conductivity, which is affected by the temperature and the polarizing electric field. A new phenomenon, that is, the measured charge density is much higher than that calculated by the Maxwell–Wagner effect, is found. The reason is ascribed to the electret effect from the FEP and PP films. This research provides a new insight into the charge characteristics at the heterogeneous interface.
Non-diffractive acoustic beams produce negative radiation force in certain regions
Authors: Gong Menyang , Qiao Yupei , Fei Zhonghan , Li Yuanyuan , Liu Jiehui , Mao Yiwei , He Aijun , Liu Xiaozhou
Published: June 2021

A method of particle manipulation, one based on the force of acoustic radiation, has drawn wide attention. However, the real concept behind “acoustic tweezers”—negative acoustic radiation force (ARF)—has not been realized in experiments. In this paper, a prediction of a negative ARF generated by the non-diffractive acoustic beam is proposed. Its underlying physical mechanism is also analyzed in detail. On the basis of an analysis of energy flux density, the analytical region of negative radiation produced by the non-diffractive beam is solved completely. Forecast methods based on this solution are proposed that lay the foundation for realizing acoustic tweezers and offer the possibility of designing devices that produce negative ARFs. In addition, the negative propagation of acoustic beams in normal materials is realized, raising a possible alternative means to accomplish acoustic beam control.
New evidence of seed dispersal identified in Australian mammals
Authors: Palmer Bryony J. , Beca Gabrielle , Erickson Todd E. , Hobbs Richard J. , Valentine Leonie E.
Published: June 2021

Context Mammal–seed interactions are important for structuring vegetation communities across a diverse range of ecosystems worldwide. In Australia, mammals are typically considered to be seed predators and to play insignificant roles in seed dispersal. However, very few studies have investigated endozoochorous seed dispersal in Australian species. The translocation of Australian mammals for the purposes of ecosystem restoration is increasing. Digging mammals (i.e. species that dig to obtain food or create shelter) are commonly the focus of these translocations because they are considered to be ecosystem engineers, but an understanding of their role in seed dispersal is lacking. Aims The aim of the present study was to expand the understanding of endozoochory in Australian digging mammals by determining whether seeds consumed by select species remain viable and able to germinate. Methods Scat samples were collected from five digging mammal species, known to consume seeds or fruit, across nine sites in Western and South Australia. The samples were searched for seeds, with the recovered seeds identified and tested for viability and germination capacity. Key results The abundance of intact seeds in scats was generally low, but 70% of the retrieved seeds appeared viable. Five species of seed germinated under laboratory conditions. These seeds were retrieved from bilby (Macrotis lagotis), boodie (Bettongia lesueur), golden bandicoot (Isoodon auratus) and quenda (I. fusciventer) scats. Conclusions Seeds consumed by Australian digging mammals can remain viable and germinate, indicating that digging mammals play a more important role in seed dispersal than previously considered. Implications Digging mammals have the potential to contribute to ecosystem restoration efforts through the dispersal of viable seeds, but there is also a risk that non-native species could be dispersed. These costs and benefits should be considered by practitioners when planning reintroductions of digging mammals.
A mural that helped to bring down Jeremy Corbyn
Authors: Teubert Wolfgang
Published: June 2021

In the 2017 elections, the Labour party under Jeremy Corbyn did much better than expected, in spite of being
denounced by the established British media for its radical anti-capitalist agenda. To turn the tables, the media then shifted
their attack from this political programme to Corbyn’s alleged blindness towards antisemitic manifestations. The resulting loss of
sympathy with voters cost Labour dearly in the 2019 elections and brought his leadership to an end. As key evidence for his moral
failure to tackle the antisemitism issue, the media cited, in a barrage of pieces, his 2012 comments on a short lived London
mural. Was it anti-capitalist or antisemitic? In the absence of any serious dialogue between contrary views, the judgment passed
reasserted the underlying media agenda.
Class-Specific Relationship Between Use of Immunosuppressants and Risk for Community-Acquired Clostridioides difficile Infection
Authors: Varma Sanskriti , Greendyke William G , Li Jianhua , Freedberg Daniel E
Published: June 2021

Background

Immunosuppressant exposure is associated with risk for Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI). It is unknown whether this risk is shared equally across immunosuppressant classes.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study. Adults were included if they were tested for community-acquired CDI (CA-CDI) by stool polymerase chain reaction within 72 hours of hospitalization between 2010 and 2019. The primary outcome was CA-CDI requiring hospitalization, defined as a positive stool test. The primary exposure was use of a home immunosuppressant, at any dose or duration, defined based on the medication reconciliation, and categorized as systemic steroids, calcineurin inhibitors, antimetabolites, anti–tumor necrosis factor-alpha agents, anti-CD20 antibody, and all others.

Results

A total of 10 992 hospitalized patients met criteria for the study including 1793 (16%) with CA-CDI; 23% used 1 or more immunosuppressant class. Among those immunosuppressed, 27% tested positive for CA-CDI compared with 22% among those who were not immunosuppressed (P < .01). After adjustment, calcineurin inhibitors (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.19; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01–1.44) were associated with increased risk for CA-CDI. Risk for CA-CDI rose with multiple immunosuppressant classes: aOR, 1.22; aOR, 1.53; and aOR, 2.40 for 2, 3, and 4 classes, respectively. After excluding those with solid organ transplant, the relationship between use of calcineurin inhibitors and CDI increased (aOR, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.40–3.49).

Conclusions

The greatest risk for CA-CDI was observed among patients using multiple classes of immunosuppressants and those using calcineurin inhibitors. Future studies should recognize that CDI risk differs based on immunosuppressant class.
Eco-audit of conventional heart surgery procedures
Authors: Grinberg Daniel , Buzzi Rémi , Pozzi Matteo , Schweizer Rémi , Capsal Jean-Fabien , Thinot Bergamotte , Quyen Le Minh , Obadia Jean-Francois , Cottinet Pierre-Jean
Published: June 2021

OBJECTIVES

Healthcare systems have a significant environmental impact and, thus, indirectly affect public health. In order to improve current practices, a better understanding of the actual environmental impact generated by surgical procedures is necessary.

METHODS

An eco-audit methodology was carried out to assess the greenhouse gas emissions arising from conventional isolated cardiac surgery procedures. This inquiry took into account 3 workstations (the surgical, the anaesthesia and the cardiopulmonary bypass workstations). All wastes were analysed including the disposable medical products, pharmaceuticals and energy consumption during such surgeries.

RESULTS

Twenty-eight cardiac surgeries were analysed out of a 4-week study period. The mean emissions during a single cardiac surgery was 124.3 kg of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-e). Eighty-nine per cent of the total emissions was related to the use of disposable medical products. The environmental impact of pharmaceuticals used at anaesthesia workstations was 12.4 kg of CO2-e (10% of total greenhouse gas emission), with 11.1 kg of CO2-e resulting from the use of halogenated gas. Direct electrical consumption resulted in 4.0 kg of CO2-e per surgery (3% of all emission), including lighting and air conditioning.

CONCLUSIONS

Conventional isolated cardiac procedures yield the global warming equivalent of a 1080 km plane ride for a single passenger. The environmental impact of such life-saving interventions, therefore, must be put in perspective alongside pollution induced by ‘non-indispensable’ human activities. However, numerous initiatives at the local and individual level as well as at a larger systemic and countrywide scale appear to provide accessible pathways to meaningfully reduce greenhouse gas emissions during cardiac surgery.
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) quality drives biogeographic patterns of soil bacterial communities and their association networks in semi-arid regions
Authors: Huang Muke , Chai Liwei , Jiang Dalin , Zhang Mengjun , Jia Weiqian , Huang Yi , Zhou Jizhong
Published: June 2021

It is of great interest to elucidate the biogeographic patterns of soil microorganisms and their driving forces, which is fundamental to predicting alterations in microbial-mediated functions arising from environment changes. Although dissolved organic matter (DOM) represents an important resource for soil microorganisms, knowledge of how its quality affects microbial biogeography is limited. Here, we characterized soil bacterial communities and DOM quality in 45 soil samples collected from a 1500-km sampling transect through semi-arid regions in northern China which are currently suffering great pressure from climate change, using Illumina Miseq sequencing and fluorescence spectroscopy, respectively. We found that DOM quality (i.e. the source of DOM and the humification degree of DOM) had profound shaping influence on the biogeographic patterns exhibited by bacterial diversity, community composition and association networks. Specifically, the composition of bacteria community closely associated with DOM quality. Plant-derived DOM sustained higher bacterial diversity relative to microbial-derived DOM. Meanwhile, bacterial diversity linearly increased with increasing humification degree of DOM. Additionally, plant-derived DOM was observed to foster more complex bacterial association networks with less competition. Together, our work contributes to the factors underlying biogeographic patterns not only of bacterial diversity, community composition but also of their association networks and reports previously undocumented important role of DOM quality in shaping these patterns.
The surface bacterial community of an Australian kelp shows cross-continental variation and relative stability within regions
Authors: Phelps Charlie M , McMahon Kathryn , Bissett Andrew , Bernasconi Rachele , Steinberg Peter D , Thomas Torsten , Marzinelli Ezequiel M , Huggett Megan J
Published: June 2021

Epiphytic microbial communities often have a close relationship with their eukaryotic host, assisting with defence, health, disease prevention and nutrient transfer. Shifts in the structure of microbial communities could therefore have negative effects on the individual host and indirectly impact the surrounding ecosystem, particularly for major habitat-forming hosts, such as kelps in temperate rocky shores. Thus, an understanding of the structure and dynamics of host-associated microbial communities is essential for monitoring and assessing ecosystem changes. Here, samples were taken from the ecologically important kelp, Ecklonia radiata, over a 17-month period, from six different sites in two distinct geographic regions (East and West coasts of Australia), separated by ∼3,300 kms, to understand variation in the kelp bacterial community and its potential environmental drivers. Differences were observed between kelp bacterial communities between the largely disconnected geographical regions. In contrast, within each region and over time the bacterial communities were considerably more stable, despite substantial seasonal changes in environmental conditions.
Wood Volume ofEucalyptusClones Established Under Different Spacings in the Brazilian Cerrado
Authors: André Jéssica L , Oliveira Rodrigo de S , Sette Carlos R , Alfenas Acelino C , Zauza Edival Ângelo V , de Siqueira Leandro , Novaes Evandro
Published: June 2021

Eucalyptus plantations are expanding in Brazil to meet growing demands for wood-based products, such as pulp, paper, and bioenergy. New clones and silvicultural adjustments are needed with the advance of eucalypts to new regions within Brazil. This study’s objective was to evaluate the effect of variable spacing on the development of six Eucalyptus clones cultivated in the Cerrado region of Brazil. These clones were evaluated in a systematic design, with 23 spacing treatments and five biological replicates. Spacing per tree ranged from 1.20 m2 to 21 m2. At two, four, and six years after planting, diameter at breast height (DBH) and height of all trees were measured to estimate wood volume. Regression models were fitted for each trait (DBH, height, and wood volume) and showed that DBH growth was positively affected by spacing, especially at four and six years after planting (R2 > 0.58). Consequently, estimates of individual volume per tree also had a positive relationship with spacing. Total stand volume, on the other hand, was higher under densest spacings. The GG100 clone outperformed all other clones, with higher stand wood volume, especially under the densest spacings. The CCL55 clone is a promising genotype, especially under dense plantations.
Chromosome-level genome assembly of the blue crab,Callinectes sapidus
Authors: Bachvaroff Tsvetan R , McDonald Ryan C , Plough Louis V , Chung J Sook
Published: June 2021

The blue crab, Callinectes sapidus (Rathbun, 1896) is an economically, culturally, and ecologically important species found across the temperate and tropical North and South American Atlantic coast. A reference genome will enable research for this high-value species. Initial assembly combined 200× coverage Illumina paired-end reads, a 60× 8 kb mate-paired library, and 50× PacBio data using the MaSuRCA assembler resulting in a 985 Mb assembly with a scaffold N50 of 153 kb. Dovetail Chicago and HiC sequencing with the 3d DNA assembler and Juicebox assembly tools were then used for chromosome scaffolding. The 50 largest scaffolds span 810 Mb are 1.5–37 Mb long and have a repeat content of 36%. The 190 Mb unplaced sequence is in 3921 sequences over 10 kb with a repeat content of 68%. The final assembly N50 is 18.9 Mb for scaffolds and 9317 bases for contigs. Of arthropod BUSCO, ∼88% (888/1013) were complete and single copies. Using 309 million RNAseq read pairs from 12 different tissues and developmental stages, 25,249 protein-coding genes were predicted. Between C. sapidus and Portunus trituberculatus genomes, 41 of 50 large scaffolds had high nucleotide identity and protein-coding synteny, but 9 scaffolds in both assemblies were not clear matches. The protein-coding genes included 9423 one-to-one putative orthologs, of which 7165 were syntenic between the two crab species. Overall, the two crab genome assemblies show strong similarities at the nucleotide, protein, and chromosome level and verify the blue crab genome as an excellent reference for this important seafood species.