bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
30 years of European alcohol policy
Authors: Kaczmarek Aleksandra , Tricas-Sauras Sandra , Skar Mariann
Published: October 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present development in the alcohol policy area in Europe in the last 30 years.

Design/methodology/approach

Description of policy instruments and analysis of legal basis are used in this study.

Findings

Progress has been achieved in some areas; however, as complicated policy areas, it requires constant effort and engagement of all public health actors.

Research limitations/implications

Continuous advocacy effort leads to increased policy actions, interest and research in the area. Lack of policy instruments jeopardises the future of the field.

Practical implications

This study provides a brief overview of policy landscape and aims to spark readers interest in the alcohol policy.

Originality/value

This study provides an overview of a policy field, not only looking at the legal basis but also meshing with the experience of working in an alliance of civil society organisations.
Virtual hybrid simulation of beams with web openings in fire
Authors: Khan Mustesin Ali , Jiang Liming , Cashell Katherine Ann , Usmani Asif
Published: October 2019

Purpose

Perforated composite beams are an increasingly popular choice in the construction of buildings because they can provide a structurally and materially efficient design solution while also facilitating the passage of services. The purpose of this paper is to examine the behaviour of restrained perforated beams, which act compositely with a profiled slab and are exposed to fire. The effect of surrounding structure on the composite perforated beam is incorporated in this study using a virtual hybrid simulation framework. The developed framework could also be used to analyse other structural components in fire.

Design/methodology/approach

A finite element model is developed using OpenSees and OpenFresco using a virtual hybrid simulation technique, and the accuracy of the model is validated using available fire test data. The validated model is used to investigate some of the most salient parameters such as the degree of axial and rotational restraint, arrangement of the openings and different types of fire on the overall fire behaviour of composite perforated beams.

Findings

It is shown that both axial and rotational restraint have a considerable effect on time-displacement behaviour and the fire performance of the composite perforated beam. It is observed that the rate of heating and the consequent development of elevated temperature in the section have a significant effect on the fire behaviour of composite perforated beams.

Originality/value

The paper will improve the knowledge of readers about modelling the whole system behaviour in structural fire engineering and the presented approach could also be used for analysing different types of structural components in fire conditions.
Strategic categories and competition: significant clustering for strategic groups
Authors: Carroll Charles , Thomas Howard
Published: October 2019

Purpose

Strategic groups research has been hampered by the poor alignment between theory and methods. This has been due in large part to the lack of significance tests for cluster analysis. Now that significance tests are available, the theoretical and methodological implications are discussed. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

The theory behind strategic groups is reframed to capitalize on the available significance tests. Subsequently, the significance tests are also modified to fit the proposed theory. Due to this integrative approach, this is both a theoretical and a methodological paper.

Findings

In lieu of significance tests, finding differences in performance emerged as the litmus test for the existence of discrete strategic groups. The concept of strategic groups gradually evolved to fit this requirement. Now that significance tests are available, these legacy effects of the structure-performance link can be removed. This reveals that three conflicting concepts have been sharing the label of strategic groups: strategic categories, interdependent strategic groups and strategic performance groups. The theory also reveals that the significance tests developed in ecological research need modifications for use in strategic groups research.

Research limitations/implications

A theory is proposed for interdependent strategic groups and a significance test of external isolation is proposed as part of this integrative solution.

Originality/value

This integrative solution appears to resolve the historical mismatch between theory and methods that has plagued this field since its inception. This creates a variety of intriguing areas for future research.
Evaluation of the marine economic development quality in Qingdao based on entropy and grey relational analysis
Authors: Liu Peide , Liu Xiaoxiao , Yang Hongyu
Published: October 2019

Purpose

Accurately judging the quality of marine economic development is the premise of grasping the level and status of marine economic development. In order to scientifically evaluate the development quality of regional marine economy, the purpose of this paper is to select the marine area of Qingdao as the research object, and construct a marine economic development quality evaluation index system with 16 indicators.

Design/methodology/approach

The raw data is normalized by the range conversion method, and the weight of the index is determined by the information entropy model. Further, the grey relational analysis (GRA) method is used to evaluate the quality of marine economic development of Qingdao from 2012 to 2017.

Findings

The results show that the marine economic development capacity of Qingdao is with the generally increasing trend, the total marine economy is with on the rising trend, the marine storage and transportation capacity, and marine ecological environment are first decreased, and then increased. The utilization of marine resources is generally decreasing, and the comprehensive management of oceans varies with the changes of environment and economy. Therefore, in view of the development capacity of marine economy, the coordinated development of economy and environment should be carried out.

Originality/value

This paper uses the GRA to evaluate the quality of marine economic development and provides a reference for the development of marine economy in Qingdao.
Sport content and virtual reality technology acceptance
Authors: Kunz Reinhard E. , Santomier James P.
Published: October 2019

Purpose

Notwithstanding the dynamics of digital transformation and its relevance for revenue generation in the entertainment industry, empirical research that focused on consumer behavior at the intersection of sport content and media technology acceptance is limited. Virtual reality (VR) is a re-emerging and nowadays commercially available technology that impacts sport consumed through media. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the consumer acceptance of VR technology and highlight the effects of content quality and flow experience as influencing factors of behavioral intention.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on a literature review, the authors constructed and empirically tested a model that extends the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT2) by considering additional antecedent factors. Participants (N=570) in the empirical study viewed sport content via VR technology (Sport VR) and completed a survey before and after viewing. The authors conducted factor analysis and structural equation modeling.

Findings

Three UTAUT2 influencing factors, i.e., performance expectancy, social influence and hedonic motivation, showed significant effects. Furthermore, flow and content quality had positive indirect effects. Thus, the quality of sport content and the state of flow that users experience when immersed in a VR environment are relevant factors that determine the performance expectations of consumers and their Sport VR usage intention.

Originality/value

This empirical study contributes to knowledge on consumer acceptance of a hedonic technology in a sport media context. Moreover, two factors extended the established UTAUT2 model.
Using institutional knowledge to answer puzzling questions about novel challenges and opportunities
Authors: Narayanan V.K.
Published: October 2019

Purpose

Article explains that institutional knowledge is crucial to the effectiveness of an organization because it enables it to reduce the time and effort needed to explore a novel challenge.

Design/methodology/approach

Article tells how to access institutional knowledge and how to foster a culture that respects it.

Findings

A supportive culture makes the sharing of institutional knowledge a normal facet of organizational functioning, thereby enabling managers to be highly effective when they have to deal with challenges and opportunities outside their normal routine.

Practical implications

When an organization is threatened by unexpected crises, senior personnel who have gone through previous disasters, can be tapped for some valuable insights into ways of handling the matter quickly and appropriately.

Originality/value

A useful “how-to” guide for integrating institutional knowledge into project management, crisis management, and novel innovation and marketing initiatives.
Customering: the mindset of a revolutionary model
Authors: Pine II B. Joseph
Published: October 2019

Purpose

As information technology and digital networking advances, success increasingly means designing offerings that respond to customers as the unique individuals they are – whether consumers or corporations – with specific needs and preferences. “Customering seeks to create a customized offering that meets the individual wants, needs and desires of each particular customer, both at a specific moment in time and on into a future relationship”.

Design/methodology/approach

Customering starts with the customer – not the product – and pulls together intelligence about the wants, needs and desires of this individual customer before you determine what to sell.

Findings

To practice customering successfully companies pull intelligence from individual customers – so that the information will benefit that particular customer – and then pull the offerings through its own operations to meet an individual customer’s needs.

Practical implications

To practice customering, companies also must surround their offerings with experiences that draw potential customers in, engage them in the process of discovery and help them see the possibilities in the relationship.

Originality/value

Article introduces the reader to the concept of customering, a radical strategic model proposed by the author who introduced S&L readers to “mass customization” and “experience marketing.” Customering must be customer-centric: that means placing the one who pays you money at the center of everything you do.
Low fitness at low latitudes: Wintering in the tropics increases migratory delays and mortality rates in an Arctic breeding shorebird
Authors: Reneerkens Jeroen , Versluijs Tom S. L. , Piersma Theunis , Alves José A. , Boorman Mark , Corse Colin , Gilg Olivier , Hallgrimsson Gunnar Thor , Lang Johannes , Loos Bob , Ntiamoa‐Baidu Yaa , Nuoh Alfred A. , Potts Peter M. , ten Horn Job , Lok Tamar
Published: October 2019

Evolutionary theories of seasonal migration generally assume that the costs of longer migrations are balanced by benefits at the non‐breeding destinations.

We tested, and rejected, the null hypothesis of equal survival and timing of spring migration for High Arctic breeding sanderling Calidris alba using six and eight winter destinations between 55°N and 25°S, respectively.

Annual apparent survival was considerably lower for adult birds wintering in tropical West Africa (Mauritania: 0.74 and Ghana: 0.75) than in three European sites (0.84, 0.84 and 0.87) and in subtropical Namibia (0.85). Moreover, compared with adults, second calendar‐year sanderlings in the tropics, but not in Europe, often refrained from migrating north during the first possible breeding season. During northward migration, tropical‐wintering sanderlings occurred at their final staging site in Iceland 5–15 days later than birds wintering further north or south. Namibia‐wintering sanderlings tracked with solar geolocators only staged in West Africa during southward migration.

The low annual survival, the later age of first northward migration and the later passage through Iceland during northward migration of tropical‐wintering sanderlings, in addition to the skipping of this area during northward but not southward migration by Namibia‐wintering sanderlings, all suggest they face issues during the late non‐breeding season in West Africa.

Migrating sanderlings defy long distances but may end up in winter areas with poor fitness prospects. We suggest that ecological conditions in tropical West Africa make the fuelling prior to northward departure problematic.
Tectonic Uplift of the Yili Basin during the Last Stage of the Late Pleistocene: Evidence from ESR and OSL Dating of Sediments in the Huocheng Area, Xinjiang
Authors: LI Jiangang , YUAN Sihua , LIU Yongjiang , LIU Xiaoyan , BAI Xiangdong , JIANG Jiyi , LI Ying , ZHAO Zhenhong
Published: October 2019

The Quaternary sediments in the Yili Basin can serve as archives for studying the Cenozoic basin–mountain relationship. In this study, based on typical natural sections and boreholes, the surficial sediments of the Huocheng area were studied, and their sedimentary ages were obtained using the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and electron spin resonance (ESR) dating methods. These dates, combined with changes in the sedimentary facies, provided details of the neotectonic movement in the Yili Basin and adjacent areas. By dating sediments from five sections and three boreholes, we determined that the surficial sediments of the Huocheng area were mainly formed in the Late Pleistocene, with scattered instances of Holocene sediments. The surficial sediments mainly consisted of alluvial fan facies, fluvial facies, lacustrine facies, and desert facies. Based on the activity on the Hongshanzui fault and the northern margin fault of the Wusun Mountains, the Huocheng area was uplifted synchronously with the Tianshan Mountains during the last stage of the Late Pleistocene, causing the desert facies sediments to be superimposed on the former paleo–lake sediments.
A New Understanding of the Sedimentary Environment of the Laiyang Group in the Lower Cretaceous of Lingshan Island, Shandong Province, East China
Authors: ZHANG Xiangyu , LI Shoujun , ZHAO Xiuli , GENG Geng , YAN Mingming
Published: October 2019

The sedimentary background and sedimentary environment of the Lower Cretaceous of Lingshan Island, Shandong, remain unclear. There is considerable controversy as to whether the sedimentary environment was marine or continental. In this study, analyses were conducted with respect to indicators of paleosalinity, the chemical composition of clay, paleobiota, the characteristics of strata exhibiting salinization in eastern China during the Early Cretaceous, and the relationship between paleosalinity and paleoclimate. The results indicate that the sedimentary environment of the Lower Cretaceous Laiyang Group of Lingshan Island was that of a salified lake rather than a marine environment. This study not only provides a reference for determining the sedimentary environment of the Lower Cretaceous Laiyang Group of Lingshan Island but also offers a new perspective for the study of Cretaceous strata with salinization characteristics in eastern China.
Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Late Ediacaran Rare‐metal Albite Granites of the Arabian‐Nubian Shield
Authors: ABUAMARAH Bassam A. , AZER Mokhles K. , ASIMOW Paul D. , GHREFAT Habes , MUBARAK Heba S.
Published: October 2019

The Abu Dabbab albite granite (ADAG), in the central Eastern Desert of Egypt, hosts the most significant rare metal ore deposit in the northern part of the Neoproterozoic Arabian‐Nubian Shield. Here, we report detailed field, petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical investigation of the ADAG, an isolated stock‐like granitic body with sharp intrusive contacts against metamorphic country rocks, probably emplaced at about 600 Ma. The fine‐grained porphyritic upper unit is a preserved remnant of the shallowly‐emplaced apex of the magma chamber, whereas the medium‐grained lower unit crystallized at deeper levels under subvolcanic conditions. The peraluminous leucocratic ADAG shares common geochemical characteristics with post‐collisional intraplate A‐type magmas. In addition to the conspicuous enrichment in Na2O, the ADAG is remarkable for its anomalous concentrations of Ta, Nb, Li, Hf, Ga, Sn, Zn and heavy rare‐earth elements. Nb‐Ta minerals in the ADAG are mixed with Fe‐Mn oxides, forming black patches that increase in abundance toward of the base of the intrusion. Columbite‐tantalite, cassiterite and wolframite are the most important ore minerals. Pronounced negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu∗ = 0.10–0.24) reflect extreme magmatic fractionation and perhaps the effects of late fluid‐rock interaction. The ADAG was most likely generated by partial melting of the juvenile middle crust of the ANS as the geotherm was elevated by erosional uplift following lithospheric delamination and it was emplaced at the intersection of lineations of structural weakness. Although formation of the ADAG and its primary enrichment in rare metals are essentially due to magmatic processes, late‐stage metasomatism caused limited redistribution of rare metals. Fluid‐driven subsolidus modification was limited to the apex of the magma chamber and drove development of greisen, amazonite, and quartz veins along fracture systems.
Using Cultural Mindsets to Reduce Cross‐National Auditor Judgment Differences
Authors: Saiewitz Aaron , Wang Elaine (Ying)
Published: October 2019

In a globalized audit environment, regulators and researchers have expressed concerns about inconsistent audit quality across nations, with a particular emphasis on Chinese audit quality. Prior research suggests Chinese audit quality may be lower than U.S. audit quality due to a weaker institutional environment (e.g., lower litigation and inspection risk) or cultural value differences (e.g., greater deference to authority). In this study, we propose that lower Chinese audit quality could also be due to Chinese auditors' different cognitive processing styles (i.e., cultural mindsets). We find U.S. auditors are more likely to engage in an analytic mindset approach, focusing on a subset of disconfirming information, whereas Chinese auditors are more likely to take a holistic mindset approach, focusing on a balanced set of confirming and disconfirming information. As a result, Chinese auditors make less skeptical judgments compared to U.S. auditors. We then propose an intervention in which we explicitly instruct auditors to consider using both a holistic and an analytic mindset approach when evaluating evidence. We find this intervention minimizes differences between Chinese and U.S. auditors' judgments by shifting Chinese auditors' attention more towards disconfirming evidence, improving their professional skepticism, while not causing U.S. auditors to become less skeptical. Our study contributes to the auditing literature by identifying cultural mindset differences as a causal mechanism underlying lower professional skepticism levels among Chinese auditors compared to U.S. auditors and providing standard setters and firms with a potential solution that can be adapted to improve Chinese auditors' professional skepticism and reduce cross‐national auditor judgment differences.
An observational study of pregnancy and post‐partum outcomes in women with prolactinoma treated with dopamine agonists
Authors: O'Sullivan Susannah M. , Farrant Maritza T. , Ogilvie Cara M. , Gunn Alistair J. , Milsom Stella R.
Published: October 2019

Background

In women with prolactinoma medical treatment with dopamine agonists (DA) can restore fertility. A number of studies have established the safety of DA during pregnancy and the impact of pregnancy and lactation on remission of prolactinoma. However, the total number of reported cases remains modest and further evidence is needed.

Aims

To evaluate the safety of DA during pregnancy and remission of prolactinoma after pregnancy and lactation.

Materials and Methods

Retrospective cohort study (2002–2014) of 57 pregnancies in 47 women with prolactinoma who received DA. Neonatal and pregnancy complications were recorded. Prolactin levels and treatment data were collected at the time of diagnosis, pre‐conception, during pregnancy and lactation, and post‐partum (up to 114 months).

Results

DA treatment was stopped a median of 4.5 weeks after conception in 49 pregnancies (86%). There were 49 live births (86% of pregnancies) and six miscarriages. Six pregnancies had an adverse neonatal outcome including two with congenital malformations. Following 26% of pregnancies women achieved remission after birth or lactation, and 25% of women were in remission at last follow‐up. Remission was associated with older maternal age (P = 0.036), a lower prolactin level at diagnosis (P = 0.037), and a smaller adenoma at diagnosis (P = 0.045).

Conclusions

Successful pregnancy and lactation is common after DA treatment for prolactinoma. Fetal exposure in the first four weeks of pregnancy appears to be generally safe. Encouragingly, post‐partum and after lactation a quarter of women had a normal prolactin level without medical treatment.
Secondary prevention measures in anaphylaxis patients: Data from the anaphylaxis registry
Authors: Kraft Magdalena , Knop Macarena Pia , Renaudin Jean‐Marie , Scherer Hofmeier Kathrin , Pföhler Claudia , Bilò Maria Beatrice , Lang Roland , Treudler Regina , Wagner Nicola , Spindler Thomas , Hourihane Jonathan O'B , Maris Ioana , Koehli Alice , Bauer Andrea , Lange Lars , Müller Sabine , Papadopoulos Nikolaos G. , Wedi Bettina , Moeser Anne , Ensina Luis F. , Fernandez‐Rivas Montserrat , Cichocka‐Jarosz Ewa , Christoff George , Garcia Blanca E. , Poziomkowska‐Gęsicka Iwona , Cardona Victoria , Mustakov Tihomir B. , Rabe Uta , Mahler Vera , Grabenhenrich Linus , Dölle‐Bierke Sabine , Worm Margitta ,   The Network for Online Registration of Anaphylaxis (NORA)
Published: October 2019

Background

Patients with a history of anaphylaxis are at risk of future anaphylactic reactions. Thus, secondary prevention measures are recommended for these patients to prevent or attenuate the next reaction.

Methods

Data from the Anaphylaxis Registry were analyzed to identify secondary prevention measures offered to patients who experienced anaphylaxis. Our analysis included 7788 cases from 10 European countries and Brazil.

Results

The secondary prevention measures offered varied across the elicitors. A remarkable discrepancy was observed between prevention measures offered in specialized allergy centers (84% of patients were prescribed adrenaline autoinjectors following EAACI guidelines) and outside the centers: Here, EAACI guideline adherence was only 37%. In the multivariate analysis, the elicitor of the reaction, age of the patient, mastocytosis as comorbidity, severity of the reaction, and reimbursement/availability of the autoinjector influence physician's decision to prescribe one.

Conclusions

Based on the low implementation of guidelines concerning secondary prevention measures outside of specialized allergy centers, our findings highlight the importance of these specialized centers and the requirement of better education for primary healthcare and emergency physicians.
Impact of age, sex, ethnicity, socio‐economic deprivation and novel pharmaceuticals on the overall survival of patients with multiple myeloma in New Zealand
Authors: Chan Henry S. H. , Milne Richard J.
Published: October 2019

The impact of age, ethnicity and socio‐economic deprivation in the era of novel anti‐myeloma agents is unclear. Using linked national data from New Zealand, we evaluated the incidence, prevalence and overall survival (OS) of individuals who were diagnosed with myeloma between 2004 and 2016. The crude incidence rate increased from 5·42 to 8·47/100 000 and the age‐standardised rate increased from 4·01 to 5·28/100 000. The estimated prevalence in December 2016 was 37·8/100 000. Median OS increased from 34·8 (95% CI 31·4, 39·3) months in 2004–2007 to 50·7 (48·5, 57·3) months in 2012–2016. Following the public funding of bortezomib in 2011, the median OS for individuals >70 years increased from 19·4 (16·3, 23·1) to 28·6 (24·5, 32·8) months. For those ≤70 years of age who did not have autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT), median OS increased from 49·1 (37·1, 57·5) to 62·7 (51·7, 79·2) months; but for those who had ASCT, there was no difference in median OS. Socio‐economic deprivation was an independent adverse prognostic factor. Māori/Pasifika and those in the most deprived quintile experienced no improvement in survival after bortezomib was funded. Our study confirms the increasing incidence and improving survival of myeloma patients, and the negative impact of Māori/Pasifika ethnicity and socio‐economic deprivation on survival.
Taking Selection Seriously in Correlational Studies of Child Development: A Call for Sensitivity Analyses
Authors: Dearing Eric , Zachrisson Henrik D.
Published: October 2019

Correlational studies have played a major role in building our cumulative knowledge on child development. Yet as a result, we often have difficulty making causal inferences. The concern is selection effects: When children have not been randomly assigned to conditions, pre‐existing biological, psychological, or social factors may bias correlations. In this article, we draw attention to sensitivity analyses, statistical techniques for estimating the robustness or fragility of results in light of potential selection effects. We highlight the coefficient of proportionality method recently developed by Oster (2019), which does not require assumptions about the number of omitted selection variables. The coefficient of proportionality provides an indication of how large the impact of unobserved selection factors would need to be—relative to observed covariates—to nullify a result. We offer two empirical examples to demonstrate the value of this method compared with other approaches used by child development researchers.
Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor Modulator AZD9977 in Healthy Men: A Phase I Multiple Ascending Dose Study
Authors: Whittaker Andrew , Kragh Åsa M. , Hartleib‐Geschwindner Judith , Albayaty Muna , Backlund Anna , Greasley Peter J. , Heijer Maria , Kjaer Magnus , Forte Pablo , Unwin Robert , Wernevik Linda , Ericsson Hans
Published: October 2019

Excessive activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) underlies the pathophysiology of heart failure and chronic kidney disease. Hyperkalemia risk limits the therapeutic use of conventional MR antagonists. AZD9977 is a nonsteroidal, selective MR modulator that may protect nonepithelial tissues without disturbing electrolyte balance. This phase I study investigated the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of multiple oral doses of AZD9977 in healthy volunteers. Twenty‐seven male participants aged 23–45 years were randomized 3:1 to receive oral AZD9977 or placebo for 8 days (with twice‐daily dosing on days 2–7), in dose cohorts of 50, 150, and 300 mg (AZD9977, n = 6 per cohort; placebo, n = 3 per cohort). Adverse events occurred in 4 of 18 participants receiving AZD9977 (22.2%) and 6 of 9 receiving placebo (66.7%), all of mild or moderate severity; none were serious or led to withdrawal. AZD9977 was rapidly absorbed, with median time of maximum concentration of 0.50–0.84 hours across dose groups. Area under the curve and maximum concentration were approximately dose proportional but elimination and accumulation terminal half‐life increased with dose. Steady‐state was reached after 3–4 days, with dose‐dependent accumulation of 1.2–1.7‐fold. Renal clearance was 5.9–6.5 L/hour and 24–37% of AZD9977 was excreted in the urine. Serum aldosterone levels increased dose dependently from days −1 to 7 in participants receiving AZD9977, but serum potassium levels and urinary electrolyte excretion were unchanged. AZD9977 was generally well‐tolerated with no safety concerns. Exploratory outcomes suggested reduced hyperkalemia risk compared with MR antagonists. These findings support further clinical development of AZD9977.
Uncertain times and early predictions of bank failure
Authors: Goenner Cullen F.
Published: October 2019

The Great Financial Crisis shows that bank failure in the United States, while rare, is a concern during uncertain times. Interest here is in the ability to predict future failures at the start of a crisis, when the recent past has few events on which to base inferences. I show that policy makers using estimates based on the Savings and Loans crisis would identify in early 2009 that 2.0% of banks were in critical condition and 7.0% were unhealthy. This is comparable to the 1.7% of banks that failed within a year and the 3.9% of banks that would fail during the crisis.
Chinese Immigrant Entrepreneurship in Italy’s Coffee Bars: Demographic Transformation and Historical Contingency
Authors: Deng Ting
Published: October 2019

Since the Economic Recession in the late 2000s, many neighbourhood coffee bars in Northern and Central Italy have been taken over by Chinese immigrants. This article investigates why neighbourhood bars, which are thought to be at the heart of Italian urban culture, have become a new business niche for Chinese immigrants in spite of overwhelmingly anti‐immigrant discourse. By elucidating the political economy of Italy's coffee bar industry and restructuring of its Chinese ethnic economy, it shows how the formation of this new immigrant business niche is a form of historical contingency embedded in a set of structural transformation processes. The broader purpose of the article is to contribute to an understanding of the structural mechanisms of embedded immigrant entrepreneurship and immigrants’ economic incorporation, as well as to debates on the roles of immigrants in the new urban economy and related local cultures of a multi‐ethnic European nation‐state.
Opioids in the USA: Disparities in Addiction and Incarceration
Authors: Kazemi Arianna , Kennedy Connor , Silverman Gabri , Reich Nicholas G.
Published: October 2019

Arianna Kazemi, Connor Kennedy and Gabri Silverman, undergraduate winners of the ASA Public Health Data Challenge, and their advisor Nicholas G. Reich, explore differences in the death, arrest and reoffending rates for opioid users in the USA
Do Brighter, Whiter Street Lights Improve Road Safety?
Authors: Marchant Paul
Published: October 2019

Would a billion-dollar investment in improved street lighting make Australian roads safer at night? Paul Marchant finds the evidence wanting
When Does Transparency Backfire? Putting Jeremy Bentham's Theory of General Prevention to the Experimental Test
Authors: Engel Christoph
Published: October 2019

Jeremy Bentham brought enlightenment to criminal policy. He argued that the primary purpose of criminal sanctions should be deterring future crime. To that end he advocated complete transparency. This article investigates Bentham's intuition in a public goods lab experiment by manipulating how much information on punishment experienced by others is available to would‐be offenders. Compared with the tone that Jeremy Bentham set, the result is unexpected: when would‐be offenders learn about punishment of others at the individual level, they contribute much less to the public project. This is due to an inevitable side effect. Information about punishment is only meaningful together with information about the infraction.
Asymmetric‐information allocation to avoid coordination failure
Authors: Moriya Fumitoshi , Yamashita Takuro
Published: October 2019

In the context of team production, this paper studies the optimal (deterministic and stochastic) information allocation that implements desired effort levels as the unique Bayesian equilibrium. We show that under certain conditions, it is optimal to asymmetrically inform agents even though they may be ex ante symmetric. The main intuition is that informing the agents asymmetrically can be effective in avoiding “bad” equilibria, that is, equilibria with coordination failure.
Lamprey (Entosphenus sp. and Lampetra sp.) estuarine occupancy is regionally variable and constrained by temperature
Authors: Goertler Pascale A. L. , Shakya Anjali W. , Seesholtz Alicia M. , Schreier Brian M. , Matica S. Zoltan , Holley K. Sheena
Published: October 2019

Temperature and sea level are predicted to rise with climate change, bringing an urgency to evaluating future viability of native fish. Lamprey are confronted with widespread habitat degradation, migratory barriers, and episodes of environmental change projected to be commonplace in the future. In California, range contraction likely shifted lamprey rearing downstream, but the extent and physiological constraints that restrict estuarine rearing are unclear. We used a single‐season occupancy model to describe juvenile lamprey estuarine distribution and found occupancy was regionally variable and constrained by temperature. Habitat and hydrology providing thermal refugia may be critical for future persistence.
Smartphone‐based exposure treatment for dental phobia: a pilot randomized clinical trial
Authors: Arias Matthew C. , McNeil Daniel W.
Published: October 2019

Objectives

High levels of dental care‐related fear/anxiety, as well as phobia, result in delay or avoidance of dental care, which are associated with poorer oral and overall health. Both pharmacotherapeutic and psychosocial methods are available to treat those with high levels of dental fear/anxiety or phobia, but they are infrequently used and not easily accessed. Smartphones are a potential vehicle for delivering exposure therapy (e.g., a treatment involving systematic encounter with fear‐evoking stimuli), but there is a need to test the acceptability of this approach in regard to treatment of high levels of dental anxiety/fear and phobia.

Methods

There were 36 patients with high dental anxiety/fear/phobia randomly assigned to either a treatment or a waitlist condition. Participants completed a pre‐ and two‐week post‐multimodal assessment, including a dental behavioral avoidance task. The treatment condition included 2 weeks of self‐directed exposure delivered via a personal smartphone in the patients' natural environment.

Results

Participants in the treatment condition utilized the smartphone exposure an average of 1.6 times daily (SD = 0.85), and found the self‐directed exposure highly acceptable. Moreover, they had lower self‐reported anxiety and decreased cardiac reactivity at the postassessment compared with the preassessment; no change in anxiety was found for the control condition from pre‐ to postassessment.

Conclusions

Highly anxious, fearful, and dental phobic participants utilized smartphone‐delivered exposure therapy, and found it to be an acceptable treatment method. Results support the utility and promise for further testing of the personal smartphone in delivering self‐directed exposure therapy for high dental fear/anxiety and phobia.
Does the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale predict change in delusional beliefs?
Authors: Penzenstadler Louise , Chatton Anne , Lecomte Tania , Huguelet Philippe , Lecardeur Laurent , Azoulay Silke , Bartolomei Javier , Brazo Perrine , Murys Elodie , Poupart Florent , Rouvière Serge , Parabiaghi Alberto , Saoud Mohamed , Favrod Jérôme , Khazaal Yasser
Published: October 2019

Objectives

The Beck Cognitive Insight Scale (BCIS) is composed of two subscales, self‐reflectiveness and self‐certainty, assessing reflectiveness and openness to feedback, and mental flexibility. Delusions have previously been associated with low cognitive insight. The aim of this study was to determine whether changes in BCIS scores predict changes in delusional beliefs.

Methods

The study is a secondary analysis of a previously published randomized controlled trial. All participants had a psychotic disorder diagnosis and received treatment as usual, with half of them also receiving the cognitive restructuring intervention ‘Michael's game’. Participants were assessed at three different times: at baseline (T1), at 3 months (T2), and at 9 months (T3). Cognitive insight was measured with the BCIS, belief flexibility with the Maudsley assessment of delusions schedule (MADS), and psychotic symptoms with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS).

Results

A total of 172 participants took part in the trial. After using generalized estimating equation (GEE) modelling, we observed (1) significant main effects of BCIS self‐certainty and Time and (2) significant Time × BCIS self‐certainty and Time × treatment group interaction effects on belief flexibility. Improvements in self‐certainty (i.e., decrease in scores) were associated with more changes in conviction over time, more accommodation, improved ability in ignoring or rejecting a hypothetical contradiction and increased use of verification of facts. Medication and BPRS total scores were controlled for in the GEE analyses at their baseline values.

Conclusions

Overall improvement in BCIS self‐certainty scores over time predicted better treatment outcomes as assessed with MADS items.

Practitioner points

Treatments for patients with psychosis should focus on improving cognitive insight as this seems to improve overall treatment outcomes and recovery.

The Beck Cognitive Insight Scale can be used to measure changes during treatment and can predict treatment outcomes.
The effect of fiscal system reform on fiscal policy outcomes
Authors: Lee Sangmok , Esfahani Hadi Salehi
Published: October 2019

We investigate how reform in governmental accounting affects fiscal policy outcomes including debt, balance, and fiscal transparency. Since a change from cash to accrual accounting can be regarded as a natural experiment among governments, a fixed‐effects model is exploited. We discover that the change diminishes debt in developed countries, but expands it in less‐developed ones, with strong effects in highly indebted countries. The change improves balance in developed countries and worsens it in less‐developed countries, which is significant for developed countries with large deficits. Transparency is improved only in less transparent developed countries.
Fifth graders’ understanding of fractions on the number line
Authors: Witherspoon Taajah Felder
Published: October 2019

The goal of this research was to examine fifth graders’ understanding of fractions on the number line. This case‐study design focused on the various ways that students represented fractions on number lines. Students responded to task‐based interview questions by identifying fractions as a number on the number line as well as equivalency and problem solving. The tasks were administered individually to 26 fifth‐grade students over a 15‐minute time frame in their respective schools. The two groups of 10‐year‐old students answered most questions in written form with pencil and paper and were often asked to explain how they arrived at an answer. Student performance was highest when instructed to plot ½ on a number line of 0 to 1 as well as naming a fraction less than ½. The students performed lowest when they attempted to plot ½, ¼, and 1 on a number line with a predetermined unit 0 to 1/3. Other low performing concepts consisted of plotting ¼ on a number line from 0‐3, identifying ¼ on a non‐routine number line, and plotting a unit fraction with an equivalent fraction as well as an improper fraction on a common number line.
Mathematical modeling opportunities reported by secondary mathematics preservice teachers and instructors
Authors: Jung Hyunyi , Stehr Eryn M. , He Jia
Published: October 2019

Engaging with mathematical modeling can support learners to collaboratively explore mathematics in integrated ways as well as generate mathematical ideas and representations that may be useful in everyday life. Although several studies provide diverse insights into teaching and learning mathematical modeling, research has yet to be conducted on the mathematical modeling learning opportunities available to secondary mathematics preservice teachers (PTs) in mathematics and education courses in teacher education programs. This study investigates the mathematical modeling learning opportunities reported by 48 instructors and ten focus groups of 37 PTs. Multiple data sources (e.g., interview transcripts, syllabi, tasks, and exams) collected from universities were used to achieve triangulation in this case study of secondary preparation programs. When asked about mathematical modeling, both PTs and instructors reported rich examples of mathematical modeling from the opportunities afforded by their respective programs. Both also reported modeling experiences that were not mathematical modeling, such as word problems, representations, or demonstrations. Along with the study's particular themes and examples, common mathematical modeling opportunities recalled by PTs and instructors are elaborated in our findings. This study intends to begin a discussion of possible pathways for providing rich opportunities for PTs to engage in mathematical modeling.
Isolating the effect of soil properties on agricultural soil greenhouse gas emissions under controlled conditions
Authors: Miller Gemma A. , Rees Robert M. , Griffiths Bryan S. , Cloy Joanna M.
Published: October 2019

Agricultural soils are important sources of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Soil properties and environmental factors have complex interactions which influence the dynamics of these GHG fluxes. Four arable and five grassland soils which represent the range of soil textures and climatic conditions of the main agricultural areas in the UK were incubated at two different moisture contents (50 or 80% water holding capacity) and with or without inorganic fertiliser application (70 kg N ha−1 ammonium nitrate) over 22 days. Emissions of N2O, CO2 and CH4 were measured twice per week by headspace gas sampling, and cumulative fluxes were calculated. Multiple regression modelling was carried out to determine which factors (soil mineral N, organic carbon and total nitrogen contents, C:N ratios, clay contents and pH) that best explained the variation in GHG fluxes. Clay, mineral N and soil C contents were found to be the most important explanatory variables controlling GHG fluxes in this study. However, none of the measured variables explained a significant amount of variation in CO2 fluxes from the arable soils. The results were generally consistent with previously published work. However, N2O emissions from the two Scottish soils were substantially more sensitive to inorganic N fertiliser application at 80% water holding capacity than the other soils, with the N2O emissions being up to 107 times higher than the other studied soils.
An approach for establishing correspondence between OpenStreetMap and reference datasets for land use and land cover mapping
Authors: Zhou Qi , Jia Xuecan , Lin Hao
Published: October 2019

OpenStreetMap (OSM) provides free source data for land use and land cover (LULC) mapping of many regions globally. Earlier work has used just manual and subjective approaches to establish correspondence between paired OSM and reference datasets, an essential step for LULC mapping. This study proposes an approach to establish correspondence via three steps: (1) convert line feature(s) into polygon feature(s); (2) merge multiple polygon feature(s) into a single layer; and (3) establish correspondence and reclassify OSM and/or reference datasets. Study areas in Sheffield, London, Rome, and Paris were used for testing, and two measures (overall accuracy, OA and kappa index) were used for evaluation. Experiments were designed to verify this approach, with each pair of OSM and reference datasets initially compared after reclassification. Correspondence from one study area was then applied to another for further validation. Results show that OA was between 70 and 90% and the kappa index varied between 0.6 and 0.8. Evaluation also indicates that the correspondence obtained from one study area is applicable to another, and we illustrate the effectiveness of this approach.
Letermovir for primary and secondary cytomegalovirus prevention in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant recipients: Real‐world experience
Authors: Lin Andrew , Maloy Molly , Su Yiqi , Bhatt Valkal , DeRespiris Lauren , Griffin Meagan , Lau Carmen , Proli Anthony , Barker Juliet , Shaffer Brian , Giralt Sergio A. , Jakubowski Ann A. , Papadopoulos Esperanza B. , Papanicolaou Genovefa A. , Seo Susan K. , Perales Miguel‐Angel
Published: October 2019

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) patients. We evaluated the efficacy of letermovir as primary and secondary prophylaxis in 53 CMV‐seropositive hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. 70% of patients were at high risk for CMV reactivation and disease (primarily ex vivo T‐cell–depleted HCT [n = 18; 34%] or haploidentical T‐replete HCT [n = 12; 23%]). This was a retrospective, single‐center study which identified patients transplanted between January 2018 and June 2018. Patients were followed through September 2018. The primary outcome was the incidence of clinically significant CMV infection (CMV viremia requiring preemptive treatment or CMV disease). Primary letermovir prophylaxis started at a median of 7 days (range, 7‐40) after allo‐HCT. The median duration of primary letermovir prophylaxis was 116 days (range, 12‐221). With primary prophylaxis in 39 patients, the observed CMV reactivation rate was 5.1%. Twenty‐nine patients continued primary prophylaxis beyond 14 weeks with a reactivation rate of 3.4%. No recurrent reactivation was seen with secondary prophylaxis of an additional 14 patients. Our experience demonstrates the efficacy of letermovir in a real‐world setting for CMV prevention for the first 14 weeks and continued efficacy when given longer than 14 weeks after allogeneic stem cell transplantation or as secondary prophylaxis.
Miscanthus x giganteus crop fields hide a genotype of the invasive M. sacchariflorus
Authors: Perrier A , Hardion L , Rozan A , Staentzel C , Combroux I
Published: October 2019

Despite their putative invasive potential, Miscanthus taxa have been increasingly viewed as promising crops for bioenergy production. Miscanthus x giganteus is cultivated worldwide due to its high productivity, and its non‐spreading growth limits its risk of invasion. However, the genetic uniformity of its unique cultivated clone has recently been questioned. We used morphometry, nuclear microsatellites, AFLP fingerprints and nrDNA ITS barcoding to assess Miscanthus genotypes cultivated in eastern France. As expected, the globally cultivated clone was the main morphotype and genotype of our samplings; however, we also identified a second genotype, assigned to M. sacchariflorus, in the sampled fields. Morphological differentiation partially overlaps genotypic assignation, probably due to disturbance at the crop edges. We also show that Miscanthus taxa are misidentified in commercial nurseries. Our study confirms previous reports of the occurrence of other accessions in fields of M. x giganteus. These taxonomic confusions limit the certainty that a single clone of M. x giganteus is cultivated. In this context, M. x giganteus crop fields may actually promote the dispersal of invasive Miscanthus taxa.