bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Autonomy, Discourses, and Social Privilege
Authors: Mccutcheon Russell T
Published: November 2023

Within Eliade’s texts, the sacred/profane dichotomy is not, as it was for Durkheim, a strictly descriptive tool, useful for interpreting certain judgments and relationships that devotees consciously or unconsciously consider important or particularly valuable (on the very different uses of the technical term “sacred,” see Paden 1991; see also Anttonen 1995 for an attempt to rehabilitate it, but this time on the basis of cognitive theorizing). For Eliade, the dichotomy is based on an ontological distinction between the sacred, understood by him as representative of order, the ultimately meaningful, and real, and the profane, which comprises chaos, contingency, and nonreality.
Consciousness and computation
Authors: Penrose Roger
Published: November 2023

What is the ultimate scope of science? Is it just the material attributes of our universe that are amenable to its methods, whereas our mental existence must forever lie outside its compass? Or might we someday come to a proper scientific understanding of the shadowy mystery of minds? Is the phenomenon of human consciousness something that is beyond the scope of scientific enquiry, or may the power of scientific method one day resolve the problem of the very existence of our conscious selves?
Quantum theory and reality
Authors: Penrose Roger
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter, we have been trying to come to terms with the puzzling Z-mysteries of quantum theory. Although not all of these phenomena have been experimentally tested—such as quantum entanglement over distances of several light years—there is already enough experimental support for effects of this kind to tell us that Z-mysteries are indeed things that we must take seriously as true aspects of the behaviour of the constituents of the world in which we live.
Quantum theory and the brain
Authors: Penrose Roger
Published: November 2023

Brain action, according to the conventional viewpoint, is to be understood in terms of essentially classical physics—or so it would seem. Nerve signals are normally taken to be ‘on or off’phenomena, just as are the currents in the electronic circuits of a computer, which either take place or do not take place—with none of the mysterious superpositions of alternatives that are characteristic of quantum actions. Whilst it would be admitted that, at underlying levels, quantum effects must have their roles to play, biologists seem to be generally of the opinion that there is no necessity to be forced out of a classical framework when discussing the large-scale implications of those primitive quantum ingredients.
Clergy Careers over Time
Authors: Nesbitt Paula D
Published: November 2023

Given the longer history of women’s ordination as Unitarian and Universalist ministers, as well as the less stratified occupat10nal structure of the current U. U.A., one would expect to find fewer gender differences among U. U. A. ministers than among Episcopal priests. Although the statistical data show that this is the case, the persistence of gender disparities within the U. U. A. suggests that women clergy aren’t fully integrating into the occupation much beyond lower to mid-level placements.
Clergy Feminization
Authors: Nesbitt Paula D
Published: November 2023

Occupational feminization not only suggests change in the ordained ministry itself but has been shown to be part of larger socioeconomic concerns that involve organizational shifts and restructuring. Although structures may have changed in response to pragmatic socioeconomic need, the processes have held constant the dominance of those currently in power. Women’s labor has been grafted into the clergy, but as it has taken root, breaking new social ground, the occupational and denominational structures have shifted. In the Episcopal Church, such shifts appear to involve intentional occupational crowding, the proliferation of multiple ordination tracks, and gender-based job segregation to the extent that women effectively cease to make much headway in gaining legitimate access to positions of significant authority or influence. Generalized, such shifts resemble a series of mirrors whereby shapes of occupational and organizational change ripple across the face of many denominations at once, all the while belying the apparent intransigence of “women’s place” within each of these illusions.
From his Fold we will not turn aside: The Church
Authors: Underwood T L
Published: November 2023

Jeremiah Ives (fl. 1646-74), box maker and cheesemonger, was minister of a General Baptist congregation in Old Jewry, London, for more than thirty years. He supported Leveller and perhaps Fifth Monarchist views, and was also an active disputant, contending against Seventh Day Baptists as well as Quakers. He was involved in the egregious Baptist-Quaker London debates of the 1670s, but began disputing Quaker doctrines as early as 1656, when he had at least three encounters with James Nadler in London. The first was at the home of the Quaker Gérard Roberts. The two then engaged in debate in Beech-lane in May and again on 22 June at the Bull and Mouth meetinghouse in Aldersgate.
True and False Prophecy in Canonical Criticism
Authors: Brenneman James E
Published: November 2023

I HA VE attempted thus far to describe the paradox of reality as interpreted through the bifocals of literary and canonical criticism. I have maintained that conflicting readings are both inevitable (the linguistic argument) and necessary for understanding (the epistemological argument). I have further argued that the role of belief in all forms of understanding makes disagreement inescapable. Belief also provides all disciplines with a starting point for constructing liveable models for evaluation and testing, in turn raising questions about canons and their communities.
Bereavement: A Time of Changing Relationships and Transition
Authors: Silverman Phyllis Rolfe
Published: November 2023

When we think of bereaved people, we think of tears, immense sadness, a sense of heaviness in the body, despair, and great stress. In fact, feelings after a death are dynamic and changing all the time. In spite of our wishes to the contrary, the world does not stop when we receive bad news. The news may cause great disruption and change the course of our lives, but life does go on. As adults we have the capacity to know that life will continue. For children and even teenagers, this may not be so apparent. Children do not have a sense of history or enough experience to be certain that life will go on. In the words of a 10-year-old: “When my mom died, I couldn’t imagine how anything would continue.”
When a Sibling Dies
Authors: Silverman Phyllis Rolfe
Published: November 2023

What is lost when a sibling dies? We grow up with the expectation that our siblings will always be part of our lives. This relationship is supposed to be the longest we have with anyone, even longer than that with our parents, whom we expect to die before us. When a sibling dies, this expectation is lost (Coles, 1996; Hause, 1989). What is lost also depends on the nature of the relationship before the death. As with all deaths, children lose not only the individual, but the unique relationship they had with that sibling (Bank, 1992). Just as there are many different families, there are many different kinds of sibling relationships.
Help Over Time: Meeting Changing Needs
Authors: Silverman Phyllis Rolfe
Published: November 2023

Help is never a onetime offering or always the same. Both the goal and the nature of the help change as both children and adults change. Over time, mourners need different kinds of help as they adjust to the all-pervasive changes in their lives. The goals of help at each stage will be different, depending on what mourners feel they need and where they are in the process at that time.
Nature’s Construction Set Assembling the Building Blocks of Matter
Authors: Turton Richard
Published: November 2023

Our journey begins with the atom, the fundamental building block of matter. It is a fairly safe assumption that the reader of this book is familiar with the concept of a submicroscopic world populated by atoms. The paper in this book, the chair you are sitting on, in fact everything you can see is composed of atoms. We are well aware of the existence of these atoms, and yet this knowledge seems to have little relevance to our understanding of the world on our own much larger scale. Suppose we take a bar of copper. We can compress it between heavy rollers until it becomes a thin sheet, or draw it out so that it forms a fine wire. Whatever we do to it, the bar always appears to behave like a continuous substance. We might conclude that although we know the copper bar consists of small discrete particles, these particles are so incredibly tiny that for all practical purposes we can forget about their existence. If so, then we have a lot to learn from the ancient Greeks.
The Amazing Shrinking Transistor The Benefits of Integrated Circuits
Authors: Turton Richard
Published: November 2023

The introduction of the semiconductor transistor revolutionized the computer industry and had far-reaching effects in many other areas. However, the massive reduction in both the size and cost of electronic devices was due to a further development, that of the integrated circuit. Without this, many of the applications which we now take for granted —pocket-sized calculators, personal computers, and the appearance of electronics in everything from washing machines to children’s toys—would not be possible. The scale of this advance is hard to imagine. Just over thirty years ago electrical circuits were composed of individual discrete devices, each measuring typically several millimetres across. Nowadays it is possible to place several million devices on to a thin slice of silicon about the size of a thumbnail. The sizes of the individual components are measured in microns, a unit of length equal to one thousandth of a millimetre. How is it possible to make such tiny circuits? And how much smaller can they be made before we encounter fundamental limitations? These are two of the questions we will address in this chapter, but first of all we need to ask a more basic question: what is an integrated circuit?
Making Light Work Computing with Photons
Authors: Turton Richard
Published: November 2023

In the last few chapters we have examined many different approaches to producing basic elements for a future microelectronic technology. The one feature which all of these devices have in common is that they modulate an electrical signal. Thus, a current of electrons may or may not flow through the device depending on whether it is in the On or Off state. Of course, an ordinary transistor, and even a vacuum tube, performs a similar function. Given this evidence we might well conclude that there are no viable alternatives to electrons. However, during the past two decades an increasing number of researchers have questioned whether electrons are best suited to this task. In consequence, they have pursued an alternative approach in which beams of light are used in the place of currents of electrons. The range and variety of different approaches to the goal of building an optical computer are so broad that we could not hope to cover all of the possibilities in a single chapter. Instead I have chosen to concentrate on those directions which are closest to the electronic transistor.
Our idelism is practical emerging uses of tration in americancommercial culture 1889-1936
Authors: Kammen Michael
Published: November 2023

This essay was presented in Washington, D.C., on September 22, 1989, at the Bicentennial Conference on the Judiciary Act of 1789.

“Our Idealism ls Practical “: Emerging lJses of Tradition in American C:ommercial Culture. 1889-1936

To understand the relationship between. commerce and the American sense of heritage, consider for a moment the holiday that commemorates George Washington‘s birthday.* On that day we remember and honor the accomplishments of the Father of Our Country. Right?

Wrong. We usually think about George Washington (and now other presidents) on his birthday because it‘s a great day to go shopping: to get two snow tires for the price of one, or carpet remnants at 80 percent off, or a third television set (a small one for the kitchen, perhaps) at a large discount. It has become an American tradition to observe Presidents ‘ Day by slashing prices (if you are in business) or by stockpiling things you may or may not really need (if you are a consumer), just because “you will never see such prices again. “

* This essay was presented on February 17, 1986, as part of the Johnson Distinguished Lecture Series at Cornell University. It appeared in Cornell Enterprise (Fall 1986), 18-27.
History ls Our Heritage: The Past in Contemporary American Culture
Authors: Kammen Michael
Published: November 2023

One of the most curious anomalies in contemporary American culture ought to be a matter of considerable concern to historians and other educators. New museums and historic sites open to the public at regular and frequent intervals. After a decline in the late 1970s and early 1980s, attendance at many historical museums, villages, and other sites is on the rise. Their educational outreach programs have been redefined and the quality of interpretive activities is more thoughtful than it was fifteen or twenty years ago. The bicentennial of the U.S. Constitution provided an occasion for new curricula to be developed for the teaching of civics, history, and the genesis of American government. Consequently, many more students have been asked to think carefully about the evolution of the present state of our political system.

Looked at more closely, however, the place of history in modern American life is both superficial and precarious. Recent studies have revealed an alarming degree of ignorance and apathy.
The Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
Authors: Alpher Ralph A , Herman Robert
Published: November 2023

Everyone agrees that 1965 was an important year in the historical development of cosmology; indeed, some take it as the birth year of mod ern cosmology. The book Origins, by Alan Lightman and Roberta Brawer (see our recommended reading) consists of interviews with the authors’ choices of leading cosmologists from their perspective of 1990. In reviewing the book, Geoffrey Burbidge, a noted astronomer and cosmologist, and a leading critic of the Big Bang model, listed among other serious deficiencies the fact that the authors seem to consider 1965 the starting year for cosmology. Lightman and Brawer are not the only authors who think that. Why is this so?
The Future of the Universe
Authors: Alpher Ralph A , Herman Robert
Published: November 2023

Hard as prediction may be, and certainly beyond the bounds of verification, there are some things we can say about the future of the universe. First, anything we say is predicated on the assumption that the laws of nature will remain the same in the future as they are now, that the behavior of matter and energy is the same at great distances from us as it is locally and therefore was the same in the past, and that there will be no new laws cropping up. One can say these things with some confidence, since it has been demonstrated by studies of the past behavior of the universe that, where checking is possible, these laws were the same in the past, virtually back to the Big Bang event itself. If one accepts the premises of the standard Big Bang model, and in particular that the universe is homogeneous and isotropic when viewed on a sufficiently large scale, and moreover, if one ignores structure so that the universe is considered to be filled uniformly with matter and radiation, then there are consequences for the future which merit discussion.
Dorgères, The Agrarian Elite, and The State, 1934–44
Authors: Paxton Robert O
Published: November 2023

When Dorgères Began gathering the biggest political assemblages ever seen in rural France and threatening public order, the state had to decide how to react. Should the police, prefects, and magistrates of the Third French Republic ignore Dorgères and thus deny him the publicity he sought? Should they wink at his excesses because he was keeping communism out of the countryside? Or must the state uphold due process and the rule of law against Dorgeres’s claim to lawlessness in a higher cause?

The conservative notables of the French countryside, too, had to decide what to do about Dorgères. Should they ignore him, oppose him, try to coopt his mass following to fortify their own shaken hegemony, welcome his anti-Republican violence from a safe distance, or simply throw in their lot with him? Some of all these responses occurred among them in the 1930s. The extent of notable cooperation with Dorgères tells us how deeply his movement penetrated the French rural world by the mid-193os and how successful he was in detaching parts of their clientele from the Third Republic. We widen our canvas in this chapter, for Dorgèrism is not fully comprehensible alone, without attention to the variegated mosaic that was French rural society in the 1930s and to the allies, rivals, and accomplices Dorgères found within it. But first we need to know just how strong Dorgères’s movement had become by the middle 1930s.
The Proximate Other: The Nation of Islam and Judaism
Authors: Deutsch Nathaniel
Published: November 2023

In His Essay “What a Difference a Difference Makes;’ historian of religions Jonathan Z. Smith has argued that the most provocative challenge to an individual or group is always posed by what he calls the “proximate other;’ or as he puts it, “The problem is not alterity, but similarity-at times, even identity:’ Only when the other appears like us or even claims to be us is our sense of self truly threatened and our interest captured. Smith’s theory provides an entree into the Nation of Islam’s complex views on Jews and Judaism. These views range from classical anti-Semitic stereotypes of Jewish economic conspiracies to profound religious identification.
This Is the Gateway to the Lord: The Legacy of Synagogue Buildings for African American Churches on Cincinnati’s Reading Road
Authors: Goldman Karla
Published: November 2023

The Classical Stone-Faced edifice of the Southern Missionary Baptist Church stands imposingly at the corner of Lexington Ave. and Reading Road in Cincinnati’s Avondale neighborhood, an area of old-world apartment buildings and detached homes, some stately and some more modest (fig. 9.1). About a mile further up Reading in North Avondale, the Zion Temple First Pentecostal Church, with its distinctive facade of massive rough-hewn stones occupies the corner of Reading and North Crescent1 with retiring dignity and solidity. Although these two thriving African American Christian congregations reflect the current ethnic character of the Avondale and North Avondale neighborhoods, both church buildings were dedicated as synagogues in 1927, the centerpieces of a proud, prosperous, and dynamic urban Jewish community. While that community is all but gone from Avondale, these churches remain as physical reminders of its existence and offer an intriguing point of connection between two communities which in today’s Cincinnati find few moments of vital contact.
The virginal soul of Margaret fuller’s
Authors: Gatta John
Published: November 2023

Both in her own estimation and as tagged by detractors who mocked her claims to intellectual superiority, Margaret Fuller held sway as New England’s queen. The regal title might censure her for betraying an uncommon arrogance antagonistic to American democracy. More favorably, it might typify the sovereignty achieved through Transcendental self-reliance or a singular vocation to lead others-especially women-toward artistic and cultural ambitions loftier than those supported by common standards of taste in the United States. Sophia Peabody Hawthorne, rejecting the central argument of Woman in the Nineteenth Century for female emancipation, labeled this work with its regal opening citation (“The Earth waits for her Queen”) in a letter to her mother as “the speech which Queen Margaret Fuller has made from the throne,” and Fuller herself imaged her “natural position” as that of a monarch ordained to govern “without throne, sceptre, or guards.”
The Transformation of Passover and Unleavened Bread in Deuteronomy 16
Authors: Levinson Bernard M
Published: November 2023

The festival calendar of Deut 16:1-17 goes to the very heart of the Deute ronomic program and reveals the authors’ literary and religious achieve ments. The Deuteronomic drive to centralize the cultus did not involve a mere restriction of the location for sacrifice. It entailed a much more systematic and profound transformation of Judaean religious and social life. The authors of Deuteronomy also found it necessary to transform the festival calendar of an cient Israel together with other religious observances, most notably the Pass over. Deuteronomy’s proscription of the local sanctuaries meant that the an cient festivals of Unleavened Bread, Weeks, and Tabernacles could no longer be observed in the customary way.
Mary Lyon and the Mount Holyoke Missionaries
Authors: Porterfield Amanda
Published: November 2023

American women played in important part in Protestant foreign missionary work from its early days at the beginning of the nineteenth century, enabling them not only to disseminate religious principles but also to break into public life and create expanded opportunities for themselves and other women. No institution was more closely associated with women missionaries that Mount Holyoke College. This book examines Mount Holyoke founder Mary Lyon and the missionary women trained by her. Porterfield sees Lyon and her students as representative of dominant trends in American missionary thought before the Civil War. She focuses on how their activities in several parts of the world--particularly northwest Persia, Maharashtra in western India, and Natal in southeast Africa--and shows that while their primary goals remained elusive, antebellum missionary women made major contributions to cultural change and the development of new cultures.
The Presence and Impact of Mary Lyon’s Students in Maharashtra
Authors: Porterfield Amanda
Published: November 2023

American missionaries also contributed to the creation of a Protestant inspired, reform-minded culture in Maharashtra, the triangular region in western India known as the Bombay Presidency, which included the coastal region of the Konkan, the Sahyadri Mountains, and the arid plains of the Deccan. But this reform-minded culture had a very different shape and history than the new culture inspired by missionaries in Persia, where the weakness of Nestorian culture left the Nestorian people highly vulnerable to intellectual domination by missionaries. In contrast, the strength of Hindu culture in Maharashtra enabled Hindu reformers to exploit missionary influence to an extraordinary degree. Mary Lyon’s students and their missionary associates exerted no less influence in this region than they did in northwest Persia, but in Maharashtra their influence was absorbed, to a considerable extent, within the context of the heterogeneous and powerfully syncretic tradition of Hinduism. Thus missionary efforts in Maharashtra functioned as a catalyst for Hindu reform, which coincided with a significant degree of missionary failure to convert Hindus to Christianity.
The World Of The Ninth Century
Authors: Carabine Deirdre
Published: November 2023

When Charles Martel defeated the Arabs at Tours in 732, he laid the central foundation stone for the establishment of the great Carolingian dynasty that was to become the focal point of the ninth-century revival of learning. His son, Pepin III, ascended the throne in 741, but it was his grandson, Charles the Great, Charlemagne (742-814), king of the Franks at the early age of twenty-one and subsequently reigning for the next forty-six years, who put the Frankish kingdom on the intellectual map.
Human Nature In Paradise
Authors: Carabine Deirdre
Published: November 2023

The anthropology of Eriugena is perhaps the most difficult theme in the Periphyseon, and his speculations on the subject of human nature are found chiefly, though not exclusively in book rv. We were warned that the fourth book of the Periphyseon would enter into more dangerous waters, indeed at times we do find indeed find ourselves in need of a lifeline in the form of the opinion of Augustine, Ambrose, Basil, or Gregory of Nyssa. However, even though the Irishman’s anthropology is a difficult subject, it is worth the effort to understand his concept of the constitution, role, and place of human na¬ture in the scheme of nature because it is his understanding that it is within human nature that the whole of creation is brought together in an ineffable harmony.
Human Nature In The World
Authors: Carabine Deirdre
Published: November 2023

The consequences of the fall in relation to human nature, according to the account Eriugena gives in the Periphyseon, are threefold: propagation via sex¬ual means; the loss of intellect, which constitutes a severe form of damage to human rationality; and obscuring the image of God within, resulting in ig¬norance of God. This last point in relation to the loss of the image of God I discuss specifically with reference to the restoration of the human nature to its rightful state in chapter 7, However, perhaps the most important conse¬quence of the fall is that it effected the creation of the body and the material world. Without the fall, which occurs much as it had done in the Enneads of Plotinus, the body and material creation would not have existed.
Cassian the Monk
Authors: Stewart Columba
Published: November 2023

John Cassian, like other early monks, eludes his modern readers. His discursive writing style, his evocations of incredible degrees of ascetical and contemplative perfection, his antique (and male-centered) understanding of sexuality dissuade even the hardy from threading their way through his thicket of words. More fundamentally, the religious assumptions and imperatives that underlie and empower his works can be unfamiliar or misunderstood. Monastic readers, and those who share their interests, continue to find much of Cassian’s teaching helpful, though his work is increasingly opaque even to them. The aim of this study is to bring us to Cassian and him to us, to catch his voice as well as I can while knowing that whatever he says requires both translation and interpretation.
Cassian the Writer
Authors: Stewart Columba
Published: November 2023

In the monastic writings one meets several john cassians: a young monk dazzled by monastic Egypt and an old man relating youthful experiences; an advisor of church leaders in Gaul and an apologist scarred by battle; a monastic founder concerned that new monasteries learn the right kind of monasticism; a spiritual writer integrating earlier traditions into a theology of the monastic life. These authorial personae coexist in the texts, generating an array of purposes and meanings. Like the Bible so central to his life and thought, Cassian’s own works must be read through several interpretative lenses.
Cassian the Theologian
Authors: Stewart Columba
Published: November 2023

John Cassian was both a visionary and a pragmatist. He urged his readers to look beyond their mundane tasks and preoccupations, yet acknowledged the fragmenting pressures of the present life. In his mind, the purpose of the monastic life was to prepare for citizenship in heaven and to anticipate, however fleetingly and imperfectly, the joy to be fully realized there. He is often read as a “spiritualized’ of the monastic life, caricatured as a neo-Platonist who exalted eternal and spiritual goals at the expense of the present and material aspects of human existence. The philosophical influences on his thought are certainly profound, but it is more accurate to characterize his approach as consistently eschatological rather than spiritualizing. He explores the temporal and experiential disjunction between present experience and future hope, and he places the monk on the frontier between them.
The Bible and Prayer
Authors: Stewart Columba
Published: November 2023

Antony, afraid to lose the spiritual light of contemplation, and his antitype Sarapion, bereft without his mental picture of God, stand at either horizon of Cassian’s map of prayer. Their stories illustrate the urgency of moving beyond the cramped parameters of human imagination to the divine glory of Christ accessible in contemplation, spiritual interpretation of the Bible, and prayer.
Revolutions Civil and Religious: Methodist Beginnings in America
Authors: Lyerly Cynthia Lynn
Published: November 2023

A Failed And Persecuted Irish farmer and a bold, pious woman are credited with founding Methodism in America, a fact less coincidental than it would first appear. Robert Strawbridge, a Methodist who fled his native Ulster because of religious persecution, emigrated to America in 1760, settling on a farm near Baltimore, Mary land. Strawbridge was not successful “as a man of business”; his farm, “had it not been for the toil of his wife and the charity of his neighbors, would have failed to keep himself and family from want.” Better at preaching than farming, Strawbridge soon raised a small society of Methodists that met and worshiped at his home. An other immigrant band of British Methodists landed in New York in 1760-only these men and women began to forsake Methodist ethics in the New World. When Barbara Heck, “a woman of piety, persistence, and genius for affairs” encountered her male friends and relatives playing cards, she became outraged, “seized the cards, threw them into the fire, and gave her friends a solemn warning against sin.” To return the group to Wesleyan piety, Heck entreated her cousin, Philip Embury, who had been a Methodist preacher in England, to begin holding services. Word soon spread that Embury’s home was the scene of strange goings-on, where “women often prayed, and even stood up and made speeches just like the men.” Heck was likely one of these women.2 From these modest beginnings, the Methodists grew into one of the most successful religious movements in American history.
Education, Fair Starts, and Economic Opportunity
Authors: Winfrey John C
Published: November 2023

As parents and citizens we have many goals for education. We firmly believe that a good education is necessary if children are to have a fair start in life. Americans of every political persuasion believe that every child deserves a fair start. For the decades following World War II, the paintings of Norman Rock-well have helped Americans shape their visions of society. In Rockwell paintings of schoolrooms, we see teachers lovingly imparting solid American values to eager, receptive children. Their hopes and expectations run high.
Environmental Issues
Authors: Winfrey John C
Published: November 2023

The litany of ways we are damaging the environment grows longer daily. We are depleting ozone in the stratosphere, polluting the air and water, and destroying species and large areas of wilderness. We are using up nonrenewable energy sources and putting future generations at risk in a multitude of ways. Our treatment of the environment as individuals, businesses, and nations is often immoral. And yet the thesis of this book is that we and our fellow citizens are essentially moral. We assume that, given the right opportunity, most people want to “do the right thing.” The challenge of environmental ethics is to ask how we should relate to the natural environment. The challenge of formulating ethical environmental policy is to reorganize our institutions so that our economic behavior can better reflect our moral responsibilities.
Rethinking Social Movement Theory
Authors: Robnett Belinda
Published: November 2023

This Womanist Black Feminist retelling of the story of the civil rights movement contributes significantly to our understanding not only of the civil rights movement but of social movements in general It is evident that social movements are complex and many diverse theories have developed to explain them. This book brings to light some connections between these competing ideas.

One of the earliest social movement theories—collective behavior theory—concluded that movements were irrational, spontaneous events that tended to emerge from shared grievances and collective frustration. This model has increasingly lost favor, and many social movement scholars have turned their attention to the more rational components of a movement. Resource mobilization theory posits that, while grievances and frustrations may spark collective action, resources are most critical for shaping those grievances into a viable social movement. Movements cannot occur without money, persons with free time, and other such pragmatic elements. This framework disavows the strategic significance of emotions and the spontaneous. Social movements, resource mobilization theorists claim, develop through rational, planned activity as do organizations that maintain the status quo. Moreover, activists behave in ways similar to actors in ordinary organizations.
Race, Class, and Culture Matter
Authors: Robnett Belinda
Published: November 2023

The Powerful Role Models provided by older Black women were significant not only to young Black women but also to young White women. Women felt empowered by their participation in the movement. Although much has been written about gendered relationships in the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee, most of it has been about the relationships between White women and Black men, a focus which is nonrepresentative of the majority of gendered relations between men and women activists. The analyses of these relationships has tended to focus on Black men’s sexism, Black men’s lust for White women, and Black women’s racism toward White women.

McAdam and Rothschild, in particular, and Evans, to a lesser extent, have focused attention on the sexual relationships of Black men and White women. They contend that White women were sexually exploited in SNCC. This, along with women’s relegation to household and clerical labor, supports their thesis of sexism within SNCC. They do not, however, sufficiently consider the gender relationships of Black women and Black men in the movement except within the context of Black male and White female relationships. None of the authors in question considered the relationships between Black men and Black women as important to their gendered analyses. Thus, they are left with only a partial analysis of the gender relations as they relate to sexism in SNCC.
The Movement Unravels From the Bottom
Authors: Robnett Belinda
Published: November 2023

The events at the Democratic National Convention were to have profound con sequences for the future of the civil rights movement and for the Black struggle in general. They signaled the beginning of the deterioration of movement solidarity. Although relations had always been strained, the disillusionment of those in the lower ranks, as well as among many SNCC and CORE activists, particularly those working in Mississippi, led to a fractured movement and the loss of its bridging tiers.

In his autobiography, Cleve Sellers describes the beginning of the movement’s descent:

The national Democratic party’s rejection of the MFDP at the 1964 convention was to the civil rights movement what the Civil War was to American history: afterward, things could never be the same. Never again were we lulled into believing that our task was exposing injustices so that the “good” people of America could eliminate them. We left Atlantic City with the knowledge that the movement had turned into something else. After Atlantic City, our struggle was not for civil rights, but for liberation.
Colossians against Erasmus on the Freedom of the Will
Authors: Wengert Timothy J
Published: November 2023

Melanchthon’s attack on Erasmus’s defense of the will’s freedom developed from a simple classroom declamation in 1526, criticizing the misuse of philosophy and based on Col. 2:8. Melanchthon broadened his attack the following year with the publication of the first edition of the Scholia, in which he outlined his own position on the freedom of the will and expanded the comments on philosophy. Throughout the commentary he defined certain theological terms in stark contrast to Erasmus’s own position. In 1528, in the second edition of the Scholia, Melanchthon sharpened his arguments and attacked both Erasmus’s style of argumentation and his (to Melanchthon) immoral equivocation. In the 1529 translation of this edition Justus Jonas took the opportunity to state explicitly what Melanchthon had in part only implied, especially with respect to the comments on philosophy. Although Melanchthon’s arguments differed from Luther’s own, both men and their contemporaries understood that they were fighting the same opponent, using different means.
The Rise of Consciousness The Student Movement, 1899–1904
Authors: Morrissey Susank
Published: November 2023

In response to an incident of police brutality in February 1899, Petersburg students called a strike that quickly spread across the country. At its height, 25,000 students boycotted the classroom under the banner of human dignity, personal inviolability, and rule of law. This strike inaugurated a period of mass protest in higher education that marked the entrance of educated society into the political struggles, which would culminate in the 1905 Revolution. For students, the explosion of a nationwide movement confirmed the existence of studenchestvo as one body, united by an ethos of honor and solidarity. They had some reason to believe this: appeals to studenchestvo galvanized mass protest through 1905. The causes of the student movement were largely structural, arising from the conflict between an authoritarian government and a proud studenchestvo, both with definite ideas about education, science, and individual rights.
Righteous Men and Sinners Honor and the Politics of “Personal” Life
Authors: Morrissey Susank
Published: November 2023

Rumors that Leonid Ponomarev, a student at Petersburg’s Mining Institute, was a spy had been rampant for years. Fellow students recall that he was regarded as an “alien body in the organism of studenchestvo.” Long-simmering suspicions finally boiled over in 1901, when Ponomarev unexpectedly appeared at a party in honor of the memory of the Ukrainian writer Taras Shevchenko. After being tailed by several students calling him a spy, among other epithets, he quit the gathering only to appear several days later in the student cafeteria, the meeting place of the radicals. This time, a student loudly accused him of being a spy and suggested that after the events of the other evening, he should be more circumspect than to show his face in the dining hall. Ponomarev feigned ignorance of the immediate accusation and the circumstances of the party.
From Icon of New Order to Symbol of Disorder Students and the End of Revolution
Authors: Morrissey Susank
Published: November 2023

The end of revolution inaugurated a prolonged crisis of authority in Russia. With its power reestablished through arbitrary and often bloody repression, the government lacked legitimacy among broad sections of society, from politicized urban workers to liberal professionals. At the same time, the specter of violence and disorder only polarized social and political groups, hindering the reemergence of a united democratic front. Though the State Duma remained a forum of opposition, it was a symbol of potential progress rather than a fully empowered constitutional body. In this new and ambiguous order, dominated by competing social classes, economic interests, and political parties, public fears rose over perceived increases in crime, disease, and disorder.1 To a great extent, Russia seemed to have lost her moral ballast.
Telling Tales
Authors: Moore James
Published: November 2023

The anecdote is the literary form that uniquely lets history happen by virtue of the way it introduces an opening into the teleological, and therefore timeless, narration of beginning, middle, and end. The anecdote produces the effect of the real, the occurrence of contingency, by establishing an event as an event within and yet without the framing context of historical successivity Thoepening of history that is effected by the anecdote, the hole and rim-using psychoanalytic language, the orifice-traced out by the anecdote within the totalizing whole of history, is something that is characteristically and ahistorically plugged up by a teleological narration that, though larger than the anecdote itself, is still constitutively inspired by the seductive opening of anecdotal form-thereby once again opening up the possibility, but, again, only the possibility, that this new narration, now complete within itself, and thereby rendered formally small-capable, therefore, of being anecdotalized-will itself be opened up by a further anecdotal operation, thereby calling forth some yet larger circumcising circumscription, and so, so on and so forth.
The Meaning of Science for Christians
Authors: Marsden George
Published: November 2023

Walter Lippmann provided some of the most astute reflections on the Scopes trial in his “Dialogue on Olympus,” published in American Inquisitors: A Commentary on Dayton and Chicago (New York: Macmillan, 1928). In Lippmann’s dialogue, Socrates challenges Thomas Jefferson and William Jennings Bryan to clarify their views on science, religion, and the state.
The Challenge Of Mission
Authors: Sandler Martin W , Hudson Deborah A
Published: November 2023

How are we doing? Businesses answer that question by looking at the balance sheet, at cash register receipts, at the closing value of their stock. Nonprofits and government organizations look at mission. Mission is such a strong cohesive force that the corporate world has adopted the mission statement with a vengeance-and with mixed results. Some organizations have found that this new clarity of purpose has boosted morale and productivity. Others have created new dissension in the ranks by making a poorly designed mission statement the focus of a booster campaign, complete with posters and pins.
Serving The Customer
Authors: Sandler Martin W , Hudson Deborah A
Published: November 2023

When it comes to customer service, nonprofit and public organizations operate under severe handicaps. First, they don’t get their funds from customers. The people who pay for the services of the Salvation Army or the General Accounting Office rarely use the services directly. This distance from the quick feedback of the market can land an organization in trouble. It has earned the government a reputation for being slow moving. Nonprofits have been scolded more than once for providing endowed services that no one uses. In fact, government and nonprofits don’t necessarily suffer when demand for their services dries up; but they can suffer when consumer demand rises.
Selling The Product
Authors: Sandler Martin W , Hudson Deborah A
Published: November 2023

During our investigations, we made some exciting discoveries. One of the biggest came as a blinding flash of the obvious one afternoon after we had completed what we felt was truly our final list of basic competencies shared by all the organizations we had chosen. As we were discussing-for what seemed like the thousandth time-this list of competencies, we became aware that we had over looked one big factor: Many of our organizations owe their effectiveness and even their existence to the manner in which, in one way or another, they sell their products or services. When we say “sell,” we are not talking about marketing or customer awareness.
Forming Effective Partnerships
Authors: Sandler Martin W , Hudson Deborah A
Published: November 2023

In the changed economy of the nineties, belt tightening is n’t going to be enough. Businesses are responding to increased competition with serious layoffs (euphemized as downsizing or rightsizing) and massive restructuring. Nonprofits and public agencies are facing the same tough realities. Over the past two decades, nonprofits have come face to face with harsh new challenges as traditional sources for workers-paid and unpaid-have dried up or shifted. At the same time, financial grants to nonprofits from government and private sources have shrunk or disappeared completely. Severe budget reductions and widespread taxpayer revolt have forced government agencies (federal, state, and local) to tackle more with less.
Valuing People
Authors: Sandler Martin W , Hudson Deborah A
Published: November 2023

Our top-performing nonprofits and public agencies hire from the same talent pool as business organizations. They cannot afford to pay their employees as much as they would get in most corporations. They have few cash incentives to offer. Yet their people often outperform their business counterparts. The outstanding agencies we studied fuel performance by developing, supporting, and rewarding their employees’ commitment rather than by trying to control people into giving their best. All of these organizations have developed a range of attitudes, habits, programs, and strategies to get the most from their people and to enable their employees and volunteers to get the most from their work experience.
Communicating Effectively
Authors: Sandler Martin W , Hudson Deborah A
Published: November 2023

During the early stages of our project we placed hundreds of phone calls and sent an equal number of letters seeking general information and the opportunity to interview managers and employees of interesting organizations. Although we did n’t fully realize it at the time, these first contacts had a real influence on our final selections. If our early inquiries went unheeded, if we were delayed or put off, we had immediate doubts about the overall quality of the organization, no matter how highly it had been recommended to us.
Drama and Metafiction
Authors: Dobrov Gregory W
Published: November 2023

Hermes is the bearer of communication from author to audience who “ponders word and deed at once.” “Born at dawn,” according to the Homeric Hymn, “by mid day he played his lyre, and at evening he stole the cattle of far-shooting Apollon ... the very day mighty Maia bore him.” In our first encounter with him we, like Apollon of the hymn or Sophokles’ satyr trackers, are at once bewildered and amused by how much this child seems to have mastered within moments of his birth. His lyric improvisations and the invention of fire call to mind the quintessentially creative Prometheus.
Figures of Play, Part 1
Authors: Dobrov Gregory W
Published: November 2023

Studies of contemporary film have produced a taxonomy of reflexive techniques ranging from various uses of the equipment, titles, and dialogue, to the phenomenon of the cinema itself. While there is no comparable survey of ancient metatheater, the genre-specific work of Bain and Bierl, on tragedy, and Rau, on comedy, offers sound points of departure. Taking a somewhat different approach, however, this study will aim at a level of abstraction where tragic and comic reflexivity meaningfully inform each other. The categories are simple, but their realization is complex and varied. Each “figure of play” outlined here, in practice, subsumes dozens of individual techniques and related substrategies. This variety and complexity will be best explored in the context of individual plays and scenes.
Aias
Authors: Dobrov Gregory W
Published: November 2023

This section on the anatomy of dramatic fiction begins with studies of two important and well-known theatrical insets involving punitive madness inflicted on a mortal by a god. Though quite phenomenologically distinct, tragedy mise en abyme and the comic contrafact have in common their transformation of myth. They both reveal, in different ways, how drama projected a familiar narrative of the past into the dialogic space of the theater as an entry in the polis’s ongoing analysis of itself.