bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A comprehensive transcript index of the human genome generated using microarrays and computational approaches
Authors: Schadt Eric E , Edwards Stephen W , GuhaThakurta Debraj , Holder Dan , Ying Lisa , Svetnik Vladimir , Leonardson Amy , Hart Kyle W , Russell Archie , Li Guoya , Cavet Guy , Castle John , McDonagh Paul , Kan Zhengyan , Chen Ronghua , Kasarskis Andrew , Margarint Mihai , Caceres Ramon M , Johnson Jason M , Armour Christopher D , Garrett-Engele Philip W , Tsinoremas Nicholas F , Shoemaker Daniel D
Published: September 2004

Background

Computational and microarray-based experimental approaches were used to generate a comprehensive transcript index for the human genome. Oligonucleotide probes designed from approximately 50,000 known and predicted transcript sequences from the human genome were used to survey transcription from a diverse set of 60 tissues and cell lines using ink-jet microarrays. Further, expression activity over at least six conditions was more generally assessed using genomic tiling arrays consisting of probes tiled through a repeat-masked version of the genomic sequence making up chromosomes 20 and 22.

Results

The combination of microarray data with extensive genome annotations resulted in a set of 28,456 experimentally supported transcripts. This set of high-confidence transcripts represents the first experimentally driven annotation of the human genome. In addition, the results from genomic tiling suggest that a large amount of transcription exists outside of annotated regions of the genome and serves as an example of how this activity could be measured on a genome-wide scale.

Conclusions

These data represent one of the most comprehensive assessments of transcriptional activity in the human genome and provide an atlas of human gene expression over a unique set of gene predictions. Before the annotation of the human genome is considered complete, however, the previously unannotated transcriptional activity throughout the genome must be fully characterized.
Genome-wide mutagenesis of Zea mays L. using RescueMu transposons
Authors: Fernandes John , Dong Qunfeng , Schneider Bret , Morrow Darren J , Nan Guo-Ling , Brendel Volker , Walbot Virginia
Published: September 2004

Derived from the maize Mu1 transposon, RescueMu provides strategies for maize gene discovery and mutant phenotypic analysis. 9.92 Mb of gene-enriched sequences next to RescueMu insertion sites were co-assembled with expressed sequence tags and analyzed. Multiple plasmid recoveries identified probable germinal insertions and screening of RescueMu plasmid libraries identified plants containing probable germinal insertions. Although frequently recovered parental insertions and insertion hotspots reduce the efficiency of gene discovery per plasmid, RescueMu targets a large variety of genes and produces knockout mutants.
The habitus, the rule and the moral landscape
Authors: Setten Gunhild
Published: September 2004

Human interaction with the environment, particularly when the latter is conceived as nature, is often measured against moral standards for ‘appropriate behaviour’. Different, and frequently conflicting, ways of being-in-the-world are the theme of moral geographies. This paper seeks to elucidate the relation between morality, landscape and environmental practice by focusing upon a particular Scandinavian case. The Jæren district on the south-western coast of Norway has become one of the most intensively farmed areas in the country, undergoing radical changes causing contemporary farmers to become subject to moral condemnation from a wide range of bodies and people. The paper argues that in order to understand how the culture-nature relationship reflects and produces moral judgements there is a need to investigate how the production and meaning of a lived landscape becomes a moral landscape. Two questions are addressed: What is the ‘nature’ of the moral geographies in the area? How do differing ‘moral geographies’ affect the land and its perception as landscape? Understanding the moral landscape of the Jæren district allows us to identify the dialectics and contradictions inherent in the production of the landscape, and the ways rules and regulations for appropriate behaviour are the result of these contradictions. By adopting Bourdieu‘s notion of habitus, we are able to capture how such rules work and how they shape the landscape.
Desert ‘wastes’ of the Maghreb: desertification narratives in French colonial environmental history of North Africa
Authors: Davis Diana K.
Published: September 2004

The origins of the word ‘desertification’, most commonly attributed to Aubréville’s 1949 work on tropical African forests, may be traced back much earlier, to nineteenth-century French colonial North Africa. The concept of desertification was central to French colonial thinking about the North African environment. This paper argues that an environmental history of the Maghreb was constructed during the French colonial period which blamed local North Africans, especially pastoralists, for the deforestation and desertification of what was erroneously believed to have been a fertile, forested landscape in antiquity. This environmental narrative of destruction and decline was first fabricated during the early years of the French occupation of Algeria, and was invoked in Tunisia and Morocco as they were occupied. Founded on historical inaccuracies and environmental misunderstandings, this narrative helped to justify land expropriation, changes in land tenure, forest appropriation and the criminalization of traditional land use, all of which facilitated the colonial venture in the three Maghreb countries.
Making America flesh: physicality and nationhood in early twentieth-century physical education reform
Authors: Gagen Elizabeth A.
Published: September 2004

At the turn of the twentieth century, urban reformers across the United States became preoccupied with providing recreation facilities for urban children. Municipal park departments, boards of education and local philanthropic associations established supervised playgrounds, recreation parks, and vacation schools, in order to energize America’s youth and transform its fledgling bodies into healthy future citizens. In addition to the daily schedule of physical exercise and games, playground groups also organized a series of exhibitions, field days and parades to demonstrate the positive effects of physical education on the nation’s young bodies. Such demonstrations were overtly patriotic spectacles, incorporating transparently nationalistic rituals and symbols. Rather than focus on the symbolic currency of these events, however, I argue that the scientific logic of physical education renders a symbolic reading quite incongruent. Playgrounds drew from the emerging fields of child psychology and popular theories of psychosocial disorder. From these, a new field of play and physical education theory constructed the development of child consciousness as a mechanical and, more importantly, muscular process. Aspects of character, including national identity, were increasingly sought directly through children’s physicality. The paper therefore rejects the seemingly symbolic function of public spectacles of fitness. Likewise, while recent interventions by non-representational theory might appear to coincide with the psychological rationale of playgrounds, they too must be treated with caution or risk affirming the success of an explicitly nation-building project. Instead, this paper seeks to do justice to the logic of playground reform as a real and potent strategy to produce socially useful subjects without according that logic permanent and efficacious status.
Activity-Dependent Modulation of Neurotransmitter Innervation to Vasopressin Neurons of the Supraoptic Nucleus
Authors: Mueller Nancy K. , Di Shi , Paden Charles M. , Herman James P.
Published: September 2004

Confocal microscopy was used to assess activity-dependent neuroplasticity in neurotransmitter innervation of vasopressin immunoreactive magnocellular neurons in the supraoptic nucleus (SON). Vesicular glutamate transporter 2, glutamic acid decarboxylase, and dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) synaptic boutons were visualized in apposition to vasopressin neurons in the SON. A decrease in DBH synaptic boutons per cell was seen upon salt loading, indicating diminished noradrenergic/adrenergic innervation. Loss of DBH appositions to vasopressin neurons was associated with a general loss of DBH immunoreactivity in the SON. In contrast, the number of vesicular glutamate transporter 2 synaptic boutons per neuron increased with salt loading, consistent with increased glutamatergic drive of magnocellular SON neurons. Salt loading also caused an increase in the total number of glutamic acid decarboxylase synaptic boutons on vasopressinergic neurons, suggesting enhanced inhibitory innervation as well. These studies indicate that synaptic plasticity compensates for increased secretory demand and may indeed underlie increased secretion, perhaps via neurotransmitter-specific, activity-related changes in synaptic contacts on vasopressinergic magnocellular neurons in the SON.
Roles of the Lactogens and Somatogens in Perinatal and Postnatal Metabolism and Growth: Studies of a Novel Mouse Model Combining Lactogen Resistance and Growth Hormone Deficiency
Authors: Fleenor Donald , Oden Jon , Kelly Paul A. , Mohan Subburaman , Alliouachene Samira , Pende Mario , Wentz Sabrina , Kerr Jennifer , Freemark Michael
Published: September 2004

To delineate the roles of the lactogens and GH in the control of perinatal and postnatal growth, fat deposition, insulin production, and insulin action, we generated a novel mouse model that combines resistance to all lactogenic hormones with a severe deficiency of pituitary GH. The model was created by breeding PRL receptor (PRLR)-deficient (knockout) males with GH-deficient (little) females. In contrast to mice with isolated GH or PRLR deficiencies, double-mutant (lactogen-resistant and GH-deficient) mice on d 7 of life had growth failure and hypoglycemia. These findings suggest that lactogens and GH act in concert to facilitate weight gain and glucose homeostasis during the perinatal period. Plasma insulin and IGF-I and IGF-II concentrations were decreased in both GH-deficient and double-mutant neonates but were normal in PRLR-deficient mice. Body weights of the double mutants were reduced markedly during the first 3–4 months of age, and adults had striking reductions in femur length, plasma IGF-I and IGF binding protein-3 concentrations, and femoral bone mineral density. By age 6–12 months, however, the double-mutant mice developed obesity, hyperleptinemia, fasting hyperglycemia, relative hypoinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and glucose intolerance; males were affected to a greater degree than females. The combination of perinatal growth failure and late-onset obesity and insulin resistance suggests that the lactogen-resistant/GH-deficient mouse may serve as a model for the development of the metabolic syndrome.
A Distal Region Involving Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4α and CAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein Markedly Potentiates the Protein Kinase A Stimulation of the Glucose-6-Phosphatase Promoter
Authors: Gautier-Stein Amandine , Mithieux Gilles , Rajas Fabienne
Published: September 2004

Glucose-6-phosphatase (Glc6Pase) is the last enzyme of gluconeogenesis and is only expressed in the liver, kidney, and small intestine. In these tissues, the mRNA and its activity are increased when cAMP levels increased (e.g. in fasting or diabetes). We first report that a proximal region (within −200 bp relative to the transcription start site) and a distal region (−694/−500 bp) are both required for a potent cAMP and a protein kinase A (PKA) responsiveness of the Glc6Pase promoter. Using different molecular approaches, we demonstrate that hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF4α), CAAT/ enhancer-binding protein-α (C/EBPα), C/EBPβ, and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) are involved in the potentiated PKA responsiveness: in the distal region, via one HNF4α- and one C/EBP-binding sites, and in the proximal region, via two HNF4α and two CREB-binding sites. We also show that HNF4α, C/EBPα, and C/EBPβ are constitutively bound to the endogenous Glc6Pase gene, whereas CREB and CREB-binding protein (CBP) will be bound to the gene upon stimulation by cAMP. These data strongly suggest that the cAMP responsiveness of the Glc6Pase promoter requires a tight cooperation between a proximal and a distal region, which depends on the presence of several HNF4α-, C/EBP-, and CREB-binding sites, therefore involving an intricate association of hepatic and ubiquitous transcription factors.
Template-dependent incorporation of 8-N3AMP into RNA with bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase
Authors: GOPALAKRISHNA SAILESH , GUSTI VERONICA , NAIR SETHULEKSHMY , SAHAR SAURABH , GAUR RAJESH K.
Published: September 2004

UV-induced photochemical crosslinking is a powerful approach that can be used for the identification of specific interactions involving nucleic acid-protein and nucleic acid-nucleic acid complexes. 8-AzidoATP (8-N3ATP) is a photoaffinity-labeling agent which has been widely used to elucidate the ATP binding site of a variety of proteins. However, its true potential as a photoactivatable nucleotide analog could not be exploited due to the lack of 8-azidoadenosine phosphoramidite, a monomer used in the synthesis of RNA, and the inability of 8-N3ATP to serve as an efficient substrate for bacteriophage RNA polymerase. In this study, we explored the ability of SP6, T3, and T7 RNA polymerases and metal ion cofactors to catalyze the incorporation of 8-N3AMP into RNA. Whereas transcription buffer containing 2.0–2.5 mM Mn2+supports T7 RNA polymerase-mediated insertion of 8-N3AMP into RNA, a mixture of 2.5 mM Mn2+and 2.5 mM Mg2+further improves the yield of 8-N3AMP-containing transcript. In addition, both RNA transcription and reverse transcription proceed with high fidelity for the incorporation of 8-N3AMP and complementary residue, respectively. Finally, we show that a high-affinity MS2 coat protein binding sequence, in which adenosine residues were replaced by 8-azidoadenosine, crosslinks to the coat protein of theEscherichia coliphage MS2.
Evidence against a direct role for the Upf proteins in frameshifting or nonsense codon readthrough
Authors: HARGER JASON W. , DINMAN JONATHAN D.
Published: September 2004

The Upf proteins are essential for nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). They have also been implicated in the modulation of translational fidelity at viral frameshift signals and premature termination codons. How these factors function in both mRNA turnover and translational control remains unclear. In this study, mono- and bicistronic reporter systems were used in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisae to differentiate between effects at the levels of mRNA turnover and those at the level of translation. We confirm that upfΔ mutants do not affect programmed frameshifting, and show that this is also true for mutant forms of eIF1/Sui1p. Further, bicistronic reporters did not detect defects in translational readthrough due to deletion of the UPF genes, suggesting that their function in termination is not as general a phenomenon as was previously believed. The demonstration that upf sui1 double mutants are synthetically lethal demonstrates an important functional interaction between the NMD and translation initiation pathway.
Evidence for reassociation of RNA-binding proteins after cell lysis: Implications for the interpretation of immunoprecipitation analyses
Authors: MILI STAVROULA , STEITZ JOAN A.
Published: September 2004

Immuno- and other affinity-purification approaches are commonly used to characterize the composition of ribonucleoprotein complexes. While associations detected by these procedures are often interpreted as reflecting in vivo interactions, it is also possible that they arise from reassociation of molecules after cell lysis. Here we used an experimental approach that allowed us to distinguish between these possibilities. Surprisingly, we show that the association of the RNA-binding protein HuR with its target mRNA, c-fos, as detected by co-immunoprecipitation, results largely from reassociation of molecules subsequent to cell lysis. The existence of such postlysis reassortments thus demonstrates that co-immunoprecipitation does not always recapitulate the in vivo state of ribonucleoprotein complexes.
Stop codon-mediated suppression of splicing is a novel nuclear scanning mechanism not affected by elements of protein synthesis and NMD
Authors: WACHTEL CHAIM , LI BINGHUI , SPERLING JOSEPH , SPERLING RUTH
Published: September 2004

The pre-mRNA splicing machine must frequently discriminate between normal and many potential 5′splice sites that match the consensus sequence but remain latent. Suppression of splicing (SOS) at such latent 5′splice sites is required for the maintenance of an open reading frame, and to ensure that only RNAs that encode for functional proteins will be formed. In this study we show that SOS is a novel mechanism distinct from the known RNA surveillance mechanisms. First, SOS is distinct from nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) because it is not dependent on translation and is not affected by RNAi-mediated down-regulation of hUpf1 and hUpf2—two key components of the NMD pathway. Second, SOS is distinct from nonsense-associated alternative splicing (NAS), because a mutant of hUpf1, which was shown to abrogate NAS, does not activate latent splicing. Elucidating the mechanism of SOS is pertinent to human disease in view of the large number of human genes that harbor latent splice sites.
Cap-binding activity of an eIF4E homolog from Leishmania
Authors: YOFFE YAEL , ZUBEREK JOANNA , LEWDOROWICZ MAGDALENA , ZEIRA ZIV , KEASAR CHEN , ORR-DAHAN IRIT , JANKOWSKA-ANYSZKA MARZENA , STEPINSKI JANUSZ , DARZYNKIEWICZ EDWARD , SHAPIRA MICHAL
Published: September 2004

All eukaryotic mRNAs possess a 5′-cap (m7GpppN) that is recognized by a family of cap-binding proteins. These participate in various processes, such as RNA transport and stabilization, as well as in assembly of the translation initiation complex. The 5′-cap of trypanosomatids is complex; in addition to 7-methyl guanosine, it includes unique modifications on the first four transcribed nucleotides, and is thus denoted cap-4. Here we analyze a cap-binding protein of Leishmania, in an attempt to understand the structural features that promote its binding to this unusual cap. LeishIF4E-1, a homolog of eIF4E, contains the conserved cap-binding pocket, similar to its mouse counterpart. The mouse eIF4E has a higher Kas for all cap analogs tested, as compared with LeishIF4E-1. However, whereas the mouse eIF4E shows a fivefold higher affinity for m7GTP than for a chemically synthesized cap-4 structure, LeishIF4E-1 shows similar affinities for both ligands. A sequence alignment shows that LeishIF4E-1 lacks the region that parallels the C terminus in the murine eIF4E. Truncation of this region in the mouse protein reduces the difference that is observed between its binding to m7GTP and cap-4, prior to this deletion. We hypothesize that variations in the structure of LeishIF4E-1, possibly also the absence of a region that is homologous to the C terminus of the mouse protein, promote its ability to interact with the cap-4 structure. LeishIF4E-1 is distributed in the cytoplasm, but its function is not clear yet, because it cannot substitute the mammalian eIF4E in a rabbit reticulocyte in vitro translation system.
Cbf5p, the putative pseudouridine synthase of H/ACA-type snoRNPs, can form a complex with Gar1p and Nop10p in absence of Nhp2p and box H/ACA snoRNAs
Authors: HENRAS ANTHONY K. , CAPEYROU REGINE , HENRY YVES , CAIZERGUES-FERRER MICHELE
Published: September 2004

Box C/D and box H/ACA small ribonucleoprotein particles (sRNPs) are found from archaea to humans, and some of these play key roles during the biogenesis of ribosomes or components of the splicing apparatus. The protein composition of the core of both types of particles is well established and the assembly pathway of box C/D sRNPs has been extensively investigated both in archaeal and eukaryotic systems. In contrast, knowledge concerning the mode of assembly and final structure of box H/ACA sRNPs is much more limited. In the present study, we have investigated the protein/protein interactions taking place between the four protein components of yeast box H/ACA small nucleolar RNPs (snoRNPs), Cbf5p, Gar1p, Nhp2p, and Nop10p. We provide evidence that Cbf5p, Gar1p, and Nop10p can form a complex devoid of Nhp2p and small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) components of the particles and that Cbf5p and Nop10p can directly bind to each other. We also show that the absence of any component necessary for assembly of box H/ACA snoRNPs inhibits accumulation of Cbf5p, Gar1p, or Nop10p, whereas Nhp2p levels are little affected.
Methylation of 23S rRNA nucleotide G745 is a secondary function of the RlmAI methyltransferase
Authors: LIU MINGFU , NOVOTNY GUY W. , DOUTHWAITE STEPHEN
Published: September 2004

Several groups of Gram-negative bacteria possess an RlmAI methyltransferase that methylates 23S rRNA nucleotide G745 at the N1 position. Inactivation of rlmAI in Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Escherichia coli reduces growth rates by at least 30%, supposedly due to ribosome malfunction. Wild-type phenotypes are restored by introduction of plasmid-encoded rlmAI, but not by the orthologous Gram-positive gene rlmAII that methylates the neighboring nucleotide G748. Nucleotide G745 interacts with A752 in a manner that does not involve the guanine N1 position. When a cytosine is substituted at A752, a Watson–Crick G745-C752 pair is formed occluding the guanine N1 and greatly reducing RlmAI methylation. Methylation is completely abolished by substitution of the G745 base. Intriguingly, the absence of methylation in E. coli rRNA mutant strains causes no reduction in growth rate. Furthermore, the slow-growing rlmAI knockout strains of Acinetobacter and E. coli revert to the wild-type growth phenotype after serial passages on agar plates. All the cells tested were pseudorevertants, and none of them had recovered G745 methylation. Analyses of the pseudorevertants failed to reveal second-site mutations in the ribosomal components close to nucleotide G745. The results indicate that cell growth is not dependent on G745 methylation, and that the RlmAI methyltransferase therefore has another (as yet unidentified) primary function.
Fuzzy-Systeme mit inhärenter Dynamik: ein Überblick (A Survey on Fuzzy Systems with Inherent Dynamics)
Authors: Adamy Jürgen , Kempf Roland
Published: September 2004

Fuzzy-Systeme sind im Allgemeinen statische Systeme. Des Weiteren lassen sich aber auch dynamische Systeme direkt durch Fuzzy-Funktionen und Regeln beschreiben. Ihre Dynamik ist dabei inhärent und wird nicht durch das Gewichten von dynamischen Modellen wie im Falle von Takagi–Sugeno–Kang-Systemen erreicht, sondern durch direkte Rückführung der Ausgangsgrößen eines Fuzzy-Systems. In diesem Beitrag werden vier verschiedene, zentrale Ansätze für Fuzzy-Systeme mit inhärenter Dynamik behandelt: rekurrente Fuzzy-Systeme, dynamische Fuzzy-Systeme, iterierte Fuzzy-Mengen und Fuzzy-Automaten.
Multi Device Portals (Multi Device Portals)
Authors: Hänel Walter
Published: September 2004

In the last few years, Internet Portals have evolved from proprietary solutions to frameworks supporting open standards for portal applications, commonly called portlets. Despite this evolution, portals supporting data access on multiple devices are still in their infancy. The differences in the capabilities of the supported devices and the used protocols are significant. While there are some answers on the horizon for presenting applications on multiple devices, such as JSR 188 and new markup languages like RIML, we are still missing solutions supporting multi modal devices on portals.
Verifix: Konstruktion und Architektur verifizierender Übersetzer (Verifix: Construction and Architecture of Verifying Compilers)
Authors: Glesner Sabine , Goos Gerhard , Zimmermann Wolf
Published: September 2004

Übersetzer (Compiler) sind das Herzstück bei der Erstellung von Software, erlauben sie es doch, Programme in höheren Programmiersprachen zu schreiben, die dann mithilfe von Übersetzern in Maschinencode transformiert werden. Um zuverlässige Software zu erstellen, ist es daher unbedingt erforderlich, dass Übersetzer nachweislich korrekt arbeiten. Das DFG-Projekt Verifix, das gemeinsam in den Arbeitsgruppen von Prof. Goos (Universität Karlsruhe), Prof. v. Henke (Universität Ulm) und Prof. Langmaack (Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel) durchgeführt wurde, hat Methoden entwickelt, mit denen formal korrekte Übersetzer konstruiert werden können, ohne dass dabei Leistungseinbußen entstehen. In diesem Artikel stellen wir diese Methoden sowie unsere im Projekt erzielten Ergebnisse im Überblick vor.
Understanding Taiwan Independence and Its Policy Implications
Authors: Niou Emerson M. S.
Published: September 2004

Taiwan's democratization has placed Taiwan independence as one of the most important issues for its domestic politics and for the security balance in the Taiwan Strait. Surveys have been conducted regularly to track shifts in Taiwanese public sentiment on this issue. This article presents a new measure of the Taiwan independence issue and shows how voters' preferences can be influenced.
FREE SOIL, UNFREE LABOR
Authors: MAGLIARI M.
Published: September 2004

Although it prohibited chattel slavery, California permitted the virtual enslavement of Native Americans under the 1850 Act for the Government and Protection of Indians. Scholars have described some of the key components of the Indian Act, but none has provided a systematic examination of the law's labor provisions or examined how individual employers actually used the law. This article does both by offering a careful survey of the Indian Act, followed by a detailed case study focusing on Cave Couts, the owner of Rancho Guajome in San Diego County. The Couts example reveals that the 1850 Act did not simply legalize the exploitation of Indians as prisoners and indentured "apprentices." Perhaps more importantly, it also preserved the system of debt peonage that had �ourished in California under Mexican rule. Not until after the Civil War did California become a truly free state.
ENCLAVES OF VIOLENCE IN NINETEENTH- CENTURY CALIFORNIA
Authors: MCKANNA C. V.
Published: September 2004

This essay examines homicide data (1,317 cases) collected from newspapers, coroners' inquests, and criminal court records in San Diego, Santa Barbara, San Luis Obispo, Sacramento, San Joaquin, Calaveras, and Tuolumne counties, which were selected because of regional and ethnic variation. The gold rush enticed thousands of young males who spent their leisure hours drinking and gambling in mining camps. Factors such as the boomtown effect and the critical convergence of young men, guns, alcohol, and minor grievances came together to create "enclaves of violence" in these gold camps, in Chinatowns, and in San Diego Indian lands. With the exception of Chinatowns, these enclaves lacked a sense of community. Consequently, they created the image of a violent society and re�ect the reality that parts of California, at certain times and places, were indeed violent.
Relation between cell disruption conditions, cell debris particle size, and inclusion body release
Authors: van Hee Pim , Middelberg Anton P.J. , van der Lans Rob G.J.M. , van der Wielen Luuk A.M.
Published: September 2004

The efficiency of physical separation of inclusion bodies from cell debris is related to cell debris size and inclusion body release and both factors should be taken into account when designing a process. In this work, cell disruption by enzymatic treatment with lysozyme and cellulase, by homogenization, and by homogenization with ammonia pretreatment is discussed. These disruption methods are compared on the basis of inclusion body release, operating costs, and cell debris particle size. The latter was measured with cumulative sedimentation analysis in combination with membrane‐associated protein quantification by SDS‐PAGE and a spectrophotometric peptidoglycan quantification method. Comparison of the results obtained with these two cell debris quantification methods shows that enzymatic treatment yields cell debris particles with varying chemical composition, while this is not the case with the other disruption methods that were investigated. Furthermore, the experiments show that ammonia pretreatment with homogenization increases inclusion body release compared to homogenization without pretreatment and that this pretreatment may be used to control the cell debris size to some extent. The enzymatic disruption process gives a higher product release than homogenization with or without ammonia pretreatment at lower operating costs, but it also yields a much smaller cell debris size than the other disruption process. This is unfavorable for centrifugal inclusion body purification in this case, where cell debris is the component going to the sediment and the inclusion body is the floating component. Nevertheless, calculations show that centrifugal separation of inclusion bodies from the enzymatically treated cells gives a high inclusion body yield and purity. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Improved recanalization of chronic total coronary occlusions using an optical coherence reflectometry‐guided guidewire
Authors: Hoye Angela , Onderwater Emile , Cummins Paul , Sianos Georgios , Serruys Patrick W.
Published: September 2004

Successful percutaneous therapy of chronic total occlusions is limited predominantly by the inability to cross the lesion. We report our experience of 29 chronic total occlusions (CTOs) that could not be crossed with conventional wires and subsequently underwent attempted recanalization facilitated using a wire navigated with optical coherence reflectometry. Mean length of occlusion was 22.1 mm (range, 4.5–88.7 mm). Successful recanalization was achieved in a further 15 (51.7%), with no complications of tamponade, myocardial infarction, or death. These results demonstrate that this wire can be a useful tool in addition to conventional wires in the treatment of CTO. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2004;63:158–163. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Real‐world bare metal stenting: Identification of patients at low or very low risk of 9‐month coronary revascularization
Authors: Ellis Stephen G. , Bajzer Christopher T. , Bhatt Deepak L. , Brener Sorin J. , Whitlow Patrick L. , Lincoff A. Michael , Moliterno David J. , Raymond Russell E. , Tuzcu E. Murat , Franco Irving , Dushman‐Ellis Sandra , Lander Katherine J. , Schneider Jakob P. , Topol Eric J.
Published: September 2004

The high cost of drug‐eluting stents (DESs) has made identification of patients who are at low risk for subsequent revascularization after treatment with bare metal stents (BMSs) highly desirable. Previous reports from randomized trials suffer from biases induced by restricted entry criteria and protocol‐mandated angiographic follow‐up. Between 1994 and 2001, 5,239 consecutive BMS patients, excluding those with coil stents, technical failure, brachytherapy, staged procedure, or stent thrombosis within 30 days, were prospectively identified from a large single‐center tertiary‐referral‐center prospective registry for long‐term follow‐up. We sought to identify characteristics of patients with very low (≤ 4%) or low (4–10%) likelihood of coronary revascularization 9 months after BMS. Nine‐month clinical follow‐up was obtained in 98.2% of patients. Coronary revascularization was required in 13.4% and did not differ significantly by stent type. On the basis of multivariate analysis identifying 11 independent correlates and previous reports, 20 potential low‐risk patient and lesion groups (228 ± 356 patients/groups) were identified (e.g, patients with all of the following: native vessel, de novo, reference diameter ≥ 3.5 mm, lesion length < 5 mm, no diabetes, not ostial in location). Actual and model‐based outcomes were analyzed. No group had both predicted and observed 9‐month revascularization ≤ 4% (very low risk). Conversely, 19 of 20 groups had a predicted and observed revascularization rate of 4–10% (low risk). In the real‐world setting, the need for intermediate‐term revascularization after BMS may be lower than expected, but it may be very difficult to identify patients at very low risk. Conversely, if the benefits of DESs are attenuated in routine practice, many groups of patients treated with BMSs may have nearly comparable results. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2004;63:135–140. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Patient tolerance and resource utilization associated with an arterial closure versus an external compression device after percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Juergens Craig P. , Leung Dominic Y.C. , Crozier John A. , Wong Adelina M. , Robinson Jacqui T.C. , Lo Sidney , Kachwalla Hashim , Hopkins Andrew P.
Published: September 2004

We assessed patient tolerance and resource utilization of using the AngioSeal closure device versus assisted manual compression using the Femostop device after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Patients undergoing PCI with clean arterial access and no procedural hematoma were randomized to receive the AngioSeal or Femostop device to achieve femoral arterial hemostasis. Times from procedure end to removal from angiography table, hemostasis, ambulation, and hospital discharge were recorded. Bedside nursing/medical officer care time, vascular complications, and disposable use were also documented. Patient comfort was assessed using Present Pain Intensity and Visual Analogue scales at baseline, 4 hr, 8 hr, and the morning after the procedure. One hundred twenty‐two patients were enrolled (62 AngioSeal, 60 Femostop). Patients in the AngioSeal group took longer to be removed from the angiography table (11 ± 4 vs. 9 ± 3 min; P = 0.002) compared with the Femostop group. Time to hemostasis (0.4 ± 1.1 vs. 6.4 ± 1.7 hr; P < 0.001) and ambulation (17 ± 8 vs. 22 ± 13 hr; P = 0.004) were less in the AngioSeal group, although time to discharge was not different. Nursing and medical officer time was no different. Disposables including device cost were higher in the AngioSeal group ($209 ± 13 vs. $53 ± 9; P < 0.001). On a Visual Analogue scale, patients reported more pain at 4 hr (P < 0.001) and 8 hr (P < 0.001) in the Femostop group. The worst amount of pain at any time point was also more severe in the Femostop group (P < 0.001). Similar results were found on a Present Pain Intensity scale of pain. There were no differences in ultrasound‐determined vascular complications (two each). Femoral access site closure using the AngioSeal device resulted in a small delay in leaving the angiography suite and a higher disposable cost compared to using the Femostop device. However, patients receiving the AngioSeal were able to ambulate sooner and reported less pain, which may justify the increased costs involved. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2004;63:166–170. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale guided by intracardiac echocardiography and performed through the transfemoral approach in the presence of previously placed inferior vena cava filters: A case series
Authors: Awadalla Hany , Boccalandro Fernando , Majano Romeo A. , Moustapha Ali , Salloum Joseph G. , Smalling Richard W.
Published: September 2004

We present three patients with cryptogenic stroke who underwent transcatheter closure of a patent foramen ovale. All patients have had history of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism with placement of inferior vena caval filters. The patients were not initially considered suitable candidates for the procedure because of risk of dislodgment of previously implanted inferior vena cava filter. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2004;63:242–246. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Homologous Silver Bismuth Chalcogenide Halides (N,x)P. Part 1. Syntheses and Crystal Structures of the (0,1)P Compound AgBi2S2Cl3 and of Three Members of the (1,x)P Solid Solution Series Ag2xBi4‐2xS6‐4xBr4x.
Authors: Poudeu Pierre Ferdinand Poudeu , Soehnel Tilo , Ruck Michael
Published: September 2004

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Ti Diffusion in La‐Doped SrTiO3 Single Crystals.
Authors: Goemann Karsten , Borchardt Guenter , Gunhold Anissa , Maus‐Friedrichs Wolfgang , Baumann Horst
Published: September 2004

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Moessbauer Spectroscopic Study of Pressure‐Induced Magnetization in Wuestite (FeO).
Authors: Kantor I. Yu. , McCammon C. A. , Dubrovinsky L. S.
Published: September 2004

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Thermoelectric Properties of Thallium Antimony Telluride.
Authors: Kurosaki Ken , Uneda Hironori , Muta Hiroaki , Yamanaka Shinsuke
Published: September 2004

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Fabrication and Thermoelectric Properties of Ca3‐xDyxCo4O9+δ System.
Authors: Wang Dongli , Chen Lidong , Wang Qun , Li Jianguo
Published: September 2004

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Li Ion Transport and Interface Percolation in Nano‐ and Microcrystalline Composites.
Authors: Ulrich Markus , Bunde Armin , Indris Sylvio , Heitjans Paul
Published: September 2004

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Superparamagnetic Cobalt Ferrite Nanocrystals Synthesized by Alkalide Reduction.
Authors: Mooney Kim E. , Nelson Jennifer A. , Wagner Michael J.
Published: September 2004

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Hydrogen‐Induced Effects in Alloys of Type Nd2(Fe/Co)14B Studied by X‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy.
Authors: Lebiedz D. , Zuechner H. , Gutfleisch O.
Published: September 2004

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Phosphorus Nanorods — Two Allotropic Modifications of a Long‐Known Element.
Authors: Pfitzner Arno , Braeu Michael F. , Zweck Josef , Brunklaus Gunther , Eckert Hellmut
Published: September 2004

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Kinetic Resolution of Amines: A Highly Enantioselective and Chemoselective Acetylating Agent with a Unique Solvent‐Induced Reversal of Stereoselectivity.
Authors: Arseniyadis Stellios , Valleix Alain , Wagner Alain , Mioskowski Charles
Published: September 2004

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Synthesis and Application in Asymmetric C—C Bond Formation of Solution Phase Ligand Libraries of Monodentate Phosphoramidites.
Authors: Duursma Ate , Lefort Laurent , Boogers Jeroen A. F. , de Vries Andre H. M. , de Vries Johannes G. , Minnaard Adriaan J. , Feringa Ben L.
Published: September 2004

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CuI/N,N‐Dimethylglycine‐Catalyzed Coupling of Vinyl Halides with Amides or Carbamates.
Authors: Pan Xianhua , Cai Qian , Ma Dawei
Published: September 2004

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Pyridopyridazines, Benzimidazolopyrimidines, Triazolopyrimidines, 9‐Oxo‐2,3,6,7‐tetraazabicyclo[3.3.1]nona‐3,7‐diene and Aroylcinnolines from 2‐Arylhydrazono‐3‐oxopropanals.
Authors: Al‐Zaydi Khadijah M. , Elnagdi Mohamed H.
Published: September 2004

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New Ring‐Expansion Reactions of Hydroxy Propenoyl Cyclic Compounds under Palladium(0)/Phosphine‐Catalyzed Conditions.
Authors: Nagao Yoshimitsu , Tanaka Satoru , Ueki Akiharu , Kumazawa Masunori , Goto Satoru , Ooi Takashi , Sano Shigeki , Shiro Motoo
Published: September 2004

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Photochemistry of Fluorinated Heterocyclic Compounds. An Expedient Route for the Synthesis of Fluorinated 1,3,4‐Oxadiazoles and 1,2,4‐Triazoles.
Authors: Pace Andrea , Pibiri Ivana , Buscemi Silvestre , Vivona Nicolo
Published: September 2004

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Partial Oxidation of Alcohols to Aldehydes and Ketones under Mild Conditions.
Authors: Qian Guang , Zhao Rui , Lu Gaomeng , Qi Yanxing , Suo Jishuan
Published: September 2004

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Indium‐Catalyzed Direct Chlorination of Alcohols Using Chlorodimethylsilane—Benzil as a Selective and Mild System.
Authors: Yasuda Makoto , Yamasaki Satoshi , Onishi Yoshiyuki , Baba Akio
Published: September 2004

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A LiCl‐Mediated Br/Mg Exchange Reaction for the Preparation of Functionalized Aryl‐ and Heteroarylmagnesium Compounds from Organic Bromides.
Authors: Krasovskiy Arkady , Knochel Paul
Published: September 2004

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Conventional and Microwave Assisted Hydrogenolysis Using Zinc and Ammonium Formate.
Authors: Srinivasa G. R. , Babu S. N. Narendra , Lakshmi C. , Gowda D. Channe
Published: September 2004

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Facile Synthesis of 1,1‐Diacetates from Aldehydes Using Environmentally Benign Solid Acid Catalyst under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Reddy Benjaram M. , Sreekanth Pavani M. , Khan Ataullah
Published: September 2004

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Concise Synthesis of Stereodefined Dienols and Cyclopentadienes via Direct Addition of 1‐Bromomagnesiobutadienes and 1‐Lithiobutadienes to Carbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Fang Hongyun , Song Qiuling , Wang Zhihui , Xi Zhenfeng
Published: September 2004

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Novel Methodology for the Synthesis of N‐Alkoxyamines.
Authors: Braslau Rebecca , Tsimelzon Anna , Gewandter Jennifer
Published: September 2004

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Double Nucleophilic Addition of Azide and Tetramethallyltin to α,β‐Unsaturated Aldimines Promoted by Aluminum Chloride.
Authors: Shimizu Makoto , Yamauchi Chiaki , Ogawa Toshiki
Published: September 2004

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A Telluride‐Triggered Nucleophilic Ring Opening of Monoactivated Cyclopropanes.
Authors: Avilov Dmitry V. , Malusare Mahesh G. , Arslancan Engin , Dittmer Donald C.
Published: September 2004

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Generation of Magnesium Carbenoids from 1‐Chloroalkyl Phenyl Sulfoxides with a Grignard Reagent and Applications to Alkylation and Olefin Synthesis.
Authors: Satoh Tsuyoshi , Kondo Atsushi , Musashi Jun
Published: September 2004

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A Facile and Mild Method for the Synthesis of Terminal Bromofluoroolefins via Diethylzinc‐Promoted Wittig Reaction.
Authors: Lei Xinsheng , Dutheuil Guillaume , Pannecoucke Xavier , Quirion Jean‐Charles
Published: September 2004

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ipso‐Nitration of Arylboronic Acids with Chlorotrimethylsilane—Nitrate Salts.
Authors: Prakash G. K. Surya , Panja Chiradeep , Mathew Thomas , Surampudi Vijayalakshmi , Petasis Nicos A. , Olah George A.
Published: September 2004

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Double C—H Activation Strategy for the Asymmetric Synthesis of C2‐Symmetric Anilines.
Authors: Davies Huw M. L. , Jin Qihui
Published: September 2004

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A Stereoselective, Multiple‐Component Approach to α,β‐Substituted‐β‐amino Carbonyl Derivatives.
Authors: Joffe Avrum L. , Thomas Timothy M. , Adrian James C. Jr.
Published: September 2004

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Facile Synthesis of 2′‐Acetamido‐m‐terphenyls via Suzuki Coupling.
Authors: Rajakumar Perumal , Srisailas Muthialu
Published: September 2004

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Synthesis and Photochemistry of Styryl Substituted Anellated Furan Derivatives. Part 4. Concentration Directed Intra‐ and/or Intermolecular [2 + 2] Cycloaddition.
Authors: Skoric Irena , Marinic Zeljko , Sindler‐Kulyk Marija
Published: September 2004

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Synthesis of Fused Tetrahydrofuran‐γ‐lactone Motifs via One‐Pot Ring Expansion of Cyclopropane Rings.
Authors: Kim Charles , Brady Thomas , Kim Sun Hee , Theodorakis Emmanuel A.
Published: September 2004

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Stereodivergent and Regioselective Synthesis of 3,4‐cis‐ and 3,4‐trans‐Pyrrolidinediols from α‐Amino Acids.
Authors: Kim Jin Hyo , Long Marcus J. C. , Kim Jun Young , Park Ki Hun
Published: September 2004

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Optical Anion Sensors Based on Alkyne‐Linked, Functionalized Calix[4]pyrroles.
Authors: Miyaji Hidekazu , Sato Wataru , An Deqiang , Sessler Jonathan L.
Published: September 2004

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Synthesis of 5‐Methyl‐1,2,3,4,5,6‐hexahydrocyclopenta[g]carbazole‐1,7‐diones and Crotonyl‐2‐isopropyl‐1‐oxo‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydrocarbazoles from 1‐Oxo‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydrocarbazoles by Friedel—Crafts Reaction.
Authors: Danish Isravel A. , Prasad Karnam J. R.
Published: September 2004

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One‐Pot Facile Synthesis of 1,3,4‐Trisubstituted Imidazolin‐2‐ones
Authors: Cheng Yunfeng , Hu Yongzhou
Published: September 2004

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Pyran‐Containing Sulfonamide Hydroxamic Acids: Potent MMP Inhibitors that Spare MMP‐1.
Authors: Reiter Lawrence A. , et al. et al.
Published: September 2004

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Synthesis of 3‐Substituted 8‐Hydroxy‐3,4‐dihydroisocoumarins via Successive Lateral and ortho‐Lithiations of 4,4‐Dimethyl‐2‐(o‐totyl)oxazoline.
Authors: Tahara Naruki , Fukuda Tsutomu , Iwao Masatomo
Published: September 2004

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A Single‐Step Assembly of Coumarin Ring Skeleton from Oxygenated Phenols and Acetylenic Esters by Catalytic Indium Chloride in the Absence of Solvent.
Authors: Kalyanam N. , Nagarajan A. , Majeed M.
Published: September 2004

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Chromone Studies. Part 15. Formation and Condensation of Baylis—Hillman Adducts in DABCO‐Catalyzed Reactions of Chromone‐3‐carbaldehydes with Acrylonitrile.
Authors: Kaye Perry T. , Molefe Duduzile M. , Nchinda Aloysius T. , Sabbagh Liezel V.
Published: September 2004

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New Epoxide Molten Salts: Key Intermediates for Designing Novel Ionic Liquids
Authors: Demberelnyamba D. , Yoon Sang Jun , Lee Huen
Published: September 2004

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A Lactam‐Derived Vinyl Boronate as a Stable and Crystalline Reagent for the Synthesis of 2‐Substituted Piperidines by Pd‐Catalyzed Coupling Reactions.
Authors: Ferrali Alessandro , Guarna Antonio , Lo Galbo Fabrizio , Occhiato Ernesto G.
Published: September 2004

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Zirconocene‐Mediated Intermolecular Coupling of One Molecule of Si‐Tethered Diyne with Three Molecules of Organonitriles: One‐Pot Formation of Pyrrolo[3,2‐c]pyridine Derivatives via Cleavage of CN Triple Bonds of Organonitriles.
Authors: Sun Xiaohua , Wang Congyang , Li Zhiping , Zhang Shiwei , Xi Zhenfeng
Published: September 2004

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Unexpected Reaction of 2,2‐Dihydropolyfluoroalkylaldehydes with Ammonia and Aldehydes or Ketones: A Novel Synthetic Method for 4‐Fluoroalkyl‐1,2‐dihydropyrimidine.
Authors: Yang Xian‐Jin , Liu Jin‐Tao
Published: September 2004

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New and Practical Method for Synthesis of 1‐ and 1,3‐Substituted Xanthines.
Authors: Zavialov Ilia A. , Dahanukar Vilas H. , Nguyen Hoa , Orr Cecilia , Andrews David R.
Published: September 2004

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The First Synthesis of Substituted Azepanes Mimicking Monosaccharides: A New Class of Potent Glycosidase Inhibitors.
Authors: Li Hongqing , Bleriot Yves , Chantereau Caroline , Mallet Jean‐Maurice , Sollogoub Matthieu , Zhang Yongmin , Rodriguez‐Garcia Eliazar , Vogel Pierre , Jimenez‐Barbero Jesus , Sinay Pierre
Published: September 2004

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The Furan Approach to Oxacycles: Synthesis of Medium‐Size 2,3‐Disubstituted Oxacycles.
Authors: Perez Manuel , Canoa Pilar , Gomez Generosa , Teran Carmen , Fall Yagamare
Published: September 2004

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Solvent‐Free Synthesis of 1,5‐Benzothiazepines and Benzodiazepines on Inorganic Supports.
Authors: Kodomari Mitsuo , Noguchi Tomohiro , Aoyama Tadashi
Published: September 2004

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