bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insécurité des aliments. Rôle des protozoaires
Authors: Rosset Roland
Published: September 2017

En matière d’insécurité des aliments on évoque rarement le rôle des protozoaires, rôle qui cependant n’est pas mineur. Parmi les coccidies impliquées, deux espèces sont actuellement émergentes, à savoir Cryptosporidium parvum et Cyclospora cayetanensis. Ces protozoaires se manifestent essentiellement, quoique exceptionnellement, dans les zones tropicales mais aussi en Europe et aux États-Unis (en 1993 épisode de Milwaukee avec 403 000 malades et plus de 100 morts). Une surveillance accrue de l’assainissement de l’eau de distribution doit être instaurée.

Par contre Toxoplasma gondii, agent de la toxoplasmose, est bien connu, la contamination se réalisant par l’ingestion soit d’ookystes excrétés par le chat et venant polluer les aliments, soit de formes larvaires, présentes dans la viande, provenant, après un cycle évolutif, d’animaux contaminés par ces ookystes. Ce parasite en dépit du silence des hygiénistes doit retenir notre attention. En effet l’agression de jeunes femmes enceintes qu’il est susceptible de réaliser entraîne, en France, un nombre non négligeable d’atteintes fœtales provoquant des avortements, des naissances prématurées ou des séquelles chez les nouveau-nés (600 à 700 infections annuelles). Le suivi pergravidique est, soit, systématique et se traduit si besoin par une administration de drogues efficaces ; mais l’hygiéniste protecteur de la santé publique ne peut se satisfaire de cette action tardive, aussi des études épidémiologiques doivent être menées pour organiser une réelle intervention préventive.
Référentiel pour la définition de plans de traitement des infections mammaires en troupeau laitier
Authors: Faroult Bertrand
Published: September 2017

Le référentiel présenté, décrit pour le prescripteur, les méthodes permettant de préciser les indications de la thérapeutique disponible et d’établir le diagnostic étiologique des infections mammaires au niveau du troupeau laitier. Il détaille le contenu du plan de traitement établi grâce à ce diagnostic. L’objectif de ce document et de la démarche qui l’accompagne est de rationaliser le recours à l’antibiothérapie dans le traitement des mammites et d’apporter à la filière de solides garanties quant à une maîtrise prudente et efficace des infections mammaires par l’ antibiothérapie.

Relation forte entre les performances laitières et la sensibilité aux infections, moyens médicaux pour augmenter la résistance peu nombreux, limites de l’ hygiène font du traitement antibiotique des mammites un sujet d’avenir pour l’atelier lait. Cette question ne se limite pas au seul rapport coût/efficacité du traitement. Elle constitue le premier facteur de risque de la présence de résidus inhibiteurs dans le lait et fait partie intégrante des pratiques d’élevages qui doivent gagner la confiance du citoyen consommateur. L’existence d’une relation possible entre le traitement antibiotique des animaux et l’émergence de souches bactériennes antibiorésistantes chez l’homme oblige à une approche sérieuse de ce problème sensible.
Pathologie équine et médecine vétérinaire : situation et enjeux nationaux et internationaux
Authors: Plateau Éric
Published: September 2017

Après plusieurs décennies de déclin, le nombre d’équidés en France et les activités liées à ce secteur semblent désormais progresser régulièrement notamment avec le développement des chevaux de sport et de loisir. Les effectifs sont estimés entre 450 000 et 60 0000 têtes en 2002. Par le chiffre d’affaire et les emplois qu’elle génère, la filière constitue un important secteur économique. En même temps le nombre de praticiens déclarant une activité équine partielle ou exclusive est aussi en augmentation depuis ces dernières années et la demande en formation initiale ou post universitaire importante. Les problèmes pathologiques qui semblent revêtir le plus d’importance pour la filière sont, par ordre, ceux liés à la locomotion, au système cardio-respiratoire, aux maladies infectieuses et à la reproduction. Compte tenu des mouvements de reproducteurs et des chevaux de compétitions entre pays parfois très éloignés et de statut sanitaire différent, les risques d’introduction ou de réintroduction de maladies contagieuses peuvent être importants et constituent une menace. Le maintien de contrôles sanitaires stricts, le renforcement des structures d’épidémio-surveillance mises en place en collaboration entre laboratoires spécialisés et vétérinaires de terrain sont indispensables pour que les populations équines françaises conservent leur statut sanitaire favorable.
Energy transport, polar amplification, and ITCZ shifts in the GeoMIP G1 ensemble
Authors: Russotto Rick D. , Ackerman Thomas P.
Published: September 2017

Abstract. The polar amplification of warming and the ability of the inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ) to shift to the north or south are two very important problems in climate science. Examining these behaviors in global climate models (GCMs) running solar geoengineering experiments is helpful not only for predicting the effects of solar geoengineering, but also for understanding how these processes work under increased CO2. Both polar amplification and ITCZ shifts are closely related to the meridional transport of moist static energy (MSE) by the atmosphere. This study examines changes in MSE transport in 10 fully coupled GCMs in Experiment G1 of the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project, in which the solar constant is reduced to compensate for abruptly quadrupled CO2 concentrations. In G1, poleward MSE transport decreases relative to preindustrial conditions in all models, in contrast to the CMIP5 abrupt4xCO2 experiment, in which poleward MSE transport increases. Since poleward energy transport decreases rather than increasing, and local feedbacks cannot change the sign of an initial temperature change, the residual polar amplification in the G1 experiment must be due to the different spatial patterns of the simultaneously imposed solar and CO2 forcings. However, the reduction in poleward energy transport likely plays a role in limiting the polar warming in G1. An attribution study with a moist energy balance model shows that cloud feedbacks are the largest source of uncertainty regarding changes in poleward energy transport in mid-latitudes in G1, as well as for changes in cross-equatorial energy transport, which are anticorrelated with ITCZ shifts.
Adaptive Baseline Finder, a statistical data selection strategy to identify atmospheric CO2 baseline levels and its application to European elevated mountain stations
Authors: Yuan Ye , Ries Ludwig , Petermeier Hannes , Steinbacher Martin , Gómez-Peláez Angel J. , Leuenberger Markus C. , Schumacher Marcus , Trickl Thomas , Couret Cedric , Meinhardt Frank , Menzel Annette
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Critical data selection is essential for determining representative baseline levels of atmospheric trace gas measurements even at remote measuring sites. Different data selection techniques have been used around the world which could potentially lead to bias when comparing data from different stations. This paper presents a novel statistical data selection method based on CO2 diurnal pattern occurring typically at high elevated mountain stations. Its capability and applicability was studied for atmospheric measuring records of CO2 from 2010 to 2016 at six Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) stations in Europe, namely Zugspitze-Schneefernerhaus (Germany), Sonnblick (Austria), Jungfraujoch (Switzerland), Izaña (Spain), Schauinsland (Germany) and Hohenpeissenberg (Germany). Three other frequently applied statistical data selection methods were implemented for comparison. Among all selection routines, the new method named Adaptive Baseline Finder (ABF) resulted in lower selection percentages with lower maxima during winter and higher minima during summer in the selected data. To investigate long-term trend and seasonality, seasonal decomposition technique STL was applied. Compared with the unselected data, mean annual growth rates of all selected data sets were not significantly different except for Schauinsland. However, clear differences were found in the annual amplitudes as well as for the seasonal time structure. Based on correlation analysis, results by ABF selection showed a better representation of the lower free tropospheric conditions.
The sub-annual calibration of hydrological models considering climatic
intra-annual variations
Authors: Zhao Binru , Dai Huichao , Han Dawei , Rong Guiwen
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Changing climate leads to change of temporal dynamics of hydrological systems by affecting the catchment conditions. Considering climatic variations when calibrating a hydrological model can improve model performance, which allows parameter sets to vary according to sub-periods with different climate conditions. This study has explored climatic intra-annual variations by using two classification approaches to recognize the sub-periods with similar climatic patterns, Calendar-Based Grouping (CBG) method and Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) algorithm. The model performances of the sub-annual calibration schemes based on these two approaches are compared using the conceptual model IHACRES. The effect of time scales on sub-annual calibration schemes was also studied. Results indicate that the sub-annual calibration scheme based on CBG method performs better than that based on Rainfall-dominated FCM algorithm, since the CBG method has a better performance in recognizing temperature pattern, and the main source of catchment change is from the change of vegetation, which is mainly affected by temperature in the study site. The optimal time scale is dependent on the sub-annual calibration scheme, with bimonthly for CBG method and Temperature-dominated FCM algorithm and seasonal for Rainfall-dominated FCM algorithm. Overall, when using sub-annual calibration schemes, the selection of the partitioning method and time scale is very important to model performances
It's All About Eggs: Teaching Lifelong Learners
Authors: Felman Jyl Lynn
Published: September 2017

After thirtyfive years of teaching college the author begins a new pedagogical exploration teaching seniors in two very different programs, one, a Queer Seniors Institute and the other at an Osher Lifelong Learners Institute of primarily affluent members.  Along the way she discovers a whole new style of teaching.
Facing the Nakba
Authors: Nevel Donna
Published: September 2017

This article describes an educational project designed to teach about the Nakba, the expulsion of approximately 750,000 Palestinians from their home and lands. The articles addresses and analyses the issue; the curricula; the intended audience,;the pedgagogy; and the political implications of this area of study and exploration.
Cindy Comes to Hear Me Read and Gay Freaking Assholes: On Tolerance
Authors: McDonough Jill
Published: September 2017

2 Poems by Jill McDonough for RT Issue 109
POR QUE FAZEMOS PERFORMANCE E ATIVISMO FEMINISTA?
Authors: Fischer Stela
Published: September 2017

O texto identifica e analisa duas ações cênicas ativistas do Coletivo Rubro Obsceno: Eu abortei (2014) e O que te prende, mulher? (2014-2016), ambas apresentadas como intervenção urbana na cidade de São Paulo. Considerando a análise e cartografia dessas ações - que lançam posicionamentos políticos na construção de poéticas cênicas, e cujas premissas giram em torno de visibilizar as subjetividades das mulheres -, enfatizo a importância da reflexão crítica a partir do próprio fazer artístico. Compartilho a experiência de atuação enquanto artista das artes cênicas e, acima de tudo, identifico os motivos pelos quais ainda se faz necessário promover ativismos feministas.
A MÁSCARA E A SOMBRA: PALCO E VIDA
Authors: Brondani Joice Aglae
Published: September 2017

O texto traz um passeio pelas máscaras femininas da commedia dell’arte e relata alguns aspectos biográficos das atrizes deste teatro, para, então, realizar uma reflexão sobre a condição da mulher na Idade Média e Renascimento. Porém, na medida em que a reflexão sobre a mulher atriz no medievo avança, percebe-se que muitos dos valores ditos morais aplicados na época para perseguirem, julgarem e condenarem tais mulheres, permanecem latentes na sociedade de hoje.
ANÁLISE COMPARATIVA DE DADOS E PRODUTOS DE SENSORIAMENTO REMOTO COM RESOLUÇÃO ESPACIAL MODERADA PARA DETECÇÃO DE ÁREAS QUEIMADAS NO PARQUE NACIONAL DE ILHA GRANDE ENTRE 2007 E 2009
Authors: Hafemann Fragal Everton , Vicente Lovatto Gasparetto Nelson
Published: September 2017

Para entender a dinâmica de queimadas do Parque Nacional de Ilha Grande (PNIG), dados históricos de sensoriamento remoto são uma excelente alternativa. A análise do desempenho desses dados para detectar queimadas é importante a fim de minimizar erros de omissão e comissão. O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar o desempenho do dado MOD09 e produtos Fire_cci e MCD45, para detecção de queimadas no Parque Nacional de Ilha Grande, em comparação com o dado Landsat entre 2007 e 2009. Com base no dado MOD09 e produtos Fire_cci e MCD45 foram mapeadas as áreas queimadas e comparadas com o mapeamento de queimadas pelo dado Landsat. Como resultado, o dado MOD09 mostrou boa concordância espacial no mapeamento de queimadas, comparado com o dado Landsat (Kappa= 0,88, erro de quantidade = 2,9% e erro de alocação = 2,8%), assim como, valores e distribuição de áreas queimadas (sobrestimativa média de 10%). O dado MOD09 apresentou melhor desempenho na detecção de queimadas e é adequado para reconstruir historicamente a dinâmica de queimadas do parque. Os produtos Fire_cci e MCD45 não apresentaram bons desempenhos na detecção de queimadas, não sendo satisfatórios para entender a dinâmica de queimadas do parque. Palavras-chave: Unidade de Conservação (UC), fogo, Gestão de UC e Sensoriamento Remoto.
A EXPANSÃO DA IRRIGAÇÃO POR PIVÔS CENTRAIS NO ESTADO DE GOIÁS (1984-2015)
Authors: Caetano Pereira Júnior Lindolfo , Clementino Ferreira Nilson , Miziara Fausto
Published: September 2017

Neste artigo, o avanço da irrigação por pivôs centrais em Goiás é analisado em um contexto de expansão da fronteira agrícola. Tal abordagem visou verificar se o trinômio relevo, pedologia e infraestrutura, guias da ocupação agrícola no estado, também é agente do avanço da irrigação. Para tal, foram utilizados dados governamentais e imagens Landsat para o mapeamento desses equipamentos no período de 1984 a 2015. No ano de 2015, o estado apresentou um total de 3.489 equipamentos, perfazendo uma área irrigada de 242.128 ha. Observou-se um claro padrão de distribuição da irrigação por pivôs no estado, sendo que 60% dos equipamentos existentes encontram-se em área de relevo plano com latossolos e até 10 quilômetros de uma rodovia pavimentada. Essa técnica está consolidada em Goiás e tende a se expandir nos próximos anos, em uma expansão gradual e contínua, fatos que facilitam as ações de gestão dos recursos hídricos em longo prazo. Os equipamentos mapeados encontram-se em áreas de preço médio da terra, mais afastadas dos grandes centros, mas com a infraestrutura necessária para o escoamento da produção. Palavras-chave: Fronteira agrícola, irrigação, recursos hídricos, infraestrutura
SABERES, PERCURSOS E EXPERIÊNCIAS DE PROFESSORES EMÉRITOS DE GEOGRAFIA
Authors: Maria Fernandes de Oliveira Marcia
Published: September 2017

O intuito de tomarmos os docentes eméritos como foco do estudo está ligado à compreensão de que suas experiências, contextualizadas histórica e culturalmente, podem ajudar a compreender os processos de construção da professoralidade docente, em especial levando-se em conta as evidências que os fizeram reconhecidos nas suas comunidades. Este estudo focou na trajetória de professores eméritos de Geografia no Brasil, visando às suas experiências e acreditando que elas possam ser catalizadoras de saberes que contribuam para o campo teórico da formação de professores e provoquem reflexões que inspirem práticas contemporâneas. Além disso, o estudo pode ser um instrumento de registro das memórias docentes, importantes para as novas gerações e para o acúmulo de conhecimento histórico sobre trajetórias acadêmicas em nossas universidades. Palavras-chave: Professores eméritos, Geografia, trajetória, experiência.
INFLUENCE OF TIRE DEBRIS ON TIRE PERFORMANCE
Authors: Morris Michael D. , Kossyrev Pavel A.
Published: September 2017

A large number of wear debris particles can be found on the tread surface at any time during normal tire operation. In highly accelerated lab tests, it has been shown that wet friction is decreased by the buildup of debris, and the level of friction can be increased when debris is effectively removed from the interface. In wet traction tests on the road, it has been shown that when tires are cleaned from debris, a higher braking force coefficient in straight-ahead braking on wet asphalt is achieved, compared with the same tires that were not cleaned from debris prior to tests. This was observed for both carbon black– and silica-filled tread compounds. It has also been shown that laboratory wear rate can be increased by effective removal of debris. We propose that the presence of tread-wear debris on the tread surface in dry operating conditions would be beneficial for abrasion resistance and, on the other hand, debris removal from the tread surface in wet operating conditions would be beneficial for wet skid resistance.
EPDM RUBBER PLASTICIZED WITH POLYMERIC SOYBEAN OIL OF DIFFERENT MOLECULAR WEIGHTS
Authors: Petrović Zoran S. , Milić Jelena , Ionescu Mihail , Halladay James R.
Published: September 2017

Polymerization of soybean oil produces higher-viscosity liquids, which may serve as processing aids and plasticizers in certain rubbers as a replacement of petrochemical oils. Four polymerized soybean oils of different molecular weights showed good compatibility with ethylene–propylene–diene rubber (EPDM), but because of the presence of double bonds and copolymerization with EPDM, they decreased the cross-linking density when compared with paraffinic extender oil. As a consequence, polymeric soybean oils reduced tensile strength and modulus but increased elongation, tear strength, and compression set. Higher-molecular-weight plasticizers are expected to reduce sweating out of oils. Pure soybean oil was not completely compatible at the concentration tested, but it showed a strong plasticizing effect; dramatically lowered tensile strength, tear strength, and modulus; and increased elongation and compression set. No clear effect of molecular weight of polymerized soybean oils on properties was observed, but increasing the sulfur content was found to be beneficial. Using polymeric vegetable oils instead of petrochemical extenders in EPDM rubbers is economical and environmentally desirable, but the curing system requires optimization to accommodate loss of cross-linking density.
ISOBUTYLENE-RICH IMIDAZOLIUM IONOMERS: INFLUENCE OF ION-PAIR DISTRIBUTION AND COUNTER-ANION STRUCTURE
Authors: Ozvald Adam A. , Klezcek Monika R. , Rodrigo Antonio C. , Parent J. Scott
Published: September 2017

New chemistry for overcoming the limitations of nonpolar elastomers is detailed, with particular emphasis on improving interfacial adhesion and the intensity of polymer–filler interactions. The chemical modification of brominated poly(isobutylene-co-isoprene) and brominated poly(isobutylene-co-para-methyl styrene) is used to introduce small amounts of imidazolium bromide functionality. Unlike conventional isobutylene-rich elastomers, ionomer derivatives bearing vinylimidazolium bromide groups are peroxide curable. The ultimate cross-link density, along with accompanying thermoset properties, can be tailored by changing the amount and distribution of N-vinylimidazolium and N-butylimidazolium functionality. Moreover, the counteranion can be exchanged from bromide to sulfonate or vinylsulfonate to further optimize adhesive, tensile, and stress relaxation properties. Bromide exchange anionic montmorillonite clay platelets can yield thermoset ionomer nanocomposites with a high degree of reinforcement despite a relatively low filler loading.
Autonomic Mediation of Stress-Related and Anxiety Disorders Using Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback
Authors: Gevirtz Richard
Published: September 2017

This article briefly describes a cardiorespiratory type of biofeedback called heart rate variability biofeedback. The rationale for the technique is outlined and the protocol described. Gevirtz (2013) has reviewed the HRVB outcome literature up to 2013. For a more theoretical paper see Lehrer & Gevirtz (2014).
What Physicians Need to Know About Surface Electromyography
Authors: Bolek Jeffrey E.
Published: September 2017

Surface electromyography, if used correctly, can be helpful in restoring lost function after a stroke or head injury. This article explains the basis for quantitative surface electromyography (QSEMG). QSEMG does not target discrete muscles; it targets a constellation of muscles in order to restore function.
The Role of Management Ownership in Bank Governance: Evidence from Taiwan
Authors: Lee Ping-Chang , Kang Hsin-Hong
Published: September 2017

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationships that banks’ managerial ownership has with financial performance and firm value. We use a sample of 35 Taiwan domestic banks for the period 2005-2014. In the pooled OLS regression analysis, we find that the banks’ performance and market value fall as the level of management ownership rises, supporting the managerial entrenchment hypothesis. Moreover, the results show that when the ratio of managerial ownership pledge increases, then financial performance decreases while firm value increases. We conjecture that the positive effect of managerial ownership pledge on market value may be caused by the price maintenance effect of stock pledges. In addition, the evidence shows that there is a higher nonperforming loan ratio in family-dominated banks, and this hints that their loan decisions may have more severe agency problems relative to non-family ones.
Evaluating prime power Gauss and Jacobi sums
Authors: Ostergaard Misty , Pigno Vincent , Pinner Christopher
Published: September 2017

We show that for any mod $p^m$ characters, $\chi_1, \dots, \chi_k,$ with at least one $\chi_i$ primitive mod $p^m$, the Jacobi sum, $$ \mathop{\sum_{x_1=1}^{p^m}\dots \sum_{x_k=1}^{p^m}}_{x_1+\dots+x_k\equiv B \text{ mod } p^m}\chi_1(x_1)\cdots \chi_k(x_k), $$ has a simple evaluation when $m$ is sufficiently large (for $m\geq 2$ if $p\nmid B$). As part of the proof we give a simple evaluation of the mod $p^m$ Gauss sums when $m\geq 2$ that differs slightly from existing evaluations when $p=2$.
Lysosomal dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases
Authors: Tomala Klaudia , Gabryel Bożena
Published: September 2017

Recent data advocate for the implication of lysosomes in the development of programmed cell death. Lysosomal dysfunction decreased the efficiency of autophagosome/lysosome fusion that leads to vacuolation of cells. Autophagic vacuoles containing damaged organelles and altered proteins are hallmarks in most neurodegenerative disorders. These aggregates consequently disrupt cellular homeostasis causing neuronal cell death due apoptosis or necrosis. Moreover calpain mediated or mutation inducted lysosomal rupture result in release of lysosomal cathepsins into the cytoplasm and inducing neuronal cell death. In this review we emphasize the pathophysiological mechanism connecting disrupting autophagy – lysosomal pathway and lysosomal dysfunction in neuronal cell death called lysosomal cell death.
The role of SRSF1 in cancer
Authors: Sokół Elżbieta , Bogusławska Joanna , Piekiełko-Witkowska Agnieszka
Published: September 2017

SRSF1 jest wielofunkcyjnym białkiem biorącym udział w procesach związanych z metabolizmem RNA. Następstwem zaburzeń ekspresji SRSF1, obserwowanych w wielu typach nowotworów, są nieprawidłowości w składaniu pre-mRNA, zmiany stabilności transkryptów i poziomu translacji onkogenów oraz genów supresorowych. Regulując różnicowe składanie transkryptów genów CCND1, RAC1, KLF6, BCL2L1, MCL1 oraz CASP9, SRSF1 indukuje zmiany w cyklu komórkowym, proliferacji i apoptozie. Czynnik SRSF1 wpływa także na angiogenezę nowotworową i przerzutowanie, m.in. promując powstawanie proangiogennych wariantów VEGF oraz wariantu splicingowego genu RON, który aktywuje proces przejścia nabłonkowo-mezenchymalnego. Ze względu na istotną rolę SRSF1 w rozwoju i progresji nowotworów, białko to jest obiecującym celem terapii przeciwnowotworowych wykorzystujących związki hamujące jego aktywność.W artykule przedstawiono najnowsze informacje o wpływie SRSF1 na nowotworzenie oraz jego potencjalne znaczenie w opracowaniu nowych strategii w leczeniu chorych z nowotworami.
Stress and its molecular consequences in cancer progression
Authors: Surman Magdalena , Janik Marcelina E.
Published: September 2017

Stress, caused by psychological, physiological and physical factors has an adverse impact on human body homeostasis. There are two kind of stress: short-term and chronic. Cancer patients usually live under chronic stress, caused by diagnosis-related strong emotional experience and depression, resulting from various difficulties associated with disease progression and treatment. At the molecular level, stress factors induce production and secretion of stress-related hormones, such as catecholamines, glucocorticoids and dopamine (as a part of adaptational body response), which influence both normal and transformed cells through their specific receptors. The particular effects exerted by these molecules on cancer cells have been also observed in in vitro cultures and include changes in proliferation, apoptosis susceptibility and migration/invasion potential. As a result, it has been suggested that stress hormones may be responsible for progression of malignancy and thus accelerate the metastasis formation in cancer patients. However, the clinical data on correlation between stress and the patients survival, as well as the molecular analysis of stress hormone receptors expression and action in cancer cell, have not yet provided an unequivocal answer. For this reason, extensive studies, on molecular and clinical level are needed to fully determine stress impact on cancerprogression and on the effectiveness of anti-cancer treatment. Nowadays, it seems reasonable that the personalization of anti-cancer therapy should also focus on mental state of cancer patients, and provide them with psychological tools or techniques for stress management.
Application of three-dimensional neuronal cell cultures in the studies of mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases
Authors: Słońska Anna , Cymerys Joanna
Published: September 2017

In vitro models utilizing cells in planar two-dimensional (2D) cultures do not reflect the in vivo environment and are increasingly replaced by three-dimensional (3D) cultures. Fundamental differences between 2D and 3D cell cultures systems include cell attach, spread and grow, their morphology, proliferation, differentiation or gene and protein expression. For that reason 3D models have been proven to be invaluable tools of study for the various fields of science, such as drug discovery, cancer research, differentiation studies or neuroscience. In the present review, we discuss 3D neural in vitro models that might provide important insides about the mechanisms of pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.
Multiple sclerosis - etiology and diagnostic potential
Authors: Kamińska Joanna , Koper Olga M. , Piechal Kinga , Kemona Halina
Published: September 2017

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and demyelinating disease of autoimmune originate. The main agents responsible for the MS development include exogenous, environmental, and genetic factors. MS is characterized by multifocal and temporally scattered central nervous system (CNS) damage which lead to the axonal damage. Among clinical courses of MS it can be distinguish relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPSM), primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS), and progressive-relapsing multiple sclerosis (RPMS). Depending on the severity of signs and symptoms MS can be described as benign MS or malignant MS. MS diagnosis is based on McDonald’s diagnostic criteria, which link clinical manifestation with characteristic lesions demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, and visual evoked potentials. Among CSF laboratory tests used to the MS diagnosis are applied: Tibbling &amp; Link IgG index, reinbegrams, and CSF isoelectrofocusing for oligoclonal bands detection. It should be emphasized, that despite huge progress regarding MS as well as the availability of differentdiagnostics methods this disease is still a diagnostic challenge. It may result from fact that MS has diverse clinical course and there is a lack of single test, which would be of appropriate diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for quick and accurate diagnosis.
Novel strategies for treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Jasińska-Stroschein Magdalena , Orszulak-Michalak Daria
Published: September 2017

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a rare disorder associated with abnormally elevated pulmonary pressures that, if untreated, leads to right heart failure and premature death. Special population include patents with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). A greater understanding of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and pathophysiology of PAH has led to significant advances over the past few years. Modern drug therapy provides a significant improvement in patient symptomatic status and a slower rate of clinical deterioration. Despite this, PAH remains a chronic disease without a cure. There is a need for the development of novel therapies and therapeutic strategies, as treatment options are neither universally available nor always effective, possibly due to the large number of mediator and signaling pathways with downstream effectors which are implicated in the pathobiology of PH, and which are not fully reversed during PAH therapy. In the following pages, we review novel strategies for treatment of PAH. For this purpose we summarized the role of specific drug therapies that involve: endothelin receptor antagonists (ERA), phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE-5i) and prostacyclin and prostanoids (PGI2). We focused on novel molecular mechanisms in PAH of recently approved: Guanylate cyclase stimulator and non-prostanoid IP receptor agonist. We discussed novel approach to combined therapy, as well as a new generation of investigational drugs and promising PAH-associated signaling pathways, such as, PDGF, RhoA/ROCK RAAS, HT-5 and others.
Methotrexate and epirubicin conjugates as potential antitumor drugs
Authors: Kmiecik Szymon Wojciech , Krzyścik Mateusz Adam , Filip-Psurska Beata , Wietrzyk Joanna , Boratyński Janusz , Goszczyński Tomasz Marek
Published: September 2017

Introduction: The use of hybrid molecules has become one of the most significant approaches in new cytotoxic drug design. This study describes synthesis and characterization of conjugates consisting of two well-known and characterized chemotherapeutic agents: methotrexate (MTX) and epirubicin (EPR). The synthesized conjugates combine two significant anticancer strategies: combinatory therapy and targeted therapy. These two drugs were chosen because they have different mechanisms of action, which can increase the anticancer effect of the obtained conjugates. MTX, which is a folic acid analog, has high cytotoxic properties and can serve as a targeting moiety that can reach folate receptors (FRs) overexpresing tumor cells. Combination of nonselective drugs such as EPR with MTX can increase the selectivity of the obtained conjugates, while maintaining the high cytotoxic properties.Materials and methods: Conjugates were purified by RP-HPLC and the structure was investigated by MS and MS/MS methods. The effect of the conjugates on proliferation of LoVo, LoVo/Dx, MCF-7 and MV-4-11 human cancer cell lines was determined by SRB or MTT assay.Results: The conjugation reaction results in the formation of monosubstituted (α, γ) and disubstituted MTX derivatives. In vitro proliferation data demonstrate that the conjugates synthesized in our study show lower cytotoxic properties than both chemotherapeutics used alone.Discussion: Epirubicin cytotoxicity was not observed in obtained conjugates. Effective drugs release after internalization needs further investigation.
The role of the BLCA-4 nuclear matrix protein
in bladder cancer
Authors: Szymańska Beata , Długosz Anna
Published: September 2017

Bladder cancer (BC) affects usually older people. According to information provided by the National Cancer Registry in 2012. BC was the 4th, in terms of illness, cancer in men and 11th in women. Early diagnosis of bladder cancer is important because detected later has worse prognosis.Diagnosis of bladder cancer is not simple and it is still very invasive. Usually the cystoscopy or endoscopic bladder biopsy with histopathological evaluation and cytology of urine sediment is used. This prompted researchers to look for alternative noninvasive methods of diagnosis of bladder cancer. Recently, it was described the group of six proteins (BLCA) specific for BC, with special attention to BLCA-4.BLCA-4 belongs to the nuclear matrix protein and has a high specificity for this type of cancer however the value of this marker in BC diagnosis is not yet established. Oxidative DNA damage play an important role in the pathogenesis of some human diseases, including cancer. Determination of 8-hydroxy-2’deoksyguanozyne (8-OHdG) is currently used in the evaluation of genotoxic damage.The aim of the work was to review information on BLCA-4, its function in the process of BC carcinogenesis and diagnostic value also in exposure to genotoxic compounds measured by 8-hydroxy-2’deoksyguanozyne (8-OHdG) level.
Manifestations of Social Imitative Behaviour among Participants of Travel Discussion Forums
Authors: Korbiel Karolina
Published: September 2017

Purpose. Analysis of manifestations of imitative behavior among participants of “Organized tourism” forums. Methods. The survey was conducted using the virtual ethnography method, which belongs to the group of qualitative methods. The discussion forum on the “Gazeta.pl” website was analyzed, in particular 90 conversations were categorized according to three criteria: theme, stage of the decision making process and needs of the person who initialized a discussion. The next step was to find the content in different threads, so that an answer to the research questions could be found. Findings. The study shows that imitative behavior is often manifested as positive or negative identification, due to the fact that the imitation among discussion forum users was caused by a need to obtain information. However, there are entries that might indicate the existence of a “demonstrative effect”. Studies have shown that in different phases of the tourist experience, different imitative behaviour is manifested. Discussion forums are an important source of tourist information for its users because they aim to preserve its credibility. Research and conclusions limitations. The method that was used does not allow for generalization of the results. Practical implications. Studies have shown that forums are important sources of tourist information for its users. It can also be a source of knowledge about consumers for travel agencies. The results of this study should encourage tourism marketers to modify their tools for information distribution towards greater usage of social media and cooperating with reference individuals or groups. Oryginality. The work fills a gap in literature on the consumers of tourism products and their manifestations of imitative behavior Type of paper. A research paper.
Convention Bureau as an Institution Reducing Transaction Costs in the Meetings Industry
Authors: Piechota Natalia
Published: September 2017

Purpose. The aim of this paper is to identify the transaction costs in the meetings industry and to state, howa convention bureau can reduce these costs. Methods. The analysis of the transaction costs in the meetings industry and the impact of the convention bureau on them was based on a review of literature. Findings. A onvention bureau mostly influences the market and public transaction costs as an institution forming an institutional arrangement and creating the institutional environment. The convention bureau has the strongest impact on reducing transaction costs at the first stage – before winning the right fo ar city to host a meeting and making transactions. Research and conclusions limitations. The findings were based on analysis of literature, therefore, the results require empirical verification. Practical implications. Identification of transaction costs will help to understand processes in the meetings industry and enable comparison of different institutional arrangements, considering the convention bureau’s activity. It is particularly important in Poland, where these institutions have been operating for a relatively short period of time, and their forms and actions have not yet been regulated by law. Originality. There are many publications considering transaction costs in tourism and none about this problem in the meetings industry. Therefore, this paper fills the the knowledge gap regarding the presented topic. Type of paper. A theoretical study.
Glosa do postanowienia Sądu Najwyższego
z dnia 30 września 2015 r., I KZP 9/15
Authors: Żółtek Sławomir
Published: September 2017

Author approves in the commentary to the judgment the position taken by the Supreme Court of Poland in the decision of 30 September 2015, I KZP 9/15. The Supreme Court considered the problem of composition of the District Court – Labour and Social Security Court adjudicating on an appeal against the judgment of the National Disciplinary Court of the National Chamber of Auditors. As argued in the commentary, the District Court does not instigate disciplinary proceedings from the beginning but continues it as an appellate body. The main disciplinary proceedings are held before the National Disciplinary Court of the National Chamber of Auditors. The District Court although acts as a court of first instance with an appeal to the Court of Appeals, has limited powers only to verification of the National Disciplinary Court’s judgment. Thus, the District Court sits in a three-judges panel (art. 29 § 1 k.p.k.).
Związanie sądu cywilnego wyrokiem skazującym sądu karnego za popełnienie przestępstwa konkretnego lub abstrakcyjnego zagrożenia dobra prawnego
Authors: Wantoła Michał
Published: September 2017

According to art. 11 sentence 1 k.p.c., the civil court is bound by the findings of a non-appealable verdict issued in criminal proceedings, concercing committing a crime. Generality and vagueness of this term causes considerable problems in practice, in particular with regard to binding of the civil court with findings of the criminal court on the amount of damage caused by the offender. The author, after outlining the situation of applying different procedures to the same act and identifying the normative basis of binding of the civil court with the criminal court judgment, analyzes the situations of determining the amount of property damage by the criminal court in case of conviction for: 1) crimes which element is danger of a damage property, 2) crimes which element is the possibility of causing damage to property, 3) crimes, in case of which the question of causing damage to property is with no meaning to constituting elements of a crime. It is essential whether the appropriate findings were made by the criminal court in the operative part or the grounds of the judgment. The study also addresses the problem of binding of a civil court with the conciction for an attempt of a crime.
A Review of Groundwater Pollution Potential Threats from Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Sites: Assessing the Impact on Human Health
Authors: Kumari Priyanka , Gupta N.C. , Kaur A.
Published: September 2017

An attempt has been made in this paper to review various studies associated with groundwater contamination near landfill sites, basically caused by non-engineered landfills or open dumps in India and overseas, and its impact on human health. Landfill leachate contains different kinds of municipal toxic wastes as well as heavy metal, which finally percolates into the ground and joins the groundwater table. Consuming such water results in severe health hazards and may sometimes be fatal if consumed for long periods. Several studies have shown evidence on the high concentration of heavy metals in leachate as well as in nearby groundwater sources. Moreover, various studies have confirmed the fact that there is an increased threat of adverse health effects (low birth weight, birth defects, and certain types of cancers), congenital malformations in children, and higher risks for malformations of the nervous and musculoskeletal systems for skin, hair, and nails in local residents. Pregnant women and children are more vulnerable to these pollutants, and newborn children are more prone to the health risk. These findings may signify the real health risks associated with residents residing near landfill sites.
Prevalence of Unrounded Medication Doses and Associated Factors Among Hospitalized Pediatric Patients
Authors: Jones Aubrey N. , Miller Jamie L. , Neely Stephen , Ibach Bethany W. , Hagemann Tracy M. , Golding Charles L. , Lewis Teresa V. , Peek Leigh A. , Johnson Peter N.
Published: September 2017

OBJECTIVES

This study aims to determine the prevalence and factors associated with unrounded doses ordered via a computerized prescriber order entry (CPOE) system among children during a 1-week reference period.

METHODS

This retrospective, cross-sectional study included children younger than 18 years admitted during a 7-day period. An unrounded dose was defined as an unrounded actual dose (eg, dose calculated to the tenths place for non–neonatal intensive care (non-NICU) patients and dose calculated to the hundredth place for NICU patients) or unrounded volume per dose [eg, <0.1 mL for non-NICU patients and <0.01 mL for NICU patients]. A multilevel logistic regression model was used to determine the prevalence and factors associated with unrounded doses via a CPOE system with adjustment for clustering effects.

RESULTS

A total of 395 patients were admitted with 391 receiving medications. The overall prevalence of unrounded doses was 30% among the 2426 doses administered. Patients on the NICU team had the highest prevalence of unrounded doses. The odds of an unrounded dose were 4% (adjusted odds ratio, 0.96; 95% confidence interval, 0.94–0.98) lower with each additional kilogram increase in weight after controlling for age, route, scheduled versus as-needed administration, and cluster effects.

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of unrounded doses was higher than in previous studies. It was higher in smaller children after controlling for age, medication-related variables, and clustering. Future studies should focus on the role of CPOE in preventing unrounded and unmeasurable doses and if these strategies affect clinical outcomes (eg, adverse drug events).
Case Report - Infection of Total Knee Arthroplasty Treated with One-Stage Surgery and Linezolid
Authors: Dell'Aquila Adriana Macedo , Janovsky Cesar , Cohen Moises
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Staphylococcus spp meticillin resistant infection can be treated with Linezolid. This is a case report of an orthopaedic implant infection in a 60 year-old male treated orally with Linezolid and Rifampicin for three months after one-stage arthroplasty. This is possible provided that platelet count is closely monitored throughout the course of treatment.
A genomic lifespan program that reorganises the young adult brain is targeted in schizophrenia
Authors: Skene Nathan G , Roy Marcia , Grant Seth GN
Published: September 2017

The genetic mechanisms regulating the brain and behaviour across the lifespan are poorly understood. We found that lifespan transcriptome trajectories describe a calendar of gene regulatory events in the brain of humans and mice. Transcriptome trajectories defined a sequence of gene expression changes in neuronal, glial and endothelial cell-types, which enabled prediction of age from tissue samples. A major lifespan landmark was the peak change in trajectories occurring in humans at 26 years and in mice at 5 months of age. This species-conserved peak was delayed in females and marked a reorganization of expression of synaptic and schizophrenia-susceptibility genes. The lifespan calendar predicted the characteristic age of onset in young adults and sex differences in schizophrenia. We propose a genomic program generates a lifespan calendar of gene regulation that times age-dependent molecular organization of the brain and mutations that interrupt the program in young adults cause schizophrenia.
Induced sensorimotor cortex plasticity remediates chronic treatment-resistant visual neglect
Authors: O'Shea Jacinta , Revol Patrice , Cousijn Helena , Near Jamie , Petitet Pierre , Jacquin-Courtois Sophie , Johansen-Berg Heidi , Rode Gilles , Rossetti Yves
Published: September 2017

Right brain injury causes visual neglect - lost awareness of left space. During prism adaptation therapy, patients adapt to a rightward optical shift by recalibrating right arm movements leftward. This can improve left neglect, but the benefit of a single session is transient (~1 day). Here we show that tonic disinhibition of left motor cortex during prism adaptation enhances consolidation, stabilizing both sensorimotor and cognitive prism after-effects. In three longitudinal patient case series, just 20 min of combined stimulation/adaptation caused persistent cognitive after-effects (neglect improvement) that lasted throughout follow-up (18–46 days). Moreover, adaptation without stimulation was ineffective. Thus stimulation reversed treatment resistance in chronic visual neglect. These findings challenge consensus that because the left hemisphere in neglect is pathologically over-excited it ought to be suppressed. Excitation of left sensorimotor circuits, during an adaptive cognitive state, can unmask latent plastic potential that durably improves resistant visual attention deficits after brain injury.
Decadal Modulation of Repeating Slow Slip Event Activity in the Southwestern Ryukyu Arc Possibly Driven by Rifting Episodes at the Okinawa Trough
Authors: Tu Yoko , Heki Kosuke
Published: September 2017

We studied 38 slow slip events (SSEs) in 1997–2016 beneath the Iriomote Island, southwestern Ryukyu Arc, Japan, using continuous Global Navigation Satellite Systems data. These SSEs occur biannually on the same fault patch at a depth of ~30 km on the subducting Philippine Sea Plate slab with average moment magnitudes (Mw) of ~6.6. Here we show that the slip accumulation rate (cumulative slip/lapse time) of these SSEs fluctuated over a decadal time scale. The rate increased twice around 2002 and 2013 concurrently with earthquake swarms in the Okinawa Trough. This suggests that episodic activations of the back‐arc spreading at the Okinawa Trough caused extra southward movement of the block south of the trough and accelerated convergence at the Ryukyu Trench.
Interannual Variability of Methane and Nitrous Oxide in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
Authors: Wilson Samuel T. , Ferrón Sara , Karl David M.
Published: September 2017

The temporal variability of two important greenhouse gases, methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), is reported for the upper water column at Station ALOHA in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. Measured concentrations of N2O conform to predicted values with an increase in saturation during the summer period. In contrast, CH4 is less predictable and shows an approximate 2 year transition from a state of oversaturation in surface waters to equilibrium values in 2015, implying a change in net CH4 production. The decrease in CH4 followed on from fluctuations in phosphate concentrations supporting the hypothesized link between microbial metabolism of phosphorus and the global biogeochemical cycle of CH4. At this current time, future trends in the net CH4 production in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre are uncertain and specifically whether the surface ocean will be a net source or sink for CH4.