bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparing Measures of Political Similarity
Authors: Bennett D. Scott , Rupert Matthew C.
Published: March 2007

Signorino and Ritter developed and advocated a new measure of the political similarity of states ( S). They demonstrated logical flaws associated with the common Kendall's τ b-based alliance similarity measure and showed that using S may yield quite different similarity estimates. But without a broader empirical comparison and analysis using S, the full empirical ramifications of this difference is not known. In this study, a comparison of S versus τ b is conducted over a wide spatial and temporal domain, examining the relationship between S, τ b, expected utility scores, and conflict. Despite significant positive correlations, important differences in the distribution of S and τ b-based measures of alliance similarity are found. It should not be assumed that the measures are substitutable. Reanalysis of an important expected utility theory of war shows a stronger relationship between equilibrium predictions and conflict when S is used versus τ b.
Perception of Opponent's Motives and Cooperation in a Mixed-Motive Game
Authors: Braver Sanford L. , Barnett Bruce
Published: March 2007

Two studies investigated the effects of the perception of the opponent's motives and incentives to defect on cooperation in a mixed-motive game. Study I varied the perceived goal of the other (by instructions) and the incentive of the other to defect (by payoff values). Study II varied the other's incentive as well as the subject's incentive to defect, both by payoff values. The results indicated that the perceived goal of the other strongly influenced the subject's cooperation. The incentive of the other also affected cooperation, except when the other was assumed to be pursuing a benevolent goal. Finally the subject's incentive did not affect his cooperation nearly as much as did his opponent's incentive.
Surplus Value, Unemployment and Industrial Turbulence
Authors: Sugimoto Yoshio
Published: March 2007

The paper examines in quantitative terms how powerful such Marxian concepts as the amount and rate of surplus value and the size of the industrial reserve army are in accounting for levels of industrial turbulence. On the basis of data drawn from post-war Japan from 1952 to 1960, a series of statistical analyses has been performed to investigate relationships between the Marxian variables and various types of labor disturbance. None of these investigations has established strong connections between the former and the latter. Further inquiry has demonstrated that there is a partial convergence between the Marxian concepts of exploitation and the Tocquevillian concepts of improvement of social conditions.
Arms Race Modeling
Authors: Majeski Stephen J. , Jones David L.
Published: March 2007

The Richardson model has been employed frequently in the study of arm races, but seldom with empirically satisfactory results. For each of twelve pairs of arms expenditure series which are commonly proposed as arms races, we consider two potential sources for the failure of Richardson modeling efforts. First, they may not constitute arms races. Second, for those which do, the Richardson model specification may not be adequate. The methodology which enables us to explore these issues is "statistical causality analysis," as recently promulgated in time series research. Using this methodology, we find that arms expenditures are independent in a majority of the twelve cases examined. For those cases where interdependence is found, those which exhibit arms competition, the traditional Richardson model specification is not empirically supported. Finally, we provide a specific methodology for improved model specification derived from a general distributed lag model for any proposed arms race.
The Distribution of Power and the Onset of War
Authors: Siverson Randolph M. , Sullivan Michael P.
Published: March 2007

The relationship between the distribution of power among nations and the outbreak of war has been a question of perennial interest to students of international politics. Although recent empirical studies seem to support the idea that equal power will lead to the outbreak of war, a review of these studies reveals that the findings are heavily influenced by research designs that (1) include data not closely connected to the theory, (2) reduce the variance in the independent variables, (3) exclude cases of potential power disparity by using only conflicts between contiguous nations, and (4) provide analysis of a restricted range of cases. The article concludes by calling for the analysis of larger data sets with greater variance in both independent and dependent variables.
Efficiency of Alternative Bargaining Procedures
Authors: Chatterjee Kalyan , Lilien Gary L.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews experimental work on two party bargaining where a bargainer has information unavailable to the other party. The situation is one where the bargaining is on a single issue only and is distributive, (i.e., the negotiations are on the sharing or distribution of the common gains from trade). Two experimental situations are reviewed and several observations are drawn, including the following: (1) in a single-stage game, a simultaneous offer does more poorly than either a buyer first or a seller first offer; (2) neither buyer first nor seller first offer seems superior; (3) no procedure with symmetric information offers an advantage to the buyer or the seller; (4) seller first offer is most efficient in the case where the seller has more information; and (5) more information leads to an advantage to the bargainer with the additional information. The implications of these and other observations for theoretical and additional experimental work in this area are discussed.
Terror without Deterrence
Authors: Kugler Jacek
Published: March 2007

Nuclear deterrence may be a useful political strategy, but it may not provide an effective empirical description of the behavior of nations faced with the prospect of major war. This evaluation is based on two tests. Empirical analysis of extreme crises since 1945 fails to detect substantial changes in interaction between nuclear and non-nuclear nations. Further, there is no evidence that nuclear weapons have added stability to the relation between the three nuclear giants. The terror created by nuclear devastation cannot, in sum, be directly linked to the preservation of peace.
Viable Alternatives to the Status Quo
Authors: Laing James D. , Slotznick Benjamin
Published: March 2007

Collective decision making occurs within constraints associated with the option to maintain the status quo. If this default option is sufficiently attractive to participants and the rules imply that blocking coalitions can form, then these constraints delimit the decision problem's core solution—the most important solution concept in the theory of cooperative games. The results presented in this article demonstrate that these constraints have important effects on the outcomes of collective decisions, regardless of whether or not the problem has a core solution. In the laboratory situation, a five-person committee makes a separate decision under four-fifths majority rule about each in a series of six distinct choice problems. This design enables us to analyze the independent effects of variations in the status quo on the outcomes of collective-decision problems in which blocking coalitions are possible, controlling for whether or not the game has a core solution.
Toward the Global Optimization Model of Peace Defense
Authors: Reitman Mark
Published: March 2007

This article proposes and develops a simple model of peace defense for the calculation of the optimal parameters of peace-building activity on different governmental and nongovernmental stages. The hierarchical structure of the model permits the use of different approaches and greater flexibility than existing models allow. At some stages of the model, the optimum criterion is the minimization of the probability of war, or (in a wider range) the “war potential”; at other stages, the criteria are more specific (for example, the minimization of time that is needed to realize the planned disarmament. Several qualitative results are derived from the model, including the formal description of a process of possible replacement of nuclear deterrence as a tool of international stability by the independent peace movement.
Through the Nuclear Strategic Looking Glass, or Reflections off the Window of Vulnerability
Authors: Quester George H.
Published: March 2007

Admiral James Watkins, then Chief of Naval Operations, published an article in 1986 indicating that the U.S. Navy would seek to destroy Soviet ballistic-missile submarines in the event of a conventional war in Europe, thus very much contradicting the assumptions of mutual assured destruction. This statement sheds light on current trends in American strategic thinking, in a mirror-image of the suposed Soviet “window of vulnerability” threat to U.S. land-based missile silos. The U.S. threat may be more than a reflection, for it perhaps offers some much more plausible counterforce options. It is important to consider the origions of this kind of war planning in the United States, and the possible costs of such planning.
Benoit Revisited:
Authors: Grobar Lisa M. , Porter Richard C.
Published: March 2007

In the early 1970s, Emile Benoit shocked development economists by presenting positive cross-country correlations between military expenditure rates and economic growth rates in less developed countries (LDCs). This article reviews the long debate that has followed. While the studies surveyed here differ widely in method and focus, the empirical results point to similar conclusions. First, efforts at re-estimating Benoit's correlation coefficients for different samples and different time periods all fail to reproduce Benoit's results. Second, while some studies uncover evidence of positive effects of military spending through human capital formation and technological “spin-off” effects, models that allow military spending to affect growth through multiple channels find that, while military spending may stimulate growth through some channels, it retards it through others, and the net effect is negative. The most important negative effect is that higher military spending reduces national saving rates, thereby reducing rates of capital accumulation.

The existence of positive effects of military spending on economic growth, as conjectured by Benoit, still cannot be ruled out. However, the recent econometric evidence points to the conclusion that these positive effects, if they exist, are small relative to the negative effects, and that, overall, military spending has a weak but adverse impact on economic growth in developing countries.
Cognitive Heuristics and American Security Policy
Authors: Kanwisher Nancy
Published: March 2007

Flawed arguments often recur in debates on U.S. security policy long after their weaknesses have been exposed. In this article I argue that certain political misconceptions and fallacies resist counterargument because they are reinforced by particular reasoning shortcuts known as “cognitive heuristics.” Although heuristics save time and mental work, they can lead to error because they are based on violable assumptions. I discuss seven different cognitive heuristics and the particular security fallacies they perpetuate — from the domino theory to the idea that deterrence requires force matching. Finally, the scope and limitations of such psychological explanations will be discussed.
State Entrepreneurship, Foreign Investment, Export Expansion, and Economic Growth
Authors: Chan Steve , Clark Cal , Davis David R.
Published: March 2007

We employ vector autoregression to test for direct Granger causality among state entrepreneurship, foreign investment, export expansion, and economic growth in Taiwan. We infer hypotheses about the relationships among these variables from the developmentalist, dependency, and statist perspectives, which suggest varied and often contradictory expectations about the presence or absence, and about the sign and direction of causality among these variables. We found that Taiwan is a unique case and differs from the findings reported in previous research on Brazil and Ireland. The island's state entrepreneurship has been “Granger caused” by its own recent history as well as the recent history of GNP performance. In turn, state entrepreneurship has had a causal impact on export expansion. But state entrepreneurship has not been influenced by and has not influenced either economic growth or foreign investment. In addition to state entrepreneurship, foreign investment and economic growth have affected Taiwan's export expansion. The inflow of foreign investment has been caused by both endogenous (that is, this variable's own recent history) and exogenous (Taiwan's past export successes) sources. All other suspected causal linkages fail to be substantiated by our analysis. Accordingly, state entrepreneurship has evidently acted as a key nexus in the operation of the internal, but not external, market forces in Taiwan, thus supporting and contradicting central arguments of all three perspectives on political economy.
Crisis Stability
Authors: Seidman Laurence S.
Published: March 2007

One criterion for evaluating a nation's military structure is its impact on crisis stability. This article presents a model to capture the process of interacting expectations that determines whether initial suspicions are sufficient to cause one or both nations to strike rather than wait during a crisis. The model can be used to assess the impact on crisis stability of specific changes in military structure. For example, the impact of a population defense depends on whether it is “thin,”“thick,” or “brick.” Also, the verification requirements of an offensive weapons arms control agreement affect crisis stability.
The Extended Deterrent Value of Nuclear Weapons
Authors: Huth Paul K.
Published: March 2007

Three questions are addressed in this study: (1) Does a nuclear retaliatory capability contribute to extended deterrence against a nonnuclear power? (2) If so, is the deterrent value of nuclear weapons contingent upon the prior credible threat of conventional armed engagement by the defender? (3) Or, is the deterrent impact of nuclear weapons so potent that the conventional balance of forces has little deterrent impact? Competing hypotheses are formulated and then tested by probit analysis. The empirical findings indicate that (a) nuclear weapons do contribute to extended deterrence success, but (b) that effect is not contingent upon the prior threat of conventional armed conflict, and (c) there is an inverse relationship between the conventional balance of forces and the extended deterrent role of nuclear weapons.
Domestic Discontent and the External Use of Force
Authors: Morgan T. Clifton , Bickers Kenneth N.
Published: March 2007

Although the diversionary theory of international conflict is intuitively plausible and is supported by much anecdotal evidence, quantitative tests generally have failed to establish a systemic link between domestic political troubles and foreign policy adventurism. In this article we revise the diversionary theory. We argue that a state leader will treat an erosion of domestic support more seriously when it comes from within segments of society that are critical in the maintenance of the leader's ruling coalition than when it comes from other domestic groups. We also argue that diversionary behavior typically should involve actions short of war. The revised theory is tested for the United States over the period from 1953 to 1976. Multiple empirical techniques are used to analyze the relationship between the uses of external force by the United States and the level of support for the president among members of the president's party. The results provide strong support for the revised diversionary theory.
Putting the Other Side “On Notice” Can Induce Compliance in Arms Control
Authors: Kilgour D. Marc , Brams Steven J.
Published: March 2007

Arms-control inspection is modeled by two games, one played simultaneously and one sequentially, between an inspector (O) and an inspectee (E). In each game, E may choose to comply with or violate an arms-control agreement and O may choose to inspect, or not, for a possible violation by E. Besides various costs and benefits, the parameters of the games include the conditional probability that a violation will be detected if there is an inspection, reflecting the uncertainty of inspection. In the simultaneous game, O and E make simultaneous choices. Because none of the three possible equilibria involves certain compliance by E, O is not always able to deter E from violating an agreement. In the sequential game, by contrast, O, by announcing in advance an inspection strategy and credibly committing itself to carrying it out, can, with certainty, deter E from violating, which in general leads to an equilibrium in the sequential form Pareto-superior to that in the simultaneous form. Thus there are evident benefits for both O and E when O “moves” first, given that its detection probability is above a certain threshold. Policy implications of this finding, especially in regional conflicts today, are briefly discussed.
Arms Transfers, Military Coups, and Military Rule in Developing States
Authors: Maniruzzaman Talukder
Published: March 2007

Scholarly studies on arms transfers, a critical aspect of present-day international politics, abound. These studies are almost all done from the perspectives of big and super powers. There is virtually no systematic and comparative study of the impact of arms transfers on developing states. Through the use of cross-national aggregate data analysis as well as case-by-case studies, we have examined the impact of arms transfers on civil-military relations in developing states. This analysis suggests that arms transfer facilitates the occurrence of coup d'état and lengthens the period of military rule. The study also indicates that large-scale deaths from political violence might be the result rather than the cause of military rule. We explain these relationships in sociopolitical terms.
Stability Criteria for Social Norms with Applications to the Prisoner's Dilemma
Authors: Arce M. Daniel G.
Published: March 2007

This article introduces four criteria for characterizing social norms in both cooperative and noncooperative games. The criteria are hybrids of von Neumann and Morgenstern's notion of stability and Greenberg's theory of social situations. When applied to the three-player prisoner's dilemma, these criteria illustrate that Nash and strong Nash equilibrium behavior do not rule out the possibility of unilateral defection as a social norm. We conclude with a new type of equilibrium behavior that induces coalition building and leads to social norms that rule out unilateral defection and allow for cooperation.
Trust, Reputation, And Exit in Exchange Relationships
Authors: Lahno Bernd
Published: March 2007

Contrary to the assumptions of the supergame model, agents in exchange situations will normally not be perfectly informed about past behavior of their partners. Moreover, they will generally be in a position to choose their partners. The formal model of this article attempts to take account of these facts. It is presupposed that, for any actor, the probability of finding a partner for an advantageous exchange depends on his or her past behavior. A model of reputation formation is presented as a formal description of this dependency. On the basis of this model, it is shown that, under certain conditions, only cooperative conduct will pay in the long run. Thus it is confirmed that, given a suitable mechanism of trust, rational agents may act trustworthy.
The Indirect Link:
Authors: DeRouen Karl R.
Published: March 2007

This study ascertains the extent to which domestic politics and the state of the national economy are relevant factors to U.S. presidents faced with the decision to use force during international crises. The author tests a diversionary theory of the use of force that treats the relationship between politics and the use of force as nonrecursive and that considers both the incentives and the constraints faced by the president. To analyze the political economy of the use of force from 1949 to 1984, the author uses a simultaneous equations model specified with force and presidential approval as the endogenous variables. This design taps the interdependence between politics, the economy, and the decision to use force, and allows the author to assess the direct and indirect effects of the economy on uses of force. The author finds an indirect link between the economy, politics, and the use of force.
The End of the Cold War
Authors: de Mesquita Bruce Bueno
Published: March 2007

Gaddis claimed that international relations theory failed to predict the Gulf War, the Soviet Union's collapse, and the cold war's end. Subsequently, he acknowledged that the expected utility model captures the logic behind complex adaptive systems such as the cold war international system. That model correctly predicted two of the events to which Gaddis pointed. Here, that model is used to simulate alternative scenarios to determine whether the cold war's end could have been predicted based only on information available in 1948. The simulations show a 68% to 78% probability that the United States would win the cold war peacefully given the conditions in 1948 and plausible shifts in the attentiveness of each state to security concerns over time. The analysis demonstrates a rigorous method for testing counterfactual histories and shows that the pro-American end to the cold war was an emergent property of the initial post-World War II conditions.
Status in the World System and Ethnic Mobilization
Authors: Olzak Susan , Tsutsui Kiyoteru
Published: March 2007

Many countries seem to be confronting challenges from ethnic movements. This study extends arguments from existing theories to consider an explanation of ethnic mobilization at the world system level. The analysis uses structural equation models to compare data on ethnic mobilization in 130 countries from 1965 to 1990. The authors examine hypotheses concerning the impact of peripheral status and integration into the world system on the magnitude of ethnic violence and nonviolence. Results provide evidence that peripheral countries with more ties to international governmental organizations have significantly lower levels of ethnic violence than peripheral countries without these ties. Moreover, peripheral countries with more memberships in international organizations experience a significantly higher magnitude of ethnic nonviolent protest. Finally, we present some speculative results regarding the impact of income inequality on the magnitude of ethnic violence.
So You Say You Want a Revolution
Authors: Ginkel John , Smith Alastair
Published: March 2007

Existing models of revolutions tend to focus only on the behavior of the revolutionaries and do not account for government actions. This article presents a model that captures the decision making of a repressive government, career dissidents, and revolutionary participants. The model shows that (a) governments rarely offer concessions to protesters, (b) dissident activity is more likely to be successful in motivating large-scale protest under highly repressive conditions, and (c) Kuran's hypothesis that regimes collapse suddenly with little warning is confirmed. The authors use the model to interpret the different outcomes that occurred during the successful Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia and the failed revolution in China during the Tiananmen Square democracy protests.
A Cross-National Comparison of Children’s Behavior with their Friends in Situations of Potential Conflict
Authors: Schneider Barry H. , Fonzi Ada , Tomada Giovanna , Tani Franca
Published: March 2007

Dyads of 8- and 9-year-old friends and nonfriends in Central Italy and English Canada were observed while participating in two structured tasks designed to simulate everyday situations of potential conflict. In discussing how they might share a single chocolate egg with a toy inside, Italian youngsters made fewer proposals in all, but nonetheless were able to achieve a greater discrepancy between initial and final negotiating positions. Friends spent almost twice as much time as nonfriends in these discussions; friends also displayed greater novelty and compromise in their counterproposals. Italian girls made significantly fewer proposals and counterproposals than other participants in the study. When participating in a fast-paced car race, Canadian children committed significantly more infractions of the rules. Italian friends were more involved in the race and maintained respect for the rules better than Italian nonfriends, but there were no significant differences between friends and nonfriends in Canada. These results are interpreted in light of known differences between the cultures.
Parent and Teacher Autonomy-Support in Russian and U.S. Adolescents
Authors: Chirkov Valery I. , Ryan Richard M.
Published: March 2007

The proposition, derived from self-determination theory (SDT), that autonomy-support has a positive effect on self-motivation and well-being, is examined in two distinct cultural settings. Participants were 264 high school students from Russia and the United States who completed measures of perceived parental- and teacher-autonomy-support, academic motivation, and well-being. Means and covariance structure analyses were used to examine the cultural comparability of measured constructs. Results supported the hypotheses that Russian adolescents would perceive parents and teachers as more controlling than U.S. students; and in both samples, perceived autonomy-support would predict greater academic self-motivation and well-being. Results are discussed in terms of SDT’s postulate of a basic human need for autonomy in the context of cultural variations.
Culture, Ethnicity, and Emotional Distress Measures
Authors: Norasakkunkit Vinai , Kalick S. Michael
Published: March 2007

Research suggests that Asians consistently score higher than European Americans on measures of emotional distress. Extending previous research, the current study found that self-report measures of depression, social avoidance and distress, and fear of negative evaluation were positively related to a self-report measure of interdependent self-construal, negatively related to a self-report measure of independent self-construal, or both. Furthermore, distress measures varied inversely with relative self-enhancement, an indigenous constituent of the independent self but not of the interdependent self. Results suggest that certain commonly used measures of depression and social anxiety may tend to equate the moderately self-enhancing goals of an independent self with mental health, whereas responses reflecting culturally prescribed goals of an interdependent self may be seen as indicating emotional distress. The cultural appropriateness of standardized measures of emotional distress when applied to Asians was raised as a concern.
Biculturalism among Older Children
Authors: Verkuyten Maykel , Pouliasi Katerina
Published: March 2007

This study examines cultural frame switching among bicultural Greek children between the ages of 9 and 12 living in the Netherlands. By means of experimentally primed bicultural children and the use of monocultural comparison groups in the Netherlands and Greece, it was demonstrated that social explanations, self-identification, and attitudes toward family integrity and obedience were affected by cultural identity salience. Compared to Dutch identity salience, activating Greek identity especially led to more external attributions, stronger identification with friends, a more positive evaluation of social identity, and a less positive evaluation of personal identity. Similar tendencies were found for the attitude measures. In addition, similar differences were found when comparing monocultural Dutch and monocultural Greek children. It is concluded that this kind of experimental study and its results help to improve our understanding of the experiences of bicultural individuals and the way culture influences people’s lives.
A Cross -National Comparison of Cognitive Conflict
Authors: Brehmer Berndt , Azuma Hiroshi , Hammond Kenneth R. , Kostron Lubomir , Varonos Denis D.
Published: March 2007

The results of 5 "lens model" interpersonal conflict (IPC) experiments, carried out in 5 countries: Czechoslovakia, Greece, Japan, Sweden and the U. S. were compared. Replicating earlier intranational findings, conflict reduction was found to be very slow. Although the subjects reduced the differences between their policies to a considerable extent, the consistency of their policies was also reduced, preventing the subjects from deriving the full benefits of the reduction of the policy differences, and leaving conflict at a high level. No reliable cross-national differences were found. In addition, it was shown that the differences found between American and European subjects in an earlier study were due to procedural differences between the American and European experiments in that study. It was concluded that the phenomena studied in the 'lens model" IPC experiments are independent of cultural factors, and reflect limitations in the human information processing system.
The Conservation of Number and Liquid by Lebanese School Children in Beirut
Authors: Za'rour George I.
Published: March 2007

Individual interviews of 224 Lebanese elementary school children in Beirut, ages five to ninewere carried out. The developmental ability to conserve was investigated through chi-square analysis with respect to the effect of the variables age, sex, religion, socioeconomic status, scholastic level, and mother's literacy. The ability to conserve number and liquid increased significantly with age. Among the other variables sex was the only one which yielded a difference significant at the .05 level in number conservation. The Lebanese Ss were found to be lagging behind American children of a middle-class school. The latter finding was discussed in terms of cross-cultural differences.
Designing and Testing Cogent Communications
Authors: Szalay Lorand B. , Lysne Dale A. , Bryson Jean A.
Published: March 2007

Experiments involving choice tasks were conducted to test the potential utility of word associations in constructing assertions and messages that are cogent in the sense that they actually bear on the interests and experiences of a particular audience. Similarity judgment tasks, which were based on verbal association dat previously obtained from similar groups, were administered to U. S. and Korean student samples. The results supported the hypothesis that associations previously scoring higher by one cultural group would be judged "more similar, " "more related, " by a group from the same culture. In another experiment administered only to the Korean group, higherscoring associations and their respective communication themes were combined into assertions. It was assumed that assertions based on strong associative linkages would be judged more meaningful by groups similar to the one on which the original data were obtained. The cogency of these association-based assertions was compared in choice tasks with that of assertions constructed on the same themes by two cultural experts on Korea; the association-based assertions were found to be significantly more meaningful.
Cooperative and Competitive Behavior of Rural Arab Children in Israel
Authors: Shapira Ariella , Lomranz Jacob
Published: March 2007

Twenty groups of 9 to 11-year-old boys and girls from an Arab village in Israel played a game which required cooperative interaction among them to attain prizes. Half of the groups consisted of children of the same "Hamula" (extended family) and half of children from different Hamulas. It was found that boys were more cooperative than girls. Hamula boys were less cooperative than non-Hamula boys, and Hamula girls were more cooperative than non-Hamula girls. These Arab village results were compared with cooperation-competition among subjects from rural communities in Mexico, the Canadian Indian population, and Israeli kibbutzim.
A Cross-Cultural Study of the Affective Meanings of Color
Authors: Adams Francis M. , Osgood Charles E.
Published: March 2007

Color data from the Osgood et al. 23-culture semantic differential study of affective meanings reveal cross-cultural similarities in feelings about colors. The concept RED is affectively quite salient. BLACK and GREY are bad, and WHITE, BLUE, and GREEN are good. YELLOW, WHITE, and GREY are weak; RED and BLACK are strong. BLACK and GREY are passive; RED is active. The color component Brightness, as determined by comparing data on WHITE, GREY, and BLACK, is strongly associated with positive Evaluation, but also with negative Potency. Eighty-nine previous studies of color and affect were analyzed. They generally support these findings, and, together with the fact that there are very few exceptions in our data or the literature, lead one to believe that there are strong universal trends in the attribution of affect in the color domain.
Attitudes toward Mental Disorder among College Students in the United States, Pakistan, and the Philippines
Authors: Sechrest Lee , Fay Todd , Zaidi Hafeez , Flores Luis
Published: March 2007

A 69-item questionnaire pertaining to attitudes toward mental disorder was administered to large college student samples in the United States, the Philippines, and Pakistan. Correlations between samples of item means indicated that, while the three samples were in general agreement across items, the Pakistani and Filipino samples were more similar in their responses. The Pakistani sample was least homogeneous in attitudes. Analysis of responses to individual items indicated that, on most items, the United States and Pakistani samples were most different from each other, with the Filipinos in the middle. Many of the Pakistani and Filipino responses could be interpreted in terms of superstition and lack of information, but many of the same responses are firmly rooted in the culture involved. It is by no means evident that the better-informed U.S. sample was invariably more "correct" and constructive in its attitudes.
Sex Differences and Cognitive Consistency
Authors: Gonzalez Arthur E. John , Davis Wallace M.
Published: March 2007

An experiment was conducted across two cultures, Greek and American, to test the disposition of subjects toward cognitive consistency. It was hypothesized that the balance effect would depend on sex, culture, and task variables. In a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design, the responses of male and female Greek and American subjects were assessed before and after the introduction of discrepant information. The subsequent balance scores showed significant differences between Greek and U.S. (Californian) subjects and between males and females in both cultures, differential across tasks. Some implications of the findings for consistency theory in general were discussed.
Preferences for Nonrepresentational Drawings by Navaho and other Children
Authors: Ross Bruce M.
Published: March 2007

Children (N = 320) who were mostly 11 and 12 years old and from four different cultures-the Navaho Indian, suburban U.S., Israeli, and Costa Rican-selected preferred pictures. Two of five pictures were chosen from 32 different picture arrays in which all pictures were nonrepresentational drawings. Navaho and suburban children also picked the best and the least-liked pictures across all arrays. Preferences among cultural groups were discriminated by three scales scoring picture attributes of High Quality, Low Action, and Uniqueness. The Navaho girls produced the most extreme scores on each of the scales with most High Quality and Low Action choices and fewest Unique choices. It was concluded that (a) as a group the Navaho girls already conformed to the stereotype that adult Navahos have conservative but superior esthetic preferences, (b) sex differences that are of only borderline significance within a culture may still be important in cross-cultural comparisons, and (c) the overall best-liked pictures for Navaho and suburban children were similar even though some significant scale differences were found using the above forced-choice technique.
Behavior, Malnutrition, and Mental Development
Authors: Guthrie George M. , Masangkay Zenaida , Guthrie Helen A.
Published: March 2007

Of 56 children 6 to 36 months of age tested in a mountain village in the Philippines, 16 were too sick to respond to the testing situation. An additional 15 with histories of severe malnutrition obtained very low scores on the Bayley Scale. The poor performance of malnourished children appears to be part of a larger pattern in which vigorous efforts are made to keep children from crying by giving them heavily sugared food, carrying them most of the time, and providing very little verbal stimulation. Furthermore, because the toddlers can get all they want by whimpering, they have little opportunity or need to acquire self-supporting verbal or manipulative skills. Finally, generally poor sanitation predisposes to a high prevalence of the diarrhea-malabsorption-malnutrition sequence, which exacerbates already existing dietary deficiencies.
Social Desirability Responses in Jewish and Arab Children in Israel
Authors: Sohlberg Shaul C.
Published: March 2007

As part of a larger study on personality characteristics of children from different cultural groups in Israel, a Hebrew and Arab version of the Children's Social Desirability Scale (CSD) was administered to a sample of 1024 Jewish and Arab students in grades 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12. The Jewish subjects in the Israeli sample had a significantly higher SD level than the American standardization sample, which replicates earlier findings by Crandall and Gozali (1969). Comparisons within the overall sample show that the Arabs had a significantly higher SD score than their Jewish counterparts at all ages. Within the Arab subsample, Moslems scored significantly higher than Christians; in the Jewish subsample no significant differences were found between religious and nonreligious subjects. No overall sex differences were found. These findings can be viewed against the background of certain specific cultural and psychological variables within these two major cultural-ethnic population groups in Israel.
Patterns of Self- and Intragroup Evaluations in Two Different Israeli Preadolescent Peer Groups
Authors: Kav-Venaki Sophie , Levin Iris , Esformes Yehuda , Karson Esther
Published: March 2007

To examine the influence of kibbutz socialization on patterns of self- and intragroup evaluations, 456 kibbutz and 768 middle-class city pre-adolescents evaluated themselves and a group of same-sex peers on positive and negative traits. As predicted, the kibbutznik evaluated his various peers as more similar to one another than did his city counterpart, and there was also more consensus among his peers in their evaluations of him. Moreover, as compared to his city agemate, the kibbutznik's self-evaluation (SE) more closely resembled both his evaluation of his peers and their evaluation of him. Within both settings, SEs were more positive than evaluations given to or received from peers. While in the kibbutz peer evaluations were more positive than in the city, no systematic differences in SEs were found between the settings. Implications for personality development and social behavior are discussed.
Reasoning about Implication
Authors: Brown Carole , Keats John A. , Keats Daphne M. , Seggie Ian
Published: March 2007

The difficulty associated with implicatory reasoning, in particular Wason's "selection task," was studied cross-culturally. The extent to which logical interpretation of implication contributed to success on the selection task was also investigated. Malaysian and Australian University students were tested with thematic, or abstract content on two tasks: (a) selection task, and (b) classification task (which tested subjects' understanding of implication). Cultural and content factors were not significant in determining performance on the selection task, but Australian subjects performed significantly better than Malaysian subjects on the classification task, and thematic groups scored significantly better than abstract groups. Success on the classification task was not related to success on the selection task. It was concluded that failure to reason logically on the selection task could not be attributed solely to misinterpretation of implication and that the difficulty associated with this task is not specific to any one cultural gorup or the language in which it is expressed.
Validation of the CPI Femininity Scale in Romania
Authors: Pitariu Horia
Published: March 2007

The 38-item Fe (Femininity) scale of the California Psychological Inventory has validly differentiated between males and females in several countries. Further cross-cultural study therefore seemed warranted. A Romanian translation was administered to 570 male and 300 female students in high school, engineering school, and college classes in psychology. Means were 17.01 for males and 22.49 for females. The difference of 5.48 was statistically significant (p < .001) and gave rise to a point-biserial coefficient of .58. Of the 38 items, 31 differentiated significantly and in the proper direction; 3 items showed reversals. Analysis of the Masculine and Feminine subscales showed these to be uncorrelated with each other. It was concluded that the Fe scale is sufficiently valid for use in Romanian investigations.
Masculine (Instrumental) and Feminine (Expressive) Traits
Authors: Runge Thomas E. , Frey Dieter , Gollwitzer Peter M. , Helmreich Robert L. , Spence Janet T.
Published: March 2007

A German version of Spence and Helmreich's Extended Personal Attributes Questionnaire (EPAQ), a measure of socially desirable and undesirable components of "Masculine" instrumentality and "feminine" expressivity, was administered to three samples in West Germany to determine whether its psychometric properties in that setting were similar to those found in samples in the United States. Factor analyses and scale intercorrelations conducted on the data from male and female high school and college students closely replicated the results reported for U.S. groups. Significant sex differences in the predicted direction were also found on all scales. The data thus support the conceptual model of masculine and feminine personality traits proposed by Spence and Helmreich as being useful for another country, West Germany, as well as the usefulness of the EPAQ as a measuring device. In addition, intracultural comparisons of the German samples were conducted to determine the relevance of the personality dimensions tapped by the EPAQ to vocational self-selection. Significant differences in theoretically reasonable directions were found be-ween high school and college students and samples of individuals enrolled in a social work training program and a training program for nursery school teachers.
Stereotyping Physical Attractiveness
Authors: Dion Karen K. , Pak Anita Wan-Ping , Dion Kenneth L.
Published: March 2007

Why does stereotyping based on physical attractiveness occur? We proposed a sociocultural hypothesis that physical attractiveness is less likely to be a salient evaluative cue in cultural contexts where collectivism, rather than individualism, is the basis for the dominant system of values. In collectivist cultures, the group rather than the individual is stressed, suggesting that social judgments, such as first impressions of others, are more likely to be based on group-related attributes (e.g., family, position in a social network), rather than personal or individuating elements, such as physical attractiveness. From this perspective, we predicted that individuals of Chinese ethnicity, who were mostly from Asian Pacific Rim countries and cities and were attending university in Canada, would be less prone to physical attractiveness stereotyping if they reported high involvement in Toronto's Chinese community, rather than low involvement. We suggested that high Chinese community involvement would reinforce and maintain a more collectivist value orientation, which should reduce the likelihood of stereotyping of own-group members based on physical attractiveness for the reasons discussed above. To test this hypothesis, subjects were asked to complete a measure of participation in various aspects of the Chinese community and to rate the personality traits and expected life outcomes of stimulus persons who varied in physical attractiveness. Our sociocultural hypothesis was supported in the case of personality trait ratings (the principal measure in attractiveness stereotyping research), but not on expected life outcome ratings. Implications of these findings for understanding attractiveness stereotyping are discussed.
An Item Response Theory Evaluation of an English Version of the Trier Personality Inventory (TPI)
Authors: Ellis Barbara B. , Becker Peter , Kimmel Herbert D.
Published: March 2007

The measurement equivalence of an English-language version of the Trier Personality Inventory (TPI) was evaluated, using statistical methods based on item response theory (IRT) to identity items that displayed differential item functioning (DIF). In Study 1, the TPI was administered to 295 American and 213 West German subjects. From among the 120 items tested, 11 DIF items were detected. A follow-up study using a new sample of 203 Americans was conducted to replicate the original study and to evaluate the post hoc explanation that translation error was the source of DIF for one item. DIF was replicated for 6 of the 11 DIF items found in Study 1, and DIF was eliminated for one item by retranslation. Overall, there was significant agreement between the DIF indexes found in Studies I and 2 for all 120 items analyzed. Some problems in replicating significant indexes of DIF are discussed.
A Cross-National Study of Leisure Activities
Authors: Beatty Sharon E. , Jeon Jung-Ok , Albaum Gerald , Murphy Brian
Published: March 2007

The primary goal of this paper is to extend leisure research efforts into the cross-national arena. Five leisure dimensions, drawn from the literature, were operationajized with a set of leisure choice activities. Students and one of their parents in four countries responded to questions about their levels of participation in these activities. Comparing and assessing factor structures across countries, three of the five dimensions were found to be adequately represented by the data. Meaningful differences between respondents' leisure choices and orientations (respondent's composite scores on a set of related activities) are assessed and discussed within segments in the four countries studied. The approach used seems promising in offering greater understanding of cross-cultural leisure choices.
Comparisons of Behavioral and Emotional Problems among Children of Jamaica and the United States
Authors: Lambert Michael Canute , Knight Frank H. , Taylor Rosemary , Achenbach Thomas M.
Published: March 2007

Building on earlier research, which used a common standardized methodology, the present study compared behavior problems reported by teachers for 359 Jamaican and 665 U.S. children aged 6-11. Most of the significant nationality differences reflected higher scores for Jamaican than U.S. children, although none of the differences accounted for more than a small percentage of variance in scores. For those problems reported to be present, Jamaican teachers tended to score a larger proportion as very true or often true than did U.S. teachers. In conjunction with previous findings, this suggests that a larger proportion of Jamaican children find school exceptionally stressful. Gender differences in problem rates were similar to those found in several other cultures. Findings from this and other studies demonstrate considerable similarity in the problems reported by teachers across diverse cultures.