bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cyclic Voltammetric and DFT Analysis of the Reduction of Manganese(III) Complexes with 2‐Hydroxybenzophenones
Authors: Adeniyi Adebayo A. , Conradie Jeanet
Published: September 2020

A comprehensive understanding of the redox behaviour of manganese complexes is significant for its use in different industrial applications, including as redox mediator in dye sensitized solar cells. This study presents the experimental reduction potential of derivatives of manganese(III) complexes coordinated to 2‐hydroxybenzophenones, showing that the first observed experimental reduction potential peak is located on the manganese atom, followed by a further ligand‐based reduction. A density functional theory study shows that Jahn‐Teller distortion has a larger impact on the theoretically determined reduction potential and molecular electrostatic potential at the manganese atom, than the impact of the isomeric forms (fac and mer) on the theoretically predicted reduction potential.
Calibration transfer for bioprocess Raman monitoring using Kennard Stone piecewise direct standardization and multivariate algorithms
Authors: Pétillot Laure , Pewny Fiona , Wolf Martin , Sanchez Célia , Thomas Fabrice , Sarrazin Johan , Fauland Katharina , Katinger Hermann , Javalet Charlotte , Bonneville Christophe
Published: September 2020

In the biopharmaceutical industry, Raman spectroscopy is now a proven PAT tool that enables in‐line simultaneous monitoring of several CPPs and CQAs in real‐time. However, as Raman monitoring requires multivariate modeling, variabilities unknown by models can impact the monitoring prediction accuracy. With the widespread use of Raman PAT tools, it is necessary to fix instrumental variability impacts, encountered for instance during a device replacement. In this work, we investigated the impact of instrumental variability between probes inside a multi‐channel analyzer and between two analyzers, and explored solutions to correct them on model prediction errors in cell cultures. It is shown that the Kennard Stone piecewise direct standardization (KS PDS) method enables to lower model prediction errors between probes of a multi‐channel analyzer from 20% to 10% on the cell densities (TCD/VCD). Considering the integration of a new device or the replacement of a previous one, it has been determined that a first cell culture monitoring can be directly performed with the new analyzer calibrated by the KS PDS method based on the dataset from the previous analyzer, with an accuracy better than 10% on the main components of the culture like glucose, lactate, and the cell densities. Then, the new data obtained by the new analyzer can be inserted in a global calibration dataset to integrate instrumental variability in the chemometric model: it is shown that only one batch with the new device in a consistent and equilibrated calibration dataset was sufficient to correct the prediction gap induced by instrumental variability, allowing to exploit the data from previous analyzers considering optimized methods. This methodology provides good multivariate calibration model prediction errors throughout the instrumental changes which is a requirement for model maintenance.
The hope and the dream, a study in colored pencil
Authors: Williams AB
Published: September 2020

A Depression‐era photo of an African American woman in her home with her quilts and the national portraits of the Obamas become the inspiration for an artist's exploration of portraiture, textiles, and the aesthetic of African American women.
Clinical evidence supporting cranberry as a complementary approach to Helicobacter pylori management
Authors: Howell Amy B.
Published: September 2020

This concise review summarizes results of the latest clinical trials that support the use of standardized cranberry juice intake as a complementary means of suppressing Helicobacter pylori infections. While not a replacement for antibiotic therapies, this tolerable and accessible dietary approach to help reduce inoculum levels in high‐risk populations could help curb infections and potentially reduce antibiotic use and subsequent stomach cancer prevalence.
Endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation is required for maintaining endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis and viability of mature Schwann cells in adults
Authors: Wu Shuangchan , Stone Sarrabeth , Yue Yuan , Lin Wensheng
Published: September 2020

The integrated unfolded protein response (UPR) and endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation (ERAD) is the principle mechanisms that maintain endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis. Schwann cells (SCs) must produce an enormous amount of myelin proteins via the ER to assemble and maintain myelin structure; however, it is unclear how SCs maintain ER homeostasis. It is known that Suppressor/Enhancer of Lin‐12‐like (Sel1L) is necessary for the ERAD activity of the Sel1L‐ hydroxymethylglutaryl reductase degradation protein 1(Hrd1) complex. Herein, we showed that Sel1L deficiency in SCs impaired the ERAD activity of the Sel1L‐Hrd1 complex and led to ER stress and activation of the UPR. Interestingly, Sel1L deficiency had no effect on actively myelinating SCs during development, but led to later‐onset mature SC apoptosis and demyelination in the adult PNS. Moreover, inactivation of the pancreatic ER kinase (PERK) branch of the UPR did not influence the viability and function of actively myelinating SCs, but resulted in exacerbation of ER stress and apoptosis of mature SCs in SC‐specific Sel1L deficient mice. These findings suggest that the integrated UPR and ERAD is dispensable to actively myelinating SCs during development, but is necessary for maintaining ER homeostasis and the viability and function of mature SCs in adults.
A 10 year retrospective cohort study of inpatients with younger‐onset dementia
Authors: Loi Samantha M. , Eratne Dhamidhu , Goh Anita M. Y. , Wibawa Pierre , Farrand Sarah , Kelso Wendy , Evans Andrew , Watson Rosie , Walterfang Mark , Velakoulis Dennis
Published: September 2020

Objectives

Younger‐onset dementia (YOD) refers to a dementia where symptom onset occurs when the patient is less than 65 years of age. YOD is far less common than late‐onset dementia (occurring when patients are over 65 years old) and more challenging to diagnose due to its heterogeneous presentation. There have been relatively few studies describing demographic and diagnostic characteristics of patients with YOD in the community, particularly with follow‐up information.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was performed of inpatients admitted to a tertiary neuropsychiatry service, located in metropolitan Victoria, Australia, from 2009 to 2019. Inpatients with a YOD diagnosis were identified and data regarding diagnosis, demographics and investigations were obtained.

Results

There were 849 individual inpatients who were admitted to the service in the 10‐year period and received comprehensive assessment. There were 306 individuals who received a YOD diagnosis, using contemporaneous diagnostic criteria (frequency 36%). The most common diagnoses were Alzheimer's disease (24.2%), frontotemporal dementia (23.1%), Huntington's disease (16.7%) and vascular dementia (7.8%). More than half of these inpatients were followed up and 6.5% had a diagnostic change when reviewed.

Conclusions

This study reports on the largest cohort of YOD to date, with diagnostic breakdown similar to previous retrospective file reviews. The neuropsychiatry service is funded to follow‐up its patients, thus allowing re‐assessment and continuity of care. While there are limitations in this study such as the lack of neuropathological outcomes, the findings emphasise the strengths of follow‐up and appropriate service provision for these patients.
The effect of Affordable Care Act Medicaid expansion on hospital revenue
Authors: Moghtaderi Ali , Pines Jesse , Zocchi Mark , Black Bernard
Published: September 2020

Prior research has found that in states which expanded Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act, hospital Medicaid revenue rose sharply, and uncompensated care costs fell sharply, relative to hospitals in nonexpansion states. This suggests that Medicaid expansion may have been a boon for hospital revenue. We conduct a difference‐in‐differences analysis covering the first four expansion years (2014–2017) and confirm prior results for Medicaid revenue and uncompensated care cost, over this longer period. However, we find that hospitals in expansion states showed no significant relative gains in either total patient revenue or operating margins. Instead, the relative rise in Medicaid revenue was offset by relative declines in commercial insurance revenue. In subsample analyses, we find higher revenue and margins for rural hospitals in expansion states, little change for small urban hospitals, and a revenue decline for large urban hospitals.
Impact of greater auricular nerve sacrifice during parotidectomy on quality of life
Authors: Yan Flora , Desiato Vincent M. , Nguyen Shaun A. , Lentsch Eric J.
Published: September 2020

Background

Greater auricular nerve (GAN) sacrifice can alter sensation; however, the impact on quality of life (QoL) is unclear.

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate patients' QoL following GAN sacrifice versus preservation.

Methods

Patients who underwent parotidectomy from 2010 to 2019 at a single institution completed two QoL surveys. Results between GAN‐sacrificed versus preserved cohorts and short (≤ 1 year) versus long‐term (> 1 year) follow‐up were compared.

Results

Of 404 patients, 67 with known GAN status completed the surveys. GAN‐sacrificed patients more frequently experienced sensation loss of the lobule and concha than GAN‐preserved patients (P = .042 and P = .041, respectively). Interference with daily activities or amount of regained sensation was not different based on GAN status. Short‐term follow‐up patients had a higher number of symptoms and affected areas than long‐term follow‐up patients (P = .014 and P = .002, respectively).

Conclusion

GAN sacrifice leads to sensation loss of the lobule and concha; however, it does not significantly impair QoL.
Early fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallow in transoral robotic surgery: Description of swallow function and recovery in the acute postoperative period for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Charters Emma K. , Bogaardt Hans , Freeman‐Sanderson Amy L. , Ballard Kirrie J. , Davies Sarah , Oates Justine , Clark Jonathan
Published: September 2020

Background

Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) is a minimally invasive approach for the treatment of oropharyngeal cancer. The effects on swallowing and speech need to be comprehensively evaluated to understand the associated morbidity.

Methods

A prospective cohort of 21 patients was recruited to undergo pre‐TORS and post‐TORS swallowing and communication assessment. Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) was used in the first postoperative week.

Results

Sixteen participants (76.2%) had penetration‐aspiration scores ≥3 or higher, seven (33.3%) aspirated on thin liquids, three (14.3%) did so silently. Prolonged recovery trajectory occurred for the majority of the cohort, particularly if TORS was followed by adjuvant radiotherapy. Swallowing and communication scores were significantly worse in base of tongue primary tumors and with advanced age.

Conclusion

Early FEES demonstrates a significant decline in swallowing function, including increased secretion load, pharyngeal residue, laryngeal penetration, and aspiration. Silent aspiration occurred in 14% and thus highlights the necessity for instrumental assessment to ascertain aspiration risk.
Photoacoustic endoscopy: A progress review
Authors: Guo Heng , Li Ying , Qi Weizhi , Xi Lei
Published: September 2020

Endoscopy has been widely used in biomedical imaging and integrated with various optical and acoustic imaging modalities. Photoacoustic imaging (PAI), one of the fastest growing biomedical imaging modalities, is a noninvasive and nonionizing method that owns rich optical contrast, deep acoustic penetration depth, multiscale and multiparametric imaging capability. Hence, it is preferred to miniaturize the volume of PAI and develop an emerged endoscopic imaging modality referred to as photoacoustic endoscopy (PAE). It has been developed for more than one decade since the first report of PAE. Unfortunately, until now, there is no mature photoacoustic endoscopic technique recognized in clinic due to various technical limitations. To address this concern, recent development of new scanning mechanisms, adoption of novel optical/acoustic devices, utilization of superior computation methods and exploration of multimodality strategies have significantly promoted the progress of PAE toward clinic. In this review, we comprehensively reviewed recent progresses in single‐ and multimodality PAE with new physics, mechanisms and strategies to achieve practical devices for potential applicable scenarios including esophageal, gastrointestinal, urogenital and intravascular imaging. We ended this review with challenges and prospects for future development of PAE.
Protecting the skin‐implant interface with transcutaneous silver‐coated skin‐and‐bone‐integrated pylon in pig and rabbit dorsum models
Authors: Shevtsov Maxim , Gavrilov Dmitriy , Yudintceva Natalia , Zemtsova Elena , Arbenin Andrei , Smirnov Vladimir , Voronkina Irina , Adamova Polina , Blinova Miralda , Mikhailova Nataliya , Galibin Oleg , Akkaoui Michael , Pitkin Mark
Published: September 2020

Implant‐associated soft tissue infections at the skin‐implant interface represent the most frequent complications in reconstructive surgery and lead to implant failures and revisions. Titanium implants with deep porosity, called skin‐and‐bone‐integrated‐pylons (SBIP), allow for skin ingrowth in the morphologically natural direction, thus restoring a reliable dermal barrier and reducing the risk of infection. Silver coating of the SBIP implant surface using physical vapor deposition technique offers the possibility of preventing biofilm formation and exerting a direct antimicrobial effect during the wound healing phase. In vivo studies employing pig and rabbit dorsum models for assessment of skin ingrowth into the pores of the pylon demonstrated the safety of transcutaneous implantation of the SBIP system. No postoperative complications were reported at the end of the follow‐up period of 6 months. Histological analysis proved skin ingrowth in the minipig model without signs of silver toxicity. Analysis of silver release (using energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy)in the model of intramedullary‐inserted silver‐coated SBIP in New Zealand rabbits demonstrated trace amounts of silver after 3 months of in‐bone implantation. In conclusion, selected temporary silver coating of the SBIP implant surface is powerful at preventing the periprosthetic infections without imparing skin ingrowth and can be considered for clinical application.
Transitional Dynamics of Three Supervisory Styles Using Markov Chain Analysis
Authors: Li Dan , Duys David K. , Vispoel Walter P.
Published: September 2020

Counseling supervision is a critically important process that depends on the establishment of a supportive, collaborative, and developmentally enhancing working relationship. However, the actual verbal exchanges within the supervisory dyads are infrequently examined in the literature. In this study, we used Markov chain analysis to explore supervision dynamics of 34 supervisory dyads and how these dynamics varied within three supervisory styles (i.e., attractive, interpersonally sensitive, and task oriented). Among the three styles, the interpersonally sensitive supervisory style was the only discriminant variable based on which supervisory dyads exhibited statistically different state‐transitional patterns (i.e., movement patterns across six supervision events). The results of this study provide implications for clinical supervisors, counselor educators, counselors‐in‐training, and researchers who are interested in studying process features at the microlevel.
Effects of lithium on the electronic properties of porous Ge as anode material for batteries
Authors: Sosa Akari Narayama , González Israel , Trejo Alejandro , Miranda Álvaro , Salazar Fernando , Cruz‐Irisson Miguel
Published: September 2020

Recently, the need of improvement of energy storage has led to the development of Lithium batteries with porous materials as electrodes. Porous Germanium (pGe) has shown promise for the development of new generation Li‐ion batteries due to its excellent electronic, and chemical properties, however, the effect of lithium in its properties has not been studied extensively. In this contribution, the effect of surface and interstitial Li on the electronic properties of pGe was studied using a first‐principles density functional theory scheme. The porous structures were modeled by removing columns of atoms in the [001] direction and the surface dangling bonds were passivated with H atoms, and then replaced with Li atoms. Also, the effect of a single interstitial Li in the Ge was analyzed. The transition state and the diffusion barrier of the Li in the Ge structure were studied using a quadratic synchronous transit scheme.
Cholangiocyte derived carcinomas and local microbiota
Authors: Arteta Ariel A. , Milanes‐Yearsley Martha , Cardona‐Castro Nora
Published: September 2020

Trillions of bacteria are present in the gastrointestinal tract as part of the local microbiota. Bacteria have been associated with a wide range of gastrointestinal diseases including malignant neoplasms. The association of bacteria in gastrointestinal and biliary tract carcinogenesis is supported in the paradigm of Helicobacter pylori and intestinal‐type gastric cancer. However, the association of bacterial species to a specific carcinoma, different from intestinal‐type gastric cancer is unresolved. The relationship of bacteria to a specific malignant neoplasm can drive clinical interventions. We review the classic bacteria risk factors identified using cultures and PCR (polymerase chain reaction) with new research regarding a microbiota approach through 16S rRNA (16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene) or metagenomic analysis for selected carcinomas in the biliary tract.
Values Across Creative Domains
Authors: Taylor Christa L. , Kaufman James C.
Published: September 2020

Past research has demonstrated that the hierarchical value structures of creative individuals differ systematically from their less creative counterparts. However, earlier studies used a global creativity score, which is inconsistent with both creativity’s movement toward a domain‐specific viewpoint, and Lebedeva et al.’s 2019 study suggests the relationship between values and the frequency of creative behaviors differs by domain. We conducted two studies to determine if different creative domains are associated with distinct value hierarchies in creative ability, self‐perception, and achievement. Study 1 (N = 156) examined whether Schwartz’s core values demonstrated a different pattern of correlations with verbal versus visual creative performance, assessed with story and drawing tasks. Study 2 (N = 492) examined the pattern of values across a broader set of domains (i.e., artistic, everyday/self, science, performance, and scholarly), assessed using measures of creative self‐concept and self‐reported creative achievement. The value hierarchies associated with each of the domains were not consistent with each other or with the findings of past studies. The implications of these results for creative domain specificity and motivation are discussed.
The identification of synthetic organic red pigments in historical plastics: Developing an in situ analytical protocol based on Raman microscopy
Authors: Angelin Eva Mariasole , França de Sá Susana , Picollo Marcello , Nevin Austin , Callapez Maria Elvira , Melo Maria João
Published: September 2020

The identification of colorants in historic plastics is a methodological and analytical challenge. Although deformulation is performed by the plastics industry, in the case of historical objects, sampling is often impossible, and in situ protocols are needed. The accurate identification of colorants provides insights into historical plastic formulations, supports planning of conservation studies, and critical data for objects that already exhibit color change (e.g. fading). Indeed, colorants may degrade following exposure to light, and color changes have been reported for plastic objects. The analysis of colorants remains a challenge, and microsampling is usually required. Successful identification of red pigments from thirty historical plastics is reported following a new in situ analytical protocol based on Raman microscopy. Information about other pigments, fillers and plastic polymers are reported. Fading has been observed in the historical plastic objects containing Pigment Red 53.
Degree irregularity and rank probability bias in network meta‐analysis
Authors: Davies Annabel L. , Galla Tobias
Published: September 2020

Network meta‐analysis (NMA) is a statistical technique for the comparison of treatment options. Outcomes of Bayesian NMA include estimates of treatment effects, and the probabilities that each treatment is ranked best, second best and so on. How exactly network topology affects the accuracy and precision of these outcomes is not fully understood. Here we carry out a simulation study and find that disparity in the number of trials involving different treatments leads to a systematic bias in estimated rank probabilities. This bias is associated with an increased variation in the precision of treatment effect estimates. Using ideas from the theory of complex networks, we define a measure of “degree irregularity” to quantify asymmetry in the number of studies involving each treatment. Our simulations indicate that more regular networks have more precise treatment effect estimates and smaller bias of rank probabilities. Conversely, these topological effects are not observed for the accuracy of treatment effect estimates. This reinforces the importance of taking into account multiple measures, rather than making decisions based on a single metric. We also find that degree regularity is a better indicator for the accuracy and precision of parameter estimates in NMA than both the total number of studies in a network and the disparity in the number of trials per comparison. These results have implications for planning future trials. We demonstrate that choosing trials which reduce the network's irregularity can improve the precision and accuracy of parameter estimates from NMA.
Predicting malignancy in patients with adrenal tumors using 18F‐FDG‐PET/CT SUVmax
Authors: Vos Elvira L. , Grewal Ravinder K. , Russo Ashley E. , Reidy‐Lagunes Diane , Untch Brian R. , Gavane Somali C. , Boucai Laura , Geer Eliza , Gopalan Anuradha , Chou Joanne F. , Capanu Marinela , Strong Vivian E.
Published: September 2020

Background and Objectives

18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F‐FDG‐PET/CT) parameters may help distinguish malignant from benign adrenal tumors, but few have been externally validated or determined based on definitive pathological confirmation. We determined and validated a threshold for 18F‐FDG‐PET/CT maximum standard uptake value (SUVmax) in patients who underwent adrenalectomy for a nonfunctional tumor.

Methods

Database review identified patients with 18F‐FDG‐PET/CT images available (training cohort), or only SUVmax values (validation cohort). Discriminative accuracy was assessed by area under the curve (AUC), and the optimal cutoff value estimated by maximally selected Wilcoxon rank statistics.

Results

Of identified patients (n = 171), 86 had adrenal metastases, 20 adrenal cortical carcinoma, and 27 adrenal cortical adenoma. In the training cohort (n = 96), SUVmax was significantly higher in malignant versus benign tumors (median 8.3 vs. 3.0, p < .001), with an AUC of 0.857. Tumor size did not differ. The optimal cutoff SUVmax was 4.6 (p < .01). In the validation cohort (n = 75), this cutoff had a sensitivity of 75% and specificity 55%.

Conclusions

18F‐FDG‐PET/CT SUVmax was associated with malignancy. Validation indicated that SUVmax ≥ 4.6 was suggestive of malignancy, while lower values did not reliably predict benign tumor.
Studies on the reaction between reduced riboflavin and selenocystine
Authors: Dereven'kov Ilia A. , Makarov Sergei V. , Molodtsov Pavel A. , Makarova Anna S.
Published: September 2020

Selenocysteine (Sec) is a crucial component of mammalian thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) where it serves as a nucleophile for disulfide bond rupture in thioredoxin (Trx). Generation of the reduced state of Sec in TrxR requires consecutive two electron transfer steps, namely: (i) from NADPH to flavin adenine dinucleotide, (ii) from reduced flavin to the disulfide bond Cys59‐S‐S‐Cys64, and finally (iii) from Cys59 and Cys64 to the selenosulfide bond Cys497‐S‐Se‐Sec498. In this work, we studied the reaction between reduced riboflavin (RibH2) and selenocystine (Sec‐Sec), an oxidized form of Sec. The interaction between RibH2 and Sec‐Sec proceeded relatively slowly in comparison with its reverse reaction, that is, reduction of riboflavin (Rib) by Sec. The rate constant for the reaction between RibH2 and Sec‐Sec was (7.9 ± 0.1) × 10−2 M−1 s−1 (pH 7.0, 25.0°C). The reaction between Rib and Sec proceeded via two steps, namely, a rapid reversible binding of Rib to Sec having a protonated selenol group to form a Sec‐Rib complex, followed by nucleophilic attack of Sec‐Rib by a second Sec molecule harboring a deprotonated selenol group. The equilibrium constant for the overall reduction process of Rib by Sec is (1.2 ± 0.1) × 106 M−1 (25.0°C). The finding that the interaction of RibH2 with oxidized selenol is reversible with its equilibrium favored toward the reverse reaction provides an additional explanation for the exceptional mechanism of the mammalian Trx/TrxR system involving transient reduction of a disulfide bond.
Effect of Chain‐End Chemistries on the Efficiency of Coupling Antibodies to Polymers Using Unnatural Amino Acids
Authors: Sivaram Amal J. , Wardiana Andri , Preethi S. S. Hema , Fuchs Adrian V. , Howard Christopher B. , Fletcher Nicholas L. , Bell Craig A. , Thurecht Kristofer J.
Published: September 2020

Novel conjugates that incorporate strategies for increasing the therapeutic payload, such as targeted polymeric delivery vehicles, have great potential in overcoming limitations of conventional antibody therapies that often exhibit immunogenicity and limited drug loading. Click chemistry has significantly expanded the toolbox of effective strategies for developing hybrid polymer‐biomolecule conjugates, however, effective systems require orthogonality between the polymer and biomolecule chemistries to achieve efficient coupling. Here, three cycloaddition‐based strategies for antibody conjugation to polymeric carriers are explored and show that a purely radical‐based method for polymer synthesis and subsequent biomolecule attachment has a trade‐off between coupling efficiency of the antibody and the ability to synthesize polymers with controlled chemical properties. It is shown that careful consideration of both coupling chemistries as well as the potential effect of how this modulates the chemical properties of the polymer nanocarrier should be considered during the development of such systems. The strategies described offer insight into improving conjugate development for therapeutic and theranostic applications. In this system, polymerization using conventional and established reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agents, followed by multiple post‐modification steps, always leads to systems with more defined chemical architectures compared to strategies that utilize alkyne‐functional RAFT agents.
Silicone Surface Fundamentals
Authors: Owen Michael J.
Published: September 2020

Many of the applications of the most familiar silicone polymer, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), are a consequence of its hydrophobic nature. The key quantities underlying this behavior are the water contact angle with water droplets, the surface tension of the polymer, and its interfacial tension with water. These quantities are reviewed for PDMS and the fluorsilicone polymethyltrifluoropropylsiloxane (PMTFPS) as well as some other less common, more highly fluorinated, fluorosilicones. As aliphatic fluorocarbons are usually introduced into polymers to lower surface tension, it is unexpected that the surface tension of PMTFPS is higher than PDMS. However, this observation is consistent with Zisman's early extensive studies. It is also somewhat surprising that there are no definitive values accepted for the water contact angle with PDMS and the interfacial tension at the PDMS/water interface. Some reasons for this are explored and relevant limitations considered. The variety of ways in which a PDMS surface can be presented must have a major effect on the range of water contact angles reported.
Fully Renewable Non‐Isocyanate Polyurethanes via the Lossen Rearrangement
Authors: Filippi Luca , Meier Michael A. R.
Published: September 2020

In this work, a straightforward and efficient synthesis approach to renewable non‐isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs) is described. For this purpose, suitable and renewable carbamate monomers, possessing two double bonds, are synthesized from hydroxamic fatty acid derivatives via the Lossen rearrangement in a one‐step synthesis, and sustainable dithiols are synthesized from dialkenes derived from renewable feedstock (i.e., limonene and 1,4‐cyclohexadiene). Subsequently, the comonomers are polymerized with the highly efficient thiol–ene reaction to produce NIPUs with Mn values up to 26 kg mol−1 bearing thioether linkages. The main side product of the Lossen rearrangement, a symmetric urea, can also be polymerized in the same fashion. Important in the view of sustainability, the monomer mixture can also be used directly, without separation. The obtained polymers are characterized by NMR, attenuated total reflection‐infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and size exclusion chromatography.
Using Acoustic Telemetry to Estimate Weakfish Survival Rates along the U.S. East Coast
Authors: Krause Jacob R. , Hightower Joseph E. , Buckel Jeffrey A. , Turnure Jason T. , Grothues Thomas M. , Manderson John P. , Rosendale John E. , Pessutti Jeffrey P.
Published: September 2020

The Weakfish Cynoscion regalis, an economically important species, has declined over the last 30 years, corresponding with an increase in total mortality according to the most recent stock assessment. We estimated estuarine-specific and coastwide apparent survival of Weakfish by using a Cormack–Jolly–Seber model to provide insights into the spatiotemporal component of mortality. Telemetered Weakfish (n =342) were released across five estuaries ranging from North Carolina to New Jersey between 2006 and 2016. In estuaries from Delaware Bay and northward, egress peaked around the third week of September; in North Carolina, egress peaked by the first week of November. For three estuaries with adequate sample sizes, apparent survival estimates were similar and a joint model including all telemetered Weakfish estimated an extremely low annual apparent survival rate of 0.001 (95% credible interval [CrI] = 0.002–0.0003) or annual apparent instantaneous total mortality of 7.25 (95% CrI = 6.28–8.05). At a minimum, 61% of telemetered Weakfish emigrated in the fall, but only 2 of 149 fish with long-lived transmitters were detected as returning to estuaries the following year. This is a small proportion for a fish that exhibits spawning site fidelity. We conclude that the disappearance of telemetered Weakfish represents mortality that occurs between emigration and the spring spawning period, potentially during overwinter periods on the continental shelf. Our study provides insights into the magnitude, timing, and location of Weakfish loss and facilitates an improved understanding of Weakfish population dynamics for use in stock rebuilding.
Q‐VENT—A novel device for emergency ventilation of the lungs in patients with respiratory failure due to diseases such as COVID‐19
Authors: Palacka Patrik , Furka Samuel , Furka Daniel , Huzevka Tibor , Gallik Dalibor , Janek Marian
Published: September 2020

Since the end of 2019, a novel coronavirus (SARS‐CoV‐2) causing pneumonia, often progressing to rapid deterioration with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) requiring advanced life support, has been spreading worldwide. The humanitarian crisis we are currently witnessing across the globe is threatening access to artificial ventilation of the lungs (AVL) for patients with respiratory failure. Q‐vent is a multi‐way air valve system with filters and heater/humidifier module produced by 3D printer from a new composite material based on Phloxine B, Saponite and Polylactic acid that prevents the formation of bacterial biofilms. This automated device, which can be fitted with commercially available Ambu® Breathing Bags or similar, provides a high degree of controllability along with one‐box complexity. A built‐in cough sensor warns of patient's awakening. In the case of power failure, Q‐vent switches to battery reserve. The developed device was tested on an intubated model (Gaumard® Scientific ‐ UNI®) corresponding to a patient (80 kg) with lung compliance 50 ml/cm H2O to simulate ARDS for 24 hours. The inspiration‐to‐expiration (I:E) ratio, tidal volume set to 8 ml/kg PBW (L‐type pneumonia) and 6 ml/kg PBW (H‐type Pneumonia), and frequency of inspiration were adjusted to test Q‐Vent operation at a range of different conditions. All functions performed reliably throughout the testing procedure. Q‐Vent successfully passed the Rapidly Manufactured Ventilator System (RMVS001) validation issued by MHRA and is awaiting clinical trials to determine its value in overcoming crises caused by the lack of conventional AVL.
Sjogren–Larsson Syndrome: A case series of five members from an extended family with a novel mutation
Authors: Abidi Kamel T. , Kamal Naglaa M. , Bakkar A. Ayman A. , Alotaibi Maram , Asseri Haifa , Bokari Kawthar A.
Published: September 2020

Backgroundd

Sjogren–Larsson syndrome (SLS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder, characterized by a triad of spastic tetraplegia or diplegia, congenital ichthyosis, and intellectual disability.

Methods

We report a seven‐years‐old female born to consanguineous parents who presented with erythematous dry scaly skin all over the body sparing the face, without collodion membrane which started since birth. There were associated with global developmental delay and seizure disorder. SLS was suspected and hence sequence analysis of the ALDH3A2 gene by next‐generation sequencing was performed for the patient.

Results

A novel nucleotide exchange in homozygous state at position c.1320 in exon 9 of the ALDH3A2 gene (c.1320T>A), leading to a stop of the protein sequence (p.Tyr440) was detected in the patient. Genetic testing of the patient's extended family revealed another four affected family members with the same mutation.

Conclusions

SLS should be suspected in any patient with a triad of ichthyosis, intellectual disability and spastic di/tetraplegia. Molecular genetic testing of the ALDH3A2 gene should be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Extended family screening is highly recommended.
4G/5G antenna with small clearance for metal frame smartphone applications
Authors: Jin Guiping , Wang Wei , Sun Yi , Lu Dujiao , Liao Shaowei
Published: September 2020

An 4G/5G antenna with small clearance for metal frame smartphone applications is proposed. The proposed antenna consists of metal frame, inverted‐T feeding lines, S‐shaped branch, and the system ground on which U‐shaped slot is etched. The metal frame is broken and there is a 2 mm open slit on the metal frame. There is a 2 mm gap between the metal frame and the substrate. The ground clearance of the proposed antenna is 34.5 × 5.5 mm. Inverted‐T feeding lines are connected to the metal rim. Using the multiple radiation patterns of S‐shaped branches and the coupling ring mode of S‐shaped branch and ground‐extending metal frames, the measured −6 dB impedance bandwidth are 1680 to 2820 MHz and 2870 to 5500 MHz bands, which can fully cover DCS1800, PCS1900, UMTS2100, LTE2400, 2600 (1710 to 2690 MHz), and 5G N77/N78/N79 (3300‐4200 MHz, 4400‐5000 MHz) bands. The measured efficiency is greater than 43% in desired bands. The proposed antenna has the advantages of small ground clearance, wide bandwidth, and no lumped elements.
AZTEK: Adaptive zero TE k‐space trajectories
Authors: Boucneau Tanguy , Fernandez Brice , Besson Florent L. , Menini Anne , Wiesinger Florian , Durand Emmanuel , Caramella Caroline , Darrasse Luc , Maître Xavier
Published: September 2020

Purpose

Because of short signal lifetimes and respiratory motion, 3D lung MRI is still challenging today. Zero‐TE (ZTE) pulse sequences offer promising solutions as they overcome the issue of short . Nevertheless, as they rely on continuous readout gradients, the trajectories they follow in k‐space are not adapted to retrospective gating and inferred motion correction.

Theory and methods

We propose AZTEK (adaptive ZTE k‐space trajectories), a set of 3D radial trajectories featuring three tuning parameters, to adapt the acquisition to any moving organ while keeping seamless transitions between consecutive spokes. Standard ZTE and AZTEK trajectories were compared for static and moving phantom acquisitions as well as for human thoracic imaging performed on 3 volunteers (1 healthy and 2 patients with lung cancer).

Results

For the static phantom, we observe comparable image qualities with standard and AZTEK trajectories. For the moving phantom, spatially coherent undersampling artifacts observed on gated images with the standard trajectory are alleviated with AZTEK. The same improvement in image quality is obtained in human, so details are more delineated in the lung with the use of the adaptive trajectory.

Conclusion

The AZTEK technique opens the possibility for 3D dynamic ZTE lung imaging with retrospective gating. It enables us to uniformly sample the k‐space for any arbitrary respiratory motion gate, while preserving static image quality, improving dynamic image quality and guaranteeing continuous readout gradient transitions between spokes, which makes it appropriate to ZTE.
RF heating measurement using MR thermometry and field monitoring: Methodological considerations and first in vivo results
Authors: Le Ster Caroline , Mauconduit Franck , Mirkes Christian , Bottlaender Michel , Boumezbeur Fawzi , Djemai Boucif , Vignaud Alexandre , Boulant Nicolas
Published: September 2020

Purpose

A MR thermometry (MRT) method with field monitoring is proposed to improve the measurement of small temperature variations induced in brain MRI exams.

Methods

MR thermometry experiments were performed at 7 Tesla with concurrent field monitoring and RF heating. Images were reconstructed with nominal k‐space trajectories and with first‐order spherical harmonics correction. Experiments were performed in vitro with deliberate field disturbances and on an anesthetized macaque in 2 different specific absorption rate regimes, that is, at 50% and 100% of the maximal specific absorption rate level allowed in the International Electrotechnical Commission normal mode of operation. Repeatability was assessed by running a second separate session on the same animal.

Results

Inclusion of magnetic field fluctuations in the reconstruction improved temperature measurement accuracy in vitro down to 0.02°C. Measurement precision in vivo was on the order of 0.15°C in areas little affected by motion. In the same region, temperature increase reached 0.5 to 0.8°C after 20 min of heating at 100% specific absorption rates and followed a rough factor of 2 with the 50% specific absorption rate scans. A horizontal temperature plateau, as predicted by Pennes bioheat model with thermal constants from the literature and constant blood temperature assumption, was not observed.

Conclusion

Inclusion of field fluctuations in image reconstruction was beneficial for the measurement of small temperature rises encountered in standard brain exams. More work is needed to correct for motion‐induced field disturbances to extract reliable temperature maps.
Feasibility of QSM in the human placenta
Authors: Zun Zungho , Kapse Kushal , Quistorff Jessica , Andescavage Nickie , Gimovsky Alexis C. , Ahmadzia Homa , Limperopoulos Catherine
Published: September 2020

Purpose

Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) is an emerging tool for the precise characterization of human tissue, including regional oxygenation. A critical function of the human placenta is oxygen transfer to the developing fetus, which remains difficult to study in utero. The purpose of this study is to investigate the feasibility of performing QSM in the human placenta in utero.

Methods

In healthy pregnant women, 3D gradient echo data of the placenta were acquired with prospective respiratory gating at 1.5 Tesla and 3 Tesla. A brief period (6‐7 min) of maternal hyperoxia was induced to increase placental oxygenation in a subset of women scanned at 3 Tesla, and data were acquired before and during oxygen administration. Susceptibility and / maps were reconstructed from gradient echo data, and mean and SD of these measures within the whole placenta were calculated.

Results

A total of 54 women were studied at a mean gestational age of 30.7 ± 4.2 (range: 24 5/7‐38 4/7) weeks. Susceptibility and maps demonstrated lobular contrast reflecting regional oxygenation difference at both field strengths. SD of susceptibilities, mean , and SD of of the placenta showed a linear relationship with gestational age (P < .01 for all). These measures were also responsive to maternal hyperoxia, and there was an increasing response with advancing gestational age (P < .01 for all).

Conclusion

This study demonstrates the feasibility of performing placental QSM in pregnant women and supports the potential for placental QSM to provide noninvasive in vivo assessment of placental oxygenation.
Effects of update frequencies in a dynamic capacitated arc routing problem
Authors: Padungwech Wasin , Thompson Jonathan , Lewis Rhyd
Published: September 2020

The capacitated arc routing problem (CARP) concerns a minimum‐cost set of routes for vehicles that provide service on edges in a given graph while ensuring that the total demand in each route does not exceed the vehicle's capacity. This paper concerns a dynamic variant of the CARP. In particular, it focuses on a problem in which new tasks appear over time. We find that simply increasing the number of iterations of a tabu search algorithm does not always lead to a better solution for a dynamic CARP. This paper investigates how the solution quality can be affected by changing the frequency of updating solutions. Furthermore, we investigate whether or not such effect varies with a method of integrating new tasks into the solution at each update.
Targetable BRAF and RAF1 Alterations in Advanced Pediatric Cancers
Authors: Rankin Andrew , Johnson Adrienne , Roos Alison , Kannan Geoffrey , Knipstein Jeffrey , Britt Nicholas , Rosenzweig Mark , Haberberger James , Pavlick Dean , Severson Eric , Vergilio Jo-Anne , Squillace Rachel , Erlich Rachel , Sathyan Pratheesh , Cramer Stuart , Kram David , Ross Jeffrey , Miller Vince , Reddy Prasanth , Alexander Brian , Ali Siraj M. , Ramkissoon Shakti
Published: September 2020

RAF family protein kinases signal through the MAPK pathway to orchestrate cellular proliferation, survival, and transformation. Identifying BRAF alterations in pediatric cancers is critically important as therapeutic agents targeting BRAF or MEK may be incorporated into the clinical management of these patients. In this study, we performed comprehensive genomic profiling on 3,633 pediatric cancer samples and identified a cohort of 221 (6.1%) cases with known or novel alterations in BRAF or RAF1 detected in extracranial solid tumors, brain tumors, or hematological malignancies. Eighty percent (176/221) of these tumors had a known-activating short variant (98, 55.7%), fusion (72, 40.9%), or insertion/deletion (6, 3.4%). Among BRAF altered cancers, the most common tumor types were brain tumors (74.4%), solid tumors (10.8%), hematological malignancies (9.1%), sarcomas (3.4%), and extracranial embryonal tumors (2.3%). RAF1 fusions containing intact RAF1 kinase domain (encoded by exons 10–17) were identified in seven tumors, including two novel fusions TMF1-RAF1 and SOX6-RAF1. Additionally, we highlight a subset of patients with brain tumor with positive clinical response to BRAF inhibitors, demonstrating the rationale for incorporating precision medicine into pediatric oncology.

Implications for Practice

Precision medicine has not yet gained a strong foothold in pediatric cancers. This study describes the landscape of BRAF and RAF1 genomic alterations across a diverse spectrum of pediatric cancers, primarily brain tumors, but also encompassing melanoma, sarcoma, several types of hematologic malignancy, and others. Given the availability of multiple U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved BRAF inhibitors, identification of these alterations may assist with treatment decision making, as described here in three cases of pediatric cancer.
Shared spiritual beliefs between adolescents with cancer and their families
Authors: Livingston Jessica , Cheng Yao I. , Wang Jichuan , Tweddle Matthew , Friebert Sarah , Baker Justin N. , Thompkins Jessica , Lyon Maureen E.
Published: September 2020

Background

FAmily CEntered (FACE) Advance Care Planning helps family decision makers to understand and honor patients’ preferences for future health care, if patients cannot communicate. Spiritual well‐being is a key domain of pediatric oncology care and an integral dimension of pediatric advance care planning.

Procedure

As part of four‐site randomized controlled trial of FACE for teens with cancer, the functional assessment of chronic illness therapy‐spiritual well‐being‐ version 4 (FACIT‐Sp‐EX‐4) was completed independently by 126 adolescents with cancer/family dyads. The prevalence‐adjusted and bias‐adjusted kappa (PABAK) measured congruence on FACIT‐Sp‐EX‐4.

Results

Adolescents (126) had mean age of 16.9 years, were 57% female and 79% White. Religious/spiritual classifications were: Catholic (n = 18), Protestant (n = 76), Mormon (n = 3), none/atheist (n = 22), other (n = 5), and unknown (n = 2). Agreement at item level between spiritual well‐being of adolescents and families was assessed. Three items had ≥90% agreement and Excellent PABAK: “I have a reason for living,” “I feel loved,” “I feel compassion for others in the difficulties they are facing.” Three items had <61% agreement and Poor PABAK: “I feel a sense of harmony within myself,” “My illness has strengthened my faith or spiritual beliefs,” “I feel connected to a higher power (or God).” Dyadic congruence was compared by social‐demographics using median one‐way analysis. Male family members (median = 72%) were less likely to share spiritual beliefs with their adolescent than female family members (median = 83%), P = .0194.

Conclusions

Family members may not share spiritual beliefs with adolescents and may be unaware of the importance of spiritual well‐being for adolescents.