bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developmental Aspects of Self and other Causal Attributions
Authors: Medway Frederic J.
Published: September 2011

Children in Grades 1, 3, 5 and 7 were presented with 4 achievement and 4 social situations varying in outcome (positive-negative) and asked to explain why these events might happen to them and to their best friend. Results indicated that only the oldest age children assigned less personal causation to their own than friends' actions in line with Jones and Nisbett's (1971) analysis. This finding was only obtained in response to positive, social situations. Number of causes mentioned per situation tended to increase with age. Attributions made for achievement situations were more self-serving in nature than attributions made for social situations. The type of act being judged was seen as an important variable in examining self-other attributions in both children and adults.
Psychological Differentiation and Socioeconomic and Demographic Backgrounds of a Diverse Group of College Students
Authors: Filsinger Erik E.
Published: September 2011

The effects of a family's socioeconomic status on psychological differentiation were tested separately for performance on the Hidden Figures Test, the Hidden Patterns Test, and the Modified This I Believe Test by 53 male and 87 female white undergraduates who were varied in socioeconomic status and demographic characteristics. Contrary to hypothesis, father's socioeconomic status was not related to any of the psychological measures. Instead the socioeconomic status of the respondent's best friend, the size of the home community (inversely), and being of Northern European ethnic heritage showed more consistent prediction across the three analyses. The importance of the social status of the respondent's best friend perhaps indicates that differentiated individuals tend more to self-select complex environments in which to act than social class tends to produce differentiated individuals.
Attitudinal Measures and Evaluation of Males and Females in Leadership Roles
Authors: Welsh M. Cay
Published: September 2011

28 males and 28 females from general psychology classes completed several attitudinal questionnaires, including the Women as Managers Scale and the Attitudes Toward Women Scale. In a later experimental session, subjects viewed a 10-min. video tape that contained either a male or a female directing a mixed-sex triad on a dominoes design task. The script for the leaders and the performance of the groups were identical in each instance. Following the viewing of the video tape, subjects were given questionnaires pertaining to the leader's and the group's performance, characteristics of the leader and the group, and attribution for the outcome on the task. Results indicated that males endorse a more conservative role for females, particularly in management roles, than do females. Female subjects generally evaluated female leaders positively, while male subjects evaluated male leaders positively.
Effects of Shifts in Delayed Food Reward: Repeated Shifts
Authors: Goomas David T.
Published: September 2011

In a repeated-shifts study, a negative contrast effect was obtained when a group of rats was shifted from 0- to 20-sec. delayed food reward only in the first, but not the second, shift. No positive contrast effect was obtained in either shift when a group of rats was shifted from 20- to 0-sec. delayed food reward. Shifts in delay are not repeatedly effective in inducing negative contrast and not effective at all in inducing positive contrast.
Factored Items for Appraising Classroom Effectiveness of Teaching Assistants
Authors: Meredith Gerald M.
Published: September 2011

This study identified items for evaluating instructional effectiveness of graduate-level teaching assistants.
Validation of the Multidimensionality of Death Anxiety as Supported by Differences between Volunteers and Nonvolunteers
Authors: Shady Gary , Brodsky Marvin , Staley Douglas
Published: September 2011

The study combined two proposals from the literature that death anxiety may be a multidimensional concept, and avoidance of death may be a strong underlying factor in death anxiety to explain the loss of student-nurse volunteers for the completion of a behavioral phase in a two part study. The first phase of the study was self-report. Results indicated death anxiety as measured by Templer's Death Anxiety Scale successfully predicted those student nurses who would not volunteer for the second (behavioral) phase of the study. Results also implied other variables may have been operating. These variables and recommendations for solving the difficulties for research with volunteers in this area are discussed.
Category Labels at Presentation and Recall of Grouped Words
Authors: Folarin Bamidele Adepeju
Published: September 2011

The effects of different positions of category labels on grouped words were investigated. In one condition, no category label was given. In the other three conditions, the category label was given after, or before each group of words, or below each word. The results showed that category labels generally reduced recall of word and category. The worst performance was obtained when the category label was given after each group of words. These results have implications for experiments in which category labels are given with grouped words. Only grouping of the words sufficiently indicates to subjects the relevant categories. Moreover, these results suggest a re-examination of theories of free word recall which suppose that subjects first recall the category label before recalling the words.
Violent Behavior and Differential Wais Characteristics among Black Prison Inmates
Authors: Lira Frank T. , Fagan Thomas J. , White Michael J.
Published: September 2011

WAIS data were collected from 51 black incarcerated youthful offenders assigned to three groups on the basis of severity of crimes. Similarities ratios were significantly lower for non-violent offenders than violent and moderately violent offenders, the reverse of results reported by others for white and mixed racial samples. Pitfalls of using the Similarities ratio as a clinical diagnostic measure without normative data are discussed.
Cultural Modification of Effect of Family Size on Intelligence
Authors: Rankin Richard J. , Gaite A. J. H. , Heiry Thomas
Published: September 2011

Previous studies of the relationship between family size and intellectual level suggest a negative relationship between these two variables. This study presents data to show that in at least one culture the relationship between family size and ability is neither linear nor negative. In a culture where large families are the norm, children from families close to mean size have higher ability than those from families at either extreme.
Categorization and Grammatical Rule Use by Preschool Children
Authors: Holdgrafer Gary , Campbell Fran
Published: September 2011

The relationship between cognition and language was explored with 4 preschool subjects who were taught a contrived grammatical rule contrasting size of visual stimuli. A match-to-sample task was presented before and after grammatical rule training to determine if subjects would shift to matching visual stimuli by size from an alternative strategy. Subsequent match-to-sample training by size and then by the alternative strategy was done to assess the effects of the two different matching strategies on the subjects' use of the grammatical rule. There were no effects observed between grammatical rule use and match-to-sample performance. Implications for the relationship between cognition and language are discussed.
An Item Analysis Based Update of the Nettler-Huffman Radicalism-Conservatism Scale
Authors: Raden David
Published: September 2011

An item analysis of the Nettler-Huffman Radicalism-Conservatism Scale, based on the responses of 333 undergraduates, indicated that the scale continues to be a useful measure of political attitude. A 10-item revised version of the scale had a split-half reliability of .80 and substantial item-total correlations.
Word Association: Capacity of Chronic Schizophrenics to Follow Formal Semantic, Syntactic, and Instructional Rules
Authors: Mefferd Roy B.
Published: September 2011

Free word associations with pressure to respond fast were compared for actively psychotic, but tranquil, chronic schizophrenics of two categories and closely matched hospital employees. The stimulus words were homonyms that were equated among other factors for availability of responses in the various response tendencies characterized as idiodynamic sets, e.g., to define or explain the stimulus, or to give a syntactic response. Comprehensive scoring schema included separate semantic-syntactic, grammatical and affective dimensions. Qualitatively, the controls and schizophrenics had similar aberrant or faulting behavior, but the schizophrenics gave significantly more of three kinds of faults: (1) failure to “play the game or follow the instructions,” viz., no response, repeating the stimulus, or giving a multi-word; (2) mishearing the stimulus, i.e., a distant response to the intended stimulus but that is closely related to a phonetically similar word, and (3) distant experiential relationships, e.g., Pan-Knife. Expressed on the basis of percentage of scorable responses, the qualitative nature of the non-faulted response patterns of the controls and of either paranoid or simple chronic schizophrenics were indistinguishable. Schizophrenics had intact associative structures that appeared to be organized and used in the same way as with the controls.
Birth Order and Creativity in Young Children
Authors: Wilks Lynda , Thompson Pat
Published: September 2011

The relationship between birth order and assessed creative ability was investigated giving specific attention to characteristics of the measures used. Subjects were 68 elementary school children ranging in age from 6–9 to 9–10. Assessment of creativity was obtained from the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking, the Penguin Picture Story Task, and the Singer Fantasy Questionnaire. No ordinal differences were found on the creativity measures for these elementary school children in Grades 1 through 4.
Iranian Subjects' Responses as Ideal Person on the Eysenck Personality Inventory
Authors: Hojat Mohammadreza , Foroughi Danesh
Published: September 2011

54 Iranian subjects (28 males, 26 females) were assigned randomly with the restriction of equal representation by sex into two groups. Instructions to fake an ideal person's responses were given to one group (n — 27) and standard instructions to the control group ( n = 27) for a Persian translation of the Eysenck Personality Inventory. The former scored significantly lower on Neuroticism and higher on the Lie scale than did the controls. There were no significant differences between males and females on the three scales of this inventory under either instructions. Replication on a larger group is required.
Relaxation as Principal Treatment for Excessive Cigarette Use and Caffeine Ingestion by a College Female
Authors: Hyner Gerald C.
Published: September 2011

A female graduate student with diagnosed tachycardia was the subject in an experiment to reduce consumption of caffeine and use of cigarettes. The relaxation procedure described by Benson was used as the principal treatment. Reinforcement cards for nonsmoking and elimination of caffeine were also used. The subject was successful in reducing her caffeine intake and completely extinguished use of cigarettes. She reported that she was still practicing the relaxation procedure 1 yr. later. Apparently these procedures can be helpful in modifying use of cigarettes and caffeine.
Taking Items Out of Context: Dimensional Shifts with the Short Form of the Beck Depression Inventory
Authors: Berndt David John
Published: September 2011

Two samples of students completed the short form of the Beck Depression Inventory under different conditions. One sample completed the items embedded within the full scale, while the other sample completed only the items in the short form. Identical methods of factor analysis produced different factor patterns for the two samples. For the embedded items, three interpretable factors were derived, and the first two factors resembled results of previous analyses of the long form. Analysis of the other sample produced three new factors, indicating that the short form may be measuring different dimensions than the long form.
Effects of Intrinsic and Experimenter-Induced Motivation for Change on Accuracy of Self-Monitoring
Authors: House Alvin Enis , Kinscherf Barbara M.
Published: September 2011

The effects of motivation to change a behavior on the accuracy of self-monitoring that target behavior were investigated in 53 subjects. Both subject's initial desire for change and experimenter's instructions to change were examined. Intrinsic motivation led to more accurate self-monitoring as predicted. Contrary to expectations, experimenter's instructions to change the behavior did not enhance self-monitoring accuracy.
Note on Routinization as an Organizational Variable in Instructional Development
Authors: Langer Philip , Rassen Rachel , Duncan Eric
Published: September 2011

A reanalysis of data collected at 15 sites engaged in instructional development indicates that routinization may be perceived in an unusual manner. Factor analysis shows that, while the tasks may be repetitive, the working environment is not. Routine may therefore be seen in terms of continual or daily crisis situations rather than stability. The implications for graduate training are also discussed.
Effect of Expectation and Disconfirmation on Postexposure Product Evaluations: A Causal Path Analysis
Authors: Taylor James L. , Durand Richard M.
Published: September 2011

Oliver (1977) recently analyzed the direct effects of consumers' expectations and disconfirmation on posttrial evaluations of products using a hierarchical analysis of variance design. The research reported by Oliver is reevaluated and extended in this paper. A causal model is presented and path analysis used to assess both direct and indirect effects of consumers' expectations and a disconfirming experience on ratings of posttrial affect and intentions to purchase. Results suggest that (1) both expectations and disconfirmation influence postexposure ratings of affect with the experience of disconfirmation exerting the greater effect; (2) disconfirmation only indirectly influences intentions to purchase through its impact on affective evaluations; and, (3) expectations influence intentions to purchase in two different ways—both directly and indirectly through posttrial judgments of affect.
Impact of a Humanistic Approach on Students' Attitudes, Attributions, and Ethical Conflicts
Authors: Morrison James K. , Teta Diana C.
Published: September 2011

22 graduate students in nursing, enrolled in a humanistic psychology course, were exposed to the principles of humanistic psychology and to a debunking of the medical model. Analyses of participants' pre-post responses on three self-report instruments indicated that the humanistic approach apparently increased students' humanistically oriented attitudes toward mental illness, positive attributions to mental patients, and reported ethical conflict in hypothesized clinical decision-making. Followup data generally confirmed the stability of these reported changes.
Naturalistic Study of Aggression: Aggressive Stimuli and Horn-Honking: A Replication
Authors: Halderman Brent L. , Jackson Thomas T.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the “Weapons Effect” in a field setting to determine if the presence of a weapon would facilitate aggressive responses in drivers of automobiles who had been blocked for 12 sec by a low status pick-up truck. 60 subjects were chosen from a group of drivers arriving at an intersection and exposed to one of three conditions (weapon present in automobile, pedestrian with weapon, no weapon present). Results were recorded in the form of frequency or presence of horn-honking, latency, and additional behaviors. No significant difference among three conditions emerged and aggressive responses in general were absent. The results are discussed in terms of differences in situation and saliency of weapon cues.
Family Constellation and Birth Order Variables Related to Vocational Choice of Dentistry
Authors: Rule Warren R. , Comer Ann T.
Published: September 2011

A relatively small amount of research has been completed on the family-group variable of birth order and the vocational-group variable of choices in the world of work. Furthermore, extremely little research has been completed utilizing the socio-psychological perspective of family constellation and birth order. A sample of 282 dentists was interviewed regarding socio-psychological birth order and related information. Relationships were found for the psychological perspectives of ordinal and socio-psychological birth order, family size, closest sibling, and changing birth-rate trends. A possible unifying theme which relates this study to other investigations of vocational choice was discussed.
Conceptual Tempo and Visual Perceptual Ability of Some Nigerian Children
Authors: Adejumo Dayo
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the study was to find the degree and nature of relationship between the tempo of response and accuracy on problem-solving tasks as measured by modified Matching Familiar Figures and performance on visual perceptual tasks. 200 male subjects drawn from age group of 7- and 9-yr.-olds ( n = 100 each) in Classes 2 and 4, respectively, were classified into four groups (Impulsive, Reflective, Fast-Accurate, Slow-Inaccurate) based on performance on modified Matching Familiar Figures Test. Subjects were also tested on Object-comparison and Visual-recognition tasks. Performance on modified matching familiar figures correlated significantly with performance on visual perceptual task ( r = .58 and .63 for 7- and 9-yr.-olds, respectively). 7-yr.-old subjects in the reflective and fast-accurate groups were superior in performance on the visual perceptual tasks ( F3,102 = 4.8, p < .05). It was reasoned that poor academic performance might be related to the subject's cognitive style and visual perceptual ability.
Sexual Attitudes and Behavior of Female Readers and Non-Readers of Erotic Literature
Authors: Young Michael
Published: September 2011

50 female students in a church-related college were surveyed to determine the association of selected sexual attitudes and behaviors and reading habits related to erotic literature. Reading habits did not appear to influence sexual behavior or attitudes toward oral-genital sex.
Four Types of Reinforcement Processes in Humans
Authors: Haruki Yutaka , Ito Hideko , Oue Yoshitaka , Nedate Kaneo
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis tested was that the type of reinforcement (with regard to the administrator and the recipient) is responsible for differentiating the efficiency of learning in humans. The first type, termed external reinforcement, is one in which the experimenter controls and the subject receives the reinforcement. The second type is self-reinforcement, i.e., the subject controls and receives the reinforcement. The third type ( internal reinforcement) reverses the subject-experimenter relationship employed in the first type. The fourth type ( alien reinforcement) occurs when the experimenter replaces the subject's role played in the second type. In Exp. I, 30 male undergraduates learned to choose as correct a nonsense syllable among four such syllables on each test card. A male graduate student served as the experimenter. Results indicated that the subjects can learn the task under the conditions of the fourth type of reinforcement as well as the first type. The fourth type was superior in its effect on learning. In Exp. II, 19 male undergraduates learned to choose one of the four meaningful words, and a female graduate student served as experimenter. Neither the second nor the third type was effective. It was concluded that the type of reinforcement in which the experimenter is reinforced by himself seems most effective in facilitating learning, due probably to some motivational factor.
Anxiety as a Possible Mediator of Self-Monitoring Effects
Authors: Goldberg Carlos
Published: September 2011

It was predicted that frequency of undesirable behavior would be correlated with anxiety. A distinction was made between individuals who punish themselves for engaging in undesirable behavior (Reactors) and those who do not (Nonreactors), and the former were expected to benefit the most from self-monitoring. 50 undergraduates were asked to monitor their behavior and anxiety for 14 days. The correlation between behavior and anxiety was small but significant. Furthermore, subjects whose behavior decreased showed the greatest decrement in anxiety. The anxiety level from before to the period of self-monitoring decreased for Reactors but not for Nonreactors. However, during self-monitoring there was no difference in both behavior and anxiety between the two groups. It is possible that a longer self-monitoring period is required for the relationship between anxiety and behavior or additional behavioral interventions are necessary.
Sex-Role Stereotypes: Children's Perceptions of Occupational Competence
Authors: Rosenthal Doreen A. , Chapman Diane C.
Published: September 2011

Children's perception of occupational competence was studied as a measure of sex-role stereotyping. Children from Grade 1 (25 boys, 25 girls), Grade 4 (25 boys, 30 girls), and Grade 6 (25 boys, 29 girls) in single-sex schools and children from Grade 1 (15 boys, 10 girls), Grade 4 (15 boys, 11 girls), and Grade 6 (9 boys, 12 girls) in a coeducational school were asked to rate the competence of a male and a female in traditionally male occupations. There was an increase in competence ascribed to the male occupant as a function of higher grade level and an increase in competence ascribed to the female occupant as a function of type of school, with children in the coeducational school rating females higher. Older children perceived greater differences between males' and females' competence, in favour of males, as did children at single-sex schools. No significant differences due to sex of child were found.
Relationships among Gender, Sex-Role Attitudes, Sexual Attitudes, Thoughts, and Behaviors
Authors: Smith Alma Dell , Resick Patricia A. , Kilpatrick Dean G.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the present study was to determine if there are differences among sex-role attitudes, sexual attitudes, and behavior of men and women. The Attitudes towards Women scale and the Sexual Attitudes and Behavior Survey were administered to 190 undergraduates. A series of analyses of variance indicated that women had more liberal attitudes toward their sex roles while men had more liberal sexual attitudes and behavior. However, without regard to gender, those with more liberal sexual attitudes and behavior also had more liberal attitudes toward sex roles of women and vice versa. Separate analyses of the items concerning attitudes toward homosexuality showed that men were more accepting of females' homosexuality than women, and profeminists were more accepting of homosexuality than traditionalists. There were no differences in homosexual behavior based on either gender or sex-role status.
Image Bizarreness in Incidental Learning
Authors: Merry Roger
Published: September 2011

Previous experiments have suggested that, contrary to traditional recommendations, bizarre images are no better than commonplace images as aids to recall. This study, however, indicates that, when other variables are controlled, bizarreness has a strong effect on both immediate and delayed unexpected recall of sentences, whether bizarreness is judged by the experimenter or by each individual subject. Results are discussed in terms of motivation and interference.
Application of a Simple Self-Instruction Procedure on Adults' Exercise and Studying: Two Case Reports
Authors: Cohen Richard , De James Patricia , Nocera Beth , Ramberger Maria
Published: September 2011

In the present research, a simple self-instruction strategy, involving subvocal reading of an index card, was evaluated for two college women concerned about exercise and studying. In both instances experimental demand phase(s) preceded implementation of the treatment to ensure that changes in the dependent measures were attributable to the major intervention. Results indicated that increases in both target behaviors were related functionally to the implementation of self-instruction. Several aspects of self-instructions and the present research were discussed.
Personal vs Relationship Orientation as a Dimension of Sex-Role Differentiation
Authors: Thune Elizabeth S. , Manderscheid Ronald W. , Silbergeld Sam
Published: September 2011

Previous theory and research suggest that orientation toward self vs others is one aspect of sex-role differentiation: males tend to focus on personal issues; females, upon relationship issues. An important question is whether such differentials are due to long-term socialization or to situation-based factors, such as status and power. The present research is designed to examine this topic within the context of group therapy. Two groups, with varying status differentials between males and females, were selected for comparative purposes. One was composed of five marital dyads, in which husbands presumably had higher status; the other, of 10 unrelated male and female teachers from the same junior high school, all of whom were of equivalent occupational status. Personal vs relationship orientation was assessed on the basis of interactional behavior, as well as through self-evaluation and, for the married couples, evaluation by spouse. Intergroup differences and changes over time suggest that sex-related orientations are related to situational factors rather than to relatively immutable sex-based personality patterns.
Factor Structure of an Eriksonian Measure of Personality
Authors: Varghese Raju
Published: September 2011

Factor analysis of responses by 252 graduate students to Eriksonian Inventory of Psychosocial Development resulted in two reliable factors. These two, termed actualization and retrogression, were found consistent with the two basic dimensions of human personality suggested by Erikson.
An Exploratory Analysis of Effect of Sex on Shift in Choices
Authors: Seeborg Irmtraud , Lafollette William , Belohlav James
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effect of group composition by sex on choice shifts in group decision-making. The Choice Dilemmas Questionnaire was administered to 93 undergraduate students divided into same-sex or mixed-sex groups. The results suggest that groups' sex composition can affect group decisions. All-male groups tended to make slightly risky group decisions while all-female groups tended to be slightly cautious in their group decisions. However, a counterbalancing appears to occur in mixed-sex groups where no significant choice shifts appear in either direction.
Attitudes and Background Factors Related to Alcohol Use among College Students
Authors: Banks Ellen , Smith Michael R.
Published: September 2011

Questionnaire responses showed college students (66 females, 24 males) believed their decisions about drinking were made independently of peer or environmental pressure but light and heavy drinkers made different judgments about their peers' drinking behavior. Home background factors did not predict extent of drinking. Most students started drinking during high school and reported no change in drinking rate since attending college.
Personality Correlates of Role Stress
Authors: Bedeian Arthur G. , Armenakis Achilles A. , Curran Shirley M.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between role stress, i.e., role ambiguity and role conflict, and personality as measured by Gough and Heilbrun's (1965) Adjective Check List was examined on the basis of data drawn from 202 nursing personnel. Experienced role ambiguity correlated .17 with defensiveness, .15 with self-control, .13 with endurance, —.13 with order, —.15 with nurturance, .20 with aggression, and —.17 with deference, while role conflict was significantly related .12 with exhibition. These correlations (all significant statistically but of low magnitude) were interpreted in light of previous findings.
MMPI as a Predictor of Weight Loss
Authors: Wadden Thomas A. , Lucas Richard A.
Published: September 2011

30 subjects participating in a study of -weight loss completed the MMPI as part of a pretreatment test battery. At the 7-wk. posttreatment assessment Barron's (1953) ego-strength scale correlated positively with weight loss. The hypochondriasis and hysteria scales correlated negatively with weight loss at 6- and 16-wk. follow-up. These findings point to the possibility of employing the MMPI as a predictor of weight loss.
Methylmercuric Chloride Poisoning in the Pigtailed Macaque Monkey (Macaca Nemestrina)
Authors: Hupp E. W. , Day H. D.
Published: September 2011

Pigtailed macaque monkeys ( Macaca nemestrina) were injected with 6.4 or 4.8 mg methylmercuric chloride/kg body weight in acute or fractionated dose schedules. Aphagia and adipsia occurring for several days after injection were followed by a period of apparent normality. The high-acute dose led to grossly observable sensorimotor symptoms that appeared 26 days following treatment and that were followed by death a week later. A three-stage response to mercury poisoning was proposed.
Adults' Perceptions of Children's Behavioral Disorders: Do Attributions of Locus of Problems Predict Recommendations for Treatment?
Authors: Curry John F. , Wright Thomas L.
Published: September 2011

A central assumption of research on locus of problem is that attributions are significant determinants of recommendations for treatment. This assumption was tested using both structured and unstructured measures of recommendations. Adults made attributions for locus of problems for children with behavior problems and then recommended personal or situational treatment on rating scales and in open-ended paragraphs. The amount of variance in recommendations for treatment accounted for by the attributions was significant only when recommendations were measured in the structured format. Results are discussed in terms of the ecological validity of research on clinical attributions.
Interpreting Release from Proactive Interference for the Individual Subject
Authors: Gunter Barrie
Published: September 2011

Re-analysis of data from three Brown-Peterson experiments in terms of individual subject shift-trial performance showed that large proportions of subjects failed to exhibit release from proactive interference, indicating that this effect may often be subject-specific.
Maternal Behavior and Sharing by Toddlers
Authors: Klein Robert P. , Yarrow Leon J.
Published: September 2011

In a study of 33 lower income black infants, carried out when they were 19-mo.-old toddlers, social sharing to mother was related to a measure of maternal praise and encouragement. Because these measures were obtained in separate sessions with different observers the possibility of halo effects was minimized. Also neither measure related significantly to the Bayley Mental Development Index. The results extend previous work on sharing done with middle-class toddlers and point up the importance of individual differences in their behavior.
Perceptibility of Student-Clients' Interpersonal Values by High School Counselors
Authors: Gordon Leonard V. , Kelly Eileen
Published: September 2011

For each of 74 high school counselors, 6 student clients completed the Survey of Interpersonal Values. The counselors then completed the survey as they believed that each of their six clients had. Perceptual accuracy scores, based on the D statistic, obtained for each counselor were then correlated with their students' value scores. Counselors perceived more accurately value profiles of students who scored low on Conformity and Benevolence and high on Support and Independence. Combinations of these characteristics are associated with the succorant personality as well as with the student who has not internalized the traditional school norm.
A Factor Analytic Study of the Items in Three Selected Sex-Role Instruments
Authors: Pearson Judy C.
Published: September 2011

A factor analysis of items in the Bern Sex-role Inventory, the Personal Attributes Questionnaire, and Heilbrun's Masculinity and Femininity scales yielded 11 factors. College students ( n = 400) at a large midwestern university completed the items from the three instruments. The solution that emerged suggests that sex roles are multidimensional and that masculinity may be more factorially complex.
Comparison of Family Relationships: Homosexual versus Heterosexual Women
Authors: Miller Judith A. , Mucklow Bonnie M. , Jacobsen R. Brooke , Bigner Jerry J.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to compare nuclear family characteristics of homosexual and heterosexual women. Data of two samples (34 homosexual and 31 heterosexual women) were analyzed for differences and similarities of the nuclear families. Statistically significant differences indicate that lesbians experience less positive nuclear family relationships. However, personal comments by the subjects may be of more interest to the reader than the statistical analysis. Findings are consistent with other research on this problem, pointing to the need for systematic analysis of family variables and how they relate to development of sexual identity.
Locus of Control and Social Desirability
Authors: Schreiber Wilfried K.
Published: September 2011

Evidence is presented that the undesirable correlation of scores ( n = 103 new career participants in vocational rehabilitation) on internal-external locus of control and social desirability may be reduced to zero using the methods provided by signal detection theory.
Psychological Conditions of Freedom
Authors: Draughon W. E.
Published: September 2011

This paper documents ways in which psychology can contribute to policy discussions of freedom. Some of the more important psychological variables that are relevant to the degree to which persons are free include ability to handle unwanted experiences (fear, anxiety, etc.) and control personality processes that might undermine choice, intensity of conflicting motives and needs, degree of flexibility, and dependency. Further research is encouraged by indicating where existing disagreements between theories and present lack of research limit our knowledge about personal freedom.
Locus of Control and Assertion
Authors: Hartwig William H. , Dickson Andrew L. , Anderson Howard N.
Published: September 2011

Two separate replications were conducted to (a) examine the relationship among three popular assertions and (b) to test the hypothesis that subjects classified as internal subjects on Rotter's I-E scale would score higher than external subjects on the assertion inventories. Subjects were undergraduates in psychology classes. Moderate to high correlations among the inventories were obtained, and internality was related to assertion.
Nine “Colours” or Types of Romantic Love?
Authors: Mathes Eugene W.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to use psychometric procedures to test the empirical validity of Lee's nine types of romantic love. To accomplish this, multi-item scales were constructed to measure each of the types. These scales, along with three established measures of romantic love, were then given to 56 dating couples. Analysis of these data involved determining the scales' internal consistency reliabilities and concurrent and discriminant validities. It was concluded that there is but one kind of romantic love.
Modeling, Coffee Drinking, and Smoking
Authors: Ossip Deborah J. , Epstein Leonard H. , McKnight Dennis
Published: September 2011

The relative effects of coffee and modeling on cigarette smoking were examined for 30 undergraduate smokers. Smoking rate was not significantly influenced by either coffee or modeling. These results are discussed in relation to previous research which has demonstrated effects for both variables.
Self-Described Reasons for Premature Termination of Psychotherapy by Mexican American, Black American, and Anglo-American Patients
Authors: Acosta Frank X.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated reasons given by Mexican American, black American, and Anglo-American patients for prematurely terminating psychotherapy. 74 patients who had prematurely left therapy in a public psychiatric outpatient clinic were interviewed. The three ethnic groups did not appear to be significantly different in their responses. However, dominant reasons reported for terminating therapy included negative attitudes toward therapists and perceiving therapy as of no benefit.
Persons Who Most Impress the Young Senegalese
Authors: D'Hondt Walter , Vandewiele Michel
Published: September 2011

We asked some 1090 students to tell us who had most impressed them in life and for what reasons so as to evaluate a few of their reference values through their partial identification to the proposed persons. Persons belonging to their family circle got the highest score (24.3%), then' persons endowed with many religious and moral qualities (15%). Next come political or historic characters (14.4%), men gifted with many intellectual and artistic qualities (11.8%), friends (10.2%), sports-stars (8.4%), and finally the persons doing a special job (teacher, etc., 9.3%). The main reasons for their choices are competence, know how and intelligence of the chosen person (16%), his role as an adviser (11%), a dynamic worker (9%), and (for a religious figure) his miraculous powers (6%). The mother figure (chosen by 8.2% of our subjects) and the father figure (6.3%) were chosen mainly for the advice they provided (50%). The influence of sex, housing, socio-economic status of fathers and age was also discussed.
Effects of Paraphrasing, Modeling, and Cues in Facilitating Self-Referent Affective Statements by Chronic Schizophrenics
Authors: Citkowitz Robert D. , Lapidus Leah Blumberg
Published: September 2011

This study investigates the effects of paraphrasing, modeling with controlled disclosure of congruent feelings by an interviewer and cues on the verbalized expression of self-referent affect of chronic schizophrenic inpatients. The 17 male and 43 female subjects were randomly assigned in a 3 × 2 design comprising Paraphrasing, Modeling and Control groups, each with Cue and Non-cue subgroups. An independent interviewer presented a standardized introduction, specific instructions for expressing self-referent affect and a brief warm-up period. A 30-min. quasiclinical interview of three successive 10-min. periods followed: Base I, Experimental, and Base II. During the Experimental period, paraphrasing, modeling, or control treatments were introduced with either cue or non-cue conditions. As predicted, modeling, both with and without cues, significantly increased self-referent affect expression over control group levels. Contrary to prediction, paraphrasing was ineffective and significantly inferior to modeling. Cues significantly enhanced the effects of paraphrasing and modeling, as predicted, and increased Base I period self-referent affect level. Maintaining the cue condition prevented extinction of self-referent affect following termination of experimental conditions. Effect of sex was nonsignificant. Relative superiority of modeling over paraphrasing in clinical interventions with chronic schizophrenics was discussed.
Relationships between Unemployment Rates and Suicide Rates in Eight Countries, 1962–1976
Authors: Boor Myron
Published: September 2011

Annual variations in suicide rates between 1962 and 1976 were associated positively and significantly with concomitant annual variations in the unemployment rates of Canada, France, Germany (Federal Republic), Japan, Sweden, and the United States. These findings, which can be attributed primarily to the relationships between these variables among relatively young persons, indicate that in a variety of cultures the social and psychological conditions associated with relatively high unemployment rates also were associated with relatively high suicide rates. The predicted relationship between these rates was not obtained for Italy or Great Britain (England and Wales), and apparent reasons for the lack of relationship in these two countries are discussed.
Inoculation against Learned Helplessness
Authors: Stein Norman
Published: September 2011

Different patterns of successes and failures which comprised two partial reinforcement schedules were combined with the presence or absence of training in the attribution of effort to assess their relative effectiveness in preventing learned helplessness in non-depressed human subjects. These conditions preceded a series of insoluble discrimination problems. Also, in the absence of prior training, a helpless group received the insoluble problems, a non-helpless group received contingent feedback, and a no-treatment control group received no feedback. All groups were tested for escape/avoidance performance on a shuttle box. Analysis indicated that only the attribution of effort combined with partial reinforcement in which the number of consecutive failures prior to a success was variable produced an inoculation against learned helplessness. Results are discussed in terms of the joint contribution of reinforcement histories and perceptions of personal control over outcomes in mediating the impact of uncontrollable events.
Validation of the MMPI MF Scale in Kuwait
Authors: Torki Mostafa A.
Published: September 2011

An Arabic version of the Masculinity-Femininity scale of the MMPI was administered to 150 male and 150 female university students in Kuwait. Males obtained mean of 25.31 and females obtained 29.77. The difference of 4.46 was statistically significant. 31 items differentiated between the two sexes and 29 items did not.
Teachers as Agents of Behavioral Change for Severely Retarded Students
Authors: Rotatori Anthony F. , Switzky Harvey , Green Herman , Fox Robert
Published: September 2011

This paper describes two case studies, which employed behavioral modification procedures to decrease problematic behaviors of severely retarded students. The studies were carried out in public school settings. Special education teachers under the direction of a school psychologist acted as the agents of behavioral change.
Token Reinforcement Procedures for Reduction of Cigarette Smoking in a Psychiatric Outpatient Clinic
Authors: Barmann Barry C. , Burnett Gretchen F. , Malde Susan R. , Zinik Gary
Published: September 2011

A token-economy procedure was effective in significantly reducing the number of cigarettes smoked by a group of 30 psychiatric outpatients attending a day-treatment center at a state hospital. Treatment gains of the group obtained after a 4-wk. intervention were maintained during a 1-yr. follow-up period.
Sexual Contact between Psychotherapist and Patient: Legal Remedies
Authors: Hays J. Ray
Published: September 2011

This article examined the extent of sexual contact between psychotherapist and patient, the nature of the remedies available for a patient who has been damaged by such an experience, the defenses available for the therapist, specific case examples, and predictions about the future course the remedies for this activity are likely to take. There are not presently any reported appellate level civil cases with allegations of sexual improprieties by a psychologist. The major activity in sanctioning this type of behavior appears to be among licensing boards in hearing complaints. It appears from the data examined that licensing boards are the quickest and most effective mechanisms for dealing with this problem.
Psychotherapeutic Drug Recommendations Based on the Mini-Mult
Authors: Siddall James W. , Keogh Nancy J.
Published: September 2011

Psychotherapeutic drug recommendations based on Mini-Mult profile signs were compared with prescriptions written by psychiatrists for 32 male and 40 female clients at a community mental health center. There was an over-all 86% agreement across major drug groups and a similar correspondence for specific categories of drugs including antipsychotic, antidepressant, anti-anxiety, and a no-medication group. These results suggest that the Mini-Mult can be used as a screening device to identify those clients in need of a formal evaluation for medication. The potential applicability and cost effectiveness of this method are discussed.
Impulsiveness and Venturesomeness in a Detention Center Population
Authors: Eysenck Sybil B. G. , McGurk Barry J.
Published: September 2011

A group of 641 delinquent subjects at a detention centre were given a 63-item questionnaire purporting to measure Impulsiveness, Venturesomeness and Empathy. Of these, 614 subjects also completed a Personality Questionnaire measuring Psychoticism, Extraversion, Neuroticism and Social Desirability. Factor analysis of the 63-item questionnaire confirmed that the three factor structure obtained for normal subjects also held for an offender group. Furthermore, the relations between Impulsivity and the other variables obtained in a previous study on normal subjects were confirmed in this prison population. The identification of Impulsiveness with Psychoticism and Venturesomeness with Extraversion was found somewhat more clearly in the offender group. Though confirming the positive relationship of Empathy with Neuroticism, a significant negative correlation was obtained for Empathy with Psychoticism in the offender group only. (This latter finding seems in accord with results in a study of Impulsiveness in children.) Finally, of the seven variables measured offenders differed from normals significantly on means for all but Venturesomeness. They were higher on Psychoticism, Extraversion, Neuroticism, Social Desirability and Impulsiveness but lower on Empathy.
Single-Trial Passive Avoidance Learning by Rats Treated with Ionized Air
Authors: Lambert Jean-Francois , Olivereau Jean-Michel
Published: September 2011

This research investigates the effect of positive and negative air ionization on the memorization of a single-trial passive avoidance response. The subjects were 20 male albino rats. They were randomly assigned to one of the three environmental conditions, that is, positive, negative, and no ionization. Memorization was tested by the improved single-trial inhibitory avoidance step-through task. The results indicate that positive air ionization impairs short- and long-term memory. The effects of negative air ionization are more complicated; a probably favourable effect on memory of inhibitory avoidance response, may be masked by a simultaneous increase of spontaneous activity.
Relationship between Interviewers' and Applicants' Reciprocal Evaluations
Authors: Campion Michael A.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between and among interviewers' evaluations of applicants and applicants' evaluations of interviewers in a college placement center was examined. 62 applicants being interviewed by 11 different recruiters from various industrial and academic agencies participated. Interviewers and applicants evaluated each other on three analogous dimensions: over-all general impression of the applicant (interviewer), personal liking of the applicant (interviewer), and chances that the applicant will receive further consideration by the organization (chances that the applicant would accept a job if offered). Intercorrelations between the interviewers' and the applicants' evaluations ranged from .12 to .42. Further, the interrelationships among the evaluations differed between the interviewers and the applicants. The evaluations of chances of further consideration (or offer acceptance) were more highly related to the other more interpersonal evaluations for the interviewers than for the applicants.