bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Population health and wellbeing: Identifying priority areas for Victorian children
Authors: Davis Elise , Waters Elizabeth , Wake Melissa , Goldfeld Sharon , Williams Joanne , Mehmet-Radji Ozlem , Oberklaid Frank
Published: July 2005

Background

Population health information, collected using soundly-designed methodologies, is essential to inform policy, research, and intervention programs. This study aimed to derive policy-oriented recommendations for the content of a health and wellbeing population survey of children 0–12 years living in Victoria, Australia.

Results

Qualitative interviews were conducted with 54 academic and policy stakeholders, selected to encompass a wide breadth of expertise in areas of public health and inter-sectoral organisations relevant to child health outcomes, including universities, government and non-government agencies across Victoria. These stakeholders were asked to provide advice on strategic priorities for child health information (data) using a structured interview technique. Their comments were summarised and the major themes were extracted. The priority areas of health and wellbeing recommended for regular collection include obesity and its determinants, pregnancy and breastfeeding, oral health, injury, social and emotional health and wellbeing, family environment, community, health service utilisation, illness, and socioeconomic position. Population policy questions for each area were identified.

Conclusion

In contrast to previous population survey programs nationally and internationally, this study sought to extract contemporary policy-oriented domains for inclusion in a strategic program of child health data collection, using a stakeholder consultation process to identify key domains and policy information needs. The outcomes are a rich and relevant set of recommendations which will now be taken forward into a regular statewide child health survey program.
More to ADHD than meets the eye: Observable abnormalities in search behaviour do not account for performance deficits on a discrimination task
Authors: Sonuga-Barke Edmund JS , Elgie Sarah , Hall Martin
Published: July 2005

Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) often perform poorly on tasks requiring sustained and systematic attention to stimuli for extended periods of time. The current paper tested the hypothesis that such deficits are the result of observable abnormalities in search behaviour (e.g., attention-onset, -duration and -sequencing), and therefore can be explained without reference to deficits in non-observable (i.e., cognitive) processes. Forty boys (20 ADHD and 20 controls) performed a computer-based complex discrimination task adapted from the Matching Familiar Figures Task with four different fixed search interval lengths (5-, 10-, 15- and 20-s). Children with ADHD identified fewer targets than controls (p < 0.001), initiated searches later, spent less time attending to stimuli, and searched in a less intensive and less systematic way (p's < 0.05). There were significant univariate associations between ADHD, task performance and search behaviour. However, there was no support for the hypothesis that abnormalities in search carried the effect of ADHD on performance. The pattern of results in fact suggested that abnormal attending during testing is a statistical marker, rather than a mediator, of ADHD performance deficits. The results confirm the importance of examining covert processes, as well as behavioural abnormalities when trying to understand the psychopathophyiology of ADHD.
Anatomic and functional leg-length inequality: A review and recommendation for clinical decision-making. Part II, the functional or unloaded leg-length asymmetry
Authors: Knutson Gary A
Published: July 2005

Background

Part II of this review examines the functional "short leg" or unloaded leg length alignment asymmetry, including the relationship between an anatomic and functional leg-length inequality. Based on the reviewed evidence, an outline for clinical decision making regarding functional and anatomic leg-length inequality will be provided.

Methods

Online databases: Medline, CINAHL and Mantis. Plus library searches for the time frame of 1970–2005 were done using the term "leg-length inequality".

Results and Discussion

The evidence suggests that an unloaded leg-length asymmetry is a different phenomenon than an anatomic leg-length inequality, and may be due to suprapelvic muscle hypertonicity. Anatomic leg-length inequality and unloaded functional or leg-length alignment asymmetry may interact in a loaded (standing) posture, but not in an unloaded (prone/supine) posture.

Conclusion

The unloaded, functional leg-length alignment asymmetry is a likely phenomenon, although more research regarding reliability of the measurement procedure and validity relative to spinal dysfunction is needed. Functional leg-length alignment asymmetry should be eliminated before any necessary treatment of anatomic LLI.
Estrogen and Exercise May Enhance β-Cell Function and Mass via Insulin Receptor Substrate 2 Induction in Ovariectomized Diabetic Rats
Authors: Choi Soo Bong , Jang Jin Sun , Park Sunmin
Published: July 2005

The prevalence and progression of type 2 diabetes have increased remarkably in postmenopausal women. Although estrogen replacement and exercise have been studied for their effect in modulating insulin sensitivity in the case of insufficient estrogen states, their effects on β-cell function and mass have not been studied. Ovariectomized (OVX) female rats with 90% pancreatectomy were given a 30% fat diet for 8 wk with a corresponding administration of 17β-estradiol (30 μg/kg body weight) and/or regular exercise. Amelioration of insulin resistance by estrogen replacement or exercise was closely related to body weight reduction. Insulin secretion in first and second phases was lower in OVX during hyperglycemic clamp, which was improved by estrogen replacement and exercise but not by weight reduction induced by restricted diets. Both estrogen replacement and exercise overcame reduced pancreatic β-cell mass in OVX rats via increased proliferation and decreased apoptosis of β-cells, but they did not exhibit an additive effect. However, restricted diets did not stimulate β-cell proliferation. Increased β-cell proliferation was associated with the induction of insulin receptor substrate-2 and pancreatic homeodomain protein-1 via the activation of the cAMP response element binding protein. Estrogen replacement and exercise shared a common pathway, which led to the improvement of β-cell function and mass, via cAMP response element binding protein activation, explaining the lack of an additive effect with combined treatments. In conclusion, decreased β-cell mass leading to impaired insulin secretion triggers glucose dysregulation in estrogen insufficiency, regardless of body fat. Regular moderate exercise eliminates the risk factors of contracting diabetes in the postmenopausal state.
Urocortins of the South African Clawed Frog, Xenopus laevis: Conservation of Structure and Function in Tetrapod Evolution
Authors: Boorse Graham C. , Crespi Erica J. , Dautzenberg Frank M. , Denver Robert J.
Published: July 2005

Several corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family genes have been identified in vertebrates. Mammals have four paralogous genes that encode CRF or the urocortins 1, 2, and 3. In teleost fishes, a CRF, urotensin I (a fish ortholog of mammalian urocortin 1) and urocortin 3 have been identified, suggesting that at least three of the four mammalian lineages arose in a common ancestor of modern bony fishes and tetrapods. Here we report the isolation of genes orthologous to mammalian urocortin 1 and urocortin 3 from the South African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. We characterize the pharmacology of the frog peptides and show that X. laevis urocortin 1 binds to and activates the frog CRF1 and CRF2 receptors at picomolar concentrations. Similar to mammals, frog urocortin 3 is selective for the CRF2 receptor. Only frog urocortin 1 binds to the CRF-binding protein, although with significantly lower affinity than frog CRF. Both urocortin genes are expressed in brain, pituitary, heart, and kidney of juvenile frogs; urocortin 1 is also expressed in skin. We also identified novel urocortin sequences in the genomes of pufferfish, zebrafish, chicken, and dog. Phylogenetic analysis supports the view that four paralogous lineages of CRF-like peptides arose before the divergence of the actinopterygian and sarcopterygian fishes. Our findings show that the functional relationships among CRF ligands and binding proteins, and their anorexigenic actions mediated by the CRF2 receptor, arose early in vertebrate evolution.
New Modes of Action for Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals
Authors: Tabb Michelle M. , Blumberg Bruce
Published: July 2005

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC) are commonly considered to be compounds that mimic or block the transcriptional activation elicited by naturally circulating steroid hormones by binding to steroid hormone receptors. For example, the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 defines EDC as those, that “may have an effect in humans that is similar to an effect produced by a naturally occurring estrogen, or other such endocrine effect as the Administrator may designate.” The definition of EDC was later expanded to include those that act on the estrogen, androgen, and thyroid hormone receptors. In this minireview, we discuss new avenues through which xenobiotic chemicals influence these and other hormone-dependent signaling pathways. EDC can increase or block the metabolism of naturally occurring steroid hormones and other xenobiotic chemicals by activating or antagonizing nuclear hormone receptors. EDC affect the transcriptional activity of nuclear receptors by modulating proteasome-mediated degradation of nuclear receptors and their coregulators. Xenobiotics and environmental contaminants can act as hormone sensitizers by inhibiting histone deacetylase activity and stimulating mitogen-activated protein kinase activity. Some endocrine disrupters can have genome-wide effects on DNA methylation status. Others can modulate lipid metabolism and adipogenesis, perhaps contributing to the current epidemic of obesity. Additional elucidation of these new modes of endocrine disruption will be key in understanding the nature of xenobiotic effects on the endocrine system.
Reversible hearing loss associated with high-voltage electric shock
Authors: Jindal Pankaj , Nagarkar Anu N , Mann S B S
Published: July 2005

Hearing loss associated with high-voltage electric shock is a rare entity and minimal information is available in the current literature about this condition. To our knowledge, this article represents the first case report in the literature of improvement in sensorineural hearing loss sustained due to a high-voltage electric shock.

A case report of a patient who incurred various otologic problems, including hearing loss and tinnitus, is presented. An improvement in hearing loss and tinnitus was observed in the subsequent follow up after one month. Audiological findings and possible pathophysiology of hearing loss are discussed.

We recommend that further studies be done to investigate the incidence, severity and pathophysiology of hearing loss in such cases.
Bilateral internal jugular vein thrombosis in a child with protein S deficiency
Authors: Gunasekaran S , Anthony R , Woodhead C J
Published: July 2005

Internal jugular vein thrombosis is a rare but treatable disorder with most of the reports in the literature related to the adult population. The most common reported cause is iatrogenic trauma to the internal jugular vein and only a few cases have been reported in the paediatric population. We present a case of bilateral internal jugular venous thrombosis with pulmonary and cerebral complications in a 14-year-old girl with protein S deficiency. This problem has not been previously reported in the world literature.
Fibre-optic intubation in oncological head and neck emergencies
Authors: Varghese Bipin Thomas , Balakrishnan Mallika , Kuriakose Renju
Published: July 2005

Objective: Although fibre-optic bronchoscopic intubation is well recognized as the most valuable adjunct for elective management of the difficult airway its precise role in oncological head and neck emergencies has not been evaluated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of fibre-optic intubation in such emergencies.

Methods: This was a consecutive case series study by a single surgeon (the otolaryngologist) and anaesthetist team, taking place in a regional tertiary-referral head and neck surgical oncology centre. A series of 17 consecutive oncological head and neck emergency patients underwent fibre-optic intubation with a Portex endotracheal tube of inner diameter ≥7 mm, with the aid of a 6-mm (EB-1830T2) Pentax fibre-optic video bronchoscope. The study assessed occurrence of: avoidance of tracheostomy in bleeding emergencies; a well placed, uncomplicated tracheostomy in airway obstruction; and successful intubation.

Results: Two cases were decannulated completely. All cases were successfully intubated and a tracheostomy was avoided in all cases in which emergency intubation was required and the patient was bleeding. We conclude that fibre-optic bronchoscopic intubation is a viable option in head and neck oncological emergencies due to upper airway obstruction and tumour bleeding. Clinical and endoscopic judgement and operator experience are the key factors determining success.
Anaplastic (undifferentiated) thyroid cancer: improved insight and therapeutic strategy into a highly aggressive disease
Authors: O’Neill J P , O’Neill B , Condron C , Walsh M , Bouchier-Hayes D
Published: July 2005

Background: This review article discusses the clinical and diagnostic implications of anaplastic thyroid cancer, recognizing the aggressive nature of the disease and extensive disease progression upon diagnosis. Standard treatment strategies (surgical, chemotherapy, radiation) are discussed, comparing adjuvant and neo-adjuvant regimens and the emergence of tumour resistance with expression of multidrug resistance pumps. We question the pathological evolution of anaplasia as a ‘de novo’ disease or a post malignant transformation or dedifferentiation and the therapeutic implications of p53 mutation. Future treatment options are reviewed with an emphasis on specific molecular targets responsible for the neoplastic phenotype.

Method: An electronic search on Medline and Pubmed was performed under ‘anaplastic thyroid carcinoma’, ‘anaplastic thyroid carcinogenesis’, ‘anaplastic thyroid carcinoma treatment reviews’. Relevant papers were systematically reviewed from 1965 to present.
An audit of clinical resources available for the care of head and neck cancer patients in England
Authors: Bradley P J , Zutshi B , Nutting C M
Published: July 2005

Objective: To undertake a postal survey of cancer networks to define the services available for the diagnosis, treatment and support of patients with head and neck cancer in England.

Findings: Thirty-four cancer networks are now responsible for the delivery of head and neck cancer services in England and 52 cancer units responded to our questionnaire. Multidisciplinary team working was evident in all centres. However such team working was not always fully staffed, especially in areas of national staff shortages such as pathology, radiology, dietetics and speech therapy. Rapid referral pathways were present for initial assessment of patients but clinically significant delays were identified in the provision of complex investigations, in access to intensive care beds and for oncological care – especially radiotherapy.

Conclusions: Major changes in service configuration are likely to be required if the current national targets of time to diagnosis and treatment are to be met.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa lectins I and II and their interaction with human airway cilia
Authors: Mewe Marco , Tielker Denis , Schönberg Robert , Schachner Melitta , Jaeger Karl-Erich , Schumacher Udo
Published: July 2005

The bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) produces two carbohydrate binding lectins, designated PA lectin-I and lectin-II (PA-IL, PA-IIL). Both lectins are used by the bacterium to adhere to the glycocalyx of mammalian cells. In addition, the lectins immobilize ciliary beat. The kinetics of ciliary beat inhibition by each individual lectin have been analysed; however, their joint action on cilia has not been reported. Here we demonstrate that PA-IL and PA-IIL inhibit ciliary beat in a similar time-dependent manner. If applied simultaneously, ciliary beat inhibition after five hours of incubation was weaker than if each lectin was applied separately. Thus it can be hypothesized that the lectins compete for the same binding site(s) of the glycocalyx. Sugar inhibition experiments demonstrate that D-galactose and L-fucose inhibit both lectins, although clear preferences of D-galactose for PA-IL and of L-fucose for PA-IIL exist. These interactions have to be kept in mind when designing sugar-based therapies.
Negative pathology following endoscopic resection of T1a squamous carcinoma of the glottis
Authors: Nassif R , Loughran S , Moyes C , MacKenzie K
Published: July 2005

Endoscopic CO2 laser excision for T1a glottic cancer is a recognized treatment modality producing equivalent disease-free and voice results to external beam radiotherapy. On reviewing a series of 15 patients who had undergone endoscopic resection of a T1a glottic squamous cancer, it was noted that five patients had negative excisional pathology following the initial biopsy of an invasive squamous carcinoma. The histopathology of each patient’s resected specimen was reviewed by a second pathologist who confirmed the accuracy of the results in all cases. We conclude that a significant number of early squamous carcinomas of the glottis present with very small localized, minimally invasive disease and that a proportion may be treated by biopsy alone.
Smallmouth Bass Recruitment Variability and Its Relation to Stream Discharge in Three Virginia Rivers
Authors: Smith Scott M. , Odenkirk John S. , Reeser Stephen J.
Published: July 2005

The recruitment of smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu in rivers commonly exhibits a high degree of annual variation. We examined three rivers in Virginia with the objectives of determining the magnitude of recruitment variability, identifying a functional index for measuring year-class strength, and examining the relationship between stream discharge and recruitment success. Recruitment in the three study rivers varied by as much as an order of magnitude among years. The electrofishing catch per unit effort of age-0 smallmouth bass in September–November was a reliable measure of year-class strength. The recruitment success of smallmouth bass was significantly related to mean June streamflow using a nonlinear model, with the strongest year-classes produced in years with moderate flows. Mean June streamflow reasonably predicted the abundance of age-0 smallmouth bass in the fall. Our data suggest that stream discharge during and immediately after spawning could be critical to smallmouth bass recruitment success.
Index-Removal Estimates of Dredge Efficiency for Sea Scallops on Georges Bank
Authors: Gedamke Todd , DuPaul William D. , Hoenig John M.
Published: July 2005

In June of 1999, fishermen were allowed access to the southern section of Georges Bank Closed Area II in the North Atlantic to harvest the large biomass of sea scallops Placopecten magellanicus that had accumulated during a 5-year multispecies fishing ban. Prior to the opening, managers conducted a fine-scale survey of the area and a catch quota was established as a fixed percentage of the estimated biomass. The estimate of biomass was uncertain because it was based on estimates of dredge efficiency that ranged from 16% to 40%. Because survey stations were reoccupied at the end of the fishery and significant removals had occurred, it was possible to use the index-removal method to obtain an estimate of gear efficiency. The estimate was 54% and ranged from 41% to 54% depending on model inputs. The 54% efficiency is believed to represent a maximal efficiency estimate.
Turing Computations On Ordinals
Authors: Koepke Peter
Published: July 2005

We define the notion ofordinal computabilityby generalizing standard Turingcomputability on tapes of length ω to computations on tapes of arbitrary ordinal length. We show that a set of ordinals is ordinal computable from a finite set of ordinal parameters if and only if it is an element of Gödel'sconstructible universeL. This characterization can be used to prove the generalized continuum hypothesis inL.
Undecidability of First-Order Intuitionistic and Modal Logics with Two variables
Authors: Kontchakov Roman , Kurucz Agi , Zakharyaschev Michael
Published: July 2005

We prove that the two-variable fragment of first-order intuitionistic logic is undecidable, even without constants and equality. We also show that the two-variable fragment of a quantified modal logicLwith expanding first-order domains is undecidable whenever there is a Kripke frame forLwith a point having infinitely many successors (such are, in particular, the first-order extensions of practically all standard modal logics likeK, K4, GL, S4, S5, K4.1, S4.2, GL.3, etc.). For many quantified modal logics, including those in the standard nomenclature above, even the monadic two-variable fragments turn out to be undecidable.
Minimal predicates, fixed-points, and definability
Authors: Benthem Johan Van
Published: July 2005

Minimal predicates P satisfying a given first-order description ϕ(P) occur widely in mathematical logic and computer science. We give an explicit first-order syntax for special first-order ‘PIA conditions’ ϕ(P) which guarantees unique existence of such minimal predicates. Our main technical result is a preservation theorem showing PIA-conditions to be expressively complete for all those first-order formulas that are preserved under a natural model-theoretic operation of ‘predicate intersection’. Next, we show how iterated predicate minimization on PIA-conditions yields a language MIN(FO) equal in expressive power to LFP(FO), first-order logic closed under smallest fixed-points for monotone operations. As a concrete illustration of these notions, we show how our sort of predicate minimization extends the usual frame correspondence theory of modal logic, leading to a proper hierarchy of modal axioms: first-order-definable, first-order fixed-point definable, and beyond.
Canonical extensions and relational completeness of some substructural logics
Authors: Dunn J. Michael , Gehrke Mai , Palmigiano Alessandra
Published: July 2005

In this paper we introduce canonical extensions of partially ordered sets and monotone maps and a corresponding discrete duality. We then use these to give a uniform treatment of completeness of relational semantics for various substructural logics with implication as the residual(s) of fusion.
On mathematical instrumentalism
Authors: Caldon Patrick , Ignjatović Aleksandar
Published: July 2005

In this paper we devise some technical tools for dealing with problems connected with the philosophical view usually called mathematical instrumentalism. These tools are interesting in their own right, independently of their philosophical consequences. For example, we show that even though the fragment of Peanos Arithmetic known as IΣ1 is a conservative extension of the equational theory of Primitive Recursive Arithmetic (PRA). IΣ1 has a super-exponential speed-up over PRA. On the other hand, theories studied in the Program of Reverse Mathematics that formalize powerful mathematical principles have only polynomial speed-up over IΣ1.
Uncountable dense categoricity in cats
Authors: Ben-Yaacov Itay
Published: July 2005

We prove that under reasonable assumptions, every cat (compact abstract theory) is metric, and develop some of the theory of metric cats. We generalise Morley's theorem: if a countable Hausdorff cat T has a unique complete model of density character λ ≥ ω, then it has a unique complete model of density character λ for every λ ≥ ω.
Algebraic set theory and the effective topos
Authors: Kouwenhoven-Gentil Claire , van Oosten Jaap
Published: July 2005

Following the book Algebraic Set Theory from André Joyal and Ieke Moerdijk [8], we give a characterization of the initial ZF-algebra, for Heyting pretoposes equipped with a class of small maps. Then, an application is considered (the effective topos) to show how to recover an already known model (McCarty [9]).
Random reals and possibly infinite computations Part I: Randomness in ∅′
Authors: Becher Verónica , Grigorieff Serge
Published: July 2005

Using possibly infinite computations on universal monotone Turing machines, we prove Martin-Löf randomness in ∅′ of the probability that the output be in some setunder complexity assumptions about.
A continuous movement version of the Banach–Tarski paradox: A solution to de Groot's Problem
Authors: Wilson Trevor M.
Published: July 2005

In 1924 Banach and Tarski demonstrated the existence of a paradoxical decomposition of the 3-ball B, i.e., a piecewise isometry from B onto two copies of B. This article answers a question of de Groot from 1958 by showing that there is a paradoxical decomposition of B in which the pieces move continuously while remaining disjoint to yield two copies of B. More generally, we show that if n > 2, any two bounded sets in Rn that are equidecomposable with proper isometries are continuously equidecomposable in this sense.
Products of ‘transitive” modal logics
Authors: Gabelaia D. , Kurucz A. , Wolter F. , Zakharyaschev M.
Published: July 2005

We solve a major open problem concerning algorithmic properties of products of ‘transitive’ modal logics by showing that products and commutators of such standard logics asK4,S4,S4.1,K4.3,GL, orGrzare undecidable and do not have the finite model property. More generally, we prove that no Kripke complete extension of the commutator [K4, K4] with product frames of arbitrary finite or infinite depth (with respect to both accessibility relations) can be decidable. In particular, ifl1andl2are classes of transitive frames such that their depth cannot be bounded by any fixedn< ω, then the logic of the class {5ℑ1× ℑ2∣ ℑ1∈l1, ℑ2, ∈l2} is undecidable. (On the contrary, the product of, say,K4and the logic of all transitive Kripke frames of depth ≤n, for some fixedn< ω, is decidable.) The complexity of these undecidable logics ranges from r.e. to co-r.e. and Π11-complete. As a consequence, we give the first known examples of Kripke incomplete commutators of Kripke complete logics.
Molar enamel thickness in the Chacma Baboon, Papio ursinus (kerr 1792)
Authors: Grine F.E. , Spencer M.A. , Demes B. , Smith H.F. , Strait D.S. , Constant D.A.
Published: July 2005

Modern humans exhibit increasing relative enamel thickness from M1 to M3. Some biomechanical (basic lever) models predict that the more distal molars in humans encounter higher occlusal forces, and it has been postulated that this provides a functional explanation for the observed gradient in relative enamel thickness. However, constrained three‐dimensional models and experimental observations suggest that there is a reduction in bite force potential from M1 to M3, which would be consistent with the tendency for humans to reduce the size of the distal molars. In this regard, it has been postulated that the distal increase in enamel thickness is a consequence of crown size reduction; thus, it is unnecessary to invoke functional scenarios to explain this phenomenon. We assess these competing proposals by examining relative enamel thickness in a catarrhine primate (Papio ursinus) that exhibits crown size increase from M1 to M3. The molar row of P. ursinus is positioned relatively far forward of the temporomandibular joint, which results in the baboon being able to exert relatively greater muscle forces during posterior biting in comparison to modern humans. Thus, a significant distalward gradient of increasing enamel thickness would be expected in P. ursinus according to the hypothesis that posits it to be functionally related to bite force. The present study reveals no significant difference in relative enamel thickness along the molar row in P. ursinus. This finding lends support to the notion that the relatively thicker enamel of human distal molars is related primarily to their reduction in size. This carries potential implications for the interpretation of enamel thickness in phylogenetic reconstructions: the relatively thick molar enamel shared by modern humans and some of our fossil relatives may not be strictly homologous, in that it may result from different underlying developmental mechanisms. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cement lines of secondary osteons in human bone are not mineral‐deficient: New data in a historical perspective
Authors: Skedros John G. , Holmes Jennifer L. , Vajda Eric G. , Bloebaum Roy D.
Published: July 2005

Using qualitative backscattered electron (BSE) imaging and quantitative energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) spectroscopy, some investigators have concluded that cement (reversal) lines located at the periphery of secondary osteons are poorly mineralized viscous interfaces with respect to surrounding bone. This conclusion contradicts historical observations of apparent highly mineralized (or collagen‐deficient) cement lines in microradiographs. Such conclusions, however, may stem from unrecognized artifacts that can occur during scanning electron microscopy. These include specimen degradation due to high‐energy beams and the sampling of electron interaction volumes that extend beyond target locations during EDX analysis. This study used quantitative BSE imaging and EDX analysis, each with relatively lower‐energy beams, to test the hypothesis that cement lines are poorly mineralized. Undemineralized adult human femoral diaphyses (n = 8) and radial diaphyses (n = 5) were sectioned transversely, embedded in polymethyl methacrylate, and imaged in a scanning electron microscope for BSE and EDX analyses. Unembedded samples were also evaluated. Additional thin embedded samples were stained and evaluated with light microscopy and correlated BSE imaging. BSE analyses showed the consistent presence of a bright line (higher atomic number) coincident with the classical location and description of the cement line. This may represent relative hypermineralization or, alternatively, collagen deficiency with respect to surrounding bone. EDX analyses of cement lines showed either higher Ca content or equivalent Ca content when compared to distant osteonal and interstitial bone. These data reject the hypothesis that cement lines of secondary osteons are poorly mineralized. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Data Rotation Improves Genomotyping Efficiency
Authors: Repsilber Dirk , Mira Alex , Lindroos Hillevi , Andersson Siv , Ziegler Andreas
Published: July 2005

Unsequenced bacterial strains can be characterized by comparing their genomic DNA to a sequenced reference genome of the same species. This comparative genomic approach, also called genomotyping, is leading to an increased understanding of bacterial evolution and pathogenesis. It is efficiently accomplished by comparative genomic hybridization on custom‐designed cDNA microarrays. The microarray experiment results in fluorescence intensities for reference and sample genome for each gene. The logratio of these intensities is usually compared to a cut‐off, classifying each gene of the sample genome as a candidate for an absent or present gene with respect to the reference genome. Reducing the usually high rate of false positives in the list of candidates for absent genes is decisive for both time and costs of the experiment. We propose a novel method to improve efficiency of genomotyping experiments in this sense, by rotating the normalized intensity data before setting up the list of candidate genes. We analyze simulated genomotyping data and also re‐analyze an experimental data set for comparison and illustration. We approximately halve the proportion of false positives in the list of candidate absent genes for the example comparative genomic hybridization experiment as well as for the simulation experiments. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A fully predictive model for one‐dimensional light attenuation by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in a torus photobioreactor
Authors: Pottier L. , Pruvost J. , Deremetz J. , Cornet J.‐F. , Legrand J. , Dussap C.G.
Published: July 2005

The light attenuation in a photobioreactor is determined using a fully predictive model. The optical properties were first calculated, using a data bank of the literature, from only the knowledge of pigments content, shape, and size distributions of cultivated cells which are a function of the physiology of the current species. The radiative properties of the biological turbid medium were then deduced using the exact Lorenz‐Mie theory. This method is experimentally validated using a large‐size integrating sphere photometer. The radiative properties are then used in a rectangular, one‐dimensional two‐flux model to predict radiant light attenuation in a photobioreactor, considering a quasi‐collimated field of irradiance. Combination of this radiative model with the predictive determination of optical properties is finally validated by in situ measurement of attenuation profiles in a torus photobioreactor cultivating the microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, after a complete and proper characterization of the incident light flux provided by the experimental set‐up. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Heterogeneous proliferation within engineered cartilaginous tissue: the role of oxygen tension
Authors: Lewis Miranda C. , MacArthur Ben D. , Malda Jos , Pettet Graeme , Please Colin P.
Published: July 2005

This article investigates heterogeneous proliferation within a seeded three‐dimensional scaffold structure with the purpose of improving protocols for engineered tissue growth. A simple mathematical model is developed to examine the very strong interaction between evolving oxygen profiles and cell distributions within cartilaginous constructs. A comparison between predictions based on the model and experimental evidence is given for both spatial and temporal evolution of the oxygen tension and cell number density, showing that behaviour for the first 14 days can be explained well by the mathematical model. The dependency of the cellular proliferation rate on the oxygen tension is examined and shown to be similar in size to previous work but linear in form. The results show that cell‐scaffold constructs that rely solely on diffusion for their supply of nutrients will inevitably produce proliferation‐dominated regions near the outer edge of the scaffold in situations when the cell number density and oxygen consumption rate exceed a critical level. Possible strategies for reducing such non‐uniform proliferation, including the conventional methods of enhancing oxygen transport, are outlined based on the model predictions. Copyright © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preparation, Structure, and Ethylene Polymerization Behavior of Half‐Sandwich Picolyl‐Functionalized Carborane Iridium, Ruthenium, and Rhodium Complexes
Authors: Wang Xin , Jin Guo‐Xin
Published: July 2005

The synthesis of half‐sandwich transition‐metal complexes containing the CabN and CabN,S chelate ligands (HCabN=HC2B10H10CH2C5H4N (1), LiCabN,S=LiSC2B10H10CH2C5H4N (4)) is described. Compounds 1 and 4 were treated with chloride‐bridged dimers [{Ir(Cp*)Cl2}2] (Cp*=η5‐C5Me5), [{Ru(p‐cymene)Cl2}2] and [{Rh(Cp*)Cl2}2] to give half‐sandwich complexes [Ir(Cp*)Cl(CabN)] (2), [Ru(p‐cymene)Cl(CabN)] (3), and [Rh(Cp*)Cl(CabN,S)] (5), respectively. Addition reaction of LiCabS (CabS=SC2(H)B10H10) to the rhodium complex 5 yields [Rh(Cp*)(CabS)(CabN,S)] (6). All the complexes were characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy, and by elemental analysis. In addition, X‐ray structure analyses were performed on complexes 2, 3, 5, and 6, in which the potential C,N‐ and N,S‐chelate ligands were found to coordinate in a bidentate mode. The carborane complex 2 shows catalytic activities up to 3.7×105 g PE mol−1 Ir h−1 for the polymerization of ethylene in the presence of methylaluminoxane (MAO) as cocatalyst. The polymer obtained from this homogeneous catalytic reaction has a spherical morphology. Catalytic activities and the molecular weight of polyethylene have been investigated for various reaction conditions.
An Environmentally Benign Procedure for the Cu‐Catalyzed Cyanation of Aryl Bromides.
Authors: Schareina Thomas , Zapf Alexander , Beller Matthias
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Neutral Lewis Bases as Activators of Molecular Sieves in the Conjugate Addition of 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Villano Rosaria , Scettri Arrigo
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Efficient and Chemoselective Method for Protection of Thiols Catalyzed by Aluminumdodecatungstophosphate (AlPW12O40), as a Highly Water‐Tolerant Lewis Acid Catalyst.
Authors: Firouzabadi Habib , Iranpoor Nasser , Jafari Abbas Ali
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Efficient Asymmetric Synthesis of α‐Alkylated Benzylic Methyl Sulfonates.
Authors: Enders Dieter , Vignola Nicola , Berner Otto M. , Harnying Wacharee
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Palladium‐Catalyzed Coupling Reactions of Enantiopure p‐Bromophenyl Methyl Sulfoximine.
Authors: Cho Gae Young , Okamura Hiroaki , Bolm Carsten
Published: July 2005

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Enantioselective Enol Lactone Synthesis under Double Catalytic Conditions.
Authors: Itoh Kennosuke , Hasegawa Masayuki , Tanaka Junji , Kanemasa Shuji
Published: July 2005

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Sulfanyl Radical‐Induced Cyclization of Linalyl Acetate to the Iridane Skeleton: A Short Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Dehydroiridomyrmecin.
Authors: Barrero Alejandro F. , Arseniyadis Simeon , Herrador M. Mar , Quilez del Moral Jose F. , Arteaga Jesus F. , Sanchez Elena M.
Published: July 2005

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Direct and Stereoselective Synthesis of 2‐Acetamido‐2‐deoxy‐β‐D‐glycopyranosides by Using the Phosphite Method.
Authors: Arihara Ryoichi , Nakamura Seiichi , Hashimoto Shunichi
Published: July 2005

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The Synthesis and Biological Activity of 1,3,4‐Thiadiazoles
Authors: Rollas Sevim , Oruc Emine Elcin
Published: July 2005

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Catenanes: Template Synthesis and Application of Their Metal Complexes
Authors: Menon Shobhana K. , Guha Tania B. , Agrawal Yadavendra K.
Published: July 2005

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Recent Advances in 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions on Solid Supports
Authors: Harju Kirsi , Yli‐Kauhaluoma Jari
Published: July 2005

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Enyne‐Allenes
Authors: Wang Kung K.
Published: July 2005

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Transition Metal Catalyzed Cross‐Couplings of Allenes
Authors: Zimmer Reinhold , Reissig Hans‐Ulrich
Published: July 2005

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Cyclizations of Allenes
Authors: Tius Marcus A.
Published: July 2005

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Allenic Hydrocarbons: Preparation and Use in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Hopf Henning
Published: July 2005

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Enantioselective Synthesis of Allenes
Authors: Ohno Hiroaki , Nagaoka Yasuo , Tomioka Kiyoshi
Published: July 2005

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4,4‐Dialkoxybutan‐2‐ones as Synthons
Authors: Maretina I. A.
Published: July 2005

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Magnetocaloric Effect in Nd Doped Perovskite La0.7‐xNdxBa0.3MnO3 Polycrystalline Near Room Temperature.
Authors: Chen W. , Nie L. Y. , Zhong W. , Shi Y. J. , Hu J. J. , Li A. J. , Du Y. W.
Published: July 2005

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Preparation and Crystal Structures of M[(UO2)(SeO4)2(H2O)] (H2O)4 (M: Mg, Zn).
Authors: Krivovichev Sergey V. , Kahlenberg Volker
Published: July 2005

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Aminium Hexachloroantimonate Salts as Latent Sources of Antimony Pentachloride in Pinacolic Rearrangement of Vicinal Diols.
Authors: Ciminale Francesco , Lopez Luigi , Nacci Angelo , D'Accolti Lucia , Vitale Floriana
Published: July 2005

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Ionic Liquid [omim][PF6] as an Efficient and Recyclable Reaction Media for the Cyanosilylation of Aldehydes Without Lewis Acid or Any Special Activation.
Authors: Shen Zhi‐Liang , Ji Shun‐Jun , Loh Teck‐Peng
Published: July 2005

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A Novel Method for the Synthesis of Dichloroalkenes.
Authors: Nenajdenko V. G. , Shastin A. V. , Muzalevskii V. M. , Balenkova E. S.
Published: July 2005

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Synthesis of 1,2,3,4‐Tetrachlorohexafluorobutane.
Authors: Karimova N. M. , Glazkov A. A. , Ignatenko A. V. , Mysova N. E.
Published: July 2005

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An Efficient Synthesis of Alkyl α‐(Hydroxymethyl)acrylates Induced by DABCO in an Aqueous Medium.
Authors: Turki Taoufik , Villieras Jean , Amri Hassen
Published: July 2005

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(Alk‐1‐ynyl)organylthiocarbenes: Generation and Reactions with Olefins.
Authors: Shavrin K. N. , Gvozdev V. D. , Pinus I. Yu. , Dotsenko I. P. , Nefedov O. M.
Published: July 2005

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Phosphomolybdic Acid‐Catalyzed Efficient Three‐Component Reaction: A Facile Synthesis of Protected Homoallylic Amines.
Authors: Smitha G. , Miriyala Bruhaspathy , Williamson John S.
Published: July 2005

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Lewis Acid Catalyzed Asymmetric Halohydrin Reactions of Chiral α,β‐Unsaturated Carboxylic Acid Derivatives with N‐Halosuccinimide (NXS) as the Halogen Source.
Authors: Hajra Saumen , Bhowmick Manishabrata , Karmakar Ananta
Published: July 2005

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In situ Preparation of Palladium/N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes and Use for Suzuki Reaction.
Authors: Oezdemir Ismail , Goek Yetkin , Guerbuez Nevin , Cetinkaya Engin , Cetinkaya Bekir
Published: July 2005

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Thiazolium‐Mediated Multicomponent Reactions: A Facile Synthesis of 3‐Aminofuran Derivatives.
Authors: Ma Cheng , Yang Yewei
Published: July 2005

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Regioselective N‐ and C2‐Electrophilic Substitution of 3‐Substituted Indoles.
Authors: Leitch Sarah , Addison‐Jones Jennifer , McCluskey Adam
Published: July 2005

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Concerning the Product of [2 + 2] Cyclodimerization of 9‐Allenylcarbazole.
Authors: Kharaneko O. I. , Shishkina S. V. , Shishkin O. V. , Kibalnyi A. V. , Dulenko V. I.
Published: July 2005

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Highly Exo‐Selective and Enantioselective Cycloaddition Reactions of Nitrones Catalyzed by a Chiral Binaphthyldiimine—Ni(II) Complex.
Authors: Suga Hiroyuki , Nakajima Takuya , Itoh Kengo , Kakehi Akikazu
Published: July 2005

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Efficient Magnesium Bromide Catalyzed One‐Pot Synthesis of Substituted 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydropyrimidin‐2‐ones under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Salehi Hojatollah , Guo Qing‐Xiang
Published: July 2005

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Synthesis of Novel Dipyrazolopyrimidine‐Fused Heterotricyclic Compounds.
Authors: Liu Ying , Zhang Xiao‐Hong , Jin Gui‐Yu
Published: July 2005

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Synthesis of Highly Substituted Ureas and Thioureas Through 1,3‐Diaza‐Claisen Rearrangements.
Authors: Bowser Amy M. , Madalengoitia Jose S.
Published: July 2005

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Regioselective Synthesis of 1‐Allyl‐ and 1‐Arylmethyl Uracil and Thymine Derivatives.
Authors: Malik Vaishali , Singh Palwinder , Kumar Subodh
Published: July 2005

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Modular Synthesis of Cyclic Peptidomimetics Inspired by γ‐Turns.
Authors: Ramanathan Senthil Kumar , Keeler John , Lee Huey‐Lih , Reddy D. Srinavasa , Lushington Gerald , Aube Jeffrey
Published: July 2005

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Stereoselective Synthesis of 19‐Hydroxytaxoid by Utilizing Samarium(II) Iodide‐Mediated Double Aldol Cyclization.
Authors: Ogawa Yasuyuki , Kuroda Kiichi , Matsuo Jun‐ichi , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: July 2005

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Three‐Component Synthesis of α,β‐Cyclopropyl‐γ‐amino Acids.
Authors: Wipf Peter , Stephenson Corey R. J.
Published: July 2005

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Substitution and Remote Protecting Group Influence on the Oxidation/Addition of α‐Substituted 1,2‐Anhydroglycosides: A Novel Entry into C‐Ketosides.
Authors: Roberts Scott W. , Rainier Jon D.
Published: July 2005

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Efficient Synthetic Route to Ravidosamine Derivatives.
Authors: Hsu Day‐Shin , Matsumoto Takashi , Suzuki Keisuke
Published: July 2005

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Two New Neolignans from the Aerial Parts of Rodgersia podophylla.
Authors: Kim Young Lim , Chin Young‐Won , Kim Jinwoong
Published: July 2005

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Lignan and Neolignan Derivatives from Magnolia denudata.
Authors: Li Jun , Tanaka Makoto , Kurasawa Katsuki , Ikeda Tsuyoshi , Nohara Toshihiro
Published: July 2005

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Dispersions of Transition‐Metal‐Based Phases in Mesostructured Silica Matrixes: Preparation of High‐Performance Catalytic Materials
Authors: Landau Miron V. , Vradman Leonid , Wolfson Adi , Rao P. Madhusudhan , Herskowitz Mordehay
Published: July 2005

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Transition Metal Catalyzed Reactions of Carbon Dioxide and Other Heterocumulenes
Authors: Louie Janis
Published: July 2005

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Core‐Modified Octaphyrins: Syntheses and Anion‐Binding Properties
Authors: Misra Rajneesh , Anand Venkataramanarao G. , Rath Harapriya , Chandrashekar Tavarekere K.
Published: July 2005

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Recent Advances in Intramolecular Alkyne Cyclotrimerization and Its Applications
Authors: Yamamoto Yoshihiko
Published: July 2005

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Metal‐Mediated and ‐Catalyzed Nucleophilic Additions to Cyclopropenes
Authors: Fox Joseph M. , Yan Ni
Published: July 2005

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Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of New Phthalocyanines
Authors: Kobayashi Nagao , Leznoff Clifford C.
Published: July 2005

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