bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular Recognition of β‐O‐GlcNAc Glycopeptides by a Lectin‐Like Receptor: Binding Modulation by the Underlying Ser or Thr Amino Acids
Authors: Corzana Francisco , Fernández‐Tejada Alberto , Busto Jesús H. , Joshi Gururaj , Davis Anthony P. , Jiménez‐Barbero Jesús , Avenoza Alberto , Peregrina Jesús M.
Published: December 2010

The binding properties of different carbohydrates and glycopeptides containing the β‐O‐2‐deoxy‐2‐(N‐acetyl)‐D‐glucosaminyl (β‐O‐GlcNAc) to a synthetically prepared lectin‐like receptor have been analyzed. The study combines the use of NMR spectroscopy experiments with extensive MD simulations in explicit water. Notably, the presence of a key hydrogen bond between the receptor and the OMe group of the β‐O‐GlcNAc‐OMe derivative appears to be responsible for the high selectivity observed for this compound. In addition, to study the effect on the binding of the underlying amino acid, we have prepared different model glycopeptides, which include the non‐natural α‐methylserine and α‐methylthreonine as underlying amino acids. Interestingly, the presence of a methyl group decreases the affinity constant, especially in those cases in which a β‐methyl group is present. As a result, the serine‐containing glycopeptide exhibited the highest affinity constant of the glycopeptides, and the threonine derivative showed the lowest one. This low selectivity could have its origin in the difficulty to form both specific hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic (CH‐π) contacts.
A Novel Synthesis Route for Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 Catalysts used in Methanol Synthesis: Combining Continuous Consecutive Precipitation with Continuous Aging of the Precipitate
Authors: Kaluza Stefan , Behrens Malte , Schiefenhövel Nora , Kniep Benjamin , Fischer Richard , Schlögl Robert , Muhler Martin
Published: December 2010

A novel continuous method for the preparation of a ternary Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst based on a cascade of micromixers and a tubular aging reactor is presented as a promising alternative route to the conventional batch process. Its application, in combination with immediate spray drying, enables monitoring of the formation of the final precursor by exchange reactions between initially separated phases during the aging step. These exchange reactions were successfully simulated by consecutive precipitation by using micromixers in series as analytical tool. After 60 min of continuous aging, calcination, and reduction, a catalyst is produced that exhibits an almost equal mass‐related activity in methanol synthesis compared to a commercial catalyst and an area‐related activity that is about 50 % higher.
Catalytic Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide over Transition Metal Oxides
Authors: Royer Sébastien , Duprez Daniel
Published: December 2010

Oxidation into CO2is a major solution to CO abatement in air depollution treatments. The development of catalytic converters led to an extraordinary high number of publications on metal catalysts during the last fifty years. Due to the increasing price of noble metals and to remarkable progresses in oxide syntheses, catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide over oxide catalysts has recently gained in interest, even if some oxides are known to present remarkable activity since the beginning of the 20thcentury. In this Review, the kinetics and mechanism of CO oxidation on single and mixed oxides are examined, alongside the catalyst structures.
Chlorchemie – Fluch oder Segen ?
Authors: Reineke Verena
Published: December 2010

In diesem Artikel wird eine Unterrichtseinheit vorgestellt, in der das komplexe und zunächst recht alltagsferne Thema Chlorchemie für Schüler der 9. Klasse so reduziert ist, dass das Zusammenspiel von chemischen Inhalten und gesellschaftlicher Relevanz erhalten bleibt. Verschiedene Positionen zur Chlorchemie, die in Deutschland kontrovers diskutiert wurden bzw. werden, kommen zu Wort. So eingebettet, können ausgewählte Kompetenzen der beiden Bereiche Kommunikation und Bewertung gezielt aufgebaut werden. Die Schüler tauschen sich über die gesellschaftlichen Positionen aus und gelangen auf der Basis von Fachwissen zu einer eigenen Meinung. Viele Vorgänge und Probleme der Chlorchemie erfordern vertiefte Kenntnisse z. B. zur chlororganischen Chemie, die in der 9. Klasse noch nicht vermittelbar sind, sodass hierfür im Rahmen einer zweiten Staatsexamensarbeit verschiedene Materialien entwickelt und in der hier vorgestellten Unterrichtseinheit erfolgreich erprobt wurden. Die Materialien sind im Internet auf der Homepage der Universität Oldenburg (http://www.chemie.uni‐oldenburg.de/didaktik/24890.html) verfügbar.
Eine kategoriegestützte Übersicht von Lernervorstellungen zum Löslichkeitsbegriff
Authors: Grüß‐Niehaus Thomas , Schanze Sascha
Published: December 2010

Unter Lernervorstellungen werden Konzepte verstanden, die nicht mit den wissenschaftlich akzeptierten einher gehen. Lernervorstellungen zum Löslichkeitskonzept sind international empirisch sehr gut erfasst. Dieser Beitrag stellt den Stand der Forschungsergebnisse der letzten drei Jahrzehnte zusammen. Insgesamt 41 Studien wurden dafür ausgewertet und gefundene Lernervorstellungen kategorisiert. Mit dieser Zusammenstellung liegt zum einen eine Grundlage für weitere Forschungsarbeiten im Bereich der Schülervorstellungsforschung zum Löslichkeitskonzept vor. Zum anderen dient sie Lehrkräften der Antizipation möglicher Verständnisschwierigkeiten und somit einer an die Bedürfnisse der Lernenden angepassten Unterrichtsvorbereitung.
Analytical and Chemometric Evaluation of the Situation of Waterbodies in the Polish Tatra Mountains
Authors: Prikler Simon , Chęsy Paulina , Parczewski Andrzej , Einax Jürgen W.
Published: December 2010

Chemometric methods are powerful in finding hidden structures and latent information in environmental and other analytical datasets. This work shows the application of cluster analysis, discriminant analysis, and support vector machines for the evaluation of waterbodies in the Polish Tatra Mountains. After the analysis of in situ parameters and the determination of concentrations of cations and anions, cluster analysis shows that the previous separation into Western Tatras and High Tatras should be reconsidered, as the Bystra stream in the border region might have been incorrectly assigned to the Western Tatras up to now. Discriminant analysis not only confirms the geographical separation of waterbodies, but also the fact that the sampling time is a crucial factor in environmental analysis. Samples taken in different months do not result in a homogenous object of investigation. A uniform date should therefore be chosen so that the results will be comparable. The influence of the sampling month on the classification of samples is also approved by support vector machines.
Homo‐FRET Imaging as a Tool to Quantify Protein and Lipid Clustering
Authors: Bader Arjen N. , Hoetzl Sandra , Hofman Erik G. , Voortman Jarno , van Bergen en Henegouwen Paul M. P. , van Meer Gerrit , Gerritsen Hans C.
Published: December 2010

Homo‐FRET, Förster resonance energy transfer between identical fluorophores, can be conveniently measured by observing its effect on the fluorescence anisotropy. This review aims to summarize the possibilities of fluorescence anisotropy imaging techniques to investigate clustering of identical proteins and lipids. Homo‐FRET imaging has the ability to determine distances between fluorophores. In addition it can be employed to quantify cluster sizes as well as cluster size distributions. The interpretation of homo‐FRET signals is complicated by the fact that both the mutual orientations of the fluorophores and the number of fluorophores per cluster affect the fluorescence anisotropy in a similar way. The properties of the fluorescence probes are very important. Taking these properties into account is critical for the correct interpretation of homo‐FRET signals in protein‐ and lipid‐clustering studies. This is be exemplified by studies on the clustering of the lipid raft markers GPI and K‐ras, as well as for EGF receptor clustering in the plasma membrane.
The Role of the Ethynyl Substituent on the π–π Stacking Affinity of Benzene: A Theoretical Study
Authors: Lucas Xavier , Quiñonero David , Frontera Antonio , Deyà Pere M.
Published: December 2010

Herein, we report a high‐level theoretical study (SCS‐RI‐MP2(full)/aug‐cc‐pVTZ) examining the stacking affinity of 1,3,5‐triethynylbenzene. The stacking properties of this compound are compared to those of benzene and 1,3,5‐trifluorobenzene. The results indicate that the ethynyl substituent improves the stacking affinity of the arene, since the binding energies for the stacked ethynyl‐substituted arene dimers are higher than those of both benzene and the fluoro‐substituted arene. This interesting behaviour has been studied by examining the energetics, geometries and electron charge density features of the complexes. A query in the Cambridge Structural Database returned several X‐ray crystal structures containing π–π stacking interactions of 1,3,5‐triethynylaryls that strongly agree with the theoretical results.
Phosphotungstic Acid Encapsulated in Metal–Organic Framework as Catalysts for Carbohydrate Dehydration to 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural
Authors: Zhang Yanmei , Degirmenci Volkan , Li Can , Hensen Emiel J. M.
Published: December 2010

MIL‐101, a chromium‐based metal–organic framework, is known for its very large pore size, large surface area and good stability. However, applications of this material in catalysis are still limited. 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) has been considered a renewable chemical platform for the production of liquid fuels and fine chemicals. Phosphotungstic acid, H3PW12O40 (PTA), encapsulated in MIL‐101 is evaluated as a potential catalyst for the selective dehydration of fructose and glucose to 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural. The results demonstrate that PTA/MIL‐101 is effective for HMF production from fructose in DMSO and can be reused. This is the first example of the application of a metal–organic framework in carbohydrate dehydration.
Production and Detection of H Atoms and Vibrationally Excited H2 Molecules in CVD Processes
Authors: Umemoto Hironobu
Published: December 2010

Radical species, including atomic hydrogen, play an important role in the CVD process to prepare high‐quality thin solid films. Detailed information on the absolute densities of these radicals under various conditions is needed in order to understand the chemical kinetics involved and to control the deposition processes. This article reviews the production mechanisms and the gas‐phase diagnostic techniques for H atoms in catalytic CVD (also called hot‐wire CVD) and plasma‐enhanced (PE)CVD processes. Experimentally determined absolute H‐atom densities in typical CVD processes are compiled in a table. Under suitable conditions, the steady‐state H‐atom density can be increased up to 1017 cm−3. Procedures for producing and detecting vibrationally excited H2 molecules, which can be another active species in CVD processes, are also discussed.
CVD Nanocasting Routes to Zeolite‐Templated Carbons for Hydrogen Storage
Authors: Xia Yongde , Yang Zhuxian , Mokaya Robert
Published: December 2010

We report on a systematic study of CVD‐based synthesis strategies for the nanocasting of zeolite‐templated porous carbon materials using commercially available zeolite Y as a hard template. Our findings clarify how the properties of the zeolite‐templated carbons and their hydrogen storage capacity are affected by (i) the nature of carbon precursor, (ii) the way the carbon precursor is introduced into the zeolite template pores, and (iii) the use of a single step versus two sequential CVD steps. Depending on the synthesis strategy used, the porous carbon materials exhibit variable structural ordering and tunable textural properties with surface area of 850 − 2160 m2 g−1 and pore volume of 0.87 − 1.26 cm3 g−1. A significant proportion of the porosity, i.e., up to 90% of the surface area and 80% of the pore volume, arises from micropores. The templated carbons exhibit hydrogen‐uptake capacity in the range 1.9–4.9 wt.‐% (at −196 °C and under 20 bar) which is determined by the textural properties, however all the carbon materials have similar hydrogen heat of adsorption of 8.5–9.0 kJ mol−1 due to their similar carbon framework.
Reactivity of Silicon Surfaces in the Presence of Adsorbed Hydrogen and Chlorine
Authors: Cavallotti Carlo
Published: December 2010

The desorption of hydrogen and hydrogen chloride from Si surfaces is the rate‐determining step of the low temperature CVD of silicon from both hydrogenated and chlorinated precursors. Thus, in order to model the deposition process, the rate of these reactions must be known to a high level of accuracy. In this work, the surface desorption kinetics of H2 and HCl from the Si(100)2 × 1 surface is investigated by modeling the surface through clusters of various dimensions (up to 60 Si atoms) and determining the reaction energies at the B3LYP, and coupled cluster methodology with inclusion of single, double and a perturbative estimation of triple excitations (CCSD(T)) levels. The investigated mechanisms are the pairwise intradimer and the 4H‐2H reaction pathways. The desorption activation energy (57.4 kcal mol−1) and adsorption barriers (15.9 kcal mol−1) calculated for H2 for the 4H and 2H pathways are in good agreement with experimental data, confirming that these are the H2 main desorption and adsorption routes. The reaction mechanism of HCl is different to that of H2. The calculations in fact indicate that the less activated desorption pathway (65.0 kcal mol−1) is the intradimer mechanism, followed by the 2H pathway (67.1 kcal mol−1), which might thus compete with the intradimer pathway at low surface coverage. The HCl adsorption barrier on Si dimers is small (0.6 − 4.8 kcal mol−1), confirming the high reactivity of HCl with Si surfaces.
Biased embryos: Prenatal Experience Alters the Postnatal Malleability of Auditory Preferences in Bobwhite Quail
Authors: Harshaw Christopher , Lickliter Robert
Published: December 2010

Many precocial birds show a robust preference for the maternal call of their own species before and after hatching. This differential responsiveness to species‐specific auditory stimuli by embryos and neonates has been the subject of study for more than four decades, but much remains unknown about the dynamics of this ability. Gottlieb [Gottlieb [1971]. Development of species identification in birds: An enquiry into the prenatal determinants of perception. Chicago/London: University of Chicago Press.] demonstrated that prenatal exposure to embryonic vocalizations serves to canalize the formation of species‐specific preferences in ducklings. Apart from this, little is known about the features of the developmental system that serve to canalize such species‐typical preferences, on the one hand, and generate novel behavioral phenotypes, on the other. In the current study, we show that briefly exposing bobwhite quail embryos to a heterospecific Japanese quail (JQ) maternal call significantly enhanced their acquisition of a preference for that call when chicks were provided with subsequent postnatal exposure to the same call. This was true whether postnatal exposure involved playback of the maternal call contingent upon chick contact vocalizations or yoked, non‐contingent exposure to the call. Chicks that received both passive prenatal and contingent postnatal exposure to the JQ maternal call redirected their species‐typical auditory preference, showing a significant preference for JQ call over the call of their own species. In contrast, chicks receiving only prenatal or only postnatal exposure to the JQ call did not show this redirection of their auditory preference. Our results indicate that prenatal sensory stimulation can significantly bias postnatal responsiveness to social stimuli, thereby altering the course of early learning and memory. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 53:291–302, 2011.
Optimization of thin‐film configuration for light‐addressable stimulation electrode
Authors: Suzurikawa Jun , Kanzaki Ryohei , Nakao Masayuki , Jimbo Yasuhiko , Takahashi Hirokazu
Published: December 2010

Light addressing is an emerging technique to optically address a virtual electrode on a photoconductive substrate. A thinner photoconductive layer of a light‐addressable planar electrode can improve the spatial resolution of the light‐addressed electrode. Voltage application to the electrode, however, causes a strong electric field across the thin photoconductive layer with a significant avalanche effect, which induces an undesired increase of dark current. In order to overcome this problem, we investigated how photoconductive‐layer thickness and passivation‐layer conductivity affect voltage‐application‐induced bright and dark charge densities. Suppression of the dark charge density with a thick photoconductive layer and a low‐conductive passivation layer is found to be a key factor for optimization of the light‐addressable electrode. With this design strategy, we developed a novel light‐addressable electrode using titanium dioxide as a photoconductor. To suppress the avalanche effect, the thickness of the titanium‐dioxide layer was designed to be 1.5 μm. The fabricated electrode turned out to have sufficient photoelectric properties: the bright charge density reached 70 μC/cm2 and the bright‐to‐dark charge density ratio was greater than 10, which allows stimulation to cultured dissociated neurons. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 94(1): 61–68, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10241
Discharge area constriction of La0.5Sr0.5CoO3as a cathode material
Authors: Ichibakase Tsuyoshi
Published: December 2010

La0.5Sr0.5CoO3was employed as a cathode for the first time when plasma display panels were used on handheld personal computers. It has favorable sputtering resistance and stable discharge characteristics in gases. A cathode made from La0.5Sr0.5CoO3has unique electrical characteristics in the period of continuous discharge. Its discharge voltage and luminance shift during an extended discharge, and the discharge voltage continues to increase in the later period of the continuous discharge. The discharge and luminescence area shift of the La0.5Sr0.5Co03were investigated by an analysis of a DC plasma panel made as a prototype. It is assumed that the discharge voltage and luminance shift were caused by the discharge and luminance area shift of the cathode surface, and that the current density shift was caused by discharge area constriction in the later periods of continuous discharge. In order to ascertain the mechanism, the discharge and luminance area shift process of the cathode surface were examined using a model. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 94(1): 43–50, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10266
Generating stock trading rules using genetic network programming with flag nodes and adjustment of importance indexes
Authors: Mabu Shingo , Chen Yan , Hirasawa Kotaro
Published: December 2010

Genetic network programming (GNP) is an evolutionary algorithm which represents its solutions by means of graph structures. Since GNP can create quite compact programs and has an implicit memory function, it works especially well in dynamic environments. In addition, a study of the creation of trading rules on stock markets using GNP with Importance Index (GNP‐IMX) has been made. The IMX is one of the criteria for decision making. However, the values of the IMXs must be determined by experience and knowledge. Therefore, in this paper, IMXs are adjusted appropriately during stock trading in order to predict the rise and fall of the stocks. In addition, newly defined flag nodes are introduced into GNP, which makes it possible to appropriately judge the current situation of the stock prices, and also contributes to the use of many kinds of nodes in the GNP program. In a simulation, programs were evolved using the stock prices of 20 companies. Then the generalization ability of the method was tested and compared with GNP without flag nodes, GNP without IMX adjustment, and Buy & Hold. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 94(1): 25–33, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10269
Multiobjective optimization method for distribution system configuration using Pareto optimal solution
Authors: Hayashi Yasuhiro , Takano Hirotaka , Matsuki Junya , Nishikawa Yuji
Published: December 2010

A distribution network has a huge number of configuration candidates because the network configuration is determined by the states of many sectionalizing switches (opened or closed) installed in terms of keeping power quality, reliability, and so on. Since the feeder current and voltage depend on the network configuration, the distribution loss, voltage imbalance, and bank efficiency can be controlled by changing the states of these switches. In addition, feeder currents and voltages change in response to the outputs of distributed generators (DGs) such as photovoltaic generation systems, wind turbine generation systems, and so on, that are connected to the feeder. Recently, the total number of DGs connected to distribution networks has increased drastically. Therefore, many configuration candidates of distribution networks must be evaluated multiply from various viewpoints such as distribution loss, voltage imbalance, bank efficiency, and so on, considering the power supply from the connected DGs. In this paper, the authors propose a multiobjective optimization method from three evaluation viewpoints, (1) distribution loss, (2) voltage imbalance, and (3) bank efficiency, using Pareto optimal solutions. In the proposed method, after several high‐ranking candidates with small distribution loss are extracted by combinatorial optimization, each candidate is evaluated from the viewpoints of voltage imbalance and bank efficiency using the Pareto optimal solution, after which the minimum‐loss configuration is chosen as the best configuration among these solutions. Numerical simulations were performed for a real‐scale system model consisting of 72 distribution feeders and 234 sectionalizing switches in order to examine the validity of the proposed method. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 94(1): 7–16, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10271
Numerical study of plasma‐fluid behavior and generation characteristics of the closed‐loop MHD electrical power generator
Authors: Ohno Jun , Liberati Alessandro , Murakami Tomoyuki , Okuno Yoshihiro
Published: December 2010

Time‐dependent r‐z two‐dimensional numerical simulations by the LES technique have been carried out in order to clarify the plasma fluid behavior and power generation characteristics of a disk MHD generator under the rated operating conditions demonstrated in the closed‐loop experimental facility at Tokyo Institute of Technology. The generator currently installed could suffer from nonuniform and low electrical conductivity and from boundary layer separation even under the rated operation conditions. The large amount of generated electric power is consumed in the boundary layer separation region, which reduces the net output power. Reducing the back pressure and improving the inlet plasma conditions reliably provides better generator performance. The influence of a 90° bend downstream duct on the generator performance is found not to be particularly great. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 174(4): 37–44, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21041
Improvement of anode oxidation reaction of a fuel cell using ammonium formate with Pt‐Ir catalysis
Authors: Ohyama Kazutoshi , Sugino Takashi , Nitta Tomohiro , Kimura Chiharu , Aoki Hidemitsu
Published: December 2010

We have attempted to develop high‐performance and safe fuel cells by using ammonium formate as a solid (powder) fuel. This solid fuel has the potential of safer transportability than liquid fuels such as methanol from the viewpoint of toxicity and flammability. In order to make use of some of the advantages of ammonium formate, we investigated the oxidation characteristics of ammonium formate with respect to a Pt electrode. Cyclic voltammograms indicate that ammonium formate has high oxidation activity with respect to a Pt electrode. We have also found that the oxidation of ammonium formate can be improved by the addition of Ir to Pt catalysts. It is highly likely that ammonium formate will be useful as a solid (powder) fuel for polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells. This new fuel will promote the development of safe fuel cells for PEM. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 174(4): 45–50, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21043
Frequency domain analysis of beatless control method for converter‐inverter driving systems applied to AC electric cars
Authors: Kimura Akira
Published: December 2010

In inverter‐converter driving systems for AC electric cars, the DC input voltage of an inverter contains a ripple component with a frequency that is twice the line voltage frequency, due to the use of a single‐phase converter. The ripple component of the inverter input voltage causes pulsations in the torque and current of driving motors. To decrease the pulsations, a beatless control method, which modifies the slip frequency depending on the ripple component, is applied to the inverter control. In the present paper, the beatless control method is analyzed in the frequency domain. In the first step of the analysis, transfer functions which revealed the relationship among the ripple component of the inverter input voltage, the slip frequency, the motor torque pulsation, and the current pulsation were derived with a synchronous rotating model of induction motors. An analytical model of the beatless control method was then constructed using the transfer functions. The optimal setting of the control method was obtained according to the analytical model. The transfer functions and the analytical model were verified by simulations. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 174(4): 51–57, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21050
Output power characteristics of a shape memory alloy engine
Authors: Sato Yoshihisa , Kobayashi Masaru , Kobayashi Yoshikazu , Morimoto Hiroki , Miyawaki Hiroshi
Published: December 2010

The purpose of this research is to verify experimentally the validity of the rotation mechanism theory of the SMA engine. The main results obtained by this research are as follows. We derived a theoretical formula which predicts the rotation speed and output power of the SMA engine. We built large‐sized experiment equipment to measure the rotation speed and torque simultaneously, and obtained a maximum output power of 3.74 W. We compared the measured values of the rotation speed and the torque with the theoretical values, and partially verified the validity of the theory. We derived an empirical formula which predicts the maximum output power of the SMA engine. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 174(4): 19–27, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21070
Modification of Titanium Isopropoxide with Aromatic Aldoximes
Authors: Baumann Stefan O. , Bendova Maria , Puchberger Michael , Schubert Ulrich
Published: December 2010

Dimeric [Ti(OiPr)2(benzaldoximate)2]2 was obtained upon reaction of titanium isopropoxide with two molar equivalents of benzaldehyde (E)‐ or (Z)‐oxime or m‐anisaldoxime. Two isomers were formed differing by the mutual orientation of the oximate ligands. Reaction with perillaldoxime or trans‐cinnamaldoxime resulted in the corresponding derivatives with functional ligands. The degree of substitution was higher when o‐ or p‐anisaldoxime were employed in the same molar ratio, and dimeric Ti2(OiPr)3(o‐anisaldoximate)5 with a bridging oximate ligand and monomeric Ti(oximate)4 (oximate = o‐anisaldoximate or p‐anisaldoximate) were obtained. Dissolution of the p‐anisaldoximate derivative upon heating in [D6]DMSO led to deoximation reactions.
Bond Activation in Iron(II)‐Coordinated Polypodal Phosphane Ligands
Authors: Gentschow Simon‐Andreas , Kohl Stephan W. , Bauer Walter , Hummert Markus , Grohmann Andreas
Published: December 2010

A mononuclear iron(II) complex is readily formed when combining equimolar amounts of iron(II) tetrafluoroborate hexahydrate, the pyridine‐derived triphosphane C5H3N{2‐[CMe(CH2PMe2)2]}{6‐[CMe2(CH2PMe2)]} (2) and diethylphosphane (Et2PH) in methanol at room temperature. The chelate ligand is in fact pentadentate, as one of the methyl groups of the neopentyl‐like sidearm engages in a C–H‐bonded contact (agostic interaction) with the metal centre, in addition to the expected NP3 coordination. The remaining site of what is a distorted coordination octahedron is occupied by monodentate Et2PH. The autoclave reaction of this purple complex with CO (10 bar, ethanol solvent, 65 °C) yields a yellow microcrystalline precipitate, whose analysis reveals a mixture of two products, in an approximate ratio of 40:1. One of the products is the cis‐dicarbonyl complex[Fe(2)(CO)2](BF4)2 (4), in which the chelate ligand acts as an NP3 donor, and the other is the monocarbonyl complex of the tetrapodal pentadentate NP4 ligand 1. The latter ligand is formed from 2 by incorporation of an additional PMe2 donor, in what, in effect, is a metal‐mediated phosphenium group transfer. A mechanism is suggested for this reaction. Other species in the reaction mixture have been identified on the basis of mass spectra, and the full NMR spectroscopic assignment of complex 4 (1H, 31P, 13C) is reported.
Lewis Acid Mediated One‐Pot Synthesis of Aryl/Heteroaryl‐Fused Carbazoles Involving a Cascade Friedel–Crafts Alkylation/Electrocyclization/Aromatization Reaction Sequence
Authors: Sureshbabu Radhakrishnan , Saravanan Velu , Dhayalan Vasudevan , Mohanakrishnan Arasambattu K.
Published: December 2010

A Lewis‐acid‐mediated domino reaction of 2/3‐(bromomethyl)indoles with arenes/heteroarenes led to the formation of the corresponding annulated carbazoles. This three‐step one‐pot transformation proceeds by sequential Lewis acid catalysed Friedel–Crafts alkylation, electrocyclization and aromatization reactions. The strategy is highly efficient for the assembly of complex aryl/heteroaryl‐fused carbazoles.
Stereoselective Interaction between DNA and Stable Chiral Surfaces Modified with 1,2‐Diphenylethylenediamine Enantiomers
Authors: Wang Lilan , Fu Yingzi , Zhou Juan , Chen Qiao
Published: December 2010

This work described an interesting phenomenon of the stereoselective adsorption behaviors of DNA on stable chiral surfaces which were modified with 1,2‐diphenylethylenediamine enantiomers on gold electrodes. The modification process and electrochemical characterization of the chiral surfaces were measured by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The stereoselective adsorption behaviors of DNA on the two chiral surfaces were investigated via atomic force microscopy (AFM), CV, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). All results confirmed that (1R,2R)‐1,2‐diphenylethylenediamine modified surface had stronger interaction with DNA molecules than (1S,2S)‐1,2‐diphenylethylenediamine modified surface, and the chirality of the surfaces created an different effect on the morphology and adsorption quantity of DNA.
Probing the Pt Surface for Oxygen Reduction by Insertion of Ag
Authors: Schwamborn Stefanie , Bron Michael , Schuhmann Wolfgang
Published: December 2010

We report on the probing of the Pt surface for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) by insertion of Ag. Therefore, PtAg bimetallic nanoparticles were prepared by pulse electrodeposition. In a second step, Ag was electro‐dissolved in acidic media from the particles under formation of Pt skeleton. The ORR activity of these Pt skeleton depends on two factors: (1) on the surface properties of the Pt‐shell and (2) on the electronic as well as geometric influences of the remaining Ag in the particle core. By varying the conditioning procedure prior to measuring the ORR activity, we were able to differentiate between these two effects.
Bioelectroanalytical Determination of Rutin Based on bi‐Enzymatic Sensor Containing Iridium Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquid Phase Supported in Clay
Authors: Zapp Eduardo , Brondani Daniela , Vieira Iolanda C. , Dupont Jairton , Scheeren Carla W.
Published: December 2010

A matrix comprising iridium nanoparticles and 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ionic liquid (Ir‐BMI.BF4) supported in montmorillonite (MMT) was obtained through an efficient incorporation process. This modified clay matrix (Ir‐BMI.BF4‐MMT) was used for the immobilization of the enzymes laccase (LAC) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and employed in the construction of a bi‐enzymatic biosensor for determination of rutin by square‐wave voltammetry. Under optimized conditions, the analytical curve showed a linear range for rutin concentrations from 9.17×10−8 to 3.10×10−6 mol L−1 with a detection limit of 3.09×10−8 mol L−1. The method was successfully applied to the determination of rutin content in pharmaceutical samples.
The Use of Diamond Electrodes in the Interface Biodiesel/Water
Authors: Maynart Marlon C. , Ferreira Rafael Q. , Suffredini Hugo B.
Published: December 2010

A boron‐doped diamond electrode was used at the interface of biodiesel and water in conjunction with square‐wave voltammetry to promote the detection of a model molecule (ferrocene). The addition of LiClO4 to the oil phase increased the detection of ferrocene five‐fold as compared with an unsupported oil phase. A cathodic surface pretreatment of the BDD electrode caused no oscillation of currents and promoted a high stability within the system. Our successful use of this system suggests the possibility for its application in the analysis of other contaminants within biodiesel including liposoluble pesticides and glycerol.
Mikroben und Minerale
Authors: Kothe Erika
Published: December 2010

Auch auf geologische Prozesse haben Mikroorganismen prägende Wirkung. Ihr besseres Verständnis kann zur Verringerung von Umweltbelastungen in Böden und Pflanzen beitragen.
Rosenhochzeit in Peking
Authors: Streier Eva‐Maria
Published: December 2010

Jubiläumsakt und Strategie‐Workshop: Wie die DFG und ihre Partnerorganisation NSFC das zehnjährige Bestehen des Chinesisch‐Deutschen Zentrums für Wissenschaftsförderung feierten.
„Ihm soll Lob und Preis erschallen”︁
Authors: Scheidgen Andreas
Published: December 2010

Gesangbücher standen lange nicht im Blickpunkt der Wissenschaft — dabei sind sie kulturgeschichtliche Quellen ersten Ranges. Inzwischen jedoch haben Germanisten, Liturgie‐ und Musikwissenschaftler ihre Bedeutung als Gebrauchsliteratur erkannt, die von jeder Generation dem Zeitgeist angepasst wird.
Efficient one‐pot synthesis of disubstituted 1,3,4‐oxadiazole derivatives from the reaction of (N‐isocyanimino)triphenylphosphorane, acetaldehyde, a secondary amine, and an electron‐poor (E)‐cinnamic acid
Authors: Ramazani Ali , Ahmadi Yavar , Tarasi Roghayeh
Published: December 2010

The iminium intermediate formed by the reaction of a secondary amine with acetaldehyde was reacted by (N‐isocyanimino) triphenylphosphorane in the presence of an electron‐poor (E)‐cinnamic acid derivative to give the corresponding iminophosphorane intermediate, whose intramolecular the aza‐Wittig reaction led to disubstituted 1,3,4‐oxadiazole derivatives. The reactions were completed under neutral conditions at room temperature, and the corresponding disubstituted 1,3,4‐oxadiazole derivatives were produced in excellent yields. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 22:79–84, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.20660
A computational study of CS bond dissociation enthalpies in petroleum chemistry
Authors: Shi Jing , Hu Xi‐Rui , Liang Shuang
Published: December 2010

High‐level theoretical methods (BMK, B3LYP, B98, B3P86, B3PW91, PBE1PBE, PBE1KIS, MPWPW91, MPW1KCIS, TPSS1KCIS, G3, G3//BMK, and CBS‐Q) were utilized to study the carbon–sulfur bond dissociation enthalpies (BDEs) of hydrocarbons in petroleum chemistry. The performance of these methods was evaluated on the basis of a training set including the available experimental BDEs, and it was found that the BMK (Boese‐Martin for Kinetics) method had the best agreement with experimental values. By using the BMK method to calculate CS BDEs of saturated hydrocarbon, the main factors, which determine the changing trend of BDE values, were discussed. Results revealed that the repulsive energies played an important role in determining a change in the trend of BDEs as well as the radical effect. Good agreements were obtained between further calculated BDEs and the experimental ones for CS and CO bonds. Moreover, the same calculation method was applied to predict CS BDEs for which the experimental values were still unavailable. A range of predicted bond dissociation enthalpy values were provided according to the calculations. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 22:97–105, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.20662
Protein intensity changes in the hemoglobin and plasma electrophoretic patterns of Oreochromis niloticus in response to single and combined Zn and Cd exposure
Authors: Fırat Özgür , Kargın Ferit
Published: December 2010

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of metals on the electrophoretic patterns of hemoglobin and blood plasma proteins of Oreochromis niloticus. Fish were exposed to 0.5 and 5.0 mg/L Zn, 0.1 and 1.0 mg/L Cd, and 0.5 mg/L Zn + 0.1 mg/L Cd, and 5.0 mg/L Zn + 1.0 mg/L Cd mixtures for 7 and 28 days. In all concentrations tested, electrophoretic pattern of hemoglobin and plasma proteins by cellulose acetate electrophoresis consist of three and eight bands, respectively. The three bands for hemoglobin are one cathodic (Hb1) and two anodic (Hb2 and Hb3) bands. The protein intensity in hemoglobins of fish following Zn, Cd, and Zn + Cd exposures decreased in Hb1, whereas it increased in Hb3. The eight bands for plasma proteins are 60, 78, 87, and 94 kDA high molecular weight proteins (HMP) for four bands and 120, 132, 176, and 273 kDA very high molecular weight proteins (VHMP) for four bands. The level of 60, 78, and 94 kDA HMP and 120, 132, and 176 kDA VHMP increased in response to single and combined Zn and Cd exposure. Also, there was increasing level of the metals in the whole blood with increasing concentrations of metals in the exposure medium and with increasing duration of exposure. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 24:395–401, 2010; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/jbt.20352
Preliminary psychometric properties of a measure of Karen Horney's Tridimensional theory in children and adolescents
Authors: Coolidge Frederick L. , Segal Daniel L. , Estey Alisa J. , Neuzil Paula J.
Published: December 2010

This study established the psychometric properties of a child and adolescent version of the Horney‐Coolidge Tridimensional Inventory (HCTI), which assesses psychoanalyst Karen Horney's theory of neurotic types. Parents of 302 children (ages 5 to 17 years; median age = 12.0 years) completed the new 45‐item version of the HCTI and the Coolidge Personality and Neuropsychological Inventory (CPNI) about their children. The three main scales (Compliance, Aggression, and Detachment) had good internal scale reliability and excellent test‐retest reliability. Principal components analysis supported Horney's three dimensions and a six‐component substructure. There was also sufficient construct validity with personality disorder scales from the CPNI with the three HCTI dimensions and their six components. The implications of the findings are discussed for Horneyan theory. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 00:1–8, 2011.
Leadership competency inventory: A systematic process of developing and validating a leadership competency scale
Authors: Joon Yoon Hyung , Hoon Song Ji , Donahue Wesley E. , Woodley Katheryn K.
Published: December 2010

This article reports psychometric evaluation of the Penn State Leadership Competency Inventory (LCI). The 32‐item LCI was validated on a sample of 323 managers in the health care industry. Preliminary validity and reliability evidence of the LCI was established through exploratory factor analysis (EFA), item‐total correlations, Cronbach's alpha coefficients, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The four‐factor leadership competency scale, comprising supervisory and managerial competencies, organizational leadership, personal mastery, and resource leadership, accounted for 58% of variance. According to CFA results, the model fit of the four latent factors of the LCI was confirmed to be appropriate. Cross‐validation with other populations is needed to confirm the factor structure. Limitations and further research recommendations are discussed.
Leadership in Islam
Authors: Mir Ali Mohammad
Published: December 2010

Leadership is about knowledge, skills, and abilities for transformation. It is also increasingly about worldviews or visions of life—beliefs, values, and principles. But worldviews are also ways of life, for beliefs direct us, values guide us, and principles motivate us to certain kinds of action and behavior.

How, then, do worldviews have an impact on leadership for transformation? If worldviews are glasses or filters by which we view the world, mental models of the bigger picture, frameworks by which we make sense of the world, and narratives by which we orient our lives, then how do they influence human thoughts, ideas, and behaviors when it comes to transformative leadership?

This was the subject matter of an International Leadership Association Conference panel discussion held in November 2009 in Prague, entitled Leadership for Transformation: The Impact of Worldviews. It is also the subject matter of this issue's symposium, in which we bring you the four papers and the response presented at the conference. Members of the panel were characterized by gender, disciplinary, religious, and global diversity.

Nathan Harter, organizational leadership professor at Purdue University in the United States, begins the discussion with some preliminary remarks about worldviews. Ali Mohammed Mir, medical doctor and director of programs of Population Council, Pakistan, speaks of leadership from an Islamic perspective. Michael Jones, accomplished composer, pianist, and leadership educator, writer, and speaker from Orillia, Canada, reflects on how a “marriage of mythos and logos” can transform leadership today. Lisa Ncube, originally from Zimbabwe and currently assistant professor of organizational leadership at Purdue University, speaks about Ubuntu as an alternative leadership philosophy emerging from Africa. John Valk, associate professor of worldview studies at Renaissance College, University of New Brunswick, Canada, speaks of leadership for transformation from a Christian worldview perspective. Jonathan Reams, associate professor in the Department of Education at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim, responds to all of the papers and opens a venue for further discussion.

We hope that you will find this symposium engaging. We hope it will give food for thought and that it might stimulate further thinking regarding the role worldviews play in leadership for transformation.
Ubuntu: A transformative leadership philosophy
Authors: Ncube Lisa B.
Published: December 2010

Leadership is about knowledge, skills, and abilities for transformation. It is also increasingly about worldviews or visions of life—beliefs, values, and principles. But worldviews are also ways of life, for beliefs direct us, values guide us, and principles motivate us to certain kinds of action and behavior.

How, then, do worldviews have an impact on leadership for transformation? If worldviews are glasses or filters by which we view the world, mental models of the bigger picture, frameworks by which we make sense of the world, and narratives by which we orient our lives, then how do they influence human thoughts, ideas, and behaviors when it comes to transformative leadership?

This was the subject matter of an International Leadership Association Conference panel discussion held in November 2009 in Prague, entitled Leadership for Transformation: The Impact of Worldviews. It is also the subject matter of this issue's symposium, in which we bring you the four papers and the response presented at the conference. Members of the panel were characterized by gender, disciplinary, religious, and global diversity.

Nathan Harter, organizational leadership professor at Purdue University in the United States, begins the discussion with some preliminary remarks about worldviews. Ali Mohammed Mir, medical doctor and director of programs of Population Council, Pakistan, speaks of leadership from an Islamic perspective. Michael Jones, accomplished composer, pianist, and leadership educator, writer, and speaker from Orillia, Canada, reflects on how a “marriage of mythos and logos” can transform leadership today. Lisa Ncube, originally from Zimbabwe and currently assistant professor of organizational leadership at Purdue University, speaks about Ubuntu as an alternative leadership philosophy emerging from Africa. John Valk, associate professor of worldview studies at Renaissance College, University of New Brunswick, Canada, speaks of leadership for transformation from a Christian worldview perspective. Jonathan Reams, associate professor in the Department of Education at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim, responds to all of the papers and opens a venue for further discussion.

We hope that you will find this symposium engaging. We hope it will give food for thought and that it might stimulate further thinking regarding the role worldviews play in leadership for transformation.
Hepatitis C infection, Cognition, and inflammation in an Egyptian sample
Authors: Farag Noha H. , Rashed Hebat‐Allah , Hassan Magda , Darweesh Alaa , Shehata Mohamed , Hassanein Tarek , Mills Paul J.
Published: December 2010

Chronic hepatitis C (HCV) infection is associated with cognitive impairments which might be mediated through a secondary inflammatory cascade. Egypt has an unusually high prevalence of HCV monoinfections and is an ideal site for the study of the isolated effects of HCV infection. Therefore, in a hospital‐based cross‐sectional study based in Egypt, this study compared cognitive functioning and serum markers of inflammation in 11 HCV positive cases and 14 HCV negative controls. The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test was used to assess cognitive flexibility and the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test‐Revised was used to assess learning and memory. Circulating levels of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor II (sTNFR‐II), monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 (MCP‐1/CCL2), and soluble CD14 (sCD14) were determined as indices of inflammation. HCV positive cases had higher levels of sTNFR‐II (t = −3.5, P = 0.002). HCV positive cases also had significantly worse cognitive flexibility with higher number of total errors (t = −2.18, P = 0.04), and preservative responses (t = −2.12, P = 0.05), and lower number of conceptual level responses (t = 1.32, P = 0.04) on the Wisconsin Card Sorting test. In conclusion, results from this pilot study indicate that HCV+ patients have worse cognitive performance and somewhat greater inflammatory activity as compared to controls. The increased inflammation may be associated with the cognitive impairments observed in these HCV+ patients. J. Med. Virol. 83:261–266, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.