bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous determination of two galangin metabolites from Alpinia Officinarum Hance in rat plasma by UF LC-MS/MS and its application in pharmacokinetics study
Authors: Liu Rangru , Li Hailong , Wei Na , Tan Yinfeng
Published: March 2021

Galangin has multiple pharmacological efficacies, such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation. Galangin can be rapidly converted into glucuronidated metabolites in vivo. This study aimed to establish an UFLC-MS/MS analytical method to simultaneously determine the concentrations of two glucuronidated metabolites of galangin, galangin-3-O-β-D-glucuronic acid (GG-1) and galangin-7-O-β-D-glucuronic acid (GG-2) in rat plasma. After oral administration of galangal extract (0.3 g/kg), blood samples were collected from the orbital sinus, then treated by methanol precipitation and further gradient-eluted with Phenomenex Kinetex 2.6 µm XB-C18 column. The mass spectrometer was manipulated in the negative electrospray ionization (ESI) and selected multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode for the analytes. The precursor-to-product ion pairs applied for GG-1, GG-2 and chrysin (as the internal standard, IS) were m/z 445.2→269.0, 445.2→268.9 and 253.0→142.9, respectively. The results showed that the linear ranges for both GG-1 and GG-2 were 2.0–2000.0 ng/mL (r2 > 0.995). The inter- and intra-day precision were 89.3%–109.2%, RSD was less than 15%, and the repeatability was good. The recoveries of both metabolites and IS were over 89%, and matrix effect was within 15%. The validated analytical method was further applied to study the pharmacokinetic profiles of GG-1 and GG-2 in vivo. The pharmacokinetic parameters suggested that Tmax of GG-1 was equivalent to that of GG-2, and MRT0-t, t1/2 of GG-2 were a little higher than those of GG-1. Importantly, AUC0-t and Cmax of GG-2 were almost twice as those of GG-1. In short, the validated UFLCMS/MS analytical method was feasible to simultaneously determine two galangin metabolites GG-1 and GG-2 in rat plasma and further analyze in vivo metabolism of galangin.
Photosymbiosis in Late Triassic scleractinian corals from the Italian Dolomites
Authors: Frankowiak Katarzyna , Roniewicz Ewa , Stolarski Jarosław
Published: March 2021

During the Carnian, oligotrophic shallow-water regions of the western Tethys were occupied by small, coral-rich patch reefs. Scleractinian corals, which already contributed to the formation of the reef structure, owed their position most probably to the symbiosis with dinoflagellate algae (zooxanthellae). Using microstructural (regularity of growth increments) and geochemical (oxygen and carbon stable isotopes) criteria of zooxanthellae symbiosis, we investigated whether this partnership was widespread among Carnian scleractinians from the Italian Dolomites (locality Alpe di Specie). Although corals from this locality are renowned from excellent mineralogical preservation (aragonite), their skeletons were rigorously tested against traces of diagenesis Irrespective of their growth forms, well preserved skeletons of corals from the Dolomites, most frequently revealed regular growth bands (low values of coefficient of variation) typical of modern zooxanthellate corals. Paradoxically, some Carnian taxa (Thamnasteriomorpha frechiandThamnasteriomorphasp.)with highly integrated thamnasterioid colonies which today are formed exclusively by zooxanthellate corals, showed irregular fine-scale growth bands (coefficient of variation of 40% and 41% respectively) that could suggest their asymbiotic status. However, similar irregular skeletal banding is known also in some modern agariciids (Leptoseris fragilis) which are symbiotic with zooxanthellae. This may point to a similar ecological adaptation of Triassic taxa with thamnasterioid colonies. Contrary to occasionally ambiguous interpretation of growth banding, all examined Carnian corals exhibited lack of distinct correlation between carbon (δ13C range between 0.81‰ and 5.81‰) and oxygen (δ18O values range between −4.21‰ and −1.06‰) isotope composition of the skeleton which is consistent with similar pattern in modern zooxanthellates. It is therefore highly likely, that Carnian scleractinian corals exhibited analogous ecological adaptations as modern symbiotic corals and that coral-algal symbiosis that spread across various clades of Scleractinia preceded the reef bloom at the end of the Triassic.
The Effect of Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids on the Tensile Properties of Gellan Gum/KCF Biocomposite Films - A Prelude Study
Authors: Shamsuri Ahmad Adlie , Abdan Khalina , Kaneko Tatsuo
Published: March 2021

In this prelude study, the gellan gum/kenaf core fiber (KCF) biocomposite films were fabricated with the addition of imidazolium-based ionic liquids such as 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (Bmim Cl), 1,3-dimethylimidazolium methylsulphate (Dmim MeSO4), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (Emim Ac), and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate (Emim OTf). The fabrication of the biocomposite films was carried out by mixing KCF and the ionic liquids in an aqueous solution, followed by dissolution of gellan gum in the same solution at a temperature of 90°C. The mixed solution was gelled at room temperature, and the formed gel was dried in an oven at 40°C for 48 hours to obtain a freestanding biocomposite film. The fabricated films were characterized by using a universal testing machine to acquire tensile properties. The tensile test results indicated that the biocomposite film added with Emim Ac possesses a higher tensile extension at maximum (up to 24%) than the biocomposite film without ionic liquid (added with glycerol). In addition, the biocomposite film added with Emim OTf has a higher tensile modulus at maximum (up to 758%) compared to the biocomposite film without ionic liquid. In conclusion, the tensile properties of the gellan gum/KCF biocomposite films can be improved with the addition of Emim-based ionic liquids with different counter anions.
The Effect of Selected Ripening Agents on the Physico-Chemical Properties and Sulphide/ Sulphate Distribution of Banana (Musa Sapientum) Fruit
Authors: Orisa C. A. , Usoroh C. I.
Published: March 2021

This study aimed at evaluating the effect of two ripening agents (calcium carbide and kerosene fumes) on the physiochemical properties and sulphide/sulphur distribution of banana fruit. Freshly unripe banana fruit were treated with calcium carbide powder and kerosene fumes and ripened within 48 hrs. Fruit samples were also ripened naturally and served as control. The samples were analyzed for physicochemical properties and sulphur/suphate distribution (outer and inner). The result of physicochemical analysis revealed a significant (p<0.05) decrease in pH (5.43-4.75), total titratable acidity (TTA) (5.03-0.47%), moisture (75.87-67.13%), carbohydrate (11.14-5.09%) and vitamin C (0.27-0.002mg/100g) with an increase in total soluble solids (2.00-19.30oBrix) following ripening process. Amongst the ripened fruits, fruits ripened with calcium carbide had highest TTA (1.63%) and moisture (74.75%). Accelerated ripened banana fruits had low pH>5 and higher TSS than naturally ripened sample. The concentrations of sulphur/sulphide (0.29-1.85mg/kg) were below the limit of 50 mg/kg indicating that the fruits were still safe for consumption against health threats posed by high concentrations of sulphate/sulphide. This study therefore quantified the changes in physicochemical properties of artificially ripened banana fruits and their possible health hazards. The study is very useful particularly in relation to the health hazards associated with chemical treatment for banana ripening. This will be useful to banana fruit sellers as it may help to           optimise the ripening practices which may lead to reduce the safety and health concerns of the consumer.
Identification of Susceptible Weed Hosts of Phytophthora spp. in Cocoa Trees in the Nawa Region, South-West of Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Kra Daniel Kouamé , Baka Yapi Richmond , N’golo David Coulibaly , Ipou Ipou Joseph
Published: March 2021

The cocoa tree, the mainexport crop in Côte d'Ivoire is frequently attacked by a disease: brown pod rot, caused by Phytophthora spp. which causes a considerable drop in production. This soil-borne pathogen attacks on so-called weeds when environmental conditions are favourable. The presence of these susceptible weed hosts can amplify this scourge of brown rot by transmitting the pathogen to the crop plant. In order to improve the yield of this crop, a study was conducted in the Nawa region to identify the weed hosts through the characterization of the pathogen.

This study consisted first in the inventory of susceptible host weeds of Phytophthora spp. and second in the morphological characterization of the pathogen.

Concerning the host weeds inventory we procceeded determining all symptomatic weeds located within 3 m of the cocoa plants affected by brown rot.

We identified 48 susceptible host species, divided into 41 genera and 22 families and we observed brown spots on the leaves of Oplismenus burmannii and Laportea aestuans; on the leaves of Clerodendrum splendens and Xanthosoma mafaffa, brown necroses surrounded by a yellow halo were noticed. Oily brown spots were examined on the leaves of Ageratum conyzoides. On the proximal, lateral and distal parts of the pods symptoms of brown spots covered with whitish mycelia were observed. Phytophthora strains obtained from the pods and weeds on PDA culture medium were characterized by matted, white mycelial colonies with a cottony appearance. Microscopic features revealed the presence of sporocysts, oospores and chlamydospores of different shapes.
Final Health and Environmental Risk Assessment of Genetically Modified Soybean MON 87701
Authors: Andreassen Åshild Kristin , Asare Nana Yaa Ohene , Bakke Anne Marie , Dahl Knut Kelkås , Dalen Knut Thomas , Nielsen Kåre Magnus , Sanden Monica , Sipinen Ville Erling , Vikse Rose , Brandtzæg Per , Junttila Olavi , Meadow Richard , Sorteberg Hilde-Gunn Opsahl
Published: March 2021

Soybean MON 87701 expresses the cry1Ac gene from Bacillus thuringiensis. The encoded Cry1Ac protein confers resistance against specific lepidopteran pests. Updated bioinformatics analyses of the inserted DNA and flanking sequences in soybean MON 87701 have not indicated a potential production of harmful toxins and allergens or polypeptides caused by the genetic modification. Genomic stability of the functional insert and consistent expression of the cry1Ac gene, have been shown over several generations of soybean MON 87701. Data from several field trials performed in USA, Canada, Chile and Argentina during 2005-2006 show that soybean MON 87701 is compositionally, morphologically and agronomically equivalent to its conventional counterpart and other commercial soybean cultivars. Subchronic feeding studies with rats as well as nutritional assessment with broilers have not revealed relevant adverse effects of MON 87701. These studies indicate that MON 87701 is nutritionally equivalent to and as safe as conventional soybean cultivars. The Cry1Ac protein produced in soybean MON 87701 do not show sequence resemblance to known toxins or IgE-dependent allergens, nor has the whole GM plant been reported to cause changes in IgE-mediated allergic reactions in patients reactive to soybean or in non-ectopic control individuals. Soybean is not cultivated in Norway, and there are no cross-compatible wild or weedy relatives of soybean in Europe.  Based on current knowledge and considering the intended uses, which exclude cultivation, the VKM GMO Panel concludes that soybean MON 87701 with the Cry1Ac protein:

 

 -   Is compositionally, morphologically and agronomically equivalent to its conventional counterpart and other commercial soybean cultivars

 -   Is unlikely to introduce a toxic or allergenic potential in food or feed compared to conventional soybean cultivars

 -   Is nutritionally equivalent to and as safe as its conventional counterpart and other conventional soybean cultivars

 -    Does not represent an environmental risk in Norway.
Molecular Mechanisms of Genetic Interaction (Epistasis) in the Evolution and Management of Antibiotic Resistance Tuberculosis: Current Consequence and Future Perspectives
Authors: Seid Aynias , Berhane Nega
Published: March 2021

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious chronic human disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria. M. tuberculosis has a great capability of resistance with plentiful natural and acquired mechanisms in their genome that contribute to the spread of highly drug resistance strains and became major public health concern. The majority of drug resistance in M. tuberculosis strains has been resulted from a numbers of chromosomal mutation events most of which are due to the mechanisms of epistasis that leads to the creation of resistance genes to anti-TB drugs. Epistasis can occur when two or more mutations interact with each other to express new phenotypic traits to modify their fitness cost. Thus, the objective of this review was to assessed the molecular mechanisms of epistasis and its consequences in the evolution and managements of antibiotic resistance-TB.  The  epistatic  interactions  within  and  between resistance gene mutations in M. tuberculosis could be detected by co-culture competitive fitness experimental assay under optimal growth conditions that showed either significantly negative or improving deleterious positive fitness effect. Molecular mechanisms of epistatic interaction could have important practical consequences in the trajectory of drug resistance, evolution of antimicrobial resistance and management of antibiotic resistance-TB. Understanding the evolution of M. tuberculosis under antibiotic treatments is a burning issue today. Unlike the deleterious positive epistasis, the beneficial negative epistatic interaction of resistance gene mutations under multidrug therapy method and/or collateral drug sensitivity approaches based on the knowledge of drug combinations help to mitigate the spread of drug-resistant strains, reduce treatment duration, minimize adverse drug effects on evolution of MDR/XDR-TB and improve treatment outcomes of TB patients.
Internal Exact Controllability of the Heat Equation in Finite Dimension by Strategic Actuators Zone
Authors: Ane Mame Libasse Laye , Seck Cheikh , Sene Abdoulaye , Niane Mary Teuw
Published: March 2021

In this paper, we show, by a new approach called SCD (Surjectivity by compactness and density), the internal exact controllability of the 1D heat equation by the use of strategic zone actuators. For the achievement of this objective, an operator (linear, continuous and surjective) built directly from the system allowed us to establish the exact result of controllability.
Pharmacy Students’ Perception towards Clinical Pharmacognosy Course
Authors: Ahmed Nehad J. , Alonazi Abdulsalam , Zehravi Mehrukh , Abdel-Kader Maged S.
Published: March 2021

Aim: The aim of this study was to identify pharmacy student’s perception towards clinical pharmacognosy.

Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study that was conducted in Al-Kharj. The survey contains 2 parts; the Level of the students and pharmacy students’ perception towards the clinical pharmacognosy course. The data were collected and analyzed using Excel software.

Results: About 51.20 % of the students said that clinical pharmacognosy is an interesting subject. About 57.60% of them said that clinical pharmacognosy is an integral part of clinical pharmacy practice but only 28.80% of them agreed that clinical pharmacognosy should be a mandatory part of the pharmacy curriculum. Approximately 68.00% of the students agreed that clinical pharmacognosy provides sufficient knowledge about mechanisms of actions, indications, proper dosing and side effects of herbal drugs.

Conclusion: It is concluded that pharmacy students showed positive perceptions towards the clinical pharmacognosy course. It is important to increase the awareness of pharmacy students about clinical pharmacognosy in order to prescribe herbal drugs correctly and to educate health care professionals and patients about the efficacy and safety of the herbal products.
Health Related Quality of Life and Depression among Blood Cancer Patients in Pakistan: The Missing Public Health Link
Authors: Malik Madeeha , Rizwan Ifrah , Hussain Azhar
Published: March 2021

Introduction: Limited access to health care facilities, less number of qualified oncologists, lack of technical equipment for diagnosis are the major factors effecting adequate control and prevention of blood cancer in Pakistan.

Objective: The objective of the study was to assess health related quality of life and depression among blood cancer patients in Pakistan.

Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used. Two pre validated questionnaires i.e. SF 36 and HADS were self-administered to a sample of 400 blood cancer patients’ selected using convenience sampling technique for measuring HRQoL and depression, respectively. After data collection, data was cleaned, coded and entered in SPSS.

Results: The results highlighted that lowest scores for HRQoL among blood cancer patients were observed in the domain of role emotional (33.55,  ± 27.528) followed by bodily pain (42.93, ± 30.838) whereas highest scores were observed in the domain of mental health (73.7,  ± 18.488). Significant difference (p ≥ 0.05) was observed in HRQoL of cancer patients with different marital status, stages of blood cancer and receiving different types of therapies.

Conclusion:The present study concluded that blood cancer patients had poor HRQoL and moderate depression in spite of advanced therapeutic strategies.
Therapeutic Value of 6-Gingerol (1-[4′-hydroxy-3′-methoxyphenyl]-5-hydroxy-3-decanone): A Review
Authors: Belachew Girum Tefera , Tekelemariam Bitaniya Abera , Hanumanthaiah Paramesh , Namo Fekede Meshesha
Published: March 2021

Utilization of crude extracts separated from herbal medicine is getting more worthy and ideal, conceivably because of the expense of production, accessibility and availability to bring down harmful effects as much as possible. Various researches have shown that the regular use of particular soil products like fruits and vegetables can minimize the risk of a number of infections. Ginger is among the most commonly and regularly devoured dietary sauces on the planet. One of the major impactful components of ginger, 6-gingerol is suggested for the avoidance of malignancy and different maladies. As a spice and home grown medicine, the rhizome of Zingiber officinale (ginger) is devoured worldwide and it contains sharp phenolic compounds known as gingerols aggregately. The main pharmacologically-dynamic segment of ginger is 6-Gingerol. It is recognized to show a variety of organic actions including anti-cancer, anti-inflammation, and anti-oxidation. 6-Gingerol has been found to have anticancer effects by means of its impact on an assortment of natural pathways associated with apoptosis, control of cell cycle, cytotoxic action and restraint of angiogenesis. Consequently, because of its adequacy and control of different targets, just as its security for human use, 6-gingerol has gained impressive enthusiasm as an expected helpful operator for the anticipation and additionally treatment for different maladies. Taken together, this review sums up the different in vitro and in vivo pharmacological aspects of 6-gingerol and their underlying mechanisms.
Dispensing of Banned Phenolphthalein and Ketoconazole: Simulated Patients Method
Authors: Alshakka Mohammed , Badulla Wafa , Ibrahim Mohamed Izham Mohamed
Published: March 2021

Introduction: Banned and harmful medicines can affect patient’s health, safety and life.                    There are two medicines available in Aden community pharmacies (phenolphthalein (PP) and ketoconazole (KZ)) that are globally banned. The objective of this study was to evaluate the availability and dispensing of banned phenolphthalein and ketoconazole by community pharmacists.

Methods: A preliminary cross-sectional simulated patients method was carried out. The study gathered data on dispensing behavior. Simulated patients were trained to access the availability of banned drugs existing in the community pharmacies. The availability of these two banned drugs was observed and recorded. The pharmacists were asked about the availability of a PP laxative for treating constipation called in Yemen a khat laxative (Sharbat Alkhat) and KZ for fungal infections in 50 convenient samples of community pharmacies that were selected based on ease of access by the simulated patients.

Results: PP was found in 3/50 (6%) pharmacies, while 31/50 (62%) pharmacies kept KZ in the premise. 

Conclusion: The availability of these drugs in Yemeni pharmacies is worrisome.  It can affect the safety of the public.
Driving Difficulties in Patients With Axial Spondyloarthritis: Results From the Scotland Registry for Ankylosing Spondylitis
Authors: Morton LaKrista , Macfarlane Gary J. , Jones Gareth , Walker‐Bone Karen , Hollick Rosemary
Published: March 2021

Objective

To describe the driving difficulties experienced by individuals with axial spondyloarthritis (SpA), and to characterize associated clinical and sociodemographic features and impact on work.

Methods

The Scotland Registry for Ankylosing Spondylitis (SIRAS) is a cohort study of patients with a clinical diagnosis of axial SpA. Baseline information was collected on clinical and patient‐reported measures and work participation measures (using the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire: Specific Health Problem [WPAI:SHP]). Patient‐rated difficulties with 9 driving tasks were used in a factor analysis, and relationships between driving difficulty and work participation were investigated.

Results

In total, 718 patients provided data for analysis, of which 642 (89%) had some difficulty with at least 1 driving task, and 72 (10%) had some difficulty with all 9 tasks. Three domains of driving difficulty were identified: dynamic driving scenarios, crossing traffic, and the physical act of driving. Chronic widespread pain, knee and back pain, fatigue, high disease activity, and anxiety/depression were significantly associated with reporting driving difficulties across all 3 domains, particularly the physical act of driving. After adjusting for sociodemographic, disease activity, physical and mental health, driving difficulties in each domain were associated with a 2–3 times increased likelihood of restricted work productivity and with an increased risk of sickness absence in the past 7 days.

Conclusion

Driving difficulties are common in individuals with axial SpA and impact on work, even after adjusting for clinical status. Improving understanding and awareness of driving disability will help direct advice and resources to enable individuals to remain independent and economically active.
From Lingering to Rift: Metasurface Decoupling for Near‐ and Far‐Field Functionalization
Authors: Li Jiaxin , Wang Yiqun , Chen Chen , Fu Rao , Zhou Zhou , Li Zile , Zheng Guoxing , Yu Shaohua , Qiu Cheng‐Wei , Zhang Shuang
Published: March 2021

Metasurfaces, simultaneously operating in near‐ and far‐fields, can be employed as a promising candidate to implement different functions, thus significantly improving the information density, security, and system integration. Recent works have showcased some approaches for decoupling‐at‐large between near‐ and far‐field functionalities, but unfortunately, their coupling effects are just reduced and mitigated to some extent rather than eradicated, which in turn leads to the performance limitation of metadevices. Herein, we propose a general platform for the complete rift between near‐ and far‐field functionalities, enabled by strictly decoupled manipulation of optical amplitude and phase, leading to their distinct functions in the near‐ and far‐fields, respectively. This concept is experimentally demonstrated by integrating the functions of a phase‐only metalens and an amplitude‐only grayscale‐imaging nanoprint into a single‐cell metasurface. Because of their completely decoupled functions, both meta‐elements show high‐performance characteristics, i.e., imaging quality close to the diffraction limit and high‐definition grayscale‐imaging with resolution as high as 63 500 dots per inch (dpi). The validated recipe may empower advanced explorations and applications in highly integrated nano‐optoelectronics requiring high performance and less crosstalk.
In Situ Ultrafast and Patterned Growth of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides from Inkjet‐Printed Aqueous Precursors
Authors: Wan Xi , Miao Xin , Yao Jie , Wang Shuai , Shao Feng , Xiao Shaoqing , Zhan Runze , Chen Kun , Zeng Xiaoliang , Gu Xiaofeng , Xu Jianbin
Published: March 2021

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has been widely used to synthesize high‐quality 2D transition‐metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) from different precursors. At present, quantitative control of the precursor with high precision and good repeatability is still challenging. Moreover, the process to synthesize TMDCs with designed patterns is complicated. Here, by using an industrial inkjet‐printer, an in situ aqueous precursor with robust usage control at the picogram (10−12 g) level is achieved, and by precisely tuning the inkjet‐printing parameters, followed by a rapid heating process, large‐area patterned TMDC films with centimeter size and good thickness controllability, as well as heterostructures of the TMDCs, are achieved facilely, and high‐quality single‐domain monolayer TMDCs with millimeter‐size can be easily synthesized within 30 s (corresponding to a growth rate up to 36.4 µm s−1). The resulting monolayer MoS2 and MoSe2 exhibits excellent electronic properties with carrier mobility up to 21 and 54 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively. The study paves a simple and robust way for the in situ ultrafast and patterned growth of high‐quality TMDCs and heterostructures with promising industrialization prospects. Moreover, this ultrafast and green method can be easily used for synthesis of other 2D materials with slight modification.
Protein Microarray Immobilization via Epoxide Ring‐Opening by Thiol, Amine, and Azide
Authors: Dadfar Seyed Mohammad Mahdi , Sekula‐Neuner Sylwia , Trouillet Vanessa , Hirtz Michael
Published: March 2021

Immobilization of functional molecules in ordered microarrays has vast importance for many applications in sensing and diagnostics. Here, the immobilization of small molecule compounds and protein in microchannel cantilever spotting (μCS) on epoxy‐terminated glass surfaces is studied via ring‐opening of epoxides by thiol, amine, and azide, with the purpose of creating microscale patterns for sensing applications. For this, glass surfaces carrying epoxy groups from silanization are functionalized with microarrays by μCS with different fluorescent and nonfluorescent dyes containing thiol, amine, or azide groups. Experiments with the fluorophores reveal that all routes result in successful immobilization in a short time. Furthermore, from these experiments, optimal reaction conditions including time, temperature, catalyst type, and catalyst amount are determined. The feasibility of these routes in sensing applications is examined by means of protein binding experiments. Comparing the fluorescence intensity values of different biotin carrying spot arrays immobilized on the epoxy‐terminated glass surfaces, after incubating the surfaces with fluorescent‐labeled streptavidin, reveal the highest surface density of immobilized biotin for the amine route in comparison to the thiol and azide routes. The obtained results from this work can inform the design and fabricating of protein biosensors as well as other biomedical and diagnostic applications.
All‐Amorphous Junction Field‐Effect Transistors Based on High‐Mobility Zinc Oxynitride
Authors: Reinhardt Anna , von Wenckstern Holger , Grundmann Marius
Published: March 2021

This report is on the electrical properties of all‐amorphous junction field‐effect transistors (JFETs) based on n‐type zinc oxynitride (ZnON) as a channel material and room‐temperature deposited p‐type ZnCo2O4 (ZCO) as a heterojunction gate. Devices with different channel thicknesses are thereby compared. Best devices with 48 nm channel layer thickness achieve drain current on/off–ratios of 105 and low subthreshold swing of 134 mV dec−1 within a gate voltage sweep of less than 2 V. The channel mobility extraction is reliable for 90 nm‐thick channels yielding saturation mobility values over 50 cm2 V−1 s−1. For JFETs with 48 nm‐thick channels an overestimation of the saturation mobility due to deviations from the ideal transistor characteristics is determined.
The Value of Watching How Materials Grow: A Multimodal Case Study on Halide Perovskites
Authors: Sutter‐Fella Carolin M.
Published: March 2021

Material synthesis is one of the most important aspects in humankinds’ endeavor to discover and create new materials for energy applications. One strategy to tailor materials with desired functions in a rational way is by knowing how functions relate to structure, synthetic variables, arrangement of atoms and molecules, and how functions evolve during synthesis. In order to accelerate materials synthesis, discovery, and optimization by 10 times it is the right time now to integrate computational tools, synthesis, and characterization. One particular barrier to realizing this concept is the understanding of when and how phases form in real time during synthesis, which is challenging to asses by existing theoretical frameworks. In addition, transient or metastable phases with positive free energy above the lowest‐free energy ground state can be revealed by such real time (in situ) measurements. Metastable materials are ubiquitous in condensed matter and can show superior properties compared to their equilibrium form. This essay discusses the value of emerging multimodal in situ characterizations exemplified on hybrid halide perovskites. Finally, the ways in which the implementation of in situ measurements can advance the materials science synthesis field as well as their role to enable close‐loop feedback control and autonomous synthesis are discussed.
Investigation of Defect‐Tolerant Perovskite Solar Cells with Long‐Term Stability via Controlling the Self‐Doping Effect
Authors: Cho Seong Ho , Byeon Junseop , Jeong Kiwan , Hwang Jiseon , Lee Hyunjoon , Jang Jihun , Lee Jieun , Kim Taehoon , Kim Kihwan , Choi Mansoo , Lee Yun Seog
Published: March 2021

Although there have been significant advances in the stability of perovskite solar cells through encapsulation techniques to remove extrinsic degradation factors, such as moisture and oxygen, irreversible photo‐degradation originating from intrinsic defects is still challenging and remains elusive. Herein, the photo‐aging mechanism due to intrinsic defects is investigated in nitrogen‐filled conditions, excluding extrinsic degradation factors. Devices with similar power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of 21%, but with different Fermi levels in the perovskite films, via controlling the self‐doping effect, have been investigated. Opto‐electronic investigations and depth profiles of the elemental constituents show that after photo‐aging, strain relaxation in the perovskite lattice and a Fermi level shift towards conduction band edge are observed, implying the formation of new defect states in Pb‐rich devices. Furthermore, thermal admittance spectroscopy measurement of the devices suggests that the formation of the deep‐traps in the perovskite leads to irreversible degradation. Thin‐film solar cells that are relatively Pb‐deficient (FA‐rich) exhibit improved long‐term stability, retaining over 90% of their initial PCE during 500 h of continuous 1‐Sun illumination. This study suggests passivation of the Pb‐I related antisite defects near the grain boundaries and the interface is crucial for the fabrication of solar cells with enhanced long‐term stability.
Highly γ‐Selective Arylation and Carbonylative Arylation of 3‐Bromo‐3,3‐difluoropropene via Nickel Catalysis
Authors: Cheng Ran , Sang Yueqian , Gao Xing , Zhang Shu , Xue Xiao‐Song , Zhang Xingang
Published: March 2021

A nickel‐catalyzed highly γ‐regioselective arylation and carbonylative arylation of 3‐bromo‐3,3‐difluoropropene has been developed. The reaction proceeds under mild reaction conditions, providing the gem‐difluoroalkenes with high efficiency and good functional group tolerance. The resulting gem‐difluoroalkenes can serve as versatile building blocks for diversified synthesis. Preliminary mechanistic studies and density functional theory calculations reveal that both non‐radical and radical pathways are possible for the reaction, and the radical pathway is more likely. The high γ‐regioselectivity results from the β‐bromide elimination of alkylnickel(II) species or from the reductive elimination of nickel(III) species [(aryl)(CF2=CHCH2)NiIII(Ln)X]. The γ‐selective carbonylation of 3‐bromo‐3,3‐difluoropropene under 1 atm CO gas also provides a new way for nickel‐catalyzed carbonylation.
Chasing the Mond Cation: Synthesis and Characterization of the Homoleptic Nickel Tetracarbonyl Cation and its Tricarbonyl‐Nitrosyl Analogue
Authors: Schmitt Manuel , Mayländer Maximilian , Goost Julian , Richert Sabine , Krossing Ingo
Published: March 2021

130 years after Mond discovered the first homoleptic carbonyl complex Ni(CO)4, we report on a [Ni(CO)4].+ salt as the first synthesis of any homoleptic nickel carbonyl cation in the condensed phase. It was prepared by oxidation of nickel metal with the synergistic oxidant Ag[F{Al(ORF)3}2]/0.5 I2 (RF=C(CF3)3) in CO atmosphere. This D2d‐symmetric metalloradical represents the last missing entry among the structurally characterized homoleptic carbonyl cations of Groups 6 to 11. Additionally, the nickel tricarbonyl‐nitrosyl cation [Ni(CO)3(NO)]+ was obtained by usage of NO[F{Al(ORF)3}2] and all products were fully characterized by means of IR, Raman, NMR/EPR, single crystal and powder XRD.
Effect of Back‐layer on seal performance of multilayer polyethylene‐based sealant films
Authors: Kanani Aghkand Zahra , Saffar Amir , Ajji Abdellah
Published: March 2021

This work studies effects of back‐layer materials, thickness of sealant layer, and sealing condition on seal performance of multilayer polyethylene‐based films. Multilayer films with back‐layers of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE), or low‐density polyethylene (LDPE), or linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) were produced with different thicknesses of the metallocene layer. It was found that increasing the thickness of the metallocene layer improved hot tack properties. In addition, films with back‐layers of LLDPE or LDPE showed higher hot tack strength compared to those with HDPE back‐layer. Increasing sealing temperature reduced significantly the hot tack strength and its dependency on metallocene layer thickness. It was found that increasing delay time after sealing, before peeling test, increased hot tack strength, but the rate of hot tack evolution and the type of peeling behavior were considerably affected by the type of back‐layer material. The effect of dwell time was also examined, and it was observed that increasing dwell time in the studied range did not affect the hot tack evolution. The mechanisms involved in the development of hot tack evolution were discussed, and it was shown that the back‐layer effects can be explained by bulk viscoelastic energy dissipation theory.
Synthesis of 5‐[(1H‐indol‐3‐yl)methyl]‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole‐2(3H)‐thiones and their protective activity against oxidative stress
Authors: Iškauskienė Monika , Kadlecová Alena , Voller Jiří , Janovská Lucie , Malinauskienė Vida , Žukauskaitė Asta , Šačkus Algirdas
Published: March 2021

A small library of 2‐[(1H‐indol‐3‐yl)methyl]‐5‐(alkylthio)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazoles was prepared, starting from indole‐3‐acetic acid methyl ester and its 5‐methyl‐substituted derivative. The synthetic route involved the formation of intermediate hydrazides, their condensation with carbon disulfide, and intramolecular cyclization to corresponding 5‐[(1H‐indol‐3‐yl)methyl]‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole‐2(3H)‐thiones. The latter were then S‐alkylated, and in case of ester derivatives, they were further hydrolyzed into corresponding carboxylic acids. All 5‐[(1H‐indol‐3‐yl)methyl]‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole‐2(3H)‐thiones and their S‐alkylated derivatives were then screened for their protective effects in vitro and in vivo. Methyl substitution on the indole ring and propyl, butyl, or benzyl substitution on sulfhydryl group‐possessing compounds were revealed to protect Friedreich's ataxia fibroblasts against the effects of glutathione depletion induced by the γ‐glutamylcysteine synthetase inhibitor, buthionine sulfoximine. Two of the active compounds also reproducibly increased the survival of Caenorhabditis elegans exposed to juglone‐induced oxidative stress.
Virtual Reality Bell‐Ringer: The Development and Testing of a Stereoscopic Application for Human Gross Anatomy
Authors: Brewer‐Deluce Danielle , Bak Alex B. , Simms Abigail J. , Sinha Sakshi , Mitchell Josh P. , Shin David , Saraco Anthony N. , Wainman Bruce C.
Published: March 2021

As post‐secondary education migrates online, developing and evaluating new avenues for assessment in anatomy is paramount. Three‐dimensional (3D) visualization technology is one area with the potential to augment or even replace resource‐intensive cadaver use in anatomical education. This manuscript details the development of a smartphone application, entitled “Virtual Reality Bell‐Ringer (VRBR),” capable of displaying monoscopic two‐dimensional (2D) or stereoscopic 3D images with the use of an inexpensive cardboard headset for use in spot examinations. Cadaveric image use, creation, and pinning processes are explained, and the source code is provided. To validate this tool, this paper compares traditional laboratory‐based spot examination assessment stations against those administered using the VRBR application to test anatomical knowledge. Participants (undergraduate, n = 38; graduate, n = 13) completed three spot examinations specific to their level of study, one in each of the modalities (2D, 3D, laboratory) as well as a mental rotation test (MRT), Stereo Fly stereotest, and cybersickness survey. Repeated measures ANCOVA suggested participants performed significantly better on laboratory and 3D stations compared to 2D stations. Moderate to severe cybersickness symptoms were reported by 63% of participants in at least one category while using the VRBR application. Highest reported symptoms included: eye strain, general discomfort, difficulty focusing, and difficulty concentrating. Overall, the VRBR application is a promising tool for its portability, affordability, and accessibility. Due to reported cybersickness and other technical limitations, the use of VRBR as an alternative to cadaveric specimens presents several challenges when testing anatomy knowledge that must be addressed before widespread adoption.
Innovatives Bauen in die Höhe – das „SKAIO“ als neuer Standard in der Holz‐Hybrid‐Bauweise
Authors: Kober Thorsten , Winter Stefan
Published: March 2021

In Heilbronn entstand auf dem Gelände der BUGA 2019 das erste Wohnhochhaus in Holz‐Hybrid‐Bauweise in Deutschland. „SKAIO“ steht Pate für zukunftsweisendes Bauen und Wohnen. 2019 wurde im Heilbronner Neckarbogen die Bundesgartenschau ausgerichtet. Die BUGA ist außer einer Blumenschau v. a. auch ein Stadtentwicklungsprogramm für Heilbronn. Im Rahmen des Aktionsprogramms Wohnen entstand der neue Stadtteil „Neckarbogen“. Das 34 m hohe, zehngeschossige Holz‐Hybrid‐Hochhaus SKAIO setzt dabei ein markantes Zeichen für innovative Architektur und zukunftsweisende Bautechnik.
Architektur mit Betonfertigteilen
Authors: Mittelstädt Jan , Peter Boris
Published: March 2021

All‐in! beschreibt die architektonische Intention einer vielseitigen „Nutzungslandschaft“ unter einem Dach für das neue Gebäude HalfTime von Adidas. In interdisziplinärer Zusammenarbeit mit den Architekten von Cobe und CL Map entwickelte Knippers Helbig ein multifunktionales Gebäude für die gesamte Adidas‐Familie. Als rhombusförmiger Grundriss fügt sich der Gebäudesolitär in die Landschaft ein. Die exponierte lineare Tragstruktur des Dachs ist gestaltprägendes und funktionsverbindendes Element – es ‚schwebt‘ in monolithischer Anmutung über den inneren und äußeren Gebäudebereichen. Wände und Träger verlaufen fast ausschließlich in Gebäudelängsrichtung und bestimmen das lineare Erscheinungsbild. Der innere Gebäudebereich wird von V‐förmigen und dünnwandigen Stahlbetonfertigteilen überspannt. Über den Gebäudeaußenbereich kragt ein monolithisches zweiachsiges Tragraster geneigter schlanker Längs‐ und gerader Querträger aus. Die Gebäudehülle aus vorgefertigten Beton‐Sandwichwandelementen und einer gefalteten Glasfassade unterstützt den schwebenden Charakter des Dachs; sie bildet zugleich Tragwerk des äußeren Gebäudebereichs als auch Schnittstelle zum eigenständigen Tragwerk des inneren Gebäudebereichs. Die Fertigteilstruktur des Dachs ist im Zusammenspiel aus Form und Fügung das gestaltprägende Element des Gebäudeentwurfs. Durch einen unvoreingenommenen Umgang mit Lösungen für den Betonfertigteilbau konnten die Konstruktionsgrenzen für die Architektur neu gesetzt werden.
A randomized comparison of two paclitaxel‐coated balloons for the treatment of in‐stent restenosis: The LONGTY ISR China randomized trial (LONGTY DCB vs. SeQuent Please DCB)
Authors: Hu Po , Sun Yong , Li Chang‐Ling , Jin Rui , Xie Qiang , Jiang Xue‐Jun , Wu Lian‐Pin , Jiang Jian‐Jun , Qiu Xin‐Biao , Cao Yu , Ji Guang , Wang Hua , Yao Zhu‐Hua , Li Bin , Xia Yong , Wang Jian‐An , Jiang Jun
Published: March 2021

Objectives

This study sought to compare the efficacy and clinical safety of the LONGTY drug‐coated balloon (DCB) with those of SeQuent Please DCB in patients with in‐stent restenosis (ISR).

Background

Although DCB technologies have evolved, little is known about the clinical efficacy of the new‐generation LONGTY DCB.

Methods

This was a prospective, multicenter, randomized, noninferiority trial comparing LONGTY DCB with SeQuent Please DCB in patients with ISR. The primary endpoint was target lesion late lumen loss at 9 months' follow‐up.

Results

A total of 211 patients with ISR from 13 Chinese sites were included (LONGTY DCB, n = 105; SeQuent Please DCB, n = 106). Device success was achieved in all patients. At the 9 month angiographic follow‐up, target lesion late lumen loss was 0.35 ± 0.42 mm with LONGTY and 0.38 ± 0.45 mm with SeQuent Please (p for noninferiority <.001). The target lesion revascularization rates at 1 year were similar in both DCB groups (15.24 vs. 13.21%; p = .673). Over an extended follow‐up of 2 years, the clinical endpoints, including cardiac death, myocardial infarction, and thrombus rate, were extremely low and similar in both groups.

Conclusions

In this multicenter, head‐to‐head, randomized trial, the new‐generation LONGTY DCB was noninferior to the SeQuent Please DCB for the primary endpoint of target lesion late lumen loss at 9 months.
Lighting Up the Plasma Membrane: Development and Applications of Fluorescent Ligands for Transmembrane Proteins
Authors: Borgarelli Carlotta , Klingl Yvonne E. , Escamilla‐Ayala Abril , Munck Sebastian , Van Den Bosch Ludo , De Borggraeve Wim M. , Ismalaj Ermal
Published: March 2021

Despite the fact that transmembrane proteins represent the main therapeutic targets for decades, complete and in‐depth knowledge about their biochemical and pharmacological profiling is not fully available. In this regard, target‐tailored small‐molecule fluorescent ligands are a viable approach to fill in the missing pieces of the puzzle. Such tools, coupled with the ability of high‐precision optical techniques to image with an unprecedented resolution at a single‐molecule level, helped unraveling many of the conundrums related to plasma proteins’ life‐cycle and druggability. Herein, we review the recent progress made during the last two decades in fluorescent ligand design and potential applications in fluorescence microscopy of voltage‐gated ion channels, ligand‐gated ion channels and G‐coupled protein receptors.
Instability of parallel flow of two immiscible liquids in a pore and application to steam‐assisted gravity drainage
Authors: Lee Young H. , Gates Ian D.
Published: March 2021

The instability at the interface between two parallel flows of immiscible liquids through a uniform planar pore is studied by using linear stability analysis. A characteristic equation determines the growth rate versus wavenumber, and instability conditions are determined. The instability is governed by a dimensionless group relating the ratio of gravity to interfacial tension. Interfacial tension has a stabilizing effect resisting the destabilizing gravitational force, limiting the range of wavelengths of unstable disturbances to be longer than a minimum critical wavelength. Application to flow of steam condensate and mobilized bitumen in the steam‐assisted gravity drainage process shows that the instability is possible only over a specific range of temperatures given the densities of the steam condensate and oil in the reservoir. This instability may contribute to forming an emulsion which could help support oil drainage if the oil is hosted by the more mobile water phase.
Fault tolerant resource allocation in fog environment using game theory‐based reinforcement learning
Authors: V Divya , R Leena Sri
Published: March 2021

Realtime decision making is associated with an on‐demand, latency aware resource allocation. Fog nodes along with cloud infrastructure, when used effectively can ensure real‐time decision making. In this article, we propose an efficient resource allocation and fault tolerance mechanism for the fog layer. Our work takes the advantage of game theory, where Nash equilibrium is the initial allocation strategy, which is then passed on to the reinforcement learner. The allocation is done proactively based on the network status and traffic history. The performance of our system is compared with the existing open shortest path first and neural network algorithms. Besides, fault tolerance mechanism has also been proposed which takes the advantage of the fail‐over cluster formation to find the link failure and provide an alternate path in the smart switch, which is the networking component of the fog network. The proposed work gives an improved recovery time and average service time in case of failure with a recovery time of 32 ms. The experimental results are justified in terms of improved service time, lower delay, and optimal energy utilization.
Healthcare fraud detection using primitive sub peer group analysis
Authors: Settipalli Lavanya , Gangadharan G. R.
Published: March 2021

Healthcare fraud is a significant problem greatly affecting the quality of healthcare services. Manual auditing of insurance claims extends to the delay in finding fraudulent behaviors causing huge financial loss and also putting the patients' health conditions at risk. Since the past decade, the automation of fraud detection using machine learning techniques has become a prominent research topic. Several automated fraud detection systems using machine learning techniques have been proposed so far. However, developing a healthcare fraud detection system that is adaptive to the systematic changes is still missing. Therefore, in this article, we develop primitive sub peer group analysis (PSPGA) for identifying the suspicious behaviors in health insurance claims. PSPGA is inspired by peer group analysis, a popular unsupervised learning technique, which identifies suspicious behaviors based on local pattern analysis. PSPGA distinguishes between the concept drifts and the sudden drifts and flags the sudden drifts as fraudulent. Moreover, PSPGA makes the fraud detection system adaptive to the concept drifts by considering the updates for peer groups over time.