bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Difficulties with memory and concentration
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael
Published: November 2023

One of the symptoms of CFS/ME that can cause great distress and be very worrying is that of difficulties with memory and concentration. This is something that is very often reported by patients. It is quite normal to have these problems. They do not mean that there is any permanent brain damage. These problems will get less as your health improves. Research has shown that the degree of difficulty in things such as short-term memory and concentration vary to some extent with your level of fatigue, and with how ill you are feeling. Though these problems can be infuriating (and at times extremely inconvenient), they are not something to fear.
Managing anxiety, panic, and depression
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael
Published: November 2023

Some people with CFS/ME also suffer from anxiety, panic, or depression, and you are certainly not alone if you do experience this sort of thing. You may perhaps have had a tendency for this kind of problem before you got ill, or it may be a new and unwelcome burden. Anxiety and panic are very unpleasant to experience, and produce physical symptoms; anything you can do to control these emotional states will be of benefit to your general well-being. Feeling really anxious most of the time will certainly put added pressure on your body. Panic attacks can be exhausting, leaving you feeling really ill afterwards. Depression can also cause physical symptoms, make fatigue worse, and reduce your motivation, making managing your illness harder.
Better communication
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael
Published: November 2023

One of the things that can add to the difficulty of managing any long-term illness is poor communication between you and the people around you— family, friends, doctors, officials, employers, etc. Getting a message across clearly and calmly can do a lot to make a difficult situation easier and reduce stress, so it should definitely be part of your plan for helping yourself. Good communication is a skill that can be improved with practice.
Editors’ Introduction
Authors: Perry James L , Hondeghem Annie
Published: November 2023

The motivation of public servants has long been a topic of public concern, debate, and scholarly interest. To be reminded of its longevity, one needs to look no further than Woodrow Wilson’s (1887) essay, ‘The Study of Administration’. Wilson, a future president and civil service reform leader in the United States, was centrally concerned about the performance of civil servants and how they could be more purposive. Paul Van Riper (1958) reminds us in his History of the U.S. Civil Service System that the concern for motivations was hardly new.
Interdisciplinary Foundations of Public Service Motivation
Authors: Koehler Michael , Rainey Hal G
Published: November 2023

The concept of motivation to engage in public service has received attention in the public administration literature for years, but often unsystematically. Because the topic should be central to theory and practice of public management, as well as management in other settings, it needed more careful analysis. The work of Perry and colleagues (Perry, 1996, 1997, 2000; Perry & Wise, 1990) began this process, and recent articles in major journals have continued it (e.g. Moynihan & Pandey, 2007; Wright, 2007). In addition to these contributions, social scientists from fields other than public administration have analyzed topics relevant to public service motivation, so the review reported here consults these other sources and their concepts. Much of the work from public administration has centered on Perry’s scale, has supported the viability and value of the scale, and has reported meaningful relations to other important variables. In developing the scale, Perry and colleagues reviewed literature from fields other than public administration.
Recruitment, Attraction, and Selection
Authors: Leisink Peter , Steijn Bram
Published: November 2023

Attraction of appropriate applicants is vital for the success of an organization and thus adequate recruitment and selection procedures are an essential element of every good system of human resource management. This is a prevalent view. Cole (2002, p. 172) states, ‘If organizations are able to find and employ staff who consistently fulfill their roles and are capable of taking on increased responsibilities, they are immeasurably better placed to deal with the opportunities and threats arising from their operating environment than competitors who are always struggling to build and maintain their workforce’. The importance of recruitment and selection is also underscored by authors who include ‘selective hiring’ in the bundle of best human resource practices (Pfeffer, 1998). In the synthesis of Delery and Shaw (2001), the performance of an organization is influenced by three employee characteristics: ability, motivation, and empowerment. Recruitment and selection can contribute to providing for the first two of these.
From Theory to Practice: Strategies for Applying Public Service Motivation
Authors: Paarlberg Laurie E , Perry James L , Hondeghem Annie
Published: November 2023

Despite growing evidence of the existence of public service motivation (Perry & Wise, 1990) and its effects on employee performance, we have little under-standing of what that means for management practices. How do we harness the positive effects of public service motivation to enhance employee and organizational performance? This chapter bridges the gap between our theoretical understanding of the motivational potential of public service and our applied understanding of how to ‘manage’ employee motivations. We propose that in order to create high performing government organizations, leaders should adopt strategies that incorporate public service values across all levels of the organization’s management systems.
Directions for Future Theory and Research
Authors: Perry James L , Hondeghem Annie
Published: November 2023

This volume has reviewed theory and research about public service motivation. The contributors have collectively woven a rich tapestry about history, antecedents, outcomes, and variations across countries and sectors. In this concluding chapter, we seek to synthesize major ideas developed here. We are particularly interested in summarizing and elaborating the directions the contributors offer for future theory and research.
Tests of Character Earning Respect
Authors: Terris Daniel , Romano Cesare P R , Swigart Leigh
Published: November 2023

The caustic social critic H. L. Mencken once deﬁned a judge as “a law student who marks his own examination papers. “1 The bite of the remark draws on widespread public perception that judges make the rules for themselves as well as for everyone else. As young and fragile institutions, the international courts depend even more than other legal institutions on the ethical standards and the perceived integrity of their judges. Issues of judicial accountability have been prominent in the United States in recent years, as interest groups from across the political spectrum have accused judges of putting personal opinions and/or political motives before ﬁdelity to the law.
Geography and Industrial Relations
Authors: Herod Andrew , Peck Jamie , Wills Jane
Published: November 2023

For the most part, the engagement between economic geography and industrial relations is an engagement waiting to happen. At least until relatively recently, the degree of cross-fertilization between IR and economic geography has been extremely limited, though there has been a growing awareness of the potential benefits of such an interchange (see Herod 1998; Ellem and Shields 1999; Martin et al. 1996; Waterman and Wills 2001). Thus, while a growing number of industrial relations theorists have recently sought to capture more effective ways of understanding the ‘contextual factors’ within which plant-level capital-labour relations are situated (see Kelly 1998), for their part geographers have been in pursuit of a more active and finely grained analysis of the roles of labour in the process of economic restructuring and, more generally, in remaking the geographies of capitalism (see Storper and Walker 1989)
Bartering Biodiversity: What are the Options?
Authors: Macdonald* David
Published: November 2023

Environmentalism, which is the ideal of prevention of further deterioration in the natural environment and repair of damage already done, is a topic in which everybody is a stakeholder. This realization has, rightly, elevated the perception of environmental issues from the province of eccentric enthusiasts to mainstream political and business agendas.
The Political Economy of Institutional Change in Colombia and Chile
Authors: Angell Alan , Lowden Pamela , Thorp Rosemary
Published: November 2023

Decentralization is a relatively new development in Latin America-long the home of the centralized state-and is closely associated with the adoption of free-market rather than state-centred economic models. It has won enthusiastic approval from many quarters-technocrats, academics, politicians and the international financial institutions. The adoption of decentralization of government activities has been given urgency by the need to design political structures appropriate for the new freemarket economic model. But as the process has developed, so have the criticisms and the controversies. For some, decentralization is a panacea for overburdened and impoverished states, the answer to corruption and inefficiency, and a way of increasing accountability through the involvement of civil society. Others claim that it has resulted in a further handing of control to clientelistic local elites, with associated corruption and the misuse of resources. It is also dear that the motives for decentralization can be as mixed as the outcomes. Limited decentralization-more properly called administrative deconcentration-can be intended to strengthen the administrative control of the centre, rather than empower the region or municipality .
Municipal and Regional Government in Chile: the Persistence of the Centre
Authors: Angell Alan , Lowden Pamela , Thorp Rosemary
Published: November 2023

What can sub-national government achieve in Chile? This chapter will provide contrasting examples of competence at both the municipal and regional levels. Unlike Colombia, we give equal importance to the regional level, given its far greater importance in the structure of decentralization in Chile. Even a determined and dynamic leadership at the municipal level faces frustrations when they attempt to implement local development initiatives, given the ever-present need to co-ordinate with the other and more powerful levels of government. The limited autonomy of the municipalities undermines the potential for the emergence of effective local political leaders.
Central Governn1ent Reform or Local Autonomy? The Case of Education
Authors: Angell Alan , Lowden Pamela , Thorp Rosemary
Published: November 2023

Education plays a crucial role in economic and human development. Under the right conditions it can contribute to equity, and to reducing poverty. It can act as a catalyst for community involvement with local matters. It plays a role in the development of social capital. It is, in other words, at the heart of the development process. There is no simple and universal blueprint for the right educational system and structure. Every country necessarily proceeds through a process of trial and error, and through experiment, some failures and some successti.11. Decentralizing education is not a risk-free strategy, but it is essential to realize the full potential of positive educational change-as long as it takes place within an overall supportive national structure.
The Changing Relationship between Management Consulting and Academia: Evidence from Sweden
Authors: Engwall Lars , Furusten Staffan , Wallerstedt Eva
Published: November 2023

It is not uncommon for management scholars to question the work of consultants (e.g. Kieser (2002) and Chapter 10 in this volume). Consultants and practitioners also tend to adopt a similar attitude towards management researchers. Needless to say, these attitudes create problems for the development and diffusion of management research and its findings, since the ultimate justification of management studies lies in their usefulness in helping us to understand and interpret reality.
The Burden of Otherness: Limits of Consultancy Interventions in Historical Case Studies
Authors: Kipping Matthias , Armbruster Thomas
Published: November 2023

The literature on management consulting has recently put the focus on difficulties between consultants and their clients (e.g. Shapiro et al. 1993; Bloomfield and Danieli 1995; O’Shea and Madigan 1997; HBR 1997; Fincham 1999; Kieser 2001). Two recent empirical studies also present a rather ambiguous picture of the benefits client organizations can derive from consulting advice. In a survey among alumni of the London Business School, 68 per cent of those who had used external advice believed that consultancy projects made a valuable contribution to their business, but less than 30 per cent of them thought that consultants provided good value for money (Ashford 1998: 267, 270). And in interviews with the CEOs of the ten largest Swedish companies, Engwall and Eriksson (1999) obtained highly critical responses about consultants, although all of the companies actually employed at least one, usually several consultancies at the time of the interviews.
Interdisciplinary Taxation Research—An Introduction
Authors: Lamb Margaret
Published: November 2023

This book introduces ‘an interdisciplinary research approach’ and comments upon how disciplinary-based approaches to tax research have developed in law, economics, accounting, political science, and social policy. Topical studies provide bibliographic surveys of speciﬁc areas of tax research. In this introductory chapter I explain the objectives of this book, the background in which it was developed, its approach, and its outline content.
Taxation in an Electronic World
Authors: Lymer Andrew
Published: November 2023

The development of global communications media, such as the Internet, is revolutionizing the lives of many people. The ways in which business is con- ducted has been affected by these changes. While this revolution has not had signiﬁcant effects on everyone and every business, it has now reached a critical mass in most developed economies and also has had a signiﬁcant impact on many developing countries.
Introduction
Authors: Bhattacharya Sudipto , Boot Arnaud W A , Thakor Anjan V
Published: November 2023

For little more than a quarter of a century, a flourishing literature on modeling imperfect capital markets with informational asymmetries and moral hazard regarding agents’ choices has yielded many insights regarding the nature of market equilibrium, corporate financial policies, and the roles of ownership and control rights in characterizing institutions in these settings; see, for example, Rothschild and Stiglitz (1976), Jensen and Meckling (1976), Stiglitz and Weiss (1981), and Grossman and Hart (1986). In particular, our understanding of quantity-constrained financial (cum insurance) contracts, of managerial incentive schemes, and of signaling (Spence 1973) via choices of financing and pay out policies were vastly improved and helped refine explanations of phenomena such as dividend payments (Bhattacharya 1979), “under-pricing” of new equity issues (Rock 1986) and complex capital structures (Constantinides and Grundy 1989).
Monitoring, Liquidation, and Security Design
Authors: Repullo Rafael , Suarez Javier
Published: November 2023

This chapter develops a model of how entrepreneurial firms source their financing needs. There are three alternatives for raising finance: uninformed, informed, and a mixture of both. Under informed finance the lender observes at a certain cost the entrepreneur’ s level of effort, which determines the probability of success of his project. Although this information cannot be used to enforce a contingent contract, it enables the lender to liquidate the project (and recover part of the investment) if the observed effort does not guarantee her a sufficient continuation payoff.
Liquidity, Banks, and Markets
Authors: Diamond Douglas W
Published: November 2023

Financial markets and banks are competing mechanisms that provide investors with liquidity by providing access to their capital, at good terms, on short notice. This chapter examines the impact of banks on the liquidity provided to investors and, in addition, on the liquidity provided by markets. Markets can provide too little liquidity when some potential investors are not continuously available for trade. If there is this limited participation in the market, banks lower the cost of giving investors rapid access to their capital. Banks hold assets to finance demand deposits offered to those who deposit, and they divert some demand for liquidity away from markets. This chapter characterizes the effects of increased participation in financial markets on the structure of banks, the maturity structure of real and financial assets, and the fraction of capital invested through banks.
Long-term Contracts, Short-term Investment, and Monitoring
Authors: Thadden Ernst-Ludwig van
Published: November 2023

An important question in the literature on corporate finance in the recent years has been whether the dependence on outside finance can force firms to undertake inefficient amounts of investment. Little work has been done, however, on the impact of outside finance on the quality of investment. The present chapter studies this issue in the context of a question which has attracted considerable attention in the financial press and in the economic policy debate: can the dependence on outside finance lead a firm to undertake inefficient myopic investment? To do this, the chapter studies a dynamic model of financial contracting that allows one to characterize the choice of a firm’ s investment horizon.
Financial Contracting and Interbank Competition: A Discussion
Authors: Winton Andrew
Published: November 2023

Many financial institutions connect borrowers and investors, not by brokering transactions between the two groups, but rather by entering into contracts with each group separately. Indeed, although the growth of securities markets is often seen as superseding such contractual intermediation, it would be more accurate to say that the mix of contractual forms is changing, with “equity-financed” institutions like mutual funds and defined-contribution pension funds increasing in importance relative to “debt-financed” institutions such as commercial banks and insurance firms. It follows that understanding how contracting issues influence relations between financial institutions and their customers is critical to the theory of intermediation.
Credit and Efficiency in Centralized and Decentralized Economies
Authors: Dewatripont Mathias , Maskin Eric
Published: November 2023

We investigate how the degree to which credit markets are centralized affects efficiency when there is asymmetric information. Specifically, we argue that decentralization of credit may promote efficient project selection when creditors are not fully informed ex ante about project quality.
Endogenous Cycles in a Stiglitz-Weiss Economy
Authors: Suarez Javier , Sussman Oren
Published: November 2023

Economic research in recent years has revitalized the idea that financial factors should play a central role in business-cycle theory. On the one hand, there exists a growing body of empirical work showing that financial imperfections affect real economic decisions2 in a way which varies systematically along the business-cycle. On the other hand, theoretical work-Bernanke and Gertler [2] and more recently Kiyotaki and Moore[20]-shows how transitory shocks are propagated via imperfections in financial markets. The novel contribution of this chapter is the modeling of an endogenuous reversion mechanism, such that the economy may converge to a two-period equilibrium cycle. The model is kept deliberately simple so as to allow a transparent exposition of the mechanism.
The Base Model
Authors: Macho-Stadler Inѐs , Perez-Castrillo J David
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we analyse a reference situation that we will compare with the results of the following chapters in order properly to understand the consequences of the existence of asymmetric information. We consider a relationship between two individuals (or institutions) in which one works for the other, and in which a random result, depending in part on the effort supplied by the agent who is responsible for the activity in question, is obtained. Both participants have the same information, both before establishing the relationship and during it.
Representing Phrase Structure
Authors: Adger David
Published: November 2023

The previous chapter introduced the idea that the syntactic operation Merge combines lexical items into larger syntactic objects, and then combines these into larger objects still, giving rise to complex hierarchical structure. In the current chapter, we will see that the hierarchical structures we met in the last chapter are organized into phrases, and that this organization derives from their selectional properties. We will concentrate on one of the most important aspects of sentence structure, the structure built up around the verb. We will see that verb phrases arise from the interaction between the selectional properties of the verb, and the way that phrase structure is built up through syntactic operations.
Functional Categories 1—TP
Authors: Adger David
Published: November 2023

One of our initial primary aims was to characterize the notion of sentence in I-language terms. We are now in a position to do this: we know that sentences consist of constituents, which may be embedded within each other, and which bear 0-relations, selectional relations, and modification relations to each other; we know that these constituents are characterized by features that are projected from the lexical items which head them, and we have developed in some detail a view of the particular elements that go into making up 𝓋P.
Locality
Authors: Adger David
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we explore the behaviour of wh-movement yet further. We will see that, although wh-movement may, in certain circumstances, move a phrase to an apparently unbounded distance away from its launching site, this movement always involves a number of short local steps, rather than a single long leap. This idea builds on the observations we made about complementizer alternations in Gaelic in that last chapter. We will introduce the idea that a syntactic derivation takes place in small chunks, called phases, and see how this approach forces wh-movement to take place in small steps. We will then explore to what extent the notion of phase can explain some traditional constraints on wh-movement, usually called island constraints. clause to the higher specifier of CP, ‘skipping’ the potential lower specifier of CP position.
Language, world, and cognitive processing
Authors: Seuren Pieter A M
Published: November 2023

The view that utterances are interpretable in terms of a wider cognitive structure is supported by the following consideration. We are faced with two related questions. First, we wonder how humans with a finite equipment of systematic means manage to achieve a meaningful interpretation with respect to an infinite variety of situations that differ qualitatively and quantitatively in myriads of ways. Secondly, we wonder how humans with a limited, finite set of cognitive means manage not only to interpret and judge an infinite welter of different real situations, but also to conjure up or imagine all kinds of situations that are not real and often could not even be real. The first question is not, or only very partially, answered by repeating the standard adage of linguistics, namely that it is possible to generate an infinite number of different sentences by means of a limited set of grammatical rules and lexical items. When one takes the point of view of Semantic Syntax, it is immediately evident that this standard answer fails to satisfy. For in this theory, grammar, though itself finite, takes as input an infinite set of possible Semantic Analyses. But even if one considers a grammar to be a primitive algorithm that generates an infinite set of sentences with the help of purely syntactic formation rules from an initial symbol, i.e. really from ‘nothing’, still the first question would not be answered. For that question is about the fact that the infinite set of well-formed sentence types does not stand in a one-one relation with the infinite set of situations in which the tokens of these sentence types are interpreted.
Serial verb constructions †
Authors: Seuren Pieter A M
Published: November 2023

It is a curious fact in linguistics that terms sometimes gain even wide currency without there being available anything more than a vague and intuitive idea of the they are meant to cover. A typical case in point is the term serial verb construction (SVC), which has been around at least since Stewart (1963), preceded by Voorhoeve’s (1957) coinage verbal chain. Welmers (1973: 366-80) devotes fourteen large pages to SVCs without providing anything like a definition, as he himself explicitly admits (p. 366):

Serialization has attracted the attention of a number of graduate students in linguistics in recent years, and several unpublished papers have been written on the subject from the viewpoint of transformational-generative grammar. All of the writers agree that an adequate treatment is perhaps impossible within the framework of current grammatical models. None of the writers has been entirely satisfied with his own treatment of the subject. I will not presume to suggest a competing treatment, but will outline the data from some languages in as clear and systematic a way as possible.

Since 1973, the situation has not essentially changed, though several attempts have been made at getting closer to a proper definition of SVCs, the most notable being Sebba (1987). In fact, the situation with SVCs is not all that different from what is found with ideophones, the sound-symbolic forms frequently found in African and other languages. Welmers, again, writes (1973: 459-60):
The question of Predicate Clefting in the Indian Ocean Creoles †
Authors: Seuren Pieter A M
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is a modest one. It aims first at clarifying some of the notions and the terminology used in the literature on Predicate Clefting (henceforth PC), and, secondly, at an application of the now sharpened notion of PC to the much debated question of whether the French-based Indian Ocean Creoles, in particular Mauritian Creole, Seselwa (Seychelles Creole), and the Creole of Rodrigues, do or do not have PC. The answer is that they apparently had one or two highly restricted (and now obsolete) constructions that are reminiscent of PC. This evidence is on a par with the extremely tenuous case for serial verb constructions in the same languages, and points to what may have been a very weak West African (Kwa) substrate influence due to the fact that around the middle of the eighteenth century Kwa speakers formed just over 10 per cent of the total slave population.
Governing Great Cities
Authors: Pimlott Ben , Rao Nirmala
Published: November 2023

The assumption behind the creation of the Mayor and Assembly was, and is, that London can ‘learn’ from other cities and that a new model can be grafted onto London without undue regard for its governmental history. Given the record of London’s arrangements, the case for striking out in a new direction, making use of examples drawn from elsewhere, is a clear one. The validity of the assumption, however, depends on the answer to a question: can successful experiments elsewhere be translated into a British context, or do they depend on local traditions and circumstances?
London’s Crimewatch
Authors: Pimlott Ben , Rao Nirmala
Published: November 2023

Crime was second only to transport as an issue facing the new Authority. Indeed, if US city government was the model for London, reports of crime reduction were a major reason. Thus, two major features of the Greater London Authority Act were the creation of a Metropolitan Police Authority to establish ‘a strong and effective partnership between the police, local authorities and local communities’, and the transfer of power to it from the Home Secretary. According to the Act, the Mayor appoints Assembly members to twelve of the 23 seats on the MPA, and through this means may influence police policy and practice. The long history of attempts to place the Metropolitan Police under the control of a Greater London Authority, how ever, suggested that this could become a problematic relationship, while policing remained the public service least comfortable with accountability through local government structures. The Mayor was to be concerned with crime reduction, a prominent electoral issue.
The University and Modernity: A History of the Present
Authors: Delanty Gerard
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I offer an interpretation of the current situation of the university by means of a sketch of a historical sociology of the university (Delanty 1998, 2001). Such a ‘history of the present’ will allow us to see the university as a reflection of the major social transformations of modernity with regard to the institutional organization of the sciences, cultural production, the polity, and the mode of production. From this perspective, there is not one dominant model of modernity but rather there are several, for modernity is a site of tensions and contradictions (Amason 1991). This leads to a view of the university as a site where many of these contradictions are expressed, for instance, the conflicts between cosmopolitanism and national culture, universalism and particularism, secularism and religion, modernity and tradition, power and culture, intellectuals and experts, democracy and knowledge.
Rehearsal for the Revolution
Authors: Noble David F
Published: November 2023

All discussion of distance education these days invariably turns into a discussion of technology, an endless meditation on the wonders of computer-mediated instruction. Identified with a revolution in technology, distance education has thereby assumed the aura of innovation and the appearance of a revolution itself, a bold departure from tradition, a signal step toward a preordained and radically transformed higher educational future. In the face of such a seemingly inexorable technology-driven destiny and the seductive enchantment of technological transcendence, sceptics are silenced and all questions are begged. But we pay a price for this technological fetishism, which so dominates and delimits discussion. For it prevents us from perceiving the more fundamental significance of today’s drive for distance education, which, at bottom, is not really about technology, nor is it anything new. We have been here before.
Managerial compensation
Authors: Gugler Klaus
Published: November 2023

Managerial compensation potentially aligns shareholder and manager interests by maintaining a dose relationship between pay and performance. Managerial compensation is a hotly debated issue, particularly in US corporate governance, since the last two decades have witnessed an explosion in the level of managerial pay. For instance, Hall and Liebman (1997) find that total compensation of the mean CEO in a sample of the largest US firms increased by 209 per cent from 1980 to 1994.
Phonation: A Third Basic Component
Authors: Catford J C
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 2, we established the existence of two basic components of speech production: initiation and articulation.These essential components can be formally defined as follows: Initiation: a bellows-like, or piston-like, movement of an organ, that generates positive or negative air pressure adjacent to it in the vocal tract and thus initiates an egressive (outgoing) or ingressive (ingoing) flow of air. Articulation: an organic posture or movement—most commonly in the mouth-that modulates the initiatory airflow in such a way as to generate a sound of some specific type.
Articulation: Stricture Types
Authors: Catford J C
Published: November 2023

We turn now to the third basic component of speech production— articulation. As we have seen, initiation sets up an air-stream in the vocal tract. For sounds with an air-stream flowing through the larynx, phonation imparts a general modulation to the sound, making it voiceless, voiced, whispered . . . etc. The important function of articulation is to impose upon the (unphonated or phonated) air-stream a final ‘shaping’, as it were, so as to generate a sound of specific type and quality.
Vowels: Introduction
Authors: Catford J C
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 6 (p. 116) we partially distinguished between consonants and vowels on the basis of their different functions, marginal and central, in the structure of syllables. For general phonetic purposes, however, that distinction is inadequate. There are, for instance, certainly syllabic central units that we would prefer not to describe as vowels: for example the syllabic trilled [r] that forms the syllable centre in Czech words like [krk] ‘neck’ or [prst] ‘finger’, not to mention syllabic [l] and [n] in English middle and button.
Prosodic Features
Authors: Catford J C
Published: November 2023

Up to now we have been looking at speech-sounds as isolated phenomena. In reality, of course, spoken sounds occur strung together, one after the other. More precisely, speech is a continuum; a continuous flux of initiatory, phonatory, and articulatory states and movements, constantly changing, often overlapping and interpenetrating and influencing each other. When we look at isolated sounds we are artificially cutting up that flowing chain of events into a series of segments or segmental sounds, as we sometimes call the speech-sounds that we isolate out of the continuum.
The Nature of the Right
Authors: Clayton Richard , Tomlinson Hugh
Published: November 2023

Freedom of expression is often said to be essential to the operation of democracy. It is sometimes claimed that freedom of expression establishes a market place of ideas which promotes the search for truth; or that free speech ensures individual development and self fulfilment and is, for example, to be derived from the right to human dignity and to equality of concern and respect. However, the most persuasive vindication of freedom of expression is that it secures the right of the citizen to participate in the democratic process. Both the House of Lords and the Supreme Court of Canada have said that expression enjoys special protection on all three grounds.
The Right in English Law Before the Human Rights Act
Authors: Clayton Richard , Tomlinson Hugh
Published: November 2023

Freedom of speech, like other fundamental freedoms in the common law, has traditionally been considered to be merely residual in character. Now, however, ‘freedom of expression’ is increasingly being recognised as a common law, or even.
The Birth, Rise, and Restructuring of the Military Business Complex, 1985-1998
Authors: Cheung Tai Ming
Published: November 2023

When Deng Xiaoping assumed power in 1978, he quickly launched an ambitious programme of economic development and opening up to the outside world. The top goals were the modernization of agriculture, industry, and science and technology. National defence, which had dominated government spending priorities throughout the 1960s and 1970s, was relegated to secondary importance and military budgets began to be trimmed back.

The PLA’s poor performance in a border war against Vietnam in early 1979 added to its budgetary woes. At an enlarged CMC conference in March 1980, Deng pressed for a far-reaching overhaul and streamlining of what he described as a bloated and inefl1cient army, noting that this would generate major savings that could be ploughed into economic development. Deng was able to persuade defence chiefs to undertake a comprehensive review of the country’s military posture, although he was careful to continue to adhere to Mao Zedong’s doctrine of People’s War.
The Relationship Between Finance and Industry in Britain
Authors: Collins Michael , Baker Mae
Published: November 2023

In the decades before 1914, the City of London was the premier international financial centre and Britain’s banks were amongst the largest and most stable in the world. British institutions played a dominant role in the supply of worldwide financial services such as monetary remittances and insurance, and in the provision of both short- and long-term capital for the burgeoning international economy. The chief means of international credit (‘the bill on London’) was denominated in sterling, drawn on London-based merchant banks such as Rothschilds and Barings, and sustained at a high level of liquidity because of the active, competitive market underpinned by the London discount houses.
Trends in Commercial Bank Liabilities and Assets, 1860–1913
Authors: Collins Michael , Baker Mae
Published: November 2023

This chapter presents historical data on the general compos1t10n of the liabilities and assets of the commercial banks of England and Wales. This is a critical starting point in our assessment of actual bank practice in the light of the historical, international, and conceptual debates presented in earlier chapters. In general terms, it is necessary to establish both the sources of bank funds (as shown in their balance sheet liabilities) and where those resources were employed (balance sheet assets). To this end, estimates of the composition of bank assets and liabilities are presented and the most important long-term changes over the 1860–1913 period are discussed. Particular attention is focused on changes in bank capital ratios, liquidity, investments, and advances. These provide an important indicator both of the extent to which the commercial banks were committed to financing the non-bank private sector and of the extent to which their behaviour was consistent with the model of transaction banking outlined in the previous chapter.
Conversion
Authors: Weir Tony
Published: November 2023

Property is either tangible or intangible, fixed or moveable, depending on the answer to the lawyer’s almost childlike questions (1) can you touch it? (2) can you move it? Tort, as one would expect, is mainly concerned with the physical, the tangible, that is, land and goods, not debts and shares. Trespass and negligence protect both land and goods, nuisance only the former, and the tort of conversion only the latter. Trespass and conversion are alike in that both are in the business of protecting rights, with the result that neither requires the defendant to have acted unreasonably, but the rights they protect differ: to put it bluntly—the qualifications come shortly—trespass protects possession and conversion protects ownership.
Damages
Authors: Weir Tony
Published: November 2023

Most victims of torts want money, indeed, as much money as they can get. In the old days they had to go to the courts of common law, which, rather like post offices, could issue nothing but money orders, requiring the defendant to pay his debt or come up with damages. Those who wanted an order of a different kind, such as an injunction to stop noise or smells, had to go to a court of equity. Nowadays all courts can issue any order: in particular, they can order a defendant to hand over a specific chattel, or grant a temporary injunction pending the final determination of rights and wrongs, provided the claimant undertakes to pay compensation if its issuance later proves to have been unjustified. Nevertheless, damages remain the order of the day in tort cases where claimants are complaining of harm already suffered. In fact, even when what they really want is to have a wrong put an end to, they may be fobbed off with damages. In such a case damages are just a sop, not really compensation.
National Private International Law And International Instruments
Authors: Siehr Kurt
Published: November 2023

During the last fifty years many Fu ropean countries enacted national statutes on private international bw (PIL).1 So did several countries in the Americas,2 in Africa,3 and Asia.4 Some of these statutes on private international law are very comprehemive consisting of 200 or almost 200 sections covering the law of international civil procedure (juri dicrion, recognition of foreign judgments) and provisions on the applicable law. Other enactments are considerably shorter and are laconic leaving many problems to be answered by the courts. This codification movement can be compared with the situation one hundred years before when the codification of private law in civil codes also led to legislation on private international law. Does this codification trend indicate that private international law becomes petrified in national statutes and thereby sacrifice international dimensions to domestic peculiarities and traditions? I shall try to show that the answer to my questions is for from being affirmative. Many national rules are shaped according to international models, in particular to international convenrions. This hidden harrnonization can be demonstrated on various levels of different intenmy.
Cosmopolitan Harm Conventions
Authors: Linklater Andrew
Published: November 2023

Cosmopolitanism seemed to fall on hard times in the 1980s and 1990s in large part because of a major development within social and political theory in which every moral and political universal and all grand historical narratives were treated with suspicion. It is arguable that those who challenged universal doctrines and ideals—postmodern or post-structural writers—assumed a moral universal in their own work when they defended the rights of the culturally different. It is clear too that many who challenged universalism were not opposed to all its forms but rather to particular varieties in the West, which rested on pernicious distinctions between the advanced and backward peoples. They were concerned about the forms of power that had been created by certain forms of universalistic thinking. But their own universalistic commitments are evident in arguments for a universal speech community and for a new international citizenry (for further discussion, see Linklater 1998).
A New Time Discipline: Managing Virtual Work Environments
Authors: Lee Heejin , Liebenau Jonathan
Published: November 2023

For the most part, we live under a regime of temporality that has its origins in the early to mid-eighteenth century (Thompson 1967), but there is evidence that this is changing. Even beyond the actual experiences of those who seal foreign contracts over their mobile telephones, the virtual work environment provides us with the opportunity to experiment with new forms of time discipline. In particular, much can be learned from the extension of concepts of the multiple and qualitative notions of times (Whipp 1987; Glennie and Thrift 1996), in contrast to rigid concepts of time discipline based on clock time.
Economics and Identity
Authors: Akerlof George A , Kranton Rachele.
Published: November 2023

This paper introduces identity-a person’s sense of self-into economic analysis. Identity can account for many phenomena that current economics cannot well explain. It can comfortably resolve, for example, why some women oppose ‘women’s rights,’ as seen in microcosm when Betty Friedan was ostracized by fellow suburban housewives for writing The Feminine Mystique. Other problems such as ethnic and racial conflict, discrimination, intractable labor disputes, and separatist politics all invite an identity-based analysis.
The Economics of Illusion*
Authors: Akerlof George A
Published: November 2023

There is a common view that economic theory takes preferences as given while other social sciences-anthropology, psychology, and sociology-are concerned with the nature and formation of those preferences. For example, Debreu describes preferences as abstractly as possible in terms of mathematical axioms (1959, p. 54) while Evans­ Pritchard describes preferences as concretely as possible in terms of the Nuers ’ love of cattle (I 940, pp. 16-50}. But this popular dichotomy misses the point that these other social sciences are mainly concerned with how people differently conceptualize. A conceptualization concerns more than preferences; it also concerns biased uses of information.
The Constitutional Protection Of Human Rights
Authors: Clayton Richard , Tomlinson Hugh
Published: November 2023

For a fuller discussion of the status of rights in English law, see AW B Simpson, 1.20 Human Rights and the End of Empire: Britain and the Genesis of the European Convention (Oxford University Press, 2001), 14-41.
The Human Rights Act: Interpretation And Synopsis
Authors: Clayton Richard , Tomlinson Hugh
Published: November 2023

n23: See N Roberts, ‘The Law Lords and Human Rights: The Experience of the 3.07 Privy Council in Interpreting Bills of Rights’ [2000] EHRLR 147.
General Principles Under The Convention
Authors: Clayton Richard , Tomlinson Hugh
Published: November 2023

Special meaning. The concept of autonomous meaning as a rule for interpreting international treaties was extensively discussed by the House of Lords in R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, exp Adan [200 l] 2 WLR 143 (in the context of analysing the Geneva Convention and Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees (1951) (Cmd 9171) and (1967) (Cmnd 3906)).
Freedom From Slavery, Servitude And Forced Labour
Authors: Clayton Richard , Tomlinson Hugh
Published: November 2023

We are not aware of any developments having occurred that materially alter the law and practice as set out in Chapter 9 of the Main Work.
Freedom Of Assembly And Association
Authors: Clayton Richard , Tomlinson Hugh
Published: November 2023

n54: The threat of violence under section 3 of the Public Order Act 1986 (affray) 16.16 has to be towards a person or persons present at the scene. This means that the pos- session of petrol bombs for later use was insufficient (Iv DPP [2001] 2 WLR 765).
Right To Enjoyment Of Possessions
Authors: Clayton Richard , Tomlinson Hugh
Published: November 2023

For a useful overview, see Halstead, ‘Human Property Rights’ [2002] 66 Conv 153. 18.26 n67: The UK argued strongly against the inclusion of Article 1, in part because it wanted to retain the right to expropriate without compensation; see, generally, A W B Simpson, Human Rights and the End of Empire: Britain and the Genesis of the European Convention (Oxford University Press, 2001), ch 15.
Remedies And Procedures
Authors: Clayton Richard , Tomlinson Hugh
Published: November 2023

In Brown v Stott [2001] 1 WLR 817,847 Lord Hope suggested that the decision to omit Article 13 (the right to an effective remedy) as one of the Convention rights enacted under section 1 of the Human Rights Act 1998 is that sections 7 to 9 of the Act are intended to lay down an appropriate remedial structure for giving effect to Convention rights.
Third Source of Uncertainty: Objects too Have Agency
Authors: Latour Bruno
Published: November 2023

If sociology has been marked from the start by the discovery that action was overtaken by other agencies, it has been spurred even more forcefully by the ethical, political, and empirical discovery that there exist hierarchies, asymmetries, and inequalities; that the social world is just as differentiated a landscape as a rugged and mountainous terrain; that no amount of enthusiasm, free will, or ingenuity can make those asymmetries go away; that they all seem to weigh as heavily as the pyramids, which hampers individual action and explains why society should be considered as a specific sui generis entity; that any thinker who denies those inequalities and differences is either gullible or somewhat reactionary; and, finally, that ignoring social asymmetry is as ridiculous as claiming that Newtonian gravitation does not exist.