bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Origins of the bottom trawling controversy in the British Isles: 19th century witness testimonies reveal evidence of early fishery declines
Authors: Thurstan Ruth H , Hawkins Julie P , Roberts Callum M
Published: April 2013

Bottom trawling (nets towed along the seabed) spread around the British Isles from the 1820s, yet the collection of national fisheries statistics did not begin until 1886. Consequently, analysis of the impacts of trawling on fish stocks and habitats during this early period is difficult, yet without this information, we risk underestimating the extent of changes that have occurred as a result of trawling activities. We examined witness testimonies recorded during two Royal Commissions of Enquiry (1863–66 and 1883–85). These enquiries interviewed hundreds of fishers about the early effects of sail trawling and the changes they were witnessing to fish stocks, habitats and fishing practises during this time. We converted all quantitative statements of perceived change in fish stocks and fishing practices to relative change. Witnesses from the north‐east of England interviewed during 1863 revealed an average perceived decline in whitefish of 64% during their careers, which many blamed upon trawling. Between 1867 and 1892, trawl‐landing records from the same location suggest that this trajectory continued, with fish availability declining by 66% during the period. Fishers adapted to these declines by increasing distances travelled to fishing grounds and increasing gear size and quantity. However, inshore declines continued and by the early 1880s even trawl owners were calling for closures of territorial waters to trawling in order to protect fish nursery and spawning grounds. Until now, these testimonies have been largely forgotten, yet they reveal that alterations to near‐shore habitats as a result of trawling began long before official data collection was initiated.
Lower responsiveness of canopy evapotranspiration rate than of leaf stomatal conductance to open‐air CO2 elevation in rice
Authors: Shimono Hiroyuki , Nakamura Hirofumi , Hasegawa Toshihiro , Okada Masumi
Published: April 2013

An elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]) can reduce stomatal conductance of leaves for most plant species, including rice (Oryza sativa L.). However, few studies have quantified seasonal changes in the effects of elevated [CO2] on canopy evapotranspiration, which integrates the response of stomatal conductance of individual leaves with other responses, such as leaf area expansion, changes in leaf surface temperature, and changes in developmental stages, in field conditions. We conducted a field experiment to measure seasonal changes in stomatal conductance of the uppermost leaves and in the evapotranspiration, transpiration, and evaporation rates using a lysimeter method. The study was conducted for flooded rice under open‐air CO2 elevation. Stomatal conductance decreased by 27% under elevated [CO2], averaged throughout the growing season, and evapotranspiration decreased by an average of 5% during the same period. The decrease in daily evapotranspiration caused by elevated [CO2] was more significantly correlated with air temperature and leaf area index (LAI) rather than with other parameters of solar radiation, days after transplanting, vapor‐pressure deficit and FAO reference evapotranspiration. This indicates that higher air temperatures, within the range from 16 to 27 °C, and a larger LAI, within the range from 0 to 4 m2 m−2, can increase the magnitude of the decrease in evapotranspiration rate caused by elevated [CO2]. The crop coefficient (i.e. the evapotranspiration rate divided by the FAO reference evapotranspiration rate) was 1.24 at ambient [CO2] and 1.17 at elevated [CO2]. This study provides the first direct measurement of the effects of elevated [CO2] on rice canopy evapotranspiration under open‐air conditions using the lysimeter method, and the results will improve future predictions of water use in rice fields.
Haemophilia care in Europe – a survey of 35 countries
Authors: O'Mahony B. , Noone D. , Giangrande P. L. F. , Prihodova L.
Published: April 2013

A questionnaire was circulated in 2012 to national haemophilia patient organizations in Europe affiliated to the European Haemophilia Consortium (EHC) and the World Federation of Hemophilia (WFH) to seek information about the organization of haemophilia care and treatment available at a national level. The 35 responses received highlighted major differences in the availability of treatment and care. There was a wide range in factor VIII consumption with usage ranging from 0.20 IU per capita in Armenia to 8.56 IU per capita in Sweden (median: IU per capita). The decrease in health budgets in many countries was not matched by decreases in use of FVIII per capita. In the 19 countries that responded to the previous survey, there was a significant improvement in access to prophylaxis and home treatment.
Successful percutaneous coronary intervention in a patient with combined deficiency of FV and FVIII due to novel compound heterozygous mutations in LMAN1
Authors: Patel A. J. , Liu H.‐H. , Lager R. A. , Malkovska V. , Zhang B.
Published: April 2013

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with congenital coagulation factor deficiencies presents a unique challenge. They are not only at increased risk of perioperative bleeding but can also suffer thrombosis of the stent as preventive anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy is difficult. Several cases of successful PCI have been described in patients with haemophilia A and B, but there are no reports in patients with combined coagulation factor deficiencies. We used PCI to treat the coronary artery disease in a patient with the combined deficiency of factor V and factor VIII (F5F8D) and analysed the molecular basis of the disorder for this patient. A 68‐year‐old patient was admitted for urgent PCI with bare metal stent placement after the diagnosis of the F5F8D. Peripheral blood DNA was extracted for the sequence analysis of LMAN1 and MCFD2 genes. Mutations in LMAN1 was confirmed by molecular cloning of the PCR product and resequencing of the resulting clones. The patient underwent successful PCI with good long‐term outcome. Our patient tolerated anticoagulation therapy well, with unfractionated heparin, and double antiplatelet therapy while he was initially supported with fresh frozen plasma and recombinant FVIII. Molecular analysis revealed that the patient carries unusual compound heterozygous frameshift mutations on the same microsatellite repeat region in exon 8 of LMAN1, one of which is a novel mutation (c.912delA). Our results suggest that patients with F5F8D can safely undergo PCI for coronary artery disease, with the treatment individualized to the specific patient.
Cutaneous metastasis: clinicopathological study of 72 patients from a tertiary care center in Lebanon
Authors: El Khoury Jinane , Khalifeh Ibrahim , Kibbi Abdul‐Ghani , Abbas Ossama
Published: April 2013

Background  Cutaneous metastasis is the result of malignant cell spread from primary malignancy to the skin. This is not uncommon, and rates reported in the literature are as high as 10.4%. To the best of our knowledge, there are no studies assessing the epidemiologic, clinical, and histopathological features of cutaneous metastasis in our region.

Objective  To assess the clinical and histopathological findings of all patients diagnosed with cutaneous metastasis at the American University of Beirut – Medical Center (AUB‐MC) and to compare our findings with those published in the literature.

Methods  Retrospective clinical and histopathologic evaluation of all cases diagnosed as cutaneous metastasis at AUB‐MC between 1992 and 2010.

Results  A total of 72 patients (50 females and 22 males) were identified. The mean age at diagnosis was 55.2 years. The most common primary cancer was breast cancer in women and laryngeal cancer in men. The most common clinical presentation was a single nodule in 27% of cases followed by multiple nodules in 23%. Cutaneous metastasis lesions were asymptomatic in the majority. The chest was the most commonly affected site. On microscopy, the majority of metastatic cases were adenocarcinomas (74%).

Conclusion  This is, to our knowledge, the first study characterizing the epidemiological, clinical, and histopathological features of cutaneous metastasis in the Lebanese population. The clinical and histopathological features observed were in concordance with the published literature, with minor differences.
Quality of health care of atopic eczema in Germany: results of the national health care study AtopicHealth
Authors: Langenbruch A. , Radtke M. , Franzke N. , Ring J. , Foelster‐Holst R. , Augustin M.
Published: April 2013

Background

The successful treatment of atopic eczema (AE) should result in the improvement of both physical symptoms and patient′s quality of life (QoL). This study was conducted using a sample of dermatologists throughout Germany. This is due to dermatologists being the main health care providers of AE.

Objectives

Obtaining reliable data on quality of care of AE from both the patient's and the physician's perspective.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study assessed: the individual clinical history; dermatology‐specific QoL (DLQI); state of health (EQ‐5d‐VAS); treatments; burden caused by disease and treatment; patient‐defined treatment benefit (PBI).

Results

Data from 1678 adult patients (60.5% female, mean age: 38.4 ± 15.9) were analysed. The most frequently used treatments during the last five years were emollients (90.4%) and topical corticosteroids (85.5%). In this study, 75.8% of the patients felt only moderately or not at all impaired by their treatment. The mean DLQI (0 = minimum–30 = maximum QoL impairment) was 8.5 ± 6.5. The EQ‐5d‐VAS (100 = best possible) was 63.6 ± 22.0 on average. 26.6% reported suffering ‘often’ or ‘every night’ from sleeplessness due to severe itching. Mean PBI was 2.4 ± 1.1 (4 = maximum benefit).

Conclusions

This study provides first data on the health care of adults with AE in Germany at a national level and reveals the need for a more effective care. Whereas most patients consider their treatment‐related burden as low, the daily burden of the disease seems to be high: one third reports sleeplessness due to itching which indicates insufficient therapeutic regimes in these cases. A better implementation of the German national guideline for AE and a systematic analysis of the difficulties causing its limited effects is needed.
The prevalence and risk factors of adolescent acne among schoolchildren in Lithuania: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Karciauskiene J. , Valiukeviciene S. , Gollnick H. , Stang A.
Published: April 2013

Background

Acne is one of the most common chronic inflammatory dermatological diseases among adolescents.

Objectives

We sought to estimate the prevalence of acne among schoolchildren and its association with puberty, body mass index (BMI), acne history of parents, nutritional habits, smoking and alcohol consumption.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted on 1277 pupils aged 7–19 years. Children were interviewed with self‐administered questionnaires, and were subsequently examined by one specially trained dermatologist. To evaluate the onset of puberty, girls provided details about their menarche and boys – about their facial hair growth.

Results

The overall response rate of the study was 51.4%. The prevalence of acne among respondents was 82.9%, and was strongly age‐dependent with highest rates in the age groups of 13–15 and 16–19 years. The prevalence of pre‐pubertal acne among participating girls and boys was 69.9% and 73.6% respectively. The main risk factors of acne were facial hair growth in boys (OR = 4.9), menarche in girls (OR = 3.1), overweight/obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 at 18 years of age) (OR = 2.6), acne history from both parents (OR = 2.6) and from mother alone (OR = 2.1). We did not find any associations between acne and nutritional habits, smoking or alcohol consumption. The self‐reported prevalence of acne among children who refused to take part in the study was lower than that among participants of the study.

Conclusions

The overall prevalence of acne among schoolchildren is high and age‐dependent. The onset of puberty, overweight/obesity and history of acne from both parents are the top risk factors for acne.
Prediction of biological form at the adult stage of brown trout Salmo trutta using morphological or colorimetric criteria in migrating juveniles
Authors: Le Gentil J. , Launey S. , Marchand F. , Ombredane D. , Bagliniere J.‐L.
Published: April 2013

To assess the correlation between four visual morphological types based on body colour and shape (fario trout, FT; shiny fario, SFT; presmolt trout, PST; typical smolt ST) of juvenile brown trout Salmo trutta during downstream spring migration and the biological form at the adult stage (river or sea), mark–recapture experiments were carried out over a period of 23 years. Evidence is provided that the visual SFT type is not a relevant one, while objective colorimetric measurements using a black basin are the best way to determine the morphological type in migrating juveniles.
Morphological and molecular evidence for two new species of Tetragonopterus (Characiformes: Characidae) from central Brazil
Authors: Silva G. S. C. , Melo B. F. , Oliveira C. , Benine R. C.
Published: April 2013

The combination of morphological and molecular data of Tetragonopterus species collected in the Rio Araguaia basin allows the recognition of two undescribed species that are presented in this article. These species are distinguished from their congeners (Tetragonopterus anostomus, Tetragonopterus argenteus, Tetragonopterus carvalhoi, Tetragonopterus chalceus and Tetragonopterus rarus) by characters related to the number and morphology of the teeth, the numbers of gill rakers on the upper and lower limbs of the first gill arch, the number of predorsal scales and the overall colour pattern. In addition, the analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences identified an accentuated genetic distance between these two new species and their congeners. A discussion of the phylogenetic relationships within Tetragonopterus is provided.
Premalignant conditions of gastric cancer
Authors: Sugano Kentaro
Published: April 2013

Premalignant lesions of gastric cancer encompass a variety of conditions such as chronic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia, in which elevated risk of developing gastric cancer have been documented. Among them, intestinal metaplasia is frequently encountered in our daily endoscopic examination, yet its clinical significance is often underestimated despite of a number of reports demonstrating genetic and epigenetic alterations in the intestinal metaplastic mucosa. In this review, I will describe the molecular mechanisms of phenotypic changes from gastric mucosa to intestinal metaplasia based on our analysis of mouse model of intestinal metaplasia generated by ectopic expression of CDX2 in conjunction with the studies with human intestinal metaplasia.
Clinical utility of host genetic IL‐28B variants in hepatitis C virus genotype 1 Asian patients retreated with pegylated interferon plus ribavirin
Authors: Huang Chung‐Feng , Yeh Ming‐Lun , Hsieh Meng‐Hsuan , Hsieh Ming‐Yen , Lin Zu‐Yau , Chen Shinn‐Cherng , Wang Liang‐Yen , Huang Jee‐Fu , Juo Suh‐Hang Hank , Lin Yi‐Ching , Dai Chia‐Yen , Chuang Wan‐Long , Yu Ming‐Lung
Published: April 2013

Background and Aim

Host interleukin‐28B (IL‐28B) genetic variants determine a sustained virological response (SVR) in hepatitis C virus genotype 1 (HCV‐1) treatment‐naïve patients. Its impact on treatment‐experienced Asian patients with peginterferon/ribavirin in is to be elucidated.

Methods

IL‐28B rs8099917 genotype was determined in 70 HCV‐1 treatment‐experienced patients retreated with 48‐week peginterferon/ribavirin.

Results

The SVR rate was 60.0% and was significantly higher in previous relapsers than in nonresponders (72.7% and 13.3%, P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that the most important factor predictive of an SVR was previous relapse (Odds ratio [OR]/95% confidence interval [CI]: 14.76/2.72–80.06, P = 0.002), followed by the carriage of rs8099917 TT genotype (OR/95% C.I.: 7.67/1.27–46.49, P = 0.03). Comparing to patients with TG/GG genotype, those with TT genotype had significantly higher rates of rapid virological response (29.3% vs 0%, P = 0.03), end‐of‐treatment virological response (86.2% vs 50.0%, P = 0.01), SVR (69.0% vs 16.7%, P = 0.002), and lower relapse rate (22.0 % vs 66.7%, P = 0.04). The SVR rate was similarly low between previous nonresponders with different rs8099917 genotypes (12.5% vs 14.3%, P = 1). On the contrary, previous relapsers with rs8099917 TT genotype had a significantly higher SVR rate than those who carried rs8099917 TG/GG genotype (78.0 % vs 20.0%, P = 0.02). Stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed that the only factor predictive of an SVR in previous relapsers was the carriage of rs809997 TT genotype (OR/95% CI:18.50/1.82–188.39, P = 0.014).

Conclusions

Host IL‐28B genetic variants played a role in Asian relapsers but not nonresponders retreated with peginterferon/ribavirin. Direct antiviral agents might be possibly avoidable in Asian relapsers with favorable IL‐28B genotype.
Weak Moral Motivation Leads to the Decline of Voluntary Contributions
Authors: FIGUIÈRES CHARLES , MASCLET DAVID , WILLINGER MARC
Published: April 2013

We develop a model that accounts for the decay of the average contribution observed in experiments on voluntary contributions to a public good. The novel idea is that people's moral motivation is “weak.” Their judgment about the right contribution depends on observed contributions by group members and on an intrinsic “moral ideal.” We show that the assumption of weakly morally motivated agents leads to the decline of the average contribution over time. The model is compatible with persistence of overcontributions, variability of contributions (across and within individuals), the “restart effect” and the observation that the decay in contributions is slower in longer games. Furthermore, it offers a rationale for conditional cooperation.
Fiscal Decentralization and Political Budget Cycles
Authors: GONZÁLEZ PAULA , HINDRIKS JEAN , PORTEIRO NICOLÁS
Published: April 2013

We analyze a problem à la Rogoff where incumbents can distort fiscal policy to signal their competency, but where fiscal policy can be centralized or decentralized. Our main focus is on how the equilibrium probability that fiscal policy is distorted in any region (the political budget cycle, PBC) differs across fiscal regimes. With centralization, there are generally two effects that change the probability of a PBC. One is the possibility of selective distortion: the incumbent can be reelected with the support of just a majority of regions. The other is a cost diversification effect, which is present unless costs are perfectly correlated across regions. Both these effects work in the same direction, with the general result that the PBC probability is lower under centralization when decentralization also involves PBC. Welfare analysis shows that voters tend to be better off when the PBC probability is lower, so voters prefer centralization when decentralization involves PBC. Our results are robust to a number of changes in the specification of the model.
Data Games: Sharing Public Goods with Exclusion
Authors: DEHEZ PIERRE , TELLONE DANIELA
Published: April 2013

A group of firms decides to cooperate on a project that requires a combination of inputs held by some of them. These inputs are non‐rival but excludable goods, i.e., public goods with exclusion such as knowledge, data or information, patents or copyrights. We address the question of how firms should be compensated for the inputs they contribute. We show that this problem can be framed within a cost sharing game for which the Shapley value comes out as a natural solution. The main result concerns the regular structure of the core that enables a simple characterization of the nucleolus. However, compared to the Shapley value, the nucleolus defines compensations that appear to be less appropriate in the context of data sharing. Our analysis is inspired by the problem faced by the European chemical firms within the regulation program REACH that requires submission by 2018 of a detailed analysis of all the substances they produce, import, or use.
The Optimal Tax Treatment of Housing Capital in the Neoclassical Growth Model
Authors: EEROLA ESSI , MÄÄTTÄNEN NIKU
Published: April 2013

Should housing capital be taxed like other forms of capital? We analyze this question within a version of the neoclassical growth model. We derive the optimal tax treatment of housing capitalvis‐à‐visbusiness capital allowing for relatively general household preferences. In the first‐best, the tax treatment of business and housing capital should always be the same. In the second‐best, in contrast, the optimal tax treatment of housing capital depends on the elasticities of substitution between nonhousing consumption, housing, and leisure. This is because housing taxation may be used to alleviate the distorting effect of taxing labor. As a result, the optimal tax treatment of housing capital may be different from that of business capital. We complement these analytical results with a numerical analysis.
Potassium deficiency triggers the development of dormant cells (akinetes) in Aphanizomenon ovalisporum (Nostocales, Cyanoprokaryota)1
Authors: Sukenik Assaf , Kaplan‐Levy Ruth N. , Viner‐Mozzini Yehudit , Quesada Antonio , Hadas Ora
Published: April 2013

Akinetes are spore‐like nonmotile cells that differentiate from vegetative cells of filamentous cyanobacteria from the order Nostocales. They play a key role in the survival and distribution of these species and contribute to their perennial blooms. Various environmental factors were reported to trigger the differentiation of akinetes including light intensity and quality, temperature, and nutrient deficiency. Here, we report that deprivation of potassium ion (K+) triggers akinete development in the cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon ovalisporum. Akinetes formation is initiated 3 d–7 d after an induction by K+ depletion, followed by 2–3 weeks of a maturation process. Akinete formation occurs within a restricted matrix of environmental conditions such as temperature, light intensity or photon flux. Phosphate is essential for akinete maturation and P‐limitation restricts the number of mature akinetes. DNA replication is essential for akinete maturation and akinete development is limited in the presence of Nalidixic acid. While our results unequivocally demonstrated the effect of K+ deficiency on akinete formation in laboratory cultures of A. ovalisporum, this trigger did not cause Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii to produce akinetes. Anabaena crassa however, produced akinetes upon potassium deficiency, but the highest akinete concentration was achieved at conditions that supported vegetative growth. It is speculated that an unknown internal signal is associated with the cellular response to K+ deficiency to induce the differentiation of a certain vegetative cell in a trichome into an akinete. A universal stress protein that functions as mediator in K+ deficiency signal transduction cascade, may communicate between the lack of K+ and akinete induction.
Breastfeeding beliefs and practices of African women living in Brisbane and Perth, Australia
Authors: Gallegos Danielle , Vicca Natalie , Streiner Samantha
Published: April 2013

The purpose of this study was to explore the experience of breastfeeding among refugee women from Liberia, Sierra Leone, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of Congo living in two major capital cities in Australia. Participants were recruited from their relevant community associations and via a snowballing technique. Thirty‐one women took part in either individual interviews or facilitated group discussions to explore their experiences of breastfeeding in their home country and in Australia. Thematic analysis revealed four main themes: cultural breastfeeding beliefs and practices; stigma and shame around breastfeeding in public; ambivalence towards breastfeeding and breastfeeding support. Women who originated from these four African countries highlighted a significant desire for breastfeeding and an understanding that it was the best method for feeding their infants. Their breastfeeding practices in Australia were a combination of practices maintained from their countries of origin and those adopted according to Australian cultural norms. They exemplified the complexity of breastfeeding behaviour and the relationship between infant feeding with economic status and the perceived social norms of the host country. The results illustrate the need for policy makers and health professionals to take into consideration the environmental, social and cultural contexts of the women who are purportedly targeted for the promotion of breastfeeding.
Fruit and vegetable exposure in children is linked to the selection of a wider variety of healthy foods at school
Authors: Korinek Elizabeth V. , Bartholomew John B. , Jowers Esbelle M. , Latimer Lara A.
Published: April 2013

Schools often offer healthy fruits and vegetables (FV) and healthy entrées. However, children may resist these efforts due to a lack of familiarity with the offerings. While numerous exposures with a food increase its liking, it may be that an exposure to a variety of FV at home leads to greater willingness to select other foods – even those that are unrelated to those eaten at home. As an initial test of this possibility, this study was designed to examine how self‐reports of exposure and consumption of various FV were associated with the selection of FV and lunch entrées at school. Participants (n = 59) were a convenience sample of elementary children. A median split was used to place students into high‐ and low‐exposure groups for self‐reports of both exposure and consumption at home. The primary dependent variables were self‐reports of selecting FV at school; the children's absolute and relative ratings of eight ‘healthier’ lunch entrées; and self‐reports of selecting these entrées. These entrées were recently added to the school menu and, therefore, tended to be less familiar to children. Food ratings were collected through taste exposures conducted at school. Results indicate that children who reported more frequent exposure to FV at home consumed a wider variety of FV at school and were more likely to report selecting ‘healthier’ entrées at school lunch. These data suggest that exposure to, and the consumption of, a variety of FV may make children more willing to select a wider range of FV and other healthy entrées.
Use of micronutrient supplements among pregnant women in Alberta: results from the Alberta Pregnancy Outcomes and Nutrition (APrON) cohort
Authors: Gómez Mariel Fajer , Field Catherine J. , Olstad Dana Lee , Loehr Sarah , Ramage Stephanie , McCargar Linda J. ,   the APrON Study Team
Published: April 2013

Maternal nutrient intake in the prenatal period is an important determinant of fetal growth and development and supports maternal health. Many women, however, fail to meet their prenatal nutrient requirements through diet alone and are therefore advised to consume nutrient supplements. The purpose of this study was to describe the use of natural health products (NHP) by pregnant women in each trimester of pregnancy. Women (n = 599) participating in the first cohort of the Alberta Pregnancy Outcomes and Nutrition (APrON) study completed an interviewer‐administered supplement intake questionnaire during each trimester of pregnancy. NHP use was high, with >90% taking multivitamin/mineral supplements, and nearly half taking at least one additional single‐nutrient supplement. Compliance with supplementation guidelines was high for folic acid (>90%), vitamin D (∼70%) and calcium (∼80%), but low for iron (<30%) and for all four nutrients together (≤11%). On average, women met or exceeded the recommended dietary allowance for folic acid, vitamin D and iron from NHPs alone, with median daily intakes of 1000 μg, 400 IU and 27 mg, respectively. The median calcium intake was 250 mg d−1. Up to 26% of women exceeded the tolerable upper intake level for folic acid and up to 19% did so for iron at some point of their pregnancy. Findings highlight the need to consider both dietary and supplemental sources of micronutrients when assessing the nutrient intakes of pregnant women.
Is overweight at 12 months associated with differences in eating behaviour or dietary intake among children selected for inappropriate bottle use?
Authors: Bonuck Karen , Avraham Sivan Ben , Hearst Mary , Kahn Richard , Hyden Christel
Published: April 2013

Bottle feeding beyond the recommended weaning age of 12 months is a risk factor for childhood obesity. This paper describes a sample of toddlers at high risk for obesity: prolonged bottle users from a low‐income multi‐ethnic community. We report here baseline mealtime and feeding behaviour, 24 h dietary recall and bottle intake data for Feeding Young Children Study (FYCS) participants, by overweight (≥85% weight‐for‐length) status. FYCS enrolled 12–13‐month‐olds from urban nutrition programmes for low‐income families in the United States who were consuming ≥2 bottles per day. Our sample was predominately Hispanic (62%), 44% of mothers were born outside of the United States and 48% were male. Overall, 35% were overweight. Overweight status was not associated with mealtime/feeding behaviours, bottle use or dietary intake. Most (90%) children ate enough, were easily satisfied and did not exhibit negative (e.g. crying, screaming) mealtime behaviours, per parent report. The sample's median consumption of 4 bottles per day accounted for 50% of their total calories; each bottle averaged 7 ounces and contained 120 calories. Mean daily energy intake, 1098.3 kcal day−1 (standard deviation = 346.1), did not differ by weight status, nor did intake of fat, saturated fat, protein or carbohydrates. Whole milk intake, primarily consumed via bottles, did not differ by weight status. Thus, overweight 12–13‐month‐olds in FYCS were remarkably similar to their non‐overweight peers in terms of several obesity risk factors. Findings lend support to the set‐point theory and prior work finding that weight and intake patterns in the first year of life alter subsequent obesity risk.
Early prenatal food supplementation ameliorates the negative association of maternal stress with birth size in a randomised trial
Authors: Frith Amy L. , Naved Ruchira T. , Persson Lars Ake , Frongillo Edward A.
Published: April 2013

Low birthweight increases the risk of infant mortality, morbidity and poor development. Maternal nutrition and stress influence birth size, but their combined effect is not known. We hypothesised that an early‐invitation time to start a prenatal food supplementation programme could reduce the negative influence of prenatal maternal stress on birth size, and that effect would differ by infant sex. A cohort of 1041 pregnant women, who had delivered an infant, June 2003–March 2004, was sampled from among 3267 in the randomised controlled trial, Maternal Infant Nutritional Interventions Matlab, conducted in Matlab, Bangladesh. At 8 weeks gestation, women were randomly assigned an invitation to start food supplements (2.5 MJ d−1; 6 days a week) either early (∼9 weeks gestation; early‐invitation group) or at usual start time for the governmental programme (∼20 weeks gestation; usual‐invitation group). Morning concentration of cortisol was measured from one saliva sample/woman at 28–32 weeks gestation to assess stress. Birth‐size measurements for 90% of infants were collected within 4 days of birth. In a general linear model, there was an interaction between invitation time to start the food supplementation programme and cortisol with birthweight, length and head circumference of male infants, but not female infants. Among the usual‐invitation group only, male infants whose mothers had higher prenatal cortisol weighed less than those whose mothers had lower prenatal cortisol. Prenatal food supplementation programmes that begin first trimester may support greater birth size of male infants despite high maternal stress where low birthweight is a public health concern.
Validation of Self‐Reported Colorectal Cancer Screening Behaviors Among Appalachian Residents
Authors: Reiter Paul L. , Katz Mira L. , Oliveri Jill M. , Young Gregory S. , Llanos Adana A. , Paskett Electra D.
Published: April 2013

Objectives

We determined the validity of self‐reported colorectal cancer (CRC) screening data provided by Appalachian Ohio residents and identified correlates of providing accurate data.

Design and Sample

We conducted cross‐sectional telephone interviews between September 2009 and April 2010. Our study included Appalachian Ohio residents (n = 721) ages 51–75 years.

Measures

We compared self‐reported CRC screening data to medical records to determine validity. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify correlates of providing accurate self‐reported screening data.

Results

About 68% of participants self‐reported having any CRC screening test within recommended guidelines, whereas medical records indicated that only 49% were within guidelines (concordance = 0.76). Concordance was higher for flexible sigmoidoscopy and fecal occult blood test compared with colonoscopy, although sensitivity and positive predictive value were much higher for colonoscopy. Participants overreported CRC screening behaviors for all tests. Participants who had a regular checkup in the last 2 years (OR = 2.78, 95% CI: 1.15–6.73), or who self‐rated their health as good or better (OR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.12–3.16) were more likely to provide accurate screening data.

Conclusions

Many participants failed to provide accurate CRC screening data, and validity varied greatly across individual CRC screening tests. Future CRC screening studies among Appalachian residents should use medical records, if possible, to determine screening histories.
The identification of candidate radio marker genes using a coexpression network analysis in gamma‐irradiated rice
Authors: Kim Sun‐Hee , Hwang Sun‐Goo , Hwang Jung Eun , Jang Cheol Seong , Velusamy Vijayanand , Kim Jin‐Baek , Kim Sang Hoon , Ha Bo‐Keun , Kang Si‐Yong , Kim Dong Sub
Published: April 2013

Plant physiological and biochemical processes are significantly affected by gamma irradiation stress. In addition, gamma‐ray (GA) differentially affects gene expression across the whole genome. In this study, we identified radio marker genes (RMGs) responding only to GA stress compared with six abiotic stresses (chilling, cold, anoxia, heat, drought and salt) in rice. To analyze the expression patterns of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in gamma‐irradiated rice plants against six abiotic stresses, we conducted a hierarchical clustering analysis by using a complete linkage algorithm. The up‐ and downregulated DEGs were observed against six abiotic stresses in three and four clusters among a total of 31 clusters, respectively. The common gene ontology functions of upregulated DEGs in clusters 9 and 19 are associated with oxidative stress. In a Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis, GA stress showed highly negative correlation with salt stress. On the basis of specific data about the upregulated DEGs, we identified the 40 candidate RMGs that are induced by gamma irradiation. These candidate RMGs, except two genes, were more highly induced in rice roots than in other tissues. In addition, we obtained other 38 root‐induced genes by using a coexpression network analysis of the specific upregulated candidate RMGs in an ARACNE algorithm. Among these genes, we selected 16 RMGs and 11 genes coexpressed with three RMGs to validate coexpression network results. RT‐PCR assay confirmed that these genes were highly upregulated in GA treatment. All 76 genes (38 root‐induced genes and 38 candidate RMGs) might be useful for the detection of GA sensitivity in rice roots.
Disease Spread Models to Estimate Highly Uncertain Emerging Diseases Losses for Animal Agriculture Insurance Policies: An Application to the U.S. Farm‐Raised Catfish Industry
Authors: Zagmutt Francisco J. , Sempier Stephen H. , Hanson Terril R.
Published: April 2013

Emerging diseases (ED) can have devastating effects on agriculture. Consequently, agricultural insurance for ED can develop if basic insurability criteria are met, including the capability to estimate the severity of ED outbreaks with associated uncertainty. The U.S. farm‐raised channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) industry was used to evaluate the feasibility of using a disease spread simulation modeling framework to estimate the potential losses from new ED for agricultural insurance purposes. Two stochastic models were used to simulate the spread of ED between and within channel catfish ponds in Mississippi (MS) under high, medium, and low disease impact scenarios. The mean (95% prediction interval (PI)) proportion of ponds infected within disease‐impacted farms was 7.6% (3.8%, 22.8%), 24.5% (3.8%, 72.0%), and 45.6% (4.0%, 92.3%), and the mean (95% PI) proportion of fish mortalities in ponds affected by the disease was 9.8% (1.4%, 26.7%), 49.2% (4.7%, 60.7%), and 88.3% (85.9%, 90.5%) for the low, medium, and high impact scenarios, respectively. The farm‐level mortality losses from an ED were up to 40.3% of the total farm inventory and can be used for insurance premium rate development. Disease spread modeling provides a systematic way to organize the current knowledge on the ED perils and, ultimately, use this information to help develop actuarially sound agricultural insurance policies and premiums. However, the estimates obtained will include a large amount of uncertainty driven by the stochastic nature of disease outbreaks, by the uncertainty in the frequency of future ED occurrences, and by the often sparse data available from past outbreaks.
Sketching the Contours of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Theology and Religion
Authors: Killen Patricia O'Connell , Gallagher Eugene V.
Published: April 2013

This article argues that there is an identifiable scholarship of teaching and learning in theology and religion that, though varied in its entry points and forms, exhibits standards of excellence recognizable in other forms of scholarship. Engaging in this scholarship enhances a professor's possession of practice and often reveals insights into student learning and the contours of a field that can advance both educational and disciplinary projects. Through conversation with a form of the scholarship of teaching and learning that emerged most clearly in work associated with the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, we describe starting points and generative assumptions that have been employed in the discourse of the scholarship of teaching and learning in theology and religion as they have emerged in submissions to Teaching Theology and Religion over the past decade and a half and point to its benefits. See responses to this essay by Charles R. Foster, Stephen Brookfield, and Pat Hutchings published in this issue of the journal. Responses by Reid B. Locklin, Joanne Maguire Robinson, and Nadine S. Pence appear in next issue issue, 16:3 (2013).
A Room for the Humanists
Authors: Hutchings Pat
Published: April 2013

Response to “Sketching the Contours of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Theology and Religion”
Bridging the “Great Divide” in Undergraduate Religion: An Experiment in Faculty/Student Collaboration
Authors: Lanci John R.
Published: April 2013

Undergraduate students today often enroll in introductory religious studies or theology classes because they want the time and space to reflect on their personal spiritual questions. Such a motivation can clash with the faculty's desire to introduce students to rigorous academic study of their field. Barbara Walvoord has proposed four “voices” that students may develop that will assist both student and faculty to cross this “great divide.” This essay explores the ways in which a course based in engaged pedagogical theory and practice – in this case, problem‐based learning – can provide an effective space for students to “find their voices,” take control of their own learning, and fulfill both their own and their professor's expectations.
From Civic Engagement to Circles of Grace: Mid‐Range Reflection on Teaching for Global Citizenship
Authors: Corrie Elizabeth W.
Published: April 2013

The course “Empowering Youth for Global Citizenship” seeks to equip students to teach global citizenship by engaging them in practices of ascetic withdrawal from consumer habits and active engagement in the public sphere. These goals underlie the design of the assignments, but should have also shaped the relationship between the assignments themselves. This article addresses the issue of course design in the service of empowering students for engagement in the public sphere by reflecting upon the course assignments, with emphasis on a project that worked well, and the implications this has for its relationship to the other course assignments, including one that missed the mark. The exploration of this misalignment between the learning goals and actual outcomes of the different assignments brings to light the unique role of learning communities of accountability and acceptance in deepening the impact of assignments aimed at personal transformation, as well as the rich dynamic that can come from coordinating course assignments to bring “head, heart, and hands” together.
Active Acoustic Metamaterial With Simultaneously Programmable Density and Bulk Modulus
Authors: Akl W. , Baz A.
Published: April 2013

Acoustic metamaterials are those structurally engineered materials that are composed of periodic cells designed in such a fashion to yield specific material properties (density and bulk modulus) that would affect the wave propagation pattern within in a specific way. All the currently exerted efforts are focused on studying passive metamaterials with fixed material properties. In this paper, the emphasis is placed on the development of a new class of composite one-dimensional active acoustic metamaterials (CAAMM) with effective densities and bulk moduli that are programmed to vary according to any prescribed patterns along its volume. A cylindrical water-filled cylinder coupled to two piezoelectric elements form a composite cell to act as a base unit for a periodic metamaterial structure. Two different configurations are considered. In the first configuration, a piezoelectric panel is flash-mounted to the face of the cylinder, while the other is side-mounted to the cylinder wall, introducing a variable stiffness along the wave propagation path. In the second configuration, the face-mounted piezoelectric panel remains unchanged, while the side-mounted panel is replaced with an active Helmholtz resonator with piezoelectric base panel. A detailed theoretical lumped-parameter model for the two configurations is present, from which the stiffness of both active elements is controlled via charge feedback control to yield arbitrary homogenized effective bulk modulus and density over a very wide frequency range. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the performance characteristics of the proposed. The CAAMM presents a viable approach to the development of effective domains with a controllable wave propagation pattern to suit many applications.
Whole-Genome Shotgun Assembly and Analysis of the Genome of Streptomyces mobaraensis DSM 40847, a Strain for Industrial Production of Microbial Transglutaminase
Authors: Yang Huilin , He Tiansheng , Wu Wenxia , Zhu Weitao , Lu Bai , Sun Wanju
Published: April 2013

Here, we report the draft annotated genome sequence of
Streptomyces mobaraensis
strain DSM 40847, which is used in industry to produce microbial transglutaminase. The genome sequence will allow for the characterization of the molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial properties of this organism.
Clinicopathological significance of CADM4 expression in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast
Authors: Jang Se Min , Sim Jongmin , Han Hulin , Ahn Hye In , Kim Hyunsung , Yi Kijong , Jun Young Jin , Rehman Abdul , Chung Min Sung , Jang Kiseok , Paik Seung Sam
Published: April 2013

Aims

Cell adhesion molecule 4 (CADM4) is a novel tumour suppressor involved in cell adhesion. Loss or decreased expression of CADM4 has been associated with the development and progression of some cancers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinicopathological significance of CADM4 expression in breast cancer.

Methods

We constructed tissue microarrays to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of CADM4 in 256 cases of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) and 45 cases of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS).

Results

CADM4 was expressed in 37 (82.2%) DCIS cases, and in 173 (67.6%) IDC cases. CADM4 expression was higher in DCIS than in IDC (p=0.049). Loss or decrease of CADM4 expression was significantly correlated with higher histological grade (p=0.020), absence of oestrogen receptors (p<0.001), absence of progesterone receptors (p=0.024), and overexpression of c-erbB-2 (p=0.018). In univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses of all 256 IDC cases, CADM4 expression was not significantly associated with overall and disease-free survival. However, it showed a significant positive association with longer disease-free survival in 187 stages I and II IDC cases (p=0.039, log-rank test).

Conclusions

Loss or decrease of CADM4 expression seems to play an important role in breast cancer invasiveness, and it is associated with poorer biological parameters. CADM4 can be used as a novel marker predicting risk of recurrence and disease outcomes in stages I and II IDC.
MULTI-SCALE SIMULATION OF GRAIN BOUNDARY STRUCTURE EFFECTS IN POLY-Si THIN FILM SOLAR CELL
Authors: LI CHENGXIANG , HUANG WENLAI , HOU CHAOFENG , GE WEI
Published: April 2013

The atomic structures of grain boundary (GB) and their effect on the performance of poly- Si thin film solar cell are studied by multi-scale simulations. First, the atomic structures of various GBs are calculated using molecular dynamics. Subsequently, the energy band diagram are obtained by ab-initio calculations. Then, finite difference method is performed to obtain solar cell performance. The results show that the Σ5 (twist) GB can greatly enhance the carriers recombination and results in small short-circuit current density (J SC ) and open-circuit voltage (V OC ). However, the Σ17 (twist and tilt) GBs have little influence on the cell performance. Also revealed in the simulations is that the GB near the p–n junction leads to very small J SC and V OC . When the distance between GB and p–n junction increases from about 1.10 μm to 3.65 μm, the conversion efficiency increases by about 29%. The thickness effect of solar cell containing the Σ5 (twist) GB on the cell performance is also studied. The results show that the conversion efficiency and J SC increase rapidly as the thickness increases from about 5.2 μm to 40 μm. When the thickness ranges from about 40 μm to 70 μm, the efficiency and the J SC both increase gradually and reach their own peak values at about 70 μm. When the thickness exceeds 70 μm, the efficiency and J SC both decrease gradually. However, the V OC keeps increasing with increase in thickness. The effects of GB on the carrier transport and recombination processes are discussed to understand the above results.
ELECTROMAGNETIC DUALITY AND NEW SOLUTIONS OF THE NON-MINIMALLY COUPLED Y(R)-MAXWELL GRAVITY
Authors: SERT ÖZCAN
Published: April 2013

Non-minimally coupled Y(R)-Maxwell gravity which have some interesting solutions may be used to understand dark matter, dark energy, the origin of cosmic magnetic field and the evaluation of the universe. We give some new solutions to the model such as spherically symmetric electric, magnetic and dyon solutions. We point out an existence of an electromagnetic duality transformation for the model.