bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fitness costs associated with field-evolved resistance to chlorantraniliprole inPlutella xylostella(Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)
Authors: Ribeiro L.M.S. , Wanderley-Teixeira V. , Ferreira H.N. , Teixeira Á.A.C. , Siqueira H.A.A.
Published: November 2013

Plutella xylostella(L.) is the most important pest of Brassicaceae worldwide, with a recent estimate of US$ 4–5 billion expenditure for the control of this insect. A case of very high resistance of this pest to chlorantraniliprole was recently associated with reduced efficacy in a Brazilian field ofBrassicaspp. Although diamide resistance has been characterized, the fitness of insects due to such resistance has yet to be examined. Therefore, in this study, biological parameters were assessed in both susceptible and resistant strains ofP. xylostellasubjected to sublethal chlorantraniliprole concentrations. The field strain showed high resistance to chlorantraniliprole (RR50=27,793-fold), although resistance rapidly decreased in the first generations, showing instability. The exposure of susceptible and resistant larvae to their respective LC1, LC10, and LC25values led to an increased duration of the larval and pupae phases and reduced weight in both strains; however, no significant differences in pupal viability across the treatments were observed. The resistant insects presented significantly lower larval weight and fecundity and higher larval and pupal periods, hatchability, and male longevity when not exposed to chlorantraniliprole, suggesting a fitness cost associated with resistance. In addition, resistant females showed a significantly higher egg-laying period and longevity at LC25, whereas the males lived longer at LC1. Chlorantraniliprole negatively impacted the biological parameters of both strains tested, although these effects were more relevant to the resistant insects. ResistantP. xylostellashowed negative and positive biological trade-offs when compared with the susceptible individuals in both the absence and presence of chlorantraniliprole. Despite the important role that these trade-offs may play in the evolution of resistance to chlorantraniliprole, practical applications still depend on such information as the dominance of fitness costs and resistance.
THE MEMORY OF VIRTUE: ACHIEVING IMMORTALITY IN PLATO'S SYMPOSIUM
Authors: Hooper Anthony
Published: November 2013

The prospect of human immortality is manifest in many of Plato's writings, appearing as early as the Apology (28c, 41c–d) and the Crito (54b–d), and as late as Book 12 of the Laws (967d). But nowhere is immortality given so much attention, nor as central a place in Plato's philosophical projects, as in what have traditionally been referred to as his Middle Period works, so it is hardly surprising that we find an extensive treatment of the subject of immortality in Socrates’ own encomium in the Symposium (206e–209e). Eros, Socrates tells us, is not merely a desire to possess the good, but one that pushes us towards possessing the good forever (205a, 206a) and, because of this, eros is necessarily a desire for immortality (207a). However, it is evident that Socrates’ presentation of immortality in the Symposium is fundamentally different from those found in other dialogues. This is not merely because in this work alone Socrates attributes the desire for immortality to eros; rather it is also because the nature of the immortality that Socrates recommends here, and the means by which he suggests it is achieved, are wholly unique to this work. Whereas in other dialogues Plato casts his discussions in terms of the persistence of the soul in some super-sensible realm, here he offers a picture of lovers achieving human immortality by creating memorials (μνῆμαι) that will outlast them.
IMAGES FOR THE SAKE OF THE TRUTH IN PLATO'SSYMPOSIUM
Authors: Dominick Yancy Hughes
Published: November 2013

After arriving drunk (‘plastered’ in one translation) at Agathon's party, Alcibiades offers to praise Socrates instead of love, the object of the other characters' praise. In praising Socrates, Alcibiades says that he will have to use images (εἰκόνων, 215a4–5). He assures his companions, however, that this ‘is no joke: the image will be for the sake of the truth’ (ἔσται δ' ἡ εἰκὼν τοῦ ἀληθοῦς ἕνεκα, οὐ τοῦ γελοίου, 215a6). Alcibiades goes on to present his famous images of a Socrates who is full of divine images (ἀγάλματα), and who casts spells with his words (λόγοι). Later, Alcibiades describes those words themselves as ‘bursting with images of virtue’ (ἀγάλματ' ἀρετῆς, 222a3–4).
THEIAMATIKAOF THE MILAN POSIDIPPUS
Authors: Wickkiser Bronwen L.
Published: November 2013

The ἰαματικά, a collection of seven short epigrams about healing grouped together and so labelled in the Milan papyrus attributed to Posidippus, present another useful source of information about the cult and cures of Asclepius (AB 95–101;P Mil. Vogl. VIII 309, XIV.30–XV.22). Brief though the epigrams are (all are four lines in length except the first, which is eight lines), they accord well with the picture of the cult presented by material, epigraphic and other literary evidence.
THEOPHRASTUS ON PLATONIC AND ‘PYTHAGOREAN’ IMITATION
Authors: Horky Phillip Sidney
Published: November 2013

In the twenty-fourth aporia of Theophrastus'Metaphysics, there appears an important, if ‘bafflingly elliptical’, ascription to Plato and the ‘Pythagoreans’ of a theory of reduction to the first principles via ‘imitation’ (μίμησις):

Πλάτων δὲ καὶ οἱ Πυθαγόρειοι μακρὰν τὴν ἀπόστασιν, ἐπιμιμεῖσθαι τ' ἐθέλειν ἅπαντα· καίτοι καθάπερ ἀντίθεσιν τινα ποιοῦσιν τῆς ἀορίστου δυάδος καὶ τοῦ ἑνός, ἐν ᾗ καὶ τὸ ἄπειρον καὶ τὸ ἄτακτον καὶ ὡς εἰπεῖν πᾶσα ἀμορφία καθ' αὑτήν, ὅλως δ' οὐχ οἷον τ' ἄνευ ταύτης τὴν τοὺ ὅλου φύσιν, ἀλλ' οἷον ἰσομοιρεῖν ἢ καὶ ὑπερέχειν τῆς ἐτέρας, ᾗ καὶ τὰς ἀρχὰς ἐναντίας. Διὸ καὶ οὐδὲ τὸν θεόν, ὅσοι τῷ θεῷ τὴν αἰτίαν ἀνάπτουσιν, δύνασθαι πάντ' εἰς τὸ ἄριστον ἄγειν, ἀλλ' εἴπερ, ἐφ' ὅσον ἐνδέχεται· τάχα δ' οὐδ' ἂν προέλοιτ', εἴπερ ἀναιρεῖσθαι συμβήσεται τὴν ὅλην οὐσίαν ἐξ ἐναντίων γε καὶ ἐν ἐναντίοις οὖσαν.

(Theophrastus,Metaphysics, 11a26–b12)

Plato and the Pythagoreans make the distance [between the first principles and everything else] a great one, and they make all things desire to imitate fully; and yet, they set up a certain opposition, as it were, between the Indefinite Dyad and the One. In the former [resides] the Unlimited and the Unordered and, as it were, all Shapelessness as such; and they make it altogether impossible for the nature of the universe to exist without this [that is, the Indefinite Dyad] – it [that is, the Indefinite Dyad] could only have an equal share in things, or even exceed the other [first principle, that is, the One] – whereby they also make their first principles contrary [to one another]. Therefore, those who ascribe causation to the god claim that not even the god is able to reduce all things to the best, but, even if at all, only in so far as is possible. And perhaps he wouldn't even choose to, if indeed it were to result in the destruction of all existence, given that it [that is, existence] is constituted from contraries and consists of contraries.
HOMERIC CONCERNS: A METAPOETIC READING OF LUCRETIUS,DE RERUM NATURA2.1–19
Authors: Roy Sydnor
Published: November 2013

Suave, mari magno turbantibus aequora ventise terra magnum alterius spectare laborem;non quia vexari quemquamst iucunda voluptas,sed quibus ipse malis careas quia cernere suave est.suave etiam belli certamina magna tueri 5per campos instructa tua sine parte pericli.sed nil dulcius est, bene quam munita tenereedita doctrina sapientum templa serena,despicere unde queas alios passimque videreerrare atque viam palantis quaerere vitae, 10certare ingenio, contendere nobilitate,noctes atque dies niti praestante laboread summas emergere opes rerumque potiri.o miseras hominum mentes, o pectora caeca!qualibus in tenebris vitae quantisque periclis 15degitur hoc aevi quodcumquest! nonne viderenil aliud sibi naturam latrare, nisi utquicorpore seiunctus dolor absit, mensque fruaturiucundo sensu cura semota metuque?(Lucr. 2.1–19)It is pleasant, when the winds stir up the waters on the great sea,to watch the great struggle of another from land;not because it is a great pleasure that anyone be troubled,but because it is pleasant to observe the troubles you yourself lack.It is also pleasant to watch the great contests of war 5spread out over the plains without taking any part in the danger.But nothing is more pleasing than to hold lofty yet calm templesthat are well defended by the teachings of wise men,from which you can look down and see others everywherego astray and wander while seeking the path of their life, 10competing in wits and contending over their nobility;throughout nights and days they strive with outstanding labourto come out at the peak of riches and have power over everything.O wretched minds of men, O blind hearts!In what shadows of life and in how many dangers 15is this bit of life, whatever it may be, being spent by you! Do you not seethat nature barks for nothing other than this – thatgrief be separated from the body and far away, and that the mind enjoypleasant feelings cut off from anxiety and fear?Epicurus' advice to his young friend Pythocles to ‘flee all education, raising up the top sail’ (παιδείαν δὲ πᾶσαν, μακάριε, ϕεῦγε τἀκάτιον ἀράμενος, Diog.Laert. 10.6 = Epicurus fr. 163 Us.) contains an allusion to Circe's advice to Odysseus inOdyssey12.37–58. For much of the Greek (and Roman) world, education was based on the Homeric epics, and thus Epicurus' statement represents a complicated position towards Homer in particular and poetry in general. Epicurean philosophy rejects poetry because it is misleading about the gods and the nature of the soul, but Epicurus and his followers, most notably Philodemus and Lucretius, engage in poetic allusion and even the composition of poetry. Much work has been done on allusions to poetry in all three writers, but I hope here to bring out a heretofore unnoticed poetic allusion at the start ofDe rerum naturaBook 2, in which Lucretius makes a programmatic statement about not only his philosophy, but also his poetry and its place in the poetic tradition.
AN EPIGRAM AND A TREASURY: ONSIM.FGEXXXIIIB [B. 162; D. 163;EGXXXIII]
Authors: Petrovic Andrej
Published: November 2013

Κίμων ἔγραψε τὴν θύραν τὴν δεξιάν,τὴν δ’ ἐξιόντων δεξιὰν Διονύσιος.Cimon painted the door to the right,and the right door as one goes out, Dionysius.(Anth. Pal.9.758)Denys Page correctly classified this epigram, which comes from a series ofSimonideain the ninth book of thePalatine Anthology, as a signature epigram. The Cimon mentioned in the first line of the epigram is regularly identified as Cimon of Cleonae, a late sixth-century B.C. painter commended by Pliny (HN35.34) and Aelian (VH8.8) for his technique and, possibly, use of perspective. The identity of Dionysius from line 2 is disputed: from little that we know of a painter named Dionysius of Colophon who may have been a younger contemporary of Cimon, it is difficult to reach any conclusion. What connects the two artists is that they were both famed for their portrayal of humans and that they may have entered in a sort of a competition with each other.
APHRODITE'S GIFT:THEOGNIDEA1381–5 AND THE GENESIS OF ‘BOOK 2’
Authors: Selle Hendrik
Published: November 2013

When Immanuel Bekker, the editor to whom Aristotle owes his page numbers, travelled to Paris in search of manuscripts between 1810 and 1812, Theognis had been a mainstay of classical scholarship for many hundreds of years. Even so, the small tenth-century parchment volume Bekker discovered there came as a surprise. Not only did it contain a text of theTheognideawhich was four hundred years older than the earliest codex known so far; it also added an entirely new section of 176 lines. Presented by the scribe as ‘book 2’ of theElegiac Poemsby Theognis (ελεγειων β´), they revolved around the theme of pederastic love – until then a topic not usually associated with the moralist from Megara. In spite of their similarities to what had now turned into ‘book 1’, they were dismissed as a late forgery almost instantly after Bekker's 1815 edition. Although that view came to be challenged later and can now be considered obsolete, even van Groningen's first comprehensive commentary to theTheognidea, published in 1966 and not superseded since, breaks off where the second book would have begun. Until today, research on this part of the Theognidean corpus has not grown much beyond a trickle flowing at some distance from the classical mainstream.
Effects of disturbance and altitude on soil seed banks of tropical montane forests
Authors: Lippok Denis , Walter Florian , Hensen Isabell , Beck Stephan G. , Schleuning Matthias
Published: November 2013

Vast areas of tropical forests have been deforested by human activities, resulting in landscapes comprising forest fragments in matrices of deforested habitats. Soil seed banks (SSB) are essential sources for the regeneration of tropical forests after disturbance. In a fragmented montane landscape in the Bolivian Andes, we investigated SSB in three different habitat types that were associated with different degrees of disturbance, i.e. in forest interior, at forest edges and in deforested habitats. Sampling of habitats was replicated at six sites ranging in altitude from 1950 to 2450 m asl. We extracted seeds from dried soil samples by sieving, classified seeds into morphospecies and size classes, and characterized SSB in terms of density, species richness and composition. We tested effects of disturbance (i.e. habitat type) and altitude on SSB characteristics. Overall, small seeds (<1 mm) dominated SSB (81% of sampled seeds). Seed density and species richness were lowest in deforested habitats, especially in large seeds and distant from adjacent forests (≥20 m), while small-seeded species were most numerous near forest margins. Species turnover between habitats was high. Altitude altered the composition of SSB, but had no effects on seed density and species richness. We conclude that the potential of SSB for natural regeneration of deforested habitats is low and decreases with increasing distance from forest remnants and that forest edges may be eventually invaded by small-seeded species from deforested habitats.
Variation in savanna vegetation on termite mounds in north-eastern Namibia
Authors: Yamashina Chisato
Published: November 2013

In savanna, termite mounds support more diverse vegetation than off-mound areas, but little is known of the patterns in plant assemblages on mounds. To explain vegetation differentiation between (1) component structures of termite mounds (conical centre vs. pediment), (2) active and inactive mounds (termites present vs. termites absent), and (3) sites on and off mounds (on mounds vs. surrounding savanna), species composition, richness and abundances of woody plants were recorded on 70 mounds and in 13 savanna plots (each 20 × 20 m) in north-eastern Namibia, focusing on soil hardness, mound status (active or not) and mound micro-topography as explanatory factors. Woody plants were absent from 33% of active mounds (54% of active cones) but were absent from only 5% of inactive mounds. Species richness and abundance per mound (mean ± SD) were lower on active mounds with (2.0 ± 1.8 and 4.6 ± 6.6, respectively) and without pediments (0.6 ± 0.6 and 0.9 ± 1.1, respectively) than on inactive mounds (4.4 ± 2.7, 19.4 ± 18.8, respectively). Despite the lower woody plant cover, some characteristic species, such as Salvadora persica, occurred preferentially on active mounds; this species occurred on 42% of active mounds. Mean soil hardness (± SD) was higher on conical parts of active mounds (4300 ± 2620 kPa) than on adjacent pediments (583 ± 328 kPa) and inactive mounds (725 ± 619 kPa). This study suggested that mound status, mound micro-topography, and soil hardness promote variability in the vegetation on mounds.
Under the UN Security Council's Watchful Eyes: Military Intervention by Invitation in the Malian Conflict
Authors: BANNELIER KARINE , CHRISTAKIS THEODORE
Published: November 2013

Responding to an urgent request by the authorities of Mali, France launched Operation Serval against several terrorist armed groups in January 2013. The French troops were assisted by a Chadian contingent and by forces progressively deployed by other African countries within a UNSC authorized African force (Resolution 2085). While the French and African military operations in Mali were clearly legal, they raise important questions ofjus ad bellumin relation to the two legal arguments put forward to justify them: intervention by invitation, and UNSC authorization. In this paper we first discuss the general rules of international law applying to intervention by invitation. We explain that such an intervention could sometimes be contrary to the principle of self-determination and we propose a purpose-based approach. We then apply these rules to the situation in Mali and conclude that the French and Chadian interventions were legal because, on the one hand, the request was validly formulated by the internationally recognized government of Mali and, on the other hand, their legitimate purpose was to fight terrorism. The UNSC approved this legal basis and ‘helped’ France and Chad appeal validly to it by listing the enemy as ‘terrorist groups’. It gave its ‘blessing’ to these interventions, without authorizing them, and observed the events with relief. The adoption of Resolution 2100 on 25 April 2013 raises new legal questions. The Council creates a UN peace enforcement mission in Mali, MINUSMA, which has a robust use-of-force mandate. Created just a few weeks after the DRC Intervention Brigade, this force seems to indicate an ongoing evolution (revolution?) in UN peacekeeping, notwithstanding the assurances by some UNSC member states that MINUSMA will avoid ‘offensive counter-terrorism operations’. At the same time Resolution 2100 gives a restricted use-of-force mandate to France (to protect MINUSMA), without challenging the legal validity of intervention by invitation for all other tasks. The conflict in Mali might thus remain for some time yet between the latitude of UNSC authorization and the longitude of unilateral intervention by invitation.
The Admissibility and Weight of Written Witness Testimony in International Criminal Law: A Socio-Legal Analysis
Authors: MCDERMOTT YVONNE
Published: November 2013

This article introduces some quantitative and qualitative analysis on the use of written witness statements in lieu of oral testimony at trial to assess in practice the impact of the rules on the admissibility of written witness testimony before the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, and the Special Court for Sierra Leone. It traces pieces of evidence admitted under the newer, more liberal, rules on written witness testimony from admissibility to judgment, to establish what impact, if any, these rules have had in practice and whether the critique that such rules might jeopardize fair-trial standards has been realized. The analysis illustrates that the newer rules on admissibility are used with relative infrequency in some tribunals, but that the admission of such statements could raise the question of equality of arms in others, given that the more liberal rules on written statements tend to be used more frequently by the prosecution than by the defence. It will be shown that some chambers have continued to emphasize the importance of oral testimony and have taken a very cautious approach when weighing written testimony, whilst others have suggested that written testimony that was not subject to full cross-examination should not, in principle, be given less weight than oral testimony. The ‘totality of the evidence’ approach in weighing the evidence will be analysed from a practical standpoint, and it will be shown that recent Appeals Chamber jurisprudence suggests that trial chambers may need to take a more particularized approach to pieces of evidence in the future.
Patterns of brain activation in foster children and nonmaltreated children during an inhibitory control task
Authors: Bruce Jacqueline , Fisher Philip A. , Graham Alice M. , Moore William E. , Peake Shannon J. , Mannering Anne M.
Published: November 2013

Children in foster care have often encountered a range of adverse experiences, including neglectful and/or abusive care and multiple caregiver transitions. Prior research findings suggest that such experiences negatively affect inhibitory control and the underlying neural circuitry. In the current study, event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging was employed during a go/no go task that assesses inhibitory control to compare the behavioral performance and brain activation of foster children and nonmaltreated children. The sample included two groups of 9- to 12-year-old children: 11 maltreated foster children and 11 nonmaltreated children living with their biological parents. There were no significant group differences on behavioral performance on the task. In contrast, patterns of brain activation differed by group. The nonmaltreated children demonstrated stronger activation than did the foster children across several regions, including the right anterior cingulate cortex, the middle frontal gyrus, and the right lingual gyrus, during correct no go trials, whereas the foster children displayed stronger activation than the nonmaltreated children in the left inferior parietal lobule and the right superior occipital cortex, including the lingual gyrus and cuneus, during incorrect no go trials. These results provide preliminary evidence that the early adversity experienced by foster children impacts the neural substrates of inhibitory control.
Symptom differentiation of anxiety and depression across youth development and clinic-referred/nonreferred samples: An examination of competing factor structures of the Child Behavior Checklist DSM-oriented scales
Authors: Price Maggi , Higa-McMillan Charmaine , Ebesutani Chad , Okamura Kelsie , Nakamura Brad J. , Chorpita Bruce F. , Weisz John
Published: November 2013

This study examined the psychometric properties of the DSM-oriented scales of the Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach, Dumenci, & Rescorla, 2003) using confirmatory factor analysis to compare the six-factor structure of the DSM-oriented scales to competing models consistent with developmental theories of symptom differentiation. We tested these models on both clinic-referred (N = 757) and school-based, nonreferred (N = 713) samples of youths in order to assess the generalizability of the factorial structures. Although previous research has supported the fit of the six-factor DSM-oriented structure in a normative sample of youths ages 7 to 18 (Achenbach & Rescorla, 2001), tripartite model research indicates that anxiety and depressive symptomology are less differentiated among children compared to adolescents (Jacques & Mash, 2004). We thus examined the relative fit of a six- and a five-factor model (collapsing anxiety and depression) with younger (ages 7–10) and older (ages 11–18) youth subsamples. The results revealed that the six-factor model fit the best in all samples except among younger nonclinical children. The results extended the generalizability of the rationally derived six-factor structure of the DSM-oriented scales to clinic-referred youths and provided further support to the notion that younger children in nonclinical samples exhibit less differentiated symptoms of anxiety and depression.
Interaction matters: Quantifying Conduct Problem × Depressive Symptoms interaction and its association with adolescent alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use in a national sample
Authors: Maslowsky Julie , Schulenberg John E.
Published: November 2013

Substance use is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality among American adolescents. Conduct problems and depressive symptoms have each been found to be associated with adolescent substance use. Although they are highly comorbid, the role of the interaction of conduct problems and depressive symptoms in substance use is not clear. In national samples of 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-grade students from the Monitoring the Future study, latent moderated structural equation modeling was used to estimate the association of conduct problems, depressive symptoms, and their interaction to the use of alcohol (including binge drinking), cigarettes, and marijuana. Moderation by age and sex was tested. The interaction of conduct problems with depressive symptoms was a strong predictor of substance use, particularly among younger adolescents. With few exceptions, adolescents with high levels of both conduct problems and depressive symptoms used substances most frequently. Conduct problems were a strong positive predictor of substance use, and depressive symptoms were a weak positive predictor. Whereas conduct problems are often thought to be a primary predictor of substance use, this study revealed that depressive symptoms potentiate the relation of conduct problems to substance use. Therefore, substance use prevention efforts should target both depressive symptoms and conduct problems.
Exposure to maternal pre- and postnatal depression and anxiety symptoms: Risk for major depression, anxiety disorders, and conduct disorder in adolescent offspring
Authors: Glasheen Cristie , Richardson Gale A. , Kim Kevin H. , Larkby Cynthia A. , Swartz Holly A. , Day Nancy L.
Published: November 2013

This study evaluated whether exposure to maternal pre- or postnatal depression or anxiety symptoms predicted psychopathology in adolescent offspring. Growth mixture modeling was used to identify trajectories of pre- and postnatal depression and anxiety symptoms in 577 women of low socioeconomic status selected from a prenatal clinic. Logistic regression models indicated that maternal pre- and postnatal depression trajectory exposure was not associated with offspring major depression, anxiety, or conduct disorder, but exposure to the high depression trajectory was associated with lower anxiety symptoms in males. Exposure to medium and high pre- and postnatal anxiety was associated with the risk of conduct disorder among offspring. Male offspring exposed to medium and high pre- and postnatal anxiety had higher odds of conduct disorder than did males with low exposure levels. Females exposed to medium or high pre- and postnatal anxiety were less likely to meet conduct disorder criteria than were females with lower exposure. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the effect of pre- and postnatal anxiety trajectories on the risk of conduct disorder in offspring. These results suggest new directions for investigating the etiology of conduct disorder with a novel target for intervention.
Psychosocial (im)maturity from adolescence to early adulthood: Distinguishing between adolescence-limited and persisting antisocial behavior
Authors: Monahan Kathryn C. , Steinberg Laurence , Cauffman Elizabeth , Mulvey Edward P.
Published: November 2013

In the psychological tradition, desistance from antisocial behavior is viewed as the product of psychosocial maturation, including increases in the ability to control impulses, consider the implications of one's actions on others, delay gratification in the service of longer term goals, and resist the influences of peers. The present study investigates how individual variability in the development of psychosocial maturity is associated with desistance from antisocial behavior in a sample of 1,088 serious juvenile offenders followed from adolescence to early adulthood (ages 14–25). We find that psychosocial maturity continues to develop to the midtwenties and that different developmental patterns of maturation are found among those who desist and those who persist in antisocial behavior. Compared to individuals who desisted from antisocial behavior, youths who persisted exhibited diminished development of psychosocial maturity. Moreover, earlier desistance compared to later desistance is linked to greater psychosocial maturity, suggesting that there is an association between desistance from antisocial behavior and normative increases in psychosocial maturity.
Dopamine receptor D4 gene moderates the effect of positive and negative peer experiences on later delinquency: The Tracking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey study
Authors: Kretschmer Tina , Dijkstra Jan Kornelis , Ormel Johan , Verhulst Frank C. , Veenstra René
Published: November 2013

The quality of adolescents' relationships with peers can have a lasting impact on later psychosocial adjustment, mental health, and behavior. However, the effect of peer relations on later problem behavior is not uniformly strong, and genetic factors might influence this association. This study used four-wave longitudinal (11–19 years) data (n = 1,151) from the Tracking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey, a Dutch cohort study into adolescent development to test whether the dopamine receptor D4 polymorphism moderates the impact of negative (i.e., victimization) and positive peer experiences (i.e., social well-being) on later delinquency. Contrary to our expectations, results showed that carriers of the dopamine receptor D4 gene 4-repeat homozygous variant instead of those carrying the 7-repeat allele were more susceptible to the effects of both peer victimization and social well-being on delinquency later in adolescence. Findings of our study are discussed in light of other studies into genetic moderation of peer effects on adolescent development and the possibility that developmental specifics in adolescence, such as maturation processes in brain structure and functioning, may affect the interplay of environmental and genetic factors in this period in life.
Trajectories of multiple adolescent health risk behaviors in a low-income African American population
Authors: Mustanski Brian , Byck Gayle R. , Dymnicki Allison , Sterrett Emma , Henry David , Bolland John
Published: November 2013

This study examined interdependent trajectories of sexual risk, substance use, and conduct problems among 12- to 18-year-old African American youths who were followed annually as part of the Mobile Youth Study. We used growth mixture modeling to model the development of these three outcomes in the 1,406 participants who met the inclusion criteria. Results indicate that there were four distinct classes: normative, low risk (74.3% of sample); increasing high-risk takers (11.9%); adolescent-limited conduct problems and drug risk with high risky sex (8.0%); and early experimenters (5.8%) The higher risk classes had higher rates of pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections diagnoses than the normative sample at each of the ages we examined. Differing somewhat from our hypothesis, all of the nonnormative classes exhibited high sexual risk behavior. Although prevention efforts should be focused on addressing all three risk behaviors, the high rate of risky sexual behavior in the 25% of the sample that fall into the three nonnormative classes underscores an urgent need for improved sex education, including teen pregnancy and HIV/sexually transmitted infections prevention, in this community.
Reciprocal social behavior in youths with psychotic illness and those at clinical high risk
Authors: Jalbrzikowski Maria , Krasileva Kate E. , Marvin Sarah , Zinberg Jamie , Andaya Angielette , Bachman Peter , Cannon Tyrone D. , Bearden Carrie E.
Published: November 2013

Youths at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis typically exhibit significant social dysfunction. However, the specific social behaviors associated with psychosis risk have not been well characterized. We administer the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), a measure of autistic traits that examines reciprocal social behavior, to the parents of 117 adolescents (61 CHR individuals, 20 age-matched adolescents with a psychotic disorder [AOP], and 36 healthy controls) participating in a longitudinal study of psychosis risk. AOP and CHR individuals have significantly elevated SRS scores relative to healthy controls, indicating more severe social deficits. Mean scores for AOP and CHR youths are typical of scores obtained in individuals with high functioning autism (Constantino & Gruber, 2005). SRS scores are significantly associated with concurrent real-world social functioning in both clinical groups. Finally, baseline SRS scores significantly predict social functioning at follow-up (an average of 7.2 months later) in CHR individuals, over and above baseline social functioning measures (p< .009). These findings provide novel information regarding impairments in domains critical for adolescent social development, because CHR individuals and those with overt psychosis show marked deficits in reciprocal social behavior. Further, the SRS predicts subsequent real-world social functioning in CHR youth, suggesting that this measure may be useful for identifying targets of treatment in psychosocial interventions.
Pre-operative renal volume predicts peak creatinine after congenital heart surgery in neonates
Authors: Carmody J. Bryan , Seckeler Michael D. , Ballengee Cortney R. , Conaway Mark , Jayakumar K. Anitha , Charlton Jennifer R.
Published: November 2013

Objective: Acute kidney injury is common in neonates following surgery for congenital heart disease. We conducted a retrospective analysis to determine whether neonates with smaller pre-operative renal volume were more likely to develop post-operative acute kidney injury. Design/Setting: We conducted a retrospective review of 72 neonates who underwent congenital heart surgery for any lesion other than patent ductus arteriosus at our institution from January 2007 to December 2011. Renal volume was calculated by ultrasound using the prolate ellipsoid formula. The presence and severity of post-operative acute kidney injury was determined both by measuring the peak serum creatinine in the first 7 days post-operatively and by using the Acute Kidney Injury Network scoring system. Results: Using a linear change point model, a threshold renal volume of 17 cm3 was identified. Below this threshold, there was an inverse linear relationship between renal volume and peak post-operative creatinine for all patients (p = 0.036) and the subgroup with a single morphologic right ventricle (p = 0.046). There was a non-significant trend towards more acute kidney injury using Acute Kidney Injury Network criteria in all neonates with renal volume ≤17 cm3 (p = 0.11) and in the subgroup with a single morphologic right ventricle (p = 0.17). Conclusions: Pre-operative renal volume ≤17 cm3 is associated with a higher peak post-operative creatinine and potentially greater risk for post-operative acute kidney injury for neonates undergoing congenital heart surgery. Neonates with a single right ventricle may be at higher risk.
Long-term effects of cariprazine exposure on dopamine receptor subtypes
Authors: Choi Yong Kee , Adham Nika , Kiss Béla , Gyertyán István , Tarazi Frank I.
Published: November 2013

Introduction

All clinically effective antipsychotics are known to act on the dopaminergic system, and previous studies have demonstrated that repeated treatment with antipsychotics produced region-specific changes in dopamine receptor levels. Cariprazine is a dopamine D3 and D2 receptor partial agonist with preferential binding to D3 receptors. We examined the effects of chronic cariprazine administration on dopamine receptor levels.

Methods

Rats were administered either vehicle or cariprazine (0.06, 0.2, or 0.6 mg/kg) for 28 days. Dopamine receptor levels were quantitated using autoradiographic assays on brain tissue sections from the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), nucleus accumbens (NAc), caudate putamen (CPu), hippocampus (HIPP), olfactory tubercle (OT), and islands of Calleja (ICj).

Results

Chronic treatment with cariprazine did not alter D1 receptor levels in any brain region tested. Cariprazine increased D2 receptor levels in mPFC (27%–43%), NAc (40%–45%), medial (41%–53%) and lateral (52%–63%) CPu, and HIPP (38%). Cariprazine dose-dependently upregulated D3 receptor levels in ICj (32%–57%), OT (27%–67%), and NAc shell (31%–48%). Repeated cariprazine treatment increased D4 receptor in NAc (53%–82%), medial (54%–98%) and lateral (58%–74%) CPu, and HIPP (38%–98%).

Conclusion

Similar to other antipsychotics, cariprazine upregulated D2 and D4 receptor levels in various brain regions. Cariprazine was unique among antipsychotics in increasing D3 receptor levels, which may support its unique psychopharmacologic properties.
Pharmacotherapy of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia
Authors: Opler Lewis A. , Medalia Alice , Opler Mark G. , Stahl Stephen M.
Published: November 2013

While second-generation antipsychotics treat negative as well as positive symptoms, recovery for persons with schizophrenia remains elusive, in part because there are no FDA-approved medications that treat the cognitive deficits of schizophrenia (CDS). Recent work has identified agents that, when added to antipsychotics, improve cognition in schizophrenia. This work and hypothesized mechanisms of action will be reviewed.
Strategies to improve the dietary quality of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) beneficiaries: an assessment of stakeholder opinions
Authors: Blumenthal Susan J , Hoffnagle Elena E , Leung Cindy W , Lofink Hayley , Jensen Helen H , Foerster Susan B , Cheung Lilian WY , Nestle Marion , Willett Walter C
Published: November 2013

Objective

To examine the opinions of stakeholders on strategies to improve dietary quality of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participants.

Design

Participants answered a thirty-eight-item web-based survey assessing opinions and perceptions of SNAP and programme policy changes.

Setting

USA.

Subjects

Survey of 522 individuals with stakeholder interest in SNAP, conducted in October through December 2011.

Results

The top three barriers to improving dietary quality identified were: (i) unhealthy foods marketed in low-income communities; (ii) the high cost of healthy foods; and (iii) lifestyle challenges faced by low-income individuals. Many respondents (70 %) also disagreed that current SNAP benefit levels were adequate to maintain a healthy diet. Stakeholders believed that vouchers, coupons or monetary incentives for purchasing healthful foods might have the greatest potential for improving the diets of SNAP participants. Many respondents (78 %) agreed that sodas should not be eligible for purchases with SNAP benefits. More than half (55 %) believed retailers could easily implement such restrictions. A majority of respondents (58 %) agreed that stores should stock a minimum quantity of healthful foods in order to be certified as a SNAP retailer, and most respondents (83 %) believed that the US Department of Agriculture should collect data on the foods purchased with SNAP benefits.

Conclusions

Results suggest that there is broad stakeholder support for policies that align SNAP purchase eligibility with national public health goals of reducing food insecurity, improving nutrition and preventing obesity.
A manifesto for a social zooarchaeology. Swans and other beings in the Mesolithic
Authors: Overton Nick J. , Hamilakis Yannis
Published: November 2013

Recent, non-anthropocentric explorations of the interaction between human and non-human animals have resulted in many groundbreaking studies. In this ‘animal turn’, zooarchaeology, which deals with and has access to the material traces of animals that existed alongside humans over the last 2.5 million years, could occupy a privileged and influential position. Despite some encouraging efforts, however, zooarchaeology's ability to contribute to these discussions is heavily limited by the subdiscipline's firm footing within anthropocentric ontologies and reductionist epistemologies. This paper outlines a framework for a new social zooarchaeology that moves beyond the paradigm and discourse of ‘subsistence’ and of representationist and dichotomous thinking, which have treated non-human animals merely and often exclusively as nutritional or symbolic resources for the benefit of humans. Building on alternative zoontologies which reinstate the position of non-human animals as sentient and autonomous agents, this framework foregrounds the intercorporeal, sensuous and affective engagements through which humans and non-human animals are mutually constituted. These ideas are illustrated with two case studies focusing on human–whooper swan interactions in the Danish Later Mesolithic, based on the faunal assemblage from the site of Aggersund in North Jutland, and the whooper swan remains found associated with the Grave 8 at Vedbæk.
‘It started with things’. An interview with Professor Richard Bradley
Authors: Jones Andrew Meirion
Published: November 2013

En route to becoming one of archaeology's best-known writers on prehistoric landscapes and monuments, Richard Bradley had a brief brush with the law and almost became a Romanist! Here he reflects on his early archaeological forays as a boy, his perspectives on different field methodologies, and how his ways of writing have changed over the years.
‘Man the symboller’. A contemporary origins myth
Authors: Hopkinson Terry
Published: November 2013

Symbolism, symbolically mediated culture and the production of symbolically charged artefacts are today almost unanimously accepted in palaeoanthropology as the defining hallmarks of cognitively and behaviourally modern human beings. This orthodoxy, however, suffers from a number of serious problems, including pervasive dualisms, an internally contradictory methodology and an unwillingness to grapple critically with the symbolism concept. It is suggested that the symbolism paradigm originated in the ideas of Leslie White in the 1940s and 1950s, but did not become a serious presence in palaeoanthropology until the 1980s. This is explained in terms of the adoption of cladistic phylogenetics in that period, and by reference to new evidence that removed Neanderthals from the ancestry of living peoples. The implications of the growing body of evidence for Neanderthal symbolism are discussed. It is concluded that the symbolism paradigm is essentialist and ahistorical, and has acquired the character of an origins myth.
HOLOMORPHIC SUPERPOSITION OPERATORS BETWEEN BANACH FUNCTION SPACES
Authors: BOYD CHRISTOPHER , RUEDA PILAR
Published: November 2013

We prove that for a large class of Banach function spaces continuity and holomorphy of superposition operators are equivalent and that bounded superposition operators are continuous. We also use techniques from infinite dimensional holomorphy to establish the boundedness of certain superposition operators. Finally, we apply our results to the study of superposition operators on weighted spaces of holomorphic functions and the$F(p, \alpha , \beta )$spaces of Zhao. Some independent properties on these spaces are also obtained.
STRONGLY ORTHODOX CONGRUENCES ON AN -INVERSIVE SEMIGROUP
Authors: FAN XINGKUI , CHEN QIANHUA
Published: November 2013

In this paper we investigate some subclasses of strongly regular congruences on an$E$-inversive semigroup$S$. We describe the minimum and the maximum strongly orthodox congruences on$S$whose characteristic trace coincides with the characteristic trace of given congruences and, in each case, we present an alternative characterization for them. A description of all strongly orthodox congruences on$S$with characteristic trace$\tau $is given. Further, we investigate the kernel relation of strongly orthodox congruences on an$E$-inversive semigroup and give the least and the greatest element in the class of the same kernel with a given congruence.
COEFFICIENT ESTIMATES, LANDAU’S THEOREM AND LIPSCHITZ-TYPE SPACES ON PLANAR HARMONIC MAPPINGS
Authors: CHEN SHAOLIN , PONNUSAMY SAMINATHAN , RASILA ANTTI
Published: November 2013

In this paper, we investigate the properties of locally univalent and multivalent planar harmonic mappings. First, we discuss coefficient estimates and Landau’s theorem for some classes of locally univalent harmonic mappings, and then we study some Lipschitz-type spaces for locally univalent and multivalent harmonic mappings.
Plasmonic nanopatch array for optical integrated circuit applications
Authors: Qu Shi-Wei , Nie Zai-Ping
Published: November 2013

Future plasmonic integrated circuits with the capability of extremely high-speed data processing at optical frequencies will be dominated by the efficient optical emission (excitation) from (of) plasmonic waveguides. Towards this goal, plasmonic nanoantennas, currently a hot topic in the field of plasmonics, have potential to bridge the mismatch between the wave vector of free-space photonics and that of the guided plasmonics. To manipulate light at will, plasmonic nanoantenna arrays will definitely be more efficient than isolated nanoantennas. In this article, the concepts of microwave antenna arrays are applied to efficiently convert plasmonic waves in the plasmonic waveguides into free-space optical waves or vice versa. The proposed plasmonic nanoantenna array, with nanopatch antennas and a coupled wedge plasmon waveguide, can also act as an efficient spectrometer to project different wavelengths into different directions, or as a spatial filter to absorb a specific wavelength at a specified incident angle.
Absolute humidity, relative humidity: which is more important in representing severity of electrostatic discharge
Authors: Wan F. , Ge J.‐X. , Pommerenke D.
Published: November 2013

Humidity is a very important factor in representing the severity of electrostatic discharge (ESD). Low humidity indicates high risk of ESD problems; high humidity indicates low risk of ESD problems. Both relative humidity and absolute humidity can represent the level of humidity: which one is more important? The reported measurement result shows that relative humidity is more important in the discharge phase. The qualitative analysis is given.
Low‐power pipelined phase accumulator with sequential clock gating for DDFSs
Authors: Kim Y.S. , Lee J. , Hong Y. , Kim J.E. , Baek K.‐H.
Published: November 2013

A pipelined phase accumulator (PACC) for direct digital frequency synthesisers (DDFSs) is presented. A highly pipelined structure is inevitable in a PACC design to achieve high‐speed performance, which causes a large number of pre‐skewing flip‐flops (F/Fs) and leads clock signals to be a large source of power dissipation. Since the input data do not change every single cycle, clock gating can save power by decreasing the number of unnecessary clock switching in the pre‐skewing F/Fs. Sequential clock gating for pipelined PACCs is proposed. Compared with the conventional pipelined PACCs with and without clock gating, the proposed scheme reduces power dissipation by up to 55.4 and 77.2%, respectively, for the 32‐bit 8‐pipeline‐stage PACCs.
Scalable and parameterised VLSI architecture for efficient sparse approximation in FPGAs and SoCs
Authors: Ren F. , Xu W. , Marković D.
Published: November 2013

A parameterised and scalable very large scale integration (VLSI) soft intellectual property (IP) is presented that can be implemented in programmable logic devices, such as field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) or a system‐on‐chip design for efficient sparse approximation. The proposed architecture is optimised based on the orthogonal matching pursuit algorithm by both algorithm reformulation and architecture resource sharing techniques. The soft IP core supports a floating‐point data format with 10 design parameters, which provides the necessary flexibility for application‐specific customisation. The soft IP is evaluated on various FPGA platforms. The evaluation results show that design can achieve up to 30% higher throughput than the existing solutions while offering a larger dynamic range capability and better design flexibility.
Sidelobe level correction for parabolic antennas radiation pattern measurements in quasi‐far‐field conditions
Authors: Orefice M. , Razzaq M.A. , Dassano G.
Published: November 2013

A method and formulae for correction of the sidelobe level of the radiation pattern of a high gain antenna when measured in the Fresnel region are presented. After a thorough analysis of a large number of different cases, trend curves have been computed and an empirical formula has been derived, which allows the correction of the measured values of the sidelobes when the measurement range is below or around the far‐field distance.