bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
De la Mégère apprivoisée au Roman de Julie Papineau. Origines d’un rituel du mariage franco-ontarien
Authors: Pichette Jean-Pierre
Published: September 2017

Jean-Pierre Pichette ajoute un deuxième chapitre à son étude d’une sanction rituelle du mariage franco-ontarien et il se met en quête de l’origine de la « danse sur les bas ». Comme cette tradition est attestée dans les recoins de la francophonie d’Amérique et inconnue des populations anglophones, il se tourne naturellement vers la France. Bien que, là aussi, des expressions métaphoriques et de nombreuses pratiques stigmatisent l’aîné devancé dans le mariage par son cadet, rien de comparable aux rituels canadiens-français. Explorant alors la filière britannique, il débusque, depuis la danse pieds nus de La Mégère apprivoisée de Shakespeare jusqu’à la danse dans l’auge décrite par des folkloristes et des curieux au xixe siècle, des parallèles de la plupart des variantes qui ont cours en Amérique française. Cette constatation l’amène à s’interroger sur le cheminement probable de cette coutume, dans laquelle les Bretons, les Celtes français, auraient pu jouer un rôle déterminant de diffuseurs au temps de l’émigration française au Canada. Sans découvrir chez eux les formes qui manifesteraient ce rôle, l’auteur relève néanmoins dans le personnage du baz-valan, ou entremetteur de mariage, de nombreux indices qui appuient son hypothèse : son statut de célibataire, le port de bas colorés et dépareillés dans l’accomplissement de sa charge, et la danse avec la mariée comme récompense. Si l’influence celtique est certaine, son lieu, en France ou au Canada, reste à déterminer.
Créance populaire et nostalgie du passé : Le Détroit des légendes, de Marie Caroline Watson Hamlin (1884)
Authors: Gaulin Michel
Published: September 2017

Michel Gaulin porte son regard sur un curieux recueil de la fin du xixe siècle, Le Détroit des légendes, un ouvrage publié en anglais par Marie Caroline Watson Hamlin. Il considère d’un point de vue littéraire tant l’édition originale de 1883 que la traduction que Richard Ramsay en a faite en 1991. Bien que les données biographiques sur l’auteur soient incomplètes et les références utilisées pour l’élaboration de l’ouvrage soient vagues et ne donnent guère prise à une confrontation des sources, notre collègue sonde les thèmes légendaires et les allusions historiques des trente et un récits du livre pour définir l’image que l’écrivain donne de la région du Détroit. Il établit encore un parallèle entre le travail de cet écrivain et les activités des artisans du mouvement littéraire de Québec, qui, dans les décennies précédentes, misèrent aussi sur des matériaux populaires du même ordre pour créer leurs oeuvres littéraires.
Fourrures, commerce et guerre : Verchères de Boucherville dans le Haut-Canada (1803-1816)
Authors: Gervais Gaétan
Published: September 2017

Gaétan Gervais porte son regard sur un personnage issu d’une famille appartenant à la noblesse canadienne. Il s’agit de Verchères Boucher de Boucherville qui, durant la période 1803-1816, mena des activités commerciales dans le Haut-Canada et, particulièrement, dans les environs d’Amherstburg, un fort britannique situé en aval de Détroit. Par l’étude du Journal qu’il laissa, notre collègue apprécie la place que tenait encore le commerce des fourrures et examine les rouages du commerce de détail, mais, surtout, il peut montrer comment, pour maintenir son statut social, la noblesse canadienne devait s’appuyer sur des réseaux solides de connaissances et de relations et, dans le cas de Boucherville, comment ses relations avec un homme d’affaires en vue, Quetton de Saint-Georges, et d’autres aristocrates et militaires que sa famille avait fréquentés, lui pavèrent la voie dans le monde du commerce de détail au temps de la Guerre de 1812.
« Danser sur ses bas ». Rémanence d’une sanction populaire dans le rituel du mariage franco-ontarien
Authors: Pichette Jean-Pierre
Published: September 2017

Jean-Pierre Pichette s’intéresse à un rituel du mariage très vivant et coloré en Ontario français, la « danse sur les bas », connu dans le Sud-Ouest dans une variante, la « danse dans l’auge ». Pour cerner les principales manifestations et saisir l’évolution d’une pratique rarement rapportée au Canada français et qui n’avait jamais été étudiée en Ontario avant cette étude, il a ordonné une enquête et fait appel à de nombreux collègues et à des collaborateurs étudiants. La comparaison des centaines de témoignages réunis, franco-ontariens et canadiens-français, lui permet de décrire les formes particulières et régionales du rituel ‒ la danse dans l’auge, dans une cuve et sur ses bas ‒, de suivre leur évolution et d’apprécier leur degré de vitalité dans les milieux minoritaires. L’examen des conditions historiques qui ont soutenu cette coutume ‒ connue au temps des Papineau ‒, et du climat culturel favorisant sa durée et son expansion met en évidence la nécessité en ethnologie d’un terrain permanent, qui, en plus d’enrichir la connaissance, participe à l’abolition des préjugés.
Langue d’usage avec les parents à l’intérieur des foyers mixtes francophones. Les enjeux de l’exogamie
Authors: Bernard Roger
Published: September 2017

Roger Bernard reprend le thème des enjeux de l’exogamie comme facteur d’assimilation de la population française au Canada. Il puise une fois de plus dans les données de l’enquête nationale « Vision d’avenir », qu’il dirigea en 1990, et, pour comprendre l’évolution de la langue de communication qu’ils utilisent avec leurs parents, il sonde les enfants des 680 familles exogames francophones retenues, à trois moments distincts – à six ans, à treize ans et à la fin de l’adolescence. Ses conclusions, qui valident ses travaux antérieurs – en particulier la légère supériorité de la mère francophone sur le père francophone à maintenir le français en situation d’exogamie –, confirment que l’anglicisation des échanges est à l’oeuvre, que le choix de la langue de communication dépend de celle des parents – surtout en présence d’un parent anglophone dont l’unilinguisme prescrit l’usage de l’anglais – et aussi de l’âge des enfants dont la période critique se situe entre six et treize ans. Bien que l’endogamie demeure l’association conjugale dominante, le phénomène de l’exogamie, ou mariage mixte, connaît un accroissement important depuis les années 1950 en milieu minoritaire où il est devenu un puissant instrument de l’assimilation linguistique des Canadiens français.
Inégalités ethniques, disparités socioculturelles et hiérarchie de la terre à Hawkesbury et à Alfred en 1871
Authors: Ouellet Fernand
Published: September 2017

Fernand Ouellet poursuit son étude du profil socio-économique des communautés de langue française de l’est du Canada avant 1911. Utilisant la méthode comparative, il a jusqu’ici mis en rapport, entre elles et avec les autres populations de leurs provinces et régions, ces diverses collectivités à des points de vue divers – la démographie, l’agriculture, l’urbanisation, l’industrialisation, l’alphabétisation et la scolarisation – ; il a montré que leur appartenance religieuse et linguistique constituent des facteurs de distinction et qu’elles forment partout des communautés désavantagées. Le présent article lui permet de tester la validité de ses conclusions sur la communauté française du comté de Prescott, celles des cantons de Hawkesbury-Est, de Hawkesbury-Ouest et d’Alfred, à partir du recensement nominatif de 1871. Il commente les thèses courantes, certaines fantaisistes, sur l’estimation du nombre des migrants canadiens-français et les motivations qui les poussent à migrer, montrant que les considérations socio-économiques devancent de loin le besoin de se reproduire. Il explique enfin les inégalités ethniques des Franco-Ontariens par la hiérarchie de la terre, leur arrivée tardive justifiant la moindre étendue de leurs possessions foncières et les rendant disponibles pour le travail forestier.
Éthier-Blais mémorialiste : l’Ontario français et la genèse d’une vocation d’écrivain
Authors: Gaulin Michel
Published: September 2017

Michel Gaulin s’attache aux écrits rétrospectifs de l’auteur franco-ontarien Jean Éthier-Blais, chez qui la veine autobiographique fut une tentation constante. Pour qualifier le travail sur la matière mémorielle des deux livres de souvenirs, que l’écrivain a consacrés à ses années d’enfance et d’adolescence – Fragments d’une enfance et Le Seuil des vingt ans –, c’est l’épithète « mémorialiste » plutôt qu’« autobiographe » que, pour des considérations théoriques, l’auteur a retenue. Parmi ces souvenirs revus et corrigés, il dégage la genèse de la vocation de l’écrivain qui, selon lui, était vraisemblablement le dessein du mémorialiste ; il en extrait encore l’idée que ce dernier se faisait de la condition franco-ontarienne en rapport avec l’apparent paradoxe de ses prises de position en faveur de l’autonomie du Québec. La publication in-extenso de l’entrevue que l’auteur avait réalisée auprès de Jean Éthier-Blais en 1989 apporte un complément judicieux à cet article en prolongeant jusqu’à l’âge mûr les confidences de l’écrivain. En discutant des liens entre la lecture et l’écriture, et entre l’écriture et l’action, Jean Éthier-Blais évoque les lectures, les études et les lieux qui ont marqué sa jeunesse et son enfance dans le nord de l’Ontario, explique sa réponse tardive à sa vocation d’écrivain, et décrit l’évolution de sa carrière vers la création et son engagement au service de ses camarades de profession.
L’ACFEO et l’éducation française des jumelles Dionne (1934-1944)
Authors: Gervais Gaétan
Published: September 2017

Gaétan Gervais étudie les quintuplées Dionne, « les Franco-Ontariennes les mieux connues de l’histoire », qui n’ont pourtant passionné que des auteurs de langue anglaise et qui, assez curieusement, ne figurent encore dans aucun manuel d’histoire franco-ontarienne. Son attention se concentre sur la période de la tutelle, qui commence peu après la naissance des « jumelles » en 1934 et prit fin en 1944. Établie pour empêcher une possible exploitation commerciale de la part des parents, Elzire Legros et Oliva Dionne, la tutelle a, au contraire, mis en place une véritable entreprise de malversation, à laquelle a participé le protégé du gouvernement libéral ontarien, le docteur Dafoe, qui avait réussi à évincer la famille naturelle. L’auteur observe les interventions de l’Association canadienne-française d’éducation de l’Ontario (l’Acféo) dans cette bataille religieuse, linguistique et juridique. Il expose clairement la nature des conflits qui opposaient les parents aux « experts », pédagogues et autres profiteurs, et au gouvernement qui avait imposé la tutelle ; il révèle surtout la dimension ethnique du conflit, exprimant l’opinion qu’on n’aurait pas contraint de la sorte une famille canadienne-anglaise et protestante. Selon Gervais, le dossier des « jumelles Dionne » ne fut, dans l’optique de l’Acféo, qu’un autre épisode de l’histoire des luttes historiques des Franco-Ontariens pour le contrôle de l’enseignement français et catholique.
« La Sereine de mer » et « Les Bossus ». Marius Barbeau et l’édition des contes populaires
Authors: Pichette Jean-Pierre
Published: September 2017

Jean-Pierre Pichette ajoute un nouveau chapitre à l’étude du passage de l’oral à l’écrit qu’il a entreprise. Il s’interroge ici sur l’attitude de Marius Barbeau face à l’édition des contes de tradition orale. Il présente au complet le portrait du trio amical des « pères du folklore », les Marius Barbeau, Luc Lacourcière et Félix-Antoine Savard. Il expose en introduction le malentendu, créé par Barbeau lui-même, qui entoura la publication savante d’un conte populaire acadien, « La Sereine de mer et les trois haches ». Il examine ensuite, par contre-expertise, la qualité et la précision du traitement d’un autre conte, « Les Bossus », depuis les notes sténographiques de terrain jusqu’à la publication dans une revue scientifique. Aussi peut-il dissiper le malentendu et montrer que la méthode de Barbeau répondait à toutes les exigences de sa science et, même, qu’elle devançait son époque, grâce à la technique de notation sténographique qu’il maîtrisait, avant la généralisation des appareils enregistreurs.
Aperçus comparatifs sur la démographie des communautés francophones dans l’est du Canada avant 1911
Authors: Ouellet Fernand
Published: September 2017

Fernand Ouellet analyse l’évolution des facteurs de la croissance naturelle qui ont opéré dans les populations québécoises, acadiennes et franco-ontariennes avant 1911. Comme préambule, il montre comment les différentes générations d’historiens et de démographes ont, jusqu’à tout récemment, décrit et interprété l’évolution de la nuptialité, de la natalité et de la mortalité dans ces trois grandes régions. En plus de faire ressortir la richesse relative de l’historiographie québécoise, par rapport à celles des Maritimes et de l’Ontario, sa démarche dégage une problématique d’ensemble qui repose sur l’idée que cette évolution, d’abord conditionnée par le besoin de se reproduire, de survivre et de se réaliser, fut, de tout temps, déterminée par la religion, l’ethnicité, les besoins de la famille, le rapport à la ville, les niveaux d’instruction et la socio-économie. Dans ce cadre, il examine l’émergence et la transformation de différents profils démographiques à l’intérieur de chacune de ces grandes régions, des provinces et des sous-régions, et il fait apparaître non seulement les similitudes et les parallélismes, mais, en même temps, la diversité des comportements qui eurent cours dans ces univers inégaux.
Là où il ne fallait pas de réponse. Réponse à « Désespoir de vieille fille » par Marie de Villers
Authors: Dorais Fernand
Published: September 2017

Fernand Dorais, qui a présenté, dans un article précédent, le livre choc de Thérèse Tardif, Désespoir de vieille fille, considère maintenant Réponse à « Désespoir de vieille fille ». Cet ouvrage, que Simone Routier publia, six mois plus tard, sous le pseudonyme de Marie de Villers, est une réfutation vive, fragment par fragment, du livre de Tardif. Faute de pouvoir restituer tout le contexte socioculturel des années quarante, l’auteur étudie le malentendu profond qui séparait ces deux femmes et qui reposait sur des positions religieuses diamétralement opposées. Il montre surtout que, à la conception existentielle et marginale de la première, il ne fallait pas répondre par l’orthodoxie conceptuelle de la seconde qui dicte et condamne systématiquement, mais plutôt par la compréhension.
Lettres des nouvelles missions du Canada, 1843-1852
Authors: Dionne René
Published: September 2017

René Dionne, l’auteur de l’Histoire de la littérature franco-ontarienne, examine un autre texte fondateur du patrimoine littéraire de l’Ontario français : les Lettres des nouvelles missions du Canada, 1843-1852 qui sont, à son avis, « l’oeuvre la plus substantielle » de la deuxième période (1760-1865) de cette littérature régionale. En scrutant méthodiquement l’édition Cadieux, l’auteur analyse la série des soixante-dix-sept lettres ontariennes écrites par quatorze missionnaires ; il s’intéresse à leurs destinataires, ordinairement des jésuites européens, au genre plus personnel et moins officiel de ces nouvelles « relations ontariennes », aux formes, surtout de type narratif et descriptif, et aux contenus édifiants de ces missives, qui rapportent les peines et les travaux des missionnaires.
Professional Translators’ Theorising Patterns in Comparison with Classroom Discourse on Translation: The Case of Japanese/English Translators in the UK
Authors: Sakamoto Akiko
Published: September 2017

If we aim to offer translation education that prepares our students adequately for their future professional career, it is important to recognise the different subcultures of translation, particularly those of professional translators and translation academics/teachers. The present study describes how the subculture of working translators theorise their practice, specifically, what concepts they use when they justify their translations. Seventeen Japanese/English translators, all commercially successful professionals who work in the UK, were interviewed about their experience of conflictive situations with their clients. In this article, I present an analysis of their justifications of their translation choices using a grounded theory approach. The analysis identifies the concept of the Role of Participants as the most prominent concept in the translators’ discourse. It also highlights several sub-concepts which relate to the main concept in intricate ways. These sub-concepts include Relationship, Knowledge of Language, Time and Effort, Authority and Natural/Literal Translation. The translators’ theorization is compared with classroom discourse about translation and the differences and similarities are discussed.
Translation and Ideology: A Study of Lin Zexu’s Translation Activities
Authors: Chen Shunyi
Published: September 2017

This paper describes a brief study of Lin Zexu’s translation activities from the perspective of ideology. Lin was not a translator himself, but an initiator and patron of translations. He organised translation activities with sources from foreign newspapers and books to help his anti-opium campaign and resistance to British invasion. Translations from foreign sources were not welcomed by the Qing government and translators were even regarded as traitors. Lin, however, had a contrasting attitude towards translation. To Lin, translation was a way to learn about the outside world and to learn from it. The Qing government, on the other hand, held the view that translations of foreign documents were of little use. The difference between Lin’s view and that of the Qing court can be seen as an ideological divergence between Lin and the government he served. This culminated in the expulsion of Lin from the government, his exile and the termination of his translation activities. This shows how a state instigated ideological position can predominate over an oppositional ideology – in this case to the detriment of the state.
Molecular architecture underlying fluid absorption by the developing inner ear
Authors: Honda Keiji , Kim Sung Huhn , Kelly Michael C , Burns Joseph C , Constance Laura , Li Xiangming , Zhou Fei , Hoa Michael , Kelley Matthew W , Wangemann Philine , Morell Robert J , Griffith Andrew J
Published: September 2017

Mutations of SLC26A4 are a common cause of hearing loss associated with enlargement of the endolymphatic sac (EES). Slc26a4 expression in the developing mouse endolymphatic sac is required for acquisition of normal inner ear structure and function. Here, we show that the mouse endolymphatic sac absorbs fluid in an SLC26A4-dependent fashion. Fluid absorption was sensitive to ouabain and gadolinium but insensitive to benzamil, bafilomycin and S3226. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis of pre- and postnatal endolymphatic sacs demonstrates two types of differentiated cells. Early ribosome-rich cells (RRCs) have a transcriptomic signature suggesting expression and secretion of extracellular proteins, while mature RRCs express genes implicated in innate immunity. The transcriptomic signature of mitochondria-rich cells (MRCs) indicates that they mediate vectorial ion transport. We propose a molecular mechanism for resorption of NaCl by MRCs during development, and conclude that disruption of this mechanism is the root cause of hearing loss associated with EES.
Visual strategies for co-design with a community partner
Authors: Fry Aaron , Overby Carol , Wilson Jennifer
Published: September 2017

Deficient financial literacy is an important international problem, and research suggests the potential effectiveness of narrative visualizations. This paper presents a case study: a collaboration between a class of design students and a community-based financial-counseling organization to develop financial-literacy comic strips for use with the organization’s low-income clients. We describe and examine the communication challenges between a community partner and an academic institution, detailing the several communication modes employed.  These modes include questionnaire and surveys of the counsellors; emails directly between students and counsellors; and most successfully, a hands-on visualization workshop with counsellors. The visualizations engaged counsellors with generated (based) design practices, which resulted in superior communication with design students.  Lessons from this experience may be broadly useful for any collaborative efforts among academic institutions, design students and community partners.
Predicting stimulation-dependent enhancer-promoter interactions from ChIP-Seq time course data
Authors: Dzida Tomasz , Iqbal Mudassar , Charapitsa Iryna , Reid George , Stunnenberg Henk , Matarese Filomena , Grote Korbinian , Honkela Antti , Rattray Magnus
Published: September 2017

We have developed a machine learning approach to predict stimulation-dependent enhancer-promoter interactions using evidence from changes in genomic protein occupancy over time. The occupancy of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), RNA polymerase (Pol II) and histone marks H2AZ and H3K4me3 were measured over time using ChIP-Seq experiments in MCF7 cells stimulated with estrogen. A Bayesian classifier was developed which uses the correlation of temporal binding patterns at enhancers and promoters and genomic proximity as features to predict interactions. This method was trained using experimentally determined interactions from the same system and was shown to achieve much higher precision than predictions based on the genomic proximity of nearest ERα binding. We use the method to identify a genome-wide confident set of ERα target genes and their regulatory enhancers genome-wide. Validation with publicly available GRO-Seq data demonstrates that our predicted targets are much more likely to show early nascent transcription than predictions based on genomic ERα binding proximity alone.
Extraction of Multithread Channel Networks With a Reduced‐Complexity Flow Model
Authors: Limaye Ajay B.
Published: September 2017

Quantitative measures of channel network geometry inform diverse applications in hydrology, sediment transport, ecology, hazard assessment, and stratigraphic prediction. These uses require a clear, objectively defined channel network. Automated techniques for extracting channels from topography are well developed for convergent channel networks and identify flow paths based on land‐surface gradients. These techniques—even when they allow multiple flow paths—do not consistently capture channel networks with frequent bifurcations (e.g., in rivers, deltas, and alluvial fans). This paper uses multithread rivers as a template to develop a new approach for channel extraction suitable for channel networks with divergences. Multithread channels are commonly mapped using observed inundation extent, and I generalize this approach using a depth‐resolving, reduced‐complexity flow model to map inundation patterns for fixed topography across an arbitrary range of discharge. A case study for the Platte River, Nebraska, reveals that (1) the number of bars exposed above the water surface, bar area, and the number of wetted channel threads (i.e., braiding index) peak at intermediate discharge; (2) the anisotropic scaling of bar dimensions occurs for a range of discharge; and (3) the maximum braiding index occurs at a corresponding reference discharge that provides an objective basis for comparing the planform geometry of multithread rivers. Mapping by flow depth overestimates braiding index by a factor of 2. The new approach extends channel network extraction from topography to the full spectrum of channel patterns, with the potential for comparing diverse channel patterns at scales from laboratory experiments to natural landscapes.
Common Warming Pattern Emerges Irrespective of Forcing Location
Authors: Kang Sarah M. , Park Kiwoong , Jin Fei‐Fei , Stuecker Malte F.
Published: September 2017

The Earth's climate is changing due to the existence of multiple radiative forcing agents. It is under question whether different forcing agents perturb the global climate in a distinct way. Previous studies have demonstrated the existence of similar climate response patterns in response to aerosol and greenhouse gas (GHG) forcings. In this study, the sensitivity of tropospheric temperature response patterns to surface heating distributions is assessed by forcing an atmospheric general circulation model coupled to an aquaplanet slab ocean with a wide range of possible forcing patterns. We show that a common climate pattern emerges in response to localized forcing at different locations. This pattern, characterized by enhanced warming in the tropical upper troposphere and the polar lower troposphere, resembles the historical trends from observations and models as well as the future projections. Atmospheric dynamics in combination with thermodynamic air‐sea coupling are primarily responsible for shaping this pattern. Identifying this common pattern strengthens our confidence in the projected response to GHG and aerosols in complex climate models.
Geochemical Evolution of Groundwater Flowing Through Arsenic Source Sediments in an Aquifer System of West Bengal, India
Authors: Desbarats A. J. , Pal T. , Mukherjee P. K. , Beckie R. D.
Published: September 2017

The source of geogenic arsenic (As) contaminating a shallow aquifer in West Bengal was traced to fine‐grained sediments deposited in an abandoned river channel. Along with As‐bearing phases, these sediments contain 0.46% codeposited organic carbon. The release of As and the geochemistry of groundwater within the channel‐fill deposits is investigated using a detailed mass balance model supported by aqueous, solid‐phase, and mineralogical data. The model describes the evolution of groundwater chemistry along a flow path extending from its recharge in an abandoned channel pond, through the channel fill, to the underlying aquifer. Variations in groundwater composition are explained in terms of mineral weathering of host sediments driven by organic carbon decay. Arsenic is released through the reductive dissolution of goethite and the weathering of chlorite. Concomitantly, some As is sequestered in precipitating vivianite. These competing processes reach equilibrium deeper in the channel‐fill sequence as groundwater As concentrations stabilize. The model yields estimates of mineral reaction (or precipitation) rates including rates of organic carbon oxidation (1.15 mmol C L−1 a−1) and net As release (
mmol L−1 a−1). Fine‐grained, slightly permeable, deposits such as channel fill containing reactive organic carbon and As‐bearing goethite and phyllosilicates are centers of intense chemical weathering conducive to As mobilization.
A Stochastic Water Balance Framework for Lowland Watersheds
Authors: Thompson Sally , MacVean Lissa , Sivapalan Murugesu
Published: September 2017

The water balance dynamics in lowland watersheds are influenced not only by local hydroclimatic controls on energy and water availability, but also by imports of water from the upstream watershed. These imports result in a stochastic extent of inundation in lowland watersheds that is determined by the local flood regime, watershed topography, and the rate of loss processes such as drainage and evaporation. Thus, lowland watershed water balances depend on two stochastic processes—rainfall and local inundation dynamics. Lowlands are high productivity environments that are disproportionately associated with urbanization, high productivity agriculture, biodiversity, and flood risk. Consequently, they are being rapidly altered by human development—generally with clear economic and social motivation—but also with significant trade‐offs in ecosystem services provision, directly related to changes in the components and variability of the lowland water balance. We present a stochastic framework to assess the lowland water balance and its sensitivity to two common human interventions—replacement of native vegetation with alternative land uses, and construction of local flood protection levees. By providing analytical solutions for the mean and PDF of the water balance components, the proposed framework provides a mechanism to connect human interventions to hydrologic outcomes, and, in conjunction with ecosystem service production estimates, to evaluate trade‐offs associated with lowland watershed development.
Selective intrathecal enrichment of G1m1‐positive B cells in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Lossius Andreas , Tomescu‐Baciu Alina , Holmøy Trygve , Vedeler Christian A. , Røsjø Egil , Lorentzen Åslaug R. , Casetta Ilaria , Vartdal Frode
Published: September 2017

Immunoglobulin gamma (IgG) heavy chain genes are associated with susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS) and IgG levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). However, how these variants are implicated in disease mechanisms remains unknown. Here, we show that proliferating plasmablasts expressing the G1m1 allotype of IgG1 are selectively enriched in CSF of G1m1/G1m3 heterozygous MS patients, whereas plasmablasts expressing either G1m1 or G1m3 are evenly distributed in blood. Moreover, there was a preferential intrathecal synthesis of oligoclonal IgG1 of the G1m1 allotype in heterozygous patients, whereas controls with Lyme neuroborreliosis displayed oligoclonal IgG1 of both allotypes. This points to a disease‐specific mechanism involved in B‐cell establishment within the central nervous system in MS.
Understanding Wear Interface Evolution to Overcome Friction and Restrain Wear of TiAl–10 wt%Ag Composite
Authors: Yang Kang , Ma Hongru , Liu Xiyao , He Qiang
Published: September 2017

The main objective of this paper is to study wear interface evolution for analyzing the of friction and wear property of TiAl–10 wt%Ag composite. The results show that the friction coefficient and wear rate of TiAl–10 wt%Ag rapidly reduce at 0–25 min and rhythmically fluctuate at 25–60 min. TiAl–10 wt%Ag at 60–240 min obtains low friction and less wear. It is concluded that silver with the low shearing strength of about 125 MPa shows the eminent plastic deformation on wear interface. It effectively reduces friction resistance and material loss, cause TiAl–10 wt%Ag to obtain low friction coefficient, and less wear rate at 0–25 min. Increased silver content, reduces oxide content, and varies wear mechanisms cause the repeating variation of friction resistance and material loss, which results in the rhythmical fluctuation of friction coefficient and wear rate at 25–60 min. High silver contents exist on smooth wear interfaces, exhibit the eminent plastic deformation to lower friction and reduce wear. TiAl–10 wt%Ag obtains the low friction and less wear at 60–240 min.
Combinatorial Particle Patterning
Authors: von Bojnicic‐Kninski Clemens , Popov Roman , Dörsam Edgar , Loeffler Felix F. , Breitling Frank , Nesterov‐Mueller Alexander
Published: September 2017

The unique properties of solid particles make them a promising element of micro‐ and nanostructure technologies. Solid particles can be used as building blocks for micro and nanostructures, carriers of monomers, or catalysts. The possibility of patterning different kinds of particles on the same substrate opens the pathway for novel combinatorial designs and novel technologies. One of the examples of such technologies is the synthesis of peptide arrays with amino acid particles. This review examines the known methods of combinatorial particle patterning via static electrical and magnetic fields, laser radiation, patterning by synthesis, and particle patterning via chemically modified or microstructured surfaces.
Fabrication of Chitosan‐18β‐Glycyrrhetinic Acid Modified Titanium Implants with Nanorod Arrays for Suppression of Osteosarcoma Growth and Improvement of Osteoblasts Activity
Authors: Zhang Meng , Cheng Haoyan , Gong Zheni , Zhang Jiting , Liu Xi , Wang Bingbing , Ban Lina , Zeng Yan , Zhu Zhihong
Published: September 2017

Surgery has been combined with chemotherapy to treat osteosarcoma. However, the recovery rate of osteosarcoma patients is still low. To prevent post‐operative recurrence of the osteosarcoma, developing an alternative biomaterial is essential. 18β‐Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) has shown potential anticancer activity in various malignancies. Here it is proposed that GA can induce osteosarcoma cell apoptosis, and a polydopamine‐mediated titanium oxide nanorod (TiO2NR) surface is functionalized by covalently grafting the chitosan‐18β‐glycyrrhetinic acid conjugate (CS–GA). In vitro and in vivo biological tests indicate that the CS–GA modified surface shows significant antiproliferation and apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells (MG63). Additionally, this modified surface with nanoarray structure stimulation and chitosan supplementation significantly promotes osteoblast (MC3T3‐E1) adhesion and proliferation in vitro. This dual‐functional, Ti‐based implant with balanced antitumor and biocompatibility properties represents an effective strategy for the surgical treatment of osteosarcoma.
Syntheses and Energy Storage Applications of MxSy (M = Cu, Ag, Au) and Their Composites: Rechargeable Batteries and Supercapacitors
Authors: Lu Yao , Li Bing , Zheng Shasha , Xu Yuxia , Xue Huaiguo , Pang Huan
Published: September 2017

The development of novel materials to improve energy storage efficiencies is essential to satisfy ever‐increasing energy demands. MxSy (M = Cu, Ag, Au) and their composites offer opportunities and enormous prospects in energy storage due to their extraordinary electrochemical properties, which promote promising energy storage characteristics in terms of stability, energy and power density, lifetime, etc. Recent developments of MxSy (M = Cu, Ag, Au) and their composites with various morphologies have received considerable attention. Multidimensional morphologies of MxSy (M = Cu, Ag, Au) and their composites have enriched charge‐storage and electron‐transport abilities. This review provides a detailed account of the synthetic strategies based on sulfur sources (i.e., inorganic sulfur sources, organosulfur sources, and other sulfur sources), which dictate the morphologies of nanosized MxSy (M = Cu, Ag, Au) and their composites. Notably, nanostructured silver sulfide can be prepared from the bulk to nanoscale. Moreover, the electrochemical applications of these materials for lithium‐ion batteries, sodium‐ion batteries, lithium‐sulfur batteries, and supercapacitors are summarized. Finally, future perspectives on the development challenges and major opportunities for MxSy (M = Cu, Ag, Au) and their composites, which must be overcome to achieve further improvements in electrochemical performance are outlined.
Preservation of Cell Structure, Metabolism, and Biotransformation Activity of Liver‐On‐Chip Organ Models by Hypothermic Storage
Authors: Gröger Marko , Dinger Julia , Kiehntopf Michael , Peters Frank T. , Rauen Ursula , Mosig Alexander S.
Published: September 2017

The liver is a central organ in the metabolization of nutrition, endogenous and exogenous substances, and xenobiotic drugs. The emerging organ‐on‐chip technology has paved the way to model essential liver functions as well as certain aspects of liver disease in vitro in liver‐on‐chip models. However, a broader use of this technology in biomedical research is limited by a lack of protocols that enable the short‐term preservation of preassembled liver‐on‐chip models for stocking or delivery to researchers outside the bioengineering community. For the first time, this study tested the ability of hypothermic storage of liver‐on‐chip models to preserve cell viability, tissue morphology, metabolism and biotransformation activity. In a systematic study with different preservation solutions, liver‐on‐chip function can be preserved for up to 2 d using a derivative of the tissue preservation solution TiProtec, containing high chloride ion concentrations and the iron chelators LK614 and deferoxamine, supplemented with polyethylene glycol (PEG). Hypothermic storage in this solution represents a promising method to preserve liver‐on‐chip function for at least 2 d and allows an easier access to liver‐on‐chip technology and its versatile and flexible use in biomedical research.
Toward Environmentally Robust Organic Electronics: Approaches and Applications
Authors: Lee Eun Kwang , Lee Moo Yeol , Park Cheol Hee , Lee Hae Rang , Oh Joon Hak
Published: September 2017

Recent interest in flexible electronics has led to a paradigm shift in consumer electronics, and the emergent development of stretchable and wearable electronics is opening a new spectrum of ubiquitous applications for electronics. Organic electronic materials, such as π‐conjugated small molecules and polymers, are highly suitable for use in low‐cost wearable electronic devices, and their charge‐carrier mobilities have now exceeded that of amorphous silicon. However, their commercialization is minimal, mainly because of weaknesses in terms of operational stability, long‐term stability under ambient conditions, and chemical stability related to fabrication processes. Recently, however, many attempts have been made to overcome such instabilities of organic electronic materials. Here, an overview is provided of the strategies developed for environmentally robust organic electronics to overcome the detrimental effects of various critical factors such as oxygen, water, chemicals, heat, and light. Additionally, molecular design approaches to π‐conjugated small molecules and polymers that are highly stable under ambient and harsh conditions are explored; such materials will circumvent the need for encapsulation and provide a greater degree of freedom using simple solution‐based device‐fabrication techniques. Applications that are made possible through these strategies are highlighted.
Synergetic Enhancement in Photosensitivity and Flexibility of Photodetectors Based on Hybrid Nanobelt Network
Authors: Shahid Muhammad , Wang Yuting , Yang Jun , Li Tianjun , Cheng Jing , Zhang Mengfei , Xing Yan , Wan Chunlei , Pan Wei
Published: September 2017

High photosensitivity, transparency, flexibility, and facile assembly are the main important features of photodetectors, which extend their use for vast range of applications. In this study, a highly stable transparent flexible ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) hybrid photodetectors, with enhanced photosensitivity and fast photoresponse speed (on/off switching) based on In2O3‐ZnO hybrid nanobelts, is reported. A highly enhanced photosensitivity of about 4.7 × 105, fast photoresponse, and at the same time extended spectral range (UV to vis) have been achieved in these hybrid flexible photodetectors as compared to their pure counterparts In2O3 and ZnO. Furthermore, these photodetectors have shown excellent photoresponsivity of 18.5 A W−1 with an external quantum efficiency 7.4 × 103% and a high detectivity of 1.7 × 1012 Jones under the excitation wavelength of 308 nm. A facile, tunable, and cost‐effective method has been employed to assemble these photodetectors by using well‐aligned electrospun nanobelts. The prepared UV–vis photodetectors have shown a high transparency >90% under visible light (400–700 nm) which demonstrates their applications in fully light exposure required devices. These transparent electrospun nanobelts with high aspect ratios can also be transferred to multiple substrates, which shows their applications in different environment as a freestanding nanobelt network for UV–vis photodetectors.
Metasurface Holograms for Holographic Imaging
Authors: Wan Weiwei , Gao Jie , Yang Xiaodong
Published: September 2017

As a revolutionary three‐dimensional (3D) optical imaging technique, optical holography has attracted wide attention for its capability of recording both the amplitude and phase information of light scattered from objects. Holograms are designed to transform an incident wave into a desired arbitrary wavefront in the far field, which requires ultimate complex phase control in each hologram pixel. Conventional holograms shape the wavefront via the phase accumulation effect during the wave propagation through bulky optical elements, suffering issues of low‐resolution imaging and high‐order diffraction. Recently, metasurfaces, 2D metamaterials with ultrathin thickness, have emerged as an important platform to reproduce computer‐generated holograms due to their advantages in manipulating light with well‐controlled amplitude, phase, and polarization. In this article, the latest research progress in various types of metasurface holograms is reviewed from their design principles to versatile functional applications. At the end, more potential applications of metasurface holograms are discussed and some future research directions are also provided.
Enzyme‐Catalysed Synthesis of Cyclohex‐2‐en‐1‐one cis‐Diols from Substituted Phenols, Anilines and Derived 4‐Hydroxycyclohex‐2‐en‐1‐ones
Authors: Boyd Derek R. , Sharma Narain D. , McIntyre Peter B. A. , Stevenson Paul J. , McRoberts W. Colin , Gohil Amit , Hoering Patrick , Allen Christopher C. R.
Published: September 2017

Toluene dioxygenase‐catalysed cis‐dihydroxylations of substituted aniline and phenol substrates, with a Pseudomonas putida UV4 mutant strain and an Escherichia coli pCL‐4t recombinant strain, yielded identical arene cis‐dihydrodiols, which were isolated as the preferred cyclohex‐2‐en‐1‐one cis‐diol tautomers. These cis‐diol metabolites were predicted by preliminary molecular docking studies, of anilines and phenols, at the active site of toluene dioxygenase. Further biotransformations of cyclohex‐2‐en‐1‐one cis‐diol and hydroquinone metabolites, using Pseudomonas putida UV4 whole cells, were found to yield 4‐hydroxycyclohex‐2‐en‐1‐ones as a new type of phenol bioproduct. Multistep pathways, involving ene reductase‐ and carbonyl reductase‐catalysed reactions, were proposed to account for the production of 4‐hydroxycyclohex‐2‐en‐1‐one metabolites. Evidence for the phenol hydrate tautomers of 4‐hydroxycyclohex‐2‐en‐1‐one metabolites was shown by formation of the corresponding trimethylsilyl ether derivatives.

magnified image
Netrin‐1 Promotes Inflammation Resolution to Achieve Endothelialization of Small‐Diameter Tissue Engineering Blood Vessels by Improving Endothelial Progenitor Cells Function In Situ
Authors: Li Yanzhao , Wan Simin , Liu Ge , Cai Wang , Huo Da , Li Gang , Yang Mingcan , Wang Yuxin , Guan Ge , Ding Ning , Liu Feila , Zeng Wen , Zhu Chuhong
Published: September 2017

The transplant of small‐diameter tissue engineering blood vessels (small‐diameter TEBVs) (<6 mm) in vascular replacement therapy often fails because of early onset thrombosis and long‐standing chronic inflammation. The specific inflammation state involved in small‐diameter TEBVs transplants remains unclear, and whether promoting inflammation resolution would be useful for small‐diameter TEBVs therapy need study. The neural protuberant orientation factor 1 (Netrin‐1) is found present in endothelial cells of natural blood vessels and has anti‐inflammatory effects. This work generates netrin‐1‐modified small‐diameter TEBVs by using layer‐by‐layer self‐assembly to resolve the inflammation. The results show that netrin‐1 reprograms macrophages (MΦ) to assume an anti‐inflammatory phenotype and promotes the infiltration and subsequent efflux of MΦ from inflamed sites over time, which improves the local microenvironment and the function of early homing endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). Small‐diameter TEBVs modified by netrin‐1 achieve endothelialization after 30 d and retain patency at 14 months. These findings suggest that promoting the resolution of inflammation in time is necessary to induce endothelialization of small‐diameter TEBVs and prevent early thrombosis and problems associated with chronic inflammation. Furthermore, this work finds that the MΦ‐derived exosomes can target and regulate EPCs, which may serve as a useful treatment for other inflammatory diseases.
Recent Progress in Semiconductor‐Based Nanocomposite Photocatalysts for Solar‐to‐Chemical Energy Conversion
Authors: Wang Feifan , Li Qi , Xu Dongsheng
Published: September 2017

Photocatalysis, which can directly convert solar energy into chemical energy and simultaneously accomplish solar energy conversion and storage objectives, is regarded as one of the most promising strategies to address the energy supply and environmental degradation issues. In recent decades, great efforts and encouraging achievements are performed in the field of semiconductor photocatalysts. Herein, this progress report summarizes the recent investigations and focuses on the advanced semiconductor‐based nanocomposite materials and structures and the novel mechanisms for the photocatalytic solar‐to‐chemical energy conversion. It begins with discussing basic principles for the establishment of an efficient photocatalysis system and illustrating recent studies on improving the elementary processes of photocatalysis, i.e., photophysics and surface/interface chemistry. Then, it demonstrates how the fundamental principles are utilized to enhance the important energy‐conversion‐related reactions, such as light‐driven water splitting, CO2 reduction, nitrogen fixation, organic photosynthesis, etc. Finally, the report concludes the topic on semiconductor‐based nanocomposite photocatalysis along with identifying crucial issues in fundamental studies, challenges in large‐scale industrializations, and perspectives in related research fields.
From Recombination Dynamics to Device Performance: Quantifying the Efficiency of Exciton Dissociation, Charge Separation, and Extraction in Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells with Fluorine‐Substituted Polymer Donors
Authors: Gorenflot Julien , Paulke Andreas , Piersimoni Fortunato , Wolf Jannic , Kan Zhipeng , Cruciani Federico , Labban Abdulrahman El , Neher Dieter , Beaujuge Pierre M. , Laquai Frédéric
Published: September 2017

An original set of experimental and modeling tools is used to quantify the yield of each of the physical processes leading to photocurrent generation in organic bulk heterojunction solar cells, enabling evaluation of materials and processing condition beyond the trivial comparison of device performances. Transient absorption spectroscopy, “the” technique to monitor all intermediate states over the entire relevant timescale, is combined with time‐delayed collection field experiments, transfer matrix simulations, spectral deconvolution, and parametrization of the charge carrier recombination by a two‐pool model, allowing quantification of densities of excitons and charges and extrapolation of their kinetics to device‐relevant conditions. Photon absorption, charge transfer, charge separation, and charge extraction are all quantified for two recently developed wide‐bandgap donor polymers: poly(4,8‐bis((2‐ethylhexyl)oxy)benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene‐3,4‐difluorothiophene) (PBDT[2F]T) and its nonfluorinated counterpart poly(4,8‐bis((2‐ethylhexyl)oxy)benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene‐3,4‐thiophene) (PBDT[2H]T) combined with PC71BM in bulk heterojunctions. The product of these yields is shown to agree well with the devices' external quantum efficiency. This methodology elucidates in the specific case studied here the origin of improved photocurrents obtained when using PBDT[2F]T instead of PBDT[2H]T as well as upon using solvent additives. Furthermore, a higher charge transfer (CT)‐state energy is shown to lead to significantly lower energy losses (resulting in higher VOC) during charge generation compared to P3HT:PCBM.