bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Color Duplex Sonography Findings of the Carotid Arteries and Associated Risk Factors in Patients with Transient Ischemic Attack
Authors: Arsovska Anita , Antova Emilija , Stojcev Sasho , Gjorceva Irena , Babunska Marija , Mitrevska-Velkov Jasmina , Isjanovski Igor
Published: May 2018

Introduction. A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is an acute episode of temporary neurologic dysfunction that typically lasts less than an hour. Atherosclerotic plaques in the carotid arteries may cause TIA by lumen stenosis or plaque-related thromboembolism. The aim of this paper was to analyze the changes of the carotid arteries in patients with TIA and associated risk factors.

Methods. A retrospective analysis of 62 TIA patients was performed. Color duplex sonography of the carotid arteries and risk factor assessment was carried out in all patients.

Results. We analyzed 15(24%) females and 47(76%) males with TIA, aged 45-79 years. The most frequent risk factor was hypertension, present in 57 patients (91.9%). The most common findings of the extracranial segments of the carotid arteries were atheromatous plaques present in 25.8% and low-grade stenosis (40-59%) visualized in 24.1% of patients. Multiple plaques predominated, mostly localized in the region of bifurcation and the beginning of the internal carotid artery (67.7%), with irregular surface (in 58.1%), heterogenous structure (70.9%) and mostly hypoechogenic (46.8%).

Conclusion. These data have demonstrated a significant relationship between carotid artery ultrasound plaque characteristics and TIA occurrence. That is why color duplex sonography of the carotid arteries should be carried out in all TIA patients and risk factors should be evaluated, in order to take appropriate therapeutic measures for prevention of definitive stroke.
The possibilities of stem cell application in regenerative medicine
Authors: Galiniak Sabina , Krawczyk-Merć Izabela , Pedrycz Agnieszka
Published: May 2018

Stem cells are characterized by their ability to self-renew and differentiate into various cell types. They offer great potential for a wide range of applications, however, medical studies on the use of embryonal stem cells are largely limited to bioethical issues searching for alternative sources of stem cells, which include isolating cells from adult organisms or inducing pluripotentiality of somatic cells by administration of transcription factors. Nowadays, stem cells are used to study the mechanisms of cell differentiation and treat diseases that are commonly considered to be incurable, such as diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as enable regeneration of skin damage and myocardium. This review introduces the subject of stem cells, their sources and application in regenerative medicine.
Partnership as a legal form of exercising the profession of midwife
Authors: Sadowska Monika , Wdowiak Artur
Published: May 2018

Introduction. The profession of midwife belongs to the medical ones. In the Polish legal system, the definition it is not of a legislative nature. It refers to liberal professions associated with practical medical knowledge. However, the profession of midwife has also been included in the catalog of liberal professions under the commercial law, and the legislature allows the practice of midwife in the form of a partnership.

Nevertheless, the majority of midwives working in Poland is employed on the basis of an employment relationship and a civil law agreement, while exercising practice in the form of partnership is not a frequent choice.

Aim. The purpose of this article is to profile the midwife partnership, including the approximation of its essence and purpose, as well as the rights and obligations of the partner, and discussion of the terms and conditions of the company's medical business.

Summary. Compared to other commercial companies, a limited liability partnership company is an attractive legal form for exercising the profession of midwife, primarily because of the partner's liability for the company's obligations. At the same time, the midwife partnership company, by combining both a reduction of personal responsibility, transparent representation with the use of possibility of appointing a board, and the possibility of accumulating financial and intellectual capital, meets the demands of the free services market and growing competition, thereby fostering service quality.
Assessment of therapeutic education conducted by nurses in patients with type 2 diabetes in the context of the sense of coherence
Authors: Ogórek-Tęcza Beata , Sudoł Sylwia
Published: May 2018

Aim. Assessment of the effectiveness of therapeutic education conducted by nurses working in the internal medicine wards in patients with diagnosed type 2 diabetes in the context of the sense of coherence.

Material and methods. The survey was carried out among 100 nurses working in the internal medicine wards. In the assessment of the effectiveness of therapeutic education, the authors' survey questionnaire was used, whereas the sense of coherence of the surveyed nurses was measured by means of SOC-29 life orientation questionnaire.

Results. Therapeutic education conducted by nurses who completed postgraduate studies was a more planned process and covered more topics. A high sense of coherence correlates with a wider range of educational interactions. Over half of the surveyed nurses (56%) showed an average sense of coherence and 44% - a high sense of coherence, what was significant for the effectiveness of conducted health education. The number of encountered factors hindering the education of patients depends on the level of the sense of coherence. The surveyed with a high sense of coherence face more difficulties than those with an average sense of coherence.

Conclusions. The nurses declaring the implementation of therapeutic education of patients used the knowledge gained during postgraduate education. Those who completed such studies covered a wider range of topics during the education process. A high sense of coherence is an important factor, significant in the implementation of the educational function of the nurse, and the improvement of the effectiveness of this kind of education can be achieved thanks to wider consideration of these issues at universities and postgraduate education.
The importance of physical examination in neurological nursing
Authors: Padykuła Marlena , Czaja Ewa , Pieczyrak-Brhel Urszula , Kózka Maria
Published: May 2018

Introduction. An essential part of specialized nursing care is a physical examination. In neurological nursing, its aim is to identify the symptoms that result from damage to the nervous system. There is no literature on the use of physical examination in neurological nursing.

Aim. The aim of this work is to present the significance of the use of physical examination in the work of a neurological nurse.

Summary. Performing physical examination by nurses in neurological departments requires specialized knowledge, as it allows you to make proper nursing diagnoses, define goals and plan nursing interventions. It contributes to the improvement of the therapeutic team cooperation and to the quality of nursing care provided.
Systematics and faunistics of Neotropical Grapholitini, 3: Satronia Heinrich, 1926 (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Razowski Józef , Becker Vitor Osmar
Published: May 2018

The genus Satronia is redescribed and discussed. Distributional data on 11 species are given; 9 new species (Satronia pentha sp. n., S. priva sp. n., S. catharma sp. n., S. sesops sp. n., S. mantissa sp. n., S. lita sp. n., S. laepha sp. n., S. sinuata sp. n., S. pheidologeton sp. n.) are described, and references to papers on Neotropical Grapholitini are provided.
Field assessment of the susceptibility of onion cultivars to thrips attack – preliminary results
Authors: Pobożniak Maria , Leśniak Marta , Chuda Alicja , Adamus Adela
Published: May 2018

Field experiments on the susceptibility of onion to thrips infestation were carried out in 2012 and 2013. The investigation used 18 cultivars and 5 breeding lines of Allium cepa, and the species A. fistulosum and A. roylei. In 2012 A. fistulosum was one of the most infested plants, whereas in 2013 infestation was no more than average. The most infested cultivars of A. cepa were ‘Efekt’, ‘Alonso F1’, ‘Alibaba’ and ‘Wama’ and the ‘NOE5’ breeding line. In 2012 the extent of damage ranged from 12 to 55%, in 2013 from 20 to 30%. The ‘NOE2’, ‘NOE3’ and ‘Wama’ cultivars were the most seriously damaged by thrips. Leaf damage to A. fistulosum was minimal. No damage was caused to the wild species A. roylei by feeding onion thrips.
Advances in hematology – research that revolutionized patient care
Authors: Wach Małgorzata , Podhorecka Monika , Cioch Maria , Hus Iwona , Wąsik-Szczepanek Ewa , Sokołowska Bożena , Hus Marek
Published: May 2018

In the last decades, substantial strides have been made in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of blood diseases. The new drugs to be used in combination with cytostatic therapy have been developed, based on increased understanding of the biology of neoplasia. The diagnosis of several diseases is based exclusively on cytogenetic and molecular analysis which has become a part of routine diagnostic management. Moreover, molecular definition has allowed the introduction of therapy targeted at molecular change characteristic for a given disease. The introduction of novel agents for the treatment of hematological disorders has resulted in a great improvement in response rate and median survival.

The aim of this study is to show advances and possible future directions in the treatment of chosen hematological malignancies during the recent decades.
The new era in the treatment of deep vein occlusion
Authors: Kęsik Jan Jakub , Terlecki Piotr , Feldo Marcin , Pietura Radosław , Zubilewicz Tomasz
Published: May 2018

A non-invasive, conservative treatment has been a standard in treating acute and chronic deep vein thrombosis. This treatment turned out to be ineffective, particularly in the hip area. Also, it was demonstrated that it does not influence the frequency of manifestations of post-thrombotic syndrome. Previous attempts to surgically reconstruct deep veins, unlike arteries reconstruction, yielded no positive results and also increased hemorrhagic and embolic complications. Currently, already in the period of the acute thrombosis of deep veins, the methods of early re-canalization, both with the application of targeted thrombolisis, as well as of pharmacomechanical methods, are applied.

Thanks to a wide array of image examination methods applied in pre-operational and intra-operational diagnostics optimum, it is possible to plan a revascularising treatment in the sick individuals suffering from the already developed manifestations of the post-thrombotic syndrome.

The development of endovascular methods, made possible thanks both to the surgeons’ experience in the re-canalization field, as well as constant improvements of stents dedicated to the venous system, allowed for effective use of these techniques in curing the occlusion of deep veins. It was the case with the arterial system and works here as well. Applying the hybrid proceeding, combining opened techniques and endovascular ones, works very well in selected cases.
Pregnant women suffering from uterine fibroids
Authors: Golubka Paweł , Wańkowicz Agnieszka , Przylepa Marian , Gogacz Marek , Golubka Ivan , Golubka Kristiana , Dłuski Dominik , Golubka Wiktoria , Darmochwał-Kolarz Dorota
Published: May 2018

Introduction. Uterine fibroids are the most frequent benign tumors affecting sexual organs in women. It is estimated that they affect 20% of the female population, with the frequency in pregnant women ranging between 0.1-5%. In spite of the progress in the field of medicine, the actual cause of uterine fibroids has yet to be discovered.

Aim. Analysis of the recent methods of dealing with uterine fibroids during pregnancy.

Material and methods. A review of literature about dealing with pregnant, lying-in and parturient women suffering from uterine fibroids.

Results. The research studies by Aydeniz, Vergani, Rice showed that cesarean sections are much more frequent in pregnant women with uterine fibroids than in control group (52.9% vs 27.9%; 23% vs 12%; 35.1% vs 21.5%). However, it was shown that the rate of cesarean sections was much higher in women with uterine fibroids located in the lower part of the uterus than in the fundus uteri (respectively 39% and 18%). Also, the rate increased when the diameter of the fibroid exceeded 5 cm, unlike in case of those smaller than 5 cm (respectively 35% and 17%).

Conclusions. 1. The number of cesarean sections in women with uterine fibroids is higher than in control group. 2. The frequency of cesarean sections in pregnancies with uterine fibroids depends on their position and size. 3. There is no relationship between the number of complications and the amount of fibroids in pregnant women. 4. There is no agreement concerning the recommendations for removing the fibroid during cesarean section.
Road accidents in the early days of the automotive industry
Authors: Goniewicz Krzysztof , Goniewicz Mariusz , Pawłowski Witold , Fiedor Piotr
Published: May 2018

The first recorded road fatality happened over 140 years ago. Since then, road accidents have become one of the main causes of concern in almost every country in the world. Nowadays, fatal motor vehicle crashes occur at an interval of 50 seconds and injuries happen every two seconds. According to the WHO, the world road death toll is nearly 1.3 million and 20-50 million of people have been badly injured in road accidents and usually require long and expensive treatment. This paper looks at the issue of road accidents in the earliest days of the automotive industry. The article looks at the first laws, which were introduced to improve road safety. Virtually every member of society is somewhat affected by road transport. All traffic participants are at risk of an accident to a certain degree which is why reducing this risk should become a priority.
Socio-medical analysis of patients aged 0-6 years reporting to the dentist
Authors: Kubić-Filiks Beata , Rosiak Joanna , Szalewski Leszek , Pietryka-Michałowska Elżbieta , Szymańska Jolanta
Published: May 2018

Introduction. The results of epidemiological and socio-medical studies of specific age groups in Poland indicate that tooth decay and periodontal diseases still pose a significant health problem.

Aim. The aim of the study was the assessment of the reasons for reporting to the dental office and the assessment of oral health in children aged 0-6 years.

Material and methods. The study comprised 45 patients in the preschool age (2-6 years old), who for the first time reported in 2015 to the dental office, which offers treatment under the framework of an agreement with the National Health Fund or for a fee. Gender, age, the place of residence and the reason for the reporting to the dentist were analyzed. The place of residence was a village, a town of less than 200 thousand inhabitants or the city of more than 200 thousand inhabitants. The reason for reporting to the dental office was a check-up visit, toothache or loss of filling. Dental condition was assessed by calculating the dmf index. The results were statistically analyzed.

Results. Among the surveyed, there were no children younger than 2-year-olds. It was found that the dmf index was ranging in an individual patient from 0 to 20, in half of them the dmf index value was ≤ 7, while in all of the patients the average dmf index was 6.42. The percentage of respondents with dmf=0 was significantly higher among children living in the city than children living in rural areas.

Conclusion. It is necessary to intensify educational activities concerning oral health of children, addressed to pregnant women, parents and people from the living environmental of a little child. This applies in particular to promoting early reporting to the first ever, the adaptive visit of a child to the dentist, frequent and regular check-up visits, during which, regardless of the examination, prophylaxis or treatment activities can be carried out if necessary.
Prevention of STI and teenage pregnancies through sex education
Authors: Drwal Małgorzata , Głaszcz Katarzyna , Taracha Anna , Krupa Adrianna , Padała Olga , Maciejewski Ryszard
Published: May 2018

Different names are used when referring to sex education, as well as there are different ways to teach the subject. Yet, it remains an essential part of the school curriculum. Using different curricula may yield various results. The content of sex education classes is dependent on various cultural and social aspects, specific to the certain country. In Poland, sex education-related topics are brought up during classes of Introduction to Family Planning, as it is called in Polish. The Ministry of Education is responsible for shaping sex education policies. The curriculum mostly focuses on STI-related diseases (including HIV/AIDS), contraceptive methods and teen pregnancy issues. Unfortunately, psychological aspects of sex or sexual assault subjects are rarely discussed upon. As a result, sexual initiation often results in unwanted pregnancies or infections. Shame is a huge obstacle to effective communication on these topics between teens ant their parents. This shows the need for organizing educational meetings for parents or carers to help them start a conversation on this delicate subject with their kids. Sex education should be focused on presenting upright knowledge with medical accuracy, which will be an addition to the content provided by parents. Well-prepared teachers can have impact over lowering the rate of sexually transmitted infections and teenage pregnancies. Sex education has also a significant influence over promoting responsible sex and increasing teens’ awareness.
Validity and Reliability of the Polish Adaptation of the Ruff Figural Fluency Test
Authors: Łojek Emilia , Stańczak Joanna , Wójcik Agnieszka , Marcopulos Bernice
Published: May 2018

Normative studies of the Polish adaptation of Th e Ruff Figural Fluency Test (RFFT) were conducted on 475 men and women aged 16-79, taking into consideration such factors as gender, education, and place of residence. Clinical studies were also performed on a group of patients with left -, right-, or bilateral hemispheric brain lesions, Parkinson’s disease, Huntingon’s disease, progressive obturational lung disease, dementia and depression. Th e results support the utility of the RFFT as a measure of executive functions. Th e validity and reliability indices of the Polish version of the test are similar to those reported by Ruff (1996). However, the sample Polish test performance differs notably from American samples performance and this difference is discussed.
The Impact of Money Attitudes on the Relationship Between Income and Financial Satisfaction
Authors: Gasiorowska Agata
Published: May 2018

Prior research has showed that the subjective perception of objective wealth might be affected by various individual difference variables, such as one’s love of money, level of desires, or materialistic inclinations. This paper examines an impact of attitudes towards money on the relation between personal net income and household income, and its subjective evaluation, measured as financial satisfaction and subjective economic well-being. The results of two studies revealed that the affective dimension of money attitudes (assigning the symbolic meaning to money) partially mediated the relationship between income and financial satisfaction. Moreover, the instrumental dimension of attitude towards money (individuals’ attitude toward money management) moderated this relationship: The relationship between the two was stronger for individuals highly concentrated on money management than for those with low scores on this factor.
Problems of Cardioembolic Stroke Primary and Secondary Prevention in the Latvian Population / Kardioemboliska Cerebrāla Infarkta Primārās un Sekundārās Profilakses Problēmas Latvijā
Authors: Jurjāns Kristaps , Sabeļnikova Santa , Miglāne Evija , Luriņa Baiba , Kalējs Oskars , Millers Andrejs , Priede Zanda
Published: May 2018

Atrial fibrillation is one of major risk factors of cerebral infarction. The use of oral anticoagulants is the only evidence-based method of reducing the risk of cardioembolic accidents. The guidelines of oral anticoagulant admission and usage have been available since 2012. The results of this study show that of 550 stroke patients that were admitted to Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University Hospital, Rīga, Latvia, from 1 January 2014 until 1 July 2014, atrial fibrillation was diagnosed in 247 (45%) cases, and of these patients, only 8.5% used oral anticoagulants before the onset of stroke. Six months after discharge of 111 (44.9%) stroke survivors, five (4.5%) used no secondary prevention medication, 27 (24.3%) used antiplatelet agents, 54 (48.6%) warfarin, and 25 (22.5%) used target specific oral anticoagulants (TSOACs). The mortality rate was significantly higher in the patient group that used no secondary prevention medication or antiplatelet agents compared to the patient group that used oral anticoagulants. The use of oral anticoagulants for primary stroke prevention in Latvia is insufficient. The mortality of cardioembolic stroke in 180 days is very high - 40.4%. Secondary prevention is essential to prevent recurrent cardioembolic accidents.
Analysing ESP Texts, but How?
Authors: Borza Natalia
Published: May 2018

English as a second language (ESL) teachers instructing general English and English for specific purposes (ESP) in bilingual secondary schools face various challenges when it comes to choosing the main linguistic foci of language preparatory courses enabling non-native students to study academic subjects in English. ESL teachers intending to analyse English language subject textbooks written for secondary school students with the aim of gaining information about what bilingual secondary school students need to know in terms of language to process academic textbooks cannot avoiding deal with a dilemma. It needs to be decided which way it is most appropriate to analyse the texts in question. Handbooks of English applied linguistics are not immensely helpful with regard to this problem as they tend not to give recommendation as to which major text analytical approaches are advisable to follow in a pre-college setting. The present theoretical research aims to address this lacuna. Respectively, the purpose of this pedagogically motivated theoretical paper is to investigate two major approaches of ESP text analysis, the register and the genre analysis, in order to find the more suitable one for exploring the language use of secondary school subject texts from the point of view of an English as a second language teacher. Comparing and contrasting the merits and limitations of the two contrastive approaches allows for a better understanding of the nature of the two different perspectives of text analysis. The study examines the goals, the scope of analysis, and the achievements of the register perspective and those of the genre approach alike. The paper also investigates and reviews in detail the starkly different methods of ESP text analysis applied by the two perspectives. Discovering text analysis from a theoretical and methodological angle supports a practical aspect of English teaching, namely making an informed choice when setting out to analyse texts in English. It can be concluded from the literature that the register perspective yields more readily applicable data of text analysis for ESL teachers instructing in a pre-college environment. Besides teachers working in bilingual secondary school, the pedagogical conclusions of the study are also useful for teachers instructing in international secondary schools where the language of education is English and the alumni comprise non-native students.
Pedagogical Aspects of Voluntary School Work
Authors: Mária Jármai Erzsébet , Palányi Ildikó Zsupanekné
Published: May 2018

The economic importance of voluntary work has been exceedingly appreciated in the last few decades. This is not surprising at all, because it is highly profitable according to the related estimated data. There are 115,9 million people doing voluntary work only in Europe, which means that they would create the world's 7th biggest economy with EUR 282 billion value creation if they formed an individual state. The organizations know that voluntary work has several advantages apart from the economic benefits. It is profitable both for the society and for the individuals as well. Several researches have proven that voluntary work positively influences the development of the personality, because the key-competencies - such as: co-operation, empathy, solidarity, conflict handling, problem solving, etc. - expected in the labor market can be improved.
Creative Workshop as a Form of Contemporary Art and a Space for Subjective Development1
Authors: Józefowski Eugeniusz
Published: May 2018

The article presents the original concept of the Author's creative workshop which is treated as an art form and the method of education. It contains a presentation of the structure of the original workshop developed by the Author in the context of multi-layered relations occurring in the interconnected areas of art and education leading to subjective development.
Do Young Learners Exploit the Same Learning Strategies as Adults?
Authors: Hrozková Ivana
Published: May 2018

Learning strategies are considered to be one of the key factors affecting the learning process, its effectiveness and study results. They are important for lifelong learning of foreign languages and as a learning skill they represent a priority in the process of European globalization and integration. Moreover, learning strategies as a foreign language didactical concept constitute the core of the competence to learn and thus creating enough opportunities for primary pupils to acquire learning strategies is crucial as they acquire steps towards an effective process of learning through planning their work and self- evaluation.
Dilemmas in the Legal Treatment of the Status of People Living with Disabilities
Authors: Laki Ildikó , Tóth László
Published: May 2018

The legal treatment of disability affairs carries in itself an inherent contradiction due to the nature of modern society and free-market economy. On the one hand both the historically developed notions of essentialism and on the other the particular-functional definition of manhood drawing its roots from the established democratic order and market economics are present simultaneously. However, within the current order of things there is an unbridgeable divide between them. Nevertheless, with the progression of time there is a slow gradual shift discernible away from the functional definition with the parallel strengthening of the essentialist approach. This shift is further exaggerated by the more widespread acceptance of the rights of self-determination and the provision of opportunities for the disabled, the emergence of social self-determination in case of a population subgroup living under special conditions. For the proper interpretation of the currents in the evolution of legal treatment of disabled people it would be indispensable to institute a proper social-discourse analysis, which, however, exceeds in scope its narrowly defined task.
Communication and Reception in Teaching: The Age of Image Versus the „Weight” of Words
Authors: Bradea Adela
Published: May 2018

Contemporary culture is mainly a culture of image. We get our information seeing. Examination of images is free, while reading is impelled by the necessity of browsing the whole text. The image seems more appropriate than the text when trying to communicate easy and quickly. The speech calls for articulated language, expressed through a symbolic set of oral or written codes that we must master. Understanding an image requires less work and fewer skills than reading a text. This paper aims to highlight how messages are perceived and received within the educational activities, through the two types of communication, iconic and logical-linguistic. The instrument used in conducting the research was represented by a questionnaire consisting from objective and subjective items, applied to students from high schools in Oradea. Besides these questionnaires, a key role in the study was played by the knowledge gained while observing lessons held by students of the University of Oradea within their teaching placement, as well as while supervising teachers from secondary educational institutions in the process of obtaining teacher certification level 1. The obtained results prove that the majority of investigated students prefer the combination of two types of communication in teaching.
The Examination of the Factors Determining Career Engagement for Students Preparing for a Social Job
Authors: Juhász-Klér Andrea , Varga Erika
Published: May 2018

The higher education courses for social experts started more than 25 years ago in Hungary. Since then more than 20 thousand students have earned a degree in social areas. Some of them quit their original jobs whereas a lot of these specialists still provide support as human assistants and regard their profession a career. Due to the huge amount of experience accumulated in both education and practice since then, in our empirical research an answer was sought to the question which personal and professional competencies determine the long-term engagement to a career and how the competency experience of the students correlates with their further career aspirations. In the research nearly 500 responses from students from 8 different Hungarian higher education institutions were analysed by applying questionnaires and tests accepted in international practice together with our own measures. Data were collected about the students’ career decision self-efficiency experiences, their personality traits and also about the question how they see their future profession. Based on our results the students who had a definite idea of their future professional career even during their studies and were determined with improved professional and personal competencies during the training made up a distinct group and were more dedicated to their career. On the basis of our analyses it was empirically proved that the training types which provide opportunities for the conscious monitoring of personal and professional competencies by encouraging the student with their career adjustment are of great significance.
The Main Motivations of Ukrainian Students Who Choose to Study in Poland
Authors: Rębisz Sławomir , Sikora Ilona
Published: May 2018

Students’ educational migration is one of the phenomena characteristic of the globalization processes. It has been growing dynamically since the 1970s. A number of young people studying abroad has grown globally from 0.8m in 1975 to almost 5m in 2014. It comes therefore as no surprise that educational migration has become a subject of many sociological and economic studies. Their authors usually use the push-pull factors model i.e. they investigate the factors that “push” students out of their own countries and those that “pull” them to the new place of study. Our research on foreign students in Poland has been approached from a similar angle. In fact, we set out to find an answer to the question “What made foreign students from Ukraine leave their country and why did they choose to study in Poland?” To find our answers we conducted questionnaire interviews on a random purposive sample of foreign students from Ukraine (N=83). In addition, to avoid the risk that the resulting correlations were accidental and the knowledge yielded in this way false, we also used the triangulation procedure – a supporting, in-depth qualitative study involving a focus group. We altogether managed to hold 4 sessions. The results obtained in the questionnaire study and in the focus group sessions were sorted and analyzed statistically (quantitative and qualitative analysis), which allowed us to find out about the main motives influencing students’ migration decisions as well as the factors “pushing” them out of Ukraine and attracting them to Poland.
Talent support at Kaposvár University, Faculty of Pedagogy
Authors: Bencéné-Fekete Andrea
Published: May 2018

The shared aim of the professors working at the Faculty of Pedagogy is to help their students find the field, in which they are able to show extraordinary achievements. They help the students recognize what they are talented in and provide them the necessary support to act on this field. The talented students are most often helped by pedagogues; however, no one deals with the issue of pedagogues, who are talented and fulfill their jobs on the highest level. At Kaposvár University, Faculty of Pedagogy a three-step talent support program – based on the Czeizel-talent model – and mentorship for talented pedagogues have been introduced. During the sessions of Csokonai Student Talent Support Program each student is granted with the possibility to participate in research method lectures, rhetoric and personal development trainings and sessions how to create presentations. This new, three-step method has initiated cooperation in professional questions among not only students, but also pedagogues on our faculty.
Credit Risk Versus Performance in the Romanian Banking System
Authors: Sbârcea Ioana Raluca
Published: May 2018

The Romanian banking sector, predominantly governed by the capital of foreign banks, is, as well as other international banking sectors, under the sign of the necessary balance that should exist between risk and performance. This is a result of banks trying to take risks that they can control, given that they need to generate financial results that are satisfactory for all categories of bank creditors, namely shareholders, depositors and other lenders. In this paper, I wanted to analyze the risk situation assumed by the main banks in the system versus the performance gained in recent years. This article is part of a wider research, so I will refer only to the main risk assumed by a bank, namely the credit risk, I will highlight the evolution of the indicators of this risk, so that I can finally analyze their degree of correlation with indicators for measuring bank performance. The situation of other financial risks in banking activity will be addressed in other works.
An explanation of the 25% male excess mortality for all children under 5
Authors: Mage David T. , Donner E. Maria
Published: May 2018

BACKGROUND: To demonstrate that an epidemiologic probability model of a hypothesized X-linkage for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) that predicted its 50% male excess, also predicts the 25% male excess of all child mortality for ages under 5 years.

METHODS: Neglecting trauma, infants die naturally from either respiratory causes R (breathing stops first) or cardiac causes C (heart stops beating first). An hypothesized dominant X-linked allele with frequency p = 1/3, that is protective against acute anoxic encephalopathy, predicted the 50% male excess of R. Given the ~ 0% male excess for cardiac deaths C, and assuming equal death risk for females by R and C, their average predicts a 25% male excess for equal numbers of infant males and females at risk. Thus, 5 males would die for each 4 females dying from all causes, predicting a male fraction of 5/9 = 0.55556.

RESULTS: Vital statistics for gender of children under 5 years at risk of dying and their corresponding mortality are obtained from the U.S.A. and multiple European countries. For 17 data sets from 15 countries, we total over 1.2 Billion child-years at risk and over 2.6 million child deaths. The observed total under 5 year male fraction, correcting for the nominal 5% male livebirth excess, is 0.55633, virtually as predicted.

CONCLUSIONS: An X-linked dominant allele protective against respiratory failure, predicts accurately the 5/9 male fraction of all child mortality under 5 years. DNA study of SIDS can identify the candidate X-linked gene locus.
Les élèves de deuxième génération en Suisse : modes d’intégration scolaire et compétences acquises dans 13 systèmes éducatifs cantonaux
Authors: Felouzis Georges , Charmillot Samuel , Fouquet-Chauprade Barbara
Published: May 2018

En s’appuyant sur les données PISA Suisse 2009, cet article se concentre sur les modes de scolarisation des élèves migrants de deuxième génération et leurs conséquences au plan des inégalités d’acquis scolaires. Nos résultats indiquent qu’à la fin de la scolarité obligatoire les écarts entre élèves natifs et de deuxième génération restent prononcés en termes d’acquis scolaires et d’accès aux filières les plus exigeantes. Nous montrons ensuite que les cantons où la relégation des élèves de deuxième génération dans les filières les moins exigeantes est la plus marquée sont aussi ceux où les inégalités d’acquis par rapport aux natifs sont les plus importantes.
How Do Second-Generation Immigrant Students Access Higher Education? The Importance of Vocational Routes to Higher Education in Switzerland, France, and Germany
Authors: Murdoch Jake , Guégnard Christine , Griga Dorit , Koomen Maarten , Imdorf Christian
Published: May 2018

We analyse the access to different institutional pathways to higher education for second-generation students, focusing on youths that hold a higher-education entrance certificate. The alternative vocational pathway appears to compensate to some degree, compared to the traditional academic one, for North-African and Southern-European youths in France, those from Turkey in Germany, and to a lesser degree those from Portugal, Turkey, Ex-Yugoslavia, Albania/Kosovo in Switzerland. This is not the case in Switzerland for Western-European, Italian, and Spanish youths who indeed access higher education via the academic pathway more often than Swiss youths. Using youth panel and survey data, multinomial models are applied to analyse these pathway choices.
Emigration Patterns and Determinants of Children of Immigrants in Switzerland
Authors: Steiner Ilka
Published: May 2018

Existing studies on emigration either focus on the first generation or the total migrant population. Analysing the Swiss context, this article explores the emigration patterns and determinants of children of immigrants in comparison with other subpopulations. We use original longitudinal data (obtained by linking the Structural Survey and the Population and Household Statistics) that provide information on emigration flows as well as on the migratory background. Results differ significantly according to the migratory status considered.
Petrography Of Glacial Tills In The Szczerców Outcrop, Central Poland – Problems Of Stratigraphic Interpretation
Authors: Krzyszkowski Dariusz , Wachecka-Kotkowska Lucyna , Wieczorek Dariusz , Stoiński Andrzej
Published: May 2018

The paper presents results of petrographic analyses of glacial tills in the western part of the Kleszczów Graben and the attempt of their stratigraphic interpretation. Petrographic coefficients have allowed the identification of five till lithotypes: T1, T2A, T2 and T2B – assigned to the South Polish Complex (Elsterian) and T4 correlated with the Middle Polish Complex (Saalian). The well-expressed tills that represent the South Polish Complex, occur at the bottom of the section. A new till lithotype, T2B, has been distinguished, corresponding to the Kuców Formation. It supplements the Pleistocene lithostratigraphic section of central Poland and corresponds to the Sanian 2 Glaciation. Among the younger tills, the T4 one (Odranian Glaciation) is well developed. The uppermost tills of the Wartanian cold stage have been reduced by glaciofluvial and fluvial erosion. It is, to some extent a consequence of the existence of a depression in this area, called the Szczerców Basin. The paper highlights the interpretational difficulties concerning the rank and the number of ice sheet advances during the Polish and Middle Polish Complexes in central Poland.
Initial Time Of Two High Altitude Crater Lakes (Nevado De Toluca, Central Mexico) Recorded In Subfossil Cladocera
Authors: Szeroczyńska Krystyna , Zawisza Edyta , Wojewódka Marta
Published: May 2018

The objective of this study was the recognition and reconstruction of the origin of two high altitude lakes and the ecological conditions of their early existence based on subfossil Cladocera and chemical analyses. The study focused on the oldest lacustrine sediments from Lake Sol and Lake Luna, located in the crater of Volcano Nevado de Toluca (Central Mexico). The Nevado de Toluca crater developed approximately 12 ka yr BP. According to the literature, the volcano was last active approximately 3.3 ka yr BP, and the lakes developed after that eruption. The remains of nine Cladocera species were found in the bottom sediments of both lakes. The most dominant taxa were two endemic littoral species: Alona manueli and Iliocryptus nevadensis. The total frequency of Cladocera specimens in both of the sediment cores was very low. No Cladocera remains were recorded in the sediment layer at depths between 123–103 m from Lake Luna. The results of the lithological and geochemical analyses showed that this sediment layer was composed of allochthonous material, probably originating from slid down from the volcanic cone. This was suggested by the content of silica (up to 13%), iron (up to 12%), and titanium (up to 4%). The Cladocera remains recorded in the bottom sediments suggested that both reservoirs developed as freshwater lakes at the beginning of the sedimentation. The calibrated radiocarbon dates obtained for the bottom samples were 4040 to 3990 yr BP for Lake Luna (129 cm) and 4485 to 4485 yr BP for Lake Sol (89 cm). The obtained ages were older than the dates of the last eruption, which occurred approximately 3300 yr BP. This result was likely related to the type of radiocarbon dated materials (charcoals).
Preliminary Report on Unique Laminated Holocene Sediments from the Qarun Lake in Egypt
Authors: Marks Leszek , Salem Alaa , Welc Fabian , Nitychoruk Jerzy , Chen Zhongyuan , Zalat Abdelfattah , Majecka Aleksandra , Chodyka Marta , Szymanek Marcin , Tołoczko-Pasek Anna
Published: May 2018

The Lake Qarun (Faiyum Oasis, northern Egypt) is a relic of the much larger Holocene lake. Past lake levels and extensions were reconstructed, based on setting of archaeological sites scattered along northern paleoshores of the ancient lake. However, geoarcheological works did not yield enough data to establish continuous environmental history of the lake. A deep drilling FA-1 on the southeastern shore of the lake, performed in 2014, supplied with a core, 26 m long that is the one of the longest lake sediment cores in northeastern Africa. The basal section of the core consisted of thin-laminated diatom marly deposits, underlain at the Late Pleistocene/Holocene boundary by coarse-grained sands. The sediment lamine were quite well developed, especially in the lower part of the core. Preliminary results indicated annually deposited sediment sequence with seasonality signals provided by microlamine of diatoms, calcite, organic matter and clastic material. Early Holocene varved sediments from the Faiyum Oasis supplied with exceptional paleoenvironmental data for northeastern Africa, which enriched a record from previous logs drilled at the southwestern margin of the Qarun Lake.
Paleoclimatological and Geoarchaeological Significance of the Holocene Loess – Soil Successions of the Tien Shan Foothills of Uzbekistan
Authors: Welc Fabian , Toychiew Khodjiakbar , Suska-Malawska Małgorzata , Marks Leszek , Mętrak Monika
Published: May 2018

Scenario of climate changes in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene in Central Asia is very fragmentary and inconsistent. Therefore, interaction between the development and decline of ancient cultures and the climate fluctuations are difficult to be traced. To resolve this problem, the key role can be played by multidisciplinary studies of unique Late Pleistocene and especially Holocene loess – soil succession of the Tien Shan foothills in Uzbekistan. This area yields unique successions of paleosols interbedded with loesses that are particularly useful for paleoclimate analysis. They are represented by continuous and uninterrupted sedimentary sequences with a highly varied record of magnetic susceptibility. As such, they contain a full sequence of short-term climatic oscillations of the Holocene in high resolution and therefore, in this case, they are exceptional on global scale. The correlation of Late Pleistocene and Holocene climate changes scenario with stages of development and collapse of the past human settlement in Central Asia seems at present one of the most promising research directions, in line with the substantial course of interdisciplinary research on the interaction between humans and the natural environment.
The historic town of Sandomierz as a tourist destination
Authors: Faracik Robert
Published: May 2018

Towns are tourist destinations because of their material heritage, cultural events as well as a wide range of other attractions. A special role in contemporary tourism development is played by historic towns that offer tourists not only heritage but also combine their genius loci with contemporary human needs. Sandomierz is one of the oldest Polish towns with its origins going back to the early Piast period. The thousand years of its history is visible in a well-preserved urban-architectural complex which has successfully survived both world wars in the 20th c. Today's image of ‘tourist’ Sandomierz is connected with the TV serial of Ojciec Mateusz. The story, set in Sandomierz, has become a tourist attraction as well as an important means of promotion and creating an image of the town as a pleasant and hospitable place. The role of the serial as a factor for tourism development in terms of tourism infrastructure and volume of tourists dates from 2008. Sandomierz offers much else that has created favourable conditions for the development of new forms of tourism.
The function of hotels in revitalizing rural areas: case studies in Pomerania Province
Authors: Leśniewska-Napierała Katarzyna , Napierała Tomasz
Published: May 2018

This article indicates optimal local, social, economic and geographical relationships contributing to the effective implementation of hotel investment as a part of rural area revitalisation. This will be undertaken through the case studies of four hotels functioning in revitalized historical buildings in the rural areas of Pomerania Province. A ‘multiple case study’ will be performed based on the following methods: 1) the desk study of the data concerning the activity of the hotels; 2) a micro- and meso-scale cartographic inventory; 3) structured individual in-depth interviews with hotel owners and managers, as well as with the authorities and officials responsible for the promotion of the communes where the hotels are situated.
Changes in the number and capacity of hotels in Poland
Authors: Matczak Andrzej
Published: May 2018

The author’s aim is to identify changes in the rate, intensity and direction of hotel development, as well as their number, type and capacity of in Poland, by category and province in 1990-2015. The objective is to define the influence of both tourism attractiveness and economic development factors (GNP, total capital expenditure, the value of gross fixed capital formation – GFCF) on the changing number of hotel rooms. The identification was based on commonly available materials provided by the Local Data Base (LDB) of the Central Statistical Office (CSO), as well as from statistical year books concerning the tourism sector. The article presents methods for analysing indices, as well as correlation and graphic presentation (graphs, maps). From 1990 to 2015, there was a rapid increase in the number and capacity of hotels in Poland (4.5 times), especially in higher (5* and 4*) and medium standard (3*) hotels. That increase was significantly diversified regionally and strongly depended on the tourism attractiveness and socioeconomic development of provinces.