bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultraviolet Radiation Drives Emission of Climate‐Relevant Gases From Marine Phytoplankton
Authors: McLeod A. R. , Brand T. , Campbell C. N. , Davidson K. , Hatton A. D.
Published: August 2021

Marine phytoplankton contribute about one half of global primary production and play a key role in global biogeochemical cycles. High cell densities in extensive phytoplankton blooms are expected to be modified by global changes in ocean circulation and stratification, acidification and carbonation, solar radiation, temperature, and eutrophication. Although photochemical gas production from chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) has been widely studied, ultraviolet (UV) effects on emissions from phytoplankton cells themselves have not been fully explored. We therefore investigated UV‐driven emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), ethene (C2H4), ethane (C2H6), and nitrous oxide (N2O) from cell suspensions of 16 phytoplankton species and their filtrates under controlled experimental conditions. These gases make direct or indirect contributions to radiative forcing of the atmosphere or contribute to atmospheric chemistry including stratospheric ozone (O3) depletion. We observed production of CH4, CO, CO2, C2H4, and N2O from cell suspensions and CO, CO2, and N2O after 0.45 μm‐filtration to remove phytoplankton cells. CH4 production was only observed with cells present, whereas N2O was still produced after filtration. Production of CO from filtrates was 30%–90% of that from cell suspensions in all but two species with a CO2:CO mole ratio from filtrates always below one. Our results clearly demonstrate a need to quantify the production potentials of these climate‐relevant gases in situ under natural sunlight using key phytoplankton species, especially those forming blooms which are predicted to change in prevalence and distribution with future global change scenarios.
Comparison of a full arch digital photographic assessment of caries prevalence in 5-year-old children to an established visual assessment method: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Thomas Nicole , Kay Elizabeth , Witton Robert , Quinn Cath
Published: August 2021

Introduction

Digital epidemiology in dental disease screening has a number of advantages which warrant further exploration.

Aim

This study aimed to test the examination accuracy of digital images to evaluate child oral health by comparing the new method to a gold standard method. It also investigated the levels of diagnostic accuracy between different examiners, including dental care professionals and a lay examiner, when quantifying dental disease using images.

Methods

A calibrated dental examiner inspected forty 5-year-olds. In addition, three sets of digital images were taken per child. These images were assessed by six examiners. Sensitivity and specificity of caries diagnosis and inter-examiner reliability were calculated to compare the caries scores derived from examination of the images to those of the gold standard examinations.

Results

The mean values for sensitivity and specificity scores were 48.0% and 99.1%, respectively. The mean value for kappa showed moderate agreement between 0.43 and 0.73 (0.57). Mean values for agreement using intra-class coefficients were excellent (0.78) and good (0.73) for dt and dmft, respectively. No statistical difference in the validity of the caries scores was shown between the different image assessors.

Conclusions

These data demonstrate the feasibility of using digital images to screen child oral health and for nondental professionals to be recruited to carry out digital epidemiology for the oral health surveillance of children.
hsa_circ_0003222 accelerates stemness and progression of non-small cell lung cancer by sponging miR-527
Authors: Li Changhui , Zhang Jiaqi , Yang Xiaohua , Hu Cheng , Chu Tianqing , Zhong Runbo , Shen Yinchen , Hu Fang , Pan Feng , Xu Jianlin , Lu Jun , Zheng Xiaoxuan , Zhang Hai , Nie Wei , Han Baohui , Zhang Xueyan
Published: August 2021

The relationship between circular RNA (circRNA) and cancer stem cells (CSCs) is uncertain. We have investigated the combined influence of CSCs, circRNA (hsa_circ_0003222), and immune checkpoint inhibitors in NSCLC progression and therapy resistance. We constructed lung CSCs (LCSCs; PC9 and A549). The effects of hsa_circ_0003222 in vitro were determined by cell counting, colony and sphere formation, and Transwell assays. A tumor xenograft model of metastasis and orthotopic model were built for in vivo analysis. We found that hsa_circ_0003222 was highly expressed in NSCLC tissues and LCSCs. Higher levels of hsa_circ_0003222 were associated with the stage, metastasis, and survival rate of patients with NSCLC. Reduced levels of hsa_circ_0003222 decreased tumor cell proliferation, migration, invasion, stemness-like properties, and chemoresistance. The silencing of hsa_circ_0003222 was found to downregulate PHF21B expression and its downstream, β-catenin by relieving the sponging effect of miR-527. Moreover, silencing hsa_circ_0003222 alleviated NSCLC resistance to anti-programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)-based therapy in vivo. Our data demonstrate the significant role of hsa_circ_0003222 in NSCLC cell stemness-like properties. The manipulation of circRNAs in combination with anti-PD-L1 therapy may alleviate NSCLC stemness and progression.
Cognitive insights from tertiary sulci in prefrontal cortex
Authors: Voorhies Willa I. , Miller Jacob A. , Yao Jewelia K. , Bunge Silvia A. , Weiner Kevin S.
Published: August 2021

The lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) is disproportionately expanded in humans compared to non-human primates, although the relationship between LPFC brain structures and uniquely human cognitive skills is largely unknown. Here, we test the relationship between variability in LPFC tertiary sulcal morphology and reasoning scores in a cohort of children and adolescents. Using a data-driven approach in independent discovery and replication samples, we show that the depth of specific LPFC tertiary sulci is associated with individual differences in reasoning scores beyond age. To expedite discoveries in future neuroanatomical-behavioral studies, we share tertiary sulcal definitions with the field. These findings support a classic but largely untested theory linking the protracted development of tertiary sulci to late-developing cognitive processes.
Deep neural network-estimated electrocardiographic age as a mortality predictor
Authors: Lima Emilly M. , Ribeiro Antônio H. , Paixão Gabriela M. M. , Ribeiro Manoel Horta , Pinto-Filho Marcelo M. , Gomes Paulo R. , Oliveira Derick M. , Sabino Ester C. , Duncan Bruce B. , Giatti Luana , Barreto Sandhi M. , Meira Jr Wagner , Schön Thomas B. , Ribeiro Antonio Luiz P.
Published: August 2021

The electrocardiogram (ECG) is the most commonly used exam for the evaluation of cardiovascular diseases. Here we propose that the age predicted by artificial intelligence (AI) from the raw ECG (ECG-age) can be a measure of cardiovascular health. A deep neural network is trained to predict a patient’s age from the 12-lead ECG in the CODE study cohort (n = 1,558,415 patients). On a 15% hold-out split, patients with ECG-age more than 8 years greater than the chronological age have a higher mortality rate (hazard ratio (HR) 1.79, p < 0.001), whereas those with ECG-age more than 8 years smaller, have a lower mortality rate (HR 0.78, p < 0.001). Similar results are obtained in the external cohorts ELSA-Brasil (n = 14,236) and SaMi-Trop (n = 1,631). Moreover, even for apparent normal ECGs, the predicted ECG-age gap from the chronological age remains a statistically significant risk predictor. These results show that the AI-enabled analysis of the ECG can add prognostic information.
Excitatory synapses and gap junctions cooperate to improve Pv neuronal burst firing and cortical social cognition in Shank2-mutant mice
Authors: Lee Eunee , Lee Seungjoon , Shin Jae Jin , Choi Woochul , Chung Changuk , Lee Suho , Kim Jihye , Ha Seungmin , Kim Ryunhee , Yoo Taesun , Yoo Ye-Eun , Kim Jisoo , Noh Young Woo , Rhim Issac , Lee Soo Yeon , Kim Woohyun , Lee Taekyung , Shin Hyogeun , Cho Il-Joo , Deisseroth Karl , Kim Sang Jeong , Park Joo Min , Jung Min Whan , Paik Se-Bum , Kim Eunjoon
Published: August 2021

NMDA receptor (NMDAR) and GABA neuronal dysfunctions are observed in animal models of autism spectrum disorders, but how these dysfunctions impair social cognition and behavior remains unclear. We report here that NMDARs in cortical parvalbumin (Pv)-positive interneurons cooperate with gap junctions to promote high-frequency (>80 Hz) Pv neuronal burst firing and social cognition. Shank2–/– mice, displaying improved sociability upon NMDAR activation, show impaired cortical social representation and inhibitory neuronal burst firing. Cortical Shank2–/– Pv neurons show decreased NMDAR activity, which suppresses the cooperation between NMDARs and gap junctions (GJs) for normal burst firing. Shank2–/– Pv neurons show compensatory increases in GJ activity that are not sufficient for social rescue. However, optogenetic boosting of Pv neuronal bursts, requiring GJs, rescues cortical social cognition in Shank2–/– mice, similar to the NMDAR-dependent social rescue. Therefore, NMDARs and gap junctions cooperate to promote cortical Pv neuronal bursts and social cognition.
A hybrid molecular peapod of sp2- and sp3-nanocarbons enabling ultrafast terahertz rotations
Authors: Matsuno Taisuke , Terasaki Seiya , Kogashi Kanako , Katsuno Ryosuke , Isobe Hiroyuki
Published: August 2021

The internal hollow space of carbon nanotubes provides a unique nanometre-sized space to capture various molecular entities. The inner space circumfused by sp2-carbon networks can also encapsulate diamondoid molecules to afford sp2/sp3-hybrid nanocarbon peapods that have recently emerged as unique nanostructures. In this study, the sp2/sp3-hybrid peapods have been mimicked by adopting a cylindrical molecule and the smallest diamondoid, i.e., adamantane, to demonstrate the existence of ultrafast rotational motion. The solid-state rotational frequency is measured by NMR spectroscopy to record 1.06 THz that is, to the best of our knowledge, the largest value recorded for solid-state rotations of molecules. Theoretical calculations reveal that multivalent CH-π hydrogen bonds anchored the diamondoid guest on the π-wall of the cylindrical host. The weak hydrogen bonds are prone not only to cleave but also to regenerate at the interfaces, which give freedom to the guest for ultrafast isotropic rotations in the inertial regime.
Energy-participation quantization of Josephson circuits
Authors: Minev Zlatko K. , Leghtas Zaki , Mundhada Shantanu O. , Christakis Lysander , Pop Ioan M. , Devoret Michel H.
Published: August 2021

Superconducting microwave circuits incorporating nonlinear devices, such as Josephson junctions, are a leading platform for emerging quantum technologies. Increasing circuit complexity further requires efficient methods for the calculation and optimization of the spectrum, nonlinear interactions, and dissipation in multi-mode distributed quantum circuits. Here we present a method based on the energy-participation ratio (EPR) of a dissipative or nonlinear element in an electromagnetic mode. The EPR, a number between zero and one, quantifies how much of the mode energy is stored in each element. The EPRs obey universal constraints and are calculated from one electromagnetic-eigenmode simulation. They lead directly to the system quantum Hamiltonian and dissipative parameters. The method provides an intuitive and simple-to-use tool to quantize multi-junction circuits. We experimentally tested this method on a variety of Josephson circuits and demonstrated agreement within several percents for nonlinear couplings and modal Hamiltonian parameters, spanning five orders of magnitude in energy, across a dozen samples.
Expression of TXNIP is associated with angiogenesis and postoperative relapse of conventional renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Meszaros Mate , Yusenko Maria , Domonkos Lilla , Peterfi Lehel , Kovacs Gyula , Banyai Daniel
Published: August 2021

One of the common mediator of tumour progression is the oxidative stress induced by inflammatory tumour microenvironment (TME). Activated fibroblasts, local and immune cells produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) supporting tumour cell proliferation and pave the way for metastatic tumour growth. TXNIP regulates ROS generation by inhibiting the antioxidative function of thioredoxin (TXN). The shift of TXNIP/TXN balance towards overexpression of TXNIP is associated with proliferation of endothelial cells during tumor angiogenesis. The oxidative stress activates the hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), which plays an important role in the biology of conventional RCC (cRCC). Under oxydative stress TXNIP interacts with NLRP3 inflammasome leading to maturation and secretion of inflammatory cytokine IL1β. To establish the role of TXNIP and downstream genes HIF1α and IL1β in the biology of cRCC, we have applied immunohistochemistry to multi-tissue arrays containing tumours of 691 patients without detectable metastases at the time of operation. We found that cRCC displaying a fine organised capillary network with nuclear translocation of TXNIP and expressing IL1β have a good prognosis. In contrary, we showed a significant correlation between cytoplasmic TXNIP expression, inefficient vascularisation by unorganized and tortuous vessels causing tumour cell necrosis and postoperative tumour relapse of cRCC.
Neurotic personality trait as a predictor in the prognosis of composite restorations: A 24-month clinical follow up study
Authors: Khan Sulthan Ibrahim Raja , Rao Dinesh , Ramachandran Anupama , Ashok Bhaskaran Veni , Baskaradoss Jagan Kumar
Published: August 2021

The role of personality traits in modulating the incidence and progression of medical disease conditions are well documented, however, there is a paucity of information for its effects on dental health conditions and specifically on the prognosis of restorative dental materials. This study aims to evaluate the clinical performance of Micro-hybrid and Nano-ceramic composite restorations among patients with different personality traits. A total of 323 patients, indicated to receive operative treatment at a University Dental College Hospital, were invited to participate in this study. Consenting patients were requested to complete the Big Five Inventory (BFI-44 Item) personality questionnaire and were evaluated by a psychiatrist for categorizing the participants based on their personality traits. Out of the recruited patients, 124 patients falling in to the dominant trait of Agreeableness (n = 62) and Neuroticism (n = 62) were included in the study for further investigation. Next, patients from the Agreeableness (Group A) and the Neuroticism personality trait group (Group N) were randomly divided into two subgroups each—sub group Am (n = 44) and Nm (n = 48) for Micro-hybrid composite restorations and Sub group An (n = 42) and Nn (n = 47) for Nano-ceramic composite restorations. Two trained and calibrated dentists prepared the cavities according to previously published methodology. The restorations were evaluated at baseline (immediately after restoration), 6-months, 12-months and 24-months intervals by two blinded independent dental professionals for anatomical form, secondary caries, color match, retention, marginal adaptation, surface texture, marginal discoloration and post-operative sensitivity. There is no statistically significant difference noted in various parameters of restoration performance between Micro-hybrid composite and Nano-ceramic composite compared among ‘agreeableness’ personality group and among ‘neuroticism’ personality group after controlling the personality trait factor. Higher ‘Neuroticism’ individuals had higher restoration deterioration in color matching and surface texture when compared to higher ‘Agreeableness’ trait individuals. Regression analysis showed no effect of gender or cavity size on the outcome of results. Assessment of personality traits may serve as a useful tool during treatment planning which would aid clinicians in choosing suitable restorative dental material and prosthesis design according to individual patient’s physiological and functional needs, thereby overall improving the quality of treatment provided.
Relationship between Charlson comorbidity index, early recovery and 2-year mortality in elderly patients undergoing surgical treatment of inter-trochanteric fractures: a retrospective analysis
Authors: Jianda Xu , Homma Yasuhiro , Jinnai Yuta , Baba Tomonori , Zhuang Xu , Watari Taiji , Banno Sammy , Kaneko Kazuo
Published: August 2021

The aim of this study was to evaluate how the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) scores contribute to early recovery and 2-year mortality in elderly patients undergoing surgical treatment of inter-trochanteric fractures. 60 cases with unilateral intertrochanteric fracture were retrospectively analyzed and divided into Low-CCI group (CCI: 1–4) or high-CCI groups (CCI: 5–6). All the patients’ electronic hospital records were reviewed. The preoperative situations (demographic data, comorbidities and fracture conditions), perioperative situations (wait time, operation time, implant choice, blood loss, transfusion or not) and postoperative situations (complications, first time out of bed, function about 1-/2- week and 2-year mortality) were recorded. 51.67% were in low-CCI group and 48.33% in high-CCI group. The survival rates in low- and high-CCI group were 93.5% and 86.2% respectively. According to the functional results of 1- or 2- week after operation, no significant difference was found (P = 0.955, 0.140). Log-rank analysis showed that the main prognostic factors were blood loss, first time out of bed and complication (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis confirmed that complication and first time out of bed were significant factor on survival rate (P = 0.029, 0.010). Charlson comorbidity index maybe not the indicator of 2-year mortality in older patients with intertrochanteric fractures. In order to improve the prognosis, more attentions should be paid to reduce the complications and encourage postoperative earlier excise out of bed.
Cultural adaptation of internet- and mobile-based interventions for mental disorders: a systematic review
Authors: Spanhel Kerstin , Balci Sumeyye , Feldhahn Felicitas , Bengel Juergen , Baumeister Harald , Sander Lasse B.
Published: August 2021

Providing accessible and effective healthcare solutions for people living in low- and middle-income countries, migrants, and indigenous people is central to reduce the global mental health treatment gap. Internet- and mobile-based interventions (IMI) are considered scalable psychological interventions to reduce the burden of mental disorders and are culturally adapted for implementation in these target groups. In October 2020, the databases PsycInfo, MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Web of Science were systematically searched for studies that culturally adapted IMI for mental disorders. Among 9438 screened records, we identified 55 eligible articles. We extracted 17 content, methodological, and procedural components of culturally adapting IMI, aiming to consider specific situations and perspectives of the target populations. Adherence and effectiveness of the adapted IMI seemed similar to the original IMI; yet, no included study conducted a direct comparison. The presented taxonomy of cultural adaptation of IMI for mental disorders provides a basis for future studies investigating the relevance and necessity of their cultural adaptation.

PROSPERO registration number: CRD42019142320.
Interactions between temperature and energy supply drive microbial communities in hydrothermal sediment
Authors: Lagostina Lorenzo , Frandsen Søs , MacGregor Barbara J. , Glombitza Clemens , Deng Longhui , Fiskal Annika , Li Jiaqi , Doll Mechthild , Geilert Sonja , Schmidt Mark , Scholz Florian , Bernasconi Stefano Michele , Jørgensen Bo Barker , Hensen Christian , Teske Andreas , Lever Mark Alexander
Published: August 2021

Temperature and bioavailable energy control the distribution of life on Earth, and interact with each other due to the dependency of biological energy requirements on temperature. Here we analyze how temperature-energy interactions structure sediment microbial communities in two hydrothermally active areas of Guaymas Basin. Sites from one area experience advective input of thermogenically produced electron donors by seepage from deeper layers, whereas sites from the other area are diffusion-dominated and electron donor-depleted. In both locations, Archaea dominate at temperatures >45 °C and Bacteria at temperatures <10 °C. Yet, at the phylum level and below, there are clear differences. Hot seep sites have high proportions of typical hydrothermal vent and hot spring taxa. By contrast, high-temperature sites without seepage harbor mainly novel taxa belonging to phyla that are widespread in cold subseafloor sediment. Our results suggest that in hydrothermal sediments temperature determines domain-level dominance, whereas temperature-energy interactions structure microbial communities at the phylum-level and below.
Defect engineering of oxide perovskites for catalysis and energy storage: synthesis of chemistry and materials science
Authors: Arandiyan Hamidreza , S. Mofarah Sajjad , Sorrell Charles C. , Doustkhah Esmail , Sajjadi Baharak , Hao Derek , Wang Yuan , Sun Hongyu , Ni Bing-Jie , Rezaei Mehran , Shao Zongping , Maschmeyer Thomas
Published: August 2021

The present work provides a critical review of the science and technological state-of-the-art of defect engineering applied to oxide perovskites in thermocatalytic, electrocatalytic, photocatalytic, and energy-storage applications.
A robust metabolomics approach for the evaluation of human embryos fromin vitrofertilization
Authors: Figoli Cecilia Beatriz , Garcea Marcelo , Bisioli Claudio , Tafintseva Valeria , Shapaval Volha , Gómez Peña Mariana , Gibbons Luz , Althabe Fernando , Yantorno Osvaldo Miguel , Horton Marcos , Schmitt Jürgen , Lasch Peter , Kohler Achim , Bosch Alejandra
Published: August 2021

When establishing embryo-assessment models, only those samples with positive-implantation outcomes should be applied. By this strategy, a noninvasive FTIR-spectroscopy-based method that will be helpful for improving IVF success rates was developed.
The azidosulfonylation of terminal alkynes leading to β-azidovinyl sulfones
Authors: Zheng Long , Wang Zhanjing , Li Chen , Wu Yong , Liu Zhaohong , Ning Yongquan
Published: August 2021

We report herein the first example of the N3 radical-mediated azidosulfonylation of alkynes, affording the β-azidovinyl sulfone products with a broad substrate scope, excellent functional group compatibility, and high yield.
Doping of the hydrogen-passivated Si(100) electronic structure through carborane adsorption studied using density functional theory
Authors: Hladík Martin , Fejfar Antonín , Vázquez Héctor
Published: August 2021

Adsorption of molecular materials with tailored chemical properties represents a new and promising avenue to non-destructively dope silicon.
Ru doping induces the construction of a unique core–shell microflower self-supporting electrocatalyst for highly efficient overall water splitting
Authors: Ye Lei , Zhang Yeqing , Guo Buwen , Cao Duanlin , Gong Yaqiong
Published: August 2021

A self-supporting binder-free electrocatalyst named Ru–Fe3O4@FeNi–LDH/IF was successfully synthesized, which possesses a unique 3D core–shell structure and excellent water splitting performance and durability under alkaline conditions.
All-organic dielectric polymer films exhibiting superior electric breakdown strength and discharged energy density by adjusting the electrode–dielectric interface with an organic nano-interlayer
Authors: Pei Jia-Yao , Zhong Shao-Long , Zhao Yu , Yin Li-Juan , Feng Qi-Kun , Huang Lei , Liu Di-Fan , Zhang Yong-Xin , Dang Zhi-Min
Published: August 2021

The surface morphology of dielectric films has a great effect on the insulation performance. Remarkably improved capacitive performance is realized by adjusting the electrode–dielectric interface.
Transition pathways towards net-zero emissions methanol production
Authors: Adnan Muflih A. , Khan M. A. , Ajayan Pulickel M. , Rahman Muhammad M. , Hu Jinguang , Kibria Md Golam
Published: August 2021

The race to decarbonize our energy systems has led to significant advancement in technologies for harvesting renewable energy, carbon capture and conversion.
Selective binding of anions by rigidified nanojars: sulfatevs.carbonate
Authors: Al Isawi Wisam A. , Salome Austin Z. , Ahmed Basil M. , Zeller Matthias , Mezei Gellert
Published: August 2021

By using nanojars as anion binding agents, selectivity for either carbonate or sulfate can be achieved upon rigidification of the nanojar outer-shell with tethers of varying lengths between pairs of pyrazole ligands.
Copper-catalyzed enantioselective carbonylation toward α-chiral secondary amides
Authors: Yuan Yang , Zhao Fengqian , Wu Xiao-Feng
Published: August 2021

A copper-catalyzed regioselective and enantioselective intermolecular hydroaminocarbonylation of alkenes with electrophilic hydroxylamines has been developed.
State of the Practice of Team Science in Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology
Authors: Wood Carla , Romano Mollie , Levites Strekalova Yulia A. , Lugo Victor A. , McCormack Wayne T.
Published: August 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to investigate engagement in collaborative research (team science) and perceptions of related knowledge and skills to inform personnel preparation and workforce development efforts.

Method

A questionnaire was used to solicit information about the team science–related experiences of 220 doctoral students, faculty, and research scientists in speech-pathology and audiology. Additionally, the questionnaire surveyed participants' perceptions of readiness, benefits, and challenges to team science.

Results

Results demonstrated low percentages of respondents had received training in collaborative research (17%), and those with training were more likely to engage in cross-disciplinary collaborative research. Group differences were found with female researchers reporting lower psychological safety than male researchers. The most frequently cited advantages of team science included diverse perspectives, collective expertise, innovative ideas, and productivity. Conversely, common challenges included time constraints, finding collaborators, and differing expectations.

Implications

Because this study yielded group difference in psychological safety between groups that differed in gender and position, results suggest additional efforts may be necessary to ensure that imbalances in the power structure of members are not allowed to dissuade members from actively contributing to team activities. Additional training opportunities in team science could support the degree to which professionals in communication science and disorders engage in collaborative research.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.15506034
Electron-proton co-acceleration on relativistic shocks in extreme-TeV blazars
Authors: Zech Andreas , Lemoine Martin
Published: August 2021

Aims. The multi-wavelength emission from a newly identified population of ‘extreme-TeV’ blazars, with Compton peak frequencies around 1 TeV, is difficult to interpret with standard one-zone emission models. Large values of the minimum electron Lorentz factor and quite low magnetisation values seem to be required.

Methods. We propose a scenario where protons and electrons are co-accelerated on internal or recollimation shocks inside the relativistic jet. In this situation, energy is transferred from the protons to the electrons in the shock transition layer, leading naturally to a high minimum Lorentz factor for the latter. A low magnetisation favours the acceleration of particles in relativistic shocks.

Results. The shock co-acceleration scenario provides additional constraints on the set of parameters of a standard one-zone lepto-hadronic emission model, reducing its degeneracy. Values of the magnetic field strength of a few mG and minimum electron Lorentz factors of 103 to 104, required to provide a satisfactory description of the observed spectral energy distributions of extreme blazars, result here from first principles. While acceleration on a single standing shock is sufficient to reproduce the emission of most of the extreme-TeV sources we have examined, re-acceleration on a second shock appears needed for those objects with the hardest γ-ray spectra. Emission from the accelerated proton population, with the same number density as the electrons but in a lower range of Lorentz factors, is strongly suppressed. Satisfactory self-consistent representations were found for the most prominent representatives of this new blazar class.
A LOFAR-uGMRT spectral index study of distant radio halos
Authors: Di Gennaro G. , van Weeren R. J. , Cassano R. , Brunetti G. , Brüggen M. , Hoeft M. , Osinga E. , Botteon A. , Cuciti V. , de Gasperin F. , Röttgering H. J. A. , Tasse C.
Published: August 2021

Context. Radio halos are megaparsec-scale diffuse radio sources mostly located at the centres of merging galaxy clusters. The common mechanism invoked to explain their origin is the re-acceleration of relativistic particles caused by large-scale turbulence.

Aims. Current re-acceleration models predict that a significant number of halos at high redshift should be characterised by very steep spectra (α < −1.5) because of increasing inverse Compton energy losses. In this paper, we investigate the spectral index properties of a sample of nine clusters selected from the second Planck Sunyaev-Zel’dovich catalogue showing diffuse radio emission with the Low Frequency Array (LOFAR) in the 120–168 MHz band. This is the first time that radio halos discovered at low frequencies are followed up at higher frequencies.

Methods. We analysed upgraded Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (uGMRT) observations in Bands 3 and 4, that is, 250–500 and 550–900 MHz respectively. These observations were combined with existing LOFAR data to obtain information on the spectral properties of the diffuse radio emission.

Results. We find diffuse radio emission in the uGMRT observations for five of the nine high-z radio halos previously discovered with LOFAR. For those, we measure spectral indices in the range of −1 to −1.4. For the uGMRT non-detections, we estimated that the halos should have a spectral index steeper than −1.5. We also confirm the presence of one candidate relic.

Conclusions. Despite the small number of clusters, we find evidence that about half of the massive and merging clusters at high redshift host radio halos with a very steep spectrum. This is in line with theoretical predictions, although larger statistical samples are necessary to test models.
Evolution of the Alpine orogenic belts in the Western Mediterranean region as resolved by the kinematics of the Europe-Africa diffuse plate boundary
Authors: Angrand Paul , Mouthereau Frédéric
Published: August 2021

The West European collisional Alpine belts are the result of the inversion, initiated in the middle Cretaceous, of the complex western Neotethys and the Atlantic continental rift domains and closure of remnants of Tethys between the North Africa and European cratons. While the kinematics of Africa relative to Europe is well understood, the kinematics of microplates such as Iberia and Adria within the diffuse collisional plate boundary is still a matter of debate. We review geological and stratigraphic constraints in the peri-Iberia fold-thrust belts and basins to define the deformation history and crustal segmentation of the West European realm. These data are then implemented with other constraints from recently published kinematic and paleogeographic reconstructions to propose a new regional tectonic and kinematic model for Western Europe from the late Permian to recent times. Our model suggests that the pre-collisional extension between Europe and Africa plates was distributed and oblique, hence building discontinuous rift segments between the southern Alpine Tethys and the Central Atlantic. They were characterised by variably extended crust and narrow oceanic domains segmented across transfer structures and micro-continental blocks. The main tectonic structures inherited from the late Variscan orogeny localized deformation associated with rifting and orogenic belts. We show that continental blocks, including the Ebro-Sardinia-Corsica block, have been key in accommodating strike-slip, extension, and contraction in both Iberia and Adria. The definition of a new Ebro-Sardinia-Corsica block allows refining the tectonic relationships between Iberia, Europe and Adria in the Alps. By the Paleogene, the convergence of Africa closed the spatially distributed oceanic domains, except for the Ionian basin. From this time onwards, collision spread over the different continental blocks from Africa to Europe. The area was eventually affected by the West European Rift, in the late Eocene, which may have controlled the opening of the West Mediterranean. The low convergence associated with the collisional evolution of Western Europe permits to resolve the control of the inherited crustal architecture on the distribution of strain in the collision zone, that is otherwise lost in more mature collisional domain such as the Himalaya.
Schulterschmerz
Authors: Titzmann Cornelia , Kämper Siegfried , Klein Gerhard , Corts Magga
Published: August 2021

Vier Experten stellen die Behandlung von Schulterschmerz mithilfe von Phytotherapie, Komplexmittelhomöopathie, Akupunktur und Osteopathie vor.
Prüfungsthema: Schulter und Arm
Authors: Schmid Eva C.
Published: August 2021

In diesem HPA-Prüfungstrainer beschäftigen sich alle Fragen mit Schulter und Arm.
Viele Diagnosen, ein Schmerzzustand
Authors: Fabricius Jutta
Published: August 2021

Im geschilderten Fall weist die Patientin unter anderem seit vielen Jahren persistierende diffuse Beschwerden wie Schmerzen und Parästhesien der oberen Extremität auf. Eine der möglichen Ursachen des multimodalen Geschehens ist das Thoracic-Outlet-Syndrom – ein Kompressionssyndrom der neurovaskulären Strukturen der oberen Thoraxapertur, die zum Arm führen. Während erste osteopathische Behandlungen die Symptomatik deutlich verbessern, führt erst ein Sichtbefund die Autorin zu einer Spur, die eine umfassendere kausale Behandlung erlaubt.
Effects of an Elastic Resistance Band Intervention in Adolescent Handball Players
Authors: Bauer Julian , Schwiertz Gerrit , Muehlbauer Thomas
Published: August 2021

The objective was to investigate the effects of a 9-week elastic resistance band training within the regular handball training sessions compared to regular handball training only. Participants were randomly assigned to an intervention (INT: n=16; age: 17.0 ± 0.7 years) or a control (CON: n=16; age: 16.9 ± 0.9 years) group. The INT-group performed elastic resistance band exercises (3/week) for 20–30 minutes while the CON-group conducted regular handball training only. Pre- and post-training assessments included measures of strength endurance (Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test [CKCUEST]), maximal isometric strength (MIS), and throwing velocity. Significant main effects of Test (i.e. pre- to post-training enhancements) were detected for the CKCUEST (p < 0.001, 0.54 ≤ ηp
2 ≤ 0.57) and throwing velocity (p = 0.001, ηp
2 = 0.34). We found a significant (throwing velocity: p = 0.004, ηp
2 = 0.25) and a tendency toward (MIS of the internal rotators, non-throwing arm: p = 0.068, ηp
2 = 0.12) a significant Test × Group interaction, both in favour of the INT-group. A 9-week strengthening program using elastic resistance bands combined with regular handball training is effective to improve upper extremity strength endurance, throwing velocity, and MIS of the internal rotators of the non-throwing arm.
Toxische epidermale Nekrolyse (TEN) – durch, verstärkt durch oder parallel zu einer SARS-CoV-2-Infektion?
Authors: Herbst Matthias , Diamanti Evangelia , Papageorgiou Andria , Jahn Sigbert
Published: August 2021

Die Coronavirus-Pandemie ist auch im Alltag einer dermatologischen Praxis allgegenwärtig. Wir berichten über einen 55-jährigen Patienten, der sich mit einer toxisch-epidermalen Nekrolyse (TEN) vorstellte. Auf intensive Nachfrage ergab sich zunächst, dass er direkten Kontakt zu einer Person mit gesichertem Nachweis einer SARS-CoV-2-Infektion gehabt hatte, also K1-Kontakt war. Sein Corona-Test war zunächst jedoch 2-mal negativ. Dies veranlasste entsprechende Vorsichtsmaßnahmen bei der stationären Aufnahme des Patienten, die sich als richtig erwiesen, da der dritte PCR-Test nunmehr positiv war und die stattgehabte Infektion später in einem Antikörper-Test bei ihm und der Kontaktperson bestätigt wurde. Die TEN war möglicherweise durch Amoxicillin oder Metronidazol ausgelöst worden und wurde unter stationären Bedingungen erfolgreich mit hoch dosierten systemischen Steroiden und adäquater topischer Behandlung therapiert. Die Hauterkrankung heilte ad integrum ab.
Surgical Outcome of Large Solid Posterior Fossa Hemangioblastoma without Preoperative Embolization
Authors: Singh Prashant Raj , Sharma Raghvendra Kumar , Chaturvedi Jitender , Nayak Nitish , Sharma Anil Kumar
Published: August 2021

Background Large solid hemangioblastoma in the posterior fossa has an abundant blood supply as an arteriovenous malformation. The presence of adjacent vital neurovascular structures makes them vulnerable and difficult to operate. Complete surgical resection is always a challenge to the neurosurgeon.

Material and Method We share the surgical difficulties and outcome in this case series of large solid hemangioblastomas without preoperative embolization as an adjunct. This study included five patients (three men and two women, with a mean age of 42.2 years). Preoperative embolization was attempted in one patient but was unsuccessful. All the patients have headache (100%) and ataxia (100%) as an initial symptom. A ventriculoperitoneal shunt was inserted in one case before definite surgery due to obstructive hydrocephalus. The surgical outcome was measured using the Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) score.

Result The tumor was excised completely in all the cases. No intra- and postoperative morbidity occurred in four patients; one patient developed transient lower cranial nerve palsy. Mean blood loss was 235 mL, and no intraoperative blood transfusion was needed in any case. The mean follow-up period was 14.2 months. The mean KPS score at last follow-up was 80.One patient had a KPS score of 60.

Conclusion Our treatment strategy is of circumferential dissection followed by en bloc excision, which is the optimal treatment of large solid hemangioblastoma. The use of adjuncts as color duplex sonography and indocyanine green video angiography may help complete tumor excision with a lesser risk of complication. Preoperative embolization may not be needed to resect large solid posterior fossa hemangioblastoma, including those at the cerebellopontine angle location.
Assessment of Serum Interleukin-1β and Interleukin-6 Levels in Patients with Chronic Periodontitis and Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Al-Taweel Firas B.H. , Saliem Saif S. , Abd Osama H. , Whawell Simon A.
Published: August 2021

Objective The aim of this study was to assess whether serum cytokine levels correlate with clinical periodontal parameters in health or disease.

Materials and Methods Male subjects (40–60 years) with CP (n = 30), CP + CHD (n = 30), and healthy controls (n = 20) had plaque index (PLI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment level (CAL) evaluated. Serum IL-1β and IL-6 levels were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results PLI, GI, PPD, and CAL were significantly higher in patients with CP + CHD compared to those with CP. Serum levels of IL-1β and IL-6 were also significantly higher in CP + CHD compared to those with CP, with both groups also being significantly higher than controls. There was a strong correlation between IL-1β and PPD and CAL and between IL-6 and GI and CAL in the CP group and between IL-6 and GI and PPD in the CP + CHD group.

Conclusion The results provide further evidence that periodontitis triggers systemic inflammation. Cytokine levels in patients with periodontitis may represent a useful screening tool to identify those at greater risk of cardiovascular events.
Simulations shed insight on COVID-19 transmission on a public transportation system
Authors: Lim Alane
Published: August 2021

High-fidelity simulations of airflow in an urban bus offer a unique opportunity to peer into the chaotic evolution and spatial distribution of infectious aerosols.
Experimental study on the development of wake vortices behind screen cylinders
Authors: Sun Chenlin , Azmi Azlin Mohd , Leontini Justin , Zhu Hongjun , Zhou Tongming
Published: August 2021

This work examined the development of the large-scale vortex structures in the wake of two screen cylinders with porosities β = 48% and 61% in the intermediate region at a Reynolds number of 7000 using two X-type hot-wire probes. The screen cylinders were made of stainless steel screen meshes rolled into a cylindrical shape. The results were compared with those of a solid cylinder (β = 0%) under the same flow conditions. It was shown that the formation of the large-scale vortices in the screen cylinder wakes involves different mechanisms. For the screen cylinder with β = 48%, they were generated due to wake instability (Kármán vortex), which closely resembled that of a solid cylinder. In contrast, for the screen cylinder with β = 61%, the vortices were formed owing to the shear-layer (Kelvin–Helmholtz) convective instability. These findings were justified by the streamwise evolution of the vortex shedding frequency, a stability analysis in the near wake using the mean streamwise velocity profiles, and the coherent and incoherent wake structures obtained by the phase-averaged analysis at different downstream locations.
Counterbalancing light absorption and ionic transport losses in the electrolyte for integrated solar water splitting with III–V/Si dual-junctions
Authors: Kölbach Moritz , Özen Ciler , Höhn Oliver , Lackner David , Feifel Markus , Abdi Fatwa F. , May Matthias M.
Published: August 2021

Recently, significant progress in the development of III–V/Si dual-junction solar cells has been achieved. This not only boosts the efficiency of Si-based photovoltaic solar cells but also offers the possibility of highly efficient green hydrogen production via solar water splitting. Using such dual-junction cells in a highly integrated photoelectrochemical approach and aiming for upscaled devices with solar-to-hydrogen (STH) efficiencies beyond 20%, however, the following frequently neglected contrary effects become relevant: (i) light absorption in the electrolyte layer in front of the top absorber and (ii) the impact of this layer on the Ohmic and transport losses. Here, we initially model the influence of the electrolyte layer thickness on the maximum achievable solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of a device with an Si bottom cell and show how the top absorber bandgap has to be adapted to minimize efficiency losses. Then, the contrary effects of increasing Ohmic and transport losses with the decreasing electrolyte layer thickness are evaluated. This allows us to estimate an optimum electrolyte layer thickness range that counterbalances the effects of parasitic absorption and Ohmic/transport losses. We show that fine-tuning of the top absorber bandgap and the water layer thickness can lead to an STH efficiency increase of up to 1% absolute. Our results allow us to propose important design rules for high-efficiency photoelectrochemical devices based on multi-junction photoabsorbers.
Influence of solvent quality on depletion potentials in colloid–polymer mixtures
Authors: Denton Alan R. , Davis Wyatt J.
Published: August 2021

As first explained by the classic Asakura–Oosawa (AO) model, effective attractive forces between colloidal particles induced by depletion of nonadsorbing polymers can drive demixing of colloid–polymer mixtures into colloid-rich and colloid-poor phases, with practical relevance for purification of water, stability of foods and pharmaceuticals, and macromolecular crowding in biological cells. By idealizing polymer coils as effective penetrable spheres, the AO model qualitatively captures the influence of polymer depletion on thermodynamic phase behavior of colloidal suspensions. In previous work, we extended the AO model to incorporate aspherical polymer conformations and showed that fluctuating shapes of random-walk coils can significantly modify depletion potentials [W. K. Lim and A. R. Denton, Soft Matter 12, 2247 (2016); J. Chem. Phys. 144, 024904 (2016)]. We further demonstrated that the shapes of polymers in crowded environments sensitively depend on solvent quality [W. J. Davis and A. R. Denton, J. Chem. Phys. 149, 124901 (2018)]. Here, we apply Monte Carlo simulation to analyze the influence of solvent quality on depletion potentials in mixtures of hard-sphere colloids and nonadsorbing polymer coils, modeled as ellipsoids whose principal radii fluctuate according to random-walk statistics. We consider both self-avoiding and non-self-avoiding random walks, corresponding to polymers in good and theta solvents, respectively. Our simulation results demonstrate that depletion of polymers of equal molecular weight induces much stronger attraction between colloids in good solvents than in theta solvents and confirm that depletion interactions are significantly influenced by aspherical polymer conformations.
The role of the foregut in digestion in the cricket
Authors: Zhou ShangXian , Woodman James D. , Chen Hua , Cooper Paul D.
Published: August 2021

The role of the foregut (crop and proventriculus) in mechanical processing of food has received little attention in insects. Using the Australian plague locust (Chortoicetes terminifera) and the black field cricket (Teleogryllus commodus) as models, the role of the crop in processing of wheat or rye grass was examined. Interior cuticular structures (spines) of the foregut were described using light and scanning electron microscopy, with locusts having sclerotised structures and crops of crickets being unsclerotised internally. Muscular bands on the exterior surface of the crop part of the foregut are similar in males of both species, but contractions and movements are more forceful in locusts. Passage rate from the foregut is much faster in locusts (<3 h) than in crickets (>3 h). Water within the crop is reduced compared with the water content of fresh grass within the foregut of locusts, but water is increased in cricket crops. Spines within the crops are small relative to the size of food particles in both species. Some spines of locusts contain metals. The slower passage rate from the crop of crickets may be limited by the proventriculus. Foregut structure and food processing facilitates the generalist diet of crickets, but may restrict locusts to consuming softer grasses.
SLC-30A9 is required for Zn
2+
homeostasis, Zn
2+
mobilization, and mitochondrial health
Authors: Deng Huichao , Qiao Xinhua , Xie Ting , Fu Wenfeng , Li Hang , Zhao Yanmei , Guo Miaomiao , Feng Yaqian , Chen Ligong , Zhao Yan , Miao Long , Chen Chang , Shen Kang , Wang Xiangming
Published: August 2021

Significance

Zinc plays important roles in numerous cellular processes. Deficiency or excess of Zn
2+
leads to many diseases. Zn
2+
concentration at various cellular compartments is regulated. Imbalance of Zn
2+
in mitochondria has been linked to neurodegeneration. However, little is known about how mitochondrial Zn
2+
is regulated. We find that SLC-30A9 is required for Zn
2+
export from mitochondria in both
Caenorhabditis elegans
and human cells. Loss of
slc-30a9
leads to excessive Zn
2+
accumulation in mitochondria, severe mitochondrial swelling, compromised mitochondrial metabolic function, reductive stress, and induction of the mitochondrial stress response. SLC-30A9 is also essential for organismal fertility and sperm activation. In neurons,
slc-30a9
mutations cause dramatically reduced mitochondria in neurites, providing a potential mechanism for the Birk–Landau–Perez cerebrorenal syndrome.