bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Design of a Monitoring Expert System of Flight Parameter
Authors: Zhang Yan Song , Zhang Hui Feng , Ye Wei , Wang Chao Jiang , Xu Zhen Dong
Published: September 2013

In order to meet the trend for flight test technology, this paper presents a monitoring expert system of flight parameters based on embedded technology , which can achieve real-time interpretation of flight data air and provide the parameters for the AHRS, engines, flight controls for aircraft crew members as well as the disposal of the special circumstances operating. It can be used for real-time collection and record a variety of digital information, control information and video information transmitting by the missiles and fiber during the fly testing process.
Calandria - A Manufacturing Challenge
Authors: Shukla Kaustubh
Published: September 2013

Accelerating the pace of Nuclear Power Plants construction is critical to the Growth of Indian Economy. It calls for timely and First Time Right manufacturing of various Reactor Equipment. This paper captures the experience of Godrej Precision Engineering Division in successful realization of Calandria, in record time, with First Time Right Quality adhering to very demanding and stringent requirements.
Technological Challenges in Manufacturing of over Dimensional Stainless Steel Components of PFBR
Authors: Azhagarason B. , Mahendran N. , Mitra Tarun Kumar , Kumar Prabhat
Published: September 2013

Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) is liquid sodium cooled, pool type nuclear reactor with generating capacity of 1250 MWt / 500MWe. Reactor assembly consists of many large dimensional components made of special grade austenitic stainless steel material. Safety vessel and Main vessel are torispherical dished end vessels with overall height of 12.8 m and 13.4/12.9 m diameter with thickness ranging from 20 to 40 mm. Vessels approx. 111 / 135 MT with running weld length of 500 & 540 m. Inner vessel and thermal baffles are the internals of reactor assembly made of SS 316LN. Forming of dished end petals, weld overlay on the inside surface, circumference matching between the cylindrical shells, cylindrical shell to dished portion was achieved within the tolerances specified. Due to limitations of transportation, these large sized components were manufactured at PFBR site. This paper discusses the experiences gained during the manufacturing of such over dimensional components at PFBR site in meeting the stringent tolerances on various dimensions and NDE requirements.
Present Status of Stainless Steel Industry in India & it’s Future Prospects
Authors: Mathur N.C. , Kumar Rohit
Published: September 2013

Indian Stainless Steel Development Association (ISSDA) was formed in 1989 with the explicit objective of diversifying and expanding the domestic market of stainless steel. At that time, more than 90% of stainless used in the country was kitchenware but over the last two decades, stainless steel has undergone tremendous changes in perception and its increasingly growing end use application in areas such as architecture building & construction, automotive transport, process and engineering. The world production of stainless steel in 2012 is estimated at 35.4 million tonne. Asia has strongly emerged as both the worlds largest stainless steel producer and user. Among countries, China dominates the world production of stainless steel accounting for almost 45% share. However, India has outpaced global growth rates consistently over last 10 years with its stainless steel melt production in 2012 reaching almost 3 million tonnes to propel the country as 4th largest producer after China, Europe and Japan. The potential growth of stainless steel in India is enormous, considering the fact that the per capita consumption at 1.9kg is still much lower than world average of almost 4.85kg. The per capita consumption of stainless steel has strong co-relation with per capita GDP and India is expected to more than double its per capita income over next 10 years. In addition increased urbanization, high demographic dividends and governments manufacturing policy seeking to enhance the share of manufacturing in GDP to 25% within a decade augurs well for the future growth of the stainless steel in India. This paper focuses on the growth story of Indian Stainless Steel industry and its market sector vis-à-vis world and further explores on the strategy to increase the consumption domestically considering the fact that world is going through recession cycles resulting in excessive capacity especially China posing a major challenge to Indian Stainless industry. Keywords: Stainless Steel, Indian Industry, Growth Prospects, Present Status
Metallurgy of Welding Stainless Steels
Authors: Sundaresan S.
Published: September 2013

Based primarily on microstructure, five stainless steel types are recognized: ferritic, martensitic, austenitic, duplex and precipitation-hardening. The major problem in ferritic stainless steels is the tendency to embrittlement, aggravated by various causes. During welding, control of heat input is essential and, in some cases, also a postweld heat treatment. The austenitic type is the easiest to weld, but two important issues are involved in the welding of these steels: hot cracking and formation of chromium carbide and other secondary phases on thermal exposure. The nature of the problems and remedial measures are discussed from a metallurgical perspective. Duplex stainless steels contain approximately equal proportions of austenite and ferrite. The article discusses the upset in phase balance during welding both in the weld metal and heat-affected zone and the formation of embrittling secondary phases during any thermal treatment. Martensitic stainless steels are susceptible to hydrogen-induced cracking. Welding thus involves many precautions to prevent it through proper preheat selection, postweld heat treatment, etc. In the welding of precipitation-hardening stainless steels, it is usually necessary to develop in the weld metal strength levels matching those of the base metal. This is achieved by applying a postweld heat treatment appropriate to each type of alloy.
Deformation and Fracture Behavior of AISI 403 Stainless Steel for Nuclear Structural Applications
Authors: Gupta C. , Chakravartty J.K. , Singh R.N.
Published: September 2013

The deformation and fracture behaviour of AISI 403, a tempered martensitic stainless steel for end fitting application of Pressurised heavy water reactor is being reported. The deformation behaviour studies entailed characterisation of tensile behaviour in the temperature range 77 - 873 K for the as recieved and the fine grained Nb modified variant of AISI 403. the study of elevated tensile behaviour in the two steels has been undertaken with the purpose of characterising the strain rate - temperature domain of the occurrence of dynamic strain aging (DSA) phenomenon. In both steels, while the temperature range for the manifestations of characteristic anomalies in the tensile curve due to DSA was observed within 523 - 673K, the strain domain for the fine grained Nb modfied variety was significantly higher as comapred with the as recievied variety. The low temperature tensile tests for the as recieved AISI 403 revealed the presence of Pseudo=alloy softening in the temperature range 273 - 193 K. The effect of high DBTT of the AISI 403 steel was shown by the fracture toughness tests in the J-integral format at room temperature that displayed significant scatter in smaples with high in-plane and out of plane constraint. Smaples with lower constraint showing stable crack growth were further tested at high temperature to obtain the temperature dependence of initiation fracture toughness and propagation touhgness. Within the DSA tempertaures a sharp decline in the fracture properties were observed. A mechanistic interpretation for the manifestations of the various observed phenomena is presented.
Corrosion of Non-Sensitized Austenitic Stainless Steels in Nitric Acid Environment: An Electrochemical Approach
Authors: Kain Vivekanand , Khan Shagufta , Reddy A.V.R. , Wattal P.K.
Published: September 2013

The austenitic stainless steels are used in nuclear spent fuel reprocessing and waste management plants and the process fluid is nitric acid at temperature up to boiling point. However incorporation of oxidizing ions e.g. fission products as well as corrosion products, in nitric acid stream make the environment highly corrosive to stainless steels. Present work aims to investigate role of process parameters and material parameters (composition and microstructure) on corrosion behaviour of stainless steels. The process parameters studied are temperature, acid concentration and oxidizing ions. It has been shown that the potential attained on stainless steel is a function of acid concentration and temperature and is further strongly affected by addition of oxidizing ions. This developed potential determines the corrosion behaviour of stainless steel. Increasing the temperature and concentration of nitric acid and concentration of oxidizing species increased the developed potential. Potentials were applied to types 304 L (nitric acid grade - NAG), 304 L (commercial purity) and 310 L stainless steels in boiling 6 M nitric acid for a period of 48 h. The corrosion rates measured in such experiments were plotted as a function of applied potential. The form of corrosion was established by microstructural examination. A clear demarcation was observed between uniform corrosion and intergranular corrosion at a potential of 960-980 mVSCE. Above this potential range corrosion rate increased exponentially and the form of corrosion is shown to be intergranular corrosion. Below this potential range, uniform and low rate of corrosion occurred. The influence of microstructure (step, dual and ditch) of type 304 L was also studied and is described in this paper.
Corrosion Resistance of 9 - 15% Cr ODS Steels and its Comparison with Austenitic Stainless Steel
Authors: Ningshen S. , Sakairi M. , Sukuki K. , Ukai S.
Published: September 2013

An oxide dispersion strengthened steels are one of the most promising high temperatures, and high performance advanced structural material being developed for future fast reactors and high-temperature Generation IV reactors. In the present work, the corrosion resistance and its correlation with the passive film compositions of 11% Cr F/M and 9-15% Cr (with Zr or Hf) ODS steels is examined and compared with AISI type 304L stainless steel in boiling 60 - 62% (~13 M) HNO3. The corrosion rate measured in 62% HNO3 for 240 h of 11% Cr F/M, 9% Cr and 15% Cr (Zr) ODS steels show high corrosion rate. On the other hand, low corrosion rate was observed in 304L stainless steel (0. 21 to 23 mm y-1). However, severe intergranular corrosion attack was revealed in type 304L SS after 240 h exposure, but none in ODS steels. Such an intergranular corrosion attack seen in type 304L stainless steel is undesirable. On the contrary, low corrosion rate (0.04 0.15 mm y-1) of 15% Cr (Hf) ODS steel in 3 M, 6 M and 9 M HNO3, comparable to that of type 304L stainless steel was observed. The improved corrosion resistance of 15% Cr (Hf) ODS steel was attributed to enrich (20 at. %) and protective Al2O3 layer formation in addition to Cr2O3 in the passive film.
Potential for Application of Special Stainless Steels for Chemical Process Equipments
Authors: Elaya Perumal K.
Published: September 2013

The most predominant material of construction (MOC) for process equipments in chemical process industries (CPI) is plain carbon steel only. This is because of its lowest cost, easy availability, adequate thermal and mechanical properties, ease of fabrication etc. The only limitation is its low corrosion resistance.
When corrosion resistance becomes the deciding factor, for overall resistance to general uniform corrosion, the common austenitic stainless steel Type 304(L) SS, 18/8(L) SS, is used. This has limitation with respect to uniform corrosion in reducing acids and to pitting corrosion, crevice corrosion and stress corrosion cracking in chloride containing media. In such situations, Type 316(L) SS, 18/8/2.5Mo/(L), shows somewhat better performance. These are called Standard Austenitic Stainless Steels.
Even 316(L) SS shows unsatisfactory corrosion behavior in strong reducing acids, in concentrated chloride solutions at elevated temperatures and in fluids flowing with high velocities. In such cases, if the process conditions cannot be made milder with respect to corrosion phenomena, then there is a strong potential for upgrading the MOCs to Special Stainless Steels.
These special stainless steels are either high nickel high molybdenum (~25 % Ni and ~6 % Mo) Super Austenitic Stainless Steels or low nickel (4 to 7 %) Duplex Stainless Steels. With respect to cost, the former are highly expensive than 316(L) SS because of widely varying amounts of nickel and of the presence of high molybdenum and the latter are marginally comparable with 316L SS.
It is a common experience in industry that the usage of such special stainless steels is felt necessary only after facing severe corrosion problems in equipments made of standard stainless steels. The purpose of this paper is to present a few case studies of severe corrosion problems analyzed by the author resulting in recommendation of special stainless steel as the corrosion preventive step. The following case studies would be presented.

Fertilizer Industry, Ammonia plant, Synthesis Gas Coolers
Petrochemical Plant, Proprietary Amine manufacturing Reactor in the presence of Orthophosphoric Acid
Petrochemical Plant, Proprietary Amine manufacturing process, Ammonia recovery column.
Petrochemical Plant, Reboiler Tubes processing concentrated acetic acid.
Development of IFAC-1 SS: An Advanced Austenitic Stainless Steel for Cladding and Wrapper Tube Applications in Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors
Authors: Mathew M.D. , Gopal K.A. , Murugan S. , Panigrahi B.K. , Bhaduri A.K. , Jayakumar T.
Published: September 2013

Fuel cycle cost of sodium cooled fast reactors (SFRs) is strongly dependent on the in-reactor performance of core structural materials, i.e., cladding and wrapper tube materials of the fuel subassembly, which are subjected to intense neutron irradiation during service, leading to unique materials problems like void swelling, irradiation creep and helium embrittlement. In order to increase the burnup of the fuel and thereby reduce the fuel cycle cost, it is necessary to employ materials which have high resistance to void swelling as well as better high temperature mechanical properties. The Indian fast reactor program began with the commissioning of the 40 MWtFast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR). The core structural material of FBTR is 20% cold worked 316 austenitic stainless steel (SS). For the 5000 MetPrototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) which is in an advanced stage of construction at Kalpakkam, 20% cold-worked alloy D9 (14Cr-15Ni-Ti SS) has been selected as the cladding and wrapper tube material for the initial core. The target burnup of the fuel is 100 GWd/t. Advanced austenitic stainless steel and oxide dispersion strengthened steels are being developed for achieving fuel burnup higher than 100 GWd/t. An advanced alloy D9 containing controlled amounts of titanium, silicon and phosphorous has been developed. This alloy named as IFAC-1 (Indian Fast Reactor advanced Clad-1) SS is aimed at thermal creep properties comparable to that of alloy D9, and superior void swelling resistance upto a target burn-up of about 150 GWd/t. The nominal chemical composition of IFAC-1 SS is 14Cr-15Ni-.25Ti-.75Si-.04P. The chemical composition has been optimized after extensive evaluation of the tensile, creep and microstructural stability of fifteen laboratory heats with different amounts of titanium, silicon and phosphorous. Void swelling behavior was studied using ion irradiation. IFAC-1 SS contains higher levels of low melting eutectic phase forming elements such as phosphorous, and so is susceptible to solidification cracking. Extensive pulsed TIG welding trials have been carried out on IFAC-1 SS/316LN SS weld joints with varied weld parameters to find out the feasibility of obtaining solidification crack-free welds and the optimum welding parameters have been established. This paper gives an overview of the development of this advanced core structural material for SFRs.
Evolution of Mould Fluxes
Authors: Hariharan Ashok , Mozumdar Samir Kumar
Published: September 2013

Mould flux was invented for bottom poured ingots using fly ash as raw material. It transited subsequently to synthetic raw materials. As continuous casting of steel developed, Fluxes in fine powder form evolved culminating to the development of environment friendly fluxes in granular form. As continuous casting of stainless steel commenced different powders were developed for different Stainless qualities like austenitic, ferritic etc. Powders developed from interface with users were not only to satisfy demand of lubrication in the mould but also for adequate heat transfer and better surface quality. Shrinkage in mould, interplay of the elements in steel during casting with mould slag, tendency of the steel grades towards cracking or sticking and influence of various casting parameters determined mould powder development and usage. In-mould Powder performance dynamically reacts to changes in casting parameters and conditions and appropriate changes in powder chemistry can overcome or minimise detrimental effects of such changes. Future demands of overall cost control, better surface quality, minimal grinding, stable meniscus will guide powder research and development alongwith focus on environmental concerns.
Development of a Technique for the Calibration of HPGe Detector to Estimate Radionuclides Present in Steel Samples
Authors: Singh Sarbjit , Mhatre Amol
Published: September 2013

The quantitative assay of radionuclides present in steel samples is required for the environmental safety as well as in the process control and quality control of the finished products. The standard sources should also be prepared in the required size and shape as that of the sample, for the efficiency calibration of the HPGe detector system. A method was developed and tested to use 152Eu point source for the determination of efficiency of an extended steel disk source using HPGe detector system. Standard point sources of 152Eu were prepared by transferring known amount of 152Eu activity by weight. Standard steel disk sources of required dimensions were also prepared by distributing uniformly the standard activity of 152Eu on both sides of the inactive steel disk. The extrapolated efficiency of the steel disk sample was determined using the efficiency of the 152Eu point source and it was compared with the efficiency determined using the standard sources of 152Eu prepared on the steel disks. The two efficiency calibration curves matched very well within the experimental limits. Using this efficiency calibration, a few steel samples were analyzed for the radionuclides present in them. The detections limits for most of the nuclides were much less than the specified limits. The method can further be extended for other types of geometries with suitable modifications for the changes in thickness and attenuation corrections.
Static X-Ray Scans on the Titanium Hydride (TiH2) Powder during Dehydrogenation
Authors: Hayazi Nur Farhana , Wang Yu , Mohd Noor Mazlee , Chan Sammy Lap Ip
Published: September 2013

This work investigates the dehydrogenation of TiH2 powder during isothermal heating at 600°C using the static x-ray scans of high temperature x-ray diffraction (XRD). As-received TiH2 powder with a particle size of 5 μm and purity of 99.1% was used for this measurement. With increasing temperature, phase transformations occurred because of dehydrogenation and it happened very fast. It was found that during the phase transformation of TiH2 to titanium, some transitional phases observed and occurred. This finding confirmed the in-situ determination of TiH2 powder dehydrogenation by using Rietveld Refinement Method from our previous research. This study is useful for the fabrication of titanium-based composites and titanium alloys from TiH2 powder because the different phases in TiH2 will affect the final mechanical properties in titanium.
Granular Activated Carbons Impregnated by Iron Oxide (Fe-GACs) for Simultaneous Adsorption and Photodecomposition of Methylene Blue in an Oxalate Solution
Authors: Kadirova Zukhra C. , Katsumata Ken Ichi , Hojamberdiev Mirabbos , Isobe Toshihiro , Matsushita Nobuhiro , Nakajima Akira , Okada Kiyoshi
Published: September 2013

The granular activated carbons (GACs) impregnated with iron oxide containing 6-8 mass% Fe (Fe-GACs) were prepared from a commercially available GAC (BAU) and iron oxalate (BAU-OA), iron chloride (BAU-CL) and iron benzohydroxamate (BAU-HA). The impregnated BAU samples heat treated at 250°C had specific surface areas (SBET) of 111, 50 and 4 m2/g, respectively. The XRD patterns showed amorphous structure in the BAU-CL sample and had low crystallinity (as FeOOH and Fe2O3 phases) in the BAU-HA and BAU-OA samples. The BAU-OA and BAU-CL samples showed higher methylene blue (MB) adsorption capacities than the BAU-HA sample, which was corresponded to the SBET values. The apparent MB photodegaradation rate constant (kapp) was higher in the BAU-OA sample than the other samples under the standard experimental conditions. The intensive photodegradation was found to be at pH = 3 but decreased greatly at pH>5, consistent with the presence of Fe (III)-OA complexes. Since the current process was performed without the addition of hydrogen peroxide and showed higher efficiency under solar light irradiation, this system can be used in the treatment of wastewater containing organic dyes.
Effect of Dolomite on Pyrolysis of Rice Straw
Authors: Ahmad Razi , Hamidin Nasrul , Md Ali Umi Fazara
Published: September 2013

A study of catalytic pyrolysis on rice straw was carried out in a fixed-bed reactor. The objectives were to determine the effect of dolomite catalyst on the distribution of product yield and bio-oil characterization. The non-catalytic and catalytic process of rice straw was performed at the optimum conditions. The chemical characterization studies of uncatalysed bio-oil derived from pyrolysis of rice straw reflect a considerable amount of carbonyl and oxygenated compound, resulting in higher oxygen content in elemental composition. In the presence of the dolomite catalyst, the yield of bio-oil was markedly reduced and so was the oxygen content of the bio-oil itself. The product yields and quality of the resultant bio-oil were significantly affected by the use of dolomite catalyst.
The Comparison between Four PLCC Packages and Eight PLCC Packages in Personal Computer (PC) Using Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD), FLUENT SoftwareTM Using Epoxy Moulding Compound Material (EMC)
Authors: Mazlan Mohamed , Rahim A. , Iqbal M.A. , Al Bakri Abdullah Mohd Mustafa , Razak W. , Mohd Sukhairi M.R.
Published: September 2013

The paper present the three dimensional numerical analysis of heat and fluid flow through Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier (PLCC) packages in inline orientation horizontally mounted on a printed circuit board in a wind tunnel is carried out using a commercial CFD code, FLUENTTM by using Epoxy Moulding Compound (EMC) as a main material. The study was made for four and eight packages with different Reynolds Number and package chip powers. The results are presented in term of junction temperature for four and eight PLCC package under different conditions. It is observed the chip temperatures of eight PLCC packages have higher junction temperature compare to four PLCC packages due to effect of other PLCC because of space and gap between PLCC that have more number of PLCC is smaller. Hence it makes junction temperature of eight PLCC higher compare to four PLCC packages. Moreover, the junction temperature of the packages decreases with increase in Reynolds Number.
The Effect of Iron Fillings Waste Contents on the Attenuation Level of Anti-Radiation Shielding Concrete
Authors: Azeez Ali Basheer , Mohammed Kahtan S. , Al Bakri Abdullah Mohd Mustafa , Rahmat Azmi B.
Published: September 2013

Shielding concretes of different iron filling contents were assessed for their anti radiation attenuation properties. The measurements have been performed by using gamma spectrometer of NaI (Tl) detector, the sources were Cs137 and Co60 radioactive elements with photon energies of o.662 MeV, for Cs137 and the two 1.17MeV, 1.33 MeV energy levels for the Co60. Likewise, the mean free path of the tested samples was obtained as well. From the measurement of the linear attenuation coefficients for these different shielding materials, it was found that as the iron filings within the concrete are increased the linear attenuation coefficient is increased also. It can be concluded from this work that the Iron filings content in concrete is very effective in augmentation of the anti-radiation shielding capability. It can be used as shelters material for secure storing of the nuclear wastes.
Alteration in the Microstructure of Fly Ash Geopolymers upon Exposure to Elevated Temperatures
Authors: A. Abdulkareem Omar , Al Bakri Abdullah Mohd Mustafa , Kamarudin H. , Ismail Khairul Nizar
Published: September 2013

This paper represents the mechanical and microstructure changes in geopolymeric material synthesized by the alkali activation of locally source fly ash at high temperatures of 400, 600 and 800 °C. The high compressive strength of geopolymer cured at 70 °C underwent thermal shrinkage and substantial strength losing at temperatures of 400, 600 °C caused by the high dehydration of the structural water. Exposure to temperature of 800 °C, the geopolymer lost its strength due to extremely densification and expansion processes of the high unreacted silicate phase in the structure. The SEM results showed that the high activator content generated large quantities of unreacted silicate crystals at high temperatures which sintered at range of temperatures of 700-800 °C causing system failure.
A Study on the Effect of Modified Electrolyte to the Formation of AAO Membrane in Anodising Process
Authors: Wahab Juyana A. , Misbah Muhamad Nur , Jamil Nurul Diyana , Derman Mohd Nazree
Published: September 2013

The formation of anodic aluminium oxide (AAO) membrane in anodising process has been studied. The anodising process was done in two different type of electrolyte which are single phosphoric acid and a mixture of phosphoric acid and acetic acid. This study was done to determine the influence of this mixed electrolyte toward the formation of AAO membrane. The anodising voltage was control from 90V to 130V while concentration, time, and temperature were kept constant at 1M, 60 minute and 15°C respectively. The characterisation of the AAO membrane was done by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results of this study confirm that the addition of organic acid in the acidic based electrolyte resulted to the larger pores size of AAO membrane.
The Effect of Titanium Oxide Content in Piston Coating on the Performance and Emission Characteristics of Bio-Diesel Fuelled C.I. Engine
Authors: Rajashekhar C.R. , Umashankar C. , Chandrashekar T.K. , Naveen P.
Published: September 2013

Thermal barrier coating has proven to be effective in improving the thermal efficiency and initiation of an effective cooling system of the engine. In the present work the engine piston crown was plasma coated with 150μm thicknss of catalytic ceramic material Alumina-Titanium oxide (Al2O3-TiO2) over a 60μm thickness of NiCrAl bond coat. Available literature on this topic suggest that the particular effect of TiO2 on the over all thermal barrier characteristics have not been established clearly. It was therefore felt that the effect of weight percentage of TiO2 in the Al2O3-TiO2, might influence the performance and emission characteristics of the engine. The TiO2 weight % has been tested at 10% and 15% levels. The engine used was four strokes, single cylinder direct injected diesel engine. The engine was tested with diesel & at 30% Honge bio-diesel with diesel and the results obtained clearly indicate that the specific fuel consumption, CO & HC emissions have come down by increasing the weight % of TiO2.
Chrome Mask Design for Microfluidic Fabrication
Authors: Perumal Veeradasan , Hashim U.
Published: September 2013

This paper presents a simple and effective method to design chrome mask for microfludic fabrication. Microfluidic fabrication involves 9 major step and mainly depends on the master mold template formation by SU-8 photoresists using conventional photolithography process The chrome mask was design using AutoCAD software. Essentially, mask is a crucial element in a microfluidic fabrication in which resolution requirements and precise alignment are vital, each mask needs to be precisely aligned with original alignment mark. Otherwise, it cant successfully transfer the original pattern to the wafer surface causing microchannel formation failure. Thus, the initial design is compared with the fabricated chrome mask to achieved a better result during device fabrication.
Stress Analysis and Failure Characterizations of V-Shaped Epoxy Adhesively Bonded Joint
Authors: Afendi Mohd , Majid M.S. Abdul , Daud R. , Ishino Y. , Teramoto T.
Published: September 2013

This paper deals with stress and failure characteristics of V-shaped epoxy adhesive joint. Effect of scarf angle upon failure morphology was investigated by tensile test and monitoring using high speed camera. V-shaped specimens were fabricated having bond thicknesses, t = 1.0 mm and various scarf angles (i.e. θ = 30 ̊, 45 ̊, 60 ̊, 75 ̊, and 90 ̊). From failure surface observation, failure morphology can be divided into 5 types consisting of interface failure and/or cohesive failure. Stress singularity plays a major role in failure morphology where higher singularity favors cohesive failure in the specimens tested.
Substrate Temperature Dependence on Sputtered Titania Thin Film
Authors: Aznilinda Zainuddin , Herman Sukreen Hana , Raudah A.B. , Abdullah W.F.H. , Rusop M.
Published: September 2013

Titania films were deposited on glass substrates by RF magnetron sputtering method at different substrate temperatures which are room temperature, 50°C, 100°C, 150°C, 200°C, 250°C and 300°C. The surface morphology and cross section of the particles structure were studied using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope. It is shown that the increase in substrate temperature during the sputtering process up to 300°C will make the film become more dense and grown in a columnar structure. Significant changes occur on the titania thin film structure at 250°C due to the significant changes in the surface thermal energy and the surface diffusion.
Performance of Concrete Using Light Waste PET Fibre
Authors: Irwan J.M. , Faisal S.K. , Othman Norzila , Wan Ibrahim Mohamad H. , Asyraf R.M. , Annas M.M.K.
Published: September 2013

The volume of polymeric wastes like polyethylene terephthalate bottles (PET) is increasing at a fast rate. PET bottles annual consumption represents more than 300,000 million units. The majority of the PET waste is sent to landfill. Since PET waste is not biodegradable, it can remain in nature for hundreds of years. Previous investigations already confirmed the potential of PET waste in replacing aggregates in concrete and represents better option than send it to landfill. This paper reviews researches published on the performance of concrete containing PET wastes. In this researches PET waste will be incorporated with an established binder namely fly Ash. The increase of workability is caused by the small spherical shapes of the fly ash that reduces the friction between cement and aggregates. Then it will results in an increase in the workability and flow of fresh concrete. Overall, the decision of using recycled waste plastic as fiber in structure for the design of structures provides enough benefits that will make it worthwhile to be considered as an economical attractive option. Once the use of performance concrete using light fibre becomes more popular and the importance of research contribution in providing technical knowledge on this new material becomes apparent. Furthermore this paper will bring new name for the new combination waste material is called Performance of Waste Light PET Fibre Concrete (WLPFC).
Effect of Fiber Treatment on the Fiber Strength of Kenaf Bast Fiber as Reinforcing Material in Polymer Composite
Authors: Aziz Nurul Faiizin Abdul , Azmi Ibrahim , Ahmad Zakiah , Mohd Dahan Rozana
Published: September 2013

The use of natural fibers at high percentages of loading in thermoplastic composites for the production of sustainable and green materials in consumer goods, furniture, automotive industry and construction industry is emerging. Several studies have been conducted by many researchers to improve the mechanical properties of the fibers and the fiber-matrix interface for better bonding and load transfer especially when high fiber loading is used. The natural fiber hydrophilic properties make the poor interface and poor resistance to moisture absorption when used to reinforce hydrophobic matrices. Therefore, this study investigates the effects of different surface treatment namely magnesium chloride (MgCl2) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) on the properties of kenaf fiber for different molarities. Morphology using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and tensile properties of kenaf fibers after different surface treatment are evaluated. Results showed that the treatment on kenaf fibers has removed the hydroxyl group in cellulose and increase the surface roughness which resulted in the improvement of the tensile properties of kenaf fibers as compared to untreated kenaf fibers.
The Effects of Dynamic Vulcanization in Virgin Polyethylene (vPE)/Recycled Polyethylene (rPE)/Ethylene Propylene Diene Terpolymer (EPDM) Blends: Thermal Properties and Swelling Behaviour
Authors: Ismail H. , Noimam N.Z. , Woon H.W. , Yahya N.Z. Nik
Published: September 2013

The effects of dynamic vulcanization on the thermal properties and swelling behaviour of vPE/rPE/EPDM blends were studied. The discarded polyethylene used in the study was obtained from local wire insulation industry. The thermal properties and swelling behaviour of the blends were analyzed. Results show that increasing of sulfur loading had improved the thermal stability of the blends. The swelling percentage and swelling index of vPE/rPE/EPDM blends also decreased, inversely proportional to the increasing of sulfur loading. Thus, the increased incorporation of sulfur loading had improved the chemical and oil resistance of the blends.
The Effects of Carbon Black, Silica and Calcium Carbonate in Virgin PE/Recycle PE/EPDM Blends: Thermal Properties & Swelling Analysis
Authors: Ismail H. , Noimam N.Z. , Woon H.W. , Ridhwan J.N.M.
Published: September 2013

The effects of carbon black (CB), silica and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in virgin polyethylene (vPE)/recycle polyethylene (rPE)/ethylene propylene diene terpolymer (EPDM) blends were investigated. rPE was melt blended with EPDM in different ratio by using a Haake Rheomix. The characterization such as swelling analysis and thermal properties were examined. Results indicated that, vPE/rPE/EPDM blend with CB show best oil (ASTM IRM 903) and toluene resistant and also thermal properties compared with silica and CaCO3.
Mask Design Platform for Zinc Oxide Nanowire Growth
Authors: Prasad R. Haarindra , Hashim U. , Adam Tijjani
Published: September 2013

This paper mainly represent the simple and effective method to design the chrome mask for patterning the platform for zinc oxide nanowire growth. The most essential aspect that need to be considered in designing the chrome mask is the critical dimension of the mask. Hence, the mask is design by using AutoCAD software to design the desired size and length dimension of the mask. Fabrication and development of zinc oxide consist of a series of major steps. The silicon sample will be initially cleaned, followed by zinc oxide deposition and the zinc oxide nanowire will be growth in vertical direction by using VLS (Vapor-Liquid-Solid) mechanism. The nanowire will be patterned by using the chrome mask which design the platform of the nanowire formation. The initial design of the chrome mask is measured and compared to the fabricated chrome mask to detect the efficiency and the accuracy of the pattern transfer process. Our aim is to develop a comprehensive platform for prominent zinc oxide nanowire growth leading to novel and efficient functional of zinc oxide nanowire devices.
Nanoelectrode Chrome Photomask Design and Specification for Biosensor Fabrication
Authors: Sharma Rao Balakrishnan , Hashim U.
Published: September 2013

This paper explains the most crucial part of any microchip fabrication, which is the mask design for photolithography process. The design is initially sketched roughly to meet the design specification and later on designed using AutoCAD software. Therefore, to meet the required criteria, the overall width and length of the device is optimized at 12mm and 20.21mm respectively. Optimization of the size is done based on the chip behavior as a disposable chip and adding an economical value when it is commercialized. The nanoelectrode mask layout comprises of four sets of design which are single gaps for size reduction, single gaps for size expansion, multiple gaps for size reduction and multiple gaps for size expansion. While, the second chrome mask is fabricated for gold contact padding with two types of design sets, one is for single gaps and another is for multiple gaps. Both mask designs were sent for chrome mask fabrication for future use in biosensor fabrication.
The Effect of Sintering Temperature to the Properties of Zinc Oxide
Authors: Lim Joon Hoong , Yeoh C.K. , Teh Pei Leng , Arif Wan Mohd , Chik A.
Published: September 2013

In this paper, different sintering temperature used to study the influence of temperature on the structural and thermal properties of zinc oxide (ZnO). On this research, the sample was prepared by solid-state method for zinc oxide (ZnO) at different sintering temperature which was 700°C, 800°C and 900°C. It was observed that the density of bulk ZnO that sintering at 900°C had the higher value of density 5.03 g/cm3. The microhardness of the bulk ZnO had a higher measurement 397.3 Hv after sintered at 900°C. ZnO that sintering at 900°C had been observed that had thermal conductivity 1.1611W/cm-K in the sintering temperature range 700°C to 900°C.
Effects of Recycled-Aluminum Additions on the Mechanical Properties of Sn-0.7Cu/Cu-Substrate Lead-Free Solder Joints
Authors: Mohd Salleh Mohd Arif Anuar , Somidin Flora , Al Bakri Abdullah Mohd Mustafa , Noriman N.Z. , Mayappan Ramani , Alui Noor Farhani Mohd
Published: September 2013

Varying amount of recycled-Aluminum (0, 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0 wt.% re-Al) particulates produced from aluminium beverage cans were successfully reincorporated into Sn-0.7Cu base matrix solder material via powder metallurgy technique. This paper focuses on the mechanical properties aspect of the new solder when joint on Cu-substrate. The hardness of the composite solders sintered bulks was enhanced with the increasing re-Al additions. Moreover, the composite solders have shown enhancement of shear stress strength at the solder joints. Fracture surface of the failure samples were analyzed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) which have indicated all samples failed under ductile fracture mechanism. However, with the refining dimples formation shown on the fractograph, this report suggests the increasing re-Al reinforcement has optimized the solder joints ductility strength.
Corrosion Behaviour of Anodised Powder Metallurgy Aluminium-Magnesium Composites
Authors: Razak Kamrosni Abdul , Derman Mohd Nazree B.
Published: September 2013

The corrosion behavior of anodized powder metallurgy Al/2wt%Mg composites reinforced with the short fibre alumina SaffilTM was studied using potentiodynamic polarization in 3.5% NaCl solutions. The materials under investigation were fabricated using powder metallurgy route. Anodising process has been done to the materials to improve their corrosion resistance. Anodising process were carried out in sulphuric acid solutions with different anodizing voltage, which are 10V, 12V, 14V, 16V and 18V and different concentration of sulphuric acid (5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%). Results from Tafel plot showed that corrosion behavior of PM Al-Mg composites strongly depends on the anodizing parameters. Corrosion resistance increases with the increase in anodizing voltage and concentration of sulphuric acid. The maximum corrosion resistance was recorded by the PM Al-Mg composite anodized using 16V and in the 15% concentration of sulphuric acid.
Effect of Sintering Temperature on Silver-Copper Nanopaste as High Temperature Die Attach Material
Authors: Tan Kim Seah , Cheong Kuan Yew
Published: September 2013

A novel stencil-printable silver-copper (Ag-Cu) nanopaste that serves as an alternative high temperature die attach material was introduced in this study. The nanopaste was made by mixing 50 nm-sized of Ag and Cu particles with an organic binder system. Sintering temperatures, up to 450°C, were used to sinter nanopaste in air and its post sintered properties were investigated. The viscosity of nanopaste was 350,000 cps and it demonstrated a shear thinning behavior. Scanning electron microscope revealed the change of grain structure with the change in the sintering temperature. Formations of Ag97Cu3 and Ag1Cu99 compounds after sintering were confirmed with X-ray diffraction; and the electrical conductivity of the sintered nanopaste was increased with the increase of the sintering temperature. The study concluded 380°C was the optimum sintering temperature to form a well sintered nanopaste.
Effect of Aging Temperature on the Intermetallic Compound (IMC) Formation of Sn-0.7Cu/Si3N4 Composite Solder
Authors: Najib S.I. , Mohd Salleh Mohd Arif Anuar , Saud Norainiza
Published: September 2013

Nowadays, excessive growth intermetallic formation becomes the major issue in electronic packaging industry. The investigation on the effect of aging temperature to the intermetallic compound (IMCs) growth formation for Sn-0.7Cu/1.0-Si3N4 was studied. Isothermal aging process was carried out for 24 hours, with 5 difference aging temperature from 50°C up to 150°C. It is found that the Cu-Sn IMCs which appear after reflowed process, has grew rapidly when aging temperature was increased up to 125°C and started to reduced after 150°C aging temperature.
Flexural Analysis of Polyurethane Foam and Sandwich Composite Foam via Experimental and Finite Element CMethods
Authors: Firuz Z. , Sahrim Ahmad , Rasid Rozaidi , Adam Syed Nuzul Fadzli
Published: September 2013

Polyurethane (PU)/montmorillonite (MMT) composite foam were synthesized with reaction of diisocyanate with polyester polyol by a batch process. In this research, water was used as the blowing agent with TEGOSTAB B8407 and TEGOAMIN PMDETA as the surfactant and catalyst, respectively. Clay was used as filler for composite PU foam with the percentages varied from 0 wt% to 5 wt%. Polyurethane foam (Al-PU) sandwich composite was prepared using hand-lay up method where Al sheet was stacked onto PU foam using adhesive. The samples were characterized using flexural test analysis. Observations showed that PU foam has better failure deformation with flexural extension increased up to 9.44 mm. However, flexural stress and optimum load for sandwich composite are up to 3.63MPa and 410.78N respectively. Furthermore, Al sheet act as ductile skin to PU foam and prevent samples from rupture rapidly or avoiding the existence of brittle fracture. Modeling of composite using finite element software shows the ductile-like failure behavior in sandwich composite Al-PU foam even though the core itself is a rigid brittle foam.
Microstructural and Optical Properties of SnO Thin Film by Thermal Evaporation
Authors: Chuah Lee Siang , Mohamed Z. , Hassan Zainuriah
Published: September 2013

In this work, we present results about the preparation and characterization of stannous oxide (SnO) thin films. SnO thin films were obtained via thermal evaporation method from SnO2 powder as source material. These thin films were successfully deposited onto well cleaned glass substrates by thermal evaporation technique. The as deposited thin films were of thickness of 2500 Å and film were post-deposition annealed in air ambient at 400°C for 20 min and 40 min, respectively in a furnace. As-deposited films are highly conductive and p type. The best p-type SnO film annealed at 400 °C for 40 min shows a resistivity of 1.05 Ω·cm and a relatively high hole concentration of 2 × 1017 cm3 at room temperature. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of annealed films exhibit a polycrystalline hexagonal wurtzite structure without preferred orientation. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image shows the presence of uniformly dispersed spherical in shaped SnO particles. The mean grain sizes (diameter) are calculated to be about 80 and 100 nm for the p-type SnO films prepared at 400 °C for 20 min, and 40 min, respectively. Room temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the SnO film exhibit two emission bands, around the wavelength of 300 nm and 450 nm. All spectra were measured at room temperature.
Microstructure and Interface Analysis of Glass Particulate Reinforced Aluminum Matrix Composite
Authors: Jamaludin Shamsul Baharin , Hadipramana Josef , Wahid Mohd Fitri Mohd , Hussin Kamarudin , Rahmat Azmi
Published: September 2013

A characterization of microstructure and interface was made on the composites Al-4 % Cu reinforced with 15 wt. % glass particulate. The composite was fabricated by powder metallurgy followed by solution treatment and artificial ageing. The microstructures of the composite showed that the glass particulates were in-homogenously distributed in the matrix and segregated near copper. The aluminum oxide layer was found between aluminum, copper and glass particulate. Micro cracks were observed in the aluminum oxide layer and at the interface between aluminum oxide layer and aluminum. Hardness increased as ageing time increased. Interface behavior and aging time influenced the hardness of the composite.
Recycled High Density Polyethylene / Natural Rubber / Chicken Feather Fibers (RHDPE/NR/CFF) Composites: The Effects of Fiber Loading and Benzyl Urea on Tensile Properties and Morphology Analysis
Authors: Yazid M.I.M. , Supri A.G. , Firuz Z. , Musa Luqman
Published: September 2013

The effects of benzyl urea into RHDPE/NR/CFF composites with different fibers loading were studied. The composites were prepared using BrabenderPlasticorder at 160 °C with rotor speed of 50rpm. The composites were characterized in respect of their tensile properties and morphology. The results indicated that RHDPE/NR/CFF with benzyl urea composites show higher values of tensile strength, Youngs modulus, but lower elongation at break than RHDPE/NR/CFF composites. RHDPE/NR/CFF with benzyl urea composites gave a better interfacial adhesion between the matrix and the fiber than RHDPE/NR/CFF composites as evidence using SEM.
Potential of Upgrading Domestic Biomass into a Higher Energy Density via Torrefaction Process
Authors: Iqbal A.M. , Zainal Z.A. , Mustafa Al Bakri A.M. , Mazlan M. , Soid S.N. , Nasir K.M.
Published: September 2013

Torrefaction is a thermal treatment step in a relatively low temperature range of 240-300°C, which aims to produce a higher energy biomass in terms of low heating value (LHV) and light weight properties. Biomass in wood (sawdust) was used in this work due availability in tropical climate and relatively cheap. LHV of torrified sawdust was found to be increases as heating temperature increased, in absence of oxygen content. This is enhanced by way of decomposing the hemicelluloses fraction. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) records the changes occurred in fixed carbon, volatile and ash in which it was recorded that an increase of fixed carbon and ash is seen in the increases of temperature and a decrease of volatile is vice versa. The study provides a clearer picture of the result obtained from TGA and HHV which improvise the biomass into higher energy output.