bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Graphene filled optical fiber Fabry‐Pérot cavity tunable filter
Authors: Li Lijun , Shi Zhihui , Liu Yinming , Liu Qian , Ma Yanhua , Xu Tianzong , Sun Jianhong
Published: June 2019

Before saturated absorption, graphene possesses optical nonlinear refractive index, which is a photoinduced refractive index effect. Taking advantage of this effect, a wavelength tunable filter is realized based on a graphene filled all optical fiber Fabry‐Pérot microcavity. Experimental results show that the interference wavelength of the filter exhibits linear red‐shift with the increase of the tunning optical power and tunning efficiency increases with the increase of cavity length and filled graphene thickness. In this study, the maximum wavelength vs power tunning efficiency can get 66 pm/mW. This filter has the advantages of high tunning efficiency, simple structure, antienvironmental interference good mechanical performance, and repeatability.
Modeling of multiple planning target volumes for head and neck treatments in knowledge‐based treatment planning
Authors: Zhang Jiahan , Ge Yaorong , Sheng Yang , Yin Fang‐Fang , Wu Q. Jackie
Published: June 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to develop an accurate and reliable dose volume histogram (DVH) prediction method for external beam radiation therapy plans with multiple planning target volumes (PTVs).

Materials and methods

We present a novel DVH prediction workflow, including new features and a modeling methodology, that makes better use of multiple PTVs: (a) We propose a generalized feature to characterize the geometric relationship of organ‐at‐risk (OARs) with respect to two or more PTVs with different prescribed dose levels; (b) We incorporate a novel data augmentation method to improve the data distribution in the feature space; (c) A similarity metric that leverages such information is subsequently used to select a subset of similar cases from the training dataset for model building; (d) Finally, a DVH prediction model is trained with these selected cases. To evaluate this new modeling workflow, we used 120 head and neck (HN) cases to tune the model, and used a separate dataset consisting of 148 cases for validation. The proposed model has been compared with the conventional knowledge‐based model in terms of model prediction accuracy, which was measured by the root mean squared error (RMSE) between the predicted DVHs and the actual clinical plan DVHs. Furthermore, 25 randomly selected plans were replanned guided by the proposed model and evaluated against clinical plans using clinical evaluation criteria.

Results

The proposed modeling workflow significantly improved DVH prediction accuracy for brainstem (P < 0.001), cord (P < 0.001), larynx (P = 0.004), mandible (P < 0.001), oral cavity (P = 0.011), parotid (P < 0.001) and pharynx (P = 0.001). Cases replanned with the guidance of the proposed model spared OARs significantly better by clinical evaluation criteria. The replanned cases showed a 15% increase in the number of satisfied criteria, compared with clinical plans.

Conclusions

The proposed modeling workflow generates DVH predictions with improved accuracy and robustness when multiple PTVs exist in a plan. It has demonstrated that the improvement in the DVH prediction model translates into better plan quality in knowledge‐based planning.
Improving the accuracy of 1H–19F internuclear distance measurement using 2D 1H–19F HOESY
Authors: Dewis Lydia , Crouch Ron , Russell Dave , Butts Craig
Published: June 2019

With the rise in fluorinated pharmaceuticals, it is becoming increasingly important to develop new 19F NMR‐based methods to assist in their analysis. Crucially, obtaining information regarding the conformational dynamics of a molecule in solution can aid the design of strongly binding therapeutics. Herein, we report the development of a 2D 1H–19F Heteronuclear Overhauser Spectroscopy (HOESY) experiment to measure 1H–19F internuclear distances, with accuracies of ~5% when compared with 1H–19F internuclear distances calculated by quantum chemical methods. We demonstrate that correcting for cross‐relaxation of 1H, using the diagonal peaks from the 2D 1H–1H Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement Spectroscopy (NOESY), is critical in obtaining accurate values for 1H–19F internuclear distances. Finally, we show that by using the proposed method to measure 1H–19F internuclear distances, we are able to determine the relative stereochemistry of two fluorinated pharmaceuticals.
Probing chemical exchange using quantitative spin‐lock R1ρ asymmetry imaging with adiabatic RF pulses
Authors: Jiang Baiyan , Jin Tao , Blu Thierry , Chen Weitian
Published: June 2019

Purpose

CEST is commonly used to probe the effects of chemical exchange. Although R1ρ asymmetry quantification has also been described as a promising option for detecting the effects of chemical exchanges, the existing acquisition approaches are highly susceptible to B1 RF and B0 field inhomogeneities. To address this problem, we report a new R1ρ asymmetry imaging approach, AC‐iTIP, which is based on the previously reported techniques of irradiation with toggling inversion preparation (iTIP) and adiabatic continuous wave constant amplitude spin‐lock RF pulses (ACCSL). We also derived the optimal spin‐lock RF pulse B1 amplitude that yielded the greatest R1ρ asymmetry.

Methods

Bloch‐McConnell simulations were used to verify the analytical formula derived for the optimal spin‐lock RF pulse B1 amplitude. The performance of the AC‐iTIP approach was compared to that of the iTIP approach based on hard RF pulses and the R1ρ‐spectrum acquired using adiabatic RF pulses with the conventional fitting method. Comparisons were performed using Bloch‐McConnell simulations, phantom, and in vivo experiments at 3.0T.

Results

The analytical prediction of the optimal B1 was validated. Compared to the other 2 approaches, the AC‐iTIP approach was more robust under the influences of B1 RF and B0 field inhomogeneities. A linear relationship was observed between the measured R1ρ asymmetry and the metabolite concentration.

Conclusion

The AC‐iTIP approach could probe the chemical exchange effect more robustly than the existing R1ρ asymmetry acquisition approaches. Therefore, AC‐iTIP is a promising technique for metabolite imaging based on the chemical exchange effect.
Multifrequency Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Compared With Computed Tomography for Assessment of Skeletal Muscle Mass in Primary Colorectal Malignancy: A Predictor of Short‐Term Outcome After Surgery
Authors: Kim Eun Young , Kim Seong Ryong , Won Daeyoun David , Choi Moon Hyung , Lee In Kyu
Published: June 2019

Background

Herein, we evaluate the accuracy and reliability of multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) to assess skeletal muscle mass (SMM) in the colorectal cancer patient compared with computed tomography (CT) scan and also analyze the association between SMM of BIA and postoperative outcomes.

Methods

From March to May 2017, the body composition of patients scheduled for elective surgery due to primary colorectal cancer in our institution was analyzed at the time of admission using BIA (InBody S20, Biospace Co Ltd, Seoul, South Korea). The relationship between the single cross‐sectional area of skeletal muscle at the lumbar region using preoperative CT scan and the SMM determined via BIA were assessed. Postoperative outcomes were compared according to different status of SMM on BIA categorized into 3 groups (low, medium, or high).

Results

Fifty patients were analyzed, and the length of hospital stay was shorter and the initiation of oral diet was significantly earlier in the group with high SMM than in other groups (P = 0.001 and 0.038, respectively). The SMM on BIA showed a very significant correlation with skeletal muscle index using CT scan (0.705 of correlation coefficients, P < 0.001) and also strongly correlated with skeletal muscle index after adjusting for age, weight, and BMI on multivariate analysis (β = 0.391 ± 0.057, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

SMM determined by BIA is strongly correlated with SMM estimated by CT scan. Authors suppose that BIA could be an alternative to CT scan for the assessment of SMM in colorectal cancer patients.
Understanding the academic learning of university students using smartphone: Evidence from Pakistan
Authors: Nand Shardha , Pitafi Abdul Hameed , Kanwal Shamsa , Pitafi Adnan , Rasheed Muhammad Imran
Published: June 2019

As the number of smartphone users have increased worldwide, research on the usage of the smartphone has received scholarly attention. However, different results were found in previous studies in different contexts. The main research question is whether adopting smartphones by students improve learning or generates interference. The purpose of this study is to examine the usage of smartphone among university students in Pakistan. Using a survey approach, data were collected from different universities/colleges of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. total, 585 entries was analyzed using SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 21.0 software. Results of analysis, validated most of the hypothesis showing the intention of Pakistani students towards smartphone usage for academic purpose. In addition, findings confirm that students' self‐efficacy related to a smartphone works as a moderating role of intention to use a smartphone for learning and actual usage of the smartphone. The current study has several implications in terms of smartphone usage and student academic performance. Limitations and implications of the study are also discussed in the last section.
Kawasaki disease shock syndrome: A report of two cases and literature review
Authors: Zhang Qingyou , Liao Ying , Du Junbao
Published: June 2019

Importance

Kawasaki disease shock syndrome (KDSS) is a rare Kawasaki disease (KD) manifestation. The pediatricians are not aware of the full range of clinical characteristics of KDSS.

Objective

We aimed to investigate the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of KDSS in two patients and we included a literature review.

Methods

We collected and analyzed the clinical data for two patients with KDSS. Additionally, using “Kawasaki diseases shock syndrome” as a key phrase, we searched PubMed, Biotechnology Information and Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform databases for any similar reports between January 2009 and March 2017.

Results

Both of our patients diagnosed with KD developed sustained hypotension during the course of intravenous immunoglobulin treatment, as well as hypoalbuminemia, and increased C‐reactive protein and brain natriuretic peptide levels during hypotension. Both patients responded well to fluid resuscitation and inotropic support. No aneurysms formed in either patient during follow‐up. We reviewed two related studies in Chinese and 11 studies in English.

Interpretation

KD may present with severe shock, and requires proper diagnosis and rapid treatment. The prognosis for most patients with KDSS is excellent.
Comparison of healthcare professionals’ motivations for using different online learning materials
Authors: Daniel Dennis , Wolbrink Traci
Published: June 2019

Importance

Online learning is increasingly prevalent throughout all stages of medical education. There is little published literature exploring what motivates healthcare professionals to engage with different types of e‐learning content. Learner motivations must be understood in order to design effective educational solutions and to optimize the overall online learning experience.

Objective

Examine engagement, satisfaction, and motivations of healthcare professionals using OPENPediatrics, an open‐access medical e‐learning platform.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of online survey data. Users were asked to report engagement and satisfaction with the platform, as well as to select motivations for using different types of content on the site: Courses, Simulators, and World Shared Practice Forum videos.

Results

Majority of respondents were physicians and nurses in North America and Europe. Overall satisfaction with the platform was high. Most frequently cited motivations for using Courses and Simulators were: learn basic and in‐depth information around topics, and learn how to deliver safer or more effective patient care. For World Shared Practice Forum videos, most commonly cited motivations were: learn in‐depth information about a topic, learn the latest advances or developments in an area, and learn how to deliver safer or more effective patient care.

Interpretation

We appreciated both commonalities and differences in learning motivations among clinicians accessing different kinds of medical e‐learning content. Respondents were consistently motivated to learn in order to deliver safer or more effective patient care, but they reported using different types of educational content depending on whether they were learning basic information versus updating or changing their knowledge.
Viscoelastic behavior and constitutive modeling of PP/HNT composites prepared by water‐assisted extrusion
Authors: Huang Yu‐Xiao , Huang Han‐Xiong
Published: June 2019

Poly(propylene) (PP) nanocomposites containing 5, 10, and 15 wt% unmodified halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) were prepared using extrusion with and without water injection. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs show that HNT aggregates prepared by water injection are smaller than those prepared by conventional melt extrusion (without water injection). The nanocomposites prepared by water injection exhibit higher storage modulus (G′) and complex viscosity (η*) values than those by conventional melt extrusion. Stress relaxation results indicate that the interaction between HNTs and PP matrix at low concentration (5 wt%) is stronger than its non‐water injection counterpart. Subsequently, for 5 wt% HNT sample, the transient viscosity is simulated numerically using the Kaye–Bernstein–Kearsley–Zapas (K‐BKZ) integral constitutive equation along with experimentally determined damping functions. It is found that the samples prepared by water injection exhibit a more obvious overshoot behavior than conventional samples and the Papanastasiou‐Scriven‐Macosko (PSM) model can predict the transient viscosity of the samples more accurately than Wagner model. Further, the relationship between the dispersion of HNTs and the damping factors in the constitutive models is discussed. The results of this investigation would improve the theoretical understanding of possible polymer–filler interaction during shear flow. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:1585–1592 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers
The influence of the type of polypropylene and the length of the flow path on the structure and properties of injection molded parts with the weld lines
Authors: Bociąga Elżbieta , Kaptacz Sławomir , Duda Piotr , Rudawska Anna
Published: June 2019

Weld lines, created in the areas of collision of two flow fronts of plastic in the injection mold cavity, are the reason of lower mechanical properties and a worse surface condition of molded parts. In the weld line area, the V‐shaped notch is formed and its shape and size depend on injection molding conditions and properties of processed polymer. Addition of the foaming agent to the polymer can be one of the way to improve conditions of melt streams welding due to the higher velocity of the colliding streams of unfilled polypropylene (PP) and PP filled with talc. The examinations of mechanical properties showed, however, lower tensile strength of porous parts compared to solid ones, but in the microscopic observation and measurements of the geometric structure of moldings, in the weld lines area, better surface conditions were achieved for samples made of the foamed polypropylene. The size of V‐notch, determined by the total height of the raw profile Pt, depends also on the length of polymer flow path from the gate to the weld line area. The values of Pt parameter increase with the length of the flow path, but this increase is smaller for foamed polypropylene. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:1710–1718 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers
Expanding the chemistry of single‐ion conducting poly(ionic liquid)s with polyhedral boron anions
Authors: Lozinskaya Elena I , Cotessat Merlin , Shmalko Akim V , Ponkratov Denis O , Gumileva Lyudmila V , Sivaev Igor B , Shaplov Alexander S
Published: June 2019

The synthesis of a new family of single‐ion conducting random copolymers bearing polyhedral boron anions is reported. For this purpose two novel ionic monomers, namely [B12H11(OCH2CH2)2OC(O)C(CH3)CH2]2−[(C4H9)4N+]2 and [8‐(OCH2CH2)2OC(O)C(CH3)CH2‐3,3′‐Co(1,2‐C2B9H10)(1′,2′‐C2B9H11)]−K+, having methacrylate function, diethylene glycol bridge and closo‐dodecaborate or cobalt bis(1,2‐dicarbollide) anions were designed. Such monomers differ from previously reported ones by (i) chemically attached highly delocalized boron anions, by (ii) valency of the anion (divalent anion and monovalent one) and by (iii) the presence of oxyethylene flexible spacer between the methacrylate group and bonded anion. Their free radical copolymerization with poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate and subsequent ion exchange provided lithium‐ion conducting polyelectrolytes showing low glass transition temperature (−53 to −49 °C), ionic conductivity up to 9.1 × 10−7 S cm−1, lithium transference number up to 0.61 (70 °C) and electrochemical stability up to 4.1 V versus Li+/Li (70 °C). The incorporation of propylene carbonate (20–40 wt%) into the copolymers resulted in the enhancement of their ionic conductivity by one order of magnitude and significantly increased their electrochemical stability up to 4.7 V versus Li+/Li (70 °C). © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Control of thermal, mechanical, and optical properties of three‐component maleimide copolymers by steric bulkiness and hydrogen bonding
Authors: Nagase Soichiro , Miyama Koki , Matsumoto Akikazu
Published: June 2019

N‐substituted maleimides polymerize in the presence of a radical initiator to give polymers with excellent thermal stabilities and transparency. In this study, we synthesized various maleimide copolymers with styrenes and acrylic monomers to control their thermal and mechanical properties by the introduction of bulky substituents and intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Three‐component copolymers of N‐(2‐ethylhexyl)maleimide in combination with styrene, α‐methylstyrene (MSt), or 1‐methylenebenzocyclopentane (BC5) as the styrene derivatives, and n‐butyl acrylate, 2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate, 4‐hydroxybutyl acrylate, or acrylic acid as the acrylic monomers were prepared by radical copolymerization. These copolymers were revealed to exhibit excellent heat resistance by thermogravimetric analysis. Glass transition temperatures increased by the introduction of bulky MSt and BC5 repeating units. The mechanical properties of the copolymer films were improved by the introduction of intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Optical properties, such as transmittance, refractive index, Abbe number, and birefringence, were determined for the copolymers. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 1569–1579
Physiotherapist prediction of extubation outcome in the adult intensive care unit
Authors: Cork Gabriella , Camporota Luigi , Osman Leyla , Shannon Harriet
Published: June 2019

Objective

Most patients requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation are extubated successfully at the first attempt; however, a minority experience extubation failure, which is associated with increased risk of ventilator‐associated pneumonia, prolonged intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay and mortality. Physiotherapists have expertise to assess cough strength, work of breathing, respiratory muscle strength, and respiratory secretion load, which are important factors in the outcome of extubation. Accurate prediction of extubation outcome could help to inform management plans pre‐extubation and postextubation. The primary objective of this service evaluation was to report the accuracy of physiotherapists' prediction of extubation outcome in the adult ICU.

Methods

A single‐centre case note review was undertaken. All subjects who received a physiotherapy assessment of extubation suitability prior to extubation between January and March 2016 in the adult ICU of a large teaching hospital in the United Kingdom were included. Assessment, by both specialist and nonspecialist physiotherapists—which included risk stratification of extubation failure as “high,” “moderate,” or “low”—was undertaken prior to extubation. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine which pre‐extubation factors were predictive of extubation outcome.

Results

During the evaluation period, 68 subjects were extubated following a physiotherapy assessment. Physiotherapy risk stratification as “high risk” (OR 4; 95% confidence interval, CI, [1.312]; p=0.009) and “inappropriate” neurological status (OR 3.3; 95% CI [1.0410]; p=0.037) were the only pre‐extubation factors significantly associated with extubation failure. Assessment by specialist physiotherapists demonstrated greater sensitivity (100% vs. 22%) but lower specificity (68% vs. 95%) to detect extubation failure compared with the assessment performed by nonspecialist physiotherapists.

Conclusion

Patients classified as “high risk” of extubation failure by a physiotherapist are significantly more likely to fail extubation. Specialist physiotherapists should be involved in the decision to extubate patients in the adult ICU.
Walking with rhythmic auditory stimulation in chronic patients after stroke: A pilot randomized controlled trial
Authors: Elsner Bernhard , Schöler Almut , Kon Thomas , Mehrholz Jan
Published: June 2019

Objectives

There is a lack of studies that evaluate the effects of different gait training (GT) interventions for patients after stroke in an outpatient setting. The aim of the present trial therefore was to evaluate the effects of two different outpatient GT programmes after chronic stroke.

Methods

We randomly allocated patients into two groups of either a 4‐week overground GT with rhythmic auditory stimulation (RAS, n = 6) of 30 min, three times a week over 4 weeks or an overground GT without RAS (GT, n = 6) with same duration and intensity. Primary outcomes were walking velocity and capacity; secondary outcomes were the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and stride length before and after interventions and at 12 weeks follow‐up.

Results

Twelve patients after stroke (nine females; mean [SD] age 67 [9] years; duration of illness 67 [69] months; all left‐sided strokes) were included. Patients improved their walking velocity from baseline until the end of GT (RAS: median difference 0.05 m/s [interquartile range, IQR 0.06] and GT: 0.12 m/s [0.29]) and walking capacity (RAS: median difference 14 m [IQR 14] and GT: 41 m [79]). However, RAS and GT did not differ significantly (p = .30 and p = .30, respectively). Patients improved from baseline until the end of intervention in BBS (RAS: median difference 4 points [IQR 4] and GT: 1 point [3]) and stride length (RAS: median difference 6.3 cm [IQR 12.1] and GT: 5.5 cm [8.8]). However, BBS and stride length did not differ significantly between groups (p = .08 and p = .58, respectively).

Conclusion

Walking with rhythmic auditory stimulation in chronic patients after stroke does not provide a beneficial effect on walking when compared with walking without rhythmic auditory stimulation.
Role of Hydroxyl on Conductivity Switching of Poly(ethylene oxide)/TiO2 Electrical Bistable Devices
Authors: Lu Jiahao , Deng Yadan , Song Jiaping , Hu Yufeng , Deng Zhenbo , Cui Qiuhong , Lou Zhidong , Hou Yanbing , Teng Feng
Published: June 2019

Conductivity switching in a semiconductor nanoparticle/polymer composite electrical bistable device is typically associated with the electron trapping between the semiconductor trap center and the polymer matrix. However, the switch‐on mechanism is still not clear, and even in the same metal oxide (MO) nanoparticle/polymer system, two different models are applied to explain the conductivity switching mechanisms, including Fowler–Nordheim (F–N) tunneling current and trapped charge‐limit‐current (TCLC). Therefore, the analysis of the conductivity‐switching mechanism in MO/polymer composite devices is crucial to facilitate technology development. Herein, poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) films are deposited on top of the various TiO2 films, and the two different electrical bistabilities are observed. The corresponding conductivity‐switching mechanisms are found to be significantly related to the different TiO2 surface traps. The results demonstrate that the F–N tunneling current dominates in the devices where a large number of hydroxyl groups are present in TiO2, whereas, after removing the hydroxyl groups from the device, the switching‐on current is dominated by the TCLC mechanism.
Oxygen Doping Enhanced Lithiation in MgCl2 for Battery Applications
Authors: Zhu Jiajie , Gandi Appala Naidu , Gu Mu
Published: June 2019

Li‐ion batteries are key electric energy storage devices due to high energy density and long cycling lifetime, being widely used in portable electronic devices and large scale systems. In spite of stable cycling performance, the graphite electrode suffers from a low capacity. It is demonstrated in this context that oxygen doping makes MgCl2 electrochemically active. Importantly, the doped structure delivers a high capacity of 941 mAh g−1 for the bulk and 1098 mAh g−1 for the monolayer. The diffusion barrier is calculated to be lower than 0.6 eV. Hexagons and octahedrons composed of Li and Cl atoms are gradually formed with increasing Li coverage, breaking the Mg–Cl bonds.
High‐precision in situ silicon isotopic analyses by multi‐collector secondary ion mass spectrometry in olivine and low‐calcium pyroxene
Authors: Villeneuve Johan , Chaussidon Marc , Marrocchi Yves , Deng Zhengbin , Watson E. Bruce
Published: June 2019

Rationale

High‐precision determination of silicon isotopes can be achieved by in situ multi‐collector secondary ion mass spectrometry (MS‐SIMS). The accuracy of the analyses is, however, sensitive to ion yields and instrumental mass fractionations (IMFs) induced by the analytical procedure. These effects vary from one instrument to another, with the analytical settings, and with the composition and nature of the sample. Because ion yields and IMF effects are not predictable and rely on empirical calibrations, high‐accuracy analyses require suitable sets of standards.

Methods

Here, we document calibrations of ion yields and matrix effects in a set of 23 olivine standards and 3 low‐Ca pyroxene for silicon isotopic measurements in both polarities using Cameca IMS 1270 E7 and IMS 1280 HR2 ion probes set with the cesium (Cs) or radiofrequency (RF) source.

Results

Silicon ion yields show (i) strong variations with the chemical composition, and (ii) an opposite behavior between the secondary positive and negative polarities. The magnitude of IMF along the fayalite‐forsterite (olivine) series shows a complex behavior, increasing overall by ≈7‰ (secondary positive) and ≈15‰ (secondary negative) with increasing olivine Mg#. A drastic change in olivine IMF occurs at Mg# ≈ 70 in both polarities. The magnitude of IMF for low‐Ca pyroxene from Mg# = 70–100 is almost constant in both polarities, i.e. ≈0.1‰ in secondary positive and ≈0.15‰ in secondary negative. The analytical uncertainties on individual analyses were ± 0.05–0.15‰ (2 S.E.) with both sources, and the external errors for each standard material were ≈ ±0.05–0.5‰ (2 S.E.) with the Cs source and ≈ ±0.03–0.15‰ (2 S.E.) with the RF source.

Conclusions

The IMF effect of Si isotopes in silicates shows complex behaviors that vary with the chemistry and the settings of the instrument. We developed a suitable set of standards in order to perform high‐accuracy in situ measurements of Si isotopes in olivine and low‐Ca pyroxene characterized by varying chemical compositions by MC‐SIMS.
Effect of bevacizumab on brain radiation necrosis in anaplastic lymphoma kinase‐positive lung cancer
Authors: Tanigawa Kengo , Mizuno Keiko , Kamenohara Yusuke , Unoki Taiji , Misono Shunsuke , Inoue Hiromasa
Published: June 2019

Central nervous system (CNS) metastases from anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)‐positive lung cancer often results in failure of ALK‐tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy. Patients with uncontrolled CNS metastases receive radiation therapy, which sometimes causes brain radiation necrosis. We added bevacizumab (15 mg/kg, every 3–4 weeks) to the regimen of four ALK‐positive lung cancer patients with brain radiation necrosis who were receiving ALK‐TKI therapy. A decrease in brain radiation necrosis was seen in all the patients, and an improvement in symptoms was seen in three patients. In one patient who was receiving corticosteroid therapy, we could taper the dose and subsequently discontinue it. While one patient discontinued bevacizumab because of adverse events, the other three continued with the treatment. Therefore, the combination of bevacizumab with ALK‐TKI seems to be an effective, manageable, and tolerable treatment for brain radiation necrosis.
The analysis of chromosomal abnormalities in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss, focusing on the prognosis of patients with inversion of chromosome (9)
Authors: Nonaka Taro , Takahashi Makiko , Nonaka Chika , Enomoto Takayuki , Takakuwa Koichi
Published: June 2019

Purpose

Inversion of chromosome 9 (inv[9]) is considered to be a normal variant, and the inv(9) in patients or husbands with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is believed to be harmless. However, there are few reports concerning the outcomes of pregnancy in patients with RPL when the patient or their partner has inv(9). In this study, we analyzed the outcomes of pregnancy in this patient population.

Methods

Chromosomal karyotyping was performed for 2006 couples with RPL (two or more consecutive early pregnancy losses including non‐visualized cases) with their informed consent. The frequency of various chromosomal abnormalities in the patient population was then analyzed, and the outcomes of pregnancy in patients with inv(9) were investigated.

Results

The frequency of inv(9) in the overall population was 2.6% (52/2006). Thus far, 32 patients have conceived repetitively, resulting in live births in 23 cases and early pregnancy losses in nine cases. Four of the nine cases obtained a good outcome in the subsequent pregnancy. Thus, a successful outcome was obtained in 27 of the 32 (84.4%) cases.

Conclusions

This study suggests that inv(9) has no adverse influence on subsequent pregnancy.
How does FSC forest certification affect the acoustically active fauna in Madre de Dios, Peru?
Authors: Campos‐Cerqueira Marconi , Mena Jose Luis , Tejeda‐Gómez Vania , Aguilar‐Amuchastegui Naikoa , Gutierrez Nelson , Aide T. Mitchell
Published: June 2019

Despite several efforts to quantify the effectiveness of forest certification in developing sustainable use of forest resources, there is little evidence that certified forests are more effective in conserving fauna than non‐certified managed forest. To evaluate the impact of forest certification on the fauna, we compared the biodiversity in reference sites (n = 23), Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certified management sites (n = 24) and non‐FSCmanagement sites (n = 20) in the Tahuamanu region of Peru, during the dry season of 2017. Specifically, we determined if the acoustic space used (ASU), soundscapes composition, and the bird richness and composition significantly varied among the three management types. Variation inASUwas best explained by management type and meanASUin theFSCsites was significantly greater than the reference and non‐FSCsites, possibly suggesting greater richness of acoustically active species. An ordination analysis of the soundscapes showed that there was a significant difference among the three management types. There was greater dissimilarity in soundscape composition between theFSCand non‐FSCsites, and greater overlap betweenFSCand reference sites. Bird identifications resulted in 11,300 detections of 226 bird species. Bird species richness and composition were not significantly different among the management types, indicating, in this context, that birds may not be the best indicators of different management strategies. The weak discrimination by the bird community is likely due to their dispersal ability, undisturbed primary forest matrix, and the occurrence of bamboo patches. The differences inASUamong the management types were most likely due to differences in acoustically active insects, which may be more sensitive to changes in microhabitat differences. Our findings correspond with the conclusions of other studies that certified forests can maintain levels of fauna biodiversity similar to those of undisturbed primary forest in the Amazon region.
Orbital mechanism of upright CO activation on Fe(100)
Authors: Li Jibiao , He Xin , Oguzie Emeka , Peng Cheng
Published: June 2019

The knowledge of bond activation forms a cornerstone for modern chemistry, wherein symmetry rules of electronic activation lie in the heart of bond activation. However, the question as to how a chemical bond is activated remains elusive. By taking CO activated on Fe(100), herein, we have resolved the long‐standing fundamental question; we have found that excitations in the adsorbate feature the bond activation. We essentially have discovered contrasting electronic processes in respective σ and π electron systems of the adsorbed CO molecule. The σ electron system is involved in reversible hidden excitations/deexcitations between two occupied σ orbitals, whereas the π electron system is subject to irreversible π to π* excitations dispersed along the d‐band region, which is coupled to the rotational 2π electron couplings depending on the strength of molecule‐metal interactions. The σ excitations pertain to the Pauli repulsion mediated quantum nature with energy and entropy marked by the two energy levels, whereas the π to π* excitations fall into a new category of electronic excitations contributing to energy and entropy exchanges in a wide and continuous d‐band region. The findings that the internal states of the adsorbate are excited and that fundamental connections between the frontier orbitals and low‐lying orbitals are established as the molecule comes to the surface may open up new channels to realize more efficient bond activation and renew our thinking on probing the quantum mechanical nature of bond activation at surfaces with further possible impact on manipulation of orbital activation in femtochemistry and attochemistry.
Dahlia‐liked Carbon Nanohorns Decorated Graphene/Polyaniline Nanocomposite and Its Derived Nitrogen‐doped Carbon for High‐performance Supercapacitor
Authors: Lü Qiu‐Feng , Wang Shuhao , Zhou Jing , Duan Fang‐Fang , Yang Haijun , Liu Rui
Published: June 2019

A dahlia‐liked carbon nanohorns (CNHs) decorated graphene/polyaniline (CGP) nanocomposite was prepared via in situ chemical oxidation and hydrazine hydrate reducing. Firstly, dahlia‐liked CNHs decorated graphene oxide/polyaniline (CGOP) composite was synthesized from the polymerization of aniline monomers on the surface of graphene oxide with spherical dahlia‐liked carbon nanohorns as spacers. Then, the CGP composite was obtained by reducing CGOP using hydrazine hydrate. CGP exhibited a uniform three‐dimensional nanostructure because long cone‐shaped tips of dahlia‐liked CNHs spacers can boost the isolation effect of the nanocomposite. The maximum specific capacitance of CGP was up to 769 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1 when served as supercapacitors electrodes. Importantly, CGP also performed a good rate capability and high stability. Furthermore, a CGP‐based asymmetric supercapacitor was assembled and delivered an energy density of 19.1 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 1504.9 W kg−1.
Extracellular Vesicles from Activated Dermal Fibroblasts Stimulate Hair Follicle Growth Through Dermal Papilla-Secreted Norrin
Authors: Riche Alizée , Aberdam Edith , Marchand Laëtitia , Frank Elie , Jahoda Colin , Petit Isabelle , Bordes Sylvie , Closs Brigitte , Aberdam Daniel
Published: June 2019

Dermal papilla cells (DPCs) play a pivotal role in the regulation of hair follicle (HF) growth, formation, and cycling, mainly through paracrine mechanisms. In the last decade, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been recognized as a new paracrine mechanism that can modify the physiological state of recipient cells by transferring biological material. Herein, we investigated the effect of EVs isolated from stimulated human dermal fibroblasts (DFs) on DPC activation and HF growth. We found that these EVs (st-EVs) enhanced HF growth ex vivo. Comparative transcriptomic analysis on DPCs identified specific activation of the NDP gene, encoding the non-Wnt ligand Norrin. We found that Norrin was secreted by st-EVs-stimulated DPCs activating in a noncell autonomous manner β-catenin pathway in follicular keratinocytes (human HF keratinocyte [HHFK]) and hair growth ex vivo. Although Norrin-specific receptor Frizzled4 was barely detected in HHFK, we found its presence in DF-EVs. Accordingly, DF-EVs provided Frizzled4 to potentiate Norrin effects ex vivo. Our study identifies DF-EVs as efficient activators of DPCs and Norrin as a novel modulatory player in HF physiopathology. Stem Cells  2019;37:1166–1175
Clinical impact of Doppler reference charts on management of small‐for‐gestational‐age fetuses: need for standardization
Authors: Ruiz‐Martinez S. , Papageorghiou A. T. , Staines‐Urias E. , Villar J. , Gonzalez De Agüero R. , Oros D.
Published: June 2019

Objective

To assess clinical variability in the management of small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) fetuses according to different published Doppler reference charts for umbilical artery (UA) and fetal middle cerebral artery (MCA) Doppler indices and cerebroplacental ratio (CPR).

Methods

We performed a systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and the Web of Science databases from 1954 to 2018 for studies with the sole aim of creating fetal Doppler reference values for UA, MCA and CPR. The top cited articles for each Doppler parameter were included. Variability in Doppler values at the following clinically relevant cut‐offs was assessed: UA‐pulsatility index (PI) > 95th percentile; MCA‐PI < 5th percentile; and CPR < 5th percentile. Variability was calculated for each week of gestation and expressed as the percentage difference between the highest and lowest Doppler value at the clinically relevant cut‐offs. Simulation analysis was performed in a cohort of SGA fetuses (n = 617) to evaluate the impact of this variability on clinical management.

Results

From a total of 40 studies that met the inclusion criteria, 19 were analyzed (13 for UA‐PI, 10 for MCA‐PI and five for CPR). Wide discrepancies in reported Doppler reference values at clinically relevant cut‐offs were found. MCA‐PI showed the greatest variability, with differences of up to 51% in the 5th percentile value at term. Variability in the 95th percentile of UA‐PI and the 5th percentile of CPR at each gestational week ranged from 21% to 41% and 15% to 33%, respectively. As expected, on simulation analysis, these differences in Doppler cut‐off values were associated with significant variation in the clinical management of SGA fetuses, despite using the same protocol.

Conclusions

The choice of Doppler reference chart can result in significant variation in the clinical management of SGA fetuses, which may lead to suboptimal outcomes and inaccurate research conclusions. Therefore, an attempt to standardize fetal Doppler reference ranges is needed. Copyright © 2019 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Correction to: New cryptic species of Teratosphaeria on Eucalyptus in Australia
Authors: Andjic Vera , Maxwell Aaron , Hardy Giles E. StJ. , Burgess Treena I.
Published: June 2019

In Table 1 in the paper by Adjic et al. (IMA Fungus7: 253–263, 2016), the location of the two isolates of Teratosphaeria destructans DRF1168 and DRF1169 was incorrectly given as Sumatra, but should have been Timor in Indonesia. The authors regret any confusion that this error may have caused.
Prediction of contaminant transport in fractured carbonate aquifer types: a case study of the Permian Magnesian Limestone Group (NE England, UK)
Authors: Medici Giacomo , West Landis Jared , Chapman Pippa Joanne , Banwart Steven Allan
Published: June 2019

Viruses and bacteria which are characterized by finite lives in the subsurface are rapidly transported via fractures and cavities in fractured and karst aquifers. Here, we demonstrate how the coupling of a robust outcrop characterization and hydrogeophysical borehole testing is essential for prediction of contaminant velocities and hence wellhead protection areas. To show this, we use the dolostones of the Permian Magnesian Limestone aquifer in NE England, where we incorporated such information in a groundwater flow and particle tracking model. Within this aquifer, flow in relatively narrow (mechanical aperture of ~ 10−1–1 mm) fractures is coupled with that in pipe cavities (~ 0.20-m diameter) following normal faults. Karstic cavities and narrow fractures are hydraulically very different. Thus, the solutional features are represented within the model by a pipe network (which accounts for turbulence) embedded within an equivalent porous medium representing Darcian flowing fractures. Incorporation of fault conduits in a groundwater model shows that they strongly influence particle tracking results. Despite this, away from faulted areas, the effective flow porosity of the equivalent porous medium remains a crucial parameter. Here, we recommend as most appropriate a relatively low value of effective porosity (of 2.8 × 10−4) based on borehole hydrogeophysical testing. This contrasts with earlier studies using particle tracking analyses on analogous carbonate aquifers, which used much higher values of effective porosity, typically ~ 102 times higher than our value, resulting in highly non-conservative estimates of aquifer vulnerability. Low values of effective flow porosities yield modelled flow velocities ranging from ~ 100 up to ~ 500 m/day in un-faulted areas. However, the high fracturing density and presence of karstic cavities yield modelled flow velocities up to ~ 9000 m/day in fault zones. The combination of such flow velocities along particle traces results in 400-day particle traces up to 8-km length, implying the need for large well protection areas and high aquifer vulnerability to slowly degrading contaminants.
Muslim–Non-Muslim Locational Attainment in Philadelphia: A New Fault Line in Residential Inequality?
Authors: Friedman Samantha , Yucel Recai M. , Wynn Colleen E. , Gibbons Joseph R.
Published: June 2019

This study examines Muslim–non-Muslim disparities in locational attainment. We pool data from the 2004, 2006, and 2008 waves of the Public Health Management Corporation’s Southeastern Pennsylvania Household Survey. These data contain respondents’ religious identities and are geocoded at the census-tract level, allowing us to merge American Community Survey data and examine neighborhood-level outcomes to gauge respondents’ locational attainment. Net of controls, our multivariate analyses reveal that among blacks and nonblacks, Muslims live in neighborhoods that have significantly lower shares of whites and greater representations of blacks. Among blacks, Muslims are significantly less likely than non-Muslims to reside in suburbs. The Muslim disadvantages for blacks and nonblacks in neighborhood poverty and neighborhood median income, however, become insignificant. Our results provide support for the tenets of the spatial assimilation and place stratification models and suggest that Muslim–non-Muslim disparities in locational attainment define a new fault line in residential stratification.
Lay attitudes toward involuntary organ procurement from death-row prisoners: no, but
Authors: BAR-HILLEL MAYA , LAVEE JACOB
Published: June 2019

A multi-item questionnaire concerning lay people's attitudes toward organ procurement without consent from executed prisoners was given to several hundred respondents. The items ranged from all-out condemnation (“It is tantamount to murder”) to enthusiasm (“It is great to have this organ supply”). Overall, we found two guiding principles upheld by most respondents: (1) Convicts have as much a right to their bodies and organs as other people, so the practice should be judged by the same standards as those that guide organ procurement from any donor. Procuring organs without consent is wrong. (2) Benefiting from those organs should be held to more lenient standards than are demanded for their procurement. So, benefitting from these ill-gotten organs should be tolerated.
Structure and stability of shock waves in granular gases
Authors: Sirmas Nick , Radulescu Matei I.
Published: June 2019

Previous experiments have revealed that shock waves driven through dissipative media may become unstable, for example, in granular gases, and in molecular gases undergoing strong relaxation effects. The current paper addresses this problem of shock stability at the Euler and Navier–Stokes continuum levels in a system of disks (two-dimensional) undergoing activated inelastic collisions. The dynamics of shock formation and stability is found to be in very good agreement with earlier molecular dynamic simulations (Sirmas & Radulescu, Phys. Rev. E, vol. 91, 2015, 023003). It was found that the modelling of shock instability requires the introduction of molecular noise for its development and sustenance. This is confirmed in two stability problems. In the first, the evolution of shock formation dynamics is monitored without noise, with only initial noise and with continuous molecular noise. Only the latter reproduces the results of shock instability of molecular dynamics simulations. In the second problem, the steady travelling wave solution is obtained for the shock structure in the inviscid and viscous limits and its nonlinear stability is studied with and without molecular fluctuations, again showing that instability can be sustained only in the presence of fluctuations. The continuum results show that instability takes the form of a rippled front of a wavelength comparable with the relaxation thickness of the steady shock wave, at scales at which molecular fluctuations become important, in excellent agreement with the molecular dynamic simulations.
Perceiving Discrimination: Race, Gender, and Sexual Orientation in the Legal Workplace
Authors: Nelson Robert L. , Sendroiu Ioana , Dinovitzer Ronit , Dawe Meghan
Published: June 2019

Using quantitative and qualitative data from a large national sample of lawyers, we examine self-reports of perceived discrimination in the legal workplace. Across three waves of surveys, we find that persons of color, white women, and LGBTQ attorneys are far more likely to perceive they have been a target of discrimination than white men. These differences hold in multivariate models that control for social background, status in the profession and the work organization, and characteristics of the work organization. Qualitative comments describing these experiences reveal that lawyers of different races, genders, and sexual orientations are exposed to distinctive types of bias, that supervisors and clients are the most frequent sources of discriminatory treatment, and the often-overt character of perceived discrimination. These self-reports suggest that bias in the legal workplace is widespread and rooted in the same hierarchies of race, gender, and sexual orientation that pervade society.
Conservative Economic Nationalism and the National Policy: Rae, Buchanan and Early Canadian Protectionist Thought
Authors: Helleiner Eric
Published: June 2019

Two distinct strands of conservative Canadian economic nationalism—associated with the ideas of John Rae and Isaac Buchanan—helped to inform the country's protectionist National Policy of 1879. These strands of nationalism were much less influenced by Listian ideas than was economic nationalist thought in many other countries at this time. This study of their content, intellectual sources and influence contributes empirically and analytically to debates in Canadian political economy and international political economy, while also advancing historical scholarship. The arguments also have some potential contemporary relevance in an age when protectionist economic nationalism is rising in the US and elsewhere.