bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metallic and nonmetallic shine in luster: An elastic ion backscattering study
Authors: Pradell T. , Climent-Font A. , Molera J. , Zucchiatti A. , Ynsa M. D. , Roura P. , Crespo D.
Published: May 2007

Luster is a metal glass nanocomposite layer first produced in the Middle East in early Islamic times (9th AD) made of metal copper or silver nanoparticles embedded in a silica-based glassy matrix. These nanoparticles are produced by ion exchange between Cu+ and Ag+ and alkaline ions from the glassy matrix and further growth in a reducing atmosphere. The most striking property of luster is its capability of reflecting light like a continuous metal layer and it was unexpectedly found to be linked to one single production parameter: the presence of lead in the glassy matrix composition. The purpose of this article is to describe the characteristics and differences of the nanoparticle layers developed on lead rich and lead free glasses. Copper luster layers obtained using the ancient recipes and methods are analyzed by means of elastic ion backscattering spectroscopy associated with other analytical techniques. The depth profile of the different elements is determined, showing that the luster layer formed in lead rich glasses is 5–6 times thinner and 3–4 times Cu richer. Therefore, the metal nanoparticles are more densely packed in the layer and this fact is related to its higher reflectivity. It is shown that lead influences the structure of the metal nanoparticle layer through the change of the precipitation kinetics.
Supercoset space geometry
Authors: Kleppe A. F. , Wainwright Chris
Published: May 2007

Supercoset spaces play an important role in the formulation of supersymmetric theories. The aim of this paper is to review and discuss the geometry of supercoset spaces with particular focus on the way the geometrical structures of the supercoset space G∕H are inherited from the super-Lie group G. The isometries of the supercoset space are discussed and a definition of Killing supervectors—the supervectors associated with infinitesimal isometries—is given that can be easily extended to spaces other than coset spaces.
Weyl’s symbols of Heisenberg operators of canonical coordinates and momenta as quantum characteristics
Authors: Krivoruchenko M. I. , Faessler Amand
Published: May 2007

The knowledge of quantum phase flow induced under Weyl’s association rule by the evolution of Heisenberg operators of canonical coordinates and momenta allows to find the evolution of symbols of generic Heisenberg operators. The quantum phase flow curves obey the quantum Hamilton equations and play the role of characteristics. At any fixed level of accuracy of semiclassical expansion, quantum characteristics can be constructed by solving a coupled system of first-order ordinary differential equations for quantum trajectories and generalized Jacobi fields. Classical and quantum constraint systems are discussed. The phase-space analytic geometry based on the star-product operation can hardly be visualized. The statement “quantum trajectory belongs to a constraint submanifold” can be changed, e.g., to the opposite by a unitary transformation. Some of the relations among quantum objects in phase space are, however, left invariant by unitary transformations and support partly geometric relations of belonging and intersection. Quantum phase flow satisfies the star-composition law and preserves Hamiltonian and constraint star functions.
Comparison of critical adsorption scaling functions obtained from neutron reflectometry and ellipsometry
Authors: Brown M. D. , Law B. M. , Satija S. , Hamilton W. A. , Watkins E. , Cho J.-H. J. , Majewski J.
Published: May 2007

Carpenter et al. [Phys. Rev. E 59, 5655 (1999); 61, 532 (2000)] managed to explain ellipsometric critical adsorption data collected from the liquid-vapor interface of four different critical binary liquid mixtures near their demixing critical temperature using a single model. This was the first time a single universal function had been found which could quantitatively describe the surface critical behavior of many different mixtures. There have also been various attempts to investigate this surface critical behavior using neutron and x-ray reflectometries. Results have been mixed and have often been at variance with Carpenter et al. In this paper, the authors show that neutron reflectometry data collected from a crystalline quartz-critical mixture interface, specifically deuterated water plus 3-methylpyridine, can be quantitatively explained using the model of Carpenter et al. derived from ellipsometric data.
Anharmonic properties of the vibrational quantum computer
Authors: Zhao Meiyu , Babikov Dmitri
Published: May 2007

We developed an efficient approach to study the coherent control of vibrational state-to-state transitions. The approximations employed in our model are valid in the regime of the low vibrational excitation specific to the vibrational quantum computer. Using this approach we explored how the vibrational properties of a two-qubit system affect the accuracy of subpicosecond quantum gates. The optimal control theory and numerical propagation of laser-driven vibrational wave packets were employed. The focus was on understanding the effect of the three anharmonicity parameters of the system. In the three-dimensional anharmonicity parameter space we identified several spots of high fidelity separated by low fidelity planar regions. The seemingly complicated picture is explained in terms of interferences between different state-to-state transitions. Very general analytic relationships between the anharmonicity parameters and the frequencies are derived to describe the observed features. Geometrically, these expressions represent planes in the three-dimensional anharmonicity parameter space. Results of this work should help to choose a suitable candidate molecule for the practical implementation of the vibrational two-qubit system.
Infrared spectra of the Li+–(H2)n (n=1–3) cation complexes
Authors: Emmeluth C. , Poad B. L. J. , Thompson C. D. , Weddle G. H. , Bieske E. J.
Published: May 2007

The Li+–(H2)n n=1–3 complexes are investigated through infrared spectra recorded in the H–H stretch region (3980–4120cm−1) and through ab initio calculations at the MP2∕aug-cc-pVQZ level. The rotationally resolved H–H stretch band of Li+–H2 is centered at 4053.4cm−1 [a −108cm−1 shift from the Q1(0) transition of H2]. The spectrum exhibits rotational substructure consistent with the complex possessing a T-shaped equilibrium geometry, with the Li+ ion attached to a slightly perturbed H2 molecule. Around 100 rovibrational transitions belonging to parallel Ka=0-0, 1-1, 2-2, and 3-3 subbands are observed. The Ka=0-0 and 1-1 transitions are fitted by a Watson A-reduced Hamiltonian yielding effective molecular parameters. The vibrationally averaged intermolecular separation in the ground vibrational state is estimated as 2.056Å increasing by 0.004Å when the H2 subunit is vibrationally excited. The spectroscopic data are compared to results from rovibrational calculations using recent three dimensional Li+–H2 potential energy surfaces [Martinazzo et al., J. Chem. Phys. 119, 11241 (2003); Kraemer and Špirko, Chem. Phys. 330, 190 (2006)]. The H–H stretch band of Li+–(H2)2, which is centered at 4055.5cm−1 also exhibits resolved rovibrational structure. The spectroscopic data along with ab initio calculations support a H2–Li+–H2 geometry, in which the two H2 molecules are disposed on opposite sides of the central Li+ ion. The two equivalent Li+⋯H2 bonds have approximately the same length as the intermolecular bond in Li+–H2. The Li+–(H2)3 cluster is predicted to possess a trigonal structure in which a central Li+ ion is surrounded by three equivalent H2 molecules. Its infrared spectrum features a broad unresolved band centered at 4060cm−1.
Acoustic dispersion in a ball-shaped surface acoustic wave device
Authors: Yamanaka Kazushi , Singh Kanwar Jit , Iwata Naoya , Abe Takuji , Akao Shingo , Tsukahara Yusuke , Nakaso Noritaka
Published: May 2007

Theoretical model for ball surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors has been developed. Wave front distortion encountered in planar SAW sensors caused by diffraction or reflection can be neglected because of the diffraction-free propagation of a naturally collimated beam. Wave form at each turn is expressed by an integral of terms defined by the array factor and the elementary charge density of electrodes as well as the frequency-dependent velocity and attenuation caused by the sensitive film. Irrespective of the significant simplicity of the theory, excellent agreement has been observed between the simulated and experimental wave forms of a double-electrode ball SAW sensor.
Nanocrystalline soft magnetic ribbons with high relative strain at fracture
Authors: Heil T. M. , Wahl K. J. , Lewis A. C. , Mattison J. D. , Willard M. A.
Published: May 2007

Melt-spun nanocrystalline/amorphous composite ribbons (e.g., Finemet and Nanoperm) have excellent soft magnetic properties but are notoriously brittle after crystallization. In this letter, the authors present their findings of increased relative strain at fracture in Co-rich nanocomposite soft magnetic ribbons compared to conventional nanocomposite ribbons. Bending tests of the Co-rich ribbons show relative strain at fracture values more than twice as high as a Nanoperm ribbon. These Co-rich alloys have excellent soft magnetic properties with potential for high temperature applications. A (Co0.90Fe0.08Ni0.02)88Zr7B4Cu1 ribbon annealed at 823K for 3600s has a high saturation magnetization of 131Am2∕kg and a low coercivity of 8A∕m.
Effects of dye adsorption on the electron transport properties in ZnO-nanowire dye-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Wu Jih-Jen , Chen Guan-Ren , Yang Hung-Hsien , Ku Chen-Hao , Lai Jr-Yuan
Published: May 2007

Mercurochrome and N3 dyes are employed to be the sensitizers in the ZnO-nanowire (NW) dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). A lower fill factor is obtained in the N3-sensitized cell which results in comparable efficiencies in both ZnO-NW DSSCs although the N3 molecules possess a wider absorptive range for light harvesting. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and open-circuit photovoltage decay measurements are employed to investigate the electron transport properties in both ZnO-NW DSSCs. The results indicate that more abundant electron interfacial recombination occurs in the N3-sensitized ZnO-NW DSSC due to the higher surface trap density in the ZnO-NW photoanode after N3 dye adsorption.
Electronic properties of organic semiconductor blends: Ambipolar mixtures of phthalocyanine and fullerene
Authors: Opitz Andreas , Bronner Markus , Brütting Wolfgang , Himmerlich Marcel , Schaefer Juergen A. , Krischok Stefan
Published: May 2007

Mixtures of electron and hole transporting organic materials are widely used for ambipolar organic field-effect transistors and photovoltaic cells. One particular material system used in both device types is a blend of n-conducting fullerene and p-conducting copper-phthalocyanine. The electronic properties of these blends were analyzed by x-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy in dependence on the mixing ratio. The energies of the highest occupied molecular orbitals, the core levels, and the vacuum level are found to vary linearly with the mixing ratio. This energy shift is related to a common work function in the molecular blends.
Efficient terahertz emission from ballistic transport enhanced n-i-p-n-i-p superlattice photomixers
Authors: Preu S. , Renner F. H. , Malzer S. , Döhler G. H. , Wang L. J. , Hanson M. , Gossard A. C. , Wilkinson T. L. J. , Brown E. R.
Published: May 2007

The authors report on photomixing terahertz sources that overcome the transit time versus RC-time trade-off and allow for independent optimization of both of them, using a n-i-p-n-i-p superlattice. Furthermore, they take advantage of ballistic transport for reduced transit times. Apart from more favorable material parameters, In(Al)GaAs photomixers benefit from the advanced telecommunication laser technology around 1.55μm as compared to GaAs. In such devices, a terahertz-power output of 1μW has been achieved at 0.4THz at a photocurrent of 3.8mA. A comparison between corresponding GaAs- and InGaAs-based n-i-p-n-i-p photomixers reveals an improvement of performance by at least an order of magnitude for the latter one.
Neuronal somatic ATP release triggers neuron–satellite glial cell communication in dorsal root ganglia
Authors: Zhang X. , Chen Y. , Wang C. , Huang L.-Y. M.
Published: May 2007

It has been generally assumed that the cell body (soma) of a neuron, which contains the nucleus, is mainly responsible for synthesis of macromolecules and has a limited role in cell-to-cell communication. Using sniffer patch recordings, we show here that electrical stimulation of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons elicits robust vesicular ATP release from their somata. The rate of release events increases with the frequency of nerve stimulation; external Ca
2+
entry is required for the release. FM1–43 photoconversion analysis further reveals that small clear vesicles participate in exocytosis. In addition, the released ATP activates P2X7 receptors in satellite cells that enwrap each DRG neuron and triggers the communication between neuronal somata and glial cells. Blocking L-type Ca
2+
channels completely eliminates the neuron–glia communication. We further show that activation of P2X7 receptors can lead to the release of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) from satellite cells. TNFα in turn potentiates the P2X3 receptor-mediated responses and increases the excitability of DRG neurons. This study provides strong evidence that somata of DRG neurons actively release transmitters and play a crucial role in bidirectional communication between neurons and surrounding satellite glial cells. These results also suggest that, contrary to the conventional view, neuronal somata have a significant role in cell–cell signaling.
Structure of cholesterol helical ribbons and self-assembling biological springs
Authors: Khaykovich Boris , Hossain Chintan , McManus Jennifer J. , Lomakin Aleksey , Moncton David E. , Benedek George B.
Published: May 2007

We report the results of x-ray-scattering studies of individual helical ribbons formed in multicomponent solutions of cholesterol solubilized by various surfactants. The solutions were chemically defined lipid concentrate (CDLC) and model bile. In these and many analogous multicomponent surfactant–cholesterol solutions, helical ribbons of two well defined pitch angles, namely 11° and 54°, are formed. We have suggested previously that this remarkable stability results from an underlying crystalline structure of the sterol ribbon strips. Using a synchrotron x-ray source, we have indeed observed Bragg reflections from individual ribbons having 11° pitch angle. We have been able to deduce the parameters of the unit cell. The crystal structure of these ribbons is similar to that of cholesterol monohydrate, with the important difference that the length of the unit cell perpendicular to the cholesterol layers is tripled. We discuss possible origins for this triplication as well as the connection between the crystalline structure and the geometrical form of the helical ribbons.
The Impact of Neighbourhood on the Income and Mental Health of British Social Renters
Authors: Propper Carol , Burgess Simon , Bolster Anne , Leckie George , Jones Kelvyn , Johnston Ron
Published: May 2007

This paper examines the impact of neighbourhood on the income and mental health of individuals living in social housing in the UK. It exploits a dataset that is representative and longitudinal to match people to their very local neighbourhoods. Using this, the paper examines the effect of living in a neighbourhood in which the population is more disadvantaged on the levels and change, over a 10-year window, of income and mental health. It is found that social renters who live with the most disadvantaged individuals as neighbours have lower levels of household income and poorer mental health. However, neighbourhood appears to have no impact on changes in either household income or individual mental health.
What Parameters Influence the Spatial Variations in CO2 Emissions from Road Traffic in Berlin? Implications for Urban Planning to Reduce Anthropogenic CO2 Emissions
Authors: Reckien Diana , Ewald Maren , Edenhofer Ottmar , Liideke Matthias K. B.
Published: May 2007

The aim of this paper is to find major influencing factors of CO 2 emissions from road traffic in urban areas. The approach of the study involved a statistical analysis on the basis of the formerly 23 urban districts of the German capital of Berlin. Correlation and regression analyses of empirical data from the settlement structure, the traffic structure and income have found that the number of jobs per district and the share of the well-off population can best describe the CO2 emissions from traffic in Berlin. Also the number of residents, the total built area, the number of cars and the amount of traffic area are positively related to the dependent variable. Therefore, the possibilities to reduce CO2 emissions from road traffic for urban planners seem limited: a restriction of space dedicated to traffic and a change of transport means for commuting represent leverage points, according to the analysis. The other significant indicators are less able to be influenced by local and regional decision-makers-an alteration in the means of mobility to less CO2 emitting alternatives is needed if CO2 emissions from road traffic are extensively to be decreased.
Producing Elite Localities: The Rise of Gated Communities in Istanbul
Authors: Geniş Şerife
Published: May 2007

Gated communities are fast becoming global commodities and cultural icons eagerly consumed by the urban elite world-wide. This article examines the rise of gated communities in Istanbul and presents a case study of one of the leading gated communities in the city. It shows how this global urban form has been transplanted and translated into the city's landscape with the help of urban and cultural politics and has transformed the dynamics through which elite localities and identities are produced. The case study documents discourses and practices of this new urbanism at work and discusses their socio-political ramifications.
Measurement of Optimal City Sizes in Japan: A Surplus Function Approach
Authors: Zheng Xiao-Ping
Published: May 2007

This paper measures optimal city sizes for Japanese metropolitan areas, using a surplus function approach. The surplus function is defined as the difference between the total disposable income and the total expenditure of the households working and living in the metropolitan areas and the optimal city size refers to such a population of metropolitan areas that maximises the surplus function. The estimated results show that the optimal city size of Japanese metropolitan areas in the year 2000 was a population of about 18 million, which means that the Tokyo metropolitan area, with nearly 32 million inhabitants, is obviously too large.
Society of Toxicologic Pathology Position Paper on Pathology Image Data: Compliance with 21 CFR Parts 58 and 11
Authors: Tuomari Darrell L. , Kemp Ramon K. , Sellers Rani , Yarrington John T. , Geoly Frank J. , Fouillet Xavier L. M. , Dybdal Noel , Perry Rick
Published: May 2007

The Society of Toxicologic Pathology (STP) has developed the following recommendations for the use of pathology images in compliance with the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Volume 21, Part 58 (Good Laboratory Practices [GLP]) and Part 11 (Electronic Records/Signatures). These recommendations include: (1) based on current technologies and practices, pathology images (printed, electronic, or digital) used for data generation (e.g., to make a diagnosis or for morphometric analysis) are raw data that must be authenticated and archived; (2) authentication of an image may be done either by initialing and dating a print of the image or by specifically annotating the electronic image file in compliance with Part 11 regulations; (3) images used for raw data are subject to GLP procedures and controls in order to ensure data integrity including written Standard Operating Procedures, testing/validation of equipment, training of personnel, etc.; (4) validation and/or performance qualification of imaging systems used to support GLP studies must be documented and any exceptions to full validation/qualification must be described in the GLP Compliance Statement for the study; (5) images that are not used for data generation are illustrative images, are not raw data, and generally do not have to be archived; 6) illustrative images should not be used to re-evaluate or supersede the pathologist’s diagnosis.
What causes the effect of age of acquisition in lexical processing?
Authors: Menenti Laura , Burani Cristina
Published: May 2007

Three hypotheses for effects of age of acquisition (AoA) in lexical processing are compared: the cumulative frequency hypothesis (frequency and AoA both influence the number of encounters with a word, which influences processing speed), the semantic hypothesis (early-acquired words are processed faster because they are more central in the semantic network), and the neural network model (early-acquired words are faster because they are acquired when a network has maximum plasticity). In a regression study of lexical decision (LD) and semantic categorization (SC) in Italian and Dutch, contrary to the cumulative frequency hypothesis, AoA coefficients were larger than frequency coefficients, and, contrary to the semantic hypothesis, the effect of AoA was not larger in SC than in LD. The neural network model was supported.
Exploring the role of characteristic motion when learning new faces
Authors: Lander Karen , Davies Rebecca
Published: May 2007

Previous research has shown that it is easier to recognize familiar faces when shown moving, rather than static, especially when viewing conditions are difficult (Knight & Johnston, 1997; Lander, Christie, & Bruce, 1999). One possible theoretical reason for the moving-face advantage is that we learn “characteristic motion signatures” for familiar faces, associated with the face representation in memory. To examine this idea we investigated the role of motion at test when learning faces from either static images or moving sequences (Experiment 1). Results suggest that there is only an advantage for motion at test when the face is learned moving. In Experiment 2 we map the importance of facial motion as a face becomes increasingly familiar, on a television drama. We demonstrate that the beneficial effect of motion is not dependent on the amount of time the face is viewed. Results from both experiments support the idea of rapidly learned characteristic motion patterns.
Revisiting places passed: Sensitization of exploratory activity in rats with hippocampal lesions
Authors: Honey R. C. , Marshall V. J. , Mcgregor A. , Futter J. , Good M.
Published: May 2007

We examined the involvement of the hippocampus in short-term changes in exploratory behaviour in an open field (Experiment 1) and experimental contexts (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, rats with excitotoxic lesions of the hippocampus were more likely to revisit recently visited zones within the open field than were control rats. Similarly, in Experiment 2 rats with hippocampal lesions showed greater exploration of a context that they had recently explored than a context that they had less recently explored. This short-term sensitization effect was not evident in control rats. These findings are consistent with the suggestion that the recent presentation of a stimulus has two opposing effects on behaviour, sensitization, and habituation, and that hippocampal lesions disrupt the short-term process responsible for habituation, but not that responsible for sensitization.
The transfer of movement sequences: Effects of decreased and increased load
Authors: Muehlbauer Thomas , Panzer Stefan , Shea Charles H.
Published: May 2007

A number of recent experiments have demonstrated that a movement structure develops during the course of learning a movement sequence that provides the basis for transfer. After learning a movement sequence participants have been shown to be able to effectively produce the sequence when movement demands require that the sequence be rescaled in amplitude or produced with an unpractised set of effectors. The purpose of the present experiment was to determine whether participants, after learning a complex 16-element movement sequence with a 0.567-kg load, could also effectively produce the sequence when the load was decreased (0.0 kg) or increased (1.134 kg). The results indicated that participants were able to effectively compensate for decreased and increased load with virtually no changes in performance characteristics (displacement, velocity, acceleration, and pattern of element durations) while electromyographic (EMG) signals demonstrated that smaller (reduced load) or larger forces (increased load) were spontaneously generated to compensate for the change in load. The muscle activation patterns of the biceps and triceps as well as the level of coactivation appeared to be generally upscaled to generate and dissipate the changes in force requirement needed to compensate for the increased load.
Still Liminal after All These Years
Authors: Gold Ann Grodzins
Published: May 2007

This chapter describes some of the chapter's author's peregrinations in the liminality of teaching, notably, “the rocks and stones” laid out in large courses for undergraduates all looking for transcendence. The chapter addresses the question: how can “the continuity between external actions and internal states of being” be taught, when the “gulf” the class sees between lofty texts and meditative ideals is analogous to the gulf between the illiterate rites of the thousands of Indian villages and the textual ideals depicted by the tradition? The chapter puts forward a solution and evidence of gains in cultural understanding brought about by this.
Dancing Ritual, Ritual Dancing: Experiential Teaching
Authors: Gill Sam
Published: May 2007

This chapter ruminates on the formal lack of interest in both ritual and dancing. The chapter's author takes his thoughts on the university as “a Christian theological project” into a class on ritual, in which he had his students dance. From a theoretical point of view, the study of dancing and the study of ritual are very closely related. Many rituals are dance-dramas; many dances are done as ritual. Students' experience of dancing as a component to teaching ritual is easily accomplished and broadly accepted. A comparative worldwide study of ritual and ritual dancing provides a magnificent theater for the construction and examination of ritual theory.
Ritualizing Zen and the Art of Writing
Authors: Grimes Ronald L.
Published: May 2007

This chapter describes the author's discovery of the pedagogy of yielding the teacher's control to the very rites with which he has empowered his students. The chapter's author teaches Buddhism and writing in unorthodox ways, not because he thinks either is special but because such subjunctive experiences, however complex and dangerous, can be effective ways of teaching. The chapter concludes by arguing that although the line between teaching and practice is fine and never easy to walk, it is always worth trying.
Teaching Ritual Propriety and Authority through Japanese Religions
Authors: Nelson John
Published: May 2007

This chapter describes the author's teaching of valuable lessons about the historical uses of ritual that often do not appear in courses — for example, how Shintō symbolism could turn the Japanese emperor into a deity, evoking obedience and reverence from all his subjects. The chapter's author's course on Buddhism also stresses the role of ritual in propping up political power, which is demonstrated through an analysis of the ritual recitation of the Heart Sutra.
Teaching Rites Ritually
Authors: McGann Mary E.
Published: May 2007

The chapter's author approaches the subject of teaching rites ritually from the perspective of the engaged minister, the ritual leader, who is teaching the basics of ritual and liturgy to future ceremonial leaders. The chapter's author comes to her task with an unexpected, but very modern, set of credentials above her degrees in theology and liturgical studies: more than a decade of participation in an African American Catholic community for an ethnographic study of the role of music in ritual life. She describes three ways of teaching rites ritually, each of which enables a particular kind of “ritual knowing” that is relevant for students at specific stages of their studies. The first, which fosters foundational ritual knowledge, is effective ecumenically, inviting students who are insiders to their own tradition to widen their perspectives on their own experience and to appreciate liturgical rites that are not their own. The second, which cultivates performative ritual knowledge, has taken shape in the need to teach students of her own denomination how to conduct their own rites. The third iteration focuses on scholarly ritual knowledge, which prepares doctoral students to become scholars and teachers in the field of liturgical studies.
Reflections on Ritual in Noh and Kyōgen
Authors: Gardner Richard A.
Published: May 2007

This chapter proposes that noh and kyôgen plays, traditional Japanese performing arts that originated in the 15th century, provide useful materials for teaching about ritual. At the simplest of levels, the plays might be used to illustrate the central importance of ritual in religion. The plays might also be used to teach and reflect on at least some of the broader issues concerning ritual and religion alluded to earlier in the book. In addition, the plays provide some grounds for tempering the seriousness involved in much academic theorizing about religion and, especially, the religions of others. These observations are used to outline the structure of a proposed course and the nature of the materials to be used.
Ritual and the Writing Class
Authors: Lehrich Christopher I.
Published: May 2007

This chapter sketches ways to teach writing in a course on ritual. It begins by discussing the objectives and principles that guide this process. It then offers discussion of sample writing assignments, and how they can help students improve both their writing and their understanding of ritual. Finally, it reflects briefly on what can be learned from teaching such a course, not only about pedagogy but also about ritual.
Words That Breach Walls:Women's Rituals in Rajasthan
Authors: Harlan Lindsey
Published: May 2007

This chapter explores women's ritual practices in Rajasthan, North India. It emphasizes the permeability of domestic space, the flexibility of the term “domestic”, and the continuity between domicile and extra-domestic spaces. Rajput women's performance of ratijagas — women's “wake” rituals — during weddings and other important occasions is examined. Ratijagas are domestic ritual performances since they occur in households. Any simple distinction between public and private domains when it comes to women's ritual performance is rejected. As travelers to other households for ratijaga performances, for example, women may transform the environments from which they come and to which they travel; what goes on in one household may affect processes in other households. The film Chocolat is used as a comparison, demonstrating that the dynamics highlighted in the materials explored are not specifically Hindu or Indian, but may be seen as broader insights about women's potential influence on religious praxis.
Becoming American
Authors: Foley Michael W. , Hoge Dean R.
Published: May 2007

Recent theories of civic engagement suggest three major pathways by which worship communities could promote the social and civic incorporation of recent immigrants: providing immigrants with social capital and supplying linkages to the wider society (the social capital argument); playing a role themselves as civic actors (the civil society argument); and giving them civic skills and mobilizing them for civic or political action (the civic participation model). Both as civic actors and in mobilizing members, worship communities also shape people's conceptions of themselves as citizens, promoting a particular identity as players in the civic arena. Worship communities differ in the way each of these pathways plays out, depending upon the circumstances of the group's immigration and reception in the United States, the organizational culture of the worship community, and the interpretation of its religious tradition that shapes it.
Sources of Social Capital
Authors: Foley Michael W. , Hoge Dean R.
Published: May 2007

Worship communities can be important sources of both bonding and bridging social capital, but not all such communities provide significant levels of material support or economic opportunities, nor do all facilitate the social and civic incorporation of recent immigrants. Worship communities that are primarily houses of worship in organizational culture, such as Hindu temples, some mosques, and some Catholic parishes are least likely to provide bonding social capital for their members. Those that organize themselves more as a family, like many evangelical churches, provide bonding social capital but may do little to encourage civic engagement. Finally, more diverse communities and those with extensive ties to the larger society provide richer opportunities and resources to their members.
Conclusion
Authors: Foley Michael W. , Hoge Dean R.
Published: May 2007

Immigrant worship communities promote the civic and social incorporation of immigrants in varying ways and to varying degrees, depending upon the demographics of the group, the organizational culture of the worship community, its religious tradition, and leaders' interpretations of that tradition. Such diversity undermines recent claims that immigrant worship communities are being transformed under the impress of the American “congregational template”. On the contrary, in many cases they bring distinctive patterns of organization and practice to American religion, and in some cases are transforming American churches. As ethnic and religious “outsiders” defending the terms on which they will be incorporated into American society, they take their place in a long line that has defined American pluralism since the origins of the republic.
Opening Up the Hungarian Economy: Conditions and Consequences of Liberalizing Trade and Capital Flows in Hungary
Authors: Oblath Gábor
Published: May 2007

This chapter addresses issues related to trade (current account) liberalization in Hungary. An overview of the main issues related to external economic liberalization is presented, focusing on trade liberalization. This is followed by a review of macroeconomic developments in the country over the past decade. Then, after dealing with the conceptual and statistical difficulties involved, decomposition exercises are performed regarding changes in aggregate demand and employment; at the end of this analysis, macroeconomic characteristics of different subperiods are discussed. The next section deals with social changes and shifts in income distribution. Finally, the different lines of analysis are brought together and conclusions drawn regarding the mode of external liberalization in Hungary.
The Distributive and Macroeconomic Impact of Liberalization in Thailand
Authors: Nidhiprabha Bhanupong
Published: May 2007

This chapter explores the macroeconomic impact of liberalization in Thailand and its complex relationship with growth, poverty, and income distribution. Section 2 discusses Thailand's macroeconomic performance during the period of trade and capital liberalization (1970 to 2000). Section 3 analyzes the components of aggregate demand by employing a decomposition analysis. Section 4 describes the decomposition of employment and sectoral labor productivity. Section 5 examines the relationship between income distribution and external liberalization. Section 6 investigates the impact of social policy on poverty and distribution. Section 7 gives a conclusion.
Backing Up
Authors: Binmore Ken
Published: May 2007

This chapter's title signifies not only that backward induction is introduced, but that some backing up is necessary to put the material of the previous chapter on a more solid foundation. The game of Matching Pennies, with and without peeking, is used to illustrate the difference between games of perfect and imperfect competition. The rules of a game of a general game of perfect information are then described using the idea of a game tree. The principle of backward induction is introduced for the case of win-or-lose games, where its application is entirely uncontroversial. This leads to the notion of the value of a win-or-lose game. As examples, the values of the games of Nim and Hex are found. Chess is then introduced as an example of a strictly competitive game with more than two outcomes. It is shown that finite strictly competitive games always have a value. The connexion between Nash equilibria and saddle points is explained. Subgame-perfect equilibria are introduced as the end-product of backward induction. It is explained why some Nash equilibria are not subgame-perfect. The chapter ends with a discussion of the rationality assumption, and why subgame-perfect play may not always be a good idea when an opponent fails to behave rationally.
Accounting for Tastes
Authors: Binmore Ken
Published: May 2007

This chapter explains the meaning of the payoffs that are used to quantify the outcomes of games. The theory of revealed preference assumes only that players are consistent. With appropriate consistency assumptions, it is shown that players act as though maximizing a utility function. The game of Russian Roulette is introduced to show that the players need to reveal preferences over lotteries so that risky situations can be accommodated. Von Neumann and Morgenstern's consistency postulates are shown to imply that an agent acts as though maximizing the expected value of a utility function in risky situations. Risk aversion is identified with having a concave Von Neumann and Morgenstern utility function. The properties of such functions are then explored. Russian Roulette is then analyzed to show that the outcome depends on the level of risk aversion of the players. Finally, Allais' paradox and Zeckhauser's paradox are used to comment on the difference between rational behavior in the presence of risk and actual behavior.
Fighting It Out
Authors: Binmore Ken
Published: May 2007

This chapter describes the theory of two-person, zero-sum games invented by John Von Neumann in 1928. It begins with an application to the computation of economic shadow prices. It shows that a two-person game is strictly competitive if, and only if, it has a zero-sum representation. Such a game can be represented using only the first player's payoff matrix. The minimax and maximin values of the matrix are defined and linked to the concept of a saddle point. The ideas are then related to a player's security level in a game. An inductive proof of Von Neumann's minimax theorem is offered. The connexion between the minimax theorem and the duality theorem of linear programming is explained. The method of solving certain two-person, zero-sum games geometrically with the help of the theorem of the separating hyperplane is introduced. The Hide-and-Seek Game is used as a non-trivial example.
Buying Cheap
Authors: Binmore Ken
Published: May 2007

This chapter reviews classical topics in economics. It is intended mostly for readers who have not studied economics before, but it is written in a style that will perhaps offer something new for students of economics. The topics covered include demand and supply curves, the Edgeworth box, classical and discriminating monopolies, perfect competition, and Walrasian equilibrium.
Selling Dear
Authors: Binmore Ken
Published: May 2007

This chapter is an introduction to the theory of imperfectly competitive markets — a subject that was largely terra incognita before the advent of game theory. The models studied include those of Cournot, Bertrand, and Stackelberg. An unusual feature is a discussion of the Bertrand-Edgeworth model, both with efficient and proportional rationing.
Keeping Up to Date
Authors: Binmore Ken
Published: May 2007

This chapter is about Bayesian decision theory. It explains why game theorists model players' beliefs using subjective probability distributions, and how these beliefs are updated using Bayes' rule as further information is received during the play of a game. A skeptical assessment of Bayesian decision theory as a solution to the general problem of scientific induction is then offered, suggesting that we stick to Leonard Savage's view that his theory properly applies only in the context of a small world. The chapter ends with a brief review of the common prior assumption and the idea of subjective equilibria.
Going, Going …
Authors: Binmore Ken
Published: May 2007

The most successful area of game theory is auction design. This chapter offers a short review of the subject. Various traditional auctions are described. After showing that most of these generate the same expected revenue to the seller under appropriate conditions, a version of the revenue equivalence theorem is proved. Reserve prices are briefly considered. An extended example of the use of the principles of mechanism design in constructing an optimal auction is offered, and the case of common-value auctions is reviewed. The chapter ends with a discussion of the important case of multiunit auctions, and concludes that treasury bonds could be sold on a more scientific basis than at present.
For the Healing of the Nations
Authors: Garces-Foley Kathleen
Published: May 2007

The study begins with the story of Evergreen Baptist Church and its transformation from a pan-Asian church into a multiethnic one. The factors that influenced the church's pastor, Ken Fong, to take Evergreen in this direction and the tools he used to frame the church's new identity in appealing ways are identified. While Pastor Ken has been very successful at this task, the work of selling his vision to the congregation is ongoing.
The Racial Reconciliation Movement
Authors: Garces-Foley Kathleen
Published: May 2007

This chapter examines the theological foundations of the racial reconciliation movement, which has played an important role in Evergreen's development. After discussing the biblical basis of racial reconciliation theology and its development into a larger movement within mainstream evangelicalism, Evergreen's unique approach to racial reconciliation is assessed, an approach that differs significantly from the color-blind model.
Becoming a Multiethnic Church
Authors: Garces-Foley Kathleen
Published: May 2007

This chapter explores what it means to call a church “multiethnic”. It distinguishes the multiethnic church from other institutional forms that urban churches have developed to “manage” diversity by defining the multiethnic church as an inclusive, ethnically diverse community. In practice, such churches are often criticized for ignoring or overemphasizing diversity. The challenge for the multiethnic church is to both affirm the unique ethnic heritage of its members and create a shared sense of community. The chapter considers how Evergreen has institutionalized its commitment to the inclusion of diversity, and how the significance of ethnic identity is understood in this multiethnic setting.
The Culture of Discomfort
Authors: Garces-Foley Kathleen
Published: May 2007

This chapter considers the costs of participating in a multiethnic church and how Evergreeners find meaning in, or at least learn to live with, their discomfort at Evergreen. Pastor Ken has purposely shaped a “culture of discomfort” that imbues the challenges of the multiethnic church with eschatological significance. Yet diversity is more than a burden for Evergreeners, who also enjoy these challenges and find humor in them.
Possessors of the Command
Authors: Virani Shafique N.
Published: May 2007

In Shi'i Islam, the Imams are considered to be the Possessors of the Command (ulu al-amr), and are the purveyors of divine authority in the world. The chapter speaks of the Ismaili Imams, Islamshah and Muhammad b. Islamshah; compares the modes of precautionary dissimulation (taqiyya) of Ismailis in Quhistan (where the community was persecuted) and Syria (where the bravery of the Ismailis was often romanticized); and highlights the emphasis placed on communal harmony. It also delves into the resurgence of the Ismaili da'wa at this time, particularly in South Asia under the able leadership of Pir Shams and his successors, including Pir Sadr al-Din.
Qibla of the World
Authors: Virani Shafique N.
Published: May 2007

The Ismaili Imams moved from the South Caspian regions to the relative safety of Anjudan, a village near the age-old Shi'i strongholds of Qumm and Kashan. The first Imam for whose connection to the village we have positive evidence is Mustansir bi'llah, who was succeeded by 'Abd al-Salam and Gharib Mirza. A resurgence of Shi'i sentiment in the region preceding the triumph of the Safavids prompted the Ismailis to adopt the cover of Twelver Shi'ism. Attacks on their community by Tamerlane demonstrate that they were still not entirely safe. A number of Ismaili writers flourished at this time, including Da'i Anjudani, Ibn Husam Khusfi, Sayyid Suhrab Wali Badakhshani, Bu Ishaq Quhistani, Khwaja 'Abd Allah Ansari, Husayn, Darwish, and Zamani, some of whom poetically alluded to Anjudan as the spiritual qibla of the world.
Doctrinal Contexts and Religious Attitudes
Authors: Poceski Mario
Published: May 2007

This chapter studies the Hongzhou school's teachings. The first part surveys the religious and intellectual milieus of Tang Buddhism, which formed the backdrop for the development of the Hongzhou school's doctrines and its approaches to spiritual cultivation. The second part offers an analysis of the Hongzhou school's attitudes in four key areas of medieval religious life: monastic mores and ideals, meditative praxis, canonicity and religious authority, and the use of scriptures. The exploration of their basic doctrinal and ethical frameworks shows that Mazu and his disciples were engaged in the creative reformulation of age-old monastic ideals and outlooks, which helped situate the Hongzhou school within a larger nexus of canonically inspired traditions of contemplative monasticism.
Mind, Buddha, and the Way
Authors: Poceski Mario
Published: May 2007

This chapter explores key themes in the Hongzhou school's doctrines. It draws attention to attacks on all forms of dogmatism, including reifying concepts of the mind derived from Chinese interpretations of the Buddha-nature theory, which forms a central theme that links together the main sources. A large part of the chapter is concerned with the flexible and context-sensitive interpretive strategies employed in discussions of famous Chan adages associated with Mazu, especially “mind is Buddha” and “ordinary mind is the Way”.
Path of Practice and Realization
Authors: Poceski Mario
Published: May 2007

This chapter examines the Hongzhou school's conception of a Chan path of practice and realization. Based primarily on Baizhang's record, it focuses on that text's explication of a path of spiritual practice defined in terms of three distinct stages that represent increasingly subtle forms of detachment and deeper insight into the nature of reality. The investigation of the three stages is followed by an analysis of comparable conceptual schemata formulated by the scholastic traditions of medieval Chinese Buddhism. The chapter ends with a note on Baizhang's intimations of the realm of awakening, which he conceptualized as a consummate perfection of detachment and transcendence, and a fulfillment of the Bodhisattva's selfless activity of helping others.