bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Muschalek Marie
Published: May 2020

This concluding chapter offers some reflections on the nature of everyday violence in colonial Africa. Coming from multiple cultural groups, the African and German men of the Landespolizei shared a host of moral codes that can best be subsumed under the heading of honor. This study reveals significant similarities between policemen from Europe and those from Southern Africa. Out of the Landespolizei's distinctive racial and social composition unfolded a dynamic that made the police decidedly efficacious. Instead of a grand narrative of quantified violence, the chapter draws out the lives of people getting by, living with violence in the everyday. It tries to uncover how the dynamics of violence were inscribed into a moral economy of the accepted and normal. The chapter concludes that violence is not necessarily antithetical to community or social order. Indeed, it can be constructive. The daily brutality of modern colonialism was a horrific injustice. But it was also a way of life with its own rules and regularities.
Resilient Farmers
Authors: Conway Gordon , Badiane Ousmane , Glatzel Katrin
Published: May 2020

This chapter considers resilience. In the context of this chapter, resilience is the capacity of an agricultural value chain and its elements to withstand or recover from stresses and shocks and thus bounce back to the previous level of growth and development. Resilience can be strengthened in many ways and at different levels in the value chain through political, economic, sociological, and technological interventions. The chapter shows that there are solutions that combine a range of sustainable inputs, including organic technologies and limited amounts of selective synthetic inputs, combined in an integrated fashion appropriate to the local conditions. These include integrated pest management, integrated soil management, and climate-smart agriculture. Higher up the value chain are technologies for resilient storage and resilient markets. An opportunity also exists for businesses to invest in resilience technologies. African smallholders are businesspeople capable, at least potentially, of making profitable returns from their smallholdings.
The Teacher of Germany
Authors: Boes Tobias
Published: May 2020

This chapter reflects on Thomas Mann's representative aspirations as the leading voice of the “other Germany.” It shows how his copious and often agonized reflections concerning his representative status reveal that he was intensely attuned to the social flux around him. And his later career in America demonstrates that he ultimately owed his fame to his ability not to resist, but rather to respond to, unprecedented historical conditions. Whatever else it might have been, Nazism was a powerful manifestation of modernity. In successfully positing himself as its antipode, Mann was not expressing blind obeisance to tradition but rather engaging in a dialectical dance that transformed the social role of the author into something that it had never been before.
The Loyal American Subject
Authors: Boes Tobias
Published: May 2020

This chapter shows how Thomas Mann was reintroduced into postwar Germany—where his works had been previously banned—through American distribution of his literature. Many Germans were glad to be given new reading matter after years of censorship, paper shortages, and aerial bombardments that destroyed a large number of civilian presses. For these Germans, both the U.S. Army and the Bermann-Fischer Verlag, which continued to publish from abroad until 1949, became valuable avenues through which they could reimagine their own broken literary heritage. Thomas Mann, that most German of modern authors, was now indisputably also a part of American (and through it of global) literary culture. His commercial success and his literary reputation were partly, if not predominantly, determined by factors that had nothing to do with the responses of German readers at all.
The Isolated World Citizen
Authors: Boes Tobias
Published: May 2020

This chapter considers Thomas Mann's role in postwar Germany. For a number of reasons, the idea of Mann leading postwar Germany on its thorny path back to democracy was utterly illusory. However, Mann's future was uncertain now that it was no longer necessary to represent the autonomy of German culture against the totalitarian demands of the Nazis. This issue would plague Mann for the remainder of his life and lead to the decline of his public reputation in America during the late 1940s and early 1950s. As had been the case in the 1930s, however, Mann's search for a new representative role did not take place in a vacuum. The American cultural landscape was changing as well, and realigning itself in ways that made the once-topical author come to seem superannuated.
Communion
Authors: Tierney Matt
Published: May 2020

This chapter explains communion as a planetary practice of collective self-identification. Communion takes shape in opposition to teletechnological ideals of global togetherness. Opposed to the cosmotechnics of Spaceship Earth, a metaphor devised separately by Buckminster Fuller and Adlai Stevenson, communion is better developed in science-fictional work of Samuel R. Delany and Ursula K. Le Guin. Spaceship Earth, along with aligned metaphors of technologically enabled proximity, is in part to blame for sustaining the fiction of a world fused by common cause, and for perpetuating the accepted language of techno-boosterism, even in left cultural critique. Communion, by contrast, sees little such common cause in the world, but instead sees the cosmotechnic globe as the contested ground for coalitional struggles for real coexistence.
Beyond Scarface, a Kosher Capone for Maxwell Street
Authors: Kraus Joe
Published: May 2020

This chapter focuses on Lenny Patrick and the changes he had ushered into the world of Chicago’s Jewish gangsters. As someone of Jewish Lawndale, yet excluded from the real riches, he was the perfect hammer to take out the independent Jewish gangsters. Benjamin Zuckerman may have died in a scene out of a gangster film, but the bosses behind Patrick were businessmen first. They directed their killers for long-term financial gain, in a way that would give them greater leverage over the city. It was the start of a different story. And, of course, it was the end of Zuckerman’s story. Once the Syndicate decided to replace the confederation model with the corporate one, there simply was no room for him anymore.
A Question Answered
Authors: Kraus Joe
Published: May 2020

This concluding chapter contains the author’s reflections on the long-forgotten history of Chicago’s Jewish gangsters, filling in a gap in the history of gangsters and of the Jewish community in general. Throughout those years, the story of the Jewish syndicate unfolded slowly—and then vanished completely. Various crooked politicians and ambitious gangsters fought with one another for more than eight decades from the Near West Side to the “far west” of Lawndale and then up north to Rogers Park, Hyde Park, the lakefront, and the suburbs. Some of them were still alive, keeping their stories even from their own families, but most were gone. Lenny Patrick’s testimony brought back some of it, but only briefly and without the context of the deeper history it stood on top of. Here, the author discusses remembrance and memory and how these stories can fill in the gaps in the history of Jewish Chicago.
Introduction
Authors: Robinson Paul
Published: May 2020

This introductory chapter provides a short background on the study of Russian conservatism and how attitudes over it have changed over the course of over two centuries. It considers both Western and Russian perspectives on Russian conservatism. Within the Soviet Union, the study of conservatism did not fit the regime's communist ideology and could even be considered dangerous. And despite a general dislike of communism, there was little sympathy in the West for Russian conservatives. Alternatives to Bolshevism were sought instead in the writings of Mensheviks, Trotskyists, or others of a more moderate socialist or liberal disposition. Indeed, few historians wished to spend their time studying conservatives, whom they regarded as historical failures and whose anti-Western and anti-liberal opinions were considered distasteful.
The Reign of Alexander I
Authors: Robinson Paul
Published: May 2020

This chapter shows how Russian conservativism in the reign of Alexander I was multifaceted, often in opposition to state policy, and far from united. But there was a common core among its various strands. Men such as Aleksandr Shishkov, Fyodor Rostopchin, Sergei Glinka, Aleksandr Sturdza, and Nikolai Karamzin fused reason and faith to support a form of enlightened autocracy unlimited by law but firmly bound by morality. They also shared a concern with creating a modern Russian culture and a strong state that would be able to unite the country and provide stability in the face of internal and external pressures. In these ways they set the tone for Russian conservatives of future generations.
Late Soviet Conservatism
Authors: Robinson Paul
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines conservatism toward the fall of the Soviet Union. Mikhail Gorbachev's efforts to reform the Soviet system politically and economically through the policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) failed. In the late 1980s, the situation in the Soviet Union continued to deteriorate. Political opposition to communism grew rapidly, especially among some of the country's non-Russian national minorities. The three Baltic republics demanded independence. The Soviet Union teetered closer to the brink of collapse, triggering a conservative backlash among those wanting to preserve what they could of the existing order. This reached its culmination in August 1991 in a failed coup d'état against Gorbachev. Following this, the communist system disintegrated extremely quickly, and on December 25, 1991, the Soviet Union officially ceased to exist.
Methods of Attaching Skis and Footwear for Skiing1
Authors: Eimeleus K. B. E. E.
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses methods for attaching skis. The methods for attaching ski to foot have been through just as many changes as those undergone by skis themselves. Although currently there is no single definitive type of binding that is the unanimous best choice, there are still many quite satisfactory ones. Above all, these methods must meet the following requirements: to give as much solid support for the feet as possible so that the foot is always aligned with the ski; to allow for more movement of the foot along the longitudinal axis of the ski without causing restriction when kneeling; to be put on and taken off quickly and conveniently; to be durable, uncomplicated, and easy to repair; to have just enough evenly distributed pressure without making one's feet cold; to be adjustable for a variety of footwear; and to be moderately priced. Furthermore, the chapter discusses two main groups of bindings: one for running and the other for mountain skis.
Riding Behind a horse1
Authors: Eimeleus K. B. E. E.
Published: May 2020

This chapter concerns riding behind a horse. Riding behind a horse has its own developmental history, just like the ski itself. The chapter traces this briefly before moving on to the more practical functions of such an act. It divides riding behind a horse into two categories: for sporting and for military application. The first type involves a wider stance than during a regular ski run: one has to keep the tilt of the body a little straighter, forward from the point where the traces get attached. The chapter discusses the methods for achieving this first mode, even with multiple participants. It then examines the application of this mode of transportation from a purely military point of view.
The Pole as a Brake1
Authors: Eimeleus K. B. E. E.
Published: May 2020

This chapter demonstrates how to use the pole as a brake. In the forest or on rough and unfamiliar terrain, one will often need one's poles to decrease speed and for steep turns. In this situation, the skier should join them together and hold on with either one or both hands, either in the front or to the side, with the ends pointing backward. The most useful pole for this is one fitted with an iron disc. Sometimes on a difficult slope, the skier has to lean on the pole to keep from losing their balance. During a mountain descent, the poles are not used as much. To brake, the chapter instructs to hold the pole either between the skis or to one side of them.
Skis as a Brake
Authors: Eimeleus K. B. E. E.
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses using skis as a brake. For a skier-sportsman, braking with skis is a more suitable solution, but it requires better command over one's equipment than braking with poles. A skier can brake with both skis, or just one (in two distinct styles). When braking with two skis, the tips draw together while the tails tend to split apart. This method works well on hard snow; in soft snow, one must employ it gradually, otherwise a large pile of snow accumulates in front of the skis, movement stops abruptly, and a skier tumbles forward from their momentum. A variation of this is braking with one ski, which offers two possibilities: both of them are twisting motions.
Turns on the Move
Authors: Eimeleus K. B. E. E.
Published: May 2020

This chapter looks at turns on the move with the right or left shoulder aligned with the corresponding ski. It distinguishes three important techniques that have gained currency in the world of sport. One of them pertains only to running skis while the other two require mountain skis with stable bindings. The first is the method for turning in place, used while descending from a mountain or over flat terrain on running skis, or on any skis that lack a stable binding and have a posterior center of balance. The next is the Christiania turn, which is carried out on the inner ski, that is, on the right ski when the turn is done to the right-hand side. Finally, the Telemark turn allows a skier to make a sudden stop as they are descending.
The Proper Execution of Jumps1
Authors: Eimeleus K. B. E. E.
Published: May 2020

This chapter deals with jumping. Jumping, as it has evolved in competition recently, rarely has direct practical application, but the educational value of the sport is tremendous. Jumping fosters bravery, dexterity, courage, and a strong spirit, all of which results in a ski jumper's acquisition of self-confidence, composure, and resourcefulness—traits that are crucial while skiing over varied terrain. In addition, the skier experiences enjoyment and pleasure after the completion of a successful jump. To that end, the chapter takes a look at jumping exclusively from an athletic point of view. Here, it illustrates the proper techniques for a beautiful and successful jump and takes note of any possible mistakes which might be incurred.
Suggested Schedule of Ski Instruction in the Military
Authors: Eimeleus K. B. E. E.
Published: May 2020

This chapter provides a suggested instruction schedule with a sequence of exercises for the troops that is sufficiently complete for them to understand ski-running while simultaneously producing the very best results in the shortest possible time. As with any other skill, of course, complete mastery of this sport requires continuous practice outside of the class sessions. Knowledge of the theory of skiing facilitates this task. The entire course of instruction is divided into forty lessons of one hour each: therefore, it will take just over a month to complete the training. The chapter also suggests holding races for the entire company over the distance covered in one march—no less than 25 and no more than 50 versts—and field maneuvers lasting several days committed to tactical problems of screening, scouting, and so on.
Master of Riga: The Archbishop, the Order, and the Rath
Authors: O'Connor Kevin C.
Published: May 2020

This chapter is about Riga's unstable political dynamics. The division of power in Riga satisfied neither the region's supreme religious authority, the Archbishop of Riga, nor the master of the Livonian Order, whose monk-knights were responsible for Livonia's defense. Least of all did the arrangement please the wealthy merchants of the Riga Town Council (Rath), an administrative body that embodied the ideal of urban self-governance. The Rath made law and administered the city's affairs. A set piece of this chapter is the fate of the Riga Castle, which the citizens destroyed twice during Riga's civil wars of the later Middle Ages.
Upheavals: The Livonian War and the Polish Interlude
Authors: O'Connor Kevin C.
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines the tumultuous era that began with the failed Muscovite advance toward Riga. It continues through four decades of Polish rule (1581–1621). By this time, the demise of the archbishopric and of the Livonian Order during the Livonian War (1558–1582) left Riga and the territory of Livonia vulnerable to the ambitions of aggressive regional powers. Whatever the disagreements among the great powers of the Baltic Sea, all understood that a secure and prosperous Riga would add considerably to the fortunes of whomever controlled it. This era of alien occupation and of religious and political strife is illustrated by a close examination of Riga's unique “Calendar Upheavals” of the 1590s.
Burnt-Out Fairy Tales
Authors: Donovan Victoria
Published: May 2020

This chapter draws on newspaper publications, radio and television broadcasts, and legal documents. It explores local heritage politics during the economic and cultural liberalization of the Yeltsin years. Public debates at this time reveal a bitter struggle for control over heritage between local cultural elites and new actors of influence in post-Soviet society, from clergymen to supermarket barons. The partial privatization of the heritage economy, which resulted in the commodification of many historic buildings as sites of elite entertainment and recreation, struck a particularly dissonant chord with local preservationists. The criticisms advanced by these lobbies with regard to developments in the heritage sphere reveal a profound sense of displacement and disillusion with the conditions of postsocialist life.
“Every Centimeter of this Ground is History”
Authors: Donovan Victoria
Published: May 2020

This chapter draws on oral testimony and participant observation work conducted in the 2000s and 2010s to explore how Soviet and Russian patriotic discourses rooted in the heritage landscape were internalized by communities living in the historic towns. It focuses on the different oral modes employed by residents to speak about local heritage: the routinized discourse of kraevedenie lectures and touristic excursions and the more intimate language associated with memories of childhood, family festivities, and domestic traditions. The chapter examines the human consequences of the shifts in heritage politics that followed the collapse of communist rule. According to its findings, the experience of living among architectural monuments gave rise to proprietorial feelings about heritage. This provoked a range of emotions, from pride to frustration, and even melancholy in connection with the contemporary fate of these buildings.
“I Do Beg of You, Wait, and Compare!”: Goncharov, Belinsky, and Provincial Taste
Authors: Lounsbery Anne
Published: May 2020

This chapter considers first Ivan Goncharov's An Ordinary Story and then works by Vissarion Belinsky. It analyzes what provinciality and the provinces signify for these writers, both of whom are concerned with how Russia might work to develop a coherent (literary) culture. Both pay close attention to the processes by which one goes from being provincial to being not provincial, an attention reflecting their shared belief that readers and other consumers of culture need to be trained. While both focus on acquirable tools and skills, they are interested not in static canons of taste but in how exactly Russians might articulate standards of judgment that can be disseminated, learned, and revised as necessary—and they see such standards as key to becoming nonprovincial. Their underlying assumption is always that readers' capacity for discernment—the ability to distinguish good from bad, or bad from worse—is something that will either be learned or not learned, either fostered or impeded, depending on conditions.
Transcendence Deferred: Women Writers in the Provinces
Authors: Lounsbery Anne
Published: May 2020

This chapter covers the women writers who made successful careers writing in and about the provinces. This includes a group sometimes called the provintsialki—the provincial ladies—who were for several decades among Russia's more widely read authors. The provintsialki were well-educated and had connections in the capitals, but in general they were forced by circumstances to live in the provinces. While some abhorred their environment's coarseness and intellectual poverty, others made their peace with provincial life, even embraced it. Moreover, these writers typically refused to assign more semiotic weight to the metropoles than to other places, and they often actively figured themselves—or they were figured by readers and the literary establishment—as provincials, or as authors explicitly if not exclusively identified with provincial places and themes.
Conclusion: The Provinces in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Lounsbery Anne
Published: May 2020

This concluding chapter looks ahead at the trope's afterlives in the twentieth century, considering briefly how Silver Age and Soviet writers made use of the geographic imaginary that they inherited. In post-Soviet times, the provinces continue to accrue meanings both positive and negative. This is seen in books, films, and television series that veer back and forth between versions of the Silver Age myth (provintsiia as repository of purity and cultural authenticity) and much darker views that once again depict provintsiia as locus of degradation and moral decay. Finally, the chapter concludes by reflecting on the relationship between Russian provinciality and the problematic (Western) idea of “World Literature.” This in and of itself is a category from which Russian texts, no matter how “worldly” or how widely circulated, have been almost wholly excluded.
Gastric Cancer Accompanying Plummer-Vinson Syndrome
Authors: Im Ho Joon , Kim Sung Eun , Park Moo In , Park Seun Ja , Moon Won , Kim Jae Hyun , Jung Kyoungwon , Park Jung Gu
Published: May 2020

Plummer-Vinson syndrome (PVS), also called sideropenic dysphagia or Paterson-Kelly syndrome, is a condition characterized by a triad of chronic iron-deficiency anemia, esophageal webs, and dysphagia. This syndrome is considered as a precancerous condition due to the occurrence of squamous cell carcinoma in the hypopharynx, upper esophagus and oral cavity. Although exact data on the prevalence of the syndrome are not evidently available, physicians need to recognize this rare syndrome. Most of the patients are elderly Caucasian women aged 40 to 70 years, but cases in children, adolescents, or men have also been described. At present, the prevalence of PVS is decreasing due to improvement in nutritional habits and intake of iron supplements. Therefore, the syndrome accompanied with gastric cancer is even more uncommon. We report a case of a 61-year-old woman with PVS who was diagnosed with gastric cancer and improved after treatment.
Comparative analysis of fourZantedeschiachloroplast genomes: expansion and contraction of the IR region, phylogenetic analyses and SSR genetic diversity assessment
Authors: He Shuilian , Yang Yang , Li Ziwei , Wang Xuejiao , Guo Yanbing , Wu Hongzhi
Published: May 2020

The horticulturally important genusZantedeschia(Araceae) comprises eight species of herbaceous perennials. We sequenced, assembled and analyzed the chloroplast (cp) genomes of four species ofZantedeschia(Z. aethiopica,Z. odorata,Z. elliottiana, andZ. rehmannii) to investigate the structure of the cp genome in the genus. According to our results, the cp genome ofZantedeschiaranges in size from 169,065 bp (Z. aethiopica) to 175,906 bp (Z. elliottiana). We identified a total of 112 unique genes, including 78 protein-coding genes, 30 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes and four ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. Comparison of our results with cp genomes from other species in the Araceae suggests that the relatively large sizes of theZantedeschiacp genomes may result from inverted repeats (IR) region expansion. The sampledZantedeschiaspecies formed a monophylogenetic clade in our phylogenetic analysis. Furthermore, the long single copy (LSC) and short single copy (SSC) regions inZantedeschiaare more divergent than the IR regions in the same genus, and non-coding regions showed generally higher divergence than coding regions. We identified a total of 410 cpSSR sites from the fourZantedeschiaspecies studied. Genetic diversity analyses based on four polymorphic SSR markers from 134 cultivars ofZantedeschiasuggested that high genetic diversity (I = 0.934;Ne = 2.371) is present in theZantedeschiacultivars. High genetic polymorphism from the cpSSR region suggests that cpSSR could be an effective tool for genetic diversity assessment and identification ofZantedeschiavarieties.
Creatinine is a biochemical marker for assessing how untrained people adapt to fitness training loads
Authors: Chernozub Andrii , Potop Vladimir , Korobeynikov Georgiy , Timnea Olivia Carmen , Dubachinskiy Oleg , Ikkert Oksana , Briskin Yuriy , Boretsky Yuriy , Korobeynikova Lesia
Published: May 2020

Background

To study the peculiarities of changes in creatinine concentration in blood serum of untrained men during the prolonged usage of training loads different in volume and intensity, and to determine the value of this biochemical marker for the assessment of adaptive body changes during fitness training.

Methods

We examined 50 untrained men aged 18–20 years who had no contraindications for practicing fitness. Taking into account the aim of the research, we divided these people into two groups: group A and group B. The research participants used training load regimes different in volume and intensity: representatives of group Aused low intensity training load regime (Ra = 0.53) and representatives of group B used high intensity training load regime (Ra = 0.72). To assess the adaptive body changes in the examined contingent, we used the anthropometry method (circumference body size) and bioimpedansometry (body composition indicators). We also determined the features of adaptation-compensatory body reactions to different training loads by means of biochemical control of creatinine concentration in blood serum.

Results

The obtained results showed a significant increase in basal level of creatinine concentration in blood serum (by 17.6%) of group B representatives fixed after 3 months of practicing fitness in high intensity training load regime (Ra = 0.72). This group representative also revealed the most pronounced manifestation of adaptive body changes confirmed by the results of the maximal muscle strength growth (1RM) and circumference body size, which was almost 2.5 times higher than the results of group A representatives for the same period of time. The parameters indicating the load volume in a set (Wn) were almost 62.0 % higher in group A representatives in comparison with group B during all stages of control. Nonetheless, the highest creatinine concentration in blood serum (by 11.1 % (p < 0.05) was fixed in group A representatives in response to training load after 3 months of practicing. This fact testifies to the important role of the creatine phosphokinase mechanism of energy supply of muscular activity in the conditions of high volume and low intensity training load regime (Ra = 0.53).

Conclusion

The analysis of the results obtained during a series of experimental studies indicates the need and feasibility of using the indicator of basal level of creatinine concentration in blood during fitness training, especially in the conditions of high intensity and low volume training load regime (Ra = 0.72), as an informative marker for assessing the process of long-term adaptation.
In silico analysis on the functional and structural impact of Rad50 mutations involved in DNA strand break repair
Authors: Remali Juwairiah , Aizat Wan Mohd , Ng Chyan Leong , Lim Yi Chieh , Mohamed-Hussein Zeti-Azura , Fazry Shazrul
Published: May 2020

Background

DNA double strand break repair is important to preserve the fidelity of our genetic makeup after DNA damage. Rad50 is one of the components in MRN complex important for DNA repair mechanism. Rad50 mutations can lead to microcephaly, mental retardation and growth retardation in human. However, Rad50 mutations in human and other organisms have never been gathered and heuristically compared for their deleterious effects. It is important to assess the conserved region in Rad50 and its homolog to identify vital mutations that can affect functions of the protein.

Method

In this study, Rad50 mutations were retrieved from SNPeffect 4.0 database and literature. Each of the mutations was analyzed using various bioinformatic analyses such as PredictSNP, MutPred, SNPeffect 4.0, I-Mutant and MuPro to identify its impact on molecular mechanism, biological function and protein stability, respectively.

Results

We identified 103 mostly occurred mutations in the Rad50 protein domains and motifs, which only 42 mutations were classified as most deleterious. These mutations are mainly situated at the specific motifs such as Walker A, Q-loop, Walker B, D-loop and signature motif of the Rad50 protein. Some of these mutations were predicted to negatively affect several important functional sites that play important roles in DNA repair mechanism and cell cycle signaling pathway, highlighting Rad50 crucial role in this process. Interestingly, mutations located at non-conserved regions were predicted to have neutral/non-damaging effects, in contrast with previous experimental studies that showed deleterious effects. This suggests that software used in this study may have limitations in predicting mutations in non-conserved regions, implying further improvement in their algorithm is needed. In conclusion, this study reveals the priority of acid substitution associated with the genetic disorders. This finding highlights the vital roles of certain residues such as K42E, C681A/S, CC684R/S, S1202R, E1232Q and D1238N/A located in Rad50 conserved regions, which can be considered for a more targeted future studies.
Integração avícola no Oeste do Paraná: análise da relação contratual da ótica dos produtores
Authors: Cielo Ivanete Daga , Da Rocha Júnior Weimar Freire , Sanches-Canevesi Fernanda Cristina
Published: May 2020

A produção nacional de frango de corte tem se destacado entre os diversos setores produtivos nas últimas décadas. O desempenho do setor possibilitou ao Brasil assumir posição de destaque no ranking mundial como o maior exportador e o terceiro maior produtor de carne de frango. No Paraná, o sistema agroindustrial de frango de corte se consolidou, principalmente, no interior do estado. A produção dessa proteína contribui significativamente para a economia estadual. Dada a sua relevância, este artigo tem como objetivo examinar os contratos de produção de aves firmados entre os avicultores da Mesorregião Oeste do Paraná e as agroindústrias de abate e processamento. Os aspectos privilegiados incluem as principais salvaguardas, as estruturas de incentivo e controle, bem como eventuais assimetrias informacionais existentes nessa relação. O artigo se apoia em estudo de cunho qualitativo, com a aplicação de um questionário in loco junto a 133 avicultores com propriedades localizadas na Mesorregião Oeste do Paraná. Os principais resultados indicam que os contratos de integração constituem um eficiente instrumento de coordenação da produção e garantia da qualidade das aves produzidas.
Cotas Raciais em Concursos Públicos e a Perspectiva do Racismo Institucional
Authors: Bulhões Lucas Mateus Gonçalves , Arruda Dyego De Oliveira
Published: May 2020

Este artigo objetiva compreender possíveis práticas de racismo institucional que podem ocorrer na aplicação da lei 12.990/2014, que regulamentou as cotas raciais em concursos públicos. Parte-se da perspectiva de que o racismo institucional se refere à um conjunto de atitudes e práticas organizacionais que fazem, de modo intencional ou não, com que as pessoas negras sejam estigmatizadas e inferiorizadas em função do seu pertencimento racial. Em suma, foram analisados editais para cargos administrativos da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), de 2014 até 2018, a partir de uma abordagem metodológica qualitativa e crítica. Constatou-se que a UFRJ incorre em racismo institucional, mesmo que de modo não intencional, quando: não convoca cotistas negros no percentual definido pela legislação; pratica a segmentação de cargos, que impede com que vagas sejam destinadas para as cotas raciais; não contempla a convocação de cotistas em vagas excedentes e; permite com que as bancas de heteroidentificação sejam mais exigentes com determinados cargos. Em suma, as inferências do estudo sugerem um esforço de se (re)pensar a aplicação da lei 12.990/2014, tendo como propósito garantir a necessária reparação às pessoas negras historicamente subalternizadas no Brasil, em paralelo à possibilidade de estimular com que o serviço público seja um espaço racialmente mais inclusivo.
A Retórica da Crise: Democracia e Estabilidade Institucional no Brasil em Tempos da Pandemia de Coronavírus
Authors: Reis Isaac
Published: May 2020

Este ensaio busca compreender o processo discursivo de construção da realidade da pandemia de coronavírus (covid-19), no contexto brasileiro. Em razão da conjuntura vivenciada pelo país nos anos recentes, a pandemia adquiriu características fortemente políticas. Tomando a tradição da Retórica como marco teórico, o ensaio destaca o caráter precário e conflituoso do processo de construção da realidade. Essas características são identificadas em um conjunto de marcos discursivos produzidos pela mídia e por autoridades públicas, em suas disputas pela produção retórica da crise. Entre eles, foram mostradas algumas narrativas que podem colocar em risco a estabilidade das instituições e o regime democrático. O ensaio termina concluindo que a Retórica, ao contrário do papel que lhe foi atribuído por uma longa tradição filosófica, pode oferecer elementos teóricos e práticos para a defesa da estabilidade das instituições e da democracia, além de sustentar a necessidade de uma mobilização permanente em favor desta última.
Proteção Social e COVID-19: a resposta do Brasil e das maiores economias da América Latina
Authors: Tavares Amarílis Busch , Silveira Fabrício , Paes-Sousa Rômulo
Published: May 2020

Fatores como tempo de resposta, suficiência, coerência e coordenação são essenciais para o sucesso de políticas de proteção social. O presente estudo, de natureza exploratória, procurou avaliar o conteúdo e o tempo de resposta das principais políticas emergenciais de proteção social editadas pelo governo federal do Brasil e de outras cinco economias da América Latina: Argentina, Chile, Colômbia, México e Peru; como resposta à dupla crise – sanitária e socioeconômica –  causada pela COVID-19. Chile e Argentina, países onde a resposta foi mais ágil e coordenada, são aqueles com maior sucesso no controle da pandemia. O Brasil, apesar do grande número de medidas sanitárias e gastos anunciados na proteção social, divide com o México, país que mais atrasou sua resposta, as piores trajetórias de contágio e mortalidade pela doença até o presente. Os resultados sugerem que a agilidade na edição das medidas emergenciais de proteção social foi essencial para proteger populações vulneráveis na atual epidemia e também um fator decisivo para o sucesso das medidas de combate à pandemia.
O Conhecimento Científico como Instrumento Central na Tomada de Decisão na Administração Pública - Sobre a Pandemia de COVID-19 no Brasil
Authors: Rocha Filho Tarcísio Marciano da
Published: May 2020

Discutimos porque, ao desconsiderar as informações e análises geradas pela comunidade científica nacional e internacional, gestores públicos e mesmo privados tomam decisões equivocadas e nefastas para o interesse geral e privado, sobretudo durante uma crise transformadora com a pandemia de COVID-19. Apontamos qual deveriam ser os pontos centrais para um relacionamento correto entre a comunidade científica e os gestores públicos
Protein syntheis in brain mitochondrial and synaptosomal preparations
Authors: Morgan Ian G.
Published: July 2002

The anomolous protein synthesis, sensitive to cycloheximide, which has been observed in brain mitochondrial and synaptosomal preparations, has been studied. It is concluded that this protein synthesis is due to the presence, as a contaminant in both preparations, of a ribosome‐containing particle which contains soluble enzymes and is limited by a plasma membrane.
Differential binding of rabbit fast muscle myosin light chain isoenzymes to regulated actin
Authors: Trayer Hylary R. , Trayer Ian P.
Published: July 2002

The direct binding of S1(A1) and S1(A2) to regulated actin has been investigated by centrifugation. Binding was measured in the presence of either Mg·AdoPP[NH]P or Mg·ADP at 24°C at various ionic strengths. At low ionic strength, in either the presence or absence of Ca2+, the binding of S1(A1) to regulated actin was always stronger than for S1(A2). As the ionic strength was increased the differential binding between S1(A1) and S1(A2) was still maintained in the presence of Ca2+ but not in its absence. These data are discussed in terms of a modifying role for the N‐terminal region of the A1 light chain in regulation of the contractile process.
Detection and differentiation of cellulase components using low molecular mass fluorogenic substrates
Authors: van Tilbeurgh Herman , Claeyssens Marc
Published: July 2002

The 4‐methylumbelliferyl β‐D‐glycosides of glucose, cellobiose, cellotriose and lactose are used to differentiate several exo‐cellobiohydrolase, endocellulase and β‐glucosidase activities in crude cellulase from Trichoderma reesei. Spectrophotometric or fluorimetric assays allow simple detection and quantitative measurements of eluate activities from ion‐exchange chromatography and after analytical gel electrofocusing. Using the fluorophoric glucoside several β‐glucosidases can be visualised after isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gels. The use of the lactoside and of the same substrate supplemented with cellobiose as inhibitor allows a clearcut distinction to be made between endocellulase II and exo‐cellobiohydrolase I. Both enzymes are present as ‘iso‐enzyme’ mixtures. With the cellotrioside only one fraction is detectable (endocellulase III). The same methods could be used in culture growth experiments.
The myoglobin of rodents Proechimys guairae (casiragua) and Mus musculus (house mouse)
Authors: Harris David E. , Gurnett Anne M. , Lehmann Hermann , Joysey K.A.
Published: July 2002

Amino acid sequence
Myoglobin
Rodent
Casiragua
Mouse
Phylogeny
Glucosamine is a normal component of liver glycogen
Authors: Kirkman Brent R. , Whelan William J.
Published: July 2002

There have been several reports of the incorporation of glucosamine into liver glycogen by an intraperitoneal injection of galactosamine, but it has not previously been considered that glucosamine is a normal component of liver glycogen. We now report that glucosamine occurs endogenously in rabbit‐ and pig‐liver glycogens in the amount of about 1 nmol per 10 mg glycogen. Like the glucosamine incorporated by exogenous administration of galactosamine, the endogenous glucosamine takes the place of 1,4‐linked α‐glucose residues. It is found in both the outer and inner chains of the glycogen molecule.
Hydrazone formation of 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine with pyrroloquinoline quinone in porcine kidney diamine oxidase
Authors: van der Meer R.A. , Jongejan J.A. , Frank J. , Duine jzn , Duine J.A.
Published: July 2002

Homogeneous diamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.6) from porcine kidney was treated with the inhibitor 2,4‐dinitro‐phenylhydrazine (DNPH). The coloured compounds formed were detached with pronase and purified to homogeneity. When the reaction with DNPH was conducted under an O2 atmosphere, the product (obtained in a yield of 55%) was the C(5)‐hydrazone of pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) and DNPH, as revealed by its Chromatographie behaviour, absorption spectrum and 1H‐NMR spectrum. Only 6% of this hydrazone was formed under air, the main product isolated being an unidentified reaction product of DNPH with the enzyme. Porcine kidney diamine oxidase is the second mammalian enzyme shown to have PQQ as its prosthetic group. In view of the requirements for hydrazone formation with DNPH, it is incorrect to assume that inhibition of this type of enzymes with common hydrazines is simply due to blocking of the carbonyl group of its cofactor.
Regional distant sequence homology between amylases, α‐glucosidases and transglucanosylases
Authors: Svensson Birte
Published: July 2002

Amylases possess short, conserved regions near functional side chains. Sequence comparison extends this relationship to comprise a maltase and a cyclodextrin glucanotransferase. Similarity also exists with intestinal sucrase‐isomaltase and fungal glucoamylase near identified essential carboxyl groups. Homology between COOH‐terminal regions of glucoamylase and cyclodextrin glucanotranserase may indicate raw‐starch binding areas. It is suggested that amylases, α‐glucosidases, and transglucanosylases acting on 1,4‐ and 1,6‐α‐glucosidic linkages share key structural features in the active centres.
Oscillations of cytosolic calcium in single pancreatic acinar cells stimulated by acetylcholine
Authors: Yule D.I. , Gallacher D.V.
Published: July 2002

The changes in cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) were monitored (fura‐2) in single, isolated, mouse pancreatic acinar cells stimulated by acetylcholine (ACh). Responses to ACh at concentrations between 10−7 and 5 × 10−7 M are marked by the appearance of regular, sinusoidal, oscillations in [Ca2+]i. At 37°C the oscillations are transient, being seen only in the initial rising phase of the calcium signal. At 30°C regular oscillations can be maintained throughout the period of ACh application. This study reports that release of intracellular calcium and influx of extracellular calcium are both involved in the generation of these oscillatory calcium signals.
The chlorinated chlorophyll RC I, a preparation artefact
Authors: Senge Mathias , Dörnemann Dieter , Senger Horst
Published: July 2002

A special chlorophyll, designated chlorophyll RC I, has been reported by our and other laboratories to be a stable chlorophyll, extractable from organisms with oxygenic photosynthesis. Its structure was revealed as 132‐hydroxy‐20‐chloro‐chlorophyll a. We revise the finding that chlorophyll RC I is a naturally occurring chlorophyll, and show that it is an artificial chlorination product created during thin‐layer chromatography on silica gel. Simultaneous hydroxylation prevents further chlorination and stabilizes the already chlorinated chlorophylls. Avoiding TLC by applying HPLC we were unable to find chlorinated chlorophylls in pigment extracts and, therefore conclude that chlorophyll RC I is an artefact generated during thin‐layer chromatography.
A unique signature identifies a family of zinc‐dependent metallopeptidases
Authors: Jongeneel C.Victor , Bouvier Jacques , Bairoch Amos
Published: July 2002

The primary sequence motif HExxH has been found in many zinc‐dependent endopeptidases. We show that a larger signature comprising this sequence is common to most of the known zinc‐dependent endopeptidases, and that the presence of the signature can be indicative of membership in the family. A search of the protein sequence databases for entries containing the signature retrieved several unexpected potential zinc endopeptidases.
Determination of the functionally important heme peripheral vinyl group orientation in paramagnetic hemoprotein by 2D NMR
Authors: Yamamoto Yasuhiko , Ōsawa Akemi , Inoue Yoshio , Chûjô Riichirô , Suzuki Tomohiko
Published: July 2002

2D NMR spectroscopies have been successfully used to characterize the heme peripheral vinyl groups in paramagnetic hemoprotein in spite of the difficulties from the rapid paramagnetic relaxation and the low digital resolution of the 2D NMR map. The scalar coupling network system among the vinyl protons is clearly identified in the COSY spectra from its characteristic cross‐peak pattern and the dipolar coupling connectivities of the vinyl proton resonances with other heme side‐chain proton resonances not only provide the specific assignment of vinyl β‐proton resonances but also allow the determination of the vinyl group orientation with respect to the heme plane.
A novel membrane factor stimulates guanine nucleotide exchange reaction of ras proteins
Authors: West Michael , Kung Hsiang-fu , Kamata Tohru
Published: July 2002

A factor with a molecular weight of 100 kDa, which markedly enhanced the guanine nucleotide exchange reaction of ras p21 proteins, was partially purified from bovine brain tissues. The factor was predominantly associated with the plasma membrane. When the partially purified factor and excess cold GTP were added to [3H]GDPGly12 p21 or Vall2 p21 in the presence of 2 mM MgCl2, the nucleotide exchange rate was stimulated up to 25‐fold. The stimulation of the p21‐nucleotide exchange reaction by the factor was completely blocked by the Y13‐259 ras‐neutralizing antibody. Taken together, these results suggest that the factor may control the rate limiting GDP/GTP exchange step in recycling of p21 in ras‐mediated signal transduction.
Essential role of ferrous iron in cyanide‐resistant respiration in Hansenula anomala
Authors: Minagawa Nobuko , Sakajo Shigeru , Komiyama Tadazumi , Yoshimoto Akio
Published: July 2002

Antimycin A‐dependent induction of cyanide‐resistant respiration in Hansenula anomala was completely blocked by o‐phenanthroline, α,α'‐dipyridyl. or 8‐hydroxyquinoline. Pulse‐labeling of the cells with [35S] methionine in the presence of both antimycin A and o‐phenanthroline indicated that the 36‐kDa protein previously reported to be involved in cyanide‐resistant respiration [(1989) J. Biochem. 105, 864‐866] was formed in mitochondria even under these conditions. The addition of Fe2+, but not Fe3+, ions to these cells in the presence of cycloheximide resulted in the rapid expression of cyanide‐resistant respiration activity. These results suggest that in the presence of both antimycin A and o‐phenanthroline an inactive form of the 36‐kDa protein was formed and Fe2+ ions converted it to the active form. It is also likely that Fe2+ ions are involved in the reaction mechanism of cyanide‐resistant respiration.
The same domain motif for ubiquinone reduction in mitochondrial or chloroplast NADH dehydrogenase and bacterial glucose dehydrogenase
Authors: Friedrich Thorsten , Strohdeicher Michael , Hofhaus Götz , Preis Dagmar , Sahm Hermann , Weiss Hanns
Published: July 2002

The respiratory chain NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (NADH dehydrogenase or Complex I) of mitochondria comprises some 30 different subunits, and one FMN and 4 or 5 iron‐sulfur clusters as internal redox groups. The bacterial glucose dehydrogenase, which oxidizes glucose to gluconolactone in the periplasmatic space and transfers the electrons to ubiquinone, is a single polypeptide chain with pyrolloquinoline quinone as the only redox group. We report here that the two different enzymes have the same ubiquinone binding domain motif and we discuss the predicted membrane folding of this domain with regard to its role in the proton translocating function of the two enzymes.