bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ACCULTURATION INDICES AS A MEANS OF CONFIRMING CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
Authors: Triandis Harry C. , Kashima Yoshihisa , Shimada Emiko , Villareal Marcelo
Published: September 2007

The acculturation of subjects from culture A to culture B can take three forms: the more acculturated subjects may make responses that are similar to the responses made by subjects from culture B (accommodation), they may go beyond B's position (overshooting), and they may move in the opposite direction from the position of the members of culture B (ethnic affirmation). The paper presents three sets of data concerning elements of subjective culture (role perceptions, behavioral intentions, and stereotypes), with subjects speaking Spanish and residing in the U.S. who are at three levels of acculturation. The data show that role perceptions and behavioral intentions are characterized mostly by accommodation, while stereotypes are characterized mostly by ethnic affirmation. A theoretical explanation of this pattern of results is that elements of subjective culture are linked to overt behavior both directly and indirectly. As members of culture A acculturate to culture B, their behavior becomes similar to the behavior of members of culture B. Those elements of subjective culture that are directly linked with this behavior change; however, those elements that are not directly linked do not change or even show ethnic affirmation. Testing of this theoretical formulation will require additional research.

L'acculturation de sujets d'une culture A à une culture B peut prendre trois formes: Les sujets les plus acculturés peuvent donner des réponses qui sont semblables aux réponses données par des sujets de la culture B (accommodation), ils peuvent aller au‐delà de la position de la culture B (surpassement) et ils peuvent aller dans une direction opposée de celle des membres de la culture B (affirmation ethnique). Cet article présente trois groupes de données qui concernent des éléments de culture subjective (perception des rôles, intentions comportementales et stéréotypes), avec des sujets hispanophones résidant aux Etats‐Unis et des trois niveaux d'acculturation. Les données montrent que les perceptions de rôle et les intentions comportementales sont caractérisées surtout par l'accommodation tandis que les stéréotypes sont caractérisées surtout par l'affirmation ethnique. Une explication possible de ces résultats est que des éléments de culture subjective sont liés directement et indirectement au comportement ouvert. Le comportement de membres d'une culture A acculturés à une culture B devient similaire au comportement des membres de cette culture B. Les éléments de culture subjective qui sont directement liés à ce comportement changent; cependant les éléments qui ne lui sont pas liés restent inchangés ou présentent měme une affirmation ethnique. Des recherches supplémentaires seront nécessaires pour tester cette formulation théorique.
PERCEPTION OF SOCIALIZATION ROLES: A STUDY OF ISRAELI MOTHERS IN TOWN AND KIBBUTZ*
Authors: Feldman S. Shirley , Yirmiya Nurit
Published: September 2007

Variations in mothers' role perceptions were studied as a function of (a) the amount of time mothers spend with their children, and (b) the cultural ideology of childrearing that assigns to the mother either sole or shared responsibility for socialization. Four groups of Israeli mothers of toddlers were studied. Among nuclear family mothers 21 had children in nursery school, and 22 had children in fulltime daycare. Among kibbutz mothers 23 lived on Familial kibbutzim where children slept at home, and 22 lived on Communal kibbutzim where children slept apart from their parents. Questionnaires assessed mothers' perceptions of mother and caregiver influence and their use of disciplinary and nurturant techniques. Whereas amount of time did not contribute to variations in role perceptions, childrearing ideology (sole vs shared socialization responsibility) showed strong effects. In accord with nuclear family ideology, daycare mothers perceived mothers as more influential and as using more of all socializing techniques than caregivers. In accord with their ideology of shared responsibilities, kibbutz mothers perceived caregivers to be as influential as mothers. Further, as specified by kibbutz ideology, kibbutz mothers reported that they used nurturance more and disciplinary techniques less than caregivers. The importance of cultural ideology on parents' role perceptions is discussed.
LOCUS OF CONTROL IN INTELLECTUAL SITUATIONS IN AMERICAN AND CHINESE SCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors: Chiu Lian‐Hwang
Published: September 2007

The Intellectual Achievement Responsibility (IAR) Questionnaire, developed by Crandall et al., was administered to 720 children, 360 from the United States and 360 from Taiwan. The subjects were equally distributed in the sixth and eighth grades, and also by sex. A 2 × 2 × 2 (culture, grade, sex) analysis of variance was performed separately on scores of the subscale of success experiences (I +) and subscale of failure experiences (I ‐). The results showed that: (a) American children obtained significantly higher I + but lower I ‐ scores than Chinese children. (b) Sixth graders obtained significantly higher scores on both I + and I ‐ subscales than eighth graders. (c) Boys scored significantly higher than girls on I +, but sex differences in I ‐ were not significant. It was also found that American children were more internal in success than in failure situations, while the reverse was true for Chinese children.
WHAT CONSTITUTES AN ‘APPROPRIATE PSYCHOLOGY’ FOR THE DEVELOPING WORLD?
Authors: Moghaddam Fathali M. , Taylor Donald M.
Published: September 2007

The impact of psychology on the developing world has begun to receive some attention, but there is a need for theoretical concepts in order to provide a framework for critical discussion. Using the concepts ‘dual perception’ and ‘parallel growth’ (Moghaddam and Taylor 1985) as a framework, the concept of ‘appropriate psychology’ is introduced to assess the transfer of psychology from the developed to the developing world. Six criteria for evaluating appropriateness are discussed: self‐reliance, needs responsiveness, cultural compatability, institutional feasibility, economic suitability and political practicality.
BASIC RELATIONS IN CHILD LANGUAGE AND THE WORD ORDER MYTH
Authors: Weist Richard M. , Witkowska‐Stadnik Katarzyna
Published: September 2007

The research involved an evaluation of the psychological reality of the syntactic functions of subject and object, the semantic functions of agent and patient, and the discourse functions of given and new. The domain of analysis was from the early two‐word into the early three‐word phase (approximately 1;7 to 2;5) of the acquisition of the relatively synthetic language of Polish.

An analysis of the inflectional morphology revealed the appropriate use of all seven cases and contrasts within three dimensions of agreement before 1;9. These varied inflectional forms were used with sufficient frequency to argue that the nominative case and the agreement relations are productive subjecthood properties at this phase of development. The semantic function of the subject noun phrase was either an agent or a patient. Hence, case and agreement cannot be reduced to properties of semantic functions.

Since both subject and object were rarely realized simultaneously in the surface structure in the early phase of two word utterances, the set of verb plus subject and verb plus object patterns (i.e., SV, VS, OV, and VO) were analyzed for the discourse functions of given and new. Neither discourse function nor cannonical (SV and VO) form control word order. As both subject and object came to be realized in the surface structure, subject before object priority was revealed as a subjecthood property but not in a rigid word order (i.e., both SVO and SOV patterns occurred). The evidence demonstrates the independent status of the syntactic function of subject.
EFFECTS OF PERCEPTUAL QUALITY AND TASK DIFFERENCE ON THE HEMISPHERIC PROCESSING OF WORD STIMULI
Authors: Hatta Takeshi
Published: September 2007

Three experiments were conducted to examine the effects of stimulus exposure duration, retinal eccentricity, visual noise and task differences (physical classification and semantic classification) on the processing of Kana (Japanese phonetic symbol) words presented to the left and right visual fields. The primary findings of the three experiments were as follows. The right visual field advantage was found in the shorter exposure duration but no visual field difference was shown in the longer exposure duration condition (experiment 1). Stimulus presentation to large and small retinal eccentricity conditions revealed similar visual field difference (experiment 2). No significant visual field difference was shown in both clear and blurred stimulus presentation conditions (experiment 3). Semantic classification task revealed a right visual field advantage in all experiments whereas no visual field difference was shown in physical classification task in experiments 2 and 3. These results were discussed in terms of spatial frequency hypothesis and levels of processing hypothesis.
AN INTEGRATION THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF EXPECTED JOB ATTRACTIVENESS AND SATISFACTION*
Authors: Dalal Ajit K. , Singh Ramadhar
Published: September 2007

Two experiments were performed to study judgment about jobs, using the method of information integration theory. Prospective job seekers rated hypothetical job descriptions according to (a) how much they would like to accept the job, and (b) how satisfied they would feel with the job of that kind. Job descriptions were constructed using two kinds of information: Context (e.g., pay, working conditions) and Content (e.g., achievement, work itself) in a two‐factor design. Judgments of liking and expected satisfaction ratings both showed near‐parallelism, though a small nonadditive component was also present. The averaging model was able to account for both the additive and nonadditive patterns, whereas the adding rule and the multiplying rule could not. A practical implication of the averaging rule is that adding a minor fringe benefit, positive in itself, may actually decrease job satisfaction and attraction.
INDIVIDUALITY IN PLANNING: MEANING PATTERNS OF PLANNING STYLES
Authors: Kreitler Shulamith , Kreitler Hans
Published: September 2007

The study dealt with the particular contents subjects apply in a cognitive task. The hypotheses were that the frequency of specific contents would be related to the subject's information processing tendencies assessed in terms of the meaning system (Kreitler and Kreitler), that each content variable would be related to a pattern of meaning variables and that in some cases these patterns would resemble in structural features those related to personality traits, particularly cognitive traits. The subjects, 50 undergraduates of both genders, were administered in separate sessions a standard meaning questionnaire, assessing tendencies to use the meaning variables, and 10 planning tasks, coded in terms of eight conceptually‐based variables (categories of contents, e.g., emotional, quantitative) and five factorially‐based variables (defined on the basis of a factor‐analysis of all responses, e.g., concern for aesthetics and external appearance, formal administrative arrangements). The findings showed that each content variable was related to a particular pattern of meaning variables providing insight into its cognitive dynamics. Six conceptually‐based variables were related to patterns similar to those related to traits, not only cognitive. Discussion focuses on implications for the study of contents and of traits.
THE ACQUISITION OF PERSON PRONOUNS IN FRENCH‐SPEAKING CHILDREN*
Authors: Legerstee Maria , Feider Helga
Published: September 2007

The study reports data on the acquisition of person pronouns by 29 French‐speaking children, aged between 18 and 30 months. The results show that this acquisition proceeds according to a regular developmental sequence, which parallels that found in research with English‐speaking children. However, it appeared that the French‐speaking children in this study learned the pronouns about 2‐3 months later than had been reported for English‐speaking children. The results are interpreted as giving evidence about the selective contribution of general developmental mechanisms and socio‐cultural and linguistic factors to young children's learning of person pronouns.
ANTICIPATED EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AS A FUNCTION OF BEVERAGE TYPE: A CROSS‐CULTURAL REPLICATION
Authors: Lindman Ralf , Lang Alan R.
Published: September 2007

The relation between type or form of alcoholic beverage consumed and expectations about emotional or behavioral concomitants of drinking was investigated. One hundred and thirty‐four Finnish undergraduates (45 men and 89 women) with a mean age of 20.9 years were administered a survey inquiring about the association between each of 86 feelings or actions and four categories of alcoholic beverage (beer, wine, mixed drinks, and straight drinks), assuming comparable levels of intoxication. Multiple discriminant analyses indicated that distinctive and stable expectancies were associated with beer (tension reduction), wine (social pleasure), and straight drinks (mainly negative consequences often related to heavy drinking), while expectancies for mixed drinks were shared by other beverage types. These findings replicated and extended those obtained with a U.S. sample.
LOEVINGER'S SENTENCE COMPLETION TEST OF EGO DEVELOPMENT: A USEFUL TOOL FOR CROSS‐CULTURAL RESEARCHERS
Authors: Ravinder Shashi
Published: September 2007

This study examined the validity of Loevinger's ego development model and method from a cross‐cultural perspective. Loevinger's Sentence Completion Test was administered to 171 Australian and 110 Indian tertiary students. The results strongly supported Loevinger's claims for the universality of her model.
CONCEPTIONS ET STRATEGIES D'ADAPTATION DES ADOLESCENTS FACE A LA DEPRESSION*
Authors: Baron Pierre , De Champlain André
Published: September 2007

The purpose of the study is to investigate how adolescents perceive and face depression. Two questionnaires, the Beliefs about Behaviour (BAB; Rippere 1977a) and the Coping Strategies Scales (COSTS; Beckham and Adams 1984), were given to 221 boys and 65 girls, with an age ranging from 11 to 18 years and from two different schools (Collège St‐Alexandre and High School Erablière, both in Gatineau, Québec). Adolescents have a well‐defined picture of depression. They face depression with strategies as given in COSTS and the strategies are more and more homogeneous as a function of increasing age.
VALUE SYSTEMS ACROSS CULTURES: AUSTRALIA AND CHINA*
Authors: Feather N.T.
Published: September 2007

The Rokeach Value Survey was administered to a sample of 140 students at Flinders University in Adelaide, South Australia, and, in translated form, to a sample of 68 students at Shaanxi Teachers University in Xi'an, China. The Australian students ranked the following values as significantly higher in importance compared with the Chinese students: an exciting life, a world at peace, family security, happiness, inner harmony, being cheerful, being forgiving, being helpful, being honest, being loving, and being responsible. The Chinese students assigned significantly higher importance than the Australian sample to a world of beauty, national security, pleasure, social recognition, wisdom, being ambitious, being capable, being courageous, being imaginative, being intellectual, being logical, and being self‐controlled. These results are related to other evidence about the two cultures. Implications are discussed, specifically in regard to the dimension of individualism‐collectivism and more generally in terms of the need to sample a range of evidence when studying values across cultures.
A FACTOR ANALYTIC STUDY OF ACHIEVEMENT GOALS AND MEANS: AN INDIAN VIEW*
Authors: Agarwal Rekha , Misra Girishwar
Published: September 2007

The present paper analyzes the meaning of achievement in the Indian socio‐cultural context. Based on earlier studies of the authors, measures of goals and means of achievement were administered on samples drawn from rural and urban settings in north India. The responses were subjected to principal component factor analysis with varimax rotation. The results indicated that achievement is a multidimensional cognition and its structure in the Indian context is different from the concept of achievement employed in the traditional theory of achievement motivation. They implicate that a comprehensive understanding of achievement strivings requires attention to culture‐specific aspects of achievement.

Cette étude analyse le sens de l'accomplissement dans le contexte socio‐culturel indien. Basées sur de précédentes études des auteurs, des mesures de finalités et des sens d'accomplissement ont été administrées à des échantillons issus de milieux ruraux et urbains du nord de l'Inde. Les résultats ont montré que l'accomplissement est multidimensionnel et que sa structure dans le contexte indien est différente du concept d'accomplissement utilisé dans la théorie traditionnelle de motivation. Ils impliquent qu'une compréhension profonde des efforts d'accomplissement nécessite d'ětre attentif aux aspects de l'accomplissement liés à la culture.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE IDENTIFICATION OF INCOMPLETE PICTURES BY ZULU CHILDREN
Authors: Bentley A.M.
Published: September 2007

The study examined the identification of pictures at different levels of fragmentation and distinctive feature emphasis by Zulu children from preschool to grade 4. Highly fragmented pictures were found to be more difficult to recognise than less highly fragmented pictures. Enhancing the proportion of line segments devoted to distinctive features had little facilitatory effect on recognition scores until grade 4. A follow‐up study examined the effects of previous exposure to different levels of fragmentation and distinctive feature emphasis on the recognition of highly fragmented pictures. This revealed that minimal training was sufficient to improve recognition scores.
PERCEPTION OF PICTORIAL SPACE BY BUSHMEN*
Authors: Derȩgowski J.B. , Bentley A.M.
Published: September 2007

A new test for measuring the ability to perceive pictorial depth was used with children of two remote Bushman populations (!Xu and Kxoe), as well as with a sample of adult Bushmen drawn from these populations and a sample of urban Zulu children. The results show that subjects of apparently little sophistication are capable of perceiving depth when confronted with a ‘geometric’ figure. They also show surprising inter‐group differences which cannot be easily explained by differences of environmental experience.
GESTURE IDENTIFICATION: SOUTHERN AFRICAN RATINGS COMPARED WITH EUROPEAN RESPONSES*
Authors: Scott P.A. , Charteris J.
Published: September 2007

A cross‐cultural comparison of responses by European and Southern African decoders to the pictorial gestures encoded in the 20‐item test battery of Morris et al. (1979) was conducted. Results confirm the universality of gesture recognition, while demonstrating the direction and extent of significant differences in the meanings attributed to specific gestural cues. Implications for further study in the cross‐cultural mosaic of Southern Africa are advanced.
AN EVALUATION OF THE VALIDITY OF THE PERSONALITY RESEARCH FORM WITH FILIPINO UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Authors: Fekken G. Cynthia , Holden Ronald R. , Jackson Douglas N. , Guthrie George M.
Published: September 2007

The cross‐cultural validity of a North American personality inventory, namely, the Personality Research Form (Jackson 1984) was examined using 394 university students in the Philippines who were able to speak and read English. Scale validities, with self and peer ratings as criteria, were generally significant but modest. Moderate scale and peer rating reliabilities probably contributed to these results. Elevated scores on a PRF scale designed to detect careless responding suggested failure to understand instructions or insufficient motivation may also account for the findings. Interestingly, recalculating validities for subsamples comprising ‘dependable’ and ‘undependable’ subjects yielded no substantial differences in overall validity. Implications for cross‐cultural personality assessment are discussed.
CHILD‐REARING ATTITUDES OF CHINESE, CHINESE‐AMERICAN, AND ANGLO‐AMERICAN MOTHERS
Authors: Chiu Lian‐Hwang
Published: September 2007

Three groups of mothers with different cultural backgrounds, 397 Chinese living in Taiwan, 95 Chinese‐Americans immigrated from Taiwan, and 213 Anglo‐Americans, were administered the Parental Attitude Research Instrument (PARI). Significant differences were found on all three attitudinal factors and on all 23 attitudinal scales. The results showed that (1) the Chinese mothers were most restrictive, the Anglo‐American mothers were least restrictive, and the Chinese‐American mothers were intermediate on the continuum of authoritarian‐control; (2) the Chinese‐American mothers were more likely to approve the expression of hostility or rejection than the Chinese or Anglo‐American mothers; (3) the Chinese‐American mothers were more democratic than the Chinese mothers, and the Chinese mothers, more democratic than the Anglo‐American mothers.
A DAY AT DEVELOPMENTAL DOWNS: SPORTSCAST FOR RACE #2 ‐ NEO‐PIAGETIAN THEORIES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Sternberg Robert J.
Published: September 2007

This article discusses the neo‐Piagetian theories of cognitive development proposed by Robbie Case, Andreas Demetriou and Anastasia Efklides, Kurt Fischer, Jeffrey Farrar, Graeme Halford, Juan Pascual‐Leone, Michael Shayer, and Robert Siegler. Each theory is discussed in terms of its basic assumptions, and propositions regarding structure, process, novelty and automatization, context, and mechanisms of development. Then some general conclusions are drawn about the enterprise of neo‐Piagetian theorizing as a whole.
A STRUCTURE‐MAPPING APPROACH TO COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Halford Graeme S.
Published: September 2007

Several contemporary theories of cognitive development appear to agree that children progress through a hierarchy of increasingly powerful cognitive organizations, and that higher‐level organizations impose greater information‐processing loads. Although theories differ in their method of defining both the levels and the information‐processing loads they impose, it is possible to find considerable common ground. In this paper it is argued that the different levels of cognitive organization can be attributed to a hierarchy of structure‐mapping rules. Structure mapping is part of the process by which children represent and understand concepts. Four levels of structure mapping are defined. The levels, from lowest to highest, are based on element mappings, relational mappings, system mappings and multiple‐system mappings. The higher‐level rules are more ‘abstract’ in the sense of being less dependent on specific properties of each task, and are more transferable. However, they also impose higher information‐processing demands. Children who lack the information‐processing capacity for a particular level of structure mapping will be able to attain concepts that belong to that level. The theory is used to predict the characteristic age of attainment of cognitive tasks including transitivity, classification, interpretation of algebraic expressions, analogies, logical reasoning, and hypothesis testing. It is argued that the four‐structure mapping levels can subsume the four main stages of cognitive development.
GENERALIZATIONS ABOUT GENERALIZATION: HOW A THEORY OF SKILL DEVELOPMENT EXPLAINS BOTH GENERALITY AND SPECIFICITY*
Authors: Fischer Kurt W. , Farrar Michael Jeffrey
Published: September 2007

Within a skill‐theory framework, the traditional opposition between generalization and specificity is resolved. Neither generalization nor specificity is considered the normal state. Instead, they are both phenomena that can be predicted and explained in terms of skill structures and functional mechanisms of development or learning. A person acquires a skill in a specific context and must work to gradually extend it to other contexts. Within a task domain and across related domains, a set of structural transformations predict the order of generalization of the skill. Range of generalization of a given skill at a point in time varies widely across people and situations as a function of specified functional mechanisms. Generalization is maximized when (a) tasks are similar and familiar, (b) the environment provides opportunities for practice and support, (c) the person has had time to consolidate skills at the relevant developmental level, and (d) he or she is intelligent and in an emotional state facilitative of the particular skill. True generalization must be distinguished from optimal‐level synchrony, where new capacities emerge across domains as a new developmental level emerges.
UNIVERSALISM IN LAY CONCEPTIONS OF DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE: A CROSS‐CULTURAL EXAMINATION
Authors: Kashima Yoshihisa , Siegal Michael , Tanaka Kenichiro , Isaka Hiroko
Published: September 2007

In two studies of Japanese and Australian university students, we examined the resource allocation rules of equity and equality. In both cultures, subjects were universalistic rather than relativistic in their judgments of fairness and alterability of these rules in the work place. They judged the equity rule to be unalterable by legislation or consensus. However, in both studies, the Japanese perceived equity to be less fair and equality to be less unfair than their Australian counterparts. In addition, study 2 indicated that cross‐cultural differences in judgments of fairness were influenced by consideration of need. The age of the worker was a more important determinant of fairness judgments for Japanese than for Australians; the debt of a worker was a more important déterminant for Australians than for Japanese. The results are discussed with regard to the role of culture in conceptions of distributive justice.
SOCIALIZATION OF THE PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS STEREOTYPE: PARENTAL EXPECTATIONS AND VERBAL BEHAVIORS
Authors: Adams Gerald R. , Hicken Mandy , Salehi Mahshid
Published: September 2007

Two investigations were completed to study the parental socialization process underlying the intergenerational transmission of the use of the physical attractiveness stereotype. In the first study, preschool (n = 31), first‐ (n = 27) and third‐ and fifth‐grade children (n = 28) and their mothers and fathers engaged in social choice and attribution tasks directed at stimuli portraying a facially attractive or unattractive, mesomorphic or endomorphic and normal and handicapped child. Children and parents were observed to use a physical stereotype response in their behaviors. Further, a significant correlation was observed between parental expectations of the child's use of a physical attractiveness stereotype and the child's actual use of the stereotype in a social choice context. In the second study 20 mothers were asked to tell a story about a normal, obese, and handicapped child to their own child. Content analysis of the stories, using a coding scheme devised to assess stereotypic verbal messages, revealed parents communicated various types of subtle communications to their children that were consistent with a physical attractiveness stereotype. A combination of research methodologies designed to study parental expectations and subtle verbal communications may provide considerable promise for the study of the socialization of the use of stereotypic based attitudes and behaviors.
DEVELOPMENTAL COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL ACHIEVEMENT OF CHILDREN FROM THREE SOCIOCULTURAL GROUPS*
Authors: Randhawa Bikkar S. , de Lacey Philip R. , Hunt Dennis
Published: September 2007

The present study investigated, under three experimental conditions, the induction of communication messages of 219 7‐and 9‐year‐old children of Anglocelt, Aboriginal, and mainland European heritage in Australia. Children's self‐concept and their teachers' ratings of their classroom behavior were also examined. Hierarchical multivariate and univariate analyses of variance were applied to task‐specific data sets. On the communication task, significant differences were obtained on Condition (C), Sociocultural Group (SG), Age (A), and SG × Sex. On the self‐concept variables, significant differences were obtained on A only. Significant differences on A, SG, and Sex were obtained for the teachers' ratings of children's classroom behavior. Correlations between the communication tasks and behaviour ratings increased systematically as the complexity of the communication tasks increased to the asymptotic levels. The self‐concept measures were uncorrelated to both the communication tasks and teachers' ratings. Results suggest the possibility of effective cognitive mediation and the consistency with which teachers value overt communication.
RELATIVE VS ABSOLUTE RIGHT HEMISPHERE SUPERIORITY FROM LATERAL DIFFERENCES IN VISUAL PROCESSING BY NORMALS: AN EXAMPLE OF UNCERTAINTY IN EXPERIMENTAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGY
Authors: Bruyer Raymond , Caruso A.
Published: September 2007

Statistical tools (correlations and analyses of variance) have been proposed to decide whether a hemispheric functional asymmetry reflects absolute or relative cerebral superiority. A set of 16 normal subjects were given two tasks involving right hemisphere competences in the visual modality: the recognition of a small set of easily discriminated faces and meaningless geometrical figures, displayed in the lateral visual fields. The statistical tools did not perfectly agree with one another as had already been noted in a previous study. The results also showed a left hemisphere advantage, contrary to expectations; this last observation is linked with a possible asymmetrical effect of familiarization with the material
THE VALUE ORIENTATIONS OF CHINESE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN HONG KONG
Authors: Lau Sing
Published: September 2007

The Rokeach Value Survey was used to measure the value orientations of a large sample of 927 Chinese university students in Hong Kong. Based on their ranking of 18 terminal and 18 instrumental values, it was found that the students tended to put greater emphases on personal and competency oriented values. Specifically, the four most important terminal values were true friendship, happiness, self‐respect, and wisdom; and the four least important terminal values were social recognition, a comfortable life, salvation, and pleasure. The four most important instrumental values included responsible, courageous, intellectual, and capable; and the four least important instrumental values included imaginative, polite, obedient, and clean. Male students tended to be more concerned with personal, accomplishment, and competency related values; whereas female students were more attracted to family, moral, and more intrinsic kinds of values. This study also provided evidence on the validity of the Rokeach Value Survey measure. It was shown that the values in the Rokeach measure correlated significantly with similar values in Scott's Personal Values Scale, another value measure with multi‐item rating scales.

L'Echelle des valeurs de Rokeach a été utilisée pour déterminer les orientations de valeur d'un vaste échantillon de 927 étudiants universitaires chinois de Hong Kong. En se basant sur leur mise en rangs de 18 valeurs terminales et de 18 valeurs instrumentales, il a été observé que les étudiants avaient tendance à mettre plus d'emphase sur les valeurs personnelles et les valeurs d'orientation vers la compétence. Plus particulièrement, les quatre valeurs terminales les plus importantes étaient la véritable amitié, le bonheur, le respect de soi, et la sagesse; les quatre valeurs terminales les moins importantes étaient la reconnaissance sociale, une vie confortable, le salut et le plaisir. Les quatre valeurs instrumentales les plus importantes étaient définies par les termes responsable, courageux, intellectuel et capable; les quatre valeurs instrumentales les moins importantes étaient définies par les termes imaginatif, poli, obéissant et propre. Les étudiants mâles avaient tendance à être davantage concernés par les valeurs reliées à la personne, à l'accomplissement et à la compétence; par ailleurs, les étudiantes étaient davantage attirées par la famille, la moralité et par des valeurs de nature plus intrinsèque. Cette étude a également constitué une épreuve expérimentalle de la validité des mesures provenant de l'Echelle des valeurs de Rokeach. Il a été démontré que les valeurs mesurées par l'Echelle de Rokeach étaient significativement corretees avec les valeurs semblables de l'Echelle des valeurs personnelles de Scott, une autre façon de mesurer des valeurs en utilisant des modalités d'évaluation comprenant plusieurs items.
ATTITUDES OF JUVENILES IN CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS TOWARD NON‐PERSONAL VISITORS
Authors: Hilmi Fares
Published: September 2007

This study investigates the effects of non‐personal visitors (mainly university students studying sociology and psychology) upon the residents of Juvenile Correctional Institutions. The subjects of this study were 95 Saudi males (average age; 15.85 years) enrolled in Riyad's Juvenile Correctional Institution. A sentence completion questionnaire (ASCQ) was developed by the researcher to elicit attitudes of the subjects toward the non‐personal visitors. The analysis of the data indicated that most of the subjects were in favour of the continuation of the visits, and were happy to talk to the visitors. Only a very small percentage of subjects expressed negative attitudes towards the visitors. It seems that the visits are thus an opportunity to provide the inmates with new role models.
HISTORICAL‐POLITICAL AND INDIVIDUALISTIC DETERMINANTS OF COPING MODES AND FEARS AMONG PALESTINIAN CHILDREN
Authors: Punamäki Raija‐Leena
Published: September 2007

In order to investigate the effects of age and sex, exposure to political hardships and the historical‐political situation on children's coping modes and fears, 8–14‐year‐old Palestinian children were studied. A group of 66 children living in the Israeli‐occupied West Bank were studied in 1982, before the Lebanon war. The second group of 42 West Bank children was investigated in autumn 1985. The third group consisted of 31 Palestinian children living in the Beirut refugee camps, who were studied in spring 1984. Based on children's responses the coping modes were assessed on the intentional (passive‐active), cognitive (defensive‐purposeful), and emotional (helpless‐courageous) levels. The historical‐political situation was indicated by the period of testing as regards the West Bank groups, and the place of residence (West Bank groups versus the Beirut group). The results indicate that both individualistic and historical‐political factors influence the way children cope with stress. The West Bank group tested in 1985 frequently employed more active responses, but showed more helplessness than the West Bank group tested in 1982. The Beirut group used more passive and helpless modes of coping than the West Bank groups. Exposure to political hardships increased the level of active and courageous coping in the West Bank group tested in 1982, whereas in the West Bank group tested in 1985 exposure to political hardships decreased active and courageous coping. In all groups, older children employed more active, purposeful and courageous coping modes. Furthermore, boys employed more purposeful coping modes than girls. The level of fears was determined by the sex rather than by the political‐historical situation, girls expressing more fears than boys. The results are discussed in the context of political developments.
EVALUATION OF ATTITUDE SURVEY TRANSLATIONS: AN INVESTIGATION USING ITEM RESPONSE THEORY
Authors: Ellis Barbara B. , Minsel Beate , Becker Peter
Published: September 2007

The fidelity of a translated survey instrument used to measure attitudes toward mental health was evaluated using statistical methods based on item response theory. Data from French and German versions of the attitude survey were analyzed, and items that displayed differential item functioning (dif) were identified. Item characteristic curves (ICCs) were examined to determine whether the source of dif could be attributed to errors in translation or differences in cultural experiences or knowledge. The proposal by Humphreys and Hulin for using ICCs to determine the source of dif is evaluated.
CROSS‐CULTURAL DIFFERENCES: INDIVIDUAL‐LEVEL VS. CULTURE‐LEVEL ANALYSIS
Authors: Leung Kwok
Published: September 2007

Two approaches to the interpretation of and theorizing about cross‐cultural differences are identified. In the individual‐level approach, cultural differences are assumed to be consistent with individual differences within each of the cultures included in the cross‐cultural comparison. The use of antecedent variables to eliminate alternative explanations based on biases is reviewed and some problems noted. It is suggested that explicit theories be used to guide the selection of antecedent variables to minimize the impact of cultural biases. In the second approach, the culture‐level approach, culture is the unit of analysis and there is no assumption regarding the correspondence between culture‐ and individual‐level relationships. Two examples are given to illustrate the potential usefulness of this approach to developing concepts and theories that are very different from those derived from the individual‐level approach. The problems of bias in this level of analysis are also discussed. Finally, it is argued that in cross‐cultural psychology the individual‐level approach dominates, but we should pay more attention to culture‐level research. This approach may lead to the development of concepts and theories that are not likely to be produced by mono‐cultural works.
IMPOSED ETICS—EMICS—DERIVED ETICS: THE OPERATIONALIZATION OF A COMPELLING IDEA
Authors: Berry J.W.
Published: September 2007

There is a tension between two research traditions in cross‐cultural psychology: working intensively within a single culture in order to understand indigenous psychological phenomena and how they are related to cultural context; and working comparatively across cultures in order to understand broad patterns of relationships between behavioural and cultural variables. This tension can be resolved, and the two approaches integrated, by the adoption of the emic and etic concepts of Pike, and by the elaboration of a set of concrete research steps rooted in these concepts. This paper outlines a conceptual and operational framework for the pursuit of both the indigenous and comparative goals, using examples from research on intelligence and attitudes.
THE EFFECTS OF POLITICAL VIOLENCE ON CHILDREN: A CONSIDERATION OF SOUTH AFRICAN AND RELATED STUDIES
Authors: Dawes Andrew
Published: September 2007

This paper considers two propositions which have recently been advanced in debates in South Africa and elsewhere. The first is that children exposed to political violence will necessarily be emotionally damaged by the experience. The second is that exposed children will be socialised to endorse violence as a dominant mode of conflict resolution. Both these propositions are contested by referring to research conducted in South Africa and abroad. It is argued that attempts to understand the psychological sequellae of exposure to political violence need to take into account a number of interlinked factors. These include the type of political violence experienced, the child's developmental level and the availability of supports in the family and community. The evidence suggests that there is no simple relationship between exposure to violence and psychological disturbance or endorsement of violent conduct by children.
INTRUSIONS UPON SAME‐SEX OR DIFFERENT‐SEX DYADS IN A TURKISH UNIVERSITY DINING HALL
Authors: Hortaçsu Nuran , Düzen Ekrem , Arat Selçuk , Atahan Didem , Uzer Berna
Published: September 2007

Latencies for intrusion upon same‐ and different‐sex dyads in a university dining hall were Investigated. Latencies were longer for different‐sex dyads than for either of the male‐male and female‐female dyads. No significant differences were revealed between the two types of same‐sex dyads. The results were explained by the assumption of greater affective interdependence for mixed‐sex than same‐sex dyads.
CROSS‐CULTURAL COMPARISONS ON PSYCHOSEMANTICS OF ICONS AND GRAPHICS
Authors: Tzeng Oliver C.S. , Trung Nguyen T. , Rieber Robert W.
Published: September 2007

This study is to report a cross‐cultural comparison on perceptions of icons and graphics and their relationships. Data were ratings of 10 icons and 10 graphics against 21 bipolar semantic differential scales from 325 college students in three countries, Mexico, Columbia, and Japan. Cross‐cultural factor analyses resulted in the identification of four semantic (three affective and one denotative) features, three icon factors, and three graphic factors. Indigenous cultural means of these iconic and graphic factors were computed and used to probe cross‐cultural similarities and differences in perceptions. Psychosemantics of icon factors were further predicted by graphic factors through canonical correlation. This study concludes the importance of implicit cultural meanings of nonverbal figures in intercultural communications. The implications of this study are also discussed.
ASYMMETRY IN MOUTH OPENING DURING DIFFERENT SPEECH TASKS
Authors: Graves Roger , Landis Theodor
Published: September 2007

When a normal subject is speaking, the right side of the mouth typically opens more widely or moves over a greater total distance. This asymmetry is most consistent during purely verbal word list generation and verbal recall tasks, less consistent when emotional expression and/or visual imagery is involved, and reversed during smiling. Aphasic patients also show the right bias during word lists, repetition, and conversation, but not during serial speech, singing and smiling. Since observable mouth asymmetry is presumed to result from hemispheric asymmetry in motor control, these observations confirm the major role of a left hemisphere control system for pure verbal expression and provide evidence for involvement of the right hemisphere in mouth motor control during emotional and prosodic expression or visual imagery. Therapeutic possibilities are also suggested.
TREATMENT OF FACIAL PARALYSIS OF CNS‐ORIGIN: INITIAL STUDIES
Authors: van Gelder Ronald S. , Philippart Stefan M.M. , Hopkins Brian
Published: September 2007

Many hemiplegic patients suffer a chronic (central) facial paralysis. Usually these patients have lost voluntary control of the involved muscles, while their ability to produce spontaneous emotional expression remains intact. Electromyographical (EMG) biofeedback and Neuro Developmental Treatment (NDT) are well‐documented methods for the rehabilitation of these patients. EMG biofeedback has been described and evaluated by Huffman (1978). This technique and Huffman's findings will be briefly reviewed in the current paper. The NDT method, as well as our own pilot study, are also described. Huffman found that a combination of myofeedback and mirror‐feedback led to more progress than treatment with mirror‐feedback alone. From the NDT study, it is clear that improvements in orofacial functioning can be achieved. In the discussion, some principles from the neurosciences are put forward to explain the results.
PERSONALITY AND SOCIO‐FAMILIAL CORRELATES OF CONSERVATISM IN INDIAN YOUTH
Authors: Ojha Hardeo , Sah Brajbala
Published: September 2007

Wilson (1973) proposed a theory that internal and external factors which lead to ‘generalized susceptibility to experiencing threat or anxiety in the face of uncertainty’ are responsible for the growth of conservatism. The present study explored the relationship of some such factors with conservatism in Indian university students (120 males, 72 females) aged 21–25 yrs. It was discovered that conservatism is characterized by low self‐esteem, insecurity, anxiety and intolerance of ambiguity. It is related with lower SES and joint family system but unrelated with family size and birth‐order. Conservatives are more likely to be of the older generation, of the fair sex and to have conservative parents. The findings, on the whole, lend support to Wilson's (1973) theory.
TRADUCTION ET VALIDATION CANADIENNE‐FRANÇAISE DE L'ÉCHELLE DE L'ESTIME DE SOI DE ROSENBERG*
Authors: Vallieres Evelyne F. , Vallerand Robert J.
Published: September 2007

Since the early days of psychology, the self‐concept and more specifically global self‐esteem has been addressed by numerous researchers in the field. Among the widely used instruments for measuring global self‐esteem, Rosenberg's Self‐Esteem scale (RSE) has displayed high levels of validity and reliability (Harter 1983; Wylie 1974). Through a brief (10 items) and direct approach, the RSE can be answered quickly by different age and social groups. Considering the good psychometric properties of the RSE mentioned above, and the importance of self‐esteem for research in psychology, the purpose of the present four studies was to translate and validate in French the RSE Internal consistency (study 1) and confirmatory factor analyses through LISREL VI (study 2) were conducted with a French‐Canadian junior college student population in order to verify the internal consistency and the unidimensional factorial structure of the scale. In addition, the construct validity (study 3) and temporal stability (study 4) of the scale were assessed. Although the present findings are preliminary in nature, they nevertheless support the reliability and validity of the Rosenberg's Self‐Esteem scale in French.
ADOLESCENT PERCEPTIONS OF PARENTAL POWER: DO FAMILY SIZE AND ORDINAL POSITION OF THE CHILD MAKE A DIFFERENCE?*
Authors: Tashakkori Abbas , Thompson Vaida D. , Yousefi Farideh
Published: September 2007

The literature suggests that parent‐child interactions differ in relation to both birth order and family size. There are arguments in the literature concerning whether observed effects should be attributed to structural factors or to such demographic variables as SES and parental education. The present research attempts to deal with some of the theoretical questions and methodological problems encountered in determining mediators of birth order and parental interaction effects. Reports of parental involvement, or indices of such involvement, in 34 interaction areas were collected from 189 Iranian high school students from families of at least 2 children, and were analyzed using multiple regression procedures. In general, results showed birth order effects were mediated by size of family. Respondents from ‘small’ families (of 2–4 children) differed from those from larger families. In large families, first‐borns had the most paternal (or the least maternal) orientations. In small families, last‐boms had the most paternal (least maternal) orientations. Middle‐borns were not significantly different from the first‐boms in small or in large families. It is concluded that further cross‐cultural studies of differential parental interaction with different birth orders are needed before a theoretical framework can be offered to explain birth order effects.