bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in Hindfoot Alignment After High or Low Tibial Osteotomy
Authors: Choi Jun Young , Song Si Jung , Kim Sung Jung , Kim Sang Hee , Park Ji Soo , Suh Jin Soo
Published: May 2018

Background:

We aimed to determine the change in hindfoot alignment after high (HTO) or low tibial osteotomy (LTO), which is commonly performed to prevent the progression of arthritis of the knee or ankle.

Methods:

We retrospectively reviewed the radiographic findings of patients who underwent HTO or LTO for arthritis with varus deformity of the knee or ankle joint. The hindfoot alignment view angle (HAVA), hindfoot alignment ratio (HAR), and hindfoot moment arm (HMA) were measured using the hindfoot alignment radiographs. All radiographic parameters were measured at 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively to assess serial changes.

Results:

In the HTO group, the HAVA and HMA were significantly increased at 12 months postoperatively compared to preoperatively ( P = .03 and .001, respectively). Similarly, the HAR increased from 0.23 preoperatively to 0.44 at 12 months postoperatively, which was a statistically significant change ( P = .001). In the LTO group, the 12-month postoperative HAVA, HAR, and HMA were significantly decreased ( P = .001 for each), which represented a hindfoot alignment change to the valgus position.

Conclusions:

After HTO, preoperative hindfoot valgus deviation was significantly decreased at 12 months and approached normal values, while the preoperative mild hindfoot varus alignment was changed to valgus deviation after LTO.

Level of Evidence:

Level III, comparative series.
Transfemoral Amputation Adductor Myodesis Using FiberTape and Knotless Anchors
Authors: Hsu Andrew R.
Published: May 2018

Transfemoral amputation is considered the last treatment option for severe infection, vascular disease, trauma, and malignant tumors of the lower extremity that have failed limb salvage. Unopposed pull of the hip abductors causes a flexion-abduction thigh deformity that results in abnormal biomechanics and increased oxygen consumption during ambulation. Myodesis of the adductor tendons is a critical component of transfemoral amputation that creates dynamic muscle balance, enhances prosthetic fitting and function, and improves clinical outcomes. Traditional adductor myodesis uses locking sutures passed through cortical drill holes along the anterolateral aspect of the distal femur that are tensioned and tied by hand. In this report we describe a novel technique for adductor myodesis using FiberTape suture and knotless anchors that we have found to be quick, easy, and reproducible with strong tendon-bone fixation.

Level of Evidence: Level V, expert opinion.
Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding HPV and Vaccination Among Chinese Women Aged 20 to 35 Years in Fujian Province
Authors: Chen Lihua , Song Yiyi , Ruan Guanyu , Zhang Qiaoyu , Lin Fen , Zhang Jun , Wu Ting , An Jian , Dong Binhua , Sun Pengming
Published: May 2018

The use of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine was recently approved in Mainland China. This study determined the knowledge and attitudes of young women aged 20 to 35 years in Fujian Province, China, with regard to HPV and vaccination and explored the potential factors influencing their attitudes toward HPV vaccination. This was a cross-sectional study that collected data regarding the knowledge on and attitudes toward HPV and vaccination using questionnaires. Furthermore, the prevalence of HPV was determined from the sampled participants. A total of 1001 young women were included in the survey. This study demonstrated that the HPV prevalence rate was 15.7% (157/1001). Among all patients, 44.9% (n = 449) had heard of HPV; however, detailed knowledge about HPV was lacking. The majority (83.7%) expressed a willingness to be vaccinated. Specifically, knowledge of the dangers of HPV infection was significantly associated with the willingness to be vaccinated. In this study, women cited some concerns and expressed high expectations for the HPV vaccine, but the costs of vaccination reduced their willingness to be vaccinated. This study found that most patients did not have a detailed knowledge of HPV. Thus, there is a need for continued HPV promotion and education efforts, especially on the dangers of HPV infection, among young women aged 20 to 35 years in Fujian Province, China. Furthermore, it is important to subsidize the costs of vaccination for promoting vaccination campaigns in China.
The Double Hazard of Bleeding and Thrombosis in Hemostasis From a Clinical Point of View: A Global Assessment by Rotational Thromboelastometry (ROTEM)
Authors: Akay Olga Meltem
Published: May 2018

Hemostasis is a complex dynamic process involving bleeding and thrombosis as two end-points. Conventional coagulation tests which are measured in plasma examine only isolated portions of the coagulation cascade, thereby giving no information on important interactions essential to the clinical evaluation of hemostatic function. Thromboelastography (TEG), originally described in 1948 has improved over the decades and become a valuable tool of coagulation testing because of the limitations of standard coagulation tests. TEG is a technique that provides data about the entire coagulation system, from the beginning of clot formation to fibrinolysis, involving both cellular and plasma components of hemostasis. Rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) which evolved from TEG technology overcome several limitations of classical TEG while maintaining a good correlation with conventional TEG determination. ROTEM analyses are useful for rapid assessment of global clotting function in various clinical situations including liver transplantation, cardiac surgery, obstetrics, trauma, hemophilia and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. ROTEM has been also reported to be useful in identifying various hypercoagulable conditions including major surgery, malignancy, Behcet’s disease and apheresis. Further developments in ROTEM based transfusion strategies may also reduce transfusion requirements and improve clinical outcomes by optimizing the administration of blood components. This is a literature review of ROTEM including its technique, interpretation and specially clinical applications in different scenarios of bleeding and thrombotic disorders.
High Levels of Soluble Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells–Like Transcript (TLT)-1 Are Associated With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Morales-Ortíz Jessica , Rondina Matthew T. , Brown Samuel M. , Grissom Colin , Washington A. Valance
Published: May 2018

We have previously demonstrated that elevated levels of soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells–like transcript 1 (sTLT-1) modulate sepsis-induced inflammation and positively correlate with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Here, we evaluate the clinical implications of plasma sTLT-1 in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which is common in sepsis patients. Soluble TLT-1 levels in the plasma of ARDS patients (n = 20) were determined by slot blot analysis and were compared with clinical parameters to identify significant associations. For comparisons to ARDS, we also measured sTLT-1 levels in matched healthy controls (n = 20). Of the 20 plasma samples evaluated from patients with ARDS, 60% were diagnosed with sepsis and 40% were diagnosed with septic shock. The white blood cells (WBCs) of patients with ARDS were found to be significantly elevated over healthy controls with a mean of 13 k/µL over 6.2 k/µL, respectively. The mean plasma levels of sTLT-1 were 148.4 pg/mL ± 16.52 in the patient cohort and 92.45 pg/mL ± 17.12 in the control group ( P = .02). No statistically significant correlations were found between plasma levels of sTLT-1 and WBCs, sepsis, septic shock or acute physiologic, and chronic health evaluation II scores. A statistically significant inverse correlation (r2 = .25, P < .05) was found between plasma sTLT-1 and peripheral platelet counts in patients with ARDS. Increased levels of sTLT-1 in ARDS patients suggest that TLT-1 may mediate the pathobiology of ARDS. Moreover, our data are the first to demonstrate a specific platelet marker in the development of ARDS due to sepsis.
Mothers’ History of Child Sexual Abuse and Child Behavior Problems: The Mediating Role of Mothers’ Helpless State of Mind
Authors: Linde-Krieger Linnea , Yates Tuppett M.
Published: May 2018

This investigation evaluated a theoretically specified model of associations among mothers’ history of child sexual abuse (CSA), a helpless state of mind (SOM) with regard to the mother–child relationship, and increased behavior problems in the next generation. Moreover, we evaluated the moderating influence of child gender on predicted relations between mothers’ CSA severity and helpless SOM (i.e., moderated mediation). Participants were 225 biological mother–preschooler dyads (48% female; 46.4% Latinx) drawn from an ongoing, longitudinal study of representation and regulation in child development. Mothers’ history of CSA was assessed when their children were 4 years old and emerged as a prominent risk factor in this diverse, high-risk community sample with 40% of mothers reporting contact-based sexual abuse prior to age 18. Mediation analyses revealed a significant indirect pathway from a continuous rating of mothers’ CSA severity to increased externalizing behavior problems from ages 4 to 8 in the next generation via mothers’ helpless SOM at age 6. Further, this indirect path was significant for mother–daughter dyads, but not for mother–son dyads. This investigation contributes to the neophyte literature on intergenerational CSA effects by revealing the impact of a mother’s CSA history on her SOM regarding the mother–child relationship, particularly when parenting daughters. Clinical interventions that enhance survivors’ awareness of and reflection on their SOM regarding the parent–child relationship may attenuate intergenerational CSA effects on child adaptation.
Solutions in the Shadows: The Effects of Photo and Text Congruency in Solutions Journalism News Stories
Authors: McIntyre Karen , Lough Kyser , Manzanares Keyris
Published: May 2018

This experiment examined the impact of photo–text congruency regarding solutions journalism. We tested the effects of solution and conflict-oriented news stories when the photo paired with the story was congruent or incongruent with the narrative. Results revealed that a solution-oriented story with a congruent photo made readers feel the most positive, but surprisingly readers were most interested in the story and reported the strongest behavioral intentions when the story was paired with a neutral photo.
Implementation of Policy, Systems, and Environmental Community-Based Interventions for Cardiovascular Health Through a National Not-for-Profit: A Multiple Case Study
Authors: Garney Whitney R. , Szucs Leigh E. , Primm Kristin , King Hahn Laura , Garcia Kristen M. , Martin Emily , McLeroy Kenneth
Published: May 2018

Introduction. In 2014, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention funded the American Heart Association to implement policy, systems, and environment-focused strategies targeting access to healthy food and beverages, physical activity, and smoke-free environments. Method. To understand factors affecting implementation and variations in success across sites, evaluators conducted a multiple case study. Based on past literature, community sites were categorized as capacity-building or implementation-ready, for comparison. A sample of six communities were selected using a systematic selection tool. Through site visits, evaluators conducted interviews with program staff and community partners and assessed action plans. Results. Evaluators identified important implications for nationally coordinated community-based prevention programming. Differences in implementation varied by the communities’ readiness, with the most notable differences in how they planned activities and defined success. Existing partner relationships (or lack thereof) played a significant role, regardless of the American Heart Association’s existing presence within the communities, in the progression of initiatives and the differences observed among phases. Last, goals in capacity-building sites were tied to organizational goals while goals in implementation-ready sites were more incremental with increased community influence and buy-in. Discussion. Using national organizations as a mechanism to carry out large-scale community-based prevention work is a viable option that provides coordinated, wide-scale implementation without sacrificing a community’s priorities or input. In funding future initiatives, the presence of relationships and the time needed to cultivate such relationships should be accounted for in the planning and implementation processes, as well as both local and national expectations.
Safety Assessment of Tromethamine, Aminomethyl Propanediol, and Aminoethyl Propanediol as Used in Cosmetics
Authors: Becker Lillian C. , Bergfeld Wilma F. , Belsito Donald V. , Hill Ronald A. , Klaassen Curtis D. , Liebler Daniel C. , Marks James G. , Shank Ronald C. , Slaga Thomas J. , Snyder Paul W. , Gill Lillian J. , Heldreth Bart
Published: May 2018

The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel (Panel) reviewed the safety of tromethamine, aminomethyl propanediol, and aminoethyl propanediolas used in cosmetics. All 3 ingredients are reported to function in cosmetics as pH adjusters, and tromethamine and aminomethyl propanediol are also reported to function as fragrance ingredients. The Panel reviewed relevant animal and human data related to these ingredients, along with a previous safety assessment of aminomethyl propanediol. The Panel concluded that tromethamine, aminomethyl propanediol, and aminoethyl propanediol are safe in cosmetics in the practices of use and concentration as given in this safety assessment.
Safety Assessment of Polyether Lanolins as Used in Cosmetics
Authors: Becker Lillian C. , Bergfeld Wilma F. , Belsito Donald V. , Hill Ronald A. , Klaassen Curtis D. , Liebler Daniel C. , Marks James G. , Shank Ronald C. , Slaga Thomas J. , Snyder Paul W. , Andersen F. Alan , Heldreth Bart
Published: May 2018

The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel (Panel) assessed the safety of 39 polyether lanolin ingredients as used in cosmetics. These ingredients function mostly as hair conditioning agents, skin conditioning agent—emollients, and surfactant—emulsifying agents. The Panel reviewed available animal and clinical data, from previous CIR safety assessments of related ingredients and components. The similar structure, properties, functions, and uses of these ingredients enabled grouping them and using the available toxicological data to assess the safety of the entire group. The Panel concluded that these polyether lanolin ingredients are safe in the practices of use and concentration as given in this safety assessment.
Safety Assessment of Alkyl Betaines as Used in Cosmetics
Authors: Burnett Christina L. , Bergfeld Wilma F. , Belsito Donald V. , Hill Ronald A. , Klaassen Curtis D. , Liebler Daniel C. , Marks James G. , Shank Ronald C. , Slaga Thomas J. , Snyder Paul W. , Andersen F. Alan , Heldreth Bart
Published: May 2018

The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel (Panel) reviewed the safety of 11 alkyl betaines as used in cosmetics. These ingredients are reported to function as hair and skin conditioning agents, antistatic agents, surfactants-cleansing agents, and viscosity-increasing agents in cosmetic products. Although there are data gaps, the shared chemical core structure, similar functions and concentrations of use in cosmetics, and the expected similarities in physicochemical properties enabled grouping these ingredients and reading across the available toxicological data to support the safety assessment of each individual compound in the entire group. The Panel concluded alkyl betaines were safe as cosmetic ingredients in the present practices of use and concentration, when formulated to be nonirritating.
Safety Assessment of Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein and Hydrolyzed Wheat Gluten as Used in Cosmetics
Authors: Burnett Christina , Bergfeld Wilma F. , Belsito Donald V. , Hill Ronald A. , Klaassen Curtis D. , Liebler Daniel C. , Marks James G. , Shank Ronald C. , Slaga Thomas J. , Snyder Paul W. , Andersen F. Alan , Heldreth Bart
Published: May 2018

The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel (Panel) reviewed the product use, formulation, and safety data on hydrolyzed wheat protein and hydrolyzed wheat gluten, which function as skin- and hair-conditioning agents. The Panel determined that data from clinical and laboratory studies were sufficient to demonstrate that these ingredients will not elicit type 1 immediate hypersensitivity reactions in sensitized individuals and will not induce sensitization when the polypeptide lengths of the hydrolysates do not exceed 30 amino acids. The Panel concluded that hydrolyzed wheat gluten and hydrolyzed wheat protein are safe for use in cosmetics when formulated to restrict peptides to an average molecular weight of 3,500 Da or less.
Classification of Preterm Birth With Placental Correlates
Authors: Chisholm Karen M , Norton Mary E , Penn Anna A , Heerema-McKenney Amy
Published: May 2018

Premature birth lacks a widely accepted classification that unites features of the clinical presentation with placental pathology. To further explore associations between the clinical categories of preterm birth and placental histology, 109 infants with gestational age <34 weeks and birth weight <2000 g were selected and, based on electronic records, were classified into preterm birth categories of preterm labor, prelabor premature rupture of membranes, preeclampsia, indicated preterm birth for maternal factors (other than preeclampsia), indicated preterm birth for fetal factors, and the clinical diagnosis of abruption. Corresponding placentas were analyzed for gross and microscopic variables, with findings grouped into categories of amniotic fluid infection, lymphocytic inflammation, maternal vascular malperfusion, and fetal vascular malperfusion. Placental features of maternal vascular malperfusion were pervasive in all preterm birth categories and were commonly associated with amniotic fluid infection and lymphocytic inflammation. Features of maternal vascular malperfusion were significantly associated with preterm birth due to preeclampsia, and amniotic fluid infection was highly associated with prelabor preterm rupture of membranes. Findings of lymphocytic inflammation were significantly increased in cases of abruption. Laminar decidual necrosis was present in all cases of abruption. Placentas from multiple gestations had significantly less histologic findings compared to singletons. Given that 75% of placentas demonstrated at least 1 feature of maternal vascular malperfusion despite different clinical presentations, seemingly different pathologies such as ascending amniotic fluid infection or lymphocytic inflammation may be mechanistically related to processes established early in pregnancy. The concept of “uterine ischemia” may be too simplistic to account for all of the changes attributed to maternal vascular malperfusion in the preterm placenta.
Neuropathological Developments in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Authors: Bright Fiona M , Vink Robert , Byard Roger W
Published: May 2018

A wide variety of neuropathological abnormalities have been investigated in infants who have died of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Issues which detracted from early studies included failure to use uniform definitions of SIDS and lack of appropriately matched control populations. Development of the triple risk model focused attention on the concept of an inherent susceptibility to unexpected death in certain infants, with research demonstrating a role for the neurotransmitter serotonin within the brainstem. However, it now appears that neuropathological abnormalities in SIDS infants are more complex than a simple serotonergic deficiency in certain medullary nuclei but instead could involve failure of an integrated network of neurochemical transmitters in a variety of subcortical locations. The following overview examines recent research developments looking particularly at the potential role of the peptide neurotransmitter substance P and its neurokinin-1 receptor in multiple nuclei within the brainstem, asymmetry and microdysgenesis of the hippocampus, and decreased orexin levels within dorsomedial, perifornical, and lateral levels in the hypothalamus. Whether such research will lead to identifiable biomarker for infants at risk of SIDS is yet to be established. Use of standardized and consistent methods of classifying and categorizing infant deaths will be pivotal in generating reproducible research results.
Global Production, Local Racialized Masculinities: Profit Pressure and Risk-taking Acts in a Japanese Auto-parts Company in the United States
Authors: Nemoto Kumiko
Published: May 2018

Expansion of global production in the automotive industry has made America’s local plants increasingly racially varied but also more financially pressured. However, research on global firms under financial pressure that focuses on the workplace dynamics of managers and production workers of different races and nationalities remains limited. This article examines the organizational processes of masculinity enactment of three groups of men—Japanese managers, American managers, and American production workers—in a financially pressured Japanese auto-parts company. It describes how Japanese managers rationalized account manipulation as a profit recovery scheme and American workers validated this approach as being self-sacrificing and representative of heroic leadership; white American managers asserted their authority over engineers, women, and Japanese men by using intimidation and emasculation; and a production worker displayed his compensated masculinity by forcing his team to engage in hiding defective products. This article discusses the implications of these acts and their legitimization of unethical behaviors with the goal of increasing corporate profits from the perspectives of masculinities and of management.
Biological Sex Differences in Depression: A Systematic Review
Authors: Labaka Ainitze , Goñi-Balentziaga Olatz , Lebeña Andrea , Pérez-Tejada Joana
Published: May 2018

Depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide, and its prevalence is 2 times higher in women than in men. There is, however, a lack of data on sex-specific pathophysiology of this disorder. The purpose of this systematic review is to identify the biological sex differences found in major depressive disorder (MDD) in studies published in the last 10 years. We conducted a literature search using the Medline, PsycInfo, PubMed, and Web of Science databases, selecting English-language studies that included physiological measures compared by sex in addition to MDD. We identified 20 relevant studies, which consisted primarily of mixed methodology and samples. The reported physiological measures comprised a variety of serum biomarkers, gene mRNA expression, and brain activity. Findings suggest different biological patterns in those with MDD depending on sex. Specifically, women presented higher levels of inflammatory, neurotrophic, and serotonergic markers and a stronger correlation between levels of some inflammatory and neurotrophic factors and the severity of symptoms. This review provides information about possible different biological patterns for women and men with depressive disorder and may have important implications for treatment. Future research should include homogeneous samples; make comparisons based on sex, control sex hormone fluctuations and pharmacological treatment; and use consistent criteria for evaluating psychobiological changes in MDD.
Preservation technique of the piriformis tendon is superior to reattachment technique in terms of contiguity and muscle atrophy: using magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Minokawa So , Naito Masatoshi , Shiramizu Kei , Nakamura Yoshinari , Kinoshita Koichi , Minamikawa Tomohiko , Seo Hajime , Yamamoto Takuaki
Published: May 2018

Purpose:

The preservation technique of the piriformis tendon during the posterolateral approach in total hip arthroplasty (THA) is reportedly superior to the reattachment technique in terms of dislocation. However, the long-term effects of preservation of the piriformis tendon during THA remain unknown. In this study, we evaluated the contiguity of the piriformis/conjoined tendon and atrophy of the piriformis/internal obturator muscle during a long-term postoperative follow-up using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Methods:

We retrospectively evaluated 48 patients with available MRI. The 48 patients were classified into a P group ( n = 29), in which the piriformis tendon was preserved, and an R group ( n = 19), in which the piriformis was reattached after sectioning. The mean follow-up duration was 45.9 months. The contiguity of the piriformis/conjoined tendon and atrophy of the piriformis/internal obturator muscle were evaluated in all patients.

Results:

The piriformis tendon remained attached to the greater trochanter in all P-group patients and 68.4% of R-group patients. The mean piriformis muscle atrophy ratios were 15.9% ± 21.1% in the P group and 41.6% ± 19.1% in the R group ( p < 0.001). The conjoined tendon repair remained intact in 72.4% of P-group patients and 36.8% of R-group patients ( p < 0.05). The mean internal obturator muscle atrophy ratio was 31.4% ± 26.2% in the P group and 50.4% ± 19.1% in the R group ( p < 0.05). No postoperative pulmonary embolism, wound infection, deep infection, or hip dislocation occurred.

Conclusions:

In our study, we suggest that the preservation technique of the piriformis tendon is superior to the reattachment technique in terms of contiguity and muscle atrophy.
Relations Between Exercise Habit and Visual Attentional Ability in Older Adult Community Dwellers: Evidences From the Yakumo Study
Authors: Hatta Takeshi , Kato Kimiko , Iwahara Akihiko , Hatta Taketoshi , Fujiwara Kazumi , Ito Emi , Hasegawa Yukiharu
Published: May 2018

Objective:

The relation between mild everyday exercise and cognitive ability in healthy older people was examined using cohort study database.

Methods:

Individually calculated linear regression coefficients in digit cancelation task performances for 11 years age from 65 to 75 years were compared between mild exercise habit holders and non-holders.

Results:

Exercise habit holders showed significantly smaller age-related decline than non-holders, irrespective of task difficulty.

Discussion:

The results suggested that even mild exercise habit for long years possesses benefits on sustaining cognitive function in older people as well as the physical activities such as programmed in a sport gym. It also becomes clear that it is difficult for ordinary older adult to continue exercising habits for many years. Therefore, more substantial ways are required for local health officials to advertise the effectiveness of mild exercise habits and to devise the necessary work to become a habit.
Forming and Performing: Conditioning the Concept of Chinese Space in the Case of National Theatre of China
Authors: Keyang Tang
Published: May 2018

This article will examine the case of National Theatre of China, one of the most iconic buildings that have been looming in the skyline of Chinese metropolises in recent years. They are known to the Chinese public for their unprecedented, and often nicknamed, architectural types. Critics tend to deem such examples of contemporary Chinese architecture from recent waves of urban development as merely “bizarre,” taking wacky building forms as the dishonorable outcome of a corrupt conspiracy between capital and politics. Instead of making a similar judgment, this article will discuss the case of the National Theatre as a wishful cultural practice in the context of a complicated sociopolitical drama. The discussion will elaborate on three core issues emerging in the transformation of contemporary Chinese public space: (1) how the meaning of the architectural “face” changes as the urban “body” is redefined, (2) how formal and technical means enhance or weaken the psychological impact that an innovative and adventurous building might have on its patrons, and (3) how rigid urban planning is reconciled with a more dynamic and active theatric space that turns the city itself into an improvised stage.
Safety and Security of Journalists: Yet Awaiting Intervention from Indian Academy and Industry
Authors: Murthy C. S. H. N.
Published: May 2018

The article is an overview of the growing concerns about escalating violence against journalists in India and a matching lack of interest in Indian academy to understand the various implications of such violence—both pedagogically and sociologically. The fact that about six journalists were killed in a span of two to three months—September–November 2017—speaks volume about the magnitude of the problem in India—the world’s largest democracy that has the largest volume of media presence. By far, the safety and security of journalists was never part of a serious debate among Indian media houses or Indian journalism education except by way of expressing a symbolic condolence whenever a journalist was killed in action. Although Indian academy has displayed abject ignorance of this important component of journalists’ training despite the UNESCO proposing a model curriculum for safety of journalists at University level in 2007, the media industry which runs its own media schools in India to train its recruits is never concerned about the safety and security of the journalists. Using the methodology adopted by the Freedom House in its report on Freedom of Press (2016) for determining the varied ways in which the pressure was laid on the objective flow of information, the present study throws light on several dimensions involved in evolving a pedagogy for the ‘safety and security of journalists’ from sociological perspectives.
On the move to stay current: Knowledge cycling and scheduled labor mobility
Authors: Pantic-Dragisic Svjetlana , Söderlund Jonas
Published: May 2018

Technical consulting plays an increasingly important role in developing and transferring knowledge in a wide range of industries and sectors. We present a case study of Swift Tech, a leading Scandinavian technical consulting firm, to identify and assess the importance of knowledge cycling—a knowledge process based on scheduled and recurrent rotation of technical consultants among organizational and problem-solving contexts. Our study identifies four main phases of knowledge cycling: entering an assignment, building experience, contributing to the project, and shifting to a new assignment. These phases underpin our model of knowledge cycling, which demonstrates that two aspects of local knowledge processes are critical: project task familiarization and project organization familiarization. We show that knowledge cycling relies on a dynamic interaction between client organization, consulting firm, and individual consultant in the ongoing transfer of knowledge among distinct contexts and communities. Knowledge cycling demonstrates the significance of “mobile knowledge” for the development of situated knowledge; hence, our results have important implications for situated learning theory.
Predictive validity of NEDA in the 16- and 21-year follow-up from the pivotal trial of interferon beta-1b
Authors: Goodin Douglas S , Reder Anthony T , Traboulsee Anthony L , Li David KB , Langdon Dawn , Cutter Gary , Cook Stuart , O’Donnell Timothy , Kremenchutzky Marcelo , Oger Joel , Koelbach Ralf , Pohl Christoph , Wicklein Eva-Maria ,   for the IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group and the 16- and 21-Year LTF Investigators
Published: May 2018

Background:

Long-term follow-up from the randomized trial of interferon beta-1b (IFNB-1b) permitted the assessment of different definitions of no evidence of disease activity (NEDA) for predicting long-term outcome in multiple sclerosis (MS).

Objective:

To examine the predictive validity of different NEDA definitions.

Methods:

Predictive validity for negative disability outcomes (NDOs) at 16 years and survival at 21 years post-randomization were assessed. NEDA in the first 2 years was defined as follows: clinical NEDA: no relapses or Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) progression from baseline to Year 2; NEDA-3a: no relapses, no confirmed ⩾1-point EDSS progression, and no new T2-active lesions; NEDA-3b: no relapses, no EDSS progression, and no increase in T2 burden of disease (T2-BOD); and NEDA-4: no relapses, no EDSS progression, and no increase in T2-BOD or atrophy. NDOs were defined as death, need for wheelchair, EDSS ⩾6, or progressive MS.

Results:

A total of 245 and 371 patients were evaluated at 16 and 21 years, respectively. Clinical NEDA predicted NDOs ( p = 0.0029), as did baseline EDSS ( p < 0.0001), baseline T2-BOD ( p < 0.0001), and change in T2-BOD ( p = 0.0033). IFNB-1b treatment ( p = 0.0251), relapse rate in the 2 years before study start ( p = 0.0260), T2-BOD at baseline ( p = 0.0014), and change in T2-BOD ( p = 0.0129) predicted survival at 21 years.

Conclusion:

Clinical NEDA predicted long-term disability outcome. By contrast, definitions of NEDA that included on-therapy changes in magnetic resonance imaging variables did not increase the predictive validity.
eMSQOL-29: Prospective validation of the abbreviated, electronic version of MSQOL-54
Authors: Rosato Rosalba , Testa Silvia , Bertolotto Antonio , Scavelli Francesco , Giovannetti Ambra M , Confalonieri Paolo , Patti Francesco , Chisari Clara Grazia , Lugaresi Alessandra , Pietrolongo Erika , Grasso Maria Grazia , Rossi Ilaria , Toscano Anna , Loera Barbara , Giordano Andrea , Solari Alessandra
Published: May 2018

Background:

We recently devised a shortened version of the 54-item Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life (MSQOL-54) in paper (MSQOL-29, consisting of 25 items forming 7 subscales and 4 single items, and one filter question for 3 ‘sexual function’ items) and electronic format (eMSQOL-29).

Objectives:

To prospectively assess eMSQOL-29 psychometric properties, acceptability/equivalence versus MSQOL-29.

Methods:

Multiple sclerosis (MS) patients ( n = 623; Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) range 0.0–9.0) completed eMSQOL-29, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Functional Assessment of MS (FAMS), European Quality of life Five Dimensions-3L, and received EDSS and Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT). Equivalence versus MSQOL-29 was assessed in 242 patients (randomized cross-over design).

Results:

‘Sexual function’ items were filtered out by 273 patients (47%). No multi-item scale had floor effect, while five had ceiling effect. Cronbach’s alpha range was 0.88–0.90. Confirmatory factor analysis showed good overall fit and the two-factor solution for composite scores was confirmed. Criterion validity was sub-optimal for ‘cognitive function’ (vs SDMT, r = 0.25) and ‘social function’ (vs FAMS social function, r = 0.38). eMSQOL-29 equivalence was confirmed and its acceptability was good.

Conclusion:

eMSQOL-29 showed good internal consistency, factor structure and no floor effect, while most subscales had some ceiling effect. Criterion validity was sub-optimal for two subscales. Equivalence and acceptability were good.
Reliability and acceptability of the Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-29 questionnaire in an English-speaking cohort
Authors: Baker Georgina , Nair Krishnan Padmakumari Sivaraman , Baster Kathleen , Rosato Rosalba , Solari Alessandra
Published: May 2018

Background:

Multiple Sclerosis Quality-of-Life Questionnaire-54 (MSQoL-54) is a disease-specific instrument for assessing health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Due to the number of items, the time taken to complete it is long. A shorter 29-item version, Multiple Sclerosis Quality-of-Life Questionnaire-29 (MSQoL-29) is yet to be evaluated in English.

Objective:

To assess reliability and acceptability of English version of MSQoL-29.

Methods:

Among 100 participants with MS who first completed both MSQoL-54 and MSQoL-29, 91 completed MSQoL-29 after 4–8 weeks. We looked for internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha), acceptability, reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs)) and agreement (Bland–Altman plots).

Results:

ICCs were strongly positive between MSQoL-54 and MSQoL-29 (Physical Health Composite (PHC) –ICC = 0.914, confidence interval (CI) = 0.872–0.942; Mental Health Composite (MHC) – ICC = 0.875, CI = 0.814–0.916) and between the two MSQoL-29 (PHC – ICC = 0.970, CI = 0.955–0.980; MHC – ICC = 0.937, CI = 0.904–0.958). On Bland–Altman plots, the MSQoL-29 scores of 95% of participants during two visits were within the limits of agreement (LOAs). Time taken to complete MSQoL-29 was 7.2 ± 2.9 minutes and MSQoL-54 was 19.79 ± 5.4 minutes ( p = 0.0001).

Conclusion:

MSQoL-29 has good test–retest reliability in English-speaking population and was quicker to complete.
Treating neuromyelitis optica with azathioprine: 20-year clinical practice
Authors: Bichuetti Denis Bernardi , Perin Marília Mamprim de Moraes , Souza Nilton Amorim de , Oliveira Enedina Maria Lobato de
Published: May 2018

Background:

Neuromyelitis optica leads to severe disability. Preventive treatment includes steroids and immunosuppressants, and indications are based on retrospective and observational studies.

Methods:

We analyzed 158 patients with neuromyelitis optica regarding disease course, prognostic factors, and treatment response to azathioprine, a widely available low-cost drug. Disability accumulation was used as an endpoint to treatment response.

Results:

Eight patients with monophasic and 150 with relapsing disease with a median 7 years of disease duration and 4.6 years of follow-up were evaluated. All relapsing patients received preventive treatment, 100 with azathioprine. Only 30% reached Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) 6, and 69% of patients presented no disability accumulation along follow-up. The time under azathioprine and prednisone use were inversely correlated to the hazard of disability accumulation (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.981 and 0.986, respectively; p < 0.01). Each month under azathioprine use reduced disability accumulation by 2.6% (HR = 0.974, p < 0.01), corresponding to an 80% decrease in EDSS progression over 5 years.

Interpretation:

We report less disability accumulation than previous series on patients with neuromyelitis optica, two-thirds presenting no disability accumulation along follow-up. Continued azathioprine used from early disease onset was strongly associated to maintenance of neurological function and should be offered as a viable option for low-income scenarios.
Whose riot? Collective memory of an iconic event in a local music scene
Authors: Green Ben
Published: May 2018

The application of memory studies to music scenes has so far had a material focus, favouring places and objects. This article critically examines the role of an iconic event in scene identity, through a case study of the ‘Cybernana’ music festival, hosted by Brisbane community radio station 4ZZZfm in 1996 and marked by what has been characterised, alternately, as an audience riot and a police riot. Based on ethnographic research and analysis of cultural texts it is shown that, against official findings and wider disinterest, there exists an intergenerational counter-memory of Cybernana as an iconic event, within a politicised narrative that defines both the radio station and the local music scene. The factors involved in constructing this iconicity are considered, including the role of media. This mediated, cultural memory provides a narrative frame for individual experiences, through which people locate themselves within the scene and reaffirm its collective identity.
The Associations Between Social Rank Uncertainty, Machiavellianism, and Dominance: From a Life History Perspective
Authors: Chen Bin-Bin
Published: May 2018

This study used the life history (LH) theory to investigate how environmental cues are associated with Machiavellianism. A total of 252 undergraduate students completed self-report measures of social rank uncertainty, Machiavellianism, fast LH strategy, and dominance. The results indicated that Machiavellianism was related to a fast LH strategy. Furthermore, a fast LH strategy mediated an association between social rank uncertainty and Machiavellianism. Finally, Machiavellianism was positively associated with dominance. These findings may enhance our understanding of the evolutionary origin of Machiavellianism.
Thin Slices of Athletes’ Nonverbal Behavior Give Away Game Location: Testing the Territoriality Hypothesis of the Home Game Advantage
Authors: Furley Philip , Schweizer Geoffrey , Memmert Daniel
Published: May 2018

The present research investigated whether perceivers could detect who is playing at home or away in soccer matches based on thin slices of professional (Experiment 1) and amateur (Experiment 3) athletes’ nonverbal behavior prior to the match and whether perceivers rated athletes playing at home relatively higher on behavioral dimensions (Experiments 2 and 3) linked to territoriality. In Experiment 1 ( N = 80), participants watched short videos depicting soccer players prior to a UEFA Champions League match and rated whether athletes were more likely to be playing at home or away. In Experiment 2 (two groups N = 102 and N = 101), perceivers rated these videos in terms of assertiveness, dominance, and aggression. In Experiment 3, we replicated the procedure of Experiments 1 and 2 with different stimulus material from amateur soccer ( N = 112). Participants could significantly differentiate between home playing and away playing athletes (Experiment 1: d = 0.44 and Experiment 3: d = 1.07). Experiments 2 and 3 showed that perceivers rated professional and amateur soccer players higher on assertiveness ( d = 0.34–0.63), dominance ( d = 0.20–0.55), and aggression ( d = 0.16–0.49) when playing at home compared to playing away. Findings are supportive of evolutionary accounts of nonverbal behavior, ecological approaches to person perception, and the thin slices of behavior hypothesis by demonstrating that humans change their nonverbal behavior depending on game location. We discuss the relevance of the present findings for the home advantage in sports.
Confronting espoused theories with theories-in-use: Challenges of participatory action research with marginalized communities in contributing to social change and theory building
Authors: Málovics György , Juhász Judit , Méreiné Berki Boglárka , Mihók Barbara , Szentistványi István , Pataki György , Nagy Mihály , Tóth Janka
Published: May 2018

This article reflects on a participatory action research process in partnership with segregated Roma communities in Hungary. It will focus on the “non-positivist good theory”-building capacity of participatory action research in situations where social distance between participants is high and where action-oriented cooperation involves numerous actors, continuously extends to new stakeholders and areas, and aims to contribute to long-term and general social goals. Special attention will be paid to the effects of three phenomena: extreme poverty, extreme egalitarianism, and community hierarchy. We show that as cooperation shifts from discussions to actions and theories-in-use start dominating the process, PAR might become a complex and fuzzy process, characterized by numerous pragmatic and ethical challenges and contradictions. Thus, in a setting described above, it is a rather challenging task for PAR to create a “non-positivist good theory”: one which enables and empowers community members to make pragmatic and sustainable changes in their lives.
Neoliberalism, education policy and the life of the academic: A poetics of pedagogical resistance
Authors: Gibbons Andrew
Published: May 2018

The papers in this special issue on the spaces of pedagogy speak to the failures of neoliberal thinking when applied to education. Their pedagogical critique of neoliberalism contributes to a considerable body of work focused on challenging the driving discourses of education (or more accurately, school) systems. The source of the tensions between four decades of policy-supported educational marketization and the accompanying objections, rejections and warnings, require careful questioning in terms of what the very debate reveals about education, learning, school, pedagogy and so on. In this paper, these questions are asked in relation to neoliberal thinking about indigeneity, knowledge and the individual. The idea of what to do, how to approach things differently, draws together these critiques of neoliberalism in higher education. The purpose of this paper is to amplify the collective critique of neoliberalism. Analyses and challenges to educational relationships that deploy neoliberal thinking are positioned to keep in question the nature and purpose of neoliberalism.
Learning outcomes between learner centredness and institutionalisation of qualification frameworks
Authors: Ure Odd B
Published: May 2018

This article investigates what is claimed to be a shift towards national and European education systems based on Learning Outcomes (LO). We propose to delineate LO into three instruments (pedagogical, policy and organisational). When LO are related to a pedagogical debate, they can easily be positioned to constructivist learning theories in which the centredness of the learner is brought to the fore. This perspective is often emphasised by EU institutions and agencies when outlining implications for education and training practices. At the same time, LO are inscribed in a package of policies playing out at a national and cross-national level whose success lies in their political and organisational ramification. Of particular importance is how these policies change rules and procedures of educational institutions, notably curricula and the awarding of qualifications.

Within this picture of learner centredness and institutionalisation, LO in the existing literature are analysed as pedagogical and policy instruments. This article proposes to add a third perspective, that of considering LO as an organisational instrument. This implies studying the work organisation of educational institutions, as well as the bodies and agencies (‘quangos’) of importance for bringing about LO. Another aspect which the notion organisational instrument can shed light on is the continuing efforts to improve the performance of education systems by means of quality control and auditing procedures. The article concludes that policy-making for education and training will benefit from studies able to accurately determine the nature of the instruments deployed in the ongoing discourse on LO. Against this background, some implications for future studies and analyses in the field of education and training are drawn.
Using the Replicating Effective Programs Framework to Adapt a Heart Health Intervention
Authors: Ramsay Jessica E. , Janevic Mary R. , Hogan Cainnear K. , Edwards Dominique L. , Connell Cathleen M.
Published: May 2018

Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States. African Americans and people of low socioeconomic status suffer disproportionately from heart disease–related morbidity and mortality. In Detroit, Michigan, a primarily African American and low-income urban area, heart disease mortality is at twice the national rate. Despite evidence for the effectiveness of self-management support interventions in reducing chronic disease burden for older adults, few are adapted for communities most in need. This article describes the process of adapting Take PRIDE, an evidence-based heart disease self-management intervention, for older adults in Detroit via the Replicating Effective Programs (REP) framework. Working within a community–academic partnership, we found REP useful in facilitating the identification of diverse stakeholders, core versus adaptable elements of the intervention and barriers to implementation. We also made several modifications to the REP framework in order to better fit our project needs. Overall, we found REP to be an effective, flexible tool that allowed us to successfully adapt a disease-management intervention for this setting. Processes, lessons learned, and recommendations offered in this article may help researchers and practitioners working to expand access to self-management support for populations most affected by chronic disease.