bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characteristics and Cholinergic Control of the ‘Minute Rhythm’ in Ovine Antrum, Small Bowel and Gallbladder
Authors: Romański K. W.
Published: March 2003

Eight adult conscious rams were used to characterize further the minute rhythm and to determine the role of cholinergic receptors in nervous control of this event. In chronic experiments, the myoelectrical and motor activity of the gastrointestinal tract and gallbladder were recorded. Physiological experiments were performed in fasted or non‐fasted rams before, during and after feeding, and the occurrence of minute rhythm during various phases of the migrating motor myoelectric complex was observed. The pattern occurred most frequently in the small intestine, where it exhibited mostly the propagating character. It was also detectable in the ileum. In the gallbladder, the minute rhythm arrived systematically and its character was irregular, propagating, retropropagating or stationary. In all episodes observed, it was well correlated with that in the small intestine. In the pyloric antrum, the minute rhythm was identified occasionally. During pharmacological experiments, 0.15 M NaCl or graded doses of hexamethonium, atropine and pirenzepine were administered intravenously during various phases of the migrating motor myoelectric complex, in fasted and non‐fasted animals, before and during feeding. The drugs inhibited the minute rhythm in the small bowel for a longer period than in the gallbladder. However, the smallest dose of pirenzepine (0.02 mg/kg) exerted a non‐significant effect both in the small intestine and in the gallbladder. It is concluded, that in normal conditions the minute rhythm occurs regularly in the entire small intestine and in the gallbladder. In the small intestine the pattern is organized more precisely. The minute rhythm is controlled by nicotinic receptors and by muscarinic receptor subtypes.
Serum Lipid Profile in Iranian Fat‐tailed Sheep in Late Pregnancy, at Parturition and During the Post‐parturition Period
Authors: NAZIFI S. , SAEB M. , GHAVAMI S. M.
Published: March 2003

Blood samples were obtained from 12 Iranian fat‐tailed sheep during 7 weeks pre‐partum, at parturition and 7 weeks post‐partum. The lipids measured were cholesterol, triglyceride, total lipid, high‐density lipoprotein (HDL)‐cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein (LDL)‐cholesterol, and very low‐density lipoprotein (VLDL)‐cholesterol. The concentrations of cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL‐cholesterol and VLDL‐cholesterol during the 7 weeks pre‐partum, at parturition and the 7 weeks post‐partum were significantly different (P < 0.05). One week before parturition, the concentrations of cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL‐cholesterol and VLDL‐cholesterol were higher (P < 0.05) than at other periods. The lowest concentrations of these parameters were observed 2–3 weeks after parturition. In this study, significant positive correlations were observed between the time of sampling (pre‐partum, parturition and post‐partum) and serum cholesterol (r=0.22;P < 0.01) and HDL‐cholesterol (r=0.25;P < 0.01).
Carbon Fibres and Plasma‐Preserved Tendon Allografts for Gap Repair of Flexor Tendon in Bovines: Gross, Microscopic and Scanning Electron Microscopic Observations
Authors: KUMAR N. , SHARMA A. K. , SHARMA A. K. , KUMAR S.
Published: March 2003

The efficacy of carbon fibres and plasma‐preserved tendon allografts for gap repair in the superficial digital flexor tendon in the mid‐metatarsal region was evaluated in 12 crossbred calves. Experimental tenectomies were performed, followed by implantation of carbon fibres in group I (12 legs) and plasma‐preserved tendon allografts in group II (12 legs). Gross observations in group I showed filling of the defect with granulation tissue with more vascularity on day 7, which was less prominent at day 14. On day 30, the neotendon formed was slightly thicker and comparable to normal tendon in appearance and texture. On day 90, it exhibited all the characteristics of a fully developed tendon. Whereas, in group II increased vascularity at the site and encapsulation of the graft with connective tissue in early periods was observed. The gap between graft and host was filled with fibrous connective tissue. Peritendinous adhesions were maximum on day 7 which were gradually reduced in both groups. Microscopically, an acute inflammatory reaction in the periphery of carbon fibres was observed on day 7. Immature fibroblasts were arranged in a haphazard pattern at this stage. By day 14, numerous newly formed capillaries and comparatively more mature fibroblasts were present in between and around the carbon fibres which were aligning parallel to the longitudinal axis of the tendon. By day 30 the healing tissue exhibited longitudinal orientation of collagen fibres and was at a more advance stage of maturation. By day 90, the neotendon formed simulated the picture of normal tendon. In the grafted tendon group, there was normal healing tissue at the functional sites between host and grafted tendon. The fibroblastic activity appeared to be both extrinsic and intrinsic in origin. The connective tissue had invaded the graft to a variable distance and there was resorption of graft which was replaced by newly formed connective tissue on day 90. Scanning electron microscopic observation revealed formation of neotendon between carbon fibre strands, resulting in thickening of the implant. In later stages parallel collagen fibres resembling normal tendon were observed in both groups.
Carbon Fibres and Plasma‐Preserved Tendon Allografts for Gap Repair of Flexor Tendon in Bovines: Clinical, Radiological and Angiographical Observations
Authors: Kumar N. , Sharma A. K. , Singh G. R. , Gupta O. P.
Published: March 2003

Twenty‐four tenorrhaphies were performed at the mid‐metatarsal region in 12 crossbred calves under xylazine–ketamine spinal analgesia. A 2.5‐cm long gap was created in the superficial digital flexor (SDF) tendon and immediately repaired with carbon fibres in the animals of group I and with plasma‐preserved tendon allografts in group II. Clinical examination revealed a slight increase (P > 0.05) in rectal temperature, heart and respiratory rate for 2–4 days post‐operation in both groups. Milder pain and exudation as well as earlier restoration of tendon gliding movements and weight bearing were observed in group I as compared to group II. Air‐tendogram in the carbon fibre group on day 30 revealed restoration of continuity across the defect of the tendon, whereas, in the allograft group, a dense homogeneous swelling was seen along the flexors. Regression of peritendinous adhesions and swelling at the reconstructed site at later stages was seen in both groups. Angiography showed hypervascularization at the reconstructed site on day 14 in the carbon fibre group, however, in the allograft group the site appeared to be relatively avascular. On days 30 and 90, blood vessels were normally organized in both groups.
Quantitative Electroencephalography of Medetomidine, Medetomidine‐Midazolam and Medetomidine‐Midazolam‐Butorphanol in Dogs
Authors: ITAMOTO K. , TAURA Y. , WADA N. , TAKUMA T. , UNE S. , NAKAICHI M. , HIKASA Y.
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the administration of an α2‐adrenoceptor agonist alone and in combination with other derivatives on brain wave activity. In addition, the diagnostic values of the electroencephalogram (EEG) for judging the depth of the balanced anaesthesia with an α2‐adrenoceptor agonist was evaluated. The treatments comprised 20 μg/kg medetomidine (Me‐20), 80 μg/kg medetomidine (Me‐80), 20 μg/kg medetomidine and 0.5 mg/kg midazolam (Me‐Mi) administered intramuscularly, and 20 μg/kg medetomidine with 0.5 mg/kg midazolam and 0.1 mg/kg butorphanol (Me‐Mi‐Bu). The EEG was recorded continuously at pre‐administration, and at 7, 10, 20, 30, 45 and 60 min after administration. The recorded data were analysed by separating the power spectrum into 1–3, 4–7, 8–13 and 14–30 Hz bands. Spectral‐edge analysis was used to calculate the spectral edge frequency 90 (SEF90) and the median edge frequency (MEF). Time‐related changes in power spectrum analysis showed a significant increase in the Me‐80 group in the 1–3 Hz band. The power for 1–3 Hz in the Me‐80 group was significantly higher than in all the other groups. In the 14–30 Hz band, there was a significant reduction of power in all groups following administration of the agents. The SEF90 frequencies were significantly reduced in all groups except for the Me‐20 group after administration of the agents. The SEF90 frequencies in the Me‐20, Me‐Mi and Me‐Mi‐Bu were all significantly higher than those in the Me‐80 group. However, there was no significant difference between the Me‐20, Me‐Mi and Me‐Mi‐Bu groups in any analyses. Our results demonstrated that the changes in quantitative EEG made by the Me‐Mi‐Bu and Me‐Mi groups were similar to those made by Me‐20 groups. Present results suggest that the EEG should be interpreted with caution in assessing the anaesthetic level in balanced anaesthesia in dogs.
Studies on the pH Value of Abomasal Contents in Dairy Cows During the First 3 Weeks after Calving
Authors: Van Winden S. C. L. , Müller K. E. , Kuiper R. , Noordhuizen J. P. T. M.
Published: March 2003

The pH value of the abomasal contents in adult cattle is normally constant and has a value of 2. Abomasal contents with pH values of 5.5 and higher could give rise to bacterial fermentation with subsequent gas production. The accumulation of gas is thought to form a key event in the pathogenesis of abomasal displacement. The aim of the present study was to determine the pH values of abomasal contents of dairy cows in the first 3 weeks after calving. The pH of the abomasal contents was, over several days, higher than the pH value of the abomasal juice in mid‐lactation cows. The highest pH values were measured on day 14 after calving, thereafter the pH declined. Possible explanations for the rise in the pH value of the abomasal contents are discussed.
Influence of a Vegetarian Diet Versus a Diet with Fishmeal on Bone in Growing Pigs
Authors: LIESEGANG A. , BÜRGI E. , SASSI M.‐L. , RISTELI J. , WANNER M.
Published: March 2003

This study was conducted to examine if substantial bone loss occurs in growing pigs fed a vegetarian diet in comparison with a diet containing fishmeal. Twelve 6‐week‐old weaned pigs were assigned to two groups: group V [vegetarian diet; 0.61% phosphorus (P) in dry matter until 25 kg and 0.46% P until the end of the experiment] and group F (fishmeal diet; 0.61% P in dry matter until 25 kg and 0.46% P until the end of the experiment). Phytase was added to both diets. These two diets were fed to the two groups for a period of 6 weeks. Blood samples were collected weekly, faeces were collected three times a week. Concentrations of osteocalcin (OC) and carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP) were measured in serum, using a radioimmunoassay, and bone‐specific alkaline phosphatase (bAP) was measured using an enzyme immunoassay. Bone mineral density (BMD) and content (BMC) were determined by peripheral quantitative computer tomography (pQCT) in the tibia and phalanx. In addition, 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D (VitD) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) were measured in serum. The digestibility of P was significantly decreased in group V. Significant changes in bAP activities and OC concentrations occurred with time during the 6 weeks. ICTP concentrations were significantly higher in group V. Total BMC and BMD in the tibia and BMD in the phalanx significantly decreased in group V. The results show that a vegetarian diet induces a significant loss of bone and a higher bone formation in group V compared with group F, although phytase was added to both diets. The dietary requirements for P in pigs, especially in the context of feeding vegetarian diets and adding an appropriate amount of phytase, should be investigated further.
Exercise Does Not Induce Major Changes in Plasma Muscle Enzymes, Creatinine, Glucose and Total Proteins Concentrations in Untrained Beagle Dogs
Authors: CHANOIT G. P. , CONCORDET D. , LEFEBVRE H. P. , ORCEL K. , BRAUN J.‐P.
Published: March 2003

Changes in plasma creatinine (Pl‐Creat), glucose, total proteins (Pl‐TP), creatine kinase (Pl‐CK), lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and packed cell volume were evaluated in untrained Beagle dogs before, during and after a 60 min race at an average speed of 9 km/h. There was no major effect of exercise on those parameters except, when phases are compared, a slight increase of Pl‐TP during exercise (max. + 6.4%), a moderate but after exercise (delayed increase of Pl‐CK max. + 245%) and a slight decrease of Pl‐Creat after exercise (max. –9.6%). It was therefore concluded that strenuous exercise in sedentary dogs did not induce major variations in any of routine plasma variables measured and would not lead to clinically relevant misinterpretation. However, for Pl‐CK, the interpretation of repeated measures may be misleading if two samples are collected in the same animal before and after exercise.
A Study on the Pathogenesis of Equine Sesamoiditis: The Effects of Experimental Occlusion of the Sesamoidean Artery
Authors: Cornelissen B. P. M. , Rijkenhuizen A. B. M. , Buma P . , Barneveld A .
Published: March 2003

In this study the potential role of circulatory disturbances in the pathogenesis of sesamoiditis was investigated by studying the clinical and histological effects of experimental occlusion of the sesamoidean artery, which is the main nutrient artery of the proximal sesamoid bone (PSB). For this purpose, five adult Dutch Warmblood horses were used in which the sesamoidean artery was occluded with polyvinyl alcohol foam particles. Bone labelling was carried out with oxytetracycline and calcein. All animal were checked clinically three times a week and radiographically at days 14, 21, 28 and 35. At day 35 the animals were killed and the fetlock was dissected and macroscopically evaluated. The PSBs were isolated and radiographed and the soft tissues adjacent to the abaxial side of the PSBs were histologically examined [routine histology and for the neuropeptides substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP)]. The PSBs were divided into bony slices which were radiographed and evaluated histologically (routine, SP, CGRP, fluorescence). All horses showed a slight lameness that gradually diminished. Radiographically enlarged vascular channels were seen in only one horse. Histological data showed that on average 60% (range 37–89%) of the total area had been deprived of vascularization. In two horses an increase in the extent of the arterial network from the basal side of the PSB was seen. Only in the horse with the greatest extent of occlusion were bone necrosis and a reactively increased uptake of fluorochromes adjacent to the occluded arteries found. Bone density did not change. The distribution of neuropeptides in the surrounding soft tissues was not affected by the occlusion. From this study, it can be concluded that a large part of the arterial supply to the PSB can be interrupted without provoking histological and/or radiographic changes that are consistent with clinical sesamoiditis. Therefore, it seems very improbable that circulatory disturbances are a primary aetiopathogenic factor in the disease.
Effect of Medetomidine‐Butorphanol‐Ketamine Anaesthesia and Atipamezole on Heart and Respiratory Rate and Cloacal Temperature of Domestic Pigeons
Authors: Atalan G. , Uzun M. , Demirkan I. , Yildiz S. , Cenesiz M.
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sedative‐ anaesthetic effects of a combination of medetomidine (M, 50 μg per pigeon), butorphanol (B, 50 μg per pigeon) and ketamine (K, 25 mg per pigeon) in domestic pigeons. Eight domestic pigeons (four male and four female, 8–15 months old) were used. The combination of Medetomidine and butorphanol injectable solutions were used to produce sedation. Ten minutes after M + B administration, K was injected. The anaesthetic effects of the drugs were reversed by administration of Atipamazole (AT) at 60 min after K administration. All drugs were injected into the pectoral muscles. The sedative‐anaesthetic effects of the M + B–K combination and, alterations in respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), electrocardiographic (ECG) findings and cloacal temperature (CT) were investigated before and 10 min after pre‐medication with M + B, at 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min during the onset of K anaesthesia and at 1, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 60 min following the administration of AT. The HR and RRof pigeons decreased within 10 min following M + B administration and remained lower until 1st and 5 min of AT injection, respectively. In ECG, no significant alterations in P, Q, R and S‐values were observed, however, arhythmia was recorded for three pigeons, which returned to normal values following AT administration throughout the measurement. Cloacal temperature decreased gradually during the anaesthesia from 41.0 to 32.7 °C. The drug combination used in this study produced a satisfactory general anaesthesia for seven of the eight pigeons. All pigeons were unconscious within 5 min after K administration as indicated by disappearance of the palpebral and corneal reflexes and lack of reaction to the pain stimuli during the study. The effect of AT administration was observed within 10 min as all pigeons responded partly against stimuli and allreflexes. It is concluded that M + B–K anaesthesia in pigeons is a safe and reliable anaesthetic protocol for surgery.
Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Urinary Bladder in Normal, Fern Fed and Enzootic Bovine Haematuria‐affected Cattle
Authors: HOQUE M. , SOMVANSHI R. , SINGH G. R. , MOGHA I. V.
Published: March 2003

A total of 19 adult hill cattle of both sexes were subjected to trans‐rectal ultrasound scanning of urinary bladder to evaluate bladder wall thickness and the presence of space‐occupying lesions. The animals were divided into four groups. Eight apparently healthy hill cattle maintained under standard ration served as control (group I) and the remaining 11 animals were divided into three groups (II, III and IV). Group II animals (n = 8) were fed with different type of ferns which were further divided into subgroups II‐P, ‐D and ‐B and fed with Polystichum squarrosum (n = 2), Dryopteris juxtaposita (n = 2) and Pteridium aquilinum (n = 4) ferns, respectively. The one animal in group III was a natural case of enzootic bovine haematuria (EBH) and the two animals in group IV were natural cases of microscopic EBH fed with Polystichum squarrosum fern. In group I animals, the average bladder wall thickness was 1.45 mm. The delineation of the bladder wall was uniformly smooth and the echo pattern of the bladder was homogeneously black, which was suggestive of clear urine content. In group II (P, D and B) the average bladder wall thickness of the six animals was 1.87 mm and the sonographic features were within normal limit when compared with controls. In two of the animals of group II‐B, the bladder wall was apparently thick (4.36 mm) and there was no intraluminal mass except at one or two focal elevated points. Animals of groups III and IV showed the average bladder wall thickness of 4.86 mm and were characterized by the presence of irregular sessile masses extending into the bladder lumen. The homogenous anechoic area was reduced centrally due to the presence of a hypoechoic soft tissue mass all around the bladder wall. Post‐sonographic urinalysis, biopsy and necropsy of selected cases further confirmed the sonographic findings.
Clinico‐pathological Aspects of Canine Cutaneous and Mucocutaneous Plasmacytomas
Authors: Cangul I. T. , Wijnen M. , Van Garderen E. , Van Den Ingh T. S. G. A. M.
Published: March 2003

In this study the clinico‐pathological aspects of cutaneous and mucocutaneous plasmacytomas were investigated in 63 dogs (one dog with two tumours). The tumours were most commonly observed in the skin of the trunk and legs. Yorkshire Terrier (n = 8) was the most commonly affected breed and males were affected more commonly than females (36 versus 23, respectively). Plasmacytomas were histologically classified into mature, hyaline, cleaved, asynchronous, monomorphous blastic and polymorphous blastic cell types. Monomorphous blastic cell type was the most frequent type (n = 21), followed by cleaved (n = 19) and asynchronous (n = 11) cell types. Secondary amyloid depositions were observed in eight cases. Immunohistochemical staining showed monoclonal lambda light chain positivity in all cases. In the immunohistochemical staining for cyclin D1, which is a prognostic marker in human plasma cell tumours, moderate numbers of positive tumour cells were observed in only one case of (muco)cutaneous plasmacytoma. All other cases were negative or contained few positive tumour cells. On the other hand, high numbers of tumorous plasma cells reacted positively with cyclin D1 in three out of six cases of canine multiple myelomas. Prognosis of the (muco)cutaneous plasmacytomas was good, except in one dog which developed alymphoma afterwards. No significant correlations were observed between the cell type and the location of the tumour, presence of amyloid or prognosis.
Pathological Changes in the Reproductive Organs of Cows and Heifers Culled because of Infertility
Authors: KÜBAR H. , JALAKAS M.
Published: March 2003

The reproductive organs of 20 Estonian Holstein Breed (EHF) cows and three heifers, culled because of infertility, were studied by palpation per rectum and ultrasonography. In addition, pathoanatomical and pathohistological studies were carried out after slaughtering. The pathohistological study revealed that small cysts often (12 animals) existed in culled cows, whose diameter was less than 2.5 cm. These cysts were frequently accompanied by changes in secondary and Graafi follicles, rete ovarii, ovarian stroma, and the endometrium. Three cows had follicular cysts in the ovaries, which were 25–35 mm in diameter. Two cows revealed luteal cysts in the ovaries; one of them had vaginal prolapse. Four animals (one heifer and three cows) manifested tumours or tumour‐like malformations: ovarian endosalpingiosis, germ and stromal cell tumour, oviductal myolipoma, and haemangiosarcoma in the uterine blood vessels. One heifer had been culled because of two abscesses in the vaginal wall close to the cervix and another had chronic endometritis.

The research findings indicate that the most common cause of infertility in the culled cows was cystic degeneration in ovaries (85%), accompanied by pathological changes elsewhere in the reproductive organs. We claim that these changes are responsible for the low pregnancy rate after the treatment of ovarian cysts. The second most common reason was genital tumours (15%). In heifers, infertility is rare and its causes are heterogeneous.
Hepatitis in Growth Promoter Treated Cows
Authors: Groot M. J.
Published: March 2003

Adult female beef cattle found positive for stanozolol in the urine were investigated for liver pathology. In all the animals toxic hepatitis was found, including cholestasis, periportal fibrosis and inflammation, focal necrosis and blood filled lacunae. As no clinical data of the cows were available, apart from the history of illegal stanozolol abuse, it is not possible to attribute all changes to the illegal hormone treatment. Moreover, the cows have probably been treated with a cocktail, and apart from stanozolol more anabolic steroids may have been used. Management factors, viral and bacterial infections, former caesarean sections and especially feeding regime may also be responsible for the lesions described. Striking similarities with data from hepatotoxicity found in human body builders using similar agents, however, suggest a major role of stanozolol as causative agent.
Effects of Analgesia of the Distal Interphalangeal Joint and Navicular Bursa on Experimental Lameness Caused by Solar Pain in Horses
Authors: Sardari K. , Kazemi H. , Mohri M.
Published: March 2003

It has been hypothesized that pain originating from the dorsal margin of the sole of the hoof in horses can be attenuated by analgesia of either the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint, or of the navicular bursa (NB). To test this hypothesis, an experimental lameness was induced in the toe region of the left forelimb in six adult horses. After this, both synovial structures were blocked and the effects on the lameness were semi‐quantitatively scored.

Lameness was induced by creating pressure on the dorsal margin of the sole with the help of set‐screws that were screwed into a nut, welded to the inside of each branch of the shoe. Gaits were recorded on a videotape before and after application of the screws, and after application of either a local anaesthetic or saline into the DIP joint or NB. The gaits were independently evaluated by two blinded clinicians and scored. Lameness scores were high after application of the screws and remained high after the administration of saline, but decreased significantly (P < 0.05) after administration of the local anaesthetic. Analgesia of the DIP joint as well as the NB appeared to be able to desensitize a portion of the sole. It was concluded that pain arising from the toe region of the sole should not be excluded as a cause of lameness when lameness is attenuated by analgesia of the DIP joint, or of the NB.
Expression of Calbindin‐D9k Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Dairy Cattle
Authors: Yamagishi N. , Yukawa Y. A. , Ishiguro N. , Soeta S. , Lee I. H. , Oboshi K. , Yamada H.
Published: March 2003

The calcium demands of pregnancy and lactation are known to up‐regulate expression of Calbindin‐D9k (CaBP‐9k) mRNA in the intestines. The gastrointestinal CaBP‐9k mRNA expressions has not been studied in dairy cows, which are bound to experience several pregnancies and lactation stages. In this study, the CaBP‐9k mRNA expression were examined in the gastrointestinal tract of Holstein dairy cattle by Northern blot analysis. Detectable expression of CaBP‐9k mRNA was localized in the proximal portion of the small intestines. These expressions were higher at the most proximal region of the duodenum and gradually decreased distally. The duodenal CaBP‐9k mRNA was detected in all dairy cattle from 0.4 to 83.4 months old, but was not detectable in foetuses. There were no significant correlations between the age and the levels of CaBP‐9k mRNA expression or between the plasma 1,25‐(OH)2D3 concentrations and the levels of CaBP‐9k mRNA expression.
Laboratory Changes Consistent with Feline Infectious Peritonitis in Cats from Multicat Environments
Authors: Paltrinieri S. , Comazzi S. , Spagnolo V. , Giordano A.
Published: March 2003

The present study describes the prevalence of haematological and electrophoretic changes consistent with the diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in cats without FIP living in six multicat environments with different prevalence of FIP and of other diseases. The results allow designing haematological and electrophoretic profiles typical of each group, most likely depending on the management and on the health status of the group rather than on the prevalence of FIP. In fact, many cats from the colonies with open management and frequent outbreaks of infectious diseases other than FIP had one or more haematological and/or electrophoretical changes consistent with FIP, compared with the reference ranges. In the case of non‐specific clinical signs such as fever or neurological signs because of diseases other than FIP, these cats would be erroneously considered as affected by FIP and euthanasized. The use of internal ranges designed on the basis of repeated samplings from non‐symptomatic cats allows avoiding these misinterpretations. Results from cats with symptoms consistent with FIP living in the same colonies were also compared with both the reference ranges and the internal ones: such a comparison demonstrated that the use of internal ranges rarely affected the possibility to correctly diagnose the disease in cats with symptoms suggestive of FIP.
Concentration of Enrofloxacin and its Metabolite Ciprofloxacin in Canine Matrices of the Locomotor System
Authors: EHINGER A. M. , MEYER‐LINDENBERG A. , VICK M. , NOLTE I. , KIETZMANN M.
Published: March 2003

Due to its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, the use of enrofloxacin may be indicated in canine osteomyelitis, but there is insufficient data on its distribution within the musculoskeletal tissues. The dogs used in this study were 31 regular veterinary orthopaedic patients. Four hours after their oral or subcutaneous treatment with 10 mg/kg enrofloxacin (Baytril®; Bayer, Leverkusen, Germany) once daily for 1 or 3 days, the concentration of enrofloxacin and its main metabolite ciprofloxacin was quantified in plasma, bone, musculature and other matrices of the locomotor system by high pressure liquid chromatography with fluorescence‐detection after homogenization and solid phase extraction of the samples. By oral or subcutaneous administration of enrofloxacin once daily for 3 days, higher concentrations of the active constituents in the samples were achieved than by single treatment. Nevertheless, even after single injection, minimal inhibitory enrofloxacin concentrations of up to 0.5 μg/ml orμg/g sample against most pathogens of osteomyelitis were exceeded. In the musculature, on average, higher concentrations of active constituents were detected than in less perfused matrices (bones and synovial membranes) at sampling time. The enrofloxacin diffusion into inflamed bone was higher compared with mechanically damaged bone, whereas for ciprofloxacin it was lower. In conclusion, a dosage of 10 mg/kg enrofloxacin is sufficient to exceed the minimal inhibitory concentrations in osteomyelitic bone against most pathogens that are sensitivein vitro, but clinical efficacy remains to be evaluated.
Day‐to‐Day Variability in Glomerular Filtration Rate in Normal Dogs by Scintigraphic Technique
Authors: Kampa N. , Boström I. , Lord P. , Wennstrom U. , Öhagen P. , Maripuu E.
Published: March 2003

The sources of variability in variability of scintigraphic measurements of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) have not been determined. The day to day variability of GFR was studied in 18 healthy beagle dogs. The renal uptake of99mTc‐diethylenetri‐aminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) of each dog was measured using a scintigraphic technique three times at intervals of 5–26 days. GFR was calculated from a regression equation relating uptake to plasma clearance, derived in our laboratory. The mean GFR was 3.97 ± 0.72 (SD) ml/min/kg with values from 2.66 to 5.67 ml/min/kg. Analysis of variance (anova) using a linear mixed model showed that most variability is a result of the dogs, less because of day to day variability and very little to the measurement variability. The repeatability coefficients for the day to day variability and measurement variability were 1.06 and 0.21 ml/min/kg respectively. The day to day variability can be caused by physiological homeostatic adjustments by the kidneys needed because of fluctuations in food and fluid intake, each dog's individual capacity to adjust, and to intrinsic errors in the measurement method. These results should be considered when using the scintigraphic method for clinical evaluation and research.
Clinical and Microbiological Study of an Otitis Media Outbreak in Calves in a Dairy Herd
Authors: Yeruham I. , Elad D. , Liberboim M.
Published: March 2003

On a dairy farm, otitis media was diagnosed in 64 suckler calves (21.8 %) during a study period of 2 years, and in 10 calves (3.4 %) in the third year. The inflammation was unilateral in 63 and bilateral in 11 calves. The affected calves were dull, lacked appetite, were pyrexic and displayed drooping ear or ears and tilted heads with purulent discharge exuding from the external ear canal. Of the affected animals, 56 (87.5 %) were aged between 3 and 8 weeks. Morbidity was higher during the calving season and during the autumn and winter months (October–December). Pasteurella haemolytica was isolated from 21 (32.8 %), P. multocida from 20 (31.2 %), Actinomyces pyogenes from 11 (17.2 %) and Streptococcus pneumoniae from three (4.7 %) of the clinically affected calves only during the first two study years. The exudate of the acute ear infections contained, in addition to Pasteurella spp., various bacteria and yeasts. Most of these bacteria were isolated from healthy ears as well, and are likely to be part of the normal ear flora. On the other hand, most of the yeasts were isolated from otitic calves. After a short course of an appropriate treatment, infections healed in all cases. Possible preventive measures are discussed.
Efficacy of Sustained Release Needle‐less Ceftiofur Sodium Implants in Treating Calves with Bovine Respiratory Disease
Authors: Kesler D. J. , Bechtol D. T.
Published: March 2003

Three experiments were conducted to determine preliminary efficacy of sustained release needle‐less implants in effecting a cure in calves with bovine respiratory disease. One hundred and twenty beef calves with a rectal temperature ≥40°C and shallow or labored respiration and coughing were used in these experiments. Four groups (1‐ceftiofur sodium injections [days 1, 2, and 3], 2‐ceftiofur sodium needle‐less implants [days 1, 2, and 3], 3‐ceftiofur sodium needle‐less implants [days 1 and 3], and 4‐ceftiofur sodium needle‐less implants [day 1] were included. All treatments contained 250 mg of ceftiofur sodium and were administered intramuscularly in the neck after diagnosis of bovine respiratory disease. Experiment 1 included 20 calves (group 1–10 calves and group 3–10 calves; 213 to 255 kg) and calves were monitored for clinical efficacy. Experiment 2 included five calves per group (all four groups; 164 to 192 kg) and calves were bled frequently after treatment for desfuroylceftiofur (the primary ceftiofur metabolite) concentrations. Experiment 3 included 20 calves per group (all four groups; 160 to 205 kg) and calves were monitored for clinical efficacy. Blood desfuroylceftiofur concentrations remained above the minimum inhibitory concentration for Pasteurella haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Haemophilus somnus for 24 hours after injection and 72 hours after implantation (P < 0.05). Mortalities and the number of calves with a positive response and relapse response were similar (P > 0.25) among the four groups. In summary, the administration of one‐250 mg ceftiofur sodium needle‐less sustained release implant was as efficacious in treating bovine respiratory disease as three daily 250 mg injections of ceftiofur sodium.
Antibodies Against Helicobacter felis in Sera of Cats and Dogs
Authors: Seidel K. E. , Stolte M. , Lehn N. , Bauer J.
Published: March 2003

Serum samples from 61 dogs and 49 cats were screened for circulating antibodies against Helicobacter felis by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using sonicated bacteria as an antigen. To improve the specificity of the ELISA, sera were absorbed with Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni H. pylori as well as H. felis. Sera from 26 dogs (43%) and 19 cats (39%) revealed clear positive absorbance readings determined as an optical density (OD) that was statistically significant above the OD mean value [P < 0.025 (one‐tailed); log10]. The absorbance pattern of ELISA‐positive sera corresponded to results obtained with bovine and human reference sera. Furthermore, a correlation between the immune response and results from histopathological examination of gastric specimens from 22 dogs was demonstrated. It could be shown that antibodies against H. felis in sera of cats and dogs can easily be detected using an ELISA. The diagnostic value of this test must be evaluated in further investigations.
Short Communication ‐ Prevalence of Verotoxin‐Producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) in Bovine Coli Mastitis and their Antibiotic Resistance Patterns
Authors: Stephan R. , Kühn K.
Published: March 2003

Between December 1996 and October 1997, milk samples from a total of 145 cows with coli mastitis were screened for the presence of verotoxin‐producing E. coli (VTEC). VTEC were found in four (2.8 %) out of the 145 samples. The four isolated strains proved to be verotoxin (VT) 1‐, VT2‐ or VT1‐ and VT2‐positive. However, no strain contained all three virulence factors tested. Further strain characterization was carried out by serotyping as well as by resistance pattern analysis.
Intranuclear Inclusions in Cells Infected with Newcastle Disease Virus
Authors: Granzow H. , Weiland F. , Mundt E. , K B. , öllner . , Werner O.
Published: March 2003

Cells infected by Newcastle Disease Virus were observed to contain both intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusion bodies. Ultrastructurally, they consisted of twisted strands of about 18–20 nm diameter resembling nucleocapsids. The presence of these inclusions was detected irrespective of host cell or pathogenicity of the virus. In immunofluorescence and immunogold labelling experiments, these structures were tagged by an anti‐P protein monoclonal antibody. In summary, we show that intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusion bodies, hitherto used as a taxonomic characteristic for the genus Morbillivirus of the Paramyxoviridae, also occur in a member of the genus Rubulavirus.
Effects of Actinobacillus equuli Culture Supernatants on Equine Neutrophil Functions and Survival
Authors: Sternberg S. , Johannisson A. , Magnusson U. , Jensen‐Waern M.
Published: March 2003

After exposure of equine granulocytes from both foals and adult horses to culture supernatants from clinical isolates of Actinobacillus equuli, phagocytic capacity and respiratory burst was examined by flow‐cytometry and a chemiluminescence assay, respectively. One haemolytic isolate of an equine Actinobacillus was also included in the study. An average decrease of 22 % in total number of granulocytes, in the flow cytometric assay (P < 0.01), and an average decrease of 26 % in light emission, in the chemiluminescence assay (P < 0.001), was seen after exposure to bacterial culture supernatants of A. equuli, indicating that the supernatants contained leukotoxic bacterial products. Supernatants from the haemolytic isolate appeared to contain a higher amount or more potent leukotoxic metabolites when haemolysis was expressed, causing a decrease in total number of granulocytes of 44 % (P < 0.01) and a decrease in light emission of 52 % (P < 0.01). Evaluation of the stability of the methods used revealed that within‐method variation was far less than the observed results. The leukotoxic effects of A. equuli culture supernatants were mainly reflected in the decreased survival of neutrophils and not in neutrophil functions.
Generalized Aspergillosis in Dairy Sheep
Authors: P V. , érez . , Corpa J. M. , Marín J. F. Garcí.A. , Adúriz J. J. , Jensen H. E.
Published: March 2003

Two cases of systemic aspergillosis are described in dairy sheep from a flock in which fungal mastitis appeared subsequent to the antibiotic treatment of animals before parturition. Lesions characterized by necrosis and a pyogranulomatous exudate were observed in the mammary glands, supramammary and mediastinal lymph nodes, kidneys, lung, liver, heart, forestomachs and brain. The intense vasculitis with thrombosis observed in various organs, but especially in the mammary glands, suggested a haematogenous dissemination of the infection from this organ. The aetiological diagnosis was accomplished by the immunohistochemical staining of the fungal structures seen in the histological sections by the specific Aspergillus monoclonal antibody Mab‐WF‐AF‐1 together with the isolation of Aspergillus fumigatus in pure culture from affected tissues.
Isolation of Mycoplasma meleagridis from Free‐ranging Birds of Prey in Germany
Authors: Lierz M. , Schmidt R. , Brunnberg L. , Runge M.
Published: March 2003

In this study tracheal swabs and air sac biopsies of 68 raptors of different species that were found injured or debilitated in Germany were investigated for the occurrence of mycoplasmas. Mycoplasma meleagridis, Mycoplasma falconis, Mycoplasma buteonis, Mycoplasma gypis and five mycoplasma isolates not identified so far could be isolated from 32 (47 %) birds. Mycoplasma meleagridis could be detected in five birds. These birds did not show clinical signs or histopathological alterations in air sac biopsies related to the infection.
Lack of Effect of Aerial Ammonia on Atrophic Rhinitis and Pneumonia Induced byMycoplasma hyopneumoniaeand ToxigenicPasteurella multocida
Authors: Andreasen M. , Bækbo P. , Nielsen J. P.
Published: March 2003

The objective of this experimental study was to determine the effects of aerial ammonia on disease development and bacterial colonization in weaned pigs inoculated with toxigenicPasteurella multocidaandMycoplasma hyopneumoniae.

Two groups of 10 pigs each were continuously exposed to 50 and 100 p.p.m. ammonia, respectively, and compared to a non‐exposed control group of 20 pigs. Following aerosol inoculation withM. hyopneumoniaeat day 9, all pigs were aerosol‐inoculated with toxigenicP. multocidatype A at days 28, 42 and 56. At day 63 they were euthanized.

Clinical signs including coughing and respiratory distress were present in all groups following inoculation. No significant differences could be established in the extent or frequency of pneumonia between ammonia‐exposed pigs and controls, or in the extent of conchal atrophy, the frequency of isolation of toxigenicP. multocidafrom conchae, tonsils, lungs and kidneys, or the average daily weight gain. The recovery of toxigenicP. multocidafrom nasal swabs following inoculation was significantly greater in pigs exposed to 50 p.p.m. ammonia or more as compared to the control group.

In conclusion, high levels of ammonia combined with inoculations withM. hyopneumoniaeand toxigenicP. multocidahad no significant effect on disease development, but may have enhanced colonization by toxigenicP. multocidaon the nasal turbinates.
Effect of Shearing on the Incidence of Caseous Lymphadenitis in Awassi Sheep in Jordan
Authors: Al‐Rawashdeh O. F. , Al‐Qudah K. M.
Published: March 2003

A total of 876 sheep from five flocks in north Jordan were selected to study the effect of shearing on the incidence of caseous lymphadenitis (CLA). The animals were divided into two age groups, sheep aged 1–2 years and those aged 3 years. Blood samples were collected from the animals at the time of shearing and again 6 months later. A toxin enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay was used to identify sheep that had been infected withCorynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. The point prevalences of CLA were 6.59 % and 21.06 % in the 1–2‐year and 3‐year age groups, respectively, and were significantly higher (P< 0.01) in the 3‐year age group. The overall prevalence among all ages was 15.3 %. In the shorn sheep, the incidence of CLA was 22.46 % and 9.47 % in the 1–2‐year and 3‐year age groups, respectively, and was significantly higher (P< 0.05) in the 1–2‐year age group. In the control animals, the incidence was 8 % and 5.26 % in the 1–2‐year and 3‐year age groups, respectively, and was different (P< 0.01) between the shorn (22.46 %) and control (8 %) animals of the 1–2‐year age group. An epidemiological survey of 35 sheep farms revealed the prevalence of CLA, shearing wounds and unhygienic conditions during shearing in all farms. In conclusion, the prevalence of CLA increases with age and the incidence increases only in young sheep after shearing. Sheep are sheared under unhygienic conditions, which may be a contributing factor in increasing both the prevalence and the incidence of CLA.
Antigenic Characterization of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus Isolates from Spain with a Panel of Monoclonal Antibodies
Authors: Vega S. , Rosell R. , Paton D. J. , Orden J. A. , De La Fuente R.
Published: March 2003

A group of 47 bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) strains isolated from a variety of bovine tissues from eight different geographical areas of Spain and two BVDV strains isolated from a cell line were characterized antigenically with a panel of 23 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The mAbs were directed at one of three viral proteins: E2, Ernsand NS2–3. A peroxidase‐linked assay was used to test the mAbs for reactivity against infected cell monolayers. The data were analysed by two computational methods: the Antigenic Distance Program (MAP) and the Phylogeny Inference Package (PHYLIP), and compared with those obtained previously using the same mAbs with other pestiviruses, including reference strains and UK field isolates. All the Spanish field strains studied appeared to be broadly similar to reference strains of BVDV and were included in the subgroup of classical BVDV, meanwhile the two strains isolated from a cell line were included in the subgroup of atypical pestiviruses.
Clinical Effects of Experimental Dual Infections with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Followed by Swine Influenza Virus in Conventional and Colostrum‐deprived Pigs
Authors: Van Reeth K. , Nauwynck H. , Pensaert M.
Published: March 2003

Previous studies demonstrated that experimental dual infections of pigs with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) followed by H1N1 influenza virus cause more severe disease and growth retardation than the respective single virus infections. Here three experiments were undertaken to better define the clinical impact of combined PRRSV‐H1N1 infections in conventional and caesarean‐derived colostrum‐deprived (CDCD) pigs. Groups of pigs were inoculated by aerosol with PRRSV followed by H1N1 at 3‐, 7‐ or 14‐day intervals. During the post‐H1N1 period, mean body temperatures, respiratory signs and mean weight gains in the PRRSV‐H1N1 inoculated groups were recorded and compared with those in uninoculated controls (experiments 1 and 2) or in singly virus‐inoculated pigs (experiment 3). In a first experiment with conventional pigs, the PRRSV‐3d‐H1N1 and PRRSV‐7d‐H1N1 infections induced mean body temperatures >40.5°C during 8 days (peaks 41.1 and 41.6°C, respectively) and mean growth reductions of 3.4 and 4.8 kg, respectively, during the 2 weeks after H1N1, along with marked depression and respiratory disease. The PRRSV‐14d‐H1N1 infection, on the contrary, was largely subclinical. In a second experiment with conventional pigs, PRRSV‐3d‐H1N1 and PRRSV‐7d‐H1N1 infections were clinically milder, with smaller increases in mean body temperatures (peak 40.5°C in both groups) and growth reductions (1.4 and 1.6 kg, respectively). In both groups, only one pig showed prominent general and respiratory signs. In a final experiment with CDCD pigs, PRRSV‐7d‐H1N1 infection had minimal effects on mean clinical performances and growth and, except for one pig that was severely affected, differences with the single virus inoculations were negligible. Thus, both the time interval between infections and the sanitary status of pigs can affect the clinical outcome of dual PRRSV‐H1N1 infections. However, factors so far unknown seem to cause large variations in the clinical response between individual pigs.
Paratuberculosis in Red Deer (Cervus elaphus): an Immunohistochemical Study
Authors: Paolicchi F. A. , Vagnozzi A. , Morsella C. G. , Verna A. E. , Massone A. R. , Portiansky E. L. , Gimeno E. J.
Published: March 2003

In the present study, we compared the utility of immunohistochemistry with serological and histological results for the characterization ofMycobacterium aviumssp.paratuberculosis(M. paratuberculosis) in tissues of affected red deer. Bacterial isolation was considered the standard reference. Samples were taken from seven clinically affected animals with typical macroscopic lesions. The enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the gel diffusion tests (GD) were used for serological determinations. Samples from intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes were processed for bacterial isolation and histology.M. paratuberculosiswas isolated from all the animals. Histologically, lymph nodes displayed necrosis and mineralization at the cortical and medullar areas. Ziehl‐Neelsen stained bacteria were numerous inside macrophages and Langhans‐type giant cells. Giant and epithelioid cells and lymphocytes were prominent at the ileal mucous membrane. The immunostaining ofM.paratuberculosiswas very clear inside epithelioid and giant cells. Image analysis was carried out to determine the immunostained area. There was total agreement among the methods employed. Immunohistochemistry can be very useful when the microorganism cannot be recovered from tissues or faeces.