bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Profil Balita Stunting di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Kalikajar 1 Kabupaten Wonosobo
Authors: Purnamasari Ika
Published: August 2022

Stunting adalah gangguan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak akibat kekurangan gizi kronis yang ditandai dengan panjang atau tinggi badannya berada di bawah standar (lebih dari -2 SD) dari standar normal usianya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk memberikan gambaran karakteristik anak stunting di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Kalikajar 1 Wonosobo. Metode penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif analitik kuantitatif dengan jumlah sampel 60 balita stunting. Data diperoleh dari Buku KIA berdasarkan hasil pengukuran tinggi badan dan penimbangan berat badan pada kegiatan posyandu serentak pada Bulan Agustus 2021. Analisis data menggunakan analisis distribusi frekuensi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 53,33% (32 balita) berada pada kategori pendek dan 46,67% (28 balita) masuk kategori sangat pendek. Edukasi komprehensif oleh berbagai pihak baik profesional kesehatan, tokoh agama maupun tokoh masyarakat terkait stunting sangat diperlukan oleh seluruh masyarakat agar dapat turut membantu memberikan intervensi yang tepat pada upaya penanganan dan pencegahan stunting.
Does the Village Fund Policy during the COVID-19 Pandemic become Community Conflict Sources?
Authors: Handayani Sri Wahyu , Mardhiah Nellis , Macella Agatha Debby Reiza , Husna Cut Asmaul
Published: August 2022

In Indonesia, villages are the spearhead of development implementation, including economic and social governance, as well as assistance tasks. Various forms have been developed to ensure the development implementation. One of them is the village fund program. However, it can cause issues, such as conflict among communities, especially in Aceh, Indonesia. Thus, the present study investigates how the village fund has been a source of conflict in society in the Nagan Raya Regency. The research is conducted using a qualitative method. Primary and secondary data are used to identify the source of conflict from the misused of the village fund. A public policy implementation model developed by Van Meter Van Horn was used to investigate how the fund is implemented in the village in Nagan Raya Regency, Aceh Province. This study identified that the Indonesian government had allocated a fund for developing the village. The society committees in the village manage the fund. However, a lack of skill and knowledge of village administration has led to a social conflict in the community. The study found that lack of public participation has caused mistrust in using the fund.
The Effect of Job Satisfaction, Work Discipline and Environment on Employee Job Performance
Authors: Febrian Wenny Desty , Purnama Yanthy Herawati
Published: August 2022

Today, employee job performance has become main focus of organization or business industry due to their contribution to business performance. This study investigates the relationship of work discipline, work environment, and job satisfaction on employee job performance at Bank Syariah Indonesia (BSI) West Jakarta, Indonesia. This study is designed using a quantitative approach through survey questionnaire. A total of 75 employees from BSI West Jakarta Branch have participated and collected using random sampling technique. The data analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) partial least square (PLS) method. The study result indicated that work discipline and job satisfaction influence job performance. Besides that, this study indicated that work environment has no significant relationship with employee job performance. In conclusion, this study has successfully investigated the determinant factors of employee job performance. The study findings indicated that work environment and job satisfaction can enhance the employee performance in Bank Syariah Indonesia (BSI) West Jakarta, Indonesia.
Does Rubber Agriculture Development Affects the Rubber Crop Production Rate in Malaysia?
Authors: Naim Nur Syahirah , Hussain Nor Ermawati
Published: August 2022

Productivity is an ability to produce an output from a given set of inputs. Indirectly generated productivity will reflect efficiency and effectiveness in the use of resources such as technology, labor and others. Therefore, the objective of this study is to examine the long -term relationship and short -term relationship between the products of the rubber agriculture sector affect the income of Malaysia. Next, is to study the cause and effect relationship in the study variables. Several components have been identified in this study such as natural rubber production in Malaysia (TP), national income (GDP), investment (INV), and labor productivity (LF). This study examines the relationship between the extent to which the output of the rubber agriculture sector affects the income of Malaysia for the years 1990 to 2014. The data of this study was obtained from the Department of Statistics Malaysia, World Bank, and the Department of Labor Malaysia. The analyzes used to analyze these variables are the root unit method, Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and Granger Causality method. The results of this study found that there is a positive relationship between the variables that can increase the output of the rubber agriculture sector. To increase the output of the rubber agriculture sector, various things need to be done. Besides, in improving technology related to rubber agriculture as well as open more job opportunities for the youth. At the same time, training schemes and capital incentives from the government are also able to encourage entrepreneurs to thrive in this sector.
A Study of Leadership Innovation in Stunting Prevention and Handling in Simeulue, Aceh Province, Indonesia
Authors: Macella Agatha Debby Reiza , Mardhiah Nellis , Handayani Sri Wahyu
Published: August 2022

Aceh Province is one of the provinces in Indonesia with a high prevalence of stunting. Simeuleue Regency is ranked as the 2nd (two) highest out of 23 regencies/cities in Aceh Province and is assigned to the yellow zone. Simeulue Regency is designated as one of the national stunting locations of 360 regencies/cities in Indonesia. Commitment from the local government is needed to ensure the success of Indonesia being free from stunting. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the leadership innovations of the Simeulue local government in stunting prevention and identify factors that influence both internally and externally. The research method uses a qualitative approach through observation, interviews and relevant literature studies. The result of this research is that the regional leadership acts as a policy maker, coordinating and communicating with various related parties, implementing empowerment, monitoring, and evaluation. The innovations carried out by the Simeulue local government are the formation of a Stunting Management Team involving multi-sectors, the formation of village cadres, Stunting Consultations, and KPM Guidance. Factors that influence internally: personal awareness of the duties and responsibilities of leaders, strong commitment, clear division of tasks, good communication between actors. External factors: There is a shared commitment from various sectors as well as the support from the central government, and positive reception.
Big Data and Artificial Intelligence in Policy Making: A Mini-Review Approach
Authors: Supriyanto Eko Eddya , Saputra Jumadil
Published: August 2022

The digitization era in public affairs is increasingly disrupting Indonesia. Governance in Indonesia is forced to implement aspects of digitalization in its public services. Big data and artificial intelligence have been used in other scientific activities that provide colour to governance with various scientific disciplines. This study discusses the use of big data and artificial intelligence in policymaking in Indonesia by focusing on the ability of policymakers in policymaking. The method used in this paper is qualitative research with a literature study approach. We reviewed articles with related themes as many as 25 articles published in the last five years from ScienceDirect. The result of this research is that the dynamics that exist in the implementation of public services require appropriate and fast decision-making, considering that this is a community demand. Therefore, public leaders need to disrupt themselves in public services so that these services can be served quickly by enriching skills in big data and artificial intelligence. In conclusion, the critical aspect of the public policy decision-making process is similar to that of any other stage in the policymaking process. Like the preceding steps in the public policy process, the decision-making stage differs depending on the nature of the policy subsystems involved and the degree of consensus faced by decision-makers. The presence of big data in the public sector cannot be disputed as an intriguing approach, particularly during the policy formation cycle. Also, big data and artificial intelligence can help public leaders make decisions to deliver the best policies.
The 2024 Indonesia Election Model: A Simplification of Election’s Paper
Authors: Fithor Alin , Afrizal Teuku
Published: August 2022

Academics consider that the time for general election organizers and state administrators cannot belong because the design concept of holding general elections needs to be discussed until they find a new model. Elections in Indonesia are part of the life of the nation and state. By simplifying the election of paper will make the environment cleaner and less wasteful, this model needs to be applied in several democracies’ country. This research is used as a case study from the 2019 general election with a note that the serious concern is the length of time for voting the election model used by combining the presidential and general elections for 2024. Simplification can also be done with two election papers: the presidential-vice presidential candidate pair with the regional representative council being made one election paper, while the legislative election papers are made into one election paper. Voters to channel their voting rights using the two-election or three-election paper model. Massive socialization can make voters understand the choice of voting model used. Social justice and environmental preservation need to be applied to stakeholders this time.
Contingent Valuation Analysis for Conservation of Fungi in Malaysia: Are You Willing to Pay?
Authors: Rahman Hafiz , Kamaludin Mahirah
Published: August 2022

In a biological cycle on earth, there are components of life and the environment that interact with each other in carrying out functions to maintain the balance of life on earth. The function of each biotic and abiotic component that makes interactions in the ecosystem could even give a stable life cycle but deforestation that happened was not good for the surrounding, then how much it will cost to reforestation process. In conjunction with the present issue, this study is written to analyze the willingness to pay for the conservation of fungi in Malaysia. This study is designed using the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). The results obtained after performing the double bond test also showed that the value obtained for the willingness to pay was approximately RM 4.10. In conclusion, this study indicated that the respondents are willing to make additional payments in order to restore the environment, especially the conservation of fungal communities in forest areas.
Tectonics and mineral resources of southwestern North America
Authors: Woodward Lee A. , Northrop S. A.
Published: August 2022

This volume consists of articles contributed by the former students and colleagues of Vincent C. Kelley at the University of New Mexico. The title "Tectonics and Mineral Resources of Southwestern North America" is not intended to imply a comprehensive coverage of these topics, but rather to reflect the interests of Professor Kelley and his students. A glance at the table of contents reveals several articles that clearly do not concern tectonics nor mineral resources; these papers are authored by Kelley's colleagues and indicate the scope of the scientific activities at the institution that he has been associated with for nearly 40 years. His efforts and contributions have been instrumental in the growth and development of the Department of Geology at the University of New Mexico. Those of us who have had the opportunity to work and study with Vincent Kelley have profited immensely from that association. It is fitting that the New Mexico Geological Society should publish these articles honoring Vincent Kelley, as he was one of the founders of the Society and has been deeply involved in many of the field conferences sponsored by the NMGS. Publication of this volume is made possible by grants from Amoco Foundation, Atlantic Richfield Company, Aztec Oil and Gas Company, Cities Service Foundation, and Tenneco Foundation. Their generous contributions partially defrayed the printing costs.
Field guide to selected cauldrons and mining districts of the Datil-Mogollon volcanic field, New Mexico
Authors: Chapin Charles E. , Elston Wolfgang E.
Published: August 2022

This, the seventh conference in the series, is to carry us to greater heights and greener postures than before. If these anticipated goals are not to be a geologic nature, and we believe that they will be, they will at least be such in a literal sense. This year's conference leads us through the majestic Sangre de cristo Mountains and their picturesque, green valleys. Peaks in excess of tweleve thousand feet in altitude will dominate the skyline throughout the trip, and the third day the caravan will pass in the shadow of 13,160 foot wheeler peak, the highest point in New Mexico. Let us hope that our conference will precede the first snowfall, for travel might become exceedingly difficult if such a novelty were to be included in the program.
FPGA IMPLEMENTATION OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE DOA ESTIMATION USING A UNIFORM CIRCULAR ARRAY
Authors: Tran Van Nghia
Published: August 2022

In this paper, the author presents a signal processing hardware architecture that locks the frequencies of signals of interest present at the input, tracks them if their frequency changes and estimates the direction-of-arrival (DOA) of the interest signals using a uniform circular array. The proposed hardware architecture is described in detail, implemented and verified by practical experiments on FPGA chip. Experimental results show that the DOA estimation accuracy is smaller than 1 degree. This DOA estimation accuracy is suitable for electronic attack systems.
Genetic variability analyses for yield and physiological traits in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes
Authors: NARENDRA KUMAR  , B C AJAY  , A L RATHANAKUMAR  , T RADHAKRISHNAN  , K S JADON  , B M CHIKAN
Published: August 2022

Twenty different groundnut genotypes were evaluated in a randomized block design with three replications during kharif 2012 to study the variability parameters, heritability, genetic advance, correlation coefficient and path analysis for ten characters. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among genotypes for all the traits except stability of soil plant analytical development (SPAD) and Chlorophyll Meter Reading 45 days after sowing indicating that adequate variability was found in the genotypes studied for most of the characters. The characters like 100 kernel weight, SPAD Chlorophyll Meter Reading 75 days after sowing, specific leaf area 75 days after sowing and rust resistance had high heritability with high genetic advance as per cent of mean and medium genotypic coefficient of variation indicating greater role of additive gene effects on these traits. While pod yield had moderate genotypic coefficient of variation and heritability along with high genetic advance as per cent of mean revealed that this character is also governed by additive gene effects and selection would be effective even in the early generation. Days to maturity, shelling outturn and specific leaf area 45 days after sowing had moderate heritability accompanied with low genotypic coefficient of variation and genetic advance indicating these traits are governed by non-additive gene effects. Selection may be practiced in later generations for improving these traits. The results on genotypic correlation coefficients revealed that pod yield had significant highly positive correlation with days to maturity, 100-kernel weight, and SPAD Chlorophyll Meter Reading 45 days after sowing while it was negative and significant for days to flower initiation and rust disease. SPAD Chlorophyll Meter Reading 45 days after sowing and SPAD Chlorophyll Meter Reading 75 days after sowing had highly significant negative correlation with specific leaf area 45 days after sowing and specific leaf area 75 days after sowing. Specific leaf area 45 days after sowing had highly significant negative correlation with rust. Therefore, SPAD Chlorophyll Meter Reading value could be used to identify genotypes with low specific leaf area and rust resistance. Path analysis indicated that 100-kernel weight had high positive direct effect with highly significant positive correlation with pod yield. Hence, this character may be effective for selection of high pod yield.
Experimental Nonlinear FE Modelling & Eurocode 3 Analyses of Steel Flush Endplate Joints
Authors: P.J. Fanning  , M.J. Tucker
Published: August 2022

Structural steel joints form an integral part of all structural steel frames and regardless of the joint type employed the behaviour and response of the joints is of primary importance in determining the manner in which the frame resists both vertical and horizontal loading. An understanding of joint stiffness, strength and ductility is required. Eurocode 3 provides guidance for predicting the ultimate strength, rotational capacity and rotational stiffness of steel flush endplate joints. This paper examines in detail the correlation be-tween Eurocode 3 predictions and actual behaviour recorded in full scale tests and validated numerical mod-els. The detailed three dimensional finite element analysis methods used enable the significant differences to be explained by reference to the initial assumptions made in the Eurocode 3 calculations.
Inclined struts variation and its effect in reinforced concrete design
Authors: R. Farhat  , N. Gluck  , U. Tzadka
Published: August 2022

Cracks developing in high intensive shear areas are largely dictated by the effect of variable levels of flexural moments and their direction at the supports regions. Changes in developing crack inclinations, lead to changes in developing strut inclinations available for pressure, creating a sort of truss and allowing the transfer of forces for equilibrium. Strut and tie model analysis of reinforced concrete elements is considered an alternative to the usual approaches of analysis and design, and is applied effectively in regions of discontinuity. This analysis follows the truss analogy approach. Inclined concrete compression struts between parallel inclined cracks are assumed. The variation of the struts’ angle of inclination, depending on the shear and flexure levels, and its effect in reinforced concrete design are researched. This research introduces a rapid and approximated methodology for the representation of struts’ angle of inclination in analytical modelling of shear computations as customary in codes of practice
Eccentric force excitation of a reinforced concrete building to assess torsion amplification
Authors: J. De-la-Colina  , J. Valdés
Published: August 2022

Dynamic analysis should be preferred for seismic design of buildings and other structures instead of a static one. However, in several current building codes seismic static design of buildings requires an amplification of torsion moments (or story eccentricities) computed from lateral forces statically applied at floor levels. Discrepancy of factors used to estimate torsion amplification among codes suggests further study on this subject. The main objective of this paper is to show estimations of the building dynamic torsion. These estimations were obtained from experiments conducted in a four-story reinforced concrete building without accidental eccentricity that was excited with a dynamic force generator placed at the roof. The exciter was operated at several frequencies and it was placed at two roof positions. By assuming three degrees of freedom for each building slab and using acceleration records from tests, equations of motion of the system were used to estimate dynamic story torsional moments. Results support the idea that building torsional response also depends on coupling between the excitation force frequency and the building modal frequencies associated with torsion (either pure torsion or translation coupled with torsion).
A Study on Structural Stability and Suitability of Corrugated Long Span Soil-Steel Bridges
Authors: K.B.K. Shanaka  , C.S. Lewangamage  , M.T.R. Jayasinghe
Published: August 2022

Corrugated Soil-Steel bridges have been used as drainage structures and underpasses in the ongoing Southern Highway project. Because the Soil-Steel bridges are novel to Sri Lankan context and the catastrophic bridge failure at Poddala, 2009 led to a controversy about the suitability and the stability of Soil- Steel bridges. The structure safety against crushing failure of the corrugated steel arch was determined using finite element methods. Furthermore, even though the Soil-Steel bridges failed mainly due to the buckling of the corrugated plates and AISI guidelines, which had been used to design bridges in Sri Lanka, doesn’t cooperate versatile design procedure for the buckling failure. Therefore, the structural stability against crushing and buckling failure of the existing bridges (Long Span Type) with respect to the different fill heights were determined using finite element analysis.
Response of space frame structure resting on non-linear rubber base isolation system
Authors: Kiran K. Shetty  , A. Krishnamoorthy
Published: August 2022

The response of a multi-storey space frame structure resting on non-linear rubber base isolation system (lead rubber bearing), subjected to bi-directional harmonic and seismic ground motions are studied. A four-storey space frame structure having six degrees of freedom (three translations along x, y, z-axes and three rotations about these axes) at each node is considered for the study. The response quantities obtained from the analysis are the acceleration, base shear, bending moment and displacements. In this study, the response of the base isolated structure is compared with the response of the corresponding fixed base structure. It is found that the base isolation system can be used effectively to suppress the dynamic response of a multi-storey space frame structure. In addition, the effects of superstructure time period, isolation period, excitation frequency, post-to-pre yield stiffness ratio and yield force on the effectiveness of the base isolation system are also investigated. It is shown that these parameters have considerable influence on the effectiveness of the base isolation system in reducing the response of the structure.
Capture and Management of Hydrometeorological Phenomena Using Sensor Web Concepts and Scientific Workflow
Authors: Siddeswara Mayura Guru  , Chris Peters
Published: August 2022

Deployment of a large number of sensors across the world has provided several opportunities and challenges. One of the opportunities is the ability to conduct macro-scale experiments using heterogeneous data with wider temporal and spatial variability. This has potential to drastically increase the scientific outcomes and discover new knowledge about our environment. Challenges include dealing with heterogeneity of data for distribution in a seamless environment and management of tasks and processes that manipulate disparate data to discover new knowledge. In this paper, we have adopted Open Geospatial Consortium – Sensor Web Enablement (OGC-SWE) framework to standardise the description and access of hydrometeorological phenomena. This will ease the seamless discovery and sharing of data. We have also proposed Kepler inspired scientific workflow based hydrology workbench to compose heterogeneous hydrometeorological data services and processes for knowledge discovery. These concepts have been implemented on a test-bed of hydrometeorological sensors deployed in the South-Esk River catchment located in the north-east of Tasmania in Australia.
Investigating Amorphous Composition Mix Design Performance and Properties of Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer
Authors: J. Sweeney  , T. Htut  , W.Y. Huen  , V. Vimonsatit  , T.S. Ng
Published: August 2022

Identifying viable replacement for Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is part of the effort to limit CO2 emission during its production. Fly ash-based geopolymer composites have emerged as a sustainable and promising replacement product with proven comparable binding properties, coupled with superior characteristic in some area, when compared to OPC. However, fly ash being a by-product of coal combustion, remains unfavourable in industry application due to its deferring composition dependent on the type of coal feedstock, resulted in inconsistent mechanical and chemical properties produced. In order to overcome this shortcoming, a unified method to evaluate fly ash at the amorphous composition level is required. This study aims to tackle this challenge by establishing a framework to effectively identify relationship among the fly ash amorphous content and identifying an optimum proportion of alkaline activator in order to optimise its full potential in geopolymer concrete or mortar production. This is achieved by utilising XRF and Q-XRD analyses on geopolymer specimen’s amorphous compositions and evaluate their respective compressive strength through laboratory testing. A number of testing variants are carried out including curing regime, alkaline activator concentrations, presence of mechanical activation and deferring water content are investigated.
Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties of Lightweight Concrete with Shale Aggregate Replaced Partially by Nature Sand
Authors: X.G. Zhang  , X.M. Kuang  , J.H. Yang  , S.R. Wang
Published: August 2022

To study the basic mechanical properties of lightweight concrete incorporating shale aggregate replaced partially by nature sand (LCSARP), a variety of mixes were designed and the properties of the mixes were determined through a series of laboratory tests including compressive strength test, splitting tensile strength test, flextural strength test and tests to determine modulus of elasticity and poison’s ratio. The failure processes, failure modes and the influences of replacement rate of natural sand on essential mechanical properties of LCSARP were studied. The result show that the failure modes of LCSARP are different from ordinary Portland cement concrete. In General, the mechanical properties of LCSARP show an increasing trend with the incremental replacement rate of natural sand, including fcu, fc, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, fc/fcu, tension and compression’s ratio, and the ratio (defined as similar flexure and compression’s ratio (SFCR)) between flexural strength and the square root of cube compressive strength. With the incremental replacement rate of natural sand, the elastic modulus of LCSARP increases gradually, while the reverse is true for the Poisson’s ratio. In terms of LCSARP, a precise and applicable relationship for the mechanical property parameter as fcu, fc, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, fc/fcu at different replacement rates of natural sand was individually established by the regression analysis. A parabolic function between tension-to-compression ratio and Poisson’s ratio for LCSARP was established that correlates well to the experimentally measured results.
Active State Earth Pressure based on Dubrova’s Method of Redistribution of Pressure
Authors: S.C. Wang  , F. Xu  , Y. Shao
Published: August 2022

Modes and magnitude of wall movement have great influence on the distribution of earth pressure behind retaining wall. For gravity retaining wall exerted by cohesionless soil rotating outward about the base, based on Dubrova’s method of redistribution of pressure and forming mechanism of earth pressure, the distribution pattern of internal friction angle along the wall back was established for different displacements, and then, an improved method of calculating active earth pressure was proposed, which considers the influence of displacement. When the retaining wall is in an at-rest state, the distribution of earth pressure calculated in this paper is defined as initial active state earth pressure, and it is not equal to static earth pressure, because the retaining wall has a tendency of active displacement. As the wall movement develops, the mobilized internal friction angle of the quasi sliding surface increases gradually from the initial internal friction angle to the internal friction angle, and accordingly, the distribution of earth pressure at the intersection of the sliding surface and the wall back decrease gradually from the distribution of initial active state earth pressure in static state to that of Coulomb active earth pressure.
Investigating Non-Linear Dynamic Behavior of Dual Steel Frames under the Effect of Near and Far Fields to Fault
Authors: H.R. Ashrafi  , P. Beiranvand  , H.R. Babaali  , M. Gohari
Published: August 2022

This study sought to investigate steel frames’ performance with dual lateral loader system (Frame bending + bracings of divergent and convergent) in near and far filed to fault. In order to this, four categories of steel frame with dual system with 8, 10 and 12 story are designed with average formation based on existing seismic regulation in 2800 standard of Iran and tenth chapter of national regulations of construction (planning and performing steel construction). Time history non-linear dynamic analysis under the effect of near and far field earthquakes has been done on plan’s models. Then the maximum of floors’ dislocation, floors’ drift, roof dislocation, base shear and energy curves of frames are shown and compared with each other. All non-linear time history analyses have been accomplished using PERFORM 3D software.
Bearing Capacity of Strip Footing Built on Geogrid-Reinforced Sand over Soft Clay Slope and Subjected to a Vertical Load
Authors: A. Hamidi  , K.Abbeche
Published: August 2022

The present work deals with the study of the behavior of a rigid striped footing, resting on a sand slope reinforced by geo-grids and located above a soft clay layer. For this purpose, numerical analysis was conducted using finite element program; Plaxis software package; where the effects of some parameters on the strip footing behavior were studied. The affecting parameters such as the number of layers of geogrids, the vertical spacing, and the slope of the sand, the depth of reinforcement and the angle of friction of the sand were considered in soil reinforcement by geogrids based on multi-series of tests. The analysis results show an improvement in the soil bearing capacity at the level of the reinforcement depth, whatever the slope of the sand and its density (loose, moderately dense and dense). This improvement was related to the important number of reinforcing elements represented by a small vertical spacing of strips. Whereas, a significant dete-rioration of the soil bearing capacity was detected in the case of steep slopes of sand whatever the number of reinforcing strips and their vertical spacing.
The Effect of Plastic Hinge Location on the Flexural Strength Demand of Welded Flange Plate Connections
Authors: J. Kent Hsiao  , Santosh Shrestha  , Vootukuri Venkat Ramana Reddy , Frederick Mensah
Published: August 2022

A Welded Flange Plate (WFP) connection consists of top and bottom flange plates that are fillet welded to the flanges of a beam and are complete joint penetration groove welded to a column flange. Four WFP design examples including various beam sizes, beam lengths, and/or assumed plastic hinge locations are presented in this paper. In these design examples, the relationships among the following three factors are in-vestigated: the assumed location of the plastic hinge, the probable peak flexural demand at the end of the beam, and the required length of the flange plates for the WFP connections. Nonlinear static finite element analyses considering both the material and geometric nonlinearities are also carried out for these examples to verify the actual location of the plastic hinge as well as the relationship between the actual location of the plastic hinge and the length of the flange plates used for the WFP connections.
Buckling loads of columns of regular polygon cross-section with constant volume and clamped ends
Authors: Byoung Koo Lee  , Sang Jin Oh  , Guangfan Li
Published: August 2022

A numerical method is developed for calculating the buckling loads of tapered columns of regular polygon cross-section with constant volume and both clamped ends. The linear, parabolic and sinusoidal tapers are considered in numerical examples. From the numerical results, the strongest columns by the taper types and side numbers of regular polygon cross-sections are identified.
Method for the Automatic Generation of Timber Connection Patterns
Authors: M. H. Gedig  , S. F. Stiemer
Published: August 2022

This paper describes a method for the automatic rule-based generation of design alternatives for structural connections between timber members. Using this method, a computer program for generating a list of connection options for two timber members was created. Such a computer program may be useful to engineers, architects, and others involved in the design and detailing of timber frame structures.
Describing Functions For Effective Stiffness and Effective Damping of Hystersis Structures
Authors: Steven Chingyei Chung  , Jen-So Huang  , Wenshen Pong
Published: August 2022

For a hysteresis structure with energy dissipation devices, the force-displacement relation is nonlinear such that it is very difficult to evaluate the actual damping and stiffness coefficients, even if the forcedisplacement characteristic is simply perfect elasto-plastic. With the describing function method, we can linearize the nonlinear behavior of the energy dissipation devices and then obtain the  equivalent damping and stiffness coefficients; In turn, the effective period and equivalent damping ratio can be attained. It is stressed that with this approach, the imaginary part of the describing function is just the energy dissipation term, which corresponds to the conventional hystersis damping derived by the energy method. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of this proposed method.
Structural Behaviour of Trapezoidal Web Profiled Steel Beam Section using Partial Strength Connection
Authors: M. Md. Tahir  , A. Sulaiman  , A Saggaff
Published: August 2022

Connections are usually designed as pinned which associated with simple construction or rigid which is associated with continuous construction. However, the actual behaviour falls between these two extreme cases. The use of partial strength or semi-rigid connections has been encouraged by EC3 code and studies on hot-rolled steel sections on semi-continuous construction for braced steel frames have proven that substantial savings in steel weight and the overall construction cost. The objective of this paper is to present the performance of full scale testing of sub-assemblage steel beam and isolated beam-to-cloumn with partial strength connections for Trapezoid Web Profiled (TWP) steel sections. The TWP steel section is a built up section where the flange is of S355 steel section and the corrugated web of S275 steel section. Two full scales testing with beam set-up as sub-assemblage and beam-to-column connection have been carried out for flush and extended end-plate connections as partial strength connections. It was concluded that the use of extended end-plate connection has contributed to significant reduction to the deflection and significant increase to the moment resistance of the beam than flush end-plate connection.
Early Age Concrete Thermal and Creep effects: Relevance to Anchorage Zones of Post-tensioned Members
Authors: M. Sofi  , Mendis Priyan , S. Lie  , D. Baweja
Published: August 2022

Highly concentrated stresses are imposed on maturing concrete slab local anchorage zones when post-tensioning (PT) load is applied. The prime nonlinear phenomena of the concrete while hydrating are the evolution of stiffness, the thermal strains, the visco-elastic nature of the concrete and cracking. Thermal and visco-elastic effects are more pronounced in early ages due to a higher rate of hydration reaction and the different phases present. The stresses associated with these effects may cause minor cracks in concrete, even prior to the application of the PT load. Finite Element simulation of early-age concrete behaviour is presented representing about four days of concrete curing in a plywood box. The thermal evolution is validated using experimental data obtained for the same mix. Results demonstrate that hydration reaction and viscoelastic effects can produce tensile stresses at critical times when the PT load is being applied. These stresses can have significant effects to the “spalling” stresses when a concentrated load is applied to the concrete section.
Defensive Liability and the Moral Status Account
Authors: Lang Gerald ,   Washington University Review of Philosophy
Published: August 2022

Jonathan Quong argues for the “moral status” account of defensive liability. According to the moral status account, what makes it the case that assailants lack rights against the imposition of defensive violence on them is that they are treating defenders as if those defenders lack rights against the imposition of aggressive violence on them. This “as if” condition can be met in some situations in which one person, A, commands very good but factually inaccurate evidence that another person, B, poses a lethal danger to her. In this “Mistaken Attacker” case, A will be entirely blameless. Nonetheless, A is defensively liable, because A assumes that B is defensively liable despite the fact that B is not defensively liable. In other cases, A may threaten B, who is innocent and hence defensively non-liable, without treating B as if B lacks rights. For example, in the “Conscientious Driver” case, A may have lost control of her car, having taken all due precautions, and be posing a lethal threat to an innocent pedestrian, B, but A is not treating B as if B lacks rights because B’s interests have already been taken fully into account in arriving at the verdict that careful driving is morally permissible. In this paper, I explore and criticize Quong’s account. I argue that the distinctions Quong draws between Conscientious Driver and Mistaken Attacker cannot be sustained in ways that uphold the moral status account, and I suggest that the moral status account’s focus on the “as if” condition is morally undermotivated. The drift of my argument is that we should take much more minimal accounts of defensive liability more seriously than we typically do.
A Just War Theory for a Four-Sided Armed Conflict
Authors: Benbaji Yitzhak ,   Washington University Review of Philosophy
Published: August 2022

Contemporary just war theory usually addresses armed conflicts between two group agents, assuming that one is an aggressor and the other a defender. This paper discusses conflicts between two ethnonational groups, both of which include defenders (minimalists) and aggressors (maximalists). The normative questions that this essay addresses are two: (1) Are minimalists entitled to join their maximalist conationals in fighting the maximalists on the other side, and if so, in which circumstances? (2) If so, what should minimalists have aimed to achieve by resorting to force and coercion?
Three Questions about Violence
Authors: Bufacchi Vittorio ,   Washington University Review of Philosophy
Published: August 2022

This article explores three philosophical issues regarding the concept of violence. First, violence is not just an act, it is also an experience. The study of violence should not focus exclusively on understanding actions that cause harm. Instead, a more phenomenological approach is required, one that prioritizes the experience of violence, especially those of victims and survivors of violence. Second, it is necessary to distinguish between “unwanted” and “unconsented” violence. Third, the definition of violence as violation of integrity or wholeness will come into scrutiny. In particular, to what extent does integrity as intactness apply to human beings, and if violence is defined in terms of breaking something intact, can violence be done to something that is already broken?
Immersive: A Violent Interruption to a Visual Silence
Authors: Evans Brad , Meza Chantal ,   Washington University Review of Philosophy
Published: August 2022

This essay addresses the violence of the digital world through its relationship to the visuality of noise and how it shapes the image of thought. Noting how deep and contemplative silence is integral to any creative and critical process, it fleshes out the ways the hyper-technologization of life is throwing us into an immersive abyss. This represents another indicator in the digital colonization of the human condition, through which the poetic is being completely appropriated by a technological vision for species being. Calling for a revival in attentive silence, it draws upon literary thinkers and artists, to move beyond the mimetic understanding for art (including the mimicry of images and sounds) and reveal the violent depths of digitalization and its total noise seduction which ultimately devour its own content. Over-stimulation thus becomes an audible clamor for lives lost within a digital trace; lives which no longer find they are able to cast any meaningful shadow.
Killing from a Safe Distance
Authors: Olsthoorn Peter ,   Washington University Review of Philosophy
Published: August 2022

Unmanned systems bring risk asymmetry in war to a new level, making martial virtues such as physical courage by and large obsolete. Nonetheless, the dominant view within the military is that using unmanned systems that remove the risks for military personnel involved is not very different from using aircrafts that drop bombs from a high altitude. According to others, however, the use of unmanned systems and the riskless killing they make possible do raise a host of new issues, for instance the question to what extent the willingness to take risks is part of the military profession. This article addresses that existential question, but also the question of whether the elimination of all risk would make the military profession a less moral one. To that end, it juxtaposes the military viewpoint that riskless killing by means of drones is morally uninteresting with the more critical viewthat such riskless killing is in fact highly problematic.
Comparison of Extracorporeal Life Support Anticoagulation Using Activated Clotting Time Only to a Multimodal Approach in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Galura Genevra , Said Sana J. , Shah Pooja A. , Hissong Alexandria M. , Chokshi Nikunj K. , Fauman Karen R. , Rose Rebecca , Bondi Deborah S.
Published: August 2022

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate an institutional practice change from an extracorporeal life support (ECLS) anticoagulation monitoring strategy of activated clotting time (ACT) alone to a multimodal strategy including ACT, activated partial thrombin time, heparin anti–factor-Xa, and thromboelastography.

METHODS

This was a retrospective review of patients younger than 18 years on ECLS and heparin between January 2014 and June 2020 at a single institution.

RESULTS

Twenty-seven patients used an ACT-directed strategy and 25 used a multimodal strategy. The ACT-directed group was on ECLS for a shorter median duration than the multimodal group (136 versus 164 hours; p = 0.046). There was a non-significant increase in major hemorrhage (85.1% versus 60%; p = 0.061) and a significantly higher incidence of central nervous system (CNS) hemorrhage in the ACT-directed group (29.6% versus 0%; p = 0.004). Rates of thrombosis were similar, with a median of 3 circuit changes per group (p = 0.921). The ACT-directed group had larger median heparin doses (55 versus 34 units/kg/hr; p < 0.001), required more dose adjustments per day (3.8 versus 1.7; p < 0.001), and had higher rates of heparin doses >50 units/kg/hr (62.9% versus 16%; p = 0.001). More anticoagulation parameters were supratherapeutic (p = 0.015) and fewer were therapeutic (p < 0.001) in the ACT-directed group.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with a multimodal strategy for monitoring anticoagulation during ECLS had lower rates of CNS hemorrhage and decreased need for large heparin doses of >50 units/kg/hr without an increase in clotting complications, compared with ACT-directed anticoagulation. Multimodal anticoagulation monitoring appears superior to ACT-only strategies and may reduce heparin exposure and risk of hemorrhagic complications for pediatric patients on ECLS.
Evaluation of Inpatient Starter Parenteral Nutrition Use in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Novick Kayla , Cober M. Petrea
Published: August 2022

OBJECTIVE

Parenteral nutrition (PN) promotes growth and development in neonatal patients while avoiding malnutrition and metabolic derangements. Very low birth weight premature infants should be started on PN within 24 to 48 hours after birth. The objective of this study was to compare starter PN solution use at a freestanding children's hospital health care system before and after the development of a standard starter PN protocol. The secondary objective was to evaluate the estimated annual cost savings due to a standard protocol.

METHODS

A single-center, retrospective chart review of neonates who received starter PN in the NICU setting from October through December 2020 after the implementation of the protocol was conducted. The protocol was developed based on usage trends from October through December 2019. Starter PN use was compared within neonatology groups before and after the development of a standardized protocol.

RESULTS

In 2019, 108 neonates weighing <1.8 kg were admitted to the NICUs, while 101 were admitted in 2020. However, 170 neonates received starter PN in 2019, while only 94 neonates received starter PN in 2020. Overall, protocol adherence was 88%. The mean gestational age for patients who were initiated on starter PN decreased from 31 weeks in the pre-protocol group to 28 weeks in the post-protocol group (p < 0.001). The mean birth weight pre-protocol was 1.61 kg, which decreased to a mean of 1.23 kg in the post-protocol group (p < 0.001). The estimated annual cost savings for the inpatient pharmacy department was approximately $13,000 with the initiation of a standard protocol.

CONCLUSIONS

The implementation of a standard starter PN protocol decreased usage and variability in NICU practice and aligned more with the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition recommendations.