bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of 4‐Aryl‐8‐fluoro‐3a,4,5,9b‐tetrahydro‐3H‐cyclopenta[c]quinolines and Their Ozonides
Authors: Tolstikov Alexander G. , Savchenko Rimma G. , Lukina Elena S. , Nedopekin Denis V. , Limantceva Regina M. , Khalilov Leonard M. , Mescheryakova Ekaterina S. , Odinokov Victor N.
Published: October 2014

4‐Aryl‐8‐fluoro‐3a,4,5,9b‐tetrahydro‐3H‐cyclopenta[c]quinolines are synthesized by acid‐catalyzed (CF3CO2H) three‐component cyclocondensation of 4‐fluoroaniline with aromatic aldehydes and cyclopentadiene. Stable ozonides with (1R*,4S*,5aR*,6S*,11bS*)‐configurations are obtained by ozonolysis of corresponding trifluoroacetyl derivatives.
Formation of the Compounds with an Epoxychromene Framework: Role of the Methoxy Groups
Authors: Mikhalchenko Oksana S. , Korchagina Dina V. , Volcho Konstantin P. , Salakhutdinov Nariman F.
Published: October 2014

Earlier, it was found that the reaction of para‐mentha‐6,8‐diene‐2,3‐diol with 2,4,5‐trimethoxybenzaldehyde in the presence of Montmorillonite K 10 clay led to the formation of a compound with an unusual epoxychromene framework among other products. In the current work, systematic studies of the effect of the number and position of MeO groups in the aromatic ring of the aldehyde on the reaction route were performed to reveal the structural parameters, which favor the formation of compounds with an epoxychromene framework. Compounds with an epoxychromene framework were shown to be formed if the benzaldehyde contained MeO substituents in o‐ and p‐position. The highest yield was achieved in the case of 2,4,5‐trimethoxybenzaldehyde.
Tetrakis(bicyclo[2.2.2]oct‐2‐ene)‐Fused Calix[4]pyrrole
Authors: Aydogan Abdullah , Akar Ahmet
Published: October 2014

Tetrakis(bicyclo[2.2.2]oct‐2‐ene)‐fused calix[4]pyrrole, 5, was obtained starting from (E)‐1,2‐bis(phenylsulfonyl)ethylene. This new calixpyrrole derivative is the prospective precursor of tetrabenzocalix[4]pyrrole, a potential ion‐pair receptor and an attractive species as a possible deep‐walled ‘molecular container’.
Velutinalide C, a New Polycyclic Phragmalin Limonoid from the Leaves of Chukrasia tabularis var. velutina
Authors: Liu Hai‐Li , Chen Xue‐Lian , Xiao Wei , Guo Yue‐Wei
Published: October 2014

Velutinalide C (4), a new polycyclic phragmalin limonoid featuring a C(15)–C(21) linkage and a C4 unit at C(15), together with two known related compounds, chukfuransins C and D (2 and 3, resp.), was isolated from the leaves of Chukrasia tabularis var. velutina. The structure of the new compound 4 was elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses and comparison with literature data.
Addition of an NK1 receptor antagonist to an SSRI did not enhance the antidepressant effects of SSRI monotherapy: results from a randomized clinical trial in patients with major depressive disorder
Authors: Ball William A. , Snavely Duane B. , Hargreaves Richard J. , Szegedi Armin , Lines Christopher , Reines Scott A.
Published: October 2014

Objective

Aprepitant is a neurokinin 1 receptor antagonist approved for prevention of chemotherapy‐induced and post‐operative nausea and vomiting. Early studies demonstrated promising antidepressant activity as monotherapy, although this was unsupported by subsequent phase 3 trials. This phase 2 study evaluated whether aprepitant potentiated the antidepressant effects of paroxetine.

Methods

Outpatients with major depressive disorder were randomized to aprepitant 200 mg + paroxetine 20 mg, paroxetine + placebo, or aprepitant + placebo for 6 weeks. The primary endpoint was change in HAMD‐17 total score. Secondary/exploratory endpoints included changes in HAMA, CGI‐S, CGI‐I, and HAMD Item‐1 scores at week 6.

Results

A total of 79, 78, and 79 patients received aprepitant + paroxetine, paroxetine + placebo, and aprepitant + placebo, respectively. At week 6, mean changes in HAMD‐17 were −11.0 (95% confidence interval [CI]: −12.7, −9.4), −11.7 (95% CI: −13.3, −10.0), and −9.5 (95% CI: −10.9, −8.1), respectively. Pairwise comparisons of HAMD‐17 change with combination therapy versus paroxetine alone demonstrated no significant difference (p = 0.567). Changes in CGI‐S, CGI‐I, and HAMD Item‐1 scores were also comparable, although there was a greater reduction in anxiety (HAMA) with paroxetine alone than aprepitant + paroxetine (p = 0.045). Adverse events were generally more common with the combination than either monotherapy.

Conclusion

Concomitant use of aprepitant + paroxetine for 6 weeks did not provide greater antidepressant benefit compared with paroxetine + placebo in patients with major depression. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of climate change on overland flow generation: a case study in central Germany
Authors: Anis Muhammad Rehan , Rode Michael
Published: October 2014

The impact of global climate change on runoff components, especially on the type of overland flow, is of utmost significance. High‐resolution temporal rainfall plays an important role in determining the hydrological response of quick runoff components. However, hydrological climate change scenario analyses with high temporal resolution are rare. This study investigates the impact of climate change on discharge peak events generated by rainfall, snowmelt, and soil‐frost induced runoff using high‐resolution hydrological modelling. The study area is Schäfertal catchment (1.44 km2) in the lower Harz Mountains in central Germany. The WaSiM‐ETH hydrological model is used to investigate the rainfall response of runoff components under near future (2021–2050) and far‐distant future (2071–2100) climatic conditions. Disaggregated daily climate variables of WETTREG2010 SRES scenario A1B are used on a temporal resolution of 10 min. Hydrological model parameter optimization and uncertainty analysis was conducted using the Differential Evolution Adaptive Metropolis (DREAM_(ZS)) uncertainty tool. The scenario results show that total runoff and interflow will increase by 3.8% and 3.5% in the near future and decrease by 32.85% and 31% in the far‐distant future compared to the baseline scenario. In contrast, overland flow and the number and size of peak runoff will decrease moderately for the near future and drastically for the far‐distant future compared to the baseline scenario. We found the strongest decrease for soil‐frost induced discharge peaks at 79.6% in the near future and at 98.2% in the far‐distant future scenario. It can be concluded that high‐resolution hydrological modelling can provide detailed predictions of future hydrological regimes and discharge peak events of the catchment. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Child–Mother Attachment Security and Child Characteristics as Joint Contributors to Young Children's Coping in a Challenging Situation
Authors: McElwain Nancy L. , Holland Ashley S. , Engle Jennifer M. , Wong Maria S. , Emery Helen T.
Published: October 2014

Moderate challenges provide opportunities for young children to develop coping skills, yet little is known about factors related to individual differences in early coping. This study investigated child–mother attachment security (9‐point rating) assessed via a modified Strange Situation procedure, child expressive language, and child social fearfulness as contributors to coping responses among 33‐month‐old children (N = 128, 66 girls) following receipt of an empty gift box. Associations between child–mother attachment security and child coping were moderated by child characteristics. As hypothesized, greater attachment security was associated with more action towards the stressor (i.e. vocalizing about the empty box and searching for the missing gift), but only for children high on social fearfulness. Further, greater attachment security was associated with seeking more physical proximity to mothers for children low on expressive language and less physical proximity for children high on expressive language. Lastly, greater attachment security was related to more self‐distraction for children with moderate to high expressive language. Results are discussed in terms of child–mother attachment security as a psychological resource constructed over time, which the child may draw upon when confronted with a moderate non‐attachment‐related stressor. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preoperative CA 19‐9 kinetics as a prognostic variable in radiographically resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma
Authors: Brown Erin G. , Canter Robert J. , Bold Richard J.
Published: October 2014

Background and Objectives

Serial levels of CA 19‐9 are correlated with treatment response and survival; however, little is known about CA 19‐9 kinetics in the absence of therapy. We hypothesize that preoperative CA 19‐9 kinetics predict rate of resectability as well as survival.

Methods

Retrospective review of 72 patients with radiographically resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma with two pre‐operative CA 19‐9 levels prior to planned pancreaticoduodenectomy. Primary outcome measures were resectability and overall survival.

Results

Forty‐seven out of 72 patients (65%) had resectable disease. Unresectable patients had higher absolute change in CA 19‐9 than patients with resectable disease (97 U/ml vs. −34 U/ml) as well as higher rate of change (4 U/ml/day vs. −1 U/ml/day). Receiver operating characteristic curves identified predictive thresholds for absolute (≥50 U/ml) and rate of CA 19‐9 change (≥1 U/ml/day) that accurately identified unresectable patients. Survival analysis revealed that a change in CA 19‐9 <50 U/ml and a rate of change <1 U/ml/day predicted improved survival (P = 0.04, P = 0.02); however, for patients with resectable disease, CA 19‐9 changes did not predict survival.

Conclusions

Preoperative kinetics of CA 19‐9 predict resectable disease for pancreatic cancer. These variables also predict overall survival; however, these do not predict survival for those with resectable disease. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015 111:293–298. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thermally Reduced Graphite Oxide and Mechanochemically Functionalized Graphene as Functional Fillers for Epoxy Nanocomposites
Authors: Tschoppe Katrin , Beckert Fabian , Beckert Michaela , Mülhaupt Rolf
Published: October 2014

In this study we examine graphene with different shape, size, functionality and electrical conductivity as carbon nanofiller for epoxy (EP) composites. Thermally reduced graphite oxide (TRGO) and a nitrogen doped derivative (N‐TRGO) are compared with multilayer graphene (MLG) derived from milling of graphite. Whereas wet grinding of graphite forms stable non‐functionalized MLG dispersions, solvent free dry grinding of graphite under N2 and CO2 pressure allows for mechanochemical functionalization of graphite. TRGO and N‐TRGO show best exfoliation, highest electrical conductivity and efficient matrix reinforcement at low percolation threshold. As compared to TRGO, wet and dry grinding represent cost‐effective routes to MLG and afford EP composites with improved stiffness at higher filler content. These fillers offer great promise for application in carbon/polymer composites going well beyond the scope of epoxy resins.
Differential prooxidative effects of the green tea polyphenol, (–)‐epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate, in normal and oral cancer cells are related to differences in sirtuin 3 signaling
Authors: Tao Ling , Park Jong‐Yung , Lambert Joshua D.
Published: October 2014

Scope

We have previously reported that the green tea catechin, (–)‐epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG), can induce oxidative stress in oral cancer cells but exerts antioxidant effects in normal cells. Here, we report that these differential prooxidative effects are associated with sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), an important mitochondrial redox modulator.

Methods and results

EGCG rapidly induced mitochondria‐localized reactive oxygen species in human oral squamous carcinoma cells (SCC‐25, SCC‐9) and premalignant leukoplakia cells (MSK‐Leuk1), but not in normal human gingival fibroblast cells (HGF‐1). EGCG suppressed SIRT3 mRNA and protein expression, as well as, SIRT3 activity in SCC‐25 cells, whereas it increased SIRT3 activity in HGF‐1 cells. EGCG selectively decreased the nuclear localization of the estrogen‐related receptor α (ERRα), the transcription factor regulating SIRT3 expression, in SCC‐25 cells. This indicates that EGCG may regulate SIRT3 transcription in oral cancer cells via ERRα. EGCG also differentially modulated the mRNA expressions of SIRT3‐associated downstream targets including glutathione peroxidase 1 and superoxide dismutase 2 in normal and oral cancer cells.

Conclusion

SIRT3 represents a novel potential target through which EGCG exerts differential prooxidant effects in cancer and normal cells. Our results provide new biomarkers to be further explored in animal studies.
Mathematical models for diffusion‐weighted imaging of prostate cancer using b values up to 2000 s/mm2: Correlation with Gleason score and repeatability of region of interest analysis
Authors: Toivonen Jussi , Merisaari Harri , Pesola Marko , Taimen Pekka , Boström Peter J. , Pahikkala Tapio , Aronen Hannu J. , Jambor Ivan
Published: October 2014

Purpose

To evaluate four mathematical models for diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) of prostate cancer (PCa) in terms of PCa detection and characterization.

Methods

Fifty patients with histologically confirmed PCa underwent two repeated 3 Tesla DWI examinations using 12 equally distributed b values, the highest b value of 2000 s/mm2. Normalized mean signal intensities of regions‐of‐interest were fitted using monoexponential, kurtosis, stretched exponential, and biexponential models. Tumors were classified into low, intermediate, and high Gleason score groups. Areas under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUCs) were estimated to evaluate performance in PCa detection and Gleason score classifications. The fitted parameters were correlated with Gleason score groups by using the Spearman correlation coefficient (ρ). Coefficient of repeatability and intraclass correlation coefficient [specifically ICC(3,1)], were calculated to evaluate repeatability of the fitted parameters.

Results

The AUC and ρ values were similar between parameters of monoexponential, kurtosis, and stretched exponential (with the exception of the α parameter) models. The absolute ρ values for ADCm, ADCk, K, and ADCs were in the range from 0.31 to 0.53 (P < 0.01). Parameters of the biexponential model demonstrated low repeatability.

Conclusion

In region‐of‐interest based analysis, the monoexponential model for DWI of PCa using b values up to 2000 s/mm2 was sufficient for PCa detection and characterization. Magn Reson Med 74:1116–1124, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimizing Medication Use with a Pharmacist‐Provided Comprehensive Medication Management Service for Patients with Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Cobb Carla D.
Published: October 2014

Our objective was to evaluate a pharmacist‐delivered comprehensive medication management (CMM) service provided to patients with psychiatric disorders. We conducted a retrospective review and analysis of medication‐related data, and a return on investment cost analysis. The project consisted of 154 patients with psychiatric disorders who were referred to the CMM service by physicians, therapists, case managers, friends, or family, and were seen by the service between April 2011 and July 2013. CMM evaluates a patient's medications to ensure that they are appropriate, effective, safe, and convenient. Patients were seen by pharmacists trained in CMM and the treatment of mental illnesses, including one board‐certified psychiatric pharmacist. All medications were reviewed including prescriptions, over‐the‐counter medications, and nutritional supplements. The patients' medication‐related concerns, goals of treatment, vital signs, and laboratory studies were reviewed. Drug therapy problems such as adverse reactions, unnecessary medications, excessive doses, and poor medication adherence were identified, and written recommendations were mailed to patients and physicians within 1 week. Patients were offered follow‐up in 4–6 weeks and were seen as many times as needed to resolve drug therapy problems. The 154 patients completed 256 CMM visits. A mean of 10.1 medical and psychiatric conditions and 13.7 medications/person were assessed. A mean of 5.6 drug therapy problems/patient were identified. A total net cost savings was estimated to be $90,484.00, with a mean savings of $586.55/patient. The cost of providing the service was estimated at $32,185.93. The return on investment was estimated to be 2.8; thus for every dollar spent on providing the service, $2.80 was estimated to be saved. Patients with mental illnesses may benefit from pharmacist‐delivered CMM to help resolve drug therapy problems. Medication management may improve clinical outcomes and reduce costs. In addition, patients valued the opportunity to review their medications with a pharmacist.
Applying Quality Indicators to Single‐Case Research Designs Used in Special Education: A Systematic Review
Authors: Moeller Jeremy D. , Dattilo John , Rusch Frank
Published: October 2014

This study examined how specific guidelines and heuristics have been used to identify methodological rigor associated with single‐case research designs based on quality indicators developed by Horner et al. Specifically, this article describes how literature reviews have applied Horner et al.'s quality indicators and evidence‐based criteria. Ten literature reviews were examined to ascertain how literature review teams (a) used the criteria recommended by Horner et al. as meeting the 5‐3‐20 evidence‐based practice (EBP) thresholds (five studies conducted across three different research teams that include a minimum of 20 participants) to assess single‐case methodological rigor; and (b) applied the 5‐3‐20 thresholds to determine whether the independent variables reviewed qualified as potential effective practices. The 10 literature reviews included 120 single‐case designs. This study found that 33% of the reviewed single‐case designs met Horner et al.'s quality indicator criteria. Three of the literature reviews concluded that examined practices met criteria to qualify as an EBP. Recommendations related to quality indicator criteria and EBP established by the literature review teams as well as directions for future research are discussed.
THE LEGAL CONTENT OF SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY JOURNALS: A SYSTEMATIC SURVEY
Authors: Zaheer Imad , Zirkel Perry A.
Published: October 2014

The many challenges that school psychologists face inevitably include legal issues. In light of the agreement between the two primary professional organizations for school psychologists that understanding of law is a critical competency, this study analyzed the extent of law‐based articles in leading school psychology journal articles published from 1970 to mid‐2013. The method was a systematic multi‐step search, selection and coding process. The primary findings included that (a) a very small proportion of the articles in five leading school psychology journals contained a notable level of legal content; (b) the number of these articles initially trended upward but stabilized at a lower level during recent decades; (c) assessment and special education were the most frequent subject categories, and (d) the principal sources of law were federal legislation/regulations and court decisions. The discussion includes implications for professional practice and recommendations for follow‐up research.
Dimensional reduction to hypersurface of foliation
Authors: Park I.Y.
Published: October 2014

When the bulk spacetime has a foliation structure, the collective dynamics of the hypersurfaces should reveal certain aspects of the bulk physics. The procedure of reducing the bulk to a hypersurface, called ADM reduction, was implemented in [3] where the 4D Einstein‐Hilbert action was reduced along the radial reduction. In this work, reduction along the angular directions is considered with a main goal to firmly establish the method of dimensional reduction to a hypersurface of foliation. We obtain a theory on a 2D plane (the (t,r)‐plane) and observe that novel and elaborate boundary effects are crucial for the consistency of the reduction. The reduction leads to a 2D interacting quantum field theory. We comment on its application to black hole information physics.
Competition influence in the segregation of the trophic niche of otariids: a case study using isotopic bayesian mixing models in Galapagos pinnipeds
Authors: Páez‐Rosas Diego , Rodríguez‐Pérez Mónica , Riofrío‐Lazo Marjorie
Published: October 2014

RATIONALE

The feeding success of predators is associated with the competition level for resources, and, thus, sympatric species are exposed to a potential trophic overlap. Isotopic Bayesian mixing models should provide a better understanding of the contribution of preys to the diet of predators and the feeding behavior of a species over time.

METHODS

The carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures from pup hair samples of 93 Galapagos sea lions and 48 Galapagos fur seals collected between 2003 and 2009 in different regions (east and west) of the archipelago were analyzed. A PDZ Europa ANCA‐GSL elemental analyzer interfaced with a PDZ Europa 20‐20 continuous flow gas source mass spectrometer was employed. Bayesian models, SIAR and SIBER, were used to estimate the contribution of prey to the diet of predators, the niche breadth, and the trophic overlap level between the populations.

RESULTS

Statistical differences in the isotopic values of both predators were observed over the time. The mixing model determined that Galapagos fur seals had a primarily teutophagous diet, whereas the Galapagos sea lions fed exclusively on fish in both regions of the archipelago. The SIBER analysis showed differences in the trophic niche between the two sea lion populations, with the western rookery of the Galapagos sea lion being the population with the largest trophic niche area.

CONCLUSIONS

A trophic niche partitioning between Galapagos fur seals and Galapagos sea lions in the west of the archipelago is suggested by our results. At intraspecific level, the western population of the Galapagos sea lion (ZwW) showed higher trophic breadth than the eastern population, a strategy adopted by the ZwW to decrease the interspecific competition levels in the western region. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stability of linear continuous‐time difference equations with distributed delay: Constructive exponential estimates
Authors: Damak Sérine , Di Loreto Michael , Mondié Sabine
Published: October 2014

This paper is concerned with the construction of exponential estimates for a class of systems governed by continuous‐time difference equations with distributed delay. With the Lyapunov–Krasovskii approach, we propose sufficient conditions for exponential stability, with numerical constructive estimates. A conservatism analysis is made to illustrate the improvement of these stability conditions with respect to conditions already presented in the literature. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Model reference FTC for LPV systems using virtual actuators and set‐membership fault estimation
Authors: Rotondo Damiano , Nejjari Fatiha , Puig Vicenç , Blesa Joaquim
Published: October 2014

In this paper, a model reference fault tolerant control (FTC) strategy based on a reconfiguration of the reference model, with the addition of a virtual actuator block, is presented for linear parameter varying (LPV) systems. The advantage of the proposed FTC method is that the control system is reconfigured in such a way that the nominal controller is used without the need of retuning it. Moreover, the presence of saturations is taken into account through their incorporation in the reference model, and the introduction of additional varying parameters, such that the system exhibits some graceful performance degradation when the system could not achieve the desired state because of the actuator limits. The design of the control scheme is based on linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) and polytopic LPV techniques. In order to implement the proposed active FTC strategy, a fault estimation is required. In this paper, the fault estimation is formulated as a parameter estimation problem, which is solved using a set‐membership approach. An aeronautical application is used to assess the performance of the proposed approach. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determining c-Myb Protein Levels Can Isolate Functional Hematopoietic Stem Cell Subtypes
Authors: Sakamoto Hiroshi , Takeda Naoki , Arai Fumio , Hosokawa Kentaro , Garcia Paloma , Suda Toshio , Frampton Jon , Ogawa Minetaro
Published: October 2014

The transcription factor c-Myb was originally identified as a transforming oncoprotein encoded by two avian leukemia viruses. Subsequently, through the generation of mouse models that affect its expression, c-Myb has been shown to be a key regulator of hematopoiesis, including having critical roles in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). The precise function of c-Myb in HSCs although remains unclear. We have generated a novel c-myb allele in mice that allows direct observation of c-Myb protein levels in single cells. Using this reporter line we demonstrate that subtypes of HSCs can be isolated based upon their respective c-Myb protein expression levels. HSCs expressing low levels of c-Myb protein (c-MyblowHSC) appear to represent the most immature, dormant HSCs and they are a predominant component of HSCs that retain bromodeoxyuridine labeling. Hematopoietic stress, induced by 5-fluorouracil ablation, revealed that in this circumstance c-Myb-expressing cells become critical for multilineage repopulation. The discrimination of HSC subpopulations based on c-Myb protein levels is not reflected in the levels of c-myb mRNA, there being no more than a 1.3-fold difference comparing c-Myblow and c-MybhighHSCs. This illustrates how essential it is to include protein studies when aiming to understand the regulatory networks that control stem cell behavior. Stem Cells  2015;33:479–490
Controlling self‐assembly of DNA‐polymer conjugates for applications in imaging and drug delivery
Authors: Peterson Amberlyn M. , Heemstra Jennifer M.
Published: October 2014

Amphiphilic supramolecular structures such as micelles and vesicles can be formed through phase‐driven self‐assembly of monomer units having discrete hydrophilic and hydrophobic blocks. These structures show great promise for use in medical and biological applications, and incorporating DNA as the hydrophilic block of the amphiphilic monomers enables the creation of assemblies that also take advantage of the unique information storage and molecular recognition capabilities of DNA. Recently, significant advances have been made in the synthesis of DNA‐polymer conjugates (DPCs), controlling the morphology of DPC assemblies by altering monomer structure, and probing the effect of assembly on DNA stability and hybridization. Together, these investigations have laid the framework for using DPCs in drug delivery, cellular imaging, and other applications in materials science and chemistry. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2015, 7:282–297. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1309

This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing

Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Lipid-Based Structures

Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Nucleic Acid-Based Structures
New Polymorphs of RE2FeSe2O2 (RE = La, Ce)
Authors: Nitsche Fabian , Niklaus Robin , Johrendt Dirk
Published: October 2014

New monoclinic polymorphs of RE2FeSe2O2 (RE = La, Ce) were synthesized at 800 °C in a NaI/KI flux, and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (C2/m, Z = 2). mC‐La2FeSe2O2 and mC‐Ce2FeSe2O2 represent new structures in the RE2FeSe2O2 family, and contain iron atoms exclusively in a distorted octahedral coordination of four selenium and two oxygen atoms. Such FeSe4O2 octahedra occur together with FeSe4‐tetrahedra if the synthesis temperature increases to 1000 °C, while at 1100 °C all iron atoms are tetrahedrally coordinated by selenium. Even though the polymorph formation is controlled by the synthesis temperature, no phase transformations could be observed. La2FeSe2O2 is a semiconductor with a band gap of approximately 0.3 eV and shows antiferromagnetic ordering at TN ≈ 20 K with an effective magnetic moment of 4.35(2) μB.
Non‐smooth dynamics of coil contact in valve springs
Authors: Haslinger J. , Offner G. , Sopouch M.
Published: October 2014

This contribution describes the dynamic simulation of the contact of coils of a valve spring within a multi‐body system application. The spring is described by a multi‐mass model. Contacting spring coils influence the dynamical properties of a valve spring significantly. The possible interaction between adjacent coils is modeled by means of non‐smooth mechanics. Signorini conditions on displacement level are imposed on contact candidates. The set of inequality constraints is transformed into a set of equations by introducing a nonlinear complementarity function, which contains the semi‐smooth maximum function. The set of equations of motion together with the contact constraints are integrated in time by a Backward Differentiation Formula (BDF) scheme. In each time step, the resulting nonlinear algebraic equation system is solved by a semi‐smooth Newton method. The approach is evaluated by two examples. The first model represents a cylindrical helical spring. The performance of the algorithm is compared to an approach, where the coil contact is modeled by using spring‐damper elements in between possible contact nodes. The proposed approach is not only running much faster, but also avoids the need of artificial parameters to calibrate the spring‐damper elements. The second example deals with a full model of a single valvetrain system, demonstrating that the valve train dynamics is widely affected by the vibrational characteristics of the valve springs.
Chaperone therapy for homocystinuria: the rescue of CBS mutations by heme arginate
Authors: Melenovská Petra , Kopecká Jana , Krijt Jakub , Hnízda Aleš , Raková Kateřina , Janošík Miroslav , Wilcken Bridget , Kožich Viktor
Published: October 2014

Classical homocystinuria is caused by mutations in the cystathionine β‐synthase (CBS) gene. Previous experiments in bacterial and yeast cells showed that many mutant CBS enzymes misfold and that chemical chaperones enable proper folding of a number of mutations. In the present study, we tested the extent of misfolding of 27 CBS mutations previously tested in E. coli under the more folding‐permissive conditions of mammalian CHO‐K1 cells and the ability of chaperones to rescue the conformation of these mutations. Expression of mutations in mammalian cells increased the median activity 16‐fold and the amount of tetramers 3.2‐fold compared with expression in bacteria. Subsequently, we tested the responses of seven selected mutations to three compounds with chaperone‐like activity. Aminooxyacetic acid and 4‐phenylbutyric acid exhibited only a weak effect. In contrast, heme arginate substantially increased the formation of mutant CBS protein tetramers (up to sixfold) and rescued catalytic activity (up to ninefold) of five out of seven mutations (p.A114V, p.K102N, p.R125Q, p.R266K, and p.R369C). The greatest effect of heme arginate was observed for the mutation p.R125Q, which is non‐responsive to in vivo treatment with vitamin B6. Moreover, the heme responsiveness of the p.R125Q mutation was confirmed in fibroblasts derived from a patient homozygous for this genetic variant. Based on these data, we propose that a distinct group of heme‐responsive CBS mutations may exist and that the heme pocket of CBS may become an important target for designing novel therapies for homocystinuria.
The Quality, Stability, and Bioactive Compound Composition of Virgin and Refined Organic Grape Seed Oil
Authors: Assumpção C. F. , Nunes I. L. , Mendonça T. A. , Jablonski A. , Flôres S. H. , Rios A. de O.
Published: October 2014

Samples of virgin and refined organic grape seed oil were studied for their physicochemical quality, oxidative stability, and the bioactive compounds they contained. All of the samples were within the limits established by the Codex Alimentarius with regard to their quality parameters. Lutein, zeaxanthin, β‐carotene, α‐tocopherol, and catechin were the bioactive compounds analyzed, and the virgin oil afforded more significant results. No measurable amounts of zeaxanthin and β‐carotene were observed in the refined oil, most likely due to the refining process that was carried out at high temperatures. The oxidative stability index decreased with increasing temperature, whereas the air flow had no effect on the stability index. The optimal parameters for the oxidative stability are 80 °C and a flow rate of 15 L h−1, and the virgin oil sample showed the best oxidative stability, possibly because it was not subjected to any treatment after extraction. The results from this study suggest that it would be preferable to consume virgin instead of refined grape oil because it is a better source of bioactive compounds and has a higher stability when heated.
2014 Report on the Milestones for the US National Plan to Address Alzheimer's Disease
Authors:   Alzheimer's Association National Plan Milestone Workgroup, Fargo Keith N. , Aisen Paul , Albert Marilyn , Au Rhoda , Corrada Maria M. , DeKosky Steven , Drachman David , Fillit Howard , Gitlin Laura , Haas Magali , Herrup Karl , Kawas Claudia , Khachaturian Ara S. , Khachaturian Zaven S. , Klunk William , Knopman David , Kukull Walter A. , Lamb Bruce , Logsdon Rebecca G. , Maruff Paul , Mesulam Marsel , Mobley William , Mohs Richard , Morgan David , Nixon Ralph A. , Paul Steven , Petersen Ronald , Plassman Brenda , Potter William , Reiman Eric , Reisberg Barry , Sano Mary , Schindler Rachel , Schneider Lon S. , Snyder Peter J. , Sperling Reisa A. , Yaffe Kristine , Bain Lisa J. , Thies William H. , Carrillo Maria C.
Published: October 2014

With increasing numbers of people with Alzheimer's and other dementias across the globe, many countries have developed national plans to deal with the resulting challenges. In the United States, the National Alzheimer's Project Act, signed into law in 2011, required the creation of such a plan with annual updates thereafter. Pursuant to this, the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) released the National Plan to Address Alzheimer's Disease in 2012, including an ambitious research goal of preventing and effectively treating Alzheimer's disease by 2025. To guide investments, activities, and the measurement of progress toward achieving this 2025 goal, in its first annual plan update (2013) HHS also incorporated into the plan a set of short, medium and long‐term milestones. HHS further committed to updating these milestones on an ongoing basis to account for progress and setbacks, and emerging opportunities and obstacles. To assist HHS as it updates these milestones, the Alzheimer's Association convened a National Plan Milestone Workgroup consisting of scientific experts representing all areas of Alzheimer's and dementia research. The workgroup evaluated each milestone and made recommendations to ensure that they collectively constitute an adequate work plan for reaching the goal of preventing and effectively treating Alzheimer's by 2025. This report presents these Workgroup recommendations.
Threshold condition for spray formation by Faraday instability
Authors: Li Yikai , Umemura Akira
Published: October 2014

A vertically vibrating liquid layer produces liquid ligaments that disintegrate to form a spray with drops of a controllable size. Previous experimental investigations of ultrasonic atomisation have shown that when such a spray forms, there exists a predominant surface-wave mode from which drops are generated with a mean diameter that follows Lang’s equation. In this paper, we determined this predominant surface-wave mode physically and, by utilising the coupled level-set and volume-of-fluid method, we numerically studied the threshold condition for spray formation based on a cell model of the predominant surface wavelength that excludes the effects of the container walls. We defined a condition whereby the broken drop holds a zero area-averaged vertical velocity in the laboratory reference frame as the criterion for the formation of a spray. The results of our calculations indicated that the onset of a spray occurs in the subharmonic unstable region for a threshold dimensionless forcing strength${\it\beta}_{c}=({\it\rho}_{l}{\it\Delta}_{0}^{3}{\it\Omega}^{2})/{\it\sigma}\sim O(1)$, where${\it\rho}_{l}$and${\it\sigma}$denote the liquid density and surface tension coefficient, respectively,${\it\Delta}_{0}$is the forcing displacement amplitude and${\it\Omega}$is the forcing angular frequency. Spray formation due to the Faraday instability can be considered as a process whereby the liquid layer absorbs energy from the inertial force, and releases it by producing drops that leave the surface of the liquid layer. We demonstrated that for a deep liquid layer, the threshold condition for the formation of a spray is determined only by the forcing strength, and is independent of the initial conditions of the liquid surface.
Response of a laboratory aquifer to rainfall
Authors: Guérin A. , Devauchelle O. , Lajeunesse E.
Published: October 2014

We investigate the response of a laboratory aquifer submitted to artificial rainfall, with an emphasis on the early stage of a rain event. In this almost two-dimensional experiment, the infiltrating rainwater forms a groundwater reservoir which exits the aquifer through one side. The resulting outflow resembles a typical stream hydrograph: the water discharge increases rapidly during rainfall and decays slowly after the rain has stopped. The Dupuit–Boussinesq theory, based on Darcy’s law and the shallow-water approximation, quantifies these two asymptotic regimes. At the early stage of a rainfall event, the discharge increases linearly with time, at a rate proportional to the rainfall rate to the power of${\textstyle \frac{3}{2}}$. Long after the rain has stopped, it decreases as the squared inverse of time (Boussinesq,C. R. Acad. Sci., vol. 137, 1903, pp. 5–11). We compare these predictions with our experimental data.
Astaxanthin lowers plasma TAG concentrations and increases hepatic antioxidant gene expression in diet-induced obesity mice
Authors: Yang Yue , Pham Tho X. , Wegner Casey J. , Kim Bohkyung , Ku Chai Siah , Park Young-Ki , Lee Ji-Young
Published: October 2014

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is significantly associated with hyperlipidaemia and oxidative stress. We have previously reported that astaxanthin (ASTX), a xanthophyll carotenoid, lowers plasma total cholesterol and TAG concentrations inapoEknockout mice. To investigate whether ASTX supplementation can prevent the development of NAFLD in obesity, male C57BL/6J mice (n8 per group) were fed a high-fat diet (35 %, w/w) supplemented with 0, 0·003, 0·01 or 0·03 % of ASTX (w/w) for 12 weeks. The 0·03 % ASTX-supplemented group, but not the other groups, exhibited a significant decrease in plasma TAG concentrations, suggesting that ASTX at a 0·03 % supplementation dosage exerts a hypotriacylglycerolaemic effect. Although there was an increase in the mRNA expression of fatty acid synthase and diglyceride acyltransferase 2, the mRNA levels of acyl-CoA oxidase 1, a critical enzyme in peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation, exhibited an increase in the 0·03 % ASTX-supplemented group. There was a decrease in plasma alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) concentrations in the 0·03 % ASTX-supplemented group. There was a significant increase in the hepatic mRNA expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and its downstream genes, which are critical for endogenous antioxidant mechanism, in the 0·03 % ASTX-supplemented group. Furthermore, there was a significant decrease in the mRNA abundance ofIL-6in the primary splenocytes isolated from the 0·03 % ASTX-supplemented group upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation when compared with that in the splenocytes isolated from the control group. In conclusion, ASTX supplementation lowered the plasma concentrations of TAG, ALT and AST, increased the hepatic expression of endogenous antioxidant genes, and rendered splenocytes less sensitive to LPS stimulation. Therefore, ASTX may prevent obesity-associated metabolic disturbances and inflammation.
Antioxidant activity and bioaccessibility of phenols-enriched edible casein/caseinate coatings during in vitro digestion
Authors: Helal Ahmed , Desobry Stephane , Banon Sylvie , Shamsia Sherif M
Published: October 2014

Active films were developed for food coating applications. Entrapped phenol susceptibility to digestion was studied. Sodium caseinate (Na-CN) coatings were formulated with 0, 10, 20% Casein (CN) incorporating selected phenols as model antioxidants. This study investigated phenol/CN/Na-CN interactions, in vitro bioaccessibility of phenols and CN role in phenols retention during in vitro gastric and pancreatic digestion. The antioxidant activity of catechin (CAT), rutin (RUT), chlorogenic acid (CHL), gallic acid (GAL), and tannic acid (TA) in coatings varied with the phenolic compound type and CN concentration and was related to phenol hydrophobic binding to CN. ABTS method gave activities ranged from 412 down to 213, and DPPH method gave values from 291·7 to 190·9. An inverse relationship was found with CN content due to CN/phenol interaction. During digestion, a part of phenols was degraded by alkaline pH of pancreatic fluid. Simultaneously, CN proteolysis led to release of phenols and the bioaccessibility index remained above 80% for all phenols. The results suggested the possibility of protecting phenols against oxidation and digestive alteration by entrapment in CN and Na-CN coating films. These positive results showed the ability to produce antioxidant-enriched edible coatings to increase food protection and phenol nutritional intake.
‘Death talk’, ‘loss talk’ and identification in the process of ageing
Authors: WEST KAREN , GLYNOS JASON
Published: October 2014

In this paper, we examine the injunction issued by the prominent politician, broadcaster and older people's advocate, Baroness Joan Bakewell, to engage in ‘death talk’. We see positive ethical potential in this injunction, insofar as it serves as a call to confront more directly the prospects of death and dying, thereby releasing creative energies with which to change our outlook on life and ageing more generally. However, when set against a culture that valorises choice, independence and control, the positive ethical potential of such injunctions is invariably thwarted. We illustrate this with reference to one of Bakewell's interventions in a debate on scientific innovation and population ageing. In examining the context of her intervention, we affirm her intuition about its positive ethical potential, but we also point to an ambivalence that accompanies the formulation of the injunction – one that ultimately blunts the force and significance of her intuition. We suggest that Gilleard and Higgs' idea of the third age/fourth age dialectic, combined with the psycho-analytic concepts of fantasy and mourning, allow us to express this intuition better. In particular, we argue that the expression ‘loss talk’ (rather than ‘death talk’) better captures the ethical negotiations that should ultimately underpin the transformation processes associated with ageing, and that our theoretical contextualisation of her remarks can help us see this more clearly. In this view, deteriorations in our physical and mental capacities are best understood as involving changes in how we see ourselves,i.e.in our identifications, and so what is at stake are losses of identity and the conditions under which we can engage in new processes of identification.
Does Disaster Education of Teenagers Translate into Better Survival Knowledge, Knowledge of Skills, and Adaptive Behavioral Change? A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Codreanu Tudor A. , Celenza Antonio , Jacobs Ian
Published: October 2014

An increasing number of people are affected worldwide by the effects of disasters, and the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) has recognized the need for a radical paradigm shift in the preparedness and combat of the effects of disasters through the implementation of specific actions. At the governmental level, these actions translate into disaster and risk reduction education and activities at school. Fifteen years after the UNISDR declaration, there is a need to know if the current methods of disaster education of the teenage population enhance their knowledge, knowledge of skills in disasters, and whether there is a behavioral change which would improve their chances for survival post disaster. This multidisciplinary systematic literature review showed that the published evidence regarding enhancing the disaster-related knowledge of teenagers and the related problem solving skills and behavior is piecemeal in design, approach, and execution in spite of consensus on the detrimental effects on injury rates and survival.

There is some evidence that isolated school-based intervention enhances the theoretical disaster knowledge which may also extend to practical skills; however, disaster behavioral change is not forthcoming. It seems that the best results are obtained by combining theoretical and practical activities in school, family, community, and self-education programs.

There is a still a pressing need for a concerted educational drive to achieve disaster preparedness behavioral change. School leavers’ lack of knowledge, knowledge of skills, and adaptive behavioral change are detrimental to their chances of survival.

CodreanuTA,CelenzaA,JacobsI.Does disaster education of teenagers translate into better survival knowledge, knowledge of skills, and adaptive behavioral change? A systematic literature review.Prehosp Disaster Med.2014;29(6):1-14.
A New Methodology to Analyze Instabilities in SEM Imaging
Authors: Mansilla Catalina , Ocelík Václav , De Hosson Jeff T. M.
Published: October 2014

This paper presents a statistical method to analyze instabilities that can be introduced during imaging in scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The method is based on the correlation of digital images and it can be used at different length scales. It consists of the evaluation of three different approaches with four parameters in total. The methodology is exemplified with a specific case of internal stress measurements where ion milling and SEM imaging are combined with digital image correlation. It is concluded that before these measurements it is important to test the SEM column to ensure the minimization and randomization of the imaging instabilities. The method has been applied onto three different field emission gun SEMs (Philips XL30, Tescan Lyra, FEI Helios 650) that represent three successive generations of SEMs. Important to note that the imaging instability can be quantified and its source can be identified.
The Maximum Separation Cluster Analysis Algorithm for Atom-Probe Tomography: Parameter Determination and Accuracy
Authors: Jägle Eric Aimé , Choi Pyuck-Pa , Raabe Dierk
Published: October 2014

Atom-probe tomography is a materials characterization method ideally suited for the investigation of clustering and precipitation phenomena. To distinguish the clusters from the surrounding matrix, the maximum separation algorithm is widely employed. However, the results of the cluster analysis strongly depend on the parameters used in the algorithm and hence, a wrong choice of parameters leads to erroneous results, e.g., for the cluster number density, concentration, and size. Here, a new method to determine the optimum value of the parameterdmaxis proposed, which relies only on information contained in the measured atom-probe data set. Atom-probe simulations are employed to verify the method and to determine the sensitivity of the maximum separation algorithm to other input parameters. In addition, simulations are used to assess the accuracy of cluster analysis in the presence of trajectory aberrations caused by the local magnification effect. In the case of Cu-rich precipitates (Cu concentration 40–60 at% and radius 0.25–1.0 nm) in a bcc Fe–Si–Cu matrix, it is shown that the error in concentration is below 10 at% and the error in radius is <0.15 nm for all simulated conditions, provided that the correct value fordmax, as determined with the newly proposed method, is employed.