bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conclusions Without Closure
Authors: Hass Jeffrey K.
Published: May 2021

The conclusion provides brief lessons about the Blockade and survival. First, unresolved legacies of the Blockade remained: rebuilding authority and infrastructure; aligning wartime adaptations (practices and habits) with postwar politics; facing the expanded shadow economy; dealing with the flood of civilians hoping to enter the city; and framing and integrating the Blockade experience into a postwar narratives and propaganda. Some commentary on Stalinism and Russian historiography is offered: in particular, the need to square the circle of the Stalinist cult and dictatorship with everyday practices, without dismissing or understating either. The conclusion ends with possible lessons about social theory. Institutions require more exploration, especially regarding fields and the role of anchors. Power and authority need refinement, especially regarding “compulsion.” Social distance, anchors, and empathy and emotion require far more serious research and inclusion into theoretical frameworks. And suffering demands more attention empirically and theoretically.
The Meeting Room as Fieldwork Site
Authors: Schippers Huib
Published: May 2021

While we rightly pride ourselves on great depth and nuance in working with communities as ethnomusicologists, it is harder to claim the same qualities in how many of us regard, approach, and describe power structures. With public-facing ethnomusicology on the rise, there is both room and a need for more insightful approaches to working constructively with those in power, as various forms of structures (public authorities, NGOs, funding bodies, and even businesses) are crucial in turning projects with ambitions beyond academic impact into reality, benefiting musicians, communities, and other stakeholders. This is a critical juncture that distinguishes applied ethnomusicology; in this arena, a project without a clear strategy and support is just an idea. This chapter is based on more than forty years of negotiating spaces between dreams and ambitions of musicians and communities from myriad cultures on one hand, and on the other the ideas, forces and structures that drive those that fund, support, or otherwise enable cultural practices in different countries.
Control, Contribute, Collaborate
Authors: Wiens Kathleen
Published: May 2021

This chapter identifies tools that scholarly training brings to collaborative projects, and also identifies aspects of collaborative work that run contrary to the self-defined and self-guided nature of scholarly work. It suggests ways to modify and expand the ethnomusicologists’ toolkit in order to adapt to new forms of collaboration, and therefore thrive in culture and heritage projects and institutions. Public culture and heritage professionals bring a myriad of skill sets and backgrounds to every project. Furthermore, many projects are defined by stakeholder desires and institutional parameters. The culture clash between “self-guided” and “collaborative” requires navigation, adaptation, and reorientation of one’s own approach to work. The chapter uses examples from museum-based projects and operations to reveal the value of “pivoting” and adaptation: why and how professionals should and can do so, and the end result of doing so or not doing so. The lessons can apply to work in a variety of culture and heritage projects and institutions.
Fishing in a Common Pool
Authors: Durham William H.
Published: May 2021

By 1992, overfishing along the South American coast prompted a large migration to Galápagos of fishers, middlemen, and buyers, who began a “gold rush” harvest of brown sea cucumbers (a spiny marine organism) for the lucrative Asian market. Attempts to regulate that harvest by the government of Ecuador and the Galápagos National Park Service provoked more than a decade of protests and violence, which were only curbed when fishers were given an effective role in decision-making. But because the brown sea cucumber requires a minimum density for reproduction—an example of the Allee effect—it proved too challenging for the first participatory management system, which failed, but it led to a simpler system that continues successfully today. Galápagos is proving to be a showcase not simply for genetic evolution but also for the cultural evolution of new forms of governance, ideally including sustainability that it can then model for the world.
The Case for Gay Reparations
Authors: 9780197535684  , Encarnación Omar G.
Published: May 2021

This book makes the case for why the United States should embrace gay reparations, or policies intended to make amends for a history of discrimination, stigmatization, and violence against the LGBT community. It contends that gay reparations are a moral imperative for bringing dignity to those whose human rights have been violated because of their sexual orientation and/or gender identity, for closing painful histories of state-sponsored victimization of LGBT people, and for reminding future generations of past struggles for LGBT equality. To make its case, the book examines how other Western democracies notorious for their oppression of homosexuals have implemented gay reparations—specifically Spain, Britain, and Germany. Their collective experience shows that although there is no universal approach to gay reparations, it is never too late for countries to seek to right past wrongs.
Gay Reparations and Their Critics
Authors: Encarnación Omar G.
Published: May 2021

This chapter mentions the publication of the New York Times op-ed that calls for gay reparations in the United States, and it discusses the reactions of social conservatives to the article. It talks about homophobic individuals, who have not accepted homosexuals and gay people as human beings entitled to live their lives and deserving of civil rights, who find gay reparations an abomination. It also refers to televangelist Pat Robertson, who implied that the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, were godly retaliation for abortion, homosexuality, and secularism in the United States. This chapter examines distinct arguments against gay reparations, such as the claim that it is wrong for gay rights activists to apply today’s values to acts of discrimination against the gay community that took place a long time ago. It also reviews claims that gay reparations are divisive and generate a new class of American victims.
The Politics of Gay Reparations
Authors: Encarnación Omar G.
Published: May 2021

This chapter cites books and articles that have appeared in recent years chronicling gay rights advances in the United States, including Linda Hirshman’s Victory: The Triumphant Gay Revolution and its declaration that America has become a “post-gay country.” It also points out how America’s gay rights revolution seems unfinished or incomplete in the absence of a national reckoning with the country’s history of systemic anti-gay discrimination. This chapter explains how gay reparations serve to enhance citizenship by acting as an antidote to the toxic legacy that the history of anti-gay discrimination has left in its wake. It reviews laws that allow discrimination rooted from religious beliefs held against LGBT people.
Voter Responses to Black Women Candidates
Authors: Brown Nadia E. , Lemi Danielle Casarez
Published: May 2021

This chapter presents findings from two survey experiments on Black voters. As many Black candidates run in majority-minority districts, the chapter’s focus on Black voters approximates realistic scenarios. Experiment 1 focuses on Black voters’ evaluations of a single candidate as her skin tone and hairstyle are varied, and Experiment 2 focuses on Black Democratic voters’ evaluations of two Black women candidates to determine whether appearances have the potential to split Black Democrats’ votes. Experiment 2 approximates real-world scenarios like the 2019 mayoral election in Chicago between Lori Lightfoot and Toni Preckwinkle. This chapter speaks to how Black voters evaluate Black women candidates who vary in phenotype.
Do Special Elections Tell Anything about Upcoming General Elections?
Authors: Bullock Charles S. , Owen Karen L.
Published: May 2021

Chapter 6 presents quantitative analyses on 298 special election contests held since World War II. The authors model two features associated with special elections. The first analysis seeks to understand the correlates of winning a special election. The second set of models explores whether results of special elections shed light on which party will excel in the next general election.
Vocal Virtuosity
Authors: Parr Sean M.
Published: May 2021

Vocal Virtuosity is a book about the apex of operatic vocalism. Nothing strikes the ear quite like a soprano singing in the sonic stratosphere. Whether thrilling, chilling, or repellent to the listener, the reaction to cascades of coloratura with climaxing high notes is strong. Coloratura—agile, rapid-fire singing—was originally essential for all singers, but its function changed greatly when it became the specialty of particular sopranos over the course of the nineteenth century. The central argument of Vocal Virtuosity runs counter to the historical commonplace that coloratura became an anachronism in nineteenth-century opera. Instead, the book demonstrates that melismas at mid-century were made modern. Coloratura became an increasingly marked musical gesture during the century with a correspondingly more specific dramaturgical function. In exploring this transformation, Parr’s research reveals the instigators of this change in vocal practice and the perpetuators of the art of coloratura. Vocal Virtuosity examines the historical traces of Parisian singers who were the period’s greatest exponents of vertiginous vocality as archetypes of the modern coloratura soprano. The book also explores what melismas can signify in operatic performance while constructing the historical trajectory of coloratura as it became gendered the provenance of the female singer. In arguing that vocal virtuosity was a source of power for women, generating space for female authorship and creativity, the book reclaims a place in history for the coloratura soprano.
Science Denial in Crisis
Authors: Gorman Sara E. , Gorman Jack M.
Published: May 2021

In 2019, a historic pandemic erupted due to a disease we would later know as COVID-19. Millions of people around the world quarantined in their homes as healthcare systems became quickly overwhelmed and death tolls rose. At the same time, the World Health Organization (WHO) proclaimed that we were facing another simultaneous crisis: a crisis of misinformation, which the WHO called an “infodemic.” Unfortunately, this dual crisis was not specific to the coronavirus pandemic but is something that can be seen across history in other epidemics. This chapter explores the question of what happens to our now familiar notion of science denial during a crisis, arguing that many of the same principles that we discuss throughout this book are at play in a more heightened manner. We will end by proposing some possible solutions to the misinformation crisis that so often coincides with times of public health crisis.
The Other Indians in Town
Authors: Calloway Colin
Published: May 2021

This chapter shows that tribal delegates were not the only Indian people to be found in the cites of early America. Indian people included cities in their trade networks and they lived and worked in and around town in various capacities as both free and unfree labor. They went to cities and stayed there for many reasons and cities became centers of cultural mixing as well as economic exchange. Colonial laws designed to regulate Indian people reveal how much they were part of the fabric of urban life. Some Indians sought refuge in cities during times of war; others were taken there as prisoners of war. Increasing racial violence rendered Indian people in and around town vulnerable.
The Things They Saw
Authors: Calloway Colin
Published: May 2021

This chapter follows Indian delegates as they explored the city during their extended stay, identifying the sights they would have seen, as well as what they would have heard and smelled. Since the Indian delegates did not leave written accounts, the chapter draws on descriptions provided by non-Indian travelers and contemporary images to show how city streets, buildings, markets, wharves, prisons, and churches would have looked to visitors. It provides examples and anecdotes of Indian experiences and suggests how Indian people would have reacted to some of the more unsavory aspects of urban life and facets of so-called civil society that ran counter to the values and practices that sustained Indigenous communities.
Nasty as I Wanna Be
Authors: Sher George
Published: May 2021

This chapter introduces the book’s guiding question: Is thought ever subject to moral regulation? Some examples of the sorts of beliefs, attitudes, and fantasies that many regard as morally impermissible are provided, and the conception of morality that will inform the discussion is specified. The chapter advances a number of reasons for asking whether thoughts can be morally wrong, some theoretical and some practical, and anticipates its later argument that internalized restrictions on thought would have a significant adverse effect on mental freedom. Some bad arguments, both for and against moralism about the mental, are mentioned in order to be set aside, and the chapter ends with brief summaries of the chapters to come.
Harmful Thoughts
Authors: Sher George
Published: May 2021

Private thoughts can lead to public harms in a variety of ways. They can do so by motivating those who harbor them to perform harmful acts, by motivating their own hurtful or destructive communication, and by being unintentionally disclosed by persons who don’t mean to communicate them. In addition, although mind-reading is presently impossible, that may change in the future, and if it does, it will be a further source of mischief. The questions that this chapter addresses are, first, whether a thought’s actually causing harm in one of these ways can make its previous occurrence morally wrong, and, second, whether a thought’s posing the risk of causing harm in one of these ways can make having it now morally wrong. Of these questions, the current chapter answers all versions of the first, and some versions of the second, in the negative. The remaining versions of the second question are carried over to the following chapter.
Peter Martyr Vermigli and the extra Calvinisticum
Authors: Drake K.J.
Published: May 2021

This chapter expounds the extra Calvinisticum in Peter Martyr Vermigli during the second eucharistic controversy and in polemical dialectic with the Lutheran doctrine of ubiquity. The chapter expounds Vermigli’s mature christological work, The Dialogue on the Two Natures of Christ, written against Lutheran theologian Johannes Brenz. Vermigli brought together various aspects of theological and philosophical argumentation to produce a coherent account of the extra. He continued the trajectory of the extra found in previous works by prioritizing Christ as Mediator, deploying a sophisticated doctrine of the hypostatic union, and articulating a doctrine of the communicatio idiomatum precluding a sharing between the natures themselves. Vermigli contributes to the doctrine in two main ways, corresponding to his training in humanism and scholasticism. He broadened the sources for the doctrine by attending to conciliar christology and patristic testimony, and he incorporated certain aspects of Aristotelian philosophy into his defense of the extra.
Introduction
Authors: Heft James L.
Published: May 2021

This chapter introduces the importance of a continuing substantive conversation on the identity and mission of Catholic higher education. It reviews some of the debates before and after Vatican II (1962–1965) and explains the metaphor of the “open circle,” the danger of mission slippage, and the profound cultural changes over the past seventy-five years. It also offers a diagnosis of the current state of Catholic higher education and describes the Institute for Advanced Catholic Studies (ifacs.com).
Liberal Education
Authors: Heft James L.
Published: May 2021

The sleepy liberal arts colleges that upperclassmen attended went through dramatic changes by the twenty-first century, both in the growth of numbers of students and in the focus of study: mainly technical, scientific, and commercial education. The liberal arts play a key role in Catholic education. The purposes of liberal education are discussed. One way to describe that purpose is not only to learn about history and literature but also, even more importantly, to learn from history and literature. In the Catholic intellectual tradition, moral formation, abandoned at most secular universities, remains important and strengthens virtuous habits, both intellectual and moral. Liberal education liberates the “fly in the bottle,” gives perspective through the study of history, and deepens human sensibility through literature and theological studies. In that tradition, the transcendent dimension expands the horizons of relevance and deepens sympathy for the human condition. In an age of social media, the relevance of liberal education becomes ever more obvious.
The Bible Told Them So
Authors: Hawkins J. Russell
Published: May 2021

The Bible Told Them So explains why southern white evangelical Christians in South Carolina resisted the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s. Simply put, they believed the Bible told them so. Interpreting the Bible in such a way, these white Christians entered the battle against the civil rights movement certain that God was on their side. Ultimately, the civil rights movement triumphed in the 1960s and, with its success, fundamentally transformed American society. But such a victory did little to change southern white evangelicals’ theological commitment to segregation and white supremacy. Rather than abandoning their segregationist theology in the second half of the 1960s, white evangelicals turned their focus on institutions they still controlled—churches, homes, denominations, and private colleges and secondary schools—and fought on. Despite suffering defeat in the public sphere, white evangelicals continued to battle for their own institutions, preaching and practicing a segregationist Christianity they continued to believe reflected God’s will. Increasingly caught in the tension between their sincere beliefs that God desired segregation and their reticence to vocalize such ideas for fear of seeming bigoted or intolerant by the late 1960s, southern white evangelicals eventually embraced rhetoric of colorblindness and protection of the family as measures to maintain both segregation and respectable social standing. Such a strategy spread throughout the evangelical subculture and set southern white evangelicals on a detrimental path for race relations in the decades ahead.
Jim Crow on Christian Campuses
Authors: Hawkins J. Russell
Published: May 2021

Chapter 3 highlights the continued influence of segregationist theology in evangelical circles even as explicit segregationist rhetoric began losing purchase outside that sphere in the mid-1960s. The centerpieces of this chapter are parallel narratives detailing the desegregation of Wofford College and Furman University, the respective flagship institutions of the Methodist and Baptist denominations in South Carolina. In describing the battles between school administrators who sought to desegregate their institutions and the laity of the state’s two largest denominations who resisted such measures, this chapter emphasizes white evangelicals’ continued opposition to black civil rights even as the broader southern culture was forced by the federal government to acquiesce on integration in institutions of higher education. Segregationist theology remained influential for a majority of white Baptists and Methodists who voted against desegregating the church schools in the mid-1960s and who withdrew their support when the colleges integrated against these Christians’ desires.
Focusing on the Family
Authors: Hawkins J. Russell
Published: May 2021

Chapter 5 examines how by the early 1970s white evangelicals utilized the emerging rhetoric of colorblindness in service to the defense of their households. When the Supreme Court forced South Carolina to enact substantive desegregation of the state’s public schools in the closing years of the 1960s, white Christian parents interpreted the move as a threat to their children’s well-being. In response, these parents helped create private religious schools that functioned as havens, they believed, for keeping their children safe. White Christian parents rarely discussed race, maintaining instead that they were merely following God’s mandate to shepherd their children by creating schools with stricter behavioral standards and higher educational expectations than the integrated public schools. But this chapter documents how these private schools, in actuality, represented another bastion of religiously motivated resistance to racial equality and helped extend the legacy of segregationist Christianity into the twenty-first century.
Shared Devotion, Shared Food
Authors: Keune Jon
Published: May 2021

This book is about a deceptively simple question: when Hindu devotional or bhakti traditions welcomed marginalized people—women, low castes, and Dalits—were they promoting social equality? This is the modern formulation of the bhakti-caste question. It is what Dalit leader B. R. Ambedkar had in mind when he concluded that the saints promoted spiritual equality but did not transform society. While taking Ambedkar’s judgment seriously, when viewed in the context of intellectual history and social practice, the bhakti-caste question is more complex. This book dives deeply into Marathi sources to explore how one tradition in western India worked out the relationship between bhakti and caste on its own terms. Food and eating together were central to this. As stories about saints and food changed while moving across manuscripts, theatrical plays, and films, the bhakti-caste relationship went from being a strategically ambiguous riddle to a question that expected—and received—answers. Shared Devotion, Shared Food demonstrates the value of critical commensality to understand how people carefully negotiate their ethical ideals with social practices. Food’s capacity to symbolize many things made it made an ideal site for debating bhakti’s implications about caste differences. In the Vārkarī tradition, strategically deployed ambiguity and the resonating of stories across media over time developed an ideology of inclusive difference—not social equality in the modern sense, but an alternative holistic view of society.
The Role of Children in the Revival of Hebrew
Authors: Reshef Yael
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses the role played by the first generation of Hebrew-speaking children in the emergence processes of Modern Hebrew. As the education system was a major agent in the dissemination of Hebrew speech, the first section is dedicated to a detailed survey of the development of Hebrew education in Palestine in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Next, the sociolinguistic aspects of speech revival are discussed, with particular reference to the crucial contribution of the introduction of preschool education in Hebrew. Finally, the chapter analyzes linguistic aspects of the process; it is suggested that insights gained from some well-studied cases of language emergence presented in the linguistic literature may be used to explain how a distinct, relatively uniform native variety emerged in Hebrew within a very short time span.
Performing Music Research
Authors: Williamon Aaron , Ginsborg Jane , Perkins Rosie , Waddell George
Published: May 2021

Performing Music Research is a comprehensive guide to research in music performance. It reviews the knowledge and skills needed to critique existing studies in music education, psychology, and performance science, and to design and carry out new investigations. Methodological approaches are highlighted across the book in ways that help aspiring researchers bring precision to their research questions, select methods that are appropriate for addressing their questions, and apply those methods systematically and rigorously. Each chapter contains a study guide, comprising a chapter summary, a list of keywords, and suggestions for further discussion. The book concludes with a resources section, including a glossary and supplementary material to support advanced statistical analysis. The book’s companion website provides information designed to facilitate access to original research and to test knowledge and understanding.
Research ethics
Authors: Williamon Aaron , Ginsborg Jane , Perkins Rosie , Waddell George
Published: May 2021

Chapter 3 of Performing Music Research explores the guiding principles on which ethical codes are based. These can be summarized as follows: people should not be harmed, nor their rights and dignity compromised, and research must be of scientific value and carried out with integrity. These issues must be considered and addressed in the earliest stages of research and in light of the potential benefits of the findings of the research to society. The chapter reflects on the philosophical underpinnings of ethical research and outlines the process whereby ethical approval is typically sought and obtained, with reference to a selection of codes of research ethics published by professional associations and regulatory bodies that guide and inform research activity.
Observations
Authors: Williamon Aaron , Ginsborg Jane , Perkins Rosie , Waddell George
Published: May 2021

Chapter 4 of Performing Music Research examines three different types of observation: (1) participant observation, in which the investigator has a dual role, acting as both participant and researcher, thereby placing value on the insights gained through an “insider” perspective on the phenomenon under observation; (2) semi-structured observational methods, typically used when a researcher wants to observe specific behaviors as more of an “outsider” but also wishes to retain an element of open-ended enquiry; and (3) quantitative, structured observational research, which relies on a more objective and detached observation of predetermined categories. Throughout, the chapter considers the advantages of each of these methods and the challenges they pose.
Surveys
Authors: Williamon Aaron , Ginsborg Jane , Perkins Rosie , Waddell George
Published: May 2021

Chapter 7 of Performing Music Research describes the main features of surveys and discusses when it is appropriate to use them. It considers the key decisions that must be taken when designing a survey, when and how to choose a questionnaire that has already been validated, and how to adapt or construct a new questionnaire. It highlights different types of data, and the different types of questions that are available to researchers, including open and closed questions, rating and measurement scales, and ranking systems. The chapter outlines the overall structure of an effective questionnaire and discusses the relative advantages of paper-based (print) and electronic delivery. It also considers the pros and cons of surveys and describes how to report their results.
Experiments
Authors: Williamon Aaron , Ginsborg Jane , Perkins Rosie , Waddell George
Published: May 2021

Chapter 8 of Performing Music Research examines the experiment as a means of assessing new ideas and initiatives, producing evidence that can support crucial developments in the lives and education of musicians. It outlines several key types of experiment, defined by how people are divided into groups, what those groups do, and how those groups are compared; it also considers how experimental strategies can be used to examine changes in an individual over a period of time. The chapter discusses guidelines for the effective design and conduct of experiments. Finally, it describes how to document the method and how to achieve rigor and validity in experimental research.
Qualitative analysis
Authors: Williamon Aaron , Ginsborg Jane , Perkins Rosie , Waddell George
Published: May 2021

Chapter 9 of Performing Music Research introduces the characteristics of qualitative analysis, focusing on the interpretative role of the researcher. Given that large volumes of information are typically collected in qualitative enquiry, the chapter presents ways of organizing and storing data and discusses the strengths and limitations of computer-assisted analysis. It goes on to discuss three types of qualitative analysis: thematic analysis, suitable for identifying patterns of meaning across data collected from multiple participants; interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA), suitable for understanding the lived experience of individual participants; and qualitative synthesis, suitable for developing a holistic account based on a synthesis of the data. Throughout, the chapter explains how to report qualitative results efficiently and effectively.
Inferential statistics
Authors: Williamon Aaron , Ginsborg Jane , Perkins Rosie , Waddell George
Published: May 2021

Chapter 11 of Performing Music Research considers the main features of inferential statistics. Statistics describe the characteristics of particular samples and guide the inferences that may be drawn from those characteristics not only to the sample but also the wider population. The use of inferential statistical tests thus enables researchers to make comparisons between studies and draw generalizable conclusions. The chapter begins by showing how the probability that a finding is the result of chance, or random “noise” (fluctuation) in the data, can be quantified. It then considers how to judge the relative size of the finding and the general properties of data.
Meine zweite Heimat
Authors: Ledger-Lomas Michael
Published: May 2021

This chapter argues that Victoria’s marriage to Albert instilled in her a Protestant identification with the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and with German Lutherans. Although Coburgers could be flexible about Protestantism when it came to making dynastic alliances, Victoria and Albert nonetheless regarded marriage as a medium through which they could build religious and political affinities between Britain and Protestant Germany, and especially with Hohenzollern Prussia. The chapter highlights the importance of her children Victoria and Alice’s marriages as attempts to bring about spiritual and political reform in Germany, before explaining why thesyts were ultimately unsuccessful.
Religion in Common Life
Authors: Ledger-Lomas Michael
Published: May 2021

This chapter sketches the development of Victoria’s liberal Protestant commitment to lived lay religion, which overlooked conventional distinctions between the sacred and the secular. Victoria and Albert regarded family and the home rather than the church as the locus of religious faith and practice, and sought to advance the identification of God with the laws of His creation. This chapter accordingly discusses Victoria’s relationship to the Christian sacraments, her creation and use of sacred space within royal homes, and her views of God and the natural world. It highlights the appeal of her and Albert’s godly domesticity to a broad Protestant public, while also indicating that Victoria’s hostility to Sabbatarianism and disdain for efforts to avert disease and war through prayer could set her at odds with religious, and particularly with evangelical, opinion.
A Completed Life
Authors: Ledger-Lomas Michael
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the global topography of religious emotion created by Victoria’s death and funeral, one which was thickly studded with church spires. It begins with the efforts to create a moving liturgy for Victoria after her death, showing that while her funeral was centred on London and Windsor Castle, it served as the template for memorial services around the world. It demonstrates that Christian clergy were impresarios of the emotions they unleashed, showing how they confidently used grief at Victoria’s death to celebrate national and imperial solidarities. The next section goes beyond the imperial rhetoric of the ‘Great White Mother’, supposedly universally mourned by natives, to argue that representatives of world religions voiced reverence for her as a tactical way of establishing their claims to greater consideration in her Christian but also cosmopolitan Empire. The chapter ends with a summary of the book’s key findings.
Maturity
Authors: Fürst Juliane
Published: May 2021

This chapter concentrates on the post-demonstration history of the Soviet hippie sistema. While at first Soviet hippies seemed to be in crisis, from the mid-1970s a new generation rejuvenated the movement and created the so-called ‘second sistema’. The post-demonstration hippie movement was fewer in numbers, but more resilient, since its members were more committed to the cause, ready to sacrifice jobs, education, and social acceptance in order to live a life they experienced as freer and more colourful than that of their peers. From time to time the underground culture of the hippies demonstrated their cultural and revolutionary potential when their causes inspired resistance such as in the case of the 1976 exhibitions of nonconformist artists or in the mass upheavals in Kaunas after the self-immolation of Romas Kalanta in 1972 or in Leningrad in 1978 when authorities promised, but did not deliver, a rock concert featuring famous acts from the West.
Ideology
Authors: Fürst Juliane
Published: May 2021

This chapter looks in depth into the Soviet hippie belief system, while, at the same time, noting the absence of a unified ideology, whose very existence hippies rejected for themselves. It begins with an exploration of the indebtedness of hippie beliefs to the rituals and practices of official Soviet youth culture, highlighting both similarities and differences to Western hippie thought. It then proceeds to discuss common hippie tropes such as freedom, love, peace, and generational conflict with reference to the Soviet case, concluding that there was a lot of ideological overlap between the fundamental messages of communist socialization and the global hippie creed, which indeed had its very roots in the same left-wing, utopian thinking as early Soviet revolutionary ideas. While this ‘boomerang’ effect of radical, communitarian thinking unsettled the Soviet authorities, it also meant that Soviet hippies remained true to their socialist upbringing and world view shaped by late socialism in the very rebellion they staged against the system.
Majority Quantification and Quantity Superlatives
Authors: Dobrovie-Sorin Carmen , Giurgea Ion
Published: May 2021

This book is a study of the syntax and semantics of proportional Most and other majority quantifiers across languages. Based on data drawn from around forty languages, this book reveals the existence of two semantic types of Most: a distributive type, which compares cardinalities of sets of atoms, and a “cumulative” type, which involves measuring plural and mass entities with respect to a whole. On the syntactic side, the most important difference is between non-partitive and partitive configurations. Certain majority quantifiers are specialized for partitive constructions, others are also allowed in non-partitives. We also examine complex majority expressions of the type The Largest Part and nominal quantifiers of the type The Majority. This large scale crosslinguistic investigation qualifies as a piece of typological research that moreover offers several case studies on both well-studied and less investigated languages (English, German, Icelandic, Romanian, Italian, Hungarian, Basque, Latin, Hindi, Syrian Arabic). The proposed analyses raise new theoretical questions regarding issues such as number marking, partitivity, kind reference, (in)definiteness marking, which are crucial issues for linguistic theory. Noteworthy is the attention paid to mass and collective quantification, an under-studied area. We argue in favor of a quantificational analysis of Most, against recent analyses that attempt to derive the proportional interpretation from the superlative, but we adopt a bipartition-cum-superlative analysis for The Largest Part.
Introduction
Authors: Dobrovie-Sorin Carmen , Giurgea Ion
Published: May 2021

We start by presenting the main empirical result of this book: a crosslinguistic typology of most, which distinguishes between two types of proportional most (mostdist and mostcum) that can occur in both non-partitives and partitives and two types of most that are specialized for partitives. We proceed by presenting our main syntactic assumptions and the semantic analyses we proposed for each of the mosts we identified.The crucial semantic distinction is between a “distributive” most, which compares cardinalities of sets of atoms, and a “cumulative” most, which involves measuring plural and mass entities with respect to a whole. Then, we discuss the main semantic analyses proposed in the literature. The last section presents the empirical evidence against Hackl’s (2009) superlative analysis of most.
Data Protection Regulation and Jurisdiction
Authors: Hörnle Julia
Published: May 2021

Chapter 7 focuses on the intriguing question of when EU law is applied to, and enforced against, foreign data controllers by data protection authorities situated in a Member State of the EU. This chapter examines jurisdiction and applicable law in the area of data protection enforcement in the light of recent jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the EU and Member States’ courts. Given that this caselaw relates to the “old” data protection instrument, namely the Data Protection Directive 1995/46/EC (DPD), this is contrasted with the “new” General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which entered into force in 2018. The comparison with the now superseded DPD is also important as it sketches the background and development of EU data protection law, which is important for the wider context and in particular for showing how difficult a coordination of national competences in this field has been. The chapter does not examine jurisdiction in civil litigation before the courts (Chapter 11), but instead focuses exclusively on administrative and regulatory competence under public law.
Conflicts of Law in Privacy, Data Protection, and Defamation Disputes: German and English Law
Authors: Hörnle Julia
Published: May 2021

Chapter 11 provides a critical analysis of private international law with regard to disputes based on torts between private parties arising from infringements of privacy and data protection rights, and defamation, committed by internet communication. This is a fast-developing and changing area. It compares the private international law rules in Germany and England. The proceedings examined in this chapter are civil litigation, as opposed to judicial review of administrative action (Chapter 7). The chapter covers the harmonized rules under the Brussels Regulation and, in particular, the jurisprudence in respect of the mosaic rule established in Shevill and the rules on civil jurisdiction in the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Additionally, where the Brussels Regulation does not apply, it examines in detail the national rules of jurisdiction in Germany and England, in particular the “conflicts of interest” test in Germany, and, for defamation cases in England, the new test on the most appropriate place under the Defamation Act 2013. Since the rules on applicable law for privacy, defamation, and other personality rights cases are not harmonized in the Rome II Regulation, national law prevails. The rules in Germany and England are analysed—contrasting and comparing the approaches in internet cases. It unravels the extraordinarily complicated and twisted knot of jurisdiction and applicable law in the area of personality rights infringements online and brings some clarity to this area. It concludes with some robust suggestions for improving the rules on jurisdiction and applicable law to provide a better balance of conflicting interests.
Conclusion
Authors: Hörnle Julia
Published: May 2021

Chapter 13 gathers the insights from the whole book and investigates the parallels between the Jurisdictional Challenge in different areas of law. It argues that the connection between law and territory cannot be easily overcome, as law, technology, and the geo-political system all are independent from each other and changes in technology and law do not necessarily effect changes in the geo-political system. It demonstrates that states essentially cling to their sovereignty and changes in jurisdictional rules only go so far in overcoming the Jurisdictional Challenge. The chapter argues that both rule-level and systemic changes must be sought. It analyses the targeting principle as a possible game changer. As to systemic changes, it discusses first and foremost, international coordination, geo-location, and self-regulation. The chapter finally argues that the greatest challenge is to move towards more pluralistic legal systems without sacrificing the rule of law and fundamental rights.
Self-Respect under Conditions of Oppression
Authors: Khader Serene J.
Published: May 2021

Serene Khader argues against the widespread view that oppressed people have a self-regarding obligation to resist complying with oppressive norms, in order to preserve their self-respect. Khader notes that the cost of noncompliance is often underestimated. Flouting oppressive norms often poses substantial threats to an agent’s welfare and even her self-respect, and compliance may express self-respect, by affirming a commitment to the importance of her own projects and to gaining the means to pursue them. Khader offers an alternative way of maintaining self-respect in the face of oppression, namely to cultivate knowledge of the oppressive situation faced by oneself and one’s group, and to develop a normative perspective that recognizes and seeks to rectify injustices.
A Lack of Respect in Bioethics
Authors: Kerstein Samuel J.
Published: May 2021

Samuel Kerstein points out that although respect is a commonly deployed concept in bioethics, requirements of respect usually amount to respect for autonomy, or for giving proper weight to the choices made by competent persons. Kerstein argues that increased emphasis on another sense of respect, respect for the worth of persons, will greatly enrich discussions in several areas of bioethics. He sketches a Kantian account of respect for persons’ worth, one that incorporates a prohibition on using them merely as means as well as a prescription to treat them as having unconditional, preeminent value. He then applies the account to questions regarding the morality of physician-assisted dying, the ethical distribution of scarce, life-saving medical resources, and morally appropriate reasons for having children.
Species Egalitarianism and Respect for Nature
Authors: Schwarz Lucia
Published: May 2021

Lucia Schwarz urges a reconsideration of the implications of species egalitarianism, which is an essential element of the position in environmental ethics that Paul Taylor calls “respect for nature.” Species egalitarianism’s claim that every living thing has equal inherent worth appears to lead to counterintuitive conclusions, such as that killing a human being is no worse than killing a dandelion. Species egalitarians have generally responded by explaining that species egalitarianism is compatible with recognizing moral differences between killing different types of living things, and that some killing is morally permissible. Schwarz raises doubts about whether this deflationary defensive strategy is philosophically justified, and suggests that taking seriously the supposedly repugnant implications of species egalitarianism may have a salutary effect on the overall debate.
Possessives
Authors: Maiden Martin , Dragomirescu Adina , Dindelegan Gabriela Pană , Bărbulescu Oana Uță , Zafiu Rodica
Published: May 2021

How is the morphological paradigm of pronouns organized? To what extent is the system conservative and to what extent has it been reorganized? What is the structure and history of the stressed forms of the first and second persons? What is the structure and history of the stressed forms of the third person? What is the nature of Romanian possessive affixes?
Predatory Grooming and Epistemic Infringement
Authors: Leydon-Hardy Lauren
Published: May 2021

Predatory grooming is a form of abuse most familiar from high-profile cases of sexual misconduct, for example, the Nassar case at Michigan State. Predatory groomers target individuals in a systematic effort to lead them into relationships in which they are vulnerable to exploitation. This is an example of a broader form of epistemic misconduct that Leydon-Hardy describes as epistemic infringement, where this involves the contravention of social and epistemic norms in a way that undermines our epistemic agency. In this chapter, Leydon-Hardy looks at the distinctive epistemic harm caused by epistemic infringement. She argues that this harm cannot be understood simply as the victim’s having a false belief, or even as her being alienated from her belief-forming mechanisms. A deeper understanding of the harm caused by infringement shows that it stems from damage to one’s epistemic agency, and indeed, to one’s personhood.
The Internet and Epistemic Agency
Authors: Gunn Hanna , Lynch Michael Patrick
Published: May 2021

In this chapter, Hanna Gunn and Michael Patrick Lynch examine the connection between epistemic agency and the internet. They identify two conditions that are true of responsible epistemic agency: first, responsible epistemic agents aim to develop epistemic virtues, merit, and capacities that help them to responsibly change their epistemic environment, as well as the capacities that enable them to recognize and respect these epistemic traits in others. Second, responsible epistemic agents treat other epistemic agents with a form of respect that demonstrates a willingness to learn from them. Gunn and Lynch then show that the ways in which the internet makes information more widely available can also undermine our ability to be responsible epistemic agents. For instance, the personalization of online spaces can unwittingly lead users into echo chambers and filter-bubbles and away from a diverse range of perspectives, and fake news and information pollution can make for a hostile online epistemic environment.
The Epistemic Dangers of Context Collapse Online
Authors: Frost-Arnold Karen
Published: May 2021

In this chapter, Karen Frost-Arnold provides a close analysis of the epistemological challenges posed by context collapse in online environments and argues that virtue epistemology provides a helpful normative framework for addressing some of these problems. “Context collapse” is the blurring or merging of multiple contexts or audiences into one. Frost-Arnold identifies at least three epistemic challenges posed by context collapse. First, context collapse facilitates online harassment, which causes epistemic harm by decreasing the diversity of epistemic communities. Second, context collapse threatens the integrity of marginalized epistemic communities in which some types of true beliefs flourish. Third, context collapse promotes misunderstanding, as understanding relies on background knowledge which, in turn, is often context sensitive. Frost-Arnold then argues that we can cultivate and promote the epistemic virtues of trustworthiness and discretion in order to address some of these problems.