bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biological Buffet
Authors: Ingelfinger Franz J.
Published: July 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

The Life Science: Current Ideas of Biology by P.B. Medawar and J.S. Medawar
Climate of Opinion
Authors: Schneider Stephen H.
Published: July 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

Climates of Hunger: Mankind and the World's Changing Weather by Reid A. Bryson and Thomas J. Murray
Nothing But?
Authors: Slobodkin L.B.
Published: July 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

Evolution and Consciousness: Human Systems in Transition Edited by Erich Jantsch and Conrad H. Waddington
Blind Alley
Authors: Chess Stella
Published: July 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

Insights from the Blind by Selma Fraiberg
The Numbers Racket
Authors: Hoffmann Banesh
Published: July 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

The Race Bomb: Skin Color, Prejudice, and Intelligence by Paul R. Ehrlich and S. Shirley Feldman
Heart Attack
Authors: Levy Robert I.
Published: July 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

Combating the #1 Killer: The Science Report on Heart Research Jean L. Marx and Gina Bari Kolata
How the East Was Won
Authors: Bartholomew James R.
Published: July 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

Giving Up the Gun: Japan's Reversion to the Sword, 1543–1879 by Noel Perrin, David R. Godine
A Stitch in Time
Authors: Lyons Albert S.
Published: July 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

Forgive and Remember: Managing Medical Failure by Charles L. Bosk
Skylights
Authors: Trefil James
Published: July 2013

Rainbows, Halos, and Glories by Robert Greenler
Know Thyself
Authors: Sacks Michael H.
Published: July 2013

BECOMING PSYCHIATRISTS by Donald Light
Burnt Offerings
Authors: MONTAGU ASHLEY
Published: July 2013

HUMAN SACRIFICE: In History and Today by Nigel Davies
Researchers and Reporters
Authors: Bennett William
Published: July 2013

REFLECTIONS ON SCIENCE AND THE MEDIA byJune Goodfield
Pre‐Programmed, Or Pre‐Formed
Authors: LEWONTIN R.C.
Published: July 2013

MATTER, LIFE, AND GENERATION: Eighteenth Century Embryology and the Haller‐Wolff Debate by Shirley A. Roe
Forever Young
Authors: COPPINGER RAYMOND P. , SMITH C. KAY
Published: July 2013

GROWING YOUNG by Ashley Montagu
Writers on the Couch
Authors: Robinson Paul
Published: July 2013

STUFF OF SLEEP AND DREAMS Experiments in Literary Psychology by Leon Edel
Artists' Proofs
Authors: Kline Morris
Published: July 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

Mathematics as a Cultural System by Raymond L. Wilder
MACHINE DREAMS
Authors: Restak Richard
Published: July 2013

THE OXFORD BOOK OF DREAMS chosen by Stephen Brook

LANDSCAPES OF THE NIGHT How and Why We Dream by Christopher Evans (edited and completed by Peter Evans)
TIT FOR TAT
Authors: Gould James L. , Gould Carol Grant
Published: July 2013

THE EVOLUTION OF COOPERATION by Robert Axelrod
JUNGLES FOR SALE
Authors: Simberloff Daniel
Published: July 2013

AMAZON by Brian Kelly and Mark London

THE PRIMARY SOURCE Tropical Forests and Our Future by Norman Myers
SCIENCES GASTRONOMIQUES
Authors: Tolson Jay
Published: July 2013

ON FOOD AND COOKING The Science and Lore of the Kitchen by Harold McGee
AN IMAGINED WORLD
Authors: Novick Aaron , Cowley Geoffrey
Published: July 2013

MIND FROM MATTER?: An Essay on Evolutionary Epistemology by Max Delbrück; edited by Gunther S. Stent
FRIENDS IN HOLY PLACES
Authors: Pitt Joseph
Published: July 2013

GALILEO: HERETIC by Pietro Redondi
THE BIG PICTURE
Authors: Dobb Edwin
Published: July 2013

THE HOME PLANET Edited by Kevin W. Kelley

EARTHBOOK World Atlas
THE SCENTS AROUND US
Authors: Dobb Edwin
Published: July 2013

PERFUMERY The Psychology and Biology of Fragrance edited by Steve Van Toller and George H. Dodd
PARADISE REVISED
Authors: Headland Thomas N.
Published: July 2013

LAND FILLED WITH FLIES A Political Economy of the Kalahari Edwin N. Wilmsen
ENERGY IN A JAR
Authors: Lewenstein Bruce V.
Published: July 2013

TOO HOT TO HANDLE The Race for Cold Fusion by Frank Close

FIRE FROM ICE Searching for the Truth Behind the Cold‐Fusion Furor by Eugene F. Mallove
BLIND PRECISION
Authors: Tsipis Kosta
Published: July 2013

INVENTING ACCURACY A Historical Sociology of Nuclear Missile Guidance by Donald MacKenzie
THE GENDER EQUATION
Authors: Rosser Sue V.
Published: July 2013

THE OUTER CIRCLE Women in the Scientific Community edited by Harriet Zuckerman, Jonathan R. Cole and John T. Bruer

WHOSE SCIENCE? WHOSE KNOWLEDGE? Thinking from Women's Lives by Sandra Harding
Mesoamerican Graffiti
Authors: SCARBOROUGH VERNON
Published: July 2013

Breaking the Maya Code by Michael D. Coe

Maya Cosmos: Three Thousand Years on the Shaman's Path by David Freidel, Linda Schele and Joy Parker
Lithium Chloride Induces TNFα in Mouse Macrophages Via MEK–ERK‐Dependent Pathway
Authors: Hull Megan , Lee Eunhee , Lee Taehyung , Anand Nandita , LaLone Vernon , Parameswaran Narayanan
Published: July 2013

Lithium (Li) is one of the currently prescribed drugs for bipolar disorders (BPDs) and has many neuro‐regulatory and immune‐modulating properties. Because many neuro‐pathological diseases including BPDs have been associated with some level of inflammation, Li's effect on inflammation may have some crucial consequences. Even though Li has been shown to have pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory activities in different cell models, mechanisms involved in these effects are not well understood. Moreover, Li's effect on inflammation in the presence of activators of Toll‐like receptors (TLRs), especially TLR‐2 (that activates MyD88‐dependent pathway) and TLR‐3 (that activates TRIF‐dependent pathway) is not known. Here we tested the role of Li in the presence and absence of TLR2, and TLR3 on MAPK and NFκB pathways and the consequent production of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNFα) in Raw264.7 macrophages. Our results indicate that Li enhances TNFα production both in the absence and presence of TLR stimulation. Interestingly, Li differentially modulates MAPK and NFκB pathways in the absence and presence of TLR2/3 ligands. Our results further indicate that the effect of Li on TNFα occurs at the post‐transcriptional level. Together, these studies demonstrate that Li induces TNFα production in macrophages and that it modulates signaling at different levels depending on the presence or absence of TLR2/3 stimulation. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 71–80, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Challenges in pharmacologic management of the hospitalized patient with psychiatric comorbidity
Authors: Ward Martha , Schwartz Ann
Published: July 2013

BACKGROUND

Psychiatric comorbidity is common in the inpatient medical population. Hospitalists are frequently faced with decisions regarding the psychopharmacologic management of medically ill patients, yet receive limited psychiatric training. This review aims to assist the hospitalist in making an informed decision about the continuation of home psychotropic medications in the medically ill patient.

METHODS

A PubMed literature review was performed to obtain information on the effects of psychotropic medication discontinuation. In addition, the literature was reviewed regarding the potential challenges of psychotropic medication continuation.

RESULTS

A growing number of studies demonstrate high rates of relapse when medications are discontinued in patients suffering from mood disorders, schizophrenia, and anxiety disorders. Abrupt cessation of psychotropics is especially dangerous, leading to a greater chance of destabilization. Discontinuation syndromes, with prominent physical symptoms, may also result from sudden psychotropic cessation. Conversely, continuing home psychotropic medication may cause adverse effects due to drug‐drug interactions or changing pharmacokinetics.

CONCLUSIONS

This review examines the risks of psychotropic discontinuation as well as the challenges of psychotropic continuation in the medically ill patient. When making complex psychopharmacologic decisions, hospitalists should employ all available resources, including pharmacists and consult‐liaison psychiatrists. Ultimately, physicians and patients must make collaborative decisions, weighing the risks and benefits of psychiatric medications. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2013;8:523–529. © 2013 Society of Hospital Medicine
Monitoring the pulse of hospital activity: Electronic health record utilization as a measure of care intensity
Authors: Blecker Saul , Austrian Jonathan S. , Shine Daniel , Braithwaite R. Scott , Radford Martha J. , Gourevitch Marc N.
Published: July 2013

BACKGROUND

Hospital care on weekends has been associated with reduced quality and poor clinical outcomes, suggesting that decreases in overall intensity of care may have important clinical effects. We describe a new measure of hospital intensity of care based on utilization of the electronic health record (EHR).

METHODS

We measured global intensity of care at our academic medical center by monitoring the use of the EHR in 2011. Our primary measure, termed EHR interactions, was the number of accessions of a patient's electronic record by a clinician, adjusted for hospital census, per unit of time. Our secondary measure was percent of total available central processing unit (CPU) power used to access EHR servers at a given time.

RESULTS

EHR interactions were lower on weekend days as compared to weekdays at every hour (P < 0.0001), and the daytime peak in intensity noted each weekday was blunted on weekends. The relative rate and 95% confidence interval (CI) of census‐adjusted record accessions per patient on weekdays compared with weekends were: 1.76 (95% CI: 1.74‐1.77), 1.52 (95% CI: 1.50‐1.55), and 1.14 (95% CI: 1.12‐1.17) for day, morning/evening, and night hours, respectively. Percent CPU usage correlated closely with EHR interactions (r = 0.90).

CONCLUSIONS

EHR usage is a valid and easily reproducible measure of intensity of care in the hospital. Using this measure we identified large, hour‐specific differences between weekend and weekday intensity. EHR interactions may serve as a useful measure for tracking and improving temporal variations in care that are common, and potentially deleterious, in hospital systems. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2013;8:513–518. © 2013 Society of Hospital Medicine
Variation in post‐adenotonsillectomy admission practices in 24 pediatric hospitals
Authors: Goyal Samita S. , Shah Rahul , Roberson David W. , Schwartz Margot L.
Published: July 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

There is controversy about which children should be admitted after adenotonsillectomy (T&A) and limited clinical evidence to help with this decision. Current practice has evolved based on empirical or anecdotal evidence. We sought to identify practice variations in postoperative admission after T&A in tertiary care pediatric hospitals.

Study Design

Retrospective database study using administrative information stored in the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) database.

Methods

There were 29,920 T&As performed in 24 pediatric hospitals included in the PHIS database between July 1, 2009 and June 30, 2010. Patients were identified as outpatient (discharged the same day) or inpatient (not discharged on the day of surgery). We examined admission rates across different hospitals stratified by age, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and other complex chronic conditions.

Results

Younger age, the existence of a complex chronic condition, and OSA were all associated with higher post‐T&A admission rates. Admission rates ranged from >94% for children under 2 years of age, with OSA and at least one medical comorbidity, to 14% for children older than 5 years, without OSA and without any medical comorbidities. Between‐hospital variability was extreme; for example, for 3 to 5 year olds, the admission rate varied from 5% to 90% between hospitals. Very significant variation remained even after controlling for age, comorbidities, and OSA.

Conclusions

Post T&A admission rates vary tremendously across comparable tertiary‐care pediatric hospitals. There is a crucial need for a better understanding of the risk of complications on the first postoperative night, and the appropriate indications for monitored admission on that night.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 123:2561–2567, 2013
Improving patient care via development of a protein‐based diagnostic test for microbe‐specific detection of chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Das Subinoy , Rosas Lucia E. , Jurcisek Joseph A. , Novotny Laura A. , Green Kari B. , Bakaletz Lauren O.
Published: July 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

The hypothesis is that signature bacterial proteins can be identified in sinus secretions via high‐throughput, proteomic based techniques. Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) is the most common bacterial pathogen associated with sinusitis and serves as proof of principle pathogen for identifying biomarkers.

Study Design

In vitro and in vivo studies using proteomic‐based analysis of cultures of NTHI and a novel, experimental chinchilla polymicrobial sinusitis model.

Methods

Nano‐liquid chromatography /tandem mass spectrometry (nano‐LC‐MS/MS) was performed to annotate the secretome from an NTHI biofilm. A model of NTHI‐induced sinusitis was developed in a chinchilla, and NTHI proteins were detected in chinchilla secretions. A reference standard RT–PCR‐based assay was adapted to allow for sensitivity and specificity testing of the identified signature biomarkers in human patients.

Results

Outer membrane proteins P2 (OMP‐P2) and P5 (OMP‐P5) were identified as promising candidates for the detection of NTHI biofilms and positively detected in nasopharyngeal secretions of chinchillas experimentally infected with NTHI. An RT‐PCR based test for the presence of NTHI biofilms demonstrated 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity when tested against eight unique strains commonly found in human bacterial rhinosinusitis.

Conclusions

Proteomic analysis was successful in identifying signature proteins for possible use as a biomarker for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). OMP‐P2 and OMP‐P5 were validated as promising candidates and were positively detected from nasopharyngeal secretions from chinchillas experimentally infected with NTHI. Collectively, these data support the use of OMP‐P2 and OMP‐P5 as biomarkers for a human clinical trial to develop a point‐of‐care medical diagnostic test to assist in the diagnosis and treatment of CRS.

Level of Evidence

NA. Laryngoscope, 124:608–615, 2014
Water‐fat separation imaging of the heart with standard magnetic resonance bSSFP CINE imaging
Authors: Goldfarb James W. , Arnold‐Anteraper Sheeba
Published: July 2013

Purpose

To study balanced steady‐state free precession CINE phase‐sensitive water‐fat separation imaging in four cardiac imaging planes to determine the necessary phase correction and image artifacts particular to this technique.

Methods

Ten healthy volunteers and two subjects with known heart pathologies were studied with standard balanced steady‐state free precession CINE imaging. Water‐only and fat‐only images were calculated using sign detection of the real part of the complex image after phase correction with constant and linear terms. Phase correction values were determined using both manual and automated methods. Differences in phase correction values between imaging planes, cardiac phases, coil elements, automated image reconstruction parameters as well as artifact scores between the automated and manual methods were studied with statistical tests.

Results

Water‐fat separation performed well in the heart after constant and linear phase correction. Both constant (p = 0.8) and linear x (p = 1) and y (p = 1) phase correction values did not vary significantly across cardiac phases, but varied significantly among the coils (p < 0.001) and imaging planes (p < 0.001). False water‐fat separation artifacts were most frequent in the chest/back and also were present at the mitral and aortic valves.

Conclusion

Constant and linear phase correction is necessary to provide consistent results in standard imaging planes using a balanced steady‐state free precession water‐fat separation postprocessing algorithm applied to standard cardiac CINE imaging. Magn Reson Med 71:2096–2104, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A theoretical and experimental1H NMR spectroscopy study of the stereoelectronic interactions that rule the conformational energies of alanine and valine methyl ester
Authors: Cormanich Rodrigo A. , Ducati Lucas C. , Tormena Cláudio F. , Rittner Roberto
Published: July 2013

Amino acids exhibit a bipolar zwitterionic structure (+H3N‐CHR‐COO−) in solution; hence, conformational studies of these compounds have been limited to the gas phase. The conformational preferences of amino acids have been widely attributed to intramolecular hydrogen bonding, despite steric and hyperconjugative effects. In this work, we propose the conformational study of alanine and valine methyl esters, which do not show zwitterionic structures in solution, by1H NMR and theoretical calculations. The3JHHspin–spin coupling constants and theoretical calculations were found to be in agreement, showing that the interplay between steric hindrance and hyperconjugation is the forces that are responsible for determining the conformational preferences of alanine and valine methyl esters. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tandem mass spectrometric analysis of isosorbide‐1,4‐cyclohexane‐dicarboxylic acid polyester oligomer cations using ion‐trap mass spectrometry
Authors: Lee Jihye , Lee Sookin , Yoon Donhee , Yoon Won Jae , Im Seung Soon , Moon Bongjin , Oh Han Bin
Published: July 2013

RATIONALE

Isosorbide is a promising biomass‐derived molecule that can be used as a replacement for fossil resource‐derived diol monomers used in polyester synthesis. Due to its increased use in sustainable development, it is useful to understand the tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) fragmentation pathways of the isosorbide‐based copolymer as an aid to interpreting the MS/MS spectra of other isosorbide‐containing copolymers.

METHODS

Collision‐activated dissociation (CAD) experiments were performed on the sodiated/protonated molecules, [(AB)nA+Na(or H)]+, n = 2–5, of isosorbide (A)–1,4‐cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (B) oligomers formed by ion‐trap electrospray ionization (ESI).

RESULTS

Product ions arose from cleavage of the bonds between isosorbide and 1,4‐cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid. In the MS/MS spectra, fn'' product ions were most abundant, followed by en ions. McLafferty rearrangement appeared to provide the most facile pathway to yield the abundant fn'' and en ions. In addition, an, bn'', fn''un'', and en+ ions were observed. Inductive cleavage and β‐elimination were suggested to be the pathways involved in generating en+‐ and en/bn''‐type ions, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the obtained CAD spectra, the alternating sequences of two copolymer building blocks, A and B, were unambiguously determined. The fragmentation pathways leading to the observed product ion types were also established. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Constraints on the gluon PDF from top quark pair production at hadron colliders
Authors: Czakon Michal , Mangano Michelangelo L. , Mitov Alexander , Rojo Juan
Published: July 2013

Abstract

Using the recently derived NNLO cross sections [1], we provide NNLO+NNLL theoretical predictions for top quark pair production based on all the available NNLO PDF sets, and compare them with the most precise LHC and Tevatron data. In this comparison we study in detail the PDF uncertainty and the scale,mtandαsdependence of the theoretical predictions for each PDF set. Next, we observe that top quark pair production provides a powerful direct constraint on the gluon PDF at largex, and include Tevatron and LHC top pair data consistently into a global NNLO PDF fit. We then explore the phenomenological consequences of the reduced gluon PDF uncertainties, by showing how they can improve predictions for Beyond the Standard Model processes at the LHC. Finally, we update to full NNLO+NNLL the theoretical predictions for the ratio of top quark cross sections between different LHC center of mass energies, as well as the cross sections for hypothetical heavy fourth-generation quark production at the LHC.
IIB supergravity on manifolds with SU(4) structure and generalized geometry
Authors: Prins Daniël , Tsimpis Dimitrios
Published: July 2013

Abstract

We consider$ \mathcal{N}=\left( {2,0} \right) $backgrounds of IIB supergravity on eight-manifolds$ {{\mathcal{M}}_8} $with strict SU(4) structure. We give the explicit solution to the Killing spinor equations as a set of algebraic relations between irreducible SU(4) modules of the fluxes and the torsion classes of$ {{\mathcal{M}}_8} $. One consequence of supersymmetry is that$ {{\mathcal{M}}_8} $must be complex. We show that the conjecture ofarXiv:1010.5789concerning the correspondence between background supersymmetry equations in terms of generalized pure spinors and generalized calibrations for admissible static, magnetic D-branes, does not capture the full set of supersymmetry equations. We identify the missing constraints and express them in the form of a single pure-spinor equation which is well defined for generic SU(4)×SU(4) backgrounds. This additional equation is given in terms of a certain analytic continuation of the generalized calibration form for codimension-2 static, magnetic D-branes.
Rankin-Selberg methods for closed strings on orbifolds
Authors: Angelantonj Carlo , Florakis Ioannis , Pioline Boris
Published: July 2013

Abstract

In recent work we have developed a new unfolding method for computing one-loop modular integrals in string theory involving the Narain partition function and, possibly, a weak almost holomorphic elliptic genus. Unlike the traditional approach, the Narain lattice does not play any role in the unfolding procedure, T-duality is kept manifest at all steps, a choice of Weyl chamber is not required and the analytic structure of the amplitude is transparent. In the present paper, we generalise this procedure to the case of Abelian
$ {{\mathbb{Z}}_N} $
orbifolds, where the integrand decomposes into a sum of orbifold blocks that can be organised into orbits of the Hecke congruence subgroup Γ0(N). As a result, the original modular integral reduces to an integral over the fundamental domain of Γ0(N), which we then evaluate by extending our previous techniques. Our method is applicable, for instance, to the evaluation of one-loop corrections to BPS-saturated couplings in the low energy effective action of closed string models, of quantum corrections to the Kähler metric and, in principle, of the free-energy of superstring vacua.
Chondroblastoma of the Lumbar Vertebra Associated with Cauda Equina Compression
Authors: Ewe-Juan Yeap , Yew-Siong Siow , Ajit-Singh Deepak
Published: July 2013

Chondroblastoma is a benign tumour, most often affecting the epiphyses of long tubular bones such as the proximal end of the humerus, femur, and tibia, as well as the distal end of the femur. Vertebral involvement is extremely rare. We report a case of chondroblastoma of the second lumbar vertebra associated with cauda equina compression. Complete excision is necessary to relieve the compression and ensure surgical clearance.
Communion Ecclesiologies as Contextual Theologies
Authors: Flanagan Brian P.
Published: July 2013

This article argues that the predominance of communion language in ecclesiology in the past fifty years frequently functions as another instance of the universalization of a theological position rooted in a particular, dominant context—the fragmented, post-traditional world of the late twentieth-century West. First, it briefly discusses the concept of a contextual theology. It then traces three of the major contexts in which communion ecclesiology developed: the ecumenical movement and its desire for a new language of Christian unity, the Roman Catholic community's desire for language pointing to the spiritual/theological reality of the Christian church, and the broader cultural context of fragmentation and real or perceived disintegration of community found in late-modern Western societies. Finally, the article looks at some examples of ecclesiological reflection occurring outside of the dominant consensus of communion ecclesiology: the work of José Comblin in Latin America, and that of Elochukwu Uzukwu and other theologians of the church in African contexts.
IV. On the Copper-bearing Rocks of Alderley Edge, Cheshire
Authors: Hull Edward
Published: July 2013

The age of the sandstones and conglomerates, containing copper and other ores, at Alderley Edge, has until lately been a matter of some uncertainty; and, as far as I am aware, no detailed account of the formation has yet been published. Some few years since I made an examination, in company with Mr. E. W. Binney, F.R.S., of the beds in question, and on the first opportunity afterwards I hazarded an opinion, at a meeting of the Geological Society of Manchester, that the copper-bearing beds were referable to the age of the Lower Keuper Sandstone of the Trias. My brother-geologists, I had reason to think, received this opinion with some amount of distrust, as the rock, being in some places a quartzose conglomerate, and in others a soft whitish or yellowish sandstone, had much more the appearance of Bunter Sandstone than of the uppermost member of the Trias. My conjecture was not made, however, at hap-hazard, but was founded on evidence of position and petrographical characters, as the conglomerates, with their underlying bands of red shale, reminded me of the basement-beds of the Keuper division in the somewhat distant region of Alton Towers, and the Churnet Valley in Staffordshire.
I. On the Correlation of the Miocene Beds of the West Indian Islands; and on the Synchronism of the Chert-formation of Antigua with the Lowest Limestone of Malta
Authors: Duncan P. Martin
Published: July 2013

Corals of the Miocene Formations as means of Correlation.—Although a general correlation has been established between the European Mid-tertiary formations and the Nivajé Shale and Limestone of San Domingo, the shale and part of the inclined limestones of Jamaica, the three coralliferous beds of Antigua, and the Newer Parian beds of Trinidad, still it has not hitherto been possible to determine a close parallelism between any particular European and West Indian Miocene stratum.
Beyond Empty, Conservative, and Ethereal: Pluralist Self-Determination and a Peripheral Political Imaginary
Authors: OKLOPCIC ZORAN
Published: July 2013

Over the last couple of years, a stream of pluralist theories of international legal order has developed at the intersection of international law and political theory, having immediate implications for conceptualizing self-determination. The understanding of self-determination under the framework ofbounded,constitutional, andradicalpluralism markedly departs from the previous wave of normative theories in the 1990s: self-determination is now evacuated from the field of national pluralism and struggles over territory.

This article does not question the thrust of pluralists’ recent work, but complements their critical attunement to global disparities of power, and complicates their neglect of nationalism and rejection of territorial reconfigurations as self-determination's core meaning. In doing so, it unearths two visions that come from the (semi-)periphery of the international political order. The first belongs to Edvard Kardelj, pre-eminent Yugoslav theorist of socialist self-management and the Non-Aligned Movement. The second belongs to Leopold Sédar Senghor, the poet and politician, advocate ofnégritude, a proponent of French West African integration, and a constitutional advocate for the reconfiguration – not abolition – of the French Union, the heir to the French Empire. While they are suspicious of extensive territorial reconstruction, like contemporary pluralists, unlike them they have seen a role for territorial reconfigurations in the name of national plurality.
Erziehungstraining für Eltern mit einer psychischen Erkrankung – eine Pilotstudie
Authors: Propp Olga , Müller Miriam , Kliem Sören
Published: July 2013

Theoretischer Hintergrund: Psychische Störungen der Eltern stellen einen Risikofaktor für kindliche emotionale und Verhaltensstörungen dar. Durch evidenzbasierte Erziehungstrainings und eine alters- und entwicklungsadäquate Informationsvermittlung über die Erkrankung des psychisch kranken Elternteils kann Einfluss auf die kindliche Entwicklung und die elterliche Psychopathologie genommen werden. Fragestellung: Ziel dieser Pilotstudie ist die Untersuchung der Umsetzbarkeit und Akzeptanz eines erweiterten, verhaltenstherapeutisch basierten Erziehungstrainings für Eltern mit einer psychischen Störung. Methode: Im Rahmen eines Pilotprojektes der Stadt Wolfsburg nahm eine Stichprobe von 12 psychisch kranken Eltern an dem Triple P-Gruppentraining der Ebene 4, welches um eine zusätzliche Sitzung mit psychoedukativen Elementen zur altersangemessenen Krankheitsinformation der Kinder erweitert wurde, teil. Ergebnisse: Die Ergebnisse liefern einen ersten Hinweis für die positiven Auswirkungen auf die erzieherischen Fähigkeiten der Eltern und deren Lebenszufriedenheit. Die Symptombelastung der Eltern sowie die Verhaltens- und emotionalen Probleme der Kinder nahmen tendenziell ab. Die zusätzliche Sitzung befähigte die Eltern dazu, vermehrt über ihre Behandlung, nicht aber die psychische Erkrankung, zu sprechen. Schlussfolgerungen: Die vorliegende Pilotstudie verdeutlicht die Machbarkeit und Akzeptanz des Elterntrainings seitens der psychisch kranken Eltern und sensibilisiert für das Thema psychischer Erkrankung und Elternschaft. Nach dieser Pilotierung muss anhand einer randomisierten, kontrollierten Studie die Wirksamkeit des zielgruppenspezifisch angepassten Elterntrainings geprüft werden.
A self-cleaning underwater superoleophobic mesh for oil-water separation
Authors: Zhang Lianbin , Zhong Yujiang , Cha Dongkyu , Wang Peng
Published: July 2013

Oil–water separation has recently become a global challenging task because of the frequent occurrence of oil spill accidents due to the offshore oil production and transportation and there is an increasing demand for the development of effective and inexpensive approaches for the cleaning-up of the oily pollution in water system. In this study, a self-cleaning underwater superoleophobic mesh that can be used for oil-water separation is prepared by the layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly of sodium silicate and TiO2 nanoparticles on the stainless steel mesh. The integration of the self-cleaning property into the all-inorganic separation mesh by using TiO2 enables the convenient removal of the contaminants by ultraviolet (UV) illumination and allows for the facile recovery of the separation ability of the contaminated mesh, making it promising for practial oil-water separation applications.
Transportation Ecoefficiency: Quantitative Measurement of Urban Transportation Systems with Readily Available Data
Authors: McCreery Anna C
Published: July 2013

In this study, the concept of transportation ecoefficiency (TE) is described, and it is argued that this concept offers coherence to theoretical discussions of the environmental impact of transportation. A TE measure using readily available data is proposed, with four components: (1) percentage of commuters driving to work; (2) percentage of commuters taking public transit; (3) percentage of commuters walking or riding a bicycle; and (4) population density. A confirmatory factor analysis suggests that these components are useful for measuring TE and consistent in their relationships over time. This TE index is used to analyze TE in metropolitan areas in the United States (1980–2008) and in the United Kingdom (1981–2001): TE is decreasing in both countries despite very different starting points, with worrisome implications for climate change and other transportation-related environmental impacts. The paper concludes with a discussion of some uses for the TE metric in empirical research and planning practice, and how the concept could enhance the literature on transportation and the environment.
Crown condition, water availability, insect damage and landscape features: are they important to the Chilean tree Nothofagus glauca (Nothofagaceae) in the context of climate change?
Authors: Altmann Scott H.
Published: July 2013

An understanding of the impact that climate change will have on dominant plant species is important given the central role of these species in ecosystem functioning. Southern beech (Nothofagus Blume) is a central genus in the forests of the southern cone of South America, with Nothofagus glauca (Phil.) Krasser a dominant, at-risk tree inhabiting the drought-prone region of central Chile. The present study explored the relationships among several environmental variables that may be critical to understanding the impact of climate change on N. glauca, most importantly crown condition, plant water availability, insect leaf damage and landscape features. Furthermore, the study examined whether these variables differed between individuals from drier or wetter stands distributed within a north–south geographic area. Multiple regression modelling detected important relationships for the dependent variable crown condition with branch midday water potential, N. glauca diameter at breast height and vegetative cover, as well as with landscape variables in interaction with different plant vigour and water availability measures. Negative correlations between insect damage and plant water availability measures were observed at two field sites. Overall, crown condition and water availability were higher, and insect damage was lower, in wetter stands. The results of the present study have important negative implications for the species in terms of climate change and can be applied to future investigations.
Nucleobases bind to and stabilize aggregates of a prebiotic amphiphile, providing a viable mechanism for the emergence of protocells
Authors: Black Roy A. , Blosser Matthew C. , Stottrup Benjamin L. , Tavakley Ravi , Deamer David W. , Keller Sarah L.
Published: July 2013

Primordial cells presumably combined RNAs, which functioned as catalysts and carriers of genetic information, with an encapsulating membrane of aggregated amphiphilic molecules. Major questions regarding this hypothesis include how the four bases and the sugar in RNA were selected from a mixture of prebiotic compounds and colocalized with such membranes, and how the membranes were stabilized against flocculation in salt water. To address these questions, we explored the possibility that aggregates of decanoic acid, a prebiotic amphiphile, interact with the bases and sugar found in RNA. We found that these bases, as well as some but not all related bases, bind to decanoic acid aggregates. Moreover, both the bases and ribose inhibit flocculation of decanoic acid by salt. The extent of inhibition by the bases correlates with the extent of their binding, and ribose inhibits to a greater extent than three similar sugars. Finally, the stabilizing effects of a base and ribose are additive. Thus, aggregates of a prebiotic amphiphile bind certain heterocyclic bases and sugars, including those found in RNA, and this binding stabilizes the aggregates against salt. These mutually reinforcing mechanisms might have driven the emergence of protocells.
Selective activation of oxidized PTP1B by the thioredoxin system modulates PDGF-β receptor tyrosine kinase signaling
Authors: Dagnell Markus , Frijhoff Jeroen , Pader Irina , Augsten Martin , Boivin Benoit , Xu Jianqiang , Mandal Pankaj K. , Tonks Nicholas K. , Hellberg Carina , Conrad Marcus , Arnér Elias S. J. , Östman Arne
Published: July 2013

The inhibitory reversible oxidation of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) is an important regulatory mechanism in growth factor signaling. Studies on PTP oxidation have focused on pathways that increase or decrease reactive oxygen species levels and thereby affect PTP oxidation. The processes involved in reactivation of oxidized PTPs remain largely unknown. Here the role of the thioredoxin (Trx) system in reactivation of oxidized PTPs was analyzed using a combination of in vitro and cell-based assays. Cells lacking the major Trx reductase TrxR1 (
Txnrd1

−/−

) displayed increased oxidation of PTP1B, whereas SHP2 oxidation was unchanged. Furthermore, in vivo-oxidized PTP1B was reduced by exogenously added Trx system components, whereas SHP2 oxidation remained unchanged. Trx1 reduced oxidized PTP1B in vitro but failed to reactivate oxidized SHP2. Interestingly, the alternative TrxR1 substrate TRP14 also reactivated oxidized PTP1B, but not SHP2.
Txnrd1
-depleted cells displayed increased phosphorylation of PDGF-β receptor, and an enhanced mitogenic response, after PDGF-BB stimulation. The TrxR inhibitor auranofin also increased PDGF-β receptor phosphorylation. This effect was not observed in cells specifically lacking PTP1B. Together these results demonstrate that the Trx system, including both Trx1 and TRP14, impacts differentially on the oxidation of individual PTPs, with a preference of PTP1B over SHP2 activation. The studies demonstrate a previously unrecognized pathway for selective redox-regulated control of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling.
Translational profiling of cardiomyocytes identifies an early Jak1/Stat3 injury response required for zebrafish heart regeneration
Authors: Fang Yi , Gupta Vikas , Karra Ravi , Holdway Jennifer E. , Kikuchi Kazu , Poss Kenneth D.
Published: July 2013

Certain lower vertebrates like zebrafish activate proliferation of spared cardiomyocytes after cardiac injury to regenerate lost heart muscle. Here, we used translating ribosome affinity purification to profile translating RNAs in zebrafish cardiomyocytes during heart regeneration. We identified dynamic induction of several Jak1/Stat3 pathway members following trauma, events accompanied by cytokine production. Transgenic Stat3 inhibition in cardiomyocytes restricted injury-induced proliferation and regeneration, but did not reduce cardiogenesis during animal growth. The secreted protein Rln3a was induced in a Stat3-dependent manner by injury, and exogenous Rln3 delivery during Stat3 inhibition stimulated cardiomyocyte proliferation. Our results identify an injury-specific cardiomyocyte program essential for heart regeneration.
Gradient and smoothness regularization operators for geophysical inversion on unstructured meshes
Authors: Lelièvre Peter G. , Farquharson Colin G.
Published: July 2013

The non-uniqueness of the underdetermined inverse problem requires that any available geological information be incorporated to constrain the results. Such information commonly comes in the form of a geological model comprising unstructured wireframe surfaces. Hence, we perform geophysical modelling on unstructured meshes, which provide the flexibility required to efficiently incorporate complicated geological information. Designing spatial matrix operators for unstructured meshes is a non-trivial task. Gradient operators are required for powerful inversion regularization schemes that allow for the incorporation of geological information. Other authors have developed simple regularization schemes for unstructured meshes but those approaches do not use true gradient operators and do not allow for the incorporation of structural information. In this paper we develop new methods for generating spatial gradient operators on unstructured meshes. Our approach is essentially to fit a linear trend in a small neighbourhood around each cell. This results in a small linear system of equations to solve for each cell. Solving for the linear trend parameters yields the required information to construct the stationary gradient operators. Care must be taken when setting up the linear systems to avoid potential numerical issues. We test and compare our methods against the rectilinear mesh equivalents using some simple illustrative 2-D synthetic examples. Our methods are then applied to more complicated 2-D and 3-D examples, including real earth scenarios. This work provides a new method for regularizing inversions on unstructured meshes while allowing for the incorporation of structural orientation information.
Application of an M-cell-targeting ligand for oral vaccination induces efficient systemic and mucosal immune responses against a viral antigen
Authors: Kim Sae-Hae , Jung Dae-Im , Yang In-Young , Jang Sun-Hee , Kim Ju , Truong Thang Thua , Pham Thuc Van , Truong Ninh Uyen , Lee Kyung-Yeol , Jang Yong-Suk
Published: July 2013

Oral mucosal vaccination is an alternative method to overcome the pitfalls of current injection-based vaccines, such as pain and high cost of vaccination. It is a feasible and economic vaccine application, especially in developing countries. However, achieving effective antigen delivery into mucosal lymphoid organs and efficient immune stimulation are prerequisites to successful oral mucosal vaccination. One promising approach for oral mucosal vaccine development is exploring the potential of M cells via M-cell-targeting ligands that have the potential to deliver ligand-conjugated antigens into mucosal lymphoid organs and evoke conjugated-antigen-specific systemic and mucosal immune responses. Here, we investigated the M-cell-targeting ligand, Co1, in inducing specific immune responses against a pathogenic viral antigen, envelope domain III (EDIII) of dengue virus, to provide the foundation for oral mucosal vaccine development against the pathogen. After oral administration of Co1-conjugated EDIII antigens, we observed efficient antigen delivery into Peyer’s patches. We also report the elicitation of EDIII-specific immunity in systemic and mucosal compartments by Co1 ligand (located in the C-terminus of EDIII). Furthermore, the antibodies induced by the ligand-conjugated EDIII antigen showed effective virus-neutralizing activity. The results of this study suggest that the M-cell-targeting strategy using Co1 ligand as a mucosal adjuvant may be applicable for developing oral vaccine candidates against pathogenic viral antigen.
Finding core-collapse supernovae from the epoch of reionization behind cluster lenses
Authors: Pan Tony , Loeb Abraham
Published: July 2013

Current surveys are underway to utilize gravitational lensing by galaxy clusters with Einstein radii > 35 arcsec in the search for the highest redshift galaxies. Associated supernovae from the epoch of reionization would have their fluxes boosted above the detection threshold, extending their duration of visibility. We predict that the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will be able to discover lensed core-collapse supernovae at redshifts exceeding z = 7–8.
Proteomics Analysis of Psychotria Leaf Nodule Symbiosis: Improved Genome Annotation and Metabolic Predictions
Authors: Carlier Aurelien L. , Omasits Ulrich , Ahrens Christian H. , Eberl Leo
Published: July 2013

Several plant species of the genus Psychotria (Rubiaceae) harbor Burkholderia sp. bacteria within specialized leaf nodules. The bacteria are transmitted vertically between plant generations and have not yet been cultured outside of their host. This symbiosis is considered to be obligatory because plants devoid of symbionts fail to develop into mature individuals. The genome of ‘Candidatus Burkholderia kirkii’ has been sequenced recently and has revealed evidence of reductive genome evolution, as shown by the proliferation of insertion sequences and the presence of numerous pseudogenes. We employed shotgun proteomics to investigate the expression of ‘Ca. B. kirkii’ proteins in the leaf nodule. Drawing from this dataset and refined comparative genomics analyses, we designed a new pseudogene prediction algorithm and improved the genome annotation. We also found conclusive evidence that nodule bacteria allocate vast resources to synthesis of secondary metabolites, possibly of the C7N aminocyclitol family. Expression of a putative 2-epi-5-valiolone synthase, a key enzyme of the C7N aminocyclitol synthesis, is high in the nodule population but downregulated in bacteria residing in the shoot apex, suggesting that production of secondary metabolites is particularly important in the leaf nodule.
First Report of Meloidogyne javanica on Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis) in China
Authors: Wang Y. , Xie Y. , Cui H. D. , Dong Y.
Published: July 2013

Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) is a plant native to the rain forest of the Peruvian Amazon region. Because of its high protein and oil content as well as general nutritional quality, it is regarded as a promising new crop. Successfully introduced from South America in 2006, Sacha inchi has been cultivated in Xishuangbanna, in the southwestern region of Yunnan Province, China. During an investigation from August to October of 2012, severely stunted and withered Sacha inchi plants with rotted and galled root were observed in fields. Dissection of galled root tissue revealed mature root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne sp) females with body cavity filled with red color contents. The population was extracted and quantified from soil and root samples and identified to species by morphology, esterase (EST) isozyme phenotypes, and molecular characterization (3). Mean populations of 774 ± 251 Meloidogyne second stage juveniles (J2) per 100 cm3 of soil were extracted from the rhizosphere of symptomatic plants. These juveniles (n = 20) were characterized by length (410 to 480 μm) and hyaline tail terminus length (11 to 17 μm). Females (n = 20) were characterized by stylet length (14.1 to 17.3 μm) and the perineal pattern (rounded with fine striae, low to moderately high dorsal arch, and a distinct lateral field clearly demarcated from striae by parallel lines). The distinct lateral lines of the perineal pattern are diagnostic for this species (3). Gravid females were used for esterase (Est) isoenzyme analysis, and showed the J3 phenotype (relative migration rate [Rm] = 1.0, 1.25, and 1.4), typical of M. javanica, a species-specific phenotype used to differentiate this species from other members of Meloidogyne (1). Additionally, three single egg masses associated with red body females were extracted from the field-collected Sacha inchi roots and inoculated onto three potted tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum ‘Rutgers’) and maintained in the greenhouse for 8 weeks until root galls and egg masses were visible. The observation of root-knot nematodes from tomato roots showed that all females' bodies were normal white, and the nematode species was also identified as M. javanica based on the esterase phenotype and the perineal pattern. It is suggested that the red body contents associated with females on Sacha inchi is the result of an unknown chemical compound acquired from that host. Although undetermined to species, Meloidogyne has been reported on Sacha inchi in Peru (2). To our knowledge, this is the first detection of M. javanica on this plant. Since M. javanica is widely distributed throughout the tropics, this root-knot nematode could be an important threat to the commercial cultivation of Sacha inchi.

References: (1) R. M. Carneiro et al. Nematol. 2:645, 2000. (2) P. D. P. de Bienes. Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.). Base de datos, 2010. (3) R. N. Perry et al. Root-Knot Nematodes. CABI. Wallingford, UK, 2009.
Birds introduced in new areas show rest disorders
Authors: Henry Pierre-Yves , Salgado Catalina Landeta , Muñoz Fanny Paucar , Wikelski Martin C.
Published: July 2013

All colonizing individuals have to settle in a novel, conspecific-free environment. The introduction process should be poorly compatible with a good rest. We compared the resting behaviour of radio-tagged house sparrows (
Passer domesticus
) experimentally translocated into new, conspecific-free areas (introduced individuals,
n
= 10), with that of translocated sparrows that settled in naturally established populations (controls,
n
= 5). Resting habits of introduced sparrows markedly differed from those of control birds: they did not vocalize before going to roost, they changed their roosting habitat and they roosted 24 ± 7 min later and departed 13 ± 4 min earlier from the roost, resulting in a 5% rest debt. Because colonizing a new environment is expected to require heightened cognitive and physical activities, which in turn are constrained by the quality and duration of rest, we hypothesize that rest disorders and resulting cognitive impairments of newly released individuals could functionally contribute to the low post-release survival observed in (re)introduction attempts.