bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serving All Languages
Authors: Shaver Lea
Published: September 2020

This chapter clarifies how English is the most widely studied foreign language in the world according to David Crystal. Since World War II, it has emerged as the dominant language of global commerce and culture. The chapter emphasizes that being fluent in English greatly expands one's reading options. English accounts for 80 percent of the e-book titles available on Amazon.com, 80 percent of academic journals, and more than half of all content on the Internet. The chapter also discusses how several organizations are working to expand multilingual children's literature: the African Storybook Project, Books for Asia, the Global Book Alliance, Nabu.org, Worldreader, and myriad small publishers serving specific language communities. Their programs make clearer than ever before what it means to effectively promote the right to read. This requires the coordinated efforts of the United Nations, national governments, foundations, businesspeople, charities, publishers, authors, and illustrators.
A Cacophony of Stories
Authors: Smith Rogers M.
Published: September 2020

Most scholars agree that modern populists tell nationalist stories promising to protect “the people” against malignant elites. They appeal to economic and cultural anxieties stirred by many forms of globalization. They also respond, however, to the multiplicity of competing narratives of political identity that have proliferated globally since the end of the Cold War. These have created a cacophony of identity stories that often heightens the appeal of familiar nationalist ones. Examples are drawn from the three great waves of modern nation-building, including Wisconsin in the U.S. and Ulster-Scots in the U.K.’s Northern Ireland; the United Arab Emirates and the Philippines; and the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
‘The great enigma of our times’
Authors: Griffin Emma
Published: September 2020

This introductory chapter takes a look at how Victorian and Edwardian Britain's century of prosperity has failed to solve the age-old problem of poverty. Indeed, the social and economic changes brought about during this period seem only to worsen the problem. Certainly, Britain's national wealth grew throughout the nineteenth century, but as political economists since Karl Marx have pointed out, it is possible for newly created wealth to become concentrated in the hands of the few, leaving the masses as impoverished as ever. In order to make sense of the rapidly changing social world of Victorian and Edwardian Britain the chapter thus puts women and families into the centre of this book's analyses. It posits a rethinking of Victorian and Edwardian Britain by looking through the lens of the family even as it traces the consequences of the Industrial Revolution's impact upon the British working class up until the First World War.
‘I worked alright, but I never got paid for my labour’
Authors: Griffin Emma
Published: September 2020

This chapter takes a look at the trajectories of women and labour during the Victorian and Edwardian periods. It does so by exploring the autobiographies of several women, in which they detail their childhoods and eventually their careers and how their attempts at financial autonomy were thwarted in various ways by societal constraints and prejudices. As the chapter argues, low female wages were not merely a passive reflection of a society that devalued women and their work. They also played an active role in keeping women subordinate, by forcing them into a position of dependency on men, first with respect to their fathers, then with respect to their husbands. Making sense of women's lives therefore requires moving into an unfamiliar terrain. Women's experiences were not captured by male wage rates, yet they were deeply bound up with male earnings and male patterns of behaviour.
‘Real drudgery’
Authors: Griffin Emma
Published: September 2020

This chapter argues that the work of the house — the ‘housework’ — was not simply about cleaning, enhancing, and generally improving the domestic environment. Before 1914, it involved the performance of more fundamental tasks necessary to sustain life. The home called for a daily round of collecting water, purchasing and preparing food, lighting and clearing fires, cleaning and repairing clothes, and looking after children. In rural areas, firewood needed to be collected as well. The home could not function without water, fuel, and food, and obtaining these things involved hard, physical work and took many hours daily. Marriage and housekeeping might be an exciting prospect, but the reality of running a house was not.
Papen’s Two-Faced Politics and the Military Tradition
Authors: Kraus Karl
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses the problem of the “Numerical Strength of the Auxiliary Police.” This fades into insignificance compared with the question whether—with every German civilian recruited—the quota may not already be exceeded. The chapter also analyzes a speech by Franz von Papen, who was already carrying out those military “commandments” at his wartime diplomatic post in Washington. His recent unforgettable proclamation was designed to whet the world's appetite for “the most beautiful death in the world”—being slain by the enemy. Not that Papen was having an easy time. As the statesman who brokered the seizure of power, he had to endure as Hitler's Vice-Chancellor. But the inside knowledge he possessed, above all about the history of the movement since the Reichstag fire, enabled him to survive despite all the pressures.
Purveyors of Culture and the Pen Congress
Authors: Kraus Karl
Published: September 2020

This chapter shows that the purveyors of culture have completely adjusted to this situation. They ignore everything that does not concern them directly lest they endanger what does, helpless against what has already cost them dear in the expectation that everything will still turn out for the best. Faced by the strong-arm tactics of a coercive force that compels people to abandon their honour, no revolt seems conceivable within the restricted world of German politics, either by the nominal representatives of an imploding civil society or by a Social Democratic movement that was feeble and contemptible in its exercise of power, but every one of whose members now deserves sympathy. (Still, among the exceptions one needs to differentiate between workers who die under torture rather than pay lip service and leaders who are “fighting” after taking refuge abroad.) No protest was to be expected against the clampdown on journalistic prostitution from those engaged in it.
Between Two Fascisms: Language Brings Everything to Light
Authors: Kraus Karl
Published: September 2020

This chapter takes another look at Social Democracy. “We don't want” brown German fascism, they say, “but nor do we want” the black Austrian variety either. But what they really want is not clear yet, so all they can do is let the latter save them from the former—that, at least, they do “want.” For the time is not yet ripe for Austria to opt to become a “French colony” rather than a Prussian one, whose language is harder to understand. Until this time comes, it only remains for those who affirm ideals in which they no longer believe to sacrifice themselves for a Germanness notorious for feeling “threatened” the moment its own territorial and global demands are thwarted. If they had not at long last been forced to help drive Germanness from both houses of parliament, the Social Democrats would have supported it in loyalty to the constitution and voted with it against the “Clericals,” as in the memorable shoulder-to-shoulder action with Sepp Straffner's Pan-Germans. For they will always demand freedom of speech for those who possess a capacity they lack: to convert it into freedom of action.
Introduction
Authors: Coller Ian
Published: September 2020

This introductory chapter takes a brief look at how the French Revolution interacted with the Muslim world. It shows how the vision of an essential compatibility with Islam emerged in the revolutionary imagination and came to be so dominant that 50,000 French troops were ultimately lured across the Mediterranean by its global promise. The chapter reveals that this idea was not cut from whole cloth in 1798. Its threads stretched back to 1789 and even earlier, and were intimately woven into the revolutionary transformation from the outset. Nor was it simply the result of orientalist imaginings about Muslims in distant lands. Revolutionary visions of Islam arose from a very concrete set of circumstances that drew Muslims—both real and imagined—in to the whirlwind of politicization. The rapid transformations of the revolutionary age set people in motion along hitherto unimaginable paths: among them were Muslims who came into direct contact with transforming conceptions of religion, rights, and citizenship and left their own marks on the French Revolution.
The Turban and the Axe
Authors: Coller Ian
Published: September 2020

This chapter traces the crisis of representation through the October Days: the march of women on Versailles. The march had unleashed a further revolutionary split over the fragmentation of monarchical sovereignty, accompanied by burgeoning anxieties around gender and the patriarchal stability of the ancien régime model. The chapter shows how, in the midst of a mounting political and financial crisis, the court at Versailles tried to promulgate a form of religious tolerance which ended up launching the imaginary “Muslim minority” in France. It was needed as a means of universalizing the notion of “natural rights” to which the monarchy appealed in order to defuse Catholic opposition. Far from a radical or revolutionary notion, this conception of rights inherent in human nature was here set against the rights accorded by citizenship. In doing so, the monarchy opened for a moment a gap between citizenship and Catholicity, and then slammed it shut again.
The Rights of Muslims
Authors: Coller Ian
Published: September 2020

This chapter follows the revolutionary attempt to stabilize growing anxieties through a Declaration of Rights that would frame a new conception of the citizen. This category, however, was still riven by contradictions over religion, race, and gender. In a France where only a handful of Muslims could be identified as conceivably fulfilling any of the conditions to become citizens, the chapter considers why they were so prominent in the framing of the decree, and what significance, if any, it held for the future conception of the Muslim citizen. Here, the rights offered to Muslims through the Edict of Tolerance of 1787 became an integral piece of the new society revolutionaries were seeking to build. The debate over how Muslims, Jews, and other non-Christians could participate in the French state would become, as this chapter shows, a furious battleground in defining the break with the ancien régime, and the complexion of a new France.
The Constitutional Mosque
Authors: Coller Ian
Published: September 2020

This chapter traces the appearance of Muslims in debates over religious plurality and the clerical oath. As the new constitution at last came into force, revolutionary France was assailed by problems from within and without. The euphoria of success turned into fears of invasion and counterrevolution, and universality was increasingly expressed by the influential group of deputies known as the Girondins as a need to defend France by attacking the enemies of the Revolution. In this context, Muslims did not disappear from revolutionary concerns but were instead invoked repeatedly by counterrevolutionary writers, at first as threatening or ridiculous examples of the consequences of religious liberty, and then—as the religious tide began to turn against them—as precedents for their claims to freedom of religious conscience. In response, revolutionaries affirmed the new pluralism, suggesting that Muslims did indeed possess these rights, insofar as they did not disturb the civic order in the manner of “refractory” priests.
Bonaparte’s Burka
Authors: Coller Ian
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores Napoleone di Buonaparte's fascination with Islam. It argues that the impulsion that eventually took him to Egypt was formed in the context of his early experience of Corsican nationalism, radical disappointment, and revolutionary commitment to the new France that emerged after 1789. The belief that this invasion would be welcomed by Muslims—indeed, that they would somehow greet the French as fellow believers—was the product of a revolutionary politicization of Islam that was further overheated under the Directory. Indeed, the era of the Directory was the scene of a curious religious experimentation. The chapter shows how the catastrophic decision to invade Egypt effectively brought the Revolution to an end: Buonaparte brought back the taste for arbitrary rule he had established in Egypt to his rule over France and much of Europe.
Epilogue
Authors: Coller Ian
Published: September 2020

This concluding chapter reveals that the question of Muslim citizenship and the role of Islam in the republic arose out of the Revolution itself. In short, it did not arise belatedly as a result of colonial and postcolonial Muslim migration to the metropole. Moreover, the results of that consideration can reveal much about the Revolution and its principles. The citizenship of Muslims was not only a contingent possibility but a necessary condition for liberty, equality, and fraternity to be universal principles rather than merely national ones. At the same time, at the heart of the Revolution, until the rupture of its principles in 1798, the Muslim path to citizenship had become a routine process, greeted with the indifference proper to a society of equals, leaving few traces, and for this reason there is no way to know with any exactitude how many individuals followed this path.
Introduction
Authors: Liu Andrew B.
Published: September 2020

This introductory chapter provides a background of Chinese and Indian tea. It was in early imperial China where tea was first ritually imbibed as a medicinal and religious drink, and it was eighteenth-century Chinese merchants who helped popularize it as a global commodity, enabling it to become the most consumed commercial beverage in the world today. And yet, over the course of the next century, the Indian tea industry—operated by British colonial planters and based in the northeast territory of Assam—suddenly overtook China as the world's top exporter. British and, later, Japanese propagandists seized upon this inversion in the global division of labor. Propagandists dismissed Tang- and Song-era (618–1279) records of tea in China as unreliable, asserting instead that the true “birthplace of tea” must have been in India or Japan. This book presents the histories of Chinese and colonial Indian tea as a dynamic, unified story of global interaction, one mediated by modern capitalist competition. Their implications challenge many of the conventional assumptions about capitalism in China and India—or its absence thereof—and in so doing, they provocatively contribute to a more global conception of capitalism's history as a whole.
No Sympathy for the Merchant?
Authors: Liu Andrew B.
Published: September 2020

This chapter details how, after the rise of Indian tea triggered a collapse of its Chinese rivals, the Chinese trade underwent its own crisis of economic principles in the 1890s. It provides an overview of economic ideas during the high age of the Qing Empire, which entailed a sophisticated grasp of economic growth revolving around the utility of the soil and the importance of trade. The stimulus of competition from South Asian tea, crystallized in the crisis, pushed Qing thinkers to abandon dominant mercantilist notions of wealth as something acquired through overseas trade and instead visualize it as something produced by labor. Indeed, global competition compelled a minority of Qing officials to see wealth as something socially determined, originating from the skill and productivity of human activity, hence capable of infinite expansion through innovation. The economic thinker and Qing bureaucrat Chen Chi was exemplary of this transformation. He penned an influential memorial on reviving the tea trade, with much of his analysis tied to a simultaneous engagement with the translated works of English economist Henry Fawcett, ultimately arriving at the same classical tenets of “value” outlined by W. N. Lees in India.
Sovereignty
Authors: Herzog Don
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses the origins of the concept of sovereignty. It pinpoints sovereignty's troubled origins in early modern Europe. Here, sovereignty was an intelligible, intelligent response to the savage strife of the wars of religion. It even fueled actual programs of state-building. And it reconfigured people's understanding of their problems and possibilities, including (not just for instance) what was at stake in dueling. The chapter contends that it was not just a morsel of discourse, still less a stray bit of metaphysics or ontology merrily blundering its way across time and space, or still worse located outside them, with scant regard for the political problems of the day.
Improved diagnosis of chronic hip and knee prosthetic joint infection using combined serum and synovial IL-6 tests
Authors: Qin Leilei , Li Xinyu , Wang Jiawei , Gong Xuan , Hu Ning , Huang Wei
Published: September 2020

Aims

This study aimed to explore whether serum combined with synovial interleukin-6 (IL-6) measurement can improve the accuracy of prosthetic joint infection (PJI) diagnosis, and to establish the cut-off values of IL-6 in serum and synovial fluid in detecting chronic PJI.

Methods

Patients scheduled to have a revision surgery for indications of chronic infection of knee and hip arthroplasties or aseptic loosening of an implant were prospectively screened before being enrolled into this study. The Musculoskeletal Infection Society (MSIS) definition of PJI was used for the classification of cases as aseptic or infected. Serum CRP, ESR, IL-6, and percentage of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN%) and IL-6 in synovial fluid were analyzed. Statistical tests were performed to compare these biomarkers in the two groups, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and area under the curve (AUC) were analyzed for each biomarker.

Results

A total of 93 patients were enrolled. There was no difference in demographic data between both groups. Synovial fluid IL-6, with a threshold of 1,855.36 pg/ml, demonstrated a mean sensitivity of 94.59% (95% confidence interval (CI) 81.8% to 99.3%) and a mean specificity of 92.86% (95% CI 82.7 to 98.0) for detecting chronic PJI. Then 6.7 pg/ml was determined to be the optimal threshold value of serum IL-6 for the diagnosis of chronic PJI, with a mean sensitivity of 97.30% (95% CI 85.8% to 99.9%) and a mean specificity of 76.79% (95% CI 63.6% to 87.0%). The combination of synovial IL-6 and serum IL-6 led to improved accuracy of 96.77% in diagnosing chronic PJI.

Conclusion

The present study identified that a combination of IL-6 in serum and synovial IL-6 has the potential for further improvement of the diagnosis of PJI. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2020;9(9):587–592.
Mental health, psychological well-being, successful ageing and quality of life
Authors: Milne Alisoun
Published: September 2020

Positive mental health is a prerequisite for a good quality of life across the whole lifespan. It is an overarching concept, which intersects with a number of related concepts, psychological wellbeing, successful ageing and quality of life. Good mental health is increasingly understood as a combination of an individual’s personality, environment and lifecourse; it is also dynamic. Older people consider it to be characterised by: a sense of wellbeing, capacity to make and sustain relationships, ability to meet the challenges which later life brings, and ability to contribute both economically and socially. Mental health is viewed as equally important as physical health. Research identifies the core dimensions of mental health, and its sister concepts, as: resilience, remaining active and involved, having a purpose or role, being able to engage in social relationships, independence, keeping fit, having an adequate income, autonomy and self-efficacy. Survey evidence consistently shows that more than 85 per cent of older people have ‘good’ quality of life. One of the challenges of assessing and measuring quality of life, and related constructs, is capturing the intersection between the subjective and the objective. The promotion of mental health is increasingly recognised as a legitimate goal of social policy.
The impact of age-related risks and inequalities on mental health in later life
Authors: Milne Alisoun
Published: September 2020

In broad terms there are two sets of age-related risks to mental health. The first set are those arising directly from experiences and losses common to later life, including physical ill health and/or disability, being a carer, retirement, and bereavement. These are associated with impaired psychological wellbeing and heightened risk of depression, particularly amongst older people with few economic or social resources. The second set of risks arise from ageism and age discrimination, and their intersection with other types of discrimination such as sexism for older women. Direct and indirect discrimination is widespread; it is located in all areas of society including health and social care services. It is profoundly damaging to older peoples’ psychological wellbeing and is associated with fear, helplessness, low self-esteem, anxiety and depression. It is also linked to exclusion, marginalisation and abuse. In recent years there have been efforts to ensure that older people are overtly included in policies intended to improve the population’s physical and mental health; this includes access to treatments e.g. for depression. There has also been a focus on addressing age discrimination in specific arenas e.g. in employment and mental health services. These initiatives have had mixed success.
Context
Authors: Treanor Morag C.
Published: September 2020

Chapter two looks at the profile of child poverty, as measured by both income and material deprivation, within the UK and beyond and explores whether its rates are increasing or decreasing. It looks in depth at the misunderstandings, causes and consequences of child poverty and how government (mis)understandings of child poverty affect how it is perceived and tackled. It looks too at the profile of child poverty as regards who lives in poverty and describes how child poverty is a dynamic phenomenon with different groups of families cycling into and out of poverty across time. The chapter emphasises the importance of income to child poverty and concludes by considering initiatives that maximise family incomes and prevent/reduce poverty and by asking the reader to flip their thinking on the causes and consequences of child poverty.
Housework class consequences
Authors: Davis Shannon N. , Greenstein Theodore N.
Published: September 2020

Chapter 6 examines a key component of the book’s argument, namely whether there are patterns across the five housework classes (Ultra-traditional, Traditional, Transitional Husbands, Egalitarian, and Egalitarian High Workload) in other behavioral as well as attitudinal measures of power. In this chapter we investigate spousal preferences in their own and their spouse’s labor market hours as a measure of being able to enact power. We also examine reported conflict, disagreements, and intimate partner violence, all behaviors that reflect power dynamics in a couple. These findings provide important evidence for our argument that understanding housework dynamics can provide insights into other dynamics in couples and thus be a useful tool for practitioners working with families in crisis.
Food banks in the Netherlands stepping up to the plate: shifting moral and practical responsibilities
Authors: van der Horst Hilje , Pijnenburg Leon , Markus Amy
Published: September 2020

This chapter forms the land case study for the Netherlands. As with all empirical chapters it explores several key themes in relation to food charity in the Netherlands:
• the history of food charity in the national context and the relationship between the welfare state and charities;
• the nature of and drivers behind contemporary food charity provision;
• key changes in social policy and their impact on rising charitable food provision;
• and the social justice implications of increasing need for charitable assistance with food.
The chapter concludes with critical reflections on the future direction of food charity provision in the Netherlands and the implications of this.
The right to work: a justification for welfare to work?
Authors: Dermine Elise
Published: September 2020

The promoters of welfare-to-work programmes sometimes state that these are based on the will to ‘better realise’ the right to work of their recipients. This chapter questions this assumption and examines whether and under which conditions, those programmes could eventually find their foundation on the fundamental right to work proclaimed in international human rights texts. It demonstrates from an analysis of the international pacts, their preparatory texts and the case law that welfare-to-work measures can only be considered as aimed at realising the right to work if they are likely to improve the chances of their recipients to later find a freely chosen, paid and productive job in the labour market. It shows that this open and abstract condition excludes a large part of welfare-to-work measures from a human rights-based justification for the type of work they value or the way they are implemented.
Implementing social justice within activation policies: the contribution of the capability approach
Authors: Bonvin Jean-Michel , Perrig Luca
Published: September 2020

This chapter seeks to evaluate welfare-to-work policies in Switzerland through the lens of the theory of non-domination, using the theoretical tools developed by the capability approach and the French economy of conventions. Particular attention is paid to the normativity that is conveyed at each of the three stages of the policy-making process: its design by policy-makers and high civil servants, its implementation by street-level bureaucrats, and its reception by users and beneficiaries. The economy of conventions allows for a discussion of the multiple senses of justice that are embedded in the policy instruments going down the line of implementation, and the capability approach is fruitfully mobilised in assessing the various vectors of constraint and domination that may be imposed on each actor of the policy cycle. Domination is thus conceived as emerging from considerations of desert that are imposed on street-level bureaucrats and welfare recipients. Combining qualitative research and theoretical insights, this chapter suggests that allowing a greater margin for manoeuver to street-level bureaucrats may empower recipients by facilitating the convergence of interests and thus minimising the domination that a bureaucratic apparatus frequently entails.
Welfare to work and the republican theory of non-domination
Authors: Eleveld Anja
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines how the republican theory of non-domination can be used for a normative analysis of WTW relationships. It is argued that Lovett’s conception of non-domination captures some of the defining elements of these relationships. However, his conception of rules is (too) strongly rooted in the ideas of reasonability and impartiality, as a result of which vulnerable people in particular are at risk of being excluded from its (potentially protective) scope. Therefore, a republican normative analysis of WTW practices should also take account of Pettit’s more inclusive, democratic account of the republican theory of non-domination that is more attentive to the need for democratic oversight over discretionary spaces of welfare officers and work supervisors.
Conclusion: exit, voice and the minimization of domination in welfare to work relationships
Authors: Eleveld Anja
Published: September 2020

This chapter draws together the book’s main conclusions by connecting the findings of its various chapters. It first analyses the relationship between the human rights perspective presented in the book’s legal section and the republican theory of non-domination. Subsequently, it assesses the cross-national variations found in the legal and sociological chapters. Based on this analysis, it proposes institutional, organisational and legal improvements to WTW policies that seek to minimise relations of domination.
Community archives and the creation of living knowledge
Authors: Popple Simon , Mutibwa Daniel H. , Prescott Andrew
Published: September 2020

This chapter describes the community archives and corresponding developments over the course of the 20th century. It tracks the rise of an ‘archival multiverse’, which has transformed the way in which collective memories are curated. The growth of the archival multiverse reflects many intellectual, cultural, technological, social, and political currents. The most significant of these developments is the growth of community archives and the active participation of ordinary citizens in their formation. As community archives have become more widespread and influential, the professional archive community has started to radically rethink many of its own assumptions about how archives are created, preserved, and made available. This chapter briefly considers this phenomenon, asking what the notion of ‘community’ entails within this context and how archives have ‘turned’ in its direction. Finally, the chapter looks at how digital tools have helped to shape the growth of community archives.
New island stories: heritage, archives, the digital environment and community regeneration
Authors: Duffy Paul R.J.
Published: September 2020

This chapter reflect on the author's experiences as the local partner lead for two University of Leeds-led projects. It explores what can be understood from them about the relationship between communities, digital heritage archives, institutions, and heritage engagement. Heritage (hi)stories, digital skills enhancement, and community empowerment are frequently cited ingredients in the mix of approaches to promoting community regeneration and development. Between October 2014 and March 2015, the two projects explored some of these themes with residents of the Isle of Bute, Scotland. Jointly, the projects brought together community, academic, institutional, and private sector partners to create new digital tools to support heritage-based community research and creative expression, and to further explore questions about heritage perception and digital engagement. Thus, this chapter discusses the meaningful contribution that projects such as Pararchive can make in the wider context of national ambitions for digitally engaged communities, and how project implementation might usefully be aligned with local communities in the future.
Memories on film: public archive images and participatory film‑making with people with dementia
Authors: Capstick Andrea , Ludwin Katherine
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the use of images from local history archives in the co-construction of short individual films with people with dementia. The study on which the chapter is based was carried out with two men and eight women living in a housing-with-care facility in the northern United Kingdom. The chapter finds that archive images quickly took on a central role in the film narratives of several of the participants. In the process, the archive materials themselves were also transformed, memorialising the everyday spaces and places in which the participants had lived. In this study, archive images were often used to elicit memories of people, or places that no longer look the same in the present day. The chapter reveals that such images were often more recognisable to the participants than were contemporary photographs. This corresponds with research into the ‘reminiscence bump’, which suggests that autobiographical memory for the period between about five and thirty years of age remains well preserved in people living with dementia.
Doing-It-Together: citizen archivists and the online environment
Authors: Collins Jez
Published: September 2020

This chapter first explores the motivations behind the creation of class as self-authorised sites of popular music heritage — those created and curated by citizen and activist archivists that are devoted to the archiving, preservation, and sharing of popular music heritage. It then turns to the use of social media platforms and the communities of interest that form online and who take a ‘Doing-It-Together’ approach to harvesting vast amounts of popular music materials and memories. Such platforms offer the opportunity or the celebration and sharing of obscure or niche music cultures. However, they also pose issues for their creators and those who may have an interest in participating or studying them. The loss of materials in the rapid ‘churn’; the lack of search, navigation, and retrieval functionality; the potential of technologies becoming redundant; and founders, owners, and administrators losing interest in their sites, all resulting in the loss of substantial numbers of musical memories, are just some of the issues that need to be addressed.
The digital citizen: working upstream of digital and broadcast archive developments
Authors: Hammond Kim , Revill George , Smith Joe
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the potential and significance of digital broadcast archives (DBAs) and associated tools for supporting civic engagement with complex topics. It draws on a three-year Arts and Humanities Research Council-funded project, Earth in Vision, which worked with a sample of 50 hours of environment-themed broadcasts drawn from over five decades of BBC television and radio archives. The project critically examines the potential of such broadcast archive content as a resource for the making and debating of environmental histories in the context of imagining and planning for environmental futures. It builds on the principles of co-production and social learning and aims to support more plural and dynamic accounts of environmental change. The overarching question the project addresses is how digital broadcast archives can inform environmental history and support public understanding of, and learning about, environmental change issues.
Poverty and the economy
Authors: Spicker Paul
Published: September 2020

The most obvious link between poverty and the economy is a matter of resources: in so far as poverty implies a lack of resources, it matters a lot how the resources are made, how they are distributed and what can be done about them. The links are much more extensive than that, however. The economy also shapes the way we live - our social lives, as much as our material goods. People in developing countries often lack the structures of a formal economy, including the use of money for exchange, the security and opportunity offered by monetary wages, and the existence of facilities for credit. This chapter reviews the implications for poverty of the structure of the world economy - the formal market economy, access to finance, and the framework governing transactions and exchange.
Inequality
Authors: Spicker Paul
Published: September 2020

There is a strong link between poverty and inequality, and some concepts, including class and economic distance, effectively treat poverty as a form of inequality. Poverty is not inequality, and inequality is not poverty, but they are closely related, and at times it can be difficult to tell them apart. Almost every instance of poverty is also an instance of disadvantage.
Conclusion: Poverty and social science
Authors: Spicker Paul
Published: September 2020

The conclusion reviews the implications of the book’s argument for social science. The data which are currently being used in poverty studies have already shifted to provide insights into ‘poverty and social exclusion’; responses to poverty are increasingly informed by ideas of voice and empowerment and a focus on exclusionary processes. The theory that underpins social science about poverty, with its relentless focus on material deprivation, has not yet caught up with what social scientists are actually doing.
Mental barriers in planning for cycling
Authors: Brezina Tadej , Leth Ulrich , Lemmerer Helmut
Published: September 2020

Deriving from extensive analysis of quantitative survey data in Austria, this chapter focuses on the importance that inherited presuppositions play in the processes of planning and implementation. In a majority of European countries, cycling is considered to play a significant role in a sustainable urban transport system, after decades of car dominance captivating the thoughts and actions of decision-makers and thus appears in transport policy documents ranging from local to national level. However, when actual measures are implemented, mental barriers of decision makers surface and this often leads to suboptimal results. Mental barriers are shown most clearly in resistance to innovation adoption, a phenomenon well documented in social science. In this context, the resistance to innovation adoption causes reservations and limiting beliefs that hinder decision-makers in the introduction of suitable solutions for everyday and every-use cycling. The chapter addresses quantitatively two primary questions relating to mental barriers clearly revealed in the analysis of planning processes: of what are mental barriers comprised, and where do they exist? Our quantitative exploration points the way towards two possible approaches to overcome mental barriers: social pressure upon and self-experience by decision-makers.
Cycling advocacy in São Paulo: influence and effects in politics
Authors: Lemos Letícia Lindenberg
Published: September 2020

This chapter seeks to contribute to the debate about cycling policies by examining the struggles that help bring cycling to the political agenda in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Advocaty for cycling infrastructure in São Paulo started in a context in which the urban form was already dominated by automotive-oriented transportation infrastructure. The initial political mobilisation for bicycling also occurred at a moment of political instability in the 1980s during the re-democratisation of the country, with the cycling agenda reaching the higher level of institutionalisation after one of the most massive protest movements in the history of Brazil. This chapter explores the physical infrastructure not only through a policy and planning perspective but also by considering the social infrastructure in civil society that made these changes possible. The fragility of the physical infrastructure, given its subsequent decommissioning after a turnover in political administration, raises our awareness of the vulnerability of many infrastructure transitions and the need to think through a lens of spatial justice when considering the linkages between physical and social infrastructures. It is colcluded that the implementation of hard infrastructure as part of the city’s provisioning is an outcome of complex and longstanding manoeuvring.
Clinical engagement in commissioning: past and present
Authors: Checkland Kath , Coleman Anna , McDermott Imelda , Miller Rosalind , Peckham Stephen , Segar Julia , Harrison Stephen , Perkins Neil
Published: September 2020

Chapter 4 looks at the evidence about clinical engagement in primary care-led commissioning. Extending and strengthening clinical leadership was one of the key elements of the HSCA12. However, this idea was not new, and this chapter reviews the evidence on the role of clinicians in primary care-led commissioning and how this has contributed to the delivery of healthcare services since the early 1990s. It examines the nature of clinical engagement/involvement in the various primary care-led commissioning models that have been introduced into the NHS. Drawing on a review of the literature and our research on Clinical Commissioning Groups the chapter shows how the extent of clinical engagement has varied between the various schemes. GP commissioners have historically been more successful in influencing the work done by GP practices than in making broader changes to services provided by secondary care. The chapter goes on to explore the claims made both by those involved and in official documents about how greater involvement of clinicians in CCGs – and in particular GPs – will enhance commissioning practice. We test this against evidence from our study of CCGs, showing how the engagement and involvement of GPs requires careful attention to detail. Using a realist approach to evaluation, we highlight the contexts and mechanisms associated with successful – and unsuccessful – GP involvement in commissioning.
Conclusion
Authors: Allen Pauline , Checkland Kath , Peckham Stephen , Moran Valerie
Published: September 2020

Chapter 9 draws together key themes arising from the book about issues raised by commissioning in the context of a quasi-market for healthcare in the English NHS, such as governance and accountability, clinical engagement, co-ordination and fragmentation. The chapter presents an overview of how commissioning in health and healthcare has developed since 2010 and what the implications are for the future in the light of recent developments moving away from market style mechanisms to forms of local collaborative planning.
Trends in homelessness in Denmark, Finland and Ireland
Authors: Allen Mike , Benjaminsen Lars , O’Sullivan Eoin , Pleace Nicholas
Published: September 2020

Chapter 4 outlines trends in recorded homelessness in the three countries between about 2008 and 2018. The chapter first explores in some detail how homelessness is measured in each of the three countries as the three countries use a variety of methodologies to measure homelessness and it is important that the strengths and limitations of these different approaches are understood, particularly in relation to their comparability. Having explored the full range of data on homelessness in each country, we then focus on those living rough, in emergency accommodation and in accommodation for the homeless, and data on these forms of homelessness are presented for the three countries.
Explanations: welfare and politics matter
Authors: Allen Mike , Benjaminsen Lars , O’Sullivan Eoin , Pleace Nicholas
Published: September 2020

The impacts of welfare policies and political choices are explored in this chapter. Comprehensive and generous welfare systems that encompass housing, health and other social services, as well as income supports, provide important buffers that lessen the likelihood that people will experience homelessness. The evidence from social democratic welfare regimes such as Denmark is that those who do experience homelessness despite such developed welfare systems tend to have a higher rate of psychosocial difficulties compared to the general population, and this is also likely to be the case in Finland. It was traditionally the case in Ireland, but has become less so in recent years.
Co-production as experimentation: the research forum as method
Authors: Cohen Sue , Cole Tim , McDermont Morag , Piccini Angela
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses experiments in shifting understandings of expertise and in co-producing research that formed the basis of the Productive Margins (PM) programme. Those experiments were structured as the Productive Communities Research Forum, a series of gatherings that included all active co-researchers and occurred every three to six months over the lifetime of the Productive Margins programme. Before discussing this experimental method, the chapter turns to co-production as a specific set of approaches to collaborative research which involves diverse voices. It brings together the Productive Margins principal investigator, community lead, arts and humanities lead, and one of the co-investigators who worked as a link between two projects and the core management group. These individuals have different research interests, forms of expertise, values, and standpoints on collaborative working in communities.
Postscript
Authors: Newman Janet
Published: September 2020

This postscript offers both a celebration of the achievements of the Productive Margins research programme and an attempt to set it in the broader context of contemporary political possibilities — and constraints. Its particular focus is on attempts to transform universities into instruments of engagement and connectedness — to turn them inside out. This is an attempt to take the ‘productive’ emphasis of the programme seriously, and to ask how far, or in what ways, the engagement of ‘communities at the margins’ has the potential to transform university hierarchies of knowledge and power. In addressing this question, the programme raises a number of issues that, if pursued in future work, have a transformative potential. The chapter also considers further unresolved questions and their potential limits on the impact of transformative agendas.
Changing places and evolving activism: communities in post-industrial Glasgow
Authors: Rolfe Steve , Bynner Claire , Hastings Annette
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the interactions between the changing nature of Glasgow and contemporary community activism. Utilising three case studies of community activism in very different neighbourhoods, we investigate the ways in which differences in community history and capacity, as well as relations with the local state, shape forms of activism. Examining local activism in this way helps to understand and explain the boundaries and nature of communities within the city, and provides insights into complex processes of deindustrialisation and urban change, which have transformed Glasgow in recent decades. Whilst there are changes emerging from rapid demographic shifts in some areas and the growth of online activism, the wider picture is one of evolving continuity, as Glasgow’s long history of community activism persists into the 21st century.
Our ‘Dear Green Place’: Glasgow’s transformation from industrial powerhouse to sustainable city
Authors: Naylor Larissa A. , Murtagh Ellie , Kippen Hugh
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines how Glasgow City Council (hereafter, GCC) has chosen to meet its environmental challenges and how these efforts are increasingly linked to other aspects of city governance (from the resilience agenda to regional partnerships). With a focus on natural habitats, green space and climate change related risks this chapter outlines and critiques the city’s environmental achievements since 2010 and its current environment-related policies, projects and partnerships. It explores the development and progression of local sustainability and greening agendas such as how they evolved during the city-wide Sustainability Strategy (PMG, 2019) and through Glasgow’s participation in the Rockefeller Foundation’s 100 Resilient Cities programme (100RC). Glasgow’s initiatives are contextualised within wider regional initiatives (e.g. Clyde region) and devolved national (e.g. Scottish Government) policy. We critically evaluate the range of multi-level governance actors that are helping shape environmental sustainability and resilience initiatives within Glasgow and conclude by reflecting on where Glasgow’s sustainability efforts are bearing fruit and what may help the city achieve its sustainability and resilience goals more fully.