bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modal Logic within Counterfactual Logic
Authors: Williamson Timothy
Published: September 2010

This chapter argues that claims of possibility and necessity are equivalent to claims involving counterfactual conditionals, and uses the equivalences to derive basic principles of modal logic within the logic of counterfactuals. The derivations employ weaker assumptions than corresponding derivations by Lewis and Stalnaker. They still use the principle that all counterpossibles (counterfactual conditionals with impossible antecedents) are vacuously true, but this principle is defended. The account is extended to quantified modal logic; de re modalities are equivalent to de re counterfactuals, which are usually considered unproblematic. An application is suggested to the epistemology of modality: the role of conceivability and inconceivability in the evaluation of claims of possibility and impossibility, rather than being regarded as problematically sui generic, should be treated as a special case of the role of the imagination in the evaluation of counterfactual conditionals, which is commonplace even for mundane, highly contingent counterfactuals.
Metaphysical Dependence: Grounding and Reduction
Authors: Rosen Gideon
Published: September 2010

This chapter lays down principles for a relation of metaphysical grounding — the ‘in virtue of’ relation — understood as a relation among facts. The discussion makes it plausible that the relation is well understood and potentially useful for philosophical purposes. The chapter then explores the connections between the grounding relation and other metaphysical notions, including real definition, essential truth, and metaphysical reduction understood as a relation among facts.
On the Source of Necessity
Authors: Cameron Ross P.
Published: September 2010

Simon Blackburn posed a dilemma for any realist attempt to identify the source of necessity. Either the facts appealed to ground modal truth are themselves necessary, or they are contingent. If necessary, we begin the process towards regress; but if contingent, we undermine the necessity whose source we wanted to explain. Bob Hale attempts to blunt both horns of this dilemma and this chapter defends Hale's conclusion that the dilemma can be resisted. The chapter ends by defending an account of the source of necessity, and showing why it does not fall victim to Blackburn's problem.
The Reality of Modality
Authors: Sherratt Anna
Published: September 2010

This chapter presents an objection to anti-realist theories of modality. It argues that Peter Menzies's ‘ideal conceiver’ theory of modal truth implies a strong form of anti-realism about the actual world. This reasoning is then generalised to apply to all anti-realist theories of modality. The objection can be avoided by denying that there is a biconditional, a priori connection between the modal and the actual — but there are independent reasons to find this strategy implausible.
Apriorism about Modality
Authors: Sturgeon Scott
Published: September 2010

This chapter argues that a priori reflection is at best a fallible guide to modality (both possibility and necessity). It also claims that the usefulness of a priori reflection, as a guide to possibility and necessity, turns on the ‘bounty’ of modality itself. If possibility turns out to be plentiful — in a sense glossed in the chapter — it is argued that a priori reflection will be a good-but-fallible guide to it. If necessity turns out to be meagre — in a dual sense of that gloss — it is argued that a priori reflection will not be a mark of possibility. In the end it is argued that our take on modal bounty itself should turn on how best to systematize thought.
Three Perspectives onQuantifying In
Authors: Salmon Nathan
Published: September 2010

Three competing accounts of belief de re (Russellian primary occurrence, “relational” belief, quantification into a belief context) are extracted from David Kaplan's classic article “Quantifying In”: one neo‐Quinean, one neo‐Fregean, and one neo‐Russellian. A strict‐constructionist reading of “Quantifying In” yields the standard, neo‐Quinean reading. The Quinean motivation for this account, however, rests on confusion. Correcting the confusion while remaining faithful to the philosophical spirit of “Quantifying In” yields a neo‐Fregean reconstruction of the project. On this interpretation, Russellian singular propositions are merely a logical construct out of special Fregean propositions—representational thoughts. However, even if Russellian singular propositions are embraced as genuine propositions, and not merely as a logical construct, the account in “Quantifying In” insightfully yields an ingenious solution to a remaining philosophical problem: Why do we not have cognitive access to some singular propositions and not others, and how do we access those singular propositions that we are able to access?
Singular Thought: In Defence of Acquaintance
Authors: Recanati François
Published: September 2010

This chapter argues that singular thought about an object involves nondescriptive or de re ways of thinking of that object, that is, modes of presentation resting on contextual relations of ‘acquaintance’ to the object. Such modes of presentation are analysed as mental files in which the subject can store information gained through the acquaintance relations in question. The paper shows that the mental‐file approach provides an answer to the objection from ‘acquaintanceless de re thought’ (to the effect that tokening a singular thought does not require being actually acquainted with the object the thought is about), as well as a solution to a vexing problem regarding the communication of singular thoughts: if singular thoughts depend upon contextual relations to the objects of thought, how can they be communicated across contexts ? What makes communication possible when the speaker and the addressee do not stand in the same contextual relations to the objects the speaker's thought is about?
Millian Externalism
Authors: Sullivan Arthur
Published: September 2010

This chapter aims to clarify the implications of the causal‐historical theory of reference for questions about singular thought. It addresses the following questions: exactly what is the nature of the tension between an externalist approach to reference and Frege's constraint? Do certain varieties of externalism entail a transgression of Frege's constraint or does externalism merely suggest qualifications to Frege's constraint? In particular, does externalism entail that, say, hearing someone use the name “Feynman” referentially is sufficient to enable one to entertain a singular thought about Feynman, regardless of how little one knows about Feynman? Would that constitute a reductio of the relevant brand of externalism, or is this rather an enlightened consequence of the causal‐historical theory? The primary specific goal of this chapter is to identify and investigate some arguments for various answers to these questions.
Minority Rights in the Pacific Region
Authors: Joshua Castellino , David Keane
Published: September 2010

The book examines the extent to which States in the Pacific region have put in place legislative and administrative measures designed to promote and protect the rights of minorities and indigenous peoples within their State. The book starts by identifying and classifying the various States in the region, and commenting on general trends that are visible across the region. This analysis includes Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific Island Countries in the geographic boundaries of Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia. The region is assessed against human rights standards, and the extent to which State practice conforms to international standards. There are five chapters in the book. The opening chapter conducts a tour d'horizon of the Pacific, identifying the states, delivering a history of the development of the region, comments on theories concerning the original migration of peoples, narrates colonial expeditions and enterprises, and assesses the emergence of independent government and institutions. The record of engagement with international human rights law is examined, in particular the States' ratification of human rights covenants. The attempt to implement a regional human rights mechanism for the Pacific is described with the merits of such a project debated. The subsequent four chapters are case-studies, designed to expose in detail, the extent to which indigenous and minority rights are implemented in the Pacific. Four states were chosen as representative of the challenges that face these groups in the region: Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, and Papua New Guinea. Each chapter is broken-down into four sections, according to the structure of the book series engaging with the history, identification of indigenous and minority groups, the rights of indigenous and minority groups, and the legal and other remedies available.
3 New Zealand
Authors: Joshua Castellino , David Keane
Published: September 2010

This chapter focuses on indigenous peoples, but will also seek to address the other significant minorities in contemporary New Zealand. The chapter proceeds as follows. Section 3.1 articulates the relevant history in order to understand the contemporary issues facing protection of indigenous and minority rights in the state. Section 3.2 identifies the groups that come within the purview of the definition of ‘minority and indigenous peoples’ and the range of needs these communities face. Section 3.3 portrays the range of ‘rights’ that currently exist in New Zealand law, drawing from the Constitution, special regimes as created through statutes, interpretation of case-law, and crucially the Treaty of Waitangi and its interpretation by the statutory body, the Waitangi Tribunal. Section 3.4 concentrates on the remedies available in New Zealand to tackle violations of the rights of indigenous peoples and minorities. It assesses the institutional framework for rights, and reassesses the remedies needed to arrive at a regime respectful of the rights of minorities and indigenous peoples. The concluding section offers a brief comment on the future protection of indigenous peoples and minorities in New Zealand.
Conclusion
Authors: Joshua Castellino , David Keane
Published: September 2010

This concluding chapter reiterates some of the main arguments presented, and comments, from a comparative perspective, on how minority rights regimes are evolving in the specific settings selected. Rather than arriving at a definitive insight into a unifying theory for the protection of minority and indigenous rights in the region, it aims to identify nuances and principles that have emerged from state practice. The book concludes with a series of concrete recommendations and suggestions with a view to enhancing regional and international cooperation, with a special emphasis on models for indigenous and minority protection.
2 Trading with Asia's Giants
Authors: Bosworth Barry , Collins Susan M. , Flaaen Aaron
Published: September 2010

The United States' large and sustained trade deficit with Asia raises concerns in the United States about its competitiveness in the region. In contrast to the current public policy debate, which has focused on imports from Asia, this chapter seeks to examine how the economies of China and India compare as markets for US exporters. The chapter begins by noting that US exports to both countries do appear low relative to the performance of Japan and the EU-15. It examines potential explanations for the weak exports from three different perspectives: (1) the commodity composition of US exports to these economies; (2) the role of multinational corporations in facilitating trade flows; and (3) the use of ‘gravity equations’ to estimate bilateral trade patterns while controlling for a variety of country-specific characteristics.
3 The Chinese Export Bundles: Patterns, Puzzles, and Possible Explanations
Authors: Wang Zhi , Wei Shang‐Jin
Published: September 2010

China's exports have become increasingly sophisticated. This has generated anxiety in developed countries as the competitive pressure may be increasingly felt outside labor-intensive industries. Using product-level data on exports from different cities within China, this chapter investigates the contributing factors to the rising export sophistication. Somewhat surprisingly, neither processing trade nor foreign invested firms are found to play an important role in generating the increased overlap in the export structure between China and high-income countries. Instead, improvement in human capital and government policies in the form of tax-favored high-tech zones appear to be the key in the country's evolving export structure. On the other hand, processing trade, foreign invested firms, and government-sponsored high-tech zones all have contributed significantly to raising the unit values of China's exports within a given product category.
4 The Cost Competitiveness of Manufacturing in China and India
Authors: Ark Bart van , Erumban Abdul Azeez , Chen Vivian , Kumar Utsav
Published: September 2010

This chapter focuses on comparisons of productivity, (unit) labor cost, and industry-level competitiveness for Chinese and Indian manufacturing. It finds that China has increased its labor productivity to a level above that of India, but due to a somewhat higher compensation level, China is still somewhat at a disadvantage in terms of unit labor cost in manufacturing. It finds rapid declines in unit labor cost across industries and provinces in China, but increases in many instances in India. This suggests that productivity and compensation growth have become much more aligned across regions in China whereas this is not (yet) the case in India. It relates these results to differences in the implementation of market reforms between the two countries and removal of barriers to resource mobility eradicating inefficient manufacturing activity.
Ross and Rule‐Consequentialism
Authors: Carson Thomas L.
Published: September 2010

If lying and not lying will have exactly the same consequences, then, according to act-utilitarianism, it doesn't matter whether or not one lies. Ross claims that lying is prima facie wrong, or wrong other things being equal. He holds that this is “self-evident.” Ross also thinks that it is obvious that it is wrong to lie when lying produces only slightly better consequences than not lying. In contrast with Ross, Moore claims that it is self-evident that we should always do whatever has the best consequences. Ross's criticisms of act-utilitarianism are inconclusive because they appeal to disputed moral intuitions and because he doesn't do enough to justify his own moral intuitions. Brad Hooker's argument in favor of his well-known version of rule-consequentialism is inconclusive for similar reasons — it rests on an appeal to disputed considered moral judgments that he doesn't adequately justify.
Deception in Advertising
Authors: Carson Thomas L.
Published: September 2010

Deceptive advertising harms people in much the same ways as deception in sales and tends to be wrong for the same reasons. Deceptive ads harm consumers by causing them to have false beliefs about the nature of the products being advertised and thereby causing them to make different purchasing decisions than they would have made otherwise (and purchase things unsuitable for their needs). This chapter presents examples of deceptive ads that harm consumers and argue that running such ads is morally wrong. The chapter's arguments appeal to the presumption against harmful deception established in Chapters 6–8. The chapter then examines US laws regarding deceptive advertising. The law prohibits deceptive advertising, but it defines “deceptive advertising” too narrowly. US law frequently permits what is, in fact, deceptive advertising; therefore, following US laws is not an adequate ethical standard for advertisers. The chapter also addresses the objection that deceptive advertising is permissible if one's competitors are putting one at a disadvantage by means of their own deceptive practices.
Honesty, Conflicts, and the Telling of History: More Case Studies
Authors: Carson Thomas L.
Published: September 2010

The main thesis of this chapter is that deception and dishonesty can create or aggravate conflicts and sometimes lead to disastrous consequences and, that, therefore, this sort of deception and dishonesty is morally wrong. The chapter provides a detailed account the myth of the “stab in the back” (Dolchstosslegende) and Germany's defeat in WWI. The widespread acceptance of this myth by the German people was one of the central causes of the rise of Nazism and the Holocaust. The chapter discusses other cases of deception and lying that distorted the historical record and led to very bad consequences; the examples given here are the dishonest version of history defended by neo‐Confederates in the aftermath of the US Civil War and lies denying the crimes of Joseph Stalin by the New York correspondent Walter Duranty. Then the chapter explicates the important concept of “half‐truths.” Half‐truths mislead people and distort the truth but fall short of lying (often, they fall short of deception). Even when it falls short of lying and deception, endorsing half‐truths is often a form of intellectual dishonesty. The chapter discusses several cases in which half‐truths have distorted the historical record and thereby aggravated social/political conflicts. The concept of half‐truths has widespread application in personal relationships. The chapter concludes by offering a brief account of the virtue of intellectual honesty (with particular attention to intellectual honesty about political questions).
Features in periphrastic constructions
Authors: Popova Gergana
Published: September 2010

This chapter argues that periphrastic constructions can express features which are not part of the content of their elements. This favours an analysis which integrates them in the morphological paradigm. On the other hand, agreement data suggest that a treatment along these lines is not unproblematic. The chapter proposes an account within Paradigm Function Morphology.
Introduction
Authors: Lovett Frank
Published: September 2010

The concept domination, despite its widespread employment in contemporary political and social theory, has so far escaped sustained, rigorous analysis. Chapter 1 aims to redress this lacuna. The connection between this project and the work of civic republicans such as Philip Pettit is discussed in this chapter. This chapter is envisioned as supporting a civic republican alternative to the standard liberal contractualist political doctrine. The methodological importance of the so‐called separation thesis to the project is also considered.
The Imbalance of Power Conception
Authors: Lovett Frank
Published: September 2010

This chapter examines the connection between social power and domination. It is argued that an imbalance of social power is a necessary, but not sufficient condition of domination. Social power is analyzed as the ability of one person or group to change what another person or group would otherwise want to do. The relevance of strategies and rational expectations to a clear conception of power is considered and defended. It is also argued that power is not an essentially contested concept.
Domination and Human Flourishing
Authors: Lovett Frank
Published: September 2010

The various connections between freedom from domination and human flourishing are shown to account for the wrongness of domination. Benevolent and consensual dominations are shown not to detract from the general claim that freedom from domination is an important good. The limited significance of the claim from Hegel and others that domination will be self‐defeating is discussed.
Applications of Minimizing Domination
Authors: Lovett Frank
Published: September 2010

In this chapter, three applications of justice as minimizing domination are suggested. In the first, it is argued that minimizing domination entails the public provision of an unconditional basic income. In the second, a concern for domination is shown to require limited policies of multicultural accommodation. In the third, it is shown that constitutional democracies are the political systems most likely to minimize overall domination. The role of various forms of resistance in realizing justice as minimizing domination (JMD) is briefly discussed.
8 Conclusion
Authors: Lovett Frank
Published: September 2010

This brief chapter reviews the main arguments of the book, and reminds the reader of its overall aims and motivations.
Introduction
Authors: Smith Kurt
Published: September 2010

The Introduction discusses the purpose of the book, which is to look at a seventeenth-century answer to the essential question of this book: why matter? Why a spatio-temporal cosmos? The Introduction explains that this is not an empirical question but a philosophical question. The Introduction explains the parts of the book.
Is Matter Real?
Authors: Smith Kurt
Published: September 2010

This chapter explores the several senses in which Descartes took matter to be real. Here, this chapter revisits Plato's analogy of the divided line, introduced in Part I, our inquiry coming full circle. A connection is established between Kant's empirical and transcendental senses of ‘ideality’ and ‘reality’, and the subsections of Plato's line; Kant's distinctions correlating with the main subsections representing the Visible and Intelligible realms.
Subjects on the Edge
Authors: Roussou Anna
Published: September 2010

This chapter argues that: a) ‘infinitival’ to is a locative (like prepositional to) which takes a verbal complement and introduces an unrealized subject (EPP) with a variable interpretation (control, raising, arbitrary); b) the complementizer that requires a complement with an overt subject (EPP), closing off the proposition. Absence of the subject in extraction contexts creates an illicit complement for that.
ComplexWh‐phrases Don't Move: On the Interaction between the Split CP Hypothesis and the Syntax ofWh‐movement
Authors: Craenenbroeck Jeroen van
Published: September 2010

This chapter starts out from a set of well‐known syntactic differences and similarities between simple wh‐phrases such as who or what and complex ones such as which boy. It translates these observations into a cartographic account of the left periphery and then proceeds to show how this new proposal is able to account for a wide range of at first sight disparate data from English, German, Frisian and (dialectal) Dutch. The final part of the chapter briefly discusses the implications of the proposal for the theory of reconstruction.
Knowledge and Final Value
Authors: Pritchard Duncan
Published: September 2010

This chapter describes two forms of virtue epistemology: modest and robust. The latter is uniquely able to make a plausible case for the thesis that knowledge is a cognitive form of achievement. Since achievements are, arguably, finally valuable, robust virtue epistemology thus seems uniquely able to offer a defence of the thesis that knowledge is finally valuable, and thereby resolve the various forms of the value of problem for knowledge. Unfortunately, the view faces some fatal problems. In particular, it is shown that there are cases of knowledge — such as testimonial knowledge that is gained via trust — which do not constitute achievements. There are also cases of cognitive achievement — such as the cognitive achievement on display in the barn facade case — which do not constitute knowledge because of the presence of environmental epistemic luck. In light of the failure of robust virtue epistemology to deal with the value problem(s) for knowledge, it is argued that knowledge is not finally valuable.
Understanding
Authors: Pritchard Duncan
Published: September 2010

This chapter offers a new account of the nature of achievements, which can avoid the problems facing the old account put forward by robust virtue epistemology. It argues that achievements, so construed, are plausible candidates for final value. The relevance of this point for the value of understanding is then explored. A certain core kind of understanding is put forward for consideration, and it is argued that this form of understanding is factive. Interestingly, while this form of understanding is incompatible with ‘Gettier-style’ epistemic luck, it is (unlike knowledge) compatible with environmental epistemic luck. More generally, it is argued that understanding and knowledge come apart, and come apart precisely because understanding, unlike knowledge, is a form of cognitive achvievement, and hence is finally valuable. Some potential implications of the final value of understanding are explored concerning the problem of radical scepticism and the goal of inquiry.
Knowledge of Action
Authors: Haddock Adrian
Published: September 2010

This chapter argues that knowledge of one's intentional action can also be understood as knowledge of a transparent fact, which constitutes an entitlement to the belief this knowledge involves. It describes some differences between this account and the above account of the second-order knowledge involved in visual knowledge. It elucidates the connection between knowledge of intentional action and the above account of the value of knowledge. Finally, the present account of knowledge of intentional action is compared with Anscombe's account of such knowledge. According to both accounts, knowledge of this sort is not only knowledge without observation, but practical knowledge, on account of (i) the kind of entitlement it involves; (ii) the fact that it is acquired ‘in intention’; and (iii) the fact that it has a mind-to-world and a world-to-mind direction of fit.
Chapter 3 The OECD and Economic Governance: Invisibility and Impotence?
Authors: Woodward Richard
Published: September 2010

Chapter 3 sketches the OECD's role in economic governance, in particular the pursuit of its obligation to promote policies which maximize economic growth. While the OECD's work in the economic field evolves, its mechanisms of economic governance have barely altered. Richard Woodward argues that the OECD exerts ‘subtle discipline’ over the trajectory of economic governance through the use of its soft law mechanisms such as surveillance and peer review. These mechanisms can lead to convergence in national policies and, occasionally, outbreaks of international policy coordination. Ultimately, however, the proliferation of international mechanisms of governance and the internal politics of the OECD may be diluting its ability to shape the contours of international economic policy‐making.
Chapter 9 A New Global Health Actor? The OECD's Careful Guidance of National Health Care Systems1
Authors: Kaasch Alexandra
Published: September 2010

Chapter 9 focuses on ideas about the organization of health systems as developed in and disseminated by the OECD Secretariat. Global health governance is characterized by an increasing number of different global health actors including an increasingly active OECD. After defining the OECD's role in transnational health policy, its potential power to influence national policy‐making by disseminating particular ideas, and a broader overview of the OECD's health activities, this chapter presents and discusses the general OECD approach regarding health systems and analyzes the specific issue of private health insurance (PHI). In order to explore the potential impact of these ideas, some of the OECD Reviews of Health Care Systems and Economic Surveys are examined with regard to their specific recommendations concerning PHI. The chapter also discusses the content and coherence of the OECD ideas regarding PHI and the potential power of the OECD Secretariat to guide national health policy in this dimension.
A Theory of Criminal Law Theories
Authors: Moore Michael
Published: September 2010

This chapter develops a theory of what a theory of and area of law, criminal law included, should look like. It describes what kind of thing an area of law might be, and previews the book's conclusions as to the correct views on these matters. Three different kinds of kinds are distinguished as possible for areas of law such as criminal law: nominal kinds, natural kinds, and functional kinds. Three different kinds of theories of areas of law are also distinguished, distinguishing evaluative, explanatory, and descriptive theories. The aim of the book is then described as the attempt to give a descriptive theory of the general part of the criminal law, and a normative theory of the special part of the criminal law. The content of each of these theories is then previewed.
Closet Retributivism
Authors: Moore Michael
Published: September 2010

This chapter has two aims. First, it seeks to develop an adequate taxonomy of possible (and historically advocated) theories of punishment. Utilitarian, retributive, rehabilitative, and mixed theories are distinguished, with subspecies of each.. Second, the chapter presents a set of thought experiments making it difficult to hold the utilitarian, rehabilitative, or mixed theories of punishment. That leaves retributivist theories as the preferred basis for punishment, assuming we are to punish at all. The aim of the chapter is not so much to justify retributivism as to show that each of us is, intuitively at least, a retributivist – a ‘closet retributivist’, perhaps, but a retributivist nonetheless.
More on Act and Crime
Authors: Moore Michael
Published: September 2010

Central to human agency and thus to moral responsibility is the idea of human action. An earlier book (Act and Crime) defended a version of a causal theory of action according to which all human actions are in essence willed bodily movements and nothing else. This theory is defended against the extended secondary literature criticizing this theory.
Foreseeing Harm Opaquely
Authors: Moore Michael
Published: September 2010

The law has developed a notion of ‘proximate causation’ to limit the reach of acts that would otherwise be the ‘cause-in-fact’ of some remote harm. A leading legal test of proximate causation is the foreseeability test, according to which a harm is ‘proximate’ (and thus the basis of liability) only if that harm was foreseeable to the defendant at the time that he acted. An old conundrum is raised about this test, in terms of its indeterminacy in the face of different descriptions of what must be foreseeable. The tools of modern philosophy – dealing with referential opacity, referential transparency, failures of substitutivity, failures of existential generalization, types versus tokens, etc. – to make the problem more precise and show it to be intractable for legal theorists.
A Non-Exclusionary Theory of Legislative Aim: Taking Aim at Moral Wrongdoing
Authors: Moore Michael
Published: September 2010

A theory of criminal legislation should tell us what the criminal law should prohibit. Part of that theory should give an answer to the question of legislative motivation: what should the legislative be trying to achieve by prohibiting some actions and not others? A taxonomy of such theories is developed from John Stuart Mill, and then a different, and simpler, taxonomy is substituted for Mill’s. I argue in favour of one entrant in this revised taxonomy, the ‘non-exclusionary’ entrant, concluding that a retributivist legislator should be aiming to prohibit all and only moral wrongdoing in his legislation (for only such wrongdoing is the fit subject of retributive punishment).
Liberty’s Limits on Legislation
Authors: Moore Michael
Published: September 2010

The last piece of the puzzle needed by a rational, retributivist legislator is a theory of the restraints she should observe in prohibiting moral wrongs. Promise-breaking may be morally wrong, for example, but it should not be criminally prohibited. Prominent among such restraints is the general right to liberty, making it worse for a legislator to prohibit some moral wrongs than it would be to allow citizens to choose (even wrongly) whether to do such morally wrongful actions. This chapter develops a presumption of liberty (and of the values that stand behind it). It defends a derived right to liberty (where the citizen's right is derived from the more basic legislative duty to enact legislation for some reasons and not others). It also defines a sphere of basic liberty (immune to state regulation for all but the most compelling of reasons) in terms of self-identity. By way of example, these three notions are applied to the legal prohibition of recreational drug use.
Public Opinion and Public Policy
Authors: Soroka Stuart N. , Wlezien Christopher
Published: September 2010

The key function of representative democracy is to provide a mechanism through which public opinion and public policy are regularly connected. On one hand, there should be policy representation; public preferences for policy should be reflected in policy itself. And on the other hand, there should be public responsiveness; public preferences should be informed and should react to public policy. Policy representation is important in everyday politics. Failure of adequate policy representation may result on disaffection of the public for the government. This article discusses the evidence of representation of public preferences in the Canadian federal policy. It discusses the substance of the preferences and determines whether these preferences adjust to the policy itself. The article also discusses thermostatic public responsiveness, whereby public preferences for policy change reflect changes in policy.
Canada and the World: Beyond Middle Power
Authors: Welsh Jennifer M.
Published: September 2010

This article discusses how Canada has become an independent voice internationally and how it has achieved a delicate balance between globalism and continentalism that has marked its role during the post-1945 period. It also discusses how foreign policy is made within Canada's confederal system. In the sections that follow, the discussion focuses on defining Canadian foreign policy in broad terms. The core issue of the article is the growing challenge of defining a coherent Canadian “national interest,” given the increased activism of provinces within the international arena, the demands to democratize the foreign policy process, and the diverse nature of Canada's population. The final discussion of the article determines the issues and challenges that are faced by policy makers in the twenty-first century, a period in which Canada's diplomatic partner—the United States—is experiencing a crisis in its global leadership role.
National Security Intelligence
Authors: Johnson Loch K.
Published: September 2010

This text aims to impart an understanding of the important and relatively new discipline that focuses on the hidden side of the government. Such hidden side of the government includes secret agencies that provide security-related information to policymakers and carry out other covert operations on their behalf. The objective of this book is to provide an up-to-date assessment of the literature and findings in this field of strategic intelligence and national security intelligence study. This book seeks to map out the discipline and aim to suggest future research agendas. In this text, several nationalities, career experiences, and scholarly training are reflected, highlighting the spread of interest in this subject across many boundaries. The outcome of this mix is a volume loaded in research disciplines, findings, and agendas, with a multitude of international perspectives on the subject of national security intelligence.
United Nations Peacekeeping Intelligence
Authors: Dorn A. Walter
Published: September 2010

This article discusses the United Nations and its peacekeeping intelligence. The United Nations has become a player in the global intelligence game. Given the inability of the UN to live up to its peace and security ideals, the disinclination of nations to share intelligence with it, the ad hoc nature of its responses to global crises, and its reluctance to consider itself as an intelligence-gathering organization, the UN's increasing involvement in the global intelligence came as a surprise. However, the UN has privileged access to many of the world's conflict zones, through its peacekeeping operations (PKOs). Its uniformed and civilian personnel serve as the eyes and the ears of the world in many hotspots. They report the latest developments at the frontiers of the world order and in the midst of civil war. In previous years, the UN relied heavily on overt surveillance through overt human intelligence. It employed direct monitoring and direct observation. Although human intelligence has helped resolved conflicts, overt human intelligence is not sufficient. With the new mandate and the difficult and dangerous environment of many PKOs during the Cold War, the United Nations was forced to change and reform its approach to intelligence. The UN is now including imagery intelligence (IMINT) and signals intelligence (SIGINT) in their approach to intelligence and is currently developing intelligence structures within its missions. Topics discussed in this article include: case studies of peacekeeping operations of the UN in countries with conflict such as Korea, Namibia, and Congo; monitoring technologies of the institution; and intelligence cycle of UN.
Privatized Spying: The Emerging Intelligence Industry
Authors: Keefe Patrick R.
Published: September 2010

After the 9/11 attack, Senator Bob Graham, chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, called for a symbiotic relationship between the intelligence community and the private sector. Across the United States, there was a sense that the country was under attack and that all the citizens including the private industry must do their part in helping secure the homeland and identify and stop emerging threats. Within this context, the private industry of spies came to the aid of the government in securing the nation. Recently retired CIA agents were returning to their same jobs with private-sector salaries. Dozens of new forms were springing in the Washington suburbs, specializing in language transition and analysis, in designing new surveillance technologies, and supplying ex-military and intelligence veterans to foreign soil. By the turn of 2008, the U.S. intelligence and the private sector had formed a symbiotic relationship that is difficult to disentangle. While many of the private contractors and members of the private industry entered the emerging intelligence sphere out of patriotism and national duty in the aftermath of the September 11 attack, many nevertheless became entangled by profit-driven opportunities. This other aspect of the privatized spying poses a misalignment between the priorities and incentives of the contractors and their clients. This article outlines the history and dynamics of the outsourcing of U.S. intelligence. It discusses the sometimes wasteful and expensive dysfunction of the contracting process, the nature of brain drain from the government to the private sector, and the prospects for greater oversight, understanding of the phenomenon, and reform.
The Perils of Politicization
Authors: Pillar Paul R.
Published: September 2010

Objectivity is inherent to the meaning of intelligence. However, objectivity is often challenged by the emergence of politicization and preferences. Politicization is the compromise of the objectivity of intelligence or of how intelligence is used to serve policy or political aims. Politicization of intelligence arises from a broad spectrum. It may come from senior policymakers, from the intelligence officers themselves, and from the public. This article discusses politicization and the dangers of it. First, it discusses the two basic forms of politicization: the public use of intelligence by the policymakers in bolstering support for their policies; and the influence of political or policy preferences on the judgments of intelligence services and intelligence officers. It also discusses the responses of the intelligence system to influences and the implications of politicization and the prospect of combating politicization.
Economic Approaches to Regulation
Authors: Veljanovski Cento
Published: September 2010

Economics has been at the heart of regulatory reform beginning with the wave of deregulation and privatisations of the 1980s. This article focuses on economic theories of regulation, and the way economics has been used to design and evaluate regulation. As the title of this article suggests, there are a number of economic approaches. However, these all share the conviction that relatively simple economic theory can assist in understanding regulation, and providing practical tools for regulators to make regulation more effective and efficient. The subject matter of the economics of regulation covers at least four broad areas — economic regulation, social regulation, competition law, and the legal system. Here a broader view is taken encompassing competition and merger laws, and the field known as law-and-economics or the economics of law is illustrated which looks at the legal system.
Standard‐Setting in Regulatory Regimes
Authors: Scott Colin
Published: September 2010

Standards of one kind or another are central to all regulatory regimes. Conceived of in most general terms, standards are the norms, goals, objectives, or rules around which a regulatory regime is organised. The first part of this article elaborates further on the meaning of standards within regulatory regimes. The second part of this article is concerned with the variety of state and non-state actors who are involved in standard-setting and the processes through which standards are set and applied. The setting of standards is characterised by a diffusion of responsibility — national and supranational levels, state and non-state. The final substantive section of this article addresses the challenges of accountability associated with the emergence of a highly diffuse ‘industry’ for regulatory standard setting.
Enforcement and Compliance Strategies
Authors: Gunningham Neil
Published: September 2010

Effective enforcement is vital to the successful implementation of social legislation, and legislation that is not enforced rarely fulfils its social objectives. This article examines the question of how the enforcement task might best be conducted in order to achieve policy outcomes that are effective and efficient, while also maintaining community confidence. It begins by examining the two strategies that for many years dominated the debate about enforcement strategy, the question of ‘regulatory style’ and whether it is more appropriate for regulators to ‘punish or persuade’. Such an examination begins with John Braithwaite's seminal contribution and the arguments he makes in favour of ‘responsive regulation’. This approach conceives of regulation in terms of dialogic regulatory culture. It is taken further by Smart Regulation, which accepts Braithwaite's arguments as to the benefits of an escalating response up an enforcement pyramid.
The Evaluation of Regulatory Agencies
Authors: Stern Jon
Published: September 2010

This article focuses on the economic regulation of infrastructure industries such as electricity, telecommunications, and water and, in particular, on the evaluation of outcomes, rather than regulatory procedural processes. Furthermore, it discusses the evaluation methods in detail. It also discusses alternative methods that have been used in recent years to evaluate regulatory agencies including the various types of case study, econometric, and other methods of statistical analysis. It then considers the proposed structured case study approach in the World Bank Handbook on the evaluation of infrastructure regulatory systems that tries to combine the evaluation of regulatory governance with the evaluation of industry outcomes. This article also covers the application of that and similar methods both in the context of infrastructure regulation and of merger remedies in competition policy.
Better Regulation: The Search and the Struggle
Authors: Baldwin Robert
Published: September 2010

Most governments around the world face unrelenting demands for reforms and regulatory improvements — mainly from commentators, regulated organisations, elected representatives, and oversight bodies. As a result, such administrations often seek to deliver ‘better regulation’ through initiatives that are designed to improve the delivery of high quality regulation. Such efforts, however, tend to come up against three central challenges which are discusses in this article. This article looks at responses to these three challenges — which can be referred to as those of: benchmarks, strategies, and measurement. It considers the approaches that have been taken in the literature and in governmental policies and draws attention to a number of ongoing difficulties that are presented by the search for better regulation. The argument presented here is that current approaches involve a number of worrying tensions and contradictions which are of both a philosophical and a practical nature.
Effects of Extraction Rates of Wheat Flour on Phyllo (Yufka) Properties at Different Storage Temperatures
Authors: Erbas Mustafa , Uslu Mustafa K. , Demir Muammer , Certel Muharrem
Published: September 2010

Phyllo sheets were produced with flour obtained at different extraction rates (53, 58, or 67%), and stored at 4 and 25°C. Physical, chemical, and sensory properties of fresh and stored phyllo were researched. Fresh phyllo samples from wheat flour at 53% extraction rate were thinner (0.4 mm) and had whiter color (L* = 87.6). Textural properties and overall sensory acceptability of phyllo samples significantly decreased (P ≤ 0.01) with increased extraction rates and storage times. At the end of four days, toughness and extensibility decreased from 0.88 N and 10.9 mm to 0.65 N and 6.7 mm at 4°C and to 0.45 N and 5.6 mm at 25°C. The 53% extraction rate was more suitable for producing phyllo. The shelf life of phyllo samples for preparing borek was determined four days at 4°C and two days at 25°C according to acid contents and sensory properties.
Relationship Between Objective and Subjective Wheat Flour Tortilla Quality Evaluation Methods
Authors: Alviola J. N. , Awika J. M.
Published: September 2010

Accurate determination of tortilla quality is imperative because of the growing market. This calls for quality tests that are replicable. However, current tortilla quality testing relies heavily on subjective tests with unknown reliability. This study aimed to determine the relationship between subjective tortilla quality testing and available objective methods, and assess whether the latter can potentially replace the former. Correlation and regression analyses were done using data on subjective opacity and rollability, and objective L* value and texture parameters based on 114 wheat samples. Opacity scores and L* values were significantly correlated, but this relationship was affected by evaluator experience; in a controlled setting, experienced evaluators scores were more reliable (SEM = ±0.25 – 3.8, r = 0.96) than less experienced evaluators (SEM = ±0.25 – 7.3, r = 0.92). Tortilla rollability, which approximates shelf stability, correlated most strongly with the rupture distance from two‐dimensional extensibility test (r = 0.77). Subjective rollability at day 16 of storage was predicted by rupture distance (day 0) and work (day 4) (R2 = 0.69). Adding rupture force to the model slightly improves the R2 to 0.72. Objective color and texture parameter measurements have a potential to replace the subjective tests as primary methods for tortilla quality.