bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Masculine Gender Role Stress
Authors: Eisler Richard M. , Skidmore Jay R.
Published: March 2007

It is proposed that masculine gender role socialization affects whether men appraise specific situations as stressful. Behavioral research on stress and coping has remained relatively blind to the possibility of significant gender role differences in appraising events as stressful. Therefore, a new scale was developed to measure masculine gender role stress (MGRS). Data were presented to substantiate hypotheses that MGRS scores (1) significantly distinguish men from women, (2) are unrelated to global measures of sex-typed masculinity, and (3) are significantly associated with at least two measures of self-reported stress (i.e., anger and anxiety). Stressful situations represented on the MGRS scale include cognitive, behavioral, and environmental events associated with the male gender role. Factor analysis demonstrates that these concerns cluster in five particular domains reflecting physical inadequacy, emotional inexpressiveness, subordination to women, intellectual inferiority, and performance failures involving work and sex. The findings are discussed in terms of cognitive-behavioral concepts of stress and coping.
Innovative Treatment Approaches to Bulimia Nervosa
Authors: Johnson William G. , Corrigan Sheila A. , Mayo Laurel Lee
Published: March 2007

The available evidence indicates that behavioral interventions for bulimia nervosa are effective in many cases; yet a significant proportion of patients are not symptom-free and others relapse following termination of treatment. Explanations for the nonresponsiveness to behavioral treatment and relapse are offered, including characteristics of certain patients and the scope and implementation of behavioral interventions. The conceptual basis and therapeutic implementation of two alternate behavioral interventions, namely, temptation with exposure and response prevention (TERP) and implosive therapy (IT), are presented and reviewed for their potential utility in nonresponsive and relapsing cases.
Traditional and Nontraditional Men's Responses to Women's Dating Initiation
Authors: Muehlenhard Charlene L. , Miller Eric N.
Published: March 2007

One important aspect of social skills training is knowing what skills to teach. What should therapists advise women who could benefit from dating more? This study assessed traditional and nontraditional men's responses to several approaches women could take to initiate dates. Participants were 100 men from Texas A&M University and 107 from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Traditionality was measured using the Attitudes Toward Women Scale (Spence & Helmreich, 1972). Men were asked how they would respond if a woman whom they wanted to date, liked as a person but had not thought of dating, felt indifferent toward, or disliked took six dating-initiation approaches: asking him to a party, lunch, or a concert; hinting by mentioning a movie or mentioning she had no plans; or merely waiting. The relative effectiveness of these different approaches was calculated. Results showed that traditionality did not affect responses to these approaches, and campus played only a minor role. On the other hand, how much the man liked the woman greatly influenced his responses. If he wanted to date her, asking or hinting would be effective; if he liked her as a person or felt indifferent toward her, asking would be more effective than hinting; if he disliked her, no approach would be effective. Men reported that they were unlikely to ask out a woman who merely waited, regardless of how much they liked her. Implications for therapists helping women with dating-initiation skills are discussed.
Nocturnal Bruxism Treated by Massed Negative Practice
Authors: Vasta Ross , Wortman Holly A.
Published: March 2007

A form of massed negative practice was used to treat a chronic case of nocturnal bruxism in a college-age female. The practice regimen varied from previous procedures in that an increased number of repetitions were performed and practice was focused just prior to sleep. Data were gathered by automated time-sampling recording of the behavior throughout the night. Bruxing was reduced quickly and substantially and remained low as the treatment procedures were phased out and then discontinued. Implications for the treatment of this disorder using massed negative practice are considered.
Programming for Generalization to High and Low Risk Parenting Situations in Families with Oppositional Developmentally Disabled Preschoolers
Authors: Sanders Matthew R. , Plant Karen
Published: March 2007

This study examined the generalization effects of a training program for parents of oppositional, mildly developmentally disabled preschool children. Specifically, the study sought to determine the possible differential generalization effects of treatment to high and low risk parenting settings. Treatment comprised child management and planned activities training procedures specifically designed to enhance generalization effects. A multiple baseline design across subjects that incorporated a non-treatment control subject was employed. Dependent measures included deviant child behavior, accuracy of parent implementation of treatment procedures, and specific measures of aversive and non-aversive parent behaviors. Three of the treated families showed marked reductions in levels of deviant behavior, as well as increases in parental implementation of treatment procedures in both the training setting and the low risk generalization setting. Two of these three families showed comparable improvements in the high risk setting. The control subject showed little improvement in either generalization setting. It was concluded that the treatment program was effective in producing generalization effects in parent training.
"We'll Cross That Hurdle When We Get to It"
Authors: Cameron Michael J. , Cappello Michael J.
Published: March 2007

Persons with developmental and physical disabilities who are enrolled in educational programs often participate in adaptive physical education classes. Primarily, these classes are designed to provide individuals with the opportunity to develop their physical abilities. However, they can also serve as a training ground for the Special Olympics. Teaching the motor skills that are pre-requisite to participation in many adaptive physical education and Special Olympics activities can be a formidable objective. This study demonstrates how a person with developmental disabilities was taught, by way of stimulus control shaping, the necessary motor skills to enable him to participate in the hurdling event at the Special Olympics.
Social Skills Interventions for Children
Authors: Elliott Stephen N. , Gresham Frank M.
Published: March 2007

Children who exhibit social skills deficits experience short-term, and often long-term, negative consequences. Reasons for such deficits, which have treatment utility, are reviewed and a number of procedures for treating children's social skills deficits are examined. In this article, these procedures are categorized into one of three broad and somewhat overlapping treatment approaches: operant conditioning, social learning, or cognitive-behavioral procedures. Descriptions of specific treatment procedures are provided, along with an examination of the effectiveness data, to support the various approaches to enhancing children's social behavior. The research literature provides strong support for the use of operant and social learning techniques, particularly with preschool and elementary school children.
A Sequential, Test-Control Methodology for Conducting Functional Analyses of Self-Injurious Behavior
Authors: Iwata Brian A. , Duncan Beth A. , Zarcone Jennifer R. , Lerman Dorothea C. , Shore Bridget A.
Published: March 2007

Multielement and reversal designs used to identify maintaining variables for behavior disorders such as self-injury have several potential limitations, including interaction effects (multielement), inefficiency (reversal), and lack of a continuous control (reversal). This article describes a methodology that minimizes these problems yet captures the best features of both designs. This design consists of several phases implemented in a sequential (A-B-C) fashion, as in the reversal design. However, each phase consists of two conditions, a test and a control, presented concurrently in a multielement format. Five subjects' self-injury was assessed using both the multielement design and the sequential, test-control (or pairwise) design. Results for two subjects indicated that the multielement design produced clear assessment outcomes, and similar findings were obtained using the pairwise design. For two other subjects, the multielement assessments were somewhat undifferentiated, and clearer results were obtained using the pairwise design. The fifth subject's self-injury showed cyclical patterns using both assessment techniques. Benefits and limitations of the sequential assessment methodology are discussed.
Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Obsessions
Authors: Cladouceur Robert , Freeston Mark H. , Gagnon Fabien , Cthibodeau Nicole , Dumont Jilda
Published: March 2007

Three patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder whose major complaints were obsessional thoughts with cognitive neutralization as opposed to overt rituals were treated with a cognitive-behavioral package. Cognitive neutralization involves both cognitive rituals and a variety of less ritualized coping strategies all designed to remove the thought and decrease discomfort. In a departure from earlier case studies, the patients were treated in a multiple baseline design across subjects. All three patients reported decreased discomfort and improved theirprofessional and/or interpersonal functioning. Gains were maintained at follow-up (8 to 11 months).
Behavioral Treatment of Conversion Disorder in Adolescence
Authors: Donohue Brad , Thevenin Deborah M. , Runyon Melissa K.
Published: March 2007

The present single case study evaluated the efficacy of a cognitive-behavioral intervention for the treatment of a patient diagnosed with globus hystericus, a conversion disorder characterized by a perceived lump in the throat. The patient was a non-mentally retarded 12-year-old female who refused to swallow solids because she thought that her throat muscles would involuntarily constrict and result in choking. She lost approximately .5 lbs. per week during the 6 months prior to treatment. Improvements in weight gain were demonstrated consequent to the implementation of behavior therapy, with weight gain being particularly pronounced after contingency contracting was added to therapy. Weight gain was maintained at 1, 6, and 10 months posttreatment.
Avoidance and Confrontation of Painful, Back-Straining Movements in Chronic Back Pain Patients
Authors: Crombez Geert , Vervaet Leen , Lysens Roland , Baeyens Frank , Eelen Paul
Published: March 2007

Avoidance of painful activities has been proposed to be an important n'sk factor for the initiation and maintenance of chronic low back suffering, whereas exposure to these activities has been suggested to be beneficial for recovery. In a cross-sectional study, the differences between chronic patients with avoidant and confrontational styles were investigated using self-report measures and a behavioral test. Participants were first classified as avoiders or confronters. In comparison with confronters, avoiders reported greater frequency and duration of pain, higher fear of pain and injury, more disability in daily living, and more attentiorr to back sensations. Finally, avoiders reported more fear of (re)injury during the behavioral test and had a worse performance than confronters. The results suggest a close link between the fear of pain/(re)injury on one hand and avoidance behavior and physical deconditioning on the oither hand.
Use of Noncontingent Reinforcement in the Treatment of Challenging Behavior
Authors: Tucker Madonna , Sigafoos Jeff , Bushell Heidi
Published: March 2007

Recently, noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) has been used to reduce challenging behavior in persons with developmental disabilities. In this context, NCR involves reinforcement on a fixed-time schedule irrespective of behavior. The present article reviews studies involving NCR for the treatment of challenging behavior. Based on this review, a clinical guide for the implementation of NCR is delineated. NCR appears to depend on ensuring that reinforcement matches the function of the challenging behavior. Initially, noncontingent reinforcement should be provided on a continuous basis. The schedule can then be faded from continuous reinforcement to a more appropriate level in a number of ways. NCR can also be combined with additional educationally oriented interventions to promote skill development. Given its ease of implementation and other potential advantages, NCR would appear particularly relevant for applied settings. The clinical guide may offer some assistance to practitioners.
The Modification of Breathing Behavior
Authors: Ley Ronald
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to bring attention to breathing as a behavior that can be modified by means of Pavlovian and operant principles of control. With this aim in mind, this paper (a) reviews a selection of early and recent conditioning studies (Pavlovian and operant paradigms) in respiratory psychophysiology, (b) discusses the bidirectional relationship between breathing and emotion/cognition, and (c) discusses theoretical and applied implications that point to new directions for research in the laboratory and clinic. Emphasis is placed on dyspnea/suffocation fear and the acquisition of anticipatory dyspnea/suffocation fear in panic, anxiety, and stress disorders and their concomitant cognitive deficits. Discussions throughout the article focus on research relevant to theory and application, especially applications in programs of remedial breathing (breathing retraining) designed for the treatment of psychophysiological disorders (e.g., panic, anxiety, and stress) and the accompanying cognitive deficits that result from cerebral hypoxia induced by conditioned hyperventilation.
A Palmtop Computer Program for the Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Authors: Newman Michelle G. , Consoli AndrÉs J. , Taylor C. Barr
Published: March 2007

This is the first report of a palmtop computer program developed to increase the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). The computer program offers advantages to researchers, therapists, and clients. These advantages include continuous, unobtrusive collection of process data on treatment adherence as well as on the impact of cognitive behavioral therapy techniques in the client’s natural setting. In addition, the computer extends treatment beyond the therapy hour and motivates clients to comply with homework assignments by prompting practice of cognitive behavioral strategies. The successful application of the palmtop computer program reported in this integrated series suggests a new line of research directed toward increasing the cost-effectiveness of what is currently the goldstandard treatment for GAD.
The Relation between Allocentrism and Perceptions of Ingroups
Authors: Carpenter Sandra , Radhakrishnan Phanikiran
Published: March 2007

The authors examine how allocentrism, or the importance placed on ingroups, relates to the perceived homogeneity and entitativity (groupness)of relational (interpersonal) and collective (categorical) ingroups. In two studies (N s = 198, 90), allocentrism is shown to be positively related to perceptions of ingroup entitativity and homogeneity. This pattern was obtained, however, only for perceptions of collective ingroups. Ethnic differences between Hispanic and non-Hispanic White participants’ perceptions of ingroups were mediated by allocentrism (Study 1). Participants in Study 2 were members of a laboratory task group and their levels of allocentrism predicted their perceptions of the group’s homogeneity and entitativity regardless of the actual homogeneity of the group. The effects of allocentrism on perceptions of ingroups are discussed in terms of self-esteem, group identification, and responses to ingroup members’ deviations from norms.
Transgression-Related Motivational Dispositions: Personality Substrates of Forgiveness and their Links to the Big Five
Authors: McCullough Michael E. , Hoyt William T.
Published: March 2007

Generalizability analyses were used to evaluate the contribution of individual differences to people’s transgression-related interpersonal motivations (TRIMs). Individual differences accounted for 22% to 44% of the variance in participants’ TRIMs (i.e., avoidance, benevolence, and revenge). Although revenge motivation is apparently more cross-situationally consistent than either avoidance or benevolence, estimating people’s dispositions on the basis of their responses to single transgressions will lead to perilously undependable estimates for all three TRIMs. Agreeableness consistently predicted revenge, whereas both Neuroticism and Agreeableness predicted avoidance and benevolence. The association of Neuroticism, but not Agreeableness, with people’s TRIMs appeared to be mediated by appraisals of transgression severity. Differences in people’s responses to historical versus fictional transgressions suggest that transgression-related motivational dispositions should probably be estimated with responses to historical rather than fictional transgressions.
Reacting to Impending Discrimination: Compensation for Prejudice and Attributions to Discrimination
Authors: Kaiser Cheryl R. , Miller Carol T.
Published: March 2007

This experiment tested the hypothesis that stigmatized people attempt to compensate for or overcome the effects of prejudice on social interactions. In an adaptation of Ruggiero and Taylor’s minimization of discrimination design, the authors informed 134 women either prior to or after completing a task that there was some chance that a prejudiced man would evaluate them. The women who were forewarned about prejudice compensated for this threat by distancing themselves from traditional feminine stereotypes relative to the women who learned about prejudice only after the experimental task was completed. However, the overall impression created by the women who were forewarned about prejudice suffered in this process. In addition, the authors did not replicate the minimization of discrimination finding. Regardless of when the women learned about prejudice, those who faced certain and possible prejudice were equally likely to attribute failing feedback to discrimination.
The Role of Ability Judgments in Self-Handicapping
Authors: McCrea Sean M. , Hirt Edward R.
Published: March 2007

This research investigated whether self-handicapping preserves specific conceptions of ability in a particular domain despite poor performance. Reports of preparatory behaviors and stress among introductory psychology students were measured prior to an exam and subsequent performance, attributions for the performance, and measures of global self-esteem and specific self-conceptions were measured after the exam. Results indicated that high self-handicappers reported reduced effort and more stress prior to the exam, performed worse on the exam, and made different attributions following the exam than did low self-handicappers. Although reported self-handicapping was detrimental to performance, male HSH individuals maintained positive conceptions of specific ability in psychology in spite of poorer performance. Moreover, the results of path analyses indicated that it was these changes in specific ability beliefs that mediated changes in global self-esteem. These findings suggest that the primary motivation underlying self-handicapping may be to protect conceptions of ability in a specific domain, which thereby serves to protect global self-esteem.
Measuring Global Self-Esteem: Construct Validation of a Single-Item Measure and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale
Authors: Robins Richard W. , Hendin Holly M. , Trzesniewski Kali H.
Published: March 2007

Four studies examined the construct validity of two global self-esteem measures. In Studies 1 through 3, the Single-Item Self-Esteem Scale (SISE) and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE) showed strong convergent validity for men and women, for different ethnic groups, and for both college students and community members. The SISE and the RSE had nearly identical correlations with a wide range of criterion measures, including domain-specific self-evaluations, self-evaluative biases, social desirability, personality, psychological and physical health, peer ratings of group behavior, academic outcomes, and demographic variables. Study 4 showed that the SISE had only moderate convergent validity in a sample of children. Overall, the findings support the reliability and validity of the SISE and suggest it can provide a practical alternative to the RSE in adult samples. More generally, the findings contribute to the research literature by further elaborating the nomological network of global self-esteem.
The Influence of the Achievement Motive on Spontaneous Thoughts in Pre- and Postdecisional Action Phases
Authors: Puca Rosa Maria , Schmalt Heinz-Dieter
Published: March 2007

Drawing on current goal theories of motivation, the authors investigated participants’ spontaneous thoughts in pre- and postdecisional action phases. In contrast with the research originally initiated by Heckhausen and his coworkers, the authors used a repeated-measures design and considered individual differences in achievement motivation. Participants were given a choice between two tasks. They had to report their thoughts twice, before and after they had made the decision. Thought contents were analyzed according to the theory of action phases. The data clearly indicate that spontaneous thoughts reflect different states of mind in pre- and postdecisional action phases. Furthermore, an optimistic bias in thought contents was found, which was, however, moderated by the achievement motive. Success-motivated participants were optimistic after and pessimistic before decision making. The reverse was true for failure-motivated participants. The results were interpreted as an important extension of the achievement-motive nomological network.
Actions of Similar Others as Inducements to Cooperate in Social Dilemmas
Authors: Parks Craig D. , Sanna Lawrence J. , Berel Susan R.
Published: March 2007

Two studies were conducted to determine whether information about the actions of others in a multitrial social dilemma can influence choice behavior. Participants read about three (fictitious) people who supposedly had already participated in the study and who were either similar or dissimilar to a typical college student. Participants then played several trials of a social dilemma game. Study 1, which used a prisoner’s dilemma, showed that participant rates of cooperation conformed to those reported for similar, but not dissimilar, others. Study 2 added outcome information to the person descriptions and changed the game to a public goods dilemma. Cooperation rates were directly influenced by similar others when others’ choices were described as having produced large outcomes; when choices were said to have produced small outcomes, rate of cooperation was inversely related to others’ behavior. As with Study 1, information about dissimilar others had no effect on choice behavior.
Is this about You or Me? Self-Versus Other-Directed Judgments and Feelings in Response to Intergroup Interaction
Authors: Vorauer Jacquie D. , Kumhyr Sandra M.
Published: March 2007

This research demonstrated that both dominant and lower status group members’ responses to interacting with an out-group member can center largely on thoughts and feelings about themselves. Pairs of students (either two White Canadians or one White Canadian and one Aboriginal Canadian) had casual get-acquainted discussions. Consistent with our hypothesis that individuals would tend to frame the interaction in terms of the other person’s evaluation of them, high-prejudice White Canadians felt stereotyped by an Aboriginal partner even though they actually were not stereotyped and even though they themselves did not stereotype an Aboriginal partner. Moreover, Aboriginal Canadians appeared to personalize negative behaviors exhibited by their White partner. These individuals experienced discomfort and self-directed negative affect—but not other-directed negative affect—when their White partner was high in prejudice.
Attachment Security and Marital Satisfaction: The Role of Positive Perceptions and Social Support
Authors: Cobb Rebecca J. , Davila Joanne , Bradbury Thomas N.
Published: March 2007

The authors examined how positive perceptions about partners’ attachment security predicted supportive behavior and satisfaction in newlywed marriage. The authors tested a mediation model in which positive perceptions were associated with adaptive support behavior, which in turn predicted increases in marital satisfaction. The self-report measures of attachment security, perceptions of partner’s attachment security, and marital satisfaction within 6 months of marriage and again 1 year later were completed by 172 couples. Social support behavior was assessed by videotaped interactions at the initial session. Structural equation models indicated that positive perceptions served a relationship-enhancing function that was enacted, in part, through couples’ supportive interactions.
A Life Course Perspective on Childhood Cheerfulness and its Relation to Mortality Risk
Authors: Martin Leslie R. , Friedman Howard S. , Tucker Joan S. , Tomlinson-Keasey Carol , Criqui Michael H. , Schwartz Joseph E.
Published: March 2007

Under some conditions, cheerfulness promotes health, but cheerfulness also has been associated with unfavorable health outcomes. This study follows up the inverse relation between childhood cheerfulness and longevity found among 1,215 men and women first assessed as children by Lewis Terman in 1922. Risky hobbies, smoking, drinking, and obesity, as well as cause of death, are examined, along with adulthood personality and adjustment. Several hypotheses about mediating variables can be eliminated by these analyses; these data do hint, however, that cheerful children grow up to be more careless about their health. Although correlational and survival analyses suggest that health behaviors play a role, they are unable to explain the observed cheerfulness-mortality link, thus supporting the idea that cheerfulness is multifaceted and should not be assumed to be related to health in a simple manner.
Preschool Personality Prototypes: Internal Coherence, Cross-Study Replicability, and Developmental Outcomes in Adolescence
Authors: Weir Rosy Chang , Gjerde Per F.
Published: March 2007

This study classified for resemblance 102 preschool children, who were described by their nursery school teachers using the California Child Q-sort. Inverse (Q) factor analysis identified three personality prototypes initially defined in terms of ego resiliency and ego undercontrol: overcontrolled resilient, resilient under-controlled, and brittle. These personality prototypes showed strong to moderate similarity with typologies obtained in comparable studies and theoretical meaningful relations with experimental measures of ego functioning and IQ. Ten years later, as adolescents, overcontrolled resilients were shy and restrained yet conscientious and intelligent; resilient undercontrollers were extraverted, assertive, and impulsive; and brittles were relatively unintelligent. The discussion focused on the several meanings of person-centered methods, the sample-dependence of personality typologies, and the complementary contributions made by person versus variable-centered analytical strategies in the study of human development.
Affective Perseverance: The Resistance of Affect to Cognitive Invalidation
Authors: Sherman David K. , Kim Heejung S.
Published: March 2007

Four studies demonstrated that affective preferences persevere even if the cognition that gave rise to the affect is invalidated. In Study 1, participants learned associations between Chinese ideographs and their English meanings that were either positively or negatively valenced; subsequently, they were informed that these meanings were incorrect. Despite this cognitive invalidation, the affect associated with the ideographs persevered. Studies 2 and 3 ruled out alternative explanations. Study 4 showed that invalidating information containing opposite affective valence succeeded in changing the affective perseverance, whereas the neutral cognitive invalidation of Studies 1 through 3 did not. The present research provides an empirical demonstration of affective perseverance, specifying the conditions where affective preferences do and do not persevere when confronted with invalidating information. Discussion centers on issues of underlying mechanism and implications for other psychological phenomena.
Attachment and Religiosity in Adolescence: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Evaluations
Authors: Granqvist Pehr
Published: March 2007

The study offers the first investigation of cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between attachment and religiosity with adolescent participants. Adolescence is a life period linked to attachment transitions and religious changes. The research was conducted to help resolve inconsistent results from previous cross-sectional versus longitudinal studies and studies on attachment to parents versus peer attachment. Time 1 questionnaire data was collected from 196 Swedish adolescents (M age = 16 years); 143 participants completed the 15-month follow-up. Results from the cross-sectional analyses generally supported the socialized correspondence and emotional compensation hypotheses, particularly in relation to attachment to mother. Results from the longitudinal analyses were more mixed. The discussion integrates the hypotheses with Kirkpatrick’s previous proposal, argues for a main focus on attachment to parents rather than peer attachment, and offers suggestions for future attachment and religion studies.
Looking Up and Looking Down: Weighting Good and Bad Information in Life Satisfaction Judgments
Authors: Diener Ed , Lucas Richard E. , Oishi Shigehiro , Suh Eunkook M.
Published: March 2007

In two large international studies, the authors examined whether happy and unhappy individuals weighted life domains differently when constructing life satisfaction judgments. In both studies, regression equations predicting life satisfaction showed that there were significant interactions between happiness and a person’s best domain and between happiness and a person’s worst domain, even after controlling for participants’ standing on all other domains. Happy participants weighted their best domains more heavily than did unhappy individuals, whereas unhappy individuals weighted their worst domains more heavily than did happy individuals. Thus, happy and unhappy people used different information when constructing satisfaction judgments.
The Intrinsic Self and Defensiveness: Evidence that Activating the Intrinsic Self Reduces Self-Handicapping and Conformity
Authors: Arndt Jamie , Schimel Jeff , Greenberg Jeff , Pyszczynski Tom
Published: March 2007

Two studies were conducted to assess the hypothesis that shifting individuals’ base of self-esteem to more stable, intrinsic self-attributes would reduce psychological defensiveness in the form of self-handicapping attributions and conformity. In Study 1, participants visualized an individual who liked them contingently or noncontingently, or who was neutral toward them, and then made attributions for an impending test performance. Participants who visualized the noncontingently accepting other made fewer self-handicapping attributions. In Study 2, partici pants wrote about an intrinsic self-attribute, an achievement, or a neutral event and then evaluated several abstract art paintings while knowing how other participants purportedly rated the paintings. Participants for whom the intrinsic self was primed conformed less to others’ judgments relative to achievement self-primed and control participants. Discussion focuses on the implications of these findings for understanding the connection between self-esteem and defensiveness.
The Differential Effects of Solo Status on Members of High- and Low-Status Groups
Authors: Sekaquaptewa Denise , Thompson Mischa
Published: March 2007

Individuals experience solo status when they are the only members of their social category (e.g., gender or race) present in a group. Field research indicates that women and racial minorities are more debilitated by solo status than White men. However, lab oratory research indicates that men and women are equally debilitated as solos. We noted that laboratory studies introduced solo status during learning, whereas field research examined solo status at performance. Therefore, we predicted that high and low social status group members would be differentially influenced by solo status experienced during testing. In two laboratory experiments, men and women and African Americans and Whites experienced solo status during an oral examination. In Experiment 1, White women performed more poorly than White men taking the exam before an opposite-sex (but same-race) audience. In Experiment 2, African American women performed more poorly than White women taking the exam before an other-race (but same-gender) audience.
Defensive Verbal Behavior Assessment
Authors: Barrett Lisa Feldman , Williams Nathan L. , Fong Geoffrey T.
Published: March 2007

The present investigation introduces a new way to measure the existence of self-protective cognitive strategies: defensive verbal behavior assessment (DVBA). In Study 1, the authors introduce the coding procedure for DVBA and demonstrate evidence for its interrater reliability and construct validity. In Study 2, the authors demonstrate that defensive verbal behavior is influenced both by characteristics of the person and by the situational context. Together, the two studies illustrate that (a) reliable and valid behavioral assessment of defensive processes is possible in nonclinical samples without the need for lengthy assessment times or specialized clinical knowledge and (b) qualities of the person and the situation must be considered to provide a full account of self-protective behavior.
Some Universals of Social Behavior
Authors: Triandis Harry C.
Published: March 2007

A universal theory of social behavior that might emerge in the next several years of social and personality psychology is explored. The paper emphasizes that there is already some solid information about universals of social behavior. The final theory that will emerge may well show social behavior under the influence of fundamental attitudes and values, filtered by a person's conceptions of what she or he is capable of doing and what he or she considers appropriate and pleasant to do, and likely to lead to desired goal states.
Notes for a Talk on Our Scientific Publication System
Authors: Latané Bibb
Published: March 2007

I argue that reviewers in personality and social psychology are engaged in a self-destructive process of stifling scientific communications without economic justification, and urge us all to be a little less rejecting.
Humans Would Do Better Without Groups
Authors: Buys Christian J.
Published: March 2007

A brief overview of important research in social psychology suggests that humans would do better without most forms of groups.
Perceived Locus of Control and Attraction as a Function of Locus of Control Orientation
Authors: Feinberg Richard A. , Lombardo John P.
Published: March 2007

Several studies have found that one's locus of control orientation affects perceived locus of control. However, the nature and extent of this influence has not been consistent. In this investigation internal and external subjects interacted with strangers whose responding was characteristic of internality or externality (resistence or yielding to attitude change), and perceived locus of control and attraction were assessed. Contrary to the previous research, one's own locus of control did not affect perception of locus of control. In addition, attraction was found to be a function of the stranger's resistence or yielding to attitude change rather than personality similarity.
Effects of Presentation Mode Upon Mock Jurors' Reactions to a Trial
Authors: Juhnke Ralph , Vought Challenger , Pyszczynski Thomas A. , Dane Francis C. , Losure Bruce D. , Wrightsman Lawrence S.
Published: March 2007

A criminal trial was presented to male and female undergraduates in one of four modes: videotape, audiotape, transcript, or summary. Significant differences in verdicts and in perceptions of the effectiveness of attorneys' presentations were observed across modes, but no differences in perceptions of witnesses were noted.
Evaluating and Sentencing a Defendant as a Function of His Salience and the Perceiver's Set
Authors: Eisen Susan V. , McArthur Leslie Zebrowitz
Published: March 2007

A videotaped mock trial was employed to examine the effects of perceivers' cognitive set and the salience of a defendant upon perceivers' evaluations and sentencing of him. Cognitive set influenced both the range and the direction of salience effects. The defendant was seen as more responsible for the crime by perceivers who were set to watch a trial and to determine his guilt than by those who were set to watch a social interaction and to form an impression of him. Given a trial set, the more visibly salient the defendant, the more negatively he was evaluated. However, the defendant's salience did not influence the recommended sentence. Given an impression set, the more visibly salient the defendant, the more positively he was evaluated, and the more lenient the recommended sentence.
Staring and Participants' Sex: Physiological and Subjective Reactions
Authors: Strom John C. , Buck Ross W.
Published: March 2007

A 2X2X2 ANOVA design laboratory experiment was conducted with 123 college students in which male and female confederates stared or did not look at male and female subjects. Using changes in the number of skin conductance deflections as the measure of arousal, stare subjects were more aroused in the presence of an opposite-sex confederate. There was no sex X stare condition interaction. Stare subjects rated themselves more angry, unfriendly, unpleasant and embarrassed, while stare condition confederates were rated as more tense, angry, embarrassed, passive and less intelligent.
Helping the Handicapped: How Realistic is the Performance Feedback Received by the Physically Handicapped
Authors: Hastorf Albert H. , Northcraft Gregory B. , Picciotto Samuel R.
Published: March 2007

In an attempt to demonstrate that handicapped individuals tend to receive inaccurate feedback, a situation was created in which able-bodied subjects were asked to administer performance feedback to a confederate, presented either as handicapped or able-bodied. The confederate's performance followed a predetermined script intended to be perceived as a below-average performance. Analysis of the data showed that feedback to the able-bodied confederate was significantly different from that administered to handicapped confederates. An internal analysis of the data revealed that the difference in feedback was not because subjects expected the handicapped confederate to perform less well than the able-bodied. It was concluded that the "norm-to-be-kind" hypothesis was supported by the data.
Self-Consciousness and Memory of Trait Terms
Authors: Turner Robert G.
Published: March 2007

Rogers (1977) and Rogers et al. (1977) have shown that employment of a self-reference strategy improved memory of trait adjectives. The present study investigated the utility of employing a measure of individual differences in habitual self-focused attention (the Self-Consciousness Scale) to identify persons who use self-reference strategies in memory tasks employing trait terms. Consistent with predictions, high private self-consciousness subjects remembered more trait terms employed in a reaction time task than did the low private self-consciousness group.
The Male-Taller Norm in Mate Selection
Authors: Gillis John Stuart , Avis Walter E.
Published: March 2007

It has been suggested that an important factor influencing human mate selection is a social norm that the male should be taller than the female. With the aim of providing empirical evidence concerning the possibility of such a male-taller norm, height data were collected from bank account application forms of 720 couples. According to probability theory, the chance expectation for the occurrence of couples with females taller was 2/100. The actual value found was only 1/720, which was seen as supporting the notion of a male-taller norm.
Consensus Information and the Foot-in-the-Door-Effect
Authors: DeJong William
Published: March 2007

The self-perception explanation of the foot-in-the-door effect suggests that subjects told they are unique in their compliance with an initial, small request will be more likely to comply with larger requests made of them later, while those told they are one of many who complied will not. In Experiment 1, shoppers were first asked to sign a petition; unexpectedly, subjects given consensus information about the compliance to that request were more likely to help a second experimenter than subjects in a no-initial-request control group. Compliance rates of those told they were unique (nonconsensus group) and those in the control group did not differ significantly. Subjects in Experiment 2 were asked to participate in a telephone survey; no differences were found in this study between the nonconsensus and consensus groups.
Expectancies in Relation to Success and Failure, Causal Attributions, and Perceived Task Similarity
Authors: Foersterling Friedrich , Engelken Rositta
Published: March 2007

This research examined the influence of causal attributions (ability, effort) concerning actors' successes and failures on observers' expectations for the stimulus persons' subsequent performances at similar and dissimilar tasks. It was found that persons who failed at a prior task which was similar to the subsequent one due to lack of ability were expected to perform worse than those who failed due to lack of effort. However, stimulus persons who initially failed due to lack of effort were expected to do worse at a subsequently dissimilar task than those who failed because of low ability. For initially successful outcomes, expectations were higher for ability attributions at similar tasks and higher for effort attributions at dissimilar ones. In addition to performance expectations, certainty ratings for these judgments were assessed.
Replication Failures in Personality and Social Psychology
Authors: Touhey John C.
Published: March 2007

Recent failures to replicate several of the "basic"findings of social psychology may be the result of mistaken assumptions in the experimental study of social interaction. The reliabilities of most standardized experimental procedures are unknown, and the cultural processes that define specific laboratory manipulations vary among different subject populations. Given these limitations, it may not be appropriate to view replication failures as negative findings.
The Rooster Effect
Authors: Thompson Henry L. , Richardson Deborah R.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of same-sex rivalry and inequity on retaliative aggression directed toward dyad targets. One member of the excluding pair initiated the rejection of the research participant; the other played the role of follower. The rejecting pair consisted of male initiator/female follower, male initiator/male follower, female initiator/male follower, or female initiator/female follower. The predicted "rooster" effect was demonstrated. Research participants directed more retaliative aggression toward dyads composed of male initiator/female follower than toward dyads of any other sex role composition.
Unmasking the "Polite Smile"
Authors: Bugental Daphne Blunt
Published: March 2007

It was predicted that rapid onset and offset times of smiles are indicators of strategic or managed positive affect. Women (N = 96) were videotaped interacting with elementary-aged boys whose behavior (responsive, cooperative versus unresponsive, resistant) was likely to elicit positive versus negative affect. Adult smiles were found to fade faster when directed to unresponsive than to responsive children. Onset time of adult smiles, on the other hand, were found to vary as a function of caregiver attributions, that is, faster onset times were shown by "luck" than "ability" attributors. Fast offset time was interpreted as an indicator of unreciprocated positive affect (situational influence on smiling). Fast onset time of smiles was interpreted as reflecting an ingratiating self-presentation strategy (personal influence on smiling). Trends were observed indicating that slow onset and offset times of smiles acted to increase child responsiveness.
Judging Physical Attractiveness
Authors: Franzoi Stephen L. , Herzog Mary E.
Published: March 2007

The present study attempted to determine what body parts and functions young adults use in judging physical attractiveness and how these body items are related to different dimensions of body esteem. College students completed the Body Esteem Scale and then rated the importance of body items in determining same-sex and opposite-sex attractiveness. Results indicated a good deal of congruence in men's and women's judgments of physical attractiveness. Aspects of male body esteem dealing with upper body strength and aspects of female body esteem dealing with weight concern figured prominently in these judgments. Findings further indicated that men generally have more positive attitudes toward their bodies than do women.
The Mediation Process
Authors: Welton Gary L. , Pruitt Dean G.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the impact of mediator bias and disputant power over the mediator on acceptance of the mediator and mediator influence. Disputants who perceived the mediator as biased against their side were less accepting of the mediator and less influenced by the mediator than disputants who perceived the mediator as neutral. Disputants with high power over the mediator were more accepting of the mediator but tended to be less influenced by the mediator than disputants with low power. Disputants with high power also used less contentious tactics and reported that they were less concerned about appearing strong to the mediator than disputants with low power. 7here were no interactions between mediator bias and disputant power.
An Attribution-Affect-Action Theory of Behavior
Authors: Schmidt Greg , Weiner Bernard
Published: March 2007

Four self-contained experimental conditions (N = 496) examined the relations between perceived controllability, emotional reactions of anger and sympathy, and judgments of helping behavior. In accordance with prior findings, it was confirmed that an attribution-affect-action path captures the motivational process in this domain. Controllable causes of a need state give rise to anger, which, in turn, evokes neglect, whereas uncontrollable causes of a need state elicit pity, which, in turn, generates judgments of help-giving. These paths were not altered by self-focus and other-focus (empathy) instructions or by instructions to ignore feelings and concentrate on the objective situation. General issues pertaining to helping and affect were examined.