bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RESISTANCE AND CROSS-RESISTANCE OF
ESCHERICHIA COLI
S MUTANTS TO THE RADIOMIMETIC AGENT PROFLAVINE
Authors: Woody-Karrer Pearl , Greenberg Joseph
Published: January 2020

Woody-Karrer, Pearl
(Palo Alto Medical Research Foundation, Palo Alto, Calif.),
and Joseph Greenberg
. Resistance and cross-resistance of
Escherichia coli
S mutants to the radiomimetic agent proflavine. J. Bacteriol.
87:
536–542. 1964.—All 50 of the first-step mutants of
Escherichia coli
S selected for resistance to proflavine were resistant to ultraviolet light and each of five different radiomimetic chemicals. The mutants were classified into eight types on the basis of their relative resistance to six different radiomimetic drugs and on the basis of the shape of their ultraviolet survival curves. Three of these types are identical to types previously isolated with other radiomimetic drugs; five of the types are new. A high proportion of the clones surviving proflavine treatment were phenotypically but not genetically resistant, and no strains were isolated which were resistant to proflavine but were not resistant to radiation.
ALTERATIONS IN THE MOUSE VIRULENCE OF
SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM
BY GENETIC RECOMBINATION
Authors: Krishnapillai V. , Baron L. S.
Published: January 2020

Krishnapillai
, V. (Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C.),
and L. S. Baron
. Alterations in the mouse virulence of
Salmonella typhimurium
by genetic recombination. J. Bacteriol.
87:
598–605. 1964.—The genetic basis of mouse virulence was investigated with an avirulent strain of
Salmonella abony
as chromosomal donor and a virulent strain of
S. typhimurium
as recipient in recombination experiments. In these genetic crosses, the transfer of partial avirulence was found to segregate among the hybrids that were examined. At least two determinants controlling avirulence were depicted to account for the partial avirulence of the hybrids. One of these determinants is indicated as being in the region of the locus for streptomycin sensitivity or resistance, and the other was adjacent to the locus for inositol utilization. Moreover, both determinants were essential for the phenotypic expression of complete avirulence in a hybrid. This was established by the results of experiments in which an initial, partially avirulent hybrid was backcrossed with the
S. abony
donor so that it further received the additional determinant.
MACROMOLECULAR SYNTHESIS AND THE BACTERICIDAL EFFECT OF STREPTOMYCIN
Authors: Rosenkranz Herbert S.
Published: January 2020

Rosenkranz, Herbert
S. (Columbia University, New York, N.Y.). Macromolecular synthesis and the bactericidal effect of streptomycin. J. Bacteriol.
87:
606–603. 1964.—Hydroxylamine, a bacteriostatic agent which inhibits deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and protein synthesis, interferes with the lethal action of streptomycin on growing cells of
Escherichia coli
. The addition of hydroxylamine to cultures exposed for various times to streptomycin prevents the further killing of the survivors. On the other hand, phenethyl alcohol, a chemical which interferes with DNA synthesis, does not reverse the action of streptomycin. From this and the mode of action of hydroxylamine, it is suggested that the structural and functional integrity of RNA is required for the bactericidal action of streptomycin.
NATURAL FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE INDUCTION OF CYST FORMATION IN
AZOTOBACTER
Authors: Layne Joseph S. , Johnson Emmett J.
Published: January 2020

Layne, Joseph
S. (University of Mississippi School of Medicine, Jackson),
and Emmett J. Johnson
. Natural factors involved in the induction of cyst formation in
Azotobacter
. J. Bacteriol.
87:
684–689. 1964.—Recent reports have stimulated an interest in the natural factors responsible for the induction of a resistant form in the genus
Azotobacter;
therefore, an investigation of these factors was undertaken.
A. agilis
(
vinelandii
) was grown in Burk's nitrogen-free medium from which one mineral, or a combination of two minerals, was omitted. These media were made with triple-distilled, deionized water and were sterilized by filtration. After 18 hr of growth, up to 75% of the cells present were resistant forms if a single mineral was omitted, and up to 95% if two minerals were omitted. Formation of resistant forms was also induced by reduction of the sucrose content of the medium. When the sucrose content was reduced from the normal 0.5% to 0.1%, up to 60% resistant forms were obtained. Further reduction of the sucrose content to 0.05% brought about the formation of up to 80% resistant forms. Electron micrographs show that cysts grown in liquid media in response to mineral deficiencies lack the characteristic exine and intine of the cysts grown on the more commonly used solid medium containing butanol as the carbon source.
FILAMENT FORMATION BY
ESCHERICHIA COLI
AT INCREASED HYDROSTATIC PRESSURES
Authors: Zobell Claude E. , Cobet Andre B.
Published: January 2020

ZoBell, Claude
E. (University of California, La Jolla),
and Andre B. Cobet
. Filament formation by
Escherichia coli
at increased hydrostatic pressures. J. Bacteriol.
87:
710–719. 1964.—The reproduction as well as the growth of
Escherichia coli
is retarded by hydrostatic pressures ranging from 200 to 500 atm. Reproduction was indicated by an increase in the number of cells determined by plating on EMB Agar as well as by direct microscopic counts. Growth, which is not necessarily synonymous with reproduction, was indicated by increase in dry weight and protein content of the bacterial biomass. At increased pressures, cells of three different strains of
E. coli
tended to form long filaments. Whereas most normal cells of
E. coli
that developed at 1 atm were only about 2 μ long, the mean length of those that developed at 475 atm was 2.93 μ for strain R
4
, 3.99 μ for strain S, and 5.82 μ for strain B cells. Nearly 90% of the bacterial biomass produced at 475 atm by strain B was found in filaments exceeding 5 μ in length; 74.7 and 16.4% of the biomass produced at 475 atm by strains S and R
4
, respectively, occurred in such filaments. Strain R
4
formed fewer and shorter (5 to 35 μ) filaments than did the other two strains, whose filaments ranged in length from 5 to >100 μ. The bacterial biomass produced at all pressures had approximately the same content of protein and nucleic acids. But at increased pressures appreciably more ribonucleic acid (RNA) and proportionately less deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was found per unit of biomass. Whereas the RNA content per cell increased with cell length, the amount of DNA was nearly the same in long filaments formed at increased pressure as in cells of normal length formed at 1 atm. The inverse relationship between the concentration of DNA and cell length in all three strains of
E. coli
suggests that the failure of DNA to replicate at increased pressure may be responsible for a repression of cell division and consequent filament formation.
PENICILLIN RESISTANCE OF COMPETENT CELLS IN DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID TRANSFORMATION OF
BACILLUS SUBTILIS
Authors: Nester E. W.
Published: January 2020

Nester
, E. W. (University of Washington, Seattle). Penicillin resistance of competent cells in deoxyribonucleic acid transformation of
Bacillus subtilis
. J. Bacteriol.
87:
867–875. 1964.—Transformants are resistant to penicillin killing for several hours after deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) addition. The present study indicates that this resistance is a consequence of such cells still remaining competent and is not the result of any interaction of donor DNA with the recipient cell. The following data support this conclusion: (i) the frequency of transformation can be increased five- to tenfold if penicillin acts on a competent culture prior to DNA addition; (ii) the percentage of competent cells in such a penicillin-treated culture calculated on the basis of a random coincidence of DNA molecules entering the same cell increases some 25-fold over that of a penicillin-nontreated population; (iii) the kinetics of penicillin killing of a recipient culture are identical whether or not transforming DNA has been added; (iv) the extent of killing by penicillin is related to the level of competence of the recipient culture; and (v) the kinetics of appearance and disappearance of competence in a population as well as in individual cells indicate that a cell may remain competent for 3 to 4 hr.
TRYPTOPHAN- AND INDOLE-EXCRETING PROTOTROPHIC MUTANT OF
ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Lim P. G. , Mateles R. I.
Published: January 2020

Lim
, P. G. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge),
and R. I. Mateles
. Tryptophan- and indole-excreting prototrophic mutant of
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
87:
1051–1055. 1964.—A mutant of
Escherichia coli
K-12, capable of excreting 350 mg of indole and 50 mg of tryptophan per liter when grown on minimal medium, was found to have a level of 3-deoxy-
d
-
arabino
-heptulosonic acid-7-phosphate (DAHP) synthetase 60% higher than the parent, and to have a 10- to 15-fold elevation of the levels of enzymes in the tryptophan branch of the pathway for aromatic amino acid biosynthesis. Contrary to what previous investigators found in
E. coli
W, the presence of a tyrosine-repressible component of DAHP synthetase sensitive to end-product inhibition by tyrosine could not be demonstrated in either strain K-12 or the mutant. The mutant strain is an example of a microorganism which excretes biosynthetic end products solely because of genetic derepression, as opposed to most previously reported amino acid accumulators which require a combination of genetic and physiological manipulation to achieve derepression.
ANALYSIS OF SEQUENTIAL STAGES IN SERUM BACTERICIDAL REACTIONS
Authors: Michael J. Gabriel , Braun Werner
Published: January 2020

Michael, J. Gabriel(House of the Good Samaritan, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Boston, Mass.),and Werner Braun. Analysis of sequential stages in serum bactericidal reaction. J. Bacteriol.87:1067–1072. 1964.—The bactericidal reaction of “normal” human serum againstEscherichia coliwas found to be separable into two distinctive stages. The early (first) stage of the reaction lasts for a relatively short period of time, and involves factors that are present in sufficient amounts only in slightly diluted serum. The later (second) stage needs more time and requires factors present in highly diluted serum. The first stage depends on the presence of Ca++and Mg++and on the activity of all components of complement; the second stage does not require divalent cations and C′1, C′2, and C′4, but requires factors that can be removed by zymosan. Under our conditions, removal of lysozyme did not influence either stage of the reaction. Bacteria exposed to concentrated serum for a short time, during the first stage, are essentially unaffected as far as their potential for subsequent multiplication is concerned; the actual damage to cellular integrity occurs only during the second stage of the reaction. In the absence of cell division, the “sensitization” produced during the first stage can be preserved for prolonged periods, and the bactericidal reaction can be completed later by exposure to antibody-free, highly diluted serum (second stage). Cell multiplication abolishes the sensitizing effects of the first stage.
GLYOXYLATE METABOLISM IN GROWTH AND SPORULATION OF
BACILLUS CEREUS
Authors: Megraw Robert E. , Beers Russell J.
Published: January 2020

Megraw, Robert
E. (Iowa State University, Ames),
and Russell J. Beers
. Glyoxylate metabolism in growth and sporulation of
Bacillus cereus
. J. Bacteriol.
87:
1087–1093. 1964.—Isocitrate lyase and malate synthetase were found in cell-free extracts of
Bacillus cereus
T. The patterns of synthesis of enzymes of the glyoxylic acid cycle were dependent upon the medium in which the organism was grown. Cells grown in acetate or in an acetate precursor, such as glucose, produced enzymes of the glyoxylic acid cycle in greatly diminished quantities, as compared with cells grown in media containing glutamate or yeast extract as principal carbon sources. Glutamate-grown cells had high isocitrate lyase activity but very low malate synthetase activity. Glyoxylate produced in this situation is metabolized by alternate pathways: conversion to tartronic semialdehyde and the latter to glyceric acid, thus providing evidence for a glycerate pathway; and reduction to glycolate (the reverse of this reaction was present at a low rate). Enzymatic activity of the glyoxylic acid cycle declines at the point where sporogenesis begins, indicating a metabolic shift for the synthesis of spore material.
LYSOSOMAL DISRUPTION BY BACTERIAL TOXINS
Authors: Bernheimer Alan W. , Schwartz Lois L.
Published: January 2020

Bernheimer, Alan
W. (New York University School of Medicine, New York),
and Lois L. Schwartz
. Lysosomal disruption by bacterial toxins. J. Bacteriol.
87:
1100–1104. 1964.—Seventeen bacterial toxins were examined for capacity (i) to disrupt rabbit leukocyte lysosomes as indicated by decrease in turbidity of lysosomal suspensions, and (ii) to alter rabbit liver lysosomes as measured by release of β-glucuronidase and acid phosphatase. Staphylococcal α-toxin,
Clostridium perfringens
α-toxin, and streptolysins O and S affected lysosomes in both systems. Staphylococcal β-toxin, leucocidin and enterotoxin, Shiga neurotoxin,
Serratia
endotoxin, diphtheria toxin, tetanus neurotoxin,
C. botulinum
type A toxin, and
C. perfringens
ε-toxin were not active in either system. Staphylococcal δ-toxin,
C. histolyticum
collagenase, crude
C. perfringens
β-toxin, and crude anthrax toxin caused lysosomal damage in only one of the test systems. There is a substantial correlation between the hemolytic property of a toxin and its capacity to disrupt lysosomes, lending support to the concept that erythrocytes and lysosomes are bounded by similar membranes.
GENETIC RECOMBINATION BETWEEN THE RESISTANCE TRANSFER FACTOR AND THE CHROMOSOME OFESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Ginoza Herbert S. , Painter Robert B.
Published: January 2020

Ginoza, HerbertS. (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Moffett Field, Calif.),and Robert B. Painter. Genetic recombination between the resistance transfer factor and the chromosome ofEscherichia coli. J. Bacteriol.87:1339–1345. 1964.—Genetic instability for high-level streptomycin and chloramphenicol resistance was observed in several strains ofEscherichia coliinfected with the resistance transfer factor (RTF) episome. The altered site was always found on the chromosome, and the resistance characteristics were similar to, if not identical with, the corresponding determinant found on the episome. The high-level drug resistance phenotype was ascribed to two separate loci acting cooperatively within the host. The instability phenomenon had been attributed to a genetic exchange mechanism in which the chromosome copies the drug-resistance information from the episome, thus giving rise to a diploid homogenote for this segment. In a reciprocal exchange system, the tetracycline-resistance marker on the chromosome was shown to recombine with the RTF episome lacking this information.
TYPING OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI BY IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE
Authors: Karakawa Walter W. , Borman Earle K. , McFarland Clarence R.
Published: January 2020

Karakawa, WalterW. (Connecticut State Department of Health, Hartford),Earle K. Borman, and Clarence R. McFarland. Typing of group A streptococci by immunofluorescence. I. Preparation and properties of type 1 fluorescein-labeled antibody. J. Bacteriol.87:1377–1382. 1964.—Unadsorbed, fluorescein-labeled globulins derived from rabbits immunized with acid-extracted M-protein of type 1 streptococci (plus adjuvant) were found to have high fluorescent-antibody (FA) staining titers and to be considerably more type-specific than were similar preparations derived from whole-cell immunization. Appropriate adsorption rendered the anti-M reagent entirely type-specific without appreciable loss of titer; whole-cell reagent was appreciably weakened in FA titer by comparable adsorption. Type-specificity was confirmed by parallel bactericidal, long-chain, and precipitin studies. Removal of reactivity by adsorption with homologous M protein was complete, confirming that the FA reaction was truly a manifestation of an M anti-M protein system. The data indicate that the development of FA reagents specific for the streptococcal types is feasible.
INCORPORATION OF BACTERIOPHAGE GENOME BY SPORES OF
BACILLUS SUBTILIS
Authors: Takahashi I.
Published: January 2020

Takahashi
, I. (Microbiology Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada). Incorporation of bacteriophage genome by spores of
Bacillus subtilis
. J. Bacteriol.
87:
1499–1502. 1964—The buoyant density in a CsCl gradient of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extracted from spores of
Bacillus subtilis
was found to be identical to that of DNA from vegetative cells. Density-gradient centrifugation of DNA of spores derived from cultures infected with phage PBS 1 revealed the presence of a minor band whose density corresponded to that of the phage DNA in addition to the spore DNA. No intermediate bands were present. The relative amount of the phage DNA present in the spores was estimated to be 11%, suggesting that spores of this organism may incorporate several copies of the phage genome. Although the possibility that true lysogeny may occur cannot be entirely eliminated, the results seem to indicate that the phage genomes incorporated into spores are not attached to the host chromosome in this system.
DEFINED MEDIUM FOR
MYCOPLASMA LAIDLAW II
Authors: Tourtellotte Mark E. , Morowitz Harold J. , Kasimer Phil
Published: January 2020

Tourtellotte, Mark
E. (University of Connecticut, Storrs),
Harold J. Morowitz, and Phil Kasimer
. Defined medium for
Mycoplasma laidlawii
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
11–15. 1964.—A defined medium for the pleuropneumonia-like organism
Mycoplasma laidlawii
B is described in which absolute requirements for coenzyme A and longchain fatty acids were demonstrated. This organism did not require cholesterol or macromolecules of high molecular weight, but did show a growth requirement for peptides. Optimal growth in the basal medium was obtained in the presence of two purified peptides from crystalline ribonuclease, one of which has the amino acid sequence threonine - threonine - glutamine - alanine - asparagine-lysine, and the other lysine-glutamic acid-threonine-alanine-alanine-alanine-lysine. Continuous, but suboptimal, growth was obtained with the single ribonuclease peptide: lysine-glutamic acid-threonine-alanine-alanine-alanine-lysine.
VALINE-ISOLEUCINE METABOLISM IN
ACETOBACTER SUBOXYDANS
AND THE INHIBITION OF GROWTH BY VALINE
Authors: Kerwar Suresh S. , Cheldelin Vernon H. , Parks L. W.
Published: January 2020

Kerwar, Suresh
S. (Oregon State University, Corvallis),
Vernon, H. Cheldelin, and L. W. Parks
. Valine-isoleucine metabolism in
Acetobacter suboxydans
and the inhibition of growth by valine. J. Bacteriol.
88:
179–186. 1964.—Extracts of
Acetobacter suboxydans
can synthesize valine and isoleucine via acetolactate and acetohydroxybutyrate, respectively. The amounts of these amino acids synthesized from different intermediates were determined. The pathways appear to be identical to those described for yeast,
Neurospora
, and
Escherichia coli
. When exogenous valine was added to a synthetic growth medium inoculated with
A. suboxydans
, no growth of the culture was observed. The inhibitory effect of valine was reversed by the addition of isoleucine. The site and mechanism of valine inhibition were investigated. Threonine deaminase was inhibited by valine and isoleucine but not by leucine. Repression of the deaminase by isoleucine but not by valine was indicated. The data reported in this paper suggest that valine prevented growth of the organism through false feedback inhibition of threonine deaminase, thereby limiting isoleucine biosynthesis.
LACTIC DEHYDROGENASES OF
PSEUDOMONAS NATRIEGENS
Authors: Walker Hazel , Eagon R. G.
Published: January 2020

Walker, Hazel
(University of Georgia, Athens),
and R. G. Eagon
. Lactic dehydrogenases of
Pseudomonas natriegens
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
25–30. 1964.—Lactic dehydrogenases specific for
d
- and
l
-lactate were demonstrated in
Pseudomonas natriegens
. The
l
-lactic dehydrogenase showed considerable heat stability, and 40% of the activity remained in extracts after heating at 60 C for 10 min. An essential thiol group for enzyme activity was noted. The results of these experiments were consistent with the view that lactate was dehydrogenated initially by a flavin cofactor and that electrons were transported through a complete terminal oxidase system to oxygen. The intracellular site of these lactic dehydrogenases was shown to be the cell membrane. It was suggested that the main physiological role of these lactic dehydrogenases is that of lactate utilization.
ENZYMES OF THE PYRIMIDINE PATHWAY IN
ESCHERICHIA COLI
I
Authors: Taylor W. Herman , Novelli G. David
Published: January 2020

Taylor, W. Herman
(Portland State College, Portland, Ore.),
and G. David Novelli
. Enzymes of the pyrimidine pathway in
Escherichia coli
. I. Synthesis by cells and spheroplasts. J. Bacteriol.
88:
99–104. 1964.—Upon release from repression, cells and spheroplasts of two mutants of
Escherichia coli
efficiently synthesized aspartate transcarbamylase and ornithine transcarbamylase, whereas only cells synthesized dihydroorotic dehydrogenase. Ethylenediaminetetraacetate treatment and sucrose incubation of cells were found to be responsible for the loss of dihydroorotic dehydrogenase synthesis. Spheroplasts required the addition of amino acids and an energy source for the synthesis of aspartate transcarbamylase. Uracil repressed synthesis of aspartate transcarbamylase in spheroplasts as well as in cells. Chloramphenicol inhibition and amino acid requirement for increased aspartate transcarbamylase activity in spheroplasts indicated de novo protein synthesis.
E. coli
15, R185-482, and
E. coli
K-12, 496, were used to study the effect of carbon source and stimulation by orotate and dihydroorotate on synthesis of dihydroorotic dehydrogenase. Only
E. coli
15, R185-482, showed any stimulation of dihydroorotic dehydrogenase synthesis. When glucose was the carbon source, orotate but not dihydroorotate stimulated; with glycerol as carbon source, dihydroorotate stimulated and orotate acted as a repressor. These results are discussed in terms of induction and pyrimidine supply to the cells.
GENE TRANSFER BY F′ STRAINS OFESCHERICHIA COLIIV
Authors: Pittard James , Ramakrishnan T.
Published: January 2020

Pittard, James(Yale University, New Haven, Conn.),and T. Ramakrishnan. Gene transfer by F′ strains ofEscherichia coli. IV. The effect of a chromosomal deletion on chromosome transfer. J. Bacteriol.88:367–373. 1964.—Evidence is presented that in an F′ strain ofEscherichia coli. AB1206, the chromosomal region corresponding to the merogenote of F14is deleted. AB1206 differs from all other F′ strains in its stability and in its relative inability to transfer chromosomal markers under conditions in which transfer of the merogenote occurs at a frequency of 100%. Its stability can be accounted for by the fact that the loss of the F merogenote, which contains approximately 10% of the genetic information of the cell, would be a lethal event. The failure of AB1206 to transfer chromosomal markers, except at very low frequencies, can be explained in terms of the crossover model proposed to explain chromosome transfer by F′ strains, since the homologous chromosomal region is missing in this strain. The conclusion that the chromosomal region is deleted is strengthened by the finding that the different enzymes coded for by the genes on F14are present in AB1206 at the level found in haploid strains, but have double this activity in homozygous diploids carrying F14.
NATURE OF THE CYTOPATHIC AREA SURROUNDING VIRULENT CELLS OF
BACILLUS ANTHRACIS
IN MOUSE SPLEEN
Authors: Roth Ivan L. , Williams Robert P.
Published: January 2020

Roth, Ivan
L. (Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.),
and Robert P. Williams
. Nature of the cytopathic area surrounding virulent cells of
Bacillus anthracis
in mouse spleen. J. Bacteriol.
88:
523–530. 1964.—Virulent anthrax bacilli in splenic tissue of mice were seen by electron microscopy to be surrounded by a clear zone that was designated the cytopathic area. Previous experiments did not establish the nature of the area. In the present experiments, virulent anthrax bacilli were grown in a system enriched with CO
2
. The bacilli were capsulated and retained the capsule after they were killed by autoclaving. When grown without CO
2
, these virulent bacilli were not capsulated. Also used was an avirulent strain of
Bacillus anthracis
that did not form capsules in either the presence or absence of CO
2
. Mice were inoculated intravenously with suspensions containing 5 × 10
8
per 0.5 ml of (i) living or (ii) killed, capsulated virulent bacilli; (iii) killed, noncapsulated virulent bacilli; and (iv) living, avirulent bacilli. Bacteria were found in the spleen 1 hr after injection. Electron microscopy revealed that both living and dead, capsulated virulent bacilli were surrounded by a clear area. No clear area was found around killed, noncapsulated virulent bacilli. Clear areas were never seen around avirulent bacilli. Light microscopy of smears prepared from splenic tissue and stained for the presence of bacterial capsules corroborated the electron microscopic findings. These results established that the cytopathic area surrounding virulent bacilli was capsule.
GROWTH OF
THIOBACILLUS THIOOXIDANS
IN SHAKEN CULTURE
Authors: Cook Thomas M.
Published: January 2020

Cook, Thomas
M. (Rutgers, The State University, New Brunswick, N.J.). Growth of
Thiobacillus thiooxidans
in shaken culture. J. Bacteriol.
88:
620–623. 1964.—When flasks of sulfur-containing medium were inoculated with
Thiobacillus thiooxidans
and placed on a shaking machine immediately after inoculation, growth was markedly inhibited. If various wetting agents were provided, or if the ratio of inoculum to sulfur was increased, growth under shaking conditions was possible. Evidence cited shows that the natural wetting agent (or other externally supplied surfactants) is necessary to effect a bacteria-sulfur contact which is stable to shaking conditions.
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SPORULATION PROCESS IN
CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM
II
Authors: Day Lawrence E. , Costilow Ralph N.
Published: January 2020

Day, Lawrence
E., (Michigan State University, East Lansing)
and Ralph N. Costilow
. Physiology of the sporulation process in
Clostridium botulinum
. II. Maturation of forespores. J. Bacteriol.
88:
695–701. 1964.—
Clostridium botulinum
, strain 62-A, did not sporulate endotrophically, but forespores matured to refractile, heat-resistant spores when replaced in solutions containing
l
-alanine and
l
-proline,
l
-isoleucine and
l
-proline, or
l
-alanine and
l
-arginine. Solutions of
l
-arginine or
l
-citrulline would not support the maturation process. Acetate, CO
2
, and δ-amino valeric acid were produced during sporulation in a replacement solution of
l
-alanine and
l
-proline, indicating the operation of the Stickland reaction. There was no large uptake of either exogenous
l
-alanine or acetate during this process. Similarly, there was no apparent protein or nucleic acid synthesis, since high levels of chloramphenicol, 8-azaguanine, or mitomycin C failed to inhibit, and no significant amount of P
32
was incorporated into the spore nucleic acids. Dipicolinic acid (DPA) was synthesized during forespore maturation. It is believed that these final steps in sporulation of
C. botulinum
require only an exogenous source of energy which can be obtained via the Stickland reaction system, and that the synthesis of DPA and other unknown materials relies primarily on endogenous substrates.
BACTERIOPHAGE COMMON TO
PASTEURELLA PESTIS
AND
ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Hertman I.
Published: January 2020

Hertman, I.
(Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel). Bacteriophage common to
Pasteurella pestis
and
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1002–1005. 1964.—Phage Y of
Pasteurella pestis
and phage T
3
of
Escherichia coli
are serologically related and have common bacterial hosts. Anti-Y serum neutralizes the homologous phage and phage T
3
to a similar extent. Anti-Y serum, absorbed with T
3
, still neutralizes the activity of phage Y for
P. pestis
, but not the activity for
E. coli
B/r. A mutant of phage Y was isolated from turbid plaques formed on
P. pestis
at 27 C. This mutant infected
P. pestis
only if this organism had been grown at 27 C; it lost its infectivity towards
E. coli
B/r and was not neutralized by anti-T
3
serum. From this phage, additional mutants were isolated on
P. pestis
, some of which were infective for both
P. pestis
and
E. coli
B/r and some of which remained infective for
P. pestis
only. The reacquired infectivity for
E. coli
B/r was neutralized by anti-T
3
serum. The name T
3
P is suggested for phage Y.
AMINO GROUP FORMATION AND GLUTAMATE SYNTHESIS INSTREPTOCOCCUS BOVIS
Authors: Burchall J. J. , Niederman R. A. , Wolin M. J.
Published: January 2020

Burchall, J. J. (University of Illinois, Urbana), R. A.Niederman, and M. J. Wolin. Amino group formation and glutamate synthesis inStreptococcus bovis. J. Bacteriol.88:1038–1044. 1964.—Extracts ofStreptococcus bovisgrown on NH4+as a nitrogen source contain a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)-linked glutamic dehydrogenase and are devoid of alanine dehydrogenase, other amino acid dehydrohygenases, and aspartase. A potential source of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate for glutamate synthesis is a NADP and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-linked glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase present in the extracts. Experiments with C14-labeled glucose and NaHCO3indicate that the glutamate carbon skeleton is synthesized by a tricarboxylic acid pathway. The synthesis of the carbon skeleton of glutamate is repressed when glutamate or casein hydrolysate supplement the NH4+-containing growth medium. Repression of glutamic dehydrogenase and a NAD-linked isocitric dehydrogenase occurs only when complex nitrogen sources, but not when free amino acids, are added to the growth medium.
MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF CORRINOIDS III
Authors: Burgus R. C. , Hufham J. B. , Scott W. M. , Pfiffner J. J.
Published: January 2020

Burgus, R. C.
(Wayne State University, Detroit, Mich.),
J. B. Hufham, W. M. Scott, and J. J. Pfiffner
. Microbial degradation of corrinoids. III. Pigments derived from vitamin B
12
by
Pseudomonas rubescens
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1139–1144. 1964.—Products derived from vitamin B
12
by
Pseudomonas rubescens
under anaerobic conditions were examined. After incubation of the organism in broth containing Co
57
- or P
32
- vitamin B
12
, electrophoresis of the extracted corrinoids yielded two major, yellow, radioactive fractions, designated A and B, with spectral and electrophoretic properties similar to pigments I and II, derived from vitamin B
12
by
Aerobacter aerogenes
. Fractions A and B were essentially inactive in promoting the growth of
Lactobacillus leichmannii
. Chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose separated both fractions A and B into four yellow, radioactive fractions. The absorption spectrum of each of the major subfractions showed a maximum in the ultraviolet region characteristic of a 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole nucleotide, but lacked a maximum in the 360-mμ region characteristic of vitamin B
12
and many of its analogues and derivatives. The pigments were stable to cyanide and, although they were more stable to air and light than were the vitamin B
12
coenzymes and coenzyme analogues, they were apparently slowly decomposed by light. The data suggest that the bacteria alter the corrin nucleus of vitamin B
12
.
MULTIPLICATION OF
BRUCELLA
IN CULTURED LYMPHOID AND NONLYMPHOID CELLS
Authors: Richardson Marvis , Holt Jane N.
Published: January 2020

Richardson, Marvis
(Michigan State University, East Lansing),
and Jane N. Holt
. Multiplication of
Brucella
in cultured lymphoid and nonlymphoid cells. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1163–1168. 1964.—Growth curves were established for the multiplication of
Brucella abortus
in cultured bovine cells. The number of viable brucellae was determined by colony count after lysis of the parasitized tissue cells. It was found that the number of brucellae dropped during the first 3 to 6 hr. This was followed by intracellular growth. Brucellae multiplied in uterine mucosal and fetal skin cells at an exponential rate with a 4-hr generation time. In contrast, only limited multiplication occurred in spleen cell cultures, usually approaching the stationary phase by 20 to 30 hr. Preliminary results indicated an average generation time of 8 hr in calf spleen cells. Differences were apparent in the ability of spleen cells from individual calves to support intracellular growth. This suggests that a relationship may exist between the establishment of intracellular pathogens in vitro and the natural resistance of the animal. By the use of fluorescein-labeled antisera, some insight was gained into the fate of brucellae in lymphoid cells. Fluorescent antisera stained intact brucellae and also revealed soluble antigen in the cytoplasm of reticularlike cells.
UPTAKE OF VALINE AND GLYCYLVALINE BY
LEUCONOSTOC MESENTEROIDES
Authors: Shelton Damon C. , Nutter William E.
Published: January 2020

Shelton, Damon
C. (West Virginia University Medical Center, Morgantown),
and William E. Nutter
. Uptake of valine and glycylvaline by
Leuconostoc mesenteroides
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1175–1184. 1964.—Uptake systems for valine and glycylvaline were studied in growing cultures and non-growing cellular suspensions of
Leuconostoc mesenteroides
. Glycylvaline promoted growth more rapidly than did valine. Other dipeptides were shown to be antagonistic to the utilization of glycylvaline by the organism. The experiments with cellular suspensions were done with the use of combinations of labeled and unlabeled amino acids and peptides. Results showed that different uptake systems were present in
L. mesenteroides
for the uptake of valine and glycylvaline. Both systems were energy-dependent and readily saturated. The synthesis, purification, and chromatographic identification of glycyl-
dl
-valine-
1-C
14
is described.
RESPONSE OF CULTURED RABBIT CELLS TO INFECTION WITH THE SHOPE FIBROMA VIRUS I
Authors: Hinze Harry C. , Walker Duard L.
Published: January 2020

Hinze, Harry
C. (University of Wisconsin, Madison),
and Duard L. Walker
. Response of cultured rabbit cells to infection with the Shope fibroma virus. I. Proliferation and morphological alteration of the infected cells. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1185–1194. 1964.—Primary and serially cultured rabbit kidney cells were grown under conditions promoting rapid cell multiplication. When such cultures were infected with 5 to 10 plaque-forming units of Shope fibroma virus, cell multiplication was inhibited for a period of 2 to 3 days. After this stationary period, cell multiplication in the infected cultures was resumed at a rate approximating that of the uninfected controls. With the resumption of cell multiplication in the infected cultures, concurrent changes were observed in cell morphology and growth pattern. Cells showing such alterations also possessed the ability to form tumors when inoculated into the hamster cheek pouch.
REISOLATION AND EMENDATION OF DESCRIPTION OFVIBRIO MARINUS(RUSSELL) FORD
Authors: Colwell Rita R. , Morita Richard Y.
Published: January 2020

Colwell, Rita R.(Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.),and Richard Y. Morita. Reisolation and emendation of description ofVibrio marinus(Russell) Ford. J. Bacteriol.88:831–837. 1964.—Sixteen fresh isolates from the marine environment were subjected to taxonomic analysis. From the taxonomic data, both quantitative and qualitative, these strains appear to form a species-group closely related to theVibrio marinusisolated by Russell from the gulf of Naples in 1891. TheV. marinusspecies description is extended. As a peculiarly marine species, the organisms are distinguished by features of inorganic salt requirement and psychrophilism, as well as by an ability to form acid from glucose anaerobically and a marked curvature of the cells.
EFFECT OF PHOSPHATE ION AND 2,4-DINITROPHENOL ON THE ACTIVITY OF INTACT CELLS OF
THIOBACILLUS FERROOXIDANS
Authors: Beck Jay V. , Shafia Fred M.
Published: January 2020

Beck, Jay V.
(Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah),
and Fred M. Shafia
. Effect of phosphate ion and 2,4-dinitrophenol on the activity of cell suspensions of
Thiobacillus ferrooxidans
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
850–857. 1964.—The rate of oxidation of ferrous salts or elemental sulfur by aged cell suspensions, phosphate-depleted cells, or 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP)-treated cells of
Thiobacillus ferrooxidans
was increased by addition of orthophosphate salts. The effect was found to be transitory, with the rate gradually approaching that observed prior to phosphate ion addition. The total increased oxygen uptake was observed to be roughly proportional to the amount of phosphate salt added. The efficiency of CO
2
fixation accompanying oxidation of ferrous salts was found to be about 1.7 μmoles of CO
2
fixed per 100 μmoles of O
2
absorbed, in contrast to a value of about 8.0 μmoles of CO
2
fixed per 100 μmoles of O
2
uptake during sulfur oxidation. The rate of oxidation did not affect the CO
2
fixation efficiency. Whereas addition of phosphate salts to aged or phosphate-depleted cells increased slightly the already high efficiency of CO
2
fixation, it did not affect the complete inhibition of CO
2
fixation observed in the presence of 10
-5
m
DNP. The results indicate that the phosphate ion is essential for oxidation of the ferrous ion, and that dinitrophenol and other so-called upcoupling agents interfere with phosphate metabolism. The latter may be a result of action at the site of assimilation of the ferrous ion or it may be an effect on the electron-transport system. In any event, it seems obvious that the phosphate ion is converted into a nonactive form in the presence of dinitrophenol-treated cells, because additional quantities of orthophosphate salts cause an immediate, marked restoration of oxidative activity.
SUPPRESSION OF A
LAC O°
MUTATION IN
ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Schwartz Norman M.
Published: January 2020

Schwartz, Norman M.
(Yale University, New Haven, Conn.). Suppression of a
lac o°
mutation in
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
996–1001. 1964.—A class of
pro
–
markers which can be cotransduced with
lac
map close to the
i
side of the
lac
region. The relative order of markers transferred by Hfr H is
thr leu proA proB lac proC ade
. Nine of ten slowgrowing lactose-utilizing revertants of a
lac o°
mutant are suppressed mutants. The time of entry of
su-lac o-5
from an Hfr H derivative is 27 min.
Su-lac o-5
is separated from the
lac
region by a 10-min interval.
Su-lac o-5
is unstable, restores 7% of the wild-type level of β-galactosidase activity, suppresses a
try
–
mutation, and has a deleterious effect upon growth rate. The primary
lac o°
mutation is interpreted as being a
z
–
polarity mutation which constitutes nonsense.
Su-lac o-5
could act at the level of messenger ribonucleic acid translation converting nonsense to sense by promoting mistakes in protein synthesis.
REPLICATION OF A DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID VIRUS IN THYMINE-DEFICIENT MAMMALIAN CELLS
Authors: Gentry Glenn A. , Lawson Lucy A. , Randall Charles C.
Published: January 2020

Gentry, Glenn
A. (University of Mississippi School of Medicine, Jackson),
Lucy A. Lawson, and Charles C. Randall
. Replication of a deoxyribonucleic acid virus in thymine-deficient mammalian cells. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1324–1328. 1964.—Equine abortion virus (EAV), a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) virus, causes the degradation of host cell DNA to acid-soluble components in the L-M cell. It was hypothesized that inhibitors of DNA synthesis such as 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR) and amethopterin, which act by causing a deficiency in thymidine (TdR) nucleotides, would not block virus replication because the breakdown of the host cell DNA would supply sufficient TdR nucleotides for synthesis of viral DNA. The drugs were added 24 hr prior to the virus, amethopterin at 10
−6
m
with adenosine included as a purine source, or FUdR at 10
−5
m
. In either case, control experiments indicated that the thymineless state was achieved in the host cells. When EAV was added, neither FUdR nor amethopterin had any effect on the production of infectious virus, as determined by plaque assay, thus supporting the hypothesis.
EFFECTS OF BICARBONATE ON GROWTH OF
PASTEURELLA PESTIS
III
Authors: Baugh C. L. , Andrews A. W. , Surgalla M. J.
Published: January 2020

Baugh
, C. L. (Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.), A. W.
Andrews, and M. J. Surgalla
. Effects of bicarbonate on growth of
Pasteurella pestis
. III. Replacement of bicarbonate by pyrimidines. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1394–1398. 1964.—The effect of carbon dioxide on the growth of virulent
Pasteurella pestis
cultures at 37 C with aeration was studied by substituting known products of carbon dioxide fixation for bicarbonate in the test system. The growth of the virulent cells in the inoculum is stimulated and the culture remains virulent, if bicarbonate is replaced by orotic acid. The addition of cytosine, uracil, or citrulline also results in the retention of virulence, but the effect on the growth of the virulent cells is not as pronounced as with bicarbonate or orotic acid. It is proposed that an impaired pyrimidine synthesis due to a deficiency in carbomyl phosphate is responsible for the loss of virulence by
P. pestis
in aerated broth cultures at 37 C. The carbamyl phosphate deficiency may be enhanced by the loss of metabolically produced carbon dioxide at 37 C.
STABILIZATION OF
STREPTOCOCCUS FAECALIS
PROTOPLASTS BY SPERMINE
Authors: Harold F. M.
Published: January 2020

Harold
, F. M. (National Jewish Hospital, Denver, Colo.). Stabilization of
Streptococcus faecalis
protoplasts by spermine. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1416–1420. 1964.—Lysis of protoplasts of
Streptococcus faecalis
subjected to osmotic shock was prevented by the presence of 10
−3
m
spermine and other divalent cations. Protein and nucleic acids were largely retained, but compounds of low molecular weight were discharged into the medium and the capacity for glycolysis was lost. Under these conditions, spermine was bound to the protoplasts. It could not be removed by washing with water or nonelectrolytes, but was displaced by salts, polyanions, and polycations. Removal of the spermine restored the osmotic fragility of the protoplasts, which could once again be protected from lysis by impermeant solutes. Protoplasts were also stabilized, in the absence of osmotic shock, by prolonged incubation with cations in 0.5
m
sucrose. By either procedure, the protoplasts became resistant not only to osmotic lysis but also to sonic oscillation. It is concluded that the stabilization of protoplasts resulted from ionic binding of the cation to acidic sites on the external surface of the plasma membrane. This conferred upon the membrane additional mechanical strength, perhaps by the cross-linking of subunits, but did not alter its permeability to extracellular solutes.
VIRULENCE-LINKED COLONIAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION IN
LEPTOSPIRA
Authors: Faine S. , Hoeden J. Van Der
Published: January 2020

Faine
, S. (University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia),
and J. van der Hoeden
. Virulence-linked colonial and morphological variation in
Leptospira
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1493–1496. 1964.—Large-colony typical hooked
Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae
was virulent for hamsters and guinea pigs. On cultivation, it was gradually replaced by a serologically identical small-colony avirulent straight mutant. The hooked virulent form was selected in vivo.
EPITHELIAL CELL PENETRATION AS AN ESSENTIAL STEP IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF BACILLARY DYSENTERY
Authors: Labrec Eugene H. , Schneider Herman , Magnani Thomas J. , Formal Samuel B.
Published: January 2020

LaBrec, Eugene H., Herman Schneider, Thomas J. Magnani, and Samuel B. Formal. Epithelial cell penetration as an essential step in the pathogenesis of bacillary dysentery. J. Bacteriol.88:1503–1518. 1964.—A parent strain ofShigella flexneri2a and a colonial mutant derived from it were studied in three animal models. Both strains were equally virulent for mice when living cells suspended in hog gastric mucin were injected by the intraperitoneal route. Feeding the parent strain to starved guinea pigs, followed by the intraperitoneal injection of opium, resulted in the formation of ulcerative lesions in the intestinal tract and in the death of these animals. When the colonial variant was fed to similarly prepared animals, the animals survived and the intestinal tract remained normal. The parent produced diarrheal symptoms and intestinal lesions after its oral administration to rhesus monkeys; the variant caused neither symptoms nor pathology in this species. Studies were carried out to define the characteristics present in the parent strain and absent in the colonial mutant, which would enable the parent to produce ulcerative lesions of the bowel and death in the guinea pig model or intestinal lesions and diarrheal symptoms in the monkey. Neither serological studies nor growth studies conducted both in vitro and in vivo offered a clue to explain this difference. The virulent parent strain was shown to penetrate the bowel epithelium and enter the lamina propria; the avirulent mutant did not do this. Entrance to the lamina propria was by way of the epithelial cell of the mucosa. The avirulent mutant did not possess the capacity to penetrate this cell. This observation was extended to show that the virulent parent possesses the ability to infect and multiply within HeLa cells; furthermore, the organisms are able to penetrate epithelial cells of the guinea pig cornea, causing ulcerative lesions. The avirulent variant possesses neither of these capacities. It is suggested that epithelial cell penetration is a major factor in determining the pathogenicity of dysentery bacilli.
EFFECT OF INTERSPECIFIC TRANSFORMATION ON LINKAGE RELATIONSHIPS OF MARKERS IN
HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE
AND
HAEMOPHILUS PARAINFLUENZAE
Authors: Nickel Lois , Goodgal Sol H.
Published: January 2020

Nickel, Lois
(University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia),
and Sol H. Goodgal
. Effect of interspecific transformation on linkage relationships of markers in
Haemophilus influenzae
and
Haemophilus parainfluenzae
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1538–1544. 1964.—Highly competent cells of
Haemophilus parainfluenzae
were obtained by a modification of the aerobic-“anaerobic” method of Goodgal and Herriott. The mutant markers for streptomycin and novobiocin resistance in
H. parainfluenzae
were shown to be unlinked. These same markers were transferred into
H. influenzae
in two transformation steps, and the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted. Transformation of recipient
H. influenzae
with DNA from the latter showed the markers to be linked, and transformation of recipient
H. parainfluenzae
with this DNA showed that the markers were not cotransferred. The linked streptomycin- and novobiocin-resistance mutations of
H. influenzae
were transformed into
H. parainfluenzae
in two stages, and the DNA was extracted. Transformation of recipient
H. parainfluenzae
with this DNA demonstrated the markers to be unlinked in
H. parainfluenzae
. When these markers, originally from
H. influenzae
and present as unlinked factors in
H. parainfluenzae
, are transferred back into
H. influenzae
, the markers showed their original linkage. The novobiocin- and erythromycin-resistance markers of
H. influenzae
were unlinked in
H. influenzae
, but were linked when transferred into
H. parainfluenzae
. The erythromycin-resistance marker of
H. influenzae
, when transferred into a novobiocin-resistant mutant of
H. parainfluenzae
, showed linkage with it. Evidence is presented to show that
H. parainfluenzae
streptomycin and novobiocin markers are homologous to streptomycin and novobiocin markers in
H. influenzae
.