bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Servants' Reading: An Examination of the Servants' Library at Cragside
Authors: Stimpson Felicity
Published: January 2014

Cragside in Northumberland was originally the home of the 1st Lord Armstrong and his heirs and is now a National Trust property. The servants' library, examined here, was established at the end of the nineteenth century. Such libraries are rare but can add to our understanding of contemporary reading practices. The acquisition of the books and evidence of readership are examined. The stock appears in some ways to be a haphazard collection; there is little evidence of an overt desire to provide improving books. The provenance of some titles can be traced.
Public Libraries and National Identity in Britain, 1850–1919
Authors: Peatling G. K.
Published: January 2014

This essay suggests that even the most inventive recent works in British public library history have been surprisingly deficient in assimilating the important conclusions of recent theories and historiography of national identity. The defence that library history can have nothing useful to say in relation to national identity is refuted with reference to this recent wider literature. Theoretical models for research into national identity in British public libraries for the period 1850–1919 are explored, particular areas of library history of relevance to national identity are described, and questions which should be considered in the further research this issue merits will be iterated.
Women's Employment in Industrial Libraries and Information Bureaux in Britain, ca. 1918–1960
Authors: Plant Helen
Published: January 2014

Historical studies to date on the employment of women in librarianship have focused overwhelmingly on the public library sector. However, after the First World War, a different kind of library career also emerged for women in the technical libraries and scientific information bureaux of individual industrial enterprises and co-operative trade and industry research associations. Women's employment experiences in this field were shaped not by the discourses and practices of traditional librarianship, but by those of the industrial sector. Technical library and information work was the only branch of industry to which women science graduates were routinely appointed, but it also attracted a significant number of male recruits. Drawing on a range of sources including company archives, the records of Aslib and the Women's Employment Federation, and contemporary periodical and other literature, this paper explores the status and roles of women engaged in industrial library and information work between 1918 and 1960. It argues that deeply gendered workplace ideology restricted even as it permitted women's employment, but also illuminates how some women scientists were able to seize on this rare opening as a means both of negotiating responsible careers in the overwhelmingly hostile industrial environment and of making influential contributions to the development of the technical library and information field.

This paper is based on research undertaken for the AHRB-funded research project 'The early information society in Britain, 1900–1975' in the School of Information Management, Leeds Metropolitan University. Thanks to Alistair Black and David Muddiman for helpful discussions on earlier drafts of this work.
Should Henrietta be Punished or Rewarded? The Effects of Name Desirability on Responsibility Attribution and Sanction Assignment
Authors: Garwood S. Gray , Sulzer Jefferson L. , Levine Douglas W. , Cox Lewis , Kaplan Valerie
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis study investigated effects of first name desirability on both attribution of responsibility (AR) and sanction assignment (AS) to assess the generality of name bias effects on the attribution process. Subjects (n = 112) were equally divided by sex, and randomly assigned to four groups which received stimulus stories with all male or all female actors. The stories represented three of Heider's levels with high magnitude positive or negative outcomes produced by male or female actors with desirable or undesirable first names.Analysis of AR ratings revealed significant main effects for both Level (L) and Outcome (0) as well as a significant L x 0 interaction; no significant main effects or interactions involving subjects’ sex or actor's sex (A) or name (Na) were revealed, although there was an Lx Na trend (p = .07). For AS, significant main effects were found for L, 0, and name desirability (Na). Significant two-(S × A, Lx 0), and (L × Na) and three-way (L × 0 × Sand Lx 0 × Na) interactions were found. Evidence of the effect of name desirability on AS is provided by the significant main effects for name desirability and by the L × Na interaction and by the L × 0 × Na interaction. Punishment ratings exceeded reward ratings, and significantly less reward was assigned to male actors with undesirable names and significantly less punishment was assigned to female actors with undesirable names, implying that perhaps a cognitive factor is involved, generating a type of gender appropriate leniency effect. These data also indicate that the impact of name desirability is limited primarily to subjective judgmental areas and can be weakened by focusing upon objective features of causal evidence and target's behavior.
Placenames Used as Nicknames: A Study of Major League Baseball Players
Authors: Skipper James K.
Published: January 2014

AbstractFrom the beginning of major league baseball, at least 122 players have had nicknames taken from placenames, the majority used in the early twentieth century. These nicknames were of several types and came from many places, mostly the American South. Understanding how these nicknames came about increases our understanding of nicknames and extends our knowledge of placenames.
The U.S. Board on Geographic NalDes and Its Work in Foreign Areas
Authors: Randall Richard R.
Published: January 2014

AbstractThrough its Foreign Names Committee and other bodies, the U.S. Board on Geographic Names has standardized names of places and features in other countries, in undersea areas, and in Antarctica. These names are available for Federal agencies and other users in some 175 gazetteers, which present alphabetic listings of names and associated locational information for each country or area. An important part of the work of the Foreign Names Committee has been to develop methods for spelling romanized forms of geographic names in countries using a variety of non-roman writing systems.
The Nicknames of Steam-Era Railroaders: A Code-Mediated Adaptation
Authors: Holland Theodore J.
Published: January 2014

AbstractNicknames, especially those related to performance and competence, constituted one colorful aspect of life among steam-era railroaders in Altoona, Pennsylvania. The frequency of such performance/competence nicknames correlates positively with those tasks which involve risk and in which the consequences of inappropriate behavior are greatest. Against a backdrop of common assumptions in a railroad town, such nicknames act as “restricted codes,” conveying information which facilitates railroaders' accomodation to particular stresses in their industrial, hence “code-mediated” adaptation.
Drood Renominated
Authors: Fleissner Robert F.
Published: January 2014

AbstractSeveral names in Dickens' novel The Mystery of Edwin Drood have been the source of disagreement among scholars. Among these are Drood itself, which may relate to rood ‘cross’; Neville Landless, both parts suggesting disenfranchisement; and the pet names for Rosa Bud, Rosebud and Pussy, both of which probably should not carry the sexual connotations some have ascribed to them.
Whither Literary Onomastics? “Prufrock” Revisited
Authors: Grimaud Michel
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe dominant literary onomastic tradition has been to search for the hidden symbolic meaning of names. We place this tradition within a broader and, potentially, more fruitful dual perspective: that of general onomastics and that of contemporary literary theory. As an example, my own (1977) reading of the name “Prufrock” is integrated into what I now see as a more significant and pervasive use of naming in T. S. Eliot's poem. Other approaches are discussed briefly and are accompanied by a list of annotated references.
How Vanessa Became a Butterfly: A Psychologist's Adventure in Entomological Etymology
Authors: Evans Cleveland Kent
Published: January 2014

AbstractMost American baby name books claim that the origin of the name Vanessa is a Greek word meaning ‘butterfly,’ while British authorities claim that the name is the literary invention of Jonathan Swift. Evidence is presented showing that not only is the latter derivation the correct one, but also that the entomologist Johann Fabricius probably named a genus of butterfly Vanessa after the character in Swift's poem.
Parsing Greater Washington's Namescape
Authors: Zelinsky Wilbur
Published: January 2014

AbstractSuccessive strata over time of a locality's placename cover provide insights into shifting toponymic fashions and, more deeply, into our collective subconscious – a principle amply evident in the case of Greater Washington with its intense episodes of nationalistic terms. Examining both the localistic and national significance of the temporal layering of placenaming, this study breaks new ground by considering names of businesses as well as the customary physical features, landmarks, and the like.
On the Meaning of Personal Names: A View From Cognitive Psychology
Authors: Brennen Tim
Published: January 2014

AbstractI contrast two different answers to the question of how much meaning personal names carry. A review of the cognitive psychology of proper name memory suggests that people's names are typically not processed for meaning. Contradictorily, there is ample empirical and anecdotal evidence that personal names do carry meaning. A solution to this paradox is proposed through two considerations. First, I suggest that a name's meaning carries most force when one is first exposed to it; thereafter the meaning becomes progressively less important. Second, there is variation in how much a person's name means to its bearer. Although the names of some people clearly influence behavior in some ways, personal names do not carry the same degree of meaning for everyone. By considering the psychological concept of identity, I claim that one's name is destined, for most people, to be little more than a label.
Personal Names in a Mande (Garo) Village
Authors: Hvenekilde Anne , Marak Caroline R. , Burling Robbins
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe Mandes (Garos), a hill people of northeastern India, have had no fixed inventory of personal names. Instead of choosing a conventional name for a child, parents try to find a sequence of sounds that has rarely or never before been used to name a Mande. Given names often reveal the person's gender but they rarely have any other meaning. Kinship group names, by contrast, are shared by hundreds or even thousands of others. Thus, given names are highly individualizing while kinship group names are not. Searching for ways to preserve tradition and to symbolize their ethnicity, some Mandes want to give their children “real” Mande names. However, is it more traditional to find a new name that has never been used before, or to seek a traditional name where the tradition has been to find something new?
The United States Board on Geographic Names: Standardization or Regulation?
Authors: Payne Roger L.
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe United States Board on Geographic Names was created in 1890 to standardize the use of geographic names on federal maps and documents, and was established in its present form in 1947 by public law. The Board is responsible for geographic name usage and application throughout the federal government and its members must approve a name change or new name before it can be applied to federal maps and publications. To accomplish its mission, the Board has developed principles, policies, and procedures for use in the standardization process. The Board is also responsible legally for the promulgation of standardized names, whether or not these names have ever been controversial, and today this is accomplished by the universal availability of electronic databases for domestic and foreign names. This paper examines the development of Board policies and the implementation of these policies to achieve standardization with a view to relating these policies and activities to questions of standardization or regulation.
On the Frequency Distribution of First Names
Authors: Eshel Amram
Published: January 2014

AbstractComparison of distribution patterns of the frequency of current first names in three societies (Berlin, Israel and the United States) shows a close resemblance of all three, especially when graphically represented. This resemblance is independent of the size of the various populations. In western societies, the frequency of the most common male first name has an upper limit of about 4 % of the male population. The number of “conventional” names is fewer than one thousand, regardless of the size of the population, at least in societies which are linguistically rather uniform.
A New Look at Address in American English: The Rules Have Changed
Authors: Murray Thomas E.
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis essay replicates the landmark research done by Roger Brown and Marguerite Ford (1961) on forms of address in dyadic encounters in American English-more specifically, on the choice speakers make between the use of an addressee's first name and his or her title plus last name. The results show that many of the rules governing address have changed greatly over the past two generations: the use of first names is more common now in encounters involving two newly-introduced adults, in other adult encounters in which there is a difference between the speaker's and addressee's occupational status and/or a 15-year-or-greater difference between their ages, and in encounters in which the speaker is a child and the addressee is an adult. These changes are linked to Americans’ evolving perceptions of what criteria are important in determining a social pecking order, and to semantic shifts in Americans’ concepts of distance, formality, intimacy, and status.
Long Term Trends in the Frequencies of Given Names
Authors: Galbi Douglas A.
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe frequency distributions of personal given names offer important insights into the nature of the information economy. Here I present data on the popularity of the most frequent personal given names in the United Kingdom over the past millennium. The data show that the popularity of names, like the popularity of other symbols and artifacts associated with the information economy, can be usefully viewed as a power law. The frequency distribution of personal names, graphed as the logarithm of name popularity against the logarithm of name popularity rank, is similar to other popularity distributions where people and organizations are free to create and choose among many collections of symbols used in a similar way. Naming is seen to be representative of more general patterns of behavior in the information economy. Furthermore, the data suggest that historically distinctive changes in the information economy occurred in conjunction with the Industrial Revolution.
Family Names in Palestine: A Reflection of Culture and Life
Authors: Atawneh Ahmad
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis paper investigates the sociolinguistics of the family names in Palestine. It hypothesizes that family names reflect the style of life in the past in terms of agriculture, professions, industry, human characteristics and place of living. The data were collected from the telephone directory published by the company of telecommunications in Palestine West Bank in 2001.All names having telephone lines are listed in the alphabetical order of the family names; 8,343 family names were found. One third of the sample are religious names which have forms similar to first given names like” Ali,” “Hasan” and “abdul+any of God's names” like “abdul-Raheem” and “abdul-Rahmaan,” or “Muhammad, Mahmoud and Ahmad.” Such names do not reflect any aspect of social life. The other two-thirds of these names reflect lifestyle and human characteristics. Analysis was limited to this portion of names. The order of distribution from highest to lowest is: names denoting physical features, temperament, geography, agriculture, business, financial position, timing and planets.
Wall Street's Gilded Age: Nicknames of Her Capitalists and Robber Barons
Authors: Sauers Richard A.
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe “Gilded Age,” loosely defined here as 1861 to 1901, saw the emergence of a small group of men who played a leading role in the Industrial Revolution. Aptly described as both capitalist and robber baron, they were responsible for much of the economic framework that exists today. Through the takeover battle for control of the Erie Railroad Company, at the beginning of the period, and the organization of United States Steel Corporation, at its end, this essay examines historical and contemporary biographical information to explain that the nicknames of seven men involved in these two entities predominantly reflected not only their activities in the stock market, but also their occupations and character traits.
Naming America's Graveyards, Cemeteries, Memorial Parks, and Gardens of Memories
Authors: Tarpley Fred
Published: January 2014

AbstractWhile many urban cemeteries today bear the stamp of perpetually endowed conformity, America's burial grounds still attract the interests of linguists, historians, folklorists, and anthropologists seeking to understand cultural cycles transmitted by the communities of the dead. The naming patterns for cemeteries reflect evolving tastes and attitudes.
Diffusion bonding of Ti–6Al–4V alloy using superplastic titanium alloy insert material
Authors: Kokawa Hiroyuki , Nagasbima Eiki , Kuwana Takesbi , Aosbima Isamu , Arato Koji
Published: January 2014

Ti–6Al–4 V alloy was diffusion bonded in a vacuum using β rich α–β titanium alloy SP-700 insert material sheet which shows larger superplastic elongation at lower temperatures with larger elongation than Ti–6Al–4 V alloy. The bonding was carried out for 0·3–3·6 ks at 973–1173 K at which temperature the insert material is reported to show superplastic deformation. Pressures of 1·9–9·5 MPa were applied to the bond interfaces during bonding. Effects of bonding temperature, pressure, and time on the soundness of bonding interface and strength were examined. The soundness and bonding strength increased with increases in bonding time, temperature, and pressure. The insert material led to good bonding at lower temperature with smaller pressure than direct bonding without insert material. TEM observation suggested that the insert material kept a microduplex structure consisting of equiaxed fine α–β grains and deformed superplastically during bonding.
Model for solidification cracking in low alloy steel weld metals
Authors: Ichikawa Kazutoshi , Bhadeshia H. K. D. H. , MacKay D. J. C.
Published: January 2014

Data on the occurrence of solidification cracking in low alloy steel welds have been analysed using a classification neural network based on a Bayesian framework. It has thereby been possible to express quantitatively the effect of variables such as the chemical composition, welding conditions, and weld geometry, on the tendency for solidification cracking during solidification. The ability of the network to express the relationship in a suitably non-linear form is shown to be vital in reproducing known experimental phenomena.
Weld heat affected zone liquation cracking in type 347 stainless steel
Authors: Messler R. W. , Li L.
Published: January 2014

The heat affected zone cracking-tendency of type 347 stainless steel was evaluated in five different samples of thick walled pipe or plate differing in Nb, C, and N content, Nb/(C + N) factor, P + S content, and base metal ferrite content. A combination of Gleeble hot ductility and spot varestraint tests, followed by optical and electron metallography, was employed to elucidate the role of Nb in such persistent cracking. Susceptibility to HAZ cracking as a result of liquation was always found to be associated with eutectics of Nb rich phases and austenite, but with a complex interplay between the Nb/(C + N) factor, the P + S impurity level, Nb carbide or carbonitride size and distribution, ferrite number, and ferrite form and distribution in the base metal. A key role for composition and also base metal thermomechanical processing is suggested that merits more intensive systematic study.
Design of new selfjigging temperature–time–gap width test specimen
Authors: Mitchell S. C. , Eagles A. M. , Rebbeck M. M. , Wronski A. S.
Published: January 2014

The design and use of a novel temperature–time–gap width (TETIG) test specimen to characterise brazing alloys is described. The assembly was constructed from longitudinally sectioned bar(s) of the parent material(s), with outer segments of the two halves providing datum surfaces for the selfgapping system, conveniently bound in place with wire. Gap filling took place from alloy reservoirs in two machined grooves and flow could be chosen to take place from one or both, in a horizontal or vertical plane. Brazing alloys in the form of wire, sheet, paste, or powder can be used. The design overcomes a problem associated with conventional TETIG specimen design in which the effects of the flow distance of the molten filler metal are indistinguishable from the effects owing to the gap width of the joint. To investigate the reproducibility of the design, a Cu–Sn–Ni–Si–Ag alloy in both powder and solid forms was investigated in identical steel assemblies. Results which led to the use of the specimen design in the development and assessment of an improved alloy composition are reported.
Workbench for keyhole laser welding
Authors: Mohanty P. S. , Mazumder J.
Published: January 2014

Research has clearly demonstrated the advantages of keyhole laser welding compared with conventional welding methods. However, the development of a laser welding procedure for a specific application is complicated because of the multitude of process parameters involved. Developing practical proficiency in such a complicated process could profit tremendously from an interactive software tool for preliminary analysis of the process with a given set of process conditions. The laser welding workbench project is an ongoing effort to develop such a tool. Central components are a numerical model implementing the process physics, a graphical user interface, and the visualisation modules. The numerical model is based on balancing of surface forces and energy at the liquid/vapour and solid/liquid interfaces in three dimensions. The loci of the liquid/vapour and solid/liquid interfaces are obtained as a part of the solution scheme. The visualisation modules and the graphical user interface are based on PEX–SI and Tcl/Tk public domain software. Because of its functional style, the workbench will aid and accelerate the design of a specific welding procedure.
Large gap joining of Ti–6Al–4V alloy with mixed powder interlayers
Authors: Zhuang W. D. , Eagar T. W.
Published: January 2014

Titanium based brazing alloys containing chromium, iron, copper, and nickel as β stabilisers have been studied for joining the titanium alloy Ti–6Al–4V. Two of these alloys were selected for use in producing large gap joints. The first brazing alloy, Ti–12Zr–14Cr–12Cu–12Ni (type 1), can be used to braze Ti–6Al–4V below its β transus temperature. Joints of thickness up to 150 μm can be made in a normal brazing cycle without prolonged holding. The interlayer consists of a β titanium alloy with no precipitation of intermetallic compounds. The second brazing alloy, Ti–12Zr–14Cr–6Fe–5Cu–5Ni (type 2), has to be brazed above the β transus temperature of Ti–6Al–4V. Its powders were mixed with pure titanium and Ti–6Al–4V powders and the mixture was used as the joining interlayer. Interlayers 5 mm in thickness were used to produce joints for microstructural examination and mechanical testing. It was found that residual pores in the interlayers were related to the amount of the brazing alloy in the interlayer. A fully dense interlayer could be obtained with 60 wt-% brazing alloy in the interlayer. The as bonded joints revealed tensile strength equal to 50% of that of the base metal. Diffusional treatment of the joints improved the joint efficiency to about 70%, compared with the base metal.
Absorption and transport of hydrogen during gas metal arc welding of low alloy steel
Authors: Mundra K. , Blackburn J. M. , DebRoy T.
Published: January 2014

Although hydrogen induced cracking remains a major problem in the welding of steels, the present methods of managing hydrogen in the weldment are mostly empirical in nature. In recent years, numerical modelling of heat transfer and fluid flow has provided detailed insight into the physical processes in welding. However, very little effort has been made in the past to use these transport phenomena based calculations to understand the dissolution of hydrogen in the weld metal and its subsequent transport in the liquid and solid regions. The aim of the present work was to address this important need. Heat transfer, fluid flow, and hydrogen transport calculations in transient, three-dimensional form are used to predict the spatial distribution of hydrogen concentration in the weld metal during gas metal arc welding of mild steels for different welding conditions. The enhanced hydrogen solubility in the weld metal above that predicted by Sieverts law was determined from a model for the partitioning of hydrogen between the weldment and its plasma environment. The model considers the presence of a superequilibrium concentration of atomic hydrogen which is significantly higher than that produced by thermal dissociation. The results indicate that for a meaningful prediction of the hydrogen concentration in the weld metal, hydrogen absorption at the weld pool surface, transport of hydrogen within the weld pool, and the diffusion of hydrogen away from the solidified weld metal should be considered simultaneously. The agreement between the experimental and predicted results indicates significant promise for predicting weld metal hydrogen concentration in fusion welds from fundamentals of transport phenomena.
Mechanical properties of welded joints in thin walled aluminium extrusions
Authors: Hagström J. , Sandström R.
Published: January 2014

The present work describes the tensile properties of weldments in thin walled extruded Al–Mg–Si alloys. Tungsten inert gas (TIG), metal inert gas (MIG), and friction stir (FS) welding are considered. Properties of joints welded with different filler metals are presented, both matching and undermatching the parent materials in strength. The weldments were tested in both as welded and post-weld aged conditions. It is shown that silicon rich filler metals (Al–5Si and Al–12Si) were adequate for the welding of 6063 alloy but did not give welds with strength sufficient to match that of 6082 alloy. Tungsten inert gas welding resulted in large heat affected zone (HAZ) widths of 20 mm, compared with HAZ widths of 10 and 8 mm for MIG and FS welding respectively. This relationship was also seen in tensile tests where FS specimens exhibited the highest strength and TIG specimens exhibited the lowest strength. The post-weld aged materials recovered some strength, with increases in tensile strength of 10–15% for 6063 alloy and of 20% for alloy 6082 compared with the strengths of the as welded specimens. Comparisons between experimental data and two design codes, a draft European standard and the British standard BS 8118, show that the European standard is conservative for welds in thin walled material. Standard BS 8118 describes MIG and FS HAZ widths well but underestimates the HAZ width for TIG welds.
Gas contamination during plasma welding in Al–Li alloy 2195
Authors: Huang D. , McClure J. C. , Nunes A. C.
Published: January 2014

Keyhole and cover pass variable polarity plasma arc welds were made on aluminium alloy 2195 with measured contamination levels of nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen. Contamination levels ranged from less than 10 to 500 ppm in both the argon plasma gas and the helium shield gas. It was found that nitrogen leads to more severe porosity than either hydrogen or oxygen, and that rear shielding is required for keyhole welding of Al–Li 2195 alloy to protect the weld from nitrogen in the atmosphere. Both nitrogen and oxygen contamination produced a dark surface on the weld bead, which comprised metallic aluminium particles, nucleated in the melt, that had aggregated at the surface of the weld pool.
Process model for welding of Al–Mg–Si extrusions Part 1: Precipitate stability
Authors: Myhr O. R. , Grong Ø. , Klokkehaug S. , Fjœr H. G. , Kluken A. O.
Published: January 2014

The present investigation is part of a larger research programme on process model based alloy design and optimisation of welding conditions for Al–Mg–Si extrusions, with particular emphasis on how changes in the base metal chemical composition and thermal history affect the heat affected zone (HAZ) microstructure evolution. In Part 1, a model for the thermal stability of hardening precipitates is presented, based on an analysis of the thermodynamics and kinetics of the alloy system. It is shown that the initial size of the particles, as determined by the temper condition (i.e. T4, T6, or T7), has a significant effect on the HAZ dissolution kinetics. In contrast, the base metal chemical composition is of less importance, as the metastable solvus is only a weak function of the alloying level. Moreover, implementation of the microstructure model in a dedicated finite element (FE) code shows that asymmetry in the temperature field during welding of hollow extrusions (e.g. T joints) may lead to unexpected changes in the H AZ hardness distribution compared: with that commonly observed in bead on plate welds. The results of the present investigation provide a systematic basis for future research and some new approaches are tentatively indicated.
Microstructure and mechanical properties of spot welded Al–5·5Mg–0·3Cu alloy
Authors: Jiang D. , Kang S. B. , Kim H. W.
Published: January 2014

The influences of spot welding on the microstructure and mechanical properties of an Al–5·5Mg–O·3Cu alloy have been investigated. Results showed that dendrites were formed with porosity and cracks in the nugget. Grain boundary melting occurred in the heat affected zone and wide grain boundaries appeared. The alloy exhibited low hardness in the nugget centre. Tensile cracks propagated at the edge of the nugget and mixed rupture with dimples and intergranular fracture occurred. Fatigue fracture initiated at the edge of the nugget and propagated perpendicularly to the tensile axis. Transgranular fracture with striations was also observed.
Mechanisms of electrode degradation when spot welding coated steels
Authors: Parker J. D. , Williams N. T. , Holliday R. J.
Published: January 2014

The present work compares the behaviour of precipitation hardened and dispersion strengthened electrodes during the manufacture of resistance spot welds in coated steel sheet. The primary mechanism causing the failure of spot welding electrodes was growth of the electrode tip. Under normal welding conditions electrode tip growth was primarily dependent on local alloying morphology so that deterioration was mainly a function of the type of coating present on the steel. However, welding with high currents or use of current stepping programmes could extend electrode performance such that softening became a more dominant electrode degradation mechanism. Under these conditions, use of dispersion strengthened material could extend electrode campaign life.
Effect of nitrogen on corrosion of duplex stainless steel weld metal
Authors: Matsunaga H. , Sato Y. S. , Kokawa H. , Kuwana T.
Published: January 2014

A type 329Jl duplex stainless steel was gas tungsten arc welded without filler material in an Ar–N2 gas mixture atmosphere with the aim of changing only the nitrogen content in the weld metal. The effect of nitrogen on the microstructure and corrosion properties of the weld metal was examined. An increase in nitrogen partial pressure increased the nitrogen content of the weld metal and brought reductions in the ferrite content and the quantity of Cr2N nitride precipitates. Three corrosion parameters, namely, critical pitting temperature (CPT), pitting potential, and corrosion rate, were measured for weld metals having different nitrogen contents. The CPT and pitting potential increased and corrosion rate decreased with increasing nitrogen content of the weld metal. The corrosion behaviour was explained in terms of changes in microstructure and pitting index depending on the nitrogen content of the weld metal.
Identifying weld pool dynamics for gas metal arc fillet welds
Authors: Hellinga M.C. , Huissoon J.P. , Kerr H.W.
Published: January 2014

Arc welding processes are conventionally modelled under static (steady state) conditions to provide a relationship between the controllable process parameter values and the characteristic weld geometry parameters that result. While this is appropriate for open loop control of the process, should closed loop (feedback) control of the process be required, the dynamic (or transient) response must also be identified. In the present paper, the crosscorrelation approach for system identification is evaluated for developing a dynamic process model of the relationship between welding voltage and weld pool width. Based on the identified impulse response, a second order process model is assumed. The non-linearity of the model is demonstrated and the gain, damping, and natural frequency are estimated.
Effect of thermal cycles on ferrite content of austenitic stainless steel
Authors: Chen M.H. , Chou C.P.
Published: January 2014

The properties of austenitic stainless steel weld metals are strongly influenced by the duplex structure of austenite and ferrite. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of thermal cycles on the ferrite content in austenitic stainless steel weld metal, and to explore the ferrite–austenite solid state transformation of austenitic stainless steel weld metal. The results indicate that the peak temperature, cooling rate, and number of thermal cycles have a significant effect on ferrite content in the austenitic stainless steel weld. As the cooling rate increases, or the number of thermal cycles decreases, the amount of retained ferrite is increased at room temperature. New δ ferrite phase can be formed if the reheating peak temperature is above the optimum γ solvus temperature of austenitic stainless steel, and this new δ ferrite can be retained under rapid cooling conditions.
Using artificial neural network techniques to predict volume removal rate of ultrahigh pressure water jet cutting
Authors: Jou M.
Published: January 2014

As a potential machining tool, water jet cutting has considerable advantages over traditional techniques. These advantages include its particular ability to cut special shapes, and to cut hard materials that are problematic to machine, such as foam and composites. However, the water jet cutting process is sometimes a combination of water flow and the flow of abrasives, and these two processes have particular properties. When they operate together, the combined two phase flow becomes difficult to predict. Thus it is more difficult to establish an appropriate model for the water jet cutting process compared with cutting using traditional tools. Several models have been established to model cutting by abrasive–water jets. However, there are still several problems associated with the existing models. In the present paper, the search for a sufficiently accurate and reliable water jet cutting model is continued. A model of the cutting rate of an ultrahigh pressure water jet has been investigated. An artificial neural network system is established to correlate the volume removal rate with the cutting parameters. The results are compared with experimental data and an existing model. Finally, several conclusions are drawn.
Recent advances in modelling and characterisation of weld microstructures
Authors: David S.A. , Babu S.S. , Vitek J.M.
Published: January 2014

The development of microstructure in weldments is controlled by various physical processes. During the past two decades, significant progress has been made in understanding these processes and their role in the development of weld microstructures. However, there is a critical need to develop a reliable and quantitative integrated model to describe the evolution of weld microstructure and performance. State of the art characterisation tools are an integral part of this integrated model concept for validation. Research related to weld microstructure models for steels is reviewed and the importance of characterisation tools in developing these models and their verification is discussed.
Algorithmic optimisation of parameters in tungsten inert gas welding of stainless steel sheet
Authors: Markelj F. , Tušek J.
Published: January 2014

The present paper considers algorithmic optimisation of autogenous manual tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding of four different types of joint using stainless steel sheet of varying thickness from 0.9 to 2.0 mm. First a literature survey is presented, experimental work and the equipment used are described, welding conditions are stated, and the welded joints are represented. Then, experimental results are analysed, assessed, and presented in tables and graphs. Mathematical modelling for the calculation of maximum, minimum, and optimum values of welding current and welding voltage as functions of sheet thickness is described for the four joints. Finally, algorithmic optimisation is described for a particular case, namely, a T joint with a fillet weld. The entire algorithm for optimisation of TIG welding is represented.
Laser Surface Alloying of Titanium Substrates with Carbon and Nitrogen
Authors: Walker A , Folkes J , Steen W M , Wes D R F
Published: January 2014

Observations are reported on the laser surface alloying of commercial purity (CP) Ti and Ti–6Al–4V alloy with carbon and of CP Ti and Ti–15 Mo alloy with nitrogen. Repeated laser melting of substrates precoated with Dag graphite was used for carbon alloying, while alloying with nitrogen was done by laser melting in a nitrogen flow. Structural studies included X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. Both alloying procedures produce hardened surface layers up to ∼650 HV using carbon and >∼ 1000 HV using nitrogen. This hardening resulted from the formation of TiC and TiN respectively, including primary dendritic carbide and nitride.
Wear Properties of Plasma Carburized Steel
Authors: Taylor B. J.
Published: January 2014

The results of a series of wear tests carried out on AISI8620 steel plasma carburized by the Electricity Council Research Centre's technique are compared with those obtained from specimens of the same steel gas carburized by a commercial company. Testing was carried out on a compact laboratory rig, in both the dry sliding and abrasive modes, over a range of test loads. Specific wear rate constants were computed from the wear test results and were seen to be almost identical for plasma and gas carburized specimens under both wear modes.
Plasma Surface Alloying
Authors: Xu Z. , Gu F. Y. , Pang J. D. , Fang B. H.
Published: January 2014

A new plasma assisted surface alloying method, termed the ‘double glow discharge technique’, is described. The technique has been used to produce diffusion coatings of tungsten, molybdenum, chromium, and titanium on plain carbon steels. The maximum alloy contents obtained were up to 20 wt- %, to a depth commonly in excess of 50 μm.
Thermal Shock Resistance of Ceramic Cutting Tools
Authors: Brandt G.
Published: January 2014

Most ceramic materials are unsuited to conditions involving non-uniform temperature distributions because of their inherent brittleness. Ceramic cutting tools operate in conditions of rapid temperature variation and consequently thermal cracking is frequently observed. Under certain cutting conditions, these cracks are the major cause of tool failure. Thus, establishing the conditions under which thermal cracking occurs and identifying material parameters governing thermal shock resistance should lead to clearer ideas about how to develop thermal shock resistant ceramic cutting tool materials. Two tool materials, CC 620 (a pure ceramic containing Al2O3 and ZrO2) and CC650 (a mixed ceramic containing Al2O3 and Ti(N, C)), were used for evaluating thermal shock resistance, both by quenching from elevated temperature into cold water and by steel machining tests (SS 2541). It is shown that material parameters quantifying thermal shock resistance developed from simple quenching experiments, although frequently used, are not directly applicable when assessing thermal shock resistance in metal cutting conditions. This is mainly because of the presence of a region of superficial plastic deformation, ∼1μm deep, at the worn ceramic tool surface and of creep deformation during cutting under conditions severe enough to cause thermal cracking upon cooling. In addition, maximum cutting edge temperatures for a given set of cutting data differ with thermal conductivity of the tool material.
Metallic Glass Surface Layers of Fe80 P13 C7 Alloy by Rapid Quenching
Authors: Mawella K. J. A. , Honeycombe R. W. K.
Published: January 2014

The paper describes an investigation of electron beam rapidly quenched surface layers of Fe80P13C7 alloy, the aim of which was to produce a thin metallic layer at the surface of the crystalline alloy by varying the process parameters. The treated surface layers have been examined by optical, transmission electron, and scanning electron microscopy. The microhardness of the quenched layers is compared with that of melt spun amorphous Fe80P13C7 ribbons and other published microhardness values of the same amorphous alloy. The microhardness is also discussed in terms of its relation to the tensile strength. Surface roughness of the treated layers has been investigated and the effect of the variation of traverse speed on the surface roughness is discussed. The use of overlapping. passes and their effect on the amorphous nature of the material is also discussed.
Ion Implantation and Ion Assisted Coatings for Wear Resistance in Metals
Authors: Dearnaley G.
Published: January 2014

The implantation of electrically accelerated ions of chosen elements into the surface of material provides a method for improving surface properties such as wear resistance. High concentrations of nitrogen implanted into metals create obstacles to dislocation movement, and certain combinations of metallic and non-metallic species will also strengthen the surface. The process is best applied to situations involving mild abrasive wear and operating temperatures that are not too high. Some dramatic increases in life have been reported under such favourable conditions. A more recent development has been the combination of a thin coating with reactive ion bombardment designed to enhance adhesion by ion mixing at the interface and so provide hardness by the formation of finely dispersed nitrides, including cubic boron nitride. These coatings often possess vivid and decorative colours as an added benefit. Developments in the equipment for industrial ion implantation now offer more attractive costs per unit area and a potentially greater throughput of work. A versatile group of related hard vacuum treatments is now emerging, involving the use of intense beams of nitrogen ions for the purpose of tailoring metal surfaces to resist wear.
Sputtering and Redeposition of Cathode Material during Plasma Nitriding
Authors: Wells A. , Strydom I. Le R.
Published: January 2014

Copper, titanium and iron-manganese-aluminium alloy workpieces have been exposed to a plasma nitriding glow discharge at 450°C. It has been found that material is non-uniformly sputtered and redeposited on the cathode in the form of a surface layer. The relative surface area covered by redeposited material with respect to the surface area on which sputtering predominates is governed by workpiece geometry and operating pressure.
Laser Glazing of Boronized Iron and Tool Steels
Authors: Molian P. A. , Rajasekhara H. S.
Published: January 2014

Efforts were made to generate amorphous surface layers on iron and high speed tool steels by the use of high power CO2 lasers (up to 5 kW) and of boron as an alloying element. Results were unsatisfactory. However, laser processed coatings were substantially thicker and harder than the initial boride coatings and exhibited hardness gradients along the melt depth. A maximum hardness of 2300 HV was observed in laser glazed regions. Microstructural analysis revealed that laser treatment produced fine Fe2B + eutectic in iron, and M2B+M23(B, C)6 + ternary eutectic in tool steels. The inability of laser glazing to produce amorphous coatings is examined and discussed.
Recent Advances in Sputter Deposition
Authors: Thornton J. A.
Published: January 2014

This paper has two objectives. One is to review some of the essential features of the sputtering process. The second is to discuss several recent developments relating to the use of reactive sputtering for the deposition of oxide and semiconductor compounds and to the use of controlled substrate ion bombardment for the purpose of modifying coating properties. The particular topics include: (i) a magnetic field configuration that facilitates controlled substrate ion bombardment in planar magnetron sources; (ii) the use of baffelled targets and substrate ion bombardment for improving composition control during the reactive sputter deposition of metal oxides; (iii) the use of substrate temperature to assist in controlling the stoichiometry of semiconducting CuInSe2 coatings deposited by reactive cosputtering; and (iv) the use of ion bombardment to neutralize surface reactions and permit metastable single crystal compound semiconductors to be deposited.
Prediction and Measurement of Compressive and Tensile Stresses in Coatings of Tic and Tin Chemically Vapour Deposited on Various Substrates
Authors: Sloof W. G. , Rijpkema H. J. M. , Delhez R. , de Keijser Th. H. , Mittemeijer E. J.
Published: January 2014

Residual stresses in chemically vapour deposited (CVD) TiC and TiN coatings on various substrates were measured using X-ray diffraction. A quantitative prediction of the vaiue of the strain (and stress) was obtained from the difference in thermal shrinkage between layer and substrate on cooling from the CVD temperature to room temperature. The sign of the strains measured always agreed with the prediction, but in a number of cases the absolute value of the elastic strain measured was smaller than that predicted. For layers on iron and Fe-1.0 wt-%C substrates this difference is caused by strain accommodating processes in the substrate, mainly during phase transformations. For TiN layers on molybdenum and tungsten substrates, strain accommodating processes occur in the layer, and these may originate in the microstructure of the layer.
Assessment of Coating Hardness
Authors: Burnett P. J. , Rickerby D. S.
Published: January 2014

Microhardness indentation of thin PVD wear resistant films usually results in deformation of both the coating and the substrate and such tests lead to a ‘composite’ hardness number. Previous attempts at separating the contributions from coating and substrate to measured hardness will be reviewed and a new thin layer hardness model proposed. Examples of the use of this model for the determination of ‘true’ coating hardness will be given. These include an investigation of the effects of substrate bias on hardness of ion plated titanium nitride and the modelling of the hardness behaviour of soft nickel coatings and ion bombardment amorphized silicon.