bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decreasing Rates of Pediatric Bipolar Within an Outpatient Practice
Authors: Wesemann Daniel
Published: January 2017

PROBLEM

Pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD) prevalence is estimated to be 1–3%. Nationally and internationally, rates of PBD have increased by over 400%. However, in Iowa and at one psychiatric clinic in Iowa, from 2008–2013, there was a decrease in PBD diagnosis of 33 and 51.2% respectively. This study examined the diagnosing practices of PBD by local providers in one outpatient mental health center.

METHOD

Parents completed a screening packet to differentiate between PBD and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using three tools: Child Mania Rating Scale (CMRS), Child Behavior Checklist‐Mania Scale (CBCL‐MS), and the NICHQ Vanderbilt. Symptom agreement analysis between the screeners and the provider's clinical diagnoses was performed using ANOVA and Tukey HSD posthoc analysis.

FINDINGS

A 19.6% of the participants were positive for PBD on the CMRS and 55.9% were positive on the CBCL‐MS.  A total of 36.60% were positive for ADHD on the Vanderbilt.  The screening data compared to the provider's clinical diagnosis showed no diagnostic agreement for PBD (p < .05). Providers’ rates of diagnosing PBD did not match the rate of PBD symptoms identified by the screeners.

CONCLUSION

Further evidence to determine the criteria and use of current screening measures for PBD is needed to guide practice for distinguishing PBD from related disorders.
Effect of ultrasound and storage time on quality attributes of strawberry juice
Authors: Tomadoni Barbara , Cassani Lucia , Viacava Gabriela , Moreira Maria Del Rosario , Ponce Alejandra
Published: January 2017

The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in quality attributes of non‐clarified strawberry juice during storage at 5 °C after ultrasonication at 40 kHz for 10 and 30 min in comparison with thermally treated juice at 90 °C for 60 s. Ultrasound treatments maintained color parameters with no significant differences (p < .05) from untreated sample, while thermally treated juice showed lower L* values and higher hue angles than the control. No significant differences in °Brix and total acidity were found between treated and untreated samples, and both parameters remained unchanged throughout storage. Compared to the control, ultrasound treatments showed no significant reductions on day 0 in mesophilic and psychrophilic bacteria, and yeast and molds counts. However, the treatments showed significant decrease in the microbial growth rate through storage time, and significant increase in both polyphenol content and antioxidant activity, compared to control.

Practical applications

With today's tendency towards the consumption of nutritious and fresh‐like foods, non‐thermal treatments are gaining popularity. Among them, ultrasound has become a feasible alternative against traditional thermal treatments. Strawberry products are considered of great nutritional value, because of their high content in antioxidant compounds and vitamin C. In this study, ultrasound was evaluated in strawberry juice through storage time, where significant reductions on microbial growth rate were achieved; meaning that shelf‐life of the product was increased compared to control. Furthermore, physicochemical parameters were maintained through storage, and antioxidant capacity and polyphenol content showed a significant increment, which implies that nutritional value of the product was increased by ultrasound treatments. Therefore, sonication is a potential technology that can easily be applied at the fruit juice industry, replacing the traditional thermal treatment which compromises the organoleptical and nutritional quality of the final product.
Identifying and quantifying landowner perspectives on integrated flood risk management
Authors: Milman A. , Warner B.P. , Chapman D.A. , Short Gianotti A.G.
Published: January 2017

Understanding landowner perspectives on flood mitigation is an essential step towards minimising conflict and ensuring public support and compliance. To illuminate landowner perspectives on flood mitigation and the drivers of those perspectives, we surveyed landowners in the Deerfield River Watershed, Massachusetts (USA). Confirmatory factor analysis shows landowners differentiate between the physical and the policy pathways through which flood mitigation strategies provide protection. Multiple regression analyses indicate landowner support or opposition for each of those pathways is related both to the risks a landowner faces and to their broad worldviews. Lastly, cluster analysis indicates variation in patterns landowner of support or opposition to the physical and policy pathways through which flood mitigation provides protection. Findings point to how issues beyond flood impacts, including understandings of riverine processes, assessments of responsibility, and interpretations of the relationship between government and private property drive landowner perspectives on flood mitigation policies.
Indigenous Empowerment or State Instrumentalization? The Formalization of Indigenous Justices in Michoacán, México
Authors: Andrade Orlando Aragón
Published: January 2017

El reconocimiento formal, o la formalización de las justicias indígenas en México, ¿ha empoderado a las comunidades indígenas con más derechos de autonomía? Este artículo intenta responder a esta interrogante mediante un análisis del Estado de Michoacán. Analiza dos fases distintas del proceso de formalización. Primero, la inclusión y legislación de formas “indígenas” de justicia dentro del sistema legal michoacano; y, segundo, la primera experiencia de poner en operación la reforma a través del Tribunal Comunal Purépecha entre 2007 y 2009. Sobre la base de este análisis se sugiere que lejos de empoderar a las comunidades indígenas, el proceso de formalización legal ha restringido su autonomía para ejercer sus distintas formas de justicia.
RISK‐COPING, LAND TENURE AND LAND MARKETS: AN OVERVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
Authors: Promsopha Gwendoline
Published: January 2017

Over the last decades, a significant amount of literature has been published on informal risk‐coping in developing countries. In this paper, we review how informal risk‐coping has been addressed in the land tenure literature from two main perspectives: a first stream of research looks at how customary tenure and communal property perform key informal risk‐coping functions. A second subset of this literature analyses how informal risk‐coping creates land market imperfections through sharecropping or distress sales. The segmentation of the literature results from the Demsetzian property rights framework. Further research on risk‐coping and land tenure would benefit from examining recent work on property regimes.
INTRA‐HOUSEHOLD EXPERIMENTS: A SURVEY
Authors: Munro Alistair
Published: January 2017

Experiments with family groups are rare, but since many decisions are taken at the household level or occur within the household it is an important area to investigate. This paper provides a survey of the recent experimental work on intra‐household decision‐making. I discuss some of the challenges involved in doing experiments with couples and families and consider major areas that remain yet to be explored. While general themes from the research are still emerging, four results repeatedly occur: (1) the absence of efficiency in intra‐household decisions; (2) joint decisions that are not a convex combination of individual decisions; (3) individual behaviour is affected by opportunities for hiding actions from spouses and (4) deviations from standard models of microeconomics in line with those seen in the anomalies literature of individual decision‐making.
Long‐term side effects on the temporomandibular joints and oro‐facial function in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea treated with a mandibular advancement device
Authors: Knappe S. W. , Bakke M. , Svanholt P. , Petersson A. , Sonnesen L.
Published: January 2017

Patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) in long‐term treatment with a mandibular advancement device (MAD) to increase the upper airway space may develop changes in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and the oro‐facial function due to the protruded jaw position during sleep. The aim was to investigate the influence of long‐term MAD treatment on the TMJs, oro‐facial function and occlusion. This prospective study included 30 men and 13 women (median age 54) with OSA [Apnoea–Hypopnoea Index (AHI): 7–57]. They were examined with the Nordic Orofacial Test Screening (NOT‐S), the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) of the TMJs. The examination was performed before MAD treatment (T0), and 3–6 months (T1, no CBCT), 1 year (T2) and 3 years (T3) after treatment start. The results were analysed as long term (T0–T3, n = 14) and short term (T0–T2, n = 24) by t‐test, Fisher's exact test and anova. Both long‐ and short‐term analyses revealed a reduction in AHI (P < 0·002). Significant long term were increased scores in the NOT‐S Interview (P < 0·045), reduced vertical overbite (P < 0·031) and increased jaw protrusive movement (P < 0·027). TMJ changes were found as joint sounds in terms of reciprocal clicking and crepitus, short term as a decrease and subsequent recurrence (P < 0·053; P < 0·037). No significant radiological changes were found. In conclusion, MAD treatment is beneficial to some OSA patients, but might induce changes in the TMJs, the oro‐facial function and the occlusion. However, these changes seemed to be less harmful than previously reported with careful adaptation, control and follow‐ups.
Social Capital and Adolescent Substance Use: The Role of Family, School, and Neighborhood Contexts
Authors: Wen Ming
Published: January 2017

This study assesses the link between social capital factors of norm‐setting social arenas including family, school, and neighborhood and adolescent substance use measured by cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and illicit drug use among a sample of adolescents in California. The key messages of this study are that socialization processes at different life domains, in varying degrees, are associated with adolescent substance use behavior. Compared with school and neighborhood contexts, family is the most influential setting that should be primarily targeted for youth substance use prevention. Among different aspects of within‐family social resources, parental monitoring seems to be the most protective of adolescent substance use. Study implications on family‐based interventions are discussed.
Potentiation of biological effects of mesenchymal stem cells in ischemic conditions by melatonin via upregulation of cellular prion protein expression
Authors: Lee Jun Hee , Han Yong‐Seok , Lee Sang Hun
Published: January 2017

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are promising candidates for stem cell‐based therapy in ischemic diseases. However, ischemic injury induces pathophysiological conditions, such as oxidative stress and inflammation, which diminish therapeutic efficacy of MSC‐based therapy by reducing survival and functionality of transplanted MSCs. To overcome this problem, we explored the effects of melatonin on the proliferation, resistance to oxidative stress, and immunomodulatory properties of MSCs. Treatment with melatonin enhanced MSC proliferation and self‐renewal via upregulation of cellular prion protein (PrPC) expression. Melatonin diminished the extent of MSC apoptosis in oxidative stress conditions by regulating the levels of apoptosis‐associated proteins, such as BCL‐2, BAX, PARP‐1, and caspase‐3, in a PrPC‐dependent manner. In addition, melatonin regulated the immunomodulatory effects of MSCs via the PrPC‐IDO axis. In a murine hind‐limb ischemia model, melatonin‐stimulated MSCs improved the blood flow perfusion, limb salvage, and vessel regeneration by lowering the extent of apoptosis of affected local cells and transplanted MSCs as well as by reducing infiltration of macrophages. These melatonin‐mediated therapeutic effects were inhibited by silencing of PrPC expression. Our findings for the first time indicate that melatonin promotes MSC functionality and enhances MSC‐mediated neovascularization in ischemic tissues through the upregulation of PrPC expression. In conclusion, melatonin‐treated MSCs could provide a therapeutic strategy for vessel regeneration in ischemic disease, and the targeting of PrPC levels may prove instrumental for MSC‐based therapies.
HsfA1a upregulates melatonin biosynthesis to confer cadmium tolerance in tomato plants
Authors: Cai Shu‐Yu , Zhang Yun , Xu You‐Ping , Qi Zhen‐Yu , Li Meng‐Qi , Ahammed Golam Jalal , Xia Xiao‐Jian , Shi Kai , Zhou Yan‐Hong , Reiter Russel J. , Yu Jing‐Quan , Zhou Jie
Published: January 2017

Melatonin regulates broad aspects of plant responses to various biotic and abiotic stresses, but the upstream regulation of melatonin biosynthesis by these stresses remains largely unknown. Herein, we demonstrate that transcription factor heat‐shock factor A1a (HsfA1a) conferred cadmium (Cd) tolerance to tomato plants, in part through its positive role in inducing melatonin biosynthesis under Cd stress. Analysis of leaf phenotype, chlorophyll content, and photosynthetic efficiency revealed that silencing of the HsfA1a gene decreased Cd tolerance, whereas its overexpression enhanced plant tolerance to Cd. HsfA1a‐silenced plants exhibited reduced melatonin levels, and HsfA1a overexpression stimulated melatonin accumulation and the expression of the melatonin biosynthetic gene caffeic acid O‐methyltransferase 1 (COMT1) under Cd stress. Both an in vitro electrophoretic mobility shift assay and in vivo chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with qPCR analysis revealed that HsfA1a binds to the COMT1 gene promoter. Meanwhile, Cd stress induced the expression of heat‐shock proteins (HSPs), which was compromised in HsfA1a‐silenced plants and more robustly induced in HsfA1a‐overexpressing plants under Cd stress. COMT1 silencing reduced HsfA1a‐induced Cd tolerance and melatonin accumulation in HsfA1a‐overexpressing plants. Additionally, the HsfA1a‐induced expression of HSPs was partially compromised in COMT1‐silenced wild‐type or HsfA1a‐overexpressing plants under Cd stress. These results demonstrate that HsfA1a confers Cd tolerance by activating transcription of the COMT1 gene and inducing accumulation of melatonin that partially upregulates expression of HSPs.
Hypothesis: Gene‐rich plastid genomes in red algae may be an outcome of nuclear genome reduction
Authors: Qiu Huan , Lee Jun Mo , Yoon Hwan Su , Bhattacharya Debashish
Published: January 2017

Red algae (Rhodophyta) putatively diverged from the eukaryote tree of life >1.2 billion years ago and are the source of plastids in the ecologically important diatoms, haptophytes, and dinoflagellates. In general, red algae contain the largest plastid gene inventory among all such organelles derived from primary, secondary, or additional rounds of endosymbiosis. In contrast, their nuclear gene inventory is reduced when compared to their putative sister lineage, the Viridiplantae, and other photosynthetic lineages. The latter is thought to have resulted from a phase of genome reduction that occurred in the stem lineage of Rhodophyta. A recent comparative analysis of a taxonomically broad collection of red algal and Viridiplantae plastid genomes demonstrates that the red algal ancestor encoded ~1.5× more plastid genes than Viridiplantae. This difference is primarily explained by more extensive endosymbiotic gene transfer (EGT) in the stem lineage of Viridiplantae, when compared to red algae. We postulate that limited EGT in Rhodophytes resulted from the countervailing force of ancient, and likely recurrent, nuclear genome reduction. In other words, the propensity for nuclear gene loss led to the retention of red algal plastid genes that would otherwise have undergone intracellular gene transfer to the nucleus. This hypothesis recognizes the primacy of nuclear genome evolution over that of plastids, which have no inherent control of their gene inventory and can change dramatically (e.g., secondarily non‐photosynthetic eukaryotes, dinoflagellates) in response to selection acting on the host lineage.
TTA‐Rapid in the treatment of the canine cruciate deficient stifle: short‐ and medium‐term outcome
Authors: Butterworth S. J. , Kydd D. M.
Published: January 2017

Objectives

To evaluate complications, short‐ and medium‐term outcomes following treatment of lameness associated with cranial cruciate ligament insufficiency in dogs using the “TTA‐Rapid” technique.

Methods

Patient records from two veterinary clinics were retrospectively examined to collect data from cases treated over a period of 21 months. An owner postal questionnaire using a clinical metrology instrument (Liverpool Osteoarthritis in Dogs) evaluated medium‐term outcome of at least six months.

Results

In total 152 procedures were carried out in 141 dogs by two surgeons. Major complications, requiring further intervention, were identified in 11 (7%). Nine of these involved “late” meniscal injuries and two sustained tibial fractures postoperatively, one requiring internal fixation and the other external coaptation. The 3‐month outcome was considered satisfactory in 99% of 135 procedures whilst the medium‐term outcome (mean 16 months) was considered satisfactory in 86% of 108 dogs.

Clinical Significance

“TTA‐Rapid” offers a treatment option for cranial cruciate‐deficient stifles with good short‐ and medium‐term outcomes. The complication rate was low in our hands.
Establishment of a cell line for assessing drugs as canine P‐glycoprotein substrates: proof of principle
Authors: Mealey K. L. , Dassanayake S. , Burke N. S.
Published: January 2017

P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp), encoded by the ABCB1 (MDR1) gene, dramatically impacts drug disposition. P‐gp is expressed in the intestines, biliary canaliculi, renal tubules, and brain capillaries where it functions to efflux substrate drugs. In this capacity, P‐gp restricts oral absorption, enhances biliary and renal excretion, and inhibits central nervous system entry of substrate drugs. Many drugs commonly used in veterinary medicine are known substrates for canine P‐gp (vincristine, loperamide, ivermectin, others). Because these drugs have a narrow therapeutic index, defective P‐gp function can cause serious adverse drug reactions due to enhanced brain penetration and/or decreased clearance. P‐gp dysfunction in dogs can be intrinsic (dogs harboring ABCB1‐1Δ) or acquired (drug interactions between a P‐gp inhibitor and P‐gp substrate). New human drug candidates are required to undergo assessment for P‐gp interactions according to FDA and EMA regulations to avoid adverse drug reactions and drug–drug interactions. Similar information regarding canine P‐gp could prevent adverse drug reactions in dogs. Because differences in P‐gp substrates have been documented between species, one should not presume that human or murine P‐gp substrates are necessarily canine P‐gp substrates. Thus, our goal was to develop a cell line for assessing drugs as canine P‐gp substrates.
Cryptic inbreeding depression in a growing population of a long‐lived species
Authors: Taylor Helen R. , Colbourne Rogan M. , Robertson Hugh A. , Nelson Nicola J. , Allendorf Fred W. , Ramstad Kristina M.
Published: January 2017

Genetic effects are often overlooked in endangered species monitoring, and populations showing positive growth are often assumed to be secure. However, the continued reproductive success of a few individuals may mask issues such as inbreeding depression, especially in long‐lived species. Here, we test for inbreeding depression in little spotted kiwi (Apteryx owenii) by comparing a population founded with two birds to one founded with 40 birds, both from the same source population and both showing positive population growth. We used a combination of microsatellite genotypes, nest observations and modelling to examine the consequences of assessing population viability exclusively via population growth. We demonstrate (i) significantly lower hatching success despite significantly higher reproductive effort in the population with two founders; (ii) positive growth in the population with two founders is mainly driven by ongoing chick production of the founding pair; and (iii) a substantial genetic load in the population founded with two birds (10–15 diploid lethal equivalents). Our results illustrate that substantial, cryptic inbreeding depression may still be present when a population is growing, especially in long‐lived species with overlapping generations.
Arabidopsis thaliana GLUTATHIONE‐S‐TRANSFERASE THETA 2 interacts with RSI1/FLD to activate systemic acquired resistance
Authors: Banday Zeeshan Zahoor , Nandi Ashis Kumar
Published: January 2017

A partly infected plant develops systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and shows heightened resistance during subsequent infections. The infected parts generate certain mobile signals that travel to the distal tissues and help to activate SAR. SAR is associated with epigenetic modifications of several defence‐related genes. However, the mechanisms by which mobile signals contribute to epigenetic changes are little known. Previously, we have shown that the Arabidopsis REDUCED SYSTEMIC IMMUNITY 1 (RSI1, alias FLOWERING LOCUS D; FLD), which codes for a putative histone demethylase, is required for the activation of SAR. Here, we report the identification of GLUTATHIONE‐S‐TRANSFERASE THETA 2 (GSTT2) as an interacting factor of FLD. GSTT2 expression increases in pathogen‐inoculated as well as pathogen‐free distal tissues. The loss‐of‐function mutant of GSTT2 is compromised for SAR, but activates normal local resistance. Complementation lines of GSTT2 support its role in SAR activation. The distal tissues of gstt2 mutant plants accumulate significantly less salicylic acid (SA) and express a reduced level of the SA biosynthetic gene PAL1. In agreement with the established histone modification activity of FLD, gstt2 mutant plants accumulate an enhanced level of methylated and acetylated histones in the promoters of WRKY6 and WRKY29 genes. Together, these results demonstrate that GSTT2 is an interactor of FLD, which is required for SAR and SAR‐associated epigenetic modifications.
Parsimonious Higher Order Markov Models for Rating Transitions
Authors: Baena-Mirabete S. , Puig P.
Published: January 2017

We propose several parsimonious models for higher order Markov chains, applied to the study of municipal rating migrations in credit risk. In full parameterized Markov chain models, the number of parameters increases very rapidly as the order in the Markov chain grows and this can yield biased estimates when certain sequences of states are rare. For some processes, as in the case of credit ratings, this problem is accentuated because the transitions between distant states are unlikely (persistent transitions). We introduce the short and long persistence models and compare them with the full parameterized Markov chain, achieving a better fit with a lower number of parameters. Furthermore, downgrade momentum effects are found in the rating process, which are consistent with recent empirical findings.
Lake sedimentological and ecological response to hyperthermals: Boltysh impact crater, Ukraine
Authors: Ebinghaus Alena , Jolley David W. , Andrews Steven D. , Kemp David B.
Published: January 2017

The Boltysh meteorite impact crater, Ukraine, formed at the Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary at ca 65·2 Ma. A borehole drilled in the central part of the crater cored a >400 m thick high‐resolution lacustrine succession that covers the Dan‐C2 hyperthermal event associated with a negative carbon isotope excursion. Continuous terrestrial records of past hyperthermals are of limited availability, which makes this record a unique case study of the continental impact of rapid climate warming. This study uses high‐resolution sedimentological core log data together with thin‐section, X‐ray diffraction, microprobe and palynological analyses to: (i) reconstruct lake sedimentological and ecological development across the carbon isotope excursion; and (ii) assess the environmental effect of hyperthermals on terrestrial ecosystems. Based on detailed facies analysis, five gradual stages of lake formation are identified, which show a strong relationship to carbon isotope shifts and associated climatic trends. Initially, sediment supply into the Boltysh lake was controlled by crater morphology. During later lake stages, sediment supply was increasingly controlled by changes in inflow–evaporation ratios which affected seasonal stratification patterns and longer term lake levels. An inferred increase in atmospheric pCO2 related to the carbon isotope excursion, together with increasing mean annual temperatures, was probably responsible for periodic increases in biological activity of photosynthesising organisms and biomass production. These fluctuations in facies and lake settings largely correspond to orbital‐paced moisture availability oscillations. The gradual reduction in sediment supply commencing during early lake formation prior to carbon isotope excursion inception suggest that the Dan‐C2 event did not initiate sedimentary changes, but intensified sedimentary response to orbital controlled climate change.
The Role of Perceived Burden and Social Support in Suicide and Depression
Authors: Bell Christopher M. , Ridley Josephine A. , Overholser James C. , Young Kevin , Athey Alison , Lehmann Jennifer , Phillips Kristie
Published: January 2017

In a sample of 114 military veterans with depression histories, perceived burden was related to depression symptoms and suicide attempt history. After accounting for perceived burden, sense of belonging was negatively related to depression. Among the areas of social support, family support was inversely related to both depression and suicide history. After accounting for family support, personal meaning from relationships and friend support were related to depression. The results of this study suggest that perceived burdensomeness may be a stronger determinant of suicidality than sense of belonging or social support. This study highlights the contribution of perceived burdensomeness to suicide and depression.
Reciprocal Tariff Reductions Under Asymmetric Bargaining Power
Authors: Freund Florian
Published: January 2017

Increasing heterogeneity of participants that form the basis of WTO trade negotiations has raised concerns about unfair treatment of weak countries due to their lack of bargaining power. The WTO responds to these concerns by arguing that the institutional design with its specific rules such as the principle of reciprocity serves to reduce inequalities in bargaining power by giving smaller (weaker) countries more voice. A recent study has challenged this result for a particular type of reciprocity, namely the volume approach. Given the wide discretion of how reciprocal concessions are conducted, I give a more complete picture of how different kinds of reciprocity affect the bargaining outcome of asymmetric countries. It turns out that, while the volume approach amplifies the negative effects of power asymmetries, a tariff formula approach has the ability to reverse this effect. For low symmetries, the Swiss formula does the best job, whereas for larger power differences, a linear formula is best suited to reduce the impact of power asymmetries.
Role of neutral transport in aspect ratio dependent plasma etching of three-dimensional features
Authors: Huard Chad M. , Zhang Yiting , Sriraman Saravanapriyan , Paterson Alex , Kushner Mark J.
Published: January 2017

Fabrication of semiconductor devices having three-dimensional (3D) structures places unprecedented demands on plasma etching processes. Among these demands is the frequent need to simultaneously etch features with a wide variety of aspect ratios (AR) on the same wafer. Many plasma etching processes exhibit aspect ratio dependent etching (ARDE)—different etch rates for features that have different aspect ratios, usually slower for larger AR. Processes subject to ARDE require over-etch to clear the larger AR features, which increases the need for high selectivity and low damage. Despite these issues, the physical processes which contribute to ARDE are not well understood. In this paper, results are discussed from a computational investigation on the root causes of ARDE during Ar/Cl2 plasma etching of Si, and, in particular, the role which neutral transport plays in this process. Parametric studies were performed varying neutral-to-ion flux ratios, surface recombination rates of atomic Cl, and neutral and ion angular distributions to determine their influence on neutral transport of Cl to the etch front and ARDE. It was found that each parameter has a significant influence on neutral transport to the etch front (with the exception of the ion angular distribution). Methods for increasing neutral flux (for a given set of ion fluxes) to the etch front were found to push the system toward a neutral saturated, ion starved regime which alleviates ARDE for some range of AR. Increased neutral flux is also correlated with more tapered features, which tend to exhibit more significant ARDE. This coupling of neutral transport with feature profiles makes it difficult to alleviate all ARDE in this system. However, it is possible to optimize parameters in such a way to postpone the onset of ARDE to fairly large AR (>8).
Communicating Brand Identity on Social Media: A Case Study of the Use of Instagram and Twitter for Collegiate Athletic Branding
Authors: Watkins Brandi , Lee Jason W.
Published: January 2017

This case study examined how a large university in the southern U.S. incorporated branding strategies into its social-media content. Specifically, the strategies for using text-based social media (Twitter) and visual-based social media (Instagram) to communicate brand identity through brand associations and brand personality were investigated. To do this, the authors conducted a 2-part study. The first, a content analysis of social-media content, revealed how the athletic department communicated the football team’s brand identity through brand associations and brand personality. Second, a survey assessed the perceived brand personality of the football program through social-media content to determine external perceptions of the team. Results support the use of Instagram as a branding strategy. Instagram was used more than Twitter to communicate brand associations and brand-personality cues, while survey results indicated that respondents exposed to Instagram content reported higher perceptions of brand personality than those exposed to Twitter content.
Player Responses to Match and Training Demands During an Intensified Fixture Schedule in Professional Rugby League: A Case Study
Authors: Twist Craig , Highton Jamie , Daniels Matthew , Mill Nathan , Close Graeme
Published: January 2017

Player loads and fatigue responses are reported in 15 professional rugby league players (24.3 ± 3.8 y) during a period of intensified fixtures. Repeated measures of internal and external loads, perceived well-being, and jump flight time were recorded across 22 d, comprising 9 training sessions and matches on days 5, 12, 15, and 21 (player exposure: 3.6 ± 0.6 matches). Mean training loads (session rating of perceived exertion × duration) between matches were 1177, 1083, 103, and 650 AU. Relative distance in match 1 (82 m/min) and match 4 (79 m/min) was very likely lower in match 2 (76 m/min) and likely higher in match 3 (86 m/min). High-intensity running (≥5.5 m/s) was likely to very likely lower than match 1 (5 m/min) in matches 2–4 (2, 4, and 3 m/min, respectively). Low-intensity activity was likely to very likely lower than match 1 (78 m/min) in match 2 (74 m/min) and match 4 (73 m/min) but likely higher in match 3 (81 m/min). Accumulated accelerometer loads for matches 1–4 were 384, 473, 373, and 391 AU, respectively. Perceived well-being returned to baseline values (~21 AU) before all matches but was very likely to most likely lower the day after each match (~17 AU). Prematch jump flight times were likely to most likely lower across the period, with mean values of 0.66, 0.65, 0.62, and 0.64 s before matches 1–4, respectively. Across a 22-d cycle with fixture congestion, professional rugby league players experience cumulative neuromuscular fatigue and impaired match running performance.
Effect of Concussion on Performance of National Football League Players
Authors: Reams Nicole , Hayward Rodney A. , Kutcher Jeffrey S. , Burke James F.
Published: January 2017

Purpose:

Lingering neurologic injury after concussion may expose athletes to increased risk if return to play is premature. The authors explored whether on-field performance after concussion is a marker of lingering neurologic injury.

Design:

Retrospective cohort study on 1882 skill-position players who played in the National Football League (NFL) during 2007–2010.

Methods:

Players with concussion based on the weekly injury report were compared with players with other head and neck injuries (controls) on measures of on-field performance using Football Outsiders’ calculation of defense-adjusted yards above replacement (DYAR), a measure of a player’s contribution controlling for game context. Changes in performance, relative to a player’s baseline level of performance, were estimated before and after injury using fixed-effects models.

Results:

The study included 140 concussed players and 57 controls. Players with concussion performed no better or worse than their baseline on return to play. However, a decline in DYAR relative to their prior performance was noted 2 wk and 1 wk before appearing on the injury report. Concussed players performed slightly better than controls in situations where they returned to play the same week as appearing on the injury report.

Conclusions:

On return, concussed NFL players performed at their baseline level of performance, suggesting that players have recovered from concussion. Decline in performance noted 2 wk and 1 wk before appearing on the injury report may suggest that concussion diagnosis was delayed or that concussion can be a multihit phenomenon. Athletic performance may be a novel tool for assessing concussion injury and recovery.
Building Community: Stakeholder Perspectives on Walking in Malls and Other Venues
Authors: Belza Basia , Miyawaki Christina E. , Allen Peg , King Diane K. , Marquez David X. , Jones Dina L. , Janicek Sarah , Rosenberg Dori , Brown David R.
Published: January 2017

Mall walking has been a popular physical activity for decades. However, little is known about why mall managers support these programs or why adults choose to walk. Our study aim was to describe mall walking programs from the perspectives of walkers, managers, and leaders. Twenty-eight walkers, 16 walking program managers, and six walking program leaders from five states participated in a telephone or in-person semi-structured interview (N = 50). Interview guides were developed using a social-ecological model. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed thematically. All informants indicated satisfaction with their program and environmental features. Differences in expectations were noted in that walkers wanted a safe, clean, and social place whereas managers and leaders felt a need to provide programmatic features. Given the favorable walking environments in malls, there is an opportunity for public health professionals, health care organizations, and providers of aging services to partner with malls to promote walking.
Efficacy of an Exercise and Nutritional Supplement Program on Physical Performance and Nutritional Status in Older Adults With Mobility Limitations Residing at Senior Living Facilities
Authors: Corcoran Michael P. , Nelson Miriam E. , Sacheck Jennifer M. , Reid Kieran F. , Kirn Dylan , Fielding Roger A. , Chui Kenneth K.H. , Folta Sara C.
Published: January 2017

This cluster-randomized trial was designed to determine the efficacy of a 6-month exercise-nutritional supplement program (ENP) on physical function and nutritional status for older adults and the feasibility of implementing this program in a senior living setting. Twenty senior-living facilities were randomized to either a 3 day per week group-based ENP led by a trained facility staff member or a health education program (SAP). Participants (N = 121) completed a short physical performance battery, 400-m walk, handgrip strength test, and mini-nutrition assessment. 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], insulin-like growth-factor 1 (IGF-1), and activity level were also measured. The ENP did not significantly improve physical function or nutritional status compared with the SAP. Compared with baseline, participants in the ENP engaged in 39 min less physical activity per week at 6 months. Several facility characteristics hindered implementation of the ENP. This study highlights the complexity of implementing an evidence-based program in a field setting.
The Relationship Between 2-Dimensional Knee-Valgus Angles During Single-Leg Squat, Single-Leg-Land, and Drop-Jump Screening Tests
Authors: Munro Allan , Herrington Lee , Comfort Paul
Published: January 2017

Context:

Injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and patellofemoral joint (PFJ) are a significant problem in female athletes. A number of screening tasks have been used in the literature to identify those at greatest risk of injury. To date, no study has examined the relationship in 2-dimensional (2D) knee valgus between common screening tasks to determine whether individuals exhibit similar movement patterns across tasks.

Objective:

To establish whether frontal-plane projection angle (FPPA) during the single-leg squat (SLS), single-leg land (SLL), and drop jump (DJ) are related.

Design:

Cross-sectional study.

Setting:

University laboratory.

Participants:

52 national-league female football players and 36 national-league female basketball players.

Main Outcome Measures:

2D FPPA during the SLS, SLL, and DJ screening tasks.

Results:

Significant correlations were found between tasks. FPPA in the SLS was significantly correlated with SLL (r = .52) and DJ (r = .30), whereas FPPA in the SLL was also significantly correlated to DJ (r = .33). FPPA was significantly greater in the SLS than in the SLL (P < .001) and DJ (P < .001) and in the SLL than in the DJ (P < .001).

Conclusion:

The results showed that 2D FPPA is correlated across the SLS, SLL, and DJ tasks. However, significantly greater FPPA values in the unilateral tasks suggest that the DJ may not identify risk of injury in sports where primary injury mechanisms are during unilateral loading tasks. Therefore, it is recommended that both unilateral and bilateral tasks be included when screening for ACL and PFJ injury risk.
The Effect of Following Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Pain and Disability Outcomes of Patients With Low Back Pain—A Critically Appraised Topic
Authors: Golec Sara J. , Valier Alison R.
Published: January 2017

Clinical Scenario: Health care clinicians are encouraged to practice according to the best available evidence for the purpose of improving patient outcomes. Clinical practice guidelines are one form of evidence that has been developed to enhance the care that patients receive for particular conditions. Low back pain is a common condition in rehabilitation medicine that places a significant financial burden on the healthcare system. Patients with low back pain often suffer great pain and disability that can last a long time, making effective and efficient care a priority. Several guidelines for the treatment of low back pain have been created; however, there is no consensus on whether following these guidelines will positively reduce the pain and disability experienced by patients. Clinical Question: Does adherence to clinical practice guidelines for patients with nonspecific low back pain reduce pain and disability? Summary of Key Findings: A total of 4 studies of level 3 or higher were found. Four studies noted an improvement in disability following guidelines adherent care. Two studies reported greater reduction in pain with guideline adherent care and 2 did not.  Clinical Bottom Line: Moderate evidence exists to support adherence to clinical practice guidelines to improve pain and disability ratings in patients with nonspecific low back pain.
Stretching Exercises for Subacromial Impingement Syndrome: Effects of 6-Week Program on Shoulder Tightness, Pain, and Disability Status
Authors: Turgut Elif , Duzgun Irem , Baltaci Gul
Published: January 2017

Context: Increasing soft tissue flexibility and joint mobility is one of the important aims of studies to treat subacromial impingement syndrome (SIS). Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a stretching program on posterior capsule tightness, pectoralis minor tightness, pain severity, and disability status in SIS. Design: Single-group pretest posttest design. Setting: University outpatient clinic. Participants: 18 participants diagnosed with SIS (34.8±9.4 y, symptoms duration 5.8±4.9 months) were included in the study. Intervention: The 6-week self-stretching program for pectoralis minor, posterior capsule, levator scapula, and latissimus dorsi was performed. Main Outcome Measures: Posterior capsule tightness, pectoralis minor tightness, pain severity (visual analog scale), and self-reported shoulder-related pain and disability status (Shoulder Pain and Disability Index) were used to assess changes in flexibility and symptoms. Results: Comparisons showed that there was significantly less posterior capsule and pectoralis minor tightness, less pain severity on activity and at night, and a lower disability score reported after the 6-week stretching program (P < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in pain severity at rest after the 6-week stretching program (P > 0.05). Conclusions: The findings of the study showed that flexibility, pain severity, and disability gains can be achieved with a 6-week stretching exercise training for participants with SIS. Therefore, shoulder girdle stretching exercises should be recommended early in shoulder rehabilitation program.
De novo phosphorylation and conformational opening of the tyrosine kinase Lck act in concert to initiate T cell receptor signaling
Authors: Philipsen Lars , Reddycherla Amarendra V. , Hartig Roland , Gumz Janine , Kästle Matthias , Kritikos Andreas , Poltorak Mateusz P. , Prokazov Yury , Turbin Evgeny , Weber André , Zuschratter Werner , Schraven Burkhart , Simeoni Luca , Müller Andreas J.
Published: January 2017

The tyrosine kinase Lck must undergo both conformational opening and phosphorylation to transduce signals from the T cell receptor.
Targeting TNFR2, an immune checkpoint stimulator and oncoprotein, is a promising treatment for cancer
Authors: Chen Xin , Oppenheim Joost J.
Published: January 2017

Targeting TNF receptor type 2 may be a new avenue for treating ovarian cancer (Torrey
et al.
, in 17 January 2017 issue).
Atypical presentation of Bezold's and Citelli's abscesses, with recollection following an incomplete postoperative course of antibiotics
Authors: Quoraishi Sadik , George Jayan , Farboud Amir , Marnane Conor
Published: January 2017

Bezold's and Citelli's abscesses are rare complications of otitis media. We present a case of a 44-year-old Eastern European man, with a history of recurrent otitis media, who was admitted to hospital with mastoiditis and initially treated with antibiotics. Despite clinical improvement, a CT scan showed mastoiditis with Bezold's and Citelli's abscesses. The patient underwent a myringotomy and grommet insertion, in addition to a cortical mastoidectomy and curettage of the neck abscesses. After a good recovery, he was discharged home. However, likely due to the language barrier, he did not complete a course of antibiotics as prescribed, and the abscess re-collected, necessitating a re-admission and re-operation. This report illustrates the importance of considering rare features of a common disease in the differential, and of communication in ensuring compliance.
Which is best for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures: balloon kyphoplasty, percutaneous vertebroplasty or non-surgical treatment? A study protocol for a Bayesian network meta-analysis
Authors: Kan Shun-Li , Yuan Zhi-Fang , Chen Ling-Xiao , Sun Jing-Cheng , Ning Guang-Zhi , Feng Shi-Qing
Published: January 2017

Introduction

Osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs) commonly cause both acute and chronic back pain, substantial spinal deformity, functional disability and decreased quality of life and increase the risk of future vertebral fractures and mortality. Percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP), balloon kyphoplasty (BK) and non-surgical treatment (NST) are mostly used for the treatment of OVCFs. However, which treatment is preferred is unknown. The purpose of this study is to comprehensively review the literature and ascertain the relative efficacy and safety of BK, PVP and NST for patients with OVCFs using a Bayesian network meta-analysis.

Methods and analysis

We will comprehensively search PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, to include randomided controlled trials that compare BK, PVP or NST for treating OVCFs. The risk of bias for individual studies will be assessed according to the Cochrane Handbook. Bayesian network meta-analysis will be performed to compare the efficacy and safety of BK, PVP and NST. The quality of evidence will be evaluated by GRADE.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethical approval and patient consent are not required since this study is a meta-analysis based on published studies. The results of this network meta-analysis will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal for publication.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42016039452; Pre-results.
Adiposity, physical activity and risk of diabetes mellitus: prospective data from the population-based HUNT study, Norway
Authors: Hjerkind Kirsti Vik , Stenehjem Jo S , Nilsen Tom I L
Published: January 2017

Background

Physical activity may counteract the adverse effects of adiposity on cardiovascular mortality; however, the evidence of a similar effect on diabetes is sparse. This study examines whether physical activity may compensate for the adverse effect of adiposity on diabetes risk.

Methods

The study population consisted of 38 231 individuals aged 20 years or more who participated in two consecutive waves of the prospective longitudinal Nord-Trøndelag Health Study in Norway: in 1984–1986 and in 1995–1997. A Poisson regression model with SEs derived from robust variance was used to estimate adjusted risk ratios of diabetes between categories of body mass index and physical activity.

Results

Risk of diabetes increased both with increasing body mass (Ptrend<0.001) and with decreasing physical activity level (Ptrend<0.001 in men and 0.01 in women). Combined analyses showed that men who were both obese and had low activity levels had a risk ratio of 17 (95% CI 9.52 to 30) compared to men who were normal weight and highly active, whereas obese men who reported high activity had a risk ratio of 13 (95% CI 6.92 to 26). Corresponding analysis in obese women produced risk ratios of 15 (95% CI 9.18 to 25) and 13 (95% CI 7.42 to 21) among women reporting low and high activity levels, respectively.

Conclusions

This study shows that overweight and obesity are associated with a substantially increased risk of diabetes, particularly among those who also reported being physically inactive. High levels of physical activity were associated with a lower risk of diabetes within all categories of body mass index, but there was no clear evidence that being physically active could entirely compensate for the adverse effect of adiposity on diabetes risk.