bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cruel traces: Bone surface modifications and their relevance to forensic science
Authors: Egeland Charles P. , Pickering Travis Rayne
Published: October 2020

The reconstruction of perimortem and postmortem events is of critical importance to criminal investigations. In many cases, the information required for these reconstructions can be accessed through the analysis of skeletal remains. One particular class of skeletal data—trauma to the surfaces of bones, or bone surface modifications (BSMs)—can reveal much about the perimortem and postmortem intervals. While the study of BSMs originated within the fields of paleontology and archeology and was only later integrated into forensic science, a fruitful interdisciplinary exchange of data and methods is now commonplace. BSMs from thermal alteration, sharp‐force trauma, terrestrial and aquatic scavengers and predators, bacteria and fungi, insects, weathering, and sediment abrasion can supply investigators with valuable information about the agents and events of a corpse's deposition, including weapon type, local environmental conditions, the postmortem interval, and the presence, temperature(s), and/or length(s) of thermal exposure. Based on a review of this rich body of literature, we argue that (a) all associations between a BSM and its alleged source must rest on observational cause‐and‐effect studies; (b) secure identifications of BSMs should rely both on the intrinsic features of the modifications themselves and relevant contextual data; (c) the scientific validity of BSM research depends, ultimately, on rigorous blind‐testing and the establishment of error rates; and (d) researchers need to make a concerted effort to enhance interanalyst correspondence through objective definitions, measurements, and/or codes of BSM features. The most promising path forward lies in the combination of digital image analysis and multivariate predictive modeling.

This article is categorized under:

Forensic Anthropology > Trauma Analysis

Forensic Anthropology > Taphonomic Changes and the Environment

Forensic Anthropology > Time Since Death Estimation
Manufacturing of firearms parts: Relevant sources of information and contribution in a forensic context
Authors: Werner Denis , Berthod Romain , Rhumorbarbe Damien , Gallusser Alain
Published: October 2020

In the context of forensic cases involving firearms, a major issue to address is the identification of the firearm used to discharge questioned elements of ammunition—bullets or cartridge cases—found during the scene investigation. When a questioned firearm is available, reference bullets and cartridge cases are produced through controlled test‐fires. The marks left on both the questioned and reference elements of ammunition are analyzed before being compared. The processes used to manufacture the firearms tend to influence the type and frequency of some of these marks. Knowing how the questioned firearm was produced is a key element to identify the relevant marks for comparison purposes. Finding this information can be challenging, as it is not necessarily publicly available. After presenting the manufacturing processes used to produce the main parts of firearms in contact with the elements of ammunition, this review includes an updated list of processes used by specific manufacturers, relying not only on the literature. The results highlight the necessity to consider a wide range of sources when gathering information about the manufacturing processes. Apart from general and specialized forensic literature, the online content made available by the manufacturers themselves is also a valuable complementary source of information. Contacting the manufacturers or visiting their premises is sometimes necessary to understand the full extent of the processes and how they can influence the marks of forensic interest.

This article is categorized under:

Forensic Chemistry and Trace Evidence > Fingermarks and Other Marks

Forensic Chemistry and Trace Evidence > Trace Evidence
Erwachsene mit angeborenen Herzfehlern im Notaufnahmedienst
Authors: Mair J. , Diller G.-P. , Geiger H. , Greutmann M. , Hessling G. , Tobler D.
Published: October 2020

Die Patientengruppe der Erwachsenen mit angeborenen Herzfehlern (EMAH) ist mittlerweile bereits größer als die der Kinder mit angeborenen Herzfehlern. EMAH-Patienten weisen auch nach Reparaturoperationen oft komplexe pathophysiologische und anatomische Verhältnisse auf. Bei Komplikationen kann es sehr rasch zu Notfallsituationen auch bei ansonsten asymptomatischen oder nur wenig symptomatischen Patienten kommen. Gemessen an der Gesamtzahl der Patienten, die von Notärzten und in den Notaufnahmen versorgt werden, sind EMAH-Notfallsituationen nach wie vor sehr selten. Diese Übersicht soll die Notfallbetreuung von EMAH-Patienten erleichtern. Für ca. zwei Drittel aller Notfälle sind Rhythmusstörungen und akute Herzinsuffizienz verantwortlich. Rhythmusstörungen müssen in der Regel zügig terminiert werden, weil sie unbehandelt rasch zur kardialen Dekompensation führen können. Bei Scheitern der medikamentösen Therapie oder hämodynamischer Instabilität müssen EMAH-Patienten mit tachykarden Rhythmusstörungen rasch elektrisch kardiovertiert werden. Symptomatische Bradykardien können eine rasche Schrittmacherversorgung erforderlich machen. Aufgrund der komplexen Anatomie kann das Einschwemmen eines transvenösen Interim-Schrittmachers bei einzelnen Vitien unmöglich sein. Die akute kardiale Dekompensation bei EMAH ist oft durch ein akutes Rechtsherzversagen verursacht. Weitere relativ häufige Aufnahmegründe sind Infektionen, Synkopen, Thromboembolien und Aortendissektion. Der Herzpass der Patienten informiert über das vorliegende Vitium. Die umgehende Kontaktaufnahme mit dem behandelnden EMAH-Zentrum wird dringend empfohlen.
Der Einfluss postmigratorischer Stressoren auf die Prävalenz depressiver Symptome bei Geflüchteten in Deutschland. Analyse anhand der IAB-BAMF-SOEP-Befragung 2016
Authors: Nutsch Niklas , Bozorgmehr Kayvan
Published: October 2020

Einleitung

Internationale Studien belegen eine hohe psychische Krankheitslast bei Geflüchteten. Postmigratorische Stressoren im Zufluchtsland können die psychische Gesundheit beeinträchtigen und zu Depressionen führen.

Ziel

Die Studie untersucht, ob postmigratorische Stressoren mit der Prävalenz depressiver Symptome bei erwachsenen Geflüchteten in Deutschland assoziiert sind.

Methoden

Sekundärdatenanalyse basierend auf für Deutschland repräsentativen Querschnittsdaten der IAB-BAMF-SOEP-Befragung von Geflüchteten 2016 (N = 4465). Depressivität wurde mit dem Patient Health Questionnaire‑2 (PHQ-2) erfasst. Unadjustierte und adjustierte Odds Ratios (OR) und 95 %-Konfidenzintervalle (KI) wurden anhand binär logistischer Regressionsmodelle berechnet, um Zusammenhänge zwischen Depressivität und soziodemografischen, postmigratorischen und psychosozialen Faktoren zu untersuchen.

Ergebnisse

Depressive Symptome weisen 19,4 % der befragten Geflüchteten auf. Fast alle einbezogenen Postmigrationsstressoren sind nach Adjustierung für soziodemografische und psychosoziale Faktoren statistisch signifikant mit Depressivität assoziiert. Erwerbslosigkeit (aOR = 1,48 [1,04–2,12]), Einsamkeit (aOR = 1,14 [1,10–1,18]) und ein abgelehnter oder noch nicht entschiedener Asylantrag (aOR = 1,34 [1,06–1,70]) erhöhen die Chance für depressive Symptome, während eine stattgefundene Anhörung (aOR = 0,71 [0,56–0,91]) und eine höhere Wohnzufriedenheit (aOR = 0,94 [0,91–0,98]) die Chance für Depressivität verringern.

Diskussion

Postmigrationsstressoren bei Geflüchteten sind mit dem Vorkommen depressiver Symptome assoziiert. Die Berücksichtigung belastender und protektiver Faktoren der Postmigrationsphase in sozialpolitischen Maßnahmen kann die psychische Krankheitslast in Flüchtlingspopulationen reduzieren.
Clinically feasible semi-automatic workflows for measuring metabolically active tumour volume in metastatic melanoma
Authors: van Sluis Joyce , de Heer Ellen C. , Boellaard Mayke , Jalving Mathilde , Brouwers Adrienne H. , Boellaard Ronald
Published: October 2020

Purpose

Metabolically active tumour volume (MATV) is a potential quantitative positron emission tomography (PET) imaging biomarker in melanoma. Accumulating data indicate that low MATV may predict increased chance of response to immunotherapy and overall survival. However, metastatic melanoma can present with numerous (small) tumour lesions, making manual tumour segmentation time-consuming. The aim of this study was to evaluate multiple semi-automatic segmentation workflows to determine reliability and reproducibility of MATV measurements in patients with metastatic melanoma.

Methods

An existing cohort of 64 adult patients with histologically proven metastatic melanoma was used in this study. 18F-FDG PET/CT diagnostic baseline images were acquired using a European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM) Research Limited–accredited Siemens Biograph mCT PET/CT system (Siemens Healthineers, Knoxville, USA). PET data were analysed using manual, gradient-based segmentation and five different semi-automatic methods: three direct PET image–derived delineations (41MAX, A50P and SUV40) and two based on a majority-vote approach (MV2 and MV3), without and with (suffix ‘+’) manual lesion addition. Correlation between the different segmentation methods and their respective associations with overall survival was assessed.

Results

Correlation between the MATVs derived by the manual segmentation and semi-automated tumour segmentations ranged from R2 = 0.41 for A50P to R2 = 0.85 for SUV40+ and MV2+, respectively. Manual MATV segmentation did not differ significantly from the semi-automatic methods SUV40 (∆MATV mean ± SD 0.08 ± 0.60 mL, P = 0.303), SUV40+ (∆MATV − 0.10 ± 0.51 mL, P = 0.126), MV2+ (∆MATV − 0.09 ± 0.62 mL, P = 0.252) and MV3+ (∆MATV − 0.03 ± 0.55 mL, P = 0.615). Log-rank tests showed statistically significant overall survival differences between above and below median MATV patients for all segmentation methods with areas under the ROC curves of 0.806 for manual segmentation and between 0.756 [41MAX] and 0.807 [MV3+] for semi-automatic segmentations.

Conclusions

Simple and fast semi-automated FDG PET segmentation workflows yield accurate and reproducible MATV measurements that correlate well with manual segmentation in metastatic melanoma. The most readily applicable and user-friendly SUV40 method allows feasible MATV measurement in prospective multicentre studies required for validation of this potential PET imaging biomarker for clinical use.
Efficacy of a Novel Vertebral Body Augmentation System in the Treatment of Patients with Symptomatic Vertebral Body Fractures
Authors: Marcia Stefano , Piras Emanuele , Hirsch Joshua A. , Mereu Alessio , Marras Mariangela , Spinelli Alessio , Saba Luca
Published: October 2020

Purpose

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a novel augmentation implant in the treatment of patients with symptomatic vertebral body fractures.

Materials and Methods

Thirty consecutive patients (seven males and 23 females), mean age of 70 years (range 56 to 89) with osteoporotic fractures and/or low-energy trauma fractures (osteoporosis confirmed by CT), were enrolled in an IRB-approved prospective study. The type of fracture was classified according to the Magerl classification. The patients were treated with the Tektona® dedicated vertebral body augmentation system. Visual analogue scale (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores were obtained after 1, 6 and 12 months. Quality of life was assessed with the SF36 score.

Results

A total of 37 vertebral bodies, mostly from T6 to L5, were treated in the 30 enrolled patients. In 67.6% of the cases (n = 25), lumbar fractures were treated. Most of the fractures (43%; n = 16) were A1.1 according to the Magerl classification. A significant pain reduction evaluated by VAS scores (p < 0.0001) was observed on average 7.6 (before the procedure) to 2.8 (immediately post-treatment), 2.1 and 2.7 (after 6 and 12 months later, respectively). The mean ODI score was 55.5% before treatment, and this was statistically significant reduced to 22.3% and 26.9%, respectively, at 6 and 12 months after treatment (p < 0.0001). The SF36 scores, both physical and mental components, showed statistically significant variations (p < 0.0001) whose direction was subpopulation dependent.

Conclusion

Patients with confirmed osteoporosis, suffering from symptomatic vertebral body fractures (osteoporotic and/or low-energy traumatic), were treated safely and effectively using this novel implant.
γ-Aminobutyric Acid Participates in the Adult-Phase Adventitious Rooting Recalcitrance
Authors: Li Xu , Xu Xiaozhao , Shen Fei , Li Wei , Qiu Changpeng , Wu Ting , Wang Yi , Xu Xuefeng , Han Zhenhai , Zhang Xinzhong
Published: October 2020

In many tree species especially the rooting-recalcitrant woody perennials, the adventitious root (AR) in the juvenile phase can be easily induced by exogenous auxin, but AR formation becomes recalcitrant in the adult phase. Also, it is reported that the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) inhibits primary root growth in Arabidopsis and the AR formation in poplar (Populus ssp). So far, how GABA affects or is affected by the ontogenetic phase or auxin remains unclear. Here, we used an apple rootstock, Malus xiaojinensis, and tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) to investigate this question. We first analyzed the content of GABA, the activity of GABA synthetic enzyme GAD, and the expression of the coding gene MxGADs, respectively, in leafy cuttings of juvenile and adult phase. Next, the effect of exogenous GABA on AR formation was examined in in vitro shoots of M. xiaojinensis and tobacco. Interestingly, significant and consistent increases in GABA concentration, GAD activity, and expression of MxGAD genes in response to exogenous indole butyric acid (IBA) were detected in adult-phase cuttings, but not in juvenile-phase cuttings. Exogenous GABA application inhibited the AR formation by delaying rooting time and reducing root number and the total root length in in vitro shoots of both M. xiaojinensis and tobacco. The expression of MxPIN members increased in response to IBA application, but these changes were restrained by the addition of GABA. These results indicate that both the loss of juvenility and IBA are required to trigger GABA accumulation. GABA may affect the AR formation as a co-actor by inhibiting polar auxin transport. Together, these findings facilitate the understanding of the regulatory network among GABA, juvenility, and auxin signaling on the AR formation.
N-Doped Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles Studied by EPR
Authors: Tampieri Francesco , Tommasini Matteo , Agnoli Stefano , Favaro Marco , Barbon Antonio
Published: October 2020

Graphene-derived materials attract a great deal of attention because of the peculiar properties that make them suitable for a wide range of applications. Among such materials, nano-sized systems show very interesting behaviour and high reactivity. Often such materials have unpaired electrons that make them suitable for electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. In this work we study by continuous wave and pulse EPR spectroscopy undoped and nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (GQD) with a size of about 2 nm. The analysis of the spectra allows identifying different types of paramagnetic centers related to electrons localized on large graphenic flakes and molecular-like radicals. By hyperfine spectroscopies on nitrogen-doped samples, we determine the hyperfine coupling constant of paramagnetic centers (limited-sizeπ-delocalized unpaired electrons) with dopant nitrogen atoms. The comparison of the experimental data with models obtained by density functional theory (DFT) calculations supports the interpretation of doping as due to the insertion of nitrogen atoms in the graphene lattice. The dimension of the delocalized regions in the flakes observed by pulse EPR is of about 20–25 carbon atoms; the nitrogen dopant can be classified as pyridinic or graphitic.
Deformation-Induced Roughening by Contact Compression in the Presence of Oils with Different Viscosity: Experiment and Numerical Simulation
Authors: Starzynski Grzegorz , Buczkowski Ryszard , Zylinski Bartlomiej
Published: October 2020

The aim of the work is to show both the similarities and differences in the formation of deformation-induced roughness in contact compression in the presence of oil and the problem of free surface roughing during uniaxial stretching in a plastic area. The relationships between changes in the roughness are caused by the deformation of the sample and the viscosity of oil at the contact area. It has been shown that normal contact loading with the presence of oil initially leads to an increase in surface roughness, then to its smoothening. The results of the experimental research have been compared with numerical simulation made using FSI (Fluid Structure Interaction) and ABAQUS systems. Using finite element calculations, it was possible to explain the phenomenon of roughness formation on the surface of a smooth steel sample. The changes in the structure of the smooth surface resulting from compression in the presence of oil are caused by the rotation and deformation of surface grains. The roughness of this structure is dependent on the viscosity of oil: the more viscous the liquid is, the rougher texture is formed.
Leptin Contributes to Neuropathic Pain via Extrasynaptic NMDAR-nNOS Activation
Authors: Liang Yanling , Ma Yuxin , Wang Jieqin , Nie Lei , Hou Xusheng , Wu Wenyu , Zhang Xingmei , Tian Yinghong
Published: October 2020

Leptin is an adipocytokine that is primarily secreted by white adipose tissue, and it contributes to the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain in collaboration with N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs). Functional NMDARs are a heteromeric complex that primarily comprise two NR1 subunits and two NR2 subunits. NR2A is preferentially located at synaptic sites, and NR2B is enriched at extrasynaptic sites. The roles of synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDARs in the contribution of leptin to neuropathic pain are not clear. The present study examined whether the important role of leptin in neuropathic pain was related to synaptic or extrasynaptic NMDARs. We used a rat model of spared nerve injury (SNI) and demonstrated that the intrathecal administration of the NR2A-selective antagonist NVP-AAM077 and the NR2B-selective antagonist Ro25-6981 prevented and reversed mechanical allodynia following SNI. Administration of exogenous leptin mimicked SNI-induced behavioral allodynia, which was also prevented by NVP-AAM077 and Ro25-6981. Mechanistic studies showed that leptin enhanced NR2B- but not NR2A-mediated currents in spinal lamina II neurons of naïve rats. Leptin also upregulated the expression of NR2B, which was blocked by the NR2B-selective antagonist Ro25-6981, in cultured dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Leptin enhanced neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) expression, which was also blocked by Ro25-6981, in cultured DRG cells. However, leptin did not change NR2A expression, and the NR2A-selective antagonist NVP-AAM077 had no effect on leptin-enhanced nNOS expression. Our data suggest an important cellular link between the spinal effects of leptin and the extrasynaptic NMDAR-nNOS-mediated cellular mechanism of neuropathic pain.
How you choose is as important as what you choose: Subjective quality of choice predicts well-being and academic performance
Authors: Leontiev Dmitry A. , Osin Evgeny N. , Fam Anna K. , Ovchinnikova Elena Y.
Published: October 2020

The paper proposes a new approach to measuring key parameters of choice as intentional activity. We developed and validated a 23-item questionnaire called the Subjective Quality of Choice (SQC) which measures four qualitative dimensions of choice: elaboration, emotional valence, autonomy, and satisfaction with the outcome. Three validation studies are presented. In the first study respondents from a large online sample evaluated the quality of important choices they made in life. Using structural equation modeling, we confirmed the structure of the SQC and investigated the associations of its scales with other measures. In the second study using a longitudinal design we replicated the structure of the SQC in a university choice context and investigated the criterion validity of its scales against well-being and academic outcome variables. In the third study we investigated the predictive validity of the SQC in a university applicant sample against an objective real-life outcome. The findings support the validity of the choice quality model.
Origin of the tribofilm from MoS2 nanoparticle oil additives: Dependence of oil film thickness on particle aggregation in rolling point contact
Authors: Wu Hongxing , Wang Liping , Dong Guangneng
Published: October 2020

The lubrication effectiveness of MoS2 nanoparticles as an oil additive remains unclear, restricting its application in industry to reduce friction. The goal of this work was to explore the lubrication mechanism of MoS2 nanoparticles as an oil additive. In this study, the oil film thickness behaviors of MoS2 nanoparticles in poly-alpha olefin (PAO4) base oil, PAO4 with 3 wt% dispersant (polyisobutyleneamine succinimide, PIBS), and 0W20 engine oil were investigated using an elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) testing machine. Following the EHL tests, the flow patterns around the contact area and the tribofilm covering rate on contact area were studied using optical microscopy to understand the lubrication mechanism. The results indicate that both the dispersant and nanoparticle aggregation significantly affected the oil film thickness. The expected oil film thickness increase in the case of 0.1 wt% MoS2 in PAO4 base oil was obtained, with an increase from 30 to 60 nm over 15 min at a velocity of 50 mm/s. Flow pattern analysis revealed the formation of particle aggregation on the rolling path when lubricated with 0.1 wt% MoS2, which is associated with a tribofilm coverage rate of 41.5% on the contact area. However, an oil film thickness increase and particle aggregation were not observed during the tests with 0.1 wt% MoS2 blended with 3 wt% PIBS as the dispersant in PAO4 base oil, and for 0.75 wt% MoS2 in 0W20 engine oil. The results suggest that nanoparticles responsible for tribofilm formation originated from aggregates, but not the well-dispersed nanoparticles in point contact. This understanding should aid the advancement of novel lubricant additive design.
Domain-General Tutor Authoring with Apprentice Learner Models
Authors: MacLellan Christopher J. , Koedinger Kenneth R.
Published: October 2020

Intelligent tutoring systems are effective for improving students’ learning outcomes (Pane et al. 2013; Koedinger and Anderson, International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 8, 1–14, 1997; Bowen et al. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 1, 94–111 2013). However, constructing tutoring systems that are pedagogically effective has been widely recognized as a challenging problem (Murray 2003; Murray, International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 10, 98–129, 1999). In this paper, we explore the use of computational models of apprentice learning, or computer models that learn interactively from examples and feedback, for authoring expert-models via demonstrations and feedback (Matsuda et al. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 25(1), 1–34 2014) across a wide range of domains. To support these investigations, we present the Apprentice Learner Architecture, which posits the types of knowledge, performance, and learning components needed for apprentice learning. We use this architecture to create two models: the Decision Tree model, which non-incrementally learns skills, and the Trestle model, which instead learns incrementally. Both models draw on the same small set of prior knowledge (six operators and three types of relational knowledge) to support expert model authoring. Despite their limited prior knowledge, we demonstrate their use for efficiently authoring a novel experimental design tutor and show that they are capable of learning an expert model for seven additional tutoring systems that teach a wide range of knowledge types (associations, categories, and skills) across multiple domains (language, math, engineering, and science). This work shows that apprentice learner models are efficient for authoring tutors that would be difficult to build with existing non-programmer authoring approaches (e.g., experimental design or stoichiometry tutors). Further, we show that these models can be applied to author tutors across eight tutor domains even though they only have a small, fixed set of prior knowledge. This work lays the foundation for new interactive machine-learning based authoring paradigms that empower teachers and other non-programmers to build pedagogically effective educational technologies at scale.
Drivers of disinfection byproduct formation and speciation in small, chlorinated coastal groundwater systems: relative roles of bromide and organic matter, and the need for improved source water characterization and monitoring
Authors: Young Tessora R. , Deem Steve , Leslie Jolyn C. , Salo-Zieman Virpi , He Huan , Dodd Michael C.
Published: October 2020

Small, chlorinated coastal groundwater systems are uniquely susceptible to elevated (especially brominated) DBP formation, due to the potential for high bromide and DOM levels, technical and resource constraints, and limited regulatory oversight.
NH2-MIL-88B (FeαIn1−α) mixed-MOFs designed for enhancing photocatalytic Cr(vi) reduction and tetracycline elimination
Authors: Xu Chunhua , Bao Mingjun , Ren Jiawen , Zhang Zhiguang
Published: October 2020

Aiming at solving the issue of wastewater purification, this work synthesized NH2-MIL-88B (FeαIn1−α) photocatalysts by a simple one-pot method, which was employed for photocatalytic reduction of Cr(vi) and oxidation of TC-HCl.
Disc light variability in the FUor star V646 Puppis as observed by TESS and from the ground
Authors: Siwak Michał , Ogłoza Waldemar , Krzesiński Jerzy
Published: October 2020

Context. We investigate small-scale light variations in V646 Pup occurring on timescales of days, weeks, and years.

Aims. We aim to investigate whether this variability is similar to that observed in FU Ori.

Methods. We observed V646 Pup on six occasions at the SAAO and CTIO between 2013 and 2018 with Johnson and Sloan filters, typically using a one-day cadence maintained for two to four weeks. We also utilised the public-domain 1512-day-long ASAS-SN light curve and TESS photometry obtained in 2019 over 24.1 days with a 30 min cadence. New SAAO low-resolution spectra assist in updating major disc parameters, while the archival high-resolution Keck spectra are used to search for temporal changes in the disc rotational profiles.

Results. The ground-based observations confirm the constantly decreasing brightness of V646 Pup at the rate of 0.018 mag yr−1. Precise i-band sensitive TESS data show that the slight, 0.005−0.01 mag, light variations imposed on this general trend do consist of a few independent wave trains of an apparently time-coherent nature. Assuming that this is typical situation, based on an analysis of colour–magnitude diagrams obtained for earlier epochs, we were able to make a preliminarily inference that the bulk of the light changes observed could be due to the rotation of disc photosphere inhomogeneities, arising between 10–12 R⊙ from the star. We do not exclude the possibility that these inhomogeneities could also manifest themselves in the rotational profiles of the disc, as obtained from the high-resolution spectra. Assuming Keplerian rotation of these inhomogeneities, we give a preliminary determination of the stellar mass at 0.7–0.9 M⊙.

Conclusions. Over certain weeks, at least, V646 Pup has shown time-coherent light variability pattern(s) that could be explained by the rotation of an inhomogeneous disc photosphere. These preliminary results are similar to those better established for FU Ori, which suggests a common driving mechanism(s).
Management of Mesenteric Cysts in Pediatric Population: Five-year Experience in Tertiary Care Center
Authors: Sharma Shyamendra Pratap , Chowdhary Sarita , Panigrahi Pranay , Sharma Shiv Prasad
Published: October 2020

Introduction

To study the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of mesenteric cysts in pediatric age group (< 15 years).

Materials and Methods

This was a retrospective analysis which inculded 35 children diagnosed and treated for mesenteric cysts in the pediatric surgery department from January 2014 to January 2019. Patient's data were retrieved from case sheets and analyzed. Patients with atleast one year follow-up were included in the study.

Results

Thirty-five patients were included in the study. Twenty-one (60%) were males and fourteen (40%) were females. Mean age of presentation and surgery was 24 months. Twenty-six (74.2%) patients were managed by bowel resection, while 9 (25.7%) were managed by simple cystectomy. The average size of the cyst was 15 cm (ranging from 5 to 25 cm). Content of cysts was mostly chylous (82.9% cases). No recurrence was found throughout the follow-up period (1–2 years).

Conclusion

Mesenteric cyst should be considered as a differential diagnosis in pediatric patients with acute or subacute intestinal obstruction and with or without a palpable lump in the abdomen. Mesenteric cysts can be managed surgically with favorable outcomes.
Delayed greening in phosphorus-efficient Hakea prostrata (Proteaceae) is a photoprotective and nutrient-saving strategy
Authors: Kuppusamy Thirumurugen , Hahne Dorothee , Ranathunge Kosala , Lambers Hans , Finnegan Patrick M.
Published: October 2020

Hakea prostrata R.Br. (Proteaceae) shows a ‘delayed greening’ strategy of leaf development characterised by reddish young leaves that become green as they mature. This trait may contribute to efficient use of phosphorus (P) during leaf development by first investing P in the development of leaf structure followed by maturation of the photosynthetic machinery. In this study, we investigated the properties of delayed greening in a highly P-efficient species to enhance our understanding of the ecological significance of this trait as a nutrient-saving and photoprotective strategy. In glasshouse-grown plants, we assessed foliar pigments, fatty acids and nutrient composition across five leaf developmental stages. Young leaves had higher concentrations of anthocyanin, P, nitrogen (N), copper (Cu), xanthophyll-cycle pigments and saturated fatty acids than mature leaves. As leaves developed, the concentration of anthocyanins decreased, whereas that of chlorophyll and the double bond index of fatty acids increased. In mature leaves, ~60% of the fatty acids was α-linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3). Mature leaves also had higher concentrations of aluminium (Al), calcium (Ca) and manganese (Mn) than young leaves. We conclude that delayed greening in H. prostrata is a strategy that saves P as well as N and Cu through sequential allocation of these resources, first to cell production and structural development, and then to supplement chloroplast development. This strategy also protects young leaves against photodamage and oxidative stress during leaf expansion under high-light conditions.
Effects of abiotic stresses on sorbitol biosynthesis and metabolism in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)
Authors: Almaghamsi Afaf , Nosarzewski Marta , Kanayama Yoshinori , Archbold Douglas D.
Published: October 2020

Polyols such as sorbitol and ribitol are a class of compatible solutes in plants that may play roles in tolerance to abiotic stresses. This study investigated the effects of water stress on sorbitol biosynthesis and metabolism and sorbitol and ribitol accumulation in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Water stress induced by withholding water and by using polyethylene glycol as a root incubation solution to mimic water stress, and NaCl stress were applied to wild-type (WT) and three genetically-modified lines of tomato (cv. Ailsa Craig), a control vector line TR22, and 2 sorbitol dehydrogenase (sdh) antisense lines TR45 and TR49. Sorbitol and ribitol content, as well as the enzymatic activities, protein accumulation, and gene expression patterns of the key sorbitol cycle enzymes aldose-6-phosphate reductase (A6PR), aldose reductase (AR), and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), were measured in mature leaves. In response to the stresses, both sorbitol and ribitol accumulated in leaf tissue, most significantly in the sdh antisense lines. A6PR, characterised for the first time in this work, and AR both exhibited increased enzymatic activity correlated with sorbitol accumulation during the stress treatments, with SDH also increasing in WT and TR22 to metabolise sorbitol, reducing the content to control levels within 3 days after re-watering. In the sdh antisense lines, the lack of significant SDH activity resulted in the increased sorbitol and ribitol content above WT levels. The results highlighted a role for both A6PR and AR in biosynthesis of sorbitol in tomato where the high activity of both enzymes was associated with sorbitol accumulation. Although both A6PR and AR are aldo-keto reductases and use NADPH as a co-factor, the AR-specific inhibitor sorbinil inhibited AR only indicating that they are different enzymes. The determination that sorbitol, and perhaps ribitol as well, plays a role in abiotic responses in tomato provides a cornerstone for future studies examining how they impact tomato tolerance to abiotic stresses, and if their alteration could improve stress tolerance.
Disentangling the photosynthesis performance in japonica rice during natural leaf senescence using OJIP fluorescence transient analysis
Authors: Zeng Faliang , Wang Guojiao , Liang Yinpei , Guo Naihui , Zhu Lin , Wang Qi , Chen Hongwei , Ma Dianrong , Wang Jiayu
Published: October 2020

Rice undergoes leaf senescence accompanied with grain filling when the plants reach the end of their temporal niche, and a delay in leaf senescence ultimately improves the yield and quality of grain. To estimate the decline in photosynthesis during leaf senescence and to find an efficient and useful tool to identify rice genotypes with a longer duration of active photosynthesis, we examined PSII photosynthetic activity in the flag leaves of japonica rice Shennong265 (SN265) and Beigeng3 (BG3) during leaf senescence using chlorophyll a fluorescence kinetics. The results show that inhibition occurred in the electron transport chains, but the energetic connectivity of PSII units was not affected as dramatically during leaf senescence. PSII reaction centres (RCs) were transformed into ‘silent RCs,’ and the chlorophyll content decreased during leaf senescence. However the size of the ‘economic’ antennae increased. Further, the percentage of variation of the specific energy flux parameters can rationally be used to indicate leaf senescence from the perspective of energy balance. Although the performance indices were more sensitive than other functional and structural JIP-test parameters, they still did not serve as an indicator of crop yield.
Bara and Viala, or Virtue Rewarded: The Memorialization of Two Child Martyrs of the French Revolution
Authors: Perna Antonia
Published: October 2020

This article explores the commemoration of republican child martyrs Joseph Bara and Joseph-Agricol Viala, in Year II (1793–4), during the French Revolution. It compares the official interpretation of their deaths with the subsequent appropriation of this narrative in wider culture. The article argues that leading revolutionaries—notably Robespierre, Barère and David—utilized the heroic deaths of children specifically for their associations with natural virtue and innocence, setting the tone for a new model of republican morality. It then demonstrates that the state’s narrative was widely circulated, yet appropriated and commodified, using popular prints and theatre as case studies. This article thus demonstrates the limits of official control over French Revolutionary culture and traces the fragmented roots of what would become a revived memory cult in the Third Republic.
The Importance of Engaging in Physical Activity in Older Adulthood for Transitions Between Cognitive Status Categories and Death: A Coordinated Analysis of 14 Longitudinal Studies
Authors: Yoneda Tomiko , Lewis Nathan A , Knight Jamie E , Rush Jonathan , Vendittelli Rebecca , Kleineidam Luca , Hyun Jinshil , Piccinin Andrea M , Hofer Scott M , Hoogendijk Emiel O , Derby Carol A , Scherer Martin , Riedel-Heller Steffi , Wagner Michael , van den Hout Ardo , Wang Wenyu , Bennett David A , Muniz-Terrera Graciela
Published: October 2020

Background

Given increasing incidence of cognitive impairment and dementia, further understanding of modifiable factors contributing to increased healthspan is crucial. Extensive literature provides evidence that physical activity (PA) delays the onset of cognitive impairment; however, it is unclear whether engaging in PA in older adulthood is sufficient to influence progression through cognitive status categories.

Method

Applying a coordinated analysis approach, this project independently analyzed 14 longitudinal studies (NTotal = 52 039; mean baseline age across studies = 69.9–81.73) from North America and Europe using multistate survival models to estimate the impact of engaging in PA on cognitive status transitions (nonimpaired, mildly impaired, severely impaired) and death. Multinomial regression models were fit to estimate life expectancy (LE) based on American PA recommendations. Meta-analyses provided the pooled effect sizes for the role of PA on each transition and estimated LEs.

Results

Controlling for baseline age, sex, education, and chronic conditions, analyses revealed that more PA is significantly associated with decreased risk of transitioning from nonimpaired to mildly impaired cognitive functioning and death, as well as substantially longer LE. Results also provided evidence for a protective effect of PA after onset of cognitive impairment (eg, decreased risk of transitioning from mild-to-severe cognitive impairment; increased likelihood of transitioning backward from severe-to-mild cognitive impairment), though between-study heterogeneity suggests a less robust association.

Conclusions

These results yield evidence for the importance of engaging in PA in older adulthood for cognitive health, and a rationale for motivating older adults to engage consistently in PA.
Pacific Biosciences assembly with Hi-C mapping generates an improved, chromosome-level goose genome
Authors: Li Yan , Gao Guangliang , Lin Yu , Hu Silu , Luo Yi , Wang Guosong , Jin Long , Wang Qigui , Wang Jiwen , Tang Qianzi , Li Mingzhou
Published: October 2020

Background

The domestic goose is an economically important and scientifically valuable waterfowl; however, a lack of high-quality genomic data has hindered research concerning its genome, genetics, and breeding. As domestic geese breeds derive from both the swan goose (Anser cygnoides) and the graylag goose (Anser anser), we selected a female Tianfu goose for genome sequencing. We generated a chromosome-level goose genome assembly by adopting a hybrid de novo assembly approach that combined Pacific Biosciences single-molecule real-time sequencing, high-throughput chromatin conformation capture mapping, and Illumina short-read sequencing.

Findings

We generated a 1.11-Gb goose genome with contig and scaffold N50 values of 1.85 and 33.12 Mb, respectively. The assembly contains 39 pseudo-chromosomes (2n = 78) accounting for ∼88.36% of the goose genome. Compared with previous goose assemblies, our assembly has more continuity, completeness, and accuracy; the annotation of core eukaryotic genes and universal single-copy orthologs has also been improved. We have identified 17,568 protein-coding genes and a repeat content of 8.67% (96.57 Mb) in this genome assembly. We also explored the spatial organization of chromatin and gene expression in the goose liver tissues, in terms of inter-pseudo-chromosomal interaction patterns, compartments, topologically associating domains, and promoter-enhancer interactions.

Conclusions

We present the first chromosome-level assembly of the goose genome. This will be a valuable resource for future genetic and genomic studies on geese.
Impact of digitally acquired peer diagnostic input on diagnostic confidence in outpatient cases: A pragmatic randomized trial
Authors: Khoong Elaine C , Fontil Valy , Rivadeneira Natalie A , Hoskote Mekhala , Nundy Shantanu , Lyles Courtney R , Sarkar Urmimala
Published: October 2020

Objective

The study sought to evaluate if peer input on outpatient cases impacted diagnostic confidence.

Materials and Methods

This randomized trial of a peer input intervention occurred among 28 clinicians with case-level randomization. Encounters with diagnostic uncertainty were entered onto a digital platform to collect input from ≥5 clinicians. The primary outcome was diagnostic confidence. We used mixed-effects logistic regression analyses to assess for intervention impact on diagnostic confidence.

Results

Among the 509 cases (255 control; 254 intervention), the intervention did not impact confidence (odds ratio [OR], 1.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.999-2.12), but after adjusting for clinician and case traits, the intervention was associated with higher confidence (OR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.01-2.32). The intervention impact was greater in cases with high uncertainty (OR, 3.23; 95% CI, 1.09- 9.52).

Conclusions

Peer input increased diagnostic confidence primarily in high-uncertainty cases, consistent with findings that clinicians desire input primarily in cases with continued uncertainty.
Using near-infrared spectroscopy to determine intramuscular fat and fatty acids of beef applying different prediction approaches
Authors: Barragán-Hernández Wilson , Mahecha-Ledesma Liliana , Burgos-Paz William , Olivera-Angel Martha , Angulo-Arizala Joaquín
Published: October 2020

This study aimed to predict fat and fatty acids (FA) contents in beef using near-infrared spectroscopy and prediction models based on partial least squares (PLS) and support vector machine regression in radial kernel (R-SVR). Fat and FA were assessed in 200 longissimus thoracis samples, and spectra were collected in reflectance mode from ground meat. The analyses were performed for PLS and R-SVR with and without wavelength selection based on genetic algorithms (GAs). The GA application improved the error prediction by 15% and 68% for PLS and R-SVR, respectively. Models based on GA plus R-SMV showed a prediction ability for fat and FA with an average coefficient of determination of 0.92 and ratio performance deviation of 4.8.
Induction chemotherapy in locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck
Authors: Okano Susumu , Homma Akihiro , Kiyota Naomi , Tahara Makoto , Hanai Nobuhiro , Asakage Takahiro , Matsuura Kazuto , Ogawa Takenori , Saito Yuki , Sano Daisuke , Kodaira Takeshi , Motegi Atsushi , Yasuda Koichi , Takahashi Shunji , Tanaka Kaoru , Onoe Takuma , Yokota Tomoya , Imamura Yoshinori , Ariizumi Yosuke , Akimoto Tetsuo , Hayashi Ryuichi
Published: October 2020

In order to maximize the benefit of induction chemotherapy, practice based on a comprehensive interpretation of a large number of clinical trials, as in this review, is essential. The standard treatment for locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck is surgery or chemoradiation. However, induction chemotherapy followed by (chemo) radiotherapy may be used in some circumstances. Although many clinical trials of induction chemotherapy have been conducted, a rationale other than to preserve the larynx is still controversial. Selection of this modality should therefore be made with care. The current standard regimen for induction chemotherapy is docetaxel, cisplatin and 5-FU, but concerns remain about toxicity, cost and the duration of treatment. Regarding treatment after induction chemotherapy, it is also unclear whether radiation alone or chemoradiation is the better option. Furthermore, there is no answer as to what drugs should be used in combination with radiation therapy after induction chemotherapy. Several new induction chemotherapy treatment developments are currently underway, and future developments are expected. This review article summarizes the current position of induction chemotherapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, based on the evidence produced to date, and discusses the future prospects for this treatment.
Short-term results of a phase II study of preoperative docetaxel/cisplatin/S-1 therapy for locally advanced gastric cancer
Authors: Tsuchida Kazuhito , Sato Tsutomu , Aoyama Toru , Atsumi Yosuke , Kano Kazuki , Maezawa Yukio , Kazama Keisuke , Numata Masakatsu , Yamada Takanobu , Tamagawa Hiroshi , Murakami Hitoshi , Oshima Takashi , Saeki Hiroyuki , Cho Haruhiko , Yukawa Norio , Yamamoto Yuji , Masuda Munetaka , Rino Yasushi
Published: October 2020

Background

A multi-institutional phase II study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of preoperative docetaxel, cisplatin and S-1 therapy in marginally resectable advanced gastric cancer.

Methods

Patients with macroscopic type 4, large macroscopic type 3 and bulky lymph node metastasis received two cycles of preoperative docetaxel, cisplatin and S-1 therapy (docetaxel 40 mg/m2 and cisplatin 60 mg/m2 on day 1, and S-1 80 mg/m2 for 14 days, every 4 weeks). The primary endpoint was the pathological response rate, with an expected value of 65%.

Results

Thirty-one patients were enrolled in this study. The pathological response rate was 54.8%, and it was higher than the threshold value but lower than the expected rate. The R0 resection rate was 93.5%. The frequencies of grade 3–4 toxicities during docetaxel, cisplatin and S-1 therapy were 41.9% for neutropenia, 6.5% for febrile neutropenia and 32.3% for nausea/vomiting. Grade 2 and 3 surgical morbidities occurred in 23.3 and 6.7% of the patients, respectively.

Conclusions

Preoperative docetaxel, cisplatin and S-1 therapy was feasible in terms of chemotherapy-related toxicities and surgical morbidity, but the effect did not achieve the expected value. The association between the pathological response rate and survival will be evaluated in the final analysis of this clinical trial.
Neurilemmoma of fronto-ethmoid paranasal sinuses: aggressive anterior skull base destructing tumor—a case report
Authors: Jawad Jamal , Mandura Rawan , Alhatem Hatem
Published: October 2020

Neurilemmomas (Schwannomas) of sinonasal tract are very unusual. They are benign, slow-growing, usually solitary encapsulated perineural tumors. They arise from Schwann cells of the neural sheath of the peripheral nervous system including motor, sensory and autonomic nerves. They can occur throughout the body, but the head and neck region demonstrate a higher incidence of occurrence (25–45%). The sinonasal region, however, has the lowest incidence rate with only 3–4%. We report here a rare case of fronto-ethmoid sinus neurilemmoma that is locally destructing the anterior skull base and the lateral orbital wall. A left eye proptosis, diplopia and chemosis were the presenting complaints. Images and histopathology examinations confirmed the diagnosis. The patient underwent tumor resection through Endoscopic Endonasal approach, followed by a functional sinus drainage of the retained secretions. The patient made a good postoperative recovery and remained disease free at a 1-year follow up period.