bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetic study of benfotiamine and the bioavailability assessment compared to thiamine hydrochloride
Authors: Xie Feifan , Cheng Zeneng , Li Sanwang , Liu Xingling , Guo Xin , Yu Peng , Gu Zhenkun
Published: January 2014

Benfotiamine is a lipid‐soluble thiamine precursor which can transform to thiamine in vivo and subsequently be metabolized to thiamine monophosphate (TMP) and thiamine diphosphate (TDP). This study investigated the pharmacokinetic profiles of thiamine and its phosphorylated metabolites after single‐ and multiple‐dose administration of benfotiamine in healthy Chinese volunteers, and assessed the bioavailability of orally benfotiamine administration compared to thiamine hydrochloride. In addition, concentration of hippuric acid in urine which is produced in the transformation process of benfotiamine was determined. The results showed that thiamine and its phosphorylated metabolites exhibited different pharmacokinetic characteristics in plasma, blood and erythrocyte, and one‐compartment model provided the best fit for pharmacokinetic profiles of thiamine. The transformation process of benfotiamine to thiamine produced large amount of hippuric acid. No accumulation of hippuric acid was observed after multiple‐dose of benfotiamine. Compared to thiamine hydrochloride, the bioavailability of thiamine in plasma and TDP in erythrocyte after oral administration of benfotiamine were 1147.3 ± 490.3% and 195.8 ± 33.8%, respectively. The absorption rate and extent of benfotiamine systemic availability of thiamine were significantly increased indicating higher bioavailability of thiamine from oral dose of benfotiamine compared to oral dose of thiamine hydrochloride.
Suicide attempts and completions on medical‐surgical and intensive care units
Authors: Mills Peter D. , Watts B. Vince , Hemphill Robin R.
Published: January 2014

Studies of inpatient suicide attempts and completions on medical‐surgical and intensive care units are rare, and there are no large studies in the United States. We reviewed 50 cases, including 45 suicide attempts and 5 completed suicides, that occurred on medical surgical or intensive care units in the Veterans Health Administration between December 1, 1999 and December 31, 2012. The method, location, and the root causes of the events were categorized. The most common methods included cutting with a sharp object, followed by overdose and hanging. Root causes included problems with communication of risk, need for staff education in suicide assessment, and the need for better treatment for depressed and suicidal patients on medical units. Based on these results, we made our recommendations for managing suicidal patients on medical‐surgical and intensive care units, including improved education for staff, standardized communication about suicide risk, and clear management protocols for suicidal patients. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2014;9:182–185. Published 2014 Society of Hospital Medicine
Fully automated synthesis and coupling of [18F]FBEM to glutathione using the iPHASE FlexLab module
Authors: Ackermann Uwe , Plougastel Lucie , Wichmann Christian , Goh Yit Wooi , Yeoh Shinn Dee , Poniger Stan S. , Tochon‐Danguy Henri J. , Scott Andrew M.
Published: January 2014

Site‐specific radiolabelling of peptides or antibodies using [18F]FBEM is often preferred over non‐site‐specific radiolabelling with [18F]SFB because it does not affect the affinity of the antibody to its target.

Unfortunately, the synthesis of [18F]FBEM and its conjugation to thiol containing macromolecules requires some manual intervention, which leads to radiation exposure of the radiochemist. In this publication, we report on the complete automation of [18F]FBEM production and its subsequent conjugation to glutathione using a slightly modified iPHASE FlexLab module. [18F]FBEM was produced in 1.185 ± 0.168 GBq (15–20%; n = 10; 0.75 ± 0.106 GBq non‐decay corrected) with a specific activity of 57 ± 10 GBq/µmol. Radiochemical purity was 97 ± 1% and the synthesis time including HPLC purification and reformulation was 70 min. After evaporation to dryness, [18F]FBEM was conjugated to glutathione in PBS buffer pH 7.4 in quantitative yields. This fully automated method does not require any manual intervention and therefore reduces the radiation exposure to the operator.
MR‐guided sclerotherapy of low‐flow vascular malformations using T2‐weighted interrupted bSSFP (T2W‐iSSFP): Comparison of pulse sequences for visualization and needle guidance
Authors: Xu Di , Herzka Daniel A. , Gilson Wesley D. , McVeigh Elliot R. , Lewin Jonathan S. , Weiss Clifford R.
Published: January 2014

Purpose

Image‐guided treatment of low‐flow vascular (venous or lymphatic) malformations presents a challenging visualization problem, regardless of the imaging modality being used for guidance. The purpose of this study was to employ a new magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence, T2‐weighted interrupted balanced steady‐state free precession (T2W‐iSSFP), for real‐time image guidance of needle insertion.

Materials and Methods

T2W‐iSSFP uses variable flip angle balanced steady‐state free precession (bSSFP, a.k.a. SSFP) to establish T2‐weighting and fat suppression. Swine (n = 3) and patients (n = 4, three female, all with venous malformations) were enrolled in the assessment. T2‐weighted turbo spin echo (T2‐TSE) with spectral adiabatic inversion recovery (SPAIR), SPAIR‐T2‐TSE or T2‐TSE for short, was used as the reference. T2‐weighted half Fourier acquired single shot turbo spin echo (T2‐HASTE) with SPAIR (SPAIR‐T2‐HASTE, T2‐HASTE for short), fat saturated bSSFP (FS‐SSFP), and T2W‐iSSFP were imaged. Numeric metrics, namely, contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) efficiency (CNR divided by the square root of acquisition time) and local sharpness (the reciprocal of edge width), were used to assess image quality. MR‐guided sclerotherapy was performed on the same patients using real‐time T2W‐iSSFP to guide needle insertion.

Results

Comparing the visualization of needles in the images of swine, the local sharpness (mm−1) was: 0.21 ± 0.06 (T2‐HASTE), 0.48 ± 0.02 (FS‐SSFP), and 0.49 ± 0.03 (T2W‐iSSFP). T2W‐iSSFP is higher than T2‐HASTE (P < 0.001). For the patient images, their CNR efficiencies were: 797 ± 66 (T2‐HASTE), 281 ± 44 (FS‐SSFP), and 860 ± 29 (T2W‐iSSFP). T2W‐iSSFP is higher than FS‐SSFP (P < 0.02). The frame rate of T2W‐iSSFP was 2.5–3.5 frames per second. All MR‐guided sclerotherapy procedures were successful, with all needles (six punctures) placed in the targets.

Conclusion

T2W‐iSSFP provides effective lesion identification and needle visualization. This new pulse sequence can be used for MR‐guided sclerotherapy of low‐flow vascular malformations. It may have potential use in other MR‐guided procedures where heavily T2‐weighted real‐time images are needed. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;41:525–535.© 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The HrpW protein of Lonsdalea quercina N‐5‐1 has pectate lyase activity and is required for full bacterial virulence
Authors: Yang Li , Xu Bochao , He Wei , Zhang Liqun
Published: January 2014

Lonsdalea quercina N‐5‐1 is a bacterial pathogen that causes poplar bark cankers. It has been isolated from the branch of Populus × euramericana cv. “74/76” in Henan, China. Previous studies have revealed that the Type III secretion system (T3SS) acts as an essential pathogenic factor in L. quercina N‐5‐1. HrpW is a putative effector of T3SS in strain N‐5‐1, which has a typical harpin domain at the amino terminal and a pectate lyase (Pel) domain at its carboxyl terminal. Genetic evidence had shown that, compared to the wild‐type and the complementary strain, the hrpW mutation causes a small but significant reduction in virulence when inoculated on the poplar branches. The amino terminal domain of HrpW was found to trigger tobacco hypersensitive response, but the carboxyl terminal domain of HrpW was not. Unlike most HrpW homologs in other bacteria, the carboxyl terminal domain of HrpW of strain N‐5‐1 exhibited detectable pectate lyase activity. Site‐direction mutations (W104A, W171M) further demonstrated that two tryptophan residues were essential to its pectate lyase activity. The results of the present work suggest that HrpW in L. quercina N‐5‐1 possesses pectate lyase activity and acts as a nonessential but important pathogenic factor in poplar bark canker disease.
Functional outcome of limb‐salvage surgery with shoulder abduction brace for bone tumors around the shoulders
Authors: Wu Xinghuo , Wang WenJuan , Meng Chunqing , Duan Deyu , Xu Weihua , Liu Xianzhe , Wang Hong , Yang Shuhua
Published: January 2014

Background

The current trend is toward salvage of the extremity after tumor excision without compromising the extent of resection for bone tumor around the shoulders.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate functional outcome of patients treated with limb‐salvage surgeries combined with shoulder abduction braces.

Methods

Thirty‐six patients with bone tumors around the shoulders, who had limb‐sparing resection and reconstruction performed with a shoulder abduction brace, were retrospectively reviewed. Allograft transplantation and rigid internal fixation was performed in 22 patients and artificial prosthetic replacement was performed in 14 patients. Functional evaluation was performed based on the Musculoskeletal Tumour Society (MSTS) scoring system.

Results

The overall survival was 78.8% (26/33) at 2 years. The mean final functional score was (81.2 ± 19.6%). The MSTS of patients treated by allograft transplantation and prosthetic replacement were (79.4 ± 15.3%) and (81.9 ± 18.1%), respectively. The MSTS scores differed only slightly between these two groups (P > 0.05). All the patients regained good ROM of the shoulder joints.

Conclusions

Satisfactory functional outcomes can be obtained by limb‐salvage surgery for bone tumor around the shoulder. Postoperatively shoulder crutches with shoulder abduction brace are encouraged as the aid of reconstruction of shoulder joint function. J. Surg. Oncol 2014; 109:714–720. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Acetic Anhydride Hydrolysis at High Acetic Anhydride to Water Ratios
Authors: Fritzler B. C. , Dharmavaram S. , Hartrim R. T. , Diffendall G. F.
Published: January 2014

The hydrolysis of acetic anhydride in the presence of water is an exothermic reaction that produces acetic acid. Most of the research has focused on low ratios of acetic anhydride to water. The major concern in the industry is the accidental addition of a small amount of water to large quantities of acetic anhydride stored in tanks, or as handled in a manufacturing process. This paper focuses on isothermal and adiabatic experiments that were conducted to understand the effect and rate of hydrolysis at high ratios of acetic anhydride to water. The acetic acid produced in the reaction also affects the rate of reaction. Detailed calorimetric data and specific rate expressions that have been developed are presented in this paper.
A Method for Esterification Reaction Rate Prediction of Aliphatic Monocarboxylic Acids with Primary Alcohols in 1,4‐Dioxane Based on Two Parametrical Taft Equation
Authors: Vojtko Ján , Tomčík Peter
Published: January 2014

Esterification reaction rates of aliphatic monocarboxylic acids with primary alcohols in 1,4‐dioxane as inert solvent were investigated. Acids were esterified with 1‐propanol and alcohols with acetic acid as model reactants at a constant temperature of 60°C, at a fixed ionic strength and pH in a batch reactor with a constant volume. For evaluation of reaction rates, an exact kinetic equation for the equilibrium reaction was applied. Under these conditions and for low reactants, concentrations reaction rate depends only on the structure of reactants and, therefore, can be predicted by a correlation equation with two Taft coefficients (inductive and steric effects). From these equations, it is possible to estimate the esterification reaction rate constant for other acid‐alcohol pairs. This methodology may also be suitable for other kinetic systems measured under comparable experimental conditions.
Liver biopsy–related infection in liver transplant recipients: A current matter of concern?
Authors: Sánchez Cristina López , Len Oscar , Gavalda Joan , Bilbao Itxarone , Castells Lluis , Gelabert Maria Arantzazu , Allende Helena , Pahissa Albert
Published: January 2014

Data from published studies regarding risk factors for liver biopsy (LB)–related infectious complications in liver transplant recipients are inconsistent. We carried out a retrospective cohort study analyzing consecutive LBs for orthotopic liver transplant patients at a tertiary hospital (2001-2011): there were 667 LB procedures (575 percutaneous procedures and 92 transjugular procedures) in 286 liver transplant recipients. There were 20 complications in 19 patients (overall incidence = 3.0%): 10 were infectious complications (8 cases of bacteremia and 2 cases of peritonitis). The causal microorganisms were mainly Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4 patients) and Enterobacteriaceae (4 patients). All complications occurred with biopsies performed in patients hospitalized for more than 48 hours (381 biopsies for 201 patients); hence, only this group was included in the risk factor analysis. The variables associated with the development of infectious complications after LB were the presence of impaired biliary drainage at the time of biopsy (40% versus 15.1%, P = 0.03) and low albumin levels (2.4 versus 3.1 g/dL, P = 0.01). In conclusion, according to our experience, infectious complications secondary to LB in liver transplant recipients are related to hospitalization at the time of biopsy, particularly in the presence of impaired biliary drainage and low albumin levels. Liver Transpl 20:552–556, 2014. © 2014 AASLD.
p66Shc longevity protein regulates the proliferation of human ovarian cancer cells
Authors: Muniyan Sakthivel , Chou Yu‐Wei , Tsai Te‐Jung , Thomes Paul , Veeramani Suresh , Benigno Benedict B. , Walker L. DeEtte , McDonald John F. , Khan Shafiq A. , Lin Fen‐Fen , Lele Subodh M. , Lin Ming‐Fong
Published: January 2014

p66Shc functions as a longevity protein in murine and exhibits oxidase activity in regulating diverse biological activities. In this study, we investigated the role of p66Shc protein in regulating ovarian cancer (OCa) cell proliferation. Among three cell lines examined, the slowest growing OVCAR‐3 cells have the lowest level of p66Shc protein. Transient transfection with p66Shc cDNA expression vector in OVCAR‐3 cells increases cell proliferation. Conversely, knock‐down of p66Shc by shRNA in rapidly growing SKOV‐3 cells results in decreased cell growth. In estrogen (E2)‐treated CaOV‐3 cells, elevated p66Shc protein level correlates with ROS level, ErbB‐2 and ERK/MAPK activation, and cell proliferation. Further, the E2‐stimulated proliferation of CaOV‐3 cells was blocked by antioxidants and ErbB‐2 inhibitor. Additionally, in E2‐stimulated cells, the tartrate‐sensitive, but not the tartrate‐resistant, phosphatase activity decreases; concurrently, the tyrosine phosphorylation of ErbB‐2 increases. Conversely, inhibition of phosphatase activity by L(+)‐tartrate treatment increases p66Shc protein level, ErbB‐2 tyrosine phosphorylation, ERK/MAPK activation, and cell growth. Further, inhibition of the ERK/MAPK pathway by PD98059 blocks E2‐induced ERK/MAPK activation and cell proliferation in CaOV‐3 cells. Moreover, immunohistochemical analyses showed that the p66Shc protein level was significantly higher in cancerous cells than in noncancerous cells in archival OCa tissues (n = 76; P = 0.00037). These data collectively indicate that p66Shc protein plays a critical role in up‐regulating OCa progression. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Suppressing one‐bond homonuclear 13C,13C scalar couplings in the J‐HMBC NMR experiment: application to 13C site‐specifically labeled oligosaccharides
Authors: Pendrill Robert , Sørensen Ole W. , Widmalm Göran
Published: January 2014

Site‐specific 13C isotope labeling is a useful approach that allows for the measurement of homonuclear 13C,13C coupling constants. For three site‐specifically labeled oligosaccharides, it is demonstrated that using the J‐HMBC experiment for measuring heteronuclear long‐range coupling constants is problematical for the carbons adjacent to the spin label. By incorporating either a selective inversion pulse or a constant‐time element in the pulse sequence, the interference from one‐bond 13C,13C scalar couplings is suppressed, allowing the coupling constants of interest to be measured without complications. Experimental spectra are compared with spectra of a nonlabeled compound as well as with simulated spectra. The work extends the use of the J‐HMBC experiments to site‐specifically labeled molecules, thereby increasing the number of coupling constants that can be obtained from a single preparation of a molecule. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐resolution reduced field of view diffusion tensor imaging using spatially selective RF pulses
Authors: Gaggl Wolfgang , Jesmanowicz Andrzej , Prost Robert W.
Published: January 2014

Purpose

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) plays a vital role in identifying white matter fiber bundles. Achievable imaging resolution and imaging time demands remain the major challenges in detecting small fiber bundles with current clinical DTI sequences.

Methods

A novel reduced field of view ultra‐high–resolution DTI technique named eZOOM (elliptically refocused zonally oblique multislice) was developed. A small circular disk was imaged using spatially selective radiofrequency (RF) pulses, reducing the imaging matrix size. The frequency profile of the spectral‐spatial refocusing RF pulse provided intrinsic fat suppression, eliminating the need for fat saturation pulses.

Results

Multislice DTI at a resolution of 0.35 × 0.35 mm in a celery fiber phantom was successfully performed by scanning an 8‐cm field of view at 3T. An adequate diffusion‐to‐noise ratio (DNR >20) was achieved for a 25‐min acquisition using a direct‐sampling RF receiver. Human subjects (n = 7) were scanned at resolutions of 0.47 × 0.47 mm having a DNR <20 within a 75‐min scanning time, requiring further enhancements to increase the signal‐to‐noise ratio.

Conclusions

The new eZOOM‐DTI method offers multislice DTI at ultra‐high imaging resolutions substantially exceeding those available with current echo‐planar DTI techniques. Parallel and fast spin echo methods can be combined with eZOOM to improve SNR and DNR in humans. Magn Reson Med 72:1668–1679, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cutaneous activation of rage in nonsystemic vasculitic and diabetic neuropathy
Authors: Bekircan‐Kurt Can Ebru , Üçeyler Nurcan , Sommer Claudia
Published: January 2014

Introduction: We asked whether the receptor of advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is related to dermal inflammation in nonsystemic vasculitic neuropathy (NSVN) and diabetic neuropathy (DN) and whether its presence in skin is comparable to that in sural nerve biopsies. Methods: We immunoreacted skin biopsy samples from 17 NSVN and 7 DN patients who had also undergone sural nerve biopsy, and 14 healthy controls with antibodies to advanced glycation end products (AGE), RAGE, T‐cells, and macrophages. Results: AGE and RAGE immunoreactivity were present in vessels of nerve biopsies from NSVN and DN. AGE and RAGE were increased in dermal endothelial cells and T‐cells of NSVN and DN patients compared with controls. Conclusions: Dermal RAGE is increased in NSVN and DN, supporting the concept of a role of the RAGE pathway in the pathophysiology of dermal inflammation and skin denervation in NSVN and DN. Muscle Nerve 50: 377–383, 2014
Desmoplastic small round cell tumor: A rare cause of a progressive brachial plexopathy
Authors: Mathys Jan , Vajtai Istvan , Vögelin Esther , Zimmermann Dieter R. , Ozdoba Christoph , Hewer Ekkehard
Published: January 2014

Introduction: Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is an uncommon, embryonic‐type neoplasm, typically presenting as an abdominal mass in young men. A single case of DSRCT arising in the peripheral nervous system has been reported previously. Methods: The clinical course, imaging, electrophysiological, intraoperative, histopathological, molecular findings, and postoperative follow‐up are reported. Results: A 43‐year‐old man presented with slowly progressive right brachial plexopathy. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an enlarged medial cord with heterogeneous contrast enhancement. Histology showed a “small round cell” neoplasm with a polyphenotypic immunoprofile, including epithelial and mesenchymal markers. A pathognomonic fusion of Ewing sarcoma breakpoint region 1 and Wilms tumor 1 genes (EWSR1/WT1) was present. Treatment involved gross total excision and local radiotherapy. Conclusions: Our findings confirm the occurrence of DSRCT as a primary peripheral nerve tumor. Despite its usually very aggressive clinical course, prolonged recurrence‐free survival may be reached. Histomorphology and immunoprofile of DSRCT may lead to misdiagnosis as small cell carcinoma. Muscle Nerve 49: 922–927, 2014
Pain and small fiber function in charcot–marie–tooth disease type 1A
Authors: Laurà Matilde , Hutton Elspeth J. , Blake Julian , Lunn Michael P. , Fox Zoe , Pareyson Davide , Solari Alessandra , Radice Davide , Koltzenburg Martin , Reilly Mary M.
Published: January 2014

Introduction: Charcot–Marie–Tooth (CMT) disease type 1A is the most common form of CMT. The main clinical features are distal weakness, sensory loss, and skeletal deformities. Although pain is a frequent complaint, small fiber involvement in CMT1A has not been studied extensively. Methods: We assessed pain and small fiber involvement in 49 CMT1A patients using a variety of pain scales, pain questionnaires, and thermal thresholds. Results: Forty‐three of 49 patients (88%) complained of pain. The pain was localized to the feet in 61% of patients. Only 18% of patients had neuropathic pain. Cold and warm detection thresholds were elevated in 53% and 12% of patients, respectively. Conclusions: Our findings confirm that CMT1A patients have significant pain, which is more likely to be multifactorial in origin and suggests that a proportion of patients have small fiber dysfunction affecting mainly thinly myelinated Aδ fibers. Muscle Nerve 50: 366–371, 2014
Role of sodium channels in recovery of sciatic nerve‐stretch injury in rats
Authors: Hirofuji Shinji , Yokota Atsushi , Ohno Katsunori , Kinoshita Mitsuo , Neo Masashi
Published: January 2014

Introduction: To elucidate the mechanism of functional recovery after gradual nerve‐stretch injury, we used rats in which the femur length was increased by 15 mm at 1.5 mm/day. Methods: We performed electrophysiology, mRNA analysis of tetrodotoxin‐resistant voltage‐gated sodium channels (TTX‐R VGSCs) in dorsal root ganglia, and histology of unmyelinated sciatic nerve fibers and examined pain thresholds at 1, 10, 20, and 30 days after cessation of lengthening. Results: Electrophysiology revealed conduction block after cessation that recovered after 30 days. TTX‐R VGSC levels decreased immediately after cessation but were restored after 10 (Nav1.9) or 20 (Nav1.8) days. Histology revealed that injured unmyelinated nerve fibers regenerate 30 days after cessation. Pain threshold decreased gradually during lengthening but had not recovered to the control group level after 30 days. Conclusions: Early restoration of TTX‐R VGSC mRNA in dorsal root ganglia preceded functional recovery of stretched nerves before regeneration of injured unmyelinated nerve fibers. Muscle Nerve 50: 425–430, 2014
Trialing to Pain Control: A Grounded Theory
Authors: McDonald Deborah Dillon
Published: January 2014

The aim of this study was to examine the basic social psychological process of managing inadequately relieved pain in adults. Transcribed data from 23 ambulatory medical visits of adults with pain and interviews with four practitioners and four patients with pain were analyzed using constant comparative analysis. The basic problem was perception of running out of treatment options. Trialing was the process used to resolve the problem and consisted of four phases: finding the right practitioner, initiating the trial, adjusting treatments, and continuing to monitor with the patient taking control over the pain. Failure to achieve control over pain occurred when providers were unclear or failed to listen or when patients disagreed about treatment. Improving patient‐provider communication may enhance trialing. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Histopathology of biodegradable polymers: challenges in interpretation and the use of a novel compact MRI for biocompatibility evaluation
Authors: Nyska Abraham , Schiffenbauer Yael S. , Brami Catherine T. , Maronpot Robert R. , Ramot Yuval
Published: January 2014

Toxicologic pathology is the art of assessment of potential adverse effects at the tissue level in pre‐clinical studies. In the case of biomaterials and medical devices, the toxicologic pathologists assess the safety (biocompatibility) and efficacy (conditions of the use) of the implantable materials. Proper assessment of biocompatibility of biomaterials is of utmost importance, since it helps to determine their safety after implantation in humans. Biomaterial‐related toxicity can be attributed to several factors, including for example leachable compounds from the material leading to thrombosis or carcinogenesis, or biodegradation of the material causing changes in its physical and compatibility properties. Evaluation of biocompatibility and biofunctionality involves assessment of cytotoxicity, allergic responses, irritation, inflammation and systemic and chronic toxicity. In many of these assessments, the toxicologic pathologist has an important role in determining product safety and potential toxicity. In this article, we review the special needs for proper toxicologic pathology assessment of biomaterials and degradable polymers. We review common adverse effects expected with biomaterials and describe their pathological picture and their clinical relevance. We also introduce a novel compact MR imaging technology as a tool for assessing biocompatibility and efficacy of implanted biodegradable materials, since it allows for the longitudinal imaging and quantification of inflammationin vivocaused by the device implantation, and enabling general inspection of shape, location and integrity of the devicein vivo. Since the MR imaging technique is non‐invasive, the effects of the implantable device can be monitored longitudinally in the same animal without perturbation of the pathology. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calcium and cholecalciferol supplementation provides no added benefit to nutritional counseling to improve bone mineral density in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
Authors: Kaste S.C. , Qi A. , Smith K. , Surprise H. , Lovorn E. , Boyett J. , Ferry R.J. , Relling M.V. , Shurtleff S.A. , Pui C.H. , Carbone L. , Hudson M.M. , Ness K.K.
Published: January 2014

Background

We sought to improve lumbar spine bone mineral density (LS‐BMD) in long‐term survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) using calcium and cholecalciferol supplementation.

Procedure

This double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial randomized 275 participants (median age, 17 [9–36.1] years) with age‐ and gender‐specific LS‐BMD Z‐scores <0 to receive nutritional counseling with supplementation of 1,000 mg/day calcium and 800 International Unit cholecalciferol or placebo for 2 years. The primary outcome was change in LS‐BMD assessed by quantitative computerized tomography (QCT) at 24 months. Linear regression models were employed to identify the baseline risk factors for low LS‐BMD and to compare LS‐BMD outcomes.

Results

Pre‐randomization LS‐BMD below the mean was associated with male gender (P = 0.0024), White race (P = 0.0003), lower body mass index (P < 0.0001), and cumulative glucocorticoid doses of ≥5,000 mg (P = 0.0012). One hundred eighty‐eight (68%) participants completed the study; 77% adhered to the intervention. Mean LS‐BMD change did not differ between survivors randomized to supplements (0.33 ± 0.57) or placebo (0.28 ± 0.56). Participants aged 9–13 years and those 22–35 years had the greatest mean increases in LS‐BMD (0.50 ± 0.66 and 0.37 ± 0.23, respectively). Vitamin D insufficiency (serum 25[OH]D <30 ng/ml) found in 296 (75%), was not associated with LS‐BMD outcomes (P = 0.78).

Conclusion

Cholecalciferol and calcium supplementation provides no added benefit to nutritional counseling for improving LS‐BMD among adolescent and young adult survivors of ALL (93% of whom had LS‐BMD Z‐scores above the mean at study entry). Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:885–893. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Camp programs for children with cancer and their families: Review of research progress over the past decade
Authors: Martiniuk Alexandra , Silva Mariana , Amylon Michael , Barr Ronald
Published: January 2014

A systematic review was conducted of studies (2001–2013) about therapeutic recreation/camp for children with cancer and/or their family which measured either process or outcome variables qualitatively or quantitatively. Of 581 titles, 20 met the inclusion criteria. Research demonstrates positive impacts of camp on: cancer knowledge, mood, self‐concept, empathy, and friendship, quality of life, and emotional well‐being. This recent decade of research illuminates nuances in camp outcomes, which previously were unexplored. For instance, changes following camp do not necessarily occur in a linear, positive fashion and varying outcomes were observed by camper subgroup depending on age, culture, and treatment status. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:778–787. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prenatal screening for clubfoot: what factors predict prenatal detection?
Authors: Mahan Susan T. , Yazdy Mahsa M. , Kasser James R. , Werler Martha M.
Published: January 2014

Objective

Routine prenatal ultrasound has often resulted in the early detection of musculoskeletal disorders. The purpose of this study was to determine which socioeconomic factors are associated with prenatal detection of clubfoot.

Methods

The Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University identified infants in three states (Massachusetts, New York, and North Carolina) who were reported as having a clubfoot. Mothers of these children were contacted and interviewed, and medical records obtained. Data were analyzed by using logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

Overall detection of the clubfoot prenatally was 62.3% (421/676) but this varied considerably by state, 81.1% in Massachusetts (154/190), 58.5% in New York (124/212), and 52.2% in North Carolina (143/274). Multivariate analysis revealed that the strongest predictors for prenatal detection were maternal age ≥35 years (OR: 3.54), non‐Hispanic black race (OR: 0.49), the presence of another birth defect (OR: 2.61), residing in Massachusetts (OR: 2.64), and the presence of a bilateral clubfoot (OR: 1.90).

Conclusions

We found a statistically significantly higher rate of prenatal detection of clubfoot in Massachusetts and lower rate in younger mothers (age <35) and black mothers, even after adjustment for other sociodemographic variables. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of graft copolymer matrix prepared by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer and atom transfer radical polymerization on the electro‐optical properties of polymer‐dispersed liquid crystals
Authors: Lan Tian , Yang Wenjie , Peng Juan , Li Mingke , Wang Yinghan
Published: January 2014

A type of graft macroinitiator, synthesized by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) and atom transfer radical polymerization, was employed to prepare polymer‐dispersed liquid crystals (PDLCs) with graft copolymer matrix; meanwhile, a linear macroinitiator was also synthesized via RAFT polymerization. The effect of linear and graft macroinitiators on the electro‐optical (EO) properties of the PDLCs was investigated. The results showed that the graft macroinitiator could make a large difference to the EO properties of the PDLCs. The memory effect was reduced remarkably, but the driving voltage increased and transmittance decreased. A possible mechanism is presented. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Rosin‐based molecularly imprinted polymers as the stationary phase in high‐performance liquid chromatography for selective separation of berberine hydrochloride
Authors: Li Pengfei , Wang Ting , Lei Fuhou , Tang Pingping , Tan Xuecai , Liu Zuguang , Shen Liqun
Published: January 2014

A novel method for the separation of berberine hydrochloride has been developed. Berberine hydrochloride molecularly imprinted polymers were prepared by suspension polymerization in the aqueous phase using berberine hydrochloride as the template, methyl acrylic acid as a functional monomer, and ethylene glycol maleic rosinate acrylate (which contains a phenanthrene ring skeleton) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as combinatorial crosslinkers. The imprinted polymers were successfully used as a selective stationary phase in high‐performance liquid chromatography. Separation performance of the chromatographic column was determined from the selectivity (evaluated by separation factor) and sorption selectivity (evaluated by imprinting factor) of the molecularly imprinted and non‐imprinted polymers towards the template. The optimum conditions to maximize separation and imprinting factors were investigated. Acetic acid–methanol solution (0.05% v/v) was selected as the optimum mobile phase, while 0.2 mL min−1 was chosen as the optimized flow rate for selective separation of berberine hydrochloride. The highest imprinting and separation factors obtained were 1.924 and 18.52, respectively. Simultaneously, the chromatographic column backpressure was stable and showed good permeability. The chromatographic column was used to separate effectively template molecules from coptis root extract and other analogues. Such chromatographic columns with high selectivity can be used to selectively separate berberine hydrochloride from other compounds. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Friction of double‐network hydrogels against glass substrate in poly(vinyl alcohol) aqueous solution
Authors: Li Xue‐Feng , Chen Qianwen , Jiang Cheng
Published: January 2014

The frictional coefficient of biological joint cartilage is extremely low. For this, many researchers are looking to develop materials that are similar to those in nature. We prepared a poly(sodium 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropanesulfonate)/polyacrylamide double‐network hydrogel, and tested the friction of the hydrogel in poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) aqueous solution, which imitates a biological environment, against glass substrate. Results show that there is a transition sliding velocity in the friction test, which decreases with an increase in PVA solution concentration. At low sliding velocities, the frictional stress exhibits a minimum at a PVA concentration of 2c*, where c* is the overlap concentration. It is assumed that a separation layer of PVA has formed completely at this concentration, the thickness of which is calculated. In addition, the friction of the hydrogel is not sensitive to the normal pressure in PVA aqueous solution. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Templated native chemical ligation: peptide chemistry beyond protein synthesis
Authors: Vázquez Olalla , Seitz Oliver
Published: January 2014

Native chemical ligation (NCL) is a powerful method for the convergent synthesis of proteins and peptides. In its original format, NCL between a peptide containing a C‐terminal thioester and another peptide offering an N‐terminal cysteine has been used to enable protein synthesis of unprotected peptide fragments. However, the applications of NCL extend beyond the scope of protein synthesis. For instance, NCL can be put under the control of template molecules. In such a scenario, NCL enables the design of conditional reaction systems in which, peptide bond formation occurs only when a specific third party molecule is present. In this review, we will show how templates can be used to control the reactivity and chemoselectivity of NCL reactions. We highlight peptide and nucleic‐acid‐templated NCL reactions and discuss potential applications in nucleic acid diagnosis, origin‐of‐life studies and gene‐expression‐specific therapies. Copyright © 2014 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Total chemical synthesis of a membrane protein domain analogue containing two transmembrane helices: functional reconstitution of the semisynthetic sensory rhodopsin/transducer complex
Authors: Dittmann Marc , Seidel Ralf , Chizhov Igor , Engelhard Martin
Published: January 2014

Negative phototaxis in Archaea is mediated by the sensory rhodopsin II/transducer complex (NpSRII/NpHtrII). After light excitation, the signal is relayed from the receptor to NpHtrII where a rotary motion of TM2 in the membrane domain (NpHtrII1–114) is induced. This conformational change is transferred to the downstream two‐component signaling cascade. Here, we describe the chemical synthesis of this membrane domain, which consists of the two transmembrane helices TM1 and TM2. NpHtrII1–114 was synthesized using two sequential ligation steps. The first ligation between NpHtrII47–59 and NpHtrII60–114 was performed in organic solvents, whereas the final ligation was successful in an aqueous buffer that contained a detergent and a denaturant. The product was refolded into micelles and showed functional properties as determined by binding studies to its cognate receptor NpSRII and by photocycle experiments. This work demonstrates that membrane proteins can be successfully synthesized by chemical means paving the way for tailor‐made modifications. Copyright © 2014 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Majority carrier transport in single crystal rutile nanowire arrays
Authors: Mohammadpour Arash , Farsinezhad Samira , Wiltshire Benjamin D. , Shankar Karthik
Published: January 2014

magnified image

Monocrystalline n‐TiO2 nanowires of the rutile phase (Rtl‐NWs) grown by a scalable hydrothermal method constitute a functional oxide nanomaterial with potential applications in photovoltaics, photocatalysts, field emitters and electrochemical battery anodes. Carrier transport in Rtl‐NWs is of fundamental importance but has hitherto been inferred indirectly via impedance and intensity‐modulated spectroscopic techniques. We report an effective electron drift mobility of 1.95 × 10–5 cm2 V–1 s–1 in rutile nanowire arrays directly measured using the time‐of‐flight (TOF) and space charge limited current techniques. In addition, we measure an equilibrium free electron concentration of ∼1014 cm–3 and a trap density of 3.5 × 1016 cm–3 in rutile nanowires. These results point to the importance of reducing traps to improve charge transport in rutile nanowires.

magnified image

Transient photocurrents in rutile nanowires.

(© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Strategic Use of Colour in Brand Packaging
Authors: Kauppinen‐Räisänen Hannele
Published: January 2014

This paper explores the little‐known issue of the functions of packaging colours, specifically how colours help to capture consumers' attention and affect perceptions at the point of purchase. By surveying colour‐related research, the study makes a first attempt to highlight the multifarious nature and multiple functions of packaging colour. The study also develops a theoretical base and proposes a framework that incorporates the functions of packaging colours and their inter‐relationships. By having this approach, the study contributes to the field in terms of summarizing the existing knowledge and pointing out gaps in knowledge and avenues for future research. In addition, the study highlights aspects for marketers and managers to consider in their attempts to develop brand identity. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards nanomedicines for neuroAIDS
Authors: Sagar Vidya , Pilakka‐Kanthikeel Sudheesh , Pottathil Ravi , Saxena Shailendra K. , Nair Madhavan
Published: January 2014

Although highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has resulted in remarkable decline in the morbidity and mortality in AIDS patients, controlling HIV infections still remain a global health priority. HIV access to the CNS serves as the natural viral preserve because most antiretroviral (ARV) drugs possess inadequate or zero delivery across the brain barriers. Thus, development of target‐specific, effective, safe, and controllable drug‐delivery approach is an important health priority for global elimination of AIDS progression. Emergence of nanotechnology in medicine has shown exciting prospect for development of novel drug delivery systems to administer the desired therapeutic levels of ARV drugs in the CNS. Neuron‐resuscitating and/or antidependence agents may also be delivered in the brain through nanocarriers to countercheck the rate of neuronal degradation during HIV infection. Several nanovehicles such as liposomes, dendrimers, polymeric nanoparticles, micelles, and solid lipid nanoparticles have been intensively explored. Recently, magnetic nanoparticles and monocytes/macrophages have also been used as carrier to improve the delivery of nanoformulated ARV drugs across the blood–brain barrier. Nevertheless, more rigorous research homework has to be elucidated to sort out the shortcomings that affect the target specificity, delivery, release, and/or bioavailability of desired amount of drugs for treatment of neuroAIDS. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural Behavior of Al3+ in Mould Flux Glasses of CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–Na2O–CaF2 System
Authors: Min Yi , Zhong Ming , Huang Jian , Liu Chengjun , Jiang Maofa
Published: January 2014

Quenched glass samples of CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–Na2O–CaF2 system were prepared within the composition of continuous casting mould flux, and the chemical composition and Raman spectra were detected subsequently. The degree of polymerization and structural behavior of Al3+ were investigated on the base of the quantitative calculation of structure species. The experimental data showed that the dominant structure species are Qi (i = 0, 1, 2) of the Si–O tetrahedrons in the liquid mould flux, and the degree of polymerization decreases with the increasement of basicity and the decreasement of Al2O3 content. Al–O tetrahedrons and Al3+ cations coexist in the liquid mould flux, and the mole fraction of Al–O tetrahedrons increases with the increasement of basicity and Al2O3 content. Under the condition of the mole ratio Al/(Al + Si) < 0.19, the structural behavior of Al3+ is stable in the liquid mould flux. Considering the variation of mould flux composition during Al‐killed steel continuous casting process, the initial content of Al2O3 and SiO2 in the mould flux should be controlled appropriately according to the transition point Al/(Al + Si).
Rate of Hydrogen Desorption in Mold Stream Degassing Process
Authors: Yamamoto Suguru , Tanaka Masaru , Kajikawa Koji
Published: January 2014

The rate of hydrogen desorption in the mold stream degassing process was measured to investigate the effect of hydrogen partial pressure. Experiments were conducted on 10.5 mass% Cr steel, 100 ton scale ingots. The hydrogen desorption reaction was controlled by metal side mass transfer at the gas/metal interface in this experimental condition. And the value of the volumetric mass transfer coefficient was estimated to be approximately 5.18 s−1. As is the case with the hydrogen desorption reaction, the rate of nitrogen desorption was measured, and the nitrogen desorption reaction was controlled by metal side mass transfer. Some mass transfer models such as Film theory, Penetration theory, and Surface renewal theory were taken into account to explain the present results. The mass transfer mechanism of hydrogen and nitrogen desorption in this process is explained by the Penetration theory or Surface renewal theory.
Use of DNA from bite marks to determine species and individual animals that attack humans
Authors: Farley Sean , Talbot Sandra L. , Sage George K. , Sinnott Rick , Coltrane Jessica
Published: January 2014

During the summer of 2008, 6 documented attacks and close encounters with brown bears (Ursus arctos) occurred in the greater Anchorage, Alaska (USA) area. We discuss findings from 2 incidents in which people were mauled within 2 km of each other over a 6‐week period and in which it was assumed that a single animal was responsible. To ensure public safety, authorities killed a brown bear implicated in the attacks by circumstantial evidence, though it was not known a priori that the animal was responsible. We extracted DNA from hairs and bite sites on the clothing of both victims and determined species and individual identity of the animal(s) involved in both incidents. Genetic data indicated the brown bear killed by authorities was responsible for one of the maulings, but not both. This research demonstrates that DNA‐based techniques, with appropriate sampling, can provide unambiguous identification of animals involved in attacks, as well as provide reasonable justification for excluding others. Because DNA‐based techniques can unequivocally identify individual bears carrying out attacks, they should be considered a standard method employed in wildlife attack investigations. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Do necklace‐style radiotransmitters influence flushing behavior of greater sage‐grouse?
Authors: Frye Graham G. , Connelly John W. , Musil David D. , Berkley Regan , Kemner Michelle Commons , Cardinal Casey , Cross Lisa , Forbey Jennifer S.
Published: January 2014

Necklace‐style radiotransmitters are widely used in galliform research and management, but their influence on galliform flushing behavior has not been evaluated. We evaluated the hypothesis that greater sage‐grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) with necklace‐style radiotransmitters are more likely to flush later within flocks than are their non‐collared flock mates, potentially leaving them more vulnerable to predation. During the winters of 2010–2011 and 2011–2012, we flushed 59 sage‐grouse flocks containing radiocollared individuals at 5 study areas in southern Idaho. We assessed 1) whether radiocollared birds were more likely to be the last individuals to flush within flocks, and 2) whether they flushed later than the majority of flockmates more often than expected from a random process. Additionally, we quantified the occurrence of a slapping noise that was apparently produced by contact between wings and transmitter antennas in flight. Sage‐grouse with radiocollars flushed last during 23% of flush events, which was only slightly less likely than the most likely outcome (20% of flush events). Radiocollared sage‐grouse flushed in the last half of flocks during 50% of flush events, which was the most likely outcome given a random process. We detected the wing‐slapping noise during 74% of flush events, excluding instances in which ambient noise precluded detection. Our results are not consistent with the hypothesis that sage‐grouse outfitted with necklace‐style radiocollars tend to flush later than non‐collared flock mates, but these results should be replicated with independent data before they are considered conclusive. Our observations of the wing‐slapping noise warrant further investigation to ensure that transmitters do not produce other biases in research and management efforts. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.