bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparability of the Standard and Interview Versions of the Lifestyle Criminality Screening Form
Authors: Walters Glenn D.
Published: March 2007

An interview schedule was developed for use with the Lifestyle Criminality Screening Form (LCSF). Results achieved through use of this interview procedure were compared with findings obtained by means of the standard version (i.e., records review) of the LCSF. Subjects were 35 successively sampled maximum security prison inmates in the process of completing an admissions and orientation program as part of their induction into the general inmate population at the United States Penitentiary, Leavenworth. The standard and interview versions of the LCSF were found to correspond modestly when LCSF diagnosis and several individual items were considered; moderately when the majority of individual items and section scores were examined; and moderately high in the case of one individual item (confining offense), one section score (interpersonal intrusiveness) and the total LCSF score.
Understanding Adoptees Who Kill: Dissociation, Patricide, and the Psychodynamics of Adoption
Authors: Kirschner David
Published: March 2007

Adoption is often the key to the psychopathology of adopted killers, yet its importance is rarely noted. Three cases of patricide by adoptees are examined in light of a unique pattern of psychopathology, the Adopted Child Syndrome. In this syndrome, an aspect of the self, experienced as "bad" and usually identified with the fantasized biological parents, is dissociated. Under conditions of loss or rejection, this dissociated part of the self may erupt in murderous violence against the adoptive parents and others. In extreme cases, the syndrome is akin to multiple personality disorder, and such a diagnosis could be warranted.
Trends and Conditions of Imprisonment in Nigeria
Authors: Alemika Etannibi E. O.
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the trends and conditions of imprisonment in Nigeria. The analysis reveals an upsurge in prisons admissions, and a high proportion of detainees and inmates remanded pending trial. High rates of custodial morbidity, mortality and overcrowding, poor health care, and inadequate nutrition and food prevail in Nigerian prisons. The rate of execution increased between 1984 and 1990 under the Buhari and Babangida military regimes. Nigeria needs to deliberately adopt socioeconomic and political policies that help to prevent crimes and enhance the correction of offenders-instead of the current preoccupation with repressive policing and cruel and unusual punishments within the nation's prisons.
Suicide and Adolescence
Authors: Harris Tracey E. , Lennings Chris J.
Published: March 2007

The present study investigates the role of family background, substance abuse, depression, and hopelessness in predicting past suicidal behaviour in 47 incarcerated juvenile delinquents. Depression was found to be the best predictor of both suicidal ideation and suicide attempt. Aside from depression, no other factors achieved significance for predicting suicide risk, although suicide ideation significantly predicted suicide attempts.
Important Links between Child Abuse, Neglect, and Delinquency
Authors: Scudder Robert G. , Blount William R. , Heide Kathleen M. , Silverman Ira J.
Published: March 2007

Many studies over the last 40 years have suggested links between child maltreatment and later delinquency. However, these studies have frequently been methodologically weak. The present study investigated the linkage between child abuse and delinquency using a randomly selected sample of children from a cohort who attended schools in West Central Florida. This study found a significant relationship between abuse and delinquency.
A Case Report-Alcohol-Induced Blackouts during Sexual Intercourse: Legal Responsibility?
Authors: Neal Dan E. , Scott Edward M. , Grimsbo Raymond A.
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes a criminal rape trial in which neither the male nor the female claimed any memory of the sex act. Afterward, the female and the prosecution contended that under such circumstances, a rape had occurred on the theory that the female was unconscious. The male denied any memory of the sex act, even under hypnosis, and was found not guilty. The acquittal was apparently based on the jury's belief that both the female and the male were conscious during intercourse but were unable to recall the sex act due to alcohol-induced blackouts. Conclusion: In assessing potential criminal liability for participation in sexual intercourse between intoxicated persons lacking memory of the incident, and in the absence of evidence of force, the government should carefully avoid holding either participant to a higher level of legal responsibility than the other for such intercourse. Seldom is prosecution warranted under such circumstances.
Lifetime Prevalence of Prior Suicide Attempts in a Remanded Population and Relationship to Current Mental Illness
Authors: Holley Heather L. , Arboleda-Flórez Julio , Love Edgar J.
Published: March 2007

As part of an ongoing epidemiological investigation into the prevalence of mental illness among remanded offenders, data were collected on the lifetime prevalence of suicide behaviours. Out of 1151 inmates interviewed, 20.7% of males and 34.0% of females reported a prior suicide attempt. Age and gender standardized comparisons to the general population revealed remandees to be 11.24 times more likely to have a history of suicidality. Also, a greater proportion of suicide attempters met the diagnostic criteria for a mental disorder (75.8I%), compared to non-attempters (56.1 %). The most frequently occurring diagnosis in both groups was psychoactive substance abuse, but suicide attempters were more likely to meet the criteria for a mood or personality disorder. Persons with multiple previous attempts had a higher prevalence of mental illness compared with single attempters. Lifetime history of a suicide attempt was found to predict a current mental illness with 70.6% accuracy. Therefore, when it is impossible to conduct detailed diagnostic assessments, past history of suicide attempts could be effectively used as a marker for mental illness for purposes of special handling and placement within a remand setting. Determining whether there is a history of suicide attempts should be an obligatory item on a cursory medical review of all incoming offenders to support judgements concerning special mental health needs.
A Case of Spree Serial Murder with Suggested Diagnostic Opinions
Authors: Pollock Philip H.
Published: March 2007

The relationship between a severe variant of narcissistic personality disorder (namely malignant narcissism) and the motivation to murder is presented in the case of a British spree serial killer. The case illustrates the development of this form of psychopathology and its association with the underlying inner narrative generated in the murderer's mind. The relationship between the pathology of narcissism, psychopathic disorder, dissociation and the phenomena of serial murder is analyzed. The present case is considered with reference to Hickey's Trauma Control Model of serial murder (1991).
The Childhood Victimization of Sex Offenders: An Underestimated Issue
Authors: Graham Kevin R.
Published: March 2007

The childhood victimization of sex offenders was investigated. The victimization experiences were recorded from a treatment milieu for sex offenders. Two hundred and eighty-six offenders were involved in the study. Comparisons were done between groups to determine relationships between alienation, dissociation, social desirability, and victimization experiences. Seventy percent of the sample admitted to being sexually abused as a child, 50% admitted to physical abuse. Offenders who were both sexually and physically abused reported feeling more alienated than other offenders. Offenders who were physically abused by both parents reported higher levels of dissociation and offenders who reported no abuse also were highest in social desirability. The importance of working with the offenders' childhood victimization experience is discussed.
Catathymic Violence, Dissociation, and Adoption Pathology: Implications for the Mental Status Defense
Authors: Kirschner David , Nagel Linda
Published: March 2007

This article describes the possible etiology of sudden, uncharacteristic violence in adoptees. A "cumulative trauma " is identified that mayfoster unrealisticfantasies of the birth parents and lead to dissociation ofparts of the self including ragefulfeelings toward adoptive and birth parents. Real or perceived rejection may trigger emergence of this rage, with sometimes murderous results. Implications for the mental status defense are described.
The Dilemmas of Corrections and the Legacy of David Fogel
Authors: Maghan Jess
Published: March 2007

Even the most cursory examination of the history of corrections reveals the absence of any lasting conviction as to the proper purpose and administration of a correctional system Alternatives fiercely promoted in one decade fall victim to raging controversy in the next. In spite of decades of effort and experience, the expenditure of billions of dollars, and reform itself becoming a chronic process, no consensus has been reached: It is a history of dilemma. It is against this background that David Fogel conducted much of his innovative work to develop the justice model.
A Formative Evaluation of a Drug-Free Unit in a Correctional Services Setting
Authors: Incorvaia Daniela , Kirby Neil
Published: March 2007

The present study evaluated the effectiveness of a drug-free unit (DFU) in reducing the use of substances by incarcerated adult offenders in a South Australian prison. Thirty-one prisoners from the DFU and 31 prisoners from the mainstream population of the prison participated in the research. Frequency of preprison and prison drug use was measured using the Drug Use Questionnaire and a questionnaire designed by the authors. Urinalysis records of all offenders passing through the prison since the DFU commenced operation were also examined. The results revealed that 84% of the mainstream group and 32% of the DFU group were consuming drugs in prison, with cannabinoids, opiates, and benzodiazepines being the drugs consumed in order of most frequent use. The DFU was found to have a significant effect in reducing the use of drugs by offenders in the DFU. Problems associated with urinalysis procedures and different substance-using patterns of offenders are discussed.
Extraterrestrials of the New World
Authors: Vigne Alexandre , Vigne Alexandre
Published: March 2007

The fact that the Earth is no longer seen as at the centre of the Universe is the reason normally put forward to explain the rejection of heliocentrism. However, this version does not hit the mark. We should remember particularly that Man's position at the midpoint of the heavens was not all glorious; in the medieval world's hierarchical vision, only Hell is lower than the Earth, above which rises the celestial sphere, the whole being transcended by divine infinity. Observing that this lowly spiritual position reflects a cosmic reality, Nicolas Oresme (d. 1382) thought it wiser to assign the central place to the Sun. Anticipating Copernicus, he even advanced the hypothesis that it was the Earth that moved rather than Heaven. In any case, the important point was less Man's place in the Universe than in Creation, which might in fact contain another Universe side by side with ours, also with an inhabited Earth at its centre, as certain reputable theologians maintained from the thirteenth century. Thus humanity's loss of the central position in Creation had already been sidelined by the hypothesis of a plurality of worlds. However, Giordano Bruno was condemned in 1600, eleven years before the heliocentrism of Copernicus and Galileo, for having defended the vision of an infinite Universe and the idea of extraterrestrial life. How should we explain the fact that in the thirteenth century the papacy was battling with the universities to persuade them to teach that God could create other worlds, whilst in the seventeenth century philosophers, scientists and freethinkers were risking their lives trying to persuade the Inquisition that solar systems similar to our own exist in the Universe?
A Subject in Search of Meaning: Frailty and Dignity in Very Old Age
Authors: Blanchard F. , Duarte F. , Munsch F.
Published: March 2007

An ageing population and increased life expectancy are a characteristic of the Western world. Nevertheless, as Roger Fontaine writes, “although we should be glad about this fact, it should also be stressed that old age reveals profound discrepancies between individuals. In fact, we should not speak of ‘old age’ but ‘old ages’. Specialists make a distinction between normal old age, successful old age, and pathological old age.”

Catherine Guchet points out that, at the end of the twentieth century, two images of old age coexist, utilitarian in conception: that of ‘flamboyant’ old age and that of ‘dependent’ old age. The latter is associated with a loss of autonomy and dignity, especially for subjects affected by senile dementia, described as ‘unconscious’. We shall focus on these more problematic forms of old age.
The Fusion of Races as Locus of Memory
Authors: de Freitas Dutra Eliana
Published: March 2007

For a long while the dilemma between ‘not being’ and ‘being other’ has haunted the history of Brazil. The country's mixed-race condition lay at the heart of the dilemma which reached its apogee in the second half of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries. At that point in its history, that is, its emergence as a nation-state, the construction of a national identity became an imperative for the political and intellectual elites of Brazil. In this context, a European, the German naturalist, Carl von Martius, made himself particularly notable for having been one of the first, after Independence, to point out the significance of miscegenation in the composition of Brazilian identity.
The Minas Gerais: A High Point of Miscegenation
Authors: Bennassar Bartolomé
Published: March 2007

From the earliest days of its history, Brazil has been a favoured ‘laboratory’ for ethnic, cultural and religious hybridization. The absence or scarcity of white women and the temptations of sexual exoticism drove the Portuguese discoverers, and with them sailors from Normandy, Brittany and Poitou, to have relations with Indian women they chanced to meet, thus creating a race of coloured people, oddly called mamelucos, later cabocles (of mixed white and Indian ethnicity). Afterwards, the very substantial recourse to the Negro slave trade and to manpower of African slave origin because of the requirements of the sugarcane economy (which remained predominant for a long time, especially in the Nordeste region of Bahia and Pernambuco), as well as the numerical imbalance of the sexes, characterized by a great predominance of men, popularized concubinage - all the more so because the Catholic Church was extremely reluctant to sanction interethnic unions with the sacrament of marriage. The Jesuits even recommended the despatch of white prostitutes or women condemned by common law (degredadas), for whom Brazil would furnish the opportunity for redemption, in order to avoid or reduce the number of unions of this kind. Thus, concubinage was the most common vehicle of miscegenation in Brazil.
Caetano Veloso or the Taste for Hybrid Language
Authors: Witkowski Ariane
Published: March 2007

Like many sociocultural phenomena in Brazil, popular music, as everyone knows, is the result of a meeting of influences. It could almost be said that it is born a cross-breed, given the half-European, half-African origins of its best-known first genres, lundu, choro and maxixe. As a result of its history it comes under the sign of the Cannibalism, the metaphor invented by modernist writers in the 1920s to refer to the ‘ritual devouring’ by which Brazil assimilated foreign values and made them its own.

Caetano Veloso and Gilberto Gil readily used the concept of Cannibalism at the end of the 1960s, when they founded Tropicalismo, which claimed a mixture of genres, styles and arts as its basis, and married international pop music and Brazilian traditions, electric guitars and berimbau. Tropicalismo as such only lasted for a few months, but the ideas which it promoted profoundly marked contemporary Brazilian culture. Caetano Veloso returned to the history of this movement in Verdade Tropical, an autobiographical work in which he reveals his thoughts on a number of subjects close to his heart: music, the cinema, masters/teachers, friends, family, love, sexuality freedom, prison, exile, books, language, etc. For this author, composer, performer, actor, director, poet and prose writer, inveterate and voracious reader and incorrigible chatterbox, anything to do with human beings is fair game. For Caetano loves words, and loves to talk about words. As early as the acknowledgements page he praises Unamuno, the author, according to him, of comments which are “the most moving that a foreigner has ever written about the Portuguese language”. And in a chapter entitled ‘Língua’ he mentions not only the songs he has written in English and his interest in the Anglo-Saxon language, but also his attachment to Romance languages in general and Portuguese in particular.
On the Educational Missions of Philosophy
Authors: Hintikka Jaakko
Published: March 2007

One of the most important issues concerning the organization of research and higher education concerns their interaction. The most common form that this relationship of research and education takes in our time and age is to have both functions combined in universities, often referred to more specifically as research universities. This form of organization is more recent than one perhaps might first think, and even at this time there are exceptions to this form of organization. In natural sciences and medicine there are industrial laboratories for research without teaching. In some countries, especially in Russia, there exists an extensive hierarchical institution almost entirely dedicated to research rather than teaching, called an academy of sciences. The members of such academies can devote themselves entirely to research without any teaching duties, except perhaps on the level of dissertation advising. Other exceptions include some rare graduate or research institutions, for instance Rockefeller University, All Souls College, Oxford, and some institutes of advanced study. But such exceptions are few and far between, at least in Western Europe and the Americas. Thus by far the most common relationship, especially in the humanities, of research and teaching is to have them conducted by the same people at the same institution, usually called a university.
Between Words and Things, Tomatoes and Textiles
Authors: Jitrik Noé
Published: March 2007

Throughout the world, in preparations for the fifth centenary of the discovery of (or lucky find of, or cultural encounter with) the continent of America and the many events planned to mark the date, the European view prevailed. Of course this provoked an outcry from a great many indigenous groups and protesters in both the Americas and Europe. These people maintained that there was no reason to celebrate, given that the Europeans’ relationship with the Americas can be seen as one of the greatest historical injustices since history began.
Collective Images of the West in Postcommunist Countries and the Process of Enlargement of Community Space
Authors: Fuga Artan
Published: March 2007

The fall of the Communist regimes in the countries of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, and their commitment to social, political and economic reform, represent two aspects of a deep process of social transformation. As in all socio-political transformation which overturns the previous political and economic order, this process needed to develop an ideology and a concrete image of the future in order to mobilize their populations, to invent that certain political rationality which is indispensable for bringing reform to a successful conclusion, and to produce a certain coherence in the changes which occurred in the various fields of life in society. Unlike the preceding revolutions which had gradually nourished hopes for a better life and had expanded the horizons of human possibility with difficulty, movements towards democracy in the former Communist countries found an almost ready-made model.
The Russian Financial Crisis as it Points up the Failures of Liberalization
Authors: Sapir Jacques
Published: March 2007

The Russian financial crisis of August 1998, which occurred between the Asian recession and the devaluation of the Brazilian real in January 1999, put a question-mark over many certainties. It demonstrated that the most destructive speculative activities of financial players can only have free rein when there is a collapse of the state. The crisis proved that the markets need a state and cannot replace it. It was also the moment when people became aware of the dynamics of a globalized financial economy (Stiglitz, 1999a; 1999b), leading to a critical rereading of the policies recommended in the 1990s and a direct questioning of the IMF and its actions. In Russia it caused a paradigm shift that could turn out to be salutary. In this regard the August 1998 crisis looks like the endpoint on the route followed since 1992 by the transition in Russia (Sapir, 1999a). We can see in the crisis both elements directly linked to the financial liberalization of 1985-95 and structural elements peculiar to the consequences of the transition and the policies adopted. This is why it suggests a reinterpretation of the entire development of the transition in Russia starting from 1992.
Towards the Dehumanization of the World?
Authors: Caillé Alain , Trigano Shmuel
Published: March 2007

Is it only yesterday's humanism, whether religious or secular in origin, that is dying - and is it really dying? - or is it more profoundly the very paradigm of humanity? At least it is worth asking the question. Do we not hear on every side today that everything is ‘constructed’ and ‘formated’? No inherited moral standard now seems acceptable, nor any reference to any sort of human nature or naturality. The only idea that henceforth finds acceptance is that of the infinite plasticity of the human, leaving individuals free to shape themselves as they wish beyond any commonly received standard, since only defiance of the norm seems to be the source and proof of freedom.
Modernization and Gentle Barbarism
Authors: Le Goff Jean-Pierre
Published: March 2007

The notion of ‘gentle barbarism’ was developed during our critical analysis of the discourses and mechanisms of ‘modernisation’ that emerged in the context of the movement for permanent reform (in education, the public services and business management), in which public bodies and businesses have been engaged since the 1980s. These discourses and mechanisms of modernisation seem to us to represent a blind spot where sociological analysis is concerned.
Are there Democratic Values?
Authors: de Lara Philippe
Published: March 2007

My article has the title ‘Are there democratic values?’ In one sense the question is ironic: there are democratic values. And new ones appear every day. Nevertheless the question has a literal sense if you consider certain aspects of the regime or mode of existence of values in contemporary thought.

The idea that values are no longer what they used to be is not new: the classical line of argument on this question underlines the contrast between, on the one hand, the philosophy of the Ancients, for whom evaluation referred to a normative nature, to ideals, criteria of perfection, embedded in the order of things and, on the other, the philosophy of the Moderns, for whom we are the ones who make the decisions (we are the ones who do the evaluating). Objectivism of values on the one hand, humanist subjectivism on the other. I would like to leave aside this problem and the difficulties which it raises (notably: who is Ancient and who is Modern?), and try to approach in another way whether there is a specifically contemporary mode of being for values.
Wisdom in the Virtual Age
Authors: Besnier Jean-Michel
Published: March 2007

There are at least two ways to dehumanize the world. The world can be dehumanized from the top or from the bottom. From the bottom up would mean letting a barbaric situation develop which would reduce us to an animal state. From the top down would mean striving to achieve and impose a wisdom appropriate to the angels. Two ways of ruining the sense of what is human. Neither angel nor animal, you will recognize there the ‘in-between’ which is the site of humanity and which it is tempting, when it is threatened, to assert, for in this dehumanizing process - whether this is meant from the top or the bottom - we are the losers in both scenarios. We lose what makes humanity itself, in other words moderation, the in-between, finiteness, chance, the propensity to communicate.
Electronic Publishing in France: Closed [Temporarily] for Stock-taking
Authors: Ollé Jean-Michel , Sakoun Jean-Pierre
Published: March 2007

In May 2000 a group of researchers, university teachers and publishers met to consider the impact of the new media for knowledge transmission on the intellectual world and listed the projects ongoing in France for publishing content electronically. Eighteen months later no one is able to say whether there will one day be a significant body of electronic publishing with French content. Such a transformation calls for a moment's consideration. So what has happened?
A Theory of Mass Culture
Authors: Macdonald Dwight
Published: March 2007

For about a century, Western culture has really been two cultures: the traditional kind—let us call it ‘High Culture’—that is chronicled in the textbooks, and a ‘Mass Culture’ manufactured wholesale for the market. In the old art forms, the artisans of Mass Culture have long been at work: in the novel, the line stretches from Eugène Süe to Lloyd C. Douglas; in music, from Offenbach to tin-pan alley; in art, from the chromo to Maxfield Parrish and Norman Rockwell; in architecture, from Victorian Gothic to suburban Tudor. Mass Culture has also developed new media of its own, into which the serious artist rarely ventures: radio, the movies, comic books, detective stories, science-fiction, television.
The Rule of the Black Order a Typology of the SS
Authors: Paetel Karl O.
Published: March 2007

When on January 30, 1933, the leader of the National Socialist Party had become German Chancellor, he assumed this position as representative of a united national movement. On the outer edge of this ‘popular movement’, bloated by opportunists of all kinds, was the army of the civil war, the Brownshirts. Having been distracted for some time by the hunting down of enemies of the State, they were now awaiting the final decision: the introduction of a ‘German Socialism’.
Ancient Philosophy: New Tasks
Authors: Gigon Olof
Published: March 2007

Among the reasons why the study of the classics is supposed to become increasingly useless, the argument recurs again and again that there is hardly anything new to be discovered and said in the realm of antiquity; the field of ancient literature has been ploughed over so often since the great centuries of humanism that its fruitfulness is nearly exhausted.
Aesthetics and History
Authors: Picon Gaëtan
Published: March 2007

Literature and art, which previously had been considered as cultural traditions, became, during the nineteenth century, objects of historical knowledge; the feeling of contemporaries was ‘that history would be the hallmark of the nineteenth century, and would lend it its name, just as philosophy had given its name to the eighteenth’. Of the many perspectives from which a work of art can be viewed, there was none more constant thereafter than that of history.
The Problem of High Culture and Mass Culture
Authors: Brogan D.W.
Published: March 2007

It would be idle to pretend that Mr. Macdonald's article is not about a most serious problem. In this age of disillusion one of the most serious grounds for concern, one of the deepest sources of the disillusion is the state of popular culture, if by culture we mean anything more than the sum of intellectual, moral, aesthetic habits of a people in any given moment of historical time. For to many observers who are hostile to the political movement of democracy, the present state of popular culture justifies all their fears, and to believers in democracy, the state of popular culture deceives some of the most profound hopes of the democratic movement since the French Revolution. And at this stage of the argument it is not, I think, worth making the distinction between popular and mass culture that Mr. Macdonald usefully insists on. Where the optimists have been deceived and the pessimists confirmed in their pessimism has been in the kind of culture that the people now choose or accept, and it does not, at the moment, matter whether the ‘people’ and the ‘masses’ are identical concepts.
Recent Scholarship on Greek Tragedy
Authors: Webster T.B.L.
Published: March 2007

Greek tragedy is still acted in the original and in translations; it has inspired such modern drama as The Family Reunion and La Machine Infernale; in Norway and France Sophocles’ Antigone helped to give hope to the resistance. Greek tragedy was produced originally at a religious festival by a poet who was poet, musician, producer, and sometimes actor too. The plays were meant to be seen; they had staging and costumes, dancing, and dramatic technique. They were meant to be remembered; they had language, style, and thoughts which the poet desired to communicate at that particular time. The poet himself knew well the leading artists, thinkers, and politicians of the small society in which he lived. Production, metre, technique, style, and thought are the chief elements which the scholar must study if he would make these ancient plays as intelligible as possible to modern readers.
The Art of Deciphering Symbols (in Four Lessons, to be Followed or not to be Followed)
Authors: Levi-Strauss Claude
Published: March 2007

These four volumes, reviewed together solely because of their respective publication dates and their vaguely related subject matter, represent, for the reader interested in myths and symbols, just so many exercises in style that are not equally commendable. In each we find a different lesson which, for the sake of simplification, we will designate respectively as a lesson in innocence, a lesson in impudence, a lesson in science, and a lesson in imagination. This is perhaps the proper order to follow, although we feel a slight uncertainty in regard to the relative position of the first two.
Cosmic Science and Wisdom in Classic Philosophy
Authors: Bayet Jean
Published: March 2007

Can our present-day anxieties be stated in terms of the ancient world ? Can this be done without risking the accusation of self-deception or pedantry? That is the question.

Hellenism in en vogue; there is satisfaction in defining in ever more exact terms a new aspect, long underestimated, of Greek grandeur. A certain ‘modernism’ cannot be denied to Greek thought: a tendency that existed then as it does now. Two millennia and more have trimmed down what was pretensions: tricks and scandals of innovation become less important ; the essence of contributions becomes apparent, distilled by the labour of preceding centuries. It remains sure that the Greeks faced new human circumstances with the vigour of youth and with intelligence, and launched themselves freely upon the path of world discovery. This is truly modem: modern for us as it was for the Greeks of the third century B.C. A comparison between such experiences may be worth while.
Les Régimes matrimoniaux du Sud-Est de l'Asie. Essai de Droit comparé indochinois. Volume I : Les Régimes traditionnels
Authors: Coedès C.
Published: March 2007

The French School of the Far East has recently published under the above title an important study in comparative law, the conclusions of which go far beyond the juridical framework to which its tide and the author's background would appear to assign it. For this reason, it seemed necessary to call the work to the attention of readers of this journal, especially those who are interested in the problems of the relationships between the original indigenous infrastructure and the Indian and Chinese superstructures in South East Asia.
The Mythic
Authors: Dardel Eric
Published: March 2007

We have learned by now not to see myth as simple entertainment or a babbling. Where the nineteenth-century eye could find only an out-of-date toy left behind by childish peoples or a cultural stage-set for leisured social circles, the human sciences have taught us to recognise an authentic expression of man: myth says with utmost seriousness something that is of essential importance. What is more, it is a way of living in the world, of orienting oneself in the midst of things, of seeking an answer in the quest for the self. We owe this alteration of perspective to a whole group of scholars: Cassirer, Van der Leeuw, Unger, Preuss; we owe it in a quite special way to Maurice Leenhardt and to the original work which his recent death left uncompleted.
The Chances of a Dialogue Berenson and Malraux
Authors: Ergmann Raoul
Published: March 2007

The Voices of Silence resembles a long monologue proceeding from affirmation to affirmation. With this work, André Malraux has finally concluded a meditation of twenty years. The proud assurance of his intelligence, reinforced by an extraordinary array of works left in his memory from travels and from reading, and by a brilliant mastery of his style, expects neither contradiction nor reply. Caught in the enchantment of his phrases, convinced by the choice and the scholarly relevance of the photographs, the reader has some difficulty in freeing himself from Malraux's reasoning. If anybody should nevertheless wish to answer, Bernard Berenson's last book offers the chance for a discussion. In a sort of impromptu conversation, in a tone at times lyric and at times peevish, Berenson challenges contemporary taste in those of its aspects which Malraux meant to justify: From a conviction formed by long familiarity with the works, he answers almost point by point Malraux's theses, which perhaps he does not know and which he does not mention.
Freedom and Authority
Authors: Drzymalla Georg
Published: March 2007

Man can be ‘good and evil’ in his actions, reasonable and unreasonable— not to say, insane: this is his liberty. Hence his responsibility, which is born of this liberty. There can be no liberty without responsibility.

The question: is Man rational in his actions? cannot be answered by a simple ‘yes’: that some of his actions are rational is proved by the very fact of our existence; that not all of these actions are rational is proved by our present situation. On the other hand, if we do not perish, this is no proof of Man's rationality. Nor is it proved by the evolution of all creation, which undoubtedly moves from low to high. But it is not difficult to see that of all living beings Man alone is capable of acting rationally. Where Man's reason does not reach, there rules the law of selection. This latter prevails, likewise, wherever Man acts irrationally. Out of a senseless ‘urge to be’-as Schopenhauer calls it-that being asserts himself who enjoys some kind of primacy, who is superior in no matter what sphere-whether by his force, velocity, protective colouring, or any other way, it does not matter, except in the individual case.
The Place of Oriental Studies in a Western University
Authors: Smith Wilfred Cantwell
Published: March 2007

In the long history of man, not the least interesting moments have been those ebullient and often creative occasions when two of his civilizations have met and mingled. One thinks most readily of the Hellenistic period, that entrancing millennium in the Near East from Alexander to Muhammad, which gave rise to so much ferment and so much of permanent and profound consequence for all our lives. One might think also, perhaps, of “Indo-China,” as designating not a political entity today but a cultural occasion and achievement in the classical past; or of the Muslims of India, who also for a millennium have for good or ill been the children as it were of a broken home—itself based on a shotgun wedding. These, it might be argued, would repay intensive study in our day, for an understanding of intercultural contact, more richly than can the oversimplified instances, dear to the anthropologist, of the one-sided impact of massive, dynamic “civilization” on the so-called underdeveloped cultures of our contemporary “primitives.” Yet these occasions in the past of civilizations in mutual impingement, fascinating though they be and instructive, and deserving, I think, of much more attention than they currently command, nonetheless adumbrate only partially what is happening in our world today. It is something unique that is going on before our eyes.
Microscopic History: a Meeting of Influences
Authors: Freyre Gilberto
Published: March 2007

Since 1940 I have been attempting to give a new orientation to the study of the early relations between Brazil and France. Preceding works have been limited to the examination of grandiose or picturesquely dramatic events—the piracy of the Normans in the Northeast, the Brazilian festival at Rouen, the repercussion of the French Revolution upon certain Brazilian revolutions such as the Inconfidencia Mineira or Villegaignon at Rio de Janeiro, the mission of French artists at the Brazilian court of Don João VI. Finally some interest has been shown in contacts with French scholars, among them Saint-Hilaire, and with Portuguese America; further interest has been evidenced in the influence which French scholars and artists exerted during the course of the nineteenth century upon the most cultivated people of Brazil.
Dionysus, the Cretan: Contributions To the Religious History of Europe
Authors: Kerényi Carlo
Published: March 2007

We are still far from a religious history of Europe (l'histoire réligieuse de l'Europe) which would satisfy the requirements of modern religious scholarship. We do, however, have a picture of the religions of Europe, the old and the new, of their metamorphoses and effects on the intellectual world of European man, which we can use as a temporary survey. A modification in this survey concerns not only scholars; the religious history of Europe is our religious history, regardless of the value it has for the individual as creed or philosophical doctrine. Unlike religion, religious history cannot be repudiated on the basis of doubts as to its truth or its existential validity (could this be “my” religion?). What is more, such a history cannot be side-stepped, for even the repudiation of all religion is an act within religious history; and a presentation of the religious history of Europe which does not concern itself with Nietzsche would not satisfy our demands as scholars.
Analysis of Intellectual Performance
Authors: Cardinet Jean
Published: March 2007

Everyone knows of the existence of intelligence tests. This is, in fact, the only aspect of applied psychology that is familiar to the general public. However, not so many people know that these tests have been the object of protracted studies and are integrated into a highly mathematized conceptual system. Our intention is to give a summary outline of this area of research which attempts to analyze man's performance, particularly in the area of the intellect.

The normal process of thought is to go from the concrete to the abstract. Therefore it seems natural to base this outline on an actual example of research carried out in the domain of intelligence and motor co-ordination tests and to use these as a point of departure for more general principles. In the first place, the material used—the actual tests—has a history that is in itself revealing. Second, the method of analysis employed is also deserving of study because it implies a certain number of postulates that must be understood in order to interpret the results it makes possible. Let us familiarize ourselves, then, with a typical factor analysis like the one made at the University of Neuchâtel in 1956.
Problems of Utopias
Authors: Falke Rita
Published: March 2007

When, in the year 1516, Sir Thomas More wrote his book about the ideal state, he located it on the Island of Utopia, which was supposed to have been discovered by Raphael Hythlodaeus, a companion of Vespucci on his fourth voyage. At first a fictitious geographical name, the term “utopia” continues to live in the minds of men, although it no longer is relevant to geography or to voyages of discovery and is by no means necessarily connected with the description of ideal states. Today, according to dictionaries and encyclopedias, “utopian” describes any plan which seems impossible to realize; the word is weighted either with resigned regret or with the forbearance of the sensible soul who well knows that the ideal state would in the end prove no better than the existing one.
Romanticism and Stoicism in the American Novel: From Melville to Hemingway, and After
Authors: Gérard Albert
Published: March 2007

The origins of the American mentality bear the imprint of a “tabula rasa pattern” which the Mayflowers Pilgrim Fathers brought with them to the shores of Massachusetts. To the Puritan conscience, the founding of English colonies on the virgin soil of North America seemed a complete departure, the first step in the establishment of a new society. It was an incredible experience, marked by infinite hope, and one toward which, according to one American historiographer, “the eyes of God, of the world, and of posterity were turned.” The dream and the hope recurred from generation to generation; during the course of the centuries millions of emigrants, settling between the Atlantic and the Pacific, sought a better world than they had known.
Vineyards and Social Structure in Algeria
Authors: Isnard Hildebert
Published: March 2007

Picture a vast territory whose soil is peopled by European colonists, while military conquest places the natives in a position of total dependence. Settlers from all parts of the parent state and from other countries as well form, at first, an inorganic mass of families arbitrarily placed side by side and differing from one another in all aspects as to place of origin, mental attitudes, habits, way of life.
Toward a Widening of the Notion of Causality
Authors: Čapek Milič
Published: March 2007

If we wish to speak of the widening of the idea of causality, we must first specify the exact meaning of this concept, the modification of which is now being considered by many contemporary philosophers and scientists. In order to shed light on the classical concept of causality, it is almost impossible to avoid approaching it from the genetic point of view. Without a historical perspective we have only a very limited understanding of the content of the classical concepts by which this philosophic as well as scientific tradition has been constituted. By showing the deep and tenacious roots of our belief in rigorous determinism, we shall better understand certain types of resistance which today are opposed to any attempt at making determinism more flexible.
The Transfer of Functions From Man To Machine
Authors: Caussin Robert
Published: March 2007

When he hears about automation, automatic factories, and unmanned manufacture, the worker wonders with a certain anxiety what will be his fate in an industry which is undergoing transformation and whether the trade from which he draws his livelihood today does not risk becoming useless tomorrow and leaving him without work. No doubt he has been told that the machine will never be able to replace man entirely, that there is no danger of unemployment, since new machines create new jobs, and that he will be freed of heavy labor and fatigue, thanks to the automatized factory. But these arguments are not all valid for the man whose job is eliminated or modified and who must find another situation or adapt himself to a different kind of work. It makes no difference if the over-all perspectives are reassuring—they are less so on the individual's level. The economy may continue to experience a cycle of full employment, but the individual may have to face the depressing hunt for a new job or start at the bottom in a different trade.
The Inca Empire: Despotism or Socialism
Authors: Métraux Alfred
Published: March 2007

The true character of the Inca Empire is poorly set forth in works dealing with its economic and social structure. Too many historians or sociologists have attempted, in their enthusiasm, to make of it a state corresponding to a modern formula : a socialist, a totalitarian or a welfare state. From the sixteenth century on, how many arbitrary pictures have been drawn, propped up by quotations! In fact, among the chronicles and reports and documents which Spain, that rummager of old papers, has handed down to us, and in the accounts of the Indians themselves, one finds enough mixed-up assertions and facts to bolster or justify the most diverse interpretations. Reality has frequently been confused with a schematic, abstract order which was the fruit of frequently gratuitous speculations.
On Negrohood: Psychology of the African Negro
Authors: Senghor Léopold Sédar
Published: March 2007

How surprised the psychologists of the French army were when they discovered that Senegalese conscripts were more sensitive to the vicissitudes of the climate, and even to extreme heat, than the soldiers of “metropolitan” France; that they reacted to the least changes in the weather, and even to such barely discernible events as minute inflections of the voice. These warriors who had passed for brutes—these heroes—turned out to have the sensitivity of women. It is often said, and not without reason, that the Negro is a man of Nature. The African negro, whether peasant, fisherman, hunter or herdsman, lives outdoors, both off the earth and with it, on intimate terms with trees and animals and all the elements, and to the rhythm of seasons and days. He keeps his senses open, ready to receive any impulse, and even the very waves of nature, without a screen (which is not to say without relays or transformers) between subject and object. He does, of course, reflect; but what comes first is form and color, sound and rhythm, smell and touch.

Hail to the royal Kaicedrat! Hail to those who have invented nothing, To those who have explored nothing, To those who have subdued nothing, But abandoned themselves to the grip of the essence of every thing, Ignorant of the surface, but gripped by the movement of every thing, Not caring to subdue, but to play the game of the world.
Religion, Epic, History
Authors: Tardits Claude
Published: March 2007

The interest now being manifested in the history of African civilizations (an interest which one may be assured in advance can never be satisfied), raises the question whether the function which, in our societies devolves upon the diffusion of history, has not sometimes been fulfilled on the African continent by activities based on specific functions generally considered devoid of historical significance, as, for example, religion.