bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spiritual Well-Being Penganut Aliran Kepercayaan Sapta Darma
Authors: Himawari Ni Made Rasmi , Muti’ah Titik , Hartosujono Hartosujono
Published: January 2020

Abstrak. Tujuan dari penelitian adalah untuk mendapatkan gambaran mengenai bagaimana spiritual well-being penganut aliran kepercayaan Sapta Darma di Sanggar Tegeh Kuri Denpasar Bali dalam menjalani hidupnya sebagai penghayat. Subjek penelitian berjumlah empat orang dengan jenis kelamin laki-laki dan berumur kisaran 45-55 tahun. Metode penelitian data yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kualitatif fenomenologi dengan menggunakan obervasi dan wawancara. Data dianalisis, dimulai dari pengumpulan data, reduksi data, penyajian data dan menyimpulkan data. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa keempat subjek memiliki spiritual well-being yang cukup tinggi terbukti dari empat subjek memiliki hubungan individu dengan kekuatan di luar dirinya (Tuhan) dan hubungan individu dengan dirinya cukup baik. Ketiga subjek memiliki hubungan individu dengan orang lain cukup baik, satu subjek sedang. Keempat subjek memiliki hubungan individu dengan alam dan lingkungan cukup baik. Proses pencapaian spiritual well-being pada subjek melalui proses yang unik, dipengaruhi oleh faktor dukungan keluarga, pengalaman hidup, kecerdasan, guru spiritual.Kata kunci: Spiritual well-being, Penghayat Sapta Darma
Competency-based Credentialing: A New Model from the Massachusetts Board of Registration in Medicine Expert Panel on Credentialing
Authors: Whittemore Anthony D. , Leape Lucian L. , Riley Stancel M.
Published: January 2020

Concern about the adequacy of the credentialing process led the Massachusetts Board of Registration in Medicine to create the Expert Panel on Credentialing for the purpose of ensuring that all physicians on a medical staff are providing safe and competent care throughout the entire duration of their careers. The Panel was charged with creating a standardized framework that facilities could use for both the initial credentialing and the re-credentialing processes.

The Panel began its deliberations in September 2006. An initial survey of selected health care facilities in Massachusetts was conducted to understand the current spectrum of credentialing criteria. The Panel reviewed the literature and developed core credentialing criteria. These criteria, or guidelines, suggest several assessment measures for each of the six core competencies endorsed by The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education and The Joint Commission (Table 4). Health care facilities may elect to use these guidelines during the credentialing process to ensure that every licensed and certified physician is competent to provide current evidence-based care.
A Study of Medical Board Peer Reviews in Nevada
Authors: Calvanese Jerry C.
Published: January 2020

Study Objective: The purpose of this study was to obtain data on various characteristics of peer reviews. These reviews were performed for the Nevada State Board of Medical Examiners (NSBME) to assess physician licensees' negligence and/or incompetence. It was hoped that this data could help identify and define certain characteristics of peer reviews.

Methods: This study examined two years of data collected on peer reviews. The complaints were initially screened by a medical reviewer and/or a committee composed of Board members to assess the need for a peer review. Data was then collected from the peer reviews performed. The data included costs, specialty of the peer reviewer, location of the peer reviewer, and timeliness of the peer reviews.

Results: During the two-year study, 102 peer reviews were evaluated. Sixty-nine percent of the peer-reviewed complaints originated from civil malpractice cases and 15% originated from complaints made by patients. Eighty percent of the complaint physicians were located in Clark County and 12% were located in Washoe County. Sixty-one percent of the physicians who performed the peer reviews were located in Washoe County and 24% were located in Clark County. Twelve percent of the complaint physicians were in practice in the state for 5 years or less, 40% from 6 to 10 years, 20% from 11 to 15 years, 16% from 16 to 20 years, and 13% were in practice 21 years or more. Forty-seven percent of the complaint physicians had three or less total complaints filed with the Board, 10% had four to six complaints, 17% had 7 to 10 complaints, and 26% had 11 or more complaints. The overall quality of peer reviews was judged to be good or excellent in 96% of the reviews. A finding of malpractice was found in 42% of the reviews ordered by the medical reviewer and in 15% ordered by the Investigative Committees. There was a finding of malpractice in 38% of the overall total of peer reviews. The total average cost of a peer review was $791. In 47% of the peer reviews requested, materials were sent from the Board to the peer reviewer within 60 days of the original request and 33% took more than 120 days for the request to be sent. In 48% of the reviews, the total time for the peer review to be performed by the peer reviewer was less than 60 days. Twenty seven percent of the peer reviews took more than 120 days to be returned.

Conclusion: Further data is needed to draw meaningful conclusions from certain peer review characteristics reported in this study. However, useful data was obtained regarding timeliness in sending out peer review materials, total times for the peer reviews, and costs.
A Census of Actively Licensed Physicians in the United States, 2010
Authors: Young Aaron , Chaudhry Humayun J. , Rhyne Janelle , Dugan Michael
Published: January 2020

As part of their ongoing effort to protect the public, the nation's 70 state and territorial medical and osteopathic boards regularly collect and disseminate information about actively licensed physicians in their jurisdictions to the FSMB's Federation Physician Data Center. This article summarizes results from the first-ever comprehensive analysis by FSMB of this information, from state boards and additional sources, to present a census of actively licensed physicians in the United States and the District of Columbia in 2010. While noting the value to state boards and multiple stakeholders of an accurate count of physicians — including information about their gender, age, specialty certification and location by region — the article acknowledges opportunities for future collaboration among organizations and agencies to better define current physician supply in order to better predict future physician needs for a growing and aging national population.
İlkokulda Sorumluluk Eğitimine Yönelik Bir Model Önerisi
Authors: CALP Şükran , AYDIN Kübra
Published: January 2020

İstendik
yönde davranış geliştirmek isteyen eğitimciler için değerler, oldukça önemli bir
etki gücüne sahiptir. Bu değerlerden biri olarak sorumluluk, gerek gündelik
hayatta gerekse akademik ortamlardaki başarıyı etkileyen önemli bir faktör
olarak düşünülmektedir. Bu çalışma, ilkokul dördüncü sınıf öğrencileri için
sorumluluk duygusu inşa etme ve geliştirmeye yönelik dokuz haftalık alternatif
bir model oluşturmaya odaklanmıştır. Model, sorumluluk kazandırma sürecinin
organize edilen aşamalar halinde uygulanması şeklindedir. Her bir aşamada
farklı yöntem ve tekniklerle bezenmiş öğretim planları hazırlanmıştır. Uygulanan
ilk öğretim planı, hikaye etkinliğidir. Onu masal, oyun, grupla menemen yapma
etkinliği, film izleme, drama, şiir, şarkı ve sınıfça maket ev yapma
etkinlikleri izlemektedir. Hazırlanan planlar, uzman görüşüne sunulduktan sonra
ilkokul 4. sınıf öğrencilerine uygulanmış ve uygulama sırasında karşılaşılan
güçlükler doğrultusunda yeniden düzenlenmiştir. Modelde, her bir öğretim birimi
için bilişsel yükün zaman içinde değişmesi planlanmıştır. Model kapsamında
öğrenciler, küçük gruplar halinde, çiftler halinde ya da yalnız çalışabilirler.
Bunun için öğrencilere hem grupla hem de
bağımsız çalışmayı öğretmek gerekmektedir. Çalışmanın sorumluluk duygusu
kazandırmada ihtiyaç duyulan yeni yol ve yöntemlerle ilgili alternatif bir
model olduğu ve öğretmenlere ışık tutacağı düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar kelimeler: Sorumluluk, okul sorumluluğu, sorumluluk modeli
A thorough evaluation of the Language Environment Analysis (LENATM) system
Authors: Cristia Alejandrina , Lavechin Marvin , Scaff Camila , Soderstrom Melanie , Rowland Caroline F , Räsänen Okko , Bunce John P , Bergelson Elika
Published: January 2020

In the previous decade, dozens of studies involving thousands of children across several research disciplines have made use of a combined daylong audio-recorder and automated algorithmic analysis called the LENA^®^ system, which aims to assess children's language environment. While the system's prevalence in the language acquisition domain is steadily growing, there are only scattered validation efforts, on only some of its key characteristics. Here, we assess the LENA^®^ system's accuracy across all of its key measures: speaker classification, Child Vocalization Counts (CVC), Conversational Turn Counts (CTC), and Adult Word Counts (AWC). Our assessment is based on manual annotation of clips that have been randomly or periodically sampled out of daylong recordings, collected from (a) populations similar to the system's original training data (North American English-learning children aged 3-36 months), (b) children learning another dialect of English (UK), and (c) slightly older children growing up in a different linguistic and socio-cultural setting (Tsimane' learners in rural Bolivia). We find reasonably high accuracy in some measures (AWC, CVC), with more problematic levels of performance in others (CTC, precision of male adults and other children). Statistical analyses do not support the view that performance is worse for children who are dissimilar from the LENA^®^ original training set. Whether LENA^®^ results are accurate enough for a given research, educational, or clinical application depends largely on the specifics at hand. We therefore conclude with a set of recommendations to help researchers make this determination for their goals.
KAJIAN PENGEMBANGAN WISATA PANTAI CENGKRONG TRENGGALEK
Authors: Sianputra Rizky Radistya
Published: January 2020

Pengembangan industri kepariwisataan mempunyai pengaruh yang cukup kuat terhadap perkembangan wilayah didaerah sekitar obyek wisata. Sama halnya dengan pariwisata di Kabupaten Trenggalek, sektor pariwisata bertindak sebagai sektor utama, yaitu sektor unggulan yang mampu meningkatkan perekonomian daerah. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Obyek Wisata Pantai Cengkrong serta instansi terkait yaitu Dinas Pariwisata Kabupaten Trenggalek dan stakeholders terkait. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menjelaskan kemanfaatan pariwisata dengan gambaran strategi pengembangan Pariwisata Pantai Cengkrong yang berbasis masyarakat atau komunitas. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah tipe penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif, dan teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan yaitu wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data menggunakan reduksi data dan penyajian data. Hasil penelitian menunjukan, terdapat empat faktor yang menjadi dasar dalam menentukan strategi pengembangan pariwisata Pantai Cengkrong. Keempat faktor tersebut adalah kekuatan, kelemahan, peluang serta ancaman dengan keterlibatan masyarakat sebagai pelaku usaha pariwisata yang kebermanfaatan kegiatan pariwisata sebesar-besarnya diperuntukkan bagi masyarakat. Kesimpulan penelitian ini berdasarkan analisis keempat faktor tersebut dihasilkan 4 strategi yaitu strategi SO, Strategi WO, Strategi ST dan Strategi WT dengan strategi prioritas adalah Strategi SO dan Strategi WO.
SARANA DAN PRASARANA
Authors: Darmawan Dadang
Published: January 2020

Pendidikan (education) secara semantik berasal dari bahasa yunani paidagogia yang berarti pergaulan dengan anak-anak. Pedagogos adalah seorang nelayan atau bujang dalam zaman yunani kuno yang pekerjaannya menjemput dan mengantar anak-anak ke dan dari sekolah. Selain itu, di rumahnya anak tersebut selalu dalam pengawasan dan penjagaan para paedagogos. Istilah ini berasal dari kata paedos yang berarti anak, dan agogos yang berarti saya membimbing atau memimpin.
Giving Community Psychology Away: A case for open access publishing
Authors: Steltenpohl Crystal Nicole , Anderson Amy J. , Daniels Katherine
Published: January 2020

Amidst increased pressure for transparency in science, researchers and community members are calling for open access to study stimuli and measures, data, and results. These arguments coincidentally align with calls within community psychology to find innovative ways to support communities and increase the prominence of our field. This paper aims to (1) define the current context for community psychologists in open access publishing, (2) illustrate the alignment between open access publishing and community psychology principles, and (3) demonstrate how to engage in open access publishing using community psychology values. Currently, there are several facilitators (e.g. an increasing number of open access journals, the proliferation of blogs, and social media) and barriers (e.g. Article Processing Charges (APCs), predatory journals) to publishing in open access venues. Openly sharing our research findings aligns with our values of (1) citizen participation, (2) social justice, and (3) collaboration and community strengths. Community psychologists desiring to engage in open access publishing can ask journals to waive APCs, publish pre-prints, use blogs and social media to share results, and push for systemic change in a publishing system that disenfranchises researchers, students, and community members.
The role of indexical cues in the distributional learning of phonetic categories.
Authors: Hudson Kam Carla L.
Published: January 2020

Theories of the distributional learning of phonetic categories assume that input provides reliable distributional cues for the categorization of speech sounds. In the real world, however, not all talkers produce exactly the same distributions of speech sounds, and the talker-dependent variation may undermine the reliability of the distributional cues. In this study, we investigated how learners might overcome talker-dependent variation. Specifically, we tested whether adults can learn two phonetic categories from input in which talker-dependent variation introduces potential ambiguities into the categorization of speech sounds. The results suggest that they can overcome this kind of ambiguity by using indexical information (i.e., the identity of talkers).
Venture Capital Contracts
Authors: Ewens Michael , Gorbenko Alexander , Korteweg Arthur
Published: January 2020

We estimate the impact of venture capital (VC) contract terms on startup outcomes and the split of value between the entrepreneur and investor, accounting for endogenous selection via a novel dynamic search and matching model. The estimation uses a new, large data set of first financing rounds of startup companies. Consistent with efficient contracting theories, there is an optimal equity split between agents, which maximizes the probability of success. However, VCs use their bargaining power to receive more investor-friendly terms compared to the contract that maximizes startup values. Better VCs still benefit the startup and the entrepreneur, due to their positive value creation. Counterfactuals show that reducing search frictions shifts the bargaining power to VCs and benefits them at the expense of entrepreneurs. The results show that selection of agents into deals is a first-order factor to take into account in studies of contracting.
Experimental Analysis on the Properties of Concrete Brick With Partial Replacement of Sand by Saw Dust and Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate by Expanded Polystyrene
Authors: Ghimire Anjana , Maharjan Sanjeev
Published: January 2020

An experimental study had been conducted to study the effects of saw dust and EPS as partial replacement of sand and coarse aggregate in various percentages such as 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% in concrete brick samples of M20 and M15 Grade. Compressive strength, Bulk density and Water absorption of prepared saw dust and EPS M20 and M15 concrete brick were determined. The properties of materials were first determined before the conduction of experimental works. The normal consistency, initial and final setting time and compressive strength of cement used for the experiment were found as 31%,115 minutes, 265 minutes and 39.5 N/mm2 respectively. Sieve analysis to determine the particle size distribution of sand, coarse aggregates, saw dust and EPS was performed. From the sieve analysis, the nominal maximum size of sand, coarse aggregate, saw dust and EPS used for preparing concrete brick sample were 2.36 mm, 12.5 mm, 2.36 mm and 4.75 mm respectively. Impact value of coarse aggregate obtained was 11.20 %.The experimental results showed that water absorption of prepared M15 and M20 concrete brick samples increased with increase in percentage replacement of sand by saw dust and EPS by coarse aggregate. Compressive strength and Bulk density of prepared M15 and M20 concrete brick sample decreased with increase in percentage content of saw dust and EPS. The results showed that the partial replacement of sand by saw dust and coarse aggregate by EPS in concrete brick sample had sufficient strength as compared to common bricks.
Biological Denitrification of Nitrate Contaminated Ground Water with Elementary Sulfur
Authors: Gorathoki Madan , Amatya Iswar Man
Published: January 2020

Extensive utilization of synthetic fertilizer and release of improperly treated wastewater from industrial or municipal facilities are the causes of nitrate contamination in natural water systems. Nitrate is one of the main contributors to eutrophication of surface water bodies which can cause severe ecological and environmental problems. Consumption of nitrates can have several detrimental health effects. One adverse health effect is methemoglobinemia or “blue-baby" syndrome.

Sulfur based biological denitrification process is autotrophic denitrification using Thiobacillus denitriflcans, in which process is conducted by denitrifying bacteria which require inorganic carbon for carbon source. These denitrifying bacteria oxidizes elemental sulfur to sulphate while reducing nitrate to nitrogen gas, thereby eliminating the need for addition of organic carbon compounds as energy sources to drive denitrification.

This Study was conducted on biological denitrification with elemental sulfur packed small-scale bed columns and it was found to be maximum 39 percent efficiency of NO3-N removal at 1.5 hours HRT having bicarbonate range 153.72 to 207.40 mg/l and that of TIN removal was up to 35 percent removal efficiency. In this biological process, elemental sulfur is converted into sulfate, and this renders the method unsuitable for the treatment of ground water containing high levels of endogenous sulfate.
Heat Exchanger for Bio-Digester under Thermophilic Range
Authors: Sapkota Prajwal , Poudel Laxman
Published: January 2020

Bio-gas has been one of the sources of renewable energy and has been used from long time. It is produced by the anaerobic digestion or decomposition of organic compounds and has different process. The digestion process is carried out by bacteria present in the waste and it is highly dependent on the bacteria which work differently on different temperatures. The rate of anaerobic digestion is highest at hemophilic temperature (55°C). Similarly, it is moderate at mesophilic temperature (35°C) and is lowest at psychrophilic (below 20°C). Thus, to attain the highest digestion rate a thermophilic heating system has beend eveloped. The heating system uses five heat exchangers to heat the influent at digester which is of 35m3 volume, to maintain temperature at 56°C. The volume of bio-gas production from this system which uses cow dung as digestingmaterial is about 28 m3 per day.
Customer Churn Prediction for Imbalanced Class Distribution of Data in Business Sector
Authors: Bhattarai Aayush , Shrestha Elisha , Sapkota Ram Prasad
Published: January 2020

Churners are those people who are about to transfer their business to a competitor or simply who cancel a subscription to a service. This paper is based on a specific business sector, which is telecommunication sector. With a churn rate of 30%, the telecommunication sector takes the first place on the list. In this paper, we present some advanced data mining methodologies which predicts customer churn in the pre-paid mobile telecommunications industry using a call detail records dataset. To implement the predictive models, we initially propose and then apply four machine learning algorithms: Random Forest, Naïve Bayes, Logistic Regression, and XG Boost. To evaluate the models, we use various evaluation metrics and find the best model which will be suitable for any class imbalanced data and also our business case. This paper can also be viewed as a comparative study on the most popular machine learning methods applied to the challenging problem of customer churn prediction.
Classification of Loan Applications of Garima Bikas Bank Ltd Using Decision Tree Classification Method
Authors: Shrestha Subik , Paudel Laxman
Published: January 2020

There is a possibility in finding hidden patterns that might help find a relationship between the information provided by the Loan Applicants during the Loan Application process and the status of their loan repayment. This paper highlights on finding such patterns by building a Decision Tree with the help of the data provided during the loan application process. Eleven attribute information of Five Hundred sixty four loan applicants were collected from Garima Bikas Bank Ltd. A decision tree model with a depth of 6 has been built by calculating the entropy and information gain at each split and selecting the feature with the highest information gain.
Awareness, Knowledge and Willingness Regarding Eye Donation among Dental Students of Kist Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Lalitpur, Nepal
Authors: Basnet Anjila , Basnet Pragya Singh , Lamichhane Ram Sudhan , Shrestha Prabhat
Published: January 2020

Background: Corneal disease constitutes a significant cause for visual im­pairment and blindness in the developing world. Visual rehabilitation by corneal transplantation for which increased awareness regarding an eye donation is essential, remains the only treatment option for restoring sight in those who suffer from corneal blindness. Hence, the present study con­ducted to assess the awareness, knowledge and willingness about eye do­nation among dental students of KIST medical college & teaching hospital, Nepal

Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in KIST medical college and teaching hospital in Nepal during the period of 21st to 30th April 2019. A total of 185 dental students were selected as study group by con­venience sampling technique. A Semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection and analyzed by using SPSS 16. Descriptive statistics and Chi square/ Fischer exact tests were used for data analysis.

Results: Out of total 185 dental students who participated in this study, 176 (95.1%) were aware about eye donation, 133 (71.9%) knew that the cornea is used for eye donation and 70 (37.8%) knew that ideal time for eye donation is within six hours of death. Awareness regarding eye dona­tion in male and female students was found to be statistically significant (p =0.013).

Conclusions: The present study revealed that most of the dental students were aware regarding eye donation and most of them were willing to do­nate their eyes. Awareness regarding eye donation will form the prime base for the elimination of avoidable corneal blindness in Nepal.
Endodontic microsurgery: new prospective to deal with failed root canal treatment
Authors: Tiwari Sanjay Kumar
Published: January 2020

Not available.
Determination & comparison of maxillary first premolar pulp chamber landmarks using intraoral periapical radiograph and cone-beam computed tomography
Authors: Joshi Amatya Neera , Prajapati Kranti , Shrestha Suraj , Wagle Sharada
Published: January 2020

Background: Dimension and location of pulp chamber are important during access cavity preparation. It allows clinician in instruments selection, orientation and depth of cutting dur­ing the process. Analysis of these has been done in preoperative intraoral periapical radio­graph that gives two-dimensional image. The radiograph has been blamed now and then for the inaccurate results and iatrogenic damage occurred due to the inaccurate results. Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) provides three-dimensional images and is taken as standard. Hence the aim of the study is to compare intra-oral periapical (IOPA) radiograph and CBCT to determine the landmarks for accurate results

Methods: 50 intact two-rooted maxillary first premolars were collected and numbered. Peri­apical radiograph Images and CBCT images of these 50 teeth were taken and divided as; Group I: 50 IOPAR and Group II: 50 CBCT images. Landmarks marking and measurement was done using tracing paper and x-ray viewer for IOPA images and Planmeca Romexis software for CBCT images. Data were collected and analysed with descriptive and inferential statistics by using Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) software version 16.

Results: The averages of group I are 7.44, 10.23mm 14.33mm, 4.1mm, 6.89mm and 2.79mm respectively. The averages of in group II are 6.95mm, 9.58mm, 14.03mm, 4.45mm, 7.07mm and 2.63mm respectively. There is statistically significant difference in measurement A and measurement B between group I and group II.

Conclusions:  This indicates that there are chances of overestimation of measurement A and B with IOPAR.
Antibiotic sensitivity pattern in urinary tract infection among adults in central part of Nepal
Authors: Sedhain Arun , Sapkota Abja , Shrestha Bidhan
Published: January 2020

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is characterized by pathological invasion of the urinary tract by microorganisms. Majorities of organisms causing UTI are gram negative bacteria, most common of which is E. coli. Urine culture and sensitivity test is used to isolate the organism and to identify the susceptible drug of choice for appropriate treatment. This hospital-based study was carried out to analyze the spectrum and antibiotic susceptibility of microorganisms causing UTI.

Methods: A retrospective study was done to analyze the results of urine culture and sensitivity test done at Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital over a period of two and half years. Standard guideline and protocol were used to collect the urine sample and to perform the test. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 21.0.

Result: Out of 12, 925 urine samples submitted for culture and sensitivity test during the study period, bacterial pathogens were isolated from 3, 173 (24.54%) samples, which was significantly higher among females (28%) than the males (17%). The most common organism isolated on the culture was E. coli (68.5%) followed by Klebsiella (18.4%). Sensitivity of the uropathogens was seen highest with colistin (79.2%) followed by teicoplanin (64.58%), Aztreonam (63.25%) and Ni­trofurantoin (61.16%). Most common antibiotics that showed resistance to the microorganisms in this study were Ampicillin (60.93%), Cotrimoxazole (53.72%), Cefixime (40.57%) and Levofloxacin (32.93%).

Conclusions: This study has found a usual pattern of UTI with higher prevalence among females and E. coli being the most common organism. Nitrofurantoin has been found to have a good sus­ceptibility for the treatment of UTI.
Occlusal characteristics including spacing among preschool children: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Pradhan Megha , Dhital Shweta , Dahal Srijana , Joshi Ujjwal , Sherchan Prabesh , Pokhrel Prafen
Published: January 2020

Background: Understanding the association between morphological aspects in the primary dentition and its transition to the permanent dentition provides the possibility of predicting the final permanent occlusion. Study on the occlusal characteristics in deciduous dentition in Nepalese population is limited. This study was aimed to assess the occlusal characteristics and spacing in primary dentition in preschool children.

Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted among 432 preschool children around Kathmandu valley after getting permission from Institutional Review Committee of Kath­mandu Medical College and Teaching Hospital. Each child fulfilling the inclusion criteria was enrolled on the study only after their assent and their parent’s consent. The primary molar relation, canine relation, overjet, overbite was assessed using Foster and Hamilton criteria with the teeth in centric occlusion. Primate and physiological spaces were assessed. Data was collected and analysis was done in SPSS version 16.

Results: Among the participants, (51.9%) were male and (48.1%) female. Primate spaces was seen to be absent on157 (36.3%) children. Physiological space was seen among 190 (44%) children. Flush terminal plane molar relationship was more prevalent among 294 (68%) chil­dren. Class I canine relationship was found in 257(59.5%) children. Ideal overjet was seen in 333 (77.1%) children and ideal overbite was seen among 337(78%) children.

Conclusions: Favorable characteristics traits were seen in the studied population yet longi­tudinal studies are recommended to predict the possible outcome in permanent dentition.
Preemptive use of oral gabapentin or pregabalin for acute postoperative pain following lower limb orthopaedic surgery under spinal anaesthesia
Authors: Acharya Utsav , Ghimire Aashish , Bhattarai Balkrishna , Singh Satyendra Narayan , Prasad Jagat Narayan , Maharjan Rajiv
Published: January 2020

Background: Postoperative pain is a major cause of perioperative morbidity and functional impairment. Preemptive analgesia is an analgesia regimen instituted before the surgery, to desensitize the pain pathways. Pregabalin and gabapentin have been claimed to be effective in reducing postoperative pain without significant alterations in hemodynamics.

Objectives: This study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of pregabalin and gabapentin in reducing postoperative pain, total opioid consumption, postoperative nausea and vomiting and sedation in patients undergoing lower limb orthopaedic surgeries under spinal anaesthesia.

Methodology: Eighty patients undergoing lower limb orthopaedic surgeries under spinal anaesthesia were divided into two groups, to either receive 300mg gabapentin or 150mg pregabalin, one hour before surgery. The patients were evaluated at one, two, six, 12 and 24 hours postoperatively and Visual Analogue Scale score for pain, postoperative nausea vomiting, and sedation score were monitored. Tramadol 50 mg was used as rescue analgesic and total consumption over 24 hours was recorded.

Results: The mean duration of postoperative analgesia was significantly higher with pregabalin (282±106 minutes versus 234 ± 97minutes, p=0.009). The sedation score was significantly higher with pregabalin in the first hour (p=0.001). The total tramadol consumption was higher with gabapentin; however, it was statistically insignificant. The occurrence of postoperative nausea and vomiting was comparable between the groups. Minor adverse effects such as dizziness, sedation and headache were observed in both groups.

Conclusion: Pregabalin 150 mg orally significantly increases the duration of postoperative analgesia than gabapentin 300mg following lower limb orthopaedic surgeries. Although sedation is frequently observed, it doesn’t alter the hemodynamics and thus, may be used safely.
Man has created death. A Few Reflections on Animals, Humans, and Mortality
Authors: Sławek Tadeusz
Published: January 2020

The essay approaches the problem of a possible differentiation between the death of the animal and that of the human being. Stepping beyond the Cartesian sharp dichotomy of the human and animal life, we follow the line of such philosophers as Montaigne, Spinoza, and Hume, who were radically critical towards the unwarranted claims of anthropocentric phantasies. Interpreting poetic texts of Emily Dickinson and Ted Hughes we demonstrate that reflecting upon animality we can get a new insight into the place and meaning of death in our lives as well as into foundations of our speech.
Narracje zootanatologiczne jako wyznacznik relacji między osobą ludzką i pozaludzką
Authors: Poks Małgorzata
Published: January 2020

Is animal death grievable and do animals grieve their dead? The answer to these questions depends on the narratives one subscribes to. In the dominant narrative of the Western world, human death is treated with respect and animal death is either invisible or instrumentalized. In this article I am considering the consequences of challenging this narrative from the sites of enunciation that are marginal to modernity and, thus, do not replicate its hyperseparated dualism (Val Plumwood’s phrase). First, I introduce the holistic imaginary of indigenous Americans on the example of Linda Hogan’s novel Solar Storms. Next, on the example of Olga Tokarczuk’s Drive Your Plow over the Bones of the Dead, I move to the perspective of Duszejko – a self-exile from European modernity. Both novels demonstrate that iconographies of death (and life) make a real difference in our relationship to the nonhuman other.
AEROSOL CLASSIFICATION FOR COMODORO RIVADAVIA AERONET STATIONDURING 2015
Authors: Otero L. A. , Ristori P. R. , Martorella E. , Pereyra A. F. , Brusca S. , Fierro V. E. , Franchi G. , Herrera M. E. , Bali J. L. , D’Elia R. L. , Vilar O. , Salvador J. O. , Raponi M. M. , Quel E. J.
Published: January 2020

The city of Comodoro Rivadavia, in the province of Chubut, is located on the shores of the Argentinean Sea, in the central zone of the San Jorge Basin. Its climate is arid with little rainfall. In this work, the aerosol optical data of the aerosols of the AERONET/NASA network station that is installed in the monitoring station (45,792o S; 67,463o W) of the General Enrique Mosconi International Airport are analyzed statistically and correlated the wind direction resultsthat affect the city by 2015. It is mostly affected by winds from the West quadrant from the mountain range, and windsfrom the East quadrant from the sea. These two wind directions cause transport of two types of aerosols: marine and dust. To exemplify the characteristics of the aerosols mobilized by these two wind directions, the measurements of the solar photometer are studied for January 21th and 22th, 2015. The optical characteristics of the suspended aerosols in the atmosphere are determined for those days.
DEVELOPMENT, VALIDITY, AND RELIABILITY OF META-SELLER TUTORING MODULE
Authors: Bakar Mohamad Ariffin Abu , Norulhuda Ismail
Published: January 2020

This study aims to develop and determine the validity and reliability of the Meta-Seller Tutoring (M-ST) module. This M-ST module is developed through design and development research. ADDIE Model was applied as an instructional design guide. This M-ST module combining peer tutoring and metacognitive learning strategy models as it is content and module activities to enhance students' mastery of mathematics concepts. Experts, a mathematics teacher, and 31 students participated in the study to determine the content validity and reliability of the module. The results of the content validity analysis obtained that it is in an excellent rank with a validity percentage of 85.8%. The value of the reliability coefficient is 0.953 which also indicates that this module is at a very high level of trust. Based on the results, it can be concluded that this module is very useful and can be suggested as an intervention for mathematics learning. Teachers can integrate this module into teaching and learning to produce mathematics learning effectively.
New records of Afrotropical Tersilochinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Authors: Khalaim A.I.
Published: January 2020

A new data on distribution of 19 species of Tersilochinae (Ichneumonidae) belonging to the genera Allophrys Förster (four species), Aneuclis Förster (five spp.), Diaparsis Förster (eight spp.) and Tersilochus Holmgren (two spp.) in the Afrotropical Region are provided. Tersilochus abyssinicus Khalaim, 2006, syn. nov. is synonymised with T. moestus Holmgren, 1868. The subfamily Tersilochinae is recorded from Benin, Côte d’Ivoire, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo, Zambia and Yemen for the first time.
New and interesting records of Diptera from Azerbaijan and Georgia
Authors: Oboňa J. , Dvořák L. , Haenni J.-P. , Hrivniak Ľ. , Japoshvili B. , Ježek J. , Kerimova I. , Máca J. , Murányi D. , Rendoš M. , Słowińska I. , Snegovaya N. , Starý J. , Manko P.
Published: January 2020

New and interesting records of 60 Diptera species in ten families, namely Anisopodidae, Blephariceridae, Campichoetidae, Dixidae, Drosophilidae, Limoniidae, Lonchopteridae, Pediciidae, Psychodidae and Scatopsidae, are presented in this paper based on the specimens collected in Azerbaijan and Georgia. A total of 26 species are recorded for the first time for Transcaucasia, 32 species for Azerbaijan, and 33 species for Georgia. In addition, the first or updated checklists of the above ten families are given for these countries.
Analysis of the differences between Syntormon pallipes and S. pseudospicatus (Diptera: Dolichopodidae): morphological and molecular data
Authors: Chursina M.A. , Grichanov I.Ya.
Published: January 2020

The recent catalogues of the family Dolichopodidae considered Syntormon pallipes (Fabricius, 1794) and S. pseudospicatus Strobl, 1899 as separate species. In this study, we used three approaches to estimate the significance of differences between the two species: molecular analysis (COI and 12S rRNA sequences), analysis of leg colour characters and geometric morphometric analysis of wing shape. The morphological data confirmed the absence of significant differences between S. pallipes and S. pseudospicatus found in the DNA analysis. Significant differences in the wing shape of two species have not been revealed. Hence, according to our data, there is no reason to consider S. pseudospicatus as a distinct species.
“DİNCİ” TEKELCİLİK OLARAK RADİKALİZM: GÜLENİST HAREKETİN “ÖTEKİ” ALGISI ÜZERİNDEN ELEŞTİREL ANALİZİ
Authors: ÇAYLAK Adem , KAYMAL Cansu
Published: January 2020

Literatürde toplumsal ve siyasal düzeni temelden değiştirmeyi hedefleyen, “köktencilik” anlamına gelen radikalizm, bu çalışmada kültürel tekelcilik ya da tekçilik olarak kavramlaştırılmış ve etnosentrik bir söylem ve davranış kodu olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Tekelcilik, “dinci” ya da “sekülerist” olabilir. İkisinde de radikal bir düşünce veya grup, hakikati yalnızca kendisinin temsil ettiği, kendi düşüncesinin iyi, doğru ve istikamet üzere olduğu kanaatindeyken; ötekilerinin kötü, yanlış ve heretik olduğu iddiasındadır. Dinci veya sekülerist radikalizm; kendi felsefesine uygun olarak seçtiği birtakım değerleri kutsayıp dogmalaştırarak “biz-ötekiler”, “iyi-kötü”, “mü’min-kafir”, “ilerici-gerici” düalizmi oluşturur.Radikalizmde, kendini mutlak doğrunun temsilcisi olarak görme sonucu ortaya çıkan düalizm, “sekülerist” veya “dinci” cemaatlerde net biçimde görülür. Gülen Hareketinin inanç sistemi çerçevesindeki cemaat, bu çalışmada kastedilen radikalizmin Türkiye’deki en çarpıcı örneklerindendir. Bu çalışmada Gülenist hareketin “dinci” tekelleşmesini sağlayan teolojik felsefe, zihniyet dünyası ve hareket tarzı analiz edilmiştir. Gülen Hareketi üzerinden, dinci radikalizm; tektipleştirici ve dogmatik yönleriyle incelenmiştir. Hareketin kendi “öz”ü üzerinden kendi dışındaki düşünce ve akımları nasıl “ötekileştirip” tekelci bir radikalizm üretebildiğinin arka plan unsurları açığa çıkarılmaya çalışılmıştır.
Нормативно-правове регулювання у наданні соціальних послуг біженцям в Іспанії
Authors: Ватаманюк Анастасія
Published: January 2020

У статті розглядаються умови, що надаються країнами Євросоюзу для мігрантів. Обговорюються такі питання, як надання тимчасового житла для біженців, грошову допомогу, можливість працевлаштування та отримання медичних послуг. Особливо пильно розглядаються послуги, які надає Іспанський уряд для біженців і для мігрантів без статусу біженців.
Cyber conflict in the light of article 5 of the North Atlantic treaty
Authors: Leshchuk Sylviia
Published: January 2020

The rapid development of technology and hence also the cybernetic sphere, including the associat-ed difficulties in defining it, as well as the occurrences within it and the lack of upholding legal regula-tions and too little awareness in public and private life as to the dangers it may generate, make it serve as a basis for the development of advanced and difficult to neutralize threats that are able to affect the real world. The most important in the context of the text are cyber attacks and cyberwar. Due to the impact that the virtual world can have on reality, organizations such as NATO must finally adapt to changes taking place in the real world. The aim of the text is to take a look at an possibility of invok-ing the famous article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty by a member state of NATO.
Основні тенденції становлення та функціонування лобіювання в США
Authors: Трофименко Анастасія , Лубінець Дмитро
Published: January 2020

У статті представлено аналіз тенденцій становлення, розвитку та функціонування лобіювання в США на основі дослідження вимог законодавства в цій сфері, як до лобістів, так і до посадовців, етичних норм, якими мають керуватися лобісти в своїй діяльності, суб’єктно-об’єктної детермінації американського лобізму та форм лобіювання, що превалюють в державі. Встановлено, що американська модель лобіювання ґрунтується на принципах обов’язкової он-лайн реєстрації та звітності лобістів та клієнтів,етичних стандартах поведінки посадовців та лобісті, контролю з боку громадськості, високому ступеню самоорганізації лобістів через Асоціацію спеціалістів з GR, превалюванні бізнес-інтересів над суспільними.
Інституціональні аспекти розвитку української культури в Галичині (кінець ХІХ – початок ХХ ст.)
Authors: Зайцева Зінаїда
Published: January 2020

В статті висвітлюються складні і різнобічні культурно-мистецькі процеси Галичини другої половини ХІХ–початку ХХ ст., зокрема Львова, де виникають перші українські мистецькі товариства, влаштовуються виставки, починають виходити українською мовою літературно-художні журнали, простежується активна діяльність Наукового товариства імені Шевченка. Обґрунтовано, що українська культура кінця ХІХ – початку ХХ ст. стала тією формою суспіль-ного життя, у якій у сув’язі проявлено етно-національні та модерні європейські інновації. Доведено, що літературоцентризм українського модерну, перебуваючи у ядрі української культури, не суперечив розвитку інших сфер і видів культури, формуванню і сприйняттю естетичних цінностей у стилістиці нового етапу українського національного відродження. Встановлено, що практична розбудова українцями національно-культурних інституцій у Східній Галичині розпочата за участю східноукраїнської інтелігенції. До Першої світової війни у Львові було створено низку мистецьких асоціацій, у яких зкристалізувалася група, здатна продукувати професійні твори, а також мистецьку критику і публіцистику.
Культурна парадипломатія як складник «м’якої сили» субнаціональних акторів
Authors: Головко Іван
Published: January 2020

У статті досліджується культурна парадипломатія, що є одним з ключових інструментів поглиблення взаємодії регіонів, як складник «м’якої сили» субнаціональних акторів. Культурна парадипломатії реалізується в інструментальному і символічному аспектах. Головною метою застосування означених аспектів є досягнення нової якості взаємодії через мотивацію акторів до економічної співпраці, підтримку етнічних діаспор за кордоном і тим самим, досягнення стабільності міжнародних відносин на перспективу. Обґрунтовано, що одну з найважливіших ролей у реалізації сучасної політики і створення позитивного іміджу за кордоном відіграє культура. Культурна складова субнаціональних регіонів не займає перше місце в ряді їх пріоритетів в міжнародних відносинах, однак, не дивлячись на це, налагодження культурних зв'язків є для них надзвичайно важливим. Встановлено, що культура як стратегічний ресурс володіє величезним потенціалом щодо довгострокового зміцнення своїх міжнародних позицій без застосування насильницьких методів або неконвенціональних способів тиску на суспільні відносини. У статті доведено, що фактор культури як складової «м'якої сили» в світовій політиці останнім часом набуває нового значення, зростає його вплив на загальносвітові соціально-економічні процеси і міждержавні відносини. Визначено, що в цілому регіони, які реалізують парадипломатію, мають базовий набір мотивів для цієї діяльності, що знаходяться в політичній, економічній і культурній площинах.
Туризм між політично розколотими націями: роль туристичних контактів у трансформації китайсько-тайванських відносин
Authors: Парфіненко Анатолій
Published: January 2020

Статтю присвячено вивченню особливостей впливу туризму на взаємодію розколотих націй. В центрі уваги – еволюція режимів мобільності між Китаєм та Тайванем та їхній вплив на трансформацію двосторонніх відносин. Висвітлено політичні процеси, які передували розвитку туристичних контактів у Тайванській протоці, досліджено вплив туристичної взаємодії на утвердження миру та політичної стабільності в регіоні, інтеграцію Китаю та Тайваню в єдиний туристичний простір. Простежено основні етапи трансформації зовнішньополітичної складової туристичної політики Китаю та Тайваню. Стверджується, що туристична політика Китаю протягом останніх десяти років (2008-2018 рр.) супроводжувалася активним використанням туристичних потоків як інструменту економічної, культурної та політичної інтеграції Тайваню. Це стало можливим через встановлення прямого транспортного сполучення, лібералізацію візового режиму, можливість здійснення індивідуальних туристичних подорожей на Тайвань. Така активність спричинила політизацію в тайванському суспільстві питань економічного та туристичного співробітництва з Китаєм, вплинула на електоральний процес, що опосередковано виявилося під час «руху соняшників» у 2014 р. Свобода туристичних поїздок для китайських туристів на Тайвань стала революційним перетворення не тільки в туристичній індустрії на острові, а й символом мирної трансформації стосунків між двома берегами Тайванської протоки. Робиться висновок, що реалізована Китаєм туристична політика зі створення з Тайванем режиму просторової мобільності орієнтована на використання туризму як глобального актора економічної та культурної інтеграції, а також зовнішньоекономічного та політичного тиску.
Reply to comments
Authors: Lamb Sydney
Published: January 2020

This short paper contains brief replies to the comments that Richard Hudson, Timothy Osborne, Paul Rastall, and William Benzon made to my focus article, “Linguistic structure: A plausible theory”, in this issue of Language Under Discussion.
Transforming Fair Decision-Making about Sea-Level Rise in Cities: The Values and Beliefs of Residents in Botany Bay, Australia
Authors: Kreller Anne Maree
Published: January 2020

Sea-level rise (SLR) is a threat to coastal areas and there is growing interest in how social values, risk perception and fairness can inform adaptation. This study applies these three concepts to an urban community at risk of SLR in Botany Bay, Australia. The study engaged diverse groups of residents via an online survey. Cluster analysis identified four interpretive communities: two groups value work-life balance, are concerned about SLR and would likely engage in collective adaptation. The third group value everything about Botany Bay and are active in organisations that could prove to be an important outreach. The fourth group were older men, disengaged from both SLR and policy but could respond to individual consultation and targeted communication. Thus, multifarious approaches can engage diverse communities in fair decision-making and transform community-facilitated adaptation.