bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tuberous sclerosis‐associated neuropsychiatric disorders: a paediatric cohort study
Authors: Toldo Irene , Brasson Valeria , Miscioscia Marina , Pelizza Maria Federica , Manara Renzo , Sartori Stefano , Mantegazza Giulia , Vecchi Marilena , Nosadini Margherita , Gatta Michela
Published: October 2018

Aim

We aimed to study tuberous sclerosis‐associated neuropsychiatric disorders (TAND) in children and adolescents with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC).

Method

Retrospective and prospective cohort study conducted at a Paediatric Neurology Unit of an Italian Tertiary Care Hospital. Clinical and neuroimaging data were reviewed. Scores for neurological and epilepsy outcomes (Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale, Paediatric Version and Early Childhood Epilepsy Severity Scale modified), semi‐structured interviews (authorized Italian version of the TAND checklist and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales) and questionnaires (Child Behavior Checklist [CBCL]) were applied at last follow‐up.

Results

Thirty‐two patients with TSC (age range 1–19y) were enrolled. Eighty‐eight per cent had at least one TAND and 47% had intellectual disability. The TAND checklist showed internalizing problems in 25.8% of cases (vs 41.9% by CBCL), and externalizing problems in 41.9% (vs 9.7% by CBCL). TAND prevailed in patients with de novo mutation of TSC2, high tuber load, and severe neurological and epilepsy outcomes.

Interpretation

In our cohort, 78% of patients had more than four TAND behavioural problems; nevertheless, they did not show a constant and specific neuropsychiatric profile. Clinical, neurophysiological, and neuroradiological features were associated with several TAND. The TAND checklist appeared more effective than the CBCL, particularly in detecting externalizing problems.

What this paper adds

The Tuberous sclerosis‐associated neuropsychiatric disorders (TAND) checklist is an effective tool for TAND screening.

The TAND checklist helps define psychopathological and neuropsychiatric aspects in paediatric patients with Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC).

TAND were found in 88% of patients with TSC, whilst 78% had more than four TAND.

TAND distribution depends on different clinical and neuroradiological features.
Criteria for the estimation of field capacity and their implications for the bucket type model
Authors: Turek M. E. , Armindo R. A. , Wendroth O. , Dos Santos I.
Published: October 2018

Field capacity (FC) is crucial for modelling soil–plant–water dynamics with bucket‐type models, supporting prevention of environmental problems (e.g. chemical leaching to deeper layers and groundwater and waste of water resources). As FC measurement in situ is labour intensive, approaches for its estimation have been proposed. However, because they differ conceptually and are based on different assumptions, the response to an application (e.g. crop yield (CY) modelling) can be rather different. This study evaluated frequently used FC approaches in scenarios quantifying differences in behaviour of soil water and air retention, evapotranspiration (ET) and CY. Also, a soil texture‐based pedotransfer function (PTF) was compared with other methods. Six sites with different soil types and management practices from tropical and temperate climates were investigated. Field capacity was estimated based on a static criterion using the water content (θ) at pressure heads (h) of 0.6, 1 and 3.3 m and at the inflection point (θi) of all water retention curves (SWRCs) and the Assouline and Or model (AO). Moreover, four equations found in the literature based on a dynamic criterion were also evaluated. For all soils, the largest FC results were obtained when θi was set as FC. The smallest FC values were obtained with θ (3.3 m) (tropical) and AO (temperate). The coefficient of variation (CV) between FC estimates, based on nine approaches, ranged from 7 to 54%. Available water storage, air capacity (AC) and ET results were sensitive to FC and showed more variation for the Brazilian sites. The PTF used estimated FC within the range of results obtained by the other nine approaches. In addition, AquaCrop was used to study the effect of FC on CY by fixing all model parameters, whereas FC was the only flexible parameter. Crop yield was sensitive to the variation in FC under low and medium rainfall, but increased with larger FC. For high rainfall, the yield was small in a scenario with large θfc because AC became yield limiting.

Highlights

Different approaches can be used to estimate field capacity

The criteria static and dynamic and a texture-based PTF were evaluated

Sensitivity analyses were performed with parameters of bucket type model and crop yield simulations

Results showed that management decisions differed according to field capacity criteria
Decision‐making in dentistry related to temporomandibular disorders: a 5‐yr follow‐up study
Authors: Lövgren Anna , Karlsson Wirebring Linnea , Häggman‐Henrikson Birgitta , Wänman Anders
Published: October 2018

Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are common, but many patients with such disorders go undetected and under‐treated. Our aim was to evaluate the outcome of using a screening tool (5 yr after it was first implemented), on the clinical decision‐making for patients with TMDs. Adults who attended for a dental check‐up at the Public Dental Health Services in Västerbotten, Sweden, answered three screening questions (3Q/TMD) on frequent jaw pain, pain on jaw function, and catching/locking of the jaw. The dental records of a random sample of 200 individuals with at least one positive response to 3Q/TMD (3Q screen‐positive patients) and 200 individuals with all negative responses (3Q screen‐negative patients) were reviewed for TMD‐related treatment decisions. A clinical decision related to TMD was absent in 45.5% of 3Q screen‐positive patients. Treatment of TMDs was associated with a positive response to the screening question on jaw pain (OR = 6.7, 95% CI: 3.2–14.0) and was more frequent among 3Q screen‐positive patients (24%) than among 3Q screen‐negative patients (2%; OR = 15.5, 95% CI: 5.5–43.9), just as a female examiner was associated with more frequent treatment of TMDs (OR = 3.1, 95% CI: 1.2–8.4). The results indicate under‐treatment of TMD within general dental practice and that male clinicians are less likely to initiate TMD treatment.
Effects of galanin receptor 2 and receptor 3 knockout in mouse models of acute seizures
Authors: Drexel Meinrad , Sternberg Felix , Kofler Barbara , Sperk Günther
Published: October 2018

There exists solid evidence that endogenous galanin and galanin agonists exert anticonvulsive actions mediated both by galanin 1 receptor (GAL1‐R) and galanin 2 receptor (GAL2‐R). We have now investigated whether depletion of the recently identified third galanin receptor, GAL3‐R, and that of GAL2‐R, alters the threshold to the systemically applied γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonist pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) or to intrahippocampally administered kainic acid (KA). In neither model, GAL3‐KO mice differed in their latency to the first seizure, mean seizure duration, total number of seizures, or time spent in seizures compared to wild‐type controls. In addition, consistent with previous data, the response to PTZ was not altered in GAL2‐KO mice. In contrast, intrahippocampal KA resulted in a significantly increased number of seizures and time spent in seizures in GAL2‐KO mice, although the latency to the first seizure and the duration of individual seizures was not altered. These results are consistent with the previous data showing that GAL2‐R knockdown does not affect the number of perforant path stimulations required for initiating status epilepticus but significantly increases the seizure severity during the ongoing status. In conclusion, our data support a specific role of GAL2‐R but not of GAL3‐R in mediating the anticonvulsive actions of endogenous galanin.
Forage fish fisheries management requires a tailored approach to balance trade‐offs
Authors: Siple Margaret C. , Essington Timothy E. , E. Plagányi Éva
Published: October 2018

Ecosystem‐based fishery management requires considering the effects of actions on social, natural and economic systems. These considerations are important for forage fish fisheries, because these species provide ecosystem services as a key prey in food webs and support valuable commercial fisheries. Forage fish stocks fluctuate naturally, and fishing may make these fluctuations more pronounced, yet harvest strategies intended to ameliorate these effects might adversely affect fisheries and communities. Here, we evaluate trade‐offs among a diverse suite of management objectives by simulating outcomes from several harvest strategies on forage fish species. We demonstrate that some trade‐offs (like those between catches and minimizing collapse length) were universal among forage species and could not be eliminated by the use of different control rules. We also demonstrate that trade‐offs vary among forage fish species, with strong trade‐offs between stable, high catches and high‐biomass periods (“bonanzas”) for menhaden‐ and anchovy‐like fish, and counterintuitive trade‐offs for sardine‐like fish between shorter collapses and longer bonanzas. We find that harvest strategies designed to maintain stability in catches will result in more severe collapses. Finally, we show that the ability of assessments to detect rapid changes in population status greatly affects control rule performance and the degree and type of trade‐offs, increasing the risk and severity of collapses and reducing catches. Together, these results demonstrate that while default harvest strategies are useful in data‐poor situations, management strategy evaluations that are tailored to specific forage fish may better balance trade‐offs.
Efficacy of ketoprofen lysine salt and paracetamol/acetaminophen to reduce pain during rapid maxillary expansion: A randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Cossellu Gianguido , Lanteri Valentina , Lione Roberta , Ugolini Alessandro , Gaffuri Francesca , Cozza Paola , Farronato Marco
Published: October 2018

Background

Rapid maxillary expansion (RME) is an orthopaedic procedure indicated for a wide variety of clinical conditions.

Aim

The aim of the study was to compare the effects of ketoprofen lysine salt (KLS) vs paracetamol/acetaminophen (P) on pain perception during RME.

Design

One hundred and fifty‐one subjects (mean age 8.6 year) were enrolled in this prospective controlled clinical trial according to inclusion criteria: prepuberal stage of development, negative posterior transverse interarch discrepancy, non‐concurrent use of other drugs.

First phase: n.40 allocated to Group 1 used 40 mg of KLS, n.40 to Group 2 used 250 mg of P, n.36 to Group 3 as control group. Second phase: n.35 allocated to Group 4 used 40 mg ketoprofen lysine salt once a day for the first 3 days of activation.

Pain experience was reported on a numeric rating scale (0‐4) and a 100‐mm visual analogue scale. Pain perception was tested with the Mann‐Whitney test (P < 0.05).

Results

Pain perception was higher during the first 3 days of activation and it was described as mild to moderate. Group 1 experienced significantly less pain during the fourth, fifth, and sixth day (P < 0.05) compared with Group 2. Patients of the Group 4 reported significantly lower pain during the whole period of RME activation (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

The perceived higher pain was reported during the second and third day of expansion. The analgesic effect of KLS is more effective than P during the fourth, fifth, and sixth day. The use of KLS during the first 3 days of activation seems to be able reducing pain during the whole active phase.
Global priority areas for amphibian research
Authors: Nori Javier , Villalobos Fabricio , Loyola Rafael
Published: October 2018

Aim

Lack of biological information is a silent but strong impediment for planning how to rescue amphibians from extinction. Currently, 24% of all amphibian species are assigned to the Data Deficient (DD) category of IUCN. Here, we aim to identify priority areas for amphibian research that could help gather information on these species and overcome such knowledge gap.

Location

Global.

Taxon

Amphibians.

Methods

We mapped the distribution of 1578 DD amphibian species and then defined priority research areas as those areas with high and complementary concentration of amphibian DD species that could be considered important areas for studying (and therefore conserving) such species. To evaluate the performance of the proposed priority research areas, we calculated the percentage of species overlapping these areas, considering all amphibian DD species; recently described species and geographically restricted DD species. We also determined the proportion of priority research areas falling inside each continent and country of the world. Finally, we estimated the level protection of these species and of human pressure on natural ecosystems found within our priority research areas.

Results

We showed that gathering biological information of species from just 0.4% of the world area could clarify the conservation status of more than 80% of DD amphibians. Most identified priority research areas overlap with regions under high human pressure and only a small percentage of DD amphibian species might cope with those altered conditions.

Main conclusions

Knowledge shortfalls represent a major issue for amphibian conservation globally, however, the picture could radically change if research efforts and investments are geographically strategically distributed. This study brings the first application of a complementary‐based tool, which has been originally designed and implemented in conservation planning, aimed at generating information that help researchers to fill knowledge gaps as efficiently as possible.
More teeth in more elderly: Periodontal treatment needs in Germany 1997–2030
Authors: Schwendicke Falk , Krois Joachim , Kocher Thomas , Hoffmann Thomas , Micheelis Wolfgang , Jordan Rainer A.
Published: October 2018

Objective

With more teeth retained for longer in an ageing population, population‐wide periodontal treatment needs may increase. We assessed and projected periodontal treatment needs from 1997 to 2030 in Germany.

Methods

Partial‐mouth probing‐pocket depths (PPDs) from repeated waves (1997, 2005, 2014) of the nationally representative German Oral Health Studies were transformed into full‐mouth PPDs via decision‐tree‐based ensemble‐modelling. In line with German healthcare‐regulations, teeth with PPD ≥ 4 mm were regarded as needing periodontal treatment. Weighted means were interpolated cross‐sectionally by fitting spline‐curves and then regressed longitudinally 1997–2030.

Results

In 1997, younger adults (35–44 years old) had a mean of 7.4 teeth needing treatment (overall 93.8 million teeth); this decreased to 4.8 teeth (47.3 million teeth) in 2014. For 2030, we project 3.2 teeth (33.7 million teeth). In seniors, an increase was recorded (1997: 4.5 teeth, 33.5 million teeth; 2014: 7.5 teeth, 63.4 million teeth); this is expected to continue until 2030 (to 12.2 teeth, 140.8 million teeth). The cumulative number of teeth needing treatment increased from 2000 (355 million) to 2015 (365 million), and will increase further to 2030 (464 million).

Conclusions

Population‐wide periodontal treatment needs may increase until 2030, mainly in the elderly. Concepts for addressing, these growing needs are required.
Personalized Goal Attainment in Dementia Care: Measuring What Persons with Dementia and Their Caregivers Want
Authors: Jennings Lee A. , Ramirez Karina D. , Hays Ron D. , Wenger Neil S. , Reuben David B.
Published: October 2018

Objectives

To develop a process of goal‐setting and measurement of goal attainment in a dementia care management program.

Design

Observational.

Setting

Dementia care management program in an urban academic medical center.

Participants

Persons with dementia (N=101) and their caregivers; nurse practitioner dementia care managers (N=5).

Intervention

Specification of a personalized health goal and action plan and measurement of goal attainment using goal attainment scaling in a clinical care visit.

Measurements

Goal attainment at 6 and 12 months; focus groups of 5 dementia care managers.

Results

Eighty‐four percent of participant goals were nonmedical, 47% were related to quality of life, and 29% were caregiver support goals. Eighty‐eight percent of participants felt that the goal they set was meaningful and 74% that the goal‐setting process captured something different from usual care, and 85% found the process helpful in planning for future care. At 6 months, 74% of dyads had achieved or exceeded their expected level of goal attainment. Dementia care managers felt that the goal‐setting process improved their understanding of what was most important to the patient, helped set expectations about disease progression and care needs, and provided positive reinforcement when goals were accomplished and an opportunity for revision when goals were not met.

Conclusion

Goal setting using goal attainment scaling can be incorporated into the care of persons with dementia to establish and attain person‐centered goals. Research is needed to further develop personalized goal attainment as an outcome measure for dementia care.J Am Geriatr Soc 66:2120–2127, 2018.
A Novel Approach to Improve Repair Bond Strength of Repaired Acrylic Resin: An in Vitro Study on the Shear Bond Strength
Authors: Qaw Masoumah S. , Abushowmi Tahani H. , Almaskin Danah F. , AlZaher Zahra A. , Gad Mohammed M. , Al‐Harbi Fahad A. , Abualsaud Reem , Ammar Mahmoud M.
Published: October 2018

Purpose

To evaluate the combined effect of mechanical surface treatment with intermediate bonding agents (methyl methacrylate [MMA] and silane coupling agents) and ZrO2 nanoparticle (nano‐ZrO2) addition to repair material on the shear bond strength (SBS) of repaired denture bases.

Materials and Methods

Heat‐polymerized acrylic resin was used to fabricate 130 cylindrical blocks (15 mm × 10 mm) and divided into a control group without treatment (C, n = 10), and 3 repair groups (n = 40/group) divided into specimens treated with alumina blasting alone (AB), specimens blasted with alumina combined with silane coupling agent (AB + SCA), or combined with MMA‐based composite bonding agent (AB + MA). Treated groups were further subdivided according to nano‐ZrO2 concentrations into 0 wt%, 2.5 wt%, 5 wt%, and 7.5 wt% added to repair resin powder. Repair resin monomer and polymer were combined and packed on the repair area and then placed in a pressure pot at 37°C for 15 minutes for polymerization. Shear bond test was performed using a universal testing machine. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the effect of surface modifications on repair surfaces and to evaluate the topography of fracture surfaces. Tukey‐Kramer multiple‐comparison test was used to detect significant differences between groups (p ≤ 0.05).

Results

SBS (MPa) of specimens treated with alumina blasting and application of intermediate agents were significantly higher than the control group (p < 0.05), while no significant differences were found between AB and control group (p > 0.05). Nano‐ZrO2 addition significantly increased SBS except for AB, and 5%, 7.5% MA (p > 0.05). SEM evaluation showed that alumina blasting created rougher and more porous surfaces, while SCA and MA reduced the irregularities and fissures.

Conclusion

Application of bonding agents to repair surfaces after alumina blasting improved the repair bond strength and proved to be a possible new adhesive method for denture repair. Moreover, nano‐ZrO2 addition in combination with surface treatment improved the repair bond strength.
Evaluation of Flexural Strength of Different Denture Base Materials Reinforced with Different Nanoparticles
Authors: Karci Muhammet , Demir Necla , Yazman Sakir
Published: October 2018

Purpose

To evaluate the effect of adding Al2O3, SiO2, and TiO2 nanoparticles in ratios of 1, 3, and 5 wt% to different acrylic resins on flexural strength.

Materials and Methods

A total of 210 specimens were prepared in 30 groups (n = 7/group) (Control, 1% Al2O3, 3% Al2O3, 5% Al2O3, 1% SiO2, 3% SiO2, 5% SiO2, 1% TiO2, 3% TiO2, 5% TiO2). The specimens were polished with 200‐, 400‐, and 600‐grit abrasive paper to provide a standard surface before testing and then suspended in distilled water for 30 days. Flexural strength was measured via three‐point bending tests. Subsequently, SEM analysis was performed for one specimen from each group. Homogeneity of data was assessed by Kolmogov–Smirnov test followed by two‐way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests (α = 0.05).

Results

There was a significant increase in the flexural strength of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) after addition of 1% nanoparticles in both heat‐polymerized and autopolymerized acrylic resins (p ˂ 0.05). The flexural strength values of the groups to which Al2O3 and TiO2 nanoparticles were added exceeded those of the group with SiO2 addition (p ˂ 0.05). The electron microscopy images revealed that the nanoparticles were more homogeneously dispersed in PMMA with higher flexural strength.

Conclusions

The mechanical properties of PMMA can be improved by the addition of nanoparticles to PMMA; however, the flexural strength values of PMMA decrease with the addition of nanoparticles at higher percentages (3‐5%). Hence, the ideal filler ratio corresponds to 1%.
PTSD and the influence of context: The self as a social mirror
Authors: Hobfoll Stevan E. , Gaffey Allison E. , Wagner Linzy M.
Published: October 2018

The principal accepted models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are based on both memory processing and biological/brain changes occurring when one's life or well‐being is threatened. It is our thesis that these models would be greatly informed by community studies indicating that PTSD is predicted to a greater extent by earlier life experience and experiences that occur distant from the threatening event. These findings suggest posttraumatic responding is best conceptualized through the lens of the self‐in‐context, as opposed to imprinting that results from a given event at a given time. Moreover, studies of non‐Western populations often do not express trauma as PTSD, or at least not primarily as PTSD, which argues against specific neural or memory encoding processes, but rather for a more plastic neural process that is shaped by experience and how the self develops in its cultural context, as a product of a broad array of experiences. We posit that fear and emotional conditioning as well as the ways traumas are encoded in memory are only partial explanatory mechanisms for trauma responding, and that issues of safety and harm, which are long term and developmental, are the common and principal underpinnings of the occurrence of posttraumatic distress, including PTSD.
The association between school holidays and unintentional fatal drowning among children and adolescents aged 5–17 years
Authors: Peden Amy E , Barnsley Paul D , Queiroga Ana C
Published: October 2018

Aim

Children aged 5–17 years in Australia have one of the lowest unintentional fatal drowning rates. One possible explanation is the protective effect of formal schooling, reducing leisure time for exposure to water hazards. We examine differences in frequency and circumstances of drowning deaths in this age group between school holidays and school days in Australia.

Methods

A total population survey (2005–2014) of unintentional fatal drownings was extracted from the (Australian) Royal Life Saving National Fatal Drowning Database. Date of drowning incident and state of residence were used to determine if the drowning occurred during school days or school holidays (including public holidays).

Results

A total of 188 5–17 year‐olds drowned during the study period. We found a statistically significant difference between drowning incidence during school holidays and school days, with relative risk (RR) of drowning on a holiday 2.40 times higher (confidence interval (CI): 1.82–3.18) than on a school day. This risk was similar for males (RR = 2.41; CI: 1.75–3.33) and females (RR = 2.38; CI: 1.33–4.27) but differs between children 5–9 years (RR = 3.05; CI: 1.98–4.72) and adolescents 10–17 years of age (RR = 2.02; CI: 1.38–2.93).

Conclusions

Drowning rates among 5–17 year‐olds are more than twice as high during holidays than on school days. Impact of school holidays was the strongest among younger children, visitors to the drowning location and in pools and inland waterways. Results were robust to alternative specifications excluding weekends and treating them as holidays. Prevention strategies may include counselling parents and care providers of the increased risk ahead of school holidays, education on drowning risk in the school curriculum and extra holidays for parents and care givers.
Effect of zinc oxide sources and dosages on gut microbiota and integrity of weaned piglets
Authors: Wang Wei , Van Noten Noémie , Degroote Jeroen , Romeo Agathe , Vermeir Pieter , Michiels Joris
Published: October 2018

Zinc oxide (ZnO) supplied at pharmacological dosage in diets of weaned piglets improves growth performance. However, it causes environmental contamination and induces bacterial antibiotic resistance, yet this practice is debated. The effects on gut microbiota and integrity in weaned piglets of conventional ZnO at nutritional and pharmacological dosage (110 and 2,400 mg/kg Zn, respectively) were compared to an alternative ZnO source at 110 and 220 mg/kg Zn. Each of the four treatments was applied to four pens (two piglets/pen; weaning age, 20 days) for 15 days, and piglets were sampled on day 15 to determine indices of gut integrity. Feeding conventional ZnO at 2,400 mg/kg Zn reduced coliforms and Escherichia coli in distal small intestine as compared to conventional ZnO at 110 mg/kg (−1.7 and −1.4 log10 cfu/g, respectively), whereas the alternative ZnO reduced only coliforms, irrespective of dosage (−1.6 to −1.7 log10 cfu/g). Transepithelial electrical resistance of distal small intestinal mucosa was higher for pigs fed the alternative ZnO source as compared with groups fed 110 mg/kg Zn of conventional ZnO, in line with a trend for higher gene expression of claudin‐1 and zona occludens‐1. Interestingly, the alternative ZnO source at 110 and 220 mg/kg Zn increased intestinal alkaline phosphatase gene transcript as compared to conventional ZnO at 110 mg/kg Zn, whereas the alternative ZnO source at 110 mg/kg Zn exhibited higher Zn concentrations in mucosa (2,520 μg/g) as compared to conventional ZnO at 110 mg/kg Zn (1,211 μg/g). However, assessing alkaline phosphatase activity, no significant effects were found. In conclusion, the alternative ZnO reduced digesta Enterobacteriaceae numbers and improved gut integrity, albeit similar or better, depending on the dosage, to the effects of pharmacological dosage of conventional ZnO.
Comparative ecophysiology of Dinophysis acuminata and D. acuta (DINOPHYCEAE, DINOPHYSIALES): effect of light intensity and quality on growth, cellular toxin content, and photosynthesis
Authors: García‐Portela María , Riobó Pilar , Reguera Beatriz , Garrido José Luis , Blanco Juan , Rodríguez Francisco
Published: October 2018

Dinoflagellates of the genus Dinophysis are the most persistent producers of lipophilic shellfish toxins in Western Europe. Their mixotrophic nutrition requires a food chain of cryptophytes and plastid‐bearing ciliates for sustained growth and photosynthesis. In this study, cultures of D. acuminata and D. acuta, their ciliate prey Mesodinium rubrum and the cryptophyte, Teleaulax amphioxeia, were subject to three experimental settings to study their physiological response to different combinations of light intensity and quality. Growth rates, pigment analyses (HPLC), photosynthetic parameters (PAM‐fluorometry), and cellular toxin content (LC‐MS) were determined. Specific differences in photosynthetic parameters were observed in Dinophysis exposed to different photon fluxes (10–650 μmol photons · m−2 · s−1), light quality (white, blue and green), and shifts in light regime. Dinophysis acuta was more susceptible to photodamage under high light intensities (370–650 μmol photons · m−2 · s−1) than D. acuminata but survived better with low light (10 μmol photons · m−2 · s−1) and to a prolonged period (28 d) of darkness. Mesodinium rubrum and T. amphioxeia showed their maximal growth rate and yield under white and high light whereas Dinophysis seemed better adapted to grow under green and blue light. Toxin analyses in Dinophysis showed maximal toxin per cell under high light after prey depletion at the late exponential‐plateau phase. Changes observed in photosynthetic light curves of D. acuminata cultures after shifting light conditions from low intensity‐blue light to high intensity‐white light seemed compatible with photoacclimation in this species. Results obtained here are discussed in relation to different spatiotemporal distributions observed in field populations of D. acuminata and D. acuta in northwestern Iberia.
Whither the archipelago? Stops, starts, and hurdles on the four nations front
Authors: Coolahan Marie‐Louise
Published: October 2018

This article assesses the impact of “the new British,” or “three kingdoms,” “four nations,” “archipelagic” history, and literary criticism. First advocated in the 1970s by J.G.A. Pocock, and co‐opted by historians and scholars of early modern literature as a means to frame and address the interactions of the four nations of Britain, the take‐up on the ground has been fitful. Richard Bourke has recently argued that Pocock's original call was misunderstood by intellectual historians. This article outlines the principles and practices of archipelagic criticism, most particularly as evident in scholarship published in the past 20 years. It evaluates the advantages and shortcomings of criticism that has embraced recovery research, reassessment of canonical English authors, and the widening of geographical parameters. It concludes with a consideration of future directions and the ways in which debates surrounding Brexit are likely to impact on the field, proposing some ways forward.
The enactment of literacy curriculum policy by early childhood teachers in two Australian schools
Authors: Bromley Tamara , Oakley Grace , Vidovich Lesley
Published: October 2018

Since the early 2000s, literacy education has become an area of intense focus in Australian education policy, positioned to have a role in Australia's pursuit of enhanced international competitiveness in the “global knowledge economy”. Policy called for improvements in literacy outcomes, monitored by mandated annual assessments, and policy statements recognised the need to establish solid literacy foundations in early childhood to facilitate learning, and desired improvements, in later years. This article is derived from a larger study that investigated the production and enactment of literacy curriculum policy by early childhood teachers in Australian schools. It focuses on the school level within the State of Western Australia, presenting findings derived from thematic and critical discourse analysis of participant interview and documentary data collected in two case‐study schools. Comparative analysis revealed that literacy curriculum policy processes in both case‐study schools were focused on achieving improved test results in mandated testing regimes. This was impacting upon literacy curriculum in the early childhood years of schooling, in Australia deemed to involve children up to 8 years of age, in many, possibly adverse, ways. These findings may offer insights in other contexts about literacy curriculum policy processes that are focused on enhancing competitive positioning.
Complement in glomerular diseases
Authors: Tan Ying , Zhao Ming‐Hui
Published: October 2018

Complement activation has been identified to play a vital role in the pathogenesis of many glomerulonephritis, either as direct complement activation‐driven factor in thrombotic microangiopathy and C3 glomerulopathy, and/or as an important contributor in lupus nephritis and anti‐neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody‐associated vasculitis. Recent studies indicated that complement activation may also play roles in the pathogenesis of immunoglobulin A nephropathy and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Interestingly, monoclonal immunoglobulins/light chains from patients with monoclonal gammopathy may interfere with complement activation and thus indirectly result in complement‐mediated glomerulonephritis. Understanding of the pathogenic roles of complement activation in various glomerulonephritis will facilitate the identification of potential novel therapeutic targets in complement system.
Epigenetic targeting for acute kidney injury
Authors: Zhuang Shougang
Published: October 2018

In recent years, epigenetics has emerged as important mechanisms for the regulation of pathogenesis in many diseases, including acute kidney injury (AKI). Numerous studies have demonstrated that AKI is associated with the changes in epigenetics, including histone modifications, DNA methylation and the expression of various non‐coding RNAs. Through utilizing histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, studies have demonstrated that increase of histone acetylation either protects kidney from injury or potentiates this process, depending on which HDAC (s) isform is suppressed, whereas inhibition of histone methyltransferase, generally provides a protective effect in AKI. Although AKI is also associated with changes in DNA methylation, the role of DNA methylation in kidney injury remains unclear. In this article, we discuss the role and mechanism of histone acetylation and methylation in the pathogenesis of AKI.
Leaf litter decay rates differ between mycorrhizal groups in temperate, but not tropical, forests
Authors: Keller Adrienne B. , Phillips Richard P.
Published: October 2018

Whereas the primary controls on litter decomposition are well established, we lack a framework for predicting interspecific differences in litter decay within and across ecosystems. Given previous research linking tree mycorrhizal association with carbon and nutrient dynamics, we hypothesized that the two dominant mycorrhizal groups in forests – arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi – differ in litter decomposition rates.

We compiled leaf litter chemistry and decay data forAM‐ andECM‐associating angiosperms and gymnosperms (> 200 species) from temperate and tropical/subtropical, and investigated relationships among decay rates, mycorrhizal association, phylogeny and climate.

In temperate forests,AMlitters decayed faster thanECMlitters, with litter nitrogen and phylogeny best explaining variation in litter decay. In sub/tropical forests, we found no significant difference in litter decay rate between mycorrhizal groups, and variation in decay rates was best explained by litter phosphorus.

Our results suggest that knowledge of tree mycorrhizal association may improve predictions of species effects on ecosystem processes, particularly in temperate forests whereAMandECMspecies commonly co‐occur, providing a predictive framework for linking litter quality, organic matter dynamics and nutrient acquisition in forests.
Retrograde signalling as an informant of circadian timing
Authors: Jones Matthew A.
Published: October 2018

Contents

Summary
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I.
The circadian system is responsive to environmental change
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II.
Photoassimilates regulate circadian timing
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III.
Retrograde signals contribute to circadian timing
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IV.
Conclusions
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Acknowledgements
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References
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The circadian system comprises interlocking transcriptional–translational feedback loops that regulate gene expression and consequently modulate plant development and physiology. In order to maximize utility, the circadian system is entrained by changes in temperature and light, allowing endogenous rhythms to be synchronized with both daily and seasonal environmental change. Although a great deal of environmental information is decoded by a suite of photoreceptors, it is also becoming apparent that changes in cellular metabolism also contribute to circadian timing, through either the stimulation of metabolic pathways or the accumulation of metabolic intermediates as a consequence of environmental stress. As the source of many of these metabolic byproducts, mitochondria and chloroplasts have begun to be viewed as environmental sensors, and rapid advancement of this field is revealing the complex web of signalling pathways initiated by organelle perturbation. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of how this metabolic regulation influences circadian timing.
Facilitation from an intraspecific perspective – stress tolerance determines facilitative effect and response in plants
Authors: Zhang Ruichang , Tielbörger Katja
Published: October 2018

Plant–plant interactions are reciprocal and include effects on and response to neighbours. Distinct traits confer competitive effect and response ability, but how specific traits determine effect and response in facilitative interactions has not been studied experimentally.

We utilized the model species Arabidopsis thaliana to test for trait dependence of facilitative interactions. Salt‐sensitive (sos) mutants or salt‐tolerant wild‐types were exposed to an experimental salinity gradient with and without intraspecific neighbours and the intensity of plant–plant interactions was measured for three performance variables. We tested whether salt tolerance can predict facilitative effect and response and whether a tradeoff exists between competitive ability and tolerance to stress.

Interactions shifted very clearly from negative to positive with increasing stress. Salt‐sensitive genotypes were less negatively affected by competition but more dependent on facilitation than were wild‐types, indicating a tradeoff between competitive ability and stress tolerance. Surprisingly, sensitive genotypes imposed stronger facilitative effects, despite being much smaller under stress, probably because they retrieved more salt from the soil.

Stress tolerance defined facilitative effect and response via distinct mechanisms. We advocate more controlled experiments with model species to advance our understanding of the trait dependence of biotic interactions and their consequences for community organization.
The topological differences between visitation and pollen transport networks: a comparison in species rich communities of the Himalaya–Hengduan Mountains
Authors: Zhao Yan‐Hui , Lázaro Amparo , Ren Zong‐Xin , Zhou Wei , Li Hai‐Dong , Tao Zhi‐Bin , Xu Kun , Wu Zhi‐Kun , Wolfe Lorne M. , Li De‐Zhu , Wang Hong
Published: October 2018

Pollination networks are usually constructed and assessed by direct field observations which commonly assume that all flower visitors are true pollinators. However, this assumption is often invalid and the use of data based on mere visitors to flowers may lead to a misunderstanding of intrinsic pollination networks. Here, using a large dataset by both sampling floral visitors and analyzing their pollen loads, we constructed 32 networks pairs (visitation versus pollen transport) across one flowering season at four elevation sites in the Himalaya–Hengduan Mountains region. Pollen analysis was conducted to determine which flower visitors acted as potential pollinators (pollen vectors) or as cheaters (those not carrying pollen of the visited plants). We tested whether there were topological differences between visitation and pollen transport networks and whether different taxonomic groups of insect visitors differed in their ability to carry pollen of the visited plants. Our results indicated that there was a significantly higher degree of specialization at both the network and species levels in the pollen transport networks in contrast to the visitation networks. Modularity was lower but nestedness was higher in the visitation networks compared to the pollen transport networks. All the cheaters were identified as peripheral species and most of them contributed positively to the nested structure. This may explain in part the differences in modularity and nestedness between the two network types. Bees carried the highest proportion of pollen of the visited plants. This was followed by Coleoptera, other Hymenoptera and Diptera. Lepidoptera carried the lowest proportion of pollen of the visited plants. Our study shows that the construction of pollen transport networks could provide a more in‐depth understanding of plant–pollinator interactions. Moreover, it suggests that detecting and removing cheater interactions when studying the topology of other mutualistic networks might be also important.
Habitat selection and the value of information in heterogenous landscapes
Authors: Schmidt Kenneth A. , Massol François
Published: October 2018

Despite the wide usage of the term information in evolutionary ecology, there is no general treatise between fitness (i.e. density‐dependent population growth) and selection of the environment sensu lato. Here we 1) initiate the building of a quantitative framework with which to examine the relationship between information use in spatially heterogeneous landscapes and density‐dependent population growth, and 2) illustrate its utility by applying the framework to an existing model of breeding habitat selection. We begin by linking information, as a process of narrowing choice, to population growth/fitness. Second, we define a measure of a population's penalty of ignorance based on the Kullback–Leibler index that combines the contributions of resource selection (i.e. biased use of breeding sites) and density‐dependent depletion. Third, we quantify the extent to which environmental heterogeneity (i.e. mean and variance within a landscape) constrains sustainable population growth of unbiased agents. We call this the heterogeneity‐based fitness deficit, and combine this with population simulations to quantify the independent contribution of information‐use strategies to the total population growth rate. We further capitalize on this example to highlight the interactive effects of information between ecological scales when fear affects individual fitness through phenotypic plasticity. Informed breeding habitat selection moderates the demographic cost of fear commensurate with density‐dependent information use. Thus, future work should attempt to differentiate between phenotypic plasticity (i.e. acute fear) and demographic responses (i.e. chronic changes in population size). We conclude with a broader discussion of information in alternative contexts, and explore some evolutionary considerations for information use. We note how competition among individuals may constrain the information state among individuals, and the implications of this constraint under environmental change.
A longitudinal study of hymenoptera stings in preschool children
Authors: Clifford Danielle , Ni Chaoimh Carol , Stanley Eve , O’B Hourihane Jonathan
Published: October 2018

Background

Insect venom is the second most common cause of anaphylaxis outside of medical encounters. Stings cause over 20% of all anaphylactic deaths and 7% of anaphylaxis in children. To date, there have been no longitudinal studies of insect sting events or allergy in preschool children.

Methods

A prospective longitudinal nested observational study in the BASELINE Birth Cohort Study (n = 2137). Sting‐related questions were asked at 6 and 12 months and 2 and 5 years. Skin prick testing (SPT) was performed at 2 and 5 years. SpIgE testing was performed on selected cases at 2 years.

Results

Seventy‐seven children (6.8%) were stung by the age of 2. Of these, 25 (32.5%) reported adverse reactions (four systemic). Eleven (0.9%) had positive SPT at 2 years (eight bee, two wasp, one both). Four stung children had positive SPT. Two (one stung, one never stung) had positive spIgE to a venom component at 2 years. A total of 268 children (21.9%) were stung by 5 years, 144 (52.1%) reporting local reactions and none systemic. Four children (0.4%) had positive SPT at 5 years: one bee and three wasp. Of the 11 SPT‐positive children at 2 years, none were still positive at 5 years.

Conclusion

This is the first longitudinal study of the natural history of hymenoptera stings and allergy in preschool children. Hymenoptera venom allergy is less common in this cohort than in adults. Systemic reactions were not medically documented in this population, in keeping with previous literature. This study confirms the poor correlation of IgE sensitization to venom with sting allergy and does not support the common parental request to screen children for sting allergy.
Defence‐related priming and responses to recurring drought: Two manifestations of plant transcriptional memory mediated by the ABA and JA signalling pathways
Authors: Avramova Zoya
Published: October 2018

Collective evidence from agricultural practices and from scientific research has demonstrated that plants can alter their phenotypic responses to repeated biotic and abiotic stresses or their elicitors. A coordinated reaction at the organismal, cellular, and genome levels has suggested that plants can “remember” an earlier stress and modify their future responses, accordingly. Stress memory may increase a plant's survival chances by improving its tolerance/avoidance abilities and may provide a mechanism for acclimation and adaptation. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate plant stress memory is not only an intellectually challenging topic but has important implications for agricultural practices as well. Here, I focus exclusively on specific aspects of the transcription memory in response to recurring dehydration stresses and the memory‐type responses to insect damage in a process known as “priming.” The questions discussed are (a) whether/how the two memory phenomena are connected at the level of transcriptional regulation; (b) how differential transcription is achieved mechanistically under a repeated stress; and (c) whether similar molecular and/or epigenetic mechanisms are involved. Possible biological relevance of transcriptional stress memory and its preservation in plant evolution are also discussed.
Epidermal barrier function in healthy black South African infants compared with adults
Authors: Baumrin Emily , Mukansi Muhanyisi M. , Sibisi Cebi , Mosam Anisa , Stamatas Georgios N. , Dlova Ncoza C.
Published: October 2018

A cross‐sectional observational study of 43 infants and 60 adult women was performed in South Africa to assess skin barrier (SB) function through noninvasive quantification of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin surface hydration (SSH). TEWL and SSH improved with age and in anatomic locations with chronic environmental exposure in keeping with reported trends in other ethnicities.
Noise concerns of residents living in close proximity to hydraulic fracturing sites in Southwest Pennsylvania
Authors: Richburg Cynthia M. , Slagley Jeremy
Published: October 2018

Objective

Noise associated with nontraditional gas industry (NTGI) sites (e.g., hydraulic fracturing well pads, compressor stations, processing plants) may create disturbances and anxiety in rural populations. This study evaluated levels of concern among residents of Southwestern Pennsylvania residing near NTGI sites.

Design

Noise measurements were collected inside and outside residences, and surveys were administered to residents.

Results

Daytime instantaneous sound levels ranged between 45.0 and 61.0 dBA. Dosimeter studies recorded day–night levels (Ldn) of 53.5–69.4 dBA outside and 37.5–50.1 dBA inside, exceeding United States Environmental Protection Agency guidelines. Respondents indicated the NTGI noise disturbed their sleep, and the majority of respondents (96%) reported being worried about their overall health as a result of the noise.

Conclusions

Health care professionals serving rural areas impacted by hydraulic fracturing (fracking) should be aware of potential noise stressors on the populations they serve.