bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Case Study on Sustainable Waste Management of FMCG Market Returns
Authors: Fauzan Muhammad Faliq
Published: February 2025

Objectives: This study aims to analyze sustainable waste management strategies for market return products in the Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) sector, with a focus on reuse into alternative fuels and animal feed. It investigates innovative methods to improve sustainability, operational efficiency, and environmental impact reduction.
Study Design: This study adopts a descriptive qualitative case study design.
Location and Duration of the Study: The study was conducted in a large FMCG company in Indonesia over a six-month period, from January to June 2024.
Methodology: Data was collected through in-depth interviews with operations managers and sustainability officers, direct field observations of waste sorting and treatment activities, and analysis of company documentation, including Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) and sustainability reports. Waste management processes are evaluated for their efficiency and potential to reuse market-return products into usable resources. Techniques such as barcode-based tracking systems and digital monitoring are also assessed to have an impact on improving waste management practices.
Results: These findings highlight that approximately 75% of returnable products are reusable, with 45% converted into alternative fuels, such as bio-pellets for industrial use, and 30% processed into animal feed. The integration of eco-friendly technology improves tracking and operational efficiency by 20%. Challenges identified include regulatory gaps and inconsistent waste handling practices across different regions.
Conclusion: Sustainable waste management from FMCG market returns not only minimizes environmental risks but also provides viable solutions for resource optimization, such as the production of alternative fuels and animal feed. This practice improves operational efficiency and strengthens brand reputation. Future research should focus on developing a comprehensive regulatory framework and scaling up these solutions to other sectors.
Hepatitis B Vaccine Awareness and Uptake: Insights from a World Hepatitis Day Community Survey in Rivers State, Nigeria
Authors: Abere Sarah , Oyan Boma , Asonye Samuel
Published: February 2025

Background: Hepatitis B (HBV) poses a continual Public Health threat globally despite the availability of a safe, and effective vaccine. The HBV vaccine provides a 98-100% immunity thereby preventing complications of the infection such as liver cirrhosis. Despite the wide coverage of HBV vaccine in developed countries, its uptake in Sub-Saharan Africa where the disease burden is high remain abysmal. The aim of this study is to determine the knowledge of Hepatitis B Vaccine, its uptake and barriers to vaccination among the residents of Rivers State.
Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study of 133 participants in a world hepatitis day campaign using personnel administered validated questionnaire. data was analyzed with Microsoft excel software and Think-Cell.
Results: 69% of the 133 participants comprising 47 males and 86 females (with a mean age of 40.34±15.5years) were aware of the HBV vaccine. Strong Predictors of vaccine knowledge were female gender [ 76%(n=65) vs males 57% (n=27)], young adults aged 18-45 and healthcare related occupation (89%).  Of the 133 participants, only 5.2% (n=7) have been vaccinated against HBV and only 10% of the Healthcare workers and medical students who are aware of the HBV vaccine have been vaccinated. Barriers to Vaccine uptake in the study are unavailability of the vaccine (42.1%), lack of knowledge of where to get vaccinated (26. %), cost of the vaccine (12.3%) and safety concerns (3.5%). 15.7% of the unvaccinated participants gave no reasons for non-vaccination.
Conclusion: Knowledge of HBV vaccine varies depending on gender, age and occupation. There is a need to improve HBV vaccine awareness and uptake in Rivers State, Nigeria.
Effects of Mineral Fertilizers and Environment on Agronomic Performance and Nitrogen Fixation of Six Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Genotypes
Authors: Abdou Harou , Moussa Oumarou Abdoulaye , Oumarou Zango , Rabiou Abdou
Published: February 2025

In the Sahel, groundnuts play a major role in human and animal nutrition, as well as in cropping systems. However, this crop is often grown on nitrogen- and phosphorus-poor soils, accompanied by pockets of drought during the cycle. This can have negative effects on its agronomic performance and ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of mineral fertilization and environmental conditions on the agronomic performance and nitrogen fixation of six groundnut genotypes. The experiments were carried out in the experimental field of the Faculty of Science and Technology of the André Salifou University and in the experimental site of the Institut Pratique de Formation in Matameye. The treatment applied in each locality comprised three modalities: F0 (unfertilized), F1 (with Di-Ammonium Phosphate input), and F2 (with NPK input). A factorial design with four replications was used. The results obtained show that F2 gave the best yields of tops and seeds in both localities. Nodulation was higher in Matameye than Zinder, irrespective the treatment. The results showed significant interactions between sites, fertilization treatments and genotypes for the parameters studied. The results show that good fertilization improves peanut productivity and nitrogen fixation capacity.
Efficacy of Insecticides against Pod Fly (Melanagromyza obtusa) Infesting Pigeonpea
Authors: Shinde V. R. , Wayal C. B. , Aghav S. T. , Bhute N. K. , Patil M. R.
Published: February 2025

Efficacy of insecticides against pod fly (Melanagromyza obtusa Malloch) of pigeonpea was evaluated under field conditions. There were 9 treatments viz., T1: spinetoram 11.7% SC, T2: indoxacarb 14.5% SC, T3: chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC, T4: lambda-cyhalothrin 5% EC, T5: fipronil 5% SC, T6: acetamiprid 20% SP, T7: emamectin benzoate 5% SG and T8: quinalphos 25% EC and T9: untreated control. Two sprays were applied at an interval of 15 days. The performance of each insecticide treatment was categorized on the basis of maggot population. The results revealed that, chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC @ 0.3 ml/l water was superior treatment in terms of least average population of pod flies (0.95 maggots/plant) and at par to indoxacarb 14.5% SC @ 0.7 ml/l water and spinetoram 11.7% SC @ 0.5 ml/l water reported 0.98 and 1.05 maggots/plant, respectively.
Computational Identification of YQG-Like Small-molecule Inhibitors Targeting TIM-3 for Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Egejuru Winner Amaka , Egbemhenghe Abel Ujaigbe , Omotara Bamidele Samson , Aderemi Christiana Oluwaseun , Isaac Ibidun Blessing , Oladokun Emmanuel Parkay , Solanki Pruthvirajsinh Rajendrasinh , Kanu Ihunanya Meejay , Ddamulira Christopher , Abdulrasaq Ibrahim Tope , Asibor Yemisi Elizabeth , Ofoegbu Onyinyechi Vera , Ogunyemi Sheriff Olabisi , Agadagba Cyril Obaro , Ali Muhammad Qasim , Aderemi Olajide Enoch
Published: February 2025

Aims: To identify potential small-molecule inhibitors of T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3 (TIM-3) through computational approaches and evaluate their interactions, stability, and structural dynamics.
Study Design: A computational drug discovery study utilizing virtual screening, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations.
Methodology: A pharmacophore/similarity search was conducted using the PUBCHEM database, followed by molecular docking simulations to identify compounds with favorable binding properties to TIM-3. Three top-performing compounds (CID_146311758-TIM3, CID_164628526_TIM-3, and CID_146301996-TIM3) were analyzed further using molecular dynamics simulations to assess their binding stability, structural compactness, and hydrogen bond interactions. The study was conducted at the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of New Haven, USA, between January and December 2024.
Results: CID_164628526_TIM-3 displayed stable binding (-8.6 kcal/mol), minimal fluctuations, and a compact structure closely resembling the reference compound YQG (-8.3 kcal/mol). CID_146311758-TIM3 (-8.6 kcal/mol) and CID_146301996-TIM3 (-8.4 kcal/mol) showed higher flexibility and fluctuations. Hydrogen bond analysis indicated that CID_164628526_TIM-3 formed fewer bonds on average. These findings suggest that CID_164628526_TIM-3 is a promising candidate for further investigation.
Conclusion: This study highlights the potential of computational approaches to identify small-molecule inhibitors for TIM-3. CID_164628526_TIM-3 demonstrated superior binding energy (-8.6 kcal/mol) and stable interactions, closely resembling the reference compound YQG in structural integrity and hence providing a foundation for developing novel therapeutic agents targeting TIM-3 to enhance immune responses against tumors.
Affecting Factors NO2 Distribution between 2019-2021 in the East Java, Indonesia
Authors: Majid Faisal Abdau , Mustikaningrum Itsna Ayu , Ammar Lantip Asyam
Published: February 2025

Studies were conducted in East Java over a span of three years, covering the pre-pandemic, during pandemic, and post Covid-19 pandemic. Studies were conducted in East Java over a span of three years, covering the pre-pandemic, during pandemic, and post Covid-19 pandemic. The articel present NO2 consentrations based on geoinformation research methods that utilize sentinel-5P TROPOMI satellite imagery with the cloud computing platform Google Earth Engine (GEE) and Quantum GIS-LTR 3.34.15 software. Supporting data on this article on industrial, population growth, and transportation activities is sourced from Statistics Indonesia. The result show that areas with high industrial and transportation activities such as Gresik, Surabaya, and Probolinggo have higher concentration of NO2 than other areas. The concentration of NO2 still below the threshold set by Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency, altough urban areas show a higher risk of NO2 pollution. The conclusion of this study confirmed the importance of monitoring spatial-based air quality to support effectiveness of environmental manegement policies. Reduction of NO2 emissions during the pandemic Covid-19 indicate that industrial and transportation activity is the main contributed factor to NO2 pollution. Mitigation strategies such as using green technologies and developt of sustainable transportation system are needed to reduce NO2 emission in the future.
Biotic and Abiotic Factors as Variables in Population Build-up of Mustard Aphid (Lipaphis erysimi Kalt.) in the Western Gangetic Planes of India
Authors: Tiwari Arunima , Singh Hem , Singh Bhupendra , Alok  , Sharma Anshika
Published: February 2025

An experiment was conducted at the Crop Research Centre, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut (U.P.) during Rabi season 2021-22. During the course of research, observations were made to study the incidence and fluctuations in population build-up of Mustard Aphid, Lipaphis erysimi Kalt. due to variations in abiotic factors including temperature, precipitation rates, daylight hours, humidity as well as biotic factors such as natural enemies as for example, predators like grubs and adults of lady bird beetle, Coccinella septumpunctata etc., The maximum aphid population 164 aphid/10 cm shoots were recorded in the third standard week of February. Appearance of grubs and adults of lady bird beetle in the first week of December and maximum population reached in synchronization with the maximum population of aphid i.e., 4.12 beetle or grubs per 10 shoots in the month of February. Simple correlation studies revealed the instantaneous effects of meteorological variables on the population progression of aphids, the temperature had the biggest influence in the fluctuations of number of aphids per plant shoot. The appearance of predators was positively correlated with temperature, whereas a negative correlation with the incidence of mustard aphid was observed. Additionally, there was a positive correlation between the population of aphid and relative humidity.
Survey for the Occurrence of Anthracnose of Field Bean Caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum in Southern Karnataka, India
Authors: H. B. Arpitha , Mahesh M. , Y. H. Preeti, , Hemavathi S. U., , Ambruthavarshini
Published: February 2025

Anthracnose of field bean caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum is a serious disease in southern Karnataka. In this study, an intensive survey was conducted during kharif 2020 to record the incidence and severity of the anthracnose of field bean in major field bean growing districts of southern Karnataka. Results of the survey, indicated that disease severity ranged from 8.88 per cent to 46.66 per cent. Madanahalli cross of Kolar district recorded the highest severity of 46.66 per cent and the least anthracnose severity was observed in Vajarahalli of Nelmangala taluk, Baavarahalli of Bangarpete taluk, Tagachagere of Channapattana taluk and Ballekere of Kadur taluk (8.88%). Among the six surveyed districts the highest mean disease severity of 32.29 per cent was recorded in Kolar district and the least was observed in Chikkamagalru district with 12.91 per cent.
Interaction Effect of Mango Varieties and Chemical Spray Applications on Post-harvest Quality Parameters
Authors: Reddy K Harish , Ahlawat T. R. , Chawla S. L. , Patel Bhoomika , Koti Shivanand
Published: February 2025

Aim: To study the effect of mango varieties and chemicals and their interaction effect on post-harvest parameters.
Design: Randomized Block Design with Factorial Concept.
Place of Study: The present experiment was conducted during the years of 2021 and 2023 at the Regional Horticultural Research Station, ASPEE College of Horticulture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, with the objective to know the impact of chemical spray application on post-harvest parameters of mango. The study was not conducted in 2022 due to no flowering.
Results: The highest total soluble solids (TSS 20.60 °Brix) was observed in variety V2 (Sonpari), while variety V3 (Amrapali) exhibited the highest levels of non-reducing sugars (11.00 %), total sugars (16.22 %) and lowest titrable acidity (0.217%). Variety V1 (Kesar) recorded the highest ascorbic acid (40.5 mg/100g) and reducing sugars (5.6 %). Among the chemical treatments, (GA3 30 mg/l + ZnSO4 0.25% + Boron 0.1%) resulted in the highest TSS (19.69°Brix) and C3 (Novel 1% + ZnSO4 0.25% + Boron 0.1%) resulted in the lowest titratable acidity (0.228%). The highest values for reducing sugars (5.69%), non-reducing sugars (9.81%), total sugars (15.51%), and ascorbic acid content (39.66 mg/100g) were recorded with chemical treatment C1 (NAA 20 mg/l + ZnSO4 0.25% + Boron 0.1%). The combination of variety V2 and chemical treatment C2 (Sonpari + GA3 30 mg/l + ZnSO4 0.25% + Boron 0.1%) resulted in the significantly highest TSS (21.61 °Brix), while the highest ascorbic acid (44.64 mg/100g) and reducing sugars (5.91%) were observed with V1C1 (Kesar + NAA 20 mg/l + ZnSO4 0.25% + Boron 0.1%). The highest non-reducing sugars (12.94%) and total sugars (18.67%) were recorded with the treatment combination V3C3 (Amrapali + Novel 1% + ZnSO4 0.25% + Boron 0.1%).
Conclusion: In conclusion, the study highlights the significant influence of both mango variety and chemical treatments on various quality parameters. Optimal combinations, such as V2 with C2 and V1 with C1, were found to enhance TSS (0 Brix), ascorbic acid (mg/100g), reducing sugars (%), and other important attributes, suggesting potential strategies for improving mango fruit quality.
Exploring the Integration of Deep Learning in CCTV Systems for Enhanced Security Measures in Academic Libraries
Authors: Titilayo Olorunyomi, G. , Abayomi Babalola D. , Tesleem Tiamiyu A. , Abdulaziz Aliyu B. , Dotun Ojajuni
Published: February 2025

Aim: The study investigates how deep learning, particularly YOLOv4, might be included into the CCTV systems of the Federal Polytechnic Ile-Oluji Library for proactive monitoring, real-time anomaly detection, and resource optimization. Selected for real-time surveillance in dynamic environments, YOLOv4 balances speed and accuracy against alternatives like R-CNN.
Sample: Examining CCTV footage from the Federal Polytechnic Ile-Oluji Library assisted one to identify prospective security issues, heavy usage hours, and activity trends.
Study Design: A study leveraging YOLOv4's capacity for activity tracking, anomaly identification, and efficient use of library grounds resources. Conducted in the Federal Polytechnic Ile-Oluji Library, eight months of research spanning January 2024 through October 2024.
Methodology: YOLOv4's deep learning architecture was integrated with library CCTV footage to enable real-time video analysis. The evaluation of its performance was conducted using the F1 score, recall, and precision metrics. As privacy and environmental adaptation emerged as focal points, heatmaps revealed areas of significant activity. R-CNN and similar methodologies were not utilized due to their slower processing speeds and higher computational demands, which limit their applicability in real-time settings.
Results: The system attained accuracy, recall, and F1 ratings above 90%. The Peak library activity was noted between 10 AM and 2 PM, which helped to guide resources. YOLOv4 improved operating efficiency and library security by detecting questionable activity rather well.
Conclusion: YOLOv4 has been demonstrated to be a powerful instrument for real-time surveillance, surpassing the efficiency and practicality of conventional methods and other deep learning models such as R-CNN in this application. This work shows how deep learning could turn CCTV systems into intelligent monitoring systems, therefore opening the path for safer academic surroundings.
Impact of weight loss surgery on valproic acid levels: A case report
Authors: Waters Kristin , Cose Grace , Hurme Chloe , Tewksbury Ashley
Published: February 2025

Weight loss surgery has become more common in the United States because of the increasing rates of obesity. The physiological changes caused by weight loss surgery have the potential for clinically significant changes in the pharmacokinetic parameters of mood stabilizers, including valproic acid (VPA). A patient with a history of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and bipolar disorder was hospitalized because of mania. The dosing regimen of the VPA was changed multiple times due to unexpectedly low and inconsistent trough levels. Despite a significant increase in the total daily dose, the final trough level obtained was not significantly different than the initial level. The VPA was changed from the delayed-release to the immediate-release formulation to achieve better absorption. However, no trough level was obtained after this change. Weight loss surgeries, such as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, may continue to impact the pharmacokinetic parameters of VPA for several years after the procedure. This patient was titrated to a dose of 39 mg/kg/day (typical range 20-30 mg/kg/day) with minimal change in level. Pharmacokinetic changes are a concern in the use of mood stabilizers, including VPA, after weight loss surgery. Close monitoring is essential for safe and effective treatment. If strict drug level monitoring is not an option, it may be preferable to consider an alternative mood-stabilizing treatment. Switching to the immediate-release formulation of VPA may also be an option; however, further investigation is required to determine if this makes a clinical difference in the management of bipolar disorder.
Child Protection System Interactions for Children With Positive Urine Screens for Illicit Drugs
Authors: Rebbe Rebecca , Malicki Denise , Siddiqi Nadia , Huang Jeannie S. , Putnam-Hornstein Emily , Laub Natalie
Published: March 2024

Importance

Young children are ingesting illicit drugs at increased rates, but it is unknown what the associated child protection system (CPS) responses are when a child tests positive.

Objective

To document the child protection system involvement and the characteristics of children who test positive for illicit substances.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This retrospective cross-sectional study linked medical discharge and child protection system administrative data. The setting was Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, a free-standing pediatric hospital in California. Participants included all emergency department and inpatient medical encounters involving children aged 12 years or younger with a positive urine drug test between 2016 and 2021. Statistical analysis was performed from February 2023 to January 2024.

Exposure

Drug type, including amphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cannabis, cocaine, fentanyl, opiates, and phencyclidine.

Main Measures and Outcomes

CPS responses associated with the medical encounter including reports, substantiations, case openings, and out-of-home placements.

Results

A total of 511 emergency department and inpatient medical encounters involving children had a positive drug test (262 [51.3%] were female; 309 [60.5%] were age 6 years or younger; fewer than 10 [<3.0%] were American Indian or Alaska Native; 252 [49.3%] were Hispanic [any race], 20 [3.9%] were non-Hispanic Asian, 56 [11.0%] were non-Hispanic Black, 143 [28.0%] were non-Hispanic White, 36 [7.0%] had other or unknown race and ethnicity; 233 [43.6%] had a CPS report prior to the medical encounter). Following the positive screen, 244 (47.7%) were reported to child protection, and 61 (11.9%) were placed out-of-home within 30 days. Mean (SD) quarterly counts of encounters with positive drug tests doubled after the COVID-19 pandemic onset (32.9 [9.8]) compared with prior to the pandemic onset (16.5 [4.7]); for encounters positive for cannabis, mean (SD) quarterly counts were 3 times as high after the pandemic onset than prior (16.6 [4.7] vs 5.7 [2.9]). Encounters for children under age 1 were significantly more likely to have associated child protection reports (relative risk [RR], 2.91 [95% CI, 2.21-3.83]) and child protection case openings (RR, 1.71 [95% CI, 1.07-2.72]) than encounters involving older children.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cross-sectional study of emergency department and inpatient medical encounters, less than half of children with positive urine drug screens were reported to CPS; out-of-home placements were uncommon. With increased encounters for positive drug tests, it is unclear what services these children and families are receiving.
Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Sinusoidal Lattice Structure Using Shape Memory Alloys
Authors: Yang Sanqiang , Zhang Jie , Peng ChengKuan , Zhou Sheng , Gao Zhanjiao , Zhou Xu , Hang Nianzhi , Qi Junfeng , Jiang Jiang
Published: March 2024

Lattice structures possess remarkable mechanical characteristics including lightweight, high specific strength, and large energy absorption capacity. When made of shape memory alloys (SMA), lattice structures can exhibit unique mechanical performance and reusability. In the fabrication of these complex geometry structures, powder bed fusion (PBF) offers advantages over traditional methods. This work proposes an optimized design of body‐centered‐cubic (BCC) lattice structure based on sinusoidal curves. Based on computational analysis, the proposed sinusoidal lattice structure demonstrates an 8.2% increase in stiffness, with an improved stress distribution under compressive loads. To validate the proposed design, a prototype of this design is fabricated using SMA via PBF and subjected to cyclic loading and impacttests. The experiment results highlight the improvement in fracture resistance and load‐bearing capacity attributable to the large contact area within the proposed configuration. The prototype also demonstrates exceptional shape memory effect and superelasticity, achieving a recovery rate of 98% after heat treatment. Additionally, the use of SMA material enables the structure's multifunction in energy absorption, impact resistance, and vibration isolations, making it an excellent candidate for applications in aerospace and automotive industries.
Interface Engineering via Constructing Enhanced Ligand Enables Highly Stable Li‐Rich Layered Oxide Cathode
Authors: Zeng Tao , Yang Maolin , Sun Fuchang , Huang Zhongyuan , Zhao Wenguang , Chen Ziwei , Zou Dongwen , Qiu Jimin , Wang Lu , Wang Rui , Zhang Chaohong , Yang Tingting , Ji Wenhai , Xu Juping , Yin Wen , Li Rui , Meng Hong , Xiao Yinguo
Published: March 2024

High‐energy‐density and cost‐effective lithium‐rich oxides (LRO) are considered as the promising cathode materials for the next‐generation lithium‐ion batteries . Nevertheless, the elevated cut‐off voltage and the complex interface interactions have presented significant challenges that can lead to material degradation. Specifically, the inevitable release of lattice oxygen and the highly reactive interface‐driven irreversible migration of transition metal (TM) ions in LRO make the construction of a robust interface extremely important. Herein, an effective and efficient coating approach is applied to stabilize the interface structure of LRO by introducing a coordination bond between the strong ligand of polyurethane (PU) and the surface of LRO particles. This functional coating stabilizes the crystal field stabilization energies of LRO by acting as a strong ligand in spectrochemistry to form a coordination bond with Mn4+ in Li2MnO3 at high voltage. Consequently, irreversible oxygen release and TM ions migration are greatly inhibited. Overall, the LRO‐PU cathode exhibits superior electrochemical cyclability with a retention of 80.0% at 1C after 300 cycles and enhanced rate capability with a retention of 80.9% at 0.1C after rate cycles, marking a significant step toward commercial implementation.
Highly Efficient Growth of Large‐Sized Uniform Graphene Glass in Air by Scanning Electromagnetic Induction Quenching Method
Authors: Wang Jiahao , Chang Zejun , Lu Mingming , Li Mingli , Gao Xingfa , Xu Jianxun , Zhao Yuliang
Published: March 2024

The scalable, efficient, and cost‐economic preparation method of graphene is the key to promoting the real applications of graphene. In recent years researchers have made intensive efforts to enhance the synthesis efficiency and reduce the production costs of the manufacturing processes, especially for the chemical vapor deposition methods. However, the efficiency and uniformity are difficult to further improve due to its complicated synthesis conditions. A high‐efficiency synthesis method to provide a large uniform production area suitable for graphene growth remains a great challenge until now. In this work, a facile and scalable ultrafast quenching method for growing graphene in air is developed by using scanning electromagnetic induction (SEMI) equipment. This method is successfully applied to grow a 400 mm × 400 mm graphene glass within 2 min in the air with a lab‐grade instrument. Thus‐produced multiple‐layered graphene glass is of a high uniformity, film adhesion, and full coverage, showing a surface resistance (Rs) below 500 Ω sq−1. Outstanding electrothermal capabilities up to 1000 °C are demonstrated for their promising potential for transparent heating devices. The SEMI method, including the product size and growth rate, can be easily up‐scaled, which is believed to provide an effective route to grow graphene aiming at its real applications.
The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Alzheimer's Disease: From Mechanism to Biomaterials Therapy
Authors: Yu Zhuohang , Luo Feng
Published: March 2024

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic, insidious, and progressive neurodegenerative disease that remains a clinical challenge for society. The fully approved drug lecanemab exhibits the prospect of therapy against the pathological processes, while debatable adverse events conflict with the drug concentration required for the anticipated therapeutic effects. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the pathological progression of AD, as has been demonstrated in much research regarding oxidative stress (OS). The contradiction between anticipated dosage and adverse event may be resolved through targeted transport by biomaterials and get therapeutic effects through pathological progression via regulation of ROS. Besides, biomaterials fix delivery issues by promoting the penetration of drugs across the blood–brain barrier (BBB), protecting the drug from peripheral degradation, and elevating bioavailability. The goal is to comprehensively understand the mechanisms of ROS in the progression of AD disease and the potential of ROS‐related biomaterials in the treatment of AD. This review focuses on OS and its connection with AD and novel biomaterials in recent years against AD via OS to inspire novel biomaterial development. Revisiting these biomaterials and mechanisms associated with OS in AD via thorough investigations presents a considerable potential and bright future for improving effective interventions for AD.
Operando Optical Microscopy of Dead Lithium Growth in Anode‐Less Configuration
Authors: Romio Martina , Kahr Jürgen , Miele Ermanno , Krammer Martin , Surace Yuri , Boz Buket , Molaiyan Palanivel , Dimopoulos Theodoros , Armand Michel , Paolella Andrea
Published: March 2024

There is an increasing demand to improve battery safety and performance as part of the global push to convert the small electronics and transportation sector to infrastructures based on electricity. This work follows the deposition of lithium metal in anode‐less conditions by an operando optical microscope using a transparent indium tin oxide‐polyethylene terephthalate (ITO‐PET) window as the current collector in a readily‐available electrochemical set‐up. The mechanism of Li metal nucleation strongly depends on the selected current densities (C/40 and 2C). After the deposition of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI), Li nucleates from mossy to needle morphology. Moreover, layer‐by‐layer growth of dead Li in voids is monitored by following its accumulation upon cycling. Dead Li deposits in residual hollow structures, especially when high current densities are applied. These optical observations are coupled with computer vision analyses to evaluate the average size of the Li deposits: smaller Li nuclei plate when high C‐rate is applied. The results here described provide insights into a new electrochemical cell concept that enables to elucidate the influence of spatial inhomogeneities of the lithophilic ITO‐PET surface on the mechanism of Li nucleation and plating.
Coherent Phase Change in Interstitial Solutions: A Hierarchy of Instabilities
Authors: Weissmüller Jörg
Published: March 2024

Metal hydrides or lithium ion battery electrodes can take the form of interstitial solid solutions with a miscibility gap. This work discusses theory approaches for locating, in temperature‐composition space, coherent phase transformations during the charging/discharging of such systems and for identifying the associated transformation mechanisms. The focus is on the simplest scenario, where instabilities derive from the thermodynamics of the bulk phase alone, considering strain energy as the foremost consequence of coherency and admitting for stress relaxation at free surfaces. The extension of the approach to include capillarity is demonstrated by an example. The analysis rests on constrained equilibrium phase diagrams that are informed by geometry‐ and dimensionality‐specific mechanical boundary conditions and on elastic instabilities–again geometry‐specific–as implied by the theory of open‐system elasticity. It is demonstrated that some scenarios afford the analysis of chemical stability to be based entirely on a linear stability analysis of the mechanical equilibrium, which provides closed‐form solutions in a straightforward manner. Attention is on the impact of the system geometry (infinitely extended or of finite size) and on the chemical (closed or open system) and mechanical (incoherent or coherent) boundary conditions. Transformation mechanism maps are suggested for documenting the findings. The maps reveal a hierarchy of instabilities, which depend strongly on each of the above characteristics. Specifically, realistic, finite‐sized systems differ qualitatively from idealized systems of infinite extension. Among the transformation mechanisms exposed by the analysis are a uniform switchover to the other phase when the open system reaches its chemical spinodal, practical coherent nucleation, as well as chemo‐elastically coupled spontaneous buckling modes, which may take the form of either, single‐phase or dual‐phase states.
Puerarin‐Loaded Electrospun Patches with Anti‐Inflammatory and Pro‐Collagen Synthesis Properties for Pelvic Floor Reconstruction
Authors: Zhang Di , Xu Dong , Huang Xiaobo , Wei Yingqi , Tang Fuxin , Qin Xiusen , Liang Weiwen , Liang Zhongping , Jin Lin , Wang Hui , Wang Huaiming
Published: March 2024

Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is one of the most common pelvic floor dysfunction disorders worldwide. The weakening of pelvic connective tissues initiated by excessive collagen degradation is a leading cause of POP. However, the patches currently used in the clinic trigger an unfavorable inflammatory response, which often leads to implantation failure and the inability to simultaneously reverse progressive collagen degradation. Therefore, to overcome the present challenges, a new strategy is applied by introducing puerarin (Pue) into poly(l‐lactic acid) (PLLA) using electrospinning technology. PLLA improves the mechanical properties of the patch, while Pue offers intrinsic anti‐inflammatory and pro‐collagen synthesis effects. The results show that Pue is released from PLLA@Pue in a sustained manner for more than 20 days, with a total release rate exceeding 80%. The PLLA@Pue electrospun patches also show good biocompatibility and low cytotoxicity. The excellent anti‐inflammatory and pro‐collagen synthesis properties of the PLLA@Pue patch are demonstrated both in vitro in H2O2‐stimulated mouse fibroblasts and in vivo in rat abdominal wall muscle defects. Therefore, it is believed that this multifunctional electrospun patch integrating anti‐inflammatory and pro‐collagen synthesis properties can overcome the limitations of traditional patches and has great prospects for efficient pelvic floor reconstruction.
[GeRu6(CO)18HI]: A Germanium‐Centered Ruthenium Carbonyl Cluster with Aromatic Ring Current
Authors: Wolf Silke , Köppe Ralf , Treptow Jens , Feuerstein Wolfram , Wenzel Jonas , Breher Frank , Roesky Peter W. , Weigend Florian , Klopper Wim , Feldmann Claus
Published: March 2024

The carbonyl cluster compound [GeRu6(CO)18HI] is unique in regard to its structure and bonding with a GeRu6 cluster core, a planar GeRu4HI unit, extensive multi‐center bonding, and an aromatic ring current similar to benzene (9‐10 nA T−1). The open‐shell cluster core is a Ge‐centered five‐membered Ru4(Ru2) ring with CO ligands and an additional H and I atom, each bridging two Ru atoms on opposite sides of the cluster core. The compound is prepared at 130 °C in a weakly‐coordinating ionic liquid.
Identifying the prevalence and characteristics of diversity, equity, and inclusion leaders in academic emergency medicine
Authors: Tsuchida Ryan E. , Mbele Neema , Chopra Zoey , Moll Joel , Burkhardt John C. , Hekman Daniel J. , Perry Marcia A.
Published: March 2024

Objectives

Our study aims to better understand and describe the current state of diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) leadership in emergency medicine (EM) by identifying the prevalence of department DEI leadership positions, their demographics, and their job duty characteristics.

Methods

We disseminated an electronic survey from April to July 2022 to Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) Association of Academic Chairs of Emergency Medicine, Academy for Diversity and Inclusion in Emergency Medicine, and the Equity and Inclusion Committee to identify department DEI leads. From July to August 2022, a 45‐question survey was sent to all identified DEI leaders on individual characteristics, DEI experience, and DEI lead job description.

Results

We received a response from 79 out of 120 academic EM departments identified (65.8%). Of the responding institutions, 59 (74.7%) reported a DEI leader. A total of 74.6% of these DEI leaders responded at least partially to our survey and 57.6% responded in full. The most common titles were vice/associate chair of DEI (34.4%), director of DEI (28.1%), and DEI committee chair (18.8%). Most respondents (84.4%) were the inaugural DEI lead in their department and 84.4% of respondents did not have a formal DEI role in their department previously. On average, respondents have had their DEI title for 2 years (range 0–7 years) with an average of 7 years (range 0–30 years) of experience performing DEI work. Many (63.4%) do not receive any funded effort for their DEI roles. Most DEI leads were not tenure track (72.2%) and most commonly at the rank of assistant professor (47.2%) followed by associate professor (33.3%), full professor (16.7%), and instructor (2.8%).

Conclusions

This is the first known study to assess the characteristics of DEI department leaders in EM. EM DEI leadership positions are new, common, and led by diverse personal identities and are often not funded. Future directions could gain qualitative insight into this workforce to guide best practices in EM DEI leadership.
Perspective of US farmers on collaborative on‐farm agronomic research
Authors: Pires Carlos B. , Krupek Fernanda S. , Carmona Gabriela I. , Ortez Osler A. , Thompson Laura , Quinn Daniel J. , Reis Andre F. B. , Werle Rodrigo , Kovács Péter , Singh Maninder P. , Hutchinson J. M. Shawn , Ruiz Diaz Dorivar , Rice Charles W. , Ciampitti Ignacio A.
Published: March 2024

On‐farm research has emerged in recent years as a unique approach to involve farmers and other agricultural stakeholders as active participants in knowledge development and as an effective method of technology and innovation transfer across farms. This study assessed the perspective and knowledge of US farmers regarding on‐farm research via the implementation of a 24‐question survey distributed across most of the US Midwest and South‐Central regions. We found that farmers generally are willing to engage with universities to conduct on‐farm research and were 40% more likely to adopt practices supported by on‐farm research findings than research not conducted on‐farm. Notably, a shift toward conservation practices was made, with cover crops and no‐till at the forefront. Insights of this nature have implications for fostering collaborations, addressing constraints, and maximizing the impact of on‐farm research, offering guidance for sustainable agriculture progress in the United States and beyond. Results from this research survey could be used to initiate much‐needed policies to promote on‐farm research. Further, information on the benefits and drawbacks of on‐farm research could be used in the development of studies that benefit both farmers and researchers.
Copper‐Promoted Oxidative Amide‐Assisted Radical Selenylation of Anilides and N‐Arylsulfonamides with Diselenides
Authors: Shi Lou , Xu Penghui , Ma Yingchun , Dong Yongrui , Li Yanni , Liang Deqiang
Published: March 2024

A direct selenylation of N‐arylsulfonamides and anilides using environmentally friendly and readily available copper promoted assisted by amide is presented. This method provided convenient access for various selenylation reactions, demonstrating a wide range of substrates and strong tolerance to various functional groups. According to the selection of reaction substrates, products can be isolated to obtain a regioselectivity ortho‐, para‐, or unprecedented ortho, para‐diselenylation products. Such transformation was elucidated by a proposed copper‐promoted amide‐assisted radical mechanism.
Sustainable Vat Photopolymerization‐Based 3D‐Printing through Dynamic Covalent Network Photopolymers
Authors: Pruksawan Sirawit , Chong Yi Ting , Zen Wylma , Loh Terence Jun En , Wang FuKe
Published: March 2024

Vat photopolymerization (VPP) based three‐dimensional (3D) printing, including stereolithography (SLA) and digital light projection (DLP), is known for producing intricate, high‐precision prototypes with superior mechanical properties. However, the challenge lies in the non‐recyclability of covalently crosslinked thermosets used in these printing processes, limiting the sustainable utilization of printed prototypes. This review paper examines the recently explored avenue of VPP 3D‐printed dynamic covalent network (DCN) polymers, which enable reversible crosslinks and allow for the reprocessing of printed prototypes, promoting sustainability. These reversible crosslinks facilitate the rearrangement of crosslinked polymers, providing printed polymers with chemical/physical recyclability, self‐healing capabilities, and degradability. While various mechanisms for DCN polymer systems are explored, this paper focuses solely on photocurable polymers to highlight their potential to revolutionize the sustainability of VPP 3D printing.
Origin of Performance Improvements in Lithium‐Ion Cells after Fast Formation
Authors: Witt Daniel , Bläubaum Lars , Baakes Florian , Krewer Ulrike
Published: March 2024

The formation process of lithium‐ion batteries commonly uses low current densities, which is time‐consuming and costly. Experimental studies have already shown that slow formation may neither be necessary nor beneficial for cell lifetime and performance. This work combines an experimental formation variation with physicochemical cell and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) modeling to reveal formation‐induced changes within the cells. Formation at C/2 without full discharge compared to a standard C/10 formation at 20 °C notably improves the discharge and charge capacities at 2C by up to 41 % and 63 %, respectively, while reducing the formation time by over 80 %. Model‐based cell diagnostics reveal that these performance gains are driven by improved transport in the anode electrolyte phase, which is affected by SEI formation, and by enhanced transport on the cathode side. Hence, the focus on the dense SEI layer is insufficient for a comprehensive understanding and, ultimately, optimization of cell formation. All formation procedures were also tested at temperatures of 35 °C and 50 °C. Despite often surpassing the 2C discharge capacity of the standard formation at 20 °C, these cells showed comparable or lower 2C charge capacities. This suggests a pivotal role of local temperature in the formation of large‐format cells.
Extreme Outcomes Accentuate Overweighting of Low Probabilities and Underweighting of High Probabilities in Experience‐Based Choice
Authors: Elston Thomas W. , Leuthold Hartmut , Mackenzie Ian G. , Mittelstädt Victor
Published: March 2024

Subjective inferences of probability are critical for decisions involving uncertainty. Recent studies have suggested that extreme outcomes bias beliefs about the value of uncertain options toward the best/worst outcome possible when learning the odds through experience, leading to increased preferences for uncertain options over equivaluable sure bets when there is the prospect of gain and, conversely, aversion to uncertain options when there is the prospect of loss. However, prior studies regarding the influence of extreme outcomes on decisions involving uncertainty have only done so using 50/50 gambles, and it was unclear whether extreme outcomes biased probability perception more broadly. Across three pre‐registered experiments, we found that when people made decisions between equivaluable certain and uncertain options, they particularly preferred uncertain options at low probabilities (20%) when there was the prospect of gain and avoided them when there was the prospect of loss, with these preferences being reduced or even reversed at medium (50%) and high (80%) probabilities. We also found that uncertainty preferences were influenced by outcome extremity and the relative certainty associated with safe reference options. We conclude that extreme outcomes accentuate the overweighting of low probabilities and the underweighting of high probabilities in experience‐based choice.
A triphenylamine‐based carbohydrazide hydrazone fluorescent probe for selective detection of hypochlorite and sensing acidic gases
Authors: Shao Yuxin , Sun Jingxuan , Li Peng , Gao Chao‐Ying , Yang Yang
Published: March 2024

Hypochlorous acid and its hypochlorite are important reactive oxygen species in the body, and are involved in various physiological processes related to immunity; their rapid detection is of great significance. Here, we synthesized a fluorescent probe (TPAS) by condensation of 4‐(diphenylamino)benzaldehyde, carbohydrazide, and salicylaldehyde, which can be used for the detection of ClO− in water and sensing of acidic gas in its solid state. The probe showed strong selective recognition of ClO− in acetonitrile and good tolerance to interference ions. There were good linear responses between the intensity of absorbance and fluorescence and the amount of ClO−. The TPAS solid and its paper strips can emit red fluorescence when exposed to volatile acidic vapours. After being treated with NH3, the red fluorescence can be restored to yellow. The response process of TPAS to ClO− and acid gases was characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance, electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy, and density functional theory calculations. Furthermore, it can be utilized in analyzing ClO− in commercially available bleaching products; the detection results were basically compatible with the labelled values. In addition, the probe is biocompatible and can be applied for imaging ClO− in zebrafish.
Proteomic workflows for deep phenotypic profiling of 3D organotypic liver models
Authors: Koutsilieri Stefania , Mickols Evgeniya , Végvári Ákos , Lauschke Volker M.
Published: March 2024

Organotypic human tissue models constitute promising systems to facilitate drug discovery and development. They allow to maintain native cellular phenotypes and functions, which enables long‐term pharmacokinetic and toxicity studies, as well as phenotypic screening. To trace relevant phenotypic changes back to specific targets or signaling pathways, comprehensive proteomic profiling is the gold‐standard. A multitude of proteomic workflows have been applied on 3D tissue models to quantify their molecular phenotypes; however, their impact on analytical results and biological conclusions in this context has not been evaluated. The performance of twelve mass spectrometry‐based global proteomic workflows that differed in the amount of cellular input, lysis protocols and quantification methods was compared for the analysis of primary human liver spheroids. Results differed majorly between protocols in the total number and subcellular compartment bias of identified proteins, which is particularly relevant for the reliable quantification of transporters and drug metabolizing enzymes. Using a model of metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease, we furthermore show that critical disease pathways are robustly identified using a standardized high throughput‐compatible workflow based on thermal lysis, even using only individual spheroids (1500 cells) as input. The results increase the applicability of proteomic profiling to phenotypic screens in organotypic microtissues and provide a scalable platform for deep phenotyping from limited biological material.