bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NGOs’ transnational advocacy networks: from ‘legitimacy’ to ‘political responsibility’?
Authors: Hudson Alan
Published: March 2003

NGOs that operate as part of transnational advocacy networks face a number of ‘legitimacy challenges’ concerning their rights to participate in the shaping of global governance. Outlining the legitimacy claims that development NGOs make, the article argues that ‘legitimacy’ is a socially constructed quality that may be ascribed to an NGO by actors and stakeholders with different viewpoints. NGOs operating transnationally link disparate communities and conceptions of legitimacy, and undermine the discourse and practice of sovereignty. Therefore such NGOs will find it difficult to be universally regarded as legitimate, especially by states that hold a sovereignty‐based conception of legitimacy. However, relationships are the building blocks of networks, and efforts to improve them should not be abandoned simply because ‘legitimacy’ is too closely connected with sovereignty. In particular, NGOs ought to improve their relationships with the poor and marginalized communities whose interests they claim to promote. To this end, the concept of ‘political responsibility’ is suggested as a pragmatic approach to understanding power relations as they arise in transnational advocacy networks and campaigns.
American foundations and the development of international knowledge networks
Authors: Parmar Inderjeet
Published: March 2003

This article examines the role and influence of three American foundations – Rockefeller, Carnegie, and Ford – in developing international knowledge networks that significantly impacted upon the Third World, helping to consolidate US hegemony after 1945, fostering pro‐US values, methods and research institutions. The international networks were modelled on prior domestic initiatives resulting in the effective intellectual hegemony of ‘liberal internationalism’, of empirical scientific research methods, and of policy‐oriented studies. Such domestic hegemony constructed a key basis of America’s rise to globalism, which after 1945 required a continuing and enhanced foundation role, especially with the onset of the Cold War. The article, which examines the role of the US foundations in relation to intellectual hegemony construction in Latin America, Indonesia, and Africa, concludes that the evidence is best explained by Gramscian theory, and calls for further empirical research in this vital area.
Track three diplomacy and human rights in Southeast Asia: the Asia Pacific Coalition for East Timor
Authors: Kraft Herman Joseph S.
Published: March 2003

Transnational networks of non‐government organizations are increasingly becoming a fixture in international relations, particularly their contribution to traditional notions of diplomacy and its objectives. Less noticed, however, is the involvement of transnational NGO networks in alternative channels for diplomatic exchange, which have been referred to as ‘track three diplomacy’. Described as a form of civil society that transcends borders and nationalities, track three networks and activities involve NGO networks that are movement based, and concerned primarily with raising public consciousness over issues. While their direct influence on formal processes of foreign policy‐making has been limited, they have contributed to expanding both the scope of debate in international relations and the breadth of participation in those debates. Track three networks provide a forum for those communities marginalized by an international system that gives primacy of place to states and their officially‐declared concerns. Their impact is limited, however, by their lack of institutionalization and their reluctance to cooperate with government agencies – an issue that goes towards both their effectiveness and their identity in the long‐term.
Attending to the world: competition, cooperation and connectivity in the World City network
Authors: Beaverstock J. V. , Doel M. A. , Hubbard P. J. , Taylor P. J.
Published: March 2003

World Cities are acknowledged to be a key aspect of globalization. In many accounts, these cities are depicted as rivals in a global marketplace, their economic success a result of their competitive advantage. However, what has not been fully acknowledged is their connectivity and, in addition, the time and effort taken by specific ‘attendants’ to produce the World City network. Accordingly, this article aims to advance understanding of World City network formation by developing a conceptual model that focuses on four major attendants (firms, sectors, cities and states) that enact network formation through two nexuses —‘city‐firm’ and ‘statesector’— and two communities —‘cities within states’ and ‘firms within sectors’. The utility of this model is demonstrated by drawing upon interviews conducted in offices of 39 advanced producer service firms in banking and law. These interviews were undertaken in three World Cities (London, New York and Singapore) in the wake of the East Asian financial crisis, an event that challenged the consistency of the World City network. Showing how attendants sought to maintain and transform the World City network at this key moment of crisis, we conclude that studies of city competitiveness ultimately need to focus on the cooperative work that sustains global networks.
Transnational households and ritual: an overview
Authors: Gardner Katy , Grillo Ralph
Published: March 2003

In this article we introduce five papers, all by social anthropologists, all concerned with transnational households and ritual. Despite wide–ranging research on transnational migration and diasporas, many aspects have been accorded less consideration than they deserve. The transnational practices of migrant families, other than remittances and other economic activity, remain under–investigated. Some thought has been given to the transnational dimension of religious belief systems, notably Islam, but the micro–politics of religion has been largely ignored, and there has been little discussion of transnational religious practices (rituals) at the level of households and families, especially those performed by migrants back in their countries of origin. Household–level analyses of the performances of and meanings attributed to life–crisis rituals and consideration of what Salih has called the ‘transnational division of ritual space’ offer a valuable route to understanding relations between place, culture, ethnicity and gender among migrants in a transnational world, and illuminate contemporary processes of globalization.
Death of a migrant: transnational death rituals and gender among British Sylhetis
Authors: Gardner Katy
Published: March 2003

In this article I discuss transnational burial rituals carried out in London and Sylhet. While collective identity and reaffirming social ties are important issues in discussing the burial of migrants in Sylhet, the main focus of the article is on gender. The analysis of what happens when Londonis die reveals a great deal about the differential effects of living between two places on men and women. While transnationalism may in some contexts be understood as potentially subversive, for the majority of Sylhetis in Britain movement between places is highly constrained by poverty and British immigration controls, as well as by particular gender and household relations. These in turn impact on men and women’s experiences of bereavement, as well as on their access to and relationship with the British state.
Place, gender and power in transnational Sikh marriages
Authors: Mand Kanwal
Published: March 2003

In this article I explore the importance of place during transnational marriages and in particular during wedding rituals. The rituals described are two Sikh weddings taking place in East Africa and the Punjab respectively. Highlighting the importance of status and hierarchy during wedding events, the ethnography focuses on how transnationalism is experienced as a generator of status as well as a potential risk to status. Through an account in the article of ritual practices in transnational marriages and households, I underline place as a significant factor in gender relations during wedding events.
Gender relations, transnational ties and rituals among Bosnian refugees
Authors: Al–Ali Nadje
Published: March 2003

In this article I show how Bosniak (Bosnian Muslim) refugees reproduce, contest and construct their ethnic and religious identities. Using ‘ritual’ in a broad sense to refer to everyday routinized activities and practices that characterize family hierarchies and gender relations, as well as more easily identifiable religious rituals, I show that rituals assert belonging to a community and an identity, but are also, in the process of construction and contestation, selectively evoked and ignored. ‘The Other’ constructed through certain rituals is not merely the non–Muslim Bosnian (Serbs and Croats), but also, for refugees, other Bosnian Muslims who stayed behind. Moreover, engagement in secular and religious rituals, and the wider issue of identity constructions cannot be understood fully without exploring the dynamics between refugees and people who have remained in Bosnia. Competing constituencies claiming ‘Bosnianness’ and ‘Muslimness’ can be found across national boundaries and complicate the attempt to construct a community of believers or nationals, or both.
Stabilizing flows in the legal field: illusions of permanence, intellectual property rights and the transnationalization of law
Authors: Street Paul
Published: March 2003

In this article I examine some of the problems that ‘modern’ legal theory poses for a consideration of the extended reach of social actors and institutions in time and space. While jurisprudence has begun to engage with the concept of globalization, it has done so in a relatively limited manner. Thus legal theory's encounters with highly visible transnational practices have, for the most part, resulted not in challenging the prevailing formal legal paradigm, but in a renewed if slightly modified search for a general jurisprudence that ultimately takes little account of the manner in which the work of law is carried out transnationally. In the first part of this article I examine how legal theory's concern to maintain its own integrity places limitations on its ability to examine the permeability of social boundaries. In the latter part I draw on critical human geography, post–structuralism and actor–network theory (ANT), to examine the manner in which transnational actors have been able to mobilize law, and in particular intellectual property rights (IPRs), as a necessary strategy for both maintaining the meanings of bio–technologies through time and space, and enrolling farmers into particular social networks.
End of Life in HIV‐infected Children Who Died in Hospital
Authors: Henley Lesley D.
Published: March 2003

The aim of this study was to evaluate terminal care among hospitalized children who died of HIV/AIDS. The design was a retrospective chart review of the terminal hospitalization. The setting was a public, secondary and tertiary children's hospital in Cape Town, South Africa (SA). The patients included a consecutive series of in‐patient deaths from HIV‐related causes. The main outcome measures included: documentation of do not resuscitate (DNR) orders and comfort care plans, intensity of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in last 24 hours of life, and presence of pain and distress in last 48 hours of life. The results are based on the review of 165 out of 167 in‐patient deaths. Of those, 79% of patients died in general wards. Median age and length of stay were 4 months and 6 days respectively. A total of 84% of patients had a DNR order. DNR orders appeared simultaneously in only 41% of medical and nursing notes. Only 44% of patients had a comfort care plan. Pain and distress in the last 48 hours was documented in 55% of patients who died in the general wards. Respiratory symptomatology and painful skin conditions accounted for most discomfort. Half (36/72) the patients with pain and distress, including 16 with a comfort care plan, received no analgesia. Conclusions drawn found that, despite clinical uncertainty, doctors made tough end of life decisions that included DNR orders and comfort care plans. The lower rate of comfort care plans suggests doctors had difficulty making the transition from curative to palliative care. Many comfort care plans were incoherent and included interventions unlikely to promote patients' comfort. In light of the HIV/AIDS pandemic in SA, reforms are needed to integrate palliative care within mainstream hospital medicine. However, without adequate human resources including trained interpreters, doctors and nurses will struggle to deliver optimal terminal care in acute hospitals.
Prescribing Practices in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: Change Over Time 1993–2000
Authors: Phillips Tania , Salmon Gill , James Anthony C.
Published: March 2003

Background: Prescribing practices amongst child and adolescent psychiatrists in other countries appear to have changed in the past 10 years. This study sought to examine changes over the same time period in the UK.

Method: A questionnaire survey of prescribing practices of child and adolescent psychiatrists in Oxford Region and Wales was compared with results of a similar survey of Oxford Region 7 years previously.

Results: The notable changes over time were an increase in prescribing to treat Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and an increase in prescribing of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for the treatment of depression. The findings between Oxford and Wales in the year 2000 were similar, suggesting that these findings may be generalised throughout Britain.

Conclusions: Prescribing practices in the UK may have changed in the past decade with more use of stimulants and SSRIs. This is similar to the changes noted in the USA.
The Material Characterization of a Santamarian Ceremonial Axe
Authors: Lascalea G. E. , Pifferetti A. , Fernandez De Rapp M. E. , Walsöe De Reca N. E. , Northover J. P.
Published: March 2003

The characterization of a ceremonial bronze axe is described. The axe is assigned to the Santamarian culture of north‐west Argentina, c. 1000–1470 ad, and was selected to increase presently limited knowledge of prehistoric metallurgy in the Andean region of Argentina. The characterization methods used were electron probe microanalysis, gamma radiography, X‐ray diffraction, optical metallography and microhardness testing. The axe was well cast in a bivalve mould, with the only defects in the area of an ancient fracture. The analysis showed that it is made from a tin bronze with a, probably, accidental addition of lead. Arsenic was found as a surface contamination, probably deriving from arsenic in the water of the stream in which the axe was found. The axe shows that Santamarian craftsmen had the skill to decorate the axe in an artistic style with a strong local accent while providing a functional, annealed and cold‐worked cutting edge.
Bayesian Approach to Sapwood Estimates and Felling Dates in Dendrochronology
Authors: Millard A.
Published: March 2003

An improved method of generating sapwood estimates for oak is developed. This suggests a revision of the 95% confidence range from 10–40 to 9–36 rings for trees from southern England. Current methods for estimating felling dates on timbers with incomplete sapwood do not generate true 95% confidence limits, and a Bayesian method for deriving such limits is presented. For timbers with no sapwood, the addition of 12 years to the date of the final ring is shown to give a 95% confidence limit on the terminus post quem for felling. The further application of these methods is illustrated by calculation of the common felling date for timbers from the Great Kitchen at Windsor Castle.
Pottery production on Rishiri Island, Japan: perspectives from X‐ray fluorescence studies
Authors: Hall M. , Maeda U. , Hudson M.
Published: March 2003

Energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF) was used to determine the minor and trace element composition of 54 sherds of pottery dating from the Final Jomon to Okhotsk periods. The majority of the sherds came from Rishiri Island, Japan. Principal component (PC) scores were calculated using the log transformed concentration values, and groups were sought in the PC scores using kernel density estimates (KDEs). Two main groups were found in the data; linear and quadratic discriminant analysis classified both groups successfully. Significant differences in the concentrations of Cu, Fe, K, Nb, Pb, Rb, Th and Zr were found to exist between the two groups. The lack of correspondence between chronological ware types and geochemical groups implies that the same raw materials and paste recipes were in use during the Epi‐Jomon and Okhotsk eras on Rishiri Island. One possiblity is that the Epi‐Jomon and Okhotsk potters used the same clays and tempers, since no other alternatives were available. Alternatively, the Okhotsk potters could have adopted the same paste recipes as the Epi‐Jomon potters, or the Okhotsk pottery tradition could be descended from the Epi‐Jomon pottery tradition.
Morphological taphonomic transformations of fossil bones in continental environments, and repercussions on their chemical composition
Authors: Fernández–Jalvo Y. , Sánchez–Chillón B. , Andrews P. , Fernández–López S. , Alcalá Martínez L.
Published: March 2003

The aim of this paper is to provide a summary of structural or surface modifications of vertebrate bone remains in continental palaeoenvironments that may have repercussions on their chemical composition. Both before and after burial, a different set of physical, chemical and biological agencies may produce modifications of the bone morphological structure and/or bone chemical composition. Several of these morphological modifications are diagnostic of particular agents, which otherwise may not be noticed or identified in a fossil association. In order to understand diagenesis, those events that occurred before final burial have to be considered, as they may strongly modify the bone morphological structure and influence post–burial changes.
The contrasting geographies of ‘Padania’: the case of the Lega Nord in Northern Italy
Authors: Giordano Benito
Published: March 2003

The Lega Nord (Northern League) regionalist party, which has risen to prominence in Italy in recent years, has a specific geographical focus to its political project. This is premised essentially upon the protection of Northern Italian economic (and cultural) interests, however, this geographical focus has been modified during the Lega Nord’s relatively short political history. This paper explores the reasons why there have been various shifts in geographical emphasis in the party’s political rhetoric as well as the ways in which support for the Lega Nord has changed (or not) as a result of these changes. Interestingly, the latest shift in the Lega Nord’s rhetoric has seen the party attempting to construct (and invent) a geography and an ethnicity for a place it calls ‘Padania’ (which roughly corresponds to North and Central Italy) that has never existed administratively or historically. However, as the paper argues, the Lega Nord’s attempts to create a ‘Padanian’ political identity, have not been matched by any significant changes in its electoral geography.
Women at work—experiences and identity in rural East Germany
Authors: Van Hoven Bettina
Published: March 2003

The economic restructuring since German unification has produced gender‐differentiated patterns in the rural workplace. Most studies of East German labour market changes have illustrated the nature of such patterns in quantitative terms whilst neglecting their impact on everyday life. The relationship between the significance of work for women's quality of life and self‐identification, and women's withdrawal from the public has, however, remained under‐explored. Based on data obtained through correspondence and in‐depth interviews in Mecklenburg‐Westpommerania, this paper aims to address this relationship by discussing women's work‐related experiences before and since unification.
‘They don’t like girls hanging around there’: conflicts over recreational space in rural Northamptonshire
Authors: Tucker Faith , Matthews Hugh
Published: March 2003

This paper provides new insights into girls’ use of recreational spaces within rural areas. We draw upon data from in‐depth discussion work with 10–14 year old girls undertaken in rural Northamptonshire to show how conflict between adults and children, rival groups of children, and boys and girls influences the social ownership of recreational spaces. In contrast to the rural childhood myth, we disclose geographies of anxiety, tension anddisharmony.
Commodifying the countryside: the impact of out‐of‐school care on rural landscapes of children's play
Authors: Smith Fiona , Barker John
Published: March 2003

The growing interest in rural geography has highlighted that symbolic representations of the ‘rural idyll’ are often contradictory to the lived experiences of many rural children. Increasingly, children's spatial mobility is restricted due to adult concerns over children's use of public space, and the continuing privatization of rural space. Whilst children are prevented from using the countryside as a resource, there is also a lack of provision and spaces dedicated to children's play. One exception to this is the development of out‐of‐school care schemes. The rapidly expandingout‐of‐school care service is providing rural children with a significant, well‐resourced place for children to play. This paperexamines children's experiences of playing in the countryside, and discusses the impact of the developing out‐of‐school care service on the daily lives of children who experience the service. The paper also considers the impact of commodifying children's play on the ability of all children to access a local play service.
Religion and technology: refiguring place, space, identity and community
Authors: Kong Lily
Published: March 2003

This paper reviews the literature on the religion–technology nexus, drawing up a research agenda and offering preliminary empirical insights. First, I stress the need to explore the new politics of space as a consequence of technological development, emphasizing questions about the role of religion in effecting a form of religious (neo)imperialism, and uneven access to techno‐religious spaces. Second, I highlight the need to examine the politics of identity and community, since cyberspace is not an isotropic surface. Third, I underscore the need to engage with questions about the poetics of religious community as social relations become mediated by technology. Finally, I focus on questions about the poetics of place, particularly the technological mediation of rituals.
Globalization, polarization and the informal sector: the case of paid domestic workers in London
Authors: Cox Rosie , Watt Paul
Published: March 2003

Considerable debate has occurred over whether ‘global cities’ are witnessing polarization of their labour forces into highly paid professionals and low paid personal service workers. This paper offers evidence on paid domestic labour in London, some of which occurs in the informal sector, and considers its potential significance for the polarization debate.
Chasing a ‘loose and baggy monster’: almshouses and the geography of charity
Authors: Bryson John R. , McGuiness Mark , Ford Robert G.
Published: March 2003

This paper goes some way towards redressing the lack of geographical literature on charity through exploring the geography of the British domestic charitable sector. The size and geography of the third sector is outlined, followed by an analysis of how almshouses can be understood as inherently geographical and deeply embedded in local social networks of inclusion as well as exclusion.
Virtual vegetables and adopted sheep: ethical relation, authenticity and Internet‐mediated food production technologies
Authors: Holloway Lewis
Published: March 2003

Associating ideas related to cultural geographies of ‘quality’ food production and consumption with recent discussion of Internet technologies, virtuality and simulation, this paper examines two newly constituted Internet enterprises offering customers ‘virtual’ experiences of food production, and ‘quality’ food products in which they have invested. The paper shows how these enterprises are associated with particular types of geographical and ethical relation, and a search for ‘authentic’, connected, relationships with food, farming, locality and ‘nature’. These relationships are constituted in an assemblage of things held together by flows of food, products, money and electronic communication. The paper ends by suggesting a number of theoretical ideas that might usefully be explored in empirical research into Internet‐mediated food production.
On‐line with e‐mums: exploring the Internet as a medium for research
Authors: Madge Clare , O’Connor Henrietta
Published: March 2003

This paper contributes to the emerging debate about the value of on‐line research. Drawing on the experience of an Internet‐based Cyberparents project, it explores the possibilities and limitations of web‐based questionnaire surveys and on‐line synchronous interviews. It discusses some of the implications of conducting research in the virtual arena, with particular emphasis on sampling, on‐line interactions and computer‐mediated conversations. Although on‐line research holds promise, its potential should not be exaggerated: many of the issues and problems of conventional research still apply in the virtual venue.
Globalization from below: Birmingham – postcolonial workshop of the world?
Authors: Henry N , McEwan C , Pollard J
Published: March 2003

Birmingham is re–inventing itself through a strategy of prestige city centre regeneration. Drawing on the theoretical lenses of transnationalism and postcolonialism, we sketch one alternative vision of Birmingham’s economic place in the world. Through a focus on ‘ethnic diversity’, and the subsequent distinctiveness of the city’s economy, this paper re–visions Birmingham as a ‘global’ city. Reflecting on a ‘politics of scale’, we highlight a ‘globalization from below’ that draws on the city’s residents and their histories
The Revenue Responsiveness of Consumption Taxes
Authors: Creedy John , Gemmell Norman
Published: March 2003

This paper derives analytical expressions for the revenue elasticity of consumption taxes and combined income‐consumption tax systems, analogous to those familiar for income taxes. It provides measures of tax revenue elasticities which can readily be applied in practice. Analytical results suggest that, unlike income taxes, consumption tax revenues are likely to be income‐inelastic in practice, and total income plus consumption tax revenue, though generally elastic, can be expected to decline over time in the absence of counterveiling fiscal reforms. The results also provide some insight into the effects on tax revenue growth (often unintended or unknown) of reforms made with other policy objectives in mind.
Comparing Tax and Transfer Systems: How Might Incentive Effects Make a Difference?
Authors: Creedy John , Dawkins Peter
Published: March 2003

This paper compares a stylised version of a basic income flat tax system (BI/FT) with a means tested graduated tax system (MT/GT), with particular attention paid to potential labour supply effects of taxes. A highly simplified simulation model is developed in which individuals are homogeneous except for the wage they face, and there is a single means‐tested benefit. In this model, moving towards universal benefits can raise labour force participation and such effects can outweigh the labour supply reductions of working taxpayers. The number of losers is found to be quite small relative to the number of winners. If a fully universal system is not adopted, a move towards it, by reducing the taper on means tested benefits at the expense of a higher tax rate, can lead to significant winners without losers. These findings do not appear to be sensitive to assumptions about the individuals’ utility function defined over income and leisure.
The Causes of Unemployment in Interwar Australia
Authors: Dimsdale Nicholas H. , Horsewood Nicholas J.
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the factors contributing to unemployment in Australia during the Great Depression of the 1930s. Previous writers have emphasised the role of demand–side variables but it has also been argued that excessive real wages caused unemployment. The Layard–Nickell model, developed originally for the postwar British economy, is applied to Australian data. The empirical results confirm that demand shocks in the form of changes in government spending and in the terms of trade were important in both downturn and recovery. Wage indexation resulted in some rigidity of real wages but this was not a major cause of unemployment.
Hurricane 07B in the Godavari Delta, Andhra Pradesh, India: vulnerability, mitigation and the spatial impact
Authors: O’Hare Greg
Published: March 2003

Few hurricane impact studies provide robust spatial parameters of damage or relate geographical patterns of destruction accurately to storm trajectories or agencies. A detailed spatial analysis is, therefore, presented of the destruction caused by tropical hurricane 07B which made landfall on 6/7 November 1996 over the Godavari Delta region, Andhra Pradesh, eastern India. Patterns of destruction by storm surge, wind and flood water are quantitatively mapped for death tolls, house destruction and agricultural damage using local administrative (mandal) data bases. Results show that most impact occurred near the coast, but a well‐defined path of destruction across the central part of the delta can be identified. Such mapping studies fail to indicate the types of individuals and social groups most affected by the storm hazard and their response to it. An investigation of landowning farmers, female migrant rural labourers and fishing communities in the delta shows that poverty and social ordering in Indian society puts differential limits on the risk reduction abilities of individuals and social groups in the face of the cyclone hazard. The paper also demonstrates that ‘top down’ institutional measures to reduce the effects of storm damage such as those introduced in the aftermath of hurricane 07B, including early storm warning and evacuation procedures and rehabilitation programmes, remain largely ineffective. It is suggested that the introduction of more ‘bottom up’ community‐based programmes which seek to improve the risk awareness and risk avoiding abilities of affected individuals and groups would be much more beneficial. The case material on hurricane 07B and its effects are placed in context by reviewing and updating long and medium‐term time series records of storm frequencies and impacts in the Bay of Bengal and particularly along the eastern coastline of India.
Containment and counter‐containment: planner/community relations in conservation planning
Authors: Few Roger
Published: March 2003

Critical analyses of public involvement in conservation projects in developing countries commonly point toward imbalances of power between project agencies and communities and the persistence of top‐down patterns of decision‐making. Taking an actor‐oriented research approach, this paper probes beneath the surface patterns to analyse the complex socio‐political mechanisms at work in the negotiating arena represented by public participation in project planning. The discussion is based on a case study of community involvement in the planning of protected areas in Belize. Detailed analysis of the power relations and tactical interactions between different actors in the negotiating arenas revealed that planner/community relations in the case study were dominated by a process identified as ‘containment’. Containment refers to a strategic management of public involvement by the planning agencies, and it hinged on three fundamental social actions: avoidance of conflict; exclusion of dissent; and control over knowledge and procedure. Actions by local stakeholders that served to undermine containment constitute ‘counter‐containment’. The paper discusses these mechanisms in depth, before developing a comparative analytical framework of containment and counter‐containment to help explain disparities in planning progress between different sites.
Woodlands in England: an appreciation of Hilda Annie Wilcox
Authors: Roberts Brian K.
Published: March 2003

In 1933 two maps reconstructing the woodlands of England were published by Hilda A. Wilcox: one of these, woodland ‘deduced from early literature’, is re‐assessed in this paper. The distribution it shows is compared with a recently constructed map of national woodland, created as part of an English Heritage project, and based on the analysis of the Domesday Book by Sir Clifford Darby and his co‐workers, together with the results of investigations by numerous place‐name scholars. In spite of differences in detail, the two maps are in remarkably close accord. This conclusion is used as the basis for a brief synoptic analysis of the distribution of cleared land and woodland in the centuries preceding 1086, and touching even the Roman period. The recent computer‐based reconstruction, drawing upon published, sound and accepted sources, and supported by the earlier and wholly independent work by scholars such as Rackham and Thirsk, provides a national picture of fundamental importance to the historical geography of the English environment.
Decision–making and innovation among small–scale yam farmers in central Jamaica: a dynamic, pragmatic and adaptive process
Authors: Beckford Clinton L.
Published: March 2003

Many researchers in the Caribbean have protested the generally negative stereotyping of small–scale farmers and the small–scale domestic agricultural sector. The essence of this pejorative attitude is that small–scale farmers display apathy and resistance to change and are reluctant to accept innovations. A major reason for this perspective is a lack of knowledge and understanding of and sensitivity towards the factors that influence and inform farmers’ decisions. Studying the decision–making of small–scale farmers can, therefore, shed light on their activities and help inform policymaking. This paper uses the example of small–scale yam farmers in central Jamaica to explore and investigate important issues related to decision–making innovations around four questions. Can the decisions of farmers about innovations be considered to be rational? What are the major factors that influence decision outcomes? Why do so many agricultural innovations and modernization initiatives that target small–scale farmers fail? Do farmers really shun innovations that have clear and obvious benefits and, if so, why?
Learning and re‐learning regime support: The dynamics of post‐communist regimes
Authors: Mishler William , Rose Richard
Published: March 2003

Abstract. The political support of citizens of new democracies reflects two sets of experiences. Initially, people are socialized into an undemocratic regime; then, they must re‐learn political support in relation to a new regime. In an established democracy, it is difficult to disentangle the effect of early socialization and current performance because both refer to the same regime. However, this is both possible and necessary in countries where there has been a change in regime. Critical questions then arise: When, whether and how do citizens determine their support for their new regime? At the start of a new regime past socialization should be more important but, after a few years, current performance should become more important. We draw on 47 Barometer surveys between 1991 and 1998 in ten more or less democratic post‐communist regimes of Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union to test the relative importance of early socialization influences, the legacy of the communist past, and the political and economic performance of new regimes. We find that economic and political performance explains the most variance in support and, secondarily, the communist legacy. Early socialization is insignificant. However, contrary to economic theories of voting, the impact of political performance is greater than the impact of economic performance in post‐communist countries – and its impact is increasing.
The size of second chambers and European assemblies
Authors: Taagepera Rein , Recchia Steven P.
Published: March 2003

Abstract. Second chamber sizes (in terms of seats) tend to increase with increasing population like first chamber sizes. Population seems to affect first chamber size directly, while the size of the first chamber goes on to affect second chamber size. When selected on the basis of territorial sub‐units, the second chamber size tends to be around the geometric mean of first chamber size and the number of sub‐units. From the viewpoint of representing the total population and the constituent sub‐units, the European Parliament is more akin to a first chamber and its size has been approaching the cube root of population typical of first chambers. The Council of the European Union (CEU) is more akin to a second chamber and its size, in terms of qualified majority voting (QMV) votes, was approaching the size typical of second chambers at a given population. However, the Treaty of Nice has boosted the CEU to a size comparable to that of the European Parliament (EP), which may not be functional. Analogies to domestic first and second chambers suggest that the optimal size for the 27‐country CEU might be 150 to 190 seats (Nice proposes 345), while that for the EP might be around 780 seats (Nice proposes 732).
The political and partisan determinants of patronage in Latin America 1960–1994: A comparative perspective
Authors: Gordin Jorge P.
Published: March 2003

Abstract. Countries vary substantially in the level of political patronage exercised in their respective political systems. This article examines how hypotheses generated by the literature on economic, institutional‐partisan and electoral factors account for variation in the level of political patronage in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru. Political patronage – operationalized as the proportion of spending on personnel to total spending, both at the central government and ministerial levels – is examined through a pooled cross‐sectional time‐series regression. Previous spending on personnel has the most consistent effect on political patronage, while the influence of political variables is more ambiguous. In contrast to conjectures that tie personalism and clientelism, it is shown that the presence of personalist parties in the legislature is negatively associated with patronage spending. Subsequently, the evolution of personnel expenditure in Argentina and Peru is traced, based on qualitative evidence and interview data.
Five Danish referendums on the European Community and European Union: A critical assessment of the Franklin thesis
Authors: Svensson Palle
Published: March 2003

Abstract. Denmark had five referendums in the period from 1972 to 1998 dealing with Danish membership in the European Community, the Single European Act, the Maastricht Treaty, the Edinburgh Agreement and the Amsterdam Treaty. Did the Danes really address these issues and involve themselves actively in the policy–making process on a vital issue or did they merely vote for or against the current government? The latter option represents the ‘second order’ elections argument advanced by Mark Franklin and others (see Franklin's article in this issue). If correct in this instance, it may have important and negative consequences for the potential of referendums to involve citizens more directly in the way they are governed. In this article, the Franklin thesis is assessed on the basis of data on voting behaviour in five Danish referendums on Europe and the democratic implications of these findings are discussed.
European Union enlargement: Power distribution implications of the new institutional arrangements
Authors: Aleskerov Fuad , Avci Gamze , Iakouba Viatcheslav , Türem Z. Umut
Published: March 2003

Abstract. It is argued that enlargement challenges institutional balances and in particular relative powers of national actors within the European Union (EU). This article concentrates on the impact of future enlargement (with the current negotiating 12 candidates) on power distribution in the Council of Ministers of the European Union and the European Parliament based on the decisions taken at the Nice Summit in December 1800. It uses the Shapley‐Shubik and Banzhaf indices to evaluate past and emerging power distributions in both the Council and in the Parliament. A brief section on Turkey (the thirteenth, non‐negotiating, official candidate) is included to evaluate its possible impact in the case of admission to the Union.
Concurrent Prediction of Hospital Mortality and Length of Stay from Risk Factors on Admission
Authors: Clark David E. , Ryan Louise M.
Published: March 2003

Objective. To develop a method for predicting concurrently both hospital survival and length of stay (LOS) for seriously ill or injured patients, with particular attention to the competing risks of death or discharge alive as determinants of LOS.

Data Sources. Previously collected 1995–1996 registry data on 2,646 cases of injured patients from three trauma centers in Maine.

Study Design. Time intervals were determined for which the rates of discharge or death were relatively constant. Poisson regression was used to develop a model for each type of terminal event, with risk factors on admission contributing proportionately to the subsequent rates for each outcome in each interval. Mean LOS and cumulative survival were calculated from a combination of the resulting piecewise exponential models.

Principal Findings. Age, Glasgow Coma Scale, Abbreviated Injury Scores, and specific mechanisms of injury were significant predictors of the rates of death and discharge, with effects that were variable in different time intervals. Predicted probability of survival and mean LOS from the model were similar to actual values for categorized patient groups.

Conclusions. Piecewise exponential models may be useful in predicting LOS, especially if determinants of mortality are separated from determinants of discharge alive.
Agreement between Self‐reported and Routinely Collected Health‐care Utilization Data among Seniors
Authors: Raina Parminder , Torrance‐Rynard Vicki , Wong Micheline , Woodward Christel
Published: March 2003

Objective. To examine the agreement between self‐reported and routinely collected administrative health‐care utilization data, and the factors associated with agreement between these two data sources.

Data Sources/Study Setting. A representative sample of seniors living in an Ontario county within Canada was identified using the Ontario Ministry of Health's Registered Persons Data Base in 1992. Health professional billing information and hospitalization data were obtained from the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long‐Term Care (OMH) and the Ontario Health Insurance Plan (OHIP).

Study Design. A cross‐sectional survey was carried out to assess any contact and frequency of contacts with health professionals and hospital admissions. Similar information was obtained from routinely collected administrative data. The level of agreement was assessed using the proportion of absolute agreement, Cohen's kappa statistic (), and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Logistic and linear regressions were used to identify factors that were associated with the magnitude and direction of disagreement respectively.

Data Collection/Extraction Methods. Telephone interviews were conducted on 1,054 seniors, and complete data were available for 1,038 seniors. Each respondent's personal health number was used to electronically link survey data with health professional billing and hospitalization databases.

Principal Findings. Substantial to almost perfect agreement was found for the contact utilization measures, while agreement on volume utilization measures varied from poor to almost perfect. In surveys, seniors overreported contact with general practitioners and physiotherapists or chiropractors, and underreported contact with other medical specialists. Seniors also underreported the number of contacts with general practitioners and other medical specialists. The odds of agreement decreased if respondents were male, aged 75 years and older, had incomes of less than $25,000, had poor/fair/good self‐assessed health status, or had two or more chronic conditions.

Conclusion. The findings of this study indicate that there are substantial discrepancies between self‐reported and administrative data among older adults. Researchers seeking to examine health‐care use among older adults need to consider these discrepancies in the interpretation of their results. Failure to recognize these discrepancies between survey and administrative data among older adults may lead to the establishment of inappropriate health‐care policies.
Medical Expenditures during the Last Year of Life: Findings from the 1992–1996 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey
Authors: Hoover Donald R , Crystal Stephen , Kumar Rizie , Sambamoorthi Usha , Cantor Joel C
Published: March 2003

Objective. To compare medical expenditures for the elderly (65 years old) over the last year of life with those for nonterminal years.

Data Source. From the 1992–1996 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (MCBS) data from about ten thousand elderly persons each year.

Study Design. Medical expenditures for the last year of life and nonterminal years by source of payment and type of care were estimated using robust covariance linear model approaches applied to MCBS data.

Data Collection. The MCBS is a panel survey of a complex weighted multilevel random sample of Medicare beneficiaries. A structured questionnaire is administered at four‐month intervals to collect all medical costs by payer and service. Medicare costs are validated by claims records.

Principal Findings. From 1992 to 1996, mean annual medical expenditures (1996 dollars) for persons aged 65 and older were $37,581 during the last year of life versus $7,365 for nonterminal years. Mean total last‐year‐of‐life expenditures did not differ greatly by age at death. However, non‐Medicare last‐year‐of‐life expenditures were higher and Medicare last‐year‐of‐life expenditures were lower for those dying at older ages. Last‐year‐of‐life expenses constituted 22 percent of all medical, 26 percent of Medicare, 18 percent of all non‐Medicare expenditures, and 25 percent of Medicaid expenditures.

Conclusions. While health services delivered near the end of life will continue to consume large portions of medical dollars, the portion paid by non‐Medicare sources will likely rise as the population ages. Policies promoting improved allocation of resources for end‐of‐life care may not affect non‐Medicare expenditures, which disproportionately support chronic and custodial care.