bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Subgenual anterior cingulate responses to peer rejection: A marker of adolescents' risk for depression
Authors: Masten Carrie L. , Eisenberger Naomi I. , Borofsky Larissa A. , McNealy Kristin , Pfeifer Jennifer H. , Dapretto Mirella
Published: January 2011

Extensive developmental research has linked peer rejection during adolescence with a host of psychopathological outcomes, including depression. Moreover, recent neuroimaging research has suggested that increased activity in the subgenual region of the anterior cingulate cortex (subACC), which has been consistently linked with depression, is related to heightened sensitivity to peer rejection among adolescents. The goal of the current study was to directly test the hypothesis that adolescents' subACC responses are predictive of their risk for future depression, by examining the relationship between subACC activity during peer rejection and increases in depressive symptoms during the following year. During a functional magnetic resonance imaging scan, 20 13-year-olds were ostensibly excluded by peers during an online social interaction. Participants' depressive symptoms were assessed via parental reports at the time of the scan and 1 year later. Region of interest and whole-brain analyses indicated that greater subACC activity during exclusion was associated with increases in parent-reported depressive symptoms during the following year. These findings suggest that subACC responsivity to social exclusion may serve as a neural marker of adolescents' risk for future depression and have implications for understanding the relationship between sensitivity to peer rejection and the increased risk of depression that occurs during adolescence.
Exposure to peer delinquency as a mediator between self-report pubertal timing and delinquency: A longitudinal study of mediation
Authors: Negriff Sonya , Ji Juye , Trickett Penelope K.
Published: January 2011

This study examined exposure to peer delinquency as a mediator between pubertal timing and self-reported delinquency longitudinally and whether this mediational model was moderated by either gender or maltreatment experience. Data were obtained from Time 1, 2, and 3 of a longitudinal study of maltreatment and development. At Time 1 the sample comprised 454 children aged 9–13 years. Analyses via structural equation modeling supported full mediation. Gender did not moderate this mediational relationship, but maltreatment experience did. The results show that early maturing males and females are both at risk for being exposed to peers that may draw them into delinquent behavior. In addition, the mechanism linking early pubertal timing to delinquency differs depending on maltreatment experience.
Identity disturbance in adolescence: Associations with borderline personality disorder
Authors: Westen Drew , Betan Ephi , DeFife Jared A.
Published: January 2011

Although establishing a coherent identity is often viewed as a normative developmental task of adolescence, an important question is whether forms of identity disturbance seen in adult personality disorders can also be distinguished in adolescents. If so, such disturbances would constitute an essential target for research and clinical interventions. The goal of this study is to investigate the nature of identity disturbance in an adolescent clinical sample and to explore its links with personality pathology, particularly borderline personality disorder. A national random sample of 139 psychiatrists and clinical psychologists completed a battery of instruments on a randomly selected adolescent patient in their care, including measures of Axis II symptoms and the Identity Disturbance Questionnaire—Adolescent Version, an instrument designed for clinically experienced observers that assesses a wide range of manifestations of potential identity disturbance among adolescents. Factor analysis of the Identity Disturbance Questionnaire—Adolescent Version yielded four clinically and conceptually coherent factors that resembled dimensions previously identified in adults: lack of normative commitment, role absorption, painful incoherence, and lack of consistency. As in adults, identity disturbance in adolescents is a clinically meaningful, multidimensional construct exhibiting significant relationships with different forms of severe personality pathology, most notably borderline personality disorder. As such, identity disturbance can be a manifestation of psychopathology above and beyond the typical Sturm und Drang (storm and stress) of adolescence.
Longitudinal predictors of adult socioeconomic attainment: The roles of socioeconomic status, academic competence, and mental health
Authors: Slominski Lisa , Sameroff Arnold , Rosenblum Katherine , Kasser Tim
Published: January 2011

Educational attainment and occupational status are key markers of success in adulthood. We expand upon previous research that focused primarily on the contributions of academic competence and family socioeconomic status (SES) by investigating the role of mental health in predicting adult SES. In a longitudinal study spanning 30 years, we used structural equation modeling to examine how parental mental health in early childhood and family SES, offspring academic competence, and offspring mental health in adolescence relate to occupational and educational attainment at age 30. Results were that adolescent academic competence predicted adult educational attainment, and that educational attainment then predicted occupational attainment. The pathways between academic competence and occupational attainment, family SES and educational attainment, and family SES and occupational attainment were not significant. In contrast, adolescent mental health not only predicted educational attainment, but was also directly related to adult occupational attainment. Finally, early maternal mental health was associated with offspring's adult socioeconomic attainment through its relations with adolescent academic competence and mental health. These results highlight the importance of mental health to adult socioeconomic attainment.
Gyrification and neural connectivity in schizophrenia
Authors: White Tonya , Hilgetag Claus C.
Published: January 2011

There is emerging evidence for a connection between the surface morphology of the brain and its underlying connectivity. The foundation for this relationship is thought to be established during brain development through the shaping influences of tension exerted by viscoelastic nerve fibers. The tension-based morphogenesis results in compact wiring that enhances efficient neural processing. Individuals with schizophrenia present with multiple symptoms that can include impaired thought, action, perception, and cognition. The global nature of these symptoms has led researchers to explore a more global disruption of neuronal connectivity as a theory to explain the vast array of clinical and cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia. If cerebral function and form are linked through the organization of neural connectivity, then a disruption in neural connectivity may also alter the surface morphology of the brain. This paper reviews developmental theories of gyrification and the potential interaction between gyrification and neuronal connectivity. Studies of gyrification abnormalities in children, adolescents, and adults with schizophrenia demonstrate a relationship between disrupted function and altered morphology in the surface patterns of the cerebral cortex. This altered form may provide helpful clues in understanding the neurobiological abnormalities associated with schizophrenia.
Conformal mapping techniques for the modelling of liquid crystal devices
Authors: DAVIDSON A. J. , MOTTRAM N. J.
Published: January 2011

In this paper, we review a number of uses of conformal mapping techniques for obtaining director profiles of liquid crystals in confined and semi-confined geometries. In particular, we will consider geometries which allow more than one stable state, some of which are of use in bistable displays. These solutions also allow the investigation of the energy of stable states and enable conclusions to be reached as to how such geometries may be optimised for bistable display applications. Such techniques are also able to provide initial configurations for the solution of more complicated situations where numerical methods are used to investigate switching characteristics.
The structure of first-order causality
Authors: MIMRAM SAMUEL
Published: January 2011

Game semantics describe the interactive behaviour of proofs by interpreting formulas as games on which proofs induce strategies. Such a semantics is introduced here for capturing dependencies induced by quantifications in first-order propositional logic. One of the main difficulties that has to be faced during the elaboration of this kind of semantics is to characterise definable strategies, that is, strategies that actually behave like a proof. This is usually done by restricting the model to strategies satisfying subtle combinatorial conditions, whose preservation under composition is often difficult to show. In this paper we present an original methodology to achieve this task, which requires a combination of advanced tools from game semantics, rewriting theory and categorical algebra. We introduce a diagrammatic presentation of the monoidal category of definable strategies of our model using generators and relations: these strategies can be generated from a finite set of atomic strategies, and the equality between strategies admits a finite axiomatisation, and this equational structure corresponds to a polarised variation of the bialgebra notion. The work described in this paper thus forms a bridge between algebra and denotational semantics in order to reveal the structure of dependencies induced by first-order quantifiers, and lays the foundations for a mechanised analysis of causality in programming languages.
3-Connected Cores In Random Planar Graphs
Authors: FOUNTOULAKIS NIKOLAOS , PANAGIOTOU KONSTANTINOS
Published: January 2011

The study of the structural properties of large random planar graphs has become in recent years a field of intense research in computer science and discrete mathematics. Nowadays, a random planar graph is an important and challenging model for evaluating methods that are developed to study properties of random graphs from classes with structural side constraints.

In this paper we focus on the structure of random 2-connected planar graphs regarding the sizes of their 3-connected building blocks, which we callcores. In fact, we prove a general theorem regarding random biconnected graphs from various classes. IfBnis a graph drawn uniformly at random from a suitable classof labelled biconnected graphs, then we show that with probability 1 −o(1) asn→ ∞,Bnbelongs to exactly one of the following categories:

(i)

either there is a uniquegiantcore inBn, that is, there is a 0 <c=c() < 1 such that the largest core contains ~cnvertices, and every other core contains at mostnαvertices, where 0 < α = α() < 1;

(ii)

or all cores ofBncontainO(logn) vertices.

Moreover, we find the critical condition that determines the category to whichBnbelongs, and also provide sharp concentration results for the counts of cores of all sizes between 1 andn. As a corollary, we obtain that a random biconnected planar graph belongs to category (i), where in particularc= 0.765. . . and α = 2/3.
Spatiotemporal analyses of soil moisture from point to footprint scale in two different hydroclimatic regions
Authors: Joshi Champa , Mohanty Binayak P. , Jacobs Jennifer M. , Ines Amor V. M.
Published: January 2011

This paper presents time stability analyses of soil moisture at different spatial measurement support scales (point scale and airborne remote sensing (RS) footprint scale 800 m × 800 m) in two different hydroclimatic regions. The data used in the analyses consist of in situ and passive microwave remotely sensed soil moisture data from the Southern Great Plains Hydrology Experiments 1997 and 1999 (SGP97 and SGP99) conducted in the Little Washita (LW) watershed, Oklahoma, and the Soil Moisture Experiments 2002 and 2005 (SMEX02 and SMEX05) in the Walnut Creek (WC) watershed, Iowa. Results show that in both the regions soil properties (i.e., percent silt, percent sand, and soil texture) and topography (elevation and slope) are significant physical controls jointly affecting the spatiotemporal evolution and time stability of soil moisture at both point and footprint scales. In Iowa, using point‐scale soil moisture measurements, the WC11 field was found to be more time stable (TS) than the WC12 field. The common TS points using data across the 3 year period (2002–2005) were mostly located at moderate to high elevations in both the fields. Furthermore, the soil texture at these locations consists of either loam or clay loam soil. Drainage features and cropping practices also affected the field‐scale soil moisture variability in the WC fields. In Oklahoma, the field having a flat topography (LW21) showed the worst TS features compared to the fields having gently rolling topography (LW03 and LW13). The LW13 field (silt loam) exhibited better time stability than the LW03 field (sandy loam) and the LW21 field (silt loam). At the RS footprint scale, in Iowa, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests show that the percent clay and percent sand are better able to discern the TS features of the footprints compared to the soil texture. The best soil indicator of soil moisture time stability is the loam soil texture. Furthermore, the hilltops (slope ∼0%–0.45%) exhibited the best TS characteristics in Iowa. On the other hand, in Oklahoma, ANOVA results show that the footprints with sandy loam and loam soil texture are better indicators of the time stability phenomena. In terms of the hillslope position, footprints with mild slope (0.93%–1.85%) are the best indicators of TS footprints. Also, at both point and footprint scales in both the regions, land use–land cover type does not influence soil moisture time stability.
To Capture Student Interest in Geosciences, Plan an Adventure
Authors: Sassier Caroline , Galland Olivier , Mair Karen
Published: January 2011

It is dawn, –17°C, and 4700 meters above sea level, and two young scientists are alone in a tiny tent in the middle of the immense desert of the Bolivian Altiplano. Their bicycles and sleeping bags are coated with a thin layer of ice. Muscles aching, as they did yesterday and probably will tomorrow, they shrug off their sleepiness as the sunrise heats up their tent. After a simple breakfast, the researchers peek out and feast their eyes on a stunning view of high volcanic peaks and salt lakes. They are on the Andean Geotrail, a 9‐month bike adventure through the Andes mountains, from Ushuaia in Argentinean Tierra del Fuego to Nazca, Peru (see Figure 1). Their goal is to share this spectacular geological setting with primary‐, secondary‐ and high‐school students.
Tradition and Technology: Sea Ice Science on Inuit Sleds
Authors: Wilkinson Jeremy P. , Hanson Susanne , Hughes Nick E. , James Alistair , Jones Bryn , MacKinnon Rory , Rysgaard Søren , Toudal Leif
Published: January 2011

The Arctic is home to a circumpolar community of native people whose culture and traditions have enabled them to thrive in what most would perceive as a totally inhospitable and untenable environment. In many ways, sea ice can be viewed as the glue that binds these northern communities together; it is utilized in all aspects of their daily life. Sea ice acts as highways of the north; indeed, one can travel on these highways with dogsleds and snowmobiles. These travels over the frozen ocean occur at all periods of the sea ice cycle and over different ice types and ages. Excursions may be hunting trips to remote regions or social visits to nearby villages. Furthermore, hunting on the sea ice contributes to the health, culture, and commercial income of a community.
Former Science Advisors and Others Respond to White House Scientific Integrity Guidelines
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: January 2011

The White House guidance memorandum on scientific integrity, issued on 17 December, begins to flesh out a 9 March 2009 White House memo on the issue. The guidance memo, which had been anticipated since July 2009, specifies that federal agencies should develop policies that ensure a culture of scientific integrity, strengthen the credibility of government research, and facilitate the free flow of scientific and technological information, among other measures (see Eos, 91(51), 503, 2010). Many people have commented favorably about the memo, while some have raised questions about it. For example, U.S. Rep. Paul Broun (R‐Ga.), chairman‐elect of the U.S. House Committee on Science and Technology Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight, indicated in a 20 December statement, “Upon initial review, these guidelines seem very similar to the standing guidance already in place. So it raises the questions: Why did they take this long? How were they developed? Why were they 18 months late? And how will the agencies ultimately implement them? I look forward to evaluating these guidelines in the upcoming Congress, because, as we have seen over the last 2 years, rhetoric without action only breeds additional abuses of scientific integrity.”
In Brief: Locating the last Arctic ice refuge
Authors: Tretkoff Ernie
Published: January 2011

As the Earth's climate warms, Arctic sea ice is melting. Models predict that the Arctic will be nearly ice free in the summer within the next several decades. However, a small amount of ice is likely to remain. Knowing where ice will linger and understanding the patterns of Arctic ice flow could help planners develop protection strategies for fragile ice ecosystems.
In Brief: Mineral sensors in orbit around Mars guide Opportunity rover
Authors: Tretkoff Ernie
Published: January 2011

As NASA's Mars rover Opportunity travels around the red planet, researchers are using the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter to guide the rover to interesting geology. This is the first time orbital mineral sensing has been used to determine where the rover should go, researchers said at the 2010 AGU Fall Meeting. The Opportunity rover is now near the edge of the 22‐kilometer‐wide Endeavor crater. CRISM has identified clay minerals in the region. The presence of clay minerals suggests that a less acidic, wet environment existed in the past. Some CRISM observations point to mineral clays that may be types that Opportunity has not investigated before.
A Decade Revealing the Sun‐Earth Connection in Three Dimensions
Authors: Masson Arnaud , Escoubet Philippe , Taylor Matthew
Published: January 2011

Cluster 10th Anniversary Workshop: Understanding the Solar Wind–Magnetosphere Interaction at Multiple Scales With Cluster, THEMIS, and Double Star; Corfu, Greece, 27 September to 1 October 2010; The Cluster mission, an international collaboration between the European Space Agency (ESA) and NASA, has now been in space for 10 years. The four Cluster satellites fly in tight formation around Earth, and revealed for the first time in three dimensions how the Sun affects our planet's space environment. Cluster, along with other space missions like Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) and Double Star, has provided a leap forward in scientists' understanding of space plasma physics phenomena including the origin of the auroras, magnetic reconnection, shocks, plasma turbulence, substorms, and the science behind space weather.
AGU President's Message: Obama Administration's Commitment to Scientific Integrity
Authors: McPhaden Michael J.
Published: January 2011

In March 2009, President Barack Obama issued a memorandum on the subject of scientific integrity in which he stated emphatically, 'Science and the scientific process must inform and guide decisions of my Administration on a wide range of issues, including improvement of public health, protection of the environment, increased efficiency in the use of energy and other resources, mitigation of the threat of climate change, and protection of national security.” The president charged John Holdren, director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), with developing specific recommendations “for ensuring the highest level of integrity in all aspects of the executive branch's involvement with scientific and technological processes.” On Friday, 17 December, OSTP released federal department and agency guidelines for implementing the administration's policies on scientific integrity.
Syukuro Manabe Receives 2010 William Bowie Medal
Authors: Broccoli Anthony J. , Manabe Syukuro
Published: January 2011

Syukuro Manabe was awarded the 2010 William Bowie Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held on 15 December 2010 in San Francisco, Calif. The medal is for “outstanding contributions to fundamental geophysics and for unselfish cooperation in research.”
Scientists Outline Volcanic Ash Risks to Aviation
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: January 2011

The ash clouds that belched out of Iceland's Eyjafjallajökull volcano last spring and dispersed over much of Europe, temporarily paralyzing aviation, were vast smoke signal warnings about the hazard that volcanic ash poses for air traffic around the world. At a 15 December news briefing at the AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco, two experts with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) presented an overview of the damage airplanes can sustain from rock fragment– and mineral fragment–laden ash, an update on efforts to mitigate the hazard of ash, and an outline of further measures that are needed to address the problem. Between 1953 and 2009, there were 129 reported encounters of aircraft with volcanic ash clouds, according to a newly released USGS document cited at the briefing. The report, “Encounters of aircraft with volcanic ash clouds: A compilation of known incidents, 1953–2009,” by Marianne Guffanti, Thomas Casadevall, and Karin Budding, indicates that 26 encounters involved significant damage to the airplanes; nine of those incidents resulted in engine shutdown during flight. The report, which does not focus on the effects on airplanes of cumulative exposure to dilute ash and does not include data since 2009, indicates that “ash clouds continue to pose substantial risks to safe and efficient air travel globally.”
Phenology for Science, Resource Management, Decision Making, and Education
Authors: Nolan Vivian P. , Weltzin Jake F.
Published: January 2011

Fourth USA National Phenology Network (USA‐NPN) Research Coordination Network (RCN) Annual Meeting and Stakeholders Workshop; Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 21–22 September 2010; Phenology, the study of recurring plant and animal life cycle events, is rapidly emerging as a fundamental approach for understanding how ecological systems respond to environmental variation and climate change. The USA National Phenology Network (USA‐NPN;http://www.usanpn.org) is a large‐scale network of governmental and nongovernmental organizations, academic institutions, resource management agencies, and tribes. The network is dedicated to conducting and promoting repeated and integrated plant and animal phenological observations, identifying linkages with other relevant biological and physical data sources, and developing and distributing the tools to analyze these data at local to national scales. The primary goal of the USA‐NPN is to improve the ability of decision makers to design strategies for climate adaptation.
Pieter P. Tans Receives 2010 Roger Revelle Medal
Authors: White James W. C. , Tans Pieter P.
Published: January 2011

Pieter P. Tans was awarded the 2010 Roger Revelle Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held on 15 December 2010 in San Francisco, Calif. The medal is for “outstanding contributions in atmospheric sciences, atmosphere‐ocean coupling, atmosphere‐land coupling, biogeochemical cycles, climate, or related aspects of the Earth system.”
In silico comparative study of epitopes predicted from different strains of genus parvovirus.
Authors: Chamute Rahul , Jadhav Mahadev , Patil Anant
Published: January 2011

Parvoviruses are typically linear, non-segmented single-stranded DNA viruses, with an average genome size of 5000 nucleotides. Parvoviruses are some of the smallest viruses found in nature. Some have been found as small as 23 nm. Many types of mammalian species have a strain of parvovirus associated with them. Parvoviruses tend to be specific about the taxon of animal they will infect, but this is a somewhat flexible characteristic. Thus, all strains of parvovirus will affect dogs, wolves, and foxes, but only some of them will infect human. Parvovirus is treated with the help of vaccines but the traditional vaccine development process is very expensive and unsafe, with the help of insilico software tools and databases we can predict the epitopes of parvovirus species such as Canine parvovirus, Feline panleukopenia virus, H-1 virus, LUIII virus, Mink enteritis virus, Minute virus of mice, Porcine parvovirus, Raccoon parvovirus, by using Bepipred, CTLpred. These predictions will be useful for reverse vaccinology against parvoviruses infections for cattle and mankind.
Gas phase enthalpies of formation for potential nitro-substituted borazine high energy materials: A G4MP2 and G4 theoretical study
Authors: Rayne Sierra , Forest Kaya
Published: January 2011

Gas phase (298.15 K, 1 atm) enthalpies of formation ([DELTA]~f~H~(g)~) were calculated at the G4MP2 and G4 levels of theory using the atomization energy approach for various nitro-substituted borazines proposed as high energy materials (HEMs). Modest general agreement was obtained between the G4MP2/G4 atomization energy [DELTA]~f~H~(g)~ estimates and those previously reported using density functional theory methods and homodesmic reaction approaches, with deviations ranging between +9.7 to -56.5 kJ/mol. The results should help constrain the actual enthalpies of formation for these potential HEMs, and suggest the nitroborazines are a particularly challenging case for [DELTA]~f~H~(g)~ calculations using theoretical approaches, requiring high-level composite methods to obtain reliable [DELTA]~f~H~(g)~.
Computational Studies Of Huntington Protein: Classification & Binding Pattern Determination
Authors: Chitranshi Nitin , Gupta Shipra
Published: January 2011

Huntington's disease (HD) is a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive motor deficits, psychiatric deterioration, worsening chorea, cognitive impairment due to neuronal cell loss in the basal ganglia, cerebral cortex, and its fragments interactions with themselves and other biomolecules that results in aggregates , transcriptional repression , oxidative injury and mitochondrial dysfunction . The repeat domain of Huntingtin interacting protein (HIP) 14 (PDB id 3eu9) is used to study the structure based drug design. We made the selection of 50 different small molecules which were screened out through various fixed parameters and applied descriptors to generate the model for molecules that shows the drug likeness properties. We also used a docking algorithm to further find out the most suitable molecule which specifically binds to the HIP and refined this by simulation studies. The classifier is used to validate the training set of molecules with the test set. The interaction energy between the ligand and the protein was calculated and analyzed by using the semiempirical method. The results indicated that protein model can account for the regioselectivity of this protein towards the known ligands and van der Waals interactions were the driving force for the ligand binding. Several key resid
BRIF workshop working group.
Authors: Mabile Laurence
Published: January 2011

Number of attendees, geographical origin of the group, skills and areas represented, tools developed to help the BRIF progress.
Dynamical Mean Field approximation of a canonical cortical model for studying inter-population synchrony
Authors: Martínez-Cancino Ramón , Sotero Diaz Roberto Carlos
Published: January 2011

The goal of this paper is twofold. We propose and explore a model to study the synchronization among populations in the canonical model of the neocortex proposed previously by (R.J. Douglas, K.A.C. Martin, A functional microcircuit for cat visual cortex. J.Physiol. 440(1991) 735–769). For this, a model describing N synapses of each m-population (m = 1, 2,3) is proposed. Each synapse is described by a system of 2 stochastic differential equations (SDEs). Then, by using the dynamical mean field approximation (DMA) (H. Hasegawa, Dynamical mean-field theory of spiking neuron ensembles: Response to a single spike with independent noises, Phys. Rev. E. (2003)1-19.) the system of several SDEs is reduced to 12 ordinary differential equations for the means and the second-order moments of global variables. The connectivity among populations is obtained by summarizing in the canonical model the detailed information from a quantitative description of the circuits formed in cat area 17 given in (T.Binzegger, R.J. Douglas, K.A. Martin, A Quantitative Map of the Circuit of Cat Primary Visual Cortex, J. Neurosci. 24 (2004) 8441- 8453). In the framework of the used DMA we propose a measure for inter-population synchronization. Simulations are carried out for exploring how inter-population synchrony is related to the variation of firing frequency of each population. Our results suggest that superficial pyramidal clusters appear to have a predominant influence on the synchronization process among pyramidal populations as well as put forward the active role of inhibition in the rest of the synchronizations between populations.
On melting dynamics and the glass transition. II. Glassy dynamics as a melting process
Authors: Krzakala Florent , Zdeborová Lenka
Published: January 2011

There are deep analogies between the melting dynamics in systems with a first-order phase transition and the dynamics from equilibrium in super-cooled liquids. For a class of Ising spin models undergoing a first-order transition—namely p-spin models on the so-called Nishimori line—it can be shown that the melting dynamics can be exactly mapped to the equilibrium dynamics. In this mapping the dynamical—or mode-coupling—glass transition corresponds to the spinodal point, while the Kauzmann transition corresponds to the first-order phase transition itself. Both in mean field and finite dimensional models this mapping provides an exact realization of the random first-order theory scenario for the glass transition. The corresponding glassy phenomenology can then be understood in the framework of a standard first-order phase transition.
Screening of HIV-infected patients for non-AIDS-related morbidity: an evidence-based model of practice
Authors: Foster Rosalind , Morris Sian , Ryder Nathan , Wray Lynne , McNulty Anna
Published: January 2011

Objective: To develop guidelines to facilitate management of HIV infection as a chronic disease within the setting of a sexual health or other HIV outpatient clinic. Methods: We undertook a literature search to identify published guidelines and expert panel commentaries on screening and managing non-AIDS comorbidities in the general and HIV-infected population. We developed evidence-based guidelines for screening and management of non-AIDS comorbidities in HIV-positive clients attending the Sydney Sexual Health Centre (SSHC) that could be used in other HIV outpatient settings. Results: Guidelines have been developed that describe the recommended tests and an interpretation of results, and outline actions to take if abnormal. A summary document can be placed in the medical notes to record completed tests, and resources such as lifestyle modification pamphlets and cardiovascular risk assessment tools made easily available in clinics. Conclusions: These guidelines are being used by nurses and doctors to facilitate the management of HIV as a chronic disease in the SSHC. This represents a significant shift in practice from the traditional role of a sexual health clinic, and is likely to become increasingly important in resource-rich countries such as Australia where individuals with HIV are expected to live beyond their seventh decade. This model could be used in other HIV outpatient settings including general practice.
Prevalence over time and risk factors for sexually transmissible infections among newly-arrived female sex workers in Timika, Indonesia
Authors: Silitonga Nurlan , Davies Stephen C. , Kaldor John , Wignall Stephen , Okoseray Maurist
Published: January 2011

Background: HIV rates are escalating in Indonesia. At Timika in Papua, the world’s largest gold mine employs many single and migrant men, who frequently have sex with female sex workers (FSWs). We investigated trends of sexually transmissible infections (STIs) in FSWs in Timika.
Methods: From 1997 to 2002, FSWs at clinics were recruited for their first STI screening. Sociodemographic and sexual behaviour data were obtained and laboratory tests were performed to diagnose STIs.
Results: From 1997 to 2002, 3086 FSWs were recruited. Prevalence of gonorrhoea varied from 11% to 19% (P = 0.71). Positive treponemal serology varied from 1.4% to 5.1% (P = 0.50). Trichomoniasis declined from 16% to 11% (P = 0.03). HIV infection increased significantly from 0.0% to 1.4% (P = 0.002). Chlamydia prevalence did not significantly change from 33% in 1997 compared with 41% in 1998 (P = 0.10). Consistent condom use was low, but increased from 8% to 16% (P = 0.001). Any STI was independently associated with younger age, high frequency of sexual activity, and not using contraceptives.
Conclusions: The high rates of STIs, low condom use and increasing prevalence of HIV among these FSWs require enhanced interventions, and consideration of periodic presumptive treatment. A partnership with industry can aid and sustain an intervention program.
Evaluation of sexual health medicine teaching at medical schools in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Kakar Sheena R. , Sawleshwarkar Shailendra , Russell Darren B. , Hillman Richard J.
Published: January 2011

Background: In the absence of guidelines for sexual health medicine (SHM) curriculum for medical schools in Australia and New Zealand, little is known about the current curriculum. We therefore, sought to quantitatively and qualitatively measure the existing SHM teaching at medical schools in the region. Methods: SHM specialists and Deans (or their nominated delegates) were requested to complete a questionnaire with respect to the SHM teaching in their associated medical schools. Results: Forty-two specialists completed the questionnaire. Wide variations were found in the time spent on various topics in SHM. ‘Training to teach’ was found to be a major unmet need of SHM specialists. Four (16.7%) of 24 medical schools completed the questionnaire. The total time allocated to SHM in these medical schools varied from 13.6 to 39.0 h, with a median of 31.1 h. At least 70% of key SHM topics were covered in all curricula. Conclusion: SHM teaching varied markedly in terms of subject matter, allocated time and teaching modalities. National guidelines for the teaching of SHM to medical students could facilitate the development of more consistent standards within the medical workforce. Training in teaching and learning methods to specialists may improve dissemination of sexual health skills to the wider medical workforce.
Metonymy and Metaphor in the Evolution of Modal Verbs
Authors: Bentley Delia
Published: January 2011

Abstract. The semantic development of the Italo-Romance outcomes of habeo (plus particle) and infinitive does not involve any dramatic changes. The earliest attestations of Sardinian áere a already express prototypical futurity (alongside deontic modality). On the other hand, a number of minimal changes are observed in other varieties. Sicilian aviri a comes to denote subjective epistemic modality and a few postmodal meanings, whilst the periphrasis with da has only extended to epistemic contexts in modern Tuscan. The evolution of the Sicilian structure involves the obliteration of prominent aspects of meaning (metonymy), whereas the development of Tuscan avere da is characterized by a change of domain (metaphor). Metonymy and metaphor, however, might be side-effects of independently motivated changes, which are observed a posteriori. The diachronic findings presented in this work combine easily with the view of unidirectionality proposed by van der Auwera and Plungian (1998).
A Basic Semantic Template for Lexical and Grammaticalized Uses of the German Modals
Authors: Diewald Gabriele
Published: January 2011

Abstract. The scmanlic relations and oppositions between the German modals and their various uses are treated here as instantiations of a common semantic template, which is described as a complex and condensed relational structure between a modal source, path, and goal. The different readings of a modal verb (less grammaticalizcd narrow-scope uses vs. more grammaticalized wide-scope uses) and the different types of modality (deontic, volitional and dispositional modality) uniformly arise out of specific feature realizations in the relational positions of the basic semantic template.
The Semantics of Spanish Permission Sentences
Authors: Gutiérrez-Rexach Javier
Published: January 2011

Abstract. In this paper the formal semantics of Spanish directive verbs, especially permissive deontic verbs, is studied. A dynamic perspective is adopted in which the meaning of an expression is not its truth conditions but its discourse update potential. The paper focuses on the following aspects of directive permission verbs: the analysis of their basic meaning in contrast with other modals; aspectual and temporal restrictions on the complements of permission verbs; restrictions on the subject of permission verbs; combinations of modals; and conjunction and disjunction of permission statements. A unified account is presented in a dynamic modal framework. An action is conceived of as a program expression denoting a set of sequences of states. Each sequence represents an execution of the action.
Modal (directive) verbs are treated as operators introducing universal or existential quantification over sequences of states.
Modal Verbs and the Expression of Futurity in English, French and Italian
Authors: Larreya Paul
Published: January 2011

Abstract. This paper compares the uses of (a) the English modal will and the French and Italian future tenses; and (b) be going to, aller (+ infinitive) and stare per. Unlike be going to and stare per, aller can express characteristic behavior {Par exemple, il va s'enfermer chez lui...). The following claim is made: will and the two future tenses basically express a relation of implication, while be going to, stare per and aller (metaphorically) express a movement in time; the fact that aller (unlike its two counterparts) can express implication is due to the characteristics of the French aspectual system.
On the Modality of the English Verbs of Seeming
Authors: Usonienė Aurelia
Published: January 2011

Abstract. This paper concerns the syntax-semantics interface in the analysis of two complementation types of the English verbs of seeming, namely structures containing phrases with the copula to be and those with zero copula (look/seem/appear to bePvs. 0 P). The aim of this study is to see what kind of modal meaning can be attributed to the verbs under investigation and how the observed meanings are dependent upon the complement type.
Epistemic prometer and Full Deontic Modal Verbs
Authors: Vázquez Laslop María Eugenia
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Spanish prometer 'promise', permitir 'permit' and obligar 'oblige' are considered modal verbs. In their dcontic senses they behave syntactically as control verbs. This property is maintained in non-deontic permitir and obligar, but not in non-deontic/?ro/ne/cT, which shows some features of a raising verb. Non-deonticpermitir and obligar are causatives of alethic modalities (lx makes it possible/necessary for y to F(y,...y)t while non-deontic^romerer is epistemic ('it is highly likely that I'(x,...)*). Non-deontic senses of the three verbs have in common the non-intentionality of the participant referred to by the subject in the main clause.
Integrating content and style in documents
Authors: Bouayad-Agha Nadjet , Scott Donia R. , Power Richard
Published: January 2011

We envisage a novel computer tool for producing technical documentation, in which the author specifies the desired content and style, but the exact wording and layout is determined by the system (including versions in languages the author need not know); a prototype of such a system is being developed in the ICONOCLAST project. Among other things, the system must adapt the wording of the generated document to its punctuation and layout. By studying a corpus of patient information leaflets, we have found many detailed examples of this interaction, some of which are described here. In particular, we focus on ways in which the use of special layout patterns (e.g., vertical lists, boxes) changes the options for wording, sometimes licensing departures from normal conventions of grammar and punctuation.
Getting to grips with information
Authors: Harper Richard
Published: January 2011

Interaction modalities with document technologies have, until recently, been quite limited. Current advances have led to the emergance of a host of new techniques for navigation, marking and annotation, and these are allowing users of documents to get to grips with documents more effectively than before. This paper illustrates how sociological investigations can provide insights into what these new interaction modalities might be.
Tayo, The Strange Bird from New Caledonia
Authors: Kihm Alain
Published: January 2011

According to the Language Bioprogram Hypothesis, the core grammars of all "real" creoles should be alike to a significant degree. Real creoles are then defined as those creoles that were born on plantations, as opposed to those that appeared in so-called fort situations, that is, around trading posts and the like. The validity of the hypothesis depends on the precise characterization of what counts as a plantation situation, which is by no means an obvious task, contrary to what seems to have been assumed. An attempt toward such a characterization is made here. Tayo, a French-based creole spoken in the south of New Caledonia, can be considered a plantation creole and should therefore appear similar to, for example, Haitian and Isle-de-France Creole. That it differs radically from these languages in such basic domains as the determiner and the TMA systems, however, is easily demonstrated. Factors that might explain the difference are then examined, with the conclusion that only relexification from a substrate New Caledonian language can be retained as the primary reason for this difference. Although arguably a plantation creole, Tayo falls thus clearly outside the scope of the LBH, appearing rather as strong supportive evidence for the Relexification Hypothesis. Given the importance of the case for deciding between competing theories, further detailed investigation is urgently needed in order to ascertain whether Tayo is indeed a plantation creole, as it is seems to be, in view of the available historical and ecological evidence.
Bro1 binding to Snf7 regulates ESCRT-III membrane scission activity in yeast
Authors: Wemmer Megan , Azmi Ishara , West Matthew , Davies Brian , Katzmann David , Odorizzi Greg
Published: January 2011

Endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRTs) promote the invagination of vesicles into the lumen of endosomes, the budding of enveloped viruses, and the separation of cells during cytokinesis. These processes share a topologically similar membrane scission event facilitated by ESCRT-III assembly at the cytosolic surface of the membrane. The Snf7 subunit of ESCRT-III in yeast binds directly to an auxiliary protein, Bro1. Like ESCRT-III, Bro1 is required for the formation of intralumenal vesicles at endosomes, but its role in membrane scission is unknown. We show that overexpression of Bro1 or its N-terminal Bro1 domain that binds Snf7 enhances the stability of ESCRT-III by inhibiting Vps4-mediated disassembly in vivo and in vitro. This stabilization effect correlates with a reduced frequency in the detachment of intralumenal vesicles as observed by electron tomography, implicating Bro1 as a regulator of ESCRT-III disassembly and membrane scission activity.
p53 and its mutants in tumor cell migration and invasion
Authors: Muller Patricia A. J. , Vousden Karen H. , Norman Jim C.
Published: January 2011

In about half of all human cancers, the tumor suppressor p53 protein is either lost or mutated, frequently resulting in the expression of a transcriptionally inactive mutant p53 protein. Loss of p53 function is well known to influence cell cycle checkpoint controls and apoptosis. But it is now clear that p53 regulates other key stages of metastatic progression, such as cell migration and invasion. Moreover, recent data suggests that expression of mutant p53 is not the equivalent of p53 loss, and that mutant p53s can acquire new functions to drive cell migration, invasion, and metastasis, in part by interfering with p63 function.
Global existence of solutions to a coupled parabolic-hyperbolic system with moving boundary
Authors: Choi Y. , Miller Craig
Published: January 2011

A cell motility study leads to a moving boundary problem governed by a system of parabolic-hyperbolic equations. Establishing the parabolicity of one of the governing equations requires a priori bound analysis. Such bounds also exclude the formation of shock in the hyperbolic equation. Speeds of the moving boundaries can then be controlled, which eventually leads to the global existence of solutions.
Effects of Frying and Microwave Heating on Decomposition of Benzoyl Peroxide in Flour
Authors: Liu Chunye , Zhang Jian , Qin Bei , Miao Yanqing , Yang Liyan
Published: January 2011

Effects of frying and microwave heating on the decomposition of benzoyl peroxides (BPO) in flour were studied. First, BPO and its main decomposition product, benzoic acid (BA), were extracted from different flour products by ultrasonication in ethanol. Next, three samples of commercial flour, two fried foods, and two microwave foods were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrum (MS). Results revealed that the BPO content decreased after frying and microwave heating treatments. Furthermore, the existence of biphenyl in fried food was successfully verified by HPLC‐MS. Biphenyl that decomposed from BPO may be one source of toxicity in fried foods. In contrast to fried food, new components made through the special heating module were not found in microwave food.