Characterization of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko cometary activity
Authors: Longobardo Andrea , Kim Minjae , Pestoni Boris , Cottin Hervé , Guttler Carsten , Ivanovski Stavro , Mannel Thurid , Merouane Sihane , Rinaldi Giovanna , Rubin Martin , Tubiana Cecilia , Zakharov Vladimir , Deshapriya Prasanna , Dirri Fabrizio , Ciarniello Mauro , Della Corte Vincenzo , Fulle Marco , Palomba Ernesto , Rotundi Alessandra 
Published: September 2022

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The ESA Rosetta mission orbited the 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko comet (hereafter 67P) for two years and its results are providing important clues to understand activity processes on comets.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The goal of the ISSI International Team &amp;#8220;Characterization of 67P cometary activity&amp;#8221; is two-fold:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Retrieval of the activity of different regions of 67P&amp;#8217;s surface during different time periods.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Identification of the main drivers and the effects of cometary activity, via revealing the link between cometary activity and illumination/local time, dust morphology and composition, and surface geomorphology.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Goal #1 has been reached by tracing the motion of dust particles detected in the coma back to the nucleus surface.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Goal #2 accomplishment is in progress by means of data fusion of different instruments onboard the Rosetta spacecraft.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Traceback&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The Grain Impact Analyser and Dust Accumulator (GIADA) [1] measured speed and momentum of fluffy and compact dust particles. We assumed radial motion, constant dust acceleration up to a 11 km altitude and constant speed above that height, to retrieve the source region of each dust particle detected in the coma [2]. We obtained that fluffy and compact dust distributions correlate on the surface, but not in the coma due to the different speeds of the two dust categories. Dust ejection is also correlated with solar illumination. Fluffy particles are more abundant in rough terrains [3], according to models which predict that they are embedded within pebbles [4].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Traceback is under study also with a different approach, based on retrieving ejection probability maps of detected dust particles [5].&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Data Fusion&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;GIADA vs VIRTIS&lt;/em&gt;. We related dust ejection rates of different surface regions, as retrieved by GIADA, and spectral indicators of water ice exposure measured by the Visible InfraRed Thermal Imaging Spectrometer (VIRTIS) of Rosetta, such as the shortward shift of the 3.2 mm absorption band center and infrared spectral slope flattening [2]. The observed correlation between these parameters (Figure 1) indicates that ejection of dust comes from water ice-rich regions.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Figure 1.&lt;/strong&gt; Observed correlation between number of fluffy particles ejected from each 67P surface region and observed infrared slope flattening. Each symbol identifies a different geomorphological region of 67P.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;GIADA vs MIDAS.&lt;/em&gt; The Micro-Imaging Dust Analysis System (MIDAS) detected and measured physical properties of micron-sized particles. In principle, it provides complementary information with respect to GIADA, which detected mm-sized particles.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;We retrieved the number of parent particles hitting the MIDAS targets by applying two different methods [7,8]. Independently of the used approach, we obtained that the dust flux ratio between the two instruments is temporally constant. This suggests that the small particles detected by MIDAS are fragments of larger particles, as those detected by GIADA.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The combination of MIDAS data and our traceback algorithm revealed that the physical properties (size, density, flatness) of compact dust are homogeneous across 67P&amp;#8217;s surface (Figure 2). Indicators of dust pristinity were defined [8] and suggested that pristinity is correlated with size (being small particles more pristine) but not with the ejecting region evolution degree.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Figure 2&lt;/strong&gt;. Flatness distribution of dust particles detected on different MIDAS target (each target corresponds to a defined exposition period). Distributions are very similar.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;GIADA vs ROSINA.&lt;/em&gt; ROSINA-COPS (Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis - COmetary Pressure Sensor) detected icy particles as pressure peaks [9]. The GIADA-ROSINA data fusion allows us to associate icy and dust particles and to retrieve the icy particle source regions.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Currently, a moderate correlation between icy and dust fluffy dust particles was found. The work is in progress.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions and future perspectives&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;. We found that fluffy dust particles are more abundant on rough terrains, in agreement with their lower evolution degree and to comet formation models. Physical properties of compact dust are similar across the comet surface. The relation between dust and icy particles is under study.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Future activities include:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Analysis of the COSIMA mass spectrometer data [10], which observed dust composition variations. COSIMA-GIADA data fusion will allow understanding if they are related to different surface terrains.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Analysis of OSIRIS images, which show bright patches on the comet surface, corresponding to frost enrichments and having different composition and morphology [11]. OSIRIS images combined with GIADA and ROSINA data will help in characterizing these peculiar regions.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Laboratory activity aimed at simulating and interpreting the different photometric behavior of rough and smooth terrains [12] at the dust scale&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;[1] Della Corte, V. et al. (2014), Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation, 3, 1, 1350011-110; [2] Longobardo, A. et al. (2019), MNRAS, 483, 2, 2165-2176; [3] Longobardo, A. et al. (2020), MNRAS, 496, 1, 125-137; [4] Fulle, M. and Blum, J. (2017), MNRAS, 492, 2, S39-S44; [5] Ivanovski, S.L. et al. (2017), EPSC, 708; [6] Bentley, M.S. et al. (2016), Nature, 537, 7618, 73-75; [7] Longobardo, A. et al. (2020), EPSC, 1044; [8] Kim, M. et al. (2022), EGU abstract; [9] Pestoni, B. et al. (2022), EPSC, this session; [10] Hilchenback, M. et al. (2019), EPSC, 900; [11] Dehapriya, J.D.P. et al. (2018), EPSC, 1166; [12] Longobardo, A. et al. (2017), MNRAS, 469, 2, S346-S356.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Acknowledgements&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This research was supported by the Italian Space Agency (ASI) within the ASI-INAF agreement I/032/05/0 and by the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) through the ISSI International Team &amp;#8220;Characterization of cometary activity of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko comet&amp;#8221;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;M.K. and T.M. acknowledge funding by ESA project &quot;Primitiveness of cometary dust collected by MIDAS on-board Rosetta&quot; (Contract No. 4000129476).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;