bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Applying autonomy to distributed satellite systems: Trends, challenges, and future prospects
Authors: Araguz Carles , Bou‐Balust Elisenda , Alarcón Eduard
Published: March 2018

While monolithic satellite missions still pose significant advantages in terms of accuracy and operations, novel distributed architectures are promising improved flexibility, responsiveness, and adaptability to structural and functional changes. Large satellite swarms, opportunistic satellite networks or heterogeneous constellations hybridizing small‐spacecraft nodes with high‐performance satellites are becoming feasible and advantageous alternatives requiring the adoption of new operation paradigms that enhance their autonomy. While autonomy is a notion that is gaining acceptance in monolithic satellite missions, it can also be deemed an integral characteristic in Distributed Satellite Systems (DSS). In this context, this paper focuses on the motivations for system‐level autonomy in DSS and justifies its need as an enabler of system qualities. Autonomy is also presented as a necessary feature to bring new distributed Earth observation functions (which require coordination and collaboration mechanisms) and to allow for novel structural functions (e.g., opportunistic coalitions, exchange of resources, or in‐orbit data services). Mission Planning and Scheduling (MPS) frameworks are then presented as a key component to implement autonomous operations in satellite missions. An exhaustive knowledge classification explores the design aspects of MPS for DSS, and conceptually groups them into: components and organizational paradigms; problem modeling and representation; optimization techniques and metaheuristics; execution and runtime characteristics and the notions of tasks, resources, and constraints. This paper concludes by proposing future strands of work devoted to study the trade‐offs of autonomy in large‐scale, highly dynamic and heterogeneous networks through frameworks that consider some of the limitations of small spacecraft technologies.
Application of EEMD and high‐order singular spectral entropy to feature extraction of partial discharge signals
Authors: Yang Fengyuan , Sheng Gehao , Xu Yongpeng , Qian Yong , Jiang Xiuchen
Published: March 2018

Feature extraction of partial discharge (PD) signals is a key step in the pattern recognition and fault diagnosis of power equipment. The theory of singular spectral entropy analysis (SSEA) is introduced in order to study the complexity and irregularity degree of PD signals, but it cannot reflect the inherent nonlinear characteristics. The fourth‐order cumulant of PD signals is used instead of the covariance matrix of SSEA, and the ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) method is applied to realize multiple scales. The proposed multi‐scale high‐order singular spectral entropy analysis (M‐HSSEA) is applied to the simulated PD signals. Noise is effectively suppressed in the extracted entropy eigenvectors, and the robustness of phase space reconstruction parameters can be enhanced as well. Three kinds of typical defect models are designed. The entropy eigenvectors of the PDs detected by the ultra high frequency (UHF) method are extracted. The radial basis function neural network (RBF‐NN) classifier is used for pattern recognition. An ideal accuracy can be obtained, which verifies the validity and applicability of the proposed method. © 2018 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
On flexible force fields for metal–organic frameworks: Recent developments and future prospects
Authors: Heinen Jurn , Dubbeldam David
Published: March 2018

Classical force field simulations can be used to study structural, diffusion, and adsorption properties of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). To account for the dynamic behavior of the material, parameterization schemes have been developed to derive force constants and the associated reference values by fitting on ab initio energies, vibrational frequencies, and elastic constants. Here, we review recent developments in flexible force field models for MOFs. Existing flexible force field models are generally able to reproduce the majority of experimentally observed structural and dynamic properties of MOFs. The lack of efficient sampling schemes for capturing stimuli‐driven phase transitions, however, currently limits the full predictive potential of existing flexible force fields from being realized.

This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Computational Materials Science

Molecular and Statistical Mechanics > Molecular Mechanics
Towards a fully integrated North Sea offshore grid: An engineering‐economic assessment of a power link island
Authors: Kristiansen Martin , Korpås Magnus , Farahmand Hossein
Published: March 2018

An increasing share of variable power feed‐in is expected in the next decades in the European power system, with a particularly high offshore wind potential in the North Sea region. This demands more temporal‐ and spatial flexibility in the system, an adequate grid infrastructure can provide both. This study presents an engineering‐economic approach evaluating the impact of novel infrastructure designs towards a fully integrated North Sea offshore grid, including TenneT’s vision of a power link island (PLI). A PLI is an artificial island for transnational power exchange and distribution of offshore wind resources. We introduce the concept and evaluate the economic benefits and system implications under three different case studies incorporating 2030 scenarios from European Network of Transmission System Operators. The results demonstrate system cost savings up to 15.8% when comparing a fully integrated PLI solution with traditional, radial typologies. The PLI did in general result in more efficient system dispatch of wind resources, where the involvement from Norway, Great Britain, and Germany occurred most frequently in terms of grid reinforcements and expansions.

This article is categorized under:

Wind Power > Systems and Infrastructure

Energy Infrastructure > Systems and Infrastructure

Energy Systems Economics > Systems and Infrastructure
Extremophilic yeasts: the toughest yeasts around?
Authors: Buzzini Pietro , Turchetti Benedetta , Yurkov Andrey
Published: March 2018

Microorganisms are widely distributed in a multitude of environments including ecosystems that show challenging features to most life forms. The combination of extreme physical and chemical factors contributes to the definition of extreme habitats although the definition of extreme environments changes depending on one's point of view: anthropocentric, microbial‐centric or zymo‐centric. Microorganisms that live under conditions that cause hard survival are called extremophiles. In particular organisms that require extreme conditions are called true extremophiles while organisms that tolerate them to some extent are termed extremotolerant. Deviation of temperature, pH, osmotic stress, pressure and radiation from the common range delineates extreme environments. Yeasts are versatile eukaryotic organisms that are not frequently considered the toughest microorganisms in comparison with prokaryotes. Nevertheless extremophilic or extremotolerant species are present also within this group. Here a brief description is provided of the main extreme habitats and the metabolic and physiological modifications adopted by yeasts depending on their adverse conditions. Additionally the main extremophilic and extremotolerant yeast species associated with a few extreme habitats are listed.
Crystal Structure and Vibrational Spectra of ClSO2NHC(O)F
Authors: Leitz Dominik , Stierstorfer Karin , Kornath Andreas
Published: March 2018

The reaction of chlorosulfonyl isocyanate (ClSO2NCO) with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride (aHF) leads to the formation of ClSO2NHC(O)F. The title compound with a melting point of –38 °C is characterized by vibrational spectroscopy and a single crystal structure analysis. It crystallizes in the tetragonal space group I41/a with 16 formula units per unit cell. a = 11.1115(2) Å, c = 16.5654(6) Å. The experimental data are supported by quantum‐chemical calculations on the PBE1PBE/6‐311G(3pd,3df) level of theory.
Resolvent estimates and numerical implementation for the homogenisation of one‐dimensional periodic mixed type problems
Authors: Franz Sebastian , Waurick Marcus
Published: March 2018

We study a homogenisation problem for problems of mixed type in the framework of evolutionary equations. The change of type is highly oscillatory. The numerical treatment is done by a discontinuous Galerkin method in time and a continuous Galerkin method in space.
Logarithmic rate implementation in constitutive relations of finite elastoplasticity with kinematic hardening
Authors: Trajković‐Milenković Marina , Bruhns Otto T.
Published: March 2018

The objective of this article is the evaluation of the validity range of two objective rates, the nowadays most frequently used Jaumann rate and the recently introduced logarithmic rate, in material behaviour prediction due to large deformations. For that purpose the model subjected to large monotonic uniaxial elastoplastic deformation has been examined as well as the initially prestressed models which are afterwards exposed to the cyclic process of combined elastic lengthening and shearing. It is shown that whenever the participation of shear deformation to the total deformation stays in the small deformation range both rates are almost equal in constitutive relations implementation since the outputs for both rates are nearly congruent. Otherwise, if the influence of rotations is significant the Jaumann rate gives theoretically and experimentally unexpected results whereas the logarithmic rate results are stable and consistent with the notion of elasticity, i.e. without any residual stresses at the end of the elastic deformation cycles.
AGE-SPECIFIC ADJUSTMENT OF GRADUATED MORTALITY
Authors: Salhi Yahia , Thérond Pierre-E.
Published: March 2018

Recently, there has been an increasing interest from life insurers to assess their portfolios' mortality risks. The new European prudential regulation, namely Solvency II, emphasized the need to use mortality and life tables that best capture and reflect the experienced mortality, and thus policyholders' actual risk profiles, in order to adequately quantify the underlying risk. Therefore, building a mortality table based on the experience of the portfolio is highly recommended and, for this purpose, various approaches have been introduced into actuarial literature. Although such approaches succeed in capturing the main features, it remains difficult to assess the mortality when the underlying portfolio lacks sufficient exposure. In this paper, we propose graduating the mortality curve using an adaptive procedure based on the local likelihood. The latter has the ability to model the mortality patterns even in presence of complex structures and avoids relying on expert opinions. However, such a technique fails to offer a consistent yet regular structure for portfolios with limited deaths. Although the technique borrows the information from the adjacent ages, it is sometimes not sufficient to produce a robust life table. In the presence of such a bias, we propose adjusting the corresponding curve, at the age level, based on a credibility approach. This consists in reviewing the assumption of the mortality curve as new observations arrive. We derive the updating procedure and investigate its benefits of using the latter instead of a sole graduation based on real datasets. Moreover, we look at the divergences in the mortality forecasts generated by the classic credibility approaches including Hardy–Panjer, the Poisson–Gamma model and the Makeham framework on portfolios originating from various French insurance companies.
The role of bridging nodes in behavioral network models of complex engineered systems
Authors: Walsh Hannah S. , Dong Andy , Tumer Irem Y.
Published: March 2018

Recent advances in early stage failure analysis approaches have introduced behavioral network analysis (BNA), which applies a network-based model of a complex engineered system to detect the system-level effect of ‘local’ failures of design variables and parameters. Previous work has shown that changes in microscale network metrics can signify system-level performance degradation. This article introduces a new insight into the influence of the community structure of the behavioral network on the failure tolerance of the system through the role of bridging nodes. Bridging nodes connect a community of nodes in a system to one or more nodes or communities outside of the community. In a study of forty systems, it is found that bridging nodes, under attack, are associated with significantly larger system-level behavioral degradation than non-bridging nodes. This finding indicates that the modularity of the behavioral network could be key to understanding the failure tolerance of the system and that parameters associated with bridging nodes between modules could play a vital role in system degradation.
Buoyancy-driven destabilization of an immersed granular bed
Authors: Herbert Eric , Morize Cyprien , Louis-Napoléon Aurélie , Goupil Christophe , Jop Pierre , D’Angelo Yves
Published: March 2018

Under suitable conditions, an immersed granular bed can be destabilized by local thermal forcing and the induced buoyant force. The destabilization is evident from the triggering and establishment of a dense fluid-like granular plume. Varying the initial granular layer average height $h$, a time series of the free layer surface is extracted, allowing us to dynamically compute the underlying volume of the granular layer. Different observed phenomena, namely the initial interface deformation, the lowering of the average granular interface (i.e. decrease of the granular layer volume) and the emission of a plume, are analysed. We show that the phenomenon is mainly driven by heat transfer, for large $h$ and also involves a variable height thermal boundary condition and Darcy flow triggering, for small $h$. Simple modelling with no adjustable parameters not only allows us to capture the observed scaling power laws but is also in quantitative agreement with the obtained experimental data.
Small-solid-fraction approximations for the slip-length tensor of micropillared superhydrophobic surfaces
Authors: Schnitzer Ory , Yariv Ehud
Published: March 2018

Fakir-like superhydrophobic surfaces, formed by doubly periodic arrays of thin pillars that sustain a lubricating gas layer, exhibit giant liquid-slip lengths that scale as $\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}^{-1/2}$ relative to the periodicity, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}$ being the solid fraction (Ybert et al., Phys. Fluids, vol. 19, 2007, 123601). Considering arbitrarily shaped pillars distributed over an arbitrary Bravais lattice, we employ matched asymptotic expansions to calculate the slip-length tensor in the limit $\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}\rightarrow 0$. The leading $O(\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}^{-1/2})$ slip length is determined from a local analysis of an ‘inner’ region close to a single pillar, in conjunction with a global force balance. This leading term, which is independent of the lattice geometry, is related to the drag due to pure translation of a flattened disk shaped like the pillar cross-section; its calculation is illustrated for the case of elliptical pillars. The $O(1)$ slip length is associated with the excess velocity induced about a given pillar by all the others. Since the field induced by each pillar corresponds on the ‘outer’ lattice scale to a Stokeslet whose strength is fixed by the shear rate, the $O(1)$ slip length depends upon the lattice geometry but is independent of the cross-sectional shape. Its calculation entails asymptotic evaluation of singular lattice sums. Our approximations are in excellent agreement with existing numerical computations for both circular and square pillars.
Effects of work passion on turnover intention for Chinese government employees: The dualistic model of passion perspective
Authors: Gong Zhenxing , Zhang Ying , Ma Jinfeng , Liu Yao , Zhao Yujia
Published: March 2018

Turnover intention is a negative outcome for an organization. The purpose of this article is to examine the relationships among work passion, subjective well-being, career adaptability, and turnover intention for Chinese government employees. The article consists of an empirical study with a sample of 472 government employees in Shandong Province, China. Participants completed a series of questionnaires in three waves. The results indicate that harmonious passion is negatively related to turnover intention and that obsessive passion is positively related to turnover intention. Additionally, the relationship between harmonious/obsessive passion and turnover is mediated by subjective well-being, and career adaptability moderates the relationship between harmonious/obsessive passion and subjective well-being. Implications are discussed.
Ecophenotypic variability during times of evolutionary stasis in Middle DevonianActinopteria(Bivalvia, Pterioidea) from New York
Authors: Nagel-Myers Judith , McRoberts Christopher A. , LaPoint Cullen W.
Published: March 2018

We examine the morphological variation of a Paleozoic pterineid during a time of relative ecological and taxonomic stability in the Middle Devonian Appalachian Basin in central and eastern New York. We discuss the taxonomic status of the Middle Devonian bivalveActinopteria boydi(Conrad, 1842) and quantify the variability of its shell disk as well as the width and angle of the auricles and sulci of this otherwise character-poor bivalve species using geometric morphometric techniques employing Cartesian landmarks. We compare variants from three stratigraphic levels (Skaneateles, Ludlowville, and Moscow formations) and from different habitats characterized by lithofacies.

The phenotypic variation observed in our data does not amount to an overall directional shift in morphology, i.e., they constitute reversible changes of morphology in a single variable taxon. Our study finds small-scale variation in morphology that represents evidence for ecophenotypic variation through ~3–4 Myr. Differences in substrate coupled with water energy seem to impact this taxon’s morphology. Although no clearly separated groups can be observed, material from muddy facies develops variants with, on average, rounder and broader shell disks than are found in material from silty facies. This morphology could have increased the flow rate of water channeled over the posterior shell portion thereby improving filtration rate, which is especially beneficial in environments with low water energy.
Buenellus chilhoweensisn. sp. from the Murray Shale (lower Cambrian Chilhowee Group) of Tennessee, the oldest known trilobite from the Iapetan margin of Laurentia
Authors: Webster Mark , Hageman Steven J.
Published: March 2018

The Ediacaran to lower Cambrian Chilhowee Group of the southern and central Appalachians records the rift-to-drift transition of the newly formed Iapetan margin of Laurentia. Body fossils are rare within the Chilhowee Group, and correlations are based almost exclusively on lithological similarities. A critical review of previous work highlights the relatively weak biostratigraphic and radiometric age constraints on the various units within the succession. Herein, we document a newly discovered fossil-bearing locality within the Murray Shale (upper Chilhowee Group) on Chilhowee Mountain, eastern Tennessee, and formally describe a nevadioid trilobite,Buenellus chilhoweensisn. sp., from that site. This trilobite indicates that the Murray Shale is of Montezuman age (provisional Cambrian Stage 3), which is older than the Dyeran (provisional late Stage 3 to early Stage 4) age suggested by the historical (mis)identification of “Olenellussp.” from within the unit as reported by workers more than a century ago.Buenellus chilhoweensisn. sp. represents only the second known species ofBuenellus, and demonstrates that the genus occupied both the Innuitian and Iapetan margins of Laurentia during the Montezuman. It is the oldest known trilobite from the Iapetan margin, and proves that the hitherto apparent absence of trilobites from that margin during the Montezuman was an artifact of inadequate sampling rather than a paleobiogeographic curiosity. The species offers a valuable biostratigraphic calibration point within a rock succession that has otherwise proven recalcitrant to refined dating.

UUID:http://zoobank.org/30af790b-e7b1-44c3-b1d5-55cdf579bde2
A new millipede (Diplopoda, Helminthomorpha) from the Middle Triassic Luoping biota of Yunnan, Southwest China
Authors: Huang Jinyuan , Hannibal Joseph T. , Feldmann Rodney M. , Zhang Qiyue , Hu Shixue , Schweitzer Carrie E. , Benton Michael J. , Zhou Changyong , Wen Wen , Xie Tao
Published: March 2018

A new helminthomorph millipede,Sinosoma luopingensenew genus new species, from the Triassic Luoping biota of China, has 39 body segments, metazonites with lateral swellings that bear a pair of posterolateral pits (?insertion pits for spine bases), and sternites that are unfused to the pleurotergites. This millipede shares a number of characters with nematophoran diplopods, but lacks the prominent dorsal suture characteristic of that order. Other “millipede” material from the biota is more problematic. Millipedes are a rare part of the Luoping biota, which is composed mainly of marine and near-shore organisms. Occurrences of fossil millipedes are exceedingly rare in Triassic rocks worldwide, comprising specimens from Europe, Asia, and Africa, and consisting of juliform millipedes and millipedes that are either nematophorans or forms very similar to nematophorans.
REVISITING SUN PYRAMID CERAMIC AND RADIOCARBON DATES FROM TEOTIHUACAN: COMMENT ON SLOAD
Authors: Sugiyama Nawa , Sugiyama Saburo , Sarabia G. Alejandro
Published: March 2018

Sload (2015) disregards stratigraphic data from the Sun Pyramid and misinterprets our radiocarbon dates that re-evaluates Teotihuacan ceramic chronology.
Diversity and tectonics: predictions from neutral theory
Authors: Holland Steven M.
Published: March 2018

Numerical simulations of neutral metacommunities are used here to predict the effects of growth and shrinkage of metacommunities, as well as their separation and merging caused by continental collision and rifting and their secondary eustatic effects. Although growth and shrinkage of metacommunities predictably change diversity, separating and merging metacommunities have counterintuitive effects. Separating and merging metacommunities change diversity within the individual areas, especially so for smaller areas, but they cause no change in total diversity of the system, contrary to previous predictions. The response times of metacommunities are likely to be geologically undetectable except for enormously large systems. These models can be used to predict the plate-tectonic effects on the diversity of terrestrial, coastal-marine, deep-marine, and oceanic-island systems. Of these, global and regional coastal-marine systems are the most acutely sensitive to the changes in area and fragmentation caused by plate tectonics. Oceanic-island systems also experience global and regional changes in diversity during supercontinent breakup and assembly, with the global effects driven by the changing length of volcanic arcs, and the regional effects also driven by secondary eustatic changes in shallow-marine area. Although individual terrestrial provinces or continents may experience substantial changes in diversity from rifting and collision, global terrestrial diversity should be unchanged except for the relatively modest contributions caused by the secondary eustatic effects on land area. These changes in diversity may be reinforced or counteracted by the changing latitudinal position of metacommunities.
The Acheulean Handaxe Technological Persistence: A Case of Preferred Cultural Conservatism?
Authors: Finkel Meir , Barkai Ran
Published: March 2018

One of the unsolved ‘paradoxes’ in prehistoric archaeology is that of the gap between the considerable advances in human biological and cultural evolution during the Lower Palaeolithic period, and the over one million years of ‘stagnation’ of the Acheulean handaxe. Most of the research on this topic has focused on innovation – why it was delayed or failed to take place – while overlooking the fact that innovation had occurred in many other fields during the same period. We suggest that practical, social, and adaptive mechanisms were in force in certain areas of human behaviour and led to enhanced innovation, while conservatism was preferred in handaxe technology and use. In this study we emphasise the dependency of Acheulean groups on calories obtained from large mammals, and especially megafauna, as well as the central role of handaxes in processing large carcasses. It is our contention that the handaxe’s role in Acheulean adaptation was pivotal and it thus became fixed in human society, probably through the psychological bias towards majority imitation, which subsequently became a social norm or tradition. In brief, we suggest that the technological persistence of the Acheulean handaxe played an adaptive role that was based on a preferred cultural conservatism and led to the successful survival of Lower Palaeolithic populations over hundreds of thousands of years in the Old World.
A new species ofHyattechinus(Echinoidea) from the type Devonian of the United Kingdom and implications for the distribution of Devonian proterocidarid echinoids
Authors: THOMPSON JEFFREY R. , EWIN TIMOTHY A. M.
Published: March 2018

Many of the most diverse clades of Late Palaeozoic echinoids (sea urchins) originated in the Devonian period. Our understanding of diversity dynamics of these Late Palaeozoic clades are thus informed by new systematic descriptions of some of their earliest members. The Proterocidaridae are a diverse and morphologically distinct clade of stem group echinoids with flattened tests and enlarged adoral pore pairs, which are first known from the Upper Devonian. We herein report on a new species ofHyattechinus,Hyattechinus anglicusn. sp., from the Upper Devonian of the North Devon Basin, Devon, UK. This is the first DevonianHyattechinusknown from outside of the Appalachian Basin, USA, and provides novel information regarding the palaeogeographic and stratigraphic distribution of proterocidarids in Late Devonian times. We additionally update the stratigraphic distribution of DevonianHyattechinusfrom the Appalachian Basin, following recent biostratigraphic resolution of their occurrences.Hyattechinusappears to have been present in the Rheic echinoderm fauna during Late Devonian times, and comparison of the palaeoenvironmental setting ofHyattechinus anglicuswith that of otherHyattechinusfrom the Famennian of the Appalachian Basin suggests that the genus may have preferred siliciclastic settings. Furthermore, this new taxon increases the diversity of echinoids from the Upper Devonian of Devon to three species.
Of men and instruments: The Norwegian Aurora Expedition to the Arctic, 1902–1903
Authors: Brundtland Terje
Published: March 2018

In 1902, the Norwegian Professor Kristian Birkeland organised an expedition to the Arctic for studies of the aurora borealis, terrestrial magnetism and cirrus clouds. He established four stations at different locations—northern Norway, Iceland, Spitsbergen and Novaya Zemlya—all equipped with a similar set of scientific instruments. Using an extended concept of a scientific instrument, it is shown here that not only the instruments themselves, but also the external equipment, buildings and camp-facilities, as well as the manual work performed by the expedition members all played a role in obtaining the final results. Further, it is shown that Birkeland's efforts in organising and funding the expedition can be seen as an instrument-making operation.
The prevalence of depression in general hospital inpatients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of interview-based studies
Authors: Walker Jane , Burke Katy , Wanat Marta , Fisher Rebecca , Fielding Josephine , Mulick Amy , Puntis Stephen , Sharpe Joseph , Esposti Michelle Degli , Harriss Eli , Frost Chris , Sharpe Michael
Published: March 2018

Background

Comorbid depression in the medically ill is clinically important. Admission to a general hospital offers an opportunity to identify and initiate treatment for depression. However, we first need to know how common depression is in general hospital inpatients. We aimed to address this question by systematically reviewing the relevant literature.

Methods

We reviewed published prevalence studies in any language which had used diagnostic interviews of general hospital inpatients and met basic methodological quality criteria. We focussed on interview-based studies in order to estimate the proportion of patients with a diagnosis of depressive illness.

Results

Of 158 relevant articles, 65 (41%) describing 60 separate studies met our inclusion criteria. The 31 studies that focussed on general medical and surgical inpatients reported prevalence estimates ranging from 5% to 34%. There was substantial, highly statistically significant, heterogeneity between studies which was not materially explained by the covariates we were able to consider. The average of the reported prevalences was 12% (95% CI 10–15), with a 95% prediction interval of 4–32%. The remaining 29 studies, of a variety of specific clinical populations, are described.

Conclusions

The available evidence suggests a likely prevalence high enough to make it worthwhile screening hospital inpatients for depression and initiating treatment where appropriate. Further, higher quality, research is needed to clarify the prevalence of depression in specific settings and to further explore the reasons for the observed heterogeneity in estimates.
The Tree May Prefer Calm but the Wind Will Not Subside
Authors: Gao Mobo
Published: March 2018

July 2017 saw the outbreak of yet another border conflict between India and China. It is therefore timely to review two books that deal with the border issues that China has with its neighbours. China is one of a few countries that have borders with many other states, most of which are small. To see how China has dealt with these small countries is relevant to the fact that China, being labelled as a communist dictatorial state, has often been perceived to be unpredictable and lacking transparency in its behaviour. The two books reviewed here may therefore surprise some readers.
Orbit and Positioning Accuracy for New Generation Beidou Satellites during the Earth Eclipsing Period
Authors: Li Xiaojie , Hu Xiaogong , Guo Rui , Tang Chengpan , Zhou Shanshi , Liu Shuai , Chen Jianbing
Published: March 2018

The Beidou System (BDS) started functioning at the end of 2012. The Yaw-Steering (YS) attitude mode for Inclined Geosynchronous Orbit (IGSO) and Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellites in BDS ensures that the solar panels face the Sun. The orbit radial accuracies for IGSO/MEO satellites are 0·5 m and the User Equivalent Range Errors (UERE) are 1·5 m in YS mode. BDS-2 satellites adopt Orbit-Normal (ON) mode to meet the power supply and thermal control requirements of the satellite during deep Earth eclipse periods. In ON mode, long-term orbit ephemeris accuracy monitoring in the Operational Control System (OCS) of BDS indicates that the orbit accuracies for IGSO/MEOs are reduced to a few hundreds of metres, seriously affecting the positioning accuracy and navigation service capability of the BDS system. Solar Radiation Pressure (SRP) is difficult to model in ON mode. Continuous Yaw-Steering (CYS) mode is available for new generation Beidou satellites launched since 2015. The orbit accuracies for these new generation Beidou (BDS-3) satellites were estimated based on BDS monitoring station data and SRP models including ECOM 9/5/3. The evaluation method consisted of four steps, namely, orbit internal consistency analysis, UERE calculation, Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) data fitting Root Mean Square (RMS) determinations and positioning performance analysis; the data gathering period lasted for more than 60 days and included two CYS periods and one ON period. The experiments showed that the orbit accuracy of the radial component in CYS mode for the BDS-3 satellites degrades by 2 to 3 cm and positioning accuracy degrades only by 1 cm over that in YS mode which is just a small reduction in accuracy compared with the decimetre-level BDS orbit accuracy and the metre-level single point positioning accuracy with BDS pseudorange data. This overcomes declining orbit and positioning accuracy issues in ON mode for BDS-2 satellites. Other results also show that the reliability of BDS has been improved.
Year-round movements of white-chinned petrels from Marion Island, south-western Indian Ocean
Authors: Rollinson Dominic P. , Dilley Ben J. , Davies Delia , Ryan Peter G.
Published: March 2018

White-chinned petrelsProcellaria aequinoctialisL. are the most frequently recorded procellariiform species in the bycatch of Southern Hemisphere longline fisheries. Our study investigated the year-round movements of ten adult white-chinned petrels (seven breeders, three non-breeders/suspected pre-breeders) from Marion Island tracked with global location sensor (GLS) loggers for three years. Additionally, 20 global positioning system (GPS) tracks were obtained from breeding white-chinned petrels during incubation (n=9) and chick-rearing (n=11). All GLS-tagged birds remained, year-round, in the area between southern Africa and Antarctica, not making any major east/west movements. Three core areas (50% kernels) were utilized: around the Prince Edward Islands (PEI; incubation and early chick-rearing),c. 1000 km west of PEI (pre-breeding and early incubation) and around South Africa (non-breeding birds). The only area where 50% utilization kernels overlapped with intensive longline fishing effort was off the Agulhas Bank (non-breeding season). Our results confirm the lack of foraging overlap between the two subspecies; nominate birds (South Georgia/south-western Indian Ocean) utilize separate areas toP. a. steadi(New Zealand/sub-Antarctic islands), and thus should be treated as separate management units. Knowledge of the year-round movements of a vagile species, such as the white-chinned petrel, is important for its continued conservation.
Child neglect and its relation to emotional and behavioral problems: A cross-sectional study of primary school-aged children in Tanzania
Authors: Hecker Tobias , Boettcher Victoria S. , Landolt Markus A. , Hermenau Katharin
Published: March 2018

Child maltreatment is known to engender negative emotional and behavioral consequences. Although neglect is the most frequent form of maltreatment, it has thus far only received little attention, especially when looking at low-resource countries. The current study investigated possible associations between neglect and internalizing and externalizing problems. As neglect and abuse often co-occur, the latter was controlled for. In total, 409 Tanzanian primary school students (52% boys, M = 10.5 years, range = 6–15) participated in the cross-sectional study. Structured clinical interviews were conducted assessing maltreatment, internalizing problems, and externalizing problems. Overall, 31% (n = 128) of the children reported at least one type of physical neglect and 31% (n = 127) of emotional neglect. Using structural equation modeling, we found a significant association between neglect and internalizing (β = 0.59, p < .01) and externalizing problems (β = 0.35, p < .05). However, these associations could only be detected in younger children (ages 6–9), whereas in older children (ages 10–15), mental health problems were significantly related to violence and abuse. Our findings suggest that the current age may influence the association between maltreatment type and the development of internalizing and/or externalizing problems.
Local responses to the protection of medieval buildings and archaeology in British post-war town reconstruction: Southampton and Coventry
Authors: WEBB MARK S.
Published: March 2018

Post-war planning and rebuilding of Britain's towns and cities led to rapid changes in medieval building stock, topography and character, as well as below-ground archaeology. Two case-studies of large, industrial, bomb-damaged yet important former medieval towns are examined in this article: Southampton and Coventry. Together, they illustrate the range of local responses to protecting what we now term the ‘historic environment’ in the period 1945 to 1955 at a time when a limited protection mechanism was introduced through the 1947 Town and Country Planning Act. The responsibility for compiling lists of protected buildings and providing resources to protect them largely fell to local solutions. Using previously unpublished archive material from both national and local sources, this article offers an alternative ‘bottom-up’, local, organized grass-roots viewpoint to most official ‘top-down’ accounts.
Gender Representation in the American Politics Canon: An Analysis of Core Graduate Syllabi
Authors: Diament Sean M. , Howat Adam J. , Lacombe Matthew J.
Published: March 2018

Core graduate-level seminars, in many ways, establish the “canon” literature for scholars entering a discipline. In the study of American Politics, the contents of this canon vary widely across departments and instructors, with important implications for the perspectives to which graduate students are exposed. At a basic level, the demographic characteristics of the authors whose work is assigned can have a major impact on the diversity (or lack of diversity) of viewpoints presented in these introductory courses. Using a unique dataset derived from a survey of core American Politics graduate seminars at highly-ranked universities, this project assesses the gender diversity of the authors whose research is currently taught—overall and within a comprehensive list of topics and subtopics. We also assess the “substantive representation” of women (and other underrepresented groups) within the American Politics canon by examining the frequency with which gender, racial, and other forms of identity politics are taught in these introductory courses.
DR. SMILES AND THE “COUNTERFEIT” GENTLEMEN: SELF-MAKING AND MISAPPLICATION IN MID-NINETEENTH-CENTURY BRITAIN
Authors: Matlock Daniel
Published: March 2018

On the morning of 15 May 1855, career criminal Edward Agar and his associate, William Pierce, walked away from the London Bridge Station of the South-Eastern Railway Company with over £14,000 in stolen gold. The bullion was the property of the City of London merchants, whose intention had been to ship the bars via train to Dover and then on to Calais by ferry. Security was comprehensive and the success of Agar's en route interception was made possible only through labor-intensive planning and meticulous execution. It was the type of job in which the thief specialized. Even before what would become known as the “Great Bullion Robbery,” Agar's criminal diligence and self-drive had provided him with the monetary resources to establish himself in the wealthy, middle-class suburb of Cambridge Villas, where he enjoyed a reputation as a consummate gentleman. Throughout Agar's planning of the bullion heist, his neighbors remained entirely unaware that his home was headquarters to an extensive criminal ring.
BEYOND THE NATION: PENNY FICTION, THE CRIMEAN WAR, AND POLITICAL BELONGING
Authors: Rosenman Ellen
Published: March 2018

“The nation state . . . found the novel.And vice versa: the novel found the nation-state” (Moretti 17). Franco Moretti's famous formulation has proved as partial as it is influential, challenged by a growing body of transnational scholarship. It is challenged as well by a different set of novels from the canonical ones Moretti has in mind: working-class penny fiction. Given the inequities of society, it is not surprising that this literature expresses a more complicated relationship to England. The working classes laid claim to England itself, insisting that their autochthonic status made them its true sons but that within the nation-state they were subjects, not citizens. The gap between this deep sense of belonging and formal political exclusion structures hundreds of penny novels produced in the mid-nineteenth century.
THE HYDE WE LIVE IN: STEVENSON, EVOLUTION, AND THE ANTHROPOGENIC FOG
Authors: Manning Pascale McCullough
Published: March 2018

In multiple entries in hisnotebooks, Robert Louis Stevenson pauses to consider the failure of scientific language to communicate the abstractions that undergird its theoretical models of natural processes. In failing to make the operations of the physical world speak, materialist discourse suffers from a terminological disorder. His diagnosis is sweeping and acerbic: “Scientific language like most other language is extremely unsatisfactory” (“Note Book” 300). In what follows I will argue that over the course of several key essays of the 1880s and his most famous work of fiction,Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde(1886), Stevenson aims to redress the fundamental abstraction of the most prominent materialist doctrine of his day, Darwinian evolutionary theory, rendering it viscerally communicable in the figure of Hyde, who represents both the individual organism subject to the pervasive modifying forces of speciation and the embodiment, in a single yet fluctuating corporeal entity, of those very forces. Further to this, I will propose that in imagining Hyde's genesis at the laboratory table (the result of Jekyll's incursions into nature) and in placing Hyde in symbiosis with the London fog (the admixture of natural forces and human intervention in the form of the burning of fossil fuels),Strange Casecan be added to the body of literature that hails the dawning of the Anthropocene, famously defined by Paul Crutzen as the “human-dominated geological epoch supplementing the Holocene” in which the human has become “a major environmental force” (23). The figure of Hyde thus manifests evolutionary forces in all their teeming presence while also harkening the new forms of subjectivity emerging from our catastrophic agency in the present era – one in which the human has become, in the words of Dipesh Chakrabarty, a “geophysical force” (13).
SYNTHESIZING HINDU AND CHRISTIAN ETHICS IN A. MADHAVIAH'S INDIAN ENGLISH NOVELCLARINDA(1915)
Authors: Waha Kristen Bergman
Published: March 2018

The novels of Indian writerA. Madhaviah (1872–1925) are deeply ambivalent toward British Protestant missions in the Madras Presidency. The son of a Brahmin family from the Tirunelveli District in what is now the state of Tamil Nadu, Madhaviah had the opportunity to form close intellectual relationships with British missionaries and Indian Christian converts while studying for his B.A. at the Madras Christian College, completing his degree in 1892. Although he remained a Hindu throughout his life, Madhaviah's first English novel,Thillai Govindan(1903), praises some missionaries for their moral characters, naming in particular the Madras Christian College's principal, William Miller (1838–1923); however, the same novel also criticizes other unnamed Madras missionaries for extravagant lifestyles that squandered the money of unsuspecting supporters in Britain (64). Madhaviah's deep commitment to late-nineteenth and early twentieth-century Indian women's reform movements, including widow remarriage, the abolition of child marriage, and women's education, meant that he often agreed with British missionaries championing similar reforms in Indian society. However, his early novels also criticize the proselytizing activities of missionaries, particularly in educational settings. In his Tamil novelPadmavati Carittiram(1898, 1899) and English novelSatyananda(1909), Madhaviah exposes missionary attempts to take advantage of a young pupil's inexperience in an educational setting or to exploit a quarrel between pupil and family members to secure a conversion. Yet in contrast, Madhaviah's final English novel,Clarinda: A Historical Novel(1915), offers perhaps the most positive depiction of an Indian Christian conversion in his fiction. A historical novel that reimagines the life of a renowned eighteenth-century Marathi Brahmin woman convert living in Thanjavur, Madhaviah'sClarindaoffers Christian conversion as a liberating decision for the young Clarinda. Her conversion allows her as a widow to escape the patriarchal control of her abusive husband's family and to contribute to her community as a philanthropist and an early social reformer. While Madhaviah remained critical of certain conversion tactics, which could transgress ethical boundaries, Madhaviah also acknowledged that missionary goals for women's improved lot within society often intersected with his own convictions.
THE VICTORIAN MENTAL SCIENCES
Authors: Anger Suzy
Published: March 2018

In a 1990 review ofJenny Bourne Taylor'sIn the Secret Theatre of Home: Wilkie Collins, Sensation Narrative, and Nineteenth-Century Psychology(1988), Lawrence Rothfield commented that the book explores what “until recently might have seemed a bizarrely specialized cultural context and an equally obscure literary phenomenon” (97). Rothfield argued that Taylor's study was representative of the recent move to new historicist methodologies, which made contexts and authors once considered to be historical footnotes important to scholarship. Prior to that shift, “[n]ineteenth-century English psychology, a mishmash of scientifically dubious theories and practices such as phrenology, physiognomy, moral management, and mesmerism, hardly seemed key to understanding the broad cultural issues of concern as traditionally construed in Victorian studies” (97). Strikingly, now some twenty-five years later, knowledge of nineteenth-century psychology seems essential to the field. Presses, alert to that shift, have republished out-of-print literary studies that explored Victorian literature in relation to psychology in the years preceding the current surge of interest in the subject. (Faas's 1989Retreat into the Mind: Victorian Poetry and the Rise of Psychiatrywas reissued by Princeton University Press in a 2016 hardcover edition. Kearns's 1987Metaphors of Mind in Fiction and Psychologywas reissued in 2014 by the University of Kentucky Press.) Judging by the number of publications in the area, as well as by titles on the programs of recent conferences, the sciences of the mind have become one of the central topics in Victorian studies.
Automatic food detection in egocentric images using artificial intelligence technology
Authors: Jia Wenyan , Li Yuecheng , Qu Ruowei , Baranowski Thomas , Burke Lora E , Zhang Hong , Bai Yicheng , Mancino Juliet M , Xu Guizhi , Mao Zhi-Hong , Sun Mingui
Published: March 2018

Objective

To develop an artificial intelligence (AI)-based algorithm which can automatically detect food items from images acquired by an egocentric wearable camera for dietary assessment.

Design

To study human diet and lifestyle, large sets of egocentric images were acquired using a wearable device, called eButton, from free-living individuals. Three thousand nine hundred images containing real-world activities, which formed eButton data set 1, were manually selected from thirty subjects. eButton data set 2 contained 29 515 images acquired from a research participant in a week-long unrestricted recording. They included both food- and non-food-related real-life activities, such as dining at both home and restaurants, cooking, shopping, gardening, housekeeping chores, taking classes, gym exercise, etc. All images in these data sets were classified as food/non-food images based on their tags generated by a convolutional neural network.

Results

A cross data-set test was conducted on eButton data set 1. The overall accuracy of food detection was 91·5 and 86·4 %, respectively, when one-half of data set 1 was used for training and the other half for testing. For eButton data set 2, 74·0 % sensitivity and 87·0 % specificity were obtained if both ‘food’ and ‘drink’ were considered as food images. Alternatively, if only ‘food’ items were considered, the sensitivity and specificity reached 85·0 and 85·8 %, respectively.

Conclusions

The AI technology can automatically detect foods from low-quality, wearable camera-acquired real-world egocentric images with reasonable accuracy, reducing both the burden of data processing and privacy concerns.