bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN TOP DRESSING ON YIELD AND PROTEIN CONTENT OF NITROGEN-DEFICIENT CEREALS
Authors: McBeath D. K. , Toogood J. A.
Published: March 2010

Top dressings of ammonium nitrate were made during the growing season to crops of barley and oats showing symptoms of acute nitrogen deficiency. The addition of nitrogen in the early stages of plant growth resulted in increased vegetative growth and increased yields. Applications of nitrogen delayed until the shot-blade stage had little effect on yield, but substantially increased the protein content. The yield of protein per acre was increased with higher rates of fertilization, regardless of whether the effect of the added nitrogen was to increase yield or protein content.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LOCAL SOIL TYPES TO SOIL FERTILITY STUDIES
Authors: Rennie D. A. , Clayton J. S.
Published: March 2010

Soil productivity data included in this study were obtained from field experiments laid down in areas of soil, characteristic of individual member profiles of catenary groups of the Weyburn and Oxbow Associations, and of a mapping complex comprising members of the Sceptre, Kindersley, and Flaxcombe Associations.The criteria used to assess soil productivity included the yield of gram with and without phosphorus and nitrogen fertilization, uptake of fertilizer phosphorus, 'A' values (from field and greenhouse experiments) and extractable phosphorus (NaHCO3 and H2CO3).The data illustrate the variability in yield and response to phosphorus fertilization that can be expected within relatively short distances in any one field in which complexity of soil pattern occurs. These differences in productivity were closely associated with pedogenic differences used to classify the soils.It was concluded that considerable care must be taken in the interpretation and application of fertility data obtained from small plot experiments as the data are applicable to only one particular soil type, in most instances the soil member on which the test was established; such data cannot be used to represent mapping units which include even closely associated soil types.
THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN FORM AND SOIL TEMPERATURE ON THE GROWTH AND PHOSPHORUS UPTAKE OF CORN PLANTS GROWN IN THE GREENHOUSE
Authors: Dormaar J. F. , Ketcheson J. W.
Published: March 2010

In a greenhouse experiment, corn seedlings were grown over a 2-week period in soil and in sand-resin media. Nitrate and ammonium nitrogen was applied at rates from 25 to 800 p.p.m., and phosphorus at 50 and 200 p.p.m. Soil temperatures of 60°, 70°, and 80 °F. were used.It was concluded that growth and phosphorus uptake reached a maximum when approximately 200 p.p.m nitrogen was applied. Total dry matter production in roots was inversely related to nitrogen application, and to total phosphorus uptake. In soil, the ammonium form of nitrogen tended to be more effective than the nitrate form in increasing phosphorus uptake. In sand-resin with an absence of nitrification, the opposite was found. Significant interactions were found between nitrogen rate and form. Increasing soil temperature from 60° to 80 ° F. enhanced the effect of nitrogen on phosphorus uptake.
EFFECTS OF VARYING LEVELS OF PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM APPLICATIONS ON PRODUCTIVITY, AND BOTANICAL AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF A LADINO CLOVER-TIMOTHY ASSOCIATION
Authors: Gervais Paul
Published: March 2010

Phosphorus and potassium were applied separately at five levels — 0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 pounds per acre — and in all combinations prior to seeding a ladino clover-timothy mixture. Plots were cut four times per season to a height of 3 inches. Forage yields were obtained during 1954, 1955 and 1956 from a seeding made in 1953 on Coaticook silt loam soil at the Experimental Farm, Lennoxville, Quebec.Phosphorus fertilization had no significant effect on clover yields but caused distinct increases in timothy yields in 1954 and 1955. Clover yields increased linearly with increasing levels of potassium up to 120 pounds per acre in 1954 and up to 180 pounds in 1955. In 1956, the increase in yields was a linear function of rates of potassium application. Potassium fertilization depressed timothy yields in 1954 but had no effect in 1955 and 1956. The percentage of clover in the harvested forage tended to increase with increasing rates of potassium and to decrease with increasing rates of phosphorus. The reverse was true for timothy. The chemical composition of each forage fraction is also presented.
FERTILIZER STUDIES WITH WHEAT, OATS AND BARLEY GROWN ON GREY WOODED AND BLACK SOILS IN THE PEACE RIVER REGION OF NORTHWESTERN CANADA
Authors: Anderson C. H. , Hoyt P. B. , Pawlowski S. H.
Published: March 2010

In each of 5 consecutive years, 1951–55, 12 fertilizer treatments were made to wheat, oats and barley grown on fallowed land and on binder stubble land cropped to cereals the previous year. The tests were located on three Grey Wooded soils and one Black soil. Fertilizer response of all three cereals was greater on fallow than on stubble. Phosphate gave much higher yield increases than nitrogen on fallow. Phosphate and nitrogen gave about equal increases on stubble for the Grey Wooded soils but phosphate gave a greater increase on the Black soil. Differences in yield response from nitrogen also occurred amongst the Grey Wooded soils. A few responses were obtained to potash.
SOIL HEAVING IN ALFALFA PLOTS IN RELATION TO SOIL AND AIR TEMPERATURE
Authors: Holmes R. M. , Robertson G. W.
Published: March 2010

not available
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE INTERCEPT METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE PROPORTION OF DOLOMITE AND CALCITE IN MIXTURES OF THE TWO: II. Experimental rates of solution of dolomite and calcite in samples consisting of a number of crystals
Authors: Turner R. C. , Skinner S. I. M.
Published: March 2010

Experimental results are presented which support conclusions derived from a theoretical analysis of the log V vs. t plot, representing the rate of solution of dolomite consisting of a number of crystals. Experimentally determined rates of solution of dolomite and calcite are presented. The intercept method for determining the proportion of dolomite and calcite in mixtures of the two is evaluated on the basis of the theoretical and experimental results.
THE EFFECT OF RAINDROP SIZE AND IMPACT VELOCITY ON SAND-SPLASH
Authors: Bisal Frederick
Published: March 2010

A mathematical relationship was developed which gives the amount of sand splashed from a splash cup when raindrop size and impact velocity are known. The amount of sand splashed was used as an index of the effective energy of the raindrops.This relationship is expressed as: G = KDV1.4 where G is the amount of sand splashed (gm.), K is a constant for the sand, D is the diameter of the drops (mm.), and V is the impact velocity of the drops (m./sec).
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF A SULPHUR RESPONSIVE AND A NON-RESPONSIVE GREY WOODED SOIL
Authors: Cairns R. R. , Richer A. C.
Published: March 2010

A chemical and biological comparison was made of the profiles of a sulphur-responsive (Loon River loam) and a non-responsive (Garrick loam) Grey Wooded soil. Both soils were found to contain relatively large quantities of barium, but the Loon River soil had larger quantities of readily soluble barium than the Garrick soil. Although both soils were found to toe capable of precipitating sulphate in an acid medium, the Loon River precipitated more sulphate than the Garrick. This precipitation was found to occur both within the soil and in an acid extract of the soil. Barite was found in the 6- to 8-inch and 22- to 26-inch horizons of the Loon River soil, but not in any horizon of the Garrick soil. It was found that with either incubation or seedling extraction the Loon River soil did not release nearly as great a quantity of soluble sulphate as the Garrick soil, while on incubation it did release a quantity of nitrate equivalent to that released by the Garrick soil. The Loon River soil was found to contain markedly lower quantities of both total and acid soluble sulphate in the C horizon. It also contained a lower quantity of organic matter and exchangeable bases in the surface soil.
RELATIONSHIP OF THE PERMANENT WILTING PERCENTAGE AND THE SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT AT HARVEST TO THE 15-ATMOSPHERE PERCENTAGE
Authors: Lehane J. J. , Staple W. J.
Published: March 2010

Permanent wilting percentages based on the wilting of the upper leaves of sunflower plants were related to the 15-atmosphere percentage by the equation PWP = 0.35 + 0.833 FAP. This wilting percentage, which was lower than that based on a mean wilting condition of the plant as a whole, provided satisfactory estimates of minimum soil moisture contents under cereal crops at harvest time.
Trypanosoma cruzi Lineages Detected in Congenitally Infected Infants and Triatoma infestans from the Same Disease-Endemic Region under Entomologic Surveillance in Paraguay
Authors: Puerto Florencia del , Sánchez Zunilda , Nara Eva , Meza Graciela , Paredes Berta , Ferreira Elizabeth , Russomando Graciela
Published: March 2010

Trypanosoma cruzi II is associated with Chagas disease in the southern part of South America. We analyzed T. cruzi variants in field-collected triatomines and congenitally infected infants living in the same disease-endemic region in Paraguay. Results of polymerase chain reactions for T. cruzi kinetoplast DNA and satellite DNA were positive in 83 triatomine feces samples and 58 infant blood samples. However, lineages were detected in 33 and 38 samples, respectively. Trypanosoma cruzi genotypes were determined in 56 (97%) blood samples after hybridization by using specific probes. The Tc I genotype was not detected. The prevalent sublineage was Tc IId in triatomines (27 of 33) and infant blood (36 of 58) as assessed by amplification of the 24Sα ribosomal RNA and the mini-exon region genes. The Tc IIc genotype was detected in 20 infant blood samples and in 1 triatomine. This study shows T. cruzi II is the predominant lineage circulating in triatomines and humans in endemic areas of eastern region of Paraguay.
Travel-Related Leptospirosis in Israel: A Nationwide Study
Authors: Leshem Eyal , Segal Gadi , Barnea Ada , Yitzhaki Shmuel , Ostfeld Iris , Pitlik Silvio , Schwartz Eli
Published: March 2010

Leptospirosis is re-emerging in developed countries as a travel-related infection. In this nationwide study of travel-related leptospirosis in Israel, all cases diagnosed at the Central Reference Laboratory for Leptospirosis, during 2002–2008 were retrospectively reviewed and only travel-related cases were included. During the study years, 20 (42%) of 48 leptospirosis cases in Israel were travel-related. Exposure occurred in Southeast Asia in 15 (75%) of 20 cases. The estimated yearly incidence of travel-related leptospirosis was 1.78/100,000 travelers compared with an incidence of endemic cases of 0.06/100,000 inhabitants (risk ratio = 29.6, 95% confidence interval = 16.7–52.4). Most patients (89%) were infected during water-related activities. Severe disease was present in 10 (55%) of 18 patients; 7 of them were presumptively infected with the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup. Thus, travel-related leptospirosis is becoming increasingly important in the epidemiology of leptospirosis in Israel. Leptospirosis should be suspected in any traveler with undifferentiated febrile illness, especially when water exposure is reported.
Rapid Dissemination of Newly Introduced Plasmodium vivax Genotypes in South Korea
Authors: Choi Yien-Kyoung , Choi Kyung-Mi , Park Mi-Hyun , Lee Eun-Gyu , Kim Yeon-Joo , Lee Byeong-Chul , Cho Shin-Hyung , Rhie Ho-Gun , Lee Ho-Sa , Yu Jae-Ran , Lee Joo-Shil , Kim Tong-Soo , Kim Jung-Yeon
Published: March 2010

Reemerged Plasmodium vivax malaria in South Korea has not yet been eradicated despite continuous governmental efforts. It has rather become an endemic disease. Our study aimed to determine the genetic diversity in P. vivax merozoite surface protein-1 (PvMSP-1) and circumsporozoite protein (PvCSP) genes over an extended period after its reemergence to its current status. Sequence analysis of PvMSP-1 gene sequences from the 632 P. vivax isolates during 1996–2007 indicates that most isolates recently obtained were different from isolates obtained in the initial reemergence period. There was initially only one subtype (recombinant) present but its subtypes have varied since 2000; six MSP-1 subtypes were recently found. A similar variation was observed by CSP gene analysis; a new CSP subtype was found. Understanding genetic variation patterns of the parasite may help to analyze trends and assess extent of endemic malaria in South Korea.
Leishmaniases and the Cyprus Paradox
Authors: Mazeris Apostolos , Soteriadou Ketty , Dedet Jean Pierre , Haralambous Christos , Tsatsaris Andreas , Moschandreas Joanna , Messaritakis Ippokratis , Christodoulou Vasiliki , Papadopoulos Byron , Ivović Vladimir , Pratlong Francine , Loucaides Fedias , Antoniou Maria
Published: March 2010

In Cyprus, leishmaniasis has been considered exclusively a veterinary problem. It was prevalent before 1945, and until its recent reemergence, it was nearly eradicated by 1996 as a consequence of the destruction of reservoir hosts and vectors. A survey carried out to provide an unbiased estimate of current transmission rates in dogs and humans showed a 9-fold increase in dog seroprevalence (reaching 14.9%) compared with 10 years ago. However, no human cases caused by Leishmania infantum were detected, although L. donovani cases were reported recently. The 62 strains isolated from dogs were typed as L. infantum MON-1 (98.4%), which is the predominating zymodeme in the Mediterranean region, and MON-98 (1.6%). The Phlebotomus species P. tobbi (vector of L. infantum in Cyprus), P. galilaeus, and P. papatasi were the predominant species captured. Two transmission cycles seem to run in parallel in Cyprus: in dogs with L. infantum and in humans with L. donovani.
High Throughput Quantitative Colorimetric Microneutralization Assay for the Confirmation and Differentiation of West Nile Virus and St. Louis Encephalitis Virus
Authors: Taketa-Graham Michael , Powell Pereira Jaime L. , Baylis Elizabeth , Cossen Cynthia , Oceguera Leopoldo , Patiris Peter , Chiles Robert , Hanson Carl V. , Forghani BagHer
Published: March 2010

An automated colorimetric micro-neutralization assay (CmNt) was developed for confirmation and differentiation of West Nile Virus (WNV)-positive human sera as a higher throughput alternative to the standard six-well plaque-reduction neutralization test (PRNT). CmNt was performed in high-capacity 96-well micro-titer plates and required 4–6 days to complete. Inhibition of infection was determined by reduced neutral red-dye retention and conveniently recorded by a colorimetric plate reader. Human sera previously confirmed by PRNT as either negative (N = 52), WNV positive (N = 81), or St. Louis encephalitis virus positive (N = 12) were tested by CmNt; interpreted results were virtually identical to PRNT with a reduced turnaround time and higher throughput. Additionally, a handful of dengue virus positive and negative specimens (four each) were tested by CmNt; interpreted results were identical to PRNT.
Clinical Activity and Polymerase Chain Reaction Evidence of Chlamydial Infection after Repeated Mass Antibiotic Treatments for Trachoma
Authors: Keenan Jeremy D. , Lakew Takele , Alemayehu Wondu , Melese Muluken , Porco Travis C. , Yi Elizabeth , House Jenafir I. , Zhou Zhaoxia , Ray Kathryn J. , Acharya Nisha R. , Whitcher John P. , Gaynor Bruce D. , Lietman Thomas M.
Published: March 2010

It is unclear how the prevalence of clinically active trachoma correlates with the prevalence of ocular chlamydial infection at the community level. In 24 villages from a cluster-randomized clinical trial of mass azithromycin distributions in Ethiopia, the correlation between the prevalence of clinical activity (on examination) and chlamydial infection (by polymerase chain reaction) was moderately strong before mass antibiotic treatments (Pearson's correlation coefficient r = 0.75, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.52–0.87), but decreased at each time point during four biannual treatments (at 24 months, r = 0.15, 95% CI = −0.14–0.41). One year after the final treatment, the correlation coefficient had increased, but not to the pre-treatment level (r = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.30–0.73). In a region with hyperendemic trachoma, conjunctival examination was a useful indicator of the prevalence of chlamydial infection before treatments, less useful during mass treatments, but regained utility by one year after treatments had stopped.
Microbiological Effectiveness of Disinfecting Water by Boiling in Rural Guatemala
Authors: Rosa Ghislaine , Miller Laura , Clasen Thomas
Published: March 2010

Boiling is the most common means of treating water in the home and the benchmark against which alternative point-of-use water treatment options must be compared. In a 5-week study in rural Guatemala among 45 households who claimed they always or almost always boiled their drinking water, boiling was associated with a 86.2% reduction in geometric mean thermotolerant coliforms (TTC) (N = 206, P < 0.0001). Despite consistent levels of fecal contamination in source water, 71.2% of stored water samples from self-reported boilers met the World Health Organization guidelines for safe drinking water (0 TTC/100 mL), and 10.7% fell within the commonly accepted low-risk category of (1–10 TTC/100 mL). As actually practiced in the study community, boiling significantly improved the microbiological quality of drinking water, though boiled and stored drinking water is not always free of fecal contaminations.
Design of Malaria Diagnostic Criteria for the Sysmex XE-2100 Hematology Analyzer
Authors: Campuzano-Zuluaga Germán , Álvarez-Sánchez Gonzalo , Escobar-Gallo Gloria Elcy , Valencia-Zuluaga Luz Marina , Ríos-Orrego Alexandra Marcela , Pabón-Vidal Adriana , Miranda-Arboleda Andrés Felipe , Blair-Trujillo Silvia , Campuzano-Maya Germán
Published: March 2010

Thick film, the standard diagnostic procedure for malaria, is not always ordered promptly. A failsafe diagnostic strategy using an XE-2100 analyzer is proposed, and for this strategy, malaria diagnostic models for the XE-2100 were developed and tested for accuracy. Two hundred eighty-one samples were distributed into Plasmodium vivax, P. falciparum, and acute febrile syndrome groups for model construction. Model validation was performed using 60% of malaria cases and a composite control group of samples from AFS and healthy participants from endemic and non-endemic regions. For P. vivax, two observer-dependent models (accuracy = 95.3–96.9%), one non–observer-dependent model using built-in variables (accuracy = 94.7%), and one non–observer-dependent model using new and built-in variables (accuracy = 96.8%) were developed. For P. falciparum, two non–observer-dependent models (accuracies = 85% and 89%) were developed. These models could be used by health personnel or be integrated as a malaria alarm for the XE-2100 to prompt early malaria microscopic diagnosis.
Clinical Efficacy Comparison of Saccharomyces boulardii and Yogurt Fluid in Acute Non-Bloody Diarrhea in Children: A Randomized, Controlled, Open Label Study
Authors: Eren Makbule , Dinleyici Ener C. , Vandenplas Yvan
Published: March 2010

The purpose of this trial is to evaluate the clinical efficacy and cost/effectiveness of Saccharomyces boulardii compared with yogurt fluid (YF) in acute non-bloody diarrhea in children. This randomized, prospective open-label clinical trial includes 55 children (36 boys, 19 girls; mean age 21.2 ± 28.2 months). Group A (N = 28) received lyophilized S. boulardii and group B (N = 27) received YF. The duration of diarrhea was shorter with S. boulardii but the hospital stay was reduced with YF, although these differences were not significant. However, diarrhea had resolved in significantly more children on day 3 in the S. boulardii group (48.5% versus 25.5%; P < 0.05). In outpatient cases, yogurt treatment was cheaper than S. boulardii whereas in hospitalized patients, treatment cost was similar. In conclusion, the effect of daily freshly prepared YF was comparable to S. boulardii in the treatment of acute non-bloody diarrhea in children. The duration of diarrhea was shorter in the S. boulardii group, expressed as a significantly higher number of patients with normal stools on day 3.
Automated Detection of Malaria-Associated Pseudoeosinophilia and Abnormal WBC Scattergram by the Sysmex XE-2100 Hematology Analyzer: A Clinical Study with 1,801 Patients and Real-Time Quantitative PCR Analysis in Vivax Malaria-Endemic Area
Authors: Yoo Jong-Ha , Song Jaewoo , Lee Kyung-A , Sun Young-Kyu , Kim Young-Ah , Park Tae Sung , Choi Jong Rak
Published: March 2010

Recently, the XE-2100 hematology analyzer was investigated in a rather small patient group; pseudoeosinophilia or abnormal white blood cell (WBC) scattergrams reported by this instrument were considered as significantly valuable diagnostic parameters in detecting vivax malaria. This study was conducted not only to assess the usefulness of pseudoeosinophilia or abnormal WBC scattergram in vivax malaria-endemic areas with large patient groups (N = 1,801) but also to investigate the correlation of parasitemia and platelet count with pseudoeosinophilia and abnormal WBC scattergrams. Of the 1,801 analyzed patients, 413 (22.9%) were found to have malaria by Wright–Giemsa stained blood smears. Overall, either pseudoeosinophilia or abnormal WBC scattergram was detected in 191 of 413 malaria patients and 4 of 1,388 patients without malaria (sensitivity = 46.2%, specificity = 99.7%). We suggest that clinical hematology laboratories using the XE-2100 analyzer should be aware of such specific parameters, even with the absence of a clinical request.
Short Course for Focused Assessment with Sonography for Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Tuberculosis: Preliminary Results in a Rural Setting in South Africa with High Prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Tuberculosis
Authors: Heller Tom , Wallrauch Claudia , Lessells Richard J. , Goblirsch Sam , Brunetti Enrico
Published: March 2010

In Africa, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–associated extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is common and poses diagnostic difficulties. Ultrasound is useful to find suggestive signs such as effusions or abdominal lymphadenopathy. Because trained radiologists are scarce in resource-poor settings, even this simple and relatively inexpensive diagnostic tool is frequently unavailable to patients in district hospitals in sub-Saharan Africa. We developed a focused protocol for assessment with sonography for HIV/TB and trained physicians in a rural district hospital in South Africa. In this pilot study, high levels of confidence in identifying specific signs were rapidly achieved and ultrasound was introduced into routine clinical practice.
Insecticide-Treated Nets Can Reduce Malaria Transmission by Mosquitoes Which Feed Outdoors
Authors: Govella Nicodem J. , Okumu Fredros O. , Killeen Gerry F.
Published: March 2010

Insecticide treated nets (ITNs) represent a powerful means for controlling malaria in Africa because the mosquito vectors feed primarily indoors at night. The proportion of human exposure that occurs indoors, when people are asleep and can conveniently use ITNs, is therefore very high. Recent evidence suggests behavioral changes by malaria mosquito populations to avoid contact with ITNs by feeding outdoors in the early evening. We adapt an established mathematical model of mosquito behavior and malaria transmission to illustrate how ITNs can achieve communal suppression of malaria transmission exposure, even where mosquito evade them and personal protection is modest. We also review recent reports from Tanzania to show that conventional mosquito behavior measures can underestimate the potential of ITNs because they ignore the importance of human movements.
Contribution of Integrated Campaign Distribution of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets to Coverage of Target Groups and Total Populations in Malaria-Endemic Areas in Madagascar
Authors: Kulkarni Manisha A. , Eng Jodi Vanden , Desrochers Rachelle E. , Cotte Annett Hoppe , Goodson James L. , Johnston Adam , Wolkon Adam , Erskine Marcy , Berti Peter , Rakotoarisoa Andriamahefa , Ranaivo Louise , Peat Jason
Published: March 2010

In October 2007, Madagascar conducted a nationwide integrated campaign to deliver measles vaccination, mebendazole, and vitamin A to children six months to five years of age. In 59 of the 111 districts, long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) were delivered to children less than five years of age in combination with the other interventions. A community-based, cross-sectional survey assessed LLIN ownership and use six months post-campaign during the rainy season. LLIN ownership was analyzed by wealth quintile to assess equity. In the 59 districts, 76.8% of households possessed at least one LLIN from any source and 56.4% of households possessed a campaign net. Equity of campaign net ownership was evident. Post-campaign, the LLIN use target of ≥ 80% by children less than five years of age and a high level of LLIN use (69%) by pregnant women were attained. Targeted LLIN distribution further contributed to total population coverage (60%) through use of campaign nets by all age groups.
Health Risks and Travel Preparation Among Foreign Visitors and Expatriates During the 2008 Beijing Olympic and Paralympic Games
Authors: Jentes Emily S. , Davis Xiaohong M. , MacDonald Susan , Snyman P. Johann , Nelson Hugh , Quarry Doug , Lai Irene , van Vliet Erik W. N. , Balaban Victor , Marano Cinzia , Mues Katherine , Kozarsky Phyllis , Marano Nina
Published: March 2010

During the 2008 Olympic and Paralympic Games, we conducted surveillance of illnesses among travelers at six Beijing clinics. Surveys asked about demographic, pre-travel, and vaccination information, and physician-provided diagnoses. Of 807 respondents, 38% and 57% were classified as foreign visitors (FV) and expatriates, respectively. Less than one-half of FV sought pre-travel advice; sources included health-care providers and friends/family. FV vaccination rate was also low; however, most vaccines given were recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The most common FV diagnoses were respiratory, injury/musculoskeletal, and gastrointestinal illnesses; for expatriates, injury/musculoskeletal, respiratory, and dermatologic were the most common illnesses. Respiratory illnesses in expatriates were significantly less in 2008 than during 2004–2007 (χ2 = 10.2; P = 0.0014), suggesting that control programs may have reduced pollutants/respiratory irritants during the 2008 Games. We found no previous studies of health outcomes among expatriates living in cities with mass travel events. These findings highlight the need to continuously disseminate information to health-care providers advising travelers.
Severe Rift Valley Fever May Present with a Characteristic Clinical Syndrome
Authors: Kahlon Summerpal S. , Peters Clarence J. , LeDuc James , Muchiri Eric M. , Muiruri Samuel , Njenga M. Kariuki , Breiman Robert F. , Clinton White A. , King Charles H.
Published: March 2010

Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus is an emerging pathogen that is transmitted in many regions of sub-Saharan Africa, parts of Egypt, and the Arabian peninsula. Outbreaks of RVF, like other diseases caused by hemorrhagic fever viruses, typically present in locations with very limited health resources, where initial diagnosis must be based only on history and physical examination. Although general signs and symptoms of human RVF have been documented, a specific clinical syndrome has not been described. In 2007, a Kenyan outbreak of RVF provided opportunity to assess acutely ill RVF patients and better delineate its presentation and clinical course. Our data reveal an identifiable clinical syndrome suggestive of severe RVF, characterized by fever, large-joint arthralgia, and gastrointestinal complaints and later followed by jaundice, right upper-quadrant pain, and delirium, often coinciding with hemorrhagic manifestations. Further characterization of a distinct RVF clinical syndrome will aid earlier detection of RVF outbreaks and should allow more rapid implementation of control.
miRBase: microRNA Sequences and Annotation
Authors: Griffiths‐Jones Sam
Published: March 2010

miRBase is the central repository for microRNA (miRNA) sequence information. miRBase has a role in defining the nomenclature for miRNA genes and assigning names to novel miRNAs for publication in peer‐reviewed journals. The online miRBase database is a resource containing all published miRNA sequences, together with textual annotation and links to the primary literature and to other secondary databases. The database provides a variety of methods to query the data, by specific searches of sequences and associated text and literature. All miRBase data are also available for download from the miRBase FTP site. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 29:12.9.1‐12.9.10. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Individualism, collectivism, and Chinese adolescents' aggression: intracultural variations
Authors: Li Yan , Wang Mo , Wang Cixin , Shi Junqi
Published: March 2010

This study examined the relations between cultural values (i.e., individualism and collectivism) and aggression among 460 (234 girls) Chinese adolescents. Conflict level and social status insecurity were examined as potential explaining mechanisms for these relations. The results showed that adolescents' endorsement of collectivism was negatively related to their use of overt and relational aggression as reported by teachers and peers, whereas positive associations were found between the endorsement of individualism and adolescent aggression. Adolescents' conflict level and social status insecurity accounted for a significant part of these associations. Findings of this study demonstrate the importance of examining intracultural variations of cultural values in relation to adolescent aggression as well as the process variables in explaining the relations. Aggr. Behav. 36:187–194, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diving into the Depth‐Scape: Exuberance and Personalities
Authors: Reisner Yael
Published: March 2010

Exuberance is about more than appearance. Yael Reisner argues that it engenders an emotional response. It provides a whole ‘depth‐scape’ of expression by offering extensive qualities that go beyond the merely practical or the required. Exuberance proffers a full emotional range from the horrific to the sublime, which requires complexity but also the presence of creative personalities who lend personal interpretation to the design process. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Baroque Exuberance: Frivolity or Disquiet
Authors: Harbison Robert
Published: March 2010

Robert Harbison defines the Baroque in the 17th and early 18th centuries, which is so often characterised in contrast with the Renaissance by its excess and drama. In doing so, he challenges the reader to consider whether this artful style of subversion, tension, movement, gravity‐defying feats and freedom was really one of whimsical frivolity or subversive disquiet. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The New Delfina
Authors: Cook Peter
Published: March 2010

Peter Cook eulogises the exuberant: he urges us to recognise its potential for release, as a true opportunity to let go creatively – and, in fact, to let it all ‘rush out in a torrent’. In tandem, he redraws the Sheraton Delfina in Santa Monica from his hotel window, as an exuberant pile or liveable conglomeration of grotto‐like spaces. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
OrnaMental POrnamentation: The Abstract and the Exuberant Body of Ornamentation
Authors: Colletti Marjan
Published: March 2010

In the last few years, the introduction of new digital software has enabled the exuberant articulation of ornate surfaces and volumes. Marjan Colletti looks beyond technical innovation and observes a two‐fold conceptual tendency that he labels the ‘ornaMental’ and the ‘pOrnamentation’, differentiating between the first's inclination to create form through abstraction and the latter's potential for the figural through sensation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relying on Interdependencies: Snøhetta in the Middle East
Authors: Thorsen Kjetil Trædal , Greenwood Robert
Published: March 2010

Kjetil Trædal Thorsen and Robert Greenwood of Snøhetta describe how opportunities to build multicultural programmed buildings in the Middle East have opened up the possibilities of developing a new iconography for a new building type, embedded in the emotional translation of a rich iconographic and decorative tradition; an ongoing dialogue with the clients and users; and a Middle Eastern preference to define the present by looking to the future. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphosis Architects' Cooper Union Academic Building, New York
Authors: Merkel Jayne
Published: March 2010

Thom Mayne and his colleagues have packed a lot of architecture and a number of very practical spaces into one small city block in the firm's first major New York building. Jayne Merkel describes the dramatic skylighted central staircase that sweeps through the new academic building for the prestigious Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, surrounded by efficient classroom, office and studio space with exciting views of the city all around. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Emergence and the Forms of Metabolism
Authors: Weinstock Michael
Published: March 2010

Earlier this year, Michael Weinstock published a seminal book, The Architecture of Emergence: The Evolution of Form in Nature and Civilisation, which challenges established cultural and architectural histories. The conventional worldview is expanded by placing human development alongside ecological development: the history of cultural evolution and the production of cities are set in the context of processes and forms of the natural world. As well as providing a far‐reaching thesis, Weinstock's book gives lucid and accessible explanations of the complex systems of the physical world. In this abridged extract from Chapter 5, Weinstock explains the dynamics of individual and collective metabolisms from which intelligence and social and spatial orders emerge. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strategic Plots and Spatial Blooms
Authors: Spiller Neil
Published: March 2010

Stifled by ‘architect's block’? Reached an insurmountable creative impasse? Neil Spiller directs us back to that old stalwart the drawing; and in so doing introduces the inspiring output of Perry Kulper, ‘the Michigan Magus’, which ‘provokes the mind into tangents, to ambitions and delightful juxtapositions not only of forms but also of ideas’. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Reusable Interface Constructed by 3‐Aminophenylboronic Acid‐Functionalized Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes for Cell Capture, Release, and Cytosensing
Authors: Zhong Xue , Bai Hai‐Jing , Xu Jing‐Juan , Chen Hong‐Yuan , Zhu Yu‐Hua
Published: March 2010

A newly developed electrochemical cell sensor for the determination of K562 leukemia cells using 3‐aminophenylboronic acid (APBA)‐functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) films is demonstrated. The films are generated by the covalent coupling between the NH2 groups in APBA and the COOH group in the acid‐oxidized MWCNTs. As a result of the sugar‐specific affinity interactions, the K562 leukemia cells are firmly bound to the APBA‐functionalized MWCNTs film via boronic acid groups. Compared to electropolymerized APBA films, the presence of MWCNTs not only provides abundant boronic acid domains for cell capture, their high electrical conductivity also makes the film suitable for electrochemical sensing applications. The resulting modified electrodes are tested as cell detection sensors. This work presents a promising platform for effective cell capture and constructing reusable cytosensors.
Molecular Mimetic Self‐Assembly of Colloidal Particles
Authors: Mao Zhengwei , Xu Haolan , Wang Dayang
Published: March 2010

This article presents an overview of the current progress in molecular mimetic self‐assembly of colloidal particles. Firstly, the recent study of colloidal particles at interfaces is highlighted, underlining the mesoscopic mimicry of the surface activity of amphiphilic molecules using colloidal particles. Secondly, various strategies developed thus far to impart colloidal particles with anisotropy in terms of chemical composition, surface chemistry and particle morphology, which are regarded as mesoscopic atoms and molecules, are reviewed. Thirdly, an overview of the current theoretical and experimental results of using the rules of molecular synthesis and self‐assembly to direct self‐assembly of colloidal particles is presented. Finally, the experimental challenges associated with molecular mimetic self‐assembly of colloidal particles are outlined, giving a rather conservative conclusion of the status quo of this new research field with a very optimistic outlook.
Synthesis of Magnetic, Up‐Conversion Luminescent, and Mesoporous Core–Shell‐Structured Nanocomposites as Drug Carriers
Authors: Gai Shili , Yang Piaoping , Li Chunxia , Wang Wenxin , Dai Yunlu , Niu Na , Lin Jun
Published: March 2010

The synthesis (by a facile two‐step sol–gel process), characterization, and application in controlled drug release is reported for monodisperse core–shell‐structured Fe3O4@nSiO2@mSiO2@NaYF4: Yb3+, Er3+/Tm3+ nanocomposites with mesoporous, up‐conversion luminescent, and magnetic properties. The nanocomposites show typical ordered mesoporous characteristics and a monodisperse spherical morphology with narrow size distribution (around 80 nm). In addition, they exhibit high magnetization (38.0 emu g−1, thus it is possible for drug targeting under a foreign magnetic field) and unique up‐conversion emission (green for Yb3+/Er3+ and blue for Yb3+/Tm3+) under 980 nm laser excitation even after loading with drug molecules. Drug release tests suggest that the multifunctional nanocomposites have a controlled drug release property. Interestingly, the up‐conversion emission intensity of the multifunctional carrier increases with the released amount of model drug, thus allowing the release process to be monitored and tracked by the change of photoluminescence intensity. This composite can act as a multifunctional drug carrier system, which can realize the targeting and monitoring of drugs simultaneously.
Copper‐Catalyzed Highly Regioselective Oxidative CH Bond Amidation of 2‐Arylpyridine Derivatives and 1‐Methylindoles
Authors: Shuai Qi , Deng Guojun , Chua Zhijie , Bohle D. Scott , Li Chao‐Jun
Published: March 2010

Copper(I) bromide‐catalyzed amidation of 2‐arylpyridine derivatives and 1‐methylindoles with a variety of amides was achieved by employing tert‐butyl peroxide (TBP) as oxidant. Aryl halides could be tolerated under the reaction conditions. Neither a special ligand nor a base was required for this amidation process.
Cutting Long Syntheses Short: Access to Non‐Natural Tyrosine Derivatives Employing an Engineered Tyrosine Phenol Lyase
Authors: Seisser Birgit , Zinkl René , Gruber Karl , Kaufmann Franz , Hafner Andreas , Kroutil Wolfgang
Published: March 2010

The chemical synthesis of 3‐substituted tyrosine derivatives requires a minimum of four steps to access optically enriched material starting from commercial precursors. Attempting to short‐cut the cumbersome chemical synthesis of 3‐substituted tyrosine derivatives, a single step biocatalytic approach was identified employing the tyrosine phenol lyase from Citrobacter freundii. The enzyme catalyses the hydrolysis of tyrosine to phenol, pyruvate and ammonium as well as the reverse reaction, thus the formation of tyrosine from phenol, pyruvate and ammonium. Since the wild‐type enzyme possessed a very narrow substrate spectrum, structure‐guided, site‐directed mutagenesis was required to change the substrate specificity of this CC bond forming enzyme. The best variant M379V transformed, for example, o‐cresol, o‐methoxyphenol and o‐chlorophenol efficiently to the corresponding tyrosine derivatives without any detectable side‐product. In contrast, all three phenol compounds were non‐substrates for the wild‐type enzyme. Employing the mutant, various L‐tyrosine derivatives (3‐Me, 3‐OMe, 3‐F, 3‐Cl) were obtained with complete conversion and excellent enantiomeric excess (>97%) in just a single ‘green’ step starting from pyruvate and commercially available phenol derivatives.
Highly Efficient Ligands for the Palladium‐Assisted Double N‐Arylation of Primary Amines for One‐Sep Construction of Carbazoles
Authors: Zhou Yibo , Verkade John G.
Published: March 2010

A highly efficient one‐pot synthesis of carbazoles via palladium‐catalyzed double N‐arylation of primary amines with 2,2′‐dihalobiphenyls is described using a catalyst system comprised of tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) (Pd2dba3) and the proazaphosphatrane P(i‐BuNCH2CH2)3N (8) or its derivative (t‐Bu)2PNP(i‐BuNCH2CH2)3N (9a) as the ligand. The process is effective for double N‐arylation of 2,2′‐biphenyl dibromide, diiodide, and even dichloride with a variety of primary amines including neutral, electron‐rich, electron‐deficient, and sterically hindered anilines as well as aliphatic amines.
Divergent Reactivity of 2‐Azetidinone‐Tethered Allenols with Electrophilic Reagents: Controlled Ring Expansion versus Spirocyclization
Authors: Alcaide Benito , Almendros Pedro , Luna Amparo , Torres M. Rosario
Published: March 2010

A dual reactivity of 2‐azetidinone‐tethered allenols may occur by judicious choice of the electrophilic reagents, namely halogenating versus selenating reagents. Using common substrates, structurally different compounds, namely tetramic acids (from N‐bromosuccinimide) or spirocyclic seleno‐β‐lactams (from N‐phenylselenophthalimide), can be readily synthesized by these divergent protocols.
Protonierung oder Alkylierung? Stereoselektive Brønsted‐Säure‐katalysierte C‐C‐Verknüpfungen mit Diazoalkanen
Authors: Johnston Jeffrey N. , Muchalski Hubert , Troyer Timothy L.
Published: March 2010

In den letzten Jahren wurden neue Aktivierungsmöglichkeiten für Diazoalkane entdeckt und bereits umfangreich angewendet. Mit chiralen und achiralen Brønsted‐Säuren als Katalysatoren gelangen Kohlenstoff‐Kohlenstoff‐ und Kohlenstoff‐Heteroatom‐Verknüpfungen mit einer zunehmenden Zahl von Diazoalkan‐Derivaten. Auf diesem Weg lassen sich sehr einfach in struktureller und stereochemischer Hinsicht komplizierte Verbindungen erhalten. Außerdem wird auch die konkurrierende Protonierung der Diazoverbindung umgangen – eine Reaktion, die seit langem zur effizienten Veresterung von Carbonsäuren genutzt wird. Achirale Brønsted‐Säuren als Katalysatoren erreichen hohe Diastereoselektivitäten, und chirale Brønsted‐Säuren führen zu den gewünschten Produkten mit sowohl hoher Diastereo‐ als auch Enantioselektivität. Seit einiger Zeit gibt es auch Systeme zur Kohlenstoff‐Kohlenstoff‐Verknüpfung, die eine Brønsted‐Säure mit einer Lewis‐Säure oder einer Übergangsmetallverbindung kombinieren.
The anatomy of anatomy: A review for its modernization
Authors: Sugand Kapil , Abrahams Peter , Khurana Ashish
Published: March 2010

Anatomy has historically been a cornerstone in medical education regardless of nation or specialty. Until recently, dissection and didactic lectures were its sole pedagogy. Teaching methodology has been revolutionized with more reliance on models, imaging, simulation, and the Internet to further consolidate and enhance the learning experience. Moreover, modern medical curricula are giving less importance to anatomy education and to the acknowledged value of dissection. Universities have even abandoned dissection completely in favor of user‐friendly multimedia, alternative teaching approaches, and newly defined priorities in clinical practice. Anatomy curriculum is undergoing international reformation but the current framework lacks uniformity among institutions. Optimal learning content can be categorized into the following modalities: (1) dissection/prosection, (2) interactive multimedia, (3) procedural anatomy, (4) surface and clinical anatomy, and (5) imaging. The importance of multimodal teaching, with examples suggested in this article, has been widely recognized and assessed. Nevertheless, there are still ongoing limitations in anatomy teaching. Substantial problems consist of diminished allotted dissection time and the number of qualified anatomy instructors, which will eventually deteriorate the quality of education. Alternative resources and strategies are discussed in an attempt to tackle these genuine concerns. The challenges are to reinstate more effective teaching and learning tools while maintaining the beneficial values of orthodox dissection. The UK has a reputable medical education but its quality could be improved by observing international frameworks. The heavy penalty of not concentrating on sufficient anatomy education will inevitably lead to incompetent anatomists and healthcare professionals, leaving patients to face dire repercussions. Anat Sci Educ 3: 83–93, 2010. © 2010 American Association of Anatomists.
Vielfalt der Wissenschaften bei Carnap, Lewin und Fleck. Zur Entwicklung eines pluralen Wissenschaftskonzepts
Authors: Köchy Kristian
Published: March 2010

The Diversity of Science in Carnap's, Lewin's and Fleck's Philosophy: Toward a Pluralistic Point of View. In the 1920s and 1930s three different but simultaneous approaches of philosophy of science can be distinguished: the logical approach of the physicist Rudolf Carnap, the logico‐historical approach of the psychologist Kurt Lewin and the socio‐historical approach of the medical scientist Ludwik Fleck. While the philosophies of Lewin and Fleck can be characterized as contextual appraisals which account for the interactions between particular sciences and their historical, socio‐cultural or intellectual environments, Carnap's philosophy is narrowed to an internal methodology centered on scientific propositions and logical structures in general. In addition to these differences in aim and practice of methodological analysis the estimation of the real disunity and diversity of the special branches of science differs. Instead of Carnap's ideal of a unified science from the new pluralistic point of view the evaluation of the empirical multiplicity of particular sciences obtains philosophical acceptance.
Validation of 3D simulations of reverse osmosis membrane biofouling
Authors: Pintelon Thomas R.R. , Creber Sarah A. , von der Schulenburg Daniel A. Graf , Johns Michael L.
Published: March 2010

The increasing demand for drinking water and its stricter quality requirements have resulted in an exponentially expanding industry of membrane filtration processes. Currently, reverse osmosis (RO) is the most common method of desalination, able to produce water that is virtually free of pollutants and pathogenic micro‐organisms. Biofouling of these devices however is a significant limitation. Here we present a 3D simulation of RO membrane biofouling based on a lattice Boltzmann (LB) platform that we subsequently favorably compare with experimental data. This data consists of temporally (and spatially) resolved velocity measurements acquired for a RO membrane using magnetic resonance techniques. The effect of biofilm cohesive strength on system pressure drop is then explored; weaker biomass is observed to have a reduced impact on pressure drop (per unit biomass accumulated). Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;106: 677–689. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.