bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling of multi-band drift in nanowires using a full band Monte Carlo simulation
Authors: Hathwar Raghuraj , Saraniti Marco , Goodnick Stephen M.
Published: July 2016

We report on a new numerical approach for multi-band drift within the context of full band Monte Carlo (FBMC) simulation and apply this to Si and InAs nanowires. The approach is based on the solution of the Krieger and Iafrate (KI) equations [J. B. Krieger and G. J. Iafrate, Phys. Rev. B 33, 5494 (1986)], which gives the probability of carriers undergoing interband transitions subject to an applied electric field. The KI equations are based on the solution of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, and previous solutions of these equations have used Runge-Kutta (RK) methods to numerically solve the KI equations. This approach made the solution of the KI equations numerically expensive and was therefore only applied to a small part of the Brillouin zone (BZ). Here we discuss an alternate approach to the solution of the KI equations using the Magnus expansion (also known as “exponential perturbation theory”). This method is more accurate than the RK method as the solution lies on the exponential map and shares important qualitative properties with the exact solution such as the preservation of the unitary character of the time evolution operator. The solution of the KI equations is then incorporated through a modified FBMC free-flight drift routine and applied throughout the nanowire BZ. The importance of the multi-band drift model is then demonstrated for the case of Si and InAs nanowires by simulating a uniform field FBMC and analyzing the average carrier energies and carrier populations under high electric fields. Numerical simulations show that the average energy of the carriers under high electric field is significantly higher when multi-band drift is taken into consideration, due to the interband transitions allowing carriers to achieve higher energies.
Enhancement of backscattering by a conducting cylinder coated with gradient metasurface
Authors: Shang Yuping , Shen Zhongxiang , Feng Keming
Published: July 2016

This paper proposes a highly effective method for enhancing the backscattering by a conducting cylinder that is coated with a gradient metasurface. The employed metasurface exhibits a phase gradient continuously varying along the circumferential direction of the cylinder so that in-phase retroreflection can be produced to enhance the backscattering. It is demonstrated that the cylinder coated with the proposed gradient metasurface can generate backscattering very close to that from a conducting plate with the same dimensions as the cylinder's cross-section perpendicular to the incident plane wave. Compared with a bare conducting cylinder, the backscattering is significantly enhanced by the gradient metasurface made of conducting strips printed on a grounded dielectric substrate. Effects of cell numbers along the cylinder axis, incident angle, and polarization of the incoming electromagnetic wave on the backscattering enhancement are examined and discussed. A good agreement between simulated and measured backscattering results validates the observations.
The influence of pressure and gas flow on size and morphology of titanium oxide nanoparticles synthesized by hollow cathode sputtering
Authors: Gunnarsson Rickard , Pilch Iris , Boyd Robert D. , Brenning Nils , Helmersson Ulf
Published: July 2016

Titanium oxide nanoparticles have been synthesized via sputtering of a hollow cathode in an argon atmosphere. The influence of pressure and gas flow has been studied. Changing the pressure affects the nanoparticle size, increasing approximately proportional to the pressure squared. The influence of gas flow is dependent on the pressure. In the low pressure regime (107 ≤ p ≤ 143 Pa), the nanoparticle size decreases with increasing gas flow; however, at high pressure (p = 215 Pa), the trend is reversed. For low pressures and high gas flows, it was necessary to add oxygen for the particles to nucleate. There is also a morphological transition of the nanoparticle shape that is dependent on the pressure. Shapes such as faceted, cubic, and cauliflower can be obtained.
Green semipolar III-nitride light-emitting diodes grown by limited area epitaxy
Authors: Pynn C. D. , Kowsz S. J. , Oh S. H. , Gardner H. , Farrell R. M. , Nakamura S. , Speck J. S. , DenBaars S. P.
Published: July 2016

The performance of multiple quantum well green and yellow semipolar light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is limited by relaxation of highly strained InGaN-based active regions and the subsequent formation of nonradiative defects. Limited area epitaxy was used to block glide of substrate threading dislocations and to reduce the density of misfit dislocations (MDs) directly beneath the active region of (202¯1) LEDs. Devices were grown and fabricated on a 1D array of narrow substrate mesas to limit the MD run length. Reducing the mesa width from 20 μm to 5 μm lowered the density of basal plane and non-basal plane MDs on the mesas and limited the number of defect-generating dislocation intersections. This improvement in material quality yielded a 73% enhancement in peak external quantum efficiency for the devices with the narrowest mesas compared to the devices with the widest mesas.
Localized surface plasmon polariton resonance in holographically structured Al-doped ZnO
Authors: George David , Li Li , Jiang Yan , Lowell David , Mao Michelle , Hassan Safaa , Ding Jun , Cui Jingbiao , Zhang Hualiang , Philipose Usha , Lin Yuankun
Published: July 2016

In this paper, we studied the localized surface plasmon polariton (SPP) resonance in hole arrays in transparent conducting aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO). CMOS-compatible fabrication process was demonstrated for the AZO devices. The localized SPP resonance was observed and confirmed by electromagnetic simulations. Using a standing wave model, the observed SPP was dominated by the standing-wave resonance along (1,1) direction in square lattices. This research lays the groundwork for a fabrication technique that can contribute to the core technology of future integrated photonics through its extension into tunable conductive materials.
Anomalous current pinch of a toroidal axisymmetric plasma with stochastic magnetic field perturbations
Authors: Wang Shaojie
Published: July 2016

Anomalous current pinch, in addition to the anomalous diffusion due to stochastic magnetic perturbations, is theoretically found, which may qualitatively explain the recent DIII-D experiment on resonant magnetic field perturbation. The anomalous current pinch, which may resolve the long-standing issue of seed current in a fully bootstrapped tokamak, is also discussed for the electrostatic turbulence.
Note: Broadband low-noise photodetector for Pound-Drever-Hall laser stabilization
Authors: Potnis Shreyas , Vutha Amar C.
Published: July 2016

The Pound-Drever-Hall laser stabilization technique requires a fast, low-noise photodetector. We present a simple photodetector design that uses a transformer as an intermediary between a photodiode and cascaded low-noise radio-frequency amplifiers. Our implementation using a silicon photodiode yields a detector with 50 MHz bandwidth, gain >105 V/A, and input current noise <4 pA/Hz, allowing us to obtain shot-noise-limited performance with low optical power.
Epitaxial growth and thermodynamic stability of SrIrO3/SrTiO3 heterostructures
Authors: Groenendijk D. J. , Manca N. , Mattoni G. , Kootstra L. , Gariglio S. , Huang Y. , van Heumen E. , Caviglia A. D.
Published: July 2016

Obtaining high-quality thin films of 5d transition metal oxides is essential to explore the exotic semimetallic and topological phases predicted to arise from the combination of strong electron correlations and spin-orbit coupling. Here, we show that the transport properties of SrIrO3 thin films, grown by pulsed laser deposition, can be optimized by considering the effect of laser-induced modification of the SrIrO3 target surface. We further demonstrate that bare SrIrO3 thin films are subject to degradation in air and are highly sensitive to lithographic processing. A crystalline SrTiO3 cap layer deposited in-situ is effective in preserving the film quality, allowing us to measure metallic transport behavior in films with thicknesses down to 4 unit cells. In addition, the SrTiO3 encapsulation enables the fabrication of devices such as Hall bars without altering the film properties, allowing precise (magneto)transport measurements on micro- and nanoscale devices.
High pressure polymorphs and amorphization of upconversion host material NaY(WO4)2
Authors: Hong Fang , Yue Binbin , Cheng Zhenxiang , Kunz Martin , Chen Bin , Mao Ho-Kwang
Published: July 2016

The pressure effect on the structural change of upconversion host material NaY(WO4)2 was studied by using in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction. A transition from the initial scheelite phase to the M-fergusonite phase occurs near 10 GPa, and another phase transition is found near 27.5 GPa, which could be an isostructural transition without symmetry change. The sample becomes amorphous when the pressure is fully released from high pressure. This work demonstrates the possibility of synthesizing various polymorph structures for non-linear optical applications with a high pressure, chemical doping, or strained thin-film nanostructure process.
Analytical solutions to the fractional advection-diffusion equation with time-dependent pulses on the boundary
Authors: Rubbab Qammar , Mirza Itrat Abbas , Qureshi M. Zubair Akbar
Published: July 2016

The time-fractional advection-diffusion equation with Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivatives (fractional derivatives without singular kernel) is considered under the time-dependent emissions on the boundary and the first order chemical reaction. The non-dimensional problem is formulated by using suitable dimensionless variables and the fundamental solutions to the Dirichlet problem for the fractional advection-diffusion equation are determined using the integral transforms technique. The fundamental solutions for the ordinary advection-diffusion equation, fractional and ordinary diffusion equation are obtained as limiting cases of the previous model. Using Duhamel’s principle, the analytical solutions to the Dirichlet problem with time-dependent boundary pulses have been obtained. The influence of the fractional parameter and of the drift parameter on the solute concentration in various spatial positions was analyzed by numerical calculations. It is found that the variation of the fractional parameter has a significant effect on the solute concentration, namely, the memory effects lead to the retardation of the mass transport.
Investigation on the reaction mechanisms of generation and loss of oxygen-related species in atmospheric-pressure pulsed dielectric barrier discharge in argon/oxygen mixture
Authors: Pan Jie , Tan Zhenyu , Pan Guangsheng , Shan Chunhong , Wang Xiaolong , Liu Yadi , Jiang Jixiang
Published: July 2016

This work presents a numerical investigation, using a 1-D fluid model, on the generation and loss of oxygen-related species and the spatial-temporal evolutions of the species densities in the atmospheric-pressure pulsed dielectric barrier discharge in the argon/oxygen mixture. The reaction pathways as well as their contributions to the generation and loss of oxygen-related species are given. The considered oxygen-related species include O, O(1D), O2(1Δg), O3, O+, O2+, O−, O2−, and O3−. The following significant results are obtained. O, O(1D), O2(1Δg), and O− are produced mainly via the electron impact with O2. Ar+ plays an essential role in the generation of O+ and O2+. Almost all of O3 derives from the reaction O2 + O2 + O → O3 + O2. The O3-related reactions produce an essential proportion of O2− and O3−. The substantial loss of O−, O2−, and O3− is induced by their reactions with O2+. Loss of O+, O, and O(1D) is mainly due to their reactions with O2, loss of O2(1Δg) due to O2(1Δg) impacts with O3 as well as the de-excitation reactions between O2(1Δg) and e, O2, and O, and loss of O3 due to the reactions between O3 and other neutral species. In addition, the densities of O+ and O(1D) present two obvious peaks at the pulse duration, but the densities of O2+, O, O2(1Δg), and O3 are almost unchanged. The densities of negative oxygen ions increase at the pulse duration and then decline. O− density is obviously large nearby the dielectric surfaces and the densities of O2− and O3− present generally uniform distributions.
Bandwidth increasing mechanism by introducing a curve fixture to the cantilever generator
Authors: Liu Weiqun , Liu Congzhi , Ren Bingyu , Zhu Qiao , Hu Guangdi , Yang Weiqing
Published: July 2016

A nonlinear wideband generator architecture by clamping the cantilever beam generator with a curve fixture is proposed. Devices with different nonlinear stiffness can be obtained by properly choosing the fixture curve according to the design requirements. Three available generator types are presented and discussed for polynomial curves. Experimental investigations show that the proposed mechanism effectively extends the operation bandwidth with good power performance. Especially, the simplicity and easy feasibility allow the mechanism to be widely applied for vibration generators in different scales and environments.
A broad area electrospray generated by a piezoelectric transformer
Authors: Ramshani Zeinab , Johnson Michael J. , Atashbar Massood Z. , Go David B.
Published: July 2016

Electrosprays are typically formed by the application of a high (kilovolt) voltage to the flow exiting a small diameter capillary, and they have been used in applications ranging from material synthesis to spray coating because of the finely controlled plume of micron-sized droplets they produce. In this work, we report a similar but distinct spray directly off the surface of a piezoelectric transformer. Using a paper wick to deliver liquid to the surface of the piezoelectric crystal, a continuous, broad area spray is generated from the wick in contact with the transformer surface, only requiring input voltages on the order of 20 Vamp. Systematic variation of critical parameters indicate that this piezoelectric transformer-generated spray is similar to a conventional electrospray, with the spray current exhibiting a non-linear dependence on the solution conductivity, but distinct, as the spray exhibits little dependence on the solution surface tension. This innovative spray could potentially lead to uniform, large area spray coverage from a single device for a wide variety of applications.
Insights into collaborative separation process of photogenerated charges and superior performance of solar cells
Authors: Liu Xiangyang , Wang Shun , Zheng Haiwu , Gu Yuzong
Published: July 2016

ZnO nanowires/Cu4Bi4S9 (ZnO/CBS) and ZnO nanowires/CBS-graphene nanoplates (ZnO/CBS-GNs), as well as two types of solar cells were prepared. The photovoltaic responses of CBS-GNs and ZnO/CBS-GNs can be improved with incorporation of GNs. The transient surface photovoltage (TPV) can provide detailed information on the separation and transport of photogenerated carriers. The multichannel separation process from the TPVs indicates that the macro-photoelectric signals can be attributed to the photogenerated charges separated at the interface of CBS/GNs, rather than CBS/ZnO. The multi-interfacial recombination is the major carrier loss, and the hole selective p-V2O5 can efficiently accelerate the charge extraction to the external circuit. The ZnO/CBS-GNs cell exhibits the superior performance, and the highest efficiency is 10.9%. With the adequate interfaces of CBS/GNs, GNs conductive network, energy level matching, etc., the excitons can easily diffuse to the interface of CBS/GNs, and the separated electrons and holes can be collected quickly, inducing the high photoelectric properties. Here, a facile strategy for solid state solar cells with superior performance presents a potential application.
Observation of the anisotropic Dirac cone in the band dispersion of 112-structured iron-based superconductor Ca0.9La0.1FeAs2
Authors: Liu Z. T. , Xing X. Z. , Li M. Y. , Zhou W. , Sun Y. , Fan C. C. , Yang H. F. , Liu J. S. , Yao Q. , Li W. , Shi Z. X. , Shen D. W. , Wang Z.
Published: July 2016

CaFeAs2 is a parent compound of recently discovered 112-type iron-based superconductors. It is predicted to be a staggered intercalation compound that naturally integrates both quantum spin Hall insulating and superconducting layers and an ideal system for the realization of Majorana modes. We performed a systematical angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and first-principles calculation study of the slightly electron-doped CaFeAs2. We found that the zigzag As chain of 112-type iron-based superconductors play a considerable role in the low-energy electronic structure, resulting in the characteristic Dirac-cone like band dispersion as the prediction. Our experimental results further confirm that these Dirac cones only exist around the X but not Y points in the Brillouin zone, breaking the S4 symmetry at iron sites. Our findings present the compelling support to the theoretical prediction that the 112-type iron-based superconductors might host the topological nontrivial edge states. The slightly electron doped CaFeAs2 would provide us a unique opportunity to realize and explore Majorana fermion physics.
Direct growth of hexagonal boron nitride/graphene heterostructures on cobalt foil substrates by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Xu Zhongguang , Khanaki Alireza , Tian Hao , Zheng Renjing , Suja Mohammad , Zheng Jian-Guo , Liu Jianlin
Published: July 2016

Graphene/hexagonal boron nitride (G/h-BN) heterostructures have attracted a great deal of attention because of their exceptional properties and wide variety of potential applications in nanoelectronics. However, direct growth of large-area, high-quality, and stacked structures in a controllable and scalable way remains challenging. In this work, we demonstrate the synthesis of h-BN/graphene (h-BN/G) heterostructures on cobalt (Co) foil by sequential deposition of graphene and h-BN layers using plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. It is found that the coverage of h-BN layers can be readily controlled on the epitaxial graphene by growth time. Large-area, uniform-quality, and multi-layer h-BN films on thin graphite layers were achieved. Based on an h-BN (5–6 nm)/G (26–27 nm) heterostructure, capacitor devices with Co(foil)/G/h-BN/Co(contact) configuration were fabricated to evaluate the dielectric properties of h-BN. The measured breakdown electric field showed a high value of ∼2.5–3.2 MV/cm. Both I-V and C-V characteristics indicate that the epitaxial h-BN film has good insulating characteristics.
Detection of atomic force microscopy cantilever displacement with a transmitted electron beam
Authors: Wagner R. , Woehl T. J. , Keller R. R. , Killgore J. P.
Published: July 2016

The response time of an atomic force microscopy (AFM) cantilever can be decreased by reducing cantilever size; however, the fastest AFM cantilevers are currently nearing the smallest size that can be detected with the conventional optical lever approach. Here, we demonstrate an electron beam detection scheme for measuring AFM cantilever oscillations. The oscillating AFM tip is positioned perpendicular to and in the path of a stationary focused nanometer sized electron beam. As the tip oscillates, the thickness of the material under the electron beam changes, causing a fluctuation in the number of scattered transmitted electrons that are detected. We demonstrate detection of sub-nanometer vibration amplitudes with an electron beam, providing a pathway for dynamic AFM with cantilevers that are orders of magnitude smaller and faster than the current state of the art.
Nonlinear spin wave coupling in adjacent magnonic crystals
Authors: Sadovnikov A. V. , Beginin E. N. , Morozova M. A. , Sharaevskii Yu. P. , Grishin S. V. , Sheshukova S. E. , Nikitov S. A.
Published: July 2016

We have experimentally studied the coupling of spin waves in the adjacent magnonic crystals. Space- and time-resolved Brillouin light-scattering spectroscopy is used to demonstrate the frequency and intensity dependent spin-wave energy exchange between the side-coupled magnonic crystals. The experiments and the numerical simulation of spin wave propagation in the coupled periodic structures show that the nonlinear phase shift of spin wave in the adjacent magnonic crystals leads to the nonlinear switching regime at the frequencies near the forbidden magnonic gap. The proposed side-coupled magnonic crystals represent a significant advance towards the all-magnonic signal processing in the integrated magnonic circuits.
Correlation between strain rate sensitivity and α relaxation of metallic glasses
Authors: Zhang M. , Wang Y. J. , Dai L. H.
Published: July 2016

An inherent correlation between the strain rate sensitivity and α relaxation of metallic glasses (MGs) is observed. This correlation can be attributed to the secondary term which incorporates the nonaffine displacements of atoms in the analytical expression of the elastic modulus of amorphous solids. The observed correlation supports the proposition that stress and temperature play equivalent role in the glass transition of MGs. Besides, an ideal liquid state of MGs is observed in the supercooled liquid region when they are deformed below a critical loading rate. This observation would benefit the application of MGs in the fabrication of micro parts for MEMS (Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems).
Controlling dynamical thermal transport of biased bilayer graphene by impurity atoms
Authors: Rezania Hamed , Yarmohammadi Mohsen
Published: July 2016

We address the dynamical thermal conductivity of biased bilayer graphene doped with acceptor impurity atoms for AA-stacking in the context of tight binding model Hamiltonian. The effect of scattering by dilute charged impurities is discussed in terms of the self-consistent Born approximation. Green’s function approach has been exploited to find the behavior of thermal conductivity of bilayer graphene within the linear response theory. We have found the frequency dependence of thermal conductivity for different values of concentration and scattering strength of dopant impurity. Also the dependence of thermal conductivity on the impurity concentration and bias voltage has been investigated in details.
A first-principles study on the negative thermal expansion material: Mn3(A0.5B0.5)N (A=Cu, Zn, Ag, or Cd; B=Si, Ge, or Sn)
Authors: Qu Bingyan , He Haiyan , Pan Bicai
Published: July 2016

In this paper, using the first-principles calculations, we systemically study the magnetic and the negative thermal expansion (NTE) properties of Mn3(A0.5B0.5)N (A = Cu, Zn, Ag, or Cd; B = Si, Ge, or Sn). From the calculated results, except Mn3(Cu0.5Si0.5)N, all the doped compounds considered would exhibit the NTE. For the dopants at B sites, the working temperature of the NTE shifts to higher temperature range from Si to Sn, and among the compounds with these dopants, Mn3(A0.5Ge0.5)N has the largest amplitude of the NTE coefficient. As to the dopants at A sites, compared to Mn3(Cu0.5B0.5)N, Mn3(A0.5B0.5)N (A = Ag or Cd) exhibit the NTE with higher temperature ranges and lower coefficient of the thermal expansion. In a word, these compounds would have different working temperatures and coefficients of the NTE, which is important for the applications in different conditions.
Identification of relationship between pork colour and physicochemical traits in American Berkshire by canonical correlation analyses
Authors: Kim Tae Wan , Kim Il-Suk , Kwon Seul Gi , Hwang Jung Hye , Park Da Hye , Kang Deok Gyeong , Ha Jeongim , Kim Sam Woong , Kim Chul Wook
Published: July 2016

This study was carried out to predict the relationship between the colour and physicochemical traits in pork by using canonical correlation analysis. The variables of pork colour traits were lightness (L*), redness (a*) and yellowness (b*), whereas the variables of physicochemical traits were post-mortem pH24 h, water-holding capacity (WHC), collagen content, fat content, moisture content, protein content, drip loss, cooking loss and shear force. The canonical correlation coefficient (0.819) between the first pair of canonical variates, V1 and W1, was significant (P < 0.01). According to cross loadings, drip loss, cooking loss and fat content provided the relatively high positive correlations with the variates of colour traits (V1), while pH24 h, WHC and moisture content displayed negative relationships with the variates. Otherwise, L* and a* strongly contribute to the variates of physicochemical traits (W1). In addition, a redundancy index of 0.256 suggests that 25.6% of the variance in V1 is explained by W1. Therefore, in order to obtain the reddish pink colour in pork that is preferred by consumers depending on the relationships between the pork quality traits, we suggest that producer leads to the proper maintenance of post-mortem pH24 h, higher WHC, lower drip loss and cooking loss in pork.
Interactive effects of dietary protein concentration, a mono-component exogenous protease and ascorbic acid on broiler performance, nutritional status and gut health
Authors: Cowieson A. J. , Zaefarian F. , Knap I. , Ravindran V.
Published: July 2016

A total of 640 male Ross 308 broiler chickens were used to explore the interactive effects of diet nutrient density, exogenous protease and ascorbic acid on performance, nutrient digestibility and various gut health metrics. A total of eight dietary treatments were arranged as a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial with the factors being adequate or reduced (~4%) crude protein and amino acids, without or with exogenous protease and without or with supplemental ascorbic acid. Over the 35-day experimental period, birds that received the adequate diet had higher (P < 0.01) bodyweight gain and lower (P < 0.001) feed conversion ratio (FCR) than birds that received the diet with reduced protein and amino acid density. Supplemental protease reduced (P < 0.001) FCR and this influence was more apparent in birds fed the diet with reduced protein concentration. Gut tensile strength tended to be increased by protease (P = 0.09) and ascorbic acid (P = 0.06) supplementation. Supplemental protease reduced (P < 0.001) jejunal goblet cell numbers and epithelial thickness and increased (P < 0.05) villus height compared with unsupplemented diets. Ascorbic acid tended (P = 0.05) to increase sialic acid concentration in ileal digesta. Protease increased (P < 0.01) the coefficients of apparent ileal digestibility for all amino acids other than methionine and this effect tended (P = 0.07 to 0.09) to be more pronounced in the low protein diet for aspartic acid, histidine and arginine. The concentration of taurine in ileal digesta was reduced (P < 0.01) by protease whereas hydroxyproline concentrations tended (P = 0.09) to increase by ascorbic acid addition. These results confirm previous reports on the effectiveness of exogenous protease in diets reduced in crude protein and digestible amino acids. Furthermore, both protease and ascorbic acid may influence gut health through promotion of tensile strength, epithelial morphology and endogenous protein flow. The interaction between exogenous protease and ascorbic acid on gut health with an emphasis on collagen structure and tight junction integrity is an area for future study.
Carcass composition and quality of meat from Pekin ducks finished on diets with varying levels of whole wheat grain
Authors: Kokoszynski D. , Kotowicz M. , Brudnicki A. , Bernacki Z. , Wasilewski P. D. , Wasilewski R.
Published: July 2016

The aim of the research was to determine the effect of replacing part of a commercial feed mixture with whole wheat grain on the bodyweight, carcass composition and meat quality of Pekin ducks. A total of 160 1-day-old sexed SM3 Heavy hybrid ducks were used in the study. Two diets were given during the rearing period (36–49 days): (1) a complete commercial diet ad libitum, and (2) restricted amounts of a commercial diet (85%) and whole wheat grain (15%). Each treatment consisted of four replications of 20 birds each. Adding whole wheat grain to the ration resulted in no significant (P > 0.05) changes in bodyweight (3475.8 g), feed conversion ratio (0–49 days, 2.50 kg DM intake/kg liveweight gain) dressing percentage (70.1%) and carcass tissue composition in ducks at 49 days of age. Breast muscle (superficial pectoral muscle) from ducks fed the commercial diet and whole wheat grain was significantly (P < 0.05) lighter in colour (L* = 39.9 vs 38.0) and a deeper yellow colour (b* = 1.7 vs 0.8), as compared with that from birds receiving the complete commercial diet alone. Breast muscle (superficial pectoral muscle and profound pectoral muscle) also had significantly (P < 0.05) higher threonine (3.9 vs 5.1 g/100 g DM) and valine content (4.0 vs 5.0 g/100 g DM). However, leg muscle (thigh and drumstick muscles) from experimental ducks had a significantly (P < 0.05) lower content of crude fat (5.1% vs 4.2%) and collagen (1.5% vs. 1.1%), as well as less glutamic acid (14.2 vs 12.5), proline (3.5 vs 3.2), alanine (3.0 vs 2.5) and arginine (6.5 vs 5.6 g/100 g DM), as compared with the control birds.
FAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL3
activates
SEPALLATA2
but inhibits
CLAVATA3
to regulate meristem determinacy and maintenance in
Arabidopsis
Authors: Li Dongming , Fu Xing , Guo Lin , Huang Zhigang , Li Yongpeng , Liu Yang , He Zishan , Cao Xiuwei , Ma Xiaohan , Zhao Meicheng , Zhu Guohui , Xiao Langtao , Wang Haiyang , Chen Xuemei , Liu Renyi , Liu Xigang
Published: July 2016

Significance

The transcription factor
FAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL3
(
FHY3
) is known to play multiple roles at the vegetative stage in
Arabidopsis
, but its functions in reproductive stage are unclear. We find that FHY3 is required for floral meristem determinacy and shoot apical meristem maintenance by mainly acting as a transcriptional repressor.
FHY3
mediates light-regulated
CLAVATA3
expression to regulate
WUSCHEL
expression in shoot apical meristem and directly represses
CLAVATA3
, but activates
SEPALLATA2
, to promote floral meristem determinacy. Furthermore, FHY3 may coregulate flower development with three flower-specific MADS-domain transcription factors and four basic helix–loop–helix transcription factors that are involved in photomorphogenesis, and thus may act as a bridge molecule in the cross-talk between external signals and endogenous cues to coordinate plant development.
Comparative Psychotherapy Process Scale (CPPS): analysis of the validity and reliability of the Spanish adaptation / Escala Comparativa del Proceso Psicoterapéutico (CPPS): análisis de la validez y confiabilidad de su adaptación al castellano
Authors: Gómez-Penedo Juan-Martín , Barrientos Juan-Carlos , Martínez Ariana , Roussos Andrés
Published: July 2016

The study of psychotherapeutic interventions and their link with process and outcome variables has become a popular topic of great interest in psychotherapy research. This paper presents the adaptation into Spanish of the Comparative Psychotherapy Process Scale (CPPS), a 20-item scale that measures the degree to which therapists use Cognitive-Behavioural or Psychoanalytic-Interpersonal interventions. A hundred and one therapists (50 cognitive-behavioural and 51 psychoanalytic) completed the CPPS for the last patient they had treated. In a second sample of 15 patient-therapist dyads, both participants completed the CPPS regarding the same session. The subsequent analyses showed preliminary evidence of reliability (internal consistency and homogeneity) and validity (of construct and criterion) in the adaptation of the CPPS to Spanish. The implications of having a scale of these characteristics in Spanish and future lines of research are discussed.
Examining Misses in Reading Aloud Repeated Words
Authors: Healy Alice F. , Zangara Tessa K.
Published: July 2016

This study examined a novel task in which participants read aloud passages shown two words per line on a computer screen. There were four different passages, all of which included unrelated sentences, with each sentence containing one test word. The passages differed only in the text type (prose, scrambled) and in the identity of the test word ( the, one). The word the is a common function word, whereas one is a less common content word. The test word was repeated in half of the sentences at the end of one line and at the start of the following line. Many more misses in reading aloud occurred on the than on one, especially for prose passages; almost all misses involved repeated words. These results were interpreted in terms of hypotheses and models that have been proposed for the letter-detection task. Specifically, it is concluded that reading aloud is influenced by structural processes that differentiate between function and content words.
Impact of magnetic topology on radial electric field profile in the scrape-off layer of the Large Helical Device
Authors: Suzuki Y. , Ida K. , Kamiya K. , Yoshinuma M. , Tsuchiya H. , Kobayashi M. , Kawamura G. , Ohdachi S. , Sakakibara S. , Watanabe K.Y. , Hudson S. , Feng Y. , Yamada I. , Yasuhara R. , Tanaka K. , Akiyama T. , Morisaki T.
Published: July 2016

The radial electric field in the plasma edge is studied in the Large Helical Device (LHD) experiments. When magnetic field lines become stochastic or open at the plasma edge and connected to the vessel, electrons are lost faster than ions along these field lines. Then, a positive electric field appears in the plasma edge. The radial electric field profile can be used to detect the effective plasma boundary. Magnetic topology is an important issue in stellarator and tokamak research because the 3D boundary has the important role of controlling MHD edge stability with respect to ELMs, and plasma detachment. Since the stochastic magnetic field layer can be controlled in the LHD by changing the preset vacuum magnetic axis, this device is a good platform to study the properties of the radial electric field that appear with the different stochastic layer width. Two magnetic configurations with different widths of the stochastic layer as simulated in vacuum are studied for low-β discharges. It has been found that a positive electric field appeared outside of the last closed flux surface. In fact the positions of the positive electric field are found in the boundary between of the stochastic layer and the scrape-off layer. To understand where is the boundary of the stochastic layer and the scrape-off layer, the magnetic field lines are analyzed statistically. The variance of the magnetic field lines in the stochastic layer is increased outwards for both configurations. However, the skewness, which means the asymmetry of the distribution of the magnetic field line, increases for only one configuration. If the skewness is large, the connection length becomes effectively short. Since that is consistent with the experimental observation, the radial electric field can be considered as an index of the magnetic topology.
Simulation of bootstrap current in 2D and 3D ideal magnetic fields in tokamaks
Authors: Raghunathan M. , Graves J.P. , Cooper W.A. , Pedro M. , Sauter O.
Published: July 2016

We aim to simulate the bootstrap current for a MAST-like spherical tokamak using two approaches for magnetic equilibria including externally caused 3D effects such as resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs), the effect of toroidal ripple, and intrinsic 3D effects such as non-resonant internal kink modes. The first approach relies on known neoclassical coefficients in ideal MHD equilibria, using the Sauter (Sauter et al 1999 Phys. Plasmas
6 2834) expression valid for all collisionalities in axisymmetry, and the second approach being the quasi-analytic Shaing–Callen (Shaing and Callen 1983 Phys. Fluids
26 3315) model in the collisionless regime for 3D. Using the ideal free-boundary magnetohydrodynamic code VMEC, we compute the flux-surface averaged bootstrap current density, with the Sauter and Shaing–Callen expressions for 2D and 3D ideal MHD equilibria including an edge pressure barrier with the application of resonant magnetic perturbations, and equilibria possessing a saturated non-resonant 1/1 internal kink mode with a weak internal pressure barrier. We compare the applicability of the self-consistent iterative model on the 3D applications and discuss the limitations and advantages of each bootstrap current model for each type of equilibrium.
Plasma response to m/n  =  3/1 resonant magnetic perturbation at J-TEXT Tokamak
Authors: Hu Qiming , Li Jianchao , Wang Nengchao , Yu Q. , Chen Jie , Cheng Zhifeng , Chen Zhipeng , Ding Yonghua , Jin Hai , Li Da , Li Mao , Liu Yang , Rao Bo , Zhu Lizhi , Zhuang Ge
Published: July 2016

The influence of resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) with a large m/n  =  3/1 component on electron density has been studied at J-TEXT tokamak by using externally applied static and rotating RMPs, where m and n are the poloidal and toroidal mode number, respectively. The detailed time evolution of electron density profile, measured by the polarimeter–interferometer, shows that the electron density n
e first increases (decreases) inside (around/outside) of the 3/1 rational surface (RS), and it is increased globally later together with enhanced edge recycling. Associated with field penetration, the toroidal rotation around the 3/1 RS is accelerated in the co-I
p direction and the poloidal rotation is changed from the electron to ion diamagnetic drift direction. Spontaneous unlocking-penetration circles occur after field penetration if the RMPs amplitude is not strong enough. For sufficiently strong RMPs, the 2/1 locked mode is also triggered due to mode coupling, and the global density is increased. The field penetration threshold is found to be linearly proportional to n
eL (line-integrated density) at the 3/1 RS but to (n
eL)0.73 for n
e at the plasma core. In addition, for rotating RMPs with a large 3/1 component, field penetration causes a global increase in electron density.
Measurements and modelling of plasma response field to RMP on the COMPASS tokamak
Authors: Markovic T. , Liu Y.Q. , Cahyna P. , Pánek R. , Peterka M. , Aftanas M. , Bílková P. , Bohm P. , Imríšek M. , Háček P. , Havlicek J. , Havránek A. , Komm M. , Urban J. , Weinzettl V.
Published: July 2016

It has been shown on several tokamaks that application of a resonant magnetic perturbation (RMP) field to the plasma can lead to suppression or mitigation of edge-localized mode (ELM) instabilities. Due to the rotation of the plasma in the RMP field reference system, currents are induced on resonant surfaces within the plasma, consequently screening the original perturbation. In this work, the extensive set of 104 saddle loops installed on the COMPASS tokamak is utilized to measure the plasma response field for two n  =  2 RMP configurations of different poloidal mode m spectra. It is shown that spatially the response field is in opposite phase to the original perturbation, and that the poloidal profile of the measured response field does not depend on the poloidal profile of the applied RMP. Simulations of the plasma response by the linear MHD code MARS-F (Liu et al 2000 Phys. Plasmas
7 3681) reveal that both of the studied RMP configurations are well screened by the plasma. Comparison of measured plasma response field with the simulated one shows a good agreement across the majority of poloidal angles, with the exception of the midplane low-field side area, where discrepancy is seen.
Human Leukocyte Antigen-G: A Promising Prognostic Marker of Disease Progression to Improve the Control of Human African Trypanosomiasis
Authors: Gineau Laure , Courtin David , Camara Mamadou , Ilboudo Hamidou , Jamonneau Vincent , Dias Fabricio C. , Tokplonou Leonidas , Milet Jacqueline , Mendonça Priscila B. , Castelli Erick C. , Camara Oumou , Camara Mariam , Favier Benoit , Rouas-Freiss Nathalie , Moreau Philippe , Donadi Eduardo A. , Bucheton Bruno , Sabbagh Audrey , Garcia André
Published: July 2016

Background.  Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense can be diagnosed in the early hemolymphatic stage (stage 1 [S1]) or meningoencephalitic stage (stage 2 [S2]). Importantly, individuals harbouring high and specific antibody responses to Tbg antigens but negative parasitology are also diagnosed in the field (seropositive [SERO]). Whereas some develop the disease in the months following their initial diagnosis (SERO/HAT), others remain parasitologically negative for long periods (SERO) and are apparently able to control infection. Human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-G, an immunosuppressive molecule, could play a critical role in this variability of progression between infection and disease.

Methods.  Soluble HLA-G (sHLA-G) was measured in plasma for patients in the SERO (n = 65), SERO/HAT (n = 14), or HAT (n = 268) group and in cerebrospinal fluid for patients in S1 (n = 55), early S2 (n = 93), or late S2 (n = 110). Associations between these different statuses and the soluble level or genetic polymorphisms of HLA-G were explored.

Results.  Plasma sHLA-G levels were significantly higher in HAT (P = 6 × 10−7) and SERO/HAT (P = .007) than SERO patients. No difference was observed between the SERO/HAT and HAT groups. Within the HAT group, specific haplotypes (HG010102 and HG0103) displayed increased frequencies in S1 (P = .013) and late S2 (P = .036), respectively.

Conclusions.  These results strongly suggest the involvement of HLA-G in HAT disease progression. Importantly, high plasma sHLA-G levels in SERO patients could be predictive of subsequent disease development and could represent a serological marker to help guide therapeutic decision making. Further studies are necessary to assess the predictive nature of HLA-G and to estimate both sensitivity and specificity.
Rādhāvallabha
Authors: Beck Guy
Published: July 2016

The name “Rādhāvallabha” (Rādhā-vallabha) in Sanskrit refers to the Hindu god Krishna, who is known as the lover of Rādhā, his eternal divine consort. This epithet combines “Rādhā” with “vallabha” to signify “Dearest of Rādhā.” Most Hindu gods and goddesses possess multiple epithets that relate to their images, associations, or divine pastimes. The name of Rādhāvallabha also refers to a Vaishnava lineage and community known as the Rādhāvallabha Sampradāya (Rādhāvallabha “lineage” or “tradition”) that is part of the Bhakti movement. Differing from other Vaishnava denominations that place Krishna as the central divinity, the Rādhāvallabha Sampradāya places the deity of Rādhā as primary in the theological hierarchy. The sect also withdraws from traditional Sanskrit scholarship and Vaishnava preoccupations in favor of a simple yet exclusive devotion to Rādhā and Krishna with literary expression primarily in the vernacular. The Rādhāvallabha Sampradāya was founded in c. 1535 ce by the poet-saint Hita Harivaṁśa (1502–1552 ce) in Vrindāban (cf. Vrindāvan, Vrindāvana), the small forest area in Braj near Gokula where Krishna is believed to have spent his childhood some 5,000 years ago. Harivaṁśa established the worship of the deity of Rādhāvallabha in a grove near the Yamunā River in Vrindāban in c. 1545 ce. Hita Harivaṁśa’s principal work in Braj Bhasha (a dialect of Hindi) is the Caurāsi-Pada, consisting of eighty-four verses describing the erotic love pastimes of Rādhā and Krishna. There is also a work in Sanskrit glorifying Rādhā as supreme. Additional poet-saints contributed to what became an extremely rich corpus of song-texts composed for singing in Rādhāvallabha worship. The Sevā or worship consists of daily routines of offerings and seasonal festivals. The songs or hymns are sung in the style of Samāj-Gāyan, a special interactive manner of vocal music that is unique to Braj yet related to Dhrupad, a form of early Hindustani music. The main temple is crowded during festivals like Holi and Annakut. Still a vibrant living tradition, the beautiful style of musical worship and veneration of Krishna as Rādhāvallabha is one of the treasures of the Bhakti tradition. Areas not represented here and still in need of research include the growth of the religious community, the history of the various temples both in Braj and in India including Rajasthan and Calcutta, records of patronage from local and regional business interests, and issues of gender and class structure involving disciples and lay followers.
Race
Authors: Ray Rashawn , DeLoatch Nicole
Published: July 2016

Race is a human classification system that is socially constructed to distinguish between groups of people who share phenotypical characteristics. Since race is socially constructed, dominant groups in society have shaped and informed racial categories in order to maintain systems of power—thereby also producing racial inequality. Racial categorization has primarily been simplistic, essentialist, and typological in nature, forcing people to “fit” into categories that do not necessarily reflect their ethnic or national heritage. The process of racialization has shifted racial boundaries, depending on sociopolitical pressures for inclusion into particular racial groups or even the systematic exclusion of people due to social forces such as war or labor market pressures. Racism is a byproduct of racial categorization that focuses on the hierarchical arrangement of various racial groups. Racism is an oppressive force that creates and reproduces a complex system social inequality. Sociologists strive to illuminate the dynamics behind the persistent and lingering inequalities and injustices that continue to persist in our racialized society.
Global Englishes
Authors: Jenks Christopher
Published: July 2016

The global spread of English—a process set into motion and currently being influenced by colonialism, imperialism, capitalism, neoliberalism, popular culture, and technological advancements, to name a few social structures and phenomena—presents scholars with a range of exciting opportunities to conduct interdisciplinary research on language and communication. For example, the global spread of English has led to a number of linguistic varieties that complicate what is traditionally understood to be a speaker of English. Although linguistic varieties are a key empirical issue within this body of work, this publication establishes that the study of global Englishes requires a much more interdisciplinary approach. Put differently, the study of global Englishes extends beyond the investigation of language varieties and includes a number of different linguistic and social issues, as the references cited in this article demonstrate. This publication offers an overview of some of these issues, and establishes how scholars have approached the global spread of English in their research. The current publication defines a linguistic issue as a social, communicative, or cultural matter that interfaces with language and, more specifically, global Englishes. That is to say, linguistic issues are bound to a number of sociological and cultural phenomena, which shed light on how English spreads, and is contested and reimagined. For example, the global spread of English is largely based on a history of colonialism and imperialism, and these historical developments have formed, and currently shape, how individuals construct their language ideologies. Moving beyond the linguistic-varieties discussion in global Englishes allows researchers to better understand the significance of politics and power in shaping communicative practices, linguistic hierarchies, attitudes and perceptions, and ideological commitments.