bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recent Advances on Purification of Lactic Acid
Authors: Meng Kexin , Zhang Guangyu , Ding Chuanqin , Zhang Tongyang , Yan Hui , Zhang Dongpei , Fang Tianqi , Liu Mengyuan , You Zhenchao , Yang Chaohe , Shen Jian , Jin Xin
Published: August 2020

With increasing interest in developing biodegradable polymers to replace fossil‐based products globally, lactic acid (LA) has been paid extensive attention due to the high environment‐compatibility of its downstream products. The mainstream efforts have been put in developing energy‐efficient conversion technologies through biological and chemical routes to synthesize LA. However, to our best knowledge, there is a lack of sufficient attention in developing effective separation technologies with high atom economics for purifying LA and derivatives. In this review, the most recent advances in purifying LA using precipitation, reactive extraction, emulsion liquid membrane, reactive distillation, molecular distillation, and membrane techniques will be discussed critically with respect to the fundamentals, flow scheme, energy efficiency, and equipment. The outcome of this article is to offer insights into implementing more atomic and energy‐efficient technologies for upgrading LA.
Prevalence and risk factors associated with amphistome parasites in cattle in Iran
Authors: Hajipour Nasser , Mirshekar Fereshteh , Hajibemani Abolfazl , Ghorani Mohammadreza
Published: August 2020

Amphistomiasis, a neglected trematode infection of ruminants, has recently come up as an important reason for economic losses. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of bovine amphistomiasis and associated risk factors such as: age, gender, breed, season, water source, pastureland and grazing system. Between January 2016 and 2017, a total of 1,000 faecal samples and 1,000 rumens of cattle were collected from slaughterhouse of Zabol, Iran ante‐mortem and post‐mortem, respectively, and examined. The overall prevalence was 34.6% and 19.5% in terms of amphistome adults and eggs respectively. The identified amphistome species and their prevalence were Paramphistomumcervi (13.3%), Cotylophoroncotylophorum (19.5%), Gastrothylaxcrumenifer (5.9%) and Carmyeriusspatiosus (2.7%). The correlation between prevalence and season, age, breed, water source, pastureland and grazing system was significant (p < .0001). The presented information about the prevalence of amphistomes of cattle and individual and management risk factors can be used to design appropriate control measures.
Food‐processing wastes
Authors: Frenkel Val S. , Cummings Gregg A. , Maillacheruvu Kris Y. , Tang Walter Z.
Published: August 2020

Literature published in 2018 and literature published in 2019 related to food‐processing wastes treatment for industrial applications are reviewed. This review is a subsection of the Treatment Systems section of the annual Water Environment Federation literature review and covers the following food‐processing industries and applications: general, meat and poultry, fruits and vegetables, dairy and beverage, and miscellaneous treatment of food wastes.

Practitioner points

This article summarizes literature reviews published in 2018 and in 2019 related to food processing wastes treatment for industrial applications are reviewed.

This review is a subsection of the Treatment Systems section of the annual Water Environment Federation literature review and covers the following food processing industries and applications: general, meat and poultry, fruits and vegetables, dairy and beverage, and miscellaneous treatment of food wastes.
Three point energy correlators in the collinear limit: symmetries, dualities and analytic results
Authors: Chen Hao , Luo Ming-Xing , Moult Ian , Yang Tong-Zhi , Zhang Xiaoyuan , Zhu Hua Xing
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Energy Correlators measure the energy deposited in multiple detectors as a function of the angles between the detectors. In this paper, we analytically compute the three particle correlator in the collinear limit in QCD for quark and gluon jets, and also in

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= 4 super Yang-Mills theory. We find an intriguing duality between the integrals for the energy correlators and infrared finite Feynman parameter integrals, which maps the angles of the correlators to dual momentum variables. In

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= 4, we use this duality to express our result as a rational sum of simple Feynman integrals (triangles and boxes). In QCD our result is expressed as a sum of the same transcendental functions, but with more complicated rational functions of cross ratio variables as coefficients. Our results represent the first analytic calculation of a three-prong jet substructure observable of phenomenological relevance for the LHC, revealing unexplored simplicity in the energy flow of QCD jets. They also provide valuable data for improving the understanding of the light-ray operator product expansion.
Nonperturbative Mellin amplitudes: existence, properties, applications
Authors: Penedones Joao , Silva Joao A. , Zhiboedov Alexander
Published: August 2020

Abstract

We argue that nonperturbative CFT correlation functions admit a Mellin amplitude representation. Perturbative Mellin representation readily follows. We discuss the main properties of nonperturbative CFT Mellin amplitudes: subtractions, analyticity, unitarity, Polyakov conditions and polynomial boundedness at infinity. Mellin amplitudes are particularly simple for large N CFTs and 2D rational CFTs. We discuss these examples to illustrate our general discussion. We consider subtracted dispersion relations for Mellin amplitudes and use them to derive bootstrap bounds on CFTs. We combine crossing, dispersion relations and Polyakov conditions to write down a set of extremal functionals that act on the OPE data. We check these functionals using the known 3d Ising model OPE data and other known bootstrap constraints. We then apply them to holographic theories.
Simple holographic models of black hole evaporation
Authors: Akers Chris , Engelhardt Netta , Harlow Daniel
Published: August 2020

Several recent papers have shown a close relationship between entanglement wedge reconstruction and the unitarity of black hole evaporation in AdS/CFT. The analysis of these papers however has a rather puzzling feature: all calculations are done using bulk dynamics which are essentially those Hawking used to predict information loss, but applying ideas from entanglement wedge reconstruction seems to suggest a Page curve which is consistent with information conservation. Why should two different calculations in the same model give different answers for the Page curve? In this note we present a new pair of models which clarify this situation. Our first model gives a holographic illustration of unitary black hole evaporation, in which the analogue of the Hawking radiation purifies itself as expected, and this purification is reproduced by the entanglement wedge analysis. Moreover a smooth black hole interior persists until the last stages the evaporation process. Our second model gives an alternative holographic interpretation of the situation where the bulk evolution leads to information loss: unlike in the models proposed so far, this bulk information loss is correctly reproduced by the entanglement wedge analysis. This serves as an illustration that quantum extremal surfaces are in some sense kinematic: the time-dependence of the entropy they compute depends on the choice of bulk dynamics. In both models no bulk quantum corrections need to be considered: classical extremal surfaces are enough to do the job. We argue that our first model is the one which gives the right analogy for what actually happens to evaporating black holes, but we also emphasize that any complete resolution of the information problem will require an understanding of non-perturbative bulk dynamics.
Current evidence on the impact of medication optimization or pharmacological interventions on frailty or aspects of frailty: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Pazan Farhad , Petrovic Mirko , Cherubini Antonio , Onder Graziano , Cruz-Jentoft Alfonso J. , Denkinger Michael , van der Cammen Tischa J. M. , Stevenson Jennifer M. , Ibrahim Kinda , Rajkumar Chakravarthi , Bakken Marit Stordal , Baeyens Jean-Pierre , Crome Peter , Frühwald Thomas , Gallaghar Paul , Guðmundsson Adalsteinn , Knol Wilma , O’Mahony Denis , Pilotto Alberto , Rönnemaa Elina , Serra-Rexach José Antonio , Soulis George , van Marum Rob J. , Ziere Gijsbertus , Mair Alpana , Burkhardt Heinrich , Neumann-Podczaska Agnieszka , Wieczorowska-Tobis Katarzyna , Fernandes Marilia Andreia , Gruner Heidi , Dallmeier Dhayana , Beuscart Jean-Baptiste , van der Velde Nathalie , Wehling Martin
Published: August 2020

Background

Frailty and adverse drug effects are linked in the fact that polypharmacy is correlated with the severity of frailty; however, a causal relation has not been proven in older people with clinically manifest frailty.

Methods

A literature search was performed in Medline to detect prospective randomized controlled trials (RCTs) testing the effects of pharmacological interventions or medication optimization in older frail adults on comprehensive frailty scores or partial aspects of frailty that were published from January 1998 to October 2019.

Results

Twenty-five studies were identified, 4 on comprehensive frailty scores and 21 on aspects of frailty. Two trials on comprehensive frailty scores showed positive results on frailty although the contribution of medication review in a multidimensional approach was unclear. In the studies on aspects related to frailty, ten individual drug interventions showed improvement in physical performance, muscle strength or body composition utilizing alfacalcidol, teriparatide, piroxicam, testosterone, recombinant human chorionic gonadotropin, or capromorelin. There were no studies examining negative effects of drugs on frailty.

Conclusion

So far, data on a causal relationship between drugs and frailty are inconclusive or related to single-drug interventions on partial aspects of frailty. There is a clear need for RCTs on this topic that should be based on a comprehensive, internationally consistent and thus reproducible concept of frailty assessment.
Quantitative dual-energy CT material decomposition of holmium microspheres: local concentration determination evaluated in phantoms and a rabbit tumor model
Authors: Gutjahr Ralf , Bakker Robbert C. , Tiessens Feiko , van Nimwegen Sebastiaan A. , Schmidt Bernhard , Nijsen Johannes Frank Wilhelmus
Published: August 2020

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of dual-energy CT-based material decomposition using dual-X-ray spectra information to determine local concentrations of holmium microspheres in phantoms and in an animal model.

Materials and methods

A spectral calibration phantom with a solution containing 10 mg/mL holmium and various tube settings was scanned using a third-generation dual-energy CT scanner to depict an energy-dependent and material-dependent enhancement vectors. A serial dilution of holmium (microspheres) was quantified by spectral material decomposition and compared with known holmium concentrations. Subsequently, the feasibility of the spectral material decomposition was demonstrated in situ in three euthanized rabbits with injected (radioactive) holmium microspheres.

Results

The measured CT values of the holmium solutions scale linearly to all measured concentrations and tube settings (R2 = 1.00). Material decomposition based on CT acquisitions using the tube voltage combinations of 80/150 Sn kV or 100/150 Sn kV allow the most accurate quantifications for concentrations down to 0.125 mg/mL holmium.

Conclusion

Dual-energy CT facilitates image-based material decomposition to detect and quantify holmium microspheres in phantoms and rabbits.

Key Points

• Quantification of holmium concentrations based on dual-energy CT is obtained with good accuracy.

• The optimal tube-voltage pairs for quantifying holmium were 80/150 Sn kV and 100/150 Sn kV using a third-generation dual-source CT system.

• Quantification of accumulated holmium facilitates the assessment of local dosimetry for radiation therapies.
Inflammatory responses to acute exercise during pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with COPD
Authors: Jenkins Alex R. , Holden Neil S. , Jones Arwel W.
Published: August 2020

Objective

Pulmonary rehabilitation is a cornerstone treatment in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Acute bouts of exercise can lead to short bursts of inflammation in healthy individuals. However, it is unclear how COPD patients respond to acute bouts of exercise. This study assessed inflammatory responses to exercise in COPD patients at the start (phase 1) and end (phase 2) of pulmonary rehabilitation.

Methods

Blood samples were collected before and after an acute exercise bout at the start (phase 1, n = 40) and end (phase 2, n = 27) of pulmonary rehabilitation. The primary outcome was change in fibrinogen concentrations. Secondary outcomes were changes in CRP concentrations, total/differential leukocyte counts, markers of neutrophil activation (CD11b, CD62L and CD66b), and neutrophil subsets (mature, suppressive, immature, progenitor).

Results

Acute exercise (phase 1) did not induce significant changes in fibrinogen (p = 0.242) or CRP (p = 0.476). Total leukocyte count [mean difference (MD), 0.5 ± 1.1 (109 L−1); p = 0.004], neutrophil count [MD, 0.4 ± 0.8 (109 L−1); p < 0.001], and immature neutrophils (MD, 0.6 ± 0.8%; p < 0.001) increased post-exercise. Neutrophil activation markers, CD11b (p = 0.470), CD66b (p = 0.334), and CD62L (p = 0.352) were not significantly altered post-exercise. In comparison to the start of pulmonary rehabilitation (phase 2), acute exercise at the end of pulmonary rehabilitation led to a greater fibrinogen response (MD, 84 mg/dL (95% CI − 14, 182); p = 0.045).

Conclusion

An acute bout of exercise does not appear to induce significant alterations in the concentrations of inflammatory mediators but can increase white blood cell subsets post-exercise. A greater fibrinogen response to acute exercise is seen at the end of pulmonary rehabilitation when compared to the start. Further research is required to understand the clinical context of these acute inflammatory responses to exercise.
Sodium-coupled glucose transport, the SLC5 family, and therapeutically relevant inhibitors: from molecular discovery to clinical application
Authors: Gyimesi Gergely , Pujol-Giménez Jonai , Kanai Yoshikatsu , Hediger Matthias A.
Published: August 2020

Sodium glucose transporters (SGLTs) belong to the mammalian solute carrier family SLC5. This family includes 12 different members in human that mediate the transport of sugars, vitamins, amino acids, or smaller organic ions such as choline. The SLC5 family belongs to the sodium symporter family (SSS), which encompasses transporters from all kingdoms of life. It furthermore shares similarity to the structural fold of the APC (amino acid-polyamine-organocation) transporter family. Three decades after the first molecular identification of the intestinal Na+-glucose cotransporter SGLT1 by expression cloning, many new discoveries have evolved, from mechanistic analysis to molecular genetics, structural biology, drug discovery, and clinical applications. All of these advances have greatly influenced physiology and medicine. While SGLT1 is essential for fast absorption of glucose and galactose in the intestine, the expression of SGLT2 is largely confined to the early part of the kidney proximal tubules, where it reabsorbs the bulk part of filtered glucose. SGLT2 has been successfully exploited by the pharmaceutical industry to develop effective new drugs for the treatment of diabetic patients. These SGLT2 inhibitors, termed gliflozins, also exhibit favorable nephroprotective effects and likely also cardioprotective effects. In addition, given the recent finding that SGLT2 is also expressed in tumors of pancreas and prostate and in glioblastoma, this opens the door to potential new therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment by specifically targeting SGLT2. Likewise, further discoveries related to the functional association of other SGLTs of the SLC5 family to human pathologies will open the door to potential new therapeutic strategies. We furthermore hope that the herein summarized information about the physiological roles of SGLTs and the therapeutic benefits of the gliflozins will be useful for our readers to better understand the molecular basis of the beneficial effects of these inhibitors, also in the context of the tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF), and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The detailed mechanisms underlying the clinical benefits of SGLT2 inhibition by gliflozins still warrant further investigation that may serve as a basis for future drug development.
Plasma membrane localization of the GFL receptor components: a nexus for receptor crosstalk
Authors: Donnelly Christopher R. , Pierchala Brian A.
Published: August 2020

The glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family ligands (GFLs) comprise a group of four homologous and potent growth factors that includes GDNF, neurturin (NRTN), artemin (ARTN), and persephin (PSPN). The survival, growth, and mitotic activities of the GFLs are conveyed by a single receptor tyrosine kinase, Ret. The GFLs do not bind directly to Ret in order to activate it, and instead bind with high affinity to glycerophosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored coreceptors called the GDNF family receptor-αs (GFRαs). Several mechanisms have recently been identified that influence the trafficking of Ret and GFRαs in and out of the plasma membrane, thereby affecting their availability for ligand binding, as well as their levels by targeting to degradative pathways. This review describes these mechanisms and their powerful effects on GFL signaling and function. We also describe the recent discovery that p75 and Ret form a signaling complex, also regulated by plasma membrane shuttling, that either enhances GFL survival signals or p75 pro-apoptotic signals, dependent on the cellular context.
Prospective randomized controlled trial on comparison of standard CO2 pressure pneumoperitoneum insufflator versus AirSeal®
Authors: Luketina Rosalia , Luketina Theodore L. H. , Antoniou Stavros A. , Köhler Gernot , Könneker Sören , Manzenreiter Lisa , Wundsam Helwig , Koch Oliver Owen , Knauer Michael , Emmanuel Klaus
Published: August 2020

Background

AirSeal® is a valve-free insufflation system that enables a stable pneumoperitoneum with continuous smoke evacuation and CO2 recirculation during laparoscopic surgery. Comparative evidence on the use of AirSeal® and standard CO2 insufflator in laparoscopic general surgery procedures is scarce. The aim of this study was to compare surgical outcomes between AirSeal® and standard CO2 insufflators in patients undergoing the most frequently performed laparoscopic procedures.

Methods

One hundred and ninety-eight patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy, colorectal surgery and hernia repair were randomized to either AirSeal® (group A) or standard pressure CO2 insufflator (group S). The primary endpoints were operative time and level of postoperative shoulder tip pain (Visual Analog Scale). Secondary outcomes included Clavien–Dindo grade complications, surgical side effect and length of hospital stay.

Results

Patients were randomized to either group A (n = 101) or group S (n = 97) and were analyzed by intention-to-treat. There was no significant difference in mean operative time between the groups (median [IQR]; 71 min [56–94] in group A vs. 69 min [52–93] in group S; p = 0.434). Shoulder tip pain levels were significantly lower in group S (VAS 0 [0–3] in group S vs. 2 [0–4] in group A; p = 0.001). There was no significant difference in complications, surgical side effects (subcutaneous emphysema was not observed in any group) and length of hospital stay.

Conclusion

This randomized controlled trial showed that using the AirSeal® system did not reduce operative time and was associated with a higher postoperative shoulder tip pain compared to standard CO2 insufflator for short elective surgeries.

ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01740011).
Population-based Tabu search with evolutionary strategies for permutation flow shop scheduling problems under effects of position-dependent learning and linear deterioration
Authors: Arık Oğuzhan Ahmet
Published: August 2020

This paper investigates permutation flow shop scheduling (PFSS) problems under the effects of position-dependent learning and linear deterioration. In a PFSS problem, there are n jobs and m machines in series. Jobs are separated into operations on $$ m $$
m
different machines in series, and jobs have to follow the same machine order with the same sequence. The PFSS problem under the effects of learning and deterioration is introduced with a mixed-integer nonlinear programming model. The time requirement for solving large-scale problems type of PFSS problem is exceedingly high. Therefore, well-known metaheuristic methods for the PFSS problem without learning and deterioration effects such as iterated greedy algorithms and discrete differential evolution algorithm are adapted for the problem with learning and deterioration effects in order to find a faster and near-optimal or optimal solution for the problem. Furthermore, this paper proposes a hybrid solution algorithm that is called population-based Tabu search algorithm (TSPOP) with evolutionary strategies such as crossover and mutation. The search algorithm is built on the basic structure of Tabu search and it searches for the best candidate from a solution population instead of improving the current best candidate at each iteration. Furthermore, the performances of these methods in view of solution quality are discussed in this paper by using test problems for 20, 50, and 100 jobs with 5, 10, 20 machines. Experimental results show that the proposed TSPOP algorithm outperforms the other existing algorithms in view of solution quality.
Irrelevance of Panton-Valentine leukocidin in hidradenitis suppurativa: results from a pilot, observational study
Authors: Corazza Monica , Borghi Alessandro , Bettoli Vincenzo , Pora Roberto , Bononi Ilaria , Mazzoni Elisa , Mazzola Elisa , Saraceni Silva , Maritati Martina , Contini Carlo
Published: August 2020

Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) appears to be a virulence factor which, among others, can exacerbate the pathogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus infections, especially inducing severe necrotic, deep-seated skin infections, abscesses, and recurrences. These peculiarities have some overlaps with hidradenitis suppurativa (HS). Our main aim was to assess if S. aureus producing PVL could have some role in influencing clinical features and/or course of HS, specifically in the suppuration and recurrence of lesions. This pilot, mono-centric, observational study included all adult subjects affected with HS consecutively referring to our HS clinic over a 3-month period. Clinically evident suppuration and at least 2 weeks wash out from any antibiotic were the main inclusion criteria. Purulent material from HS skin lesions was collected with swabs in order to isolate micro-organisms, with specific regard to S. aureus. Detection of PVL was performed by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). We also analyzed purulent material from suppurative skin lesions other than HS, as a control. Thirty HS patients were included; 29 purulent lesions (96.7%) harbored at least one bacterial species. Five (16.7%) swab samples were positive for S. aureus, none of which was positive for PVL genes. Among the 30 purulent disorders included as controls, 8 (26.3%) were positive for S. aureus; of these, 4 strains (50%) expressed LPV. The study results seem to exclude the pathogenetic involvement of S. aureus producing PVL in HS; as a result, PVL does not seem to represent a potential target in the future development of HS treatments.
An advanced residual error model for tropospheric delay estimation
Authors: Rózsa Szabolcs , Ambrus Bence , Juni Ildikó , Ober Pieter Bastiaan , Mile Máté
Published: August 2020

Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) are widely used for safety-of-life positioning applications. Such applications require high integrity, availability, and continuity of the positioning service. Integrity is assessed by the definition of a protection level, which is an estimation of the maximum positioning error at extremely low probability levels. The emergence of multi-frequency civilian signals and the availability of satellite-based augmentation systems improve the modeling of ionospheric disturbances considerably. As a result, in many applications the tropospheric delay tends to become one of the limiting factors of positioning—especially at low elevation angles. The currently adopted integrity concepts employ a global constant to model the variance of the residual tropospheric delay error. We introduce a new approach to derive residual tropospheric delay error models using the extreme value analysis technique. Seventeen years of global numerical weather model fields are analyzed, and new residual error models are derived for some recently developed tropospheric delay models. Our approach provides models that consider both the geographical location and the seasonal variation of meteorological parameters. Our models are validated with a 17-year-long time series of zenith tropospheric delay estimates as provided by the International GNSS Service. The results show that the developed models are still conservative, while the maximal residual error of the tropospheric delay is still improved by 39–55%. This improvement yields higher service availability and continuity in safety-of-life applications of GNSS.
Intergroup food transfers in wild golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia)
Authors: Troisi Camille A.
Published: August 2020

The transfer of food between adults is uncommon in primates. Although golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) are unique among primates in the extent to which they transfer food, reports of food transfers between adults have so far been restricted to captive or reintroduced individuals. Here, I report the first recorded events of adult–adult food transfers in golden lion tamarins between individuals belonging to different groups in the wild. Given that individuals emigrate from their natal group to find reproductive opportunities, I suggest that intergroup food transfers could be a way for individuals to estimate the quality or availability of potential mates or social partners. I propose an additional function of food transfers in wild golden lion tamarins: that they create and strengthen social bonds with individuals outside of the family group.
A Stable Dendritic Growth with Forced Convection: A Test of Theory Using Enthalpy-Based Modeling Methods
Authors: Kao A. , Toropova L. V. , Krastins I. , Demange G. , Alexandrov D. V. , Galenko P. K.
Published: August 2020

The theory of stable dendritic growth within a forced convective flow field is tested against the enthalpy method for a single-component nickel melt. The growth rate of dendritic tips and their tip diameter are plotted as functions of the melt undercooling using the theoretical model (stability criterion and undercooling balance condition) and computer simulations. The theory and computations are in good agreement for a broad range of fluid velocities. In addition, the dendrite tip diameter decreases, and its tip velocity increases with increasing fluid velocity.
High-Resolution Manometry—Observations After 15 Years of Personal Use—Has Advancement Reached a Plateau?
Authors: Sweis Rami , Fox Mark
Published: August 2020

Purpose of Review

In the absence of mucosal or structural disease, the aim of investigating the oesophagus is to provide clinically relevant measurements of function that can explain the cause of symptoms, identify pathology and guide effective management. One of the most notable recent advances in the field of oesophageal function has been high-resolution manometry (HRM). This review explores how innovation in HRM has progressed and has far from reached a plateau.

Recent Findings

HRM technology, methodology and utility continue to evolve; simple additions to the swallow protocol (e.g. eating and drinking), shifting position, targeting symptoms and adding impedance sensors to the HRM catheter have led to improved diagnoses, therapeutic decision-making and outcomes.

Progress in HRM persists and shows little sign of abating. The next iteration of the Chicago Classification of motor disorders will highlight these advances and will also identify opportunities for further research and innovation.
Design Of Lunar-Gravity-Assisted Escape Trajectories
Authors: Casalino Lorenzo , Lantoine Gregory
Published: August 2020

Lunar gravity assist is a means to boost the energy and C3 of an escape trajectory. Trajectories with two lunar gravity assists are considered and analyzed. Two approaches are applied and tested for the design of missions aimed at Near-Earth asteroids. In the first method, indirect optimization of the heliocentric leg is combined to an approximate analytical treatment of the geocentric phase for short escape trajectories. In the second method, the results of pre-computed maps of escape C3 are employed for the design of longer Sun-perturbed escape sequences combined with direct optimization of the heliocentric leg. Features are compared and suggestions about a combined use of the approaches are presented. The techniques are efficiently applied to the design of a mission to a near-Earth asteroid.
Evaluation of cognitive impairment in a French sample of patients with restrictive anorexia nervosa: two distinct profiles emerged with differences in impaired functions and psychopathological symptoms
Authors: Cholet J. , Rousselet M. , Donnio Y. , Burlot M. , Pere M. , Lambert S. , Rocher B. , Chirio-Espitalier M. , Eyzop E. , Grall-Bronnec M.
Published: August 2020

Purpose

The cognitive profiles of patients suffering from anorexia nervosa (AN) are currently explored as potential facilitating and/or maintenance factors. Specific data in restrictive AN (AN-R) remain contradictory. This study focused on women with AN-R to evaluate their cognitive functions to develop a more specific cognitive remediation program.

Methods

Female patients older than 15 years who were suffering from AN-R were recruited in a specialized unit for eating disorder management. Female healthy control (HC) participants were recruited who were matched with AN patients on age. All participants completed a cognitive evaluation (premorbid intelligence quotient (IQ), planning, information processing speed, cognitive flexibility) and a clinical evaluation (impulsivity, anxiety, depression).

Results

A total of 122 participants were included. Patients suffering from AN-R had significant impairment in information processing speed and planning. Patients exhibited significantly better cognitive flexibility than did the HC group when adjustments were made for other cognitive functions and impulsivity. Two distinct subgroups of patients were identified. The first subgroup had more marked cognitive impairment and fewer psychopathological symptoms than did the second subgroup of patients and the HC group.

Conclusion

Our results highlight cognitive impairment in patients with AN who had normal premorbid IQ. Two distinct profiles emerge. In clinical practice, these results open up perspectives for the development of more specific cognitive remediation programs (one specific program for cold cognitions and another specific program targeting emotions and hot cognitions). These results warrant confirmation by larger studies with a more specific evaluation of the impact of emotional status.

Trial registration NTC02381639, Date of registration. March 6, 2015
Psychische Belastungsfaktoren und Ressourcen in der ambulanten Pflege
Authors: Treviranus Franziska , Mojtahedzadeh Natascha , Harth Volker , Mache Stefanie
Published: August 2020

Diese Literaturübersicht thematisiert den aktuellen Forschungsstand zu psychischen Belastungsfaktoren und Ressourcen in der ambulanten Pflege. Potenzielle Belastungsfaktoren werden in der beschriebenen Literatur aus den Bereichen Arbeitsinhalt (z. B. Umgang mit Leiden), Arbeitsorganisation (z. B. Schichtsystem), soziale Beziehung (z. B. fehlende Anerkennung), Arbeitsumgebung (z. B. zeitliche Verzögerung aufgrund von hohem Verkehrsaufkommen) sowie neue Arbeitsformen (z. B. fehlende Abgrenzung von Arbeits- und Privatleben) beschrieben. Arbeitsressourcen umfassen z. B. die hohe Eigenverantwortung, den großen Freiraum, die Sinnhaftigkeit der Arbeit sowie die Möglichkeit des Selbstschutzes durch das häufige Wechseln des Settings. Es zeigt sich ein dringender Forschungsbedarf, psychische Belastungsfaktoren sowie Ressourcen noch systematischer zu ermitteln sowie mögliche Fehlbeanspruchungsfolgen offenzulegen. Besonders vor dem Hintergrund des demografischen Wandels und der damit verbundenen Verschiebung der Altersstrukturen bedarf es weiterer, umfassender Forschungsansätze, um zukünftig in der ambulanten Pflege gesundheitsfördernde Maßnahmen zielgruppenspezifisch entwickeln zu können.
Religiosität in unterschiedlichen Religionskulturen – Vergleiche auf der Basis der Centrality of Religiosity Scale
Authors: Huber Stefan , Ackert Michael , Scheiblich Herbert
Published: August 2020

Der Beitrag diskutiert die interreligiöse Anwendbarkeit der Centrality of Religiosity Scale (CRS). Ein wesentlicher Teil besteht in der soziologischen Begründung von sechs Kerndimensionen der Religiosität (Ideologie, Intellekt, Erfahrung, private Praxis, öffentliche Praxis, Konsequenzen im Alltag), wobei die CRS auf den ersten fünf Dimensionen basiert. Bei der theoretischen Begründung der Kerndimensionen spielen ihre relative Autonomie sowie soziale Erwartungen an religiöse Personen eine entscheidende Rolle. Für die interreligiöse Anwendbarkeit der CRS spricht, dass die thematisierten sozialen Erwartungen bei allen größeren Religionskulturen gegeben sind. Darauf aufbauend werden die Operationalisierung der Kerndimensionen sowie einzelne Modifikationen der Indikatoren in bestimmten Religionskulturen dargestellt. Dabei sind die Formspezifik und inhaltliche Allgemeinheit der Indikatoren zentral, um die CRS vergleichend in unterschiedlichen Religionskulturen anwenden zu können. In empirischer Hinsicht wird die Reliabilität (Cronbachs Alpha) der aus zehn Indikatoren bestehenden CRS-10 bei jüdischen, christlichen, islamischen, hinduistischen und buddhistischen Respondenten in den Daten des internationalen Religionsmonitors 2007, der in 21 Ländern unter Berücksichtigung der genannten fünf großen Religionskulturen durchgeführt wurde, diskutiert. Dabei wurde deutlich, dass sich nach der Berücksichtigung des Modernisierungsgrads einer Gesellschaft und der Anteil von Säkularen die Reliabilitätskoeffizienten in allen Religionskulturen in einem akzeptablen Bereich befinden.
The Children of China's Great Migration
Authors: Murphy Rachel
Published: August 2020

In China in 2018 over 200 million rural migrants worked away from their home villages, fuelling the country's rapid economic boom. In the 2010s over sixty-one million rural children had at least one parent who had migrated without them, while nearly half had been left behind by both parents. Rachel Murphy draws on her longitudinal fieldwork in two landlocked provinces to explore the experiences of these left-behind children and to examine the impact of this great migration on childhood in China and on family relationships. Using children's voices, she provides a multi-faceted insight into experiences of parental migration, study pressures, poverty, institutional discrimination, patrilineal family culture, and reconfigured gendered and intergenerational relationships.
Burden of perianalStaphylococcus aureuscolonization in nursing home residents increases transmission to healthcare worker gowns and gloves
Authors: Kim Justin J. , Johnson J. Kristie , Stucke Emily M. , Sorkin John D. , Zhao LiCheng , Lydecker Alison , Mody Lona , Roghmann Mary-Claire
Published: August 2020

Objective:

To evaluate the effect of the burden ofStaphylococcus aureuscolonization of nursing home residents on the risk ofS. aureustransmission to healthcare worker (HCW) gowns and gloves.

Design:

Multicenter prospective cohort study.

Setting and participants:

Residents and HCWs from 13 community-based nursing homes in Maryland and Michigan.

Methods:

Residents were cultured forS. aureusat the anterior nares and perianal skin. TheS. aureusburden was estimated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction detecting thenucgene. HCWs wore gowns and gloves during usual care activities; gowns and gloves were swabbed and then cultured for the presence ofS. aureus.

Results:

In total, 403 residents were enrolled; 169 were colonized with methicillin-resistantS. aureus(MRSA) or methicillin-sensitiveS. aureus(MSSA) and comprised the study population; 232 were not colonized and thus were excluded from this analysis; and 2 were withdrawn prior to being swabbed. After multivariable analysis, perianal colonization withS. aureusconferred the greatest odds for transmission to HCW gowns and gloves, and the odds increased with increasing burden of colonization: adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 2.1 (95% CI, 1.3–3.5) for low-level colonization and aOR 5.2 (95% CI, 3.1–8.7) for high level colonization.

Conclusions:

Among nursing home patients colonized withS. aureus, the risk of transmission to HCW gowns and gloves was greater from those colonized with greater quantities ofS. aureuson the perianal skin. Our findings inform future infection control practices for both MRSA and MSSA in nursing homes.
Break-Up Anxiety in Conflict Narratives Told by Emerging Adult Couples
Authors: Liang Elisa , Feiring Candice
Published: August 2020

Seeking to understand how emerging adult couples frame unmet needs viewed as a threat to their relationship, we examined narratives in which both partners (12 couples) or only one partner (37 couples) expressed break-up anxiety (BUA). The unmet need of Autonomy was more common in partners with BUA whereas Affiliation was more common in those without it. Overlap in narrating the same unmet needs related to BUA was common when both partners expressed BUA, modest when only the female and low when only the male partner expressed BUA. Female partners were more likely to mention BUA and intimacy problems related to BUA than male partners. Couple interventions that target how to disclose and process BUA may help partners develop more effective intimacy skills and, when need be, skills to end relationships in more adaptive ways.
The influence of maternal contact on activity, emotionality and social competence in young dairy calves
Authors: Santo Noemi Kim , König von Borstel Uta , Sirovnik Janja
Published: August 2020

The study reported in this research communication aimed to assess the influence of maternal contact on calves' activity, fearfulness, and social competence. Calves were either dam-reared for their first 14 d of age (Maternal Contact, n = 12) or were separated from their dams within 12 h after birth (Motherless, n = 12). Calves of both treatments and the dams of Maternal Contact calves were group-housed and suckling was prevented with udder nets. The general activity (lying, locomotion, swapping between lying and standing) was measured using pedometers in eight Maternal Contact and eight Motherless calves within a 24-d period. Since general activity might be affected by calves' age or the separation of Maternal Contact calves from the dams the 24-d period was additionally divided into two groups (period A: 3rd–13th day of age, period B: 14th–27th day of age). Emotionality and social competence were assessed in the open field, novel object, and confrontation test with an unknown cow at 14, 21, and 28 d of age, respectively. Mann–Whitney-U-tests were performed for statistical analysis. Locomotion was greater in Motherless calves than Maternal Contact calves during the 24-d period (A + B combined, P < 0.001) and period B (14th to 27th day of age, P < 0.001). There was no treatment difference in duration of lying or in the amount of swapping in any of the periods. After a Bonferroni correction, which we used due to the exploratory character of the study, there were no treatment differences in behaviours indicating emotionality. Compared to Motherless calves, Maternal Contact calves showed increased vigilance (P < 0.01) during the confrontation test. The results of this study indicate that mother-reared calves likely searched less for social contact and developed greater social skills than calves that were separated from their mothers soon after birth.
Democratic Representation of all “the People”: Antislavery Petitions in the U.S. Senate
Authors: Griffin John D. , Sager Grace
Published: August 2020

In keeping with the demands of political philosophers, America's constitutional design harnesses elected officials to the mass public's prevailing views, but also provides avenues for the opinions of disenfranchised groups and numerical minorities to be reflected in policy. We seek to shed light on this constitutional balancing act by studying U.S. senators’ decisions on thirty-six roll call votes related to the practice of slavery between 1835 and 1847. These voting decisions are modeled using the prevalence of antislavery petitions sent to Congress over the same period from each state's residents. We observe considerable and systematic senator representation of perceived majority opinion on antislavery petitions, despite the presence of nineteenth-century institutions buffering senators from the public. We also report evidence that the representation of disenfranchised women's views (as expressed in petitions) relative to those of men varied by party, and in ways that are predictable. Finally, we observe that senators sometimes represented perceived minority viewpoints, seemingly motivated by their political ambitions. These findings not only hold important implications for our understanding of democratic representation, but also for the processes of American political development.
Authority conflicts in internet governance: Liberals vs. sovereigntists?
Authors: FLONK DANIËLLE , JACHTENFUCHS MARKUS , OBENDIEK ANKE S.
Published: August 2020

We analyse conflicts over norms and institutions in internet governance. In this emerging field, dispute settlement is less institutionalised and conflicts take place at a foundational level. Internet governance features two competing spheres of authority characterised by fundamentally diverging social purposes: A more consolidated liberal sphere emphasises a limited role of the state, private and multistakeholder governance and freedom of speech. A sovereigntist challenger sphere emphasises state control, intergovernmentalism and push against the preponderance of Western institutions and private actors. We trace the activation and evolution of conflict between these spheres with regard to norms and institutions in four instances: the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS), the World Conference on International Telecommunications (WCIT-12), the fifth session of the United Nations Group of Governmental Experts (UNGGE) and the Budapest Convention of the Council of Europe. We observe intense norm collisions, and strategic attempts at competitive regime creation and regime shifting towards intergovernmental structures by the sovereigntist sphere. Despite these aggressive attempts at creating new institutions and norms, the existing internet governance order is still in place. Hence, authority conflicts in global internet governance do not necessarily lead to fragmentation.
Crustal Strength Variations Inferred From Earthquake Stress Drop at Axial Seamount Surrounding the 2015 Eruption
Authors: Moyer Pamela A. , Boettcher Margaret S. , Bohnenstiehl DelWayne R. , Abercrombie Rachel E.
Published: August 2020

Variations in stress drops of earthquakes associated with the April and May 2015 eruption of Axial Seamount, on the Juan de Fuca Ridge, suggest a reduction in crustal strength as a result of the eruption. Seismicity during the inflation and deflation periods was well recorded by ocean bottom seismometers located within and along the caldera. We use these nearby recordings and an empirical Green's function spectral ratio method to obtain corner frequencies for stress drops of earthquakes on caldera ring faults. We find stress drops from 0.6 to 43 MPa for 423 ring fault earthquakes (1.6 ≤ MW ≤ 3.6) and an average stress drop two times higher during the inflation period (6.4 MPa) prior to the eruption, than during the subsequent deflation (3.2 MPa). Stress drops also correlate with spatially varying shear wave speed, possibly reflecting a region of pervasive cracking in the northern caldera.
Ionospheric Signatures of Ring Current Ions Scattered by Magnetosonic Waves
Authors: Yuan Zhigang , Yao Fei , Yu Xiongdong , Ouyang Zhihai , Huang Shiyong
Published: August 2020

In this letter, we present unique conjugated satellite observations of ionospheric signatures of ring current (RC) ions scattered by fast magnetosonic (MS) waves. In the plasmasphere, the Van Allen Probe in situ observed MS waves. At ionospheric altitudes, the NOAA 16 satellite at the footprint of Van Allen Probe simultaneously observed obvious enhancements of mirroring RC ions, but no obvious variations of precipitating RC ions at subauroral latitudes. Theoretical calculations of pitch angle diffusion coefficients for RC ions confirm that observed MS waves can lead to flux enhancements only for mirroring but not for precipitating RC ions, which is in agreement with the observations of NOAA 16. Our result provides a direct link between in situ inner magnetospheric observations of MS waves and conjugated ionospheric observations of flux enhancements for mirroring RC ions caused by MS waves so as to reveal the ionospheric signature of RC ions scattered by MS waves.
First Report of an Eclipse From Chilean Ionosonde Observations: Comparison With Total Electron Content Estimations and the Modeled Maximum Electron Concentration and Its Height
Authors: Bravo M. , Martínez‐Ledesma M. , Foppiano A. , Urra B. , Ovalle E. , Villalobos C. , Souza J. , Carrasco E. , Muñoz P. R. , Tamblay L. , Vega‐Jorquera P. , Marín J. , Pacheco R. , Rojo E. , Leiva R. , Stepanova M.
Published: August 2020

The ionospheric responses to the total solar eclipse on 2 July 2019 over low latitudes in southern South America are presented. Ionosonde observations were used within the totality path at La Serena (LS: 29.9°S, 71.3°W) and at Tucumán (TU: 26.9°S, 65.4°W) and Jicamarca (JI: 12.0°S, 76.8°W), with 85% and 52% obscuration, respectively. Total electron content (TEC) estimations over the South American continent were analyzed. The ionospheric impact of the eclipse was simulated using the Sheffield University Plasmasphere‐Ionosphere Model (SUPIM) at the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE). The significant variability of the diurnal variations of the various ionospheric characteristics over equatorial and low latitudes on geomagnetically quiet days makes it difficult to unambiguously determine the ionospheric responses to the eclipse. Nonetheless, some specific issues can be derived, mainly using simulation results. The E and F1 layer critical frequencies and densities below 200 km are found to consistently depend on decreasing solar radiation. However, the F1 layer stratification observed at both TU and LS cannot be related to the eclipse or other processes. The F2 layer does not follow the changes in direct solar radiation during the eclipse. The SUPIM‐INPE‐modeled F region critical frequency and TEC are overestimated before the eclipse at LS and particularly at TU. However, these overestimations are within the observed large day‐to‐day variability. When an artificial prereversal enhancement is added, the simulations during the eclipse better reproduce the observations at JI, are qualitatively better for LS, and are out of phase for TU. The simulations are consistent with conjugate location effects.