bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Versatile Crystal Structures and (Opto)electronic Applications of the 2D Metal Mono‐, Di‐, and Tri‐Chalcogenide Nanosheets
Authors: Cui Yu , Zhou Ziqi , Li Tao , Wang Kaiyou , Li Jingbo , Wei Zhongming
Published: March 2019

Emerging 2D metal chalcogenides present excellent performance for electronic and optoelectronic applications. In contrast to graphene and other 2D materials, 2D metal chalcogenides possess intrinsic bandgaps, versatile band structures, and superior atmospheric stability. The many categories of 2D metal chalcogenides ensure that they can be applied to various practical scenarios. 2D metal monochalcogenides, dichalcogenides, and trichalcogenides are the three main categories of these materials. They have distinct crystal structures resulting in different characteristics. Some basic device characteristics, such as the charge carrier characteristics, scattering mechanisms, interfacial contacts, and band alignments of heterojunctions, are vital factors for practical device applications that ensure that the desired properties can be achieved. Various electronic, optoelectronic, and photonic applications based on 2D metal chalcogenides have been extensively investigated. 2D metal chalcogenides are considered as competitive candidates for future electronic and optoelectronic applications.
Nanoimprinted Grating‐Embedded Perovskite Solar Cells with Improved Light Management
Authors: Deng Kaimo , Liu Zhongze , Wang Min , Li Liang
Published: March 2019

Organic–inorganic halide perovskite solar cells are one of the most efficient photovoltaic devices, and their power conversion efficiency (PCE) continues to grow rapidly due to the optimization of device architecture and functional materials. The involved optical design has an important impact on performance by affecting the light harvesting capability. Here, demonstrated is a simple and effective strategy to boost device performance from the perspective of light management. A diffraction grating pattern into the TiO2 scaffold and antireflection layer is simultaneously introduced to construct a double grating design for perovskite solar cells. The grating pattern obtained using a commercial compact disk as the hard mold can modulate light transport by enhancing the light transmittance and, thus, light absorption in perovskite solar cells. The grating pattern‐induced light trapping can significantly increase the short‐circuit current density and PCE by 4.8% and 7.9%, respectively, on average. The present work develops a feasible method by tailoring the morphology‐related optical property to further improve the performance of perovskite solar cells. The double grating design can also generate structural color and can provide an alternative solution for fabricating colorful solar cells.
Enhanced Photoresponsivity of Multilayer MoS2 Phototransistor Using Localized Au Schottky Junction Formed by Spherical‐Lens Photolithography
Authors: Lee Sanghyun , Park Jinwoo , Yun Yeojun , Lee Jaejin , Heo Junseok
Published: March 2019

The photoresponsivity of a MoS2 phototransistor is limited owing to its low light absorption. Many studies aiming to improve the photoresponsivity have enhanced the light absorption in MoS2 by optical resonance or by integrating an absorbing layer. However, the light‐absorbing overlayer changes the spectral photoresponsivity and forms a leakage path. In this study, an enhanced photoresponsivity of a multilayer MoS2 phototransistor is obtained by localized Au/MoS2 Schottky junctions without light‐absorbing overlayer. Au disks are formed on the MoS2 surface using a simple spherical‐lens photolithography technique, forming localized Schottky junctions between MoS2 and Au disks. Photogenerated holes drift to the interface due to the built‐in electric field around the Schottky junction and are trapped in the interface states between MoS2 and Au disks. The holes captured in the states lead to photogain. Consequently, after the patterning of the Au disks, the photoresponsivity is enhanced 8.2 times while maintaining other electrical properties. The findings obtained in this study are very valuable as the photoresponsivity enhancement is achieved using the simple method with a minimal damage to MoS2. The multilayer MoS2 phototransistor with Au disks is promising for applications in next‐generation optoelectronics with photodetector devices.
Multifunctional Metasurfaces Based on Direct Nanoimprint of Titania Sol–Gel Coatings
Authors: Checcucci Simona , Bottein Thomas , Gurioli Massimo , Favre Luc , Grosso David , Abbarchi Marco
Published: March 2019

Dielectric Mie resonators are taking momentum in the last years thanks to their peculiar properties in light management at visible and near‐infrared frequencies. However, their full exploitation demands for cheap materials and versatile fabrication methods, extendible over large surfaces and potentially C‐MOS compatible. Here, a sol–gel deposition and nanoimprint lithography method is used to obtain titania‐based Mie resonators over large areas (several square millimeters), showing that this platform can potentially be exploited for light management with different devices. First, their use for structural colors and efficient band pass filters covering the visible spectrum is demonstrated. Then, exploiting sharp Fano resonances in reflection, their potential for refractive index sensing is addressed obtaining a figure of merit of ≈20. Finally, when placing the resonators on porous silica, a large and reversible color tuning can be produced as a result of water adsorption within the substrate porosity. These results open the path to titania sub‐micrometric structures for applications as a multifunctional metamaterial for smart windows, displays, and all‐optical sensing.
Development of VO2‐Nanoparticle‐Based Metal–Insulator Transition Electronic Ink
Authors: Vaseem Mohammad , Zhen Su , Yang Shuai , Li Weiwei , Shamim Atif
Published: March 2019

The metal–insulator transition (MIT) phase change of vanadium dioxide (VO2) materials has facilitated many exciting applications. Among the various crystal phases of VO2, the monoclinic (M) phase is the only one that demonstrates low‐temperature (≈68 °C) MIT behavior. However, the synthesis of pure VO2 (M) is challenging because various polymorphs, such as VO2 (A), VO2 (B), and VO2 (D), are also typically formed during the process. Furthermore, to achieve pure crystalline VO2 (M) phase, very long reaction times, up to 2–4 days, are typically required. In this work, an additional annealing step is introduced post nanoparticle preparation, which not only reduces the complete synthesis time from days to only 6 h but also removes the impure phases and helps in achieving the desired pure VO2 (M) phase. This work covers the complete synthesis and characterization details of such as‐prepared nanoparticles. A VO2 (M)‐nanoparticle‐based ink is formulated for the inkjet printing of films with controlled thicknesses. The inkjet‐printed films are investigated for their electrical conductivity with external stimuli such as temperature and electrical current. Finally, a fully printed antenna is devised that can change its frequency based on the different states of the VO2 film.
Sexual dimorphism of dental tissues in modern human mandibular molars
Authors: Sorenti Mark , Martinón‐Torres María , Martín‐Francés Laura , Perea‐Pérez Bernardo
Published: March 2019

Objectives

Previous studies have revealed that human permanent dental tissue proportions differ significantly between males and females, with females having relatively thicker enamel relative to overall crown area than males. The aims of this study are to investigate sexual dimorphism in permanent mandibular molars and to determine whether such differences can be used to estimate sex in modern humans reliably.

Materials and Methods

The permanent mandibular molars used in this study (n = 51) originate from 36 individuals of known sex from a Spanish anthropological collection. Eight variables were assessed from two‐dimensional (2D) mesial planes of section obtained from microtomographic scans. Binary stepwise logistic regression was then applied to the data.

Results

Male molars possess significantly greater quantities of dentine than females, both absolutely and proportionally. Females differed significantly from males by having greater relative enamel thickness. Logistic regression identified the proportion of dentine (relative dentine area [RDA]) as the most important sex discriminator, which can be used to correctly classify specimens with an overall accuracy rate of 74.36%.

Discussion

These results confirm that sexual dimorphism in mandibular molar size is a result of males having a greater amount of dentine, both absolutely and proportionally. The findings suggest that 2D measurements of RDA may be useful for sex determination, although further research is required to test the reliability of these predictive techniques across different populations.
Nonlinear Optical Switching in Regioregular Porphyrin Covalent Organic Frameworks
Authors: Biswal Bishnu P. , Valligatla Sreeramulu , Wang Mingchao , Banerjee Tanmay , Saad Nabil A. , Mariserla Bala Murali Krishna , Chandrasekhar Naisa , Becker Daniel , Addicoat Matthew , Senkovska Irena , Berger Reinhard , Rao D. Narayana , Kaskel Stefan , Feng Xinliang
Published: March 2019

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have garnered immense scientific interest among porous materials because of their structural tunability and diverse properties. However, the response of such materials toward laser‐induced nonlinear optical (NLO) applications is hardly understood and demands prompt attention. Three novel regioregular porphyrin (Por)‐based porous COFs—Por‐COF‐HH and its dual metalated congeners Por‐COF‐ZnCu and Por‐COF‐ZnNi—have been prepared and present excellent NLO properties. Notably, intensity‐dependent NLO switching behavior was observed for these Por‐COFs, which is highly desirable for optical switching and optical limiting devices. Moreover, the efficient π‐conjugation and charge‐transfer transition in ZnCu‐Por‐COF enabled a high nonlinear absorption coefficient (β=4470 cm/GW) and figure of merit (FOM=σ1/σo, 3565) value compared to other state‐of‐the‐art materials, including molecular porphyrins (β≈100–400 cm/GW), metal–organic frameworks (MOFs; β≈0.3–0.5 cm/GW), and graphene (β=900 cm/GW).
Hierarchical Metal Sulfide/Carbon Spheres: A Generalized Synthesis and High Sodium‐Storage Performance
Authors: Shen Laifa , Wang Yi , Wu Feixiang , Moudrakovski Igor , van Aken Peter A. , Maier Joachim , Yu Yan
Published: March 2019

The development of suitable anode materials is far from satisfactory and is a major scientific challenge for a competitive sodium‐ion battery technology. Metal sulfides have demonstrated encouraging results, but still suffer from sluggish kinetics and severe capacity decay associated with the phase change. Herein we show that rational electrode design, that is, building efficient electron/ion mixed‐conducting networks, can overcome the problems resulting from conversion reactions. A general strategy for the preparation of hierarchical carbon‐coated metal sulfide (MS⊂C) spheres through thermal sulfurization of metal glycerate has been developed. We demonstrate the concept by synthesizing highly uniform hierarchical carbon coated vanadium sulfide (V2S3⊂C) spheres, which exhibit a highly reversibly sodium storage capacity of 777 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1, excellent rate capability (410 mAh g−1 at 4000 mA g−1), and impressive cycling ability.
Bioactive Patchy Nanoparticles with Compartmentalized Cargoes for Simultaneous and Trackable Delivery
Authors: Wong Chin Ken , Chen Fan , Walther Andreas , Stenzel Martina H.
Published: March 2019

Recent years have seen an increased interest in the use of ABC triblock terpolymers to bottom‐up assemble multicompartment patchy nanoparticles. Despite these experimental and theoretical efforts, the applications of polymer‐based patchy nanoparticles remain rather limited. One of the major challenges that eclipses their potential is the lack of knowledge to selectively encapsulate cargoes within different compartments that are separated in the nanometer length scale. Here, strategies are reported to segregate two chemically distinct molecules in either the patches or core compartment of patchy nanoparticles that bear a (bioactive) sugar corona. The potential use of these bioactive patchy nanoparticles containing compartmentalized cargoes for simultaneous drug delivery with real‐time release monitoring capabilities is further demonstrated.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative γ‐Arylation for the Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted Chiral Allenes
Authors: Scheipers Ina , Mück‐Lichtenfeld Christian , Studer Armido
Published: March 2019

An enantiospecific palladium‐catalyzed decarboxylative coupling of acyclic β,γ‐alkynoic acids with various aryl iodides to chiral tetrasubstituted allenes is described. The coupling reaction comprises a decarboxylative γ‐palladation of α,α‐disubstituted carboxylic acids to provide the tetrasubstituted allenes with complete point‐to‐axial chirality transfer in excellent yields.
Methacrylate monomer as an alternative to styrene in typical polyester–styrene copolymers
Authors: Chabros Artur , Gawdzik Barbara
Published: March 2019

This study presents the research on the influence of crosslinking monomers [styrene and diethylene glycol dimethacrylate (DEGDMA)] on the properties of unsaturated polyester resins (UPRs). Syntheses of the unsaturated polyesters (UPs) modified with benzyl alcohol were carried out. Then, each polyester was used in preparation of five resin solutions with different amounts of crosslinking monomers acting as reactive diluents. These diluents improve the processability of UPs reducing their viscosities. They also take part in crosslinking of resins during copolymerization process. The properties of the prepared UPRs systems were investigated before and after the curing process. The measurements of their viscosity, reactivity, mechanical properties, thermal stability (thermogravimetry), and dynamic mechanical analysis were performed. Resins where DEGDMA was used as reactive diluent were characterized by the largest viscosities in comparison to styrene ones. The type of the used monomer influenced also degree of the resin crosslinking. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47735.
Self‐doped N‐propansulfonic acid polyaniline‐polyethylene terephthalate film used as active sensor element for humidity or gas detection
Authors: Solonaru Ana‐Maria , Grigoras Mircea , Petrila Iulian , Tudorache Florin
Published: March 2019

In this work, we report the fabrication of sensors’ element for humidity or gases, prepared by in situ polymerization of aniline N‐propansulfonic acid using ammonium persulfate in acidic medium. The polymer is being used in the form of powder or deposited in multiple layers onto the PET film. Various techniques including Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR), ultraviolet‐–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to characterize the as‐prepared sensing materials. The film has been tested for humidity influence, where the significant variations in electrical characteristics were observed, suggesting its usefulness for humidity sensors. Also, for different organic and inorganic gases, a relatively low operating temperature and important sensitivity were observed that indicate its applicability as an active element for general gases sensors. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47743.
Temporal trends in diagnoses of congenital microcephaly, Texas Hospital Discharge Diagnoses, 2000–2015
Authors: Waller Dorothy Kim , Tark Ji Yun , Agopian A. J. , Shewale Jitesh , Ganduglia‐Cazaban Cecilia , Hoyt Adrienne T , Scheuerle Angela E. , Langlois Peter H.
Published: March 2019

Objective

Assess temporal trends in congenital microcephaly.

Methods

We used Texas inpatient discharge diagnoses between 2000 and 2015, restricting to newborns. Between 2000 and 2003, the maximum number of fields for recording diagnostic codes was eight, and between 2004 and 2015 it was 24. Microcephaly was classified into four subgroups based on co‐occurring diagnoses: A (Known Causes), B (Other Birth Defects), C (Preterm Birth or Fetal Growth Restriction) and D (Isolated Cases).

Results

We identified 2,301 cases of microcephaly or 4.0 cases per 10,000 live births. There was an increase in the prevalence of microcephaly in 2012–2015 compared with 2000–2003, odds ratio = 1.85 (95% CI 1.64–2.10) Significant temporal increases in microcephaly were observed within each of the four microcephaly subgroups and significant temporal increases were also observed for eight other neonatal diagnoses during the same time period. When we restricted our analysis to cases with microcephaly identified using only the eight diagnostic codes available throughout the entire study period, the temporal trend for microcephaly was diminished or absent.

Conclusions

It remains uncertain whether the observed increases in microcephaly and other neonatal diagnoses are real or an artifact of the change in the number of fields. However, since it is unlikely that there would be a simultaneous increase in microcephaly and eight other neonatal diagnoses, it is likely that some or all of the temporal increases in neonatal diagnoses are artifactual.
Phosphoramitoids—A submonomer approach to sequence defined N‐substituted phosphoramidate polymers
Authors: Horn Thomas , Connolly Michael D. , Zuckermann Ronald N.
Published: March 2019

There is a growing interest in new methods to generate bio‐inspired, chemically diverse, sequence‐defined synthetic polymers. Solid‐phase submonomer approaches offer facile access to these types of materials, since they take advantage of readily available synthons. Submonomer approaches to date have been applied to peptidomimetics with oligo‐amide backbones. Here we extend the approach to a phosphorous‐containing backbone, where N‐substituted phosphoramidate oligomers are constructed from a set of amine submonomers, diphenyl H‐phosphonate, and cyclohexane diol. The key chemical steps in chain elongation are a chain extension reaction based on H‐phosphonate (P III) chemistry, and a side chain attachment step based on the Atherton‐Todd reaction. Cheap, stable chemical reagents are used without heating, all reaction times are 30 minutes or less and open to air, and no main‐chain protecting groups are required. Phosphoramitoid tetramers and pentamers displaying a variety of side chain functionalities were synthesized by a three‐step solid‐phase submonomer method, typically with >85% crude purities.
Fatigue and physical activity in cancer survivors: A cross‐sectional population‐based study
Authors: Matias Margarida , Baciarello Giulia , Neji Mohamed , Di Meglio Antonio , Michiels Stefan , Partridge Ann H. , Bendiane Marc Karim , Fizazi Karim , Ducreux Michel , Andre Fabrice , Vaz‐Luis Ines
Published: March 2019

Purpose

A substantial proportion of cancer survivors experience fatigue after diagnosis. Physical activity (PA) can impact fatigue after cancer. In this study, we evaluated the prevalence and association of fatigue and the practice of PA in a population with early cancer.

Methods

Using the national population‐based French cross‐sectional study Vie après le cancer 2, we included 1984 patients with early breast (61.1%), prostate (21.5%), and colorectal (17.4%) cancer. Severe fatigue at 2 years postdiagnosis was defined by a score ≥40 in the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer quality of life questionnaire (EORTC QLQ C30) fatigue subscale. PA was defined as (a) self‐reported PA before diagnosis (active/inactive) and (b) change in PA since diagnosis (increased/maintained exposure vs decreased exposure/remaining inactive). Multivariate regression examined associations of severe fatigue with PA, adjusting for baseline clinical and treatment variables.

Results

Median age was 52 years. 51.5% of patients experienced severe fatigue 2 years post‐diagnosis. 87.7% reported to be physically active before cancer diagnosis; 53.3% of patients either decreased PA or remained inactive at 2 years postdiagnosis. At 2 years postdiagnosis, severe fatigue was associated with a change in PA since diagnosis: patients with decreasing PA/remaining inactive from pre‐ to postdiagnosis had a higher risk of severe fatigue vs those with increasing/maintaining PA (adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval] 2.32 [1.85‐2.90]).

Conclusion

Fatigue continues to be a substantial problem for cancer survivors 2 years after cancer diagnosis and is associated with PA decreasing/remaining inactive since diagnosis. Interventions to maintain or increase PA for cancer survivors should be tested to mitigate long‐term fatigue after cancer.
Degree of valve calcification in patients undergoing transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve implantation with and without balloon aortic valvuloplasty: Findings from the multicenter EASE‐IT TF registry
Authors: Butter Christian , Okamoto Maki , Schymik Gerhard , Jacobshagen Claudius , Rothe Jürgen , Treede Hendrik , Kerber Sebastian , Frank Derk , Bramlage Peter , Sykorova Lenka , Thoenes Martin , Rudolph Tanja K.
Published: March 2019

Aims

We aimed to assess whether the level of aortic root calcification is associated with BAV performance/omission during transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), and to explore related outcomes.

Methods and results

EASE‐IT TF was a prospective, observational, multicenter registry of patients undergoing TF‐TAVI with the Edwards SAPIEN 3, with or without BAV predilation. Valvular calcification was quantified from pre‐procedural multi‐slice computed tomography images and compared between BAV and no BAV patients. Data for 178 patients (55 BAV; 123 no BAV) were analyzed. There were no significant differences between groups in terms of regional/leaflet sector calcification volumes, maximum asymmetry between the different leaflet sectors, or total calcification scores. Overall, a greater‐than‐average leaflet calcification volume was independently predictive of ≥mild PVL (OR: 5.116; 95% CI: 1.042–38.35) and the need for post‐dilation (OR: 3.592; 95% CI: 1.173–12.14). The latter effect was abated in patients with BAV (OR: 1.837; 95% CI: 0.223–18.00) and intensified in those without BAV (OR: 5.575; 95% CI: 1.114–38.74). No other BAV‐dependent effects of calcification on outcomes were observed.

Conclusions

In the majority of transfemoral valve implantations, calcification does not appear to be the main driving factor in the decision to perform/omit BAV. Predilation may be valuable for reducing post‐dilation requirements in patients only with a greater degree of leaflet calcification.
Abandonment of surveillance, followed by emergency surgery for a second spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Plahuta Irena , Jelenko Mihael , Potrč Stojan , Ivanecz Arpad
Published: March 2019

Key Clinical Message

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) develops in the presence of chronic liver disease, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is becoming a frequent cause of HCC in developed regions. Spontaneous rupture of HCC (rHCC) is a potentially life‐threatening complication of a tumor. The patient's compliance with surveillance after liver resection is vital for the prevention of rHCC.
An adult case of atypical familial Mediterranean fever (pyrin‐associated autoinflammatory disease) similar to adult‐onset Still’s disease
Authors: Tsuruma Hayato , Sato Hiroe , Hasegawa Eriko , Nozawa Yukiko , Nakatsue Takeshi , Wada Yoko , Kuroda Takeshi , Suzuki Yoshiki , Nakano Masaaki , Narita Ichiei
Published: March 2019

Key Clinical Message

We present a 55‐year‐old woman with periodic fever and symptoms similar to adult‐onset Still's disease (AOSD). She had a heterogeneous mutation of the MEFV gene and colchicine was effective. Atypical familial Mediterranean fever (pyrin‐associated autoinflammatory disease) should be considered in patients with periodic fever accompanied by symptoms similar to AOSD.
Ammonia‐Borane Derived BN Fragments Trapped on Bi‐ and Trimetallic Titanium(III) Systems
Authors: del Horno Estefanía , Jover Jesús , Mena Miguel , Pérez‐Redondo Adrián , Yélamos Carlos
Published: March 2019

Titanium(III) complexes containing unprecedented (NH2BH2NHBH3)2− and {N(BH3)3}3− ligands have been isolated, and their structures elucidated by a combination of experimental and theoretical methods. The treatment of the trimethyl derivative [TiCp*Me3] (Cp*=η5‐C5Me5) with NH3BH3 (3 equiv) at room temperature gives the paramagnetic dinuclear complex [{TiCp*(NH2BH3)}2(μ‐NH2BH2NHBH3)], which at 80 °C leads to the trinuclear hydride derivative [{TiCp*(μ‐H)}3{μ3‐N(BH3)3}]. The bonding modes of the anionic BN fragments in those complexes, as well as the dimethylaminoborane group trapped on the analogous trinuclear [{TiCp*(μ‐H)}3(μ3‐H)(μ3‐NMe2BH2)], have been studied by X‐ray crystallography and density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
A Revised Structure Model for the UCl6 Structure Type, Novel Modifications of UCl6 and UBr5, and a Comment on the Modifications of Protactinium Pentabromides
Authors: Deubner H. Lars , Rudel Stefan S. , Sachs Malte , Pietzonka Clemens , Karttunen Antti J. , Ivlev Sergei I. , Müller Matthias , Conrad Matthias , Müller Ulrich , Kraus Florian
Published: March 2019

The redetermination of the crystal structure of trigonal UCl6, which is the eponym for the UCl6 structure type, showed that certain atomic coordinates had been incorrectly reported. This led to noticeably different U−Cl distances within the octahedral UCl6 molecule (2.41 and 2.51 Å). Within the revised structure model presented here, which is based on single crystal data as well as quantum chemical calculations, all U−Cl distances are essentially equal within standard uncertainty (2.431(5), 2.437(5), and 2.439(6) Å). This room temperature modification, called rt‐UCl6, crystallizes in the trigonal space group P
m1, No. 164, hP21, with a=10.907(2), c=5.9883(12) Å, V=616.9(2) Å3, Z=3 at T=253 K. A new low‐temperature (lt) modification of UCl6 is also presented that was obtained by cooling a single crystal of rt‐UCl6. The phase change occurs between 150 and 175 K. lt‐UCl6 crystallizes isotypic to a low‐temperature modification of SF6 in the monoclinic crystal system, space group C2/m, No. 12, mS42, with a=17.847(4), b=10.8347(18), c=6.2670(17) Å, β=96.68(2)°, V=1203.6(5) Å3, Z=6 at 100 K. The Cl anions form a close‐packed structure corresponding to the α‐Sm type with uranium atoms in the octahedral voids. During the synthesis of UBr5 a new modification was obtained that crystallizes in the triclinic crystal system, space group P
, No. 2, aP36, with a=10.4021(6), b=11.1620(6), c=12.2942(7) Å, α=68.3340(10)°, β=69.6410(10)° and γ=89.5290(10)°, V=1231.84(12) Å3, Z=3 at T=100 K. In this structure the UBr5 units are dimerized to U2Br10 molecules. The Br anions also form a close‐packed structure of the α‐Sm type with adjacent uranium atoms in the octahedral voids. Comparisons of the crystal structures of the compounds MX5 (M=Pa, U; X=Cl, Br) show that the crystal structure of monoclinic α‐PaBr5 is probably not correct.
Regional differences in mitral cell development in mouse olfactory bulb
Authors: Nguyen Uyen P. , Imamura Fumiaki
Published: March 2019

Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) located in the dorsomedial and ventromedial regions of the olfactory epithelium (OE) are distinguished from one another based on their molecular expression patterns. This difference is reflected in the separation of the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb (OB) into dorsomedial and ventrolateral regions. However, it is unclear whether a complementary separation is also evident in the projection neurons that innervate the OB glomeruli. In this study, we compared the development of the OB between different regions by focusing on the transcription factor, Tbx21, which is expressed by mitral and tufted cells in the mature OB. Examining the OB at different developmental ages, we found that Tbx21 expression commenced in the anteromedial region called the tongue‐shaped area, followed by the dorsomedial and then ventrolateral areas. We also showed that the tongue‐shaped area was innervated by the OSNs located in the most dorsomedial part of the ventrolateral OE, the V‐zone:DM. Interestingly, the generation of OSNs occurred first in the dorsomedial zone including the V‐zone:DM, suggesting a correlation between the time course of OSN generation in the OE and Tbx21 expression in their target region of the OB. In contrast, expression of vGluT1, which is also found in all mitral cells in the mature OB, was first detected in the ventrolateral region during development. Our findings demonstrate that the development of projection neurons occurs in a compartmentalized manner in the OB; tongue‐shaped, dorsomedial, and ventrolateral areas, and that not all projection neurons follow the same developmental pathway.
Arnold‐Thom Gradient Conjecture for the Arrival Time
Authors: Colding Tobias Holck , Minicozzi William P.
Published: March 2019

We prove conjectures of René Thom and Vladimir Arnold for C2 solutions to the degenerate elliptic equation that is the level set equation for motion by mean curvature.

We believe these results are the first instances of a general principle: Solutions of many degenerate equations behave as if they are analytic, even when they are not. If so, this would explain various conjectured phenomena. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genetically Encoded FRET‐Based Tension Sensors
Authors: Cost Anna‐Lena , Khalaji Samira , Grashoff Carsten
Published: March 2019

Genetically encoded Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)‐based tension sensors measure piconewton‐scale forces across individual molecules in living cells or whole organisms. These biosensors show comparably high FRET efficiencies in the absence of tension, but FRET quickly decreases when forces are applied. In this article, we describe how such biosensors can be generated for a specific protein of interest, and we discuss controls to confirm that the observed differences in FRET efficiency reflect changes in molecular tension. These FRET efficiency changes can be related to mechanical forces as the FRET–force relationship of the employed tension sensor modules are calibrated. We provide information on construct generation, expression in cells, and image acquisition using live‐cell fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). Moreover, we describe how to analyze, statistically evaluate, and interpret the resulting data sets. Together, these protocols should enable the reader to plan, execute, and interpret FRET‐based tension sensor experiments. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Game theory approach for detecting vulnerable data centers in cloud computing network
Authors: Hosseini Soodeh , Vakili Ramin
Published: March 2019

Nowadays, cloud computing has many benefits to accessibility, scalability, and cost‐effectiveness, leading to network security risks and vulnerabilities. Cloud computing is gaining in popularity with the advances and growth of its systems. Therefore, the security of this system and the identification of vulnerable data centers are more complicated than the past. Definitely discovering vulnerable data centers that are vulnerable to attacks can help to strengthen these data centers and provide a safer and more secure network structure. This paper examines the vulnerability of malware data centers in the infrastructure and cloud computing network structure. Based on the analysis of the cloud computing system in the field of game theory, we introduce a developed model for identifying vulnerable data centers in cloud computing. The developed model in this paper is based on the game theory as a mathematical tool. According to the game theory, we introduce a measure of the degree of vulnerability of data centers in the cloud computing network.
Predicting residence time using a continuous‐time discrete‐space model of leatherback turtle satellite telemetry data
Authors: Hoover Aimee L. , Liang Dong , Alfaro‐Shigueto Joanna , Mangel Jeffrey C. , Miller Peter I. , Morreale Stephen J. , Bailey Helen , Shillinger George L.
Published: March 2019

The utilization and capabilities of biotelemetry are expanding enormously as technology and access rapidly improve. These large, correlated datasets pose statistical challenges requiring advanced statistical techniques to appropriately interpret and model animal movement. We used satellite telemetry data of critically endangered Eastern Pacific leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) to develop a habitat‐based model of their motility (and conversely residence time) using a hierarchical Bayesian framework, which could be broadly applied across species. To account for the spatiotemporally auto‐correlated, unbalanced, and presence‐only telemetry observations, in combination with dynamic environmental variables, a novel modeling approach was applied. We expanded a Poisson generalized linear model in a continuous‐time discrete‐space (CTDS) model framework to predict individual leatherback movement based on environmental drivers, such as sea surface temperature. Population‐level movement estimates were then obtained with a Bayesian approach and used to create monthly, near real‐time predictions of Eastern Pacific leatherback movement in the South Pacific Ocean. This model framework will inform the development of a dynamic ocean management model, “South Pacific TurtleWatch (SPTW),” and could be applied to telemetry data from other populations and species to predict motility and residence times in dynamic environments, while accounting for statistical uncertainties arising at multiple stages of telemetry analysis.
Direct, Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Isothiocyanates
Authors: Janczewski Łukasz , Gajda Anna , Gajda Tadeusz
Published: March 2019

A microwave‐assisted desulfuration of readily available dithiocarbamates, formed in situ from primary amines, leading to target isothiocyanates has been developed. This efficient protocol provides a rapid, environmentally benign route to aliphatic and aromatic isothiocyanates.
Regioselective Acetoxylation of Terminal Olefins Using a Palladium(II)–Thiadiazole Catalyst
Authors: Li Xiaohan , Sun Bin , Zhou Jiadi , Jin Can , Yu Chuangming
Published: March 2019

First‐time use of a palladium(II)–thiadiazole catalyst in the allylic oxidation of terminal olefins to linear allylic acetates. Employing this strategy, a range of allylic esters (20 examples) were synthesized in 43 % to 80 % yield with excellent regio‐ and stereoselectivities.
Hypervalent Iodine Mediated Sulfonamide Synthesis
Authors: Poeira Diogo L. , Macara João , Faustino Hélio , Coelho Jaime A. S. , Gois Pedro M. P. , Marques M. Manuel B.
Published: March 2019

A new metal‐free sulfonylation reaction is described. The method takes advantage of the Umpolung reactivity and group‐transfer properties of iodine(III) compounds, combining hypervalent iodine reagents and sulfinate salts to deliver a clean and mild transfer of sulfonyl groups to amines and anilines. A total of 25 sulfonamides was synthesised in up to 99 % yield, even on gram‐scale. The reaction mechanism was investigated by ESI‐MS and DFT calculations.
Therapeutic effect of Anakinra in the relapsing chronic phase of febrile infection–related epilepsy syndrome
Authors: Dilena Robertino , Mauri Eleonora , Aronica Eleonora , Bernasconi Pia , Bana Cristina , Cappelletti Cristina , Carrabba Giorgio , Ferrero Stefano , Giorda Roberto , Guez Sophie , Scalia Catenacci Stefano , Triulzi Fabio , Barbieri Sergio , Calderini Edoardo , Vezzani Annamaria
Published: March 2019

Febrile infection–related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES) is a severe epileptic encephalopathy with presumed inflammatory origin and lacking effective treatments. Anakinra is the human recombinant interleukin 1 receptor antagonist clinically used in autoinflammatory or autoimmune conditions. We report a case of FIRES for which the spatial and temporal match between electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) focal alterations provides support for the detrimental synergic interplay between seizures and inflammation that may evolve to permanent focal lesions and progressive brain atrophy in weeks to months. Brain biopsy showed aspects of chronic neuroinflammation with scarce parenchymal lymphocytes. We report the novel evidence that anakinra reduces the relapse of highly recurrent refractory seizures at 1.5 years after FIRES onset. Our evidence, together with previously reported therapeutic effects of anakinra administered since the first days of disease onset, support the hypothesis that interleukin 1β and inflammation‐related factors play a crucial role in seizure recurrence in both the acute and chronic stages of the disease.
Neurochemical correlates of scene processing in the precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex: A multimodal fMRI and 1H‐MRS study
Authors: Costigan Alison G. , Umla‐Runge Katja , Evans C. John , Hodgetts Carl J. , Lawrence Andrew D. , Graham Kim S.
Published: March 2019

Precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex (PCu/PCC) are key components of a midline network, activated during rest but also in tasks that involve construction of scene or situation models. Despite growing interest in PCu/PCC functional alterations in disease and disease risk, the underlying neurochemical modulators of PCu/PCC's task‐evoked activity are largely unstudied. Here, a multimodal imaging approach was applied to investigate whether interindividual differences in PCu/PCC fMRI activity, elicited during perceptual discrimination of scene stimuli, were correlated with local brain metabolite levels, measured during resting‐state 1H‐MRS. Forty healthy young adult participants completed an fMRI perceptual odd‐one‐out task for scenes, objects and faces. 1H‐MRS metabolites N‐acetyl‐aspartate (tNAA), glutamate (Glx) and γ‐amino‐butyric acid (GABA+) were quantified via PRESS and MEGA‐PRESS scans in a PCu/PCC voxel and an occipital (OCC) control voxel. Whole brain fMRI revealed a cluster in right dorsal PCu/PCC that showed a greater BOLD response to scenes versus faces and objects. When extracted from an independently defined PCu/PCC region of interest, scene activity (vs. faces and objects and also vs. baseline) was positively correlated with PCu/PCC, but not OCC, tNAA. A voxel‐wise regression analysis restricted to the PCu/PCC 1H‐MRS voxel area identified a significant PCu/PCC cluster, confirming the positive correlation between scene‐related BOLD activity and PCu/PCC tNAA. There were no correlations between PCu/PCC activity and Glx or GABA+ levels. These results demonstrate, for the first time, that scene activity in PCu/PCC is linked to local tNAA levels, identifying a neurochemical influence on interindividual differences in the task‐driven activity of a key brain hub.
Functional and effective reorganization of the aging brain during unimanual and bimanual hand movements
Authors: Larivière Sara , Xifra‐Porxas Alba , Kassinopoulos Michalis , Niso Guiomar , Baillet Sylvain , Mitsis Georgios D. , Boudrias Marie‐Hélène
Published: March 2019

Motor performance decline observed during aging is linked to changes in brain structure and function, however, the precise neural reorganization associated with these changes remains largely unknown. We investigated the neurophysiological correlates of this reorganization by quantifying functional and effective brain network connectivity in elderly individuals (n = 11; mean age = 67.5 years), compared to young adults (n = 12; mean age = 23.7 years), while they performed visually‐guided unimanual and bimanual handgrips inside the magnetoencephalography (MEG) scanner. Through a combination of principal component analysis and Granger causality, we observed age‐related increases in functional and effective connectivity in whole‐brain, task‐related motor networks. Specifically, elderly individuals demonstrated (i) greater information flow from contralateral parietal and ipsilateral secondary motor regions to the left primary motor cortex during the unimanual task and (ii) decreased interhemispheric temporo‐frontal communication during the bimanual task. Maintenance of motor performance and task accuracy in elderly was achieved by hyperactivation of the task‐specific motor networks, reflecting a possible mechanism by which the aging brain recruits additional resources to counteract known myelo‐ and cytoarchitectural changes. Furthermore, resting‐state sessions acquired before and after each motor task revealed that both older and younger adults maintain the capacity to adapt to task demands via network‐wide increases in functional connectivity. Collectively, our study consolidates functional connectivity and directionality of information flow in systems‐level cortical networks during aging and furthers our understanding of neuronal flexibility in motor processes.
Bile Acid Homeostasis in a Cholesterol 7α‐Hydroxylase and Sterol 27‐Hydroxylase Double Knockout Mouse Model
Authors: Rizzolo Daniel , Buckley Kyle , Kong Bo , Zhan Le , Shen Jianliang , Stofan Mary , Brinker Anita , Goedken Michael , Buckley Brian , Guo Grace L.
Published: March 2019

Bile acids (BAs) are diverse molecules that are synthesized from cholesterol in the liver. The synthesis of BAs has traditionally been shown to occur through two pathways. Cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase (CYP7A1) performs the initial and rate‐limiting step in the classical pathway, and sterol 27‐hydroxylase (CYP27A1) initiates the hydroxylation of cholesterol in the alternative pathway. While the role of individual BA species as physiological detergents is relatively ubiquitous, their endocrine functions as signaling molecules and roles in disease pathogenesis have been emerging to be BA species–specific. In order to better understand the pharmacologic and toxicologic roles of individual BA species in an in vivo model, we created cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase (Cyp7a1) and sterol 27‐hydroxylase (Cyp27a1) double knockout (DKO) mice by cross‐breeding single knockout mice (Cyp7a1
–/– and Cyp27a1
–/–). BA profiling and quantification by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry of serum, gallbladder, liver, small intestine, and colon of wild‐type, Cyp7a1
–/–, Cyp27a1
–/–, and DKO mice showed that DKO mice exhibited a reduction of BAs in the plasma (45.9%), liver (60.2%), gallbladder (76.3%), small intestine (88.7%), and colon (93.6%), while maintaining a similar BA pool composition compared to wild‐type mice. The function of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in DKO mice was lower, revealed by decreased mRNA expression of well‐known FXR target genes, hepatic small heterodimer partner, and ileal fibroblast growth factor 15. However, response to FXR synthetic ligands was maintained in DKO mice as treatment with GW4064 resulted in similar changes in gene expression in all strains of mice. Conclusion: We provide a useful tool for studying the role of individual BAs in vivo; DKO mice have a significantly reduced BA pool, have a similar BA profile, and maintained response to FXR activation.
Association of Appendicular Lean Mass, and Subcutaneous and Visceral Adipose Tissue With Mortality in Older Brazilians: The São Paulo Ageing & Health Study
Authors: de Santana Felipe M , Domiciano Diogo S , Gonçalves Michel A , Machado Luana G , Figueiredo Camille P , Lopes Jaqueline B , Caparbo Valéria F , Takayama Lilliam , Menezes Paulo R , Pereira Rosa MR
Published: March 2019

Body composition changes as a result of ageing may impact the survival of older adults. However, its influence on mortality risk is uncertain. Currently, the best method for body composition analysis in clinical practice is DXA. Nonetheless, the few studies on body composition by DXA and mortality risk in the elderly have some limitations. We investigated the association between body composition by DXA and mortality in a cohort of elderly subjects. Eight hundred thirty-nine community-dwelling subjects (516 women, 323 men) ≥ 65 years of age were assessed by a questionnaire, clinical data, laboratory exams, and body composition by DXA at baseline. Total fat and its components (eg, visceral adipose tissue [VAT]) were estimated. Appendicular lean mass (ALM) adjusted for fat and ALM divided by height² was used to ascertain the presence of low muscle mass (LMM). Mortality was recorded during follow-up. Multivariate logistic regression was used to compute ORs for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Over a mean follow-up of 4.06 ± 1.07 years, there were 132 (15.7%) deaths. In men, after adjustment for relevant variables, the presence of LMM (OR, 11.36, 95% CI, 2.21 to 58.37, P = 0.004) and VAT (OR, 1.99, 95% CI, 1.38 to 2.87, P < 0.001, for each 100-g increase) significantly increased all-cause mortality risk, whereas total fat, measured by the fat mass index, was associated with decreased mortality risk (OR, 0.48, 95% CI, 0.33 to 0.71, P < 0.001). Similar results were observed for cardiovascular mortality. In women, only LMM was a predictor of all-cause (OR, 62.88, 95% CI, 22.59 to 175.0, P < 0.001) and cardiovascular death (OR, 74.54, 95% CI, 9.72 to 571.46, P < 0.001). LMM ascertained by ALM adjusted for fat and fat mass by itself are associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality risk in the elderly. Visceral and subcutaneous fat have opposite roles on mortality risk in elderly men. Thus, DXA is a promising tool to estimate risk of mortality in the elderly. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
The Efficacy of Interventions Aimed at Reducing Procrastination: A Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Malouff John M. , Schutte Nicola S.
Published: March 2019

This meta‐analysis investigated the efficacy of interventions aimed at reducing procrastination in randomized controlled trials. Twelve studies, with a total of 646 participants, met inclusion criteria. The significant meta‐analytic effect size, Hedges's g = 1.18, indicates that the interventions had a large positive effect. Three variables significantly moderated effect size: Higher effects were associated with interventions delivered in person, student samples, and a no‐treatment control condition. The results lay a foundation for procrastination treatment and future research.
Considering and Navigating New Relationships During Recovery From Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Flasch Paulina , Boote David , Robinson Edward H.
Published: March 2019

Few researchers have explored women's experiences of considering and navigating romantic relationships after leaving abusive partners. Findings from this phenomenological investigation suggest that survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV) experience both challenging and facilitative experiences, including reclaiming themselves through dating, learning to trust self and others, negotiating boundaries and control, communicating with new partners, engaging in sexual exploration, and protecting children. Implications include viewing post‐IPV dating as an important aspect of survivors' recovery.
Validation Study of the Orientation Model: A Dual‐Process Assessment Framework
Authors: Wilkinson Brett D.
Published: March 2019

The orientation model is a multidimensional dual‐process assessment framework composed of 4 empirically validated instruments of cognitive processing, attachment, empathy, and introspection. It lends counselors a flexible means to assess client processing patterns relevant to clinical practice. The author used 375 participant responses to determine whether selected subscales align with analytic and experiential dual processes. Results suggest that the orientation model can serve as a dispositional framework for counseling practice. Implications and directions for future research are suggested.