bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zuckerreduktion als Therapiekonzept bei Adipositas und Diabetes mellitus Typ 2
Authors: Bischoff Stephan
Published: October 2018

Adipositas begünstigt metabolische Folgeerkrankungen, z. B. eine Fettlebererkrankung oder Diabetes mellitus Typ 2. Die Konzepte zur Therapie der Adipositas sind vielfältig. Für eine erfolgreiche Gewichtsreduktion muss durch Umstellung des Lebensstils eine negative Energiebilanz erreicht werden. Neben der Erhöhung der körperlichen Aktivität sollte auch die Energieaufnahme reduziert werden. Dabei spielen Fettreduktion und Kohlenhydratreduktion eine gleichermaßen wichtige Rolle. Insbesondere die Reduktion/Limitation der Aufnahme von Zucker ist dabei ein wichtiger Ansatz. Neben der offensichtlichen Gewichtszunahme ist ein hoher Zuckerkonsum für pathologische Prozesse im Darm verantwortlich wie beispielsweise die Induktion einer Darmdysbiose und die Erhöhung der Darmpermeabilität, welche für die Entwicklung von metabolischen Folgeerkrankungen relevant sind. Besonders der Fruktose werden solche negativen Eigenschaften zugeschrieben, wenn sie in hohen Konzentrationen konsumiert wird. Eine beschränkte Fruktosezufuhr (< 50 g/d) ist daher bei Adipositas sinnvoll.
Zuckertoxizität: Konsequenzen für Adipositas, Diabetes, Karies und die Intensivmedizin
Authors: Bischoff Stephan , Schweinlin Anna
Published: October 2018

Ohne Zucker ist kein menschliches Leben möglich. Allein das menschliche Gehirn benötigt ca. 140 g Glukose pro Tag. Daher müssen Zucker und Nahrungsstoffe, die zu Zucker metabolisiert werden können, über die Nahrung aufgenommen werden. Zucker ist somit weder schlecht noch toxisch – es sei denn, er wird in sehr hohen Mengen konsumiert. Laut Deutscher Gesellschaft für Ernährung (DGE) und Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO) sollten maximal 50 g Zucker pro Tag mit der Nahrung aufgenommen werden. Der restliche Zuckerbedarf wird endogen synthetisiert. Dieser Grenzwert wurde über Jahrtausende eingehalten, zumal für die Mehrheit der Menschen Zucker nur sehr begrenzt verfügbar war.

In den letzten Jahren hat der Zuckerkonsum aber drastisch zugenommen. Laut Wissenschaftlichem Dienst des Deutschen Bundestages wurden 2016 in Deutschland pro Tag durchschnittlich ungefähr 100 g verzehrt. Bei Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen sogar 150 – 200 g/d, bei älteren Erwachsenen 50 – 150 g/d. Diese hohe Zuckeraufnahme erfolgt offensichtlich v. a. über Limonaden, Säfte und Süßwaren, aber auch durch „versteckte Zucker“, wie sie z. B. in Fertignahrungsmitteln und Ketchup oder Senf enthalten sind. Oft findet sich auch reichlich Zucker in vermeintlich gesunden Lebensmitteln, wie z. B. Cerealien, Fruchtjoghurt oder Bonbons mit Vitaminzusatz. In diesen Dosen kann Zucker tatsächlich toxische Eigenschaften bekommen und gesundheitsschädigend sein.
Funktionen des Zuckers in Lebensmitteln
Authors: Carle Reinhold
Published: October 2018

Zucker werden heute meist über verarbeitete Lebensmittel aufgenommen. Nur etwa 10 % des jährlichen Zuckerabsatzes in Höhe von ca. 3 Mio. Tonnen gelangt als sogenannter Haushaltszucker an den Verbraucher. Neben den gustatorischen Eigenschaften erfüllen Zucker eine Reihe technologischer Funktionen.

Zucker erzeugen Aroma und Farbe, bewirken flüssig-viskose, gelartige und feste Texturen und dienen der Hemmung der Kristallisation und somit der Frisch- und Feuchthaltung von Lebensmitteln. Außerdem verbessern Zucker Haltbarkeit und Farbstabilität und stellen Substrate für die Teiglockerung und zur Gewinnung fermentierter Lebensmittel dar. Einen Überblick zur Thematik geben die Review-Artikel in 1 und 2.
Der Wegfall der Zuckerquote in Europa und seine Auswirkungen
Authors: Haß Marlen
Published: October 2018

Zum 1. Oktober 2017 sind in der Europäischen Union (EU) die Produktionsquoten für Zucker und Isoglukose entfallen. Damit können, erstmals seit fast 50 Jahren, in der EU erzeugte Mengen an Zucker und Isoglukose unbegrenzt auf dem EU-Markt abgesetzt werden. Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, die zu erwartenden Auswirkungen des Wegfalls des EU-Quotensystems auf die zukünftige Entwicklung des EU-Zuckermarktes zu untersuchen.

Die vorgestellten Analysen zeigen, dass mit dem Ende der Produktionsquoten für Zucker und Isoglukose die Produktion in wettbewerbsstarken EU-Ländern steigt, und in weniger wettbewerbsfähigen EU-Ländern sinkt. Damit führt die Aufhebung der Quoten zu einer Konzentration der Produktion auf wettbewerbsfähigere Standorte. Gleichzeitig werden durch die ansteigende Produktion in wettbewerbsstarken EU-Ländern Zuckerimporte aus Drittstaaten vom EU-Markt verdrängt. Der Gesamtverbrauch von Zucker und Isoglukose bleibt, trotz eines im Zuge des Quotenausstiegs sinkenden EU-Preisniveaus, weitgehend stabil. Der Marktanteil von Isoglukose steigt dabei auf bis zu 10 % an. Darüber hinaus zeigen die Analysen des Thünen-Instituts, dass die Entwicklung des EU-Zuckermarkts nach dem Wegfall der Produktionsquoten stark von der zukünftigen Entwicklung der Weltmarktpreise für Getreide, Raps, Zucker und Rohöl abhängt. Je höher das Weltmarktpreisniveau ist, desto stärker steigt in der EU die Produktion von Zucker und desto weniger stark steigt die Erzeugung von Isoglukose (und damit deren Marktanteil). Außerdem führt ein höheres Weltmarktpreisniveau zu stärker sinkenden EU-Importen und damit sinkender Zuckerproduktion in Drittstaaten.
Zuckerkonsum in Deutschland
Authors: Heuer Thorsten
Published: October 2018

Nach der Agrarstatistik lag in Deutschland der jährliche Pro-Kopf-Verbrauch an Zucker (Saccharose) in den letzten Jahren bei 33 – 35 kg. Gleichzeitig ist er für andere Zuckerarten wie Glukose deutlich angestiegen. Der tatsächliche Verzehr liegt niedriger als die für den Verbrauch zur Verfügung stehende Menge. In der Nationalen Verzehrsstudie II (NVS II; 2005 – 2007) wurde die Zufuhr „freier Zucker“ entsprechend der Definition der WHO auf Basis der Mono- und Disaccharidzufuhr abgeschätzt. Im Durchschnitt nehmen Männer täglich 78 g und Frauen 61 g „freie Zucker“ auf. Damit tragen „freie Zucker“ umgerechnet 13,0 % (Männer) bzw. 13,9 % (Frauen) zur Energiezufuhr bei. Die wichtigsten Quellen für „freie Zucker“ sind Süßwaren (36 %), Fruchtsäfte und Nektare (26 %), Backwaren (14 %) und Limonaden (12 %). Besonders hoch liegt die tägliche Zufuhr „freier Zucker“ bei 15- bis 24-jährigen Männern mit 102 g (Energieanteil: 17 %) und bei 19- bis 24-jährigen Frauen mit 79 g (Energieanteil: 18 %). Wird zur Beurteilung die Empfehlung der WHO herangezogen, die Zufuhr „freier Zucker“ auf weniger als 10 % der Tagesenergiezufuhr zu beschränken, ist die in der NVS II ermittelte Zufuhr „freier Zucker“ mit ihrem entsprechenden Energieanteil von 13 – 14 % zu hoch. Dies gilt insbesondere für Jugendliche und junge Männer und Frauen, deren Energieanteil 17 – 18 % beträgt.
Xylit: natürlicher Zuckerersatz zur Kariesprophylaxe
Authors: Müller Sophia
Published: October 2018

Xylit ist ein geschmacksneutrales Polyol mit derselben Süßkraft wie Zucker. Es wird bevorzugt als Zuckerersatz eingesetzt, weil es den Stoffwechsel praktisch insulinunabhängig durchläuft und weniger Kalorien als Zucker enthält. Als Nahrungsmittelzusatzstoff ist es weltweit ohne Höchstmengenbeschränkung zugelassen.

Einen großen Bekanntheitsgrad erhielt Xylit durch die finnischen Turku-Studien in den 70er-Jahren, welche ein enormes Potenzial zur Kariesreduktion von bis zu 85 % feststellten. Weltweit wird Xylit mittlerweile von vielen offiziellen Institutionen und Organen zur Kariesprophylaxe empfohlen.

Das gängige Erklärungsmodell zur Wirkung von Xylit ist, dass es von Kariesbakterien, insbesondere Streptococcus mutans, nicht als Nahrungssubstrat verwendet werden kann und dadurch dem Zahnzerfallsprozess an der Wurzel begegnet wird. Des Weiteren regt Xylit die Speichelproduktion an und stabilisiert Kalzium im Speichel. Dadurch trägt es aktiv zur Remineralisierung der Zahnsubstanz bei.

Wenn man in Betracht zieht, dass Kariesbakterien über die Blutbahn in den ganzen Körper gelangen und an anderen Stellen Krankheitsbildern Vorschub leisten, zu denen kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen, Arthritis, Arthrose und Gicht, Bronchitis und Lungenentzündungen, Diabetes, Krebs sowie Früh- und Fehlgeburten gehören, erhöht sich der Stellenwert einer gesunden Mundflora umso mehr. Bedenkt man weiter, dass Zucker nicht nur direkt im Mundraum zum Abbau der Zahnsubstanz maßgeblich beisteuert, sondern diese auch systemisch bedingt schwächt, dann tragen Zuckerersatzstoffe wie Xylit indirekt auch über diesen Weg zu einer besseren Zahngesundheit bei. Im Hinblick auf die Tatsache, dass 95 % der westlichen Bevölkerung von Karies betroffen sind und mit Xylit bei korrekter Anwendung bis zu 85 % des Risikos reduziert werden könnte, stellt Xylit ein Meilenstein in der Kariesprophylaxe dar, den es zu nutzen gilt.
Zuckerreduktion zur Prävention von Zahnerkrankungen – warum und wie?
Authors: Wölber Johan
Published: October 2018

Karies, Gingivitis und Parodontitis sind die häufigsten Erkrankungen der Mundhöhle und werden zu den häufigsten chronischen Erkrankungen weltweit gezählt. Obwohl die heutigen Präventionsmethoden (meist Plaquekontrolle und Fluoridierung) zu einem Rückgang der Kariesprävalenz geführt haben, zeigen Erwachsene im mittleren Alter immer noch an rund jedem dritten Zahn eine Karieserfahrung. Zudem leidet rund die Hälfte der deutschen Erwachsenen an moderater bis schwerer Parodontitis. Während die Bedeutung des Zuckers für die Entstehung einer Karies weitläufig bekannt ist, mehren sich die Belege, dass Zuckerkonsum auch Gingivitis und Parodontitis fördern kann. Im Gegensatz zur Karies (bei der azidophile, saccharolytische Bakterien durch den Kohlenhydratmetabolismus Säuren sezernieren und den pH-Wert lokal senken), werden die mit Gingivitis und Parodontitis assoziierten, proteolytischen Keime vor allem durch Entzündungsreaktionen gefördert. Somit scheint neben der lokalen Wirkung auch die metabolische Wirkung des Zuckers die oralen Erkrankungen zu fördern. Dementsprechend sollte neben der klassischen Empfehlung zur Mundhygiene auch die Zuckerentwöhnung in der zahnärztlichen Praxis thematisiert werden, womit auch die allgemeine Gesundheit gefördert wird. Solche Verhaltensänderung können mit evidenzbasierten Kommunikationsmethoden wie dem Motivational Interviewing durch das zahnärztliche Team unterstützt werden. Aus Public-Health-Perspektive zeigen Modellrechnungen, dass eine Besteuerung von zuckergesüßten Getränken zur Reduktion von Karies und Therapiekosten führen könnte. Vor diesem Hintergrund sind Politik, Zahnärzteschaft und Krankenkassen gefragt, wie die Maßnahmen zur Zuckerreduktion geeignet unterstützt werden können.
Initial Experience with Digital Patient Briefing in Computed Tomography
Authors: Alikhani Babak , Hensen Bennet , Grosser Arne , Febrero Maria Inés Cartes , von Bestenbostel Markus , Wacker Frank K. , Raatschen Hans-Jürgen
Published: October 2018

Purpose To assess digital patient briefing as an alternative to conventional paper documentation.

Materials and Methods 502 patients with a planned computed tomography (CT) examination were selected for digital patient briefing using the E-ConsentPro software from Thieme Compliance on an iPad by Apple (Cupertino, California, USA). For the analysis, three age groups were formed. The time required for the patient briefing, the number of open questions as well as the time needed for discussion with physicians were determined. Student’s t-test was performed to assess statistical significance.

Results There was no significant difference between patient age and briefing time which was about 20 minutes on average. The number of open or unclear questions increased with patient age. While patients younger than 30 years of age had about 2 open questions, patients over 30 and 60 years had about 4 and 5 questions, respectively. The total time needed for discussion with physicians was less than 2 minutes on average. A significant difference in the time required for discussion with physicians could not be observed between the individual age groups.

Conclusion Tablet-based digital briefing allows the storage of patient documents with reasonable time and effort. Furthermore, it minimizes the risk of data loss.

Key Points 

Citation Format
Mutational Epidemiology of Congenital Fibrinogen Disorders
Authors: Casini Alessandro , Blondon Marc , Tintillier Veronique , Goodyer Matthew , Sezgin Melike , Gunes Adalet , Hanss Michel , de Moerloose Philippe , Neerman-Arbez Marguerite
Published: October 2018

Background Numerous mutations in FGA, FGB or FGG lead to congenital fibrinogen disorders (CFDs), but their epidemiology is not well characterized. The aim of this study was to evaluate the molecular epidemiology of CFD and to develop a genotyping strategy.

Methods Genetic data from 266 unrelated CFD patients genotyped at our laboratory and from a CFD open access database (n = 1,142) were evaluated. We developed a step-wise screening strategy for the molecular diagnosis of CFD and prospectively tested this strategy on 32 consecutive CFD probands.

Results We identified 345 mutated alleles overall, among 187 heterozygous, 63 homozygous and 16 compound heterozygous individuals. Afibrinogenemia was almost always caused by null mutations (98.6%), mainly in FGA (85%). Hypofibrinogenemia was mainly caused by missense mutations of FGB or FGG (54.2%). Dysfibrinogenemia was almost always caused by heterozygous missense mutations (99.3%) in FGA and FGG. Hotspot mutations were prevalent among quantitative (33.1%) and qualitative fibrinogen disorders (71.1%). The mutational cluster at our laboratory was similar with that reported in the CFD open access database. The proposed step-wise genetic screening strategy proved efficient in both the development and validation samples for CFD: the screening of FGA exons 2, 4, 5 and FGG exon 8 and search for the 11 kb deletion of FGA led to the identification of approximately 80% of mutated alleles, including 15 new mutations.

Conclusion The described molecular epidemiology of CFD is complex. The proposed step-wise genetic screening strategy may provide an efficient way to identify causative mutations analysing a minimal number of exons.
Uncertainty analysis of response functions and γ-backgrounds on Tion and t measurements from Cherenkov neutron detectors at the National Ignition Facility (NIF)
Authors: Hartouni E. P. , Beeman B. , Eckart M. J. , Grim G. P. , Hatarik R. , Moore A. S. , Rubery M. , Sayre D. , Schlossberg D. J. , Waltz C.
Published: October 2018

Cherenkov radiators deployed to measure the neutron time-of-flight spectrum have response times associated with the neutron transit across the detector and are free from long time response tails characteristic of scintillation detectors. The Cherenkov radiation results from simple physical processes which makes them amenable to high fidelity Monte Carlo simulation. The instrument response function of neutron time-of-flight systems is a major contributor to both the systematic and statistical uncertainties of the parameters used to describe these spectra; in particular, the first and second moments of these distributions are associated with arrival time, t0, and ion temperature, Tion. We present the results of uncertainty analysis showing the significant reduction of the uncertainty in determining these quantities in the Cherenkov detector system recently deployed at NIF. The increased sensitivity to gamma radiation requires additional consideration of the effect of this background to the uncertainties in both t0 and Tion.
Sub-nanosecond single line-of-sight (SLOS) x-ray imagers (invited)
Authors: Engelhorn K. , Hilsabeck T. J. , Kilkenny J. , Morris D. , Chung T. M. , Dymoke-Bradshaw A. , Hares J. D. , Bell P. , Bradley D. , Carpenter A. C. , Dayton M. , Nagel S. R. , Claus L. , Porter J. , Rochau G. , Sanchez M. , Ivancic S. , Sorce C. , Theobald W.
Published: October 2018

A new generation of fast-gated x-ray framing cameras have been developed that are capable of capturing multiple frames along a single line-of-sight with 30 ps temporal resolution. The instruments are constructed by integrating pulse-dilation electron imaging with burst mode hybrid-complimentary metal-oxide-semiconductor sensors. Two such instruments have been developed, characterized, and fielded at the National Ignition Facility and the OMEGA laser. These instruments are particularly suited for advanced x-ray imaging applications in Inertial Confinement Fusion and High energy density experiments. Here, we discuss the system architecture and the techniques required for tuning the instruments to achieve optimal performance. Characterization results are also presented along with planned future improvements to the design.
Magnetic and electrocatalytic properties of transition metal doped MoS2 nanocrystals
Authors: Martinez L. M. , Delgado J. A. , Saiz C. L. , Cosio A. , Wu Y. , Villagrán D. , Gandha K. , Karthik C. , Nlebedim I. C. , Singamaneni S. R.
Published: October 2018

In this paper, the magnetic and electrocatalytic properties of hydrothermally grown transition metal doped (10% of Co, Ni, Fe, and Mn) 2H-MoS2 nanocrystals (NCs) with a particle size 25–30 nm are reported. The pristine 2H-MoS2 NCs showed a mixture of canted anti-ferromagnetic and ferromagnetic behavior. While Co, Ni, and Fe doped MoS2 NCs revealed room temperature ferromagnetism, Mn doped MoS2 NCs showed room temperature paramagnetism, predominantly. The ground state of all the materials is found to be canted-antiferromagnetic phase. To study electrocatalytic performance for hydrogen evolution reaction, polarization curves were measured for undoped and the doped MoS2 NCs. At the overpotential of η = −300 mV, the current densities, listed from greatest to least, are FeMoS2, CoMoS2, MoS2, NiMoS2, and MnMoS2, and the order of catalytic activity found from Tafel slopes is CoMoS2 > MoS2 > NiMoS2 > FeMoS2 > MnMoS2. The increasing number of catalytically active sites in Co doped MoS2 NCs might be responsible for their superior electrocatalytic activity. The present results show that the magnetic order-disorder behavior and catalytic activity can be modulated by choosing the suitable dopants in NCs of 2D materials.
A high-efficiency V-band radial-line backward wave oscillator with unilateral slow wave structures
Authors: Yang Fuxiang , Zhang Xiaoping
Published: October 2018

In this paper, we propose a high-efficiency V-band radial-line oscillator (BWO), which consists of dual-cavity reflector, unilateral radial slow wave structures (SWSs) and output structure. It operates in TM02 mode to achieve high power capacity. The unilateral SWSs in the novel device have two advantages as follow: One is that fabrication of unilateral SWSs is much easier than that of traditional bilateral SWSs. The other is that the unilateral SWSs have high interaction efficiency with electron beam, which can produce high-efficiency output power. In particle-in-cell simulation results, high power microwaves with a frequency of 63.767 GHz are obtained and the power efficiency is approximately 30% when the diode voltage is 237 kV, beam current is 4.25 kA, and radial magnetic field is 1.7 T.
The effect of Ti+ ion implantation on the anatase-rutile phase transformation and resistive switching properties of TiO2 thin films
Authors: Manna Ashis , Barman A. , Joshi Shalik R. , Satpati B. , Dash P. , Chattaraj Ananya , Srivastava S. K. , Sahoo P. K. , Kanjilal A. , Kanjilal D. , Varma Shikha
Published: October 2018

We investigate here the structural phase transformation and electrical resistive switching properties of TiO2 thin films (80 nm) after their self-ion implantation with 50 keV Ti+ ions at several fluences. UV-Raman, grazing incidence x-ray diffraction (GIXRD), transmission electron microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy techniques have been utilized to investigate the modifications in thin films. Both, the as-grown and ion implanted, films display mixed phases of rutile (R) and anatase (A). Surprisingly, however, a phase transition from A to R is observed at a critical fluence, where some anatase content transforms into rutile. This A to R transformation increases with additional fluence. The critical fluence found by GIXRD is slightly smaller (1×1013 ions/cm2) than from UV-Raman (1×1014 ions/cm2), indicating the first initiation of phase transformation probably in bulk. All the films contain anatase in nanocrystalline form also and the phase transformation seems to take place via aggregation of anatase nanoparticles. Thin films also show the presence of oxygen vacancies (OV) Ti3+, whose number grows with fluence. These OV as well as thermal spikes created during Ti+ ion implantation are also crucial for the A-R transition. After implantation at the highest fluence, TiO2 thin films show bipolar resistive switching behavior. The development of conducting filaments, formed by the migration of many oxygen vacancies generated during ion implantation, can be responsible for this behavior.
Flow dynamics in longitudinally grooved duct
Authors: Yadav Nikesh , Gepner S. W. , Szumbarski J.
Published: October 2018

Flow in a finite-width rectangular duct with a corrugated top-bottom wall has been studied. The primary goal is to establish geometries that allow early flow destabilization at a possibly low drag increase. The flow is assumed periodic in the streamwise direction and bounded by the duct sidewalls in the spanwise direction; the top and bottom wall corrugations have a form of sinusoidal waves oriented transversely to the flow and form longitudinal grooves; i.e., the lines of constant elevation (or phase) are parallel to the direction of the flow. The analysis is performed up to the Reynolds numbers resulting in the formation of secondary states. The first part of the analysis is focused on the properties of the two-dimensional base flow. Mainly, the dependence of hydraulic losses and drag reducing properties on duct’s geometry is characterized. The second part of the analysis discusses the onset of the three-dimensional travelling wave instability over a wide spectrum of geometric configurations. Linear stability is investigated by means of the direct numerical simulation of the Navier-Stokes equations. Critical conditions for the onset of instabilities at a range of geometric parameters are determined. Finally, the nonlinear saturation of unstable modes and the resulting secondary flows are examined. We have shown that in the state resulting from the nonlinear saturation of the disturbance, the flow becomes more complex while the drag reducing properties of the base flow can be maintained.
Influence of A-site deficiency on electrical characteristics of barium strontium titanate perovskite dielectrics
Authors: Raengthon Natthaphon , Rujijanagul Gobwute , Cann David P.
Published: October 2018

Improvement of dielectric properties and insulation resistance are important for the development of high-performance dielectric materials. Various techniques can be used in order to improve the performance of such materials. The effect of A-cation deficiency on the electrical properties of barium strontium titanate ceramics is an interesting topic of investigation. Thus, this study examined the stoichiometric, 0.01 mol Ba-deficient, and 0.01 mol Sr-deficient compositions of (Ba0.8Sr0.2)TiO3 ceramics. Changes in the dielectric characteristics were observed in the 0.01 mol Ba-deficient and 0.01 mol Sr-deficient compositions. The characteristics of electrical conduction revealed by impedance analysis are different at high temperatures when Ba-deficiency and Sr-deficiency are introduced to the dielectrics. The Ti4+ state for the Ba-deficient composition is maintained. However, the Ti4+ state partially changes to the Ti3+ state, giving rise to the polaron hopping conduction process for Sr-deficient composition. Therefore, this study shows that a minor deviation of the A-cation from stoichiometry can induce a different conduction process while maintaining the dielectric permittivity characteristics.
On Cauchy-Euler’s differential equation involving a para-Grassmann variable
Authors: Mansour Toufik , Rayan Ranya
Published: October 2018

In this paper, we consider the mth order Cauchy-Euler’s differential equation involving a para-Grassmann variable of order p. In the Grassmann case (i.e., p = 1), we determine the solution for arbitrary order m. In the case of arbitrary order p, we give a solution for the cases m = 1, 2.
Accurate calculations of weakly bound state energy and scattering length near magnetically tuned Feshbach resonance using the separable potential method
Authors: Li Jing-Lun , Cong Shu-Lin
Published: October 2018

We present a theoretical model for investigating the magnetically tuned Feshbach resonance (MTFR) of alkali metal atoms using the separable potential method (SPM). We discuss the relationship and difference between the SPM and the asymptotic bound state model. To demonstrate the validity of the SPM, we use it to calculate the weakly bound state energy and magnetically tuned scattering length for the 6Li–40K, 7Li2, and 6Li2 systems with narrow and broad Feshbach resonances. The results of the SPM calculations are in good agreement with those of coupled channel calculations and with experimental measurements for all three systems. The SPM, by simplifying the calculation of the two-body MTFR, is expected to simplify numerical computations for three-atom collisions in a magnetic field and the Feshbach-optimized photoassociation process.
On turbulence driven stationary electric currents in a tokamak
Authors: Seiferling F. , Peeters A. G. , Buchholz R. , Grosshauser S. R. , Rath F. , Weikl A.
Published: October 2018

This paper investigates the influence of turbulent dynamics on the neo-classical equilibrium in a tokamak, with an emphasis on the turbulence driven stationary electric current. The neo-classical solution is evaluated using the Hirschmann-Sigmar formalism, in which the turbulent dynamics enter as a forcing term. The latter forcing terms are evaluated through time averages of gyro-kinetic turbulence simulations and are linked with the velocity non-linearity in the gyro-kinetic equation. The time averaged turbulent forcing terms connected with the velocity non-linearity provide a non-negligible current drive, despite being a correction of second order in the normalized Larmor radius. For ITG turbulence, the force exerted due to the heat flux balance is the dominant contribution to the current. The parallel fluctuations of electron density/temperature and the electrostatic potential drive the majority of the current, which is in magnitude comparable to the bootstrap current in the kinetic cyclone base case and increases the total current by a few percent in cases with an experimentally relevant heat flux. An up-down symmetry breaking mechanism is required for turbulent current drive, which is provided in this study by a background rotation or rotation gradient. Consequently, the current is nearly linear in the plasma rotation or its gradient.
Frequency-dependent photothermal measurement of thermal diffusivity for opaque and non-opaque materials: Application to crystals of TIPS-pentacene
Authors: Shahi Maryam , Brill J. W.
Published: October 2018

We propose the use of a frequency-dependent photothermal measurement as a complement to light-flash, i.e., time-dependent, measurements to determine the through-plane thermal diffusivity of small, thin samples, e.g., semiconducting polymers and small organic molecule crystals. The analysis is extended from its previous use with some opaque conducting polymers to materials with finite absorption coefficients, such as crystals of 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)pentacene. Taking into account the finite absorption coefficients of the latter gives a value of diffusivity, D ≈ 0.10 mm2/s, much smaller than previously estimated and more consistent with its expected value. We also briefly discuss the effects of coating samples for the measurement to improve their optical properties.
Gauge invariance and origin independence of electronic charge density and current density induced by optical fields
Authors: Lazzeretti Paolo
Published: October 2018

Expressions for the first-order polarization charge density ρ(1) and current density J(1) induced in a molecule by a monochromatic plane wave, obtained by time-dependent quantum mechanical perturbation theory, have been investigated to assess their gauge invariance and independence of the coordinate system in passive and active translations. The conditions arrived at show that, within the (long wavelengths) dipole approximation, only the electric contributions to these densities are needed to rationalize the phenomenology. To the next higher quadrupole approximation, assuming that the magnetic field and the electric field gradient are uniform over the molecular dimensions, corresponding contributions to ρ(1) and J(1) are considered. It has been found that total densities are independent of the origin, whereas the contributions from electric and magnetic fields are not separately invariant. A magnetic contribution to J(1), which is by itself origin independent, can be defined by means of an approach based on continuous translation of the origin of the coordinate system.
Anti-self-collapse design of reservoir in flexible epidermal microfluidic device via pillar supporting
Authors: Wang Xiufeng , Chen Shangda , Zhang Yingxue , Li Longkang , Xue Yeguang , Luan Haiwen , Ma Yinji
Published: October 2018

Microfluidic reservoirs are the parts for the storage and biochemical analysis in many flexible epidermal microfluidic devices. One potential drawback of these microfluidic reservoirs is their vulnerability to structural instability, e.g., self-collapse may lead to partial closure. This issue is addressed here by using pillars to support the microfluidic reservoirs to prevent self-collapse. An analytic model is established to investigate the critical self-collapse for a reservoir with one supporting pillar at the center, which combines the effects of the microfluidic reservoir and supporting pillar geometries, work of adhesion and bending stiffness of the reservoir covers. The model is verified by the experimental observations, and thereby can provide guidance to a general design strategy for large dimension reservoirs with pillar-array supporting.
Ribonuclease activity of MARF1 controls oocyte RNA homeostasis and genome integrity in mice
Authors: Yao Qingqing , Cao Guangyi , Li Mingzhe , Wu Baixing , Zhang Xiaoyun , Zhang Teng , Guo Jing , Yin Hong , Shi Lanying , Chen Jiayi , Yu Xiang , Zheng Lina , Ma Jinbiao , Su You-Qiang
Published: October 2018

Significance

Although MARF1 (meiosis regulator and mRNA stability factor 1) is an ancient protein, identification of its function in mammalian female germ cell development and fertility is recent. It is crucial for the progression of oocyte meiosis and defense against the ravages of retrotransposons, which can cause damage to the oocyte’s genome. These processes are dependent upon the ability of MARF1 to act alone both to bind RNA and to function as a ribonuclease during oogenesis. Here we reveal the molecular structure and functional mechanisms that enable MARF1 activity and provide insight into the complex posttranscriptional processes that shape the oocyte transcriptome.
Probing Laves phase formation in Ni-alloy during ultrasonic arc-welding with atomistic modelling
Authors: Hua Chen , Lu Hao , Yu Chun , Li Dayong , Chen Xiaoqi
Published: October 2018

Ultrasonic arc-welding displays significant advantages, which are usually explained by macroscopic methods. This paper proposes a new approach to understand the mechanisms behind beneficial phenomena for nickel-based alloys. Two atomistic models were developed to depict niobium segregation and Laves phase reduction in ultrasound. It is found that an increased centrifugal force exerts on niobium atoms, and increases the equivalent force that pulls niobium atoms away from segregated region. Each niobium atom exhibits weaker ability to form Ni2Nb in ultrasound, prohibiting niobium atoms from forming Laves phase. As validated by experimental work, Laves phase was decreased by >90vol.-%. The proposed models provide an effective tool to predict structure and property of weld metals in ultrasound at atomistic-scale.
Precipitation with polyethylene glycol followed by washing and pelleting by ultracentrifugation enriches extracellular vesicles from tissue culture supernatants in small and large scales
Authors: Ludwig Anna‐Kristin , De Miroschedji Kyra , Doeppner Thorsten R. , Börger Verena , Ruesing Johannes , Rebmann Vera , Durst Stephan , Jansen Sören , Bremer Michel , Behrmann Elmar , Singer Bernhard B. , Jastrow Holger , Kuhlmann Jan Dominik , El Magraoui Fouzi , Meyer Helmut E. , Hermann Dirk M. , Opalka Bertram , Raunser Stefan , Epple Matthias , Horn Peter A. , Giebel Bernd
Published: October 2018

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) provide a complex means of intercellular signalling between cells at local and distant sites, both within and between different organs. According to their cell‐type specific signatures, EVs can function as a novel class of biomarkers for a variety of diseases, and can be used as drug‐delivery vehicles. Furthermore, EVs from certain cell types exert beneficial effects in regenerative medicine and for immune modulation. Several techniques are available to harvest EVs from various body fluids or cell culture supernatants. Classically, differential centrifugation, density gradient centrifugation, size‐exclusion chromatography and immunocapturing‐based methods are used to harvest EVs from EV‐containing liquids. Owing to limitations in the scalability of any of these methods, we designed and optimised a polyethylene glycol (PEG)‐based precipitation method to enrich EVs from cell culture supernatants. We demonstrate the reproducibility and scalability of this method and compared its efficacy with more classical EV‐harvesting methods. We show that washing of the PEG pellet and the re‐precipitation by ultracentrifugation remove a huge proportion of PEG co‐precipitated molecules such as bovine serum albumine (BSA). However, supported by the results of the size exclusion chromatography, which revealed a higher purity in terms of particles per milligram protein of the obtained EV samples, PEG‐prepared EV samples most likely still contain a certain percentage of other non‐EV associated molecules. Since PEG‐enriched EVs revealed the same therapeutic activity in an ischemic stroke model than corresponding cells, it is unlikely that such co‐purified molecules negatively affect the functional properties of obtained EV samples. In summary, maybe not being the purification method of choice if molecular profiling of pure EV samples is intended, the optimised PEG protocol is a scalable and reproducible method, which can easily be adopted by laboratories equipped with an ultracentrifuge to enrich for functional active EVs.
Event Study of the Crude Oil Futures Market: A Mixed Event Response Model
Authors: Karali Berna , Ye Shiyu , Ramirez Octavio A.
Published: October 2018

We extend the distributional event response model (DERM) of Rucker, Thurman, and Yoder (2005) in two ways. First, we develop a mixed event response model (MERM) to allow for possible asymmetric effects, and second, we examine how volatility, in addition to return, changes surrounding an event. We apply our model to the crude oil futures market using 25 years of daily data. Our results show that among the 10 events considered, the 2008 global financial crisis had the largest impact in magnitude on both return and volatility. The location and duration of response patterns are also found to vary across different events, with the financial crises having long‐lasting impacts, while truly unanticipated events, such as the September 11 terrorist attacks, having short‐lived impacts. Results suggest that simply using an event‐day dummy variable would hinder discovering overall market responses to slowly evolving information events.
Engaging hospitalized patients with personalized health information: a randomized trial of an inpatient portal
Authors: Masterson Creber Ruth M , Grossman Lisa V , Ryan Beatriz , Qian Min , Polubriaginof Fernanda C G , Restaino Susan , Bakken Suzanne , Hripcsak George , Vawdrey David K
Published: October 2018

Objective

To determine the effects of an inpatient portal intervention on patient activation, patient satisfaction, patient engagement with health information, and 30-day hospital readmissions.

Methods and Materials

From March 2014 to May 2017, we enrolled 426 English- or Spanish-speaking patients from 2 cardiac medical-surgical units at an urban academic medical center. Patients were randomized to 1 of 3 groups: 1) usual care, 2) tablet with general Internet access (tablet-only), and 3) tablet with an inpatient portal. The primary study outcome was patient activation (Patient Activation Measure-13). Secondary outcomes included all-cause readmission within 30 days, patient satisfaction, and patient engagement with health information.

Results

There was no evidence of a difference in patient activation among patients assigned to the inpatient portal intervention compared to usual care or the tablet-only group. Patients in the inpatient portal group had lower 30-day hospital readmissions (5.5% vs. 12.9% tablet-only and 13.5% usual care; P = 0.044). There was evidence of a difference in patient engagement with health information between the inpatient portal and tablet-only group, including looking up health information online (89.6% vs. 51.8%; P < 0.001). Healthcare providers reported that patients found the portal useful and that the portal did not negatively impact healthcare delivery.

Conclusions

Access to an inpatient portal did not significantly improve patient activation, but it was associated with looking up health information online and with a lower 30-day hospital readmission rate. These results illustrate benefit of providing hospitalized patients with real-time access to their electronic health record data while in the hospital.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01970852.
A note on logics of essence and accident
Authors: Gilbert David R , Venturi Giorgio
Published: October 2018

In this paper, we examine the logics of essence and accident and attempt to ascertain the extent to which those logics are genuinely formalizing the concepts in which we are interested. We suggest that they are not completely successful as they stand. We diagnose some of the problems and make a suggestion for improvement. We also discuss some issues concerning definability in the formal language.
Pharmacokinetics of First-Line Drugs Among Children With Tuberculosis in Rural Tanzania
Authors: Justine Museveni , Yeconia Anita , Nicodemu Ingi , Augustino Domitila , Gratz Jean , Mduma Estomih , Heysell Scott K , Kivuyo Sokoine , Mfinanga Sayoki , Peloquin Charles A , Zagurski Theodore , Kibiki Gibson S , Mmbaga Blandina , Houpt Eric R , Thomas Tania A
Published: October 2018

Background

Dosing recommendations for treating childhood tuberculosis (TB) were revised by the World Health Organization, yet so far, pharmacokinetic studies that have evaluated these changes are relatively limited. We evaluated plasma drug concentrations of rifampicin (RIF), isoniazid (INH), pyrazinamide (PZA), and ethambutol (EMB) among children undergoing TB treatment in Tanzania when these dosing recommendations were being implemented.

Methods

At the end of intensive-phase TB therapy, blood was obtained 2 hours after witnessed medication administration to estimate the peak drug concentration (C2h), measured using high-performance liquid chromatography or liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry methods. Differences in median drug concentrations were compared on the basis of the weight-based dosing strategy using the Mann–Whitney U test. Risk factors for low drug concentrations were analyzed using multivariate regression analysis.

Results

We enrolled 51 human immunodeficiency virus–negative children (median age, 5.3 years [range, 0.75–14 years]). The median C2hs were below the target range for each TB drug studied. Compared with children who received the “old” dosages, those who received the “revised” WHO dosages had a higher median C2h for RIF (P = .049) and PZA (P = .015) but not for INH (P = .624) or EMB (P = .143); however, these revised dosages did not result in the target range for RIF, INH, and EMB being achieved. A low starting dose was associated with a low C2h for RIF (P = .005) and PZA (P = .005). Malnutrition was associated with a low C2h for RIF (P = .001) and INH (P = .001).

Conclusions

Among this cohort of human immunodeficiency virus–negative Tanzanian children, use of the revised dosing strategy for treating childhood TB did not result in the target drug concentration for RIF, INH, or EMB being reached.
Inner bars also buckle. The MUSE TIMER view of the double-barred galaxy NGC 1291
Authors: Méndez-Abreu J , de Lorenzo-Cáceres A , Gadotti D A , Fragkoudi F , van de Ven G , Falcón-Barroso J , Leaman R , Pérez I , Querejeta M , Sánchez-Blazquez P , Seidel M
Published: October 2018

Double bars are thought to be important features for secular evolution in the central regions of galaxies. However, observational evidence about their origin and evolution is still scarce. We report on the discovery of the first Box/Peanut (B/P) structure in an inner bar detected in the face-on galaxy NGC 1291. We use the integral field data obtained from the MUSE spectrograph within the TIMER project. The B/P structure is detected as bi-symmetric minima of the h4 moment of the line-of-sight velocity distribution along the major axis of the inner bar, as expected from numerical simulations. Our observations demonstrate that inner bars can follow a similar evolutionary path as outer bars, undergoing buckling instabilities. They also suggest that inner bars are long-lived structures, thus imposing tight constraints to their possible formation mechanisms.
Introduction
Authors: Hylen Susan E.
Published: October 2018

This chapter introduces the subject matter of the book and sources of historical evidence. The first section provides questions and tools needed to approach the study of ancient women. Although “women” can seem easy to identify in history, it is difficult to explore this ancient category without importing contemporary notions of sex and gender. The “one-sex” theory is an ancient understanding of gender that differs strongly from modern notions. This section argues that the one-sex model is useful but not sufficient to understand ancient women’s lives. It should be supplemented with evidence of how gender was performed in a specific place and time. The second section introduces readers to the complexity and scope of the “New Testament world.” It outlines the time frame, geographic scope, and some important cultural influences in the context of the New Testament. The third section describes the evidence available to study women’s lives in this period. Literary sources, inscriptions, and papyrus fragments each offer different kinds of insights and challenges for this task.
Characters in the Book of Ruth
Authors: Dearman J. Andrew
Published: October 2018

This chapter explores characters and point of view in the book of Ruth as an example of narrative analysis. Both major (rounded or developed) and minor (flat) characters in the narrative are examined. The depiction of Israel’s God, also a character in the short story, is also briefly discussed. Three pairs of characters play off one another. They are Ruth and Orpah, Ruth and Naomi, Boaz and an unnamed kinsman. The relationships between the characters present aspects of an Israelite community ethos, the positive elements of which are commitment to the health and vitality of the family. The actions of both Boaz and Ruth are described by the Hebrew word hesed, a term for loyalty and kindness that exceeds the requirements of law and custom.
Narrative Art
Authors: Dearman J. Andrew
Published: October 2018

This chapter continues the exploration of semantics and its relevance for the art of written expression for interpreting Old Testament narratives. Contemporary and biblical examples of figurative expression are identified and analyzed in their literary and cultural contexts. Three examples from the book of Ruth are analyzed. Naomi’s bitterness in Ruth 1:20–21 is explored in the context of the prayers of lament in ancient Israel. The common description of Boaz and Naomi as persons of worth (hayil) contributes to their positive representation of an Israelite community ethos. The description of Boaz as a kinsman-redeemer offers an example of a term representing a social institution in Israel for the support or rescue of family members in distress.
Narrative Contexts
Authors: Dearman J. Andrew
Published: October 2018

Modern discussion of social issues provides an analogy to the historical and cultural analysis of Old Testament narratives by contemporary readers. Implied and expressed tensions regarding multiethnic marriage in the books of Ruth, Ezra, and Nehemiah are discussed as ways to understand the social contexts influencing these three books and how various generations in ancient Israel might have responded to the accounts, given these tensions. Interpreters have proposed that the book of Ruth originated as a story to counter the rejection of marriage to foreign women presented in the books of Ezra and that proposal is examined for its strengths and weaknesses and as an example of exploring the world behind a text.
A Dream of the Future
Authors: Cardon Nathan
Published: October 2018

A Dream of the Future examines how southerners at the end of the nineteenth century worked through the major questions facing a nation undergoing profound change. In an age of empire and industry, southerners grappled with what it meant to be modern. At Atlanta’s 1895 Cotton States and International Exposition and Nashville’s 1897 Tennessee Centennial Exposition, white and black southerners endeavored to understand how their region could be industrial and imperial on its own terms. On a local, national, and global stage, African Americans, New South boosters, New Women, and Civil War veterans presented their own dreams of the future. White southerners at the fairs exhibited a way of life that embraced racial segregation and industrial capitalism, while African Americans accommodated, engaged, and contested this vision. The Atlanta and Nashville expositions are representative of a developing Jim Crow modernity through which white and black southerners constructed themselves as the objects and subjects of modernity during the formative years of segregation. Ultimately, the Atlanta and Nashville fairs were spaces in which southerners presented themselves as modern and imperial citizens ready to spread the South’s culture and racial politics across the globe.
Introduction
Authors: Cardon Nathan
Published: October 2018

The introduction argues that the Atlanta and Nashville international expositions were spaces through which white and African American southerners exhibited themselves as modern citizens committed to joining the nation in an imperial future. For the New South ideologues who backed the fairs, the expositions were more than celebratory carnivals advertising the region’s resources; they were didactic events that would modernize the region’s rural population and convince the world of the South’s modernity. The introduction contextualizes the fairs within the New South, provides a history of Atlanta and Nashville as quintessential New South cities, offers a definition of modernity, and poses the question of why mass and speed were alien to turn-of-the-century southerners.
The Negro Buildings
Authors: Cardon Nathan
Published: October 2018

Chapter 2 examines the creation of and role played by the Negro Buildings at the Atlanta and Nashville fairs. These African American–run buildings gave southern black professionals and clerics an opportunity to voice their own story of the South’s past, present, and future. The buildings presented an image of a “New Negro” who was well versed in the modern techniques of industry and agriculture. The Negro Building exhibits presented black southerners as a progressive and future-oriented people who challenged much of the evolutionary thinking and racial science of the late nineteenth century. At the same time, the Negro Buildings make clear the ways some African American leaders embraced the language of progress and civilization to accommodate white southern society.