bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strategies and interventions to strengthen pharmacovigilance systems in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review
Authors: Menang Olga , de Soyres-Kuemmerle Andrea , Maigetter Karen , Burri Christian
Published: December 2022

Introduction

In the past decades, numerous strategies have been proposed to strengthen pharmacovigilance (PV) systems in low-and-middle-income countries (LMIC). Though there has been progress, many PV systems in LMIC are still not performing adequately. The objectives of this scoping review are to describe strategies to strengthen PV in LMIC and to propose recommendations for future investments in capacity building.

Methods

The review was conducted following the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) guidelines on conducting scoping reviews. Literature searches were performed in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, PDQ-evidence, CINAHL and relevant websites from 1990 to January 2021. Publications included were primary studies, articles, and policy and guideline papers, describing interventions to strengthen PV in LMIC. Two reviewers independently screened titles, abstracts and full-texts, and one reviewer performed data extraction and carried out a descriptive data analysis.

Results

10,903 unique titles were screened and 152 were eligible for full text review. Of these, 57 and an additional 13 reports from grey literature fulfilled eligibility criteria for inclusion in the review. Forty-five papers (64%) described interventions aimed at increasing PV knowledge and reporting of adverse drug reactions (ADR), primarily education of healthcare professionals (HCP), alone or in combination with other interventions such as mobile and electronic reporting, enhanced passive and active surveillance. Twenty-five papers (36%) discussed interventions or strategies implemented at the national targeting different components of the national PV system, such as legal basis and guidelines for PV, PV organisation and infrastructure and PV procedures.

Conclusions

Results of this review suggest that educating HCP on ADR reporting is the most common approach to build PV capacity in LMIC. Though important, education alone is insufficient and should ideally be organised within the holistic framework of strengthening national PV systems, with a focus on building capacity for advanced activities such as signal detection.

Key message

There are numerous strategies and recommendations to strengthen PV systems in LMIC. However, the effective implementation of these strategies has not been extensively described in literature. This scoping review describes different interventions and strategies that have been implemented to build and improve PV capacity in systems in LMIC. An overview of current PV strengthening strategies and interventions, and when available, their outcome and impact, is useful to guide decision making for future investments in PV development in developing countries.

Trial registration

Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/ge56p)
The seasonality of varicella in the tropical climates of Colombia: A statistical and mathematical modeling study
Authors: Barrero Guevara Laura Andrea , Goult Elizabeth , Rodriguez Dayanne , Hernandez Luis Jorge , Kaufer Benedikt , Kurth Tobias , Domenech de Cellès Matthieu
Published: December 2022

Background

Varicella remains a major burden in many tropical regions, where low- to middle-income countries report the highest mortality rates. Understanding when and where varicella incidence increases could help us understand viral transmission and optimize the allocation of resources. Due to the lack of surveillance data, the epidemiology of varicella in the tropics has not been well characterized. Here, we assessed varicella seasonality and analyzed its correlation with climatic variables across Colombia.

Methods

We compiled an extensive dataset of weekly varicella reports in children up to the age of ten in 25 municipalities across Colombia. We used generalized additive models to describe the seasonality of varicella in each municipality. Using clustering methods and matrix correlation tests, we then compared the spatial variability in varicella seasonality with that in five meteorological variables across the municipalities. Finally, we developed a mathematical model to examine whether the influence of the climate on transmission rates could result in the observed seasonal patterns of varicella in Colombia and other Central American countries.

Findings

Varicella seasonality was markedly bimodal, with a more pronounced peak early in the year in northern municipalities (≈week 15), while later in the year (≈week 40) in southern municipalities, including Bogotá. This spatial gradient was strongly correlated with humidity (Mantel statistic = 0·412, p-value = 0·001) but not temperature (Mantel statistic = 0·077 and p-value = 0·225). Furthermore, a mathematical model that included a small, negative association between humidity and transmission was able to reproduce the observed spatial patterns in Colombia and México. This model also predicted a latitudinal gradient in other tropical countries of Central America, where the seasonality of varicella has not yet been characterized.

Interpretation

These results demonstrate a large variability in varicella seasonality across the tropical climates of Colombia. They further suggest that seasonal fluctuations of humidity explain the varicella epidemics calendar in Colombia and other Central American countries. More generally, our results highlight the need to carefully consider the subnational heterogeneity of climates when studying the seasonal epidemiology of varicella and assessing the impact of control measures.

Funding

Core funding from the Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology of the Max Planck Society, Berlin, Germany.
FeIII in the high-spin state in dimethylammonium bis[3-ethoxysalicylaldehyde thiosemicarbazonato(2–)-κ3
O
2,N
1,S]ferrate(III)
Authors: Powell Robyn E. , Lees Martin R. , Tizzard Graham J. , Coles Simon J. , Yuan Qingchun , Koningsbruggen Petra J. van
Published: December 2022

The synthesis and crystal structure (100 K) of the title compound, [(CH3)2NH2][Fe(C10H11O2N3S)2], are reported. The asymmetric unit consists of an octahedral [FeIII(L)2]− fragment, where L
2− is 3-ethoxysalicylaldehyde thiosemicarbazonate(2−), and a dimethylammonium cation. Each L
2− ligand binds with the thiolate S, the imine N and the phenolate O atoms as donors, resulting in an FeIIIS2N2O2 chromophore. The ligands are orientated in two perpendicular planes, with the O and S atoms in cis positions, and mutually trans N atoms. The FeIII ion is in the high-spin state at 100 K. The variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements (5–320 K) are consistent with the presence of a high-spin FeIII ion with D = 0.83 (1) cm−1 and g = 2.
Syntheses, crystal structures and Hirshfeld surface analysis of 4-(4-nitrophenyl)piperazin-1-ium trifluoroacetate and 4-(4-nitrophenyl)piperazin-1-ium trichloroacetate
Authors: Shankara Prasad Holehundi J. , Devaraju  , Murthy Subbaiah M. , Kaspiaruk Hanna , Yathirajan Hemmige S. , Foro Sabine , Chęcińska Lilianna
Published: December 2022

The synthesis and crystal structures of the molecular salts of 4-(4-nitrophenyl)piperazine with trifluoroacetate, namely, 4-(4-nitrophenyl)piperazin-1-ium trifluoroacetate, C10H14N3O2
+·C2F3O2
− (I), and with trichloroacetate, namely, 4-(4-nitrophenyl)piperazin-1-ium trichloroacetate, C10H14N3O2
+·C2Cl3O2
−, (II), are reported and compared. A partial positional disorder of the anions was found. In both structures, the piperazine rings adopt a chair conformation, whereas the positions of the nitrophenyl group on the piperazine ring differ from bisectional in (I) to equatorial in (II). In both structures, the supramolecular assemblies are mono-periodic on the basis of the chain-of-rings motifs supported by aromatic π–π interactions. Hirshfeld surface analysis was used to explore the intermolecular close contacts in both crystals. The most dominant contacts of the Hirshfeld surface of the cation–anion pairs of the asymmetric units are O...H/H...O, and those with a contribution of halogen atoms: F...H/H...F in (I) and Cl...H/H...Cl in (II), respectively.
Dichlorido(4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine-κ2
N,N′)zinc(II) acetonitrile monosolvate
Authors: Adrian Rafael A. , Rios Jadan J. , Arman Hadi D.
Published: December 2022

In the title complex, [ZnCl2(C12H12N2)]·CH3CN, the zinc(II) atom is fourfold coordinated by two chloride ligands and a bidentate 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine ligand in a distorted tetrahedral shape with a molecule of acetonitrile sitting in the outer coordination sphere of the complex. π–π stacking interactions between the pyridyl rings in adjacent molecules contribute to the alignment of the complexes in columns parallel to the a axis.
A comparative study of frequentist vs Bayesian A/B testing in the detection of E-commerce fraud
Authors: Westland James Christopher
Published: December 2022

Purpose

This paper tests whether Bayesian A/B testing yields better decisions that traditional Neyman-Pearson hypothesis testing. It proposes a model and tests it using a large, multiyear Google Analytics (GA) dataset.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper is an empirical study. Competing A/B testing models were used to analyze a large, multiyear dataset of GA dataset for a firm that relies entirely on their website and online transactions for customer engagement and sales.

Findings

Bayesian A/B tests of the data not only yielded a clear delineation of the timing and impact of the intellectual property fraud, but calculated the loss of sales dollars, traffic and time on the firm’s website, with precise confidence limits. Frequentist A/B testing identified fraud in bounce rate at 5% significance, and bounces at 10% significance, but was unable to ascertain fraud at the standard significance cutoffs for scientific studies.

Research limitations/implications

None within the scope of the research plan.

Practical implications

Bayesian A/B tests of the data not only yielded a clear delineation of the timing and impact of the IP fraud, but calculated the loss of sales dollars, traffic and time on the firm’s website, with precise confidence limits.

Social implications

Bayesian A/B testing can derive economically meaningful statistics, whereas frequentist A/B testing only providep-value’s whose meaning may be hard to grasp, and where misuse is widespread and has been a major topic in metascience. While misuse ofp-values in scholarly articles may simply be grist for academic debate, the uncertainty surrounding the meaning ofp-values in business analytics actually can cost firms money.

Originality/value

There is very little empirical research in e-commerce that uses Bayesian A/B testing. Almost all corporate testing is done via frequentist Neyman-Pearson methods.
Antecedents influence choosing tourism destination post-COVID-19: young people case
Authors: Le Minh , Phung Dat , Vu Mai Quynh , Diep Phung , Tran Yen , Nguyen Chi
Published: December 2022

Purpose

This study aims to extend the theory of planned behavior (TPB) model with additional factors such as perceived risk, knowledge of COVID-19, social media reviews, destination image and past experience to analyze what influences the travel destination intentions of young people.

Design/methodology/approach

An online survey of young people was conducted, and SPSS 20.0 and Smart-PLS (Partial Least Squares) 3.0 software were used to evaluate the measurement and structural models.

Findings

The study uses the extended TPB (Ajzen, 1991) to build on the factors affecting the selection of tourist destinations in relation to the risk perception of COVID-19, past experiences and images of destinations when traveling after the pandemic.

Research limitations/implications

This study demonstrates the feasibility of applying the TPB framework and protection motivation theory (PMT) elements to people planning to visit a travel destination in the immediate wake of a public health emergency such as the COVID-19 pandemic. It explains the factors influencing tourists' intentions to visit during and after the pandemic. COVID-19 awareness and previous travel experiences influence post-pandemic travel decisions.

Practical implications

This research result will help build motivation and confidence for local tourism businesses regarding the rapid recovery of the industry among young people. However, businesses need to vigorously promote safety and adapt tourism services to suit the new post-pandemic situation.

Social implications

The results of this study can help tourism businesses understand why young people may be hesitant to come to their localities for tourism so they can come up with a suitable development strategy to attract tourists.

Originality/value

This study expands on the framework of the TPB to explore additional factors that positively influence youth travel, and the barriers that concern them. It also provides data on the novel context of tourism in the post-pandemic era.
Generation Z’s perceptions and attitudes toward debt: a case study of young consumers in rural Michigan, USA
Authors: Squires Scot , Ho Henry Wai Leong
Published: December 2022

Purpose

While there is a large body of research looking at consumers’ perception of debt, much of this previous research focuses on older generations. Less is known about the perceptions and attitudes toward debt of younger consumers, specifically those from Generation Z who are from rural areas in the USA. The purpose of this paper is to identify young rural consumers’ perceptions and attitudes toward debt.

Design/methodology/approach

This quantitative research used surveys. A well-established scale for measuring consumer attitudes toward debt has been adopted and applied. Because of the sensitive and personal nature of debt, anonymous, self-reporting questionnaires were used to allow respondents to respond freely and minimize potential bias that could be caused by socially desirable responses. The young respondents who participated in the research were invited verbally or via email by the investigators to complete the survey online via QuestionPro.

Findings

This study found the majority of consumers from Generation Z reported that using credit is basically wrong. Also, these young consumers claimed that being in debt is never a good thing. Additionally, the authors found gender differences. Young male consumers were more likely to claim that they had their debt under control, and young female consumers were more likely to claim that financial debt had influenced their life.

Originality/value

These Generation Z perceptions provide constructive data for use in evaluating and amending marketers’ strategies to better connect with the young customers. Companies may want to stress how their products are risk adverse, provide a sort of financial security and will not leave the customer in debt. This is especially important following the COVID-19 pandemic as local businesses in a college community are trying to attract students back to their establishments.
Pore Connectivity of Deep Lacustrine Shale and its Effect on Gas‐bearing Characteristics in the Songliao Basin: Implications from Continental Scientific Drilling
Authors: HAN Shuangbiao , HUANG Jie , WANG Chengshan , CUI Jiayi
Published: December 2022

The lacustrine shale of deep Shahezi Formation in the Songliao basin has great gas potential, but its pore evolution, heterogeneity, and connectivity characteristics remain unclear. In this work, total organic carbon analysis, rock pyrolysis, X‐ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, the particle and crack analysis system software, low‐temperature nitrogen adsorption experiment, fractal theory, high‐pressure mercury injection experiment and nuclear magnetic resonance experiment were used to study the Shahezi shale from Well SK‐2. The result indicated that the organic pores in Shahezi shale are not developed, and the intergranular and intragranular pores are mainly formed by illite‐dominated clay. As the burial depth increases, the pore size and slit‐shaped pores formed by clay decrease, and dissolved pores in the feldspar and carbonate minerals and dissolved fractures in the quartz increase. The pore evolution is affected by clay, compaction, and high‐temperature corrosion. Based on the pore structure characteristics reflected by the pore size distribution and pore structure parameters obtained by multiple experimental methods, the pore development and evolution are divided into three stages. During stage I and II, the pore heterogeneity of the shale reservoirs increases with the depth, the physical properties and pore connectivity deteriorate, but the gas‐bearing property is good. In stage III, the pore heterogeneity is the highest, its gas generation and storage capacity are low, but the increase of micro‐fractures makes pore connectivity and gas‐bearing better.
Price predictors in an extended hedonic regression framework: An application to wholesale cattle markets in Ethiopia
Authors: Bachewe Fantu , Headey Derek , Minten Bart
Published: December 2022

Livestock markets influence income generation for producers, but also accessibility and affordability of highly nutritious animal‐sourced foods for consumers. Despite their importance, the functioning of livestock markets in lower‐income countries is poorly understood and rarely studied compared to more developed countries. This study analyzes wholesale cattle markets in Ethiopia using a uniquely rich large‐scale dataset covering both prices and cattle characteristics in 39 markets (in both highland and lowland areas) over a 10‐year period, and hedonic regression models structured to understand both cattle price formation and seasonal and secular price dynamics. We show that cattle prices are influenced by a wide range of factors, including proxies for meat quality, religious fasting practices, climate‐based seasonality but also climate shocks and availability of grazing land, competition from animal traction services, and rising consumer incomes. However, the implied effects of these factors are often significantly different in highland mixed crop‐livestock areas compared to agro‐pastoralist lowland areas, emphasizing the dualistic nature of cattle markets in Ethiopia. The analyses help inform the systemic challenges that Ethiopia will need to overcome to meet rising demand for beef products in the face of sustained income and population growth, as well as the adverse effects of climate change.
Towards physician's experience: Development of machine learning model for the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders based on complex T‐spherical fuzzy‐weighted zero‐inconsistency method
Authors: Albahri Ahmed S. , Zaidan Aws A. , AlSattar Hassan A. , Hamid Rula A. , Albahri Osamah S. , Qahtan Sarah , Alamoodi Abdulla H.
Published: December 2022

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a diverse group of conditions characterized by difficulty with social interaction and communication. ASD is expected to be a high‐risk disease. Recent studies have focused on the diagnosis based on sociodemographic and family characteristics factors. The development of a diagnosis model, which is primarily based on machine learning methods, has been carried out to alleviate the detection of autism. However, they neglected the importance of ASD features in a training dataset, especially because some features have different levels of contributions to the processing data and possess more relevancies to the classification information than others. Such limitations use preprocessing techniques for the construction of the machine learning model, but the role of the physician's experience towards feature contributions remains limited. However, for certain autism datasets, the relevancies of sociodemographic and family characteristic feature concerning the given class labels should be considered. Accordingly, this study developed a new machine learning model for the diagnosis of ASD based on multi‐criteria decision‐making (MCDM). By using three methodology phases, the model combines two representative theories, namely, MCDM and machine learning. The identification phase for imbalance ASD dataset and application of pre‐possessing stages by imputing missing values, feature selection of sociodemographic and family characteristics, and data imbalanced approach resulted in balanced ASD dataset, including 107,573 cases. The development phase for the new model was achieved by the proposed complex T‐spherical fuzzy‐weighted zero‐inconsistency (CT‐SFWZIC) method. CT‐SFWZIC was developed based on a new fuzzy set (i.e., complex T‐spherical fuzzy) for weighting affected features, and then applied for training and testing the machine learning model considering various complex T‐spherical fuzzy membership functions (i.e., T = 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 10). The results obtained from a 10‐fold cross‐validation test for all T values by using nine machine learning classifiers were measured under seven evaluation metrics, namely AUC, accuracy, F1, precision, recall, training time (s), and test time (s). Performance evaluation results reveal that AdaBoost can be used to boost the ASD diagnosis as the best machine learning algorithm for all T values based on all metrics to improve the diagnosis based on physician's assessment. Under the most extreme evaluation metric, which is accuracy, the results of the AdaBoost classifiers for T = 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10 have obtained 0.99948, 0.99934, 0.99930, 0.99939, 0.99910, and 0.99930, respectively.
Alcohol's harm to others in Japan: Different rates for different relationships to the drinker in a 2018 national survey
Authors: Kinjo Aya , Kuwabara Yuki , Fujii Maya , Okada Tomomi , Shimogawa Ko , Minobe Ruriko , Maesato Hitoshi , Higuchi Susumu , Osaki Yoneatsu
Published: December 2022

Introduction

No study in Japan has investigated alcohol's harm to others (AHTO). Therefore, this study aimed to reveal the situation of AHTO in Japan and examine the factors associated with it based on the relationship with the drinker.

Methods

A cross‐sectional population‐based survey was performed in 2018 with 2121 men and 2507 women. Respondents were asked questions about factors such as verbal or physical aggression, being forced to drink alcohol, sexual harassment and their relationship with the drinker. Binomial logistic regression was performed to quantify the associations of AHTO with participants' socio‐demographic status and drinking patterns.

Results

The lifetime experience of AHTO was 24.7% for men and 19.3% for women. AHTO from the father and co‐workers were the most common in and outside the home, respectively. The frequency of AHTO from the spouse or co‐workers showed no significant difference for abstainers and drinkers. However, AHTO from the father was more commonly reported among drinkers and those with Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test scores ≥8 points than abstainers. Of those who experienced AHTO, 24.5% of men and 27.6% of women, and 6.1% of men and 12.9% of women were profoundly affected by it in and outside the home, respectively.

Discussion and Conclusions

One in five Japanese residents experienced AHTO in their life, and the characteristics associated with AHTO differed according to the affected individual's relationship with the drinker. Continued monitoring of AHTO and measures aimed at reducing alcohol‐related harm that include AHTO should be promoted.
Sacubitril/valsartan alleviates sepsis‐induced acute lung injury via inhibiting GSDMD‐dependent macrophage pyroptosis in mice
Authors: Wang Jun , Li Jierui , Lou Anni , Lin Ying , Xu Qihan , Cui Wanfu , Huang Weichang , Wang Guozhen , Li Yang , Sun Jing , Gong Jiacheng , Guo Qiuping , Qiu Hongshen , Meng Ying , Li Xu
Published: December 2022

Sepsis‐induced acute lung injury (ALI) is a life‐threatening disorder with intricate pathogenesis. Macrophage pyroptosis reportedly plays a vital role in ALI. Although it has been established that angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) can reduce sepsis‐induced organ injury, the efficacy of sacubitril/valsartan (SV) for sepsis has been largely understudied. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of SV in sepsis‐induced ALI. Caecal ligation and puncture (CLP) were used to induce polymicrobial sepsis and related ALI. The therapeutic effects of SV in CLP mice were subsequently assessed. Gasdermin D (GSDMD)−/− mice were used to validate the signalling pathways affected by SV. In vitro, mouse bone marrow‐derived macrophages (BMDMs) and Raw264.7 cells were treated with SV following exposure to lipopolysaccharide and adenosine triphosphate. Finally, the serum obtained from 42 septic patients was used for biochemical analysis. Compared to the other ARBs, SV yielded more pronounced anti‐inflammatory effects on macrophages. In vivo, SV decreased mortality rates, significantly reduced lung damage and prevented the inflammatory response in CLP mice. In addition, SV suppressed GSDMD‐mediated macrophage pyroptosis in mice. In BMDMs and Raw264.7 cells, the anti‐inflammatory and anti‐pyroptosis properties of SV were verified. SV treatment effectively inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation and prevented macrophage pyroptosis in a GSDMD‐dependent manner. Furthermore, we found that septic individuals had considerably higher serum angiotensin II levels. Overall, we found that SV might prevent ALI in CLP mice by inhibiting GSDMD‐mediated pyroptosis of macrophages. Thus, SV might be a viable drug for sepsis‐induced ALI.
Serum neurofilament light chain as a reliable biomarker of hereditary transthyretin‐related amyloidosis—A Swiss reference center experience
Authors: Loser Valentin , Benkert Pascal , Vicino Alex , Lim Dubois Ferriere Pansy , Kuntzer Thierry , Pasquier Jérôme , Maceski Aleksandra , Kuhle Jens , Theaudin Marie
Published: December 2022

Hereditary transthyretin‐related (hATTR) amyloidosis is a rare disease, causing a disabling and life‐threatening axonal length‐dependent polyneuropathy. Monitoring of disease progression and treatment response is difficult. We aimed to determine if serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL) is a reliable and early biomarker of peripheral neuropathy in hATTR amyloidosis. We prospectively included 20 hATTR patients, 14 symptomatic and 6 asymptomatic. Patients were assessed at baseline and 1 year, including a full clinical examination with disease severity and functional scores, electrochemical skin conductance measurement with Sudoscan and nerve conduction studies, and sNfL level. hATTR patient sNfL were also compared with sNfL of 4532 healthy controls of a reference database by calculating age and BMI‐adjusted Z scores. At baseline, median sNfL concentration was 3.6‐fold higher in symptomatic than asymptomatic hATTR patients (P = .003), and this difference was also found in our under 60‐years‐old patients (P = .003). There was no significant difference of sNfL concentration between asymptomatic patients and healthy controls (Z‐score of −0.29), but a significant difference between symptomatic patients and healthy controls (Z‐score of 2.52). We found a significant correlation between sNfL levels and most clinical and electrophysiological disease severity scores, the strongest correlation being with the NIS score. sNfL seems to be a reliable biomarker of peripheral neuropathy severity in hATTR amyloidosis and can distinguish between asymptomatic and symptomatic patients. sNfL could also become a reliable biomarker to establish disease onset and treatment response.
Traditional versus conservative endodontic access impact on fracture resistance of chairside CAD‐CAM lithium disilicate anterior crowns: An in vitro study
Authors: Jurado Carlos A. , Amarillas‐Gastelum Clarisa , Tonin Bruna Santos Honório , Nielson Gentry , Afrashtehfar Kelvin I. , Fischer Nicholas G.
Published: December 2022

Purpose

To evaluate the effect of traditional and conservative endodontic access hole preparation on fracture resistance of chairside computer‐aided design and computer‐aided manufacturing (CAD‐CAM) lithium disilicate maxillary right central incisor crowns.

Materials and methods

Fifty‐seven milled lithium disilicate maxillary right central incisor crowns were designed and fabricated with a chairside CAD‐CAM system (Planmeca Romexis, Planmeca). The abutment preparation had a 1.0 mm incisal reduction and 1.0 mm chamfer finish. The restorations were bonded with resin cement to printed resin dies (n = 19 per group) and were treated and divided into three groups, (1) no endodontic access, (2) traditional triangular endodontic access, and (3) conservative ovoidal endodontic access. The endodontic access of the crowns was sealed with flowable resin composite. Restorations were subjected to 10,000 cycles of thermal cycling between 5° and 55°C. Then, restorations were loaded and exposed to compressive loading force, and the crack initiation (CI) and complete fracture (CF) were recorded. SEM micrographs of broken specimens on the printed dies were captured. ANOVA test and Bonferroni's correction were used for statistical comparison.

Results

The fracture resistance among the three groups varied. Crowns with no endodontic access displayed significantly (p< 0.001) higher resistance [CI: 1025 (121) N; CF 1134 (127) N], followed by crowns with conservative ovoidal endodontic access [CI: 924 (60) N; CF: 1000 (72) N. Crowns with traditional triangular endodontic access showed the significantly (p< 0.001) lowest fracture resistance [CI: 635 (82) N; CF: 709 (75) N].

Conclusion

The fracture resistance of chairside CAD‐CAM lithium disilicate maxillary anterior crowns is influenced by the type of endodontic access provided. Conservative ovoidal endodontic access provides crowns with higher fracture resistance than traditional triangular endodontic access. Crowns with no endodontic access provided the highest resistance than other types of endodontic access.
‘Say hi to the lady on the television’: A review of clinic presentations and comparison of telepsychiatry and in‐person mental health assessments for people with intellectual disability in rural New South Wales
Authors: Delves Madeline , Luscombe Georgina M. , Juratowitch Rodney , Srikanth Radha , Trollor Julian N. , Brown Dale , Embury Angela
Published: December 2022

People with intellectual disabilities (ID) experience high levels of psychiatric comorbidity and difficulties accessing services, particularly in rural areas. An Intellectual Disability Mental Health Outreach Clinic was established to provide specialised psychiatric care in rural Australia through telepsychiatry and in‐person assessment. The study aims were to (i) contrast the characteristics of clinic attendees assessed by telepsychiatry or in‐person; (ii) assess the feasibility of care delivery by synchronous videoconference (telepsychiatry) or in‐person; and (iii) assess acceptability to, and experiences of, participating carers (family members, non‐government organisation workers or Community Mental Health Case Managers). An audit of clinical records was conducted of clients reviewed by the Clinic between August 2018 and April 2021. A survey of carers, either employed or family members, evaluated Clinic acceptability and experiences with the Clinic assessment, and as well as perceptions of thoroughness, accessibility, and ease. Of 145 people with ID, 46% were reviewed by telepsychiatry. These 67 telepsychiatry clients were more likely to have milder ID (p < 0.01) and were seen more frequently (p < 0.05) than the 78 clients with in‐person reviews. Results from the carer survey (31.7% response rate, n = 46/145) indicated high overall service acceptability, with telepsychiatry perceived to offer more convenient appointment times (91% agreed vs. 75% of in‐person, p < 0.05). The high uptake of telepsychiatric review indicates that it is feasible and acceptable to carers of people with ID and comorbid mental health concerns. Telepsychiatry is a potential tool to address equity of access to mental health services for people with ID—particularly those from disadvantaged and rural populations.
Popular understandings of national identity in Europe: Still a gulf between West and East?
Authors: Bartasevičius Vainius
Published: December 2022

The paper draws on 2008 and 2017 European Values Study (EVS) data to analyse the differences in popular understandings of national identity between Western and Eastern European countries as well as the changes in popular views over the 2010s. Using latent class analysis (LCA), five categories of respondents are identified according to people's understandings of national identity—anti‐ascriptive nationalists, liberal nationalists, voluntarist‐leaning multiple nationalists, moderate nationalists and ardent nationalists. While on average half of the Western countries' respondents of the 2017 EVS wave thought that ascriptive criteria of national membership (ancestry, place of birth) were not important while voluntarist (respect for the institutions/laws, speaking the national language) were, the corresponding proportion in an average Eastern country was just over 20%. It is argued that persistent and historically ingrained differences in popular conceptions of nationhood between West and East are contributing to policy tensions within the EU, most notably in the management of migration and refugee flows. Furthermore, the article found no evidence that the gap between Western and Eastern Europe in popular nationhood views was decreasing over the 2010s.
Overcoming digital poverty traps in rural Asia
Authors: Barbier Edward B.
Published: December 2022

The rapid spread of information and communication technology (ICT) in Asia offers the promise of a “digital revolution” for agriculture. But realizing such gains will depend on overcoming digital poverty traps, whereby significant numbers of poor smallholders inhabiting remote regions are unable to take advantage of the benefits of ICT for agriculture and thus remain mired in poverty. This phenomenon is illustrated in a model of a poor household located in a remote region that cannot accumulate sufficient ICT skills. To avoid such outcomes, policies need to be targeted at both the lack of access by smallholders to ICT for farming and their insufficient skills to use the new technologies. Increased public investments to extend “last‐mile infrastructure” in digital services are necessary but not sufficient. Complementary investments in developing rural infrastructure, appropriate ICT business models and services, and improvement of the digital literacy of smallholders are also essential.
Beyond Spatial Models: A New Perspective on American Operational Ideology Using Latent Class Analysis
Authors: Wright Graham , Volodarsky Sasha
Published: December 2022

Analyses of operational ideology—the pattern of correlations between different political attitudes—in the American public generally assume “spatial” models of ideology. Using Latent Class Analysis, we relax many of these assumptions by treating operational ideology as a latent categorical variable and analyze the changing structure of American operational ideology between 2004 and 2020. We find that some Americans during this period held consistently liberal or conservative views and were well sorted into the “correct” political parties. For other Americans, however, we observe complex and shifting relationships between partisanship and economic, moral, and racial attitudes. We find that Racial Justice Communitarians consistently prefer to identify as Democrats, while Nativist Communitarians and Libertarians both tended to identify with whatever party won the most recent presidential election. Future studies of operational ideology should be wary of simplifying assumptions that obscure important dynamics in American politics.
The effect of grip location on Kirschner wire bend characteristics: An in vitro study
Authors: Gremley Jaclyn R. , Frederick Steven W. , Cross Alan R.
Published: December 2022

Objective

To determine the effect of Kirschner wire (K‐wire) grip location on bend angle, bend radius, and torque when performing a Z‐bend technique.

Study design

Experimental study.

Sample population

Ten samples at each of five grip locations for each of three K‐wire diameters.

Methods

K‐wires of three diameters (0.9, 1.1, 1.6 mm) were drilled into PVC pipe, and a Jacob's chuck was used to bend the wires at five periodic grip locations (distance from the bone model). Torque, bend angle, and bend radius were determined for each sample. Outcome variables were statistically analyzed by grip location to determine significant relationships.

Results

A grip location of 2.0 cm in the 0.9 mm K‐wire group minimized bend angle (mean ± SD: 75.92° ± 0.81) and bend radius (2.89 mm ± 0.08). A grip location of 3.0 cm in the 1.1 mm K‐wire group minimized bend angle (72.88° ± 0.98) and bend radius (2.47 mm ± 0.20). A grip location of 3.0 cm minimized bend angle (74.38° ± 1.93) and bend radius (2.71 mm ± 0.27) in the 1.6 mm K‐wire group. Torque at these grip locations for the 0.9, 1.1, and 1.6 mm K‐wires was 6.50 N‐m ± 0.0, 11.00 N‐m ± 0.0, and 19.05 N‐m ± 0.16, respectively.

Conclusion

Bend angle and bend radius can be minimized by bending K‐wires at specific grip locations, though torque is not minimized at these locations.

Clinical significance

These findings provide an evidence‐based recommendation of where surgeons should grip K‐wires when bending them.
The Coefficients of Thermal Expansion of Wood and Wood Products
Authors: Weatherwax R. C. , Stamm A. J.
Published: December 2022

Because of the lack of data on the thermal expansion of natural solid wood and many wood products, such as plywood, impreg, compreg, and many others, studies were conducted at the Forest Products Laboratory in an effort to obtain such data. The coefficients of linear thermal expansion, called α were measured on a wide variety of wood materials in three structural directions. General formulas were developed which permit calculation of the coefficients of linear thermal expansion in any grain direction of the specimen from the original and final specific gravities, the percentage by weight of resin and glue present, the percentage of cross-banding, and the slope of grain relative to any three axes of reference.
Shell-side Coefficients of Heat Transfer in a Baffled Heat Exchanger
Authors: Gardner H. S. , Siller Irving
Published: December 2022

The shell-side film coefficient of heat transfer in a half-moon baffled shell-and-tube laboratory heat exchanger was studied under heating and cooling conditions. Data were taken at 1 and 2-in. baffle spacings with water and three different oils. It was found that Short’s method of correlation (1), a plot of (hsDok) (kCpμ)0.32 (PP−Do)0.5 versus (DoGxμ) adequately represented all variables, but gave different lines for heating and cooling runs. For the oil data, the introduction of a viscosity ratio (μμw)0.19 gave a general correlation resulting in the equation (hsDok) =1.10 (Cpμk)0.32 (P−DoP)0.5(μμw)0.19(DoGxμ)0.56
Fatigue Tests of Welding Elbows and Comparable Double-Mitre Bends
Authors: Markl A. R. C.
Published: December 2022

It has long been known that the increased flexibility of curved pipe, resulting from its ovalization under the influence of bending moments, is reflected in increased stresses which are customarily evaluated by applying intensification factors to the stresses evaluated by the common beam theory. No similar information has heretofore been published regarding mitre joints. On the basis of comparative full-scale fatigue tests, the present investigation shows that, for double-mitre bends of given proportions, the stress intensifications (at the corners) are 20 per cent greater than for long-radius welding elbows when bending moments are applied tending to open or close the bend; and 70 per cent greater when bending is done sidewise, out of the plane of curvature. Expressed in terms of fatigue life under identical conditions of pipe-line expansion, this means that welding elbows will withstand 2½ times as many stress reversals in bending in the plane, and 14 times as many cycles in bending transverse to the plane of curvature, as compared with mitre bends. Indications were obtained also that internal pressure has no marked effect on the magnitude of the stress intensifications encountered. Stress-relieving and grinding the welds likewise produces no significant change in the endurance strength.
Review of Data on Dynamic Viscosity of Water and Superheated Steam
Authors: Hawkins G. A. , Sibbitt W. L. , Solberg H. L.
Published: December 2022

The authors have compiled the experimental data obtained by numerous investigators relative to the viscosity of water and water vapor. These data and the experimental methods have been evaluated and are discussed.
Ignition and Flame Stabilization in Gases
Authors: Lewis Bernard , von Elbe Guenther
Published: December 2022

The self-ignition of a volume of explosive gas mixture is understood to be the transition from slow to very rapid chemical reaction with approximately adiabatic heat evolution. Two known processes bring this about. They are distinguished as thermal and branched-chain explosion. In the former, the chemical reaction becomes self-accelerating owing to the temperature rise. In the latter, the self-acceleration is caused by the formation of chemically active particles at a rate that exceeds the rate of destruction of these particles. A peculiar process of the latter type plays an important contributory part in engine knock. Local ignition, as by a spark, results in the formation of a combustion wave which propagates through the explosive mixture in a manner analogous to Huyghen’s principle for the propagation of a light wave. Small sparks do not produce ignition. The minimum ignition repuirement of electric capacitance sparks in mixtures of methane or other hydrocarbons with oxygen and nitrogen is found to be only the spark energy. This is theoretically explained, and the minimum spark-ignition energy is shown to be a function of the burning velocity, the width of the combustion wave, and other variables of the gas mixture in agreement with experimental data. A combustion wave in a stream of explosive gas mixture becomes stationary, i.e., the flame becomes stable, when the burning velocity is equal to the gas velocity somewhere in the wave and is nowhere larger than the gas velocity. The mechanism is described by which the condition of equality of burning velocity and gas velocity is realized at the rim of a burner tube. It is shown that the limits for flash back and blowoff correspond to critical values of the gas-velocity gradient at the stream boundary. This applies equally to the outer boundary and any inner boundary formed by solid objects in the stream.
Development of Cleavage Fractures in Mild Steels
Authors: Bagsar A. B.
Published: December 2022

The susceptibility of several types and thicknesses of mild steel of ship-plate and pressure-vessel qualities and of samples of welds to development of cleavage or brittle fractures has been determined by a new test, termed the “cleavage-tear” test, in which a notched tensile-bend type of test coupon is used. The effects of notch and coupon geometries, load eccentricity, rate of loading, testing temperature, and of heat-treatments were investigated.

At temperatures below the transition-temperature range, the presence of a notch of proper geometry and orientation was found to create a state of multiaxial stress which appears to expand the elastic range of steel and to raise its proportional limit almost to coincide with its breaking point. The breaking strength of rectangular sections containing a notch of the foregoing type was found to decrease, and susceptibility to cleavage fracturing to increase as the notch root radius was decreased. Within the limits investigated, the breaking strength of steel was found to be modified by the notch geometry, this modification being practically independent of the size effect if the section was 6 in. or greater in depth. The transition temperatures for the steels investigated in the as-rolled condition were found to be about 100 deg F higher than those indicated by the conventional Charpy impact test, and are considered to be more nearly indicative of behavior of steels in service. Nevertheless, the transition temperature of a steel cannot be defined for service conditions unless the state of stress which prevails under the same conditions is also defined.

Two types of fracture were encountered, one being the brittle or cleavage type exhibiting no appreciable deformation and lower nominal breaking strength, and the second the shear type exhibiting normal ductility and higher breaking strength. Fractures above the transition range were of the shear type and below that temperature range of the cleavage type. On the basis of the test data presented, reconsideration of our present factors of safety is suggested for monolithic structures with the object of safeguarding against the possibility of development of large cleavage fractures from small discontinuities, notches, or cracks. Other remedial measures for minimizing the damage of cleavage fractures, including modifications in design and material of construction, are suggested.
A Study of the Properties of 0.5 Per Cent Chromium—0.5 Per Cent Molybdenum Pipe Steel
Authors: Fitzgerald R. C. , Wilder A. B. , Smith G. V. , White A. E.
Published: December 2022

Study of the mechanical properties, including creep, and of the welding and fabrication characteristics of steel containing 0.5 per cent chromium and 0.5 per cent molybdenum, designed for elevated-temperature service, has shown this grade to be essentially similar to 0.5 per cent molybdenum steel without chromium. However, elevated-temperature exposure tests have shown the steel whether deoxidized with aluminum or not, to be resistant to graphitization in butt-welded pipe as well as bead-weld tests lasting up to 15,000 hr at 1025 F and 12,000 hr at 1100 F. Scaling tests and hardness and notch-impact tests before and after air exposure at elevated temperature have indicated that only slight oxidation and little or no embrittlement may be anticipated during service of this grade of steel.
Comparison of Radiation-Conduction Transfer Involving Complex Solid Shapes Determined by Topological Optimization and a Heuristic Technique
Authors: Sevart Chadwick D. , Bergman Theodore L.
Published: December 2022

A solid growth method (SGM) and a dual solid method (DSM), both recently developed, are each used to predict solid shapes that provide minimal total (conduction + radiation) resistance to heat transfer in a system involving conduction in a solid whose shape is to be determined, conduction in an adjoining gas, and radiation transfer between opaque, diffuse, and gray surfaces. The performance of each method is illustrated by examining solid configurations and temperature distributions that evolve as the mass of solid is gradually increased (SGM) or reconfigured (DSM). With use of either the SGM or the DSM, the solid evolves in a manner that enhances radiation heat transfer, and it is shown that neglecting radiation in the determination of solid configurations that optimize heat transfer performance is, in general, not justified. Despite the formalism of the DSM, which is based on topological optimization, the thermal performance of the DSM only marginally surpasses that of the SGM in terms of calculated total thermal resistance values, and only for cases involving a high solid thermal conductivity. For low solid thermal conductivity cases, the SGM outperforms the DSM with the difference in performance attributed to the inability of DSM to capture the fine solid structure of the SGM predictions.