bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fractal Networks of Inter‐Granular Voids in Pressed TATB
Authors: Mang Joseph T. , Hjelm Rex P.
Published: May 2013

Small‐angle neutron scattering techniques were used to study the evolution of void morphology with pressed density of the insensitive high explosive, TATB. Samples were studied as a loose powder and as pressed pellets, ranging in density from approx. 1 to 1.804 g cm−3. Inter‐granular voids in the loose powder were randomly arranged (non‐fractal) and had a surface defined mean size of 0.66 μm. Pressing was found to induce a fractal network of voids with fractally rough interfaces. The surface‐defined mean void size of the pressed samples was between 0.21–0.33 μm over the range of densities studied and was found to increase with pressed density up to 1.720 g cm−3, decreasing thereafter. The volume fractal dimension, indicative of the void arrangement, mirrored the changes in the mean void size. No systematic change in the surface fractal dimension was found. Surface area analysis allowed the average TATB grain size within the pressed samples to be quantified. An initial decrease of the mean grain size followed by an increase with pressed density suggests that the TATB grains behave in a brittle fashion at low densities and ductile at higher pressed densities.
Energetic Material Detonation Characterization: A Laboratory‐Scale Approach
Authors: Biss Matthew M.
Published: May 2013

A novel energetic‐material detonation and air‐blast characterization technique is proposed through the use of a laboratory‐scale‐based modified “aquarium test.” A streak camera is used to record the radial shock wave expansion rate at the energetic materialair interface of spherical laboratory‐scale (i.e., gram‐range) charges detonated in air. A linear regression fit is applied to the measured streak record data. Using this in conjunction with the conservation laws, material Hugoniots, and two empirically established relationships, a procedure is developed to determine fundamental detonation properties (pressure, velocity, particle velocity, and density) and air shock wave properties (pressure, velocity, particle velocity, and density) at the energetic materialair interface. The experimentally determined properties are in good agreement with published values. The theory’s applicability is extended using historical experimental test data due to the limited number of experiments able to be performed. Predicted detonation wave and air shock wave properties are in good agreement for a multitude of energetics across various atmospheric conditions.
Why Do We Do As We Do? Factors Influencing Clinical Reasoning and Decision‐Making among Physiotherapists in an Acute Setting
Authors: Holdar Ulrika , Wallin Lars , Heiwe Susanne
Published: May 2013

Introduction

Despite the current movement for health‐care to become more informed by evidence, knowledge on effective implementation of evidence‐based practice is scarce. To improve research application among physiotherapists, the process of implementation and clinical reasoning needs to be scrutinized. The aim of this study was to identify various experiences of factors that influence the physiotherapist's clinical reasoning in specialist care.

Methods

Design

A phenomenographic approach was chosen.

Subjects

Eleven physiotherapists at two acute care hospitals in nn.

Procedure

Data was obtained by observations and interviews. Phenomenographic data analysis identified various experiences of clinical decision‐making.

Ethical considerations

The Ethical Review Board of the nn approved the study.

Results

The observations and the interviews enabled identification of various experiences that influenced clinical decision‐making. The physiotherapists' clinical reasoning was perceived to be constrained by contextual factors. The physiotherapists collected current information on the patient by using written and verbal information exchange and used this to generate an inner picture of the patient. By creating hypotheses that were accepted or rejected, they made decisions in advance of their interventions. The decisions were influenced by the individual characteristics of the physiotherapist, his/her knowledge and patient perceptions.

Conclusions

Clinical reasoning is a complex and constantly evolving process. Contextual factors such as economy and politics are not easily changed, but factors such as the patient and the physiotherapist as a person are more tangible. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metabolic responses of Escherichia coli upon glucose pulses captured by a capacitive field‐effect sensor
Authors: Huck Christina , Schiffels Johannes , Herrera Cony N. , Schelden Maximilian , Selmer Thorsten , Poghossian Arshak , Baumann Marcus E. M. , Wagner Patrick , Schöning Michael J.
Published: May 2013

Living cells are complex biological systems transforming metabolites taken up from the surrounding medium. Monitoring the responses of such cells to certain substrate concentrations is a challenging task and offers possibilities to gain insight into the vitality of a community influenced by the growth environment. Cell‐based sensors represent a promising platform for monitoring the metabolic activity and thus, the “welfare” of relevant organisms. In the present study, metabolic responses of the model bacterium Escherichia coli in suspension, layered onto a capacitive field‐effect structure, were examined to pulses of glucose in the concentration range between 0.05 and 2 mM. It was found that acidification of the surrounding medium takes place immediately after glucose addition and follows Michaelis–Menten kinetic behavior as a function of the glucose concentration. In future, the presented setup can, therefore, be used to study substrate specificities on the enzymatic level and may as well be used to perform investigations of more complex metabolic responses. Conclusions and perspectives highlighting this system are discussed.
The influence of HfO2 additives on the optical properties of Nd3+‐doped Y2O3 ceramics
Authors: Osipov V. V. , Orlov A. N. , Maksimov R. N. , Lisenkov V. V. , Platonov V. V.
Published: May 2013

Transparent yttria ceramics were fabricated by sintering a mixture of 1 at.% Nd:Y2O3 and HfO2 nanopowders produced by laser synthesis method. The best transmittance was 80.96% at the wavelength of λ=1080 nm in 6 mol.% HfO2 doped sample (1.5 mm thick). The additives of hafnium broaden both pumping and luminescence bands of Nd3+ ion in yttria ceramics. The luminescence intensity of 4F3/2→4I11/2 transition was little affected by hafnium concentration. The effective lifetime of 4F3/2 level in Nd:Y2O3 ceramics enhanced by 30% at 10 mol.% HfO2 doping concentration and the decay kinetics of laser transition attains Förster's behavior. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Sintering and optical quality of highly transparent yb‐doped yttrium lanthanum oxide ceramics
Authors: Ivanov Maxim , Kopylov Yury , Kravchenko Valery , Zayats Sergey
Published: May 2013

To produce highly transparent Yb‐doped yttrium lanthanum oxide (Yb3+:(LaxY1–x)2O3) ceramics two original technologies were used: laser synthesis of nanopowder and pulsed magnetic compacting. Sintering of the compacts in vacuum 3×10–4 Pa at 1600–1700 °C during 13 hours led to transparent ceramics fabrication. The ceramics with relative density higher than 99.99% and grain size about 40 µm were fabricated. Full transmittance of 1.8 mm thick Yb0,11La0,23Y1,66O3 ceramics reaches 82.5%@800 nm. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Study of radial growth in patterned self‐catalyzed GaAs nanowire arrays by gas source molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Gibson Sandra , LaPierre Ray
Published: May 2013

magnified image

Ordered arrays of vertically aligned self‐catalyzed GaAs nanowires have been grown by gas source molecular beam epitaxy (GS‐MBE) on silicon substrates using nano‐patterned oxide templates. Several growth processes of different duration were performed under identical conditions and with identical sample preparation. To determine the influence of pattern parameters, the samples were prepared with 20 patterned areas, each with progressively increasing hole diameters and pitch. Measurements of the average lengths and diameters of the vertically oriented nanowire areas were then used to calculate the overall axial and radial growth rates. These experiments confirm that significant accompanying radial growth occurs. Furthermore, the rate of radial growth increases with increasing pattern pitch. We propose that gallium‐rich conditions may increase the size of the liquid droplet, resulting in an inverse tapered morphology which promotes step‐flow radial growth via secondary adsorption on the nanowire sidewalls. The pitch dependence of the radial growth rate may therefore be due to shadowing or competition for the flux of material desorbing from the oxide surface between the nanowires. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
First observations of quasi 120 day oscillation in Mesospheric winds and temperature: Observations inferred from Meteor Radar
Authors: Das Siddarth Shankar , Kishore Kumar Karanam , Ramkumar Geetha
Published: May 2013

For the first time, the presence of quasi 120 day oscillation in the neutral winds and temperature at mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region, measured using meteor wind radar over an equatorial station Thumba (8.5°N, 76.5°E) is discussed. The amplitudes of quasi 120 day oscillation as a function of height have been established over Thumba. The origin of the quasi 120 day oscillation in geophysical parameters at MLT heights are discussed in terms of the atmospheric angular momentum, F10.7, and Lyman‐alpha solar flux and nonlinear interactions between annual and semiannual oscillations. The significance of the present study lies in providing the observational evidence for quasi 120 day oscillation in the MLT region and in discussing the possible source mechanisms for the observed oscillation.
Nanoparticle Transport in Epithelial Cells: Pathway Switching Through Bioconjugation
Authors: Fowler Robyn , Vllasaliu Driton , Trillo Francisco Fernández , Garnett Martin , Alexander Cameron , Horsley Helen , Smith Bryan , Whitcombe Ian , Eaton Mike , Stolnik Snow
Published: May 2013

The understanding and control of nanoparticle transport into and through cellular compartments is central to biomedical applications of nanotechnology. Here, it is shown that the transport pathway of 50 nm polystyrene nanoparticles decorated with vitamin B12 in epithelial cells is different compared to both soluble B12 ligand and unmodified nanoparticles, and this is not attributable to B12 recognition alone. Importantly, the study indicates that vitamin B12‐conjugated nanoparticles circumnavigate the lysosomal compartment, the destination of soluble vitamin B12 ligand. Whereas cellular trafficking of soluble B12 is confirmed to occur via the clathrin‐mediated pathway, transport of B12‐conjugated nanoparticles appears to predominantly take place by a route that is perturbed by caveolae‐specific inhibitors. This data suggests that, following its conjugation to nanoparticles, in addition to dramatically increasing the cellular uptake of nanoparticles, the normal cell trafficking of B12 is switched to an alternative pathway, omitting the lysosomal stage: a result with important implications for oral delivery of nanoparticulate diagnostics and therapeutics.
Direct Growth of Polyaniline Chains from N‐Doped Sites of Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Haq Atta Ul , Lim Joonwon , Yun Je Moon , Lee Won Jun , Han Tae Hee , Kim Sang Ouk
Published: May 2013

Polymer grafting from graphitic carbon materials has been pursued for several decades. Unfortunately, currently available methods mostly rely on the harsh chemical treatment of graphitic carbons which causes severe degradation of chemical structure and material properties. A straightforward growth of polyaniline chain from the nitrogen (N)‐doped sites of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is presented. N‐doping sites along the CNT wall nucleate the polymerization of aniline, which generates seamless hybrids consisting of polyaniline directly grafted onto the CNT walls. The resultant materials exhibit excellent synergistic electrochemical performance, and can be employed for charge collectors of supercapacitors. This approach introduces an efficient route to hybrid systems consisting of conducting polymers directly grafted from graphitic dopant sites.
On the performance of global magnetohydrodynamic models in the Earth's magnetosphere
Authors: Honkonen I. , Rastätter L. , Grocott A. , Pulkkinen A. , Palmroth M. , Raeder J. , Ridley A. J. , Wiltberger M.
Published: May 2013

We study the performance of four magnetohydrodynamic models (BATS‐R‐US, GUMICS, LFM, OpenGGCM) in the Earth's magnetosphere. Using the Community Coordinated Modeling Center's Run‐on‐Request system, we compare model predictions with magnetic field measurements of the Cluster, Geotail and Wind spacecraft during a multiple substorm event. We also compare model cross polar cap potential results to those obtained from the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) and the model magnetopause standoff distances to an empirical magnetopause model. The correlation coefficient (CC) and prediction efficiency (PE) metrics are used to objectively evaluate model performance quantitatively. For all four models, the best performance outside geosynchronous orbit is found on the dayside. Generally, the performance of models decreases steadily downstream from the Earth. On the dayside most CCs are above 0.5 with CCs for Bx and Bz close to 0.9 for three out of four models. In the magnetotail at a distance of about −130 Earth radii from Earth, the prediction efficiency of all models is below that of using an average value for the prediction with the exception of Bz. Bx is most often best predicted and correlated both on the dayside and the nightside close to the Earth whereas in the far tail the CC and PE for Bz are substantially higher than other components in all models. We also find that increasing the resolution or coupling an additional physics module does not automatically increase the model performance in the magnetosphere.
JGroovy: An alternative approach to implement extensible Java compiler
Authors: Sateanpattanakul Siwadol , Hamamoto Kazuhiko , Walairacht Aranya
Published: May 2013

The main reason for the invention of computer programming languages is for these languages to express a command‐to‐control machine behavior. Some of these programming languages have specific advantages that are used in specific environments such as structured query language (SQL), hypertext markup language (HTML), and spreadsheet. The common definitions of these languages are domain‐specific languages (DSLs). Although DSLs are the best way to deal with specific systems, it is hard to use with other environments or platforms. Groovy is a dynamic programming language that runs on the Java virtual machine. Groovy has some features that allow programmers to manage DSLs within its unique style. Groovy has some disadvantages because it does not support all Java features and syntax while also producing unnecessary byte code during compilation. This paper proposes an extended‐architecture technique to implement a computer programming language and compiler through extending Java with Groovy language. The extensible language is called ‘JGroovy’. And JGroovy is supported both by Java and Groovy language. We implement the compiler for JGroovy and call it the ‘JGroovy compiler’ (JGC). By its extended architecture, JGC is more compatible for Java source code than Javac can claim to be. And it also produces a better and more compact byte code than the Groovy compiler, with an approximate improvement of 8–12%. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
So Long, Robot Reader! A Superhero Intervention Plan for Improving Fluency
Authors: Marcell Barclay , Ferraro Christine
Published: May 2013

This article presents an engaging means for turning disfluent readers into prosody superstars. Each week students align with Poetry Power Man and his superhero friends to battle the evil Robot Reader and his sidekicks. The Fluency Foursome helps students adhere to the multidimensional aspects of fluency where expression and comprehension are addressed along with rate and accuracy. By the end of the week, students are flying through phrases, leaving Robot Reader in the dust!
Years Later, Comprehension Strategies Still at Work
Authors: Keene Ellin Oliver , Zimmermann Susan
Published: May 2013

In this article, authors Ellin Oliver Keene and Susan Zimmermann reflect on comprehension strategy instruction 15 years after the publication of their book, Mosaic of Thought: Teaching Comprehension in a Reader's Worskhop. They reassert their claim that to teach comprehension well, we must first read widely and scrutinize our own reading processes. They begin by using the structure from Mosaic of Thought in which they respond to a short selection to demonstrate the thinking strategies at work. Keene and Zimmermann report on the heartening progress in students’ comprehension learning in the last 15 years but also caution that comprehension strategies are a means to an end, not the end goal in comprehension. They recommend ways for teachers to maximize comprehension strategy instruction in an era dominated by assessment and the Common Core State Standards.
Concurrent conservative and reactive tracer tests in a stream undergoing hyporheic exchange
Authors: Lemke Dennis , Liao Zijie , Wöhling Thomas , Osenbrück Karsten , Cirpka Olaf A.
Published: May 2013

Key Points

concurrent tests of conservative and reactive tracers in streams

joint analysis of the tracers improved the estimation of hyporheic parameters

Markov chain Monte Carlo methods used to infer parameter distributions
Iatrogenic Vascular Injuries With Lethal Outcome
Authors: Rudström H. , Bergqvist D. , Björck M.
Published: May 2013

Background

The aim was to study the nature of iatrogenic vascular injuries (IVIs) associated with postoperative death within 30 days.

Methods

Patients who had undergone vascular surgery for IVIs and were reported prospectively to the Swedish national vascular registry during 1987–2008 were identified. They were cross‐checked with the national population registry. Those who died within 30 days of surgery were studied regarding case records and death certificates.

Results

A total of 56 patients with postoperative death within 30 days after IVI were identified. Among them, 52 case records were retrieved (93 %). In 24 cases the IVIs were caused by puncture during endovascular procedures (13 hemorrhage, 11 occlusive thrombosis), 11 by penetrating trauma during open surgery, 6 by occlusion after external compression, 6 by percutaneous accidental arterial puncture. Main symptoms were peripheral ischemia (19/52, 37 %), external bleeding (14, 27 %), and hypovolemic shock without external bleeding (10, 19 %). Main specialties involved were interventional radiology (n = 18), general surgery (n = 9), and interventional cardiology (n = 8). Overall, 22 (42 %) were avoidable, and only 13 (25 %) underwent autopsy. Within 2 weeks, 36 patients (69 %) were dead. Also, there was a higher proportion with uncertain correlation between IVI and death.

Conclusions

Interventional radiology, general surgery, and cardiology are the main specialities involved in IVIs with lethal outcome. Not all fatalities after IVI are attributable to the injury itself, but almost half of the injuries were considered avoidable.
The acetylation degree of alginates in Azotobacter vinelandii ATCC9046 is determined by dissolved oxygen and specific growth rate: studies in glucose-limited chemostat cultivations
Authors: Castillo Tania , Galindo Enrique , Peña Carlos F
Published: May 2013

Alginates are polysaccharides that may be used as viscosifiers and gel or film-forming agents with a great diversity of applications. The alginates produced by bacteria such as Azotobacter vinelandii are acetylated. The presence of acetyl groups in this type of alginate increases its solubility, viscosity, and swelling capability. The aim of this study was to evaluate, in glucose-limited chemostat cultivations of A. vinelandii ATCC9046, the influence of dissolved oxygen tension (DO) and specific growth rate (μ) on the degree of acetylation of alginates produced by this bacterium. In glucose-limited chemostat cultivations, the degree of alginate acetylation was evaluated under two conditions of DO (1 and 9 %) and for a range of specific growth rates (0.02–0.15 h−1). In addition, the alginate yields and PHB production were evaluated. High DO in the culture resulted in a high degree of alginate acetylation, reaching a maximum acetylation degree of 6.88 % at 9 % DO. In contrast, the increment of μ had a negative effect on the production and acetylation of the polymer. It was found that at high DO (9 %) and low μ, there was a reduction of the respiration rate, and the PHB accumulation was negligible, suggesting that the flux of acetyl-CoA (the acetyl donor) was diverted to alginate acetylation.
Effect of Branched Alcohols on Phase Behavior and Physicochemical Properties of Winsor IV Microemulsions
Authors: Thampi Neetha V. , Ojha Keka , Nair Udayabhanu G.
Published: May 2013

The microemulsion phase behavior and physicochemical properties of surfactant–water–alcohol–oil systems are the pioneer laboratory study as a function of alcohol, water content and temperature to develop an experimental investigation for a better understanding of the microstructure of a single phase microemulsion and its stability under reservoir condition during hydraulic fracturing to recover the residual trapped oil. Viscosified surfactants are used as an efficient proppant conducting medium in hydraulic fracturing applications. The physicochemical properties of microemulsions are very helpful for characterization of microemulsions to justify their abilities and screening of surfactants. In the study, two branched alcohols, 2‐methyl butan‐2‐ol, 3‐methyl butan‐1‐ol selected as the cosurfactant in the proposed microemulsion system and their effect in tailoring the viscosity of microemulsions were studied. Microemulsion regions elucidated from Winsor's pseudophase model of an oleate surfactant show a signatory distribution pattern of components between different domains with non‐polar and asymmetric geometry of cosurfactant directs macromolecular alignments; their alignment contributes to a viscous microemulsions (gel) regime. The effect of surfactant and alkali, and the experimental temperature on the rheological properties of the lamellar mesophase were investigated. Phase transit regions and exact microemulsion and viscous microemulsion magnitudes were elucidated with the help of conductivity and viscosity studies of the ternary system as a function of the aqueous fraction and were in good agreement with Winsor's pseudophase model. Dynamic and steady shear rheological studies showed that the gel is viscoelastic in nature, sustain viscosity and elastic modulus values appropriate for proppant suspension under high shear conditions. The proppant suspension and thermal behavior of ideal gel composition was found to be suitable for Coal Bed Methane and soft rock, clay reservoir stimulation.
Race: China's Question and Problem
Authors: Fennell Vera Leigh
Published: May 2013

Race poses a challenge to the ruling Communist Party of China. Contemporary news reports about China's relationship with various African states warn of a reestablishment of 19th century colonial relations, with China standing in the shoes of England or France. When indictments of neo-colonialism are promoted, China recalls a historical brotherhood with African states under the banner of Third World solidarity. This paper attempts to shed light on both sides of this argument, demonstrating that for China, the issue of race in foreign relations poses both a question of motives and a problem of national identity.
The Challenge of Measuring Emergency Preparedness: Integrating Component Metrics to Build System-Level Measures for Strategic National Stockpile Operations
Authors: Jackson Brian A. , Faith Kay Sullivan
Published: May 2013

Objective

Although significant progress has been made in measuring public health emergency preparedness, system-level performance measures are lacking. This report examines a potential approach to such measures for Strategic National Stockpile (SNS) operations.

Methods

We adapted an engineering analytic technique used to assess the reliability of technological systems—failure mode and effects analysis—to assess preparedness. That technique, which includes systematic mapping of the response system and identification of possible breakdowns that affect performance, provides a path to use data from existing SNS assessment tools to estimate likely future performance of the system overall.

Results

Systems models of SNS operations were constructed and failure mode analyses were performed for each component. Linking data from existing assessments, including the technical assistance review and functional drills, to reliability assessment was demonstrated using publicly available information. The use of failure mode and effects estimates to assess overall response system reliability was demonstrated with a simple simulation example.

Conclusions

Reliability analysis appears an attractive way to integrate information from the substantial investment in detailed assessments for stockpile delivery and dispensing to provide a view of likely future response performance.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2013;7:96-104)
Proposals for Aligning Disaster Health Competency Models
Authors: Schor Kenneth W. , Altman Brian A.
Published: May 2013

To standardize the key building blocks of disaster health competency models (content, structure, and process), we recommend a reinterpretation of the research, development, test, and evaluation construct (RDT&E) as a novel organizing framework for creating and presenting disaster health competency models. This approach seeks to foster national alignment of disaster health competencies. For scope and completeness, model developers should consider the need and identify appropriate content in at least 4 broad areas: disaster-type domain, systems domain, clinical domain, and public health domain. The whole disaster health competency model should reflect the challenges of the disaster setting to acknowledge the realities of disaster health practice and to shape the education and workforce development flowing from the model. Additional issues for consideration are whether competency models should address response and recovery just-in-time learning and whether the concept of “daily routine doctrine” can contribute to disaster health competency models. The recommendations seek to establish a strategic reference point for disaster competency model alignment within the health workforce.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2013;7:8-12)
Factors Related to Furniture Anchoring: A Method for Reducing Harm During Earthquakes
Authors: Haraoka Tomoko , Hayasaka Shinya , Murata Chiyoe , Yamaoka Taiji , Ojima Toshiyuki
Published: May 2013

Objective

Fatalities and injuries during an earthquake can be reduced by taking preemptive measures before-hand, and furniture anchoring is an important safety measure for all residents. This study sought to clarify the factors associated with furniture anchoring within the home.

Methods

A self-administered mail survey was completed from July to August 2010 by 3500 men and women between the ages of 20 and 69 years who were chosen at random from an official government resident registry of 2 cities in Japan.

Results

Of the 1729 valid responses, 37.1% reported furniture anchoring. An association with furniture anchoring was observed for having viewed earthquake intensity maps or damage predictions (odds ratio [OR] 1.92, 95% C1 1.54-2.39), expressing concern about a future earthquake (OR 2.07, 95% C1 1.36-3.15), feelings of urgency (OR 1.90, 95% CI 1.47-2.45), accuracy of the government disaster preparedness information (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.17-2.42), knowledge of the meaning of emergency earthquake warnings (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.12-2.48), and participation in voluntary disaster preparedness activities (OR 1.40, 95% C1 1.12-1.75).

Conclusions

Furniture anchoring was found to be associated with risk awareness, risk perception, disaster preparedness information provided by government to residents, knowledge of earthquakes, participation in voluntary disaster preparedness activities, nonwooden structures, and marital status. An increase in furniture anchoring is important and can be achieved through education and training in daily life. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2013;7:55-64)
Rethinking the British World
Authors: Pietsch Tamson
Published: May 2013

This article rethinks the concept of the “British World” by paying close attention to the voices of those who attended the 1903 Allied Colonial Universities Conference. They identified not one, but three different kinds of British world space. Mapped, respectively, by ideas and emotions, by networks and exchange, and by the specific sites of empire, this article suggests that, in the light of criticisms the British World concept has faced, and in the context of recent scholarship on the social and material production of space, this tripartite approach might offer a useful framework for British and imperial historians interested in the history of the global.
Charles I and the Order of the Garter
Authors: Cust Richard
Published: May 2013

The reforms in the rites and ceremonies of the Order of the Garter that Charles I introduced during the 1620s and 1630s have traditionally been seen by historians as enhancing its high church, religious associations and downplaying its military traditions. This study, however, argues that the celebration of courage, martial achievement, and noble companionship remained central themes within the order during this period and that this tells us a good deal about how Charles understood his relationship with his nobles, and the honorific and chivalric values that lay at the heart of his kingship.
The Effect of Southern State Bond Repudiation and British Debt Collection Efforts on Anglo-American Relations, 1840–1940
Authors: Lester V. Markham
Published: May 2013

British officials' largely negative impression of the United States caused by America's intransigence in allowing renegotiation of Britain's First World War debts must be viewed against a backdrop of a longstanding debtor-creditor relationship between the two nations. Since the mid-nineteenth century, British creditors, largely through the efforts of the London-based Corporation of Foreign Bondholders, vigorously yet unsuccessfully attempted to collect large debts on repudiated American state bonds. This article provides greater understanding of this history and shows that the nineteenth-century debt controversy might well have been avoided to the economic benefit of the British and particularly the American South.
Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 4 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor variants combined effect on schizophrenia susceptibility
Authors: Yang Xue-xi , Zhu An-na , Li Fen-xia , Zhang Zhong-xiang , Li Ming
Published: May 2013

Objectives

To investigate the relationships between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) inNOTCH4and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) with schizophrenia among Han Chinese in Southern China.

Methods

TwoNOTCH4SNPs (rs520688 and rs415929) and twoBDNFSNPs (rs2030324 and rs12273539) were examined in 464 schizophrenics and 464 healthy controls from Hunan province in South China, using the Sequenom MassARRAY®iPLEX System.

Results

In the study population, rs520688 and rs2030324 were significantly associated with schizophrenia. A decreased risk of schizophrenia was associated with the rs520688 GA genotype (p= 0.035), whereas an increased risk of schizophrenia was associated with the rs2030324 CC/CT genotype (p= 0.044). The genotype distributions of rs415929 inNOTCH4and rs12273539 inBDNFdid not differ significantly between the case and control groups. Although no allele–allele interactions were detected between rs520688 and rs2030324, recombination analysis revealed a combined effect of the two on the susceptibility to schizophrenia, with GA-TT decreasing and CT/CC-GG/GA increasing the risk of schizophrenia.

Conclusion

In conclusion, rs520688 inNOTCH4and rs2030324 inBDNFare significantly associated with schizophrenia among Han Chinese in Southern China. The two had a combined effect on the susceptibility to schizophrenia among Han Chinese in Southern China, but this may not be caused by an allele–allele interaction.
Mixing Politics and Business in the Canadian Arctic: Inuit Corporate Governance in Nunavik and the Inuvialuit Settlement Region
Authors: Wilson Gary N. , Alcantara Christopher
Published: May 2013

Abstract.Over the past three decades, Inuit economic development corporations (IEDCs) have played an important role in preparing the Inuit regions of Nunavik in northern Québec and the Inuvialuit Settlement Region in the Northwest Territories for self-government. In addition to building vital capacity through the provision of services, programs and economic opportunities, IEDCs have also represented their respective regions in self-government negotiations with other levels of government. This corporate-led governance approach, which we call Inuit corporate governance, provides Aboriginal groups such as the Inuit with a de facto form of self-government and the opportunity to develop economic and political capacity in advance of adopting a more comprehensive and formal self-government arrangement. It also challenges existing assumptions about the relationship between Aboriginal peoples and the liberal–capitalist order that underpins the Canadian state.

Résumé.Durant les trois dernières décennies, les Institutions de développement économique des Inuits ont joué un rôle important en préparation à l'auto-gouvernance de la population Inuit du Nunavik, dans le Nord-du-Québec, et de l'Inuvialuit, dans les Territoires du Nord-Ouest. En plus d'avoir permis le développement d'habiletés cruciales dans le domaine de l'offre de services, de programmes et d'opportunités de développement économique, les Institutions ont également contribué, à titre de représentantes de leurs régions respectives, lors de la négociation d'ententes portant sur l'auto-gouvernance avec divers paliers de gouvernement. Cette approche de gouvernance corporative Inuit fournit aux groupes autochtones, tels les Inuits, une forme d'auto-gouvernancede factoqui génère pour eux des opportunités de se développer économiquement et politiquement, en préparation à l'adoption d'un modèle d'auto-gouvernance plus élaboré et formel. Cette approche soulève également bien des questions quant aux fondements de la relation qui existe entre les peuples autochtones et l'ordre libéral capitaliste qui sous-tend l'État canadien.
Autism, Neurodiversity and the Welfare State: The Challenges of Accommodating Neurological Difference
Authors: Orsini Michael
Published: May 2013

Abstract.In the last decade, autism has become one of the most hotly contested health policy issues in North America and beyond. From debates about the role of vaccines to the efficacy of therapeutic interventions, a range of civil society actors has been advocating for policy and societal change in the field, with mixed success. In Canada, this culminated in 2004 with a much-publicized Supreme Court decision—Auton v. British Columbia—that pitted parents of autistic children against the BC government, which was unwilling to cover the costs of behavioural treatment for autistic children. In contrast to parent-led advocacy groups, there has been a flurry of civil society activity waged by autistic self-advocates who decry the focus on curing autistic people and press instead for the recognition of neurological difference. Drawing on interviews with advocates in Canada and the US, this article highlights these contending perspectives and argues that both pose fundamental challenges to how we view the redistributive aims of the welfare state in Canada and beyond.

Résumé.Au cours de la dernière décennie, l'autisme est devenu l'un des enjeux les plus controversés dans le domaine de la santé au Canada et à l'étranger. Que ce soit lors de débats sur le rôle des vaccins ou encore sur l'efficacité des interventions thérapeutiques, plusieurs acteurs de la société civile ont milité, avec un succès mitigé, en faveur de changements dans politiques et sociaux par rapport à l'autisme. Au Canada, cet activisme résultera en une décision fort controversée de la Cour Suprême en 2004,Auton v. Colombie-Brittanique, portant sur un conflit entre les parents d'enfants autistes et le gouvernement de la Colombie-Britannique, qui refusait de payer le coût des traitements pour les enfants autistes. En parallèle au militantisme des parents d'enfants autistes, des individus autistes se sont aussi mobilisés pour dénoncer cette fois l'objectif même de guérir les personnes autistes. Ces derniers exigent plutôt que soient reconnues leurs différences et, de manière plus large, le principe de la diversité neurologique. Se basant sur des entrevues avec des militants et des militantes, cet article présente ces différentes perspectives et démontre qu'elles remettent en question la façon dont nous conceptualisons le modèle de redistribution associé à l'État-providence.
A high-resolution, multiproxy stratigraphic analysis of the Devonian–Carboniferous boundary sections in the Moravian Karst (Czech Republic) and a correlation with the Carnic Alps (Austria)
Authors: KUMPAN TOMÁŠ , BÁBEK ONDŘEJ , KALVODA JIŘÍ , FRÝDA JIŘÍ , MATYS GRYGAR TOMÁŠ
Published: May 2013

A multidisciplinary correlation of the Devonian–Carboniferous (D–C) boundary sections from the Moravian Karst (Czech Republic) and the Carnic Alps (Austria), based on conodont and foraminifer biostratigraphy, microfacies analysis, field gamma-ray spectroscopy (GRS), carbon isotopes and element geochemistry, is presented in this paper. The study is focused on the interval from the MiddlePalmatolepis gracilis expansaZone (Late Famennian) to theSiphonodella sandbergiZone (Early Tournaisian). In Lesní lom (Moravian Karst), a positive δ13C excursion in theBisphatodus costatus–Protognathodus kockeliInterregnum from a distinct laminated carbonate horizon is correlated with a carbon isotope excursion from the Grüne Schneid section of the Carnic Alps and is interpreted as the equivalent of the Hangenberg black shales and a local expression of the global Hangenberg Eventsensu stricto. Higher up at both sections, a significant increase in the terrigenous input, which is inferred from the GRS signal and elevated concentrations of terrigenous elements (Si, Ti, Zr, Rb, Al, etc.), provides another correlation tieline and is interpreted as the equivalent of the Hangenberg sandstone. Both horizons are discussed in terms of relative sea-level fluctuations and palaeoceanographic changes. Recent studies show that conodont biostratigraphy is facing serious problems associated with the taxonomy of the first siphonodellids, their dependence on facies and discontinuous occurrences of protognathodids at the D–C boundary. Therefore, the correlative potential of geochemical and petrophysical signatures is high and offers an alternative for the refining of the problematic biostratigraphic division of the D–C boundary.
Two cases of nasopharyngeal branchial cleft cyst treated by powered instrument assisted marsupialisation
Authors: Kim Y W , Baek M-J , Jung K H , Park S K
Published: May 2013

Objective:

We report two extremely rare cases of symptomatic nasopharyngeal branchial cleft cyst treated by powered instrument assisted marsupialisation.

Methods:

Case report and literature review concerning nasopharyngeal branchial cleft cyst and surgical treatment methods.

Results:

The first case was a two-year-old boy with a 1 × 2 cm, cystic, oropharyngeal mass, who also had severe snoring and sleep apnoea. The second case was a 56-year-old man with right nasal obstruction and a sensation of fullness in the right ear. In both cases, we performed endoscopic marsupialisation using a powered instrument. There was no recurrence in either case over two years of follow up.

Conclusion:

Powered instrument marsupialisation is a simple, effective and less invasive technique for the treatment of nasopharyngeal branchial cleft cyst.
Testing the Churchill Hypothesis: Popular Support for Democracy and its Alternatives
Authors: Rose Richard , Mishler William
Published: May 2013

Whereas many studies of democratization evaluate it in idealist terms, Winston Churchill offered a relativist criterion, democracy being a lesser evil compared to other types of regime. Since everyone in a post-Communist society has lived in at least two different regimes, the New Democracies Barometer survey of post-Communist countries can ask people to evaluate five alternative regimes: a return to Communist rule, the army taking over, monarchy, rule by a strong leader, and decision making by economic experts. Factor analysis shows endorsement of three alternatives—the return to Communism, army rule, and personal dictatorship—form an authoritarianism scale. It also shows support for authoritarian rule is confined to a minority. Five hypotheses are tested to see what accounts for this. The political legacy of the past is more important than current government performance, economic attitudes, social structure differences, and national culture and traditions. Endorsement of economic technocrats making decisions is not related to authoritarianism; it reflects some national differences. Given the importance of experiencing both democraticandundemocratic regimes, the Churchill hypothesis does not apply in a country that has not yet attempted to introduce democratic institutions.
Gestural coordination of Italian word-initial clusters: the case of ‘impure s’
Authors: Hermes Anne , Mücke Doris , Grice Martine
Published: May 2013

We report on an articulatory study which uses an electromagnetic articulograph to investigate word-initial consonant clusters in Italian. In particular, we investigate clusters involving a sibilant, such as inspina‘thorn’. The status of the sibilant in such clusters, referred to as ‘impure s’, is an unresolved problem for the syllable phonology of Italian. Coordination patterns of the gestural targets of consonantal and vocalic gestures reveal a structural difference between obstruent–liquid clusters, e.g. /pr/, and sibilant–obstruent clusters, e.g. /sp/. Whereas in /pr/, both /p/ and /r/ have distinct coordination patterns as compared to either /p/ or /r/ as a single consonant in the same (word-initial) position, this is not the case for /sp/. Here the /p/ patterns like a single consonant: /p/ inspinapatterns with /p/ inPina(proper name). Thus, although /s/ inspinaconstitutes awordonset, there is evidence against it being part of asyllableonset.
Learning with hidden structure in Optimality Theory and Harmonic Grammar: beyond Robust Interpretive Parsing
Authors: Jarosz Gaja
Published: May 2013

This paper explores the relative merits of constraint rankingvs. weighting in the context of a major outstanding learnability problem in phonology: learning in the face of hidden structure. Specifically, the paper examines a well-known approach to the structural ambiguity problem, Robust Interpretive Parsing (RIP; Tesar & Smolensky 1998), focusing on its stochastic extension first described by Boersma (2003). Two related problems with the stochastic formulation of RIP are revealed, rooted in a failure to take full advantage of probabilistic information available in the learner's grammar. To address these problems, two novel parsing strategies are introduced and applied to learning algorithms for both probabilistic ranking and weighting. The novel parsing strategies yield significant improvements in performance, asymmetrically improving performance of OT learners. Once RIP is replaced with the proposed modifications, the apparent advantage of HG over OT learners reported in previous work disappears (Boersma & Pater 2008).
The role of added feed enzymes in promoting gut health in swine and poultry
Authors: Kiarie Elijah , Romero Luis F. , Nyachoti Charles M.
Published: May 2013

The value of added feed enzymes (FE) in promoting growth and efficiency of nutrient utilisation is well recognised in single-stomached animal production. However, the effects of FE on the microbiome of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) are largely unrecognised. A critical role in host nutrition, health, performance and quality of the products produced is played by the intestinal microbiota. FE can make an impact on GIT microbial ecology by reducing undigested substrates and anti-nutritive factors and producing oligosaccharidesin situfrom dietary NSP with potential prebiotic effects. Investigations with molecular microbiology techniques have demonstrated FE-mediated responses on energy utilisation in broiler chickens that were associated with certain clusters of GIT bacteria. Furthermore, investigations using specific enteric pathogen challenge models have demonstrated the efficacy of FE in modulating gut health. Because FE probably change the substrate characteristics along the GIT, subsequent microbiota responses will vary according to the populations present at the time of administration and their reaction to such changes. Therefore, the microbiota responses to FE administration, rather than being absolute, are a continuum or a population of responses. However, recognition that FE can make an impact on the gut microbiota and thus gut health will probably stimulate development of FE capable of modulating gut microbiota to the benefit of host health under specific production conditions. The present review brings to light opportunities and challenges for the role of major FE (carbohydrases and phytase) on the gut health of poultry and swine species with a specific focus on the impact on GIT microbiota.
First Responders after Disasters: A Review of Stress Reactions, At-Risk, Vulnerability, and Resilience Factors
Authors: Alexander David A. , Klein Susan
Published: May 2013

Disasters are widely reported, commonplace events that characteristically leave an enormous legacy of human suffering through death, injury, extensive infrastructural damage, and disorganization to systems and communities.The economic costs may be almost incalculable. Professional and civilian first responders play a vital role in mitigating these effects. However, to maximize their potential with the minimum health and welfare costs to first responders, is important to have a good understanding of the demands of such work on them, how they cope, and what enables them to fulfi ll their roles.This review will explore these themes by highlighting important findings and areas of uncertainty.