bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dasymaschalon bachmaensis (Annonaceae), a new species from Bạch Mã National Park, North Central Coast region, Vietnam
Authors: ÐỖ NGỌC-ÐÀI , LÝ NGỌC-SÂM , LÊ THỊ-HƯƠNG , VƯƠNG TRƯƠNG BÁ
Published: November 2018

A new species of Dasymaschalon (Annonaceae), D. bachmaensis, from Bạch Mã NP, Thừa Thiên-Huế Province from North Central Coast region, Vietnam, is described and illustrated here. It shares several characteristics with D. glaucum, D. sootepense and D. wallichii (the leaves are glaucous, the petals are somewhat ovate and spirally twisted when mature, the stamen connectives are truncate and glabrous, the ovaries are hairy, and the stigmas are glabrous) but differs from them in having an obtuse leaf base, larger triangular-ovate sepals that are hairy on both surfaces, pale greenish-yellow petals, fewer stamens, smaller fruits that are not constricted between seeds, and smaller subglobose seeds. Details on distribution, ecology, phenology preliminary conservation assessment of D. bachmaensis, a key to Dasymaschalon species in Vietnam and a distribution map are provided.
On the occurrence of Crotalaria uncinella subsp. elliptica (Fabaceae) in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
Authors: NANDIKAR MAYUR D. , KISHOR K. C. , MALPURE NILESH V.
Published: November 2018

We present a first wild record of Crotalaria uncinella subsp. elliptica (Fabaceae) from Saddle Peak National Park, North Andaman, India with its comprehensive morphological description, illustration, photographs and lectotypification.
A new species of Polynoncus Burmeister, 1876 from Brazil (Coleoptera: Trogidae)
Authors: HUCHET JEAN-BERNARD , COSTA-SILVA VINICIUS DA
Published: November 2018

Polynoncus vazdemelloi Huchet & Costa-Silva new species (Coleoptera: Trogidae) from Brazil is described and illustrated with data about the natural history and geographic distribution. Comparative data between P. vazdemelloi, P. juglans (Ratcliffe, 1978), and P. gemmingeri (Harold, 1872), species closely related morphologically, are given. Omorgus (Omorgus) triestinae Pittino, 1987 is removed from synonymy with O. (O.) suberosus (Fabricius, 1775) and reinstated as a valid species.
Re-description of Grammapsychops lebedevi Martynova, 1954 (Neuroptera: Psychopsidae) with notes on the Late Cretaceous psychopsoids
Authors: MAKARKIN VLADIMIR N.
Published: November 2018

Grammapsychops lebedevi Martynova, 1954 from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Siberia is re-described based on the holotype. The species is represented by a hind wing as its CuA is definitely concave, although the costal space is strongly dilated. This genus together with three other Cretaceous genera (i.e., Embaneura G. Zalessky, 1953, Kagapsychops Fujiyama, 1978, and probably Pulchroptilonia Martins-Neto, 1997) form the Grammapsychops genus-group. The hind wing of Grammapsychops may theoretically be associated with forewings of Kagapsychops or other closely related genera with similar forewing venation. The Late Cretaceous psychopsoids are critically reviewed. All known psychopsoid taxa from this interval are considered as belonging to Psychopsidae.
Description of the female of Poecilocampa deqina Saldaitis & Pekarsky, 2015 (Lepidoptera, Lasiocampidae), with notes on the biology of the species
Authors: KRUPITSKY ANATOLY V. , MARUSOV ANATOLY A.
Published: November 2018

The female of lappet moth species Poecilocampa deqina Saldaitis & Pekarsky, 2015 recently described from northwestern Yunnan Province, China based on male specimens is reported for the first time. The female, pupa and pupal case of P. deqina are described and illustrated here for the first time. External morphology of the female as well as characters of pupa are discussed and compared with close species. Data on biology of P. deqina is provided.
Origins of Heavy Precipitation Biases in the TRMM PR and TMI Products Assessed with CloudSat and Reanalysis Data
Authors: Sekaranom Andung Bayu , Masunaga Hirohiko
Published: November 2018

This study aims to characterize the background physical processes in the development of those heavy precipitation clouds that contribute to the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) active and passive sensor differences. The combined global observation data from TRMM, CloudSat, and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) interim reanalysis (ERA-Interim) from 2006 to 2014 were utilized to address this issue. Heavy rainfall events were extracted from the top 10% of the rain events from the Precipitation Radar (PR) and TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) rain-rate climatology. Composite analyses of CloudSat and ERA-Interim were conducted to identify the detailed cloud structures and the background environmental conditions. Over tropical land, TMI tends to preferentially detect deep isolated precipitation clouds for relatively drier and unstable environments, while PR identifies more organized systems. Over the tropical ocean, TMI identifies heavy rainfall events with notable convective organization and clear regional gradients between the western and eastern Pacific Ocean, while PR fails to capture the eastward shallowing of convective systems. The PR–TMI differences for the moist and stable environments are reversed over tropical land.
A Moment-Based Polarimetric Radar Forward Operator for Rain Microphysics
Authors: Kumjian Matthew R. , Martinkus Charlotte P. , Prat Olivier P. , Collis Scott , van Lier-Walqui Marcus , Morrison Hugh C.
Published: November 2018

There is growing interest in combining microphysical models and polarimetric radar observations to improve our understanding of storms and precipitation. Mapping model-predicted variables into the radar observational space necessitates a forward operator, which requires assumptions that introduce uncertainties into model–observation comparisons. These include uncertainties arising from the microphysics scheme a priori assumptions of a fixed drop size distribution (DSD) functional form, whereas natural DSDs display far greater variability. To address this concern, this study presents a moment-based polarimetric radar forward operator with no fundamental restrictions on the DSD form by linking radar observables to integrated DSD moments. The forward operator is built upon a dataset of >200 million realistic DSDs from one-dimensional bin microphysical rain-shaft simulations, and surface disdrometer measurements from around the world. This allows for a robust statistical assessment of forward operator uncertainty and quantification of the relationship between polarimetric radar observables and DSD moments. Comparison of “truth” and forward-simulated vertical profiles of the polarimetric radar variables are shown for bin simulations using a variety of moment combinations. Higher-order moments (especially those optimized for use with the polarimetric radar variables: the sixth and ninth) perform better than the lower-order moments (zeroth and third) typically predicted by many bulk microphysics schemes.
Phase Locking of the Boreal Summer Atmospheric Response to Dry Land Surface Anomalies in the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Wang Hailan , Schubert Siegfried D. , Koster Randal D. , Chang Yehui
Published: November 2018

Past modeling simulations, supported by observational composites, indicate that during boreal summer, dry soil moisture anomalies in very different locations within the U.S. continental interior tend to induce the same upper-tropospheric circulation pattern: a high anomaly forms over west-central North America and a low anomaly forms to the east. The present study investigates the causes of this apparent phase locking of the upper-level circulation response and extends the investigation to other land regions in the Northern Hemisphere. The phase locking over North America is found to be induced by zonal asymmetries in the local basic state originating from North American orography. Specifically, orography-induced zonal variations of air temperature, those in the lower troposphere in particular, and surface pressure play a dominant role in placing the soil moisture–forced negative Rossby wave source (dominated by upper-level divergence anomalies) over the eastern leeside of the Western Cordillera, which subsequently produces an upper-level high anomaly over west-central North America, with the downstream anomalous circulation responses phase locked by continuity. The zonal variations of the local climatological atmospheric circulation, manifested as a climatological high over central North America, help shape the spatial pattern of the upper-level circulation responses. Considering the rest of the Northern Hemisphere, the northern Middle East exhibits similar phase locking, also induced by local orography. The Middle Eastern phase locking, however, is not as pronounced as that over North America; North America is where soil moisture anomalies have the greatest impact on the upper-tropospheric circulation.
North Atlantic Summertime Anticyclonic Rossby Wave Breaking: Climatology, Impacts, and Connections to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation
Authors: Zavadoff Breanna L. , Kirtman Ben P.
Published: November 2018

Anticyclonic Rossby wave breaking (RWB) is characterized by the rapid and irreversible deformation of potential vorticity (PV) contours on isentropic surfaces manifesting as a pair of meridionally elongated high- and low-PV tongues that transport extratropical stratospheric air equatorward and tropical tropospheric air poleward, respectively. Previous studies have noted connections between different types of RWB and the modulation of localized atmospheric phenomena such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and tropical cyclogenesis. Despite being the season in which anticyclonic RWB events are most prevalent, no work has focused solely on the frequency, genesis, or variability of the synoptic environment surrounding the equatorward branch of anticyclonic RWB events during the North Atlantic summertime, providing motivation for this study. Using 58 years (1960–2017) of NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data, a comprehensive spatiotemporal climatology of North Atlantic equatorward anticyclonic RWB identified on the 350-K isentropic surface is developed and the synoptic environment surrounding these events from time- and high-PV-tongue centroid-relative perspectives is investigated. Consistent with previous studies, composites suggest that high-PV tongues associated with equatorward anticyclonic RWB introduce anomalously dry, stable extratropical air into the tropical environment, subsequently inhibiting convection there. Additionally, a connection between atmospheric responses to Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies and the intrabasin frequency of anticyclonic RWB events is uncovered and explored. Results from this study may aid short- to medium-range forecasts of North Atlantic tropical convection, with applications extending into the field of tropical cyclogenesis forecasting.
Energy Conversion Routes in the Western Mediterranean Sea Estimated from Eddy–Mean Flow Interactions
Authors: Capó Esther , Orfila Alejandro , Mason Evan , Ruiz Simón
Published: November 2018

Energy conversion routes are investigated in the western Mediterranean Sea from the eddy–mean flow interactions. The sources of eddy kinetic energy are analyzed by applying a regional formulation of the Lorenz energy cycle to 18 years of numerical simulation at eddy-resolving resolution (3.5 km), which allows for identifying whether the energy exchange between the mean and eddy flow is local or nonlocal. The patterns of energy conversion between the mean and eddy kinetic and potential energy are estimated in three subregions of the domain: the Alboran Sea, the Algerian Basin, and the northern basin. The spatial characterization of the energy routes hints at the physical mechanisms involved in maintaining the balance, suggesting that flow–topography interaction is strongly linked to eddy growth in most of the domain.
Media Stereotypes and “Coconut” Colorism: Latino Denigration Vis-à-Vis Dark Skin
Authors: Hall Ronald E.
Published: November 2018

By stereotype media images, Latina(o)s interact with various Eurocentric elements of the dominant population, which results in a form of discrimination called colorism. Colorism is a partiality for light skin tones and the devaluing of dark skin. Coconut is colloquial reference to a Latina(o) population. As it pertains to media images, health status, empirical evidence, and judicial evidence, the devaluation of dark skin is a vehicle of coconut colorism. The influence of media forces motivated by somatic assimilation paradigms has extended this phenomenon, not irrelevant to the discriminatory experiences encountered by Latina(o) populations. As equal members of an oppressed minority group citizenry, Latina(o)s must be held to a higher standard of social justice activism. By virtue of their enthusiastic participation colorism can then be eliminated such that the future of humanity may be rescued from the transgressions of a postcolonial environment.
Interpreting mobilization dynamics through art: A look at the DREAMers Movement
Authors: Vélez-Vélez Roberto , Villarrubia-Mendoza Jacqueline
Published: November 2018

Most research on art and social movements focuses on the representational aspect of art, leaving untouched how artwork informs audiences and actors on the mobilization dynamics permeating the field of action. In this article the authors contend that the analysis of art in social movements should pursue the ways in which collective actors place art as part of their interpretative lens to act upon changing social conditions. The article’s analysis of art around the DREAMers Movement suggests that artwork allows for movement actors to change the limits of their cultural context and affect the repertoires of articulations conceived within that context. This analysis moves beyond the notions of art as representation and presents art as a field to challenge the forms and dynamics of mobilization.
Filling an Information Gap in Preschool MTSS and RTI Decision Making
Authors: Greenwood Charles R. , Carta Judith J. , Schnitz Alana G. , Irvin Dwight W. , Jia Fan , Atwater Jane
Published: November 2018

A tenet of multitiered systems of support and response to intervention (MTSS-RTI) is that lack of response to instructional intervention is explained by classroom experiences and behaviors given opportunities to learn. We investigated the potential of filling this information gap in MTSS-RTI decision making using ecobehavioral observation to inform steps that could be taken for children not responding to preschool literacy instruction. Data analyses indicated that (a) teachers implemented a uniform pattern of daily activities providing children with infrequent opportunity to learn literacy, (b) the proportion of children’s co-occurring academic engagement also was low but varied widely depending on the activity and teacher’s literacy focus, and (c) children’s personal risk characteristics moderated the strength of relationships. Novel was the finding that in some activities and teacher behaviors, teachers appeared to be differentiating instruction benefiting children with individualized education programs and dual-language-learner risk. Implications are discussed.
The Social Consequences of Noise
Authors: Clarkson B. L.
Published: November 2018

The social consequences of noise can be divided roughly into two main categories. First, there is the working environment, in which the noise levels may be sufficiently high to cause long term physical damage to hearing, and secondly there is the community environment, where noise intrudes on the privacy of the individual. There is now growing public awareness of noise, and political pressures to control exposure and annoyance are increasing. For the work of the engineer to be socially acceptable in this new political climate, it is necessary for positive steps to be taken to control noise. This can be done by the design of the machine or system, the method of operation, or planning controls on times and places of operation. In practice a combination of all three methods of control is generally the most efficient solution. If unrealistic restrictions on operation are not to be imposed, it is generally necessary to make sure that the basic design is sufficiently quiet. Noise output should be one of the basic design parameters to be considered in the preliminary stages of design, along with the other factors such as performance, cost, effluent, etc. Examples of designs to reduce noise are given. These include specific reference to transportation systems and process plant. An assessment is given of the improvements likely within our existing technology.
Alternative Power Plants for Automotive Purposes
Authors: Estes E. M.
Published: November 2018

In the last 20 years, automotive engineers in the United States have made considerable progress in emission control. Hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides have been reduced substantially. Despite this, new legislation passed in 1970 requires an additional reduction below the present levels by 1975–1976, and this lecture discusses this new engineering challenge.

General Motors’ latest progress with alternative power plants and their relative feasibility in both the near and more distant future is discussed.
Recent Developments in the Ironfounding Industry
Authors: Morrogh H.
Published: November 2018

Iron castings are in extensive use throughout engineering construction and are available in a wide range of properties, casting size and complexity. Ironfounding is in part associated with a particular industry—the ironfounding industry—and is in part a production engineering technique adopted by firms, their designers and engineers, on the basis of its process and product merits compared with those of other techniques.

The changing pattern of manufacture and competition from other techniques is having important influences on the structure and capacity of industry producing iron castings. Additionally, the repeated cycles of business recession may result in the disappearance of the facilities for the production of certain types of foundry product.

Although most recent developments in ironfounding are a continuation of trends which could be discerned or forecast a long time ago, the cumulative effect of these changes has been to revolutionize completely some aspects of the process of iron casting. The range of cast irons has been somewhat increased in recent years by addition to the variety of spheroidal graphite (s.g.) irons, malleable irons and alloy cast irons available. Most of the recent developments in ironfounding have, however, been concerned with improving production efficiency and the introduction of new melting, moulding and coremaking processes, enabling the ironfounder to provide the engineer and designer with a better service—maintaining prices at low level, improving dimensional accuracy and casting soundness with reduced delivery times. This has been achieved by the increased use of scrap made possible by developments in melting furnaces and molten metal treatment, by the introduction of new and improved moulding machinery and by the adoption of new methods of bonding sand used for moulds and cores, replacing many traditional techniques. These changes have had their influence equally in the large, highly mechanized mass-production foundries and in the jobbing foundries catering for short run work.

An ironfoundry is an extremely exacting environment for mechanical equipment and for all control engineering. For this reason automatic moulding and other foundry plant need special design and robust construction. Most mechanized foundry plant of an automatic character represents a high capital investment which must run for long periods without breakdown, requiring long orders and work of a repetitive character.
Printing-Press Sheet-Feed Mechanisms
Authors: Ogden P. J. , Aylett F. H.
Published: November 2018

The principles of sheet feeding and registration are discussed, the interrelation of factors affecting the design of the press feed mechanism is outlined and some current designs are reviewed.
Effect of Temperature-Dependent Viscosity on Laminar Forced Convection in the Entrance Region of a Circular Pipe
Authors: Martin B. W. , Fargie D.
Published: November 2018

Predictions and measurements are reported of heat transfer to a viscous oil at uniform wall-heat flux in the entrance region of a pipe of circular cross-section. This work extends an earlier investigation of isothermal flow to simultaneous development of the hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layers where the extent of viscosity variation is influenced both by the applied heat flux and the viscous heat generation. The effect of the contribution of viscous heating to the delay in flow development at high Prandtl numbers is also discussed.
Instability in Condensing Flow of Steam
Authors: Yousif F. H. , Campbell B. A. , Bakhtar F.
Published: November 2018

The condensing flow of supercooled steam in a convergent–divergent nozzle is treated theoretically. It is shown that when condensation occurs in the supersonic section of the flow, if the heat released by condensation exceeds the quantity which reduces the flow Mach number to unity, the flow becomes unstable.

As a result of the investigation, critical instability boundaries have been plotted as a locus on the Mollier diagram which divide the initial entry conditions to a nozzle into stable and unstable zones.

The findings have been verified experimentally on a converging–diverging nozzle and good agreement obtained between theoretical and experimental results.
Economics of the Motor Industry
Authors: Agnelli G.
Published: November 2018

The rivalry existing between the car manufacturers of the United States, Europe and new challengers from Japan and the Soviet Union is discussed.
Primary Safety: Vehicle Design to Avoid Accidents
Authors: Macmillan R. H.
Published: November 2018

Vehicle design to avoid accidents involves attention to driver information and fatigue and to vehicle characteristics. Limitations on design accrue from the requirements of technology, styling, economics and legislation. The interplay of these groups is discussed in relation to specific examples.
Machine for the Hydrostatic Extrusion–Drawing of Wire
Authors: Pugh H. Ll. D. , Wilkinson P. T. , Hodge M. H.
Published: November 2018

Research work on hydrostatic extrusion at N.E.L. (National Engineering Laboratory) has led to the development of a new process for producing wire. A detailed account is given of machines specially designed to exploit this process of hydrostatic extrusion–drawing mainly on the production of fine copper wire. A small-scale machine was built to confirm the design and for experimental investigations. The success of this preliminary work has led to the construction of a large prototype production machine for commercial applications. The operation and performance of both machines is described and some experimental results given.
First Paper: Numerically Controlled Machines in Shipbuilding
Authors: Chadbund J. E. , Parker M. N.
Published: November 2018

The paper describes the preparation of machine control tapes using a computer programme package, and the B.S.R.A. (British Ship Research Association) part-programming processor system. The comprehensive nature of the system, the development of a modular basis and the modification of the general engineering 2CL to provide a shipbuilding version are described.

N.C. (Numerical Control) machines in use in shipbuilding include automatic draughting machines, several varieties of N.C. flame-cutting machines and their associated computer programmes, and a N.C. frame bending machine.

The advantages of Numerical Control are listed and the importance of considering the system as a whole is emphasized.
Third Paper: The Application of Interactive Techniques to Numerically Controlled Programming
Authors: Brewer S. J.
Published: November 2018

This paper examines the problems encountered when batch-processing methods are used for N.C. (numerically controlled) work, and shows the extent to which various remote-access techniques can be used in solving these problems.

It then describes some of the features of a highly interactive N.C. system being developed utilizing the telcomp system, and indicates the advantages that are offered by this environment.
Performance of the Air-Cushion–Surface-Contacting Hybrid Vehicle for Overland Operation
Authors: Wong J-Y.
Published: November 2018

The air-cushion concept has been considered for application to off-road transport ever since the early days of its development. Recently, the rapid increase in resource exploration and exploitation in remote areas has stimulated new interest in applying air-cushion technology to overland transportation. It appears to offer solutions to a wide variety of cross-country transportation problems.

Although existing vehicles fully supported by an air cushion can function overland, experience to date indicates that considerable improvements in controllability and manoeuvrability are required for continuous overland operation. One practical solution is to provide some degree of surface contact.

The feasibility of an air-cushion–surface-contacting hydrid vehicle has been demonstrated by the Benin Terra-plane BC7, Vickers-Armstrongs Hovertruck, etc. However, the operating performance, capabilities and limitations of this type of vehicle have not been investigated in a systematic way.

This paper attempts to provide a theoretical basis for evaluating and optimizing the performance and design of the hybrid vehicle. The basic power requirements of this type of vehicle are first analysed and compared with those of the fully-air-cushion-supported vehicle. The approaches to minimizing the power consumption and to improving the economics of operation are then investigated. It is found that among other design parameters, the load distribution between the air-cushion and the ground-contacting gear of the hybrid vehicle has a considerable effect on its power requirements. For a given vehicle in a particular type of terrain, there is an optimum load distribution which minimizes the power consumption. Finally, an analytical approach to evaluating and predicting the controllability and mobility of this kind of vehicle is discussed. It is found that using the wheel as a yaw-control device for the hybrid vehicle is quite effective. It is also shown that wheeled propulsion has limitations in cross-country operation. In order to provide the hybrid vehicle with adequate off-road mobility, an auxiliary air propulsive system appears to be necessary.
Heat Transfer in Two-Dimensional Turbulent Confined Flows
Authors: Hatton A. P. , Woolley N. H.
Published: November 2018

Measurements of displacement and momentum thickness, friction factor and Stanton number were made in a narrow angle diverging duct consisting of two plane walls, width 0·82 m. The height of the duct varied from 0·051 to 0·152 m over a length of 3·94 m. Reynolds numbers ranged from 8·7 × 104 to 20·7 × 104. The results are compared with a prediction method using a numerical solution of the two-dimensional equation of motion and energy. An eddy diffusivity hypothesis was used, based on the turbulence energy equation and an empirical length scale distribution.

Good agreement was obtained between the theoretical and experimental results, both before and after the boundary layers interfered, and with previously reported experiments in a parallel duct. It was necessary to change the value of one of the constants in the analysis for each geometry.
Turbulent Flow Characteristics of Aim Impinging JET
Authors: Russell P. J. , Hatton A. P.
Published: November 2018

Measurements of shear stress, turbulence energy and other parameters were made in the impingement region of a plane two-dimensional jet confined between parallel walls. Hot wire anemometer arrays were used to examine the turbulance levels in the three directions. The object of the experiments was to make comparisons with a prediction method previously proposed. Measurements were also made in the free jet and these agreed well with the many earlier results available. In the impingement zone where the turbulence levels are very high the order of agreement is encouraging despite the uncertainties present both in the theory and the experiment. In particular, the assumption of a constant turbulence length scale in such a complex flow is not confined by the measurements.
A Study of the Influence of Air Release on Column Separation in an Aviation Kerosine Pipeline
Authors: Swaffield J. A.
Published: November 2018

The occurrence of column separation on the downstream side of a valve in an aviation kerosine pipeline has been the subject of an investigation involving the method of characteristics to solve the partial differential equations governing the propagation of pressure transients. Particular attention has been paid to assessing the influence of air released from the fuel during the opening phase of the cavity and the cavity boundary equations have been modified accordingly. A series of experiments carried out on a test rig, utilizing L56 alloy fuel piping and other aircraft standard components and pumping aviation kerosine Specification 2494, has been employed to test the validity of the computing procedures developed. Comparison of the computed and observed results shows that the effect of released air is significant, but that it can be dealt with by including the partial pressure of any gas in the cavity in the equations governing cavity pressure and interface velocity. A wide range of tests indicate that the agreement between observed and predicted results for maximum and minimum pressures and event times following valve closure is at worst within 10 per cent. The predicted cavity collapse pressures are consistently above those observed. The velocity of the separated fuel column was measured, by means of a high speed camera, at 1000 frames/s and by a hot film probe and linearizer unit. The latter method proved successful, and should allow further work to be carried out on the measurement of velocity profiles during transient propagation.
High Speed Induced Flow Reciprocating Pumps
Authors: Creedon R. L. , Lobo-Guerrero J. , Selwood P. R. , Burton J. D.
Published: November 2018

Reciprocating pumps have been used for many years in conjunction with an air vessel or hydraulic accumulator placed between pump and discharge line, in order to control maximum cylinder pressures and to reduce the work done in overcoming friction. The air vessel and the discharge line are, in fact, capacitive and inductive components which together have some natural frequency generally different from the pump frequency.

In this paper, it is shown that by matching the natural frequency of the discharge impedance to the pump frequency it is possible to obtain volumetric efficiencies of 200 per cent or more. This ‘induced flow principle’ was incorporated in a small high speed pump developed specifically to overcome the relative bulk and cost of conventional diaphragm pumps. Performance data for the new type of pump are compared with theoretical analogue computer solutions, and it appears that the induced flow principle may have a wider range of application than originally anticipated.
The Braking of Heavy Road Vehicles in Combination with Articulated and Independent Trailers
Authors: Johnsson C. E. , Dahlkvist N. G.
Published: November 2018

A two-line braking system is described as being as safe as and better than the three-line system currently used in the United Kingdom. How this system can be achieved, in line with European thinking on the subject, is also reported. To maintain the improvement obtained by using a two-line system, spring brakes, emergency operated by means of a ‘kick-down’ release valve, true brake balance using load sensing valves, reliable anti-skid devices and automatic slack adjusters is discussed.
Satisfaction with social services in Spain: What weighs more for users of immigrant origin?
Authors: Godás Otero Agustín , Ferraces Otero María José , Lorenzo Moledo Mar , Santos Rego Miguel A
Published: November 2018

Since the beginning of this century, Spain has become a host country for immigrants. In many cases, due to their living conditions, they are under pressure to demand different services and programs that are crucial for their social integration. This work is basically aimed at analyzing the immigrants’ satisfaction with social services. This article proposes an explanatory model of these users’ satisfaction with social services. The proposed model reports five significant factors, although the results obtained indicate that the three main factors influencing the satisfaction of users with social services are responsibility, assurance, and empathy. Satisfaction differences were also found according to users’ gender and place of residence.
Lessons for learning: How cognitive psychology informs classroom practice
Authors: Agarwal Pooja K. , Roediger Henry L.
Published: November 2018

The learning sciences span multiple fields, including psychology, computer science, and neuroscience. In particular, cognitive psychology focuses on complex operations that occur inside the brain. Attention to these hidden processes can reveal ways to promote lasting learning. Pooja Agarwal and Henry Roediger draw on research in both the laboratory and the classroom to identify four important strategies — retrieval practice, feedback, spaced practice, and interleaving — that have been shown to help students learn. The effects of these practices apply across multiple grade levels and subject areas, and teachers can often incorporate them by making minor tweaks to their current practices.
Good education policy making: Data-informed but values-driven
Authors: Brighouse Harry , Ladd Helen , Loeb Susanna , Swift Adam
Published: November 2018

In this article, based on their book Educational Goods: Values, Evidence and Decision Making, Harry Brighouse, Helen Ladd, Susanna Loeb, and Adam Swift encourage education decision makers to give careful thought to the values that underlie the data they collect and use to inform policy. Rather than basing decisions entirely on what improves academic achievement, the authors call for attention to a wider array of values, which they call educational goods. These include the capacities to function in the labor market, to participate effectively in the democratic process, to make autonomous judgments about key life decisions such as occupation or religion, to develop healthy interpersonal relationships, to seek personal fulfilment, and to treat others with respect and dignity. Thinking in terms of these values can broaden the conversation about education priorities and bring clarity to decisions involving trade-offs and conflicting aims.
When evidence-based literacy programs fail
Authors: Gonzalez Naihobe
Published: November 2018

More than ever, educators are expected to implement evidence-based interventions to improve student outcomes. This is often easier said than done, as illustrated by a recent study by Mathematica Policy Research in Oakland, California. To help secondary students who were several years behind in reading, the district piloted an intensive program for struggling readers that had been proven to work in early grades. The study showed that the intervention was difficult to implement in secondary schools and actually did more harm than good. The findings highlighted the importance of considering context and implementation, in addition to evidence of effectiveness, when choosing an intervention program.
Under the Law: Every vote counts — and one vote can make an historic difference
Authors: Underwood Julie
Published: November 2018

Many of the most significant U.S. Supreme Court decisions have been decided by just one vote, and these cases hold just as much weight as cases with a unanimous verdict. Julie Underwood provides an overview of some landmark 5-4 decisions with massive implications for K-12 schools in the areas of funding, censorship, desegregation, drug testing, and free speech.
Career Confidential: Teacher needs help saying no
Authors: Fagell Phyllis L.
Published: November 2018

Phyllis Fagell offers guidance to a teacher who has trouble saying no when colleagues ask for help, and as a result, is feeling overwhelmed. A middle school teacher seeks advice on how to better address the growing mental health needs of students.
Backtalk: The new How People Learn: Culture matters
Authors: Nathan Linda
Published: November 2018

Linda Nathan describes her work on How People Learn II, a review of learning science research from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The book that came out of the panel’s work describes how student cultures affect the predispositions that they bring to learning. The book cites research into important instructional practice and deepens educators’ understanding of the brain.
Development and Validation of a Filial Piety Scale for Chinese Elders in Contemporary China
Authors: Fu Yuan Yuan , Xu Yuebin , Chui Ernest Wing Tak
Published: November 2018

This study was designed to validate the newly developed Filial Piety Scale for Chinese Elders (FPSCE) in measuring elders’ filial norms in contemporary China by administering questionnaire survey with 521 elders aged 70 years and older in Beijing, China. Validity and reliability tests were applied. Through exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, a conceptually meaningful three-factor model with 12 items was obtained, consisting of “caring for parents,” “familial entirety,” and “familial aspiration.” The FPSCE showed good internal consistency, satisfactory discriminant validity, criterion-related validity, and significant correlations for some variables related to demographic characteristics, health status, and financial condition. The construction of the FPSCE indicates that elders’ understanding of filial piety and their expectation of their children may have changed. The FPSCE shows that contemporary elders in China hold less authoritative but more reciprocal stances toward filial piety. The FPSCE can be used to advance the contextualized understanding of filial piety in contemporary Chinese societies, to help facilitate the development of family-friendly policies in aging societies, and to meet the challenges associated with an accelerating aging population.
Study on control strategies for an antenna servo system on a carrier under large disturbance
Authors: Cheng Yongdong , Jiang Jun
Published: November 2018

In this paper, control strategies and vibration isolation methods are investigated in order to enhance the attitude control accuracy of an antenna servo system on a carrier under large disturbance. First, the multi-body dynamical equations of the antenna servo system on a carrier incorporated with six wire-cable vibration isolators are derived. Then, an improved adaptive variable-rated exponential reaching law is proposed, and the non-singular terminal sliding mode control is designed based on the nonlinear multi-body model. Finally, simulations are carried out and results show that excellent control accuracies for both the azimuth and the pitch of the antenna can be achieved by the proposed control method, specifically with a shorten reaching time in the cases of holding a fixed angle and tracking a sinusoidal motion that is better than the existing adaptive variable-rated exponential reaching law. Furthermore, the six wire-cable vibration isolators with hysteretic characteristics of restoring forces are adopted that can effectively isolate the large disturbance transmitted from the carrier to the antenna servo system and are shown to be able to further improve the attitude control accuracy.
Optimal fuzzy tracking control with obstacles avoidance for a mobile robot based on Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy model
Authors: Akka Khaled , Khaber Farid
Published: November 2018

This paper presents a trajectory tracking control approach for a mobile robot in the presence of static obstacles on the reference trajectory. The tracking control is developed based on the fuzzy parallel distributed compensation scheme where the linear quadratic regulator is used as a state feedback controller for each subsystem. The obstacle avoidance task is accomplished by applying a linear quadratic regulator on the overall open loop Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy system, in which the weighting matrices are adjusted dynamically using a fuzzy controller. A fuzzy fusion controller is designed to combine the tracking and the obstacle avoidance velocities in order to perform both tasks simultaneously. Simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
Patients’ understanding of clinical research: An Italian cancer patient survey
Authors: Rudnas Britt , Montanari Emanuela , Dall’Agata Monia , Petracci Elisabetta , Nanni Oriana
Published: November 2018

Introduction:

Patients’ awareness of clinical research and their involvement in clinical trials is of great importance, but it is difficult to estimate the extent of knowledge on the research being undertaken.

Methods:

We evaluated the level of knowledge about clinical research using a self-reporting survey distributed to 967 adult patients with cancer attending the Departments of Medical Oncology and Onco-Haematology Units of IRST IRCCS and 4 hospitals in the region of Emilia-Romagna, Italy. The questionnaire was composed of 10 specific items on research knowledge. Patients responding correctly to at least 8 of the 10 items were considered to have a good understanding of clinical research.

Results:

The questionnaire was completed by 769 patients (response rate 79.5%). Only 19% of patients were found to have a good understanding of clinical research. Patients with higher education and those who had previous clinical trial experience showed a significantly better understanding. Fifty-three percent of patients said that they would be willing to participate in a trial studying a new drug and 75% expressed an interest in taking part in informative meetings/events about clinical studies.

Conclusions:

Our results show that patients’ understanding of clinical research is limited and highlight an interest in learning more.
Effects of music listening on creative cognition and semantic memory retrieval
Authors: Eskine Katherine E. , Anderson Ashanti E. , Sullivan Madeline , Golob Edward J.
Published: November 2018

Listening to music can affect cognitive abilities and may impact creative cognition. This effect is believed to be caused by music’s impact on arousal and mood. However, this causal relationship has been understudied. Furthermore, the strength of semantic knowledge associations has also been linked to creativity and provides an alternative hypothesis for increases in creative cognition. The relationship between music, mood, semantic knowledge, and creative cognition is not well understood. The present study consisted of two experiments. The first examined the relationship between music listening and creative cognition, the second additionally sought to examine whether the effect of music on semantic memory and/or mood are mechanisms that promote creative cognition. In the first experiment, participants completed 15 items of the Remote Associates Test of Creativity after listening to hip-hop music, classical music, and babble. In addition to replicating the first experiment, the second also measured mood and semantic memory. In both experiments participants displayed greater creativity after listening to music. Semantic memory retrieval was enhanced after listening to music, but creative cognition and semantic memory were not significantly correlated with mood. The findings show parallel, positive effects on creative cognition, semantic retrieval, and mood when subjects listen to music.
Transient probabilistic design of flexible multibody system using a dynamic fuzzy neural network method with distributed collaborative strategy
Authors: Song Lu-Kai , Bai Guang-Chen , Fei Cheng-Wei , Liem Rhea P
Published: November 2018

To improve the efficiency and accuracy of transient probabilistic analysis of flexible multibody systems, a dynamic fuzzy neural network method-based distributed collaborative strategy is proposed by integrating extremum response surface method and fuzzy neural network. Distributed collaborative dynamic fuzzy neural network method is mathematically modeled and derived by considering the high nonlinearity, strong coupling, and multicomponent characteristics of a flexible multibody system. The proposed method is demonstrated to perform the transient probabilistic analysis of a two-link flexible robot manipulator. We obtain the distributional characteristics, reliability degree, and sensitivity degree of robot manipulator, which are useful for the effective design of robot manipulator. By comparing the full-scale method, extremum response surface method, dynamic fuzzy neural network method, and distributed collaborative dynamic fuzzy neural network method, we find that the distributed collaborative dynamic fuzzy neural network method can be used to perform the transient probabilistic analysis of the robot manipulator and improve the computational efficiency while maintaining a good accuracy. Moreover, this study offers a useful insight for the reliability-based design optimization of flexible multibody systems, and enriches the field of mechanical reliability theory as well.
Numerical investigation of flow properties of the pulsed inductive thruster considering plasma electrical characteristics
Authors: Cheng Yuguo , Xia Guangqing
Published: November 2018

The pulsed inductive thruster accelerates the propellant by the repulsion between inductive coil and current sheet. To accurately investigate the acceleration characteristics in the first half period of pulsed inductive discharge and the energy needed to generate effective impulse, an unsteady magnetohydrodynamics model is developed, in which the coil-plasma boundary condition is improved by plasma electrical model, and the electrical conductivity is calculated using gas kinetic method. The analysis of plasma electrical characteristics shows confining of particles in the beginning and acceleration of the current sheet after ionization process is completed, leaving behind the low-density residual plasma, with negligible contribution to the total impulse. The impulse at high voltage decreases monotonically after peak value is reached, showing effective impulse generation in the first half period, especially before the decoupling distance is reached.
Serotonergic mechanisms in the 6-Hz psychomotor seizures in mice
Authors: Jahan K , Pillai KK , Vohora D
Published: November 2018

Serotonin (5-hydroxytrytamine (5-HT)) plays an important role in experimental seizures. Recently, we reported the depletion of 5-HT by parachlorophynylalanine (PCPA) in whole brain to enhance 6-Hz psychomotor seizures in mice. In the present work, we investigated the effect of 5-HT depletion in cortex and hippocampus, brain regions relevant for epilepsy, on behavioral and ultra-structural changes following 6-Hz psychomotor seizures in mice. In addition, we studied the effect of sodium valproate (SVP) on behavioral, biochemical, and ultra-structural effects induced by 6 Hz. Behavioral changes induced by 6 Hz stimulation were characterized as the increased duration of Straub’s tail, stun position, twitching of vibrissae, forelimb clonus, and increased rearing and grooming. PCPA administration further enhanced while SVP reduced these behaviors in mice. The 6-Hz psychomotor seizure induced ultra-structural changes in both cortex and hippocampus in mice treated with PCPA. Furthermore, PCPA administrations followed by 6Hz-induced seizures were accompanied by reduced hippocampal and cortical 5-HT. SVP attenuated the PCPA-induced ultra-structural changes and alterations of 5-HT content in the mouse brain. The study suggests the involvement of 5-HT in the 6 Hz psychomotor seizures and in the mechanisms of action of SVP against such seizures in mice.