bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Family‐centredness of a provincial autism programme: A quality assurance evaluation using the Measure of Processes of Care
Authors: Williams Uzma , Teplicky Rachel , Rosenbaum Peter , Gorter Jan Willem
Published: February 2021

Background

University researchers worked with 13 children's service provider agencies to conduct a programme evaluation of parents' perceptions of the family‐centredness of service spanning 3 years (January 2015 to May 2018). Parents of Ontario children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) receiving applied behaviour analysis (ABA) programming reported outcomes of their experience of family‐centred services (FCS) using the 20‐item Measure of Processes of Care (MPOC‐20). The purpose of this paper is to report the outcomes of the quality assurance evaluation of FCS as measured by MPOC‐20 among parents of children with ASD receiving ABA services.

Methods

A total of 11 490 surveys (from 21 571 potential respondents [53.3%]) were completed. Means and proportions were used to describe the demographics, service utilization and MPOC‐20 scores with its 7‐point Likert scales, ranging from 1 (lowest) to 7 (highest).

Results

The overall provincial MPOC scores were consistent over the 3 years, ranging from very good to excellent, with Respectful and Supportive Care (n = 11 348,
 = 6.27, SD = 0.83) reporting the highest scale score and Providing General Information (n = 10 485,
 = 5.51, SD = 1.43) the lowest.

Conclusion

Given the consistently high MPOC scores found in this and other programme evaluations, it is believed that health service providers have caught up to the FCS quality standards proposed 30 years ago. For this reason, the developers of MPOC are now planning a revision of the measure to address its ceiling effects and to integrate contemporary perspectives on family‐centred practice for children and their families.
The Immigrant Paradox in the Problem Behaviors of Youth in the United States: A Meta‐analysis
Authors: Tilley Jacqueline L. , Huey Stanley J. , Farver JoAnn M. , Lai Mark H.C. , Wang Crystal X.
Published: February 2021

This meta‐analysis synthesizes the empirical data on problem behaviors among foreign‐ (G1) and U.S‐born (G2+) youth and explores the effects of immigrant status on youth internalizing and externalizing problems. A random effects meta‐regression with robust variance estimates summarized effect sizes for internalizing and externalizing problems across 91 studies (N = 179,315, Mage = 13.98). Results indicated that G1 youth reported significantly more internalizing problems (g = .06), and fewer externalizing problems than G2+ youth (g = −.06). Gender and sample type moderated the effects. The findings provide a first‐step toward reconciling mixed support for the immigrant paradox by identifying for whom and under what conditions the immigrant experience serves as a risk or protective factor for youth.
Peanuts in the air ‐ clinical and experimental studies
Authors: Lovén Björkman Sofia , Sederholm Ulrika , Ballardini Natalia , Beck Olof , Lundahl Joachim , Nopp Anna , Nilsson Caroline
Published: February 2021

Background

Allergic reactions to food allergens usually occur after ingestion. However, fear of reactions to airborne peanut is a common concern for people with peanut allergy. There are no scientific reports on severe reactions with airborne peanut allergen.

Objective

To investigate the occurrence of allergic reactions in peanut‐allergic children undergoing airborne peanut challenge and to determine levels of airborne peanut protein in a separate experimental evaluation.

Methods

Eighty‐four children with peanut allergy underwent an airborne peanut challenge, 0.5 m from a bowl of peanuts for 30 min under controlled conditions. In a separate experiment, airborne peanut proteins from roasted and dry‐roasted peanuts were collected at varying distances and at varying times with an electret SensAbues filter connected to an air pump. Collected airborne peanut proteins were extracted, dissolved and detected by ELISA. Basophil activation test was used to confirm biological activity.

Results

No moderate/severe allergic reactions to airborne peanut allergens were observed. Two children (2%) had mild rhino‐conjunctivitis which required no treatment. The IgE‐antibodies to peanut or Ara h 2 did not predict a reaction. In the experimental set‐up, biological active peanut proteins were detected, in a very low amount, in median 166 ng/ml for dry‐roasted and 33 ng/ml for roasted peanuts and decreased dramatically when the collection occurred at a greater distance (0.5–2 m) from the peanut source. Increased exposure time did affect the amount of collected peanut protein at 0 m, and the highest median was obtained after 60 min (p = .012); for time trend p = .0006.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Allergic reactions to airborne peanut proteins are rare and cannot be predicted by high levels of IgE‐antibodies to peanut or Ara h 2. Only small amounts of biologically active peanut proteins were detected in the air and seem unlikely to trigger moderate/severe allergic reactions.
Association between plasma aldosterone and markers of tubular and glomerular damage in primary aldosteronism
Authors: Nakamura Yoshihiro , Kobayashi Hiroki , Tanaka Sho , Hatanaka Yoshinari , Fukuda Noboru , Abe Masanori
Published: February 2021

Objective

Although renal impairments are observed in patients with primary aldosteronism (PA), the association between plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) and specific structural kidney damage remains unknown. Thus, we analysed the association between PAC, and markers of glomerular and tubular damage.

Design

This was a retrospective cross‐sectional study of 96 PA patients, in which we analysed the association between PAC and markers of kidney damage, including urinary albumin‐creatinine ratio (ACR) for glomerular damage, and urinary liver fatty acid‐binding protein (L‐FABP), N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase (NAG) and β2‐microglobulin (β2‐MG) for tubular damage. In addition, we evaluated the association between PAC and N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) as a marker for body fluid volume.

Results

Urinary ACR, L‐FABP, NAG, β2‐MG and NT‐proBNP significantly correlated with PAC. PAC (<415 pmol/L, 415‐550, 550‐740, 740 <)‐based quartile analysis revealed that both elevated markers of kidney damage and NT‐proBNP could be observed in PA patients with a PAC over 550 pmol/L. Logistic regression analysis showed that PAC was significantly associated with a risk of both microalbuminuria and lowered eGFR (<60 mL/min/1.73 m2), with its optimal cut‐offs for predicting each, 558 and 594 pmol/L, respectively.

Conclusions

Increased PAC, especially over 550 pmol/L, is associated with excessive damage to the tubule and glomerulus.
Exosomes containing miR‐451a is involved in the protective effect of cerebral ischemic preconditioning against cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury
Authors: Li He , Luo Yin , Liu Peng , Liu Pei , Hua Weilong , Zhang Yongxin , Zhang Lei , Li Zifu , Xing Pengfei , Zhang Yongwei , Hong Bo , Yang Pengfei , Liu Jianmin
Published: February 2021

Aim

To study the role of exosomes in the protective effect of cerebral ischemic preconditioning (cerebral‐IPC) against cerebral I/R injury.

Method

Mouse models of cerebral‐IPC and MCAO/R were established as described previously, and their behavioral, pathological, and proteomic changes were analyzed. Neuro‐2a subjected to OGD/R were treated with exosomes isolated from the plasma of sham‐operated and cerebral‐IPC mice. The differentially expressed miRNAs between exosomes derived from sham‐operated (S‐exosomes) and preconditioned (IPC‐exosomes) mice were identified through miRNA array, and their targets were identified through database search. The control and OGD/R cells were treated with the IPC‐exosomes, miRNA mimic or target protein inhibitor, and their viability, oxidative, stress and apoptosis rates were measured. The activated pathways were identified by analyzing the levels of relevant proteins.

Results

Cerebral‐IPC mitigated the cerebral injury following ischemia and reperfusion, and increased the number of plasma exosomes. IPC‐exosomes increased the survival of Neuro‐2a cells after OGD/R. The miR‐451a targeting Rac1 was upregulated in the IPC‐exosomes relative to S‐exosomes. The miR‐451a mimic and the Rac1 inhibitor NSC23766 reversed OGD/R‐mediated activation of Rac1 and its downstream pathways.

Conclusion

Cerebral‐IPC ameliorated cerebral I/R injury by inducing the release of exosomes containing miR‐451a.
Stem cell‐derived mitochondria transplantation: A promising therapy for mitochondrial encephalomyopathy
Authors: Liu Kaiming , Zhou Zhijian , Pan Mengxiong , Zhang Lining
Published: February 2021

Mitochondrial encephalomyopathies are disorders caused by mitochondrial and nuclear DNA mutations which affect the nervous and muscular systems. Current therapies for mitochondrial encephalomyopathies are inadequate and mostly palliative. However, stem cell‐derived mitochondria transplantation has been demonstrated to play an key part in metabolic rescue, which offers great promise for mitochondrial encephalomyopathies. Here, we summarize the present status of stem cell therapy for mitochondrial encephalomyopathy and discuss mitochondrial transfer routes and the protection mechanisms of stem cells. We also identify and summarize future perspectives and challenges for the treatment of these intractable disorders based on the concept of mitochondrial transfer from stem cells.
Long‐term therapy with botulinum toxin in facial synkinesis: Retrospective data analysis of data from 1998 to 2018
Authors: Alipour Sara , Pick Carina , Jansen Stefanie , Rink Svenja , Klußmann Jens Peter , Grosheva Maria
Published: February 2021

Objectives

Treatment with botulinum toxin A (BoNT) is the therapy of choice for many patients with facial synkinesis. Repeated injections relieve hypertonicity and hyperkinesis of reinnervated mimic muscles. Aim of the study was to prove if the injection regime and dosage of BoNT change during long‐time therapy.

Design

Retrospective analysis of patients´ data, who were treated for synkinesis with BoNT from 1998 to 2018.

Setting

Tertiary referral facial nerve centre.

Participants

Injection pattern of BoNT was based on clinical symptoms, observations of the specialist and on previous treatment pattern. Onabotulinumtoxin (OnaBoNT), Incobotulinumtoxin (IncoBoNT) and Abobotulinumtoxin (AboBoNT) were available for treatment. Patients consulted our department for following treatment as soon as the symptoms re‐occurred.

Main outcome measures

Change in dosage and injection pattern, the time intervals between treatments over the entire therapy period.

Results

Seventy‐three patients were repeatedly injected. The median number of treatments was 18, the median treatment interval was 3.0 months. During the initial treatment, orbicularis oculi and the mentalis muscles were the most frequently injected muscles (94%). During repeated treatment, the number of injected muscles increased significantly (P < .0001), whereas the dose per muscle remained stable. The initial dose was 24 U (95%‐CI 22‐27 U) for OnaBoNT and IncoBoNT; 69 U for AboBoNT(95%‐CI 44‐94 U). We observed a significant increase in dosage for OnaBoNT and IncoBoNT (P < .0001) during the long‐term therapy. The time intervals between treatments were stable for all three BoNT preparations (P > .05).

Conclusions

We observed significant change in treatment dose and injection pattern of BoNT in patients with facial synkinesis. These results provide an orientation in dose finding and injection regimen of BoNT in the long‐term course of therapy.
Determination of variables for a more accurate diagnostic approach in suspected acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis: A non‐concurrent cohort study
Authors: Lagos Antonia E. , García‐Huidobro Francisco G. , Sepúlveda Valeria , Cruz Juan Pablo , González Claudia , Callejas Claudio A.
Published: February 2021

Objective

To describe a group of patients with suspected acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis (AIFRS) diagnosis, and identify factors associated with a greater risk of presenting this disease.

Design

Non‐concurrent cohort study.

Setting

A single‐centre non‐concurrent follow‐up of patients with suspected AIFRS between August 2015 and July 2018.

Participants

50 inpatients referred due to suspected AIFRS at Hospital Clínico Universidad Católica based on the association of a predisposing factor (neutropenia/immunodeficiency/poorly controlled diabetes) with fever of unknown origin.

Main outcome measure

The primary outcome was AIFRS diagnosis, defined as a concordant tissue biopsy.

Results

Acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis was confirmed in 18% (9/50) of the evaluated patients. AIFRS was significantly associated with a positive galactomannan (P = .04), and a paranasal sinus MRI with lack of contrast enhancement (LoCE) (P = .04) orbit compromise (P = .03) or global extrasinusal extension (P = .04). LoCE and extrasinusal extension in the paranasal sinus/brain MRI were risk factors for AIFRS (OR 16; CI 1.2‐210.6 and OR 12.75; CI 1.3‐128.8, respectively). Conversely, a nasal endoscopy showing healthy mucosa was identified as a protective factor for AIFRS (OR 0.06; CI 0.007‐0.57).

Conclusions

In patients with suspected AIFRS, we identified laboratory and radiologic variables associated with the disease, which may help for a more accurate diagnostic algorithm and approach in this population.
Xerostomia and hyposalivation in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea
Authors: Makeeva Irina Michajlovna , Budina Tatiana Vasilievna , Turkina Anna Yurjevna , Poluektov Mikhail Gurevich , Kondratiev Sergey Alexeevitch , Arakelyan Marianna Georgievna , Signore Antonio , Amaroli Andrea
Published: February 2021

Objective

(a) To report the xerostomia prevalence and severity in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). (b) To assess the saliva pH in patients with OSA.

Design

Simultaneous cohort observational clinical study.

Setting

In Sleep Medicine Centre at Lomonosov Moscow State University from March to June 2019.

Participants

The study was conducted on 30 patients with OSA aged from 35 to 65 years.

Main outcomes measures

The diagnosis of sleep apnoea was made after standard polysomnography using the Domino programme. The severity of OSA was indicated using the Apnoea‐Hypopnea Index. Xerostomia was evaluated using Fox's test. Hyposalivation was evaluated by measurement of salivary flow rate. Determination of the saliva pH was carried out with a pH metre. Statistical analysis was performed by one‐way ANOVA and Tukey‐Kramer multi‐comparison test.

Results

Twenty‐two out of 30 (73.3%) patients were diagnosed with "dry mouth". Hyposalivation was observed in 6 out of 30 (20%). Dry mouth on awakening was observed in 60.0%, 72.7% and 88.9% of patients with mild, moderate and severe OSA, respectively. The average salivary flow rate was 0.28 mL/min, 0.24 mL/min and 0.14 mL/min, respectively. The average pH value in patients with mild, moderate and severe apnoea was 6.40 ± 0.017, 6.15 ± 0.27 and 5.87 ± 0.24, respectively.

Conclusions

In patient with mild and moderate OSA, the saliva amount and rate are similar (P > .05). With the increase of OSA severity, both these parameters change (P < .001). The acidity of the saliva was correlated with the level of OSA, and it statistically increased with the increment of the OSA severity (P < .05‐P < .001).
Using fisher‐contributed secondary fins to fill critical shark‐fisheries data gaps
Authors: Quinlan Jessica R. , O'Leary Shannon J. , Fields Andrew T. , Benavides Martin , Stumpf Emily , Carcamo Ramon , Cruz Joel , Lewis Derrick , Wade Beverly , Amato George , Kolokotronis Sergios‐Orestis , Clementi Gina M. , Chapman Demian D.
Published: February 2021

Developing‐world shark fisheries are typically not assessed or actively managed for sustainability; one fundamental obstacle is the lack of species and size‐composition catch data. We tested and implemented a new and potentially widely applicable approach for collecting these data: mandatory submission of low‐value secondary fins (anal fins) from landed sharks by fishers and use of the fins to reconstruct catch species and size. Visual and low‐cost genetic identification were used to determine species composition, and linear regression was applied to total length and anal fin base length for catch‐size reconstruction. We tested the feasibility of this approach in Belize, first in a local proof‐of‐concept study and then scaling it up to the national level for the 2017–2018 shark‐fishing season (1,786 fins analyzed). Sixteen species occurred in this fishery. The most common were the Caribbean reef (Carcharhinus perezi), blacktip (C. limbatus), sharpnose (Atlantic [Rhizoprionodon terraenovae] and Caribbean [R. porosus] considered as a group), and bonnethead (Sphyrna cf. tiburo). Sharpnose and bonnethead sharks were landed primarily above size at maturity, whereas Caribbean reef and blacktip sharks were primarily landed below size at maturity. Our approach proved effective in obtaining critical data for managing the shark fishery, and we suggest the tools developed as part of this program could be exported to other nations in this region and applied almost immediately if there were means to communicate with fishers and incentivize them to provide anal fins. Outside the tropical Western Atlantic, we recommend further investigation of the feasibility of sampling of secondary fins, including considerations of time, effort, and cost of species identification from these fins, what secondary fin type to use, and the means with which to communicate with fishers and incentivize participation. This program could be a model for collecting urgently needed data for developing‐world shark fisheries globally.

Article impact statement: Shark fins collected from fishers yield data critical to shark fisheries management in developing nations.
A negative breakdown test in a fragrance mix I‐positive patient does not rule out contact allergy to its fragrance constituents
Authors: Geier Johannes , Schubert Steffen , Schnuch Axel , Szliska Christiane , Weisshaar Elke , Kränke Birger , Werfel Thomas , Ruëff Franziska , Schröder‐Kraft Claudia , Buhl Timo ,   for the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology
Published: February 2021

Background

In about half of the patients reacting positive to fragrance mix I (FM I), breakdown testing remains negative. This raises the question of whether the reaction to FM I is false‐positive, or the breakdown test is false‐negative.

Objectives

To identify characteristics and sensitization patterns of patients positive to FM I, but not to its fragrance constituents.

Patients and Methods

Retrospective analysis of data from the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK) between 2005 and 2019. Three patient groups were defined according to their reaction pattern: Group I, FM I positive and ≥1 single fragrance positive in the breakdown test (n = 1912); Group II, FM I positive and breakdown test negative (n = 1318); Group III, FM I negative (n = 19 790).

Results

Regarding the pattern of concomitant reactions to other fragrances, Group II had an intermediate position between Group I and Group III. In other respects (age and sex distribution, frequency of sensitization to non‐fragrance baseline series allergens), Group II rather resembled Group I.

Conclusions

Not every positive reaction to FM I in patients with negative breakdown tests is false‐positive. There may be false‐negative reactions to the single fragrance components when patch tested at 1% pet. Raising patch concentrations of some single fragrances is recommended.
Prevalence, incidence, and severity of hand eczema in the general population – A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Quaade Anna S. , Simonsen Anne B. , Halling Anne‐Sofie , Thyssen Jacob P. , Johansen Jeanne D.
Published: February 2021

Accurate assessments of the burden of hand eczema (HE) in the general population are important for public awareness and intervention. The aim of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to provide updated estimates of prevalence and incidence, alongside additional epidemiological endpoints on HE in the general population. PubMed, Embase and Web of Science were searched for studies reporting the prevalence and/or incidence of HE in the general population. Proportion meta‐analyses were performed to calculate pooled estimates of prevalence, incidence, severity, and the proportion of individuals with HE and a history of atopic dermatitis. Sixty‐six studies were included in the quantitative analysis encompassing 568 100 individuals. The pooled estimates for lifetime, 1‐year, and point prevalence were 14.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 12.6–16.5), 9.1% (95% CI: 8.4–9.8) and 4.0% (95% CI: 2.6–5.7), respectively. The pooled incidence rate of HE was 7.3 cases/1000 person‐years (95% CI: 5.4–9.5). The occurrence of HE was 1.5–2 times higher in females than males. More than one third suffered from moderate/severe disease and around one third had a history of atopic dermatitis. HE was a recurrent, long‐lasting disease with an average age at onset of the early‐ to mid‐twenties. In conclusion; HE is a highly prevalent disease in the general population and carries a significant risk of long‐term or chronic disease.
Patients undergoing cytoreductive surgery for peritoneal malignancy of appendiceal origin should be consented for umbilical excision as 30% have umbilical infiltration
Authors: Sakata Shinichiro , Tan Tun G. , Kostadinov Danko , Ahmadi Nima , Dayal Sanjeev P. , Tzivanakis Alexios , Mohamed Faheez , Carr Norman J. , Cecil Tom D. , Moran Brendan J.
Published: February 2021

Aim

Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) for peritoneal malignancy has traditionally included umbilical excision with no published evidence on the incidence of umbilical involvement. The primary aim of this work was to determine the incidence of umbilical involvement in patients undergoing CRS for peritoneal malignancy of appendiceal origin. The secondary aim was to investigate the relationship of umbilical involvement with prior surgery affecting the umbilicus, such as diagnostic laparoscopy and midline laparotomy.

Method

This study is from a national referral centre in the United Kingdom for appendiceal tumours and peritoneal malignancy. It is a retrospective analysis from a dedicated prospective database. We evaluated the most recent 200 consecutive patients who underwent CRS for peritoneal malignancy of appendiceal origin where all pathology specimens were reported by a recognized expert pathologist in appendiceal tumours and peritoneal malignancy.

Results

From June 2016 to September 2019, 200 consecutive patients had CRS and 178 had umbilical excision. Of these 54/178 (30.3%) had disease involving the umbilicus. The pathological findings in the 178 patients were low‐grade mucinous carcinoma peritonei in 90/178 (50.6%), high‐grade mucinous carcinoma peritonei in 31/178 (17.4%), metastatic appendiceal adenocarcinoma in 29/178 (16.4%) and diffuse acellular mucin in 28/178 (15.7%). Umbilical involvement was found in 25/90 (27.8%) with low‐grade, 11/31 (35.5%) with high‐grade, 8/29 (27.6%) with adenocarcinoma and 10/28 (35.7%) of patients with acellular mucin. In the 54 patients with umbilical disease, 30/54 (55.6%) had previous diagnostic surgery affecting the umbilicus. In the 124 patients without umbilical disease, 76/124 (61.2%) had prior surgery involving the umbilicus. The difference between the groups was not significant (p = 0.24).

Conclusion

In patients with peritoneal malignancy of appendiceal origin, approximately 30% have umbilical involvement, irrespective of the primary appendiceal pathology. Umbilical involvement was not associated with prior surgery involving the umbilicus. This is the first report to document the incidence of umbilical pathology and supports consideration of routine umbilical excision in CRS for peritoneal malignancy.
Earned income tax credit and crime
Authors: Lenhart Otto
Published: February 2021

This study examines the relationship between earned income tax credit (EITC) laws and crime. Using data from 1999–2017, a period with 73 state EITC changes, I evaluate the effects of state‐level EITCs on violent and property crime. Estimating difference‐in‐differences models, I find that higher EITCs are associated with significant reductions in violent crime, while not affecting property crimes. Introducing high state EITC is associated with a 10.0% reduction in violent crimes, which corresponds to 40 fewer crimes per 100,000 individuals. Event study estimates confirm the negative association between EITC generosity and violent crime.
Cryptic mortality of North Atlantic right whales
Authors: Pace Richard M. , Williams Rob , Kraus Scott D. , Knowlton Amy R. , Pettis Heather M.
Published: February 2021

Evaluations of the conservation status of the endangered North Atlantic right whale as well as many other wildlife species often rely extensively on counts and cause‐of‐death determinations of carcasses found accidentally or during dedicated surveys. Even when survey effort dedicated to a population is extensive, many deaths may go unseen. We used an abundance estimation model to derive estimates of cryptic mortality for North Atlantic right whales and found that observed carcasses accounted for only 36% of all estimated death during 1990–2017. We found strong evidence that total mortality varied over time, and that observed carcass counts were poor predictors of estimated annual numbers of whales dying. Importantly, there were substantial differences between fractions of deaths determined to be entanglement related during necropsy (49%) and the fraction of cryptic deaths suffering serious injuries related to entanglement (87%). Although we concluded that a single year's observations produced poor estimates of carcass detection rates due to the volatility of ratios of small counts, ratio estimates of data pooled over periods of consistent survey may offer better information on detection rates. Additionally, it appears unwise to consider cause of death determinations from detected carcasses as representative of cause‐specific mortality rates in right whales given the large number of seriously injured whales from entanglement that are likely part of the unseen mortality.
Outcome of liver transplantation and prevalence of liver fibrosis in Crigler‐Najjar syndrome
Authors: Schröder Hanna , Junge Norman , Herden Uta , Deutschmann Andrea , Weidemann Sören Alexander , Krebs‐Schmitt Dorothee , Grabhorn Enke Freya
Published: February 2021

Introduction

Crigler‐Najjar syndrome (CNS) is a rare inherited disorder that is characterized by high levels of non‐hemolytic, unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia leading to brain damage and even death. Liver transplantation (LT) can correct the metabolic defect, but there are little data regarding LT in this patient cohort. The liver parenchyma has been considered to be structurally normal in CNS, but there is growing evidence of clinically silent but histologically significant fibrosis in CNS patients.

Patients and methods

We included 13 patients in our retrospective study who underwent LT at our center. Patient survival, graft function, and long‐term complications were evaluated over a median follow‐up period of 10 years (range: 1–16 years). In addition, the prevalence of histologically relevant fibrosis was characterized.

Results

The overall survival among our LT patients was 100%. The graft survival was only 61.5%. During the follow‐up period, 5 LT patients had to undergo retransplantation. More than 45% of our patients showed histological signs of fibrosis.

Conclusion

LT remains the only definite therapeutic option for severe CNS but needs to be considered thoroughly regarding the clinical risk‐benefit‐ratio and impact on quality of life. Furthermore, hepatic parenchymal injury needs to be considered while evaluating future therapeutic options for CNS.
‘Very demanding. Extremely rewarding’: Exploring the co‐occurrence of burnout and engagement in alcohol and other drug workers
Authors: Skinner Natalie , Roche Ann M.
Published: February 2021

Introduction

Alcohol and other drug (AOD) work can be highly meaningful and satisfying, but also intense and highly demanding. This combination often creates significant strain for workers. Mirroring this complexity, this study considered the predictors and outcomes of the concurrent experience of burnout and engagement in AOD workers. The Job Demands‐Resources model informed the study.

Methods

This study utilised data from a recent Australian AOD workforce survey. The sample comprised 886 workers in direct client service roles. K‐means cluster analysis on burnout and engagement measures identified four discrete groups: burnt out (15.6%) (high burnout/low engagement), engaged (36.7%) (low burnout/high engagement), overextended (26.5%) (high burnout/high engagement) and indifferent (21.2%) (low burnout/low engagement).

Results

Multinomial logistic regression analysis indicated that workers were more likely to be burnt out or overextended, rather than engaged, if they reported high work intensity, low organisational openness to change and low support. Multivariate analysis of variance showed burnt‐out workers had the least favourable and engaged respondents the most favourable outcomes on job satisfaction, turnover intention, health and life quality. Overextended workers were comparable to indifferent workers on these outcomes.

Discussion and Conclusion

This study offers a unique and nuanced view of AOD worker wellbeing. For the one‐quarter of workers reporting simultaneous burnout and engagement, their enthusiasm and commitment did not protect them from poor personal and organisational outcomes typically linked with burnout. The need for systemic and structural interventions is clearly indicated, including open and supportive organisational cultures, leadership development and adequate staffing.
Theory of mind, executive function, and lying in children: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Sai Liyang , Shang Siyuan , Tay Cleo , Liu Xingchen , Sheng Tingwen , Fu Genyue , Ding Xiao Pan , Lee Kang
Published: February 2021

Scientific research on how children learn to tell lies has existed for more than a century. Earlier studies mainly focused on moral, social, and situational factors contributing to the development of lying. Researchers have only begun to explore the cognitive correlations of children's lying in the last two decades. Cognitive theories suggest that theory of mind (ToM) and executive function (EF) should be closely related to the development of lying since lying is, in essence, ToM and EF in action. Yet, findings from empirical studies are mixed. To address this issue, the current meta‐analysis reviewed all prior literature that examined the relations between children's lying and ToM and/or between children's lying and EF. In total, 47 papers consisting of 5099 participants between 2 and 19 years of age were included, which yielded 74 effect sizes for ToM and 94 effect sizes for EF. Statistically significant but relatively small effects were found between children's lying and ToM (r = .17) and between lying and EF (r = .13). Furthermore, EF’s correlation with children's initial lies was significantly smaller than its correlation with children's ability to maintain lies. This comprehensive meta‐analysis provides a clear picture of the associations between children's ToM/EF and their lying behavior and confirms that ToM and EF indeed play a positive role in children's lying and its development.
Sequential Bayes Factor designs in developmental research: Studies on early word learning
Authors: Mani Nivedita , Schreiner Melanie S. , Brase Julia , Köhler Katrin , Strassen Katrin , Postin Danilo , Schultze Thomas
Published: February 2021

Developmental research, like many fields, is plagued by low sample sizes and inconclusive findings. The problem is amplified by the difficulties associated with recruiting infant participants for research as well as the increased variability in infant responses. With sequential testing designs providing a viable alternative to paradigms facing such issues, the current study implemented a Sequential Bayes Factor (SBF) design on three findings in the developmental literature. In particular, using the framework described by Schönbrödt and colleagues (2017), we examined infants’ sensitivity to mispronunciations of familiar words, their learning of novel word‐object associations from cross‐situational learning paradigms, and their assumption of mutual exclusivity in assigning novel labels to novel objects. We tested an initial sample of 20 participants in each study, incrementally increasing sample size by one and computing a Bayes Factor with each additional participant. In one study, we were able to obtain moderate evidence for the alternate hypotheses despite testing less than half the number of participants as in the original study. We did not replicate the findings of the cross‐situational learning study. Indeed, the data were five times more likely under the null hypothesis, allowing us to conclude that infants did not recognize the trained word‐object associations presented in the task. We discuss these findings in light of the advantages and disadvantages of using a SBF design in developmental research while also providing researchers with an account of how we implemented this design across multiple studies.
Salvador Allende's development policy: Lessons after 50 years
Authors: Espinosa Victor I.
Published: February 2021

Last year, 2020, was the 50th anniversary of the opening of the ‘Chilean road to socialism’ by Salvador Allende. Although the Allende government is the political reference for the 'socialism of the 21st century’ in Latin America, international supporters tend to disregard the primary cause of its downfall, focusing instead on the circumstances of Allende's death. This article explains the link between the Allende government's development policies and its macroeconomic outcomes between 1970 and 1973. It finds that Chile's economic collapse had an endogenous cause related to government policies. This supports the views of Mises and Hayek on the feasibility of socialist economic policies. Policymakers and commentators should recognise essential lessons from the Chilean experience to learn from past errors and effectively promote Latin America's economic development.
Impact of frailty and atrial fibrillation in elderly patients with acute coronary syndromes
Authors: Esteve‐Pastor María Asunción , Martín Ernesto , Alegre Oriol , Formiga Francesc , Sanchís Juan , López‐Palop Ramón , Martínez Sellés Manuel , Vidán María Teresa , Bueno Héctor , Díez‐Villanueva Pablo , Abu Assi Emad , Ariza‐Solé Albert , Marín Francisco , Castillo Dominguez Juan Carlos ,   the LONGEVO‐SCA Registry Investigators
Published: February 2021

Background

There is scarce information on the prognostic role of frailty and atrial fibrillation (AF) in elderly patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).

Methods

The aim was to analyse the management of elderly patients with frailty and AF who suffered an ACS using data of the prospective multicentre LONGEVO‐SCA registry. We evaluated the predictive performance of FRAIL, Charlson scores and AF status for adverse events at 6‐month follow‐up.

Results

A total of 531 unselected patients with ACS and above 80 years old [mean age 84.4 (SD = 3.6) years; 322 (60.6%) male] were enrolled, of whom 128 (24.1%) with AF and 145 (27.3%) with frailty. Mutually exclusive number of patients were as follows: non‐frail and sinus rhythm (SR) 304 (57.2%); frail and SR 99 (18.6%); non‐frail and AF 82 (15.4%); and frail and AF 46 (8.7%). Frail and AF patients compared with non‐frail and SR patients had higher risk of all‐cause mortality [HR 2.61, (95% CI 1.28‐5.31; P = .008)], readmissions [HR 2.28, (95%CI 1.37‐3.80); P = .002)] and its composite [HR 2.28, (95% CI 1.44‐3.60); P < .001)]. After multivariate adjustment, FRAIL score [HR 1.41, (95% CI 1.02‐1.97); P = .040] and Charlson index [HR 1.32, (95% CI 1.09‐1.59); P = .003] were significantly associated with mortality. AF status was not independently related with adverse events.

Conclusions

Frailty but not AF status was independently associated with follow‐up adverse events. Frailty status and high Charlson index were independent conditions associated with adverse events during the follow‐up. The impact of functional status has a bigger prognostic role over AF status in elderly patients with ACS.
The effects of repeated induction of emotions on cooperation and punishment
Authors: Lee Jinkwon , Min Sujin
Published: February 2021

This study experimentally investigates how repeatedly‐induced exogenous happiness and anger affect the dynamics of cooperation and punishment in a public good game with repeated trials, wherein costly punishment is available and stranger matching is used. The study finds that induced happiness may harm cooperation when the reactions of the punished are also considered. Indeed, contributions in the happiness treatment decay with each round, while those in the anger treatment are stable. The main reason for this is found to be that the antisocial‐punished cooperators in the happiness treatment reduce their contributions, while those in the anger treatment do not.
Continental‐scale 1 km hummingbird diversity derived from fusing point records with lateral and elevational expert information
Authors: Ellis‐Soto Diego , Merow Cory , Amatulli Giuseppe , Parra Juan L. , Jetz Walter
Published: February 2021

Anthropogenic change is affecting mountain regions worldwide. Managing this change and advancing biodiversity information for research requires spatially detailed information on species distributions which often is incomplete. Here, we provide a model‐based approach for the integration of expert‐based elevational range information with expert range maps and point occurrences to address this need. These integrated models use expert knowledge on elevational and distributional ranges as offset in a Poisson point process species distribution model (SDM). We use this approach to model the distribution of 276 hummingbird Trochilidae species at 1 km resolution and validate model performance with extensive survey data (presence–absence inventories). Models including expert elevation information consistently outperformed those lacking this information. Improvements were greatest when the number of available occurrences was small, highlighting the added value from expert elevation information, especially for data‐poor species. Separate validation data indicated significant increases in true skill statistics, based on higher specificity and slightly improved sensitivity. SDMs that included expert range information out‐performed presence‐only models based only on occurrence data in 92.5% of cases and had higher sensitivity, lower false positive rates and smaller predicted range sizes. Generally, the integrated models removed unsuitable areas from range estimates and decreased overestimates in geographic range size (false presences) inherent in expert maps and in models lacking elevation information. By stacking SDM output we provide a first, hemispheric map of predicted hummingbird species richness modelled at 1 km resolution and identify southwest Colombia as a richness hotspot. Our study highlights the value gained from integrating multiple data types in a single framework. The presented approach improved high‐resolution range predictions for single species (reducing false presences) and aggregate biodiversity patterns (e.g. reducing species richness overestimates). The method is now being implemented and expanded in Map of Life.
Climate extreme variables generated using monthly time‐series data improve predicted distributions of plant species
Authors: Stewart S. B. , Elith J. , Fedrigo M. , Kasel S. , Roxburgh S. H. , Bennett L. T. , Chick M. , Fairman T. , Leonard S. , Kohout M. , Cripps J. K. , Durkin L. , Nitschke C. R.
Published: February 2021

Extreme weather can have significant impacts on plant species demography; however, most studies have focused on responses to a single or small number of extreme events. Long‐term patterns in climate extremes, and how they have shaped contemporary distributions, have rarely been considered or tested. BIOCLIM variables that are commonly used in correlative species distribution modelling studies cannot be used to quantify climate extremes, as they are generated using long‐term averages and therefore do not describe year‐to‐year, temporal variability. We evaluated the response of 37 plant species to base climate (long‐term means, equivalent to BIOCLIM variables), variability (standard deviations) and extremes of varying return intervals (defined using quantiles) based on historical observations. These variables were generated using fine‐grain (approx. 250 m), time‐series temperature and precipitation data for the hottest, coldest and driest months over 39 years. Extremes provided significant additive improvements in model performance compared to base climate alone and were more consistent than variability across all species. Models that included extremes frequently showed notably different mapped predictions relative to those using base climate alone, despite often small differences in statistical performance as measured as a summary across sites. These differences in spatial patterns were most pronounced at the predicted range margins, and reflect the influence of coastal proximity, continentality, topography and orographic barriers on climate extremes. Species occupying hotter and drier locations that are exposed to severe maximum temperature extremes were associated with better predictive performance when modelled using extremes. Understanding how plant species have historically responded to climate extremes may provide valuable insights into our understanding of contemporary distributions and help to make more accurate predictions under a changing climate.
Unexpected formation of root‐like structures subsequent to the avulsion of immature permanent teeth: Case report
Authors: Reis Giselle Emilãine da Silva , Feltrin de Souza Juliana , Santos Denis Emílio Nascimento , de Menezes José Vitor Nogara Borges , Fraiz Fabian Calixto , Koubik Ana Claúdia Galvão de Aguiar , Pupo Yasmine Mendes
Published: February 2021

This report describes the unexpected formation of root‐like structures following the avulsion of immature permanent teeth without replantation. A 6‐year‐old female patient had avulsed the four permanent mandibular incisors and the two deciduous mandibular canines. The patient was seen in an emergency healthcare unit but did not receive specialized treatment for tooth replantation. As follow‐up treatment, she received a removable prosthesis. After 4 years of follow‐up, an image obtained by panoramic radiography showed formations similar to four root structures in the alveolus of the previously avulsed permanent teeth. This finding was confirmed by periapical radiography and computed tomography. This case report demonstrates that in teeth with incomplete root development, even after avulsion without replantation, cells from the pulp stump may have the capacity to form mineralized structures that appear radiographically comparable to root dentin.
Knowledge, Attitude, Access and Confidence in Evidence‐based practice amongst French dental undergraduates: A transcultural adaptation and psychometrics analysis of French version of the KACE questionnaire
Authors: Agossa Kevimy , Sy Kadiatou , Pinçon Claire , Nicolas Thomas , Catteau Céline , Blaizot Alessandra , Dubar Marie
Published: February 2021

Objective

The aim of this study was to provide a reliable instrument to assess evidence‐based practice (EBP) dimensions in French‐speaking dental students. To do so, a transcultural adaptation into French of the self‐administered KACE questionnaire (Knowledge, Attitude, Access and Confidence Evaluation) and the evaluation of its psychometric properties in a sample of French dental students and teachers were performed. The effects of individual and academic factors on student performance in the KACE were also investigated.

Method

Teachers and fourth‐year students completed once the translated KACE and fifth‐year students completed twice the questionnaire before and after an epidemiology course. Cronbach's alpha coefficient analysis, Kruskal‐Wallis and post hoc Dunn's tests, paired samples Wilcoxon tests and a generalised linear mixed model were performed to assess the psychometric properties (reliability, internal consistency, discriminant validity and responsiveness) of the questionnaire and to identify the factors associated with KACE scores, respectively.

Results

186 participants completed the survey. Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.06 to 0.48 for Knowledge, 0.21 to 0.59 for Attitude, 0.42 to 0.76 for Access and 0.82 to 0.93 for Confidence. The discriminant value and sensitivity of the French KACE revealed significant differences amongst students and teachers and accurately identified the effect the training course had on the students who had completed it. Preparing for a residency programme or having received add‐on modules in science improved the students' performance in the test. Being female negatively impacted the KACE Confidence score.

Conclusion

This version of the KACE is appropriate to assess EBP dimensions in French dental students. Academic background and gender may affect test performance.
Adaptive markers distinguish North and South Pacific Albacore amid low population differentiation
Authors: Vaux Felix , Bohn Sandra , Hyde John R. , O'Malley Kathleen G.
Published: February 2021

Albacore (Thunnus alalunga) support an economically valuable global fishery, but surprisingly little is known about the population structure of this highly migratory species. Physical tagging data suggest that Albacore from the North and South Pacific Ocean are separate stocks, but results from previous genetic studies did not support this two stock hypothesis. In addition, observed biological differences among juveniles suggest that there may be population substructure in the North Pacific. We used double‐digest restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing to assess population structure among 308 Albacore caught in 12 sample areas across the Pacific Ocean (10 North, 2 South). Since Albacore are highly migratory and spawning areas are unknown, sample groups were not assumed to be equivalent to populations and the genetic data were analyzed iteratively. We tested for putatively adaptive differences among groups and for genetic variation associated with sex. Results indicated that Albacore in the North and South Pacific can be distinguished using 84 putatively adaptive loci, but not using the remaining 12,788 presumed neutral sites. However, two individuals likely represent F1 hybrids between the North and South Pacific populations, and 43 Albacore potentially exhibit lower degrees of mixed ancestry. In addition, four or five cross‐hemisphere migrants were potentially identified. No genetic evidence was found for population substructure within the North Pacific, and no loci appeared to distinguish males from females. Potential functions for the putatively adaptive loci were identified, but an annotated Albacore genome is required for further exploration. Future research should try to locate spawning areas so that life history, demography, and genetic population structure can be linked and spatiotemporal patterns can be investigated.