bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Politics of Pornography: A Critique of Liberalism and Radical Feminism
Authors: Thornton Neil
Published: March 2007

The nature and significance of pornography are controversiaL Con trasting liberal, conservative and radical feminist views on the relationship between sexuality and pornography are analysed. The radical feminist definition of pornography and the associated attempt to distinguish pornography both from sexual realism and from erotica is examined. Radical feminist arguments purporting to show pornography causes sexual violence against women are criticised on the grounds that they are inconclusive, and anyway rest on the liberal way of drawing the private-public distinction. Whilst the argument that pornography is offensive may usefully be invoked to condemn the open display of hard-core and sexually violent porno graphy, it is of limited use to feminists since it too rests on the liberal private-public dichotomy, which feminists are committed to dis pensing with. There is a consistent and distinctively feminist thesis that pornography is harmful in constituting a serious moral affront to women. This argument has some force, but is flawed sometimes by confusion between the fantasy content of pornography and literal representation, sometimes by a simplistic view of how fantasy will be realised in male sexual behaviour.
The Class Structure of Metropolitan Adelaide
Authors: Holton R.J. , Martin W.
Published: March 2007

This article offers an empirical class map of the Adelaide metropolitan area, replicating the original version of the class schema developed in the USA by Erik Wright. This schema sets out ways of constituting unambiguous and contradictory class locations by measuring aspects of the social relations of production. The resultant class map emphasises the complexity of modern class structures. It examines some problematic relationships between . class and occupation, class and gender, and class in the public and private sectors. The argument is that Wright's schema is more successful as a theory of authority relations than as a property- based theory of exploitation.
Inequalities in Australian Education: A Neo-Weberian Perspective1
Authors: Etzioni-Halevy Eva
Published: March 2007

An important development in the sociology of education has been the increasing prominence of neo-Marxist theory, whereby inequalities in education are ultimately based on economic class differences. The argument in this paper is that the persistent inequalities in (especially Australian) education - can better be explained in the framework of a neo-Weberian model. According to this model such inequalities are based primarily on the independent effect of cultural and attitudinal differences between status groups and on power differences between them. Support for this argument comes from: (1) Australian survey and census data; (2) Research data - including those reported in Marxist studies of education themselves.
From Dreamtime to Nightmare: The voices of 168 Aboriginal (ex-)prisoners in New South Wales
Authors: Alexander C.
Published: March 2007

The data presented in this paper form part of an action-research project commissioned jointly by the New South Wales Department of Corrective Services and the Ministry of Aboriginal Affairs in 1985. The major aims of this research were to investigate the chief causes and the rate of Aboriginal recidivism as well as making recommendations as to what kind of post-release support schemes would prove efficient, effective and useful.

In the course of the research, the archival records of 154 Aboriginal prisoners released from New South Wales gaols during the first six months of 1983 were analysed. Furthermore, 30 New South Wales State Government Officers and Aboriginal service providers as well as 68 Aboriginal ex-inmates and 100 Aboriginal inmates were interviewed.

The information presented in this paper is based mainly on an analysis of some answers given to us by the 68 Aboriginal ex-inmates and 100 Aboriginal inmates. The 68 Aboriginal ex-inmates interviewed resided in Canberra, Grafton, Maitland, Queanbeyan and Sydney. The interviews with the 100 Aboriginal prisoners were held in the following prisons: Bathurst, Cessnock, Glen Innes, Goulburn, Grafton, Maitland, Mulawa, Long Bay and Oberon.
Mathematical Modelling and Game Theory: A Rational Choice for the Social Sciences?
Authors: Coram B.T.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to set out and assess some of the claims of the new rational choice Marxists. My argument is that there is good reason for social theorists to take these claims ser iously and that rational choice theory and mathematical mod elling have wider application than is usually thought possible. I also express some reservations about possible strong versions of the rational choice approach.
Migrants and the Workers' Compensation System: The Basis of an Ideology
Authors: Alcorso Caroline
Published: March 2007

Considerable mythology surrounds the issue of workers' compensation and much of it focuses on migrant workers from non-English speaking backgrounds. In the context of massive employer pressure to reduce the costs of workers' compensation (to employers), and recent legislative changes aimed at achieving this in most states, it is important to explore the nature of migrant workers' experiences of compensation and the social reasons affecting their compensation outcomes.

This article discusses these issues in the course of presenting some of the findings of a year-long study of migrant workers in the NSW compensation system recently undertaken by the Centre for Multicultural Studies at the University of Wollongong.

It concludes that the popular derogatory stereotype of the malingering migrant worker misrepresents reality. It operates powerfully as an ideology; that is, a set of ideas which draws on aspects of reality to advance sectional interests: in this case, those of employers and insurance companies.
Peace, Trade and Treaties
Authors: O'Malley Pat
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the theoretical nexus between capitalism and pacification, through analysis of the diplomatic struggles for protection of seaborne capital from warfare. The development of the case for trade immunity arose out of ideals of 'bourgeois pacifism', founded in laissez-faire theories that capitalist trade requires a peaceful environment. The translation of these ideals into treaty form was blocked by self-interested policies of nation states espousing laissez-faire principles, but interpreting or constructing them to imply policies other than pacifism. Historical correlation between capitalism and peace is thus low, precisely because bourgeois pacifism is only one construction of laissez-faire ideologies rather than, as often is argued, a systemic property of the capitalist mode of production.
A Cohort Analysis of Marriage and Informal Cohabitation among Australian Men
Authors: Carmichael Gordon A.
Published: March 2007

Australia's postwar marriage boom lasted until the early 1970s, since when ages at marriage have risen and a growing minority of young people have avoided marrying. This paper focuses on the retreat from marriage and the accompanying increase in consensual part nering. Multi-state life tables constructed for five-year age cohorts using marriage/relationship histories from a 1986 nationally repre sentative sample of 2 104 males aged 20-59 are used to explore three issues: the extent of the retreat from marriage; the extent of the more or less concurrent increase in informal cohabitation; and the extent to which the latter trend may have offset the former.
Rhetoric and Reality in the Clothing Industry: The Case of Post-Fordism
Authors: Greig Alastair Whyte
Published: March 2007

The concept of post-Fordism has aroused controversy in recent theoretical debates within industrial sociology. However, there have been few attempts to examine the con cept empirically. This study applies Richard Badham and John Mathews's model of post-Fordism to the Australian clothing industry. Using 18 case studies, key indicators of post-Fordism (such as product innovation, process variability and worker responsibility) are examined. The results suggest that although significant changes are observable in organisa tional and operational strategies, the clothing industry is best characterised by 'neo-Fordist' rather than 'post-Fordist' prac tices. The paper also argues that the individual firm is often a misleading unit of analysis in examining industrial change, and greater attention needs to be paid to strategic interlink- ages between companies.
Economic Restructuring and Spatial Equity: a Case Study of Adelaide
Authors: Baum Scott , Hassan Riaz
Published: March 2007

The socio-spatial structure of modern cities is the outcome of many interrelated factors. One of these factors is the economic restructuring that is an outcome of the typical boom-bust cycles associated with modern capitalism. This paper attempts to identify the effects of recent economic restructuring on the level of socio-spatial inequality in the metropolitan local government areas of Adelaide, South Australia. Utilising census data for 1976 and 1986 the study uses correlational analysis to identify first the effects of economic restructuring on labour force status, and then extends the analysis to investigate the pattern of change in social well-being. The main finding of this study is that economic restructuring has had the hypothesised effect on both employment and social well-being within the thirty local government areas of metropolitan Adelaide. The paper concludes with a discussion of some of the implications of the findings for current and future public policy. It is argued that so far Australia has been successful in avoiding the emergence of a large urban underclass, mainly due to its redistributive policies. If Australia is to avoid the emergence of this phenomena it is imperative that the problems produced by the impact of economic restructuring on the urban form are rectified through the appropriate public policies.
Ideology and Social Policy: New Developments in Theory and Practice
Authors: Taylor-Gooby Peter
Published: March 2007

This paper takes as its starting point the twin challenges to traditional patterns of state welfare that have emerged in recent years. At the practical level, it is increasingly difficult to reconcile demands for improved services with available resources and acceptable tax rates. At the theoretical level, a range of approaches loosely associated with the postmodern revolution in social thought suggest that bureaucratic state- regulated services are no longer appropriate to an increasingly diverse and fragmented society. In this context managerial changes that emphasise the role of the consumer and approaches to benefit administration that stress individual responsibility have emerged. The paper draws on Giddens' analysis of 'high modernity' to argue that such solutions may involve the extension rather than the fragmentation of central government power.
Autonomy in Dating, Engagement, and Premarital Sex Among Women in Taiwan
Authors: Chang Jui-shan
Published: March 2007

This study examines the impacts of autonomy of dating and engagement on premarital sex among women in Taiwan, utilising a life- course analysis of data from a 1986 island-wide survey. The sample size was approximately 5,000 and the response rate was 86 per cent. Age- specific and cross-sectional analyses show that the transformation of marital arrangements from arranged marriage toward love match, accompanied with a newly developed dating culture and broader perceptions regarding the process of getting engaged and getting married, can explain why the observed increase in, so-called, 'premarital sex' was in fact most likely to occur within a marital context for women in Taiwan.
Breaking the mould: external forces subverting the racing stable as a total institution
Authors: Tolich Martin
Published: March 2007

Goffman disclosed how the transformative capacity of a total institution could be usurped by social forces internal to the institution. This study of apprentice jockey training produces similar results, yet in this study the forces undermining the total institution are external to this total institution. The paper is in three parts: first, it documents how, within the confines of the stable, the young recruit adopts equine, occupational and physical identities of a jockey; second, it records the subversion of the stable as a total institution by the external social, organizational, legislative change; and third, it captures the emergence of a new total institution based not in the stable but within centralized learning institutions.
Gender and the funeral industry: the work of citizenship
Authors: Pringle Rosemary , Alley Jo
Published: March 2007

The popularity of White Lady Funerals is an indication that taboos on women organising funerals are breaking down and that changes are taking place in the Australian way of death. This paper sets out to examine the factors contributing to the changing role of women in the funeral industry. It is argued that women's participation is symbolically important because funerals are an area of public ritual in which appropriate gender relations are affirmed in ways that have implications for women's citizenship. More is at stake than equal opportunity in the workplace. As Kearl puts it, the funeral 'not only serves as a rite of passage for the survivors and the dead but it also reflects the cultural ethos and entire social order' (1989: 170).
Governance and failure: on the limits of sociology
Authors: Malpas Jeff , Wickham Gary
Published: March 2007

Failure is an ubiquitous and central feature of social life. Yet much sociological inquiry focuses not on failure but on success. This paper adopts a sceptical approach to sociological theory, advancing an account of the necessary limits of sociological inquiry and defending the idea of the primacy of failure on two fronts: first, through the examination of a sociological approach currently developing around the Foucaultian idea of 'governmentality'; and second, through a more general philosophical consideration of the connections between failure and practices of governance or control.
Medi-fraud, managerialism and the decline of medical autonomy: deprofessionalisation and proletarianisation reconsidered
Authors: Germov John
Published: March 2007

Medi-fraud remains a significant drain on the resources of the health system in Australia, despite the monitoring of doctor practices via Medicare. Federal and state governments have been unwilling to address the systemic causes of medi-fraud. However, the rise of managerialism and the consequent influence of economic rationalism over health policy is resulting in the medical system coming under scrutiny as hospital administrators search for cost containment. The required quantification of hospital practices and the introduction of competition principles into the public health sector have the potential to curtail medical autonomy and combat medi-fraud. Whilst such reforms may combat medi-fraud, they consequently may undermine the access and equity tenets of universal health insurance and result in the ultimate demise of Medicare itself.
Risk and the regulated self: the discourse of health promotion as politics of uncertainty
Authors: Petersen Alan R.
Published: March 2007

Employing the concepts of risk and governance, this paper develops a specific theoretical and critical perspective on the discourse of health promotion. The paper begins by examining some problems with the influential formulations of risk offered by Ulrich Beck and Anthony Giddens. It then discusses some recent Foucaultian contributions on the topics of risk and governance, and particularly the work of Robert Castel, which draw attention to the role of risk discourse and self-regulatory techniques of governance in those societies exhibiting a form of rule known as 'neo-liberalism'. The paper examines health promotion in the light of the new preventive strategies of social administration that have emerged in these societies and that target the 'at risk' individual and utilise the agency of subjects in processes of self-regulation. It explores some implications of the new risk discourse for the self, and raises some questions about the politics of the enterprise of health promotion as a whole.
The social and work context of commercial sex between men: a research note
Authors: Browne Jan , Minichiello Victor
Published: March 2007

A qualitative approach was used to explore the social and work contexts of the commercial sexual encounter between male sex workers and their clients. Male sex workers aged between 19 and 34 were interviewed in Melbourne. This preliminary, exploratory study suggests that dominant traditional models of male sexuality and masculinity may be reflected in how male sex workers give meaning to commercial sex. The study also reveals that, by using a career orientation towards their work, male sex workers may be able to separate work sex from personal sex, understand their work within the broader social context of work, reject the stigma of commercial sex, use their bodies as a resource that allows them to capitalise on male sexual privilege, and practise safe sex with their clients. Suggestions for further research into safe sex negotiations and practices in male commercial sex encounters are outlined.
Money in heterosexual relationships
Authors: Singh Supriya , Lindsay Jo
Published: March 2007

Money in middle-income Anglo-Celtic marriage is joint and nebulous, whereas money in cohabiting heterosexual relationships is separate and calculable. The move from cohabitation to marriage is accompanied by greater jointness in the management of money. As the nature of the couple's commitment becomes more explicit in marriage, money becomes more nebulous and less calculable. However, in both marriage and cohabitation, the questions of equality, power and control are blocked so that the reality of women's lower income does not challenge the popular discourse of marriage and cohabitation being equal partnerships. The secular rituals of the marital joint account and purposive pooling in cohabitation channel information to reduce the gap between ideology and experience on the one hand, and the contradictions between coexisting ideologies on the other. These conclusions are based on two separate qualitative studies of 16 married couples and 15 cohabiting couples in Mel bourne, between 1991 and 1994.
Ethnic diversity and national identity
Authors: Jones F.L.
Published: March 2007

During the last two decades, there has been a striking and, so far as socio logical theory is concerned, largely unanticipated resurgence of religious fundamentalism and primordial ethnic loyalties across the world. We have witnessed the dissolution of formerly inclusive but ethnically diverse states into ethnically more 'homogeneous' nations, the breakdown of social solidarity due to competing ethnic claims, and a repugnant process called ethnic cleansing. We have also seen the resurgence of religious fundamentalism and, in most industrialised countries, the marginalisation of minority groups from a central social institution (the paid labour market) as a result of high unemployment. The threat, and the reality, of ethnic conflict is now widespread. In culturally diverse countries such as Australia, ethnic diversity is sometimes seen as a threat to national unity. It is therefore important to examine the extent to which Australians today share a common civic culture that binds a culturally diverse citizenry together. This article examines recent data on the sources of national identity, its variation across ethnic sub-groups, and its relation to ethnic prejudice and to views about immigrants and immigration.
Adolescent risk taking and the romantic ethic: HIV/AIDS awareness among Year 11 and 12 students
Authors: Abbott-Chapman Joan , Denholm Carey
Published: March 2007

Findings discussed are drawn from a study of Year 11 and 12 students in Tasmania with regard to accuracy of knowledge about HIV/AIDS transmission, sexual attitudes and activities, and the extent of protective behaviours. The reasons for the gap between intentions and actual 'safe' sex practices highlight the influence of the 'romantic ethic' and the characteristics of modern consumerism upon adolescents' perceptions of intimate relationships within the post-modern society. The degree to which 'caring for one's partner' and 'trusting one's partner' are regarded as a protection against HIV/AIDS trans mission, and the association with levels of condom use, are examined along with implications for preventive health education programs.
Orientations to work: the cultural conditioning of motivation
Authors: Reed Ken
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses the concept of 'orientations to work' as describing motivational patterns that structure and stabilise work values within a diverse workforce. The discussion builds on the seminal work of Goldthorpe, Lockwood, Bechofer and Platt (1968), but extends their analysis to: (i) develop a more general typology of orientations to work; (ii) provide an account of the emergence of the orientations described in the typology, drawing on the work of Marx and Weber; and (iii) establish a conceptual link between intrinsic and extrinsic work values on one hand, and professional and organisational commitment on the other. The typology of work orientations is then assessed empirically, using principal components analysis, cluster analysis and correspondence analysis to analyse data drawn from the National Social Science Survey.
Exploring professional knowledge: the case of accounting
Authors: West Brian P.
Published: March 2007

This article explores the nature of professional accounting knowledge via an exposé of the recent history of the Australian accounting profession and the means it employed to defend its privileged status in the face of widespread criticisms of its technical practices. Central to the profession's survival strategy was the imposition of particular accounting practices by fiat ('accounting standards') in order to coerce occupational unity and construct an appearance of cognitive authority. Subsequently, the accounting profession has succeeded in effectively redefining its role to accom modate better its epistemological circumstances. This has involved subsuming its traditional concern with the portrayal of a 'true and fair' view of underlying economic phenomena in favour of merely ensuring compliance with regulations of increasing number and complexity. The narrative highlights the ability of this profession to re create its knowledge base to serve its own interests and to draw on the support of other powerful institutions in achieving this outcome.
Doctors in the news media: lay and medical audiences' responses
Authors: Lupton Deborah
Published: March 2007

Doctors and medical practice attract a high level of coverage in the popular media. This article explores how lay and medical audiences respond to the representation of doctors in one media genre: the news media. The analysis draws on empirical findings from a multi-phase study that included a systematic analysis of media coverage of the medical profession as well as in-depth interviews with 60 lay people and 20 medical doctors living in Sydney. The interviews from both groups demonstrated the impor tance of acknowledging the complex aspects of audiences' responses to media portrayals, including the role played by personal experiences, emotional investments and professional interests. The doctor participants, for example, tended to remember and be concerned about negative media coverage of their profession far more than did the lay participants. Media coverage itself is heterogeneous, allowing the space for alternative readings on the part of audiences.
Marias and marriage: ethnicity, gender and sexuality among Italo-Australian youth in Perth1
Authors: Baldassar Loretta
Published: March 2007

Using an ethnographic account of weddings and network activities among Italo-Australian youth in Perth, and, in particular, a symbolic analysis of garters and bouquets, this paper explores the intersections of ethnicity, gender and sexuality, and reviews social scientific theories of ethnic identity and cultural transmission. By investigating the double standard-where men are free to be sexually active and women are not-it confronts some of the stereotypes about 'second generation Australians' and 'culture clash', female oppression and the control of sexuality. Of particular concern is the way that some Italo-Australian women perceive sexual freedom in Australian society. The paper argues that the moral community represented by the youth network and, in particular, the challenges posed by it to the traditional model of female honour, allow for significant generational changes in the construction of ethnic identity. By analysing how identities are constructed and articulated across difference, and how 'this kind of relativising' is 'embodied in the habitus [cf. Bourdieu 1977] of the second generation' (Bottomley 1992a: 132), the paper explodes homogeneous conceptions of what is Italian, and ltalo-Australian culture.
The death of the sociology of deviance?
Authors: Bendle Mervyn F.
Published: March 2007

Psychology and Sociology James Cook University
Discipline and labour: sociology, class formation and money in Australia at the beginning of the twentieth century
Authors: Mitropoulos Angela
Published: March 2007

'Social efficiency' constituted the organising motif of sociology in Australia at the begin ning of this century. This essay argues that the sociological promotion of social efficien cy can only be accounted for as an intervention into, and apprehension of, a distinctive moment in the transformation of the social relations of labour (i.e. the socialisation of labour) and the organisation of money (specifically credit), with particular regard for the division and extension of work time conceived as a social matter. This has ramifications for our understandings of knowledge and ideology, state formation and class compo sition, credit and social planning, subjection and institution, law and violence. It is also illustrative of the need to thoroughly historicise such concepts, including a reconsider ation of the presumption of state, economy and society as distinct fields.
Computer assisted learning for the interpretation of the chest radiograph
Authors: Morcos S.K. , Suwais M.
Published: March 2007

A multi-media computer assisted learning programme has been developed to instruct medical students, junior hospital doctors, nurses and other health professionals the principles of the interpretation of the chest radiograph. The software offers a highly interactive system that allows self-education and assessment.
Rural Planning
Authors: Kidd Reginald A.
Published: March 2007

Planning is a topical word, but the science of town planning can be traced down the ages. Until recent years, however, emphasis has been on " town " and not on " country " planning.

Legislation has linked professions of medicine, sanitary engineering and planning towards the application of the modern concept of town and country planning.

The variations in the characteristics of the countryside are discussed and the various categories of rural land described. The function of the specialist and the purpose of the planner as co-ordinator are pointed out.

There is an emphatic need for conservation of land for agriculture and proper allocation of land for other rural purposes. The planning of rural communities by sentimentalists and realists, respectively, are contrasted and it is advocated that the aim in design should be charm and hygiene with social unity and balanced economy. The elements of major and minor rural communities are set out, and control of isolated dwellings in the countryside is discussed.

Extractive industries, public utility undertakings, woodlands, service department requirements and camping sites all require to be fitted in to their appropriate places in the rural plan.

In such a paper it is possible only to touch briefly on various aspects of rural planning, which must be undertaken as team work. There is a duty to cherish and preserve the heritage of the green countryside.
Court of Appeal
Authors: Blyth A. Wynter
Published: March 2007

There is no implied condition on lettiny furnished lodgings that the premises shall continue to be fit for occupation during the whole term, and there is no duty on the landlord to inform his tenant of anything that happens during the term to make the premises unfit for occupation.
The social responsibilities of the physician
Authors: Sidel Victor W.
Published: March 2007

The 1997 Keynote Address for the White Coat Ceremony at St George's University School of Medicine indicates the importance of social medicine in the work of the physician and urges the students beginning the study of medicine to devote themselves to equitable provision of medical care, to prevention of disease and promotion of health, and to promotion of social well-being.
Family involvement in the pre-discharge assessment of long-stay patients with learning disabilities: a qualitative study
Authors: Barton R.
Published: March 2007

This study focuses on relatives' attitudes to, and feelings about, their involvement in a programme of individual assessments carried out in anticipation of the discharge of adults with learning disabilities from a long-stay hospital. A semi- structured schedule was used to interview a randomly selected sample of parents and close relatives of patients, who had taken part in the assessment programme. It emerged that although most respondents were reasonably satisfied with the assessment process itself, this did not imply that they were satisfied with their relative's future prospects. Five key elements contributed to the sense of dissatisfaction that they felt: they were concerned at the radical nature of the policy reversal; they were finding the resettlement process stressful ; they feared the consequences of discharging vulnerable patients; they described a sense of powerlessness in the decision-making process and they suspected that limited funding was an important factor in the situation. It was concluded that although attempts had been made to involve relatives in the assessment process, respondents had little sense of working in partnership with professionals.
Helping people with learning disabilities to feel good about themselves: a brief report on a group to improve skills in relaxation, assertiveness an self- confidence
Authors: Wooldridge N. , Richardson N.
Published: March 2007

This paper reports on a group of eight individuals with learning disabilities who wanted to develop their skills in areas of relaxation, assertiveness and self- confidence. Each of these areas was covered in a block of four I hourly sessions for a I2 week period. The group was devised and run by four individuals from Health and Social Services.

The paper includes a description of the session contents and teaching methods and demonstrates how individuals developed during the course based on different evaluation methods. It also highlights future plans for improving skills even further.
The Measur Ement of Smoke From Coated Fabr Ics
Authors: Hilado Carlos J. , Murphy Reginam.
Published: March 2007

The smoke producing characteristics of various ma terials are discussed, with particular attention to coated fabrics. The different methods of measuring smoke density are described, and selected data are presented.
A Developed Formula for the Distribution of Capitation Allowances
Authors: Boulton Alan R.
Published: March 2007

Those inspired by Tim Simkins' paper now need to read how a formula system can be developed in a way which overcomes many of the weaknesses generally associated with such systems.
Gaining Insights from Foreign Studies: A Catechism for Review
Authors: Wilkins Raphael
Published: March 2007

Two worked examples of review studies in educational administration are used to explore the problem of system specificity and to the usefulness of comparative studies.
Education under Adversity
Authors: Pratt John
Published: March 2007

Notes towards the twenty-first century
Is There a Place for 'Craft Theory' in Educational Administration?
Authors: Battersby David
Published: March 2007

Academic theorists often discount theories which teachers and administrators rely on in everyday practice. Common sense, experience and native wit are seen as poor guides for decision-making. This paper arguesfor theory to be developed from the practitioner's craft - theory that 'works'!
Management Tasks and Style Within a Closing School — The Need for Flexibility in the Light of Staff Uncertainties Relating to Immediate Job Prospects
Authors: Schofield Len
Published: March 2007

In a school facing closure the staff are likely to be beset by fears and anxieties, and loss of morale. This case-study shows how staff can be involved in a programme of development. It makes recommendations for others in similar stressful situations.
Towards a School Development Plan: Process and Practice
Authors: Glover Derek C.
Published: March 2007

This case-study of a school development Plan discusses how a school used to a top-down approach went about fostering staff participation and dealt with initiative overload.
The Management of a Primary-Secondary Partnership
Authors: Pyatt Gill
Published: March 2007

Four primary schools and one secondary school established a working partnership to provide continuity for pupils as they transferred from one school stage to another. Managing and adininistering a project that involved primary and secondary staff working across traditional school stages was a new and challenging venture. The author is Curriculum Deputy at Winifred Cullis School, Gloucestershire.
Staff Appraisal in Teacher Education
Authors: Blake David , Jacques Kate
Published: March 2007

Experience of two colleges in introducing staff appraisal leads to mainly positive conclusions, the authors from West Sussex Institute of Higher Education find. If intentions are openly stated, teaching staff are not resistant.
School Size and Local Management Funding Formulae
Authors: Thomas Hywel , Bullock Alison
Published: March 2007

In this paper Hywel Thomas and Alison Bullock of the Centre for Education Management and Policy Studies, University of Birmingham review the impact of local management funding formulae on schools of different size. In the light of guidance provided by the DES and Welsh Office, they examine how LEAs have sought to provide curriculum protection for schools of varying sizes and salary protection for their smallest schools. They also report on the level of funding given for these purposes. Finally, on the basis of a study. of over 7, 000, schools they describe the impact of funding changes upon schools of different size and in doing so identify a distinctive pattern of 'winning' and 'losing'. The work is part of a project on the 'Funding of Schools after the 1988 Education Reform Act' for which funding by the Leverhulme Trust is acknowledged.
School Choice in Less Populated Areas
Authors: Hammond Tom , Dennison Bill
Published: March 2007

T om Hammond and Bill Dennison are at the School of Education, University of Newcastle. Their paper also touches upon the place of a market within education as a mechanism for making schools more responsible to parental choice as a means of increasing competition and raising standards. It focuses upon a case in the context of parental choice of schools within a single local situation characterised by a transfer age of 13, the rural nature of the area and the predominance of one school. In doing so it seeks to say something about perceived shifts in emphasis resulting from the implementation of open enrolment procedures and LMS.
Discrimination in Australian TAFE and Higher Education: The Anecdotal Evidence of Contested Matters
Authors: Shorten Ann
Published: March 2007

A nn Shorten is Graduate Studies Advisor at the Faculty of Education, Monash University in Australia. She suggests that within adversarial legal systems contested matters can provide useful anecdotal evidence of particular instances of the operation of the law in practice. In Australian TAFE and higher education there had been 16 contested matters, 13 on aspects of employment practice. These cases suggest that where appropriate policies have been followed complainants have found it difficult to prove discrimination. Shorten also claims a strong emphasis upon conciliation tends to discourage resort to the adversarial resolution of disputes.
Contested Cumulations: Configurations of Cancer Treatments through the Twentieth Century
Authors: Pickstone John V
Published: March 2007

The treatment of cancer through the twentieth century may be seen as the successive addition of modalities: first surgery; then radiotherapy, especially between the world wars; and then chemotherapy, from the 1960s. This paper explores some of the systematic differences between the modalities, and how these additions were negotiated in different countries, with different long-term consequences for the development of services and specialization. It focuses chiefly on the United Kingdom and the United States, the former exemplifying a centralized health polity, and the latter, liberal markets combined with large and crucial postwar inputs from government. The differences between health polities were especially important for interwar radiotherapy, which in its centralized form appeared as paradigmatic of the analytical/rationalizing mode in modern medicine. Chemotherapy exemplified a more inventive and experimentalist mode that became common after World War II, and that, through the practice of trials, shaped the new subprofession of medical oncology. The interactions of the modalities, at various levels, are modeled as contested cumulations showing strong path dependency. The paper ends by reviewing the present situation, especially for Britain, and by underlining the relevance of history.
A note on mass lumping and related processes in the finite element method
Authors: Hinton E. , Rock T. , Zienkiewicz O. C.
Published: March 2007

The general problem of mass lumping and related processes in the finite element method are discussed.

A mass lumping scheme is presented for parabolic isoparametric elements. Examples are presented to show the good accuracy which can be obtained in linear and non‐linear dynamic problems using the scheme.
An extrusion energy absorber suitable for the protection of structures during an earthquake
Authors: Robinson W. H. , Greenbank L. R.
Published: March 2007

A structure moving under the influence of an earthquake is normally required to absorb its own energy of motion. However, in many cases it is possible to attach to the structure energy absorbing devices which absorb most of its energy of motion. One such device is an energy absorber which works by extruding lead back and forth through an orifice. On being extruded the deformed lead recrystallizes immediately, thereby recovering its original mechanical properties before the next extrusion or stroke. Accordingly, the amount of energy absorbed is not limited by work hardening or fatigue of the lead, but rather by the heat capacity of the device, the melting point of lead being the upper limit to the operating temperature. Furthermore, the device is able to absorb energy during a large number of earthquakes.

A number of 20 kN × 2 cm stroke to 200 kN × 26 cm stroke extrusion energy absorbers have been tested at rates of 10−6 to 3.6 × 10−6 cm/min. They behaved as ‘plastic solids’ or ‘coulomb dampers’ with nearly rectangular hysteresis loops and little rate dependence.
Dynamic properties of asymmetric wall‐frame structures
Authors: Rutenberg A. , Tso W. K. , Heidebrecht A. C.
Published: March 2007

An approximate method is proposed for evaluation of the natural frequencies and mode shapes of uniform asymmetric wall‐frame structures. An exact solution is first given for the case in which the coefficient matrix of the dynamic equilibrium equations satisfies certain conditions. Using perturbation analysis, the method is then applied to the more general case in which these conditions are only approximately satisfied. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the technique.
Ratio of the glass transition temperature to the melting point in polymers
Authors: Lee W. A. , Knight G. J.
Published: March 2007

A study of the ratio of the glass temperature to the melting point of 132 polymers is described. Contrary to some other workers' observations on smaller numbers of polymers there is no sharp division between the ratios observed for symmetrical and unsymmetrical polymers. The arithmetic mean of the ratio is 0·63 and 0·69 respectively, but the combined standard deviation is 0·11. There is no correlation between the ratios and the crystalline forms of polymers.
Determination of hexamethylene tetramine in thermosetting moulding compounds
Authors: Baum D. E. , Goodman K. D.
Published: March 2007

Hexamethylene tetramine (hexamine) in phenol‐formaldehyde and urea‐formaldehyde moulding compounds can be determined by non‐aqueous titration in acetic acid solution with perchloric acid. Phenolic compounds may be dissolved directly in glacial acetic acid and the hexamine may be titrated. However, hexamine must first be extracted from dry urea‐formaldehyde samples with chloroform before titration as the resin interferes with the titration. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy may also be used to determine the hexamine content of the extracted solution.
The Politics of Electoral Systems
Authors: Tremblay Manon
Published: March 2007

The Politics of Electoral Systems, Michael Gallagher and Paul
Mitchell, eds., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005, pp. xxvi, 662.

The Politics of Electoral Systems is the most recent and
thorough work currently available on electoral systems. There is, of
course, The Handbook of Electoral Choice (Josep M. Colomer, ed.,
London and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004) but this work focuses more
specifically on the issue of electoral reform in relation to
democratization. The Politics of Electoral Systems covers a wide
variety of electoral systems from theoretical and empirical
perspectives—and it does so excellently. This brand new work is
destined to become no less than the bible of electoral systems.
Regards philosophiques sur la mondialisation,
Authors: Jasmin Jean-Christophe
Published: March 2007

Regards philosophiques sur la mondialisation,, Couture, J.,
Courtois, S. (sous la direction de),, Montréal, Presses de
l'Université du Québec, 2005, 240 pages.

Cet ouvrage, qui recueille les thèses présentées
par 14 auteurs du monde universitaire canadien lors d'un colloque sur
la mondialisation qui s'est tenu à l'Université du
Québec à Montréal à l'automne 2003,
propose un aperçu des différents débats que suscite
ce thème dans le monde de la philosophie politique et sociale.
Spatial Econometric Models of Cross-Sectional Interdependence in Political Science Panel and Time-Series-Cross-Section Data
Authors: Franzese Robert J. , Hays Jude C.
Published: March 2007

In this paper, we demonstrate the econometric consequences of different specification and estimation choices in the analysis of spatially interdependent data and show how to calculate and present spatial effect estimates substantively. We consider four common estimators—nonspatial OLS, spatial OLS, spatial 2SLS, and spatial ML. We examine analytically the respective omitted-variable and simultaneity biases of nonspatial OLS and spatial OLS in the simplest case and then evaluate the performance of all four estimators in bias, efficiency, and SE accuracy terms under more realistic conditions using Monte Carlo experiments. We provide empirical illustration, showing how to calculate and present spatial effect estimates effectively, using data on European governments' active labor market expenditures. Our main conclusions are that spatial OLS, despite its simultaneity, performs acceptably under low-to-moderate interdependence strength and reasonable sample dimensions. Spatial 2SLS or spatial ML may be advised for other conditions, but, unless interdependence is truly absent or minuscule, any of the spatial estimators unambiguously, and often dramatically, dominates on all three criteria the nonspatial OLS commonly used currently in empirical work in political science.
Production and Refining of Soluble Products from Eucalyptus globulus Glucuronoxylan
Authors: Vázquez María José , Alonso José Luis , Domínguez Herminia , Parajó Juan Carlos
Published: March 2007

Milled Eucalyptus globulus wood samples were subjected to hydrothermal treatment under a variety of operational conditions in order to cause the hydrolytic degradation of glucuronoxylan. Liquors contained both hemicellulose-derived products (soluble products from xylan, mainly corresponding to substituted oligosaccharides and monosaccharides) and non- saccharide compounds. Liquors obtained under selected conditions were concentrated and subjected to ethyl acetate extraction (3 steps) and ion exchange (with Amberlite IRA 400 or Amberlite IRA 96) to decrease the content of non-saccharide components. The various streams involved in the whole process were assayed for composition, and material balances were formulated for the best results. The highest purification degree was obtained with Amberlite IRA 400, which led to a final isolate (consisting of monosaccharides, substituted oligosaccharides and non-volatile, non-saccharide components) containing 92.2 wt.% of saccharides and 7.76 wt.% of non-saccharide components (mainly phenolic compounds).
Joking Relationships and National Identity in Scandinavia
Authors: Gundelach Peter
Published: March 2007

This article studies the joking relationships among the Scandinavian countries, Norway, Sweden and Denmark. Based on joke collections from books, the Internet and other sources, we find that Danes tell jokes about the Norwegians and Swedes, while Norwegians and Swedes tell jokes about each other, but not about the Danes. In general, the Danes tell jokes in which the butt, or object, of the jokes is a stupid Norwegian or a Swede whose values differ from those of the Danes. The Norwegians and the Swedes tell jokes in which the object is stupid - either a Norwegian or a Swede. The different values/stupid characterizations can be found in other contexts. The character of the jokes can be explained in part by the countries' respective national habitus, as they have been shaped by the types of conflictual and co-operative relationships among the countries.
Individual Social Action and Macro Level Dynamics: A Formal Theoretical Model
Authors: Åberg Yvonne
Published: March 2007

When large numbers of individuals interact and influence each other's choices of action, the relationship between a single individual's action and the aggregate outcome on the macro-level is far from straightforward and is therefore difficult to predict. In this paper, a theoretical model is developed that can be used to analyze how the evolution of different macro-phenomena depends upon social actions at the micro level. The model, which takes as its point of departure a set of analytical diagrams developed by T.C. Schelling (1978), is precise yet applicable to the analysis of a range of different social situations. The wide applicability of the model is demonstrated by examining two seemingly disparate social processes. One concerns the growth of a social movement and the other the prevalence of condom use in the population. Underlying both these processes is a system of interaction in which purposeful actors react to an environment that consists largely of other actors reacting in a like manner. The focus of the analysis is on the complex aggregate outcomes that these systems of interaction generate.