bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measuring the Aesthetic Value of Multifunctional Lakes Using an Enhanced Visual Quality Method
Authors: Tallar Robby , Suen Jian-Ping
Published: March 2017

Aesthetic value is an important factor that should be considered in lake environments. However, there is a lack of research examining and undertaking investigation of the aesthetic value of multifunctional lake ecosystems. There are two major purposes for this study: (1) to define and investigate the important perceived attributes related to the aesthetic value of multifunctional lakes using a video-questionnaire method and (2) to provide some suggestions for the further development of a visual quality index facilitating decision making in management and policies. An enhanced visual quality method was used in this study to record the conditions of the multifunctional lakes in each location in the study area. The findings of the study defined water color and clarity, percentage of water hyacinth, types of debris, percentage of debris, and facilities and land values as the important attributes related to aesthetic value in multifunctional lakes. In summary, the perceived attributes in the visual ecology criteria indicated more significant relationships with the functional morphology criteria than the financial profitability criteria. The results showed that the video-questionnaire method used in this study is efficient, easy to use, and understandable in terms of identifying and measuring aesthetic value in relation to perceptions of perceived attributes.
Computed tomographic evaluation of femoral and tibial conformation in English Staffordshire Bull Terriers with and without congenital medial patellar luxation
Authors: Voss Katja , Newman Mark
Published: March 2017

Objective: To compare hindlimb conformation of English Staffordshire Bull Terriers with and without medial patellar luxation using computed tomography.

Methods: Hindlimb computed tomography (CT) was performed on six English Staffordshire Bull Terriers with grade II or III medial patellar luxation, and six without medial patellar luxation. Inclination angle, femoral condyle trochanteric angle, anteversion angle (AA), distal anteversion angle (DAA), proximal anteversion angle (PAA), femoral varus angle (FVA), tibial valgus angle (TVA), and tibial torsion angle (TTA) were measured. Student’s T-test was conducted to compare normal limbs to limbs with medial patellar luxation, all limbs of dogs with medial patellar luxation to limbs of the control group, and medial patellar luxation affected limbs (normal limbs of unilaterally affected dogs excluded) to the control group. P-values less than 0.05 were considered significant.

Results: Two dogs with medial patellar luxation were only affected unilaterally. Limbs of English Staffordshire Bull Terriers with medial patellar luxation had significantly diminished AA and DAA, in addition to decreased TVA. These differences were similar regardless of how the unaffected limbs from affected dogs were treated in our analysis.

Discussion and conclusion: Medial patellar luxation in this population of English Staffordshire Bull Terriers was characterized by a decrease in femoral anteversion, external rotation of the femoral diaphysis, and decreased tibial valgus. These findings may help inform clinical decision making when performing osteotomy for treatment of medial patellar luxation in this breed.
Transition-metal-catalyzed synthesis of phenols and aryl thiols
Authors: Liu Yajun , Liu Shasha , Xiao Yan
Published: March 2017

Phenols and aryl thiols are fundamental building blocks in organic synthesis and final products with interesting biological activities. Over the past decades, substantial progress has been made in transition-metal-catalyzed coupling reactions, which resulted in the emergence of new methods for the synthesis of phenols and aryl thiols. Aryl halides have been extensively studied as substrates for the synthesis of phenols and aryl thiols. In very recent years, C–H activation represents a powerful strategy for the construction of functionalized phenols directly from various arenes. However, the synthesis of aryl thiols through C–H activation has not been reported. In this review, a brief overview is given of the recent advances in synthetic strategies for both phenols and aryl thiols.
Glasba slovenske povojne moderne (1918–1927)
Authors: Pompe Gregor
Published: March 2017

Na osnovi analize izbranih del so revidirane sodbe o slogovni usmerjenosti slovenske glasbe med obema vojnama. Glasba skladateljev, ki so bili aktivni v omenjenem času, izkazuje karakteristično ambivalentnost, ki se vidi v nasprotju med novimi in progresivnimi kompozicijskimi težnjami na eni strani in ohranjanjem estetskih idealov preteklega stoletja na drugi.
P. Mavricij Pöhm – glasbeni migrant? Prispevek k poznavanju življenja in dela frančiškanskega glasbenika na Slovenskem v drugi polovici 18. stoletja
Authors: Škrjanc Radovan
Published: March 2017

Prispevek pomembno dopolnjuje dosedanje védenje o življenju in delu frančiškanskega glasbenika p. Mavricija Pöhma (1745–1803) po njegovem vstopu v red v Kamniku že avgusta 1763. Nova spoznanja v zvezi s tem razkrivajo točni datum in ime kraja Pöhmovega rojstva na Češkem, njegovo krstno ime in to, da je večino svojega življenja prebil v samostanih na Slovenskem (v Kamniku, Ljubljani in Novem mestu). Nepojasnjeni v Pöhmovem življenju ostajata le dve krajši obdobji po njegovem prihodu v Kamnik (1764–1767 in 1771–1774). Zato je dosedanji »status« p. Pöhma kot glasbenega migranta in osebe, ki naj bi zaradi svojih vezi z rodno Češko in selitev iz enega v drugi samostan odločilno prispevala k dospetju takrat sodobne glasbe srednjeevropskih skladateljev iz tujine k nam, vprašljiv. Temu pritrjujejo tudi nekateri (že objavljeni) izsledki raziskave porekla t. i. »Pöhmovih muzikalij« v Novem mestu, ki so večinoma domačega (kranjskega) izvora.
Efecto del reprensado en las propiedades mecánicas de guías de válvulas fabricadas por pulvimetalurgia
Authors: Rodríguez-Spitia Andrés , Agudelo-Ospina Gustavo , Galindo Juan , Correa-Ballesteros Faber , Alba de Sánchez Nelly
Published: March 2017

Se determinaron la dureza, pérdida de masa y coeficiente de fricción, de guías de válvulas para motores de combustión interna fabricadas en latón por proceso de pulvimetalurgia, con el objetivo de conocer si cumplen con las exigencias que requiere un motor de combustión interna, utilizando como parámetro comparativo guías de válvulas comerciales de latón producidas por fundición. Se estudió, si las propiedades son homogéneas a lo largo de toda la guía de la válvula y se evaluó el proceso de reprensado que se lleva a cabo de manera adicional en la línea de producción. Se determinaron las durezas Brinell y Vickers; el coeficiente de fricción y la tasa de desgaste (ensayo pin on disk). Mediante microscopía electrónica de barrido y análisis metalográfico, se estudió el mecanismo de desgaste. Se llevó a cabo la determinación de la composición química de las guías y el efecto del reprensado cuantificando la porosidad superficial, mediante el software Analizador de imágenes Pro Plus®. Se puso de manifiesto que las piezas fabricadas por proceso de pulvimetalurgia presentaron valores inferiores en sus propiedades mecánico-tribológicas en comparación con las guías de válvula comerciales. Estos resultados permitirán mejorar las condiciones de fabricación de las guías mediante pulvimetalurgia.
Utilization Low Rank Coal Bottom Ash as TiO2 Support for Oxidation Catalyst of Styrene with Hydrogen Peroxide Aqueous
Authors: Nurhadi Mukhamad
Published: March 2017

One of the coal combustion ashes is coal bottom ash. Low rank coal bottom ash can act as TiO2 catalyst’s support which was calcined at varying temperature, has been created. The low rank coal bottom ash model was collected from low rank coal which burned in muffle furnace at 800 °C for 2 h. Subsequently, the low rank coal bottom ash was impregnated with titanium (IV) isopropoxide (Ti (PrO)4) 500 μmol, and then calcined at variation temperature of 300, 400, 500, 600 and 700 °C. The modified physiochemical property of catalysts were determined UV-vis spectroscopy, N2 adsorption-desorption and hydrophobicity test. The performances of the catalysts were tested for styrene oxidation with H2O2 aqueous as oxidant. It is found that the low rank coal bottom ash was as good catalyst support, whereby TiO2 supported low rank coal bottom ash which calcined at 400 °C possessed the best catalytic activity with styrene conversion 45% and selectivity 87%.
Azacitidine Mitigates Graft-versus-Host Disease via Differential Effects on the Proliferation of T Effectors and Natural Regulatory T Cells In Vivo
Authors: Cooper Matthew L. , Choi Jaebok , Karpova Darja , Vij Kiran , Ritchey Julie , Schroeder Mark A. , DiPersio John F.
Published: March 2017

Azacitidine (AzaC) mitigates graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) in both murine preclinical transplant models and in human clinical trials while maintaining a robust graft-versus-leukemia effect. Previous studies have failed to investigate the role of natural regulatory T cells (nTregs) on the mitigation of GvHD by AzaC, instead focusing on the generation of suppressive Tregs (CD4+CD25+FOXP3+) through the in vivo conversion of alloreactive donor T effectors (Teffs; CD4+CD25−FOXP3−) and the direct antiproliferative effects of AzaC on allogeneic T cells. Using B6.Foxp3DTR/GFP mice in which Tregs can be specifically ablated through administration of diphtheria toxin, we demonstrate that natural Tregs are required in the donor graft for AzaC to optimally protect against GvHD and that nTregs, unlike Teffs (CD3+FOXP3−), are resistant to the antiproliferative effects of AzaC. Gene expression analysis identified the potent cell cycle inhibitor, p21, was significantly upregulated in Teffs but not nTregs after treatment with AzaC. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Teffs deficient in p21 are less sensitive to the antiproliferative effects of AzaC. These results demonstrate that nTregs are essential for AzaC to fully protect against GvHD and have important clinical implications for future clinical trials testing AzaC as a novel method of GvHD prophylaxis in man.
Adaptive Immune Responses to Zika Virus Are Important for Controlling Virus Infection and Preventing Infection in Brain and Testes
Authors: Winkler Clayton W. , Myers Lara M. , Woods Tyson A. , Messer Ronald J. , Carmody Aaron B. , McNally Kristin L. , Scott Dana P. , Hasenkrug Kim J. , Best Sonja M. , Peterson Karin E.
Published: March 2017

The recent association between Zika virus (ZIKV) and neurologic complications, including Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults and CNS abnormalities in fetuses, highlights the importance in understanding the immunological mechanisms controlling this emerging infection. Studies have indicated that ZIKV evades the human type I IFN response, suggesting a role for the adaptive immune response in resolving infection. However, the inability of ZIKV to antagonize the mouse IFN response renders the virus highly susceptible to circulating IFN in murine models. Thus, as we show in this article, although wild-type C57BL/6 mice mount cell-mediated and humoral adaptive immune responses to ZIKV, these responses were not required to prevent disease. However, when the type I IFN response of mice was suppressed, then the adaptive immune responses became critical. For example, when type I IFN signaling was blocked by Abs in Rag1−/− mice, the mice showed dramatic weight loss and ZIKV infection in the brain and testes. This phenotype was not observed in Ig-treated Rag1−/− mice or wild-type mice treated with anti–type I IFNR alone. Furthermore, we found that the CD8+ T cell responses of pregnant mice to ZIKV infection were diminished compared with nonpregnant mice. It is possible that diminished cell-mediated immunity during pregnancy could increase virus spread to the fetus. These results demonstrate an important role for the adaptive immune response in the control of ZIKV infection and imply that vaccination may prevent ZIKV-related disease, particularly when the type I IFN response is suppressed as it is in humans.
Antigen-Presenting Human γδ T Cells Promote Intestinal CD4+ T Cell Expression of IL-22 and Mucosal Release of Calprotectin
Authors: Tyler Christopher J. , McCarthy Neil E. , Lindsay James O. , Stagg Andrew J. , Moser Bernhard , Eberl Matthias
Published: March 2017

The cytokine IL-22 plays a critical role in mucosal barrier defense, but the mechanisms that promote IL-22 expression in the human intestine remain poorly understood. As human microbe–responsive Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells are abundant in the gut and recognize microbiota-associated metabolites, we assessed their potential to induce IL-22 expression by intestinal CD4+ T cells. Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells with characteristics of APCs were generated from human blood and intestinal organ cultures, then cocultured with naive and memory CD4+ T cells obtained from human blood or the colon. The potency of blood and intestinal γδ T-APCs was compared with that of monocytes and dendritic cells, by assessing CD4+ T cell phenotypes and proliferation as well as cytokine and transcription factor profiles. Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells in human blood, colon, and terminal ileum acquired APC functions upon microbial activation in the presence of microenvironmental signals including IL-15, and were capable of polarizing both blood and colonic CD4+ T cells toward distinct effector fates. Unlike monocytes or dendritic cells, gut-homing γδ T-APCs employed an IL-6 independent mechanism to stimulate CD4+ T cell expression of IL-22 without upregulating IL-17. In human intestinal organ cultures, microbial activation of Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells promoted mucosal secretion of IL-22 and ICOSL/TNF-α–dependent release of the IL-22 inducible antimicrobial protein calprotectin without modulating IL-17 expression. In conclusion, human γδ T-APCs stimulate CD4+ T cell responses distinct from those induced by myeloid APCs to promote local barrier defense via mucosal release of IL-22 and calprotectin. Targeting of γδ T-APC functions may lead to the development of novel gut-directed immunotherapies and vaccines.
Young children with fetal alcohol spetrum disorder - communication profiles
Authors: De Beer Mari , Kritzinger Alts , Zsilavcz Ursula
Published: March 2017

The aim of the article is to describe the communication profiles of five young children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) from 4 to 58months of age. A collective case-study design following a quantitative and descriptive approach was used to describe the communication profilesof the participants. The results are described according to the participants’ case histories and a four-level early communication assessment framework.The significant findings were that all participants were in foster care, and presented with incomplete case histories, general developmentaldelays and delays regarding all aspects of their communication abilities. An increase in the severity of the spectrum disorder across the participants’combined communication profiles was also identified. Participants presented with complex multiple neurodevelopmental needs thatshould be viewed within a developmental systems and ecological framework. The importance of early identification, diagnosis and assessmentof infants and young children prenatally exposed to alcohol, the identification of precursors to communication impairment at a very early age,and the need for individualised early communication intervention to improve developmental outcomes within a family-centred approach arediscussed. Suggestions for future research to accumulate knowledge about FASD in the field of early communication intervention are made.
Children with Speech Difficulties: A survey of clinical practice in the Western Cape
Authors: Pascoe Michelle , Maphalala Zinhle , Ebrahim Aeysha , Hime Daneil , Mdladla Bathobile , Mohamed Nerosha , Skinner Mandy
Published: March 2017

This paper is based on a study by Joffe and Pring (2008) which investigated assessment and therapy methods used by Speech Language Therapists (SLTs) in the United Kingdom for children with phonological difficulties. Joffe and Pring reported SLTs’ most favoured assessments and therapy approaches in that context. Children with speech difficulties are likely to form a considerable part of SLT caseloads in South Africa, but the choice of assessments may not be so clearcut given the linguistic diversity of the region and the fact that few assessments have been developed specifically for the SA population. Linked to difficulties with assessment, selection of intervention approaches may also pose challenges. This study aimed to investigate the methods of assessment and intervention used by SLTs in the Western Cape when working with children with speech difficulties. A questionnaire was sent to SLTs working with pre and/ or primary school- aged children. Twenty-nine clinicians of varying experience responded. The majority of SLTs (89%) use informal assessment tools in combination with formal assessment. When using formal assessments, more than 50% of SLTs make modifications to better suit the population. Participants use a variety of intervention approaches, often in combination, and based on a child’s individual profile of difficulties and available resources. Forty-six percent of SLTs felt unsure about the selection of assessments and intervention for bi/multilingual children with speech difficulties. SLTs suggested that guidelines about accepted / typical speech development in the region would be helpful for their clinical practice. Clinical implications of the findings are discussed together with some suggestions for developing knowledge of children’s speech difficulties in the South African context.
Language teaching is no panacea: A theoretical perspective and critical evaluation of language in education within the South African context
Authors: Jordaan Heila
Published: March 2017

Language competence is both the means and the end to educational achievement, and multilingualism in particular has important cognitive, academic and societal advantages. The linguistic diversity in South Africa creates an ideal context to provide learners with the educational opportunities that promote high levels of linguistic proficiency in their home and additional languages. Unfortunately, the education system has not delivered on the constitutional imperatives of promoting multilingualism. English continues to dominate as the preferred language of teaching and learning, at the expense and marginalisation of the African languages. This is regarded by many researchers as the primary reason for the disturbingly low numeracy and literacy achievement levels of the majority of South African schoolchildren. However, the effects of language-in-education practices on academic achievement are not straightforward. This paper analyses recent research pertaining to the effects of language-in-education practices and argues that the critical role of educational linguistics is neglected in the South African education system. This affects the quality of teaching irrespective of the language of instruction and has a significant impact on the achievement of our children. The purpose of this paper is to present a critical theoretical perspective on language in education in order to influence policy and practice. An additional aim is to promote the role of speech-language therapists (SLTs) in education, since these professionals are well positioned to work in collaboration with educators to enhance language learning in mainstream/ordinary classrooms. However, SLTs also need to be well informed about the challenges in education and the theory underlying language-in-education practices.
The occurrence of high-risk factors for hearing loss in verylow- birth-weight neonates: A retrospective exploratory study of targeted hearing screening
Authors: Kanji Amisha , Khoza-Shangase Katijah
Published: March 2017

The current study aimed at determining the type and frequency of high-risk factors for hearing loss in a group of very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) neonates in a tertiary hospital in South Africa with the objective of collating evidence that could be used in arguing for or against revisiting targeted hearing screening in developing countries. Furthermore, the study aimed at investigating the relationship between the identified high-risk factors and hearing screening results. In a retrospective data review design, data were collated from files from the VLBW project; this included hearing screening records, as well as records from participant medical and audiology files. Records of 86 neonates with birth weights ranging between 680 g and 1 500 g were reviewed. Findings indicated that neonatal jaundice, exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), mechanical or assisted ventilation, and neonatal intensive care unit stay greater than 48 hours were the most frequently occurring high-risk factors for hearing loss in the current sample. These factors are consistent with those listed in the high-risk register of the Health Professions Council of South Africa for the South African context. Findings confirm the complexity of risk factors, and the influence that a variety of factors such as poor follow-up or return rate might have on the implementation of early hearing detection and intervention. The importance of establishing context-specific risk factors for effective implementation of targeted screening protocols where universal newborn hearing screening is not yet a reality was highlighted by the current study.
Costs involved in using a cochlear implant in South Africa
Authors: Kerr Gillian Robyn , Tuomi Seppo , Müller Alida
Published: March 2017

Cochlear implantation is an expensive but effective lifelong intervention for individuals with a severe-to-profound hearing loss. The primary aim of this study was to survey the short- and long-term costs of cochlear implantation. Individuals (N=154) using cochlear implants obtained from the University of Stellenbosch-Tygerberg Hospital Cochlear Implant Unit in Cape Town, South Africa were surveyed using a questionnaire and patient record review. The questionnaire used a combination of closed and open-ended questions to gather both quantitative and qualitative information. Costs were categorised as short- and long-term costs. All costs were converted to constant rands (June 2010) using the Consumer Price Index to allow for comparison in real terms over time. In the first 10 years of implantation the average estimated costs incurred by adults totalled R379 626, and by children R455 225. The initial purchase of the implant system was the most substantial cost, followed by upgrading of the processor. Travel and accommodation costs peaked in the first 2 years. On average the participants spent R2 550 per year on batteries and spares. Rehabilitation for children cost an average of R7 200. Insurance costs averaged R4 040 per year, and processor repairs R3 000 each. In addition to the upfront expense of obtaining the cochlear implant system, individuals using a cochlear implant in South Africa should be prepared for the long-term costs of maintenance, accessing the unit, support services and additional costs associated with use. Knowledge of these costs is important to ensure that individuals are successful users of their cochlear implants in the long term.
Infection prevention and control measures currently applied in South African audiology
Authors: Ehlert Katerina , Naude Alida M.
Published: March 2017

Background: To counter the global increase in infection-related deaths, infection control has recently developed into an active area of research. Many diseases can be prevented by infection control. In the confines of the audiology clinic, cross-contamination by micro-organisms associated with opportunistic infections remains a real concern.Objective: The primary aim of the study was to ascertain the methods that audiologists in South Africa use to prevent and control the spread of infections during and after consultation with clients.Method: A survey study was conducted, using a self-administered questionnaire. Fifty currently practising audiologists participated in the study.Results: The majority (84%; n = 42) of respondents acknowledged the importance of hand hygiene for the purpose of infection control, with 76% (n = 38) making use of no-rinse hand sanitisers. Approximately a third of audiologists wear gloves during procedures such as otoscopy and immittance, and while handling hearing aids. Disinfecting audiological equipment seem to be the preferred choice of infection control, with only 60% (n = 30) of respondents sterilising audiological equipment after each individual patient consultation. Less than half of the respondents disinfected touch surfaces and toys in the reception area.Conclusions: Based on the results, further education and training should focus on measures implemented in infection control, awareness of possible risk factors at work settings, and vaccination as an effective means of infection control.
Compilation of a preliminary checklist for the differential diagnosis of neurogenic stuttering
Authors: Lundie Mariska , Erasmus Zandria , Zsilavecz Ursula , Van der Linde Jeannie
Published: March 2017

Background: Neurogenic stuttering (NS) is the most frequently occurring acquired form of stuttering in children and adults. This form of stuttering is primarily caused by neurological incidents. Owing to controversies with regard to similarities between developmental stuttering (DS) and NS symptomatology, differential diagnosis is problematic. Differential diagnosis will guide the appropriate management of persons who stutter (PWS).Objectives: The aim of this study was to describe and highlight the characteristics of NS in order to compile a preliminary checklist for accurate diagnosis and intervention.Method: An explorative, applied mixed method, multiple case study research design was followed. Purposive sampling was used to select four participants. A comprehensive assessment battery was compiled for data collection.Results: The results revealed a distinct pattern of core stuttering behaviours in NS, although discrepancies existed regarding stuttering severity and frequency. It was also found that DS and NS can co-occur. The case history and the core stuttering pattern are important considerations during differential diagnosis, as these are the only consistent characteristics in people with NS.Conclusion: It is unlikely that all the symptoms of NS are present in an individual. The researchers scrutinised the findings of this study and the findings of previous literature to compile a potentially workable checklist.
Classroom intervention to change peers’ attitudes towards children who stutter: A feasibility study
Authors: Kathard Harsha , Walters Freda , Frieslaar Kareemah , Mhlongo Thembeka , Rhoode Melissa , Shaboodien Raeesa , Weidmann Julia , Zimmerman Nicole , Zoetmulder Amy , Camroodien-Surve Fatemah
Published: March 2017

Background: Before interventions are implemented, the potential treatment benefit must be determined.Objectives: The primary objective of this feasibility study was to assess if peers’ attitudes towards children who stutter (CWS) change one month after the administration of the Classroom Communication Resource (CCR). The secondary objectives of the study were to determine if differences in peer attitudes were related to gender and to previous exposure to a person who stutters.Method: The study used a cluster randomised control trial design. The study included 211 Grade 7 participants from schools in the Cape Town Metropole. The CCR intervention was administered to 97 participants in the experimental group, whilst 114 participants in the control group did not receive the intervention. The Stuttering Resource Outcome Measure(SROM) used as the outcome measure during pre- and post-test period. STATISTICA was used for in-depth data analysis.Results: An overall positive direction of change in scores was observed for the experimental group compared with the control group. However, the magnitude of change in the experimental group was not statistically significant (p = 0.2683). Male and female participants did not differ significantly in their scores on the SROM across pre-test and post-test periods. Participants who had exposure to individuals who stutter had significantly more positive scores on the SROM in the pre-test and post-test periods compared to those who had no direct exposure to stuttering.Conclusion: This result indicated the beginning of positive attitude change which may be attributed to the intervention. Further investigation is warranted.
Idiosyncratic sound systems of the South African Bantu languages: Research and clinical implications for speech-language pathologists and audiologists
Authors: Van der Merwe Anita , Roux Mia Le
Published: March 2017

The objective of this article is to create awareness amongst speech-language pathologists and audiologists in South Africa regarding the difference between the sound systems of Germanic languages and the sound systems of South African Bantu languages. A brief overview of the sound systems of two Bantu languages, namely isiZulu and Setswana, is provided. These two languages are representative of the Nguni language group and the Sotho group respectively.Consideration is given to the notion of language-specific symptoms of speech, language and hearing disorders in addition to universal symptoms. The possible impact of speech production, language and hearing disorders on the ability to produce and perceive speech in these languages, and the challenges that this holds for research and clinical practice, are pointed out.
Treatment of duodenal peptic ulcer perforation by endoscopic clips: A novel approach
Authors: Joshi Mohan Achyut , Gadhire Minakshi , Paranjpe Ashwini Arun
Published: March 2017

Aims and Objectives: In an attempt to avoid the high morbidity and mortality associated with exploratory laparotomy in a patient of duodenal ulcer perforation (DUP), an attempt was made to treat patients with spontaneous DUP with endoscopic clips. Background: DUP is a common cause of surgical emergency. Traditional form of treatment includes nasogastric decompression, fluid resuscitation, and exploratory laparotomy or laparoscopy for repair. Considering the compromised state of such patients, endoscopic treatment and avoiding surgery will play a great role in preventing the further stress caused by surgery and facilitate quicker recovery. On thorough review of literature, we found few articles stating successful endoscopic clipping of iatrogenic duodenal perforation occurred during upper endoscopy. Our case series appears to be first of its kind reporting the use of endoclips for treating spontaneous (noniatrogenic) DUP. Materials and Methods: Three young male patients presenting with a short duration history of abdominal pain and vomiting and chest radiograph suggesting pneumoperitoneum were selected for endoscopic clipping. All of them were hemodynamically stable with near normal blood pressure and pulse rate. Under local anesthetic spray and mild sedation, endoscopic clipping was carried out along with supportive treatment. Postoperatively, patients were monitored clinically and radiographically and discharged after they could tolerate full diet. Results and Conclusion: We recommend that in selected group of young patients of DUP who have presented early and are hemodynamically stable, endoclips may be applied to approximate mucosa. With supportive conservative treatment offered, thereafter healing of perforation occurs without the need for laparotomy or laparoscopy for suturing the same.
Checking Heterogeneity and its Relationships with Action Identification Level
Authors: Belayachi S. , Van Der Linden M.
Published: March 2017

Consistent with the action identification theory proposal that some people identify their actions at a low-level (action processing regarding motor parameters) while others generally identify actions at a high-level (regarding goal features), and that a low-level of action identification leads to behavioral dysregulation (repetition, doubts about completion), checking proneness was found to be related to low-level action identification. Nevertheless, checking can be motivated by several factors (dysfunctional beliefs, incompleteness feelings). In the present research, we reexamine the level at which actions are identified by distinct subtypes of checking-prone participants. In Study 1, cluster analysis leads to the identification of four checking subtypes based on two dysfunctional beliefs domains (responsibility and perfectionism); our main results suggest that a low-level of action identification may characterize a checking subtype that is not motivated by responsibility related dysfunctional beliefs. Study 2 further reveals that anxiety features may characterize the checking subtype related to a low-level action identification.
Context Effects in the Evaluation of Bodily Symptoms: Comparing Three Versions of the Health Norms Sorting Task
Authors: Weck Florian , Witthöft Michael
Published: March 2017

The illness-related evaluation of bodily symptoms is considered to be an important maintaining factor in somatoform disorders. However, little is known about context variables that could influence this evaluation process. In the current study, participants completed three versions of the Health Norms Sorting Task (HNST) and evaluated bodily symptoms in different contexts (i.e., different evaluation perspectives and time frames of evaluation). Additionally, the three HNST versions were presented in different orders. Bodily symptoms were evaluated more often as a sign of illness when a specific time frame (i.e., one week) was given. However, this context effect was only large when participants had previously evaluated symptoms existing without a concrete duration. Thus, previously completed symptom evaluations appear to represent an important frame of reference in terms of a cue that makes specific context variables salient. The results further suggested that these cueing effects might be less relevant for participants with elevated somatic symptom reports.
Ionospheric F2-layer Perturbations Observed After the M8.8 Chile Earthquake on
February 27, 2010, at Long Distance from the Epicenter
Authors: Hegai Valery V. , Kim Vitaly P. , Legen’ka Anna D.
Published: March 2017

The F2-layer critical frequency (foF2) data from several ionosondes are employed
to study the long-distance effect of the M8.8 Chile Earthquake of February 27, 2010, on
the F2 layer. Significant perturbations of the peak F2-layer electron density have been
observed following the earthquake at two South African stations, Hermanus and Madimbo,
which are located at great circle distances of ~8,000 and ~10,000 km from the earthquake
epicenter, respectively. Simplified estimates demonstrate that the observed ionospheric
perturbations can be caused by a long-period acoustic gravity wave produced in the
F-region by the earthquake.
Analysis on the Hour-lines of Yangcheon-cheok
Authors: Kim Sang Hyuk , Mihn Byeong-Hee , Lee Yong Sam
Published: March 2017

We studied the hour-lines of six extant Yangcheon-cheoks in Korea. To find
whether Yangcheon-cheok was used in the whole area of Korea, we calculated the length of
shadows of Yangcheon-cheok on the Korean Peninsula, Nanjing and Beijing as well as
Hanyang (Seoul), according to 24 solar terms. Comparing the length of shadows with
hour-lines of those relics, we could find that Yangcheon-cheok was suitable for use at
limited times (from 9:00 to 15:00) during the year. Also, this sundial is more
appropriate for use at low latitudes than high ones. Among existing relics, that of
Seoul Museum of History made with porcelain was much more suitable to use at Hanyang and
its higher latitude. Lee’s collection was also suitable to use at Nanjing. It is certain
that Yangcheon-cheok was a portable sundial which could be used from nine to fifteen of
clock all the year around except for the winter season.
Tomography Reconstruction of Ionospheric Electron Density with Empirical
Orthonormal Functions Using Korea GNSS Network
Authors: Hong Junseok , Kim Yong Ha , Chung Jong-Kyun , Ssessanga Nicholas , Kwak Young-Sil
Published: March 2017

In South Korea, there are about 80 Global Positioning System (GPS) monitoring
stations providing total electron content (TEC) every 10 min, which can be accessed
through Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI) for scientific use. We
applied the computerized ionospheric tomography (CIT) algorithm to the TEC dataset from
this GPS network for monitoring the regional ionosphere over South Korea. The algorithm
utilizes multiplicative algebraic reconstruction technique (MART) with an initial
condition of the latest International Reference Ionosphere-2016 model (IRI-2016). In
order to reduce the number of unknown variables, the vertical profiles of electron
density are expressed with a linear combination of empirical orthonormal functions
(EOFs) that were derived from the IRI empirical profiles. Although the number of
receiver sites is much smaller than that of Japan, the CIT algorithm yielded reasonable
structure of the ionosphere over South Korea. We verified the CIT results with NmF2 from
ionosondes in Icheon and Jeju and also with GPS TEC at the center of South Korea. In
addition, the total time required for CIT calculation was only about 5 min, enabling the
exploration of the vertical ionospheric structure in near real time.
Classification of Arctic, Mid-Latitude and Tropical Clouds in the Mixed-Phase Temperature Regime
Authors: Costa Anja , Meyer Jessica , Afchine Armin , Luebke Anna , Günther Gebhard , Dorsey James R. , Gallagher Martin W. , Ehrlich André , Wendisch Manfred , Baumgardner Darrel , Wex Heike , Krämer Martina
Published: March 2017

Abstract. The degree of glaciation of mixed-phase clouds constitutes one of the largest uncertainties in climate prediction. In order to better understand cloud glaciation, cloud spectrometer observations are presented in this paper that were made in the mixed-phase temperature regime between 0 °C and −38 °C, where cloud particles can either be frozen or liquid. The extensive dataset covers four airborne field campaigns providing a total of 139,000 1 Hz data points (38.6 hours within clouds) over Arctic, mid-latitude and tropical regions. We develop algorithms combining the information on number concentration, size and asphericity of the observed cloud particles to classify four cloud types associated with liquid clouds, clouds where liquid droplets and ice crystals coexist, fully glaciated clouds after the Wegener-Bergeron-Findeisen process, and clouds where secondary ice formation occurred. We quantify the occurrence of these cloud groups depending on the geographical region and temperature and find that liquid clouds dominate in our measurements during the Arctic spring, while clouds dominated by the Wegener-Bergeron-Findeisen process are most common in mid-latitude spring. Coexistence of liquid water and ice crystals is found over the whole mixed-phase temperature range in tropical convective towers in the dry season. Secondary ice is found at mid-latitudes at −5 °C to −10 °C and at higher altitudes, i.e. lower temperatures in the tropics. The distribution of the cloud types with decreasing temperatures is shown to be consistent with the theory of evolution of mixed-phase clouds. With this study, we aim to contribute to a large statistical database on cloud types in the mixed-phase temperature regime.
Technical note: Dynamic INtegrated Gap-filling and partitioning for OzFlux (DINGO)
Authors: Beringer Jason , McHugh Ian , Hutley Lindsay B. , Isaac Peter , Kljun Natascha
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Standardised, quality-controlled and robust data from flux networks underpin the understanding of ecosystem processes and tools necessary to support the management of natural resources, including water, carbon and nutrients for environmental and production benefits. The Australian regional flux network (OzFlux) currently has 23 active sites and aims to provide a continental-scale national research facility to monitor and assess Australia's terrestrial biosphere and climate for improved predictions. Given the need for standardised and effective data processing of flux data, we have developed a software suite, called the Dynamic INtegrated Gap-filling and partitioning for OzFlux (DINGO), that enables gap-filling and partitioning of the primary fluxes into ecosystem respiration (Fre) and gross primary productivity (GPP) and subsequently provides diagnostics and results. We outline the processing pathways and methodologies that are applied in DINGO (v13) to OzFlux data, including (1) gap-filling of meteorological and other drivers; (2) gap-filling of fluxes using artificial neural networks; (3) the u* threshold determination; (4) partitioning into ecosystem respiration and gross primary productivity; (5) random, model and u* uncertainties; and (6) diagnostic, footprint calculation, summary and results outputs. DINGO was developed for Australian data, but the framework is applicable to any flux data or regional network. Quality data from robust systems like DINGO ensure the utility and uptake of the flux data and facilitates synergies between flux, remote sensing and modelling.
Modeling surface water dynamics in the Amazon Basin using MOSART-Inundation v1.0: impacts of geomorphological parameters and river flow representation
Authors: Luo Xiangyu , Li Hong-Yi , Leung L. Ruby , Tesfa Teklu K. , Getirana Augusto , Papa Fabrice , Hess Laura L.
Published: March 2017

Abstract. In the Amazon Basin, floodplain inundation is a key component of surface water dynamics and plays an important role in water, energy and carbon cycles. The Model for Scale Adaptive River Transport (MOSART) was extended with a macroscale inundation scheme for representing floodplain inundation. The extended model, named MOSART-Inundation, was used to simulate surface hydrology of the entire Amazon Basin. Previous hydrologic modeling studies in the Amazon Basin identified and addressed a few challenges in simulating surface hydrology of this basin, including uncertainties of floodplain topography and channel geometry, and the representation of river flow in reaches with mild slopes. This study further addressed four aspects of these challenges. First, the spatial variability of vegetation-caused biases embedded in the HydroSHEDS digital elevation model (DEM) data was explicitly addressed. A vegetation height map of about 1 km resolution and a land cover dataset of about 90 m resolution were used in a DEM correction procedure that resulted in an average elevation reduction of 13.2 m for the entire basin and led to evident changes in the floodplain topography. Second, basin-wide empirical formulae for channel cross-sectional dimensions were refined for various subregions to improve the representation of spatial variability in channel geometry. Third, the channel Manning roughness coefficient was allowed to vary with the channel depth, as the effect of riverbed resistance on river flow generally declines with increasing river size. Lastly, backwater effects were accounted for to better represent river flow in mild-slope reaches. The model was evaluated against in situ streamflow records and remotely sensed Envisat altimetry data and Global Inundation Extent from Multi-Satellites (GIEMS) inundation data. In a sensitivity study, seven simulations were compared to evaluate the impacts of the five modeling aspects addressed in this study. The comparisons showed that representing floodplain inundation could significantly improve the simulated streamflow and river stages. Refining floodplain topography, channel geometry and Manning roughness coefficients, as well as accounting for backwater effects had notable impacts on the simulated surface water dynamics in the Amazon Basin. The understanding obtained in this study could be helpful in improving modeling of surface hydrology in basins with evident inundation, especially at regional to continental scales.
Global patterns of Earth's dynamic topography since the Jurassic
Authors: Rubey Michael , Brune Sascha , Heine Christian , Davies David Rhodri , Williams Simon E. , Müller Ralph Dietmar
Published: March 2017

Abstract. We evaluate the spatial and temporal evolution of Earth’s long-wavelength surface dynamic topography since the Jurassic, using a series of high-resolution global mantle convection models. These models are Earth-like in terms of convective vigour, thermal structure, surface heat-flux and the geographic distribution of heterogeneity. The models generate a degree-2 dominated spectrum of dynamic topography, with negative amplitudes above subducted slabs (i.e. circum-Pacific regions and southern Eurasia) and positive amplitudes elsewhere (i.e. Africa, north-west Eurasia and the central Pacific). Model predictions are compared with published observations and subsidence patterns from well data, both globally and for the Australian and South African regions. We find that our models reproduce the long-wavelength component of these observations, although observed smaller-scale variations are not reproduced. We subsequently define “geodynamic rules” for how different surface tectonic settings are affected by mantle processes: (i) locations in the vicinity of a subduction zone show large negative dynamic topography amplitudes; (ii) regions far away from convergent margins feature long-term positive dynamic topography; (iii) rapid variations in dynamic support occur along the margins of overriding plates (e.g. Western US) and at points located on a plate that rapidly approaches a subduction zone (e.g. India and Arabia). Our models provide a predictive quantitative framework linking mantle convection with plate tectonics and sedimentary basin evolution, thus improving our understanding of how subduction and mantle convection affect the spatio-temporal evolution of basin architecture.