bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Al the Waiter
Authors: Crow Bill
Published: November 2023

During another week at Chicago’ s London House in the summer of 1965, Gerry Mulligan and I had a disagreement, which I resolved by resigning from the quartet. I went back to New York and worked a variety of gigs around town, and I continued to play frequently with the Brookmeyer-Terry Quintet at the Half Note. That legendary jazz club had developed gradually from a small Hudson Street restaurant. Mike and Sonny Canterino had convinced their father Frank that his business could be expanded by putting music in the back room. The boys liked jazz, and the groups they booked began to attract other jazz lovers. As business improved, they opened up the wall between the bar and the back room, built a bandstand behind the bar and put in more tables and chairs.
Condon’ s, The Playboy Club
Authors: Crow Bill
Published: November 2023

When Aileen and I got married, we found an apartment in a building in Chelsea that adjoined the one where Dave McKenna lived. Dave was playing piano with the house band at Eddie Condon’ s club on East Fifty-sixth Street, and he gave them my nall).e when they needed a bass player. Eddie hired me to play one weekend, and it turned into a steady gig.

Condon’ s only used a bass three nights a week. The band did without me Tuesdays through Thursdays. I couldn’ t understand the economic priorities of Condon’ s manager. He could have had a full-time bass player for another $75 a week, but felt the club couldn’ t stand the financial strain. Yet he’ d often grab $200 out of the till and throw it away at the track the next day without giving it a thought. I guess he considered that an investment.
The Realm of Possibility
Authors: Bradley Raymond
Published: November 2023

In Chapter I, I tried to loosen the grip that a certain paradigm has on the thinking of many philosophers. I mean, of course, the actualist paradigm according to which all the materials needed for our metaphysical and logical theorizing are to be found in the actual world and its constituents.1 It is exemplified in Russell’s Theory of Descriptions whose intent is to paraphrase away any apparent references to nonac tual objects.It exerts its influence in the tendency of many philosophers these days to dismiss the “Meinongian excess”, as Russell would put it, of any theory that countenances reference to merely possible worlds or merely possible objects. It manifests itself in the currently orthodox interpretation of the logical symbolism, the existential quantifier “(3x)” in particular, that Russell bequeathed us; an inter pretation that treats all statements about what exists as statements about what exists actually. And, more relevantly (for our present concerns), it shows up in the standard interpretations of the early Wittgenstein’s version of logical atomism, interpre tations that tend to take it for granted that Wittgenstein’s atomism, like Russell’s, was committed to actualism.
The Essence of The World
Authors: Bradley Raymond
Published: November 2023

In the present chapter, I have two main goals. First I try to show that Wittgenstein’s metaphysics is an atomistic one insofar as all the complex items in his ontology are constructed from those possibilia which he calls “simple objects”. Second, I try show how his atomism is essentialistic in character insofar as each of his simple objects has an internal nature, constituted by its de re necessary (“essential”) proper ties, which makes it possible for the object to enter into certain combinations and impossible for it to enter into others. The essential properties of his atoms provide the blueprints for the construction of all the other items in his ontology: complex objects, complex properties, complex relations, states of affairs, and possible worlds.
Propositions and the Mirror of the World
Authors: Bradley Raymond
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 3, I argued that Wittgenstein’s ontology is an atomistic one and that it is infused throughout by modal properties and relations. Not only do his “atoms”, that is, his metaphysically simple objects, have de re necessary, internal natures or forms that determine the range of their possible combinations in more complex entities (complex objects, states of affairs, facts, situations, and whole worlds); each of these complex structured entities, too, has its own essential structural and formal properties and stands in internal relations to other structured entities.
Mental Causation
Authors: Mele Alfred R
Published: November 2023

Beliefs, desires, and other intentional attitudes figure prominently in everyday explanations of intentional human behavior. Sally went to New York, we say, because she believed that she would find her runaway son there. Sam left the lounge, we observe, because he wanted to avoid a quarrel with Sue. If our desires, beliefs, and the like really do help to explain our behavior, it is natural to suppose that they do so at least partly in virtue of their content. If Sally had believed her son to be in Los Angeles instead of New York and Sam had wanted to pick a fight with Sue rather than avoid one, they presumably would have acted differently, other things being equal. Commonsense explanations of intentional behavior in terms of beliefs, desires, reasons and their ilk presuppose the explanatory significance of attitudinal content. This presupposition, traditionally, is reflected in philosophical work on intentional action.
Transition: Introducing Intentions
Authors: Mele Alfred R
Published: November 2023

The discussion in part I was conducted largely within the framework of a traditional approach to explaining intentional action featuring beliefs, desires, and reasons as central explanatory items. In chapter 2 I identified the central presuppositions of the commonsense idea that (often enough) what we believe, desire, intend, and the like makes a difference in what we do, and I argued that the viability of an associated intentionality, causal approach to the explanation of intentional action is not undermined by recent worries about the causal relevance of the mental. Chapters 3 and 4 tackled the relationship between wanting and intentional action. Chapter 3 advanced a principle relating the two; chapter 4 defended the principle against objections that, I argued, misinterpreted its status. One such objection takes as a premise what I termed the plasticity of motivational strength―roughly, the point (defended at length in Mele 1987a) that normal agents have considerable control over desire-strength. Unless a desire is irresistible, I claimed, it is in some sense up to the agent whether he acts on it. This observation called for a characterization of irresistible desire. The burden of chapter 5 was to produce a successful one. Finally, in chapter 6 I developed an account of the reasons for which we act―effective reasons―that applies to extrinsically and intrinsically motivated action alike.
Physical Properties of Silver Halides
Authors: Tani Tadaaki
Published: November 2023

As described in detail in Chapter 4, photographic sensitivity is based on the formation of a latent image center on a silver halide emulsion grain as a result of its light absorption. A latent image center is a microcluster of silver atoms and is formed by the electronic and ionic processes that take place repeatedly, one after another, when photoelectrons are created as a result of the light absorption of an emulsion grain. The electronic process is the capture of a photoelectron by an electron trap, which is usually provided by chemical sensitization, as described in Chapter 6. The ionic process is the reaction of the trapped electron with an interstitial silver ion to form a silver atom in an emulsion grain.
In Thunder, Lightning, or in Rain: In the Laboratory of the States In
Authors: Annas George J
Published: November 2023

In her concurring opinion in Cruzan, discussed in the previous chapter, Justice Sandra Day O’Connor opined that it was appropriate to return the right to refuse treatment issue to the laboratories of the states where further experimentation could go on.
The Research Setting and Strategies
Authors: Lidz Charles W , Fischer Lynn , Arnold Robert M
Published: November 2023

We undertook this research in order to describe how different institutional structures either enhance or erode autonomy in long-term care settings. Unlike the acute care settings on which the medical ethics literature has focused, long-term care is an all-encompassing phenomenon that affects all aspects of patients’ lives and, therefore, their autonomy. Although it might have been easier for us to concentrate on the major decisions regarding care and treatment (ie, admission, discharge, and termination of life supports), these are infrequent decisions that have little to do with the day-today lives of those who live in long-term care settings. Consequently, we chose to focus our attention on the routine interactions between staff and patients or residents that form the core of the latter’s daily existence. We will discuss various aspects of these interactions throughout the remainder of this book. First, however, it is helpful to describe the context in which our data was collected and analyzed.
The Value Basis of Long-Term Care
Authors: Lidz Charles W , Fischer Lynn , Arnold Robert M
Published: November 2023

Why do values matter? Certainly when we think about the autonomy of nursing home residents, we are concerned primarily with behaviors. We want to know how the staff promotes or undermines the patient’s ability to form goals and to work toward them. We want to look at the behavior of the patients themselves to see to what degree their lives are self-controlled rather than lived at the initiative of others. Our focus is to concentrate on actual behavior, not theoretical values.
Physical Redirection and Restraint
Authors: Lidz Charles W , Fischer Lynn , Arnold Robert M
Published: November 2023

There are few issues more directly relevant to autonomy in long-term care than staff’s use of physical force and restraint. Much of our concern about autonomy for the elderly in long-term care is based on our image of the elderly woman tied up by those who “care for her.” Of course, as we have tried to show here, the loss of autonomy in nursing care institutions is not primarily a problem of physical force. On the contrary, there are a variety of subtle ways in which individual agency is undercut and constrained in the nursing home settip.g. However, the use of force to control an elderly individual’s intentional action remains a major concern. While we have already discussed briefly some of these issues in Chapter 4, the topic requires a more detailed discussion.
A Prodigy’s New England Upbringing
Authors: Block Adrienne Fried
Published: November 2023

Prodigies Are At Once A Joy and a trial to parents. Watching them leap over barriers, telescope the learning process, and work with the intense concentration that is the mark of the gifted makes parents both proud and grateful for their children’s gifts. However, these very gifts may make parents feel diminished in size, in authority, in competence. Even if gifted children do nothing but follow their bent and never challenge their parents’ authority, their amazing displays of genius give them authority and power. If parents treat them as if they were normal, never admitting to anyone that their children are special, the children know better. If the child’s musical perceptions are of great depth and intensity, prompting urgent and imperious demands for satisfaction, then the parents worry that the child may be abnormal, untamable, even monstrous. If the parents’ religious beliefs place the children’s salvation ahead of earthly gratifications, the problems intensify. If, in addition, the child is a female and born into a tradition that denies women freedom to develop their talents to the full, then the problems multiply-for both parent and child. Clara Imogene Cheney may have had all these thoughts and feelings when she realized that her child was a musical prodigy. The realization came early.
The Cheneys And The Marcys
Authors: Block Adrienne Fried
Published: November 2023

The Appearance Of A Prodigy may send the family on a search for its roots, for the source of their child’s gift. Perhaps the search is done to show that this special talent did not spring from ordinary clay, thus reducing the asymmetry be tween subject and parents; or it may lend verisimilitude to what essentially is a latter-day reconstruction, a family romance.
Two Ways Of Looking At A Marriage
Authors: Block Adrienne Fried
Published: November 2023

Amy Marcy Cheney’ s MARRIAGE to Henry Harris Aubrey Beach was, like other human events, a mixed blessing. A May-to-September marriage, not uncommon in the late nineteenth century, the bride was just past eighteen, the groom a widower just short of forty-three, a little older than her father. An eminently successful man, Henry Beach (1843-1910) was a surgeon at Massachusetts General Hospital who taught surgery at Harvard Medical School and had a large general practice among Boston’s social and cultural elite.
The Composer at The Keyboard: Beach Plays Beach
Authors: Block Adrienne Fried
Published: November 2023

At First Glance, Amy Beach’s performing schedule seems an active one, much more so than the Beaches’ marriage agreement-whether explicit or implicit-would have indicated, suggesting that despite all she had a concert career. The appearance, however, is deceptive. During her twenty-five years of marriage, Beach made on average one guest appearance and played one or occasionally two recitals each year. She had no concert manager and made no national or international tours; in fact, she hardly ever left Boston. As she said, her husband wanted her at home.
The Composer’s Workshop
Authors: Block Adrienne Fried
Published: November 2023

For Many Years Beach Was one of the most successful composers of art songs in the United States.1 For everyone who knew her instrumental works, there were dozens of singers who-in their search for contemporary vocal repertory-found her songs wonderfully effective and sympathetic to the voice; there were hundreds, perhaps thousands, of listeners who were deeply moved by her songs. By 1910, Beach had composed seventy-three songs in three languages and a broad range of moods. The few songs selected for discussion here are representative of the variety and expressive features of Beach’s writings. They show the influence of language-English, French, and German-on her compositional style and, on occasion, suggest autobiographical content as well. The central mystery of artistic creation will always remain just out of reach no matter how we try to close in on it through carefully assembled evidence. In the end, we must be content with ambiguity. Beach, however, left many clues about the genesis of her creativity, not only in her choice of texts but also in her musical settings. And finally, her own words cast a reflected light on her creative process.
The Chambered Nautilus
Authors: Block Adrienne Fried
Published: November 2023

“The Chambered Nautilus” Is An Apt metaphor for Beach’s Boston life. Her personal “shell” was the house on Commonwealth Avenue. But she was also comfortably lodged in the bosom of Boston’s Brahmin society and was established as a composer in its musical community. Regarding the time in her life that was now coming to an end, Beach would later write, “I belonged to a happy period that may never come again.”
My Old New Hampshire Home
Authors: Block Adrienne Fried
Published: November 2023

With The Move To Hillsborough, Amy Beach began a decade ofloving service to her cousin and her aunt, now her immediate family. But why leave San Francisco, a cosmopolitan city with an active cultural life? Beach had been welcomed there as she had never been welcomed before, and, ever after, she spoke of her “beloved San Francisco.” If the three women decided that they must put many miles between themselves and Lyman Clement, there were other cities to choose from.
A Fascinating New York Life
Authors: Block Adrienne Fried
Published: November 2023

In The Fall Of 19 3o Beach Wrote to her friend Lillian Buxbaum, This New York life never seemed more fascinating and certainly I never felt more enthusiasm. I am having marvelous performances of my church music at St. Bartholomew’s and Sunday night heard my Two-piano Suite at the MacDowell Club played by the Sutro sisters to whom it is dedicated. Next week I have to give a half hour program for the Nat[ional] Opera Club of which I have been made Hon[orary] Vice President. Later I shall broadcast my Quintet for piano and strings and then there will be still more programs. So it goes. Meanwhile I go constantly to concerts, occasional theaters, and see friends daily, besides practicing hours. Rather a full life!’
Beach the modernist?
Authors: Block Adrienne Fried
Published: November 2023

Beach A Modernist? How Can That Be? No discussion of her as a composer has ever judged her anything but a Victorian, a late Romantic composer and, during her later years, an anachronism in a new age. What has been almost uni versally ignored has been the adventurousness of some of Beach’s music writ ten during her last decades, at a time oflife when creative artists are expected instead to become more conservative. It is ironic that, while exploring modernism’s less extreme aspects in her music, she rejected the new music in her discourse. Perhaps nowhere in her life and work has the conflict between her Victorian mores and her musical practice been more clearly defined.
Cultural Perception and Great Plains Grasslands
Authors: Olson Paul A
Published: November 2023

Successive groups of witnesses have observed Plains grasslands, and each has seen them through its own lens and within its own frame. This essay concerns the lenses or frames used by the Plains Indians, who perceived the Plains as a circle; the Coronado group, who saw the Plains in “georgic” (or traditional agricultural) terms; the explorers and explorer-painters of the early nineteenth century who represented the grasslands as if they were a “picturesque” painting; and the late-nineteenth-century settlers who turned the grasslands into epic oceans. These represent, in my view, the major stages in perceiving the grasslands, although other scholars might delineate the stages differently. In every case save for the Lakota, the mode of seeing the Plains develops somewhere else, and the successive imported stages of seeing imply increasing destruction of natural grasslands as European settlement and plow agriculture more and more dominate the vision of what the Plains can be. The subject of cultural perception is, in a sense, redundant; we always see in terms of the frame we bring (Dansereau 1975). In the view of Benjamin Whorf and his school (Rollins 1980), “sight” tends to be based on the uses that the local culture and language assign to phenomena, on the patterns of perception encouraged by group religion, art, poetry, and popular culture (Mathiot 1979). The uses deter mining perception may be aesthetic or nutritional. They may be medicinal or ceremonial.
The Entangled Banl”: Species Interactions in the Structure and Functioning of Grasslands
Authors: Joern Anthony
Published: November 2023

Naturally occurring species in grasslands do not exist in an ecological vacuum; they confront scores of other species on a daily basis. In some cases, the interaction is a positive one for both participants (mutualism), as occurs between a flower and its pollinating fly, bee, or butterfly. Other, equally routine interactions have negative consequences for one or both participants, including competition among coexisting grasses for limited water, light, or nutrients; grasshoppers eating seedling plants (herbivory); or birds eating the grasshopper just mentioned (predation). These direct interactions determine population sizes of coexisting species and often modify spatial distributions as well. Indirect interactions are at least equally common and possibly more important. For example, a bird feeding on a seedling-feeding grasshopper exerts a positive effect on the host plant population without interacting with it directly, since the bird makes life for plant seedlings a little more secure. If that particular seedling grows and creates important habitat for the bird, both species benefit, the bird twice because it gets to eat grasshoppers as well as build a nest. Such is the nature of interactions in natural systems-straightforward and intuitive in concept, but often complex and convoluted in practice.
Introduction to Part One
Authors: Hirsch Eli
Published: November 2023

Our Concept of a physical object’s persistence through time seems so fundamental and primitive that it requires a special effort to appreciate what philosophers might be after when they ask for an analysis of this concept. Traditionally the request for such an analysis might take the form of such questions as: What does the identity through time of a physical object consist in? or What is it for a physical object which exists at one time to be the same object as a physical object which exists at another time? In more recent literature one typically finds philosophers asking for an account of our ‘‘identity criteria’‘ for objects. This new terminology, at least as I intend to employ it, still expresses very much the same traditional request for an analysis of our identity concept, except perhaps that to talk about ‘‘identity criteria’‘ is to signal more clearly one’s quite reasonable willingness to settle for an analysis which may be less than airtight and which may allow for many borderline cases.1
Continuity
Authors: Hirsch Eli
Published: November 2023

We Want to understand the nature of the unity-making relationship which binds the successive stages of the career of a single persisting object. When one first reflects upon this question, an idea which might readily come to mind is that contiguous stages of a single career must be qualitatively very similar and spatially very close. Over an extended period an object may of course significantly alter its qualitative makeup and its spatial location, but it seems that such alterations occur continuously, i.e., by small degrees. This may suggest the possibility of formulating a very simple kind of analysis of the unity-making relationship in terms essentially of two considerations: (1) continuity of qualitative change (which I will call, for short, ‘‘qualitative continuity’‘), and (2) continuity of locational change (which I will call, for short, ‘‘spatiotemporal continuity’‘).
The Metaphysics Of Persistence
Authors: Hirsch Eli
Published: November 2023

One Kind of question that may motivate a philosophical examination of the concept of physical persistence is whether this concept is indispensable to our thought about the world, or whether we could, on the contrary, conceive of the world in some radically different way. Let me first consider this question with regard to the observable persistence of standard objects, like cars, and tables, and trees; in later sections I will extend the discussion to include the persistence of matter. (But it should be understood that special problems revolving around the persistence of persons are not to be treated until a later chapter, except perhaps in an occasional parenthetical aside.)
Introduction To Part Two
Authors: Hirsch Eli
Published: November 2023

This Part attempts, first, to clarify and defend some of the views already presented, and, second, to open up some additional questions about the nature of identity. Each chapter is designed to be an essentially self-complete essay, though there is inevitably a considerable amount of cross-reference. The first two chapters deal directly with several objections to the previous views. Chapter 6 addresses in detail the crucial objection that an analysis of our concept of bodily identity is necessarily circular because the concept is more fundamental, botl1 metaphysically and epistemologically, than any concepts in terms of which the analysis might be couched. In Chapter 7 I take up Shoemaker’s suggestion that causal connectedness is necessary for identity, and the radical suggestion that there are no logically sufficient criteria of identity. Here I also show how Putnam’s notion of a stereotype might be applied to an analysis of identity. Several times in Part One, I expressed the conjecture that our concept of bodily identity is innately determined. This is elaborated and defended in Chapter 8. The question of innateness leads to a consideration of the essential connection between the issue of ‘‘unity’‘ and the issue of ‘‘similarity,’‘ a connection which is pursued in Chapter g. The notion of a natural kind is prominent in recent literature, and in the latter chapter I explore various points of connection between that notion and what I call a ‘‘natural unit.’‘
Perceptive Equilibrium: Literary Theory and Ethical Theory
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C
Published: November 2023

The speech of literary theory, especially in recent years, has not often shared Strether’s concerns and connections. I believe that it has an impoverished future without them. I imagine, instead, a future in which our talk about literature will return, increasingly, to a concern with the practical-to the ethical and social questions that give literature its high importance in our lives. A future in which these interests, like Strether’s here, will find themselves connected to an interest in Mme. de Vionnet-in, that is, those emotions and desires that do not reside harmoniously within the domain of ethical judgment. In which a literary-philosophical inquiry, with something like Strether’s “candour of fancy” (1.52) and his “conscientious wonder” (1.49), will ask what literary works express about these matters-express in virtue of their “content,” but also, and inseparably, in virtue of their forms and structures, their ways of describing, since those ways are “at all times” (as Strether “philosophized”) “the very conditions of perception, the terms of thought” (Il.49). In short, a future in which literary theory (while not forgetting its many other pursuits) will also join with ethical theory in pursuit of the question, “How should one live?”
Reading for Life
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C
Published: November 2023

In this wonderful passage (which is even more wonderful read in full), David, the mature author of his own life story, reminds his readers of the power of the art of fiction to create a relationship between book and reader and to make the reader, for the duration of that relationship, into a certain sort of friend. Novels are David’s closest associates; he remains with them for hours in an intense, intimate, and loving relationship. As he imagines, dreams, and desires in their company, he becomes a certain sort of person. In fact, the narrator clearly wishes us to see that the influence of David’s early reading has been profound in making him the character we come to know, with his fresh childlike wonder before the world of particulars, his generous, mobile, and susceptible heart. And the novel as a whole, in its many self-referential reflections, calls readers to ask themselves, as well, what is happening to them as they read: to notice, for example, that they are sometimes too full of love for certain morally defective characters to be capable of rigorous judgment; that they are perceiving the social world around them with a new freshness of sympathy; in short, that they are taking on increasingly, in the very shape of their desire and wonder, the view of David’s father-that “a loving heart is better and stronger than wisdom.”
Analysis of Alternatively Transcribed Messages in Brain by In Situ Hybridization Using Biotinylated Oligonucleotide Probes
Authors: Tanzi Rudolph E , Hyman Bradley T
Published: November 2023

In situ hybridization of brain sections allows the localization and quantitation of target mRNA species within specific brain subregions and cell populations. Radioactively labeled and biotinylated cRNA probes generated from transcription vectors such as pGEM or pBluescript are commonly used to visualize sites of expression for a large variety of messages including those encoding enzymes, receptors, neuropeptides, and structural proteins. In addition to cRNA probes, radioactively labeled and biotinylated synthetic oligonucleotide probes have also been employed in in situ hybridization studies. These are particularly useful when specific alternatively spliced transcripts are the target messages. But, perhaps the major advantage conferred by oligonucleotide probes is the ability to quickly ascertain a synthetic probe for a given gene in which the sequence is known.
Memorandum from Mr. Johnson to Dr. Du Bois: Re: Crisis Editorial
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn
Published: November 2023

Intentions The Republicans did not intend to pass the Dyer Bill. Local political pressure and team work engineered by the NAACP and extraordinary thoughtful and determined lobbying by James Weldon Johnson forced the Bill further than any American, black or white, dreamed. Politicians were surprised when the Bill emerged from the House Committee, and when it passed the House, they were astonished; but they said: “Well it is over now and the ‘buck’ goes to the Senate.” The Senate intended to bury it in committee. But the seat of Chairman Knute Nelson became so hot that despite long squirming and excusing, he had to let it be reported. Then the approaching election forced it on the calendar. And finally there was nothing to stop the Bill from becoming a law, but the Southern Democrats and the Southerners picked the Republicans’ chestnut out of the fire, to the great joy of Medill McCormick, James W. Wadsworth and their kind. The Republicans never intended to pass the Dyer Bill.
Harlem: The Culture Capital
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn
Published: November 2023

In the history of New York, the significance of the name Harlem has changed from Dutch to Irish to Jewish to Negro. Of these changes, the last has come most swiftly. Throughout colored America, from Massachusetts to Mississippi, and across the continent to Los Angeles and Seattle, its name, which as late as fifteen years ago had scarcely been heard, now stands for the Negro metropolis. Harlem is indeed the great Mecca for the sight-seer, the pleasure-seeker, the curious, the adventurous, the enterprising, the ambitious and the talented of the whole Negro world; for the lure of it has reached down to every island of the Carib Sea and has penetrated even into Africa. In the make-up of New York, Harlem is not merely a Negro colony or community, it is a city within a city, the greatest Negro city in the world. It is not a slum or a fringe, it is located in the heart of Manhattan and occupies one of the most beautiful and healthful sections of the city. It is not a “quarter” of dilapidated tenements, but is made up of new-law apartments and handsome dwellings, with well-paved and well-lighted streets. It has its own churches, social and civic centers, shops, theaters and other places of amusement. And it contains more Negroes to the square mile than any other spot on earth. A stranger who rides up magnificent Sevent Avenue on a bus or in an automobile must be struck with surprise at the transformation which takes place after he crosses One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Street. Beginning there, the population suddenly darkens and he rides through twenty-five solid blocks where the passers-by, the shoppers, those sitting in restaurants, coming out of theaters, standing in doorways and looking out of windows are practically all Negroes; and then he emerges where the population as suddenly becomes white again.
Now We Have the Blues
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn
Published: November 2023

When I wrote an essay on the Negro’s Creative Genius as a Preface to “The Book of American Negro Poetry,” I made what was, perhaps, a startling statement by saying that the Negro was the creator of the only things artistic that have sprung from the soil and been universally acknowledged as distinctive American products. That was five years ago. Today the statement would not appear so startling, for since it was made the acknowledgment has widened with surprising rapidity that as a creator of American folk-art the Negro stands unapproached. These folk contributions of the Negro may be grouped under four heads: religious songs, folk tales, dancing, and secular music. To these might be added Negro humor, for the humor of the Negro has not only permeated his folk tales, his dancing and secular music, but constitutes a distinct influence that is felt especially on the stage and, to some degree, even in literature. It has furnished a great many of the catch words and phrases that have been seized upon and made current. Curious it is to note the varying degrees in which recognition of these contributions to our common culture has been accorded to the Negro. For more than a century the Negro had been singing his Spirituals before their beauty and significance were recognized. For a still longer period the “ole folks” had been telling the plantation stories to the children of the South, both black and white, before Joel Chandler Harris collected the tales under the title of “Uncle Remus Stories” and made them a permanent part of American literature. The Negro was extremely fortunate in having as his amanuenses persons who, in addition to their other qualifications, were honest. The Spirituals were first collected and set down by white Northerners who came in contact with the Negroes of the South during or immediately after the Civil War.
Jubilee Day
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn
Published: November 2023

Being asked to speak at this meeting in celebration of Jubilee Day makes me wonder what I can say-what tribute I can offer-what admonitions I can give that will not appear small beside the vision and courage and faith of those who laid the foundations of this institution-small beside the devotion and labors of those who have followed. This celebration of Jubilee Day is, I believe, one of the most important of all the functions connected with Fisk. It is good for us to take such a glance backward to take a sort of inventory of our heritage. It is not only good, it is necessary. It is in that way that we get out intellectual and spiritual orientation. Youth is often impatient of the past; but we need to feel the ground of the past under our feet in order to be able to move forward. We of this generation need at times to retrace the steps that have led to the place here we now stand, to come to a realization that the position of vantage we now hold was not gained as a mere matter of course in the succession of events, but that into its winning have gone toil and struggle and sacrifice. That word “sacrifice” is one of the noblest in the English language, but it is not in good repute at the present time. One almost apologizes for using it. The quality that it signifies is discounted, is, indeed, scoffed at. But the spirit of sacrifice is still at work in the world.
Progress Under Pressure
Authors: Holmes Frederic Lawrence
Published: November 2023

In early August Hans Krebs returned from his idyllic holiday not only to his work, and to his hard decision about Jerusalem, but to an urgent family problem. His father and sister had pressed him, in addition to helping Wolf find a job in England, to write a “brotherly” letter about the importance of getting out of Germany. Hans carried out this family responsibility in a manner that was not merely brotherly, but big brotherly. His letter included what Hans regarded as “gently phrased” admonitions concerning a “few deficiencies” in Wolrs behavior, in particular the assertion that Wolf was not acting “seriously” enough in pursuit of possibilities for emigration. Not unexpectedly, but apparently to the surprise of Hans, Wolf wrote back a “very remarkable” letter defending himself from Hans’s criticisms.
Arrivals and Partings
Authors: Holmes Frederic Lawrence
Published: November 2023

By the time Hans Krebs completed his investigation of the synthesis of glutamine, Hans Weil was no longer with him in Cambridge. During the winter of 1934-35, Weil’s financial position had become untenable. Tighter restrictions on sending money out of Germany sharply decreased the support his parents could send him, even as his new marriage increased his monetary needs. Believing that he could not hold out for longer than six months on the reserves he had in hand, he decided that he would have to use that time to study for the qualifying examination to practice medicine in England. Meanwhile, he began applying for paid research positions. Late in March he noticed an advertisement in Nature for a “research worker in cancer” at the North of England Cancer Campaign in Newcastle-on-Tyne, and showed the notice to Krebs.
The “Great Work”
Authors: Holmes Frederic Lawrence
Published: November 2023

At the time Hans Krebs accepted his appointment at Sheffield, he had applied successfully to the Rockefeller Foundation for an annual grant of £200. With this fund, together with the £100 that Edward Wayne had obtained for him, Krebs was able to equip his laboratory amply and to hire a technician. On January 2, 1936, Leonard Eggleston entered the Department of Pharmacology as an assistant to Krebs. A shy young boy of 16, Eggleston had left school in 1934 after completing intermediate school, but he attended evening classes at a commercial college and technical school in Sheffield to further his education in the basic sciences. He had been working for two years as an assistant in the Physics Department of the university, but had become bored with his routine tasks, which included making minor repairs on laboratory apparatus and charging batteries.
Full Circle
Authors: Holmes Frederic Lawrence
Published: November 2023

On December 27 or 28, 1936, Hans Krebs made another trip to Cambridge, in order to meet with Francis Roughton so that they could finally finish their work on carbamino ornithine.1 There is no record of what Krebs and Roughton actually worked out together. By this time or shortly afterward Roughton himself wrote an outline and draft of their proposed paper, together with numerous calculations that he had carried out, all in his elegant, meticulous handwriting.
The Boundaries of Speech: What Actions and Restraints Are Significantly Reached by Justifications for Free Speech?
Authors: Greenawalt Kent
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on what counts as “speech” for a principle of freedom of speech and is, thus, an introduction to all the chapters that follow. I proceed on the premise that the principle of special protection for speech covers mainly behavior to which its underlying justifications apply (though the principle may also come into play when the government has certain objectionable reasons for restricting behavior that itself might not qualify as speech). The chapter first explores the connection between the justifications for freedom of speech and the coverage of a principle of free speech. It then turns to claims of fact and value, communications that the justifications for free speech plainly cover, and examines whether such claims may nonetheless fall outside a principle of free speech if they are false, have narrow practical purposes, have no political content, are made in private, or remain uncommunicated to others. Next is a brief treatment of artistic expression and of actions that are not communicative in the ordinary sense; that discussion addresses the application of a principle of free speech when the government seeks to deter messages even if the acts prohibited do not otherwise qualify as speech. The rest of the chapter is devoted to “situation-altering” utterances and “weak” imperatives. I argue that communications whose dominant purpose is to accomplish something rather than to say something are not reached by a principle of free speech or are reached much less strongly than are ordinary claims of fact and value.
Agreements, Offers, Orders, and Criminal Implementation
Authors: Greenawalt Kent
Published: November 2023

This and the next five chapters explore the relationship between a political principle of free speech and bases for criminal punishment. Though I do not systematically explore civil liability for expression, free speech considerations constrain the imposition of such liability as well as criminal penalties. Much that I say in relation to the law of crimes also applies to possible decisions by legislatures or courts’ to make people pay civil damages or subject them to injunctions. Occasionally, I comment specifically on civil liability, and for a few subjects that is the main practical relevance of my analysis.
Fraud and Falsehood
Authors: Greenawalt Kent
Published: November 2023

Falsehood and insincerity are the subjects of this chapter, which briefly explores in various contexts the force of arguments to the effect that assertions that are false or insincere or both do not warrant protection under a principle of free speech. Much of this book concerns things people say which they believe and which are not evidently untrue. On the unusual occasions when such assertions may be suppressed, similar false assertions may also be suppressed. This chapter is about the special relevance of falsehood and insincerity: whether false or insincere assertions may be suppressed if similar true and sincere assertions are not suppressed. I begin with some reminders about falsehood and insincerity, before considering crimes whose elements include lying or inaccurate statement and ordinary crimes for which liability might ensue from one’s making assertions one thinks or knows are untrue. I close by considering defamation. Since criminal liability for common defamation is no longer a serious option in the United States, this discussion is one of those in the book whose only practical relevance concerns civil liability.
General Approaches to First Amendment Interpretation
Authors: Greenawalt Kent
Published: November 2023

This chapter, a bridge between the two preceding chapters and those to follow, draws from my general observations about constitutional interpretation and the summary of First Amendment adjudication and discusses some general matters involving interpretation of the free speech and free press clauses. After some introductory words about a broadly libertarian approach toward the constitutional protection of speech and about the core of constitutional protection, I consider the edges of what counts as speech under the Constitution and the appropriate tests for determining whether suppression is permissible for communication that does count as speech. These questions are interrelated, because what is to be protected at all will depend on how strong the protection is, and vice versa. The chapters in Part II have already reflected this close nexus, as I have proceeded from the outer boundaries of what falls within a political principle of free speech to what communications should actually be unrestricted. The course of most of the chapters following this one is similar. Here I reverse the order, considering tests for suppression first. This reversal helps strongly to emphasize that what reasonably counts as speech rests in no small part on how absolute the protections of speech are. The chapter’s order also suggests another point: that some standards that are practically identical in import might be viewed either as tests for suppression of what counts as speech or as principles for what qualifies as speech in the first instance. A principle that communication causing immediate harm may be punished, for example, may be treated as a test for prohibiting otherwise protected speech or as a standard for what amounts to action rather than speech and falls outside the First Amendment for that reason.
Conditional Threats and Offered Inducements
Authors: Greenawalt Kent
Published: November 2023

This chapter considers threats and offers that are designed to lead the listener to do what the person making the threat or offer wants. The threats considered are conditional; the constitutional status of “pure,” unconditional, threats is reserved for Chapter 19. The offers I am concerned with here are not offers to agree or to waive normative restraints, which are treated in the last chapter, but offers to reward someone for doing what is desired. If Tammy wants Victor to give a job or a kidney to her cousin, she might offer him $1000 for doing that or threaten to hurt him badly if he fails to do it. How the First Amendment relates to this sort of utterance is the topic of this chapter.
Offensiveness, Emotional Distress, and Diffuse Harms
Authors: Greenawalt Kent
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I explore possible reasons for making communications criminal which do not have to do with improper coercion of the listener to perform actions the speaker wants or with the likelihood that the listener will commit a crime or be quickly influenced to perform another antisocial act. The discussion deals with disclosure of information, abusive words, and offensive pictorial representations and writings; the problem of false representation is reserved for the next chapter.
Agreement to Communicate
Authors: Greenawalt Kent
Published: November 2023

Agreements to engage in communication raise special problems not presented by agreements to commit ordinary criminal acts like murder and burglary. Our review of Supreme Court cases has indicated how frequently those engaged in subversive advocacy have been punished as conspirators. The issue that has usually occupied the Court is whether the communications are punishable, it being assumed that if the answer to this question is “yes,” punishment for conspiracy is also appropriate. Yet Judge Coffin in the Spock case and some commentators have urged that, when the subject of agreement is communication, punishment for conspiracy may not be acceptable, even if punishment on another basis is. I shall address this troublesome issue shortly, but it can be clarified by analysis of two related questions.
Reading Mary Shelley’s Journals: Romantic Subjectivity and Feminist Criticism
Authors: Corbett Mary Jean
Published: November 2023

“For the master’s tools will never dismantle the master’s house”: Audre Lorde’s classic cautionary to white middle-class feminists should continue to have a particular resonance for all those working to “dismantle the master’s house.”1 Even as we have embarked on building new houses, the tools we have used, the paradigms we have taken over from masculinist discourse, are not them selves innocent. Critical analysis has exposed the racist, sexist, and hetero sexist logic of what once must have seemed the product of a process as “natural” as natural selection, yet some of the academy’s assumptions about literature have remained undisturbed. If we fail to attend to the persistence of some very basic dichotomies that still seem to structure our collective think ing, even our new centers could unwittingly reproduce some features of the older consensus about what counts as literature and what does not, what deserves attention and what can be ignored. I want to suggest here that what winds up at the center still depends, to an alarming extent, on the privileging of the “literary” over the nonliterary, the “extraordinary” over the everyday, the subject of writing over the subject of experience.