bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Educación y progreso en la reflexión pedagógica kantiana
Authors: Beade Ileana Paola
Published: February 2017

Kant concibe la educación como un proceso complejo que comprende diversos aspectos, tales como la disciplina, la instrucción y la formación, proceso cuyo objetivo último está orientado al desarrollo de las disposiciones humanas originarias, tales como la racionalidad y la moralidad. La formación [Bildung], entendida ante todo como educación moral y cívica, es considerada como la meta fundamental del proceso educativo: ni la disciplina ni la instrucción resultan suficientes para alcanzar el fin último de dicho proceso, esto es: la transformación de las instituciones sociales. Si bien tanto la disciplina como la instrucción permiten al hombre el desarrollo de capacidades necesarias para el logro de sus fines, solo la formación le permite alcanzar, no ya fines pragmáticos, sino fines morales, aquellos que dotan al ser humano de un valor intrínseco. Nuestro trabajo procura esclarecer las premisas éticas en las que se sustentan los fines morales que Kant asigna al proceso educativo. Observaremos, en tal sentido, que la pedagogía kantiana se sustenta en una concepción del hombre como ser perfectible y en la idea de un avance progresivo del género humano. Intentaremos asimismo destacar la relevancia y vigencia de los principios pedagógicos kantianos, y de su proyecto cosmopolita, en el contexto actual, atravesado por graves conflictos étnicos, políticos y religiosos.
Investigating the English Language Structural and Rhetorical Needs of Engineering Students at King Abdul-Aziz University
Authors: Mahmoud Salameh Saleem
Published: February 2017

This study aims at investigating the English language structural and rhetorical needs of engineering students at King Abdul-Aziz University. The instrumentation of the study is a triangulation of: a detailed analysis of the engineering students’ final and most important documents (assignments, senior projects, MS theses and PhD dissertations) in terms of the common grammar and rhetorical mistakes, semi-structured interviews with instructors in the faculty of engineering especially those teaching (X499) (a course in which graduate students develop their senior proposals), and a questionnaire based on previous literature about engineering students' structural and rhetorical needs to be filled by engineering students taking X499. The findings of the study revealed that there are many common mistakes frequently repeated by students in their writings. These findings were confirmed by the interviews with the professors teaching 499 and the results of the questionnaire.  The study concluded with a recommendation that all the common mistakes in students' documents, instructors' suggestions and the common structural and rhetorical needs resulted from the questionnaire should be included in a well- designed motivating syllabus to be taught for engineering students.
The role of dapsone in refractory idiopathic granulomatous mastitis
Authors: Pelleg Ayla , Varadaraju Kirangowda Pombarahalli , Datta Swati
Published: February 2017

Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis (IGM) is a benign inflammatory breast disease.  A definite etiology of IGM is still unknown.  IGM classically presents as an unilateral, painful breast mass in women who are 30-40 years of age.  Consensus treatment guidelines do not exist for the management of IGM.  In this case report, we present a patient with IGM who was refractory to Prednisone and started on Dapsone as an alternative treatment. This case report highlights the use of Dapsone and the need for further research of IGM treatment modalities.
Exploring Techniques of Developing Writing Skill in IELTS Preparatory Courses: A Data-Driven Study
Authors: Ostovar-Namaghi Seyyed Ali , Safaee Seyyed Esmail
Published: February 2017

Being driven by the hypothetico-deductive mode of inquiry, previous studies have tested the effectiveness of theory-driven interventions under controlled experimental conditions to come up with universally applicable generalizations. To make a case in the opposite direction, this data-driven study aims at uncovering techniques and strategies experienced teachers use in developing IELTS candidates’ writing skill rather than testing the effect of externally imposed interventions. Following the constructivist grounded theory procedures, participants’ perspectives on techniques of teaching writing in IELTS preparatory courses were theoretically sampled through open-ended interviews. Iterative data collection and analysis revealed techniques such as exposing candidates to sample answers, teaching grammar and vocabulary as a prerequisite to writing, teaching prefabricated patterns, raising candidates’ awareness of scoring criteria, teaching discourse markers, and encouraging learners to develop their content knowledge. The findings have clear implications for both test takers who look for effective techniques of developing their writing skills and practitioners who strive to develop candidates’ writing skills in IELTS preparatory courses.
The Impact of Gender and Reading Level on: Student Perception, Academic Practice, and Student Enjoyment
Authors: Sclafani Chris , Wickes Dennis
Published: February 2017

Much research has been conducted on reading levels of elementary school students. Teachers search for learning experiences that lend inclusion to all genders and levels. How does this all lay out for the students? The initial trial of the study looks into the impact and differences of gender and/or reading level on areas such as school enjoyment, self-perception, and academic practice in the lives of 59, fifth grade, suburban students. A subsequent study was done with identical goals in the following school year as well. This newer study (trial two) included 103 students from grades two through five in the same suburban area school. These students were given surveys that allowed scores to be ascertained in the aforementioned areas of concern. Surveys were given out and scored on a Likert-type scale ranging from 1-5 (1=most negative, 5=most positive). The data was entered into SPSS where various tests such as MANOVA, correlations, Levene’s, and t-tests were performed. While a great deal of the areas were not initially identified as statistically significant in trial one, the area of gender and its relationship with enjoyment did appear to be significant at the p<.05 level. The larger, more recent trial, found gender’s impact on school enjoyment, self-perception, and academic practice time. This study could give educators introspective into the way their students think about school.
Nutrition Intakes and Nutritional Status of School Age Children in Ghana
Authors: Owusu Justina Serwaah , Colecraft Esi Komeley , Aryeetey Richmond NO , Vaccaro Joan Anne , Huffman Fatma G.
Published: February 2017

This paper compares nutrition intakes and nutritional status of school children from two public schools in neighbouring communities of Ghana with different school feeding programmes. One hundred and eighty-two caregiver and school-age child pairs were interviewed concerning socio-demographics, dietary practices, and food security in a cross-sectional design. The independent t-test was used to compare the contribution of the publicly funded Ghana School Feeding Programme and private School Feeding Programme meals to total daily nutrient intakes of the children. Predictors of nutritional status of the children were assessed using logistic regression models. The private school feeding programme contributed more energy, protein, and micronutrients as compared to the government school feeding programme. About two-thirds (67.0%) of the children were stunted, underweight, or anaemic. Child’s age was a significant predictor of stunting. Undernutrition was prevalent among children from both programmes. Improved quality of diet from the feeding programmes may contribute to addressing malnutrition in these children.
Anatomy of Prepatterns in Plants: A Survey
Authors: Korn Robert
Published: February 2017

Prepatterns were initially described independently by Bunning in 1953 for plants and by Stern in 1954 for Drosophila with most of the features essentially the same. The one important difference is that in plants the elements of a prepattern are morphologically recognizable whereas in animals they are detected only indirectly. Two kinds of prepatterns in plants are (a) replacement where elements of a prepattern are substituted by more differentiated elements in the pattern and (b) copy where a pattern forms near the prepattern and both are adaptive but in different ways. A case of replacement is where meristemoid cells in the prepattern are exchanged for stomata in the pattern and an example of copy is the vein pattern in watermelon mesophyll gives rise to nearby stripes in the epidermis. Both replacement and copy prepattern-pattern dualities occur at different levels of plant organization from cell components (thickened vertices in collenchyma) to individual plants (plantlets along the margin of the Bryophyllum leaf). Comparative morphoanatomy of vascular plants finds similar patterns to both lower plants and animals suggesting these features are conserved in the former and had independent origins in the latter.
Awareness of restorative dental treatment as shown by nursing students in Ibadan
Authors: Sulaiman Omotayo A , Kanmodi Kehinde
Published: February 2017

Aim of the study. To determine the level of awareness of nursing students in Ibadan, South Western Nigeria, of restorative dental treatment. Material and methods. Well-structured pre-tested questionnaire was submitted to the three randomly selected schools testing the level of awareness of dental treatment and restorative materials. Results. Of the 302 respondents, almost all (99.0%) were aware of the dental profession, but as many as 77.5% of them had never visited a dentist. The majority (87.4%) were aware of the possibility of replacement of a missing tooth, only 66.2% were aware of the possibility of restoration of a broken tooth, while a little above half (53.6%) were aware of the possibility of restoration of a discoloured tooth. Only 30 respondents (9.9%) believed that a broken tooth can improve facial beauty, five respondents (1.7%) believed that missing teeth can improve facial beauty, while only 42 respondents (13.9%) believed that both broken and missing teeth can improve facial beauty (p–value lower than 0.0001). More than four-fifth of the respondents (84.4%) knew the use of removable dentures, 25.2% knew the use of dental amalgam, 17.2% were aware of a dental bridge, 23.5% knew the use of composite, 27.5% knew the use of dental crown in restorative dentistry. Conclusion. The majority of respondents had never visited a dentist for any routine dental check-up. Many of them have poor knowledge of basic restorative dental treatment; this is a strong indicator that they lack the basic knowledge of clinical dentistry. In order to improve the clinical acumen and versatility of nurses, regular training courses on basic clinical dentistry should be incorporated into the curriculum of all kinds of nursing programs in Ibadan, and even in Nigeria at large. This will help in empowering nurses in educating, and counselling of individuals with oral health problems to seek early and professionally-delivered oral health care. This eventually will go a long way in reducing the prevalence of oral health problems and the complications of delayed dental treatment that is commonly reported in Nigerian population.
Variations in orthodontic bracket retention related to base design. Comparison of foil mesh and anchor pylons brackets
Authors: Gibas-Stanek Marta , Williams Stephen , Ryniewicz Wojciech I. , Loster Bartłomiej W.
Published: February 2017

Aim of the study. To compare the shear bond strength of metal brackets with foil mesh (3M, Victory Series), one piece metal brackets (Cannon Ultra) and aesthetic plastic brackets (Cannon Ultra) and to evaluate the sandblasting effect on previously used metal bracket bases regarding their bonding ability. Materials and Methods.A total of seventy human third molars were divided into four groups, and brackets were bonded to the enamel using Transbond XT. After 24 hours of storage, brackets were debonded with Instron Universal Testing Machine® and shear bond strength was recorded. Metal brackets were sandblasted until all visible bonding material was removed from the bracket base and then the bonding procedure and shear bond testing were repeated. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to check normal distribution. Student’s t-test was used to compare the shear bond strength. Results. The shear bond strength of one-piece metal brackets is significantly bigger (18.93MPa) than metal brackets with foil mesh (12.53MPa). Metal brackets in general demonstrate better bonding properties than aesthetic plastic brackets (8.61MPa). There is no statistically significant difference in shear bond strength between new and re-used sandblasted brackets. Conclusions. One-piece brackets with anchor pylons demonstrate better bonding properties but there is a higher risk of enamel damage during debonding of re-used sandblasted brackets.
Results of a follow-up study of occlusion status in Ukrainian schoolchildren
Authors: Dmytrenko Maryna Ivanivna , Nesterenko Oleh
Published: February 2017

Introduction. Dental crowding complicates sagittal, vertical and transversal types of malocclusion and it is accompanied by aesthetic, functional and morphological disorders even on the early stages of occlusion formation. Aim of the study. The aim of the study is to carry out follow up study of occlusion state of one schoolchildren group in period from temporary to permanent dentition in order to determine in age aspect frequency and mechanism of development of malocclusions, complicated by dental crowding. Materials and methods. Follow up study of occlusion state in 434 schoolchildren of Poltava aged from 6 to 11 years old (girls – 246 (56,68%), boys – 188 (43,32%) was performed during six years. Results. The follow-up of one contingent of children confirms high (79,96%) prevalence of malocclusion in mixed dentition, which increases during permanent dentition to an average of 84,33%, that is to 4,37%. Orthodontic pathology in permanent dentition becomes more expressed and severe. Malocclusions complicated by dental crowding are the most widespread types, their frequency doubles within six years, mixed dentition – 33,54% permanent dentition – 68,67%. (Rχ2 lower than 0,05). There is no statistically significant difference in factors of dental crowding presence in different types of malocclusion (Рχ2> 0,05). Conclusions. Frequency of the sagittal, vertical and transversal forms of malocclusion complicated by dental crowding was 33.54% in mixed dentition , and in six years it increased by 68,67% in permanent dentition.
O desafio da qualidade e integridade das publicações científicas
Authors: Sarti Thiago Dias
Published: February 2017

A crescente importância das ciências levanta questões relacionadas à validade, veracidade, relevância, utilidade, accountability e sustentabilidade dos produtos da prática científica. Portanto, as práticas que atentem para a integridade da pesquisa científica são fundamentais, tanto por parte dos pesquisadores quanto por parte da revistas científicas. Em 2016, a Revista Brasileira de Medicina de Família e Comunidade (RBMFC) recusou 14 trabalhos que apresentavam problemas de plagiarismo, o que representa aproximadamente 10% das submissões do ano. Consideramos este um sério problema, que exige maior atenção e cuidado por parte dos autores que pretendem contribuir com a revista. A política editorial da RBMFC preza pela qualidade de suas publicações, respeitando princípios éticos e de integridade da pesquisa científica aceitos internacionalmente.
Chinese Higher Education Reconsidered from the U.S. Experience
Authors: Min Weifang , Chen Xiangming
Published: February 2017

Chinese Higher Education Reconsidered from the U.S. Experience
Recent Developments in Higher Education in Singapore
Authors: Tan Jason
Published: February 2017

Amid the recent economic turmoil in East and South east Asia, the Singapore government continues to press ahead with its plans to review the higher education system. The primary motivation for doing so is the maintenance of national economic competitiveness in the global economy. These changes in higher education are being undertaken in tandem with reforms in the primary and secondary sectors of education.
Four Functions in Higher Education
Authors: De Moura Castro Claudio , Levy Daniel
Published: February 2017

Analysts generally accept that higher education in most of the world is increasingly differentiated. “The university” can mean many different things, and higher education—or “postsecondary” education or “tertiary” education—increasingly goes beyond what is found at universities. However, much analysis still ignores or underplays differentiation, even though the latter is now rarely openly disputed. The differentiation considered is usually that occurring across institutions, with much too little attention paid to differentiation of functions both across and within institutions
The Road Home: Exploring the Choice to Stay or Return of International Ph.D's
Authors: Gupta Deepak , Nerad Maresi , Cerny Joseph
Published: February 2017

The core debate over Ph.D. recipients from abroad who earned their degrees at U.S. institutions of higher education centers around the question: who (and how many) stayed in the United States, and who (and how many) returned home? To explore this question, we undertook a study, “Ph.D.s—10 Years Later.” Maresi Nerad and Joseph Cerny were the principal investigators for this study, which was funded by the Mellon Foundation.
Ontario's Double Cohort
Authors: Winton Sue , Jones Glen
Published: February 2017

The “double cohort,” a perhaps unfamiliar concept outside Ontario, Canada, has been a source of angst for tens of thousands of students, their parents, and the province’s postsecondary institutions since 1997. This concept refers to the unique situation of two cohorts graduating from high school at the same time. The challenge of accommodating the double cohort in Ontario’s universities and colleges ultimately forced the government to fund a dramatic expansion of postsecondary education.
National Regulatory Approaches to Transnational Higher Education
Authors: Verbik Line , Jokivirta Lisa
Published: February 2017

Transnational higher education is not a new phenomenon, but the pace of its global expansion is a new development. (Transnational is used here to designate higher education provided by one country in another and excludes provision where just the students travel abroad.) As foreign delivery becomes increasingly widespread, countries are facing a growing need to regulate this type of provision. Although many countries have yet to establish a clear regulatory framework for the import and export of transnational higher education, ambitions to regulate and offer quality assurance for this type of provision are an emerging international trend.
Students on the Move: The Future of International Students in the United States
Authors: Luu Dao , Bain Olga , Green Madeleine
Published: February 2017

The American Council on Education released an issue brief, Students on the Move: The Future of International Students in the United States, in October 2006, that summarizes the existing research on international students in the Unites States and examines the US market position with respect to other major hosting countries in attracting international students. It found that while the United States continues to enroll the majority of international students, trends in other major hosting and sending countries suggests that US dominance cannot be taken for granted.
European Students in the Bologna Process
Authors: Klemencic Manja
Published: February 2017

One of the student organizations in Europe has played a particularly visible role in the Bologna process. ESIB (the National Unions of Students in Europe), which has been renamed ESU (European Students' Union [www.esib.org]), has taken active part in the Bologna process, ensuring that student interests were reflected in its policies. At the same time, ESU used the process to upgrade its visibility and role in European higher education policymaking in general. The Bologna process has thus unexpectedly also created circumstances that led to cooperation among the student unions and strengthened their resolve to empower ESIB to represent them on the European level.
Globalization and Forces for Change in Higher Education
Authors: Altbach Philip
Published: February 2017

For higher education, globalization implies the broad social, economic, and technological forces that shape the realities of the 21st century. Massification is without question the most ubiquitous global influence of the past half century or more. It brought themes regarding, public and private good, access, differentiation, and varied funding patterns, and declining of quality and conditions of study. The growth of information technology (IT) and the increasing dominance of English as the key language of communicating academic knowledge are also key elements of globalization.
International Student Mobility and the United States: The 2007 Open Doors Survey
Authors: Chow Patricia , Marcus Rachel
Published: February 2017

In 2006, the United States attracted 30 percent of internationally mobile students among the leading eight host countries (Australia, Canada, China, France, Germany, Japan, and the United Kingdom). This article draws upon key findings from the International Student Census of the recent Open Doors 2007: Report on International Educational Exchange to describe the current international student population in the United States and to examine the future trends in international enrollment. This article covers the following topics of origins, student profile and fields of study, destinations, and future trends in international student enrollment.
The Management and Funding of US Study Abroad
Authors: Whalen Brian
Published: February 2017

US colleges and universities manage and fund study-abroad programs in a tremendous variety of ways The wide range includes types of programs, policies for awarding academic credit, structuring of study-abroad program fees, systems for funding the study-abroad office, program evaluation methods, and other areas of program management. US colleges and universities frequently partner with overseas universities and program providers. Institutions and organizations should commit to being clear and consistent about their mission and goals, and employ continuous quality improvement.
US Accreditation: Bridging the International and National Dialogue Gap
Authors: Eaton Judith
Published: February 2017

Throughout this decade, international conversations about higher education have been punctuated with significant attention to accreditation and quality assurance. While the central and often dominant in these deliberations is accreditation as practiced in the United States, its operation and accomplishments. States. While the international conversation often focuses on the operation and accomplishments of American accreditation systems, there is a robust US national dialogue underway focused almost exclusively on the limitations of accreditation. Understanding these concerns can be beneficial to both developing countries and the United States.
Participation, Persistence, and Attainment Rates: The US Standing
Authors: Hauptman Arthur M.
Published: February 2017

Several recent reports in the United States have compared the American performance in higher education to that of other Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, and concern that the United States is slipping when it comes to attainment rates in tertiary education. However, the United States continues to have among the highest participation rates among OECD countries, below average rates of completion, among the highest attainment rates for bachelor's degrees, and average to below average attainment rates for subbachelor's degrees. One key conclusion from this analysis is that a key challenge for the United States is to figure out how to improve the degree completion rate of its community college students.
Politics, Ethnicity, and the Mission of the University: The Kenyan Example
Authors: Otieno Weycliffe
Published: February 2017

The vulnerability of the education sector to the risks of political instability became clearly evident during the flare-up of violence following the disputed 2007 presidential elections in Kenya. Whereas universities especially in the developing world have often been seen as breeding grounds for radical political ideas and student activism, the post-election violence in Kenya directly affected university education, on a scale no other event has in the country's history. And, for the first time, the crisis facing education generally, and higher education specifically, showed clear ethnic manifestations.
Teaching in English on the Rise in European Higher Education
Authors: Wachter Bernd
Published: February 2017

In 2008, the Academic Cooperation Association, a Brussels-based European association specialized in the internationalization of higher education, has now come out with a study about English-Taught Programmes in European Higher Education. The study is based on surveys of 2,200 higher education institutions in 27 European countries where English is not the domestic language of instruction. This article presents the key findings from the original publication.
The Crisis of the American Academic Workforce
Authors: Altbach Philip , Finkelstein Martin
Published: February 2017

Key to an improvement in so labor intensive an industry as higher education is its workforce: the professoriate. The American academic profession is, however, widely acknowledged to be in criticaland deterioratingcondition: demographic aging, remuneration, the high dropout rates in doctoral programs, lengthening time-to-degree, an increase of non-tenure track appointment. This change is having a profound, and largely unscrutinized, impact on American higher education.
Germany's "Excellence Initiative"
Authors: Fallon Daniel
Published: February 2017

In January 2004, German federal minister for higher education and research in the Social Democratic government started a process called the Excellence Initiative, which simply selects and supports six universities to be Germany's top institutions of higher learning, with an intensive finance from the federal and state governments. Three competitions were organized for the initiative: graduate schools, excellence clusters, and futures concept. The Excellence Initiative has been breaking the previous notion of the equivalence of universities, in order to maintain international competitiveness of German higher education.
Malaysian Challenges
Authors: Tierney William , Sirat M.
Published: February 2017

Malaysian tertiary education is a microcosm of the trends and challenges facing all of postsecondary education throughout the world. Privatization is increasing in the public sector. New providers have entered the Malaysian tertiary market. International rankings are a preoccupation of the government and research universities. The cost of education concerns parents, students, and the government. Whether the Ministry of Higher Education should continue to “steer from a distance” the nation's public postsecondary institutions or develop a more decentralized plan is being debated. How to stop the brain drain of talented Malaysian faculty, capitalize on the brain gain, serve the rising number of students who desire a postsecondary education, and provide jobs for an increasingly educated citizenry are issues being debated actively in the press and on the streets.
The Intricacies of Academic Remuneration
Authors: Altbach Philip
Published: February 2017

Salaries among academics may vary drastically, based on tenure, type of institution, country, research activity and other factors. The ability of faculty members to subsist on their compensation varies across the globe, and may influence research and publication output, and migration of faculty to higher paying countries, institutions or fields.
India's Effort to Join 21st-Century Higher Education
Authors: Altbach Philip , Jayaram N.
Published: February 2017

India is poised to invest into the creation of many new universities, toward the goal of having 30 "world-class" universities capable of competing on the global academic playing field. Many problems currently plague the Indian higher educational system (an underpaid professoriate, institutional corruption, lack of focus on research, etc.) and must be carefully examined and addressed before investments are made, or these lofty goals may not succeed.
Higher Education Transformation in Pakistan: Political and Economic Instability
Authors: Hayward Fred
Published: February 2017

The 2002 creation of the Higher Education Commission, an autonomous body charged with reforming the failing higher education system in Pakistan, marked the start of six impressive years of growth and improvement to its university system. Enrollments increased, quality improved, tenure-track systems encouraged research and retention, and most universities supported the commission. Political and economic instability, beginning in early 2008, began to threaten these gains. Uncertainty, inflation, and budget cuts challenge the sustained growth in Pakistan's higher education system, and may even reverse progress.
Tertiary Education and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: The World Bank Report
Authors: Saint William
Published: February 2017

Citing case studies in Africa and Asia, the World Bank's Report "Accelerating Catch-Up: Tertiary Education in Sub-Saharan Africa" argues that economic growth in these developing countries hinges on the human capitol fostered in secondary and tertiary education. Economic constraints and various structural and programmatic challenges threaten the ability for success in these institutions and creative solutions will be necessary to bolster growth.
Academic Freedom at the Crossroads in the United States
Authors: Benedict Louis
Published: February 2017

Academic freedom in the United States has long been associated with the values inherent in the First Amendment free-speech clause of the US Constitution. In recent years a deterioration of academic freedom has occurred in higher education institutions in the United States. Exacerbating this trend is that US courts, longstanding protectors of the value of free speech, have whittled away some of the traditional academic freedom protection afforded to faculty at public colleges and universities. Several factors have contributed to a general decline in protection of academic freedom, such as the events of 9/11, the mis-application of the business model for higher education, and recent US Court decisions regarding academic freedom. These factors threaten the future viability of academic freedom and the advantages to higher education and society.
Japan: The "Haves" are Gaining and the "Have-Nots" are Losing
Authors: Obara Yoshiaki
Published: February 2017

Many Japanese private higher education institutions also face a risk of falling into the "losing group." It seems that small/rural colleges end up receiving less extra income from admissions over the tei-in (the quota for first-year students) level. This loss creates less scholarship money for capable students. The small/rural institutions are likely to lose prospective students as a negative cycle works against them. This tendency, in turn, augments the opportunities available to large, metropolitan higher education institutions. In Japan, a clear division is anticipated, with the larger institutions getting much larger and the smaller and rural ones getting much smaller. This is a hard fact that we will face in the foreseeable future.
Unintended Effects of the Bologna Reforms
Authors: Reichert Sybille
Published: February 2017

The Bologna reform process has resulted in some unintended effects. At the system level, the four effects are: creating a dense network as an osmosis; stimulated reforms as a catalyst; shifting to vocational orientation; and structuring mass vs. elite degrees. At the institutional level, strengthening the central leadership, crosscutting the vertical boundaries among continental European universities, strengthening stakeholder influence.
Competition for International Students
Authors: Green Madeleine , Koch Kim
Published: February 2017

The competition for recruitment of international students is heating up. In the United States, the efforts are mostly done by each institution. In the United Kingdom, the Prime Minister launched the initiatives and set the target. Germany focuses on a regional recruitment from other European countries. In France, the government put agencies in many countries to offer support for application and events for promotion. Australia began a recruitment campaign for six key markets in Asia. Other areas also set strategies and goals for attracting international students.
Recent Trends and Issues in International Student Mobility
Authors: De Wit Hans
Published: February 2017

Institutions of higher education recently emphasized a view of international students as a source of income generation. Like the UK and Australia, other countries have also introduced out of state fees for international students. The competition for international students has increased even among traditionally sending countries. Selected recruitment of top talents is also a trend. Reputation and employability are the pull-factors for international students: in turn, "brain drain" is a problem in developing countries at the end of the chain.
International Enrollments in the United States: 60 Years of 'Open Doors' Data
Authors: Chow Patricia , Chambers Julie
Published: February 2017

When IIE started to report the census on international students at colleges or universities in the United States in 1948/49, only 25,464 international students were reported. In 2008/09, the number was 671,616, which was itself an 8% increase from the previous year. As for the trends by sending regions, 62% of international students were from Asia in 2008/09, though it was 26% in 1948/49; this outnumbered the modest increase of students from Europe and Latin America during the period. Recently, graduate international students outnumbered undergraduate international students.
Can Haitian Higher Education Rise from the Rubble?
Authors: Dumay Harry
Published: February 2017

Haitian higher education received catastrophic damage from the earthquake in 2009. The rebuilding of higher education is a priority for Haiti for educating the country's elites and achieving economic growth and innovation. In rebuilding Haitian higher education after the earthquake, pre-existing issues regarding an improvement of access and the governance, and an increase of full-time professors must be addressed.
Mongolia's Challenge: Becoming Asian in Higher Education
Authors: Postiglione Gerard
Published: February 2017

Despite the global economic crisis, the Republic of Mongolia is determined to move ahead in restructuring its higher education system. But, Government spending on higher education is severely limited in comparison to other regional players. Also, the quality of private higher education has yet to surpass that of the public institutions. The economy is currently too weak to support the large number of university graduates, and many are seeking employment elsewhere.
India's Open Door to Foreign Universities: Less than Meets the Eye
Authors: Altbach Philip
Published: February 2017

India may finally open its doors to foreign higher education institutions and investment. India's higher education faces severe problems of capacity and quality. This lack of capacity will affect India's new open-door policy. It will be unable to adequately regulate and evaluate foreign institutions. Though the system needs systemic reform, it is impossible for foreigners to solve or even to make a visible dent in India's higher education system.
Legal Frameworks for Higher Education in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Saint William
Published: February 2017

A shortage of research on the legal frameworks for higher education is evident in sub-Saharan Africa. In sub-Saharan Africa wide discrepancies in progress are observed. The reforms commonly promote more representative governance, quality assurance, and private provision. A few countries have enacted substantial changes to their legal frameworks. In other countries reforms have been noteworthy but less bold.
Peking University's Personnel Reforms
Authors: Yang Rui
Published: February 2017

In 2004, Peking University planned a radical overhaul of its faculty appointment and promotion policies. The reform program went far beyond the sphere of personnel itself and received a strong response not only on campus but throughout the country. The developments have vividly portrayed the difficulties and obstacles in China's new policies for universities in a context of globalization and helped to identify further directions and dynamics.
Expansion and Differentiation in Chinese Higher Education
Authors: Liu Jian , Wang Xiaoyan
Published: February 2017

The expansion and reconstruction of the Chinese higher education system over the last decade has resulted in increased decentralization, differentiation, and privatization of the system. Chinese higher education has evolved into a hierarchical and diversified system, with national universities at the top. Through the differentiated expansion of four- and two-year programs, particularly along disciplinary lines, the diversity of higher education provision has been greatly enhanced.
Postcompulsory Education and Training in China
Authors: Wang Qi
Published: February 2017

The recent debate on building a learning society in China has focused on the gap between individuals' learning motivation and the government's policy orientation on further developing postcompulsory [i.e., postsecondary] education and training programs through certified learning. This gap, reflecting China's cultural and historical force of credentialism, is believed to be a barrier to the promotion of lifelong learning.
India's New Accreditation Law
Authors: Agarwal Pawan
Published: February 2017

A new accreditation law is currently before the Indian Parliament for approval. The law brings quality in higher education to the center stage. However, given the size and complexity of the system, its implementation is going to be a humongous task. The new law should rely on linking accreditation to government funding and student transfer. A holistic and structured approach with multiple agencies is needed to assure quality for the large and expanding Indian higher education system.
Access Means Inequality
Authors: Altbach Philip
Published: February 2017

Expanding access would bring inequality to higher education. Institutions, while catering to unregulated mass access, provide vastly different quality, facilities, and focus than do elite institutions at the top, and this gulf has widened as access has expanded worldwide. Furthermore, mass higher education has, for a majority of students worldwide, lowered quality and increased dropout rates.
International Education: Alternatives to the Market
Authors: Scott Peter
Published: February 2017

The widespread assumption that academic mobility and international education are "good things" may need to be tested periodicallyto ensure, first, that the lessons of mass higher education at home have been fully incorporated into concepts of international education; and second, that the lessons of globalization have been factored into policies for international education.
An International Exploration of Decline
Authors: Levy Daniel
Published: February 2017

The decline of private higher education constitutes an untold reality: growth is not a uniform, omnipresent, or inevitable course. Reasons for private higher education decline fall into two broad categories(1) social factors (the lapse of distinct social identity and the demographic shift) and (2) political or public-sector policies (hostile government, regulation, public higher education expansion, and privatization within the public sector).
The Decline of Thai Private Higher Education
Authors: Praphamontripon Prachayani
Published: February 2017

Though Thai private higher education expanded during the 1990s, the private higher education sector has experienced stagnant and declining enrollment since 2002. While private higher education leaders speculate that public expansion and public privatization are the main factors for their declining market share, their public counterparts argue that such a drop mainly involves the country's shifting demographics.
California's Downfall: Obama's Stimulus Funding Is a Lifeline, But What about Next Year?
Authors: Douglass John
Published: February 2017

California's famed public higher education system is undergoing a significant redefinition, driven solely by severe budget cuts. The state's tripartite system (the University of California, the California State University, and a network of nearly 110 community colleges) faces a daunting challenges in terms of access, time-to-degree, degree production, and the morale of faculty and staff at public universities and colleges. Though, currently, no consensus or political leadership appears to solve the long-term consequences, a debate on the next logical phase of California's higher education is necessary.
Venezuelan Higher Education: The Chavez Revolution
Authors: Levy Daniel
Published: February 2017

Hugo Chavez's clash with Venezuelan higher education is a vivid present-day example of a history of confrontation between leftist, populist regimes and higher education in Latin America. Chavez has transformed the public sector through creation and expansion of new universities. Chavez's policies have alienated the country's private institutions of higher education. Both public and private universities are reduced in importance.
Agents and Third-Party Recruiters in International Higher Education
Authors: Altbach Philip
Published: February 2017

In today's globalized world, higher education is a big business. There is a dramatic proliferation of third-party recruiters and agents who recruit prospective students as well as provide general information about studying abroad. These agents are impairing the standards and integrity of higher education because of monetary incentives. Also, there is no stated qualification for them. The solution is to abolish them, and provide objective by encouraging universities to provide accurate information.
The Corruption of Ethics in Higher Education
Authors: Heyneman Stephen
Published: February 2017

Universities can be corrupt through the abuse of authority for both personal and material gain. In order to reduce corruption, quality assurance mechanisms might include anti-corruption evidence as a criterion for accreditation. Another implication is that development assistance agencies that make investments in higher education, may have to consider the level of corruption when making those investments.
Westernization in the Post-Soviet World: Risks and Benefits of the Bologna Process
Authors: Ohanyan Arevik
Published: February 2017

The Bologna process and other influences from the West have affected countries in the former Soviet Union. Focusing mainly on Armenia, this article discusses the various impacts on higher education of Bologna and related initiatives.
The Pursuit of Equity in Brazilian Higher Education
Authors: Tessler Leandro
Published: February 2017

The Brazilian Supreme Court is about to decide if affirmative action complies with the National Constitution. In 2003 the Senate of the University of Brasília (UnB) decided to reserve 20% of its places to black and brown ("pardo") candidates starting in the 2004 admission process. In 2009, the right wing Democratas political party filed a lawsuit at Brazilian Supreme Court claiming that UnB's racial quota system violates no less than nine fundamental precepts of the Constitution. The decision about this case, will determine the future of affirmative action in Brazil. Amazingly all assessments "prove" that affirmative action is neither the deliverance or a threat to the Brazilian higher education system.
Assessing Higher Education Outcomes in Brazil
Authors: Pedrosa Renato
Published: February 2017

Brazil is one of the few countries to have developed a full-fledged program to assess outcomes at the higher education level, for both public and private institutions. The National System of Higher Education Assessment (SINAES) was established by federal law in 2004, building upon an earlier program started in 1996, and is administered by the Ministry of Education. The system divides all programs into three groups and operates on a 3-year rotating cycle, each group of programs assessed every 3 years. It may be a good source of information and data on the problems and challenges involved, so that those interested in higher education assessment would certainly profit from taking a closer look at this interesting Brazilian experience.
German Funding Ranking as a Tool for Self-Management
Authors: Gudler Jurgen
Published: February 2017

The German Research Foundation ranks universities and departments according to the funding they obtain for research. The elements of this system are analyzed.
The Cost-Cutting Reforms of Higher Education in England
Authors: Callender Claire
Published: February 2017

The British government is introducing dramatic changes to the funding of higher education in England, including the withdrawal of most of its funding for teaching and a threefold increase in undergraduate tuition fees. These reforms herald the retreat of the federal state from financial responsibility for HE, boosting HE's private-good functions at the expense of the public-good function. Will this marketisation of British HE be at the expense of social equity and universities as public, civic, and cultural institutions?
Stalin and Contemporary Higher Education Change: A Short Provocation
Authors: Howlett Sophia
Published: February 2017

Some of Stalin's ideas for higher education in the Soviet Union have a resonance with current reform thinking. This article compares them.
Closing the Digital Gap in Africa
Authors: Bon Anna
Published: February 2017

African universities need information and communication technologies (ICTs) to enhance teaching and learning, to participate in collaborative research networks and to deliver high-level ICT experts for society. By adopting ICTs in an innovative way, higher education in Africa can pave the road towards the global knowledge society.
Building a World-Class System in Ireland's Financial Crisis
Authors: Hazelkorn Ellen
Published: February 2017

Irish higher education faces particular difficulties given the severity of its economic crisis. Like other countries, it is engaged in significant system restructuring coupled with managed policy direction. Where Ireland does differ is in its emphasis on a 'whole of country strategy' and commitment that teaching and research go hand-in-hand. This paper looks at the fortunes and mis-fortunes of Irish higher education.
Reforming Higher Education in the Middle Eastand Elsewhere
Authors: Altbach Philip
Published: February 2017

The Arab Spring came, in part, from the region's universities. Students are central actors throughout the region. The weaknesses of the universities have been highlighted by these social movements. Additional funding, higher standards, and other improvements are needed. High levels of unemployment of graduates need also to be reduced.
Saudi Arabian Developments
Authors: Altbach Philip
Published: February 2017

Saudi Arabia spends significantly on higher education, and its higher education system has expanded impressively in recent years. Now the Kingdom is seeing to upgrade its higher education system and to create a more systematic approach to academic development. Challenges remain, but the effort is proceeding.