bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Temporal variations in hydro-geochemistry and potential health risk assessment of groundwater from lithological diversity of semi-arid region, Western Gujarat, India
Authors: Shirke K. D. , Kadam Ajaykumar Krushna , Pawar N. J.
Published: June 2020

The temporal changes in hydro-geochemistry of groundwater from lithological diversity of Amba Dongar area were assessed from human health risk point of view. In view of this, 104 samples were collected in post- (POM) and pre-monsoon (PRM) seasons to understand the ionic concentrations and seasonal variations in major cations and anions. Based on concentration of physicochemical parameters it is inferred that groundwater quality is good for drinking and most of the parameters are within allowable limit of the World Health Organisation (WHO). However, EC, TDS, Ca2+ and HCO3− exceed the desirable while NO3 and F content are found beyond the permissible limits. The results 33% and 15% samples for nitrate and 60% and 63% samples for fluoride in POM and PRM, respectively, are above permissible limits of WHO, indicating a high health risk to inhabitants. The Piper’s trilinear diagram depicts Ca2+–Mg2+ HCO3− as major water type in both the seasons and the plots diagram that the chemical rock weathering and rock–water interaction are responsible for modifying the groundwater chemistry. Further, the total hazard index indicates that children have higher risk than adults in both. Hence, antipollution filters and rainwater recharging structures are recommended as an action to be taken to lessen the health hazard.
Global Justice Index Report
Authors: Gu Yanfeng , Qin Xuan , Wang Zhongyuan , Zhang Chunman , Guo Sujian
Published: June 2020

The Global Justice Index is a multiyear research project conducted at the Fudan-IAS to conceptualize and measure each country’s contribution to achieve greater global justice. In this study, we intend to provide our first-year achievements with the ranking of nation states at the global level from 2010 to 2017. This study comprises four main sections. In the introduction, we discuss the development of the conceptual framework and evaluative principles to justify our selection of dimensions and indicators for measurement. Next, in the section of methodology, we discuss the production, normalization, and aggregation of the raw data and the generation of the final results. The following section is the main findings, and we present the results through various visualization tools and provide regional comparisons for further analysis. In the last section, we discuss the applications and limitations of the index, and its potential further research trajectories.
How does the global network of research collaboration affect the quality of innovation?
Authors: Iino Takashi , Inoue Hiroyasu , Saito Yukiko U. , Todo Yasuyuki
Published: June 2020

This study examines how research collaboration of firms affects the quality of their innovation outcomes using comprehensive patent data for firms in the world from 1991 to 2010. Identifying research collaboration by co-patenting relationships, we find that research collaboration with other firms, particularly with foreign firms, leads to substantial improvement in innovation quality. We also observe a positive effect of the brokerage in the global network, especially for firms with international collaboration links. These results are applicable to the effect on the quality of innovation achieved individually without any collaboration. Therefore, our findings emphasize the importance of links with a variety of partners, particularly with foreign partners to improve innovation performance. Finally, we find that the collaboration effect is larger in the 2000s than in the 1990s and varies depending on firm size and across countries.
Biologia Futura: rapid diversification and behavioural adaptation of birds in response to Oligocene–Miocene climatic conditions
Authors: Nagy Jenő
Published: June 2020

Our knowledge about the origin of landbirds (Telluraves) is increasing rapidly but new questions are arising because of the contradictory findings from previous studies. All of the major lineages in the highly diverse clade of Neoaves have a Gondwanan origin, although studies often disagree about the origin of different sub-lineages. Nevertheless, understanding the biogeographical histories of these groups (e.g. Accipitriformes, Passeriformes) is important when studying the evolution of variation in life history and behavioural traits. Therefore, we would like to find answers to questions such as which biogeographic changes affected the radiation of birds? When did the most influential climatic events affect the diversification of birds? What behavioural adaptations occurred in response to those large-scale changes? The major orogenetic events in Asia and South America formed specific corridors that enabled the radiation of birds. The climatic changes and habitat differentiation they caused during the Oligocene–Miocene era made the divergence of birds possible through their adaptation to newly available niches. Consequently, variation in life history and behavioural traits emerged as adaptive outcomes of changes in foraging, nestling and migratory behaviours.
Beaver (Castor fiber) activity and spatial movement in response to light and weather conditions
Authors: Bartra Cabré Laura , Mayer Martin , Steyaert Sam , Rosell Frank
Published: June 2020

Animal behaviour can affect individual fitness and is influenced by exogenous and endogenous factors. Here, we investigated how light (daylight length and moonlight), weather (precipitation and temperature), age, sex and social status affected activity and movement of a semiaquatic mammal, the Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber), using GPS relocation data from 47 individuals in south-eastern Norway. Independent of daylight length, beavers had a mean daily activity time of 9:42 h and reduced their activity periods when they were older, most likely due to senescence. In line with this, older individuals also spent less time in water and moved shorter distances. Furthermore, beavers reduced their activity periods in drier weather conditions and spent less time on land during brighter nights and drier conditions, indicating a predation risk avoidance strategy. Individuals spent less time in the water during the colder parts of the year and moved shorter distances with decreasing temperature, suggesting thermal constraints. Our study adds to the increasing amount of evidence that animal behaviour is modulated by various endogenous and exogenous factors, and that weather conditions can affect their behaviour. It remains to be tested, however, how climate variability together with hunting and predation pressure affect space use and demography in species such as the Eurasian beaver.
Double barreled wet colostomy. Case report and description of the surgical technique
Authors: Salgado-Cruz Luis Enrique , Espin-Basany Eloy , Chapa-Lobo Alberto Félix , Rangel-Ríos Hugo Antonio , Garza-Maldonado Ana Guadalupe , Ortiz de Elguea-Lizárraga José I.
Published: June 2020

Pelvic exenteration has showed to be beneficial therapeutically and palliatively in locally advanced colorectal cancer. Reconstruction of urinary transit posterior to a cystectomy has always been challenging with many associated complications. We present a 58-year-old male with locally advanced rectal cancer in which a pelvic exenteration and a double-barreled wet colostomy (DBWC) was created for urinary reconstitution. We present the surgical technique of DBWC. DBWC is a good alternative to other urinary reconstructions because fecal and urinary derivation occurs in only one stoma, the stoma output is easier to manage, and fewer complications are seen compared to other urinary reconstructions. Long-term surveillance is mandatory in patients with a DBWC because there is an increased risk of neoplasm in the reservoir.
Readiness for First-In-Human Neuromodulatory Interventions
Authors: Coates McCall Iris , Minielly Nicole , Bethune Allison , Lipsman Nir , McDonald Patrick J. , Illes Judy
Published: June 2020

Background:

Novel neurointerventions present innovative therapeutic approaches to a range of treatment-refractory disorders. We sought to characterize factors that inform and define translational readiness for first-in-human (FIH) neuromodulatory trials.

Methods:

We used a two-part methodology involving a scoping review of the biomedical literature on the readiness of FIH trials for both neurological and non-neurological applications, and semi-structured interviews with stakeholders about decision-making for neuromodulation using magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound as a case example.

Results:

One hundred and thirty factors relevant to FIH readiness were identified in the scoping review. Trial design, adequacy of preclinical evidence, and risk were ubiquitous across biotechnologies. Target organ, target function, and inadequacy of animal models were dominant in the neurointervention literature. Interview results on the relative importance of these factors reveal divergent values, priorities, and understandings both between patients and clinicians and between patients affected by different conditions.

Conclusion:

Readiness of neurotechnology for FIH trials is defined by a multitude of interacting factors that pertain to clinical and nonclinical priorities, perceptions, and values.
Primitive rational points on expanding horocycles in products of the modular surface with the torus
Authors: EINSIEDLER MANFRED , LUETHI MANUEL , SHAH NIMISH A.
Published: June 2020

We prove effective equidistribution of primitive rational points and of primitive rational points defined by monomials along long horocycle orbits in products of the torus and the modular surface. This answers a question posed in joint work by the first and the last named author with Shahar Mozes and Uri Shapira. Under certain congruence conditions we prove the joint equidistribution of conjugate rational points in the 2-torus and the modular surface.
Continuity of the SRB entropy of convex projective structures
Authors: FOULON PATRICK , KIM INKANG
Published: June 2020

The space of convex projective structures has been well studied with respect to the topological entropy. But, to better understand the geometry of the structure, we study the entropy of the Sinai–Ruelle–Bowen measure and show that it is a continuous function on the space of strictly convex real projective structures.
The mining resource cycle and settlement demography in Malå, Northern Sweden
Authors: Carson Dean B. , Nilsson Lena Maria , Carson Doris A.
Published: June 2020

Research on the demographic impacts of mining in sparsely populated areas has focused primarily on relatively large towns. Less attention has been paid to smaller villages, which may experience different impacts because of their highly concentrated economies and their small populations, making them more vulnerable to demographic “boom and bust” effects. This paper examines demographic change in four small villages in northern Sweden, which are located close to several mining projects but have evolved through different degrees of integration with or separation from mining. Using a longitudinal “resource cycle” perspective, the demographic trajectories of the villages are compared to understand how different types of settlement and engagement with mining have led to different demographic outcomes in the long term. While the four villages experienced similar trajectories in terms of overall population growth and decline, their experiences in relation to more nuanced indicators, including age and gender distributions and population mobilities, were different, and potential reasons for this are discussed. Due to data limitations, however, the long-term demographic consequences of mining for local Sami people remain unclear. The paper problematises this research gap in light of general concerns about mining impacts on traditional Sami livelihoods.
Biophysical studies of protein misfolding and aggregation in in vivo models of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases
Authors: Sinnige Tessa , Stroobants Karen , Dobson Christopher M. , Vendruscolo Michele
Published: June 2020

Neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's diseases (PD), are characterised by the formation of aberrant assemblies of misfolded proteins. The discovery of disease-modifying drugs for these disorders is challenging, in part because we still have a limited understanding of their molecular origins. In this review, we discuss how biophysical approaches can help explain the formation of the aberrant conformational states of proteins whose neurotoxic effects underlie these diseases. We discuss in particular models based on the transgenic expression of amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau in AD, and α-synuclein in PD. Because biophysical methods have enabled an accurate quantification and a detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying protein misfolding and aggregation in vitro, we expect that the further development of these methods to probe directly the corresponding mechanisms in vivo will open effective routes for diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
EPHEMERAL ARCHITECTURE AND ROMANITÀ IN THE FASCIST ERA: A ROYAL-IMPERIAL TRIBUNE FOR HITLER AND MUSSOLINI IN ROME
Authors: Tucci Pier Luigi
Published: June 2020

Ephemeral architecture was the antithesis of the permanent buildings typical of the ‘Fascism of stone’, and yet many architects took advantage of this paradox to create an imaginary Rome. A widespread use of ephemeral structures was made around 1938, during the Mostra Augustea della Romanità and Hitler's state visit to Italy, in order to support a political programme that marked the totalitarian turn in the Fascist regime after the foundation of the empire and aimed at strengthening the alliance between Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. Relying on methodologies of particular relevance to Roman art history and on various sources unknown to date, this paper investigates the relationships between ephemeral architecture and romanità. The case study is a monumental tribune built in via dei Trionfi that inevitably suffered a damnatio memoriae: a combination of classicizing and futuristic decorations, it looked back at ancient Rome and, at the same time, highlighted the Fascist regime's aspirations to might and modernity.
Kinematics of z ∼ 4–6 Lyman break galaxies in ALPINE
Authors: Jones Gareth C. ,   the ALPINE Collaboration
Published: June 2020

The past century has seen massive improvements in the study of galaxy kinematics. While early work focused on single nearby galaxies, current studies with modern IFUs and interferometers (e.g., SINFONI, ALMA) allow for extension of this field to high redshift. However, the sample of galaxy observations at z > 4 that feature the sensitivity and resolution required for resolved dynamical characterization has been small. The ALMA Large Program to INvestigate CII at Early times (ALPINE) targeted 118 star-forming galaxies at z = 4–6, representing a vast increase in the sample size of potentially dynamically-characterizable sources. Using a set of diagnostic plots, we are able to characterize roughly half the sample, revealing a vast kinematic diversity and high merger rate. For the nine targets that show rotational signatures, initial tilted ring fitting with 3DBarolo shows promise. With further observations (e.g., ALMA, NOEMA, MUSE), the true nature of each source will be revealed in unprecedented detail.
An evolving photoelectric efficiency at cosmic noon?
Authors: McKinney Jed , Pope Alexandra , Armus Lee , Chary Ranga , Dickinson Mark , Kirkpatrick Allison
Published: June 2020

To sustain star formation rates (SFRs) of hundreds to thousands of solar masses per year over millions of years, a galaxy must efficiently cool its gas. Atz∼ 2, the peak epoch for stellar mass assembly, tracers of gas heating and cooling remain largely unexplored. For onez∼ 2 starburst galaxy GS IRS20, we presentSpitzer IRSspectroscopy of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) emission, and ALMA observations of [C II] 158μm fine-structure emission which we use to probe ISM heating/cooling. Coupled with an unusually warm dust component, the ratio of [C II] /PAH emission suggests a low photolelectric efficiency, and/or the importance of cooling from other far-IR lines in this galaxy. A low photoelectric efficiency atz∼ 2 could be key for the peak in the SFR density of the universe by decoupling stellar radiation from ISM gas temperatures.
Uncovering the spatial distribution of stars and dust in z ∼ 2 Submillimeter Galaxies
Authors: Lang Philipp , Schinnerer Eva , Smail Ian , Dudzevičiūtė U. , Swinbank A. M. ,   the A3COSMOS, AS2UDS and ALESS Teams
Published: June 2020

The spatial distribution of the dust and stars contains crucial information about the evolutionary pathways of galaxies. We present results of our study combing high-resolution ALMA and HST observations of z ∼ 2 bright sub-millimeter galaxies (SMGs). We have developed a two-dimensional extinction and age correction technique to obtain accurate stellar mass distributions from HST/CANDELS. For the first time, we can directly compare the spatial distribution of assembled stellar mass and ongoing star formation on kpc scales for distant SMGs, shedding light on their highly debated formation mechanisms. We find that the dust distribution is more compact than the stellar component, regardless if the SMG lies on the main sequence or at the starburst regime. Taking the dust emission as a proxy for dust-obscured star formation, our results imply that high-redshift SMGs are experiencing centrally enhanced star formation. These findings suggests that major galaxy interactions are not necessarily the main formation channel for SMGs with secular disk formation remaining a viable option as suggested by state-of-the-art cosmological simulations. The sizes and stellar densities of our z ∼ 2 SMGs agree well with the most compact early-type galaxies in the local Universe, strongly supporting the idea that the latter systems are indeed the descendants of massive SMGs at z ∼ 2.
Automated mining of the ALMA archive in the COSMOS field (A3 COSMOS): Cold molecular gas evolution
Authors: Daizhong Liu ,   A3 COSMOS Team
Published: June 2020

We present new constraints on the cosmic cold molecular gas evolution out to redshift 6 based on systematic mining of the public ALMA archive in the COSMOS field (A3 COSMOS). Our A3 COSMOS dataset contains ∼ 700 galaxies (0.3 ≲ z ≲ 6) with high-confidence ALMA detection and multi-wavelength SEDs. Combining with ∼ 1,200 CO-observed galaxies at 0 ≲ z ≲ 4 (75% at z < 0.1) in the literature, we parameterize galaxies’ molecular gas depletion time and gas fraction each as a function of stellar mass, offset from the star-forming main-sequence and cosmic age. We propose a new functional form which provides a better fit and implies a “downsizing” effect and “mass-quenching”. By adopting galaxy stellar mass functions and applying our gas fraction function, we obtain a cosmic cold molecular gas density evolution in agreement with recent CO blind field surveys as well as semi-analytic modeling. These together provide us a coherent picture of galaxy cold molecular gas, SFR and stellar mass evolution.
An older, more quiescent universe from panchromatic SED fitting of the 3D-HST survey
Authors: Leja Joel , Johnson Benjamin D. , Conroy Charlie , van Dokkum Pieter , Speagle Joshua S. ,   the 3D-HST Team
Published: June 2020

Galaxies are complicated physical systems which obey complex scaling relationships; as a result, properties measured from broadband photometry are often highly correlated, degenerate, or both. Therefore, the accuracy of basic properties like stellar masses and star formation rates (SFRs) depend on the accuracy of many second-order galaxy properties, including star formation histories (SFHs), stellar metallicities, dust properties, and many others. Here, we re-assess measurements of galaxy stellar masses and SFRs using a 14-parameter physical model built in the Prospector Bayesian inference framework. We find that galaxies are ∼0.2 dex more massive and have ∼0.2 dex lower star formation rates than classic measurements. These measurements lower the observed cosmic star formation rate density and increase the observed buildup of stellar mass, finally bringing these two metrics into agreement at the factor-of-two level at 0.5 < z < 2.5.
ALPINE: The ALMA [CII] survey of normal star-forming galaxies at 4 <z< 6
Authors: Le Fèvre Olivier , Bethermin Matthieu , Faisst Andreas , Capak P. , Cassata P. , Silverman J. D. , Schaerer D. , Yan L. ,   the ALPINE team
Published: June 2020

The ALMA-ALPINE [CII] survey (A2C2S) aims at characterizing the properties of normal star-forming galaxies (SFGs) observed in the [CII]-158μm line in the period of rapid mass assembly at redshifts 4 <z< 6. Here we present the survey and the selection of 118 galaxies observed with ALMA, selected from large samples of galaxies with spectroscopic redshifts derived from UV-rest frame. The observed properties derived from the ALMA data are presented and discussed in terms of the overall detection rate in [CII] and far-IR continuum. The sample is representative of the SFG population at these redshifts. The overall detection rate is 61% down to a flux limit of 0.07 mJy. From a visual inspection of the [CII] data cubes together with the large wealth of ancillary data we find a surprisingly wide range of galaxy types, including 32.4% mergers, 25.7% extended and dispersion dominated, 13.5% rotating discs, and 16.2% compact, the remaining being too faint to be classified. ALPINE sets a reference sample for the gas distribution in normal star-forming galaxies at a key epoch in galaxy assembly, ideally suited for studies with future facilities like JWST and ELTs.
Rapid evolution and transformation into quiescence?: ALMA view on z > 6 low-luminosity quasars
Authors: Izumi Takuma , Onoue Masafusa , Matsuoka Yoshiki , Nagao Tohru , Strauss Michael A. , Imanishi Masatoshi , Kashikawa Nobunari , Fujimoto Seiji , Kohno Kotaro , Toba Yoshiki , Umehata Hideki , Goto Tomotsugu , Ueda Yoshihiro , Shirakata Hikari , Silverman John D. , Greene Jenny E. , Harikane Yuichi , Hashimoto Yasuhiro , Ikarashi Soh , Iono Daisuke , Iwasawa Kazushi , Lee Chien-Hsiu , Minezaki Takeo , Nakanishi Kouichiro , Tamura Yoichi , Tang Ji-Jia , Taniguchi Akio
Published: June 2020

We present ALMA [CII] line and far-infrared (FIR) continuum observations of sevenz> 6 low-luminosity quasars (M1450> −25 mag) discovered by our on-going Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam survey. The [CII] line was detected in all targets with luminosities of ∼(2−10) × 108L⊙, about one order of magnitude smaller than optically luminous quasars. Also found was a wide scatter of FIR continuum luminosity, ranging fromLFIR< 1011L⊙to ∼2 × 1012L⊙. With the [CII]-based dynamical mass, we suggest that a significant fraction of low-luminosity quasars are located on or even below the local Magorrian relation, particularly at the massive end of the galaxy mass distribution. This is a clear contrast to the previous finding that luminous quasars tend to have overmassive black holes relative to the relation. Our result is expected to show a less-biased nature of the early co-evolution of black holes and their host galaxies.
ALMA twenty-six arcmin2 survey of GOODS-S at one millimeter (ASAGAO)
Authors: Hatsukade B. , Kohno K. , Yamaguchi Y. , Umehata H. , Ao Y. , Aretxaga I. , Caputi K. I. , Dunlop J. S. , Egami E. , Espada D. , Fujimoto S. , Hayatsu N. , Hughes D. H. , Ikarashi S. , Iono D. , Ivison R. J. , Kawabe R. , Kodama T. , Lee M. , Matsuda Y. , Nakanishi K. , Ohta K. , Ouchi M. , Rujopakarn W. , Suzuki T. , Tamura Y. , Ueda Y. , Wang T. , Wang W.-H. , Wilson G. W. , Yoshimura Y. , Yun M. S. ,   ASAGAO team
Published: June 2020

The ALMA twenty-six arcmin2 survey of GOODS-S at one millimeter (ASAGAO) is a deep (1σ ∼ 61μJy/beam) and wide area (26 arcmin2) survey on a contiguous field at 1.2 mm. By combining with archival data, we obtained a deeper map in the same region (1σ ∼ 30μJy/beam−1, synthesized beam size 0.59″ × 0.53″), providing the largest sample of sources (25 sources at 5σ, 45 sources at 4.5σ) among ALMA blank-field surveys. The median redshift of the 4.5σ sources is 2.4. The number counts shows that 52% of the extragalactic background light at 1.2 mm is resolved into discrete sources. We create IR luminosity functions (LFs) at z = 1–3, and constrain the faintest luminosity of the LF at 2 < z < 3. The LFs are consistent with previous results based on other ALMA and SCUBA-2 observations, which suggests a positive luminosity evolution and negative density evolution.
New constraints on reionization from a redshift-independent efficiency model
Authors: Potham Naidu Rohan
Published: June 2020

We present an empirical model built on a high-resolution N-body dark matter simulation. We assume a redshift-independent star-formation efficiency for each halo to convert the accretion rate into a star-formation rate. Our model is calibrated using the z = 4 UV luminosity function (UVLF) and successfully predicts the observed UVLF at z = 5 – 10. We present predictions at z = 5 – 10 for UV luminosity and stellar mass functions, JWST number counts, the stellar-to-halo mass relation and star-formation histories. We combine this model with bleeding-edge reionization constraints (from z > 7 quasars, z ∼ 7 Ly α line-profiles, the updated Planck τ) to find new perspectives on the Epoch of Reionization (EoR). We find MUV < − 13.5 galaxies need an average fesc = 0.22 ± 0.05 to drive reionization and a highly compressed timeline: the IGM neutral fraction is [0.9, 0.5, 0.1] at z = [8.4 ± 0.2, 7.0 ± 0.2, 6.3 ± 0.2]. Inspired by the newly assembled sample of Lyman Continuum leakers that unanimously displays higher-than-average star-formation surface density (sigma), we fit a model tying fesc to sigma. Since sigma grows by > 2.5 dex over z = 0 – 8, our model explains the humble values of fesc at low-z. We find, strikingly, that < 5% of galaxies with MUV < − 18 account for > 80% of the reionization budget. We predict leakers like COLA1 (z = 6.6, MUV = − 21.5) become common towards the EoR and that the protagonists of reionization are not hiding across the faint-end of the luminosity function but are already known to us.
ALMA observations of local analogs of high-redshift star-forming galaxies
Authors: Gonçalves Thiago
Published: June 2020

I will present the result of two observational projects using ALMA to investigate the properties of the molecular gas in low-redshift (z ∼ 0.2) ultraviolet-luminous galaxies. These objects are extremely dense, highly star-forming and very metal-poor compared to other galaxies of similar stellar mass at the same redshifts, justifying their use as analogues to distant main-sequence galaxies in an attempt to understand the interplay between gas and star formation under similar conditions in the early universe. Firstly, we have observed the most metal-poor objects in our sample, in order to determine whether metallicity plays a role in CO emissivity of the molecular regions in these galaxies. Our four non-detections, with stringent upper limits, shows that CO is severely depleted, even under turbulent conditions. We have also observed one object with high spatial resolution, comparing data from CO emission and hydrogen recombination lines down to a resolution of ∼ 400 pc, allowing for a detailed analysis of the conversion of gas into new stars. We are able to compare star formation laws in individual clumps and the surrounding ISM, highlighting the difference between star formation efficiencies in each environment within the galaxy. Finally, the high-resolution data offers interesting insights on the growth of supermassive black holes in these galaxies: our combined multiwavelength data shows that there must be a low-mass (105 Mȯ) black hole in the center of the galaxy, while bolometric luminosity in the central region is dominated by star formation activity.
Circulation and Thermohaline Variability of the Hanna Shoal Region on the Northeastern Chukchi Sea Shelf
Authors: Fang Ying‐Chih , Weingartner Thomas J. , Dobbins Elizabeth L. , Winsor Peter , Statscewich Hank , Potter Rachel A. , Mudge Todd D. , Stoudt Chase A. , Borg Keath
Published: June 2020

We analyzed velocity and hydrographic data from 23 moorings in the northeast Chukchi Sea from 2011 to 2014. In most years the eastern side of Hanna Shoal was strongly stratified year‐round, while weakly stratified regions prevailed on the shelf south and west of the Shoal. Stratification differences cause differential vertical mixing rates, which in conjunction with advection of different bottom water properties resulted in seasonally varying along‐isobath density gradients. In agreement with numerical models, we find that bottom waters flow anticyclonically around the Shoal. Whereas most of the shelf responded barotropically to wind‐forcing, there was a strong baroclinic component to the flow field northeast of Hanna Shoal, resulting in no net vertically integrated transport on average. In contrast there is a net eastward transport from west of the Shoal, which implies convergence north of the Shoal. Convergence and along‐isobath density gradients may foster cross‐shelf exchange north of Hanna Shoal. Modal analyses indicate that the shelf south of the Shoal and Barrow Canyon responded coherently to local and remote winds, whereas the wind‐current response around Hanna Shoal was less coherent. Barotropic topographic waves, of ~3‐day period, were generated episodically northeast of the Shoal and propagate clockwise around Hanna Shoal, but are blocked from entering Barrow Canyon and are possibly scattered by the horizontally sheared flow and converging isobaths on the western side of the Shoal. Analysis of water properties on the western side of Hanna Shoal suggests that these include contributions from the western and southern portions of the Chukchi Sea.
Bayesian Model Averaging With Fixed and Flexible Priors: Theory, Concepts, and Calibration Experiments for Rainfall‐Runoff Modeling
Authors: Samadi S. , Pourreza‐Bilondi M. , Wilson C. A. M. E. , Hitchcock D. B.
Published: June 2020

This paper introduces for the first time the concept of Bayesian model averaging (BMA) with multiple prior structures, for rainfall‐runoff modeling applications. The original BMA model proposed by Raftery et al. (2005, https://doi.org.10.1175/MWR2906.1) assumes that the prior probability density function (pdf) is adequately described by a mixture of Gamma and Gaussian distributions. Here we discuss the advantages of using BMA with fixed and flexible prior distributions. Uniform, Binomial, Binomial‐Beta, Benchmark, and Global Empirical Bayes priors along with Informative Prior Inclusion and Combined Prior Probabilities were applied to calibrate daily streamflow records of a coastal plain watershed in the southeast United States. Various specifications for Zellner's g prior including Hyper, Fixed, and Empirical Bayes Local (EBL) g priors were also employed to account for the sensitivity of BMA and derive the conditional pdf of each constituent ensemble member. These priors were examined using the simulation results of conceptual and semidistributed rainfall‐runoff models. The hydrologic simulations were first coupled with a new sensitivity analysis model and a parameter uncertainty algorithm to assess the sensitivity and uncertainty associated with each model. BMA was then used to subsequently combine the simulations of the posterior pdf of each constituent hydrological model. Analysis suggests that a BMA based on combined fixed and flexible priors provides a coherent mechanism and promising results for calculating a weighted posterior probability compared to individual model calibration. Furthermore, the probability of Uniform and Informative Prior Inclusion priors received significantly lower predictive error, whereas more uncertainty resulted from a fixed g prior (i.e., EBL).
Characterization of Aerosol Hygroscopicity Over the Northeast Pacific Ocean: Impacts on Prediction of CCN and Stratocumulus Cloud Droplet Number Concentrations
Authors: Schulze B. C. , Charan S. M. , Kenseth C. M. , Kong W. , Bates K. H. , Williams W. , Metcalf A. R. , Jonsson H. H. , Woods R. , Sorooshian A. , Flagan R. C. , Seinfeld J. H.
Published: June 2020

During the Marine Aerosol Cloud and Wildfire Study (MACAWS) in June and July of 2018, aerosol composition and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) properties were measured over the N.E. Pacific to characterize the influence of aerosol hygroscopicity on predictions of ambient CCN and stratocumulus cloud droplet number concentrations (CDNC). Three vertical regions were characterized, corresponding to the marine boundary layer (MBL), an above‐cloud organic aerosol layer (AC‐OAL), and the free troposphere (FT) above the AC‐OAL. The aerosol hygroscopicity parameter (κ) was calculated from CCN measurements (κCCN) and bulk aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) measurements (κAMS). Within the MBL, measured hygroscopicities varied between values typical of both continental environments (~0.2) and remote marine locations (~0.7). For most flights, CCN closure was achieved within 20% in the MBL. For five of the seven flights, assuming a constant aerosol size distribution produced similar or better CCN closure than assuming a constant “marine” hygroscopicity (κ = 0.72). An aerosol‐cloud parcel model was used to characterize the sensitivity of predicted stratocumulus CDNC to aerosol hygroscopicity, size distribution properties, and updraft velocity. Average CDNC sensitivity to accumulation mode aerosol hygroscopicity is 39% as large as the sensitivity to the geometric median diameter in this environment. Simulations suggest CDNC sensitivity to hygroscopicity is largest in marine stratocumulus with low updraft velocities (<0.2 m s−1), where accumulation mode particles are most relevant to CDNC, and in marine stratocumulus or cumulus with large updraft velocities (>0.6 m s−1), where hygroscopic properties of the Aitken mode dominate hygroscopicity sensitivity.
Understanding Reintensified Multiyear El Niño Events
Authors: Kim Ji‐Won , Yu Jin‐Yi
Published: June 2020

To understand the unique temporal evolution of the 2014–2016 multiyear El Niño event, which can be characterized as a successive and reintensified event preceded by a weak El Niño, this study examines similar events in a 2,200‐yr simulation of Community Earth System Model, version 1. By contrasting multiyear El Niño events with single‐year ones, we find that the succession characteristics of multiyear El Niño events are primarily caused by a negative North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) in the first‐year winter via subtropical Pacific coupling processes. By contrasting reintensified multiyear El Niño events with lingering ones, we find that the reintensification characteristics are caused by a negative Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) in the first‐year fall via tropical interbasin coupling processes. The phase information of the preceding winter NPO and fall IOD together can be used to project the evolution characteristics of El Niño events, particularly the reintensified multiyear and transitional single‐year events.
Global Modeling of Equatorial Spread F with SAMI3/WACCM‐X
Authors: Huba J. D. , Liu H.‐L.
Published: June 2020

We report the first results of a global ionosphere/thermosphere simulation study that self‐consistently generates large‐scale equatorial spread F (ESF) plasma bubbles in the postsunset ionosphere. The coupled model comprises the ionospheric code SAMI3 and the atmosphere/thermosphere code WACCM‐X. Two cases are modeled for different seasons and geophysical conditions: the March case (low solar activity: F10.7 = 70) and the July case (high solar activity: F10.7 = 170). We find that equatorial plasma bubbles formed and penetrated into the topside F layer for the March case but not the July case. For the March case, a series of bubbles formed in the Atlantic sector with irregularity spacings in the range 400–1,200 km, rose to over 800 km, and persisted until after midnight. These results are consistent with recent GOLD observations. Calculation of the generalized Rayleigh‐Taylor instability (GRTI) growth rate shows that the e‐folding time was shorter for the March case than the July case.
Satellite Observed Positive Impacts of Fog on Vegetation
Authors: Qiao Na , Zhang Lifu , Huang Changping , Jiao Wenzhe , Maggs‐Kölling Gillian , Marais Eugene , Wang Lixin
Published: June 2020

Fog is an important water source for many ecosystems, especially in drylands. Most fog‐vegetation studies focus on individual plant scale; the relationship between fog and vegetation function at larger spatial scales remains unclear. This hinders an accurate prediction of climate change impacts on dryland ecosystems. To this end, we examined the effect of fog on vegetation utilizing both optical and microwave remote sensing‐derived vegetation proxies and fog observations from two locations at Gobabeb and Marble Koppie within the fog‐dominated zone of the Namib Desert. Significantly positive relationships were found between fog and vegetation attributes from optical data at both locations. The positive relationship was also observed for microwave data at Gobabeb. Fog can explain about 10%–30% of variability in vegetation proxies. These findings suggested that fog impacts on vegetation can be quantitatively evaluated from space using remote sensing data, opening a new window for research on fog‐vegetation interactions.
Natural Sources of Ionization and Their Impact on Atmospheric Electricity
Authors: Golubenko K. , Rozanov E. , Mironova I. , Karagodin A. , Usoskin I.
Published: June 2020

We present a study of atmospheric electricity using the chemistry‐climate model SOCOL considering ionization by solar energetic particles during an extreme solar proton event (SPE), galactic cosmic rays (GCR), and terrestrial radon (Rn‐222). We calculate the global distribution of the atmospheric conductivity and fair‐weather downward current density (Jz) using atmospheric ionization rates from all sources. We found that Jz is enhanced (by more than 3.5 pA/m2) in radon source and polar regions. Contribution of Rn‐222 is essential at middle and low latitudes/altitudes where GCR‐induced air conductivity is reduced. The model results are in good agreement with the available observations. We also studied the effects of an extreme SPE, corresponding to the 774 AD event, on the atmospheric electricity and found that it would lead to a large increase of Jz on a global scale. The magnitude of the effects depends on location and can exceed background value more than 30 times over the high latitudes (a conservative upper bound). Such an assessment has been performed for the first time.
Mixing Ratios With Age: Application to Preasymptotic One‐Dimensional Equilibrium Bimolecular Reactive Transport in Porous Media
Authors: Gurung Deviyani , Ginn Timothy R.
Published: June 2020

Analysis of reactive transport in natural and engineered porous media has benefited from the concept of mixing ratios, in particular as a basis for mathematical separation of transport and reactions processes. General use of solute age has also been recently explored as a way to describe solute mass transfer and/or as a proxy for reaction extent. Age here is defined as exposure time to the flow field. Pairing these concepts, we develop mixing ratio models that are structured on age. One‐dimensional transport is cast in terms of age‐structured mixing ratios in general and compared with conventional formulations of mixing ratio models, demonstrating that age is often a more natural independent variable than absolute time. Using this modeling framework, we then apply age‐structured mixing ratios to the problem of mixing‐limited reactive transport in one‐dimension by explicitly considering unmixed and mixed phases. In order to address mixing limitations under the entirety of transport including the preasymptotic dispersion timeframe, we use the same age variable to define the dispersion coefficient value in a local formulation of transport. Establishing an age‐dependent dispersion coefficient allows simulation of the whole transport time including both preasymptotic and asymptotic dispersion conditions with one model. In our application we explore use of this modeling approach to both synthetic preasymptotic data and experimental asymptotic data pertaining to one famous experiment.
In‐Home Tap Water Consumption Trends Changed Among U.S. Children, but Not Adults, Between 2007 and 2016
Authors: Rosinger Asher Y. , Young Sera L.
Published: June 2020

Despite evidence that tap water is often safer and cheaper than alternative sources, tap water is avoided when perceived to be unsafe. Therefore, we conducted the first nationally representative U.S. trends analysis of in‐home tap water avoidance between 2007 and 2016. We tested whether changes occurred during/after the Flint water crisis, and whether not drinking tap from one's main water source differed by age, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status across time. Finally, we tested whether tap water avoidance was associated with higher prevalence of bottled water consumption among children. We used data on 12,915 children and 23,139 adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Significant covariate‐adjusted quadratic time trends were found in the prevalence of avoiding tap water with an inflection at 2013–2014 for children, but not adults. Piecewise log‐binomial regressions estimated that between 2007 and 2014 each survey cycle was associated with 14% lower prevalence of not drinking tap water (prevalence ratio [PR] 0.86, 95% CI: 0.80–0.93), but in 2014–2016 a 53% (95% CI: 1.12–2.09) higher prevalence was found for children corresponding to the water crisis. Younger children, Hispanic, non‐Hispanic black, and those from low socioeconomic status backgrounds had consistently higher probability of avoiding tap water over time. Children who avoided tap water had 92% higher prevalence of drinking bottled water. In 2015–2016, 78% of non‐Hispanic black children who avoided tap water drank bottled water on a given day. Avoiding tap water may indicate underlying water insecurity in the United States. Efforts to address tap water distrust have critical health and economic implications.
Small Town Living: Unique Ethical Challenges of Rural Pediatric Integrated Primary Care
Authors: Jaques-Leonard Michelle L. , Winnick Joel B. , Chancey Leigh P. , Golden Maria E. , Gavazzi John , Brehm Laura , Heier Julie , Wicoff Maribeth , Rutt Christopher , Hosterman Shelley
Published: June 2020

Objective: The objective of this paper is to address ethical and training considerations with behavioral health (BH) services practicing within rural, integrated primary care (IPC) sites through the conceptual framework of an ethical acculturation model. Method: Relevant articles are presented along with a description of how the acculturation model can be implemented to address ethical dilemmas. Results: Recommendations are provided regarding practice considerations when using the acculturation model and the utility of the model for both established BH practitioners and trainees. Conclusions: Psychologists integrated into rural IPC teams may be able to enhance their ethical practice and improve outcomes for patients and families through the use of the acculturation model. Psychologists serving as supervisors can utilize the acculturation model to provide valuable experiences to trainees in addressing ethical dilemmas when competing ethical principles are present.

Implications for Impact Statement

By addressing ethical dilemmas through an acculturation model, psychologists may prevent themselves from drifting away from American Psychological Association ethical principles within the context of a multidisciplinary team while simultaneously providing valuable learning opportunities for trainees. This focus is particularly important in rural settings where access to specialty care and other resources are limited, and a psychologist may be the only licensed behavioral health provider on a multidisciplinary team.
HOXA5 inhibits the proliferation and neoplasia of cervical cancer cells via downregulating the activity of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and transactivating TP53
Authors: Ma Hong-Mei , Cui Nan , Zheng Peng-Sheng
Published: June 2020

HOXA5 is considered a regulator involved in embryonic development and cellular differentiation and a tumor suppressor. Nevertheless, its biological role in cervical carcinoma is still unclear. In the present study, immunohistochemistry showed that HOXA5 expression gradually decreased as the degree of cervical lesions deepened. Ectopic expression of HOXA5 restrained cell proliferation, decreased cell viability, and inhibited tumor formation in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the expression of HOXA5 could arrest cell cycle from G0/G1 to S phase. RNA-seq revealed that p21 and cyclinD1 were involved in this process. Moreover, the gene set enrichment analysis and the TOP/FOP reporter assay both suggested that HOXA5 could restrain the activity of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Further study using dual-luciferase reporter assay and quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that HOXA5 could directly bind to the TAAT motif within the promoter of TP53 by its HD domain and transactivate TP53, which can upregulate p21. Altogether, our data suggest that HOXA5 inhibits the proliferation and neoplasia via repression activity of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and transactivating TP53 in cervical cancer.
Hypoxia-induced shift in the phenotype of proteasome from 26S toward immunoproteasome triggers loss of immunoprivilege of mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Abu-El-Rub Ejlal , Sareen Niketa , Yan Weiang , Alagarsamy Keshav Narayan , Rafieerad Alireza , Srivastava Abhay , Desiderio Vincenzo , Dhingra Sanjiv
Published: June 2020

Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are immunoprivileged and are being investigated in phase I and phase II clinical trials to treat different degenerative and autoimmune diseases. In spite of encouraging outcome of initial trials, the long-term poor survival of transplanted cells in the host tissue has declined the overall enthusiasm. Recent analyses of allogeneic MSCs based studies confirm that after transplantation in the hypoxic or ischemic microenvironment of diseased tissues, MSCs become immunogenic and are rejected by recipient immune system. The immunoprivilege of MSCs is preserved by absence or negligible expression of cell surface antigen, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRα. We found that in normoxic MSCs, 26S proteasome degrades HLA-DRα and maintains immunoprivilege of MSCs. The exposure to hypoxia leads to inactivation of 26S proteasome and formation of immunoproteasome in MSCs, which is associated with upregulation and activation of HLA-DRα, and as a result, MSCs become immunogenic. Furthermore, inhibition of immunoproteasome formation in hypoxic MSCs preserves the immunoprivilege. Therefore, hypoxia-induced shift in the phenotype of proteasome from 26S toward immunoproteasome triggers loss of immunoprivilege of allogeneic MSCs. The outcome of the current study may provide molecular targets to plan interventions to preserve immunoprivilege of allogeneic MSCs in the hypoxic or ischemic environment.