bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
American Campaign Techniques Worldwide
Authors: Plasser Fritz
Published: March 2007

The ongoing process of professionalization and internationalization of electioneering and campaign practices in media-centered democracies is the central topic of this comparative study. Only recently have scholars in the United States begun to study the professional norms and standards of a new power elite: the professional political consultants. Prominent figures of the U.S. political consultancy business have worked as overseas consultants since the 1970s. In the 1980s, they concentrated on Latin America and Western Europe. Since 1989, Russia and the former communist countries of Eastern and Central Europe, as well as newly democratized countries in Asia and Africa, have become competitive marketplaces for American overseas consultants. Between 1998 and 1999, a sample of 502 political consultants and leading party managers in the United States, Australia, New Zealand, India, South Africa, Latin America, Western Europe, Russia, and Eastern Europe were interviewed about their professional experience and their concepts of campaigning, with the main focus on their professional evaluation of various campaign techniques and communication strategies. This article deals with the market-driven proliferation of American campaign techniques from a global perspective.
Image-Bite News
Authors: Barnhurst Kevin G. , Steele Catherine A.
Published: March 2007

Presidential election reports have grown faster paced and more visual: Journalists now appear more frequently and dramatically on screen, and other images and video clips have multiplied. This transformation of network visual practices parallels the shift to sound-bite content, emphasizing journalists over the political process, with implications for the public interest.
Public Journalism and Public Knowledge
Authors: Eksterowicz Anthony J. , Roberts Robert , Clark Adrian
Published: March 2007

Public journalism is challenging the more traditional notions of mainstream journalism. It represents an attempt to connect journalists with the communities within which they operate. It places citizen input at the center of journalistic concerns. In this essay, we examine the origin and development of public journalism. We note a few of the similarities in this movement to the early muckrakers operating at the turn of the century. We then consider the state of public political knowledge and how this affects public journalism efforts. Finally, we argue for educational reforms to aid public journalism in connecting to a more deliberative public.
The Impact of Third-Party Communications on the Israeli-Palestinian Negotiations
Authors: Maoz Ifat
Published: March 2007

This research studies the effect of news coverage on third-party interventions in negotiations. In the political context of the post-Oslo era in the Israeli-Palestinian negotiations, it examines the influence of U.S. appeals, reported in the local Israeli press, that called on the Israelis to make concessions. Previous research regarding the reactive devaluation bias (Ross 1995) led to the hypothesis that a positive effect of the third-party communicator will occur: An appeal for Israeli concessions from an American source should elicit more favorable attitudes among Israeli Jews compared to the same appeal from a Palestinian communicator. In addition, I hypothesized that in line with tendencies found in regard to the reactive devaluation bias (l. Maoz et al. in preparation), the magnitude of the positive effect of the third-party communicator will depend on the recipients' political affiliation and will vary for hawks and for doves. These hypotheses are examined, using an experimental design of the communicator's identity (American versus Palestinian) by the recipient's political affiliation (hawks versus doves). The findings support the research hypotheses.
Models of Continuum with Microcrack Distribution
Authors: Ramaniraka Nirinarilala A. , Rakotomanana Lalaonirina R.
Published: March 2007

The present work compares the micromechanical approach and the continuum approach for modeling microcracked continuum. The first approach considers a distribution of microscopic cells including contacting lips (discontinuity of matter), and the second approach considers a distribution of singularity in a continuum (discontinuity of fields). The main difference in these two methods is due to the choice of internal variables capturing the interstitial dissipation: torsion and curvature of the affine connection in the continuum approach and jump of velocity and temperature across the cracks for the micromechanical approach. The continuum approach involves more details than the micromechanical approach due to the accounting for both the translations and rotations of contacting lips.
The Solvability of Boundary Integral Equations for the Dirichlet and Neumann Problems in the Theory of Thin Elastic Plates
Authors: Chudinovich Igor , Constanda Chrisrian
Published: March 2007

The existence, uniqueness, and continuous dependence on the data are investigated for the weak solutions of boundary integral equations arising in the interior and exterior Dirichlet and Neumann problems for plates with transverse shear deformation treated by means of potential methods.
Wave Propagation in Piezoelectric Crystals Subjected to Initial Deformations and Electric Fields
Authors: Simionescu O. , Soόs E.
Published: March 2007

In the present paper, we study interactions between initial elastic deformations and electric fields in a piezoelectric crystal with respect to the propagation of progressive waves in such crystals. We assume the elastic dielectric to be linear and homogeneous, the initial homogeneous deformations are infinitesimal, and the initial applied electric field has small intensity. For a 6-mm-type crystal, we show that progressive waves can propagate along the symmetry axis, respectively in the plane normal to the symmetry axis.
The Pressurized Cylinder Problem for Nonlinear Viscoelastic Materials with a Strain Clock
Authors: Wineman Alan , Min Je-Hong
Published: March 2007

A constitutive equation for nonlinear viscoelasticity is used to model the mechanical response of solid amorphous polymers such as polycarbonate. The nonlinearity arises from a reduced time, which causes stress relaxation to accelerate with increasing strain. This reduced time is referred to as a "strain clock". An important feature of the constitutive equation is that it accounts for yield under different strain and stress histories. This constitutive equation is used to study the problem of a hollow cylinder subjected to different pressure histories on its inner and outer surfaces. It is shown that if the strain clock depends only on the volumetric strain, then the governing equations admit a solution, which has a number of important consequences. First, the spatial distribution of displacements has the same form as for a linear elastic or linear viscoelastic material. The time evolution depends on the material properties. Second, if pressures are specified at the inner and outer surfaces, the resultant stress distribution is independent of material properties, and is the same as for linear elastic or linear viscoelastic response. Finally, it is found that the strain clock runs at the same rate for all radii. An experiment, based on these results, is suggested, which can be used to assess the assumption that the strain clock depends only on the volumetric strain.
A Characterization of Internally Constrained Thermoelastic Materials
Authors: Casey J. , Krishnaswamy S.
Published: March 2007

A new and more primitive treatment of internal constraints for thermoelastic materials is presented. Integrable strain-temperature constraints are considered and are used to define an equivalence relation on the set of unconstrained thermoelastic materials. A unique constrained material is associated with each equivalence class of unconstrained materials. The properties of the constrained material are inherited from the unconstrained materials belonging to its corresponding equivalence class.
Pure Shears in the Mechanics of Materials
Authors: Blinowski Andrzej , Rychlewski Jan
Published: March 2007

The pure shear tensors play a significant role in continuum mechanics. Recent authors' results concerning some remarkable properties of pure shear tensors and their sets are presented. A list of the properties defining pure shears is quoted. The properties of the whole set of all pure shears are described. An extraordinary role of the pure shears in the linear theory of elasticity is disclosed. A new approach, in terms of Kelvin moduli and pure shears as proper elastic states, to the description of the symmetries of elastic materials is proposed. Finally, it is shown that a two-parametric set of orthonormal bases of deviatoric space consisting solely of pure shears can be constructed.
Toward a Complete Second-Order Evolution Law
Authors: Epstein Marcelo
Published: March 2007

Material evolution laws, such as those implicit in theories of plasticity and growth, are subjected to a systematic treatment. Using some concepts borrowed from the theory of inhomogeneities, the evolution of the material structure for materials of first and second order is expressed in terms of first-order differential equations for a set of "transplant" maps. A number of formal restrictions are derived, including those arising from material symmetries, and the results are applied to the specific case of a material whose second-order nature is limited to a dependence on the spatial gradient of the density. Firstand second-order Eshelby tensors are used as possible sources of the evolution.
PIC/PICC and extended peripheral catheters: Five years' experience in home care
Authors: Markel Susan
Published: March 2007

Peripherally inserted central and extended peripheral lines have greatly influenced provision of intravenous therapy in the home and alternate settings. Five years of experience through con current data collection from multiple sites (86) of a home infusion company are reported. Total catheter days (66,898), total cases (2,763), average catheter dwell time (25 days), and types of therapies (antibiotics 68%, pain management 7%, chemotherapy 4%, total parenteral nutrition 3%, hydration 4%, and miscellaneous 7%) are reported. Complications associated with these devices included phlebitis 7%, occlusion 7%, and infection 1% (0.10 per 100 catheter days). Key words: catheter, central venous catheter, home care, infection, intravenous, peripheral, phlebitis, PIC, PICC
Developing a Workplace Violence Program in the Home Health Care Setting
Authors: Henry Olga E. , Henry Gilbert A.
Published: March 2007

Workplace violence is escalating at an alarming rate. The home health care field is a particularly vulnerable area because services are provided to a cross-section of the community, and the care is provided within the community rather than within a contained structure. Home health care employers are encouraged to develop effective workplace violence prevention programs that include control measure strategies within the office and in the field, coupled with diversified education programs. Educating staff and maintaining open communication with all employees will serve to contain the costs of the agency as well as to allay staff anxieties, thereby maintaining productivity.
Basic Ethical and Legal Foundations of Nursing Practice: Correlations and Conflicts
Authors: McKnight Patricia A.
Published: March 2007

Nurses are having more and more difficulty distinguishing between ethical and legal aspects of nursing practice as health care becomes more and more complex. Conflicts between personal moral beliefs and codes of professional ethics may pose dilemmas for nurses, as may conflicts with other health care disciplines. To clarify those differences, this article will provide a brief introduction to basic ethical and legal principles that affect nursing practice in the United States.
The Safe Medical Devices Act and Home Health Care: Risk Management Issues and Solutions
Authors: Rozovsky Fay A.
Published: March 2007

On July 31, 1996, new regulations took effect that were promulgated under the Safe Medical Devices Act (SMDA). These regulations squarely address the home health care provider, creating new reporting and communication challenges for home health care agencies (HHAs). As the months have elapsed, questions have begun to emerge regarding the SMDA regulations that reflect the unique nature of home health care in the distribution and use of durable medical equipment. Reasonable minds might differ on the best way to tackle these issues and the practical aspects of addressing SMDA in home care. This article addresses some of these issues, emphasizing the importance of cogent policy, procedures, inservice education, documentation, and lines of communication.
Giving Seniors a Reason to Wake Up: A Nonmedical Companionship Care Program for Frail Elderly Patients of Home Health
Authors: Ledsam Allyson
Published: March 2007

Volunteering to serve others brings a moment of happiness, a smile, an exciting gesture, and a hug that touches the heart. The Volunteer Services Program, developed by Mercy Home Care Services, are necessary to the elderly, especially with this population living longer than ever before. The initial population to be served by this program are seniors, age 65 and above, who receive home health care services. Many patients live alone and can benefit from such a program because the volunteer assists in easing the burden of simple daily tasks. Volunteers provide a variety of valuable services for home health patients, families, and staff.
Benner's Novice to Expert Nursing Theory Applied to the Implementation of Laptops in the Home Care Setting
Authors: Larrabee Sally B.
Published: March 2007

Recent technological advances make it possible for nurses working in home health to record patient information on a variety of devices, such as laptop computers. There are now many implementation guides and corporate briefs available that concern bottom-line issues such as productivity and back-office cost reduction. Even though nurses generally are recognized for being innovative and willing to accept new challenges in order to improve patient care, no one asks how these changes are affecting nurses' self-perceptions about their expertise. Benner's theory, Novice to Expert, is utilized here to explore and establish expectations for both staff and administration.
Greening Organizations
Authors: Green Ken , Morton Barbara , New Steve
Published: March 2007

The use of consumer pressure in greening the economy has long been advocated by environmentalists. This article takes the view that the traditional image of the consumer as the primary agent of environmental change is inadequate. Efforts to green the economy require an understanding of corporations and public organizations as consumers as well as an understanding of individuals as consumers. The article sets out the arguments for treating all organizations as consumers and as a dominant but underemphasized force in greening the economy. It then considers organizational consumption in the context of supply chains, with respect to the issue of agency within the organization and with respect to the transmissions of market signals for innovation. The discussion makes clear the importance of considering the interorganizational context and ways in which this context both constrains and enables green purchasing initiatives. Reference is made to examples from a range of organizations.
The Kraken Wakes: corporate social responsibility and the political dynamics of the hazardous waste issue
Authors: Smith Denis
Published: March 2007

Smith D., 1991. The Kraken Wakes: corporate social responsibility and the political dynamics of the hazardous waste issue. Industrial Crisis Quarterly, 5: 189-207.

The issue of hazardous waste disposal has assumed international importance since the Karin B episode propelled it fully onto the global political agenda. This paper seeks to examine the transfers of such waste streams by reference to the issues of corporate responsibility and the role of technical expertise within environmental debates. The paper examines two cases, namely the Karin B / Nigeria waste dumping episode (1988) and the export of Canadian PCB waste to the UK (1989), in an attempt to assess the notions of equity in environmen tal conflicts. Within this context the role of technical expertise will be exam ined in an attempt to assess its impact within the framework of corporate re sponsibility for hazardous waste disposal.
Organizations as Contexts: Implications for Safety Science and Practice
Authors: Perin Constance
Published: March 2007

A theory of organizations as contexts frames the kinds of objective and subjective evidence needed for systematic analyses of the conditions under which accidents and incidents occur, are recovered from, or are prevented. Contexts of risk-handling activities in high-hazard produc tion systems are seen as supraindividual and self-governing entities, structured by social and cultural properties such as goals, resources, communication, meanings and categories, and intercontext relation ships. The concept of self-governance equalizes the importance of lateral and executive control for safety management. Actors' access to and degree of perceived and objective control over resources become significant data, as do data relating to communicative, cultural, and coordination issues. Context theory highlights several issues in safety research and practice and organizational studies generally, and it sug gests new approaches to incident investigations and organizational learning.
Reading comprehension abilities of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Brock S.E. , Knapp P.K.
Published: March 2007

This study compared the reading comprehension abilities of 21 children with Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), to 21 carefully matched peers who did not have ADHD. To focus on the effect of ADHD on reading comprehension, variables known to affect this skill were controlled (word identification) or measured (word attack, reading speed, vocabulary, background knowledge). Children with ADHD obtained lower reading comprehension test scores than did peers without this disorder. However, results failed to support the hypotheses that there would be an interaction between group membership (ADHD and non- ADHD) and level of reading comprehension (macroprocessing versus microprocessing), and that children with ADHD would have difficulty monitoring the accuracy of their comprehension. Instructional, assessment, and theoretical implications of these findings were discussed.
Comprehensive assessment of childhood Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in the context of a multisite, multimodal clinical trial
Authors: Hinshaw S.P. , March J.S. , Abikoff H. , Arnold L.E. , Cantwell D.P. , Conners C.K. , Elliott G.R. , Halperin J. , Greenhill L.L. , Hechtman L.T. , Hoza B. , Jensen P.S. , Newcorn J.H. , McBurnett K. , Pelham W.E. , Richters J.E. , Severe J.B. , Schiller E. , Swanson J. , Vereen D. , Wells K. , Wigal T.
Published: March 2007

As the largest randomized clinical trial conducted by the National Institute of Mental Health, the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD (MTA) will yield data on a diverse sample of 576 7.0- to 9.9-year-old children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Combined type, regarding the relative and combined effectiveness of psychosocial and pharmacologic interventions. After delineating key challenges posed by such a multi-site investigation, we describe the MTA's multiple-gating procedures for recruitment, screening, and diagnosis of a diverse sample. We then discuss the cross-domain assessment battery for tracking the sample before, during, and after 14 months of active intervention. Throughout, we emphasize the guiding principles that shaped pertinent decision making. Highlighted are issues of psychometric adequacy; dimensional vs. categorical measurement; multi-method, multi-agent, and multi-domain coverage; plotting of individual trajectories of development and change; respondent bias and burden; appraisal of treatment processes as well as outcomes; and con struction of composite indices.
State Implementation of National Water Quality Policy
Authors: Morris John C.
Published: March 2007

The State Revolving Fund program represents a major shift in the ways governments address water quality needs. Using John Kingdon’s concept of policy streams, this study examines the formal targeting mechanisms employed by states to meet these goals and whether use of these mechanisms actually results in a greater percentage of program resources allocated to the targeted communities. The findings include the following: (a) targeting mechanisms are not widely used in states, (b) targeting makes little difference in the patterns of resource distribution to potential classes of communities, and (c) Kingdon’s notion of policy streams provides a useful heuristic to understand changes in implementation over time.
The Structural Sources of Urban Female Violence in the United States
Authors: STEFFENSMEIER DARRELL , HAYNIE DANA L.
Published: March 2007

The present study departs from previous prior macrolevel research on homicide—which has targeted either total homicide rates or male homicide offending rates—by (a) disaggregating the homicide crime rate across U.S. cities by gender and age, (b) examining the effects of structural disadvantage variables on the homicide offending rates of adult women and juvenile girls, and (c) comparing the effects of the structural variables on females' homicide rates with those for adult males and juvenile males. Among adults, the authors find that structural disadvantage robustly affects female as well as male rates; whereas, among juveniles, the effects are large on adolescent male rates but much smaller on female juvenile rates (i.e., their rates are only weakly influenced by structural disadvantage). Apparently, the contexts for homicide among juvenile females are less shaped by adverse economic conditions and conditions of social disorganization than is the case among the other age-sex subgroups.
Homicide Among Miami's Ethnic Groups
Authors: MARTINEZ RAMIRO
Published: March 2007

Previous homicide research has largely ignored the Latino population despite the large numbers of Latinos in most urban areas of the United States. This article examines the relationship between Latino victims and offenders, along with Anglos and Blacks, and other homicide event characteristics in Miami, Florida. Results show that incorporating a Latino category extends our understanding of urban homicides by acknowledging that killings among three ethnic groups vary by victim or offender ethnicity, in addition to circumstances such as type of weapon used in homicides. In sum, despite a constant flow of Latino immigrants and declining homicide rates throughout the 1980s, contemporary Miami is characterized by a high rate of Black homicides and, in particular, a high level of Black-on-Black killings.
Welfare Assistance Levels and Homicide Rates
Authors: DeFRONZO JAMES , HANNON LANCE
Published: March 2007

Government officials have resolved to carry out major changes in the U.S. welfare system, changes that may affect the incidence of homicide. This study examined the issue of whether welfare aid to the poor has served a criminal justice policy function of limiting the frequency of lethal violence. Multiple regression procedures were employed to test for possible relationships between welfare assistance and homicide rates among all U.S. large metropolitan counties (N = 437). Controlling for indices of resource deprivation, population structure, and several other economic and social variables, higher levels of welfare assistance were found to be associated with lower homicide rates. Theoretical and policy implications are discussed.
Femicide in North Carolina, 1991-1993
Authors: MORACCO KATHRYN E. , RUNYAN CAROL W. , BUTTS JOHN D.
Published: March 2007

This population-based study describes all 586 North Carolina femicide victims age 15 and older between 1991 and 1993. We combined reviews of medical examiner records with interviews of law enforcement officers to obtain information about the events and the contexts in which the Femicides occurred. Victimization rates were highest for African American and young women. Fifty-four percent of the femicides were committed with firearms and 67% occurred at a residence. More than half the women were killed by current or former intimate partners; at least 67% of these cases were preceded by domestic violence. Nonpartner femicides often involved multiple overlapping circumstances such as criminal activity, drug-related activity, and arguments. The findings demonstrate the complexity of femicide and the need to disentangle the many contributing factors. Medical examiner data and law enforcement interviews proved complementary, but information gaps still exist, signaling possibilities for changes in data collection, as well as needs for further research.
The Case of Income Redistribution: a Theory of Government and Private Provision of Collective Goods
Authors: Feigenbaum Susan
Published: March 2007

Private philanthropy has been viewed alternately as a substitute for and supple ment to government income redistribution activities. In either case, we might expect that changes in consumer preferences for giving would, ceteris paribus, shift the demand for both types of philanthropy simultaneously. Previous studies of each form of giving have typically concentrated on identifying the determinants of such giving within a single-equation model, ignoring the existence of an alternative institution for the provision of philanthropy How ever, as long as philanthropic preferences remain only partially captured by explanatory variables utilized to explain either form of giving, equations esti mated separately by ordinary least squares techniques will exhibit correlated disturbance terms Zellner has shown that a joint generalized least squares pro cedure will, in such a situation, generate a more efficient estimation than separate estimation of single-equation models for each form of phrlanthropy Therefore, the approach taken here is to analyze the two mechanisms for giving together, within the framework of a two-equation Zellner-Aitken system, uti lizing time-series data for the period 1929 to 1966.
Economic Development and Tax Structure Change: Mexico, 1895-1975
Authors: Mann Arthur J.
Published: March 2007

The relationship between economic development and tax structure change has generally been analyzed on the basis of cross-sectional data. This article looks at the relationship from a time series point of reference, taking the example of Mexico from 1895 to 1975. The regression equations find numerous statistically significant associations between the dependent variable, revenue/tax ratios and different tax categories, and the explanatory variables which represent proxies for economic development.
Budget Impact and Voter Response To Tax Limitation Referenda
Authors: Freiman Marc P. , Grasso Patrick G.
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the determinants of voter behavior on three tax limitation referenda on the ballot in Michigan in 1978. A framework based on the demand for and supply of state and local government output is used in analyzing county level cross-sectional data. Many significant relationships are demonstrated between supply and demand variables and voter response to an incremental tax limitation proposal. A somewhat similar outcome is found for a proposal which would have completely reformed elementary and secondary school finance. However, for a proposal which would have slashed property taxes, there were few statistically significant relationships between voting behavior and the independent variables. This may have been due to the great uncertainty which surrounded this proposal's implications. For two of the three proposals, the level of residential property taxes has a significant impact on voter response. However, in no case was the rate of change in these taxes found to influence voter behavior. The results generally indicate the appropriateness of analyzing tax limitation referenda in the traditional context of demand for government output, when the effects of the referenda are relatively clear.
Traditional View of the Incidence of the Property Tax: an Examination
Authors: Dahlby B.G.
Published: March 2007

The traditional view of the incidence of the property tax is that consumers bear the entire burden of the tax on capital and landowners bear the entire burden of the tax on land if the supply of land is completely inelastic. This article examines the conditions under which the traditional view is valid when a property tax is imposed in a residential city with fixed population and area. Calculations using estimates of the parameters of the model indicate that the traditional view is a good approximation to the absolute or the differential incidence of the propertvitax.
Local Taxes and Personal Income: an Impact Analysis
Authors: De Rooy Jacob
Published: March 2007

A four-equation regional econometric model was developed to explain the effects of local government taxes and expenditures on personal income. The model was used to derive "balanced-budget" tax multipliers for each of 64 counties in Pennsylvania. The analysis shows that a 20% taxcut would result in net losses in personal income in 48 of these counties. The relative gain or loss in income is related to regional characteristics such as income, income distribu tion, revenue sources, and growth rates. The results do not provide much encouragement for proponents of "supply-side" economic policies.
Spending for Local Public Education: Income Distribution and the Aggregation of Private Demands
Authors: Brown Byron W. , Saks Daniel H.
Published: March 2007

Earlier studies of the determination of local public school spending have Abstract conveniently assumed that the typical family's demand is monotonic in income. They have assumed that the voter with the median income is decisive and that community decisrons. therefore, truly represent the preferences of the median-income voter. We present evidence that this assumption is not always tenable and that it can lead to biases in estimation. Our model and evidence suggest that desired local spending is a U-shaped function of income over the observed income range and that it may eventually turn down at very high family incomes.
Measurement of Tax Progressivity: Application
Authors: Rock Steven M.
Published: March 2007

The S index of tax progressivity is used to classify a number of tax/financing alternatives and is applied to the issue of transit financing. Potential household-based funding sources can be compared using data from the 1972-1973 Consumer Expenditure Survey. Subject to certain qualifications, it was found that most funding sources were regressive, but with significant variation. The most regressive alternatives were household tax, cigarette tax, and transit fares; the least regressive were parking, income tax, and stock transfer taxes. The results can be used to compare the progressivity of one source vis-à-vis another or to choose a source to minimize negative distributional impacts.
Salaries in Public Education: the Impact of Geographic Cost-of-Living Differentials
Authors: Fournier Gary M. , Rasmussen David W.
Published: March 2007

Salaries in public education are the largest single expenditure of state and local governments. In the absence of absolute standards for evaluating policy, both politicians and interest groups are likely to turn to relative performance measures. These judgments often involve comparisons of expenditure levels among states. In this article we estimate cost-of-living differentials among states and show that the state rankings of salaries in public education change substantially when salaries are adjusted for differences in purchasing power. When interstate expenditure comparisons are employed in the setting of policy goals, it is important to be cognizant of the large variations among states in the cost of living.
Redistribution To the Poor: an Overheard Conversation
Authors: Plotnick Robert D.
Published: March 2007

Why do we distribute income to the poor through government programs? Spokespersons for the median voter/interdependent preferences and interest group approaches to public policy determination present simple competing models. Their listener observes that the two models, based on quite different premises about voter preferences and how collective choices are made, yield identical testable implications.
The Feasibility of the Projected Federal DEBT
Authors: Finn Thomas J.
Published: March 2007

A relation, familiar in the literature on the feasibility of persistent government deficits, is restated to accommodate the Office of Management and Budget projections. It is then shown that U.S. budget policy was not on a long-run feasible course in the period from fiscal year 1982 through fiscal year 1987; but, when monetization of the debt and taxes on interest are taken into account, the projected debt is on a potentially feasible course.
Excludability and the Effects of Free Riders: Right-To-Work Laws and Local Public Sector Unionization
Authors: Zax Jeffrey S. , Ichniowski Casey
Published: March 2007

Benefits of collective bargaining in the local public sector are always nonrival for covered employees. In states with public sector right-to-work laws, they are also nonexcludable. Among 10,308 county and city departments that were nonunion in 1977, the probability of engaging in collective bargaining as of 1982 was signifi cantly and substantially lower in states with right-to-work laws. Furthermore, the larger the department the greater the reductton in the probability of forming a bargaining union. These results are the first nonexperimental evidence of the effects of free riders on the provision of a public good They support the hypothesis that, without excludability, free riders reduce the levels of public good provision.
Private School Enrollment in Metropolitan Areas
Authors: Schmidt Amy B.
Published: March 2007

This article uses the Tiebout hypothesis to explain variations in private school enrollments across metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs). Each MSA is viewed as an educational marketplace where families sort themselves into school districts. The typical district is expected to be more heterogeneous in MSAs that have fewer districts and thus have less complete sorting. As district heterogeneity rises, dissatisfaction with the quality of education chosen by the median voter grows and private enrollment increases. The variation of income in each school district, school expenditures, and private school enrollment are mutually determined in a three-equation system. The model is estimated for 129 MSAs, using 1980 data at the school district level. The results are generally supportive of the theory. Secular private enrollments are positively related to income heterogeneity. State policies that reduce choice among public school districts within MSAs result in greater secular private school enrollment. Finally, revenue increase limitations also increase private enrollments.
Optimal Commodity Taxation and Household Consumption Activities
Authors: Gahvari Firouz , Yang C.C.
Published: March 2007

This article reexanunes the Ramsey tax problem using Becker's household-production approach. It assumes that market-purchased goods and time are used m fixed but different proportions in generating consumption activities. It derives a generalized version of Atkinson and Stiglitz's findings regarding the relationship between optimal tax rates and the structure of preferences (for consumption activities). It then reexammes their three main results in this regard.
Misinvoicing Imports: the Interdependence of Tax and Tariff Evasion
Authors: Schulze Günther G.
Published: March 2007

This article shows how tax systems can be made compliance enforcing by the requirement that taxable objects be declared consistently for different taxes. Pars pro toto we analyze an importer of inputs who can partly evade income taxes and duties by misdeclaring the same import price to both tax and customs authorities. We show that, first, revenue-maximizing authorities audit with an endogenous probability that depends positively on the extent of misdeclaration; second, the profit-maximizing importer will either over- or underinvoice, the sign of misdeclaration depending on the relative tax and tariff rates, whereas the extent of misdecla ration is determined by the detection function and the penalty; third, setting tax and tariff rates appropriately will reduce or eliminate evasion, if authorities cross-check.
Willingness-To-Accept Versus Willingness-To-Pay Measures of Value: Implications for Rent Control, Eminent Domain, and Zoning
Authors: Miceli Thomas J. , Minkler Alanson P.
Published: March 2007

Recent work suggests that individuals'willingness-to-accept (WA) measures of value differ from their willingness-to-pay (WP) measures of value. This divergence has been attributed to some combination of wealth and "endowment" effects. Because WA is always higher than WP, market-supported distributions across individuals that are efficient based on the WP criterion may not be efficient when using a WA criterion. The purpose of this article is to offer a positive explanation, one based on a WA measure of value, for government intervention in land-use situations. The authors achieve this with simple analysis that looks at both the divergences between a given individual's WA and WP measure of value and the different WA valuations across individuals. Significantly, they find instances in which government intervention with no efficiency basis under a WP efficiency criterion may be efficient if the standard is changed to a WA-based efficiency criterion instead.
Politics and Deficit Finance
Authors: Holcombe Randall G. , Mills Jeffrey A.
Published: March 2007

The government faces both economic and political constraints on its ability to raise revenue. Political factors can limit the government's revenue-generating ability to levels below those dictated by economic constraints. Taxation is more directly constrained by the political process than deficit finance because taxes are voted on directly by the legislature. Deficits are a residual that results from the aggregation of all tax and expenditure bills. Increased electoral safety weakens the political constraint against deficit finance because the only electoral check on deficit finance occurs when representatives run for reelection. Empirical estimates show that the increased security of incumbents has contributed to increases in deficit finance and has increased the overall level of public expenditures.
Tax policy and Human Capital Accumulation in a Ressource-Constrained Growing Dual Economy
Authors: Jha Raghbendra , Sahu Anandi P.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the role tax policy can play in fostering human capital accumulation in a resource-constrained dual economy whose population is growing. The study shows how human capital accumulation, in turn, affects the intersectoral terms of trade and the economic growth process of such an economy. The dual economy is assumed to consist of two sectors, agriculture and manufacturing. Production in agriculture requires unskilled labor, land, and capital, whereas production in the manufacturing sector requires skilled and unskilled labor and capital. Schooling facilities are limited, and access is rationed by the government. Moreover, schooling requires an investment of time. This article demonstrates the existence of a unique short-run equilibrium. It also demonstrates that the steady state equilibrium is unique and locally stable. Comparative steady state analysis suggests that a balanced budget increase in public investment in education (financed by a tax increase on capital income or incomes of skilled workers) alters the terms of trade between agriculture and manufacturing sectors and favorably affects the economic growth process.
“The Essence of the Hard On”
Authors: POTTS ANNIE
Published: March 2007

The condition known as “impotence” demonstrates the inscription on individual male bodies of a coital imperative: the surface of the male body interfuses with culture to produce the “fiction” of a dysfunctional nonpenetrative male (hetero)sexuality. The impotent man embodies this cultural narrative; his perceived failure to erect his penis and perform (with it) according to dominant phallocratic notions of healthy male heterosexuality infiltrates his flesh, actions, and thoughts. This article employs feminist poststructuralist discursive analysis to investigate the effect of the metonymic relationship between the penis and the phallus on the cultural construction of male “sexual dysfunctions.” It explores the medicalization of male sexuality, focusing on the impact of so-called “erectile dysfunction” on male bodies and lives; in particular, the use of intrapenile injections as a medical intervention for this “disorder.” It is argued that by relinquishing the penis's executive position in sex, male bodies might become differently inscribed, and coded for diverse pleasures beyond the phallus/penis.
Constructing Men in Child Protection Work
Authors: SCOURFIELD JONATHAN B.
Published: March 2007

The child protection process has been characterized by some commentators as being primarily concerned with the scrutiny of mothering. For a variety of reasons, social workers tend to spend relatively little time working with men in families where children are considered to be at risk. Even where a man is considered to be the primary abuser in a family, the usual approach is to concentrate on the mother's “failure to protect” the children. This article presents an analysis of data from an ethnographic study in a child and family social work team in the United Kingdom, which set out to explore this concentration on mothering and avoidance of men. The article outlines some discourses of masculinity in the occupational culture of child protection social work: men as a threat, men as no use, men as irrelevant, men as absent, men as no different from women, and men as better than women. The author's contention is that if injustice to women in social work provision is to be addressed, these gendered constructions of clients have to be made explicit and their implications understood.
Soccer, Masculinity, and Violence in Northern Ireland
Authors: BAIRNER ALAN
Published: March 2007

Despite, or arguably because of, the marked decrease in the level of politically motivated violence in Northern Ireland since 1994, greater attention can now be paid to other forms of violence. The article argues that hegemonic masculinity encourages patterned male violence at large and that this was formerly an important element in the persistence of terrorist violence. The latter existed on the same continuum as other manifestations of hegemonic masculinity including the antisocial behavior of certain soccer fans. Specific attention is paid in the article to the relationship between loyalist paramilitary violence and the activities of young Protestant working-class men at soccer games. The two phenomena are revealed as interconnected responses to a crisis of masculinity rooted in economic and political uncertainty.
Model for Moisture-Content Evolution in Porous Building Elements with Hygro-Thermal Bridges and Air-Voids
Authors: Katsman Regina , Becker Rachel
Published: March 2007

Addressing the effects of moisture movement and residual moisture-con tents is becoming a recognized part of performance-based design of buildings. However, the multi-directional moisture-movement and subsequent moisture-content evolution in most common building elements with hygro-thermal bridges, without or with air-voids, has yet not been investigated. An integral presentation was utilized to establish the coupled heat and mass transfer field equations for these cases, and for their reduction to a discrete set of alge braic equations. An interactive converging numerical process solves the implicit set of alge braic non-linear equations. Results address some examples for verification of the computational procedure, and a symmetric drying process of an autoclaved-aerated- concrete block-wall with cementitious-mortar joints and renderings, with and without air- voids.
Driving Rain on Building Envelopes- I. Numerical Estimation and Full-Scale Experimental Verification
Authors: Blocken Bert , Carmeliet Jan
Published: March 2007

An accurate method for the quantification of real-life driving rain loads on building envelopes from generally available climatic data such as wind speed, wind direc tion and horizontal rainfall intensity serves various purposes, from the development of de sign guidelines for building envelopes to the incorporation of driving rain loads as a boundary condition in Heat-Air-Moisture (HAM) transfer analysis models. In this paper, an existing numerical technique for driving rain simulation is incorporated into a practical nu merical method to estimate driving rain loads on building envelopes based on the building geometry and the climatic data at the building site. This numerical method is applied for sev eral sequences of spells around a low-rise test building and the results are experimentally verified. It is shown that the numerical method can accurately estimate the spatial and tem poral distribution of driving rain loads on building envelopes.
Measured Soil Thermal Conductivities and Modified Design Curves for Predicting Frost Penetration Adjacent to Insulated Foundations
Authors: Figley D.A. , Snodgrass L.J.
Published: March 2007

Methods for predicting frost penetrations are necessary when foundations are placed on frost susceptible soils if problems with frost heave are to be avoided. Graphical methods exist for predicting frost penetration for unheated foundations, however, design information for heated foundations is very limited Insulation levels on heated foundations will affect the heat loss to the surrounding soil and hence the depth of frost penetration.

The paper presents long term measured frost penetration and soil conductivity data for four typical heated residential foundations. Graphical relationships (modified design curves) between frost depths and freezing indices are presented and compared with open field (unheated) conditions.
Optimization of the Insulation Level of Energy Efficient Houses in Montreal
Authors: Zmeureanu Radu
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a thermal and economical analysis of the optimum insulation level of the energy-efficient houses in Montreal. The analysis was performed by com puter simulation and took into consideration factors such as: size, orientation, window-to-wall ratio, infiltration and ventilation rates, initial cost of insulation, ac tual price of fuel or escalation cost of energy. The main conclusion is that lower ther mal insulation levels than those usually recommended, are economically justified for energy-efficient houses in Montreal. Moreover, as the optimum insulation level de pends on the material cost, the design recommendations should mention the type of insulation.