bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prognostic factors in osteosarcoma: A review of 20 years' experience at the university of pittsburgh health center hospitals
Authors: Scranton Pierce E. , Decicco Frank A. , Totten Robert S. , Yunis Eduardo J.
Published: July 2010

The histologic and clinical characteristics of 54 patients with osteosarcoma are reviewed. The association of rapid linear bone growth with the occurrence of this tumor is confirmed, and evidence for increased growth in these adolescent patients is presented. A significant increase in female survival is seen in this study, and the literature relevant to gender and survival is reviewed. A histologic characterization of six predominant tumor patterns is presented with correlation to survival. Increased survival is seen with two specific histologic patterns, but there is great variability in the histology and sampling of osteosarcomas, and the series is small.
“Skip” metastases in osteosarcoma
Authors: Enneking W. F. , Kagan A.
Published: July 2010

Careful study of 40 cases of osteosarcoma without evidence of multifocal disease, pulmonary metastasis, or history of exposure to predisposing factors has given histologic evidence of microscopic foci of osteosarcoma separate from the primary focus of osteogenic sarcoma. These “skip” lesions are to all pathologic examination completely separate from the primary focus of osteogenic sarcoma. They are more often found proximal to the primary, both intraosseously and transarticularly. Histologically, these “skips” represent areas of osteosarcoma which in many cases are a less‐differentiated form of the tumor. The natural history of such tumors with “skips” following ablative surgery is an increased incidence of local recurrence and subsequent pulmonary metastases.
Successful control of systemic aspergillus niger infections in two patients with acute leukemia
Authors: Gercovich Felipe G. , Richman Stephen P. , Rodriguez Victorio , Luna Mario , McCredie Kenneth B. , Bodey Gerald P.
Published: July 2010

The diagnosis and successful control of systemic Aspergillus niger infection in 2 adult patients with acute leukemia is reported. During induction therapy, the first patient developed pulmonary infiltrates, skin lesions and abnormal liver function tests. Aspergillus niger was found on skin and liver biopsy. This patient was successfully treated with Amphotericin B and granulocyte transfusions and he remains in remission. The second patient developed a pneumonitis and adynamic ileus with positive sputum and stool cultures for Aspergillus niger. The infection only responded to Amphotericin B and granulocyte transfusions and the leukemia to cytoreductive chemotherapy. The patient later relapsed and died after a febrile illness. Fungi morphologically consistent with Aspergillus were found in the liver at autopsy. Infection with A. niger is rare even in this patient population; however fungal infections have become an increasing problem. The need for a high index of suspicion, especially when an infection is unresponsive to antibacterial antibiotics, the various diagnostic tools, and the need for aggressive therapy are stressed. Amphotericin B is the chemotherapy of choice but may be insufficient in a severely neutropenic host where the simultaneous use of granulocyte transfusions might be lifesaving.
The neuronal organization of a unique cerebellar specialization: The valvula cerebelli of a mormyrid fish
Authors: Shi Zhigang , Zhang Yueping , Meek Johannes , Qiao Jiantian , Han Victor Z.
Published: July 2010

Photomicrograph of a Golgi cell from the valvular ridge of the cerebellum of a mormyrid fish (Gnathonemus petersii). The cell was filled with neurobiotin in a transverse slice of the valvular ridges and the neurobiotin was revealed with red fluorescent dye. Nissl counterstaining is shown in green. The cell was photographed in a slice of 200 μm using a confocal laser scanning microscope. The cell body is located in the basal region of the ganglionic layer. Several smooth primary dendrites arise from the molecular side of the soma and give off secondary and tertiary branches irregularly. The dendrites become thinner and smoother as they extend further into the molecular layer. The thick axon arises from the granular layer side of the soma and projects into the granular layer where it branches extensively. En passant synaptic boutons are visible on the axonal branches. The large ball‐like ending of the main axon is probably a cut branch of the axon at the edge of the slice. J. Comp. Neurol. 509:449–473, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The development of color metrics
Authors: Richter Manfred
Published: July 2010

On the occasion of the presentation of the Deane B. Judd‐AIC Award to the author, he gave a historical survey of how color metrics developed from its origin to its present state of an independent and fascinating science. Only the most important stages of this development could be discussed; it was difficult to confine the scope of the presentation reasonably. Therefore, it was necessary to consider only those publications and personalities far enough removed in time to allow a retrospective, fair judgment of their importance. Most of the author's living colleagues in color metrics could not be mentioned, but this does not imply any evaluation of their recent publications or research, or deny any important future progress.
A method for improving the accuracy of tristimulus colorimeters
Authors: Erb W. , Krystek M. , Budde W.
Published: July 2010

The accuracy of tristimulus colorimeters with filtered detectors can be improved by using the responses of all detectors for the determination of each tristimulus value. The method is applied to an instrument of a type frequently used in the paper industry.
The real value of a tio2 pigment
Authors: Berenson Mark E.
Published: July 2010

A titanium dioxide )TiO2( pigment's ease of dispersion in a plastic may well be the key to its true value as a colorant. The difference between an easy‐dispersing pigment and one that is very difficult to disperse can sometimes mean the difference between profit and loss. Most difficult‐to‐disperse pigments can be forced to disperse by adding dispersants, or by other steps that inevitably result in increases in the real cost of a manufactured part. By contrast, easy‐to‐disperse pigments can be processed faster, with lower reject rates and fewer maintenance problems than their more difficult‐to‐disperse counterparts; finished parts tend to be more uniform and consistent from lot to lot and from day to day. Important considerations in the selection and development of a meaningful dispersion test, as the basis for discriminating between pigments that are easy and difficult to disperse, are discussed in this article, and a property called “processability” is introduced in an attempt to quantify the effects of dispersibility on the final cost of pigmenting plastic products.
Color in architecture
Authors: Vosbeck R. Randall
Published: July 2010

The use of color characterized architecture in ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome, in medieval cathedrals, and in the baroque, rococo, and even Victorian periods. Color was, to a great extent, banished in American architecture during the first third of the 20th Century and, after a brief revival of decoration in the 1930s, again during the second third up until the middle 1970s. Since then, however, the use of color in architecture has greatly accelerated, impelled by spiraling costs of construction, the energy crisis, and concern for conservation of limited resources and the environment.
What it means to be sorry: The power of apology in mediation
Authors: Schneider Carl D.
Published: July 2010

The importance of apology as acknowledgment of injury is familiar in some forms of mediation, including victim‐offender mediation, but it has been much less understood in divorce mediation. The act of apology represents one of the core reparative opportunities in damaged relations. But it's not easy. This article describes the opportunity that apology presents, the difficulty we have in seizing that opportunity, and the role that third parties can play in inviting apology. It identifies (1) what is involved in a genuine apology, including three essential components; (2) the place of apology in mediation, including recognizing it as an acknowledgment of injury and identifying how to assist clients in offering an apology; and (3) the relation of apology to the adversarial system.
Challenges of Electric Swing Adsorption for CO2 Capture
Authors: Grande Carlos A. , Ribeiro Rui P. P. L. , Rodrigues Alírio E.
Published: July 2010

This work focuses on the application of electric swing adsorption (ESA) as a selective postcombustion technique to capture and concentrate CO2 from flue gases of power plants. The initial application should be the capture of CO2 from flue gases of combined cycle natural gas (NGCC) power plants: the CO2 content ranges from 3–5 %, with up to 12 % of oxygen. Several challenges to deploy this process for a large‐scale application are pointed out. Materials such as amine‐modified resins or zeolites should be good candidates for this process (indirect ESA) because they exhibit good loadings at low partial pressures of CO2. The process design should take into account the temperature increase due to adiabatic operation, pushing the effective loadings to values around 20 % of maximum loading. Several process operations are suggested in order to improve the CO2 purity and recovery and also to integrate the ESA process with other sources of heat, which may have an important impact in energy consumption.
Highly Selective Amino Acid Salt Solutions as Absorption Liquid for CO2 Capture in Gas–Liquid Membrane Contactors
Authors: Simons Katja , Nijmeijer Kitty , Mengers Harro , Brilman Wim , Wessling Matthias
Published: July 2010

The strong anthropogenic increase in the emission of CO2 and the related environmental impact force the developments towards sustainability and carbon capture and storage (CCS). In the present work, we combine the high product yields and selectivities of CO2 absorption processes with the advantages of membrane technology in a membrane contactor for the separation of CO2 from CH4 using amino acid salt solutions as competitive absorption liquid to alkanol amine solutions. Amino acids, such as sarcosine, have the same functionality as alkanol amines (e.g., monoethanolamine=MEA), but in contrast, they exhibit a better oxidative stability and resistance to degradation. In addition, they can be made nonvolatile by adding a salt functionality, which significantly reduces the liquid loss due to evaporation at elevated temperatures in the desorber. Membrane contactor experiments using CO2/CH4 feed mixtures to evaluate the overall process performance, including a full absorption/desorption cycle show that even without a temperature difference between absorber and desorber, a CO2/CH4 selectivity of over 70 can be easily achieved with the sarcosine salt solution as absorption liquid. This selectivity reaches values of 120 at a temperature difference between absorber and desorber of 35 °C, compared to a value of only 60 for MEA under the same conditions. Although CO2 permeance values are somewhat lower than the values obtained for MEA, the results clearly show the potential of amino acid salt solutions as competitive absorption liquids for the energy efficient removal of CO2. In addition, due to the low absorption of CH4 in sarcosine compared to MEA, the loss of CH4 is reduced and significantly higher CH4 product yields can be obtained.
Analytical comparison of reversed nested Miller frequency compensation techniques
Authors: Grasso Alfio Dario , Marano Davide , Palumbo Gaetano , Pennisi Salvatore
Published: July 2010

In this paper, novel and previously proposed reversed nested Miller compensation (RNMC) networks are analyzed and compared, and their design equations are also presented. Hence, this paper is the natural extension of a previous paper by the authors (Int. J. Circ. Theor. Appl. 2008; 36(1):53–80), where only the nested Miller compensation topologies were treated.

In particular, a coherent and comprehensive analytical comparison of the RNMC topologies, including two new networks presented for the first time, is performed by means of the figure of merit that expresses a trade‐off among gain‐bandwidth product, load capacitance and total transconductance, for equal values of phase margin (Int. J. Circ. Theor. Appl. 2008; 36(1):53–80).

The analysis shows that there is no unique optimal solution among the RNMC topologies, as this depends on the load condition as well as on the relative transconductance magnitude of each amplifier stage. From this point of view, the proposed comparison also outlines useful design guidelines for the optimization of large‐signal and small‐signal performance. Simulations confirming the effectiveness of the proposed design methodology and analytical comparison are also included. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immaturity associated antigens are lost during induction for T cell lymphoblastic leukemia: Implications for minimal residual disease detection
Authors: Roshal Mikhail , Fromm Jonathan R. , Winter Stuart , Dunsmore Kimberly , Wood Brent L.
Published: July 2010

Background:

Induction chemotherapy for acute leukemia often leads to antigenic shifts in residual abnormal blast populations. Studies in precursor B cell ALL (B‐ALL) have demonstrated that chemotherapy commonly results in the loss of antigens associated with immaturity, limiting their utility for minimal residual disease (MRD) detection. Little information is available about the stability of these antigens in precursor T cell ALL (T‐ALL) though it is presumed that CD99 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) are highly informative based on limited studies.

Methods:

In a longitudinal investigation, we explored patterns of lineage specific and immaturity‐associated antigens in T‐ALL in a large cohort of patients treated under the multicenter Children's Oncology Group (COG) protocol. All samples were analyzed using multicolor flow cytometry in a standardized fashion at a single institution.

Results:

We report that markers of immaturity particularly, TdT and CD99, dramatically decline on leukemic blasts during therapy. CD34 and CD10 expression is confined to a minority of pretreatment samples and is also not stable. In contrast, lineage‐associated markers including CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD7, and CD8 failed to show significant trends.

Conclusions:

Our study strongly argues for expansion of immunophenotyping panels for T‐ALL MRD to decrease reliance on immature antigens. This study represents the first demonstration of consistent immunophenotypic shifts in T‐ALL. © 2010 Clinical Cytometry Society
Acute Kidney Injury as a Complication of Vasculitic Polyneuropathy Mimicking Guillain‐Barré Syndrome with Positive Anti‐GM1 Antibodies
Authors: Ahmed A. K. , Mowafi W. , Ellam T. , Khan A. , Angel C. , Wilkie M. , McKane W. , El Nahas A. M.
Published: July 2010

A 69‐year‐old male patient presented with acute ascending symmetric areflexic quadriplegia following an upper respiratory tract infection. The clinical presentation was initially typical of Guillain‐Barré syndrome and was treated with intravenous immunoglobulin; however, he later developed acute kidney injury requiring hemodialysis. A renal biopsy showed medium‐size arteritis compatible with polyarteritis nodosa (PAN). Subsequent immunological testing revealed positive anti‐GM1 antibodies not previously reported in association with PAN. The patient was treated with methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide as well as plasmapheresis. After 40 days, the patient made good renal functional recovery and was discharged for neurorehabilitation.
Aktueller Hinweis zum bauaufsichtlichen Anwendungskonzept zu den europäischen technischen Spezifikationen in Deutschland
Authors: Jasch Erich , Springborn Matthias
Published: July 2010

Im Heft 1/2006 der DIBt Mitteilungen wurde über das bauaufsichtliche Anwendungskonzept zu den europäischen technischen Spezifikationen in Deutschland berichtet. Der folgende Bericht informiert über den aktuellen Stand.
Self glucose monitoring and physical exercise in diabetes
Authors: Pugliese G. , Zanuso S. , Alessi E. , Simonelli P. , Fallucca S. , Fallucca F. , Balducci S.
Published: July 2010

Cardiorespiratory fitness, which is determined mainly by the level of physical activity, is inversely related to mortality in the general population as well as in subjects with diabetes, the incidence of which is also increased by low exercise capacity. Exercise is capable of promoting glucose utilization in normal subjects as well as in insulin‐deficient or insulin‐resistant diabetic individuals. In diabetic subjects treated with insulin or insulin secretagogues, exercise may also result in complications, with too much insulin causing hypoglycaemia and not enough insulin leading to hyperglycaemia and possibly ketoacidosis; both complications may also occur several hours after exercise. Therefore, self‐monitoring of blood glucose before, during (for exercise duration of more than 1 h) and after physical exercise is highly recommended, and also carbohydrate supplementation may be required.

In the Italian Diabetes Exercise Study (IDES), measurement of blood glucose and systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels before and after supervised sessions of combined (aerobic + resistance) exercise in type 2 diabetic subjects with the metabolic syndrome showed significant reductions of these parameters, though no major hypoglycaemic or hypotensive episode was detected. The extent of reduction of blood glucose was related to baseline values but not to energy expenditure and was higher in subjects treated with insulin than in those on diet or oral hypoglycaemic agents (OHA). Thus, supervised exercise training associated with blood glucose monitoring is an effective and safe intervention to decrease blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetic subjects. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physical activity/exercise training in type 2 diabetes. The role of the Italian Diabetes and Exercise Study
Authors: Balducci S. , Zanuso S. , Fernando F. , Fallucca S. , Fallucca F. , Pugliese G.
Published: July 2010

Cardiorespiratory fitness is inversely related to the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Trials in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance have highlighted the role of physical activity/exercise in the prevention of type 2 diabetes. Moreover, physical activity and exercise training have been recognized as treatment options for patients with type 2 diabetes. Both aerobic and resistance training were shown to produce beneficial effects by reducing HbA1c, inducing weight loss and improving fat distribution, lipid profile and blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes. Mixed aerobic and resistance training was recently shown to be more effective than either one alone in ameliorating HbA1c. However, further research is needed to establish the volume, intensity and type of exercise that are required to reduce cardiovascular burden and particularly to define the best strategy for promoting long‐term compliance and durable lifestyle changes in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

The Italian Diabetes Exercise Study (IDES) is a prospective Italian multicentre randomized controlled trial, of larger size and longer duration than previously published trials. It has been designed to assess the combined effect of structured counselling and supervised mixed (aerobic plus resistance) exercise training, as compared with counselling alone, on HbA1c and other cardiovascular risk factors as well as fitness parameters in individuals with type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. This study was also aimed at testing a sustainable strategy for promoting and maintaining a sufficient level of physical activity among individuals with type 2 diabetes to be implemented at the population level. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physical exercise, public health and quality of life in diabetes
Authors: Fallucca Franco , Pozzilli Paolo
Published: July 2010

Subjects that do physical exercise regularly have a reduced risk of developing diabetes, obesity, hypertension, osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease and stroke, colon cancer, depression and complications related to these morbid events. Here we present a series of articles on specific topics linked with diabetes focusing on physical exercise and cardiorespiratory fitness, their role in fuel metabolism and insulin resistance and the relationship with health care and the quality of life of diabetic patients. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphological constancy in spelling: a comparison of children with dyslexia and typically developing children
Authors: Bourassa Derrick C. , Treiman Rebecca
Published: July 2010

The spellings of many English words follow a principle of morphological constancy. For example, musician includes the c of music, even though the pronunciation of this letter changes. With other words, such as explanation and explain, the spellings of morphemes are not retained when affixes are added. We asked whether children with dyslexia use root morphemes to aid their spelling of morphologically complex words. If so, they should sometimes produce misspellings such as ‘explaination’ for explanation. Our results suggest that children with dyslexia adhere to the principle of morphological constancy to the same extent as typically developing younger children of the same spelling level. In this and other ways, the spellings of older dyslexic children are remarkably similar to those of typical younger children. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effectiveness of Additional Literacy Support (ALS) in Years 3 and 4
Authors: Bunn Tim
Published: July 2010

This study compared the progress in reading and spelling of 256 children in 11 classes in 9 English primary schools in Years 3 and 4, and a partially overlapping sample of 126 children who received additional help with literacy during 1 year. Teachers and teaching assistants used either Additional Literacy Support (ALS), a highly structured set of small group teaching materials devised by the English National Literacy Strategy, or a wide variety of other materials including other published intervention programmes, reading scheme‐based, computer‐based and individually designed interventions, or a combination of ALS and other interventions. The influence of a broad range of contextual factors were investigated, especially whether children's qualities, school factors such as socio‐economic status and class size, and delivery differences made significant differences to the outcomes of the different interventions. The study used a naturalistic quasi‐experimental design, in which teachers were asked to record details of their children and interventions without altering their professional decisions, which has not been used before in investigating literacy difficulties in context. ALS was marginally more effective than other interventions in the majority of classes, but was clearly superior in value for money terms. Children's qualities did not appear to affect outcomes. Although children receiving additional help made better than average progress, overall catch‐up was limited, especially in spelling. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Local hydrologic effects of introducing non‐native vegetation in a tropical catchment
Authors: Guardiola‐Claramonte Maite , Troch Peter A. , Ziegler Alan D. , Giambelluca Thomas W. , Vogler John B. , Nullet Michael A.
Published: July 2010

This study investigates the hydrologic implications of land use conversion from native vegetation to rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) in Southeast Asia. The experimental catchment, Nam Ken (69 km2), is located in Xishuangbanna Prefecture (22°N, 101°E), in the south of Yunnan province, in southwestern China. During 2005 and 2006, we collected hourly records of 2 m deep soil moisture profiles in rubber and three native land‐covers (tea, secondary forest and grassland), and measured surface radiation above the tea and rubber canopies. Observations show that root water uptake of rubber during the dry season is controlled by day‐length, whereas water demand of the native vegetation starts with the arrival of the first monsoon rainfall. The different dynamics of root water uptake in rubber result in distinct depletion of soil moisture in deeper layers. Traditional evapotranspiration and soil moisture models are unable to simulate this specific behaviour. Therefore, a different conceptual model, taking in account vegetation dynamics, is needed to predict hydrologic changes due to land use conversion in the area. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐Term Load Forecasting Using Grey System Theory
Authors: Morita Hironobu , Zhang De‐Ping , Tamura Yasuo
Published: July 2010

Supply and demand in power system planning and operation is required to be balanced. An operational reserve for protection against faults or accidental demands also is required. Therefore load forecasting is one of the most important fields and various load forecasting methods have been applied.

In this paper the grey system theory which mats uncertain information is applied to the long‐term load forecasting from three aspects: the point prediction; the interval prediction; and the topological forecasting. In the point prediction, the annual total demand is predicted, in the interval prediction, the annual peak demand is predicted, and in the topological forecasting, the date where a yearly maximum peak demand would occur is predicted. The grey dynamic model (abbreviated as GM model) is adopted as the predicted model. The GM model is a differential equation model which is different from most forecasting models. The GM model is quite powerful when combined with the preliminary transformation called the accumulated generating operation (AGO).

This paper proposes a new method for the long‐term load‐forecasting problems involving uncertainty. The predicted results have been found to be very satisfactory. The grey system theory is a new tool which is very efficient for load forecasting.
Improvement of Dynamic Stability in a Multimachine Power System via SMES with Active Power Modulation Controlled by Frequency Deviation
Authors: Fujita Hideki , Goto Masuo , Kito Yukio
Published: July 2010

With the recent increase in demand, power systems have become large and complex and generation plants are located far from the load center. As a result, power system instability has become more serious. On the other hand, the active and reactive powers am controlled rapidly and flexibly by the superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) system.

This paper proposes a practical method to suppress power oscillation in a multimachine power system by using SMES wherein its active power is controlled by the signal derived from a bus frequency deviation. This controlled scheme is conducted easily only by detecting the frequency deviation on the site.

The proposed method is examined on a 4‐machine miniature power system connecting a I‐MJ SMES as well as another digital simulation using the same model.

The effectiveness of the proposed method is shown.
Method of Stabiiizing Power Systems Using Variable Series Impedance
Authors: Senjyu Tomonobu , Uezato Katsumi
Published: July 2010

The stabilizing facilities for power systems, i.e., series capacitor, system damping resistor, superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES), phase shiftcr, etc., are used to improve the stability of synchronous generators. The control principle of these facilities to enhance the system damping is the same in the sense that these stabilizers control the active power so as to stabilize power systems. The generalized control method for these facilities has not been studied from the viewpoint of active power control.

The generalized control method applying the variable structure control from the viewpoint of acceleration power for the synchronous generators is proposed in this paper. The variable structure control can be applied to both nonlinear and linear systems and has robustness against parameter variations.

In this paper, the control law is derived first in general form from the viewpoint of active power in the synchronous generator. This control law can take into account the automatic voltage regulator and governor effect indirectly. The feedback gains of the controller can be determined taking into account parameter variations in the synchronous generator. Second, this method is applied to the one‐machine infinite‐bus system with a variable series inductance so as to investigate the validity of this control method. The simulation results show that the controller is able to improve the system damping of the power system and is especially effective against parameter variations.
Cooperative Fuzzy Control of AVR and GOV Based on Sliding Mode to Improve Transient Stability of Power Systems
Authors: Senjyu Tomonobu , Gibo Naoki , Uezato Katsumi
Published: July 2010

This paper proposes the cooperative fuzzy control of AVR and GOV to improve the transient stability of power systems. The fuzzy rules to stabilize the power systems are selected from general ideas based on the sliding mode controller. Both the AVR and GOV inputs are determined to satisfy system stability from the values of state variables, acceleration power and magnitude of their products. Moreover, these control laws reduce the chattering effect due to discontinuity of the control laws. Therefore, the fuzzy controller acts to improve the transient stability of power systems. By introducing the ideas of sliding mode control, the fuzzy rules and composition of membership functions can be constructed easily. The validity and usefulness of the proposed fuzzy controller are tested on a single‐machine infinite‐bus system. It is shown that the proposed controller has robustness against parameter errors in the synchronous machine and that the transient stability of power systems is improved by cooperative AVR and GOV control.
Approximate Expressions for Maximum Values of Transient Magnetic Fields and Electromagnetic Forces Imposed on Windings in Superconducting Generators
Authors: Mukai Eiichi , Muta Itsuya
Published: July 2010

As superconducting generators have a number of advantages, the investigations for such machines have actively been carried out throughout the world.

In the superconducting generator, it is very important to support the field winding and to protect it from quenching. On the other hand, since the armature winding is of air core, the evaluation of eddy current loss in the winding and the way it is supported arc inevitable. Thus, the magnetic fields and the electromagnetic forces acing on both the field and the armature windings at the early stages of the machine design should be known.

In previous papers the transient behavior of magnetic fields and electromagnetic forces acting on the windings of a superconducting generator based on a computer simulation for a sudden 3‐phase fault have been discussed in part. However, the behavior of magnetic fields and electromagnetic forces during transient period is very complicated and many calculations are required to determine their maximum values.

In this paper, for practical use at the early stages of the machine design, approximate expressions are derived to calculate the maximum values of the magnetic fields and electromagnetic forces on the windings in the case of a 3‐phase fault. To check these expressions numerically, a 1000‐MVA superconducting generator was conceptually designed. The numerical results obtained by using these expressions agree well with the computer simulation results.
Innate, antigen‐independent role for T cells in the activation of the immune system by Propionibacterium acnes
Authors: Tchaptchet Sandrine , Kirberg Jörg , Freudenberg Nikolaus , Schamel Wolfgang W. A. , Galanos Chris , Freudenberg Marina A.
Published: July 2010

Propionibacterium acnes is a human commensal but also an opportunistic pathogen. In mice, P. acnes exerts strong immunomodulatory activities, including formation of intrahepatic granulomas and induction of LPS hypersensitivity. These activities are dependent on P. acnes recognition via TLR9 and subsequent IL‐12‐mediated IFN‐γ production. We show that P. acnes elicits IL‐12p40 and p35 mRNA expression in macrophages, and IFN‐γ mRNA in liver CD4+ T cells and NK cells. After priming with P. acnes, CD4+ T cells serve as the major IFN‐γ mRNA source. In the absence of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells (regardless of antigenic specificity) or NK cells can produce sufficient IFN‐γ to induce the P. acnes‐driven immune effects. Moreover, in the absence of αβT cells, γδT cells also enable the development of strongly enhanced TNF‐α and IFN‐γ responses to LPS and intrahepatic granuloma formation. Thus, under microbial pressure, different T‐cell types, independent of their antigen specificity, exert NK‐cell‐like functions, which contribute decisively to the activation of the innate immune system.
Characterization of ST2 transgenic mice with resistance to IL‐33
Authors: Ohto‐Ozaki Hiromi , Kuroiwa Kenji , Mato Naoko , Matsuyama Yasushi , Hayakawa Morisada , Tamemoto Hiroyuki , Tominaga Shin‐ichi
Published: July 2010

IL‐33, a member of the IL‐1 family, activates MAPK and NF‐κB through its receptor ST2L and IL‐1RAcP. ST2, a member of the IL‐1R superfamily, is a secreted form of ST2 gene products, which has been shown to act as a decoy receptor for IL‐33 and to inhibit the IL‐33/ST2L/IL‐1RAcP signaling pathway. In this work, we generated ST2 transgenic mice. In control mice, intraperitoneal administration of IL‐33 caused an increased number of eosinophils in blood and in peritoneal cavity, an increased number of peritoneal MΦ, splenomegaly, accumulation of periodic acid‐Schiff‐positive material in the lung, and high concentrations of serum IL‐5 and IL‐13. However, these alterations were hardly detectable in ST2 Tg mice. In peritoneal MΦ from IL‐33‐stimulated mice, mRNA expression of M2 MΦ marker genes were increased compared with thioglycollate‐elicited peritoneal MΦ. The IL‐33‐stimulation also increased the secretion of IL‐6 from MΦ. However, when the IL‐33 was preincubated with ST2 prior to its addition to the MΦ cultures, the secretion of IL‐6 was attenuated. These data suggest that, though IL‐33 induced the Th2‐type immune responses and infiltration of M2 type MΦ into the peritoneal cavity, ST2 can downregulate these reactions both in vivo and in vitro.
Sustained LFA‐1 cluster formation in the immune synapse requires the combined activities of L‐plastin and calmodulin
Authors: Wabnitz Guido H. , Lohneis Philipp , Kirchgessner Henning , Jahraus Beate , Gottwald Susan , Konstandin Mathias , Klemke Martin , Samstag Yvonne
Published: July 2010

Formation of immune synapses (IS) between T cells and APC requires multiple rearrangements in the actin cytoskeleton and selective receptor accumulation in supramolecular activation clusters (SMAC). The inner cluster (central SMAC) contains the TCR/CD3 complex. The outer cluster (peripheral SMAC) contains the integrin LFA‐1 and Talin. Molecular mechanisms selectively stabilizing receptors in the IS remained largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that sustained LFA‐1 clustering in the IS is a consequence of the combined activities of the actin‐bundling protein L‐plastin (LPL) and calmodulin. Thus, upon antigen‐recognition of T cells, LPL accumulated predominantly in the peripheral SMAC. siRNA‐mediated knock‐down of LPL led to a failure of LFA‐1 and Talin redistribution – however, not TCR/CD3 relocalization – into the IS. As a result of this LPL knock‐down, the T‐cell/APC interface became smaller over time and T‐cell proliferation was inhibited. Importantly, binding of calmodulin to LPL was required for the maintenance of LPL in the IS and consequently inhibition of calmodulin also prevented stable accumulation of LFA‐1 and Talin, but not CD3, in the IS.
A live Leishmania major vaccine containing CpG motifs induces the de novo generation of Th17 cells in C57BL/6 mice
Authors: Wu Wenhui , Huang Lu , Mendez Susana
Published: July 2010

Cutaneous leishmaniasis produces open sores that lead to scarring and disfiguration. We have reported that vaccination of C57BL/6 mice with live Leishmania major plus CpG DNA (Lm/CpG) prevents lesion development and provides long‐term immunity. Our current study aims to characterize the components of the adaptive immune response that are unique to Lm/CpG. We find that this vaccine enhances the proliferation of CD4+ Th17 cells, which contrasts with the highly polarized Th1 response caused by L. major alone; the Th17 response is dependent upon release of vaccine‐induced IL‐6. Neutralization of IFN‐γ and, in particular, IL‐17 caused increased parasite burdens in Lm/CpG‐vaccinated mice. IL‐17R‐deficient Lm/CpG‐vaccinated mice develop lesions, and display decreased IL‐17 and IFN‐γ, despite normal IL‐12, production. Neutrophil accumulation is also decreased in the IL‐17R‐deficient Lm/CpG‐vaccinated mice but Treg numbers are augmented. Our data demonstrate that activation of immune cells through CpG DNA, in the presence of live L. major, causes the specific induction of Th17 cells, which enhances the development of a protective cellular immunity against the parasite. Our study also demonstrates that vaccines combining live pathogens with immunomodulatory molecules may strikingly modify the natural immune response to infection in an alternative manner to that induced by killed or subunit vaccines.
Enantiomerically Pure P,N Chelates Based on Phospholene Rings: Palladium Complexes and Catalytic Applications in Allylic Substitution
Authors: Leca François , Fernández Fernando , Muller Guillermo , Lescop Christophe , Réau Régis , Gómez Montserrat
Published: July 2010

The synthesis of optically pure 2‐pyridylphospholene ligands by diastereomeric resolution of PdII complexes, bearing the corresponding racemic P,N ligand and (R)‐α‐methylbenzylamine, by means of fractional crystallisation is described. A full coordination study of palladium complexes containing 2‐pyridylphospholene and the corresponding phosphole ligands, both in solution (by means of NMR spectroscopy) and in the solid state (by X‐ray diffraction), was carried out. These ligands were evaluated in Pd‐catalysed allylic substitution of racemic substrates (rac‐3‐acetoxy‐1,3‐diphenyl‐1‐propene and rac‐3‐acetoxy‐1‐cyclohexene) and (E)‐3‐acetoxy‐1‐phenyl‐1‐propene. A modelling study of the palladium allylic intermediates was performed in order to justify the asymmetric induction observed with the 2‐pyridylphospholene ligands.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Phosphorescent Cuprous Complexes with N,O Ligands – Synthesis, Photoluminescence, and Electroluminescence
Authors: Sun Wei , Zhang Qisheng , Qin Li , Cheng Yanxiang , Xie Zhiyuan , Lu Canzhong , Wang Lixiang
Published: July 2010

Six heteroleptic cuprous complexes, [L1Cu(PPh3)2](BF4) (1a), [L1Cu(DPEphos)](BF4) (1b), [L2Cu(PPh3)2](BF4) (2a), [L2Cu(DPEphos)](BF4) (2b), [L3Cu(PPh3)2](BF4) (3a), and [L3Cu(DPEphos)](BF4) (3b) {L1 = diphenyl(2‐pyridyl)phosphane oxide, L2 = diphenyl(8‐quinolyl)phosphane oxide, L3 = diphenyl(2‐pyridylmethyl)phosphane oxide, DPEphos = bis[2‐(diphenylphosphanyl)phenyl] ether}, were prepared and fully characterized. The electronic absorption spectra and quantum chemical calculations indicate that the lowest excited states of these complexes can be assigned to the metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transition. In poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) films, these complexes exhibit blue‐green to orange emissions with long lifetimes ranging from 7.5 to 28.6 μs. With wide energy‐band gaps of 3.50 and 3.28 eV, complexes 3a and 3b emit efficiently in 20 wt.‐% PMMA films with photoluminescence quantum efficiencies of 0.69 and 0.72, and emission maxima at 477 nm and 495 nm, respectively. Electroluminescent devices were fabricated with these N,O‐based CuI complexes as emitters. The best device performance, with a peak current efficiency of 4.9 cd/A, was obtained for 3b.
Novel O,O′‐Donor Oxo‐MoIV Hydrotris(3‐isopropylpyrazolyl)borate Complexes Formed by Chelation of Potentially Hydrogen‐Bonding Phenolate Ligands on Reduction of Dioxo‐MoVI Complexes (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 21/2010)
Authors: Ng Victor W. L. , Taylor Michelle K. , Hill Lyndal M. R. , White Jonathan M. , Young Charles G.
Published: July 2010

The cover picture shows water being repelled by oxo‐MoIV complexes of types I–III. The picture, inspired by the Bible story of Moses parting the Red Sea, is a visual metaphor for the inability of water to enter the coordination sphere and to generate H‐bond‐stabilized cis‐oxo(aqua)‐MoIV complexes when cis‐TpiPrMoO2(OAr‐R) (R = H‐bond donor/acceptor) complexes react with phosphanes. Instead, partial or complete oxygen‐atom transfer results with the generation of oxo(phosphoryl)‐MoIV species (I) or novel oxo‐MoIIVcomplexes containing tightly bound, bidentate O,O′‐donor chelates (II, III), some of which retain the phosphane oxide by‐product (III). The synthesis and characterization of complexes of types I–III are reported in the article by C. G. Young et al. on p. 3261 ff.
Synthesis of a Highly Unsaturated, Stable Hydroxy Peroxide: A Yellow [lrarr2] Blue Color‐Changing Carotenoid Oxidation Product with Leuco Dye Properties
Authors: Li He , Rebmann Edouard , Øpstad Christer L. , Schmid Rudolf , Sliwka Hans‐Richard , Partali Vassilia
Published: July 2010

A stable, highly unsaturated hydroxy peroxide was synthesized by reacting a common food color carotenoid with FeCl3in air. The obtained pale‐yellow carotenoid hydroxy peroxide is easily converted into a blue, cationic polyene – then changes back to the yellow compound, showing the same characteristically dichromic properties like polycyclic, aromatic leuco dyes.
Synthesis of a 5′‐6‐Locked, 1,10‐Phenanthroline‐Containing Nucleoside and Its Incorporation into DNA
Authors: Gislason Kristmann , Sigurdsson Snorri T.
Published: July 2010

A rigid nucleoside containing a phenanthroline ligand for metal‐ion chelation was synthesized through condensationof 1,10‐phenanthroline‐5,6‐dione with 5‐amino‐2′‐deoxycytidine. During the condensation, a 5′‐6 ether linkage was formed between the sugar and the base. The phosphoramidite of the nucleoside was used to synthesize oligodeoxynucleotides by means of automated oligonucleotide synthesis, placing the phenanthroline nucleoside on the 5′‐end of the oligomers. The free nucleoside is fluorescent; however, the fluorescence of the nucleoside was effectively quenched in both single‐ and double‐stranded DNA. Thermal denaturation experiments on DNA duplexes containing the modified nucleoside showed similar base‐pairing properties as T and stronger stacking interactions with a flanking A·T base pair than with a G·C pair. CD spectra of helixes containing the modified nucleoside were characteristic of B‐DNA. A model structure of a B‐DNA helix, where the nucleoside was paired with A, showed only minor deviations from B‐DNA parameters, except for a noticeable buckle of the modified base pair due to the constraints of the 5′‐6 linkage. Due to the relative ease of the synthesis and minimal distortions of the helix structure, the phenanthroline nucleoside reported here shows promise for facile 5′‐labeling of nucleic acids with metal complexes. This strategy can likely be extended to fusing other aromatic or aliphatic rings to a nucleotide base for incorporating the 5′‐end of nucleic acid duplexes.
Facile Electron Uptake by Carotenoids Under Mild, Non‐Radiative Conditions: Formation of Carotenoid Anions
Authors: Øpstad Christer L. , Sliwka Hans‐Richard , Partali Vassilia
Published: July 2010

Carotenoids – prominent antioxidants (= electron donors) – are commonly not recognized as electron acceptors. Nonetheless, carotenoids can take up electrons under mild chemical conditions: dioxocarotenoids in alkaline DMSO and DMF form stable deeply colored carotenoid dianions, which react with different additives to new carotenoid derivatives.
Optimization of the Azobenzene Scaffold for Reductive Cleavage by Dithionite; Development of an Azobenzene Cleavable Linker for Proteomic Applications
Authors: Leriche Geoffray , Budin Ghyslain , Brino Laurent , Wagner Alain
Published: July 2010

In this paper we conducted an extensive reactivity study to determine the key structural features that favour the dithionite‐triggered reductive cleavage of the azo–arene group. Our stepwise investigation allowed identification of a highly reactive azo–arene structure25bearing a carboxylic acid at theorthoposition of the electron‐poor arene and anortho‐O‐alkyl‐resorcinol as the electron‐rich arene. Based on this 2‐(2′‐alkoxy‐4′‐hydroxyphenylazo)benzoic acid (HAZA) scaffold, the orthogonally protected difunctional azo–arene cleavable linker26was designed and synthesized. Selective linker deprotection and derivatization was performed by introducing an alkyne reactive group and a biotin affinity tag. This optimized azo–arene cleavable linker led to a total cleavage in less than 10 s with only 1 mMdithionite. Similar results were obtained in biological media.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Oligocyclizations of 2‐Bromoalka‐1,(n+m+1)‐dien‐(n+1)‐ynes – Influence of Tether Lengths and Substituents on the Outcome of the Reaction (Part II)
Authors: Schweizer Stefan , Tokan Wajdi M. , Parsons Philip J. , de Meijere Armin
Published: July 2010

The cascade reaction modes and hence the outcomes of the palladium‐catalyzed oligocyclizations of various 2‐bromoalka‐1,(n+m+1)‐diene‐(n+1)‐yne substrates were found to be highly dependent on the tether lengths between the multiple bond fragments, and on the nature of the substituent at the non‐brominated vinylic terminus. Just like 2‐bromododeca‐1,11‐dien‐6‐ynes with their two three‐atom tethers, 2‐bromotrideca‐1,12‐dien‐7‐ynes 8 and 2‐bromotetradeca‐1,13‐dien‐8‐ynes 17, with combinations of four‐ and three‐ as well as five‐ and three‐atom tethers, under Heck‐type reaction conditions undergo, after the initial oxidative addition step, two consecutive n‐exo‐dig and m‐exo‐trig carbopalladations followed by β‐hydride elimination and ensuing 6π‐electrocyclization to furnish tricyclic bisannelated cyclohexadiene derivatives, such as 37 and 40, in moderate yields (30 and 29 %). On the other hand, when 2‐bromoalka‐1,(n+m+1)‐dienynes with a four‐, five‐ or even a six‐atom tether between the bromoene and the yne moiety, and a four‐atom tether between the yne and the terminal ene unit, such as 34, 35 and 36, are subjected to Heck‐type reaction conditions, they undergo a cascade oligocyclization involving a 5‐exo‐trig‐ and ensuing 3‐exo‐trig‐carbopalladation as the fourth and fifth steps before the terminating β‐hydride elimination, eventually leading to tetracyclic skeletons such as 43, 44 and 45 with a bridging three‐membered ring in yields of 74, 76 and 32 %, respectively.
Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Phosphoramidate‐Linked Glycopeptides
Authors: Jaradat Da'san M. M. , Hamouda Houda , Hackenberger Christian P. R.
Published: July 2010

The synthesis of stable glycopeptide mimetics is of particular interest in bioorganic chemistry to allow access of glycoconjugates for biological investigations. In this paper, a straightforward solid‐phase synthesis of a novel glycopeptide mimetic by a Staudinger phosphite reaction is presented. Thereby, a dimethyl phosphite containing peptide, which is obtained by standard phosphitylation of a Ser residue, is treated on the solid support with glycosyl azides, delivering phosphoramidate‐linked glycoconjugates. These artificial glycopeptides show excellent stability under acidic and physiological conditions.