bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ARABIC: WHY INDONESIANS HAVE TO LEARN IT?
Authors: Letmiros Letmiros
Published: July 2019

Arabic has many virtues. The first virtue of Arabic is that it is part of Islam. Then, Arabic as one of the old languages in the world has an amazing history of civilization. Furthermore, Arabic is an international language that has been used as one of the official languages of the United Nations since 1973. Because of these advantages, Arabic is interesting to be studied and researched by non-Arabs including by Indonesians. Arabic is studied, in addition to the purpose or because of the factors of Islam, also because of the factors of world life, for the demands of work or profession and so forth. Arabic is also one of the three old languages in the world that still exists and is used in various fields of life. The close relationship between Indonesia and Arab countries, which numbered 22 countries, also encouraged Arabic to be studied by the Indonesian population. Arabic is a part of a language that is easily learned by anyone including Indonesian people. The teaching of Arabic as a foreign language is intended so that one can master this language from various aspects: listening, speaking, reading and writing. For Indonesians, the many similarities between the Indonesian and Arabic systems both at the level of phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics will be enough to help them learn the language which includes Semito-Hamit field.
BIRD SYMBOLISM IN PERSIAN MYSTICISM POETRY
Authors: Johan Irmawati M.
Published: July 2019

This article discusses about bird symbolism in Persian Mysticism Poetry, because images of birds in Islamic mysticism are important symbols and are included in the prominent symbols among other symbols such as wine, roses and gardens. The bird symbol does not only have one single meaning, namely a symbol of the soul, but it also has another meaning. The bird symbol not only as a symbol of the soul but also as a symbol of certain people, experiences and creation. The Sufis who isolate themselves are symbolized as birds in the cage of exile, while Sufis who are killed are symbolized as holy birds that have returned to their nest. Those Sufis who meditate and concentrate are symbolized by birds of silence and the prophets, angels and saints are symbolized by birds flying in the heavenly garden. In, Indonesia, the study is important data which can give meaning to Islamic archeology, considering that Sufism, which was very influential in Indonesia, was spread by both the Persians and the Arabs. This research uses library data, which is collecting data about it, identifying, classifying and then analyzing it. From the results of the analysis it was found that the ideology of birds as a symbols of divinity, symbol s of a holy persons, free souls which materializes in the archaeological remains in the form of ornaments or decorations on ancient Islamic tombs such as the tombs of the Wali Sanga in Java and Madura. This is related to the depiction of birds as symbols of free spirits reaching heaven, the guardians and spreaders of Islam in Java and Madura.
INDONESIAN–ARABIC TRANSLATION OF PHATIC EXPRESSION IN WEBTOON “FLAWLESS”
Authors: Washila Sarah Aufa , Triwinarti Wiwin
Published: July 2019

This research studies phatic particles translation from Indonesian to Arabic. The discussed translation here includes phatic expression equivalence and translation and form shift. The aim of the study is to analyse the equivalence of phatic expression from Indonesian to Arabic and to look over shift of translation and form so the message from source language is delivered reasonably to target language. The method applied in the study is qualitative descriptive. 105 data were gathered from a webtoon entitled “Flawless” episode 1-10, in Indonesian and Arabic version. To analyse the data, theory of phatic particles in Indonesian from Kridalaksana (1994) is employed. From 105 data, only 24 data were analyzed. The analysis shows that the phatic articles are not completely translated. There are some articles translated accordingly, and some are translated into other forms or absorbed the sound phonetically. There are 7 untranslated particles; 13 translated according their phatic functions; 2 translated into other forms; and 2 absorbed phonetically.
Extracellular Pgk1 enhances neurite outgrowth of motoneurons through Nogo66/NgR-independent targeting of NogoA
Authors: Lin Cheng Yung , Wu Chia Lun , Lee Kok Zhi , Chen You Jei , Zhang Po Hsiang , Chang Chia Yu , Harn Horng Jyh , Lin Shinn Zong , Tsai Huai Jen
Published: July 2019

NogoA inhibits neurite outgrowth of motoneurons (NOM) through interaction with its receptors, Nogo66/NgR. Inhibition of Nogo receptors rescues NOM, but not to the extent exhibited by NogoA-knockout mice, suggesting the presence of other pathways. We found that NogoA-overexpressing muscle cells reduced phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (Pgk1) secretion, resulting in inhibiting NOM. Apart from its glycolytic role and independent of the Nogo66 pathway, extracellular Pgk1 stimulated NOM by triggering a reduction of p-Cofilin-S3, a growth cone collapse marker, through decreasing a novel Rac1-GTP/p-Pak1-T423/p-P38-T180/p-MK2-T334/p-Limk1-S323/p-Cofilin-S3 molecular pathway. Not only did supplementary Pgk1 enhance NOM in defective cells, but injection of Pgk1 rescued denervation in muscle-specific NogoA-overexpression of zebrafish and an Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis mouse model, SOD1 G93A. Thus, Pgk1 secreted from muscle is detrimental to motoneuron neurite outgrowth and maintenance.
Simulating lattice thermal conductivity in semiconducting materials using high-dimensional neural network potential
Authors: Minamitani Emi , Ogura Masayoshi , Watanabe Satoshi
Published: July 2019

We demonstrate that a high-dimensional neural network potential (HDNNP) can predict the lattice thermal conductivity of semiconducting materials with an accuracy that is comparable to that of density functional theory (DFT) calculation. After a training procedure based on force, the root mean square error between the forces predicted by HDNNP and DFT is less than 40 meV Å−1. As typical examples, we present the results of Si and GaN bulk crystals. The deviation from the thermal conductivity calculated using DFT is within 1% at 200 to 500 K for Si and within 5.4% at 200 to 1000 K for GaN.
Characterization of the karyotype and accumulation of repetitive sequences in Australian Darling hardyhead Craterocephalus amniculus (Atheriniformes, Teleostei)
Authors: Majtánová Zuzana , Moy Karl G. , Unmack Peter J. , Ráb Petr , Ezaz Tariq
Published: July 2019

Belonging to the order Atheriniformes, Craterocephalus is one of the most widespread genera of freshwater fishes in Australia, spanning along the northern coast from central Western Australia to central New South Wales and across the Murray-Darling and Lake Eyre basins. In this study, both conventional cytogenetic techniques (Giemsa, C-banding, CMA3/DAPI staining), and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with telomeric DNA and rDNA probes were used to examine the karyotypes and other chromosomal characteristics of Darling hardyhead (Craterocephalus amniculus) from New South Wales, Australia. We identified a diploid chromosome number 2n = 48 (NF = 58) in all studied individuals. FISH with rDNA probes showed a nonsyntenic pattern, with signals on one pair of subtelocentric chromosomes for 5S rDNA and one pair of submetacentric chromosomes for 28S rDNA. C-banding displayed the accumulation of constitutive heterochromatin in the centromeric regions of approximately 40 chromosomes. CMA3/DAPI fluorescence staining revealed extremely GC-rich signals in the pericentromeric region of one submetacentric chromosomal pair with size polymorphism. We detected telomeric signals at the end of all chromosomes and no interstitial signals.
Integrating phylogeographic and ecological niche approaches to delimitating cryptic lineages in the blue–green damselfish (Chromis viridis)
Authors: Liu Shang Yin Vanson , Tuanmu Mao-Ning , Rachmawati Rita , Mahardika Gusti Ngurah , Barber Paul H.
Published: July 2019

Species delimitation is challenging in sibling species/cryptic lineages because of the absence of clear diagnostic traits. However, integration of different approaches such as phylogeography and ecological niche comparison offers one potential approach to tease apart recently diverged lineages. In this study, we estimate the ecological niche divergence among lineages inChromis viridisin a broad-scale phylogeographic framework to test whether the combination of these two approaches can effectively distinguish recently diverged lineages. Results from Cytb and Rag2 analyses identified two cryptic lineages (C. viridis AandC. viridis B) that diverged ∼3 Myr ago. Estimates of ecological niche divergence with 11 environmental parameters across the broad geographic range of these lineages showed overlapping ecological niches and niche conservatism. However, regardless of the incongruence between genetic and ecological niche divergence, the substantial genetic divergence between the two clades ofC. viridisin both mtDNA and nuclear loci strong suggest that they are cryptic taxa.
Work Accommodations in Canadian Social Firms: Supervisors’ and Workers’ Perspectives
Authors: Corbière Marc , Villotti Patrizia , Dewa Carolyn S. , Sultan-Taïeb Hélène , Fraccaroli Franco , Zaniboni Sara , Durand Marie-José , Lecomte Tania
Published: July 2019

Social firms (SFs) are an appealing model for people with a mental health condition who are having difficulties maintaining their employment in a competitive labour market. The goal of this study is to compare the availability of work accommodations in two types of Canadian SFs, by interviewing supervisors working in adapted enterprises and consumer/survivor-run businesses, and by obtaining the perceptions of the workers with a mental health condition regarding the usefulness of these accommodations. Results indicate accommodations in both types of SFs are readily available and useful. A significant difference between the two types of SFs is the availability of a job coach whose presence workers found useful in adapted enterprises. Natural supports from stakeholders (e.g., supervisors, job coach) are important for work sustainability.
Studying the Effect of Urban Furniture on Urban Safety
Authors: Ojani Sahar
Published: July 2019

Lack of attention to efficiency in the space and its qualitative elements has led to side effects such as lack of environmental visual qualities, disorder and also of space efficiencies. These matters affect the safety and security of urban spaces. To maintain the effectiveness of urban spaces, it should be logical to have compatibility among the qualitative elements and the social and cultural specifications of the citizens from the physical and psychological aspects. At other side, the inefficiency of urban furniture emptied them from their aesthetic values and so-called modern equipment including more welfare facilities for the citizens according to their ontological philosophy and creates favourite urban spaces. However, they have been converted into inefficient and polluting elements in urban spaces. But with the proposed urban furniture designing, efficient urban spaces and identity presentation elements can be created.
An Accurate System for Face Detection and Recognition
Authors: Ali Abdelmgeid A. , El-Hafeez Tarek Abd , Mohany Yosra Khalaf
Published: July 2019

During the last few years, Local Binary Patterns (LBP) has aroused increasing interest in image processing and computer vision. LBP was originally proposed for texture analysis, and has proved a simple yet powerful approach to describe local structures. It has been extensively exploited in many applications, for instance, face image analysis, image and video retrieval, environment modeling, visual inspection, motion analysis, biomedical and aerial image analysis, remote sensing. Face recognition is an interesting and challenging problem, and impacts important applications in many areas such as identification for law enforcement, authentication for banking and security system access, and personal identification among others. In this paper we are concerned with face recognition in a video stream using Local Binary Pattern histogram with processed data. First we will detect faces by using a combination of Haar cascade files that uses skin detection, eye detection and nose detection as input of LBP to increase the accuracy of the proposed recognition system. Also, our system can be used to build a dataset of faces and names to be used in a recognition step. The experimental results have shown that the proposed system can achieve accuracy of recognition up to 96.5% which was better than the relevant methods.
Assessment of Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Soils around ESPRO Asphalt Production and Quarry Site, Wasinmi, Osun State Southwest Nigeria
Authors: Alabi O. O. , Sedara S. O. , Awowole S. Y.
Published: July 2019

This work examined the concentration of heavy metals in soil samples around ESPRO Asphalt Production and Quarry Site located in Wasinmi, Irewole Local Government Area, Osun State. A total of nine (9) soil samples were collected from three points with distances of 0, 1 and 2 km from the quarry site. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) was used to determine the concentrations of heavy metals in the soil samples. The results revealed that the mean values metal contents in the soil samples analyzed were in the order Fe>Zn>Cu>Cr>Mn>Pb>Cd. The concentration of the heavy metals in the soil samples were found to decrease as the soil depths increased from 0-25 cm and also as the spatial distances of the sampled locations increased from the quarry plant.

The study also showed that low concentrations of Lead (Pb) had a mean concentration value of 0.87 ppm and Cadmium (Cd) with a mean concentration value of 0.29 ppm. It was also observed that Iron (Fe) had the highest mean concentration value of 148.8 ppm. The study concluded that quarrying activities raised the soil heavy metal contents up to the range of about 2 km away from the quarry site. This can be attributed to the number of years of mining and excavation activities in the study area and accumulation of the heavy metal concentrations over time and this could be dangerous to the site environments, especially for farming and groundwater exploration activities in the area.
Social relations and presence of others predict bystander intervention: Evidence from violent incidents captured on CCTV
Authors: Liebst Lasse Suonperä , Philpot Richard , Bernasco Wim , Dausel Kasper Lykke , Ejbye‐Ernst Peter , Nicolaisen Mathias Holst , Lindegaard Marie Rosenkrantz
Published: July 2019

Are individuals willing to intervene in public violence? Half a century of research on the “bystander effect” suggests that the more bystanders present at an emergency, the less likely each of them is to provide help. However, recent meta‐analytical evidence questions whether this effect generalizes to violent emergencies. Besides the number of bystanders present, an alternative line of research suggests that pre‐existing social relations between bystanders and conflict participants are important for explaining whether bystanders provide help. The current paper offers a rare comparison of both factors—social relations and the number of bystanders present—as predictors of bystander intervention in real‐life violent emergencies. We systematically observed the behavior of 764 bystanders across 81 violent incidents recorded by surveillance cameras in Copenhagen, Denmark. Bystanders were sampled with a case–control design, their behavior was observed and coded, and the probability of intervention was estimated with multilevel regression analyses. The results confirm our predicted association between social relations and intervention. However, rather than the expected reversed bystander effect, we found a classical bystander effect, as bystanders were less likely to intervene with increasing bystander presence. The effect of social relations on intervention was larger in magnitude than the effect of the number of bystanders. We assess these findings in light of recent discussions about the influence of group size and social relations in human helping. Further, we discuss the utility of video data for the assessment of real‐life bystander behavior.
Microstructures and the Mechanical Properties of the Al–Li–Cu Alloy Strengthened by the Combined Use of Accumulative Roll Bonding and Aging
Authors: Tang Yongpeng , Hirosawa Shoichi , Saikawa Seiji , Matsuda Kenji , Lee Seungwon , Horita Zenji , Terada Daisuke
Published: July 2019

Herein, the age‐hardening behavior of the severely deformed and then artificially aged A2099 Al–Li–Cu alloy is investigated by Vickers hardness test, tensile test, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The combined processes of accumulative roll bonding (ARB) and aging treatment at 373 K for 2419 ks result in the highest hardness (≈190 HV) for the 5‐cycled ARB sample with an age hardenability of 37 ± 2 HV. For the 2‐cycled ARB sample with aging treatment, the ultimate tensile strength and elongation to failure reach 553 MPa and 7%, which are greater than those of the ARB sample without aging treatment (i.e., 442 MPa and 1%). The corresponding TEM microstructures suggest that the refined δ′–Al3Li particles formed by spinodal decomposition are responsible not only for higher hardness and strength but also for the optimized strength–ductility balance. Therefore, our proposed strategy, i.e., “take advantage of spinodal decomposition,” is regarded as a convincing approach to induce nanosized precipitates within ultrafine grains for optimizing the strength–ductility balance.
Significance of Engineering the Octahedral Units to Promote the Oxygen Evolution Reaction of Spinel Oxides
Authors: Zhou Ye , Sun Shengnan , Wei Chao , Sun Yuanmiao , Xi Pinxian , Feng Zhenxing , Xu Zhichuan J.
Published: July 2019

The clean energy carrier, hydrogen, if efficiently produced by water electrolysis using renewable energy input, would revolutionize the energy landscape. It is the sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at the anode of water electrolyzer that limits the overall efficiency. The large spinel oxide family is widely studied due to their low cost and promising OER activity. As the distribution of transition metal (TM) cations in octahedral and tetrahedral site is an important variable controlling the electronic structure of spinel oxides, the TM geometric effect on OER is discussed. The dominant role of octahedral sites is found experimentally and explained by computational studies. The redox‐active TM locating at octahedral site guarantees an effective interaction with the oxygen at OER conditions. In addition, the adjacent octahedral centers in spinel act cooperatively in promoting the fast OER kinetics. In remarkable contrast, the isolated tetrahedral TM centers in spinel prohibit the OER mediated by dual‐metal sites. Furthermore, various spinel oxides preferentially expose octahedral‐occupied cations on the surface, making the octahedral cations easily accessible to the reactants. The future perspectives and challenges in advancing fundamental understanding and developing robust spinel catalysts are discussed.
Effect of Evaporation Rate on Meniscus Splitting with Formation of Vertical Polysaccharide Membranes
Authors: Okeyoshi Kosuke , Yamashita Miki , Sakaguchi Tadashi , Budpud Kulisara , Joshi Gargi , Kaneko Tatsuo
Published: July 2019

Evaporative self‐assembly of polymeric colloids is among the most attractive strategies for the preparation of soft materials with submicrometer‐scale ordered structures. In this study, meniscus splitting from an aqueous solution of liquid crystalline (LC) polysaccharide xanthan gum is verified under conditions of controlled evaporative rate in a limited space. Under fast evaporation rate with a steep gradient of humidity above the air–LC interface, the meniscus splitting is induced to bridge the gap and a vertical membrane with uniaxial orientation is obtained. The process is thermodynamically and polariscopically validated focusing on the ordered polymeric adsorption and the bridging of the millimeter‐scale gap. This clarification will serve not only as a method for immobilization of fluidically ordered structures but also in the control of the evaporative interface for the ordering of polymer solutions into advanced membranes with uniaxial orientation.
Highly Luminescent Gold Nanocluster Frameworks
Authors: Chandra Sourov , Nonappa  , Beaune Grégory , Som Anirban , Zhou Shaochen , Lahtinen Jouko , Jiang Hua , Timonen Jaakko V. I. , Ikkala Olli , Ras Robin H. A.
Published: July 2019

Metal nanoclusters (NCs) are being intensely pursued as prospective luminophores because of their tunable electronic and optical properties. Among the various fluorescent NCs, gold nanoclusters (GNCs) are attractive due to their biocompatibility and excellent photostability, even if so far, they have had limited application potential due to poor quantum yield (QY). In this context, a facile route is demonstrated to tune up the photophysical and photochemical activities of water‐borne luminescent GNCs through the formation of self‐assembled nanocluster superstructures. The approach involves the controlled introduction of Sn2+ ions, directing GNCs from individual particles into 3D spherical gold nanocluster colloidal frameworks (GNCFs). In these, the reduction in the nonemissive relaxation pathways leads to significant enhancement of luminescence signals (QY from ≈3.5% to ≈25%), likely owing to restricted movements of ligands. This approach paves ways for GNCFs as a potent agent for biomedical imaging and therapies, while their high photocatalytic activity is an added advantage.
Copper‐Promoted Tandem Three‐Component Access to Quinazolin‐4(H)‐imines and Benzimidazo[1,2‐c]quinazolines
Authors: Rodrigues Romain , Tran Lam Quang , Darses Benjamin , Dauban Philippe , Neuville Luc
Published: July 2019

A copper‐catalyzed three‐component assembly of cyanamides, 2‐cyanoarylboronic acids and amines has been developed, providing functionalized quinazolin‐4(H)‐imines. Subsequent access to benzimidazo[1,2‐c]quinazolines is achieved building again on copper‐catalysis. One pot hydrolysis of quinazolin‐4(H)‐imines to quinazolin‐4(3H)‐ones is also described. Guanidine formation, cyclization and intramolecular C−H bond amination are key features of the process fully mediated by copper.

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Triboelectric‐TFT Flip‐Flop for Bistable Latching of Dielectric Elastomer Actuators
Authors: Marette Alexis , Haque Rubaiyet Iftekharul , Ji Xiaobin , Hinchet Ronan , Shea Herbert R. , Briand Danick
Published: July 2019

A high‐voltage flip‐flop combining two self‐powered soft sensors with a flexible high‐voltage thin film transistor (HVTFT) is reported, and is used to electrically latch dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) in zero and high‐strain states. Two touch‐actuated triboelectric generators (TENGs) provide the gate input for the HVTFT that drives a DEA. One TENG is of positive polarity, while the other is of negative polarity, thus generating voltages either higher (100 V) or lower (−6 V) than the HVTFT threshold voltage. Used in a high‐voltage inverter configuration, there are two stable output voltage states, here 650 V (the “reset” state) and 50 V (the “set” state). The DEA is thus latched in one of two states, at 17.5% and 0% strain. The 650 V output is stable in time, while the 50 V state drifts up to 350 V after 10 s. Due to the highly nonlinear strain–voltage curve of the DEA, the drift of the output voltage in the “set” state leads only to a 2% increase of the DEA actuation strain in 10 s. By enabling bistable control of DEAs with TENGs, the TENG‐HVTFT latch paves the way toward soft robots with flexible embedded control circuitry.
Boosting Organic–Metal Oxide Heterojunction via Conjugated Small Molecules for Efficient and Stable Nonfullerene Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Liu Haoran , Liu Zhi‐Xi , Wang Shuxu , Huang Jiang , Ju Huanxin , Chen Qi , Yu Junsheng , Chen Hongzheng , Li Chang‐Zhi
Published: July 2019

Charge events across organic–metal oxide heterointerfaces routinely occur in organic electronics, yet strongly influence their overall performance and stability. They become even more complicated and challenging for the heterojunction conditions in polymer solar cells (PSCs), especially when nonfullerene acceptors with varied energetics are employed. In this work, an effective interfacial strategy that utilizes novel small molecule self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) is developed to improve the electronic and electric, as well as chemical properties of organic–zinc oxide (ZnO) interfaces for nonfullerene PSCs. It is revealed that the tailored SAMs with well‐controlled energy levels and molecular dipoles can effectively optimize the energetic barrier and work function (WF) of heterointerface for optimal electron extraction. In addition, the introduction of SAMs atop of ZnO facilitates not only acceptor segregation near the n‐contact interface, but also passivation of the photocatalytic activities for ZnO, to improve overall performance and photo stability of the derived nonfullerene PSCs. Overall, the methodology and structure–property relationship revealed herein would be beneficial for a wide range of hybrid electronics.
In Situ Revealing the Electroactivity of PO and PC Bonds in Hard Carbon for High‐Capacity and Long‐Life Li/K‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Qian Yong , Jiang Song , Li Yang , Yi Zheng , Zhou Jie , Li Tieqiang , Han Ying , Wang Yusong , Tian Jie , Lin Ning , Qian Yitai
Published: July 2019

The low capacity and unsatisfactory rate capability of hard carbon still restricts its practical application for Li/K‐ion batteries. Herein, a low‐cost and large‐scale method is developed to fabricate phosphorus‐doped hard carbon (PHC‐700) by crosslinking phosphoric acid and epoxy resin and followed by annealing at 700 °C. H3PO4 acts not only as a crosslinker to solidify epoxy resin for promoting the degree of graphitization and lowering the specific surface area, but also as phosphorus source for forming PC and PO bonds, thus providing more active sites for Li/K storage. As a result, the PHC‐700 electrode delivers a highly reversible capacity of 1294.8 mA h g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and a capacity of 214 mA h g−1 after 10 000 cycles at 10 A g−1. As for potassium‐ion batteries, PHC‐700 exhibits a reversible capacity of 381.9 mA h g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and a capacity of 260 mA h g−1 after 1000 cycles at 0.2 A g−1. In situ Raman and in situ NMR measurements reveal that the P‐containing bonds can enhance the adsorption to alkali metal ions, and the PC bond can participate in electrochemical redox reaction by forming Lix
PCy
. Additionally, P‐doped hard carbon shows better structural/interfacial stability for improved long‐term cycling stability.
Versatile N‐Doped MXene Ink for Printed Electrochemical Energy Storage Application
Authors: Yu Lianghao , Fan Zhaodi , Shao Yuanlong , Tian Zhengnan , Sun Jingyu , Liu Zhongfan
Published: July 2019

Printing is regarded as a revolutionary and feasible technique to guide the fabrication of versatile functional systems with designed architectures. 2D MXenes are nowadays attractive in printed energy storage devices. However, owing to the van der Waals interaction between the MXene layers, the restacking issues within the printed electrodes can significantly impede the ion/electrolyte transport and hence handicap the electrochemical performances. Herein, a melamine formaldehyde templating method is demonstrated to develop crumpled nitrogen‐doped MXene (MXene‐N) nanosheets. The nitrogen doping boosts the electrochemical performances of MXene via enhanced conductivity and redox activity. Accordingly, two types of MXene‐N inks are prepared throughout the optimization of the ink viscosity to fit the 2D screen printing and 3D extrusion printing, respectively. As a result, the screen printed MXene‐N microsupercapacitor delivers an areal capacitance of 70.1 mF cm−2 and outstanding mechanical robustness. Furthermore, the 3D‐printed MXene‐N based supercapacitor manifests an areal capacitance of 8.2 F cm−2 for a three‐layered electrode and readily stores a high areal energy density of 0.42 mWh cm−2. The approach to harnessing such versatile MXene‐N inks offers distinctive insights into the printed energy storage systems with high areal energy density and large scalability.
Research platform for children with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita: Findings from the pilot registry
Authors: Dahan‐Oliel Noémi , van Bosse Harold J. P. , Bedard Tanya , Darsaklis Vasiliki B. , Hall Judith G. , Hamdy Reggie C.
Published: July 2019

A pediatric registry for arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC) proposes to advance research by providing the platform to inform the distribution, etiology, and natural history of AMC. The registry was piloted on 40 families of children (mean = 8.25 years, 48% males) presenting with AMC across two hospitals in North America. Data on the child's demographic and newborn variables, mothers' and fathers' demographic variables, lifestyle habits, and medical history were collected using a telephone interview with the primary caregiver and review of medical charts. Mean gestational age was 38 weeks, 97% of children presented with lower extremity deformities, and 74% of neonatal interventions targeted the lower extremity. Newborns spent an average of 14 days in the hospital (range 2–56 days) mostly for diagnostic workup and feeding difficulties. Half (49%) of the sample had internal organ involvement. Genetic testing was done on 48% of the children, including chromosome studies, single gene, whole‐exome/genome sequencing, and/or microarray studies. Genetic findings were inconclusive in most. Two‐thirds of mothers (67%) reported inconsistently feeling fetal movements. This pilot study contributed to the refinement of participant selection, identification of data source, expansion of data sets, and areas for future exploration prior to the implementation of a multisite AMC pediatric registry.
Synthesis of Pyrrolone‐ and Isoindolinone‐Fused Benzimidazole‐4,7‐diones by Stepwise Palladium‐Catalyzed Carbonylative Cyclization and Oxidation
Authors: Kim Dong Young , Dao Pham Duy Quang , Yoon Nam Sik , Cho Chan Sik
Published: July 2019

2‐(2‐Bromovinyl)‐ and 2‐(2‐bromoaryl)‐4,7‐dimethoxybenzimidazoles react with carbon monoxide (10 atm) in toluene in the presence of a catalytic amount of PdCl2 and PPh3 along with NaOAc to produce the corresponding pyrrolone‐ and isoindolinone‐fused 4,7‐dimethoxybenzimidazoles, respectively, in good yields. Oxidation of such binuclear N‐fused hybrid scaffolds with ceric ammonium nitrate in acetonitrile‐H2O gives unprecedented pyrrolone‐ and isoindolinone‐fused benzimidazole‐4,7‐diones in high yields.
Oxytocin and pair compatibility in adult male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Berg Melissa R. , Heagerty Allison , Coleman Kristine
Published: July 2019

Pair housing is considered one of the best ways of promoting psychological wellbeing for caged macaques. However, incompatible partnerships can result in stress or aggression. Though previous studies have analyzed the role of variables such as age, weight, gender, and temperament on pair compatibility, few have examined the relationship between physiological parameters and pair compatibility. Oxytocin is known to promote prosocial nonsexual behavior in various primate species and may serve as an indicator of pair compatibility. In this study, we examined the association between peripheral oxytocin levels and prosocial behaviors in isosexual pairs of male rhesus macaques. We hypothesized that animals that demonstrated high levels of prosocial behaviors would have higher oxytocin levels than those showing low levels of the behavior. In addition, to elucidate the relationship between oxytocin and compatibility, we compared peripheral oxytocin between the highly affiliative animals and single‐housed males identified as having multiple unsuccessful pair attempts with multiple partners. We collected plasma oxytocin on 40 pairs of monkeys that had lived together for at least 1 month and 20 single‐housed animals. Further, we simultaneously collected behavioral data on the pairs, recording prosocial interactions (e.g., groom, play). Oxytocin varied among individuals, but was highly correlated between members of a pair (r = 0.58,p < .001). Additionally, prosocial behavior was positively correlated with plasma oxytocin (r = 0.38,p < .02). However, contrary to our expectations, oxytocin did not differ between single and highly affiliative pair‐housed animals (F(1,38) = 0.71,p = .40). Our results suggest that oxytocin may be associated with the quality of isosexual pairs of male macaques. More work is needed to determine the nature of this relationship.
Reaktive Oberflächenplanarisierung von Pt(II)‐Komplexen
Authors: Ren Jindong , Cnudde Marvin , Brünink Dana , Buss Stefan , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Liu Lacheng , Fuchs Harald , Strassert Cristian A. , Gao Hong‐Ying , Doltsinis Nikos L.
Published: July 2019

Eine Reihe von Pt(II)‐Komplexen mit tetradentaten Luminophoren wurde entworfen, synthetisiert und mit dem Ziel auf Edelmetalloberflächen aufgebracht, hochplanare selbstassemblierte Monolagen herzustellen. Tieftemperatur‐Rastertunnelmikroskopie (STM) sowie Dichtefunktionaltheorie (DFT)‐Rechnungen zeigen eine erhebliche initiale Nichtplanarität für alle Komplexe. Anschließend wurde eine metallkatalysierte Spaltung der nichtplanaren Brückeneinheit via C−N Bindungsbruch beobachtet, die einen größtenteils planaren Kernkomplex zurücklässt. Die Aktivierungsbarriere für diesen Bindungsbruch hängt stark von der chemischen Struktur sowohl der Brückengruppe als auch der Koordinationsebene ab und steigt von Cu(111) über Ag(111) zu Au(111).
Manipulating the Stacking of Triplet Chromophores in the Crystal Form for Ultralong Organic Phosphorescence
Authors: Gan Nan , Wang Xuan , Ma Huili , Lv Anqi , Wang He , Wang Qian , Gu Mingxing , Cai Suzhi , Zhang Yanyun , Fu Lishun , Zhang Meng , Dong Chaomin , Yao Wei , Shi Huifang , An Zhongfu , Huang Wei
Published: July 2019

Provided here is evidence showing that the stacking between triplet chromophores plays a critical role in ultralong organic phosphorescence (UOP) generation within a crystal. By varying the structure of a functional unit, and different on‐off UOP behavior was observed for each structure. Remarkably, 24CPhCz, having the strongest intermolecular interaction between carbazole units exhibited the most impressive UOP with a long lifetime of 1.06 s and a phosphorescence quantum yield of 2.5 %. 34CPhCz showed dual‐emission UOP and thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) with a moderately decreased phosphorescence lifetime of 770 ms, while 35CPhCz only displayed TADF owing to the absence of strong electronic coupling between triplet chromophores. This study provides an explanation for UOP generation in crystal and new guidelines for obtaining UOP materials.
Direct Observation of Aliphatic Peroxy Radical Autoxidation and Water Effects: An Experimental and Theoretical Study
Authors: Nozière Barbara , Vereecken Luc
Published: July 2019

The autoxidation of organic peroxy radicals (RO2) into hydroperoxy‐alkyl radicals (QOOH), then hydroperoxy‐peroxy radicals (HOOQO2) is now considered to be important in the Earth's atmosphere. To avoid mechanistic uncertainties these reactions are best studied by monitoring the radicals. But for the volatile and aliphatic RO2 radicals playing key roles in the atmosphere this has long been an instrumental challenge. This work reports the first study of the autoxidation of aliphatic RO2 radicals and is based on monitoring RO2 and HOOQO2 radicals. The rate coefficients, kiso (s−1), were determined both experimentally and theoretically using MC‐TST kinetic theory based on CCSD(T)//M06‐2X quantum chemical methodologies. The results were in excellent agreement and confirmed that the first H‐migration is strongly rate‐limiting in the oxidation of non‐oxygenated volatile organic compounds (VOCs). At higher relative humidity (2–30 %) water complexes were evidenced for HOOQO2 radicals, which could be an important fate for HOO‐substituted RO2 radicals in the atmosphere.
Boosting Hydrogen Oxidation Activity of Ni in Alkaline Media through Oxygen‐Vacancy‐Rich CeO2/Ni Heterostructures
Authors: Yang Fulin , Bao Xi , Li Peng , Wang Xuewei , Cheng Gongzhen , Chen Shengli , Luo Wei
Published: July 2019

The search for highly efficient platinum group metal (PGM)‐free electrocatalysts for the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) in alkaline electrolytes remains a great challenge in the development of alkaline exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs). Here we report the synthesis of an oxygen‐vacancy‐rich CeO2/Ni heterostructure and its remarkable HOR performance in alkaline media. Experimental results and density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate the electron transfer between CeO2 and Ni could lead to thermoneutral adsorption free energies of H* (ΔGH*). This, together with the promoted OH* adsorption strength derived from the abundance of oxygen vacancies in the CeO2 species, contributes to the excellent HOR performance with the exchange current density and mass activity of 0.038 mA cmNi−2 and 12.28 mA mgNi−1, respectively. This presents a new benchmark for PGM‐free alkaline HOR and opens a new avenue toward the rational design of high‐performance PGM‐free electrocatalysts for alkaline HOR.
Hexahalodiborate Dianions: A New Family of Binary Boron Halides
Authors: Bélanger‐Chabot Guillaume , Braunschweig Holger
Published: July 2019

The electron‐precise binary boron subhalide species [B2X6]2− X=F, Br, I) were synthesized and their structures confirmed by X‐ray crystallography. The existence of the previously claimed [B2Cl6]2−, which had been questioned, was also confirmed by X‐ray crystallography. The dianions are isoelectronic to hexahaloethanes, are subhalide analogues of the well‐known tetrahaloborate anions (BX4−), and are rare examples of molecular electron‐precise binary boron species beyond B2X4, BX3, and [BX4]−.
Conditionally Gaussian random sequences for an integrated variance estimator with correlation between noise and returns
Authors: Peluso Stefano , Mira Antonietta , Muliere Pietro
Published: July 2019

Correlation between microstructure noise and latent financial logarithmic returns is an empirically relevant phenomenon with sound theoretical justification. With few notable exceptions, all integrated variance estimators proposed in the financial literature are not designed to explicitly handle such a dependence, or handle it only in special settings. We provide an integrated variance estimator that is robust to correlated noise and returns. For this purpose, a generalization of the forward filtering backward sampling algorithm is proposed, to provide a sampling technique for a latent conditionally Gaussian random sequence. We apply our methodology to intraday Microsoft prices and compare it in a simulation study with established alternatives, showing an advantage in terms of root‐mean‐square error and dispersion.
Comparison of physics‐based and data‐driven modelling techniques for dynamic optimisation of fed‐batch bioprocesses
Authors: Del Rio‐Chanona Ehecatl Antonio , Ahmed Nur Rashid , Wagner Jonathan , Lu Yinghua , Zhang Dongda , Jing Keju
Published: July 2019

The development of digital bioprocessing technologies is critical to operate modern industrial bioprocesses. This study conducted the first investigation on the efficiency of using physics‐based and data‐driven models for the dynamic optimisation of long‐term bioprocess. More specifically, this study exploits a predictive kinetic model and a cutting‐edge data‐driven model to compute open‐loop optimisation strategies for the production of microalgal lutein during a fed‐batch operation. Light intensity and nitrate inflow rate are used as control variables given their key impact on biomass growth and lutein synthesis. By employing different optimisation algorithms, several optimal control sequences were computed. Due to the distinct model construction principles and sophisticated process mechanisms, the physics‐based and the data‐driven models yielded contradictory optimisation strategies. The experimental verification confirms that the data‐driven model predicted a closer result to the experiments than the physics‐based model. Both models succeeded in improving lutein intracellular content by over 40% compared to the highest previous record; however, the data‐driven model outperformed the kinetic model when optimising total lutein production and achieved an increase of 40–50%. This indicates the possible advantages of using data‐driven modelling for optimisation and prediction of complex dynamic bioprocesses, and its potential in industrial bio‐manufacturing systems.
Nitrene Insertion into Aromatic and Benzylic C−H Bonds Catalyzed by Copper Complexes of Fluorinated Bis‐ and Tris(pyrazolyl)borates
Authors: Ponduru Tharun T. , Sun Zhicheng , Cundari Thomas R. , Rasika Dias H. V.
Published: July 2019

Fluorinated bis‐ and tris(pyrazolyl)boratocopper complexes catalyze the nitrene insertion to C−H bonds of aromatic hydrocarbons efficiently producing amination products in good to excellent yields at room temperature. Imidoiodanes, PhI=NTs (Ts=p‐toluenesulfonyl) and PhI=NNs (Ns=p‐nitrophenylsulfonyl) serve as the nitrene source. The bis(pyrazolyl)borate catalyst [H2B(3,5‐(CF3)2Pz)2]Cu(NCMe) with PhI=NNs produced the arene C−H functionalized product of mesitylene in 87 % yield with only trace amounts of benzylic C−H insertion. The use of [H2B(3,5‐(CF3)2‐4‐(NO2)Pz)2]Cu(NCMe) that has an even weakly donating pyrazolate generated the arene C−H insertion product exclusively. The tris(pyrazolyl)borate complex [HB(3,5‐(CF3)2Pz)3]Cu(NCMe), in contrast, generated the benzylic amination product from mesitylene and PhI=NNs in 82 % yield with only very minor amounts of arene C−H functionalization. DFT calculations suggest that Cu‐nitrene moiety generated from [HB(3,5‐(CF3)2Pz)3]Cu(NCMe) and PhI=NNs activates the benzylic C−H bond of mesitylene via a hydrogen atom abstraction (HAA) followed by a radical rebound (RR) pathway, whereas the functionalization of sp2 C−H bonds of mesitylene by [H2B(3,5‐(CF3)2Pz)2]Cu(NNs) ensues possibly via a nitrene addition to the arene core.
Continuous Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide to Formic Acid and Methyl Formate by a Molecular Iridium Complex Stably Heterogenized on a Covalent Triazine Framework
Authors: Corral‐Pérez Juan José , Billings Amelia , Stoian Dragos , Urakawa Atsushi
Published: July 2019

Continuous synthesis of formic acid and methyl formate via CO2 hydrogenation is demonstrated using a molecular iridium complex stably immobilized on a solid covalent triazine framework (CTF) under high‐pressure conditions. Compared to formic acid synthesis, methyl formate synthesis is advantageous to enhance the selectivity and yield of formates under kinetically favorable high temperature conditions. Transient in situ vibrational spectroscopy shows that the CTF strongly interacts with CO2 and H2, and even activates methanol. Hence, CTF is a promising support for molecular catalysts, even under harsh supercritical and flow conditions, through its strong binding capability.
Alkali‐Driven Assembly of Protein‐Rich Biomass Boosts the Electrocatalytic Activity of the Derived Carbon Materials for Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Liang Kaixin , Xu Ying , Wang Liqiang , Liu Youcai , Liu You‐Nian
Published: July 2019

Though of great significance, it is still a challenge to facilely engineer biomass into heteroatom‐doped porous carbon materials (HPCs)‐based electrocatalysts with high activity and durability to replace Pt‐based ones for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Herein, alkali‐driven assembly strategy is proposed to boost the ORR catalytic performance of the HPCs derived from protein‐rich biomass. Egg white for instance, can self‐assemble into a hydrogel with 3D networks in the presence of alkali. The formed hydrogel can work as a self‐heteroatom (N, S) doped and self‐activated precursor for fabricating HPCs. The as‐obtained NSPC‐1‐900 ORR catalyst has onset potential (Eonset) and half‐wave potential (E1/2) values of 1.03 and 0.88 V (vs. RHE) respectively, and it represents an air electrode catalyst for Zn‐air batteries with high power density and durability. This work affords a facile and effective strategy of utilizing low‐cost, abundant and sustainable biomass to prepare HPCs for energy storage and conversion.
Investigation of the Phase Equilibria of CO2/CH3OH/H2O and CO2/CH3OH/H2O/H2 Mixtures
Authors: Vogel Kevin , Hocke Elisabeth , Beisswenger Lucien , Drochner Alfons , Etzold Bastian J. M. , Vogel Herbert
Published: July 2019

The storage of excess electricity from renewable energy sources is nowadays a crucial topic. One promising technology is the methanol (CH3OH) synthesis from H2/CO2 mixtures. The achievable one‐pass conversion is limited within this exothermic equilibrium reaction. A possibility to overcome this limitation would be withdrawing CH3OH and H2O from the gas phase through in situ condensation under reaction conditions. In this work, the phase equilibrium for mixtures representative for different degrees of conversion was studied. A view cell was employed to determine systematically the single‐ and two‐phase regimes and obtain phase envelopes for mixtures of H2, CO2, CH3OH, and H2O from 66 to 305 °C and 61 to 233 bar. Furthermore, the densities in the single‐phase area were determined and quantified by an empirical model.
Influence of Temperature on the Performance of Gas Diffusion Electrodes in the CO2 Reduction Reaction
Authors: Löwe Armin , Rieg Carolin , Hierlemann Tim , Salas Nicolas , Kopljar Dennis , Wagner Norbert , Klemm Elias
Published: July 2019

A detailed investigation of the influence of operating temperature on the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to formate at tin oxide loaded gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs). Ambient pressure electrolysis is performed between 20 and 70 °C with a focus on maximizing current density and energy efficiency while maintaining an average formate faradaic efficiency of at least 80 %. The best performance is achieved at a temperature of 50 °C, which allows a current density of 1000 mA cm−2. Lower or higher temperatures both show an increased hydrogen evolution at said current density. Further investigation of CO2 transport limitation revealed a minimum at 50 °C, which is explained by the opposing influence of temperature on CO2 diffusion coefficients and solubility. This explanation is supported by an estimate of the current density at which hydrogen evolution starts to increase based on the flooded agglomerate model. Long‐term operation for 24 h also revealed an optimum temperature of 50 °C, which helps to suppress the increasing rate of hydrogen evolution and with that a mechanical degradation of the GDE.
Alkyliodines in High Oxidation State: Enhanced Synthetic Possibilities and Accelerated Catalyst Turn‐Over
Authors: Bosnidou Alexandra E. , Muñiz Kilian
Published: July 2019

In contrast to aryliodine(III) compounds, which have matured into a particularly attractive class of oxidants in modern synthesis, the synthetic potential of related alkyliodine(III) derivatives has remained widely underestimated. This is surprising since several unique synthetic possibilities arise directly from the low stability of their central carbon–iodine bond. In this respect, these high‐oxidation‐state iodine compounds resemble environmentally benign variants of the prominent metal counterparts such as those derived from palladium, nickel and copper. This Concept article summarizes the general reactivity trends in alkyliodine(III) chemistry and discusses selected examples of their strategic use as highly reactive, transient species in organic synthesis and homogeneous catalysis.