bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Considérations Sur L'identité CLinique Et Diagnostique De La Schizophrénie Infantile
Authors: Delage Jean
Published: May 2017

Since its earliest descriptions, the concept of childhood schizophrenia has changed considerably. Some contemporary clinicians and researchers have made it so broad as to include a wide range of clinical entities which confuse the picture.

The author has attempted, in the light of the most prevalent psychopathological theories, to untangle this confusion, and stress the importance of the psychotic nucleus in childhood schizophrenia. Pseudo-neurotic and borderline cases should be carefully assessed and eliminated, as well as hallucinatory conditions found in many organic syndromes.

A strict differential diagnosis respecting the essential psychotic components of schizophrenia should help delineate childhood schizophrenia as a separate clinical entity and afford means of re-evaluating the literature on this subject in a more critical light.
An Intensive Approach to Brief Family Diagnosis in a Child Guidance Clinic
Authors: Menzies M. Albert , Bodlak S. , Mcrae O.
Published: May 2017

This paper is addressed to the problem of consultative assistance by a child guidance clinic in cases from long distances who come for brief investigation. A method of intensive family diagnosis is described, in which the child and both parents participate in joint and individual interviews throughout a two or three day period. Two case illustrations are outlined and some relevant points are discussed.
Interest Disorders: With Some Comments upon Similarities between the Reticular Activating System and the Ego
Authors: Prince Raymond
Published: May 2017

The clinical picture of disorders of interest as observed in students is described. This clinical picture is explained in the language of Neurophysiology — especially in the light of recent findings in connection with the ascending reticular activating system; it is also explained in the language of psychoanalytic ego psychology. An attempt is made to show that some of the activities of the R.A.S. are the same activities as are described in such psychoanalytic terms as “cathexis with libido” etc. It is suggested that Freud's ego-cum-amoeba may be located in the reticular column and may be identical with the R.A.S. and Penfield's centrencephalic system.
Immigration and Ethnic Origin in Mental Illness
Authors: Ward T.F.
Published: May 2017

A retrospective study of the prevalence of serious mental disease in the southern half of the Canadian province of Saskatchewan was made. The total admissions to the area's Provincial Mental Hospital during the year 1957 were reviewed. A selection was made from the hospital files on the basis of migration and ethnic status. English, German and Ukrainian groups (with a further division into foreign-born and Canadian-born groups) who represented the largest ethnic components of the population were chosen. They were studied to determine the acceptability of four hypotheses.

1. That the ethnic components chosen have different general (social) characteristics on the basis of their derivation from different cultures.

2. That the ethnic components chosen present different forms of mental disease in the community.

3. That the foreign-born and Canadian-born groups have different general (social) characteristics on the basis of derivation from different cultures.

4. That the foreign-born and Canadian-born groups present different forms of mental disease in the community.

The Chi square method was used to determine the significance of the groups of factors chosen for each hypothesis.

Discussion of the results emphasizes that Hypotheses 3 and 4 should be accepted. The greatest single factor for the acceptance, however, is neither the migrant nor the ethnic status of the individual but rather age. The discussion includes a review of the possible reasons for the great significance of this factor rather than cultural and ecological difficulties mentioned in other papers.
A Survey of Cerebral Tumors Presenting at a Psychiatric Institution
Authors: Mctaggart Andrew N. , Andermann Frederick , Bos Carlo G.
Published: May 2017

1. A 16 year review is made of the circumstances surrounding the admission of a patient with unsuspected cerebral tumor to an open psychiatric hospital.

2. The incidence of such patients represents 0.2% of admissions.

3. On retrospective analysis, organic mental changes were demonstrated in all cases and frequently were the earliest indication of disturbance. Awareness of the possible nature of these changes led to accurate diagnosis in some cases.

4. The incidence of psychotic or neurotic manifestations were frequent in the patient's pre-tumor history. This incidence was higher than would have been expected in a comparable group of patients admitted to a general or neurological hospital setting.

5. The misinterpretation of psychological mechanisms operating in response to the illness tended to confuse the diagnosis, particularly in the case of the slow growing tumors.

6. Neurological examination was the technique which often raised the suspicion as to the underlying pathology.

7. An integrated approach using previously outlined clinical and laboratory methods would appear to offer the best mode of detection at the present time.
Further Studies on the Androgen Effect on Senescent Memory Function
Authors: Kral V.A. , Wigdor B.T.
Published: May 2017

On oral androgen (9 fluoro-11B-hydroxy- 17 methyltestosterone) had been found to improve recall of logical and meaningful material in 13 senescent people, without raising their total memory scores. Prolonged administration of this substance to the same subjects in the same and a somewhat increased dosage did not improve the previously achieved results. The improvement in memory function paralleled the general beneficial effect which the androgen produced in the subjects. The same results were obtained with a still higher dosage in another group of experimental subjects. Some theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
Karl Jaspers: On the Occasion of his Eightieth Birthday
Authors: Pivnicki D.
Published: May 2017

Jaspers has remained devoted to our discipline throughout his life. Psycho-pathology, the meeting point of clinical psychiatry and psychology, was not only his first major interest but continued to be the nucleus of his entire work. For him, the rigour of scientific method is the touchstone of philosophy. Only a man trained in the filigree of complexities of scientific collecting, classifying and reclassifying and who has not lost himself in it, will be qualified to take the step toward the utmost limits of human experience and the “enlightening of human existence”.

Most of the problems and controversies Jaspers brought to light for the first time and attempted to scrutinize are still with us. Very often we gain the impression that some of his ascetic restrictions have forestalled solution. Practical, everyday psychiatrists found Jaspers' abeyance difficult to tolerate and felt his attitude even as an humiliation. Possibly that is the reason that new schools have eagerly attempted to give final answers and that intermittently positive and negative criticisms of his work have been heard. W. Wagner (1957) in one of his notes expressed the feeling that “the shadow produced through Jaspers' way of thinking has become greater in time than the light that his psychopathology has brought into our understanding” …. Is this type of criticism pertinent? Has Jaspers really “dogmatized” psychopathology to the extent of limiting the possibilities of a further development? … The impression prevails that if his works are taken as a scholastic dictum, this may happen: however, this would be entirely against the spirit of his works and would endanger their very meaning. Jaspers tried to open new horizons for us and to increase our awareness in the performance of our daily work by showing how involved it is.

Unfortunately, in this endeavour of his Jaspers remains alone. He gave us the example of a scientist and philosopher. He showed us some directions in which to search and to study, but he did not give us precepts which could be adopted as a sure means to extend and concretize his herculean orienting effort. He leaves us in an ambiguous situation. Therefore it is difficult to become a disciple and to follow him on the road of human understanding.
Doctor-Patient Relationship
Authors: Myers J. Martin
Published: May 2017

Because everything the physician does to or for his patient has a psychological effect on the patient the doctor-patient relationship is his most powerful tool. Three aspects of this relationship are discussed:

1) the voluntary selection of physician by the patient

2) continuity of treatment by the same physician

3) the third party payment of fees for doctor's services.

These three considerations may influence the patient's or the doctor's attitude toward the other.

A questionnaire was addressed to the 89 members of the staff of the Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital which includes four heads of departments of psychiatry, two heads of departments of neurology, members of the departments of psychiatry in all five local medical schools, two past presidents of the APA etc. The psychiatric experiences of the 82 who replied ranged from three to 52 years. Three groups were identifiable on the basis of their formal relationship with psychoanalysis. “A” group (26) had no such formal connection; “B” group (30) included 18 members of the American Psychoanalytic Association and eight graduates of psychoanalytic institutes; and “C” group (30) were students of a psychoanalytic institute. Sixty-six of the respondents were certified in psychiatry by either the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology or its Canadian equivalent.

The Tables show the “guestimated” replies to the question “How important do you feel the patient's voluntary selection of a psychiatrist is to the outcome of his treatment in comparison to the assignment of a psychiatrist of comparable training and experience. It would appear that the respondents felt that voluntary selection was most important for the neurotic, slightly less important for the patient with a character disorder and still less so for the schizophrenic and even less again for the patients suffering from an affective disorder.

Other questions asked were: “How important to the outcome of treatment do you feel the uninterrupted continuity of doctor-patient relationship is”? This continuity of treatment by one physician was thought to be most important to all patients with the possible exception of those with affective disorders. Another question was; “In what percentage of their cases was a third party involved in payment”? What percentage of these patients benefitted by this and in what way those not benefitted were hindered? An average of 24% of patients enjoyed some form of third party payment, and 38% of these benefitted from this, mostly because without some financial assistance many patients could not get treatment, and it helps the psychiatrist to give better and more thorough treatment. For the percentage who were hindered by third party payment a number of reasons were given.

It would, therefore, appear that the method of payment of physician's fees is at least as important to doctor-patient relationship as the voluntary selection of his physician by the patient.
Child Psychiatric Syndromes in University Students
Authors: Statten Taylor
Published: May 2017

This paper is an attempt to present briefly three symptom complexes which are familiar to the child psychiatrist, and which can be seen in the university student. One, loss of love object; two, syndrome of school phobia; three, syndrome of ‘learning difficulties’.
Adolesence and Family Crises
Authors: Langsley Donald G. , Fairbairn Robert H. , Deyoung Carol D.
Published: May 2017

Like the individual, the family may be better understood from a developmental point of view. It has different tasks and problems at various stages of its existence. The family with adolescent children faces a change in composition (loss of children and the responsibility of helping these children become adults). This threat may produce a family crisis and individual members may react to the specific conflicts in a manner which depends on their previous problems. The family member who becomes a ‘patient’ may be the teenager or a parent. A family crisis therapy approach permits tension reduction within the group, improves functioning on the part of the ‘patient’ and permits the family to work out a more adaptive solution.
La Dynamique De Groupe Chez Les Residents En Psychiatrie
Authors: Gervais Laurent
Published: May 2017

For many years group dynamics or group psychotherapy has been used in training of psychiatric residents. An attempt is made to define the specific learning problems facing these residents.

The needs of the resident can be met in many ways, but the participation in a group seems to be particularly meaningful. Three stages are described during the group process:

1) The period of euphoria, which coincides with the beginning of the training and only lasts a few months. This is when the resident toys with new words, new concepts and there is a magical connotation to all of this.

2) A depressive period, when the resident begins to ‘feel’ his many difficulties in dealing with patients. He also has to face the many psychiatric ideologies confronting him and he finds it impossible to have a total theoretical grasp of the psychiatric knowledge. This situation creates a good deal of anxiety and it is particularly during this phase that group dynamics can be useful.

3) A period of adaptation. Adaptation is used here as it is put forward by the ego psychologists, that is, as being an active process.

Finally an analogy is drawn between the maturation and learning taking place in the psychiatric resident and the adolescent's search for identity and the use of group dynamics as a valuable tool in this on-going process.
The Marihuana Habit: Some Observations of a Small Group of Users*
Authors: Norton W. A.
Published: May 2017

A sampling of the literature on marihuana has been presented, and a description has been given of some of the attributes of a small group of marihuana smokers in the community. This group is probably not well representative, however, of a largely unknown parent population.

While not entirely homogeneous, and while probably harbouring one or two marginally functioning people, this group may be described as composed of still young men and women of quite good intelligence and education, expressing preference for aesthetic, experiential values. For the most part single and without dependants, they support themselves in relatively conventional occupations but lean, less in fact and more in aspiration, towards what one might call artistic and expressive occupations. Current religious attachments are disowned and, instead, they are in search of some philosophy of life, adopting what one might call humanistic principles. They tend to see themselves, as, after all, most social groups do, as enlightened; and they feel united in their rejection or questioning of what they perceive as the contemporary social establishment. Some of them have misgivings about themselves, and are not sure of where they are going. However, the group probably assuages some of these anxieties, and possibly offers quite useful support to some of its less resourceful members. Perhaps, one of the most striking and seemingly paradoxical aspects of the situation is that, despite protestations of extraversion, concern with ‘the real’, and group belongingness, the apparent common denomination of the association lies in the seeking of what are entirely introversive or subjective experiences of an ‘unreal’, transcendental sort, and subsisting mainly in highly individualized phenomena. This consideration at least raises the question of whether the stronger gratification may not lie in membership of the group, rather than simply in indulging the marihuana habit for its own sake. The narcissistic aspects of the group process appear to constitute one important variable underlying the apparent difficulty and delay which these young people meet in establishing an eventual identification of sorts (probably in most cases) with a wider and more representative community.
Indian People and Community Psychiatry in Saskatchewan
Authors: Fritz W.B.
Published: May 2017

A discrepancy is identified between the increases in inpatient admissions and of outpatient contacts of Treaty Indians in Saskatchewan from 1967 to 1976. This is the reverse of the trend in the non-Treaty Indian population, and represents a contradictory effect to the intention of the Community Psychiatry Program of the province's government. No major diagnostic differences were at statistically significant levels, which might have accounted for the higher inpatient admission rates and the relatively lower outpatient contact rates of Treaty Indians. This is an interesting example of the use of governmental statistics and a promising one for the identification and solution of problems in health care delivery.
Stresses Associated with Career Success for Women
Authors: Whitfield Margaret D.
Published: May 2017

In recent years, more women have pursued careers in business and the traditionally male professions. Those that have succeeded live with a high degree of environmental stress. Since some of them are now consulting psychiatrists it is important that the psychiatrist be able to differentiate difficulties which have a cultural basis from those stemming from individual psychodynamics. Cultural stresses have been reviewed under three headings: inaccurate stereotypes; inadequate cultural supports; and role overload. It has been suggested that contact with her peer group is extremely important for this type of woman patient. The peer group provides both support and a frame of reference within which individual problems may be understood.
The Diagnosis of Personality Disorders a Pilot Study
Authors: Standage K.F.
Published: May 2017

A pilot study was carried out to see what levels of agreement on the diagnosis of the different types of personality disorder, described by Schneider, could be obtained by observers with different amounts of clinical experience. Audio-recordings of eight patients were examined by 10 raters, who represented three levels of experience.

Two patients had the same diagnosis made by 80 percent of the raters and these cases seemed best described as “typical”. In all the cases agreement was increased when a second choice diagnosis was permitted.

Significantly greater agreement was recorded by clinical clerks than by psychiatrists or psychiatric residents, though this was probably due to their making use of fewer of the types. It seemed probable that some types were less likely than others to be used for a first choice diagnosis. It is recommended that the most typical patients be employed in research in the field of the personality disorders if high diagnostic reliability is required.
Insanity Defence in Canada
Authors: Arboleda-Florez J.
Published: May 2017

The author has reviewed in this paper the difficulties in developing a more generally accepted test of criminal responsibility. Such difficulties are more clearly seen when studying the applicability of the criminal responsibility test in Canadian law, Section 16, which the author describes as a disguised M'Naghten rule. Finally it is argued that, because of the strictures encountered in the application of M'Naghten, some alternative routes have been developed at the courtroom level, notably Section 215 of the Criminal Code which deals with provocation. Section 215 gives legal footing to emotional conditions, producing an impairment in an accused's ability to form intent.
Diazepam Addiction a Case Report
Authors: Agrawal Prema
Published: May 2017

A case of addiction to Diazepam is reported. Severe withdrawal ‘symptoms such as tremulousness, irritability, increased psychomotor activity, generalized muscle cramps, abdominal cramps, photophobia, retro-orbital pains and insomnia are described. Visual hallucinations, illusions, and paranoid features are also present in this case. Detoxification and management were accomplished by gradual withdrawal and the addition of another tranquilizer, anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant.

The author reviews other such reports of abuse and addiction in the literature which call for wide recognition of the addictive properties of Diazepam and for restrictions on its indiscriminate prescription by physicians.
II. A Method of Reporting Formulation
Authors: Cameron P.M. , Kline S. , Korenblum M. , Seltzer A. , Small F.
Published: May 2017

The authors present a method of reporting and evaluating a formulation. The reporting of a formulation includes a summary introduction, biological considerations, psychosocial considerations and hypothesis construction. Three sample formulations are scrutinized and specific critical evaluations offered. The subsequent reformulations are presented.
The Role of the Psychiatrist in the Criminal Justice System
Authors: Greenspan Edward L.
Published: May 2017

In this article, the author explores the relationship between the lawyer as advocate and the psychiatrist as expert. He argues that the role of the psychiatrist in aiding the Court in the determination of relevant issues is one of increasing importance. Often the diagnostic opinions offered by the psychiatrist border on conclusory legal determinations. As such, those opinions must necessarily be subjected to the testing of adversarial processes. The role of the psychiatrist is to proffer a relevant opinion while nevertheless realizing that the inexact nature of the science limits the use such an opinion may have. The lawyer as adversary must subject that opinion to as rigorous an examination as possible. This examination is not an affront to the psychiatrist but rather an attempt to explore and expose the definitiveness of that opinion. It is through this combination of realized opinionating and adversarial examination that relevant legal-medical determinations can best be made within the confines of our existing judicial mode of dispute settlement.
Utilization of Emergency Departments for Psychiatric Treatment
Authors: Watson G.D.
Published: May 2017

A survey of four Edmonton hospital emergency department records for a one month period was carried out to determine the frequency of utilization by patients suffering from psychiatric disorders. Male attenders outnumbered females and the majority of patients fell into the 21 — 50 year age range. Alcohol-related illness was almost three times more frequent in males than females, whereas females were more frequently categorized as suffering “personal distress” or presented as suicide attempts. Overall, seventy-three percent of the patients were discharged; of those admitted, females outnumbered males.

The changing pattern of emergency department utilization was compared by examining data from one hospital for the years 1972, 1974 and 1976. During this four-year period the annual number of visits by psychiatric patients increased by almost eighty percent, largely due to dramatic increases in alcohol related problems in males and those described as “personal distress” in females. The establishment of intoxication recovery centres in 1973 paralleled a drop in the proportion of patients admitted to inpatient wards for alcohol-related, street drugs and overdose problems.

The results of the present survey are compared to those reported in the relevant literature, and the methodological problems encountered in carrying out a retrospective study of emergency services from clinical records are described.
Lunacy the Relation of Lunar Phases to Mental III-Health
Authors: Coles E.M. , Cooke Donna J.
Published: May 2017

On passe en revue la littérature concernant la croyance qu'un comportement anormal puisse être causé par les phases de la lune ou soit en relation avec celle-ci. On conclut qu'il n'y a eu aucune démonstration satisfaisante, c'est-à-dire sans équivoque et répétée, d'une corrélation entre les phases de la lune et une conduite anormale, mais que ce concept n'est peut-être pas défini d'une manière assez adéquate pour permettre une telle démonstration.
The Use of Dreams in Psychotherapy Practical Guidelines
Authors: Werman David S.
Published: May 2017

Although there is a large literature pertaining to the use of the dream in psychoanalysis, there is no systematic approach to working with dreams in psychotherapy. This communication seeks to present some guidelines for the use of the dream in psychotherapy. Reference is made to the significant difference in the “dimensions” of psychoanalysis as compared to psychotherapy. A distinction is drawn between the use of the dream in supportive psychotherapy as contrasted with insight-oriented psychotherapy. In the former, the dream — if used at all — serves supportive functions; in the latter, the goals are to develop better awareness by the patient of himself. Understanding of the dream is reached by inserting it into the context of the patient's psychological life; however, what is actually communicated to the patient will be keyed to the psychologic surface that the patient presents.
Forgiveness, Retaliation and Paranoid Reactions
Authors: Hunter R.C.A.
Published: May 2017

It has been suggested that clinical states from grudgingness and habitual bitterness through to delusions of persecution are best resolved by forgiving. The process of forgiving requires that previously unacknowledged impulses, particularly aggressive ones, are accepted in oneself and others. If the therapist is aware of this, he can, in the transference, reinforce the patient's good introjects by providing a non-judgemental, acceptant model for the patient and thereby facilitate the adoption of the forgiving attitude. Sometimes habitual forgiving can occur as a reaction formation, and should be dealt with as such.
Assessing Teacher Wellness: Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Measurement Invariance of the Teacher Subjective Wellbeing Questionnaire
Authors: Mankin Ariel , von der Embse Nathaniel , Renshaw Tyler L. , Ryan Shannon
Published: May 2017

Previous research demonstrates that there is an association between effective teaching and teachers’ positive psychological functioning at work. The current study explores the factor structure of the Teacher Subjective Wellbeing Questionnaire (TSWQ), which is a brief measure of two key dimensions of teachers’ positive psychological functioning: school connectedness and teaching efficacy. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted on TSWQ responses from a sample of 1,883 teachers across eight states, with results suggesting that the TSWQ is a structurally valid measure of its two purported teacher well-being constructs. Furthermore, measurement invariance analyses reveal that the factor structure of the TSWQ stays consistent across elementary, middle, and high school teachers. Taken together, findings from the current study further support the technical adequacy and, by extension, the applied use of the TSWQ in schools to screen for intervention, measure outcomes, and monitor progress.
Integrating the Problem-Based Learning Approach Into a Web-Based English Reading Course
Authors: Lin Lu-Fang
Published: May 2017

This study incorporated the problem-based learning (PBL) approach into a web-based English reading course. The purpose of the study was to examine the impact of PBL on the participants’ English reading comprehension (RC) and to explore the participants’ perceptions of PBL. The present study conducted a comparison of two teaching methods. Two classes of university students were randomly assigned to PBL and non-PBL groups. The PBL group was directed by the problem and surveyed the Internet to identify solutions. The non-PBL group was instructed using the teacher-lecture method. The two groups completed RC pre- and posttests, an instructional questionnaire, and self-reports. The statistic results showed that the PBL group achieved significantly higher mean scores than the non-PBL group in English RC. Additionally, the questionnaire results demonstrated that PBL significantly enhanced the participants’ active learning and synthesized their cognitive processing. Instructional recommendations for PBL web-based English curricula are presented.
Developing and Validating the Scale of Economic Self-Efficacy
Authors: Hoge Gretchen L. , Stylianou Amanda M. , Hetling Andrea , Postmus Judy L.
Published: May 2017

Experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) and financial hardship are often intertwined. The dynamics of an abusive relationship may include economic abuse tactics that compromise a survivor’s ability to work, pursue education, have access to financial resources, and establish financial skills, knowledge, and security. An increasingly common goal among programs serving IPV survivors is increasing financial empowerment through financial literacy. However, providing financial education alone may not be enough to improve financial behaviors. Psychological factors also play a role when individuals make financial choices. Economic self-efficacy focuses on the individual’s perceived ability to perform economic or financial tasks, and may be considered a primary influence on one’s ability to improve financial decisions and behaviors. The current study tests the reliability and validity of a Scale of Economic Self-Efficacy with a sample of female survivors of IPV. This study uses a calibration and validation analysis model including full and split-sample exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, assesses for internal consistency, and examines correlation coefficients between economic self-efficacy, economic self-sufficiency, financial strain, and difficulty living with income. Findings indicate that the 10-item, unidimensional Scale of Economic Self-Efficacy demonstrates strong reliability and validity among this sample of IPV survivors. An ability to understand economic self-efficacy could facilitate individualized service approaches and allow practitioners to better support IPV survivors on their journey toward financial empowerment. Given the increase in programs focused on assets, financial empowerment, and economic well-being, the Scale of Economic Self-Efficacy has potential as a very timely and relevant tool in the design, implementation, and evaluation of such programs, and specifically for programs created for IPV survivors.
Factors Associated With Police Decisions on Immediate Responses to Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Nesset Merete Berg , Bjørngaard Johan Håkon , Nøttestad Jim Aage , Whittington Richard , Lynum Cecilie , Psychol Cand , Palmstierna Tom
Published: May 2017

Police officers are often the first responders to intimate partner violence. The aim of the study was to examine the association between structured police assessments on-site in cases of intimate partner violence, and decisions about immediate arrest of the perpetrator and/or relocation of the victim. Data were extracted from police reports on 124 emergency visits in cases of intimate partner violence perpetrated by men toward women. Six out of totally 15 items of the intimate partner violence risk assessment measure B-SAFER were used by the front line police officers as the basis for decisions on whether or not to arrest the perpetrator or relocate the victim. The six items: perpetrator violent acts, violent threats or thoughts, escalation of violence, substance use problems, mental health problems, and breach of no-contact order, were selected on the basis of their utility in emergency situations. There were increased odds of arrest on-site if the perpetrator was physically violent (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.0-7.7) or had substance problems (AOR = 2.3, 95% CI = [1.0- 5.2]). There were increased odds of victim relocation if the perpetrator had mental health problems (AOR = 7.4, 95% CI = [2.4-23.1]) or if children were present on-site (AOR = 3.1, 95% CI = [1.1- 8.6]). In contrast, escalation of violence was associated with reduced odds of the perpetrator being arrested (AOR = 0.4, 95% CI = [0.1- 0.9]) or the victim being relocated (AOR = 0.4, 95% CI = [0.1- 1.3]). The finding that the police did not immediately respond to escalation, potentially signaling lethal violence needs to be addressed.
Women’s Advocates and Shelter Residents: Describing Experiences of Working and Living in Domestic Violence Shelters
Authors: Hughes Judy
Published: May 2017

Domestic violence shelters are a crucial service for women who have experienced violence and abuse from intimate partners. Despite research that demonstrates the effectiveness of shelter stays, little is known about the practices that occur and the interventions offered. Using data from qualitative interviews with six women’s advocates and six shelter residents, the article explores and documents the advocates’ practices and the impact of the shelter stay on women residents. The women’s advocates report that they provide women residents time to become comfortable, empower them to set their own goals and make their own decisions, and then help them to connect to other community resources. They also stressed that shelters are homes and they want to create environments within their shelters that are nonchaotic and violence free, so that the interactions encountered in these settings are different from women residents’ experiences with their abusive partners. The women residents reported receiving interventions that were similar to the descriptions that the advocates provided about their practice. For these women, being able to feel comfortable, safe, cared for, respected, and not judged was central to feeling helped during their shelter stay. Although the interview accounts revealed the importance of the relationship between advocates and residents, the findings also demonstrate that the environment within these shelters is equally significant to determining the quality of residents’ experiences.
Mechanical, thermal, and interfacial shear properties of polyamide/nanoclay nanocomposites
Authors: Gabr Mohamed H , Uzawa Kiyoshi
Published: May 2017

There are increasing interests in using thermoplastics to replace thermosets to laminate fabrication due to their advantages such as high toughness, shorter manufacturing cycles, and reprocessing possibilities. The aim of the current study is to select appropriate thermoplastic nanocomposites, which fit the requirements of carbon fiber (CF) composites in the automotive industry. In order to achieve the target, this research has investigated the effect of nanoclay on the mechanical, thermal, and interfacial properties with de-sized CF of polyamide (PA6) composites. PA6/clay composites were characterized by different properties, namely, bending, tensile, impact, heat distortion temperature, interfacial shear stress, and scanning electron microscope. The micromechanism of plastic deformation after bending failure of PA6-clay nanocomposites is examined with different contents of nanoclay to correlate the microstructures with the mechanical properties. The results revealed that with 3% organo-clay filler content, flexural strength and modulus improved significantly by 42% and 52%, respectively, which could be explained by scanning electron microscopy images that show rougher fracture surface with adding clay into the PA6 matrix. The increased surface roughness implies that the path of the crack tip is distorted because of the silicate nano-layer, making crack propagation more difficult. The interfacial shear strength for 1 wt% of nanoclay was about the same as the neat PA6 but decrease dramatically with increasing contents of nanoclay.
Transition From Subcutaneous or Inhaled Treprostinil to Oral Treprostinil at Home in Patients With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: A Retrospective Case Series
Authors: Ackerbauer Kimberly A. , Tandon Rajive
Published: May 2017

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive condition that can lead to right ventricular failure and death. Treprostinil is a prostacyclin analogue that has proven clinical efficacy in patients with PAH. Difficulties in the administration of inhaled and parenteral prostacyclins led to the development of extended-release treprostinil diolamine for oral use. Limited data exist on the transition to oral treprostinil. The purpose of this case series is to describe the transition from subcutaneous or inhaled treprostinil to oral treprostinil in the outpatient setting. With the current availability of oral prostacyclins and prostacyclins analogues, most transitions to oral therapy are done in the hospital setting resulting in increased cost and risk of hospital-acquired infections. Four patients on background phosphodiesterase type 5 therapy with baseline World Health Organization functional class (WHO FC) II PAH were transitioned at home. Three of the 4 patients were safely transitioned as outpatients and maintained WHO FC II status at 10 and 12 months. The fourth patient had worsening right heart failure and was admitted within 2 months of the transition and started back on parenteral prostacyclin therapy. The 6-minute walk distance (6MWD) increased in patients transitioning from inhaled therapy and decreased in the patient transitioning from subcutaneous therapy. The most common adverse event was nausea.
Nongovernmental Organizations’ Policy Advocacy and Government Responsiveness in China
Authors: Zhang Changdong
Published: May 2017

Can the “associational revolution” improve authoritarian government responsiveness? If it can, what kind of nongovernmental organization (NGO) can successfully lobby the government? Based on different theoretical perspectives, I develop three hypotheses: a pluralist hypothesis that focuses on resource exchange between such organizations and the government, a corporatist hypothesis that focuses on government institutional control and policy consultant intention, and a clientelist hypothesis that recognizes the underinstitutionalization of the policy-making process and emphasizes the informal network. I then test these hypotheses with a quantitative study of survey data of registered NGOs in three Chinese provinces. I find that the corporatist hypothesis is largely supported; the pluralism hypothesis is also somewhat supported while the clientelist hypothesis is not supported. The data reflect a hybrid pattern of policy advocacy that I term pluralized state corporatism, which fits China’s recent social-economic transformation and lagged political reform.
Utilizing ground-based LIDAR measurements to aid autonomous airdrop systems
Authors: Cacan Martin , Scheuermann Edward , Ward Michael , Costello Mark , Slegers Nathan
Published: May 2017

Uncertainty in atmospheric winds represents one of the primary sources of landing error in airdrop systems. In this work, a ground-based LIDAR system samples the wind field at discrete points above the target and transmits real-time data to approaching autonomous airdrop systems. In simulation and experimentation, the inclusion of a light detection and ranging (LIDAR) system showed a maximum of 40% improvement over unaided autonomous airdrop systems. Wind information nearest ground level has the largest impact on improving accuracy.
Applicability of an entry flow model of the brachial artery for flow models of the hemodialysis fistula
Authors: Bastola Sulav , Paulson William D , Jones Steven A
Published: May 2017

The native arteriovenous fistula creates a shunt that provides the high blood flow that is needed for dialysis. Lumped parameter hemodynamic models of the arteriovenous fistula can be used to predict shear stresses and pressure losses and can be applied to help understand unsolved problems such as the high rate of arteriovenous fistula maturation failure. These models combine together flow components, such as arteries, stenosis, anastomoses, arterial compliance, and blood inertia, and each component must be modeled with an appropriate pressure–flow relationship. Poiseuille flow is generally assumed for straight vessels, but the unique high flow rates within the brachial artery of an arteriovenous fistula are expected to induce entry flow effects that are neglected in this model. To estimate the importance of these effects, brachial artery flow was modeled in a low-resistance network, such as the one that occurs when an arteriovenous fistula is constructed, through the lumped parameter model, and the predicted flow rates and pressures were compared to those predicted by computational fluid dynamics. When Poiseuille flow was assumed, the flow rate from the lumped parameter model was consistently larger than that from computational fluid dynamics, with a cycle-averaged error of 36.8%. When an entry flow model (Shah) was assumed, the lumped parameter–based flow was 6% lower than the computational fluid dynamics model at the peak of the flow waveform, and the cycle-averaged error was reduced to 7.8%. Thus, in a low-resistance (high flow) arteriovenous fistula circuit, an entry flow model can account for steeper near-wall velocity gradients. This result can provide a useful guide for designing engineering models of the arteriovenous fistula.
Greetings and compliments or street harassment? Competing evaluations of street remarks in a recorded collection
Authors: Bailey Benjamin
Published: May 2017

In this article I evaluate competing discourses about the meaning of street remarks – the remarks men make to unacquainted women passing on the street – in 1000 comments posted to a YouTube video of street remarks recorded in New York City in 2014. One discourse prominent in the comments posted to the video defends the remarks as civil talk, highlighting the literal meanings of remarks such as ‘Have a nice evening’. A second, less frequent, discourse characterizes these encounters and utterances as sexual harassment, citing men’s ostensible sexual intentions and personal experience. I find that (a) difficulties in articulating the ways in which street remarks are injurious may veil their harm, thus contributing to the perpetuation of male domination of women in public spaces, and (b) the close juxtaposition of explicitly misogynistic comments with interpretations of the street remarks as civil casts doubt on the sincerity of such interpretations.
Improving multi-agent manufacturing control system by indirect communication based on ant agents
Authors: Vatankhah Barenji Ali , Vatankhah Barenji Reza
Published: May 2017

Manufacturing control systems are facing difficulty on adopting agility in today’s dynamic environment. Much research has been conducted on the use of multi-agent systems to facilitate this transition. In our previous work, a radio frequency identification–enabled multi-agent-based manufacturing control system was introduced for flexible manufacturing systems. In that control system, a direct coordination mechanism coordinates the agents. However, the decision-making response of the control system to disturbances was low and caused the agents to spend more time on processing messages than doing the actual job. Thus, in this article, we propose an indirect coordination mechanism based on ant colony intelligence aiming to improve the self-organization and processing time of the system. The new system utilizes the stigmergy mechanism for cooperation among the agents. Furthermore, ant agents are created by the existing agents to enable communication among them. The proposed new mechanism was implemented in a flexible assembly line. The simulation results of a case study considering shop floor problems indicates, for most performance measures, that the radio frequency identification–enabled multi-agent-based manufacturing control system integrated with indirect coordination mechanism performs better in comparison with the radio frequency identification–enabled multi-agent-based manufacturing control system integrated with direct coordination mechanism.
Factors associated with increased white matter hyperintense lesion (WMHI) load in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Authors: Shaharir S S , Osman S S , Md Rani S A , Sakthiswary R , Said M S M
Published: May 2017

Introduction

White matter hyperintense (WMHI) lesions are the most common finding in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Objective

The objective of this article is to determine the clinical factors associated with an increase in WMHI lesion load among SLE patients.

Method

A total of 83 SLE patients with MRI of the brain from National University of Malaysia Medical Centre were included. The WMHI lesion load was determined using the Scheltens score and Fazekas scale, and their distribution was divided into the deep white matter (DWMHI) and periventricular (PVH) regions. The clinical correlates of WMHI lesions were initially determined using univariate analyses and subsequently multivariable regression analyses were performed to determine the independent factors of increased WMHI lesion load.

Results

MRI of the brain of 46 patients who had WMHI lesions were compared with 37 patients with normal MRI. We found significant association between the presence of WMHI lesions and age, presence of cerebral infarcts, positive antiphospholipid antibody (aPL), active disease, neuropsychiatric lupus (NPSLE) and disease damage. Age, SLEDAI scores, cerebral infarcts and disease damage were significantly associated with higher DWMHI and PVH Scheltens scores. Meanwhile, patients with active lupus nephritis (LN), lower serum albumin and more severe proteinuria were associated with larger Fazekas WMHI lesions. Multivariable regression analysis revealed that the independent factors associated with presence of WMHI lesions were positive aPL and SLEDAI scores ( p < 0.05). Higher WMHI Scheltens scores in both DWMHI and PVH were associated with presence of cerebral infarct but higher PVH lesion load was significantly associated with active SLE disease.

Conclusion

Presence of WMHI lesions in SLE was significantly associated with cerebral infarcts, aPL and high general SLE activity, suggesting both inflammation and ischaemia as the underlying pathology of these lesions.
Electronic fetal monitoring, cerebral palsy, and medical ethics: Nonsense of a high order1
Authors: Sartwelle Thomas P. , Johnston James C. , Arda Berna
Published: May 2017

Electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) was predicted by its inventors to be the long-sought cerebral palsy (CP) nemesis. Rather than prevent CP or any other birth problems, 40 years of EFM use has done substantial harm to mothers and babies and created a worldwide CP-EFM litigation industry that enriches only trial lawyers. Physicians, frightened by the ever-expanding and costly CP-EFM litigation crisis, and focused on avoiding lawsuits at all costs, embraced ethical relativism—charitably called defensive medicine—and continued EFM use even in the face of overwhelming evidence that EFM is merely junk science. In doing so, physicians completely abandoned the bedrock bioethics principles of autonomy, beneficence, and nonmaleficence. This daily ethical drama has played itself out for the past almost half century with little protest from obstetricians and no protest from ethicists. This article reviews EFM harms, the CP-EFM litigation crisis, and the resulting abandonment of bioethics principles and explores why the CP-EFM paradigm has failed utterly to follow the Kuhnian model of the scientific, technology, medical paradigm shift.