bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The makeover and the malleable body in 1980s American teen film
Authors: Wilkinson Maryn
Published: January 2014

This article suggests that 1980s American culture was preoccupied with ideas of bodily transformation. It takes a look at the representation of the teenage girl in makeover montage sequences in 1980s teen films, in order to make three main arguments: (1) these sequences shifted their focus from before-and-after shots to make increasingly visible the transformation process itself, (2) they connected the makeover process to the purchase of consumer goods and services, and (3) by presenting the teen girl’s body as able to actively take on and adapt its performance of femininity, they opened up pockets of agency within a seemingly conservative discourse. The shifts created a filmic environment in which conventional representations of women and girls could slowly begin to evolve.
Falls and comorbidity: The pathway to fractures
Authors: Jørgensen Terese Sara Høj , Hansen Annette Højmann , Sahlberg Marie , Gislason Gunnar H. , Torp-Pedersen Christian , Andersson Charlotte , Holm Ellen
Published: January 2014

Aims: To compare nationwide time trends and mortality in hip and proximal humeral fractures; to explore associations between incidences of falls risk related comorbidities (FRICs) and incidence of fractures. Methods: The study is a retrospective cohort study using nationwide Danish administrative registries from 2000 through 2009. Individuals aged 65 years or older who experienced a hip or a proximal humeral fracture were included. Incidence of hip and of proximal humeral fractures, incidence of FRICs (ischemic heart disease, COPD, dementia, depression, diabetes, heart failure, osteoporosis, Parkinson’s disease and stroke) and incidence rate ratios (IRR) for fractures in patients with FRICs, and all-cause mortality up to 10 years after a hip or a proximal humeral fracture were analysed. Results: A total of 89,150 patients experienced hip fractures and 48,581 proximal humeral fractures. From 2000 through 2009, the incidence of hip fractures per 100,000 individuals declined by 198 (787 to 589, OR = 0.75, CI: 0.72–0.80) among males and by 483 (1758 to 1275, OR = 0.74, CI: 0.72–0.77) among females. Incidences of FRICs decreased. The absolute reduction in fractures was most pronounced for the age group above 75 years (2393 to 1884, OR = 0.81, CI: 0.78–0.83), but the relative reduction was more pronounced in the age group of 65–75 years old (496 to 342, OR = 0.70, CI: 0.66–0.74). IRRs for hip fractures and for proximal humeral fractures were significantly elevated in patients with FRICs. Conclusions: The results suggest that the overall reduction in fractures can be explained by reduction in falls related comorbidity.
How risky is Internet gambling? A comparison of subgroups of Internet gamblers based on problem gambling status
Authors: Gainsbury Sally M , Russell Alex , Wood Robert , Hing Nerilee , Blaszczynski Alex
Published: January 2014

Internet gambling offers unique features that may facilitate the development or exacerbation of gambling disorders. Higher rates of disordered gambling have been found amongst Internet than with land-based gamblers; however little research has explored whether Internet disordered gamblers are a distinct subgroup. The current study compared problem with non-problem and at-risk Internet gamblers to understand further why some Internet gamblers experience gambling-related harms, using an online survey with a sample of 2799 Australian Internet gamblers. Problem gambling respondents were younger, less educated, had higher household debt, lost more money and gambled on a greater number of activities, and were more likely to use drugs while gambling than non-problem and at-risk gamblers. Problem gamblers had more irrational beliefs about gambling, were more likely to believe the harms of gambling to outweigh the benefits, that gambling is morally wrong and that all types of gambling should be illegal. For problem gamblers, Internet gambling poses unique problems related to electronic payment and constant availability, leading to disrupted sleeping and eating patterns. However, a significant proportion of Internet problem gambling respondents also had problems related to terrestrial gambling, highlighting the importance of considering overall gambling involvement when examining subgroups of gamblers. It is argued that policy makers should consider carefully how features of Internet gambling contribute to gambling disorders requiring the implementation of evidence-based responsible gambling strategies.
State Adoption of Tax Policy
Authors: Hayes Thomas J. , Dennis Christopher
Published: January 2014

This article examines the factors that influence two important areas of state tax policy—the adoption of an income tax as well as whether a state permits deducting federal income taxes against state individual income taxes. We focus on a factor that has largely been unexplored, the flow of income going to the Top 1% of earners. Using data from two different time periods (1916-1937 and 1960-2003), we find that the share of income received by the richest 1% of taxpayers corresponds with both the likelihood states will adopt an income tax as well as whether states allow deductions of federal income tax against state individual income taxes.
Volunteerism
Authors: Fajardo Ismael , Lott Joe L. , Contreras Frances
Published: January 2014

Using data from the Cooperative Institutional Research Program from University of California Los Angeles ( n = 523), this study investigates curricular and co-curricular experiences that influence the odds of volunteering for Latina/o students who attend private institutions. Results show that Latinas/os who rated themselves highly on leadership ability, attended religious services, voted in a student election, had taken an Ethnic Studies course, and/or participated in study abroad had significantly higher odds of volunteering while in college. The implications of these results are relevant to policy and practice, as colleges provide opportunities that shape civic attitudes and behaviors.
Blind forces
Authors: Martin Sean R. , Kish-Gephart Jennifer J. , Detert James R.
Published: January 2014

This review integrates research regarding organizations’ ethical infrastructure and moral disengagement to illustrate the complicated relationship between these constructs. We argue that employee perceptions of strong ethical infrastructures may reduce individuals’ tendencies to rationalize and engage in clearly self-interested unethical behaviors, but might motivate moral disengagement about other behaviors by tapping into members’ desires to preserve a positive self-image and reduce cognitive burden. This research builds upon scholars’ understanding that “good” people can be morally blind and engage in unsavory acts without awareness of the unethical nature of their actions, and suggests that even in organizations with formal and informal systems prioritizing ethics, unethical decisions and behaviors may be rationalized and go unnoticed. Finally, we discuss theoretical and methodological implications—notably that scholars should be concerned about conclusions drawn from employee perceptions about the ethicality of the organizational context, and supplement perceptual measures with direct observation and more objective assessment.
Turning the tide: a history and review of hyperhidrosis treatment
Authors: Lee Kevin YC , Levell Nick J
Published: January 2014

Summary

Hyperhidrosis is a potential cause of severe physical and psychological distress, interfering in activities of daily living. Over the past 100 years, advances have been made regarding the treatment of this debilitating condition with some success. Surgical treatment with sympathectomy was successfully performed for hyperhidrosis in the early part of the 20th century, with various modifications of the technique over the past 100 years. Topical aluminium salt antiperspirants, anticholinergic medications, iontophoresis and botulinum toxin introduced less invasive ways to manage this condition. This historical review will enable dermatologists and non-dermatologists to manage this distressing condition.
Eligibility for bariatric surgery among adults in England: analysis of a national cross-sectional survey
Authors: Ahmad Ahmir , Laverty Anthony A , Aasheim Erlend , Majeed Azeem , Millett Christopher , Saxena Sonia
Published: January 2014

Summary

Objectives:

This study aimed to determine the number eligible for bariatric surgery and their sociodemographic characteristics.

Design:

We used Health Survey for England 2006 data, representative of the non-institutionalized English population.

Setting:

The number of people eligible for bariatric surgery in England based on national guidance is unknown. The UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence criteria for eligibility are those with body mass index (BMI) 35–40 kg/m2 with at least one comorbidity potentially improved by losing weight or a BMI > 40 kg/m2.

Participants:

Of 13,742 adult respondents (≥18 years), we excluded participants with invalid BMI ( n = 2103), comorbidities ( n = 2187) or sociodemographic variables ( n = 27) data, for a final study sample of 9425 participants.

Main outcome measures:

The comorbidities examined were hypertension, type 2 diabetes, stroke, coronary heart disease and osteoarthritis. Sociodemographic variables assessed included age, sex, employment status, highest educational qualification, social class and smoking status.

Results:

5.4% (95% CI 5.0–5.9) of the non-institutionalized adult population in England could meet criteria for having bariatric surgery after accounting for survey weights. Those eligible were more likely than the general population to be women (60.1% vs. 39.9%, p<0.01), retired (22.4% vs. 12.8% p<0.01), and have no formal educational qualifications (35.7% vs. 21.3%, p<0.01).

Conclusions:

The number of adults potentially eligible for bariatric surgery in England (2,147,683 people based on these results and 2006 population estimates) far exceeds previous estimates of eligibility. In view of the sociodemographic characteristics of this group, careful resource allocation is required to ensure equitable access on the basis of need.
Latissimus dorsi free flap reconstruction of major abdominal defect in treatment of giant Marjolin’s ulcer: a short report focused on preoperative imaging
Authors: Steffensen Signe Muus , Thomassen Anders , Jensen Jesper Poul Naested , Soerensen Jens Ahm
Published: January 2014

We present a case of a 56-year-old man with a giant carcinoma in the abdominal wall. Based on positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scan there were FDG-avid lymph nodes in the ipsilateral axillary and groin, suspicious for metastases. At contrast-enhanced CT the parietal peritoneum seemed free of tumor invasion, which was essential to radical surgery planning. The tumor was completely removed with clear margins of resection and no metastasis in the resected lymph nodes. The PET/CT scan was repeated after 4 months, showing no signs of recurrence.
Electoral Politics in the North West Frontier Province of Colonial India 1946–47
Authors: Ahmad Muhammad Shakeel , Memon Amanullah , Rabbi Fazal
Published: January 2014

The period 1946–47 was very crucial in the electoral history of the North West Frontier Province (NWFP) within the context of suddenly changed electoral trends. Political and electoral trends suddenly changed in the NWFP during 1946–47. The electoral trends during the 1946 elections were favourable towards the All India National Congress. It was also observed that during the next one year, that is, in the 1947 referendum, electoral behaviour turned towards the All India Muslim League. The study of this surprising change in electoral behaviour during 1946–47 is unique in the colonial electoral history of the NWFP. In this article, an attempt has been made to explore the electoral trends in the NWFP during the 1946 elections and the referendum in 1947. Some basic questions are also addressed, that is, why did the Congress get a considerable electoral victory in the NWFP in 1946? How did electoral trends change in favour of the Muslim League after one year in the 1947 referendum? How did de-alignment occur in the electoral politics of the NWFP? What were those leading factors that affected electoral behaviour during period under study? Many social scientists and historians focused on electoral trends in descriptive form and no compact study was undertaken on the basis of electoral theories. In this article, the changing dynamics of electoral politics has been explored within the framework of existing models of electoral politics.
Automated alignment-based curation of gene models in filamentous fungi
Authors: van der Burgt Ate , Severing Edouard , Collemare Jérôme , de Wit Pierre JGM
Published: January 2014

Background

Automated gene-calling is still an error-prone process, particularly for the highly plastic genomes of fungal species. Improvement through quality control and manual curation of gene models is a time-consuming process that requires skilled biologists and is only marginally performed. The wealth of available fungal genomes has not yet been exploited by an automated method that applies quality control of gene models in order to obtain more accurate genome annotations.

Results

We provide a novel method named alignment-based fungal gene prediction (ABFGP) that is particularly suitable for plastic genomes like those of fungi. It can assess gene models on a gene-by-gene basis making use of informant gene loci. Its performance was benchmarked on 6,965 gene models confirmed by full-length unigenes from ten different fungi. 79.4% of all gene models were correctly predicted by ABFGP. It improves the output of ab initio gene prediction software due to a higher sensitivity and precision for all gene model components. Applicability of the method was shown by revisiting the annotations of six different fungi, using gene loci from up to 29 fungal genomes as informants. Between 7,231 and 8,337 genes were assessed by ABFGP and for each genome between 1,724 and 3,505 gene model revisions were proposed. The reliability of the proposed gene models is assessed by an a posteriori introspection procedure of each intron and exon in the multiple gene model alignment. The total number and type of proposed gene model revisions in the six fungal genomes is correlated to the quality of the genome assembly, and to sequencing strategies used in the sequencing centre, highlighting different types of errors in different annotation pipelines. The ABFGP method is particularly successful in discovering sequence errors and/or disruptive mutations causing truncated and erroneous gene models.

Conclusions

The ABFGP method is an accurate and fully automated quality control method for fungal gene catalogues that can be easily implemented into existing annotation pipelines. With the exponential release of new genomes, the ABFGP method will help decreasing the number of gene models that require additional manual curation.
Two case reports of bilateral vertebral artery tortuosity and spiral twisting in vascular vertigo
Authors: Hong-tao Zhang , Shu-ling Zhang , Dao-pei Zhang
Published: January 2014

Background

Tortuous blood vessels are commonly seen in the cerebral arteries. The association between vertebrobasilar artery tortuosity and vascular vertigo remains obscure.

Case presentation

We describe two patients with vascular vertigo who had bilateral curving and spiral looping in multiple segments of the vertebral arteries and also exhibited basilar artery tortuosity. Both patients had cerebrovascular risk factors and exhibited clinical features of vertigo with high severity, slow recovery, and recurrent tendencies. Contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography of the neck showed bilateral tortuosity in the V2 segments and spiral twisting in the V4 segments of the vertebral arteries, and basilar artery curving. No obvious sign of atherosclerotic stenosis was found in the vertebrobasilar arteries and no abnormalities were observed in the internal carotid arteries. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound showed decreased blood flow in tortuous vertebrobasilar arteries. Brainstem auditory evoked potentials showed that the interpeak latencies (IPL) of waves III-IV were prolonged, with a ratio of IPL III-V/IPL I-III > 1.

Conclusions

Vertebrobasilar tortuosity in combination with cerebrovascular risk factors may lead to vascular vertigo in these patients.
The importance of providing counselling and financial support to patients receiving treatment for multi-drug resistant TB: mixed method qualitative and pilot intervention studies
Authors: Baral Sushil C , Aryal Yeshoda , Bhattrai Rekha , King Rebecca , Newell James N
Published: January 2014

Background

People with multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in low-income countries face many problems during treatment, and cure rates are low. The purpose of the study was (a) to identify and document the problems experienced by people receiving care for MDR-TB, and how they cope when support is not provided, to inform development of strategies; (b) to estimate the effectiveness of two resultant strategies, counselling alone, and joint counselling and financial support, of increasing DOTS-plus treatment success under routine programme conditions.

Methods

A mixed-method study comprising a formative qualitative study, pilot intervention study and explanatory qualitative study to better understand barriers to completion of treatment for MDR-TB. Participants were all people starting MDR-TB treatment in seven DOTS-plus centres in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal during January to December 2008. The primary outcome measure was cure, as internationally defined.

Results

MDR-TB treatment caused extreme social, financial and employment hardship. Most patients had to move house and leave their job, and reported major stigmatisation. They were concerned about the long-term effects of their disease, and feared infecting others. In the resultant pilot intervention study, the two strategies appeared to improve treatment outcomes: cure rates for those receiving counselling, combined support and no support were 85%, 76% and 67% respectively. Compared with no support, the (adjusted) risk ratios of cure for those receiving counselling and receiving combined support were 1.2 (95% CI 1.0 to 1.6) and 1.2 (95% CI 0.9 to 1.6) respectively. The explanatory study demonstrated that patients valued both forms of support.

Conclusions

MDR-TB patients are extremely vulnerable to stigma and extreme financial hardship. Provision of counselling and financial support may not only reduce their vulnerability, but also increase cure rates. National Tuberculosis Programmes should consider incorporating financial support and counselling into MDR-TB care: costs are low, and benefits high, especially since costs to society of incomplete treatment and potential for incurable TB are extremely high.
Existence and uniqueness of positive solutions to boundary value problem with increasing homeomorphism and positive homomorphism operator
Authors: Miao Fenghua , Zhou Chenxing , Song Yueqiang
Published: January 2014

In this paper, we consider the following nonlinear boundary value problem:

(
φ
(

u
′

(
t
)
)
)

′

+
a
(
t
)
f
(
u
(
t
)
)
=
0

,

0
<
t
<
1

,

u
(
0
)
=

∑

i
=
1

m
−
2

α
i

u
(

ξ
i

)

,

u
′

(
1
)
=
0

, where

φ
:
R
⟶
R

is an increasing homeomorphism and positive homomorphism with

φ
(
0
)
=
0

. By using a fixed-point theorem on partially ordered sets, we obtain sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of positive and nondecreasing solutions to the above boundary value problem.

MSC:34B18, 34B27.
A Putative Relay Circuit Providing Low-Threshold Mechanoreceptive Input to Lamina I Projection Neurons via Vertical Cells in Lamina II of the Rat Dorsal Horn
Authors: Yasaka Toshiharu , Tiong Sheena YX , Polgár Erika , Watanabe Masahiko , Kumamoto Eiichi , Riddell John S , Todd Andrew J
Published: January 2014

Background:

Lamina I projection neurons respond to painful stimuli, and some are also activated by touch or hair movement. Neuropathic pain resulting from peripheral nerve damage is often associated with tactile allodynia (touch-evoked pain), and this may result from increased responsiveness of lamina I projection neurons to non-noxious mechanical stimuli. It is thought that polysynaptic pathways involving excitatory interneurons can transmit tactile inputs to lamina I projection neurons, but that these are normally suppressed by inhibitory interneurons. Vertical cells in lamina II provide a potential route through which tactile stimuli can activate lamina I projection neurons, since their dendrites extend into the region where tactile afferents terminate, while their axons can innervate the projection cells. The aim of this study was to determine whether vertical cell dendrites were contacted by the central terminals of low-threshold mechanoreceptive primary afferents.

Results:

We initially demonstrated contacts between dendritic spines of vertical cells that had been recorded in spinal cord slices and axonal boutons containing the vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1), which is expressed by myelinated low-threshold mechanoreceptive afferents. To confirm that the VGLUT1 boutons included primary afferents, we then examined vertical cells recorded in rats that had received injections of cholera toxin B subunit (CTb) into the sciatic nerve. We found that over half of the VGLUT1 boutons contacting the vertical cells were CTb-immunoreactive, indicating that they were of primary afferent origin.

Conclusions:

These results show that vertical cell dendritic spines are frequently contacted by the central terminals of myelinated low-threshold mechanoreceptive afferents. Since dendritic spines are associated with excitatory synapses, it is likely that most of these contacts were synaptic. Vertical cells in lamina II are therefore a potential route through which tactile afferents can activate lamina I projection neurons, and this pathway could play a role in tactile allodynia.
De Novo 13q13.3-21.31 deletion involving RB1 gene in a patient with hemangioendothelioma of the liver
Authors: Rapini Novella , Lidano Roberta , Pietrosanti Silvia , Vitiello Giuseppina , Grimaldi Chiara , Postorivo Diana , Nardone Anna Maria , Del Bufalo Francesca , Brancati Francesco , Manca Bitti Maria Luisa
Published: January 2014

Interstitial deletions of the long arm of chromosome 13 (13q) are related with variable phenotypes, according to the size and the location of the deleted region. The main clinical features are moderate/severe mental and growth retardation, cranio-facial dysmorphism, variable congenital defects and increased susceptibility to tumors. Here we report a 3-year-old girl carrying a de novo 13q13.3-21.32 interstitial deletion. She showed developmental delay, growth retardation and mild dysmorphism including curly hair, high forehead, short nose, thin upper lip and long philtrum. An abnormal mass was surgically removed from her liver resulting in a hemangioendothelioma. Array analysis allowed us to define a deleted region of about 27.87 Mb, which includes the RB1 gene. This is the first report of a 13q deletion associated with infantile hemangioendothelioma of the liver.
Museum factors affecting the ageing process of organic materials: review on experimental designs and the INVENVORG project as a pilot study
Authors: Dellaportas Petros , Papageorgiou Effie , Panagiaris Georgios
Published: January 2014

The most common way followed for the determination of degradation mechanisms of organic materials is the application of physiochemical methods after accelerated aging. In recent years, there has been a remarkable research activity towards the development of alternative decay determination methods in organic materials based on statistics. We first present a survey of European research projects in this area together with summaries of their results. Second, we describe the ongoing project entitled ‘Investigation of the environmental factor effects on organic materials constituting the natural and cultural heritage’ in which statistics plays a crucial role. In particular, we present a statistical methodology that is based on a designed experimental and inferential protocol which will guide the research throughout the project. By providing basic statistical and design concepts, we present guidelines to design statistical protocols that are necessary for scientifically sound quantitative experiments.
Administration of a second generation perfluorochemical in combination with hyperbaric oxygenation does not provide additional benefit in a model of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats
Authors: Schneider Ulf C , Karutz Tobias , Schilling Lothar , Woitzik Johannes
Published: January 2014

Objective

Both, second generation perfluorochemicals (Oxycyte®) and hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) have been shown to reduce necrotic tissue volume if administered early after experimental cerebral ischemia. With the idea of exponentiation of oxygen delivery to ischemic tissue, this study was conducted to investigate the combined effect of both treatment modalities on the extent of ischemic brain damage.

Methods

Permanent focal cerebral ischemia was induced in rats by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Animals were assigned randomly to one of the following treatment groups: Control (0.9% NaCl, 1 ml/100 g i.v.), Oxycyte® (1 ml/100 g i.v.), HBO (1 bar hyperbaric oxygenation for 1 h) and HBO + Oxycyte® (1 ml/100 g i.v. combined with 1 bar hyperbaric oxygenation for 1 h). Injection of NaCl or Oxycyte® was performed following MCAO. After injection, breathing was changed to 100% oxygen in Oxycyte®-, HBO- and HBO + Oxycyte®-groups. After eight hours the necrotic volume was calculated from serial coronal sections stained with silver-nitrate and corrected for the extent of swelling.

Results

Hemodynamic and metabolic parameters were not affected by infusion of Oxycyte®. Total necrosis volume was significantly reduced in HBO-treated animals (223 ± 70 mm3), when compared to control animals (335 ± 36 mm3). In animals after Oxycyte®-treatment alone (299 ± 33 mm3) or combined HBO + Oxycyte®-treatment (364 ± 50 mm3) did not show a significantly smaller necrosis volume compared to control animals (necrosis volumes are given as mean ± SD).

Discussion

These results suggest that combination of hyperbaric oxygenation and Oxycyte® administered immediately after onset of vascular occlusion does not provide an additional neuroprotective effect in the early phase of brain ischemia.
Mental health outcomes in US and UK military personnel returning from Iraq
Authors: Sundin Josefin , Herrell Richard K. , Hoge Charles W. , Fear Nicola T. , Adler Amy B. , Greenberg Neil , Riviere Lyndon A. , Thomas Jeffrey L. , Wessely Simon , Bliese Paul D.
Published: January 2014

Background

Research of military personnel who deployed to the conflicts in Iraq or Afghanistan has suggested that there are differences in mental health outcomes between UK and US military personnel.

Aims

To compare the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), hazardous alcohol consumption, aggressive behaviour and multiple physical symptoms in US and UK military personnel deployed to Iraq.

Method

Data were from one US (n= 1560) and one UK (n= 313) study of post-deployment military health of army personnel who had deployed to Iraq during 2007–2008. Analyses were stratified by high- and low-combat exposure.

Results

Significant differences in combat exposure and sociodemographics were observed between US and UK personnel; controlling for these variables accounted for the difference in prevalence of PTSD, but not in the total symptom level scores. Levels of hazardous alcohol consumption (low-combat exposure: odds ratio (OR) = 0.13, 95% CI 0.07–0.21; high-combat exposure: OR = 0.23, 95% CI 0.14–0.39) and aggression (low-combat exposure: OR = 0.36, 95% CI 0.19–0.68) were significantly lower in US compared with UK personnel. There was no difference in multiple physical symptoms.

Conclusions

Differences in self-reported combat exposures explain most of the differences in reported prevalence of PTSD. Adjusting for self-reported combat exposures and sociodemographics did not explain differences in hazardous alcohol consumption or aggression.
Antiemetic Guideline Consistency and Incidence of Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting in US Community Oncology Practice: INSPIRE Study
Authors: Gilmore James W. , Peacock Nancy W. , Gu Anna , Szabo Stephen , Rammage Melissa , Sharpe Joyce , Haislip Sally T. , Perry Toni , Boozan Tim L. , Meador Katherine , Cao Xiting , Burke Thomas A.
Published: January 2014

Increased adherence to antiemetic guidelines could significantly reduce the incidence of chemotherapy-inducd nausea and vomiting after highly or moderately emetogenic chemotherapy.
Skin Cancer Surveillance and Malignancies of the Skin in a Community-Dwelling Cohort of Patients With Newly Diagnosed Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: Mansfield Aaron S. , Rabe Kari G. , Slager Susan L. , Schwager Susan M. , Call Timothy G. , Brewer Jerry D. , Shanafelt Tait D.
Published: January 2014

The authors documented a low compliance with guidelines to screen for skin malignancy in a community-dwelling cohort of patients with newly diagnosed chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
Bioenergetics During Calvarial Osteoblast Differentiation Reflect Strain Differences in Bone Mass
Authors: Guntur Anyonya R. , Le Phuong T. , Farber Charles R. , Rosen Clifford J.
Published: January 2014

Osteoblastogenesis is the process by which mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into osteoblasts that synthesize collagen and mineralize matrix. The pace and magnitude of this process are determined by multiple genetic and environmental factors. Two inbred strains of mice, C3H/HeJ and C57BL/6J, exhibit differences in peak bone mass and bone formation. Although all the heritable factors that differ between these strains have not been elucidated, a recent F1 hybrid expression panel (C3H × B6) revealed major genotypic differences in osteoblastic genes related to cellular respiration and oxidative phosphorylation. Thus, we hypothesized that the metabolic rate of energy utilization by osteoblasts differed by strain and would ultimately contribute to differences in bone formation. In order to study the bioenergetic profile of osteoblasts, we measured oxygen consumption rates (OCR) and extracellular acidification rates (ECAR) first in a preosteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1C4 and subsequently in primary calvarial osteoblasts from C3H and B6 mice at days 7, 14, and 21 of differentiation. During osteoblast differentiation in media containing ascorbic acid and β-glycerophosphate, all 3 cell types increased their oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification rates compared with the same cells grown in regular media. These increases are sustained throughout differentiation. Importantly, C3H calvarial osteoblasts had greater oxygen consumption rates than B6 consistent with their in vivo phenotype of higher bone formation. Interestingly, osteoblasts utilized both oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis during the differentiation process although mature osteoblasts were more dependent on glycolysis at the 21-day time point than oxidative phosphorylation. Thus, determinants of oxygen consumption reflect strain differences in bone mass and provide the first evidence that during collagen synthesis osteoblasts use both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation to synthesize and mineralize matrix.
The evolution of micro-cursoriality in mammals
Authors: Lovegrove Barry G. , Mowoe Metobor
Published: January 2014

In this study we report on the evolution of micro-cursoriality, a unique case of cursoriality in mammals smaller than 1 kg. We obtained new running speed and limb morphology data for two species of elephant-shrews (Elephantulus spp., Macroscelidae) from Namaqualand, South Africa, which we compared with published data for other mammals. Elephantulus maximum running speeds were higher than most mammals smaller than 1 kg. Elephantulus also possess exceptionally high metatarsal:femur ratios (1.07) that are typically associated with fast unguligrade cursors. Cursoriality evolved in the Artiodactyla, Perissodactyla, and Carnivora coincident with global cooling and the replacement of forests with open landscapes in the Oligocene and Miocene. The majority of mammal species, though, remained non-cursorial, plantigrade, and small (< 1 kg). The extraordinary running speed and digitigrady of elephant-shrews was established in the Early Eocene in the earliest macroscelid Prodiacodon, but was probably inherited from Paleocene, Holarctic stem macroscelids. Micro-cursoriality in macroscelids evolved from the plesiomorphic plantigrade foot of the possum-like ancestral mammal earlier than in other mammalian crown groups. Micro-cursoriality evolved first in forests, presumably in response to selection for rapid running speeds facilitated by local knowledge, in order to avoid predators. During the Miocene, micro-cursoriality was pre-adaptive to open, arid habitats, and became more derived in the newly-evolved Elephantulus and Macroscelides elephant-shrews with trail running.
Chemical Synthesis of Binary Solid Solution Bismuth–Antimony Nanoparticles with Control of Composition and Morphology
Authors: Mai Nguyen T , Kodaira Satoru , Shahiduzzaman Md , Mott Derrick M , Maenosono Shinya
Published: January 2014

Three chemical synthesis approaches were developed to obtain binary solid solution Bi–Sb nanoparticles (NP) with controllable compositions and sizes. In each synthesis approach, an array of Bi100−xSbx NPs with x ranging from 25 to 90 was synthesized via careful control of feeding ratios and synthetic conditions. The NP sizes can be varied from 30 to 60 nm for single-crystal NPs, and from 350 to 500 nm for polycrystal NPs. The synthesized Bi100−xSbx NPs can be used as thermoelectric materials or as seeds for growth of ternary solid solution Bi–Sb–Te NPs with different compositions.
BENEFITS OF CPFR AND VMI COLLABORATION STRATEGIES: A SIMULATION STUDY
Authors: Kamalapur Raj , Lyth David , Houshyar Azim
Published: January 2014

This study provides managerial insight to pursue Collaborative Planning Forecasting and Replenishment (CPFR) or Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) strategy for both the retailer and manufacturer under different supply chain settings. Discrete event simulation is used to investigate the cost benefits of CPFR and VMI strategies over Traditional Supply Chain (TSC) in a variable demand environment. The conceptual model is a two-echelon production-inventory system with a manufacturer and a retailer. The results from this study suggest that when compared to TSC, both VMI and CPFR achieve cost benefits in inventory management for both the manufacturer and retailer. Under most supply chain settings, higher cost benefits are achieved in CPFR compared to VMI. Also, CPFR achieves higher cost benefits when demand variability is high, production capacity is low, backorder penalty cost is high and delivery lead time is long. However, when production capacity is high and delivery lead time is short, the cost benefits of CPFR and VMI are significantly lower.DOI: 10.12660/joscmv6n2p59-73URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12660/joscmv6n2p59-73
Quantitative Modeling in Practice: Applying Optimization Techniques to a Brazilian CPG Company Distribution Network Design (Technical Note)
Authors: Mirapalheta Gustavo Corrêa , Freitas Flávia Junqueira de
Published: January 2014

This article aims presenting an example of quantitative modeling and optimization techniques application to the design of the distribution network of a consumer packaged goods company in São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Paraná states, Brazil. First, it is made a brief review of quantitative modeling techniques as they are applied in the modeling and optimization of network problems. In the second section it is depicted the company's distribution problem, which had been developed as part of a consulting project developed by EAESP/FGV's Empresa Júnior.  The model is then optimized through a series of software so the methodologies and results can be compared. The article finishes with the results that the company got from the model deployment, presenting a clear case of optimization techniques in a real world application, showing the viability of easily using such techniques in a broad range of distribution and logistics problems.DOI: 10.12660/joscmv6n2p74-93URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12660/joscmv6n2p74-93
Management Insights
Authors: Gorman Michael F.
Published: January 2014

In our monthly Management Insights we highlight—without using technical jargon—the insights and implications for practicing managers that are explored and developed in each article published in the issue.
Naming the Big Bang
Authors: Kragh Helge
Published: January 2014

The standard model of modern cosmology is known as the hot big bang, a name that refers to the initial state of the universe some fourteen billion years ago. The name Big Bang introduced by Fred Hoyle in 1949 is one of the most successful scientific neologisms ever. How did the name originate and how was it received by physicists and astronomers in the period leading up to the hot big bang consensus model in the late 1960s? How did it reflect the meanings of the origin of the universe, a concept that predates the name by nearly two decades? Contrary to what is often assumed, the name was not an instant success—it took more than twenty years before Big Bang became a household word in the scientific community. When it happened, it was used with different connotations, as is still the case. Moreover, it was used earlier and more frequently in popular than in scientific contexts, and not always relating to cosmology. It turns out that Hoyle’s celebrated name has a richer and more surprising history than commonly assumed and also that the literature on modern cosmology and its history includes many common mistakes and errors. An etymological approach centering on the name Big Bang provides supplementary insight to the historical understanding of the emergence of modern cosmology.
Hubbert’s Peak
Authors: Priest Tyler
Published: January 2014

This paper analyzes the major debates over future petroleum supply in the United States, in particular the long-running feud between the world-famous geologist, M. King Hubbert, and the director of the U.S. Geological Survey, Vincent E. McKelvey. The intellectual history of resource evaluation reveals that, by the mid-twentieth century, economists had come to control the discourse of defining a “natural resource.” Their assurances of abundance overturned earlier conceptions of petroleum supplies as fixed and finite in favor of a more flexible understanding of resource potential in a capitalist society and acceptance of the price elasticity of natural resources. In 1956, King Hubbert questioned these assurances by predicting that U.S. domestic oil production would peak around 1970, which drew him into a long-running debate with McKelvey and the so-called “Cornucopians.” When Hubbert’s Peak was validated in the mid-1970s, he became a prophet. The acceptance of Hubbert’s theory ensured the centrality of oil in almost all discourses about the future, and it even created a cultural movement of prophecy believers fixated on preparing for the oil end times. Although notions of resource cornucopia seem to be once again in ascendance in the United States, Hubbert’s Peak still haunts any consideration of humanity’s environmental future.
Initiating a New Story
Authors: Lewis Patrick J. , Montgomery H. Monty , Campbell Craig A. , Ritenburg Heather , Diversi Marcelo
Published: January 2014

In May 2011, at the seventh annual gathering of the Congress of Qualitative Inquiry (QI), Norman Denzin organized two town hall meetings for anyone interested in exploring the idea of creating an Indigenous Qualitative Inquiry preconference day. In this article, we share the story of a small group that met to imagine into being the first Indigenous Qualitative Inquiry preconference day at the Eighth QI Congress in May 2012. We share the call that connected our work with others, describe the events of the preconference day, and share our hope for Indigenizing the academy – a journey of hope that we acknowledge requires careful navigation as we endeavour to move respectfully and in a good way for and toward transformative change.
Indigenous Storytelling as Research
Authors: Iseke Judy
Published: January 2014

Story is a practice in Indigenous cultures that sustains communities, validates experiences and epistemologies, expresses experiences of Indigenous peoples, and nurtures relationships and the sharing of knowledge. Storytelling is also a central focus of Indigenous epistemologies, pedagogies, and research approaches. Excerpts from discussions by Métis Elders, whose stories and histories are shared, suggest a complex mindfulness and require “deep respect” in research (Iseke & Brennus, 2011, p. 247). Elders’ stories inform discussions of (a) storytelling types (mythical, personal, and sacred), (b) storytelling as pedagogical tools for learning about life, (c) storytelling as witnessing and remembering, and (d) sharing stories of spirituality as sources of strength. Discussions follow.
The One Who Comes After Me
Authors: Anderson Michael Alan
Published: January 2014

Studies of the past two decades have shown that late medieval and Renaissance composers participated in a culture of symbolic representation by inscribing Christian figures and concepts into musical design. One figure who has been overlooked in this line of scholarship is John the Baptist, the precursor of Christ. This essay outlines the Baptist's historical impact on the conception of Christian temporality and proceeds to demonstrate some distinct experiments in fourteenth- and fifteenth-century music for John that express his predecessory character through emblematic manipulations of temporal parameters. By the sixteenth century, several inscriptions found in Vatican manuscripts reveal that the Baptist was associated with a particular musical craft that controls masterfully the unfolding of time: the art of canon. Drawing heavily on Scripture (especially John 1:15, 27, 30) to articulate the compositional conceits, the rubrics likened the leader (dux) and follower (comes) of a canon to the relationship between John (the forerunner saint) and Jesus. The analogy intensified around the papal chapel choirbook Vatican City, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, MS Cappella Sistina 38.
Denotation in Alien Environments
Authors: Cohen Margaret
Published: January 2014

While documentary is generally thought to value clarity and denotation, this article examines nonfiction documentary forms where more poetic practices have served as a communicative, if not denotative, tool. Accounts of the first extended underwater observation by pioneering divers like William Beebe, Hans Hass, Philippe Tailliez, and Philippe Diolé used literary allusions and fanciful rhetoric to express the implausible conditions of this alien environment, in a practice that reached its height before the flowering of underwater color and documentary cinema in the mid-1950s.
George Eliot’s Science Fiction
Authors: Duncan Ian
Published: January 2014

George Eliot’s recourse to comparative mythology and biology in Middlemarch and Daniel Deronda engages a conjectural history of symbolic language shared by the Victorian human and natural sciences. Troubling the formation of scientific knowledge as a progression from figural to literal usage, Eliot’s novels activate an oscillation between registers, in which linguistic events of metaphor become narrative events of organic metamorphosis.
Ghostly Reference
Authors: Freedgood Elaine
Published: January 2014

Ghostly reference is a malleable aspect of representation, a formal nexus that allows for the free play of belief and the production of worlds—two necessary conditions for the formation and sustenance of the liberal subject. In various fictions and one historical circumstance, this essay tries to take ghosts literally, to ask what they are as well as what they mean.
Technical Maturity in Robert Louis Stevenson
Authors: Schmitt Cannon
Published: January 2014

Technical language in novels, rare in itself, is still more rarely interpreted. Focusing on Robert Louis Stevenson’s bildungsromans, in this essay I argue that a technical maritime lexicon marks their protagonists’ accession to maturity. But that lexicon and the love for the world it attests to and demands also forces a redefinition of what it means to be mature, offering an open, adventurous, never-to-be completed Bildung that refuses the stasis of marriage or a settled profession.
The Rate of Adaptation in Large Sexual Populations with Linear Chromosomes
Authors: Weissman Daniel B , Hallatschek Oskar
Published: January 2014

In large populations, multiple beneficial mutations may be simultaneously spreading. In asexual populations, these mutations must either arise on the same background or compete against each other. In sexual populations, recombination can bring together beneficial alleles from different backgrounds, but tightly linked alleles may still greatly interfere with each other. We show for well-mixed populations that when this interference is strong, the genome can be seen as consisting of many effectively asexual stretches linked together. The rate at which beneficial alleles fix is thus roughly proportional to the rate of recombination and depends only logarithmically on the mutation supply and the strength of selection. Our scaling arguments also allow us to predict, with reasonable accuracy, the fitness distribution of fixed mutations when the mutational effect sizes are broad. We focus on the regime in which crossovers occur more frequently than beneficial mutations, as is likely to be the case for many natural populations.