bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Distamycin Analogues – New Potential Anticancer Agents
Authors: Drozdowska Danuta , Rusak Malgorzata , Miltyk Wojciech , Midura‐Nowaczek Krystyna
Published: January 2009

Eight of analogues of distamycin, potential minor‐groove binders, were synthesized and tested for in‐vitro cytotoxicity towards human breast cancer cells MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231. The method of synthesis is simple and convenient. All of the compounds 1–8 showed antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects against both cell lines in the range 3.47 to 12.53 μM for MDA‐MB‐231 and 4.35 to 12.66 μM for MCF‐7. All compounds demonstrated activity against DNA topoisomerases I and II at a concentration of 50 μM. The ethidium bromide assay showed that these compounds bind to plasmid pBR322, yet weaker than distamycin. Further investigations concerning the mechanism of cytotoxicity are now in progress, but the IC50 values suggest that synthetic distamycin analogues with a free amino group, 3–4 and 7–8, can serve as potential carriers of strong acting elements, e. g. alkylating groups.
Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition by Pentacycloundecane Conjugates of Aminoguanidine and Tryptamine
Authors: Wilkes Dennis K. , de Vries Armand , Oliver Douglas W. , Malan Sarel F.
Published: January 2009

This paper describes the synthesis andin‐vitroactivity of pentacycloundecane‐conjugated aminoguanidine and tryptamine analogues on nitric oxide synthase (NOS) using rat brain homogenate. Both aminoguanidine and tryptamine‐derived NOS inhibitors show selectivity towards the inducible and neuronal isoforms of the NOS enzyme, but are weak inhibitors and complete inhibition of the enzyme occurs only at high millimolar concentrations. In view of the increased NOS inactivation observed with alkyl substitution of these structures, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of the pentacycloundecane cage moiety as an alkyl substituent on thein vitroNOS inhibition of aminoguanidine and tryptamine compounds. Comparison of the IC50values of aminoguanidine (IC50= 2.306×10–3M) and 8‐imino‐N‐guanidino‐pentacyclo‐undecane2(IC50= 8.803×10–5M) revealed a more than 26‐fold increase in potency. The ability of tryptamine to inhibit NOS activity was also markedly improved by the various pentacycloundecane substituents. The compounds, 3‐hydroxy‐4‐[3‐(2‐aminoethyl)indole]‐azahexacyclo[5.4.1.02,6.03,10.05,9.08,11]dodecane4and 8‐[3‐(2‐aminoethyl) indole]‐pentacyclo[5.4.02,6.03,10.05,9]undecane7showed the best activity of the tryptamine analogues with a more than 3‐fold increase in nitric oxide synthase inhibition. The results confirmed that the pentacycloundecane structure substantially enhanced the NOS inhibitory potency as observed for the six new NOS inhibitors.
On examples of E‐education environment for distance graduate studies
Authors: Mockus Jonas
Published: January 2009

This article deals with the development of a Web‐based integrated system for distance graduate studies of optimization models, methods, and applications. The aim is to support the curriculum and free choice courses and to provide students with hands‐on experience on the effective use and development of software tools. The system is to stimulate and develop creative abilities of work as independent researchers by investigating of on‐line optimization models on the web. The idea is to optimize heuristics of different discrete optimization models by the unified Bayesian heuristic approach. The software is regularly updated in response to new programming tools and students reports. The general structure of the website remains: http://pilis.if.ktu.lt/∼jmockus © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 18: 331–343, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20264
Die Kommission für Anlagensicherheit als Beratungsgremium der Bundesregierung
Authors: Gierke W.
Published: January 2009

Auf dem Gebiet der Anlagensicherheit wurden die bisherigen Beratungsgremien – Störfall‐Kommission und Technischer Ausschuss für Anlagensicherheit – in der Kommission für Anlagensicherheit (KAS) zusammengefasst. Die KAS berät die Bundesregierung oder das zuständige Bundesministerium. In regelmäßigen Abständen und auch aus gegebenem Anlass soll die KAS sachkundig Möglichkeiten zur Verbesserung der Anlagensicherheit aufzeigen und des Weiteren dem Stand der Sicherheitstechnik entsprechende sicherheitstechnische Regeln vorschlagen.
Auslegung von Schutzeinrichtungen für wärmeübertragende Apparate
Authors: Schmidt J.
Published: January 2009

Wärmeübertragende Apparate werden entweder inhärent sicher (eigensicher) gebaut oder mit Schutzeinrichtungen versehen. Diese Einrichtungen sind so bemessen, dass weder der Druck noch die Temperatur im Apparat bei nicht‐bestimmungsgemäßem Betrieb über die zulässigen Werte des Apparates hinaus ansteigen. In der Regel werden Berstscheiben oder Sicherheitsventile (mechanische Schutzeinrichtungen) verwendet. Alternativ lassen sich mit prozessleittechnischen (PLT‐)Schutzeinrichtungen die relevanten Betriebsparameter (z. B. Druck, Temperatur etc.) sicher begrenzen. Zusätzlich zu diesen primären Schutzeinrichtungen werden sekundäre Schutzmaßnahmen festgelegt, um die Auswirkungen von Störungen (Dennoch‐Störfälle) zu mindern.
Predictors of contralateral breast cancer in patients with unilateral breast cancer undergoing contralateral prophylactic mastectomy
Authors: Yi Min , Meric‐Bernstam Funda , Middleton Lavinia P. , Arun Banu K. , Bedrosian Isabelle , Babiera Gildy V. , Hwang Rosa F. , Kuerer Henry M. , Yang Wei , Hunt Kelly K.
Published: January 2009

BACKGROUND:

Although contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) reduced the risk of contralateral breast cancer in unilateral breast cancer patients, it was difficult to predict which patients were most likely to benefit from the procedure. The objective of this study was to identify the clinicopathologic factors that predict contralateral breast cancer and thereby inform decisions regarding performing CPM in unilateral breast cancer patients.

METHODS:

A total of 542 unilateral breast cancer patients who underwent CPM at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center from January 2000 to April 2007 were included in the current study. A logistic regression analysis was used to identify clinicopathologic factors that predict contralateral breast cancer.

RESULTS:

Of the 542 patients included in this study, 25 (5%) had an occult malignancy in the contralateral breast. Eighty‐two patients (15%) had moderate‐risk to high‐risk histologic findings identified at final pathologic evaluation of the contralateral breast. Multivariate analysis revealed that 3 independent factors predicted malignancy in the contralateral breast: an ipsilateral invasive lobular histology, an ipsilateral multicentric tumor, and a 5‐year Gail risk ≥1.67%. Multivariate analysis also revealed that an age ≥50 years at the time of the initial cancer diagnosis and an additional ipsilateral moderate‐risk to high‐risk pathology were independent predictors of moderate‐risk to high‐risk histologic findings in the contralateral breast.

CONCLUSIONS:

The findings indicated that CPM may be a rational choice for breast cancer patients who have a 5‐year Gail risk ≥1.67%, an additional ipsilateral moderate‐risk to high‐risk pathology, an ipsilateral multicentric tumor, or an ipsilateral tumor of invasive lobular histology. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Regressive events in rat corticospinal axons during development in in vitro slice cocultures: Retraction, amputation, and degeneration
Authors: Yoshioka Noboru , Murabe Naoyuki , Sakurai Masaki
Published: January 2009

Axonal regression is utilized to refine neuronal circuits during development, but the dynamic properties of such regression remain largely unknown. We used confocal time‐lapse imaging to examine the regression of single enhanced yellow fluorescent protein‐labeled axons in corticospinal slice cocultures. By acquiring images at long (1 day) and short (30–60 min) intervals on days 5–13 in vitro, we detected three types of regressive events: 1) retractions, 2) amputations (referred to as autoaxotomy), and 3) degeneration. Retractions proceeded at some constant rate for up to 3 hours and then paused or switched to another constant rate, apparently shifting stepwise among three retraction rates (6, 12, 17 μm/hours). Autoaxotomy was a previously unreported strategy for regression. It occurred spontaneously, either at a proximal branch neck or at a distal end. Axons also underwent a form of degeneration that had several novel characteristics. Degenerating axons showed bright bead‐like spots arranged at 3–9‐μm intervals. The gaps were much larger than the spot size, and there was no prior sign of damage (e.g., swelling). Each spot's fluorescence intensity often waxed and waned, with its position unchanged. Degeneration progressed without clear proximal‐to‐distal directionality and was complete within 3–4 hours. Quantitative analysis of daily branch regression showed that branches almost always regressed up to their branch point or stopped before it, thereby keeping the branch point stable. This branch‐point stability was retained for all three regression strategies observed, suggesting that the fate of each branch is determined relatively independently during the development of axonal arborization. J. Comp. Neurol. 513:164–172, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Topographic commissural and descending projections of the habenula in the rat
Authors: Kim Uhnoh
Published: January 2009

The habenular complex of the epithalamus connects the limbic basal forebrain with numerous neuromodulatory centers in the midbrain. The habenula consists of the medial and lateral nuclei, each of which is speculated to contain multiple subdivisions. Such anatomical arrangements raise the possibility that the habenula accounts for multiple channels of information flow from the limbic forebrain to the midbrain. For understanding whether and, if so, how the multiple streams are organized via the habenula, knowledge of the precise input–output connectivity of each habenular subdivision is essential. In the present study, biotinylated dextran amine and cholera toxin subunit B were used to delineate the differential outputs of various subregions of the medial and lateral nuclei of the habenula in the rat. Both anterograde and retrograde tracing uncovered a heavy commissural connection between the two habenulae on the ipsilateral and contralateral sides. The commissural projection arises primarily in the lateral nucleus and exhibits a fine topography in that a local commissural efferent terminates primarily in the corresponding subregion on the contralateral side. The subregions of the medial and lateral nuclei also give rise to distinct projections to midbrain areas such as the interpeduncular nucleus, the median/paramedian nuclei, and the central gray. These projections produce terminal fields centered in different areas of the targets, supporting the topographically organized descending projections from the habenula. These data together support the organization of multiple channels in the habenula that convey parallel streams of information to the contralateral habenula, midbrain, and brainstem. J. Comp. Neurol. 513:173–187, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation of monodispersed aragonite microspheres via a carbonation crystallization pathway
Authors: Bao Weijun , Li Huiquan , Zhang Yi
Published: January 2009

Monodispersed calcium carbonate microspheres were prepared by carbonating a calcium acetate aqueous solution with CO2 gas at a high pressure of 40 bar and a high temperature of 80 °C after 60 minutes of reaction. The products were characterized by X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The XRD pattern showed that the crystal polymorph of the as‐prepared monodispersed microspheres was aragonite. The SEM images also displayed needle‐like aragonite self‐organized into microsphere superstructure with diameters ranging from 5 to 15 μm. Analysis of the formation mechanism of the calcium carbonate microsphere superstructure revealed that the rod‐dumbbell‐sphere morphogenesis mechanism along with the phase transformation of vaterite to aragonite was responsible for the growth of the monodispersed aragonite microspheres. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of axial vibration on Bi12SiO20 crystal growth by vertical Bridgman technique
Authors: Zhang Y. , Liu Y. , Jiang W. , Pan X. H. , Jin W. Q. , Ai F. , Wang H. C.
Published: January 2009

Bi12SiO20 single crystals have been grown successfully by vertical Bridgman technique. During the crystal growth process, different axial vibration amplitudes of 50 μm, 70 μm and 100 μm were applied with the same vibration frequency of 50 Hz. The effect of different axial vibration amplitudes on quality of the as‐grown Bi12SiO20 single crystals was discussed. The crystals have been characterized by X‐ray rocking curve optical and absorption spectrum. The experimental results reveal that the axial vibration amplitude has a pronounced effect on quality of the as‐grown Bi12SiO20 single crystals. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Synthesis of flake‐like crystals by a hydrothermal process
Authors: Yang Liangbao , Shen Yuhua , Xie Anjian
Published: January 2009

In this study, a hydrothermal method for formation of flake‐like nanocrystals is described. This approach with appropriate surfactant CTAB can be successfully synthesized of compound, noble metals, and semiconductors simple substance, such as lead sulfate, gold and selenium. The products were characterized by SEM image and XRD pattern. The results show that TSA acting as a new class of inorganic scaffolds for the synthesis of materials in crystal engineering and composites design for different applications is versatile reactor and may be extended to the creation of other highly novel inorganic structures with applications in catalysis, novel optical materials and other fields. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Glycemic risk factors of diabetic vascular complications: the role of glycemic variability
Authors: Zaccardi Francesco , Pitocco Dario , Ghirlanda Giovanni
Published: January 2009

Achieving adequate targets relatively to all risk factors is considered a standard of care for patients with diabetes mellitus. To date, current guidelines underline the importance of the ‘glucose triad’ (post‐prandial glucose, fasting plasma glucose and glycated haemoglobin) as the three glycemic factors that should be controlled in diabetes care; however, several literature data show that optimizing glycemic control needs achieving a control of glycemic variations. The objective of the present work is reviewing biological and clinical data supporting the role of glycemic variability, its measurement and relationship with the three other well‐known glycemic risk factors and evidencing the areas that need further investigation. At last, we propose a simple model that summarizes the ‘glucose triad’ plus the ‘new’ risk factor glycemic variability (the ‘Pyramid of the Risk’). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Competition affects food choice in women
Authors: Pliner Patricia , Rizvi Sana , Remick Abigail K.
Published: January 2009

Objective:

To examine women's food choices after exposure to a threatening upward social comparison in an achievement situation.

Method:

Female university students performed three tasks in the presence of a confederate; for some, the situation was competitive and they were made to feel the confederate was likely to outperform them, whereas the remainder performed under noncompetitive circumstances. After completing the tasks, all participants chose a food to eat in a supposedly unrelated taste test.

Results:

It was expected and found that participants in the high threat condition, in comparison with those in a low threat condition, would be highly motivated to restore their sense of self‐worth by successfully competing in an area unrelated to the original inferiority and would, therefore, choose a lower calorie/more nutritious food. A secondary analysis revealed that it was primarily dieters whose food choices were affected by the threat.

Discussion:

For dieters, competition by means of food choice can provide a means of restoring self‐regard when self‐esteem has been threatened in some other domain. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2009
Health care utilization in patients with eating disorders
Authors: Mitchell James E. , Myers Tricia , Crosby Ross , O'Neill George , Carlisle Jodi , Gerlach Shamayne
Published: January 2009

Objective:

To examine health care costs among patients with eating disorders (EDs) using the Blue Cross Blue Shield of North Dakota claims database system.

Method:

Four groups of individuals enrolled between 1999 and 2005 were identified: (1) a group diagnosed with EDs at the beginning of the study period, in 2000 or 2001; (2) a group diagnosed with EDs later in the study period, in 2004 or 2005; (3) a comparison group with depression; and (4) a non‐eating disordered comparison group.

Results:

Health care costs were high for patients diagnosed with an ED during the period when the diagnosis was made but remained elevated in the years following. Such costs were consistently higher than those for the non‐eating disordered comparison group, but similar to the depression comparison group.

Discussion:

Health care costs remained elevated after a diagnosis of an ED for an extended period of time. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2009
Mechanistic Manifold and New Developments of the Julia–Kocienski Reaction
Authors: Aïssa Christophe
Published: January 2009

The Julia–Kocienski reaction has become indispensable in the synthetic organic chemist's olefination toolbox. Although the stereochemical outcome of the transformation is sometimes difficult to predict, some trends can be explained by an array of mechanistic hypotheses which have been put forward since the initial disclosure of the reaction. Moreover, several important developments have been recently reported and are summarised in this microreview. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Alkanethiols Modified Gold Electrodes for Selective Detection of Molecules with Different Polarity and Molecular Size. Application to Vitamin B2 Analysis
Authors: Blanco Elías , Dominguez Carmen S. H. , Hernández Pedro , Hernández José Vicente , Quintana Carmen , Hernández Lucas
Published: January 2009

The cyclic voltammetry behavior of several molecules with different polarity and molecular size on gold electrodes modified with nonfunctionalized alkanethiols of different chain length, usually employed as chromatographic stationary phases, are studied. The redox systems hexacyanoferrate(II/III), ferrocene/ferrocine and hydroquinone/quinone are chosen as template molecules. As modifiers, ethanethiol, 1‐octanethiol and di‐n‐octadecyldisulfide are selected. We can conclude that polar molecules can reach the electrode surface through channels created by the modifiers. However, when nonpolar compounds are analyzed, the nonpolar interactions between the analyte and the terminal group of the modifier lead to retention of the compound, retarding its arrival to the electrode surface. A molecule with polar and nonpolar part was used for the application of this conclusion. If the gold electrode is modified with di‐n‐octadecyldisulfide, the electrochemical behavior of vitamin B2 becomes simpler than that observed on a bare one. This result allows a sensitive and selective procedure to be developed for direct determination of vitamin B2 in pharmaceutical formulations.
DNA damage in peripheral blood leukocytes of physically active individuals as measured by the alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis assay
Authors: Gandhi Gursatej , Chopra Gunjan
Published: January 2009

DNA damage induced by physical activity and/or exercise has been reported under different conditions but not for individuals maintaining physical fitness by regular strenuous exercise. Therefore, we compared levels of DNA damage in blood leukocytes of 40 healthy individuals (35 males, 5 females) who regularly exercised in gymnasiums/health clubs and 15 healthy sedentary controls who had never exercised. The former group was selected (after informed consent) on the basis of how long they had been exercising on a regular basis as well as their exercise schedule and regimen. The length of time since starting a regular exercise regimen ranged from 2 months to 9 years, whereas the daily exercise duration ranged from 40 min to 3 hrs and warm‐up sessions ranged from none to 90 min. The length of DNA migration (44.66 ± 2.68 μm in males, 29.62 ± 1.69 μm in females) and the percentage of cells with tails (79.86 ±1.27% in males, 67.20 ± 0.96% in females) in peripheral blood leukocytes of physically active individuals were increased significantly (P < 0.001) with respect to corresponding values in control males and females (18.85 ± 1.79 μm, 23.37 ± 3.94 μm; 24.50 ± 1.98%, 33.00 ± 4.44%, respectively). Highly significant differences for DNA damage were also observed between physically active males and females. These observations, in the absence of any other exposures, indicate a correlation between strenuous exercise to keep fit and increased levels of DNA damage. This finding may have relevance in terms of the ageing process, with diseases associated with aging, and with carcinogenesis. Environ. Mal. Mutagen. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chromosomal aberrations in railroad transit workers: Effect of genetic polymorphisms
Authors: Catalán Julia , Heilimo Iiris , Falck Ghita C.‐M. , Järventaus Hilkka , Rosenström Päivi , Nykyri Erkki , Kallas‐Tarpila Tarja , Pitkämäki Leena , Hirvonen Ari , Norppa Hannu
Published: January 2009

Complex chemical mixtures are transported by train from Russia to Finland for further shipment. Here, we studied if exposure to genotoxic components among these substances could affect chromosomal aberrations (CAs) in peripheral lymphocytes of workers handling the tank cars. An initial survey among 48 railroad workers and 39 referents (male smokers and nonsmokers) showed an elevation of CAs. A campaign was started to reduce exposures through preventive measures. Five years later, 51 tank car workers and 40 age‐matched referents (all nonsmoking men) were studied for CAs and genetic polymorphisms of xenobiotic metabolism (EPHX1, GSTM1, GSTP1, GSTT1, NAT1, NAT2), DNA repair (ERCC2, ERCC5, XPA, XPC, XRCC1, XRCC3), and folate metabolism (MTHFR, MTR). No increase in CAs was seen in the exposed group, suggesting that the preventive measures had been successful. However, a positive association existed between exposure duration and CA level among the exposed subjects. The level of chromosome‐type breaks was actually lower in the exposed workers than the referents, particularly among MTHFR wild‐type homozygotes or XRCC3 codon 241 variant allele carriers, suggesting modulation of CA frequency by folate metabolism and DNA repair. An interaction was observed between the occupational exposure and MTHFR, EPHX1, and MTR genotypes in determining CA level. The NAT2, ERCC2 exon 10, and XRCC1 codon 194 polymorphisms also affected CA frequency. Our findings suggest that handling of tank cars containing complex chemical mixtures poses a genotoxic risk, which may be reduced by preventive measures. Several genetic polymorphisms seem to modify the genotoxic effect or baseline CA level. Environ. Mal. Mutagen. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Cylindrical Small Size Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell: Experimental Investigation on Materials and Improving Performance Solutions
Authors: Rossi F. , Nicolini A.
Published: January 2009

An original cylindrical small size molten carbonate fuel cell is presented. The cell's main peculiarity is its unique architecture in terms of both elements geometry and gases arrangements. Experimental tests on materials and system solutions were carried out on a single cell preliminary facility. Results allowed to identify optimising solutions which were applied on a new single cell facility. Further experimental tests allowed to determine the final cell configuration where sealing is enhanced and compression strain is further kept uniform along the cell surface. Final tests were carried out on a 1 kW stack comprising 15 single cells. Results suggest that the proposed cell design is a promising solution for μCHP applications because of performances, durability and construction costs.
Effects of Salts in Methyl Difluoroacetate‐based Electrolytes on their Thermal Stability in Lithium‐ion Batteries
Authors: Tanaka T. , Doi T. , Okada S. , Yamaki J.‐i.
Published: January 2009

The effects of salts in methyl difluoroacetate (MFA)‐based electrolytes on their ionic conductivity and their thermal stability were investigated. When LiPF6 was used as a salt, an MFA‐based electrolyte showed a higher ionic conductivity than an ethylene carbonate (EC) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC)‐based electrolyte from –30 to 25 °C. In DSC curves, while an MFA‐based electrolyte containing LiPF6 gave only negligible exothermic heat up to 400 °C, a large exothermic peak due to the electrolyte decomposition was observed at about 270 °C for an EC + DMC‐based electrolyte. The thermal stability of lithium metal and de‐lithiated LiCoO2 coexisting with an electrolyte of 1 mol dm–3 LiPF6/MFA is also reported.
Functional connectivity between the thalamus and visual cortex under eyes closed and eyes open conditions: A resting‐state fMRI study
Authors: Zou Qihong , Long Xiangyu , Zuo Xinian , Yan Chaogan , Zhu Chaozhe , Yang Yihong , Liu Dongqiang , He Yong , Zang Yufeng
Published: January 2009

The thalamus and visual cortex are two key components associated with the alpha power of electroencephalography. However, their functional relationship remains to be elucidated. Here, we employ resting‐state functional MRI to investigate the temporal correlations of spontaneous fluctuations between the thalamus [the whole thalamus and its three largest nuclei (bilateral mediodorsal, ventrolateral and pulvinar nuclei)] and visual cortex under both eyes open and eyes closed conditions. The whole thalamus show negative correlations with the visual cortex and positive correlations with its contralateral counterpart in eyes closed condition, but which are significantly decreased in eyes open condition, consistent with previous findings of electroencephalography desynchronization during eyes open resting state. Furthermore, we find that bilateral thalamic mediodorsal nuclei and bilateral ventrolateral nuclei have remarkably similar connectivity maps, and resemble to those of the whole thalamus, suggesting their crucial contributions to the thalamus‐visual correlations. The bilateral pulvinar nuclei are found to show distinct functional connectivity patterns, compatible with previous findings of the asymmetry of anatomical and functional organization in the nuclei. Our data provides evidence for the associations of intrinsic spontaneous neuronal activity between the thalamus and visual cortex under different resting conditions, which might have implications on the understanding of the generation and modulation of the alpha rhythm. Hum Brain Mapp 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Triorganotin(IV) complexes containing multifunctional meso‐dimercaptosuccinic acid ligand: Syntheses, characterizations, and crystal structures
Authors: Ma Chunlin , Wang Qingfeng , Zhang Rufen
Published: January 2009

Four triorganotin complexes of the types [(R3Sn)2(C2H2S2)(COOH)2] ⋅ 2Et2O (R = Ph, 1) and (R3Sn)2(C2H2S2)(COOH)2 (R = Me 2, R = n‐Bu 3, and R = PhCH2 4) have been obtained by the reaction of meso‐dimercaptosuccinic acid and sodium ethoxide with triorganotin(IV) chloride in 1:2:2 stoichiometry. All the complexes were characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectroscopy, and NMR spectroscopy. Furthermore, complexes 1 and 2 were characterized by X‐ray diffraction analyses, which revealed that complexes 1 and 2 are mononuclear structures and further interlinked by intermolecular CH⋅⋅⋅O and OH⋅⋅⋅O hydrogen bonds, respectively. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 20:50–55, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20511
Synthesis, structure, and antifungal activity of dihydropyridones containing boronate esters
Authors: Appoh Francis E. , Wheaton Susan L. , Vogels Christopher M. , Baerlocher Felix J. , Decken Andreas , Westcott Stephen A.
Published: January 2009

We have prepared a series of novel 2,3‐dihydro‐4‐pyridones containing boronate esters using the aza Diels–Alder reaction with Danishefsky's diene and imines derived from formylphenylboronic acids. This reaction can be carried out in moderate to high yields using Yb(OTf)3 as a Lewis acid catalyst. Two new boron compounds exhibited moderate antifungal activity (at 100 μg disk−1) using Amphotericin B as a control. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 20:56–63, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20512
Positron emission tomography in surveillance of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma after definitive chemoradiotherapy
Authors: Wang Yi‐Fen , Liu Ren‐Shyan , Chu Pen‐Yuan , Chang Feng‐Chi , Tai Shyh‐Kuan , Tsai Tung‐Lung , Huang Jui‐Lin , Chang Shyue‐Yih
Published: January 2009

Background.

We assessed the role of 18F‐fluoro‐deoxy‐glucose positron emission tomography (PET) in detecting head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) after definitive chemoradiotherapy (CRT).

Methods.

A prospective study presented 80 PET before and after CRT for 44 patients, including 44 first‐time post‐CRT scans performed between 12 and 17 weeks after radiotherapy completion, as well as 10 repeated scans in the subsequent follow‐up. PET interpretations were compared with clinicopathologic outcomes.

Results.

PET demonstrated better performance than CT in post‐CRT surveillance. Considering all 54 post‐CRT PET scans, sensitivity for detecting primary tumors was 100%, specificity 93%, positive predictive value (PPV) 80%, and negative predictive value (NPV) 100%. For cervical diseases, sensitivity was 100%, specificity 98%, PPV 92%, and NPV 100%. For distant metastases, sensitivity was 100%, specificity 98%, PPV 86%, and NPV 100%.

Conclusions.

Negative PET readings were reliable for predicting free of HNSCC and helpful for selected patients in post‐CRT surveillance. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2009
Predictors of turnover intentions in learning‐driven and demand‐driven international assignments: The role of repatriation concerns, satisfaction with company support, and perceived career advancement opportunities
Authors: Stahl Günter K. , Chua Chei Hwee , Caligiuri Paula , Cerdin Jean‐Luc , Taniguchi Mami
Published: January 2009

International assignments have become an important part of managers' careers and are considered one of the most effective leadership development tools. Yet, studies consistently show that companies fail to integrate international assignments with long‐term career development and succession planning and that a substantial percentage of expatriates leave the company upon completion of the international assignment. A total of 1,779 international assignees participated in a study that examined the factors associated with expatriate turnover intentions. The results indicate the importance of differentiating between two types of international assignments—developmental (or learning‐driven) and functional (or demand‐driven)—to understand expatriates' turnover intentions. While we found turnover intentions to vary depending on whether assignments are developmental or functional, the three sets of predictors of turnover intentions are similar. They are (1) lower satisfaction with company support, (2) higher repatriation concerns, and (3) lower career advancement opportunities within the company (relative to opportunities available outside the company). We discuss the implications for research and practice. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The moderating effect of parental warmth on the association between spanking and child aggression: a longitudinal approach
Authors: Stacks Ann Michele , Oshio Toko , Gerard Jean , Roe Jacqueline
Published: January 2009

Using data from the Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Study, this study analysed the stability of child aggressive behaviour beginning in infancy and tested whether spanking when the child was 36 months was associated with aggressive child behaviour among three ethnic groups and whether maternal warmth moderated the effect of spanking on aggressive behaviour in each ethnic group at 36 months, after controlling for earlier aggressive behaviour. Participants included 693 Hispanic parent–child dyads, 1013 African‐American dyads and 1086 Caucasian dyads who met qualifications for participation in the Early Head Start programme. Findings suggest that infant temperament was associated with aggressive behaviour at 24 and 36 months and that child aggression remained stable. Among the three ethnic groups, spanking was only associated with aggressive behaviour for children who had Caucasian mothers and maternal warmth did not moderate the effect of spanking on aggressive behaviour. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Osteoconductivity of strontium‐doped bioactive glass particles: A histomorphometric study in rats
Authors: Gorustovich Alejandro A. , Steimetz Tammy , Cabrini Rómulo L. , Porto López José M.
Published: January 2009

There is accumulating evidence that strontium (Sr)‐containing bioceramics have positive effects on bone tissue repair. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the osteoconductivity of Sr‐doped bioactive glass (BG) particles implanted in rat tibia bone marrow, and characterize the neoformed bone tissue by SEM‐energy‐dispersive X‐ray microanalysis. Melt‐derived BGs were prepared from a base 45S5 BG. Sr‐doped glass (45S5.6Sr) was prepared using 6 wt % SrO as a substitute for the CaO. Histological analysis using undecalcified sections showed that new lamellar bone had formed along the surface of both 45S5 and 45S5.6Sr BG particles within 4 weeks. To evaluate osteoconductivity, affinity indices were calculated. At 30 days after implantation, 45S5 and 45S5.6Sr BGs had almost identical affinity indices (88% ± 7% and 87% ± 9%; p > 0.05). Strontium was not detected in the neoformed bone tissue surrounding 45S5.6Sr BG particles. These results indicate that 45S5.6Sr BG particles are osteoconductive when implanted inside the intramedullary canal of rat tibiae, and no alterations in bone mineralization, in terms of Ca/P ratio, were observed in the neoformed bone tissue around 45S5.6Sr BG particles. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2010
Microseparation of membrane proteins
Authors: Zhang Zhaowei , Feng Xiaojun , Du Wei , Luo Qingming , Liu Bi‐Feng
Published: January 2009

Membrane proteins are generally of natural low abundance and insoluble to aqueous solutions. Thus, investigation of membrane proteins is relatively hampered since efficient separation of membrane proteins are rather challenging. Microseparation approaches certainly play an essential role in fulfilling such demanding investigations due to their significant advantages of high throughput, reduced separation time, and low sample consumption. In this review, recent developments of microseparation are documented with aspects of three key separation methods, including CE, micro‐LC and microchip. Preparation of membrane proteins prior to separation is also discussed, including solubilization and preconcentration. Certainly, more applications of microseparation approaches in membrane protein separations can be expected in the near future.
Hepatitis B virus prevention strategies for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen–positive liver donation: A survey of North American, European, and Asian-Pacific transplant programs
Authors: Perrillo Robert
Published: January 2009

Prophylactic therapy is generally used to prevent reactivated hepatitis B after transplantation of an antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc)–positive liver. To gain insight into current practice, a questionnaire was e-mailed to 89 liver transplant physicians in the United States, Europe, and Asia/Australia and 4 hepatitis B experts. Addressees were asked if they prefer lamivudine or other nucleoside analogs and whether these drugs are used indefinitely. They were also questioned about the use of hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIg), the preferred duration of its administration, and whether treatment strategies differ according to the knowledge of the serologic status of the recipient. Responses were obtained from 78 physicians. All transplant physicians reported the use of nucleoside analog therapy, and 65% prefer lamivudine (58% versus 81% for US and non-US physicians, P = 0.05). Sixty-one percent use HBIg (38% always, 23% sometimes). HBIg was used more frequently in the United States than other parts of the world (69% versus 46%, P = 0.03). Eighty-one percent of transplant physicians use nucleoside analog therapy for an indefinite period, but the duration of HBIg treatment varies widely. Although some centers omit nucleoside analog or HBIg therapy in antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen–positive recipients, 90% will not omit these agents if the recipient is positive for anti-HBc alone. In conclusion, nucleoside analog therapy is nearly always used for anti-HBc–positive livers, and most transplant physicians treat for an indefinite period. Lamivudine continues to be preferred as first-line therapy. Many programs also use HBIg, but there is wide variation in the way this is administered. Further study is needed to determine the most cost-beneficial regimen.
Psychometric attributes of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Rodriguez‐Blazquez Carmen , Frades‐Payo Belen , Forjaz Maria João , de Pedro‐Cuesta Jesus , Martinez‐Martin Pablo ,   on behalf of the Longitudinal Parkinson's Disease Patient Study (Estudio longitudinal de pacientes con enfermedad de Parkinson ‐ELEP) Group
Published: January 2009

The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) has been used in Parkinson's disease (PD) but information about its psychometric properties in this context is limited. The aim of this study is to assess the psychometric properties of the HADS in PD. In an observational, cross‐sectional analysis, HADS data quality, acceptability, scaling assumptions, internal consistency, construct validity, and precision were explored. From a sample of 387 PD patients, 22% and 14% scored ≥11 points (definite case) on the HADS anxiety and depression subscales, respectively. Cronbach's alpha was 0.81 and 0.83 for these subscales. Factor analysis revealed two factors (49.8% of the variance) representing anxiety and depression. The HADS closely correlated with health‐related quality of life (HRQL) measures and displayed satisfactory discriminative validity for patients grouped by severity level, disease duration, HRQL status, and treatment. The SEM was 1.84 for HADS‐Anxiety and 1.72 for HADS‐Depression. The HADS is an acceptable, consistent, valid, precise, and potentially responsive scale for use in PD. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society
In situ proton NMR study of acetyl and formyl group migration in mono‐O‐acyl D‐glucose
Authors: Brecker Lothar , Mahut Marek , Schwarz Alexandra , Nidetzky Bernd
Published: January 2009

Acetyl and formyl group migration, mutarotation, and hydrolysis of mono‐O‐acylated glucose are studied by in situ 1D and 2D 1H NMR spectroscopy. α‐D‐Glucosyl‐1‐acetate and α‐D‐glucosyl‐1‐formate serve as sole starting materials. They are generated in situ by configuration retaining glucosyltransfer from α‐D‐glucosyl‐1‐phosphate to formate and acetate, which is catalyzed by the Glu‐237 → Gln mutant of Leuconostoc mesenteroides sucrose phosphorylase. Temporary accumulated regio‐isomeric mono‐O‐acyl D‐glucoses are identified, characterized, and quantified directly from the reaction mixture. Time courses of the transformations give insight into pH dependence of acyl group migration and mutarotation as well as into the stability of various regioisomers. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial structure and NMR spectra of strained [2.2.2]cyclophanes
Authors: Dodziuk Helena , Ostrowski Maciej , Ruud Kenneth , Jaźwiński Jarosław , Hopf Henning , Koźmiński Wiktor
Published: January 2009

The chemical shifts and coupling constants in the NMR spectra of the title compounds are influenced by their strain and the proximity of the aromatic rings. These parameters are studied by density functional theory (DFT) calculations for 1–4 and measured for 3 and 4. We find that, in spite of the strain, the calculations reproduce the experimental values satisfactorily. This finding is of special importance for novel hypothetical molecules like hexahydrosuperphane 5 for their future identification and in searches of hydrocarbons exhibiting unusual NMR parameters. Our results demonstrate the influence of strain on the parameters studied. Most proton and carbon chemical shifts for the molecules under study having nonplanar aromatic rings differ considerably from the corresponding values for the relatively unstrained trimethylbenzenes and ethylbenzene. In addition, the calculated values of the coupling constants through three bonds in most cases do not follow Karplus relation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulation of fabric anisotropy and strain localization of sand under simple shear
Authors: Al Hattamleh Omar , Muhunthan B. , Shalabi Faisal
Published: January 2009

This paper studies the effects of initial fabric anisotropy of dry sand in simple shear deformation. The effects of anisotropy are taken into consideration through the modification of the mobilized friction in the Mohr–Coulomb‐type yield surface as a function of a fabric parameter. In addition, the constitutive model uses a gradient term that directly incorporates the effects of material length scale. The constitutive formulation is implemented into ABAQUS finite element code and used to simulate shearing of the dry sand under various conditions of simple shear. The numerical simulations show that while the shear stress response is affected by fabric anisotropy, its effects on strain localization in simple shear are minimal. This is in contrast to other devices such as the biaxial shear. The strain localization in simple shear is controlled more by the imposed boundary conditions. The use of material length scale is shown to remove the effects of strain localization in the shearing response. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of celebrity in endorsing poverty reduction through international aid
Authors: Samman Emma , Auliffe Eilish Mc , MacLachlan Malcolm
Published: January 2009

‘Celebrity endorsement’ is a strategy that is gathering increasing momentum in attempts to develop public awareness of the plight of the poor.1

We say below the goal of endorsement is not necessarily donations but political commitment.

Understanding of public perceptions is clearly important for international organizations seeking to make use of celebrity in furthering their causes. This paper reports the results of a preliminary survey conducted among 100 members of the Irish public to evaluate levels of awareness of celebrity involvement in international development work and the public's opinions about such involvement. The survey instrument was semi‐structured with some open‐ended questions. The focus was on respondents' ability to identify celebrities associated with such work, and to elicit their opinions on those celebrities' perceived aims, knowledge of international development, and influence upon the respondent. It also requested opinions of the value of celebrity involvement more generally. The results suggest that respondents are generally able to distinguish between celebrities and their various causes. Most found their involvement to be valuable in raising the profile of charities, though only a small number claimed to be personally influenced by such activity. The respondents were fairly cynical as to the motives of most celebrities, whose involvement they felt served their own aims—namely publicity—first and foremost.

Most respondents were more likely to be influenced by their perceptions of the character of the celebrity rather than their causes. They respected celebrities they felt were genuinely committed to the causes they espoused, but paradoxically, they felt such commitment was best demonstrated by the celebrity keeping a low profile and not actively seeking publicity. Long‐term commitment to a given cause was also highly regarded. The results are discussed with regard to theories of social persuasion and the dilemma's facing celebrities who get involve in endorsement of charity aid or campaigns. More research is necessary to substantiate and further develop our findings.

Copyright ©2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and improved mechanical properties of nano‐TiO2 filled Poly (p‐phenylene benzobisoxazole) fiber
Authors: Zhu H. J. , Jin J. H. , Li G. , Jiang J. M. , Yang S. L.
Published: January 2009

With in‐situ bending various contents of nano‐sized titanium dioxide (TiO2) were introduced into the solution polymerization system of poly (p‐phenylene benzobisoxazole) (PBO), and the blends were spun into high performance fibers via liquid crystal spinning. The dispersion of TiO2 in matrix was observed by the scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical and thermal properties of PBO and TiO2/PBO fibers were tested by a tensilon and a thermogravimetric analyser. The results show that the tensile strength and modulus of the PBO/TiO2 fiber containing 1.5 wt % TiO2 is 4.62 GPa and 109.99 GPa, which is approximately 36% and 18% higher than that of the pure PBO fiber. The decomposition temperature of the composites is also improved from 697.6°C to 701.8°C. The effect of TiO2 nanoparticles on the structure of PBO is also studied. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of chelating copolymer additive on the yttrium iron garnet (YIG) nanoparticle formation
Authors: Wang Cheng‐Chien , Yu Wei‐Ting
Published: January 2009

A series of the acrylic chelating polymer, poly(butyl acrylates‐co‐glycidyl methacrylate‐co‐2‐methylacrylic acid 3‐(bis‐carboxymethylamino)‐2‐hydroxy‐propyl ester) was prepared to act as the additive in the preparation of yttrium iron garnet (YIG) nanoparticle precursor (ACP). The ACPs and YIG nanocrystal were identified by using Fourier transfer infrared spectrophotometry (FT‐IR), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) spectra, and transmission electron microscope (TEM) micrograph, respectively. Compared to the traditional YIG preparation, the well‐formed YIG nanocrystal could be obtained by using this ACP precursor at a low calcination temperature of 600°C. In addition, the more amount of the chelating group was added, the higher purity of the YIG nanocrystal was obtained. Furthermore, the YIG nanocrystal obtained by using the ACP precursor had a nearly superparamagnetic behavior and their saturated magnetic property was around 5.7–41.9 emu/g after the vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) examination. In summary, the chelating polymer additive improves not only the crystallinity of the YIG nanocrystal but also magnificently decreases the sintering temperature of the YIG nanocrystal. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of hyperbranched polymers on processing and thermal stability of biodegradable polyesters
Authors: Shaked Yanir , Dodiuk Hanna , Kenig Samuel , McCarthy Stephen
Published: January 2009

Nanomodification of poly‐hydroxy‐butyrate (PHB), with hyperbranched polymers (HBP), was studied. Solid‐hyperbranched polyesters of different generations were incorporated into a biobased and biodegradable, thermoplastic, polyester. Thermal, rheological, and molecular weight measurements had indicated that due to the interactions between the hydroxyl groups and the polar esters in PHB, the rate of recrystallization was significantly increased. Furthermore, the degree of crystallinity and nonisothermal crystallization temperature were also increased. Molecular weight measurements did not indicate a reduction or retention when HBPs were incorporated. These results are of great significance for the processing of biodegradable polymers and specifically for PHB, where improved processability and enhanced crystallization are of importance. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers