bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In situ Chromatin Interaction Analysis Using Paired‐End Tag Sequencing
Authors: Wang Ping , Feng Yuliang , Zhu Kun , Chai Haoxi , Chang Ya‐ting , Yang Xiaofei , Liu Xiyuan , Shen Chen , Gega Eva , Lee Byoungkoo , Kim Minji , Ruan Xiaoan , Ruan Yijun
Published: August 2021

Chromatin Interaction Analysis Using Paired‐End Tag Sequencing (ChIA‐PET) is an established method to map protein‐mediated chromatin interactions. A limitation, however, is that it requires a hundred million cells per experiment, which hampers its broad application in biomedical research, particularly in studies in which it is impractical to obtain a large number of cells from rare samples. To reduce the required input cell number while retaining high data quality, we developed an in situ ChIA‐PET protocol, which requires as few as 1 million cells. Here, we describe detailed step‐by‐step procedures for performing in situ ChIA‐PET from cultured cells, including both an experimental protocol for sample preparation and data generation and a computational protocol for data processing and visualization using the ChIA‐PIPE pipeline. As the protocol significantly simplifies the experimental procedure, reduces ligation noise, and decreases the required input of cells compared to previous versions of ChIA‐PET protocols, it can be applied to generate high‐resolution chromatin contact maps mediated by various protein factors for a wide range of human and mouse primary cells. © 2021 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: Sample preparation and data generation

Support Protocol: Bridge linker preparation

Basic Protocol 2: Data processing and visualization
Interface‐Induced Self‐Assembly Strategy Toward 2D Ordered Mesoporous Carbon/MXene Heterostructures for High‐Performance Supercapacitors
Authors: Liu Zhilin , Xiong Hailong , Luo Yaxiao , Zhang Liangliang , Hu Kuo , Zhang Ling , Gao Yu , Qiao Zhen‐An
Published: August 2021

Two‐dimensional transition metal carbonitrides (MXene) have demonstrated great potential in many fields. However, the serious aggregation and poor thermodynamic stability of MXene greatly hinder their applications. Here, an interface‐induced self‐assembly strategy to synthesize ordered mesoporous carbon/Ti3C2Tx heterostructures (OMCTs) was developed. In this method, the composite monomicelles formed by Pluronic F127 and low‐molecular‐weight phenolic resol self‐assembled on the surface of Ti3C2Tx to prevent the restacking of Ti3C2Tx and maintain its thermostability. The obtained OMCTs possessed high specific surface areas (259–544 m2 g−1), large pore volumes (0.296–0.481 cm3 g−1), and excellent thermodynamic stability (up to 600 °C). Benefiting from these advantages, OMCTs serving as the electrode materials for supercapacitor exhibited superior supercapacitor performances, including high capacitance of 247 F g−1 at 0.2 A g−1, satisfactory rate performance of 190 F g−1 at 5 A g−1, and cyclability.
Building a team that looks beyond accommodation
Authors: Enos Gary A.
Published: August 2021

For Randall K. Ward, Director of the Disability Resource Center at Purdue University, success begins with building a team committed to advancing the social justice model of disability. Ward discussed his office's approach in hiring and in shaping a disability paradigm across campus.
Winn‐Dixie does not change ADA/504 obligation that private college websites be accessible
Authors: Charmatz Marc
Published: August 2021

The United States Court of Appeals for the 11th Circuit held that websites are not covered under Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act, but the decision does not apply to public colleges and universities that are subject to Title II of the ADA and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, and private schools are still required to have accessible websites pursuant to Section 504 (Gil v. Winn‐Dixie Stores, Inc., 2021 U.S. App. LEXIS 10024; 2021 WL 1289906; F.3d _ (11th Cir. 2021)).
Using Coalition Corner articles for faculty training
Authors: O'Connor Charlotte , Nash Ranna
Published: August 2021

Advancing current institutional practices to promote inclusion is a goal many disability resource professionals have when entering the field of health science education. As part of a faculty development initiative, our two medical schools have started using Coalition Corner articles to develop faculty who sit on technical standards advisory committees. Through our efforts, we have identified five benefits of using Coalition Corner articles for faculty development:
Know how to balance student privacy, health in pandemic
Authors: Javanshir Leila , Rice David
Published: August 2021

Institutions of higher education face the difficult challenge of balancing student privacy with public health concerns presented by the COVID‐19 pandemic. The following guidance addresses the most common questions institutions are facing today.
Who decides what ‘normal’ is?
Authors: Zacarese Lawrence M.
Published: August 2021

The fall 2021 semester is about to begin, and how the COVID‐19 pandemic will impact decisions on your campus will vary depending on local infection rates and guidance from both federal and local entities.
Undergraduates with disabilities did not thrive with online learning
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: August 2021

Only 20% of undergraduate students with disabilities reported increased satisfaction due to online learning during the COVID‐19 pandemic; a third of undergraduate students with disabilities reported no change in their satisfaction when classes went fully online; and the remainder were less satisfied with their experiences, compared to learning before the pandemic. Those findings come from a report published by the Center for Higher Education Studies that examined the experiences of undergraduate students with physical, learning, neurodevelopmental, and cognitive disabilities during the pandemic.
Academic adjustments and accommodations
Authors: Lyerly Eric
Published: August 2021

An overview of the key topics faced by disability services providers with citations to noteworthy cases, statutes, regulations, and additional sources.
Positive relationships among aboveground biomass, tree species diversity, and urban greening management in tropical coastal city of Haikou
Authors: Nizamani Mir Muhammad , Harris AJ , Cheng Xia‐Lan , Zhu Zhi‐Xin , Jim Chi Yung , Wang Hua‐Feng
Published: August 2021

Within urban green spaces, tree species diversity is believed to correlate with aboveground biomass, though there is some disagreement within the literature on the strength and directionality of the relationship. Therefore, we assessed the relationship between the biodiversity of woody species and the aboveground biomass of woody plant species in the tropical, coastal city of Haikou in southern China. To accomplish this, we obtained comprehensive tree and site data through field sampling of 190 urban functional units (UFUs, or work units) corresponding to six types of land uses governmental‐institutional, industrial‐commercial, park‐recreational, residential, transport infrastructure, and undeveloped area. Based on our field data, we investigated the relationship between tree species diversity and aboveground biomass using multiple regression, which revealed significant relationships across all five types of land uses. Aboveground biomass in green spaces was also correlated with anthropogenic factors, especially time since urban development, or site age, annual maintenance frequency by human caretakers, and human population density. Among these factors, maintenance is the strongest predictor of aboveground biomass in urban green space. Therefore, this study highlights the critical role of maintenance of urban green space in promoting both aboveground biomass and woody biodiversity in urban ecosystems and, consequently, on urban ecosystem services. Our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the ecosystem services provided by communities of woody plant species in urban areas.
Dynamics of necromass in woody Australian ecosystems
Authors: Neumann Mathias , Turner John , Lewis Tom , McCaw Lachie , Cook Gary , Adams Mark A.
Published: August 2021

Litterfall (LF) is the major contributor to aboveground necromass in ecosystems. Litter decomposition or litter decay (LD) then offsets deposition in LF, with the balance of LF and LD determining the standing litter (SL). SL together with fine and coarse woody debris (FWD, CWD) are the largest necromass pools. The interactions of LF, SL, and LD at continental scales reflect carbon and nutrient cycling and other ecosystem processes. We compiled data on leaf, twig (<2.6 cm), and other material (mostly bark and reproductive tissue) for SL and LF for the fire‐prone Australian continent, where SL is also a major “fuel load” and important for fire spread and fire intensity. We extracted data from 498 published and unpublished works (1825 LF observations; n SL = 3914; n LD = 629). We used Olson’s (mass‐balance) approach (k ˜ LF/SL) to calculate LD for sites long undisturbed with both LF and SL data. We compiled LF and SL by component (leaves, twigs, other material) and metainformation such as sampling location, tree species, or time since fire from literature and/or scientists. Most data were available from warm‐seasonal (36% for SL) and cool‐wet (31%) climates, linking the locations of our data with a bio‐climate classification. Warm‐wet (20%) and hot‐seasonal (8%) climates followed, while other climate zones each contributed <2% of the data. Across all climatic zones, average SL (1100 g/m2) was roughly twice that of LF (468 g·m−2·yr−1). SL was greatest in cold climates (2334 g/m2), compared to warm‐wet (1168 g/m2) and hot‐seasonal conditions (499 g/m2). Important drivers of SL are LD (e.g., slow under cold conditions) and fire frequency. Olson’s k varied with type of decomposing material (“composition”). For example, across the continent, k ˜ 1.942 yr−1 for leaves but was 0.504 yr−1 for twigs. SL varied strongly in composition according to climate type (e.g., seasonal vs. wet climates). Robust models of necromass dynamics must distinguish between the litter components (such as leaves and twigs) and consider the complex and non‐linear effects of climate, stand structure, and stand history on litterfall and decomposition.
Long‐term monitoring using DNA sampling reveals the dire demographic status of the critically endangered Gobi bear
Authors: Tumendemberel Odbayar , Tebbenkamp Joel M. , Zedrosser Andreas , Proctor Michael F. , Blomberg Erik J. , Morin Dana J. , Rosell Frank , Reynolds Harry V. , Adams Jennifer R. , Waits Lisette P.
Published: August 2021

Information about population demography is crucial for developing and implementing conservation measures. The brown bear in the Gobi desert of southwestern Mongolia (referred to as the Gobi bear) is one of the smallest and most isolated brown bear populations in the world. We conducted genetic sampling (n = 2660 samples collected) using hair corrals around feeding sites at 13 water sources during 2009, 2013, and 2017 to evaluate population size, survival, and population trend. Bears were identified using 13 microsatellite loci and one sex marker. We detected 51 unique individuals (15F and 36M) from our targeted surveys in 2009, 2013, and 2017. Based on capture–mark–recapture robust design, population estimates were 23 (95% CI: 21–32) in 2009, 28 (95% CI: 25–35) in 2013, and 31 (95% CI: 29‐38) individuals in 2017. Spatial capture–recapture analysis suggested abundance was very low ( = 27; 95% CI: 22–35), and there was no significant change from 2009 to 2017. The population density was 0.93 bears/1000 km2 (95% CI: 0.74–1.17). Our population estimates suggested a stable population trend. However, the population is still very small, and the sex ratio is skewed toward males, raising concerns for future persistence. Annual survival based on Robust design CMR was 0.85. Low abundance and apparent survival for both sexes in this unhunted population coupled with a skewed sex ratio highlight the need for on‐the‐ground conservation action to conserve this isolated population of bears.
Regioselective Carbon‐Halogen Bond Formation in the Reaction of Ag(III)N‐Confused Porphyrin Complex with HCl or HBr
Authors: Sumra Idrees , Irfan Majeed , He Huowang , Zhang Yihuan , Hao Fei , Lin Jinhong , Osuka Atsuhiro , Zeng Zhuo , Jiang Hua‐Wei
Published: August 2021

A facile inner halogenation of Ag(III) NCP complex1is reported. Treatment of1with 2NHCl and 1NHBr gave2and4, respectively. A demetallized product3was formed as a trace side product when dilute acids were applied and as a predominant product when treated with concentrated acids. The importance of the C3‐ethoxy group for the halogenation reactions was experimentally indicated. Treatment of1with 4NH2SO4gave carbaporpholactam6in good yield. Halide anions are suggested to accelerate the demetallation reaction of1.
Stereoselective Cross‐Coupling of Grignard Reagents and Conjugated Dienylbromides using Iron Salts with Magnesium Alkoxides
Authors: Chourreu Pablo , Guerret Olivier , Guillonneau Loïc , Gayon Eric , Lefèvre Guillaume
Published: August 2021

A convenient procedure allowing iron‐catalyzed cross‐coupling of alkyl or aryl Grignard reagents and conjugated dienyl bromides is reported, relying on the use of cheap and non‐toxic magnesium alkoxides as sole additives. An excellent stereoselectivity is observed in the alkyl‐dienyl series. This sequence has been applied to the synthesis of the sex pheromone of codling moth, illustrating its applicability for obtaining targets of industrial interest. Preliminary mechanistic studies carried out on the aryl‐dienyl cross‐coupling suggest that in situ generated ate homoleptic organoiron(II) species act as catalytically relevant intermediates. A modified preparative method for the realization of THF solutions of dienyl bromides as “ready‐to‐use” coupling partners is also discussed, circumventing the thermal instability of those derivatives.
A cyclostationary model for temporal forecasting and simulation of solar global horizontal irradiance
Authors: Das Soumya , Genton Marc G. , Alshehri Yasser M. , Stenchikov Georgiy L.
Published: August 2021

As part of Saudi Vision 2030, a major strategic framework developed by the Council of Economic and Development Affairs of Saudi Arabia, the country aims to reduce its dependency on oil and promote renewable energy for domestic power generation. Among the sustainable energy resources, solar energy is one of the leading resources because of the endowment of Saudi Arabia with plentiful sunlight exposure and year‐round clear skies. This essentializes to forecast and simulate solar irradiance, in particular global horizontal irradiance (GHI), as accurately as possible, mainly to be utilized by the power system operators among many others. Motivated by a dataset of hourly solar GHIs, this article proposes a model for short‐term point forecast and simulation of GHIs. Two key points, that make our model competent, are: (1) the consideration of the strong dependency of GHIs on aerosol optical depths and (2) the identification of the periodic correlation structure or cyclostationarity of GHIs. The proposed model is shown to produce better forecasts and more realistic simulations than a classical model, which fails to recognize the GHI data as cyclostationary. Further, simulated samples from both the models as well as the original GHI data are used to calculate the corresponding photovoltaic power outputs to provide a comprehensive comparison among them.
Navigating Performance Standards for Face Mask Materials: A Custom‐Built Apparatus for Measuring Particle Filtration Efficiency
Authors: LaRue Ryan J. , Morkus Patrick , Laengert Scott , Rassenberg Sarah , Halali Mohamad Amin , Colenbrander John W. , Clase Catherine M. , Latulippe David R. , de Lannoy Charles‐François
Published: August 2021

Public health agencies have recommended the community use of face masks to reduce the transmission of airborne diseases like COVID‐19. Virus transmission is reduced when masks act as efficient filters, thus evaluating mask particle filtration efficiency (PFE) is essential. However, the high cost and long lead times associated with purchasing turn‐key PFE systems or hiring certified laboratories hampers the testing of filter materials. There is a clear need for “custom” PFE test systems; however, the variety of standards that prescribe (medical) face mask PFE testing (e.g., ASTM International, NIOSH) vary widely in their protocols and clarity of guidelines. Herein, the development is described of an “in‐house” PFE system and method for testing face masks in the context of current standards for medical masks. Pursuant to the ASTM International standards, the system uses an aerosol of latex spheres (0.1 µm nominal size) with particle concentrations upstream and downstream of the mask material measured using a laser particle analyzer. PFE measurements are obtained for a variety of common fabrics and medical masks. The approach described in this work conforms to the current standards for PFE testing while providing the flexibility to adapt to changing needs and filtration conditions.
Liquid metal with solvents for CO2 capture
Authors: Zhang Chen , Yu Yunsong , Zhou Chenyang , Zhang Jingfeng , Zhang Zaoxiao , Wang Geoff G.X.
Published: August 2021

Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture is an essential method for emission control. In CO2 capture, although with the promising advantage of industrial application, chemical absorption meets the challenge of substantial energy consumption. Thus, an advanced solvent with liquid metal GaInSn/PANI/TEMPO has been first developed to reduce the energy consumption. The intensified thermoelectric effect between GaInSn/PANI/TEMPO has the potential to enhance the CO2 desorption. Density functional theory (DFT) model and spherical mass transfer and energy transfer model in the nanoscale are developed to study the mass and energy transfer in CO2 and GaInSn/PANI/TEMPO. The CO2 fraction, electron density, and velocity in the nanodomain are studied. The symmetrical electron density zone is identified for the thermoelectric effect. The mass transfer coefficient is increased by twofolds. The thermoelectric conversion amount reaches 32.6–44.8% and the energy consumption is reduced to 1.07 GJ t−1. The CO2 desorption is finally proven to occur at temperature below 339 K. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effectiveness of intervention with cognitive behavioral therapy on pornography: A systematic review protocol of randomized clinical trial studies
Authors: Lotfi Aida , Babakhanin Masoudeh , Ghazanfarpour Masumeh
Published: August 2021

Background

The increasing rate of problematic pornography use (PPU) among the general population has risen. There are limited data on the efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) on online pornographic addiction; therefore, this study aimed at investigating the issue.

Methods

SCOPUS, PubMed, PubPsych, WOS (Web of Science), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Google Scholar, Scientific Information Database (SID) & Iranmedex, and other databases (for gray literature) (eg, conference papers, key journals) will be systematically reviewed. Preliminary search strategies were started on March 2, 2019, and will be updated in April 2021. Eligibility criteria were having PPU, with designs of interest including randomized trials with three or more months of follow‐up with CBT intervention. Two authors will independently conduct data extraction and quality assessment. A modified Verhagen checklist for clinical trial studies will be used for quality assessment. Pooled measures of association will be computed using random‐effects model meta‐analyses. Between‐study heterogeneity will be assessed using the I2 statistic and the Cochrane χ2 statistic. Minor study effects will be evaluated for meta‐analyses with sufficient studies using funnel plots and Egger's test. If a meta‐analysis is appropriate, quantitative data will be pooled using the comprehensive meta‐analysis software.

Discussion

The evidence obtained in this meta‐analysis will help to determine whether CBT can decrease PPU severity, anxiety, depression, and compulsive sexual behavior. In addition, due to the comprehensive view on CBT effects on PPU patients, which was not clarified before, we can expect that the results of this study will benefit psychiatrists.
Turbulent forced convection and entropy analysis of a nanofluid through a 3D 90° elbow using a two‐phase approach
Authors: Korei Zakaria , Benissaad Smail
Published: August 2021

In a scenario characterized by a secondary flow called Dean's vortices, thermal and flow behavior analysis is examined. Forced convection of an Al2O3–water nanofluid through a three‐dimensional (3D) 90° elbow was analyzed numerically using a multiphase mixture model. Turbulence is taken into account by using the shear‐stress transportk–ωmodel. Also, entropy production is presented to obtain the optimized conditions. Simulation parameters consist of different Reynolds numbers (10,000100,000), nanoparticle volume fraction , nanoparticle diameter . The findings reveal that the increase in the and theRealong with a smallerdpdiscourages the appearance of Dean vortices in the flow. The pressure drop increases with the increase in the volume fraction and the decrease in the nanoparticles' diameter. The highestNuMis observed at for . Significant heat transfer rates are observed near the outer wall. The minimum total entropy production is obtained atRe = 100,000 for and .
Impact of Soret and Dufour on MHD mixed convective flow of non‐Newtonian fluid over a coagulated surface
Authors: Buruju Ramoorthy Reddy , Kempannagari Anantha Kumar , Bujula Ramadevi
Published: August 2021

In the present study, we investigated the steady, two‐dimensional mixed convective stagnation point flow of an electrically conducting micropolar fluid due to stretching of a variable thicked surface in the attendance of viscous dissipation. The flow is incompressible and laminar. The combined heat and mass transfer features are investigated. Convective and diffusion conditions are considered. The nonlinear thermal radiation, thermo‐diffusion, and diffusion thermal effects are considered. The governing partial differential equations are converted to ordinary differential equations by using the appropriate similarity transformations. The obtained nonlinear and coupled ordinary differential equations are elucidated numerically using the fourth‐order Runge–Kutta based shooting technique. The influence of various nondimensional parameters on the flow field like velocity, microrotation, temperature, and concentration is examined with the assistance of graphs. Results indicate that the Dufour number has a proclivity to increase the distributions of concentration and temperature correspondingly. Also, fluid temperature and concentration enhance for increasing values of the wall thickness parameter.
Diabetes multiplex risk in childhood‐onset diabetes mellitus
Authors: Muzulu SI , Bodington M , Burden AC
Published: August 2021

Data from the Leicestershire diabetes register were used to assess the risk of diabetes multiplex in childhood‐onset diabetes mellitus in the county. Nineteen out of 186 White Caucasian families with a Type I diabetic sibling diagnosed before the age of 15, between 1980 and 1990 inclusive, had diabetes multiplex. The overall empirical risk of Type I diabetes multiplex was 9.1%, with a parent/sibling risk of 5.4% and a sibling/sibling risk of 3.8%. The risk to siblings calculated by proband exclusion and the Li‐Mantel estimation were 2.8% and 5.1% respectively. These resu Its suggest that diabetes multiplex is uncommon and family members should be so counselled. Environment appears to be more important than genetics in the aetiology of Type I diabetes.
Self‐monitoring of blood glucose ‘a walking stick and not a cane‘
Authors: Wyllie HR , McLaren EH
Published: August 2021

Fifty‐nine insulin‐dependent diabetics attending the Young Diabetic Clinic at Stobhill Hospital, completed an open questionnaire survey asking how often they felt that they ought to be measuring their blood glucose, and how often they actually measured it. Despite 78% knowing that they ought to perform SMBG four times per day, on one or more days per week, only 17.9% actually did so. No difference in mean glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) over 18 months was found between those who performed SMBG frequently and those who did not. The group's overall control (mean HbA1c 7.15/SD score 4.4) was not different to that achieved by groups using intensive insulin regimens. This suggests that routine frequent SMBG, even when practised, may contribute little to overall diabetes control.
Poor home compliance in brittle diabetes
Authors: O'Hagan M
Published: August 2021

Glycaemic control in a 10‐year‐old girl with brittle diabetes remained poor during a study comparing two insulin regimens. Blood glucose profiles improved when she was asked to provide blood for insulin profiles, suggesting poor compliance. Greater awareness of poor home compliance with appropriate intervention improves glycaemic stability.
Comparative analysis of the association between various serum vitamin D biomarkers and sarcopenia
Authors: Yoo Jun‐Il , Chung Hye Jin , Kim Bo Gyu , Jung Youn‐Kwan , Baek Kyung‐Wan , Song Myung‐Geun , Cho Min‐Chul
Published: August 2021

Background

Vitamin D status is associated with muscle strength and maintenance of muscle fibers. However, which serum vitamin D biomarker better reflects sarcopenia remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate associations between various serum vitamin D biomarkers (total 25‐hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D], bioavailable 25(OH)D, 24,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D [24,25(OH)2D], and vitamin D metabolite ratio [VMR]) and sarcopenia.

Methods

The data for 83 hip fracture patients were finally included in the analysis. Sarcopenia was defined according to the Asia Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) criteria. Measurements of 24,25(OH)2D and 25(OH)D were made using solid‐phase extraction (SPE) and subsequent liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). Vitamin D binding protein (VDBP) concentration was measured using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The VMR was calculated by dividing serum 24,25(OH)2D by serum 25(OH)D and then multiplying by 100. Based on total 25(OH)D, VDBP, and albumin concentrations, bioavailable 25(OH)D concentrations were calculated using the equations from the other previous studies.

Results

Bioavailable 25(OH)D levels were significantly (p = 0.030) decreased in the sarcopenia group compared with the non‐sarcopenia group. Results of ROC analysis for the diagnosis of sarcopenia using serum level of bioavailable of 25(OH)D revealed that the cutoff point for bioavailable 25(OH)D was 1.70 ng/ml (AUC = 0.649, p < 0.001). In the group with a bioavailable 25(OH)D less than 1.70 ng/ml, the incidence of sarcopenia increased by 3.3 times (odds ratio: 3.33, p = 0.013).

Conclusion

We demonstrated that bioavailable 25(OH)D was associated with sarcopenia among the various serum vitamin D biomarkers. Bioavailable vitamin D might be helpful for assessing the risk of sarcopenia.
Posttraumatic Stress and Posttraumatic Growth in Three Generations of Czech and Slovak Holocaust Survivors
Authors: Preiss Marek , Šamánková Dita , Štipl Jiří , Fňašková Monika , Nečasová Markéta , Bob Petr , Heissler Radek , Prokopová Alice , Heřmánková Tereza , Juričková Veronika , Sanders Edel , Wagenknechtová Eva , Rektor Ivan
Published: August 2021

The psychological consequences of trauma related to the Holocaust have been primarily studied in samples derived from Israel, North America, and Western Europe. Few studies have examined postcommunist countries in Central and Eastern Europe. The present study focused on three generations living in the Czech Republic and Slovakia after World War II (WWII): Holocaust survivors (71–95 years of age), their children (30–73 years of age), and their grandchildren (15–48 years of age). We compared scores on measures of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS; the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist–Civilian Version) and posttraumatic growth (PTG; the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory) derived from three focal samples with scores from age‐matched comparison participants. Higher PTSS scores emerged for Holocaust survivors in all generations, η2P=.087 but only participants in the first generation reported higher PTG scores relative to the comparison group, with small effect sizes for the overall group differences, η2P=.029. These results are discussed in the historical and political context of postwar Czechoslovakia.
Comparison of Monopolar and Bipolar Stimulator Probes for Intraoperative Nerve Mapping During Thyroidectomy: A Prospective Study
Authors: Turk Yigit , Makay Ozer , Kamani Dipti , Okose Okenwa , Behr Ian J. , Ozdemir Murat , Icoz Gokhan , Akyildiz Mahir , Dionigi Gianlorenzo , Abdelhamid Ahmed Amr H. , Randolph Gregory W.
Published: August 2021

Objectives/Hypothesis

During intraoperative neuromonitoring in thyroid surgery, two different kinds of stimulator probes, monopolar and bipolar, are commonly used to stimulate the laryngeal nerves. We explore the unique characteristics of both of these probes as they relate to intraoperative laryngeal nerve mapping.

Methods

Twenty‐one patients undergoing neuromonitored thyroidectomy by a single surgeon were enrolled. Electromyography (EMG) amplitude and latency measurements were prospectively recorded concurrently from 1 mA stimulation of vagus nerve (VN) and inferior/superior recurrent laryngeal nerve before (with and without fascia) and after thyroid resection using bipolar and monopolar stimulator probes.

Results

Significantly higher amplitudes were obtained with monopolar stimulator probes as compared to bipolar probes, in several stimulation scenarios such as at right VN pre‐resection (carotid sheath intact), right VN pre‐resection (carotid sheath dissected), right VN post‐resection and left VN (carotid sheath dissected). No significant differences were found between amplitudes and latency values in all other stimulation scenarios.

Conclusions

According to this study, both probes are reliable and safe for neural mapping. The kind of probe used during neural monitoring is based on surgical situations and surgeon preference.

Level of Evidence

3 (According to Oxford Centre for Evidence‐Based Medicine 2011 Levels of Evidence) Laryngoscope, 131:E2718–E2726, 2021
Verifying the Benefits of Radical Treatment in Posttransplant Hepatocellular Carcinoma Oligo‐recurrence: A Propensity Score Analysis
Authors: Au Kin Pan , Fung James Yan Yue , Dai Wing Chiu , Chan Albert Chi Yan , Lo Chung Mau , Chok Kenneth Siu Ho
Published: August 2021

This study verified whether radical treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) oligo‐recurrence after liver transplantation conveys survival benefits. A retrospective study of 144 patients with posttransplant HCC recurrence was performed. Propensity score matching was performed to adjust for baseline covariates between patients who received radical and palliative treatments. The primary endpoint was postrecurrence survival. A total of 50 patients (35%) received radical treatment for recurrence, and 76 (53%) and 18 (13%) patients received palliative and supportive treatments, respectively. Compared with the radical group, patients who received palliative treatment had more early recurrences (time from transplant 17 versus 11 months; P = 0.01) and more extensive disease in terms of tumor numbers (1 versus 4; P < 0.001), size of largest tumor (1.8 versus 2.5 cm; P = 0.046), numbers of involved organs (interquartile range [IQR], 1‐1 versus 1‐2; P = 0.02), and alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) level (7 versus 40 ng/mL; P = 0.01). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that early recurrence (time from transplant hazard ratio [HR], 1.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01‐1.03; P = 0.001), larger recurrent tumor (HR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.03‐1.23; P = 0.01), liver recurrence (HR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.17‐2.90; P = 0.01), and log10AFP level at recurrence (HR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.07‐1.52; P = 0.01) predicted poor survival. Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor (HR, 0.331; 95% CI, 0.213‐0.548; P < 0.001) and radical treatment (HR, 0.342; 95% CI, 0.213‐0.548; P < 0.001) were associated with improved survival. After 2‐to‐1 propensity score matching for covariates, the 50 patients who received curative treatment survived significantly longer than the 25 matched patients who received palliative treatment (median survival time, 30.9 ± 2.4 versus 19.5 ± 3.0 months; P = 0.01). Radical treatment conveys survival benefits to HCC oligo‐recurrence after liver transplantation.
Macromolecular Nanotherapeutics and Antibiotic Adjuvants to Tackle Bacterial and Fungal Infections
Authors: Dey Rajib , Mukherjee Sudip , Barman Swagatam , Haldar Jayanta
Published: August 2021

The escalating rise in the population of multidrug‐resistant (MDR) pathogens coupled with their biofilm forming ability has struck the global health as nightmare. Alongwith the threat of aforementioned menace, the sluggish development of new antibiotics and the continuous deterioration of the antibiotic pipeline has stimulated the scientific community toward the search of smart and innovative alternatives. In near future, membrane targeting antimicrobial polymers, inspired from antimicrobial peptides, can stand out significantly to combat against the MDR superbugs. Many of these amphiphilic polymers can form nanoaggregates through self‐assembly with superior and selective antimicrobial efficacy. Additionally, these macromolecular nanoaggregrates can be utilized to engineer smart antibiotic‐delivery system for on‐demand drug‐release, exploiting the infection site's micoenvironment. This strategy substantially increases the local concentration of antibiotics and reduces the associated off‐target toxicity. Furthermore, amphiphilc macromolecules can be utilized to rejuvinate obsolete antibiotics to tackle the drug‐resistant infections. This review article highlights the recent developments in macromolecular architecture to design numerous nanostructures with broad‐spectrum antimicrobial activity, their application in fabricating smart drug delivery systems and their efficacy as antibiotic adjuvants to circumvent antimicrobial resistance. Finally, the current challenges and future prospects are briefly discussed for further exploration and their practical application in clinical settings.
Approaches toward High Resilience Rubber Foams: Morphology–Mechanics–Thermodynamics Relationships
Authors: Prasopdee Thridsawan , Shah Darshil U. , Smitthipong Wirasak
Published: August 2021

Natural rubber foam (NRF) products are frequently required in high resilience or high shape recoverability applications, which is in contrast to the fundamental nature of NRF. This study aims to improve NRF properties, such as recovery, by increasing the amount of vulcanizing chemicals (Vc) and adding cassava starch (Cs). Interestingly, increasing the amount of Vc and Cs improves mechanical properties and shape recoverability of NRF although the morphology of NRF with various concentrations of Cs is similar. The ratio of internal energy to the compression force is almost constant with various amounts of Vc and Cs because the degree of freedom of the rubber chains remains stable. NRF possesses better compression strength and shape recoverability with increasing amount of Vc (optimum of 16 phr) and Cs (optimum of 8 phr). Cassava starch is discovered as an attractive filler in comparison to traditional NRF fillers, such as charcoal and silica, due to its relatively low density.
The effect of material and experiential consumption on goal pursuit
Authors: Ho Cony M. , Wyer Robert S.
Published: August 2021

Previous research predominately focuses on the negative aspects of material consumption. Thus, the primary purpose of this current research is to investigate the potential upside of material consumption on consumers' goal pursuit. Specifically, four studies show that whether individuals have recently engaged in experiential or material consumption determines how feedback about their performance in a later goal‐directed activity influences their goal‐relevant behavior. Experiential consumption triggers individuals' intrinsic motivation and focuses their attention on their enjoyment of engaging in an activity rather than the outcomes that result from doing so. Consequently, the feedback they receive about their performance in one task has little effect on their behavior in conceptually related situations. By contrast, the extrinsic motivation activated by material consumption leads individuals to use the feedback as an indication of the quality of their performance, motivating them to work harder on a later goal‐directed activity if the feedback they received was negative. Field studies confirm the implications of these findings in actual consumption situations.
Dynamics of stochastic HTLV‐I infection model with nonlinear CTL immune response
Authors: Kuang Daipeng , Yin Qian , Li Jianli
Published: August 2021

In this paper, the dynamics of stochastic human T‐cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV‐I) infection model with cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) immune response is investigated. First, we show that the stochastic model exists as a unique positive global solution originating from the positive initial value. Second, we demonstrate that the stochastic model is stochastically permanent and stochastically ultimately bounded for any positive initial value. Third, we establish sufficient conditions for the existence of ergodic stationary distribution of the stochastic model. Fourth, the threshold between extinction and persistence of the virus is obtained. Finally, numerical simulations are carried out to illustrate the theoretical results.
In‐plane simultaneous multisegment imaging using a 2D RF pulse
Authors: Sun Kaibao , Zhong Zheng , Xu Zhongbiao , Dan Guangyu , Karaman M. Muge , Zhou Xiaohong Joe
Published: August 2021

Purpose

To develop an in‐plane simultaneous multisegment (IP‐SMS) imaging technique using a 2D‐RF pulse and to demonstrate its ability to achieve high spatial resolution in EPI while reducing image distortion.

Methods

The proposed IP‐SMS technique takes advantage of periodic replicates of the excitation profile of a 2D‐RF pulse to simultaneously excite multiple segments within a slice. These segments were acquired over a reduced FOV and separated using a joint GRAPPA reconstruction by leveraging virtual coils that combined the physical coil sensitivity and 2D‐RF pulse spatial response. Two excitations were used with complementary spatial response profiles to adequately cover a full FOV, producing a full‐FOV image that had the benefits of reduced FOV with high spatial resolution and reduced distortion. The IP‐SMS technique was implemented in a diffusion‐weighted single‐shot EPI sequence. Experimental demonstrations were performed on a phantom and healthy human brain.

Results

In the phantom experiment, IP‐SMS enabled a four‐fold acceleration using an eight‐channel coil without causing residual aliasing artifacts. In the human brain experiment, diffusion‐weighted images with high in‐plane resolution (1 × 1 mm2) and substantially reduced image distortion were obtained in all imaging planes in comparison with a commercial diffusion‐weighted EPI sequence. The capability of IP‐SMS for contiguous whole‐brain coverage was also demonstrated.

Conclusion

The proposed IP‐SMS technique can realize the benefits of reduced‐FOV imaging while achieving a full‐FOV coverage with good image quality and time efficiency.
A Simple Entropic‐Driving Separation Procedure of Low‐Size Silver Clusters, Through Interaction with DNA
Authors: Buceta David , Dominguez Blanca , Vieitez Sara , Arias Iria R. , Ageitos J. Manuel , Blanco M. Carmen , Barone Giampaolo , Domínguez Fernando , López‐Quintela M. Arturo
Published: August 2021

Synthesis and purification of metal clusters without strong binding agents by wet chemical methods are very attractive for their potential applications in many research areas. However, especially challenging is the separation of uncharged clusters with only a few number of atoms, which renders the usual techniques very difficult to apply. Herein, we report the first efficient separation of Ag2 and Ag3 clusters using the different entropic driving forces when such clusters interact with DNA, into which Ag3 selectively intercalates. After sequential dialysis of the samples and denaturalizing the DNA‐Ag3 complex, pure Ag2 can be found in the dialysate after extensive dialysis. Free Ag3 is recovered after DNA denaturation.
What attributes characterize the beneficiary households after three years of implementation of National Food Security Act?
Authors: Kumar Amit , Suar Damodar , Sahoo Bimal Kishore
Published: August 2021

This study examines the factors associated with food security after three years of implementation of the National Food Security Act, 2013. Fifteen hundred and fourteen households in three states of India—563 from Bihar, 557 from Uttar Pradesh, and 394 from Haryana—were surveyed. Data on beneficiary status, calorie consumption, economic status, social status, health status, and women empowerment were analyzed using binary logistic regression. Findings suggest that beneficiary had more employment in families, normal and deficit calorie intake, used cow dung cake as fuel, more children enrolment in primary and secondary schools, and adoption of family planning measures. These improvements have occurred after three years of implementation of the Act, and through supply of food grains to poor families.
Perceived severity, fear of retaliation, and suspect report intention of general public during COVID‐19 pandemic: A moderated moderation analysis
Authors: Das Sitanshu Sekhar , Kumar Vipul
Published: August 2021

Management of COVID‐19 largely depends on the reporting of suspected or confirmed positive cases. This study examined public's suspect report intention during COVID‐19 using and extending the theory of planned behavior by adding two incident‐specific variables such as perceived severity of COVID‐19 and fear of retaliation. Direct association of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control with suspect report intention and moderating role of perceived severity of COVID‐19 and fear of retaliation were probed. This study also investigated whether the moderation of perceived severity of COVID‐19 (primary moderator) varies with different level of fear of retaliation (secondary moderator) using moderated moderation analysis. Analyzing data collected from 554 Indian citizens provides evidence that attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control were positively associated with suspect report intention. Perceived severity of COVID‐19 and fear of retaliation negatively moderated such associations. When fear of retaliation was high, high perceived severity of COVID‐19 did not positively moderate the association of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control with suspect report intention. Perceived behavioral control was the most potent facilitator and fear of retaliation was the strongest inhibitor of suspect report intention. Understanding people's suspect report intention can assist in implementing awareness programs to encourage suspect report intention and stop the community spread of COVID‐19.
Effect of bond exchange rate on dynamics and mechanics of vitrimers
Authors: Perego Alessandro , Khabaz Fardin
Published: August 2021

Thermoset polymers are classified amongst the most challenging materials to recycle due to the permanent crosslinks that increase their strength and stiffness compared to their thermoplastic counterparts. Vitrimers provide a promising route to achieve the recyclability of thermosets by implementing dynamic covalent bonds within the network. In this study, a hybrid molecular dynamics (MD)‐Monte Carlo (MC) technique is used to simulate these adaptive networks constructed by a coarse‐grained model. The model proposed in this work describes the dynamic nature of the covalent bonds while maintaining a constant crosslink density. As this framework also shows flexibility in accommodating various exchange reaction activation energy via adjusting the energy difference in MC step, the dynamic and mechanical properties of the vitrimer system are intensely affected by the number of successful bond exchanges happening at every step. In both rubbery and glassy regimes, lowering the energy barrier of the bond exchange reaction results in enhanced motion for the vitrimer segments. This enhanced mobility, in turn, directly affects the stress–strain relationship of these networks, where a higher number of exchanges results in larger deformation before fracture even at low temperatures. Furthermore, the stress distribution in vitrimers shows more homogenous distribution before failure than in the thermoset network.
Heat Treatment Effect on Structural and Optical Properties of Germanium Nanowires Obtained by Electrochemical Deposition
Authors: Pavlikov Alexander , Sharafutdinova Alfia , Gavrilin Ilya , Zaytsev Vladimir , Dronov Alexey , Gavrilov Sergey
Published: August 2021

This work is dedicated to the heat treatment effect on structural and optical properties of germanium nanowires obtained by electrochemical deposition from an aqueous solution. Raman spectroscopy shows an increase in the initial crystalline fraction in the sample annealed at 600 °C compared with that annealed at 300 °C. As‐prepared sample is amorphous and crystallized under the action of probe laser radiation. Measurements carried out at wavelengths of 488 and 633 nm give close estimates of the crystalline phase, but different threshold values. The crystallization threshold upon excitation with a laser with a wavelength of 488 nm is higher. The intensity of specular reflection at the boundary of the IR and visible ranges drops, which indicates an increase in the contribution of diffuse reflection and absorption. A detailed study of diffuse reflection in the visible range shows higher absorption at 633 nm than at 488 nm, which is consistent with the obtained estimates of the crystallization threshold values.
Additive Effects of Guanidinium Iodide on CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Kishimoto Taku , Oku Takeo , Suzuki Atsushi , Ueoka Naoki
Published: August 2021

CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) perovskite solar cells with guanidinium (C(NH2)3+, GA+) are fabricated at 150 °C using 3CH3NH3I:PbCl2 starting composition in ambient atmosphere, and characterized. Their photoconversion efficiencies and stabilities are improved by the addition of a small amount of GA+. Lattice volumes are increased by the addition of GA+, which confirms the occurrence of GA+ substitution at the CH3NH3 site. Energy gaps are decreased by the addition of GA+, which agrees well with the results of molecular orbital calculation and band calculation. The carrier trap density is reduced by the GA+ addition, which suggests that lattice defects are suppressed by the GA+ doping. Two‐year stabilities of the devices in ordinary air are also investigated, which indicate the effectiveness of GA addition.