bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Advection of anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) larvae along the Catalan continental slope (NW Mediterranean)
Authors: SABATÉS A. , SALAT J. , PALOMERA I. , EMELIANOV M. , FERNÁNDEZ DE PUELLES M. L. , OLIVAR M. P.
Published: February 2007

The Gulf of Lions is one of the main anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) spawning areas in the NW Mediterranean. During the spring, low‐salinity surface water from the outflow of the Rhône is advected by the shelf‐slope current along the continental slope off the Catalan coast. In June 2000, a Lagrangian experiment tracking these low‐salinity surface waters was conducted to assess the importance of this transport mechanism for anchovy larvae and to determine the suitability of the tracked surface waters for survival of anchovy larvae. The experiment consisted of sampling the tracked water parcel for 10 days with three drifters launched at the core of the shelf‐slope current where low‐salinity surface waters were detected. The survey was completed by sampling the surrounding waters. Anchovy larvae from the spawning area in the Gulf of Lions were advected towards the south in the low‐salinity waters. The size increase of anchovy larvae throughout the Lagrangian tracking closely followed the general growth rate calculated by otolith analysis (0.65 mm day−1). However, advection by the current was not the only mechanism of anchovy larval transport. A series of anticyclonic eddies, originated in the Gulf of Lions and advected southwards, seemed to play a complementary role in the transport of larvae from the spawning ground towards the nursery areas. These eddies not only contributed to larval transport but also prevented their dispersion. These transport and aggregation mechanisms may be important for anchovy populations along the Catalan coast and require further study.
A synthesis of large‐scale patterns in the planktonic prey of larval and juvenile cod (Gadus morhua)
Authors: HEATH M. R. , LOUGH R. G.
Published: February 2007

Data from 40 published studies of the diet composition of larval and juvenile cod (Gadus morhua) from around the northern North Atlantic were summarized to assess generic patterns in ontogenetic and regional variability in the key prey. The results showed that larvae at the northern edge of the latitudinal range of cod depend primarily on development stages of the copepod Calanus finmarchicus, whilst those at the southern edge depend on Para‐ and Pseudocalanus species. Juvenile cod preyed on a wider range of taxa than larvae, but euphausiids were the main target prey. Analysis of regional variations in the relative abundances of C. finmarchicus and Para/Pseudocalanus spp. in the plankton, as estimated by the continuous plankton recorder (CPR) surveys, showed a similar geographical pattern to the larval cod stomach contents. Comparison of CPR data from the 1960s and 70s with data from the 1990s showed that the boundary between C. finmarchicus and Para/Pseudocalanus spp. dominance has shifted northwards on both sides of the Atlantic, whilst the abundance of euphausiids in the southern cod stock regions has declined. The results are discussed in relation to regional differences in the response of cod stocks to climate variability.
Prey selection of common minke (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) and Bryde's (Balaenoptera edeni) whales in the western North Pacific in 2000 and 2001
Authors: MURASE HIROTO , TAMURA TSUTOMU , KIWADA HIROSHI , FUJISE YOSHIHIRO , WATANABE HIKARU , OHIZUMI HIROSHI , YONEZAKI SHIROH , OKAMURA HIROSHI , KAWAHARA SHIGEYUKI
Published: February 2007

A study of common minke and Bryde's whales was conducted in the western North Pacific in the 2000 and 2001 summer seasons to estimate prey selection of cetaceans as this is an important parameter in ecosystem models. Whale sighting and sampling surveys and prey surveys using quantitative echosounder and mid‐water trawl were carried out concurrently in the study. Biomasses of Japanese anchovy, walleye pollock and krill, which were major prey species of common minke and Bryde's whales, were estimated using an echosounder. The results suggested that common minke whale showed prey selection for Japanese anchovy while they seemed to avoid krill in both the offshore and coastal regions and walleye pollock in the continental shelf region. Selection for shoaling pelagic fish was similar to that in the eastern North Atlantic. Bryde's whale showed selection for Japanese anchovy in August 2000 and July 2001, while it showed prey selection for krill in May and June in 2001.
Growth, production and bioenergetics of brown trout in upland streams with contrasting riparian vegetation
Authors: DINEEN GERARD , HARRISON SIMON S. C. , GILLER PAUL S.
Published: February 2007

1. A series of laboratory‐based equations on trout growth and bioenergetics developed by J.M. Elliott were applied to data collected for brown trout (Salmo truttaL.) under field conditions in Co. Mayo, Western Ireland. Fish were collected by electrofishing eight upland streams with contrasting riparian vegetation; grassland, open canopy and closed canopy deciduous.

2. Stream temperatures, one of the main influencing factors on fish growth and energetics, did not differ significantly between riparian types.

3. Observed growth rates were lower than the predicted maximum growth rates and were not influenced by riparian vegetation type. Growth ranged between 0.66% day−1for 0 + trout to 0.08% day−1for 2 + trout.

4. Production estimates showed no clear difference between riparian vegetation types over the growing season.

5. Fish densities and biomass tended to be greater in closed canopy streams particularly in summer.

6. Actual ration sizes calculated for trout were similar to the ration required for maintenance metabolism and were only 45–63% of the maximum potential rations. Although there was an ontogenetic increase in ration size with increasing fish age, the proportion of ration available for growth (i.e. the difference between actual and maintenance rations) did not differ between age classes but was greatest in summer. 1+ and 2+ trout show greatest ration available for growth in grassland streams.

7. Trout growth did not differ between riparian vegetation types but did vary seasonally with greatest attainment in summer. Growth was limited in the present study possibly due to combined effects of reduced prey available to fish and low stream temperatures reducing metabolic requirements. In such food limited systems, terrestrial invertebrate energy subsidies could have significant benefits to brown trout growth, production and bioenergetics.
Functional diversity of crustacean zooplankton communities: towards a trait‐based classification
Authors: BARNETT ALLAIN J. , FINLAY KERRI , BEISNER BEATRIX E.
Published: February 2007

1. While studies of phytoplankton and terrestrial plant communities have increasingly emphasised the use of functional traits in ecological research, few have yet to apply this approach to zooplankton communities.

2. This study reviews laboratory and observational studies on zooplankton feeding and life history and provides a series of functional trait tables for the North American freshwater zooplankton. Qualitative and quantitative trait tables highlight areas where data were more scarce and point to which types of studies could fill in gaps in our knowledge of zooplankton niches.

3. Data were most complete for the Cladocera across most traits, while feeding information for cyclopoids was most sparse. Qualitative data that distinguished congeneric species were lacking for most groups.

4. A regional community dendrogram for common north‐eastern North American zooplankton species was generated and shows that taxonomic differences between species do not capture fully functional differences based on the traits of body length, habitat, trophic group and feeding type.

5. The data collected here, combined with readily measurable species attributes, can be used to generate a multivariate measure of the functional niche of each species found in a community. Armed with this information, functional relationships that are useful for ecological studies of lake ecosystems can be more easily conducted.
Population responses to sterility imposed on female European rabbits
Authors: WILLIAMS C. K. , DAVEY C. C. , MOORE R. J. , HINDS L. A. , SILVERS L. E. , KERR P. J. , FRENCH N. , HOOD G. M. , PECH R. P. , KREBS C. J.
Published: February 2007

Additional methods are needed in Australia to control the European rabbitOryctolagus cuniculus, which continues to destroy valued native flora. A control option under development, immunocontraception, is intended to suppress the rabbit's high fertility. It would spread contagiously via genetically modified myxoma virus and European rabbit fleasSpilopsyllus cuniculi. An experiment with field populations of rabbits assessed whether suppressing fertility reduces their abundance.

In south‐eastern Australia, four treatments in three replicates were applied to 12 subpopulations of rabbits. The treatments were surgical sterilization of 0%, 40%, 60% and 80% of the adult and juvenile females trapped before the annual breeding seasons of 1993–96.

The sterilized populations produced fewer young but the average adult population size remained unchanged in all treatments. Immigration was minimal in all treatments.

Sterilized adult female rabbits survived much better than fertile females, indicating a high cost of reproduction. Immature rabbits and unsterilized adults of both sexes also survived better in the sterilization treatments. The improved survival in all rabbit classes compensated for reduced reproductive output.

Fleas were fewer on both adult females and males in the sterilized populations but this did not impede transmission of myxomatosis.

Synthesis and applications. Imposing sterility on rabbit populations reduces breeding‐season peaks of abundance. Improved survival compensates for the sterility of up to 80% of females and sustains populations, even in the presence of drought and myxomatosis. Immunocontraception alone has poor prospects for controlling rabbits. Cost‐effective rabbit control requires multiple, integrated forms of attrition.
Evolutionary patterns in biogeography and host plant association: ‘taxonomic conservatism’ in Lophopidae (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha)
Authors: SOULIER‐PERKINS ADELINE , OUVRARD DAVID , ATTIÉ MARC , BOURGOIN THIERRY
Published: February 2007

Abstract The association between the Lophopidae (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha) and their host plants was studied within a phylogenetic framework. Host plant use was optimized on Lophopidae phylogeny and the most parsimonious hypothesis is presented. This hypothesis describes the evolution of host plant use by the Lophopidae, and postulates the ancestral plant family used. This scenario is discussed within the biogeographical evolutionary context of the fulgoromorphan families, and is corroborated by information from both insect and host plant fossils. The association of the Lophopidae and their host plants is made by comparing the angiosperms and Lophopidae phylogenies, demonstrating at this level of comparison that the insects show ‘taxonomic conservatism’ for their host plants.
Laser acupuncture and probiotics in school age children with asthma: a randomized, placebo‐controlled pilot study of therapy guided by principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Authors: Stockert Karin , Schneider Barbara , Porenta Gerold , Rath Regina , Nissel Helmut , Eichler Irmgard
Published: February 2007

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) postulates an interaction between the lung as a Yin‐organ and the large intestine as a Yang‐organ. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate in asthmatic school age children whether treatment with laser acupuncture and probiotics according to TCM portends a clinical benefit to standard medical treatment performed according to pediatric guidelines. Seventeen children aged 6–12 yr with intermittent or mild persistent asthma were enrolled in this randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind pilot study. Eight patients received laser acupuncture for 10 wk and probiotic treatment in the form of oral drops (living non‐pathogenic Enterococcus faecalis) for 7 wk. Nine patients in the control group were treated with a laser pen which did not emit laser light and were given placebo drops. Peak flow variability (PFV) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) were measured and Quality of Life was assessed by a standardized questionnaire. Laser acupuncture and probiotics significantly decreased mean (standard deviation) weekly PFV as a measurement of bronchial hyperreactivity by −17.4% (14.2) in the TCM group vs. 2.2% (22.5) in the control group (p = 0.034). No significant effect was detected for FEV1, Quality of Life criteria and additional medication. As an exploratory result, patients in the TCM group had fewer days of acute febrile infections when compared with the control group [1.14 (1.4) vs. 2.66 (2.5), p = 0.18]. In conclusion, this pilot study generates the hypothesis that the interactive treatment of lung and large intestine according to TCM by laser acupuncture and probiotics has a beneficial clinical effect on bronchial hyperreactivity in school age children with intermittent or mild persistent asthma and might be helpful in the prevention of acute respiratory exacerbations. These results should be confirmed by further studies.
Nasal lavage leukotrienes in infants with RSV bronchiolitis
Authors: Dalt Liviana Da , Callegaro Silvia , Carraro Silvia , Andreola Barbara , Corradi Massimo , Baraldi Eugenio
Published: February 2007

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis is a very common infection in infants and, after the acute phase, a number of patients develop a reactive airway disease that lasts for years. Although the pathogenesis of the lung damage after RSV bronchiolitis is still largely unknown, previous studies suggest that leukotrienes may play an active part in it. The aim of this study was to measure leukotriene levels in the nasal lavage fluid (NLF) collected in infants during RSV bronchiolitis and 1 month later. Cysteinyl leukotrienes (Cys‐LTs) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) were measured in the NLF of 22 infants with their first episode of RSV bronchiolitis and 16 healthy infants. A second NLF sample was collected to measure leukotriene levels 1 month after the acute disease. NLF Cys‐LT levels were significantly higher in infants with RSV bronchiolitis than in healthy controls [950 pg/ml (285.5–2155.9) vs. 110.5 pg/ml (66.5–451.3), p = 0.01], and they remained so a month after the acute infection (p = 0.02). A subanalysis showed no difference in Cys‐LTs concentrations, either between bronchiolitis infants with and without a family history of atopy, or between those with and without passive exposure to cigarette smoke. No significant difference was found between the LTB4 levels measured in the bronchiolitis cases and the control children. Cys‐LTs are significantly increased in the NLF of infants with acute RSV bronchiolitis, and remain so at 1‐month follow‐up, suggesting a possible role of these eicosanoids in the pathogenesis of the disease.
Age‐related difference in immune responses to respiratory syncytial virus infection in young children
Authors: Chung Hai Lee , Park Hye Jin , Kim So Yeon , Kim Sang Gyung
Published: February 2007

There have been longitudinal studies of the developmental change of the immune system during the first year of life. The aim of this study was to investigate if there is any age‐related difference in cytokine responses to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection between the patients under 6 months of age and the patients over 12 months of age compared with age‐matched controls. Forty‐five children ≤24 months of age who were admitted with acute RSV bronchiolitis were enrolled. The patients were divided into two groups: the infants ≤6 months old and the young children ≥12 months old. Immune response to RSV infection was determined by measuring the serum concentrations of cytokines and compared with age‐matched controls. Serum samples were obtained on admission and analyzed for interferon (IFN)‐γ, interleukins (IL)‐10, ‐13, and ‐4 using ELISA. Comparing the cytokine levels of two control groups, both IFN‐γ and IL‐13 were lower in the children ≥12 months of age than in the infants ≤6 months of age. IL‐10 and IL‐4 showed no significant changes with age. Comparing with age‐matched controls, IFN‐γ levels were significantly higher in RSV group ≥12 months of age, but showed a tendency toward lower levels in RSV group ≤6 months of age. Both IL‐10 and IL‐13 levels were significantly higher in RSV group ≥12 months of age, but showed no significant difference in RSV group ≤6 months of age. Our study demonstrated a significant age‐related difference in immune response to RSV infection during early life. It suggests that the developmental changes in cytokine responses to RSV infection may be considered in the control of RSV bronchiolitis in young children.
Increase in the prevalence of rhinitis among Danish children from 1986 to 2001
Authors: Håkansson Kåre , Thomsen Simon Francis , Ulrik Charlotte Suppli , Porsbjerg Celeste , Backer Vibeke
Published: February 2007

In recent decades, there has been a worldwide increase in the prevalence of atopic diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there has been a change in the prevalence of rhinitis among children in Denmark from 1986 to 2001. We compared data from two random population‐based samples of Danish children, aged 7–17 yr, who were examined in 1986 (n = 527) and 2001 (n = 480) using similar designs. Symptoms of rhinitis, skin test reactivity, and bronchial responsiveness to inhaled histamine were assessed. The prevalence of rhinitis increased from 11.8% in 1986 to 23.3% in 2001 (p < 0.001). The increase was most pronounced among subjects who suffered from non‐allergic rhinitis (p < 0.001), and among subjects with severe symptoms (p < 0.001). The prevalence of asymptomatic positive skin prick test (SPT) decreased substantially (p < 0.001). A history of asthma and parental atopic disease were strong predictors of non‐allergic rhinitis, whereas a history of asthma, parental atopic disease, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, eczema, and age at examination were statistically significant predictors of allergic rhinitis. The prevalence of non‐allergic rhinitis among Danish children has increased substantially from 1986 to 2001. Furthermore, in general more severe symptoms of rhinitis were observed in 2001 compared with 1986. These results underline the importance of using objective measurements such as skin test reactivity when estimating time trends in the prevalence of allergic airways disease, as clinical interviews alone can be misleading.
Assessing mood and general health‐related quality of life among men treated in Australia for localized prostate cancer
Authors: Newton Fiona , Burney Sue , Frydenberg Mark , Millar Jeremy , Ng Kim
Published: February 2007

Objective:  Although increasing numbers of Australian men are undergoing treatment for localized prostate cancer (PCa), the health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) of this patient cohort has received little research attention. We therefore compared the mood and general HRQOL of Australian localized PCa patients with a sample of untreated men.

Methods:  A retrospective cross‐sectional design was used to compare the longer‐term positive and negative affect and general HRQOL of 82 radical prostatectomy (RP) cases, 39 external‐beam radiation (EBRT), and 95 untreated comparison cases (CC). All PCa cases had undergone treatment more than 2 years prior to data collection.

Results:  Levels of positive and negative affect did not differ with treatment modality. After adjusting for the variance attributable to age and comorbidity, RP, EBRT and CC group participants displayed similar general HRQOL profiles. Treatment dissatisfaction was higher among EBRT compared to RP cases (P = 0.024, two‐tailed test).

Conclusion:  In the longer‐term, mood did not vary significantly with PCa treatment. Furthermore, when age and comorbidity were taken into account, RP and EBRT patients had similar HRQOL profiles. While not statistically significant, the trend towards the importance of family, social and medical support among PCa patients requires further investigation.
Comparative study of the protective effect of different intravenous bisphosphonates on the decrease in bone mineral density in patients submitted to radical prostatectomy undergoing androgen deprivation therapy. A prospective open‐label controlled study
Authors: Rodrigues Paulo , Hering Flavio O , Bruna Paulo , Meller Alex , Afonso Yuri
Published: February 2007

Objectives:  To establish whether androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) promotes osteoporosis and osteopenia

Methods:  Ninety‐four prostatectomized men with rising prostrate‐specific antigen (PSA) were enrolled into the placebo group (31), monthly i.v. clodronate (39) or monthly i.v. zoledronic acid (24) groups for 36 months. Dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry measured the bone density in the lumbar (L2–L4) area. χ2 and anova tests were used to analyze data..

Results:  After 6 months of androgen deprivation, 17 of the 31 control cases developed osteopenia in the lumbar area. At 12 months, nine control cases had osteoporosis with 13 additional cases of osteopenia. At the end of the 36‐month study period, the untreated group showed an average bone mineral density (BMD) loss of −1.82 (±0.94) with 13 cases of osteopenia and 18 cases of osteoporosis. The clodronate group had two cases of osteoporosis out of 39 subjects after 6 months of ADT with 28 developing osteopenia and seven cases of osteoporosis after 36 months of follow up. Mean BMD loss in this group was −0.72 (±0.34). The zoledronic acid studied arm had seven cases of osteopenia after 6 months of ADT while 20 and five cases developed osteopenia and osteoporosis, respectively, after 36 months of follow up. The former group had a mean bone loss of −0.88 (±0.32).

There was statistical difference for BMD loss in the treated groups starting at 6 months in comparison to the control group.

Conclusions:  Six months of ADT promoted impressive bone loss in the lumbar area of the non‐treated patients. This tendency is progressive and may be delayed by i.v. bisphosphonates.
Absence of prophylactic antibiotics in minimum incision endoscopic urological surgery (MEUS) of adrenal and renal tumors
Authors: Yoshida Soichiro , Masuda Hitoshi , Yokoyama Minato , Kobayashi Tsuyoshi , Kawakami Satoru , Kihara Kazunori
Published: February 2007

Objective:  Recently, some studies suggested that antimicrobial prophylactics (AMP) are not needed to prevent surgical site infection (SSI) for clean operations despite worldwide acceptance of AMP. However, appropriate use of AMP in urological surgery has not been fully studied. Herein, we report an attempt of gradual decrease of AMP to non‐use of AMP in minimum incision endoscopic urological surgery (MEUS) of adrenal and renal tumors.

Materials and methods:  We investigated 95 consecutive patients who underwent 16 MEUS adrenalectomy and 79 MEUS radical and partial nephrectomy in our hospital. Patients were classified into the following three groups by means of prevention of SSI: the first step group received ampicillin sodium/sulbactam sodium 1.5 g i.v. 30 min before the operation; the second step group received a single 300 mg of levofloxacin orally 60 min before the operation; and the third step group received no AMP. Clinical backgrounds and incidences of SSI were compared among these three groups.

Results:  The first, second and third step groups consisted of 31, 36 and 28 patients, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference among these groups in terms of clinical backgrounds including age, sex, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance risk index, and type and length of operation. The first step group had one superficial SSI that healed without any non‐specific treatment. None of the second and third step groups had superficial SSI. There was no case of deep surgical site or distant infection.

Conclusion:  AMP could be discarded in clean MEUS of adrenal and renal tumors without increasing the incidence of SSI.
Change in International Prostate Symptom Score, prostrate‐specific antigen and prostate volume in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia followed longitudinally
Authors: Tsukamoto Taiji , Masumori Naoya , Rahman Mahbubur , Crane Martin M
Published: February 2007

Objective:  The natural history of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in Japan resembles Western studies in that symptoms worsen, improve or stabilize in equal proportions of patients. We sought to determine if this pattern persisted in men seeking care at a urology referral center and if worsening of symptoms was due to increase in prostate volume (PV).

Methods:  We reviewed the records of all BPH patients who attended the Urology Clinic of Sapporo Medical University Hospital, during December 2003 and June 2004 with the inclusion criterion that they have at least two PV and lower urinary tract symptoms measurements using the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS). Patients who had prostate cancer or who underwent hormone therapy or prostate surgery between the two visits were excluded. Correlation (Spearman’s rank) was used to assess interrelationships among variables at baseline and follow up; the strength of association between change in IPSS and change in PV were modeled by multiple linear regression.

Results:  Sixty‐seven patients were eligible. Baseline PV correlated with residual urine volume (r = 0.37, P < 0.05) and prostate‐specific antigen (PSA; r = 0.65, P < 0.001) but not IPSS (r =−0.16). PV increased in 46 (70%) men, remained the same in 10 and decreased in 11; in the former group, the mean prostate enlargement generally increased as baseline PV increased. In multiple linear regression models that included baseline IPSS, correlation between change in IPSS and change in PV was 0.47 (P = 0.05) based on 25 patients with measures at concurrent visits. Change in PV was also correlated with change in quality of life score (0.46, P = 0.02) but not with change in PSA (r = 0.38, P = 0.07, maximum flow rate (−0.24) or residual urine volume (−0.06).

Conclusions:  IPSS were not correlated with any laboratory measure of urinary function at baseline; however, change in IPSS was associated with change in PV. PV was also moderately correlated to PSA levels and residual urine volume at baseline.
Constitutional Violence
Authors: Bates David
Published: February 2007

The eighteenth‐century is usually looked to as the theoretical source for modern concepts of constitutionality, those political and legal forms that limit conflict. And yet the eighteenth century was also a period of almost constant war, within Europe and in the new global spaces of colonial rule. Though it is well known that new concepts of international law emerged in this period, surprisingly few commentators have established what connections there are between the violence of war and the elaboration of new ideas about constitutional limit. I will show that war played a crucial role in the Enlightenment invention of a modern existential concept of the political, where the violence of constitution was understood to be foundational.
Performing Power: The Deal, Corporate Rule, and the Constitution of Global Legal Order
Authors: Johns Fleur
Published: February 2007

This article presents a stylized account of legal work involved in doing a corporate deal transnationally, drawing inspiration from the work of American legal realist, Robert Hale. In so doing, it seeks to show that legal institutions on which transnational corporate power depends are far more plastic, discordant, and irresolute than commonly recorded. By tethering global legal order to the decisive interiority of the transnational corporation, while taking that interior for granted, recent accounts (such as those of Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri or A. Claire Cutler) may do more to fortify than query the contemporary ‘rule’ of global capital.
The Identity‐Matching Principle: Corporate and Organizational Identification in a Franchising System*
Authors: Ullrich Johannes , Wieseke Jan , Christ Oliver , Schulze Martin , Van Dick Rolf
Published: February 2007

This paper examines corporate and organizational identification in franchisee organizations from the perspective of the social identity approach. We propose the identity‐matching principle (IMP) as a heuristic for understanding and predicting the different effects of nested identifications. According to the IMP, when identifications and relevant behavioural or attitudinal outcomes address the same level of categorization, their relationship will be stronger. A study is presented with employees (n=281) matched to managers (n=101). Supporting the IMP, organizational identification (but not corporate identification) predicted customer‐oriented behaviour on the level of the local organization, whereas corporate identification (but not organizational identification) predicted attitude toward corporate citizenship behaviour. Furthermore, multilevel analyses showed that these relationships were enhanced in organizations where managers displayed the respective behaviours themselves to a greater extent. Implications for theorizing about leadership and organizational attachments are discussed alongside recommendations for organizational practitioners.
Flexible and Context‐Dependent Categorization by Eighteen‐Month‐Olds
Authors: Mareschal Denis , Tan Seok Hui
Published: February 2007

One hundred 18‐month‐olds were tested using sequential touching and following 4 different priming contexts using sets of toys that could be simultaneously categorized at either the basic or global level. An exact expression of the expected mean sequence length for arbitrary categories was derived as a function of the number of touches made, and a finite mixture model analytic method was also used to explore individual variability in categorization. Toddlers could categorize flexibly and spontaneously selected the level of categorization as a function of the prior prime. Perceptual Variability emerged as a predictor of the level at which infants subsequently categorized. The infants were also able to classify objects as members of both basic‐ and global‐level categories simultaneously.
From Learning to Read to Reading to Learn: Substantial and Stable Genetic Influence
Authors: Harlaar Nicole , Dale Philip S. , Plomin Robert
Published: February 2007

Little is known about the underlying causes and developmental patterns of stability and change in early reading abilities. In a longitudinal study of twins (n=4,291 pairs), individual differences in reading achievement assessed by teachers using U.K. National Curriculum (NC) criteria showed substantial heritabilities at ages 7, 9, and 10 years (.57–.67) and modest shared environmental influences (.10–.17). Stability in NC scores was primarily mediated genetically. There was also evidence for age‐specific genetic influences at each age. Genetic influences on reading are substantial and stable during the elementary school years despite the shift from “learning to read” to “reading to learn.”
Reciprocal Longitudinal Relations Between Nonresident Father Involvement and Adolescent Delinquency
Authors: Coley Rebekah Levine , Medeiros Bethany L.
Published: February 2007

Using a representative sample of low‐income, primarily minority adolescents (N=647, aged 10–14 years at Wave 1), this study examined bidirectional longitudinal relations between nonresident father involvement, defined as contact and responsibility for children's care and behavior, and adolescent engagement in delinquent activities. Autoregressive and fixed effects models found that higher nonresident father involvement predicted subsequent decreases in adolescent delinquency, particularly for youth with initial engagement in delinquent activities. Adolescent delinquency did not predict subsequent changes in father involvement. However, the two factors covaried: As adolescent delinquency increased, so too did father involvement, suggesting that nonresident fathers may increase their involvement in the face of adolescent problem behavior, with this pattern driven primarily by African American families.
Knowledge About the Mind: Links Between Theory of Mind and Later Metamemory
Authors: Lockl Kathrin , Schneider Wolfgang
Published: February 2007

This longitudinal study combined, in a single study, different aspects of children's knowledge about mental phenomena and thus could investigate relations among the development of language, theory of mind, and later metamemory. In total, 183 German children were tested at ages 3, 4, and 5. Each time of testing included a set of theory‐of‐mind tasks, a battery of language development, and additionally, at Time 3, a set of metamemory questions. The findings demonstrate strong relationships between children's language abilities and their theory of mind (both first‐ and second‐order false beliefs). Moreover, both theory‐of‐mind and language competencies significantly predicted later metamemory, with their relative contribution changing over time. Language may influence metamemory developmentally both directly and indirectly (through theory of mind).
Grammar and the Lexicon: Developmental Ordering in Language Acquisition
Authors: Dixon James A. , Marchman Virginia A.
Published: February 2007

Recent accounts of language acquisition propose that the knowledge structures that comprise language develop within a single, unified system that shares computational resources and representations. One implication of this approach is that developmental relations within the system become central to theorizing about language acquisition. Previous work suggested that lexical development preceded grammatical development, a developmental ordering with strong theoretical implications. One purpose of the current article is to test this developmental ordering hypothesis. Results showed that children (aged 16–30 months) developed lexicon and grammar synchronously. The second purpose is to demonstrate a recently developed method for testing developmental ordering, the nonlinear‐mapping approach, and show how the method can be extended to capitalize on multiply determined developmental systems, such as language.
An ERP Study of Emotional Face Processing in the Adult and Infant Brain
Authors: Leppänen Jukka M. , Moulson Margaret C. , Vogel‐Farley Vanessa K. , Nelson Charles A.
Published: February 2007

To examine the ontogeny of emotional face processing, event‐related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from adults and 7‐month‐old infants while viewing pictures of fearful, happy, and neutral faces. Face‐sensitive ERPs at occipital–temporal scalp regions differentiated between fearful and neutral/happy faces in both adults (N170 was larger for fear) and infants (P400 was larger for fear). Behavioral measures showed no overt attentional bias toward fearful faces in adults, but in infants, the duration of the first fixation was longer for fearful than happy faces. Together, these results suggest that the neural systems underlying the differential processing of fearful and happy/neutral faces are functional early in life, and that affective factors may play an important role in modulating infants' face processing.
Cardiac Vagal Regulation and Early Peer Status
Authors: Graziano Paulo A. , Keane Susan P. , Calkins Susan D.
Published: February 2007

A sample of 341 5 ½ ‐year‐old children participating in an ongoing longitudinal study was the focus of a study on the relation between cardiac vagal regulation and peer status. To assess cardiac vagal regulation, resting measures of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and RSA change (suppression) to 3 cognitively and emotionally challenging tasks were derived. Results indicated that vagal regulation was positively associated with peer status. In addition, mediational analyses revealed that the relation between vagal regulation and peer status was mediated through better social skills for girls and better social skills and fewer behavior problems for boys. These findings are discussed in terms of the role of vagal regulation in the facilitation of children's positive social behavior.
Sex Differences in Adolescent Depression: Stress Exposure and Reactivity Models
Authors: Hankin Benjamin L. , Mermelstein Robin , Roesch Linda
Published: February 2007

Stress exposure and reactivity models were examined as explanations for why girls exhibit greater levels of depressive symptoms than boys. In a multiwave, longitudinal design, adolescents' depressive symptoms, alcohol usage, and occurrence of stressors were assessed at baseline, 6, and 12 months later (N=538; 54.5% female; ages 13–18, average 14.9). Daily stressors were coded into developmentally salient domains using a modified contextual‐threat approach. Girls reported more depressive symptoms and stressors in certain contexts (e.g., interpersonal) than boys. Sex differences in depression were partially explained by girls reporting more stressors, especially peer events. The longitudinal direction of effects between depression and stressors varied depending on the stressor domain. Girls reacted more strongly to stressors in the form of depression.
Sleep and the Body Mass Index and Overweight Status of Children and Adolescents
Authors: Snell Emily K. , Adam Emma K. , Duncan Greg J.
Published: February 2007

Associations between sleep and the body mass index (BMI) and overweight status of children and adolescents were estimated using longitudinal data from a nationally representative sample of 2,281 children aged 3–12 years at baseline. Controlling for baseline BMI, children who slept less, went to bed later, or got up earlier at the time of the first assessment had higher BMIs 5 years later and were more likely to be overweight. Child age moderated the relationship between bedtime and BMI. In addition, the study reports nationally representative data on the sleep habits of American children aged 3–18 years. This study underscores the likely importance of sleep on children's physical health and suggests that sleep is important for understanding childhood weight problems.
Inward technology licensing and firm performance: a longitudinal study
Authors: Tsai Kuen‐Hung , Wang Jiann‐Chyuan
Published: February 2007

Inward technology licensing (ITL) is often viewed as an important strategy adopted by firms to achieve innovation. However, relatively limited research has focused on evaluating the contribution of ITL to firm performance. The gap is all the more surprising since the benefits of external technology acquisition on innovation output have been emphasized in a lot of the literature. This study therefore sets out to investigate the extent to which the investment of ITL by firms affects their performance. In view of the relative abundance of data on variables for a longitudinal investigation, this analysis concentrates on the electronics‐manufacturing industry. The longitudinal sample allows this examination to control the more extraneous effects and to provide more convincing evidence for examining the relationship of ITL and firm performance. A total of 341 Taiwanese electronics‐manufacturing firms balanced over the period from 1998 to 2002 is taken as the analytical sample. The basic statistics indicate that acquiring technology externally shows an increasing tendency within the firms. The analyses, from the least square dummy variable method, reveal that ITL per se does not provide a significant contribution to firm performance; however, the positive impact of ITL on their performance increases with the level of the firms' internal research and development (R&D) efforts. Both the checks for robustness and the split‐sample analyses validate the results. The findings not only highlight the importance of internal R&D efforts but also suggest that firms had better use ITL as a complement rather than a substitute of internal R&D for their competence.
How forensic scientists learn to investigate cases in practice
Authors: Doak Stephen , Assimakopoulos Dimitris
Published: February 2007

The formation of organisational tacit knowledge has been studied in the most part using only qualitative explanations such as case studies including those on the workings of communities of practice. From this perspective, tacit knowledge is submersed and consequently it is difficult to quantify. In our community of communities of practice case study we use quantitative social network analysis techniques to explore the process of tacit knowledge exchange among expert knowledge workers – forensic scientists. Conceptually, we search for more structured relational mechanisms that shape tacit knowledge flows occurring between participant actors in communities of practice, in their day‐to‐day knowledge intensive environments.
Economic vulnerability, beer and HIV/AIDS: The struggle to sustain farmer livelihoods and indigenous sorghum varieties in eastern Uganda
Authors: Scurrah‐Ehrhart Cecilia
Published: February 2007

Drawing on a case study from eastern Uganda, this paper describes how social and environmental factors combine to affect the sustainability of both sorghum landraces and the farmers who depend on it for food and income security. It delineates how changing regional patterns of agricultural production and consumption, institutional neglect, economic hardship, natural resource degradation and a labour supply crisis precipitated by the HIV/AIDS pandemic, may be conspiring to place sorghum landraces at risk of extinction and, thus, undermine already precarious livelihoods. The paper therefore challenges the common assumption that marginalized rural women – by virtue of having diverse varieties and species under their care – can be expected to conserve that diversity.
Unions’ and Firms’ Attitudes Towards Research Joint Ventures: When Will the Incentives Be Aligned?
Authors: Manasakis Constantine , Zikos Vasileios
Published: February 2007

Abstract.  This paper studies the relationship between unionization and innovation activity. Under a unionized labour market, we find that when R&D spillovers are relatively low (high), cooperative, as well as non‐cooperative R&D is a strategic substitute (complement). Furthermore, irrespective of the spillover rate, cooperation increases firms’ profits, whereas it increases union utility only if spillovers are sufficiently high. Alignment of incentives between firms and unions requires that firms pay transfers in the form of ‘rent‐sharing’ to make a Research Joint Venture attractive to unions. Our results suggest that if spillovers are low enough, the amount of money that firms give up in order to buy unions’ acquiescence weakens their incentives to form a Research Joint Venture.
Matching Efficiency and Labour Market Reform in Italy: A Macroeconometric Assessment
Authors: Destefanis Sergio , Fonseca Raquel
Published: February 2007

Abstract.  A matching theory approach is used to assess the impact on the Italian labour market of the 1997 Treu Act (legge Treu), which considerably eased the regulation of temporary work and favoured its growth in Italy. We re‐parameterize the matching function as a Beveridge Curve and estimate it as a production frontier, finding huge differences in matching efficiency between the South and the rest of the country. The Treu Act appears to have improved matching efficiency in the North of the country, particularly for skilled workers, but also to have strengthened competition among skilled and unskilled workers, especially in the South.
The Educated Russian's Curse: Returns to Education in the Russian Federation during the 1990s
Authors: Cheidvasser Sofia , Benítez‐Silva Hugo
Published: February 2007

Abstract.  This paper uses a representative sample of the Russian Federation, the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey, to estimate the returns to education in this ex‐communist country. We tackle this classic issue in labor economics with the realistic expectation of obtaining results for Russia comparable in quality and reliability to those available in developed countries and other economies in transition. Using standard regression techniques we find that the returns to education in Russia are quite low compared with those reported in the literature on countries throughout the world, in almost no specification reaching higher than 5 per cent. Moreover, there is virtually no improvement in returns to education in the 1992–99 period, a result somewhat at odds with other studies using Russian data from similar time periods. When we instrument our main regressor using policy experiments from the 1960s, we find comparable results. We also perform a selectivity correction and discover even lower returns to education for men, although they become slightly higher for women. Additionally, we find extremely low returns to tenure, which can even become negative in certain specifications.
Systems that Should Have Failed: Critical Infrastructure Protection in an Institutionally Fragmented Environment
Authors: De Bruijne Mark , Van Eeten Michel
Published: February 2007

Recent years have witnessed major governmental initiatives regarding critical infrastructure protection (CIP). During that same time, critical infrastructures (CIs) have undergone massive institutional restructuring under the headings of privatization, deregulation and liberalization. Little research has gone into understanding the interactions between these two developments. In this article, we outline the consequences of institutional restructuring for the changing ways in which CIs ensure the reliability and security of their networks and services. Neither Normal Accident Theory nor High‐Reliability Theory can account for reliability under these conditions. We then investigate the implications of these findings for CIP.
Growth in biomedical publications and scientific institutions in the Emirates (1998–2004): an Arabian renaissance?
Authors: Neves Karen , Lammers Wim J. E. P.
Published: February 2007

Objectives:  The United Arab Emirates is witnessing a rapid development in population and infrastructure, leading to an expansion in the educational field and the health care system, including universities, hospitals and research institutes. One potential outcome of this development is an increase in biomedical research publications. This was examined in this study.

Method:  Searches were made of three databases; PubMed, Current Contents and embase. All records from these databases related to the Emirates were downloaded and cross‐referenced. Duplications were removed as well as erroneous records. A total of 1369 publications during 1998–2004 were obtained.

Results:  Analysis of these records revealed that the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, located at the federal University, was responsible for 48% of all biomedical publications. All hospitals together accounted for 24%, while other universities and other research institutes accounted for 13 and 14% respectively. Further analysis revealed that there had been no further growth in the number of publications since 1998. This is in contrast to the increasing number of institutions that have been set up in the 1998–2004 period; from 29 to 112.

Conclusion:  The Emirates are witnessing a rapid development in universities, colleges, hospitals and research centres. The ratio of publications, as yet, has not kept up with this development. The enormous growth in institutes, however, may, in time, herald an Arabian renaissance in scientific activity and related publications.