bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acculturation and Children's dental service utilization in the United States
Authors: Okunseri Christopher , Zheng Cheng , Zhang Yiwen , Okunseri Elaye , Garcia Raul , Szabo Aniko
Published: April 2023

Objective

The study examined changes in acculturation level, socio‐economic status, and their association with preventive dental service use, receipt of restorative, or surgical care, and unmet dental needs.

Methods

Data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) for children aged 1 to 17 years from 2007 to 2015 were analysed. Firstly, a cross‐sectional structural equation model (SEM) that included both a measurement model and a structural model was fitted simultaneously to obtain predicted latent variables for acculturation, socio‐economic status (SES), dental service utilization, and unmet dental needs. Secondly, the change in acculturation, SES, dental service utilization, and unmet dental needs were calculated over two consecutive years within the same child. Finally, the structural model in these changes was fitted, and the indirect and direct pathways between acculturation and SES were tested with dental insurance as a mediator.

Results

Data for 33 507 children in both panel years were analysed. An increase in family acculturation resulted in lower utilization of preventive dental service and more unmet dental need, with socio‐economic status and dental insurance kept constant between the panel years, and after adjusting for race/ethnicity, gender, and age. In addition, increased acculturation was associated with higher SES, and a higher probability of having obtained dental insurance, both of which resulted in increased preventive dental service utilization and less unmet dental need. The positive direct effect and negative indirect effect of acculturation on unmet dental need cancelled each other out and resulted to almost zero total effect between acculturation and unmet dental need. Similarly, the negative direct effect and positive indirect effect of acculturation on preventive dental service cancelled each other out leading to a small increase in preventive dental service utilization.

Conclusion

Children of immigrant families are at risk of inadequate access to dental care as their families becomes more acculturated, without increase in SES and access to dental insurance. This study supports policies that promote immigrant family's adequate access to dental insurance and employment to improve their socio‐economic status.
Identification of bi‐allelic LFNG variants in three patients and further clinical and molecular refinement of spondylocostal dysostosis 3
Authors: Lecca Mauro , Bedeschi Maria Francesca , Izzi Claudia , Dordoni Chiara , Rinaldi Berardo , Peluso Francesca , Caraffi Stefano Giuseppe , Prefumo Federico , Signorelli Marino , Zanzucchi Matteo , Bione Silvia , Ghigna Claudia , Sassi Silvia , Novelli Antonio , Valente Enza Maria , Superti‐Furga Andrea , Garavelli Livia , Errichiello Edoardo
Published: April 2023

Spondylocostal dysostosis (SCD), a condition characterized by multiple segmentation defects of the vertebrae and rib malformations, is caused by bi‐allelic variants in one of the genes involved in the Notch signaling pathway that tunes the “segmentation clock” of somitogenesis: DLL3, HES7, LFNG, MESP2, RIPPLY2, and TBX6. To date, seven individuals with LFNG variants have been reported in the literature. In this study we describe two newborns and one fetus with SCD, who were found by trio‐based exome sequencing (trio‐ES) to carry homozygous (c.822‐5C>T) or compound heterozygous (c.[863dup];[1063G>A]) and (c.[521G>T];[890T>G]) variants in LFNG. Notably, the c.822‐5C>T change, affecting the polypyrimidine tract of intron 5, is the first non‐coding variant reported in LFNG. This study further refines the clinical and molecular features of spondylocostal dysostosis 3 and adds to the numerous investigations supporting the usefulness of trio‐ES approach in prenatal and neonatal settings.
Pericapitalist world‐making: Kitchens, gardens, and care in Wisconsin dairies
Authors: D'Anieri Sophie
Published: April 2023

This article illustrates how Mexican farmworkers in Wisconsin dairies negotiate forces of capitalist oppression through the production, preparation, sharing, and consumption of food. Engaging Anna Tsing's “pericapitalism,” I argue that farmworkers create spaces within and beside capitalism that enable strategies of care, relationships of solidarity, and the remaking of worlds. These practices facilitate not just farmworkers' survival within exploitative systems but also their ability to flourish. Critically examining the notions of agency, victimhood, oppression, and resistance that dominate narratives of Mexican migrant labor, this article draws from feminist ethnography to illuminate the various ways that farmworkers in Wisconsin dairies negotiate relationships to food, gardening, and cooking in order to create durable and livable worlds.
Neural synchrony reflects closure of jabberwocky noun phrases but not predictable pseudoword sequences
Authors: Rafferty M. Blake , Saltuklaroglu Tim , Reilly Kevin , Paek Eun Jin , Casenhiser Devin M.
Published: April 2023

Successful language comprehension requires the combination of individual words into larger linguistic units. In the present minimal‐phrase study, we used electroencephalography (EEG) to investigate whether syntactic combination is indexed by changes in neural synchrony, while testing for both token‐based and type‐based effects. To do this, we analysed intertrial phase coherence (ITPC) elicited by reading two item (words or pseudowords) phrases that were either unifiable or nonunifiable. Results indicated that type‐based unifiable phrases elicited increased ITPC relative to all other conditions in the frequency band corresponding to the rate of phrases (0.5 Hz) but not the rate of words (1 Hz). Conversely, we observed a complementary pattern for the N400, which was more sensitive to token‐based effects. These findings provide evidence that the combination of single words into larger syntactic structures may be indexed by the synchronous firing of assemblies of neurons oscillating at the rate of phrases during reading.
Nietzsche on the good of cultural change
Authors: Cristy Rachel
Published: April 2023

This paper attributes to Nietzsche a theory of cultural development according to which pyramid societies—steeply hierarchical societies following a unified morality—systematically alternate with motley societies, which emerge when pyramid societies encounter other cultures or allow their strict mores to relax. Motley societies contain multiple value systems due to individual innovation or intercultural contact, and are less stringent in dictating individuals' roles. Consequently, many people are torn between incompatible values and lack direction, so they are drawn to a morality of mediocrity, which offers the modest goals of comfort and conformity. However, the need to mediate between conflicting values also tends to yield exceptional individuals who create new values, and can reshape the society into a new pyramid society governed by those values. I argue that Nietzsche favors neither type of society at the expense of the other, but believes the alternation itself is valuable: a pyramid society develops a value system to its full potential; then, when it encounters alternative values, the extraordinary individuals in the resulting motley society synthesize the competing systems into a fuller vision of human flourishing.
High‐risk carotid plaques and incident ischemic stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation in the Cardiovascular Health Study
Authors: Noubiap Jean Jacques , Thomas Gijo , Kamtchum‐Tatuene Joseph , Middeldorp Melissa E. , Sanders Prashanthan
Published: April 2023

Background and purpose

Whether carotid artery disease could improve stroke risk stratification tools in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) remains uncertain. This study was undertaken to investigate the risk of ischemic stroke associated with occlusive and nonocclusive carotid atherosclerotic disease in patients with AF in the prospective population‐based Cardiovascular Health Study.

Methods

We included participants aged ≥65 years with AF. We used multivariable Cox regression analysis to explore the risk of ischemic stroke associated with the percentage of carotid stenosis, plaque irregularity, echogenicity, and vulnerability (markedly irregular, ulcerated, or hypoechoic plaques).

Results

A total of 1398 participants were included (55.2% female, 61.7% aged 65–74 years). The maximum carotid stenosis was <50%, 50%–99%, and 100% in 94.5%, 5%, and 0.5% of participants, respectively. High‐risk plaques based on echogenicity and plaque irregularity were found in 25.6% and 8.9% of participants, respectively. After a median follow‐up of 10.9 years (interquartile range = 7.5–15.6), 298 ischemic strokes were recorded. There was no difference in the incidence of ischemic stroke according to the degree of carotid artery stenosis (p = 0.44), plaque echogenicity (low vs. high risk, p = 0.68), plaque irregularity (low vs. high risk, p = 0.55), and plaque vulnerability (p = 0.86). The CHA₂DS₂‐VASc score was associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.28, 95% confidence interval = 1.18–1.40, p < 0.001). Both maximum grade of stenosis and plaque vulnerability were not associated with incident ischemic stroke (all p > 0.05).

Conclusions

Neither the degree of carotid stenosis nor the presence of vulnerable plaques was associated with incident ischemic stroke in this cohort of individuals with AF. This suggests that carotid disease was probably not a significant contributor to ischemic stroke in this population.
Leveraging genetic predictors of factor XI levels to anticipate results from clinical trials
Authors: Daghlas Iyas , Gill Dipender
Published: April 2023

Background

Factor XI (FXI) is a promising therapeutic target for the prevention of thrombotic disease without increasing bleeding risk.

Methods

We performed Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to investigate the association of genetically predicted reductions in FXI levels with risk of venous thromboembolism, ischemic stroke, bleeding outcomes, and lifespan.

Results

Genetically predicted reductions in FXI levels were associated with lower risk of ischemic stroke (odds ratio per 1 standard deviation (SD) lower serum FXI 0.90, 95% confidence interval 0.87–0.93, p = 1.59 × 10−11), and venous thromboembolism (0.54, 0.49–0.59, p = 2.13 × 10−39) but did not associate with increased bleeding risk (p > 0.16). Genetically predicted reductions in serum FXI levels associated with longer lifespan (0.37 years per 1 SD lower serum FXI, 0.13–0.61, p = 0.003).

Conclusions

These genetic data support FXI as a potentially efficacious and safe therapeutic target and anticipate positive results from ongoing phase 3 clinical trials.
Recognition and epileptology of protracted CLN3 disease
Authors: Cameron Jillian M. , Damiano John A. , Grinton Bronwyn , Carney Patrick W. , McKelvie Penny , Silbert Peter , Lawn Nicholas , Scheffer Ingrid E. , Oliver Karen L. , Hildebrand Michael S. , Berkovic Samuel F.
Published: April 2023

Objective

This study was undertaken to analyze phenotypic features of a cohort of patients with protracted CLN3 disease to improve recognition of the disorder.

Methods

We analyzed phenotypic data of 10 patients from six families with protracted CLN3 disease. Haplotype analysis was performed in three reportedly unrelated families.

Results

Visual impairment was the initial symptom, with onset at 5–9 years, similar to classic CLN3 disease. Mean time from onset of visual impairment to seizures was 12 years (range = 6–41 years). Various seizure types were reported, most commonly generalized tonic–clonic seizures; focal seizures were present in four patients. Progressive myoclonus epilepsy was not seen. Interictal electroencephalogram revealed mild background slowing and 2.5–3.5‐Hz spontaneous generalized spike–wave discharges. Additional interictal focal epileptiform discharges were noted in some patients. Age at death for the three deceased patients was 31, 31, and 52 years. Molecular testing revealed five individuals were homozygous for c.461‐280_677 + 382del966, the "common 1‐kb" CLN3 deletion. The remaining individuals were compound heterozygous for various combinations of recurrent pathogenic CLN3 variants. Haplotype analysis demonstrated evidence of a common founder for the common 1‐kb deletion. Dating analysis suggested the deletion arose approximately 1500 years ago and thus did not represent cryptic familial relationship in this Australian cohort.

Significance

We highlight the protracted phenotype of a disease generally associated with death in adolescence, which is a combined focal and generalized epilepsy syndrome with progressive neurological deterioration. The disorder should be suspected in an adolescent or adult patient presenting with generalized or focal seizures preceded by progressive visual loss. The common 1‐kb deletion has been typically associated with classic CLN3 disease, and the protracted phenotype has not previously been reported with this genotype. This suggests that modifying genetic factors may be important in determining this somewhat milder phenotype and identification of these factors should be the subject of future research.
Economic strain and quality of life among families with emerging adult children: The contributions of family rituals and family problem‐solving communication
Authors: Fonseca Gabriela , de Sousa Bruno , Crespo Carla , Relvas Ana Paula
Published: April 2023

Young people and their families around the world are especially vulnerable to macroeconomic hard times. This study sought to provide a more comprehensive view on how families with emerging adult children can successfully overcome economic distress. Specifically, we examined the links between economic strain—that is, the subjective perceptions of one's current and future financial situation—family ritual meaning, family problem‐solving communication, and quality of life, as reported by emerging adults and their parents. Data were collected from 1017 individuals nested in 334 families living in Portugal in 2016/2017. Results from multilevel modeling provided evidence for a negative impact of economic strain on family members' quality of life (β = −0.30, p < 0.001); and for the role of family ritual meaning (β = 0.01, p = 0.022), but not family problem‐solving communication, as a buffer against the negative effect of economic strain on quality of life. Findings also suggested that the subjective evaluations that family members formulated about their financial situations played a greater role than objective economic conditions (e.g., income) in establishing a deeper understanding on the impact of economic demands on individuals and families' lives in today's complex financial world. This study provides a significant contribution to family economic stress research, advancing family ritual meaning as a key family dynamic contributing to positive adaptation to economic distress. The implications of these findings for clinical interventions include the potential benefits of symbolic forms of family communication in the work carried out with economically stressed family members.
Restricted connectivity for cobia Rachycentron canadum (Perciformes: Rachycentridae) in the Western Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Coimbra Maria Raquel M. , Benevides Emilly , Farias Renata da Silva , da Silva Bruno C. N. R. , Cloux Sara , Pérez‐Muñuzuri Vicente , Vera Manuel , Torres Rodrigo
Published: April 2023

Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) is a coastal pelagic migratory fish species of tropical and subtropical waters, where it is an important game fish and it has been commercially expanded in offshore aquaculture systems. Understanding population connectivity is of utmost importance to the sustainable use and conservation of aquatic resources, and information on genetic diversity and structure is key element in unraveling differentiation when no clear physical barriers exist. In the present study, cobia genetic diversity and structure were depicted using mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b sequencing and microsatellite genotyping in samples from the Southwestern Atlantic and showed that a major single population inhabits the southern hemisphere. Cytochrome b sequencing also suggested that the Indian Ocean is the center of origin for this species' diversification. A hierarchical analysis of AMOVA compared sampling locations from the Northwestern Atlantic (from a previous study) with the Southwestern ones using nine shared microsatellite markers. Differentiation among groups (FCT = 0.41), Bayesian clustering analysis, and complementary ordination analyses (by discriminant analysis of principal components [DAPC] and factorial correspondence analysis [3D‐FCA]) presented a clear separation between the two hemispheres, supported by a Lagrangian model that explained the ocean dynamics over larval retention on the Western Atlantic. Another genetic subgroup intermingled with the main Southwestern group may also exist further south, probably associated with the Vitória‐Trindade Ridge and the local current systems. The distribution of this species in metapopulations is of extreme relevance for fisheries and fish hatcheries management in the Atlantic Ocean.
Spatiotemporal variation in aboveground biomass in a tropical grass pasture over a 22‐year period
Authors: Hirata Masahiko
Published: April 2023

This study monitored spatiotemporal variation in aboveground biomass of a paddock (1.1 ha) in a sown tropical grass pasture under cattle grazing over a 22‐year period (1995–2016) by nondestructively estimating biomasses of 182 fixed locations (0.5 × 0.5 m each) in the paddock at about monthly intervals during the annual stocking season (May to October or November). The mean aboveground biomass of the paddock varied seasonally and interannually between 33 and 605 g DM/m2 and was explained by a regression model including positive effects of mean air temperature, N fertilizer rate and total precipitation during the preceding 60 days (R2 = 0.311, P < 0.001). The coefficient of variation of aboveground biomass, as an indicator of spatial (within‐paddock) variability, varied seasonally and interannually between 0.16 and 0.94, and was described by a model incorporating a positive effect of cumulative stocking density during the preceding 40 days and negative effects of mean air temperature, total precipitation during the preceding 20 days and N fertilizer rate during the preceding 60 days (R2 = 0.277, P < 0.001). The spatial distribution pattern of aboveground biomass in the paddock was persistent (P < 0.05) or not persistent over the study period, almost without being reversed. In detail, patterns in the mid stocking season tended to maintain mutual similarity in the entire range of the intervals between the measurements (364–7,694 days), whereas those at the beginning and near end of the stocking season lost mutual similarity as the interval increased. There was no indubitable evidence that the changes in botanical composition destabilized the spatial distribution pattern of aboveground biomass. The results indicate the need for assessing how the long‐term stability of the within‐paddock distribution pattern of aboveground biomass affects agronomic and ecological performance of the grazing system.
High mesothelin expression by immunohistochemistry predicts improved survival in pleural mesothelioma
Authors: Chu Gerard J , Linton Anthony , Kao Steven , Klebe Sonja , Adelstein Stephen , Yeo Dannel , Rasko John E J , Cooper Wendy A
Published: April 2023

Aims

Mesothelin (MSLN) is a cancer‐associated antigen that is overexpressed in malignancies such as mesothelioma, pancreatic and ovarian cancer. It is also a target for novel personalised therapies, including antibodies, antibody–drug conjugates and chimeric antigen receptor T cells. Immunohistochemistry may predict those who would best respond to anti‐mesothelin therapies and guide decisions in therapeutic strategy. This study aimed to assess the intensity and distribution of MSLN immunostaining in mesothelioma, and to determine the prognostic value of MSLN expression by histochemical‐score (H‐score).

Methods and results

The MN1 anti‐MSLN antibody was used to stain a formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissue microarray of histologically confirmed mesothelioma from 75 consecutive patients who had undergone pleurectomy with or without decortication. MSLN positivity, the staining intensity, distribution of staining and H‐score were evaluated. The correlation of H‐score with prognosis was investigated. Sixty‐six per cent of epithelioid tumours were MSLN‐positive (with expression in > 5% tumour cells). Of MSLN‐expressing epithelioid tumours, 70.4% had moderate (2+) or strong (3+) intensity MSLN immunostaining, although only 37% of samples had staining in ≥ 50% of tumour cells. In multivariate analysis, MSLN H‐score as a continuous variable and an H‐score ≥ 33 were independent predictors of improved survival (P = 0.04 and P < 0.001, respectively).

Conclusions

MSLN expression was more heterogenous in epithelioid mesothelioma than reported previously. Therefore, it would be appropriate to perform an immunohistochemical assessment of MSLN expression to stratify and assess patient suitability for mesothelin‐targeted personalised therapies, such as chimeric antigen receptor T cells.
High ambient temperature decreases eggshell thickness in Zebra Finches
Authors: Wada Haruka , Dees Leslie , Hurley Laura L. , Griffith Simon C.
Published: April 2023

Avian females can alter nest‐site selection and breeding behaviour in response to changes in ambient temperature. However, whether females alter eggshell characteristics in response to high ambient temperature is underexplored. To fill this gap, wild‐derived and domesticated Zebra Finches were bred at temperatures of 18 °C and 30 °C or 35 °C. Here we show that eggs from finches bred at 18 °C and 30 °C had similar characteristics, but females exposed to 35 °C laid eggs that were significantly thinner compared with the 18 °C group. These data suggest that a temperature that is ecologically relevant to the species in the arid zone of Australia can influence eggshell thickness, which is one of the important factors for hatchability in birds.
Research progress of B subfamily of leucocyte immunoglobulin‐like receptors in inflammation
Authors: Zhang Mengting , Yang Jun , Zhang Jing , Huang Cuiyuan , Liu Haiyin , Zhang Peiyue , Zhai Yuhong , Liu Li , Yang Jian
Published: April 2023

Leucocyte immunoglobulin‐like receptors subfamily B (LILRB) belongs to the type I transmembrane glycoproteins, which is the immunosuppressive receptor. LILRBs are widely expressed in bone marrow cells, hematopoietic stem cells, nerve cells and other body cells. Studies have found that LILRBs receptor can bind to a variety of ligands and has a variety of biological functions such as regulating inflammatory response, immune tolerance and cell differentiation. Inflammatory reaction plays a vital role in resisting microorganisms. The function of inhibitory immune receptors can recognize the signs of infection and promote the function of anti‐microbial effect. The inflammatory response must be strictly regulated to prevent excessive inflammation and tissue damage. Therefore, it is of general interest to understand the role of LILRBs in the inflammatory response. Because they can inhibit the anti‐microbial response of neutrophils, some human pathogens use these receptors to escape immunity. This article reviews the biological role of LILRBs in the inflammatory response. We focus on the known ligands of LILRBs, their different roles after binding with ligands, and how these receptors help to form neutrophil responses during infection. Recent studies have shown that LILRBs recruit phosphatases through intracellular tyrosine‐based immunoreceptor inhibitory motifs to negatively regulate immune activation, thereby transmitting inflammation‐related signals, suggesting that LILRBs may be an ideal target for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Here, we describe in detail the regulation of LILRBs on the inflammatory response, its signal transduction mode in inflammation, and the progress in the treatment of inflammatory diseases, providing a reference for further research.
Effect of foreign capital inflows on domestic credit to the private sector in sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Acheampong Kwame , Frimpong Albert Opoku , Arhin Kwadwo
Published: April 2023

This study examines the effect of foreign capital inflow on domestic credit to the private sector in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA). Estimates based on the system‐generalized method of moments, Pooled Mean Group and fully modified OLS estimators using panel data on 33 SSA countries from 1996 to 2019 establish the following results. First, foreign direct investment (FDI) positively affects domestic credit in the short and long run. Second, the effect of official credit on domestic credit is negative in the short and long run. Third, the US Treasury Bill rate negatively relates to domestic credit to the private sector in the short and long run. Improving policies to enhance the favourable effect of FDI on domestic credit may reduce borrowing from official sources to eliminate its undesirable effect.
Nursing students' attitudes toward reporting child abuse and neglect: A cross‐sectional study in Turkey
Authors: Yalçın Gürsoy Melike , Mechmet Fatme Chousko
Published: April 2023

Topic

Nurses are uniquely positioned to provide early diagnoses and interventions for abused, neglected, or at‐risk children. They are also required, by law, to report suspected child abuse. However, little is known about the attitudes of student and registered nurses in reporting cases of abuse.

Purpose

This study aimed to identify nursing students' attitudes and related factors toward reporting child abuse and neglect in Turkey.

Sources

This cross‐sectional study was carried out with the online participation of 1170 nursing students. The scale for determining the attitudes of health professionals in reporting child abuse (ACAS) was administered together with questions on demographic information.

Conclusions

ACAS scores of nursing students toward reporting child abuse were average. Younger age, poor perceived academic success, suspecting of a child abuse and neglect case during clinical practice, and male sex were independently associated with higher ACAS scores. Therefore, education programs for nursing students should focus on improving their attitudes toward reporting child abuse and neglect.
Does extended air‐drying time improve bond strength of universal adhesives to enamel?
Authors: Karadas Muhammet , Bedir Fatih
Published: April 2023

Objective

To investigate the effect of extended air‐drying time on the microshear bond strength (MSBS) of universal adhesives to enamel.

Materials and Methods

The distal and mesial specimens from third molars were wet‐ground and randomly assigned to three groups according to adhesives tested (n = 60): Clearfil Bond Universal, Gluma Bond Universal, and G‐Premio Bond. The adhesives were applied in etch‐and‐rinse or self‐etch modes, followed by air‐drying for 5, 15, or 25 s. Composite buildups were constructed and subjected to the MSBS test after 24‐h or thermocycling. MSBS results were evaluated using a four‐way ANOVA. The thickness of the adhesive layer and the degree of solvent evaporation were further evaluated.

Results

At 24‐h, MSBS of G‐Premio Bond significantly improved with the 25 s air‐drying in both of the etching modes when compared to the 5 s air‐drying. After thermocycling, the extended air‐drying did not produce a significant difference on the MSBS, regardless of the application strategy. Extended air‐drying (25 s) evaporated almost all of the volatile part of Gluma Bond Universal and G‐Premio Bond.

Conclusions

Extended air‐drying times increased solvent evaporation but did not contribute to the bonding effectiveness of the adhesives, regardless of the etching mode.

Clinical Significance

Air‐drying applications for more than 5 s had no significant effect on enamel bonding performance of universal adhesives.
The role of vaccine effectiveness on individual vaccination decisions and welfare
Authors: Sorensen Andrea
Published: April 2023

This paper examines a theoretical model designed to characterize a static, individual vaccination decision environment. I identify and characterize both equilibrium and socially optimal vaccination behavior and determine how this behavior changes as the effectiveness of the vaccine changes. I also evaluate the individual and social welfare implications of a change in vaccine effectiveness. I find that under certain conditions, an increase in vaccine effectiveness can decrease the number of agents vaccinating in equilibrium due to the positive external effects of vaccination. Notably, it is also possible for individual and total welfare to decrease. This is an undesirable, and perhaps unexpected, consequence of better vaccines. Fortunately, welfare at the social optimum always increases as vaccine effectiveness increases. However, equilibrium behavior often falls short of the social optimum due to the positive externalities created by vaccinating.
Associations between sleep complaints, suicidal ideation and depressive symptoms among adolescents and young adults in Greece
Authors: Basta M. , Skourti E. , Simos P. , Soumaki E. , Li Y. , Gerostergios G. , Samiotakis G. , Dafermos V. , Drakaki M. , Papadakis N. , Vgontzas A. N.
Published: April 2023

Depression prevalence increases significantly during adolescence/early adulthood. Depression in youth may present suicidal ideation, while suicide represents the leading cause of death in this age group. Moreover, adolescents/young adults frequently report sleep complaints that may partially be due to depressive symptoms. Studies on the associations between depression, sleep complaints and suicidality in this age group are limited. We aimed to examine associations between depressive symptoms, sleep complaints and suicidal ideation in a large (n = 2771), representative sample of adolescents (age: 15–17 years, n = 512) and young adults (age: 18–24 years, n = 2259) from the general population in Greece. A telephone structured questionnaire was administered. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the modified Patient Health‐7 questionnaire score, while presence of suicidal ideation and sleep complaints were assessed using the ninth and third question of Patient Health‐9 questionnaire, respectively. Mediation logistic regression analysis revealed significant direct paths from depressive symptoms to sleep complaints (odds ratio [OR] 1.22, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.19–1.24; OR 1.21, 95% CI 1.18–1.24) and suicidal ideation (OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.14–1.22; OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.14–1.22), as well as sleep complaints and suicidal ideation (OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.32–2.50; OR 1.91, 95% CI 1.33–2.76) in the total group and in young adults, respectively, but not among adolescents. Moreover, we detected a significant indirect effect of depressive symptoms on suicidal ideation mediated by sleep complaints (18.8%) in young adults. These findings support the hypothesis that treatment of sleep disturbances among youth with depression may independently further reduce suicidal risk.
Right heart echocardiographic variables and prediction of clinical severity in dogs with pulmonary stenosis
Authors: Patata Valentina , Vezzosi Tommaso , Marchesotti Federica , Zini Eric , Tognetti Rosalba , Domenech Oriol
Published: April 2023

Background

Pulmonary stenosis (PS) usually is evaluated using echocardiography. A multiparametric approach, in addition to the maximum pressure gradient (PG), might be indicated to better characterize PS severity and address its management.

Hypothesis/Objectives

Our hypothesis was that right heart size and function are associated with echocardiographic and clinical severity of pulmonary stenosis in dogs.

Animals

Client‐owned dogs with PS.

Methods

Prospective, multicenter, observational study. Enrolled dogs underwent complete echocardiographic examination. Associations among right heart echocardiographic variables, PS transvalvular PG >80 mm Hg and presence of clinical signs (exercise intolerance, syncope, right‐sided congestive failure, or some combination of these) were assessed using logistic regression analysis.

Results

Eighty‐eight dogs with PS. Twenty‐eight dogs were symptomatic. Increased right ventricular end‐diastolic free wall thickness (odds ratio [OR] > 100; 95% confidence interval [95%CI], 50‐ > 100; P = .01) and decreased aorta‐to‐pulmonary artery velocity time integral ratio (OR, < 0.001; 95%CI, 0.0‐0.001; P = .005) were independently associated with PS PG >80 mm Hg. Decreased tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (OR, 0.35; 95%CI, 0.15‐0.77; P = .01) and increased right ventricular end‐diastolic area (OR, 1.4; 95%CI, 1.08‐2.02; P = .01) were independently associated with clinical severity.

Conclusion and Clinical Importance

Structural and functional right heart echocardiographic variables are associated with echocardiographic and clinical severity in dogs with PS. A multiparametric approach is advised to better assess PS severity.
Intellectual property rights in outer space: How can pharmaceutical companies protect COVID‐19 vaccine and immunotherapy developments aboard the ISS US national laboratory?
Authors: Jashari Adnan , Stojchevska Stefani
Published: April 2023

Believing that space pharmaceuticals might be the key to winning the battle against COVID‐19, global pharmaceutical companies such as AstraZeneca and Sanofi Pasteur are currently collaborating with the International Space Station National Laboratory (ISS‐NL) on research projects aiming to develop vaccine‐and‐immunotherapy products. The present legal regime for outer space, however, does not provide clear guidelines on safeguarding intellectual property rights (IPRs), due to the difficulties of reconciling the territorial nature of patent law and the nonterritorial nature of space law. Responding to such a legal gap, this research paper argues how pharmaceutical companies can protect such medical innovations by taking into consideration the international principles of space law addressing IPRs and extraterrestrial jurisdiction, as well as the legal regime of the ISS‐NL. With the exception of the possibility of the barriers between the two areas of law not being insurmountable, the proposed COVID‐19 TRIPS Waiver furthermore impacts space pharmaceuticals' IPRs and commercialization, which leads to the identification of some advantageous forms of agreements, including the Joint Endeavor Agreement, the Space Act Agreement, as well as the Cooperative Research and Development Agreement, for pharmaceutical companies defined as agreement partners with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
The Role of Environmental Chemicals in the Etiology of Learning Difficulties: A Novel Theoretical Framework
Authors: Margolis Amy E. , Greenwood Paige , Dranovsky Alex , Rauh Virginia
Published: April 2023

Children from economically disadvantaged communities have a disproportionate risk of exposure to chemicals, social stress, and learning difficulties. Although animal models and epidemiologic studies link exposures and neurodevelopment, little focus has been paid to academic outcomes in environmental health studies. Similarly, in the educational literature, environmental chemical exposures are overlooked as potential etiologic factors in learning difficulties. We propose a theoretical framework for the etiology of learning difficulties that focuses on these understudied exogenous factors. We discuss findings from animal models and longitudinal, prospective birth cohort studies that support this theoretical framework. Studies reviewed point to the effects of prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on reading comprehension and math skills via effects on inhibitory control processes. Long term, this work will help close the achievement gap in the United States by identifying behavioral and neural pathways from prenatal exposures to learning difficulties in children from economically disadvantaged families.
Lysosomal swelling and lysis mediate delivery of C3 toxins to their cytoplasmic targets
Authors: Turner Madison , Plumb Jonathan , Merrill A. Rod , Grinstein Sergio , Westman Johannes
Published: April 2023

Unlike other cholera‐like toxins that contain separate binding/translocation and catalytic subunits, C3‐like mono‐ADP‐ribosyltransferases consist of a single subunit that serves both functions. The manner whereby C3 toxins reach the host cell cytoplasm is poorly understood and was addressed in this study by monitoring the fate of fluorescently labeled C3larvinA. Following binding to the macrophage membrane in a discontinuous punctate pattern, the toxin was internalized, traversing the endocytic pathway to reach lysosomes. Strikingly, the lysosomes of C3larvinA‐treated cells underwent massive swelling over the course of 1–4 h. Lysosomal swelling preceded the extensive rearrangement of the cellular F‐actin caused by ADP‐ribosylation of cytosolic Rho‐GTPases. This suggested that lysosome swelling might be required for the escape of the toxin into the cytoplasm where the GTPases reside. Accordingly, preventing swelling by osmotic manipulation or by arresting macropinocytosis precluded the F‐actin rearrangement. Toxin‐induced swelling was associated with leakage of sulforhodamine B and dextran from the lysosomes, implying membrane rupture or activation of mechano‐sensitive pores, enabling the toxin itself to reach the cytosol. Finally, comparison of the cellular traffic and actin remodeling activities of C3larvinA with that of two related toxins, C3larvintrunc and Plx2A, highlighted the importance of the N‐terminal α1‐helix for lysosomal swelling and successful intoxication.
Long‐term effects of different exercise training modes on cytokines and adipokines in individuals with overweight/obesity and cardiometabolic diseases: A systematic review, meta‐analysis, and meta‐regression of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Del Rosso Sebastian , Baraquet María Lucía , Barale Adrián , Defagó María Daniela , Tortosa Fernando , Perovic Nilda Raquel , Aoki Maria Pilar
Published: April 2023

The present study aimed to investigate the evidence on the effects of different long‐term training interventions (aerobic [AeT], resistance [RT], and combined [COMB]) and spontaneous physical activity (PA) in modifying cytokines and adipokines in individuals with overweight or obesity with or without cardiometabolic diseases while considering potential confounders. Although exercise interventions have become a potentially effective tool for preventing and treating metabolic diseases, the evidence provided by previous systematic reviews is inconclusive since several potential confounders have yet to be addressed. Therefore, we conducted a systematic literature search in Medline, Cochrane, and Embase databases from January 2000 to July 2022 and performed a meta‐analysis. Inclusion criteria retrieved 106 full texts comprising 8,642 individuals with a range BMI of 25.1–43.8 kg m−2. We found that independently of the training mode, exercise had a beneficial effect on diminishing Adiponectin, C‐reactive protein (CRP), IL‐6, IL‐18, IL‐20, Leptin, sICAM, and TNF‐α levels circulating levels. Furthermore, by subsequent analysis, we detected differential effects of AeT, RT, and COMB, with sex, age, body composition, and trial length acting as moderators. The comparison of training modes revealed a difference favoring COMB over AeT for regulating the increase in CRP with no differences in the remaining biomarkers. Meta‐regression analysis revealed an effect of change in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) on CRP, IL‐6, and TNF‐α, while IL‐10 was influenced by the change in body fat. The results suggest that all interventions, except PA, are effective in lessening this population's inflammatory status, provided that exercise results in an increase of VO2max.
Immunological interactions in helminths‐SARS CoV‐2 coinfection: Could old enemy be a friend today?
Authors: Alrouji Mohammed , Al‐Kuraishy Hayder M. , Al‐Gareeb Ali I. , Elhadad Heba , Alexiou Athanasios , Papadakis Marios , Ogaly Hanan A. , Elgazzar Ahmed M. , Batiha Gaber El‐Saber
Published: April 2023

Helminths are metazoan parasites affecting about one third of the worldwide population. Chronic helminth infections (CHIs) confer immunological tolerance to harmless and self‐antigens mediated by regulatory T cells (Treg) that are up‐regulated. In coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), abnormal adaptive immune response and unrestrained innate immune response could result in local and systemic immune‐mediated tissue damage. COVID‐19 and CHIs establish complicated immune interactions due to SARS‐CoV‐2‐induced immunological stimulation and CHIs‐induced immunological tolerance. However, COVID‐19 severity in patients with CHIs is mild, as immuno‐suppressive anti‐inflammatory cytokines counterbalance the risk of cytokine storm. Here, an overview of the interplay between helminths and COVID‐19 severity is given. CHIs through helminth‐derived molecules may suppress SARS‐CoV‐2 entry and associated hyperinflammation through attenuation of the TLR4/NF‐kB signalling pathway. In addition, CHIs may reduce the COVID‐19 severity by reducing the SARS‐CoV‐2 entry points at ACE2/DPP4/CD147 axis in the initial phase and immunomodulation in the late phase of the disease by suppressing TLR4/NF‐kB signalling pathway.
The indirect effect of positive aspects of caregiving on the relationship between cognitive decline and dementia caregiver burden
Authors: Cousins Elizabeth , Patrick Karlee , Chapman Kimberly , Drost Jennifer , Spitznagel Mary Beth
Published: April 2023

Background

Research has linked increased cognitive decline in a dementia care recipient to worsening caregiver burden, but the presence of positive aspects of caregiving is associated with better outcomes. As cognitive decline worsens, a lack of positive caregiving experiences could lead to burden for the caregiver. This study investigated relationships among dementia caregiver burden, cognitive decline, and positive aspects of caregiving in dementia, predicting an indirect effect of positive aspects of caregiving.

Methods

Data from 724 patients of an outpatient memory clinic in Ohio were examined and dyads included based on clinically supported patient diagnoses on the dementia spectrum. Caregivers completed the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) and Positive Aspects of Caregiving (PAC) measures. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Mini‐Mental State Examination were used to estimate cognitive decline, standardized to create a single variable. Multiple potential covariates were considered for inclusion in the model. A cross‐sectional mediation analysis using the Hayes PROCESS macro explored the presence of an indirect effect of PAC on the relationship between cognitive decline and ZBI using 5000 bootstrap samples.

Results

Only the potential covariate caregiver age was correlated with any of the primary variables; this variable was controlled in analyses. Significant relationships emerged between cognitive decline and ZBI (r = −0.12, P < 0.001), between PAC and ZBI (r = −0.23, P < 0.001), and between cognitive decline and PAC (r = −0.07, P < 0.05). An indirect effect of positive aspects of caregiving on the relationship between cognitive decline and ZBI was statistically significant (B = 0.0092, 95% bias‐corrected confidence interval: 0.0008, 0.0185), accounting for 14.4% of the variance in the model.

Conclusions

A lack of positive aspects of caregiving could be partially responsible for development of dementia caregiver burden as cognitive decline worsens. Longitudinal examination of these relationships is needed to understand causality fully. Findings may help healthcare providers tailor treatment to alleviate caregiver burden.
Normalization? German Theologians Respond to the Rise of the Far RightChristentum von Rechts: Theologische Erkundungen und Kritik [Right‐wing Christianity: Theological Explorations and Critique], Johann HinrichClaussen, MartinFritz, AndreasKubik, RochusLeonhardt, and ArnulfvonScheliha, Mohr Siebeck, 2021 (ISBN 978‐3‐16‐160005‐0), vi + 234 pp., pb €26.95Rechte Normalisierung und politische Theologie. Eine Standortbestimmung [Right‐wing Normalization and Political Theology: Defining a Standpoint], Jan NiklasCollet, JuliaLis, and GregorTaxacher (eds), Pustet, 2021 (ISBN 978‐3‐7917‐3287‐9) 280 pp., pb €25.19
Authors: Schmiedel Ulrich
Published: April 2023

The far right is on the rise across Europe. In Germany, the political party Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) has had striking success in several elections, establishing itself in parliaments across the country. Although Christianity comes up in the programmes and the politics of this party, theologians in Germany have been hesitant to engage the rise of the far right. In this review, I present two publications that put an end to this hesitation. Although I cannot cover each and every chapter, I aim to showcase the key concerns and the key concepts of both publications in order to stress the contrast between them. Both theologically and politically, the stakes are high. The question of how to respond to the rise of the far right, I suggest, cuts to the core of the conceptualization of the identity of Christianity.
Dermoscopic features associated with 3‐GEP PLA: LINC00518, PRAME, and TERT expression in suspicious pigmented lesions
Authors: Ludzik Joanna , Becker Alyssa L. , Latour Emile , Lee Claudia , Witkowski Alexander
Published: April 2023

Utilization of dermoscopy and novel molecular triage technologies augments visual triage of pigmented skin lesions, promoting early detection of melanoma. One emerging in vivo genomic test, 3‐GEP pigmented lesion assay (3‐GEP PLA) aids in pigmented lesion triage by noninvasively detecting the presence of three genes associated with melanoma: LINC00518, PRAME, and TERT. The purpose of our retrospective case‐control study was to identify dermoscopic features uniquely associated with the presence of LINC00518, PRAME, or TERT in the stratum corneum as determined by 3‐GEP PLA testing. Images of suspicious pigmented lesions that had undergone 3‐GEP PLA testing and received a definitive positive or negative result (n = 393) were evaluated for the presence of specific clinical and dermoscopic features associated with melanoma. We found that asymmetry of color was a significant predictor for PRAME expression (Odds Ratio (OR) 5.5, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.6–34.5, p = 0.004), blue color and negative pigment network were significant predictors for LINC00518 expression (adjusted OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.2–5.5, p = 0.014 and adjusted OR 5.4, 95% CI 1.6–16.9, p = 0.010, respectively), and atypical polymorphous vessels present in a pigmented skin lesion were a significant predictor for TERT promoter mutations (OR 5.8, 95% CI 1.3–23.4, p = 0.022). The results presented suggest a hierarchy in the significance of these dermoscopic features and may help guide evaluation and management of pigmented skin lesions.
Brauer spaces of spectral algebraic stacks
Authors: Chough Chang‐Yeon
Published: April 2023

We study the question of whether the Brauer group is isomorphic to the cohomological one in spectral algebraic geometry. For this, we prove the compact generation of the derived category of twisted sheaves in the setting of spectral algebraic stacks. In particular, we obtain the compact generation of the ‐category of quasi‐coherent sheaves and the existence of compact perfect complexes with prescribed support for such stacks. We extend these results to derived algebraic geometry by studying the relationship between derived and spectral algebraic stacks.
Incertidumbres del ethos vital contemporáneo: del antropocentrismo al biocentrismo
Authors: Gilberto Cely Galindo, S. J., , Berrío Norman Mary Cecilia
Published: April 2023

A lo largo del texto, siguiendo las teorías de sistemas, sondearemos la siguiente hipótesis: La Economía es un subsistema de redes de los sistemas antroposfera y tecnosfera, que tiene como deber-ser optimizar la coexistencia armónica y articulada de estos dos sistemas con la geosfera y la biosfera, agregando valor (riqueza) cuantificable en el mercado de bienes y servicios.