bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on Operation Trajectory Tracking Control of Loader Working Mechanisms
Authors: Liang Guodong , Jiang Yong , Gao Zeyu , Bai Guoxing , Li Hengtong , Zhao Xiaoyan , Wang Kai , Wang Zhiyan
Published: February 2025

Autonomous shovel digging of loaders is the key technology to realise automation and intelligent operation. The effective tracking control for the target operation trajectory is one of its core parts. Proportional–integral–derivative (PID) and other control methods without system models have issues, such as large overshoot amplitudes and jitter phenomena under system constraints. Given that model predictive control (MPC) effectively deals with system constraints to ensure smooth operation, this paper introduces MPC into motion control for the loader’s working mechanism and proposes a trajectory tracking control method based on nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC). This study shows that, under the same system constraints for different target operation trajectories, the designed controller achieves better tracking performance than conventional PID and sliding-mode control (SMC) controllers in handling system constraints and ensuring smoothness. It is also found that the tracking performance decreases as the dig insertion depth increases. Therefore, trajectories with larger dig insertion depths are not recommended as viable operation trajectories. This study provides an important foundation and new insights for improving the control performance of the loader’s working mechanism.
Sports Biomechanics Analysis: Assisting Effectiveness Evaluations for Wearable Compliant Elbow Joint Powered Exoskeleton
Authors: Qin Huibin , Liu Kai , Zhang Zefeng , Zheng Jie , Hou Zhili , Li Lina , Li Ruiqin
Published: February 2025

Wearing an exoskeleton, the human body constantly experiences mechanical loading. However, quantifying internal loads within the musculoskeletal system remains challenging, especially during unconstrained dynamic activities such as manual material handling. Currently, exoskeleton systems are commonly integrated with sensor technologies to gather data and assess performances. This is mainly performed to evaluate the physical exoskeletons, and cannot provide real-time feedback during the development phase. Firstly, a powered wearable elbow exoskeleton with variable stiffness is proposed. Through theoretical calculation, the power efficiency formula of exoskeleton is derived. Then, a human musculoskeletal model is built using the AnyBody Modeling System and coupled to the elbow exoskeleton. Under set experimental conditions, the simulation reveals that, when compared with the exoskeleton, the biceps and triceps muscle force parameters of the human model were reduced by 24% and 12%. The muscle activity was diminished by 28–31%, and muscle length shortened by about 6%, in comparison to the condition without the exoskeleton. Finally, through the muscle force experiment, it was verified that the power efficiency of the elbow exoskeleton in the real transport was about 18%. The project reduces costs in the development phase of the exoskeleton and can provide new insights into muscle function and sports biomechanics.
An Improved Salp Swarm Algorithm for Solving a Multi-Temperature Joint Distribution Route Optimization Problem
Authors: Chang Yimei , Yu Jiaqi , Wang Yang , Xie Xiaoling
Published: February 2025

In order to address the diverse and personalized needs of consumers for fresh products, as well as to enhance the efficiency and safety of fresh product delivery, this paper proposes an integer programming model aimed at minimizing total distribution costs. The model takes into account the cold storage multi-temperature joint distribution mode, carbon emission costs, and actual constraints associated with the distribution process of fresh products. To solve this model, an improved salp swarm algorithm (SSA) has been developed. The feasibility and effectiveness of both the proposed model and algorithm are demonstrated using R110 data from the Solomon standard calculation example. Research findings indicate that compared to traditional single-product temperature distribution modes, the multi-temperature joint distribution mode achieves reductions in total distribution costs and vehicle quantities by 45.4% and 72.2%, respectively. Furthermore, it is observed that total distribution costs increase with rising unit carbon tax prices; however, the rate of growth gradually diminishes over time. Additionally, a reduction in vehicle load capacity results in a continuous rise in total delivery costs after reaching a certain turning point. When compared to conventional SSAs and genetic algorithms, the proposed algorithm demonstrates superior performance in generating optimal multi-temperature joint distribution route schemes for fresh products.
σ-Martingales: Foundations, Properties, and a New Proof of the Ansel–Stricker Lemma
Authors: Sohns Moritz
Published: February 2025

σ-martingales generalize local martingales through localizing sequences of predictable sets, which are essential in stochastic analysis and financial mathematics, particularly for arbitrage-free markets and portfolio theory. In this work, we present a new approach to σ-martingales that avoids using semimartingale characteristics. We develop all fundamental properties, provide illustrative examples, and establish the core structure of σ-martingales in a new, straightforward manner. This approach culminates in a new proof of the Ansel–Stricker lemma, which states that one-sided bounded σ-martingales are local martingales. This result, referenced in nearly every publication on mathematical finance, traditionally relies on the original French-language proof. We use this result to prove a generalization, which is essential for defining the general semimartingale model in mathematical finance.
From Microbes to Metabolites: Advances in Gut Microbiome Research in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Blok Lente , Hanssen Nordin , Nieuwdorp Max , Rampanelli Elena
Published: February 2025

Background: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a severe chronic T-cell mediated autoimmune disease that attacks the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas. The multifactorial nature of T1D involves both genetic and environmental components, with recent research focusing on the gut microbiome as a crucial environmental factor in T1D pathogenesis. The gut microbiome and its metabolites play an important role in modulating immunity and autoimmunity. In recent years, studies have revealed significant alterations in the taxonomic and functional composition of the gut microbiome associated with the development of islet autoimmunity and T1D. These changes include reduced production of short-chain fatty acids, altered bile acid and tryptophan metabolism, and increased intestinal permeability with consequent perturbations of host (auto)immune responses. Methods/Results: In this review, we summarize and discuss recent observational, mechanistic and etiological studies investigating the gut microbiome in T1D and elucidating the intricate role of gut microbes in T1D pathogenesis. Moreover, we highlight the recent advances in intervention studies targeting the microbiota for the prevention or treatment of human T1D. Conclusions: A deeper understanding of the evolution of the gut microbiome before and after T1D onset and of the microbial signals conditioning host immunity may provide us with essential insights for exploiting the microbiome as a prognostic and therapeutic tool.
High-Speed 6DoF Tool Monitoring Using a Low-Cost Photogrammetric System
Authors: Sargeant Ben , Puerto Pablo , Richards Charles , Leizea Ibai , Garcia Asier , Robson Stuart
Published: February 2025

The capability of low-cost photogrammetric systems to provide live six degrees of freedom (6DoF) tracking of multiple objects offers great value in providing high-quality and consistent part production by automated manufacturing systems. However, monitoring of high-speed components, such as cutting heads, presents several unique challenges that existing systems struggle to meet. The solution given here uses a small number of short-exposure imaging sensors coupled with high-intensity lighting and retrorefective markers to allow for high-speed capture. The use of an initial characterization process carried out using IDEKO’s VSET© system is followed by live object tracking in bespoke image processing software running on a consumer-grade computer. Once this system is in use, it can simultaneously capture images of multiple markers in less than 0.1 milliseconds and use these to determine the 6DoF of the objects that the markers define. 6DoF recalculation of all objects within each measurement instance makes the system resilient to large movements, object occlusion, and sensor relocation. Feasibility tests of a four-camera system as a machine characterization tool tracking a cutting tool spinning at up to 3000 rpm across a volume of 1 m3 achieved a mean reference marker agreement between tool poses of 2.5 µm with markers moving at up to 17.5 ms−1. Given good photogrammetric geometry, 6DoF parameters of the spinning tool were determined to standard deviations of 37.7 µm and 0.086°.
Progress in RF-MEMS
Authors: Tait R. Niall
Published: February 2025

As micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) have evolved and matured over the last few decades, they have impacted a broad range of technologies and application areas [...]
FLIM-Phasor Analysis (FLIM-ϕ) of Aβ-Induced Membrane Order Alterations: Towards a Cell-Based Biosensor for Early Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnosis
Authors: Battisti Antonella , Ortore Maria Grazia , Vilasi Silvia , Sgarbossa Antonella
Published: February 2025

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, and its early detection can be critical for a prompt intervention that can potentially slow down the disease progression and improve the patient’s quality of life. However, a diagnosis based solely on clinical symptoms can be challenging, especially in the early stages, while the detection of specific biomarkers such as amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) and tau proteins can provide objective evidence for diagnosis. In this work, we explored the effects of Aβ peptide on cell membrane properties thanks to fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) combined with the phasor analysis (FLIM-ϕ). The results showed that the membrane viscosity is altered by the presence of Aβ peptide and that cells experience this effect even at nanomolar concentrations of peptide. This considerable sensitivity opens up the possibility of envisioning a cell-based biosensor able to detect very low concentrations of Aβ in a biological fluid, thus enabling timely diagnosis and intervention.
Could the Microbial Profiling of Normal Pancreatic Tissue from Healthy Organ Donors Contribute to Understanding the Intratumoral Microbiota Signature in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma?
Authors: Tavano Francesca , Napoli Alessandro , Gioffreda Domenica , Palmieri Orazio , Latiano Tiziana , Tardio Matteo , di Mola Fabio Francesco , Grottola Tommaso , Büchler Markus W. , Gentile Marco , Latiano Anna , Mazza Tommaso , Perri Francesco
Published: February 2025

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is associated with intratumoral microbiota changes. However, defining the normal pancreatic microbial composition remains a challenge. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that the microbial profiling of normal pancreatic tissue from healthy organ donors (HC) could help in determining the signature of microbiota in PDAC. Matched pairs of tumor and normal tissues from PDAC patients (n = 32) and normal pancreatic tissues from HC (n = 17) were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Dissimilarities in all the beta metrics emerged in both normal samples and tumor samples, compared to HC (Bray–Curtis dissimilarity and Jaccard distance: p = 0.002; weighted UniFrac distances: p = 0.42 and p = 0.012, respectively; unweighted UniFrac distance: p = 0.009); a trend toward a lower Faith’s phylogenetic distance was found at the tumor level vs. HC (p = 0.08). Within PDAC, a lower Faith’s phylogenetic distance (p = 0.003) and a significant unweighted UniFrac distance (p = 0.024) were observed in tumor samples vs. normal samples. We noted the presence of a decreased abundance of bacteria with potential beneficial effects (Jeotgalicoccus) and anticancer activity (Acinetobacter_guillouiae) in PDAC vs. HC; bacteria involved in immune homeostasis and suppression of tumor progression (Streptococcus_salivarius, Sphingomonas) were reduced, and those implicated in tumor initiation and development (Methylobacterium-Methylorubrum, g_Delftia) were enhanced in tumor samples vs. normal samples. Metagenomic functions involved in fatty acid synthesis were reduced in normal samples compared to HC, while peptidoglycan biosynthesis IV and L-rhamnose degradation were more abundant in tumor samples vs. normal samples. Future prospective studies on larger populations, also including patients in advanced tumor stages and considering all potential existing confounding factors, as well as further functional investigations, are needed to prove the role of microbiota-mediated pathogenicity in PDAC.
Antibiofilm Effects of Plant Extracts Against Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Barbarossa Alexia , Rosato Antonio , Tardugno Roberta , Carrieri Antonio , Corbo Filomena , Limongelli Francesco , Fumarola Luciana , Fracchiolla Giuseppe , Carocci Alessia
Published: February 2025

The global rise in antimicrobial resistance poses a significant threat to public health, necessitating alternative therapeutic options. One critical challenge is treating infections caused by biofilm-forming bacteria, which are notably resistant to conventional antibiotics. Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA), is a major pathogen in biofilm-related infections, complicating treatment and leading to chronic cases. Plant extracts have emerged as promising alternatives, offering new avenues for effective treatment. This study evaluated the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of commercial extracts of Vitis vinifera L. (grape), Camellia sinensis L. (green tea), Olea europaea L. (olive), Quercus robur (oak), and Coffea arabica L. (coffee) against S. aureus strains from ATCC collections and clinical isolates. Preliminary screening using the disk diffusion test assessed the zones of inhibition, which was followed by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination via broth microdilution, with Quercus robur L. showing the best overall MIC results. The results obtained demonstrate the strong antibacterial activity of the extracts, with the MIC values ranging from 0.2 to 12.4 mg/mL. Using the XTT reduction assay, the extracts inhibited biofilm growth by 80–85% after 24 h of incubation, with Coffea arabica L. achieving interesting antibiofilm activities. These findings suggest that the investigated plant extracts hold potential as antimicrobial agents and biofilm inhibitors, offering an alternative approach to tackling antimicrobial resistance. Further research is needed to explore their potential applications in developing novel adjuvant therapies.
Spontaneous Bio-Recycling: Recovering Bioactive Molecules Through Endogenous Microbial Maceration of Hemp Residues
Authors: Donati Leonardo , Conti Angela , Casagrande Pierantoni Debora , Ruspi Chiara , Cerri Martina , Emiliani Carla , Cardinali Gianluigi , Corte Laura
Published: February 2025

Biomass residues represent a major issue for industries. On the other hand, residues enclosed major classes of bioactive compounds that could be extracted and used across various fields. This study aimed to elucidate the role of the endogenous microbial community in the lignocellulosic degradation of hemp residues for biorefineries or other industrial processes, simultaneously characterizing the composition of three extracts recovered at different stages of maceration. The process was examined from different perspectives: plant tissue degradation and microbial dynamics were monitored using histological, cultural-dependent, and independent analysis. Extracts were characterized through FTIR, NMR, and SDS-PAGE analyses, also evaluating their potential as biostimulants for microbial growth. Results revealed that the composition of the endogenous prokaryotic community remained stable during the maceration period, while fluctuations in various fungal genera were observed. The taxonomical composition of hemp residues at different stages may account for the increased accumulation of amide-containing compounds, sugars, and other metabolites detected in long-term bioconversion. Finally, the extracts recovered from the microbial degradation of hemp residues were able to support the growth of the yeast Cryptococcus phenolicus and the bacterium Peribacillus simplex as the sole source of nitrogen, paving the way for their potential use as biostimulants.
Relations Between Core Taxa and Metabolic Characteristics of Bacterial Communities in Litopenaeus vannamei Ponds and Their Probiotic Potential
Authors: Zhao Qiong , Zhou Ke , Zhang Fengfeng , Wang Yu , Hao Jun , Xie Fengxing , Yang Qian
Published: February 2025

Microorganisms play a crucial role in purifying aquaculture water bodies. However, there is limited understanding regarding the core species of bacterial communities in aquaculture ponds and their metabolic functions. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing technology, network analysis, and Biolog EcoPlates, we identified keystone and core taxa of bacterial communities in Litopenaeus vannamei ponds and investigated their correlations with their community’s carbon source utilization abilities based on Biolog EcoPlates. We found that keystone and core taxa in bacterial communities were significantly correlated with the carbon source utilization abilities of bacterial communities. The positively correlated core taxa include (1) Bacillus, Flavobacterium, Brevibacillus, and Paenibacillus, which are used as probiotics in aquaculture, and (2) Candidatus Aquiluna, Dechloromonas, Sulfurifustis, Terrimicrobium, Alsobacter, and Gemmobacter, which have been reported to play a role in nitrogen removal. Furthermore, the positively correlated Tropicimonas (Rhodobacterales: Rhodobacteraceae) in aquaculture has not yet been applied. By nitrogen degradation experiments in aquaculture wastewater, we confirmed the synergistic relationship between the genera Tropicimonas and Bacillus. The co-introduction of Tropicimonas sediminicola SDUM182003 and Priestia aryabhattai HG1802 or Bacillus subtilis XQ1804 into the aquaculture tailwater reduced the time required for the removal rates of nitrite nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen to reach over 90% by 24–48 h. Our research reveals the correlation between core taxa and community carbon source utilization, indicating that the core taxa of bacterial communities play a crucial role in the metabolic functions of the community, and offering a reference for exploring new bacterial genera with probiotic potential.
Particle Size-and Structure-Dependent Breakage Behaviors of EnAM-Containing Slags
Authors: Bahnmüller Simon , Hirschberger Paul , Võ Thu Trang , Rachmawati Cindytami , Kwade Arno , Peuker Urs , Kruggel-Emden Harald , Schilde Carsten
Published: February 2025

Slags containing critical minerals concentrated in artificial phases, so-called engineered artificial minerals (EnAMs), are a novel source of critical raw materials. To liberate the EnAMs, the slags need to be comminuted, reducing the size of the particles. This work investigated the dependence of the breakage behavior on particle size and mineral structure during the comminution of an EnAM-containing slag. Piston-die experiments were performed for particles in the 3 mm to 5 mm size range. Nanoindentation and two-roller breakage tester experiments were performed for those in the 50 µm to 200 µm size range. The investigations were accompanied by X-ray computed tomography (XCT) and scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) measurements as well as a micro X-ray fluorescence analysis to examine the mineral microstructure. It was found that the commonly assumed exponential connection between particle size and strength differed in the two size ranges. This behavior can be linked to different grain and cluster sizes, which were found in the investigation of the mineral microstructure. In addition to particle size, it was found that mineral structure plays an important role when characterizing the breakage behavior.
FeFET-Based Computing-in-Memory Unit Circuit and Its Application
Authors: Zha Xiaojing , Ye Hao
Published: February 2025

With the increasing challenges facing silicon complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology, emerging non-volatile memory (NVM) has received extensive attention in overcoming the bottleneck. NVM and computing-in-memory (CiM) architecture are promising in reducing energy and time consumption in data-intensive computation. The HfO2-doped ferroelectric field-effect transistor (FeFET) is one of NVM and has been used in CiM digital circuit design. However, in the implementation of logical functions, different input forms, such as FeFET state and gate voltage, limit the logic cascade and restrict the rapid development of CiM digital circuits. To address this problem, this paper proposes a Vin–Vout CiM unit circuit with the built-in state of FeFET as a bridge. The proposed unit circuit unifies the form of logic inputs and describes the basic structure of FeFET to realize logic functions under the application of gate-source voltage. Based on the proposed unit circuit, basic logic gates are designed and used to realize CiM Full Adder (FA). The simulation results verify the feasibility of FeFET as the core of logic operations and prove the scalability of FeFET-based unit circuit, which is expected to develop more efficient CiM circuits.
Balancing Health and Sustainability: Assessing the Benefits of Plant-Based Diets and the Risk of Pesticide Residues
Authors: Botnaru Alexandra Andreea , Lupu Ancuta , Morariu Paula Cristina , Pop Oana Lelia , Nedelcu Alin Horatiu , Morariu Branco Adrian , Cioancă Oana , Di Gioia Maria Luisa , Lupu Vasile Valeriu , Avasilcai Liliana , Dragostin Oana Maria , Vieriu Madalina , Morariu Ionela Daniela
Published: February 2025

The increased consumption of fruit and vegetables is essential for moving towards a healthier and more sustainable diet. Vegetarian diets are gaining in popularity due to their environmental and health implications; however, there is a need for additional research investigating pesticide residues in these foods. It is increasingly recognized that the global food system must prioritize nutritional quality, health, and environmental impact over quantity. Food contaminants, including pesticides, mycotoxins, and heavy metals, pose a substantial threat to food safety due to their persistent nature and harmful effects. We conducted a literature search utilizing four distinct databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, NIH, ScienceDirect) and several combinations of keywords (pesticides, food, vegetarian diet, toxicity, sustainable, removal). Consequently, we selected recent and relevant studies for the proposed topic. We have incorporated articles that discuss pesticide residues in food items, particularly in plant-based products. This study rigorously analyzes the harmful environmental impacts of pesticides and ultimately provides sustainable solutions for their elimination or reduction, along with environmentally sound alternatives to pesticide use. This study concludes that the transition towards sustainable agriculture and food production is essential for reducing pesticide residues in food, thereby protecting human health, wildlife populations, and the environment. This paper argues for the urgent need to transform global food systems to prioritize health and sustainability.
Time-Averaged Energy Flow and Momentum of Electromagnetic Waves in Homogeneous Isotropic Linear Media
Authors: Kougong Quanzhi , Chen Jiangwei
Published: February 2025

There exist multiple different even non-equivalent expressions describing characteristics of electromagnetic wave energy flow and momentum in media, which makes the issue confusing. For simplicity (without loss of generality), we shall consider a case where a harmonic homogeneous plane wave (HHPW) travels in a homogeneous isotropic linear medium (HILM); thus, both time-dependent Poynting’s vector S⃑(t) and time-dependent momentum density G⃑(t) are rigorously derived from continuity equations. Then, referring to recent studies of stored and dissipated energies of electromagnetic waves in lossy media, time-averaged Poynting’s vector  and time-averaged momentum density  are obtained according to the time dependence of the terms arising in the expressions of S⃑(t) and G⃑(t), respectively. On this basis, a new way is proposed to determine the direction relation between  and  of HHPWs in an HILM, and it is demonstrated that, in an HILM, the propagation direction of  is always consistent with that of , which may be applied to explain why the predicted reversal of electromagnetic wave momentum in a left-handed material has not been observed up to now. This work may be helpful to further discuss, and even eliminate, the confusion arising in related issues, and deepen the understanding of the energy flow and momentum of electromagnetic waves in media.
Design and Analysis of Enhanced IM/DD System with Nonorthogonal Code Shift Keying and Parallel Transmission
Authors: Komuro Nobuyoshi , Habuchi Hiromasa
Published: February 2025

Providing Optical Wireless Communications (OWCs) is desirable for high data transmission efficiency. Intensity Modulation and Direct Detection (IM/DD) is widely adopted for its simplicity and practicality. Among various modulation schemes, Code Shift Keying (CSK) has demonstrated superior transmission efficiency compared to On-Off Keying (OOK) and Pulse Position Modulation (PPM). Prior research has shown that CSK performance can be further enhanced through parallel transmission and code concatenation techniques. However, the direct application of concatenated CSK to parallel transmission reduces the number of available code combinations as the concatenation level increases, potentially lowering modulation efficiency. This study proposes an advanced transmission scheme that integrates parallel transmission with a multi-level intensity adjustment mechanism. The proposed method preserves a high number of distinguishable transmission symbols, thereby achieving higher data transmission rates. Analytical derivations for transmission efficiency are provided for single-user scenarios, and numerical simulations validate the effectiveness of the proposed system. The key contributions of this work include mitigating symbol reduction in nonorthogonal CSK with parallel transmission and adjusting the multi-level intensity to enhance overall system performance. The results confirm that the proposed scheme significantly improves the efficiency and scalability of nonorthogonal CSK in OWC applications.
Morpho-Physicochemical, Nutritional Composition and Phenolic Compound Profile of Two Avocado Landraces in Different Ripening Stages
Authors: Zapata-Luna Rosa L. , Pacheco Neith , Herrera-Pool Emanuel , Román-Guerrero Angélica , Ayora-Talavera Teresa , Pech-Cohuo Soledad C. , Santillán-Fernández Alberto , Cuevas-Bernardino Juan C.
Published: February 2025

Avocado landraces have gained great interest due to their importance in maintaining biodiversity and the presence of bioactive compounds in their fruit, depending on fruit tissues or ripening stages. This study aimed to evaluate the morpho-physicochemical and nutritional components of the peel, pulp, and seed tissues from Lagunero (LA) and Criollo (CA) avocado landraces at different ripening stages. Additionally, phenolic profiles were analyzed by using UPLC-DAD/ESI-MS, and a principal component analysis (PCA) was constructed to determine variations among the determined contents from avocado landraces, fruit tissues, and ripening stages. The CA showed a 30% higher fruit weight and higher percentages of seed (0.52%) and peel (3.62%) weight yields as compared to the LA. Ripening significantly affected the physical characteristics of LA and CA, and a substantial decrease in hardness (83%) after 4 days of storage. In LA, ripening resulted in an increase in fat content in both the peel and pulp. In contrast, CA showed an increase in protein content in the peel and pulp but a decrease in seeds; fat content increased significantly in the pulp of CA and carbohydrates remained the predominant component in all tissues, though they decreased slightly in CA peels during ripening. The ripe LA peel presented approximately 50% more total phenolic compounds than other tissues. The unripe CA peel showed a higher antioxidant capacity according to DPPH (3831.97 µMol Eq Trolox/g dw) and ABTS+ (3674.70 µMol Eq Trolox/g dw) assays. The main phenolic compounds identified in the avocado peel were chlorogenic acid, catechin, quercetin-3-O-hexoside, quercetin-3-O-pentoside, coumaric acid, caffeic acid, neochlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, kaempferol-3-O rhamnoside, and quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside. The PCA analysis revealed a strong correlation between chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid with TPC, while catechin was more closely related to antioxidant activity. These findings suggest that peel and seed tissues of avocado landraces, often considered byproducts, are valuable sources of bioactive compounds with high antioxidant potential.
Computational and Experimental Ballistic Behavior of Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Carnauba Fibers: A Stand-Alone Target and Multilayered Armor System
Authors: Junio Raí Felipe Pereira , de Cêa Bernardo Soares Avila , Silva Douglas Santos , Júnior Édio Pereira Lima , Monteiro Sergio Neves , Nascimento Lucio Fabio Cassiano
Published: February 2025

The development of efficient and sustainable armor systems is crucial for protecting bodies and vehicles. In this study, epoxy composites reinforced with natural lignocellulosic fibers (NLFs) from carnauba (Copernicia prunifera) were produced with 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% fiber volume fractions. Their ballistic performance was evaluated by measuring residual velocity and absorbed energy after impact with 7.62 mm ammunition, as well as their application in a multilayer armor system (MAS). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze fracture regions, and explicit dynamic simulations were performed for comparison with experimental tests. Residual velocity tests indicated a limit velocity (VL) between 213 and 233 m/s and absorbed energy (Eabs) between 221 and 264 J, surpassing values reported for aramid fabric. All formulations showed indentation depths below the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) limit, with the 40% fiber sample achieving the lowest depth (31.2 mm). The simulation results correlated well with the experimental data, providing insight into deformation mechanisms during a level III ballistic event. These findings demonstrate the high potential of carnauba fibers in epoxy-based polymer composites, particularly as an intermediate layer in MAS, offering a sustainable alternative for ballistic protection.
Enhanced Electrothermal Properties of Core–Sheath Lignin-Derived Carbon Nanotube Yarns with UHMWPE Insulation
Authors: Dai Hongmei , Jia Chao , Hu Zexu , Yu Senlong , Xiang Hengxue , Wang Xuefen , Zhu Meifang
Published: February 2025

A critical challenge in wearable electrothermal textiles is achieving effective insulation while maintaining sheath flexibility, which is essential for enhancing the mechanical properties and durability of conductive materials under everyday conditions, such as washing, stretching, and twisting. In this work, we employ a coaxial tubular braiding technique to coat a high-conductivity carbon nanotube (CNT) yarn with a high-strength insulation layer made of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) multifilaments, resulting in a core–sheath-structure CNT yarn with excellent electrothermal performance. By adjusting the number of UHMWPE multifilaments and the sheath braiding angle, we achieve high flexibility, high tensile strength, and abrasion and wash resistance, as well as improved electrical stability for the CNT yarns. Additionally, the CNT yarns with an insulation layer effectively prevent short-circuiting during use and achieve superior thermal management, with a significant increase in steady-state temperature under operational conditions, exhibiting significant potential for applications in wearable electronic devices.
Background of New Measurement Electronic Devices with Polyelectrolyte Hydrogel Base
Authors: Kadyrzhan Kaisarali , Suleimenov Ibragim , Tolymbekova Lyazat , Seitenova Gaini , Kopishev Eldar
Published: February 2025

It has been demonstrated that when a low-molecular-weight salt solution flows through a polyelectrolyte gel, an electromotive force is generated, and its polarity depends on the sign of the polyelectrolyte network’s charge. A mathematical model proving the possibility of developing a device for separating a solution of low-molecular salt into enriched and depleted phases under the influence of gravitational forces has been developed. Such a device contains a system of parallel columns filled with different kinds of cross-linked polyelectrolyte networks. The proposed mathematical model is grounded in the theory of double electrical layers forming at the hydrogel/solution interface; these layers deform under non-equilibrium conditions, specifically during the flow of the solution through the cross-linked polyelectrolyte network. An analogous model is proposed describing the case of an analogous device based on an electric current passing through two oppositely charged contacting networks, which provides the possibility of separating the initial solution into enriched and the depleted phases too. The practical applications of the found effect are discussed. In particular, it is demonstrated that a wide number of measurement electronic devices can be created on such a base, including devices to be used within the investigation of polyelectrolyte hydrogels of different types.
Anion-Exchange Strategy for Ru/RuO2-Embedded N/S-Co-Doped Porous Carbon Composites for Electrochemical Nitrogen Fixation
Authors: Samad Shahzeb Ali , Ye Xuanzi , Han Zhiya , Huang Senhe , Lu Chenbao , Hou Junbo , Yang Min , Zhang Zhenyu , Qiu Feng , Zhuang Xiaodong
Published: February 2025

Ionic porous polymers have been widely utilized efficiently to anchor various metal atoms for the preparation of metal-embedded heteroatom-doped porous carbon composites as the active materials for electrocatalytic applications. However, the rational design of the heteroatom and metal elements in HPC-based composites remains a significant challenge, due to the tendency of the aggregation of metal nanoparticles during pyrolysis. In this study, a nitrogen (N)- and sulfur (S)-enriched ionic covalent organic framework (iCOF) incorporating viologen and thieno[3,4-b] thiophene (TbT) was constructed via Zincke-type polycondensation. The synthesized iCOF possesses a crystalline porous structure with a pore size of 3.05 nm, a low optical band gap of 1.88 eV, and superior ionic conductivity of 10−2.672 S cm−1 at 333 K, confirming the ionic and conjugated nature of our novel iCOF. By applying the iCOF as the precursor, a ruthenium and ruthenium(IV) oxide (Ru/RuO2) nanoparticle-embedded N/S-co-doped porous carbon composite (NSPC-Ru) was prepared by using a two-step sequence of anion-exchange and pyrolysis processes. In the electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (eNRR) application, the NSPC-Ru achieves an impressive NH3 yield rate of 32.0 μg h−1 mg−1 and a Faradaic efficiency of 13.2% at −0.34 V vs. RHE. Thus, this innovative approach proposes a new route for the design of iCOF-derived metal-embedded porous carbon composites for enhanced NRR performance.
Two-Layer Optimal Scheduling Model of Microgrid Considering Demand Response Based on Improved Nutcracker Optimization Algorithm
Authors: Zeng Bing , Hao Shitao , He Dilin , Li Haoran , Zhou Yu , Jin Zihan , Yang Xiaopin , Xie Yunmin
Published: February 2025

To comprehensively address the interests of both the supply and demand sides within a microgrid, a two-layer optimal scheduling model incorporating demand response was formulated. The upper tier aims to optimize the load profile, focusing on maximizing electricity consumption satisfaction and minimizing user electricity costs. Meanwhile, the lower tier targets the optimization of output from each controllable generation unit, with the goal of reducing operational costs. Given the nonlinear and multi-constrained nature of this model, an improved nutcracker optimization algorithm (INOA) is proposed. This enhancement introduces chaotic sequences into the original nutcracker optimization algorithm (NOA) for population initialization, employs a hybrid butterfly optimization algorithm to enhance the algorithm’s local search capabilities, and integrates dynamic selection adaptive T-distribution for updating individual positions. The solution tests involving INOA, NOA, dung beetle optimizer (DOB), particle swarm optimization (PSO), grey wolf optimization (GWO), and sparrow search algorithm (SSA) were conducted using the CEC2022 intelligent algorithm test suite. Analysis reveals that INOA exhibits superior comprehensive optimization performance compared to other algorithms, validating the effectiveness of the improvements introduced in this paper. Ultimately, a simulation analysis of the microgrid was performed, demonstrating that, despite a 3.58% reduction in user satisfaction, participation in demand response led to a 25.16% decrease in electricity costs and a 5.92% reduction in microgrid operational costs. These findings substantiate the model’s capability to effectively balance the economic interests of both the supply and demand sides within the microgrid.
An Automated System for Constructing a Database of Leidenfrost Evaporation Curves Using Image Processing Techniques
Authors: Tsai Chun-Yu , Cheng Hsiu-Ju , Lai Po-Lun , Huang Chen-Kang
Published: February 2025

To analyze the progression of Leidenfrost evaporation, traditional experiments were conducted manually to generate a complete evaporation curve. However, physical constraints render Leidenfrost evaporation experiments inherently time-consuming and susceptible to uncertainty. To address these challenges, this study aimed to develop an automated system using webcams for real-time image acquisition and processing, as well as a syringe pump constructed using an Arduino microcontroller, a stepper motor, and 3D-printed components. In the domain of real-time image processing, the radii of levitated droplets were determined using circular detection techniques. By fitting the droplet radii over hundreds of consecutive frames, it was concluded that the shrinking rate of levitated droplet radii remain constant when the radius exceeds 0.6 mm, and the evaporation time is accurately derived. A moving average algorithm was employed to identify the heat transfer area as well as the evaporation time between the boiling droplet and the hot surface, enabling simultaneous calculation of the heat flux. The automated system was then used to perform Leidenfrost experiments under varying experimental parameters, and was compared to manual methods to demonstrate its superior precision in both the film boiling and nucleate boiling regimes. For example, the automated system was utilized to perform a series of experiments as the Weber number increased from 7.01 to 23.18. The detected Leidenfrost temperature rose from 154 °C to 192 °C, while the evaporation time decreased from 85.2 s to 78.9 s. These findings were consistent with previous studies and aligned with physical expectations, reinforcing the reliability of the system and its results.
A Review of Thin-Film Growth, Properties, Applications, and Future Prospects
Authors: Sakthinathan Subramanian , Meenakshi Ganesh Abinaya , Vinothini Sivaramakrishnan , Yu Chung-Lun , Chen Ching-Lung , Chiu Te-Wei , Vittayakorn Naratip
Published: February 2025

This review article’s primary aim is to discuss different thin-film deposition technique methods and their important uses. The histories of thin-film technology, thin-film growth, thin-film classification, and thin-film preparation techniques are also covered in this review article. The preparation and characterization of functional thin films and nanostructured materials, as well as various devices based on these materials and recent developments are also focused on in this review. The properties of the materials and several thin-film deposition techniques are also covered in this article. This review article also discusses the classification and application of thin-film sensors. Furthermore, the formation of thin films and their physical properties are impacted by deposition conditions such as pH, temperature, deposition time, and deposition parameters, which are analyzed. This article discusses how a wide range of potential uses in structural, mechanical, and protective coatings; sensing; energy storage systems; catalysis; optoelectronics; and biomedicine are made possible by the special qualities of thin films and nanostructured materials, including their high surface area to volume ratio, structure, surface charge, anisotropic nature, and tunable functionalities.
Study on the Influence of Reynolds Number on Heat Exchange Performance and Nusselt Number of Spray Coil Heat Exchanger
Authors: Han Tianding , Li Qifei , Shang Lin , Chen Xiangyu , Zhou Feng , Li Wangxu
Published: February 2025

Biomass clean energy is widely used as an alternative to fossil fuels due to its advantages of low carbon emissions, cleanliness, and renewability. Biomass fuel exchangers are important equipment for heat exchange between air and exhaust gasses after biomass combustion, and the air flow rate and structural characteristics of the exchanger have a significant impact on the heat transfer performance. In order to investigate the effect of Reynolds number on the heat transfer performance of the exchanger when air flows through, a serpentine tube heat exchange test bench was constructed, and numerical calculations were performed using the Realizable k-ε turbulence model for the entire channel. By changing the diameter and pitch of the serpentine tube, the effects of geometric parameters on the heat transfer performance were studied, and the flow characteristics of exhaust gasses and air inside the exchanger under various operating conditions were deduced. Subsequently, experimental validation was conducted by referring to the boundary conditions of numerical calculations, obtaining corresponding test data, and comparing the numerical and experimental results, showing that the errors in various physical quantities were within 5%. Through comprehensive analysis of the data, it was found that when the serpentine tube diameter is 80 mm and pitch is 300 mm, the Nusselt number (Nu) increased most significantly with Reynolds number (Re) by 25.17%, indicating the best heat transfer performance. Additionally, reducing tube diameter, increasing serpentine tube pitch, enlarging air-inlet flow velocity can enhance Re, increase fluid disturbance, and improve convective heat transfer intensity, thereby increasing Nu and strengthening the heat transfer performance of the serpentine tube exchanger.
To Be Seen and Heard: Toward a Child Liberation Theology Framework for Contemporary Praise and Worship Practice
Authors: Kramer McGinnis Kelsey
Published: February 2025

“If there is no space in our faith communities where children can participate in theological work, how can children create a theology that will liberate them?” R.L. Stollar asks in his book, The Kingdom of Children: A Liberation Theology (2023). Popular Christian parenting literature since the 1970s has encouraged adults to view children as undisciplined trainees with little of value to offer their families and churches other than their obedience. Exploration of the recent history of Christian parenting literature and its intersections with politics and other Christian media reveals that there is substantial overlap between the communities most impacted by these books and those that utilize contemporary praise and worship music (CPWM). Using a child liberation theology framework, I examine the ways that prevailing ideas in parenting books have enabled a “parent-centered” model of musical worship in many evangelical churches. By observing the ways children are invited into or implicitly discouraged from participation in corporate musical worship, we can better understand the ways that CPWM practice might be reshaped in a more liberatory direction—one that will benefit children and adults, and foster a more radically unified church.
Machine Learning-Based Detection of Icebergs in Sea Ice and Open Water Using SAR Imagery
Authors: Jafari Zahra , Bobby Pradeep , Karami Ebrahim , Taylor Rocky
Published: February 2025

Icebergs pose significant risks to shipping, offshore oil exploration, and underwater pipelines. Detecting and monitoring icebergs in the North Atlantic Ocean, where darkness and cloud cover are frequent, is particularly challenging. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) serves as a powerful tool to overcome these difficulties. In this paper, we propose a method for automatically detecting and classifying icebergs in various sea conditions using C-band dual-polarimetric images from the RADARSAT Constellation Mission (RCM) collected throughout 2022 and 2023 across different seasons from the east coast of Canada. This method classifies SAR imagery into four distinct classes: open water (OW), which represents areas of water free of icebergs; open water with target (OWT), where icebergs are present within open water; sea ice (SI), consisting of ice-covered regions without any icebergs; and sea ice with target (SIT), where icebergs are embedded within sea ice. Our approach integrates statistical features capturing subtle patterns in RCM imagery with high-dimensional features extracted using a pre-trained Vision Transformer (ViT), further augmented by climate parameters. These features are classified using XGBoost to achieve precise differentiation between these classes. The proposed method achieves a low false positive rate of 1% for each class and a missed detection rate ranging from 0.02% for OWT to 0.04% for SI and SIT, along with an overall accuracy of 96.5% and an area under curve (AUC) value close to 1. Additionally, when the classes were merged for target detection (combining SI with OW and SIT with OWT), the model demonstrated an even higher accuracy of 98.9%. These results highlight the robustness and reliability of our method for large-scale iceberg detection along the east coast of Canada.