bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uranium/thorium dating of Quaternary carbonates
Authors: GUSTAVSSON JOHN E. , HÖGBERG S. A. CHRISTER
Published: July 2010

Gustavsson, J. E. & Högberg, S. A. C.: Uranium/thorium dating of Quaternary carbonates. Boreas, Vol. 1, pp. 247–274. Oslo, 1st December, 1972.

The U/Th methods and particularly the theory of the 230Th‐deficiency method are reviewed. The closed system question is discussed against the background of the growth and structure of the molluscan shells measured. The choice of the half‐life value for 230Th, 75,200 years, is accounted for in a review of the five half‐life determinations known to the authors. The measurement procedure starts with the mechanical and ultrasonic cleaning of the sample. Small portions are taken for X‐ray analysis. The sample is then divided into two parts. One is treated chemically to separate the uraninium and the thorium, in order to determine the ratio between the activities of the uranium isotopes and to determine the content of 226Ra. The other part of the sample is used to make the total measurement on the uranium and thorium isotopes simultaneously from the same part of the sample without any chemical pretreatment.
Lateral fluctuations in pelagic sedimentation during the Pleistocene glaciations
Authors: BOSTRÖM KURT , FISHER DAVID E.
Published: July 2010

Boström, K., & Fisher, D. E.: Lateral fluctuations in pelagic sedimentation during the Pleistocene glaciations. Boreas, Vol. 1, pp. 275–288. Oslo, 1st December, 1972.

A total of 308 sediment samples of dated cores from 7 different locations have been analyzed for several major and trace elements. Our results, as well as previously published ones, show that during the Pleistocene the pelagic sediments have high concentrations of Mn, Cu, Co, REE, etc., in deposits of glacial age and low concentrations in corresponding interglacial ones; for hemipelagic sediments the situation is reversed. This shows that the boundary between reducing hemipelagic sediments and well‐oxidized pelagic sediments has been migrating laterally back and forth due to climatic variations. Such sediment sequences may be easily confused with deposits where postdepositional migration of Mn and other elements has taken place.
The Lundergård Clay and its Foraminifera, a new formation in the marine Quaternary of Denmark
Authors: KNUDSEN KAREN LUISE
Published: July 2010

Knudsen, Karen Luise: The Lundergard Clay and its Foraminifera, a new formation in the marine Quaternary of Denmark. Boreas, Vol. 1, pp. 289–297. Oslo, 1st December, 1972.

Samples from marine Quaternary clay deposits at Lundergård in Vendsyssel have been analysed for their content of Foraminifera. The clay, which is called the Lundergård Clay, contains a typical arctic foraminifer fauna with Quinqueloculina stalkeri and Elphidium ustulatum as characteristic species. To attempt an age determination of the Lundergård Clay, the fauna is compared with foraminifer assemblages from other marine Quaternary deposits of Vendsyssel and adjacent areas. The deposit may represent a hitherto unknown facies of the Older Yoldia Clay of Vendsyssel, which is supposed to be of Weichselian interstadial age, or it may be older and can perhaps be correlated with the Holderness Basement Till of Saale interstadial age.
Sedimentological parameters for a continuous climatic evolution throughout the Weichselian
Authors: PAEPE ROLAND
Published: July 2010

Evolution of the width‐to‐depth ratios through time is subjected to a power function. It is the direct result of an increase in the amount of fine particles in the suspended load fraction. The evolution from coarse to fine sediments accompanies a change from fluviatile to eolian sedimentation. This evolution occurs gradually, as may be inferred from the Douglas diagram of the grain‐size distributions. This gradual evolution is subjected to exponential laws in both fluviatile and eolian sedimentation systems. In conclusion, all the evolutional trends considered encompass the growing cold and dry conditions of the climate throughout the Late Pleistocene (Eemian and Weichselian).
Les foraminifères agglutinants du Quaternaire récent dans le domaine profond du Golfe de Gascogne
Authors: PUJOS‐LAMY ANNICK
Published: July 2010

The bathymetric distribution of recent arenacous Foraminifera has been studied in samples from the bottom surface in the Bay of Biscay, from depths of between 560 and 4450 m. Comparison could be made with the results obtained by Saidova from the Pacific Ocean. These forms have been studied in late Quaternary cores from the same area. This microfauna is very abundant and characteristic of the late Holocene. Some species are of stratigraphic or climatic index value: the rapid decline of Siphotextularia rolshauseni characterizes the beginning of the late Holocene. Adercotryma glomerata now lives at depths exceeding 3500 m, but at least up to the middle Würm it lived on the continental slope. Karreriella is represented only after the Würm II‐Würm III interstade. Eggerella is represented at least since the end of Riss and disappears during Würm III. Some genera may provide information on the foraminiferal invasion of the abyssal plain.

Les foraminifères agglutinants récents sont étudiés dans divers échantillons prélevés à la surface du fond marin du Golfe de Gascogne, entre 560 et 4450 m de profondeur; ainsi peut‐on envisager la distribution bathymétrique de ces formes et comparer nos résultats avec ceux obtenus par Saidova dans l'Océan Pacifique. Une série de carottes prélevées dans la m eme région permet létude de ces foraminiféres agglutinants durant le Pleistocéne supérieur. Cette microfaune est trés abondante durant lépisode le plus récent de l'Holocéne qu'elle caractérise. Certaines formes peuvent aussi servir de repères stratigraphiques ou climatologiques: Siphotextularia rolshauseni caractérise, par sa disparition brutale, la partie la plus récente de l'Holocène. Adercotryma glomerata vit actuellement audelà de 3500 m, mais habitait la pente continentale au moins jusqu'au Würm moyen. Karreriella se manifeste seulement depuis l'interstade Würm II‐Würm III. Eggerella, présent depuis au moins le sommet du Riss, disparait durant le Würm III. Enfin, certains genres nous permettent d'aborder le problème de l'origine du peuplement des grands fonds.
Broughton Island–a reference area for Wisconsin and Holocene chronology and sea level changes on eastern Baffin Island
Authors: ENGLAND JOHN H. , ANDREWS JOHN T.
Published: July 2010

Broughton Island is 50 km from the eastern margin of the 6,000 km2 Penny Ice Cap. During the early Wisconsin (> 54,000 BP) A younger glacial readvance is delimited by lateral moraines and glacio‐marine deposits 14C dated at 24,100±850 BP; sea level was±18 m. During th last Wisconsin the glaciers terminated some distance inland from Broughton Island and sea alevel at 9,850±250BP was +5 m on Broughton Island. The head of Maktak Fiord, which presently contains a majour outlet glacier from the Penny Ice Cap, was deglaciated about 6,000 BP.
The relation between glacial ages and terrestrial magnetism
Authors: SVENONIUS ERIC OLAUSSON AND BJÖRN
Published: July 2010

An attempt is made to show that the change of angular momentum of the earth, caused by glaciations, may compensate the slowing down effect from tidal friction forces and even reverse the polarity in the terrestrial magnetic field.
Trace fossils from proglacial lake sediments
Authors: GIBBARD PHILIP L. , STUART ANTHONY J.
Published: July 2010

Trace fossils have been discovered in Middle Pleistocene proglacial lake sediments from St. Albans, Hertfordshire, England. They indicate that this environment was capable of supporting a variety of benthonic animals. The fossils are described and tentatively assigned to several invertebrate groups.
Past changes in the geomagnetic field caused by glaciations and deglaciations
Authors: OLAUSSON ERIC , SVENONIUS BJÖRN
Published: July 2010

Contributions have been made to the theory of the relation between terrestrial magnetism and glaciations. The results are applied to the ice sheets of high‐latitude regions. A review of Pleistocene palcomagnetic dating is given.
Paleoecology of the Mollusca of the Tjörnes sequence, Iceland
Authors: NORTON PETER E. P.
Published: July 2010

A long sequence of open‐coast tidal flat deposits with a restricted, mainly boreal fauna, comprises the Tapes and Mactra Zones. Characteristic species are Venerupis aurea, Spisula arcuata, Arctic islandica and Lentidium complanatum. This stage is provisionally correlated with the Upper Pliocene of the North Sea Basin. During the time of deposition of the Serripes Zone the basin apparently deepened and the fauna greatly diversified with immigration of arctic elements. It went back finally to beach‐deposit conditions. The characteristic species —Serripes groenlandicus, Macoma praetenius, and Beta borealis — are also characteristic of the Early Pleistocene of the North Sea Basin with which the Serripes Zone is provisionally correlated. The climate is interpreted as having been colder than that of the Tapes and Mactra zones. A preliminary list of the Mollusca is given.
The foundation of the Nordic Union for Quaternary Research (NORDQUA)
Authors: BERTHELSEN ASGFR , KÖNIGSSON LARS‐KÖNIG
Published: July 2010

A Nordic Union for research workers in the Quaternary has been founded during a meeting on the island of Öland in the Baltic and in the ‘Hall of the Union’ in the Royal Castle of Kalmar. The aim of the Union is to forward co‐operation between scientists in Norden (Denmark, Finlnnd, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden), especially by cncouraging larger rcsearch project, joint field cxcursions and symposia, and by studying educational and labour‐market problems.
Morphometric analysis of drumlin fields in northern Central Europe
Authors: JAUHIAINEN FRKKI
Published: July 2010

An attempt is made to analyse the differences in characteristics and interrelations of drumlin fields in twelve areas in northern Central Europe. Measurements of size, shape, orientation, and distribution of drumlins have been made, using 1:25,000 topographic maps with contour patterns at 1.25 m intervals. Four groups are suggested according to the mean size of drumlins. A classilkation of drumlin shape is suggested according to the width‐length ratio. Average drumlins are either elongated or ventricular. Variation of the drumlin orientation possibly indicates the complexity of the ice movement. The distribution of drumlins is examined by using nearest‐neighbour analysis. Significance of the differences between drumlin fields is determined by using analysis of variance. Four different groups of drumlin fields arc suggested by using cluster analysis. The method proved suitable for a systematic analysis of geographical features in the landscapes of this type.
Postglacial occurrence of the beaver (Castor fiber L.) in Finland
Authors: FORSTÉN ANN , LAHTI SEPPO
Published: July 2010

Subfossil finds of the beaver in Finland, both stray finds and bones among refuse at cultural sites, are reviewed. The beaver may have arrived in the Preboreal period together with other elements of the taiga fauna; the earliest finds, however, are from the Late Ancylus or Early Litorina phase of the Baltic. The animal's arrival and occurrence in this country since the end of the last glaciation are tentatively discussed.
Editor's column: Core B 873 and the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary‐stratotype
Authors: HYVÄRINEN HANNU
Published: July 2010

The various problems in defining and dating a Pleistocene/Holocene boundary in Core B 873, proposed as the world boundary‐stratotype by N.‐A. Mörner, are pointed out. It is suggested that a terrestrial‐lacustrine section might be a better alternative.
Palynological and oxygen isotope investigations on Late‐Glacial sediment cores from Swiss lakes
Authors: EICHER ULRICH , SIEGENTHALER ULRICH
Published: July 2010

Results from detailed pollen and 18O/16O studies on two sediment profiles from small Swiss lakes are reported. 18O/16O records in lacustrine carbonate contain paleoclimatic information because they reflect mainly the isotope ratio in rain and snow which is correlated to temperature. Several transitions between different climatic periods determined palyno‐logically are also indicated by marked changes in the isotope ratios in both profiles, namely the transitions Oldest Dryas ‐ Bøiling and Allerød ‐ Younger Dryas ‐ Preboreal. 18o/16O was 2 to 3 %0 lower during Younger Dryas than during the adjacent periods, corresponding to a temperature drop of a few degrees Centigrade according to a tentative estimate.
Foraminiferal faunas of the Quaternary Hostrup Clay from northern Jutland, Denmark
Authors: KNUDSEN KAREN LUISE
Published: July 2010

One profile and four short borings were analyzed. A marine Quaternary deposit, here called the Hostrup Clay, was found. The two dominant species in the Hostrup Clay were Elphidium excavatum, forma clavata and Cassidulina crassa, whereas characteristic accessory species were Protelphidium orbiculare in the lower clayey part of the deposit, and Buccella frigida, Elphidiuni albiumbilicatum, and E. subarcticum together with P. orhiculare in the upper more sandy part. The Hostrup Clay faunas were compared with assemblages from other marine Quaternary deposits. The present deposit is probably correlatable with the lower part of the marine sequence of the Inder Bjergum borings at Ribe, which is supposed to be of Holsteinian Interglacial age. However, as the foraminiferal faunas indicate a climatic succession from arctic to probably boreo‐arctic conditions, the Hostrup Clay, together with the corresponding cold part of the marine Quaternary sequence in the Ribe‐Esbjerg region, may represent the Lateglacial part of the preceding Glacial Period, i.e. the Elsterian.
Weichselian ice movement in South Norway and adjacent areas
Authors: VORREN TORE O.
Published: July 2010

Three main phases of ice‐movement pattern in South Norway during the Weichselian are reconstructed. During Phase II (possibly of Middle Weichselian age) the ice divide was located far to the west. Phase III (assumed Middle/Late Weichselian age) had an easterly situated ice divide. During Phase IV (Preboreal age) the ice divide had moved back to the west and had partly fragmented into separate domes. The migration of the ice divide from west to east may be due to glacier surges, whilst the ice‐divide migration from Phase III to IV was probably a result of a general reduction in size of the ice sheet.
La limite Pliocène‐Pleistocène en Bretagne
Authors: MORZADEC‐KERFOURN MARIE‐THÉRÈSE
Published: July 2010

The end of the Pliocene transgression is represented in Brittany, above sands and gravels, by clay or sandy clay containing an estuarian plankton and sometimes shells of molluses.

New borings at Pont‐Rouz in Quemperven (Brittany) permit a biostratigraphical study, by means of pollen analysis, of the period corresponding to the Pliocene‐Pleistocene transition. In the lower part of the deposit, rich in Ostrea shells, many floral element characteristics of the Reuver‐clay are present: Sequoia, Taxodium, Sciadopitys, in relatively high percentages, Nyssa, Symplocos, Liquidambar, sporadically. The ‘Tertiary’ elements disappear in the upper part of the clay when other relicts like Tsuga, Pterocarya, and Carya are still present. Thus the Reuverian‐Praetiglian boundary can be traced in the littoral sequence of Pont‐Rouz. As in the Netherlands, the deterioration of the climate is clearly indicated by a sudden increase of Graminaceae pollen. A same evolution of the flora can be noticed at Mernel and Saint‐Jean‐la‐Poterie, also in grey clay, along the river system of the Vilaine.

The Upper‐Pliocene transgression has followed the same river system as the present one. The estuarian sediments lie in Brittany between 55 and 30 metres above zero NGF. The maximum of the transgression is situated in the Reuverian at La Salle, near Pont‐Rouz, at 55 m (NGF). The post‐Pliocene regression begins with the Praetiglian and continues in the Lower Pleistocene.
Distribution and genesis of tills in central south Norway
Authors: GARNLS KARl , BERGERSEN OLL FKEDRIK
Published: July 2010

The morphogenesis of tills below the culmination zones of the Weichsclian inland ice has been studied an an upland area with a relief of 1500 m. The thickness of the tills varies considerably, depending principally on gee‐morphology, ice‐movement directions, and glaciofluvial drainage during the last deglaciation period. The thickest tills, found in valleys, accumulated in three ways. Glaciofluvial/lacustrine sediments of prcsumed Mid‐Weichselian age have been discovered beneath the tills at niorc than 10 localities. The overlying tills are correlated with different phases of ice movement reconstructed on the basis of detailed studies of stt‐iae. The till stratigraphy of one locality, Stenseng, is described in detail. Based upon combined analyses of texture, structure, and fabric, four different hasal tills are recognized, each corresponding to a particular ice direction. A characteristic boulder layer represents a change in thc direction of glacial movement. Boulder layers in till are thought to he essential for the development of earth pillars.
Supposed area‐wasting of the Weichselian ice sheet in Denmark
Authors: MARCUSSEN IB
Published: July 2010

The deglaciation at the end of the Weichselian in the Danish area has previously been considered to occur as a frontal wastage. Since the glacier ice was assumed to be debris‐free, the wasting should be characterized by outwash plains and successions of end‐moraines. The almost complete lack of sandur plains in the eastern part of the area and indications from recent investigations of widespread occurrence of flow till justify a re‐evaluation of the mentioned deglaciation model.

Two morphological features have a general occurrence: the plains and the ‘tunnel’ valleys. The plains appear stepwise in the landscapes, and are frequently limited by steep slopes. Topmost is a subcircular kame‐like hill. Sedimentologically, the plains mainly consist of melt water deposits, and the scattered occurrences of till are interpreted as flow till. The plains continue from the open landscape into the ‘tunnel’ valleys where they appear as terraces.

These features are considered to have been formed during the deglaciation. The almost horizontal surface of the ice sheet over large areas caused a sensitivity to changes in the climate. The wasting of the ice may therefore be expected to affect large areas almost simultaneously. On the assumption that the ice contained debris, an increasing amount of clastic matter was released on the ice surface. This material was concentrated in the depressions. If such a depression perforated the ice, the content of sediments settled on the substratum and a plain was established. During continued wasting the thickness of the ice decreased and the depressions were enlarged. They assumed the character of sandur plains. As still larger areas of these supraglacial sandurs rested on the basement the successive lower situated plains were formed. The latest ice was preserved where the ‘tunnel’ valleys are situated to‐day.
Interglacial marine deposits of the Somerset Levels, South West England
Authors: KIDSON CLARENCE , GILBERTSON DAVID D. , HAYNES JOHN R. , HEYWORTH ALAN , HUGHES CLEDWYN E. , WHATLEY ROBIN C.
Published: July 2010

Sands and gravels underlain by silts and clays, known as the Burtle Beds, from the Somerset Levels of South West England have been examined in a specially excavated pit. The Mollusca, Foraminifera and the Ostracoda, and the sparse macroscopic plant remains included in the deposit, all indicate a prgressive marine transgression in which water temperatures obtained approximating to those of the present sea in the adjacent Bristol Channel. The deposits are shown to be estuarine/marine near shore and intertidal sediments of interglacial age. Radiometric assays and studies of palaeomagnetism have failed to indicate clearly which interglacial marine transgressive phase is involved. Geomorphological considerations supported to some extent by the Ostracoda suggest that a last interglacial (Ipswichian) age is more likely than an earlier (Hoxnian?) date. Estimates of the height of sea levels involved are, of necessity, based on evidence which cannot be regarded as wholly reliable. Having regard to the environmental conditions indicated by the included fauna, and making allowance for post depositional erosion, it is suggested that mean sea level at the height of the ‘Burtle’ transgression was between 9 and 12 m above that of the present (O. D.). Assuming a similar tidal range to that of today, a MHWST (Mean High Water of Spring Tides) level of between 15 and 18 m above O. D. is indicated
Pleistocene glaciation chronology of Spitsbergen
Authors: TROITSKY LEONID , PUNNING JAAN‐MATI , HÜTT GALINA , RAJAMÄ RAIVO
Published: July 2010

Troitsky, Leonid, Punning, Jaan‐Mati, HÜtt, Galina & Rajamäe, Raivo 1979 12 01: Pleistocene glaciation chronology of Spitsbergen. Boreas, Vol. 8, pp. 401–407. Oslo. ISSN 0300–9483.

Geomorphological and geochronological studies of Pleistocene deposits were carried out in sections along Billefjorden and Bellsund as well as on Bröggerhalvöya and Prins Karls Forland. For purposes of correlation and development of a time scale, radiocarbon (14C) and thermoluminescent (TL) dating methods were used. The dates obtained indicate the presence of older Pleistocene deposits on Spitsbergen and also provide information on the distribution of Middle Pleistocene glacial deposits. A correlation scheme of Pleistocene deposits of Spitsbergen with stratigraphic units of the Alps and northwestern Europe is presented.
The 14C age of the Toten‘ mammoth, eastern Norway
Authors: FOLLESTAD BJØRN A. , OLSSON INGRID U.
Published: July 2010

A mammoth tusk find from Toten in Oppland, eastern Norway, has been re‐dated by the EDTA method. On examining the tusk for heavy metals, the porous parts were found to have the highest concentration. This fact, together with earlier experience from selecting bone samples for 14C dating, favour the choice of the hard non‐porous parts. The influence of possible minor contaminants remaining after pretreatment is discussed. Because of high cosmic‐ray intensity the background deviated from the normal stable value. The variations were studied carefully. The final result is that the net activity of the bone is so close to zero that it is questionable whether the age is ‘finite’. It is concluded that the tusk is older than 28,000 years.
The stilt‐legged deer Sangamona of the North‐American Pleistocene
Authors: KURTÉN BJÖRN
Published: July 2010

Material of the cervid Sangamona fugitiva Hay 1920, including a partial skeleton from Frankstown Cave, Pennsylvania, is described. The species is known from Wisconsinan deposits in the central and eastern United States, with a terminal date of about 9440 B.P. It is a stilt‐legged form differing widely from its contemporary in the West, Navahoceros, in which the limbs are short and plump.
The Lateglacial of North‐west Europe
Authors: DONNER JOAKIM
Published: July 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

J. J. Lowe, J. M. Gray & J. E. Robinson (eds.): Studies in the Lateglacial of North‐west Europe
The distribution of local bedrock material in some moraine forms form the inner part of northern Sweden
Authors: MINELL HUGO
Published: July 2010

An inventory of bedrock material has been made from different levels in some moraine types situated in the areas around Storvindeln and Storavan. The results show that moraine forms which have a curved morphology transverse to the direction of ice flow, always have a high content of local bedrock material independent of till thickness. In many cases the local bedrock material is represented more in the upper levels of the moraine. Large transverse ridges with less curvature have a highly variable bedrock content. Drumlins may lack local bedrock material over a distance of many kilometres. The variable distribution of local bedrock material in different moraine types has been interpreted as a function of ice pressure, temperature, and movement during deglaciation.
The Quaternary of Israel
Authors: DONNER JOAKIM
Published: July 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

Aharon Horowitz: The Quaternary of Israel
The loess of North‐East Essex, England
Authors: Eden Dennis N.
Published: July 2010

A thin mantle of cover‐loam over much of North‐East Essex has been recognised as consisting largely of loess. The cover‐loam represents the intermixing, to a varying degree, of a layer of loessial silt with a thin layer of underlying sand which is also of likely aeolian origin. The heavy mineral content of the coarse silt fraction of North‐East Essex loess is generally similar to that of last glaciation age loesses elsewhere in Eastern England, Belgium and the Netherlands. This suggests the North‐East Essex loess is part of a single loess sheet deposited over Eastern England and parts of Western Europe. Nevertheless, detailed examination of the heavy minerals content from all of these areas reveals slight areal variations especially in the proportion of hornblende. These differences show the coarse silt from North‐East Essex loess to have closest affinities with that from Norfolk. A distant source for the loess within the present North Sea Basin is proposed on textural evidence. Loess accumulation in North‐East Essex probably commenced in the few thousand years leading up to the maximum extent of Devensian ice (about 18,000 years B.P.) and may have continued to about 14,000 years B.P.
Depositional deglaciation forms as indicators of different glacial and glaciomarginal environments
Authors: Kurimo Heikki
Published: July 2010

The current system of nomenclature for landform elements associated with deglaciation is often insufficient and inappropriate to describe the total depositional environment. There is a manifold transition of the deposits in regard to morphology, orientation, arrangement, material, and material‐related properties. A multidimensional scheme constructed to be maximally informative of the depositional environment is presented.
Diurnal laminations in the varved sediment of Lake Lovojärvi, south Finland
Authors: SIMOLA HEIKKI , TOLONEN KIMMO
Published: July 2010

A man‐induced extensive silty layer in the sediment of Lake Lovojärvi, dating back to the year 1960, contained 18 laminations due to rhythmical variations in the size classes of the mineral particles. A good agreement was found between the thicknesses of the successive laminae, and one period in a sequence of arbitrary ‘wind sums’ calculated from the meteorological statistics of the spring 1960 for periods of winds exceeding 3 m/s. Most of these wind pulses were diurnal; the longest one lasted for five days. The deposition of the layer in early spring was further confirmed through diatom analysis, which revealed within the laminated sequence a diatom succession typical of Lake Lovojärvi immediately after the melting of ice in spring
Diatom changes in sediments of basins possessing marine/lacustrine transitions in Frosta, Nord‐Trøndelag, Norway
Authors: KJEMPERUD ALFRED
Published: July 2010

Diatoms in lower sediments from eight basins of the Frosta peninsula, Nord‐Trødelag, Norway, have been analysed. All the basins have been isolated from the sea, and a succession from a flora influenced by marine and brackish water to a freshwater flora is always found. An attempt is made to establish a relative salinity range for the fjord basin around the investigated area, from the Younger Dryas chronozone to the end of the Atlantic chronozone. These changes seem to be controlled by the accumulation and ablation of the ice shield and also by major climatic changes in the early and middle Holocene. It is not possible to make a general list of lagoon taxa, because of great variation from basin to basin. The isolation contact (marine/brackish boundary) must be established at the end of the brackish water flora in the absence of lagoon types. The first period after isolation is characterized by a maximum in productivity with dominance of alkaliphilous types among the diatoms. A pioneer flora with dominance of Fragilaria taxa can be traced in the uppermost basins which were isolated just after the deglaciation of the area
Palaeoecology of the Quaternary
Authors: ANDERSEN SVEND TH.
Published: July 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

H. J. B. Birks & Hilary H. Birks: Quaternary Palaeoecology
Submarine terraces and morphology in the Kieler Bucht, Western Baltic, and their relation to late Quaternary events
Authors: HEALY TERRY
Published: July 2010

From analysis of the densest network of echogrammes yet available for the Kieler Bucht, Western Baltic, the submarine erosional terraces have been mapped. In general these correlate well with the features mapped and described by Kolp (1976) for the adjacent Mecklenburger Bucht. The lower terraces are at ‐ 30 m and may reach 2100 m in broadness. Compared to present day conditions, the rates of cliff retreat at the time of formation were evidently much accelerated, due possibly to harsher climatic conditions including a greater intensity of winter lake ice, frosts, wind and rain. Other terraces at ‐ 27, ‐ 24, ‐ 19, and ‐ 14 m were identified, and these are related to syngressions in the various eustatic curves applicable to the Western baltic. A hypsometric curve for the submarine terrain of the Kieler Bucht, when compared to the relative sea level curve shows that 65% of the bay was transgressed in only 700 years. Maximum sedimentation rates in the Kieler Bucht should have occurred at this time, and independent data from dated cores from Vejsnäs Rinne support this prediction.
Weichselian before 15,000 years B.P. in the Nordic countries: a symposium
Authors: MANGERUD JAN
Published: July 2010

The symposium, arranged in 1980 in Bergen, was the last in a series of three symposia on Weichselian events in the Scandinavian realm. Papers from the two earlier symposia were published in Boreas 8:2 (1979) and 9:4 (1980). Recent research has proved the history of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet to be more complicated than formerly thought. One problem relating to this research is dating beyond the limit of the radiocarbon method
Weichselian before 15,000 years B.P. at Jæren‐Karmø in southwestern Normay
Authors: G.ANDERSEN BJøRN , NYDAL REIDAR , WANGEN OLE P. , øSTMO SVEIN R.
Published: July 2010

On the basis of studies of many stratigraphical profiles, together with radiocarbon dates, Thorium‐Uranium dates and amino‐acid dates, the following preliminary stratigraphy is proposed: (1)Late Weichselian. Stavanger Stadial. The glacier covered the coast and deposited the upper drift sheet. ‐ (2) Middle Weichselian.(a)Sandnes Interstadial (30,000?‐39,000 years B.P.). Thick units of marine deposits underlie the Stavanger Stadial drift. The lithology, the foraminiferal fauna, the molluscan fauna and the pollen flora all record cold, partly near‐ice environment during their deposition. Elements of a boreal type foraminiferal fauna suggest that certain phases of the Sandnes Interstadial could have been slightly warmer. The shore level was very high. (b) Jæren Stadial (40,000† 1000 years B.P.). Tills and glaciomarine deposits at several locailites are correlated with a Jæren Stadial. (c) Nygaard Interstadial (41,000–50,000? years B.P.). Marine deposits representing a low shore‐level phase, record cool to cold conditions. ‐ (3)Early Weichselian. (a) Karmøy Stadial (older than 47,000 years B.P.). Gravelly and very bouldery tills at low stratigraphical levels in several prifles are correlated with a Karmøy Staidial.(b) Older deposits. Marine deposits which lie below the Karmøy Stadial till and on top of Eemian deposits at Bø II on Karmøy are being studies.
Weichselian in central South Norway: the Gudbrandsdal Interstadial and the following glaciation.
Authors: BERGERSEN OLE FREDRIK , GARNES KARI
Published: July 2010

Present knowledge of sub‐till sediments found in the valleys in the Mid‐Gudbrandsdal area and the stratigraphy of the overlying basal tills is summarized. The existence of widespread waterlain sediments which are thought to have been depostied in a cold ice‐free period of Middle/Early Weichselilan age, the Gudbradnsdal Interstadial, gives evidence of surprisingly modest ice erosion during the last ice age, even in valleys close to the highest mountains. Judging by the nearly total evacuation of older deposits from the tributaries, the ice‐free period seems to have lasted for a long time, with very strong slope processes. Huge quantities of proglacial sandur sediments accumulated in the main valleys indicate that the last inland ice sheet grew slowly. By comprehensive analyses the authors have succeeded in correlating the overlying tills with four regional glacial phases of the last ice age reconstructed mainly through analyses of striae. It is found that the conservation of the sediments, as well as the distribution of different tills, was dependent on the relative location of the ice divide.
Weichselian in Finland before 15,000 B. P.
Authors: HIRVAS HEJKKI , KORPELA KAUKO , KUJANSUU RAIMO
Published: July 2010

A historical review is given of the stratigraphic and chronological research of the Weichselian glaciation in Finland. Submorainic interglacial organogenic deposits have been found in Finnish Lapland and Ostrobothnia. Radiocarbon analyses give ages of over 50,000 years B.P. and the microfissil assemblages indicate climatic conditions that are more fovourable than at present. Interstadial deposits with radiocarbon ages of 42,000 to over 50,000 years B.P. contain fossil assemblages in dicating a poorer climate than at present. A tentative correlation of the Weichselian stratigraphy by various authors is presented.
Alpine glacial advance in relation to a proxy summer temperature index based mainly on wine harvest dates, A.D. 1453–1973
Authors: BRAY J. ROGER
Published: July 2010

A highly significant correlation was calculated between French wine harvest dates and central England summer temperature from 1659 to 1879 which harvest dates might be used to approximate western European summer temperatures for the pre‐instrumental period. A proxy summer temperature index was thereby constructed which combined French and German wine harvest and central England temperature data. This index was significantly correlated with a tree‐ring density prealpine Swiss summer temperature index from 1484 to 1973 and also with Northern Hemisphere annual temperatures from 1579 to 1973. Comparison of the proxy index with Alpine glaciation summaries showed highly significant relationships between glacial advance and intervals of below‐ median proxy temperature for all glacial studies combined and for the two most complete individual studies allowing a, even‐year lag between temperature decline and glacial advance. The initial Little Ice Age glacial expansion around A.D. 1600 occurred towards the close of the longest below‐median proxy temperature sequence which lasted from A.D. 1569 to 1604. Subsequent to this, glacial readvances were related to summer temperature declines of lesser duration or magnitude.
Paleo‐oceanography of the Norwegian Sea during the past 130,000 years: coccolithophorid and foraminferal data
Authors: BELANGER PAUL E.
Published: July 2010

Faunal, floral and sedimentological properties of Norwegian Sea core V27‐86 were examined in order to reconstruct the paleo‐oceanographic history of this region. Downcore variations in the relative abundance of three microfossil groups and several sediment properties exhibit three different climate response patterns (CRP). Each pattern is judged to represent the response of a different part of the climate system. The covariance patterns among coccoliths, henthic foraminifera, and other properties suggest that the Norwegian Sea has been ice‐free and productive during the present interhlacial. the penultimate interglacial (isotopic‐stage se) and at least partially ice‐free during an intermediate climatic regime (stages sa‐d). A maximum change in these measures occurs at the boundary between isotopic stage 5a (an intermediate climatic regime)and isotopic stage 4 (a glacial climatic regime). In contrast, planktic foraminiferal assemblages and oxygen isotope measurements on planktic foraminifera show a major change at the end of stage 5e (the penultimate interglacial). The contrasting behavior of these two sets of observations is explained by a model which postulates a low‐salinity surface layer 115,000 to 75,000 years ago (stages 5a‐d).
Macrofossils in an interglacial peat deposit at Kap København, North Greenland
Authors: FREDSKILD BENT , RØEN ULRIK
Published: July 2010

Examination two peat samples collected at Kep København, Peary Land, Northgreenland, revealed the presence fo fossils of Betula nana, Menyanthes trifoliata and other plants which do not occur as fao north today. likewise, remains fo Cladocera (e.g. Alonella excisa), beetles (e. g. Gyrinus opacus and Bembidion grapi) and other animals, none of which live in the area today, are present. The occurrence of these fossils, coupled with a radiocarbon date giving an infinite age, suggest that the peat is an interglacials deposit.
Baltic Ice Lake in Blekinge
Authors: SAARNISTO MATTI
Published: July 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

A stratigraphic study of Late Weichselian de‐glaciation, shore displacement and vegetation history in southeastern Sweden.
Quaternary sediments and their weathering history in northcentral Missouri
Authors: GUCCIONE MARGARET
Published: July 2010

Quaternary strata in northcentral Missouri were deposited prior to, during, and subsequent to glaciation of the area. Major depositional units are separated by buried soils. The lower Quaternary Whippoorwill formation is derived from local bedrock and has the intensely weathered New Florence soil developed in it. The pre‐Illinoian McCredie formation, primarily till, is derived from distant shield and local cratonic rocks. The moderately weathered Kingdom City soil within the formation suggests that an intcrglacial separated two ice advances. The lllinoian Lovcland and Wisconsinan Peoria Loesses are derived from Missouri River outwash. Since glaciation, the welded Yarmouth‐Sangamon Soil has developed in till and in lllinoian loess on stable sites but middle and late Sangamon Soils have developed on erosional surfaces. Holocene soils are developed in Wisconsinan loess and alluvium‐colluvium.
Pollen analysis and rates of pollen incorporation into a radiocarbon‐dated palaeopodzolic soil at Haugabreen, southern Norway
Authors: CASELDINE CHRISTOPHER J.
Published: July 2010

Pollen analysis of the organic surface (FH) horizon of a radiocarbon‐dated palaeopodzol buried beneath the ‘Little Ice Age’ outer moraine of Haugabreen west of the Jostedalsbrecn ice‐cap, southern Norway, provided evidence for environmental change in the area between ca. 4,000 B. P. and the 13th century A. D. Radiocarbon dating of the profile, apart from providing a chronology for the changes interpreted, also allowed estimation of pollen incorporation rates into the soil which can be compared with pollen influx rates established elsewhere. Two periods of local woodland recession were identified, the first between ca. 3,300 B. P. and ca. 3,600 B. P., after the initiation of the FH horizon, and the second in the 13th century A. D. at the onset of the Little Ice Age.
Late Quaternary stratigraphy and paleo‐oceanography of the Grand Banks continental margin, eastern Canada
Authors: ALAM MAHMOOD , PIPER DAVID J. W. , COOKE H. BASIL S.
Published: July 2010

Quaternary sediments cored on the continental slope off the Grand Banks and on nearby seamounts and abyssal hills have been correlated back to at least isotopic stage 6. using lithologic and hioslratigraphic markers and warm‐cold cyclicity in microfossil assemblages. The sequence is dated using limited oxygen isotope and l4C data. The oldest continental slope cores penetrate to a glacial stade with an extrapolated age of 50. 0(H) B. P. The oldest scamount cores probably penetrate to isotopic stage 13. Watcrmass distribution over the area results from interaction of the Labrador Current with locally generated shelf water, and to a lesser extent, the Gulf Stream. Planktic foraminiferal assemblages and sedimentological evidence suggest that arctic Labrador Current core water extends onto the eastern Grand Banks only during full interglacials. During intcrstadials, this arctic core water is absent, probably because its source‐was blocked by ice. Cold water during stadials probably results mostly from local cooling on the continental shelf.
A multidisciplinary journal named Quaternary Science Reviews
Authors: BERGLUND BJÖRN E.
Published: July 2010

Books reviewed in this article:

Bowen. D. O.(ed.) 1982: Quaternary Science Reviews.
A Little Ice Age extinction of a water beetle from Britain
Authors: GIRLING MAUREEN A.
Published: July 2010

Beetle remains recovered from medieval deposits at Austin Friars, Leicester, were identified as Gyrinus colymbus. This species is extinct in Britain today and it probably disappeared during the episode of climatic deterioration between 1550 and 1850 A.D. when lower mean annual temperatures could have eliminated insects living at the limits of their climatic ranges. Subsequent re‐immigration accompanying the climatic improvement would have been prevented by the English Channel.
Glacio‐dynamic structures from the Blackwater Formation, Co. Wexford, Ireland
Authors: THOMAS GEOFFREY S. P. , SUMMERS A. JOHN
Published: July 2010

A series of large‐scale glacio‐dynamic structures exposed in 10 km of coastal cliff cut through the Screen Hills kame‐morainc, Co. Wexford. Ireland, is descrihed. The structures range from simple ovcrfolds to complex multiple thrusts, have a consistent structural trend, and result from marginal deformation by an ice‐sheet moving from the NE. The relationship between the structures and other, gcomorphic and stratigraphic components is resolved into a simple model of repeated ice‐marginal oscillation during a phase of overall glacial retreat.
The Kapp Ekholm section, Billefjorden, Spitsbergen: a discussion
Authors: MANGERUD JAN , SALVIGSEN OTTO
Published: July 2010

A radiocarbon date of 46,300 was obtained on shells in living position above the till exposed near Kapp Ekholm that G. S. Boulton (1979) dated at younger than 11,000 years B.P., his Billefjorden Stage, and which he assumed represented the Late Weichselian glacial maximum. According to a correlation of earlier published descriptions, J. A. Lavrushin (1969) had previously obtained similar ‘old’ dates, while L. S. Troitsky et al. (1979) obtained TL‐dates of 47,000 and 53,000 above this till. These dates require a reassessment of the timing of the Billefjorden Stage.
Quaternary glaciomarine deposits and foraminifera from Edgeøya, Svalbard
Authors: NAGY JENØ
Published: July 2010

Late Quaternary marine deposits from Edgeoya (eastern part of the Svalbard archipelago) were analysed lithologically and micropalaeontologically. The studied sections show coarsening upward developments which reflect shallowing of the depositional area connected to Holocene land uplift. Four foraminiferal assemblages are recognized and are referred to successively decreasing water depths. The oldest assemblage is dominated by Elphidum excavatum and was formed under high glacial influence at a depth of c. 75 m in late Younger Dryas time. The youngest assemblage is dominated by Elphidium frigidum and reflects Holocene shallow water to beach conditions. Transverse ridges (mostly of cross bedded gravel) occurring in the outer parts of the valleys are interpreted as submarine ice front deltas accumulated during a period with permanent position of the glacier fronts. This stop in glacial retreat, called the Visdalen event, is referred to early Preboreal time.
A new journal on current research
Authors: KURTÉN BJORN
Published: July 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

Current Research. Vol. 1. pp. i‐vii. 1–112. A Peopling of the Americas Publication. Center for the Study of Early Man. University of Maine at Orono. Maine.
Chronological calculation of the varve zero in Sweden
Authors: FROMM ERIK
Published: July 2010

A revised calculation of the age of the zero in the Swedish time scale by the aid of published varve diagrams (Eiden 1913; Borell & Offerberg 1955) confirms the earlier calculation by E. Nilsson (1960, 1968). The age of the zero, including 365 additional years for the extension of the time scale to present time (Cato 1985), should be historical – 7,288 (9,238 B.P.).
Quaternary vertebrate palaeontology
Authors: FORSTEN ANN
Published: July 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

Genoways, Hugh & Dawson, Mary (eds.) 1984: Contributions in Quaternary Vertebrate Palaeontology: A Volume in Memorial to John E. Guilday
New explanation to the face of the Earth
Authors: NIINI HEIKKI
Published: July 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

Lee, J. S. 1984: Introduction to Geomechanics. Responsible Editor Li Qifang, Translator Chen Qing‐xuan
A ‘cook‐book’ for palaeoecologists
Authors: ERONEN MATTI
Published: July 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

Berglund, B. E. (ed.) 1986: Handbook of Holocene Palaeoecology and Palaeohydrology
Glaciomarine varves and the character of deglaciation, Säveån valley, southwestern Sweden
Authors: STEVENS RODNEY
Published: July 2010

Glaciomarine varves, in contrast to glaciolacustrine varves, are primarily dependent upon sedimentation from meltwater overflow. They are usually developed in proximal positions and are a more reliable reflection of deglaciation character within a specific area than ‘classical’ glaciolacustrine varves, which are generally more distal and greater influenced by bottom topography. The close relationship with ice‐front processes in the glaciomarine environment is discussed and utilized to suggest correlations between the varve stratigraphy, ice‐front positions and climate shifts during the deglaciation of the Savean valley, where two varve localities have been documented. A varve sequence outside this valley shows similar general trends in varve‐thickness variation, and comparison between localities may help in extending the lines connecting positions of concurrent ice‐marginal deposition. The study of glaciomarine varves provides a more continuous record of changes in the ice‐front character than can be obtained from intermittent moraine positions.
Theoretical post‐glacial sedimentation rates for a semi‐enclosed sea; example of the Kieler Bucht, Western Baltic
Authors: HEALY TERRY , ERLENKEUSER HELMUT , WINN KYAW , WERNER FRIEDERICH
Published: July 2010

The theoretical rates of deposition for fine sediments over the last 10 ka have been deduced and plotted for the Kieler Bucht. Assumptions are that the bay has remained as a closed sedimentary system, and that the fine sediments deposit in water deeper than 10 m. A sharp peak of sedimentation activity is indicated between 7.5 and 8.5 ka B.P. with low rates prior to 9.5 ka and since 6 ka. Comparison of rates obtained from dated cores extracted from different parts of the Kieler Bucht with the theoretical curve shows general conformity, and confirms that peak sedimentation rates exceeding 3 mm/a, as averaged over 100–200 years, occurred between 8 and 9 ka, with the suggestion of a minor activity peak between 3 and 4 ka. The overall consistency supports the view that the bay has acted essentially as a closed sedimentary basin during the Holocene marine transgression and subsequently.
Application of Ostracoda to sea‐level studies
Authors: PENNEY DAVID N.
Published: July 2010

Ostracoda are probably better indicators of past sea level than has hitherto been realized. This is so because very characteristic low diversity, high productivity faunas occur in the upper reaches of the estuarine environment. Moreover, a fair amount of knowledge exists concerning their ecology. Details are given on the faunas that are present in each estuarine facies, and on how death assemblages can be distinguished from life assemblages. Sea level can be estimated to an accuracy of 50 cm to 100 cm in some NW European microtidal areas, but further research is required on macrotidal coasts to ascertain whether they can be used to pinpoint sea level here. Examples of where Ostracoda have proved of value in sea‐level studies are given for North Denmark, The Netherlands, East Ireland, and the Gulf of Gascony.