bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dark Matters, Gravational Force, Neutron Life-Time Anomaly and Hadronization    
Authors: Hwang Jae-Kwang
Published: May 2018

The properties of the dark matters, dark energy, graviton and photon are discussed in terms of the new three-dimensional quantized space model. Three new particles (bastons) with the electric charges (EC) are proposed as the dark matters. The decreasing coupling constant of the strong force and neutron lifetime anomaly are explained by the unobservable proton and hadronization. And the rest mass of 1.4 TeV/c2 is assigned to the Le particle with the EC charge of −2e. The proposed rest mass (26.12 eV/c2) of the B1 dark matter is indirectly confirmed from the supernova 1987A data. It is proposed that the EC, LC and CC charges are aligned along the time axes but not along the space axes. The photon is confined on its corresponding three-dimensional quantized space. However, the graviton can be evaporated into other three-dimensional quantized spaces. The rest mass and force range of the massive g(0,0,0) graviton with the Planck size are mg = 3.1872·10−31 eV/c2 and xr = 3.0955·1023 m = 10.0 Mpc, respectively, based on the experimental rest mass and rms charge radius of the proton. The possible diameter (10 Mpc) of the largest galaxy cluster is remarkably consistent with the gravitational force range (10 Mpc). Then, the diameter of the largest dark matter distribution related to the largest galaxy cluster is 9.2865·1023 m = 30 Mpc equal to the force range of the massive g(0) graviton with the rest mass of 1.0624·10−31 eV/c2. The reason why the gravitational force between normal matters is very weak when compared with other forces is explained by the graviton evaporation and photon confinement. Because of the huge number (N) of the evaporated gravitons into the x1x2x3 space, it is concluded that the gravitational force between dark matters should be much stronger than the gravitational force between the normal matters and the repulsive electromagnetic force between dark matters. The proposed weak gravitational force between the dark matters and normal matters explains the observed dark matter distributions of the bullet cluster, Abell 1689 cluster and Abell 520 cluster. The transition from the galaxy without the dark matters to the galaxy with the dark matters are explained. Also, the accelerated space expansion is caused by the new space quanta created by the evaporated gravitons into the x1x2x3 space and repulsive electromagnetic force between dark matters corresponding to the dark energy. And the space evolution can be described by using these graviton evaporation and repulsive electromagnetic force, too.
Pomegranate Iron (III) Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (iRAC) Compared to ABTS Radical Quenching
Authors: Wan Hau Ching , Owusu-Apenten Richard , Singh Nigam Poonam , Sultana Bushra
Published: May 2018

Pomegranate juice (PJ) has total antioxidant capacity (TAC) which is reportedly higher compared to other common beverages. This short study aimed to evaluate the TAC of commercial PJ and pomegranate fruit in terms of a newly described iron (III) reducing antioxidant capacity (iRAC) and to compare with ABTS free radical quenching activity. Commercial PJ, freeze-dried pomegranate, and oven dried-pomegranate were analyzed. The total phenols content (TPC) was also assessed by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The calibration results for iRAC were comparable to ABTS and Folin-Ciocalteu methods in terms of linearity (R2 > 0.99), sensitivity and precision. The TAC for PJ expressed as trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) was 33.4 ± 0.5 mM with the iRAC method and 36.3 ± 2.1 mM using the ABTS method. For dried pomegranates, TAC was 89–110 mmol/100 g or 76.0 ± 4.3 mmol/100 g using iRAC and ABTS methods, respectively. Freeze-dried pomegranate had 15% higher TAC compared with oven-dried pomegranate. In conclusion, pomegranate has high TAC as evaluated by the iRAC and ABTS methods, though variations occur due to the type of cultivar, geographic origin, processing and other factors. The study is relevant for attempts to refine food composition data for pomegranate and other functional foods.
Ion Transport in Solvent-Free, Crosslinked, Single-Ion Conducting Polymer Electrolytes for Post-Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Elmore Clay T. , Seidler Morgan E. , Ford Hunter O. , Merrill Laura C. , Upadhyay Sunil P. , Schneider William F. , Schaefer Jennifer L.
Published: May 2018

Solvent-free, single-ion conducting electrolytes are sought after for use in electrochemical energy storage devices. Here, we investigate the ionic conductivity and how this property is influenced by segmental mobility and conducting ion number in crosslinked single-ion conducting polyether-based electrolytes with varying tethered anion and counter-cation types. Crosslinked electrolytes are prepared by the polymerization of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate, and ionic monomers. The ionic conductivity of the electrolytes is measured and interpreted in the context of differential scanning calorimetry and Raman spectroscopy measurements. A lithiated crosslinked electrolyte prepared with PEG31DA and STFSI monomers is found to have a lithium ion conductivity of 3.2 × 10-6 and 1.8 × 10−5 S/cm at 55 and 100 °C, respectively. The percentage of unpaired anions for this electrolyte was estimated at about 23% via Raman spectroscopy. Despite the large variances in metal cation – STFSI binding energies as predicted via DFT and large variations in ionic conductivity, STFSI-based crosslinked electrolytes with the same charge density and varying cations (Li, Na, K, Mg, and Ca) were estimated to all have unpaired anion populations in the range of 19 to 29%.
High-Resolution Atmospheric Lead Pollution during the Roman Period Recorded in Belgian Ombrotrophic Peat Cores
Authors: Allan Mohammed , Pinti Daniele L. , Ghaleb Bassam , Verheyden Sophie , Crucifix Michel , Mattielli Nadine , Fagel Nathalie
Published: May 2018

Two peat cores from two bogs were used to reconstruct high–resolution changes in atmospheric Pb accumulation rate (Pb AR) in Belgium during the Roman period. The two records were compared to assess the reliability of peat cores as archives of atmospheric Pb deposition and to established histories of atmospheric emissions from anthropogenic sources. To address these issues we analyze Pb concentration and isotopes, using ICP-MS, LA-ICP-MS and MC-ICP-MS in two peat sections, spanning 1000 yr each. Lead concentrations in the two cores range from 0.1 to 60 μg g−1, with the maxima between 15 and 60 μg g−1. The average natural background of Pb AR was 0.005± 0.002 mg m-2 yr-1 and the maximum ranges from 0.7 to 1.2 mg m-2 yr-1 between 50 BC and AD 215. The highest Pb AR exceed the pre-Roman period values by a factor of 25-30. Pb isotopic composition indicates that mining and metallurgical activities were the predominant sources of pollution during the Roman period. The Pb AR and chronologies in the Belgian peat cores are consistent with those reported for other continental archives as lake sediments, peat and ice cores.
Biosynthesis of Polyketides in Streptomyces
Authors: Risdian Chandra
Published: May 2018

Polyketides are large group of secondary metabolites that have notable variety in their structure and function. Polyketides exhibit a wide range of bioactivities such as antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antiviral, immune-suppressing, anti-cholesterol and anti-inflammatory activity. Naturally, they are found in bacteria, fungi, plants, protists, insects, mollusks and sponges. Streptomyces is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria that has a filamentous form like fungi. This genus is best known as one of polyketides producers. Some examples of polyketides produced by Streptomyces are rapamycin, oleandomycin, actinorhodin, daunorubicin and caprazamycin. Biosynthesis of polyketides involves a group of enzyme activities called polyketide synthases (PKSs). There are three types of PKSs (type I, type II, and type III) in Streptomyces that responsible for producing polyketides. This paper focuses on biosynthesis of polyketides in Streptomyces with three structurally different types of PKSs.
In Vitro Anticancer Activity and Mechanism of Action of an Aziridinyl Galactopyranoside
Authors: Burgos-Morón Estefanía , Pastor Nuria , Orta Manuel Luis , Jiménez-Alonso Julio José , Palo-Nieto Carlos , Vega-Holm Margarita , Vega-Pérez José Manuel , Iglesias-Guerra Fernando , Mateos Santiago , López-Lázaro Miguel , Calderón-Montaño José Manuel
Published: May 2018

We recently screened a series of new aziridines β-D-galactopyranoside derivatives for selective anticancer activity and identified 2-methyl-2,3-[N-(4-methylbenzenesulfonyl)imino]propyl 2,3-di-O-benzyl-4,6-O-(S)-benzylidene-β-D-galactopyranoside (AzGalp) as the most promising compound. In this article, we explore possible mechanisms involved in the cytotoxicity of this aziridine and evaluate its selective anticancer activity using cancer cells and normal cells from a variety of tissues. Our data show that AzGalp induces DNA damage (detected with the comet assay). Cells deficient in the DNA repair pathway nucleotide excision repair (NER) were hypersensitive to the cytotoxicity of this compound. These results suggest that AzGalp induces bulky DNA adducts, and that cancer cells lacking a functional NER pathway may be particularly vulnerable to the anticancer effects of this aziridine. Several experiments revealed that neither the generation of oxidative stress nor the inhibition of glycolysis played a significant role in the cytotoxicity of AzGalp. The combinations of AzGalp with either oxaliplatin or 5-fluorouracil slightly improved the ability of both anticancer drugs to selectively kill cancer cells. AzGalp also displayed selective cytotoxicity against a panel of malignant cells versus normal cells; the highest selectivity was observed for two acute promyelocytic leukemia cell lines. Additional preclinical studies are necessary to evaluate the anticancer potential of AzGalp.
List of todo of R&D and International Standardization for Realizing that most of the EVs Run by the Solar Energy
Authors: Araki Kenji , Ji Liang , Kelley George , Yamaguchi Masafumi
Published: May 2018

A car-roof photovoltaic has an enormous potential to change our society. With this technology, 70% of the personal car can run by the solar energy collected by the solar panel on its car-roof. Unfortunately, it is not a simple extension of the conventional photovoltaic technology. This paper list what we need to do for realizing the future that majority of the personal cars run by renewable solar energy, after clarification of the difference from the conventional photovoltaic technology. In addition to the technological development, the standardization of this innovative technology will be important, and the list was made highlighting the standardization.
Manejo nutricional de la diarrea crónica funcional asociada a desnutrición con una dieta peptídica: un caso clínico
Authors: Aganzo Yeves Miguel
Published: May 2018

Los trastornos funcionales del intestino se caracterizan por una ausencia de daño estructural o bioquímico, pero pueden causar diarrea crónica y malabsorción intestinal. Sin tratamiento adecuado, predisponen a un estado de desnutrición que, dependiendo de las patologías de base, podría condicionar la evolución de otras enfermedades concomitantes.La relevancia de este caso se debe a que nuestra paciente pluripatológica de 43 años de edad, con pérdida progresiva de peso y masa muscular, tras cinco años de ineficiencia en el tratamiento nutricional y soporte estándar de la diarrea crónica, consigue tras unos meses de tratamiento con dieta peptídica un buen estado nutricional y calidad de vida, habiendo logrado controlar la diarrea crónica y la desnutrición.En la pérdida inintencionada de peso que causa una diarrea de perfil funcional de larga evolución, la elección de una dieta peptídica puede ser muy útil para que la evolución del paciente sea satisfactoria.
EVALUASI KEBIJAKAN PENGENDALIAN PENCEMARAN UDARA DALAM UPAYA MENINGKATKAN KUALITAS UDARA DKI JAKARTA
Authors: Deshermansyah Deshermansyah
Published: May 2018

This research aimed to evaluate the implementation of the Jakarta Regional Government Policy, Regional Regulation Number 2 of 2005 regarding Air Pollution Controlling is still valid. Evaluation results are expected to provide recommendations to the local government of Jakarta to repair/ improvement implementation, as well as making policy recommendations on control of air pollution that can be used as a reference for local governments and communities of Jakarta, and ensure the maintenance of wakefulness and air quality. This is a policy research study, the research design to follow the model of Haas & Springer. Data collection activities carried out following the opinion Majchrzak and data analysis techniques using focused synthesis. From the research, suggests that the local government has not been able to implement the Jakarta DKI Jakarta Regional Regulation Number  2 of 2005 effectively and efficiently
DIFFERENCES IN ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT AMONG STUDENTS BASED ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND AND GENDER
Authors: Noer Mohamad Isnin
Published: May 2018

Studies examining the gender differences on environment issues are still scarce. Limited number of published studies have merely examined on the influence of gender on environmental knowledge and behaviour, particularly of their understanding on climate change. Hence, there remains a curious silence on gender relations in the mainstream literature and policy discourse. Here, the effect of gender on environmental using Ecological Footprint Analysis were evaluated on students at State University of Jakarta. Also, this study sought the contribution of socio-economic background on gender inequities. To account for Ecological Footprint of students, ex-post facto methods was used on 230 students to record their consumption behaviour. Result of Ecological Footprint calculation explained that all students enrolled in this University require 13.376,68 gHa/year of land to support their on-campus activities. On average, Ecological Footprint between males and females was not significantly different. The differences between males and females was also not significant as when socio-economic background taken into account.
PARADIGMA LINGKUNGAN GURU
Authors: Umar Risa Bernadip
Published: May 2018

The purpose of this study was to gain an overview of the relationship between the naturalist intelligence, locus of control, and knowledge of the ecosystem with environmental paradigm. The paradigm of the teacher on the environment  need to be held for teachers when teaching subjects need to be practiced in high school biology. This study used a survey method, the sample in this study were 95 teachers drawn at random. Data were collected through participant observation using the instrument in the form of questions and statements. Analysis and interpretation of the data showed that (1) There is a positive relationship between the level of naturalist intelligence with environmental paradigm. (2) There is a positive relationship between locus of control with environmental paradigm. (3) There is a positive relationship between knowledge of ecosystems to environmental paradigm. (4) There is a positive relationship between the naturalist intelligence, locus of control and knowledge of the ecosystem, together with environmental paradigm. The findings of this study concluded that with the increase naturalist intelligence, locus of control and knowledge of ecosystem biology teacher collaboration will improve also new environmental paradigm.
PERBEDAAN PENGETAHUAN IBU-IBU TENTANG ISU-ISU LINGKUNGAN ANTARA STRATEGI PENYULUHAN OUT GROUP VERSUS IN GROUP BERDASARKAN KEPEDULIAN LINGKUNGAN
Authors: Zachariasz Robert
Published: May 2018

The objective of this research is to analyze the effect of extension strategy and the environmental concern on knowledge about environmental issues of house wives on the slums in West Jakarta. The sample of the research were 40 housewives which selected randomly. The data were analyzed by using ANOVA with 2 x 2 factorial design. The result of the research reveals that: 1) the knowledge about environmental issues of housewives who received extension strategy by out group extension agents have not more highly than when they received extension by in group extension agents; 2) The housewives who have high environmental concern and receive extension by out group extension agents have more highly knowledge about environmental issues than when they received extension by in group exten-sion agents; 3)The housewives who have low environmental concern and received extension by out group extension agents have lower knowledge about environmen-tal issues than when they received extension by ingroup extension agents; 4) There are interaction effects between extension strategy and the environmental concern towards the housewives knowledge about environmental issues.
KONTRIBUSI MINAT BACA BUKU BERBAHASA INGGRIS TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR BAHASA INGGRIS SISWA KELAS I SMAN 68 JAKARTA
Authors: Sutjipto Bambang
Published: May 2018

This research aims gathering data of reading interest in English books and learning achievement in English subject of the first year Senior High School student. Research methods employed is descriptif corellational methods. The population of the reasearch coverage all first year student in add classes with the average number of the student in each class is 45 student. The sample is choosen by simple random sampling. The form of the instrument to collect data is presented in Liked skill with variable (x) is reading interest in English books and variable (y) is the mark of English subject stated in the report. The research findings so that there is positive corellation between the two variable ( rhitung = 0,99 > r table = 0,312). R = r2 = 99,4% determine by variable x. It also concluded, there is positve corellation between reading interast and learning acvievement in English subject. The contribution of reading interest in English books to learning achievement is 99,4%.
STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN MATEMATIKA BAGI ANAK USIA DINI
Authors: Sarifah Iva
Published: May 2018

This article discussed how mathematics instruction should be developed for early childhood education. Some instruction strategies are elaborated such as Developmentally Apropriate Practice, integrated learning, cooperative learning, student active learning, contextual learning, inquiry based learning, and co-parenting. In the implementation of the instructional strategies in this article puts forward a number of considerations.
MEDIA TERPADU DALAM PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA INDONESIA DI SEKOLAH DASAR
Authors: S. Zulela M.
Published: May 2018

The aim of this research is to fmd out the effect of instructional approach toward the result of narrative writing of fifth grade elementary school student. The research compared two approaches: Process Skill Approach (PSA) and Goal Oriented Approach (GOA) group of students who study. The result of the research are. (1) There is a significant difference between group of students who study with RA by F o = 9.8401>Ft = 4.20. (2) There is a significant difference between the result of narrative writing by group of student who has high interest in reading and study with Goal Oriented Approach (GOA) and the group of student who has high interest in reading and study with Process Skill Approach by Fo 6.3161>Ft 0.643. (3) There is a significant difference between the result of writing by group of student who has low interest in reading and study with Process Skill Approach and the result of writing by group of student who has low interest and study with Goal Oriented Approach by F o 12.2084>Ft 0.0643. (4) There is and interaction between the learning approach and reading interest toward writing of fifth grade elementary school student by Fo 84.6164>Ft 4.20. Based on that analysis, we can see that the skill process approach is more effective, entirely and for the student who has low reading interest in reading GOA is more effective.
PENGEMBANGAN BAHAN AJAR DI PERGURUAN TINGGI
Authors: Arum Wahyu Sri Ambar
Published: May 2018

In competency based learning, instructional materials play an important role in helping students achieving a set of competencies. Therefore the instructional materials should be prepared as good as possible. this article will discuss the role and definition of instructional materials, the principles and the steps of instructional material selection, the sources of instructional materials, the scope and the sequence of instructional materials, the strategies of using it, and finally the forms of instructional materials.
PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS BERPIKIR KRITIS DAN KREATIF
Authors: Yurniwati Yurniwati
Published: May 2018

In this 20 th century education is demanded to be able to in counter all changes and development in all aspect of life. The advancement of technology which develops very fast as encourages the development of science and technology. To anticipate and face all kinds of development, the teachers should prepare the children to follow the development of sciences and technology. Now days the students should receive all information from the teachers critically. They also expected to be involve mentally in constructing knowledge. One of the tools to enable the student to construct knowledge is ability to think critically and creatively revering to the research conducted by ALPS therefore approaches that can be taken to train ability to think critically and creatively. They are thinking thematic thinking, disposotioning thinking, transfering thinking, and assesing thinking.
PEMANFAATAN INTERNET SEBAGAI SUMBER BELAJAR OLEH DOSEN FAKULTAS ILMU PENDIDIKAN UNIVERSITAS NEGERI JAKARTA
Authors: Ariani Diana
Published: May 2018

The purpose of this research is to describe how the lectures of the School of Education in State University of Jakarta use internet as a learning resource. The population covered all lecturers of the School of Education and respondents were selective by proporsional random sampling technique. The data were collected by using questioner and interviewing. The result of the research shows that most of the lecturers have utilized internet for their own interest but not for instructional purposes in the classroom. Very few of the respondents indicate that they are not familiar with internet. The problems in using internet as a learning resource include the limited knowledge of the lecturers in using internet for instructional purposes and limited facility available in the School of Education. This research suggests the School of Education encourages all the lecturers to take benefit of internet as learning resources in each course and it is an urgent need to provide enough facility to access internet for all of lectures.
Marketing Syariah: Studi Analisis Produk Kenzie di Gudo Jombang
Authors: Kalimah Siti
Published: May 2018

Abstract: This research is based on the rise of businessmen who are just looking for profit, and also the phenomenon that occurs based on the reality of the current trend, many businesses that use sharia or religion as a booster of material gain, or politicization. But it is different with the business that is doing by manufacturers from Jombang, creating something simple to be extraordinary, bringing benefits and even blessings. Positive small things and done according to the demands of sharia bring benefits and blessings. There are some purpose of this study,the first is  to understand sharia marketing, secondly, to analyze the implementation of sharia marketing on the business of The otak- otak of Kenzi's. This research was conducted to business owners of the otak- otak kenzie  in Blimbing Village, Gudo Jombang, employees and customers or the community. The process of collecting data by interview method, observation and documentation. Using qualitative descriptive analysis is to describe the results of interviews of respondents, then analyze it with the theory. The results of this research is to show that the business owner of the kenzie product implicitly understands and implements the syariah values ​​in its business activities. Sharia implementation is reflected on shariah marketing strategy, which is the segmentation of the public market and target market of upper middle economic society and to atrack  the hearts of its consumers with friendly and honest service. In the case of shariah marketing tactic, including are halal products, standard price according to sharia, which is related to the location of businesssworth according to syaraiah. In sharia marketing value, there are some value,that can given some benefits for consumers including: healthy, halal elements and  well in accordance with the Qur'an that ordered humans to eat clean food, take a holy and healthy way. From the shariah spiritual image related to the principle of honesty of hospitality that must be owned by a businessman,he  feels that Allahis always watching everywhere, so both the value of sharia and the principles of sharia is very important and useful in the business world. And from the existing phenomenon Sharia-labeled marketing is not Islamization or religious commercialism, but it is a way asameans in offering products produced in a business, the impact of the economy of a society will also increase, religion is not used as demolisher of the economy, to seek material , but sharia or religionas measureand also as a rule that underlies human behavior. Religion and economics can not be compared, but go hand. Religion is notto be traded in economic interests, but the advanced of the economy is due to the religious rules. Key word: marketing, sharia marketing, analyze of business product
Delaying Wheat Seeding Time and Maize Harvest Improved Water Use Efficiency in a Warm Temperature Continental Monsoon Climate
Authors: Xu Cailong , Zhao Hongxiang , Zhang Ping , Wang Yuanyuan , Huang Shoubing , Meng Qingfeng , Wang Pu
Published: May 2018

Double‐Delay cropping patterns can significantly reduce agricultural water consumption without yield reduction.

Annual decreased water content is attributed to the decreased water content in winter wheat season.

Late sown winter wheat consumes less water before pre‐winter.

Increased maize yield offset reduced wheat yield in appropriate Double‐Delay systems.

Appropriate Double‐Delay cropping patterns increase annual profit.

This study examined the impact of delaying the sowing time of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and harvesting time of maize (Zea mays L.) on crop yields in a region with a warm temperature continental monsoon climate. According to farmers’ practice (FP), we employed three treatments that each delayed both the maize harvesting and wheat sowing for 10 d, 20 d, and 30 d. No significant differences were observed in annual grain yield among the FP, delayed 10 d (DHS‐10), and delayed 20 d treatments (DHS‐20), while the results for these treatments were significantly higher than those in delayed 30 d treatment (DHS‐30). For all of the treatments, the grain yield of winter wheat decreased with the delay of sowing and the grain yield of summer maize increased with the delay of harvesting. For annual rotation, improved grain yield in maize season compensated for reduced yield in wheat season, for both DHS‐10 and DHS‐20 treatments compared with FP. Total water consumption followed as FP, DHS‐10, DHS‐20, and DHS‐30 order. Total water consumption in DHS‐10 and DHS‐20 treatments decreased by 5.6 and 10.7%, respectively, compared with FP. Higher net economic benefits compared to FP was also obtained in DHS‐10 (+ 495.4 ¥ ha−1) and DHS‐20 (+ 877.0 ¥ ha−1) treatments. In conclusion, DHS‐20 treatment not only substantially reduced total water consumption, but also maintained stable annual yield and increased profits.
Sodium Persulfate and Potassium Permanganate Inhibit Methanogens and Methanogenesis in Stored Liquid Dairy Manure
Authors: Habtewold Jemaneh , Gordon Robert , Voroney Paul , Sokolov Vera , VanderZaag Andrew , Wagner‐Riddle Claudia , Dunfield Kari
Published: May 2018

Stored liquid dairy manure is a hotspot for methane (CH4) emission, thus effective mitigation strategies are required. We assessed sodium persulfate (Na2S2O8), potassium permanganate (KMnO4), and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for impacts on the abundance of microbial communities and CH4 production in liquid dairy manure. Liquid dairy manure treated with different rates (1, 3, 6, and 9 g or mL L−1 slurry) of these chemicals or their combinations were incubated under anoxic conditions at 22.5 ± 1.3°C for 120 d. Untreated and sodium 2‐bromoethanesulfonate (BES)‐treated manures were included as negative and positive controls, respectively, whereas sulfuric acid (H2SO4)‐treated manure was used as a reference. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify the abundances of bacteria and methanogens on Days 0, 60, and 120. Headspace CH4/CO2 ratios were used as a proxy to determine CH4 production. Unlike bacterial abundance, methanogen abundance and CH4/CO2 ratios varied with treatments. Addition of 1 to 9 g L−1 slurry of Na2S2O8 and KMnO4 reduced methanogen abundance (up to ∼28%) and peak CH4/CO2 ratios (up to 92‐fold). Except at the lowest rate, chemical combinations also reduced the abundance of methanogens (up to ∼17%) and CH4/CO2 ratios (up to ninefold), although no impacts were observed when 3% NaOCl was used alone. With slurry acidification, the ratios reduced up to twofold, whereas methanogen abundance was unaffected. Results suggest that Na2S2O8 and KMnO4 may offer alternative options to reduce CH4 emission from stored liquid dairy manure, but this warrants further assessment at larger scales for environmental impacts and characteristics of the treated manure.

Core Ideas

Chemical oxidants were assessed for potential effects on methanogens and methane production.

The abundance of methanogens and CH4 production were affected by Na2S2O8 and KMnO4.

Na2S2O8 and KMnO4 had similar effects on CH4 production compared with acidification.

Na2S2O8 and KMnO4 may provide options to mitigate CH4 emissions from stored liquid dairy manure.
ExoticSpartina alternifloraEnhances the Soil Functions of a Coastal Ecosystem
Authors: Yang Ren-Min , Guo Wen-Wen
Published: May 2018

Core Ideas

Exotic species do not always have negative impacts on soils.

Changes in soil functions were identified after the introduction ofSpartina alterniflora.

The basic functionality of soils could be enhanced by new species in areas that do not have native plants.

The study highlights the potential benefits of non‐native plants for coastal soils.

Coastal soils are recognized as a valuable global resource because of their important roles in maintaining ecosystem services, especially C storage. Exotic species often have negative impacts on biodiversity but less is known about their potential benefits for soil function. We investigated impacts ofSpartina alternifloraLoisel. on soil functions (based on basic chemical and physical properties) related to soil depth on a coastline of the East China Sea. Subsequently, we assessed the trend of soil functions by integrating multiple soil functions into a single index. The results showed that significant relationships were observed between the age ofS. alternifloraand the factors soil organic C (SOC) storage soil pH in the topsoil (30 cm), and soil salinity within the upper 1 m depth. These results implied that some soil functions were enhanced over time following the introduction of the species (i.e., C sequestration and desalinization).Spartina alterniflorahad a positive effect on the basic functionality of soils in areas that do not have native salt marsh species. Over the course of exotic plant introduction, soil pH made the highest contribution at the beginning, whereas salinity gradually became the most important factor controlling the physicochemical functionality of soils. We suggest that it is essential to explicitly test the impacts of species introduction on soil functions to address key issues of the sustainable management of coastal soils.
Predicting Heavy Metal Partition Equilibrium in Soils: Roles of Soil Components and Binding Sites
Authors: Peng Shimeng , Wang Pei , Peng Lanfang , Cheng Tao , Sun Weimin , Shi Zhenqing
Published: May 2018

Core Ideas

WHAM 7 successfully predicted heavy metal partition in various soils.

Major soil and solution parameters influenced the accuracy of model predictions.

Soil organic matter dominated metal binding at most acidic to neutral pH in soils.

WHAM 7 predicted bidentate binding as the dominant form of metal complexes.

The reactivity and bioavailability of heavy metals in soils are controlled by their binding to reactive soil components, including soil organic matter (SOM), metal (hydr)oxides, and clay minerals. In this study, we specifically investigated how soil components and SOM binding sites controlled metal partition at various chemistry conditions. We used the Windermere Humic Aqueous Model (WHAM 7) to predict the solid‐solution partition and speciation of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn based on compiled literature data including 98 soil samples from five continents. Based on the root‐mean‐square‐error (RMSE) values of logarithm of dissolved metal concentrations between model predictions and experimental results, WHAM 7 reasonably predicted metal partition equilibrium over a wide range of reaction conditions, with RMSE less than 0.5 for Cd and Zn, and less than 1.0 for the other three metals. Soil organic matter dominated metal binding at most acidic to neutral pH, clay minerals were significant at low pH, and iron (hydr)oxides might effectively compete with SOM for metal binding when pH was high. For all five heavy metals, WHAM 7 predicted the bidentate bindings were the dominant form of metal complexes, in which both complexes formed by two carboxylic sites and that by one carboxylic and another phenolic sites were major complexes. The formation of monodentate complexes and electrostatic outer‐sphere complexes was significant at low pH, while tridentate complexes were only significant at high pH values. The modeling results help to accurately predict the environmental behavior of heavy metals in pH 3 to 7 soil environments.
Contemporary paradigm of sustainable development: the evolution of formation and development
Authors: Dobrovolska Olena
Published: May 2018

The research reveals the peculiarities of shaping the sustainable development paradigm since the publication of the first studies on the human activity impact on the environment to date. Three main stages of development with the focus on the key goals and tasks through an analysis of the main documents regulating activities in this area are determined. The results showed a change in the vector for further development and identification of the financial component as an independent element.
Making Programming Accessible to Learners with Visual Impairments: A Literature Review
Authors: Hadwen-Bennett Alex , Sentance Sue , Morrison Cecily
Published: May 2018

Programming can be challenging to learn and for visually impaired (VI) learners there are numerous additional barriers to the learning process. Many modern programming environments are inaccessible to VI learners, being difficult or impossible to interface with using a screen reader. A review of the literature has identified a number of strategies that have been employed in the quest to make learning to program accessible to VI learners. These can be broadly divided into the following categories; auditory and haptic feedback, making text-based langauges (TBLs) accessible, making block-based languages (BBLs) accessible and physical artefacts.A common theme among the literature is the difficulty VI learners have in gaining an understanding of the overall structure of their code. Much of the research carried out in this space to date focuses on the evaluation of interventions aimed at VI high-school and undergraduate students, with limited attention given to the learning processes of VI learners. Additionally, the majority of the research deals with (TBLs), this is despite the fact that most introductory programming courses for primary learners use (BBLs). Therefore, further research is urgently needed to investigate potential strategies for introducing VI children in primary education to programming and the learning processes involved.
WATER VAPOR BALANCE OF THE ATMOSPHERE FROM FIVE YEARS OF HEMISPHERIC DATA
Authors: PEIXOTO JOSE P.
Published: May 2018

The atmospheric balance of water vapor for the northern hemisphere is investigated through entirely automatic data processing and objective analysis procedures, in order to assess the potentialities of these methods for the present purposes by examining a large sample of results. The present study is based on five years of daily observations taken at about 800 meteorological stations. The final maps of the distribution fields of mean precipitable water content and of zonal and meridional transports of water vapor in the atmosphere are presented and discussed. The structure and the implications of the water vapor divergence map for hydrology are treated. Finally the water vapor balance on a planetary scale is discussed and the results are compared with evidence obtained from climatological and hydrological sources. The five-year averages of the various fields appear to give consistent results and mainly agree with previous findings.
A NEW SIMPLIFIED INSTRUMENT FOR WATER TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS
Authors: CABELIS OSCAR
Published: May 2018

Through the rapid development in the field of electrotechniques and the development of highly sophisticated precision components it has been possible to design a new simplified electrical instrument for the measurement of water temperature. This instrument consists of a bridge, a probe with leads, and a galvanometer.
Custo de capital das concessionárias de transmissão de energia elétrica no Brasil: um estudo da Companhia Estadual de Geração e Transmissão de Energia Elétrica - CEEE-GT
Authors: LANZIOTTI Thaís Mattei , GARCIA Ricardo Letizia
Published: May 2018

O artigo tem como objetivo demonstrar que o Custo de Capital regulatório fixado pela Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica – ANEEL para as empresas Transmissoras de Energia Elétrica no Brasil está aquém dos reais custos de oportunidade de capital próprio e de recursos oriundos de capital de terceiros necessários aos investimentos empregados no setor. Dessa forma, realizou-se uma análise do custo de capital atual da Companhia Estadual de Geração e Transmissão de Energia Elétrica – CEEE-GT, utilizando os mesmos parâmetros e metodologias de cálculo empregadas pelo Órgão Regulador, que consiste na combinação dos modelos CAPM (Capital Asset Pricing Model) e WACC (Weighted Average Cost of Capital).
Antifungal Activity of Essential Oil and Hydrosol Extract of Ballota nigra L. and their Protective Effects Against the Black Rot of Tomatoes
Authors: Sebaa Nabila A. , Zatla Amina T. , Dib Mohammed E.A. , Tabti Boufeldja , Costa Jean , Muselli Alain
Published: May 2018

Background:

Bellota species are used to treat various diseases in traditional folk medicine.

Objectives:

This study aimed to chemically characterize the essential oils and the hydrosol extract and
regional specificity of the major components of Ballota nigra essential oil and to evaluate their in vitro
and in vivo antifungal activities.

Methods:

Essential oils were obtained by a Clevenger-type apparatus and analyzed by using Gas
Chromatography (GC) and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (GC/MS). The antifungal activities
were tested to three phytopathogenic stains (Penicillium expansum, Aspergillus niger and Alternaria
alternata).

Results:

Altogether, 38 compounds were identified in the essential oils, representing 92.1-96.8% of
the total oil composition. Their main constituents were E-β-caryophyllene (4.8-24.6%), E-β-farnesene
(3.3-22.9%), β-bisabolene (7.6-30.2%), α-humulene (2.1-13.3%) and geranyl linalool (1.1-8.2%). The
statistical methods deployed confirmed that there is a relation between the essential oil compositions
and the harvest locations. Hydrosol extract was constituted by seven components, represented principally
by methyl eugenol (75.2%) and caryophyllene oxide (12.5%). The results of in vitro antifungal
activity with essential oil and hydrosol extract have shown very interesting antifungal activities on
Penicillium expansum and Alternaria alternata strains with percentage reductions up to 80%. Additionally,
in in vivo assays, Ballota nigra essential oil and hydrosol extract significantly reduce decay in
artificially inoculated tomato by Alternaria alternata.

Conclusion:

The essential oil and hydrosol extract can be used as a potential source of sustainable
eco-friendly botanical fungicides to protect stored tomatoes from pathogens, saprophytic fungi causing
bio-deterioration to a variety of food commodities.
Valorisation Approach for the Soybean By-Product Okara Using High Hydrostatic Pressure
Authors: Mateos-Aparicio Inmaculada , Pérez-López Elena , Rupérez Pilar
Published: May 2018

Okara is a perishable, cheap and abundant by-product derived from soybean after extracting the soluble fraction for tofu or soybean drink, mainly known as soymilk, production. Nowadays, Okara is mostly discarded: landfill and incineration, but a useful alternative for valorisation would be to use it as a valuable source of dietary fibre. However, it presents low soluble dietary fibre (SDF) content responsible for prebiotic and anti-carcinogenic effects, so an easy industrial transformation to maximize its SDF content would be most interesting for this purpose. Different approaches can be used to increase SDF content, such as chemical or enzymatic treatments with food-grade enzymes at atmospheric pressure, but these conventional methods present some disadvantages as that the chemical procedures are pollutant and the extractions normally are incomplete, and the enzymatic methods could be expensive to scale-up. On the other hand, currently, consumers are demanding for safer, more natural and minimally-processed foods. This request has led researchers and manufacturers to develop new technologies, and within these, high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) is one of the top-10 most popular emerging technologies applied in the field of food science. The effect of HHP, and more recently, the combined effect of HHP and enzymatic treatment on okara by-product have been studied, showing that this novel approach, should also be considered in order to stabilise other agro-food byproducts -due to their perishable character- as well as to improve the functionality of the rich-ininsoluble dietary fibre from vegetable residues.
HPV Prevalence and its Association with Perinatal Outcomes among Singleton Mothers: Analysis of Pregnancy Risk Assessment and Monitoring System (PRAMS) Data, 2004-2011
Authors: Kaur Harpriya , Schmidt-Grimminger Delf , Chen Baojiang , Islam K.M. Monirul , Remmenga Steven W. , High Robin , Watanabe-Galloway Shinobu
Published: May 2018

Background:

Pregnancy may increase the risk of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection
because of pregnancy induced immune suppression. The objective of this study was to use a
large population-based dataset to estimate the prevalence of HPV infection and its association with
adverse outcomes among pregnant women.

Methods:

We analyzed Pregnancy Risk Monitoring System data from 2004-2011 (N=26,085)
to estimate the self-reported HPV infection. Survey logistic procedures were used to examine the
relationship between HPV infection and adverse perinatal outcomes.

Results:

Approximately 1.4% of women were estimated to have HPV infection during their pregnancy.
The prevalence of adverse outcomes in this sample was preterm birth (8.4%), preeclampsia
(7.5%), low birth weight (6.3%) and premature rupture of membranes (2.8%). Compared to women
without HPV infection, HPV infection positive women were much more likely to have had other
infections such as chlamydia (9.23% vs. 2.12%, p-value <.0001), Group B Strep (21.7% vs.
10.04%, p-value <.0001), and herpes (7.17% vs. 1.07%, p-value <.0001). After adjusting for other
risk factors including other infections, HPV infection was significantly associated with low birth
weight (OR: 1.94, 95% CI: 1.14-3.30).

Conclusion:

The study indicated a potential association between HPV infection and low birth
weight. Because pregnant women with HPV infection are at higher risk of other infections, future
research may focus on the roles of co-infection in the development of adverse perinatal effects.
Antileishmanial Activity of Diterpene lactones from Suregada multiflora and Their Semisynthetic Derivatives
Authors: Gondal Humaira Y. , Nisar Muhammad , Choudhary Muhammad I.
Published: May 2018

Background:

There is a general lack of effective and economical chemotherapeutic agents
for the treatment of widely prevalent leishmanias. To develop locally available, low cost alternative
therapy, a series of diterpene lactones isolated from Suregada multiflora and their semisynthetic derivatives
have been evaluated against the protozoan parasite Leishmania.

Methods:

A series of diterpene lactones were isolated from methanolic extract of Suregada multiflora.
Major constituents were further derivatized through chemical and microbial transformations. Antileishmanial
activity of structurally diverse diterpene lactones was performed by testing them in vitro
against L. donovani promastigotes. All compounds were also tested for their cytotoxic effects by the
brine shrimp bioassay.

Results:

Among all compounds evaluated in current studies, natural diterpenes Gelomulide A (1) and G
(2) were found significantly active with IC50 values below 20µg/ml. While, among synthesized derivatives;
compounds 5, 9 and 10 were found more potent with IC50 value 17.49, 18.38 and 17.81µg/ml,
respectively. None of these compounds showed cytotoxic effects in the brine shrimp bioassay (LC50>
300).

Conclusion:

A new class of diterpene lactones was identified as potential antileshmanial agent. The
structural diversity of natural and semisynthetic diterpene lactones, helped to rationalize structure–
activity relationships. Activity of these diterpene lactones owed to C-8/14 epoxide along with unsubstituted
C-1. Keto group at C-1 always lower the activity unless it is in α, β-unsaturated form. Presence
of acetyl group at C-3 and 6 usually augmented the antileishmanila potential
Tagging Fatty Acids Via Choline Coupling for the Detection of Carboxylic Acid Metabolites in Biological Samples
Authors: Abualhasan Murad N. , Watson David G.
Published: May 2018

Background:

Fatty acids and other metabolites containing a carboxyl group are of high interest
in biomedicine because of their major role in many metabolic pathways and, particularly in the
case of oxidised fatty acids, their high biological activity. Tagging carboxylic acid compounds with a
permanent positive charge such as a quaternary ammonium compound could increase the LC-MS detection
sensitivity and selectivity. This paper describes a new and novel strategy for analysing carboxylcontaining
compounds in biological samples by ESI-MS through coupling to choline.

Methods:

Coupling of carboxylic acid derivatives in biological samples was performed by coupling to
2-Fluoro-1, 3 dimethyl –pyridinium (FDMP). The variation in the fatty acid profile of five different
plasma samples was studied and was illustrated by using principal components analysis (PCA) to group
the samples. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) modelling was then
applied to identify the fatty acids that were responsible for the variation.

Results:

The test results showed that choline coupling reactions were successful in detecting fatty acids,
oxidised fatty acids and other compounds containing carboxylic acid groups in biological samples. The
PCA results showed loadings of different fatty acids according to the plasma sample allowing identification
of the fatty acids responsible for the observed variation.

Conclusion:

A new and easy tagging method was developed to detect carboxylic acids in plasma samples.
The method proved to be precise and reproducible and can quantify fatty acid compounds to 50
ng/ml.