bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beurteilung der Tubenfunktionsstörung mit dem
ETDQ-7
Authors: Todt Ingo
Published: February 2019

Harju T et al. Eustachian Tube Dysfunction–Related Symptoms in Chronic Nasal
Obstruction Caused by Inferior Turbinate Enlargement. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol
2017; 126: 798–803

Ärzte des Universitätskrankenhauses von Tampere, Finnland, beurteilten den
Zusammenhang zwischen chronischer Nasenverstopfung durch Vergrößerung der
unteren Nasenmuschel und Symptomen, die durch eine Eustachi-Tubendysfunktion
bedingt sind, mit Hilfe des „Eustachian Tube Dysfunction Questionnaire“
(ETDQ-7) als Instrument zur Evaluation einer Tubenfunktionsstörung.
The Effect of Pedaling Cadence on Skeletal Muscle Oxygenation During Cycling at Moderate Exercise Intensity
Authors: Formenti Federico , Dockerill Cameron , Kankanange Lasitha , Zhang Luyu , Takaishi Tetsuo , Ishida Koji
Published: February 2019

The aim of this study was to assess the changes determined by increased cadence on skeletal muscle oxygenation during cycling at an exercise intensity equal to the ventilatory threshold (Tvent).

Nine healthy, active individuals with different levels of cycling experience exercised at a power output equal to Tvent, pedaling at cadences of 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90 rpm, each for 4 min. Cadences were tested in a randomized counterbalanced sequence. Cardiopulmonary and metabolic responses were studied using an ECG for heart rate, and gas calorimetry for pulmonary oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production. NIRS was used to determine the tissue saturation index (TSI), a measure of vastus lateralis oxygenation.

TSI decreased from rest to exercise; the magnitude of this TSI reduction was significantly greater when pedaling at 90 rpm (−14±4%), compared to pedaling at 40 (−12±3%) and 50 (−12±3%) rpm (P=0.027 and 0.017, respectively). Albeit small, the significant decrease in ΔTSI at increased cadence recorded in this study suggests that skeletal muscle oxygenation is relatively more affected by high cadence when exercise intensity is close to Tvent.
Electronically Divergent Triscyclometalated Iridium(III) 2-(1-naphthyl)pyridine Complexes and Their Application in Three-Component Methoxytrifluoromethylation of Styrene
Authors: Njogu Rachael , Fodran Peter , Tian Yuxi , Njenga Lydia , Kariuki David , Yusuf Amir , Scheblykin Ivan , Wendt Ola , Wallentin Carl-Johan
Published: February 2019

A systematic study of the photophysical and electrochemical properties of triscyclometalated homoleptic iridium(III) complexes based on 2-(1-naphthyl)pyridine (npy) ligands is presented. A systematic investigation of ligand substitution patterns showed an influence on the lifetime of the excited state, with slight changes in the absorption and emission spectral features. Specifically, the emission lifetime of a complex of an npy ligand substituted with a strongly electron-withdrawing trifluoromethyl group was longer than that of the corresponding complex with the electronically nonperturbed ligand (3.7 μs versus 1.5 μs). Electronically complementary ligands and complexes with ­orthogonal configurations showed slightly shorter excited state lifetimes compared with unsubstituted npy (1.4–3.0 μs). All complexes displayed reversible or quasireversible redox-couple processes, with the complex of the trifluoromethylated ligand showing the highest ground-state oxidation potential E1/2
ox [Ir(III)/Ir(IV) = 0.95 V vs. SCE in CH2Cl2]. This study showed that these complexes can be used as efficient photoredox catalysts, as demonstrated by their application in a regioselective methoxytrifluoromethylation in which the npy complexes showed equal or better performance compared with the archetypical photo­redox catalyst tris[2-phenylpyridinato]iridium(III).
Diazonium Salts as Nitrogen-Based Lewis Acids
Authors: Habraken Evi , Jupp Andrew , Slootweg J.
Published: February 2019

Aryldiazonium salts are widely used in many organic transformations with displacement of N2 or through addition to the terminal nitrogen. Such aryldiazonium salts can be viewed as N-based Lewis acids that can react with Lewis bases to synthesize a wide variety of azo compounds. Additionally, diazonium salts are known to undergo single-electron transfer and release N2, forming an aryl radical, which results in different reactivity. Herein, we provide a concise overview of the reactivity of aryldiazonium salts undergoing classical donor-acceptor reactivity or single-electron transfer.
Is Intraoperative Fluoroscopy Necessary to Confirm Device Position for Femoral-Sided Cortical Suspensory Fixation during Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction?
Authors: Balldin B. Christian , Nuelle Clayton W. , DeBerardino Thomas M.
Published: February 2019

Increased laxity within the graft construct system can lead to graft failure after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Suboptimal cortical device positioning could lead to increased laxity within the system, which could influence the mechanics and function of the graft reconstruction. This study evaluates the benefit of intraoperative fluoroscopy to confirm device position on the femur during ACL reconstruction using cortical suspensory fixation. One hundred consecutive patients who underwent soft tissue ACL reconstruction using a suspensory cortical device for femoral fixation were retrospectively evaluated. Patients were split into two groups: Group A utilized anteromedial portal visualization and had intraoperative fluoroscopic imaging performed at the time of ACL graft fixation to confirm femoral device placement on the lateral femoral metaphyseal cortex. Group B utilized anteromedial portal visualization alone. Both groups had radiographic X-rays performed at the first postoperative visit to evaluate device location and all images were independently evaluated by three fellowship trained orthopaedic surgeons. Device position was classified as optimal if there was complete apposition of the entire device against the femoral cortex and suboptimal if it was > 2 mm off the cortex. Fisher's exact test, analysis of variance, and 95% confidence intervals were calculated to compare the groups for statistical significance. The results showed 0/60 (0%) patients in group A had suboptimal device position at postoperative follow-up, while 4/40 (10%) patients in group B had suboptimal device position (p = 0.013). There were no graft failures in group A and one graft failure in group B. There was a significant difference in cortical device position in patients who had intraoperative fluoroscopic imaging versus patients who had no intraoperative imaging. The use of confirmatory intraoperative imaging may be beneficial to confirm appropriate device location when using a femoral cortical suspensory fixation technique for ACL reconstruction.
Torsional Osteotomy
Authors: Schröter Steffen , Nakayama Hiroshi , Ihle Christoph , Ateschrang Atesch , Maiotti Marco , Harrer Jörg , Dickschas Jörg
Published: February 2019

This article provides an overview of symptomatic torsional deformities of the lower extremity, and operative treatment techniques are described in detail. A definition of torsion versus rotation as well as information to physical examination and the relevance of radiological evaluation is given. Based on current literature and the own personal experience of the authors in osteotomies, surgical techniques at the proximal and at the distal femur, as well as at the tibia are presented.
Cemented versus Cementless Stems in Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Driesman Adam S. , Macaulay William , Schwarzkopf Ran
Published: February 2019

Successful arthroplasty of the knee requires a stable foundation for implant placement, adequate mechanical alignment, and durable fixation. In the revision setting, the later may be difficult to obtain, especially in the setting of significant bone loss. While augments, cones, and sleeves have greatly enhanced the modern knee surgeon's ability to gain fixation in metaphyseal bone, stems continue to be a cornerstone tool in revision arthroplasty to bypass deficient or damaged bone surfaces to enhance structural stability of a revision construct. When placing a revision construct, there remains two options to assist with fixation, either fully cementing the entire implant or using a “hybrid” system, which combines an uncemented press-fit diaphyseal stem with cement in both the metaphysis and metaphysis–diaphysis junction of the keel. In this review, we discuss the history of these two techniques, evaluate the theoretical benefits and pitfalls, and assess the best evidence supporting each in the literature. To conclude, we will examine future directions and questions needed to better elucidate the best treatment options in a variety of revision scenarios.
Measurement of the growth of children at weekly intervals
Authors: Rępalska Marta , Woźniak Adam , Kulus Marek
Published: February 2019

A new method for measuring the growth of children is presented, based on the measurement of the lower leg length during foot movement. This is a touch measurement, but the obtained characteristic of the measured lower leg length, as a function of the pressure force, is reduced to a non-contact measurement. A setup prototype is built and preliminary research conducted. Based on the results obtained, it is concluded that the method allows the observation of increases in child lower leg length at frequent intervals (e.g., weekly). The developed measurement method has a high accuracy, and the results allow for differentiation between periods of child good health and indisposition.
Real-time implementation of Kalman filter to improve accuracy in the measurement of time of flight in an ultrasonic pulse-echo setup
Authors: Dubey S. U. , Dubey P. K. , Rajagopalan S. , Sharma S. J.
Published: February 2019

In this paper, we demonstrate a hardware implementation of Kalman filter to enhance accuracy in the measurements of time-of-flight in an ultrasonic pulse echo technique (operated at 10 MHz). Pulser-receivers and other respective circuit units are designed using off-the-shelf electronic components. The advanced reduced instruction-set computing machine processor based Raspberry Pi single board computer is used to implement the Kalman filter and control various processes. Additionally, a graphical user interface is designed using Qt software, under the Debian open source operating system. The software has capability to measure and display the time-of-flight and ultrasonic propagation velocity in a liquid under test. The designed system with the Kalman filter exhibited an extremely small error of about 0.01% in the time-of-flight measurements compared with other systems. The functionality of the developed approach to measure time of flight and thereby ultrasonic velocity with significant improvement has been discussed in this article. It was experimentally verified that by improving other parameters such as the separation between the transducer and the reflector and cell structure, significant improvement in the accuracy of ultrasonic velocity in the liquid under test is achieved.
Ro-vibrational level dependence of the radiative lifetime of the Na2 41Σg+ shelf state
Authors: Jayasundara Nadeepa , Anunciado Roy B. , Burgess Emma , Ashman Seth , Hüwel Lutz
Published: February 2019

We report on calculations—using the LEVEL and BCONT programs by Le Roy, the latter of which is a version modified by B. McGeehan—of the dependence of the radiative lifetime of the Na2 sodium dimer 41Σg+ shelf-state on the initial vibrational and rotational level for corresponding quantum numbers of 0 ≤ v ≤ 75 and 0 ≤ J ≤ 90, respectively. We also present experimental lifetime values for 43 < v < 64, averaged over J = 19 and 21, obtained by a delayed pump-probe method using a previously described molecular beam and time-of-flight apparatus. Our calculated results are based on all possible dipole allowed transitions (to the 21Σu+, 1(B)1Πu, and 1(A)1Σu+ electronic states) terminating into bound as well as free final states. The shelf of the initial electronic state is a consequence of configuration interaction with the lowest Na+–Na− ion-pair potential and occurs, for the rotationless molecule, at the vibrational level v = 52. From the 41Σg+ vibrational ground state to the shelf, the calculated lifetimes increase monotonically by a factor of about 3.8. Beyond around v = 52, depending on rotational excitation, the lifetimes decrease, settling to a value intermediate to the maximum and the minimum at v = 0. Within error bars and in the range available, our experimental data are compatible with these findings. In addition, our calculations reveal unusual and pronounced oscillatory variation of the lifetime with rotational quantum numbers for fixed vibrational levels above—but not below—the shelf. We discuss our findings in terms of the appropriate transition dipole moments and wavefunctions and provide a detailed comparison to recent lifetime calculations of sodium dimer ion-pair states [Sanli et al., J. Chem. Phys. 143, 104304 (2015)].
Backscattered electron detector for 3D microstructure visualization in scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Rau E. I. , Karaulov V. Yu. , Zaitsev S. V.
Published: February 2019

A new configuration of semiconductor detectors for backscattered electrons for a scanning electron microscope (SEM) is presented. The result of the optimization was the possibility to extract the information about the spatial relief (3D topology) of the sample and its subsurface structure (3D tomography) in the simplest way. The detector consists of 8 sensors-semiconductor plates, positioned in a certain way. The proposed method was tested on real structures having a surface micro relief or a subsurface volume structure. Experiments and simple calculations show increased effectiveness and a high signal-noise ratio in the proposed method. This is important, particularly for studying the radiation-sensitive biomedical tissue in SEM.
Radio-frequency wave interactions with a plasma sheath in oblique-angle magnetic fields using a sheath impedance model
Authors: Kohno H. , Myra J. R.
Published: February 2019

The physics of interactions between waves in plasmas and sheaths for background magnetic fields which make oblique angles with sheath surfaces is studied with the use of the self-consistent finite element code rfSOL incorporating the recently developed sheath impedance model [J. R. Myra, Phys. Plasmas 24, 072507 (2017)]. The calculation based on this model employs the generalized sheath boundary condition (sheath BC), which surpasses the previously used capacitive sheath BC in reliability by taking into account the contributions of the ion and electron currents in the sheath and the displacement current. A series of numerical simulations is carried out in two-dimensional slab geometry with a flat or curved sheath surface as part of the boundary. It is shown that the sheath–plasma wave appears when the equilibrium magnetic field line angle with respect to the sheath surface is small, the absolute value of the radio-frequency (RF) sheath voltage is large, and the plasma density is slightly higher than the lower hybrid resonance density (LHR density), all of which bring the sheath property closer to being capacitive. It is also shown that the sharp variation of the magnetic field line angle along the sheath surface can sensitively affect the maximum absolute value of the RF sheath voltage at a plasma density slightly lower than the LHR density.
Analysis of sound generation by flow past a circular cylinder performing rotary oscillations using direct simulation approach
Authors: Ganta Naveen , Mahato Bikash , Bhumkar Yogesh G.
Published: February 2019

Generation of sound due to laminar flow past a circular cylinder performing rotary oscillations has been studied using a direct numerical simulation approach. Two-dimensional, unsteady, compressible Navier-Stokes equations are directly solved using high resolution, physical dispersion relation preserving schemes. In this work, modifications in the flow induced acoustic noise due to imposed rotary oscillations have been discussed in detail. Simulations have been performed for a Reynolds number Re = 150 and a Mach number M = 0.2 over a wide range of forcing frequencies and amplitudes of rotary oscillation, specifically in the synchronization region. Rotary oscillating motion of a cylinder modifies the vortex shedding patterns in the wake region as compared to the case of flow past a stationary cylinder. The frequency and strength of shed vortices determine the nature of aerodynamic forces acting on the cylinder as well as sound generation. Reduction in sound generation has been observed for some of the forced oscillation cases as compared to the flow past a stationary cylinder case. The Doak’s decomposition methodology has been used to segregate the acoustic and hydrodynamic modes from the momentum density field to understand changes in the radiated sound field for different forcing conditions. Furthermore, disturbance pressure fields have been decomposed into a number of modes based on their significance, using a proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) technique in order to identify and quantify the contribution of the lift and drag dipoles to the sound field. In addition, POD modes of disturbance vorticity fields as well as noise source structures based on approximate Lighthill’s stress tensor are also obtained and related to the generated sound fields. This analysis concludes that the frequency of rotary oscillation dictates the frequency content of the flow induced sound field. Low frequency rotary oscillations trigger sound waves with low frequencies and large wavelengths. As the forcing frequency increases, the corresponding sound field displays shorter wavelengths. Directivity of the sound field is affected by the amplitude of rotary oscillation. A case with higher forcing amplitude distributes sound energy more evenly in all directions as compared to a lower forcing amplitude case. Prescription of rotary oscillations to the circular cylinder significantly alters the frequency, amplitude, and directivity of the generated sound field.
Development of a microfluidic platform for size-based hydrodynamic enrichment and PSMA-targeted immunomagnetic isolation of circulating tumour cells in prostate cancer
Authors: Esmaeilsabzali Hadi , Payer Robert T. M. , Guo Yubin , Cox Michael E. , Parameswaran Ash M. , Beischlag Timothy V. , Park Edward J.
Published: February 2019

Efforts to further improve the clinical management of prostate cancer (PCa) are hindered by delays in diagnosis of tumours and treatment deficiencies, as well as inaccurate prognoses that lead to unnecessary or inefficient treatments. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of circulating tumour cells (CTCs) may address these issues and could facilitate the selection of effective treatment courses and the discovery of new therapeutic targets. Therefore, there is much interest in isolation of elusive CTCs from blood. We introduce a microfluidic platform composed of a multiorifice flow fractionation (MOFF) filter cascaded to an integrated microfluidic magnetic (IMM) chip. The MOFF filter is primarily employed to enrich immunomagnetically labeled blood samples by size-based hydrodynamic removal of free magnetic beads that must originally be added to samples at disproportionately high concentrations to ensure the efficient immunomagnetic labeling of target cancer cells. The IMM chip is then utilized to capture prostate-specific membrane antigen-immunomagnetically labeled cancer cells from enriched samples. Our preclinical studies showed that the proposed method can selectively capture up to 75% of blood-borne PCa cells at clinically-relevant low concentrations (as low as 5 cells/ml), with the IMM chip showing up to 100% magnetic capture capability.
Tailored laser pulse chirp to maintain optimum radiation pressure acceleration of ions
Authors: Mackenroth F. , Bulanov S. S.
Published: February 2019

Ion beams generated with ultra-intense laser-plasma accelerators hold promises to provide compact and affordable beams of relativistic ions. One of the most efficient acceleration setups was demonstrated to be direct acceleration by the laser's radiation pressure. Due to plasma instabilities developing in the ultra-thin foils required for radiation pressure acceleration, however, it is challenging to maintain stable acceleration over long distances. Recent studies demonstrated, on the other hand, that specially tailored laser pulses can shorten the required acceleration distance suppressing the onset of plasma instabilities. Here, we extend the concept of specific laser pulse shapes to the experimentally accessible parameter of a frequency chirp. We present a novel analysis of how a laser pulse chirp may be used to drive a foil target constantly maintaining optimal radiation pressure acceleration conditions for in dependence on the target's areal density and the laser's local field strength. Our results indicate that an appropriately frequency chirped laser pulse yields a significantly enhanced acceleration to higher energies and over longer distances suppressing the onset of plasma instabilities.
Piezo-driven sample rotation system with ultra-low electron temperature
Authors: Wang Pengjie , Huang Ke , Sun Jian , Hu Jingjin , Fu Hailong , Lin Xi
Published: February 2019

Piezo-driven rotator is convenient for tilted magnetic field experiments due to its precise angle control. However, the rotator itself and the sample mounted on it are difficult to be cooled down because of extra heat leaks and presumably bad thermal contacts from the piezo. Here, we report a piezo-driven sample rotation system designed for ultra-low temperature environment. The sample, as well as the rotating sample holder, can be cooled to as low as 25 mK by customized thermal links and thermal contacts. More importantly, the electron temperature in the electrical transport measurements can also be cooled down to 25 mK with the help of home-made filters. To demonstrate the application of our rotation system at ultra-low electron temperature, a measurement revealing tilt-induced localization and delocalization in the second Landau level of two-dimensional electron gas is provided.
AhR controls redox homeostasis and shapes the tumor microenvironment in BRCA1-associated breast cancer
Authors: Kubli Shawn P. , Bassi Christian , Roux Cecilia , Wakeham Andrew , Göbl Christoph , Zhou Wenjing , Jafari Soode Moghadas , Snow Bryan , Jones Lisa , Palomero Luis , Thu Kelsie L. , Cassetta Luca , Soong Daniel , Berger Thorsten , Ramachandran Parameswaran , Baniasadi Shakiba P. , Duncan Gordon , Lindzen Moshit , Yarden Yosef , Herranz Carmen , Lazaro Conxi , Chu Mandy F. , Haight Jillian , Tinto Paul , Silvester Jennifer , Cescon David W. , Petit Anna , Pettersson Sven , Pollard Jeffrey W. , Mak Tak W. , Pujana Miguel A. , Cappello Paola , Gorrini Chiara
Published: February 2019

Significance

Basal-like/BRCA1-associated breast cancer (BC) is a very aggressive form of BC that frequently occurs in young women, with devastating effects. Since tailored therapies are lacking for this type of tumor, scientists and clinicians are searching for weaknesses that can be therapeutically exploited. Here we describe the role of the transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in supporting BC growth by controlling reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and the tumor-promoting features of the microenvironment. In BC cells, AhR activation mediates the link between intracellular ROS regulation and the protumorigenic functions of the surrounding immune system. We propose that tailored inhibition of AhR-regulated pathways can lead to BC eradication by pushing it beyond its ROS tolerance limit and depriving it of tumor-supporting immune cells.
Elucidating cancer metabolic plasticity by coupling gene regulation with metabolic pathways
Authors: Jia Dongya , Lu Mingyang , Jung Kwang Hwa , Park Jun Hyoung , Yu Linglin , Onuchic José N. , Kaipparettu Benny Abraham , Levine Herbert
Published: February 2019

Significance

Metabolic plasticity allows cancer cells to adjust their metabolic phenotypes to adapt in hostile environments. There is an urgent need to understand the cross-talk between gene regulation and metabolic pathways underlying cancer metabolic plasticity. We establish a theoretical framework to decode the coupling of gene regulation and metabolic pathways. Our work characterizes a hybrid metabolic state where cells can use both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and a possible metabolically inactive state where cells have low activity of both glycolysis and OXPHOS. We show that targeting both OXPHOS and glycolysis may be necessary to eliminate cancer aggressiveness. Our work serves as a platform to target abnormal metabolism in cancer by modulating both genes and metabolic pathways.
Translation
Authors: Sealey Alison
Published: February 2019

This article contributes to the developing recognition that the challenges raised by the enterprise of translating between languages extend beyond human language. It suggests that there are parallels between the political issues recognised by translation scholars – of exclusion, misrepresentation and speaking for ‘the other’ – and those raised by biosemiotics, the study of signs in all living systems. Following a discussion of convergence in current developments in translation studies, semiotics and human-animal studies, the article presents an analysis of empirical data, with specific reference to the different meanings of the verb hear. The findings demonstrate the anthropocentric assumptions that are embedded in the way hearing is routinely represented, and an argument is presented for the recognition of these in communications about the semiotic resources relevant to non-human life forms. The paper concludes with some reflections on the implications of these issues for the enterprise of translation.
Introduction.
Authors: Griffiths M. , Wiltshier P.
Published: February 2019

This chapter presents an overview of the issues encountered in religious tourism sites and their management.
Managing the sacred: a governance perspective for religious tourism destinations.
Authors: Piva E. , Cerutti S. , Raj R.
Published: February 2019

This chapter focuses on the main concepts and models of destination governance. Then, it explores the role of destination governance in the management of religious tourism destinations.
Innovation, religion and managing value creation: the World Heritage Site of the ArchAbbey of Pannonhalma, Hungary.
Authors: Clarke A.
Published: February 2019

This chapter examines the ways in which management best practice can be embodied in the workings of religious tourism attractions as they wrestle with the demands of commercialization and the practices required to take an active role in the development of religious values in this commercial world. The focus is drawn from a detailed study from western Hungary: the World Heritage site (WHS) of the Benedictine ArchAbbey of Pannonhalma. The ArchAbbey showed itself to be perfectly capable of adopting purposeful goals that supported both the sacred and secular development objectives for the WHS.
Managing visitors at sacred sites: the case of Montserrat.
Authors: Aulet S. , Altayó J. , Vidal-Casellas D.
Published: February 2019

This chapter analyses how sacred sites manage tourism, specifically analysing Montserrat Monastery, a religious site in Spain where differing managerial institutions and visitor types merge. This case study analyses (i) the institutions and entities that coexist in Montserrat and how they coordinate with each other, and (ii) how value-added activities in Montserrat are managed.
Issues and approaches in managing visitors to pagan sacred sites.
Authors: Rotherham I. D.
Published: February 2019

This chapter addresses issues relating to so-called 'pagan' sacred sites and their use for promotion as places for leisure and tourism. The chapter examines how 'pagan' associations might be harnessed to better safeguard a precious and irreplaceable heritage and with respect to a wide 'church' of stakeholders, secure more effectively the triple bottom line of social, economic and environmental benefits.
Implications for managed visitor experiences at Muktinath Temple (Chumig Gyatsa) in Nepal: a netnography.
Authors: Jong M. de , Grit A.
Published: February 2019

This chapter presents the case of Muktinath Temple in Nepal and the use of user-generated content as a management tool. It aims to (i) see the extent to which the use of TripAdvisor is feasible in gaining an indication of visitors' experiences when visiting a sacred site; (ii) gain insight into the extent to which these visits are partly motivated by religious reasons; and (iii) address how a netnography of TripAdvisor can be useful for the further development and management of religious tourism sites.
The impact of development of religious tourism on the host community - a case study of Mount E'mei in China.
Authors: Hu XinLei Hu XinLei , Huang Rong Huang Rong
Published: February 2019

This chapter discusses the relationship between religions and tourism, local stakeholders' perceptions of tourism, and the factors that influence those views. A case study of the different perceived impacts (economic, social, cultural, and environmental) of the development of Buddhism-related tourism on Mount E'mei (China) is included. Recommendations for the improved development of religious tourism on Mount E'mei are also presented.
Relationship between the microstructure and properties of a peak aged Cu–Ni–Co–Si alloy
Authors: Li Jiang , Huang Guojie , Mi Xujun , Peng Lijun , Xie Haofeng , Kang Yonglin
Published: February 2019

The microstructure and properties of a Cu–Ni–Co–Si alloy were investigated through high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and three-dimensional atom probe analysis after aging at 500°C for various times. Characterisation along different diffraction directions showed that precipitate morphology was disk shaped. The concentration profiles for Ni, Co, and Si were flattened in the precipitate interiors at levels of approximately 30, 35, and 35 at.-%, respectively. The co-segregation of Co was more significant than that of Ni and Si owing to the extremely low solubility in the matrix at room temperature. Theoretical calculations excellently agreed with the experimental data, which demonstrated that solid solution scattering and the Orowan bypass mechanism were the key reinforcement mechanisms for electrical and mechanical properties, respectively.

Highlights The crystallography and morphology of precipitates in a peak aged Cu–Ni–Co–Si alloy are investigated in detail at different diffraction directions. Disk-shaped (Ni, Co)2Si precipitates are confirmed through 3DAP characterization. The distribution maps of Ni, Co, and Si alloying elements are investigated. Meanwhile, the segregation of the elements in the alloy are analyzed. The strengthening mechanism and conductivity curve of Cu–1.82 Ni–1.62 Co–0.86 Si alloy (wt-%) aged at 500°C for 2 h (peak aged state) are discussed, and theoretical calculations are in excellent agreement with the experimental data.
Effects of vitamin D2-fortified shiitake mushroom on bioavailability and bone structure
Authors: Won Dong Jae , Seong Ki Seung , Jang Cheol Ho , Lee Jin Sil , Ko Jung A , Bae Hojae , Park Hyun Jin
Published: February 2019

Bioavailability and bone loss inhibitory effects of vitamin D2 derived from UV-irradiated shiitake mushroom were determined in vivo. The effect of the absence of ovaries on the bioavailability of vitamin D2 and bone structure was also investigated. Sham operated (sham) and ovariectomized (OVX) rats were divided in 3 groups according to their diets, i.e. control: only vitamin D-deficient diets; UV(X): vitamin D-deficient diets with non-irradiated mushroom powder; UV(O): vitamin D-deficient diets with irradiated mushroom powder. The obtained results showed that vitamin D2 from shiitake mushroom was able to increase bone mineral density and trabecular bone structure of femur bone as well as its bioavailability. The absence of estrogen induced adverse effects not only on bioavailability of vitamin D2 but also on trabecular bone. In conclusion, vitamin D2-fortified shiitake mushroom might help postmenopausal women increase vitamin D2 bioavailability and retard trabecular bone loss.

Abbreviations: OVX: ovariectomized; 25(OH)D: 25-hydroxyvitamin D; 1,25(OH)2D: 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D; BMD: bone mineral density; micro-CT: micro computed tomography; RSM: response surface methodology; RP-HPLC: Reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography; MS/MS: tandem mass spectrometry; E2: estradiol; NTx: N-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen; BV/TV: bone volume/total volume; BS/BV: bone surface/bone volume; Tb.Th: trabecular thickness; Tb.Sp: trabecular separation.
Family contributions to sport performance and their utility in predicting appropriate referrals to mental health optimization programmes
Authors: Hussey Julia E. , Donohue Brad , Barchard Kimberly A. , Allen Daniel N.
Published: February 2019

Limited research has examined the contributions of sport‐specific family relationship problems to athlete mental health. In the current study we examined the extent to which collegiate athletes’ family problems (as measured by the Student Athlete Relationship Instrument factors, SARI) predict athletes’ general mental health distress and specific mental health symptoms that are relatively common in athletes (i.e. depression, anxiety, and drug and alcohol use). The study included 85 collegiate athletes (intramural, n = 26; club sport, n = 12; NCAA Division I, n = 47). We hypothesized that both general mental health distress and commonly evidenced mental health symptoms would be predicted by athletes’ responses to the SARI factors (Poor Relationship and Lack of Support, General Pressure, Pressure to Quit or Continue Unsafely, Embarrassing Comments, and Negative Attitude). Results indicated that all of the aforementioned SARI factors predicted athletes’ ratings of depression and general mental health distress levels. Only the General Pressure SARI factor predicted athletes’ anxiety and drug use. Alcohol use was not predicted by any of the SARI factors. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses indicated that sport‐specific problems in family relationships provided a good classification of athletes at risk for general mental health distress, depression, and anxiety. Practice implications are discussed in light of the results.
The anaphase-promoting complex regulates the degradation of the inner nuclear membrane protein Mps3
Authors: Koch Bailey A. , Jin Hui , Tomko Robert J. , Yu Hong-Guo
Published: February 2019

The nucleus is enclosed by the inner nuclear membrane (INM) and the outer nuclear membrane (ONM). While the ONM is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the INM is independent and separates the nucleoplasm from the ER lumen. Turnover of ER proteins has been well characterized by the ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD) pathway, but very little is known about turnover of resident INM proteins. Here we show that the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), an E3 ubiquitin ligase, regulates the degradation of Mps3, a conserved integral protein of the INM. Turnover of Mps3 requires the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Ubc7, but was independent of the known ERAD ubiquitin ligases Doa10 and Hrd1 as well as the recently discovered Asi1–Asi3 complex. Using a genetic approach, we have found that Cdh1, a coactivator of APC/C, modulates Mps3 stability. APC/C controls Mps3 degradation through Mps3’s N terminus, which resides in the nucleoplasm and possesses two putative APC/C-dependent destruction motifs. Accumulation of Mps3 at the INM impairs nuclear morphological changes and cell division. Our findings therefore reveal an unexpected mechanism of APC/C-mediated protein degradation at the INM that coordinates nuclear morphogenesis and cell cycle progression.
Generation of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells and SCLC-like tumors from human embryonic stem cells
Authors: Chen Huanhuan Joyce , Poran Asaf , Unni Arun M. , Huang Sarah Xuelian , Elemento Olivier , Snoeck Hans-Willem , Varmus Harold
Published: February 2019

Cancer models based on cells derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) may reveal why certain constellations of genetic changes drive carcinogenesis in specialized lineages. Here we demonstrate that inhibition of NOTCH signaling induces up to 10% of lung progenitor cells to form pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNECs), putative precursors to small cell lung cancers (SCLCs), and we can increase PNECs by reducing levels of retinoblastoma (RB) proteins with inhibitory RNA. Reducing levels of TP53 protein or expressing mutant KRAS or EGFR genes did not induce or expand PNECs, but tumors resembling early-stage SCLC grew in immunodeficient mice after subcutaneous injection of PNEC-containing cultures in which expression of both RB and TP53 was blocked. Single-cell RNA profiles of PNECs are heterogeneous; when RB levels are reduced, the profiles resemble those from early-stage SCLC; and when both RB and TP53 levels are reduced, the transcriptome is enriched with cell cycle–specific RNAs. Our findings suggest that genetic manipulation of hESC-derived pulmonary cells will enable studies of this recalcitrant cancer.
Introduction to the absolute brightness and number statistics in spontaneous parametric down-conversion
Authors: Schneeloch James , Knarr Samuel H , Bogorin Daniela F , Levangie Mackenzie L , Tison Christopher C , Frank Rebecca , Howland Gregory A , Fanto Michael L , Alsing Paul M
Published: February 2019

As a tutorial, we examine the absolute brightness and number statistics of photon pairs generated in spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) from first principles. In doing so, we demonstrate how the diverse implementations of SPDC can be understood through a single common framework, and use this to derive straightforward formulas for the biphoton generation rate (pairs per second) in a variety of different circumstances. In particular, we consider the common cases of both collimated and focused Gaussian pump beams in a bulk nonlinear crystal, as well as in nonlinear waveguides and micro-ring resonators. Furthermore, we examine the number statistics of down-converted light using a non-perturbative approximation (the multi-mode squeezed vacuum), to provide quantitative formulas for the relative likelihood of multi-pair production events, and explore how the quantum state of the pump affects the subsequent statistics of the down-converted light. Following this, we consider the limits of the undepleted pump approximation, and conclude by performing experiments to test the effectiveness of our theoretical predictions for the biphoton generation rate in a variety of different sources.
Infinite Riesz decompositions
Authors: Wickstead A. W.
Published: February 2019

This paper commences the study of infinite analogues of the Riesz decomposition property for ordered vector spaces and ordered normed spaces. A complete result is obtained in the normed case and partial results in general.
Remarks on the Moser–Trudinger type inequality with logarithmic weights in dimension 𝑁
Authors: Nguyen Van
Published: February 2019

We provide a simpler proof of the Moser–Trudinger type inequality with logarithmic weight

w
β

=
(
−
ln
⁡

|

x

|

)

β
(
N
−
1
)

w_\beta = (-\ln |x|)^{\beta (N-1)}

,

β
∈
[
0
,
1
)

\beta \in [0,1)

in dimension

N
≥
2

N\geq 2

recently established by Calanchi and Ruf. Our proof is based on a suitable change of functions on

B
B

and the classical Moser–Trudinger inequality on

B
B

. We also prove the existence of maximizers for this inequality when

β
≥
0

\beta \geq 0

sufficiently small.
Jordan blocks of unipotent elements in some irreducible representations of classical groups in good characteristic
Authors: Korhonen Mikko
Published: February 2019

Let

G
G

be a classical group with natural module

V
V

over an algebraically closed field of good characteristic. For every unipotent element

u
u

of

G
G

, we describe the Jordan block sizes of

u
u

on the irreducible

G
G

-modules which occur as composition factors of

V
⊗

V
∗

V \otimes V^*

,

∧
2

(
V
)

\wedge ^2(V)

, and

S
2

(
V
)

S^2(V)

. Our description is given in terms of the Jordan block sizes of the tensor square, exterior square, and the symmetric square of

u
u

, for which recursive formulae are known.
Race in Performance
Authors: Metzger Sean
Published: February 2019

How are race and performance implicated within one another? Performance understood as theatrical practice extends back to antiquity before modern understandings of race emerged. Moreover, performance as a larger field of inquiry extends far beyond theater and includes embodied spatial practices, live events that hinge on communitas, patterns of behavior, as well as the presentation of certain abilities ranging from sports to rhetoric. Given such broad associations, performance can become a vehicle for the instantiation of race. Race—as psychic, material, and social processes of human differentiation—reveals in turn certain dynamics of performance; for example, the recourse to and privileging of human agency in discussions of performance frequently leaves uninterrogated the very category of human often thought to animate it. What are the relationships among humans, animals, objects, and technologies? What performs and what can be made to perform?

Any attempt to think about how race and performance are bound together raises questions about populations and identificatory actions and feelings. Race in performance suggests how individuals and groups take shape within larger structures of power and suggests the kinds of contradictions and improvisations that might be enacted within said systems. Such dynamics hinge on efficacy, pleasure, and/or discomfort.
Jane Austen’s Global Influence
Authors: Halsey Katie
Published: February 2019

Jane Austen (1775–1817) is a writer with a global reputation. She is one of a very few writers to enjoy both a wide popular readership and critical acclaim, and one of even fewer writers of her period whose name has instant recognition. Her literary reputation rests on six novels—Sense and Sensibility (1811), Pride and Prejudice (1813), Mansfield Park (1814), Emma (1816), Northanger Abbey (1818), and Persuasion (1818)—a handful of unfinished works, and three manuscript notebooks of juvenilia, but this small oeuvre has been translated into almost every known language, has been adapted for film and television across the world, and has spawned an enormous number of sequels, prequels, spin-offs, remediations, and other fan fictions in both print and digital media. Critics have, for more than two centuries, attempted both to describe the technical brilliance of Austen’s work and to account for her surprising popularity with very diverse audiences. Her works describe the daily realities of life in Georgian and Regency England but clearly still speak to modern, worldwide audiences. She is known simultaneously as a romance writer par excellence and as a deeply ironic and skeptical social commentator. Her style is characterized by economy, brevity, and wit, and through a series of technical innovations in the craft of writing, Austen transformed the genre of the novel and thus its status from the 19th century onward. Her international success, however, can be attributed only partly to the brilliance of her literary output and must, in part, be ascribed to the work of successive film adaptations of her novels, in particular the 1940 and 1995 versions of Pride and Prejudice, starring Greer Garson and Laurence Olivier and Jennifer Ehle and Colin Firth, respectively. Across the world, many people now know Austen’s works primarily through the medium of film adaptations of her novels and biopics that fictionalize her life. “Jane Austen” has become a lucrative brand, existing almost irrespective of the original works.
Californio testimonios
Authors: Sánchez Rosaura
Published: February 2019

Several 19th-century Californio testimonios are the product of interviews of Californio men and women made by H. H. Bancroft’s agents, looking for historical information that would be incorporated in what became, in time, Bancroft’s History of California. In their narratives, Californio informants discuss the 19th-century political and economic periods, with particular interest in the periods of Spanish, Mexican, and US colonization, which brought the dispossession and exploitation of indigenous people in California. These testimonios offer information on the treatment of the Indians within the mission, and their demise after close contact with missionaries and settlers. The role of missionaries in the colonization is also examined—the secularization of mission lands, the pastoral economy dominant in Alta California, and the subsequent dispossession of the Californios after 1848 by the Land Act of 1851, incoming US settlers and squatters, and land speculators. The testimonios offer a first-person account of numerous events, problems, and conflicts in Alta California during the 19th century.
Performance Theory and Asian American Literature and Culture
Authors: Kim Ju Yon
Published: February 2019

The term “performance” covers expansive ground: it can suggest theatrical presentation, the demonstration of ability, or the execution of a task. Theories of performance variously emphasize one understanding over others or put multiple conceptions into play. For example, because performance encompasses both theater and “performativity,” or the efficacy of declarations and reiterated acts, the relationship between these distinct kinds of performance has been the subject of fruitful scholarly debate. Yet however elastic the term might be, the field of performance studies has coalesced around questions of embodiment, identification, presence, repetitions, and cultural transmission.

Asian American literature and culture similarly encompasses a wide range of works, but it shares with performance theory an interest in embodiment, identification, and cultural transmission, especially in relation to issues of race and nation. Studies of Asian American literature and culture have moreover turned to performance as an analytic framework and object, emphasizing theatrical models of social interaction, the relationship between performance and performativity, and the potential to respond to the forces of racialization, colonization, and assimilation through various kinds of performances. Although juxtaposing performance theory and literature might seem to run counter to the critical distinction between text and embodiment underscored by academic fields such as performance studies, works of Asian American literature evince an affinity with theories of performance in dramatizing the tension between text and embodiment, particularly in efforts to capture the voices of “Asian America” in accents, dialects, and pidgin. On the stage, productions have taken advantage of the distinct possibilities afforded by performance to explore the complexities of identification, kinship, and memory in the context of migration and racial marginalization.