bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heteropolyacids
Authors: Misono Makoto
Published: December 2022

Catalytic properties of heteropoly compounds as well as their syntheses, structures, and fundamental chemical properties are described. The term heteropoly compounds are used here for heteropolyacids (HPAs) and their derivatives, and these are also called polyoxometalates and metal–oxygen clusters. Since the chemical properties such as acidic and redox properties can be controlled in a wide range by choosing the constituting elements of polyanions and the polyanion structures, these compounds are valuable materials for the design of practical catalysts and also fundamental studies of catalysis. As for the solid HPA catalysts, the hierarchical structure (primary, secondary, and tertiary structures) and the presence of three types of catalyses, (1) surface‐type, (2) bulk‐type (I) or pseudoliquid, and (3) bulk‐type (II)) catalysis, are important for understanding the catalysis of HPA and catalyst design based on HPA.

There are already several industrial processes utilizing these compounds as catalysts for oxidation and acid‐catalyzed reactions both in liquid phase and in gas–solid phase. Most widely used HPAs are of Keggin‐type, e.g., H3PMo12O40and H3PW12O40. In addition, the promising future opportunities of HPA catalysts such as bifunctional catalysts like a combination of HPA with noble metal, hydrophobic HPA catalysts, shape‐selective HPA catalysts, and HPA having novel polyanion structures and compositions are described.
Hydrodenitrogenation – Homogeneous
Authors: Fish Richard H. , Bianchini Claudio
Published: December 2022

The industrial hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) process entails the removal of nitrogen from heteroaromatic nitrogen compounds in petroleum feedstocks under very high temperatures (400–600°C) and high pressures (200 bar) of hydrogen gas. In order to understand the various steps associated with this complicated HDN reaction, organometallic chemists have attempted to define each important reaction utilizing a homogeneous catalysis approach. Therefore, studies on the modeling of the HDN process, with an emphasis on the synthetic and mechanistic aspects of the homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of model petroleum, heteroaromatic nitrogen compounds with organometallic complexes as catalysts, at low temperature and low pressures of hydrogen gas, will be reviewed in this article. A comparison of the regioselectivities under various hydrogenation conditions for these compounds will be discussed for a wide variety of transition‐metal complexes with regard to the role of substrate binding at the metal ion center. The polynuclear heteroaromatic nitrogen compounds appear to hydrogenate more readily, under similar reaction conditions, in comparison with model petroleum compounds with mononuclear ring systems, e.g., pyridine. The relative rates of hydrogenation of a variety of heteroaromatic nitrogen compounds as well as compounds that inhibit and enhance selective hydrogenation of the nitrogen‐containing ring will also be a focus of this review. A relatively new spectroscopic technique, high pressure nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, will be shown to be a powerful tool to elucidate the mechanisms of the regioselective hydrogenation of polynuclear heteroaromatic nitrogen compounds. Finally, selected studies by other contributors to this nascent field will also be placed in perspective.
Hydrodesulfurization – Homogeneous
Authors: Sánchez‐Delgado Roberto A.
Published: December 2022

In spite of the large‐scale industrial applications of the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) process, and of the large number of studies of this reaction on heterogeneous catalysts, some aspects of the mechanisms involved are not yet fully understood. This article summarizes the most striking aspects of coordination and organometallic chemistry that are pertinent to the activation, hydrogenation, and desulfurization of thiophenes, in a systematic way, and inasmuch as possible in connection with the common knowledge and beliefs of the mechanisms of heterogeneous HDS catalysis. The binding of thiophenes to transition metals in molecular complexes, as well as the reactivity of such complexes in solution, is described in detail, with particular emphasis on reaction mechanisms. The examples presented are excellent molecular analogues of the species and reactions that are known or thought to intervene in heterogeneous catalysis, and thus this organometallic approach constitutes a good complement to surface and solid‐state chemistry studies and contributes to the understanding of this important reaction.
Magnesium Enzymes and Models
Authors: Cowan J. A.
Published: December 2022

Most enzymes used in nucleic acid biochemistry, and many enzymes involved in general metabolism, require divalent magnesium as an essential activator. The selection of magnesium reflects the relatively high intracellular abundance of this ion, and its mechanism of action is tuned to the specific physicochemical properties that characterize its solution chemistry. In turn, this has required refinement of the protein environment to bind Mg2+efficiently, and in a manner that preserves its catalytic integrity. This review summarizes what is known concerning the role of divalent magnesium as a mediator of enzymatic activity, and discusses this role in the context of the unique chemical properties of this metal cofactor. Mechanistic models and approaches that have been developed to understand these biological reactions are summarized, and a comparison is made with the catalytic mechanism demonstrated by metal complex mimics of magnesium‐promoted reactions.
Micelles/Micellar Catalysis
Authors: Oehme Guenther
Published: December 2022

The contribution gives a survey of the aggregation of surfactants in aqueous and organic media and the reactivity control in such self‐organized systems. Several examples of micellar catalysis in aqueous surfactant assemblies are discussed for solvolytic reactions, oxidation reactions, reductions, carbon–carbon coupling reactions, and spontaneous unimolecular reactions. The influence of surfactant assemblies can be an alteration of the reaction rate (activity), the selectivity (chemo‐, regio‐, and stereoselectivity) of chemical and photophysical pathways, and of quantum efficiency and ionization potentials. Reverse micelles are formed by surfactants in organic solvents with a low content of water and are of interest in an entrapment of enzymes. Comparable are microemulsions as surfactant‐initiated multiphase systems with water as component. They are reaction media with a high variety of polarity and a relatively high mass capacity. Organized media have a practical importance for polymerization reactions because of the regularity of the hydrophobic interior. Artificial enzymes with amphiphilic properties were developed in analogy to natural membrane systems. A typical membrane‐mimetic adaption is also the use of surfactant aggregates as photochemical microreactors. New trends are mentioned to give developments of practical importance, e.g., reactions in immobilized amphiphiles, micellar phase‐transfer catalysis, and micellar autocatalysis.
Oxidative Carbonylation – Homogeneous
Authors: Temkin Oleg N. , Bruk Lev G.
Published: December 2022

The most interesting types of oxidative carbonylation reactions are considered. The catalytic systems, conditions, and activity characteristics for alkynes, alcohols, arenes, and alkanes as substrates are presented. The main types of mechanisms for oxidative carbonylation reactions are formulated and discussed.
Zinc Enzymes and Models
Authors: Bertini Ivano , Luchinat Claudio , Sola Marco
Published: December 2022

Zinc acts as catalytic metal center in a large variety of enzymes belonging to all functional classes. Basically, zinc functions as a Lewis acid center that polarizes and properly orients the substrate in the catalytic cleft of the enzyme, and confers to the site the structural and electronic properties competent for catalysis. In the zinc hydrolases, which are the most important class of zinc enzymes, the metal also assists the nucleophilic attack eventually exreted on the substrate by an active site group. Indeed, such a group is most often a Zn‐bound hydroxide. This article summarizes the main structural and mechanistic features of a number of zinc enzymes whose function has been elucidated in detail through structural (X‐ray) and spectroscopic (UV–vis and NMR) techniques. The latter were most often carried out on metal‐substituted species in which Zn
2+
was replaced with another metal possessing useful electronic and magnetic properties, most often Co
2+
. Particular focus has been put on the structure–function relationships in zinc‐containing peptidases and phosphatases, which carry out the hydrolysis of the CN and PO bond in peptides and phosphate esters, respectively. Moreover, the active site structure and catalytic mechanism of carbonic anhydrase, which is an important enzyme responsible for the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide, and of superoxide dismutase and alcohol dehydrogenase, which are redox enzymes of great physiological relevance, are also described. The contributions to the comprehension of enzyme function obtained from investigations of low molecular weight coordination compounds mimicking the active site features have been highlighted.
Thermoplastic Elastomers
Authors: Kalita Uddhab , Parameswaran Bhavya , Singha Nikhil K.
Published: December 2022

Thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) are biphasic blends of soft amorphous matrix and hard crystalline/glassy domains in which the soft matrix is physically integrated with the help of the hard phase. They possess the physical properties of thermoset rubbers, such as flexibility, softness, and resilience, but they can be processed by plastic processing techniques unlike rubbers. They can be recycled since no external cross‐linking agents are required during processing. This article delineates different synthetic methods (existing as well as the newer methods), structure–property relationship, morphology, environmental issues, health aspects, and applications of various classes of thermoplastic elastomers. Some of the new‐generation thermoplastic elastomers such as acrylate, self‐healing, silicone‐based, fluorinated, ionic, and bio‐based TPEs have been explored in industrial applications due to their attractive properties such as high performance, lower as well as upper service temperature, and high‐temperature resistance. The circular economy and sustainability aspects of the TPEs are also discussed.
Computational Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Wehinger Gregor D.
Published: December 2022

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is considered as a powerful modeling tool in the chemical technology. It can be used to gain fundamental understanding and therefore complement experiments, carry out sensitivity studies, or design highly customized reactor equipment if coupled with Computer‐Aided Design (CAD) and additive manufacturing (3D printing). CFD models in chemical engineering are challenging, since most of the problems are multiscale, multiphase, and multiphysics in nature. This article presents the fundamentals of governing equations, mesh generation, and solving with the finite volume method as well as modeling approaches for special phenomena being relevant for chemical engineering, such as heat transfer, turbulence, chemically reacting flow, and multiphase flow. Finally, the recent progress of CFD models for stirred‐tank reactors, packed‐bed reactors, and fluidized‐bed reactors is discussed.
Spillover, Social Movement
Authors: Whittier Nancy
Published: December 2022

Spillover refers to the influences that social movements have on each other. Social movement spillover occurs through both direct and indirect paths by which one movement affects another's ideology, frames, tactics, membership, organizational structure, or available cultural or political opportunities. These and related phenomena are also referred to as diffusion or “spin‐off movements.” The study of social movement spillover focuses on the paths, types, and mechanisms of influence. There are two general categories of social movement spillover. First, movements can lead to new challenges, by changing the opportunities for protest, sparking “spin‐off” movements, or provoking countermovements. Second, social movements can alter the form of other protests. Activists define themselves, frame their issues, develop tactics, and establish organizations with reference to what other collective actors have done. These effects can occur between movements that are contemporaries or across time.
Subcultures and Social Movements
Authors: Martin Greg
Published: December 2022

A comparative analysis of subcultures and social movements highlights similarities and differences between the two concepts. Broadly speaking, subcultures tend not to be focused on the political sphere while social movements, as traditionally understood, have a predominantly political orientation. While some scholars have been interested in social movement cultures, this became a key focus following the “cultural turn” in the social sciences that occurred toward the end of the twentieth century. Equally, some subcultural theorists have been interested not only in the internal culture of subcultural groups but also their potential for affecting political change. Although the two fields of study remain distinct, a comparative analysis reveals common concerns to do with the ways subcultures and social movements are conceptualized, as well as around the efficacy of cultural politics or struggles waged at the level of lifestyle and identity.
State Breakdown and Social Movements
Authors: Paczynska Agnieszka
Published: December 2022

As Mancur Olson pointed out in his 1965 book,The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups, one of the great puzzles of social dynamics is how people overcome collective action problems and organize to pursue common goals. What conditions facilitate and which hinder the emergence of social movements, what allows social movements to persist over time, and what accounts for their impact on social and political dynamics are some of the key questions that scholars have explored over the last few decades.
War and Social Movements
Authors: Almeida Paul D.
Published: December 2022

Social movements operate under a variety of political environments. One of the fundamental tasks for movement scholars in the twenty‐first century centers on classifying a delimited number of political climates and corresponding forms of mobilization likely to emerge. This entry analyzes the political context of war and the multiple ways students of collective action approach social movement activities in relation to hostilities between nations and internal civil wars. Interstate and civil wars generate a wide variety of social movements related to different dimensions of violent conflict, while civil wars may originate at times from the repression and radicalization of more conventional forms of collective action.
Aboriginal Peoples' Movements (Australia)
Authors: Walter Maggie
Published: December 2022

Australian Aboriginal peoples' movements have been central to Aboriginal resistances to dispossessions and discriminations since European colonization began at the turn of the nineteenth century and continue into present times. Aboriginal organized protest has coalesced around three political and social criteria: the articulation of a direct claim; the organization of activities involving Aboriginal community members around this claim; and the adaptation of the colonizers' sociolegal practices as tools to advance these claims. An early example is George Walter Arthur and other Tasmanians' campaign to reverse the forced dispossession and exile of the Tasmanians. Activities included the establishment of a newspaper to voice their claims and, in 1847, a petition to Queen Victoria claiming breach of promise by colonial authorities. The Tasmanians remained imprisoned on Flinders Island, but with the legacy of documentary evidence that the Tasmanians never relinquished sovereignty. Petitions against dispossession and living circumstances were also made by a number of Aboriginal protest movement leaders in New South Wales and South Australia in the latter part of the nineteenth century, again unsuccessfully.
Cuban Revolution
Authors: Pedraza Silvia
Published: December 2022

The triumph of the Cuban Revolution in January 1959 was one of the most popular political events of the twentieth century. A social movement that the majority of the Cuban population initially applauded, and for which many risked their lives, the Cuban Revolution captured the imagination. Romantic in its execution, expressing a call for social justice, it also had vast international support. Yet 60 years later, around 25% of its population had left Cuba as a result of their process of political disaffection, disappointment, and sense of betrayal. Among those who sought refuge in other lands, many had once been ardent supporters of the revolution. Five distinct waves of refugees are identified over the course of 60 years.
Defend the Diaoyutai Islands Movement and Pan‐Chinese Nationalism (Taiwan)
Authors: Hsiau A‐chin
Published: December 2022

It was not until the 1970s that the authoritarian rule of the government of the Republic of China (ROC) controlled by the Chinese Nationalist Party (KMT) in postwar Taiwan encountered significant challenges and major political and cultural changes occurred. The “Defend the Diaoyutai Islands movement” (
Baowei diaoyutai yundong
or
Baodiao
), launched by college students in northern Taiwan in the spring of 1971, and which was originally started by overseas students from Taiwan in the US, was part of the turning point.
FARC (The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia)
Authors: Avilés William
Published: December 2022

The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarios de Colombia, or FARC) was the largest guerrilla army in Latin America and waged a military campaign against the Colombian state between 1964 and 2016. The tactics involved in their guerrilla war ranged from the defense of isolated rural communities from military assaults, ambushes of military and police patrols, and militarily complex offensives destroying entire military bases, to the planting of landmines to protect coca crops or militarily sensitive areas. From the mid‐1960s FARC expanded from a few hundred combatants in a few regions to a military presence in more than half of the country, with approximately 20,000 combatants by 2002. In 2012 they formally began negotiations with the Colombian government and signed peace accords that ended the conflict in 2016. Neither the end of the Cold War and the demobilization of guerrilla armies in Central America, nor the relative democratization of the Colombian state with the 1991 constitution led to FARC giving up its armed struggle. During much of this period FARC was allied with the Colombian Communist Party, but its ideology was often more socially democratic, anti‐imperialistic, and nationalistic. For example, in different failed peace processes during the 1990s and 2000s FARC demanded agrarian reform that would eliminate large landholdings, the earmarking of 50% of the national budget for welfare, education, health, and housing, a moratorium on foreign debt, alternative development in the “war against drugs,” and the substantial reduction in the size of the Colombian armed forces. In the more than 50 years during which it waged an armed struggle FARC was unable to bring these reforms about, let alone take national power.
Accelerated Life Tests: Bayesian Models
Authors: Soyer Refik , Erkanli Alaattin , Merrick Jason R.
Published: December 2022

In this article, we consider Bayesian models for constant‐stress, step‐stress, and competing risks' accelerated life tests. We present extensions of these models and develop Markov chain Monte Carlo methods to make Bayesian inferences from these models. We illustrate how posterior predictive distributions can be obtained for use‐stress reliability analysis based on the accelerated life test data.
Graffiti
Authors: Alexandrakis Othon , Koumantaros Georgia , Teissandier Fanny
Published: December 2022

People around the world have been regularly writing, drawing, and creating combinations of words and figures on public surfaces for centuries. Contemporary graffiti style emerged during the early 1970s in beleaguered American urban communities like New York City and Philadelphia. American graffiti quickly went global, entangling with visual cultures and existing practices of wall writing in other parts of the world. Anthropologists working on graffiti have offered insights into the lives of individuals, communities, and collectives that write graffiti, including gangs and hip‐hop culture; urban cartographies and strategies of spatialization grounded in graffiti writing; the commercialization and commoditization of graffiti and street art; the dialectics between graffiti and street art, and the environments in which they are created; and use of graffiti and street art to communicate, advocate, and share new ideas. For anthropologists, graffiti offers a vital optic on topics such as identity, power and resistance, urbanism, and creativity.
Religion and Celebrity
Authors: Cusack Carole M.
Published: December 2022

The English word “celebrity” is derived from Latin “celeber,” which meant frequented or honored. The modern phenomenon of celebrity has been traced to the mid‐eighteenth century, when it emerged from a confluence of material consumption, the invention of the fashion industry, and the mass‐circulation newspaper. Celebrity entwined with spectacle to separate the image of the famed person from their real existence, and by the twenty‐first century the mediatization of celebrity ensured its global dominance. Yet this origin point is disputable, with the cult of the saints in the high Middle Ages being a strong contender for the beginning of celebrity culture. Celebrity interacts with religion in multiple ways: celebrities are like saints in medieval Christianity, functioning as role models for the faithful; some celebrities more closely resemble deities, avatars, and bodhisattvas; and fans and fandoms can be understood as worshippers and nascent churches. Many scholars reject these parallels as superficial; an alternative is that celebrity is a form of disposable polytheism, saturated in object fetishism and powered by erotomania. In the twenty‐first century, it is arguable that “celebrity culture” is a form of “world religion.”
Ethnographic Museums, Future of
Authors: Bouquet Mary
Published: December 2022

Ethnographic museums and collections have moved, since the 1990s, from a relatively peripheral position in anthropology to becoming a locus for understanding how culture and history are made, and for social engagement. Ethnographic collections are housed in a variety of institutions ranging from universities, to municipalities, to national and universal museums. The repositioning of both collections and museums depends on research that is increasingly multidisciplinary and, while participating in historical moments and societal debates, aims to inspire curiosity and respect for human diversity. Curatorial responsibility in these houses of memory ranges from returning collections acquired through colonial violence, to multidisciplinary research and exhibition projects exploring both materiality and the contexts of art. Curatorship includes behind‐the‐scenes work with source communities and stakeholders as well as contributing to attracting new (local) audiences. Artistic dialogue with historical collections is one of the ways of making them present, and ensuring their future.
Ethnography, Art, and Public Anthropology
Authors: Stoller Paul
Published: December 2022

Extraordinary times call for extraordinary action‐in‐the‐world. In the early decades of the twenty‐first century—a time of political and, particularly, ecological emergency—anthropologists have offered vital insights to contribute to public discussion about the future of human viability, knowledge that could be conveyed to the public by way anthropology's core activity: ethnography. Extending the insights of Maurice Merleau‐Ponty on art‐in‐the‐world, anthropologists are challenged to break the expository mold of plain style, the bloodless prose of most scientific discourse, and engage in the art of ethnography in which writers use narratives that evoke space and place, highlight the sonorities of dialogue, and describe the idiosyncrasies of character. In so doing, they are able to produce accessible ethnographies that express to the public the profound power and contemporary applicability of ethnographic knowledge.
Knowledge Practices
Authors: Martínez‐Medina Santiago
Published: December 2022

The concept of “knowledge practices” challenges the separation between knowledge, the way of knowing, the one who knows, and what is known. It also raises questions about the practices of collection, circulation, and exchange of knowledge, including the encyclopedic procedure. This entry explores this tension through three intertwined ethnographic scenes. In them, I present a curious presence inside the abdomens of children afflicted bydescuaje, a Colombian disease treated through a massage by asobandera. Owing to the fact that I have never touched or heard thecuajo, despite touching and listening with thesobanderasto what they callcuajo, I argue about the relative inseparability of knowledge, my body, the body that I know with my hands and ears, and what I touch and listen to. In this way, the entry explores the practice of knowledge that allows elaboration on the concept of knowledge practices as practice.
Indigenous Sámi: Notes on Representation in Research
Authors: Kramvig Britt , Joks Solveig , Kalvemo Astri , Hermansen Nina , Steinlien Øystein , Østmo Liv
Published: December 2022

“Decolonization” has, since Linda Tuhiwai Smith published her critique of Western academic research, been a concept guiding scholars to address the unequal relationship between Indigenous and scientific knowledge. Decolonization is a move toward sovereignty regarding land, recognition of Indigenous ways of knowing, as well as rethinking education. Decolonial thinking is about attending to ontological troubles and about unlearning and undoing colonial ideas, theories, and infrastructures. This entry, speaking from Sápmi (the Indigenous North of Europe), argues that without critically addressing and changing how academic institutions are built, and what counts as academic knowledge, university programs risk reproducing repressive and asymmetrical knowledge production. It revisits the critique of anthropology articulated by Sámi Indigenous students since the 1970s and asks if there are lessons to be learned in order to think otherwise. Such an endeavor calls for a critical investigation of how institutions address the colonial legacy of education and research.
Heterometallic Ferrocenyl Complexes and Their Application in the Treatment of Cancer
Authors: Lord Rianne M. , Hofmann Benjamin J. , Stringer Tameryn
Published: December 2022

Ferrocene, a stable 18‐electron metallocene, has been readily modified to include other functionalities by reactions such as Friedel–Crafts and Mannich. While ferrocene and its derivatives have many applications, for example, as fuel additives and materials chemistry, they have been heavily researched in the past three decades for their medicinal applications; namely, tamoxifen, a well‐known breast cancer drug, has been modified with ferrocene (ferrocifen) to improve breast cancer selectivity, and chloroquine, an antimalarial drug, was modified with ferrocene to improve its activity in chloroquine‐resistant malarial strains. In these two molecules, ferrocene imparts a metal‐specific effect, enhancing the therapeutic potential of these complexes. Ferrocifen and ferroquine are currently in phase II clinical trials and preclinical evaluation, respectively. No other ferrocene‐containing complexes have reached clinical trial stages. One strategy that could fast‐track these complexes to an advanced stage is to develop heterometallic complexes, as they often exhibit enhanced pharmacological properties and have different biological targets compared to their homometallic/mononuclear counterparts. In this article, we have highlighted the area of heterometallic ferrocenyl complexes and their applications in the treatment of cancer and look at the most promising complexes to date.
Maronites
Authors: Wood Philip
Published: December 2022

The Maronites were a monothelete group of Chalcedonian Christians that emerged in early Islamic Syria after the Byzantines came to adhere to dyotheletism.
Methone, Pieria
Authors: Boufalis Angelos
Published: December 2022

Methone was a city‐state in Pieria and according to the literary tradition the earliest Greek colony in the Northern Aegean. It controlled one of the best ports and evolved into one of the busiest industrial centers in the region. Although territorially surrounded by the Macedonian kingdom, it preserved its independence through most of the Archaic and Classical period until it was destroyed in 354
bce
by Philip II because of its long‐standing alliance with the Athenians.
Caesarea Mauretaniae
Authors: Leveau Philippe
Published: December 2022

The city of Cherchell occupies the site of ancient
Caesarea Mauretaniae
. A first settlement named Iol was founded in the fifth century
bce
by Phoenicians. King Micipsa made it his capital in the second century. In 25, the emperor reestablished it and placed it under the authority of Juba II, the son of the king of Numidia and of Cleopatra Selene, the daughter of Cleopatra and Mark Antony. The royal couple and their son Ptolemy designed their capital on the model of Alexandria. After the annexation of the kingdom in 40
ce
,
Caesarea
was the capital of the province of
Mauretania Caesariensis
. The town was sacked by Firmus in 371/372. It was the capital of Second Mauretania during the Byzantine period.
Tarracina
Authors: Colivicchi Fabio
Published: December 2022

Summary of the history and archaeology of the ancient town of Tarracina.
Mansiones, mutationes
Authors: Kolb Anne
Published: December 2022

Mansiones
were overnight stopping places along main routes in the Roman Empire; at intervals between the
mansiones
lay way‐stations known as
mutations
.
Juveniles and adults differ in their beliefs about cues to deception and strategies during a hypothetical police interview
Authors: Bettens Talley , Warren Amye R.
Published: December 2022

Police officers are often trained to use the Behavior Analysis Interview (BAI) to detect deceit, but it is based on faulty indicators of lying that may be especially problematic for juveniles due to developmental immaturities. Juveniles, young adults, and adults were assigned to guilt or innocence conditions, read a criminal scenario, and self‐reported their likelihood of providing truthful and deceitful responses during a hypothetical BAI. All participants indicated they would give more truthful than deceptive responses. Guilty participants reported more use of strategies to appear innocent, while innocent participants said they would behave naturally. Juveniles were more likely to choose deceitful responses and say they would use strategies to appear innocent during a police interview but endorsed fewer stereotypical cues of deception compared to adults. Juveniles may not recognize how certain behaviors could be seen as cues to deception, which could put them at risk of being misidentified as guilty.
Adaptive fuzzy control for high‐order nonlinear systems with time‐varying full‐state constraints and input saturation
Authors: Liu Jianqin , Jiang Yan
Published: December 2022

The adaptive control for a class of high‐order nonlinear systems with time‐varying full‐state constraints and input saturation is investigated in this paper. To deal with time‐varying constraints, a type of high‐order barrier Lyapunov functions(BLFs) are constructed. Its performance can be guaranteed with the disappearance of constraints. By building fuzzy systems, unknown functions can be approximated. Together with adding a power integrator technique and the gain‐update law, an adaptive controller is designed. As a result, all the constraints are not breached, and the tracking error converges to an arbitrarily small zone around the origin. Finally, a practical example and a numerical example illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
HHS finds removing some bupe waiver rules did not help
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: December 2022

Earlier this month, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) issued a report on the impact of its new practice guideline for treating opioid use disorder (OUD) with buprenorphine. The revised practice guideline, issued in April 2021, removed two long‐standing requirements for obtaining a Drug Addiction Treatment Act (DATA) waiver to treat up to 30 patients with buprenorphine for OUD, namely, the requirement for specific training, and the requirement that prescribers certify their ability to provide counseling or refer patients to counseling or other ancillary services.
Nitric Oxide Generation and Endothelial Progenitor Cells Recruitment for Improving Hemocompatibility and Accelerating Endothelialization of Tissue Engineering Heart Valve
Authors: Zhou Ying , Yan Ge , Wen Shuyu , Yim Wai Yen , Wang Zihao , Chen Xing , Xu Yin , Chen Xue , Cao Hong , Bai Peng , Li Fei , Shi Jiawei , Wang Jianglin , Qiao Weihua , Dong Nianguo
Published: December 2022

Tissue engineering heart valve (TEHV) offers great potential to overcome the limitations of commercial artificial valves used in clinical practice as a permanent prosthetic valve. Currently, decellularized heart valve (DHV) is the most widely used scaffold for TEHV, but showed suboptimal performance due to difficulty of endothelialization. Facilitating endothelialization of DHV is indispensable for better valve performance, and excellent hemocompatibility guarantees enough time windows for endothelialization process. Herein, a dual‐functional TEHV scaffold with improving hemocompatibility and accelerating endothelialization is constructed by modifying DHV with copper ions (Cu) and growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11). Results show the newly‐constructed scaffold successfully generates endogenous nitric oxide (NO) through catalysis of Cu, and possesses improved hemocompatibility by down‐regulating platelets activation and adhesion. Furthermore, GDF11 immobilization significantly accelerates scaffold endothelialization through facilitating recruitment, supporting growth, and alleviating apoptosis of endothelial progenitor cells . This TEHV scaffold shows favorable performance under in vivo hemodynamic environment with intact endothelial coverage and adaptive ECM remodeling, and without thrombus or calcification formation. This newly‐constructed TEHV scaffold is expected to make up for the shortcomings of currently available prosthetic valves in clinical practice and has the potential possibility of rapid translation to the clinic as a better prosthetic valve.
Intracellular Glucose‐Depriving Polymer Micelles for Antiglycolytic Cancer Treatment
Authors: Lee Jangwook , Kim Kwangmeyung , Kwon Ick Chan , Lee Kuen Yong
Published: December 2022

A new anticancer strategy to exploit abnormal metabolism of cancer cells rather than to merely control the drug release or rearrange the tumor microenvironment is reported. An antiglycolytic amphiphilic polymer, designed considering the unique metabolism of cancer cells (Warburg effect) and aimed at the regulation of glucose metabolism, is synthesized through chemical conjugation between glycol chitosan (GC) and phenylboronic acid (PBA). GC‐PBA derivatives form stable micellar structures under physiological conditions and respond to changes in glucose concentration. Once the micelles accumulate at the tumor site, intracellular glucose capture occurs, and the resultant energy deprivation through the inhibition of aerobic glycolysis remarkably suppresses tumor growth without significant side effects in vivo. This strategy highlights the need to develop safe and effective cancer treatment without the use of conventional anticancer drugs.
A lightweight semantic‐enhanced interactive network for efficient short‐text matching
Authors: Yu Chuanming , Xue Haodong , An Lu , Li Gang
Published: December 2022

Knowledge‐enhanced short‐text matching has been a significant task attracting much attention in recent years. However, the existing approaches cannot effectively balance effect and efficiency. Effective models usually consist of complex network structures leading to slow inference speed and the difficulties of applications in actual practice. In addition, most knowledge‐enhanced models try to link the mentions in the text to the entities of the knowledge graphs—the difficulties of entity linking decrease the generalizability among different datasets. To address these problems, we propose a lightweight Semantic‐Enhanced Interactive Network (SEIN) model for efficient short‐text matching. Unlike most current research, SEIN employs an unsupervised method to select WordNet's most appropriate paraphrase description as the external semantic knowledge. It focuses on integrating semantic information and interactive information of text while simplifying the structure of other modules. We conduct intensive experiments on four real‐world datasets, that is, Quora, Twitter‐URL, SciTail, and SICK‐E. Compared with state‐of‐the‐art methods, SEIN achieves the best performance on most datasets. The experimental results proved that introducing external knowledge could effectively improve the performance of the short‐text matching models. The research sheds light on the role of lightweight models in leveraging external knowledge to improve the effect of short‐text matching.
Adaptive fault‐tolerant control for multiple Euler–Lagrange systems considering time delays and output constraints
Authors: Li Xiaojia , Qin Hongde , Li Lingyu , Sun Yanchao
Published: December 2022

Considering the existence of communication delays, the adaptive fault‐tolerant control problems for constrained multiple Euler–Lagrange systems are considered in this paper. First, a communication delays observer is utilized to enable all followers can acquire the leader's state information. Second, based on neural network technique, two distributed coordinated control schemes are designed to make every follower can track the leader. Compared with the first control algorithm, the adaptive fault‐tolerant control problem is further considered in the second control algorithm. The proposed algorithm can simultaneously compensate the actuator bias faults and the partial loss of actuation effectiveness faults. At the same time, a tan‐type barrier Lyapunov function is used to constrain the tracking errors of all followers and the leader. Finally, the simulations show the effectiveness of the proposed control schemes.
Bioconversion of lovastatin to simvastatin by Streptomyces carpaticus toward the inhibition of HMG‐CoA activity
Authors: Balraj Janani , Murugesan Thandeeswaran , Dhanapal Anand Raj , Kalieswaran Vidhya , Jairaman Karunyadevi , Archunan Govindaraju , Jayaraman Angayarkanni
Published: December 2022

The aim of this study was the modification of lovastatin by microbes to improve its potential. Actinobacteria exhibit staggering diversity in terms of their biosynthetic capability for specialized metabolites which has been traced back to the presence of specialized gene clusters. The objective of the study is to exploit the potential of Actinobacteria strain(s), which can biotransform lovastatin to simvastatin, which might be a more potent therapeutic agent than lovastatin. We have screened 40 Actinobacteria strains and assessed their biotransformation potential primarily through thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis, followed by high performance thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography analysis. One strain C7 (CTL S12) has been identified as a potential Actinobacteria that favored the simvastatin biotransformation. The morphological and biochemical analysis together with 16S rRNA sequencing coupled with phylogenetic analysis confirmed the ideal strain (C7) as Streptomyces carpaticus. Successively, the purified simvastatin from S. carpaticus was characterized by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS), infrared spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, and HMG‐CoA assay. In the LC–MS analysis, a peak at 419.24 m/z confirmed the elemental composition of simvastatin (C25H39O5). In HMG‐CoA assay, the IC50 of simvastatin was 50 μg/ml, and the inhibitory potential was 1.36 times higher compared to that of lovastatin. Thus, the biotransformation of simvastatin from lovastatin by S. carpaticus is reported for the first time.
Single‐sex schooling, gender and educational performance: Evidence usingPISAdata
Authors: Clavel Jose G. , Flannery Darragh
Published: December 2022

The advantages and disadvantages of single‐sex schooling continue to be a source of policy and public debate. Previous empirical evidence is somewhat ambiguous, with some studies finding a positive impact of single‐sex schooling on education achievement and others finding no differences across school types. The relationship between single‐sex schooling on academic outcomes is typically problematic to examine, as in most countries single‐sex schools are selective and the numbers attending them are relatively small. In Ireland, a high proportion of secondary school children (~1/3) attend a single‐sex school. In addition, these schools are largely state‐funded and non‐selective but differing in composition compared to mixed‐sex schools. For this reason, the Irish educational system provides an interesting setting for exploring the outcomes of single‐sex schooling. In this context, this study utilises the 2018 PISA data for Ireland to examine the relationship between single‐sex education and mathematics, reading and science literacy performance for boys and girls, respectively, as well as differences across gender in these outcomes. We find significant raw gaps in reading, science and mathematics scores between females in single‐sex and mixed‐sex schools and in mathematics scores for males across the same school types. However, after controlling for a rich set of individual, parental and school‐level factors we find that, on average, there is no significant difference in performance for girls or boys who attend single‐sex schools compared to their mixed‐school peers in science, mathematics or reading. In terms of heterogeneous analysis, this finding is consistent across the performance distribution.
Pattern of failure and clinical value of local therapy for oligo‐recurrence in locally advanced non‐small cell lung cancer after definitive chemoradiation: Impact of driver mutation status
Authors: Zhang Jinmeng , Mao Jiuang , Xu Dayu , Jiang Shanshan , Guo Tiantian , Zhou Yue , Chu Li , Yang Xi , Chu Xiao , Ni Jianjiao , Zhu Zhengfei
Published: December 2022

Introduction

Considerable differences of treatment response and pattern of failure may exist between definitive chemoradiation (CRT) treated locally advanced non‐small cell lung cancer (LA‐NSCLC) patients. The clinical value of additional tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) before disease recurrence and salvage local therapy after initial recurrent disease remain controversial.

Methods and Materials

Consecutive LA‐NSCLC patients receiving definitive CRT and having definite results about driver mutations (EGFR, ALK and ROS1) were retrospectively reviewed. Initial recurrent disease was classified as in‐field recurrence, out‐of‐field recurrence and distant metastasis. Recurrent disease occurred only in the brain or limited to ≤3 extra‐cranial organs and ≤5 extra‐cranial lesions, was defined as oligo‐recurrence. Progression free survival and overall survival (OS) were calculated from diagnosis to disease progression or death, and to death, respectively. OS2 was measured from initial disease recurrence to death among patients who had recurrent disease.

Results

Of the 153 enrolled patients, 39 had driver mutations and 13 received additional TKI therapy besides definitive CRT. Patients harboring driver mutations but without additional TKI therapy had a similar PFS and significantly longer OS (p = 0.032) than those without driver mutations. Additional TKI therapy prolonged PFS (p = 0.021) but not OS among patients with driver mutations. No significant difference of pattern of failure was observed between patient subgroups stratified by the status of driver mutations and the usage of additional TKI therapy. Furthermore, 57 of the 95 patients with initial recurrent disease developed oligo‐recurrence and salvage local therapy significantly improved OS2 (p = 0.01) among patients with oligo‐recurrence disease.

Conclusion

LA‐NSCLC patients receiving definitive CRT generally had similar PFS and pattern of treatment failure, regardless of driver mutation status. Additional TKI therapy besides definitive CRT could prolong PFS but not OS. The majority of recurrent disease after definitive CRT belongs to oligo‐recurrence and salvage local therapy may provide survival benefit.
Poor association between dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD) genotype and fluoropyrimidine‐induced toxicity in an Asian population
Authors: Kanai Masashi , Kawaguchi Takahisa , Kotaka Masahito , Manaka Dai , Hasegawa Junichi , Takagane Akinori , Munemoto Yoshinori , Kato Takeshi , Eto Tetsuya , Touyama Tetsuo , Matsui Takanori , Shinozaki Katsunori , Matsumoto Shigemi , Mizushima Tsunekazu , Mori Masaki , Sakamoto Junichi , Ohtsu Atsushi , Yoshino Takayuki , Saji Shigetoyo , Matsuda Fumihiko
Published: December 2022

Objective

Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD) genotype is closely associated with fluoropyrimidine (FP)‐induced toxicities in Caucasian population and European Medicines Agency now recommends DPYD genotype‐based FP dosing strategy.

Patients and Methods

The current study aimed to investigate their impact on FP‐related toxicities in an Asian population using genome‐wide association study (GWAS) data set from 1364 patients with colon cancer.

Results

Among 82 variants registered in the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium, 74 DPYD variants were directly genotyped in GWAS cohort; however, only 7 nonsynonymous DPYD variants (CPIC variants) were identified and none of the four recurrent DPYD variants (DPYD*2A, c.2846A>T, c.1679T>G, c.1236G>A) were included. Seven CPIC variants were investigated for their association with the incidence of FP‐related toxicities; however, none of these variants revealed a significant correlation with FP‐related toxicities.

Conclusion

These data suggested that the DPYD genotype registered in CPIC plays a minor role in FP‐related toxicities in an Asian population.