bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CoPSe: A New Ternary Anode Material for Stable and High‐Rate Sodium/Potassium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Feng Yutong , Xu Mengzhu , He Ting , Chen Bingjie , Gu Feng , Zu Lianhai , Meng Ruijin , Yang Jinhu
Published: March 2021

The exploration of ideal electrode materials overcoming the critical problems of large electrode volume changes and sluggish redox kinetics induced by large ionic radius of Na+/K+ ions is highly desirable for sodium/potassium‐ion batteries (SIBs/PIBs) toward large‐scale applications. The present work demonstrates that single‐phase ternary cobalt phosphoselenide (CoPSe) in the form of nanoparticles embedded in a layered metal–organic framework (MOF)‐derived N‐doped carbon matrix (CoPSe/NC) represents an ultrastable and high‐rate anode material for SIBs/PIBs. The CoPSe/NC is fabricated by using the MOF as both a template and precursor, coupled with in situ synchronous phosphorization/selenization reactions. The CoPSe anode holds a set of intrinsic merits such as lower mechanical stress, enhanced reaction kinetics, as well as higher theoretical capacity and lower discharge voltage relative to its counterpart of CoSe2, and suppressed shuttle effect with higher intrinsic electrical conductivity relative to CoPS. The involved mechanisms are evidenced by substantial characterizations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Consequently, the CoPSe/NC anode shows an outstanding long‐cycle stability and rate performance for SIBs and PIBs. Moreover, the CoPSe/NC‐based Na‐ion full cell can achieve a higher energy density of 274 Wh kg−1, surpassing that based on CoSe2/NC and most state‐of‐the‐art Na‐ion full cells based on P‐, Se‐, or S‐containing binary/ternary anodes to date.
Rib Stitch Knitted Extremely Stretchable and Washable Textile Triboelectric Nanogenerator
Authors: Rezaei Javid , Nikfarjam Alireza
Published: March 2021

In recent years with developing wearable technologies, one of the challenges is energy consumption. Rechargeable or removable batteries are incompatible with wearable applications. Because the batteries are not flexible, foldable, stretchable, lightweight, and require substitutes or charges. Consequently, the best choice is self‐charging systems. The extremely stretchable and washable textile triboelectric nanogenerator (T‐TENG) is designed and fabricated in this work. It is knitted with a rib stitch technique by double twisted thread‐based. Subsequently, the rib stitch method is chosen to achieve the most stretchability and flexibility in this textile by investigating the knitting techniques. Likewise, the active triboelectric materials are polyvinyl chloride and polyamide 6. The maximum instantaneous peak power density is ≈18 mW m‐2 and the measured output voltage and current are 29.2 V and 5.3 μA, respectively. Following this, the experimental test report on the index finger, the relationship between textile tension and voltage production, and the resulting wash and durability tests are provided. This work successfully demonstrates T‐TENG quite compatible with self‐power wearable applications, which can harvest energy from the ambient mechanical tensions and capable of supply power for low power systems in wearable electronics.
Borata‐Alkene Species as Nucleophilic Reservoir
Authors: Maza Ricardo J. , Carbó Jorge J. , Fernández Elena
Published: March 2021

α‐Monoboryl anions show remarkable stability due to the valence deficiency of the adjacent three‐coordinate boron center and can be expressed as its resonance form, the borata‐alkene systems [R2B=CH2]−. The diversity of synthetic approaches as well as the properties of the C=B bond are disclosed in this review, dealing with both electronic and structural properties of the boryl moieties involved. Full characterization in solid state by X‐ray diffraction demonstrated the short distances between B and C, as a consequence of the boron ylide character in the boron‐stabilized carbanions. This review includes a collection of C−B length distances as well as 11B NMR data that can be useful for diagnostic evidence of the partial boron‐carbon double‐bond character. Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis on DFT computed structures also supports and justifies the borata‐alkene character.

The reactivity of the C=B bond acting as nucleophilic synthon is unveiled through extensive electrophilic trapping examples. The homologation protocols with diborylmethane, via single carbon chain extension, involves a facile introduction of the C(sp3)−B bonds, which can be subsequently transformed into functionalized target products, containing C−O, C−N or C−C bonds.

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The Future of Neuroscience: Flexible and Wireless Implantable Neural Electronics
Authors: McGlynn Eve , Nabaei Vahid , Ren Elisa , Galeote‐Checa Gabriel , Das Rupam , Curia Giulia , Heidari Hadi
Published: March 2021

Neurological diseases are a prevalent cause of global mortality and are of growing concern when considering an ageing global population. Traditional treatments are accompanied by serious side effects including repeated treatment sessions, invasive surgeries, or infections. For example, in the case of deep brain stimulation, large, stiff, and battery powered neural probes recruit thousands of neurons with each pulse, and can invoke a vigorous immune response. This paper presents challenges in engineering and neuroscience in developing miniaturized and biointegrated alternatives, in the form of microelectrode probes. Progress in design and topology of neural implants has shifted the goal post toward highly specific recording and stimulation, targeting small groups of neurons and reducing the foreign body response with biomimetic design principles. Implantable device design recommendations, fabrication techniques, and clinical evaluation of the impact flexible, integrated probes will have on the treatment of neurological disorders are provided in this report. The choice of biocompatible material dictates fabrication techniques as novel methods reduce the complexity of manufacture. Wireless power, the final hurdle to truly implantable neural interfaces, is discussed. These aspects are the driving force behind continued research: significant breakthroughs in any one of these areas will revolutionize the treatment of neurological disorders.
Interface Optimization via Fullerene Blends Enables Open‐Circuit Voltages of 1.35 V in CH3NH3Pb(I0.8Br0.2)3 Solar Cells
Authors: Liu Zhifa , Siekmann Johanna , Klingebiel Benjamin , Rau Uwe , Kirchartz Thomas
Published: March 2021

Nonradiative recombination processes are the biggest hindrance to approaching the radiative limit of the open‐circuit voltage for wide bandgap perovskite solar cells. In addition to high bulk quality, good interfaces and good energy level alignment for majority carriers at charge transport layer‐absorber interfaces are crucial to minimize nonradiative recombination pathways. By tuning the lowest‐unoccupied molecular‐orbital of electron transport layers via the use of different fullerenes and fullerene blends, open‐circuit voltages exceeding 1.35 V in CH3NH3Pb(I0.8Br0.2)3 device are demonstrated. Further optimization of mobility in binary fullerenes electron transport layers can boost the power conversion efficiency as high as 18.9%. It is noted in particular that the Voc fill factor product is >1.096 V, which is the highest value reported for halide perovskites with this bandgap.
A Growing Appreciation for the Role of LiF in the Solid Electrolyte Interphase
Authors: Tan Jian , Matz John , Dong Pei , Shen Jianfeng , Ye Mingxin
Published: March 2021

Rechargeable lithium batteries (RLBs) have revolutionized energy storage technology. However, short lifetime and safety issues have hampered their further commercialization, which is mainly attributable to the unstable solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) and uncontrolled lithium dendrite growth. In recent years, research on SEI has been pursued with determination worldwide. However, the structure and composition of the SEI have long been debated. Especially, the role of the main component, LiF, remains elusive. In this review, the structure and composition of SEIs are focused upon and the role of LiF in SEI is further analyzed. To this end, first, the development history of the SEI model is recounted. Second, the fundamental understanding of SEI is recalled. Third, the anode materials that can generate LiF in the SEI are categorized and discussed. Fourth, the characterization techniques of SEI layers are introduced. Fifth, the transport mechanism of Li+ ions within the SEI is discussed. Sixth, the physical properties of LiF are revisited. Seventh, the source of LiF is deeply analyzed. Finally, general conclusions and a perspective on the future research directions for SEI that may promote the large‐scale applications of lithium metal batteries is discussed.
B←N Coordination: From Chemistry to Organic Photovoltaic Materials
Authors: Huang Jianhua , Wang Xiaoling , Xiang Ying , Guo Liang , Chen Guohua
Published: March 2021

Coordination between boron Lewis acid and nitrogen Lewis base (B←N) is a classically chemical issue that has been known for several decades. Recently, this B←N chemistry developed into a new stage toward electronic materials, e.g., adjusting optoelectronic properties of N‐based conjugated molecules via adding B Lewis acids, synthesizing B←N‐bridged conjugated units, and further constructing B←N‐embedded organic photovoltaic (OPV) materials. Herein, these progresses are systematically summarized starting from certain chemical issues concerning B←N coordination, e.g., Lewis acidity of typical B Lewis acids and their interactions with N‐contained conjugated molecules. Then, some fused and ladder‐type B←N‐bridged units are reviewed in terms of the relationship between molecular structures and optoelectronic properties. Finally, the recently flourished B←N‐embedded OPV materials are summarized. The prospect of OPV materials concerning B←N coordination is also proposed, hoping to attract more attention to this filed and motivate its rolling rapidly.
An Exemplary Gay Scientist and Mentor: Martin Gouterman (1931–2020)
Authors: Ghosh Abhik
Published: March 2021

Martin Gouterman (1931–2020) was one of the foundational figures of modern porphyrin science. After completing his Ph.D. at The University of Chicago in 1958, he joined Harvard, where he developed his eponymous four‐orbital model. In 1966, he moved to the University of Washington Seattle (UW). Here he came out as gay and helped set up Seattle's first gay rights group, the Dorian Society. At UW, Gouterman accomplished an “optical taxonomy” of the major classes of porphyrin derivatives and pioneered pressure‐sensitive paints based on phosphorescent platinum porphyrins to map the partial pressure of oxygen on airplane wings. Revered by his students and co‐workers for his brilliant yet gentle advising, Gouterman remains a beacon for a more humane and inclusive scientific enterprise.
High‐Energy Aqueous Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Jin Ting , Ji Xiao , Wang Peng‐Fei , Zhu Kunjie , Zhang Jiaxun , Cao Longsheng , Chen Long , Cui Chunyu , Deng Tao , Liu Sufu , Piao Nan , Liu Yongchang , Shen Chao , Xie Keyu , Jiao Lifang , Wang Chunsheng
Published: March 2021

Water‐in‐salt electrolytes (WISE) have largely widened the electrochemical stability window (ESW) of aqueous electrolytes by formation of passivating solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on anode and also absorption of the hydrophobic anion‐rich double layer on cathode. However, the cathodic limiting potential of WISE is still too high for most high‐capacity anodes in aqueous sodium‐ion batteries (ASIBs), and the cost of WISE is also too high for practical application. Herein, a low‐cost 19 m (m: mol kg−1) bi‐salts WISE with a wide ESW of 2.8 V was designed, where the low‐cost 17 m NaClO4 extends the anodic limiting potential to 4.4 V, while the fluorine‐containing salt (2 m NaOTF) extends the cathodic limiting potential to 1.6 V by forming the NaF–Na2O–NaOH SEI on anode. The 19 m NaClO4–NaOTF–H2O electrolyte enables a 1.75 V Na3V2(PO4)3∥Na3V2(PO4)3 full cell to deliver an appreciable energy density of 70 Wh kg−1 at 1 C with a capacity retention of 87.5 % after 100 cycles.
Polymer‐Coated Organic Crystals with Solvent‐Resistant Capacity and Optical Waveguiding Function
Authors: Lan Linfeng , Liu Huapeng , Yu Xu , Liu Xiaokong , Zhang Hongyu
Published: March 2021

Recently, luminescent organic crystals have been widely studied as new optoelectronic materials. However, corrosion and dissolution of organic crystals by solvents have always been a great challenge for the application of organic crystals in various fields. In this work, we propose a general method of fabricating a solvent‐resistant coating to prevent organic crystals from being corroded or dissolved by organic solvents. The coatings involved layer‐by‐layer assembly of poly(diallyldimethylammonium) (PDDA) and poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS) onto crystals, followed by immersing the coated crystals into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) aqueous solutions for 2 minutes. The coated crystals can remain intact over 24 h in common organic solvents without being damaged and even insoluble in dichloromethane for 5 days. Moreover, the thin and transparent coatings have little effect on the optical properties of crystals which still have excellent optical waveguide performance with the coatings.
Tunable Hollow Nanoreactors for In Situ Synthesis of GeP Electrodes towards High‐Performance Sodium Ion Batteries
Authors: Zeng Tianbiao , He Hanna , Guan Huibin , Yuan Ruoxin , Liu Xingang , Zhang Chuhong
Published: March 2021

The practical application of germanium phosphide (GeP) in battery systems is seriously impeded referring to the sluggish reaction kinetics and severe volume change. Nanostructure design that elaborately resolves the above issues is highly desired but still remains a big challenge. Herein, unique hollow nanoreactors assembled with nitrogen‐doped carbon networks for in situ synthesis of the GeP electrodes are proposed for the first time. Such nanoreactors form a self‐supported conductive network, ensuring sufficient electrolyte infiltration and fast electron transport. They restrain crystal growth and accommodate the volume expansion of GeP simultaneously. Reaction kinetics and confinement effect are optimized through nanoreactor size regulation. The optimized GeP electrode has high reversible capacities and outstanding cyclability and rate performance for sodium storage, outperforming most previously reported phosphides.
Synthesis, spectral characterization, density functional theory studies, and biological screening of some transition metal complexes of a novel hydrazide–hydrazone ligand of isonicotinic acid
Authors: Tolan Dina A. , Kashar Tahani I. , Yoshizawa Kazunari , El‐Nahas Ahmed M.
Published: March 2021

Novel Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), and Hg(II) complexes (1–7) of hydrazide–hydrazone ligand (H2L) derived from the condensation of isonicotinic acid hydrazide with (Z)‐N′‐(2‐nitrobenzylidene)‐3‐oxobutanehydrazide have been prepared. The ligand and its chelates were characterized based on elemental analysis, spectral, thermal analysis, molar conductance, and magnetic moment measurements. Besides, density functional theory (DFT) computations have been conducted to study structures and energetics of the ligand and its complexes. The IR spectra showed that the ligand was chelated with the metal ion in a monobasic tridentate manner using ONO donors in all complexes except Zn(II) complex (5) where the ligand binds with Zn(II) ion as a dibasic tridentate utilizing ONO donors. The magnetic moment and electronic spectral data revealed octahedral and square pyramidal geometries for complexes (1, 7) and (2, 4, 5), respectively, whereas a square planar geometry was suggested for 3. DFT studies show that the Cd(II) center reveals interesting structural deviations from regular octahedral geometry in the resulting hexa‐coordinated complex [Cd(H2L)2].2H2O (6) assumes a trigonal prismatic (TP) structure for this complex. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the ligand and its complexes have been investigated with different bacterial and fungal strains. The data revealed that Hg(II) complex (7) demonstrated a very good antibacterial and antifungal activity than others.

Highlights

A new hydrazide–hydrazone ligand of isonicotinic acid was synthesized.

Seven mononuclear Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), and Hg(II) complexes of the new ligand were prepared and characterized by different tools.

DFT studies have been carried out to study the structure of the ligand and its complexes.

Antimicrobial activities of the ligand and its complexes were studied against a variety of bacterial and fungal strains by using disk diffusion method and results were compared with standard drugs.
Selectivity and competition between N–H and C–H bond activation using an organoplatinum (II) complex
Authors: Niroomand Hosseini Fatemeh , Nabavizadeh S. Masoud , Hamidizadeh Peyman , Niknam Fatemeh , Abu‐Omar Mahdi M.
Published: March 2021

2‐(2′‐Pyridyl)benzimidazole (Hpbz), containing both C–H and N–H bonds available for activation, has been investigated to elucidate which bond is activated upon coordination to the Pt(II) precursor complex (PtMe2(DMSO)2), 1. On the basis of density functional theory (DFT), Hpbz is predicted to react with 1 through N–H bond activation of the benzimidazole ring in preference to C–H bond activation of the pyridine ring. The reasons for this difference in selectivity are discussed based on the energy barrier needed for N–H versus C–H bond activation. The DFT results are in agreement with experimental findings in which reaction of Hpbz with 1 at room temperature leads to N–H bond activation to give (PtMe(pbz‐κ2‐N,N)(DMSO)), 2. The kinetic and mechanistic study of the reaction between Hpbz and 1 shows that the reaction occurs through substitution of one DMSO by the nitrogen atom of pyridine ring of Hpbz to give (PtMe2(Hpbz‐κ1N)(DMSO)), followed by N–H activation and release of methane to form 2.
Removal of hard COD from acidic eucalyptus kraft pulp bleach plant effluent streams using oxidoreductases
Authors: Herold‐Majumdar Owik Matthias , Lopez Pita Sabela , Dominguez Estevez Fernando , Wawrzynczyk Joanna , Loureiro Pedro E. G. , Felby Claus
Published: March 2021

The bleach plant of a pulp and paper (P&P) mill presents a major source of wastewater containing toxic organic matter characterized as chemical oxygen demand (COD). Due to their high oxidizing power, oxidoreductases hold promise to be a key solution for the removal of dissolved organic material. Here, four oxidoreductases from different enzyme families were selected to treat bleach plant effluents. Haloperoxidase treatment of the final effluent resulted in the highest levels of decolorization (71%) and reduction of aromatic compounds (36%). Using single compound analysis, 27 low molecular weight compounds were found to be persistent throughout the wastewater treatment process and, therefore, classified as hard COD. The tested enzymes efficiently removed several of the identified COD compounds. Hence, this study suggests that the application of oxidoreductases will serve as an environmental‐friendly solution for reducing waste from P&P production.
CircSEC24A promotes IL‐1β‐induced apoptosis and inflammation in chondrocytes by regulating miR‐142‐5p/SOX5 axis
Authors: Shi Lin , Zhang Huiling , Sun Jianmin , Gao Xiang , Liu Chunhong
Published: March 2021

Background

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common joint disease. Currently, many studies have revealed that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are strongly related to the occurrence and development of diseases. Hence, we aimed to further elucidate the role and molecular mechanism of circRNA SEC24 homolog A, COPII coat complex component (circSEC24A) in OA.

Methods

Chondrocytes were treated with interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) to establish OA cell model in vitro. The expression levels of circSEC24A, microRNA‐142‐5p (miR‐142‐5p), and sex‐determining region Y‐box protein 5 (SOX5) were determined by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. MTT and colony formation assays were used to determine cell proliferation. Cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry analysis. The protein levels of inflammatory factors and SOX5 were determined by western blot assay. The relationship between miR‐142‐5p and circSEC24A or SOX5 was confirmed using dual‐luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation assay.

Results

CircSEC24A and SOX5 expression were enhanced, while miR‐142‐5p level was reduced in OA cartilage tissues and chondrocytes. Overexpression of circSEC24A promoted IL‐1β‐induced injury through decreasing cell proliferation and increasing apoptosis and inflammation in chondrocytes. MiR‐142‐5p was a direct target of circSEC24A, and its upregulation ameliorated IL‐1β‐induced injury and abated the effect of oe‐circSEC24A in IL‐1β‐induced chondrocytes. Additionally, SOX5 was a downstream target of miR‐142‐5p, and its overexpression had a similar role with oe‐circSEC24A and reversed the impact of miR‐142‐5p in IL‐1β‐induced chondrocytes. CircSEC24A acted as a molecular sponge of miR‐142‐5p to regulate SOX5 expression in chondrocytes.

Conclusion

CircSEC24A aggravated IL‐1β‐induced injury via modulating miR‐142‐5p/SOX5 axis, providing possible targets for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of OA.
Preoperative and intraoperative factors predictive of complications and stricture recurrence following multiple urethroplasty techniques
Authors: Kay H. E. , Srikanth P. , Srivastava A. V. , Tijerina A. N. , Patel V. R. , Hauser N. , Laviana A. A. , Wolf J. S. , Osterberg E. C.
Published: March 2021

Objectives

To investigate factors predictive of postoperative recurrence and complications in patients undergoing urethroplasty for stricture repair at a single center.

Patients and methods

We retrospectively reviewed the records of 108 men who underwent urethroplasty for urethral stricture disease (USD) at a single center from 2016 to 2020. Demographic data, comorbidities, stricture history including etiology and prior treatments, patient‐reported symptoms, and outcomes data were collected for analysis. Data were analyzed in aggregate, then, stratified by type of urethroplasty performed. Descriptive statistics, univariate analysis, multivariate logistic regression, and intergroup comparisons were completed using STATA, with an alpha value of 0.05 and a confidence interval of 95%.

Results

The median age of our patients was 58 years (interquartile range: 42‐69; range: 29‐83), with a median stricture length of 2.0 cm (interquartile range: 1.0‐4.5; range: 0.5‐10). The most common stricture etiology was iatrogenic (n = 33, 31%) and the most common urethroplasty was anterior anastomotic urethroplasty (n = 38, 35%), followed by buccal mucosal graft (BMG) urethroplasty (n = 35, 32%). Twenty‐four patients (22%) had stricture recurrence. Within the aggregate data, recurrence was significantly predicted by obesity (BMI > 30) (Odds Ratio [OR] 3.2, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.06‐10), and the presence of postoperative complications (OR 6.3, CI: 1.9‐21). The presence of any postoperative complications within 90 days was significantly predicted by stricture length ≥ 5 cm (OR 3.5, CI 1.09‐12) and recurrence (OR 6.0, CI 1.7‐21).

Conclusion

Despite serving as the most definitive treatment for urethral stricture management, stricture recurrence and postoperative complications are not uncommon after urethroplasty. Obesity and stricture length negatively impact outcomes while a penile stricture location is associated with a lower recurrence rate, though this is not statistically significant.
Amphibian regeneration and mammalian cancer: Similarities and contrasts from an evolutionary biology perspective
Authors: Corradetti Bruna , Dogra Prashant , Pisano Simone , Wang Zhihui , Ferrari Mauro , Chen Shu‐hsia , Sidman Richard L. , Pasqualini Renata , Arap Wadih , Cristini Vittorio
Published: March 2021

Here we review and discuss the link between regeneration capacity and tumor suppression comparing mammals (embryos versus adults) with highly regenerative vertebrates. Similar to mammal embryo morphogenesis, in amphibians (essentially newts and salamanders) the reparative process relies on a precise molecular and cellular machinery capable of sensing abnormal signals and actively reprograming or eliminating them. As the embryo's evil twin, tumor also retains common functional attributes. The immune system plays a pivotal role in maintaining a physiological balance to provide surveillance against tumor initiation or to support its initiation and progression. We speculate that susceptibility to cancer development in adult mammals may be determined by the loss of an advanced regenerative capability during evolution and believe that gaining mechanistic insights into how regenerative capacity linked to tumor suppression is postnatally lost in mammals might illuminate an as yet unrecognized route to cancer treatment.
How to become a crab: Phenotypic constraints on a recurring body plan
Authors: Wolfe Joanna M. , Luque Javier , Bracken‐Grissom Heather D.
Published: March 2021

A fundamental question in biology is whether phenotypes can be predicted by ecological or genomic rules. At least five cases of convergent evolution of the crab‐like body plan (with a wide and flattened shape, and a bent abdomen) are known in decapod crustaceans, and have, for over 140 years, been known as “carcinization.” The repeated loss of this body plan has been identified as “decarcinization.” In reviewing the field, we offer phylogenetic strategies to include poorly known groups, and direct evidence from fossils, that will resolve the history of crab evolution and the degree of phenotypic variation within crabs. Proposed ecological advantages of the crab body are summarized into a hypothesis of phenotypic integration suggesting correlated evolution of the carapace shape and abdomen. Our premise provides fertile ground for future studies of the genomic and developmental basis, and the predictability, of the crab‐like body form.
Neoadjuvant immunotherapy for non–small cell lung cancer: State of the art
Authors: Kang Jin , Zhang Chao , Zhong Wen‐Zhao
Published: March 2021

Lung cancer mortality has decreased over the past decade and can be partly attributed to advances in targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have rapidly evolved from investigational drugs to standard of care for the treatment of metastatic non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In particular, antibodies that block inhibitory immune checkpoints, such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1) and programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD‐L1), have revolutionized the treatment of advanced NSCLC, when administered alone or in combination with chemotherapy. Immunotherapy is associated with higher response rates, improved overall survival (OS), and increased tolerability compared with conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy. These benefits may increase the utility of immunotherapy and its combinational use with chemotherapy in the neoadjuvant treatment of patients with NSCLC. Early findings from various ongoing clinical trials suggest that neoadjuvant ICIs alone or combined with chemotherapy may significantly reduce systemic recurrence and improve long‐term OS or cure rates in resectable NSCLC. Here we further summarize the safety and efficacy of various neoadjuvant treatment regimens including immunotherapy from ongoing clinical trials and elaborate the role of neoadjuvant immunotherapy in patients with resectable NSCLC. In addition, we discuss several unresolved challenges, including the evaluations to assess neoadjuvant immunotherapy response, the role of adjuvant treatment after neoadjuvant immunotherapy, the efficacy of treatment for oncogenic‐addicted tumors, and predictive biomarkers. We also provide our perspective on ways to overcome current obstacles and establish neoadjuvant immunotherapy as a standard of care.
Retrospective evaluation of single patient investigational new drug (IND) requests in pediatric oncology
Authors: Shulman David S. , Kiwinda Lulla V. , Edwards Stacey , Clinton Catherine M. , Hunt Sarah , Greenspan Lianne , Lawler Kristen D. , Reaman Gregory , Al‐Sayegh Hasan , Bona Kira , O'Neill Allison F. , Shusterman Suzanne , Janeway Katherine A. , Place Andrew E. , Chi Susan N. , Ma Clement , DuBois Steven G.
Published: March 2021

Background

Single patient Investigational New Drug (IND) applications are one mechanism through which experimental therapies are accessed for children with cancer. The landscape of use, outcomes, and toxicity from single patient INDs remains unknown in pediatric oncology.

Methods

We performed a retrospective analysis of all single patient INDs requested and prescribed at a single institution between 1/1/2007 and 5/1/2019. We report aggregate data from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on single patient IND applications over the final two years of the study (2017–2019). We report an overview of all IND applications, as well as clinical descriptions of patients, treatments, outcomes, and toxicity.

Results

Over the 2‐year period, the FDA approved all 171 submitted single patient IND requests for pediatric oncology. We identified 56 requests from our center during the 12‐year study period, and all were approved (median time from FDA submission to approval: 1 day (range 0–12)). 71% of requests were based on disease histology. Lack of pediatric clinical trial (65%) was the most common reason for use. 48 approved requests were ultimately administered. The median duration of treatment was 84 days (range: 4–1590), with 3 patients remaining on treatment at time of analysis. Only 7% discontinued treatment due to toxicity. Three‐year overall survival was 50% (95% CI, 35–64).

Conclusions

Single patient INDs in pediatric oncology were universally approved in our national and single‐center analysis. In our cohort, single patient INDs were primarily utilized based on disease histology, rather than genomics, for agents that lacked a clinical trial.
The parallel evolution of competency‐based education in medical and higher education
Authors: Vasquez John A. , Marcotte Kayla , Gruppen Larry D.
Published: March 2021

Competency‐Based Education (CBE) programs have developed differently within higher education and medical education systems, yet both systems face challenges when bridging the gap between theory and practice. Both medicine and higher education face the challenge of adapting CBE programs for learners who begin the program with different configurations of knowledge and skillsets and learn at different rates. Additional challenges include, but are not limited to standard setting, time variability within programs for student learning, defining competencies, and training faculty to develop and assess CBE programs. This article argues there is much higher education programs can learn about defining competencies, assessing performance, and curriculum design by understanding how CBE is implemented in medical education. We also provide an overview of how CBE in medical education (CBE‐ME) has evolved compared to CBE in higher education (CBE‐HE), including examples of how medical education has addressed defining competency issues, assessing competence, and standard setting.
A Unified Research Data Infrastructure for Catalysis Research – Challenges and Concepts
Authors: Wulf Christoph , Beller Matthias , Boenisch Thomas , Deutschmann Olaf , Hanf Schirin , Kockmann Norbert , Kraehnert Ralph , Oezaslan Mehtap , Palkovits Stefan , Schimmler Sonja , Schunk Stephan A. , Wagemann Kurt , Linke David
Published: March 2021

Modern research methods produce large amounts of scientifically valuable data. Tools to process and analyze such data have advanced rapidly. Yet, access to large amounts of high‐quality data remains limited in many fields, including catalysis research. Implementing the concept of FAIR data (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) in the catalysis community would improve this situation dramatically. The German NFDI initiative (National Research Data Infrastructure) aims to create a unique research data infrastructure covering all scientific disciplines. One of the consortia, NFDI4Cat, proposes a concept that serves all aspects and fields of catalysis research. We present a perspective on the challenging path ahead. Starting out from the current state, research needs are identified. A vision for a integrating all research data along the catalysis value chain, from molecule to chemical process, is developed. Respective core development topics are discussed, including ontologies, metadata, required infrastructure, IP, and the embedding into research community. This Concept paper aims to inspire not only researchers in the catalysis field, but to spark similar efforts also in other disciplines and on an international level.
Correlation of ultrasound, cytological, and histological features of 110 benign BI‐RADS categories 4C and 5 nonpalpable breast lesions. The Institut Curie's experience
Authors: Farras Roca Josep A. , Tardivon Anne , Thibault Fabienne , Rouzier Roman , Klijanienko Jerzy
Published: March 2021

Background

The purpose of this study was to determine the pathological and ultrasound (US) features of benign nonpalpable breast lesions (NPBLs) classified as Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI‐RADS) category 4C or 5.

Methods

Between 2003 and 2007, 849 consecutive NPBLs detected at US and classified as BI‐RADS category 4C (505) or 5 (344) initially underwent US‐guided fine needle aspiration (FNA) at our institution. Benign diagnoses were established according to surgical excision findings or during a minimal 6‐month imaging follow‐up (mean, 3.7 years [SD, 2.6 years]). US BI‐RADS features were reviewed and compared retrospectively using a chi‐square test for the following pathological categories: epithelial and fibrous proliferation (EFP), cystic and papillary lesion (C&P), inflammatory lesion (IL), benign tumor (BT), intramammary lymph node (ILN), intraepithelial proliferative lesion (IPL), and nonspecific morphological alteration (NMA). The performance of FNA in the diagnosis of benignity was assessed.

Results

Of 849 NPBLs, 110 (12.9%) NPBLs were benign: 88 (17.4%) were BI‐RADS category 4C, and 22 (6.4%) were BI‐RADS category 5. Forty‐four (40%) were EFPs, 21 (19%) were C&Ps, 13 (12%) were NMAs, 11 (10%) were ILs, 11 (10%) were BTs, 8 (7%) were IPLs, and 2 (2%) were ILNs. Lesion shape, US pattern distribution, and posterior features showed statistically significant differences between these categories (P < .05): 33 (75%) EFPs exhibited posterior shadowing, 18 (86%) C&Ps were homogenous, 9 (82%) ILs were heterogeneous, 11 (100%) BTs were homogeneous, 9 (82%) BTs were oval, and 6 (75%) IPLs were irregularly shaped. Of the 110 benign NPBLs, FNA diagnosis was falsely positive in 7 (6%), suspicious in 10 (9%), and benign in 90 (82%), and 3 (3%) were inadequate for diagnosis.

Conclusion

A diverse array of benign NPBLs can be classified as BI‐RADS category 4C or 5 on US, each showing specific imaging presentations.
Surrogate‐based multi‐objective design optimization of a coronary stent: Altering geometry toward improved biomechanical performance
Authors: Ribeiro Nelson S. , Folgado João , Rodrigues Hélder C.
Published: March 2021

The main objective of this study was to solve a multi‐objective optimization on a representative coronary stent platform with the goal of finding new geometric designs with improved biomechanical performance. The following set of metrics, calculated via finite element models, was used to quantify stent performance: vessel injury, radial recoil, bending resistance, longitudinal resistance, radial strength and prolapse index. The multi‐objective optimization problem was solved with the aid of surrogate‐based algorithms; for comparison and validation purposes, four surrogate‐based multi‐objective optimization algorithms (EIhv‐EGO, Phv‐EGO, ParEGO and SMS‐EGO) with a limited sample budget were employed and their results compared. The quality of the non‐dominated solution sets outputted by each algorithm was assessed against four quality indicators: hypervolume, R2, epsilon and generational distance. Results showed that Phv‐EGO was the algorithm that exhibited the best performance in overall terms. Afterwards, the highest quality Pareto front was chosen for an in‐depth analysis of the optimization results. The amount of correlation and conflict was quantified for each pair of objective functions. Next, through cluster analysis, one was able to identify families of solutions with similar performance behavior and to discuss the nature of the existent trade‐offs between objectives, and the trends between design parameters and solutions in a biomechanical perspective. In the end, a constrained‐based design selection was performed with the goal of finding solutions in the Pareto front with equal or better performance in all objectives against a baseline design.
Multifeature fusion action recognition based on key frames
Authors: Zhao Yuerong , Guo Hongbo , Gao Ling , Wang Hai , Zheng Jie , Zhang Kan , Zheng Yong
Published: March 2021

As an important technology in computer vision, video‐based human action recognition has a great commercial value, which has attracted extensive attention in the field of computer vision and pattern recognition in both academia and industry. To date, there are a wide variety of applications of human action recognition, such as surveillance, robotics, health care, video searching, and human–computer interaction. However, there are many challenges involved in human action recognition in videos, such as cluttered backgrounds, occlusions, viewpoint variation, execution rate, and camera motion. However, data redundancy and single feature were largely limited the accuracy of human action recognition. In this article, adopting the key frame extraction and multifeature fusion techniques, a novel action recognition method was proposed, which can improve the recognition accuracy. The main works are as follows: 1) in order to solve the problem of data redundancy, a key frame extraction method based on node contribution weighting is proposed to extract video key frames; 2) different kinds of information flows are extracted from the obtained key frame sequences, and different convolutional neural networks are used to obtain corresponding classification results and merge, so as to better complement the information in different flows. Lastly, the experimental results show that our method improves the accuracy of action recognition.
Electrochemical Production of Formic Acid from CO2 with Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide‐Assisted Copper‐Based Catalysts
Authors: Qiu Yanling , Xu Wenbin , Yao Pengfei , Zheng Qiong , Zhang Huamin , Li Xianfeng
Published: March 2021

The electrochemical reduction of CO2 (ERC) to valuable chemicals has attracted extensive attention. However, the relatively low selectivity and efficiency of the reaction remain challenges. In this study, Cu electrodes derived from Cu2O with predominant (111) facets are synthesized by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide‐assisted preparation. The optimized electrode shows a high faradaic efficiency of 90 % for HCOOH obtained by ERC at −2.0 V (vs.SCE), which surpasses most reported Cu electrodes. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between the catalytic activity and the thickness of the Cu2O layer, the catalytic activity of the unit active site on the Cu2O‐derived Cu electrodes is found to be higher than that on the blank Cu electrode. DFT calculations indicate that OCHO* would be produced preferentially over *COOH in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). This deduction is verified by testing of the effects of CTAB and KBr addition on HCOO− selectivity.
A phase I study of anti‐BCMA CAR T cell therapy in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma and plasma cell leukemia
Authors: Li Chunrui , Cao Wenyue , Que Yimei , Wang Qiuxiang , Xiao Yi , Gu Chaojiang , Wang Di , Wang Jue , Jiang Lijun , Xu Hao , Xu Jinhuan , Zhou Xiaoxi , Hong Zhenya , Wang Na , Huang Liang , Zhang Shangkun , Chen Liting , Mao Xia , Xiao Min , Zhang Wei , Meng Li , Cao Yang , Zhang Tongcun , Li Jian , Zhou Jianfeng
Published: March 2021

Background

Relapsed/refractory (R/R) multiple myeloma (MM) patients and primary plasma cell leukemia (PCL) have an unfavorable prognosis and no effective treatment. This study was designed to assess the safety and preliminary efficacy of a novel anti‐B‐cell maturation antigen (BCMA) chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell in R/R MM and PCL.

Methods

Between February 22, 2017, and June 25, 2018, 28 R/R and two R/R primary PCL patients received a median dose of 11.2 × 106 CAR+ cells/kg. The subjects were refractory to a proteasome inhibitor and/or an immunomodulatory agent. Fludarabine and cyclophosphamide were given as lymphodepletion chemotherapy.

Results

Results for these 30 consecutive patients who received an anti‐BCMA CAR T cell infusion are reported. The patients had received a median of four prior lines of therapy. A total of 44 different types of adverse events were recorded, and hematologic toxic effects were the most common events of any grade during treatment. Hematologic toxic effects were also the most common events of grade 3 or higher. A total of 29 patients (96.7%) had cytokine release syndrome, which was of grade 1 or 2 in 24 patients (80%) and grade 3 in five patients (16.7%). Neurologic toxic effects only occurred in one patient (3.3%) and were of grade 1. The objective response rate was 90%, and the complete response rate was 43.3%. With a median follow‐up of 12.6 months, the median progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival were 5.2 months and 14.0 months. One of the two primary PCL achieved a complete response with a PFS of 307 days. The other patients achieved a very good partial response with a PFS of 117 days.

Conclusions

Anti‐BCMA CAR T cell treatment is safe and highly active in R/R multiple myeloma.
Learn how to assess your institution's support for student well‐being
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: March 2021

The level of each student's well‐being can influence so many aspects of success, including retention, GPAs, mental and physical health, and learning, explained Bridget Yuhas, Ed.D., Director of Student Affairs Assessment and Planning at Butler University, and Josh Downing, Butler's Director of Recreation and Wellness, during a webinar hosted by the Assessment Institute.
Continuous versus intermittent use of furosemide in patients with heart failure and moderate chronic renal dysfunction
Authors: Zheng Zhigui , Jiang Xinxin , Chen Jianguo , He Dongyuan , Xie Xiaohui , Lu Yunan
Published: March 2021

Aims

There is paucity of clinical data comparing continuous infusion (CI) with bolus injection (BI) of intravenous loop diuretics in patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) and chronic renal dysfunction. This study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of CI versus BI intravenous furosemide administration in patients with ADHF and moderate chronic renal insufficiency.

Methods and results

Acute decompensated heart failure and moderate chronic renal insufficiency [with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 15.0–44.9 mL/min/1.73 m2] were randomized to start intravenous furosemide by BI or by a 6 h CI. End points included freedom from congestion at 72 h, the degree of dyspnoea assessed using the 0–10 Borg's category ratio scale, net daily urine output, weight loss during the study, length of hospital stay, total urinary sodium excretion, and development of acute kidney injury or electrolyte disturbance. After 72 h of treatment, the rate of the primary endpoint of freedom from congestion in the CI group was significantly higher than that in the BI group (69.05% vs. 43.59%, P = 0.02). The modified Borg scale indicated patients in the CI group had lower dyspnoea score than those in the BI group at 48 h (4.29 ± 1.23 vs. 5.97 ± 1.56; P = 0.02) and 72 h (1.15 ± 0.35 vs. 2.66 ± 0.83; P = 0.003). There were other significant differences favouring the CI group with regard to net urine output at 72 h (5145.98 ± 621.37 mL vs. 3755.95 ± 456.93 mL; P = 0.007), the mean body weight loss (4.72 ± 1.01 kg vs. 3.53 ± 0.73 kg; P = 0.02) and the total urinary sodium excretion (385.05 ± 38.15 vs. 320.33 ± 37.67; P = 0.02). The length of hospitalization in the CI group was significantly shorter than that in the BI group (10.36 ± 4.20 days vs. 15.68 ± 6.15 days; P = 0.02). No significant differences were observed between groups in the frequency of acute kidney injury, tinnitus, electrolyte disturbance or mortality.

Conclusions

Continuous intravenous infusion of furosemide resulted in significantly greater diuresis than bolus administration of an equal dose in patients with moderate chronic renal insufficiency and ADHF, while no differences emerged in terms of side effects or mortality.
Synthesis of Azolium‐2‐dithiocarboxylate Zwitterions under Mild, Aerobic Conditions
Authors: Mazars François , Hrubaru Madalina , Tumanov Nikolay , Wouters Johan , Delaude Lionel
Published: March 2021

Twelve imidazolium‐, imidazolinium‐, or benzimidazolium‐2‐dithiocarboxylate zwitterions with aliphatic or aromatic substituents on their nitrogen atoms, including four new unsymmetrical 1‐alkyl‐3‐arylimidazolium derivatives, were obtained in high yields (62–96 %) upon reaction of azolium salts with CS2 and Cs2CO3 in acetonitrile at room temperature. Compared to the previous strategies devised for the synthesis of NHC⋅CS2 betaines, this novel procedure relied on an innocuous, weak base and could be applied under mild aerobic conditions. All the new compounds were fully characterized by various analytical techniques and the molecular structures of two of them were determined by XRD analysis. An associative mechanism involving the concerted reaction of the azolium salts with both CS2 and CO32− was tentatively proposed to account for the formation of the zwitterionic adducts without the intervention of free carbenes. This would explain the good results obtained with a weak inorganic base that lacks the strength needed to deprotonate the azolium salt substrates.