bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Smith Jeffery A
Published: November 2023

Courts offer various rationales for their decisions on constitutional issues. They sometimes formulate or follow general doctrines and they often employ particular structural, prudential, or ethical arguments in the course of balancing competing interests. Such approaches may be used in an effort to achieve justice or to secure the public welfare, but they may lack a clear connection to the original intent of the Constitution. Indeed, legal scholars have questioned the extent to which the initial meaning can be known or should be followed. “The Founding Fathers—and their intentions—are clothed in mystery,” Arthur S. Miller has written, adding that the history of the period is incomplete, that courts abuse it at will, and that it settles little that is worth arguing about. “Questions of constitutional law involve matters of public policy which should not be decided merely because of the original meanings of words in the Constitution,” Leonard W. Levy has maintained. “They must be read as revelations of the general purposes which were to be achieved, or as expressions of imperishable principles that are expansive and comprehensive in character.”
Sovereignty and Seditious Libel
Authors: Smith Jeffery A
Published: November 2023

In 1803, Samuel Miller, a Presbyterian minister in New York, published A Brief Retrospect of the Eighteenth Century, a book sub titled, A Sketch of the Revolutions and Improvements in Science, Arts, and Literature, During that Period. Commenting on what he thought had been remarkably rapid development of American journalism, the author observed that the country’s newspapers had become “immense moral and political engines, closely connected with the welfare of the state, and deeply involving both its peace and prosperity.” He also noted that they had been “pronounced by travellers, the most profligate and scurrilous public prints in the civilized world.” On one hand, as Miller analyzed it, newspapers disseminated useful information, exposed political corruption, and promoted unity and the love of freedom. On the other, they could lacerate private character, be obscene and impious, and generate party violence.
The Colonial Journalist: Good Humour’d Unless Provok’d
Authors: Smith Jeffery A
Published: November 2023

In the summer of 1798, at the height of the Sedition Act frenzy, Samuel Smith, a Republican congressman from Maryland, cut out a newspaper article and mailed it to Vice President Thomas Jefferson. The article accused Jefferson of having recently been “closeted” with several people, including the editor of the Philadelphia Aurora, Benjamin Franklin Bache, who was then awaiting trial for seditious libel. Noting that his movements were watched by his political opponents, Jefferson wrote to Smith that Bache, the country’s most militant Republican journalist, was a man of ability and of principles favorable to liberty and the American form of government. “Mr. Bache has another claim on my respect,” Jefferson added, “as being the grandson of Dr. Franklin, the greatest man & ornament of the age and country in which he lived.”
The Revolutionary Journalist: The Court of the Press
Authors: Smith Jeffery A
Published: November 2023

As a colonial agent and American propagandist in England and later as a diplomat in France, Benjamin Franklin spent all but three years from 1757 to 1785 in Europe. During this time, he routinely used the skill in journalistic argument and satire which he first developed as a printer’s apprentice in the 1720s. Commenting in 1773 on two of his better known satires of British government in America, “Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One” and “An Edict by the King of Prussia,” Franklin said that they were calculated to expose the mother country’s conduct “in a short, com prehensive, and striking view, and stated therefore in out-of-the-way forms, as most likely to take the general attention.”
Hold fast to the faith without wavering.
Authors: Taylor Mary , Murray Janet H
Published: November 2023

“Mother, may I go down to the Sykes’s when I’ve done?” Sarah said this next day as she “sided up” after tea. Her mother looked round, and answered slowly“Yes, when ta’s done.” Sarah set the house in order and ran down the lane. As she expected, Sammy Sykes was at home, as well as his father and sister; there was also Sydney Wynde.
Heaven lies about us in our infancy.
Authors: Taylor Mary , Murray Janet H
Published: November 2023

He was sauntering about the walks of an old-fashioned orchard, flower garden, and kitchen garden all in one. Now and then he looked towards the west, over meadow and woodland, towards the setting sun. He knew and felt, though he could not see it, that widespread moorland lay beyond, and the rolling hills added to the charm of the fertile hollow in which the house was sheltered.
De profundis,
Authors: Taylor Mary , Murray Janet H
Published: November 2023

When Dora, shocked by her mother’s avowal of her motives, had run over to Maria for the second time in the same evening, she did not return till after ten o’clock at night. Her stepfather accidentally heard her enter the house, and made inquiry, and issued a gruff prohibition to her mother against her going out at such a time. The mother, frightened and confused, said“She’s only been to the Vicarage. Maria Bell and Dora are great friends.”
The common lot.
Authors: Taylor Mary , Murray Janet H
Published: November 2023

Maria BELL diligently pursued her many avocations until she found that instead of being in a hopeless condition of isolation, she was, in fact, favoured by fortune to have such a position and such companionship. She kept house with zeal, on the old lines that she had seen followed by her mother for many years. She taught in the Sunday School, and at times visited the poor. Tlien she had to tell her father of all her doings, and have his opinion and encouragement. Her abilities were taxed, but not overtaxed, and her mind grew, sheltered, but not stifled, to a healthy development. Her father liked to entrust her with occasional matters of business or negotiation, and always listened to every particular of the tale she told afterwards. He wondered at her wit, and was amused at her simplicity, and thought that on the whole there never was so clever and so kindly a girl. He was nearer right than most parents are.
And hope again Elastic Springs Unconquered; though she fell, Still Buoyant are her Golded wings, Still Strong to beat us well.
Authors: Taylor Mary , Murray Janet H
Published: November 2023

“Goon news at last, Dora Going out into the world is like learning to swim. They say that if you put an egg at the bottom of the water and try to get down to it you will be surprised to find how difficult it will be. Now, I have been letting myself go, and to my astonishment I have my feet on solid ground. I got two pupils before I had quite taken the house, and now I have a room full. I am earning my living, Dora, and thinking of the time when I shall have you with me, and both be as busy as possible.
“Quips and cranks and wanton wiles, Nods and becks and wreathed smiles.”
Authors: Taylor Mary , Murray Janet H
Published: November 2023

It happened when Sarah had been a year and a half at school that an accidental conversation changed the current of her thoughts and set her imagination a-going again for something to wish for. She had been content and happy with her school work, and the books that Miss Bell occasionally lent her, and with the singing to fill up the evenings and all her spare time. But only on Saturdays and on the few holidays could a real good meeting, from five to nine or thereabouts, be held at Sykes’s; and to make the best of this Sarah gave her utmost efforts. When John brought word that Sydney had got some new music and the Flocks’s were coming, Sarah went about the living-room that she had to clean like a flitting bird, and was generally at liberty to help Harriet before the afternoon was half over. Harriet, too, began making the house uncomfortable with such energy that old Sykes took himself off immediately after dinner, and Sammy was told he ought to do the same.
In the valley of the shadow.
Authors: Taylor Mary , Murray Janet H
Published: November 2023

As Christmas came nearer the young folks began to look forward to a merry-making of some sort, and the elders to throw cold water on all projects. There could be no such thing as merry-making even for those who had the means. People were afraid to show their comforts or to appear at their ease. Mrs. Miles had given leave for a quiet meeting at her house to sing hymns and such like. She had reduced the style of living before the end of the year. The family ate oatcake instead of wheaten bread, and spared the butter to it. For them there was no fear of want, but there was the general poverty. “I dare not be seen eating Christmas cake,” she said, and her husband agreed. He had resolved to give over trusting a month before Christmas in order that people might not find themselves pulled up too .suddenly. He laid in no stock and let his bare shelves be seen, and most of his business now was to stand behind his counter and say “No” to his customers.
Forget the things which are behind, and press forword to those that are before,
Authors: Taylor Mary , Murray Janet H
Published: November 2023

We all feel sure at times that if we were allowed a free hand we could carve out for ourselves a magnificent destiny; we would work and fight, and deny ourselves, and do whatever was necessary, and we would succeed. Only now and then comes the gloomy certainty that there are difficulties that we cannot overcome, and that only under favourable circumstances can we find the “leave to toil” that Burns thought it so hard to have to beg.
“Are the white hours for ever fled, That used to bless the cheerful day?”
Authors: Taylor Mary , Murray Janet H
Published: November 2023

When, two years ago, Mr. Turner had succeeded in getting on his feet again, by the help of Sykes’ money, the only people who did not benefit by the arrangement were, his own family. From sheer necessity, as well as from utter ignorance of what was really needed in a house like theirs, he always kept them short of money, and with this reminder ever before them they could never shake off the sense of disgrace and failure that depressed their spirits and spoilt their temper. Such was their state of ignorance that they would have blushed less for a theft, or a fraud, that had been successful, than they did. now for stinted means. They were not at one as to the way in which they should take their position. Amelia was the crook in their lot, whose awkward maunderings added much to the burdens they had to bear.
“Now the serpent was more subtle than any beast of the field.”
Authors: Taylor Mary , Murray Janet H
Published: November 2023

When Sarah left the banker’s house at Baumforth she certainly thought she should not enter it again. She had never made out with certainty the reason why Mrs. Overton had invited her there, and she made no doubt that that lady had seen so much difference between her visitor and herself that she would never want her again. She was, therefore, proportionately surprised when the smiling lady entered the shop, and began without preface-“Now, I really must have you for a day or two, if no longer ! You surely are not so busy, Mrs. Miles, that you cannot spare your daughter for a few days at least? You took her away so suddenly !”
Introduction
Authors: Hackett David G
Published: November 2023

In 1790, the Albany Common Council passed a law that required all house holders to saw off their gutters.1 Ever since the Dutch beginnings of this frontier outpost, the townspeople followed their ancestors’ practice of extending their gutters out over the street and away from the dirt foundations of their homes.
From Albany Townspeople to Americans: The Social Origins of Nationalism
Authors: Hackett David G
Published: November 2023

For some time, American historians have attempted to explain the emergence of a new devotion to the nation during and after the Revolution. The recent scholarship of intellectual historians has explored the political and religious aspects of this nascent nationalism.
The Emergence of the New Society
Authors: Hackett David G
Published: November 2023

One fall morning in 1828, the elders at Second Presbyterian Church summoned their young, temporary preacher, Edward Norris Kirk, to an urgent meeting at the town’s most elegant law office. Since his arrival in Albany a few months before, Mr. Kirk had spoken with great feeling and force about God’s imminent judgment. Such preaching, the elders believed, “offended the tastes of the congregation.” Before responding to this accusation, Mr. Kirk asked if one of the elders would lead them in prayer. They responded, as Kirk recounts, with great consternation.
Introduction: Toward a Desert Hermeneutic
Authors: Burton-Christie Douglas
Published: November 2023

The retreat to the desert and growth of monasticism in fourth-century Egypt has long been recognized as one of the most significant and alluring moments of early Christianity. In the withdrawal from the mainstream of society and culture to the stark solitude of the desert, a vibrant and original spirituality was born which had a wide influence on both contemporaries and succeeding generations. It was a rich and varied movement, full of apparent contradictions and paradoxes. Although largely composed of persons from an oral, rural, peasant culture, desert monasticism also attracted many from a more literate, urban culture of the late Roman Empire. Characterized by a certain simplicity and even naivete, the monks were nevertheless capable of subtle discernment regarding the complex forces in the human soul. In their solitude, they consciously removed themselves from ordinary contact with their fellow human beings and were often perceived as aloof and forbidding; yet they were also revered for their extraordinary depth of compassion. They audaciously battled the demons in the desert, but humbly refused to acknowledge their own power. They spoke words of authority, though it was often in their silence that they were most eloquent. Many of the desert monks refused to participate in the growing establishment of the church under Constantine, choosing instead to live on the margins of society under the direct guidance of the Spirit and the Word of God. Yet in spite of or perhaps because of their singular response to the issues of their time, they had a far reaching impact on contemporary society and church and left a rich and varied legacy.
Renunciation, Freedom from Care, and the Recovery of Paradise
Authors: Burton-Christie Douglas
Published: November 2023

“Renounce this life, so that you may be alive to God.”1 These words of Abba Antony capture one of the fundamental impulses of desert monasticism: to renounce everything in order to come to an intimate and abiding knowledge of God. There are indications that certain key gospel texts (for example, Mt 19:21) played an important role in shaping the ideal of renunciation. In the Sayings we see Scripture used in a variety of ways to explore the different dimensions of this ideal and to exhort those who had taken up the monastic life to persevere in it.
Prologue The Order of the Brothers Minor
Authors: Langenbach James
Published: November 2023

In the eighth century the Venerable Bede described the region including Ashdown Forest as “thick and inaccessible; a place of retreat for large herds of deer and swine?’ The ninth-century Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that the forest extended 120 miles from east to west and 30 miles from north to south. After the year 1066, William the Conqueror granted the region including Ashdown Forest to his half brother Robert, Earl of Moretain.
Symbolism in ItsProfounder Sense
Authors: Langenbach James
Published: November 2023

During the summer following their first winter in Stone Cottage, Pound composed an essay titled “Imagism” to expand upon his earlier formulation of the doctrine of the Image. Before the manifesto appeared in the September 1914 issue of the Fortnightly Review, he changed the title to “Vorticism,” explaining in a letter to Harriet Monroe that “Vorticism” was “the generic term now used on all branches of the new art, sculpture, painting, poetry.” For Pound’s purposes, Vorticism was Imagism writ large.
Dialogues with the Dead
Authors: Langenbach James
Published: November 2023

“The arrival of Zeppelins,” Pound wrote to his father in the summer of 1915, “seems to have filled London with a quiet contentment.” London’s reaction to the first air raid, which occurred on the 31st of May, was not quite so calm as Pound would have had his worried family believe. Most Londoners were far from contented, but some found Pound’s composure talismanic. Violet Hunt and her circle considered Pound’s presence to be a charm against the German zeppelins-or if not Pound’s presence, at least his Image. Hunt kept Gaudier-Brzeska’s bust of Pound in her garden, maintaining that the sculpture warded off the airships.
Naipaul and The Traditions Of Travel
Authors: Nixon Rob
Published: November 2023

One can flesh out the notion of Naipaul’s “almost genetic” uprootedness by arguing that, as almost all the indigenous peoples of the Caribbean were exterminated by European colonists and as contemporary Caribbeans are therefore descended from introduced populations, the inhabitants of the region are deracines pur sang. In these terms, the displacement of Naipaul and other Antillean writers to England (most concentratedly in the 1950s), can be read as a response, several generations later, to the extraordinary violence of that ancestral exile that entailed suffering the middle passage or, in the case of Naipaul’s forebears, crossing the kala pani (black water) as they were shipped out from India to Trinidad as indentured laborers.
The Terms Of Dismissal: ‘Barbarism’,’Primitivism,’And ‘Simple Societies’
Authors: Nixon Rob
Published: November 2023

The rhetorical strategies in these passages could readily have been inverted. One can imagine Naipaul providing a more distanced account of Trinidadian carnival as a cultural practice, suppressing his own opinionated presence and deploying the distant tones of the ethnomusicologist. Conversely, one can picture Naipaul criticizing the “underdeveloped ego” that the extended family and caste system putatively generate but staging his critique as an autobiographical experience of exasperation at a meal or on a train. In that case, his cultural observations would function as an expression of his personality or at least exist in a state of tension with it. The facility with which Naipaul moves between these rival styles of authority helps him keep in play the image of himself as someone so personally concerned about Third World societies that he is unable to achieve emotional distance from them, as well as the inverse portrait of himself as an aloof, objective analyst of those same societies. To date, inquiry into the literature of travel remains spare, especially on the question of the genre’s mixed styles of authority. The only sustained theoretical attempts to address such issues have arisen, ironically, out of the decay of ethnographic authority in the postcolonial era.
The American Ideal
Authors: Carafiol Peter
Published: November 2023

The American Ideal argues that the institution of American literary scholarship enshrines a reactionary view of history, of narrative, and a reactionary and dangerous view of America itself. It examines the way the idea of `America’ has been wrapped up with American literary history and unwraps the implications of that relationship for contemporary debates about the methods and status of literary history in general.
The Problem of American Literary Scholarship
Authors: Carafiol Peter
Published: November 2023

After years of hostility, American Literary Scholarship appears to have taken critical theory into, if not its heart, at least its anthologies, proclaiming the virtues of its own diversity: We are large! We contain multitudes! But how trustworthy are appearances? As Terry Eagleton reminds us, “Critics who parade their pluralism are usually able to do so because the different methods they have in mind are not all that different in the end.”1 Like similar surprising reversals in Shakespearean come dies or Dickens novels, the long-deferred adoption of theory by American Literary Scholarship only discloses, somewhat belatedly, a concealed kinship. What is surprising is that Americanists have taken so long to acknowledge it. The explanations for both the long delay and the recent reconciliation can be discovered in the way changes in the prevailing theoretical discourse have meshed with the unchanging demands of American Literary Scholarship.
The Tradition of the Victim in Griersonian Documentary
Authors: Winston Brian
Published: November 2023

A. J. Liebling once remarked that it was difficult for the cub reporter to remember that his (or her) great story was somebody else’s disastrous fire. Much the same could be said of the impulse to social amelioration, which is a central element in Grierson’s rhetoric and which, therefore, has become over this past half-century a major part of the great documentary tradition. Documentary found its subject in the first decade of sound, and by the late thirties the now familiar parade of those of the disadvantaged whose deviance was sufficiently interesting to attract and hold our attention had been established.
Images as Property
Authors: Viera John David
Published: November 2023

The invention of the photographic apparatus and subsequent film and television image-fixation systems separated the visual image from its real-life subject and allowed for the mass production and consumption of images far beyond the range of painting and lithography. The mechanical reproduction of our visual world made possible the commoditization of the image. Actors’ performances, individual visages, dances, rituals, nature, vacation trips, the family, in short the entire visual phenomenological world, were capable of being fixed in material forms and exploited over time.
A Study in Multiple Forms of Bias
Authors: Beauchamp Thomas , Klaidman Stephen
Published: November 2023

“The Uncounted Enemy: A Vietnam Deception,” a CBS documentary alleging that General William C. Westmoreland falsified reports of enemy strength, is a textbook case of various forms of bias and distortion that are common to television. What follows is a brief history of the genesis of the program and an analysis of the motives and techniques that shaped its production. We have also included an appendix excerpted from an interview conducted for “The Uncounted Enemy” to illustrate how such material can be manipulated to suit the producer’s purposes.
The Samurai Sword
Authors: King Winston L
Published: November 2023

One might say, with a reasonable degree of truthfulness, that the weapon makes the warrior and that in Japan the sword made the samurai. It formed him, his way of fighting, and his place in society. Although the samurai used other weapons besides the sword, his sword was the king of his weapons. But if the sword made the samurai what he was, it can also be said that the samurai made the sword what it was by virtue of his position in society and the nature of the samurai spirit—the kind of man the samurai was inwardly.
Samurai Swordsmanship
Authors: King Winston L
Published: November 2023

Given the long seven-hundred-year dominance of the warrior class and its culture in Japan and the even longer importance of the sword as weapon and national symbol, it was to be expected that skill in the use of the sword would receive intensive and continuing attention. As observed in Chapter 4, the sword evolved toward its classic and enduring form by means of repeated testings on the battlefield; and from the period of the Genji–Heike conflict in the latter half of the twelfth century onward, the quality of swordsmanship was a prime military consideration in almost every battle that was fought—until the advent of the large-scale use of guns.
The Zen Sword: A Modern Interpretation
Authors: King Winston L
Published: November 2023

In medieval Japan, when the warrior was dominant in both the political and cultural life and when Zen was in its heyday as the warrior religion, no questions were raised about its involvement as a Buddhist sect in maximizing the warrior’s combat skills. Just as the earlier Buddhist sects, Tendai and Shingon, had perceived their roles to be protection of the country and its rulers from human and superhuman dangers, so latecomer Zen fitted into the same mold without protest or resistance. And both because of its coming into prominence just as the warrior Hōjō regency took over political power in Japan in the early thirteenth century and because of its peculiar fitness for dealing with the warrior mind described in Chapter 7, Zen became the religion of the warrior class par excellence. Its militancy was not “forced” on it by circumstances, by the large estates donated to its temples (as in the case of Shingon and Tendai), or by political ambitions such as those cherished by Pure Land Ikkō. It was simply that its approach to life was so adaptable to the character and aims of the dominant warrior class that the two became close Partners in action, with no embarrassing questions asked on either side about nonviolent Buddhism teaming up with the samurai as his enabler.
The Samurai of the Twentieth Century
Authors: King Winston L
Published: November 2023

In 1876 the samurai were deprived of their distinctive and distinguishing mark—the exclusive right to wear two swords. Henceforth, “daimyo” would be top-level administrators, and samurai become bureaucrats and civil servants. Thus on paper at least, the samurai “code” (bushido) was consigned to the historic past, and the warrior spirit, dominant for some seven hundred years, was given decent burial. A new age—the age of European technical progress and parliamentary rule—was entered into.
The Life-Giving “Sword” of the Martial Arts
Authors: King Winston L
Published: November 2023

The final era of the overt manifestation of the samurai fighting spirit came to an official end on August 15, 1945. Under American occupation, Japan became a nonaggressive nation whose only military force was composed of self-defense units and whose constitution forbade their use outside the Japanese islands, a policy now slightly modified. But as suggested in Chapter 9, the imprint of the warrior centuries and the samurai regime of the Tokugawa era could not be erased overnight by the stroke of an official pen. The armed warrior version of the samurai spirit was indeed gone, or perhaps not quite gone, but reborn in a new nonlethal form—the martial arts.
The Propriety of the Lyrical Ballads
Authors: Eilenberg Susan
Published: November 2023

My subject is what happens when a poet opens his mouth and somebody else’s voice comes out. Sometimes we call this inspiration, but the effect is more ambiguous than that term suggests. Both Wordsworth and Coleridge suffered attacks of ventriloquism, or possession by apparently alien voices. Their endurance of these vccal visitations led to some of their greatest and, paradoxically, most characteristic work.
The Haunted Language of the Lucy Poems
Authors: Eilenberg Susan
Published: November 2023

The economy of the Lucy poems involves neither property nor, in any obvious sense, possession. It figures no struggle for ground, no exorcism of previous inhabitants. For such loss as these poems record-emotional rather than financial or literary-there can be, it would seem, no recompense. The poems confound both poet’s and critics’ accounting.
Historical Slippage
Authors: Lincoln Kenneth
Published: November 2023

Freud’s final words of “Humour” in 1928 lauded “a rare and precious gift.” 1 This rare gift appears toward the end of another wise book by and about a man of Witz, Tahca Ushte or John (Fire) Lame Deer. Richard Erdoes came all the way from Freud’s Vienna of the late 1930s to record the “precious gift” of a Minneconjou Sioux healer’s life-story during the 1960s and 1970s. In some comic sense, it corrects John Neihardt’s tragic portrait of the Oglala Sioux heyoka Nicholas Black Elk from Pine Ridge. Indeed, Lame Deer’s narrative offers rare evidence of what Lévi-Strauss brackets as “the savage mind” at play or what Huizinga calls Homo ludens.
Feminist lndi’ns
Authors: Lincoln Kenneth
Published: November 2023

Revising history means looking back (re-vision) at what we were, and thus are now. Whatever “the primitive” connotes, on a credit side the primal origin or on a debit side the “other,” women were incontestably there from the beginning. They are standing up to be counted today. Monica Sjoo and Barbara Mor strop the male phallus on a feminist whetstone in The Great Cosmic Mother: Rediscovering the Religion of the Earth (1987), suggesting that female chromosomes determine life from the start, that mother precedes father, that socializing women invented speech, and that culture began feminist. Radical Euroamerican feminism may be exploring a primitivist separatism that Indians have long experienced and may not exactly relish.
Red Gods, Blue Humors: James Welch
Authors: Lincoln Kenneth
Published: November 2023

Punctuated with scatological humor, Winter in the Blood (1974) cuts across “field and stream” Montana with unflinching irony, unrelieved by pity or sentimentality. A decade later Love Medicine could be lyric, even epiphanal (transcendent of male violence and female pathos), but James Welch’s first novel suffered its masculine “vision” comically dark.
Film and Music
Authors: Marks Martin Miller
Published: November 2023

From the time of the first public demonstration of a Lumière cinématographe, for which a pianist is said to have improvised an accompaniment, until today’s widescreen features with their multichanneled, digitally recorded scores, there has always been music for motion pictures. The pictures have fostered an abundant and rich variety of music-making, which for more than eight decades has affected us in ways both simple and subtle. Yet most of us have a very poor knowledge of what film music is all about. Why should there be this discrepancy? Why are the facts of film music not widely understood? Why should Peter Odegard, in a review of two mid-seventies reference works devoted to music of the twentieth century, have to take both to task for all but ignoring film music, “the most widely dispersed repertoire being performed today, and hence in its peculiar way the most influential”?
First Stages, Dimly ,Lit
Authors: Marks Martin Miller
Published: November 2023

Little has been written about the music of early cinema, and it is easy to understand why. First, let us be clear about the period in question: altogether it comprises about a decade and a half, from the mid-189os, when motion pictures made their public debuts, until circa 1910, when the film industry began to emerge. As demonstrated in Chapter One, most of our information about music and silent cinema dates from after 1910; earlier than that, documents are lacking and extant scores are few. Moreover, such materials as do exist have generally been disregarded, because the attention of most film historians has been absorbed by other pressing projects, which relate only indirectly to music. Much work has been done, for example, tracing the origins of cinema’s technological apparatus (what is sometimes called its “prehistory”1), including the various methods of synchronizing sound which came to fruition in the 192os.2 More important, during recent years, while research into early cinema has flourished as never before, leading scholars have had more than enough to do bringing long-neglected films to light. Thus, musical matters remained largely unexplored.
Film Scores in America, 191O—14
Authors: Marks Martin Miller
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines a transitional period within the history of music for silent films in America—a period that saw the emergence of feature films and special scores to go with them. Within this period the term “special score” took on a particular meaning, divorced from musical content: it came to designate scores that were created for and distributed with particular films, as opposed to accompaniments that were improvised or prepared by musicians within individual theaters. Special scores were reproduced—and in some cases published—in multiple copies, to be performed in as many theaters as possible. Before sound film, and within the structure of an industry that encouraged exhibitions of the same film across the country simultaneously, they represented the most elaborate efforts to control the music for such exhibitions in a systematic fashion.
Introduction
Authors: Maddox Lucy
Published: November 2023

The full story of Indian-white relations in North America is beginning to be told. But the emerging story is already taking two different forms. One version is being produced through the collaboration of a variety of traditionally white academic disciplines: history, anthropology, ethnography, sociology, even literary criticism. The same matter is simultaneously being treated from an Indian perspective, through academic programs in Native American Studies and, especially, through the recent proliferation of works by Indian writers that mark what has already been called the Native American Renaissance. Thus far, however, the two versions of the story remain separated by fundamental differences in the very nature of their structure and their discourse; it is still difficult to imagine a merging of the two into a single text. The definition of American history that the academy has always found most usable has been able, so far, to accommodate only an admittedly ethnocentric version of Indian history. Similarly, our working definition of American literature has not yet been able to accommodate Indian texts, oral or written, very comfortably. And these prevailing definitions, of course, not only determine their own discourses but continue to privilege them over competing ones.
Writing and Silence: Melville
Authors: Maddox Lucy
Published: November 2023

When Herman Melville agreed in 1853 to let himself be nominated for the U.S. consulship in Honolulu, his father-in-law’s friend H. W. Bishop wrote a letter in support of the nomination. After noting that Melville belonged to one of the “most distinguished democratic families of this state,“ Bishop added this disclaimer: “What his political views now are, I hardly know. His literary tastes and habits have withdrawn him from party controversies.“1 The idea implied by Bishop’s statement-that Melville’s writing was for him an escape from politics-was until fairly recently one of the dominant assumptions of Melville criticism. A 1951 history of American literature, for example, describes Melville as a kind of intellectual recluse whose “work was generally unaffected by the main currents of his time.”
Saving the Family: Hawthorne, Child, and Sedgwick
Authors: Maddox Lucy
Published: November 2023

In 1833 the Massachussetts lawyer and sometime politician Rufus Choate delivered an address in Salem on the subject of “The Importance of Illustrating New-England History by a Series of Romances Like the Waverley Novels.“ The writer who could produce such a series would, Choate predicted, make the “heroic age“ of American history “for the first time familiar, intelligible, and interesting to the mass of the reading community.“1 Of the New England subjects that had already been treated by the historians, Choate singled out two that he saw as especially amenable to revisioning by the writer of romance: the specific crisis of King Philip’s War and the more general “moral phenomenon“ of “the old Puritan character“ (328, 333).
Conclusion
Authors: Maddox Lucy
Published: November 2023

In recent years, American literary critics have been turning their attention more and more to the project of identifying and examining the various cultural myths that have seemed to dominate the canon of our national literature. The literature of the nineteenth century has been an especially fertile ground for the mythseeking critic, since the canon of American literature has always been essentially a nineteenth-century canon. Having become aware of how extensively our contemporary society and even our individual lives have been shaped and delimited by certain hegemonic myths, especially the interdependent myths of patriarchy, of white supremacy, and of "manifest destiny," we have gone back to the canonical texts to locate the origins and trace the life-cycles of these myths.
Introduction
Authors: Schumaker John F
Published: November 2023

Religion and mental health are two topics that continue to intrigue specialists and lay people alike. Each has been viewed in any number of lights, and ample controversy surrounds both areas of study. The same is true for the ways in which religion and mental health are thought to relate to one another, which is precisely the subject matter of this book.
Religion, Anxiety, and Fear of Death
Authors: Pressman Peter , Lyons John S , Larson, David B , Gartner John
Published: November 2023

Anxiety is a common affective experience. Everyone experiences transient episodes of anxiety during normal daily living. In its extreme, however, anxiety also represents a major etiologic factor in the development of serious psychopathology. Understanding the cognitive, developmental, and environmental factors that exacerbate and ameliorate anxiety thus informs our understanding of both normal and abnormal human behavior.
Religious Orientation and Mental Health
Authors: Masters Kevin S , Bergin Allen E
Published: November 2023

The relation between religion and mental health has long been a topic of debate among psychologists. Some of the most famous names in psychological history have taken a stance on this issue. Sigmund Freud, G. Stanley Hall, B. F. Skinner, Carl Rogers, Carl Jung, and many others had much to say, both pro and con. In addition, William James (1902) noted that there are both healthy and unhealthy ways of being religious, and Gordon Allport (1950) stated that the way one is religious may have mental health implications.
From J to K, or The Uncanniness of the Yahwist
Authors: Bloom Harold
Published: November 2023

To my best knowledge, it was the Harvard historian of religion, George Foot Moore, who first called the religion of the rabbis of the second century C. E. “Normative Judaism.” Let me simplify by centering on one of those rabbis, surely the grandest: normative Judaism is the religion of Akiba. That vigorous scholar, patriot, and martyr may be regarded as the standard by which any other Jewish religious figure must be judged. If your faith and praxis share enough with Akiba’s, then you too are a representative of normative Judaism. If not, then probably not. There is a charming legend in which Moses attends Akiba’s seminar, and goes away baffled by the sage’s interpretation-of Moses! But the deepest implication of the leg end, as I read it, is that Akiba’s strong misreading of Moses was in no way weakened by the Mosaic bafflement.
The Argument about Canons
Authors: Kermode Frank
Published: November 2023

Except when the true ecclesiastical canons are their topic, people who use the word “canon” usually have in mind quite practical issues. They may, for example, be stating that there is for students of literature a list of books or authors certified by tradition or by an institution as worthy of intensive study and required reading for all who may aspire to professional standing within that institution. Or they may be disputing the constitution of the canon, or even the right of the institution to certify it. And now the issues grow more theoretical. For some maintain that the very concept of “literature” as a way of discriminating between more and less privileged texts is an illicit one; so, a fortiori, further discriminations between texts that have thus been set apart must also be improper.
The Classifications of Renouncers
Authors: Olivelle Patrick
Published: November 2023

The early Upaniāsads of our collection use the term Paramaharµsa with reference to a higher type of renouncer. It appears, for example, that the ārUrii’s discussion focuses on the Paramaharp.sa, even though that term is used only toward the end of the text (ārU u). Thus, when it says that a Kuticara should give up his family and the like (ārU 6), it is probably referring to the elevation of a lower type of renouncer to the level of a Paramaharp.sa. The term is also used in the Paramaharµsa and Jiibiila Upani$ads. It is unclear, however, whether during the time of these early documents this term was used within the context of a formal classification of renouncers.
The New Queen of the Sciences and the New Republic
Authors: Marsden George M
Published: November 2023

God’s Way in Nature For what is still one-fourth of the era of English-speaking people in America, from the mid-seventeenth to the mid-eighteenth century, Harvard and eventually its Connecticut counterpart, Yale, were almost all there was to American higher education. Only toward the end of the period was the Anglican college in the South, William and Mary, fully functional. With a head start of nearly a century, New England thus achieved the dominance it would long maintain.1The unresolved tensions between the realms of common grace and the realms of theology in Puritan learning helped stimulate the major developments in the content of Puritan college education during this first century. The American colonies were still marginal outposts of European culture. On the one hand, this gave colonists the freedom to preserve much of their distinctive traditions. On the other hand, it also meant a provincial mentality in which they were always reassuring themselves that they were keeping up with British and European standards, particularly those that accompanied the scientific revolution. Puritanism was congenial to the study of the natural order. The Reformed emphasis that the creation could be known through reason, combined with the broader Protestant ideal that one could serve and glorify God in the mundane as well in special spiritual vocations, stimulated scientific study. Certainly there was no intimation of a warfare between science and religion in New England. Rather the Puritans assumed that natural philosophy (natural science) would serve the interests of religion and point toward the glories of God in creation.