bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Digital image access: an exploration of the best practices of online resources
Authors: Menard Elaine , Smithglass Margaret
Published: April 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to present the results of the first phase of a research project that aims to develop a bilingual interface for the retrieval of digital images. The main objective of this extensive exploration was to identify the characteristics and functionalities of existing search interfaces and similar tools available for image retrieval.

Design/methodology/approach

– An examination of 159 resources that offer image retrieval was carried out. First, general search functionalities offered by content-based image retrieval systems and text-based systems are described. Second, image retrieval in a multilingual context is explored. Finally, the search functionalities provided by four types of organisations (libraries, museums, image search engines and stock photography databases) are investigated.

Findings

– The analysis of functionalities offered by online image resources revealed a very high degree of consistency within the types of resources examined. The resources found to be the most navigable and interesting to use were those built with standardised vocabularies combined with a clear, compact and efficient user interface. The analysis also highlights that many search engines are equipped with multiple language support features. A translation device, however, is implemented in only a few search engines.

Originality/value

– The examination of best practices for image retrieval and the analysis of the real users' expectations, which will be obtained in the next phase of the research project, constitute the foundation upon which the search interface model that the authors propose to develop is based. It also provides valuable suggestions and guidelines for search engine researchers, designers and developers.
Using data island method for creating metadata records with indexability and visibility of tag names in web search engines
Authors: Mahdi Taheri Sayyed , Hariri Nadjla , Rahmatollah Fattahi Sayyed
Published: April 2014

Purpose

– The aim of this research was to examine the use of the data island method for creating metadata records based on DCXML, MARCXML, and MODS with indexability and visibility of element tag names in web search engines.

Design/methodology/approach

– A total of 600 metadata records were developed in two groups (300 HTML-based records in an experimental group with special structure embedded in the < pre> tag of HTML based on the data island method, and 300 XML-based records as the control group with the normal structure). These records were analyzed through an experimental approach. The records of these two groups were published on two independent websites, and were submitted to Google and Bing search engines.

Findings

– Findings show that all the tag names of the metadata records created based on the data island method relating to the experimental group indexed by Google and Bing were visible in the search results. But the tag names in the control group's metadata records were not indexed by the search engines. Accordingly it is possible to index and retrieve the metadata records by their tag name in the search engines. But the records of the control group are accessible by the element values only. The research suggests some patterns to the metadata creators and the end users for better indexing and retrieval.

Originality/value

– The research used the data island method for creating the metadata records, and deals with the indexability and visibility of the metadata element tag names for the first time.
Image retrieval behaviours: users are leading the way to a new bilingual search interface
Authors: Menard Elaine , Khashman Nouf
Published: April 2014

Purpose

– This paper aims to present the results of the second stage of a research project aiming to develop a bilingual interface for the retrieval of digital images. The main objective of this phase was to investigate the roles and usefulness of search characteristics and functionalities for image retrieval in a bilingual context.

Design/methodology/approach

– A bilingual (English and French) questionnaire containing closed and open questions was developed and administered to two groups of participants: 20 English-speaking and 20 French-speaking respondents. The quantitative data was analysed according to statistical methods while the content of the open-ended questions was analysed and coded to identify emergent themes.

Findings

– This study shows that the image search process still presents difficulties and frustration from the image searchers' point-of-view. The findings established that keyword search remains the main method compared with the use of predefined categories or searching with a similar image or a drawing. They emphasised the importance of several functionalities as an integral part of the image search process and revealed the importance of being able to search for images with words extracted from more than one language.

Originality/value

– The main contribution of this exploratory study is to provide an understanding of how real users search for images. Combined with the exploration of best practices for image retrieval, the analysis of real image searchers' behaviours provides the foundation for the initial organisation of the search interface model we will develop in the ultimate stage of the research project.
The open access landscape in Zimbabwe: the case of university libraries in ZULC
Authors: Kusekwa Lovemore , Mushowani Aston
Published: April 2014

Purpose

– The paper aims to focus on the current state of open access (OA) initiatives in Zimbabwean universities. The paper specifically reports the initiatives at Zimbabwean universities regarding institutional repositories that promote OA and other digital OA collections.

Design/methodology/approach

– A qualitative research methodology was adopted. Questionnaires were used as the primary data collection method for this research. The research sought to address the following specific areas: the state of institutional repositories and open access in Zimbabwe, the discoverability of content, open access policies and mandates, the benefits of open access in Zimbabwe, and future plans for institutional OA. A total of eight out of 12 universities responded to the questionnaire. The data provided by the universities involved in the research were summarised to give a general picture of the open access landscape in Zimbabwe.

Findings

– The current initiatives in the universities involved in this survey indicate that most universities in Zimbabwe are going to have institutional repositories that promote open access to information. Most institutions in Zimbabwe are already working on putting open access policies in place in a bid to promote open access.

Originality/value

– The research will shed more light on the status quo of open access initiatives in Zimbabwe, particularly with regards to institutional repositories, open access policies and open access mandates.
Web 2.0 applications' usage and trends in top US academic libraries
Authors: Boateng Frank , Quan Liu Yan
Published: April 2014

Purpose

– This paper aims to explore Web 2.0 technologies usage and trends in the top 100 US academic libraries as exemplified through the academic library websites.

Design/methodology/approach

– The top 100 universities were selected from the US News & World Report's (USNWR) 2013 ranked list's top 100 of the best colleges in the USA. Content analysis was used in terms of quantitative approach. A checklist was developed as the main research instrument based on other checklists and questionnaires. Each of the selected university library websites was visited within a period of two weeks to explore implementation and usage of web tools, including SNS, blog, RSS, wikis, podcast/vodcast, and social bookmarking/tagging.

Findings

– All 100 academic libraries had a social media presence on Facebook and Twitter, making SNS the most widely applied Web 2.0 tool. The wiki was the least applied Web 2.0 technology, with a 34 percent participation rate. Blog was the second most popular tool with a 99 percent participation rate, followed by RSS and IM/Chat with 97 percent and 91 percent respectively. The vodcast and podcast had 47 percent and 46 percent participation rates respectively, while social bookmarking/tagging were also used by 39 percent of the academic libraries.

Research limitations/implications

– This study is completely based on publicly available data regarding usage of Web 2.0 applications. Web 2.0 tools used on library intranets were not analyzed for this study. Outcomes suggest that academic libraries are increasingly using Web 2.0 applications to promote themselves, enhance library services, and highlight resources to patrons.

Originality/value

– This is the first research that draws an overall picture of the usage and trends of Web 2.0 applications in the top 100 US academic libraries. This study demonstrates some noticeable patterns regarding usage, trends, and adoption which are relevant to how Web 2.0 applications are perceived and used within academic libraries. The study provides academic libraries with helpful information to better meet their user needs by effectively applying Web 2.0. Additionally, library managers, librarians and other libraries may also find this research beneficial as they plan to deploy Web 2.0.
Explaining undergraduates’ behavior intention of e-textbook adoption
Authors: Hsiao Chun-Hua , Tang Kai-Yu
Published: April 2014

Purpose

– The current study aims to investigate college students' behavioral intentions to adopt e-textbooks for their studies according to well-known theoretical intention-based models.

Design/methodology/approach

– This paper empirically assesses five theoretical models of technology acceptance, including the theory of planned behavior (TPB), the technology acceptance model (TAM), the decomposed TPB model (DTPB), the combined model of TAM and TPB (C-TAM-TPB), and the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT). The survey methodology and structural equation modeling (SEM) were employed to examine and compare these five models. Moreover, explanatory power, goodness-of-fit indices, and model parsimony were taken into consideration in the model comparisons.

Findings

– Both TPB and TAM provided less effective but adequate predictive behavioral power. However, TPB appeared to be more parsimonious than TAM and the other models. By focusing on specific beliefs of attitude, social and control influences, DTPB shares many of the same advantages as TPB and TAM, but is less parsimonious. Similarly, C-TAM-TPB, an augmented version of TAM that incorporates social influences and behavioral control, is superior to TPB and TAM in terms of its explanatory power of behavioral intention to use e-textbooks. Overall, however, the results indicated that UTAUT appeared to be the best model in terms of the metrics of parsimonious fit and explanatory power.

Originality/value

– Theoretical comparison of different models is important. This is believed to be the first study to present model comparisons by investigating undergraduates' intention to adopt e-textbooks as tools for their on-campus learning in Taiwan.
Targeting users in information provision – more than researchers, students and professionals
Authors: Fourie Ina , Fourie Herman
Published: April 2014

Purpose

– A previous contribution set the scenario for pursuing options to find a balance between information communication technology (ICT), information retrieval systems (IRS) such as databases, library catalogues, repositories, Google Scholar, digital libraries, portals, search engines and the users of these systems. This contribution seeks to pursue the issues by asking how information service providers can target their users. The emphasis is on making a difference, and to move beyond merely targeting researchers, postgraduate students and professionals such as doctors, chemists, and lawyers.

Design/methodology/approach

– The contribution will be written against the background of research from information behaviour, user studies and marketing.

Findings

– Information services and database producers mostly focus on postgraduate students, researchers and professionals. There is little support for undergraduate students and novices to a profession. Acknowledging preferences for Google and social media, more effort is required to gain the interest and loyalty of upcoming professionals – starting with undergraduate students.

Originality/value

– Although there are many publications on user studies and marketing in the library and information science literature, this contribution aims to draw on new ways of targeting users, and to note new potential user groups.
Turning the ship around
Authors: Shah Mahsood , Sid Nair Chenicheri
Published: April 2014

Purpose

– The higher education sector in many countries is going through unprecedented changes. The changes are as a direct result of external and internal operating environments which are having a significant impact on universities. Externally, changing government policy; ongoing student growth and stakeholder demand for quality; and international developments in higher education are some of the many factors driving change in universities. Internally, change in leadership and renewed institutional strategy; and financial sustainability are some of the internal factors contributing to the changes within universities. The purpose of this paper is to outline the changing context of Australian higher education and argue the need for the renewed emphasis on strategy development and effective implementation in universities.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper analyses the recurring themes related to strategy development, implementation and reviews from the external quality audits of all Australian universities in cycle one audit and 29 universities who completed cycle two audit until 2011.

Findings

– The paper argues the need for universities to engage in careful strategy development and implementation which aligns with institutional resourcing and risk management. Failure to engage in careful strategy development and effective implementation may put universities at risk in the current higher education landscape characterised by changing government policy and the political landscape in Australia.

Originality/value

– The literature on the effectiveness of strategy development and implementation in universities is limited. This paper attempts to fill the current gap by arguing the need for institutions to engage in careful strategy development at a time when governments cannot be trusted in the funding of universities.
Molecular phylogeny of the higher taxa of Odonata (Insecta) inferred from COI, 16S rRNA, 28S rRNA, and EF1‐α sequences
Authors: Kim Min Jee , Jung Kwang Soo , Park Nam Sook , Wan Xinlong , Kim Ki‐Gyoung , Jun Jumin , Yoon Tae Joong , Bae Yeon Jae , Lee Sang Mong , Kim Iksoo
Published: April 2014

In this study, we sequenced both two mitochondrial genes (COI and 16S rRNA) and nuclear genes (28S rRNA and elongation factor‐1α) from 71 species of Odonata that represent 7 superfamilies in 3 suborders. Phylogenetic testing for each two concatenated gene sequences based on function (ribosomal vs protein‐coding genes) and origin (mitochondrial vs nuclear genes) proved limited resolution. Thus, four concatenated sequences were utilized to test the previous phylogenetic hypotheses of higher taxa of Odonata via Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) algorithms, along with the data partition by the BI method. As a result, three slightly different topologies were obtained, but the BI tree without partition was slightly better supported by the topological test. This topology supported the suborders Anisoptera and Zygoptera each being a monophyly, and the close relationship of Anisozygoptera to Anisoptera. All the families represented by multiple taxa in both Anisoptera and Zygoptera were consistently revealed to each be a monophyly with the highest nodal support. Unlike consistent and robust familial relationships in Zygoptera those of Anisoptera were partially unresolved, presenting the following relationships: ((((Libellulidae + Corduliidae) + Macromiidae) + Gomphidae + Aeshnidae) + Anisozygoptera) + (((Coenagrionidae + Platycnemdidae) + Calopterygidae) + Lestidae). The subfamily Sympetrinae, represented by three genera in the anisopteran family Libellulidae, was not monophyletic, dividing Crocothemis and Deielia in one group together with other subfamilies and Sympetrum in another independent group.
Gene expression of lactobacilli in murine forestomach biofilms
Authors: Schwab Clarissa , Tveit Alexander Tøsdal , Schleper Christa , Urich Tim
Published: April 2014

Lactobacilli populate the gastro‐intestinal tract of vertebrates, and are used in food fermentations and as probiotics. Lactobacilli are also major constituents of stable biofilms in the forestomach of rodents. In order to investigate the lifestyle of these biofilm lactobacilli in C57BL/6 mice, we applied metatranscriptomics to analyse gene expression (assessed by mRNA) and community composition (assessed by rRNA). Lactobacillales were the major biofilm inhabitants (62–82% of rRNA reads), followed by Clostridiales (8–31% of rRNA reads). To identify mRNA transcripts specific for the forestomach, we compared forestomach and hindgut metatranscriptomes. Gene expression of the biofilm microbiota was characterized by high abundance of transcripts related to glucose and maltose utilization, peptide degradation, and amino acid transport, indicating their major catabolic and anabolic pathways. The microbiota transcribed genes encoding pathways enhancing oxidative stress (glutathione synthesis) and acid tolerance. Various pathways, including metabolite formation (urea degradation, arginine pathway, γ‐aminobutyrate) and cell wall modification (DltA, cyclopropane‐fatty‐acyl‐phospholipid synthase), contributed to acid tolerance, as judged from the transcript profile. In addition, the biofilm microbiota expressed numerous genes encoding extracellular proteins involved in adhesion and/or biofilm formation (e.g. MucBP, glycosyl hydrolase families 68 and 70). This study shed light on the lifestyle and specific adaptations of lactobacilli in the murine forestomach that might also be relevant for lactobacilli biofilms in other vertebrates, including humans.
Study of endothelial dysfunction in patients of psoriatic arthritis by flow mediated and nitroglycerine mediated dilatation of brachial artery
Authors: Sharma Aman , Reddy Mallapu Hithesh , Sharma Kusum , Dogra Sunil , Vijayvergiya Rajesh
Published: April 2014

Objective

To study endothelial dysfunction in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) without risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

Methods

Forty patients with PsA according to Classification Criteria for Psoriatic Arthritis (CASPAR) criteria and forty age‐ and sex‐matched controls were included. Patients with risk factors for cardiovascular disease were excluded. Endothelial function was assessed by measuring endothelial‐dependent flow‐mediated vasodilatation (FMD%) and endothelial‐independent nitroglycerin‐mediated dilatation (NMD%) in the brachial artery.

Results

There was a significant impairment of FMD% in patients as compared to controls (mean 8.3% vs. 10.8%, P = 0.007), but there was no significant difference in NMD%.

Conclusions

There is presence of endothelial dysfunction in patients with PsA independent of risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
Overview of the Landscape of HIV Prevention
Authors: Haase Ashley T.
Published: April 2014

In this introductory essay on the landscape of HIV prevention, my intent is to provide context for the subsequent topics discussed at the Symposium on Hormone Regulation of the Mucosal Environment in the female reproductive tract (FRT) and the Prevention of HIV infection: FRT immunity, mucosal microenvironment and HIV prevention, and the risk and impact of hormonal contraceptives on HIV transmission.
Polymorphisms in Inflammatory Genes are Associated with Term Small for Gestational Age and Preeclampsia
Authors: Harmon Quaker E. , Engel Stephanie M. , Wu Michael C. , Moran Thomas M. , Luo Jingchun , Stuebe Alison M. , Avery Christy L. , Olshan Andrew F.
Published: April 2014

Problem

Inflammatory biomarkers are associated with preeclampsia (PE) and poor fetal growth; however, genetic epidemiologic studies have been limited by reduced gene coverage and the exclusion of African American mothers.

Method of study

Cases and controls (N = 1646) from a pregnancy cohort were genotyped for 503 tagSNPs in 40 genes related to inflammation. Gene‐set analyses were stratified by race and were followed by a single SNP analysis within significant gene sets.

Results

Gene‐level associations were found for IL6 and KLRD1 for term small for gestational age (SGA) among African Americans. LTA/TNF and TBX21 were associated with PE among European Americans. The strongest association was for PE among European Americans for an upstream regulator of TNF with RR = 1.8 (95% CI 1.1–2.7).

Conclusion

Although previous studies have suggested null associations, increased tagging and stratification by genetic ancestry suggests important associations between IL6 and term SGA for African Americans, and a TNF regulator and PE among European Americans (N = 149).
Outcomes in patients undergoing urgent colorectal surgery
Authors: Teloken Patrick Ely , Spilsbury Katrina , Levitt Michael , Makin Gregory , Salama Paul , Tan Patrick , Penter Cheryl , Platell Cameron
Published: April 2014

Background

Urgent surgery for acute intestinal presentations is generally associated with worse outcomes than elective procedures. This study assessed the outcomes of patients undergoing urgent colorectal surgery.

Methods

Patients were identified from a prospective database. Surgery was classified as urgent when performed as soon as possible after resuscitation and usually within 24 h. Outcome measures included 30 days mortality, return to theatre, anastomotic leak and overall survival.

Results

Two hundred forty‐nine patients were included in the analysis. Median age was 65 years (interquartile range 48–74). The most common presentations were obstruction (52.2%) and perforation (23.6%). Cancer was the disease process responsible for presentation in 47.8% of patients. Thirty‐day mortality was 6.8%. Age (odds ratio 1.08 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02–1.15; P = 0.01), American Society of Anesthesiologists 4 (odds ratio 7.14 95% CI 1.67–30.4; P = 0.008) and cancer (odds ratio 6.61 95% CI 1.53–28.45; P = 0.011) were independent predictors of 30 days mortality. Relaparotomy was required in six (2.4%) cases. A primary anastomosis was performed in 156 (62.6%) patients. Anastomotic leak occurred in four (2.5%) patients. In patients with cancer, overall 5‐year survival was 28% (95% CI 19–37), corresponding to 54% (95% CI 35–70) for stages I and II, 50% (95% CI 24–71) for stage III and 6% (95% CI 1–17) for stage IV disease. Urgent surgery was independently associated with worse overall survival (hazard ratio 2.65; 95% CI 1.76–3.99; P < 0.001).

Conclusion

In patients undergoing an urgent resection within a colorectal unit, performing a primary anastomosis is feasible and safe in the majority, relaparotomies are required in a minority and urgent surgery is an important predictor of worse prognosis in those with colorectal cancer.
Levator recession with adjustable sutures for correction of upper eyelid retraction in thyroid eye disease
Authors: Ueland Hans Olav , Uchermann Aleksander , Rødahl Eyvind
Published: April 2014

Purpose

To examine the outcome of levator muscle recession with adjustable sutures for correcting upper eyelid retraction in thyroid eye disease.

Methods

All patients treated at Haukeland University Hospital between 2001 and 2011 were invited to participate in a follow‐up examination. Preoperative measurements were obtained from medical records. The following parameters were recorded: eyelid aperture, the distance from limbus to eyelid margin, vertical motility of the eyelid in up‐ and downgaze, lagophthalmos, proptosis, vertical motility of the eye, and strabismus. Symmetry and eyelid contour were evaluated from photographs. Results were categorized as good, acceptable or unacceptable.

Results

Sixty‐four out of a total of 80 patients attended the follow‐up examination. Six were excluded from further analysis due to relapse of their thyroid eye disease with increased inflammation. Among the 58 remaining patients, a good result was observed in 34 patients, an acceptable result in 19 and an unacceptable result in 5. Lagophthalmos was seen in 30% of the lids preoperatively and in 7% postoperatively. A second procedure was performed in 13/80 patients, in 6 because of under‐correction and in 7 because of ptosis. Wound infection occurred in 2 patients.

Conclusion

Levator recession with adjustable sutures can be used to correct any degree of retraction. Good results can be obtained, but the procedure is time‐consuming, and patients must be informed about the risk for reoperation.
Application of the BIOMED‐2 standardized primer system for the diagnosis of primary gastric B‐cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma
Authors: Jia Cong‐Wei , Sun Jian , Gu Yu‐Mei , Zhang Ting‐Ting , Liu Ming‐Yang , Chen Jie , Lu Zhao‐Hui
Published: April 2014

Primary gastric B‐cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (B‐NHL) has a similar morphocytological presentation to severe chronic gastritis, which complicates the pathological diagnosis of this disease. To investigate the practicality and utility of the BIOMED‐2 standardized primer system for the diagnosis of primary gastric B‐NHL from endoscopic biopsy specimens, we selected 65 cases of archived paraffin‐embedded primary gastric B‐NHL specimens as well as 27 cases of severe chronic gastritis samples to serve as a negative control group. The positivity rates of immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) gene rearrangements detected by the BIOMED‐2 standardized primer system for the two groups were 86.4% and 12.0%, respectively, which are significantly different (p < 0.05). Importantly, the combined detection of the five groups of the IgH primer system increased the detection rate of B‐NHL. These findings indicate that the BIOMED‐2 standardized primer system is suitable for formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) specimens and is valuable as a secondary diagnostic tool for primary gastric B‐NHL as well as the differential diagnosis of severe chronic gastritis.
Antiadhesive and antibiofilm activity of hyaluronic acid against bacteria responsible for respiratory tract infections
Authors: Drago Lorenzo , Cappelletti Laura , De Vecchi Elena , Pignataro Lorenzo , Torretta Sara , Mattina Roberto
Published: April 2014

To address the problem of limited efficacy of existing antibiotics in the treatment of bacterial biofilm, it is necessary to find alternative remedies. One candidate could be hyaluronic acid; this study therefore aimed to evaluate the in vitro antiadhesive and antibiofilm activity of hyaluronic acid toward bacterial species commonly isolated from respiratory infections. Interference exerted on bacterial adhesion was evaluated by using Hep‐2 cells, while the antibiofilm activity was assessed by means of spectrophotometry after incubation of biofilm with hyaluronic acid and staining with crystal violet. Our data suggest that hyaluronic acid is able to interfere with bacterial adhesion to a cellular substrate in a concentration‐dependent manner, being notably active when assessed as pure substance. Moreover, we found that Staphylococcus aureus biofilm was more sensitive to the action of hyaluronic acid than biofilm produced by Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis. In conclusion, hyaluronic acid is characterized by notable antiadhesive properties, while it shows a moderate activity against bacterial biofilm. As bacterial adhesion to oral cells is the first step for colonization, these results further sustain the role of hyaluronic acid in prevention of respiratory infections.
Tumor‐associated macrophages induce lymphangiogenesis in cervical cancer via interaction with tumor cells
Authors: Ding Hui , Cai Jing , Mao Min , Fang Yan , Huang Zaiju , Jia Jinghui , Li Tao , Xu Linjuan , Wang Junjie , Zhou Jun , Yang Qiang , Wang Zehua
Published: April 2014

Our studies were conducted to investigate the clinical and functional significance of tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) in cervical tumor lymphatic metastasis. We found that the increase in macrophages in tumor stroma is significantly associated with lymphatic metastasis (p = 0.017), through performing immunohistochemical staining in 111 cervical samples (55 invasive squamous carcinomas of uterine cervix, 27 cervical intraepithelial neoplasms III, and 29 normal cervix). The human lymphatic endothelial cells (HLEC), which were cultured in conditioned medium of cervical cancer cell‐macrophage coculture, formed more tube‐like structures in vitro, when compared with those in conditioned mediums of LEC, normal cervical epithelium, single macrophage, and single cervical cancer cell (all p < 0.001). The mRNA expressions of IL‐1β and IL‐8 in cervical cancer cells cocultured with macrophages were increased, compared with those in cervical cancer cell cultured alone (pIL‐1β < 0.05 and pIL‐8 < 0.01). Meanwhile, the mRNA expression of VEGF‐C and VEGF‐A was increased in macrophages cocultured with cervical cancer cells, compared with the expression in those macrophages cultured alone (both p < 0.05). Taken together, the results suggest that TAMs promote lymphangiogenesis mainly through interaction with surrounding cervical cancer cells.
Safety and tolerability of rifaximin for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome without constipation: a pooled analysis of randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trials
Authors: Schoenfeld P. , Pimentel M. , Chang L. , Lembo A. , Chey W. D. , Yu J. , Paterson C. , Bortey E. , Forbes W. P.
Published: April 2014

Background

The efficacy of rifaximin, a nonsystemic, gut‐targeted antibiotic for reducing non–constipation‐predominant irritable bowel syndrome (non‐C IBS) symptoms, has been demonstrated in one phase 2b and two phase 3 randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trials, but detailed data about rifaximin safety and tolerability during treatment and subsequent follow‐up periods are lacking.

Aim

To assess and determine the frequency of rifaximin and placebo adverse events (AEs) in phase 2b and phase 3 non‐C IBS trials.

Methods

A post hoc pooled safety analysis of the phase 2b (rifaximin 275, 550, and 1100 mg twice daily for 2 weeks; 550 mg twice daily for 4 weeks) and phase 3 (rifaximin 550 mg three times daily for 2 weeks) studies was performed. Data on treatment and post‐treatment AEs were collected. Patients were followed up for 12 weeks and 10 weeks post‐treatment in the phase 2b and phase 3 trials, respectively.

Results

Patients receiving rifaximin (n = 1103) and placebo (n = 829) had a similar incidence of drug‐related AEs (12.1% vs. 10.7%), serious AEs (1.5% vs. 2.2%), drug‐related AEs resulting in study discontinuation (0.8% vs. 0.8%), gastrointestinal‐associated AEs (12.2% vs. 12.2%) and infection‐associated AEs (8.5% vs. 9.5%). There were no cases of Clostridium difficile colitis or deaths.

Conclusions

The safety and tolerability profile of rifaximin during treatment and post‐treatment was comparable to placebo. Future research should define the safety and tolerability profile, including risk of C. difficile colitis and microbial antibiotic resistance, with repeated courses of rifaximin in patients with non—constipation‐predominant irritable bowel syndrome (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00269412, NCT00731679, and NCT00724126).
CJK Investment Agreements in East Asia: Building a Bifurcated Investment Regime
Authors: Corning Gregory P.
Published: April 2014

In May 2012, China, Japan, and South Korea (CJK) signed a trilateral investment agreement—their first legal agreement on trilateral economic cooperation. This article argues that the diffusion of liberal investment rules in the trilateral agreement was circumscribed by China's market power. It examines the evolution of CJK policies on investment agreements and how these policies clashed in the negotiation of the trilateral deal. During the last decade, Japan and Korea have secured agreements with Southeast Asian nations that liberalize rules governing investment but they were unable to push China toward preestablishment liberalization in the trilateral agreement. As a result, there is a bifurcation of investment rules in East Asia with more liberal rules among Japan, Korea, and Southeast Asia than any that the three share with China.
The Reformasi '98 and the Arab Spring: A Comparative Study of Popular Uprisings in Indonesia and Tunisia
Authors: Burhani Ahmad Najib
Published: April 2014

By comparing popular uprisings in Indonesia and Tunisia, this article intends to answer the questions: What kind of condition made the Islamists successfully take over the state in Tunisia, while they failed to do so in Indonesia? What are the similarities and differences between the uprisings in these two countries? This article argues that the historical and sociopolitical position of Islamists during the authoritarian regimes determined the fate of Islamist parties after the uprisings. The role of Ennahda party as a symbol of opposition has contributed to its rise after the Tunisian Spring, while the involvement of Islamists in the regime during the last years of Suharto's rule contributed to the decline of Islamist parties in Indonesia. However, the strongest argument for the decline of Islamist parties in Indonesia is the fading away of political streams. Furthermore, the role of Muslim scholars in desacralizing Islamist parties in Indonesia has significantly challenged and undermined the identification of Islam with Islamist parties.
Influence of UGT2B7,OPRM1 and ABCB1 Gene Polymorphisms on Postoperative Morphine Consumption
Authors: Bastami Salumeh , Gupta Anil , Zackrisson Anna‐Lena , Ahlner Johan , Osman Abdimajid , Uppugunduri Srinivas
Published: April 2014

Therapeutic modulation of pain with morphine and other opioids is associated with significant variation in both effects and adverse effects in individual patients. Many factors including gene polymorphisms have been shown to contribute to the interindividual variability in the response to opioids. The aim of this study was to investigate the significance of UGT2B7, OPRM1 and ABCB1 polymorphisms for interindividual variability in morphine‐induced analgesia in patients undergoing hysterectomy. The frequency of these polymorphisms was also investigated in forensic autopsies as morphine is also a very commonly abused drug. Blood samples were collected from 40 patients following abdominal hysterectomy, 24 hr after initiation of analgesia through a patient‐controlled analgesia (PCA) pump. Samples were genotyped and analysed for morphine and its metabolites. We also genotyped approximately 200 autopsies found positive for morphine in routine forensic analysis. Patients homozygous for UGT2B7 802C needed significantly lower dose of morphine for pain relief. The same trend was observed for patients homozygous for ABCB1 1236T and 3435T, as well as to OPRM1 118A. The dose of morphine in patients included in this study was significantly related to variation in UGT2B7 T802C. Age was significantly related to both dose and concentration of morphine in blood. Regression analysis showed that 30% of differences in variation in morphine dose could be explained by SNPs in these genes. The genotype distribution was similar between the forensic cases and the patients. However, the mean concentration of morphine was higher in forensic cases compared to patients. We conclude that gene polymorphisms contribute significantly to the variation in morphine concentrations observed in individual patients.
Charts for Weight Loss to Detect Hypernatremic Dehydration and Prevent Formula Supplementing
Authors: van Dommelen Paula , Boer Suzanne , Unal Sevim , van Wouwe Jacobus P.
Published: April 2014

Background

Most breast‐fed newborns get the milk they need. However, very rarely milk intake is insufficient mostly as a result of poor breastfeeding techniques. Dramatic weight loss and hypernatremic dehydration may occur. Our aim was to construct charts for weight loss.

Methods

A case–control study was performed. Charts with standard deviation score (SDS) lines for weight loss in the first month were constructed for 2,359 healthy breast‐fed term newborns and 271 cases with breastfeeding‐associated hypernatremic dehydration with serum sodium level > 149 mEq/L. Day 0 was defined as the day of birth.

Results

Many cases with (or who will develop) hypernatremic dehydration (84%; +1 SDS line) fell below the −1 SDS line at day 3, the −2 SDS line at day 4, and the −2.5 SDS line at day 5 in the chart of the healthy breast‐fed newborns. Weight loss of cases with permanent residual symptoms was far below the −2.5 SDS.

Conclusions

Already at an early age, weight loss differs between healthy breast‐fed newborns and those with hypernatremic dehydration. Charts for weight loss are, therefore, useful tools to detect early, or prevent newborns from developing, breastfeeding‐associated hypernatremic dehydration, and also to prevent unnecessary formula supplementing.
Linking Local Plants with Small Handicraft Enterprises among Indigenous Mapuche Communities: Towards a Combined Approach of Local Development and Enhancement of Ethnobotanical Knowledge?
Authors: TORRI MARIA C.
Published: April 2014

There is a paucity of studies analysing the role of ethnobotanical knowledge for handicraft and local development. Thus, more work is required to expand the range of detailed case studies on which to draw. The objective of this article is to analyse an initiative promoted by a pioneering experience of its kind in the Araucaria region, Chile, which is centred on traditional knowledge of Mapuche communities. By identifying what lessons can be drawn from this experience, this study analyses the factors that can promote synergies between handicraft and conservation of local plants from which resources are derived for handicraft.
Sex differences in animal models of psychiatric disorders
Authors: Kokras N , Dalla C
Published: April 2014

Psychiatric disorders are characterized by sex differences in their prevalence, symptomatology and treatment response. Animal models have been widely employed for the investigation of the neurobiology of such disorders and the discovery of new treatments. However, mostly male animals have been used in preclinical pharmacological studies. In this review, we highlight the need for the inclusion of both male and female animals in experimental studies aiming at gender‐oriented prevention, diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders. We present behavioural findings on sex differences from animal models of depression, anxiety, post‐traumatic stress disorder, substance‐related disorders, obsessive–compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and autism. Moreover, when available, we include studies conducted across different stages of the oestrous cycle. By inspection of the relevant literature, it is obvious that robust sex differences exist in models of all psychiatric disorders. However, many times results are conflicting, and no clear conclusion regarding the direction of sex differences and the effect of the oestrous cycle is drawn. Moreover, there is a lack of considerable amount of studies using psychiatric drugs in both male and female animals, in order to evaluate the differential response between the two sexes. Notably, while in most cases animal models successfully mimic drug response in both sexes, test parameters and treatment‐sensitive behavioural indices are not always the same for male and female rodents. Thus, there is an increasing need to validate animal models for both sexes and use standard procedures across different laboratories.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Animal Models in Psychiatry Research. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue-20
Activation of P2Y6 receptors increases the voiding frequency in anaesthetized rats by releasing ATP from the bladder urothelium
Authors: Carneiro Inês , Timóteo M Alexandrina , Silva Isabel , Vieira Cátia , Baldaia Catarina , Ferreirinha Fátima , Silva‐Ramos Miguel , Correia‐de‐Sá Paulo
Published: April 2014

Background and purpose

Despite the abundant expression of the UDP‐sensitive P2Y6 receptor in urothelial cells and sub‐urothelial myofibroblasts its role in the control of bladder function is not well understood.

Experimental approach

We compared the effects of UDP and of the selective P2Y6 receptor agonist, PSB0474, on bladder urodynamics in anaesthetized rats; the voided fluid was tested for ATP bioluminescence. The isolated urinary bladder was used for in vitro myographic recordings and [3H]‐ACh overflow experiments.

Key results

Instillation of UDP or PSB0474 into the bladder increased the voiding frequency (VF) without affecting the amplitude (A) and the duration (Δt) of bladder contractions; an effect blocked by the P2Y6 receptor antagonist, MRS2578. Effects mediated by urothelial P2Y6 receptors required extrinsic neuronal circuitry as they were not detected in the isolated bladder. UDP‐induced bladder hyperactvity was also prevented by blocking P2X3 and P2Y1 receptors, respectively, with A317491 and MRS2179 applied i.v.. UDP decreased [3H]‐ACh release from stimulated bladder strips with urothelium, but not in its absence. Inhibitory effects of UDP were converted into facilitation by the P2Y1 receptor antagonist, MRS2179. The P2Y6 receptor agonist increased threefold ATP levels in the voided fluid.

Conclusions and Implications

Activation of P2Y6 receptors increased the voiding frequency indirectly by releasing ATP from the urothelium and activation of P2X3 receptors on sub‐urothelial nerve afferents. Bladder hyperactivity may be partly reversed following ATP hydrolysis to ADP by E‐NTPDases, thereby decreasing ACh release from cholinergic nerves expressing P2Y1 receptors.
Does PKC activation increase the homologous desensitization of μ opioid receptors?
Authors: Arttamangkul Seksiri , Birdsong William , Williams John T
Published: April 2014

Background and Purpose

This study examined the role of agents known to activate PKC on morphine‐induced desensitization of μ‐opioid receptors (MOP receptors) in brain slices containing locus coeruleus neurons.

Experimental Approach

Intracellular recordings were obtained from rat locus coeruleus neurons. Two measurements were used to characterize desensitization, the decline in hyperpolarization induced by application of a saturating concentration of agonist (acute desensitization) and the decrease in hyperpolarization induced by a subsaturating concentration of [Met]5enkephalin (ME) following washout of the saturating concentration (sustained desensitization). Internalization of MOP receptors was studied in brain slices prepared from transgenic mice expressing Flag‐MOP receptors. The subcellular distribution of activated PKC was examined using a novel fluorescent sensor of PKC in HEK293 cells.

Key Results

The phorbol esters (PMA and PDBu) and muscarine increased acute desensitization induced by a saturating concentration of morphine and ME. These effects were not sensitive to staurosporine. Staurosporine did not block the decline in hyperpolarization induced by muscarine. PDBu and muscarine did not affect sustained desensitization induced by ME nor did phorbol esters or muscarine change the trafficking of MOP receptors induced by morphine or ME. The distribution of activated PKC measured in HEK293 cells differed depending on which phorbol ester was applied.

Conclusions and Implications

This study demonstrates a distinct difference in two measurements that are often used to evaluate desensitization. The measure of decline correlated well with the reduction in peak amplitudes caused by PKC activators implicating the modification of other factors rather than MOP receptors.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Opioids: New Pathways to Functional Selectivity. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-2
Maresin 1 mitigatesLPS‐induced acute lung injury in mice
Authors: Gong Jie , Wu Zhou‐yang , Qi Hong , Chen Lin , Li Hong‐bin , Li Bo , Yao Cheng‐ye , Wang Ya‐xin , Wu Jing , Yuan Shi‐ying , Yao Shang‐long , Shang You
Published: April 2014

Background and Purpose

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe illness with a high rate of mortality.Maresin 1 (MaR1) was recently reported to regulate inflammatory responses. We used aLPS‐inducedALImodel to determine whetherMaR1can mitigate lung injury.

Experimental Approach

MaleBALB/c mice were injected, intratracheally, with eitherLPS(3 mg·kg−1) or normal saline (1.5 mL·kg−1). After this, normal saline, a low dose ofMaR1(0.1 ng per mouse) or a high dose ofMaR1(1 ng per mouse) was given i.v. Lung injury was evaluated by detecting arterial blood gas, pathohistological examination, pulmonary oedema, inflammatory cell infiltration, inflammatory cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and neutrophil–platelet interactions.

Key Results

The high dose ofMaR1significantly inhibitedLPS‐inducedALIby restoring oxygenation, attenuating pulmonary oedema and mitigating pathohistological changes. A combination ofelisaand immunohistochemistry showed that high‐doseMaR1attenuatedLPS‐induced increases in pro‐inflammatory cytokines (TNF‐α,IL‐1β andIL‐6), chemokines [keratinocyte chemokine, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐5, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)‐1α andMIP‐1γ], pulmonary myeloperoxidase activity and neutrophil infiltration in the lung tissues. Consistent with these observations, flow cytometry and Western blotting indicated thatMaR1down‐regulatedLPS‐induced neutrophil adhesions and suppressed the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)‐1,P‐selection andCD24.

Conclusions and Implications

High‐doseMaR1mitigatedLPS‐induced lung injury in mice by inhibiting neutrophil adhesions and decreasing the levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines.
Ecological restoration of rich fens in Europe and North America: from trial and error to an evidence‐based approach
Authors: Lamers Leon P. M. , Vile Melanie A. , Grootjans Ab P. , Acreman Mike C. , van Diggelen Rudy , Evans Martin G. , Richardson Curtis J. , Rochefort Line , Kooijman Annemieke M. , Roelofs Jan G. M. , Smolders Alfons J. P.
Published: April 2014

Fens represent a large array of ecosystem services, including the highest biodiversity found among wetlands, hydrological services, water purification and carbon sequestration. Land‐use change and drainage has severely damaged or annihilated these services in many parts of North America and Europe; restoration plans are urgently needed at the landscape level. We review the major constraints on the restoration of rich fens and fen water bodies in agricultural areas in Europe and disturbed landscapes in North America: (i) habitat quality problems: drought, eutrophication, acidification, and toxicity, and (ii) recolonization problems: species pools, ecosystem fragmentation and connectivity, genetic variability, and invasive species; and here provide possible solutions. We discuss both positive and negative consequences of restoration measures, and their causes. The restoration of wetland ecosystem functioning and services has, for a long time, been based on a trial‐and‐error approach. By presenting research and practice on the restoration of rich fen ecosystems within agricultural areas, we demonstrate the importance of biogeochemical and ecological knowledge at different spatial scales for the management and restoration of biodiversity, water quality, carbon sequestration and other ecosystem services, especially in a changing climate. We define target processes that enable scientists, nature managers, water managers and policy makers to choose between different measures and to predict restoration prospects for different types of deteriorated fens and their starting conditions.