bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geographical disparity and traumatic brain injury in America: Rural areas suffer poorer outcomes
Authors: Brown Joshua B , Kheng Marin , Carney Nancy A , Rubiano Andres A , Puyana Juan Carlos
Published: January 2019

Introduction: Significant heterogeneity exists in traumatic brain injury (TBI) outcomes. In the United States, TBI remains a primary driver of injury-related mortality and morbidity. Prior work has suggested that disparity exists in rural areas; our objective was to evaluate potential differences in TBI mortality across urban and rural areas on a national scale. Methods: Age-adjusted TBI fatality rates were obtained at the county level across the U.S. from 2008 to 2014. To evaluate geography, urban influence codes (UIC) were also obtained at the county level. UIC codes range from 1 (most urban) to 12 (most rural). Metropolitan counties are defined as those with an UIC ≤2, while nonmetropolitan counties are defined as an UIC ≥3. County-level fatality rates and UIC classification were geospatially mapped. Linear regression was used to evaluate the change in TBI fatality rate at each category of UIC. The median TBI fatality rate was also compared between metropolitan and nonmetropolitan counties. Results: Geospatial analysis demonstrated higher fatality rates distributed among nonmetropolitan counties across the United States. The TBI fatality rate was 13.00 deaths per 100,000 persons higher in the most rural UIC category compared to the most urban UIC category (95% confidence interval 12.15, 13.86; P < 0.001). The median TBI rate for nonmetropolitan counties was significantly higher than metropolitan counties (22.32 vs. 18.22 deaths per 100,000 persons, P < 0.001). Conclusions: TBI fatality rates are higher in rural areas of the United States. Additional studies to evaluate the mechanisms and solutions to this disparity are warranted and may have implications for lower-and middle-income countries.
Conformally Kähler, Einstein–Maxwell geometry
Authors: Apostolov Vestislav , Maschler Gideon
Published: January 2019

On a given compact complex manifold or orbifold

(M,J)

, we study the existence of Hermitian metrics

\tilde g

in the conformal classes of Kähler metrics on

(M,J)

, such that the Ricci tensor of

\tilde g

is of type (1, 1) with respect to the complex structure, and the scalar curvature of

\tilde g

is constant. In real dimension 4, such Hermitian metrics provide a Riemannian counter-part of the Einstein–Maxwell equations in general relativity, and have been recently studied in [3, 34, 35, 33]. We show how the existence problem of such Hermitian metrics (which we call in any dimension conformally Kähler, Einstein–Maxwell metrics) fits into a formal momentum map interpretation, analogous to results by Donaldson and Fujiki [22, 25] in the constant scalar curvature Kähler case. This leads to a suitable notion of a Futaki invariant which provides an obstruction to the existence of conformally Kähler, Einstein–Maxwell metrics invariant under a certain group of automorphisms which are associated to a given Kähler class, a real holomorphic vector field on

(M, J)

, and a positive normalization constant. Specializing to the toric case, we further define a suitable notion of

K

-polystability and show it provides a (stronger) necessary condition for the existence of toric, conformally Kähler, Einstein–Maxwell metrics. We use the methods of [4] to show that on a compact symplectic toric 4-orbifold with second Betti number equal to 2,

K

-polystability is also a sufficient condition for the existence of (toric) conformally Kähler, Einstein–Maxwell metrics, and the latter are explicitly described as ambitoric in the sense of [3]. As an application, we exhibit many new examples of conformally Kähler, Einstein–Maxwell metrics defined on compact 4-orbifolds, and obtain a uniqueness result for the construction in [34].
WASH for WORMS: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial of the Impact of a Community Integrated Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene and Deworming Intervention on Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections
Authors: Vaz Nery Susana , Traub Rebecca J. , McCarthy James S. , Clarke Naomi E. , Amaral Salvador , Llewellyn Stacey , Weking Edmund , Richardson Alice , Campbell Suzy J. , Gray Darren J. , Vallely Andrew J. , Williams Gail M. , Andrews Ross M. , Clements Archie C. A.
Published: January 2019

Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions have been proposed as an important complement to deworming programs for sustainable control of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections. We aimed to determine whether a community-based WASH program had additional benefits in reducing STH infections compared with community deworming alone. We conducted the WASH for WORMS cluster-randomized controlled trial in 18 rural communities in Timor-Leste. Intervention communities received a WASH intervention that provided access to an improved water source, promoted improved household sanitation, and encouraged handwashing with soap. All eligible community members in intervention and control arms received albendazole every 6 months for 2 years. The primary outcomes were infection with each STH, measured using multiplex real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. We compared outcomes between study arms using generalized linear mixed models, accounting for clustering at community, household, and individual levels. At study completion, the integrated WASH and deworming intervention did not have an effect on infection with Ascaris spp. (relative risk [RR] 2.87, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.66–12.48, P = 0.159) or Necator americanus (RR 0.99, 95% CI: 0.52–1.89, P = 0.987), compared with deworming alone. At the last follow-up, open defecation was practiced by 66.1% (95% CI: 54.2–80.2) of respondents in the control arm versus 40.2% (95% CI: 25.3–52.6) of respondents in the intervention arm (P = 0.005). We found no evidence that the WASH intervention resulted in additional reductions in STH infections beyond that achieved with deworming alone over the 2-year trial period. The role of WASH on STH infections over a longer period of time and in the absence of deworming remains to be determined.
Persistence of Schistosoma japonicum DNA in a Kidney–Liver Transplant Recipient
Authors: Kron Michael , Gordon Catherine , Bauers Timothy , Lu Zouyan , Mahatme Sheran , Shah Janaki , Saeian Kia , McManus Donald P.
Published: January 2019

Mitochondrial genome analysis of Schistosoma japonicum suggests that diversity of intermediate host snails drove intra-species divergence during its expansion in Asia. We applied the knowledge of this genomic variation to study an unusual patient we recently diagnosed with schistosomiasis. The patient had not visited any schistosomiasis-endemic countries for more than 35 years and had no idea where she became infected. Unusual clinical features of this patient included the absence of egg granulomas in tissue and persistent noncalcified eggs despite multiple praziquantel (PZQ) treatments over 7 years. A digital droplet polymerase chair reaction (PCR) assay that specifically targets the schistosome 1,4 dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-1 (NADH1) dehydrogenase-1 mitochondrial gene successfully amplified parasite DNA extracted from colon biopsies. DNA sequence analysis of parasite DNA revealed that it was a Philippine strain of S. japonicum. Future molecular studies using stored DNA from patients such as this may provide new insight into why some persons do not respond well to PZQ treatment.
An overview of airborne measurement in Nepal – Part 1: Vertical profile of aerosol size, number, spectral absorption, and meteorology
Authors: Singh Ashish , Mahata Khadak S. , Rupakheti Maheswar , Junkermann Wolfgang , Panday Arnico K. , Lawrence Mark G.
Published: January 2019

Abstract. The paper provides an overview of an airborne measurement
campaign with a microlight aircraft over the Pokhara Valley region, Nepal, a
metropolitan region in the central Himalayan foothills. This is the first
aerial measurement in the central Himalayan foothill region, one of the
polluted but relatively poorly sampled regions of the world. Conducted in two
phases (in May 2016 and December 2016–January 2017), the goal of the overall
campaign was to quantify the vertical distribution of aerosols over a
polluted mountain valley in the Himalayan foothills, as well as to
investigate the extent of regional transport of emissions into the Himalayas.
This paper summarizes results from the first phase where test flights were
conducted in May 2016 (pre-monsoon), with the objective of demonstrating the
potential of airborne measurements in the region using a portable instrument
package (size with housing case:
0.45 m × 0.25 m × 0.25 m, 15 kg) onboard an ultralight
aircraft (IKARUS-C42). A total of five sampling test flights were conducted
(each lasting for 1–1.5 h) in the Pokhara Valley to characterize vertical
profiles of aerosol properties such as aerosol number and size distribution
(0.3–2 µm), total particle concentration (>14 nm), aerosol
absorption (370–950 nm), black carbon (BC), and meteorological variables.
Although some interesting observations were made during the test flight, the
study is limited to a few days (and only a few hours of flight in total) and
thus the analysis presented may not represent the entire
pollution–meteorology interaction found in the Pokhara Valley. The vertical profiles of aerosol species showed decreasing concentrations
with altitude (815 to 4500 m a.s.l.); a steep concentration gradient below
2000 m a.s.l. in the morning; and mixed profiles (up to ca.
4000 m a.s.l.) in the afternoon. The near-surface (<1000 m a.s.l.) BC
concentrations observed in the Pokhara Valley were much lower than
pre-monsoon BC concentrations in the Kathmandu Valley, and similar in range
to Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) sites such as Kanpur in India. The sampling test
flight also detected an elevated polluted aerosol layer (around
3000 m a.s.l.) over the Pokhara Valley, which could be associated with the
regional transport. The total aerosol and black carbon concentration in the
polluted layer was comparable with the near-surface values. The elevated polluted layer was also characterized by a
high aerosol extinction coefficient (at 550 nm) and was identified as smoke
and a polluted dust layer. The observed shift in the westerlies (at
20–30∘ N) entering Nepal during the test flight period could be an
important factor for the presence of elevated polluted layers in the Pokhara
Valley.
The global distribution of the M1 ocean tide
Authors: Woodworth Philip L.
Published: January 2019

Abstract. The worldwide distribution of the small degree-3 M1 ocean tide is investigated using a quasi-global data set of over 800 tide gauge records and a global tide model. M1 is confirmed to have a geographical variation in the Atlantic consistent with the suggestion of Platzman and Cartwright that M1 is generated in the ocean as a consequence of the spatial and temporal overlap of M1 in the tidal potential and one (or at least a small number) of diurnal ocean normal modes. As a consequence, it is particularly strong around the UK and on North Sea coasts. This analysis shows that their suggestion is also consistent to a great extent with the observed small amplitudes in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. However, there are differences at the regional and local level which require much further study via more sophisticated ocean tidal modelling. By contrast, the M1' tide is shown to have a geographical distribution consistent with expectations from other degree-2 diurnal tides, apart from locations such as around the UK where tidal interactions introduce complications. As far as we know, this is the first time that these small tidal constituents have been mapped on a global basis and, in particular, the first time that the ocean response to the degree-3 component of the tidal potential has been investigated globally.
Initiation, Response, Follow-up and Beyond: Analyzing Dialogue Around Difficulty in a Tutorial Setting
Authors: Jaeger Elizabeth L.
Published: January 2019

With the advent of Common Core-based assessments, and resulting concerns about academic achievement, more and more students may require the level of instructional intensity tutoring affords. The extent of knowledge regarding the discourse that occurs within the tutoring context is, however, limited. As a result, it is difficult to envision and implement a protocol that incorporates responsive tutor/tutee interaction. This article describes an analysis of discourse patterns that occur as a tutor responded to student difficulty. The study is framed using Bakhtin’s concept of dialogue—the ways in which interactions are influenced by the joint speaker/listener identity that is characteristic of interlocutors—and the way this played out in a dialogic instructional context. Excerpts from eight previous tutoring studies served as a foundation for the present research. The primary data source for the analysis was start-to-finish audio-recordings of 40 hours of instruction with two fourth grade readers. After preliminary open coding, overarching categories such as questioning, providing information, and demonstrating strategy use—and more detailed codes within these categories—were applied to the transcripts. Major findings demonstrated that: (a) the tutor’s moves were varied and balanced and differed somewhat from child to child, (b) some interactional sequences appeared more effective than others depending on the topic and child, and (c) interactions in this setting differed in important ways from those found in the research literature. I argue here that the dialogic characteristics of tutor/tutee interactions served the children involved and should serve as the basis for additional tutoring protocols.
The Factors of Reinforcing Global Independence of the External Auditor: Case of Tunisian Enterprises
Authors: Bouain Wided , Hrichi Yosr
Published: January 2019

The global independence of the external auditor is decomposed into real and perceived independence. The aim of this article is to analyze the factors enhancing the global independence of the Tunisian auditor by classifying them as factors related to the auditor, the auditing firm and the audited company. In one hand, our results shows that training, sector specialization and the audit committee reinforce real and perceived auditor’s independence. In fact, the auditor with a higher degree of education is enables to issue an unbiased audit report. The sector specialization guarantees the auditor's ability to be rigorous and independent during the audit assignment. The audit committee which has a legitimate and informative power limits any pressure on auditor’s independence. In addition, the audit tenure has a negative effect on the perceived independence and the voluntary rotation decreases the real independence because managerial pressures can force the auditor to give a favorable opinion on the financial statements and the rotation can affects the auditor's perception of his future fees. We can therefore conclude that achieving a global independence of the auditor is a difficult task because of the ambiguity of the assessment of the real independence of the Tunisian auditor.
The Dimensions of Ethical Leadership Delineated by Codes of Ethics for Executives and Financial Officers
Authors: Etheridge Harlan , Yu Hsu Kathy Hsiao
Published: January 2019

The financial scandals of the late 1990s and early 2000s led Congress to pass the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX). SOX Section 406 requires publicly-traded corporations to disclose whether they have a separate code of ethics that applies to their senior financial officers (financial code of ethics). Our study examines the content of the financial code of ethics of 29 publicly-traded firms and find that, in accordance with SOX 406, full, fair, accurate, timely and understandable disclosures and compliance with applicable laws and regulation are strongly encouraged by these codes of ethics as are and honest and ethical conduct and communication of issues by the senior financial officers. Most of the codes we examine also expect their senior financial officers to be positive role models for other employees and to actively promote ethical behavior. Most of the financial codes of ethics we examine also prohibit certain activities, primarily conflicts of interest and insider trading. The majority of the codes also specify penalties for violations of the codes with most of the codes listing termination of employment and other disciplinary actions in response to code violations. Most of the codes also contain provisions that require senior financial officers to report any violations of the code of ethics of which they are aware. We are surprised to find that many of the codes do not discuss important issues. For example, the issues of waivers of the code of ethics or prohibition of retaliation for reporting code violations are discussed only by a minority of the codes in our study. Similarly, less than half of the codes in our study require officer signatures or certification and less than a third discuss the process for amending the code of ethics. Finally, very few codes provide guidance for officers who seek clarification of the code, discuss who within the company is considered the “owner” of the code, or disclose where interested parties can locate the code.
Whole Genome Sequence of Sphingobacterium sp. G1-14, a Strain With Effective Paichongding Biodegradation
Authors: Yin Peng , Liu Suyu , Wu Xingke
Published: January 2019

In this study, we obtained a Paichongding (RR/SS-IPP) degrading Sphingobacterium sp. G1-14 by UV irradiation of the original strain G1-13. This new mutant strain showed excellent RR/SS-IPP degradation performance, and the degradation of ratio was up to 30 per cent after 7 days. Subsequently, we determined the mutant strain G 1-14 as Sphingobacterium based on the phylogenomic analyses. The circular chromosome of Sphingobacterium sp. G1-14 was presented in this paper by Illumina Hiseq platform combined with a third-generation sequencing platform. 5583 protein-coding sequences of the complete genome sequence were obtained, which is beneficial to deduced genes related to RR/SS-IPP degradation.
Inter-unit reliability for quality measure testing
Authors: He Kevin , Kalbfleisch John D. , Yang Yuan , Fei Zhe , Kim Sehee , Kang Jiang , Li Yi
Published: January 2019

Facility-specific quality measures are commonly used to monitor dialysis facilities. To successfully develop, test and validate quality measures, a subset of facilities are often recruited for preliminary evaluations. To ensure that the facility-specific measures will achieve a desirable precision, it is often of interest to determine a minimum number of facilities that should be recruited. To achieve this, we propose a method based on the inter-unit reliability (IUR), which is commonly used to assess quality measures. Accurate estimates of the IUR are important to ensure that the quality measure will achieve a desirable precision. We first review existing methods of estimating the IUR for quality measures that are based on sample averages. We then generalize the IUR estimations to more complicated standardized measures. In particular, the confidence intervals of the IUR are calculated, with the width of this confidence interval measuring the precision of the estimate of the IUR. To assess the performance of the estimated IUR with various numbers of facilities, a simulation study is conducted. The IURs are then computed to develop and implement a quality measure that is used to guard against high ultrafiltration rates for adult dialysis patient with End-Stage Renal Disease. The estimated values are helpful to determine a minimum number of facilities that should be recruited in the measure testing process.
A Previdência Social no Brasil: atores, teorias e a disputa de interesses
Authors: Cortes da Costa Lucia
Published: January 2019

O tema abordado neste artigo é a previdência social brasileira, com o objetivo de analisar os atores envolvidos e os interesses que marcam sua trajetória histórica. Discute-se a previdência social como política pública, refletindo sobre os interesses, atores e teorias que foram evidentes em diferentes contextos históricos. Busca-se apresentar as principais mudanças na previdência social no período de 1930-2016, com base nas alterações legais e institucionais. A metodologia utilizada foi a pesquisa bibliográfica para revisão da literatura, a pesquisa documental e medidas legais, dados oficiais sobre a previdência social no Brasil.
A Selfie e a Pós-Fotografia: Considerações Psicológicas
Authors: Salles Filipe Mattos de
Published: January 2019

A chamada ‘Pós-Fotografia’ é um conceito desenvolvido por Fontcuberta (2011, 2012) para o entendimento dos fenômenos visuais da era digital, incluindo o gênero selfie, tanto na sua produção quanto em seu uso. Entretanto, nem sempre é possível identificar no resultado uma intenção de questionar os limites da significação fotográfica, e o que desponta é uma obsessão psicológica pela selfie. Assim, a ‘pós-fotografia’ parece ser um termo delegado apenas à arte fotográfica, e não à fotografia amadora.
Reprodução ou criação? - A emergência de novas subjetividades a partir da reprodutibilidade fotográfica
Authors: Barretto Isadora De Vilhena , Gondar Jô
Published: January 2019

Neste artigo, procura-se pensar como a fotografia influencia e modifica nossas maneiras de ser, compreendendo-a como um modo de produção de subjetividade. Para isso, faz-se uso da obra de Walter Benjamin e das reflexões de Susan Sontag para conceber a reprodutibilidade técnica do maquinário fotográfico como um instrumento de promoção de uma nova percepção e de um novo tipo de realidade, cuja manifestação é distinta daquela assimilada por nós até então.
O dispositivo de visibilidade de Memórias da Vila: retratos e relatos de vida no Aglomerado da Serra
Authors: Serelle Marcio De Vasconcelos , Campos Júnia Maria Pinto de
Published: January 2019

Este artigo analisa a obra Memórias da Vila a partir do conceito de “dispositivo de visibilidade” em Rancière, entendido como um arranjo de linguagem que regula a atenção para os corpos representados. Articulando retratos e relatos de vida, o livro busca, na representação de moradores do Aglomerado da Serra, em Belo Horizonte, romper com estereótipos que marcam a comunidade. A análise dos elementos fotográficos e narrativos demonstra a potência da obra para propor um outro lugar a esses sujeitos subalternizados.
Impact of Number and Type of Figures’ Identification on Accessing Caricatures’ Meaning
Authors: Al-Fatlawi Zuhoor A. , Al-Bahrani Rana H.
Published: January 2019

The present paper is part of an MA thesis; it aims at quantitatively and qualitatively analyzing the objective of the study which reads: examining the impact of the number and type (strip or comprehensive) of figures’ identification on accessing caricatures’ meaning. The first part of the objective is quantitatively analyzed using EXCEL software whereas the second part of the objective is analyzed qualitatively using Tolman’s Theory of MENTAL MAPS (1948). The study ends up with a number of results, such as the percentages of comprehensive thinking or identification are higher than that of the strip way of identification. As a result, the study concludes that there are many factors that affect image reading where both the number of the figures identified and type of thinking are cases in point. However, it has been noticed that the full identification of figures is important, but what is more important is to know which of these figures need to be comprehensively conceptualized, and the sequence by which such figures are mapped and linked.
Enhancing Reading Skills for Saudi Secondary School Students through Mobile Assisted Language Learning (MALL): An Experimental Study
Authors: Keezhatta Muhammed Salim , Omar Abdulfattah
Published: January 2019

This study addresses the issue of integrating mobile-assisted language learning (MALL) systems into L2 reading instruction in the Saudi secondary schools in order to improve the reading comprehension skills of struggling EFL students. The focus is to find out whether students’ language performance is accelerated by using MALL together with teacher instruction versus conventional instruction alone. In order to assess the effectiveness of MALL systems and activities in improving reading comprehension skills in EFL contexts, an experimental study was carried out where 120 participants of grade ten students in four public secondary school of Riyadh District in Saudi Arabia were randomly divided into two groups: experiment and control. Reading skills of the participants’ were measured by pre-test and post-test by a panel of three national experts. The comparison between the experimental group and the control group pinpoint that MALL materials and systems improve reading comprehension skill among EFL students. The findings indicate clearly that there was a significant difference between MALL users and nonusers in favour of the experimental group (p < .05). It can be then generalized that MALL systems and applications in general provide a motivating learning environment for teaching reading which has its positive implications on improving the reading skills of students.
Development of Methods to Improve the Mechanical Performance of Coated Grid-Like Non-Crimp Fabrics for Construction Applications
Authors: Hahn Lars , Rittner Steffen , Nuss Dominik , Ashir Moniruddoza , Cherif Chokri
Published: January 2019

This paper presents investigations aiming to improve the impregnation of a coating agent and thus increase the mechanical performance of geogrids, especially grid-like non-crimp fabrics (NCF) consisting of carbon fiber heavy tows (CFHT). The squeezing process is industry standard, but the relationship between the machine setting parameters (squeezing pressure and hardness of squeeze roll surface) and the impact on the tensile strength of grid-like NCF is still unexplored. The setting parameters evaluated lead to an increase in tensile strength of up to 10% compared to grid-like NCF coated without the squeezing process. Additionally the first insights into the coating process supported by ultrasonic vibrations based on CFHT single yarns are provided. It is shown that the tensile strength of treated CFHT can be increased by up to 12%, in comparison to CFHT coated without ultrasonic vibrations.
Direct Determination of Glyphosate and its Metabolite AMPA in Soil Using Mixed-Mode Solid-Phase Purification and LC-MS/MS Determination on a Hypercarb Column
Authors: Zhang Pei , Rose Mick , Van Zwieten Lukas
Published: January 2019

Background: Although glyphosate is widely used in agriculture, information on its residue level in soils remains scarce partly because of the difficulty in its analysis. Objective: Develop and validate a method to directly analyze glyphosate and its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in soil. Method: Soils were extracted with 0.6 M KOH solution, and coextracted interferences were removed using a mixed-mode Bond Elut Plexa PAX®. The extracts were analyzed by LC-tandem MS fitted with a Hypercarb column and isotope-labeled (13C,15N) glyphosate and AMPA were used as internal standards. Results: LOQs were 0.05 mg/kg for both glyphosate and AMPA in soils. Correlation coefficients were ≥0.99, residuals were below 20%, and calibrations were linear in the range 0.02–1.0 μg/mL. The method was validated on five contrasting soils (Vertosol, Calcarosol, Chromosol, Sodosol, and Tenosol) commonly used for grain production in Australia. The recoveries for glyphosate and AMPA in the soils were 96–121 and 91–118%, respectively, with RSD in the range of 3–16%. Conclusions: This paper presents using the validated method in analysis glyphosate and AMPA in soils collected from crop production paddocks in Australia. The survey data showed that glyphosate and AMPA were detected in all collected soils, with concentrations ranging between 0.05 and 1.2 mg/kg. Highlights: The study demonstrates that the mixed-mode solid-phase extraction is effective in removing interferences and validates the use of Hypercarb as an alternative stationary phase for glyphosate and AMPA analysis from soils.
The Eagle Creek Venture
Authors: Runyon Randolph Paul
Published: January 2019

In 1801, Waldemar discovers that du Pont's Scott County land is crisscrossed by conflicting claims of ownership, as was typical of much Kentucky land at that time. His work is delayed by the difficulty of persuading the original surveyor to accompany him there. The soil in du Pont's tract, where the latter had originally wanted to establish a utopian community, is not especially fertile. It is in addition too far from outlets for its produce. In November 1801, Waldemar takes emergency steps to prevent the land from being sold for nonpayment of taxes. In the summer of 1802, du Pont sells the land to his son, Victor, and returns to France. Waldemar is rehired as land agent, and having decided to enter commerce, persuades Victor to supply him with merchandise to sell. Victor becomes increasingly slow to reply to Waldemar's letters. Unbeknownst to Waldemar, Victor is staving off a bankruptcy to which in August 1805 he succumbs.
“In the Hands of the Lord”
Authors: Page Brian D.
Published: January 2019

This essay investigates black life in the aftermath of the Memphis Massacre of 1866, chronicling how new migrants helped reconstitute cultural life and political strength. It examines an alliance of black benevolent associations with white elites during the 1876 election. This alliance reflected a practical accommodation to political reality, and it reinforced a political culture built on white domination and black subservience. But it also revealed distinct aims among the black communities in Memphis. Long-term black residents and Republican activists tended to utilize the political process to promote racial equality, while incoming migrants were often the individuals most willing to challenge white supremacy on a daily basis. The migrant population was not monolithic, however. In South Memphis a community-oriented migrant population approached politics as one way to express their independence and desire for freedom from the political culture of white supremacy.
Coda
Authors: McKinney Charles W.
Published: January 2019

This essay reflects on the enduring nature of racial subordination and inequality that black Memphians confronted, but it also contends with the equally enduring reality of black insurgency, rooted in a deep and abiding determination to pursue equality. It argues that although racially charged flashpoints can focus intense energy and attention on specific issues, they often obscure the complex set of social, political, racial, and tactical dynamics that make up the tensions of domination, survival, and insurgency. When we reinterpret these moments in Memphis history, we are better able to make sense of their meanings and to understand the truly complicated calculus of social and political change in the Bluff City. While chronicling recent protests and racial flashpoints, such as the DeSoto Bridge protest and the rise of #BlackLivesMatter, the essay follows the analytical frame set forth in this volume. It insists that we can recognize the contemporary moment as a resurgence of the black freedom struggle.
Tolstoi y Gandhi: la resistencia pasiva y el reino de Dios
Authors: Carrero Eras Pedro
Published: January 2019

Deseo aclarar, antes de entrar en materia, que he elegido la expresión «resistencia pasiva» como punto de partida de este estudio, y bien a sabiendas de que el propio Gandhi, no satisfecho del todo tal y como se solía interpretar esta expresión, que usó en sus primeros tiempos, prefirió sustituirla por la de Satyagraha, que explico más pormenorizadamente en el apartado 7º. De cualquier forma, un complejo entramado léxico hace que, en el uso común, funcionen en la historia contemporánea con significado, si no idéntico, sí muy relacionado, expresiones como passive resistance, civil desobedience, no violence, non-violence, etc.
Ortega y el amor
Authors: Balakrishnan Manjula
Published: January 2019

Este ensayo estudia la original visión del ﬁlósofo raciovitalista José Ortega y Gasset sobre el controvertido tema del amor. Sus opiniones se encuentran recogidas en su obra titulada Estudios sobre el amor, así como en una serie de artículos varios, publicados en el diario El Sol a lo largo de diversos años. En este trabajo se analizan todas las diferencias históricas del amor que Ortega establece, las variedades del mismo y, sobre todo, lo que el pensador denomina “pseudoamor”. Es ésta una teoría que sostiene que los enamoramientos no son amor verdadero, sino meramente un proceso de atención mal dirigida, de concentración excesiva en otra persona, independientemente de sus cualidades.
Aprendizaje basado en proyectos en educación secundaria: el orientador como agente de cambio/Project-based learning in secondary education: the school counselor as change agent
Authors: Balsalobre Aguilar Laura , Herrada Valverde Rosario Isabel
Published: January 2019

RESUMEN El Aprendizaje Basado en Proyectos (ABP) es una metodología activa que está adquiriendo una gran importancia a la hora de promover la implicación de toda la comunidad educativa, dar respuesta a las necesidades de su alumnado, y atender a las demandas sociales emergentes. En el presente estudio, se indaga en el papel desarrollado por el orientador como agente de cambio y asesor para el desarrollo de innovaciones educativas y metodologías activas en un instituto de educación secundaria (IES) en el que se aplica ABP. Entre otros aspectos, se analizan las funciones que desempeña el orientador a la hora de aplicar dicha metodología; qué conceptos manejan el orientador, los docentes y el alumnado sobre metodologías activas; los cambios provocados por el ABP en términos de coordinación, organización y relación entre personas; así como la relevancia y proyección de futuro de esta metodología en el currículo. Para ello, se lleva a cabo una investigación cualitativa basada en el paradigma fenomenológico o etnográfico, en el que se analizan las opiniones del orientador, director, docentes, y alumnos de este centro educativo. Para la recogida de información con los docentes y el orientador, se escogió la técnica de la entrevista semi-estructurada. A partir de los resultados obtenidos, se concluye que el orientador es un agente de cambio fundamental no solo por el asesoramiento y apoyo que ofrece al equipo directivo, sino también para toda la comunidad educativa en la que se involucra.ABSTRACT Project-Based Learning (PBL) is an active methodology that is becoming increasingly important in promoting the involvement of the entire educational community, responding to the needs of its students, and meeting emerging social demands. The present investigation analyzes the role of the school counselor as an agent of change and advisor for the development of educational innovations and active methodologies in a secondary school in which PBL is applied. In particular, they are analyzed the functions that the school counselor plays when applying this methodology; the information the counselor, teachers and students have about active methodologies; the changes caused by the ABP in terms of coordination, organization and relationship between people; as well as the relevance and future projection of this methodology in the curriculum. To this end, qualitative research is carried out based on the phenomenological or ethnographic paradigm, in which the opinions of the advisor, director, teachers and students are analysed. The semi-structured interview technique was chosen for the collection of information with the teachers and the counsellor. From the results obtained, it is concluded that the school counsellors are important agents of change not only because of the advice and support they offer to the management team, but also the entire educational community.
Análisis de la triada: integración académica, permanencia y dispersión geográfica
Authors: Moncada Mora Luis Fabian , Negrete Zambrano José Fernando , Arias Monteros Max Alejandro , Armijos Valdivieso Pablo Ramiro
Published: January 2019

Este artículo examina la relación que existe entre la decisión de permanecer o abandonar los estudios universitarios y el rendimiento académico inmediato, siguiendo el patrón de dispersión geográfica de la población estudiantil, que es una de las principales fortalezas de la educación a distancia. La información, base de la investigación, corresponde a una cohorte de estudiantes matriculados en una carrera de grado a distancia de la Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL). Usando técnicas estadísticas y econométricas – principalmente modelos de probabilidad multinivel - se logró determinar que existe un efecto positivo del rendimiento académico inmediato en la decisión que toman los estudiantes de permanecer en los estudios. Este patrón de comportamiento se mantuvo en todos los centros de apoyo que tiene la UTPL, independientemente de su tamaño y distancia de la sede; es decir, la dispersión geográfica del centro de matrícula o lugar de vivienda del estudiante, no es un factor que influye en las decisiones que éste toma. La aversión a la pérdida es el principal factor de explicación del comportamiento, el hecho de no ser eficiente genera un efecto directo e inmediato, como es natural, no lo encuentra sentido a su permanencia ya que no ha logrado integrarse adecuadamente.
Separate but Unequal: Immigration Detention in Canada and the Great Writ of Liberty
Authors: Anstis Siena , Blum Joshua , Will Jared
Published: January 2019

Canada maintains a separate legal regime for immigration detainees who, until recently, were denied the right to seek release by way of habeas corpus. This denial of one of the most deeply entrenched rights at common law and under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms was justified by the proposition that the immigration detention scheme is “separate but equal”—that it provides an adequate remedy such that habeas corpus is not necessary. Perhaps unsurprisingly, this “separate but equal” regime has failed to provide basic procedural and substantive protections that are available in other Canadian legal regimes where liberty is at stake. However, in 2015, the Court of Appeal for Ontario reignited the availability of habeas corpus as a remedy to indefinite detention in the immigration context in Chaudhary v. Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness). By reversing a line of cases that had confined immigration detainees to review by an administrative tribunal and judicial review in the Federal Court, Chaudhary has opened the door to the superior courts for immigration detainees. This article provides a review of the immigration detention system in Canada, the applicable legislation, procedures, and case law, and canvasses the impact of Chaudhary on the rights of immigration detainees. It then considers the benefits of habeas corpus as a litigation strategy, the role it has played in debunking the “separate but equal” myth, and suggests other potential issues now ripe for further litigation.
Drawing the Line Between Lay and Expert Opinion Evidence
Authors: Chin Jason M. , Tomiska Jan , Li Chen
Published: January 2019

This article examines the vanishingly thin line between lay and expert opinion evidence in Canada. In Parts I and II, we set the stakes — the dangers involved in expanding the scope of admissible opinion evidence. Canadian trial courts have been warned by peak scientific bodies and public commissions like the Goudge Inquiry about the dangers of attorning to persuasive expert witnesses. Thus, expert evidence faces new hurdles, both substantively and procedurally. This scrutiny has inspired parties to seek refuge in the more flexible and discretionary lay opinion evidence rules. But newfound vigilance to expert opinion is invalidated if the same evidence can be admitted as lay opinion. Parts III and IV illustrate these problems as we examine three cases in which authoritative lay witnesses opined on topics requiring specialized training and expertise. Three hazards are readily apparent from this analysis: (1) the lay witnesses opined on matters in which there are established methodologies to control for unconscious bias, but did not follow these methodologies; (2) the lay witnesses–– police officers––though authority figures, were not qualified experts in the area they were opining on, and; (3) the lay opinion jurisprudence has failed to meaningfully distinguish between lay and expert opinion. In Part V, we seek to fill this void by proposing a new analytic approach—Lay Opinion 2.0—which draws on both the practical and epistemological distinction between lay and expert opinion to provide an efficient and fair test for the admission of lay opinion evidence.
« Why Couldn’t You Just Keep Your Knees Together? » L’obligation déontologique des juges face aux victimes de violences sexuelles
Authors: Lessard Michaël
Published: January 2019

L’actualité des dernières années a mis en lumière le comportement problématique de plusieurs juges envers des victimes de violences sexuelles, minant leur confiance et celle du public envers le système judiciaire. Parmi certains des cas plus médiatisés, on compte celui du juge Robin Camp qui avait demandé à une victime : « why couldn’t you just keep your knees together? ». Voilà qui a eu pour effet de mettre le projecteur sur une frange de la magistrature qui croit encore au mythe de la « bonne victime » (ou la « victime parfaite »).

Dans ce texte, je soutiendrai qu’un ou une juge commet une faute déontologique lorsqu’il ou elle tient un propos (1) prompt à entretenir le mythe de la bonne victime, (2) qui participe d’un des quatre stéréotypes afférents condamnés en droit et (3) qui n’est pas justifié par sa pertinence et sa nécessité pour le raisonnement juridique.

L’article se divise en trois parties. Dans la Partie 1, je détaille d’abord brièvement les stéréotypes visés par ma proposition. Celle-ci se limite aux quatre stéréotypes fondant le mythe de la bonne victime qui ont été condamnés en droit, c’est-à-dire qui constitueraient une erreur de droit s’ils fondaient un raisonnement juridique. Selon ces quatre stéréotypes, (i) une femme sexuellement active est plus encline à consentir et serait moins crédible; (ii) une femme qui ne dénonce pas son agresseur immédiatement après l’agression est peu crédible; (iii) une femme qui ne résiste pas à l’agression y avait sûrement consenti; et (iv) une femme en thérapie est plus susceptible de mentir. Dans la Partie 2, j’aborde les fondements juridiques de l’obligation déontologique de ne pas entretenir ces stéréotypes tout en identifiant deux limites à cette obligation. Le commentaire n’est fautif que s’il entretient un stéréotype condamné en droit et que s’il n’est pas pertinent et nécessaire au raisonnement juridique. Dans la Partie 3, enfin, j’illustrerai ma proposition en décortiquant les motifs du juge William B. Horkins dans R. v. Ghomeshi.
Trabajo Interprofesional en los Centros Escolares: Cambiando Trayectorias de Vulnerabilidad a la Deserción en Estudiantes Secundarios
Authors: Montecinos Carmen , Castro Gabriela , Díaz Rocío , Manríquez, Lizette Manríquez, Lizette , Edwards Anne
Published: January 2019

Prevenir la deserción escolar requiere de un trabajo interprofesional que aborde de manera coordinada los múltiples factores individuales, escolares y estructurales que llevan a un joven a dejar la escolarización formal. Este estudio examina la configuración del trabajo interprofesional que se diseña e implementa en dos Departamentos Municipales de Educación en Chile para abordar la inasistencia y deserción de estudiantes en la educación secundaria creciendo en situación de vulnerabilidad social.  Los datos fueron producidos a través de entrevistas en profundidad con la participación de 63 personas, incluyendo a profesionales, apoderados y estudiantes. El modelo del primer caso está orientado a ofrecer apoyo psicosocial para que los adolescentes puedan desarrollar su proyecto de vida; los profesionales psicólogos, trabajadores sociales y profesores, bajo el liderazgo de la coordinadora comunal y dirección escolar, despliegan agencia relacional y experticia relacional para desarrollar conocimiento común; y los estudiantes sienten que sus necesidades son abordadas. El modelo del municipio Cerro está centrado en la prevención de la inasistencia y deserción; la experticia que aportan psicólogos y trabajadores sociales no logra expandir las prácticas de los profesores, ni vice versa; y los estudiantes señalan que la intervención psicosocial se constituye más bien en una barrera. Los resultados resaltan la importancia de considerar la voz de los estudiantes en el diseño del apoyo psicosocial y la necesidad de preparar a los profesionales para el trabajo inter profesional coordinado que alinea motivaciones para un trabajo conjunto
Another choice for measuring tree photosynthesisin vitro
Authors: Meng Changjun , Liu Xiao , Chai Yongfu , Xu Jinshi , Yue Ming
Published: January 2019

Background

In the case of tall trees in the field or in rugged terrain where an instrument cannot be placed operationally, beveling is a popular method used to measurein vitrophotosynthesis. However, some studies and our own research have shown that net photosynthesis values measuredin vitroare generally significantly lower than values measuredin situ.

Methods

To develop a more accurate and applicable method forin vitrodetermination of photosynthesis, we evaluated five different methods for preparing detached tree branches to measure photosynthesis and gas exchangein vitro(beveling, cracking, splitting, girdling, and immersion in salicylic acid solution). Ten common tree-species were used.

Results

By comparing light response curves and water-status data, we found that (1) it is possible, to some extent, to substitutein vitromeasurement of photosynthetic characteristics of tree species forin situmeasurement, provided a suitable treatment is employed; (2) the beveling method is likely to underestimate photosynthetic potential of some trees; (3) after cracking application, most detached branches effectively continued to absorb water; and (4) measurements obtained using detached tree-branches processed by the cracking method were closer to those obtainedin situin intact trees; (5) some tree species (Diospyros kaki, Eriobotrya japonica) appeared to be particularly sensitive to the cracking method, and theirin-vitromaximum net photosynthesis rate (Pmax) was significantly less than thein-situvalue (P< 0.05).

Discussion

Our findings provide a methodological support for comprehensive and accurate measurement of plant functional traits. The use of the cracking method contributes to feasibility and reliability of the measurement of photosynthetic parameters in tall trees, thus providing more accurate photosynthetic parameters for the analysis of trade-off strategies at the leaf level.