bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insight into the Attitudes and Experiences of Adults with Non-Communicable Diseases a Year into the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Malta Experience
Authors: Cuschieri Sarah , Grech Stephan , Grech Victor
Published: November 2021

Introduction: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have been a global epidemic long before the advent of COVID-19. Understandably, with the onset of COVID-19, health priorities shifted. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of COVID-19 through attitudes and experiences on the health and well-being of the Malta adult population suffering from NCDs, a year into COVID-19. Methods: An anonymous survey was distributed online between February 1 and 26, 2021 using Google Forms®. This assessed the impact of COVID-19 on medical care, intention to take a COVID-19 vaccine, and whether COVID-19 was acquired. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were performed. Results: Out of the 1,034 participants, 34.82% (95% CI, 31.97–37.77; n = 360) reported to suffer from NCDs (single NCD, n = 276; 2 NCDs, n = 56; 3 NCDs, n = 28) with 6.94% (95% CI, 4.71–10.09) of these reported acquiring COVID-19. Since COVID-19, the NCD population visited the general practitioners less (47%) than those without NCDs (32%) (p ≤ 0.001). With a consensus of concern and fear, “I rather skip check-ups than risk getting COVID-19 in waiting room or clinic.” Postponement and cancellations of medical appointments were reported: “had to do blood tests privately as health centre was not doing them” and “delayed treatment and still awaiting further appointments that were postponed more than once.” The majority intended to take COVID-19 vaccine. Conclusions: It is clear that individuals with NCDs have experienced a general negative effect on their medical care. It’s recommended that a dual action strategy is embraced to ensure that both NCDs and COVID-19 are treated simultaneously, leaving no one behind.
The Pentose Phosphate Pathway in Cancer: Regulation and Therapeutic Opportunities
Authors: Ghanem Noorhan , El-Baba Chirine , Araji Khaled , El-Khoury Riyad , Usta Julnar , Darwiche Nadine
Published: November 2021

Background: Tumorigenesis is associated with deregulation of nutritional requirements, intermediary metabolites production, and microenvironment interactions. Unlike their normal cell counterparts, tumor cells rely on aerobic glycolysis, through the Warburg effect. Summary: The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is a major glucose metabolic shunt that is upregulated in cancer cells. The PPP comprises an oxidative and a nonoxidative phase and is essential for nucleotide synthesis of rapidly dividing cells. The PPP also generates nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, which is required for reductive metabolism and to counteract oxidative stress in tumor cells. This article reviews the regulation of the PPP and discusses inhibitors that target its main pathways. Key Message: Exploiting the metabolic vulnerability of the PPP offers potential novel therapeutic opportunities and improves patients’ response to cancer therapy.
Macrophage- and Microglia-Related Chemokines Are Associated with Small Vessel (White Matter) Vascular Dementia: A Case-Control Study
Authors: Chen Ren Fen , Braidy Nady , Xu Ying Hua , Tan Sarah , Chan Daniel Kam Yin
Published: November 2021

Introduction: Little is known about the role of inflammation in the process of small vessel vascular dementia (VaD). Recently, the notion that small vessel VaD is caused solely by vascular pathology has been challenged by new evidence of concomitant breakdown of the blood-brain barrier and dysregulation of neuroinflammation in the white matter. Methods: We examined selected inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the plasma from patients with small vessel VaD (n = 41) and from age-matched controls (n = 131) using multiplex bead-based assays. Participants were recruited from a memory disorder clinic and from a hospital or community. Results: When compared to controls, patients with small vessel VaD had a highly significant increase in the plasma interferon-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) level (p < 0.0001) and a highly significant decrease in plasma macrophage inflammatory protein 1-beta (MIP-1β) level (p < 0.0001). We also observed a significant increase in patients’ levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10) (p = 0.022) as well as decreases in interleukin-8 (IL-8) (p = 0.004) and interleukin-7 (IL-7) (p = 0.011) when compared to age-matched controls. Conclusion: Both IP-10 and MIP-1β are macrophage-related chemokines. The significant differences between cases and controls suggest a potential role for macrophages in small vessel VaD neuroinflammation. Although it remains unclear whether there is a causal effect of their alteration for small vessel VaD, a better understanding of these molecules in the pathogenesis of small vessel VaD may lead to improved diagnosis and future treatment outcomes against this disease.
Incoercible Vomiting in a Polycystic (ADPKD) Patient on Peritoneal Dialysis
Authors: Burguera Vion Victor , Sosa Barrios R. Haridian , Delgado Yagüe Maria , Fernández Lucas Milagros , Rivera Gorrín Maite E.
Published: November 2021

Although gastrointestinal symptoms are not uncommon in PD patients due to several causes, such as infusion volume with early satiety, constipation, or peritonitis, sometimes the differential diagnosis is more challenging for nephrologists. We present the case of a woman with end-stage renal disease due to autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease on PD who presented with swollen legs and incoercible vomiting. After ruling out constipation and infection, an abdominal CT was done, revealing extrinsic compression of the intrahepatic inferior cava vein (ICV) and massive venous thrombosis from ICV to bilateral iliofemoral deep veins. In addition, CT also showed displacement and extrinsic compression of the stomach, pylorus, and duodenum due to an enlarged liver cyst. Percutaneous drainage and sclerosis of the cyst compressing the stomach was performed, anticoagulation was started, and the patient clinically improved with complete resolution of symptoms.
Expression of BCRP/ABCG2 Protein in Invasive Breast Cancer and Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy
Authors: Zhang Yan Shou , Yang Chao , Han Lei , Liu Lei , Liu Yun Jiang
Published: November 2021

Background: Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), or ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2), is an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter that mediates energy-dependent transport of substrate drugs out of the cell. Its overexpression may contribute to intrinsic drug resistance in vitro. However, the current literature has not yet clarified the clinical significance of BCRP/ABCG2 in invasive breast carcinoma. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to validate the expression of BCRP/ABCG2 in invasive breast carcinoma and its role in response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Methods: In this study, a pretherapeutic core biopsy was performed in 222 patients. BCRP/ABCG2 expression in carcinoma tissue was measured by immunohistochemistry. BCRP/ABCG2 expression correlations with clinicopathological features, molecular subtypes, and therapy response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy were investigated. Results: The results showed that BCRP/ABCG2 was expressed in different molecular subtypes. The proportions of patients with high BCRP/ABCG2 expression were similar in luminal A and luminal B tumors (luminal B, 80%; luminal A, 78%), compared with other molecular subtypes (triple-negative, 63%; HER2+, 58%, p = 0.05). BCRP/ABCG2 expression and the number of lymphatic metastases (p = 0.001) and tumor size (p = 0.011) demonstrated a statistically significant correlation. Low BCRP/ABCG2 expression was associated with an increased pathological complete response (pCR) rate of 38%, higher than the 19% in tumors with high BCRP/ABCG2 expression (p = 0.002). In multivariable analysis, BCRP/ABCG2 and hormone receptor (HR) expression were identified as independent risk factors of pCR (p = 0.003 and p = 0.013, respectively). Conclusions: BCRP/ABCG2 is highly expressed in HR-positive breast cancer. High BCRP/ABCG2 expression is associated with lymphatic metastasis, tumor size, and poor pCR. BCRP/ABCG2 may be a novel potential biomarker that can predict clinical progression and therapy response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
O santo e o encantado: a procissão afro umbandista para São Sebastião em São João de Pirabas
Authors: Veras Hermes de Sousa
Published: November 2021

Todos os dias 19 e 20 de janeiro, em São João de Pirabas, celebra-se uma festividade para Rei Sabá. Rei Sabá, corruptela de Rei Sebastião, é uma entidade que pertence ao panteão dos encantados, seres que não conheceram a experiência da morte. Transformando-se em entes que possuem seu próprio território – a encantaria - esses seres se manifestam a partir de Rei Sabá e de outros agentes. Por meio de uma etnografia em andamento, o artigo apresenta os rituais que antecedem a festividade principal do Rei Sabá, dedicadas a São Sebastião. O objetivo é descrever como as religiões da encantaria marcam e produzem esta cidade no nordeste paraense
A ocupação kilombola: “receita de resistência” do Território de Mãe Preta (RS)
Authors: Flores Luiza Dias
Published: November 2021

Esse artigo apresenta parte do material de pesquisa oriundo da minha tese de doutorado, desenvolvido junto à comunidade kilombola Morada da Paz, também conhecida como Território de Mãe Preta. A comunidade está localizada na zona rural do município de Triunfo/RS e é formada majoritariamente por mulheres negras. Caracteriza-se por ser uma comunidade espiritual que segue as orientações de uma preta-velha, Mãe Preta, e um exu, Seu Sete. Foi com as mais velhas da comunidade, reconhecidas como Yas e Baba, que aprendi sobre o conceito de ocupação. O intuito aqui é recuperar esse conceito, apresentando suas singularidades na relação com outros entendimentos de ocupação. Argumento, por fim, que, assim como as “retomadas” indígenas e a “reativação” das bruxas neopagãs estadunidenses, a ocupação elaborada pela Morada, é também uma “receita de resistência” contra as investidas coloniais e capitalistas.
Sentidos e fantasias sobre o “luxo” na prostituição de “alto escalão” carioca
Authors: Lopes Natânia
Published: November 2021

O artigo pretende acessar, por meio da indicação de representações comuns a respeito da prostituição e da prostituta dita de luxo, as fantasias relacionadas a este contexto e a estas mulheres como de “exclusividade”, “distinção” e da figura imaginada da “prostituta universitária”. Busca-se então entender como estas representações, de ampla circulação (tanto no senso comum quanto na produção mediática e acadêmica) atuam como dispositivos de mercado, estratégicos para moderar a visibilidade das práticas “altamente sigilosas” relacionadas ao agenciamento, venda e consumo de sexo prostituído de alto escalão. Ao longo desta discussão, analisa-se as formas pelas quais se constrói a ideia de distinção da “prostituição de luxo”.
Organizações e disputas narrativas pelas lentes dos entregadores nas paralisações de 2020 na América Latina
Authors: Jesus Ana Beatriz Bueno de , Coelho Bruna da Penha de Mendonça
Published: November 2021

Com base nas paralisações internacionais de entregadores latino-americanos de 22 de abril, 29 de maio, 1º de julho e 8 de outubro de 2020, o artigo objetiva analisar as disputas narrativas nos instrumentos de convocação e as formas de organização dos trabalhadores. Como método, a investigação conjuga pesquisa empírica documental e teórica. Parte-se da compreensão de que esses movimentos não constituem uma realidade estática, mas, sim, discursivamente plurívoca e construída pelos atores sociais envolvidos. Dentre os principais resultados, observamos, em primeiro lugar, a existência de uma multiplicidade discursiva nos instrumentos de convocação, especialmente quanto à forma de denominação dos movimentos e de construção de suas reivindicações ao longo dos meses, bem como quanto ao autointitulado caráter internacional das paralisações. Também traçamos correlações com referenciais teóricos marxistas a respeito das noções de narrativa, experiência e capitalismo dependente. Por fim, analisamos a forma de constituição, articulação e difusão das organizações signatárias dos documentos de convocação.
O Inseguro desemprego na América do Sul
Authors: Ferraz Alexandre Sampaio
Published: November 2021

O artigo explora os desafios das políticas de proteção social na América do Sul analisando a política do seguro-desemprego, a partir dos modelos chileno e brasileiro. Os antigos desafios da proteção social em um mercado dualista se somam a novos desafios decorrentes das transformações no mercado de trabalho, e do impacto da crise provocada pela pandemia do COVID-19. O texto se baseia em uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre o seguro-desemprego, e em dados estatísticos. As conclusões apontam para a insuficiência do modelo de contas individuais em substituição ao modelo atualmente adotado no Brasil, para garantir a renda do trabalhador durante o período de busca por um novo emprego, e a suavização da queda da demanda agregada nas crises econômicas. A sugestão é que os países da América Latina adotem a política do seguro-desemprego e, onde existe, que se amplie a cobertura e a duração do benefício. E ainda, que seja criada uma outra modalidade de seguro-desemprego complementar à atual, mas como benefício definido e desvinculado da demissão de um emprego formal, de modo que atenda tanto trabalhadores informais, como formais, na linha da assistência ao desemprego existente em diversos países.
Patterns of responses to COVID-19 in selected Latin American countries
Authors: Peres Thiago Brandão , Cardoso Adalberto
Published: November 2021

The article analyses structural and context constraints and opportunities faced by Latin America in the battle against the Covid-19 pandemic. We argue that the number of deaths (and related statistics, such as number of infected or number of tests) as a proportion of the countries’ populations is an important but insufficient measure of the effectiveness of each country’s responses to the SARS-CoV-2. We test the correlation of deaths with typical structural constraints (Gross domestic product, United Nation – Human Development Index, Gini index, expenditure in health, children’s mortality rate, informality rate), and find that between countries’ differences in these measures do not help to understand the number of deaths per million inhabitants. We then move to a more in-depth analysis of 11 selected Latin American countries to show that those that chose collective responsibility (a notion developed in the article) in the management of the responses to the crisis, and that could coordinate the actions of different governing levels, fared much better than those that chose individual responsibility and low levels of coordination, irrespective of existing structural constraints.
Ischemic Heart-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles Impair Adipocyte Function
Authors: Gan Lu , Liu Demin , Xie Dina , Bond Lau Wayne , Liu Jing , Christopher Theodore A. , Lopez Bernard , Liu Lian , Hu Hang , Yao Peng , He Yarong , Gao Erhe , Koch Walter J. , Zhao Jianli , Ma Xin-Liang , Cao Yu , Wang Yajing
Published: November 2021

Background:

Patients with acute myocardial infarction suffer systemic metabolic dysfunction via incompletely understood mechanisms. Adipocytes play critical role in metabolic homeostasis. The impact of acute myocardial infarction upon adipocyte function is unclear. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) critically contribute to organ-organ communication. Whether and how small extracellular vesicle mediate post-MI cardiomyocyte/adipocyte communication remain unknown.

Methods:

Plasma sEVs were isolated from sham control (Pla-sEV
Sham
) or 3 hours after myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (Pla-sEV
MI/R
) and incubated with adipocytes for 24 hours. Compared with Pla-sEV
Sham
, Pla-sEV
MI/R
significantly altered expression of genes known to be important in adipocyte function, including a well-known metabolic regulatory/cardioprotective adipokine, APN (adiponectin). Pla-sEV
MI/R
activated 2 (PERK-CHOP and ATF6 [transcription factor 6]-EDEM [ER degradation enhancing alpha-mannosidase like protein 1] pathways) of the 3 endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathways in adipocytes. These pathological alterations were also observed in adipocytes treated with sEVs isolated from adult cardiomyocytes subjected to in vivo myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) (Myo-sEV
MI/R
). Bioinformatic/RT-qPCR analysis demonstrates that the members of miR-23-27-24 cluster are significantly increased in Pla-sEV
MI/R
, Myo-sEV
MI/R
, and adipose tissue of MI/R animals. Administration of cardiomyocyte-specific miR-23-27-24 sponges abolished adipocyte miR-23-27-24 elevation in MI/R animals, supporting the cardiomyocyte origin of adipocyte miR-23-27-24 cluster. In similar fashion to Myo-sEV
MI/R
, a miR-27a mimic activated PERK-CHOP and ATF6-EDEM-mediated ER stress. Conversely, a miR-27a inhibitor significantly attenuated Myo-sEV
MI/R
-induced ER stress and restored APN production.

Results:

An unbiased approach identified EDEM3 (ER degradation enhancing alpha-mannosidase like protein 3) as a novel downstream target of miR-27a. Adipocyte EDEM3 deficiency phenocopied multiple pathological alterations caused by Myo-sEV
MI/R
, whereas EDEM3 overexpression attenuated Myo-sEV
MI/R
-resulted ER stress. Finally, administration of GW4869 or cardiomyocyte-specific miR-23-27-24 cluster sponges attenuated adipocyte ER stress, improved adipocyte endocrine function, and restored plasma APN levels in MI/R animals.

Conclusions:

We demonstrate for the first time that MI/R causes significant adipocyte ER stress and endocrine dysfunction by releasing miR-23-27-24 cluster-enriched small extracellular vesicle. Targeting small extracellular vesicle–mediated cardiomyocyte-adipocyte pathological communication may be of therapeutic potential to prevent metabolic dysfunction after MI/R.
“After such knowledge, what forgiveness?”
Authors: Kelley Tyler
Published: November 2021

This study attempts to resolve some of the difficulties in understanding Zeph 2:1–3 by offering a holistic reading of the oracle presented in 1:2–2:3. It argues that the passage’s sacrificial imagery and the embedded polemic against the wealthy provide the key to understanding Zephaniah’s audience in Zeph 2:1–3. This analysis suggests that rather than attempting to persuade his audience to change their behavior—as is commonly argued—Zephaniah’s condemnation of the upper classes (e.g., שרים and עם־כנען) offers no hope for the repentant. Instead, Zephaniah extends the possibility of survival only to the poor (ענוי הארץ). This message is then contextualized within the Josianic reform movement to which the book’s heading attributes its content.
Quenching Tears: A Note on 2 Kings 22:17 and 19
Authors: Peeler Josiah D.
Published: November 2021

The verbal forms תִכְבֶּה and וַתִּבְכֶּה in 2 Kgs 22:17 and 19 exhibit metathesis. This metathesis represents the reversal that Josiah’s weeping accomplishes by momentarily delaying Judah’s judgment.
The Role of Actual Democracy in the Link between National Identity and Support for Democracy
Authors: Gabrielsson Daniel
Published: November 2021

This article analyzes the interplay between national identity and democracy. Multilevel models were tested using European Value Survey (EVS 2017), which includes 30 countries in total. On the individual level, emphasis on non-voluntary features of national identity, where national membership depends on the accident of origin, relates to lower support for democracy. At the country level, the level of actual democracy was taken in to account (Varieties of Democracy 2017). In general, higher levels of actual democracy correlate with stronger support for the ideal democracy, yet, a high level of actual democracy amplifies the negative relationship between non-voluntary national identity and support for democracy.
“What the One Thing Shows Me in the Case of Two Things”: Comparison as Essential to a Proper Academic Study of Religion
Authors: Gill Sam
Published: November 2021

Comparison is a fundamental operation in the milieu of the remarkable abilities of human beings to transcend themselves in acts of perception and the accumulation of knowledge. Comparison is holding together things that are at once the same and different. The very possibility of the copresence of same and different, of is and is not, is a gift of human biology and evolution. Humans compare because it is our distinctive nature to do so. Academics have the added responsibility of being self-aware, self-reflective, and articulate when comparing. This article develops a rich theory of comparison in conjunction with detailed reflections on late nineteenth century encounters of European-Australians and Aborigines in Central Australia. The intent is to advance our understanding of comparison and also to articulate in the practical terms of method what is involved in comparison, arguing most generally that comparison is of the fabric of any proper study of religion.
Drafting an International Legally Binding Instrument on Business and Human Rights
Authors: Karska Elżbieta
Published: November 2021

This article deals with the process of creating a convention in the field of human rights, the working name of which is the ‘International Legally Binding Instrument on Business and Human Rights’. The author analyses the existing legal grounds for the responsibility of business for human rights violations in international law. She has assessed non-binding instruments, leading her to draw the conclusion that mechanisms strengthening protection are required in human rights protection law. The process of the creation of a new convention itself is subjected to an in-depth review. A special place is given to the issue of the position of a victim of human rights violations committed as a result of the activity of transnational enterprises, the rights of the victims of such violations and the mechanisms of international cooperation in the combatting thereof. In the conclusion the author states that human rights require actions that move beyond existing divisions, and that the work of the intergovernmental group led by Ecuador should be seriously supported by the European Union and the United States.
Quantifying Energy Balance Regimes in the Modern Climate, Their Link to Lapse Rate Regimes, and Their Response to Warming
Authors: Miyawaki Osamu , Shaw Tiffany A. , Jansen Malte F.
Published: November 2021

Energy balance and lapse rate regimes qualitatively characterize the low, middle, and high latitudes of Earth’s modern climate. Currently we do not have a complete quantitative understanding of the spatiotemporal structure of energy balance regimes [e.g., radiative convective equilibrium (RCE) and radiative advective equilibrium (RAE)] and their connection to lapse rate regimes (moist adiabat and surface inversion). Here we use the vertically integrated moist static energy budget to define a nondimensional number that quantifies where and when RCE and RAE are approximately satisfied in Earth’s modern climate. We find RCE exists year-round in the tropics and in the northern midlatitudes during summertime. RAE exists year-round over Antarctica and in the Arctic with the exception of early summer. We show that lapse rates in RCE and RAE are consistent with moist adiabatic and surface inversion lapse rates, respectively. We use idealized models (energy balance and aquaplanet) to test the following hypotheses: 1) RCE occurs during midlatitude summer for land-like (small heat capacity) surface conditions, and 2) sea ice is necessary for the existence of annual-mean RAE over a polar ocean, such as the Arctic. Consistent with point 1, an aquaplanet configured with a shallow mixed layer transitions to RCE in the midlatitudes during summertime whereas it does not for a deep mixed layer. Furthermore, we confirm point 2 using mechanism-denial aquaplanet experiments with and without thermodynamic sea ice. Finally, we show energy balance regimes of the modern climate provide a useful guide to the vertical structure of the warming response in the annual mean, and seasonally over the tropics and the southern high latitudes.
Confidence Intervals After Variance Stabilization May Go Head-to-Head with Exact Confidence Intervals: A New Class of Illustrations
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Nitis
Published: November 2021

We begin with an overview on variance stabilizing transformations (VST) along with three classical examples for completeness: the arcsine, square-root and Fisher's z-transformations (Examples 1–3). Then, we construct three new examples (Examples 4–6) of VST-based and central limit theorem (CLT)’based large-sample confidence interval methodologies. These are special examples in the sense that in each situation, we also have an exact confidence interval procedure for the parameter of interest. Tables 1–3 obtained exclusively under Examples 4–6 via exact calculations show that the VST-based (a) large-sample confidence interval methodology wins over the CLT-based large-sample confidence interval methodology, (b) confidence intervals’ exact coverage probabilities are better than or nearly same as those associated with the exact confidence intervals and (c) intervals are never wider (in the log-scale) than the CLT-based intervals across the board. A possibility of such a surprising behaviour of the VST-based confidence intervals over the exact intervals was not on our radar when we began this investigation. Indeed the VST-based inference methodologies may do extremely well, much more so than the existing literature reveals as evidenced by the new Examples 4–6.

AMS subject classifications: 62E20; 62F25; 62F12
Topology optimization of laminated composite structures under harmonic force excitations
Authors: Hu Zheng , Sun Shiping , Vambol Oleksii , Tan Kun
Published: November 2021

In this paper, a topology optimization approach for the design of laminated composite structures under harmonic force excitations is proposed. A novel method is developed to calculate the harmonic response for composite laminates, which consists of two steps: firstly, based on the strain energy approach, the damping matrix model of composite laminates is established with the proportional damping assumption; then, the displacement response is calculated by the mode acceleration method The design objective of topology optimization is to minimize the displacement amplitude at the concerning point with an excitation frequency or a frequency band. An extended polynomial interpolation scheme is introduced to penalize the stiffness, damped stiffness and mass of elements. The analytical sensitivities of the objective and constraint functions to the density variables are derived in detail, and the globally convergent method of moving asymptotes is used to solve the optimization problem. Numerical examples are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed topology optimization method in improving the dynamic performance of laminated composite structures. The influence rules of excitation frequency and layer sequence on topologic shape are also discussed.
Synergistic effect of glass bead and glass fiber on the crystalline structure, thermal stability, and mechanical, rheological, and morphological properties of polyamide 6 composites
Authors: Kuram Emel
Published: November 2021

The effect of filler amount and kind on the crystalline structure, thermal stability, and mechanical, rheological, and morphological properties of polyamide 6 (PA6) was studied in this research. Glass bead and glass fiber were chosen as mineral fillers. They were incorporated to PA6 solely or in mixed formulations at different proportions (hybrid composites). Tensile strain, tensile strength, impact strength, flexural strain, flexural strength, melt flow index, crystallite size, and thermal degradation parameters were determined for all composites. The addition of glass bead or glass fiber increased the brittleness of pure PA6. The incorporation of glass fiber to pure PA6 improved flexural, impact, and tensile strengths, and mixing of glass bead with pure PA6 polymer caused deterioration of both (tensile and flexural) strengths, but enhanced impact strength. Among hybrid composites, the highest flexural, tensile, and impact strength values were achieved with 15 wt% glass bead and 15 wt% glass fiber content. The addition of glass bead and/or glass fiber to PA6 polymer caused a decrement in melt flow index value. X-ray diffraction results indicated that pure PA6 polymer had α- and γ-crystalline forms, and the reinforcement of glass bead or glass fiber would induce the crystallization into γ-form. It was also found that the incorporation of glass bead or glass fiber influenced the lamellar thickness, and pure PA6 gave thicker lamellar crystal than that of glass bead/fiber-reinforced PA6 and its hybrid composites. Higher thermal stability with glass bead or glass fiber incorporation was found as compared to pure PA6 polymer.
Menstrual health management: Practices, challenges and human rights violations
Authors: Kaur Navpreet , Byard Roger W
Published: November 2021

Although it is a natural biological process, menstruation and associated menstrual practices still result in a number of social, cultural and religious restrictions in many countries which sometimes markedly interfere with the implementation of appropriate menstrual hygiene management. India has been chosen as a case in point, as there are approximately 355 million menstruating women and girls in the country, many of whom still face significant barriers to a comfortable and dignified experience with their menses including lack of access to appropriate clean water and washing facilities, and having appropriately priced sanitary products available. Social and religious stigmatisation may also be strict. It is suggested that illnesses related to a lack of clean water, basic sanitation and hygiene were responsible for the deaths of almost 800,000 females globally in a single year, making it the fifth largest killer of women. With increasing population movements, this may also be an issue encountered in migrant communities. There is a need to equip adolescent girls with sound knowledge regarding safe, hygienic menstrual practices to enable them to lead a healthy reproductive life. This human rights issue has significant medico-legal implications and has to be supported by both strong legislative and public health initiatives.
Afterword: Citizenship and the politics of (im)material stigma and infrastructure
Authors: Lemanski Charlotte
Published: November 2021

This afterword to the Urban Vulnerabilities: Infrastructure, Health and Stigma special issue highlights two cross-cutting themes that are addressed by all the articles in the issue, and that have the potential to make a significant contribution to debates within urban studies. First, I reflect on how the articles reveal the inseparable connections between infrastructure and stigma, demonstrating both as political and material processes that are inter-dependent and mutually constitutive. Consequently, it is urgent to bridge disciplinary siloes in bringing these scholarly debates into deeper conversation in ways that recognise the materiality of stigma and the politicisation of infrastructure (and vice versa). Second, to a greater and lesser extent, the articles all reveal the centrality of citizenship to the capacity of both urban dwellers and the state to negotiate and/or restrict access to infrastructure, and to perpetuate and/or challenge the impacts of stigma. While the connections between infrastructure and citizenship are explored in my recent work on infrastructural citizenship, the articles in this collection demonstrate the importance of temporality and scale in understanding how citizens negotiate their material and political rights.
Introduction to the special issue on communication technologies and relationships
Authors: Perlman Daniel , Sprecher Susan , Drouin Michelle
Published: November 2021

This introduction to a special Technology and Relationships issue of the Journal of Social and Personal Relationships introduces the collection of articles. It describes the editorial development of the issue, identifies how the articles are organized into three clusters reflecting the developmental arc of relationships, provides a precis of each article, and ends with reflections on a question (is technology beneficial or detrimental?) and two noteworthy aspects of the collection (theory and methodology).
Does the FT3-to-FT4 ratio easily predict the progression of NAFLD and NASH cirrhosis?
Authors: Türker Fatih , Oral Alihan , Şahin Tolga , Türker Betül Çavuşoğlu , Koçak Erdem , Ataoğlu Hayriye Esra , Ahbab Süleyman
Published: November 2021

Background

Factors causing progression from nonalcoholic fatty liver to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and liver cirrhosis remain relatively unknown. We aimed to evaluate the power and effectiveness of the free triiodothyronine (FT3)-to-free thyroxine (FT4) ratio to predict non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/liver fibrosis and NASH cirrhosis severity.

Methods

Patients (n = 436) with NASH-associated liver cirrhosis (n = 68), patients with liver biopsy-proven NAFLD (n = 226), or healthy participants (n = 142) were enrolled between January 2010 and January 2020. The aspartate aminotransferase-to-thrombocyte ratio (APRI), NAFLD fibrosis score, albumin–bilirubin score (ALBI), aspartate aminotransferase (AST)-to-alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ratio, FT3-to-FT4 ratio, and Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) were calculated and evaluated.

Results

All parameters were significantly higher in NASH cirrhosis than in the healthy group. Body mass index, ALT, fasting insulin, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, and triglyceride levels were significantly higher in liver biopsy-proven NAFLD than in the healthy group. The APRI, NAFLD fibrosis score, ALBI, AST-to-ALT ratio, FT3-to-FT4 ratio, and FIB-4 were significantly higher in the NASH cirrhosis group than in the healthy group. In patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD, the FT3-to-FT4 ratio was significantly lower than in the healthy group.

Conclusion

The FT3-to-FT4 ratio is an effective and useful indicator to predict NAFLD/liver fibrosis and NASH cirrhosis severity.
Periarticular plasma cell tumors in cats
Authors: Craig Linden E. , Lieske Danielle E.
Published: November 2021

This report describes periarticular plasma cell tumors with abundant amyloid in 11 cats. The tarsus was the most commonly affected joint (10/11), and the masses were often circumferential around the tarsal joint, involving the dermis and subcutis. The 2 cases in which synovium was examined had neoplastic cells expanding the synovium. Three of the 5 cases staged radiographically had bony lysis of the affected joint. Cutaneous biopsy specimens often consisted of more amyloid than plasma cells, making the diagnosis difficult on small samples. Follow-up information was available in 7 cases; in those cases, the median survival was 194 days (range 53–671 days). Four cases had confirmed metastases, most often to regional lymph nodes, liver, and spleen. Although canine cutaneous plasma cell tumors are typically benign, those with abundant amyloid surrounding the joints of cats may involve deeper tissues and have a more aggressive behavior. These tumors can be difficult to diagnose due to low cellularity and abundant amyloid.
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response in jejunal epithelial cells of weaned pigs
Authors: Chen Ya-Mei , Gabler Nicholas K. , Burrough Eric R.
Published: November 2021

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection leads to diarrhea and subsequently to decreased feed efficiency and growth in weaned pigs. Given that few studies have addressed the host-virus interaction in vivo, this study focused on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) in jejunal epithelial cells during PEDV infection. Eight-week-old pigs ( n = 64) were orally inoculated with PEDV IN19338 strain ( n = 40) or sham-inoculated ( n = 24) and analyzed for PEDV viral RNA shedding using reverse transcription–quantitative polymerase chain reaction and for viral antigen within enterocytes using immunohistochemistry (IHC). ER stress was analyzed in a subset of 9 PEDV-inoculated pigs with diarrhea, detectable viral RNA, and viral antigen (PEDV-immunopositive pigs). Compared with control pigs, PEDV-immunopositive pigs had a reduced ratio of villus height to crypt depth in the jejunum ( P = .002, n = 9 per group), consistent with intestinal injury. The protein levels of ATF6, IRE1, PERK, XBP1u, ATF4, GRP78, and caspase-3 were assessed in jejunal epithelial cells at the villus tips via IHC. Both ER stress and UPR were demonstrated in PEDV-immunopositive pigs by the increased expression of ATF6 ( P = .047), IRE1 ( P = .007), and ATF4 ( P = .001). The expression of GRP78 ( P = .024) and caspase-3 ( P = .004) were also increased, indicating an accompanying increase in ER protein folding capacity and apoptosis. Overall, these results reveal that PEDV infection induces ER stress and UPR in intestinal epithelial cells of weaned pigs.
Systemic amyloidosis derived from EFEMP1 in a captive Tsushima leopard cat
Authors: Miyazaki Shinya , Kobayashi Yuki , Kametani Fuyuki , Kobayashi Kyoko , Iwaide Susumu , Yanai Tokuma , Murakami Tomoaki
Published: November 2021

In animals, most cases of systemic amyloidosis are of amyloid A type, and the other types of systemic amyloidoses are rare. This study analyzed systemic amyloidosis in a 15-year-old female Tsushima leopard cat. Amyloid deposits strongly positive for Congo red staining were observed in the arterial walls as well as the interstitium in multiple organs. Mass spectrometry–based proteomic analysis with laser microdissection of amyloid deposits identified epidermal growth factor–containing fibulin-like extracellular matrix protein 1 (EFEMP1) as a prime amyloidogenic protein candidate. Immunohistochemistry showed that the amyloid deposits were positive for the N-terminal region of EFEMP1. From these results, the present case was diagnosed as EFEMP1-derived amyloidosis. It is the first such case in an animal. EFEMP1-derived amyloidosis in humans has recently been reported as a systemic amyloidosis, and it is known as an age-related venous amyloidosis. The present case showed different characteristics from human EFEMP1-derived amyloidosis, including the amyloid deposition sites and the amyloidogenic region of the EFEMP1 protein, suggesting a different pathogenesis between Tsushima leopard cat and human EFEMP1-derived amyloidosis.
Maximum Voluntary Molar and Incisor Biting Force and Morphological Variables in Subjects With Different Vertical Skeletal Patterns
Authors: Singh Ankita , Tandon Pradeep , Singh Gulshan K , Nagar Amit , Shastri Dipti
Published: November 2021

Objective:

To estimate the maximum voluntary molar biting force (MBF) and incisor biting force (IBF) and their relationship to morphological variables in subjects with different vertical skeletal patterns.

Materials and Methods:

Maximum voluntary MBF, IBF, and morphological variables were recorded in 120 subjects (60 males and 60 females) with skeletal class I pattern in the age range of 14 to 24 years. All subjects were divided into 3 groups: Normodivergent, hypodivergent, and hyperdivergent, according to the maxillomandibular plane angle and Jarabak ratio. Bite force measurements were undertaken using a custom-made portable digital gnathodynamometer on the left and the right sides of the jaw in the molar and incisor regions during maximal clenching. Statistical analysis was performed using independent t-test, chi-square test, and ANOVA test using SPSS version 22.0.0.0 software.

Results:

MBF and IBF are influenced by gender with higher values obtained for male subjects in all groups in the following order: hypodivergent > normodivergent > hyperdivergent. No significant changes were seen with morphological variables in different groups.

Conclusion:

Molar and incisor biting forces are highest in hypodivergent subjects and least in hyperdivergent subjects as a reflection of jaw morphology and muscular efficiency. In all groups, males exhibit higher force values than females, underlining a strong gender influence on biting force and facial pattern.
The exposure levels of phthalates in pregnant women and impact factors of fetal malformation
Authors: Wang Ling , Duan Wei , Zhao Yun , Sun Guoqiang , Lin Ying , Gao Ying
Published: November 2021

Methods

Urine samples were collected from 157 women with fetal malformations (case group) and 147 women with normal fetuses (control group). High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) was used to detect the content of eight metabolites of phthalate compounds in urine, including monoethyl phthalate (MEP), mononbutyl phthalate (MBP), monoisobutyl phthalate (MiBP), mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), and mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP). Demographic data were collected from questionnaires administered in specimen collection.

Results

The exposure level of MEOHP and MEHP in the case group was higher than the others. And there were significant differences between structural malformations and chromosomal malformations in the levels of MEHHP and MEOHP. Pregnant women with low income, high body mass index (BMI), frequent plastic contact, and low nutrients intake were at risk of suffering from fetal malformation.

Conclusion

This study provides evidence for the correlation between the concentration of phthalates and fetal malformation. In addition, decreasing plastic exposure and supplementing nutrients may reduce the incidence of fetal malformations.
Common Health Problems and Health-seeking Behavior Among the Tribals of Odisha, India
Authors: Bindhani Basanta Kumar , Nayak Jayanta Kumar
Published: November 2021

The present study aims to explore the common health problems and the health-seeking behavior among the tribal population in Koraput district of Odisha. In order to assess the common health problems and the treatment-seeking behavior, 300 tribal individuals from 173 households in the age group of 18–64 years and 24 health care staff were recruited for the study. Information regarding health facilities, their affordability, and morbidity status were obtained through pre-structured questionnaires. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS-20 and Microsoft Excel software tools. Anemia, diarrheal problems, cold, pneumonia, vaginal problems, skin infection, fever, malnutrition, and sickle cell anemia were the common health problems reported by the respondents. In addition, the study found that the majority of the respondents relied on traditional health care practices. The initiation of proper awareness can help in reducing traditional health care practices among the tribal communities. Furthermore, the involvement of modern health care practitioners would help to reduce the disease burden in tribal communities.
Neural Correlates of Mental Workload During Multitasking: a Dynamic Causal Modeling Study
Authors: Huang Jiali , Traylor Zach , Choo Sanghyun , Nam Chang S.
Published: November 2021

The goal of this study is to examine the neural correlates of different mental workload levels. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals were recorded when participants perform a set of tasks simultaneously with low and high levels of mental workload. Brain connections for each workload level were estimated using Dynamic Causal Modeling (DCM), which is an effective connectivity method to reveal causal relationships between brain sources. The result showed a backward-only, left-lateralized connection pattern for high workload condition, compared to the bidirectional, two-sided connection pattern for low workload condition.These findings of the mental workload effect on neural mechanisms may be utilized in applications of the augmented cognition program.
Quality improvement study into the effectiveness of the semi-custom, prefabricated shoe insert program (Quadrastep System) at reducing complaints of discomfort in an industrial setting.
Authors: Dow Jeffrey , Lewis Pauline
Published: November 2021

A common source of reduced productivity and lost work time in the industrial setting is musculoskeletal discomfort in the feet, knees, hips, and low back. Even when working identical job posts, these symptoms can vary widely between employees, and could potentially be caused by intrinsic foot biomechanics coupled with long-term standing activities. Therefore, to prevent injury and reduce daily discomfort, onesize-fits-all approaches such as anti-fatigue mats or off-the-shelf shoe insoles may be less effective than treating each employee’s specific biomechanical traits. The Quadrastep System is a prefabricated, semi-custom shoe insert system that bridges the gap between more expensive, fully customized orthotics and off-the-shelf options. We studied the effectiveness of the system in a large manufacturing plant by assessing and providing Quadrastep inserts to 28 volunteers. After 2 months of daily wear, 94% of these volunteers said they received some benefit from the inserts, while 52% reported full resolution of daily symptoms.
Formative Modeling of Foster Care Work: A Cognitive Work Analysis Approach
Authors: Wurst Connor , Chen Huei-Yen Winnie , Joseph Kenneth
Published: November 2021

In this paper we present the promise of the Cognitive Work Analysis (CWA) methodology, particularly abstraction hierarchy modeling, in the foster care domain. There is increasing interest in applying machine learning decision aids to foster care decision making, but that interest is accompanied by concerns that those aids may perpetuate systemic bias or be largely context-blind. Modeling the work conducted at different levels of the domain offers unique insights into where bias may enter the system as well as possible design implications for these future decision aids. This project models two major areas of work in the domain, management of individual cases and management of overall programs offered. These work areas are then considered in the first 3 levels of the abstraction hierarchy to display the promise that this model can hold for the domain in future work, particularly when supported with more naturalistic studies.
National Academies Board on Human-Systems Integration (BOHSI) Panel: Exploring the Changing Nature of Work
Authors: Oswald Fred , Imada Andrew S. , Behrend Tara , Endsley Mica R. , Hancock Peter , Oswald Fred , Spence Deborah , Weinger Matthew R. , Warden Toby
Published: November 2021

The National Academies Board on Human Systems Integration (BOHSI) has organized this session exploring the changing nature of an essential human activity—work. Policing, the military, healthcare, and numerous other fields are being shaped by powerful forces. The Panel brings together prominent researchers to reflect on the organizational and societal changes as well as the impact of emerging technologies that are likely to shape the nature of work in the future.
HF/E Practitioners: Shared Experiences from Industry
Authors: Maguire Amrita , Odell Dan , Harper Christy , Bartha Michael , Openshaw Scott , Avera Angie
Published: November 2021

There are many challenges that researchers face when adapting from academic backgrounds to industry. How do we train newcomers to this field to focus on goals in context of their business’s needs? How do we ensure impact early in their career? How do we learn to look beyond the process, methods, mindset, and story-telling, to delivering on corporations’ anticipated needs? What are the challenges when mandating practitioners’ research to translate to actionable items? How do practitioners drive impact that brings the desired value to their corporations? How does one encourage user experience (UX) as an integral process within corporations’ development plans?

This panel of practitioners will share the trials and tribulations they have encountered while successfully navigating their respective Human Factors and Ergonomics (HFE) careers. This panel represents peers with diverse experiences from careers in technology, product design, human-computer interfaces (HCI), medical devices, usability testing, and human factors research.