bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of reactive iron impregnated nanoporous activated carbon and its application in anaerobic biological treatment to enhance biodegradability of ortho‐phenylenediamine
Authors: Karthikeyan Sekar , Judia Magthalin Christopher , Mahesh Mannacharaju , Anandan Chinnasamy , Sekaran Ganesan
Published: April 2014

BACKGROUND

O‐phenylene diamine (OPD) is a bioresistant and endocrine disrupting chemical. Fenton oxidation can partially degrade OPD, but the products formed are more bioresistant than OPD. The main objective of the present investigation is to create a novel integrated IINPAC‐H2O2 oxidation system followed by anaerobic biological treatment to destroy OPD in aqueous solution.

RESULTS

IINPAC‐H2O2 oxidation (pre‐treatment method) was attempted with the prepared iron impregnated nanoporous activated carbon (IINPAC) catalyst and degradation studies were carried out at optimum conditions, hydraulic reaction time 120 min; pH 7; H2O2 1.76 mmol/L−1; IINPAC 0.2 g L−1 and OPD 2000 mg L−1. The biodegradability index (BOD5/COD) of OPD was increased from 0.1 to 0.45 under optimum conditions. The IINPAC‐H2O2 treated effluent was further treated in a fluidized anaerobic reactor using Enterococcus faecalis sp. (GenBank: KF656727).

CONCLUSION

The integrated catalytic IINPAC‐H2O2 oxidation system and anaerobic biological treatment process removed 98.45% of COD and 79% of BOD5. Stability and reusability tests of IINPAC showed that it could retain its catalytic activity even after 15 cycles. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Treatment of an agrochemical wastewater by combined coagulation and Fenton oxidation
Authors: Molina Raul , Pariente Isabel , Rodríguez Ivan , Martínez Fernando , Melero Juan Antonio
Published: April 2014

BACKGROUND

Growing environmental concern about the presence of pesticides in water demands their removal, particularly in industrial wastewater effluents. These streams are characterized by high content of organic colloidal matter. Physicochemical treatments based on the combination of coagulation–flocculation processes have been well studied. An integral treatment of a non‐biodegradable agrochemical wastewater has been tackled by physicochemical treatment with polyferric chloride (PFC) followed by a homogeneous Fenton oxidation process.

RESULTS

The potential coagulation and flocculation properties of PFC were evaluated for PFC solutions of different OH/Fe molar ratios. TOC removal of 81% was obtained in the coagulation–flocculation pre‐treatment under the best operating conditions. The Fenton process with moderate dosage of hydrogen peroxide and 90 °C also provided an extra 37% TOC reduction. The sludge from the physicochemical process was successfully activated with KOH at 750°C, obtaining a highly microporous material of 1240 m2 g−1 of surface area.

CONCLUSION

This work proposes a cost‐effective approach to the treatment of a non‐biodegradable agrochemical wastewater, achieving overall TOC reduction of 88%. The iron‐containing sludge generated in the primary physicochemical treatment when treated by thermal treatment provides a promising adsorbent. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Evaluation of the liquid, solid and total fractions of beer, cider and wine lees as economic nutrient for xylitol production
Authors: Pérez‐Bibbins Belinda , Torrado‐Agrasar Ana , Pérez‐Rodríguez Noelia , Aguilar‐Uscanga María Guadalupe , Domínguez José Manuel
Published: April 2014

BACKGROUND

The final prices of fermentative culture broths must be reduced in order to extend biotechnological processes to an industrial scale. In this way, residual lees from the beer, cider and wine industries were evaluated as a source of nitrogen and micronutrients for xylitol production by Debaryomyces hansenii.

RESULTS

The liquid fraction of wine or beer lees was employed as suitable culture media for xylitol production (QP = 0.30–0.24 g L−1 h−1, respectively). Complete beer lees diluted to 25% produced 27.2 g L−1 after 168 h (QP = 0.16 g L−1 h−1). Autolysis of beer lees produced 15.6 g L−1 of xylitol using whole lees (QP = 0.11 g L−1 h−1), or 34.8 g L−1 using the solid fraction (QP = 0.36 g L−1 h−1). The specific xylitol productivity (0.12 g g−1 h−1) achieved with the solid fraction was even higher than that obtained with the synthetic control (qP = 0.074 g g−1 h−1).

CONCLUSIONS

Residual lees can be used as economical nutrients. In some cases, autolysis treatments are necessary to increase the amount of available nitrogen thus improving the fermentative parameters. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Evaluation of retrobulbar blood flow with color doppler ultrasonography in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy
Authors: Hamidi Cihad , Türkcü Fatih Mehmet , Göya Cemil , Çetinçakmak Mehmet Güli , Yüksel Harun , Teke Memik , Hattapoğlu Salih , Bilici Aslan
Published: April 2014

Background

To compare retrobulbar blood flow in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) and healthy subjects using color Doppler ultrasonography.

Methods

Thirty patients (age 23–54 years) with a first episode of acute CSC and 30 healthy controls (age 30–44 years) were evaluated. The peak systolic blood flow velocity, end‐diastolic velocity (EDV), resistance index (RI), and pulsatility index (PI) were measured in the ophthalmic, posterior ciliary, and central retinal arteries.

Results

The posterior ciliary and central retinal artery EDV were lower in the patient group than in the control group, whereas RI and PI values were significantly higher (p < .05). The ophthalmic artery peak systolic blood flow velocity and EDV were lower in the CSC than in the control group (p < .05) without significant difference in RI and PI.

Conclusions

Color Doppler ultrasonography provides additional insights into the pathophysiology of CSC and may support the vasospasm hypothesis. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 42:481–485 2014
Fetal intracardiac rhabdomyoma in beckwith‐wiedemann syndrome
Authors: Longardt Ann Carolin , Nonnenmacher Andreas , Graul‐Neumann Luitgard , Opgen‐Rhein Bernd , Henrich Wolfgang , Bührer Christoph , Hüseman Dieter
Published: April 2014

Fetal cardiac tumors are a rare finding in prenatal ultrasonography. Most of them are rhabdomyoma, which are thought to be pathognomonic for tuberous sclerosis complex. We present an infant with prenatally diagnosed cardiac rhabdomyoma (CR), who was found to suffer from Beckwith‐Wiedemann syndrome (BWS). This congenital overgrowth syndrome is characterized by macrosomia, macroglossia, omphalocele, hypoglycemia, and hemihypertrophy. BWS patients have an increased risk for formation of benign and malignant tumors, typically intra‐abdominally located, but, to the best of our knowledge, fetal CRs have not been reported before. BWS must be added to the list of differential diagnoses and to the prenatal counseling of the parents in cases of prenatal detection of CR. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 42:569–573, 2014
Efficient Synthesis of 2‐Aryl‐1‐arylmethyl‐1H‐benzimidazoles in Ball Mill without Solvent
Authors: Jin Meihong , Song Guowei , Li Zhenjiang , Zhou Feng , Fan Bo , Ouyang Pingkai
Published: April 2014

2‐Aryl‐1‐arylmethyl‐1H‐benzimidazoles were prepared in excellent yields by the condensation of o‐phenylenediamine with aldehydes under mechanically activated solvent‐free conditions in ball mill using FeCl3·6H2O as the catalyst.
Synthesis and Fungicidal Activity of Strobilurin Analogues Containing 1,2,4‐Triazole Oxime Ether Moiety
Authors: Song Hong , Song Hong‐Xing , Shi De‐Qing
Published: April 2014

Strobilurins are a class of important agricultural fungicides that are used widely in plant protection. To find new strobilurin analogues with high activity against resistant pathogens, a series of new strobilurin derivatives bearing 1,2,4‐triazole oxime ether side chain 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d, 3e, 3f, 3g, 3h were designed and synthesized. Their structures were confirmed by IR, 1H NMR, EIMS, and elemental analyses. Bioassays indicated that some of the compounds showed good fungicidal activities in the concentration of 50 mg/L. For example, compound 3f possessed 100%, 100%, and 95.5% inhibition against Fusarium omysporum, Physalospora piricola Nose, and Gibberella saubinetii at the concentration of 50 mg/L, respectively.
Polycyclic N‐Heterocyclic Compounds. Part 79: Synthesis of 2,4‐Disubstituted 6,7‐Dihydro‐5H‐benzo[6,7]cyclohepta[1,2‐d]pyrimidines as Potential Antiplatelet Aggregators
Authors: Okuda Kensuke , Hirota Takashi , Sasaki Kenji
Published: April 2014

Libraries of tricyclic 2‐substituted 4‐alkylamino‐6,7‐dihydro‐5H‐benzo[6,7]cyclohepta[1,2‐d]pyrimidines were synthesized as part of our research to develop new effective antiplatelet drugs. Several alkyl and aryl groups were used as substituents at the 2‐position. Evaluation of the effects of the newly synthesized compounds on collagen‐induced platelet aggregation revealed several promising antiplatelet candidates with potencies superior to aspirin.
Design and Synthesis of Novel 3‐(Phenyl)‐2‐(3‐substituted propylthio) Quinazolin‐4‐(3H)‐ones as a New Class of H1‐Antihistaminic Agents
Authors: Alagarsamy V. , Parthiban P.
Published: April 2014

A series of novel 3‐(phenyl)‐2‐(3‐substituted propylthio) quinazolin‐4‐(3H)‐ones were synthesized by the reaction of 2‐(3‐bromopropylthio)‐3‐(phenyl) quinazolin‐4‐(3H)‐one with various amines. The starting material, 2‐(3‐bromopropylthio)‐3‐(phenyl) quinazolin‐4‐(3H)‐one was synthesized from aniline. When tested for their in vivo H1‐antihistaminic activity on conscious guinea pigs, all the test compounds protected the animals from histamine‐induced bronchospasm significantly. Compound 2‐(3‐(4‐methylpiperazin‐1‐yl) propylthiothio)‐3‐(phenyl) quinazolin‐4(3H)‐one (Ph5) emerged as the most active compound (73.23% protection) of the series when compared with the reference standard chlorpheniramine maleate (70.09% protection). Compound Ph5 shows negligible sedation (5.01 %) compared with chlorpheniramine maleate (29.58%). Therefore, compound Ph5 can serve as the leading molecule for further development into a new class of H1‐antihistaminic agents.
Application of Sulfonic Acid Functionalized SBA‐15 as a New Nanoporous Acid Catalyst in the Green One‐Pot Synthesis of Spirooxindole‐4H‐pyrans
Authors: Lashgari Negar , Mohammadi Ziarani Ghodsi , Badiei Alireza , Zarezadeh‐Mehrizi Mansoureh
Published: April 2014

Sulfonic acid functionalized SBA‐15 (SBA‐Pr‐SO3H) as a new nanoporous solid acid catalyst was applied in the green one‐pot synthesis of spirooxindole‐4H‐pyrans via condensation of isatins, malononitrile or methyl cyanoacetate or ethyl cyanoacetate, and 4‐hydroxycoumarin in water solvent. SBA‐Pr‐SO3H was proved to be an efficient heterogeneous nanoporous solid acid catalyst with a pore size of 6 nm that could be easily handled and removed from the reaction mixture by simple filtration and can be recovered and reused for several times without any loss of activity. The significant merits of present methodology are its simplicity, short reaction time, good yields, and environmentally benign mild reaction condition as water was used as a green solvent.
A Mild and Efficient Method to Functionalize Azines (Quinoline, Isoquinoline, and Phenanthridine) Using Acetylenic Esters and Heterocyclic NH or 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds
Authors: Nassiri Mahmoud
Published: April 2014

One‐pot reactions involving azines (quinoline, isoquinoline, and phenanthridine), with acetylenic esters in the presence of heterocyclic NH compounds (benzotriazole, 2‐methylbenzimidazole, 2‐benzoxazolinone, 6‐chlorobenzoxazolinone, maleimide, indole, and 2‐methylindole) or 1,3‐dicarbonyl compound such as 5,5‐dimethyl‐1,3‐cyclohexadione, are described. The reactions proceeded smoothly at RT, and with excellent yields. The structures of the synthesized compounds have been characterized by the elemental analyses and spectral studies.
Derivatization of Coumarins at the Benzenoid Ring in Aqueous Medium
Authors: Bhunia Sankar C , Pal Sutanuka , Patra Gopal C , Pal Sudhir C
Published: April 2014

Some 6‐disubstituted, 8‐disubstituted, and/6,8‐disubstituted compounds have been prepared from coumarin, 7‐methylcoumarin, and 3,4‐benzocoumarin. The Reimer–Tiemann reaction, Lederer–Manasse reaction, bromination using molecular bromine as well as 2,4,4,6‐tetrabromocyclohex‐2,5‐dien‐1‐one, Elbs reaction, and diazocoupling have been carried under controlled conditions to obtain various derivatives. Further, several reactions of aldehyde derivatives of these coumarins have been carried on to prepare important functional compounds including some heterocycles. It is noteworthy that these aldehydes behave as phenolic aldehydes under alkaline conditions to undergo the Dakin reaction. The reactions are mostly carried in aqueous media involving a dianionic intermediate and hence fulfill one important criterion of green chemistry.
A New Route for the Synthesis of 6‐Substituted [1,2,4]Triazolo[4,3‐a]pyrimidines
Authors: Krishnaraj Thulasiraman , Muthusubramanian Shanmugam
Published: April 2014

A new method of generating the fused heterocyclic system with bridgehead nitrogen, triazolo[4,3‐a]pyrimidine, from 3‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole and unsaturated halo acids has been described.
A Rapid and an Efficient Route to the One‐pot, Multicomponent Synthesis of 1H‐Pyrazolo[1,2‐b]phthalazine‐5,10‐dione Ring Systems
Authors: Kidwai Mazaahir , Chauhan Ritika
Published: April 2014

CAN is found to be an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of 1H‐pyrazolo[1,2‐b]phthalazine‐5,10‐dione derivatives via one‐pot coupling reaction of phthalhydrazide, aromatic aldehydes, and malononitrile or ethyl cyanoacetate in PEG as solvent. The major attributes of this synthetic protocol are the use of nontoxic, inexpensive, and readily available catalyst, mild conditions, easy work up, improved yields, and the PEG 400 as solvent that is environmentally benign as well as recyclable.
Synthesis and Optical Properties of Novel Fluorescence‐Traced Benzimidazolium Bromides
Authors: Shi Hong , Wu Tao , Jiang Peng , Jin Xiaodong , Zhu Hongjun
Published: April 2014

Seven novel fluorescence‐traced 1‐aryl‐2‐substituted‐3‐allyl‐1H‐benzimidazolium bromides (5a, 5b, 5c, 5d, 5e, 5f, 5g) were synthesized by alkylation and quaternization of compounds 1‐aryl‐2‐substituted‐1H‐benzimidazoles (4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, 4e, 4f, 4g) with excess allyl bromide in acetonitrile at refluxing temperature. Their structures were characterized by 1H‐NMR, MS, and elemental analysis. They emit violet‐blue light (λEmmax = 386–438 nm) with fluorescence quantum yields of 0.54 to 0.75 in aqueous solution.
Regioselective Synthesis of Amino Substituted Indazolo[2,1‐b]phthalazine‐triones and Pyrazolo[1,2‐b]phthalazine‐2‐carbonitriles Catalyzed by 2‐1′‐Methylimidazolium‐3‐yl‐1‐ethyl Sulfate
Authors: Wan Yu , Wang Chao , Zhang Xiao‐xiao , Shi Jingjing , Huang Shu‐ying , Liu Gui‐Xiang , Chen Liang‐feng , Zhao Ling‐ling , Wang Hai‐ying , Wu Hui
Published: April 2014

The regioselective reactions of luminol with 1,3‐cyclohexanedione (or malononitrile) and aromatic aldehydes catalyzed by 2‐1′‐methylimidazolium‐3‐yl‐1‐ethyl sulfate were developed to synthesize 7‐amino‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐indazolo[2,1‐b]phthalazine‐1,6,11(13H)‐triones and 3,9‐diamino‐5,10‐dihydro‐5,10‐dioxo‐1H‐pyrazolo[1,2‐b]phthalazine‐2‐carbonitriles in good to excellent yields in short times.
Recent Heterocyclic Compounds from (1,3‐Dioxo‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐inden‐2‐ylidene)propanedinitrile
Authors: Hassan Alaa A. , Mostafa Sara M.
Published: April 2014

This review summarizes the literatures dealing with the synthesis of some important nitrogen or nitrogen/sulfur heterocyclic, spiroheterocyclic, and fused heterocyclic compounds.
Synthesis of 2,5,7‐Triaryl‐4,7(6,7)‐dihydropyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine‐3‐carbonitriles by Reaction of 5(3)‐Amino‐3(5)‐aryl‐1H‐pyrazole‐4‐carbonitriles with Chalcones
Authors: Kolosov Maksim A. , Beloborodov Dmitriy A. , Kulyk Olesia G. , Orlov Valeriy D.
Published: April 2014

The reaction of 5(3)‐amino‐3(5)‐aryl‐1H‐pyrazole‐4‐carbonitriles with 1,3‐diaryl‐2‐propen‐1‐ones (chalcones) in refluxing DMF leads to 2,5,7‐triaryl‐4,7(6,7)‐dihydropyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine‐3‐carbonitriles. In DMSO solution, the latter exist in equilibrium of two tautomeric 4,7‐dihydropyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines and 6,7‐dihydropyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines in various ratios, depending on the nature of aryl substituents in chalcone building blocks.
An Efficient Synthesis of 3H‐Pyrrolo[3,2‐d]pyrimidin‐4(5H)‐one Derivatives via an Iminophosphorane
Authors: He Ping , Yan Yan‐Mei , Ding Ming‐Wu
Published: April 2014

The iminophosphorane (3), obtained from reaction of ethyl 3‐amino‐4‐cyano‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐pyrrole‐2‐carboxylate (2) with triphenylphosphine, hexachloroethane, and triethylamine, reacted with aromatic isocyanates to give carbodiimides (4). Further reaction of 4 with various amines, phenols, or ROH to give 2,3,5,7‐tetrasubstituted 3H‐pyrrolo[3,2‐d]pyrimidine‐4(5H)‐ones (6) in satisfactory yields in the presence of catalytic amount of sodium alkoxide or solid potassium carbonate.
An Efficient Protocol for the Synthesis of Novel 1,2,3‐Triazole Substituted 4H‐Chromene Derivatives
Authors: Sambasiva Rao P. , Malla Reddy G. , Kurumurthy C. , Veeraswamy B. , Santhosh Kumar G. , Shanthan Rao P. , Narsaiah B.
Published: April 2014

A facile and an efficient protocol has been developed for the synthesis of novel 1,2,3‐triazole substituted 4H‐chromene derivatives 4 in single pot by multicomponent reaction of 1,3‐cyclohexanedione, malononitrile and 1‐substituted 1,2,3‐triazole‐5‐aldehyde using potassium carbonate as catalyst.
Pd‐Mediated Multicomponent Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Pyridines and Consequential C—C Coupling Using Suzuki Reaction in One Pot: Their In Vitro Evaluation as Potential Antibacterial Agents
Authors: Srinivasula Reddy L. , Ram Reddy T. , Gangi Reddy N. C. , Mohan Reddy Bodireddy , Lingappa Y.
Published: April 2014

Pd‐mediated construction of pyridine scaffold and subsequent Suzuki‐based C—C coupling reaction in one pot has been accomplished for the synthesis of 4‐biaryl substituted 2‐amino‐3‐cyanopyridines via multicomponent reaction. The present multicomponent reaction is useful in structural elaboration of pyridine framework and also helpful in design and synthesis of novel and diverse analogs of complex heterocyclic compounds other than present reported molecules. Antibacterial activities of the synthesized compounds were systematically evaluated. The correlation between functional group variation and biological activities of the compounds has been evaluated against human pathogenic gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacterial strains.
Synthesis and Evaluation of 2,2‐Dimethylchroman Derivatives as Inhibitors of ICAM‐1 Expression on Human Endothelial Cells
Authors: Dhawan Ashish , Balwani Sakshi , Prasad Ashok K. , Ghosh Balaram , Parmar Virinder S.
Published: April 2014

We herein report the synthesis of novel 2,2‐dimethylchroman analogs and their effect on the modulation of tumor necrosis factor‐α‐induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 in human endothelial cells. These compounds were found to be potent inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor‐α‐induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 on human endothelial cells at very low concentration. The structure–activity relationship of these compounds has been studied. The IC50 and maximum tolerable dose value of the lead compound 7d (X═NH, R═4Cl) of this study was found to be 9.5 and 150 μM, respectively. The present results indicate that our novel compound is potentially effective and therefore could be useful for further pharmaceutical studies.
An Improved Protocol for the Synthesis of 2‐Nitro‐7,8,17,18‐tetrabromo‐5,10,15,20‐tetraphenylporphyrin and its Conformational Aspects by Electrochemistry and Spectroscopy
Authors: Prasath R. , Bhavana P.
Published: April 2014

An improved methodology is reported for the synthesis of 2‐nitro‐7,8,17,18‐tetrabromo‐5,10,15,20‐tetraphenylporphyrin by the β‐mononitration of 2,3,12,13‐tetrabromo‐5,10,15,20‐tetraphenylporphyrin using 50% HNO3. The copper derivative of this compound showed the expected trend in redox potentials where the free‐base form showed an opposite one on comparing with the corresponding non‐nitro analogs. This opposite trend is ascribed to the role of nitro group in dictating the extent of nonplanarity of the porphyrin as indicated by the electronic and 1H NMR spectral studies.
Synthesis of 6‐Fluoro‐7‐cyclic Amino‐substituted Dicarboxylic Acid Quinolones and their Antibacterial Activity
Authors: Ravi Kumar A. , Sathaiah G. , Chandra Shekhar A. , Raju K. , Shanthan Rao P. , Narsaiah B. , Kanaka Raju Y. , Murthy U. S. N. , Srimai V. , Ramesh M. , Parthasarathy T.
Published: April 2014

Novel 1‐carboxymethyl‐6‐fluoro‐7‐cyclic amino‐substituted‐4‐oxo‐1,4‐dihydroquinolone‐3‐carboxylic acids 7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e, 7f, 7g, 7h, 7i, 7j, 7k, 7l, 7m, 7n were synthesized as a new class of quinolones. Ethyl‐6‐fluoro‐7‐chloro‐1,4‐dihydro‐4‐quinoline‐3‐carboxylic acid was prepared from conventional method and reacted with ethyl bromoacetate to furnish N‐carboxymethyl derivatives. The compounds were screed against various Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacterial strains. Antibacterial activity data is validated by molecular docking studies.
A Regioselective Biginelli‐like Reaction Controlled by the Size of Alicyclic Mono‐ketones
Authors: Wan Yu , Yuan Rui , Xu Hua‐hong , Wang Chao , Qi Jin‐long , Wu Hui
Published: April 2014

A regioselective Biginelli‐like reaction of alicyclic mono‐ketones, aromatic aldehydes, and urea in ionic liquid [BPY]BF4 has been investigated. The process is controlled by the size of alicyclic mono‐ketones and the steric hindrance of aromatic aldehydes. The reaction of cyclopentanone with urea and aromatic aldehydes afforded 7‐arylidene‐3,4,6,7‐tetrahydro‐4‐aryl‐1H‐cyclopenta[d]pyrimidin‐2(5H)‐ones (4). When cyclohexanone was used as the source of active methylene to react with urea and aldehydes with slight steric hindrance groups under the same condition, 8‐arylidene‐3,4,5,6,7, 8‐hexahydro‐4‐arylquinazolin‐2(1H)‐ones (6), a homologue of 4, were yielded, whereas 4,8‐bisaryloc‐tahydro‐1H‐pyrimido[5,4‐i]‐quinazoline‐2,10(3H,11H)‐diones (7) were obtained via the simple one‐pot reaction of cyclohexanone, urea, and aromatic aldehydes with high steric hindrance groups. The possible transitional states and mechanism of the regioselective process were discussed.
1‐Butyl‐3‐methyl Imidazolium Acetate Catalyzed Synthesis of N‐substituted‐5‐arylidene‐rhodanines
Authors: Singh Sarangthem Joychandra , Ahmad Sohail , Chauhan S. M. S.
Published: April 2014

A direct method for the synthesis of N‐substituted‐5‐arylidene‐rhodanines has been reported in high yield via [bmim]OAc‐catalyzed one‐pot four‐component domino Knoevenagel condensation of primary amine, carbon disulfide, ethyl chloroacetate, and aromatic aldehyde under neat condition. The catalytic role of [bmim]OAc is due to the acidic nature of C‐2 hydrogen of bmim cation and the basic nature of acetate anion in the noncovalent interactions. The synthetic methodology is simple and offers a wide scope for the synthesis of N‐substituted‐5‐arylidene‐rhodanines.
One‐Pot Synthesis of 3‐[(N‐Alkylanilino)(aryl)methyl]indoles via a Transition Metal Assisted Three‐Component Condensation at Room Temperature
Authors: Brahmachari Goutam , Das Suvankar
Published: April 2014

A simple and highly efficient protocol for the one‐pot synthesis of a series of 3‐[(N‐alkylanilino)(aryl)methyl]indoles has been developed based on low‐cost and environmentally benign zirconium oxychloride octahydrate and copper chloride dihydrate catalysts via three‐component condensation between indoles, aromatic aldehydes, and N‐alkylanilines at room temperature under neat condition. Mild reaction conditions, operational simplicity, high atom‐economy, good yields in relatively shorter reaction times, use of low‐cost and eco‐friendly catalysts are some of the salient features of this protocol.
A Simple, Efficient One‐Pot Synthesis of 2‐Isoxazoline Derivatives and their Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: Kiran Kumar A. B. V. , Uma Ravi Sankar A. , Kim Sang Ho
Published: April 2014

Synthesis of substituted 2‐isoxazolines derivatives with sulfone functional groups was accomplished by 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction. The 1,3‐dipolar nitrile oxides generated in situ by reacting α‐formaldoximes with N‐bromosuccinimide in the presence of triethylamine on reaction with activated alkenes in toluene at room temperature afford the corresponding 2‐isoxazolines in high yields. All the 2‐isoxazoline derivatives were assayed for their antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and antifungal activities against Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. Most of the compounds showed good antibacterial and antifungal activities.
Synthesis of 1‐(Cyclohexylamino)‐2‐(aryl)pyrrolo[1,2‐a]quinoline‐3‐carbonitrile Derivatives Using a Mild, Four‐Component Reaction
Authors: Maghsoodlou Malek Taher , Hazeri Nourallah , Khandan‐Barani Khatereh , Habibi‐Khorasani Sayyed Mostafa , Abedi Alireza
Published: April 2014

1‐(Cyclohexylamino)‐2‐(aryl)pyrrolo[1,2‐a]quinoline‐3‐carbonitrile derivatives were synthesized in an efficient method from four‐component condensation reaction between cyclohexyl isocyanide, quinoline, malononitrile, and aromatic aldehydes in the presence of a catalytic amount of titanium dioxide (TiO2) in CH2Cl2 at ambient temperature in good yields. Silica gel column chromatography was employed for HCN elimination and then 1, 3 hydrogen shift was led to form final products 5a, 5b, 5c, 5d, 5e.
KF/Al2O3 Mediated Multicomponent Reactions for the Efficient Synthesis of Highly Substituted Dihydropyridines
Authors: Pal Suman , Khan Md. Nasim , Choudhury Lokman H.
Published: April 2014

KF/Al2O3 was found to be an efficient solid supported catalyst for the facile access of highly substituted dihydropyridine derivatives from the multicomponent reaction of aromatic aldehydes, amines, malononitrile, and alkylacetylenedicarboxylates. The notable advantages of this protocol are reusable catalyst, good yields, applicable to a wide range of substrates for the synthesis of pharmacologically interesting dihydropyridine derivatives.
A Catalyst‐Free Aqueous Synthesis of 2‐Amino‐7,9‐dihydrothieno[3′,2′:5,6]pyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidine‐4,6(3H,5H)‐dione Derivatives
Authors: Yao Changsheng , Lu Ting , Yu Chenxia , Wang Xiangshan , Li Tuanjie
Published: April 2014

A series of novel 7,9‐dihydrothieno[3′,2′:5,6]pyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidine‐4,6(3H,5H)‐dione derivatives were synthesized efficiently via the catalyst‐free reaction of aldehyde, ethyl 2,4‐dioxotetrahydrothiophene‐3‐carboxylate, and 2,6‐diaminopyrimidine‐4(3H)‐one through the sequence of deethoxycarbonylation and three‐component condensation in aqueous media. This protocol featured mild reaction conditions, high yields, easy work‐up, and environmentally friendly procedure.
Synthesis of Potential Bioactive Novel 7‐[2‐Hydroxy‐3‐(1,2,3‐triazol‐1‐yl)propyloxy]‐3‐alkyl‐4‐methylcoumarins
Authors: Arya Anu , Kumar Vinod , Mathur Divya , Singh Sukhdev , Brahma Raju , Singh Rajpal , Singh Seema , Sharma G. L. , Parmar Virinder S. , Prasad Ashok K.
Published: April 2014

A series of 50 novel 7‐[2‐hydroxy‐3‐(1,2,3‐triazol‐1‐yl)propyloxy]‐3‐alkyl‐4‐methylcoumarins had been designed and synthesized in good to excellent yields via Cu(I)‐catalyzed 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction “click chemistry” of 7‐(3‐azido‐2‐hydroxypropyloxy)‐3‐alkyl‐4‐methylcoumarins with variety of acetylene derivatives. In turn, the precursor compound, that is, 7‐(3‐azido‐2‐hydroxypropyloxy)‐3‐alkyl‐4‐methylcoumarin, was synthesized by condensation of epichlorohydrin with 7‐hydroxy‐3‐alkyl‐4‐methylcoumarins followed by opening of the epoxide ring in the resulted 7‐epoxymethoxy‐3‐alkyl‐4‐methylcoumarins with sodium azide. All the synthesized compounds were unambiguously identified on the basis of their spectral data analyses (IR, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR spectra, and HRMS).
Study of the Reactivity of 6,8‐Dimethyl‐4‐oxo‐4H‐1‐benzopyran‐3‐carboxaldehyde Towards Amino‐6‐oxopyridine‐3‐carboxylate Derivatives
Authors: El‐Shaaer Hafez Mohamed , Abd‐Elmonem Wafaa Ramzy , Ibrahim Salah Sayed , Ibrahim Christine Gamal
Published: April 2014

The condensation reactions of 6,8‐dimethyl‐4‐oxo‐4H‐1‐benzopyran‐3‐carboxaldehyde (1) with equimolar amounts of ethyl 2‐amino‐4‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐5‐cyano‐1‐[(5,6‐diphenyl‐1,2,4‐triazin‐3‐yl)amino]‐6‐oxo‐1,6‐dihydropyridine‐3‐carboxylate (2) at different reaction conditions gave different chromanone and chromenone products 3, 4, 5. Also, the condensation reactions of compound 1 with ethyl 5‐cyano‐1,2‐diamino‐4‐(3‐nitrophenyl)‐6‐oxo‐1,6‐dihydropyridine‐3‐carboxylate (6) in absolute ethanol, dry benzene, acetic acid, and/or dry xylene gave a variety of products 7, 8, 9, 10 depending on the solvent used.
Improved Erlenmeyer Synthesis with 5‐Thiazolone and Catalytic Mn(II) Acetate. Crystal Structure Confirmation of the Reaction Stereochemistry
Authors: Chandrasekhar Sosale , Mohana Rao V.
Published: April 2014

2‐Phenylthiazolin‐5‐one (5, a thioazlactone) condenses with various aldehydes in the presence of the mild base Mn(II) acetate as catalyst in CH2Cl2 solution. This leads to the corresponding Erlenmeyer reaction products (6) in excellent yields in the case of aromatic aldehydes and moderate yields in others. The mildness of the reaction conditions is apparently enabled by the aromaticity of the (putative) intermediate thiazolone anion. The structure and stereochemistry (Z) of the product derived from i‐BuCHO was confirmed by single crystal X‐ray diffraction. This study overcomes key limitations of the classical Erlenmeyer synthesis and also introduces the relatively nontoxic Mn(II) acetate as a reagent in heterocyclic chemistry.
Measuring patient flow in a children's hospital using a scorecard with composite measurement
Authors: Fieldston Evan S. , Zaoutis Lisa B. , Agosto Paula M. , Guo Annie , Jonas Jennifer A. , Tsarouhas Nicholas
Published: April 2014

BACKGROUND

Although patient flow is a focus for improvement in hospitals, commonly used single or unaggregated measures fail to capture its complexity. Composite measures can account for multiple dimensions of performance but have not been reported for the assessment of patient flow.

OBJECTIVES

To present and discuss the implementation of a composite measure system as a way to measure and monitor patient flow and improvement activities at an urban children's hospital.

METHODS

A 5‐domain patient flow scorecard with composite measurement was designed by an interdisciplinary workgroup using measures involved in multiple aspects of patient flow.

RESULTS

The composite score measurement system provided improvement teams and administrators with a comprehensive overview of patient flow. It captured overall performance trends and identified operational domains and specific components of patient flow that required improvement.

DISCUSSION

A patient flow scorecard with composite measurement holds advantages over a single or unaggregated measurement system, because it provides a holistic assessment of performance while also identifying specific areas in need of improvement. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2014;9:463–468. © 2014 Society of Hospital Medicine
Serotonin (5‐HT) regulates neurite outgrowth through 5‐HT1A and 5‐HT7 receptors in cultured hippocampal neurons
Authors: Rojas Paulina S. , Neira David , Muñoz Mauricio , Lavandero Sergio , Fiedler Jenny L.
Published: April 2014

Serotonin (5‐HT) production and expression of 5‐HT receptors (5‐HTRs) occur early during prenatal development. Recent evidence suggests that, in addition to its classical role as a neurotransmitter, 5‐HT regulates neuronal connectivity during mammalian development by modulating cell migration and neuronal cytoarchitecture. Given the variety of 5‐HTRs, researchers have had difficulty clarifying the specific role of each receptor subtype in brain development. Signalling mediated by the G‐protein‐coupled 5‐HT1AR and 5‐HT7R, however, has been associated with neuronal plasticity. Thus, we hypothesized that 5‐HT promotes neurite outgrowth through 5‐HT1AR and 5‐HT7R. The involvement of 5‐HT1AR and 5‐HT7R in the morphology of rat hippocampal neurons was evaluated by treating primary cultures at 2 days in vitro with 5‐HT and specific antagonists for 5‐HT1AR and 5‐HT7R (WAY‐100635 and SB269970, respectively). The stimulation of hippocampal neurons with 100 nM 5‐HT for 24 hr produced no effect on either the number or the length of primary neurites. Nonetheless, after 5HT7R was blocked, the addition of 5‐HT increased the number of primary neurites, suggesting that 5HT7R could inhibit neuritogenesis. In contrast, 5‐HT induced secondary neurite outgrowth, an effect inhibited by 1 μM WAY‐100635 or SB269970. These results suggest that both serotonergic receptors participate in secondary neurite outgrowth. We conclude that 5‐HT1AR and 5‐HT7R regulate neuronal morphology in primary hippocampal cultures by promoting secondary neurite outgrowth. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Selecting desirable micronutrient fortificants for plant‐based complementary foods for infants and young children in low‐income countries
Authors: Gibson Rosalind S , Carriquiry Alicia , Gibbs Michelle M
Published: April 2014

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that both breast‐fed and non‐breast‐fed children are fed micronutrient fortified complementary foods designed to meet their high nutrient requirements from aged 6 to 23 months of age. This paper summarises the steps recommended byWHO/FAOto identify the country‐specific micronutrient shortfalls in complementary diets and establish desirable levels of bioavailable fortificants for centrally processed plant‐based complementary foods for infant and young child feeding. The goal of theWHO/FAOguidelines is to achieve a desirably low prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intakes in the target group whilst simultaneously ensuring minimal risk of excessive intakes. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Preparative separation of five flavones from flowers of Polygonum cuspidatum by high‐speed countercurrent chromatography
Authors: Sun Yinshi , Gu Shubo , Guo Linlin , Xia Xue , Zhang Hong , Wang Jianhua
Published: April 2014

A preparative high‐speed countercurrent chromatography method was successfully used for the isolation of five minor flavones from Polygonum cuspidatum flowers. Among them, three compounds were obtained from P. cuspidatum for the first time. A twin two‐phase solvent system composed of n‐hexane/ethyl acetate/ethanol/water (1:6:3:6, v/v/v/v) and petroleum ether/ethyl acetate/methanol/water (2:4:3:3, v/v/v/v) was developed. Compounds were obtained from the fraction B and fraction C prepurified by silica gel column chromatography. Five minor compositions, 6.8 mg of hesperidin, 11.2 mg of phloridzin, 4.9 mg of luteolin, 5.3 mg of hyperin, and 3.7 mg of luteoloside were obtained from 140 mg of the fraction B and 110 mg of fraction C with a purity of 95.3, 96.4, 98.0, 96.8, and 95.3%, respectively, as determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography. The structures of these compounds were identified by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy.
Surgical site infections after liver retransplantation: Incidence and risk factors
Authors: Shah Harshal , Hellinger Walter C. , Heckman Michael G. , Diehl Nancy , Shalev Jefree A. , Willingham Darrin L. , Taner Burcin C. , Perry Dana K. , Nguyen Justin
Published: April 2014

Surgical site infections (SSIs) after liver transplantation (LT) are associated with an increased risk of graft loss and death. The incidence of SSIs after LT and their risk factors have been determined for first LT but not for second LT. The importance of reporting the incidence of SSIs risk-stratified by first LT versus second LT is not known. All patients undergoing second LT at a single institution between 2003 and 2011 (n = 152) were reviewed. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the cumulative SSI incidence. Relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) from Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to evaluate associations of potential risk factors with SSIs after second LT. Thirty-one patients developed SSIs (6 superficial SSIs, 1 deep SSI, and 24 organ/space SSIs). The cumulative incidence of SSIs 30 days after LT was 20.8% (95% CI = 14%-27%), which was slightly but not significantly higher than the previously reported incidence of SSIs after first LT at our institution between 2003 and 2008 (16%, RR = 1.32, 95% CI = 0.90–1.93, P = .16). Units of transfused red blood cells [RR (doubling) = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.02–1.86, P = .04] and hepaticojejunostomy (RR = 2.22, 95% CI = 1.05–4.72, P = .04) were the only factors associated with SSIs after second LT in single-variable analysis. The associations weakened in a multivariate analysis (P = .07 and P = .07, respectively), potentially because of the correlation of red blood cell transfusions and hepaticojejunostomy (P = .08). In conclusion, the incidence of SSIs after second LT was slightly higher but not significantly different than the published incidence of SSIs (16%) after first LT at the same institution. Significant independent risk factors for SSIs after second LT were not identified. Risk stratification for retransplantation may not be necessary when the incidence of SSIs after LT is being reported. Liver Transpl 20:930–936, 2014. © 2014 AASLD.
Long-term effect of childhood liver transplantation on body cell mass
Authors: Ee Looi Cheng , Hill Rebecca Joanne , Beale Kerrie , Noble Charlton , Fawcett Jonathan , Cleghorn Geoffrey John
Published: April 2014

Malnutrition is common in end-stage liver disease, but a correction after transplantation is expected. Body cell mass (BCM) assessment using total body potassium (TBK) measurements is considered the gold standard for assessing nutritional status. The aim of this study was to examine the BCM and, therefore, nutritional status of long-term survivors after childhood liver transplantation. This was a longitudinal nested cohort study of patients undergoing transplantation at <18 years of age and surviving >3 years with ongoing review at our center. TBK measurements were obtained before transplantation and during long-term follow-up. BCM was calculated from TBK and was adjusted for the height raised to power p, which depended on sex (BCM/height
p
). The effects of the age at transplant, linear growth impairment, a diagnosis of biliary atresia, and steroid use were assessed. Thirty-two patients (20 males) participated; 59% had biliary atresia. The median age at transplant was 2.11 years (range = 0.38–10.92 years). Posttransplant testing was performed at a median of 7.23 years (range = 3.28–14.99 years) when they were 10.12 years old (range = 4.56–20.77 years). This cohort attained mean z scores for height, weight, and body mass index of −0.41 ± 1.36, −0.26 ± 1.14, and 0.04 ± 0.99, respectively. BCM/height
p
was reduced before transplantation but was further reduced after transplantation (P < 0.001) despite the normalization of height and weight. Weight recovery, therefore, likely came from increased fat mass and not BCM. Linear growth impairment was associated with a greater reduction in posttransplant BCM/height
p
(P = 0.02). In multivariate analyses, only an older age at transplant predicted reduced posttransplant BCM/height
p
(P = 0.02). The age at transplant, sex, steroid use, and underlying diagnosis did not predict changes in BCM/height
p
after transplantation. In conclusion, weight recovery in long-term survivors of childhood liver transplantation is likely due to increased fat mass because BCM remains reduced. Nutritional compromise persists in long-term survivors of childhood liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 20:922–929, 2014. © 2014 AASLD.
Pilot study of high-intensity focused ultrasound ablation as a bridging therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma patients wait-listed for liver transplantation
Authors: Chok Kenneth S. H. , Cheung Tan To , Lo Regina C. L. , Chu Ferdinand S. K. , Tsang Simon H. Y. , Chan Albert C. Y. , Sharr William W. , Fung James Y. Y. , Dai Wing Chiu , Chan See Ching , Fan Sheung Tat , Lo Chung Mau
Published: April 2014

The objective of this study was to investigate the outcomes of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) ablation as a bridging therapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who had been wait-listed for deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT). Adult patients with unresectable and unablatable HCCs within the University of California San Francisco criteria who had been wait-listed for DDLT were screened for their suitability for HIFU ablation as a bridging therapy if they were not suitable for transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). Treatment outcomes for patients receiving HIFU ablation, TACE, and best medical treatment (BMT) were compared. Fifty-one patients were included in the analysis. Before the introduction of HIFU ablation, only 39.2% of the patients had received bridging therapy (TACE only, n = 20). With HIFU ablation in use, the rate increased dramatically to 80.4% (TACE + HIFU, n = 41). The overall dropout rate was 51% (n = 26). Patients in the BMT group had a significantly higher dropout rate (P = 0.03) and significantly poorer liver function as reflected by higher Model for End-Stage Liver Disease scores and higher Child-Pugh grading. Clinically relevant ascites was found in 5 patients in the HIFU group and 2 patients in the BMT group, but none was found in the TACE group (P = 0.01 and P = 0.03, respectively). The TACE and HIFU groups had comparable percentages of tumor necrosis in excised livers (P = 0.35), and both were significantly higher than that in the BMT group (P = 0.01 and P = 0.02, respectively). In conclusion, HIFU ablation was safe even for HCC patients with Child-Pugh C disease. Its adoption increased the percentage of patients receiving bridging therapy from 39.2% to 80.4%. A randomized controlled trial for further validation of its efficacy is warranted. Liver Transpl 20:912–921, 2014. © 2014 AASLD.
Recent Trends and Future Outlooks in the Field of Clay‐Containing Polymer Nanocomposites
Authors: Ray Suprakas Sinha
Published: April 2014

Clays are the oldest and potentially one of the most interesting and versatile nanofillers. The blending of surface‐functionalized clay platelets with a polymer matrix can yield a new class of hybrid materials, commonly known as clay‐containing polymer nanocomposites (PCNs), where 1–5% (in general) clay particles by volume are molecularly dispersed within the polymer matrix. The dispersed clay platelets, with their large aspect ratios and low percolation thresholds, can significantly improve the properties of the polymer matrix relative to those of a neat polymer matrix and can introduce new value‐added properties. Over the last few years, researchers have made extraordinary progress in the practical processing and development of various products from different PCNs. The variation of the polymer matrix with different clay surface functionalities can lead to PCNs suited for a wide range of applications, including automobiles, construction materials, packaging, tissue regeneration, load‐bearing scaffolds for bone reconstruction, and many more. This article focuses on recent research efforts in processing and characterization techniques, properties, and applications, and key research challenges and future outlook in the development of multifunctional PCNs.

image
On the existence of universal numberings for finite families of d.c.e. sets
Authors: Abeshev Kuanysh
Published: April 2014

We investigate properties of universal numberings of finite families of d.c.e. sets. We show different cases of finite families of d.c.e. sets for which there is a universal numbering and for which there is not.
On hereditarily small sets in ZF
Authors: Holmes M. Randall
Published: April 2014

We show in (the usual set theory without Choice) that for any set X, the collection of sets Y such that each element of the transitive closure of is strictly smaller in size than X (the collection of sets hereditarily smaller than X) is a set. This result has been shown by Jech in the case (where the collection under consideration is the set of hereditarily countable sets).
The clinical spectrum of laryngeal dystonia includes dystonic cough: Observations of a large series
Authors: Payne Susannah , Tisch Stephen , Cole Ian , Brake Helen , Rough Judy , Darveniza Paul
Published: April 2014

Laryngeal dystonia is a movement disorder of the muscles within the larynx, which most commonly manifests as spasmodic dysphonia (SD). Rarer reported manifestations include dystonic respiratory stridor and dyscoordinate breathing. Laryngeal dystonia has been treated successfully with botulinum neurotoxin (BTX) injections since 1984. We reviewed prospectively collected data in a consecutive series of 193 patients with laryngeal dystonia who were seen at St. Vincent's Hospital between 1991 and 2011. Patient data were analyzed in Excel, R, and Prism. Laryngeal dystonia manifested as SD (92.7%), stridor (11.9%), dystonic cough (6.2%), dyscoordinate breathing (4.1%), paroxysmal hiccups (1.6%), and paroxysmal sneezing (1.6%). There were more women (68.4%) than men (31.6%), and the average age at onset was 47 years. A positive family history of dystonia was present in 16.1% of patients. A higher incidence of extra‐laryngeal dystonia (ie, torticollis and blepharospasm) and concurrent manifestations of laryngeal dystonia were present in patients with dystonic cough, dyscoordinate breathing, paroxysmal sneezing, and hiccups than in other patients (P = 0.003 and P < 0.0001, respectively). The average starting dose of BTX decreased from 2.3 to 0.5 units between 1991 and 2011. The median treatment rating was excellent across all subgroups. Patients with adductor SD, stridor, extra‐laryngeal dystonia and male patients had relatively better treatment outcomes. Technical failures were rare (1.1%). Dysphonia secondary to vocal cord paresis followed 38.7% of treatments. Laryngeal dystonia manifests predominantly as SD, but other manifestations include stridor, dyscoordinate breathing, paroxysmal cough, hiccups, and sneezing. BTX injections are very effective across all subgroups. Severe adverse events are rare. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Cognitive impairment in multiple system atrophy: A position statement by the neuropsychology task force of the MDS multiple system atrophy (MODIMSA) study group
Authors: Stankovic Iva , Krismer Florian , Jesic Aleksandar , Antonini Angelo , Benke Thomas , Brown Richard G. , Burn David J. , Holton Janice L. , Kaufmann Horacio , Kostic Vladimir S. , Ling Helen , Meissner Wassilios G. , Poewe Werner , Semnic Marija , Seppi Klaus , Takeda Atsushi , Weintraub Daniel , Wenning Gregor K. ,   on behalf of the Movement Disorders Society MSA (MODIMSA) Study Group
Published: April 2014

Consensus diagnostic criteria for multiple system atrophy consider dementia as a nonsupporting feature, despite emerging evidence demonstrating that cognitive impairments are an integral part of the disease. Cognitive disturbances in multiple system atrophy occur across a wide spectrum from mild single domain deficits to impairments in multiple domains and even to frank dementia in some cases. Frontal‐executive dysfunction is the most common presentation, while memory and visuospatial functions also may be impaired. Imaging and neuropathological findings support the concept that cognitive impairments in MSA originate from striatofrontal deafferentation, with additional contributions from intrinsic cortical degeneration and cerebellar pathology. Based on a comprehensive evidence‐based review, the authors propose future avenues of research that ultimately may lead to diagnostic criteria for cognitive impairment and dementia associated with multiple system atrophy. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society