bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of 2,3,2-tetramine as a hepatic copper chelating agent for treatment of copper hepatotoxicosis in Bedlington Terriers
Authors: Twedt D. C. , Hunsaker H. A. , Allen K. G. D.
Published: February 2025

Five Bedlington Terriers with inherited copper (Cu) hepatotoxicosis and with hepatic Cu concentrations rangingfrom 3,000 to 11,000 μg/g of dry weight (normal, <350 μg/g of dry weight) were treated daily for up to 200 days with 2,3,2-tetramine tetrahydrochloride. During treatment, no change was made in the dietary Cu intake, which ranged from 12 to 16 μg/g of dry diet. Concentrations of hepatic and serum Cu, iron, and zinc were determined before and at the conclusion of the treatment period. In one dog, 24-hour urinary Cu concentration was measured before and during treatment. A liver biopsy specimen obtained after treatment had significantly (P<0.05) reduced hepatic Cu concentration (3,282 (μg/g of dry weight; a 54.9% reduction), compared with the pretreatment value (7,281 μg/g of dry weight). After treatment, there was an overall general lessening of the extent of hepatic morphologic damage. Cytochemical examination for Cu in rhodanine-stained biopsy specimens revealed decreased numbers of Culaden hepatic lysosomes. The mean daily urinary Cu concentration increased as much as 25-fold during 2,3,2-tetramine treatment. Hepatic iron and zinc concentrations and serum Cu concentrations remained within normal ranges after treatment. Clinical or laboratory evidence of 2,3,2-tetramine toxicosis was not detected during treatment. These findings indicated that in affected Bedlington Terriers, 2,3,2-tetramine was a safe and rapid chelating agent of hepatic Cu.
Canine hemangiopericytoma: 23 cases (1967-1984)
Authors: Graves Glenn M. , Bjorling Dale E. , Mahaffey Edward
Published: February 2025

The medical records of 23 histopathologicaily confirmed cases of canine hemangiopericytoma were reviewed. Ninety-one percent (21/23) of the dogs were 7 years old or older, and 70% (16/23) were female. Seventy-four percent (20/27) of the tumors developed on the extremities. Recurrence rates were 31% (5/16) with surgical excision only, and 60% (3/5) with surgical excision combined with radiotherapy. Tumor recurrence did not appear to be related to mitotic index. Metastasis was suspected in one of the dogs, but was not confirmed.
Bovine brucellosis: An investigation of latency in progeny of culture-positive cows
Authors: Ray Winthrop C. , Brown Robert R. , Stringfellow David A. , Schnurrenberger Paul R. , Scanlan Charles M. , Swann A. Ian
Published: February 2025

Calves (n = 150) born to cows infected with field strains of Brucella abortus were weaned within 24 hours after birth or allowed to nurse until weaned (age at weaning ranged from 10 to 43 weeks). After weaning, female calves were placed in small groups in special pens constructed to prevent further direct and environmental exposure to brucellae. At weaning, male calves were moved to an isolated pasture and were kept as a single group. Later, first-generation heifers were bred and placed in individual isolation pens until termination of pregnancy. Two of the first-generation heifers (that were culture-negative) developed persistent serologic responses (to B abortus) of unexplained origin. Brucellae were not isolated from progeny of infected cows (105) or from progeny offspring (95 fetuses and neonates), indicating that latency may be infrequent.
Small intestinal adenocarcinoma in cats: 32 cases(1978-1985)
Authors: Kosovsky Jane E. , Matthiesen David T. , Patnaik Amiya K.
Published: February 2025

The medical records of 32 cats with small intestinal adenocarcinoma were reviewed. Common clinical signs included vomiting, dehydration, weight loss, cachexia, anorexia, and lethargy. In 50% of the cats, an abdominal mass was palpated, and in 38%, a mass was seen on radiographs. Biopsy of the tumor without resection was performed in 9 cats; 8 cats were euthanatized at the time of surgery, 7 because of metastases, and 1 cat died 1 day after surgery. In 23 cats, resection was performed. Eleven of these died within 2 weeks after surgery (mean survival time, 2.6 days); 8 had lymph node metastasis. Twelve cats survived >2 weeks after surgery. The mean survival of 11 of these cats was 15 months. Six cats were euthanatized because of recurrent signs; 5 of the 6 had a recurrent abdominal mass. One cat was alive 2 years after surgery. Results of this study indicated that cats with adenocarcinoma, even those cats with advanced disease, can have long-term survival after surgery.
Equine ehrlichial colitis: Effect of oxytetracycline treatment during the incubation period of Ehrlichia risticii infection in ponies
Authors: Palmer J. E. , Whitlock R. H. , Benson C. E.
Published: February 2025

Equine ehrlichial colitis was experimentally induced in 18 ponies, using Ehrlichia risticii-infected blood. Four ponies (group 1) were treated with oxytetracycline (6.6 mg/kg of body weight, iv, q 12 h), beginning 14 hours before inoculation and continuing for 5 days after inoculation. Four additional ponies (group 2) were treated similarly for 10 days after inoculation. The remaining 10 ponies were used as nontreated, infected controls. Clinical disease was delayed in 3 group-1 ponies and in 4 group-2 ponies.

Protective immunity developed in the remaining pony that did not develop clinical disease and in 1 group-1 pony and 2 group-2 ponies that developed mild, transient clinical signs.
Effect of dorsopalmar projection obliquity on radiographic measurement of distal phalangeal rotation angle in horses with laminitis
Authors: Koblik Philip D. , O'Brien Timothy R. , Coyne Cody P.
Published: February 2025

The effect of dorsopalmar projection obliquity on calculation of distal phalangeal rotation (dpr) angle was determined in 8 feet obtained from 5 horses that had been euthanatized because of laminitis. A true lateromedial view of each foot served as a reference, with additional views taken at 5, 10, 15, and 20° of x-ray tube head rotation in both a dorsal and in a palmar direction. Projection obliquity resulted in consistent underestimation of dprangle. Where projection obliquity exceeded 10°, there were significant (P<0.05) differences in dprangle. The magnitude of underestimation appeared to be independent of severity of rotation. A radiographic variable, the mean normalized intercondylar distance, was defined and measured on 13 feet so that the angle of projection obliquity could be estimated on routine clinical studies.
Survey of expectations among clients of three small animal clinics
Authors: Case Deena B.
Published: February 2025

A questionnaire completed by 319 clients of 3 small animal clinics asked what clients expected and what they received in their interaction with the veterinarian. The survey emphasized communication and rapport established by the veterinarian. Client satisfaction was more highly correlated with how the owner was treated than how the pet was treated.
Use of methyl methacrylate orbital prostheses in dogs and cats: 78 cases (1980-1986)
Authors: Nasisse Mark P. , van Ee Rene T. , Munger Robert J. , Davidson Michael G.
Published: February 2025

To prevent cosmetically undesirable orbital concavity after enucleation, methyl methacrylate spheres were implanted into the orbits of 73 dogs and 5 cats. In all cases, follow-up reports were obtained until suture removal 2 weeks after surgery, and for 58 animals (79%) until 6 months after surgery. Information was available for 46 animals (60%) 1 year after surgery, 28 animals (36%) 2 years after surgery, and 7 animals (9%) 3 years after surgery. Implants failed in 3 dogs and 2 cats. Complications were not detected in the remaining 73 animals (93%), and owners were pleased with the cosmetic results. The causes of implant failure in dogs varied; however, in cats, fluid accumulation was the consistent complication associated with failure. Orbital implantation of methyl methacrylate spheres was found to be a safe, practical, and inexpensive method of improving the cosmetic appearance of dogs requiring enucleation. Although the number of cats evaluated was limited, the accumulation of orbital fluid in a high percentage of those suggested that orbital implants may be less successful in this species.
Complications of umbilical hernias in horses: 13 cases (1972–1986)
Authors: Freeman David E. , Orsini James A. , Harrison Ian W. , Muller Noel S. , Leitch Midge
Published: February 2025

Of 147 horses treated for umbilical hernias over a 13.5-year period, 13 horses (8.8%) developed complications in association with umbilical defects. Six horses had intestinal incarceration; the incarceration was reduced manually in 3 horses before admission, resolved without treatment in 2 others, and was surgically reduced in one. Herniorrhaphy was performed on 4 of the 5 horses in which the incarceration did not require surgical reduction, and the fifth was managed conservatively. A horse with a parietal hernia and a horse with intestinal strangulation were treated surgically; in the latter, the involved intestine was resected. These 8 horses recovered.

Three horses developed an umbilical abscess and 2 developed an enterocutaneous fistula through their umbilical hernias. Four of these horses responded well to surgery, but one horse with an enterocutaneous fistula died from electrolyte imbalances and peritonitis after an unsuccessful attempt at simple closure.

The results of this study confirmed that complications of umbilical hernias are rare in horses; however, when they do develop, they may be one of various forms, some of which are insidious in onset.
Enzootic mycoplasmal mastitis in a large dairy during an eight-year period
Authors: Bayoumi F. A. , Farver T. B. , Bushnell B. , Oliveria M.
Published: February 2025

During an 8-year period, a study was conducted in a large dairy in the Sacramento Valley of California, to define factors associated with the introduction and spread of mycoplasmal mastitis. To identify cows in which mycoplasmal infection appeared in 22 of 25 (88%) periods of new infection, milk samples were collected weekly from freshened cows and from hospitalized cows with clinical mastitis. The disease first appeared in freshened cows in at least 36% of the periods of new cases of mycoplasmal mastitis, which indicated that special attention must be paid to freshening cows in an attempt to control spread of the disease. New cases of mycoplasmal mastitis were recorded more often in January through April than during the rest of the year. Rates of mastitis infection caused by other pathogens (contagious and environmental organisms) increased during months when new cases of mycoplasmal mastitis were recorded. Sanitation on the farm during udder infusion and milking was a major factor in controlling the introduction and spread of mycoplasmal mastitis.
Clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of alkalemia in dogs: 20 cases (1982-1984)
Authors: Robinson Elaine P. , Hardy Robert M.
Published: February 2025

Alkalemia (pH >7.50) was measured in 20 dogs admitted over a 3-year period for various clinical disorders. Alkalemia was detected in only 2.08% of all dogs in which blood pH and blood-gas estimations were made. Thirteen dogs had metabolic alkalosis (HCO3¯ >24 mEq/L Pco2 >30 mm of Hg), of which 8 had uncompensated metabolic alkalosis, and of which 5 had partially compensated metabolic alkalosis. Seven dogs had respiratory alkalosis Pco (Pco2 >30 mm of Hg, HCO3 ); 4 of these had uncompensated respiratory alkalosis and 3 had partially compensated respiratory alkalosis. Ten dogs had double or triple acid-base abnormalities. Dogs with metabolic alkalosis had a preponderance of clinical signs associated with gastrointestinal disorders (10 dogs ). Overzealous administration of sodium bicarbonate or diuretics, in addition to anorexia, polyuria, or hyperbilirubinemia may have contributed to metabolic alkalosis in 8 of the dogs. Most of the dogs in this group had low K+ and Cl¯ values. Two dogs with metabolic alkalosis had Pco2, values >60 mm of Hg, and 1 of these had arterial hypoxemia (Pao2 <80 mm of Hg). Treatments included replacement of fluid and electrolytes (Na+, K+ and Cl¯), and surgery asindicated (8 dogs). Six dogs with respiratory alkalosis had a variety of airway, pulmonary, or cardiac disorders, and 3 of these had arterial hypoxemia. Two other dogs were excessively ventilated during surgery, and 1 dog had apparent postoperative pain that may have contributed to the respiratory alkalosis. Treatments included correcting the minute volume during mechanical ventilation and administration of oxygen and analgesics. Seven (35%) of the alkalemic dogs died within 48 hours of blood-gas measurement, and 3 (15%) were euthanatized.
Use of a disease reporting system in a large beef feedlot
Authors: Frank G.R. , Salman M.D. , MacVean D.W.
Published: February 2025

A large commercial beef feedlot in northeastern Colorado was selected by stratified random process for inclusion in the National Animal Health Monitoring System pilot data collection project. Various records in the feedlot were used to collect data related to animal health conditions and to their costs.

A total of 57,727 cattle were processed during the 12-month period of the study. Rates were used to adjust for the number of cattle in the feedlot during that period. The disease incidence, culling rate, and death rate were presented by each month in the study. The monthly mean number of cattle was the denominator for these rates.

During the 12 months, 72 diseases or abnormal conditions were recorded. The total cost of the 10 most prevalent diseases (itemized by dead, culled, treatment, and income from selling dead animals) accounted for approximately 77% of the total cost of disease in the feedlot. The total cost of lower respiratory tract diseases contributed approximately 46% of the total disease cost, and 60% of the cost of the 10 most prevalent diseases. In order to consider the reporting methods reliable, a separate study was undertaken to validate a reported disease or condition in the feedlot.
Topically applied furazolidone or parenterally administered oxytetracycline for the treatment of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis
Authors: George Lisle , Mihalyi Judy , Edmondson Anita , Daigneault Josee , Kagonyera George , Willits Neal , Lucas Merlyn
Published: February 2025

The effectiveness of topically applied furazolidone (fz) or parenterally administered Oxytetracycline (otc)for treatment of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis was determined in a field study. Between June 13 and Aug 6, 1985, a study was conducted on a ranch in northern California. Eyes of Hereford calves (n = 103) were examined 3 times each week for 7 weeks. After daily examinations on June 13 and 14, calves were allotted randomly to 3 groups. On June 17, calves (that had corneal ulcers) of groups 1 (n = 35) and 2 (n = 35) were treated with otc and fz, respectively. Treatments were administered again only if new ulcers were observed, if an existing ulcer worsened, or if a healed ulcer recurred. Calves of group 3 remained untreated (controls).

Corneal ulcers developed in 35 of the fz-treated calves, in 33 of the otc-treated calves, and in 33 of the untreated calves. Corneal perforations were observed in 3 untreated and 2 fz-treated calves but were not observed in any otc-treated calves. Panophthalmitis developed in one eye of an untreated calf. Corneal ulcers in the otc-treated calves were smaller and healed more rapidly than did corneal ulcers in calves of the other groups. By the 22nd day of the study (July 3), the number of otc-treated calves with corneal ulcers was less than that of the other 2 groups. Calves of the otc treatment group had the fewest multiple corneal ulcer recurrences, but calves of all 3 groups had a similar number of single corneal ulcer recurrences.

The relationship between the healing time and the maximal surface area of new corneal ulcers was nearly linear, with the strongest correlation between these factors observed in the otc-treated calves. Conversely, the weakest correlation between healing time and surface area was observed in the untreated calves (r2=71.8, 76.6, and 56.8 for calves of the fz and otc treated groups and for the untreated group, respectively).

Between 1 and 4 weeks after treatment, the lowest frequency of Moraxella bovis isolation was observed in specimens from the otc-treated calves, and the highest frequency was observed in specimens from the untreated calves. During the entire 7-week observation period, a progressively increased mean minimal inhibitory concentration of fz (but not of otc) was observed for M bovis.
Correlation of field strain exposure with new cases of brucellosis in six beef herds vaccinated with strain 19
Authors: Crawford Richard P. , Adams L. Garry , Richardson Barbara E.
Published: February 2025

Three hundred sixty cattle at risk in 6 beef herds known to include cows infected with Brucella abortus field strains were vaccinated with 3 × 109 colony-forming units of strain 19. Field strain exposure after vaccination was estimated by the number of cows with brucellosis that calved or aborted in the herd. As the number of exposures increased, the number of cows developing brucellosis increased, and 19 exposures in the 6 herds resulted in 9 new cases. The ratio of exposures to new cases varied from 1.0 to 2.0 in the 4 herds with new cases, whereas 2 herds with 1 and 3 exposures, respectively, did not have new eases of brucellosis. The correlation coefficient between the number of exposures and the number of new cases was 0.85, and the coefficient of determination suggested that 73% of the variation in new cases could be explained by the number of exposures in strain 19-vaccinated herds.
Epidemiologic survey of diarrhea in foals
Authors: Traub-Dargatz J. L. , Gay C. C. , Evermann J. F. , Ward A. C. S. , Zeglen M. E. , Gallina A. M. , Salman M. D.
Published: February 2025

Epidemiologic and etiologic data about diarrhea in foals were collected under a planned prospective recording and monitoring study. The survey and monitoring procedures included a survey to obtain an overview of current horse management practices on participating farms, a daily health record survey to obtain information on mares and their foals, and collection of feces from 19 of 144 diarrheic foals and 10 age-matched nondiarrheic foals for electron microscopy, elisa for rotavirus, and bacteriologic culture. Coronavirus was detected in the feces of diarrheic as well as clinically normal foals. Rotavirus was detected in the feces of diarrheic foals only. With regard to agents found in the feces, there was no significant (P<0.05) difference between diarrheic and nondiarrheic foals.

Half of the 297 foals on which data were available developed diarrhea. Most foals that developed diarrhea lacked other clinical manifestations of disease. Basic cleanliness at foaling was associated with a lower percentage of foals developing diarrhea. Prophylactic use of antibiotics and vitamins in newborn foals was associated with a higher percentage of foals developing diarrhea. A higher percentage of foals born to visiting mares developed diarrhea, compared with foals born to resident mares.
Echocardiographic evaluation of cardiac tamponade in dogs before and after pericardiocentesis: Four cases (1984–1986)
Authors: Berry Clifford R. , Lombard Christophe W. , Hager David A. , Ackerman Norman , King Robert R.
Published: February 2025

The echocardiographic (M-mode and 2- dimensional) features (before and after pericardiocentesis) of 4 dogs with pericardial effusion and clinical evidence of cardiac tamponade were reviewed. M-Mode echocardiography revealed pericardial effusion, with exaggerated swinging motion of the heart and abnormal septal motion in all 4 dogs. In each case, 2-dimensional echocardiography demonstrated right ventricular diastolic free-wall collapse. Three dogs had right atrial diastolic collapse as well. Clinical signs improved, and right ventricular and right atrial diastolic collapse subsided after pericardiocentesis. Two-dimensional echocardiographic features of right atrial and ventricular collapse were used as indicators for determining the presence of cardiac tamponade.
Radiographic features of canine hyperadrenocorticism caused by autonomously functioning adrenocortical tumors: 23 cases (1978–1986)
Authors: Penninck Dominique G. , Feldman Edward C. , Nyland Thomas G.
Published: February 2025

Radiographic features of 23 dogs with functioning adrenocortical tumors are described. In 56% of the dogs, radiographic detection of adrenomegaly, with or without calcification, was an aid in the diagnosis of adrenocortical neoplasia. Adrenal gland calcification did not distinguish adrenocortical adenoma from carcinoma.
Reassessment of cytologic values in canine cerebrospinal fluid by use of cytocentrifugation
Authors: Christopher Mary M. , Perman Victor , Hardy Robert M.
Published: February 2025

Using cytocentrifugation, nearly one fourth of canine cerebrospinal fluid (csf) samples with cell counts in the normal range had abnormalities in cell type or morphologic features. Cerebrospinal fluid samples from 145 dogs with neurologic disorders were evaluated by use of this method. These results indicate that low hemacytometer counts in canine csf should not be interpreted as normal. By increasing the detection of abnormalities in csf, cytocentrifugation might improve diagnosis and treatment of canine neurologic disease.
Sudden death attributable to exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in racehorses: Nine cases (1981-1983)
Authors: Gunson Diane E. , Sweeney Corinne Raphel , Soma Lawrence R.
Published: February 2025

Pathologic changes are described in 11 horses that died during racing or training; 9 died of acute pulmonary hemorrhage (exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage), 1 died of exsanguination, and 1 died of cns trauma. Cardiac lesions were not found in any horse. Severe engorgement of pulmonary vessels, with hemorrhage into alveoli, airways, interstitium, and subpleural tissues, was observed in all 9 horses that died of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. Infiltration of eosinophils and/or lymphocytes around vessels and airways was seen in 6 horses. Focally extensive fibrosis was observed in the pleura and interstitium of 6 horses, and collections of siderophages were seen in the fibrous tissue and in the airways. Focal occlusion of bronchioles with inspissated mucus, such as that associated with small airway disease, was found in 4 horses. Underlying respiratory tract lesions, particularly those associated with small airway disease or bronchiolitis, may have a role in fatal pulmonary hemorrhage.
Effects of infection with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus on milk production in goats
Authors: Smith Mary C. , Cutlip Randall
Published: February 2025

A recently assembled commercial herd of Alpine goats was studied. Milk production criteria—305-day milk production (m), butter fat content (bf), and solids nonfat content (snf)—and somatic cell counts (linear score) were monitored by Dairy Herd Improvement Association test records. Milk samples from all milking goats in the herd were obtained for bacteriologic culture for mastitis organisms on 2 occasions; the infection rate ascribed to major pathogens was 3%.

In November 1985, serum specimens were obtained from 154 does in first lactation. Of these, 56 (36%) were seropositive for caprine arthritis-encephalitis (cae) antibodies by agar gel immunodiffusion (agid), 91 (59%) were seronegative, and serotest results for 7 (5%) were inconclusive. In December, 80 seronegative and 48 seropositive goats remained in the herd and had 305-day projections available. The median production values for seronegative goats (1,539.5 lb of m, 52 lb of bf, 46 lb of snf) were higher than those for seropositive goats (1,446 lb of m, 45 lb of bf, 44.5 lb of snf), but this difference was only significant (t test, P<0.05) for bf. Does were ranked by a formula that combined m, bf, and snf, with a desired minimal daily herd average of 5 lb of m, 3% bf, and 3% snf. A decision was made not to keep off spring from does of the lowest quartile before cae test results were obtained. This group consisted of 13 of the 80 (16%) seronegative goats and 18 of the 48 (38%) seropositive goats. Thus, a positive cae test result by agid was associated (X2, P<0.01) with poor production.

In addition, positive cae test results were associated (P<0.005) with nonhemolytic staphylococcal infection in the udder, and staphylococci-infected goats tended to produce more m, bf, and snf than did uninfected goats. A relationship could not be found between udder firmness on palpation during midlactation and cae, bacteriologic mastitis status, or milk production. For goats still in their first lactation in May (mean days in lactation, 370), 11 of 60 (18%) were infected with nonhemolytic staphylococci, and staphylococcal infection and cae positive test results were associated positively with linear score. In second-lactation goats (mean days in lactation, 80), only 1 of 69 was infected with nonhemolytic staphylococci, and cae serotest status had no effect on linear score.
Clinical significance of aerobic bacterial flora of the uterus, vagina, vestibule, and clitoral fossa of clinically normal mares
Authors: Hinrichs Katrin , Cummings Margaret R. , Sertich Patricia L. , Kenney Robert M.
Published: February 2025

Swab specimens for bacterial culture were obtained from the uterus, vagina, vestibule, and clitoral fossa of 48 mares that had normal reproductive tracts, no history of reproductive problems, and no inflammation on evaluation of endometrial biopsy. The mares were predominantly Thoroughbred and Standardbred. Swab specimens of the vagina were obtained through a sterile speculum; swab specimens of the uterus were obtained by use of a double-guarded, occluded culture instrument. Fifteen (31%) of the uterine swab specimens and 20 (42%) of the vaginal swab specimens yielded growth on aerobic culture; however, only 2 (4%) of the uterine swab specimens and 4 (8%) of the vaginal swab specimens yielded growth of more than 10 colonies. In contrast, 21 (44%) of the vestibular swab specimens and 45 (94%) of the clitoral fossa swab specimens had moderate (>10 colonies in 1 quadrant) to heavy (colonies in 2 or 3 quadrants) growth of organisms on culture. Of organisms considered to be potential pathogens, Streptococcus zooepidemicus and Escherichia coli were found on bacteriologic culture of several clitoral fossa swab specimens and of some vestibular swab specimens. We did not isolate any potential pathogens from uterine or vaginal swab specimens. It appears that 1 to 10 colonies of nonpathogenic organisms could be recovered from the uterus in a substantial number of clinically normal mares even when double-guarded swabbing techniques are used, and we suggest that prebreeding culture requirements be modified to reflect this. Also, our findings indicate that the vulvovaginal fold, rather than the cervix, might be the major barrier to ascending bacterial contamination of the reproductive tract. The clitoral fossa and vestibule support growth of organisms, including potential uterine pathogens. These organisms might serve as a source of uterine inoculum when the hand or an instrument is passed through the vulva and vestibule, and then is used to cannulate the cervix during procedures such as uterine swabbing, intrauterine infusion, or embryo transfer.
An economic evaluation of various treatments for contagious foot rot in sheep, using decision analysis
Authors: Salman M. D. , Dargatz D. A. , Kimberling C. V. , Ellis R. P.
Published: February 2025

Two decision analysis models were constructed to identify the cost-effectiveness of treatment and/or prevention regimens for ovine foot rot through a systematic evaluation approach of 2 consecutive phases. The first model evaluated the cost-effectiveness of examining the sheep for foot lesions and the use of 1 of 32 treatment regimens when lesions were present. The second model evaluated the 6 most cost-effective treatment regimens from the first model with or without a preventive measure (in this case, vaccination) to determine the most cost-effective approach to preventing/treating foot rot in a single year. Three prevalence levels of foot rot were used. In addition, 3 levels of reduced production attributable to foot rot were used.

Threshold analysis, a form of sensitivity analysis, was used to evaluate allowable variations in the success rates and cost of treatments/prevention where the outcome of the models remains unchanged.

Of the 32 treatment regimens tested in this model, the use of 10% zinc sulfate applied to the feet of sheep with foot rot was the most cost-effective regimen, regardless of the prevalence levels of the disease or its impact on productivity.

In the second model, the use of vaccination with paring of the feet, as a preventive measure, followed by a treatment of the sheep that were still infected, was less cost-effective than to treat only the sheep with foot lesions and disregard prevention. This was true regardless of the prevalence levels of the disease or its impact on productivity.
Pathogenic bacteria and fungi associated with external ocular diseases in dogs: 131 cases (1981-1986)
Authors: Gerding Paul A. , McLaughlin Susan A. , Troop Mike W.
Published: February 2025

Medical records of 131 dogs with external ocular diseases were reviewed. Bacteriologic culture of swab specimens from 151 eyes revealed 100 eyes (66.2%) were considered positive for potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Of 127 species of microorganisms (bacterial and fungal) isolated, 50 (39.3%) were Staphylococcus spp (S intermedius, 17.3%). Streptococcus spp were the next most frequently isolated organism at 32 (25.2%), (Str canis, 16.5%). β-Hemolytic streptococci (17%) were isolated more frequently than were α-hemolytic streptococci (9%), and coagulase-positive staphylococcal species (29%) were isolated almost 3 times as often as were coagulase-negative species (11%). Fungal and yeast organisms were isolated from 4.6% of the eyes.

In vitro, most Staphylococcus spp were susceptible to cephalothin, bacitracin, and gentamicin, whereas most Streptococcus spp were susceptible to chloramphenicol, erythromycin, carbenicillin, and cephalothin. Pseudomonas spp were sensitive to tobramycin, gentamicin, and amikacin.
Hyperadrenocorticism in cats: Seven cases (1978–1987)
Authors: Nelson R. W. , Feldman E. C. , Smith M. C.
Published: February 2025

Hyperadrenocorticism was diagnosed in 7 cats with concurrent diabetes mellitus. Four cats had pituitary adenoma with bilateral adrenocortical hyperplasia, 1 cat had pituitary carcinoma with bilateral adrenocortical hyperplasia, 1 cat had adrenocortical carcinoma, and 1 cat had adrenocortical adenoma of the left adrenal gland. One year later, adrenocortical adenoma involving the right adrenal gland also was diagnosed in this cat. Clinical signs included polyuria and polydipsia (n = 7), development of pot-bellied appearance (n = 5), dermatologic alterations (n = 5), lethargy (n = 3), weight loss (n = 3), dyspnea/panting (n = 2), and recurrent bacterial infections (n = 2). In 6 cats, the diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism was established before death on the basis of results of the acth stimulation test (n = 3) and the dexamethasone screening test (n = 5). Pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism was differentiated from adrenocortical neoplasia on the basis of results of the dexamethasone suppression test (n = 4), endogenous acth concentration (n = 3), results of abdominal radiography and ultrasonography (n = 3), and exploratory celiotomy (n = 1). Four cats died or were euthanatized without treatment attempts. Treatment with mitotane followed by 60Co teletherapy was ineffective in one cat with pituitary adenoma. One cat with pituitary carcinoma died one week after bilateral adrenalectomy. Bilateral adrenocortical adenomas were removed surgically in the affected cat.
Slab fractures of the third carpal bone in Standardbreds and Thoroughbreds: 155 cases (1977–1984)
Authors: Stephens Paul R. , Richardson Dean W. , Spencer Pamela A.
Published: February 2025

Case records and radiographs of 155 horses with third carpal bone (C3) slab fractures were reviewed. Of these cases, race records were obtained for 72 Thoroughbreds and 61 Standardbreds. Three performance criteria were examined: ability to make 1 start, ability to make 10 starts or earn > $2,000 (within 1 year of first start after the fracture), and earnings per start. Treatment distribution (lag screw fixation, fragment excision, or rest) was similar in both breeds.

Significant differences between breeds were identified in age and sex distributions, fracture displacement, and postinjury performance. In Thoroughbreds, there was a tendency for fractures to occur in the right C3 (59%); in Standardbreds, forelimbs were affected equally. The dorsomedial aspect of C3 was the site of fracture in 87% (135/155) of the cases. Horses referred for treatment were predominantly 2-year-old Standardbreds and 3-year-old Thoroughbreds. Females of both breeds were less likely to race after injury than males (46 vs 90%). In Standardbreds, all 38 horses with racing starts before fracture were able to race again. Prior racing starts were not related to outcome in Thoroughbreds.

The effects of treatment on outcome were not significantly different. Fracture characteristics did not significantly affect outcome, but did influence treatment selection. Convalescent time was not correlated with any of the variables examined (including treatment) or related to outcome; time from admission to first start averaged 11 months. In Standardbreds, 77% of the horses with C3 slab fracture raced after injury; in Thoroughbreds, 65% raced. Earnings per start declined in each breed, but the decline was more pronounced in Thoroughbreds.
Evaluation of tiamulin for treatment of mycoplasmal pneumonia in swine
Authors: Ross R. F. , Cox D. F.
Published: February 2025

During 3 trials, using affected pigs of various ages, tiamulin was evaluated for treatment of experimentally induced mycoplasmal pneumonia. Pneumonia was induced in respiratory tract disease-free swine by intratracheal inoculation of a lung homogenate containing Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Eleven days after inoculation, when more than 20% of pigs were coughing, pigs were allotted to 3 or 4 groups (n = 8 pigs each) and were given regimens of no medication or 60 mg, 120 mg, or 180 mg of tiamulin/L of drinking water for 10 days. Twenty-one days after cessation of medication, pigs were euthanatized and then were necropsied. Results obtained from the 3 trials did not indicate significant difference among treatment groups in severity of macroscopic or microscopic lesions induced by M hyopneumoniae or in detection of M hyopneumoniae by use of immunofluorescent technique. Clinical evaluations, daily gain, and feed efficiency did not differ significantly among treatment groups. In this study, tiamulin administration did not have beneficial effects in swine with mycoplasmal pneumonia.
Distracted cervical spinal fusion for management of caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy in large-breed dogs
Authors: Ellison Gary W. , Seim Howard B. , Clemmons R. M.
Published: February 2025

Using an autogenous bone graft (obtained from the iliac crest), 4-mm cancellous bone screws, and polymethylmethacrylate, a distracted cervical spinal fusion technique was performed on 10 dogs with myelographic evidence of caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy. All dogs had evidence of dynamic soft tissue spinal cord compression, as indicated by flexion, extension, and traction myelographic views. Of the 10 dogs, 4 previously had undergone surgery by use of ventral slot or cervical disk fenestration techniques, and their neurologic status had deteriorated after the original surgery. Preoperative neurologic status of the 10 dogs included nonambulatory tetraparesis (n = 5), severe ataxia with conscious proprioceptive deficits (n = 2), and mild ambulatory ataxia with conscious proprioceptive deficits (n = 3). Five dogs had signs of various degrees of cervical pain. Clinical improvement was observed in 8 of 10 dogs—either improved neurologic status or elimination of cervical pain. Implant loosening developed in 3 dogs; 2 of them were euthanatized because of lack of neurologic improvement. Radiographic evidence of bony cervical fusion was observed during a 9- to 24-week period in 6 of the 8 surviving dogs. The distracted cervical fusion technique appears to be a valid surgical procedure to manage cervical spondylomyelopathy in those dogs in which the lesions are limited to one cervical intervertebral disk space.
Sources of Prototheca spp in a dairy herd environment
Authors: Anderson K. L. , Walker R. L.
Published: February 2025

A source of Prototheca spp causing mastitis in a herd of 263 milking cows in North Carolina was investigated. Of 38 samples from the dairy environment, 18 (47%) contained Prototheca spp. Isolation sites included cattle drinking water; a feed trough; mud, dirt, and excreted feces from a dirt lounging area; water, sludge, mud, and vegetation from a creek in the lounging area; and the floor of a freestall barn.

Samples were collected from 5 additional dairies, including one dairy with and 4 dairies without a history of protothecal mastitis. Prototheca spp were isolated from 48 (25%) of 190 samples from various sites on all 6 dairies. Isolates were P zopfii (45; 94%) and P wickerhamii (3; 6%). Isolation frequency ranged from 4 to 47% of samples/dairy. There was no apparent difference in the isolation frequency of Prototheca spp from samples from dairies with or without a history of protothecal mastitis. Sites characterized by wetness and the presence of organic matter most commonly yielded Prototheca spp. Because Prototheca spp appear to be common in the dairy environment, factors in addition to presence in the environment may be important in development of protothecal mastitis.
Blastomycosis in cats: Five cases (1979–1986)
Authors: Breider Mike A. , Walker Tommy L. , Legendre Alfred M. , VanEe Rene T.
Published: February 2025

Medical records of 5 cats with blastomycosis examined at the University of Tennessee Veterinary Teaching Hospital from 1979 to 1986 were reviewed. Clinical signs of blastomycosis varies depending on the organ(s) affected, but respiratory tract disease was most common, followed by cns signs and ocular problems. A definitive diagnosis was made by identification of characteristic fungal organisms in biopsy or necropsy specimens. Two cats treated with amphotericin B did not respond to treatment and died or were euthanatized. The lungs, brain, eyes, and lymph nodes commonly were affected, but one cat had only cutaneous and regional lymph node involvement. The respiratory tract appeared to be a common primary site of infection, with dissemination to other organ systems. The typical host response was a pyogranulomatous cellular infiltrate with numerous fungal organisms evident.
Variable locations of nutrient foramina of the proximal phalanx in forelimbs of Standardbreds
Authors: Losonsky J. M. , Kneller S. K.
Published: February 2025

Bilateral metacarpophalangeal radiographs of 100 Standardbreds were examined for visualization and location of nutrient foramina of the proximal phalanx. Foramina were located in the dorsal or palmar cortex or were not visible radiographically. Of 100 horses, 45 had bilaterally symmetrical foramina. Left and right proximal phalangeal foramina were asymmetrical in the remaining 55 horses. Of 200 proximal phalangeal foramina (in 100 horses), 78 were in the dorsal cortex, 61 were in the palmar cortex, and 61 were not visible radiographically. A significant (P = 0.05) effect of age or sex could not be determined.
Effect of removal of lacrimal and third eyelid glands on Schirmer tear test results in cats
Authors: McLaughlin Susan A. , Brightman Alan H. , Helper Lloyd C. , Primm Nicholas D. , Brown Marcus G. , Greeley Shannon
Published: February 2025

Schirmer tear tests I and II values for 10 healthy cats were 16.2 ±3.8 mm/min and 13.2 ±3.4 mm/min, respectively. Surgical removal of the lacrimal gland or the third eyelid gland from the left eye resulted in decreased Schirmer tear test-I values. Clinical signs of keratoconjunctivitis sicca were not seen until the lacrimal and third eyelid glands were removed, at which time the Schirmer tear test-1 value was close to 0 mm/ min. Conjunctival glands (accessory lacrimal glands of Krause and Wolfring) appeared to contribute little to tear production in these cats.
Subtotal colectomy for treatment of chronic constipation associated with idiopathic megacolon in cats: 38 cases (1979-1985)
Authors: Rosin Eberhard , Walshaw Richard , Mehlhaff Cheryl , Matthiesen David , Orsher Robert , Kusba Jill
Published: February 2025

Chronic constipation, nonresponsive to medical management and associated with idiopathic megacolon, was diagnosed in 38 cats from 1979 to 1985. All cats were treated by subtotal colectomy and enterocolostomy in which the ileum or distal portion of the jejunum was joined to a 2- to 4-cm segment of distal portion of the colon preserved to accommodate an end-to-end anastomosis. After surgery, cats usually were depressed and anorectic, had tenesmus, and passed liquid tarry feces. In 37 cats 1 week to 3 months after surgery, character of the feces changed from diarrhea to soft semiformed or formed feces. One cat had severe diarrhea that was nonresponsive to diet change and pharmacologic treatment; the diarrhea resolved after 4.5 months. One cat developed a stricture of the enterocolostomy, which was relieved by 3 balloon catheter dilatations. All cats regained normal appetite, did not lose weight, and were not incontinent. Three cats had sporadic episodes of constipation and were easily treated. Results of histologic examination of the resected portion of colon in 23 cats were inconclusive.
Neurologic, endocrinologic, and pathologic findings associated with large pituitary tumors in dogs: Eight cases (1976-1984)
Authors: Sarfaty Deborah , Carrillo Joseph M. , Peterson Mark E.
Published: February 2025

Invasive tumors of the pituitary gland were diagnosed in 8 dogs. Seven of the dogs had been treated for pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism before the onset of neurologic signs. All 8 dogs had behavior abnormalities and similar neurologic signs: 6 dogs had rotary nystagmus and 7 dogs had symmetric tetraparesis. Once neurologic signs developed, the clinical course in all 8 dogs had a mean duration of 4.7 ± 2.0 months before death or euthanasia; 5 dogs had a clinical course of ≤ 2 months. Necropsy was performed in 7 dogs. The histologic diagnosis was malignant pituitary adenocarcinoma in 2 dogs and pituitary adenoma in 5 dogs.
Kleingrass-associated hepatotoxicosis in horses
Authors: Cornick Janyce L. , Carter G. Kent , Bridges Charles H.
Published: February 2025

Chronic hepatic disease was diagnosed in 6 horses with history of anorexia and weight loss. These horses consistently had abnormally high serum γ-glutamyltransferase activities, total and direct bilirubin and blood ammonia values, and sulfobromophthalein clearance times, whereas serum iditol dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase activities were variable. In the 6 horses, histologic examination of the liver revealed lesions of chronic hepatitis with varying degrees of fibrosis. All 6 horses had ingested kleingrass (Panicum coloratum) for variable periods. Three healthy horses fed kleingrass hay for 90 days developed hepatic lesions and increases in serum γ-glutamyltransjerase activities similar to those in the 6 horses with chronic hepatitis. Characteristic hepatic lesions in both groups of horses included bridging hepatic fibrosis, cholangitis, and hepatocellular regeneration.
Pancreatic abscess in dogs: Six cases (1978–1986)
Authors: Salisbury S. Kathleen , Lantz Gary C. , Nelson Richard W. , Kazacos Evelyn A.
Published: February 2025

Pancreatic abscess was diagnosed by exploratory celiotomy in 6 dogs. The most common clinical signs included acute onset of lethargy (n = 5), anorexia (n = 6), vomiting (n = 5), and diarrhea (n = 2). Physical examination revealed pain response to abdominal palpation (n = 5), depression (n = 5), icterus (n = 3), fever (n = 3), and cranial abdominal mass (n = 2). Consistent preoperative clinicopathologic abnormalities included leukocytosis with left shift, observance of toxic neutrophils on the blood smear, hyperlipasemia, hyperamylasemia, hyperbilirubinemia, and increased serum alkaline phosphatase activity. In 5 of 6 dogs, abdominal radiography revealed increased soft tissue density in the cranial portion of the abdomen. Ultrasonography performed on 4 dogs confirmed pancreatic mass. In all dogs, exploratory celiotomy revealed a cavitary pancreatic mass that contained sterile, mucopurulent material. Histopathologic diagnoses included acute necrotizing or chronicactive pancreatitis and steatitis. Two dogs were euthanatized at the time of diagnosis, and the remaining 4 were treated by use of pancreatic debridement(s), open abdominal drainage, and intensive administration of fluids and antibiotics. One dog was euthanatized 4 days after surgery, because of progressive pancreatic abscessation. Three dogs recovered and were discharged.
Neonatal Neospora caninum infection in dogs: Isolation of the causative agent and experimental transmission
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Hattel A. L. , Lindsay D. S. , Topper M. J.
Published: February 2025

Neospora caninum infection was diagnosed in 5 young dogs from 2 litters with a common parentage. The pups were born healthy, but developed hind limb paresis 5 to 8 weeks after birth. The predominant lesions were polyradiculoneuritis and granulomatous polymyositis. Neospora caninum was seen microscopically in sections of naturally infected pups, and was isolated in cell cultures, mice, and dogs inoculated with infected canine tissues. Antibodies to N caninum were detected in sera of infected dogs by indirect fluorescent antibody test.
Sternothyrohyoideus myectomy in horses: 17 cases (1984–1985)
Authors: Harrison I. W. , Raker C. W.
Published: February 2025

Review of medical records of 78 horses admitted to the George D. Widener Hospital for Large Animals with dorsal displacement of the soft palate revealed 94% of these horses to have evidence of an intermittent abnormal “gurgling” respiratory noise at the time of exercise. Sternothyrohyoideus myectomy was used as a primary treatment for 17 of these horses, with a success rate of 58%. Anatomic dissection of 30 horses indicated that the midcervical region is the optimal site for sternothyrohyoideus myectomy to alleviate dorsal displacement of the soft palate.
Diarrhea associated with sand in the gastrointestinal tract of horses
Authors: Bertone J. J. , Traub-Dargatz J. L. , Wrigley R. W. , Bennett D. G. , Williams R. J.
Published: February 2025

Four horses with diarrhea had radiographic evidence of large quantities of sand in the gastrointestinal tract. Initially, none of the horses had sufficient fecal sand quantity to suggest sand enteropathy. Diarrhea resolved in all horses within 2 days of oral administration oj psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid. Historically, all 4 horses had lost weight or had difficulty maintaining weight. After treatment was administered, the horses either gained weight or were easier to maintain in good condition.
Disseminated histoplasmosis in dogs: 12 cases (1981–1986)
Authors: Clinkenbeard Kenneth D. , Cowell Rick L. , Tyler Ronald D.
Published: February 2025

Diarrhea, intestinal blood loss, anemia, and lethargy were predominant clinical findings in 12 dogs with disseminated histoplasmosis. Young dogs were affected most commonly, with 6 dogs being 1 to 3 years old. A diagnosis of disseminated histoplasmosis was established on the basis of histologic or cytologic detection of Histoplasma organisms in intestinal or rectal mucosa in 7 dogs, in circulating leukocytes in 5 dogs, in bone marrow in 3 dogs, and in multiple tissues at necropsy in 1 dog (4 dogs had Histoplasma organisms detected in > 1 site). Anemia was detected in 10 dogs (pcv <20% in 3 dogs), and the anemia was inadequately regenerative or nonregenerative in 7. Hypoalbuminemia was detected in 9 dogs, and serum albumin concentrations were low (<1.0 g/dl) in 4 of the 9 dogs. Of 5 dogs treated with ketoconazole, 2 were in remission for ≥ 1 year. Corticosteroid therapy may have exacerbated the disease in 4 dogs. Histoplasma infection of multiple organs was detected in 5 necropsied dogs.