bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High Flow Oxygen Therapy and the Pressure to Feed Infants With Acute Respiratory Illness
Authors: Raminick Jennifer , Desai Hema
Published: August 2020

Purpose

Infants hospitalized for an acute respiratory illness often require the use of noninvasive respiratory support during the initial stage to improve their breathing. High flow oxygen therapy (HFOT) is becoming a more popular means of noninvasive respiratory support, often used to treat respiratory syncytial virus/bronchiolitis. These infants present with tachypnea and coughing, resulting in difficulties in coordinating sucking and swallowing. However, they are often allowed to feed orally despite having high respiratory rate, increased work of breathing and on HFOT, placing them at risk for aspiration. Feeding therapists who work with these infants have raised concerns that HFOT creates an additional risk factor for swallowing dysfunction, especially with infants who have compromised airways or other comorbidities. There is emerging literature concluding changes in pharyngeal pressures with HFOT, as well as aspiration in preterm neonates who are on nasal continuous positive airway pressure. However, there is no existing research exploring the effect of HFOT on swallowing in infants with acute respiratory illness. This discussion will present findings from literature on HFOT, oral feeding in the acutely ill infant population, and present clinical practice guidelines for safe feeding during critical care admission for acute respiratory illness.

Conclusion

Guidelines for safety of oral feeds for infants with acute respiratory illness on HFOT do not exist. However, providers and parents continue to want to provide oral feeds despite clinical signs of respiratory distress and coughing. To address this challenge, we initiated a process change to use clinical bedside evaluation and a “cross-systems approach” to provide recommendations for safer oral feeds while on HFOT as the infant is recovering from illness. Use of standardized feeding evaluation and protocol have improved consistency of practice within our department. However, further research is still necessary to develop clinical practice guidelines for safe oral feeding for infants on HFOT.
Comparative researches on double‐sided switched reluctance linear machines with different winding connections
Authors: Nie Rui , Chen Hao , Zhao Wenmin , Liu Jinfu , Zhao Shuyan , Tian Jiacheng , Wang Xing , Zhang Jingxin
Published: August 2020

This study presents comparative researches on performances of a double‐sided switched reluctance linear machine (DSRLM) under different winding connection modes. The static self/mutual inductances of a 6/4 yokeless DSRLM under two winding connection modes are calculated through the finite element method (FEM). This DSRLM can work either as a motor or as a generator. Now the performances of the DSRLM under different winding connection modes, including the force ripple in the electric model and the output voltage ripple in generation model, are compared through an established electric model and an established generation model. In addition, the iron losses under different winding connections are also investigated. Dynamic magnetic flux density waveforms of the DSRLM are calculated via FEM, and an iron loss computation module is established. Simulation results indicate that the advantages of both winding connections reflect in different aspects. This study summarises how to select a proper winding connection mode of DSRLMs for different performance demands responding to different applications. The experimental validations are conducted on a prototype DSRLM finally.
Iron loss and temperature analysis of switched reluctance motor for electric vehicles
Authors: Yan Wenju , Chen Hao , Liu Yongqiang , Chan Chingchuen
Published: August 2020

Based on a four‐phase 8/6 structure switched reluctance machine for electric vehicles, the influence of different magnetic pole distributions on iron loss and temperature field is studied here. Firstly, by fitting the core silicon sheet iron loss data of the prototype, a mathematical calculation model of switched reluctance iron loss is constructed. Then, in order to analyse the flux density waveform of the iron core, a 2D finite element model is proposed. Under different magnetic pole distributions, the magnetic flux densities of the iron core are compared and the iron loss is calculated as well. Finally, the simulation results are obtained by establishing the 2D finite element thermal model of the prototype and analysed. Then, the experimental test platform is built and experimental data are recorded and analysed. By comparing the experimental results, it is found that the temperature rise is well consistent with the temperature rise of the 2D finite element thermal model.
Additivity of relative magnetic helicity in finite volumes
Authors: Valori Gherardo , Démoulin Pascal , Pariat Etienne , Yeates Anthony , Moraitis Kostas , Linan Luis
Published: August 2020

Context. Relative magnetic helicity is conserved by magneto-hydrodynamic evolution even in the presence of moderate resistivity. For that reason, it is often invoked as the most relevant constraint on the dynamical evolution of plasmas in complex systems, such as solar and stellar dynamos, photospheric flux emergence, solar eruptions, and relaxation processes in laboratory plasmas. However, such studies often indirectly imply that relative magnetic helicity in a given spatial domain can be algebraically split into the helicity contributions of the composing subvolumes, in other words that it is an additive quantity. A limited number of very specific applications have shown that this is not the case.

Aims. Progress in understanding the nonadditivity of relative magnetic helicity requires removal of restrictive assumptions in favor of a general formalism that can be used in both theoretical investigations and numerical applications.

Methods. We derive the analytical gauge-invariant expression for the partition of relative magnetic helicity between contiguous finite volumes, without any assumptions on either the shape of the volumes and interface, or the employed gauge.

Results. We prove the nonadditivity of relative magnetic helicity in finite volumes in the most general, gauge-invariant formalism, and verify this numerically. We adopt more restrictive assumptions to derive known specific approximations, which yields a unified view of the additivity issue. As an example, the case of a flux rope embedded in a potential field shows that the nonadditivity term in the partition equation is, in general, non-negligible.

Conclusions. The nonadditivity of relative magnetic helicity can potentially be a serious impediment to the application of relative helicity conservation as a constraint on the complex dynamics of magnetized plasmas. The relative helicity partition formula can be applied to numerical simulations to precisely quantify the effect of nonadditivity on global helicity budgets of complex physical processes.
Statistical properties of turbulent fluctuations associated with electron-only magnetic reconnection
Authors: Arró G. , Califano F. , Lapenta G.
Published: August 2020

Context. Recent satellite measurements in the turbulent magnetosheath of Earth have given evidence of an unusual reconnection mechanism that is driven exclusively by electrons. This newly observed process was called electron-only reconnection, and its interplay with plasma turbulence is a matter of great debate.

Aims. By using 2D-3V hybrid Vlasov–Maxwell simulations of freely decaying plasma turbulence, we study the role of electron-only reconnection in the development of plasma turbulence. In particular, we search for possible differences with respect to the turbulence associated with standard ion-coupled reconnection.

Methods. We analyzed the structure functions of the turbulent magnetic field and ion fluid velocity fluctuations to characterize the structure and the intermittency properties of the turbulent energy cascade.

Results. We find that the statistical properties of turbulent fluctuations associated with electron-only reconnection are consistent with those of turbulent fluctuations associated with standard ion-coupled reconnection, and no peculiar signature related to electron-only reconnection is found in the turbulence statistics. This result suggests that the turbulent energy cascade in a collisionless magnetized plasma does not depend on the specific mechanism associated with magnetic reconnection. The properties of the dissipation range are discussed as well, and we claim that only electrons contribute to the dissipation of magnetic field energy at sub-ion scales.
The probabilities of large deviations for a certain class of statistics associated with multinomial distribution
Authors: Mirakhmedov Sherzod M.
Published: August 2020

Letη= (η1, …,ηN) be a multinomial random vector with parametersn=η1+ ⋯ +ηNandpm> 0,m= 1, …,N,p1+ ⋯ +pN= 1. We assume thatN→∞and maxpm→ 0 asn→∞. The probabilities of large deviations for statistics of the formh1(η1) + ⋯ +hN(ηN) are studied, wherehm(x) is a real-valued function of a non-negative integer-valued argument. The new large deviation results for the power-divergence statistics and its most popular special variants, as well as for several count statistics are derived as consequences of the general theorems.
COVID-19 and endoscopic management of superficial gastrointestinal neoplastic lesions: a multinational cross-sectional survey
Authors: Rodríguez-Carrasco Marta , Albéniz Eduardo , Bhandari Pradeep , Beyna Torsten , Bourke Michael J. , Min Ahyeon , Chiu Philip W. Y. , Chu Simon , Yip Hon Chi , Deprez Pierre H. , Emura Fabian , Repici Alessandro , Suzuki Noriko , Yahagi Naohisa , Kubosawa Yoko , Hassan Cesare , Dinis-Ribeiro Mário
Published: August 2020

Introduction We aimed to report the impact of the pandemic lockdown period on the treatment and prognosis of superficial gastrointestinal neoplastic lesions.

Methods A survey was completed by 11 centers from four continents regarding postponements during the early lockdown period of the pandemic, and the same period in 2019.

Results In 2020, 55 % of the scheduled procedures were deferred, which was 11 times higher than in 2019; the main reasons were directly related to COVID-19. In countries that were highly affected, this proportion rose to 76 % vs. 26 % in those where there was less impact. Despite the absolute reduction, the relative distribution in 2019 vs. 2020 was similar, the only exception being duodenal lesions (affected by a 92 % reduction in mucosectomies). Although it is expected that the majority of postponements will not affect the stage (based on the results from biopsies and/or endoscopic appearance), 3 % of delayed procedures will probably require surgery.

Conclusions The lockdown period caused by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic led to a substantial reduction in the number of endoscopic resections for neoplastic lesions. Nevertheless, based on clinical judgment, the planned median delay will not worsen the prognosis of the affected patients.
Cognitive Impairment in Moderate Degree Diffuse Axonal Head Injuries: Analysis of 84 Cases Using MMSE
Authors: Jaleel Momin Abdul , Ramesh Shighakolli , Raju Subodh , Sharma Renuka , Anjankar Shailendra , Reddy R. Harikishore
Published: August 2020

Background Cognitive impairment is commonly seen in traumatic brain injury survivors. Posttraumatic cognitive sequelae may be more devastating than focal motor and focal sensory deficits, and are usually left unattended.

Aim and Objective Aim of this study was to assess cognitive impairment in patients who had sustained moderate degree diffuse axonal injuries and having good outcome (Glasgow Outcome Score of 5).

Methods and Materials Prospective observational study was done from 2011 to 2015 on the patients who had sustained moderated degree diffuse brain injuries. Eighty-four cases fulfilling the inclusion criteria were studied. Patients were assessed with Mini-Mental Status Examination at discharge, end of 1 month, and at 3 months.

Result Seventy-six were males and 8 were females. Age ranged from 16 to 49 years. Note that 4.76% (4) patients had hypotension at presentation, 32.14% (27) patients had associated injuries, and 19.04% (16) patients had hyponatremia at presentation. Diabetes mellitus was seen in 34.52% (29) patients, while hypertension was seen in 14.28% (12). At 3 months’ follow-up, 19.06% (16) patients had cognitive impairment. The present study revealed that hypotension and presence of associated injuries at presentation raises the odds of having cognitive impairment by 8 and 5 times, respectively.

Conclusion Routine assessment of cognitive impairment in head injury survivors is essential as it may help in identifying cognitive deficits. Early intervention of neurorehabilitation to such patients results in better neurocognitive outcome. Hypotension and associated injuries are associated with poor cognitive outcome.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in the Intensive Care Unit: Antibiotic Treatment of Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbations
Authors: Gupta Nita , Haley Ryan , Gupta Ashish , Sethi Sanjay
Published: August 2020

Patients who suffer from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) often experience deterioration of baseline respiratory symptoms, acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD), that become more frequent with disease progression. Based on symptom severity, approximately 20% of these patients will require hospitalization. The most common indicators for intensive care unit (ICU) admission have been found to be worsening or impending respiratory failure and hemodynamic instability. Bacterial and viral bronchial infections are the causative triggers in the majority of COPD exacerbations in the ICU, with a comprehensive assessment revealing them in 72% of cases. The distribution of bacterial pathogens involved in AECOPD requiring ICU admission show an increased incidence of gram-negative respiratory isolates, including Pseudomonas and Enterobacteriaceae spp., when compared with outpatient exacerbations. Evaluation of these patients requires careful attention to comorbid conditions. An effort to rapidly obtain lower respiratory samples for microbiological samples prior to initiation of antibiotics should be made as adequate samples can guide subsequent modifications of antibiotic treatment if the clinical response to empiric treatment is poor. Empiric antibiotic treatment should be promptly initiated in all patients with a major consideration for the choice being the presence of risk factors for Pseudomonas infection. Evaluation of clinical response at 48 to 72 hours is crucial, and total duration of antibiotics of 5 to 7 days should be adequate.
Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Traumatic Brain Injury: Management Strategies
Authors: Bonilla-Mendoza Carlos-Andrés , Garcia-Ballestas Ezequiel , Pacheco-Hernandez Alfonso , Moscote-Salazar Luis-Rafael , Keni Ravish R. , Agrawal Amit
Published: August 2020

Today, traumatic brain injuries continue to be studied, increasingly investigating the pathophysiological mechanisms that contribute to the clinical presentation, severity, and possible sequelae, but despite this, the prognosis of these patients is sometimes poor. Mitochondrial dysfunction comprises a series of reactions that contribute to the inflammatory process in these patients that have an impact on the prognosis, since it is one of the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in secondary lesions after a traumatic brain injury; and therefore has opened a field of study in the search of possible biomolecular markers that allow us to establish a prognosis and prediction of mortality.
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for Prediction of Grades of Diffusely Infiltrating Intracranial Astrocytomas
Authors: Abu Obaida , Rahman Asifur , Khan Robert , Alam Shamsul , Barua Kanak , Chaurasia Bipin
Published: August 2020

Abstarct

Objective Gliomas, the most frequent primary brain tumors, have various grades, among which grade II, III, and IV are diffusely infiltrating astrocytomas. As therapeutic approaches and outcome differ considerably, depending on the grade of these tumors, prediction is important regarding outcome. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) can be of help in understanding of the biochemical changes of pathological state to study, monitor, predict grading and outcome of gliomas.

Materials and Methods All the 30 patients in the study with intracranial diffusely infiltrating astrocytoma had MRS study using 1.5 Tesla MR scanner. The study population was divided into three groups on the basis of the grades of the tumor according to histopathology. Mean height of choline (Ch), N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), creatine (Cr) peak, and choline/creatine (Ch/Cr) ratio was documented. Mean value of each variable among three grades was analyzed and compared with analysis of variance (ANOVA) test (F-test).

Results There was positive relationship regarding Ch/Cr ratio among astrocytomas grade II to IV and the result was significant (p = 0.047). A positive relationship of Ch peak was also observed for grade II to IV astrocytoma, though the result was not significant (p = 0.578). The result was nonsignificant for NAA (p = 0.696) and Cr (p = 0.740) peak also.

Conclusion We recommend Ch/Cr ratio to be considered as a dependable MRS data to comment on low- or high-grade astrocytomas. MRS can be done as a routine investigation in the developing countries for astrocytomas where other facilities are less accessible for reliable prediction and counseling.
Endovascular Management of Direct Carotid–Cavernous Fistula: Evolution of Cost Effective Sandwich Technique
Authors: Prasad Surya N. , Singh Vivek , Boruah Deb K. , Phadke Rajendra V. , Sharma Kumudini , Kannaujia Vikas
Published: August 2020

Objective There is a direct fistulous connection between the cavernous segment of the internal carotid artery and cavernous sinus in cases of direct carotid–cavernous fistula (CCF). Endovascular embolization is the mainstay of management in this condition. This study is about the evolution of endovascular treatment methods and the development of a cost-effective technique for embolization of direct CCF at a tertiary care center.

Materials and Methods A retrospective analysis was performed of all the cases of direct type CCF embolized by endovascular techniques in our department from 2008 to 2018.Clinical follow-up of these patients was done at 1 week, 3 months, and 6 months.

Results A total of 45 patients with 40 having a prior history of head trauma were included in this study. All cases were treated with a transarterial route except one which was treated with the transvenous approach. Detachable balloons were used in 12 (26.67%) patients, only detachable coils in 14 cases (31.11%), both detachable balloons and coils in 9 cases (20%), and both detachable and push coils, that is, sandwich technique in 8 cases (17.78%). Parent arterial occlusion was performed in 10 patients (22.22%). There was complete resolution of chemosis and bruit in all the patients.

Conclusion Endovascular treatment is the mainstay of management in direct CCF. Using more fibered thrombogenic coils in a sandwich manner decreases the cost of the treatment significantly.
Clinical and Affective Correlates of Cognitive Functioning in Complicated Mild and Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury Patients Belonging to Rural Areas
Authors: Chaurasiya Akanksha , Ranjan Jay Kumar , Pandey Nityanand , Asthana Hari Shanker
Published: August 2020

Abstarct

Background/Objective Mild and moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a neglected field especially with reference to its association with cognitive, behavioral, and emotional sequelae. The present study aimed to investigate the association of affective symptoms and clinical factors with neurocognitive functioning in complicated mild and moderate TBI patients.

Materials and Methods The sample comprised 39 complicated mild and moderate TBI patients with age range of 18 to 59 years. The study was conducted in the Department of Neurosurgery, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. The patients were assessed with the neurocognitive tests, Rivermead Post Concussion Symptom Questionnaire, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.

Statistical AnalysisPartial correlations and zero order correlations were used to test the relationships between variables.

ResultsThe injury-related factors, namely level of consciousness and Glasgow Coma Scale were found to be associated with divided attention and memory dysfunction (p< 0.05), respectively. Anxiety was found to be associated with impairment on all domains of neurocognitive function (p< 0.05) except divided attention. Depressive symptoms were found to be correlated with all the neurocognitive functions (p< 0.05) except focused and divided attention, whereas head injury symptoms correlated with impairment on focused and divided attention (p< 0.05).

ConclusionPresent study highlights the need to acknowledge affective symptoms along with clinical factors in the planning of the rehabilitation programs for such patients in rural scenario.
Excitation and characteristics of electrostatic ion-cyclotron waves launched by a grid
Authors: Yi Kai-yang , Wei Zi-an , Ma J. X. , Liu Qi , Li Zheng-yuan
Published: August 2020

Previous experimental studies on electrostatic ion-cyclotron waves (EICWs) and their instability were often performed in a narrow plasma column in Q-machines, in which the wave was conventionally generated via the instability driven by an electron current parallel to a magnetic field. The propagation characteristics of wave patterns have seldom been studied, especially the different characteristics in pulse and continuous wave patterns. In this paper, we present the experimental launching of the EICW via a grid applied with either a pulsed or a sinusoidal external excitation voltage in a magnetized plasma device. Either pulsed or continuous EICWs were excited, and the wave pattern trajectories were observed. Using the time-of-flight method, both phase and pulse (group) velocities of the wave signals were directly measured. It was shown that for the continuous EICW excitation, the measured dispersion relation is in agreement with the result from the kinetic theory in some range of parameters in the fundamental and harmonic frequency bands. The dependence of the measured pulse and phase velocities on the magnetic field shows agreement with the fluid theory only in the low field strength case but is closer to the result from the kinetic theory in the high field strength case.
The influence of key characteristic parameters on performance of optical fiber Fabry–Perot temperature sensor
Authors: Zhang Fuzheng , Zhao Na , Lin Qijing , Wu Zirong , Tian Bian , Shi Peng , Yang Ping , Jiang Zhuangde
Published: August 2020

Extrinsic optical fiber Fabry–Perot (F–P) high temperature sensors using Al2O3 ceramic tubes were fabricated by a microscope equipped with a CCD whose scaleplate has been calibrated using a standard gauge block. The initial cavity length of the F–P sensor, which must be larger than 36 µm, whose output signal is demodulated by the multi-peak method is determined. The temperature measurement range of the sensor is 25 °C–1000 °C. Because the temperature sensitivity of the F–P temperature sensor made by Al2O3 ceramic tubes, whose thermal expansion coefficient is different from that of the fiber, is dependent on the initial cavity length, a low initial cavity length is beneficial in improving sensor sensitivity. Compared with the results of the quartz tube F–P sensor, the temperature sensitivity of the ceramic tube F–P sensor is 10 times larger than that of the quartz tube F–P sensor. Hence, it can be deduced that the ceramic tube F–P sensor is greatly improved compared with the quartz tube F–P sensor.
Head-on collision of two immiscible droplets of different components
Authors: Zhang Jian-Tao , Liu Hao-Ran , Ding Hang
Published: August 2020

We numerically study the head-on collisions of two immiscible droplets of different components and focus on the effects of droplet inertia and interfaces, which are expected to play a crucial role in the interaction between the two droplets. A ternary-fluid diffuse-interface method is used here after being validated by comparing against experiments of the collision between an aqueous droplet and a silicone oil droplet. In order to figure out how the droplet inertia and interfaces affect the dynamic behavior after the collision, axisymmetric simulations are performed with various Weber number We and surface tension ratio λ, i.e., the ratio of the surface tension coefficient of the liquid–liquid to the liquid–gas interfaces. Their effects on the film thickness, maximal deformation of the colliding droplets, and the corresponding contact time are investigated. To describe the collision dynamics, we propose an equivalent surface tension σ* based on the analysis of the energy conservation and morphology of the colliding droplets. Using the equivalent surface tension σ*, we theoretically predict the film thickness, maximal spreading time, and deformation of the colliding droplets. The theoretical predictions are in good agreement with the numerical results.
Ancestral roles of atypical cadherins in planar cell polarity
Authors: Brooun Maria , Klimovich Alexander , Bashkurov Mikhail , Pearson Bret J. , Steele Robert E. , McNeill Helen
Published: August 2020

Significance

Planar cell polarization, PCP, describes a form of organization where every cell within a group acquires the same planar characteristics, whether it is orientation of cell division, direction of migration, or localization of a cellular structure. PCP is essential for correct organization of cells into tissues and building a proper body plan. Here we use
Hydra
, an organism with a single axis of symmetry and a very simple body plan to investigate the function of the cell adhesion molecules Fat-like and Dachsous. We show that
Hydra
Fat-like and Dachsous are planar polarized, providing a demonstration of planar polarization of proteins in a nonbilaterian organism. We also discover roles for
Hydra
Fat-like in cell adhesion, spindle orientation, and tissue organization.
Neuronal spike-rate adaptation supports working memory in language processing
Authors: Fitz Hartmut , Uhlmann Marvin , van den Broek Dick , Duarte Renato , Hagoort Peter , Petersson Karl Magnus
Published: August 2020

Significance

To understand an utterance, words have to be remembered and rapidly combined into an interpretation. How neurobiology supports this feat is currently unknown. One proposal that we investigate here is that information is stored and manipulated within single neurons. Depending on input history, neurons show different spike responses, and this adaptation constitutes a form of processing memory on short timescales. We implemented this approach as spike-rate adaptation that decreases neuronal excitability. Through computer simulations we show that this mechanism is suitable to establish meaning relations in sequential language processing. This account of working memory complements the more traditional views that information is stored in persistent spiking activity or short-lived synaptic changes.
Field experimental evidence shows that self-interest attracts more sunlight
Authors: Bollinger Bryan , Gillingham Kenneth T. , Ovaere Marten
Published: August 2020

Significance

There is substantial policy-maker interest in assuring that the benefits from rooftop solar photovoltaic systems are shared by communities of all income groups. This study performs a field experiment leveraging a limited-time grassroots campaign to promote household adoption of solar to test the effectiveness of two messaging approaches motivated by previous empirical work. We find that self-interest messaging outperforms prosocial community-oriented messaging. The self-interest approach leads to higher-net present value systems, while the prosocial approach leads to greater peer recommendations and satisfaction with the installations, consistent with prosocial messaging leading to adoption by more community-oriented households. Income moderates the effectiveness of self-interest messaging, with high-income communities responding more than low- and moderate-income communities.
Atomistic structure and dynamics of the human MHC-I peptide-loading complex
Authors: Fisette Olivier , Schröder Gunnar F. , Schäfer Lars V.
Published: August 2020

Significance

The major histocompatibility complex class-I (MHC-I) peptide-loading complex (PLC) translocates cytosolic degradation products to the endoplasmic reticulum to load antigenic peptides onto MHC-I molecules. Stable peptide–MHC-I complexes are presented at the cell surface to mirror cellular contents for patrolling T cells, which protect against viral infections and cancer-causing mutations by inducing apoptosis in cells that expose nonself peptides. Due to its size and dynamic nature, the atomic-level details of the PLC remained unknown. We built an all-atom model of the human MHC-I PLC by combining the recent 9.9-Å resolution cryo-EM density with microsecond molecular dynamics simulations in a membrane and water environment (1.6 million atoms). The results provide unprecedented insights into the molecular underpinnings of our adaptive immune response.
Revealing the mechanism of repressor inactivation during switching of a temperate bacteriophage
Authors: Rasmussen Kim Krighaar , Palencia Andrés , Varming Anders K. , El-Wali Habiba , Boeri Erba Elisabetta , Blackledge Martin , Hammer Karin , Herrmann Torsten , Kilstrup Mogens , Lo Leggio Leila , Jensen Malene Ringkjøbing
Published: August 2020

Significance

Temperate bacteriophages can enter one of two life cycles following infection of a host: the lysogenic or the lytic life cycle. In the lysogenic life cycle, the viral genome is silenced and integrated into the host genome, while in the alternative lytic life cycle, phage replication in the cell leads to production of new phages, cell lysis, and release of phage progeny. Using a combination of NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, biophysics, and in vivo experiments we have revealed the molecular mechanisms underlying the switch from the lysogenic to the lytic life cycle in the bacteriophage TP901-1 from
Lactococcus lactis
. The molecular mechanisms are likely conserved among a larger family of bacteriophages from human pathogens implicated in transfer of antibiotic resistance.
Channelrhodopsin-mediated optogenetics highlights a central role of depolarization-dependent plant proton pumps
Authors: Reyer Antonella , Häßler Melanie , Scherzer Sönke , Huang Shouguang , Pedersen Jesper Torbøl , Al-Rascheid Khaled A. S. , Bamberg Ernst , Palmgren Michael , Dreyer Ingo , Nagel Georg , Hedrich Rainer , Becker Dirk
Published: August 2020

Significance

People for centuries are puzzled how living creatures like plants sense their environment. Plants employ electrical signals to communicate a cue-dependent local status between plants cells and organs. As a first response to biotic and abiotic stresses, the membrane potential of plant cells depolarizes. Recovery from the depolarized state, repolarization, was proposed to involve ion channels and pumps. Here, we established channelrhodopsin (ChR2)-based optogenetics in plants and learned that the plant plasma membrane H
+
-ATPase represents the major driver of membrane potential repolarization control during plant electrical signaling, rather than voltage-dependent ion channels.
Syntaxin 3 is essential for photoreceptor outer segment protein trafficking and survival
Authors: Kakakhel Mashal , Tebbe Lars , Makia Mustafa S. , Conley Shannon M. , Sherry David M. , Al-Ubaidi Muayyad R. , Naash Muna I.
Published: August 2020

Significance

Rod and cone photoreceptors are highly polarized cells which rely on incompletely understood trafficking pathways to deliver and sort proteins into multiple outer segment subcompartments (disc, rim, and plasma membrane). Here we identify the SNARE protein syntaxin 3 as a trafficking component for both disc and rim proteins but not plasma membrane proteins. Our results suggest that syntaxin 3-mediated vesicle fusion is a convergence point for disc and rim protein trafficking and sorting. Furthermore, we find no evidence that eliminating syntaxin 3 affects cone photoreceptor trafficking, suggesting that divergent trafficking pathways in the two cell types may underlie their different outer segment structure. These studies significantly enhance our understanding of the unique and elegant cell biology of the photoreceptor.
Deconstructing the idea of language
Authors: Joubert Aurélie
Published: August 2020

Patois is a term used to refer to some varieties of language of contested legitimacy. Close to
dialect, it implies a nuance based on the diminished function and supposedly unpolished
form of the language used. The application of the term patois to French linguistic
communities is not accidental. It is a socio-historical process that can be analysed in parallel with the
implementation of language policies made to promote French as the sole language of a nation-state. This chapter
demonstrates that the application of this linguistic denomination is neither innocent nor objective. Indeed, the
semantic evolution of the term itself indicates an increasingly disparaging connotation which has led to a submissive
effect on the community of speakers of Occitan. Furthermore, a devaluing impact can be identified in the discourse of
speakers when referring to their own language. Thus, this chapter will establish the link between the ideological
notion of linguistic superiority of the national language and the micro-levelled declaration of speakers’ attitudes,
and will therefore highlight the connection between macro language policies and speakers’ socio-psychological
self-evaluation.
Publishing a grammar and literature anthology of a contested language
Authors: Di Stefano Andrea Francesco Daniele
Published: August 2020

The present essay reports the experience of applying a web-based system of fundraising such as
crowdfunding to publish a textbook for a local language (the variety of Piedmontese spoken in Biella and its
neighbourhood). Piedmontese is classified as an endangered language whose number of speakers is steadily decreasing.
Conversely, the mean age of speakers is increasing. Crowdfunding was chosen as a fundraising system with the aim of
supporting the publication of a Piedmontese grammar and anthology. The campaign was launched on the crowdfunding
platform Produzioni dal Basso on 2 September and terminated on 31 December 2015. The appeal was
posted at weekly intervals on the social network Facebook starting from the day of the campaign launch. Pages specific
for users with interest in Piedmontese were chosen for spreading the news. The appeal was spread also via private
messages whenever possible. Meanwhile, the news was also published several times in dedicated articles by newspapers.
The positive feedback by the supporters, who received copies of the book in return for contributions of a certain
size, ensured the actual publication of the grammar in December 2017. In conclusion, an up-to-date system, such as
that offered by the online crowdfunding platform, combined with the possibility of spreading the appeal through social
networks, gained an unexpected positive feedback from the public and was able to attract the interest of a number of
potential readers of the proposed text book.
Emotional contagion and its implications for animal welfare
Authors: Düpjan* Sandra , Krause Annika , Moscovice Liza R. , Nawroth Christian
Published: August 2020

Altering one’s emotional state in response to the emotional expressions of others, called emotional contagion, is a well-studied phenomenon in humans and many nonhuman animals. Here we describe the methods that are typically used to assess changes in the emotional state in demonstrators and the transmission of emotions to naïve observers. We then review the evidence for the transmission of positive and negative emotions in farm animals. We conclude by highlighting examples of how a better understanding of emotional contagion in farm animals can lead to novel and innovative interventions to improve their welfare.
An ECT image reconstruction algorithm based on object-and-background adaptive regularization
Authors: Yan Hua , Wang Yan , Wang Yifan , Zhou Yinggang
Published: August 2020

Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) image reconstruction is an ill-posed inverse problem. Regularization methods are generally employed to solve the ill-posed problem, and the reconstructed image quality is seriously influenced by the selection of the regularization parameter. At present, a same regularization parameter is generally adopted for the whole reconstruction region, but the object region and the background region have different requirements on the regularization parameter, so it is difficult to obtain high-quality reconstruction images. In order to solve this problem, an image reconstruction algorithm based on object-and-background adaptive regularization, the OABAR algorithm for short, is proposed in this paper. The basic idea of the proposed OABAR algorithm is to dynamically divide the reconstructed region into object and background regions according to the reconstructed gray values. This is followed by iteratively reducing the regularization parameter values corresponding to the object region on the one hand to improve the detail reconstruction ability of the object region. On the other hand, a fixed regularization parameter value larger than the initial regularization parameter is provided for the background region to improve the smoothing ability of the background region. The iterative process is terminated when the change trend of capacitance residual norm first reverses or the number of iterations reaches the preset maximum value. If the change trend of capacitance residual norm does not reverse within the preset maximum number of iterations, the reconstructed result with the minimum capacitance residual norm is taken as the final result. Simulation and experimental tests were carried out and the results verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm on improving ECT image reconstruction quality.
Horizon thermodynamics in

theory *
Authors: Feng Haiyuan , Yang Rong-Jia
Published: August 2020

We investigate whether the new horizon first law still holds in

theory. For this complicated theory, we first determine the entropy of a black hole by using the Wald method, and then derive the energy of the black hole by using the new horizon first law, the degenerate Legendre transformation, and the gravitational field equations. For application, we consider the quadratic-curvature gravity, and first calculate the entropy and energy of a static spherically symmetric black hole, which are in agreement with the results obtained in the literature for a Schwarzschild-(A)dS black hole.
Highly oriented-ZnO nanorods from hydrothermally depositions: Synthesis and optical properties
Authors: Kurniawan R , Setyawan T E , Agista W P , Amalia S , Pangestu Z A , Wahyuni N E A , Febrianti N S , Habani M H
Published: August 2020

A highly (002)-oriented ZnO NRs on the Si/SiO2 substrate was successfully synthesized by the spray-hydrothermal method, where ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were used as templates. Interestingly, by varying deposition temperatures from 150 to 350 °C, we successfully modified the orientation of the nanorod from vertical/horizontal to globular. This result is related to the agglomeration of ZnO NPs in the deposition process. Furthermore, globular ZnO NR showed a high electron transfer up to ∼9×1014 Ω−1 cm−1 eV with the presence of an excitonic state. Our results will provide an alternative in designing the structure and morphology of ZnO NR at a more affordable cost for high-performance optoelectronic applications.
Analyses of magnetic properties and crystal size on Fe3O4 nanoparticle from local iron sand using PEG as soft template
Authors: Mufti N , Sari D R P , Muyasaroh A F , Yudyanto  , Sunaryono  , Taufiq A
Published: August 2020

Nano-sized Fe3O4 has been considered prominent in material science research due to its potential applications in multi-layered aspects. One of the simple and inexpensive methods of nanosized Fe3O4 synthesis is co-precipitation. However, this method has not provided a uniform size. Therefore, this study carried out a few modifications by using PEG-200 and PEG-1000 as a soft template with a volume ratio of 1:1, 1:3, and 1:5. The Fe precursors used in this study are iron sand from the Brantas River, Kediri-East Java, Indonesia. The XRD results showed that the use of PEG in the synthesis of Fe3O4 did not affect the Fe3O4 phase, and this study obtained a crystal size with a range of 6-12 nm. Based on morphological observations using SEM, the use of soft templates in Fe3O4 synthesis can reduce agglomeration rather than without using a PEG template. All Fe3O4 powder samples showed ferrimagnetic behavior with a saturation magnetization of 39.5-70 emu/g.
Time dependence of nickel-coated st60 steel corrosion rate in sulfuric acid media
Authors: Muhtadi I , Puspitasari P , Aminnudin A , Permanasari A A , Sukarni S , Pratama M M A , Putra A B N R
Published: August 2020

The low-carbon steel alloy (St60 steel) consists of steel (Fe) and elements such as carbon (C), silicon (Si), manganese (Mn), phosphor (P), and others. This research aimed to analyze the corrosion rate of steel St. 60 by nickel coating in a corrosion test using 4M concentrated H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) with soaking solution for 60 minutes, 120 minutes, 180 minutes, and 240 minutes respectively. This research obtained by weighing the samples to find the weight losses after corrosion which resulted of 31.8 mg, 104.0 mg, 318.1 mg, and 575.4 mg for samples in 60 minutes, 120 minutes, 180 minutes, and 240 minutes soaking duration respectively. The corrosion rate calculation showed relatively significant weight losses. The average weight loss from the specimens in soaking time of 60 minutes, 120 minutes, 180 minutes, and 240 minutes were 0.0203 mm/year, 0.0320 mm/year, 0.0642 mm/year, and 0.0893 mm/year. The highest corrosion rate process was found in the soaking duration of 240 minutes, with the value of 0.0893 mm/year. The significant weight loss meant that soaking duration greatly influences the corrosion rate with the conclusion of longer duration resulted in a high corrosion rate and vice versa.
Ag nanoparticles effect on BaTiO3-Graphite-AC/Aluminum foil symmetric supercapacitor
Authors: Suryani S E I , Ristanti I , Diantoro M , Wisodo H , Taufiq A , Mufti N
Published: August 2020

Many supercapacitor studies focus on materials that are inflexible and have low specific capacitance. The addition of low dimension metals such as silver nanoparticles (AgNP) into the BaTiO3-Graphite-Activated Carbon (AC)/Aluminum foil showed a change in structure and morphology. The AC and graphite are generally used as necessary materials for supercapacitors. Adding AgNP is expected to increases the general mobility and specific capacitance of BaTiO3-Graphite-AC/Aluminum foil. In this study, we report the effect of AgNP into Graphite-AC-BaTiO3/Al foil symmetric supercapacitors. In the first step, we prepared nanocomposite comprises (x)AgNP-graphite-AC-BaTiO3. The dense solution then deposited on to clean aluminum foil as an electrode. The symmetric supercapacitors were sandwiched using two electrodes separated by a separator and electrolyte. It is shown that the crystal structure and morphology change with the addition of AgNP. The Optimum capacitance of Ag-BaTiO3-Graphite-AC/Aluminum Foil supercapacitor obtained from LCR meter of 1.9×10−5 F/g and dielectric constant of 1.03×106. The cyclic voltammetry test for three-electrode systems produces a specific capacitance of 8.95 F/g and 0.83 F/g for testing two electrode systems. We obtained that the increase of AgNP increases the specific capacitance of the electrode and supercapacitor to the optimum at 0.06 g Ag.
Optimizing the immobilization of lipase enzyme (Aspergillus oryzae) in the silica and silica-cellulose matrix by adsorption method
Authors: Maharani C A , Suharti S , Wonorahardjo S
Published: August 2020

Silica and silica-cellulose were safe biomaterials used as the matrix for immobilized enzyme or any bigger molecule. Some enzymes play role in some processes to biofuel production. In this study, the enzyme used was the lipase enzyme, to test the ability of the matrix as carrier. This research aimed to know the ability to immobilize lipase enzyme using adsorption method. Spectroscopy methods were involved. The research was divided into 4 steps (1) preparation of silica and silica-cellulose matrices, (2) characterization of silica and silica-cellulose, (3) immobilization of lipase enzyme on the silica and silica-cellulose which included activity test: optimum temperature, optimum pH, and optimum stirring speed, and (4) effectiveness of immobilized lipase enzyme on the silica and silica-cellulose. The result showed silica porous material as a matrix was more effective than silica-cellulose as matrix for lipase enzyme.
Voltage stability analysis: Case study in Madura 150 kV transmission system
Authors: Rosyadi F U , Aripriharta A , Rosmin N , Fadlika I
Published: August 2020

Voltage stability problem during the operation of the power system cause serious failures in the power system, so that making the development of stability analysis an important necessity. In this study, the data taken were Gilitimur, Bangkalan, Sampang, Pamekasan and Sumenep bus obtained from PT. PLN (Persero) UP2B East Java Madura 150 kV system area. In March 2019 there was a large voltage drop on the Sumenep bus so that the voltage was 133 kV. In power systems, the system voltage must be maintained within the limits (+ 5%) and (-10%) of the nominal voltage. Based on these regulations, the voltage condition on the Sumenep load bus experiences a voltage drop of 17 kV or >10% so that the voltage drop has exceeded the allowable voltage standard, whereas on other buses in Madura the region has also experienced a voltage drop that is almost close to the standard limit as in the Sampang bus has a voltage drop of 137 kV. To predict the voltage stability of the system in Madura, it can be done with a voltage stability analysis study using the Q-V Sensivity Analysis method. This analysis can be useful to determine which buses are prioritized for maintenance. In the Q-V Sensivity Analysis it is assumed that the bus voltage and load is absolute, when the value of Jacobian reduction (JR) is negative, indicating that the bus condition is unstable. In the analysis of the Sumenep bus the negative value is -0.015 while the other buses are positive namely the Gilitimur bus = 1.225, Bangkalan bus = 0.502, Sampang bus = 0.448 and Pamekasan bus = 0.287, so it can be concluded that the 150 kV Madura transmission system has unstable buses is the Sumenep bus.