bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermal Annealing of Implanted 252Cf Fission-1 Tracks in Monazite
Authors: Jones Sean , Gleadow Andrew , Kohn Barry
Published: September 2020

Abstract. A series of isochronal heating experiments were performed to constrain monazite fission-track thermal annealing properties. 252Cf fission-tracks were implanted into monazite crystals from the Devonian Harcourt Granodiorite (Victoria, Australia) on polished surfaces oriented parallel and perpendicular to (100) prismatic faces. Tracks were annealed over 1, 10, 100 and 1000 hour schedules at temperatures between 30 °C and 400 °C. Track lengths were measured on captured digital image stacks, and then converted to calculated mean lengths of equivalent confined fission tracks which progressively decreased with increasing temperature and time. Annealing is anisotropic, with tracks on surfaces perpendicular to the crystallographic c-axis consistently annealing faster than those on surfaces parallel to c. To investigate how the mean track lengths decreased as a function of annealing time and temperature, one parallel and two fanning models were fitted to the empirical dataset. The temperature limits of the monazite partial annealing zone (MPAZ) were defined as length reductions to 0.95 (lowest) and 0.5 (highest) for this study. Extrapolation of the laboratory experiments to geological timescales indicates that for a heating duration of 107 years, estimated temperature ranges of the MPAZ are −44 to 101 °C for the parallel model and −71 to 143 °C (both ~ 6–21 °C, 2 standard errors) for the best fitting linear fanning model (T0 = ∞). If a monazite fission-track closure temperature is approximated as the mid-point of the MPAZ, these results, for tracks with similar mass and energy distributions to those involved in spontaneous fission of 238U, are consistent with previously estimated closure temperatures (calculated from substantially higher energy particles) of
The monsoon hydroclimates in HadGEM3 model configurations GA3.0 and GA4.0: Impact of remote versus local circulations errors and horizontal resolution
Authors: Moufouma-Okia Wilfran , Vondou Debertini A. , JONES Richard
Published: September 2020

Abstract. State-of-the-science general circulation models (GCMs) are the primary tools for making policy-relevant climate calculations. Yet, these models face challenges in monsoon regions where live more than 70 % of the world's population, due to the complex interplay of local and remote influences on a spectrum of space and time scales. This work examines the fidelity to reproduce regional and global monsoons climatological features using the Met Office Unified Model (MetUM) third and fourth generations Global Atmosphere (GA3.0) and (GA4.0), two configurations of the HadGEM3 system developed for seamless use across climate and weather time scales. Results are compared both against multiple observational gridded datasets and outputs from 20 atmospheric-only GCMs simulations from the CMIP5 campaign. Furthermore, we investigate the influence of remote versus local atmospheric circulation errors by constraining realistically HadGEM3 circulations over a prescribed monsoon domain and examining the consequences outside and inside this domain using the grid-point nudging method. The GA3.0 largely captures global monsoon features, including the monsoon precipitation patterns and extent of regional monsoon domains, when integrated using a low (~ 135-km in mid-latitudes), medium (~ 60 km in mid-latitudes) and high (~ 25 km in mid-latitudes) horizontal resolutions. GA4.0 and GA3.0 results display a close similarity, and compares reasonably well against the best available CMIP5 models. The common failure of HadGEM3 configurations is the simulated weak magnitude and extent of the Asian Summer Monsoon (ASM) precipitation pattern, and associated low-level Somali jet. This situation is also apparent within HadGEM2-A, ACCESS1-0, and CSIRO-Mk3-6-0 – three GCMs sharing dynamical and physical components. HadGEM3 performance improves significantly over ASM with atmospheric circulations constrained realistically over the tropics, West African and Asian Summer monsoon domains. Conversely, constraining atmospheric circulations over other remote monsoon domains show little influence on the ASM precipitation. We argue that GA4.0 and GA3.0 poor simulations over the ASM domain are attributable, partly to local atmospheric circulations errors and excessive precipitation over the southwest equatorial Indian Ocean, rather than to remote tropical atmospheric responses of varying forcing fields, such as SST over the Arabian Sea, aerosols, and growing greenhouse gas emissions. The improved understanding of GCM performance in monsoon regions is an important step for credible projections of global monsoon changes.
An alternative form of the super-Gaussian wind turbine wake model
Authors: Blondel Frédéric , Cathelain Marie
Published: September 2020

Abstract. A new analytical wind turbine wake model, based on a super-Gaussian shape function, is presented. The super-Gaussian function evolves from a nearly top-hat shape in the near wake to a Gaussian shape in the far wake, which is consistent with observations and measurements of wind turbine wakes. Using such a shape function allows the recovery of the mass and momentum conservation that is violated when applying a near-wake regularization function to the expression of the maximum velocity deficit of the Gaussian wake model. After a brief introduction of the theoretical aspects, an easy-to-implement model with a limited number of parameters is derived. The super-Gaussian model predictions are compared to wind tunnel measurements, full-scale measurements, and a
large-eddy simulation (LES), showing a good agreement and an improvement compared with predictions based on the Gaussian model.
The Tools that B(l)ind: Technology and Religion
Authors: Deagon Alex
Published: September 2020

Technology is a new theology. Substantively, technology represents the culmination of human creation undergirded by reason, without reference to the supernatural. In that sense, technology is a kind of secular substitute for theology. Functionally, through its ubiquity and esoteric rules that govern our lives so comprehensively, technology echoes the binding nature of theology as a subset of religion (from religare, meaning ‘to rebind’). However, the binding nature of techno-secular theology produces biopolitical violence. In this article, I propose that recognition (‘re‑cognition’) of technology as techne, a tool to be used for good, rather than a religare, a binding, warrants a return to a theological framework to develop a more charitable community. This will facilitate the development and improvement of theology as a means of exploring mystery.
Current Overview of Surgical Options for Female Stress Urinary Incontinence
Authors: Kim Aram , Kim Sehwan , Kim Hyeong Gon
Published: September 2020

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is a highly prevalent health condition that significantly impacts the quality of life. Traditional methods of treatment for SUI, such as pubovaginal sling and Burch colposuspension, have been replaced by the midurethral sling because of its high efficacy, low complication and morbidity rates, and short learning curve. Although multiple behavioral and operative treatments exist, midurethral slings are the gold standard for the treatment of SUI in women. However, several reports have raised concerns about complications caused by the synthetic mesh used in midurethral slings. Therefore, surgical treatment for SUI in women must be chosen with care, taking into account potential complications. Herein, we review the current safety issues pertaining to the use of meshes, the efficacy of traditional surgeries, old and new midurethral slings, and recent data comparing the efficacy and safety of different surgical options. This review is aimed at developing practical guidelines for choosing surgical options for women with SUI.
Voiding Dysfunction in Old Male Rats Associated With Enlarged Prostate and Irregular Afferent-Triggered Reflex Responses
Authors: Zhang Chuan , Li Xuhong , Boone Timothy B. , Cruz Yolanda , Zhang Yingchun , Munoz Alvaro
Published: September 2020

Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the hypothesis that an enlarged prostate in old rats may lead to complications associated with voiding dysfunction involving ionotropic P2X2/3-type purinergic receptorsMethods: Intact animals were divided into male young (MYR; 8–10 weeks old) and male old (MOR; 20 months old) rats. The animals underwent simultaneous detrusor electromyography (EMG) and suprapubic cystometry (CMG) under urethane anesthesia. Immunofluorescence techniques were used to evaluate prostatic autonomic innervation and P2X3R expression in bladder urothelial cells. The functional role of P2X3R was characterized by intramuscular application of AF-353, a selective P2X2/3R antagonist.Results: The prostate index significantly increased in MOR, suggestive of an enlarged prostate affecting micturition patterns. Significant EMG and CMG differences were found between MYR and MOR. Higher immunoreactivity for P2X2/3R in the urothelial layer and for prostatic neurofilaments was seen in MOR. Systemic inhibition of P2X2/3R had minimal effects on MYR responsiveness, but improved voiding function in MOR with a marked decrease of intravesical pressure and bladder contractile responses.Conclusions: The data support the hypothesis that an enlarged prostate in MOR may contribute to voiding dysfunction involving activation of P2X2/3R, which enhances a prostate-bladder reflex. This reflex may increase bladder afferent transmission and activation of increased prostate innervation, leading to voiding dysfunction.
The consumer behavior of Slovak millennials in the segment of milk and dairy products within private labels
Authors: Košičiarová Ingrida , Kádeková Zdenka , Kubicová Ľubica , Rybanská Jana
Published: September 2020

Despite the fact that the dairy industry has an important position in the food industry (with an 18% share in its total production and sales), dairy businesses are currently struggling with low consumption of milk and dairy products. According to most researchers, the low consumption of milk and dairy products is mainly due to poor eating habits and, last but not least, insufficient promotion of these products. There is also an opportunity for private labels, which are recently on the rise, for which milk and dairy products are the most commonly purchased category of food. This paper aimed to find out how Slovak millennials perceive private labels, in which categories they buy them, what motivates them and on the contrary, discourages them from the purchase, etc. As the main research method, there was chosen the method of anonymous questionnaire survey involving 549 respondents from all over Slovakia; which was subsequently supplemented with a blind test. The submitted results of research declared that our goals were fulfilled and the following conclusions can be stated: Slovak millennials buy private labels in particular in the category of milk and dairy products, perceive private labels as an adequate alternative to their purchase and when purchasing milk and dairy products, they are mostly influenced by recommendations of family and friends and the tasting.
Effects of meat and processed meat consumption on the lipid profile in the population with cardiovascular diseases
Authors: Kopčeková Jana , Mrázová Jana , Gažarová Martina , Habánová Marta
Published: September 2020

Meat represents an important source of high-quality dietary protein for a large proportion of the global population. Also, red meat, in particular, significantly contributes to the intake of a wide range of micronutrients, including iron, zinc, selenium, vitamin D, and vitamin B12. Excessive consumption of meat and meat products is often associated with overconsumption of energy and fat, resulting in excess weight, obesity, and an increased risk of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between meat and processed meat consumption frequencies and lipid profile in a group of 800 randomly selected patients hospitalized in the Cardiocentre Nitra. Patients were 20 – 101 years, (men, the average age was 61.13 ±10.47 years). The data necessary for the detection of dietary habits were obtained by a questionnaire method. Statistical comparisons between groups were made utilizing a one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) followed by Tukey's post hoc test. Our results show, that most respondents consume meat 1 – 2 times per week, while we did not notice a significant effect (p >0.05) of the type of meat on the lipid profile. The highest T-C, LDL-C, and TG values were seen in men who consume pork 3 – 4 times per week. Statistically significant was only the effect of pork meat on total cholesterol and triglycerides (p <0.05). In the consumption of beef and poultry, there was a non-significant effect on biochemical parameters of blood (p >0.05). We recorded a significant effect (p ˂0.05) of the consumption of frankfurters between consumption 1 – 2 times per week and 3 – 4 times per week. Up to 40.2% of respondents consume salami 3 – 4 times per week, and we recorded a significant effect on LDL levels between consumption 1 – 2 times per week and sometimes (p ˂0.05). Respondents who consume sausage, headcheese, and others products 1 – 2 times a week have non-significant higher T-C, LDL, TG, and lower HDL compared to less frequent consumption. High consumption of meat, mainly pork and processed meat seems to be associated with higher levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides.
Blockchain: Future of Accounting Education
Authors: Samaduzzaman Munshi
Published: September 2020

Blockchain will be the future of accounting education. Triple entry accounting system is here, and shared ledger has been considered. From the shared ledger different parties can access transactions. As our discussion reveals that distributed ledger, Smart contract and Blockchain are three important elements in the triple entry accounting system. As a result, blockchain technology is helping the upgrading the process of education system. Blockchain technology is a peer to peer communication that allows participants to secure the settlement of transactions, achieve the transactions and transfer of assets at low cost. With certain advantages there are disadvantages too. Based on performance and acceptance, it is clear that in future the implication of blockchain technology would be developed. The concept of triple accounting has introduced the new way of accounting work replacing accounting standard formula. The blockchain technology eliminates the involvement of third party, maintain transparency and charges low transaction cost. It will save money and time of people as it is secure and due to decentralization, it is not controlled by one single entity. Due to the decentralization, every user of the network can see the file. So, blockchain should the part the Accounting Education in future.
The Impact of Veganism/Vegetarianism on Animal Welfare Policy
Authors: Azrak Lama El , Charlebois Sylvain
Published: September 2020

Veganism/vegetarianism is gaining popularity as a food trend, which may generate a high interest in animal welfare. This paper analyzes the motives behind veganism/vegetarianism and its potential impacts on animal welfare policies. It also examines various policy options attempting to improve animal welfare. A qualitative analysis was conducted for this paper. This included a literature review, where 14 articles were selected. The findings showed that while there does not seem to be a clear causation affect between veganism/vegetarianism and animal welfare policies, there are definitely potential impacts that may be more evident in future years and that should be addressed by policymakers and industry leaders.
Experimental evidence for the influence of structure and meaning on linear order in the noun phrase
Authors: Martin Alexander , Holtz Annie , Abels Klaus , Adger David , Culbertson Jennifer
Published: September 2020

Recent work has used artificial language experiments to argue that hierarchical representations drive learners’ expectations about word order in complex noun phrases like these two green cars (Culbertson & Adger 2014; Martin, Ratitamkul, et al. 2019). When trained on a novel language in which individual modifiers come after the Noun, English speakers overwhelmingly assume that multiple nominal modifiers should be ordered such that Adjectives come closest to the Noun, then Numerals, then Demonstratives (i.e., N-Adj-Num-Dem or some subset thereof). This order transparently reflects a constituent structure in which Adjectives combine with Nouns to the exclusion of Numerals and Demonstratives, and Numerals combine with Noun+Adjective units to the exclusion of Demonstratives. This structure has also been claimed to derive frequency asymmetries in complex noun phrase order across languages (e.g., Cinque 2005). However, we show that features of the methodology used in these experiments potentially encourage participants to use a particular metalinguistic strategy that could yield this outcome without implicating constituency structure. Here, we use a more naturalistic artificial language learning task to investigate whether the preference for hierarchy-respecting orders is still found when participants do not use this strategy. We find that the preference still holds, and, moreover, as Culbertson & Adger (2014) speculate, that its strength reflects structural distance between modifiers. It is strongest when ordering Adjectives relative to Demonstratives, and weaker when ordering Numerals relative to Adjectives or Demonstratives relative to Numerals. Our results provide the strongest evidence yet for the psychological influence of hierarchical structure on word order preferences during learning.
Más allá de COVID-19 lo que definirá la "Nueva normalidad"
Authors: El Salvador, S.A. de C.V. Ernst & Young,
Published: September 2020

Abstracts are not available.
Realidad Empresarial No. 9, 2020: 5-14
Finanzas en familia y Coronavirus (COVID-19)
Authors: Aguilar Pacas Griselda
Published: September 2020

Abstracts are not available.
Realidad Empresarial No. 9, 2020: 51
¿Cómo afecta a la economía de El Salvador la crisis de COVID-19?
Authors: Avilés Edgar David
Published: September 2020

Abstracts are not available.
Realidad Empresarial No. 9, 2020: 56-57
Campus No. 9
Authors: Editor El
Published: September 2020

Contains: Undertake U 2020 disruptive behavior ; The real goal, Sport Business Forum; Chair of accounting and auditing; Financial education; Controller Forum
Realidad Empresarial No. 9, 2020: 58-62
n. 35 - ANÁLISE DA FORMULAÇÃO E IMPLEMENTAÇÃO DA META 4 DO PLANO NACIONAL DE EDUCAÇÃO: TENSÕES ENTRE A INCLUSÃO TOTAL E A INCLUSÃO PREFERENCIAL
Authors: De Lima Roger Pena
Published: September 2020

O presente artigo, fruto de dissertação defendida no Mestrado Acadêmico da Universidade de Brasília, buscou analisar a formulação e a implementação da Meta 4 do Plano Nacional de Educação de 2014, que versa sobre a Educação Especial e Inclusiva. Orientado pela abordagem qualitativa, optou-se metodologicamente pelo Estudo de Caso, no qual recorremos à análise documental, à entrevistas semiestruturadas e à roda de conversa. Partindo de conceitos teóricos sobre formulação e implementação de políticas públicas, o presente estudo se debruçou sobre os antagonismos, as disputas e as coalizões de interesse que travaram intensa polarização durante sua tramitação no parlamento brasileiro para posteriormente discutir a implementação a partir da compreensão dos atores envolvidos, bem como as fragilidades para sua implementação. Os resultados permitiram desvelar que os antagonismos gravitaram em torno inclusão total ou inclusão preferencial e das questões relativas ao financiamento de organizações da sociedade civil com recursos públicos. Também foi possível evidenciar a compreensão que os agentes de implementação têm em relação à política analisada e debater as fragilidades no processo de implementação segundo a visão dos sujeitos envolvidos.Palavras-chave: Formulação. Implementação. Política de Educação Especial. PNE.  Meta 4.
n. 37 - OS IMPACTOS DA GESTÃO DEMOCRÁTICA NA ESCOLA PÚBLICA: UMA REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA
Authors: Siqueira Carlos Eduardo Borges da Cruz , Bartholo Tiago Lisboa
Published: September 2020

O artigo realiza uma revisão sistemática sobre os impactos da gestão democrática das escolas da rede pública no aprendizado dos alunos e/ou em quaisquer outras dimensões do trabalho escolar. Foram analisadas publicações entre 2007 e 2017 dos Grupos de Trabalho (GTs) das Reuniões Nacionais da Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Educação (ANPEd) e dos periódicos Revista Brasileira de Educação (RBE), Educação & Sociedade, Cadernos de Pesquisa - Fundação Carlos Chagas, Estudos em Avaliação Educacional e Revista Brasileira de Política e Administração da Educação (RBPAE). Encontraram-se 140 estudos com objetivos e/ou resultados relacionados à gestão democrática e à rede pública de Educação Básica, dos quais apenas dois estimam o impacto da gestão democrática. Embora os estudos apontem efeitos negativos da indicação de diretores por políticos e efeitos positivos do processo de seleção e eleição, seus desenhos de pesquisa são frágeis e as ameaças à validade interna dificultam inferir qualquer relação de causalidade.
Effect of Product Development and Standard Product to Performance of Ecotourism: Case of Ranong Province, Thailand
Authors: Mekhum Witthaya , Kumpecharat Nithcha
Published: September 2020

This world is marvelous place full of mystifying places and spectacular experiences only waiting for travel around and exploration. Ecotourism builds cultural and environmental awareness and recognition of such places. Therefore, the current research has investigated the relationship between historical places, natural environment, cultural values, ecotourists satisfaction, and ecotourism performance. Ecotourists satisfaction has direct impact on ecotourism performance. According to the current research, historical places, natural environment, and cultural values particularly in Ranong, a province of Thailand, play significant role for the ecotourist satisfaction and attraction. Hence a survey was conducted to obtain primary data to know ecotourists’ satisfaction level and how it impacts on ecotourism performance. In the survey 850 ecotourists were considered as the respondents of the current research. Hence, after collection of primary data from the respondents, a statistical software name Partial Least Square (PLS) was used to analyze the data for the achievement of end results of the current research. Moreover, the current research helps concerned authorities of Ranong that how they can utilize and earn more profit from ecotourism and make their natural areas recipient of well-being of their people.
Association Between Latency of Dermatomal Sensory-Evoked Potentials and Quantitative Radiologic Findings of Narrowing in Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
Authors: Yang Dong Chan , Lee Ho Jun , Park Jin-Woo , Nam Kiyeun , Kim Shengshu , Cho Keun-Tae , Kwon Bum Sun
Published: September 2020

Objective To identify the difference of quantitative radiologic stenosis between a normal latency group and an abnormal latency group, and to investigate the association of dermatomal somatosensory-evoked potential (DSEP) with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of narrowing in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS).Methods We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records and P40 latencies of L5 DSEP of 40 patients with unilateral symptoms of LSS at the L4–5 disc level. Quantitative assessments of stenosis in lumbar spine MRI were performed with measurements of the anteroposterior diameter (APD), cross-sectional area (CSA) of the dural sac, ligamentous interfacet distance (LID), CSA of the neural foramen (CSA-NF), and subarticular zone width. Analyses were conducted through comparisons of radiologic severity between the normal and abnormal latency groups and correlation between radiologic severity of stenosis and latency of DSEP in absolute (APD <10 mm) and relative (APD <13 mm) stenosis.Results The radiologic severities of lumbar stenosis were not significantly different between the normal and abnormal latency groups. In absolute and relative stenosis, latency showed a significant negative correlation with APD (r=-0.539, r=-0.426) and LID (r=-0.459, r=-0.494). In patients with relative stenosis, a weak significant positive correlation was found between latency and CSA-NF (r=0.371, p=0.048). LID was the only significant factor for latency (β=-0.930, p=0.011).Conclusion The normal and abnormal DSEP groups showed no significant differences inradiologic severity. The latency of DSEP had a negative correlation with the severity of central stenosis, and LID was an influencing factor.
Accuracy of Ultrasound-Guided and Non-guided Botulinum Toxin Injection Into Neck Muscles Involved in Cervical Dystonia: A Cadaveric Study
Authors: Ko Yun Dam , Yun Soo In , Ryoo Dahye , Chung Myung Eun , Park Jihye
Published: September 2020

Objective To compare the accuracy of ultrasound-guided and non-guided botulinum toxin injections into the neck muscles involved in cervical dystonia.Methods Two physicians examined six muscles (sternocleidomastoid, upper trapezius, levator scapulae, splenius capitis, scalenus anterior, and scalenus medius) from six fresh cadavers. Each physician injected ultrasound-guided and non-guided injections to each side of the cadaver’s neck muscles, respectively. Each physician then dissected the other physician’s injected muscle to identify the injection results. For each injection technique, different colored dyes were used. Dissection was performed to identify the results of the injections. The muscles were divided into two groups based on the difficulty of access: sternocleidomastoid and upper trapezius muscles (group A) and the levator scapulae, splenius capitis, scalenus anterior, and scalenus medius muscles (group B).Results The ultrasound-guided and non-guided injection accuracies of the group B muscles were 95.8% and 54.2%, respectively (p<0.001), while the ultrasound-guided and non-guided injection accuracies of the group A muscles were 100% and 79.2%, respectively (p<0.05).Conclusion Ultrasound-guided botulinum toxin injections into inaccessible neck muscles provide a higher degree of accuracy than non-guided injections. It may also be desirable to consider performing ultrasound-guided injections into accessible neck muscles.
Efficacy of Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy on Cervical Myofascial Pain Following Neck Dissection Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Kamel FatmaAlzahraa Hassan , Basha Maged , Alsharidah Ashwag , Hewidy Islam Mohamed , Ezzat Mohamed , Aboelnour Nancy Hassan
Published: September 2020

Objective To investigate the efficacy of extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) on cervical myofascial pain following neck dissection in reducing pain and improving cervical range of motion (ROM).Methods Forty-six patients with cervical myofascial pain following neck dissection surgery were recruited and subdivided at random into two equal groups. The ESWT group received ESWT once a week for 4 weeks (0.25 mL/mm2, 1,000 shocks) and a topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (3 times/day for 4 weeks). The control group received only topical NSAID. The pain assessment was done by using the visual analog scale (VAS) and pressure algometry. A cervical ROM device was used for the assessment of the lateral flexion and rotation of the neck ROM on both sides. All measurements were collected at baseline, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks.Results The ESWT group revealed a significant improvement in all parameters at post I and post II than did the control group (p>0.001), that revealed a statistical decrease only in the VAS score at post I without any statistical difference in the pain threshold and neck ROM. However, there were statistical differences in all parameters at post II compared to those at pre-treatment and post I (p<0.001).Conclusion As a confirmation of the efficacy of ESWT in cervical myofascial pain control following neck dissection, we observed better results with no side effects in the ESWT group (Clinical Trial Registry No. PACTR202002648274347).
A System for Quality Assessment of Forestry Contractors
Authors: Triplat Matevž , Krajnc Nike
Published: September 2020

Skilled contractors are needed to meet the increased demand for wood and to maintain a competitive edge in forestry. The structure of the forest industry has changed significantly. Today’s situation favours smaller contractors that are more flexible. Worldwide contractors are important for forest operations, but there is often limited knowledge about how well they fulfil demands about resource efficiency, social responsibility and environmental protection. The aim of this paper is to present the guidelines for the assessment of forestry contractors following sustainability principles and to present a recently developed system. In addition to the requirements for professional competences and legislative obligations, the system proposes a number of additional requirements such as corporate social responsibility, participation in the local community and greater environmental responsibility. The forestry contractor and the certification body sign a cooperation agreement to obtain the expert assessment. The expert assessment is performed by an evaluator authorised by a certification body. A web service has been introduced with the purpose of serving as a communication tool between professional evaluators and forestry contractors, as well as providing a new possibility for forest owners to get direct contact with forestry contractors. The system enables its users to exert influence on the assessment of forestry contractors by assessing the quality of their services. Private forests would greatly benefit from customer feedback information on the service quality. By now, 1584 forest contractors have registered in Slovenia, where 67% provide the service of cutting and skidding, 8% provide woodchipper service, 7% transport of round wood, 5% cable crane yarding and 4% fully mechanised harvesting. Until June 2020, 142 forest contractors have gone through the process of quality assessment.
De slimme stad: grote beloften, weerbarstige praktijk
Authors: Karstens Bart , Kool Linda , van Est Rinie
Published: September 2020

The smart city: big promises, unruly practice

The smart city is the urban ideal of our time. Yet its high expectations often run counter against the performance of smart city projects in practice. The Rathenau Institute has studied a number of such projects in the municipality of Eindhoven, a leading city with respect to digital innovation in the Netherlands. To ensure that data is used in a proper manner with respect for public values Eindhoven has applied several strategies, such as privacy by design and the active involvement of its citizens. It has also set up a number of principles for the digital society which helped to negotiate contracts with private partners. Yet the authors’ analysis shows that important legal challenges remain. Some of the principles require more detailed specification. The authors also found that the law is not yet fully appropriated to the new digital context and needs to be adjusted accordingly.
Van de gesloten smart city naar een open slimme stad
Authors: Naafs Saskia
Published: September 2020

From the closed smart city to an open smart city. Lessons from Quayside, Toronto

The recently cancelled Quayside smart city project in Toronto by Sidewalk Labs is an example of a top-down, tech-driven, intransparant model of a smart city, where government and citizens got sidetracked in the planning process. This article analyses what went wrong and proposes an alternative approach. Experts in the field – from data scientists to philosophers, sociologists and activists – propose a different kind of smart city. The open smart city is based on principles of open data, public digital infrastructure, and civic participation. It uses technology to strengthen public values, civic participation and human rights, instead of undermining them.
Psychomacht: hoe sturen data en algoritmen de veiligheid in smart cities?
Authors: Schuilenburg Marc
Published: September 2020

Psychopower: how is security in smart cities governed by data and algorithms?

This article deals with the relationship of smart security technologies to broader modes of exercising power and subjugating individuals. It claims that the notion of psychopower is precisely what is missing from post-Foucaultian accounts of the smart city. In the article psychopower is defined as the manipulation of our consciousness in order to channel our desires toward ‘normal’ social behavior, drawing a line between what is ‘acceptable’ and what is ‘unacceptable’. Psychopower raises a series of concerns related to its democratic legitimacy and accountability as behaviorally informed conditioning of the mind runs the risk of constant surveillance, where human agency is diluted in a techno-utopian vision that promises to improve city-wide efficiency, decision-making, and security.
Risk assessment via oral and dermal pathways from heavy metal polluted water of Kolleru lake - A Ramsar wetland in Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Sharma Subrata Das
Published: September 2020

The Kolleru Lake, India is a famous wetland of international significance. Analyses of certain potentially toxic heavy metal ions in water indicate that this freshwater lake is characterized by highly heterogeneous distribution of chromium (Cr; 4.5‒80 μg/L), copper, iron (Cu, Fe; below detection limit), manganese (Mn; 1‒313 μg/L) and zinc (Zn; below detection limit). Non-carcinogenic health risk assessment indices like hazard quotients (HQ) and hazard indices (HI) are estimated following the guidelines recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). These indices are found to be within the acceptable limit (<1), indicating negligible potential health risk via ingestion and dermal routes. However, when the average values of these indices pertaining to the Kolleru lake are normalized with similar estimates from clean and uncontaminated global surface water, both high and low ratios are obtained. While Cr (12.5), Cu (2.3) and Mn (3.7) exhibit high ratios, those of Fe (0.09) and Zn (0.99) show respectively low and comparable values. The significance of such heterogeneous distribution of hazard indices and their ratios are discussed. Further, average carcinogenic risk levels of the adults and children due to Cr ingestion are estimated to be 0.00154 and 0.0022, respectively. Both values are higher than the permissible levels recommended by the USEPA. As a remediation measure, it is recommended that monitoring the levels of heavy metal in water and other items like fish in the lake or rice and vegetables grown in the area is needed to be carried out at regular intervals. This study therefore offers requisite perception to the local government and health officials to evolve their plan of action so that effective management and mitigation of water quality of the Kolleru lake can be administered.
A Legitimidade da Decisão Judicial no Estado Democrático de Direito
Authors: Soares Igor Alves Noberto , Jardim Udair Jaques Alves
Published: September 2020

O presente artigo é fruto de enfrentamento científico sob o marco do processo na construção do Estado Democrático de Direito, do qual se extrai a processualidade democrática. Diante disso, discutiu-se a legitimidade dos pronunciamentos decisórios proferidos pelo Estado-Judiciário, considerando o comportamento dos sujeitos processuais. Assuntos como ativismo judicial e vieses cognitivos assumem o cerne da função judicante, que, mais a demais, somente se legitima se observada a base principiológica prevista na Constituição da República de 1988. Por meio de método hipotético-dedutivo, utilizou-se da análise de casos, revisão de literatura e da jurisprudência para concluir que o exercício da função judicante, pelo magistrado, deve ser apartado de qualquer pressuposto solipsista e justificado na comparticipação das partes.
Jus Cogens e o Direito à Educação
Authors: Pinheiro Rosana Sampaio
Published: September 2020

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar a voz de estudantes do PEMJA (Projeto de Ensino Médio de Jovens e Adultos), no que se refere às atividades de Língua Espanhola na área de Expressão Cultural, a fim de verificar em que medida elas contribuem para o desenvolvimento do sentimento de pertença desses alunos à sociedade internacional, eis que o direito à educação está evidenciado logo no preâmbulo da Declaração Universal de Direitos Humanos (1948).  Assim, faz-se necessário, num primeiro momento, explicitar o primado da educação no âmbito do Direito Internacional Público, para que seja possível vislumbrar a relevância do tema abordado. Isso porque o direito à educação é norma imperativa, jus cogens, consoante definição da Convenção de Viena (1969). Em seguida, serão apresentadas características peculiares dos estudantes da EJA (Educação de Jovens e Adultos) para posterior elucidação das atividades desenvolvidas. Por fim, as respostas dadas a um questionário sobre a aprendizagem de Língua Espanhola na área da Expressão Cultural serão analisadas à luz de postulados do Direito Internacional Público.
Criminosos em série e a dinâmica metropolitana na RMBH
Authors: Faria Antônio Hot Pereira de , Diniz Alexandre Magno Alves
Published: September 2020

O objetivo central do artigo é analisar a dinâmica metropolitana no cometimento de delitos a partir da verificação de eventos perpetrados por infratores em série, de forma a identificar se há participação relevante de infratores residentes em municípios pertencentes à Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte no cometimento de delitos na capital mineira. Trata-se de uma pesquisa quantitativa, a qual utilizou dados oficiais de criminalidade (boletins de ocorrência policial) com recorte temporal de 2011 a 2013. Considerando o objetivo do trabalho de análise de casos individuais, foi feita a seleção dos indivíduos considerados como criminosos em série, por meio de registros policiais de delitos cometidos de maneira reiterada, por um mesmo autor em ao menos 04 boletins de ocorrência no período, tendo como recorte espacial de delitos no município de Belo Horizonte. Foram estudados 1259 delitos perpetrados por 114 indivíduos. Os resultados demonstram que a Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte (RMBH) possui uma representatividade alta em termos de base operacional de infratores atuantes na capital, corroborando com dados que indicam a integração alta ou muito alta dos municípios da região metropolitana. Destaca-se o aspecto de mobilidade pendular, que aliado aos principais motivos (trabalho e estudo), também se torna representativo em termos de cometimento de delitos. Esse aspecto contribui para a explicação do delito por meio da teoria das atividades rotineiras, em que as atividades corriqueiras da população acabam por moldar o comportamento criminal, ou seja, acompanha a tendência de mobilidade da região metropolitana para a capital por motivos legítimos (trabalho e estudo).
Molecular Characterization and Antimicrobial Resistance of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in Children from Ahvaz, Iran
Authors: Sirous Mehrandokht , Hashemzadeh Mohammad , Keshtvarz Maryam , Amin Mansour , Shams Nasim , Dastoorpoor Maryam , Shahin Mojtaba , Koraei Dorsa
Published: September 2020

Background: Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is one of the most important pathogens among young children worldwide. Both eae and bfp genes have been used to identify EPEC strains and categorize them into typical and atypical strains. They may be an emerging pathogen in both developing and developed countries. Objectives: This study was primarily conducted to assess the epidemiology, drug resistance, and β-lactamase distribution of EPEC, as well as the detection of efa1/lifA in atypical strains. Methods: A total of 251 E. coli strains isolated from children with diarrhea were evaluated for their EPEC pathotype by PCR for the presence of eae, stx1, stx2, and bfp genes. Serogrouping with polyvalent antisera was performed to confirm EPEC strains. Atypical EPEC-containing samples were evaluated for the efa1/lifA gene. EPEC isolates were assessed to recognize the antibiotic resistance and screened to detect extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs). Results: Enteropathogenic E. coli strains were detected in 17 (6.78%) of E. coli isolates by PCR. The prevalence of typical and atypical strains was determined at 35.3% and 64.7%. All strains were completely susceptible to colistin, imipenem, and meropenem. The prevalence of blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes was calculated at 70.58% and 58.82%, respectively. Conclusions: Enteropathogenic E. coli isolates are completely sensitive to carbapenems, and precise therapeutic strategies are required to prevent the spread of these beta-lactamase genes among diarrheagenic E. coli.
COUNTER-HEGEMONY IN LATIN AMERICA? UNDERSTANDING EMERGING MULTIPOLARITY THROUGH A GRAMSCIAN LENS
Authors: Burron Neil  A.
Published: September 2020

The rise of the “emerging economies” and the relative decline of US power hold forth the promise of a more multipolar and pluralistic world order. Perhaps nowhere is this as apparent as in the Americas, where left and centre-left governments have challenged the traditional imperialistic arrangements that have governed the region. What type of regional order will emerge in the Americas? How will this diverge from the current capitalist world order organized under the aegis of the Unites States? This article draws on classical Marxism and Gramscian thought to examine the interplay between hegemony and counter-hegemony in the Americas, focusing on Brazil, Bolivia, and Venezuela. By exploring the history and geopolitics of regional order, the emergence of the new left, and the ongoing dominance of the traditional oligarchy, it argues that counter-hegemonic change is still very much a work in progress.
ÉLÉVATION DU NIVEAU DE LA MER ET FRONTIÈRES MARITIMES : LES ÉTATS POSSÈDENT-ILS DES DROITS ACQUIS SUR LEUR TERRITOIRE SUBMERGÉ ?
Authors: Blanchette-Séguin Virginie
Published: September 2020

Au-delà des importants enjeux humanitaires qu’elle soulève, l’élévation du niveau de la mer prévue par les scientifiques est également susceptible d’avoir un impact majeur sur la délimitation des territoires maritimes des États côtiers à travers le monde. La Convention des Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer permet aux États de revendiquer un territoire maritime dont la largeur maximale se calcule à partir de lignes de base qui correspondent à des structures émergées de leur territoire. Cette convention ne précise toutefois pas le sort des lignes de base déjà établies dans l’éventualité où les structures qui les justifiaient venaient à être immergées. Face à cette situation, il est possible d’envisager deux solutions : les États peuvent soit adapter leurs revendications maritimes à leur nouvelle réalité géographique soit conserver leurs anciennes lignes de base sans tenir compte du changement. Ce texte présente différents arguments pouvant être soulevés au soutien de ces deux conceptions tout en prenant position en faveur de la thèse des lignes de base fixes.
LA DIVERSITÉ CULTURELLE EST-ELLE À L’ABRI DE LA PROTECTION INTERNATIONALE DES DROITS DE L’HOMME ?
Authors: Sakai Leticia
Published: September 2020

La préoccupation concernant les questions relatives à la diversité culturelle remonte à la fin de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale et à la création de l’Organisation des Nations unies. Mais ce serait à travers l’adoption des deux textes internationaux, la Déclaration de l’UNESCO de 2001 et la Convention de l’UNESCO de 2005, que cette préoccupation prendrait de façon plus concrète. La Déclaration de 2001 et la Convention de 2005 ont à la fois évoqué la nécessité de protéger la diversité culturelle et mis l’accent sur l’importance de cette dernière au niveau international. Ainsi, le présent article a comme objectif de mettre en exergue la protection de la diversité culturelle au niveau international. Pour ce faire, nous examinerons la reconnaissance de la diversité culturelle par le droit international et la manière dont il peut mettre en oeuvre sa protection au niveau international.
RESPONSABILITÉ DE PROTÉGER ET PROTECTION DES CIVILS DANS LES CONFLITS ARMÉS : UN RAPPROCHEMENT AU DÉTRIMENT DU DROIT INTERNATIONAL HUMANITAIRE ?
Authors: van Steenberghe Raphaël
Published: September 2020

L’article s’interroge sur le rapprochement dont témoigne la pratique récente entre la responsabilité de protéger et la protection des civils dans les conflits armés. Il en analyse le bien-fondé en mettant en lumière les éléments de convergence et de divergence entre les deux notions ainsi que l’influence exercée par la première sur la seconde. Il s’interroge par ailleurs sur les effets, positifs et négatifs, d’un tel rapprochement sur le droit international humanitaire dans la mesure où la notion de protection des civils dans les conflits armés est principalement fondée sur ce droit. L’article conclut que, bien que la responsabilité de protéger et la protection des civils dans les conflits armés se caractérisent par certains traits communs, tels que leur objectif final et les termes généraux dans lesquels se décline leur protection, les deux notions présentent des différences fondamentales, notamment en raison de leur logique sous-jacente propre. Il relève une logique de réaction propre à la responsabilité de protéger dans le domaine de la protection des civils dans les conflits armés. Si ce phénomène présente l’avantage, au niveau de l’application du droit international humanitaire, de porter l’accent sur la possibilité et la nécessité d’une réaction de la communauté internationale en cas de violation de ses règles relatives à la protection des civils, il n’est pas sans risque pour ce droit, notamment celui d’affecter l’élément de neutralité qui le caractérise ou d’entrainer une certaine confusion de la responsabilité première et collective qu’il prévoit avec celles mises en oeuvre par la responsabilité de protéger.
LA PROTECTION DE L’ACHETEUR CONTRE LA VENTE INTERNATIONALE DE MARCHANDISES CONTREFAITES
Authors: Gloglo Franck
Published: September 2020

Le domaine du droit du commerce international a été marqué récemment par un fait extraordinaire : la conclusion et l’extinction presqu’en catimini de l’Accord commercial anti-contrefaçon (ACAC). Instrument juridique présenté par ses promoteurs pour combattre le développement exponentiel dans le circuit commercial de produits issus du commerce souterrain, l’ACAC a été l’objet d’une réprobation sans précédent ayant conduit à son rejet par le Parlement européen le 4 juillet 2012, alors que les États-Unis qui l’avaient curieusement négocié sous la forme d’un « Sole Executive Agreement », ne l’ont jamais définitivement ratifié. Faut-il en conclure que le droit du commerce international souffre désormais de l’absence de mesures de protection contre la contrefaçon ?

Cet article examine les moyens juridiques qui, en droit international des contrats, protègent l’acheteur contre les problèmes de droit fondés sur la propriété intellectuelle de tiers, alors qu’il aurait, de bonne foi, acquis du vendeur des produits que ce dernier sait contrefaits. Le recours aux droits civils québécois et français apporte des éléments d’appui argumentatifs, car le droit international a son terrain de fertilité dans l’espace géographique locale.
CHEF D’ÉTAT À KHARTOUM ET CRIMINEL DE GUERRE AU DARFOUR. LA RESPONSABILITÉ PÉNALE DU FAIT D’UN INTERMÉDIAIRE EN DROIT PÉNAL INTERNATIONAL : LE CAS HASSAN OMAR AL BASHIR DEVANT LA COUR PÉNALE INTERNATIONALE
Authors: Tachou Sipowo Alain-Guy
Published: September 2020

À partir de l’affaire Al Bashir devant la Cour pénale internationale, l’auteur analyse les formes de responsabilité employées en droit international pénal pour répondre au caractère collectif de la commission des crimes de guerre, crimes contre l’humanité et génocide. La stratégie des poursuites de la Cour vise les principaux responsables de tels crimes. L’auteur se demande dans quelle mesure le choix de les inculper en vertu de la responsabilité du fait d’un intermédiaire répond aux critiques formulées contre une autre forme de responsabilité pénale proche, à savoir l’entreprise criminelle commune développée par les juridictions ad hoc des Nations Unies.