bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cultural variations in developing a sense of knowing your own mind: A comparison between British and Japanese children
Authors: Mitchell Peter , Teucher Ulrich , Kikuno Haruo , Bennett Mark
Published: April 2010

We often have a feeling that we know ourselves much better than others know us, coupled with a feeling that our minds are not transparent to other people. In this article we begin to explore cultural variations in the development of this feeling. Children in Britain and Japan aged 7, 9 and 11 years judged how well they and how well their parent/teacher knew about aspects of the child’s mind (e.g., dreams, feeling sick, feeling hungry). Compared with British children, Japanese children credited adults with relatively large amounts of knowledge about themselves and this was most notable in the youngest group. Differences in patterns of judgements between the two nations could arise from differences in the cultural influences on the rate of development.
Religiosity and spirituality during the transition to adulthood
Authors: McNamara Barry Carolyn , Nelson Larry , Davarya Sahar , Urry Shirene
Published: April 2010

Emerging adults (approximately 18 to 25 years of age) experience heightened self-exploration regarding their beliefs and values, including those concerning religiosity and spirituality. The purpose of this article is to review the literature regarding religiosity and spirituality in emerging adulthood. First, we document developmental advances in physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development that support this exploration along with theoretical and empirical work on how religiosity and spirituality develop during this time period. Second, we examine the research on prevalence rates for and correlates of religiosity and spirituality. Third, we examine socializing agents of religiosity and spirituality that document parents’ indirect role relative to other adults, peers, and the media. Next, we examine the role that culture, community, and gender play in the development and socialization of religious and spiritual beliefs and practices. Lastly, future research directions and implications of the findings are discussed.
Review: Primary thromboprophylaxis in the palliative care setting: a qualitative systematic review
Authors: McLean Sarah , Ryan Karen , O'Donnell James S
Published: April 2010

Symptomatic venous thromboembolism (VTE) occurs in 15% of patients with advanced malignancy. Primary thromboprophylaxis using low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) is supported by Level 1A evidence but is under-utilized in the palliative setting. A systematic search was performed of Medline, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, AMED, and Web of Science for papers published between 1960 and January 2010 using search terms: ‘palliative’, ‘thromboprophylaxis’, ‘thromboembolism’, ‘heparin’, and ‘advanced cancer’. Forty-two citations were obtained, of which 34 were excluded as they dealt with treatment of VTE, novel anticoagulants, or LMWH as a cancer treatment. Eight original articles were reviewed independently by two authors. Data was extracted according to a predetermined questionnaire. Studies examined practice in specialist palliative care (SPC) units, and attitudes held by a total of 32 physicians and 198 patients. Patients find LMWH acceptable, particularly patients who experienced a sudden decline in performance status. Reluctance to prescribe LMWH is based on physicians’ concerns regarding negative impact on quality of life, and lack of evidence specific to the palliative care setting. In conclusion, LMWH prophylaxis should be implemented in patients with a previously good performance status who have a transiently increased risk of VTE and no contraindications. Further research is required using outcome measures specific to palliative care.
Anterior internal capsule volumes increase in patients with schizophrenia switched from typical antipsychotics to olanzapine
Authors: Goghari VM , Lang DJ , Khorram B , Götz J , Vandorpe RA , Smith GN , Kopala LC , Barr AM , Honer WG
Published: April 2010

Abnormalities in connectivity are thought to contribute to the symptoms of schizophrenia. Accumulating evidence suggests that antipsychotic medication affects both subcortical and cortical grey and white matter volumes. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of antipsychotic medication on two white matter tracts: a subcortical-cortical tract, the anterior and posterior limbs of the internal capsule; and a cortical-cortical tract, the corpus callosum. Magnetic resonance imaging was conducted on 10 chronic schizophrenia patients treated with typical antipsychotics and 20 healthy controls at baseline. Patients were switched to olanzapine and both groups were rescanned after 1 year. At baseline, the volume of the anterior limb of the internal capsule was 24% smaller in typical-treated patients than controls ( p = 0.009). Patients treated with greater amounts of chlorpromazine-equivalent daily dosage had smaller anterior internal capsule volumes at baseline ( r = −0.65, p = 0.04). At follow-up, after being switched to olanzapine, there were no significant differences between patients and controls. Patients with schizophrenia had a significant 25% increase in anterior internal capsule volume from baseline to follow-up compared with controls ( p = 0.04). These effects were most prominent in the anterior limb of the internal capsule, which consists of fronto-thalamic pathways, and were not statistically significant in the posterior limb of the internal capsule or corpus callosum. Olanzapine may be effective in normalizing fronto-thalamic structural connectivity in schizophrenia.
Emotion processing in schizophrenia: fMRI study of patients treated with risperidone long-acting injections or conventional depot medication
Authors: Surguladze Simon A , Chu Elvina M , Marshall Nicolette , Evans Anthony , Anilkumar Anantha PP , Timehin Clive , McDonald Colm , Ecker Christine , Phillips Mary L , David Anthony S
Published: April 2010

We employed two event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging tasks using the pictures of mild and intense facial emotions of fear or happiness. The sample comprised 16 chronic schizophrenia patients treated with risperidone long-acting injections (RLAI), 16 patients treated with conventional antipsychotic depots (CONV) and 16 healthy controls (HC). The HC and RLAI groups demonstrated greater activation in the left amygdala in response to intensively fearful faces, and in right cerebellum to intensively happy faces compared with CONV patients. The CONV group demonstrated under-activation in the right temporal pole in response to intensively happy faces (compared with HC) and over-activation in ventro-medial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) in response to both intensively happy and fearful expressions, compared with HC and RLAI groups. Our results suggest that networks implicated in the allocation of attentional resources (VMPFC) and emotion processing (amygdala, cerebellum) are differentially affected in patients on CONV versus RLAI.
Hospital psychiatric comorbidity and its role in heroin dependence treatment outcomes using naltrexone implant or methadone maintenance
Authors: Ngo Hanh TT , Tait Robert J , Hulse Gary K
Published: April 2010

Our objectives were to (i) estimate lifetime prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity in heroin users and (ii) evaluate psychiatric comorbidity as a predictor of drug-related hospitalization following either (a) methadone maintenance or (b) naltrexone implant treatment.

Our method consisted of retrospective, longitudinal follow-up using prospectively collected, state-wide hospital data on two cohorts of heroin-dependent persons (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition), first time treated with naltrexone implant ( n = 317) or methadone ( n = 521) between January 2001 and December 2002. Outcome measures were: (i) prevalence of comorbidity and (ii) changes in risk for drug-related hospitalization – categorized as ‘opioid drugs’, ‘non-opioid drugs’, and ‘any drug’ – to 3.5 years post-treatment.

Nearly 32% had psychiatric comorbidity. In both cohorts, comorbid patients generally had significantly greater odds of drug-related hospitalization pre-treatment compared with non-comorbid counterparts. These differences generally reduced in magnitude post-treatment. Comorbid naltrexone-treated patients had less ‘opioid’ and ‘any drug’ related hospitalizations post-treatment. Similarly, comorbid methadone-treated patients had reduced hospitalization risk for ‘non-opioid’ and ‘any drug’ related hospitalization post-treatment. Treatment of persons without depression, anxiety, or personality disorder with naltrexone implant was associated with increased risk of ‘non-opioid’ drug-related hospitalization, while methadone treatment was associated with increased risk of ‘opioid’ drug-related hospitalization.

Although comorbid heroin users entered treatment with significantly higher risk of drug-related hospitalization than non-comorbid users, substantial reductions in drug-related hospitalization were generally observed post-treatment. This challenges the view that comorbidity predicts poor drug treatment outcomes. Differences in research methodology were noted; recommendation for rigorous analytical methodology in future research on assessing treatment outcomes was accordingly offered.
Subtype-selective nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists enhance the responsiveness to citalopram and reboxetine in the mouse forced swim test
Authors: Andreasen Jesper T , Nielsen Elsebet Ø , Christensen Jeppe K , Olsen Gunnar M , Peters Dan , Mirza Naheed R , Redrobe John P
Published: April 2010

Nicotine increases serotonergic and noradrenergic neuronal activity and facilitates serotonin and noradrenaline release. Accordingly, nicotine enhances antidepressant-like actions of reuptake inhibitors selective for serotonin or noradrenaline in the mouse forced swim test and the mouse tail suspension test. Both high-affinity α4β2 and low-affinity α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes are implicated in nicotine-mediated release of serotonin and noradrenaline. The present study therefore investigated whether selective agonism of α4β2 or α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors would affect the mouse forced swim test activity of two antidepressants with distinct mechanisms of action, namely the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram and the noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor reboxetine. Subthreshold and threshold doses of citalopram (3 and 10 mg/kg) or reboxetine (10 and 20 mg/kg) were tested alone and in combination with the novel α4β2-selective partial nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, NS3956 (0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg) or the α7-selective nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, PNU-282987 (10 and 30 mg/kg). Alone, NS3956 and PNU-282987 were devoid of activity in the mouse forced swim test, but both 1.0 mg/kg NS3956 and 30 mg/kg PNU-282987 enhanced the effect of citalopram and also reboxetine. The data suggest that the activity of citalopram and reboxetine in the mouse forced swim test can be enhanced by agonists at either α4β2 or α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, suggesting that both nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes may be involved in the nicotine-enhanced action of antidepressants.
Screening Not Greening: An Ecological Reading of the Greatest Business Movies
Authors: McDonagh Pierre , Brereton Pat
Published: April 2010

This article submits that filmic representations of the market are important points for consideration in macromarketing scholarship. As such business movies visualize the marketplace that has itself been recently termed the agora in this journal. The top ten greatest business movies as selected by a panel of experts for Forbes magazine are considered from an ecological point of view (POV). The authors submit that the dominant social paradigm (DSP) is the culture within the movies and as such the business movie does not generally present business and/or materialism in an ecologically benevolent manner. The authors remark on the consequences of this for the future.
Is Green the New Black? Reflections on a Green Commodity Discourse
Authors: Prothero Andrea , McDonagh Pierre , Dobscha Susan
Published: April 2010

This article examines the global sustainability movement through the lens of a green commodity discourse as introduced by Prothero and Fitchett. The current wave of sustainability efforts and initiatives is different from the previous incarnations in that it is more global and systems oriented. The authors submit that a green commodity discourse has begun to move the sustainability discourse away from the bonds of the dominant social paradigm (DSP) and toward a more holistic and global perspective. The authors conclude that a new typology that delineates consumption from citizenry will better encapsulate the values and behaviors of green consumers. This new typology allows for better representation of those consumers who are choosing to live a greener lifestyle on a grander scale. These new green citizens reflect more the sustainability ideas and efforts discussed here and seen worldwide.
Equilibrium Conformations of Concentric-tube Continuum Robots
Authors: Rucker D. Caleb , Webster Robert J. , Chirikjian Gregory S. , Cowan Noah J.
Published: April 2010

Robots consisting of several concentric, preshaped, elastic tubes can work dexterously in narrow, constrained, and/or winding spaces, as are commonly found in minimally invasive surgery. Previous models of these “active cannulas” assume piecewise constant precurvature of component tubes and neglect torsion in curved sections of the device. In this paper we develop a new coordinate-free energy formulation that accounts for general preshaping of an arbitrary number of component tubes, and which explicitly includes both bending and torsion throughout the device. We show that previously reported models are special cases of our formulation, and then explore in detail the implications of torsional flexibility for the special case of two tubes. Experiments demonstrate that this framework is more descriptive of physical prototype behavior than previous models1 it reduces model prediction error by 82% over the calibrated bending-only model, and 17% over the calibrated transmissional torsion model in a set of experiments.
Menstrual and nonmenstrual migraines differ in women with menstrually-related migraine
Authors: Pinkerman Brenda , Holroyd Kenneth
Published: April 2010

Introduction: We compared migraine features and acute therapy response in menstrually-related migraines (MRMs) and non-menstrually-related migraines (NMRMs).

Methods: Women with frequent, disabling migraines were prospectively diagnosed with MRM according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-II; N = 107) criteria using a daily electronic headache dairy. Participants received individualized acute therapy while free of prophylactic migraine medications.

Results: Repeated measures logistic regression revealed MRMs were longer (23.4 vs. 16.1 hours, odds ratio [OR] = 1.01, confidence interval [CI] 1.01, 1.02) and more likely associated with disability (85.6% vs. 75.6%, OR = 1.82, CI 1.27, 2.58) than NMRMs. MRMs were also less responsive to acute therapy (two-hour pain-free response = 6.7% vs. 13.4%, OR = .45, CI .26, .80) and reoccurred more frequently within 24 hours after a four-hour pain-free response (36.0% vs. 19.6%, OR = 2.12, CI 1.27, 3.53) than NMRMs.

Discussion: These results support the proposed ICHD-II classification of MRMs and suggest that MRMs may require a treatment approach different from that for NMRMs.
A Biomechanical Analysis of Anterior Bankart Repair Using Suture Anchors
Authors: Nho Shane J. , Frank Rachel M. , Van Thiel Geoffrey S. , Wang Fan Chia , Wang Vincent M. , Provencher Matthew T. , Verma Nikhil N.
Published: April 2010

Background: Arthroscopic repair of anterior Bankart lesions is typically done with single-loaded suture anchors tied with simple stitch configuration.

Hypothesis: The knotless suture anchor will have similar biomechanical properties compared with two types of conventional suture anchors.

Study Design: Controlled laboratory study.

Methods: Fresh-frozen shoulders were dissected and an anteroinferior Bankart lesion was created. For phase 1, specimens were randomized into either simple stitch (SSA) or knotless suture anchors (KSA) and loaded to failure. For phase 2, specimens were randomized into 1 of 4 repair techniques and cyclically loaded then loaded to failure: (1) SSA, (2) suture anchor with horizontal mattress configuration, (3) double-loaded suture anchor with simple stitch configuration, or (4) KSA. Data recorded included mode of failure, ultimate load to failure, load at 2 mm of displacement, as well as displacement during cyclical loading.

Results: For phase 1, the load required to 2 mm displacement of the repair construct was significantly greater in SSA (66.5 ± 21.7 N) than KSA (35.0 ± 12.5 N, P = .02). For phase 2, there was a statistically significant difference in ultimate load to failure among the 4groups, with both the single-loaded suture anchor with simple stitch (184.0 ± 64.5 N), horizontal mattress stitch (189.0 ± 65.3N), and double-loaded suture anchor with simple stitch (216.7 ± 61.7 N) groups having significantly ( P < .05) higher loads than the knotless group (103.9 ± 52.8 N). There was no statistically significant difference ( P > .05) among the 4 groups in displacement after cyclical loading or load at 2 mm of displacement.

Conclusion: Both knotless and simple anchor configurations demonstrated similar single loads to failure (without cycling); however, the knotless device required less single load to displace 2 mm. All repair stitches, including simple, horizontal, and double-loaded performed similarly.

Clinical Relevance: The findings may suggest that with cyclical loading up to 25 N there is no difference in gapping greater than 2mm, but a macrotraumatic event may demonstrate a difference in fixation during the initial postoperative period. Additional in vivo studies are needed to determine whether these differences affect the integrity of the repair construct and, ultimately, the clinical outcome.
Clinical Experiences With Autologous Osteochondral Mosaicplasty in an Athletic Population
Authors: Hangody László , Dobos Jozsef , Baló Eszter , Pánics Gergely , Hangody Laszlo Rudolf , Berkes Istvan
Published: April 2010

Background: Several methods are used to treat focal chondral and osteochondral defects on the weightbearing surfaces of synovial joints. Autologous osteochondral grafting is 1 option used to replace hyaline cartilage in the defect.

Hypothesis: Mosaicplasty is effective in returning elite athletes to participation in sports.

Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods: In 3 institutes, 354 of 383 patients were followed from 2 to 17 years (average, 9.6 years). The results of mosaicplasty were prospectively evaluated at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and yearly with patient-reported outcomes measures and radiographs.

Results: Slight or moderate degenerative changes (Fairbank grade I or II) were detected preoperatively in 27% of the cases and in 36% of the cases at follow-up. Fairbank grade III changes were observed in 5 cases. An average radiographic deterioration of 0.32 on the Fairbank scale was detected (preoperative, 0.34; postoperative, 0.66). Good to excellent results were found in 91% of femoral mosaicplasties, 86% of tibial, and 74% of patellofemoral; 92% of talar mosaicplasties had similar results (Hannover ankle scoring system). Patellofemoral pain related to graft harvest was observed in 5% of cases. Second-look arthroscopies revealed good, congruent, gliding surfaces of the transplants and acceptable fibrocartilage coverage of donor sites in 16 patients and degenerative changes of the transplants in 5 cases. Histological evaluation revealed good graft incorporation in all 11 cases. Two infections and 3 deep venous thromboses occurred.

Conclusion: Despite a higher rate of preoperative osteoarthritic changes in the athletic patients, clinical outcomes of mosaicplasty in this group demonstrated a success rate similar to that of less athletic patients. Higher motivation resulted in better subjective evaluation. Slight deterioration in results occurred during the 9.6-year follow-up; thus, autologous osteochondral mosaicplasty may be a useful alternative for the treatment of 1.0- to 4.0-cm2 focal chondral and osteochondral lesions in competitive athletes.
Effect of Electron Beam Irradiation on Biomechanical Properties of Patellar Tendon Allografts in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Hoburg Arnd T. , Keshlaf Salahedeen , Schmidt Tanja , Smith Mark , Gohs Uwe , Perka Carsten , Pruss Axel , Scheffler Sven
Published: April 2010

Background: Sterilization of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) allografts is an important prerequisite to prevent disease transmission. However, mechanical tissue properties are compromised by most current sterilization procedures, so that uncompromised sterilization of allografts is difficult to achieve.

Hypothesis/Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the novel electron beam sterilization procedure on the biomechanical properties of human patellar tendon allografts at various irradiation dosages. Electron beam sterilization may be an appropriate alternative to gamma sterilization.

Study Design: Controlled laboratory study.

Methods: Thirty-two human 10-mm wide bone-patellar tendon-bone grafts were randomized into 4 groups of sterilization with 15, 25, or 34 kGy of electron beam irradiation, respectively. The grafts’ biomechanical properties were evaluated at time zero. Unsterilized grafts functioned as controls. Biomechanical properties were analyzed during cyclic and load-to-failure testing.

Results: Strain and cyclic elongation response showed no significant differences between the groups. Electron beam irradiation had no significant effect on stiffness and failure load with the exception of 34 kGy, which resulted in a significant decrease in failure load (1300.6 ± 229.2 N) compared with unsterilized grafts (1630.5 ± 331.1 N).

Conclusion: This study showed that electron beam might be an appropriate alternative in sterilization of patellar tendon allografts with minimal effect on mechanical properties of tendon grafts in vitro. Future studies will have to evaluate the effect of the process on the biological properties of allografts in vitro and in vivo.

Clinical Relevance: Terminal sterilization of patellar tendon allografts with electron beam irradiation can ensure higher safety of transplanted grafts and hence improve patient safety and acceptance.
Dynamic Radiologic Evaluation of Horizontal Instability in Acute Acromioclavicular Joint Dislocations
Authors: Tauber Mark , Koller Heiko , Hitzl Wolfgang , Resch Herbert
Published: April 2010

Background: Biplane radiologic evaluation is indispensable for the correct diagnosis of acute acromioclavicular (AC) joint injuries. Thus far, no functional radiographic techniques have been quantified to evaluate horizontal instability in acute AC joint dislocations.

Hypothesis: Supine dynamic axillary lateral shoulder views detect horizontal instability of the distal clavicle in patients with acute AC joint dislocations.

Study Design: Cohort study (Diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2.

Methods: Twenty-five consecutive patients with a mean age of 39 ± 14 years with acute AC joint injury underwent biplane radiologic evaluation, including a conventional Zanca view and an axillary lateral view in a sitting position. In addition, supine axillary lateral views with the arm in 90° of abduction and 60° of flexion and extension were taken to evaluate the horizontal dynamics of the distal clavicle. The gleno-acromio-clavicular angle (GACA) was introduced and used to quantify the horizontal clavicular dynamics in terms of angle differences. The unaffected shoulders served as the control group.

Results: Superior dislocation of the lateral clavicle in the Zanca view was classified as Rockwood type II in 7 patients, type III in 15, and type V in 3. The axillary lateral view in a sitting position showed posterior dislocation of the distal clavicle in 8 patients (Rockwood type IV injury). Dynamic radiologic evaluation revealed an average GACA difference between the neutral and anterior position of the arm of 7.1° ± 5.5° for the unaffected shoulder. In the injured AC joints, 11 patients showed no radiologic evidence of horizontal instability (group A) with a GACA difference of 7.1° ± 4.8°. Increased anteroposterior translation was evident in 14 patients (group B) with a GACA difference of 30.3° ± 14.3° ( P < .001).

Conclusion: Functional axillary radiologic evaluation seems to represent a simple imaging tool to reveal dynamic horizontal instability.

Clinical Relevance: Horizontal instability of the distal clavicle in acute AC joint injuries represents an indication for surgical treatment. Dynamic axillary radiologic evaluation may detect previously missed unstable injuries. This evaluation might be relevant when deciding on surgical AC joint stabilization.
Evidence-Informed Practice: Antidote to Propaganda in the Helping Professions?
Authors: Gambrill Eileen
Published: April 2010

The most concerning issue affecting the quality of practices and policies in the helping professions is the play of propaganda, which misleads us regarding what is a problem, how (or if) it can be detected, its causes, and how (or if) it can be remedied. Propaganda is defined as encouraging beliefs and actions with the least thought possible. Censorship is integral to propaganda including hiding well-argued alternatives and lack of evidence for claims. Evidence-based practice was developed in part because of misleading claims in the professional literature. If propaganda is an integral part of our society, we cannot escape its influence. But we can become aware of it, encouraged by ethical obligations to avoid harming in the name of helping.
Depression Care for Low-Income, Minority, Safety Net Clinic Populations With Comorbid Illness
Authors: Ell Kathleen , Lee Pey-Jiuan , Bin Xie
Published: April 2010

Objective: Increasingly, mental health care is provided within the general health care sector. Accompanying this significant change is the demand for evidence-based as well as cost-effective or cost-neutral care models. Method: The authors present a pooled analysis of three large randomized clinical trials in which social workers provide depression care in collaboration with patient navigators, treating physicians, and consulting psychiatrists to examine the effects of diverse depression interventions on symptom improvement among low-income minority populations with cancer or diabetes in public safety net care systems. Results: Pooled results find a significant intervention effect over usual care. Results also find stronger benefits of structured psychotherapy and or antidepressant medication (AM) over brief counseling and referral to mental health care. Conclusion: The rapid change in health care delivery underscores an urgent mandate for social work to significantly increase its comparative effectiveness clinical trial research and adapt its mental and health care education.
Traumatic Brain Injury, Participation, and Rural Identity
Authors: Jones Jennifer , Curtin Michael
Published: April 2010

In this article we focus on participation following traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rural and regional Australian contexts, asking how aspects of rurality, such as place identity and rural belonging, impact on participation for the individual living with TBI. We found a preference for country living, despite disadvantages including distance from services and lack of anonymity. A rural identity provides access to an enabling narrative, the “rural idyll,” which allows people with TBI to inhabit the realm of social normality. A rural identity is enabling in this regard, because it cooperates with TBI-based preferences for social isolation and a relaxed pace that accommodates fatigue. Thus, people living in rural areas report satisfaction with their quality of life despite restricted access to resources and reduced social participation.
A Moral Life After a Suicide Death in Taiwan
Authors: Tzeng Wen-Chii , Su Pi-Yu , Tzeng Nian-Sheng , Yeh Chin-Bin , Chen Tsai-Hwei , Chen Chih-Hao
Published: April 2010

In this article we present the findings of a qualitative study exploring what suicide survivors in Taiwan experienced after a family member’s suicide and how they adjusted to the perceived stigma. Fifteen suicide survivors participated in this study. We found that when a family member’s suicide death occurred, survivors first kept a low profile when holding the funeral, and then tried to expel the dead person from their family. They also wished that their grief and painful, shameful feelings could be buried with the dead person. These findings suggest that health care professionals need to work more closely with suicide survivors through understanding the survivors’ fear and pain from a sociocultural perspective, and to help them construct a new moral life.
Connecting Masculinity and Depression Among International Male University Students
Authors: Oliffe John L. , Robertson Steve , Kelly Mary T. , Roy Philippe , Ogrodniczuk John S.
Published: April 2010

International university students can experience isolation amid academic pressures. Such circumstances can manifest as or exacerbate depression. This qualitative study involved 15 international male students at a Canadian university who were diagnosed or self-identified as having depression. Individual interviews revealed men’s perspectives about causes, implications, and management of depression. Participants intertwined sex- and gender-based factors in detailing causes, and emphasized the potential for parents to impact depression. Implications of depression for embodying traditional masculine roles of breadwinner and career man influenced many men to filter details about their illness within “home” cultures. This practice often prevailed within Canada despite the men’s perceptions that greater societal acceptance existed. Masculine ideals underpinned self-management strategies to fight depression and regain control. Counter to men’s reluctance to disclose illness details were participants’ self-management preference for peer-based support. Study findings highlight how masculine ideals and cultural constructs can influence depression experiences and expressions.
Characteristics of the Last Hospital Stay in Terminal Patients at an Acute Care Hospital in Colombia
Authors: Moyano Jairo , Zambrano Sofía , Mayungo Tatiana
Published: April 2010

In Colombia, most palliative care is provided in acute care hospitals. In those settings, a palliative care approach could be limited because of a disease-oriented approach instead of patient-centered care. Purpose: To know the framework of a typical Colombian university hospital that provides palliative care services. Material and Methods: In a retrospective manner, the medical records of deceased patients during 2006 were revisited. Results: Most patients were not treated by palliative care specialists, so curative-oriented treatment were common among these patients. Conclusion: In acute hospitals, palliative care teams should paricipate in the care of patients at the start of treatment.
Proneurotrophins, Seizures, and Neuronal Apoptosis
Authors: Friedman Wilma J.
Published: April 2010

Neurons respond to numerous factors in their environment that influence their survival and function during development and in the mature brain. Among these factors, the neurotrophins have been shown to support neuronal survival and function, acting primarily through the Trk family of receptor tyrosine kinases. However, recent studies have established that the uncleaved neurotrophin precursors, the proneurotrophins, can be secreted and induce apoptosis via the p75 neurotrophin receptor, suggesting that the balance of secreted mature and proneurotrophins has a critical impact on neuronal survival or death. Epileptic seizures elicit increases in both proneurotrophin secretion and p75NTR expression, shifting the balance of these factors toward signaling cell death. This review will discuss the evidence that this ligand-receptor system plays an important role in neuronal loss following seizures.
Synaptic Plasticity and Pain: Role of Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors
Authors: Larsson Max , Broman Jonas
Published: April 2010

Pain hypersensitivity that develops after tissue or nerve injury is dependent both on peripheral processes in the affected tissue and on enhanced neuronal responses in the central nervous system, including the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. It has become increasingly clear that strengthening of glutamatergic sensory synapses, such as those established in the dorsal horn by nociceptive thin-caliber primary afferent fibers, is a major contributor to sensitization of neuronal responses that leads to pain hypersensitivity. Here, the authors review recent findings on the roles of ionotropic glutamate receptors in synaptic plasticity in the dorsal horn in relation to acute and persistent pain.
Structure of the Fetal Brain: What We Are Learning from Diffusion Tensor Imaging
Authors: Hao Huang
Published: April 2010

Human brain anatomy is extraordinarily complex, and yet, its origin is a simple tubular structure. It is characterized by dramatic structural changes during fetal development. Revealing detailed anatomy at different stages of human fetal brain development not only aids in understanding this highly ordered process but also provides clues to detect abnormalities caused by genetic or environmental factors. However, anatomical studies of human brain development during this period are surprisingly scarce, and histology-based atlases have become available only recently. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), a recently developed technology of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), is capable of noninvasively delineating macroscopic anatomical components with high contrast and revealing structures at the microscopic level. In this article, the fetal brain white matter is explored using contrasts from DTI-derived images and axonal reconstruction from DTI tractography. The highly organized structures in the cerebral layer have been revealed with primary direction of diffusion tensors. Complementary to the histology, the DTI of the fetal brain provides a valuable resource to understand the structural development of the entire brain. The resultant database will provide reference standards for diagnostic radiology of premature newborns.
Parkinson Disease: A Role for Autophagy?
Authors: Yang Qian , Mao Zixu
Published: April 2010

Autophagy is a term used to describe the process by which lysosomes degrade intracellular components. Known originally as an adaptive response to nutrient deprivation, autophagy has now been recognized to play important roles in several human disorders including neurodegenerative diseases. Experimental results from genetic, cellular, and toxicological studies indicate that many of the etiological factors associated with Parkinson disease (PD) can perturb the autophagic process in various model systems. Thus, the emerging data support the view that dysregulation of autophagy may play a critical role in the pathogenic process of PD.
Supraspinal Pain Processing: Distinct Roles of Emotion and Attention
Authors: Villemure Chantal , Schweinhardt Petra
Published: April 2010

Attentional and emotional states alter the way we perceive pain. Recent findings suggest that the mechanisms underlying these two forms of pain modulation are at least partially separable. This concept is supported by the observation that attention and emotions differentially alter the sensory and affective dimensions of pain perception and apparently implicate different brain circuits. In this review, we will examine those recent findings within the broader cognitive neuroscience conceptualization of human attention and emotion and the corresponding functional neuroanatomy.
School demands and subjective health complaints among Swedish schoolchildren: A multilevel study
Authors: Eriksson Ulrika , Sellström Eva
Published: April 2010

Objectives: As children spend a great deal of their time in school, the climate in the classroom can constitute a resource, but also a risk factor in the development of the pupils’ health. The aim of the present study was to determine the extent to which demands in the classroom are associated with subjective health complaints in Swedish schoolchildren. Methods: Data from the 2001/2002 and 2005/2006 Swedish cross-national Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey were analysed using a multilevel logistic regression technique. Results: The study demonstrated a substantial variation between school classes in pupils’ subjective health complaints. In school classes with high demands, the odds of having subjective health complaints was about 50% higher than in school classes with low demands. Further, the results indicated that these effects were mediated by sex so as to girls being more affected by high levels of demands in the school class. Conclusions: The findings are important since they point at the crucial role that teachers play in creating a favourable school climate. Therefore interventions aiming at supporting teachers to set realistic demands and expectations are one way to improve the school climate. Such interventions should also make clear the need to take into consideration the fact that the school class effect was mediated by sex, i.e. girls being more vulnerable to high level of school class demands.
Diabetes Mellitus Predicts Cognitive Impairment in Patients With Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Mizrahi Eliyahu Hayim , Waitzman Ana , Blumstein Tzvia , Arad Marina , Adunsky Abraham
Published: April 2010

Background: Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is associated with an increased incidence of cognitive impairment. Methods: A retrospective chart review study involving 707 patients admitted for rehabilitation after an ischemic stroke. Cognitive status was assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and scores lower than 24 points were considered suggestive of cognitive impairment. Results: Age, gender, NIDDM, dementia, and previous stroke emerged as the only statistically significant parameters differing between those with MMSE score lower than 24 or higher. After adjusting for confounding variables, NIDDM (odds ratio 1.46, 95% CI 1.05-2.05, P = .02) was associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that NIDDM is independently associated with lower MMSE scores in ischemic stroke patients. It identifies individuals in need of specifically targeted interventions and may assist in selecting and developing resources for cognitively impaired diabetic patients.
Measuring College Students’ Attitudes Toward Requesting Accommodations: A National Multi-Institutional Study
Authors: Barnard-Brak Lucy , Sulak Tracey , Tate Allison , Lechtenberger DeAnn
Published: April 2010

College students with disabilities represent an increasing population of nontraditional students that often experience difficulty in achieving in higher education. This difficulty appears to be related to students with disabilities needing to request accommodations in higher education, unlike in elementary and secondary education where accommodations are provided. In the current study, an instrument, the Attitudes Toward Requesting Accommodations (ATRA), was developed to measure attitudes toward requesting accommodations among college students with disabilities. The results of the current study indicate evidence in support of the sound psychometric properties of the ATRA so that it may be utilized by higher education administrators concerned with the achievement and retention of college students with disabilities.
Effect of microstructure on attenuation mechanism of ultrasonic waves in carbon steels
Authors: Behjati P. , Vahid Dastjerdi H. , Mahdavi R. , Rasouli D.
Published: April 2010

In this paper, fundamental concepts of ultrasonics and characteristics of distinctive microstructures have been used to simply explain the effect of microstructure on the attenuation mechanism of ultrasonic waves in carbon steels. In addition, it has been shown that application of the second medium hardness instead of the bulk hardness is more appropriate to correlate the sound velocity and the microstructure.
Generation of internal stress and its effects
Authors: Greenwood G. W.
Published: April 2010

Internal stresses may be generated continually in many polycrystalline materials. Their existence is manifested by changes in crystal defect concentration and arrangement, by surface observations, by macroscopic shape changes and particularly by alteration of mechanical properties when external stresses are simultaneously imposed.
Incomplete transformation of upper bainite in Nb bearing low carbon steels
Authors: Furuhara T. , Yamaguchi T. , Miyamoto G. , Maki T.
Published: April 2010

Kinetics and microstructure of bainite transformation in Fe–(0·15 or 0·05)C–0·2Si–1·5Mn (mass%) alloys with Nb addition of 0·03 mass%. Bainite transformation occurs at temperatures below 873 K. At 853 K, transformation rapidly proceeds by formation of bainitic ferrite without carbide precipitation, but transformation stasis appears for a certain period in the Nb added alloys leaving untransformed austenite film between neighbouring bainitic ferrites. On the other band, the Nb free alloys do not show such a stasis until the transformation is completed. By further holding, the transformation in the Nb added alloy restarts by forming the mixture of dislocation free ferrite with cementite precipitation in the austenite films. In contrast, bainite transformation accompanying cementite precipitation occurs in both Nb free and Nb added alloys at 773 K, resulting in no difference in transformation kinetics. It is proposed that the incomplete transformation is caused by suppression of ferrite nucleation at interphase boundaries between pre-existing bainitic ferrite and austenite due to Nb segregation.
Martensitic steels with carbide free microstructures containing retained austenite
Authors: Edmonds D. V. , Speer J. G.
Published: April 2010

The concept of employing martensitic microstructures containing controlled quantities of carbon enriched retained austenite as a new route to high tonnage steels with improved properties is developed through an introduction to the novel non-equilibrium heat treatment procedure which has become known as quenching and partitioning (Q&P). This builds upon the earlier development of steels containing carbide free bainite and retained austenite, enabled by alloying with Si to suppress carbide precipitation, embracing a philosophy to produce refined ferritic microstructures by transformation to acicular forms, with the ferrite protected from the more damaging effects of carbon, which is partitioned to the austenite phase where it acts as a chemical stabiliser. This route offers enhanced strength from the martensite structure along with the promise of new properties from the behaviour of the retained austenite phase which could potentially contain a very high controlled concentration of carbon.
Orientation relationship transition of nanometre sized interphase precipitated TiC carbides in Ti bearing steel
Authors: Yen H. W. , Chen C. Y. , Wang T. Y. , Huang C. Y. , Yang J. R.
Published: April 2010

The objective of the present study was to investigate the crystallography and morphology of TiC particles in a titanium containing high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel that form during isothermal transformation at a temperature in the ( α + γ) phase field. The orientation relationships (ORs) were identified from selected area diffraction patterns (SADPs) and from moire fringes in high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) lattice images. It was found that in the initial stages of the isothermal transformation, fine plate-like TiC particles develop and that these exhibit the Baker–Nutting (BN) OR with respect to the ferrite matrix. In the later stages of the transformation, however, coarser plate-like carbides are observed, and these adopt approximately the Nishiyama–Wassermann (NW) OR with respect to the ferrite matrix. The evidence indicates that OR transition is brought about simply by aging for a longer time at the transformation temperature, and also manifests a rotation of the precipitate during coarsening.
Deformation banding and origins of rolling and annealing textures in low carbon and interstitial free steels
Authors: Duggan B. J. , Tse Y. Y. , Liu G. L.
Published: April 2010

This paper is dedicated to the memory of Professor Sir Robert Honeycombe, who examined the first author's PhD thesis on this subject in 1972. The paper reviews some of the very large improvements in the understanding of the formation of textures and microstructures in drawing quality steels in both their deformed and recrystallised states made since the 1970s, focusing in particular on deformation bending in interstitial free steels.
Investigation of developed precipitates in AlMgSiCu alloys with and without excess Si
Authors: Abo Zeid E. F. , Kim Y.-T.
Published: April 2010

The effect of temperature on the sequence of hardening precipitates in Al–1·15Mg2Si–0·34Cu–0·21Cr (wt-%) balanced and Al–1·14Mg2Si–0·34Cu–0·21Cr (wt-%) alloys with excess Si has been investigated by hardness measurement (HV), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The values of microhardness which are corresponding to the hardening precipitated particles in the alloy containing excess Si are higher than that in the alloy without Si. The results showed that, the difference in the hardening precipitation peak positions may match the fact that, the excess Si increases the density of β” metastable phase and also, reduces the Mg/Si ratios in the early stage of GP zones and co-cluster formation. After the complete formation of the metastable needle shaped precipitates β” takes place, the strengthening of the alloy would take place as a result of the formation of the semicoherent rod shaped precipitates β‘ and/or Q’ phases.
Exploiting the mevalonate pathway to distinguish statin-sensitive multiple myeloma
Authors: Clendening James W. , Pandyra Aleksandra , Li Zhihua , Boutros Paul C. , Martirosyan Anna , Lehner Richard , Jurisica Igor , Trudel Suzanne , Penn Linda Z.
Published: April 2010

Statin inhibitors, used to control hypercholesterolemia, trigger apoptosis of hematologic tumor cells and therefore have immediate potential as anticancer agents. Evaluations of statins in acute myelogenous leukemia and multiple myeloma have shown that statin efficacy is mixed, with only a subset of tumor cells being highly responsive. Our goal was to distinguish molecular features of statin-sensitive and -insensitive myeloma cells and gain insight into potential predictive markers. We show that dysregulation of the mevalonate pathway is a key determinant of sensitivity to statin-induced apoptosis in multiple myeloma. In sensitive cells, the classic feedback response to statin exposure is lost. This results in deficient up-regulation of 2 isoforms of hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase: the rate-limiting enzyme of the mevalonate pathway and hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase 1. To ascertain the clinical utility of these findings, we demonstrate that a subset of primary myeloma cells is sensitive to statins and that monitoring dysregulation of the mevalonate pathway may distinguish these cancers. We also show statins are highly effective and well tolerated in an orthotopic model of myeloma using cells harboring this dysregulation. This determinant of sensitivity further provides molecular rationale for the significant therapeutic index of statins on these tumor cells.