bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conocimientos y autoeficacia para la aplicación del PAE en estudiantes de Enfermería
Authors: Bernal Becerril Martha Lilia , Ponce Gómez Gandhy , González Juárez Liliana
Published: January 2019

La Enfermería, tiene como practica social los cuidados ante situaciones de salud, siendo el Proceso Atención de Enfermería (PAE) el método de intervención que la distingue y resulta indispensable en los ámbitos de enseñanza y de practica, además de profundizar en el conocimiento del cuidado y su aplicación practica.

Estudio cuantitativo - correlacional en una población de estudiantes de Enfermera de licenciatura (N=292), para reconocer diferencias entre estudiantes de programas intermedios y avanzados, en las dimensiones de conocimientos y autoeficacia para aplicar el PAE.

Los estudiantes de semestres avanzados poseen mas conocimientos y nivel de autoeficacia, siendo los factores influyentes mas sobresalientes las experiencias de contacto con el cuidado, edad, y el considerar el modelo de mayor credibilidad al docente.

La adquisición de conocimientos es indispensable para el desarrollo personal y profesional del individuo incluyendo en ello su capacidad de comprensión de la realidad y de actuación sobre ella, lo que implica relaciones interpersonales donde educando y educador aprenden de la asimilación y acomodación de esa información.

La autoeficacia desempeña un papel fundamental en el funcionamiento humano, influyendo el comportamiento por su impacto ante metas y aspiraciones, así como los impedimentos y oportunidades que se Ie presentan en el medio social.

Con el fin de fortalecer la enseñanza del cuidado y las habilidades de la practica de Enfermera es necesario fortalecer los mecanismos de autoeficacia tanto como los conocimientos y fortalecer el cuidado profesional para la salud de los individuos.
Federación Panamericana de Profesionales de Enfermería
Authors: Reyes Gómez Eva , Balseiro Almario Lasty
Published: January 2019

La Federación Panamericana de Profesionales de Enfermería, fundada en 1970, es una organización no gubernamental, constituida por organizaciones nacionales de Profesionales de Enfermería de los Países de Latinoamérica y del Caribe. A 35 años de su creación la FEPPEN ha desarrollado un trabajo comprometido para impulsar el desarrollo de la profesión y de los trabajadores de Enfermería de la región.

Desde 1989 es la única organización de Enfermería de la región que tiene acuerdos de cooperación con la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) participando en varios proyectos que benefician a la población. La FEPPEN también es miembro de la Fundación Iberoamericana de Enfermería (FIDE) con sede en Madrid, España. La Presidente de FEPPEN es Vicepresidenta de este organismo. La FEPPEN se rige por sus propios Estatutos y las leyes del país sede, durante los cuatro años que dura la gestión del Comité Ejecutivo. México se afilia a la FEPPEN a través del Colegio Nacional de Enfermeras en el año 1993. La misión de la FEPPEN es representar a los profesionales de Enfermería de la Región de América Latina y el Caribe, estimulando el desarrollo técnico, científico, humanístico y político, con un alto sentido de solidaridad y equidad mediante acciones que impulsen el bienestar laboral, social, político y cultural de sus agremiados.
Por un mundo libre de tuberculosis
Authors: Pineda Olvera Juan
Published: January 2019

Por un mundo libre de tuberculosis
Las relaciones de Podemos con las organizaciones sociales
Authors: Mariñas Ignacio
Published: January 2019

 

El 15M fue el principio del proceso de cambio en España y tiene una trascendencia en el mundo porque, por primera vez desde 1989, un movimiento contestatario al sistema alcanza una repercusión mundial. En consecuencia, todos partidos políticos en España atienden las demandas de este movimiento, bien para impulsar cambios en sus programas que atiendan a sus demandas o para intentar asumir su representación política como hace Podemos.

 
Financiarización del tipo de cambio en México y la actividad productiva
Authors: Mendoza Hernández Antonio
Published: January 2019

There is a close relationship between the strengthening of the process
 of financialization and the managment of different currencies.  This
 relationship appears when in local monetary spaces the demand for
 local currency is abandoned in favor of other currencies or objects of
 speculation.  This is a political economy that favors financial
 interests.  In the management of local currencies, the new norm
 imposed by high finance has been one of elevated renumeration combined
 with low inflation. The exchange rate in Mexico is a function of the
 conditions and confidence and profitability of the financial sector.
 Exchange rate fluctuations  become a determining factor in the
 fluctuations in treasury flows, assets, sales and profits of large
 corporations dedicated to productive activities and that deal in
 foreign currencies.  This makes these corporations particularly
 attractive for local monopolistic financial capital, as it means not
 only maintaining their financial wealth and receiving their interest
 payments intact, but also being rewarded with a financial benefit in
 their own currency.  The relative certainty regarding the evolution of
 the exchange rate in the mexican economy is necessary for an important
 sector of large corporations related to monopolistic financial capital
 to maintain their conditions of profitability.
¿Economía capitalista monetaria sin deflación? (Enfoque circuitista-institucionalista)
Authors: Alain Parguez y Slim Thabet Alain Parguez
Published: January 2019

Se inicia explicando qué es la "deflación" en su forma moderna: una crisis acumulativa de la economía real caracterizada por un aumento incontrolado del desempleo y la inflación. Después se enfatiza lo que se considera como las "leyes objetivas" fundamentales del sistema, confiando en su marco más general: un circuito monetario intertemporal. Se demuestra que la condición de existencia del sistema es el compromiso del Estado de ser el "arquitecto del futuro" a base de su siempre creciente inversión productiva en capital tangible e intangible. Abandonar al sector capitalista privado a si mismo está cada vez más paralizado debido a su creciente ansiedad por el futuro. Ese papel del Estado requiere que su inversión más importante se refleje en su buen déficit productivo que está libre de deuda efectiva (o deuda en si misma).
La banca italiana en el contexto global y regional
Authors: Saavedra González Carlos Javier , Cadena Torres Víctor Omar
Published: January 2019

Las transformaciones a nivel global de los sistemas financieros se tradujeron en cambios regionales de las entidades financieras y modificaron la relación entre el sector financiero y no-financiero, la cual se encuentra determinada por las funciones del crédito, que en caso de Italia, dependen fundamentalmente de su demanda interna, y que a nivel regional tienen un papel importante en relación con el sistema financiero de la zona euro.
Microfinanzas: Resultados financieros y sociales: México y Perú
Authors: Soto Esquivel Roberto
Published: January 2019

 

El uso del microcrédito se ha expandido en muchos países. Es una industria que se alimenta de dos factores fundamentales como son la ausencia de una banca pública que otorgue financiamiento accesible y el creciente número de personas en situación vulnerable. Destacan los casos de México y Perú, que tienen características en común: la rentabilidad de las microfinancieras y el costo crediticio son altos; pero los beneficios sociales no son claros, incluso están provocando problemas de endeudamiento, lo cual se observa en los niveles crecientes de riesgo crediticio. Lo anterior es contrario a la visión de sus promotores. Por tanto, el objetivo de este artículo es analizar al sistema microfinanciero en ambos países, confrontando la evidencia empírica y teórica en los aspectos económicos y sociales.

 
Dinero, Estado y transformación del capitalismo: Una perspectiva y agenda postmarxista
Authors: Parguez Alain
Published: January 2019

Este documento debe ser leído como una batalla por un futuro deslumbrante. En la primera parte, me ocupó por completo de la metamorfosis destructiva en curso del capitalismo. En la segunda, me ocupo del circuito monetario postmarxista confiando completamente en el poder del Estado como entidad para emitir dinero a voluntad y sin ningún tipo de deuda. Debe ser considerada en la revolucionaria verdad de la endogeneidad del dinero. En la tercera parte, a manera de conclusión, enfatizo el conjunto de condiciones que deben abordarse para implementar el programa postmarxista.
Crédito, subdesarrollo y estancamiento: crónica de la recesión brasileña
Authors: Meireles Monika
Published: January 2019

 

La lenta y desigual recuperación que se viene produciendo en algunas economías tras la crisis financiera internacional de 2007-2008 definitivamente no se manifiesta en el caso brasileño. En 2014 hay una sensible desaceleración en el ritmo del crecimiento del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) que, a partir de 2015, se convierte en una tendencia de crecimiento negativo que hasta la fecha persiste. Sin embargo, la rentabilidad del sector financiero no deja de crecer desde que la crisis económica y política actual se instaló en el país. El presente trabajo busca reflexionar sobre la paradoja existente entre el aumento de recursos financieros disponibles para dinamizar el nivel de inversiones -y supuestamente reactivar el crecimiento económico- y las señales de estancamiento que presenta la economía del país. Así, se discute la actual recesión por la que pasa la economía brasileña a la luz de dos elementos: a) la aportación teórica heterodoxa, que versa sobre el papel del crédito en el desarrollo, la caracterización contemporánea del subdesarrollo en la etapa de acumulación de capital con predominio financiero, y de manera destacada, el aspecto político, la explicación de las causas del estancamiento económico -inspirado en el trabajo de Celso Furtado; y b) una breve revisión de algunas estadísticas básicas, problematizando aspectos clave de la economía política de la recesión brasileña.

 
China en la globalización financiera
Authors: Sevares Julio
Published: January 2019

La creciente interrelación de la economía china con la globalización financiera ha contribuido a mejorar su posición como receptor de inversiones externas y a diversificar sus fuentes de crédito, pero también la ha sometido, como se verá en las conclusiones de este artículo, a turbulencias como una devaluación no buscada de la moneda o salidas de capitales no programa-das, fenómenos desconocidos en una economía financieramente cerrada.
Dimorfismo sexual en la adquisición de un segundo aprendizaje espacial
Authors: Luna David , Alvarado Angelica , Vila Javier
Published: January 2019

A través de un procedimiento de interferencia se investigó si el dimorfismo sexual reportado en tareas espaciales se mantiene durante la adquisición de un segundo aprendizaje. Estudiantes universitarios fueron entrenados para localizar un llavero escondido en uno de 120 cajones agrupados en cuatro cuadrantes presentados en un plano virtual bidimensional. El entrenamiento comprendió dos fases, y en cada una la localización de la meta fue diferente. En dos experimentos la latencia para encontrar la meta disminuyó en el transcurso del entrenamiento y en uno de ellos, su comparación entre sexos reveló diferencias significativas siendo menor en hombres durante los ensayos intermedios de la fase uno y el primero de la fase dos. El número de exploraciones en el área de búsqueda también disminuyó sistemáticamente, sin presentar diferencias entre sexos. Durante una prueba los participantes respondieron al último sitio que contuvo la meta. Estos resultados demuestran la ocurrencia de un dimorfismo sexual en la latencia para localizar una meta durante la primera y segunda adquisición en una tarea de aprendizaje espacial, pero no en el número de exploraciones sobre el área de búsqueda. Lo anterior fue interpretado en términos de diferencias en las estrategias de búsqueda entre hombres y mujeres. Adicionalmente, los resultados son consistentes con un efecto de interferencia en el aprendizaje espacial.
Asociación entre consumo de sustancias y estrategias de afrontamiento en jóvenes
Authors: Linage Rivadeneyra Maria , Lucio Gómez Maqueo Maria Emilia
Published: January 2019

Los estudiantes de bachillerato son un grupo vulnerable ante el consumo de sustancias: legales e ilegales. Algunas estrategias de afrontamiento funcional al estrés han sido reportadas como factores de protección ante el consumo de sustancias en jóvenes. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar la relación existente de estrategias de afrontamiento (funcionales y no funcionales) y el consumo de sustancias en una muestra de 116 jóvenes estudiantes (consumidores y no consumidores) de la Ciudad de México expuestos a estrés; elegidos mediante un muestreo no probabilístico e intencional. Los instrumentos empleados fueron: AUDIT; Fagerström, ASSIST y el Cuestionario de Sucesos de Vida para adolescentes. Un análisis de regresión logística mostró que la búsqueda de apoyo social en padres OR(20.71; 95% IC[2.20,195.04]; solución de problemas OR(11.51; 95% IC[1.31,100.98]; ofrecer ayuda OR(30.91; 95% IC[1.32,721.64]; y reflexionar OR(24.78; 95% IC[2.52,243.52] se asocian al incremento de la probabilidad de no consumir drogas. El entrenamiento en dichas habilidades de afrontamiento como parte de intervenciones dirigidas a jóvenes estudiantes que inician el consumo de sustancias y que además han estado expuestos a estrés podría ser un acierto en cuanto a detener la progresión de la conducta adictiva en escenarios escolares.
O (não) lugar das metodologias ativas e das tecnologias digitais na agenda governamental
Authors: Martins Ariane Maurício , Baião Alexandre Lima , Santos Silvana Claudia
Published: January 2019

Este artigo tem foco em dois temas emergentes na área de Educação: metodologias ativas e tecnologias digitais. Esses temas são explorados neste trabalho em três etapas. Na primeira, aplicamos o conceito de redes para fazer uma discussão teórica sobre potencialidades, limites e sinergias do uso de métodos ativos e tecnologias digitais na Educação. Na segunda, analisamos a presença e o número de iniciativas que abordaram esses temas nos Planos Plurianuais de 2012-2015 e 2016-2019. A intenção foi verificar como essa temática tem sido contemplada no planejamento de médio prazo do Governo Federal. Por fim, selecionamos todas as Ações Orçamentárias na área de Educação Básica relacionadas a esses temas no período de 2012 a 2018. Identificamos o empenho e pagamento total realizado pelo governo nessas ações, buscando entender em que medida o Governo Federal priorizou esses temas ao longo daquele período. Esses três esforços objetivaram explorar o potencial que as metodologias ativas e as tecnologias digitais representam para a Educação Básica, bem como refletir sobre a atuação do Estado diante desse tema. A discussão teórica indicou que as tecnologias digitais multiplicam o número de nós e interações na rede dos processos de ensino e aprendizagem, enquanto as metodologias ativas fornecem um modelo adequado para orientar as práticas educativas no contexto das redes. Por outro lado, os resultados sugerem que essas abordagens têm perdido espaço nos planos de governo e na execução orçamentária.
Optimising Matrix Product State Simulations of Shor's Algorithm
Authors: Dang Aidan , Hill Charles D. , Hollenberg Lloyd C. L.
Published: January 2019

We detail techniques to optimise high-level classical simulations of Shor's quantum factoring algorithm. Chief among these is to examine the entangling properties of the circuit and to effectively map it across the one-dimensional structure of a matrix product state. Compared to previous approaches whose space requirements depend on r, the solution to the underlying order-finding problem of Shor's algorithm, our approach depends on its factors. We performed a matrix product state simulation of a 60-qubit instance of Shor's algorithm that would otherwise be infeasible to complete without an optimised entanglement mapping.
Sobre pós-história e Ciborgues (com um vislumbre da “estetosfera”)
Authors: Duarte Rodrigo
Published: January 2019

Esse artigo é uma réplica ao texto de Débora Pazetto intitulado “Intersecções entre arte e tecnologia na pós-história: Uma aproximação entre Vilém Flusser e Donna Haraway”.
La contribución del sector de la construcción sobre el producto interno bruto PIB en Ecuador
Authors: Yagual Velástegui Alfredo Marcel , Lopez Franco Melvin Leonardo , Sánchez León Lizbeth , Narváez Cumbicos José Gonzalo
Published: January 2019

La contribución del sector de la construcción en todos los países es crucial para el desarrollo económico y social. Por lo que se compara si en Ecuador se da el mismo comportamiento como se ha dado en países europeos y asiáticos. Objetivo: El presente trabajo pretende determinar la contribución del sector de la construcción sobre el Producto Interno Bruto PIB real (constante). Para ello, es fundamental realizar una revisión literaria sobre la relación entre las variables de entrada – salidas (inputs-outputs) IO. Sector construcción – Producto Interno Bruto. Métodos y materiales: se aplicó una metodología concluyente correlacional integral. Resultados: el sector de la construcción, contribuya de manera positiva en el total de producto interno bruto PIB real en Ecuador periodo 2010-2016. Conclusiones: este comportamiento no solo se da en países de primer mundo sino también en Ecuador.
Análisis de la promoción cultural como herramienta para fortalecer la identidad afro esmeraldeña
Authors: Ballesteros Carmen , Gracia Gabriela , Ocaña Andrea , Jácome Cory
Published: January 2019

La identidad cultural representa los valores, orgullos, costumbres, creencias y comportamientos que forman parte de un grupo social y que actúan con la misión de engendrar un sentimiento de pertenencia. Esta cultura se puede convertir en el pilar primordial de cada localidad; por lo cual es necesario resguardar la, defenderla y ampararse, para que dicha fortaleza pueda convertirse en una ventaja competitiva. Objetivo. Analizar la promoción cultural como herramienta para fortalecer la identidad afro esmeraldeña. Materiales y métodos. Constan entrevistas efectuadas a personas expertas en el área de arte, cultura y promoción, así como a personajes destacados en las distintas disciplinas que enmarcan la cultura de Esmeraldas como lo son la poesía, el canto, la pintura, la escultura, la música, la marimba y el deporte. Además del aporte de la ciudadanía a través de encuestas y entrevistas. Resultados. Los personajes destacados dentro de la cultura esmeraldeña indican que se sienten satisfechos por la labor que han realizado. Se identificó que los ciudadanos se sienten muy identificados (35%) o identificados (47%) con la cultura afroesmeraldeña; y el mayor rasgo identitario es la marimba, con un 45%. Sin embargo el 23% no asiste a ningún evento cultural en la ciudad por falta de difusión. Conclusiones. La investigación permitió determinar que fortalecer la identidad afro esmeraldeña es una tarea compleja que debe de fomentarse en el hogar y las instituciones educativas. Finalmente las investigadoras recomiendan ejecutar estrategias de creación y difusión de productos culturales para conservar y proteger la identidad cultural afro esmeraldeña.
La base mitologica e poetica della canzone Descriptio Cucagnae di Djuro Feric
Authors: Petakovic Slavko
Published: January 2019

La canzone Descriptio Cucagnae di ?uro Feric ? basata su una ricca tradizione
mitologica e poetica. In particolare, ? evidente l?influenza dell?opera di
Teofilo Foleng? e della poesia italiana. Si pu? presumere che ?il paese di
Coccagna? di cui si parla nella canzone rappresenti simbolicamente Ragusa.
Ecco dunque che nella canzone, dietro allo strato allegorico, viene
presentata un? l?immagine satirica della societ? ragusea. Con questa
immagine, l? opera di Feric coincide con la tradizione della poesia satirica
della letteratura ragusea nel diciottesimo secolo.
Dva varianta apokrifa Zavescanie Patriarha Ruvima
Authors: Jovanovic Tomislav
Published: January 2019

V stat'e rec' idet ob apokrife, v osnovu kotorogo legli nastavlenija,
prepodannye umirajuscim vethozavetnym patriarhom Ruvimom ego synov'jam. V
serbskih spiskah izvestny dva varianta ?togo apokrifa - dlinnyj, nahodjascijsja
v Istoriceskoj palee, i kratkij, v sostave Tolkovoj palei. Oba varianta
prinadlezat bolee prostrannomu ciklu pod nazvaniem Zavescanija dvenadcati
patriarhov. Zavescanie patriarha Ruvima v kacestve otdel'nogo proizvedenija
- javlenie unikal'noe, vstrecajusceesja v treh serbskih spiskah: v sobranijah
Muzeja Serbskoj Pravoslavnoj Cerkvi v Belgrade, ? 42, monastyrja Nikoljac v
Cernogorii, ? 83 (15) i monastyrja Savina, ? 24. Kratkij varinat Zavescanija
patriarha Ruvima izvesten v dvuh spiskah: monastyrja Hilandarja, ? 188 i
Cetin'skogo monastyrja, ? 84. Na etot raz rassmatrivajutsja savinskij i
hilandarskij spiski, kotorye publikujutsja v prilozenii.
A biography of Metropolitan Peter Jovanovic
Authors: Opsenica Dragoslav
Published: January 2019

The paper features a biography of Metropolitan Peter Jovanovic (1833-1859),
secular name Pavle, which was written for the Society of Serbian Literacy by
Gabriel Popovic, the archimandrite of Vracevsnica monastery, in July 1857.
Popovic was a close associate of Metropolitan Peter. The short biography
lists the most important events from the Metropolitan?s life; his birth in
Ilok in Syrmia on February 18, 1800, education in the place of birth, then
in Sremski Karlovci and Szeged, where he acquired a high philosophical and
theological learning, and later his professorship at Karlovci Grammar School
from 1820 to 1830. His service in the Principality of Serbia extended from
1830 to 1859, first in the capacity of court secretary and secretary to
Prince Milos, then as metropolitan from 1833 to 1859. In addition, the
biography summarises the most relevant results of the Metropolitan?s
governance: the advancement of church organisation in the Principality of
Serbia, education of the clergy, the improvement of their material position
and the work on publishing textbooks and theological literature.
Thermal properties of polycrystalline cubic boron nitride sintered under high pressure condition
Authors: Leng Chunwei , Hu Xiaojun , Xie Hongliang , Shen Chunhua
Published: January 2019

The excellent thermal and chemical properties of cubic boron nitride (cBN)
indicate that it is potential materials to prepare the thermal dissipate
substrate applied in the electronic packaging. The thermal properties of
polycrystalline cBN ceramics, however, have not been fully investigated. We
report the first sintering experiment on preparing polycrystalline cBN
ceramics using cBN powder as starting material without any sintering aids.
The microstructure and high bending strength show that the strong
combination was achieved among the crystal grains. The measured results,
including density, thermal conductivity and thermal expansion coefficient,
reveal that the properties of this ceramics depend on the grain size of
starting crystal cBN. The PcBN ceramics has low thermal expansion
coefficient extremely matching to that of silicon and exhibits moderate
thermal conductivity due to its low density and the existence of low thermal
conductive phase of hexagonal boron nitride.
Sintering in global material perspective
Authors: Upadhyaya G.S.
Published: January 2019

nema
Southern Nation
Authors: Bateman David A. , Katznelson Ira , Lapinski John S.
Published: January 2019

No question has loomed larger in the American experience than the role of the South. This book examines how southern members of Congress shaped national public policy and American institutions from Reconstruction to the New Deal—and along the way remade the region and the nation in their own image. The central paradox of southern politics was how such a highly diverse region could be transformed into a coherent and unified bloc. This book shows how this unlikely transformation occurred in Congress, the institutional site where the South's representatives forged a new relationship with the rest of the nation. Drawing on an innovative theory of southern lawmaking, in-depth analyses of key historical sources, and congressional data, the book traces how southern legislators confronted the dilemma of needing federal investment while opposing interference with the South's racial hierarchy, a problem they navigated with mixed results before choosing to prioritize white supremacy above all else. The book reveals how southern members of Congress gradually won for themselves an unparalleled role in policymaking, and left all southerners—whites and blacks—disadvantaged to this day. At first, the successful defense of the South's capacity to govern race relations left southern political leaders locally empowered but marginalized nationally. With changing rules in Congress, however, southern representatives soon became strategically positioned to profoundly influence national affairs.
Minority Power
Authors: Bateman David A. , Katznelson Ira , Lapinski John S.
Published: January 2019

This chapter attends to the long moment when southern Democrats came to dominate their party in Congress, just as Republicans were gaining governing capacity after the war years. It highlights how the South successfully remade congressional institutions and practices to accommodate the peculiar fact that the region's heterogeneity and range of preferences were contained within a single political party. This achievement complemented the earlier era's policy outcomes, for it reshaped Congress for the long haul. Southern legislators designed and implemented the radical diffusion of authority in the House of Representatives, enabling the diversity of southern policy priorities to be worked out and advanced in the critical legislative committees. Through compromise, they also ensured that the creation in the Senate of a cloture mechanism that could end a filibuster would only further institutionalize their ability to obstruct legislation that called their region's racial hierarchy into question.
The National Argument
Authors: Case Holly
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the national argument and traces the age of questions to a British imperial origin. It first discusses the imperial prehistory of the age of questions, noting that Britain occupies a central role in the emergence and spread of questions, and cites examples of “x questions” during the period. These include the American question, the Catholic question, the bullion question, and the West India question. The chapter then considers a crucial development in the history of questions: the rise of an international public sphere during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It also explores the nationalization of questions and concludes with a case study on Hungary to show how it entered the age of questions, with emphasis on the emergence of the “nationality question”. An epilogue takes a look at the fate of the Ukrainian question in Russia and the Eastern question in Turkey.
Islamism and the Sovereignty of God
Authors: Zaman Muhammad Qasim
Published: January 2019

This chapter provides an account of one of the most central of all Islamist ideas, in Pakistan and in the wider Muslim world—the idea that sovereignty belongs to God alone. As Mawdudi and other Islamists have articulated it, the implication is that all legal and political authority derives from God and His injunctions, as enunciated in the Qur'an and in the normative example of the Prophet Muhammad. One could not be a Muslim without accepting this idea, nor could a state be Islamic without recognizing it. However, the Islamists are not the only people who have espoused the sovereignty of God. It has figured prominently in non-Islamist, including modernist, circles, too. Part of the concern of this chapter is to examine what it has meant in different circles. It also explores the provenance and history of this idea.
Religion, Violence, and the State
Authors: Zaman Muhammad Qasim
Published: January 2019

This chapter focuses on religio-political violence, whose widespread incidence—after Pakistan's realignment in the US-led War on Terror in the aftermath of September 11, 2001, and the subsequent rise of a new, Pakistani Taliban—has threatened the very fabric of state and society. It examines the violence in question from two broad and intertwined perspectives, one relating to the state, and the other to Islam and those speaking in its terms. Part of the concern in this chapter is to contribute to an understanding of how the governing elite and the military have often fostered the conditions in which the resort to religiously inflected violence has been justified. It also suggests that the nonstate actors—ideologues and militants—have had an agency of their own, which is not reducible to the machinations of the state. Their resort to relevant facets of the Islamic tradition also needs to be taken seriously in order to properly understand their view of the world and such appeal as they have had in particular circles.
William Morris’s Artful Utopia
Authors: Robertson Michael
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines William Morris's News from Nowhere, a fictional response to Edward Bellamy's Looking Backward. News from Nowhere was Morris's attempt to expose what he perceived to be the narrow, complacent, and authoritarian dimensions of Looking Backward. It served as climax of the utopianism that Morris had been engaged in for decades. Throughout his adult life, Morris rejected central Victorian beliefs—not only religious belief but also the belief in progress, the embrace of technology, and the divisions between work and leisure, art and design, literature and politics, intellectuals and workers. Morris's entire career, including his vision of utopia, is presaged by John Ruskin's essay “The Nature of Gothic,” from The Stones of Venice (1851–1853). This chapter discusses contradictions in News from Nowhere and how the book tackles issues such as crime, education, labor, politics, and technological advances.
Conclusions
Authors: Worm Boris , Tittensor Derek P.
Published: January 2019

This concluding chapter summarizes the book's major findings and presents some final thoughts. Among these findings is clear evidence that global biodiversity organizes into distinct patterns within four major biogeographic realms: coastal, pelagic, deep ocean, and land. Taxonomically distinct species groups tended to show similar patterns of biodiversity at large scales within each of these four realms. A body of theory was devised that might explain observed biodiversity patterns within and across taxa. This theory suggests that only two variables are required to predict the majority of first-order patterns of biodiversity on our planet: ambient temperature and community size. Temperature primarily affects the rate of community turnover and the speed of evolution, while community size determines the number of individuals on which evolutionary processes can act.
Graffiti, Ancient and Modern
Authors: Stern Karen B.
Published: January 2019

This book examines graffiti associated with Jews from the ancient world. These markings—found on sites such as the shores of the Black Sea, the deserts of Egypt and Arabia, and the eastern stretches of Mesopotamia—shed important insights about Judaism and Jewish life in antiquity. The book includes case studies from multiple regions to explore connections between graffiti writing and the devotional, commemorative, and civic activities conducted by Jews and their peers. This introduction considers different definitions of graffiti by analyzing various presumptions about textual and pictorial production that have accrued over the centuries. It also explains how particular modes of reading can generate distinct insights about associated cultures and social dynamics, whether in modernity or antiquity, by focusing on one genre of modern graffiti, known as tags. Finally, it discusses the agency of graffiti, social (and spatial) dimensions of graffiti, and the impact of graffiti on landscapes.
Carving Graffiti as Devotion
Authors: Stern Karen B.
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines how graffiti was inscribed and painted by ancient Jews to communicate with and about the divine. It begins with a discussion of paintings and carvings that cover the surfaces of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre—revered by many Christians as the site where Jesus was crucified and buried—and serve as physical vestiges of pilgrims' devotions, rather than marks of defacement. It then considers common assumptions that govern studies of ancient Jewish prayer before analyzing Aramaic and Greek signature and remembrance graffiti in the Dura-Europos synagogue and elsewhere in Dura, as well as devotional graffiti written by Jews in shrines shared by pagans and Christians, such as Elijah's Cave. The chapter suggests that certain acts of graffiti writing are in reality modes of prayer conducted by Jews and their neighbors alike, and that ancient Jews prayed in a variety of built and natural environments.
Mortuary Graffiti in the Roman East
Authors: Stern Karen B.
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines how graffiti was used by ancient Jews to communicate with and about the dead. Focusing on graffiti discovered in cemeteries and burial caves throughout Palestine during the Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine periods, it describes recurrences of graffiti in Jewish mortuary contexts and suggests that acts of carving them were systematic and deliberate exercises, undertaken by Jews inside cemeteries and burial caves throughout the ancient Levant. The chapter first considers the graffiti inside the mortuary landscape of the ancient city of Beit Shearim, which reveal new readings of the cultural matrix of burial populations at the site as well as insights into Jewish life (and death) in the late ancient Roman East. The mortuary graffiti found at Beit Shearim also offer important information about the relationships between regional Jews and contemporaneous rabbis, who may or may not have followed common practices relating to death and commemoration.
Making One’s Mark in a Pagan and Christian World
Authors: Stern Karen B.
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines graffiti associated with the public lives of Jews from Tyre and Asia Minor, showing that they serve as evidence of Jewish participation in public entertainments in the Greco-Roman world. When Jews and their neighbors inscribed graffiti in structures such as theaters and hippodromes, they activated their participation in public spectacles and public life. Numerous examples of public graffiti can be found in theaters and in the ancient city of Aphrodisias, while commercial graffiti exist in the reused Sebasteion and the so-called South Agora, also in Aphrodisias. These markings, the chapter argues, reveal that during periods of burgeoning anti-Jewish legislation and religious polemic, Jews reserved seats for themselves as spectators of public entertainments and drew menorahs where they sold their wares in public markets. They even attest to the presence of Jewish women in commercial settings.
Rethinking Modern Graffiti through Ancient
Authors: Stern Karen B.
Published: January 2019

This chapter argues that modern graffiti should be reconsidered through a reformed understanding of ancient examples. It explains how graffiti preserve selective information about the ways that certain Jews operated within their surrounding environments, and serve as a reminder that Jewish life in antiquity may resemble its modern incarnations far less (and in other cases, far more) than we might assume. Writings on walls, whether from from the Dura-Europos synagogue or from burial caves, theaters, and hippodromes, can shed light on how ancient Jews acted, and felt, in ways that were both similar to and different from their neighbors. This chapter asserts that adjusting notions of what qualifies as a source for the historiography of ancient Jewish populations necessitates an expansion of information available for enquiry in the ancient or modern world.
The Symbolic and the Functional
Authors: Han Liu
Published: January 2019

In this chapter, the author comments on Su Li's discussion of the constitution of ancient China. In his account of Chinese constitutional law, Su Li tackles constitutionalism from a historical point of view. While acknowledging Su Li's contributions to urging Chinese legal scholars to rethink the meaning of “constitution,” not as a modern, liberal, normative conception, but in its original, constitutive, descriptive sense, the author argues that Su Li's structural functionalism fails to pay sufficient attention to the problem of legitimation and the dimension of politico-cultural meaning. The author examines the popular ideas about constitutional law and constitutionalism in contemporary China before delving into Su Li's arguments in detail. In particular, he addresses the issue of constitutional continuity and discontinuity as well as legitimacy continuity. He also cites Su Li's claim that the emperor was an indispensable constitutional institution in ancient China.
The Ideal of Civilization and Formation of Institutions in Ancient China
Authors: Fei Wu
Published: January 2019

In this chapter, the author comments on Su Li's revisionist account of the constitution of ancient China. According to Su Li, the constitutional question arises in the constitution/formation of a state, in an unwritten text. In the case of China, an ideal of civilization is present in the formation of its actual institutions, which transcends constitutionalism at its most basic level. The ideal of civilization articulated in China's ancient tradition can be found in the institution of the rites. The author criticizes Su Li for downplaying Confucian ideas in his discussion of the ancient constitution of China. Furthermore, he does not completely agree with Su Li's understanding of the transition from feudal clan law. Finally, the author examines Su Li's views on the imperial system, the unified script, and the bureaucracy, as well as his assertion that many institutions of today's China are the legacy of Chinese traditions.
History, Culture, Revolution, and Chinese Constitutionalism
Authors: Xiaoli Zhao
Published: January 2019

In this chapter, the author offers a commentary on Su Li's account of the constitution of ancient China. He discusses the importance of Su Li's research by citing the Preamble to the 1982 Constitution, which implies that the Chinese people have a “glorious revolutionary tradition”; the revolutions since the 1840s are the continuation of this tradition. He notes that the Common Program of 1949 as well as the 1954, 1975, 1978, and 1982 Constitutions all start with historical narrative. The author also addresses the issue of time in Constitutions, and describes the Chinese constitution as a historical entity with the three phases of past, present, and future. Finally, he examines the three constitutional issues that Su Li claimed were facing ancient China and which correspond to the three phrases of the Great Learning: to run one's household, govern the state, and bring peace to the world under heaven.
Holiness and Ethics
Authors: Mittleman Alan L.
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores the connection between holiness and ethics or between holiness and goodness. Drawing on a theory of holiness in Judaism, it considers how holiness relates to other values, including moral ones, and whether holiness is more primordial or primitive than ethics. The discussion is anchored on two texts: the first from the Book of Leviticus, and the second from the modern Jewish thinker, Abraham Joshua Heschel. The chapter argues that holiness and morality are equally primordial, equally original to the human condition, and goes on to propose a natural history of holiness in which the human experiences of love and awe, of goodness and holiness arise together against man's evolutionary background as a social primate. It also examines the concepts of primordial morality, natural morality, ethical naturalism, and moral realism before concluding with an analysis of intuition in relation to the good, the right, and the holy.
Holiness and Violence
Authors: Mittleman Alan L.
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines how holiness relates to violence, with particular emphasis on biblical, medieval, and contemporary Jewish attempts to justify violence, both in wartime and in peacetime. It defends the holy and its connection to ethics, while also purging holiness of violence. The chapter first considers the extreme violence commanded or depicted in the Bible, citing as an example the genocide of the Canaanites, before discussing holiness and violence in contemporary Judaism. More specifically, it describes how the legacy of biblical violence was moralized and diminished by rabbinic Judaism. It then analyzes God's violence by applying the so-called Maimonides's razor and suggests that the harshness of God, as depicted in the Bible, is a poetic way of capturing the imperative of justice. The chapter concludes with a commentary on the association of justice with the God of monotheism.
The Religious Front
Authors: Smolkin Victoria
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines militant atheism under Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin, focusing on how the Bolsheviks approached religion from the revolution in 1917 until Stalin's death in 1953. Using legal and administrative regulation, extralegal repression and terror, and militant atheist propaganda, the Bolsheviks sought to build a new Communist world, remake society, and transform human nature. The chapter first provides a background on Russia's “old world” in order to understand the political, social, and cultural landscape that the Bolsheviks inherited when they seized power in October 1917. It then considers the Marxist–Leninist framework within which the Bolsheviks understood religion, the Bolsheviks' atheist propaganda and scientific enlightenment, and byt (culture of everyday life) as the final frontier in the Bolshevik Party's war against religion. It also describes the Bolshevik Party's adoption of the Stalinist religious policy, Stalin's wartime rapprochement with the Russian Orthodox Church, and his decision to abandon atheism.
Cosmic Enlightenment
Authors: Smolkin Victoria
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines how science, and more specifically the real and symbolic force of Soviet space programs, was harnessed as a weapon in Soviet atheist work. In the 1960s, as cosmonauts and astronauts raced to space, the USSR sought to channel cosmic enthusiasm into atheist work, believing that science could deal the final blow to religion. The chapter first considers the explosion of cosmic enthusiasm after successful Soviet space missions before discussing the use of the Moscow Planetarium as a base for natural scientific and scientific atheist propaganda. It also explores state efforts to spread scientific atheism and shows that the Soviets capitalized on Soviet space firsts to proclaim the truth of scientific materialism. However, scientific miracles and cosmic conquests failed to convert the masses to atheism and exposed the ideological blind spots of Marxism–Leninism.
Symmetries and Conservation Laws
Authors: Ben-Menahem Yemima
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines how symmetry principles—despite their a priori appearance—function as causal constraints through their conceptual relation with conservation laws. It first provides an overview of how symmetries are linked to causation by focusing on some of their interconnections with other members of the causal family. It then considers an excellent illustration of the causal function of symmetries in physics, Pauli's exclusion principle, before discussing conservation laws in relation to symmetries. The chapter then explains the distinction between active and passive symmetries, and between global and local symmetries (or geometric versus dynamic symmetries, respectively), as well as gauge theories and the notion of gauge freedom. The chapter concludes with an analysis of Curie's principle and how it is intertwined with symmetries.
Blaspheming against Islam
Authors: Sahner Christian C.
Published: January 2019

This chapter investigates the history of Christian blasphemy against Islam. It argues that blasphemy emerged as a specific form of social and theological protest against Islam among heavily assimilated but unconverted Christians in the early Middle Ages. Some of the Christians most likely to blaspheme were, paradoxically, those who were closest to Muslims. These included the children of religiously mixed families, Christian officials of the Muslim state, and residents of religiously mixed cities. Thus, it was precarious proximity to the religious other—coupled with the attendant feeling of suffocation and loss—that seems to have compelled some Christians to “take a stand” by blaspheming.
Bible Culture and Authority in the Early United States
Authors: Perry Seth
Published: January 2019

This book is a wide-ranging exploration of the place of the Christian Bible in America in the decades after the Revolution. Attending to both theoretical concerns about the nature of scriptures and to the precise historical circumstances of a formative period in American history, the book argues that the Bible was not a “source” of authority in early America, as is often said, but rather a site of authority: a cultural space for editors, commentators, publishers, preachers, and readers to cultivate authoritative relationships. While paying careful attention to early national bibles as material objects, the book shows that “the Bible” is both a text and a set of relationships sustained by a universe of cultural practices and assumptions. Moreover, it demonstrates that bible culture underwent rapid and fundamental changes in the early nineteenth century as a result of developments in technology, politics, and religious life. At the heart of the book are typical bible readers, otherwise unknown today, and better-known figures such as Zilpha Elaw, Joseph Smith, Denmark Vesey, and Ellen White, a group that includes men and women, enslaved and free, Baptists, Catholics, Episcopalians, Methodists, Mormons, Presbyterians, and Quakers. What they shared were practices of biblical citation in writing, speech, and the performance of their daily lives. While such citation contributed to the authority of the Bible, it also meant that the meaning of the Bible constantly evolved as Americans applied it to new circumstances and identities.
The Many Bibles of Joseph Smith
Authors: Perry Seth
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines scripturalization in early national America by focusing on the scripturalized community that formed around Joseph Smith and his scriptural productions to extend and amplify a universe of biblical citations and performed roles. In contemporary Mormonism, the story of Smith's career begins with the First Vision. He published the Book of Mormon in 1830, using bibles for its composition. The chapter discusses the place of print-bible culture, citationality, performance, and the scripturalization of biblically resonant visionary texts in earliest Mormonism. It also considers how Smith's texts invited their readers and auditors to regard them as scriptures and therefore to regard him as a prophet. It shows that these texts functioned by citing the Bible, both implicitly and explicitly, and argues that the scripturalized community conjured by Smith and those around him as a classic example of the type of religious authority made possible by early national bible culture.
Frankfurt
Authors: Lerner Robert E.
Published: January 2019

This chapter details Ernst Kantorowicz's life in Frankfurt. He moved to the city on the first day of April 1931 to assume his new duties as a history professor at the university. During his first semester he offered a two-hour seminar in medieval history for beginners and gave an inaugural public lecture on “The Problem of Nobility in the Later Middle Ages.” In the winter of 1931–32, he offered a lecture course on The Age of Humanism. This was a subject that had become of interest to him in connection with a new interest in Petrarch, who wrote on nobility and had been crowned with laurel. He also struggled with the realization that his financial position was collapsing.