bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impaired airway epithelial cell responses from children with asthma to rhinoviral infection
Authors: Kicic A. , Stevens P. T. , Sutanto E. N. , Kicic‐Starcevich E. , Ling K.‐M. , Looi K. , Martinovich K. M. , Garratt L. W. , Iosifidis T. , Shaw N. C. , Buckley A. G. , Rigby P. J. , Lannigan F. J. , Knight D. A. , Stick S. M.
Published: May 2016

Background

The airway epithelium forms an effective immune and physical barrier that is essential for protecting the lung from potentially harmful inhaled stimuli including viruses. Human rhinovirus (HRV) infection is a known trigger of asthma exacerbations, although the mechanism by which this occurs is not fully understood.

Objective

To explore the relationship between apoptotic, innate immune and inflammatory responses to HRV infection in airway epithelial cells (AECs) obtained from children with asthma and non‐asthmatic controls. In addition, to test the hypothesis that aberrant repair of epithelium from asthmatics is further dysregulated by HRV infection.

Methods

Airway epithelial brushings were obtained from 39 asthmatic and 36 non‐asthmatic children. Primary cultures were established and exposed to HRV1b and HRV14. Virus receptor number, virus replication and progeny release were determined. Epithelial cell apoptosis, IFN‐β production, inflammatory cytokine release and epithelial wound repair and proliferation were also measured.

Results

Virus proliferation and release was greater in airway epithelial cells from asthmatics but this was not related to the number of virus receptors. In epithelial cells from asthmatic children, virus infection dampened apoptosis, reduced IFN‐β production and increased inflammatory cytokine production. HRV1b infection also inhibited wound repair capacity of epithelial cells isolated from non‐asthmatic children and exaggerated the defective repair response seen in epithelial cells from asthmatics. Addition of IFN‐β restored apoptosis, suppressed virus replication and improved repair of airway epithelial cells from asthmatics but did not reduce inflammatory cytokine production.

Conclusions

Collectively, HRV infection delays repair and inhibits apoptotic processes in epithelial cells from non‐asthmatic and asthmatic children. The delayed repair is further exaggerated in cells from asthmatic children and is only partially reversed by exogenous IFN‐β.
Effect of probiotics on clinical and immune parameters in enthesitis-related arthritis category of juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: Shukla A , Gaur P , Aggarwal A
Published: May 2016

Gut microflora and dysbiosis as an environmental factor has been linked to the pathogenesis of enthesitis-related arthritis (JIA-ERA); thus, we performed a proof-of-concept study of probiotics to modulate the gut-flora and study the effects on immune and clinical parameters of children having JIA-ERA. Forty-six children with active JIA-ERA were randomized to placebo or probiotic therapy along with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for 12 weeks. Patients were assessed using a six-point composite disease activity index (mJSpADA) based on morning stiffness, joint count, enthesitis count, sacroiliitis/inflammatory back pain, uveitis and erythrocyte sedimentation rate/C-reactive protein (ESR/CRP). Frequencies of T helper type 1 (Th1), Th2, Th17 and regulatory T cells in blood were measured using flow cytometry. Serum cytokines interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)−4, IL-17, IL-10, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-6 were measured by cytokine bead array using flow cytometer. The average age of 46 children (44 boys) was 15 ± 2.5 years and duration of disease was 3.5 ± 3 years. There was no significant difference in improvement in mJSpADA between the two groups (P = 0·16). Serum IL-6 levels showed a decrease (P < 0·05) in the probiotic-group. Th2 cell frequency (P < 0·05) and serum IL-10 levels (P < 0·01) showed an increase in the placebo group, but again the probiotic use did not show a significant change in immune parameters when compared to the placebo. Adverse effects among the probiotic and placebo groups were diarrhea (36 versus 45%), abdominal pain (9 versus 20%), minor infections (4·5 versus 20%) and flatulence (23 versus 15%), respectively. Thus, we can conclude that probiotic therapy in JIA-ERA children is well tolerated, but failed to show any significant immune or clinical effects over NSAID therapy.
The publication rates of abstracts presented at the Turkish Respiratory Society (TUSAD) annual congress: adequate or not?
Authors: Günay Sibel , Sariaydin Muzaffer , Sarinc‐Ulasli Sevinc , Günay Ersin , Demir Secil , Unlu Mehmet
Published: May 2016

Objective

In this study, we aimed to determine the publication status of the abstracts presented at the Turkish Respiratory Society Congress between 2011 and 2014.

Methods

The abstracts were classified according to presentation type (oral presentations, poster discussion, etc.), study type, study design, topic, publication status, time interval between the presentation and the publication date, and the journal in which the article was published. The conversion rate of presentations into full‐text articles in peer‐reviewed journals were surveyed through Elsevier's Scopus.

Results

The total number of abstracts submitted in the congress was 2 009. In terms of study type, the majority of abstracts were case reports (56.4%) and the remainder was original research. Totally, 179 abstracts were published in an indexed journal with an overall publication rate of 8.9%. 18.3% of oral presentations were converted into full‐text article. Publication rates according to study types were 14.8% for original researches and 4.4% for case reports. The first three subspecialties with the highest publication rates were “sleep related breathing disorders” (16.9%), “interventional pulmonology” (16.7%) and “pleural diseases” (15.2%). Median publication/acceptance time was 8.0 months (0–38).

Conclusion

This is the first study evaluating the publication rates of abstracts presented in a respiratory congress. Although the number of presented abstracts in the congress increased year by year, prominently in the case reports, over all conversion rates were decreased. We put forward that encouraging the authors to conduct higher‐quality investigations would raise the publication rate as well as improve the scientific quality of congress.
Squamous cell carcinoma in association with a red tattoo
Authors: Schmitz Inge , Prymak Oleg , Epple Matthias , Ernert Carsten , Tannapfel Andrea
Published: May 2016

Background and objectives

Although tattoos have become exceedingly popular in recent years, only few cases of severe reactions leading to malignant transformation have been reported in the literature. This stands in contrast to the virtually innumerable number of tattoos worldwide. The composition of tattoo dyes is highly variable, and even the same colors may contain different compounds. The objective of our study was to investigate in what way tattoo dyes may potentially trigger skin cancer.

Patient and methods

We report the rare case of a 24‐year‐old woman who – seven months after getting a tattoo on the back of her foot – developed a squamous cell carcinoma in close proximity to the red dye used. Complications started in the form of nonspecific swelling. The lesion was histologically examined. The composition of the incorporated dye was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy in combination with energy dispersive element analysis. Thermogravimetry and powder diffraction were used for further characterization.

Results and conclusions

While the tattoo dye primarily consisted of barium sulfate, traces of Al, S, Ti, P, Mg, and Cl were also detected. The analysis showed pigment granules of varying sizes. In rare cases, tattoo inks may have carcinogenic effects, which appear to be multifactorial.
Retrospective analysis of 56 soft tissue defects treated with one‐stage reconstruction using dermal skin substitutes
Authors: Gümbel Denis , Ackerl Martin , Napp Matthias , Daeschlein Georg , Spranger Nikolai , Stope Matthias B. , Ekkernkamp Axel , Matthes Gerrit
Published: May 2016

Background

The closure of wounds associated with soft tissue defects is surgically challenging, frequently requiring extensive plastic surgery and free flaps. The combination of dermal skin substitutes and split‐thickness skin grafting is an innovative method used to cover such wounds. We incorporated this technique into the standard therapeutic armamentarium for complex injuries to the extremities. Clinical results of 56 patients thus treated are presented.

Patients and methods

In 44 (78.6 %) cases, the method described was used for defects on the lower extremities, including seven (12.5 %) individuals undergoing amputation stump coverage. Twelve (21.4 %) defects were located on the upper extremities. In two (3.6 %) cases, Matriderm® matrix was used to protect nerves from adjacent surgical implants.

Results

In 41 (73.2 %) patients, the graft healed without any complication. Fifteen (26.8 %) patients displayed impaired wound healing following defect closure and were subsequently managed conservatively. One patient (1.8 %) showed graft failure, leading to revision surgery. None of the patients required extensive plastic surgery.

Conclusions

In cases where plastic surgery is unavailable or undesirable, the use of dermal skin substitutes in combination with split‐thickness skin grafting represents a promising alternative for covering wounds associated with soft tissue defects.
Using dynamic motor control to understand treatment outcomes
Authors: õunpuu Sylvia
Published: May 2016

This commentary is on the original article by Schwartz et al. on pages 1139–1145 of this issue.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a comparison of two staging systems in a population‐based study
Authors: Ferraro D. , Consonni D. , Fini N. , Fasano A. , Del Giovane C. ,   Emilia Romagna Registry for ALS (ERRALS) Group, Mandrioli J.
Published: May 2016

Background and purpose

To compare two recently developed staging systems for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) [King's College and Milano‐Torino staging (MITOS) systems] in an incident, population‐based cohort of patients with ALS.

Methods

Since 2009, a prospective registry has been recording all incident cases of ALS in the Emilia Romagna region in Italy. For each patient, detailed clinical information, including the ALS functional rating scale score, is collected at each follow‐up.

Results

Our study on 545 incident cases confirmed that King's College stages occurred at predictable times and were quite evenly spaced out throughout the disease course (occurring at approximately 40%, 60% and 80% of the disease course), whereas MITOS stages were mostly skewed towards later phases of the disease. In the King's College system there was a decrease in survival and an increase in deaths with escalating stages, whereas in the MITOS system survival curves pertaining to intermediate stages overlapped and the number of deaths was fairly homogenous throughout most stages.

Conclusions

The King's College staging system had a higher homogeneity (i.e. smaller differences in survival among patients in the same stage) and a higher discriminatory ability (i.e. greater differences in survival among patients in different stages), being more suitable for individualized prognosis and for measuring efficacy of therapeutic interventions.
Joint dynamic species distribution models: a tool for community ordination and spatio‐temporal monitoring
Authors: Thorson James T. , Ianelli James N. , Larsen Elise A. , Ries Leslie , Scheuerell Mark D. , Szuwalski Cody , Zipkin Elise F.
Published: May 2016

Aim

Spatial analysis of the distribution and density of species is of continuing interest within theoretical and applied ecology. Species distribution models (SDMs) are being increasingly used to analyse count, presence–absence and presence‐only data sets. There is a growing literature on dynamic SDMs (which incorporate temporal variation in species distribution), joint SDMs (which simultaneously analyse the correlated distribution of multiple species) and geostatistical models (which account for similarity between nearby sites caused by unobserved covariates). However, no previous study has combined all three attributes within a single framework.

Innovation

We develop spatial dynamic factor analysis for use as a ‘joint, dynamic SDM’ (JDSDM), which uses geostatistical methods to account for spatial similarity when estimating one or more ‘factors’. Each factor evolves over time following a density‐dependent (Gompertz) process, and the log‐density of each species is approximated as a linear combination of different factors. We demonstrate a JDSDM using two multispecies case studies (an annual survey of bottom‐associated species in the Bering Sea and a seasonal survey of butterfly density in the continental USA), and also provide our code publicly as an R package.

Main conclusions

Case study applications show that that JDSDMs can be used for species ordination, i.e. showing that dynamics for butterfly species within the same genus are significantly more correlated than for species from different genera. We also demonstrate how JDSDMs can rapidly identify dominant patterns in community dynamics, including the decline and recovery of several Bering Sea fishes since 2008, and the ‘flight curves’ typical of early or late‐emerging butterflies. We conclude by suggesting future research that could incorporate phylogenetic relatedness or functional similarity, and propose that our approach could be used to monitor community dynamics at large spatial and temporal scales.
Gene transfection of human mesenchymal stem cells with a nano‐hydroxyapatite–collagen scaffold containing DNA‐functionalized calcium phosphate nanoparticles
Authors: Tenkumo Taichi , Vanegas Sáenz Juan Ramón , Takada Yukyo , Takahashi Masatoshi , Rotan Olga , Sokolova Viktoriya , Epple Matthias , Sasaki Keiichi
Published: May 2016

This study aimed to fabricate a growth factor‐releasing biodegradable scaffold for tissue regeneration. We prepared multishell calcium phosphate (CaP) nanoparticles functionalized with DNA, polyethyleneimine (PEI), protamine and octa‐arginine (R8) and compared their respective transfection activity and cell viability measures using human mesenchymal stem cells. DNA–protamine complexes improved the transfection efficiency of CaP nanoparticles with the exception of those functionalized with R8. These complexes also greatly reduced the cytotoxicity of PEI. In addition, we also fabricated DNA–protamine‐functionalized CaP nanoparticle‐loaded nano‐hydroxyapatite–collagen scaffolds and investigated their gene transfection efficiencies. These experiments showed that the scaffolds were associated with moderate hMSC cell viability and were capable of releasing the BMP‐2 protein into hMSCs following gene transfection. In particular, the scaffold loaded with protamine‐containing CaP nanoparticles showed the highest cell viability and transfection efficiency in hMSCs; thus, it might be suitable to serve as an efficient growth factor‐releasing scaffold.
Folate‐/FAD‐dependent tRNA methyltransferase from Thermus thermophilus regulates other modifications in tRNA at low temperatures
Authors: Yamagami Ryota , Tomikawa Chie , Shigi Naoki , Kazayama Ai , Asai Shin‐ichi , Takuma Hiroyuki , Hirata Akira , Fourmy Dominique , Asahara Haruichi , Watanabe Kimitsuna , Yoshizawa Satoko , Hori Hiroyuki
Published: May 2016

TrmFO is a N5, N10‐methylenetetrahydrofolate (CH2THF)‐/FAD‐dependent tRNA methyltransferase, which synthesizes 5‐methyluridine at position 54 (m5U54) in tRNA. Thermus thermophilus is an extreme‐thermophilic eubacterium, which grows in a wide range of temperatures (50–83 °C). In T. thermophilus, modified nucleosides in tRNA and modification enzymes form a network, in which one modification regulates the degrees of other modifications and controls the flexibility of tRNA. To clarify the role of m5U54 and TrmFO in the network, we constructed the trmFO gene disruptant (∆trmFO) strain of T. thermophilus. Although this strain did not show any growth retardation at 70 °C, it showed a slow‐growth phenotype at 50 °C. Nucleoside analysis showed increase in 2′‐O‐methylguanosine at position 18 and decrease in N1‐methyladenosine at position 58 in the tRNA mixture from the ∆trmFO strain at 50 °C. These in vivo results were reproduced by in vitro experiments with purified enzymes. Thus, we concluded that the m5U54 modification have effects on the other modifications in tRNA through the network at 50 °C. 35S incorporations into proteins showed that the protein synthesis activity of ∆trmFO strain was inferior to the wild‐type strain at 50 °C, suggesting that the growth delay at 50 °C was caused by the inferior protein synthesis activity.
Stromal Cell‐Derived Factor‐1 Alpha Is Decreased in Women With Migraine With Aura
Authors: Liman Thomas G. , Neeb Lars , Rosinski Jana , Reuter Uwe , Endres Matthias
Published: May 2016

Background

Endothelial dysfunction may contribute to the pathophysiology of migraine with aura. Stromal cell‐derived factor‐1 alpha (SDF‐1α) is involved in the maintenance of endothelial integrity via mobilization of vascular stem cells.

Objectives

We sought to determine whether SDF‐1α levels are decreased in women with MA.

Methods

In this post hoc analysis of a case‐cohort study, levels of SDF‐1α were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Endothelial function was assessed using peripheral arterial tonometry. Arterial stiffness was assessed by fingertip tonometry derived and heart‐rate‐adjusted augmentation index (AI).

Results

Twenty‐eight women with MA and 27 age‐matched healthy women were included in this study. Levels of SDF‐1α were significantly lower in women with MA compared to age‐ and risk factor‐matched healthy women (1763 ± 281 vs 2013 ± 263 pg/mL, P = 0.006). SDF‐1α levels were positively correlated with AI in healthy women (r = 0.49, P = 0.009), but not in women with MA (r = 0.05, P = 0.78). SDF‐1α levels were negatively correlated with CD144‐positive endothelial microparticles (EMP; r = −0.31, P = .02), and activated CD62E‐positive EMP (r = −0.35, P = .01).

Conclusion

Levels of SDF‐1α are decreased in women with MA and are associated with EMPs as a surrogate marker of endothelial dysfunction. This might contribute to the pathophysiology and vascular risk in MA, but evidence from larger prospective studies is warranted.
Pertrogenesis and tectonic implications of the late Jurassic basic rocks from the northern Shi‐Hang zone, Southeast China
Authors: Zhou Qing , Jiang Yao–hui , Liao Shi–yong , Zhao Peng , Jia Ru–ya , Liu Zheng , Wang Guo–chang , Ni Chun–yu
Published: May 2016

The tectonic setting of the late mesozoic of South China is in a debate between two schools of thought: an intra‐continental rift zone along a passive continental margin or active rifting associated with subduction of the paleo‐Pacific Plate. In this study, we present new sensitive high‐resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) U‐Pb zircon ages, along with geochemical data of three basic dikes that cross‐cut the Dexing porphyry copper deposit. The deposit is the largest of its kind in eastern China and part of large scale mineralization associated with Mesozoic magmatic activity in the area. Our results indicate that the dikes were emplaced in the Late Jurassic with an average U‐Pb age of 153.5 ± 2.4 Ma. The intrusions have bulk εNd(t) of ca +0.7 and zircon εHf(t) value of +1.54 to +6.92. Based on relatively enriched light rare earth elements (LREE) and depleted high‐field‐strength elements (HFSE) abundances with pronounced negative Ta–Nb, Hf–Zr and Ti anomalies in multi‐element diagrams, we propose that these dikes were derived from a subduction‐modified lithospheric mantle source. The variability in Hf isotopes identifies some degree of crustal contaminations. Our data support a scenario with a back‐arc extensional setting or an intra‐arc rift environment associated with the westward subduction of the paleo‐Pacific Plate at or prior to the late Jurassic as the most likely cause for these subduction signatures.
Transdentinal photobiostimulation of stem cells from human exfoliated primary teeth
Authors: Turrioni A. P. , Basso F. G. , Montoro L. A. , Almeida L. F. D. , de Souza Costa C. A. , Hebling J.
Published: May 2016

Aim

To evaluate the effects of infrared light‐emitting diode (LED) irradiation on stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs).

Methodology

Exfoliated primary teeth were obtained (n = 3), and SHEDs obtained from the teeth were seeded on the pulpal surface of 0.2‐mm‐thick dentine discs produced from permanent molars. The cells were incubated for 24 h by placing the discs in plain Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM). The DMEM was then replaced with new culture medium formulated for odontoblast differentiation. After 12 h in the second medium, SHEDs were irradiated through the dentine discs using an infrared LED (850 nm) with a power density of 80 mW cm−2. Energy doses (EDs) delivered to the occlusal surface of the dentine discs were 0 (control), 2 and 4 J cm−2 (n = 6). Subsequent tests were performed 72 h after irradiation. These tests included cell viability (MTT), alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP), total protein production (TP), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), as well as gene expression for ALP, Col I, DSPP and DMP‐1. Data were analysed using Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney t‐tests (α = 0.05).

Results

Both EDs (2 and 4 J cm−2) significantly increased cell viability and ALP activity. For TP, ALP and Col I gene expression, only the 4 J cm−2 group had significantly higher values compared to the control group. Cell morphology was not affected by irradiation.

Conclusion

Infrared LED irradiation was capable of biostimulating SHEDs through a 0.2 mm thickness of dentine, especially at the 4 J cm−2 level.
An assessment of racial differences in the upper limits of normal ALT levels in children and the effect of obesity on elevated values
Authors: Kliethermes S. , Ma M. , Purtell C. , Balasubramanian N. , Gonzalez B. , Layden T. J. , Cotler S. J.
Published: May 2016

Objectives

Childhood obesity is a risk factor for non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and poses important public health issues for children. Racial differences in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels among children have not been described. This study aimed to identify racial differences in upper limit normal (ULN) ALT levels and evaluate the effect of obesity on elevated levels in children without other metabolic risk factors.

Methods

National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys and clinical data from the Loyola University Health System were used to determine ULN ALT by race and gender. Quantile regression was used to evaluate the impact of obesity on elevated ALT and to identify potential risk factors for ALT above the ULN.

Results

Upper limit normal (ULN) ALT was approximately 28.0 and 21.0–24.0 U/L for boys and girls, respectively. No significant difference in ULN ALT across race was observed. Obesity was significantly associated with elevated ALT; obese children with elevated ALT had values 10 U/L higher than normal‐weight children.

Conclusions

Racial differences in ALT levels among adults are not evident in children. Obesity, in the absence of metabolic risk factors and other causes of liver disease, is associated with elevated ALT, providing evidence against the concept of healthy obesity in children.
Elevated interleukin‐27 levels in human neonatal macrophages regulate indoleamine dioxygenase in a STAT‐1 and STAT‐3‐dependent manner
Authors: Jung Joo‐Yong , Gleave Parson Madeline , Kraft Jennifer D. , Lyda Logan , Kobe Brianna , Davis Celestia , Robinson Jembber , Peña Maria Marjorette O. , Robinson Cory M.
Published: May 2016

Microbial infections are a major cause of infant mortality as a result of limitations in immune defences. Interleukin‐27 (IL‐27) is a heterodimeric cytokine produced primarily by leucocytes and is immunosuppressive toward lymphocytes and leucocytes. Our laboratory demonstrated that human neonatal macrophages express IL‐27 more abundantly than adult macrophages. Similarly in mice, IL‐27 expression is elevated early in life and maintained through infancy. To determine IL‐27‐regulated mechanisms that may limit immunity, we evaluated the expression of a number of genes in response to this cytokine in primary human neonatal macrophages. Indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO) gene expression was increased dose‐responsively by IL‐27. We have previously demonstrated inhibition of T‐cell proliferation and cytokine production by neonatal macrophage‐generated IL‐27, and IDO is often implicated in this negative regulation. An increase in IDO protein was demonstrated by immunofluorescence microscopy and was consistent with increased enzyme activity following treatment with IL‐27. Inclusion of a soluble receptor to neutralize endogenous IL‐27, decreased IDO expression and activity compared with untreated macrophages. In response to IL‐27, neonatal macrophages phosphorylate signal transdcuer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT‐1) and STAT‐3. Both transcription factors are recruited to the IDO regulatory region. STAT‐3 dominates during steady‐state regulation by lower levels of endogenous IL‐27 production. A shift to enhanced STAT‐1 recruitment occurs during increased levels of exogenously supplied IL‐27. These data suggest an interesting interplay of STAT‐1 and STAT‐3 to regulate IDO activity and immunosuppression in response to different levels of IL‐27 in the microenvironment of the immune response that may further our understanding of this interesting cytokine.
Sentinel surveillance for influenza among severe acute respiratory infection and acute febrile illness inpatients at three hospitals in Ghana
Authors: Jones Alexander H. , Ampofo William , Akuffo Richard , Doman Brooke , Duplessis Christopher , Amankwa Joseph A. , Sarpong Charity , Sagoe Ken , Agbenohevi Prince , Puplampu Naiki , Armah George , Koram Kwadwo A. , Nyarko Edward O. , Bel‐Nono Samuel , Dueger Erica L.
Published: May 2016

Background

Influenza epidemiology in Africa is generally not well understood. Using syndrome definitions to screen patients for laboratory confirmation of infection is an established means to effectively conduct influenza surveillance.

Methods

To compare influenza‐related epidemiologic data, from October 2010 through March 2013, we enrolled hospitalized severe acute respiratory infection (SARI; fever with respiratory symptoms) and acute febrile illness (AFI; fever without respiratory or other localizing symptoms) patients from three referral hospitals in Ghana. Demographic and epidemiologic data were obtained from enrolled patients after which nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs were collected, and processed by molecular methods for the presence of influenza viruses.

Results

Of 730 SARI patients, 59 (8%) were influenza positive; of 543 AFI patients, 34 (6%) were positive for influenza. Both SARI and AFI surveillance yielded influenza A(H3N2) (3% versus 1%), A(H1N1)pdm09 (2% versus 1%), and influenza B (3% versus 4%) in similar proportions. Data from both syndromes show year‐round influenza transmission but with increased caseloads associated with the rainy seasons.

Conclusions

As an appreciable percentage of influenza cases (37%) presented without defined respiratory symptoms, and thus met the AFI but not the SARI definition, it is important to consider broader screening criteria (i.e., AFI) to identify all laboratory‐confirmed influenza. The identified influenza transmission seasonality has important implications for the timing of related public health interventions.
Infusion of Ag‐Ion from Aqueous Solution into Solid Calcium Phosphate of Hydroxyapatite (HA) Crystal Structure
Authors: Sobczak‐Kupiec Agnieszka , Kijkowska Regina , Malina Dagmara
Published: May 2016

In contrast to extensive literature concerning Ag incorporation in hydroxyapatite, HA, while the phosphate approximated to stoichiometry of Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, with added Ag has been precipitating from an aqueous solution, the paper presents Ag incorporation through Ag ion infusion from AgNO3 solution into solid HA pressed in pellet and ignited at 800°C. After Ag ions infused into the HA‐solid (crossed the interfacial solution‐solid boundary), they diffused across the crystal structure to a depth of time‐dependent several mm. The path of Ag diffusion in the solid HA was recorded using SEM‐EDS point analyses of Ag, Ca, P, EDS‐linear analyses of those elements, and elemental mapping. Time‐dependent concentrations of Ag+, Ca2+, and PO43− in AgNO3 solutions were also analyzed. The appearance of Ag in the crystalline HA with simultaneous local depletion in Ca and phosphate recorded as P, observed by EDS with simultaneous appearance of Ca2+ and PO43− ions and a decrease in Ag+ concentration in AgNO3 solution led the authors to a conclusion that Ag+ for Ca2+ substitution supported by PO43− charge balancing in the crystalline HA was in process. The HA particles in the section of the pellet without Ag had a uniform shape and size approximated to 300–400 nm. SEM image of the HA solid section, where Ag ions appeared was characterized by irregular aggregates of smaller crystals with sporadically present large, shaped in prism blocks identified by the XRD as Ag3PO4.
Phase Equilibria in the ZrO2–MgO–MnOx System
Authors: Pavlyuchkov Dmytro , Dilner David , Savinykh Galina , Fabrichnaya Olga
Published: May 2016

Phase equilibria were experimentally investigated in the MgO–MnOx and the ZrO2–MgO–MnOx systems for different oxygen partial pressures by powder X‐ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, and differential thermal analysis. The formation of two compositionally and structurally different β‐spinel solid solutions was observed in the MgO–MnOx system in air in the temperature interval 1473–1713 K. Isothermal sections of the ZrO2–MgO–MnOx phase diagram were constructed for air conditions ( = 0.21 bar) at 1913, 1813, 1713, 1613, and 1523 K. In addition, isothermal sections at 1913 and 1523 K were constructed for = 10−4 bar. The β‐spinel and halite phases of the MgO–MnOx system were found to dissolve up to 2 and 5 mol% ZrO2. A continuous c‐ZrO2 solid solution forms between the boundary ZrO2–MnOx and ZrO2–MgO systems. It stabilizes in the ZrO2–MgO–MnOx system down to at least 1613 K in air and down to 1506 K at = 10−4 bar.
The influence of intensive lifestyle intervention on patients with isolated impaired fasting glucose: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Yang Xiu‐Juan , Zou Shu‐Fang , Xu Yong , Li Yi , Yang Shan‐Shan
Published: May 2016

Aim

To evaluate the effect of intensive lifestyle intervention on patients with isolated impaired fasting glucose.

Background

The application of lifestyle intervention to clinical nursing can help improve outcomes of patients with impaired fasting glucose.

Design

We performed a meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials using methods outlined in the Cochrane Handbook.

Methods

We performed keyword searches of the literature databases up to September 2014 and performed manual searches of selected article reference lists. Data were extracted by the lead reviewer, cross‐checked by the second reviewer, entered into RevMan5·3, and pooled and analysed using the fixed effect inverse‐variance model or random effects model to determine the mean difference and calculate the weighted mean difference. The heterogeneity statistic (I2), overall effect (Z) and P‐value were calculated.

Results

A total of five studies were included in our analysis. Following the heterogeneity test statistic, overall effect Z score with P‐value was calculated. The targets of fasting plasma glucose, weight, body mass index, triglycerides, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol all showed significant differences between the intervention and control groups.

Conclusion

Lifestyle intervention can improve glycaemic control in patients with isolated impaired fasting glucose. It also reduces blood‐lipid levels and promotes weight loss. Larger patient cohorts and adequate follow‐up should be included in future trials.
Quantitative systematic review of multi‐professional teamwork and leadership training to optimize patient outcomes in acute hospital settings
Authors: Husebø Sissel Eikeland , Akerjordet Kristin
Published: May 2016

Aim

To evaluate the impact of multi‐professional teamwork (MPTW) and leadership training interventions on patient outcomes in acute hospital settings.

Background

Although investigations of teamwork and leadership training in acute hospital settings indicate that such programs can optimize patient outcomes, evidence‐based recommendations on the content, duration and frequency of training programs associated with clinical evidence are still absent.

Design

Quantitative systematic review.

Data Sources

A search was conducted for relevant papers published during the period from 2000‐February 2014.

Review Methods

Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria and were appraised for quality and a risk‐of‐bias assessment was conducted. The review used a structured approach for literature search, data evaluation, analysis and presentation. A narrative summary was used to report results.

Results

Two MPTW and leadership interventions in stroke units have the greatest impact on patient outcomes in acute hospital settings. The interventions’ impact on patient outcomes, explored in the ten remaining studies, is associated with great uncertainty due to several alternative explanations of the findings.

Conclusion

Research designs that test such interventions must be improved before recommendations on the ultimate program can be made. This can be achieved by strengthening the design, methodology and descriptions of interventions and the use of more consistent patient outcomes. Building a safety culture adjacent to implementing teamwork and leadership training interventions is essential for improving patient outcomes.
Responses of king penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus adults and chicks to two food‐related odours
Authors: Cunningham Gregory B. , Leclaire Sarah , Toscani Camille , Bonadonna Francesco
Published: May 2016

Increasing evidence suggests that penguins are sensitive to dimethyl sulphide (DMS), a scented airborne compound that a variety of marine animals use to find productive areas of the ocean where prey is likely to be found. Here we present data showing that king penguins Aptenodytes patagonicus are also sensitive to DMS. We deployed DMS on a lake near a king penguin colony at Ratmanoff beach in the Kerguelen archipelago. We also presented DMS to ‘sleeping’ adults on the beach. On the lake, penguins responded to the DMS deployments by swimming more, while on the beach, penguins twitched their heads and woke up more for the DMS than for the control presentations. Interestingly, penguins did not respond to cod liver oil deployments on the lake; mirroring at‐sea studies of other penguins. Although at‐sea studies are needed to confirm that king penguins use DMS as a surface cue that informs them of productivity under the water, this study is an important first step in understanding how these birds locate prey over significant distances.
Egg morphology fails to identify nests parasitized by conspecifics in common pochard: a test based on protein fingerprinting and including female relatedness
Authors: Petrželková Adéla , Pöysä Hannu , Klvaňa Petr , Albrecht Tomáš , Hořák David
Published: May 2016

Conspecific brood parasites lay eggs in nests of other females of the same species. A variety of methods have been developed and used to detect conspecific brood parasitism (CBP). Traditional methods may be inaccurate in detecting CBP and in revealing its true frequency. On the other hand more accurate molecular methods are expensive and time consuming. Eadie developed a method for revealing CBP based on differences in egg morphology. That method is based on Euclidean distances calculated for pairs of eggs within a clutch using standardized egg measurements (length, width and weight). We tested the applicability of this method in the common pochard Aythya ferina using nests that were identified as parasitized (39 nests) or non‐parasitized (16 nests) based on protein fingerprinting of eggs. We also analyzed whether we can distinguish between parasitic and host eggs in the nest. We found that variation in MED can be explained by parasitism but there was a huge overlap in MED between parasitized and non‐parasitized nests. MED also increased with clutch size. Using discriminant function analysis (DFA) we found that only 76.4% of nests were correctly assigned as parasitized or non‐parasitized and only 68.3% of eggs as parasitic or host eggs. Moreover we found that MED in parasitized nests increased with relatedness of the females that laid eggs in the nest. This finding was supported by positive correlation between MED and estimated relatedness in female–female pairs. Although variation in egg morphology is associated with CBP, it does not provide a reliable clue for distinguishing parasitized nests from non‐parasitized nests in common pochard.
The relationship between female brooding and male nestling provisioning: does climate underlie geographic variation in sex roles?
Authors: Yoon Jongmin , Sofaer Helen R. , Sillett T. Scott , Morrison Scott A. , Ghalambor Cameron K.
Published: May 2016

Comparative studies of populations occupying different environments can provide insights into the ecological conditions affecting differences in parental strategies, including the relative contributions of males and females. Male and female parental strategies reflect the interplay between ecological conditions, the contributions of the social mate, and the needs of offspring. Climate is expected to underlie geographic variation in incubation and brooding behavior, and can thereby affect both the absolute and relative contributions of each sex to other aspects of parental care such as offspring provisioning. However, geographic variation in brooding behavior has received much less attention than variation in incubation attentiveness or provisioning rates. We compared parental behavior during the nestling period in populations of orange‐crowned warblers Oreothlypis celata near the northern (64°N) and southern (33°N) boundaries of the breeding range. In Alaska, we found that males were responsible for the majority of food delivery whereas the sexes contributed equally to provisioning in California. Higher male provisioning in Alaska appeared to facilitate a higher proportion of time females spent brooding the nestlings. Surprisingly, differences in brooding between populations could not be explained by variation in ambient temperature, which was similar between populations during the nestling period. While these results represent a single population contrast, they suggest additional hypotheses for the ecological correlates and evolutionary drivers of geographic variation in brooding behavior, and the factors that shape the contributions of each sex.
Comparative analysis of factors associated with first‐year survival in two species of migratory songbirds
Authors: Perlut Noah G. , Strong Allan M.
Published: May 2016

Our understanding of the full life cycle of most migratory birds remains limited. Estimates of survival rates, particularly for first‐year birds are notably lacking. This knowledge gap results in imprecise parameters in population models and limits our ability to fully understand life history trade‐offs. We used eleven years of field data to estimate first‐year apparent survival (φ1st) for two species of migratory grassland songbirds that breed in the same managed habitats but have substantially different migration distances. We used a suite of life‐history, habitat and individually‐based covariates to explore causes of variation in φ1st. The interaction between fledge date and body mass was the best supported model of apparent survival. We found differential effects of fledging date based on nestling body mass. Overall, lighter nestlings had greater apparent survival than heavier nestlings; average or heavy nestlings within‐brood had greater apparent survival when they fledged earlier in the summer. We hypothesize that heavier birds that fledge earlier in the season have a longer window of opportunity to evaluate potential breeding sites and are more likely to disperse greater distances from the natal region, thus confounding survival with permanent emigration. Lighter birds, particularly those fledged late in the breeding season may spend more time on self‐maintenance and consequently have less time to evaluate potential future breeding sites, showing greater fidelity to their natal region. We found no support for management treatment (timing of mowing), sex, brood size, or species as important covariates in explaining apparent survival. Our results suggest that differential migration distances may not have a strong effect on first‐year apparent survival.
Breeding latitude leads to different temporal but not spatial organization of the annual cycle in a long‐distance migrant
Authors: Briedis Martins , Hahn Steffen , Gustafsson Lars , Henshaw Ian , Träff Johan , Král Miroslav , Adamík Peter
Published: May 2016

The temporal and spatial organization of the annual cycle according to local conditions is of crucial importance for individuals’ fitness. Moreover, which sites and when particular sites are used can have profound consequences especially for migratory animals, because the two factors shape interactions within and between populations, as well as between animal and the environment. Here, we compare spatial and temporal patterns of two latitudinally separated breeding populations of a trans‐Equatorial passerine migrant, the collared flycatcher Ficedula albicollis, throughout the annual cycle. We found that migration routes and non‐breeding residency areas of the two populations largely overlapped. Due to climatic constraints, however, the onset of breeding in the northern population was approximately two weeks later than that of the southern population. We demonstrate that this temporal offset between the populations carries‐over from breeding to the entire annual cycle. The northern population was consistently later in timing of all subsequent annual events – autumn migration, non‐breeding residence period, spring migration and the following breeding. Such year‐round spatiotemporal patterns suggest that annual schedules are endogenously controlled with breeding latitude as the decisive element pre‐determining the timing of annual events in our study populations.
Does resuscitation status affect decision making in a deteriorating patient? Results from a randomised vignette study
Authors: Moffat Suzanne , Skinner Jane , Fritz Zoë
Published: May 2016

Aims and objectives

The aim of this paper is to determine the influence of do not attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation (DNACPR) orders and the Universal Form of Treatment Options (‘UFTO’: an alternative approach that contextualizes the resuscitation decision within an overall treatment plan) on nurses' decision making about a deteriorating patient.

Methods

An online survey with a developing case scenario across three timeframes was used on 231 nurses from 10 National Health Service Trusts. Nurses were randomised into three groups: DNACPR, the UFTO and no‐form. Statements were pooled into four subcategories: Increasing Monitoring, Escalating Concern, Initiating Treatments and Comfort Measures.

Results

Reported decisions were different across the three groups. Nurses in the DNACPR group agreed or strongly agreed to initiate fewer intense nursing interventions than the UFTO and no‐form groups (P < 0.001) overall and across subcategories of Increase Monitoring, Escalate Concern and Initiate Treatments (all P < 0.001). There was no difference between the UFTO and no‐form groups overall (P = 0.795) or in the subcategories. No difference in Comfort Measures were observed (P = 0.201) between the three groups.

Conclusion

The presence of a DNACPR order appears to influence nurse decision making in a deteriorating patient vignette. Differences were not observed in the UFTO and no‐form group. The UFTO may improve the way nurses modulate their behaviours towards critically ill patients with DNACPR status. More hospitals should consider adopting an approach where the resuscitation decisions are contextualised within overall goals of care.
Blood levels of vitamin D and health‐functional status in asymptomatic individuals: a cross sectional study
Authors: Golan‐Cohen Avivit , Merzon Eugene , Alhin Ouda , Kitai Eliezer , Fogelman Yacov
Published: May 2016

Background

Recently issued guidelines do not recommend screening for vitamin D deficiency in asymptomatic adults. The large range of health effects that have been associated with vitamin D deficiency raises the possibility that vitamin D levels may be a marker of poor health status rather than a cause of it. We investigated an association between vitamin D level and health‐functional status.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study comprised 205 individuals who had taken a first plasma vitamin D test and were not symptomatic for vitamin D deficiency. During an interview, participants responded to questions regarding demographic information and their exposure to the sun, as well as a health‐functional status questionnaire – World Organization of Family Doctors/COOP charts. Correlations between study variables and vitamin D levels were calculated. A stepwise linear regression was performed to estimate variables that independently predict vitamin D levels.

Results

The participants were 51 men and 154 women, mean age 41 years. Vitamin D level was positively correlated with weekend sun exposure and negatively correlated with body mass index (BMI). A reported positive change in health over the previous 2 weeks correlated with a higher vitamin D level. Individuals with higher vitamin D levels were more likely to report participation in physical activity and to report capability of performing daily activities.

A total of 176 (86%) of the study population was deficient in vitamin D, according to a level <30 ng mL−1. Vitamin D deficiency was associated with older age, higher BMI, Arab compared with Jewish ethnicity (darker skin), and religious identification (more body covering). In the multivariate analysis older age, female gender, religious identification, Arab ethnicity, higher BMI, sunscreen use and low exposure to sun during the weekdays all associated with lower vitamin D levels.

Conclusion

No parameter of functional health demonstrated capability of distinguishing vitamin D deficiency among healthy young to middle‐aged adults.
Assessing multiple paternity in three commercially exploited shark species: Mustelus mustelus, Carcharhinus obscurus and Sphyrna lewini
Authors: Rossouw C. , Wintner S. P. , Bester‐Van Der Merwe A. E.
Published: May 2016

In this study, multiple paternity (MP) was investigated in three commercially important shark species, common smoothhound Mustelus mustelus, dusky shark Carcharhinus obscurus and scalloped hammerhead Sphyrna lewini occurring in southern Africa. Reduced marker panels of between five and six microsatellite loci were constructed for each species and used to genotype and assess the presence of MP in a total of 60 M. mustelus individuals from six litters, 90 C. obscurus individuals from 14 litters and 54 S. lewini individuals from 13 litters. Analysis in GERUD and COLONY revealed the presence of MP in all three species. Multiple paternities were observed in 67, 35 and 46% of the litters of M. mustelus, C. obscurus and S. lewini, with corresponding average sire size of 1·6, 1·4 and 2·0, respectively. The variation in the rate of MP among the three species is in accordance with previous studies whilst the comparatively high frequency of MP observed for M. mustelus, matches what has previously been reported for shark species demonstrating aggregation behaviour.