bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Access to HIV care in the context of universal test and treat: challenges within the ANRS 12249 TasP cluster‐randomized trial in rural South Africa
Authors: Plazy Mélanie , Farouki Kamal El , Iwuji Collins , Okesola Nonhlanhla , Orne‐Gliemann Joanna , Larmarange Joseph , Lert France , Newell Marie‐Louise , Dabis François , Dray‐Spira Rosemary ,   for the Anrs 12249 Tasp Study Group
Published: June 2016

Introduction

We aimed to quantify and identify associated factors of linkage to HIV care following home‐based HIV counselling and testing (HBHCT) in the ongoing ANRS 12249 treatment‐as‐prevention (TasP) cluster‐randomized trial in rural KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa.

Methods

Individuals ≥16 years were offered HBHCT; those who were identified HIV positive were referred to cluster‐based TasP clinics and offered antiretroviral treatment (ART) immediately (five clusters) or according to national guidelines (five clusters). HIV care was also available in the local Department of Health (DoH) clinics. Linkage to HIV care was defined as TasP or DoH clinic attendance within three months of referral among adults not in HIV care at referral. Associated factors were identified using multivariable logistic regression adjusted for trial arm.

Results

Overall, 1323 HIV‐positive adults (72.9% women) not in HIV care at referral were included, of whom 36.9% (n=488) linked to care <3 months of referral (similar by sex). In adjusted analyses (n=1222), individuals who had never been in HIV care before referral were significantly less likely to link to care than those who had previously been in care (<33% vs. >42%, p<0.001). Linkage to care was lower in students (adjusted odds‐ratio [aOR]=0.47; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.24–0.92) than in employed adults, in adults who completed secondary school (aOR=0.68; CI 0.49–0.96) or at least some secondary school (aOR=0.59; CI 0.41–0.84) versus ≤ primary school, in those who lived at 1 to 2 km (aOR=0.58; CI 0.44–0.78) or 2–5 km from the nearest TasP clinic (aOR=0.57; CI 0.41–0.77) versus <1 km, and in those who were referred to clinic after ≥2 contacts (aOR=0.75; CI 0.58–0.97) versus those referred at the first contact. Linkage to care was higher in adults who reported knowing an HIV‐positive family member (aOR=1.45; CI 1.12–1.86) versus not, and in those who said that they would take ART as soon as possible if they were diagnosed HIV positive (aOR=2.16; CI 1.13–4.10) versus not.

Conclusions

Fewer than 40% of HIV‐positive adults not in care at referral were linked to HIV care within three months of HBHCT in the TasP trial. Achieving universal test and treat coverage will require innovative interventions to support linkage to HIV care.
DYT1 dystonia increases risk taking in humans
Authors: Arkadir David , Radulescu Angela , Raymond Deborah , Lubarr Naomi , Bressman Susan B , Mazzoni Pietro , Niv Yael
Published: June 2016

It has been difficult to link synaptic modification to overt behavioral changes. Rodent models of DYT1 dystonia, a motor disorder caused by a single gene mutation, demonstrate increased long-term potentiation and decreased long-term depression in corticostriatal synapses. Computationally, such asymmetric learning predicts risk taking in probabilistic tasks. Here we demonstrate abnormal risk taking in DYT1 dystonia patients, which is correlated with disease severity, thereby supporting striatal plasticity in shaping choice behavior in humans.
High-output-power deep ultraviolet light-emitting diode assembly using direct bonding
Authors: Ichikawa Masatsugu , Fujioka Akira , Kosugi Takao , Endo Shinya , Sagawa Harunobu , Tamaki Hiroto , Mukai Takashi , Uomoto Miyuki , Shimatsu Takehito
Published: June 2016

We fabricated high-output-power 255 and 280 nm light-emitting diodes (LEDs) using direct bonding. The LED chips were bonded to sapphire lenses at room temperature using either atomic diffusion bonding or surface-activated bonding. The LEDs with lenses had a higher light extraction efficiency than conventionally structured LEDs. As a result, at a forward current of 350 mA, the output power of the 255 nm LED increased by a factor of 2.8, reaching 73.6 mW, while that of the 280 nm LED increased by a factor of 2.3, reaching 153 mW.
High-power femtosecond pulse generation in a passively mode-locked Nd:SrLaAlO4 laser
Authors: Liu Shan-De , Dong Lu-Lu , Zheng Li-He , Berkowski Marek , Su Liang-Bi , Ren Ting-Qi , Peng Yan-Dong , Hou Jia , Zhang Bai-Tao , He Jing-Liang
Published: June 2016

A high optical quality Nd:SrLaAlO4 (Nd:SLA) crystal was grown using the Czochralski method and showed broad fluorescence spectrum with a full width at half maximum value of 34 nm, which is beneficial for generating femtosecond laser pulses. A stable diode-pumped passively mode-locked femtosecond Nd:SLA laser with 458 fs pulse duration was achieved for the first time at a central wavelength of 1077.9 nm. The average output power of the continuous-wave mode-locked laser was 520 mW and the repetition rate was 78.5 MHz.
Improvement in the current-gain of a 1.3-µm npn-AlGaInAs/InP transistor laser using a thin p-GaInAsP base layer
Authors: Kaneko Takaaki , Yoshida Takumi , Tadano Shotaro , Nishiyama Nobuhiko , Arai Shigehisa
Published: June 2016

With the aim of increasing the current gain of a 1.3-µm-wavelength npn-AlGaInAs/InP transistor laser, we realized devices with a thin base layer to suppress unnecessary recombination between electrons and holes in the base layer. Consequently, we obtained a current gain of 0.18 with a base-layer thickness of 50 nm, which was 9 times higher than that previously reported with a base-layer thickness of 100 nm.
Enhanced performance of GeSn source-pocket tunnel field-effect transistors for low-power applications
Authors: Liu Lei , Liang Renrong , Wang Jing , Xu Jun
Published: June 2016

Germanium–tin (GeSn) source-pocket tunnel field-effect transistors (TFETs) are comprehensively investigated by numerical device simulations at low supply voltages. Device configurations with homo- and hetero-tunneling junctions (TJ) are analyzed and compared. It is shown that direct-gap GeSn alloys are favorable for increasing the source-pocket tunneling rate. Increasing the source Sn composition of the device may aid the on-state current increase, but the subthreshold swing (SS) is degraded because of the reduced band gap. At ultrascaled supply voltages, the GeSn hetero-TJ TFET with higher pocket Sn composition exhibits the best performance and SS, and the device performance can be further improved by increasing the Sn composition in the pocket region. These simulation results could be used to understand and optimize the performance of GeSn source-pocket TFETs, which are very promising electronic devices for low-power applications.
Clarification and mitigation of marked Jc decrease at low magnetic fields of BaHfO3-doped SmBaCuO3 thin films deposited on seed layer
Authors: Watanabe Yutaro , Ichino Yusuke , Yoshida Yutaka , Ichinose Ataru
Published: June 2016

In accordance with the results of our previous research, a low-temperature growth (LTG) technique is effective for expanding the lower growth temperature region of c-axis-orientated SmBa2Cu3O
y
(SmBCO) thin films. However, BaHfO3 (BHO)-doped LTG films show a marked decrease in J
c at low magnetic fields compared with conventional PLD films. In this study, we aimed to clarify the mechanism of J
c decrease and investigated the thickness dependence of the seed layer on the (LaAlO3)0.3(Sr2AlTaO6)0.7 (LSAT) (100) single crystal. The obtained results indicate that J
c decreased at low magnetic fields as the thickness of the seed layer increased. It is suggested that flux line kinks produced by flux motion in the seed layer would lead to the depinning of flux lines from BHO nanorods in the upper layer. Thus, we added Y2O3 into the seed layer to trap flux lines in the seed layer. Consequently, we improved J
c in the low magnetic field region even in the films prepared by using the LTG technique.
Characteristics of zinc oxide nanorod array/titanium oxide film heterojunction prepared by aqueous solution deposition
Authors: Lee Ming-Kwei , Hong Min-Hsuan , Li Bo-Wei
Published: June 2016

The characteristics of a ZnO nanorod array/TiO2 film heterojunction were investigated. A TiO2 film was prepared on glass by aqueous solution deposition with precursors of ammonium hexafluorotitanate and boric acid at 40 °C. Then, a ZnO seed layer was prepared on a TiO2 film/glass substrate by RF sputtering. A vertically oriented ZnO nanorod array was grown on a ZnO seed layer/TiO2 film/glass substrate by aqueous solution deposition with precursors of zinc nitrate and hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) at 70 °C. After thermal annealing in N2O ambient at 300 °C, this heterojunction used as an oxygen gas sensor shows much better rise time, decay time, and on/off current ratio than as-grown and annealed ZnO nanorods.
Ultra-wideband ladder filters using zero-th shear mode plate wave in ultrathin LiNbO3 plate with apodized interdigital transducers
Authors: Kadota Michio , Tanaka Shuji
Published: June 2016

There are two kinds of plate waves propagating in a thin plate, Lamb and shear horizontal (SH) waves. The former has a velocity higher than 15,000 m/s when the plate is very thin. On the contrary, 0th SH (SH0) mode plate wave in an ultrathin LiNbO3 plate has an electro-mechanical coupling factor larger than 50%. Authors fabricated an ultra-wideband T-type ladder filter with a relative bandwidth (BW) of 41% using the SH0 mode plate wave. Although the BW of the filter fully covers the digital TV band in Japan, it does not have sufficient margin at the lower and higher end of BW. Besides, periodic small ripples due to transverse mode in pass-band of the filter were observed. In this study π-type ladder filters were fabricated by changing the pitch ratio of interdigital transducer (IDT) of parallel and series arm resonators (PR(IDT)) to control the BW, and by apodizing IDTs to improve the periodic small ripples due to transverse mode. Ultra-wideband filters without periodic small transverse mode with ultrawide bandwidth from 41 to 49% were fabricated. The BWs fully cover ultrawide digital television bands in Japan and U.S.A. These filters with an ultrawide BW and a steep characteristic show the possibility to be applied to a reported cognitive radio system and other communication systems requiring an ultrawide BW.
Analysis of ultrasonically rotating droplet using moving particle semi-implicit and distributed point source methods
Authors: Wada Yuji , Yuge Kohei , Tanaka Hiroki , Nakamura Kentaro
Published: June 2016

Numerical analysis of the rotation of an ultrasonically levitated droplet with a free surface boundary is discussed. The ultrasonically levitated droplet is often reported to rotate owing to the surface tangential component of acoustic radiation force. To observe the torque from an acoustic wave and clarify the mechanism underlying the phenomena, it is effective to take advantage of numerical simulation using the distributed point source method (DPSM) and moving particle semi-implicit (MPS) method, both of which do not require a calculation grid or mesh. In this paper, the numerical treatment of the viscoacoustic torque, which emerges from the viscous boundary layer and governs the acoustical droplet rotation, is discussed. The Reynolds stress traction force is calculated from the DPSM result using the idea of effective normal particle velocity through the boundary layer and input to the MPS surface particles. A droplet levitated in an acoustic chamber is simulated using the proposed calculation method. The droplet is vertically supported by a plane standing wave from an ultrasonic driver and subjected to a rotating sound field excited by two acoustic sources on the side wall with different phases. The rotation of the droplet is successfully reproduced numerically and its acceleration is discussed and compared with those in the literature.
A piezoelectric polymer cavitation sensor installed in an emulsion generation microchannel device and an evaluation of cavitation state
Authors: Kanda Takefumi , Yabumoto Masaki , Suzumori Koichi
Published: June 2016

In previous works, ultrasonic emulsification was realized using small microchannel devices oscillated by piezoelectric transducers. By using the devices, the emulsification in the flow process was also realized. In these devices, the driving frequency was higher than 2 MHz. This value is higher than the maximum audible field. On the other hand, the frequency is too high to utilize the cavitation effect. This is because the cavitation threshold depends on the frequency. The aim of this study is to confirm the cavitation state in the microchannel device using a piezoelectric polymer sensor. A micropatterned cavitation detection sensor has been fabricated by a photolithography technique and evaluated in a high-intensity ultrasound field. The emulsification state in the microchannel device has been evaluated using the fabricated sensor.
Living to the range limit: consumer isotopic variation increases with environmental stress
Authors: Reddin Carl J. , O’Connor Nessa E. , Harrod Chris
Published: June 2016

Background:Theoretically, each species’ ecological niche is phylogenetically-determined and expressed spatially as the species’ range. However, environmental stress gradients may directly or indirectly decrease individual performance, such that the precise process delimiting a species range may not be revealed simply by studying abundance patterns. In the intertidal habitat the vertical ranges of marine species may be constrained by their abilities to tolerate thermal and desiccation stress, which may act directly or indirectly, the latter by limiting the availability of preferred trophic resources. Therefore, we expected individuals at greater shore heights to show greater variation in diet alongside lower indices of physiological condition.

Methods:We sampled the grazing gastropodEchinolittorina peruvianafrom the desert coastline of northern Chile at three shore heights, across eighteen regionally-representative shores. Stable isotope values (δ13C and δ15N) were extracted fromE. peruvianaand its putative food resources to estimate Bayesian ellipse area, carbon and nitrogen ranges and diet. Individual physiological condition was tracked by muscle % C and % N.

Results:There was an increase in isotopic variation at high shore levels, whereE. peruviana’s preferred resource, tide-deposited particulate organic matter (POM), appeared to decrease in dietary contribution, and was expected to be less abundant. Both muscle % C and % N of individuals decreased with height on the shore.

Discussion:Individuals at higher stress levels appear to be less discriminating in diet, likely because of abiotic forcing, which decreases both consumer mobility and the availability of a preferred resource. Abiotic stress might be expected to increase trophic variation in other selective dietary generalist species. Where this coincides with a lower physiological condition may be a direct factor in setting their range limit.
Snapshot fecal survey of domestic animals in rural Ghana forMycobacterium ulcerans
Authors: Tobias Nicholas J. , Ammisah Nana Ama , Ahortor Evans K. , Wallace John R. , Ablordey Anthony , Stinear Timothy P.
Published: June 2016

Identifying the source reservoirs ofMycobacterium ulceransis key to understanding the mode of transmission of this pathogen and controlling the spread of Buruli ulcer (BU). In Australia, the native possum can harborM. ulceransin its gastrointestinal tract and shed high concentrations of the bacteria in its feces. To date, an analogous animal reservoir in Africa has not been identified. Here we tested the hypothesis that common domestic animals in BU endemic villages of Ghana are reservoir species analogous to the Australian possum. Using linear-transects at 10-meter intervals, we performed systematic fecal surveys across four BU endemic villages and one non-endemic village in the Asante Akim North District of Ghana. One hundred and eighty fecal specimens from a single survey event were collected and analyzed by qPCR for theM. ulceransdiagnostic DNA targets IS2404and KR-B. Positive and negative controls performed as expected but all 180 test samples were negative. This structured snapshot survey suggests that common domestic animals living in and around humans do not shedM. ulceransin their feces. We conclude that, unlike the Australian native possum, domestic animals in rural Ghana are unlikely to be major reservoirs ofM. ulcerans.
Experimental warming decreases arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization in prairie plants along a Mediterranean climate gradient
Authors: Wilson Hannah , Johnson Bart R. , Bohannan Brendan , Pfeifer-Meister Laurel , Mueller Rebecca , Bridgham Scott D.
Published: June 2016

Background:Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) provide numerous services to their plant symbionts. Understanding climate change effects on AMF, and the resulting plant responses, is crucial for predicting ecosystem responses at regional and global scales. We investigated how the effects of climate change on AMF-plant symbioses are mediated by soil water availability, soil nutrient availability, and vegetation dynamics.

Methods:We used a combination of a greenhouse experiment and a manipulative climate change experiment embedded within a Mediterranean climate gradient in the Pacific Northwest, USA to examine this question. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to determine the direct and indirect effects of experimental warming on AMF colonization.

Results:Warming directly decreased AMF colonization across plant species and across the climate gradient of the study region. Other positive and negative indirect effects of warming, mediated by soil water availability, soil nutrient availability, and vegetation dynamics, canceled each other out.

Discussion:A warming-induced decrease in AMF colonization would likely have substantial consequences for plant communities and ecosystem function. Moreover, predicted increases in more intense droughts and heavier rains for this region could shift the balance among indirect causal pathways, and either exacerbate or mitigate the negative, direct effect of increased temperature on AMF colonization.
Role of Arrival Time Difference Between Lesions and Lung Tissue on Contrast‐Enhanced Sonography in the Differential Diagnosis of Subpleural Pulmonary Lesions
Authors: Bai Jing , Yang Wei , Wang Song , Guan Rui-Hong , Zhang Hui , Fu Jing-Jing , Wu Wei , Yan Kun
Published: June 2016

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to explore the diagnostic value of the arrival time difference between lesions and surrounding lung tissue on contrast‐enhanced sonography of subpleural pulmonary lesions.

Methods

A total of 110 patients with subpleural pulmonary lesions who underwent both conventional and contrast‐enhanced sonography and had a definite diagnosis were enrolled. After contrast agent injection, the arrival times in the lesion, lung, and chest wall were recorded. The arrival time differences between various tissues were also calculated.

Results

Statistical analysis showed a significant difference in the lesion arrival time, the arrival time difference between the lesion and lung, and the arrival time difference between the chest wall and lesion (all P < .001) for benign and malignant lesions. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that the optimal diagnostic criterion was the arrival time difference between the lesion and lung, and that the best cutoff point was 2.5 seconds (later arrival signified malignancy). This new diagnostic criterion showed superior diagnostic accuracy (97.1%) compared to conventional diagnostic criteria.

Conclusions

The individualized diagnostic method based on an arrival time comparison using contrast‐enhanced sonography had high diagnostic accuracy (97.1%) with good feasibility and could provide useful diagnostic information for subpleural pulmonary lesions.
Historic drought puts the brakes on earthflows in Northern California
Authors: Bennett G. L. , Roering J. J. , Mackey B. H. , Handwerger A. L. , Schmidt D. A. , Guillod B. P.
Published: June 2016

California's ongoing, unprecedented drought is having profound impacts on the state's resources. Here we assess its impact on 98 deep‐seated, slow‐moving landslides in Northern California. We used aerial photograph analysis, satellite interferometry, and satellite pixel tracking to measure earthflow velocities spanning 1944–2015 and compared these trends with the Palmer Drought Severity Index, a proxy for soil moisture and pore pressure that governs landslide motion. We find that earthflow velocities reached a historical low in the 2012–2015 drought, but that their deceleration began at the turn of the century in response to a longer‐term moisture deficit. Our analysis implies depth‐dependent sensitivity of earthflows to climate forcing, with thicker earthflows reflecting longer‐term climate trends and thinner earthflows exhibiting less systematic velocity variations. These findings have implications for mechanical‐hydrologic interactions that link landslide movement with climate change as well as sediment delivery in the region.
First extended validation of satellite microwave liquid water path with ship‐based observations of marine low clouds
Authors: Painemal David , Greenwald Thomas , Cadeddu Maria , Minnis Patrick
Published: June 2016

We present the first extended validation of satellite microwave (MW) liquid water path (LWP) for low nonprecipitating clouds, from four operational sensors, against ship‐borne observations from a three‐channel MW radiometer collected along ship transects over the northeast Pacific during May–August 2013. Satellite MW retrievals have an overall correlation of 0.84 with ship observations and a bias of 9.3 g/m2. The bias for broken cloud scenes increases linearly with water vapor path and remains below 17.7 g/m2. In contrast, satellite MW LWP is unbiased in overcast scenes with correlations up to 0.91, demonstrating that the retrievals are accurate and reliable under these conditions. Satellite MW retrievals produce a diurnal cycle amplitude consistent with ship‐based observations (33 g/m2). Observations taken aboard extended ship cruises to evaluate not only satellite MW LWP but also LWP derived from visible/infrared sensors offer a new way to validate this important property over vast oceanic regions.
Die Hard in Notting Hill: Gender Differences in Recalling Contents from Action and Romantic Movies
Authors: Wühr Peter , Schwarz Sascha
Published: June 2016

We investigated the impact of movie genre preferences on memory for movie content. Starting from a well‐documented gender gap in movie preferences, we predicted that women would recall more contents from a romantic movie than from an action movie, whereas men were expected to recall more contents from an action movie than from a romantic movie. In two experiments, male and female participants watched 30‐minute clips from action and romantic movies and then answered 30 questions on movie content and additional questions. Both experiments showed that women recalled relatively more information from a romantic movie than from an action movie, whereas men showed the opposite pattern. Further analyses showed that these effects were independent from participants' familiarity with the movie and not mediated by participants' liking of a particular movie. In general, the results of our study provide further evidence for an effect of (gender‐related) interests on memory performance.Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Note Taking and Note Reviewing Enhance Jurors' Recall of Trial Information
Authors: Thorley Craig
Published: June 2016

Jurors forget critical trial information and this can influence their verdicts. This study assessed (1) whether or not note taking during a trial improves mock jurors' recall of trial information and (2) whether or not reviewing these notes prior to recalling the trial offers any additional enhancement. Mock jurors first watched a trial video. Three‐quarters were permitted to take notes whilst watching it. One‐third of these mock jurors then reviewed their notes, one‐third mentally reviewed the trial only, and one‐third completed a filler task to prevent any form of reviewing. The remainder took no notes during the trial and also completed a filler task afterwards. All then had their memory of the trial assessed via free recall. The principal findings were (1) note taking enhanced recall of the trial and (2) note reviewing offered an additional recall enhancement. The applied implications of these findings are discussed.Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FE Exploratory Investigation on the Performance of SMA‐Reinforced Laminated Glass Panels
Authors: Bedon Chiara , Amarante dos Santos Filipe
Published: June 2016

Shape‐Memory Alloys (SMAs) are a class of metal materials that exhibit two outstanding properties, the superelastic and the shape‐memory effects. Taking advantage of these properties, several SMA actuator wires and plates have been proposed over the last years in robotic, automotive, and biomedical engineering. In this paper, the feasibility of a novel design concept of SMA‐reinforced laminated glass panels is proposed, based on an adaptive embedded system built up of SMA wires. Glass panels used as cladding walls in facades have in fact typically high size‐to‐thickness ratios, hence, major restrictions in design are represented by prevention of glass failure and large deflections. It is expected, based on the current investigation, that useful design recommendations can be derived for this novel design concept.
Stretchable Silver Nanowire Microelectrodes for Combined Mechanical and Electrical Stimulation of Cells
Authors: Hosseini Vahid , Gantenbein Silvan , Avalos Vizcarra Ima , Schoen Ingmar , Vogel Viola
Published: June 2016

The use of stretchable electrodes interfaced with the human body has enabled a new frontier in biomedical engineering, and the miniaturization of such electrodes can allow for a more precise spatial control to monitor or stimulate tissues. The understanding of the response of cells or tissues to combined electromechanical stimulation, as made possible by stretchable electrodes, is essential to improve medical devices and therapies. Cheap to produce and easy to use platforms for in vitro cell studies are thus urgently needed. This study reports the successful implementation of silver nanowires (AgNWs) into an integrated miniaturized electromechanical stimulator, which is compatible with cell culture. The innovative steps include a lithography‐based lift‐off method to micropattern AgNWs onto an elastic silicone membrane. These stretchable microelectrodes are then integrated into a microfluidic device for cell culture, which enables the synchronous electromechanical stimulation of cells. In a proof‐of‐concept study, it is furthermore shown that fibroblasts respond uniquely to mechanical stretching, electrical stimulation, and combined electromechanical stimulations in terms of cell alignment and morphology, as well as by producing the extracellular matrix protein collagen. This proof‐of‐concept study illustrates the functionality and usability of these stretchable AgNWs microelectrodes for either basic research or future biomedical applications.
Multicomponent Coupling Reaction and Intramolecular Nitrile Oxide–Alkyne Cycloaddition towards Isoxazolo[3,4]‐pyrrolizines
Authors: Afraj Shakil N. , Nuzlia Cut , Chen Chinpiao , Lee Gene‐Hsian
Published: June 2016

This study reports an efficient four‐step method to synthesize a series of new (4S,8aS)‐3,4‐diphenyl‐6,7,8,8a‐tetrahydro‐4H‐isoxazolo[3,4‐a]pyrrolizines. The first step involves a copper(II) acetylacetonate catalyzed three component coupling of aldehyde, (S)‐pyrrolidin‐2‐ylmethanol, and alkynes (A3 coupling) to form propargylamines (4 a–4 n). The coupling reaction is applicable to various aldehydes, amines, and alkynes and provides the propargylamines in good to excellent yields with excellent distereoselectivities. Products (4 a–4 n) were converted into aldehydes (5 a–5 n) by Swern oxidation, aldehydes (5 a–5 n) were reacted with hydroxyl amine hydrochloride to form aldoxime (6 a–6 n), respectively. Further aldoximes (6 a–6 n) underwent an intramolecular 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition to form tricyclic‐fused isoxazoles (7 a–7 n). The 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction tolerates high structural diversity and generated desired products (7 a–7 n) in moderate to good yields and excellent diastereoselectivities. A proposed mechanism for synthesis of 7 a is reported.
Modeling of time dependent mechanical behavior of polymers: Comparison between amorphous and semicrystalline polyethylene terephthalate
Authors: Gehring Florian , Bouvard Jean‐Luc , Billon Noëlle
Published: June 2016

Revisited network theory to account for inelasticity1,2 was used to model behavior of amorphous and semicrystalline PET. Semicrystalline materials were obtained through cold crystallization of the amorphous one making the crystalline microstructure the only difference. The model considers microstructure at a mesoscopic level through the description of an equivalent network evolving with internal state variables. Inelastic phenomena are assumed to result from the evolution of entanglements and of density of weak bond between adjacent chains (van der Walls or H‐bond, etc.). The experiment data base included nonmonotonic tensile test coupled with synchronized digital image correlation and infrared measurement device for capturing the time and temperature dependence of the material. Model show a pretty good ability to reproduce time dependent behavior of the two materials. Analysis of the parameters also shows a coherent evolution with the microstructure though this latter is not explicitly accounted for in the model. Further study will make relationship between microstructure and parameters clearer. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43837.
Preparation and characterization of hyperbranched poly(ether sulfone) and its application as a coating additive for linear poly(ether sulfone)
Authors: Han Bing , Sun Dong , Li Xiujie , Gao Cong , Zhang Shuling
Published: June 2016

Hyperbranched poly(ether sulfone) (HPES), a suitable coating additive for improving the rheological properties of linear poly(ether sulfone) (LPES), was easily produced via polymerization of commercially available bisphenol S (A2 monomer, BPS) and synthesized 2,4′,6‐trifluoro‐phenylsulfone (BB′2 monomer, TF). During this reaction, fluoro‐ or phenolic‐terminated HPES (F‐HPES or OH‐HPES) could be facilely obtained by controlling the feed mole ratios of the two monomers. The polymerization mode A2 + BB′2 was confirmed by analyzing the model compounds and the degree of branching (DB) was calculated systematically. In addition, the synthesized polymers' chemical structures were exhibited by FTIR, 1H NMR as well as 19F NMR spectroscopy. Notably, the addition of 1 wt % HPES reduced the melt viscosity and improved the high temperature liquidity of LPES because of its unique spherical shape. Furthermore, the addition of HPES did not have a negative impact on the performance of LPES, which was attributed to the good miscibility between HPES and LPES. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43892.
Ein Vergleich der nationalen Berechnungsvorschriften zur Gesamtenergieeffizienz und deren Realverbrauch anhand von 14 Bürogebäuden in Luxemburg, Deutschland, Belgien, der Schweiz und in Frankreich
Authors: Render Wolfgang , Maas Stefan , Scholzen Frank
Published: June 2016

Die EU‐Mitgliedsstaaten sind gemäß den Richtlinien 2002/91/EG und 2010/31/EU verpflichtet, die Gesamtenergieeffizienz von Gebäuden abhängig von ihrer Art der Nutzung zu ermitteln und in einem Energiepass zu belegen. Die Ausgestaltung der Details des Berechnungsverfahrens und der Grenzwerte obliegt den Mitgliedsstaaten, denen man damit einen nationalen Entscheidungsspielraum zugesteht.

Für 14 bestehende einfache kleinere Bürogebäude ohne Lüftung und Klimatisierung wurden die Berechnungen der Gesamtenergieeffizienz nach den jeweiligen Berechnungsmethoden durchgeführt und mit dem gemessenen realen Verbrauch verglichen. Die Abweichungen zwischen der berechneten Endenergie und dem tatsächlichen Verbrauch betragen zwar bis über 100 % beim einzelnen Objekt, aber nur ca. + 28 % im Mittel bei der Heizenergie und nur wenige Prozent beim Strom, allerdings unter Annahme eines geschätzten Stromverbrauchs für die Büroausstattung. Die Abweichungen bei der Heizenergie und beim Strom können als gut bezeichnet werden.

A comparison of the national rules for the total energy efficiency including the consumption values for 14 real office buildings in Luxembourg, Germany, Belgium, Switzerland and France. In accordance with the directives 2002/91/EC and 2010/31/EU the EU Member States are obliged to determine the energy performance for the different types of of buildings, and to documente it in an energy certificate. The details of the calculation method and the limit values are under the responsibility of the Member States, allowing for national leeway.

For 14 existing simple smaller office buildings without mechanical ventilation and air conditioning, the different calculations were carried out according to the respective national methods and compared to the the real consumption values. Although the differences between the calculated final energy consumption and actual consumption may rise above 100 % for some individual objects, the deviation is in average only 28 % for heating energy, and only a few percent for electricity, assuming an electric consumption of the office equipment. These average differences may be considered as sufficiently precise.
Bestimmung der Abrasivität von Gesteinen mit dem CERCHAR‐Versuch
Authors: Käsling Heiko , Plinninger Ralf J.
Published: June 2016

Der Arbeitskreis AK 3.3 “Versuchstechnik Fels” der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geotechnik e. V. erarbeitet Empfehlungen für felsmechanische Labor‐ und Feldversuche sowie Messungen im Gebirge und an Bauwerken. Die vorliegende Empfehlung Nr. 23 behandelt den CERCHAR‐Versuch an Gesteinsprobekörpern. Es werden die Anforderungen an die Prüfeinrichtung und die Probekörper sowie die Vorgehensweisen für die Durchführung und Auswertung von CERCHAR‐Versuchen festgelegt. Der CERCHAR‐Versuch wurde vom Centre d'Études et des Recherches de Charbonnages de France entwickelt und hat sich seitdem zur Bestimmung der Abrasivität von Festgesteinen weltweit etabliert.

Die vorliegende Empfehlung berücksichtigt die internationalen Normen AFNOR NF P 94‐430‐1 [1] sowie ASTM D 7625‐10 [2], geht jedoch hinsichtlich Versuchsdurchführung und ‐auswertung über diese hinaus. Die Empfehlung ist hinsichtlich Versuchsdurchführung und der Klassifikation konform mit den Angaben in der Empfehlung der International Society for Rock Mechanics [3].

Beim CERCHAR‐Versuch wird ein Indexwert für die Abrasivität eines Festgesteins bestimmt, indem ein definierter Prüfstift aus Stahl entlang einer definierten Prüfstrecke unter konstanter Auflast über die Oberfläche eines Probekörpers gezogen wird. Als Maß für die Abrasivität des Probekörpers wird die idealisiert kegelstumpfförmige Abnutzung des Prüfstifts gemessen. In dieser Empfehlung werden der Zweck, die Begriffe, die Prüfeinrichtung, die Anforderungen an den Probekörper sowie die Versuchsdurchführung und ‐auswertung behandelt.

Recommendation No. 23 of the Commission on Rock Testing of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Geotechnik e. V. (German Geotechnical Society) – “Determining the abrasivity of rock using the CERCHAR test”

The Commission on Rock Testing of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Geotechnik e.V. (German Geotechnical Society) is compiling instructions for rock tests in laboratory and in‐situ and for performing monitoring of rock masses and civil engineering structures. The recommendation No. 23 deals with the CERCHAR test for determining the abrasivity of rocks. The CERCHAR test was developed by the Centre d'Études et Recherches des Charbonnages de France and is established worldwide for determining the abrasivity of rocks.

This recommendation considers the international standards AFNOR NF P 94‐430‐1 [1] as well as ASTM D 7625‐10 [2], but is more specific regarding the testing procedure and evaluation. It is compliant to the given testing procedures and classification in the recommendation of the International Society for Rock Mechanics [3].

The CERCHAR Abrasivity Index (CAI) is determined in a CERCHAR test by scratching a defined steel stylus for a distinct length and under defined load over the surface of a rock specimen. The measure of the abrasivity is defined by the idealized shape of the wear flat of the steel pin. In this recommendation the scope of the test, the terms, the requirements on the testing apparatus and the specimen are described as well as the testing procedure and evaluation.
Durchstanztragverhalten von Einzelfundamenten mit einer neuartigen Durchstanzbewehrung
Authors: Kueres Dominik , Ricker Marcus , Häusler Frank , Hegger Josef
Published: June 2016

Aufgrund der geringeren Schlankheit und der Belastung durch Bodenpressungen stellt sich bei Fundamenten und Bodenplatten ein Lastabtrag ein, der aufgrund der steileren Druckstrebenneigung höhere Durchstanztragfähigkeiten ermöglicht als bei Flachdecken. Die steileren Schubrisse führen jedoch dazu, dass vertikale Durchstanzbewehrungselemente weniger effizient sind als in Flachdecken. Aus diesem Grund scheinen geneigte Bewehrungselemente geeigneter für den Einsatz in Platten mit größerer Bauteildicke (z. B. Fundamente). Aufbauend auf den Ergebnissen vorhandener experimenteller Untersuchungen an Einzelfundamenten mit Durchstanzbewehrung wurde daher ein neues Durchstanzbewehrungselement mit geneigten Bewehrungsstäben entwickelt.

Zur Beurteilung der Effizienz des neuartigen Durchstanzbewehrungselements wurden sieben Durchstanzversuche an Einzelfundamenten mit einer gleichmäßigen Sohlpressung und einem Versagen innerhalb des durchstanzbewehrten Bereichs durchgeführt. Die Versuche wurden in Anlehnung an eine bereits bestehende Versuchsserie an Einzelfundamenten ohne und mit Bügeln als Durchstanzbewehrung geplant. Dabei wurden die Schubschlankheit, der bezogene Stützenumfang und die Anzahl und Anordnung der Durchstanzbewehrungselemente variiert. Der Vergleich der Ergebnisse der neu durchgeführten Versuche mit den vorhandenen Versuchen bzw. mit der Durchstanztragfähigkeit ohne Durchstanzbewehrung nach DIN EN 1992‐1‐1+NA(D) belegt eine deutliche Tragfähigkeitssteigerung durch die neuartige Durchstanzbewehrung.

Punching shear behaviour of footings with a new punching shear reinforcement

Due to more compact dimensions and soil‐structure interaction, footings and ground slabs achieve significantly higher punching shear capacities than flat slabs. Since the inclination of shear cracks is much steeper in footings, punching shear reinforcement elements with inclined bars seems to be more efficient than vertical bars. On the basis of previous experimental investigations on footings with punching shear reinforcement, a new punching shear reinforcement element with inclined bars was developed.

To evaluate the efficiency of the new punching shear reinforcement element, a total of seven tests on footings with uniform soil pressure and a failure within the shear‐reinforced zone was conducted. The tests were planned considering the results of a systematic test series on reinforced concrete footings without and with stirrups as punching shear reinforcement. The main parameters investigated in this test series were the shear span‐depth ratio, the specific column perimeter and the number and layout of punching shear reinforcement elements. The comparison of the results of the new test series with the previous test series and the punching shear capacity without punching shear reinforcement according to DIN EN 1992‐1‐1+NA(D), respectively, proves a significant increase in punching shear capacity with the new punching shear reinforcement.
Brain potentials predict substance abuse treatment completion in a prison sample
Authors: Fink Brandi C. , Steele Vaughn R. , Maurer Michael J. , Fede Samantha J. , Calhoun Vince D. , Kiehl Kent A.
Published: June 2016

Introduction

National estimates suggest that up to 80% of prison inmates meet diagnostic criteria for a substance use disorder. Because more substance abuse treatment while incarcerated is associated with better post‐release outcomes, including a reduced risk of accidental overdose death, the stakes are high in developing novel predictors of substance abuse treatment completion in inmate populations.

Methods

Using electroencephalography (EEG), this study investigated stimulus‐locked ERP components elicited by distractor stimuli in three tasks (VO‐Distinct, VO‐Repeated, Go/NoGo) as a predictor of treatment discontinuation in a sample of male and female prison inmates. We predicted that those who discontinued treatment early would exhibit a less positive P3a amplitude elicited by distractor stimuli.

Results

Our predictions regarding ERP components were partially supported. Those who discontinued treatment early exhibited a less positive P3a amplitude and a less positive PC4 in the VO‐D task. In the VO‐R task, however, those who discontinued treatment early exhibited a more negative N200 amplitude rather than the hypothesized less positive P3a amplitude. The discontinuation group also displayed less positive PC4 amplitude. Surprisingly, there were no time‐domain or principle component differences among the groups in the Go/NoGo task. Support Vector Machine (SVM) models of the three tasks accurately classified individuals who discontinued treatment with the best model accurately classifying 75% of inmates. PCA techniques were more sensitive in differentiating groups than the classic time‐domain windowed approach.

Conclusions

Our pattern of findings are consistent with the context‐updating theory of P300 and may help identify subtypes of ultrahigh‐risk substance abusers who need specialized treatment programs.
CXCR4 and CCR7: Two eligible targets in targeted cancer therapy
Authors: Mishan Mohammad Amir , Ahmadiankia Naghmeh , Bahrami Ahmad Reza
Published: June 2016

Cancer is one of the most common cause of death in the world with high negative emotional, economic, and social impacts. Conventional therapeutic methods, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy, have not proven satisfactory and relapse is common in most cases. Recent studies have focused on targeted therapy with more precise identification and targeted attacks to the cancer cells. For this purpose, chemokine receptors are proper targets and among them, CXCR4 and CCR7, with a crucial role in cancer metastasis, are being considered as desired candidates for investigation. In this review paper, the most important experimental results are highlighted on the potential targeted therapies based on CXCR4 and CCR7 chemokine receptors.
Choledocholithiases in a child with Hemoglobin Evans [alpha2 62(E11) Val→Met]
Authors: Hayakawa Itaru , Hataya Hiroshi , Kaneko Takashi
Published: June 2016

Key Clinical Message

We present the first description of choledocholithiases in a 10‐year‐old boy with Hemoglobin Evans. Although biliary stones are much less common in children than in adults, epigastric pain in children with known hemolytic status should alert the physician to the possibility of biliary colic.
Using Work Values to Predict Post‐Retirement Work Intentions
Authors: Wöhrmann Anne Marit , Fasbender Ulrike , Deller Jürgen
Published: June 2016

Work values might be proximal predictors of individuals' late‐career intentions because they serve as guiding principles for the selection, evaluation, and justification of vocational behavior. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between work values and post‐retirement work intentions. The authors investigated individual work values within the structure of 4 higher order values elaborated on by Schwartz et al. (). Relationships between work values and 4 types of post‐retirement work intentions were examined. Data from 1,071 employees of a German logistics company were used to test the hypotheses. The results of a structural equation model indicated that work values were differentially related to the 4 types of post‐retirement work intentions. The identified work value–work type combinations add to the literature on post‐retirement work. Practice implications for promoting positive individual and organizational outcomes are drawn from the results.
Research Training Needs of Scientist‐Practitioners: Implications for Counselor Education
Authors: Peterson Christina Hamme , Hall Sean B. , Buser Juleen K.
Published: June 2016

Counselors (N = 911) reported the research skills needed for practice and subsequent research training needs. Findings indicate that counselors have a high need for research skills at work, but training needs differ significantly by counselor type. Recommendations include increasing emphasis on single‐case design, survey design, and widely available data analysis tools.
Evaluating a Training Intervention for Assessing Nonsuicidal Self‐Injury: The HIRE Model
Authors: Rutt Corrine C. , Buser Trevor J. , Buser Juleen K.
Published: June 2016

The authors evaluated the effectiveness of a brief training intervention with graduate counseling students who used the HIRE (history, interest in change, reasons for engaging in the behavior, and exposure to risk; Buser & Buser, ) model for the informal assessment of nonsuicidal self‐injury. The intervention group demonstrated improvements in nonsuicidal assessment self‐efficacy and assessment skill. Findings suggest that HIRE is an evidence‐informed model for teaching nonsuicidal self‐injury assessment.
X‐Ray Diffraction and Mössbauer Spectroscopy Studies of Pressure‐Induced Phase Transitions in a Mixed‐Valence Trinuclear Iron Complex
Authors: Madsen Solveig R. , Gunnlaugsson Haraldur P. , Moggach Stephen A. , Eikeland Espen , Wu Lai‐Chin , Leupold Olaf , Overgaard Jacob , Iversen Bo B.
Published: June 2016

The mixed‐valence complex Fe3O(cyanoacetate)6(H2O)3 (1) has been studied by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis at pressures up to 5.3(1) GPa and by (synchrotron) Mössbauer spectroscopy at pressures up to 8(1) GPa. Crystal structure refinements were possible up to 4.0(1) GPa. In this pressure range, 1 undergoes two pressure‐induced phase transitions. The first phase transition at around 3 GPa is isosymmetric and involves a 60° rotation of 50 % of the cyanoacetate ligands. The second phase transition at around 4 GPa reduces the symmetry from rhombohedral to triclinic. Mössbauer spectra show that the complex becomes partially valence‐trapped after the second phase transition. This sluggish pressure‐induced valence‐trapping is in contrast to the very abrupt valence‐trapping observed when compound 1 is cooled from 130 to 120 K at ambient pressure.
A Facile Process for the Preparation of Three‐Dimensional Hollow Zn(OH)2 Nanoflowers at Room Temperature
Authors: Cai Ren , Yang Dan , Zhang Liqing , Qiu Liping , Liang Hao , Chen Xigao , Cansiz Sena , Zhang Zuxiao , Wan Shuo , Stewart Kimberly , Yan Qingyu , Tan Weihong
Published: June 2016

A facile strategy has been developed to synthesize double‐shelled Zn(OH)2 nanoflowers (DNFs) at room temperature. The nanoflowers were generated via conversion of Cu2O nanoparticles (NPs) using ZnCl2 and Na2S2O3 by a simple process. Outward diffusion of the Cu2+, produced by an oxidation process on the surface of NPs, and the inward diffusion of Zn2+ by coordination and migration, eventually lead to a hollow cavity in the inner NPs with a double‐shelled 3D hollow flower shapes. The thickness of the inner and outer shells is estimated to be about 20 nm, and the thickness of nanopetals is about 7 nm. The nanoflowers have large surface areas and excellent adsorption properties. As a proof of potential applications, the DNFs exhibited an excellent ability to remove organic molecules from aqueous solutions.