bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biblical Miniseries in the 2010s
Authors: Howell Charlotte E.
Published: May 2020

Produced by Mark Burnett and Roma Downey, The Bible (History, 2013), A.D.: The Bible Continues (NBC, 2015) and The Dovekeepers (CBS, 2015) operate as extensions of the Touched by an Angel approach to religious serial dramas. Ironically, success was achieved on a cable scale but not broadcast scale, despite the majority of Americans still identifying as Christian, indicating that the mass audience for dramas won’t be found in the Christian-tinged middlebrow appeal that helped shows like Touched by an Angel succeed in the 1990s. Thus, these overtly Christian series that are framed and marketed as Christian illustrate the decline in the value of that audience to the television industry in the current fractured market.
The Theological Origins of White Supremacy
Authors: Norris Kristopher
Published: May 2020

Chapter 2 offers a historical and theological account of the theological elements that contributed to the development of white supremacy. It highlights crucial historical moments in the emergence of white supremacy and demonstrates the way white, European theology created and sustained its dominance. The chapter then analyzes the continuing malformative aspects of white Christian theology. To demonstrate that all of white theology is contaminated with racism, it investigates the ways elements of white supremacy show up in the work of two of America’s most influential theologians, Walter Rauschenbusch and Reinhold Niebuhr. The text demonstrates the theological origins of white supremacy and identifies its continuing presence in corrupting even the most well-intentioned white theology.
Narrating Black Theology
Authors: Norris Kristopher
Published: May 2020

Employing the theology of James Cone as a representative of black liberation theology, this chapter analyzes the narrative basis of his ecclesiology as a vision of the church untethered from whiteness. The analysis demonstrates the ways Cone’s ecclesiology contrasts and refines Hauerwas’s. It attends specifically to the ways his narrative theology offers more promising resources for rightly telling the story of white Christianity and offering better witness to our whiteness. This chapter identifies the three conceptual elements of an ethic of responsibility in his thought—memory, particularity, and concreteness. Then, drawing on womanist engagement with his work, argues that Cone offers the concept of “narrative blackness” that invites white theologians and Christians to a form of conversion he calls “becoming black.”
Innateness Stories
Authors: Berent Iris
Published: May 2020

Innate knowledge—the possibility that certain notions might be inborn in us simply because we are humans—has been the topic of endless controversy throughout our intellectual history. This chapter reviews some of these exchanges in philosophy and in modern cognitive and brain sciences. But these discussions are not the sole purview of academia. Laypeople also have some strong opinions on such matters. This chapter thus begins by describing some of our nativist intuitions. We next contrast these views with science. While laypeople maintain that knowledge cannot be innate, the results emerging from science suggest that innateness is a viable possibility. What is the source of our antinativist intuitions? We explore several explanations, and in short order, the conclusions point back right at innate knowledge itself. We see that the very principles that make the human mind tick (principles that are likely innate) can explain why people are reluctant to accept that knowledge can be innate.
Nativist Intuitions
Authors: Berent Iris
Published: May 2020

Having shown that innate knowledge is a viable scientific hypothesis with considerable evidence in its support, the next three chapters examine laypeople’s intuitions about innate knowledge. We describe a series of experiments that contrasts people’s intuitions about the origins of cognitive traits (those that capture knowledge) and noncognitive traits (either sensory, motor, or emotive capacities). Results show that people believe that cognitive traits are not innate. People maintain these convictions even when they are provided with detailed descriptions of experiments from infant research (those reviewed in previous chapters), complete with an explanation of the rationale and method; while science clearly suggests these principles are present in newborns, people insist that they aren’t. Other results demonstrate that our antinativist intuitions are a bias, as people maintain these intuitions despite explicit evidence to the contrary, and even when they are presented with innate knowledge of nonhuman species. These results show that people are systematically and selectively biased against innate ideas.
Introduction
Authors: Turner Alicia , Cox Laurence , Bocking Brian
Published: May 2020

This chapter introduces the radical Irish Buddhist monk U Dhammaloka with a vignette of his trial for sedition in the Chief Court of colonial Rangoon, Burma, in 1911. It discusses his analysis of colonialism as “the Bible, the bottle, and the Gatling gun” and outlines the bare essentials of his life. The chapter discusses Dhammaloka as a window into Asian networks of the period, the anomalous position of “poor whites” in colonial Asia and the establishment fear of such people “going native,” epitomized by converts to Buddhism. It discusses the challenges of researching Dhammaloka’s life as “history from below” through the available sources, as well as how his biography challenges received notions of early Western Buddhists. Finally, it discusses the long-term impact of pan-Asian Buddhist movements in the high colonial period and the alternative visions they represented of a world after empire.
The Vagabond Traveler’s Account
Authors: Turner Alicia
Published: May 2020

In May 1905 the American “vagabond writer,” Harry Franck, interviewed the Irish Buddhist monk U Dhammaloka at length in India, and watched him in action debating with a Christian evangelist. Franck’s book, published in 1910, would briefly make Dhammaloka a global celebrity. This chapter introduces Franck and considers his experiences in Ceylon. It discusses his assessment of Dhammaloka’s credibility, as ex-hobo and Buddhist traveler, and explores the interview with Dhammaloka and the debate about Christianity. It shows Dhammaloka’s ability to arrange for Franck and his two companions to find board and lodging at monasteries in Chittagong and Rangoon. Most importantly, it shows us how Dhammaloka appeared to the eyes of his “poor white” beachcombing peers.
Epitaph
Authors: Turner Alicia
Published: May 2020

This short chapter discusses the last days of the anti-colonial Irish Buddhist monk U Dhammaloka, following his reported death in Australia. It discusses sightings in Singapore, the Federated Malay States (Malaysia), and Siam (Thailand), as well as reports of time spent in Cambodia. The last recorded sightings are in Singapore in late 1913, including diary entries from the Sinhalese Buddhist activist Anagarika Dharmapala. It is not known what happened next, and surprising given his celebrity that the facts were not recorded. Did he perhaps die far from media attention following the outbreak of war, or change his identity in response to renewed police pressure?
Introduction
Authors: Markowitz Jonathan N.
Published: May 2020

Chapter 1 introduces the book’s core research question: why do some states have a stronger preference than others to project power to secure control over territory and resources as a source of rents and wealth? The book’s core argument is that what states make influences what they want to take. States that rely primarily on income from making goods and services have less interest in taking territory. In contrast, states that rely primarily on income from extracting natural resources have a stronger interest in taking territory. This argument is derived from Rent-Addiction Theory, which is briefly summarized in this chapter along with its contribution to the fields of international relations and existing research on territorial conflict. The chapter concludes with an overview of the layout of the book with brief descriptions of the subsequent chapters.
Canada
Authors: Markowitz Jonathan N.
Published: May 2020

Chapter 7 assesses how Canada, the production-oriented state most reliant on resource rents, responded to newly accessible stocks of Arctic resources. This chapter demonstrates that Canadian officials responded to the shock with assertive statements promising billions to build ice-hardened patrol ships, new bases, and Arctic training facilities. However, despite the prominent role the Arctic has played in speeches by Canadian leaders, Ottawa has been reluctant to follow through on promises to upgrade its Arctic force structure and military presence. Whereas Russia has backed its rhetoric and commitments by investing in its Arctic force structure and military capabilities, Canada has not. Talk is cheap, but ships and bases are expensive; and, as this chapter shows, Canada was unwilling to back its commitments with costly investments. If the United States is the dog that does not bark, then Canada is the dog that barks but does not bite.
Conclusion
Authors: Ikuta Jennie C.
Published: May 2020

The conclusion offers three final remarks on the value of Tocqueville, Mill, and Nietzsche for refining our contemporary public rhetoric concerning nonconformity. First, we ought to revise the prevalent image of the nonconformist as a singular, heroic individual who rejects social recognition; instead we ought to consider social recognition as a condition of nonconformity. Second, we need a more nuanced account of the role of shame in a democracy. Shame—and the conformity it encourages—is neither good nor bad, but must be wielded correctly and carefully by democratic individuals. Third, we need to insist on democracy as a relational ideal of equality. This enables us to better respond to appeals to nonconformity that advance antidemocratic values and to clearly articulate the relationship between democracy and nonconformity.
Understanding Paracomedy
Authors: Jendza Craig
Published: May 2020

This chapter uses genre theory to contextualize paracomedy among other forms of generic interaction in Greek drama. It proposes a methodology for determining occurrences of paracomedy: detecting distinctive correspondences between tragic and comic elements, establishing the priority of the comic element, and ascertaining the motivation for and the effects of the paracomedy. It also provides an overview of how the three major Greek tragedians differ in their use of paracomedy: Aeschylus uses it to great effect in the Oresteia, Sophocles avoids it almost entirely, and Euripides embraces it frequently. The chapter suggests that paracomedy and paratragedy can be used within the context of literary rivalry between tragedians and comedians, and it compares the competitive relationship between Euripides and Aristophanes to that between Aristophanes and fellow comedian Cratinus.
Paracomedy and the Structure of Euripides’s Helen
Authors: Jendza Craig
Published: May 2020

This chapter analyzes Euripides’s Helen in terms of paracomedy and suggests that the structure of the play should be interpreted as staging a metaliterary conflict between tragedy and comedy. This conflict is expressed in the play through the characters of Helen, who represents tragedy, and Menelaus, who represents comedy. Euripides distinguishes the two characters by constantly characterizing Helen as tragic (through tragic themes, tragic beauty, and tragic piety) and Menelaus as paracomic (through comic jokes, comic alazoneia (“boastfulness”), comic ugliness, comic violence, and comic “knocking at the door” scenes). When Helen is finally established as superior to Menelaus, tragedy is established as superior to comedy. This chapter suggests that the structure, characterization, performance, and tone of the play are motivated by Euripides’s goals to assert dominance over comedy.
Euripides’s Orestes
Authors: Jendza Craig
Published: May 2020

This chapter analyzes Euripides’s Orestes as a corrective paracomic response to the parodies and poetic criticisms from Aristophanes’s Women at the Thesmophoria. It suggests that Euripides reappropriates salient features from Aristophanes’s parodies of Euripides’s Helen, Palamedes, Andromeda, and Telephus in an attempt to show how Aristophanes’s views on tragic stagecraft are reductive. Various aspects of the plot, stagecraft, character, and symbolism of Orestes are interpreted as paracomic responses, including an escape plot with a large number of sword-bearing men, a metaphor in which Pylades is Orestes’s “oar blade,” a joke about the Gorgon’s head, and a threat to incinerate a hostage. Additionally, Euripides paracomically targets Aristophanes’s Peace and Clouds at key points at the beginning and end of the play. The chapter argues that Euripides employs paracomedy the way Aristophanes employs paratragedy—to establish his own genre’s primacy through a series of pointed contrasts with the other genre.
Searching for the Gods’ Minds the Hard Way
Authors: McCauley Robert N. , Graham George
Published: May 2020

The only exceptions that prove principles are those whose exceptional status those principles explain. People with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) tend to be more attentive to details, more likely to apprehend events mechanistically, and more inclined to systemize about both than does the general population. Considerable evidence suggests that they are also far less likely to possess ready intuitions about the workings of people’s minds and that even high-functioning people with ASD are mindblind. If the by-product theory of religious representations is correct, then people with ASD will lack intuitive insight about religious representations of gods as minded agents and find creative inferences with them challenging. Theorists differ about how extensive such limitations will be, especially in light of the ability of some people with ASD to laboriously piece together a partial, ersatz theory of mind over time. Overall the available empirical research mostly corroborates these proposals about these limitations.
Heaven's Gates and Hell's Flames
Authors: Abreu Savio
Published: May 2020

This book is an ethnographic study of Christian groups in contemporary Goan society that come under Pentecostal–Charismatic Christianity. Most studies on the Pentecostal movement in India are from a theological perspective. This book is an attempt to fill this gap, to satisfy the need to understand the rapidly expanding and overtly evangelistic movement of Pentecostal–Charismatic Christianity within pluralist, non-Christian societies, both as a social process and as an embodied everyday practice, as well as its sociocultural implications in the twenty first century. It assesses the impact of religion on society and analyses how the symbols, beliefs, ritual practices, and the organizational structure of two different living strands of Pentecostal Christianity in Goa, namely, the independent neo-Pentecostal sects and the Catholic Charismatic Renewal (CCR) shape and influence religious and sociocultural identities, world views, and the everyday life activities of individual adherents. This study is specifically an ethnographic exploration, into the religious journey of a neophyte from their conversion and initiation into the new movement to their religious life, worship patterns, world view, and life cycle rituals till death. Several important interrelated themes such as mission, conversions, Christian fundamentalism, the Pentecostalization of the Catholic Church, Charismatic habitus, sacred spaces and time, prosperity gospel, and gender paradox are discussed threadbare in this book to arrive at a mosaic understanding of contemporary Pentecostal–Charismatic Christianity. This book is an important contribution to the growing field of new religious movements in India, characterised by their distinct modes of interaction with mainstream religious establishments and their specific religious identities, beliefs, rites and rituals.
Tying Loose Ends
Authors: Abreu Savio
Published: May 2020

Though every chapter has some concluding remarks, there is a need to reinforce, qualify, and tie together the different strands of thought in order to assemble together a mosaic image of the contemporary Pentecostal–Charismatic movement in Goa. This attempt to build a cohesive, though not necessarily conclusive, understanding of Pentecostal–Charismatic Christianity is done in the final chapter. Since new religious movements are generally pitted against the mainstream religious establishment and occupy a contested religious space, this chapter discusses themes such as power, identity, evangelization, authoritative discourses, sacred and profane symbols, production of truth and mediation of grace, and terrains of conflict. The mission, the New Testament Church (NTC), the dualistic spiritual worldview, and the formation of a Charismatic habitus that structures and guides the everyday life practices and processes of individual believers are also important strands woven in the book to arrive at a tapestry of Pentecostalism.
Conundrums of Finance and Economics
Authors: Basu Kaushik
Published: May 2020

Finance is for an economy what plumbing is for a home. One is unaware of it till it malfunctions and suddenly causes a deterioration in the real economy or living standard. The chapter discusses a range of themes which provide this kind of quiet foundation for the economy. It describes Ponzis and argues that there can be camouflaged Ponzis, which we are unaware of till they crash. The chapter also discusses the role of law in enabling an economy to function efficiently and well.
Medley
Authors: Basu Kaushik
Published: May 2020

This chapter, a medley of biographical and personal essays, talks about incidents from the author’s experience in the class room and at home. It contains stories of classroom fiascos, an essay on the author’s mother turning 90, and another one on India turning 60.
Duidoku and Ultimate Duidoku
Authors: Basu Kaushik
Published: May 2020

The closing chapter of the book describes to two variants of the game of Sudoku that the author developed during his game theory lectures to undergraduates at Cornell University, Ithaca, USA. These two-player games, based on similar rules as Sudoku, are called Duidoku and Ultimate Duidoku. The chapter also contains a game-theoretic analysis of Ultimate Duidoku.
Political Liberalism and Diversity
Authors: Melidoro Domenico
Published: May 2020

This chapter engages with the way in which PA liberalism deals with diversity. Stephen Macedo’s work is assumed as an illustration of this kind of theory. Here, the politicization of liberalism coexists with a commitment to the value of autonomy, although the autonomy that political liberalism refers to is a political notion. However, even in its political form, autonomy is still too controversial to be the leading value of a liberal theory. This holds especially if the centrality of autonomy does not allow a complete understanding of the transformative process of individual and group identities involved in accommodating diversity. Thus, autonomy as the main liberal value must be rejected both in its comprehensive and political form. It is the rejection of autonomy that allows us to bring to a completion the Rawlsian political turn that, in conjunction with the reliance on the value of autonomy, is unable to give diversity its due.
The Electrical Energy Scenario in India
Authors: Sengupta Ramprasad
Published: May 2020

Chapter 7 describes the power and energy scenario of India in terms of both the primary energy resource mix and the technology-wise gross generation mix of electrical energy as in 2015–16. It also describes in details the potential of all the renewable energy resources including storage hydro. So far as the carbon-free solar and wind power potentials are concerned, the chapter explains the basis of the estimates of the new power-capacity potentials, and also provides the power factor and the cumulative capacity built till 2012 utilizing the resources. These comparative figures indicate the huge potential of new capacity creation in future for each of such technology-based power. The chapter also discusses the natural resource requirement of these new renewables-based technologies on the one hand and gives comparative estimates of environmental cost and the true total resource cost for coal thermal power on the other.
Krishna's Playground
Authors: Hawley John Stratton
Published: May 2020

Many call Vrindavan the spiritual capital of India, for it’s long been recognized as the playground where Krishna spends his eternal youth. Today, however, the world is gobbling it up. Delhi’s sprawl inches closer day by day—half the town is a vast real-estate development—and the waters of the Yamuna are too polluted to drink or even bathe in. Temples now style themselves as theme parks, and the world’s tallest religious building is under construction in Krishna’s pastoral paradise. What happens when the Anthropocene Age makes everything virtual? What happens when heaven gets plowed under? Like our age as a whole, Vrindavan throbs with feisty energy, but is it the canary in our collective coal mine? This book lays bare the glories and struggles of Vrindavan today—its waters and its thirst, its widows and its women, its newcomers (like ISKCON), and its old hands. It shows us the real Vrindavan—a parable of Hinduism in rapid change.
The Sign of Our Times
Authors: Hawley John Stratton
Published: May 2020

This final chapter asks the question, “What now?” Looking back over all that has been said and turning to the urgency of the moment, I propose that Vrindavan be designated a World Heritage Site and suggest a “theology of world heritage” to match. What does it mean when the realities we take for granted—land, water, air, nation, gender, social structures—crumble before our very eyes? Vrindavan, a haven of exalted virtuality yet pitched in one of the world’s most precarious environments, feels each of these tremors and is a powerful sign of our times.
Seventeenth-Century Historiographical Resolutions
Authors: Balachandran Jyoti Gulati
Published: May 2020

The narrativization of the Muslim community’s past inevitably created claims of multiple Sufis as leaders of the regional community. In the textual production that spanned the rule of the Gujarat Sultans and the Mughals, Aḥmad Khattū had emerged a spiritual protector of the Gujarat Sultanate as much as his Suhrawardi contemporaries. Towards the end of the second narrative moment in the late seventeenth century, however, a descendant of Sirāj al-Dīn Muḥammad laid to rest any conflict that multiple claims to spiritual authority could generate in the minds of future generations. In his text the Ṣad Ḥikāyat, the descendant selectively drew upon earlier texts and re-ordered the sequence of events in order to construct a history of his ancestors’ association with Aḥmad Khattū; the authority of Shaykh Aḥmad Khattū was not necessarily diminished in this account but certainly subsumed within the superior claims of the Suhrawardi Sufis.
Conclusion
Authors: Balachandran Jyoti Gulati
Published: May 2020

The Conclusion interprets the narrativization of the Muslim community’s past between the fifteenth and the seventeenth centuries as the triumph of the ‘historical’ moment. By the end of the seventeenth century, the consolidation of narrative pasts had successfully created a genealogical record of Muslim settlement in Gujarat connecting the history of the Muslim community under the Gujarat sultans to the period of the Mughal occupation of Gujarat. Apart from transcribing the history of migration and settlement, Sufi texts had been instrumental in the early modern conceptualization of the history of the state, the region, and finally the Mughal province.
Delhi in Historical Perspectives
Authors: Nizami K. A.
Published: May 2020

The fascinating and chequered history of Delhi through the centuries has been a popular subject among authors. Yet, only a few other than K.A. Nizami record in rich detail the cultural, social, economic, and spiritual fabric of the city—the ‘gorgeous blaze of glory’ that was Delhi—between the thirteenth and eighteenth centuries. He presents his accounts of the periods of the Delhi Sultanate, the Mughals, and the poet Ghalib through the analyses of wide-ranging sources: original literary, travel, biographical, hagiographical, and administrative accounts in Persian, Hindavi, and Urdu. This book is a compilation of the historian’s lectures delivered at the University of Delhi and the Ghalib Institute in Delhi, first published in Urdu in 1972. The author’s conversational style, replete with literary allusions, makes this an essential read for lovers and admirers of this beguiling city and its historic Sufi culture. Ather Farouqui’s English translation captures the true essence of Nizami’s work and now makes it easily available to a wider readership.
Delhi under the Sultanate
Authors: Nizami K. A.
Published: May 2020

From Indraprastha to New Delhi, the city has undergone many transformations and incarnations. It was during the Sultanate period, from 1206–1526, however, that it assumed importance as the capital city of the Mamluk, Khilji, Tughlaq and Lodhi dynasties. With occasional interludes, Delhi has since remained the capital. However, not only every dynasty but virtually every sultan chose to build his fortifications in a different area and around it came up a new city. Thus Delhi grew as a conglomerate of several urban habitats. This chapter deals with the rich social, cultural, economic, and spiritual life of the city in all these different avatars, with particular emphasis on life in the Sufi khaneqahs and their contribution towards forging a composite cultural and civilizational ethos. Amir Khusrau and his poetry are a celebrated chapter of the period and are accorded expansive treatment.
Lausanne 1974
Authors: Swartz David R.
Published: May 2020

At the International Congress on World Evangelization in Lausanne, Switzerland, which brought together major figures such as Billy Graham and Samuel Escobar, American evangelicals were stunned by the intensity of global critiques. Sparked by the Latin American Theological Fraternity and a wildcat “Discipleship Caucus,” over 500 dissenting evangelicals from the Global South denounced American imperialism. They cited devastation caused by Western armies and corporations, and they described attempts to separate evangelism and social action as demonic. Their advocacy was successful; the resulting Lausanne Covenant underwent telling revisions in the wake of global dissent, and their activism began to reshape American institutions. Going forward, missiology would no longer develop in North American isolation.
Occidental Mindoro 1983
Authors: Swartz David R.
Published: May 2020

In the 1970s the relief organization World Vision “de-Americanized.” Recipient nations from Europe, Asia, Latin America, and Africa became full partners of World Vision International. These new global voices urged a more structural approach to world hunger and poverty. By the early 1990s, World Vision, a behemoth NGO of one hundred entities overseen by 6,000 full-time staff, had transformed, in fits and starts, from an American-dominated, relief-oriented charity to an international organization that stressed partnerships and long-term solutions to world poverty. This chapter, which charts the trajectory of evangelical social justice work in the postwar era, describes the promise and limits of development work on the Filipino island of Occidental Mindoro.
New Beginnings in the Post-War Years
Authors: Roust Colin
Published: May 2020

After World War II, Auric enjoyed a privileged position in the French musical scene, with numerous ballets and scores of incidental music. He was also by this time the leading composer for the French cinema; he remains the only person to have won music prizes at both the Cannes and Venice film festivals. From the 1940s through the 1960s, he composed dozens of films in the French “tradition of quality,” but also for British and American films and for international co-productions. He also was elected to the Administrative Council at SACEM, ultimately serving as President for three decades. In the late 1950s, he was a defendant in Hirshon v. United Artists, a case that clarified two sections of the U.S. Copyright Code, and he was also the principal lobbyist on behalf of the Loi Escarra, the first modern copyright law in France.
The Timelessness of Stories
Authors: Shackleford Karen E. , Vinney Cynthia
Published: May 2020

What makes a story timeless? Why are there certain story arcs people want to visit again and again? This chapter examines how the human experience is inextricably linked to stories. It considers how imagination factors into people’s ability to relate stories to their own lives, including through their dreams and daydreams, the elements of a story that make them sit up and pay more attention, and how stories can lead to emotional catharsis. The chapter also delves into the way people’s evolutionary imperatives for reproduction and survival impact the kinds of stories they find compelling and how supernatural elements can make a story easier to remember. The end of the chapter turns things over to a fiction writer for his perspective on crafting fictional stories, including the way Aristotle’s three-act paradigm and Joseph Campbell’s monomyth of the hero’s journey fits into the process.
Story and Identity
Authors: Shackleford Karen E. , Vinney Cynthia
Published: May 2020

This chapter explores the way fictional stories impact personal identity. It discusses how identity develops with a particular focus on adolescence. Then, it sheds light on how fiction contributes to identity construction as teens gain insight into things like careers, relationships, values, and beliefs through stories and how these insights can impact their choices for their futures. The chapter also looks at the way people’s emotional investments in their favorite stories can cause them to become extensions of themselves and how this may lead them to use these stories as symbols of who they are. Finally, it explores the topic of narrative identity—the internalized, constantly evolving life story each person tells of himself or herself—and how fiction influences and becomes incorporated into people’s life stories.
Experiencing Emotions
Authors: Copenhaver Rebecca , Odenbaugh Jay
Published: May 2020

This chapter provides an account of the basic emotions and their expression. Emotions are experiences that have the function of indicating how we are faring in our environment. Emotions are also objects of experience: our perceptual systems are sensitive to the expression of emotion in our environment by features that have the function of indicating emotions. Thus, we come to have to knowledge of emotions by perceptually representing properties that function to indicate them. The chapter applies this account to expression in art. What does it mean to say that an artwork expresses sadness? Is perceiving joy in an artwork the same kind of experience as perceiving joy in a friend’s face? How may artworks express emotions without having emotions? The chapter offers a representationalist account of the basic emotions on which exteroceptive and interoceptive systems combine to constitute a system whose states—emotions—indicate how we are faring. Building on the work of Dominic Lopes (2005) and Mitchell Green (2007), the chapter offers a teleosemantic account of emotional expression in art that is impersonal and continuous with a representationalist account of the basic emotions. Features in the environment express emotions even in conditions in which there is no person to whom the emotion is attributable. We experience emotions in two ways: we may have emotions, and we experience emotions as represented properties of the environment. In both cases, experiencing emotions is a matter of experiencing how things are in the world and thus provides perceptual knowledge.
Sisterhood and After
Authors: Jolly Margaretta
Published: May 2020

This ground-breaking history of the UK Women’s Liberation Movement explores the individual and collective memories of women at its heart. Spanning at least two generations and four nations, and moving through the tumultuous decades from the 1970s to the present, the narrative is powered by feminist oral history, notably the British Library’s Sisterhood and After: The Women’s Liberation Oral History Project. The book mines these precious archives to bring fresh insight into the lives of activists and the campaigns and ideas they mobilised. It navigates still-contested questions of class, race, violence, and upbringing—as well as the intimacies, sexualities and passions that helped fire women’s liberation—and shows why many feminists still regard notions of ‘equality’ or even ‘equal rights’ as insufficient. It casts new light on iconic campaigns and actions in what is sometimes simplified as feminism’s ‘second wave’, and enlivens a narrative too easily framed by ideological abstraction with candid, insightful, sometimes painful personal accounts of national and less well-known women activists. They describe lives shaped not only by structures of race, class, gender, sexuality and physical ability, but by education, age, love and cultural taste. At the same time, they offer extraordinary insights into feminist lifestyles and domestic pleasures, and the crossovers and conflicts between feminists. The work draws on oral history’s strength as creative method, as seen with its conclusion, where readers are urged to enter the archives of feminist memory and use what they find there to shape their own political futures.
Telling Feminist Histories
Authors: Jolly Margaretta
Published: May 2020

The chapter traces the WLM’s compelling, contested and elusive political genealogies, recalling their socialist, radical, black, liberal, national or revisionist versions and fierce debates over strategy, tactics, structure, leadership and resources. It deploys feminist oral histories to re-tell movement ‘origin stories’ (women-led activism within the Hull fishing community and at Ford’s, Dagenham) but principally to parallel the first WLM conference at Ruskin College, Oxford (1970) with the inaugural meeting of the Organisation for Women of African and Asian Descent in Brixton, London (1979). The chapter recounts the ‘feminist composure’ required in remembering, and considers oral history’s significance as a medium of memories, subjectivities and feelings. It looks at how these approaches to movement history highlight the challenges of managing relationships and differences, and the thorny question of feminist identity. It ends with Beatrix Campbell’s oral history recollections of co-authoring Sweet Freedom, the first full-length history of the UK WLM. 149 words
Forming Feminists: Growing Up in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s
Authors: Jolly Margaretta
Published: May 2020

The chapter delves into the S&A oral history archive to unearth memories of growing up that help answer the question: what makes a feminist? It locates 1970s/80s feminist socialisation in the context of contrasting ideologies of family, childhood, sexuality, social reconstruction, consumerism, post-colonial change and global tensions in the post-WW2 era, especially the ‘lengthening’ of childhood itself. It considers the formative and highly-contested influences of family and mother-daughter relations, of educational opportunity, and of the highs and lows of adolescence and emergent sexualities, making use of S&A interviews including Sandie Wyles, Jenni Murray, Mukami McCrum and Mary McIntosh. The chapter emphasises the significance for feminist formation of growing up in families with strong political affiliations and engagements, and illustrates this by concluding with a detailed presentation based on the S&A oral history of Susie Orbach, the well-known campaigner for women’s psychotherapeutic and physical rights and wellbeing. 146 words
Happiness: Late Feminist Lives and Beyond in the 2000s
Authors: Jolly Margaretta
Published: May 2020

The chapter enters the later lives of activists, considering the biographical consequences of activism. It anticipates the question ‘did the movement succeed?’ by wondering whether the goal of ‘women’s liberation’ means ‘happiness’ or ‘to be fully alive’, especially given the new century’s neo-liberal triumphalism. It celebrates women’s solidarity and creativity, qualities that help redeem the demands of political conscience, and the raptures of song which unexpectedly interrupt many oral histories. Sometimes silly and romantic, feminist singing affirms purpose in the face of power or mortality, and the pleasures of protest community, especially at Greenham Common, one of the most celebrated actions. The chapter concludes with reflections on feminist faith-political, spiritual but not necessarily religious-commenting on death (Una Kroll, Audrey Jones, Sheila Kitzinger) before recounting the story of Muslim feminist educator Nadira Mirza, whose S&A oral history demonstrates the importance of feminist faith when many movement demands remain unfulfilled. 150 words
A Sprinkling of Science
Authors: Gee Emma
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines how the journey-revelation paradigm we discern in afterlife texts manifests itself in Plato’s Phaedrus. The author argues for points of contact between the Phaedrus and the so-called Orphic gold leaves. In her view the Phaedrus is modeled after the gold leaves, on the idea of a quasi-religious journey-to-vision progression. The parallels with the leaves bring the Phaedrus into the realm of reincarnation, which, in the leaves, is to be avoided through religious initiation. In the Phaedrus, initiation is transfigured into philosophical knowledge. In this case, philosophers who have conscious knowledge (anamnesis) of the eschatological vision of the universe escape the wheel of reincarnation more quickly. Plato substitutes for the Orphic mysteries the mysteries of the universe, his “sprinkling of science”: knowledge of the universe is essential, here as in the Republic, for the soul’s self-knowledge, and ultimately for its fate in the afterlife.
Dante’s Poem of Fire
Authors: Gee Emma
Published: May 2020

In Dante’s Divina Commedia (Divine Comedy), the journey through the universe represents the integration of the human intellect into the cosmos as it was envisaged at the fourteenth-century apogee of the Classical worldview. The cosmic ladder of Dante’s work stretches fully from the top to the bottom of that universe. Characteristically of afterlife narratives, there are two types of space in Dante’s Commedia. The universe that is traversed in Dante’s journey is also set forth in a revelatory vision toward the end of the work, at Paradiso XXVIII. In our final chapter, we concentrate on this vision, which is both a culmination of the afterlife vision we’ve seen elsewhere in the book, and a departure from it. Whereas the vision we see earlier is a vehicle toward psychic harmonization, the vision in Dante explores not merely the need for psychic harmonization but the difficulties of it. This is done through a series of complexifying and interlocking images, of mirror and reflection, music, rhythm and note. All of these images fall short in expressing the goal of harmony of soul and universe. Psychic harmonization can only be achieved, finally, at the price of silence. When the soul is harmonized with the universe, it is undifferentiated from it. We can no longer speak of the universe as of something outside ourselves. Thus Dante’s poem falls silent.
Improvisation and new frontiers in creative practice
Authors: MacDonald Raymond A. R. , Wilson Graeme B.
Published: May 2020

This chapter draws together recent advances across musical fields to frame improvising as an innovative and vibrant way of doing creative practice at a professional level and in everyday life. It presents examples of cross-disciplinary improvised work and festivals at the cutting edge of the performing arts. Improvised music is discussed in relation to broader social and cultural change and transformations within the media and music industry. The possibilities of new digital technologies for expanding improvising are reviewed and help set the context for the proceeding chapters. It shows how group improvisation involves the spontaneous generation of novel music, dance, or art by two or more people. It describes the groundswell of interest across the arts in improvisation with artists, festivals, and venues dedicated to pushing this creative approach beyond genre boundaries.
Distributed creativity and the myth of shared understanding
Authors: MacDonald Raymond A. R. , Wilson Graeme B.
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines the prevalent assumption that improvisers must share understanding of what they are trying to achieve and how they are thought to do so, investigating the importance of identities and how they are constructed among co-improvisers. The role of talk between musicians in constructing understanding is examined with reference to interviews with improvisers. Implications for teaching and new creative practice are discussed with specific examples of how improvisation can be taught. Research on improvisation tends to assume that in a successful group performance, musicians must have the same conception of the quality and meaning of the music they play. This chapter compares the accounts of different improvisers within a group, to reach an explanation of whether and how these are negotiated while playing together. This chapter demonstrates that if participants feel invested in the group process, improvisation can take place to participants’ satisfaction in the absence of their shared understanding.
Innumeracy in the Wild
Authors: Peters Ellen
Published: May 2020

Innumeracy in the Wild explains how numeric ability supports the quality of the decisions we make and, ultimately, the life outcomes we experience. It dissects three ways that people can be good or bad with numbers and how each of these numeric competencies matter to decision making. Furthermore, it delves into how we can use this knowledge to improve decision making. Understanding the roles of numeric ability (often called numeracy) is particularly important today due to widespread innumeracy. In addition, policies in health and financial domains have shifted toward giving consumers and patients more information (which is often numeric). These changes are intended to empower individuals to take charge of their own welfare. The evidence is clear, however, that not everybody is prepared to use this information effectively and that those who are less numerate tend to make worse decisions unless provided adequate support.
The book discusses four main points: the complex and systematic psychological mechanisms that underlie objective numeracy’s effects in judgment and decision making; the importance of numeracy to experiencing positive life outcomes especially in health and finances; the decision-making support provided by two additional ways of knowing and using numbers; and the methods that exploit existing evidence and enable those who are less comfortable with numbers to use them more effectively and make better choices in an often numeric world.
Numerically Imperfect Reasoning Among the Highly Numerate
Authors: Peters Ellen
Published: May 2020

This chapter, “Numerically Imperfect Reasoning Among the Highly Numerate,” highlights the highly numerate as imperfect number crunchers. They are surprisingly prone to some of Chapter 3’s heuristics and biases. Their use of conditional probabilities (e.g., Bayes’ Theorem) is suboptimal at best, as is their ability for nonlinear numeric thinking, such as when calculating cumulative odds. Additionally, the highly numerate, like the less numerate, can be susceptible to motivated reasoning. In fact, when numeric accuracy is not their primary goal, they seem to be “better” than the less numerate at creating understandings of numeric information that are more in line with what they want to believe.
Discriminating Numbers Allows for Better Decisions
Authors: Peters Ellen
Published: May 2020

This chapter, “Discriminating Numbers Allows for Better Decisions,” focuses on the role of our intuitive sense of numbers in decision making. Humans have evolved beyond these intuitions about quantities to know modern numeric abstractions. However, the evolutionarily old approximate number system (ANS) nonetheless remains pivotal to human decisions. Just as non-human animals use the proportional reasoning and estimation skills that come from the ANS, so do humans. The chapter introduces three systematic properties of the ANS that can explain differences in how people make decisions. These numeric intuitions, independent of objective ability, relate to having superior numeric memory and (usually) more accurate perceptions of value. Sometimes, however, the ANS’s reliance on proportional reasoning can produce what looks like worse decisions. The Appendix to this chapter describes ANS measures.
Subjective Numeracy and Knowing What You Know
Authors: Peters Ellen
Published: May 2020

This chapter, “Subjective Numeracy and Knowing What You Know,” reviews what is known about the role of subjective numeracy in decision making, independent of objective numeracy. In particular, it examines how numeric self-efficacy (confidence in one’s math ability) and math anxiety propel how much people understand and persist with numeric information and, ultimately, how they judge and decide. Even when an individual with low subjective numeracy has adequate objective ability with numbers, they appear to understand less and make worse decisions nonetheless because they enjoy the process less, give up more easily, and ultimately perform less well. Having lower subjective numeracy (operationalized in this book as having lower numeric confidence, aka self-efficacy, or higher math anxiety) may hold us back as individuals and as a society from realizing our numeric potential and its positive effects.
Provide Evaluative Meaning and Direct Attention
Authors: Peters Ellen
Published: May 2020

This chapter, “Provide Evaluative Meaning and Direct Attention,” links earlier chapters about the habits of the highly numerate to evidence-based communication solutions that especially help the less objectively numerate. In particular, Chapter 17 provides techniques to assist decision makers when they are unable to evaluate the good or bad meaning of numeric information. These techniques range from providing numeric comparisons to carefully using evaluative labels and symbols, more imaginable data formats, and emotion. Evidence exists that emotional communications also facilitate communication by grabbing and holding attention. Other methods that allow the less numerate access into these attentional habits of the highly numerate include ordering information based on its importance, highlighting the meaning of only the most important information, and increasing the visual salience of key numbers. The chapter concludes with a brief summary of some of the challenges that communicators face to presenting information well.
Training Numeracy
Authors: Peters Ellen
Published: May 2020

This chapter, “Training Numeracy,” focuses on improving numeric competencies to provide backdoor assistance to adults who want to make better decisions. The chapter reviews research on the roles of formal schooling in childhood and numeracy training in adulthood. It particularly highlights current evidence on adult trainings for objective numeracy and subjective numeracy and their causal effects in decision making. Although more intervention research is needed (especially to increase effect sizes), it is simply not the case that people cannot change their numeric ability. Instead, emerging interventions can build adult numeric capacity and propel decision makers to bring knowledge to bear on decisions, think probabilistically, use heuristic processing less, consider alternative scenarios, and reason better numerically. Finally, the chapter introduces the question of how much numeracy improvement is necessary to drive better decisions and outcomes if objective numeracy has cumulative effects across time.