bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
APLICAÇÃO DA LINGUAGEM PYTHON NO GERENCIAMENTO DO ESTOQUE: leiaute enxuto e digital
Authors: Souza Patrícia de Lima Moraes , Santos Edmar Soares , Silva Cícero Soares , Oliveira Márcia Regina , Silva Messias Borges , Moura Roque Antonio
Published: November 2024

Gerir o estoque de forma rápida e sem gerar desperdícios é essencial e vital para sucesso da organização na economia global. Nesse sentido esta pesquisa objetiva a aplicação da linguagem python na programação e controle de estoques buscando um leiaute enxuto e digital em prol de um controle preciso de estoque com eficiência e com uma maior precisão na localização dos materiais de forma padronizada. A metodologia contou com literaturas e publicações técnicas recentes e inerentes ao tema que aliadas aos principais módulos e bibliotecas da linguagem python facilitam a automação do controle de estoques industriais com ambiente bem dividido, sinalizado onde os itens são armazenados de acordo com as  normas e regras logísticas. Os resultados obtidos na aplicação destacam a minimização de movimentos humanos, além de permitir o monitoramento em tempo real dos estoques. Como conclusão, verifica-se que a linguagem python é uma importante aliada e uma ferramenta de fácil uso na gestão de estoques, proporcionando ganhos significativos no recebimento, movimentação e expedição de produtos.
Elephants of the Dzanga-Sangha dense forest of south-western Central African Republic
Authors: Carroll Richard
Published: November 2024

The Dzanga-Sangha Forest Reserve contains the highest known population density of elephants remaining in the dense forest zone of Africa. Both Loxodonta africana africana and L.a. cyclotis as well as an intergrade between the two exist in the area. The ecological effects of the elephants in the forests are discuss. Elephant population density in the sub blocks of the study area as determined by dung counts is presented. Large scale poaching in part may account for the different density figures but should be considered along with the availability of water, type vegetation and human land use. A proposed conservation plan for the region is outlined.
Numbers, distribution and movements of the Nazinga elephants
Authors: Jachmann Hugo
Published: November 2024

"Outlines methods of getting information on elephant occupance and suggests both direct aerial counts and ground surveys are inaccurate due to limited visibility and uneven distribution. An alternative method of faecal dropping counts was used to assess elephant occupance on the Nazinga Ranch. Field procedures are outlined and analysis and the results discussed. Also published as ""Nombre, repartition et deplacements des elephants de Nazinga"" in Nature and Faune 1989, 5(1), p25-35."
The African Elephant and Rhino Group Nyeri meeting
Authors: Cumming David , Du Toit,
Published: November 2024

Outlines the discussion and data presentation at the May 1987 AERSG meeting at Nyeri, Kenya. Elephant population estimates and reviews of them in different regions and specific areas, the illegal trade and the quota system and conservation progammes are discuss.
Some preliminary results of the relationship between soils and tree response to elephant damage
Authors: McShane Thomas
Published: November 2024

Vwaza Marsh Game Reserve (VMGR) in Malawi exhibits a variety of conditions ranging from sandy well-drained sites where soil-water dynamics generally favour plant biomass production to clay poorly drained sites where soil-water dynamics do not favour plant biomass production. This paper examines preliminary data on the relationship between the range of these soil-water conditions in VMGR and how trees respond to elephant damage. Whereas the standard models of elephant-woodland interactions hypothesize that the effect of elephant on woodland is to reduce tree density, and therefore to reduce food availability, this study indicates that elephant-woodland interactions may be more site specific that previously considered.
Ivory trade under scrutiny
Authors: Western David
Published: November 2024

Notes the release of the ITRG report in June 1989, the almost immediate ivory bans imposed by several consumer states, other studies focused on the ivory trade and elephants which were tabled about the same time and the resulting situation as it stands in late 1989.
The decline and the fall of India's ivory industry
Authors: Martin Esmond , Vigne Lucy
Published: November 2024

Although 19th century statistics are incomplete the import of raw African ivory into India increased gradually. The two main ports of Bombay and Surat received an annual average of 150 tonnes each between 1803-1819 while the average between 1820-1857 increased to 234 tonnes. From 1830 to the late 1850s a significant amount of imported ivory was re-exported to Britain and to China. From the 1879s to WWI India was one of the largest import and re-export ivory markets. Between the two World Wars the import declined. Immediately after WWII India a major importer taking an annual average of 246 tonnes from 1944-1947, but by the 1950s this dropped to 115 tons. By 1958 Hong Kong became the largest ivory importer followed by Japan. Indian official imports of raw ivory average 50 tons in the 1960s. Illegal East African ivory arrived throughout the 1960s and 1970s although some was imported from Hong Kong during the later years. Annual legal imports in the 1980s were just over 13 tonnes according to Indian Customs and about 9.46 according to CITES. Suggests the 7,200 craftsmen in India in 1978, due to both internal and external situations in the industry, had dwindled to 2,000 artisans by 1989.
Zambia's pragmatic conservation programme
Authors: Lewis Dale
Published: November 2024

Outlines the development of the antipoaching village scout programme and the administration of the game management areas through the Administration Management Design (ADMADE) programme.
Tracing ivory to its origin: microchemical evidence
Authors: Bell R. , Kelsall J. , Rawluk M. , Avery D.
Published: November 2024

Animal tissues vary in microchemical composition because of the differences in geochemistry transmitted to the animal through food. Fluorescing X-ray spectroscopy and electron beam microprobe were used to measure chemical differences in ivory samples from three protected areas in Malawi and one in Zambia. These techniques are promising. Details of the experimental material such as the number of samples, sex and age of the elephants are given.
The ivory trade and the future of the African elephant: summary of the interim report of the Ivory Trade Review Group
Authors: Ivory Trade
Published: November 2024

Summarizes the interim ITRG report, as presented to the African Elephant Working Group meeting in Botswana July 1989, in terms of looking at the fall in elephant numbers and the effect this has on the elephant herds, the ivory exports from Africa the effects this trade has on elephant numbers, the economics of the trade, the demand for ivory and the other values of elephants are reviewed. The structure of the trade and the policy options, which might reduce the trade to a sustainable level, plus conclusions and recommendations arrived at thus far are discuss. Authorship could be attributed to Stephen Cobb, coordinator of ITRG..
The ecological role of elephants in Africa
Authors: Western David
Published: November 2024

Addresses the problems associateed with ecological arguments for conserving species, and notes these arise because the ecological role of a species is rarely obvious to non-ecologists, and that it is difficult to show the consequences of losing a species until after it is gone. A number of examples of the keystone role of elephants in African ecosystems are cited. The Amboseli example in Kenya illustrates what happens to biological diversity when through time in relationship to a widely varying population of elephants. Various ecological roles of elephants such as agents of seed dispersal, creators of openings or gaps in forest areas are discuss.
Forest elephant surveys in Central Africa
Authors: Barnes Richard
Published: November 2024

Summarizes results from a ground reconnaissance survey intended to extrapolate forest elephant numbers in suitable Central African forest habitats. It is suggested that about 225,000 forest elephant may be present in Central African forests: one third in Gabon which are not seriously threatened from ivory poaching, one third in Cameroon, Congo and Central African Republic which are declining fairly rapidly.and the remainder in Zaire which are swiftly disappearing.
Elephants in Tarangire
Authors: Moss Cynthia
Published: November 2024

Tarangire National Park which covers an area of 2,600 sq km has a estimated elephant population of 2,319. Elephants are thought to have moved into the Park and the surrounding Lolkisale Game Controlled Area and Simanjaro Plains as a result of poaching and harassment in other areas. Poaching of the Tarangire populations was severe in the 1970's with a carcass ratio of 32% reported for 1977, but this had decreased to 6.7% by 1988. The study reports on the age and sex structure of the elephant population in the Tarangire ecosystem which as a whole covers approximately 20,500 sq km supporting a population of about 6,110.
DNA and the ivory trade: how genetics can help conserve elephants
Authors: Georgiadis Nicholas , Patton John , Western David
Published: November 2024

If the ivory trade is not to threaten the survival of the African elephant, effective methods of regulation are essential. A prerequisite for efficient control would include the ability to discriminate between tusks from legally and illegally exploited populations. The article reviews a pilot study to identify the parent population by using genetic markers obtained from DNA of tissue attached to the tusks. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA suggests that suggests that it would be possible to regulate the ivory trade using DNA markers.
Further notes on pygmy and forest elephants
Authors: Hillman Smith,
Published: November 2024

Notes that the elephant population of Gramba National Park appers to be an inter-grade betweeen the savanna and the forest elephant with some groups showing predominantly forest type characteristics (small size, small round ears, and narrow straight tusks) while others illustrate savanna characterisitics (larger and different body strucuture, bigger ears and thicker curved tusks. The L a cyclotis type predominates although the Park is largely long grass and open savanna with surrounding woodlands dominated by deciduous trees of Combretum species rather than forest. The author notes that the Belgian operated Elephant Domestication Centre tended to capture the cyclotis type as these animals were reputed to be much more tractable. The staff of the centre also noted a smaller form of elephant which the local people spoke of and seemed to be found in the dense Raphia or swamp areas. The small size of captured small statured animals with tusks and the fact that some anmals did not grow much larger is noted.
Forest elephant populations in the Central African Republic and Congo
Authors: Fay J. , Agnagna Marcellin
Published: November 2024

Fay's portion focuses on CAR, page 4 to 12, while the remainder focussed on the Congo pages 12 to 19 is written by both authors. The appendix entitled the Nouabale Brief summarizes biodiversity of the area and the programme planning required to conserve the Nouabale area in the Congo and the adjacent Dzanga-Sangha area in CAR. The ivory trade is estimated to have reduced the wild population of the African elephant by half in the past decade. Until recently very little was known of the elephant population in the Congo and there was a dearth of data about the situation within other central African forest areas. Results from studies on populations in three study sites corresponding to the the main forest blocks found in Central Africa Republic and three survey sites the northern Congo are presented. No elephants were recorded in the Ngoto forest area in southwestern CAR, the extrapolated population for the proposed Dzanga-Sangha Reserve is 3600 while that for the Ndanda region is 2640. Population density rather than population estimates is presented for the northern Congo, the density compares favourably with that of neighbouring countries and in spite of high poaching activity there could be as many as 25,000 elephants in this region.
A report of the Laikipia elephant count, 1990
Authors: Thouless Chris
Published: November 2024

A total count of elephants in Laikipia District and the adjoining parts of western Isiolo and southern Samburu Districts carried out in 1990 suggests an minimum population of approximately 2000. Much of Laikipia consists of large-scale private ranch lands, and it is in these areas that Kenya's second largest elephant population exists. The presence of these elephants has caused many management problems, and KWS devised the Laikipia Elephant Project to tackle some of these. The format and the results of the total aerial count, which yielded a figure of 2045 animals, carried out in mid Sepetember is discuss.
Botswana's problem elephants
Authors: Spinage Clive
Published: November 2024

Referring to his article of the same title in Pachyderm no 13, p14-19 Spinage notes that the 1979 population figure for northern Botswana was a consensus figure arrived at by those who considered Sommerlatte's 1977 figure of 33,000 too high. He also that although Smither's range map 1969 range extends to the Namibian border recent surveys have detected no elephants west of the Okavango. He suggests that the logistic curve presented in his own article should be taken literally, the present habitat could not withstand such a high population as the curve suggested stabilization might occur.
The distribution and number of forest dwelling elephants in extreme southeastern Cameroon
Authors: Stromayer Karl , Ekobo Atanga
Published: November 2024

The forests of southeastern Cameroon may contain some of the largest and least disturbed populations of rainforest mammals in Central Africa, but there is no effective protected status and wildlife is increasingly threatened by poorly conceived logging practices and excessive hunting. During ground transect studies in three areas within the region, intended to propose boundaries of a series of regional reserves and to provide data on the number and distribution of elephants a density of 4.64 elephants per sq km was noted in one, the Lake Lobeke area. Recommendations include the establishment of a minimum of two protected areas in Molondou Subdivision; one encompassing the general area of the Lake Lobeke and Mongokele study sites and the other on the proposed Boumba Bek Forest Reserve.
Satellite tracking of elephants in Laikipia District, Kenya
Authors: Thouless Chris , Hoare Richard , Mulama Martin
Published: November 2024

Whereas satellite tracking has been successfully carried out on other species, it has not been easy to design a suitable satellite collar for elephants. Most studies of elephant movements have been carried out using conventional radio transmitters. This study, carried out on Ol Ari Nyari Ranch in Laikipia District, attempted to develop satellite transmitters for elephants and test their effectiveness in the field. The paper details the methods used and discusses the value and cost-effectiveness of the results in comparison with those from conventional radio tracking.
Chairman's report: African Elephant Specialist Group/Rapport des Presidents du GSEA
Authors: Dublin Holly
Published: November 2024

Reviews the November 1992 meeting of the AfESG, which was the first meeting subsequent of the separation of the elephant and rhino speicalist groups, noting the special aerial and ground survey as well as the regional working group sessions and the papers presented. Notes the change of focus in the discussion which at this meeting often dealt with the human/elephant conflict which is arising in place of the elephant survival/poaching pressure which has dominated discussions of most previous meetings.
Ground Survey Working Group. Working Group Discussion Two. [Proceedings of the AfESG meeting, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, Nov. 17-22 1992]
Authors: African Elephant
Published: November 2024

Refers to the terms of reference and summarizes the discussion of the Ground Survey Working Group chaired by Raman Sukumar. The differences between the surveys carried out in the regions were noted, the decision making steps taken before the survey was undertaken and the current survey methods were discuss. The group agreed more work is required in dung decay rates and suggetd a study involing 15 widely scattered loctions in different ecosytems should be undertaken. Data quality for AED input was proposed for further discussion in regard to aspects which should be included in high, meduim and low confidence limits.
Current elephant range and status in Mozambique
Authors: Chambal Mateus
Published: November 2024

Provides a general overview of the range and status of the African elephant in Mozambique. There are three main populations; central, northern and southern, in order of the most promising in the long term. The need to create conservation zones in areas with significant elephant populations and proper planning for human settlements are some of the issues discussed in order to avoid human/animal conflict.
The status of forest elephants in the south east of the Republic of Cameroon
Authors: Ekobo Atanga
Published: November 2024

Reviews results from the recent transect survey covering three southeastern Cameroon areas, Lake Lobeke, Mongokele and Boumba-bek where based on dung density counts estimated elephant population for the areas were 11,225, 3,723 and 3,215 respectively. The study suggests that in spite of extensive logging and poaching activity in the region the elephant populations in the three survey areas do not appear to be in immediate jeopardy.
Long-distance movements of an unprotected population on the Laikipia Plateau, Kenya
Authors: Thouless Chris
Published: November 2024

Results from radio tracking 20 elephants over a two year period suggest the approximately 3000 animals presently in the area are comprised of 4 main subpopulations: the Laikipia residents, the itinerant Laikipia elephants which are the main crop raiders, the forest dwellers which move onto the plains after the rain and the long distance migrants which move between Samburu and Laikipia two times a year. The apparent migration, which is probably no more than 20 years old, may have initially been a response to poaching. Now its occurence is associated with land use conflict and water accessibility.
The cost of conserving elephants
Authors: Leader-Williams Nigel
Published: November 2024

African elephants attract a variety of economic values, and to varying degrees in different range states, live both within and outside protected areas. In either situation, elephants may be in conflict with man. As a result range states have to expend funds to protect elephants. This questionnaire based survey found as a general rule in 1981 it was necessary to spend around US$215 per sq km of protected area to prevent the decline of elephants due severe commercial poaching for ivory. In 1989, taking inflation into account, US$340 would be required to maintain the same standard. Given that ensuring the success of law enforcement efforts is probably the most important management objective for future conservation greater emphasis needs to be placed upon this topic.
The introduction of elephant into medium-sized conservation areas
Authors: Anderson Jeremy
Published: November 2024

The reintroduction of elephants should only be considered if one of the objectives of the reserve is to re-establish the wildlife community, and the species formerly occurred in the vicinity. Secondary factors include the ecological role played by elephants, and the value of this species to visitors. The experiences of the large scale reintroductions in Pilanesberg National Park and the Hluhluwe/Umfolozi Complex are described, inclusive of the problems encountered and likely to arise in a project of this nature.
Chewing of bark by elephants: pastime or medicine?
Authors: Damiba Theophane
Published: November 2024

Observations during a study of elephant impact on woody vegetation noted animals frequently stripped and chewed bark, particularly from Lannea species, but did not swallow it. Researchers query the possibility of elephants treating themselves for poisonous plants as these same species is used by people to treat cases of accidental food and beverage poisoning.
Timber, cocoa, and crop-raiding elephants: a preliminary study from southern Ghana
Authors: Barnes Richard , Azika Sylvester , Asamoah-Boateng B.
Published: November 2024

Reviews the economics associated land use changes in the area initially related to logging and more recently to cocoa and other agricultural crops, which have caused disruption to elephant populations and increased human-elephant conflict in southern Ghana.
Factors affecting elephant distribution at Garamba National Park and surrounding reserves, Zaire, with a focus on human-elephant conflict
Authors: Hillman Smith, , De Merode, , Nicholas Aaron , Buls Barbara , Ndey Jerome
Published: November 2024

Presents preliminary results from investigations focussed on the background of human-elephant conflict in Garamba National Park and adjacent reserves. Concentrations of both elephant and fires have caused the loss of woody vegetation within the Park thus the animals have started to frequent adjacent areas. Mapping of the vegetation and the animal distribution coupled with radio tracking and interviews with people in adjacent areas and long term staff have provided a significant amount of information. Data suggest that the conflict is minimal, and for the most part crop raiding by elephants is rarely done except when the agricultural land lies in the pathway to seasonal ranges or general population movement.
Conservation and management of elephants in Namibia
Authors: Lindeque Malan
Published: November 2024

Namibia's elephant population which ranges across a large section of the northern part of the country numbers over 7,000 animals, a significant change from almost extinction earlier this century. Most elephants occur outside the protected areas and their extensive migratory range makes it is difficult monitor land use conflicts. Management stategies based on sustainable use are outlined.
Options for the control of elephants in conflict with people
Authors: Hoare Richard
Published: November 2024

Faced with a increasing elephant population in a decreasing range situation, at a time when a increasing amount of the management is taking place outside of protected areas, it is realized elephants are of considerable economic value at the same time they are a pest species. This paper focuses on an approach to dealing with the problem as a whole.
Elephants in the Lobéké Forest, Cameroon
Authors: Ekobo Atanga
Published: November 2024

Reviews results of dung counts by line transect ground surveys to ascertain the density of elephant in the Lobeke forest area. The data along with ecological surveys and other information is being utilized to assess the value of the forest area as a reserve.
Selous aerial survey 1981
Authors: Borner Markus
Published: November 2024

Summarizes results from the 1981 Selous aerial survey, which included about 35% of the Reserve, and compares them to the 1976 data. Elephant numbers seem to have remained relatively stable with the 1976 estimate being 82,628 +/- 17% and the 1981 one being 85,504 +/- 12%. However, the skeleton count increased about 50% with the ratio of dead to live animals rising from 7.8% to 12.3% over the four year period and much of the increase took place close to settled areas. Full report also in file.
AERSG initiates new analysis of elephant data
Authors: Pilgram Tom
Published: November 2024

Outlines the projected research into the relationship between sex and age and tusk sizes. Resulting population modelling should provide evidence on the health of the population and the sustainability of the ivory trade
Evidence for the effectiveness of an oleo-resin capsicum aerosol as a repellent against wild elephants in Zimbabwe
Authors: Osborn Ferrel , Rasmussen L.
Published: November 2024

Test results from studies with free ranging elephants suggest a Capsicum-based aerosol solution has validity as an elephant repellent over both short (20-30m) and intermediate (20-30m) ranges, and that Capsicum is a short-term repellent. Preliminary results suggest that this chemical may act as a practical elephant deterrent which can be combined with aversive conditioning of problem elephants.
The domestication of the African elephant
Authors: Iversen Eve
Published: November 2024

Reviews the historic domestication and use of African elephants in western Zaire, the unsuccesful attempts to import Asian elephants, and the capture and training of elephants from the late 1800s through to about 1960. Notes the redevelopment of earlier forest elephant domestication in Garamba National Park, and the ongoing attempt to domesticate bush elephants in the Okavango Delta area with the assistance of circus trained animals. Tourism is the focus of both present programmes.
Chairman's report: African Elephant Specialist Group
Authors: Dublin Holly
Published: November 2024

Primarily reviews 1996 members meeting held in Kruger National Park, which will be featured in the next issue of Pachyderm, plus the ongoing research and management studies focussed on elephant population status, ecology and conservation programmes.
African elephants and European rabbits: a spurious correlation?
Authors: Spinage Clive
Published: November 2024

Compares the debarking of young and drought stressed shrubs by rabbits in Britain with the debarking of trees by elephants. Particular reference is made to Amboseli where a change in the water table level may have caused the phenol content of the bark to fall as it did in the drought conditions experienced by the rabbits.
African elephants in coastal refuges: postscript
Authors: Dudley Joseph
Published: November 2024

Reviews the situation in Knysna since the author's earlier paper (Pachyderm no 21) focusing on elephant in coastal refuges which was written at a time when the Knynsa populations consisted of four aminals and a translocation from Kruger was pending. At present three females are present, no bonding took place between the translocated juveniles and the resident elephants (one of the three translocated animals died in 1994). The author notes that the Knysna population may now be considered functionally extinct and he suggests that small, isolated elephant populations be given immediate attention if the continuity of the species is considered at all feasible in a specific area.
The loss of a population of elephants in the Middle Shire Valley, southern Malawi
Authors: Sherry Brian , Tattersall Fran
Published: November 2024

Reviews two surveys of elephant in the Middle Shire Valley, carried out in 1983-1987 and in 1994, corresponding to the periods before and after the population destruction. The 1983-87 survey estimated the Valley supported about 10% of Malawi's elephants, a population of 200-300 ranged over 1000 sq kms much of which was in the Majete Wildlife Reserve. With the influx of Mozambican refugees poaching escalated. Government action was inadequate and by 1992 reports suggested the elephant population had been eliminated. In 1994 ground and aerial surveys confirmed no elephant remained in the region. Although direct observation was difficult information was amassed through dung counts, spoor, damage to vegetation including that to agricultural crops, and interviews with local people thus the group size, normal range area and even age and sex of the majority of members were often well known. The 1994 survey interviewed wildlife field staff and people of 16 villages and a low level aerial survey picked out carcass locations. Commercial poaching began in late 1986 and continued unabated until 1991. This aspect plus a refugee camp eventually hosting >60,000 located in the immediate area suggests little chance for any remmant animals.
Translocation of elephants: the Kenyan experience
Authors: Njumbi Stephen , Waithaka John , Gachago Salome , Sakwa Jim , Mwathe Kennedy , Mungai Paul , Mulama Martin , Mutinda Hamisi , Omondi Patrick , Litoroh Moses
Published: November 2024

Reviews the initial large scale translocation programme in which 26 elephant from Mwea National Park in central Kenya, an area completely surrounded by agricultural land, were to be moved to Tsavo East National Park in the southeastern portion of the country. Sixteen elephant were successfully translocated in five operations between September 1995 and June 1996. During the third operation 5 other animals died, 3 in recumbent state after being darted and 2, which were revived after darting, two days later. Death was related to a change in diet was caused a physiological condition brought on by an abnormally high potassium level in the body leading to heart failure. Details of the programme which removed a total of 21 elephants from the Mwea population are discuss.
Potential impact of the US Endangered Species Act on elephant management and conservation
Authors: Lindeque Malan , Rihoy L. , Hutton Jon
Published: November 2024

Only the abstract of this paper was published. The Endangered Species Act (ESA), the legislation which deals with the importation of sport hunted elephant trophies into the United States and therefore controls the most lucrative foreign market available to African range states who in part depend on such funds to finance their conservation programmes, has been undergoing review since 1994. The review has caused controversy within the United States, but its outcome could impinge on foreign money available to a number of range states, particularly those in Southern Africa, which have no say whatsoever in the review.
Options for the management of elephants in northern Botswana
Authors: Chafota Jonas , Owen-Smith R.
Published: November 2024

Reviews the recent history and status of what can perhaps be considerd the largest population in Africa, the elephant population in northern Botswana which since 1983 has been managed through a policy of non-interference. The population of approximately 70,000 is contained in a range of about 80,000 sq kms which includes 18,247 sq kms of protected areas, Chobe and Nxai Pan NPs and Moremi GR. The elephant distribution during the dry season is restricted by the availability of surface water. Up to 75% of the population may be confined to 10,000 to 12,000 sq kms mostly within 30 km of the permanent water sources of the Kwando-Linyanti and Chobe Rivers. The impact the animals have exerted and continue to exert on their immediate habitat in the dry season has been a source of much concern, but decisions regarding effective management options are yet to made. The problems associated with the high population and alternative management strategies are outlined. It is suggested that a combination of actions should be coinsidered and implemented.
Capital city artisan markets in Africa and their impact of elephants: a case study from the Republic of Congo
Authors: Fay J. , Madzou Y. , Moukassa A.
Published: November 2024

Only the abstract and a short summary of the presentation and following discussion was published. All ivory observed to be sold by four retailers from September 1994 through to September 1995 in Marche Plateau, the largest artisans retail market place selling ivory in the Congo, was recorded noting the artifact sold, the price and the nationality of the purchaser. Much of the ivory was sold to people form neighbouring African states for re-sale followed by tourists from Europe, Asia and the Middle East. A total of 1,178 people bought 683kg of ivory with the North Africans buying the largest average weight per customer while the French constituted the biggest number of clients. There is evidence that the level of ivory sold in the Plateau market has increased significantly over the past three years. There has been an accompanying increase in the level of poaching of elephants in the Congo.
Monitoring the ivory trade and ivory stocks in the post-CITES ban period
Authors: Milliken Tom
Published: November 2024

Traffic's assessment of the ivory trade in the post CITES ban period has two major objectives: to identify and monitor the accumulation of ivory stocks, and to develop a database of all ivory seizures, the so called Bad Ivory Database System (BIDS). In terms of the first aspect data from 16 countries show a total of 380 but there are still 16 range ranges to check with and since these include the Southern African states a much larger amount will be recorded. About 500 tonnes in Kenya and Zambia have been burnt. West and central Africa have poorly recorded and poorly controlled stocks and much of the ivory accruing to the governments in these states has been sold in local markets. The official statistics regarding trade are no longer available as the trade is now underground thus BIDS largest source is law enforcement records and more thatn 2,700 seizures have been recorded since 1989. Asian-run, African- based processing operations to produce blank name seals may exist in as many as 12 countries whereas prior to the ban two such operations were identified.
Law enforcement within protected areas
Authors: Bryden Bruce
Published: November 2024

Only a summary of the presentation was published. Notes since elephant and rhino share much of the same habitat in southern Africa security and law enforcement face the same challenges. The Rhino and Elephant Management Security Committee whose membership comprises representatives and owners, and law enforcement and investigation officiers with the overall mission to promote the security of both these species in southern African is operational. Major training and anti-poaching operations began in Kruger in 1986, this seems to have contained poaching which has been low and sporadic except for the years 1981-1985.
Elephant translocations
Authors: Coetsee A.
Published: November 2024

Only the summary of the presentation, which was accompanied by a video taped film, was published. Reviews the 1993 removal of 670 elephants in family units from Gonarezhou National Park - 470 to large conservation areas in Zimbabwe and 200 to Madikwe Reserve in South Africa. The exercise proved elephant herds can be successfully captured and translocated over long distances thus providing an option to culling when alternative land areas are available.
Elephant population control in African National Parks
Authors: Bengis Roy
Published: November 2024

Reviews the reasons behind the need to control elephant populations - land use conflict, restricted range etc. Outlines the ways in which the usual culling programmes were and are still carried out and then notes the alternative method of controlling the population in a specific area, translocation. This latter method at best can only be considered a short term alternative to a constantly rising population.
Developments with immunocontraceptives for elephants
Authors: Raath Cobus
Published: November 2024

Only the summary of the presentation and the following discussion are published. Outlines the ongoing study to prove the effectiveness of a immunocontraceptive vaccine for elephant and to run a five year trial of using Kruger Park cows, which can be radio collared and monitored, before implementing it on a wider scale. Sterilization and the fact that immunocontaception destroys the ovarian tissues in some species or leads to cancer in others is noted
Current elephant conservation problems in Borno State, Nigeria
Authors: Bita Bukar
Published: November 2024

Two elephant populations are known to exist in Borno State. One occupies the Bama area in southern agricultural region and migrates between Cameroon and Nigeria elephant range, while the other occupys the Lake Chad Basin and constitutes the migratory populations moving between Chad and Nigeria and Nigeria and the northern tip of Cameroon. In the early 1970s estimated elephant population was 8,060, at present it is estimated to be under 200. The decline is attributed to habitat fragmentation, poaching, and uncontrolled problem elephant control, coupled with a lack of political will and funds to manage the remnant populations. Demand for agricultural land has been largely responsible for habitat fragmentation, and resulting land use conflict has been exacerbated by drought and political instability. Since 1988 when 36 elephant carcasses, with all tusks removed, were found along the Lake Chad shoreline few animals have been seen in this area and the migration from Waza NP in Cameroon to Lake Chad has been intermittent. Human-elephant conflict is increasing, elephant are shot indiscriminately due to lack of both adequate funding for animal control and enforcement of conservation. (Map and text may not be in clear aggreement)
Conflits homme-elephant au Togo
Authors: Okoumassou Kotchikpa
Published: November 2024

Elephants occur in two areas, comprising a very small total population in Togo; in the north, the national parks of Fosse-aux-Lions(es (estimate 128 elephant) and Keran (25 animals) and the reserves of Faune d'Oti-Mandouri (20 animals) and Galangashie (10 animals); in far south in the central portion in the areas of the Fazao-Malfacassa (45 animals) and the Faune d'Abdoulaye R. Maps note the restriction of range between 1990 and 1995 and text outlines the areas of elephant-human conflict.
Elephants, rhinos and the economics of the illegal trade
Authors: T'Sas-Rolfes Michael
Published: November 2024

Discusses decisions made at the recent CITES meeting, the Tenth of the Parties of the Convention, associated with the international ivory and rhino horn trade. Results give some insight into the realization that a blanket ban was not sustainable in the face of highly different population and ecological situations in various ranges states. Suggests the provisions for the sale of ivory stocks from Botswana, Namibia and Zimbabwe opens the way to alternative views of trade and management in these wildlife products, and for conservation of elephants and rhinos. The paper reviews the issues associated with the stockpiling of ivory, the maintenance of elephant populations and the economics of the illegal trade as well as noting aspects of population control programmes.
Management of elephant populations in Kenya - what have we learnt so far?
Authors: Waithaka John
Published: November 2024

Reviews present understanding of elephant-habitat relationships in different ecological areas in Kenya and notes the compression of range and the attendant environmental stress associated with such situations. Mentions the long term vegetation change in Amboseli obvious in systematic study of on aerial photography as well as results from research in Samburu, Aberdares and Shimba Hills which provide insight into the variability of the temporal and spatial aspects of these relationships. Notes culling and translocations as the management options available for reducing the population density in artificially compressed areas and discusses an alternative that of allowing or providing for dispersal by means of corridors between areas where migrations routes naturally occurred, or to areas where populations could disperse to under present land use patterns.
Forest clearings and the conservation of elephants (Loxodonta africana cyclotis) in north-east Congo Republic
Authors: Vanleeuwe Hilde , Gautier-Hion Annie , Cajani Simona
Published: November 2024

The high population of forest elephant in Odzala NP is related to the diversity of habitat and in particular the large areas of Maranthaceae forest which provide herbaceous foods and the presence of many forest clearing which offer mineral salts. Both the Mananthaceae forest distribution and the location of forest clearing appear to influence forest elephant movements. Besides being important foraging sites for elephants, forest clearing provide excellent conditions for observing forest animals and accordingly are ideal for both tourists and hunters. The frequency and number of elephants visiting clearings such as Maya Nord, a favoured clearing which served as a major observation site as no evidence of poaching activity was associated with it, during the day offer a remarkable opportunity to observe these and other animals. Such forest clearing have both ecological and economic value for ecotourism. Paradoxically such clearings provide situations wherein the same animals may be vulnerable to hunters thus conservation programmes considering the use of such sites must also develop management and community programmes to discourage poaching.
Elephant problem in the Mungo Division, Littoral Province (Cameroon)
Authors: Ekobo Atanga
Published: November 2024

Results of a questionnnaire survey, involving 100 interviewees from 19 villages, and a dung survey in the Mungo Division provided insight into the seasonal migration patterns, density and distribution of elephants in the area and well as a better understanding of the problems associated with crop raiding by this species. Although no crop raiding took place during the survey period the interviews coupled with the dung survey results gave excellent insight into the conflict situations and provide information upon which to beging to build management alternatives.
Trends of the elephant population in northern Botswana from aerial survey data
Authors: Gibson Deborah , Craig G. , Masogo Rapelang
Published: November 2024

Summarizes methods and results of aerial surveys since 1973, and presents a history of the elephant population in Botswana with estimates of recent trends provided by survey data. Aerial surveys of northern Botswana's elephants have been taking place since the early 1970s. While it is not possible to use all of the data from the surveys, they provide evidence to suggest that since 1987 the population of elephants in northern Botswana has increased to the present level of about 80,000 animals at a rate of around 6% per annum. Their range, which has expanded south and westward, changes seasonally, but is largely outside protected areas.
Trends of elephant poaching in Kenya: the elephant mortality database.
Authors: Waithaka John
Published: November 2024

In 1992 KWS established an Elephant Mortality Database for monitoring all incidents of elephant mortality, to enable the relevant departments to respond appropriately to each particular circumstance. The database contains information on poaching, illegal trafficking of ivory, patrols, surveillance, problem animal control etc. This paper intends to share information on monitoring of elephant poaching in Kenya with other Range States and examine ways of improving the overall elephant security network by establishing collaboration and other relevant mechanisms with other countries, and to demonstrate the importance of establishing a wide and efficient information system within countries, regions and Range States as a whole.
Human-elephant interactions at the ecosystem level
Authors: Hoare Richard
Published: November 2024

Elephant populations in the Sebungwe region were studied over a 15,000 sq kms range of mixed natural habitat and human land use. Abundance, spatial organization, and social ecology were compared between a) populations resident in protected wildlife areas, and b) communal lands with human populations. Trends in numbers and densities compiled for the past 16 years, 1980-1996, were stable or declining, contrasting with steadily rising trends of the previous 25 years, 1955-1980. Crude densities outside protected areas rose significantly when converted to ecological densities by excluding human settlement areas, population decline was proportional to agricultural expansion. In communal lands, female elephant home range was estimated to have been compressed by 58% in response to human settlement over the last decade. Widespread displacement of unprotected populations into available refuges was not demonstrated. The prevailing 'linear model' of human-elephant interaction is inapplicable here. An alternative 'flip model' is proposed: elephant and humans coexist at variable levels or abundance until a threshold of land cover transformation is reached in the natural matrix, whereafter elephants disappear.
Social organisation in translocated juvenile African elephants; the dominance hierarchy and an intriguing behaviour
Authors: Garaï Marion
Published: November 2024

Five groups of penned and four groups of free ranging translocated juvenile African elephants were studied to assess: the establishment of a dominance hierarchy, whether this heirarchy is transitive, and whether their dominance can be measured by the direction of aggressive and submissive behaviour. The relationship between the behaviour 'trunk-over-back' and dominance was investigated. In two penned and three free ranging groups there was a negative correlation between the ranks of 'aggressor' and 'recipient of aggression' and one group showed similar patterns when the data was analysed by sex. In two penned and three free ranging groups there was a positive correlation between the ranks of 'aggressor' and 'recipient of submissive behaviour'. 'Trunk over back' was shown mainly by males, or by the most dominant individual in a group. Trunk-mouth-contact was seen mainly within the context of play and play-fighting. It is suggested that this behaviour is one of appeasement to reduce aggressive motivation and prevent it from escalating to harmful levels, and that it is ritualized.
Elephant contraception research in the Kruger National Park
Authors: Whyte Ian , Grobler Dave
Published: November 2024

Reviews two immunocontraception methods used for cow elephant in Kruger NP recently: porcine zon pellucida immuno-contraceptiove vaccine (pZP), and hormonal control using subcutaneous oestradiol-17B (Oestrogen) implants. In terms of effectiveness the oestradial implants proved successful in that none of the treated cows was pregnant after 6 months, the end of the expected life of the implant, nor were any pregnant after 12 months, which may have been due to amounts of estrogen still being released by implants preventing ovulation or a more permanent effect on the ovaries. However, due to the fact that during the first six months the cows implanted with oestradiol-17B exhibited behavioural aberrances (these animals were harrassed by bulls) which resulted in substantially increased stress levels on the treated cows and their calves, the project has been temporarily suspended. The pZP technique had been demonstrated to be effective in other locations, but after 12 months ultrasonographic examination showed 8 of the 19 treated cows were pregnant. Both methods require further research.
Habitudes migratoires des elephants et interactions homme-elephant dans la region de Waza-Logone (Nord-Cameroun)
Authors: Tchamba Martin
Published: November 2024

Three subpopulations exist in the Waza NP region: a sedentary group with a range of about 785 sq kms; a group which during the dry season migrates towards Kalamaloue NP 80 km north of Waza, and returns to Waza NP early in the rainy season; and, a group which migrates southwards into the Kaele region at the beginning of the rainy season, and returns to Waza early in the dry season. The range of the latter two groups are about 3,066 and 1,577 - 2,604 sq kms respectively. The 1991 estimated elephant population in the area was 1,100 (perhaps up to 1,400). Crop raiding elephants in southern Waza during the rainy season have increased from 50 in 1991 to 330 in 1997. Official estimates of the annual crop damage of 200 ha at US$382,000 is an overestimate in the order of 46%. However, the US$51,000 revenue generated from elephant related tourism cannot compensate for damage incurred. Loss of human life due to elephants is rare, and elephant mortality caused by humans is negligible. Conflict reduction measures: fencing, translocation of problem animals or financial compensation, should include legislative reforms and assistance to reinforce local wildlife management capacity.