bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prognostic factors for and outcome of locally advanced prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy
Authors: Hsu Chao‐Yu , Wildhagen Mark F. , Van Poppel Hein , Bangma Chris H.
Published: November 2009

Study Type – Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 2b

OBJECTIVE

To present the outcomes of cT3N0M0 prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy (RP) and determine the prognostic factors in biochemical progression‐free survival (BPFS), clinical progression‐free survival (CPFS), cancer‐specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS) after long‐term follow‐up of 10 years.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

In all, 164 patients who were assessed as clinical T3 prostate cancer by digital rectal examination (DRE), underwent RP and bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy at Erasmus MC between 1977 and 2004 without neoadjuvant treatment. Preoperative staging computed tomography showed no signs of metastasis. Kaplan–Meier curves were constructed to show BPFS, CPFS, CSS and OS. Cox proportional hazard analysis was used to determine prognostic indicators of disease progression.

RESULTS

The mean (range) follow‐up was 100 (1–291) months. At 5, 10 and 15 years, BPFS was 50.4%, 43.0% and 38.3%, respectively, CPFS was 79.7%, 68.7% and 63.5%, CSS was 93.4%, 80.3% and 66.3%, and OS was 87.1%, 67.2% and 37.4%. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis showed that surgical tumour grade, margin and node status were significant factors in CPFS and CSS. Surgical tumour grade, node status and preoperative PSA level were significant factors in BPFS

CONCLUSION

RP for clinically locally advanced prostate cancer may produce acceptable long‐term BPFS, which is comparable with published results of radiotherapy with adjuvant endocrine therapy. Pathological tumour grade and node status were significant predicting factors in BPFS and CPFS, as well as tumour‐specific survival after 100 months follow‐up.
Synergies between processing and memory in children’s reading span
Authors: Towse John N. , Hitch Graham J. , Horton Neil , Harvey Katarina
Published: November 2009

Previous research has established the relevance of working memory for cognitive development. Yet the factors responsible for shaping performance in the complex span tasks used to assess working memory capacity are not fully understood. We report a study of reading span in 7‐ to 11‐year‐old children that addresses several contemporary theoretical issues. We demonstrate that both the timing and the accuracy of recall are affected by the presence or absence of a semantic connection between the processing requirement and the memoranda. Evidence that there can be synergies between processing and memory argues against the view that complex span simply measures the competition between these activities. We also demonstrate a consistent relationship between the rate of completing processing operations (sentence reading) and recall accuracy. At the same time, the shape and strength of this function varies with the task configuration. Taken together, these results demonstrate the potential for reconstructive influences to shape working memory performance among children.
AUTO‐MATICITY: RUSCHA AND PERFORMATIVE PHOTOGRAPHY
Authors: IVERSEN MARGARET
Published: November 2009

Ed Ruscha's ground‐breaking 1963 book, Twentysix Gasoline Stations, consists of a series of photographs of gas stations along Route 66. Ruscha explained in an interview that he liked the word ‘gasoline’ and the random specificity of number 26. This paper argues that the title, formulated in advance, provided the nub of an instruction. Ruscha set himself a simple brief and understood the photographs as records of large‐scale readymades. Depersonalization or ‘auto‐maticity’ pervades the work in terms of the pre‐set project, the readymade object, the car and the uninflected snapshots. Jeff Wall's positioning the work of Ruscha and other artists of the period in relation to ‘non‐autonomous’, photojournalistic or amateur photography does nothing to capture this deliberately affectless, depersonalized use of the camera. The books are better understood if related to a certain reception of Marcel Duchamp in the United States which might be called the instructional and performative Duchamp, exemplified most clearly in his 3 Standard Stoppages.
ED RUSCHA, HEIDEGGER, AND DEADPAN PHOTOGRAPHY
Authors: VINEGAR ARON
Published: November 2009

The word most often used to describe Ed Ruscha's photographic books – and a good stretch of conceptual and post‐conceptual photography in the wake of his practice – is ‘deadpan’. The ambition of this essay is to see if this term has any purchase on what makes this photographic work so compelling. I pay particular attention to the vocabulary of indifference, fact, and facticity that is raised whenever Ruscha's books are under discussion. This vocabulary is also central to Martin Heidegger's philosophy, and plays a crucial role in his consideration of the way mood reveals and modulates our way of being in the world. I explore how these thoughts intersect with Stanley Cavell's intriguing account of the ‘philosophical mood’ of Buster Keaton's deadpan humour and vision of the world – marked by his peculiar openness and evenness of response to it – and what that might reveal about Ruscha's photography and its vision of the world.
EXIT GHOST: DOUGLAS HUEBLER'S FACE VALUE
Authors: HUGHES GORDON
Published: November 2009

Beginning with his early systems‐based works, Douglas Huebler's photo‐conceptualism takes direct aim at various efforts to heighten or exaggerate the expressive content of photography. This essay examines a heretofore unnoticed but crucial strategy in this practice of negation: Huebler's use of images broadly associated with surrealism's efforts to tap into ‘the Marvellous’– mannequins, identical twins, extreme coincidence, and ghosts. Far from reinforcing the uncanny effects of such images and tropes, Huebler, I claim, is on the contrary concerned to flatten and drain all traces of subjective resonance from these once expressive forms. Examining a range of works in which Huebler effectively transforms the Marvellous into the risible, I argue that one reason for this transformation is that the historical conditions by which photography could be charged with uncanny affect are no longer in place. As a result, we are now able to recognize only signs and images of the Marvellous/uncanny in photography, but our emotive response, like Huebler's photographs, is essentially empty. The essay concludes with Roland Barthes' mournful description of the loss of the photographic uncanny, or what he calls the ‘madness’ of photography, as it occurs in the final pages of Camera Lucida.
PRODUCTIVE MISUNDERSTANDINGS: INTERPRETING MEL BOCHNER'S THEORY OF PHOTOGRAPHY
Authors: SKREBOWSKI LUKE
Published: November 2009

Mel Bochner is conventionally considered a conceptual artist. Bochner, however, objects to the label and, having started his career as a painter, is now painting again. In fact he has been painting since 1973, in the immediate aftermath of the collapse of first generation conceptual art. How should Bochner's return to painting be understood? Perhaps counter‐intuitively, Bochner's painting is best understood with reference to his short‐lived and still little discussed photographic practice. The insights Bochner gained from his brief period of photographic experimentation are summarized in his work Misunderstandings (A Theory of Photography) (1967–70). By reconstructing and interpreting the significance of Misunderstandings for Bochner's artistic development, I reveal that it is also productive within the broader context of the ongoing reassessment of the critical significance of photoconceptualism.
RONI HORN'S ICELANDIC ENCYCLOPEDIA
Authors: GODFREY MARK
Published: November 2009

Since 1990, the American artist Roni Horn has published nine volumes of a book project titled To Place which she calls an ‘Icelandic Encyclopaedia’. The books include over 400 photographs. In this paper, I contextualize the project in the history of post‐conceptual photographic practices and artists' books. I argue that Horn uses the form of the archive and encyclopedia to undo rather than cement categories and definitions, by constantly shifting the mode of presentation from volume to volume. I look at the way in which genres of portraiture and landscape become one another, and at Horn's treatment of the book form. The essay argues that Iceland has a paradoxical attraction for Horn: it is a place of ‘becoming’, whose geological identity is mutable, and it is a landscape which allows her to feel centred. These two meanings are communicated through the ways in which photographs are presented to the viewer/reader of the To Place books.
THOMAS DEMAND, JEFF WALL AND SHERRIE LEVINE: DEFORMING ‘PICTURES’
Authors: TRODD TAMARA
Published: November 2009

What are we to make of the return of the ‘picture’ in photography after conceptual art? In this article I engage directly with the lineage provided by Jeff Wall for his own brand of ‘pictorialist’ photography, and his surprising appropriation of Sherrie Levine to this end. I suggest that Wall's gesture of appropriation and the structure of his own works reveal a more irrational sense of the ‘picture’ as a force of deformation which may usefully be extended to the work of Thomas Demand. I argue that Demand's work does not support the terms of modernist aesthetics, and in particular, cannot be credibly interpreted as founding photography as a ‘medium’, as Michael Fried has suggested. Instead I argue that Demand's work presents photography as parasitic and bound in an irrational relationship to sculpture. Neither medium is self‐supporting and each is instead ‘propped’ on the other, forced to cohere by the deforming operations of the ‘picture’.
ALMOST MEROVINGIAN: ON JEFF WALL'S RELATION TO NEARLY EVERYTHING
Authors: BRÜCKLE WOLFGANG
Published: November 2009

Much of the writing on Wall applies paradigms to his work that he has claimed for himself. With this circularity in mind, this essay discusses problems of value‐making in photographic history and their consequences for our interpretation of Wall's work, which seems to refer to very diverse aesthetic discourses and systems. For several decades, Wall attempted to emulate traditional Western painting, yet his recent work focuses on a different tradition, as the ‘cinematographic’ model arguably gives way to allusions to documentary traditions he once deemed outdated. This essay questions the coherence of certain critical arguments that claim to explain the features of individual images, although they are obviously based on Wall's broader aesthetic and theoretical strategies of context‐making and cross‐referencing. The author argues that Wall refers to the documentary tradition in some of his works in order to grant credibility and complexity to his overall oeuvre, which otherwise would not meet all the demands of his aesthetic claims.
MORNING CLEANING: JEFF WALL AND THE LARGE GLASS
Authors: CONLEY CHRISTINE
Published: November 2009

Jeff Wall's Morning Cleaning, Mies van der Rohe Foundation, Barcelona, 1999, is a cinematographic digital transparency picturing the German Pavilion designed by Mies for the 1929 International Exposition in Barcelona and reconstructed in the 1980s. The tableau involves the arrested action of a male cleaner, oblivious to the gaze of the spectator, as he washes the windows separating the interior from an outdoor pool, where the morning sun illuminates Georg Kolbe's sculpture Dawn. Contrary to Michael Fried's reading of Morning Cleaning as a renewal of the antitheatrical aims of High Modernist painting, this essay looks to Duchamp's Large Glass as the model for its structuring tensions. Morning Cleaning is considered as a Duchampian delay in relation to the politics of modernist glass architecture in Wall's Kammerspiel essay, and as a ‘countermonument’ to the reconstructed pavilion as fetish, emptied of social meaning and the traumatic history of modernity.
Preschoolers’ Search for Explanatory Information Within Adult–Child Conversation
Authors: Frazier Brandy N. , Gelman Susan A. , Wellman Henry M.
Published: November 2009

This research examined children’s questions and the reactions to the answers they receive in conversations with adults. If children actively seek explanatory knowledge, they should react differently depending on whether they receive a causal explanation. Study 1 examined conversations following 6 preschoolers’ (ages 2–4 years) causal questions in naturalistic situations (using the Child Language Data Exchange System [CHILDES] database). Children more often agreed and asked follow‐up questions following adult explanations and, conversely, more often reasked their original question and provided their own explanation following nonexplanations. Study 2 replicated these patterns within an experimental task in 42 children ages 3–5 years. Children’s reactions following explanatory versus nonexplanatory information confirm that young children are motivated to seek causal information actively and use specific conversational strategies to obtain it.
Young Children’s Representations of Spatial and Functional Relations Between Objects
Authors: Shutts Kristin , Örnkloo Helena , Von Hofsten Claes , Keen Rachel , Spelke Elizabeth S.
Published: November 2009

Three experiments investigated changes from 15 to 30 months of age in children’s (N = 114) mastery of relations between an object and an aperture, supporting surface, or form. When choosing between objects to insert into an aperture, older children selected objects of an appropriate size and shape, but younger children showed little selectivity. Further experiments probed the sources of younger children’s difficulty by comparing children’s performance placing a target object in a hole, on a 2‐dimensional form, or atop another solid object. Together, the findings suggest that some factors limiting adults’ object representations, including the difficulty of comparing the shapes of positive and negative spaces and of representing shapes in 3 dimensions, contribute to young children’s errors in manipulating objects.
Developmental Antecedents and Social and Academic Consequences of Stereotype‐Consciousness in Middle Childhood
Authors: McKown Clark , Strambler Michael J.
Published: November 2009

The present study, which included 124 children ages 5–11, examined developmental antecedents and social and academic consequences of stereotype‐consciousness, defined as awareness of others’ stereotypes. Greater age and more frequent parent‐reported racial socialization practices were associated with greater likelihood of stereotype‐consciousness. Children who knew of broadly held stereotypes more often explained hypothetical negative interracial encounters between White actors and Black targets as discriminatory. In addition, among African American and Latino children who knew about broadly held stereotypes, diagnostic testing conditions led to stereotype threat effects on a standardized working memory task. Findings are discussed in terms of the contribution to our understanding of children’s developing thinking about and response to stereotypes and related phenomena.
Family Routines and Parental Monitoring as Protective Factors Among Early and Middle Adolescents Affected by Maternal HIV/AIDS
Authors: Murphy Debra A. , Marelich William D. , Herbeck Diane M. , Payne Diana L.
Published: November 2009

The influence of parenting skills on adolescent outcomes among children affected by maternal HIV/AIDS (N = 118, M age = 13) was investigated. Among families with more frequent family routines, over time adolescents showed lower rates of aggression, anxiety, worry, depression, conduct disorder, binge drinking, and increased self‐concept. Among families with higher levels of parental monitoring, adolescents showed significant declines in anxiety and depression, conduct disorder, and binge drinking, along with increased self‐concept. Mothers’ level of illness was associated with parenting. Greater variability in parental monitoring resulted in higher levels of problem behaviors.
Early Childhood Behavioral Inhibition and Social and School Adjustment in Chinese Children: A 5‐Year Longitudinal Study
Authors: Chen Xinyin , Chen Huichang , Li Dan , Wang Li
Published: November 2009

This study examined relations between early behavioral inhibition and social and school outcomes in Chinese children (N = 200). Data on behavioral inhibition were collected from a sample of 2‐year‐olds in China. Follow‐up data on social behaviors, peer relationships, and school performance were collected from multiple sources at 7 years of age. Behavioral inhibition was found to be positively associated with later cooperative behavior, peer liking, perceived social integration, positive school attitudes, and school competence, and negatively associated with later learning problems. Highly inhibited toddlers were generally better adjusted than others in social and school areas in middle childhood. The results indicate the distinct functional meaning of behavioral inhibition in Chinese children from a developmental perspective.
Social Information Processing, Moral Reasoning, and Emotion Attributions: Relations With Adolescents’ Reactive and Proactive Aggression
Authors: Arsenio William F. , Adams Erin , Gold Jason
Published: November 2009

Connections between adolescents’ social information processing (SIP), moral reasoning, and emotion attributions and their reactive and proactive aggressive tendencies were assessed. One hundred mostly African American and Latino 13‐ to 18‐year‐olds from a low‐socioeconomic‐status (SES) urban community and their high school teachers participated. Reactive aggression was uniquely related to expected ease in enacting aggression, lower verbal abilities, and hostile attributional biases, and most of these connections were mediated by adolescents’ attention problems. In contrast, proactive aggression was uniquely related to higher verbal abilities and expectations of more positive emotional and material outcomes resulting from aggression. Discussion focused on the utility of assessing both moral and SIP‐related cognitions, and on the potential influence of low‐SES, high‐risk environments on these findings.
Hierarchical Models of Social Competence in Preschool Children: A Multisite, Multinational Study
Authors: Vaughn Brian E. , Shin Nana , Kim Mina , Coppola Gabrielle , Krzysik Lisa , Santos António J. , Peceguina Inês , Daniel João R. , Veríssimo Manuela , DeVries Anthon , Elphick Eric , Ballentina Xiomara , Bost Kelly K. , Newell Wanda Y. , Miller Ellaine B. , Blake Snider J. , Korth Byran
Published: November 2009

The generality of a multilevel factorial model of social competence (SC) for preschool children was tested in a 5‐group, multinational sample (N = 1,540) using confirmatory factor analysis. The model fits the observed data well, and tests constraining paths for measured variables to their respective first‐order factors across samples also fit well. Equivalence of measurement models was found at sample and sex within‐sample levels but not for age within sample. In 2 groups, teachers’ ratings were examined as correlates of SC indicators. Composites of SC indicators were significantly associated with both positive and negative child attributes from the teachers’ ratings. The findings contribute to understanding of both methodological and substantive issues concerning SC in young children.
Newborns’ Perception of Left–Right Spatial Relations
Authors: Gava Lucia , Valenza Eloisa , Turati Chiara
Published: November 2009

Five experiments examined 79 newborns’ ability to discriminate and categorize a spatial relation, defined by the left–right spatial position of a blinking object‐target with respect to a vertical landmark‐bar. Three‐day‐old infants discriminated the up versus low position of an object located on the same side of the landmark‐bar (Experiment 1) and recognized a basic left–right spatial invariance of the object‐target and the landmark‐bar in conditions of low (Experiment 2) and high (Experiment 3) perceptual variability of the object’s positions. Additional evidence ruled out the possibility that newborns were unable to discriminate the within‐category left–right spatial positions of the object‐target (Experiment 4) or made a categorical distinction based on spatial distance rather than on categorical spatial relations of left of and right of (Experiment 5).
Sequence Learning in 4‐Month‐Old Infants: Do Infants Represent Ordinal Information?
Authors: Lewkowicz David J. , Berent Iris
Published: November 2009

This study investigated how 4‐month‐old infants represent sequences: Do they track the statistical relations among specific sequence elements (e.g., AB, BC) or do they encode abstract ordinal positions (i.e., B is second)? Infants were habituated to sequences of 4 moving and sounding elements—3 of the elements varied in their ordinal position while the position of 1 target element remained invariant (e.g., ABCD, CBDA)—and then were tested for the detection of changes in the target’s position. Infants detected an ordinal change only when it disrupted the statistical co‐occurrence of elements but not when statistical information was controlled. It is concluded that 4‐month‐olds learn the order of sequence elements by tracking their statistical associations but not their invariant ordinal position.
Estimating the “Impact” of Out‐of‐Home Placement on Child Well‐Being: Approaching the Problem of Selection Bias
Authors: Berger Lawrence M. , Bruch Sarah K. , Johnson Elizabeth I. , James Sigrid , Rubin David
Published: November 2009

This study used data on 2,453 children aged 4–17 from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well‐Being and 5 analytic methods that adjust for selection factors to estimate the impact of out‐of‐home placement on children’s cognitive skills and behavior problems. Methods included ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions and residualized change, simple change, difference‐in‐difference, and fixed effects models. Models were estimated using the full sample and a matched sample generated by propensity scoring. Although results from the unmatched OLS and residualized change models suggested that out‐of‐home placement is associated with increased child behavior problems, estimates from models that more rigorously adjust for selection bias indicated that placement has little effect on children’s cognitive skills or behavior problems.
Examining the Leaders of Creative Efforts: What Do They Do, and What Do They Think About?
Authors: Byrne Cristina L. , Mumford Michael D. , Barrett Jamie D. , Vessey William B.
Published: November 2009

Due to the rapidly changing economy, innovation is becoming more and more critical for the success and survival of many organizations. Although several factors shaping innovation (e.g., strategy, climate, etc.) have been examined in the literature, the leadership of innovation has received relatively less attention. In this article, we attempt to summarize the literature on the leadership of creative efforts focusing on critical leadership behaviours. We also explore a model of core leader functions tailored for creativity and innovation, as well as a model of innovation planning. The implications of these models for the leadership of innovation are discussed.
Creative Knowledge Environments: An Interview Study with Group Members and Group Leaders of University and Industry R&D Groups in Biotechnology*
Authors: Hemlin Sven
Published: November 2009

This study shows that effective knowledge management is essential in a creative knowledge environment of R&D groups in cutting‐edge fields such as biotechnology. To a great extent, knowledge management is revealed as a group leadership task. Moreover, group leaders emphasize group organization as a way to generate ideas, while group members are concerned with creative leadership. Group climates are unanimously perceived to be conducive to creative output. Theoretical starting points taken in creativity are seen as fostered by the environment rather than by individual characteristics. Data were collected by semi‐structured, oral interviews (N = 84) with group leaders and group members at universities and biotechnical companies in Sweden. Data were analysed by content and categorized accordingly. Future research on creative micro‐environments should focus on leadership issues and knowledge management.
Examining the Relationship between Personality Traits and Creativity Styles
Authors: Puccio Gerard , Grivas Chris
Published: November 2009

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between individuals' expressed preferences for stages within the creative process (i.e., problem clarification, idea generation, solution development and implementation planning) and their personality traits. To explore these relationships, 137 participants in a leadership development program completed two paper‐and‐pencil measures. Creative process preferences were assessed through a measure called FourSight, while personality traits were measured through the DiSC Personal Profile System. Statistical analysis showed that the strongest relationships between the FourSight and the DiSC were produced by the Clarifier and Ideator preferences. Based on the relationships between the Clarifier preference and the DiSC it would seem that problem clarification is associated with tendencies to be cautious, careful, analytical, accurate and tactful. In contrast, those who express strong preference for the idea generation stage of the creative process are likely to show such traits as willingness to challenge prevailing thought, need for change and attraction to variety. Additional relationships between the creative process and personality are described, along with theoretical and practical implications.
Immigration and its Imperatives
Authors: Chia Joyce
Published: November 2009

Conflict and compromise have marked domestic immigration and asylum law in many countries. In examining whether these patterns will be replicated at the level of the EU, this article proposes an alternative method for analysing immigration law and its politics, framing them within the complex interaction of the interpretations by key actors of the imperatives of the State, the EU, and the legal sphere. An account of the functional, normative and polity legitimating imperatives, their specific manifestations in different spheres, and their interaction in the field of immigration and asylum is sketched. This politically‐grounded analysis explains more clearly the structure of conflict and compromise that characterises this sphere, illuminates the judicial strategies in this field and enables us to speculate upon the probable future of EU immigration and asylum law.
Race Equality and TCNs, or How to Fight Discrimination with A Discriminatory Law
Authors: Lahuerta Sara Benedí
Published: November 2009

Two subjects often fit with difficulty in ‘Fortress Europe’: Equality and Third Country Nationals (TCNs). EC Law presents fundamental weaknesses with regard to TCNs in the intersections between race, religion and nationality discrimination. In particular for non‐EU nationals, these three grounds of discrimination can be closely related, and difficult to distinguish. However, they are of great importance for the integration and fair treatment of migrants, which was one of the objectives of the Tampere Programme. This article analyses the extent to which the Race Equality Directive (43/2000/EC) and the Framework Equality Directive (78/2000/EC) provide an effective protection against ‘racial related discrimination’. It suggests that the loopholes of both Directives, together with the current interpretation of Article 12 EC, have institutionalised not only a hierarchy of equalities, but also a hierarchy of peoples, and it explores possible interpretative solutions.
The Scope of Article 12 of the Treaty of the European Communities vis‐à‐vis Third‐Country Nationals: Evolution at Last?
Authors: Hublet Chloé
Published: November 2009

This article will critically examine the traditional interpretation of Article 12 EC—prohibiting discrimination on the basis of nationality—as not applying to third country nationals (TCNs). Different arguments, both for and against this ‘classic’ interpretation, will be considered. Analysing the question of the ‘scope of application of the EC Treaty’, with a view to determining the scope of application of Article 12 EC, it will be emphasised that this is not restricted to the right of free movement, in that the latter's restricted personal scope of application does not determine that of Article 12 EC. This is all the more true following the Treaty of Amsterdam's partial ‘Communitarisation’ of policies on visas, asylum and immigration, which tend to apply principally to TCNs. In extending the material scope of application of the EC Treaty, this ‘Communitarisation’ simultaneously leads to an extension of the specific scope of application of Article 12 EC. Working from the hypothesis that Article 12 EC could indeed apply to TCNs, we will then examine the eventual consequences of such an application.
Trafficking in Human Beings: The EU Approach between Border Control, Law Enforcement and Human Rights
Authors: Krieg Sarah H.
Published: November 2009

The fight against trafficking in human beings has been high on the political agenda of international organisations, regional organisations and states for more than a decade. The European Union (EU) and the international community continuously reaffirm their commitment to work jointly in countering the phenomenon. After years of arguing over a common definition and approach that culminated in the first international definition in 2000, it could be assumed that the international and European definitions solve the issue of how to define and counter trafficking in human beings. Still, the debate on how to understand and approach the problem has not ceased to exist. In particular, the dominant opposition between a rights‐based and a law enforcement approach has not been dissolved by calls for holistic or multi‐faceted approaches. The aim of this article is to identify the approach taken by the EU, looking out for conceptual (in‐)consistencies, underlying assumptions and convictions. The rationale guiding EU action is extracted and questioned by disclosing silenced aspects and contrasting them to their reappearance in other legal instruments. It is argued that the humanitarian intentions of victim protection are overshadowed by general anti‐immigration conveniences. The approach taken by the EU not only provokes the somewhat artificial opposition between innocent victim and guilty migrant, but it can easily fall prey to deeply entrenched gender and racial stereotypes.
Free Movement of Third Country Nationals in the European Union? Main Features, Deficiencies and Challenges of the new Mobility Rights in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice
Authors: Iglesias Sánchez Sara
Published: November 2009

The adoption of European Community (EC) Directives in the field of legal migration has been accompanied by the introduction of intra‐community mobility rights. This new kind of right is characterised by specific features with regard to free movement rights enjoyed by European Union (EU) citizens. Besides, existing mobility rights for third country nationals (TCNs) raise some important problems with regard to their legal configuration and to their relationship with other fields of Community law. After having addressed these issues, it will be argued that the current regulation of mobility rights for TCNs does not fulfil the requirements of systematic coherence, and does no meet the need to grant a level of free movement that encompasses the evolution of harmonisation in the field of the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice.
A novel presenilin1 mutation (Q223R) associated with early onset Alzheimer’s disease, dysarthria and spastic paraparesis and decreased Abeta levels in CSF
Authors: Uttner I. , Kirchheiner J. , Tumani H. , Mottaghy F. M. , Lebedeva E. , Özer E. , Ludolph A. C. , Huber R. , Von Arnim C. A. F.
Published: November 2009

Background and purpose:  A novel presenilin1 (PSEN1) mutation associated with dementia and spastic paraplegia in a family with five affected individuals is described. The index patient was a 35‐year‐old man presenting with cognitive decline, behavioural symptoms, dysarthria, and gait disorder due to spasticity.

Methods and results:  Genetic analysis revealed a missense mutation Gln223Arg in exon 7. Initial CSF analysis revealed drastically decreased Abeta42 level despite marginally decreased FDG metabolism.

Conclusion:  Cerebrospinal fluid biomarker analysis might point towards genetic analysis of PSEN1 in patients with positive family history and age of onset below 60 years.
Assessing autonomic symptoms of Parkinson’s disease with the SCOPA‐AUT: a new perspective from Rasch analysis
Authors: Forjaz M. J. , Ayala A. , Rodriguez‐Blazquez C. , Frades‐Payo B. , Martinez‐Martin P. ,   on behalf of the Longitudinal Parkinson’s Disease Patient Study (Estudio longitudinal de pacientes con enfermedad de Parkinson – ELEP) Group
Published: November 2009

Background: The Scale for Outcomes in Parkinson’s disease (PD) for Autonomic Symptoms (SCOPA‐AUT) is a specific scale to assess autonomic dysfunction in PD patients. It was developed and validated under the classic test theory approach. This study sought to test whether the SCOPA‐AUT meets item response theory standards for reliability, internal construct validity, response category ordering, and differential item functioning by gender and age group.

Method: The Rasch measurement model was applied to a sample of 385 PD patients.

Results: Model fit was obtained after the response categories were rescored and item 10‐Incomplete emptying deleted because of redundancy. Person separation index, a reliability measure, was 0.82. All but two items (2‐Sialorrhea and 13‐Nocturia) were free of gender‐ and age‐related bias. The strict tests of unidimensionality were met, indicating the validity of the total sumscore. Scale targeting suggested the need for items representing milder autonomic symptoms.

Conclusions: Suggestions for improving the SCOPA‐AUT include a shorter scale with a simpler response scheme and a combination of sexual items for men and women. The resulting SCOPA‐AUT is a reliable scale, with good internal construct validity, providing Rasch transformed results on a linear metric scale.
Association of the MAPT locus with Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Wider C. , Vilariño‐Güell C. , Jasinska‐Myga B. , Heckman M. G. , Soto‐Ortolaza A. I. , Cobb S. A. , Aasly J. O. , Gibson J. M. , Lynch T. , Uitti R. J. , Wszolek Z. K. , Farrer M. J. , Ross O. A.
Published: November 2009

Background and purpose:  Whilst an association between the tau gene (MAPT)‐containing H1 haplotype and supranuclear gaze palsy (PSP) has long been recognized, the effect of H1 on risk for Parkinson’s disease (PD) has remained more contentious.

Methods:  Herein, we examined the association of H1 and PD in three Caucasian PD patient–control series from Ireland, Norway, and the US (combined: n = 2619), by genotyping two H1/H2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in MAPT (rs1052553) and in the Saitohin gene (rs62063857) and one H1‐specific SNP (rs242557).

Results:  We identified a significant association between H1/H2 and risk of PD (rs1052553 OR: 1.43, CI: 1.23–1.64; rs62063857 OR: 1.45, CI: 1.27–1.67), but no effect of the H1‐specific SNP rs242557 (OR: 0.92, CI: 0.82–1.03).

Conclusions:  Our findings show that the H1 haplotype is a significant risk factor for PD. However, one H1‐specific SNP (rs242557) previously implicated in PSP did not alter the risk of PD, indicating that distinct H1 sub‐haplotypes probably drive the associations with PD and PSP.
Effects of Explanations on Applicant Reactions: A meta‐analytic review
Authors: Truxillo Donald M. , Bodner Todd E. , Bertolino Marilena , Bauer Talya N. , Yonce Clayton A.
Published: November 2009

One cost effective way to improve applicant reactions is by giving explanations. Although a literature on this topic has accumulated, the effects of explanations on applicant reactions have not been examined meta‐analytically, and several aspects of giving explanations to applicants are unclear. For example, do explanations affect applicant reactions, and which outcomes are most affected? Do findings from lab studies generalize to field settings? Under what conditions are explanations most effective? To answer these questions, we meta‐analytically examined the effects of providing explanations on applicant reactions. Based on 26 distinct samples from experiments and quasi‐experiments (N=3481), our results suggest that explanations do affect applicants' fairness perceptions, perceptions of the hiring organization, test‐taking motivation, and performance on cognitive ability tests. The effects on fairness are larger in field contexts than in lab settings and when they are used with a personality test rather than a cognitive ability test. Test‐taking motivation mediated the relationship between explanations and test performance. Our discussion focuses on when to provide explanations to applicants in employment settings and directions for future research.
The Mediating Role of Feedback Acceptance in the Relationship between Feedback and Attitudinal and Performance Outcomes
Authors: Anseel Frederik , Lievens Filip
Published: November 2009

The purpose of this study was to increase our understanding of applicant perceptions of feedback by drawing upon feedback process models. In Study 1, participants (N=125) completed a personality questionnaire as a first stage of a selection simulation. Results showed that the effect of feedback on attitudes toward the organization was mediated by feedback acceptance. In Study 2, participants (N=252) completed two parallel versions of an in‐basket exercise and received informative feedback between the two versions. Results showed that the effect of feedback on subsequent test performance was partially mediated by feedback acceptance. Together, these results highlight the important role of feedback acceptance in selection and suggest new strategies to enhance applicant perceptions in selection.
Distinction Bias in Applicant Reactions to Using Diversity Information in Selection
Authors: Brooks Margaret E. , Guidroz Ashley M. , Chakrabarti Madhura
Published: November 2009

Two studies investigated applicant reactions to alternative methods of incorporating diversity in employee selection decisions. Of particular interest was the hypothesized interaction between specific approach to incorporating diversity in the selection policy (holistic vs mechanical) and mode of receiving information about this approach (viewing policies in isolation vs viewing policies simultaneously). Results indicate preference for holistic approaches to incorporating diversity in selection. The magnitude of the preference was much greater when participants evaluated both approaches simultaneously. Results are consistent with the distinction bias, which suggests that people differentiate between options more when they consider them simultaneously than when they view them separately. Findings have implications for applicant reactions research, human resource decision making, and policy formation.
‘Be Cool!’: Emotional costs of hiding feelings in a job interview
Authors: Sieverding Monika
Published: November 2009

The goal of this research was to study display rules and emotional suppression in an employment interview. Participants, 74 graduating university students, were told that their videotaped performance in a simulated job interview would be evaluated by personnel experts. In a post‐interview questionnaire, participants were asked about the display rules influencing their behavior in the interview. They were also asked whether they had tried to suppress or hide (negative) emotions during the interview. More men than women stated that they had tried to hide or suppress their feelings; these participants were classified as (emotion) suppressors. Participants who stated that they had not tried to hide or suppress their feelings during the interview were classified as nonsuppressors. The validity of self‐reported suppression was supported by the external evaluations of two judges, who observed less nonverbal expressiveness (hand to head movements) in suppressors of both sexes and less anxiety in female suppressors. Suppressors were evaluated as more competent than nonsuppressors. In women, but not in men, emotional suppression was associated with increased self‐reports of depressed state in the post‐interview questionnaire.
Noninvasive monitoring of wolves at the edge of their distribution and the cost of their conservation
Authors: Echegaray J. , Vilà C.
Published: November 2009

Large predators are recolonizing areas in industrialized countries, where they have been absent for decades or centuries. As they reach these areas, the predators often encounter unwary livestock and unprepared keepers, which translates into large economic costs. The cost per individual may have important repercussions on the conservation and management of large predators. During the years 2003–2004, we collected 136 feces preliminarily identified as belonging to gray wolves Canis lupus along the north‐eastern limit of the wolf range in the Iberia peninsula (Basque Country, Spain). Genetic analyses allowed us to identify the species of origin in 86 cases: 31 corresponded to wolves, two to red foxes Vulpes vulpes and 53 to dogs Canis familiaris. Among the wolves, we identified 16 different individuals. We estimated the cost of conserving wolves to be >€3000 per wolf per year, based on the cost of damage compensation and prevention during the 2003–2004 period. However, most of the wolf feces contained wild prey whereas dog feces contained mostly remains of domestic animals. This finding suggests that uncontrolled dogs could be responsible for some of the attacks on livestock, contributing to negative public attitudes toward wolf conservation and increasing its cost.
Biological control of the cane toad in Australia: a review
Authors: Shanmuganathan T. , Pallister J. , Doody S. , McCallum H. , Robinson T. , Sheppard A. , Hardy C. , Halliday D. , Venables D. , Voysey R. , Strive T. , Hinds L. , Hyatt A.
Published: November 2009

The marine toad Bufo marinus is native to northern South America, parts of Central America and Southern Texas. It was deliberately introduced into Australia's tropical north‐east in 1935 in an unsuccessful attempt to control the cane beetle, a damaging insect pest of sugarcane crops. The toads quickly established in the new environment and began to spread. Today, they inhabit most of the Australian tropics and sub‐tropics and have reached Western Australia. Models predict that global warming will enable the toads to extend their range further south. They cause severe environmental impacts, as all life stages of B. marinus contain bufadienolides, alkaloid substances toxic to vertebrates, resulting in death of the predators ingesting it. The continental scale of this biological invasion in combination with the remoteness of the areas affected, poses a specific set of challenges to potential control approaches for cane toads. This review covers different biocontrol strategies pursued over the past 8 years, with particular focus on an immunological approach aiming at the disruption of toad metamorphosis. So far, research efforts have failed to produce a tool for large‐scale reduction of toad populations. Considerations of future research priorities and efforts are also discussed.
Proteolytic activity among psychrotrophic bacteria isolated from refrigerated raw milk
Authors: NÖRNBERG MARIA F B L , FRIEDRICH ROSANE S C , WEISS RITA D N , TONDO EDUARDO C , BRANDELLI ADRIANO
Published: November 2009

Psychrotrophic bacteria were isolated from refrigerated raw milk from a processing plant in Southern Brazil. Psychrotrophic counts were between 4.9 and 7.8 log cfu/mL, and 5.3 to 7.2 log cfu/mL, for samples collected at the truck and the milk storage silo, respectively. Among the bacterial isolates, 90% were Gram‐negative. Most strains presented low proteolytic activity, but strains of Burkholderia cepacia, Klebsiella oxytoca and Aeromonas sp. showed higher than 20 U/mL on azocasein as substrate. Crude proteases from selected strains were resistant to conventional heat treatments and caused coagulation of UHT milk after 5 days storage at room temperature.
Suppressing Inner Speech in ESL Reading: Implications for Developmental Changes in Second Language Word Recognition Processes
Authors: KATO SHIGEO
Published: November 2009

The effect of articulatory suppression on second language (L2) visual sentence comprehension and its relation to L2 reading proficiency and lower level processing efficiency were investigated in a series of experiments using 64 college‐level Japanese English as a second language learners as participants. The results supported the hypothesis that increased reading proficiency requires developmental changes in lower level skills; namely a greater degree of L2 reading proficiency requires greater orthographic processing skills. This is especially pronounced for the groups comprising proficient and less proficient readers. With regard to proficient readers, there were significant intercorrelations among sentence processing performance under suppression, reading comprehension score, and orthographic skills; however, none of these relationships were significant with less proficient readers. In contrast, phonological processing continued to make a significant contribution with proficient readers under suppression. This confounding outcome implies that a simple choice between phonological and direct‐visual coding strategies does not fully explain the L2 reading process under articulatory suppression.
Stylistic Variation in French: Bridging the Gap Between Research and Textbooks
Authors: ETIENNE CORINNE , SAX KELLY
Published: November 2009

One fundamental aspect of all educated native speakers' language competence is stylistic variation, or the ability to adjust speech register to situational formality (Labov, 1972). In this article, we investigate how current introductory and intermediate college French textbooks develop students' sociolinguistic competence and particularly the use of stylistic variation. First, we present an overview of research on native‐speaker use and second language acquisition of three variables (on vs. nous, ne deletion vs. ne retention, and interrogative structures). Next, we explore the arguments for and against inclusion of stylistic variation in the foreign language curriculum. Then we examine its treatment in 22 textbooks. Our findings indicate that, in general, textbooks do not address stylistic variation consistently: Grammatical explanations and practice often misrepresent authentic uses of French in specific sociopragmatic situations. We recommend more explicit focus on stylistic variation in textbooks from the beginning of language study and offer a pedagogical norm for its treatment.
Embeddedness Perspectives of Economic Action within Family Firms
Authors: Steier Lloyd P. , Chua Jess H. , Chrisman James J.
Published: November 2009

Family firms are embedded in social structures that differ substantially from those of nonfamily firms. While these social structures can be sources of strength, they can also lead to dysfunctional consequences. The four papers and three commentaries contained in this special issue on theories of family enterprise deal with the various positive and negative aspects of family involvement in a firm. The purpose of this introduction is to attempt to establish linkages between these papers and to provide further insights on their contributions to knowledge and the directions that future research might take to build upon them.