bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sentimental Novels and Pushkin: European Literary Markets and Russian Readers
Authors: Hoogenboom Hilde
Published: January 2016

This article examines literature in Russia, as opposed to Russian literature, through the window of Tat'iana's reading, especially two novels by Sophie Cottin, in Aleksandr Pushkin'sEugene Onegin. A quantitative, sociological approach to European markets for novels shows that Russians and Europeans were reading the same popular French, German, and English sentimental novels by August von Kotzebue; Stéphanie-Félicité, comtesse de Genlis; August Lafontaine; and Cottin. Pushkin, however, positioned himself in the Russian literary field with the canonical novels of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Samuel Richardson, and Madame de Stael, against the "mediocre" novels of Cottin. Nevertheless, in his ongoing efforts to write Russian novels, Pushkin covertly engaged with popular sentimental novels to integrate their conservative emphasis on duty, virtue, and love with Russian noble life. I argue that a likely intertext for the eponymous heroine ofThe Captain's Daughterwas Cottin's European bestsellerÉlisabeth, ou Les exilés de Sibérie(1806).
The appeal of Islamic fundamentalism
Authors: Cook Michael
Published: January 2016

In terms of its political appeal the Islamic revival of the last few decades is in some ways a unique phenomenon. We can plausibly understand this appeal to arise from the relevance of certain elements of the Islamic heritage to the predicament of Muslim populations living in Third-World conditions. At the same time we can argue that other religious heritages have less to offer their contemporary adherents in this context. Here the idea of fundamentalism can be helpful: on one simple definition it serves to highlight a feature of the Islamic revival that is particularly adaptive under contemporary conditions. Finally, it is worth noting that despite its exceptional features, the basic elements of the Islamic revival are familiar in contexts closer to home.
A heavenly aura
Authors: Murray Julia K.
Published: January 2016

Although concepts and practices related to the veneration of relics are usually identified with Buddhism in China, this article will suggest that they are also relevant to Confucius (551-479 BC) and ‘Confucianism’. Ideas about the special efficacy of great persons and things associated with them predate Buddhism, which spread from India to China in the 1st century AD. The display of personal items that had once belonged to Confucius and places that figured in his biography powerfully evoked the ancient sage to scholarly pilgrims who visited his home area and temple in Qufu, Shandong. Drawing on Buddhist scholarship for working definitions and typologies, the material forms of relic-related practices in the Confucian milieu, particularly at Qufu, are investigated. Analysis is also given of a now-destroyed shrine, near modern Shanghai, in which multiple media were employed to replicate relics of Confucius and bring his beneficent presence to a place he never visited.
Education and opportunity
Authors: Paterson Lindsay
Published: January 2016

There is an assumption in public debate that Scotland and England are drifting apart in social policy, whatever the outcome of the referendum in Scotland in September 2014 on whether Scotland should become an independent country. Three broad examples of policy divergence in education are discussed to examine the claim—in connection with student finance in higher education, with the structure of secondary education, and with the school curriculum. It is concluded that the apparent divergence owes more to rhetoric than to the reality of policy, of public attitudes or of social experience. Despite the origins of a shared educational philosophy in the post-war welfare state, and despite the partisan strife of current politics, a weakening of that state through greater Scottish autonomy does not in itself signal an end to the project of common welfare.
Charlemagne and Europe
Authors: Nelson Jinty
Published: January 2016

The paper begins by asking what Europe has meant to medieval historians in recent times, focusing on some answers given in the 1990s and around the year 2000, and reflecting on the different ways Charlemagne is being commemorated in different parts of Europe now, 1,200 years after his death. Charlemagne is then examined through evidence from his own time, as a ruler of a recognisably European empire, and, in the light of recent research and new approaches, His record as a political figure is reconsidered. A brief survey of his posthumous reputation as man and myth in the middle ages, and after, leads into a closer look at the roles assigned to him in post-war rhetoric. Finally the question of whether Charlemagne has, or might have, anything to offer Europeans today is examined.
Getting a word in
Authors: Dance Richard
Published: January 2016

English vocabulary owes an enormous debt to the other languages of medieval Britain. Arguably, nowhere is this debt more significant than in the 12th century—a complex and fascinating period of ‘transition’, when (amongst many other things) influence from both Norse and French is increasingly apparent in writing. This article explores the etymologies, semantics and textual contexts of some key words from this crucial time, as a way to think about the evidence for contact and change at the boundary of Old and Middle English, and to illustrate how rich, diverse, challenging and surprising its voices can be. It concludes with a case study of words meaning ‘rich’ and ‘poor’ in Old and early Middle English, concentrating on the vocabulary of the manuscript Oxford, Bodleian Library, Bodley 343.
What if? Models, fact and fiction in economics
Authors: Morgan Mary S.
Published: January 2016

Economists build models to understand the economy, but to outsiders these often seem to be imagined or fictional worlds, accounts that seem closer to those of science fiction than to matters of science. Such a judgement underrates the importance of fictional elements and the imagination in the way economists make and use their models. Paying attention to the ‘what-if’ questions that economists ask when they use their models reveals how they create the keys that enable them to translate between their imaginary model worlds and the real economic world we all live in.
From Mammy to Mommy: Michelle Obama and the Reclamation of Black Motherhood
Authors: Querusio David
Published: January 2016

On November 21st, 2013, Politico Magazine published Michelle Cottle’s piece titled “Leaning Out: How Michelle Obama Became a Feminist Nightmare.” Cottle pinpoints several explanations for Obama’s degeneration into such a “nightmare,” including the First Lady proclaiming to be a “mom-in-chief” and focusing on healthy eating. Melissa Harris-Perry, correspondent for MSNBC, retaliated quickly and criticized Cottle for her remarks, insisting that she should better study her black feminist history. This article argues that Cottle is oblivious to Obama’s standpoint as a black woman, and that by embracing motherhood, Obama is doing what many black women have been prevented from doing throughout history. This article draws from both historical accounts of black women during slavery and modern constructions of black femininity to address Cottle’s claims.
New Research in Solar Cells: Urbach Tails and Open Circuit Voltage
Authors: Solomon Michelle , Johnson Alison
Published: January 2016

The development of various emerging photovoltaic technologies, as classified by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, has experienced very different rates of progress over the last five to ten years. In particular, two thin-film technologies, quantum dot solar cells and perovskite-based solar cells, have achieved drastically different values for power conversion efficiency as quantum dots have failed to keep up with perovskites. Clearly, the materials are very different, but in order to quantify the discrepancy in efficiency, we focus on measuring the tail of the absorption past the nominal band edge and therefore the Urbach energy of the two materials. We discuss a theoretical relationship between Urbach energy and open circuit voltage based on the original considerations by Shockley and Queisser on the efficiency limits of solar cells.
Trauma, Fear, and Paranoia: Lost and the Culture of 9/11
Authors: Aldrich Rachel
Published: January 2016

One of the most popular television shows of the last decade, Lost (2004-2010) confounded many of its viewers with its twisting, convoluted plotlines. This article is an exploration of the many elements of the show over its first few, dynamic years that ultimately weave together to form a subtle, subversive image of post-9/11 American society. Through an examination of specific characters, and the cast as a whole, as well as various distinctly terroristic and apocalyptic components of the show’s plot, Lost is revealed as both a reproduction and a critical re-imagination of the American response to the events of September 11th, 2001. Lost becomes not merely an artifact of post-9/11 American society but a means through which viewers are invited to see ways in which our world can grow and change.
Latino Masculinity: Underlying Factors in College Persistence Levels
Authors: Vazquez Maria
Published: January 2016

Despite growing numbers, Latinos lag behind whites in higher education. This gap is especially salient for Latino men, who earned only 37.6 percent of associate's and bachelor's degrees awarded to Latino students in 2010. The following study uses interviews with thirteen ethnically diverse, first-generation, self-identified Latino men currently enrolled in four-year universities in the Greater Boston area to explore the influences Latino men idetnify as impacting their collge success and persistence rates. Grounded theory analysis of the inerview data reveals the correlations between previous academic experiences and family influence on participants' ability to graduate. The paramount role of participants' cultural constructions of masculinity and their effect on help-seeking behaviors was a surprising and unique finding. Masculinity and help-seeking behaviors were, therefore, found to play a key role in college achievement and persistence for the men in this study. This article also discusses implications for mental hleath practitioners, educational advocacy groups, and universities.
Inherited Injustice: Stigma and Gender Discrimination as Barriers to AIDS Prevention in India
Authors: Larrabee Catherine
Published: January 2016

Over the past decade, programs that prevent the vertical transmission of HIV from parents to their children have become widely accessible in India. Despite this ostensible success, most Indian women and their unborn babies do not utilize these programs, and therefore remain vulnerable to vertical transmission. This article explores this troubling phenomenon by highlighting the particular effect of HIV/AIDS-related stigma on women who live in highly patriarchal societies. In these contexts, the effects of stigma become tangible rather than simply emotional. When stigma exists alongside gender inequality, these forces collude and become a structural barrier that keeps women from safely obtaining the treatment to prevent vertical transmission. This probelm is double-pronged as negative attitudes from health care staff create prejudices and prompt patients to keep their health status a secret out of fear of judgement. Attending to isuses of stigma and gender injustice is a necessary step in the mission of holistically adddressing the crisis of HIV/AIDS in India as well as the global community.
Consuming Queer: The Commodification of Culture and its Effects on Social Acceptance
Authors: Yaksich Michael J.
Published: January 2016

Consumers have become attracted to "exotic" or culturally related trends. By extracting and consuming styles and characteristics associated with marginalized cultures, society eliminates diversity through homogenization. Recently popular television programs such as Queer Eye for the Straight Guy, which depicts the make-over of a straight male by five gay hosts, displays characteristics associated with the gay community allowing for the absorption of stereotypes. Following this, the configuration of the "metrosexual" by marketers has allowed straight males to adopt the positive queer styles. Discussion groups were convened to view an episode of Queer Eye to discuss the program and the portrayal of gay images. Focus groups indicate that the program is a positive sign of acceptance although it reinforces mainstream stereotypes. Both Queer Eye and the metrosexual are a result of the break down heterosexual gender norms and production and redistribution of stereotypes which generate profit in a consumer society. Instead of dispelling stereotypes, programs like Queer Eye re-inscribe and validate these images. While the presence of gay characters in the media shows a movement towards greater acceptance of homosexuality, the commodification of gay stereotypes demonstrates the hegemonic nature of mass culture and the justification of exploitation through tolerance.
After the Fall: Reevaluating Whiteness in J.M. Coetzee's Disgrace
Authors: Smith Brady
Published: January 2016

In light of the unfavorable way in which many white South Africans have reacted to black majority rule in contemporary South Africa, there has been a tendency to read J.M. Coetzee's 1999 novel Disgrace as a condemnation of the social disruption that has characterized South African life since 1994. While the novel certainly expresses a degree of unease over the politically precarious situation of whites in the new South Africa, such readings tend to ignore the complexities of both the novel and the politics of life after apartheid. Rather than an attack that describes white life as now essentially impossible, I try to understand Disgrace as a meditation on the meaning of whiteness in the new South Africa, one that seeks to leave behind the racist and imperialist discourses that previously defined whiteness as a social identity.
A Preventative Approach to Malaria: Some Preliminary Considerations
Authors: Roh Emily H.
Published: January 2016

Forty-one percent of the world's population is currently at risk for malaria. This disease, spread via mosquitos, is especially prominent in developing countries. Although we have come a long way in our knowledge of malaria and attempts to find drugs to combat it, the ability of the malaria plasmodium to adapt to treatment is problematic. Chloroquine and DDT, two formerly effective compounds, have already been rendered useless. This makes preventative approaches, such as education, especially important.
The Pornography Wars: Exploring Two Distinct Feminist Identities
Authors: Hudson Meredith
Published: January 2016

Current political debates over the legalization of gay marriage and the protection of a woman's reproductive rights rarely questions the critical reasons why our society upholds both patriarchal and homophobic values. This article explores one such way in which a patriarchy is sustained by the use of images, specifically pornographic images. Though many feminists would want to pursue a ban on pornography, such a ban would merely reinforce the idea that certain sexual desires between two consenting adults are immoral and degrading. Condemnation of images such as these has perpetuated the right for our culture to uphold homophobia for many debates, therefore, we, as a society, must be wary of such a policy.
An Historical (Inter)dependency: Mexican Migration to the United States
Authors: Hamilton Matthew
Published: January 2016

Longstanding incentives for migration have encouraged individuals to travel from Mexico to the United States in search of higher wages and economic survival. These incentives exist despite the stated goal of various officials to curb immigration to the United States. in fact, the migration of workers is a key facet in the historical relationship between the United States and Mexico. Several policies have contributed to the continued migration and have further entrenched a growing dependency between the two nations. This paper serves as an in-depth examination of the causes of this economic dependence and investigates what effect the latest of these policies, the North American Free Trade Agreement, has on the issue.
Sexuality, Sickness, Silence: The Gay Man in Contemporary Irish Narrative
Authors: Fitzgerald Caitlin
Published: January 2016

This paper investigates representations of male homosexuality in contemporary Irish narratives, exploring the progression of homosexuality in Ireland as it has moved from a suppressed crime to a confidently asserted identity. Does inclusion of homosexuality in narrative need to subscribe to explicit, "in-your-face" foregrounding in order to be important to that narrative? Does a gay voice in contemporary Irish narrative have to be the loudest in order to signify assetion of the homosexual identity? Must gay artists bear the burden of the oppressive past in addressing homosexuality in their work, or is it unfair to place such categorizations and restrictions on art? These questions are addressed through the cultural and historical context of homosexuality in Ireland, looking at three different contemporary Irish narratives that feature homosexuality: Colm Toibin's The Blackwater Lightship, Keith Ridgway's The Long Falling, and Neil Jordan's film The Crying Game. 
World War II Cookbooks: Rationing, Nutrition, Patriotism, and the Citizen Consumer in the United States and Great Britain
Authors: Flinn Jessica J.
Published: January 2016

Cookbooks have been used to impart domestic advice and nationalism to their readers for centuries. American and British cookbooks during the Second World War served not only as a means of distributing recipes that took into account rationing and food shortage, but also as a way of educating women about nutrition and healthy diets, as well as to promote the citizen consumer. Despite the shortages of food, the nutrition and health of both nations improved during the war years. This article compares the use of and motives behind ration recipes during World War II in the United States and Great Britain by examining primary sources, including pamphlets, cookbooks, magazine articles, and advertisements. Overtly patriotic cartoons, poems, songs, and catchy saying were all used as means of educating the citizen consumesr. Cookbooks and ration recipes played an integral role in winning World War II on the kitchen front.
Naive Juvenile Diamondback Terrapins: Kin Recognition in Controlled Encounter Experiments
Authors: Macdonald Brad , Rife Alexis
Published: January 2016

Northern diamondback terrapin (malaclemys terrapin) turtle hatchlings raised as part of a laboratory headstarting program are the focus of kin recognition studies taking place at Boston College. Experiments examining basking behaviors in 13 trials of familiar kin and 11 trials of unfamiliar non-kin. Familiar kin averaged more aggressive engagements per trial (2.44 vs. 0.36), more displacements per trial (13.36 vs. 3.91), and more instances of climbing on one another (13.36 vs. 2.36). Familiar kin basked in congregations more frequently per trial than unfamiliar non-kin. These data suggest that diamondback terrapins treat each other differently based on either kinship or familiarity-or both. Further research will be conducted on familiar and unfamiliar kin and non-kin groupings to help elucidate the existing data by determining which variable has greater consequence and if Hamilton's kin selection theory can be applied to terrapin juvenile social behavior.
Mutuality and Pleasure: A Discussion of the Female Orgasm in Contemporary Catholic Sexual Ethics
Authors: Perez Celso Javier
Published: January 2016

Theological reflection on Catholic sexual ethics has traditionally placed much focus on the male experience. Magisterial teaching has often suggested a limitation of light intercourse to penile-vaginal penetration that is open to procreation and within the context of marriage. However, a contemporary understanding of the female orgasm raising questions about the role of mutuality and pleasure in sexual relationships. According to the 1990 Kinsey Institute New Report on Sex, between 50 percent and 75 percent of women who report no orgasm as a result of penile penetration experience normal orgasms as a result of other forms of stimulation. In light of this statistics, penile-vaginal intercourse may not be sufficient for a good sexual relationship. The writings of contemporary moral theologians open up conversation for a more explicity just framework for sexual ethics.
The Impossibility of Artificial Imagination: A Question of Genuine Consciousness
Authors: Trinh Huy
Published: January 2016

Is it possible to create genuine consciousness, artificial intelligence? This paper will examine this question through the philosophical understanding of imagination. Imagination is the creative faculty that not only separates man from beast but also allows man to recognize himself, and it helps him to see beyond his immediate being. Without imagination, man is blind to future possibility and unable to conceive of future events. Imagination produces man's mental cognition that makes him a rational and creative being. The two modern methods of A.I. programming are incapable of imbuing their algorithm with imagination. Without imagination, A.I. not only lacks genuine creativity, but it also risks never understanding self-autonomy and therefore could never be a free and independent entity.
The Place and the Maker: Frederick Law Olmsted and His Boston Parks
Authors: Izzo Jarret
Published: January 2016

The conception of the Gilded Age urban park sought to reclaim sanitary, recreational, scenic, and reformist ideals perceived to have gone astray under intense industrialization and expansion. in Boston, each factor took on characteristics particular to New England. Frederick law Olmsted's Boston system was a composite of his previous work in other cities. These parks manifested the unification of design principles that addressed the purpose and function of parks, as well as exemplified his naturalistic style, both fully formed by the commencement of his Boston work. The confluence of the city's Gilded Age political arena, the man's vision, and the geography of Boston allowed for the manipulation of pastureland into the most elegant and complete manifestation of his design philosophy.
Transcending Traditional Gender Boundaries: Defining Gender Roles Through Public and Private Spheres
Authors: Smyth Jacquie
Published: January 2016

Controversy over gender roles is a major issue in contemporary society. The debates surrounding gender and sexuality have extended to arenas far beyond the home; political platforms and religious views have inherited the torch, continuing the argument into the 21st century. This essay will show that the discomfort arising from the blurring of traditional bourgeois gender roels which allocated public life to men and private life to women is at the heart of these debates. By following the historical progression of these arguments and tracing the establishment of gender roles back to their roots, this essay intends to better the understanding of both the origins of this discomfort and the application of gender roles today.
Varying Patterns of Mutation: Measuring the Universality of Regional Mutation Rates
Authors: Fox Aleah
Published: January 2016

Mutations are the ultimate source of genetic variation in DNA. The patterns of mutation, however, can vary both within and across genomes. It has previously been shown that several mammals have heterogeneous mutation rates, while four yeasts have been observed to have uniform rates. The generality of these observations has not been known. Here we examine silen tsite substitutions in coding regions of 20 mammals, 27 yeast, and 4 insects, to determine which genomes demonstrate this mosaic rate distribution and which are uniform. Our findings show that mutational heterogeneity occurs in all branches of the mammalian phylogeny, as well as in flies and mosquitoes. All yeasts have a uniform rate across their genomes with the exception of three candida species: c. albicans, c. dubliniensis, and c. tropicalis. We hypothesize that this is due to the lack of sexual recombination in these species, leading to the regional accumulation of mutations.
Irish Vernacular Poetry and the American Revolution: Irish Find Their Voice in Tomas O Miochain
Authors: Goek Sara
Published: January 2016

Historical studies of Ireland during the late-18th Century 'Age of Revolution' have traditionally focused on politics and ideology-the realm of society's elite-often ignoring the opinions and role of the largely Catholic, Irish-speaking population of the country. This has occurred due to both an inability to understand the rich vernacular sources, as well as the longstanding view of rural people as an undifferentiated mass, a view that went largely unchallenged-until recently. By examining the vernacular poetry of Tomas O Miochain, this paper reconsiders the role of the native Irish-speaking population in discourse of the American Revolution and, in turn, the Revolution's implications for Ireland. While only a single example of political voice in the Irish vernacular during this era, the works of O Miochain offer a window into a much more complex presentation of late-18th Century Ireland, demonstrating that people outside the English-speaking elite comprehended the political situation and brought to it their own experiences and understanding.
Trans-Action Fees: Public Insurance, Medical Necessity, and Sex Reassignment Surgery
Authors: Peterson Caitlin
Published: January 2016

Due to a general lack of understanding regarding transgender persons, this group of individuals is put at particular risk of discrimination in the area of law and medicine. The question of public insurance coverage for medical treatment of gender identity disorder is one of the most pressing issues in this field. This paper will provide an overview of transgenderism and treatments of gender identity disorder in order to assess the medical necessity of sex reassignment surgery and other procedures provided to transgender persons. While Medicaid guidelines do allow for the denial of medically necessary services, these denied services must fit certain criteria. Specific cases in which state insurance coverage was permitted or denied to transgender Medicaid patients will be examined in order to assess the overall ethicality of Medicaid policy towards transgender persons.
A Raw Deal: Conflicts Over Tribal Sovereignty and Casino Proliferation
Authors: Mooney Tim
Published: January 2016

Federalism has played an important role in the explosion of legalized gambling in the United States in the last two decades. Indian gaming, in particular, has challenged state and national governments to come to terms with the place of American Indian tribes within the federalist system and organize a meaningful framework for the expansion of gaming on tribal lands. Now largely controlled by a federal statutory framework, Indian gaming has left states in a subordinate position in negotiating the establisment of major casino enterprises within their own borders. Confusion in states' rights during negotiations has further weakened their bargaining position, leading to extensive tribal casino development. The cooperation between states and tribes and states and casino corporations have facilitated casino proliferation throughout the United States, a trend that appears destined to contiue until the market is fully saturated.
Women of Copley's Boston: Changing Gender Roles on the Eve of the American Revolution
Authors: Lagorio Maria
Published: January 2016

In the time period surrounding the American Revolution, social roles for women evolved alongside the political gains made by the colonies. No longer restricted to the domestic realm, American women became integral to the success of the new democratic republic, winning respect in terms of marriage, motherhood, education, and even business. As all citizens recognized their obligations to the republic, republican motherhood emerged, challenging women to educate themselves in order to raise competent children. With a fine eye to the past, one can see thier social progress documented in the portraiture of the most celebrated colonial painter, John Singleton Copley. During his residency in Boston, Copley paintd the portraits of hundreds of women. While many of his subjects hailed from the upper class, a select few represent the small demographic of self-made women. As a whole, a study of Copley's portraiture of Bostonian women provides an illustrative example of how women projected themselves in the progressive Revolutionary era.
Sovietization of the Baltic States: Independence Negotiated, Then Stolen
Authors: Sadd William
Published: January 2016

This article examines the forces and circumstances of the early 1940s during which a unique climate was created for the Sovietization of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. It also considers the legal aspects of the case, namely the integration of these three independent, sovereign states into the Soviet Union which violated nearly all measures of international law. This, however, was met with little resistance from the international community, primarily because of the rise of Nazi Germany, the general chaos in the early years of World War II, and the shifting alliances along the Eastern Front. With many former Soviet republics in the spotlight today struggling to stabliize as independent states, and with the Russian Federation still occupying several territories of the former Soviet Union under the auspices of peacekeeping missions, the relatively settled case of the Baltic states serves as example to analyze processes of Sovietization, and should aid in fostering greater interest in the various ways by which desovietization is occurring in the contemporary world.
Musical Time: An Intersubjective Relationship
Authors: Minkoff Michael
Published: January 2016

This paper is a phenomenological exploration into the true nature of musical time. Drawing on the thought of Henri Bergson, Vladimir Jankelevitch, and contemporary philosophers of music, I propose that the nature of musical time lies within the performer and that its existence is parallel to that of the ordinary lived time of the empirical universe. We experience musical time as "mobile" (Bergson's terminology) and as a phenomenon of passing. A musician's ability to play music "in time" is governed by what I refer to as his "internal musical biological clock." However, as music is an art form that is typically performed in a group, a musician's relationship must be an intersubjective relationship where the performers' experience of time is forced by a synchronization of their internal musical biological clocks.
Call-and-Response: An Ancient Linguistic Device Surfaces in Usher's "Love in This Club"
Authors: Keegan Nathan
Published: January 2016

The call-and-response, originating from African tribal rituals, has become part of the foundation of modern African-American culture. This article explores the significance of call-and-response in Usher's "Love in This Club" and relates salient features of the music to the club culture that underlies it. "Club hip-hop" emerges as firmly rooted in the use of call-and-response. The rituals of the club are likewise mirrored in the style of the music, which at times can bear the importance of sacred ceremony.
The Truth in Things (And Love in the World): Accessing the Natural Law's Metaphysical and Theological Foundation
Authors: Ulbrich Shane
Published: January 2016

Troubled by the fruits of contemporary philosophical and spiritual nihilism and having discerned the inadequacies of positivism, a growing number of people experience profound dissatisfaction with modernity and are renewing the search for "the truth in hings," as Anselme of Canterbury once stated. Some seek a corrective element through a traditional understanding of natural law, and a number of Catholic scholars have made it their task to re-appropriate and articulate the natural law for the modern age, both with varied success. This article traces some of the foundational notions that ground natural law thinking. It illustrates how the natural law might be better recovered and clarified in light of modern philosophical assumptions. Finally, the article suggests that the natural law must be viewed through the theological lens of Christian charity for its full substance to be apparent.
Mentira y Honor: Los temas del teatro espanol en el Siglo de Oro
Authors: Georescu Vlad
Published: January 2016

While Catholic virtues should have been the highest moral authority in a society as fervently religious as Spain during its Golden Age, the protection of personal honor steered the moral code in practice. Examining four theatrical works by prominent authors of the period-including Pedro Calderon de la Barca, Ana Caro, Tirso de Molina, and Lope de Vega-reveals double standard implicit in the societal attitude toward lies. Lying in order to uphold reputation was rewarded, while lying for any other reason, such as personal satisfaction, was often punishable by death. It remains uncertain whether authors of the time included this duality in order to reflect their time or to criticize it, but the insight they provide is clear: People were more concerned with maintaining a good opinion in the eyes of their peers than in the eyes of God. This article explores the paradoxical manner in which dishonorable acts were tolerated in order to maintain honor in the Golden Age.
Film as History: Fellini's La Dolce Vita as a Historical Artifact
Authors: Zimmermann Zach
Published: January 2016

IIn 1960, Italy was a country in rapid cultural transition. Nowhere was this cultural current, this ebb of conservative Italian virtue and flow of flashy Italian consumerism, more evident than in Italy's age-old seat of power: Rome. During this time, famed director Federico Fellini undertook to enlist the elements of high-modernism and auteurism in the creation of a work of art that would capture something of the new culture rising in Rome. The result was the now canonical film La Dolce Vita. Infamous for its sensuality, but eminent for its masterly artistic story-telling, fifty years have seen the value of Fellini's film for film critics and historians alike increase substantially. Here, that value will be assessed by an analysis of the film's reception at the time of its release, followed by a close look at the film itself. An exploration of how La Dolce Vita simultaneously captures and criticizes the period of its production demonstrates this work of art's invaluable status as a historical artifact.
Eating concerns, body dissatisfaction, thinness internalization and antifat attitudes and their relationship with gender ideology in a sample of men
Authors: Magallares Alejandro
Published: January 2016

Eating disorders are much less common in men than in women. In this paper it is argued that these differences may be explained by the gender ideology that men and women have. Literature suggests that women’s ideology internalizes the social norm of slimness and for that reason may develop eating concerns and body dissatisfaction with the pass of the time, while men externalize the value of thinness and that is why they show greater antifat attitudes than women. Data obtained from 450 male students revealed that participants high in a gender ideology scale reported greater antifat attitudes and less thinness internalization, eating concerns and body dissatisfaction.  Finally, it is discussed why men and women adopt different strategies to deal with the social norm of thinness.
Ex post-facto study of long-term stress in a sample of adoptees
Authors: Díaz Amelia , Infanzón Eugenia , Beleña Ángela
Published: January 2016

In this work we study the impact of relinquishment and the adoption process in posttraumatic symptoms and stressful life events in a group of 55 adults that were adopted as children after the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). The effects of institutionalization, maltreatment and traumatic revelation of the adopted status have also been studied. No significant differences were found between institutionalized and non-institutionalized adoptees in posttraumatic symptomatology and stressful life events frequency. However, maltreated adoptees scored significantly higher in intrusion, arousal and stressful life events frequency than non-maltreated. Similar differences were found in the comparison between adoptees with and without traumatic revelation; those adoptees who suffered traumatic revelation presented significantly higher intrusion, arousal and stressful life events frequency than those who did not suffer traumatic revelation. Traumatic revelation, alone or in association with maltreatment, seems to play an important role in posttraumatic symptoms in the sample studied.
Judge me, judge me not: The role of eye size and observer gender on acquaintance rape
Authors: Ferrão Maria Clara , Gonçalves Gabriela , Giger Jean-Christophe , Parreira Tiago
Published: January 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of eye size and observer gender on perceived initial attraction, honesty, and attributions of responsibility for rape. A 3 (eye size: small vs. normal vs. large) x 2 (observer gender: female vs. male) experimental design was tested. Ninety participants (45 women and 45 men) observed one of three randomly assigned female faces (with eye size manipulation), and rated initial attraction and honesty. They were then asked to read an acquaintance rape scenario with a traditional woman, rating the victim and perpetrator responsibility. Eye size was shown to affect all the study variables: the female face with large eyes was seen as more attractive and honest, was held less responsible for her own victimization, and the offender was held more responsible. Gender was proven to affect perceived initial attraction and victim responsibility. Theoretical and practical implications were discussed.
Ego, Alter and Object: Explaining Personal Involvement with a Social Object Based on Presumed Collective Involvement and Group Identification.
Authors: Wachelke Joao , Natividade Jean , De Andrade Alexsandro , Wolter Rafael
Published: January 2016

The present paper aims at testing a model to predict personal involvement with a social object which was inspired by the social psychological triangle proposed by Moscovici. The triangle bridges three essential aspects of social psychology: the individual, the Other and a social object. It was operationalized as an empirical model to explain personal involvement with a social topic from two predictors: perceived collective involvement of group members with the same topic and group identification. The sample was formed by 805 Brazilian undergraduates. The participants completed scales that measured their identification with university students, their perception of students’ involvement with two social objects, university course or job, and their own personal involvement with those topics. Regression analyses supported the hypothesis that group identification, perceived collective involvement and their interaction maintained positive relations with personal involvement. Discussion focuses on the relativity of results to specific objects, the complexity of determinant factors of personal involvement and the pertinence of the triangular look to characterize social psychological research.
Diagnóstico y políticas de promoción del emprendimiento en estudiantes
Authors: Oliver Amparo , Galiana Laura , Gutiérrez-Benet Marta
Published: January 2016

The increasing need for socio-economical and educative measures, targeting the development of an entrepreneurship culture, makes essential the accurate definition of the construct. This, together with a measure to provide a baseline of students’ entrepreneurship would facilitate the assessment of European and state government policies and interventions. The aim of the study is to provide an understanding of the entrepreneurial attitudes in the Spanish educative context, from which the implementation and assessment of entrepreneurship culture and education programs could be developed. 524 students (267 high school and 257 university students) answered the Entrepreneurship Attitudes Scale. Descriptive statistics and parametric and non-parametric multivariate analyses of variance were developed, including gender and educational stage as independent variables. Results showed differences between genders on some entrepreneurship dimensions, and also offered criteria values for future research and interventions in the field. Implications of this work are related to the current political context.
Procesos de esencialización de hombres y mujeres: Un estudio comparado Brasil-España
Authors: Pereira Marcos Emanoel , Álvaro Estramiana José Luis , Garrido Luque Alicia
Published: January 2016

The main objective of this research is to present the results of an experiment based in the brain transplant paradigm. It was done in Brazil and Spain and its aim was to study various essentialization processes among different social categories. It was possible to identify that naturalizable social categories are more essentialized than entitative ones, that essencialization is greater in Brazil than in Spain, and that the direction of the supposed brain transplant in which the experiment was based had an impact only among Spanish participants. In both countries the attribution of internal causes was the most common explanation together with a biologization of gender with special reference to hormones and genes used as arguments to elaborate common sense explanations of human behavior. Altogether the results found lead us to the conclusion than essentialization plays an important role in the perpetuation of sexism and other forms of gender roles stereotypes.
Effect of Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) on Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Hwang Sun-yong , Kim Tae-Hee , Lee Hae-Hyeog , Kim Heung Yeol , Seo Juhyun
Published: January 2016

Today, many materials as drug are developed having various prominent function in order to treatment of disease or cancer. Among these materials, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), main constituents of omega-3 fatty acid, has a lot of beneficial and natural effects, so it has been known as anticancer material especially breast cancer. Breast cancer is disease taking high occurrence level among feminine diseases. DHA has anticancer effects on breast cancer cell, representatively inducing apoptosis, inhibiting proliferation or metastasis. Main effect of DHA on breast cancer cell is apoptosis inducing, which has mechanism that treated DHA causes lipid peroxidation increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and it activates caspase 8 and caspase 9 so activated caspase occurs apoptosis. Cell lines of breast cancer are MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, SK-BR-3, T47D and ZR75. Especially this article uses the MCF-7 cell line at experiment of anti-proliferation by DHA, the MDA-MB-231 cell line at experiment of anti-metastasis by DHA, because that cell line has specialized metastasis activity. Therefore, this paper discusses the effects of natural material DHA as drug of breast cancer.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: Ji Yong-Il , Kim Min Jeong
Published: January 2016

Polycystic ovary syndrome affects 6%-7% of reproductive-aged women, making it the most common endocrine disorder in this population. It is characterized by chronic anovulation and hyperandrogenism. Affected women may present with reproductive manifestations such as irregular menses or infertility, or cutaneous manifestations, including hirsutism, acne, or male-pattern hair loss. Over the past decade, several serious metabolic complications also have been associated with polycystic ovary syndrome including type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, sleep apnea, and possibly cardiovascular disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. In addition to treating symptoms by regulating menstrual cycles and improving hyperandrogenism, it is imperative that clinicians recognize and treat metabolic complications. Lifestyle therapies are first-line treatment in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, particularly if they are overweight. Pharmacological therapies are also available and should be tailored on an individual basis. This article reviews the diagnosis, clinical manifestations, metabolic complications, and treatment of the syndrome.
Analysis of an EGFR mutation by PNA clamping method in lung carcinoid tumors
Authors: Kim Jong In
Published: January 2016

Background Pulmonary carcinoid tumors consisting of typical carcinoid tumors (TC) and atypical carcinoid tumors (AC) are rare, accounting for 2–5% of all lung tumors. TC is considered a low-grade tumor with a rate of distant metastasis up to 12%. In contrast, ACs are more aggressive tumors, displaying a metastatic rate up to 70%. Surgery is the treatment of choice; however, the current treatment outcomes of metastatic lung carcinoids are discouraging. This study aimed to investigate the EGFR mutation using the PNA-mediated clamping method and to provide basic data for using EGFR-TK1 and its clinical implications. Materials and Methods A total of 14 cases that underwent surgery were diagnosed as carcinoid tumors and pathologically classified as TC and AC. The paraffin-embedded tissues were analyzed for EGFR mutations using the PNA-mediated PCR clamping technique. The mutant type was noted in the cases with a△Ct greater than 2.0. Result Of 14 cases, eight were AC and six cases were TC. No known EGFR mutation was detected with a△Ct less than 2.0. Conclusion The EGFR genotype determined using the PNA-mediated PCR clamping method was wild-type in all pulmonary carcinoid tumors. Therefore, the application of EGFR-TK1 is limited in pulmonary carcinoid tumors.
L’armée française et le secret : contribution à l’étude d’un régime juridique dérogatoire
Authors: Cursoux-Bruyère Sandrine
Published: January 2016

Le secret, en tant qu’expression du silence, caractérise à la fois l’organisation et l’action de l’armée française. De l’ambiguïté constitutionnelle quant à la répartition des compétences militaires, favorable de fait au chef de l’État, aux multiples régimes dérogatoires qui se combinent — statut des militaires, « secret-défense », actes de gouvernement —, tout conduit à constater que les « secrets militaires » sont bien gardés. Toutefois, s’il apparaît légitime, même dans une société démocratique, de prévoir de tels dispositifs en vue de sauvegarder des intérêts fondamentaux de la nation dans les domaines de la défense, leur recours jugé parfois abusif n’est pas exempt de critique. Le droit s’est donc de plus en plus attaché à en circonscrire l’objet en cherchant à plus concilier les objectifs de liberté, de sécurité et de transparence, ce qui se matérialise notamment par l’instauration de contrôles.
Effectivité du droit à l’exécution forcée du créancier et silence des personnes légalement requises
Authors: Leborgne Anne
Published: January 2016

Les procédures civiles d’exécution françaises, profondément réformées à la fin du xxe siècle et codifiées de manière autonome depuis 2012, réglementent les voies de droit permettant au créancier de contraindre son débiteur défaillant à exécuter ses obligations à son égard. S’il n’était pas interdit d’espérer une participation de ce débiteur à la mesure engagée, le silence de ce dernier ne pouvait pénaliser le créancier porteur d’un titre exécutoire, et c’est donc une collaboration active de tous les tiers que les auteurs de la réforme ont instaurée. Le silence de ces derniers, et spécialement celui des tiers entre les mains desquels une saisie est engagée, est ainsi sévèrement sanctionné.