bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The association of childhood polyvictimization with physical and mental health status in early adulthood
Authors: Song Ahyoung , Cho Yusun
Published: February 2021

This study aimed to explore the association between the experience of polyvictimization in childhood and physical/mental health during early adulthood (between the ages of 18–39). Retrospective cross‐sectional data from 406 respondents aged 18–39 were selected from the 2012 Korean General Social Survey. Following standards set in previous studies, polyvictimization is defined in this study as experiencing five or more types of violence. The outcomes of this study included self‐rated health, depression, and suicidal ideation. The results indicated that 8.37% (n = 34) of the total respondents were polyvictimized. This study found that all health‐related outcomes in adulthood were significantly associated with polyvictimization in childhood, and women who experienced polyvictimization in childhood faced greater the risk of suicidal ideation and depression than men. In conclusion, this study suggests the importance of taking into account the lasting association of childhood polyvictimization with health into adulthood. Practical implications for social work and suggestions for future studies are described.
Pathways of crime: Measuring crime concentration along urban roadways
Authors: Wuschke Kathryn , Andresen Martin A. , Brantingham Patricia L.
Published: February 2021

Some urban spaces are associated with disproportionate numbers of criminal events, while other areas are relatively free from disorder and crime. The relationship between urban space and crime concentration has received increased attention in recent years, with the location quotient frequently presented as a tool to identify and quantify such concentration. This measure has several limitations, with one significant concern surrounding the choice of denominator with which to standardize local and global rate calculations. In response, we present a new methodological adaptation to the location quotient, improving the measurement of crime concentration along linear features. To test this adaptation, we measure how crime concentrates by road classification at both a macro and micro level within two Canadian suburban municipalities. Using transportation network data, we identify the road types that are associated with a disproportionate concentration of criminal events, and illustrate how these relationships change alongside the level of aggregation. Results support the use of the adapted location quotient, finding that criminal events concentrate along specific road types, and emphasize the importance of spatial scale in understanding local relationships between crime and the built urban landscape.
Endothelial cells response to neutrophil-derived extracellular vesicles miRNAs in anti-PR3 positive vasculitis
Authors: Surmiak M , Kosałka-Węgiel J , Polański S , Sanak M
Published: February 2021

In vasculitis disorders, inflammation affects blood vessels. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is a chronic systemic vasculitis distinguished by the presence of anti-proteinase-3 autoantibodies (anti-PR3). In this study we analyzed the molecular signature of human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVECs) in response to neutrophil-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs were obtained from anti-PR3-activated neutrophils, purified and characterized by flow cytometry, nanoparticle tracking and miRNA screening. HUVECs were stimulated with EVs and miRNA/mRNA expression was measured. Cell culture media proteins were identified by antibody microarrays and selected cytokines were measured. Comparison of differentially expressed miRNAs/mRNAs between non-stimulated and EV-stimulated HUVECs revealed two regulatory patterns. Significant up-regulation of 14 mRNA transcripts (including CXCL8, DKK1, IL1RL1, ANGPT-2, THBS1 and VCAM-1) was accompanied by 11 miRNAs silencing (including miR-661, miR-664a-3p, miR-377-3p, miR-30d-5p). Significant down-regulation was observed for nine mRNA transcripts (including FASLG, CASP8, STAT3, GATA3, IRAK1 and IL6) and accompanied by up-regulation of 10 miRNAs (including miR-223-3p, miR-142-3p, miR-211-5p). Stimulated HUVECs released IL-8, Dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK-1), soluble interleukin (IL)-1 like receptor-1 (ST2), growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), angiopoietin-2, endoglin, thrombospondin-1 and vascular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). Moreover, transfection of HUVECs with mimics of highly expressed in EVs miR-223-3p or miR-142-3p, stimulated production of IL-8, ST2 and endoglin. Cytokines released by HUVECs were also elevated in blood of patients with GPA. The most increased were IL-8, DKK-1, ST2, angiopoietin-2 and IL-33. In-vitro stimulation of HUVECs by neutrophil-derived EVs recapitulates contribution of endothelium in autoimmune vasculitis. Proinflammatory phenotype of released cytokines corresponds with the regulatory network of miRNAs/mRNAs comprising both EVs miRNA and endothelial cell transcripts.
Urinary dysfunction after colorectal cancer treatment and impact on quality of life—a national cross‐sectional study in males
Authors: Kristensen Marianne Højsgaard , Elfeki Hossam , Sinimäki Saija , Laurberg Søren , Emmertsen Katrine J.
Published: February 2021

Aim

Despite advances in the treatment of colorectal cancer, postoperative urogenital dysfunction is still a problem although its exact extent remains unclear. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence and patterns of urinary dysfunction in men following treatment for colorectal cancer and the impact of urinary dysfunction on quality of life.

Method

A retrospective national Danish cross‐sectional study was performed in patients treated for colorectal cancer between 2001 and 2014. Patients answered questionnaires on urinary function and quality of life including the International Consultation on Incontinence Modular Questionnaire—Male Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms measuring voiding and incontinence. Results were analysed based on data on demographics and treatment‐related factors obtained from the Danish Colorectal Cancer Group database.

Results

A total of 5710 patients responded to the questionnaire (response rate 52.8%). In both crude analysis and after adjusting for patient‐related factors (age, time since surgery and American Society of Anesthesiologists score), both voiding (P < 0.0001) and incontinence scores (P < 0.0001) were significantly higher after rectal cancer than after colon cancer. In the rectal cancer group, abdominoperineal excision was found to be a significant risk factor for both voiding (P < 0.0001) and incontinence (P = 0.011), while radiotherapy only impaired continence (P = 0.014). Significant correlations between high voiding and incontinence scores and impaired quality of life were found in both groups.

Conclusion

We found a high prevalence of urinary dysfunction following treatment for colorectal cancer, especially in the rectal cancer group. Abdominoperineal excision was the most significant risk factor for both voiding and incontinence. Urinary dysfunction significantly impairs patients' quality of life.
Histopathological evaluation of cutaneous reactions to tattoos: Study at a tertiary care center
Authors: Agarwal Pooja , Jagati Ashish , Mehta Rupal , Vadher Priyanka , Rathod Santosh , Bodar Priyanka
Published: February 2021

Background

Tattooing has been around for many years and is becoming an increasingly common fashion trend. As there are often few regulatory laws regarding the practice, an increase in the incidence of cutaneous reactions to tattoo inks is noted. These include allergic reactions, granulomatous dermatitis, infections, lichenoid dermatoses, and sometimes malignancy. The present study examines the histopathological changes seen in patients with cutaneous reactions to tattoo ink.

Method

A prospective observational study was conducted over 18 months in the dermatology clinic of a tertiary care center in western India. The study population included 22 patients with cutaneous reactions over the tattoos. Punch biopsy specimens were sent to study the pattern of histopathological response.

Results

All 22 patients studied were between the ages of 17 and 35 years. The mean duration of development of reaction was 8.1 months. Most of the reactions were seen in black ink tattoos performed by amateurs. Perivascular and spongiotic dermatitis suggestive of allergic response was the most common feature on histopathology. Granulomatous response and lichenoid response were seen in five and three biopsies, respectively.

Conclusion

Legalization is needed for this practice to prevent tattoo reactions. Histopathological evaluation is important as tattoo reactions may be associated with skin infections and malignancies.
Current status of endoscopic re‐intervention for hilar malignant biliary obstruction
Authors: Takenaka Mamoru , Kudo Masatoshi
Published: February 2021

This Editorial refers to the article by T. Inoue et al., p 807‐814 of this issue.
Antiperistaltic effect and safety of l‐menthol oral solution on gastric mucosa for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in Chinese patients: Phase III, multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study
Authors: Meng Fandong , Li Wenyan , Zhi Fachao , Li Zhaoshen , Xue Zhanxiong , He Shuixiang , Chen Weifeng , Chen Yingxuan , Xing Xiangbin , Yao Chen , Wu Yongdong , Zhang Shutian
Published: February 2021

Objective

The topical antispasmodic agent l‐menthol is commonly used for gastric peristalsis suppression during diagnostic upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of a single dose l‐menthol solution in suppressing gastric peristalsis during upper GI endoscopy in Chinese patients.

Methods

In this phase III, multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03263910), 220 patients scheduled to undergo upper GI endoscopy at five Chinese referral centers received a single dose of either 160 mg of l‐menthol (n = 109) or placebo (n = 111). Both treatments were sprayed endoscopically on the gastric mucosa. An independent committee evaluated the degree of gastric peristalsis (peristaltic score: grade 1–5).

Results

At baseline, the proportion of patients with grade 1 peristalsis (no peristalsis) did not differ between the groups. The proportion of patients with grade 1 peristalsis post‐treatment was significantly higher in the l‐menthol group (40.37%, 44/109) versus the placebo group (16.22%, 18/111; P < 0.001); the difference between the groups was 24.15% (95% confidence interval: 12.67%–35.63%; P < 0.001). In the l‐menthol group, 61.47% of patients had grade 1 peristalsis after endoscopy versus 24.55% in the placebo group (P < 0.001). The ease of intragastric examination correlated significantly with the grade of peristalsis. The incidence of adverse events was comparable between the groups (P = 0.340).

Conclusions

During upper GI endoscopy, a single dose of l‐menthol solution (160 mg) sprayed on the gastric mucosa significantly attenuated gastric peristalsis versus placebo, thereby improving the visual stability without any safety concerns.
The risks of ankylosis of 89 avulsed human teeth stored in saliva prior to replantation—A re‐evaluation of a long‐term clinical study
Authors: Albertsson Josefin , Lauridsen Eva , Andreasen Jens O. , Gerds Thomas A. , Andersson Lars
Published: February 2021

Background/Aim

The survival of an avulsed tooth highly depends on the emergency management. The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk of ankylosis for avulsed human teeth stored in saliva preceded by various dry storage conditions prior to replantation.

Material and methods

Data include 74 patients (54 male and 20 female) with 89 avulsed and replanted teeth (16 immature teeth, 73 mature teeth). Patient ages ranged from 6 to 36 years (median: 13.0 years). All teeth were stored in saliva before replantation. Treatment and follow‐up were performed according to a standardized procedure. Follow‐up periods ranged from 7 months to 20 years (mean 5.3 years). The risk of ankylosis over time was estimated by the Aalen–Johansen method in relation to the length of dry storage and the stage of root development. The effect of risk factors (root development and length of dry time) on the risk of ankylosis was analysed by Cox regression analysis.

Results

For mature teeth, dry storage for 5 min or less before saliva storage resulted in a 47.4% (95% confidence interval (CI): 32.8–60.7) ankylosis rate. When dry storage was >5 min and <20 min, the risk of ankylosis was 76.8% (95% CI: 45.7–91.5). When dry storage exceeded 20 min prior to saliva storage, ankylosis increased to 89.3% (95% CI: 68.0−96.7). Ankylosis also increased with increasing saliva storage time. Specifically, one additional minute of wet time increased the ankylosis hazard rate (HR) by approximately 1% (CI = [0%, 2%], p = .052). Teeth with mature root development were significantly more frequently affected by ankylosis than teeth with immature root development (HR: 2.4 (95% CI: 1.0–5.5), p = .04).

Conclusion

Temporary storage in saliva should be encouraged if an avulsed permanent tooth cannot be immediately replanted or a suitable storage medium such as milk or saline is not immediately available at the place of the accident.
Sexually selected traits and life history traits of larger and smaller males of the horned flour beetle Gnatocerus cornutus
Authors: Kiyose Katsuya , Okada Yasukazu , Katsuki Masako , Suzaki Yû , Okada Kensuke
Published: February 2021

1. Expression of sexual weapons is strongly affected by environmental factors in armed insects, resulting in a remarkable morphological difference between larger and smaller males.

2. Morphological differences in weapon between larger and smaller males can promote differences in non‐sexual traits. This is because weapon sizes are often associated with developments of non‐sexual traits such as somatic traits and life history traits. The resulting different subsets of multiple traits may contribute to the reproductive success of larger and smaller males, respectively.

3. There were relatively few studies that couple differences in life history and reproductive traits between larger and smaller males. Here we investigated differences in morphology, behaviours, and life history in Gnatocerus cornutus.

4. Larger males have relatively larger mandibles and the advantage in male fighting to access females. Also, the developmental period was significantly shorter in the larger males than in the smaller males.

5. Smaller males with rudimentary weapons have higher locomotion. This suggests higher performance in the dispersal to new territories. Larger and smaller males showed different suites of multiple traits, and the combinations of multiple traits are probably related to expression of weapons.
The association of smartphone addiction, sleep quality and perceived stress amongst Jordanian dental students
Authors: Sanusi Sarliza Yasmin , Al‐Batayneh Ola Barakat , Khader Yousef Saleh , Saddki Norkhafizah
Published: February 2021

Introduction

Smartphone addiction has been associated with sleeping problems and psychological anxiety. However, little is known about the association of smartphone addiction, sleep quality and perceived stress amongst university students particularly in dentistry. This study investigated the association of these variables amongst dental students in a Jordanian dental faculty.

Materials and methods

A sample of 420 undergraduate dental students enrolled for academic year 2017/2018 at the Jordan University of Science and Technology participated in this study. They were given a set of self‐administered questionnaires which consisted of questions regarding demographic information, characteristics of smartphone use, assessment of smartphone addiction, sleep quality as well as perceived stress.

Results

The mean Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS) score amongst Jordanian dental students was high (109.9 ± 23.8). The correlation between SAS and Global Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) score was significant (r = 0.137, P =0.005) indicating that the higher the smartphone addiction level, the poorer the quality of sleep. Similarly, a significant correlation was found between Perceived Stress Scale‐10 (PSS‐10) score and Global PSQI score (r = 0.348, P < 0.001) which implied that students who have higher perceived stress experienced poorer sleep quality. Year 3 students (clinical year), smartphone addiction and perceived stress were determinants of sleep quality.

Conclusions

Dental students who have high levels of smartphone addiction or high perceived stress levels experienced poor sleep quality. Identifying smartphone addicts amongst students as well as stressors are imperative measures to allow timely assistance and support in the form of educational campaigns, counselling, psychotherapy and stress management.
Principles of care for acquired hemophilia
Authors: Dolan Gerry , Benson Gary , Bowyer Annette , Eichler Hermann , Hermans Cedric , Jiménez‐Yuste Victor , Ljung Rolf , Pollard Debra , Santagostino Elena , Šalek Silva Zupančić
Published: February 2021

Objective

To establish clear priorities for the care of patients with acquired hemophilia A (AHA) by proposing 10 key principles of practical, holistic AHA management.

Method

These principles were developed by the Zürich Haemophilia Forum, an expert panel of European hemophilia specialists comprising physicians and nursing and laboratory specialists.

Results

The 10 proposed principles for AHA care are as follows: (a) Improving initial diagnosis of AHA; (b) Differential diagnosis of AHA: laboratory assessment of patients with unusual bleeding; (c) Effective communication between laboratories, physicians, and specialists; (d) Improving clinical care: networking between healthcare professionals in the treating hospital and specialist hemophilia centers; (e) Comprehensive assessment of bleeding; (f) Appropriate use of bypassing agents; (g) Long‐term follow‐up and monitoring for efficacy and safety of immunosuppressive treatment; (h) Inpatient/outpatient settings; (i) Access to innovative and disruptive treatments; (j) Promotion of international collaborative research.

Conclusion

The proposed principles for holistic AHA care aim to ensure swift diagnosis and optimal patient management. Key to achieving this goal is training for healthcare personnel in non‐specialist hospitals and collaboration between different specialists. We hope these principles will increase awareness of AHA in the wider medical community and catalyze efforts toward improving its practical, multidisciplinary management.
Use of quantitative real‐time PCR to determine the local inflammatory response in the intestinal mucosa and muscularis of horses undergoing small intestinal resection
Authors: Lisowski Zofia M. , Lefevre Lucas , Mair Tim S. , Clark Emily L. , Hudson Neil P. H. , Hume David A. , Pirie R. Scott
Published: February 2021

Background

Studies in rodents and humans have demonstrated that intestinal manipulation or surgical trauma initiates an inflammatory response in the intestine which results in leucocyte recruitment to the muscularis externa causing smooth muscle dysfunction.

Objectives

To examine the intestinal inflammatory response in horses undergoing colic surgery by measuring relative differential gene expression in intestinal tissues harvested from surgical colic cases and control horses.

Study design

Prospective case‐control study.

Methods

Mucosa and muscularis externa were harvested from healthy margins of resected small intestine from horses undergoing colic surgery (n = 12) and from intestine derived from control horses euthanised for reasons unrelated to the gastrointestinal tract (n = 6). Tissue was analysed for genes encoding proteins involved in the inflammatory response: interleukin (IL) 6 and IL1β, C‐C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), tumour necrosis factor (TNF), prostaglandin‐endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) and indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO1). Relative expression of these genes was compared between the two groups. Further analysis was applied to the colic cases to determine whether the magnitude of relative gene expression was associated with the subsequent development of post‐operative reflux (POR).

Results

Samples obtained from colic cases had increased relative expression of IL1β, IL6, CCL2 and TNF in the mucosa and muscularis externa when compared with the control group. There was no difference in relative gene expression between proximal and distal resection margins and no association between duration of colic, age, resection length, short‐term survival and the presence of pre‐operative reflux and the relative expression of the genes of interest. Horses that developed POR had significantly greater relative gene expression of TNF in the mucosa compared with horses that did not develop POR.

Main limitations

Small sample size per group and variation within the colic cases.

Conclusions

These preliminary data support an upregulation of inflammatory genes in the intestine of horses undergoing colic surgery.
Neuropharmacology in traumatic brain injury: from preclinical to clinical neuroprotection?
Authors: Lerouet Dominique , Marchand‐Leroux Catherine , Besson Valérie C.
Published: February 2021

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) constitutes a major health problem worldwide and is a leading cause of death and disability in individuals, contributing to devastating socioeconomic consequences. Despite numerous promising pharmacological strategies reported as neuroprotective in preclinical studies, the translation to clinical trials always failed, albeit the great diversity of therapeutic targets evaluated. In this review, first, we described epidemiologic features, causes, and primary and secondary injuries of TBI. Second, we outlined the current literature on animal models of TBI, and we described their goals, their advantages and disadvantages according to the species used, the type of injury induced, and their clinical relevance. Third, we defined the concept of neuroprotection and discussed its evolution. We also identified the reasons that might explain the failure of clinical translation. Then, we reviewed post‐TBI neuroprotective treatments with a focus on the following pleiotropic drugs, considered “low hanging fruit” with high probability of success: glitazones, glibenclamide, statins, erythropoietin, and progesterone, that were largely tested and demonstrated efficient in preclinical models of TBI. Finally, our review stresses the need to establish a close cooperation between basic researchers and clinicians to ensure the best clinical translation for neuroprotective strategies for TBI.
Builders, tenants, and squatters: the origins of genetic material in modern stromatolites
Authors: Petryshyn Victoria A. , Junkins Emily N. , Stamps Blake W. , Bailey Jake V. , Stevenson Bradley S. , Spear John R. , Corsetti Frank A.
Published: February 2021

Micro‐organisms have long been implicated in the construction of stromatolites. Yet, establishing a microbial role in modern stromatolite growth via molecular analysis is not always straightforward because DNA in stromatolites can have multiple origins. For example, the genomic material could represent the microbes responsible for the construction of the stromatolite (i.e., “builders”), microbes that inhabited the structure after it was built (i.e., “tenants”), or microbes/organic matter that were passively incorporated after construction from the water column or later diagenetic fluids (i.e., “squatters”). Disentangling the role of micro‐organisms in stromatolite construction, already difficult in modern systems, becomes more difficult as organic signatures degrade, and their context is obscured. To evaluate our ability to accurately decipher the role of micro‐organisms in stromatolite formation in geologically recent settings, 16/18S SSU rRNA gene sequences were analyzed from three systems where the context of growth was well understood: (a) an actively growing stromatolite from a silicic hot spring in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, where the construction of the structure is controlled by cyanobacteria; (b) a mixed carbonate and silica precipitate from Little Hot Creek, a hot spring in the Long Valley Caldera of California that has both abiogenic and biogenic components to accretion; and (c) a near‐modern lacustrine carbonate stromatolite from Walker Lake, Nevada that is likely abiogenic. In all cases, the largest percentage of recovered DNA sequences, especially when focused on the deeper portions of the structures, belonged to either the tenant or squatter communities, not the actual builders. Once removed from their environmental context, correct interpretation of biology's role in stromatolite morphogenesis was difficult. Because high‐throughput genomic analysis may easily lead to incorrect assumptions even in these modern and near‐modern structures, caution must be exercised when interpreting micro‐organismal involvement in the construction of accretionary structures throughout the rock record.
Influence of rotational speed on torque/force generation and shaping ability during root canal instrumentation of extracted teeth with continuous rotation and optimum torque reverse motion
Authors: Kyaw M. S. , Ebihara A. , Kasuga Y. , Maki K. , Kimura S. , Htun P. H. , Nakatsukasa T. , Okiji T.
Published: February 2021

Aim

To evaluate how different rotational speeds affect the torque/force generation and shaping ability of rotary root canal instrumentation using JIZAI (MANI, Utsunomiya, Japan) nickel‐titanium instruments in continuous rotation and optimum torque reverse (OTR) motion.

Methodology

Mesial root canals of extracted mandibular molars were instrumented up to size 25, 0.04 taper using JIZAI instruments, and anatomically matched canals were selected based on geometric features of the canal [canal volume (mm3), surface area (mm2), length, 15°–20° curvature and radius of curvature (4–8 mm)] after micro‐computed tomographic scanning. An automated root canal instrumentation and torque/force analysing device was programmed to permit a simulated pecking motion (2 s downward and 1 s upward at 50 mm min−1). The selected canals were prepared with size 25, 0.06 taper JIZAI instruments using continuous rotation or OTR motion and further subdivided according to the rotational speed (300 or 500 rpm, n = 10 each). Real‐time clockwise/counterclockwise torque and downward/upward force were recorded using a custom‐made torque/force analysing device. Then, the registered pre‐ and post‐operative micro‐computed tomographic datasets were examined to evaluate the canal volume changes and centring ratios at 1, 3, 5 and 7 mm from the apical foramen. Data were analysed using two‐way analysis of variance or the Kruskal–Wallis test and Mann–Whitney U test with Bonferroni correction (α = 5%).

Results

Maximum upward force and clockwise torque were significantly smaller in 500 rpm groups than in 300 rpm groups (P < .05); however, no significant difference was found between continuous rotation and OTR motion (P > .05). OTR motion developed higher maximum counterclockwise torque than continuous rotation (P < .05). Maximum downward force, canal volume changes and centring ratios were not significantly different among all groups (P > .05). There was no file fracture in any of the groups.

Conclusions

Under laboratory conditions using JIZAI instruments, a rotational speed of 500 rpm generated significantly lower maximum screw‐in forces and torque values than rotational speed of 300 rpm. Continuous rotation and OTR motion performed similarly in shaping the canals.
Brand authenticity: 25 Years of research
Authors: Södergren Jonatan
Published: February 2021

Twenty‐five productive years have passed since the late Barbara Stern called for marketing scholars to take the topic of brand authenticity into consideration. Brand authenticity is now believed to be a core asset in mainstream marketing, yet confusion surrounds the nature and usage of the term. Using the Antecedents, Decisions and Outcomes format initially developed by Justin Paul and Gabriel Benito as an organizing framework, this article seeks to consolidate an area of thought characterized by multiplicity and excess of disparate meanings. Based on the extensive coverage of studies published over a period of 25 years between 1994 and 2019, extant literature on brand authenticity is reviewed. Three primary streams of research are identified: (1) characteristics that distinguish the ‘real thing’ from the fake, (2) the legitimizing function of authenticity and (3) emotional and moral aspects of authentication. Despite substantive contributions over the last 25 years, many areas of brand authenticity remain underexplored. By synthesizing extant literature, the aim of this study is to identify gaps in knowledge about brand authenticity and to prepare for a future research agenda guided by intersectionality.
Bcl‐3 suppresses differentiation of RORγt+ regulatory T cells
Authors: Tang Wanhu , Saret Sun , Tian Ruxiao , Wang Hongshan , Claudio Estefania , Murphy Philip M , Siebenlist Ulrich
Published: February 2021

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) exert inhibitory function under various physiological conditions and adopt diverse characteristics following environmental cues. Multiple subsets of Tregs expressing master transcription factors of helper T cells such as RORγt, T‐bet, Gata3 and PPARγ have been characterized, but the molecular mechanism governing the differentiation of these subsets remains largely unknown. Here we report that the atypical IκB protein family member Bcl‐3 suppresses RORγt+ Treg accumulation. The suppressive effect of Bcl‐3 was particularly evident in the mouse immune tolerance model of anti‐CD3 therapy. Using conditional knockout mice, we illustrate that loss of Bcl‐3 specifically in Tregs was sufficient to boost RORγt+ Treg formation and resistance of mice to dextran sulfate sodium‐induced colitis. We further demonstrate the suppressive effect of Bcl‐3 on RORγt+ Treg differentiation in vitro. Our results reveal a novel role of nuclear factor‐kappa B signaling pathways in Treg subset differentiation that may have clinical implications in immunotherapy.
Smoothing method to directly denoise terahertz signals in rare‐earth orthoferrite antiferromagnets
Authors: Zeng Xinxi , Liang Yuhe , Zhang Han , Xi Xiaoqing , Cao Jianguo , Li Bo , Zhou Ji
Published: February 2021

Rare‐earth orthoferrites with weak ferromagnetism have become one of the most fascinating topics in antiferromagnet research because of their potential application in future information technologies. However, an appropriate and direct way to reduce the noise in the intrinsic but weak resonances of rare‐earth orthoferrites is currently lacking, creating difficulties in analysis. Here, we report a numerical smoothing method to directly denoise the detected terahertz (THz) responses of orthoferrites using a B‐spline algorithm. For comparison, the Savitzky–Golay smoothing method, which is a typical and widely used numerical smoothing method, was also used to process the data. The thickness‐dependent signals of DyFeO3 were processed by the above methods. LaFeO3, HoFeO3, and DyFeO3 were chosen and prepared, and their thermally tunable signals were processed. The B‐spline signal smoothing algorithm was shown to have stability and robustness to noise and was more effective than the Savitzky–Golay smoothing method at reducing noise. This work on smoothing thickness‐ and temperature‐dependent THz signals may help provide a promising approach to reduce noise in the intrinsic but weak resonances of rare‐earth orthoferrites.
Healthcare providers’ role in providing sexual and reproductive health information to people with intellectual and developmental disabilities: A qualitative study
Authors: Schmidt Elizabeth K. , Beining April , Hand Brittany N. , Havercamp Susan , Darragh Amy
Published: February 2021

Background

Individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities demonstrate disparities in sexual and reproductive health (SRH) compared to individuals without disabilities (e.g., lack of sexual education and knowledge, increased rates of abuse, unplanned pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify topics healthcare providers address and perceived barriers and supports to SRH education.

Methods

We conducted semi‐structured interviews with healthcare providers (N = 12).

Results

Providers address relationships, safety, protection and appropriate sexual behaviours with clients with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Parent education and client‐centred care were identified as supports, while the patient's level of understanding, the provider's lack of knowledge or access to resources and to appropriate referrals were identified as barriers to SRH education.

Conclusion

Future studies are needed to link providers to resources they can use to provide comprehensive, accessible SRH education for clients with intellectual and developmental disabilities.
Association between periodontitis and severity of COVID‐19 infection: A case–control study
Authors: Marouf Nadya , Cai Wenji , Said Khalid N. , Daas Hanin , Diab Hanan , Chinta Venkateswara Rao , Hssain Ali Ait , Nicolau Belinda , Sanz Mariano , Tamimi Faleh
Published: February 2021

Aim

COVID‐19 is associated with an exacerbated inflammatory response that can result in fatal outcomes. Systemic inflammation is also a main characteristic of periodontitis. Therefore, we investigated the association of periodontitis with COVID‐19 complications.

Materials and Methods

A case–control study was performed using the national electronic health records of the State of Qatar between February and July 2020. Cases were defined as patients who suffered COVID‐19 complications (death, ICU admissions or assisted ventilation), and controls were COVID‐19 patients discharged without major complications. Periodontal conditions were assessed using dental radiographs from the same database. Associations between periodontitis and COVID 19 complications were analysed using logistic regression models adjusted for demographic, medical and behaviour factors.

Results

In total, 568 patients were included. After adjusting for potential confounders, periodontitis was associated with COVID‐19 complication including death (OR = 8.81, 95% CI 1.00–77.7), ICU admission (OR = 3.54, 95% CI 1.39–9.05) and need for assisted ventilation (OR = 4.57, 95% CI 1.19–17.4). Similarly, blood levels of white blood cells, D‐dimer and C Reactive Protein were significantly higher in COVID‐19 patients with periodontitis.

Conclusion

Periodontitis was associated with higher risk of ICU admission, need for assisted ventilation and death of COVID‐19 patients, and with increased blood levels of biomarkers linked to worse disease outcomes.
Corporate governance, life cycle, and payout precommitment: An emerging market study
Authors: Flavin Thomas , Goyal Abhinav , O'Connor Thomas
Published: February 2021

We analyze the role of firm‐level corporate governance in determining the precommitment payout policy of emerging market firms and investigate whether there is a precommitment life‐cycle effect. Unlike previous studies of U.S. firms, we find evidence of precommitment only among relatively well‐governed firms, which combine good governance with large dividend payouts to shareholders and large debt‐related repayments to creditors. We also document a strong precommitment life‐cycle effect. Firms in the growth and mature stages of their life cycle tend to use both debt and dividends to precommit to investors, with an increasing proportion of dividends in total payout measures. Our results are robust to an array of control variables, alternate payout proxies, market setting, and firm‐level corporate governance, and it addresses potential endogeneity concerns in the sample.
Cost of Sticky Prices under Multiple Stages of Production
Authors: SHIROTA TOYOICHIRO
Published: February 2021

This study analyzes the cost of sticky prices when intermediate goods are used in production. One major result is that the cost of sticky prices increases as the production structure deepens. A simple one‐sector model without intermediate inputs underestimates the cost of nonzero trend inflation.
Biochemistry, Doppler echocardiography, and electrocardiography evaluation in captive owl monkeys (Aotus sp)
Authors: Teixeira André Luis de Souza , da Silva Wellington Bandeira , Oliveira Karol Guimarães , Correa Isabel Coelho , Gonzaga Camila Nunes , Almosny Nádia Regina Pereira
Published: February 2021

Background

The cardiovascular system of owl monkeys has been studied due to frequent postmortem findings of heart disease in asymptomatic animals. The silent aspect and the difficulty of early diagnosis intensify the importance of studying the cardiovascular system in this species.

Methods

Echocardiogram evaluation was carried out on 60 animals, grouped into suspect or non‐suspect of having heart diseases, and evaluated through electrocardiogram, hematology, and biochemical tests.

Results

Doppler echocardiography indicated two animals with suspicion of left ventricular hypertrophy and eight with dilated cardiomyopathy. Suspect animals had higher cardiac measurements and reduced shortening fraction. Troponin I was detectable in two animals (0.128 ng/mL and 0.584 ng/mL), and serum albumin concentration was significantly higher in non‐suspect animals (P < .05).

Conclusions

The importance of echocardiographic measurements of IVSd, IVSs, LVIDd, LVIDs, LVPWd, LVPWs, LA, EF, and FS in the cardiac evaluation of captive owl monkeys was evidenced.
Relationship between lamellar sensory corpuscles distributed along the upper arm’s deep arteries and pulsating sensation of blood vessels
Authors: Onishi Yoshiyuki , Hisato Haruka , Maeda Seishi , Minato Yusuke , Kuwahara‐Otani Sachi , Yagi Hideshi
Published: February 2021

Vibration is detected by mechanoreceptors, including Pacinian corpuscles (PCs), which are widely distributed in the human body including the adventitia of large blood vessels. Although the distribution of PCs around large limb vessels has been previously reported, there remains no consensus on their distribution in the adventitia of the human deep blood vessels in the upper arm. In addition, the physiological functions of PCs located around the deep limb blood vessels remain largely unknown. This study aimed to elucidate detailed anatomical features and physiological function of lamellar sensory corpuscles structurally identified as PCs using the immunohistochemical methods around the deep vessels in the upper arm. We identified PCs in the connective tissue adjacent to the deep vessels in the upper arm using histological analysis and confirmed that PCs are located in the vascular sheath of the artery and its accompanying vein as well as in the connective tissue surrounding the vascular sheath and nerves. PCs were densely distributed on the distal side of deep vessels near the elbow. We also examined the relationship between vascular sound and pulsating sensation to evaluate the PCs functions around deep arteries and veins and found that the vascular sound made by pressing the brachial arteries in the upper arm was associated with the pulsating sensation of the examinee. Our results suggest that PCs, around deep vessels, function as bathyesthesia sensors by detecting vibration from blood vessels.
Social service provider's perceptions of financial education for adults with mental illness and/or cognitive impairments
Authors: Janney Carol A. , Tobe Erica , Matteson Scott , Long Brenda
Published: February 2021

This study assessed the needs of social service providers (n = 187) who completed a Train the Trainer session on financial literacy and evaluated their perceptions of the appropriateness of a financial toolkit for adults with mental illness and/or cognitive impairment. Using the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection's Your Money, Your Goals (a financial empowerment resource for adults), the following key needs were identified: financial assistance, job training, and medical services. Transportation and access to financial services were barriers identified by providers. Eighty percent of providers would recommend the training to other social service providers. Recommended adaptations included providing shorter, hands on approach multi‐sessions, and infusing real life examples. Differences in needs, barriers, or adaptations were not observed for rural versus urban areas. In conclusion, the financial empowerment toolkit, with minimal modifications, may be a viable resource for providers to use with adults who have mental health/cognitive impairments.
Does a trade‐off between growth plasticity and resource conservatism mediate post‐fire shrubland responses to rainfall seasonality?
Authors: van Blerk Justin J. , West Adam G. , Altwegg Res , Hoffman M. Timm
Published: February 2021

Growth plasticity may allow fire‐prone species to maximize their recovery rates during temporary, sporadic periods of rainfall availability in the post‐fire environment. However, moisture‐driven growth plasticity could be maladaptive in nutrient‐limited environments that require tighter control of growth and resource use. We investigated whether a trade‐off between plasticity and conservatism mediates growth responses to altered rainfall seasonality in neighbouring shrubland communities that occupy different soils.

We monitored post‐fire vegetation regrowth in two structurally similar, Mediterranean‐type shrublands for 3 years. We investigated the effects of experimentally altered rainfall seasonality on post‐fire species’ growth rates.

We found that moisture‐driven growth plasticity was higher among species occupying the fertile soils of the renosterveld site relative to those occupying the nutrient‐poor soils of the fynbos site. This resulted in higher overall responsiveness of post‐fire recovery patterns in renosterveld to experimental shifts in rainfall seasonality.

In post‐fire shrubland communities, the trade‐off between moisture‐dependent growth plasticity and resource conservatism could be mediated by soil nutrient availability. Therefore, edaphic differences between structurally similar shrublands could lead to differences in their sensitivity to post‐fire rainfall seasonality.
Atopic diseases of the parents predict the offspring's atopic sensitization and food allergy
Authors: Pyrhönen Kaisa , Kulmala Petri
Published: February 2021

Background

In genetic studies and selected study populations, parental atopy has been associated with atopic diseases in offspring. Our aim was to identify the association between parental atopic diseases and the offspring's atopic sensitization and food allergies, and their effect modifications due to the offspring's sex.

Methods

The study population (N = 5564) (born between 2001 and 2006) was identified from the population register and live in the province of South Karelia, Finland. Questionnaire‐based information on parental atopic diseases was available for 3592 children. The results of skin prick tests, specific IgE tests, and open food challenges (OFC) were collected from patient records.

Results

By 12 years of age, the cumulative incidence of sensitization to food (14% vs 7%, hazard ratio 2.13; 95% CI 1.68–2.69), animal (10% vs 6%, 1.86; 1.42–2.44), and pollen allergens (12% vs 6%, 2.43; 1.85–3.19), as well as food allergies (positive OFC, 5% vs 2%, 2.28; 1.57–3.33), was higher in the offspring of parents with atopic diseases. The cumulative incidence for pollen sensitization was twofold higher for the female offspring of parents with atopic diseases than those of parents without, while it was almost threefold higher among males. The association between parental pollen allergy and the offspring's pollen sensitization was modified by sex according to additive scale estimates (RERI 1.03; 95% CI 0.13–1.91).

Conclusion

Until adolescence, parental atopic diseases have a relatively strong association with the offspring's, particularly male offspring's, atopic sensitization, and food allergies. A pronounced association was found between parental pollen allergy and the male offspring's pollen sensitization.
Impact of a multi‐professional expert team on EOL care of children with cancer
Authors: Iwamoto Shotaro , Hori Hiroki , Sakata Keiko , Kawamata Ayumi , Suefuji Miki , Igura Chika , Yodoya Noriko , Matsubara Takako , Ogura Toru , Komada Yoshihiro , Hirayama Masahiro
Published: February 2021

Background

The quality of end‐of‐life (Q‐EOL) care is influenced by various factors such as resources for palliative care (PC). We introduced a multi‐professional expert team (MET) in 2014, which provides home‐based care for children and adolescents with incurable cancer. This study investigated the impacts of the outreach activities by the MET on Q‐EOL care of pediatric oncology patients.

Methods

This observational study retrospectively examined 112 patients receiving end‐of‐life care between 1989 and 2018 at a pediatric cancer center in Japan. Some of the indicators of Q‐EOL care before and after the introduction of the outreach activities by the MET were compared. The subjects were 92 in pre‐MET and 20 in post‐MET periods.

Results

The median number of days for which the patients stayed at home during the final seven or 30 days were significantly prolonged in the post‐MET period (0.0 vs 1.5 days, P = 0.020, 3.0 vs 12.0 days, P = 0.042). The change was more significant in hematologic malignancies than solid and central nervous system tumors. Patients receiving longer PC before their deaths could stay at home longer during the last 7 days. The ratio of patients receiving PC for more than 2 months was significantly increased in post‐MET period (60.9 vs 90.0%, P = 0.014). More patients also greeted their deaths at home in the post‐MET period (3.3 vs 25.0%, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

The activities of the MET transformed the end‐of‐life care of children and adolescents with incurable cancer. Earlier transitions to PC from curative treatment were associated with longer home‐based care and more deaths at home.
Influence of abiotic factors, inoculum source, and cultivar susceptibility on the potato tuber blemish diseases black dot (Colletotrichum coccodes) and silver scurf (Helminthosporium solani)
Authors: Massana‐Codina Josep , Schnee Sylvain , Lecoultre Nicole , Droz Eric , Dupuis Brice , Keiser Andreas , de Werra Patrice , Wolfender Jean‐Luc , Gindro Katia , Schürch Stéphanie
Published: February 2021

Black dot and silver scurf are potato blemish diseases whose economic impact has increased in recent years. Because their symptomatology on tubers is visually similar, disease assessment does not usually differentiate between the two pathogens, which share the same ecological niche. The epidemiology of black dot has been extensively studied, especially in the UK, but the factors that influence silver scurf have been less investigated. In this study, the influence of cultivar, source of inoculum, and environmental conditions on both diseases was studied in field trials over a three‐year period (2016–2018) in Switzerland. Planting minitubers did not prevent either disease in daughter tubers, indicating the contribution of soil as an inoculum reservoir. An arbitrary threshold of Colletotrichum coccodes soil inoculum could be set to discriminate between low and high disease risk. For the first time, Helminthosporium solani DNA was detected in stolons, and infections appeared earlier in stolons than in tubers. H. solani stolon and tuber infections usually appeared later in the season than those of C. coccodes. Black dot severity correlated positively with precipitation, while silver scurf severity correlated positively with temperature. Table potato cultivars commonly grown in Switzerland exhibited significant differences in susceptibility to both diseases, and cultivars with low susceptibility to both silver scurf and black dot were identified. These results gave new insights into understanding the factors driving the epidemiology of potato blemish diseases and may contribute to building a risk assessment scheme to manage both diseases simultaneously.