bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Colonial and Postcolonial Literature
Authors: Boehmer Elleke
Published: October 2023

Colonial and Postcolonial Literature is the leading critical overview of and historical introduction to colonial and postcolonial literary studies. Highly praised from the time of its first publication for its lucidity, breadth, and insight, the book has itself played a crucial part in founding and shaping this rapidly expanding field. The author, an internationally renowned postcolonial critic, provides a broad contextualizing narrative about the evolution of colonial and postcolonial writing in English. Illuminating close readings of texts by a wide variety of writers - from Kipling and Conrad through to Kincaid, from Ngugi to Noonuccal and Naipaul - explicate key theoretical terms such as 'subaltern', 'colonial resistance', 'writing back', and 'hybridity'. This revised edition includes new critiques of postcolonial women's writing, an expanded and fully annotated bibliography, and a new chapter and conclusion on postcolonialism exploring keynote debates in the field relating to sexuality, transnationalism, and local resistance.
The Distribution of Earnings in spain during the 1980s:
Authors: Bover Olympia , Lila Samuel Bentolila , Arellano Manuel
Published: October 2023

Since the early 1980s, the UK and the US have witnessed significant increases in wage inequality. In contrast, there has been little change in other countries such as France or Germany. Increases in Anglo-Saxon countries have been traced back to rising returns to education and experience, but also to higher differences in remunerations for workers with comparable schooling and seniority. Forces often mentioned as underlying these developments are changes in demographics, changes in labour quality, skill-biased technological change, rising returns to unobserved ability, growing international trade flows, and changes in institutions such as declines in minimum wages in real terms or deunionization.
Property Owning Companies
Authors: Dyson Henry
Published: October 2023

The use of a société civile as a vehicle to avoid the impact of French entrenched inheritance rights (la résave) in the case of persons who die domiciled in England is discussed in Chapter 29. There may be other reasons why it is advantageous for those who are domiciled in France as well as those whose domicile is English to make use of the société civile as the owner of French land and the object of this chapter is to provide a limited appreciation of the law and procedure applicable to the type of French company most suitably used for property ownership. It is not intended to supply detailed information available from books specializing in French company law.
The Hidden Side of Group Behaviour: A Gender Analysis of Community Forestry in South Asia
Authors: Agarwal Bina
Published: October 2023

Community forestry groups, managing State or community-owned forest resources, represent one of the most rapidly growing forms of collective action in the developing world. They thus provide an especially useful study in how groups function. This chapter focuses on South Asian experience to illuminate how such groups, ostensibly set-up to operate on principles of cooperation, and meant to involve and benefit all members of the rural community, often effectively exclude significant sections, such as women. While seemingly participatory, equitable and efficient, they cloak substantial gender-related inequities and inefficiencies. The chapter also analyses what underlies such unfavourable outcomes and how the outcomes could be improved.
The Behavior of Random Variables with Non stationary Variance and the Distribution of Security Prices
Authors: Rosenberg Barr
Published: October 2023

When the variance of a population of random variables is non stationary, the population kurtosis is greater than the kurtosis of the probability distribution of the individual random variables. Therefore, the high kurtosis observed in the distribution of security prices can be explained by high kurtosis in the individual price changes, non stationarity in the variances of the price changes, or any combination of these two causes. For a 100-year series of monthly changes in the Standard & Poor’s Composite Index, fluctuations in variance as forecasted by a two-parameter model explain 70 percent of the deviation of the sample kurtosis from normality. The results suggest that increments in the logarithms of security prices obey a normal distribution with predictably fluctuating variance.
Commitment Devices under Self-control Problems: An Overview
Authors: Brocas Isabelle , Carrillo Juan D , Dewatripont Mathias
Published: October 2023

In everyday decision-making, most choices made by individuals involve intertemporal tradeoffs between immediate and delayed gratification (eating, drinking, and smoking versus abstinence to keep a healthy state, current consumption versus saving for the future, leisure versus work to increase wealth, etc.). Traditional economic analyses capture the temporal dimension of individual preferences with the exponential discount utility. This representation of preferences has (among others) two basic properties. First and other things being equal, future utility is valued less than current utility.
Long-memory Time Series
Authors: Robinson P M
Published: October 2023

These descriptions face the criticism that, consistent with (1.4), there is the possibility that j()..) has one or more poles or zeros at frequencies).. E (0, n], indicative of notable cyclic behaviour. This research was supported by a Leverhulme Trust Personal Research Professorship and ESRC Grant R000238212. I thank Fabrizio Iacone for careful checking of bibliographic details and for locating typographical errors. © P. M. Robinson 2003.
Poetry and Virtual Realities
Authors: Morgan Edwin
Published: October 2023

Links between poetry and science, far from being rare and strange, are actually quite hard to avoid, if one takes the whole history of poetry into account. Well-known names line up to be considered: Lucretius, Dante, Milton, Goethe, Shelley, Leopardi, to which you might add Omar Khayyàm, famous in the West as a poet but more famous in his own country of Persia as a mathematician and astronomer, and Virgil, whose Georgics is a fine poem but at the same time a manual of agriculture and animal husbandry, written by an author who was not a dilettante but himself a farmer. Virgil’s overall title of the four-part poem, Georgicon, can be translated as ‘works of earth’: poet, farmer, and poem are all a part of nature and the understanding of nature and the transformation of nature. This poem looks back to Lucretius (whom Virgil admired) in being didactic.
Women and Part-time Employment: Workers’ ‘Choices’ and Wage Penalties in Five Industrialized Countries
Authors: Bardasi Elena , Gornick Janet c.
Published: October 2023

A large literature on part-time work concludes that it is most useful to conceptualize part-time work as a trade-off, or series of trade-offs. For many women, part-time work offers flexibility at the cost of some lost remuneration; an hourly wage gap between part-time and full-time workers has been well-documented (Bassi 1995; Gornick and Jacobs 1996; OECD 1994; Rubery 1992; EBRI 1993; Simpson 1986). For others, it constitutes a compromise state between full-time homemaking and fulltime employment, when either of those might be optimal but neither is feasible. Some scholars, especially feminist scholars, have framed the trade-off for women as one of short-term gains versus long-term losses. While part-time work offers limited labour market attachment to women who might otherwise have none, women’s disproportionate participation in part-time work in the short run cements sexual divisions of labour in both paid and unpaid work in the long term.
The Influence of Female Employment and Autonomy on Reproductive Behaviour in Egypt
Authors: Kulczycki Andrzej , Juárez Lucía
Published: October 2023

The 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) held in Cairo, Egypt, emphasized the importance of improving access to employment for women in order to promote their empowerment and to enhance demographic change. Female labour force participation has often been used as a marker of women’s status, on the assumption that an earning capacity empowers women and increases their autonomy. Yet the implications of women’s work for their general well-being and empowerment are, in fact, not always so clear. Economic development, often assumed to give women a more active role in the society and economy, may equally lead to the marginalization and exploitation of poorer urban and rural women in non-competitive sectors. Meanwhile, women participating in the modern sector may be disproportionately selected from privileged backgrounds or working in gender-segregated fields. With so many economic, social, political, ideological, and legal forces impacting on women’s roles and position, it may be simplistic to assume that women’s labour force participation automatically leads to their empowerment.
Insolvency In Private International Law
Authors: Fletcher Ian F
Published: October 2023

The book deals with the problems generated by those cases of insolvency (either of an individual or of a company) where the presence of contacts with more than one system of law brings into operation the principles and methods of private international law (also known as conflict of laws). Part I of the book is mainly devoted to an examination of the body of rules and practice that has evolved in England during the course of the past two-and-a-half centuries, and surveys the current state of the law derived from a blend of statutory and case authorities. Contrasting approaches under a selection of foreign systems principally Australia, Canada, France and the USA are examined by way of comparison. There are up to date accounts of the circumstances under which insolvency proceedings can be opened in respect of debtors which are not primarily based in England, and of the grounds on which English courts will recognise foreign insolvency proceedings and give assistance to the foreign representative of the debtor ‘s estate. Part II of the book explores the progress towards the creation of international arrangements to co-ordinate and rationalise the conduct of insolvency proceedings which have cross-border features, particularly where the debtor is capable of being subjected to concurrent proceedings in two or more jurisdictions. Central to the developments described in detail in this Part are the EC Regulation on Insolvency Proceedings, in force throughout the UK since May 2002, and the UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency, which is due for enactment in the UK.
Representation and Constitutional Theory
Authors: Loughlin* Martin
Published: October 2023

All modern, self-proclaimed democracies base their systems of government on the foundation of representation. The question might therefore be asked: what is it that is being represented? For many, the answer to that question is obvious: it is the people that form the objects of representation. In modern societies, so this argument runs, government does not claim to rule the people; by electing politicians to act on their behalf, government today is representative of the people. Representative government should therefore be viewed as the method by which the people are able to govern themselves.
Government by Contract Re-examined-Some Functional Issues
Authors: Freedland Mark
Published: October 2023

A very important aspect of Carol Harlow’s huge contribution to the scholarship of administrative and public law, in the UK and in the European Union more generally, has been the way in which, sometimes in her own sole writings and sometimes in association with Richard Rawlings, she has developed and applied a functional approach to the issues which confront those who make, use, or expound this branch of the law.
Legitimacy, Legitimation, and the European Union: What Crisis?
Authors: Barker Rodney
Published: October 2023

To begin by asking ‘crisis? What crisis?’ may suggest parallels with the deliberate blindness of Admiral Nelson at the Battle of Copenhagen. So if precise allusions were required, ‘The Emperor’s New Crisis’ might be a more apt title, since I wish to query the existence of an alleged crisis, not ignore a real one.
French Revolutions in the Royal Academy?
Authors: Hoock Holger
Published: October 2023

In late summer 1802, more than a dozen Royal Academicians were among the large group of British artists who used the first break in Anglo-French hostilities in nine years to travel to Paris. Having been deprived of continental contacts for so long, most Academicians went in order to see the Old Masters assembled by Napoleon in the Louvre, Lenoir’s Musee des Monuments franrais, the products of the contemporary French School in the Salon, and a plethora of other cultural venues and objects. Regardless of their motives for travelling, however, any Academician making the trip was liable to being branded as ‘democratical’ by the British royal family. It did not matter that most R.A.s were in fact strongly critical (on aesthetic and moral grounds) of much of con temporary French art, and that they objected to Jacques-Louis David’s ‘corrupt’ politics as Jacobin pageant master. The king was especially inclined to come to a hostile interpretation of the Parisian activities of Benjamin West.
Learning From Women
Authors: Lamm Bob
Published: October 2023

I want to begin by stating how much of a pleasure and an honor it is for me to be speaking here at the invitation of the Women’s Student Union. Sometimes, when speakers make these declarations, it’s a matter of form and courtesy. But it’s a very special honor for me to be here, because I owe a very great debt to the women I ’ve known at Queens College—many of whom have worked with the Women’s Student Union, with Queens Women Against Rape, and on the Women’s Festivals. Oﬃcially, in many cases, I was the teacher for these women. But, in reality, they were my teachers, and I come here today to try to express a little of what I ’ve learned from them. Despite all my male and professorial resistance, they taught me quite a bit about their lives and oppression as women, about feminism, and about my own sexism.
Men’s Power with Women, Other Men, and Society: A Men’s Movement Analysis
Authors: Pleck Joseph H
Published: October 2023

My aim in this paper is to analyze men’s power from the perspective aﬀorded by the emerging anti-sexist men’s movement. In the last several years, an anti-sexist men’s movement has appeared in North America and in the Western European countries. While it is not so widely known as the women’s movement, the men’s movement has generated a variety of books, publications, and organizations, and is now an established presence on the sex role scene. The present and future political relationship between the women’s movement and the men’s movement raises complex questions which I do not deal with here, though they are clearly important ones. Instead, here I present my own view of the contribution which the men’s movement and the men’s analysis make to a feminist understanding of men and power, and of power relations between the sexes. First, I will analyze men’s power over women, particularly in relation to the power that men often perceive women have over them. Then I will analyze two other relationships men are implicated in—men’s power with other men, and men’s power in society more generally—and suggest how these two other power relationships interact with men’s power over women.
The Limits of Masculinity
Authors: Tolson Andrew
Published: October 2023

I have mentioned, in my introductory chapter, the feminist practice of ‘consciousness-raising’, and have suggested its significance for men. In this final chapter I want to examine this suggestion, in the light of my experience as a member of a men’s group. I want to argue that the experience of masculinity, in its social dimensions and historical shifts, can be clarified within a consciousness-raising group. The small group, ideally, provides a bridge between (often inarticulate, undefined) personal experience, and a collective, social context in which it is shared and can be analysed.
Reforming the Family and Refiguring the Body in the English Revolution
Authors: Fissell Mary E
Published: October 2023

Early in 1652 George Horton published a pamphlet called The Ranters Monster. It told the story of Mary Adams, of Tillingham in Essex, who blasphemously declared that she was the Virgin Mary, pregnant with the Saviour. The father of the child, she added, was the Holy Spirit itself. Mr Hadley, the local minister, had her arrested and thrown into prison. Local women aided the midwife when Adams went into labour. She ‘lay in exceeding great misery and torment’ for eight days, and gave birth to a hideous monster on the ninth day.
Conclusions
Authors: Fissell Mary E
Published: October 2023

While I was writing this book, two hoardings appeared in my neighbourhood. The first showed a tiny pink dot, about to be inundated by white sperm-shaped objects. The caption read ‘Don’t like the odds? Don’t have sex!’ The second depicted the Mona Lisa, her enigmatic smile explained by the caption ‘Who’s the Daddy?’ She advertised a DNA paternity-testing service.
Authors: Andrews Malcolm
Published: October 2023

The figure in evening dress sways to and fro behind his desk, the heat from the gaslamps bringing a light dew onto his forehead. He is Boots and he speaks in a soft cockney murmur, mouthing as if he were chewing a straw, and when he comes to a point needing to be emphasized he half-closes his eyelids and tilts his head forward. He is sunk deep in character, but every now and again pulls himself out to let Charles Dickens intervene briefly.
Introduction
Authors: Bindseil Ulrich
Published: October 2023

Why is the committee responsible for defining US monetary policy called the ‘Federal Open Market Committee’ (FOMC) and not ‘Federal Interest Rate Committee’ (FIRC), even though it undisputedly sets and announces a target for the overnight interest rate?
The Concern for Equity in Health
Authors: Anand Sudhir
Published: October 2023

In this chapter I would like to reflect on some foundational questions relating to health equity. Why are we concerned with equity in health, and what is its relationship to equity in general? Should we be more concerned about inequalities in health than about inequalities in other dimensions such as income? Should we be more concerned with some types of health inequalities than with others? Should we be less tolerant of inequalities across certain population groups than across others? Attempting to answer these questions might help sharpen our understanding of the priority we attach to combating inequalities in health.
Health Equity And Social Justice
Authors: Peter Fabienne
Published: October 2023

There is consistent and strong empirical evidence for social inequalities in health, as a vast and fast growing literature shows. Social inequalities in health are significant variations in health outcomes (as measured by life expectancy at birth, infant mortality, morbidity, etc.) across different social groups. Typically, the lower a group ‘s social position, the worse the average health status of its members (e.g. Marmot et al. 1978; Black et al. 1990; Krieger et al. 1993; Gwatkin and Guillot 2000). Gender, race, social class, occupational status, and socio-geographic location are examples of social categories that define social groups. More recently, a new set of studies has emerged that focuses on the relationship between income inequality and population health. Though still contested, the findings suggest that the more unequal a society, the worse its achievements in (aggregate) health (Wilkinson 1996; Kawachi et al. 1999).
Relational Conceptions of Justice: Responsibilities for Health Outcomes
Authors: Pogge Thomas W
Published: October 2023

My view on justice in regard to health is distinctive in two ways. First, I hold that the strength of our moral reasons to prevent or to mitigate particular medical conditions depends not only on what one might call distributional factors, such as how badly off the people affected by these conditions are in absolute and relative terms, how costly prevention or treatment would be, and how much patients would benefit from given treatment. Rather, it depends also on relational factors, that is, on how we are related to the medical conditions they suffer.
Ethics and Experience: An Anthropological Approach to Health Equity
Authors: Kleinman Arthur
Published: October 2023

This chapter draws from the Tanner Lectures I delivered at Stanford University in April 1998 on ‘Experience and Its Moral Modes: Culture, Human Conditions, and Disorder ‘. I turn to that source in order to set out an anthropological approach to health equity and health rights. But my purpose here is different; I am not concerned with revisiting a critique of ethics that I have already set out in several publications (Kleinman 1995a, 1997), but rather I seek to sketch an anthropological orientation to health equity and health rights that is collaborative with ethics in framing these issues. Only by cob- bling together a framework that incorporates both local moral processes in everyday experience and transnational ethical discourse, I have come to believe, can health equity and health rights receive adequate treatment.
Legal Aspects of Implementing the Kyoto Protocol Mechanistns: Making Kyoto Work
Authors: Freestone David , Streck Charlotte
Published: October 2023

The first protocol to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was adopted in Kyoto in 1997 and entered into force in February 2005. It is a unique international law instrument which sets legally binding targets for the reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases which contribute to climate change. The targets are unprecedented in an environmental agreement and will involve substantial financial commitment in virtually all industrialized country parties to the protocol. The Kyoto Protocol is also the first international agreement to include economic instruments which are designed to involve private sector entities and assist parties to meet their targets. These economic instruments, known as the Kyoto or flexible mechanisms, are Joint Implementation (JI), the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), and International Emissions Trading. The Kyoto Protocol defined these mechanisms but did not set out the details necessary for their operation. After protracted negotiations, detailed rules were finalized at the Seventh Session of the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties held in Marrakech in 2001. The Marrakech Accords run to almost 250 pages but still leave many important practical issues unaddressed. As the 2008-2012 commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol draws close more and more projects under CDM and JI are being developed to take advantage of the Kyoto mechanisms and the key issues and problems are now becoming more apparent. Drawing on the emerging body of expertise in this complex area, this book conveys a knowledge of what is becoming known as 'Carbon Finance'. It thereby aims to contribute to the development of the market for carbon emission reductions - one of the objectives of the Kyoto mechanisms.
Accounting for and Taxation of Emission Allowances and Credits
Authors: Casamento Robert
Published: October 2023

The accounting for, and taxation of, emission allowances1 and credits2 is becoming an area of increasing interest for a number of shareholders and boards of directors. As governments begin to develop and, in some cases, implement greenhouse gas emission trading schemes, companies and their shareholders will want to know the impact this may have on their cash flows, balance sheets, and income statements. This chapter looks at the current developments in accounting for, and taxation of, emission allowances and credits and explores the potential impact that different treatments may have on the nature of carbon transactions and corporate management of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
Joint Implementation: History, Requirements, and Challenges
Authors: Streck Charlotte
Published: October 2023

In the context of the Kyoto Protocol, Parties with defined emissions limits can participate in emissions trading through trading in Assigned Amount Units (AAUs) as defined under Article 17 of the Kyoto Protocol or through the participation in Joint Implementation QI) project activities. Participation in JI project activities implies the transfer of AAUs which have been converted to Emission Reduction Units (ERUs).
Meeting Participating Country Responsibilities under the CDM: Designating a National Authority
Authors: O‘Sullivan Robert , Cormier Charles
Published: October 2023

The Kyoto Protocol‘s1 Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) assists developed countries reach their quantified emissions limitation and reduction commitments in a cost effective manner, and at the same time assists developing countries by promoting and enabling sustainable development through the transfer of dean technology and responsible private investment. As such, the CDM provides an opportunity for developing countries to participate in the global effort to reduce global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and help mitigate climate change.
Benefit Sharing under the Clean Development Mechanism
Authors: Huq Saleemul , Reid Hannah
Published: October 2023

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) was set up as an instrument under the Kyoto Protocol of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to provide developed countries that had accepted targets for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions with flexibility for achieving these targets, by allowing them to take credits from emissions reduction projects under-taken in developing nations. The first objective of the CDM is to reduce GHG emissions and the second objective is to assist developing countries which host CDM projects to achieve sustainable development.
Specific Features of Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry Transactions
Authors: Bosquet Benoit
Published: October 2023

This chapter reviews transactions related to climate change mitigation projects conducted in the sphere of Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry (LULUCF) activities, which are also referred to as ‘carbon sinks‘ as they capture and store carbon out of the atmosphere through the process of photosynthesis. The years 1996-9 saw a flurry of LULUCF transactions.1 In fact, such transactions, mostly between the US and Canada, dominated the carbon market during that period. However, this flow has significantly declined in the past four years.
Implementing the European Emissions Trading Directive in Germany
Authors: Marr Simon
Published: October 2023

On 17 December 2003 the German Cabinet adopted the Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Act (GETA) and the Ordinance implementing the European Emissions Trading Directive for Installations of the Federal Immissions Control Act (ETO). Both legal instruments transpose the European Directive establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC1 (ET Directive) in national law and thus prepare the legal conditions for an emissions trading system in Germany.2
Catharine Macaulay and Mercy Otis Warren
Authors: Davies Kate
Published: October 2023

Catharine Macaulay and Mercy Otis Warren were radical friends in a revolutionary age. They produced definitive histories of the English Civil War and the American Revolution, attacked the British government and the United States federal constitution, and instigated a debate on women's rights which inspired Mary Wollstonecraft, Judith Sargent Murray, and other feminists. Drawing on new research (including recently discovered correspondence) this is the first book to consider Macaulay and Warren in the context of the revolutionary Atlantic. In a series of detailed interdisciplinary studies, Davies suggests the centrality of both women to transatlantic political cultures between the middle of the eighteenth century and the turn of the nineteenth. The experience of Anglo-American conflict formed Macaulay and Warren's friendship and radically changed their writing lives. In showing how it did so, Davies also explains how the revolutionary Atlantic shaped modern ideas of gender difference. Anglo-American separation had a politics of gender which defined Warren and Macaulay's awareness of themselves as women and of which their writing also offered important critiques. Davies's book reveals the political significance of Mercy Otis Warren and Catharine Macaulay to an era when the truths of patriotism, nationhood and empire were never wholly self-evident but were hotly contested.
Epilogue: Bismarck between the ‘Seizure of Power’ and Reunification (1933-1990)
Authors: Gerwarth Robert
Published: October 2023

Two months after Hitler’s appointment as German Chancellor, the historian Otto Westphal triumphantly proclaimed the end of an era. The period during which ‘Bismarck’s enemies’ had ruled over Germany was irrevocably over. Westphal concluded his talk at Gottingen’s Historical Society by emphasizing that Germany was currently witnessing a ‘revolution and a re-creation of Bismarck’s Reich at the same time, a revolutionary transformation with deep historical sympathies’ .
Constructing ‘Indigenous Populations:’ Convention No 107 and the Modern Concept of Indigenousness
Authors: Rodríguez-Piñero Luis
Published: October 2023

One of the outcomes of the drafting of Convention No 107 and Recommendation No 104 was the coining of the first international legal definition of ‘indigenous’ in the modernsense. The definition enshrined in the 1957 ILO instruments on indigenous populations was important for two reasons. First, the definition of ‘indigenous’ provided the ultimate justification of the ILO standards. The very act of definition implies a normative judgment, accounting for the rationale behind drafting special standards targeted at indigenous peoples. In addition, the definition constituted a crucial threshold in the emergence of an international legal regime on indigenous peoples. Tracing the genealogy of the concept may contribute to our understanding of the growth, limits, and tensions that that regime experiences in contemporary international law.
The Fall of Integration: the Revision of Convention No 107 (1975–88)
Authors: Rodríguez-Piñero Luis
Published: October 2023

As Chapter 7 has shown, the integrationist paradigm was more a reflection of the anxieties of its time than an active element of change in international law. The ILO member states’ loss of interest, coupled with the lack of expertise and interest on the part of the organization’s bureaucracy soon turned Convention No 107 into a prematurely anachronistic instrument. The convention would soon have been buried in the pages of the organization’s institutional history, if changes taking place in the global arena had not put indigenous peoples back on the international legal agenda. As a result of those changes, Convention No 107’s significance shifted from that of an archival object to that of the single international instrument focused specifically on these peoples. And through this process, the ILO awoke from its long Indigenist slumber and became a fundamental reference in the contemporary defence of the rights of indigenous peoples.
The Language of Rights: Convention No 169 (1989)
Authors: Rodríguez-Piñero Luis
Published: October 2023

The Governing Body’s eventual endorsement of the Office’s plans to revise Convention No 107 marked the onset of drafting its successor, the ILO Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, Convention No 169, which crowns the history of ILO involvement in disciplining metropolitan/postcolonial states’ policies towards indigenous workers/populations/peoples. If the origins of the decision to revise Convention No 107 were plagued with controversy, this controversy permeated the discussions of the International Labour Conference during the drafting and adoption of Convention No 169. The controversial crafting of Convention No 169, involving deferred issues concerning the ILO’s legitimacy in retaking the lead in international action on indigenous peoples and the participation of indigenous peoples themselves in this process, constitutes the convention’s ‘original sin’, which explains many of the complex reactions that the instrument still engenders.
The cointegrated VAR model
Authors: Juselius Katarina
Published: October 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the non-stationary VAR model and show that the presence of unit roots (i.e. stochastic trends) leads to a reduced rank condition on the long-run matrix .
Measuring Top Incomes: Methodological Issues
Authors: Atkinson A B
Published: October 2023

There has been a marked revival of interest in the study of the distribution of top incomes using income tax data. Beginning with the research by Piketty of the long-run distribution of top incomes in France (Piketty 2001, 2003 and Chapter 3 this volume), there has been a succession of studies, as evidenced by the chapters contained in this volume. In using data from the income tax records, these studies use similar sources to the earlier work of Bowley (1914) and Stamp (1914, 1916, 1936) in the UK, and Kuznets (1953) in the US. The Windings of recent research is, however, of added interest, since the data provide estimates covering nearly all of the twentieth century—a length of time series unusual in economics.
Income and Wage Inequality in the United States, 1913–20021
Authors: Piketty T , Saez E
Published: October 2023

According to Kuznets ‘s influential hypothesis, income inequality should follow an inverse U-shape along the development process, first rising with industrialization and then declining, as more and more workers join the high productivity sectors of the economy (Kuznets 1955). Today, the Kuznets curve is widely held to have doubled back on itself, especially in the United States, with the period of falling inequality observed during the first half of the twentieth century being succeeded by a very sharp reversal of the trend since the 1970s. This does not imply however that Kuznets ‘s hypothesis is no longer of interest.
The Distribution of Top Incomes in New Zealand1
Authors: Atkinson A B , Leigh A
Published: October 2023

In 1900, New Zealanders were richer than the citizens of any other country except Britain. Yet over the course of the century, living standards in New Zealand steadily slipped behind many other developed nations, particularly after the Second World War. The immediate post-war decades saw government policies that maintained low unemployment, but did not lead to high levels of economic growth. These policies changed radically in the last two decades of the twentieth century, as New Zealand experienced substantial free market reforms. Teri reductions, privatisations, deregulation of the labour market, and welfare cuts were notable features of this period (see Evans et al. 1996).
Long-Term Trends in Top Income Shares in Ireland
Authors: Nolan B
Published: October 2023

As earlier chapters have highlighted, there has been an upsurge of interest in rich countries in the incomes of those at the top of the income distribution. Evidence for some countries, notably the US and the UK, has fuelled a general perception that those at the top have done particularly well in the last quarter century or so, with the remuneration of top executives a source of particular comment. From an analytic point of view, a key contribution has been the use of data from income tax records to investigate these trends over the long term, notably Piketty (2001), Piketty and Saez (2003), and Atkinson (2005) for France, the US, and the UK respectively. This has encouraged others to exploit the potential of data from this source, and in that spirit this chapter uses this type of information to look for the first time at long-run trends in top income shares in Ireland from the 1920s up to the end of the twentieth century.
The Copts and the West, 1439–1822
Authors: Hamilton Alastair
Published: October 2023

In seventeenth-century Europe the Copts, or the Egyptian members of the Church of Alexandria, were widely believed to hold the key to an ancient wisdom and an ancient theology. Their language was thought to lead to the deciphering of the hieroglyphs and their Church to retain traces of early Christian practices as well as early Egyptian customs. This book, the first full-length study of the subject, discusses the attempts of Catholic missionaries to force the Church of Alexandria into union with the Church of Rome and the slow accumulation of knowledge of Coptic beliefs, undertaken by Catholics and Protestants. It ends with a survey of the study of the Coptic language in the West and of the uses to which it was put by Biblical scholars, antiquarians, theologians and Egyptologists.
The Council of Florence
Authors: Hamilton Alastair
Published: October 2023

Relations between the Western Church and the Copts were never altogether interrupted after the Council of Chalcedon, but when the Copts looked back on their experiences of Western Christians, they had little reason to like them. At the time of the Crusades the Copts, even more than the other Christian inhabitants of the Holy Land, had a taste of Western Christianity which left them with a deep distrust of the Church of Rome. In 1099 Arnulf Malcorne, the newly elected patriarch of the Frankish kingdom of Jerusalem, had ejected the Eastern Chris- tians from the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.
Foundations of Private Law
Authors: Gordley James
Published: October 2023

Foundations of Private Law is a treatise on the Western law of property, contract, tort and unjust enrichment in both common law systems and civil law systems. The thesis of the book is that underlying these fields of law are common principles, and that these principles can be used to explain the history and development of these areas. These underlying common principles are matters of common sense, which were given their archetypal expression by older jurists who wrote in the Aristotelian tradition. These principles shaped the development of Western law but can resolve legal problems which these older writers did not confront.
Possession and Ownership
Authors: Gordley James
Published: October 2023

As just mentioned, during the 19th and 20th centuries, there was an effort to rationalize the common law. Formerly, common lawyers had organized their thinking in terms of writs. Now they did so in terms of fields of law such as property, tort, contract and unjust enrichment which had been familiar to civil lawyers for centuries. In the process, a great deal was borrowed from the civilians. But there was also an effort to try to state what fundamental principles distinguished the one legal system from the other. Some common law property rules were quite different than those of civil law but did not rise to the level of fundamental principles underlying the law of property. For example, traditionally, in common law, an owner had the right to control the future use of his property by creating any of a bewildering variety of ‘ future interests’. Leaseholds were treated as a type of property right which traditionally made it difficult to recognize going contract-like duties between the lessor and the lessee. When land was sold to more than one person, the rights of the purchasers turned on who had a tide that a court of equity would recognize. These differences will not be treated here. The law of future interests chiefly concerns family planning and inheritance, which is beyond the scope of this book. Also beyond its scope are how particular arrangements such as lease or sale or partnership should be governed. The rules of equitable tide have lost much of their traditional significance with enactment of recording statutes.
The Culture of History
Authors: Melman Billie
Published: October 2023

In this original and widely researched book, Billie Melman explores the culture of history during the age of modernity. Her book is about the production of English pasts, the multiplicity of their representations and the myriad ways in which the English looked at history (sometimes in the most literal sense of ‘looking’) and made use of it in a social and material urban world, and in their imagination. Covering the period between the Napoleonic Wars and the Coronation of 1953, Melman recoups the work of antiquarians, historians, novelists and publishers, wax modellers, cartoonists and illustrators, painters, playwrights and actors, reformers and educationalists, film stars and their fans, musicians and composers, opera-fans, and radio listeners. Avoiding a separation between ‘high’ and ‘low’ culture, Melman analyses nineteenth-century plebeian culture and twentieth-century mass-culture and their venues - like Madame Tussaud’s Chamber of Horrors, panoramas, national monuments like the Tower of London, and films - as well as studying forms of ‘minority’ art - notably opera. She demonstrates how history was produced and how it circulated from texts, visual images, and sounds, to people and places and back to a variety of texts and images. While paying attention to individuals’ making-do with culture, Melman considers constrictions of class, gender, the state, and the market-place on the consumption of history. Focusing on two privileged pasts, the Tudor monarchy and the French Revolution, the latter seen as an English event and as the framework for narrating and comprehending history, Melman shows that during the nineteenth century, the most popular, longest-enduring, and most highly commercialized images of the past represented it not as cosy and secure, but rather as dangerous, disorderly, and violent. The past was also imagined as an urban place, rather than as rural. In Melman’s account, City not green Country, is the centre of a popular version of the past whose central Images are the dungeon, the gallows, and the guillotine.
Gloriana 1953: Failed Evocations of the Past
Authors: Melman Billie
Published: October 2023

The sixteen months between 6 February 1952 and 8 June 1953 were especially opportune for a collective binge of revivals of and spending on the Elizabethans. What better moment for resurrecting the first Elizabeth than the accession and coronation of her namesake? Viewed in comparison with the inter-war preoccupation with the Elizabethans, the moment of the Coronation may be regarded as a phase in a continuous shift in the popular historical imagination towards the monarchy and aristocracies as the agents and carriers of change. This long-term view, stressing continuities in the subject matter of the culture of history, corresponds with the move of the monarchy to the centre of popular culture, discussed earlier in the book.
Timing and Participation
Authors: Konrad Kai A
Published: October 2023

The importance of commitment, and the advantage or disadvantage from irreversibly choosing one ‘s actions prior to the actions of another player in an interactive situation, can be traced back at least to Stackelberg ‘s (1934) analysis of sequential choice of prices or quantities in a duopoly. In the contest framework, the choice is about effort, and several researchers have considered contests with exogenously given sequential timing. Dixit (1987) asked whether there is an advantage or a disadvantage in being able to commit to an effort choice before other contestants who can observe this choice and react to it. For most strategic games, there is typically an advantage or a disadvantage either for the leader or for the follower and vice versa. The surprising answer to this question in the context of contests is that there may be an advantage for both the leader and the follower, and that contestants may non-cooperatively agree on a sequential choice of moves. Baik and Shogren (1992) and Leininger (1993) independently asked whether contestants would be willing to commit at an early or late point in time to make their own choice of effort, and whether this could lead endogenously to a sequential order of moves in a contest.
The Trading System In Perspective
Authors: Hoekman Bernard M , Kostecki Michel M
Published: October 2023

Economic theory suggests that countries should pursue liberal trade policies and exchange goods and services on the basis of their comparative advantage. In practice, however, most nations actively intervene in international trade. Since 1947, the GATT has been the major focal point for industrialized country governments seeking to lower trade barriers. Progress towards liberalization of trade was fitful at times, often involving two steps forward and one step back. Nonetheless, recurring MTNs and the positive demonstration effects of the success of outward-oriented development strategies aimed at integration into the world economy resulted in a steady decline in the average level of protection in most countries. The processes and disciplines of the GATT helped governments to liberalize trade and to resist pressures for protection. This in turn helped foster ever-greater integration of the global economy through trade. The extent to which world trade has grown since the 1950s is truly phenomenal, especially when put in historical perspective. The volume of trade increased 27-fold between 1950 and 2006, three times more than the growth in global gross domestic product (GDP) (WTO, 2007).
Towards Deeper Integration? The ‘Trade And’ Agenda
Authors: Hoekman Bernard M , Kostecki Michel M
Published: October 2023

Starting with the Kennedy Round, MTNs began to focus on domestic regulatory policies and administrative procedures that have an impact on trade. This trend shows no sign of abating. In the Doha Round competition law and investment policy was discussed, and there are long standing proposals and pressures to incorporate disciplines on labour standards and environmental policy. The focus of the GATT was largely limited to the reduction or abolition of discrimination against foreign products. The approach was one of negative or shallow integration: agreement not to do specific things (for example, raise tariffs above bound levels, use indirect taxes to discriminate against foreign products, or to use QRs) or to do things in a certain way if a government decided to pursue a policy (for example, make a determination of injury caused by dumping a pre-condition for the imposition of an AD action). Shallow integration has been (and continues to be) the bedrock of the trading system. But this approach is more difficult to use to address differences in domestic regulatory regimes. Positive or deep integration may be required: agreement to pursue common policies, to harmonize (Tinbergen, 1954; Lawrence and Litan, 1991).
The World Trade Organization
Authors: Hoekman Bernard M , Kostecki Michel M
Published: October 2023

The World Trade Organization was established on 1 January 1995. The WTO builds on the organizational structure of the GATT and its secretariat—to a significant extent it formalizes and extends the structure that had gradually evolved over a period of some 50 years. The Punta del Este Ministerial Declaration launching the Uruguay Round did not call for the creation of a WTO. In principle, it was not necessary to create an international organization to implement the outcome of the negotiations. The Canadian suggestion to establish a Multilateral Trade Organization in 1990—subsequently supported by the EU—was therefore something of a surprise. The proposal was motivated by a desire to create a single institutional framework for world trade (Croome, 1999). This would encompass the modified GATT, the new agreements on services (GATS) and intellectual property (TRIPS), as well as all other agreements and arrangements concluded under the auspices of the Uruguay Round. The US initially opposed the idea, but after negotiations on the substance of the new organization, agreed to the framework that currently exists, including the name change.