bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alternative Silver Production by Environmental Sound Processing of a Sulfo Salt Silver Mineral Found in Bolivia
Authors: Birich Alexander , Friedrich Bernd , Gronen Lars , Katzmarzyk Janet , Silin Ivan , Wotruba Hermann
Published: February 2018

Very often, the production of silver causes devastating environmental issues, because of the use of toxic reagents like cyanide and mercury. Due to severe environmental damage caused by humans in the last decades, the social awareness regarding the sustainable production processes is on the rise. Terms like “sustainable” and “green” in product descriptions are becoming more and more popular and producers are forced to satisfy the rising environmental awareness of their customers. Within this work, an alternative environmental sound silver recovery process was developed for a vein type silver ore from Mina Porka, Bolivia. A foregoing characterization of the input material reveals its mineral composition. In the following mineral processing, around 92.9% silver was concentrated by separating 59.5 wt. % of non-silver minerals. Nitric acid leaching of the generated concentrate enabled a silver recovery of up to 98%. The dissolved silver was then separated via copper cementation to generate a metallic silver product of >99% purity. Summarizing all process steps, a silver yield of 87% was achieved in lab scale. A final upscaling trial was conducted to prove the process’ robustness. Within this trial, almost 4 kg of metallic silver with a purity of higher than 99.5 wt. % was produced.
Hepatoprotective Effects of a Functional Formula of Three Chinese Medicinal Herbs: Experimental Evidence and Network Pharmacology-Based Identification of Mechanism of Action and Potential Bioactive Components
Authors: Li Sha , Wang Ning , Hong Ming , Tan Hor-Yue , Pan Guofeng , Feng Yibin
Published: February 2018

Various Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) have shown beneficial liver protection effects. Jian-Gan-Bao (JGB), a functional herbal formula, consists of three famous CHMs, including Coriolus versicolor, Salvia miltiorrhiza and Schisandra chinensis, which has been used as a folk medicine for several chronic liver diseases. In the present study, we aim systemically to evaluate the effects of JGB on acute and chronic alcoholic liver diseases (ALD) as well as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in mouse models, and identify its potential bioactive components and mechanism of action. JGB showed preventive effects for acute and chronic ALD as well as NAFLD, while post-treatment of JGB showed no significant effect, suggesting the nature of JGB as a health supplement rather than a drug. Furthermore, a compound-target network was constructed to identify the potential bioactive compounds and pathways that regulate its hepatoprotective effects. There are 40 bioactive compounds and 15 related targets that have been identified via this network pharmacology study. Among them are miltirone, neocryptotanshinone II and deoxyshikonin, with desirable pharmaceutical properties. Pathways relating to inflammation, fatty acid oxidation, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production and cell proliferation were predicted as bioactive compounds and potential underlying mechanisms, which should be the focus of study in this field in the future.
MOF-Derived Ultrathin Cobalt Phosphide Nanosheets as Efficient Bifunctional Hydrogen Evolution Reaction and Oxygen Evolution Reaction Electrocatalysts
Authors: Li Hong , Ke Fei , Zhu Junfa
Published: February 2018

The development of a highly efficient and stable bifunctional electrocatalyst for water splitting is still a challenging issue in obtaining clean and sustainable chemical fuels. Herein, a novel bifunctional catalyst consisting of 2D transition-metal phosphide nanosheets with abundant reactive sites templated by Co-centered metal−organic framework nanosheets, denoted as CoP-NS/C, has been developed through a facile one-step low-temperature phosphidation process. The as-prepared CoP-NS/C has large specific surface area and ultrathin nanosheets morphology providing rich catalytic active sites. It shows excellent electrocatalytic performances for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in acidic and alkaline media, with the Tafel slopes of 59 and 64 mV/dec and a current density of 10 mA/cm2 at the overpotentials of 140 and 292 mV, respectively, which are remarkably superior to those of CoP/C, CoP particles, and comparable to those of commercial noble-metal catalysts. In addition, the CoP-NS/C also shows good durability after a long-term test.
A Scheme for Enhancing Precision in 3-Dimensional Positioning for Non-Contact Measurement Systems Based on Laser Triangulation
Authors: Selami Yassine , Tao Wei , Gao Qiang , Yang Hongwei , Zhao Hui
Published: February 2018

Laser triangulation allows non-contact measurement in the third dimension. Due to the nonlinearities presented in camera and laser sensor, large range distances are quite difficult to measure with high precision. In order to enhance the precision and accuracy of large range measurement based on laser triangulation, we propose a novel scheme composed of four laser emitters, curve fitting subpixel location algorithm for laser center detection, and the linear regression approach based on the Gaussian model for calibration. When an object performs a 100 mm displacement from a closer to a farther point, our system achieved a repeatability up to ±7 µm, an estimated standard deviation of fitting error within 0.0027 mm, an expanded uncertainty of repeatability within 0.13 mm, an average error variation of rotational plane within 0.15 degree and a nonlinearity error within ±0.04% in full scale. Compared to published results, our proposed method shows an enhancement in accuracy. The error is significantly reduced and maintains at the low level for large ranges, which makes this system applicable and suitable for industrial and indoor applications.
Parsing the Gulf between Africans and African Americans
Authors: Nsangou Ashly , Dundes Lauren
Published: February 2018

The rise in African immigrants to the US provides an opportunity to assess relations between Africans and African Americans in college. An online survey of 322 current and recently-graduated college students (including 45 Africans, 160 African Americans, and 117 whites) assessed respondents’ experiences of racism in US high schools and colleges. Semi-structured interviews of 30 students (10 African, 10 African American and 10 white students) supplemented these data. Even within a sociopolitical context of more visible racial intolerance, Black intra-racial cohesion was absent. Although more first- and second-generation Africans (73%) felt that they had been judged while living in the US compared to African Americans (34%) or whites (20%), for 70–80% of respondents, this had occurred only in high school. Despite experiencing these judgments, Africans’ identity related more to their focus on education than their race, reflected in a higher proportion who felt intense family pressure to attend college (65%) compared to African Americans (37%) and whites (39%). Interview data confirmed previous reports in the literature that African Americans lack a sense of connection to Africans, attributed to Africans’ purported sense of superiority and disregard for African Americans’ ongoing struggle to end oppression. These mixed-methods data suggest that intermingling in the college environment has not resulted in first- and second-generation Africans and African Americans sharing a common in-group, race-based identity. We discuss the implications of overlooking ethnic distinctions due to presumptions of racial homogeneity that deprive Black individuals of their uniqueness.
Mitigating Erosional Effects Induced by Boat Wakes with Living Shorelines
Authors: Herbert Deidre , Astrom Emily , Bersoza Ada C. , Batzer Audrey , McGovern Patrick , Angelini Christine , Wasman Scott , Dix Nicole , Sheremet Alex
Published: February 2018

Estuarine environments worldwide are among the most threatened habitats due to increased disturbances resulting from coastal infrastructure and rising population densities. Boating activity is a primary disturbance, as it induces biological stress and morphological changes along the coastline. This high-energy environment that boat wakes create has resulted in loss of surrounding oyster reefs and salt marsh vegetation, ultimately leading to shoreline and habitat erosion. Here, we characterize the boat wake climate in the Intracoastal Waterway, assess the bathymetry in this heavily trafficked area, and anticipate the effects of experimental living shorelines (natural breakwall and oyster restoration structures) on facilitating sediment deposition and slowing vegetation retreat. Field observations indicate that boat wakes suspend nearshore sediment and can reach heights greater than 40 cm. A numerical stability model of the breakwalls suggests that the optimal porosity is field-specific. The desired porosity for minimizing lateral displacement is 0.50, while it is 0.18 for maximum energy dissipation, which indicates a need to further investigate this complex problem. These findings demonstrate that boat wakes significantly and regularly disturb estuarine shorelines and may be altering their bathymetry as well as suggest that the design of the breakwalls may be optimized to best counteract this pervasive disturbance.
Breaking Symmetry in Viral Icosahedral Capsids as Seen through the Lenses of X-ray Crystallography and Cryo-Electron Microscopy
Authors: Parent Kristin , Schrad Jason , Cingolani Gino
Published: February 2018

The majority of viruses on Earth form capsids built by multiple copies of one or more types of a coat protein arranged with 532 symmetry, generating an icosahedral shell. This highly repetitive structure is ideal to closely pack identical protein subunits and to enclose the nucleic acid genomes. However, the icosahedral capsid is not merely a passive cage but undergoes dynamic events to promote packaging, maturation and the transfer of the viral genome into the host. These essential processes are often mediated by proteinaceous complexes that interrupt the shell’s icosahedral symmetry, providing a gateway through the capsid. In this review, we take an inventory of molecular structures observed either internally, or at the 5-fold vertices of icosahedral DNA viruses that infect bacteria, archea and eukaryotes. Taking advantage of the recent revolution in cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and building upon a wealth of crystallographic structures of individual components, we review the design principles of non-icosahedral structural components that interrupt icosahedral symmetry and discuss how these macromolecules play vital roles in genome packaging, ejection and host receptor-binding.
High Whole-Genome Sequence Diversity of Human Papillomavirus Type 18 Isolates
Authors: Weele Pascal , Meijer Chris , King Audrey
Published: February 2018

Background: The most commonly found human papillomavirus (HPV) types in cervical cancer are HPV16 and HPV18. Genome variants of these types have been associated with differential carcinogenic potential. To date, only a handful of studies have described HPV18 whole genome sequencing results. Here we describe HPV18 variant diversity and conservation of persistent infections in a longitudinal retrospective cohort study. Methods: Cervical self-samples were obtained annually over four years and genotyped on the SPF10-DEIA-LiPA25 platform. Clearing and persistent HPV18 positive infections were selected, amplified in two overlapping fragments, and sequenced using 32 sequence primers. Results: Complete viral genomes were obtained from 25 participants with persistent and 26 participants with clearing HPV18 infections, resulting in 52 unique HPV18 genomes. Sublineage A3 was predominant in this population. The consensus viral genome was completely conserved over time in persistent infections, with one exception, where different HPV18 variants were identified in follow-up samples. Conclusions: This study identified a diverse set of HPV18 variants. In persistent infections, the consensus viral genome is conserved. The identification of only one HPV18 infection with different major variants in follow-up implies that this is a potentially rare event. This dataset adds 52 HPV18 genome variants to Genbank, more than doubling the currently available HPV18 information resource, and all but one variant are unique additions.
Clinical features of patients with non-metastatic lung cancer in primary care: a case-control study
Authors: Ewing Marcela , Naredi Peter , Zhang Chenyang , Lindsköld Lars , Månsson Jörgen
Published: February 2018

Background

Lung cancer (LC) kills more people than any other cancer globally, mainly due to the late stage of diagnosis.

Aim

To identify and quantify the prediagnostic features of non-metastatic lung cancer (nMLC) and to compare the clinical features in GPs’ chest X-ray referral letters with the clinical features (expressed as diagnostic codes) in medical records.

Design & setting

A population-based case-control study was conducted using diagnostic codes from national and regional healthcare databases in Sweden.

Method

In total, 373 patients diagnosed with LC in 2011 (of which 132 had nMLC) and 1472 controls were selected from the Swedish Cancer Register (SCR) and regional healthcare database, respectively. Diagnostic codes registered in medical records from primary care consultations in the year before LC diagnosis were collected from the regional healthcare database. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated for variables associated with nMLC. The GPs’ referral letters for chest X- ray were retrieved from the regional repository for radiology.

Results

Clinical features with the highest OR were vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia (OR 6.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.6 to 27.9), dyspnoea (OR 5.0, 95% CI = 2.0 to 12.7), and chronic bronchitis (OR 5.0, 95% CI = 1.3 to 18.6). Clinical features that were GPs’ reasons for requesting chest X-ray were almost three times more frequent in referral letters compared to the corresponding diagnostic codes in the medical records.

Conclusion

Patients with nMLC could not be identified by symptoms. The clinical features in referral letters for X-ray were more frequent than corresponding diagnostic codes from medical records.
L’acculturation de la fiducie en droit civil québécois
Authors: Normand Sylvio
Published: February 2018

L’intégration de la fiducie dans le droit québécois est un révélateur de l’évolution de la pensée juridique québécoise. Malgré la volonté de certains auteurs de reconnaître une ascendance civiliste à l’institution, il est difficile de nier ses liens avec la tradition de common law, compte tenu du contexte dans lequel elle est apparue, au XIXe siècle. La fiducie illustre le problème qu’est susceptible de poser l’intégration, dans un système juridique donnée, d’une institution issue d’une autre tradition, soit de son acculturation. L’institution peut se fondre dans le système récepteur, le transformer substantiellement ou encore subir une forme d’hybridation. Ces modèles ont été utilisés à tour de rôle ou concurremment pour tenter de préciser le champ d’application et le régime juridique de la fiducie. Depuis des décennies, l’institution a suscité des controverses jurisprudentielles et doctrinales qui ont forcé les juristes à proposer des aménagements au droit civil afin de parvenir, non sans difficultés, à une certaine harmonisation des traditions juridiques.
Autonomie des parties et choix de la loi applicable au contrat « national »
Authors: Alpa Guido
Published: February 2018

Le choix d’une loi étrangère applicable par les parties de même nationalité, sans aucun lien avec d’autres États et avec d’autres systèmes juridiques, est une question qui ne s’est jamais posée de manière explicite jusqu’à il y a quelques années. En Italie, une doctrine majoritaire n’avait aucun doute sur la validité du principe selon lequel les parties ne peuvent soustraire le contrat à l’application de la loi nationale. Selon cette conception classique, le principe de la souveraineté prévalait non seulement dans le cas de l’omission du choix par les parties, mais aussi dans le cas où les parties auraient pris une option différente. Le Règlement de Rome I (art. 3 c. 3) pose un principe qui consacre la liberté contractuelle des parties : le contrat est réglementé par la loi choisie par les parties ; le choix doit être exprimé ou découler clairement des dispositions du contrat ou des circonstances du cas. Mais, dans les systèmes juridiques nationaux, cette prévision n’a pas une application uniforme.
Le secret des origines en droit constitutionnel des États de l’Europe occidentale : vers l’émergence d’un droit de connaître ses origines ?
Authors: Chiu Victoria
Published: February 2018

À l’heure de l’adoption internationale, des transformations de la famille et de l’évolution vers une société de plus en plus transparente, la question du secret des origines ressurgit avec force. Le droit constitutionnel comparé et le droit européen permettent d’apporter des éléments de réponse à la question de savoir si on peut identifier l’émergence d’un droit fondamental de connaître ses origines au profit de l’enfant adopté. La position du juge constitutionnel dans l’espace européen reste à nuancer. Soit il appartient au juge constitutionnel de concilier le droit au secret de la mère et le droit de l’enfant de connaître ses origines, soit il prend en compte de manière prioritaire l’intérêt de l’enfant par rapport au droit au respect de la vie privée des parents biologiques.
L’institution de la kafala en Algérie et sa perception par le système juridique français
Authors: Saadi Nacira
Published: February 2018

Fidèle à l’esprit du droit musulman, le législateur algérien interdit l’adoption en vertu de l’article 46 du Code de la famille mais introduit un équivalent la Kafala ou recueil légal. Cette institution peut concerner aussi bien l’enfant dont la filiation est établie comme celle qui est inconnue. Seule cette dernière a été l’objet de l’étude. Destinée à l’origine à être appliquée aux enfants trouvés ou déclarés abandonnés en Algérie et recueillis sur ce même territoire, la Kafala a été internationalisée. Le déplacement transfrontalier d’un enfant algérien de filiation inconnue et recueilli par une famille résidant à l’étranger provoque sur le plan du droit un conflit de lois. Le juge français fut amené à connaître et à apprécier les effets que peut produire dans l’ordre juridique français une loi étrangère qui interdit l’adoption.
Droit communautaire et droit européen
Authors: Moccia Luigi
Published: February 2018

L’article veut réfléchir sur les expressions de «droit communautaire » et de «droit européen » , qui sont souvent utilisées comme synonymes, d’une façon générique et sans conscience de leurs implications. En faisant référence aux modèles historiques de «droit uniforme » et après une analyse du passage du processus d’intégration économique à une union toujours plus étroite entre les peuples de l’Europe, l’article arrive à définir le rapport entre l’espace de liberté, sécurité et justice, d’un coté, et l’espace du marché, de l’autre coté, pour se concentrer sur le fondement d’une notion et d’une légitimation unitaire de «droit commun européen » , ancrées sur la citoyenneté de l’Union, en tant qu’anneau de conjonction entre l’ordre juridique européen entendu comme ordre international (de coopération entre les États membres) et l’ordre juridique européen entendu comme ordre constitutionnel fondé sur la centralité de la personne et formé par des valeurs partagées, qui repose sur les trois piliers de la Charte des droits fondamentaux de l’Union, de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme et des traditions constitutionnelles communes aux États membres, en tant que principes normatifs généraux de l’Union.
Le principe de subsidiarité horizontale : un renouvellement de la relation entre l’administration et les citoyens. Étude comparée franco-italienne
Authors: Perlo Nicoletta
Published: February 2018

La subsidiarité horizontale pose la règle selon laquelle l’Administration favorise et privilégie l’initiative autonome des citoyens dans l’exercice d’activités d’intérêt général. L’application de ce principe introduit un nouveau paradigme de la relation entre l’Administration et ses administrés : celui de l’ «Administration partagée » . Les citoyens et l’Administration, en tant que sujets paritaires s’allient partageant leurs ressources afin de satisfaire des besoins d’intérêt général. Inscrite dans la Constitution italienne en 2001, la subsidiarité horizontale n’est affirmée dans aucun texte normatif en France. Toutefois, l’analyse de la jurisprudence du Conseil d’État ainsi que celle de la procédure autorisant un contribuable de plaider au lieu de sa collectivité territoriale permettent de constater que la subsidiarité horizontale est un principe sous-jacent dans l’ordre juridique français. La comparaison entre les deux pays illustre les transformations qui traversent l’administration publique et ses relations avec les citoyens.
Le European Convention on Human Rights Act de 2003 : dix ans après l’incorporation de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme en droit irlandais
Authors: Pâris-Dobozy Marie-Luce
Published: February 2018

L’Irlande a procédé à l’incorporation de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme avec l’adoption du European Convention on Human Rights Act 2003 le 30 juin 2003. Bâti sur le même modèle que le Human Rights Act de 1998 qui incorpore la CEDH au Royaume-Uni, le ECHR Act met en place un mécanisme similaire centré autour de l’interprétation conforme et de la déclaration d’incompatibilité. Pourtant, un peu plus de dix ans après son entrée en vigueur, on constate que le ECHR Act n’a pas eu le même impact que le HRA sur l’ordre juridique interne. Les ordres juridiques irlandais et britannique a priori proches en termes de tradition juridique (common law, dualisme) et de trajectoire vis-à-vis du système de Strasbourg (ratification précoce, incorporation tardive), présentent en réalité des approches bien différentes en termes de protection des droits et donc de place de la Convention en droit interne. Le phénomène de juridictionnalisation des mécanismes de protection, si significatif dans l’ordre juridique britannique, a en effet moins de pertinence au sein de l’ordre juridique irlandais qui connaît déjà ces mécanismes, à savoir un catalogue de droits et libertés ainsi qu’un contrôle juridictionnel développé. L’attachement à la Constitution et à la jurisprudence constitutionnelle a en quelque sorte empêché de rendre le ECHR Act plus saillant dans l’ordre juridique interne, même si celui-ci a permis un certain renouveau du constitutionalisme. La présente étude a pour objet d’analyser ces phénomènes en exposant les raisons qui ont permis l’adoption du ECHR Act et en tirant le bilan de son application en droit national.
Synthesis of fluoro-functionalized diaryl-λ3-iodonium salts and their cytotoxicity against human lymphoma U937 cells
Authors: Das Prajwalita , Tokunaga Etsuko , Akiyama Hidehiko , Doi Hiroki , Saito Norimichi , Shibata Norio
Published: February 2018

Conscious of the potential bioactivity of fluorine, an investigation was conducted using various fluorine-containing diaryliodonium salts in order to study and compare their biological activity against human lymphoma U937 cells. Most of the compounds tested are well-known reagents for fluoro-functionalized arylation reactions in synthetic organic chemistry, but their biological properties are not fully understood. Herein, after initially investigating 18 fluoro-functionalized reagents, we discovered that the ortho-fluoro-functionalized diaryliodonium salt reagents showed remarkable cytotoxicity in vitro. These results led us to synthesize more compounds, previously unknown sterically demanding diaryliodonium salts having a pentafluorosulfanyl (SF5) functional group at the ortho-position, that is, unsymmetrical ortho-SF5 phenylaryl-λ3-iodonium salts. Newly synthesized mesityl(2-(pentafluoro-λ6-sulfanyl)phenyl)iodonium exhibited the greatest potency in vitro against U937 cells. Evaluation of the cytotoxicity of selected phenylaryl-λ3-iodonium salts against AGLCL (a normal human B cell line) was also examined.
Modeling Solar Energetic Particle Transport near a Wavy Heliospheric Current Sheet
Authors: Battarbee Markus , Dalla Silvia , Marsh Mike S.
Published: February 2018

Understanding the transport of solar energetic particles (SEPs) from acceleration sites at the Sun into interplanetary space and to the Earth is an important question for forecasting space weather. The interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), with two distinct polarities and a complex structure, governs energetic particle transport and drifts. We analyze for the first time the effect of a wavy heliospheric current sheet (HCS) on the propagation of SEPs. We inject protons close to the Sun and propagate them by integrating fully 3D trajectories within the inner heliosphere in the presence of weak scattering. We model the HCS position using fits based on neutral lines of magnetic field source surface maps (SSMs). We map 1 au proton crossings, which show efficient transport in longitude via HCS, depending on the location of the injection region with respect to the HCS. For HCS tilt angles around 30°–40°, we find significant qualitative differences between A+ and A− configurations of the IMF, with stronger fluences along the HCS in the former case but with a distribution of particles across a wider range of longitudes and latitudes in the latter. We show how a wavy current sheet leads to longitudinally periodic enhancements in particle fluence. We show that for an A+ IMF configuration, a wavy HCS allows for more proton deceleration than a flat HCS. We find that A− IMF configurations result in larger average fluences than A+ IMF configurations, due to a radial drift component at the current sheet.
Cospatial Star Formation and Supermassive Black Hole Growth in z ∼ 3 Galaxies: Evidence for In Situ Co-evolution
Authors: Rujopakarn W. , Nyland K. , Rieke G. H. , Barro G. , Elbaz D. , Ivison R. J. , Jagannathan P. , Silverman J. D. , Smolčić V. , Wang T.
Published: February 2018

We present a sub-kiloparsec localization of the sites of supermassive black hole (SMBH) growth in three active galactic nuclei (AGNs) at z ∼ 3 in relation to the regions of intense star formation in their hosts. These AGNs are selected from Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) and Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations in the Hubble Ultra-Deep Field and COSMOS, with the centimetric radio emission tracing both star formation and AGN, and the sub/millimeter emission by dust tracing nearly pure star formation. We require radio emission to be

more luminous than the level associated with the sub/millimeter star formation to ensure that the radio emission is AGN-dominated, thereby allowing localization of the AGN and star formation independently. In all three galaxies, the AGNs are located within the compact regions of gas-rich, heavily obscured, intense nuclear star formation, with R

e
 = 0.4–1.1 kpc and average star formation rates of ≃100–1200 M
⊙ yr−1. If the current episode of star formation continues at such a rate over the stellar mass doubling time of their hosts, ≃0.2 Gyr, the newly formed stellar mass will be of the order of 1011
M
⊙ within the central kiloparsec region, concurrently and cospatially with significant growth of the SMBH. This is consistent with a picture of in situ galactic bulge and SMBH formation. This work demonstrates the unique complementarity of VLA and ALMA observations to unambiguously pinpoint the locations of AGNs and star formation down to ≃30 mas, corresponding to ≃230 pc at z = 3.
Detection of the Second Harmonic of Decay-less Kink Oscillations in the Solar Corona
Authors: Duckenfield T. , Anfinogentov S. A. , Pascoe D. J. , Nakariakov V. M.
Published: February 2018

EUV observations of a multi-thermal coronal loop, taken by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly of the Solar Dynamics Observatory, which exhibits decay-less kink oscillations are presented. The data cube of the quiet-Sun coronal loop was passed through a motion magnification algorithm to accentuate transverse oscillations. Time–distance maps are made from multiple slits evenly spaced along the loop axis and oriented orthogonal to the loop axis. Displacements of the intensity peak are tracked to generate time series of the loop displacement. Fourier analysis on the time series shows the presence of two periods within the loop:

minutes and

minutes. The longer period component is greatest in amplitude at the apex and remains in phase throughout the loop length. The shorter period component is strongest further down from the apex on both legs and displays an anti-phase behavior between the two loop legs. We interpret these results as the coexistence of the fundamental and second harmonics of the standing kink mode within the loop in the decay-less oscillation regime. An illustration of seismological application using the ratio P
1/2P
2 ∼ 0.7 to estimate the density scale height is presented. The existence of multiple harmonics has implications for understanding the driving and damping mechanisms for decay-less oscillations and adds credence to their interpretation as standing kink mode oscillations.
Análise sensorial e viabilidade econômica da mandioca de mesa in natura e congelada
Authors: Sanches Alex Guimarães , Silva Maryelle Barros da , Moreira Elaine Gleice Silva , Cosme Shirley Silva
Published: February 2018

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a aceitabilidade de mandioca de mesa minimamente processada in natura e congelada e através de uma pesquisa de mercado, verificar a viabilidade econômica de inserção de um novo produto, a mandioca congelada no comércio varejista do município de Altamira-PA. A pesquisa de mercado foi realizada em feiras e supermercados mediante a aplicação de um questionário com potenciais consumidores, assim como a analise sensorial. A aceitabilidade do produto foi analisada com amostras de 40 dias de armazenamento congelado e na forma natural, sendo que 72% dos entrevistados demonstraram interesse em se tornar futuros consumidores, os testes de analise sensorial, confirmaram a boa aceitabilidade do produto, sendo que macaxeira congelada não se diferenciou estatisticamente da macaxeira natural, a análise econômica apresentou resultados satisfatórios, com um retorno de 223% para cada um real empregado na atividade, demonstrando que a produção de macaxeira congelada é uma alternativa viável para o produtor rural agregar valor em sua produção.
Mathematical modeling of drying the pulped coffee (Coffea arabica l.) at different air conditions
Authors: Coradi Paulo Carteri , Borém Flávio Meira , Reinato Carlos Henrique
Published: February 2018

The aim of the study was to describe the drying kinetics of washed coffee (Coffea arabicaL.) and evaluate the best mathematical model to fit the experimental drying data conducted with different air humidity (40 %, 50 %, and 60 %) and temperatures (23 °C, 40 °C, and 60 °C). The fruit shakes were standardized washing, separation, and manual selection of green coffees, pass cane, and green buoy. Then, approx. 150 L of coffee cherries were pulped and taken directly to the yard. Drying the washed coffee was completed in a mechanical dryer and yard. The obtained results showed that the different conditions of the ambient air significantly influenced the processes of drying pulped coffee. The water content of the hygroscopic equilibrium of pulped coffee is directly proportional to the water activity and relative humidity, decreasing with increasing temperature, for the same value of equilibrium relative humidity. The Oswin model was best represented by the hygroscopicity of the pulped coffee, while the Midilli model shows the best fit to describe the drying curves of the washed coffee. The effective diffusion coefficient increases with increasing temperature of the drying air and reducing of relative humidity, being described by the Arrhenius equation. The aim of the study was to describe the drying kinetics of washed coffee (Coffea arabica L.) and evaluate the best mathematical model to fit the experimental drying data conducted with different air humidity (40 %, 50 %, and 60 %) and temperatures (23 °C, 40 °C, and 60 °C). The fruit shakes were standardized washing, separation, and manual selection of green coffees, pass cane, and green buoy. Then, approx. 150 L of coffee cherries were pulped and taken directly to the yard. Drying the washed coffee was completed in a mechanical dryer and yard. The obtained results showed that the different conditions of the ambient air significantly influenced the processes of drying pulped coffee. The water content of the hygroscopic equilibrium of pulped coffee is directly proportional to the water activity and relative humidity, decreasing with increasing temperature, for the same value of equilibrium relative humidity. The Oswin model was best represented by the hygroscopicity of the pulped coffee, while the Midilli model shows the best fit to describe the drying curves of the washed coffee. The effective diffusion coefficient increases with increasing temperature of the drying air and reducing of relative humidity, being described by the Arrhenius equation
Qualidade microbiológica de soro de queijo e soro de ricota de laticínios do vale do Taquari, Rio Grande do Sul
Authors: Scatola Mendes Franciele , Volken de Souza Claucia Fernanda
Published: February 2018

Devido aos grandes volumes de soros de queijo e de ricota oriundos do processo de fabricação de queijo e de ricota, respectivamente, e considerando o potencial poluidor, a indústria de laticínios tem buscado alternativas para o adequado aproveitamento desses subprodutos. No entanto, devem apresentar qualidade microbiológica adequada para que possam ser empregados na elaboração de produtos alimentícios. Portanto, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade microbiológica de soros de queijo e ricota produzidos em laticínios da região do Vale do Taquari, RS. Foram realizadas análises de Contagem Total de Micro-organismos Mesófilos Aeróbios, Coliformes Totais e Coliformes Termotolerantes, Staphylococcus aureus e Bolores e Leveduras. Os resultados microbiológicos dos soros lácteos para as análises de Staphylococcus aureus, Coliformes Totais e Termotolerantes foram adequados. Os resultados encontrados nas análises de Bolores e Leveduras e Contagem Padrão de Micro-organismos Mesófilos Aeróbios, quando comparados a outros estudos já realizados, não foram satisfatórios. A partir dos resultados obtidos, verifica-se a necessidade de maior controle microbiológico, principalmente em relação à manipulação, qualidade da matéria-prima e higienização do ambiente, para as indústrias laticinistas que visarem o aproveitamento dos soros lácteos para o desenvolvimento de produtos alimentícios.
Relationship between drought and preharvest aflatoxin contamination in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
Authors: Jeyaramraja P.R. , Meenakshi S. Nithya , Woldesenbet F.
Published: February 2018

Groundnut is a commercial oilseed crop that is prone to infection byAspergillus flavus orAspergillus parasiticus. Drought impairs the defence mechanism of the plant and favours the production of aflatoxin by the fungus. Aflatoxin is a carcinogen and its presence in food and feed causes significant economic loss. The answer to the question, ‘how drought tolerance and aflatoxin resistance are related?’ is not clear. In this review paper, the relationship of drought and preharvest aflatoxin contamination (AC), the relationship of drought tolerance traits and AC, and the approaches to enhance resistance to AC are discussed using up-to-date literature. Factors leading to AC are drought, high geocarposphere temperature, kernel/pod damage, and reduced phytoalexin synthesis by the plant. If the fungus colonises a kernel with reduced water activity, the plant cannot synthesise phytoalexin and then, the fungus synthesises aflatoxin. Breeding for resistance to AC is complicated because aflatoxin concentration is costly to measure, highly variable, and influenced by the environment. Since drought tolerant cultivars have resistance to AC, traits of drought tolerance have been used as indirect selection tools for reduced AC. The genetics of aflatoxin resistance mechanisms have not been made clear as the environment influences the host-pathogen relationship. Host-pathogen interactions under the influence of environment should be studied at molecular level to identify plant resistant factors using the tools of genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics in order to develop cultivars with durable resistance. Many candidate genes involved in host-pathogen interactions have been identified due to improvements in fungal expressed sequence tags, microarrays, and genome sequencing techniques. Moreover, research projects are underway on identifying genes coding for antifungal compounds, resistance associated proteins and quantitative trait loci associated with aflatoxin resistance. This review is expected to help those who wish to work on reducing AC in groundnuts.
Fusarium infection and trichothecenes in barley and its comparison with wheat
Authors: Janssen E.M. , Liu C. , Van der Fels-Klerx H.J.
Published: February 2018

Barley is a small-grain cereal that can be infected by Fusarium spp. resulting in reduced quality and safety of harvested barley (products). Barley and other small-grain cereals are commonly studied together for Fusarium infection and related mycotoxin contamination, since the infection and its influencing factors are assumed to be the same for all small-grain cereals. Using relevant literature, this study reviewed Fusarium spp. infection and mycotoxin contamination, mainly T-2/HT-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol (DON), in barley specifically. For the first time, review results provide an extensive overview of the influencing factors for Fusarium infection and mycotoxin production in barley, such as weather, agricultural management and processing factors, and includes the comparison of these mechanisms in wheat. Results showed that Fusarium infection in barley is difficult to recognise in the field and mycotoxin levels cannot be estimated based on the symptoms. These factors make it difficult to establish the real severity of Fusarium infection in barley. In addition, most pre-harvest measures to mitigate initial Fusarium infection, such as cultivar use and soil cultivation, are the same for barley and wheat, but due to anatomical differences, some pre-harvest measures have a different effect on Fusarium infection in barley. For example, the effective moment (days after anthesis) of fungicide application in barley and wheat is different. Also, in wheat, there is an additional effect of multiple fungicide applications in reducing Fusarium Head Blight and DON concentrations, whereas in barley, no additional effect of multiple application is seen. Hence, care should be taken to use data from one small-grain cereal to draw conclusions on other small-grain cereals.
Nuevos datos sobre la distribución de Lipara Meigen, 1830 (Diptera: Chloropidae) y sus clorópidos inquilinos en la península ibérica
Authors: Moreno-González Víctor
Published: February 2018

El género Lipara Meigen, 1830 (Diptera: Chloropidae) tiene la capacidad de inducir agallas en Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud., 1841 (Poaceae). Dichas agallas son microhábitats importantes que aportan recursos a otros clorópidos que viven dentro de ellas. En la península ibérica, las agallas de Lipara y la fauna asociada no han sido bien estudiadas. En este trabajo se recogen nuevas citas de Lipara lucens Meigen, 1830, L. similis Schiner, 1854 y sus inquilinos, Calamoncosis minima (Strobl, 1893) y Cryptonevra flavitarsis (Meigen, 1830) en la península ibérica, combinando muestreos en campo, con información disponible en portales fotográficos. Se citan por primera vez en la España peninsular L. lucens, C. minima y Cr. flavitarsis. A pesar de que son un grupo que ha sido poco estudiado, estas especies parecen estar ampliamente distribuidas por la península ibérica.
Porous alkali activated materials with slow alkali release dynamic. Role of composition
Authors: Bumanis G. , Bajare D.
Published: February 2018

Alkali activated materials (AAM) based on calcined metakaolin or illite clay together with waste by-products, such as waste glass or aluminium scrap recycling waste, were tested as value-added materials for pH stabilization in biogas technology where decrease of pH should be avoided. Porous materials with ability to slowly leach alkalis in the water media thus providing continuous control of the pH level were obtained. XRD, FTIR, SEM and titration methods were used to characterize AAM and their leaching properties. It is clear that composition of the material has an important effect on the diffusion of alkali from structure. Namely, higher Si/Al and Na/Al molar ratios may increase pore solution transfer to the leachate. The leaching rate of alkalis from the structure of AAM is high for the first few days, decreasing over time. It was possible to calculate the buffer capacity from the mixture design of AAM.
El futuro de América Latina en la economía global. Una entrevista con Fernando Henrique Cardoso
Authors: Cardoso Fernando Henrique , Campodónico Humberto
Published: February 2018

Fernando Henrique Cardoso es expresidente en dos periodos constitucionales y exministro de Finanzas de Brasil. El doctor Cardoso, distinguido erudito, ha escrito más de 40 libros, entre ellos su famoso aporte a la “teoría de la dependencia”, en 1969. En esta entrevista con el editor anfitrión Humberto Campodónico, el presidente Cardoso discute la evaluación de las teorías del desarrollo en América Latina, opina sobre los últimos crecimientos y desafíos en la región, y brinda sus perspectivas respecto al futuro de la participación de América Latina en la economía global.
La implementación del «vivir bien»: Resultados y lecciones del programa Biocultura de Bolivia
Authors: Weyer Frédérique
Published: February 2018

En Bolivia ha emergido una visión alternativa de desarrollo que se basa en los conceptos de Madre Tierra y «vivir bien», y que promueve el equilibrio y la armonía entre los seres humanos y la naturaleza. Esta propuesta busca romper con el modelo económico previamente adoptado por Bolivia; un modelo que ha hecho que el país sea altamente dependiente de la exportación de materias primas. Este capítulo analiza el programa Biocultura, un proyecto lanzado en 2008 a fin de implementar esta visión, y dirigido conjuntamente por el Gobierno del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia y la Agencia Suiza para el Desarrollo y la Cooperación (COSUDE), que busca traducir a prácticas concretas esta visión alternativa de desarrollo. Esta iniciativa, que proviene de un enfoque participativo, demuestra que es posible conciliar la conservación de la biodiversidad con el incremento de los ingresos y la promoción del conocimiento local. También contribuye a la creación y el fortalecimiento de las instituciones y las políticas en consonancia con el «vivir bien». Este capítulo se basa en documentos e ideas desarrolladas por el programa Biocultura y la COSUDE, así como en trabajo de campo realizado entre los años 2013 y 2015.
The Relationship Between Leadership Ethics and Organizational Success
Authors: Osei Enoch T. , Swing Velmarie K.
Published: February 2018

Over the last few decades, business fraud and examples of scandalous management behaviors have sparked a lot of attention among several interested stakeholders. These increasing scandals have necessitated the question on the necessary steps required to prevent their frequent occurrence. The lack of commitment to strong ethical standards by management has been underpinned as the cause of ethical misconducts in organizations. The fiscal crisis of 2007-2009 witnessed many leadership misconducts and abuse of leadership responsibility. The fiscal crisis revealed the loss of about $11 trillion in household wealth, 26 million Americans losing their jobs, and 4.5 million Americans who could not afford their mortgages. These events and statistics show the prevalent lack of ethical leadership in organizations. While leadership ethics is a concern for all stakeholders within business organizations in the United States, only a few segments of the industry are taking steps to incorporate ethical awareness within their organizations.
Business Ethics and the Greek Healthcare System
Authors: Giannouli Vaitsa
Published: February 2018

This chapter provides a review not only of classic literature on healthcare business and ethics, but also an introduction to the legal changes in the Greek healthcare system with ethical values on focus. A study examining in both a quantitative and qualitative way what the Greek healthcare experts think and feel about ethics and healthcare services presents the factors that shape attitudes towards ethical values from the viewpoint of the healthcare professionals. For this reason, 34 semi-structured interviews, accompanied by the administration of perceived cohesion scale, generalized immediacy scale, job affect scale, state anxiety inventory, Maslach burnout inventory, and the attitude towards business ethics questionnaire revealed that healthcare professionals do have knowledge of ethical values and moral responsibility, but no clear connections with specific emotional aspects were found. The chapter concludes with future directions on how business ethics can be further examined and applied.
Mother America
Authors: Lee Shawyn C.
Published: February 2018

After the Korean War, it became acceptable and expected that American families would adopt Korean children into their homes, symbolizing American prosperity and security. As significant a role as social work played in this process, there currently exists no research that examines the activities of the profession and the origins of Korean adoption. This chapter discusses the maternalist nature of adoption efforts during the 1950s by one international social welfare agency after the Korean War: the American Branch of International Social Service (ISS-USA). Predicated on maternalist ideologies that shaped the social work profession during the Progressive Era, in what the author calls Cold War maternalism, the gendered notions of motherhood were expanded to genderless notions of parenthood. Anticommunist sentiments thrust adoptive parenthood into the political spotlight on an international level, thus serving the best interests of adoptive parents and the nation long before serving those of the children.
Reconfiguring Responsibility in International Clinical Trials
Authors: Iyioke Ike Valentine
Published: February 2018

This chapter aims to prominently position the African philosophical notion of the self within the clinical trials context (and the larger bioethics project). As opposed to autonomy-based principlism, this other-regarding or communalist perspective is proposed as the preferred alternative model. The intent is to draw further attention to the inadequacy of the principlist approach particularly in multicultural settings. It also engenders a rethink, stimulates interest, and re-assesses the failed assumptions of universal ethical principles. As a novel attempt that runs against much of the prevailing (Euro-American) intellectual mood, this approach strives to introduce the African view point by making explicit the import of the self in a re-contextualized (nay, globalized) arena. Viewed as such, research ethics is guided to go beyond autonomy-based considerations for the individual with absolute right to self-determination; to embrace more holistic-based approach, recognizing that the individual is embedded in his/her family, community, and the environment.