bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
'You have to find a location where you will sell, where you think you will sell most' – Exploring the numeracy skills of female microcredit clients in Nicaragua
Authors: Beeli-Zimmermann Sonja
Published: October 2014

Using Lindenskov and Wedege's (2001) working model for numeracy, semi-standardised interviews with self-employed women in Nicaragua were analysed. The analysis illustrates that the women’s numeracy skills are not limited to counting and calculation skills when dealing with financial matters. The interviewees display a broad understanding of patterns and relations, and there are indications of an awareness of data and chance. While the medium of money plays an important role, the women also refer to specific products, time or people when displaying their numeracy skills. If the livelihoods of these women are to be improved and international development goals and educational commitments are to be reached and fulfilled, it is suggested that these skills that the women already possess should be investigated more systematically in order to better understand the transfer of knowledge between different contexts.
Spiders are Mammals: Direct Instruction in Cape York
Authors: Dow Louise
Published: October 2014

In 2010, SRA Direct Instructioni was introduced across the curriculum in two remote Cape York schools, as a key aspect of social and welfare reform. There is national political interest in these reforms, which link welfare policy to State primary school education conceived as basic skills training. Reflecting the political interest, national newspapers ran the story that Direct Instruction had provided almost miraculous results after 17 weeks (Devine 2010a). Alternative approaches to literacy development in Indigenous education did not get the same sort of media attention. Noel Pearson provides the intellectual basis for Cape York social reforms, through his writing, political advocacy and leadership of organisations involved in the reforms. His ultimate goal is successful mainstream education leading to economic integration, where young people are „completely fluent in their own culture and the wider culture‟ (Pearson 2009:57). The question posed by this vision is „What kind of education can produce these flexible, bicultural, working people who keep their traditions alive?‟
'Passivity' or 'Potential'?: Teacher responses to learner identity in the low-level ESL classroom
Authors: Ollerhead Sue
Published: October 2014

This paper explores some initial findings from a multi-site, classroom-based case study research project into English as a Second Language (ESL) literacy provision to very low-literate adult learners within Australia’s Language, Literacy and Numeracy Program (LLNP). The aim of the research is to report on the researcher’s observations of teachers’ pedagogical practices and to investigate the extent to which they are responsive to learners’ developing and multiple identities.
Cultural/Community Mentoring with Maori and Pacific Electrical Apprentices
Authors: Holland Chris
Published: October 2014

New Zealand government policy documents over the last decade have committed to supporting Maori and Pasifika learners, yet still today there is little real support in place for learners in apprenticeships. There is even less support in place that acknowledges the cultural dimension of learning in the workplace. This paper discusses the establishment and review of a development project which sets out to provide culturally supportive mentoring for Maori and Pasifika apprentices. The project sought to do this by engaging experienced Maori and Pasifika tradesmen who were located in the local communities of their learners.
Editorial
Authors: Yasukawa Keiko
Published: October 2014

This issue of Literacy and Numeracy Studies takes up three topical areas in adult education policy and practice: health education, program efficacy and apprenticeship learning.
Notes on Contributors
Authors: On Contributors Notes
Published: October 2014

Notes on the contributors to Literacy and Numeracy Studies, Vol. 20, No. 2 (2012).
Editorial
Authors: Black Stephen , Coben Diana , Gordon Katherine , McCartney Niki , Scheeres Hermine , Searle Jeane , Wickert Rosie , Yasukawa Keiko
Published: October 2014

This issue of Literacy and Numeracy Studies: An international journal in the education and training of adults marks the 21st volume of the journal, previously published as Open Letter: Australian Journal for Adult Literacy Research and Practice.
An Aboriginal Adult Literacy Campaign Pilot Study in Australia using Yes I Can
Authors: Boughton Bob , Ah Chee Donna , Beetson Jack , Durnan Deborah , LeBlanch Jose Chala
Published: October 2014

In 2012, the remote Aboriginal community of Wilcannia in western NSW hosted the first Australian pilot of a Cuban mass adult literacy campaign model known as Yes I Can. The aim was to investigate the appropriateness of this model in Aboriginal Australia. Building on an intensive community development process of ‘socialisation and mobilisation’, sixteen community members with very low literacy graduated from the basic literacy course, with the majority continuing on into post-literacy activities, further training and/or employment. The pilot was initiated by the National Aboriginal Adult Literacy Campaign Steering Committee (NAALCSC) consisting of Aboriginal leaders from the education and health sectors, and managed by the University of New England (UNE), working in partnership with the Wilcannia Local Aboriginal Land Council as the local lead agency. The pilot was supported by a Cuban academic who came to Australia for this purpose, and included a Participatory Action Research (PAR) evaluation led by the UNE Project Manager. In this paper, members of the project team and the NAALCSC describe the pilot and reflect on its outcomes.
Notes on Contributors
Authors: Contributors Notes on
Published: October 2014

Notes on Contributors.
Editorial
Authors: Yasukawa Keiko
Published: October 2014

This issue of Literacy and Numeracy Studies farewells one of our founding editors, Rosie Wickert. Rosie was instrumental in bringing the predecessor journal Open Letter to the University of Technology, Sydney in 1997, and giving it a new name and life as Literacy and Numeracy Studies: An international journal in the education and training of adults. Rosie brought to the Journal her strong commitment to developing a research informed field of adult literacy and numeracy in Australia, and her own strong research and policy engagement in the field. Even after her retirement from the University, Rosie continued her active involvement in the Journal. On behalf of the editorial group, I wish to express our deepest thanks to Rosie for her tireless work with the Journal.
Networked Learning: Designing for adult literacy learners
Authors: Pinto Ana
Published: October 2014

This paper reports on analysis of an online learning network catering for adult basic education. It introduces some key concepts from research on networked learning, as well as two complementary approaches that are useful to support and inform analysis and design of technology-enhanced environments. One approach is informed by ideas about the design of learning environments in which pedagogies are combined with complex technological arrangements. The other approach shows how ideas from urban and architectural design, particularly the work by Christopher Alexander on design patterns and pattern languages, can be used to support design for learning. Part of the argument for combining these two perspectives is that, in trying to manage the complex possibilities of new network technologies, pedagogical and humanistic ideals are easily damaged, forgotten or lost. The analytic work involves some methodological innovation, partly because of the data sources involved. It uses interviews as well as screenshots of web pages, other online artefacts and data logs; these sources allow the researcher to look ‘beyond the screen’ to reconstruct the deeper architecture of what has been created for, and by, the participants in the network. The preliminary outcomes show how connections can be drawn between some of the key qualities of what has been designed alongside the various configurations of things, places, tasks, activities, and people influencing learning. Eventually, what is learned from a case study is discussed with the aim of informing design of similar learning networks.
What research has been/ is being undertaken in adult literacy and numeracy and by whom and why: internationally and locally?
Authors: Farrell Lesley
Published: October 2014

In September 2013, the Australian Council for Adult Literacy held a forum in Sydney on the topic of Promoting Research in Adult Literacy and Numeracy. The keynote speakers were asked to offer material to generate discussion later in the day. The following is the thought-provoking contribution from Professor Lesley Farrell, one of the founding editors of Open Letter, the precursor to Literacy and Numeracy Studies.
Back to School
Authors: Osmond Pamela
Published: October 2014

The Back to School of the title refers to post- school or second chance education in America. Mike Rose’s focus is on adult remedial (sic) and occupational education.  However, although he writes about America, it is hard not to read this little book without a constant alternative reading of second chance learning or Technical and Further Education in the Australian context.
Estimating regional greenhouse gas fluxes: an uncertainty analysis of planetary boundary layer techniques and bottom-up inventories
Authors: Zhang X. , Lee X. , Griffis T. J. , Baker J. M. , Xiao W.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. Quantification of regional greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes is essential for establishing mitigation strategies and evaluating their effectiveness. Here, we used multiple top-down approaches and multiple trace gas observations at a tall tower to estimate regional-scale GHG fluxes and evaluate the GHG fluxes derived from bottom-up approaches. We first applied the eddy covariance, equilibrium, inverse modeling (CarbonTracker), and flux aggregation methods using 3 years of carbon dioxide (CO2) measurements on a 244 m tall tower in the upper Midwest, USA. We then applied the equilibrium method for estimating CH4 and N2O fluxes with 1-month high-frequency CH4 and N2O gradient measurements on the tall tower and 1-year concentration measurements on a nearby tall tower, and evaluated the uncertainties of this application. The results indicate that (1) the flux aggregation, eddy covariance, the equilibrium method, and the CarbonTracker product all gave similar seasonal patterns of the regional CO2 flux (105−106 km2, but that the equilibrium method underestimated the July CO2 flux by 52–69%. (2) The annual budget varied among these methods from −54 to −131 g C–CO2 m−2 yr−1, indicating a large uncertainty in the annual CO2 flux estimation. (3) The regional CH4 and N2O emissions according to a top-down method were at least 6 and 2 times higher than the emissions from a bottom-up inventory (Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research), respectively. (4) The global warming potentials of the CH4 and N2O emissions were equal in magnitude to the cooling benefit of the regional CO2 uptake. The regional GHG budget, including both biological and anthropogenic origins, is estimated at 7 ± 160 g CO2 equivalent m−2 yr−1.
Surface gas pollutants in Lhasa, a highland city of Tibet – current levels and pollution implications
Authors: Ran L. , Lin W. L. , Deji Y. Z. , La B. , Tsering P. M. , Xu X. B. , Wang W.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. Through several years of development, the city of Lhasa has become one of the most populated and urbanized areas on the highest plateau in the world. In the process of urbanization, current and potential air quality issues have been gradually concerned. To investigate the current status of air pollution in Lhasa, various gas pollutants including NOx, CO, SO2, and O3, were continuously measured from June 2012 to May 2013 at an urban site (29.40° N, 91.08° E, 3650 m a.s.l.). The seasonal variations of primary gas pollutants exhibited a peak from November to January with a large variability. High mixing ratios of primary trace gases almost exclusively occurred under low wind speed and showed no distinct dependence on wind direction, implying local urban emissions to be predominant. A comparison of NO2, CO, and SO2 mixing ratios in summer between 1998 and 2012 indicated a significant increase in emissions of these gas pollutants and a change in their intercorrelations, as a result of a substantial growth in the demand of energy consumption using fossil fuels instead of previously widely used biomass. The pronounced diurnal double peaks of primary trace gases in all seasons suggested automobile exhaust to be a major emission source in Lhasa. The secondary gas pollutant O3 displayed an average diurnal cycle of a shallow flat peak for about 4–5 h in the afternoon and a minimum in the early morning. Nighttime O3 was sometimes completely consumed by the high level of NOx. Seasonally, the variations of O3 mixing ratios displayed a low valley in winter and a peak in spring. In autumn and winter, transport largely contributed to the observed O3 mixing ratios, given its dependence on wind speed and wind direction, while in spring and summer photochemistry played an important role. A more efficient buildup of O3 mixing ratios in the morning and a higher peak in the afternoon was found in summer 2012 than in 1998. An enhancement in O3 mixing ratios would be expected in the future and more attention should be given to O3 photochemistry in response to increasing precursor emissions in this area.
On the relationship between open cellular convective cloud patterns and the spatial distribution of precipitation
Authors: Yamaguchi T. , Feingold G.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. Precipitation is thought to be a necessary but insufficient condition for the transformation of stratocumulus-topped closed cellular convection to open cellular cumuliform convection. Here we test the hypothesis that the spatial distribution of precipitation is a key element of the closed-to-open cell transition. A series of idealized 3-dimensional simulations are conducted to evaluate the dependency of the transformation on the areal coverage of rain, and to explore the role of interactions between multiple rainy areas in the formation of the open cells. When rain is restricted to a small area, even substantial rain (order few mm day−1) does not result in a transition. With increasing areal coverage of the rain, the transition becomes possible provided that the rain rate is sufficiently large. When multiple small rain regions interact with each other, the transition occurs and spreads over a wider area, provided that the distance between the rain regions is short. When the distance between the rain areas is large, the transition eventually occurs, albeit slowly. For much longer distances between rain regions the system is anticipated to remain in a closed-cell state. These results suggest a connection to the recently hypothesized remote control of open-cell formation. Finally it is shown that phase trajectories of the mean and coefficient of variation of vertically integrated variables such as liquid water path align on one trajectory. This could be used as a diagnostic tool for global analyses of the statistics of closed- and open-cell occurrence and transitions between them.
Airborne Multiwavelength High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL-2) observations during TCAP 2012: vertical profiles of optical and microphysical properties of a smoke/urban haze plume over the northeastern coast of the US
Authors: Müller D. , Hostetler C. A. , Ferrare R. A. , Burton S. P. , Chemyakin E. , Kolgotin A. , Hair J. W. , Cook A. L. , Harper D. B. , Rogers R. R. , Hare R. W. , Cleckner C. S. , Obland M. D. , Tomlinson J. , Berg L. K. , Schmid B.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. We present measurements acquired by the world's first airborne 3 backscatter (β) + 2 extinction (α) High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL-2). HSRL-2 measures particle backscatter coefficients at 355, 532, and 1064 nm, and particle extinction coefficients at 355 and 532 nm. The instrument has been developed by the NASA Langley Research Center. The instrument was operated during Phase 1 of the Department of Energy (DOE) Two-Column Aerosol Project (TCAP) in July 2012. We observed pollution outflow from the northeastern coast of the US out over the western Atlantic Ocean. Lidar ratios were 50–60 sr at 355 nm and 60–70 sr at 532 nm. Extinction-related Ångström exponents were on average 1.2–1.7, indicating comparably small particles. Our novel automated, unsupervised data inversion algorithm retrieved particle effective radii of approximately 0.2 μm, which is in agreement with the large Ångström exponents. We find good agreement with particle size parameters obtained from coincident in situ measurements carried out with the DOE Gulfstream-1 aircraft.
Effect of surface BRDF of various land cover types on geostationary observations of tropospheric NO2
Authors: Noguchi K. , Richter A. , Rozanov V. , Rozanov A. , Burrows J. P. , Irie H. , Kita K.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. We investigated the effect of surface reflectance anisotropy, bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF), on satellite retrievals of tropospheric NO2. We assume the geometry of geostationary measurements over Tokyo, which is one of the worst air-polluted regions in East Asia. We calculated air mass factors (AMF) and box AMFs (BAMF) for tropospheric NO2 to evaluate the effect of BRDF by using the radiative transfer model SCIATRAN. To model the BRDF effect, we utilized the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products (MOD43B1 and MOD43B2), which provide three coefficients to express the RossThick–LiSparse reciprocal model, a semi-empirical and kernel-based model of BRDF. Because BRDF depends on the land cover type, we also utilized the High Resolution Land-Use and Land-Cover Map of the Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS)/Advanced Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer type 2 (AVNIR-2), which classifies the ground pixels over Tokyo into six main types: water, urban, paddy, crop, deciduous forest, and evergreen forest. We first develop an empirical model of the three BRDF coefficients for each land cover type over Tokyo and then apply the model to the calculation of land-cover-type-dependent AMFs and BAMFs. Results show that the variability of AMF among the land types is up to several tens of percent, and if we neglect the reflectance anisotropy, the difference with AMFs based on BRDF reaches 10% or more. The evaluation of the BAMFs calculated shows that not considering BRDF will cause large errors if the concentration of NO2 is high close to the surface, although the importance of BRDF for AMFs decreases for large aerosol optical depth (AOD).
A six-beam method to measure turbulence statistics using ground-based wind lidars
Authors: Sathe A. , Mann J. , Vasiljevic N. , Lea G.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. A so-called six-beam method is proposed to measure atmospheric turbulence using a ground-based wind lidar. This method requires measurement of the radial velocity variances at five equally spaced azimuth angles on the base of a scanning cone and one measurement at the center of the scanning circle, i.e.using a vertical beam at the same height. The scanning configuration is optimized to minimize the sum of the random errors in the measurement of the second-order moments of the components (u,v, w) of the wind field. We present this method as an alternative to the so-called velocity azimuth display (VAD) method that is routinely used in commercial wind lidars, and which usually results in significant averaging effects of measured turbulence. In the VAD method, the high frequency radial velocity measurements are used instead of their variances. The measurements are performed using a pulsed lidar (WindScanner), and the derived turbulence statistics (using both methods) such as the u and v variances are compared with those obtained from a reference cup anemometer and a wind vane at 89 m height under different atmospheric stabilities. The measurements show that in comparison to the reference cup anemometer, depending on the atmospheric stability and the wind field component, the six-beam method measures between 85–101% of the reference turbulence, whereas the VAD method measures between 66–87% of the reference turbulence.
Water vapor observations up to the lower stratosphere through the Raman lidar during the MAïdo LIdar Calibration Campaign
Authors: Dionisi D. , Keckhut P. , Courcoux Y. , Hauchecorne A. , Porteneuve J. , Baray J. L. , Leclair de Bellevue J. , Vérèmes H. , Gabarrot F. , Payen G. , Decoupes R. , Cammas J. P.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. A new lidar system devoted to tropospheric and lower stratospheric water vapor measurements has been installed at the Maïdo altitude station facility of La Reunion Island, in the southern subtropics. The main objectives of the MAïdo LIdar Calibration Campaign (MALICCA), performed in April 2013, were to validate the system, to set up a calibration methodology, to compare the acquired water profiles with radiosonde measurements and to evaluate its performances and capabilities with a particular focus on the UTLS measurements. Varying the characteristics of the transmitter and the receiver components, different system configuration scenarios were tested and possible parasite signals (fluorescent contamination, rejection) were investigated. A hybrid calibration methodology has been set up and validated to insure optimal lidar calibration stability with time. In particular, the receiver transmittance is monitored through the calibration lamp method that, at the moment, can detect transmittance variations greater than 10–15%. Calibration coefficients are then calculated through the hourly values of IWV provided by the co-located GPS. The comparison between the constants derived by GPS and Vaisala RS92 radiosondes launched at Maïdo during MALICCA, points out an acceptable agreement in terms of accuracy of the mean calibration value (with a difference of approximately 2–3%), but a significant difference in terms of variability (14 vs. 7–9%, for GPS and RS92 calibration procedures, respectively). We obtained a relatively good agreement between the lidar measurements and 15 co-located and simultaneous RS92 radiosondes. A relative difference below 10% is measured in low and middle troposphere (2–10 km). The upper troposphere (up to 15 km) is characterized by a larger spread (approximately 20%), because of the increasing distance between the two sensors. To measure water vapor in the UTLS region, nighttime and monthly water vapor profiles are presented and compared. The good agreement between the lidar monthly profile and the mean WVMR profile measured by satellite MLS has been used as a quality control procedure of the lidar product, attesting the absence of significant wet biases and validating the calibration procedure. Thanks to its performance and location, the MAIDO H2O lidar is devoted to become a reference instrument in the southern subtropics, allowing to insure the long-term survey of the vertical distribution of water vapor, and to document scientific themes such as stratosphere–troposphere exchange, tropospheric dynamics in the subtropics, links between cirrus clouds and water vapor.
Impact of the Hoa Binh dam (Vietnam) on water and sediment budgets in the Red River basin and delta
Authors: Vinh V. D. , Ouillon S. , Thanh T. D. , Chu L. V.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. The Hoa Binh dam (HBD), located on a tributary of the Red River in Vietnam, has a capacity of 9.45 × 109 m3 and was commissioned in December 1988. Although it is important for flood prevention, electricity production and irrigation in northern Vietnam, the Hoa Binh dam has also highly influenced the suspended sediment distribution in the lower Red River basin, in the delta and in the coastal zone. Its impact was analysed from a 50-year data set of water discharge and suspended sediment concentration (1960–2010), and the distribution of water and sediment across the nine mouths of the delta was simulated using the MIKE11 numerical model before and after the dam settlement. Although water discharge at the delta inlet decreased by only 9%, the yearly suspended sediment flux dropped, on average, by 61% at Son Tay near Hanoi (from 119 to 46 × 106 t yr−1). Along the coast, reduced sedimentation rates are coincident with the lower sediment delivery observed since the impoundment of the Hoa Binh dam. Water regulation has led to decreased water discharge in the wet season (−14% in the Red River at Son Tay) and increased water discharge in the dry season (+12% at the same station). The ratios of water and suspended sediment flows, as compared to the total flows in the nine mouths, increased in the northern and southern estuaries and decreased in the central, main Ba Lat mouth. The increasing volume of dredged sediments in the Haiphong harbour is evidence of the silting up of the northern estuary of Cam–Bach Dang. The effect of tidal pumping on enhanced flow occurring in the dry season and resulting from changed water regulation is discussed as a possible cause of the enhanced siltation of the estuary after Hoa Binh dam impoundment.
Prediction of direct runoff hydrographs utilizing stochastic network models: a case study in South Korea
Authors: Seo Y. , Park S.-Y.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. In this study, we combine stochastic network models that reproduce the actual width function and the width function based instantaneous unit hydrograph (WFIUH) that directly makes use of a width function and converts it into runoff hydrographs. We evaluated the stochastic network models in terms of reproducing the actual width function and also the robustness of the semi-distributed model (WFIUH) in application to a test watershed in South Korea. The stochastic network model has an advantage that it replicates width functions of actual river networks, whereas the WFIUH has an advantage that the parameter values are physically determined, which can be potentially advantageous in prediction of ungauged basins. This study demonstrates that the combination of the Gibbsian model and the WFIUH is able to reproduce runoff hydrographs not just for the case of uniform rainfall over the test catchment but also for moving storms. Therefore, results of this study indicate that the impact of spatial and temporal rainfall variation on runoff hydrographs can be evaluated by the suggested approach in ungauged basins even without detailed knowledge of river networks. Once the regional similarity in river network configuration is identified, the proposed approach can be potentially utilized to estimate the runoff hydrographs for ungauged basins.
Multi temporal LiDAR-DTMs as a tool for modelling a complex landslide: a case study in the Rotolon catchment (Eastern Italian Alps)
Authors: Bossi G. , Cavalli M. , Crema S. , Frigerio S. , Quan Luna B. , Mantovani M. , Marcato G. , Schenato L. , Pasuto A.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. The geomorphological change detection through the comparison of repeated topographic surveys is a recent approach that benefits greatly from the latest developments in topographical data acquisition techniques. Among them, airborne LiDAR makes the monitoring of geomorphological changes a more reliable and accurate approach for natural hazard and risk management. In this study, two LiDAR-DTMs (2 m resolution) were acquired just before and after a complex 340 000 m3 landslide event (4 November 2010) that generated a debris flow in the channel of the Rotolon catchment (Eastern Italian Alps). The analysis of these data was used to set up the initial condition for the application of a dynamic model. The comparison between the pre- and post-event DTMs allowed to identify erosion and depositional areas and the volume of the landslide. The knowledge of the phenomenon dynamics was the base of a sound back-analysis of the event with the 3-D numerical model DAN3D. This particular code was selected for its capability to modify the rheology and the parameters of the moving mass during run-out, as actually observed along the path of the 2010 debris flow. Nowadays some portions of Mt. Rotolon flank are still moving and show signs of detachment. The same soil parameters used in the back-analysis model could be used to simulate the run-out for possible future landslides allowing to generate reliable risk scenarios useful for awareness of civil defense and strategy on emergency plans.
Qualified temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen climatologies in a changing Adriatic Sea
Authors: Lipizer M. , Partescano E. , Rabitti A. , Giorgetti A. , Crise A.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. An updated climatology, based on a comprehensive data set (1911–2009) of temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen, has been produced for the whole Adriatic Sea with the variational inverse method using the DIVA (Data-Interpolating Variational Analysis) software. Climatological maps were produced at 26 levels and validated with ordinary cross-validation and with a real vs. synthetic temperature–salinity diagram intercomparison. The concept of climatology–observation misfit (COM) has been introduced as an estimate of the physical variability associated with the climatological structures. In order to verify the temporal stability of the climatology, long-term variability has been investigated in the Middle Adriatic and the South Adriatic pits, regarded as the most suitable records of possible long-term changes. Compared with previous climatologies, this study allows a clear identification of the seasonal dynamic of the southern Adriatic, where a clear oxygen minimum is typically observed in the centre of the South Adriatic Gyre. New and better resolved features emerged from this analysis: (1) below 100 m all properties profoundly differ between the central and the southern Adriatic and seem characterized by different biogeochemical dynamics; (2) the South Adriatic Pit clearly shows the remote effects of the Eastern Mediterranean Transient, while no effect is observed in the Middle Adriatic Pit; (3) the deepest part of the southern Adriatic seems now to be significantly saltier (+0.18 psu since the period 1910–1914, with an increase of +0.018 decade−1 since the late 1940s) and warmer (+0.54 °C since 1910–1914) even though a long-term temperature trend could not be statistically demonstrated; (4) the Middle Adriatic Pit shows a long-term increase in apparent oxygen utilization (+0.77 mL L−1 since 1910–1914, with a constant increase of +0.2 mL L−1 decade−1 after the 1970s).
On producing sea ice deformation dataset from SAR-derived sea ice motion
Authors: Bouillon S. , Rampal P.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. We propose a method to compute nearly noise-free sea ice deformation fields from SAR-derived motion and present the results of its application to RGPS sea ice trajectories. The method is based on two steps. The first step consists of using a triangulation of the positions taken from the sea ice trajectories to define a mesh on which a first estimate of sea ice deformation is computed. The second step consists of applying a specific smoother to the deformation field to reduce the artificial noise that arises along discontinuities in the sea ice motion field. From the comparison between unfiltered and filtered fields, we estimate that the artificial noise causes an overestimation of about 60% of opening and closing. The artificial noise also has a strong impact on the statistical distribution of the deformation and on the scaling exponents estimated with multi-fractal analysis. These findings may have serious implications for previous studies as the constant overestimation of the opening and closing could lead to a large overestimation of freezing in leads, salt rejection and sea ice ridging.
Of Theory and Meaning in Green Criminology
Authors: Brisman Avi
Published: October 2014

In this article, I focus on green criminology’s relationship with theory with the aim of describing some of its animating features and offering some suggestions for green criminology’s further emergence. In so doing, I examine green criminology’s intra-disciplinary theoretical engagement and the notion of applying different meanings and interpretations to established theory. Following this, I explore green criminology’s interface with theories and ideas outside criminology – what I refer to as green criminology’s extra-disciplinary theoretical engagement. I conclude by suggesting that green criminology has shed light on the etiology of environmental crime and harm (including climate change), and that it will continue to illuminate not only how and why environmental crime and harm occurs, but also the meaning of such crime and harm.
Theriocide: Naming Animal Killing
Authors: Beirne Piers
Published: October 2014

In this essay I recommend ‘theriocide’ as the name for those diverse human actions that cause the deaths of animals. Like the killing of one human by another, theriocide may be socially acceptable or unacceptable, legal or illegal. It may be intentional or unintentional and may involve active maltreatment or passive neglect. Theriocide may occur one-on-one, in small groups or in large-scale social institutions. The numerous and sometimes intersecting sites of theriocide include intensive rearing regimes; hunting and fishing; trafficking; vivisection; militarism; pollution; and human-induced climate change. If the killing of animals by humans is as harmful to them as homicide is to humans, then the proper naming of such deaths offers a remedy, however small, to the extensive privileging of human lives over those of other animals. Inevitably, the essay leads to a shocking question: Is theriocide murder?
The Roles and Use of Law in Green Criminology
Authors: Hall Matthew
Published: October 2014

This paper examines how law and legal analysis fit within the broader green criminological project. By demonstrating how legal analysis in various forms can cast significant light on key green criminological questions, the paper seeks to address the concern that green criminology – with its preponderance of ‘deep green’ viewpoints and focus on social harms which are not proscribed by formal law – precludes the application of legalistic values such as certainty and consistency. Ultimately, the goal of the paper is to demonstrate how, despite the novel challenges to the legal scholar presented by green criminology, the incorporation of a more legalistic perspective within an interdisciplinary exercise is not only desirable for green criminology but is in fact vital if the field is to realise its ambitions as a force for environmental good.
How e-Waste Challenges Environmental Governance
Authors: Bisschop Lieselot
Published: October 2014

This article examines how e-waste – waste from electronic and electrical equipment – poses a challenge for environmental governance. The amount of e-waste generated globally has been estimated to reach about 72 billion tons annually by 2017. This article discusses how e-waste challenges the control of illegal trade as well as the prevention of environmental harms. By focusing on the role of state, corporate and civil society actors, insights are gained into the strengths and limitations of the governance framework. These suggest the need for reflection about both practical and theoretical implications that arise for environmental governance.
Researching Illegal Logging and Deforestation
Authors: Boekhout van Solinge Tim
Published: October 2014

Tropical deforestation such as in the Amazon can be studied well from a green criminological perspective. Ethnographic research methods form a useful way to get insight into the dynamics and complexity of tropical deforestation, which often is illegal. This article gives an account of various ethnographic visits to the rainforests of the Amazon in the period 2003-2014. Ethnographic methods provide insight into the overlap between the legal and illegal, the functioning (or not) of state institutions, the power of (corporate) lobbies, and why tropical deforestation correlates with crimes such as corruption and violence. The use of ethnographic methods in forest areas where trustworthy state actors and institutions are not very present can also present danger and raise ethical issues (such as when the researcher, for reasons of safety, does not present as a criminological researcher). However, a large advantage of ethnographic visits to tropical rainforests is that they allow the gathering of local views and voices, which rarely reach the international level. These local views lead to interesting contradictions at the international level where corporate views and lobbies dominate.
Speaking Too Soon: The Sabotage of Bail Reform in New South Wales
Authors: Quilter Julia , Brown David
Published: October 2014

Within just over one month of coming into operation in May 2014, the new Bail Act 2013 (NSW), a product of long-term law reform consideration, was reviewed and then amended after talk-back radio ‘shock jock’ and tabloid newspaper outcry over three cases. This article examines the media triggers, the main arguments of the review conducted by former New South Wales (NSW) Attorney General John Hatzistergos, and the amendments, with our analysis of the judicial interpretation of the Act thus far providing relevant background. We argue that the amendments are premature, unnecessary, create complexity and confusion, and, quite possibly, will have unintended consequences: in short, they are a mess. The whole process of reversal is an example of law and order politics driven by the shock jocks and tabloid media, the views of which, are based on fundamental misconceptions of the purpose of bail and its place in the criminal process, resulting in a conflation of accusation, guilt and punishment. Other consequences of the review and amendments process recognised in this article include the denigration of judicial expertise and lack of concern with evidence and process; the disproportionate influence of the shock jocks, tabloids and Police Association of NSW on policy formation; the practice of using retired politicians to produce ‘quick fix’ reviews; and the political failure to understand and defend fundamental legal principles that benefit us all and are central to the maintenance of a democratic society and the rule of law. The article concludes with some discussion of ways in which media and political debate might be conducted to produce more balanced outcomes.
Exploring the Financial Ratios: The Case Study of the Famed Chemical Industry Firms in the US
Authors: Tsuji Chikashi
Published: October 2014

The objective of this paper is to explore the linkage between corporate financial conditions and the market valuation of the famed US chemical industry firms by the case study using financial ratio and market data. More concretely, we first conduct corporate financial ratio analyses including the Du Pont system analysis as to four well-known large chemical industry firms in the US. Our analyzing period is from the fiscal year of 1979 to 2012. After the financial ratio analyses for the above period, we further examine the relations between corporate financial conditions and the market valuation of the four US firms by using their stock price data after the end of the fiscal year of 2012. As a result, the corporate financial conditions of the four firms at the end of the fiscal year of 2012 appear to be adequately reflected in the subsequent stock prices in equity markets.
Harvesting the dead and decaying forests: Potential carbon storage in harvested wood products
Authors: Klopp Wyatt S. , Fredeen Arthur L.
Published: October 2014

British Columbia (BC)'s forests and wood products industry face tremendous adversity in the face of the mountain pine beetle (MPB; Dendroctonus ponderosae) epidemic. The death and decay of one of BC's leading merchantable tree species (lodgepole pine; Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) threatens both the sustainability and climate mitigation opportunities in BC forests. Our study investigates the potential for carbon (C) storage in wood products in the post-epidemic phase of the MPB outbreak. In particular, we contrast the C-balance implications of converting MPB timber into long-lived wood products (i.e., lumber) (scenario 1) versus softwood pellets for bioenergy (scenario 2). Our findings highlight the importance of the C-cycle neutral assumption in determining the net C-balance of lumber versus pellets. Timber harvests for lumber resulted in a net C storage with this assumption (case 1), and net C emissions without this assumption (case 2). With uncertainty surrounding the future C-balance of BC forests, the current assumption of biomass-derived emissions being completely C-neutral may need to be re-evaluated.
Culturally driven forest management, utilization and values: A Nuxalk First Nations case study
Authors: Bull Gary , Pledger Sean , Splittgerber Matthias , Stephen Jamie , Pribowo Amadeus , Baker Kahlil , Singh Devyani , Pootlass Dallas , Macleod Nick
Published: October 2014

The forests of British Columbia have been managed for thousands of years to provide a range of products and services. For the Nuxalk people of Bella Coola, BC, their forests were used to build homes and canoes, act as a transportation system (grease trails), and provide material for clothing, fuel and cultural/artistic needs. These forests also provide a host of plants used for nourishment and medicine. The lives of First Nations people have been dramatically altered with the arrival of Western cultures; from a First Nations perspective, these traditional goods and services have been eroded. Today they seek to restore and protect the forests that provide these goods and services while at the same time recognizing the needs of a modern life, which include improved housing, energy that is environmentally friendly and the development of new products and services to sustain their economy. Eight research projects aimed at helping the Nuxalk people accomplish these goals are briefly described.
Economic consequences of increased bioenergy demand
Authors: Johnston Craig M.T. , van Kooten G. Cornelis
Published: October 2014

Although wind, hydro and solar are the most discussed sources of renewable energy, countries will need to rely much more on biomass if they are to meet renewable energy targets. In this study, a global forest trade model is used to examine the global effects of expanded demand for wood pellets fired with coal in power plants. Positive mathematical programming is used to calibrate the model to 2011 bilateral trade flows. To assess the impact of increased demand for wood pellets on global forest products, we consider a scenario where demand for wood pellets doubles. Findings indicate that production of lumber and plywood is likely to increase in most of the 20 model regions, but outputs of fibreboard, particleboard and pulp will decline as these products must compete with wood pellets for residual fibre. Ultimately, policies promoting aggressive renewable energy targets cause wood pellet prices to more than double in our scenarios, which could increase the cost of generating electricity to such an extent that, in some regions, electricity producers will continue to use fossil fuels as their primary fuel, while some others might find it worthwhile to rely more on nuclear energy for base load power.
The effects of the 2008 Lacey Act amendment on international trade in forest products
Authors: Bridegam Patrick , Eastin Ivan
Published: October 2014

Despite international efforts, illegal logging continues on a scale that is of global concern, with significant volumes of illegally harvested wood entering into international trade flows. Recently, major importers of forest products have implemented timber legality legislation prohibiting the possession and/or importation of wood and wood products that are of illegal origin. Drawing on bilateral trade data and using a quantitative, regression-based comparative case study methodology, the effects of the 2008 Lacey Act amendment on the international trade of forest products were evaluated. A data-driven method was used to create aggregate control groups for comparisons with countries affected by the policy. If the policy has been effective in reducing the volume of illegally harvested forest products being imported into the U.S., we would expect to see some unique differences in post-policy U.S. imports of wood and wood products from areas with high levels of suspicious wood in their supplies. Results from these analyses show few substantial differences in post-policy imports of wood products of suspicious origins into the U.S. However, the results suggest that the policy may be affecting wood imports by major exporters of finished wood products to the U.S.
Changes in Chinese wood-based exports to the U.S.: Post Lacey Act amendment
Authors: Lu Ziyi , Ganguly Indroneil , Eastin Ivan
Published: October 2014

The recent adoption of timber legality legislation in the U.S. (the Lacey Act 2008 amendment) requiring timber imports be sourced from legally harvested wood could have profound impacts on China's re-exports of manufactured wood products to the U.S. This study examines empirically how Chinese wood manufacturers’ sales to the U.S. have changed in response to the Lacey Act. A sample of 225 Chinese wood manufacturers was drawn from two trade shows in Shanghai, China in 2013. The results reveal that Chinese companies’ awareness of the Lacey Act has played an important role in their decision to export to the U.S. over the last five years. The companies who are less familiar with the Lacey Act tend to withdraw from the U.S. market and focus on domestic market. Also the smaller Chinese companies were more likely to withdraw from the U.S. market in the aftermath of the Lacey Act as compared to their larger counterparts. Finally, the Chinese companies that have increased their imports of raw materials from the U.S. were found to have increased their sales to the U.S. market over the last five years.
Past and projected future changes in moisture conditions in the Canadian boreal forest
Authors: Wang Yonghe , Hogg Edward H. , Price David T. , Edwards Jason , Williamson Tim
Published: October 2014

Spatial data for the Climate Moisture Index and the Palmer Drought Severity Index were generated from gridded temperature and precipitation data for the Canadian boreal zone over the period 1951–2010. Annual values for the indices for 2011–2100 were generated from projections of future climate derived from four general circulation models forced by three greenhouse gas emissions scenarios. Linear regression models between the indices and time were fitted to examine long-term trends. Results indicated that several large regions of the Canadian boreal forest experienced substantial drying during 1951–2010. Future projections indicated a general trend toward drier conditions during the 21stcentury. Overall, the analysis indicated more frequent and/or more severe droughts across managed western and central portions of the boreal forest in coming decades. These projections of indices are relevant to forest management because soil moisture availability is an important determinant of forest distribution, tree health, and regeneration success. Knowledge of the range of potential future changes in drought occurrence and intensity will aid forest managers and decisionmakers in incorporating climate change considerations into forest management planning and practices.