bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Iodotrimethylsilane Deoxygenation of Carbonyl Conjugated Allylic Ethers.
Authors: HARTMAN D. A. , CURLEY R. W. JUN.
Published: May 2016

4‐Methoxy‐β‐ionone (I) is not O‐demethylated upon treatment with trimethylsilyl iodide to form the alcohol (III); β‐ionone (II) is obtained instead via reduction.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkynylation of the Ethylene Ketal of 1‐Chloro‐4‐bromo‐1E‐buten‐3‐one. Synthesis of Enynic and Dienic Fragments of Leucotrienes and Pheromones.
Authors: LOPP M. I. , PAYU A. I. , KANGER T. P. , VYALIMYAE T. K. , LILLE YU. E.
Published: May 2016

Starting from the title compound (I) the enyone (IV) and the dienone (V) are prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Arylation of Ethylene with Arylsulfonyl Chlorides.
Authors: KASAHARA A. , IZUMI T. , MIYAMOTO K. , SAKAI T.
Published: May 2016

Treatment of the arylsulfonyl chlorides (I) with ethylene (II) in the presence of palladium diacetate and a base gives the styrenes (III) as the main products, together with the stilbenes (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Electron Transfer Processes. Part 44. Alkylations of Heterocycles by Alkylmercurials.
Authors: RUSSELL G. A. , GUO D. , BAIK W. , HERRON S. J.
Published: May 2016

Various organo‐mercury compounds react with heterocycles and maleic anhydrides to give the coupling products outlined in the reaction scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: 1‐Halo‐2‐propanethiones.
Authors: SHAGUN L. G. , USOV V. A. , VORONKOV M. G. , USOVA T. L. , IL'ICHEVA L. N.
Published: May 2016

In the presence of HCl the reaction between (I) and H2S (II) affords the highly unstable title compounds (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Chlorodesilylation of Fluorovinylsilanes. A Case of Retention of Configuration.
Authors: TELLIER F. , SAUVETRE R. , NORMANT J.‐F.
Published: May 2016

Addition of chlorine to the difluoro(trimethylsilyl)alkenes (I) and subsequent desilylation with fluoride result in the predominant formation of the chlorodifluoroalkenes (II).
ChemInform Abstract: The Syntheses of β‐Lactams from Zinc Enolates of N,N‐Disubstituted α‐Amino Acid Esters and Imines: Substituent and Solvent Effects.
Authors: VAN DER STEEN F. H. , KLEIJN H. , JASTRZEBSKI J. T. B. H. , VAN KOTEN G.
Published: May 2016

The zinc enolates (III), generated from the 2‐aminocarboxylic acid esters (I) by lithiation and transmetalation with zinc chloride (II), undergo cycloaddition reaction with the imine (IV), forming the amino β‐lactams (V).
ChemInform Abstract: 2(1H)‐Quinolinones with Cardiac Stimulant Acticity. Part 2. Synthesis and Biological Activities of 6‐(N‐Linked, Five‐Membered Heteroaryl) Derivatives.
Authors: ALABASTER C. T. , BELL A. S. , CAMPBELL S. F. , ELLIS P. , HENDERSON C. G. , MORRIS D. S. , ROBERTS D. A. , RUDDOCK K. S. , SAMUELS G. M. R. , STEFANIAK M. H.
Published: May 2016

Reduction of the 4‐azolyl‐substituted nitrobenzenes (I) produces the anilines (II) which are coupled with the ethoxypropenoyl chloride (III), yielding the amides (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: (3 + 3)Cycloaddition of Trimethylenemethane to Activated Aziridines: Palladium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Piperidines.
Authors: BAMBAL R. B. , KEMMITT R. D. W.
Published: May 2016

The acetoxymethallylsilane (I), which is a direct precursor of trimethylenemethane, reacts with the aziridines (II) in the presence of a palladium(0) complex to give the methylenepiperidines (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclophanes. Part 29. Gas‐Phase Pyrolysis of 2,11‐Dithia(3.3)(1,2)(1,4)cyclophane S,S,S′,S′‐Tetraoxide.
Authors: BODWELL G. , ERNST L. , HOPF H.
Published: May 2016

Whereas reaction of p‐dithiol (I) with o‐dibromide (II) in the presence of either NaOH or Cs2CO3 yields nothing but "dimer" (III), the reaction of alternatively substituted p‐dibromide (IV) and o‐dithiol (V) leads to the desired dithiaphane (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Trimethyl Phosphite and Hexamethylphosphorous Triamide with 2‐Methoxycarbonyl‐3,4,5‐triphenylcyclopentadienone.
Authors: FUZHENKOVA A. V. , MINSATTAROVA Z. G.
Published: May 2016

The cyclopentadienone (I) is coupled with trimethyl phosphite (II) to give the cyclopentadienyl phosphate (III), together with a second isomeric phosphate (IV), probably (V) or (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: A Solution and Solid State Conformation of 2‐Phosphoryl Substituted 1,3‐Oxathianes.
Authors: MIKOLAJCZYK M. , GRACZYK P. , WIECZOREK M. W. , BUJACZ G.
Published: May 2016

The 1,3‐oxathianes (III) are prepared and their conformations are investigated and determined in solution as well as in the solid state.
ChemInform Abstract: Reductive Coupling of Pyridazine and Benzaldehyde Azine and Reduction of Bipyridine by (C5Me5)2Sm(THF)2.
Authors: EVANS W. J. , DRUMMOND D. K.
Published: May 2016

As a result of the large reduction potential of the title complex (I) it reacts with C=N containing substrates such as (II), (IV) and (VI) by transferring an electron to the substrates and forming the Sm3+ species (III), (V), and (VII), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Photochemical Decarbonylation of (α‐Arylacyl)triphenylgermane.
Authors: KIYOOKA S. , SHIBUYA T. , SHIOTA F. , FUJIYAMA R.
Published: May 2016

The title compounds (III) are prepared from corresponding esters with Ph3GeLi in good yields as demonstrated for the example (IIIa).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Properties of 1,3‐(Bis(N‐methyl‐2‐imidazolideneamino)propan‐2‐ol)Cu(II) Perchlorate.
Authors: DOMAN T. N. , RICHARDSON J. F. , ARAR L. , BUCHANAN R. M.
Published: May 2016

The new ligand (III) is prepared and found to form a mononuclear Cu(II) complex (V) (yield not given; P1, Z=2), whose structural features resemble those proposed for the active site of galactose oxidase.
ChemInform Abstract: Components from the Stem Bark of Dalbergia monetaria L. ‐ Three New Isoflavone C‐Glucosides
Authors: NUNES D. S. , HAAG A. , BESTMANN H. J.
Published: May 2016

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ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Properties and Prodrug Potential of 2‐Methyl‐2‐oxy‐ and 2‐Methyl‐2‐thio‐4H‐1,3‐benzodioxin‐4‐ones
Authors: ANKERSEN M. , NIELSEN K. K. , SENNING A.
Published: May 2016

Review: (i.e.
ChemInform Abstract: n+‐Polysilicon Etching in CCl4/He Discharges: Characterization and Modeling.
Authors: GOGOLIDES E. , SAWIN H. H.
Published: May 2016

Etching rate, selectivity of polysilicon over oxide, ion flux on the wafer surface, Cl concentration, and linewidth loss are measured as a function of etching conditions (power, pressure, He fraction).
ChemInform Abstract: Elementary Steps in the Formation of Highly Dispersed Palladium in NaY. Part 1. Pd Ion Coordination and Migration.
Authors: HOMEYER S. T. , SACHTLER W. M. H.
Published: May 2016

Pd/NaY samples are prepared by ion exchange using (Pd(NH3)4)(NO3)2 solutions.
ChemInform Abstract: Bimolecular Reactions of 3‐Methylene‐1,4‐cyclohexadiene (p‐Isotoluene), 5‐Methylene‐1,3‐cyclohexadiene (o‐Isotoluene), 1‐Methylene‐1,4‐dihydronaphthalene (Benzo‐p‐isotoluene), and 9‐Methylene‐9,10‐dihydroanthracene (Dibenzo‐p‐isotoluene).
Authors: GAJEWSKI J. J. , GORTVA A. M.
Published: May 2016

Reactions of the isotoluenes (I) and (II), the previously unknown benzo‐p‐isotoluene (III), and dibenzo‐p‐toluene (IV) are investigated under various conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular Cyclopropanation Reaction of Furanyl Diazo Ketones.
Authors: PADWA A. , WISNIEFF T. J. , WALSH E. J.
Published: May 2016

The rhodium(II) acetate‐catalyzed rearrangement of the α‐diazo ketones (I), derived from the corresponding 2‐furanylalkanoic acids, forms the cycloalkenones (II) and (III) via an intramolecular cyclopropanation step.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Synthesis of Some Indolecarboxylic Acids.
Authors: BAIOCCHI L. , GIANNANGELI M.
Published: May 2016

N‐Benzylisatin (I) reacts with ethyl chloroacetate (II) in the presence of sodium ethoxide to give the indole‐2,3‐dicarboxylate (IV), together with the monocarboxylic acid (V) after hydrolysis of the intermediate spiro‐fused oxirane (III).
ChemInform Abstract: 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloadditions of Azomethine Ylides with Dipolarophiles. Part 2. Synthesis of Pyrrolizidines.
Authors: ORSINI F. , PELIZZONI F. , FORTE M. , SISTI M. , MERATI F. , GARIBOLDI P.
Published: May 2016

Proline (I) reacts with the aldehydes (III) to generate azomethine ylides which are trapped by cycloaddition with dimethyl fumarate (II) or maleate (VII) to give mixtures of the pyrrolizidines (IV) ‐ (VI) or (IV), (V), (VIII), and (IX).
ChemInform Abstract: Imidazolyl Derivatives of the Thiochroman Ring.
Authors: COZZI P. , PILLAN A.
Published: May 2016

The 3‐bromothiochromen‐4‐ones (I) react with the imidazoles (II) to give the 2‐imidazolyl derivatives (III).
ChemInform Abstract: The Stereoselective Introduction of a Hydroxy Group into the 2,8‐Dioxabicyclo(3.2.1)octan‐3‐one System.
Authors: AGER D. J. , EAST M. B.
Published: May 2016

The lactone (I), available from furan and α‐acetoxyacrylonitrile, is transformed into the silyl enol ether (III) which undergoes oxidation with peracids to yield the α‐hydroxy lactone (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Pyridazines with Heteroatom Substituents in Position 3 and 5. Part 2. Regioselective Introduction of Mercapto Groups in Pyridazines.
Authors: OLESEN P. H. , KAPPE T. , BECHER J.
Published: May 2016

The dichloropyridazine (I) is monoalkoxylated and then treated with the sodium thiolate (IV) to give the sulfides (V).
ChemInform Abstract: The “tert.‐Amino Effect” in Heterocyclic Chemistry: Synthesis of 3,1‐Benzoxazines and 3,1‐Benzothiazines.
Authors: NIJHUIS W. H. N. , VERBOOM W. , HARKEMA S. , REINHOUDT D. N.
Published: May 2016

The cyclization of tertiary anilines is known to show an unexpected reactivity, when a conjugated unsaturated ortho‐substituent in the aromatic ring is present.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Some Heterocyclic Skeletons via Organoiron Complexes. Crystal and Molecular Structure of (5a,6,7,8,9,9a‐η6‐1,4‐Benzoxathiino‐(3,2‐b)pyridine)(η5‐cyclopentadieny# l)iron Hexafluorophosphate.
Authors: SUTHERLAND R. G. , PIORKO A. , LEE C. C. , SIMONSEN S. H. , LYNCH V. M.
Published: May 2016

The cyclopentadienyliron o‐dichlorobenzene complex (I) reacts with the 2,3‐difunctionalized pyridines (II), forming the cyclocondensation products (III) which are thermally decomplexed to yield the tricyclic heterocycles (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: On Triazoles. Part 16. The Reaction of 5‐Amino‐1,2,4‐triazoles with β‐and γ‐Oxo Esters. A Novel N‐Carbonylation Reaction.
Authors: REITER J. , VAGO P. , ESSES‐REITER K. , PONGO L. , MOLNAR H.
Published: May 2016

Ethyl acetoacetate (II) reacts with the 2‐(o‐aminophenyl)‐3‐aminotriazoles (I) to give the cyclization products (III), (Vb), and the bissubstitution product (IVa).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Molecular Inclusion of Naphtho‐ and Benzonaphtho‐Fused Pyridino Crowns ‐ Crystal Structure of a Dioxane Clathrate.
Authors: WEBER E. , KOEHLER H.‐J. + , REUTER H.
Published: May 2016

From monoether (III) (improved synthesis from (I) and (II)) the crown ethers (VI) are prepared in 3 steps.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,1‐Bis(diisopropylamino)‐2‐trimethylsilyl‐1‐phosphaacetylene: A Stable Nucleophilic Carbene.
Authors: IGAU A. , BACEIREDO A. , TRINQUIER G. , BERTRAND G.
Published: May 2016

The carbene character of the title compound (III) is confirmed by the reactions of (III) with the electron‐poor olefins (II) and (IV), with the aldehydes (VI), and by the (1 + 1) addition reaction with tert.‐butyl isocyanide (VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: P6(C5Me5)2, a Tricyclic Polyphosphane.
Authors: JUTZI P. , KROOS R. , MUELLER A. + , PENK M.
Published: May 2016

The title compound (III) is prepared according to the scheme and characterized by NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray structure analysis (space group C2/c, Z=4).
ChemInform Abstract: Selenonium Salts and Selenonium Ylides of Cyclopentadiene, Pentafulvenes, Indole, and Pyrrole.
Authors: HARTKE K. , WENDEBOURG H. H.
Published: May 2016

By condensation of the selenoxides (II) with trimethylsilylcyclopentadiene (III), the selenoniocyclopentadienide (I) and (IV) are formed as shown in the scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation, Structure, and Magnetochemistry of Hexanuclear Manganese Oxide Complexes: Chemically and Thermally Induced Aggregation of Mn3O(O2CPh)6(py)2(H2O) Forming Products Containing the (Mn6O2)10+ Core.
Authors: SCHAKE A. R. , VINCENT J. B. , LI Q. , BOYD P. D. W. , FOLTING K. , HUFFMAN J. C. , HENDRICKSON D. N. , CHRISTOU G.
Published: May 2016

A variety of synthetic procedures are described which convert the trinuclear title complex into the hexanuclear complexes (I).
ChemInform Abstract: FeI3SC(NMe2)2, a Neutral Thiourea Complex of Iron(III) Iodide.
Authors: POHL S. , BIERBACH U. , SAAK W.
Published: May 2016

The title complex (IV) is obtained in a simple reaction and characterized by IR and electronic spectra and an X‐ray diffraction analysis (P21/c, Z=4).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and X‐Ray Crystal Structures of Ni4 and Zn4 Complexes of a Macrocyclic Tetranucleating Ligand.
Authors: BELL M. , EDWARDS A. J. , HOSKINS B. F. , KACHAB E. H. , ROBSON R.
Published: May 2016

The tetranuclear complexes (I) and (II) of the macrocyclic tetra Schiff base formed by condensation of two molecules of 2,6‐diformyl‐4‐methylphenol with two molecules of 2,6‐bis(aminomethyl)‐4‐methylphenol in the presence of Ni(II) or Zn(II) acetate, sodium acetate and acetic acid (for (II) yield given in g).
ChemInform Abstract: Pyrrolyl, Hydroxo, and Carbonate Organometallic Derivatives of Nickel(II). Crystal and Molecular Structure of (Ni(CH2C6H4‐o‐Me)(PMe3)(μ‐OH))2·2,5 HNC4H2Me2.
Authors: CARMONA E. , MARIN J. M. , PALMA P. , PANEQUE M. , POVEDA M. L.
Published: May 2016

Pyrrolyl derivatives such as (III) are prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: Heteronuclear Trinuclear Complexes of a Macrocyclic Ligand Containing Two “Soft” (Cu2+, Ni2+) Metal Centers with Cocomplexation of Ba2+.
Authors: VAN VEGGEL F. C. J. M. , BOS M. , HARKEMA S. , VERBOOM W. , REINHOUDT D. N.
Published: May 2016

In the Ba complex (IV), crystallizing in P1 with Z=4, the novel macrocycle is folded so that all the oxygen atoms are coordinated to Ba.
ChemInform Abstract: Axial vs Equatorial Substitution of Os3(CO)12 with Anionic Ligands. Crystal and Molecular Structures of PPN(Os3X(CO)11) (X: Br, I).
Authors: ZUFFA J. L. , KIVI S. J. , GLADFELTER W. L.
Published: May 2016

CO substitution reactions of the Os3 cluster (I) lead to the ionic products (IV) as shown in the scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Reactivity of Alkoxy(η4‐cycloocta‐1,5‐diene)iridium(I) and ‐rhodium(I) M(OR)(cod)(PCy3) Compounds. X‐Ray Crystal Structure of the Alkynyl Ir(CCPh)(cod)(PCy3) Complex.
Authors: FERNANDEZ M. J. , ESTERUELAS M. A. , COVARRUBIAS M. , ORO L. A. , APREDA M.‐C. , FOCES‐FOCES C. , CANO F. H.
Published: May 2016

The alk‐ and phenoxy title complexes (III) are synthesized according to the scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐(Methylpyridyl)‐X‐azolo(4,5‐b)pyridines: Bases, Salts, and Polymethine Dyes.
Authors: SAVARINO P. , CARPIGNANO R. , VISCARDI G. , BARNI E. , DI MODICA G.
Published: May 2016

The nicotinic acids (I) are coupled with 2,3‐diaminopyridine (IIa) or 2‐amino‐3‐hydroxypyridine (IIb), yielding the pyridylimidazo(oxazolo)pyridines (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Bacterial Constituents. Part 37. Pyoverdin‐Type Siderophores from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Authors: BRISKOT G. , TARAZ K. , BUDZIKIEWICZ H.
Published: May 2016

The structures of pyoverdin C (Ia), D (Ib), and E (Ic) isolated from the culture medium of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (which are identical with the pyoverdins PaB, PaA, and Pa) are elucidated by spectroscopic methods and degradation studies.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of a Metabolite of Ciamexon Conjugated with D‐Glucuronic Acid.
Authors: SCHULTZ M. , ZOERKLER G. +
Published: May 2016

In the presence of silver triflate the reaction between the readily available α‐bromide (I) and the alcohol (II) affords an ortho‐ester, which undergoes spontaneous rearrangement under the conditions depicted in the scheme to give the β‐O‐glucuronide (III).
ChemInform Abstract: New Furo(3,2‐b)furans Derived from L‐Ascorbic Acid.
Authors: SUSSANGKARN K. , FODOR G. , STROPE D. , GEORGE C.
Published: May 2016

Acid‐catalyzed cyclization reaction of the cyclohexenedione (I) with L‐ascorbic acid (II) produces the gulonolactone (III).
Using simulations to evaluate Mantel‐based methods for assessing landscape resistance to gene flow
Authors: Zeller Katherine A. , Creech Tyler G. , Millette Katie L. , Crowhurst Rachel S. , Long Robert A. , Wagner Helene H. , Balkenhol Niko , Landguth Erin L.
Published: May 2016

Mantel‐based tests have been the primary analytical methods for understanding how landscape features influence observed spatial genetic structure. Simulation studies examining Mantel‐based approaches have highlighted major challenges associated with the use of such tests and fueled debate on when the Mantel test is appropriate for landscape genetics studies. We aim to provide some clarity in this debate using spatially explicit, individual‐based, genetic simulations to examine the effects of the following on the performance of Mantel‐based methods: (1) landscape configuration, (2) spatial genetic nonequilibrium, (3) nonlinear relationships between genetic and cost distances, and (4) correlation among cost distances derived from competing resistance models. Under most conditions, Mantel‐based methods performed poorly. Causal modeling identified the true model only 22% of the time. Using relative support and simple Mantelrvalues boosted performance to approximately 50%. Across all methods, performance increased when landscapes were more fragmented, spatial genetic equilibrium was reached, and the relationship between cost distance and genetic distance was linearized. Performance depended on cost distance correlations among resistance models rather than cell‐wise resistance correlations. Given these results, we suggest that the use of Mantel tests with linearized relationships is appropriate for discriminating among resistance models that have cost distance correlations <0.85 with each other for causal modeling, or <0.95 for relative support or simple Mantelr. Because most alternative parameterizations of resistance for the same landscape variable will result in highly correlated cost distances, the use of Mantel test‐based methods to fine‐tune resistance values will often not be effective.
The IgG1 B‐cell receptor provides survival and proliferative signals analogue to the Igα but not the Igβ co‐receptor
Authors: Song Jian , Uyttersprot Nathalie , Classen Sabine , Waisman Ari
Published: May 2016

The function of the IgM B‐cell receptor (BCR) is dependent on intact signaling of the co‐receptors Igα and Igβ, both of which contain a cytoplasmic tail bearing an immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based activation motif. We have previously demonstrated that the cytoplasmic tail of the IgG1 BCR can partially compensate for the loss of the signaling moiety of Igα. Here, we show that unlike Igα, Igβ signaling is indispensable for the development and function of IgG1‐expressing B cells. Deletion of the cytoplasmic signaling tail of Igβ compromised the survival and proliferation not only of IgM+ B cells but also of IgG1‐expressing B cells. In the absence of the signaling tail of Igβ, the transcription levels of the antiapoptotic gene bcl‐xl and the cell‐cycle gene ccnd2 were reduced, consistent with the observed defects in survival and proliferation. These results demonstrate functional differences between Igα and Igβ in the transduction of IgG1 BCR signal.
Direct Coupling of Amides and Urea to Glycosyl Halides Using Silver Triflate
Authors: Rosado Luz M. , Meyerhoefer Terence J. , Bett Saqib M. , Ilyas Saba. , Bululu Lubabalo. , Martin Carla A. , Joseph Troy W. , De Castro Michael
Published: May 2016

We herein report the coupling of various amides and ureas to glycosyl halides in the presence of silver triflate at room temperature. A 1:1 mixture of α/β diastereomers was obtained when alkyl/heteroaryl amides and substituted ureas were added to gluco and galacto haloglycosides. The effect of temperature, halogen, protecting group of the sugar and substituent of the amide in the overall yields and stereoselectivity of the reaction was also explored. When the acetyl‐protected glucuronamide was employed in the reaction, the β anomer of the corresponding pseudodissacharide was obtained as the major isomer in good yields at room temperature. The newly synthesized compounds were subjected to viability studies using HeLa cancer cells. The results obtained are also discussed in this study.
The role of hepatitis E virus infection in adult Americans with acute liver failure
Authors: Fontana Robert John , Engle Ronald E. , Scaglione Steven , Araya Victor , Shaikh Obaid , Tillman Holly , Attar Nahid , Purcell Robert H. , Lee William M. ,   for the US Acute Liver Failure Study Group
Published: May 2016

Acute hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is a leading cause of acute liver failure (ALF) in many developing countries, yet rarely identified in Western countries. Given that antibody testing for HEV infection is not routinely obtained, we hypothesized that HEV‐related ALF might be present and unrecognized in North American ALF patients. Serum samples of 681 adults enrolled in the U.S. Acute Liver Failure Study Group were tested for anti‐HEV immunoglobulin (Ig) M and anti‐HEV IgG levels. Subjects with a detectable anti‐HEV IgM also underwent testing for HEV RNA. Mean patient age was 41.8 years, 32.9% were male, and ALF etiologies included acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity (29%), indeterminate ALF (23%), idiosyncratic drug‐induced liver injury DILI (22%), acute hepatitis B virus infection (12%), autoimmune hepatitis (12%), and pregnancy‐related ALF (2%). Three men ages 36, 39, and 70 demonstrated repeatedly detectable anti‐HEV IgM, but all were HEV‐RNA negative and had other putative diagnoses. The latter 2 subjects died within 3 and 11 days of enrollment whereas the 36‐year‐old underwent emergency liver transplantation on study day 2. At admission, 294 (43.4%) of the ALF patients were anti‐HEV IgG positive with the seroprevalence being highest in those from the Midwest (50%) and lowest in those from the Southeast (28%). Anti‐HEV IgG+ subjects were significantly older, less likely to have APAP overdose, and had a lower overall 3‐week survival compared to anti‐HEV IgG‐ subjects (63% vs. 70%; P = 0.018). Conclusion: Acute HEV infection is very rare in adult Americans with ALF (i.e., 0.4%) and could not be implicated in any indeterminate, autoimmune, or pregnancy‐related ALF cases. Past exposure to HEV with detectable anti‐HEV IgG was significantly more common in the ALF patients compared to the general U.S. population. (Hepatology 2016;64:1870‐1880)
Thiosemicarbazone Scaffold as a Multidentate Ligand for Transition‐Metal Ions: Synthesis, Characterization, In Vitro Antimicrobial, Anthelmintic, DNA Cleavage, and Cytotoxic Studies
Authors: Maddireddy Manjunatha , Kulkarni Ajaykumar D. , Bagihalli Gangadhar B. , Malladi Shridhar
Published: May 2016

New series of Schiff bases derived from o‐substituted thiosemicarbazides and 8‐formyl‐7‐hydroxy‐4‐methylcoumarin have been synthesized and their coordination tendency toward Co(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II) metal ions is studied. Analytical, spectral (IR, UV‐Vis, ESR, and FAB‐mass), magnetic, and thermal studies suggests octahedral geometry of the type ML2 for all the Co(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II) complexes. The complexes are soluble in DMF/DMSO and are non‐electrolytes. The Schiff bases and their metal complexes have been screened for antibacterial (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and antifungal activities (Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, and Cladosporium) by minimum inhibitory concentration method. DNA cleavage is studied by agarose gel electrophoresis method. Metal (II) complexes show good anthelmintic activity when compared to Schiff bases.
Medical mall founders' satisfaction and integrated management requirements
Authors: Ito Atsushi
Published: May 2016

Medical malls help provide integrated medical services and the effective and efficient independent management of multiple clinics, pharmacies and other medical facilities. Primary care in an aging society is a key issue worldwide and the establishment of a new model for primary care in Japanese medical malls is needed. Understanding the requirements of integrated management that contribute to the improvement of medical mall founders' satisfaction levels will help provide better services. We conducted a questionnaire survey targeting 1840 medical facilities nationwide; 351 facilities responded (19.1%). We performed comparative analyses on founders' satisfaction levels according to years in business, department/area, founder's relationship, decision‐making system and presence/absence of liaison role. A total of 70% of medical malls in Japan have adjacent relationships with no liaison role in most cases; however, 60% of founders are satisfied. Integrated management requirements involve establishing the mall with peers from the same medical office unit or hospital, and establishing a system in which all founders can participate in decision‐making (council system) or one where each general practitioner (GP) independently runs a clinic without communicating with others. The council system can ensure the capability of general practitioners to treat many primary care patients in the future. © 2016 The Authors. The International Journal of Health Planning and Management Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Vitronectin and dermcidin serum levels predict the metastatic progression of AJCC I–II early‐stage melanoma
Authors: Ortega‐Martínez Idoia , Gardeazabal Jesús , Erramuzpe Asier , Sanchez‐Diez Ana , Cortés Jesús , García‐Vázquez María D. , Pérez‐Yarza Gorka , Izu Rosa , Luís Díaz‐Ramón Jose , de la Fuente Ildefonso M. , Asumendi Aintzane , Boyano María D.
Published: May 2016

Like many cancers, an early diagnosis of melanoma is fundamental to ensure a good prognosis, although an important proportion of stage I–II patients may still develop metastasis during follow‐up. The aim of this work was to discover serum biomarkers in patients diagnosed with primary melanoma that identify those at a high risk of developing metastasis during the follow‐up period. Proteomic and mass spectrophotometry analysis was performed on serum obtained from patients who developed metastasis during the first years after surgery for primary tumors and compared with that from patients who remained disease‐free for more than 10 years after surgery. Five proteins were selected for validation as prognostic factors in 348 melanoma patients and 100 controls by ELISA: serum amyloid A and clusterin; immune system proteins; the cell adhesion molecules plakoglobin and vitronectin and the antimicrobial protein dermcidin. Compared to healthy controls, melanoma patients have high serum levels of these proteins at the moment of melanoma diagnosis, although the specific values were not related to the histopathological stage of the tumors. However, an analysis based on classification together with multivariate statistics showed that tumor stage, vitronectin and dermcidin levels were associated with the metastatic progression of patients with early‐stage melanoma. Although melanoma patients have increased serum dermcidin levels, the REPTree classifier showed that levels of dermcidin <2.98 μg/ml predict metastasis in AJCC stage II patients. These data suggest that vitronectin and dermcidin are potent biomarkers of prognosis, which may help to improve the personalized medical care of melanoma patients and their survival.
Tolerance to chitosan by Trichoderma species is associated with low membrane fluidity
Authors: Zavala‐González Ernesto A. , Lopez‐Moya Federico , Aranda‐Martinez Almudena , Cruz‐Valerio Mayra , Lopez‐Llorca Luis Vicente , Ramírez‐Lepe Mario
Published: May 2016

The effect of chitosan on growth of Trichoderma spp., a cosmopolitan genus widely exploited for their biocontrol properties was evaluated. Based on genotypic (ITS of 18S rDNA) characters, four isolates of Trichoderma were identified as T. pseudokoningii FLM16, T. citrinoviride FLM17, T. harzianum EZG47, and T. koningiopsis VSL185. Chitosan reduces radial growth of Trichoderma isolates in concentration‐wise manner. T. koningiopsis VSL185 was the most chitosan tolerant isolate in all culture media amended with chitosan (0.5–2.0 mg ml−1). Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) were determined showing that T. koningiopsis VSL185 displays higher chitosan tolerance with MIC value >2000 μg ml−1 while for other Trichoderma isolates MIC values were around 10 μg ml−1. Finally, free fatty acid composition reveals that T. koningiopsis VSL185, chitosan tolerant isolate, displays lower linolenic acid (C18:3) content than chitosan sensitive Trichoderma isolates. Our findings suggest that low membrane fluidity is associated with chitosan tolerance in Trichoderma spp.
III‐nitride quantum dots for ultra‐efficient solid‐state lighting
Authors: Wierer Jonathan J. , Tansu Nelson , Fischer Arthur J. , Tsao Jeffrey Y.
Published: May 2016

III‐nitride light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes (LDs) are ultimately limited in performance due to parasitic Auger recombination. For LEDs, the consequences are poor efficiencies at high current densities; for LDs, the consequences are high thresholds and limited efficiencies. Here, we present arguments for III‐nitride quantum dots (QDs) as active regions for both LEDs and LDs, to circumvent Auger recombination and achieve efficiencies at higher current densities that are not possible with quantum wells. QD‐based LDs achieve gain and thresholds at lower carrier densities before Auger recombination becomes appreciable. QD‐based LEDs achieve higher efficiencies at higher currents because of higher spontaneous emission rates and reduced Auger recombination. The technical challenge is to control the size distribution and volume of the QDs to realize these benefits. If constructed properly, III‐nitride light‐emitting devices with QD active regions have the potential to outperform quantum well light‐emitting devices, and enable an era of ultra‐efficient solid‐state lighting.

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Influence of maternal hypercholesterolemia and phytosterol intervention during gestation and lactation on dyslipidemia and hepatic lipid metabolism in offspring of Syrian golden hamsters
Authors: Liu Jie , Iqbal Aadil , Raslawsky Amy , Browne Richard W. , Patel Mulchand S. , Rideout Todd C.
Published: May 2016

Scope

Although there is a normal physiological rise in maternal lipids during pregnancy, excessive maternal hyperlipidemia during pregnancy increases cardiovascular disease risk for both the mother and offspring. There are limited safe lipid‐lowering treatment options for use during pregnancy, therefore, we evaluated the influence of maternal phytosterol (PS) supplementation on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in mothers and progeny.

Methods and results

Female Syrian golden hamsters were randomly assigned to three diets throughout prepregnancy, gestation, and lactation (n = 6/group): (i) Chow (Chow), (ii) chow with 0.5% cholesterol (CH), and (iii) chow with 0.5% CH and 2% PS (CH/PS). Compared with newly weaned pups from Chow dams, pups from dams fed the CH‐enriched diet demonstrated increases (p < 0.05) in total‐C, LDL‐C, HDL‐C, and total LDL and VLDL particle number. Pups from CH‐fed mothers also exhibited higher hepatic CH concentration and differential mRNA expression pattern of CH regulatory genes. Pups from PS‐supplemented dams demonstrated reductions (p < 0.05) in serum total‐C, non‐HDL‐C, and LDL‐C but also increased triglycerides compared with pups from CH‐fed dams. Maternal PS supplementation reduced (p < 0.05) hepatic CH and increased the abundance of HMG‐CoAr and LDLr protein in newly weaned pups compared with the CH group.

Conclusion

Results suggest that maternal PS supplementation is largely effective in normalizing CH in pups born to mothers with hypercholesterolemia, however, the cause and long‐term influence of increased triglyceride is not known.
Morphological, thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties of PP/EVOH blends compatibilized with PP‐g‐IA
Authors: Kim Jung Soo , Jang Ji Hoon , Kim Jin Hoon , Lim Dae Young , Lee Youn Suk , Chang Young‐Wook , Kim Dong Hyun
Published: May 2016

We prepared some blends of polypropylene (PP) and ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) with and without a compatibilizer. As a new compatibilizer, we synthesized polypropylene grafted with itaconic acid (PP‐g‐IA) using Brabender mixing system. We investigated the morphological, thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties of a compatibilized blends (PP/EVOH/PP‐g‐IA) and not compatibilized blends (PP/EVOH). Our experiments showed that carboxylic acid groups in PP‐g‐IA and hydroxyl group in EVOH formed strong in situ hydrogen bond in the compatibilized blends, resulting in better morphological and mechanical properties of the compatibilized blends than those of not compatibilized blends. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 56:1240–1247, 2016. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Synthesis and characterization of a new phenanthrenequinoxaline‐based polymer for organic solar cells
Authors: Jo Eunsol , Park Jong Baek , Lee Woo‐Hyung , Kim Ji‐Hoon , Jung In Hwan , Hwang Do‐Hoon , Kang In‐Nam
Published: May 2016

Two donor–acceptor (D‐A) conjugated polymers, PQx and PphQx, composed of alkylthienyl‐substituted benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b']dithiophene (BDTT) as the electron donor and the new electron acceptors quinoxaline (Qx) or phenanthrenequinoxaline (phQx), were synthesized with Stille cross‐coupling reactions. The number‐averaged molecular weights (Mn) of PQx and PphQx were found to be 25.1 and 23.2 kDa, respectively, with a dispersity of 2.6. The band‐gap energies of PQx and PphQx are 1.82 and 1.75 eV, respectively. These results indicate that, because phQx units have highly planar structures, their inclusion in D‐A polymers will be a very effective method for increasing the polymers' effective conjugation lengths. The hole mobilities of PQx and PphQx were determined to be 5.0 × 10−5 and 2.2 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively. A polymer solar cell device prepared with PphQx as the active layer was found to exhibit a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 5.03%; thus, the introduction of phQx units enhanced both the short circuit current density and PCE of the device. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 2804–2810
Silicon heterojunction solar cell passivation in combination with nanocrystalline silicon oxide emitters
Authors: Gatz Henriette A. , Rath Jatin K. , Verheijen Marcel A. , Kessels Wilhelmus M. M. , Schropp Ruud E. I.
Published: May 2016

Silicon heterojunction solar cells (SHJ) are well known for their high efficiencies, enabled by their remarkably high open‐circuit voltages (VOC). A key factor in achieving these values is a good passivation of the crystalline wafer interface. One of the restrictions during SHJ solar cell production is the limitation to comparably low post processing temperatures due to the deteriorating effect of high temperatures on the passivation properties of passivating intrinsic amorphous silicon (a‐Si:H(i)) layers combined with conventional boron‐doped amorphous silicon (a‐Si:H(p)) emitter layers.

We present a boron‐doped nanocrystalline silicon oxide (nc‐SiOx:H(p)) material that exhibits superior annealing behaviour. Passivation stacks consisting of a‐Si:H(i) and nc‐SiOx:H(p) emitter layers show an increase in minority carrier lifetime with post deposition annealing temperatures ≤293 °C. To our knowledge, there have been no earlier reports showing that annealing of complete passivation stacks including p‐type silicon‐based layer at such high temperatures is beneficial.
Understanding photo‐degradation mechanism in P3HT:PCBM bulk heterojunction solar cells: AMPS‐1D simulation study
Authors: Omer Bushra Mohamed
Published: May 2016

The photo‐degradation mechanism of P3HT:PCBM bulk heterojunction solar cells is investigated by using the AMPS‐1D (analysis of microelectronic and photonic structures) computer program. An effective medium model with exponential tail states and Gaussian mid‐gap states is used to simulate the J–V characteristics of the photovoltaic devices. By using the proposed model, the J–V characteristics of both fresh and degraded devices could be nicely reproduced. The simulation results suggest that the main factors governing the mechanism of photo‐degradation are the increase in the density of the mid‐gap states, the increase of the p‐type doping concentration, the slight increase in back contact barrier height and the reduction of charge carriers mobility. The deterioration of the photovoltaic performance is attributed to the increased recombination rate and insufficient charge collection.
Inguinoscrotal Pathology on Computed Tomography: An Alternative Perspective
Authors: Daimiel Naranjo Isaac , Alcalá-Galiano Rubio Andrea
Published: May 2016

Computed tomography (CT) is not the imaging technique of choice to assess inguinoscrotal pathology, as magnetic resonance or ultrasonography have superior soft tissue contrast resolution and do not involve gonadal exposure to ionizing radiation. However, testicular and inguinoscrotal pathology may be found both as an extension of intra-abdominal processes or incidentally on CT scans requested for other reasons. CT also plays a role in the evaluation of testicular injury when associated to pelvic trauma and in perineal infections with scrotal extension. A pictorial review of testicular and inguinoscrotal involvement in vascular, neoplastic, traumatic, infectious, or inflammatory diseases and in complications of abdominal surgeries is presented. Additionally, the CT appearance of several congenital anomalies and benign processes is depicted.
criterios de diseño arquitectónico de la vivienda moderna desde la perspectiva de género
Authors: Caballero Galván Javier
Published: May 2016

Si se entiende el espacio arquitectónico como una estructura espacio-objetual codificada en el orden simbólico del patriarcado-capitalista, y por tanto, como una producción cultural en la que se expresa materialmente esta organización socioeconómica, entonces el diseno˜ arquitectónico de la vivienda moderna parte de criterios fuertemente influidos por la desigualdad de género. En este trabajo se abordan dos de ellos: la dicotomización espacial, criterio que subdivide la vivienda en espacios públicos y privados, y la función del espacio, que asigna actividades y significados específicos para cada uno de estos. Desde ahí, se preservará y justificará un discurso de regulación y normalización colectiva en el que el sexo masculino mantendrá una modalidad de privilegio a partir de la subsunción de todo lo femenino. La vivienda devendrá así un nodo de significaciones encargadas de obstaculizar la transformación política que la relación entre los sexos debe construir para lograr establecer una sociedad verdaderamente democrática.
The Predictors study: Development and baseline characteristics of the Predictors 3 cohort
Authors: Stern Yaakov , Gu Yian , Cosentino Stephanie , Azar Martina , Lawless Siobhan , Tatarina Oksana
Published: May 2016

Introduction

The Predictors study was designed to predict the length of time to major disease outcomes in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Here, we describe the development of a new, Predictors 3, cohort.

Methods

Patients with prevalent or incident AD and individuals at‐risk for developing AD were selected from the North Manhattan community and followed annually with instruments comparable to those used in the original two Predictors cohorts.

Results

The original Predictors cohorts were clinic based and racially/ethnically homogenous (94% white, 6% black; 3% Hispanic). In contrast, the 274 elders in this cohort are community‐based and ethnically diverse (39% white, 40% black, 21% other; 78% Hispanic). Confirming previous observations, psychotic features were associated with poorer function and mental status and extrapyramidal signs with poorer function.

Discussion

This new cohort will allow us to test observations made in our original clinic‐based cohorts in patients that may be more representative of the general community.
A measure of scale-dependent asymmetry in turbulent boundary layer flows: scaling and Reynolds number similarity
Authors: Singh Arvind , Howard Kevin B. , Guala Michele
Published: May 2016

The distribution of temporal scale-dependent streamwise velocity increments is investigated in turbulent boundary layer flows at laboratory and atmospheric Reynolds numbers, using the St. Anthony Falls Laboratory wind tunnel and the Surface Layer Turbulence and Environmental Science Test dataset, respectively. The third-order moments of velocity increments, or asymmetry index $A(a,z)$, is computed for varying wall distance $z$ and time scale separation $a$, where it was observed to leave a robust, distinct signature in the form of a hump, independent of Reynolds number and located across the inertial range. The hump is observed in wall region limited to $z^{+}<5\times 10^{3}$, with a tendency to shift towards smaller time scales as the surface is approached ($z^{+}<70$). Comparing the two datasets, the hump, and its location, are found to obey inner wall scaling and is regarded as a genuine feature of the canonical turbulent boundary layer. The magnitude cumulant analysis of the scale-dependent velocity increments further reveals that intermittency is also enhanced near the wall, in the same flow region where the asymmetry signature was observed. The combination of asymmetry and intermittency is inferred to point at non-local energy transfer and scale coupling across a range of scales. From a turbulent structure perspective, such non-local energy transfer can be seen as the result of strong scale-interaction processes between outer scale motions in the logarithmic layer impacting and distorting smaller scales at the wall, through abrupt energy transfer across scales bypassing the typical energy cascade of the inertial range.
Entrainment of short-wavelength free-stream vortical disturbances in compressible and incompressible boundary layers
Authors: Wu Xuesong , Dong Ming
Published: May 2016

The fundamental difference between continuous modes of the Orr–Sommerfeld/Squire equations and the entrainment of free-stream vortical disturbances (FSVD) into the boundary layer has been investigated in a recent paper (Dong & Wu, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 732, 2013, pp. 616–659). It was shown there that the non-parallel-flow effect plays a leading-order role in the entrainment, and neglecting it at the outset, as is done in the continuous-mode formulation, leads to non-physical features of ‘Fourier entanglement’ and abnormal anisotropy. The analysis, which was for incompressible boundary layers and for FSVD with a characteristic wavelength of the order of the local boundary-layer thickness, is extended in this paper to compressible boundary layers and FSVD with even shorter wavelengths, which are comparable with the width of the so-called edge layer. Non-parallelism remains a leading-order effect in the present scaling, which turns out to be more general in that the equations and solutions in the previous paper are recovered in the appropriate limit. Appropriate asymptotic solutions in the main and edge layers are obtained to characterize the entrainment. It is found that when the Prandtl number $\mathit{Pr}<1$, free-stream vortical disturbances of relatively low frequency generate very strong temperature fluctuations within the edge layer, leading to formation of thermal streaks. A composite solution, uniformly valid across the entire boundary layer, is constructed, and it can be used in receptivity studies and as inlet conditions for direct numerical simulations of bypass transition. For compressible boundary layers, continuous spectra of the disturbance equations linearized about a parallel base flow exhibit entanglement between vortical and entropy modes, namely, a vortical mode necessarily induces an entropy disturbance in the free stream and vice versa, and this amounts to a further non-physical behaviour. High Reynolds number asymptotic analysis yields the relations between the amplitudes of entangled modes.
Ground beetle assemblages across a habitat gradient in a stream watershed during 16 years of observation
Authors: Skłodowski J.
Published: May 2016

Most studies on riverine ground beetle assemblages last 1–2 years, and studies on carabids from lowland stream ecosystems are rare. In 1999, a 16-year study was launched to gain insight into the structure and diversity of carabid assemblages in a cross-section of four habitats located beside a 5 m wide stream: Meadow (wet meadow), Clumps (meadow scattered with birch and willow clumps farther from the river), Birch (birch stand), and Pine (pine stand located the farthest from the stream). The total number of 14, 216 individuals representing 118 carabid species were collected. Eleven functional carabid groups have been analysed. Principal response curve analysis showed significant differences existing during the whole study period among carabid assemblages from the four habitats. Generalised Linear Mixed Models analysis revealed a dependence of Chao2 estimator performance on temperature and ground water level, whereas life traits of carabids depended solely on the latter factor, affecting species composition (i.e., proportions of autumn and spring breeders, large and small zoophages, hemizoophages, forest, generalists and open area species, wingless species, hygrophilous, mesophilous and xerophilous species). The lower the ground water level, the higher was the proportion of late-successional species. Both Chao2 value and the proportion of late-successional species were growing with the increasing distance from the stream, peaking in the Pine habitat. Early-successional fauna dominated in streamside assemblages. IndVal analysis identified 1–9 characteristic species for each habitat type, mostly non-recurrent during the study period. Thus, species composition of riverine carabid assemblages should be studied for longer periods than 1–2 years to avoid accidental observations.
Production and characterisation of reduced-fat and PUFA-enriched Burrata cheese
Authors: Trani Antonio , Gambacorta Giuseppe , Gomes Tommaso F. , Loizzo Pasqua , Cassone Angela , Faccia Michele
Published: May 2016

Burrata is an Italian fresh ‘pasta filata’ cheese made from cow's milk and cream that is rapidly spreading in Europe. It has very high caloric content, and a technological protocol was developed for producing a reduced-fat type and fortifying it with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of vegetable origin. A satisfactory reduced-fat prototype was obtained by using a 14% fat cream, which was specifically developed by diluting double cream with a suspension of carob seed flour. The composition of the new cheese changed with respect to the control, but the sensory characteristics were not impaired. Moisture increased from 62·6 to 68·4%, fat on dry matter decreased from 59·1 to 34·7%, and the caloric content decreased from 1060·8 to 718 J/100 g. Proteolysis and lipolysis were not affected by the technological modifications: after 7 d storage, the electrophoretic pattern of caseins and the free fatty acids profile of experimental and control cheeses were not significantly different. Fortification of reduced-fat Burrata with PUFA was obtained by using two commercial formulates available at a compatible price with the current economic values of the cheese. The two formulates derived from flaxseeds and Carthamus tinctorius oil and allowed enrichment in C18 :3 : n3 (α-linolenic acid, ALA), and 9cis,11trans- and 10trans,12cis- conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), respectively. Fortification was easy to perform under a technical point of view, but the negative sensory impact limited fortification at a maximum of 7·0 mg g-1 fat ALA and 6·8 g-1 fat CLA.