bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Borylene Transfer from Transition Metal Borylene Complexes
Authors: Anderson Carly E. , Braunschweig Holger , Dewhurst Rian D.
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Remarkable Luminescence Behaviors and Structural Variations in Two‐Coordinate Gold(I) Complexes
Authors: Balch Alan L.
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Diels—Alder Reactions Involving C=P Functionality
Authors: Bansal Raj K. , Kumawat Surendra K.
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Silylmethyl‐Substituted Cyclopropyl and Other Strained Ring Systems: Cycloaddition with Dipolarophiles
Authors: Agrawal Divya , Yadav Veejendra K.
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Diels—Alder Reactions of Cyclopentadiene in the Synthesis of Chiral Norbornene Derivatives
Authors: Mamedov E. G. , Klabunovskii E. I.
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Current Topics of Organic and Biological Chemistry of Annonaceous Acetogenins and Their Synthetic Mimics
Authors: Makabe Hidefumi , Konno Hiroyuki , Miyoshi Hideto
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Properties of π‐Conjugated Organic Molecular One‐Dimensional Nanomaterials
Authors: Liu Huibiao , Li Yuliang , Zhu Daoben
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Acid Glycosaminoglycans and Their Chemical Modification
Authors: Ponedel'kina I. Yu. , Lukina E. S. , Odinokov V. N.
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances on P,N‐Containing Ligands for Transition‐Metal Homogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Kostas Ioannis D.
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Enantioselective Arylations. Boron to Zinc Exchange as a Powerful Tool for the Generation of Transferable Aryl Groups
Authors: Paixao Marcio W. , Braga Antonio L. , Ludtke Diogo S.
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Conjugated Dendrimers with Poly(phenylenevinylene) and Poly(phenyleneethynylene) Scaffolds
Authors: Garcia‐Martinez Joaquin C. , Diez‐Barra Enrique , Rodriguez‐Lopez Julian
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Advances in Synthesis of Optically Active Sulfinyl Derivatives
Authors: Drabowicz Jozef , Dlugosz Jan
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrophilic Fluorination with N—F Reagents
Authors: Baudoux Jerome , Cahard Dominique
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Anion‐Responsive Supramolecular Gels.
Authors: Maeda Hiromitsu
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Anion‐π Slides for Transmembrane Transport.
Authors: Mareda Jiri , Matile Stefan
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Versatile Bisporphyrinoid Motif for Supramolecular Chirogenesis
Authors: Borovkov Victor , Inoue Yoshihisa
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Cycloaddition and Complexation of Transition Metal Oxides with Materials Featuring an Analogous Bonding Motif: Alkenes, Diamond (100), Fullerene and Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Xu Yi‐Jun
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Developments in Solid‐Phase Microextraction
Authors: Risticevic Sanja , Niri Vadoud H. , Vuckovic Dajana , Pawliszyn Janusz
Published: February 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Ganzzell‐Biokatalyse mittels Saccharomyces cerevisiae im Mikroreaktor
Authors: Kliche S. , Räuchle K. , Bertau M. , Reschetilowski W.
Published: February 2009

In dieser Arbeit wurde erstmals eine Ganzzell‐biokatalysierte Reduktion eines β‐Ketoesters im Mikroreaktor durchgeführt. Die Leistung des verwendeten Mikroreaktors hinsichtlich der erzielten Produktausbeute ist dabei dem Batch‐Reaktor ebenbürtig, bei Selektivitäten z. T. sogar überlegen. Durch die kontinuierliche Reaktionsführung im Mikroreaktionssystem ist es möglich, den untersuchten Prozess zu intensivieren.
Einsatz von Magnetfiltern in der Bioverfahrenstechnik Teil 1: Vergleich verschiedener Verfahren zum Rückspülen der Magnetfilter
Authors: Kampeis P. , Bewer M. , Rogin S.
Published: February 2009

Die Hochgradienten‐Magnetseparation besitzt großes Potenzial, um als Aufbereitungsverfahren für biotechnologische Produkte eingesetzt zu werden, da sie die Verfahrensschritte Abtrennung von Feststoffen, Aufkonzentrierung und Abtrennung von gelösten Nebenprodukten zusammenfassen kann. Ein verfahrenstechnisches Problem bei Magnetseparatoren ohne bewegte Einbauten war bisher die ungenügende Ausspülung der Magnetbeads aus der Filterkammer nach dem eigentlichen Separationsschritt. Schwerpunkt der hier dargestellten Untersuchungen am Umwelt‐Campus Birkenfeld ist die Filterrückspülung, wobei die Effizienz von sechs verschiedenen Rückspülverfahren systematisch untersucht wurde. Die beim einfachen Kreislaufspülen bzw. beim Kreislaufspülen mit pneumatischen Schwingern erreichten ungenügenden Ausspülraten wurden quantifiziert und mit neuen Ansätzen verglichen. Eine Pulsation der Flüssigkeit während der Kreislaufspülung führte zu keiner Verbesserung, da ein hinreichend großer Flüssigkeitshub direkt in der Filterkammer nicht realisiert werden konnte. Demgegenüber erbrachte ein stoßweises Ausspülen mit einer Kolbenpumpe Rückspüleffizienzen von ca. 96 % der Magnetbeads im Rückspülwasser. Die Verwendung eines Druckluftstoßes für noch höhere Spülwassergeschwindigkeiten in der Filterkammer brachte demgegenüber keine Verbesserung. Durch die Verwendung eines pneumatischen Klopfers, der die Filterkammer während der Kreislaufspülung in Vibration versetzte, ließen sich die Rückspüleffizienzen deutlich auf bis zu 98 % erhöhen. Auch die Verwendung einer Zweiphasenströmung Wasser/Luft führte zu Rückspüleffizienzen von ca. 95 % der Magnetbeads im Rückspülwasser. Mit den Alternativen Ausspülen mit Flüssigkeitspulsation, Vibration der Filterkammer mit einem pneumatischen Klopfer und Ausspülen der Filterkammer mit einer Zweiphasenströmung stehen jetzt drei geeignete Rückspülverfahren zur Verfügung, die die Magnetbeads fast vollständig resuspendieren.
Vergleich verschiedener Aufbereitungsverfahren von Biogas zur Einspeisung in das Erdgasnetz
Authors: Reppich M. , Datzmann S. , Li X. , Rosenbauer S. , Schlecht C. , Tschepur S.
Published: February 2009

Die nachhaltige Nutzung von Biogas leistet einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Reduktion von Treibhausgasemissionen. Im Gegensatz zur dezentralen Energieumwandlung in Blockheizkraftwerken eröffnet die Einspeisung von Biogas in bestehende Gasnetze effizientere Einsatzmöglichkeiten. Voraussetzung für die Einspeisung ist die Aufbereitung von Biogas auf Erdgasqualität. Es werden die wichtigsten Aufbereitungsverfahren sowie deren Vor‐ und Nachteile besprochen. Während chemische Absorptionsverfahren eine hohe Produktgasreinheit gewährleisten, zeichnet sich die Druckwechseladsorption durch geringe Gesamtkosten aus. Zur Ermittlung des optimalen Aufbereitungsverfahrens ist eine detaillierte Standortanalyse unter Berücksichtigung technischer und wirtschaftlicher Randbedingungen durchzuführen.
Untersuchung des Stoffübergangverhaltens dreiphasig betriebener Fallfilmabsorber
Authors: Paschke S. , Thiele R. , Repke J.‐U.
Published: February 2009

Das Verhalten dreiphasig betriebener Fallfilmabsorptionsprozesse ist zurzeit nur unzureichend verstanden und analysiert. Die Änderung des Stoffüberganges, hervorgerufen durch die unterschiedlichen heterogenen Strömungsstrukturen, müssen explizit erfasst und ausgewertet werden. Aus diesem Grund wurde eine Messzelle entwickelt mit der gezielt der Einfluss unterschiedlicher heterogener Flüssigkeitsströmungen auf den Stoffübergang untersucht werden kann.
Modellierung und Simulation eines photokatalytisch aktiven Schüttschichtreaktors zur Gasreinigung
Authors: Pucher P. , Krammer G.
Published: February 2009

Der Abbau flüchtiger organischer Kohlenwasserstoffe aus Abgasen gelingt mittels heterogener Photokatalyse. Die Verwendung eines körnigen, transparenten, mit photokatalytisch aktiven Nanoteilchen aus TiO2 beschichteten Materials erlaubt eine kompakte reaktionstechnische Umsetzung. Die transiente Simulation des Reaktors zeigt, dass eine optimale Konfiguration hinsichtlich geometrischer Abmessung und Bestrahlungsrichtung gegeben ist. Dabei spielen die Quervermischung des Gases und die Einstrahltiefe eine entscheidende Rolle.
Downstream‐Processing mit Membranadsorbern zur Isolierung nativer Proteinfraktionen aus Kartoffelfruchtwasser
Authors: Graf A.‐M. , Steinhof R. , Lotz M. , Tippkötter N. , Kasper C. , Beutel S. , Ulber R.
Published: February 2009

Bei der Stärkeproduktion entstehendes Kartoffelfruchtwasser besitzt mit 2 – 3 % einen hohen Anteil an ernährungsphysiologisch interessanten Proteinen. Die industrielle Gewinnung dieser Proteinfracht liefert jedoch lediglich ein minderwertiges, denaturiertes Produkt. Mit Hilfe der Membranadsorber‐Technologie lassen sich aus Kartoffelfruchtwasser unter milden Reaktionsbedingungen native bioaktive Proteinfraktionen gewinnen. Geeignete Trennbedingungen wurden im Labormaßstab entwickelt und in den Technikumsmaßstab übertragen. An Anionenaustauscher‐Membranadsorbern mit einer Membranfläche von 10 000 cm2 wurde eine Patatinhaltige Fraktion (44 kDa) mit Bindungskapazitäten von 0,37 mg/cm2 isoliert. Eine niedermolekulare Proteinfraktion mit Protease‐Inhibitoren konnte durch Kationenaustauscher‐Membranadsorber mit Bindungskapazitäten von 1,00 mg/cm2 gewonnen werden. Sie ist für verschiedenste Applikationen in der pharmazeutischen, kosmetischen und der Nahrungsmittelindustrie interessant z. B. für Appetitzügler oder muskelaufbauende Proteinpräparate. Der Aufreinigung der nativen Proteinfraktionen durch Ultra‐/Diafiltration schließt sich die Konfektionierung durch Sprühtrocknung an. Die bioanalytische Charakterisierung der Produkte belegt die Reinheit und die enzymatische Aktivität sowie die Abreicherung von Störkomponenten wie Glykoalkaloide und Polyphenoloxidasen.
Solution polymerization of styrene using biodiesel as a solvent: Effect of biodiesel feedstock
Authors: Salehpour Somaieh , Dubé Marc A. , Murphy Maya
Published: February 2009

Increasing environmental concerns regarding solvents commonly used in solution polymerization has led to a search for alternatives, such as biodiesel (a.k.a. fatty acid methyl esters or FAME). The effect of the feedstock used in biodiesel production when FAME is used as a polymerization solvent was studied for styrene. A series of homopolymerizations was carried out at different solvent concentrations for two biodiesel feedstocks: soybean oil and 50% yellow grease–50% canola oil. Results were compared to FAME produced from canola oil. Considerable differences in the rate of polymerization were observed, while chain transfer to solvent constants had comparable values. The collected kinetic experimental data were modelled using a polymerization simulator.
Statistical analysis of the phase holdup characteristics of a gas–liquid–solid fluidized bed
Authors: Jena H. M. , Sahoo B. K. , Roy G. K. , Meikap B. C.
Published: February 2009

Experiments have been carried out to study the individual phase holdup characteristics in a cocurrent three‐phase fluidized bed. An antenna type modified air sparger has been used in the gas–liquid distributor section, for uniform mixing of the fluids with the gas moving as fine bubbles to the fluidizing section. This arrangement also reduces the pressure drop encountered through a conventional distributor used for the purpose. To overcome the non‐uniformity of flow through the column (i.e., the central region), a distributor plate with 20% open area has been fabricated with concentric circular punched holes of increased diameter from centre to the wall. Model equations have been developed by factorial design analysis for predicting various individual phase holdups.
Catalytic role of manganese in autoclave oxidation of germanium‐rich sphalerite concentrates
Authors: Duoqiang Liang , Jikun Wang , Yunhua Wang , Huaiwei Zhang
Published: February 2009

An attempt was made to investigate the catalytic role of manganese in enhancing the reaction rate with respect to autoclave oxidation of germanium‐rich sphalerite concentrates. A series of batch experiments was performed in different conditions to investigate the variables such as temperature and oxygen pressure. Experimental results obtained show that as a catalyst, aqueous divalent manganese can accelerate the leaching of sphalerite concentrates significantly.
The influence of the gas flow rate during methane biofiltration on an inorganic packing material
Authors: Josiane Nikiema , Michèle Heitz
Published: February 2009

The influence of the gas flow rate (GFR), when varied between 1 and 5.5 L/min, on the conversion, the elimination capacity (EC) and the carbon dioxide production ${\rm (}P_{{\rm CO}_2 } )$, during the biofiltration of methane using a biofilter charged with an inorganic packing material, has been investigated. The methane concentrations considered for this purpose were selected from the operating range of 1300–12 000 ppmv. The experiments involved were conducted, using a nitrogen minimal salt nutrient solution, for the biofilter periodic irrigation, in which the nitrogen concentration was maintained at 0.75 g/L, and the phosphorus concentration was of 0.3 or 1.5 g/L.

The results obtained from this study have confirmed the view that the GFR is a important parameter, the optimum values found, leading to methane conversions of ≥90%, being ≤2 L/min for inlet loads ≤55 g/m3/h. Based on this result, it was then established that the maximum volumetric load (VL) of methane in the biofilter must be estimated at around 0.075 m3 (methane)/m3 (biofilter)/h, that is, 6.8 m3 (polluted gas)/m3 (biofilter)/h. In addition, when the GFR is selected between 1 and 4.2 L/min, it has an influence on the EC. However, the GFR does not affect the $P_{{\rm CO}_2 }$ within the biofilter. It has also been established that the high phosphorus level (i.e., 1.5 g/L), present in the nutrient solution, is to be preferred in the biofilter.
Distribution of clay minerals in the process streams produced by the extraction of bitumen from Athabasca oil sands
Authors: Kaminsky Heather A. W. , Etsell Thomas H. , Ivey Douglas G. , Omotoso Oladipo
Published: February 2009

This study investigates the affinity of clay minerals in oil sands for the water‐continuous tailings and hydrocarbon‐continuous froth streams produced from the extraction of bitumen from oil sands. Clay minerals in oil sands processing impact bitumen flotation in separation vessels, emulsion formation during froth treatment, and fine tailings behaviour.

X‐ray diffraction of oriented clay slides and random powder samples were used to quantify the clay minerals in the oil sands ore and process streams. Particle size distribution and clay activity balances were also conducted around the extraction process.

The degree of partitioning during the conditioning and flotation stages in a batch extractor was determined by the surface properties of the clay minerals present. The water‐continuous tailings stream was further separated into fine and coarse tailings fractions through sedimentation. The bulk of the clay minerals reported to the fine tailings stream. Illite and mixed layered illite‐smectite partitioned less to the hydrocarbon‐continuous froth than kaolinite. Also, the illite‐smectite in the froth stream appeared to be different from the illite‐smectite in the water continuous streams.
Experimental and computational study of the bed dynamics of semi‐cylindrical gas–solid fluidized bed
Authors: Sahoo A. , Ramesh Ch. , Biswal K. C.
Published: February 2009

With computational fluid dynamics (CFD) it is possible to get a detailed view of the flow behaviour of the fluidized beds. A profound and fundamental understanding of bed dynamics such as bed pressure drop, bed expansion ratio, bed fluctuation ratio, and minimum fluidization velocity of homogeneous binary mixtures has been made in a semi‐cylindrical fluidized column for gas–solid systems, resulting in a predictive model for fluidized beds. In the present work attempt has been made to study the effect of different system parameters (viz., size and density of the bed materials and initial static bed height) on the bed dynamics. The correlations for the bed expansion and bed fluctuations have been developed on the basis of dimensional analysis using these system parameters. Computational study has also been carried out using a commercial CFD package Fluent (Fluent, Inc.). A multifluid Eulerian model incorporating the kinetic theory for solid particles was applied in order to simulate the gas–solid flow. CFD simulated bed pressure drop has been compared with the experimental bed pressure drops under different conditions for which the results show good agreements.
Thermodynamic, hydrodynamic, particle dynamic, and experimental analyses of silica nanoparticles synthesis in diffusion flame
Authors: Hong R. Y. , Feng B. , Ren Z. Q. , Xu B. , Li H. Z. , Zheng Y. , Ding J. , Wei D. G.
Published: February 2009

Using silicon tetrachloride as a precursor, the silica nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized in the diffusion flame of air and liquid petrol gas (LPG). Different effects on flame shape and temperature, silicon tetrachloride conversion, major gas‐phase compositions, and diameter of silica NPs were obtained via thermodynamic, hydrodynamic, or particle‐dynamic approaches. The size of silica NPs decreased with the increasing air‐flow rate, increased with the increasing LPG flow rate, and increased obviously with the increasing evaporator temperature. The size of the synthesized silica NPs is about 25–30 nm at an optimal condition.
Investigation of mechanism of Al(OH)3 crystal growth
Authors: Nikolić I. , Blečić D. , Radmilović V.
Published: February 2009

Crystallization of Al(OH)3 that occurs during the decomposition of caustic soda solutions is an important part of Bayer process for alumina production. Several phenomena, which influence the physicochemical characteristics of precipitated Al(OH)3, occur simultaneously during this process. They are nucleation, agglomeration, and crystal growth of Al(OH)3. In this article, we have investigated the mechanism of Al(OH)3 crystal growth from pure caustic soda solutions and in the presence of oxalic acid.

The results have shown that the growth of Al(OH)3 crystals from caustic soda solutions follow the B + S model (birth and spread). New Al(OH)3 particles, formed during the decomposition process of pure caustic soda solutions, are characterized by regular hexagonal shape. The nuclei have the same geometry as the contact face. However, microstructural investigations of Al(OH)3 samples, obtained by crystallization from caustic soda solutions in the presence of oxalic acid, have shown the presence of nuclei of irregular shape in addition to regular ones. So, the presence of oxalic acid in the caustic soda solutions leads to a change in crystal habit.

Besides, the results obtained by kinetic investigation confirmed the mentioned mechanism of Al(OH)3 crystal growth.
Electrochemical treatment of wastewaters containing 4‐chlororesorcinol using boron doped diamond anodes
Authors: Nasr Bensalah , Abdelatif Gadri
Published: February 2009

The electrochemical oxidation of aqueous wastes polluted with 4‐chlororesorcinol has been studied on boron‐doped diamond electrodes on acidic medium. The voltammetric results showed that in the potential region where the supporting electrolyte is stable, reactions occur, resulting in the loss of activity due to electrode fouling. Galvanostatic electrolysis study showed that the oxidation of these wastes in single‐compartment electrochemical flow cell with boron doped diamond anodes deal to the complete mineralization of the organics but is no indication of electrode fouling. Resorcinol, 1,2,4‐trihydroxybenzene, benzoquinone, maleic, fumaric, and oxalic acids have been detected as soluble organics and chlorides (Cl−) and hypochlorites (ClO−) as mineral products during the electrolysis of 4‐chlororesorcinol. The electrochemical oxidation of 4‐chlororesorcinol consists of a sequence of steps: Release of Cl and/or hydroxylation of the aromatic ring; formation of quinonic compounds; oxidative opening of aromatic ring to form carboxylic acids; and oxidation of carboxylic acids to carbon dioxide. Both, direct oxidation at boron doped diamond surface and mediated oxidation by powerful oxidants electrogenerated from electrolyte oxidation at anode surface are involved in these stages.
The role of deeper levels and ancillary studies (p16Ink4a and ProExC) in reducing the discordance rate of Papanicolaou findings of high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and follow‐up cervical biopsies
Authors: David Odile , Cabay Robert J. , Pasha Seema , Dietrich Ruth , Leach Lu , Guo Meihua , Mehrotra Swati
Published: February 2009

BACKGROUND:

Discordant results of cervical biopsy histology after a cytologic diagnosis of high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) are often attributed to sampling variation. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether deeper levels and ancillary staining (p16Ink4a and ProExC) reduce the discordant rate.

METHODS:

A total of 246 cases of HSIL were retrieved from the computerized database from 2005 and 2006. Of these cases, 151 were followed by cervical biopsy. There was cytologic‐histologic correlation in 87 cases, as defined by the presence of high‐grade (2 or 3) cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (HGCIN). For each discordant biopsy (n = 64), 2 deeper levels for hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) were taken at 30‐μ and 90‐μ depths, and 4 sections for p16Ink4a and ProExC staining were taken at a 60‐μ depth. All cytologic and histologic material from these 64 cases was reviewed by 3 cytopathologists. In 2 cases, the original HSIL diagnoses were downgraded and the cases censored from the study.

RESULTS:

Fifty‐seven of the 62 discordant cases had sufficient tissue for deeper levels and ancillary staining. Two of 57 cases were reclassified to HGCIN. In both of these cases, reclassification was suggested by results of immunostains; however, the H&E sections were necessary for definitive interpretation of the immunostain results.

CONCLUSIONS:

In the current study, deeper levels and ancillary staining with p16Ink4a and ProExC did not significantly reduce the discordance rate. Although there are many known causes of sampling variation, including factors related to colposcopic technique, regression of infection, and insufficient histologic sectioning, sampling variation remains a valid justification of noncorrelation in women with HSIL followed up by cervical biopsy alone. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Metabolic assessment of menstruating and nonmenstruating normal weight adolescents
Authors: Sterling Wendy Meyer , Golden Neville H. , Jacobson Marc S. , Ornstein Rollyn M. , Hertz Stanley M.
Published: February 2009

Objective:

Resumption of menses (ROM) is a key indicator of recovery in AN, but patients may remain amenorrheic despite weight restoration. The objective of this study is to better understand the mechanism of amenorrhea in patients with eating disorders.

Method:

A retrospective chart review was conducted of 382 normal weight adolescents with a history of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, or eating disorder not otherwise specified, who had been referred for indirect calorimetry tests. Resting energy expenditure (REE) was compared between amenorrheic (n = 60) and regularly menstruating females (n = 121).

Results:

Participants with amenorrhea had a mean REE of 1,103 kcal/24 h (79% predicted), whereas participants who were menstruating regularly had a mean REE of 1,217 kcal/24 h (85% predicted; p = 0.001). The amenorrheic group was found to be at a lower mean body weight (53.7 ± 5.6 kg vs. 57.5 ± 7.4 kg; p ≤ 0.001), at a lower percent ideal body weight (98.5 ± 8.3% vs. 102.8 ± 10.2%; p = 0.005), and at a lower BMI (20.5 ± 1.7 vs. 21.5 ± 2.2; p = 0.002).

Discussion:

This study highlights that amenorrheic participants with a history of eating disorders who are at normal body weight are hypometabolic, suggesting an adaptive response to dietary restriction. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2009.
Five‐year prospective study of personality disorders in adults with longstanding eating disorders
Authors: Vrabel KariAnne R. , Rø Øyvind , Martinsen Egil W. , Hoffart Asle , Rosenvinge Jan H.
Published: February 2009

Objective:

To (1) report the occurrence of personality disorders (PDs) in adults with eating disorders (EDs) during inpatient treatment, and at 1‐, 2‐, and 5‐year follow‐up, (2) compare the changes of PDs in anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS), and (3) investigate if recovered patients had lower frequency of PDs.

Method:

Seventy‐four patients with EDs were assessed with Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV Axis II disorders during inpatient treatment, and at 1‐, 2‐, and 5‐year follow‐up.

Results:

During inpatient treatment, 58 patients (78%) had one or more PDs and this was reduced to 32 (43%) at 5‐year follow‐up. Dimensional PD scores changed significantly over time in both AN, BN, and EDNOS, but no significant differences emerged among the ED groups. Recovered patients had lower frequency of PDs (p < 0.01).

Discussion:

The substantial 5‐year follow‐up reductions in the frequency of PDs in patients with EDs present an optimistic clinical scenario for treating patients with comorbid ED and PD. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2010; 43:22–28
IL‐1‐dependent, IL‐1R1‐independent resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes
Authors: Humphreys Neil E. , Grencis Richard K.
Published: February 2009

IL‐1 null mice are unable to expel the intestinal nematode Trichuris muris; whereas WT littermates exhibit sterile immunity. Intriguingly the essential signalling components IL‐1R1 and IL‐1R accessory protein (AcP) are dispensable for expulsion of this parasite. IL‐1 is thus critical for CD4+ Th2‐mediated immunity to T. muris; however, this action is independent of the established IL‐1 signalling receptor. We also present data demonstrating that both IL‐1α and IL‐1β induce measurable effects on T. muris primed cells isolated from IL‐1R1 or IL‐1R AcP null mice. MLN cells from these mice restimulated with parasite antigen proliferated at a greater rate and produced more cytokines in response to exogenous IL‐1. This ability to respond to IL‐1 was restricted to these parasite‐primed cells and importantly was not evident in cells from naïve gene null mice. These in vitro data are consistent with the observed ability of mice with compromised IL‐1 signalling to expel the parasite, bolstering the premise that an alternative IL‐1 signalling mechanism is accessible in the context of an intestinal helminth‐driven Th2 immune response.
Minerals as Model Compounds for Cu/ZnO Catalyst Precursors: Structural and Thermal Properties and IR Spectra of Mineral and Synthetic (Zincian) Malachite, Rosasite and Aurichalcite and a Catalyst Precursor Mixture
Authors: Behrens Malte , Girgsdies Frank , Trunschke Annette , Schlögl Robert
Published: February 2009

The Cu/ZnO system is a model for Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts, which are employed industrially for the synthesis of methanol. These catalysts are usually prepared from mixed basic carbonate precursors. A complex phase mixture, with constituents structurally related to the minerals rosasite andaurichalcite, is present at the industrially applied composition (Cu/Zn ≈ 70:30). Using minerals and phase‐pure synthetic samples as references, a comprehensive characterisation of such a phase mixture, including the determination of the individual compositions of the different phases, has been attempted by complementary analytical laboratory techniques (XRD, TGA, IR). The results are critically discussed in light of the complexity of the system. A thermally very stable carbonate species ― well‐known for mixed synthetic systems ― is also detected for the mineral reference samples. Significant amounts of amorphous phases are found to be present in the synthetic zincian malachite sample but not in synthetic aurichalcite or the catalyst precursor. A simplified explanation for the shift of the characteristic 20$\bar {1}$ reflection of the malachite structure as a function of Zn incorporation based on the varying average Jahn–Teller distortion of the MO6 octahedra is proposed. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
A Structural Investigation of Anion–Triazole Interactions: Observation of “π‐Pockets” and “π‐Sandwiches”
Authors: White Nicholas G. , Kitchen Jonathan A. , Brooker Sally
Published: February 2009

Eight mononuclear nickel(II) complexes of the ligands 4‐amino‐3,5‐di(2‐pyridyl)‐1,2,4‐triazole (adpt) and 4‐pyrrolyl‐3,5‐di(2‐pyridyl)‐1,2,4‐triazole (pldpt) with the anions ClO4, BF4, PF6 and SbF6 have been prepared. In all cases the metal/ligand ratio is 1:3, and the complexes are of the form [NiL3](A)2·solvents where L = adpt or pldpt and A = one of the aforementioned anions. Five of these complexes have been structurally characterized by X‐ray crystallography: four of these contain pldpt and strong anion–π interactions are observed, with two motifs present in all four structures. One of the anions occupies a “π‐pocket” formed by two coordinated triazole rings and one coordinated pyridine ring. The other anion only interacts with one triazole ring, which is involved in the pocket around the first anion, such that the triazole ring is “sandwiched” by two anions. Surprisingly, in all four of these complexes, the two triazole centroid···anion distances in the anion–triazole–anion interactions [2.917(7)–3.005(10) Å] are significantly shorter than in any of the other types of triazole–anion interactions [3.164(5)–3.456(9) Å].(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Click Azide‐Alkyne Cycloaddition for the Synthesis of D‐(–)‐1,4‐Disubstituted Triazolo‐Carbanucleosides
Authors: Broggi Julie , Kumamoto Hiroki , Berteina‐Raboin Sabine , Nolan Steven P. , Agrofoglio Luigi A.
Published: February 2009

A revisited and improved synthesis of an optically active azido‐carbanucleoside is reported. This azido precursor is used in the successful and versatile synthesis of enantiomerically pure D‐(–)‐1,4‐disubstituted 1,2,3‐triazolo‐carbanucleosides via copper(I)‐catalyzed and microwave‐assistedHuisgen 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Molecular Iodine Mediated Preparation of Isothiocyanates from Dithiocarbamic Acid Salts
Authors: Nath Jayashree , Ghosh Harisadhan , Yella Ramesh , Patel Bhisma K.
Published: February 2009

We have developed a general economical and environmentally benign method for the preparation of isothiocyanates from the corresponding dithiocarbamic acid salts by using cheap and readily available reagent molecular iodine. This is perhaps the most efficient method reported so far for the synthesis of isothiocyanates. The reagent is easily available and nontoxic, and the precipitated sulfur can be removed easily; hence, this method is most suitable for large‐scale synthesis.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Synthesis and Solid‐State Structure of Tetrabutylammonium Imidazolate–Dipyrrole Formed by Self Assembly
Authors: Reetz Manfred T. , Herzog H. Martin , Goddard Richard
Published: February 2009

The reaction of imidazole with an excess of pyrrole in the presence of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide affords, in high yield by a self‐assembly process, tetrabutylammonium imidazolate–dipyrrole, as shown by an X‐ray structure analysis. The two pyrroles form hydrogen bonds with the two nitrogen atoms of the imidazole anion, and the tetrabutylammonium counterion also forms hydrogen bonds to the same nitrogen atoms, with the formation of a structurally unique supramolecular compound.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Synthesis of AE and BE Ring Analogues of the Alkaloid Methyllycaconitine
Authors: Guthmann Holger , Conole Daniel , Wright Emma , Körber Karsten , Barker David , Brimble Margaret A.
Published: February 2009

The synthesis of AE and BE analogues of the alkaloid methyllycaconitine is reported. The analogues contain two key pharmacophores: a 2‐(2‐methylmaleimido)benzoate ester and a homocholine motif formed from a tertiaryN‐(3‐phenylpropyl)amine incorporated into either a 3‐azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (AE) or octahydroquinoline (BE) ring system. An additional aromatic group is introduced into the AE bicyclic system using a Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction. The BE analogues are synthesised by a one‐pot cyclisation using ethyl α‐(bromomethyl)acrylate, a primary amine and cyclohexanone leading to an efficient assembly of an octahydroquinoline ring system that mimics the BE‐rings of methyllycaconitine. In both the AE and BE analogues, the key 2‐(2‐methylsuccinimido)benzoate ester pharmacophore is introduced by esterification of the alcohol precursors with 2‐(2‐methylmaleimido)benzoic acid (10) under Steglich conditions followed by hydrogenation over palladium on charcoal.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
EOF in monolithic poly(styrene‐co‐divinylbenzene) capillary columns
Authors: Szumski Michał , Kučerova Zdeňka , Jandera Pavel , Buszewski Bogusław
Published: February 2009

In this paper, we present the result of our study on generation of EOF on uncharged poly(styrene‐co‐divinylbenzene)‐based monolithic capillary columns. Three types of neutral monoliths were used: unmodified poly(styrene‐co‐divinylbenzene) and two modified with octadecyl chains: using grafting process or Friedel–Crafts reaction. The electroosmotic mobilities (μeoF) versus pH profiles are compared, as well as molecular modeling using HyperChem software was employed to describe the observed phenomena. The μeoF was almost independent of pH when pH was increased from 2.5 to 9.5 during the consecutive experiments; however, it decreased significantly when pH was decreasing between these values. The modeling has shown that the buffer molecules can be attracted by the neutral polystyrene surface only in the presence of water molecules, thus creating a negatively charged layer.
A variational multiscale Newton–Schur approach for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations
Authors: Turner D. Z. , Nakshatrala K. B. , Hjelmstad K. D.
Published: February 2009

In the following paper, we present a consistent Newton–Schur (NS) solution approach for variational multiscale formulations of the time‐dependent Navier–Stokes equations in three dimensions. The main contributions of this work are a systematic study of the variational multiscale method for three‐dimensional problems and an implementation of a consistent formulation suitable for large problems with high nonlinearity, unstructured meshes, and non‐symmetric matrices. In addition to the quadratic convergence characteristics of a Newton–Raphson‐based scheme, the NS approach increases computational efficiency and parallel scalability by implementing the tangent stiffness matrix in Schur complement form. As a result, more computations are performed at the element level. Using a variational multiscale framework, we construct a two‐level approach to stabilizing the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations based on a coarse and fine‐scale subproblem. We then derive the Schur complement form of the consistent tangent matrix. We demonstrate the performance of the method for a number of three‐dimensional problems for Reynolds number up to 1000 including steady and time‐dependent flows. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A posteriori error estimation and anisotropy detection with the dual‐weighted residual method
Authors: Richter Thomas
Published: February 2009

In this work we develop a new framework for a posteriori error estimation and detection of anisotropies based on the dual‐weighted residual (DWR) method by Becker and Rannacher. The common approach for anisotropic mesh adaptation is to analyze the Hessian of the solution. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors indicate dominant directions and optimal stretching of elements. However, this approach is firmly linked to energy norm error estimation. Here, we extend the DWR method to anisotropic finite elements allowing for the direct estimation of directional errors with regard to given output functionals. The resulting meshes reflect anisotropic properties of both the solution and the functional. For the optimal measurement of the directional errors, the coarse meshes need some alignment with the dominant anisotropies. Numerical examples will demonstrate the efficiency of this method on various three‐dimensional problems including a well‐known Navier–Stokes benchmark. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tocilizumab — IL‐6 inhibition for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Emery Paul , Siddall Rhonda
Published: February 2009

Affecting approximately 400 000 people in England and Wales,1 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) creates a considerable economic burden. NICE estimates that five years after diagnosis, 40% of RA patients will be incapable of work.1 Some treatment options for RA look to control inflammation in order to rein in the disease. Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) invokes inflammation via TNF‐α, although the reason for this is unknown. Some researchers are beginning to turn their attention to IL‐6 in their search for novel RA treatments, and believe that drugs inhibiting this inflammatory cytokine could halt disease progression. In this article, we consider tocilizumab, an IL‐6 inhibitor. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prolonged‐release oxycodone/naloxone for chronic pain
Authors: O'Connell Nicola , Simpson Karen H
Published: February 2009

Chronic pain is common, and opioid therapy is often required for pain management. Unfortunately, opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction (OIBD) is a frequent and debilitating side‐effect of opioid use. A new prolonged‐release (PR) preparation of oxycodone/naloxone has been developed for moderate‐to‐severe pain that reduces OIBD in patients. In this article, we consider the mode of action and efficacy of this combination opioid therapy for chronic pain. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dronedarone: a new option in atrial fibrillation
Authors: Camm A. John , Savelieva Irina
Published: February 2009

Many antiarrhythmic agents exploiting new mechanisms of action (as well as modified analogues of traditional antiarrhythmic drugs, with different combinations of ion channel‐ and receptor‐blocking effects and less complicated metabolic profiles) are currently being investigated. Dronedarone is an amiodarone derivative that is devoid of iodine atoms and is believed to have a better safety profile than amiodarone. It is the only antiarrhythmic drug for the treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF) that has been shown to improve survival in high‐risk patients. This review provides a contemporary insight into the clinical development of dronedarone, its efficacy and safety in preventing recurrent AF, and its potential additional advantage of improving outcome in patients with AF. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
T‐cell CD38 expression in B‐chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
Authors: Abousamra Nashwa Khayrat , EL‐Din Manal Salah , Azmy Emad
Published: February 2009

B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B‐CLL) is a heterogeneous disease with some patients having an indolent course never needs treatment, while others having rapidly progressive one requires intensive treatment. In recent decades, numerous prognostic markers, such as immunoglobulin variable region heavy‐chain (IgVH) mutational status, ZAP‐70 and the expression of CD38 on leukaemic cells were introduced to screen for patients likely to have progressive course of B‐CLL bearing the potential to facilitate risk‐adapted treatment strategies. In B‐CLL, T cell function is shown to be dysregulated. CD38 has been demonstrated to be an important transmembrane signalling molecule of T cell with a direct effect on its function. The present study was conducted to analyse CD38 expression on T cells by flow cytometry to evaluate its impact on the clinical course of 88 unselected B‐CLL patients and correlate it with other risk factors. CD38 expression level on T cells was shown to predict the clinical course of B‐CLL in male patients but not in female patients. Male patients showed CD38 expression on T cells in a stage‐dependent manner, in contrast to female patients who showed higher expression irrespective to clinical staging. CD38 expression on T cells negatively interacted with treatment‐free survival in male patients. Multivariate analysis revealed that CD38 expression level on T cells is an independent prognostic factor in B‐CLL male patients. Simultaneous evaluation of CD38 expression on both B‐CLL cells and T cells allowed predicting male patient groups with the most favourable prognosis as well as those with the worst. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gene expression profiling during rat mammary carcinogenesis induced by 7,12‐dimethylbenz[a]anthracene
Authors: Souda Masakazu , Umekita Yoshihisa , Abeyama Kazuhiro , Yoshida Hiroki
Published: February 2009

7,12‐Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)‐induced rat mammary carcinoma is a well‐recognized model; however, the genetic alterations during its carcinogenesis have yet to be determined. We used laser capture microdissection to specifically isolate cells from terminal end buds (TEBs), the origin of carcinoma, at 2 weeks after sesame oil treatment (control) or DMBA treatment (DMBA‐TEBs), ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive mammary carcinoma (MC). Using an oligonucleotide microarray representing 20,600 rat probe sequences, we analyzed gene expression profiles and validated mRNA and protein levels of genes of interest byreal‐time quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry. The number of differentially expressed genes dramatically increased from DMBA‐TEBs (63) to DCIS (798) and MC (981). Only the expression of PEP‐19, an anti‐apoptotic gene, showed significant increases in DMBA‐TEBs (4‐fold), DCIS (10‐fold) and MC (16‐fold). MMP‐13 expression was increased markedly in DCIS (19‐fold) and MC (61‐fold) while OPN expression was increased 6‐fold in DCIS and 8‐fold in MC. MMP‐7 expression was increased 4‐fold in MC. Nidogen‐1; a participant in the assembly of basement membranes, TSP‐2; an inhibitor of angiogenesis and COUP‐TFI; a transcription repressor showed significant decreases in DCIS (4‐, 9‐ and 17‐fold, respectively) and MC (10‐, 37‐ and 100‐fold). Network analyses with IPA software revealed that the most significant network included Akt groups in DCIS and ERK groups in MC. The present findings provide us with a better understanding of the molecular alteration that occur during mammary carcinogenesis and suggest the importance of PEP‐19 overexpression in the very early stage of mammary carcinogenesis. © 2009 UICC