bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ BACILLUS CLAUSII ПРИ ХРОНІЧНОМУ ПАНКРЕАТИТІ
Authors: Koval V. Y. , Archiy E. Y. , Chundak S. S.
Published: June 2018

В статті приведені результати дослідження мікробіоценозу товстої кишки у хворих на хронічний панкреатит з порушенням екскреторної функції. В дослідження включено 21 хворих хронічним панкреатитом віком від 38 до 51 років. Критеріями включення в дослідження були пацієнти, в яких замісна ферментна терапія не приводила до повного покращення клінічного перебігу захворювання – залишалося порушення стільця у вигляді несформованого калу більше 2-х разів на добу, метеоризм. Оцінювали склад мікробної флори хворих хронічним панкреатитом до лікування та після корекції порушень мікробного складу товстою кишки з метою включення Bacillus clausii протягом 10 днів на фоні стандартної терапії – панкреатин 25-50000  у вигляді мінімікросфер на прийом їжі та інгібітора протонної помпи – омепразол 20 мг ранком до їди. У 95% хворих на хронічний панкреатит виявлено порушення мікрофлори товстої кишки: дисбактеріоз І ступеня у 28,57% хворих, дисбактеріоз ІІ ступеня у 42,85% та дисбактеріоз ІІІ ступеня у 23,8%. Включення в лікування ентерожерміни форте сприяло покращенню мікробіоценозу товстої кишки поряд з покращенням клінічного перебігу захворювання. У 71% хворих спостерігалося достовірне відновлення кишкової флори – підвищувався рівень біфідо- та лактобактерій, зменшувалася кількість рівня загальної E.coli і зі слабко вираженими ферментативними властивостями та Klebsiela pnevmonia, Enterobacter. Після проведеного лікування прояви дисбіозу відмічено у 29% хворих: у 19% - дисбіоз І ступеня та у 10% - дисбіоз ІІ ступеня.Висновки.1. У хворих на хронічний панкреатит у 95% спостерігаються порушення мікробіоценозу товстої кишки, що супроводжуються різними ступенями дисбіозу.2. Включення в лікування поряд із стандартною терапією ентерожерміни форте 1 флакон на добу протягом 10 днів сприяє покращенню клінічного перебігу, що супроводжується нормалізацією випорожнень хворого, зникненням метеоризму.
ВІРУСНИЙ ГЕПАТИТ С ЯК ПРОФЕСІЙНА ПАТОЛОГІЯ ТА ЗАХОДИ ЩОДО ЙОГО ПРОФІЛАКТИКИ У ЛІКУВАЛЬНИХ ЗАКЛАДАХ
Authors: Skovronska I. H. , Tolokova T. I.
Published: June 2018

У статті проаналізовано гепатит С як професійну патологію медичних працівників, його поширеність серед медичного персоналу лікувально-профілактичних закладів різних профілів, основні чинники передачі. Розглянуто найбільш важливі для практики аспекти вірусних гепатитів С: епідеміологія і профілактика. Запропоновано етапи запровадження у закладах охорони здоров'я безпечних технологій виконання інвазивних процедур, щоб запобігти випадкам уколів та порізів медичних працівників під час виконання посадових обов’язків.
ІСТОРИКО-РЕТРОСПЕКТИВНИЙ АНАЛІЗ СТАНОВЛЕННЯ СЕСТРИНСЬКОЇ СПРАВИ Й МЕДСЕСТРИНСЬКОЇ ОСВІТИ
Authors: Burymenko A. O.
Published: June 2018

Уточнено визначення сестринської справи. Визначено етапи становлення сестринської справи й медсестринської освіти. Розглянуто сутність кожного із зазначених періодів.
АНАЛІЗ ХІРУРГІЧНОГО ЛІКУВАННЯ ДІТЕЙ З КІСТАМИ ПЕЧІНКИ В НАЦІОНАЛЬНІЙ ДИТЯЧІЙ СПЕЦІАЛІЗОВАНІЙ ЛІКАРНІ «ОХМАТДИТ»
Authors: Bilenko A. O. , Nykytyuk S. O.
Published: June 2018

У статті проаналізовано результати діагностики та лікування дітей з кістами печінки.
КАТАМЕНІАЛЬНИЙ ПНЕВМОТОРАКС: НОВІ ПОГЛЯДИ Й МІРКУВАННЯ
Authors: Tkalich V. V. , Tkalich V. O. , Petrunia M. S.
Published: June 2018

Мета дослідження – вивчити особливості діагностики та лікування катаменіального пневмотораксу (КП).Матеріали та методи. Пацієнтка віком 33 р. перебувала на лікуванні в КМКЛ № 17 з 12.07.13 по 16.07.13 та з 21.08.13 по 02.09.13. Їй проводили повний клініко-діагностичний комплекс обстежень та лікування відповідно до діючих протоколів.Результати дослідження та їх обговорення. У статті представлено огляд літератури з питання КП та подано опис клінічного випадку, а також узагальнено особливості діагностики та лікування КП. Сучасні міні-інвазивні способи хірургічних втручань та раціональна консервативна терапія є методом вибору в діагностиці та лікуванні КП. Всебічне дообстеження є необхідною передумовою для вибору раціональної тактики подальшого лікування. Консенсусу щодо оптимальних доз та строків гормональної терапії дотепер не досягнуто.Висновки. До сьогодні ендометріоз залишається малодослідженим захворюванням, а його поширеність у світовій популяції досягає 11 %. Оптимальні результати лікування досягаються за умови комплексного підходу із залученням суміжних фахівців, у т. ч. гінекологів.
ДЕФЕКТИ МЕДИЧНОЇ ДОПОМОГИ В АКУШЕРСТВІ: КЛІНІЧНО-ПРАВОВИЙ ПОГЛЯД НА ПРОБЛЕМУ НА ПІДСТАВІ АНАЛІЗУ МАТЕРІАЛІВ СУДОВО-СЛІДЧИХ СПРАВ
Authors: Franchuk V. V. , Franchuk U. Ya.
Published: June 2018

Мета дослідження – з’ясування медико-правових особливостей недоліків професійної діяльності лікарів акушерів-гінекологів.Матеріали та методи. Досліджено матеріали судово-слідчих справ, порушених проти лікарів акушерів-гінекологів десяти різних областей України, і виконаних відповідно до цих справ комісійних судово-медичних експертиз у Тернопільському, Чернівецькому та Житомирському обласних бюро судово-медичної експертизи за 2007–2016 рр. (загалом 350 «лікарських справ»).Результати дослідження та їх обговорення. Чверть усіх «лікарських справ» (23,4 %) правоохоронні органи порушують проти лікарів акушерів-гінекологів. Різноманітні недоліки підтверджуються в 70,5 % таких кримінальних справ, і виникають ці дефекти зазвичай під час надання акушерської допомоги. Помилковість лікарів акушерів-гінекологів стається зазвичай у випадках непростої акушерської ситуації, пов’язаної з патологією плода чи матері. Частіше за все недоліки трапляються під час пологів, у допологовому періоді, в момент операції або анестезіологічного забезпечення. Акушери-гінекологи припускаються лікувально-тактичних (28,2 %), діагностичних (23,0 %), організаційних (16,7 %) і деонтологічних (5,8 %) помилок. Дефекти у складанні медичної документації становлять 26,3 % справ. Помилкові дії лікарів рідко є одиничними і зазвичай асоціюються між собою. Недостатній обсяг медичної допомоги в акушерстві встановлено серед 74,5 % справ, несвоєчасність – в 36,4 % випадків, неправильність її надання – у 20,0 %. Окремо досліджено професійно-кваліфікаційний портрет лікаря акушера-гінеколога, у відношенні якого виникають скарги. Недоліки у наданні медичної допомоги вагітнимі породіллям майже завжди (92,7 %) супроводжуються тяжкими наслідками. Неналежні дії лікарів акушерів-гінекологів, які знаходились у причинно-наслідковому зв’язку із несприятливими наслідками, констатовані в 23,6 % випадків експертиз.Висновки. Лікарі акушери-гінекологи входять до топ-листа найбільш ризикованих, з точки зору юридичної відповідальності, лікарських спеціальностей. Найбільш поширеними недоліками в акушерстві є лікувально-тактичні, діагностичні і організаційні дефекти. Майже половина «лікарських справ», порушених проти лікарів акушерів-гінекологів, зумовлена неналежними, всупереч стандартам медичної допомоги професійними діями медичних працівників.
ВІТАМІН D-СТАТУС У ПАТОГЕНЕЗІ РОЗВИТКУ ЗАХВОРЮВАНЬ ДІТЕЙ
Authors: Pavlyshyn H. A. , Shulhai A.-M. A
Published: June 2018

Вітамін D-статус у дітей найбільше пов’язаний із розладами фосфорно-кальцієвого обміну, метаболічними порушеннями при гіпоталамічному синдромі, ожирінні, порушеннями ліпідного та вуглеводного обміну, органами репродуктивної системи. Вітамін D-ендокринна система впливає на концентрацію електролітів, клітинну проліферацію, стан імунної системи, пригнічення ангіогенезу, індукцію апоптозу. При зменшенні рівня вітаміну D у сироватці крові знижується рівень IgG й IgA, змінюється кількість Т-лімфоцитів та їх субпопуляцій, знижуються кількісні показники рівнів місцевого імунітету. Імуномодулюючі властивості вітаміну D проявляються в активації фагоцитозу й антигенної здатності макрофагів, інгібуванні продукції інтерлейкіну-2 активованими лімфоцитами, інгібуванні синтезу ДНК та проліферації активних Т- і В-лімфоцитів. Патогенез розвитку аутоімунних захворювань сполучної тканини, цукрового діабету 1 типу, розсіяного склерозу, ревматоїдного артриту пов’язують із вітаміном D. При зменшенні рівня вітаміну D у м’язовій тканині знижується концентрація кальцію в сироватці крові, що призводить до зменшення працездатності як посмугованих, так і гладких м’язових клітин. Кальцитріол зменшує констрикторні властивості судинних стінок, таким чином впливаючи на пом’якшення резистивних властивостей артерій. Взаємозв’язок вітаміну D із вуглеводним обміном полягає в тому, що в ядрах B-клітин панкреатичних острівців наявний його рецепторний білок, який регулює рівень інсуліну. В дітей з метаболічними порушеннями доведено обернені кореляційні зв’язки між рівнем вітаміну D та метаболічними факторами, зокрема резистентністю до інсуліну, індексом маси тіла, відношенням окружності талії і стегон, рівнем тригліцеридів і загального тестостерону та прямий кореляційний зв’язок із чутливістю до інсуліну. Порушення жирового обміну, особливо в дітей, є одним із факторів ризику дефіциту вітаміну D, причому об’єм жирової тканини визначальний у його метаболізмі, а також біологічній ролі. Кальцитріол впливає на запалення жирової тканини за рахунок зниження прозапальних цитокінів, які секретуються в жировій тканині.
ЩОДО ПАРАДИГМИ ПОЄДНАННЯ СИСТЕМНО-БІОЛОГІЧНИХ І СИСТЕМНО-МЕДИЧНИХ УЯВЛЕНЬ ДЛЯ ФОРМУВАННЯ НОВОГО ПОГЛЯДУ НА ДІАГНОСТИКУ ТА ЛІКУВАННЯ ІШЕМІЧНОЇ ХВОРОБИ СЕРЦЯ
Authors: Mintser O. P. , Babintseva L. Yu. , Kharchenko N. V.
Published: June 2018

The possibilities of creating an intellectual bridge between the data of systemic biology and systemic medicine are explored. It is shown that creation of imitation models in silico are required to determine the role of trigger reactions, trigger cascades in the appearance of pathology. It is necessary to structure the accumulated medical knowledge, build ontological models of knowledge of different levels.
Rosa Maria para a elite, Rosa Maria para o povo. Culinária brasileira e culinária portuguesa na primeira metade do século XX
Authors: Pilla Maria Cecilia Barreto Amorim , Braga Isabel Maria Mendes Ribeiro Drumond
Published: June 2018

Este artigo pretende comparar dois livros de culinária publicados nos anos de 1930, que, apesar de possuírem autoras com o mesmo nome, Rosa Maria, tiveram conteúdos e dirigiram-se a públicos completamente diferentes. No Brasil, foi publicada a obra de Rosa Maria, com o nome Arte de comer bem, cuja primeira edição apareceu em 1931, e, em Portugal, crê-se que em 1932, igualmente por Rosa Maria, apareceu A cosinheira das cosinheiras. A arte de comer bem. Higiene alimentar e mais de 500 receitas para cosinhar, fazer doces, gelados, compotas etc. Neste sentido, importa proceder a uma abordagem exploratória das duas fontes, respondendo a algumas questões consideradas pertinentes.
Cronista de uma custódia distante: fr. Manuel da Ilha e sua Narrativa da Custódia de santo Antônio do Brasil (1621)
Authors: Pacheco Moreno Laborda
Published: June 2018

Em meio a uma irrupção da cronística franciscana nas primeiras décadas do século XVII, fr. Manuel da Ilha, cronista da província de Santo Antônio de Portugal, produziu uma narrativa sobre a trajetória histórica da custódia de Santo Antônio do Brasil. Este artigo busca localizar este relato em meio a tendências que então orientavam a historiografia franciscana, como a adequação a um crescente afã documentalista, que exigia que relatos dessa natureza fossem afiançados em papéis e arquivos, e a preocupação com rivalidades que grassavam entre as ordens religiosas. No centro da análise, estão as conexões estabelecidas entre a atuação da ordem e os desígnios da Coroa portuguesa, tanto num plano identitário mais abstrato e conceitual quanto na realidade experimentada nas fronteiras do império.
Acute Loss of Apolipoprotein E Triggers an Autoimmune Response That Accelerates Atherosclerosis
Authors: Centa Monica , Prokopec Kajsa E. , Garimella Manasa G. , Habir Katrin , Hofste Lisa , Stark Julian M. , Dahdah Albert , Tibbitt Chris A. , Polyzos Konstantinos A. , Gisterå Anton , Johansson Daniel K. , Maeda Nobuyo N. , Hansson Göran K. , Ketelhuth Daniel F.J. , Coquet Jonathan M. , Binder Christoph J. , Karlsson Mikael C.I. , Malin Stephen
Published: June 2018

Objective—

Dyslipidemia is a component of the metabolic syndrome, an established risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and is also observed in various autoimmune and chronic inflammatory conditions. However, there are limited opportunities to study the impact of acquired dyslipidemia on cardiovascular and immune pathology.

Approach and Results—

We designed a model system that allows for the conversion to a state of acute hyperlipidemia in adult life, so that the consequences of such a transition could be observed, through conditionally deleting APOE (apolipoprotein E) in the adult mouse. The transition to hypercholesterolemia was accompanied by adaptive immune responses, including the expansion of T lymphocyte helper cell 1, T follicular helper cell, and T regulatory subsets and the formation of germinal centers. Unlike steady-state
Apoe
−/−
mice, abrupt loss of APOE induced rapid production of antibodies recognizing rheumatoid disease autoantigens. Genetic ablation of the germinal center reduced both autoimmunity and atherosclerosis, indicating that the immune response that follows loss of APOE is independent of atherosclerosis but nevertheless promotes plaque development.

Conclusions—

Our findings suggest that immune activation in response to hyperlipidemia could contribute to a wide range of inflammatory autoimmune diseases, including atherosclerosis.
Endothelial Glycocalyx as a Shield Against Diabetic Vascular Complications
Authors: Dogné Sophie , Flamion Bruno , Caron Nathalie
Published: June 2018

The endothelial glycocalyx (EG), which covers the apical surface of the endothelial cells and floats into the lumen of the vessels, is a key player in vascular integrity and cardiovascular homeostasis. The EG is composed of PGs (proteoglycans), glycoproteins, glycolipids, and glycosaminoglycans, in particular hyaluronan (HA). HA seems to be implicated in most of the functions described for EG such as creating a space between blood and the endothelium, controlling vessel permeability, restricting leukocyte and platelet adhesion, and allowing an appropriate endothelial response to flow variation through mechanosensing. The amount of HA in the EG may be regulated by HYAL (hyaluronidase) 1, the most active somatic hyaluronidase. HYAL1 seems enriched in endothelial cells through endocytosis from the bloodstream. The role of the other main somatic hyaluronidase, HYAL2, in the EG is uncertain. Damage to the EG, accompanied by shedding of one or more of its components, is an early sign of various pathologies including diabetes mellitus. Shedding increases the blood or plasma concentration of several EG components, such as HA, heparan sulfate, and syndecan. The plasma levels of these molecules can then be used as sensitive markers of EG degradation. This has been shown in type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients. Recent experimental studies suggest that preserving the size and amount of EG HA in the face of diabetic insults could be a useful novel therapeutic strategy to slow diabetic complications. One way to achieve this goal, as suggested by a murine model of HYAL1 deficiency, may be to inhibit the function of HYAL1. The same approach may succeed in other pathological situations involving endothelial dysfunction and EG damage.
On the Complexity of CCG Parsing
Authors: Kuhlmann Marco , Satta Giorgio , Jonsson Peter
Published: June 2018

We study the parsing complexity of Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG) in the formalism of Vijay-Shanker and Weir ( 1994 ). As our main result, we prove that any parsing algorithm for this formalism will take in the worst case exponential time when the size of the grammar, and not only the length of the input sentence, is included in the analysis. This sets the formalism of Vijay-Shanker and Weir ( 1994 ) apart from weakly equivalent formalisms such as Tree Adjoining Grammar, for which parsing can be performed in time polynomial in the combined size of grammar and input sentence. Our results contribute to a refined understanding of the class of mildly context-sensitive grammars, and inform the search for new, mildly context-sensitive versions of CCG.
Using Semantics for Granularities of Tokenization
Authors: Riedl Martin , Biemann Chris
Published: June 2018

Depending on downstream applications, it is advisable to extend the notion of tokenization from low-level character-based token boundary detection to identification of meaningful and useful language units. This entails both identifying units composed of several single words that form a several single words that form a, as well as splitting single-word compounds into their meaningful parts. In this article, we introduce unsupervised and knowledge-free methods for these two tasks. The main novelty of our research is based on the fact that methods are primarily based on distributional similarity, of which we use two flavors: a sparse count-based and a dense neural-based distributional semantic model. First, we introduce DRUID, which is a method for detecting MWEs. The evaluation on MWE-annotated data sets in two languages and newly extracted evaluation data sets for 32 languages shows that DRUID compares favorably over previous methods not utilizing distributional information. Second, we present SECOS, an algorithm for decompounding close compounds. In an evaluation of four dedicated decompounding data sets across four languages and on data sets extracted from Wiktionary for 14 languages, we demonstrate the superiority of our approach over unsupervised baselines, sometimes even matching the performance of previous language-specific and supervised methods. In a final experiment, we show how both decompounding and MWE information can be used in information retrieval. Here, we obtain the best results when combining word information with MWEs and the compound parts in a bag-of-words retrieval set-up. Overall, our methodology paves the way to automatic detection of lexical units beyond standard tokenization techniques without language-specific preprocessing steps such as POS tagging.
Vocational and Career Tech Education in American High Schools: The Value of Depth Over Breadth
Authors: Kreisman Daniel , Stange Kevin
Published: June 2018

Vocational education is a large part of the high school curriculum, yet we have little understanding of what drives vocational enrollment or whether these courses help or harm early careers. To address this deficiency, we develop a framework for curriculum choice, taking into account ability and preferences for academic and vocational work. We test model predictions using detailed transcript and earnings information from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1997). Our results are twofold. First, students positively sort into vocational courses, suggesting that the belief that low-ability students are funneled into vocational coursework is unlikely true. Second, we find higher earnings among students taking more upper-level vocational courses—a nearly 2 percent wage premium for each additional year, yet we find no gain from introductory vocational courses. These results suggest: (1) policies limiting students' ability to take vocational courses may not be welfare-enhancing, and (2) the benefits of vocational coursework accrue to those who focus on depth over breadth.
Just above Chance: Is It Harder to Decode Information from Prefrontal Cortex Hemodynamic Activity Patterns?
Authors: Bhandari Apoorva , Gagne Christopher , Badre David
Published: June 2018

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is central to flexible, goal-directed cognition, and understanding its representational code is an important problem in cognitive neuroscience. In humans, multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) of fMRI blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) measurements has emerged as an important approach for studying neural representations. Many previous studies have implicitly assumed that MVPA of fMRI BOLD is just as effective in decoding information encoded in PFC neural activity as it is in visual cortex. However, MVPA studies of PFC have had mixed success. Here we estimate the base rate of decoding information from PFC BOLD activity patterns from a meta-analysis of published MVPA studies. We show that PFC has a significantly lower base rate (55.4%) than visual areas in occipital (66.6%) and temporal (71.0%) cortices and one that is close to chance levels. Our results have implications for the design and interpretation of MVPA studies of PFC and raise important questions about its functional organization.
A new species in Aleurodiscus s.l. (Stereaceae, Russulales) from Iran
Authors: GHOBAD-NEJHAD MASOOMEH , LANGER EWALD
Published: June 2018

Aleurodiscus persicus sp. nov. is described from Iran, based on phylogenetic analyses of ITS and LSU regions as well as on its morphology. The species is characterized by resupinate, whitish to grayish cream, crustose basidiocarps, a monomitic hyphal system with clamped hyphae, presence of acanthophyses, cylindrical to clavate to submoniliform gloeocystidia, and ellipsoid, amyloid basidiospores measuring ca. 8.3–10 × (4.7–) 5–5.8 µm. The new combination Aleurodiscus graminicola (basionym Gloeomyces graminicola) is proposed.
Typification and an emended description of Musa splendida (Musaceae)
Authors: LÝ NGỌC-SÂM , LOWRY II PORTER P. , HAEVERMANS THOMAS
Published: June 2018

The type material of the Vietnamese wild banana Musa splendida (Musaceae), long thought to have been lost, was recently discovered in the Paris herbarium and here designated as a lectotype. Given its poor quality, an epitype is designated for adequate application of this name. An emended description of M. splendida is provided, with information on several morphological characters not indicated in the protologue, including its oblong-elliptic to oblong-lanceolate leaves 152–220 × 45–69 cm, erect inflorescences, ovoid-lanceolate female buds 24–28.5 × 13.7–14 cm, ovoid to ovoid-lanceolate male buds 9–22.5 × 8–13.5 cm, and bell- or mushroom-shaped seeds 5.5–7 × 6.5–9 mm. A color plate, along with information on habitat and ecology, distribution, and uses of this species, are also given.
Paleopetria Özdikmen, 2008 is a junior objective synonym of Petriathyris Lee & Jin, 2006, new name pro Petria Mendes, 1961 (Brachiopoda, Terebratulida) preoccupied by Petria Semenov 1893 (Arthropoda, Coleoptera)
Authors: ALVAREZ FERNANDO , ALONSO-ZARAZAGA MIGUEL A.
Published: June 2018

The terebratulide genus Petria Mendes, 1961 was described for a group of cryptonelloid brachiopods (Brachiopoda, Terebratulida) from the Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) of the Amazonian region, Brazil. To our knowledge only the type species Waldheimia coutinhoana Derby, 1874 was placed in the genus. The genus name Petria Mendes, 1961 is pre-occupied by Petria Semenov, 1893, a genus in the Coleoptera family Tenebrionidae.
Annotated checklist of the fishes of the archipelago of Madeira (NE Atlantic): I—Chondrichthyes
Authors: BISCOITO MANUEL , RIBEIRO CLÁUDIA , FREITAS MAFALDA
Published: June 2018

As part of an annotated checklist of fishes of the archipelago of Madeira, a list with all cartilaginous fishes recorded from the archipelago is presented. The list contains 67 species of sharks, rays and chimaeras, whose presence in the area the authors consider confirmed. Another 14 species previously referred for the area are now considered dubious records and five species are withdrawn from the list. Centrophorus uyato is here recorded for the first time from Madeira. Three species (Mitsukurina owstoni, Odontaspis noronhai and Chimaera opalescens) are so far only present in Madeira within Macaronesia. The 67 confirmed species are based on occurrences, substantiated by specimens in natural history museum collections or other published evidence. For all species, the first reference is given, as well as other relevant references for the archipelago and remaining Macaronesia.
Asymmetric Modulation of ENSO Teleconnections by the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation
Authors: Dong Bo , Dai Aiguo , Vuille Mathias , Timm Oliver Elison
Published: June 2018

Remote influences of ENSO are known to vary with different phases of the interdecadal Pacific oscillation (IPO). Here, observational and reanalysis data from 1920 to 2014 are analyzed to present a global synthesis of the IPO’s modulation on ENSO teleconnections, followed by a modeling investigation. Regressions of surface air temperature T, precipitation P, and atmospheric circulations upon IPO and ENSO indices reveal substantial differences between ENSO and IPO teleconnections to regional T and P in terms of spatial pattern, magnitude, and seasonality. The IPO’s modulation on ENSO teleconnections asymmetrically varies with both IPO and ENSO phases. For a given ENSO phase, IPO’s modulations are not symmetric between its two phases; for a given IPO SST anomaly, its influence depends on whether it is superimposed on El Niño, La Niña, or neutral ENSO. The IPO modulations are linked to the atmospheric response to tropical SST anomalies, manifested in the local Hadley circulation and the local Walker circulation at low latitudes and the Rossby wave train in the extratropics, including the Pacific–North American (PNA) pattern in the Northern Hemisphere. A set of numerical experiments using CAM5 forced with different combinations of the IPO- and ENSO-related SSTs further shows that the asymmetric modulation arises from the nonlinear Clausius–Clapeyron relation, so that the atmospheric circulation response to the same IPO-induced SST departure is larger during a warm rather than a cold ENSO phase, and the response to a warm IPO state is larger than that to a cold IPO state. The asymmetry depends primarily on the tropical Pacific mean state and tropical SST anomalies and secondarily on extratropical SST anomalies.
A Test of Emergent Constraints on Cloud Feedback and Climate Sensitivity Using a Calibrated Single-Model Ensemble
Authors: Wagman Benjamin M. , Jackson Charles S.
Published: June 2018

A calibrated single-model ensemble (SME) derived from the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model, version 3.1, is used to test two hypothesized emergent constraints on cloud feedback and equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS). The Fasullo and Trenberth relative humidity (RH) metric and the Sherwood et al. lower-tropospheric mixing (LTMI) metric are computed for the present-day climate of the SME, and the relationships between the metrics, ECS, and cloud and other climate feedbacks are examined. The tropical convergence zone relative humidity (RHM) and the parameterized lower-tropospheric mixing (LTMIS) are positively correlated to ECS, and each is associated with a different spatial pattern of tropical shortwave cloud feedback in the SME. However, neither of those metrics is linked to the type of cloud response hypothesized by its authors. The resolved lower-tropospheric mixing (LTMID) is positively correlated to ECS for a subset of the SME having LTMID over a threshold value. LTMI and the RH for the dry, descending branch of the Hadley cell (RHD) narrow and shift upward the posterior estimates of ECS in the SME, but the SME bias in RHD and concerns over poorly understood physical mechanisms suggest the narrowing could be spurious for both constraints. While calibrated SME results may not generalize to multimodel ensembles, they can enhance the process understanding of emergent constraints and serve as out-of-sample tests of robustness.
Regional and Seasonal Characteristics of the Recent Expansion of the Tropics
Authors: Grise Kevin M. , Davis Sean M. , Staten Paul W. , Adam Ori
Published: June 2018

In recent decades, the subtropical edges of Earth’s Hadley circulation have shifted poleward. Some studies have concluded that this observed tropical expansion is occurring more rapidly than predicted by global climate models. However, recent modeling studies have shown that internal variability can account for a large fraction of the observed circulation trends, at least in an annual-mean, zonal-mean framework. This study extends these previous results by examining the seasonal and regional characteristics of the recent poleward expansion of the Hadley circulation using seven reanalysis datasets, sea level pressure observations, and surface wind observations. The circulation has expanded the most poleward during summer and fall in both hemispheres, with more zonally asymmetric circulation trends occurring in the Northern Hemisphere (NH). The seasonal and regional characteristics of these observed trends generally fall within the range of trends predicted by climate models for the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, and in most cases, the magnitude of the observed trends does not exceed the range of interdecadal trends in the models’ control runs, which arise exclusively from internal variability. One exception occurs during NH fall when large observed poleward shifts in the atmospheric circulation over the North Atlantic sector exceed nearly all trends projected by models. While most recent NH circulation trends are consistent with a change in phase of the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), the observed circulation trends over the North Atlantic instead reflect 1) large natural variability unrelated to the PDO and/or 2) a climate forcing (or the circulation response to that forcing) that is not properly captured by models.
Connecting Flow over Complex Terrain to Hydrodynamic Roughness on a Coral Reef
Authors: Rogers Justin S. , Maticka Samantha A. , Chirayath Ved , Woodson C. Brock , Alonso Juan J. , Monismith Stephen G.
Published: June 2018

Flow over complex terrain causes stress on the bottom leading to drag, turbulence, and formation of a boundary layer. But despite the importance of the hydrodynamic roughness scale z0 in predicting flows and mixing, little is known about its connection to complex terrain. To address this gap, we conducted extensive field observations of flows and finescale measurements of bathymetry using fluid-lensing techniques over a shallow coral reef on Ofu, American Samoa. We developed a validated centimeter-scale nonhydrostatic hydrodynamic model of the reef, and the results for drag compare well with the observations. The total drag is caused by pressure differences creating form drag and is only a function of relative depth and spatially averaged streamwise slope, consistent with scaling for k–δ-type roughness, where k is the roughness height and δ is the boundary layer thickness. We approximate the complex reef surface as a superposition of wavy bedforms and present a simple method for predicting z0 from the spatial root-mean-square of depth and streamwise slope of the bathymetric surface and a linear coefficient a1, similar to results from other studies on wavy bedforms. While the local velocity profiles vary widely, the horizontal average is consistent with a log-layer approximation. The model grid resolution required to accurately compute the form drag is O(10–50) times the dominant horizontal hydrodynamic scale, which is determined by a peak in the spectra of the streamwise slope. The approach taken in this study is likely applicable to other complex terrains and could be explored for other settings.
WRF Hindcasts of Cold Front Passages over the ARM Eastern North Atlantic Site: A Sensitivity Study
Authors: Lamraoui Fayçal , Booth James F. , Naud Catherine M.
Published: June 2018

The present study explores the ability of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model to accurately reproduce the passage of extratropical cold fronts at the DOE ARM eastern North Atlantic (ENA) observation site on the Azores. An analysis of three case studies is performed in which the impact of the WRF domain size, position of the model boundary relative to the ENA site, grid spacing, and spectral nudging conditions are explored. The results from these case studies indicate that model biases in the timing and duration of cold front passages change with the distance between the model domain boundary and the ENA site. For these three cases, if the western model boundary is farther than 1500 km from the site, the front becomes too meridional and fails to reach the site, making 1000 or 1500 km the optimal distances. In contrast, integrations with small distances (e.g., 500 km) between the site and domain boundaries have inadequate spatial spinup (i.e., the domain is too small for the model to properly stabilize). For all three cases, regardless of domain size, the model has biases in its upper-level circulation that impact the position and timing of the front. However, this issue is most serious for 4000-km2 domains and larger. For these domains, prolonged spectral nudging can correct cold front biases. As such, this analysis provides a framework to optimize the WRF Model configuration necessary for a realistic hindcast of a cold front passage at a fixed location centered in a domain as large as computationally possible.
Hypomagnesaemia is absent in children with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
Authors: Seeman Tomáš , Fořtová Magdaléna , Sopko Bruno , Průša Richard , Pohl Michael , John Ulrike
Published: June 2018

Background

Hypomagnesaemia is present in 40–50% of children with autosomal dominant renal cysts and diabetes syndrome (RCAD). On the contrary, the prevalence of hypomagnesaemia in children with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) has never been examined. We aimed to investigate whether hypomagnesaemia is present in children with polycystic kidney diseases.

Methods

Children with cystic kidney diseases were investigated in a cross-sectional study. Serum concentrations of magnesium (S-Mg) and fractional excretion of magnesium (FE-Mg) were tested. Fifty-four children with ADPKD ( n = 26), autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) ( n = 16) and RCAD ( n = 12) with median age of 11.2 (0.6–18.6) years were investigated.

Results

Hypomagnesaemia (S-Mg < 0.7 mmol/L) was detected in none of the children with ADPKD/ARPKD and in eight children (67%) with RCAD. Median S-Mg in children with ADPKD/ARPKD was significantly higher than in children with RCAD (0.89 vs. 0.65 mmol/L, P < 0.01). The FE-Mg was increased in 23% of patients with ADPKD/ARPKD (all had chronic kidney disease stages 2–4) and in 63% of patients with RCAD, where it significantly correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (r = −0.87, P < 0.01).

Conclusions

Hypomagnesaemia is absent in children with ADPKD or ARPKD and could serve as a marker for differential diagnostics between ADPKD, ARPKD and RCAD in children with cystic kidney diseases of unknown origin where molecular genetic testing is lacking. However, while hypomagnesaemia, in the absence of diuretics, appears to rule out ADPKD and ARPKD, normomagnesaemia does not rule out RCAD at least in those aged <3 years.
Racial Animosity, Adversary Effect, and Hate Crime: Parsing Out Injuries in Intraracial, Interracial, and Race-Based Offenses
Authors: Powers Ráchael A. , Socia Kelly M.
Published: June 2018

Although most crime in intraracial, studies suggest that interracial victimization is more injurious. This may be especially true for racially motivated offenses; however, studies of hate crime have not disaggregated which racial dyads are associated with injury, and whether they are more injurious than interracial victimizations generally. Likewise, studies of interracial violence often assume a theoretical framework grounded in racial animosity, but cannot test motivation directly. Using the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS), this study compares injuries across intraracial, interracial, and bias-motivated offenses. We find differences across racial dyad and the presence of racial animosity, however, the results are largely driven by the race of the offender. Implications for racial animosity theory, adversary effect, and hate crime literatures are discussed.
Countervailing aesthetics? Depictions of British Muslims and the multicultural working class in post-7/7 art
Authors: Clements Madeline
Published: June 2018

This article considers the significance of artist Philip Gurrey’s 2008 series of portraits of members of multicultural working-class communities in Beeston, Leeds, in the social, political, and cultural context of the aftermath of the 7/7 bombings. Reflecting on the impetus for making these works, Gurrey has observed that “the predominant rhetoric [in 2007] was almost as if this place was generating extremism” (2014a: n.p.). In his opinion, “the artist’s prerogative is to look at the aesthetic generated; the feel and mood of the place as portrayed by the media was completely wrong” (2014b). This essay focuses on The Beeston Series (2008–2009) of paintings, which Gurrey composed by merging and splicing together the features and skin-tones of the suburb’s community members, and subsequently exhibited to local audiences at the BasementArtsProject in south Leeds, a space removed from the metropolitan centres that appeared either to dismiss or to demonize them. Drawing on Jill Bennett’s explorations of art as the “critical, self-conscious manipulation of media” (2012: 6), this article goes on to explore how such mundane and unsensational, though striking, portraits presented an aesthetic that ran counter to contemporaneous representations of such communities as the breeding grounds of Islamic terrorism. It argues that through such critical, aesthetic approaches, artists in twenty-first-century Britain contest still-dominant discourses around the failure of multiculturalist policies and supposed alienness to indigenous British culture of Muslim identities, and fears about the harbouring of an “enemy within”. In doing so, it draws comparisons between Gurrey’s regionally-specific paintings and other more metropolitan attempts to depict the aesthetic realities of 7/7, the perpetrators of such attacks, and the multicultural, working-class identities scrutinized in their wake. Works discussed in relation to The Beeston Series include Mark Sinckler’s controversial drawing Age of Shiva (2008), and Faiza Butt’s Is This the Man (2010) portrait series.
Secularism and the death and return of the author: Rereading the Rushdie affair after Joseph Anton
Authors: Morton Stephen
Published: June 2018

In what ways has the contemporary British novel served to contribute to the ethos of secular liberalism that underpins the ideology of the colonial present before and after the “War on Terror”? This article seeks to address this question through a rereading of Salman Rushdie’s The Satanic Verses and its critical reception. Beginning with a discussion of the secularism/theology binary in Roland Barthes’ essay “The Death of the Author”, the paper considers how the ideology of secularism that Barthes attributes to the birth of the reader has shaped and influenced the public understanding of the Rushdie affair before and after 9/11. With close reference to Rushdie’s memoir, Joseph Anton, the essay proceeds to address how Rushdie’s own account of the production and reception of The Satanic Verses in Joseph Anton might be regarded as a particular form of secular misreading that calls the authority of the book’s implied author into question. By addressing questions such as these, this article suggests that Rushdie’s literary reworking of Islamic history in The Satanic Verses and his defence of this reworking in Joseph Anton demand a rethinking of the relationship between the ideology of secularism and postmodern theories of reading. Such a rethinking, I suggest, also demands a consideration of the ways in which the contemporary figure of the emancipated reader is implicated in the secularist ideology of the colonial present.
Influence of patch lay-up configuration and hybridization on low velocity impact and post-impact tensile response of repaired glass fiber reinforced plastic composites
Authors: Andrew J Jefferson , Srinivasan Sivakumar M , Arockiarajan A
Published: June 2018

This paper aims to investigate the effect of homogenous and hybrid external patches based on plain weave woven glass and Kevlar fabric on low velocity impact and quasi-static tensile after impact response of adhesively bonded external patch repairs in damaged glass/epoxy composite laminates. In all hybrid patches, the proportion of Kevlar and glass fibers were equal (i.e. 50% of Kevlar and 50% of glass by volume fraction), while lay-up configuration was different. This further enables to study the associated effect of hybridization and lay-up configuration on impact response of the repaired laminates. The intent of using hybrid external patches is to combine the excellent high displacement-to-failure property of Kevlar fiber as a ductile reinforcement with the superior mechanical property of glass fiber as a brittle reinforcement. The effect of glass/Kevlar content on impact response and tensile after impact response was investigated for various incident impact energy levels, such as 2, 4, 6, and 8 J. Results showed that hybridization and lay-up configurations of the external patches played a significant role on low velocity impact and quasi-static tensile after impact response of the repaired glass/epoxy specimens. Specimens repaired using intra-ply hybrid patches showed better impact properties and damage tolerance capability than that of the virgin and other repaired specimens. In specific, the use of intra-ply hybrid patches reduced the impact energy absorption by 10.17% in comparison to the virgin specimens at impact energy of 8 J.
Experimental study on quasi-static penetration process of cylindrical indenters with different nose shapes into the hybrid composite panels
Authors: Taghizadeh Seyed Ahmad , Liaghat Gholamhossein , Niknejad Abbas , Pedram Ehsan
Published: June 2018

The main aim of the present research is to investigate the quasi-static penetration process of cylindrical indenters with different nose shapes into multilayered composite panels made of Dyneema and Glass woven fibers, and aluminum face sheets. For better understanding of the perforation mechanism of the composite panels, effects of indenter geometry, stacking sequences, and boundary conditions are studied and their effects on energy absorption, specific absorbed energy, maximum deformation, peak load, and failure modes are evaluated and discussed. Samples with different layering configurations loaded under quasi-static punch and indentation with loading rate of 5 mm/min using universal testing machine and cylindrical rigid indenters with different nose shapes geometries consist of blunt, hemispherical, conical, and ogival. Regarding the boundary condition effects, two different rigid fixtures are designed and manufactured with the same external square perimeter (250 × 250 mm) and two different internal perimeters of circular and square shapes respectively, with diameter of 15 mm and edge side of 100 mm. Results show that the hybrid composite panels composed of Dyneema sheets, exhibits significantly better load carrying capacity and specific absorbed energy under both loading conditions. Indenter nose shape significantly affects elastic load, peak load, and energy absorption and maximum deformation. Furthermore, from visual observations based on digital microscopic images, fiber breakage, fiber pull out, intralaminar delamination, and debonding between the composite layers within the damage zone were inspected and recognized as the main damage mechanisms of panels. Output data obtained from all the experimental investigation were reported, discussed, and commented upon.
Patterns of Dental Agenesis Highlight the Nature of the Causative Mutated Genes
Authors: Fournier B.P. , Bruneau M.H. , Toupenay S. , Kerner S. , Berdal A. , Cormier-Daire V. , Hadj-Rabia S. , Coudert A.E. , de La Dure-Molla M.
Published: June 2018

The most common outcome of defective dental morphogenesis in human patients is dental agenesis (absence of teeth). This may affect either the primary or permanent dentition and can range from 5 or fewer missing teeth (hypodontia), 6 or more (oligodontia), to complete absence of teeth (anodontia). Both isolated and syndromic dental agenesis have been reported to be associated with a large number of mutated genes. The aim of this review was to analyze the dental phenotypes of syndromic and nonsyndromic dental agenesis linked to gene mutations. A systematic review of the literature focusing on genes ( MSX1, PAX9, AXIN2, PITX2, WNT10A, NEMO, EDA, EDAR, EDARADD, GREMLIN2, LTBP3, LRP6, and SMOC2) known to be involved in dental agenesis was performed and included 101 articles. A meta-analysis was performed using the dental phenotypes of 522 patients. The total number and type of missing teeth were analyzed for each mutated gene. The percentages of missing teeth for each gene were compared to determine correlations between genotypes and phenotypes. Third molar agenesis was included in the clinical phenotype assessment. The findings show that isolated dental agenesis exists as part of a spectrum of syndromes for all the identified genes except PAX9 and that the pattern of dental agenesis can be useful in clinical diagnosis to identify (or narrow) the causative gene mutations. While third molar agenesis was the most frequent type of dental agenesis, affecting 70% of patients, it was described in only 30% of patients with EDA gene mutations. This study shows that the pattern of dental agenesis gives information about the mutated gene and could guide molecular diagnosis for geneticists.
Bioengineered Tooth Buds Exhibit Features of Natural Tooth Buds
Authors: Smith E.E. , Angstadt S. , Monteiro N. , Zhang W. , Khademhosseini A. , Yelick P.C.
Published: June 2018

Tooth loss is a significant health issue currently affecting millions of people worldwide. Artificial dental implants, the current gold standard tooth replacement therapy, do not exhibit many properties of natural teeth and can be associated with complications leading to implant failure. Here we propose bioengineered tooth buds as a superior alternative tooth replacement therapy. We describe improved methods to create highly cellularized bioengineered tooth bud constructs that formed hallmark features that resemble natural tooth buds such as the dental epithelial stem cell niche, enamel knot signaling centers, transient amplifying cells, and mineralized dental tissue formation. These constructs were composed of postnatal dental cells encapsulated within a hydrogel material that were implanted subcutaneously into immunocompromised rats. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the use of postnatal dental cells to create bioengineered tooth buds that exhibit evidence of these features of natural tooth development. We propose future bioengineered tooth buds as a promising, clinically relevant tooth replacement therapy.
Gender Differences in Purpose in Life: The Mediation Effect of Altruism
Authors: Xi Juan , Lee Matthew T. , Carter James R. , Delgado David
Published: June 2018

A strong meaning or purpose in life, as a key indicator for psychological well-being, has been found to enhance health and longevity in a large amount of empirical research. In this study, we focus on gender differences in purpose in life. Using a large nationally representative sample, we found that women enjoyed higher levels of purpose in life. We further examined the role of altruism in accounting for much of the gender differences in life purpose. Women were more likely to have altruistic behaviors and attitudes, which in turn facilitated a stronger purpose in life. Our study suggests that men could plausibly attain a similar level of purpose in life if social norms encouraged men to nurture the growth of others through altruistic acts to the same extent as women.