bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction to termite research in China
Authors: Gui‐Xiang Li , Zi‐Rong Dai , Biao Yang
Published: August 2009

From ancient Chinese books termite damage has been recorded for two to three thousand years in China. Little research was done on termites in China before 1949, although fragmentary study reports have been published by overseas scholars. Systematic research on termites really began from the mid 1950s on, when the Entomological Institute of Academica Sinica founded Termite Divisions (or Groups) in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou to undertake research in the taxonomy, biology and control of termites, as well as in other subjects related to termites. Termite Control Services were also established in most provinces, cities and autonomous regions south of the Yangtze River. Considerable advances in termite research and great successes in termite control have been made in China as a result of a concentrated effort over the last 30 years.

Einführung in die Termitenforschung in China

In alten chinesischen Schnften ist über Schäden durch Termiten in China schon vor zwei‐ bis dreitausend Jahren berichtet worden. Vor 1949 wurde in China nur wenig Forschung über Termiten betrieben, immerhin sind einige Berichte von ausländischen Wissenschaftlern veröffentlicht worden. Systematische Forschung an Termiten begann Mitte der 50er Jahre, als das Entomologische Institut der Academica Sinica Termiteninstitute (‐gruppen) in Beijing, Shanghai und Guangzhou gründete, die als Aufgabe hatten, Taxonomie, Biologie und Bekämpfung von Termiten und andere termitenbezogene Themen zu untersuchen. Stationen zur Termitenbekämpfung wurden auch in den meisten Provinzen, Städten und autonomen Regionen südlich des Yangtze Flusses eingerichtet. Beträchtliche Fortschritte in der Erforschung und Kontrolle von Termiten sind in China als Ergebnis konzentrierter Bemühungen innerhalb der letzten 30 Jahre erzielt worden.
Variability in resistance to organophosphorous insecticides in field‐collected colonies of Amblyseius finlandicus (Oudemans) (Acari, Phytoseiidae)
Authors: Kostiainen T. , Hoy Marjorie A.
Published: August 2009

Five colonies of Amblyseius finlandicus (Oudemans) were collected from Finnish apple orchards and tested for tolerance to two organophosphorous insecticides (OPs), dimethoate and azinphosmethyl. Slide‐dip bioassays demonstrated clear differences between the five colonies. The LC50 value for the most resistant colony was about five times the value of the most susceptible colony for both pesticides. Colonies from orchards with previous OP treatments were more tolerant than the colonies from non‐treated areas. Existing variation indicates it may be possibile to increase resistance levels using laboratory selection.

Variation in der Resistenz von Freilandpopulationen der Raubmilbe Amblyseius finlandicus (Oudemans) (Acari, Phytoseiidae) gegenüber Organophosphatinsektiziden

Die Toleranz von fünf Populationen der Raubmilbe Amblyseius finlandicus (Oudemans) aus finnischen Apfelanlagen gegenüber zwei Organophosphaten, Dimethoat und Azinphos‐Methyl, wurde getestet. Die “Slide‐dip”‐Methode zeigte deutliche Unterschiede zwischen den Stämmen. Die Population mit der höchsten Toleranz hatte eine ca. fünfmal höhere LC50 gegenüber den beiden Insektiziden als die empfindlichste Population. Die drei Stämme von mit Organophosphaten behandelten Apfelanlagen hatten höhere Toleranzen als die zwei Stämme von unbehandelten Anlagen. Diese existierende Variation zeigt, daß die Resistenz durch Selektion im Laboratorium erhöht werden kann.
Observations on the bionomics of Thyreocephalus interocularis (Eppelsheim) (Col., Staphylinidae), a predator of the banana weevil
Authors: Koppenhöfer A. M.
Published: August 2009

Observations made on the bionomics of Thyreocephalus interocularis (Eppelsheim) found in banana plantations in Western Kenya are given. After a preoviposition period of 32 ± 7.2 days, females laid a total of 31.2 ± 9.7 eggs. They were laid in decomposing banana pseudostems and in moist soil below banana mulch. Only two larval instars were observed which preyed on insect larvae in decomposing pseudostems and decomposing residual corms. Pupation occurred in the soil. In total the development took 46.2 ± 1.0 days. Longevity of adults was 142 ± 15.4 days in both sexes. The sex ratio was 1:1.

Zur Bionomie von Thyreocephalus interocularis (Eppelsheim) (Col., Staphylinidae), einem Prädator des Bananenrüßlers in Westkenia

Vorgestellt werden Beobachtungen zur Bionomie von Thyreocephalus interocularis (Eppelsheim), der in Bananenpflanzungen in Westkenia vorkommt. Nach einer Präovipositionsperiode von 32 ± 7,2 Tagen legten die Weibchen insgesamt 31,2 ± 9,7 Eier in verrottende Bananenpseudostämme und in die Erde unterhalb von Bananenmulch. Die beiden Larvenstadien jagen Insektenlarven in den verrottenden Pseudostämmen und verrottenden Rhizomen abgeernteter Bananenschößlinge. Die Verpuppung findet im Boden statt. Die gesamte Entwicklung dauert 46,2 ±1,0 Tage. Die Imagines beider Geschlechter leben 142 ± 15,4 Tage. Das Geschlechtsverhältnis liegt bei 1:1.
Growth and survival of Dendroctonus micans larvae on six species of conifer
Authors: Wainhouse D. , Beech‐Garwood P.
Published: August 2009

Laboratory experiments on the survival and development of the spruce bark beetle, Dendroctonus micans, on six conifer species suggest that pine is a secondary host for this bark beetle. Larch, fir and Douglas fir did not support normal development. Lignin in bark, previously shown to be important in resistance of spruces, did not account for differences in larval performance between the conifers.

In a series of laboratory experiments, we measured survival and development of D. micans larvae in detached bark or logs of Norway and Serbian spruce, Japanese larch, Scots pine, Douglas fir and grand fir. In detached bark experiments, survival on Norway and Serbian spruce (54%) was significantly greater than that on larch, Douglas fir and grand fir (1–14%). Larvae were significantly heavier on Serbian than Norway spruce. Survival on Norway spruce and Scots pine logs was approx 60% and 49% respectively but this difference was not significant. Development on spruce logs was faster than that on pine but adult beetles on pine (35.8 mg) were significantly heavier than those on spruce (33.7 mg). Results suggest that pine is the main alternative host for this bark beetle.

Lignin in bark, previously shown to be important in resistance of spruces, did not account for differences in larval performance on other conifers tested. Lignin may, however, provide a hitherto unrecognised defence against adapted bark beetles for some of the conifers tested.

Über Wachstum und Überleben von Dendroctonus micans Kug.‐Larven unter der Rinde von 6 Koniferenarten

Laborexperimente zum Überleben und zur Entwicklung der Larven des Riesenbastkäfers, Dendroctonus micans in abgelösten Rinden‐ oder Stammstücken von Serbischer und Gemeiner Fichte, Japan‐Lärche, Gemeiner Kiefer, Douglasie und Riesentanne führten zu den folgenden Ergebnissen. In abgelöster Rinde war die Überlebensquote bei Gemeiner und Serbischer Fichte mit 54% signifikant höher als an Lärche, Douglasie und Riesentanne (1–14%). Die Larven waren signifikant schwerer in Serbischer als in Gemeiner Fichte. Die Überlebensquote in Stammstücken von Gemeiner Fichte und Kiefer betrug 60 und 49%, doch war der Unterschied nicht gesichert. Die Entwicklung in Fichten‐Stammstücken war kürzer als in Kiefern, jedoch wurden die Käfer in Kiefer (35,8 mg) signifikant schwerer als jene in Fichte (33,7 mg). Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Kiefer der wichtigste alternative Wirtsbaum für D. micans ist.

Lignin in der Rinde, das schon früher als wichtiger Faktor für die Resistenz von Fichten gegen Borkenkäfer erkannt wurde, konnte bei anderen Baumarten nicht als Ursache für Unterschiede des Befalls erkannt werden. Jedoch kann Lignin für einige der getesteten Koniferen als ein bisher unbekannter Abwehrfaktor gegen Borkenkäfer betrachtet werden.
Flight activity of winter rape pests
Authors: Šedivý J. , Kocourek F.
Published: August 2009

The paper presents the results of a 5‐year research on Ceutorhynchus napi, C. pallidactylus, C. assimilis and Meligethes aeneus, pests of winter rape. The population dynamics, flight activity, changes in sex ratio, and oogenesis of these pests were studied using yellow water‐traps. The sums of effective temperatures for flight activity (SETF) were determined. The sex ratio of the above species showed distinct changes, the percentage of females being higher than that of males. Also, there was a considerable difference between the development of ova in the ovarioles of females captured in the water‐traps and those found on rape plants. The use of the SETF and yellow water‐traps in practical pest control is discussed.

Über die Flugaktivität einiger Winterrapsschädlinge

In vorliegender Arbeit sind die Ergebnisse von fünfjährigen Untersuchungen der Winterraps‐schädlinge Ceutorhynchus napi, C. pallidactylus, C. assimilis und Meligethes aeneus dargestellt. Die Populationsdynamik, Flugtätigkeit, Änderungen im Geschlechterverhältnis und die Eibildung wurden in Gelbfallen an einem Standort verfolgt. Die Temperatursummen für die Flugtätigkeit (SETF) wurden bestimmt. Das Geschlechterverhältnis der fliegenden Schädlinge war deutlich zugunsten der Weibchen verschoben. Auch die Eibildung in den Ovariolen war bei den Weibchen in den Gelbfallen und den Weibchen an den Rapspflanzen sehr verschieden. Die Verwendung von Gelbfallen im Warndienst wird diskutiert.
Induzierte Resistenz im Leitgewebe der europäischen Lärche Larix decidua (Mill) nach Befall durch den großen Lärchenborkenkäfer Ips cembrae (Heer) (Col., Scolytidae)
Authors: Jung P. , Rohde M. , Lunderstädt J.
Published: August 2009

Induced resistance in the phloem of the European larch Larix decidua (Mill) after attack by the great larch hark beetle Ips cembrae (Heer) (Col., Scolytidae)

Recently caught Ips cembrae beetles were immediately transferred into cages attached to Larix decidua trees (or about 20 cm diameter) under field conditions (14.06. and 17.07.1991). After the formation of the galleries, compounds of the phloem of unsuccessfully attacked tissue, of tissue immediately adjacent to the galleries, and of tissue at a distance of 5 cm from the galleries were investigated. In comparison to undamaged tissue, the concentrations of soluble carbohydrates and of the procyanidines were strongly diminished, the concentration of protein amino acids, however, had increased markedly, accompanied by qualitative changes in the tissue along the gallery. In unsuccessfully attacked tissue only a small decrease in all the above‐mentioned compounds was observed. The results are discussed with respect to induced resistance.

An befallsfreien Lärchen (ca. 20 cm Durchmesser) wurden unter Freilandbedingungen jeweils frische abgefangene Lärchenborkenkäfer gezwingert (14.06. und 17.07.1991). Nach Anlage der Brutbilder wurden Inhaltsstoffe der Bastschicht in erfolglos befallenem Gewebe, im Gewebe in unmittelbarer Nähe des Brutganges sowie in 5 cm Abstand vom Brutsystem vergleichend untersucht. Gegenüber befallsfreiem Gewebe werden bei erfolgreichem Befall entlang des Mutterganges die Konzentrationen der löslichen Kohlenhydrate und Procyanidine stark abgesenkt, die der Proteinaminosäuren unter qualitativer Änderung deutlich erhöht. In erfolglos befallenem Gewebe treten durchgehend nur geringe Verminderungen aller genannten Zellinhaltsstoffe auf. Die Ergebnisse werden unter dem Gesichtspunkt der induzierten Resistenz diskutiert.
Methoden zur kontinuierlichen Laborzucht von Apfelminiermotten des Artenkomplexes Phyllonorycter blancardella Fabr. (Lep., Gracillariidae) und seiner Parasitoide
Authors: Casas J. , Meyhöfer R.
Published: August 2009

A method for the continuous laboratory‐rearing of the complex Phyllonorycter blancardella Fabr. (Lep., Gracillariidae) and its parasitoids

A new and simple method for the year‐round laboratory rearing of the leafminer species complex Phyllonorycter blancardella Fabr. and some of its associated parasitoids is presented.

Eine kontinuierliche Laborzuchtmethode von Apfelblattminiermotten des Artenkomplexes Phyllonorycter blancardella Fab. und seinen Parasitoiden wird auf Grundlage langjähriger Erfahrungen dargestellt.
Colonization behaviour and parasitization by Ephedrus cerasicola (Hym., Aphidiidae) in choice studies with two species of plants and aphids
Authors: Hågvar E. B. , Hofsvang T.
Published: August 2009

Experienced females of the aphid parasitoid Ephedrus cerasicola Stary were released into a glasshouse compartment or into a cage, where they could choose between an equal number of cucumber and swede plants. The plants were uninfested in some experiments, or cucumbers were infested with Aphis gossypii Glover and swedes with Myzus persicae (Sulzer). The parasitoids were reared on M. persicae on swedes. In all experiments, both with uninfested and infested plants, the females colonized the cucumber plants much more frequently than the swedes. Also mummy production was higher on the cucumber plants.

In some additional cage experiments with a single infested plant (no choice), A. gossypii on cucumbers were more parasitized than M. persicae on swedes in three of four experiments.

The results indicate that even if E. cerasicola is reared on M. persicae/swedes, parasitoid females released into a cucumber glasshouse will probably readily spread to the cucumber plants and parasitize A. gossypii there.
Biology and parasitism of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hym., Trichogrammatidae) on Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller) (Lep., Pyralidae) and Heliothis zea (Boddie) (Lep., Noctuidae) eggs
Authors: Sá L. A. Nogueira de , Parra J. R. P.
Published: August 2009

Biological aspects of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, 1879, reared on artificial host Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller, 1879), were studied in incubators at 25°C (± 1°C); 60% (± 10%) RH and 14h photophase with the aim of obtaining basic information for the biological control of Heliothis zea (Boddie, 1850) in corn crop. The average duration of the life cycle (egg‐adult) of T. pretiosum was similar when reared on natural and factitious host. Sexual ratio of the parasitoid was not affected by the natural or factitious host. The longevity of T. pretiosum was higher when reared on factitious host relating to natural host. The parasitism capacity of the two strains of T. pretiosum on E. kuehniella eggs was similar, with a high rate of parasitism in the first four days of the female's life.
Diapause in the predacious mites Amblyseius cucumeris (Oud.) and Amblyseius barkeri (Hug.): Consequences of use in integrated control programmes
Authors: Rodriguez‐Reina J. M. , Ferragut F. , Carnero A. , Peña M. A.
Published: August 2009

The mites Amblyseius cucumeris and A. barkeri are used in biological control commercial program against Frankliniella occidentalis. The diapause influence is essential to know the efficacy in climatic extreme conditions. The experiments were designed to verify the following: a) the effect of night temperatures on diapause induction; b) the effect of continuous darkness and low temperatures on diapause induction. In the first case A cucumeris at 12°C temperature in ecotophase diapause incidence was 100%. A. barkeri was not affected by 3 night temperatures. In the second case it could be seen that the test conditions did not induce diapause in either case.
Reproductive capacity of the horse chestnut scale insect, Pulvinaria regalis Canard (Hom., Coccidae)
Authors: Speight M. R.
Published: August 2009

The surface area of pre‐oviposition female scale insects was closely correlated with their dry and wet weight biomass, and was used as a convenient, indirect method of adult size assessment. Adult females at oviposition were on average bigger when in low density populations than those in high densities, an indication of intraspecific competition in the nymphal stage. Larger females were found to be more fecund (laid more eggs), and produced larger eggs, than smaller females. No significant differences were detected between fecundities of females which had fed as nymphs on different species of host tree, and the general adult size/fecundity relationship was of sigmoid form, indicative of a maximum reproductive potential, which was independent of host tree species. Comparisons with other Hemipteran species indicated the generalist nature of P. regalis, adapted to widespread dispersal and large first instar losses from populations.
Factors involved in host discrimination by Epidinocarsis lopezi and Leptomastix dactylopii (Hym., Encyrtidae)
Authors: Van Baaren J. , Nénon J.‐P.
Published: August 2009

The factors involved in host discrimination by two Encyrtid Hymenoptera, Epidinocarsis lopezi and Leptomastix dactylopii, parasitoids of the mealybugs Phenacoccus manihoti and Planococcus citri (Pseudococcidae) respectively, were compared in a behavioural study. Females of both species can discriminate between unparasitized and parasitized hosts whatever the time elapsed since first oviposition. Discrimination is based on several stimuli which act either simultaneously or successively. In E. lopezi, the rejection of parasitized hosts occurred either after a simple antennal contact, as a result of the defense behaviour of the parasitized host, or after the insertion of the ovipositor. In the latter the parasitoid probably detects a modification in the composition of the haemolymph due to the presence of the developing parasitoid. In L. dactylopii, parasitized hosts were rejected mainly after antennal palpation, the possible markers identified being either an external pheromone or the physical marker provided by the egg stalk emerging from the surface of the parasitized host. After 3 days of infestation, the use of the ovipositor is sometimes necessary.
Response of wild and laboratory‐reared Ceratitis capitata Wied. (Dipt., Tephritidae) flies from different geographic origins to a standard host marking pheromone solution
Authors: Boller E. F. , Hippe C. , Prokopy R. J. , Enkerlin W. , Katsoyannos B. I. , Morgante J. S. , Quilici S. , Stilinovic D. Crespo De , Zapater M.
Published: August 2009

The response of 12 populations of Ceratitis capitata Wied. to host marking pheromone (HMP) eliciting oviposition deterrence was investigated by a group of scientists under the framework of the Global IOBC Working Group on Fruit Flies of Economic Importance. A new semi‐natural bioassay with fruits as oviposition substrates had been developed and was applied to local medfly strains in Argentina, Brazil, Greece, Hawaii, Mexico, Reunion Island and five laboratory strains in Switzerland. The results show that all geographic strains responded in a comparable fashion to the standard HMP solution and that laboratory strains with extremely long rearing histories have still retained a reduced capability to perceive and to react to the deterrent properties of HMP. The potential use of HMP in the management of medfly populations is discussed.
Problems in estimating the density of larval beech caterpillar, Quadricalcarifera punctatella (Motschulsky) (Lep., Notodontidae), using frass drops by modification of the Southwood‐Jepson method
Authors: Kamata N. , Igarashi Y.
Published: August 2009

Three problems were recognized in estimating the last instar larval density of the beech caterpillar, Quadricalcarifera punctatella, using frass drops by modification of the Southwood‐Jepson method. The first was that some frass was destroyed and washed away from the trap. The last instars' frass was exposed to the elements in a trap for 2 weeks and decreased 1.9 % in weight, the difference having been washed away by rainfall. 5.9% of the frass pellets by weight were destroyed and there was a 3.3 % decrease in their number. The remaining pellets accounted for 97.3 % of the original so that the width threshold of last instars' pellets fell to 1.78 mm from 1.8 mm. Since this decrease was minimal we concluded that no compensation was necessary for field application. The second problem was that density would be under‐ or overestimated when the survivorship curve of the target stage differed. We hence decided to employ another method which used a cumulative curve of frass falling during outbreak periods. The density (Y) could be estimated from the following equation: Y = 0.9881 log10 Xa + 0.898, where Xa is the maximum value of the cline combined with data collected two successive times on the cumulative curve. The third problem was the number of traps necessary to make the estimate at a given level of precision; this number decreased with density increase. Only five traps (1 m2 for each) were required with 0.2 of the ratio of tolerance limit at the 70% confidence level. This was because this method counted frass drops rather than individuals and larval mobility and winds randomized the spatial distribution of falling frass over a long period.
Secondary sexual differences of pollen beetle, Meligethes aeneus Fabr. (Col., Nitidulidae) pupae
Authors: Charpentier R. , Weibull J.
Published: August 2009

Distinct secondary sexual characters of Meligethes aeneus Fabr. pupae are described for the first time. Such characters are indistinct or lacking in adult beetles. This reliable method is non‐destructive and allows early sex determination of live M. aeneus.
Die Rolle von Ersatznahrung und Mikroklima im System Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten (Acari, Phytoseiidae)—Panonychus ulmi Koch (Acari, Tetranychidae) auf Weinreben I. Untersuchungen im Labor
Authors: Engel R. , Ohnesorge B.
Published: August 2009

The role of alternative food and microclimate in the system Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten (Acari, Phytoseiidae)—Panonychus ulmi Koch (Acari, Tetranychidae) on grape vines. I. Laboratory investigations

The nutritional value of different food resources for T. pyri occurring on grape vines was tested in feeding experiments. Development and reproduction of the predacious mite were the criteria being studied. The majority of the offered pollen species proved to be of nutritional value to the mites. Pollen from trees and grasses that flower in spring had the best nutritional quality. Pearl hairs from grape leaves and larvae of Drepanothrips reuteri also allowed the reproduction of T. pyri. The most favourable types of food were, however, the eriophyid mites Calepitrimerus vitis and Eriophyes vitis. Panonychus ulmi was of a considerably lower nutritional value. This spider mite was barely accepted by juvenile predacious mites, but also only reluctantly fed upon by adult mites. Tetranychus urticae, on the other hand, was readily accepted. In dual‐choice tests, those kinds of food were always preferred which had performed best in the feeding experiments.

Electrophoretic analysis of the gut contents of predatory mites, which had been collected in vineyards, showed that pollen from different wind‐pollinating species constituted the major part of the predatory mite's diet during the first part of the vegetation period. During the summer, T. pyri fed mainly on eriophyid mites and thrips larvae, if present. Spider mites constituted the major part of the diet from August to the end of the vegetation period.

Der Wert verschiedener potentieller Nahrungsquellen für die Ernährung von T. pyri wurde in Fütterungsversuchen geprüft. Als Kriterien dienten Entwicklung und Vermchrung der Raubmilbe.

Die Mehrzahl der verfütterten Pollen erwies sich als gute Nahrungsgrundlage. Die höchste Qualität hatten die Pollen der im Frühjahr blühenden Bäume und Gräser. Auch Perldrüsen und Larven des Thrips Drepanothrips reuteri gestatteten der Raubmilbe eine Fortpflanzung. Als beste Nahrung erwiesen sich die Gallmilben Calepitrimerus vitis und Eriophyes vitis. Deutlich schlechtere Ergebnisse wurden bei Verfütterung von Panonychus ulmi erzielt. Diese Spinnmilbe wurde von juvenilen Raubmilben kaum, aber auch von adulten nur ungern angenommen, während Tetranychus urticae durchaus akzeptiert wurde. In Auswahlversuchen wurde diejenige Nahrung bevorzugt, die auch in den Fütterungsversuchen das beste Gedeihen gestattete.

Mittels elektrophoretischer Untersuchungen konnte nachgewiesen werden, daβ die Pollen der verschiedenen Windbestäuber während der ersten Hälfte der Vegetationsperiode die dominierende Rolle in der Ernährung von T. pyri spielten. Während des Hochsommers wurden vor allem Blattgallmilben und Thripslarven dort, wo sie vorhanden waren, verzehrt. Spinnmilben machten erst ab dem Spätsommer den Hauptteil der Nahrung von T. pyri aus.
Role of fundatrix and gallicola in the gall formation in Adelges japonicus (Monzen) (Hom., Adelgidae)
Authors: Ozaki K.
Published: August 2009

In the gall formation of Adelges japonicus, fundatrices form the basic structure of the ‘pineapple’ galls, while gallicolac induce the closing of the larval chambers and promote gall enlargement. Gallicola eggs were removed without injuring fundatrices from the buds of Picea jezoensis to produce gallicola‐free galls. Gallicola‐free galls were similar to the normal galls in the basic structure except that all larval chambers were open. Gallicola‐free galls were significantly smaller than the normal galls, but there was no significant difference in proportion (length/diameter). In comparison with the normal galls, larval chambers were closed significantly later in the galls from which early‐deposited eggs of gallicolae were removed, thereby delaying their hatching date. This suggests that the absence of early gallicola colonization into the larval chambers delayed the closing of the chambers.
Modelling the larval development of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), (Lep., Noctuidae) on corn
Authors: Labatte J. M.
Published: August 2009

The Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), is a major pest of corn, Zea mays L., throughout the southeastern United States, Central America, and the Caribbean. To quantify larval development under field study and its interactions with larval damage, host plant resistance, and microbial control, a mathematical larval development model was estimated in Guadeloupe, French Caribbean. This model, based on a degree‐day model describing the development rate‐temperature relationship, and normal distribution describing the variability of population development time, enable the larval development to be accurately described under various field conditions.
Toxicity and protectant potential of the essential oil of Tetradenia riparia (Lamiales, Lamiaceae) against Zabrotes subfasciatus (Col., Bruchidae) infesting dried pinto beans (Fabales, Leguminosae)
Authors: Weaver D. K. , Dunkel F. V. , VAN Puyvelde L. , Richards D. C. , Fitzgerald G. W.
Published: August 2009

The essential oil of Tetradenia riparia had limited acute toxicity to adult Zabrotes subfasciatus, with females, which are larger, being less susceptible than males. However, freshly‐applied essential oil at a predicted concentration of 250 μg/cm2 of pinto bean surface completely suppressed the production of F1 adult progeny, with an EC50 of 72 μg/cm2. Eggs were sensitive to this preparation with an EC50 of 50 μg/cm2 of bean surface for F1 adult progeny per parental female. This concentration‐dependant effect upon the eggs was greatly enhanced by physical damage to the eggs during the treatment process, resulting in a population size 21 % of that achieved in controls. Larvae within the beans were well protected from the oil treatment with an EC50 of approximately 3980 μg/cm2 for F1 adult progeny per parental female. However, the EC50 for numbers of subsequent adult F2 progeny for these emergent F1 adults was 121 μg/cm2 of pinto bean surface. This value was similar to that for the freshly‐applied oil against adults, but the data followed a distinctly different distribution that was characterized by limited adult emergence during days 55–85. Emergence occurred even at extremely high concentrations, whereas no adults could emerge (because either no eggs were laid or none survived) for these concentrations when the treatment was directed at either the parental adults or eggs. The activity of the oil increased at 210 days post‐application with an EC50 of 23 μg/cm2 of pinto bean surface for hatched eggs per parental female at 25 days post‐inoculation. The essential oil is quite repellant to ovipositing females after this period of incubation with an EC50 of only 10 μg/cm2 of pinto bean surface. Volatiles emitted after this duration of incubation had a weak but significant effect on fecundity of females selecting untreated beans in a choice test. The essential oil had no effect on bean germination at 180 days. The logistic dose‐response transition equation, y = a + {b/[1 +(x/c)d]}, may better fit resulting population size estimates for experiments involving a ‘dose‐response’ than probit analysis, because midpoints can be determined for transitions in which partial suppression data are limited. We conclude that the essential oil of T. riparia may make an effective seed treatment against Z. subfasciatus at 1.7 1/to; but to be used as a treatment for beans for consumption, additional research must evaluate mammalian toxicity and palatability of these treated beans.
Leaf feeding by caterpillars on white cabbage cultivars with different 2‐propenyl glucosinolate (sinigrin) content
Authors: Olsson K. , Jonasson T.
Published: August 2009

Caterpillar feeding was studied in six commercially available white cabbage cultivars differing in 2‐propenyl glucosinolate (sinigrin) content. Four field experiments were performed during 2 years. In the first year an almost pure Plutella xylostella attack occurred, while in the second year there was a mixed attack by Plutella and Pieris spp. In all experiments, significant differences in larval attack between the cultivars were obtained. A significant negative correlation between larval feeding and sinigrin level was found. This raises the question whether breeding for low‐sinigrin cabbage increases insect attacks.
The use of Encarsia formosa in integrated programs to control the whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westw. (Hom., Aleyrodidae) on greenhouse cucumber
Authors: Boukadida R. , Michelakis S.
Published: August 2009

Four different methods for the control of the glasshouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum were tested on cucumber: traps and Quinomethionate (Morestan), Encarsia formosa Gahan and Quinomethionate spray, traps followed by parasite release and Applaud combined with Actellic.

All treatments were effective in controlling whitefly populations. The fastest acting treatments were those with traps, the second those with Applaud and Actellic, in which a rapid reduction of the whitefly population occurred immediately after spraying.

Releases of E. formosa after monitoring whitefly populations with traps seemed to be very effective; the whitefly populations fluctuated around low levels without the necessity for other means of control.

Quinomethionate gave satisfactory results when combined with traps or Encarsia; it did not harm the parasite. Plots treated with this chemical were clean, the plants were healthy and free of red spider mite and oidium disease, which were found in other treatments and in the controls.
The abundance of the American palm cixiid in relation to grass height and location of nymphs in relation to soil surface
Authors: Howard F. W. , Villanueva B J.
Published: August 2009

The American palm cixiid, Myndus crudus Van Duzee (Hom., Cixiidae) is considered to be a vector of lethal yellowing of palms. A preferred breeding host of this insect is St. Augustine grass, Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walter) Kuntze. Studies were conducted in Florida to determine whether there was a relationship between height of St. Augustine grass and the abundance of American palm cixiids. In samples at the soil surface, American palm cixiid nymphs were slightly to 25 % more frequent in unmowed than in mowed grass (P = 0.0001). In tests with containerized grasses, there were about twice as many nymphs in unclipped compared to clipped grass (P > 0.13). In soil profile samples, over 50 % of the nymphs were on the soil surface and the rest were below the soil surface to a maximum depth of 3 cm. About twice as many adults were collected on long grass compared to mowed grass (P > 0.02). The potential application of the results to management of American palm cixiids on coconut farms or in LY resistance trial gardens of palms is discussed.
The phenology of Epithrix hirtipennis (Mels.) (Col., Chrysomelidae) and damage to tobacco in Greece
Authors: Lykouressis D. P. , Mentzos G. , Parentis A.
Published: August 2009

The phenology of Epithrix hirtipennis (Mels.), a new pest of tobacco in Greece, was studied in the Agrinio area in western Greece. Sampling started from the seedbed and continued, after transplanting, in two plots of which one was sprayed and the other remained untreated.

Overwintering adults appeared from the seedbed and then continued feeding in the plots. Their populations decreased towards the end of May and beginning of June while a second peak, of the first generation adults, was observed at the end of June.

Lower adult‐population densities were found in the treated plot than in the untreated plot but in both plots, the adult population fluctuated in a similar way. Significant differences were found in the number of holes caused by adult feeding and the percentage of damage between the two plots and, in one case, in the population density.

Multiple regression analysis always showed a good relationship between the number of holes, population density and percentage of damage.
Massenauftreten der Kleinen Fichtenblattwespe Pristiphora abietina (Christ) (Hym., Thentrinidae) im Hausruck. 2: Immissionsökologischer Einfluß
Authors: Berger R. , Katzensteiner K.
Published: August 2009

Mass outbreak of the small spruce sawfly Pristiphora abietina (Christ) (Hym., Thentrinidae) in Hausruck. 2: Influence of air pollution

The mass outbreak of the small spruce sawfly Pristiphora abietina (Christ) in Hausruck (Upper Austria) was the basis for the examination of the relationship between air pollution and epidemics of this insect pest. Measurements of the deposition of total nitrogen, NO3, SO4, Ca, Mg, K, Na and H+ at three experimental sites generally show a high impact of air pollutants on the forest ecosystem in the whole research area. Berger (1992) found no ecological factors to explain the striking differences in the pattern of the insect impact within the research area. A correlation was, however, apparent between the deposition of nitrogen and sulphur and the degree of insect infestation. The impact of pollution is reflected in the chemical compounds of the needles. The increased nitrogen and thiol content of the spruce needles seems to improve the food quality for Pristiphora abietina.

Die Situation der Immissionsbelastung im Hausruck, verbunden mit dem dort auffälligen Schadauftreten der Kleinen Fichtenblattwespe Pristiphora abietina (Christ), dienten zur Untersuchung des Zusammenhanges von Gradationen dieses Forstschädlings und dem Einfluß von Immissionen. Die Messung der Deposition von Gesamt‐N, Nitrat, Sulfat, Ca, Mg, K, Na und H+, ergab eine generell hohe Belastung der Bestände im gesamten Untersuchungsgebiet. Im Vergleich der Versuchsstandorte zeigte sich eine deutliche Korrelation von Befallsstärke und Immissionsbelastung. Besonders bei den Hochlagenstandorten (über 700 m üM) ist die immissionsökologisch weitaus schlechtere Situation in Wolfsegg, wo auch das heftigste Schadauftreten zu beobachten ist, gegenüber Waldpoint (kaum Befall) auffällig.

Die unterschiedlichen Immissionsverhältnisse spiegeln sich teilweise auch in den Nährelementgehalten der Fichtennadeln wider. Besonders die Erhöhung der N‐ und Thiolwerte scheint dabei eine Steigerung der Nahrungsqualität zu bewirken. Eine Konzentrationserhöhung der meisten Nadelinhaltsstoffe läßt sich auch bei zunehmendem Larvenfraß beobachten. Eine ernährungsphysiologische Aufwertung der Nadeln zeigt sich somit sowohl bei allgemeiner hoher Immissionsbelastung als auch innerhalb der einzelnen Untersuchungsstandorte mit zunehmendem Fraß an den einzelnen Bäumen.
Reduction in flight activity and food consumption by the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria Forskål (Orth., Cyrtacanthacrinae), after infection with Metarhizium flavoviride
Authors: Seyoum E. , Moore D. , Charnley A. K.
Published: August 2009

Adult Schistocerca gregaria were infected with the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium flavoviride and their flying ability and rates of food consumption recorded over the subsequent days to death, which usually took about 6 days. Significant reductions in both flight and feeding occurred, usually by the 3rd day after application of the fungus. The diminished levels of pest activities before death reduces the perceived disadvantage of a relatively slow time to kill of the mycoinsecticide.
Effect of temperature on the development of baculoviruses
Authors: Ribeiro H. C. T. , Pavan O. H. O.
Published: August 2009

Development of infection of 4 strains of nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) in third instar Diatraea saccharalis larvae at 10 different temperatures was compared. Two wild strains, the Anticarsia gemmatalis MNPV (AgMNPV) and the Trichoplusia ni MNPV (TnMNPV), and two selected strains, AgMNPV‐D10 and TnMNPV‐D11 were inoculated in 11‐day‐old D. saccharalis larvae and kept in temperatures of 17, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 35, 37 and 39°C. The results showed that larval mortality increased with temperature, and the increase of temperature caused also the reduction of lethal time 50% (LT50) values. The maximal polyhedral production was obtained at 28°C for the 4 viral strains and a drastic reduction in the number of polyhedra was observed even for a difference of 2°C above or below this ideal temperature. The selected strains showed a 10‐fold increase in polyhedra yield when compared to the wild type strains.
Conophagous and seminiphagous insects of Norway spruce Picea abies (L.) Karst. in the Babia Gòra National Park and its surroundings1
Authors: Skrzypczyńska M. , Kożuch J. , Gibas S.
Published: August 2009

During the period from 1991 to 1993 3521 insect specimens representing 12 species were obtained from 629 Norway spruce cones. This material originated from the Babia Góra National Park 50 km southwest of Kraków and its surroundings. The coenotic groups of conophages, seminiphages and parasitoids were distinguished. For each group the index of dominance (D), stability of incidence (C), species diversity (d), and Agrell's index of species co‐existence were calculated. Seed losses caused by insects were estimated on the basis of the analyses of 46 118 seeds.
Interactions between two introduced species of whiteflies in the mediterranean area of Turkey: Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead) and Parabemisia myricae (Kuwana) (Hom., Aleyrodidae)
Authors: Uygun N. , Ulusoy M. R. , ŞEkeroǧlu E. , Ohnesorge B. , Gözel U.
Published: August 2009

Two introduced species of citrus whiteflies, Dialeurodes citri and Parabemisia myricae met in the east mediterranean area of Turkey and proved to be ecological homologues. P. myricae is the superior competitor on account of its faster development and broader ecological niche and started to replace D. citri. After a most effective parasitoid of P. myricae, the aphelinid Eretmocerus debachi was released and successfully suppressed this species, D. citri recovered and became dominant even in regions where it had not been present before. In this way the otherwise excellent economic success of the biological control of P. myricae was partly reduced.
Laboratory studies on pheromones and reproduction in the Desert Locust Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.)
Authors: Schmidt G. H. , Albutz R.
Published: August 2009

After reviewing the literature special breeding experiments in temperature gradients were carried out with mated and virgin females of Schistocerca gregaria under various laboratory conditions. The reproduction activity was calculated from all laid egg‐pods and eggs; it was highest in normal mated females. In unmated females egg‐pod production increased in the presence of males by means of a male chemical factor. Mislaid egg‐pods were highest in females without antennae and in virgin females near to males. Mated females without antennae produced much fewer egg‐pods than normal ones; the mean number of eggs was also lower.

Egg‐pods were deposited from the 3rd to the 20th week after emergence, with a mean of about 10–13 weeks in virgin females and 8–9 in mated ones. The weekly number of eggs per pod varied from 28–70; a high number of eggs per pod was correlated to a low production rate of egg‐pods.

The egg‐laying interval was shorter in mated than in virgin females; in the latter it was shortened in the presence of males.

The hatching rate of nymphs was higher from fertilized eggs (66.2%) than unfertilized ones (22.2%); from parthenogenetic eggs only females hatched. As adults they can again produce offspring over generations without mating.

The nymphal development lasted about 1 month. In mated females the adult rate was 64.1% and in virgin ones only 20.8% related to the hopper number at the beginning. Generally the adult female rate of the progeny of virgin females was about 70% lower than that of the mated females, when the reduced rate of fecundity, fertility and emergence to adults were considered.

The mean adult lifespan was calculated at about 5 months for virgin females (3 month egg‐laying period) and 1 month less for mated ones.
Effect of host age on rate of development of Dinarmus basalis (Rond.) (Hym., Pteromalidae)
Authors: Islam W.
Published: August 2009

Development time for the parasitoid Dinarmus basalis (Rond.) was shorter on 4th instar larvae and pre‐pupae than on 2nd and 3rd instar larvae of the pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis (L.). This was primarily because of qualitative or quantitative differences between 4th instar larvae or pre‐pupae and 2nd or 3rd instar larvae as hosts. Development time and progeny production was significantly different between the two sexes (P <0.001). Maximum number of males emerged from 2nd or 3rd instar larvae but females from 4th instar larvae or pre‐pupae. The sex‐ratio of D. basalis was strongly female‐biased. Female parasitoids were bigger when developing from 4th instar larvae.
Intrinsic rate of increase of Lysiphlebus testaceipes Cresson (Hym.; Braconidae), a parasitoid of Aphis gossypii Glover (Hom., Aphididae) at different temperatures
Authors: van Steenis M. J.
Published: August 2009

Lysiphlebus testaceipes Cresson is one of the candidates for use in a programme for biological control of cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover. Longevity, reproduction, development, and intrinsic rate of increase of L. testaceipes were determined in the laboratory at two different temperatures with cotton aphids as host.

The average life‐time fecundity of one parasitoid was 128.2 eggs at 20°C and 180.0 eggs at 25°C. Immature mortality was 9.5 and 29.6% at 20 and 25°C respectively. Development from egg to female adult was completed in 12.9 days at 20°C and 9.5 days at 25°C. The lifespan of the females was very short (2.7 and 2.6 days at 20 and 25°C respectively). At 20°C the rm value of L. testaceipes was slightly lower than for cotton aphid. At 25°C the rm values of L. testaceipes and A. gossypii were equal.

Lysiphlebus testaceipes might be a suitable natural enemy although rm values are probably too low to be able to overtake an established aphid population.
Laboratory studies on biology and ecology of Eretmocerus debachi Rose and Rosen (Hym., Aphelinidae) the parasitoid of Parabemisia myricae (Kuwana) (Hom., Aleyrodidae)
Authors: ŞEngonca Ç. , Uygun N. , Ulusoy M. R. , Kersting U.
Published: August 2009

The effects of three constant temperatures (20, 25, 30 ± 1°C) and two fluctating temperatures (25/35, 27/33°C) on the preimaginal developmental time and the longevity of the parasitoid Eretmocerus debachi Rose and Rosen (Hym., Aphelinidae) that parasitized Parabemisia myricae (Kuwana) (Hom., Aleyrodidae) were studied in the laboratory. In addition, laboratory experiments were conducted to study the effects of different diets on the longevity of the parasitoid. The generation time and the number of generation in a year were evaluated in a semi‐field experiment. The preimaginal developmental time decreased significantly with increase in temperature from 28.4 days at 20°C to 12.0 days at 27/33°C. Increasing temperature showed little effect on adult longevity, varying from 3.1 days at 20°C to 3.7 days at 25°C. Longevity was significantly shorter at the fluctuating temperatures (25/35 and 27/33°C) compared to the constant temperatures. E. debachi held on 10% saccharose solution lived significantly longer (3.4 days) than on any other five diets. Only slight differences were observed among honey dew, water or no diet, ranging from 1.2 to 1.6 days. In the semi‐field experiment 13–14 generations in a year were observed. The shortest generation time valuing 14 days was observed during summer time at average daily temperatures between 25.1 and 28.9°C. A generation time of 145 days occurred in winter (November‐April) when the daily temperature averaged 10.8°C. E. debachi hibernated in second P. myricae instars.
Influence of host plant surface environment on the virulence of nuclear polyhedrosis virus against Helicoverpa armigera (Hbn.) (Lep., Noctuidae) larvae1
Authors: Rabindra R. J. , Muthuswami M. , Jayaraj S.
Published: August 2009

The influence of 5 host plants, chickpea, pigeonpea, lablab, sunflower and cotton on the activity of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus against the American bollworm, Helicoverpa (= Heliothis) armigera (Hbn.) and the effect of different parts of cotton plants and two species of cotton on the activity of HaNPV were studied. Median lethal concentration (LC50) and median lethal time (LT50) in second instar larvae of H. armigera indicated that cotton leaf surface was the most detrimental to the virus followed by chickpea. Pigeonpea, lablab and sunflower leaves did not affect the virulence of NPV. The LT50 values were higher in pigeonpea, chickpea and cotton when compared to unexposed NPV. It was the lowest on lablab followed by sunflower. Among the different plant parts of cotton, virus exposed to leaves was most affected while flowers, squares and bolls did not affect the virus significantly. NPV mortality in H. armigera larvae was higher in Gossypium barbadense than in G. hirsutum. NPV+cotton seed kernel extract‐based adjuvant‐mix was the most effective in increasing the persistence of the virus irrespective of the varieties.
Observations of the flight behaviour of Lymantria monacha L. (Lep., Lymantriidae) to pheromone baited traps1
Authors: Skatulla U. , Feicht Elfriede
Published: August 2009

Investigations into the flight behaviour of the male nun moth (Lymantria monacha L.) in different forest areas with the aid of electronic data recording equipment were carried out using pheromone baited traps. It was shown that according to the geographical area in which the observations were made, independent, however, from the type of forest, clear differences in the times of flight activity exist. These differences were maintained over an observation period of 2 years.
Neem Azal‐F as an inhibitor of growth and reproduction in the cowpea aphid Aphis craccivora Koch
Authors: Dimetry Nadia Z. , El‐Hawary Fatma M. A.
Published: August 2009

The effect of various concentrations of Neem Azal‐F (a commercial product of neem seed kernel extract with 5% azadirachtin content) on adult and first nymphal instars of the cow pea aphid Aphis craccivara was studied. The extract had a deterrent and anti‐feedant effect which hindered larviposition of the adults and decreased the reproductive period as well as the longevity of the adults.

Also, the extract had an aphicidal effect against aphid, hindered development of the nymphs and elongated the duration of the nymphal stage. Nymphal treatment also resulted in a high percentage of winged form between the resulting progeny and, as the concentration increased, the percentage of winged form increased. The bioactivity of this extract against the adult aphids was assayed. Neem Azal‐F exhibited magnitude activity during the first 3 days after spraying.