bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Leakage current induced erratic switching in Si avalanche bipolar junction transistors under overvoltage states
Authors: Wen Kaijun , Liang Lin , Zhang Ziyang , Han Lubin , Yang Zewei
Published: November 2023

Due to the erratic switching phenomenon of the Si avalanche bipolar junction transistor (ABJT) in the Marx bank circuit (MBC), an explanation of the leakage current trigger mode in the overvoltage state with a lack of displacement current is proposed. There are random switching properties (i.e., switching or non-switching) in the ABJT with emitter–base shorted, triggered by a voltage ramp to the overvoltage state temporarily with dV/dt rate close to 0 V/ns. The experimental conditions and characteristics of erratic behaviors are summarized. The optical visualization of the current channel in an erratic switching state is obtained, and the corresponding physical model of the leakage current trigger mode is established. It shows that the switching event occurs with the change in the position of the conductive channel. The process of emitter electron injection is caused by the leakage current in the overvoltage state instead of the displacement current. Meanwhile, the intensity of this trigger mode is weak, and the instability of the leakage current may cause the failure of switching. The study of erratic switching is of great significance for the working reliability of MBCs and failure analysis of ABJTs. The proposed explanation is validated by the agreement between the simulation results and the experimental observations.
Numerical research on kerosene/hydrogen/air rotating detonation engines with discrete injection strategies
Authors: Wang Fang , Cao Wenbo , Weng Chunsheng
Published: November 2023

The two-dimensional simulation of two-phase rotating detonation engines commonly adopts the nozzle–wall configuration, which is inconsistent with the real configurations in experiments. In the annular slot–nozzle structure, the oxidant is completely injected into the annular gap, whereas the fuel is partially injected into the nozzle hole, which is closer to the real operation condition. In this study, a gas–liquid two-dimensional numerical investigation was conducted to explore a more accurate operating condition with a discrete injection configuration. The effects of the kerosene/hydrogen injection area ratio and hydrogen equivalence ratio on the propagation mode and operating performance were investigated. The simulation results show that the kerosene droplet/hydrogen/air gas–liquid two-phase rotating detonation wave exhibits different propagation modes depending on the hydrogen equivalence ratio. When the hydrogen equivalence ratio (φH2) is 0, the detonation wave cannot be successfully initiated. When φH2 is increased to 0.2 and 0.5, a single-wave propagation mode is generated. When φH2 is 1, a double-wave propagation mode is produced initially in the combustion chamber and is subsequently converted into the deflagration mode. The flow field structure, velocity performance, and propulsive performance in the detonation combustion chamber are analyzed. It was found that an appropriate amount of hydrogen addition to the liquid kerosene detonation can aid in stabilizing the propagation of the detonation wave and improving the performance of the detonation engine.
Physics of photovoltaic signal modifications in p–n photodiodes
Authors: Yuan Mingrui , Rafailov Michael K. , Binder Rolf
Published: November 2023

The photovoltaic signal is an important characteristic of photodetectors, including but not limited to those that are based on p–n or p–i–n photodiodes. In an open-circuit configuration, pulsed excitation of the detector with ultrafast (femto or nanosecond) pulses leads to a photovoltaic signal that decays slowly (micro-second time scale). If the physics in the detector is dominated by the recombination of the photo-excited charge carriers, one expects the signal to decay without changing its sign. However, some experiments using short-pulse excitation have found that photovoltaic signals can undergo a sign change as a function of time following excitation, with positive signals immediately following the excitation, turning to negative signals several microseconds later. Here, we study various physical effects (density, temperature, electrostriction, pressure, photostriction, and bandgap renormalization) and determine their effect on photovoltaic signals. If, following ultrafast excitation, the carrier density and temperature are increased, and during relaxation the system reaches a state sufficiently close to the quasi-thermal equilibrium in which the carrier density is still elevated, but smaller than the intrinsic thermal equilibrium density at the elevated temperature, then the signal can become negative.
Enhanced ionic conductivity in block copolymer electrolytes through interfacial passivation using mixed ionic liquids
Authors: Min Jaemin , Bae Suhyun , Kawaguchi Daisuke , Tanaka Keiji , Park Moon Jeong
Published: November 2023

We present a strategic approach for enhancing the ionic conductivity of block copolymer electrolytes. This was achieved by introducing mixed ionic liquids (ILs) with varying molar ratios, wherein the imidazolium cation was paired with either tetrafluoroborate (BF4) anion or bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (TFSI) anion. Two polymer matrices, poly(4-styrenesulfonate)-b-polymethylbutylene (SSMB) and poly(4-styrenesulfonyl (trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide)-b-polymethylbutylene (STMB), were synthesized for this purpose. All the SSMB and STMB containing mixed ILs showed hexagonal cylindrical structures, but the type of tethered acid group significantly influenced the interfacial properties. STMB electrolytes demonstrated enhanced segregation strength, which was attributed to strengthened Coulomb and hydrogen bonding interactions in the ionic domains, where the ILs were uniformly distributed. In contrast, the SSMB electrolytes exhibited increased concentration fluctuations because the BF4 anions were selectively sequestered at the block interfaces. This resulted in the effective confinement of imidazolium TFSI along the ionic domains, thereby preventing ion trapping in dead zones and facilitating rapid ion diffusion. Consequently, the SSMB electrolytes with mixed ILs demonstrated significantly improved ionic conductivities, surpassing the expected values based on the arithmetic average of the conductivities of each IL, whereas the ionic conductivity of the STMB was aligned with the expected average. The methodology explored in this study holds great promise for the development of solid-state polymer electrolytes.
Spinning a split ring resonator with microwaves
Authors: Jodet Côme , Pascal Olivier , Sokoloff Jérôme
Published: November 2023

The aim of this study is to spin a Split Ring Resonator (SRR) with microwaves. Analytical and numerical studies show that an SRR can be spun when it is excited at its resonance frequency by a circularly polarized electromagnetic wave. Experimentally, using a cylindrical waveguide, at 2.45 GHz and for 150 W, a 15 mm-diameter SRR was rotated with an initial acceleration of the order of tens of °.s−2 and reached speeds of the order of 0.5 rps, performing several full rotations. As expected, a linear dependence of the initial acceleration as a function of the applied power is found. The limits and perspectives of this work are discussed.
Salinity-mediated water self-purification via bond network distorting of H
2
O molecules on DRC-surface
Authors: Cao Wenrui , Hu Chun , Zhang Peng , Qiu Ting , Wang Shuguang , Huang Guohe , Lyu Lai
Published: November 2023

High salinity has plagued wastewater treatment for a long time by hindering pollutant removal, thereby becoming a global challenge for water pollution control that is difficult to overcome even with massive energy consumption. Herein, we propose a novel process for rapid salinity-mediated water self-purification in a dual-reaction-centers (DRC) system with cation–π structures. In this process, local hydrogen bond networks of H
2
O molecules can be distorted through the mediation of salinity, thereby opening the channels for the preferential contact of pollutants on the DRC interface. As the result, the elimination rate of pollutants increased approximately 32-fold at high salinity (100 mM) without any external energy consumption. Our findings provide a novel technology for high-efficiency and low-consumption water self-purification, which is of great significance in environmental remediation and even fine chemical industry.
Finding a geographical basis for split noun phrases in the Netherlands and Belgium
Authors: Hendriks Lieke
Published: November 2023

When considering the acceptance of split NPs, the Germanic language family reveals substantial variation. This is especially the case for Dutch as the observations seem rather contradictory, hence the question whether or not Dutch allows for split NPs. Via a large-scale questionnaire, the present study shows that some Dutch dialects allow split NPs to a larger extent than others, and that a geographical basis amidst the variation can be found in the southern regions of the Netherlands. These findings are crucial as they shed light onto the (syntactic) microvariation within the Netherlands which in turn leads to valuable insights into a future analysis of split NPs.
Left dislocation in Dutch
Authors: van Hinsberg Myrte , Hendriks Petra
Published: November 2023

Left Dislocation in Dutch is still poorly understood. In particular, it is unclear why speakers of Dutch use this construction and which factors influence its use. To obtain more insight in the function and use of Left Dislocation in Dutch, we elicited narratives from 30 adult speakers of Dutch and carried out an analysis of the use of Left Dislocation constructions in these narratives. Our analysis revealed that neither the introduction of new referents, nor the expression of a contrast between two referents, nor the marking of a shifted topic is able to explain all uses of Left Dislocation in these narratives. We speculate that the function of Left Dislocation in Dutch is to mark a referent as a potential topic for the further discourse.
Beyond politeness
Authors: Mulder Gijs , Sánchez Carrasco Patricia
Published: November 2023

Here we investigate the use of the politeness marker por favor ‘please’ in a corpus of contemporary Spanish dialogues from film scripts and literary dialogues. We argue that por favor is in fact only occasionally used as an expression of politeness. Apart from these uses, we distinguish between cases where por favor functions as a marker of illocutionary force and other discourse functions, that include the expression of impatience and disapproval. While the formulaic use of por favor is mainly limited to routine situations in the public sphere, the other functions are typical of private conversations. We argue that the ancient use of the expression can account for its contemporary non-polite uses.
Soundboard-using pets?
Authors: Bastos Amalia P. M. , Rossano Federico
Published: November 2023

The first studies that sought to establish two-way communication between humans and great apes led to important
findings but were nevertheless heavily criticized for their training methods, testing procedures, and claims. More recently,
hundreds of pet owners around the world have begun training domesticated animals to use Augmentative Interspecies Communication
(AIC) soundboard devices, contributing to the first ever large-scale study on interspecies communication. Here, we introduce our
scientific approach to our global citizen science project, where we will investigate how dogs and cats use AIC devices, building
an incremental research program starting from their associative learning of buttons to determining how AIC device use might impact
their welfare and their capacity for symbolic representation. We discuss how our multi-faceted approach can alleviate many of the
concerns regarding the original studies performed with apes, achieving larger sample sizes, ample documentation of training
techniques, and testing animals’ performance in controlled experimental settings.
Classification of irreducible representations of metaplectic covers of the general linear group over a non-archimedean local field
Authors: Kaplan Eyal , Lapid Erez , Zou Jiandi
Published: November 2023

Let

F
F

be a non-archimedean local field and

r
r

a non-negative integer. The classification of the irreducible representations of

G

L
r

(
F
)

GL_r(F)

in terms of supercuspidal representations is one of the highlights of the Bernstein–Zelevinsky theory. We give an analogous classification for metaplectic coverings of

G

L
r

(
F
)

GL_r(F)

.
Prevalence of HIV drug resistance among adolescents receiving ART in Cameroon with low- or high-level viraemia
Authors: Djiyou Armando B D , Penda Calixte I , Madec Yoann , Ngondi Grace D , Moukoko Astrid , Eboumbou Carole E , Aghokeng Avelin F
Published: November 2023

Objectives

To characterize HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) below and above the WHO threshold of 1000 copies/mL, considered for the definition of HIV ART failure in resource-limited settings.

Methods

From a cohort of 280 adolescents (aged 10–19 years) receiving ART for at least 6 months, genotypic resistance testing (GRT) was attempted for two groups of participants: participants with low-level viraemia [LLV; viral load (VL) 200–999 copies/mL] and those in virological failure (VF; confirmed VL ≥1000 copies/mL) using an in-house method. The Stanford HIValg Program was used to identify relevant HIVDR mutations and predict the efficacy of the newly introduced tenofovir-lamivudine-dolutegravir combination.

Results

GRT was successfully performed in 54/58 (93.1%) eligible participants, of which 28/31 (90.3%) were in VF and 26/27 (96.3%) had LLV. A high level of resistance was found both in adolescents with LLV and those in VF, with respectively 84.6% (22/26) and 75.0% (21/28) of participants harbouring at least one HIVDR mutation. NRTIs and NNRTIs were the most affected drug classes in both population groups. In contrast, PIs were not significantly affected and dolutegravir was expected to be active for all participants tested. However, for the newly introduced dolutegravir-based combination, functional monotherapy (dolutegravir only) was potentially possible for 22.7% (5/22) of the participants with LLV.

Conclusions

Our findings show that the 1000 copies/mL threshold is not an indicator of virological success and we call for a revision of the current WHO definition of VF in resource-limited countries.
The central pharmacology of nicotine: electrophysiological approaches
Authors: Clarke Paul B S
Published: November 2023

Although nicotine exerts diverse pharmacological actions in both the peripheral and central nervous systems, it is the central actions of the alkaloid which appear particularly important in reinforcing the tobacco smoking habit (see Clarke 1987b). For this reason, this review is concerned mainly with the central nervous system (CNS).
Analysis of the effects of drugs on myofibrillar Ca2+ sensitivity in intact cardiac muscle
Authors: Blinks John R
Published: November 2023

these are particularly frequently encountered in the study of the actions of drugs. Many drugs act indirectly, by causing the liberation of second messengers into the cytoplasm, or by changing other conditions in the cell (such as pH, concentrations of other ions or small molecules, or redox state), which in turn may influence the response of the myofibrils to the Ca transient.
A History of the Soviet Union 1945–1991
Authors: Keep John L H
Published: November 2023

Described as ‘one of the most tragic human experiences in human history’, the Soviet Union as an empire holds much intrigue and fascination for the Western world. It held unquestionable status as an empire, with its coverage of over 100 nationalities. Its status as the ‘Last of the Empires’ depends on what the future may hold, but any future ‘empires’ will undoubtedly be based on intellectual and institutional foundations far different from those developed during the Soviet era. Here John Keep presents the narrative history of the USSR, from the last years of Stalin, to the chickened fate of Gorbachev’s reform policies, and the ultimate collapse of the empire under manifold centrifugal pressures. Focusing upon political, economic, social, and cultural developments, the book is divided into four parts: the last years of Stalin; Nikita Krushchev’s abortive attempts to reform Communist rule; the years 1964-1985, covered largely by Breshnev’s long tenure of power; and lastly Gorbachev’s abortive attempts to promote a reformed, ‘democratic’, communism.
Central Autonomic Pathways
Authors: Loewy A D
Published: November 2023

Our understanding of the central pathways involved in the control of autonomic functions has been advanced by many technical developments in the neurosciences. In particular, neuroanatomy has under gone a renaissance following the development of highly sensitive techniques for tracing of neural pathways and immunohistochemical methods for the biochemical characterization of neurons. As a result of these advances, a large body of data has been collected regarding the neuroanatomical organization of central autonomic pathways.
Interference Effects on Memory Functions in Postleukotomy Patients: An Attentional Perspective
Authors: Stuss Donald T
Published: November 2023

The role of interference on memory functions in patients who have suffered focal frontal lobe damage has been frequently inferred from the results of clinical observations and experimental research. What type of interference and how this phenomenon relates to theoretic constructs has been less frequently presented. This chapter begins with a brief historical review of the detrimental effects of interference on behavior in patients who have frontal lobe damage.
Prefrontal Cortex Dysfunction Schizophrenia
Authors: Weinberger Daniel R , Berman, Karen Faith , Daniel David G
Published: November 2023

The notion that schizophrenia involves dysfunction of the frontal lobes dates back at least to Emil Kraepelin. In his view, the primary behavioral deficit in this disorder was a “destruction of the mainsprings of volition” secondary to anatomic pathology of the frontal cortex (Kraepelin, 1907). While consistent evidence of neuropathologic changes in the frontal lobe has not as yet emerged from research in schizophrenia, Kraepelin’s emphasis on symptoms suggestive of frontal dysfunction has been echoed throughout this century in phenomeno logic studies of this illness.
Nectar Production, Flowering Phenology, and Strategies for Pollination
Authors: Zimmerman Michael
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I focus on one general question exemplifying the interactions between plants and their biotic pollinators: Can plants manipulate their pollinators to their own advantage? In other words, do plants possess phenotypic traits that are heritable, variable, and capable of influencing foraging decisions? Furthermore, can the new for­ aging behavior affect gene flow in the plant population so that selective pressure is put on plants to optimize certain traits? Both plants and pollinators are under pressure to maximize fitness but this comes about via different proximate mechanisms.
Minimal-Contact Quit Smoking Strategies for Medical Settings
Authors: Orleans C Tracy , Glynn Thomas J , Manley Marc W , slade John
Published: November 2023

Minimal-contact quit smoking treatment strategies are defined here as efforts to stop smoking not by participating in a formal treatment program, but with the help of brief instructions or advice on how to quit and/or by using self-help materials and quitting aids (e.g., self-help guide, instructional manual or video, adjunctive nicotine replacement) (Curry, in press; Glynn, Boyd, Gruman 1990). In medical settings, minimal-contact treatments generally involve brief smoking history assessment, personalized medical advice to quit, and a self-quitting guide, sometimes with the prescription of a pharmacologic adjunct. As discussed in Chapter 9, minimal-contact medical treatments re-quire a practice environment that facilitates and reinforces smoking cessation (e.g., smoke-free facilities) (Glynn and Manley 1991).
Smokeless Tobacco: Risks, Epidemiology, and Cessation
Authors: Severson Herbert H
Published: November 2023

While cigarette smoking has long been called the number one preventable cause of cardio-vascular disease and cancer, the hazards of smokeless tobacco use only have recently come under scrutiny. Statements by the Surgeon General and the National Institutes of Health have now warned Americans about the potential health dangers of regular use of snuff or chewing tobacco. In 1986, a special report of the Surgeon General concluded that “oral use of smokeless tobacco represents a significant health risk and is not a safe substitute for smoking cigarettes” (USDHHS 1986).
Neopatriarchy
Authors: Sharabi Hisham
Published: November 2023

Sharabi argues that the historical patriarchal authority structure of the Middle East has not succumbed to modernization and disappeared or even been fundamentally revised. Instead it lives on as neopatriarchy: an inherited patriarchal authority which manifests itself at the level of the state and the family in the form of modernity, while retaining the essence of patriarchy in family, clan, and religion. At the heart of the problem is a petty-bourgeois élite that has frozen further political and social development by frustrating the emergence of a full-blown bourgeois class or an empowered proletariat. Disquieting forces such as sexism and fundamentalism become the end result of the overall societal stagnation.
Measurement of Immune Response
Authors: Kiecolt-Glaser Janice K , Glaser Ronald
Published: November 2023

The field of psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) has grown very rapidly in the last decade; a number of studies have shown immunological alterations in response to commonplace stressful events such as academic examinations (Glaser et al., 1990), as well as transient laboratory stressors such as mental arithmetic (Kiecolt-Glaser, Cacioppo, Malarkey, & Glaser, 1992). In addition, although data are limited, chronic stressors have been linked to the longer-term down-regulation of immune function (Baum, Cohen, & Hall, 1993; Kiecolt-Glaser, Dura, Speicher, Trask, & Glaser, 1991), and diverse interventions appear capable of modulating various aspects of immune function (Kiecolt-Glaser & Glaser, 1992). Although the evidence is still preliminary, these immunological changes appear to have consequences for health (Cohen, Tyrrell, & Smith, 1991; Glaser et al., 1987; Kasl, Evans, & Niederman, 1979).
Comparative Analysis of the Origins and Losses of Eusociality: Causal Mosaics and Historical Uniqueness
Authors: Crespi Bernard J
Published: November 2023

Since Darwin (1859) described the caste dimorphism of social insects as one special difficulty that appeared fatal to his whole theory, analysis of the causes of insect sociality has been in the forefront of research in evolutionary biology. Much of this research has been comparative, in that selective pressures common to diverse eusocial taxa have been sought as unitary explanations for the evolution of alloparental care and sterile castes (e.g., Hamilton 1964; Andersson 1984; Alexander et al. 1991).
The Development of Emotion Schemas in Children: Processes That Underlie Psychopathology
Authors: Jenkins Jennifer M , Oatley Keith
Published: November 2023

Functions of Emotions and Their Role in Psychopathology

Observations of children with psychopathology make it clear that emotions are important in the difficulties they suffer. Childhood psychopathology is generally divided into two classes, externalizing and internalizing disorders. A child with an externalizing disorder, such as conduct disorder, is aggressive and destructive apparently without adequate provocation. He (boys show much higher rates of conduct disorder than girls) will react to other children’s playful or friendly overtures with hostility. He steals from his parents without regard to their feelings. He taunts and teases until his sibling starts to cry. Such behaviors have an emotional quality. He seems to be angry with the world and he maintains a mode of retaliation. A child with an internalizing disorder behaves differently. She (girls have a somewhat higher prevalence of internalizing disorders than boys) may withdraw from many situations because they make her feel frightened. She often feels lonely, and feels that others do not like her. Her mood is often low and she is unlikely to initiate activities with peers.
Social and Cognitive Processing in Emotion: A Heuristic for Psychopathology
Authors: Philippot Pierre , Rimé Bernard
Published: November 2023

Three years ago, I was deeply in love with a man, but I had never told him. Finally, I couldn’t keep these feelings to myself any longer. I explained to him how much I was attracted by him. He looked very surprised and embarrassed. He told me that, although he liked me, he was not in love with me. I was petrified, and I tried to conceal my feelings but I felt very guilt<; and ashamed and disgusted about myself. I never told this story to anybody and I kept it secret. I felt so hurt and ashamed. After it happened, it often popped into my mind, and I felt very bad again. l tried to avoid these thoughts, but I couldn’t. My whole body was aroused, but l couldn’t express my emotion clearly. Now, I still think about it from time to time, and it is still painful.
Perinatal Influences On The Reproductive Behavior Of Adult Rodents
Authors: Clark Mertice M , Galef Bennett G
Published: November 2023

In litter-bearing rodent species, the location that a male or female fetus occupies relative to siblings of same or opposite sex influences its level of prenatal exposure to gonadal hormones. In particular, varying amounts of prenatal exposure to testosterone produce cascades of neurendocrine events that, in turn, result in variation in such biologically important characteristics as the timing of puberty, an individual’s lifetime fecundity, the sex ratio of its offspring, and the magnitude of its parental investment. Consequently, studies of intrauterine effects on adult patterns of reproduction provide a means of examining the relationship between normally occurring variation in perinatal exposure to hormones and the variation in reproductive tactics often seen in mammalian populations. Dams can only indirectly influence the intrauterine position of their offspring by varying the size and sex ratio of their litters and the distribution of litter members within the uterus. However, because the same hormonal mechanisms that support indirect maternal effects on behavior also support direct maternal influences on the phenotype of offspring, examination of effects of intrauterine position increases understanding of direct maternal effects on phenotypes of adult mammals.
The Causes of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Wender Paul H
Published: November 2023

The majority of cases of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder appear to be genetically transmitted and chemically produced. Stating it differently, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder seems to be hereditary and what is inherited is abnormal chemical functioning within the brain. Stimulant drugs, the most effective treatment for ADHD, most probably have a normalizing effect, correcting the imbalances that are believed to produce ADHD. How the child is treated and raised can affect the severity of his problem, but it cannot cause the problem. Certain types of raising may make the problem worse; certain types may make the problem better. No forms of raising can produce ADHD problems in a child who is not temperamentally predisposed to them. Because child-rearing techniques can to some degree affect the seriousness of the ADHD child’s problem, changes in these techniques are usually helpful. They will be discussed in Chapter 5 on treatment. Even though such psychological approaches can be helpful in the management of the ADHD child, this does not affect the explanation of the origin of the syndrome-the basic source of the difficulties seems to be inborn.
Autonomous Agents
Authors: Kauffman Stuart A
Published: November 2023

Some Wellspring of creation, lithe in the scattered sunlight of an early planet, whispered something to the gods, who whispered back, and the mystery came alive. Agency was spawned. With it, the nature of the universe changed, for some new union of matter, energy, information, and something more could reach out and manipulate the world on its own behalf. Selfish? Yes. But how does matter, energy, information, and something else miraculous become selfish? From that miracle grew a biosphere-and, we must surmise, from that grow other biospheres, scattered seeds and gardens across the cosmos.
The Cognitive Continuum Theory of Judgment
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

The theory of judgment to be described in this chapter is derived from Social Judgment Theory, outlined above in chapter 4. It is expanded here to form the Cognitive Continuum Theory ( CCT) of judgment (see also Hammond, 1996). CCT is based upon four principal concepts; the correspondence and coherence metatheories (described in chapter 3) that control research in this field, and two theoretical terms-intuition and analysis (also described in chapter 3)-both of which have a long history. In the present chapter I first show the importance of the two metatheories in defining the different demands of judgment tasks, and then show the place of intuition and analysis within the two metatheories. I then treat the concepts of intuition and analysis in more detail.
The Schwann Cell
Authors: Karenberg Axel
Published: November 2023

Medical eponyms often reflect a single outstanding discovery or a major contribution by the honored person to a particular field of the healing arts. The case of Theodor Schwann, however, represents a somewhat different situation. Given the widespread interests and the epoch-making discoveries of this scientist it seems almost an irony of history and terminology that he is remembered today mainly for his account of a minute, but very important structure of the peripheral nerve. Theodor Schwann was born on 7 December 1810, in Neuss, a small provincial town in the Rhineland, which was a part of France during the Napoleonic: era. His parents had wanted their talented son to become a theologian, and therefore sent him to a former Jesuit college at Cologne. After completing his final examination (Abitur) at the age of 18, however, young Schwann decided to study medicine, natural science, mathematics, and philosophy and attended the universities of Bonn and Wurzburg. In Bonn he came in close contact with the famous anatomist and physiologist Johannes Muller and followed his academic mentor to Berlin.
Todd’s Paralysis
Authors: Lyons John B
Published: November 2023

Robert Bentley Todd was born in Dublin on 9 April 1809. His immediate ancestors had settled in the west of Ireland. His paternal grandfather was a surgeon and apothecary in Sligo, from which coastal town his father, Charles Hawkes Todd, moved to Dublin for apprenticeship in 1797, obtaining the Letters Testimonial, or license, of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) in 1803. Charles remained in the Irish capital and married Elizabeth Bentley. They had 15 children, all of whom survived to adult life. There were nine sons and six daughters; four of the former entered the medical profession; three became clergymen; one a barrister-at-law; one a solicitor. Charles and Elizabeth’s second son’s name incorporated the maternal surname, Bentley. Todd pere was surgeon to the House of Industry Hospitals, an editor of the Dublin Hospital Reports, and professor of anatomy and surgery in the RCSI, where he held the office of president in 1821.
Disorders of Visual–Spatial Perception and Cognition
Authors: Farah Martha J
Published: November 2023

Humans are visual creatures, and our brain organization reflects this. Vision is the main function of occipital cortex, and occupies much of parietal and temporal cortex as well. Even in the most anterior parts of the brain, as physically distant as possible from primary visual cortex, are areas dedicated to eye movement programming and visual working memory. One consequence of this organization is that lesions to many different parts of the brain can affect vision. The nature of the visual disturbance depends on the particular contribution that the damaged area would normally have made to vision.

This chapter will review disorders of visual processing in an order roughly corresponding to the stages of visual processing beginning with the earliest stages. For each disorder, its main behavioral features, associated lesion site, and implications for our understanding of normal vision will be discussed.
Anosognosia
Authors: Adair John C , Schwartz, Ronald L , Barrett Anna M
Published: November 2023

Anosognosia refers to a state in which patients with brain injury deny their disabilities or lack awareness of their deficits. The relationship of anosognosia to other behavioral disorders is complex. Many authorities view the phenomenon as part of the spectrum of the neglect syndrome. Others emphasize the parallels between anosognosia and confabulatory behavior. Anosognosia also bears some resemblance to disorders of body schema such as asomatognosia or autotopagnosia.

Several descriptions of anosognosia were published before Babinski coined the term in 1914 (Babinski, 1914). As introduced, anosognosia referred only to lack of awareness or recognition of a specific neurologic disturbance (i.e., hemiparesis). Subsequently, the term has been applied more broadly to describe unawareness of any neurological or neuropsychological deficit (Fisher, 1989). A wide variety of clinical syndromes have been associated with anosognosia, including visual loss (hemianopia or cortical blindness), amnesia, dementia, aphasia, cortical deafness, movement disorders (hemiballismus, chorea, tardive dyskinesia), apraxia, and thought disorders associated with schizophrenia.
Emotional Disorders Associated with Neurological Diseases
Authors: Heilman Kenneth M , Blonder Lee X , Bowers, Dawn , Valenstein Edward
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we will discuss changes in emotional experience and behavior that are caused directly by diseases of the central nervous system. These disorders interfere with brain mechanisms that underlie emotion. There are other ways in which neurological disorders and emotions may interact: patients with neurological diseases may have an emotional response to their illness (e.g., they may get depressed because they are disabled); emotional states may enhance neurological symptoms (e.g., anxiety may aggravate tremor); and emotional states may induce neurological symptoms (e.g., stress may cause headaches). Emotional response to disease, emotional enhancement of symptoms, and emotion-induced disorders are not unique to neurology, and are not discussed in this chapter. It has long been recognized that several disorders traditionally in the realm of psychiatry, such schizophrenia, are probably caused by abnormalities in the brain. However, this chapter is limited to traditional neurological illnesses.

Our approach in this chapter is primarily an atomic. We first consider emotional changes that result from lesions in the cerebral hemispheres. These may result from interference with specific neocortically mediated cognitive processes, such as stimulus appraisal, or from disruption of cortical modulation of limbic or other subcortical regions. The frontal lobes have particularly strong limbic connections, and frontal lobe lesions can cause prominent emotional changes.
Recovery of Cognition
Authors: Kertesz Andrew , Gold Brian T
Published: November 2023

Recent advances in technology, especially in functional imaging and evoked potentials, have contributed substantially to our understanding of mechanisms and patterns of cognitive recovery in patients. Considerable progress has been made in the basic neurobiology of recovery using cell cultures, gene expression, grafting, and neural transplantation techniques. In this chapter, we shall deal with recovery at the neural systems level that is clinically, anatomically, and physiologically accessible. The study of recovery is more than just a practical consideration for the clinician to provide prognosis, or a baseline for therapy. It is also important because of the theoretical implications for cerebral reorganization. The study of clinical recovery in the human central nervous system (CNS) has been difficult because it requires that patients be followed for months or years. Clinicians observing patients in the acute state often do not have the opportunity to follow them for a long time, and rehabilitation specialists rarely see them during the early stages of their illness. Assessment of the efficacy of treatment is complicated by the difficulty of finding matching controls to determine the ex- tent of spontaneous recovery.
Positive Affectivity The Disposition to Experience Pleasurable Emotional States
Authors: Watson David
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I examine the broad disposition of positive affectivity, a trait that reflects stable individual differences in positive emotional experience. Individuals high on this dimension experience frequent and intense episodes of pleasant, pleasurable mood; generally speaking, they are cheerful, enthusiastic, energetic, confident, and alert. In contrast, those persons who are low in positive affectivity report substantially reduced levels of happiness, excitement, vigor, and confidence. Reflecting the general neglect of the larger field of positive psychology, positive affectivity was overlooked until the 1980s. Based on the past two decades of accrued research, however, a clear scholarly overview of the positive affectivity construct can be given.
Synonymous and Nonsynonymous Nucleotide Substitutions
Authors: Nei Masatoshi , Kumar Sudhir
Published: November 2023

In chapter 3, we have seen that the rate of nucleotide substitution is much higher at the third positions of codons than at the first and second positions. This is caused by the fact that many nucleotide substitutions at the third positions are silent and do not change amino acids. However, not all substitutions at the third positions are silent. Furthermore, some silent substitutions may also occur at the first positions. It is therefore interesting to know the rates of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitution separately. Since synonymous substitutions are apparently free from natural selection, the rate of synonymous substitution is often equated to the rate of neutral nucleotide substitution (Miyata et al. 1980). Indeed, the rate of synonymous substitution is similar for many genes, unless it is disturbed by codon usage bias and other factors. By contrast, the rate of nonsynonymous substitution is generally much lower than that of synonymous substitution and varies extensively from gene to gene. This is considered to be due to purifying selection, the extent of which varies from gene to gene (Kimura 1983).
Aspects of the Syntax and Semantics of ne
Authors: Cresti Diana
Published: November 2023

The clitic ne in (1) is sometimes called a “partitive” clitic because it is associated with a DP that appears to be partitive in meaning, as suggested by the English translation of (1). Several Romance languages besides Standard Italian have this kind of clitic (cf. Catalan en, French en, Paduan ge-ne ), and some Germanic languages use the word for ‘there’ in the same manner, as shown below: The syntactic properties of these elements have been recently studied by various authors;1 the basic line of analysis is that ne-cliticization, and the corresponding process in the Germanic languages, is a form of subextraction from DP (or from QP; see Cardinaletti and Giusti 1992). According to this analysis, (1) would be assigned a structure like (3a), and (2b), for instance, would have a structure like (3b).
Integrated Solutions to Environmental Heterogeneity: Theory of Multimoment Reaction Norms
Authors: Dewitt Thomas J , Langerhans R Brian
Published: November 2023

Environmental change drives evolution. If environments were constant, evolution rapidly would proceed to a rather humdrum, mostly static, equilibrium. The diversity of life we see today is the result of moderate but continual environmental challenges. Put simply, the seed of creation is the strife of organisms at odds with their changing environments. The premise of this book is that environmental variation is responsible for a spectacular suite of adaptations more intricate and labile than those for dealing with fixed environments. Phenotypic plasticity is one of those adaptations, but several others exist. Among the many adaptations organisms have to cope with environmental variability are dormancy (i.e., seed banking or diapausing), to outlast problem environments; plasticity to produce relatively fit phenotypes for the demands of alternative environments; intermediate phenotypes (generalization) and bet-hedging, both of which reduce variance in performance across environments; and dispersal, to leave when environments are unfavorable. Much theoretical literature addresses the merits of each strategy, generally, compared with ecological specialization (e.g., Levins 1968; Lewontin and Cohen 1969; Cohen 1976; Lively 1986a; Seger and Brockmann 1987; Van Tienderen 1997; reviewed in Wilson and Yoshimura 1994; chapter 6).
Subject Positions and the Placement of Adverbials
Authors: Svenonius Peter , Savoia Leonardo M
Published: November 2023

The position of adverbs relative to other elements has been a critical diagnostic in the analysis of phrase structure. Earlier generative work on adverbs, such as Jackendoff 1972 and Ernst 1984, allowed for some flexibility in adverb placement, but noted certain regularities. Work on other aspects of clausal structure, such as Emonds 1976 and Platzack 1983, exploited the regularities, taking adverbs to mark phrasal boundaries, and used them to demonstrate the movement of other elements across them.
Amnesiac Selves
Authors: Dames Nicholas
Published: November 2023

With Joyce, Proust, and Faulkner in mind, we have come to understand the novel as a form with intimate ties to the impulses and processes of memory. This study contends that this common perception is an anachronism that distorts our view of the novel. Based on an investigation of representative novels, Amnesiac Selves shows that the Victorian novel bears no such secure relation to memory, and, in fact, it tries to hide, evade, and eliminate remembering. Dames argues that the notable scarcity and distinct unease of representations of remembrance in the nineteenth-century British novel signal an art form struggling to define and construct new concepts of memory. By placing nineteenth-century British fiction from Jane Austen to Wilkie Collins alongside a wide variety of Victorian psychologies and theories of mind, Nicholas Dames evokes a novelistic world, and a culture, before modern memory – one dedicated to a nostalgic evasion of detailed recollection which our time has largely forgotten.
Establishing and Maintaining a Psychological Practice in Primary Health Care
Authors: Searight H Russell , Price James W , Gafford Jennifer
Published: November 2023

Practice in primary care challenges a psycholo-gist’s decision making, efficiency, and clinical knowledge. Consider the following “slice of pri-mary care psychology life,” a composite of our ex-periences, but certainly within the realm of possi-bility for a primary care psychologist: Dr. Mandelbrot practices in a family medicine clinic staffed by three family physicians and two nurse practitioners. Halfway through an evaluation of a patient with chronic low back pain, he is interrupted by a knock on the door.
Ambiguities and Anomalies: What Can Eye Movements and Event-Related Potentials Reveal About Second Language Sentence Processing?
Authors: Frenck-Mestre Cheryl
Published: November 2023

Second language sentence processing is examined here in light of several monolingual psycholinguistic models of parsing, as well as of linguistic theories specifically adapted to account for second language acquisition in adult learners. I first examine studies that have primarily recorded eye movements to trace syntactic processing. Syntactic ambiguity resolution is used in these studies to address various current models of parsing, both in monolinguals and bilinguals. To illustrate how these models can be tested, I discuss a particular type of structural ambiguity: reduced relative clauses. Thereafter, the focus is on studies that have recorded event-related potentials during the processing of spoken and written sentences in bilinguals. In these studies, the emphasis is placed on how semantic and syntactic anomalies, rather than ambiguities, are treated. I conclude with a brief comparison of these two approaches.
Natural Enemies of Checkerspots
Authors: Nouhuys Saskya Van , Hanski Ilkka
Published: November 2023

Butterfly eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults are attacked by an array of natural enemies. Many characteristics of butterflies, such as larval crypsis, distastefulness or toxicity, gregariousness, web building, host plant use, and adult wing patterns, are thought to have evolved as defenses against natural enemies (Gilbert and Singer 1975, Bowers 1981, Stamp 1981a, Dempster 1984, Bowers et al. 1985, Sillen Tullberg 1988, Vulinec 1990, Montllor and Bernays 1993, Weseloh 1993, Ohasaki and Sato 1999, Hunter 2000). But, paradoxically, while population biologists widely agree that natural enemies have shaped the evolution of butterflies, the extent to which the observed abundances, population dynamics, and other ecological processes in butterflies are now influenced by natural enemies is more controversial. What is known from life-table analyses and experiments is that generalist arthropod and vertebrate predators often cause significant and typically density-independent mortality in butterflies and moths (Dempster 1983, Bellows et al. 1992). Disease can also cause massive mortality at high population densities, particularly in moths with outbreak dynamics (Anderson and May 1981, Dwyer 1994, Dwyer et al. 2000, Kamata 2000). In a review covering all insects, Hawkins (1994) found that parasitoids generally cause 20-60% mortality in their hosts, with the maximum level of mortality related to the host feeding niche. Insects feeding externally on leaves, such as butterfly larvae, tend to suffer lower parasitism than leaf miners, but higher parasitism than borers and root feeders. Parasitoid-caused mortality in butterflies is at least occasionally density-dependent and may thereby contribute to host population regulation (Ford and Ford 1930, 0. W.
The Role of Yeasts as Insect Endosymbionts
Authors: Vega Fernando E , Dowd Patrick F
Published: November 2023

Insect associations with fungi are common and may be casual or highly specific and obligate. For example, more than 40 fungal species are associated with the coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei, Coleoptera: Cur­ culionidae; Perez et al. 2003) and about the same number with the subterranean termite Reticulitermesflavipes (Zoberi and Grace 1990; table 9.1). In one system 28 species of yeasts were isolated from the external parts of Drosophila serido and 18 species, including some not found on the external surfaces, from their crop (Morais et al. 1994; table 9.1).