bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perceiving Musical Individuality: Performer Identification is Dependent on Performer Expertise and Expressiveness, but Not on Listener Expertise
Authors: Gingras Bruno , Lagrandeur-Ponce Tamara , Giordano Bruno L , McAdams Stephen
Published: November 2011

Can listeners distinguish unfamiliar performers playing the same piece on the same instrument? Professional performers recorded two expressive and two inexpressive interpretations of a short organ piece. Nonmusicians and musicians listened to these recordings and grouped together excerpts they thought had been played by the same performer. Both musicians and nonmusicians performed significantly above chance. Expressive interpretations were sorted more accurately than inexpressive ones, indicating that musical individuality is communicated more efficiently through expressive performances. Furthermore, individual performers' consistency and distinctiveness with respect to expressive patterns were shown to be excellent predictors of categorisation accuracy. Categorisation accuracy was superior for prize-winning performers compared to non-winners, suggesting a link between performer competence and the communication of musical individuality. Finally, results indicate that temporal information is sufficient to enable performer recognition, a finding that has broader implications for research on the detection of identity cues.
Questions on transitivity
Authors: Jendraschek Gerd
Published: November 2011

This paper presents those areas of Iatmul morphosyntax that are relevant to a discussion of transitivity. Evidence for the syntactic status of subject and direct object as core arguments comes from S=O ambitransitive verbs, S/O pivots in complex predicates, switch reference, relative clause formation, agreement marking, and obligatory focus marking. In contrast, there is no evidence for the concept of an “indirect object”. Other relevant phenomena to be explored are case marking, verbs whose morphological make-up correlates with transitivity, zero anaphora, and coalescent nouns in complex predicates. In summary, if languages can be characterized by the extent to which they have grammaticalized the control cline between actor and undergoer, Iatmul can be located in the middle field, with a clear subject category, and a more variable direct object function, whose instantiation is primarily determined by semantic and pragmatic factors.
Transitivity in Saliba-Logea
Authors: Margetts Anna
Published: November 2011

Valence and transitivity in Saliba-Logea can be described with reference to three structural levels, the root, the verb and the clause. Phenomena like clauses with both transitive and intransitive features, which are found across the Oceanic language group can be explained through different possible relationships between these levels.
Transitivity in Cholim Tangsa
Authors: Morey Stephen
Published: November 2011

Transitivity in the Cholim variety of Tangsa is seen to be a grammatical feature with low functional load. It is viewed in terms of three factors: the form of the verb (simplex, middle and causative), the relationship to markers of agentivity and anti-agentive, and the verbal agreement system of Cholim. Using traditional texts, the paper explores in detail the issues raised by an examination of transitivity, and relates the findings to the treatment of transitivity in other Tibeto-Burman languages and beyond.
Macro- and micro-turns in translation studies
Authors: Gentzler Edwin
Published: November 2011

Definitions of translation studies are changing. While historically focused on the process or product of translation at a national European level, new definitions by scholars such as Mukherjee, Trivedi, Cheung, and Tymoczko are expanding the parameters of translation by exploring how the field is defined in international non-European contexts — in India, China, the Arab world, for example. Other scholars, such as Cronin, Simon, Apter, and Brodzki are looking at subnational locations, including within cities, diasporic communities within cities, and even between generations within individual families in those communities. This paper looks at how translation is defined and studied in such macro- and micro-contexts in the Americas, suggesting that translation is less something that happens between national cultures and more something, especially among immigrants and linguistic minorities, that comprises the very basis upon which those cultures are constructed.
How eurocentric is Europe?
Authors: Flynn Peter
Published: November 2011

Conceptualizations of translation are often cast in the literature in terms of sets of hegemonic dualities played out across lines of continuous and perhaps irresolvable dominance and resistance in all areas touched on by translation: language, power, ethnicity, gender, etc. This paper will attempt to trace trajectories of thought and inquiry within Translation Studies in order to discover to which extent certain approaches and models can be considered (strictly) as Western, Eurocentric and hence as propagating a priori such power and other imbalances. In this respect, the article argues for a situated approach to understanding the use of certain analytical concepts in given cultural spaces. It further argues that concepts and models be viewed in combination and in contrast with ethnographic studies of translation practices. It therefore asserts that translational practices should be explored on the ground in order to complement and adjust scholarly conceptualizations of translation in the broadest sense. Ethnographic studies of the field allow us to discover the impact of practices on (or in the construction of) a given cultural space or on other practices visible in the same space. This further helps us explore differences between these practices, along with their theoretical underpinnings, and those held by scholars in the same space. Data drawn from an ethnographic study of literary translators in the Netherlands and Belgium will be used to discuss some of the points outlined above.
Beyond “Eurocentrism”?
Authors: Boyden Michael
Published: November 2011

This paper deals with the recurrent criticism in Translation studies in general and Anglophone Translation studies in particular that the discipline labors under a ‘Eurocentric’ bias. The author develops two arguments in relation to this. First, the charge of ‘Eurocentrism’ serves a number ends that have less to do with an actual desire to reach out to ‘non-Western’ discourses on translation (although the globalization of the discipline has definitely broadened the scope and concerns of translation scholars) than with a generation gap among translation scholars. Drawing on literature from the last two decades, the author argues that ‘Eurocentrism’ often functions as an asymmetrical counterconcept, in Reinhardt Koselleck’s sense, which allows translation scholars to legitimize their scholarly project by investing it with a sense of urgency and political relevance. In a second step, the author argues that the rhetorical debate over ‘Eurocentrism’ often suffers from an overextension of identity claims, whereby translation processes are reduced to either an imposition of or reaction against hegemonic power structures. This focus on identity, however legitimate, may result in linguistic paternalism. To counteract this negative effect, the author calls for a revalorization of instrumentalist justifications of language use by drawing on linguistic justice theory, arguing that, following recent insights by political philosophers and contrary to the prevalent view held by translation scholars, when it comes to determining a just translation policy, (non-linguistic) instrumental concerns tend to override (intrinsic) identity concerns.
The Drama of Shame
Authors: Mann Shaw Sarah , Gammage Di
Published: November 2011

This paper gives an account of three training workshops using dramatherapy techniques and subsequent conversations with participants on the phenomenon of shame. It gives an overview of shame from a psychological, socio-cultural, psychotherapeutic and dramatherapeutic perspective before giving a reflective account of the workshop experience. Although not intended to be a piece of formal research, our journey was rooted in a phenomenological enquiry: exploring the group's subjective experience and the meaning we create from this. The authors premise is that shame is experienced when early relationships are disrupted and become mis-attuned and that dramatherapy has a unique role to play in the exploration and recovery from the shame-based experience.
The secret life of α-catenin: Moonlighting in morphogenesis
Authors: Maiden Stephanie L. , Hardin Jeff
Published: November 2011

Cadherin-based intercellular adhesions are important determinants of proper tissue architecture. These adhesions must be both stable and dynamic to maintain tissue integrity as cells undergo morphogenetic movements during development. The role of α-catenin in this process has been vigorously debated due to conflicting in vitro and in vivo evidence regarding its molecular mechanism of action. Recent data supports the classical view that α-catenin facilitates actin attachments at adherens junctions, but also suggests that α-catenin may act as a force transducer, and may have additional roles in the cytoplasm. These multiple functions for α-catenin converge on the regulation of adhesion and may help to explain its stable yet dynamic nature.
Point centromeres contain more than a single centromere-specific Cse4 (CENP-A) nucleosome
Authors: Lawrimore Josh , Bloom Kerry S. , Salmon E.D.
Published: November 2011

Cse4 is the budding yeast homologue of CENP-A, a modified histone H3 that specifies the base of kinetochores in all eukaryotes. Budding yeast is unique in having only one kinetochore microtubule attachment site per centromere. The centromere is specified by CEN DNA, a sequence-specific binding complex (CBF3), and a Cse4-containing nucleosome. Here we compare the ratio of kinetochore proximal Cse4-GFP fluorescence at anaphase to several standards including purified EGFP molecules in vitro to generate a calibration curve for the copy number of GFP-fusion proteins. Our results yield a mean of ∼5 Cse4s, ∼3 inner kinetochore CBF3 complexes, and ∼20 outer kinetochore Ndc80 complexes. Our calibrated measurements increase 2.5–3-fold protein copy numbers at eukaryotic kinetochores based on previous ratio measurements assuming two Cse4s per budding yeast kinetochore. All approximately five Cse4s may be associated with the CEN nucleosome, but we show that a mean of three Cse4s could be located within flanking nucleosomes at random sites that differ between chromosomes.
Two single-headed myosin V motors bound to a tetrameric adapter protein form a processive complex
Authors: Krementsova Elena B. , Hodges Alex R. , Bookwalter Carol S. , Sladewski Thomas E. , Travaglia Mirko , Sweeney H. Lee , Trybus Kathleen M.
Published: November 2011

Myo4p, one of two class V myosins in budding yeast, continuously transports messenger RNA (mRNA) cargo in the cell but is nonprocessive when characterized in vitro. The adapter protein She3p tightly binds to the Myo4p rod, forming a single-headed motor complex. In this paper, we show that two Myo4p–She3p motors are recruited by the tetrameric mRNA-binding protein She2p to form a processive double-headed complex. The binding site for She3p was mapped to a single α helix that protrudes at right angles from She2p. Processive runs of several micrometers on yeast actin–tropomyosin filaments were observed only in the presence of She2p, and, thus, motor activity is regulated by cargo binding. While moving processively, each head steps ∼72 nm in a hand-over-hand motion. Coupling two high-duty cycle monomeric motors via a common cargo-binding adapter protein creates a complex with transport properties comparable with a single dimeric processive motor such as vertebrate myosin Va.
A gravitational puzzle
Authors: Caldwell Robert R.
Published: November 2011

The challenge to understand the physical origin of the cosmic acceleration is framed as a problem of gravitation. Specifically, does the relationship between stress–energy and space–time curvature differ on large scales from the predictions of general relativity. In this article, we describe efforts to model and test a generalized relationship between the matter and the metric using cosmological observations. Late-time tracers of large-scale structure, including the cosmic microwave background, weak gravitational lensing, and clustering are shown to provide good tests of the proposed solution. Current data are very close to proving a critical test, leaving only a small window in parameter space in the case that the generalized relationship is scale free above galactic scales.
Cosmological probes of modified gravity: the nonlinear regime
Authors: Schmidt Fabian
Published: November 2011

We review the effects of modified gravity on large-scale structure in the nonlinear regime, focusing on
f
(
R
) gravity and the Dvali–Gabadadze–Porrati model, for which full
N
-body simulations have been performed. In particular, we discuss the abundance of massive halos, the nonlinear matter power spectrum and the dynamics within clusters and galaxies, with particular emphasis on the screening mechanisms present in these models.
Modifying gravity: you cannot always get what you want
Authors: Starkman Glenn D.
Published: November 2011

The combination of general relativity (GR) and the Standard Model of particle physics disagrees with numerous observations on scales from our Solar System up. In the canonical concordance model of Lambda cold dark matter (
Λ
CDM) cosmology, many of these contradictions between theory and data are removed or alleviated by the introduction of three completely independent new components of stress energy—the inflaton, dark matter and dark energy. Each of these in its turn is meant to have dominated (or to currently dominate) the dynamics of the Universe. There is, until now, no non-gravitational evidence for any of these dark sectors, nor is there evidence (though there may be motivation) for the required extension of the Standard Model. An alternative is to imagine that it is GR that must be modified to account for some or all of these disagreements. Certain coincidences of scale even suggest that one might expect not to make independent modifications of the theory to replace each of the three dark sectors. Because they must address the most different types of data, attempts to replace dark matter with modified gravity are the most controversial. A phenomenological model (or family of models), modified Newtonian dynamics, has, over the last few years, seen several covariant realizations. We discuss a number of challenges that any model that seeks to replace dark matter with modified gravity must face: the loss of Birkhoff's theorem, and the calculational simplifications it implies; the failure to explain clusters, whether static or interacting, and the consequent need to introduce dark matter of some form, whether hot dark matter neutrinos or dark fields that arise in new sectors of the modified gravity theory; the intrusion of cosmological expansion into the modified force law, which arises precisely because of the coincidence in scale between the centripetal acceleration at which Newtonian gravity fails in galaxies and the cosmic acceleration. We conclude with the observation that, although modified gravity may indeed manage to replace dark matter, it is likely to do so by becoming or at least incorporating a dark matter theory itself.
Testing general relativity: from local to cosmological scales
Authors: Uzan Jean-Philippe
Published: November 2011

I summarize various tests of general relativity on astrophysical scales, based on the large-scale structure of the universe but also on other systems, in particular the constants of physics. I emphasize the importance of hypotheses on the geometric structures of our universe while performing such tests and discuss their complementarity as well as their possible extensions.
Confirmation of the Copernican principle through the anisotropic kinetic Sunyaev Zel'dovich effect
Authors: Zhang Pengjie , Stebbins Albert
Published: November 2011

The Copernican principle remains largely unproven at Gpc radial scale and above. Generally, violations of this type cause a first-order anisotropic kinetic Sunyaev Zel'dovich (kSZ) effect. Here we show that, if large-scale radial inhomogeneities have amplitude large enough to explain the ‘dark energy’ phenomena, the induced kSZ power spectrum will be orders of magnitude larger than the Atacama cosmology telescope/South Pole telescope upper limit. This single test rules out the void model as the cause of the apparent cosmic acceleration, confirms the Copernican principle on Gpc radial scale and above, and closes a loophole in the standard cosmology.
A new golden age: testing general relativity with cosmology
Authors: Bean Rachel , Ferreira Pedro G. , Taylor Andy
Published: November 2011

Gravity drives the evolution of the Universe and is at the heart of its complexity. Einstein's field equations can be used to work out the detailed dynamics of space and time and to calculate the emergence of large-scale structure in the distribution of galaxies and radiation. Over the past few years, it has become clear that cosmological observations can be used not only to constrain different world models within the context of Einstein gravity but also to constrain the theory of gravity itself. In this article, we look at different aspects of this new field in which cosmology is used to test theories of gravity with a wide range of observations.
Regulatory networks integrating cell cycle control with DNA damage checkpoints and double-strand break repair
Authors: Langerak Petra , Russell Paul
Published: November 2011

Double-strand breaks (DSBs), arising from exposure to exogenous clastogens or as a by-product of endogenous cellular metabolism, pose grave threats to genome integrity. DSBs can sever whole chromosomes, leading to chromosomal instability, a hallmark of cancer. Healing broken DNA takes time, and it is therefore essential to temporarily halt cell division while DSB repair is underway. The seminal discovery of cyclin-dependent kinases as master regulators of the cell cycle unleashed a series of studies aimed at defining how the DNA damage response network delays cell division. These efforts culminated with the identification of Cdc25, the protein phosphatase that activates Cdc2/Cdk1, as a critical target of the checkpoint kinase Chk1. However, regulation works both ways, as recent studies have revealed that Cdc2 activity and cell cycle position determine whether DSBs are repaired by non-homologous end-joining or homologous recombination (HR). Central to this regulation are the proteins that initiate the processing of DNA ends for HR repair, Mre11–Rad50–Nbs1 protein complex and Ctp1/Sae2/CtIP, and the checkpoint kinases Tel1/ATM and Rad3/ATR. Here, we review recent findings and provide insight on how proteins that regulate cell cycle progression affect DSB repair, and, conversely how proteins that repair DSBs affect cell cycle progression.
Whither systems biology
Authors: Hyman Anthony A.
Published: November 2011

Cell biologists are interested in how complexity arises from the interaction of different molecules. However, cells are many orders of magnitude larger than the protein-binding interfaces. To bridge these vast difference in scales, biologists construct hierarchies of organization of cellular structures. I describe how systems biology provides an approach to bridge these different scales.
Quiescence: early evolutionary origins and universality do not imply uniformity
Authors: O'Farrell Patrick H.
Published: November 2011

Cell cycle investigations have focused on relentless exponential proliferation of cells, an unsustainable situation in nature. Proliferation of cells, whether microbial or metazoan, is interrupted by periods of quiescence. The vast majority of cells in an adult metazoan lie quiescent. As disruptions in this quiescence are at the foundation of cancer, it will be important for the field to turn its attention to the mechanisms regulating quiescence. While often presented as a single topic, there are multiple forms of quiescence each with complex inputs, some of which are tied to conceptually challenging aspects of metazoan regulation such as size control. In an effort to expose the enormity of the challenge, I describe the differing biological purposes of quiescence, and the coupling of quiescence in metazoans to growth and to the structuring of tissues during development. I emphasize studies in the organism rather than in tissue culture, because these expose the diversity of regulation. While quiescence is likely to be a primitive biological process, it appears that in adapting quiescence to its many distinct biological settings, evolution has diversified it. Consideration of quiescence in different models gives us an overview of this diversity.
The Renaissance or the cuckoo clock
Authors: Pines Jonathon , Hagan Iain
Published: November 2011

‘…in Italy, for thirty years under the Borgias, they had warfare, terror, murder and bloodshed, but they produced Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci and the Renaissance. In Switzerland, they had brotherly love, they had five hundred years of democracy and peace—and what did that produce? The cuckoo clock’.

Orson Welles as Harry Lime:The Third Man

Orson Welles might have been a little unfair on the Swiss, after all cuckoo clocks were developed in the Schwartzwald, but, more importantly, Swiss democracy gives remarkably stable government with considerable decision-making at the local level. The alternative is the battling city-states of Renaissance Italy: culturally rich but chaotic at a higher level of organization. As our understanding of the cell cycle improves, it appears that the cell is organized more along the lines of Switzerland than Renaissance Italy, and one major challenge is to determine how local decisions are made and coordinated to produce the robust cell cycle mechanisms that we observe in the cell as a whole.
Synchrotron-based spectroscopy of X-ray channeling through hollow capillary microchannels inside glass plates
Authors: Mazuritskiy M. I.
Published: November 2011

Here, soft X-ray synchrotron radiation transmitted through microchannel plates is studied experimentally. Fine structures of reflection and XANES SiL-edge spectra detected on the exit of silicon glass microcapillary structures under conditions of total X-ray reflection are presented and analyzed. The phenomenon of the interaction of channeling radiation with unoccupied electronic states and propagation of X-ray fluorescence excited in the microchannels is revealed. Investigations of the interaction of monochromatic radiation with the inner-shell capillary surface and propagation of fluorescence radiation through hollow glass capillary waveguides contribute to the development of novel X-ray focusing devices in the future.
Effects of sarpogrelate hydrochloride on skin ulcers and quality of life in patients with systemic sclerosis
Authors: YOSHIMASU Takashi , IKEDA Takaharu , UEDE Koji , KANAZAWA Nobuo , FURUKAWA Fukumi
Published: November 2011

5‐Hydroxytryptamine 2A serotonin receptor (5‐HT2A) is associated with the contraction of vascular smooth muscle, platelet aggregation and thrombus formation and coronary artery spasms. Sarpogrelate hydrochloride (sarpogrelate) is a selective 5‐HT2A antagonist and was supposed to be effective for Raynaud’s phenomenon with collagen disease. Sarpogrelate has not been investigated regarding the effects, safety and quality of life (QOL) in patient with skin ulcers of collagen disease. Eleven patients with skin ulcers and systemic sclerosis (SSc) were administrated sarpogrelate p.o. three times a day for 3–6 months. The area (mean ± standard error) of skin ulcer at the pretreatment, and after 3 and 6 months of sarpogrelate intake was 2.1 ± 0.8, 0.2 ± 0.1 and 0.1 ± 0.1 mm2, respectively. The reduction of skin ulcer area was significant after 3 months of sarpogrelate intake. In assessment of QOL, scores of symptoms and emotions but not of functioning were significantly improved after sarpogrelate intake. The global score (mean ± SE) of Skindex‐16 at pretreatment, and after 3 and 6 months of sarpogrelate intake was 31.8 ± 8.7, 23.7 ± 8.3 and 10.9 ± 4.6, respectively. The score was significantly improved after 6 months of sarpogrelate intake. There were no obvious side‐effects during this study. Sarpogrelate was considered to be a useful drug to improve skin ulcers and QOL in patients with SSc.
Use of anti‐tumor necrosis factor‐α therapy in hepatitis B virus carriers with psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis: A case series in Taiwan
Authors: CHO Yung‐Tsu , CHEN Chien‐Hung , CHIU Hsien‐Yi , TSAI Tsen‐Fang
Published: November 2011

The use of anti‐tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α therapy in patients with psoriasis who are hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers is usually not recommended, and routine antiviral prophylaxis is suggested for those who need the treatment. We report our experience on the safety of anti‐TNF‐α therapy in patients with psoriasis who are HBV carriers in our clinic using HBV viral load as a guide for HBV treatment. Between 2007 and 2011, seven HBV carriers receiving TNF‐α inhibitors for psoriasis in our clinic were collected retrospectively. The HBV viral load and aminotransferase levels were regularly monitored. Two of the seven patients were inactive HBV carriers, and the other five patients had chronic hepatitis B. Only one patient received antiviral agents before the anti‐TNF‐α treatment. The mean duration of the anti‐TNF‐α treatment was 26.6 months (range, 14–45 months). These patients were followed up from the start of the anti‐TNF‐α therapy for a mean duration of 28.9 months (range, 14–45 months). HBV reactivation was observed in three patients, one of whom required antiviral treatment. No HBV reactivation‐related hepatitis was observed. In conclusion, prevention of HBV reactivation by monitoring of HBV viral load is cost‐effective and may decrease the risk of developing drug resistance from routine anti‐HBV prophylaxis treatment. It can be considered as an alternative in psoriasis patients treated by TNF‐α inhibitors, especially in areas with a high HBV burden and in hepatitis B e‐antigen‐negative patients who have a lower risk of viral reactivation.
Effectiveness of calcium hydroxide‐based intracanal medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis
Authors: Lima R. K. P. , Guerreiro‐Tanomaru J. M. , Faria‐Júnior N. B. , Tanomaru‐Filho M.
Published: November 2011

Lima RKP, Guerreiro‐Tanomaru JM, Faria‐Júnior NB, Tanomaru‐Filho M. Effectiveness of calcium hydroxide‐based intracanal medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis. International Endodontic Journal, 45, 311–316, 2012.

Aim  To evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of calcium hydroxide‐based intracanal medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis.

Methodology  One hundred and six single‐rooted human teeth were inoculated with E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) and incubated in an microaerophilic environment for 21 days. Teeth were divided according to the medicaments and period: G1 – Calen (7 days); G2 – Calen (14 days); G3 – Calen/camphorated paramonochlorophenol (CMCP) (7 days); G4 – Calen/CMCP (14 days); G5 – Calen/0.4% chlorhexidine (CHX) (7 days); G6 – Calen/0.4% CHX (14 days); G7 – Calen/1% CHX (7 days); G8 – Calen/1% CHX (14 days); G9 – chemo‐mechanical preparation with no medication and G10 – no chemo‐mechanical preparation and no medication. Microbial samples were harvested immediately after removal of the intracanal dressing and 7 days later. Data were subjected to anova (P < 0.05).

Results  All medicaments were associated with a reduction in E. faecalis after removal of the dressing (post‐medication harvest). However, all specimens were associated with an increase in CFU mL−1 values after 7 days (final harvest). Calen/CMCP and Calen/CHX had the lowest CFU mL−1 values (P < 0.05).

Conclusion  In this laboratory study using extracted teeth all calcium hydroxide‐based medicaments were able to significantly reduce the CFU mL−1 values of E. faecalis in the root canal system.
Low‐ vs. high‐pressure suction drainage after total knee arthroplasty: a double‐blind randomized controlled trial
Authors: Calvo Rafael , Martínez‐Zapata Ma José , Urrútia Gerard , Gich Ignasi , Jordán Marcos , Del Arco Alejandro , Aguilera Francisco Javier , Celaya Fernando , Sarasquete Juan , Majó Joan , Bonfill Xavier
Published: November 2011

calvo r., martínez‐zapata m.j., urrútia g., gich i., jordán m., del arco a., aguilera f.j., celaya f., sarasquete j., majó j. & bonfill x. (2011) Low‐ vs. high‐pressure suction drainage after total knee arthroplasty: a double‐blind randomized controlled trial. Journal of Advanced Nursing 68(4), 758–766.

Aim.  The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of continuous low‐pressure suction drainage compared with closed high‐pressure suction following total knee arthroplasty.

Background.  Closed wound drainage systems are used in surgical interventions to reduce the incidence of haematomas, promote wound healing and reduce infections. However, evidence shows that using a closed wound drainage system can increase transfusion requirements.

Data sources.  A randomized, double‐blind and parallel controlled trial was performed. Adult knee replacement patients recruited between May 2006 and March 2007 were assigned to receive low‐pressure suction of 50 mmHg (experimental drainage) or high‐pressure suction of 700 mmHg (comparator drainage).

Methods.  The primary outcome was total blood loss after surgery. Secondary outcomes were incidence of transfusion, complications and mortality. Statistical analysis was based on an intention‐to‐treat approach. Linear regression was performed to account for factors that could influence blood loss.

Results.  A total of 169 patients were included. Mean age was 73 (±6) years, 128 women and 41 men. A total of 84 patients were randomized to the experimental drainage and 85 to the comparator drainage. Analysis showed a total postoperative blood loss of 541·8 mL in the experimental group and 524·4 mL in the comparator group (P = 0·734). The only factor that showed an association with blood loss was the length of surgery. Linear regression did not show differences between the groups.

Conclusion.  Continuous low‐pressure suction of 50 mmHg is not more effective than the higher aspiration pressure system to diminish the blood loss in total knee arthroplasty. The results do not support any change in current nursing practice relating to the use of this drain system.
Recovery rates of bluetongue virus serotypes 1, 2, 4 and 8 Spanish strains from orally infected Culicoides imicola in South Africa
Authors: DEL RIO LÓPEZ R. , MIRANDA M. A. , PAREDES‐ESQUIVEL C. , LUCIENTES J. , CALVETE C. , ESTRADA R. , VENTER G. J.
Published: November 2011

Bluetongue (BT) is an infectious disease of ruminants that has spread northwards in Europe during the last decade. The aetiological agent of the disease is an arbovirus [bluetongue virus (BTV)] that belongs to the genus Orbivirus (family Reoviridae). The virus is transmitted by certain species of biting midge within the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Information on the vector status of the Culicoides species in a specific area will be essential to predict the risk for BTV incursion. Field‐collected Culicoides (Avaritia) imicola Kieffer from South Africa were fed on blood containing several Spanish isolates of BTV. Despite the high virus concentrations in the bloodmeal (5.1–6.4 log10 TCID50/mL of blood), virus was recovered from <1% of midges assayed after incubation. Virus concentrations >2.5 log10 TCID50/midge in individual infected C. imicola suggest virus replication with possible risk for transmission to susceptible vertebrate hosts in the field for at least two of the serotypes assayed (BTV‐1 and BTV‐2). A third serotype (BTV‐4) was very close to the estimated threshold for transmission. The relatively low to near refractory status of C. imicola compared with other vector species such as Culicoides bolitinos supports previous results, indicating that Culicoides species other than C. imicola may play a more important role in the epidemiology of BTV.
Genotypic diversity and spatial–temporal distribution of Symbiodinium clones in an abundant reef coral
Authors: PETTAY DANIEL T. , WHAM DREW C. , PINZÓN JORGE H. , LAJEUNESSE TODD C.
Published: November 2011

Genetic data are rapidly advancing our understanding of various biological systems including the ecology and evolution of coral–algal symbioses. The fine‐scale interactions between individual genotypes of host and symbiont remain largely unstudied and constitute a major gap in knowledge. By applying microsatellite markers developed for both host and symbiont, we investigated the intracolony diversity, prevalence and stability of Symbiodinium glynni (type D1) multilocus genotypes in association with dense populations of Pocillopora at two sites in the Gulf of California. The genetic diversity and allelic frequencies in reef populations of S. glynni remained stable over 3 years. Common clone genotypes persisted over this period, and no temporal population subdivision (ΦPT = 0.021 and −0.003) was detected. Collections from circular plots showed no statistical correlation between related Pocillopora individuals and their associations with particular S. glynni genotypes, with no spatial structuring or clonal aggregation across a reef for the symbiont. From permanent linear transects, samples were analysed from multiple locations within a colony and some were resampled approximately 1 year later. Many of these multisampled colonies (approximately 53%) were dominated by a single S. glynni genotype and tended to associate with the same symbiont genotype(s) over time, while colony ramets often possessed unrelated symbiont genotypes. In contrast to the species level, associations between genotypes of Pocillopora and S. glynni are apparently more flexible over space and time. The abundance of sexually recombinant genotypes of S. glynni combined with greater flexibility might provide adaptive mechanisms for these symbioses to evolve rapidly to changes in environmental conditions and allow particular symbiont genotypes to spread through a host population.
Review: Unchained maladie – a reassessment of the role of Ubb+1‐capped polyubiquitin chains in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Chadwick L. , Gentle L. , Strachan J. , Layfield R.
Published: November 2011

L. Chadwick, L. Gentle, J. Strachan and R. Layfield (2012) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology38, 118–131

Unchained maladie – a reassessment of the role of Ubb+1‐capped polyubiquitin chains in Alzheimer's disease

Molecular misreading allows the formation of mutant proteins in the absence of gene mutations. A mechanism has been proposed by which a frameshift mutant of the ubiquitin protein, Ubb+1, which accumulates in an age‐dependent manner as a result of molecular misreading, contributes to neuropathology in Alzheimer's disease (Lam et al. 2000). Specifically, in the Ubb+1‐mediated proteasome inhibition hypothesis Ubb+1‘caps’ unanchored (that is, nonsubstrate linked) polyubiquitin chains, which then act as dominant inhibitors of the 26S proteasome. A review of subsequent literature indicates that this original hypothesis is broadly supported, and offers new insights into the mechanisms accounting for the age‐dependent accumulation of Ubb+1, and how Ubb+1‐mediated proteasome inhibition may contribute to Alzheimer's disease. Further, recent studies have highlighted a physiological role for free endogenous unanchored polyubiquitin chains in the direct activation of certain protein kinases. This raises the possibility that Ubb+1‐capped unanchored polyubiquitin chains could also exert harmful effects through the aberrant activation of tau or other ubiquitin‐dependent kinases, neuronal NF‐κB activity or NF‐κB‐mediated neuroinflammatory processes.
The effects of injecting Juvenile Hormone III into the prothoracic ganglion on phonotaxis by female crickets Gryllus bimaculatus
Authors: CHOI RYAN , ATKINS GORDON , STOUT JOHN
Published: November 2011

Nanoinjection of Juvenile Hormone III (JH III) into the prothoracic ganglion causes virgin female crickets Gryllus bimaculatus De Geer to become more phonotactically selective for the syllable periods (SPs) of model calling songs. Females responding to all, or almost all, of the SPs presented before JH III injection significantly narrow their responses to a range of SPs that is usually centered on the SPs included in the conspecific males' calling song. Control injections of acetone (i.e. the solvent for JH III) into the prothoracic ganglion do not significantly change the recipient females' phonotactic responses. Injection of JH III into the metathoracic ganglion also has no effect the females' phonotactic choices.
Molecular characterization of novel TaNAC genes in wheat and overexpression of TaNAC2a confers drought tolerance in tobacco
Authors: Tang YiMiao , Liu MeiYing , Gao ShiQing , Zhang Zhao , Zhao Xin , Zhao ChangPing , Zhang FengTing , Chen XuePing
Published: November 2011

Plant‐specific NAC (NAM/ATAF/CUC) transcription factors (TFs) have been reported to play a role in diverse stress responses and developmental processes. We show here that six new genes encoding NAC TFs in wheat (Triticum aestivum) were identified (named as TaNAC2a, TaNAC4a, TaNAC6, TaNAC7, TaNAC13 and TaNTL5, respectively), and we classified them into three groups: stress‐related NACs, development‐related NACs and NTLs (membrane‐associated TFs belonging to NAC) by phylogenetic analysis. All TaNACs were induced by one or several kinds of stress treatments including dehydration, salinity and low temperature, whereas different genes showed different expression levels. All these TaNACs, except TaNAC7, were proven to have transcriptional activation activity in the yeast strain AH109 by transactivation analysis. Furthermore, subcellular localization analysis revealed that four TaNAC:GFP (green fluorescent protein) fusion proteins were localized in the nucleus, TaNAC2a:GFP mainly located in the nucleus and the plasma membrane, TaNTL5:GFP was associated with the membrane, while truncated TaNTL5(ΔTM):GFP (lacking the transmembrane motif) was detected exclusively in the nucleus. Semi‐quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that five genes exhibited organ‐specific expression. Transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing TaNAC2a showed higher fresh weight and dry weight than non‐transgenic plants under drought condition, which indicated that the transgene improved tobacco tolerance to drought treatment. Together, these results provided a preliminary characterization of six TaNACs, which possessed a potential role in improving stress tolerance and the regulation of development in wheat, and suggested that TaNAC2a was potentially useful for engineering drought tolerant plants.
Virulence of Fusarium oxysporum and F. commune to Douglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings
Authors: Stewart J. E. , Abdo Z. , Dumroese R. K. , Klopfenstein N. B. , Kim M.‐S.
Published: November 2011

Fusarium species can cause damping‐off and root rot of young conifer seedlings, resulting in severe crop and economic losses in forest nurseries. Disease control within tree nurseries is difficult because of the inability to characterize and quantify Fusarium spp. populations with regard to disease potential because of high variability in isolate virulence. Fusarium isolates were collected from healthy and diseased seedlings of Douglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and western white pine (Pinus monticola) from a nursery in Idaho, USA. Molecular markers such as DNA sequences (mitochondrial small subunit and nuclear translation elongation factor 1‐alpha) and amplified fragment length polymorphism were used to identify isolates as either F. oxysporum or F. commune. In addition, diagnostic primers were developed to detect and distinguish F. commune from F. oxysporum. In vitro and greenhouse virulence tests were completed on Douglas‐fir germinants and seedlings. For Douglas‐fir germinants and seedlings, F. oxysporum isolates generally caused less severe symptoms, whereas most F. commune isolates caused mortality through damping‐off. This is the first report of direct evidence that F. commune can cause damping‐off disease on Douglas‐fir seedlings under greenhouse conditions.
Bacterial meningitis among children under the age of 2 years in a high human immunodeficiency virus prevalence area after Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine introduction
Authors: Nansera Denis , Max Irama , Annet Kisakye , Gessner Bradford D
Published: November 2011

Aim:  The aim of this study was to describe bacterial causes of meningitis among children < 2 years in a high human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence area after introduction of routine Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccination.

Methods:  Data collected between April 2003 and December 2008 were extracted from a surveillance database and medical records of children < 2 years admitted in Mbarara Hospital, Uganda with suspected bacterial meningitis. HIV infection was confirmed using rapid tests and polymerase chain reaction and bacterial meningitis by using cerebrospinal fluid culture.

Results:  Between April 2003 and December 2008, 1464 children under 5 years were admitted with suspected bacterial meningitis of which 1235 (84.4%) had cerebrospinal fluid collected; 894 (72.4%) of these samples were from children < 2 years. Of the 894 samples, 64 (7.2%) grew an organism including Streptococcus pneumoniae (26; 41%), Salmonella species (20; 31%), H. influenzae (6; 9%) and coliforms (7; 11%), and five (8%) grew contaminants that are all coagulase negative Staphylococcus. Of the 894 children, 468 (52.3%) were tested for HIV; 16.7% were positive. Fifty‐one children had a pathogenic isolate and a treatment outcome, and 23 (45%) died; 13 (56.6%) deaths were due to S. pneumoniae, eight (34.8%) were due to Salmonella spp., one (4.3%) was due to H. influenzae and one (4.3%) was due to coliforms. HIV infection was associated with a threefold increase in mortality, increased likelihood of a bacterial isolate and decreased likelihood of malaria parasitaemia.

Conclusion:  Following H. influenzae type b vaccine introduction, S. pneumoniae and Salmonella spp. are the major causes of bacterial meningitis among children < 2 years in Uganda. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines and reduction in mother to child transmission of HIV could reduce the observed mortality.
Clinical efficacy of macrolide antibiotics against genetically determined macrolide‐resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in paediatric patients
Authors: KAWAI YASUHIRO , MIYASHITA NAOYUKI , YAMAGUCHI TETSUYA , SAITOH AKI , KONDOH EISUKE , FUJIMOTO HIROKI , TERANISHI HIDETO , INOUE MIKA , WAKABAYASHI TOKIO , AKAIKE HIROTO , OGITA SATOKO , KAWASAKI KOZO , TERADA KIHEI , KISHI FUMIO , OUCHI KAZUNOBU
Published: November 2011

Background and objective:  Since 2000, the prevalence of macrolide‐resistant (MR) Mycoplasma pneumoniae has increased among paediatric patients in Japan. To determine the efficacy of macrolides against MR M. pneumoniae pneumonia, microbiological and clinical efficacies were compared during the antibiotic treatment.

Methods:  Samples from a total of 30 children with M. pneumoniae pneumonia, as confirmed by PCR and serology, were analyzed. Primers for domain V of 23S rRNA were used, and DNA sequences of the PCR products were compared with the sequence of an M. pneumoniae reference strain.

Results:  Isolates from 21 patients demonstrated point mutations, and these patients were defined as MR. The remaining nine patients, whose isolates showed no point mutations, were categorized as control (macrolide‐sensitive) patients. The number of M. pneumoniae in nasopharyngeal samples from the control group decreased rapidly 48 h after initiation of macrolide treatment and showed a close relationship with clinical outcome. In contrast, the number of M. pneumoniae 48 h after initiation of macrolide treatment were significantly higher in samples from MR patients than in samples from macrolide‐sensitive patients. In 15 of 21 MR patients, fever persisted for more than 48 h after the initiation of macrolide treatment. When treatment was changed to minocycline, fever disappeared within 48 h in all these MR patients. There were no differences between MR patients who demonstrated a reduction in fever and those in whom fever persisted after 48 h of macrolide treatment.

Conclusions:  The microbiological and clinical efficacies of macrolides for treating patients with MR M. pneumoniae pneumonia were low. These results show that macrolides are clearly less effective in patients with MR M. pneumoniae pneumonia.
Computation of measures of effect size for neuroscience data sets
Authors: Hentschke Harald , Stüttgen Maik C.
Published: November 2011

The overwhelming majority of research in the neurosciences employs P‐values stemming from tests of statistical significance to decide on the presence or absence of an effect of some treatment variable. Although a continuous variable, the P‐value is commonly used to reach a dichotomous decision about the presence of an effect around an arbitrary criterion of 0.05. This analysis strategy is widely used, but has been heavily criticized in the past decades. To counter frequent misinterpretations of P‐values, it has been advocated to complement or replace P‐values with measures of effect size (MES). Many psychological, biological and medical journals now recommend reporting appropriate MES. One hindrance to the more frequent use of MES may be their scarcity in standard statistical software packages. Also, the arguably most widespread data analysis software in neuroscience, matlab, does not provide MES beyond correlation and receiver‐operating characteristic analysis. Here we review the most common criticisms of significance testing and provide several examples from neuroscience where use of MES conveys insights not amenable through the use of P‐values alone. We introduce an open‐access matlab toolbox providing a wide range of MES to complement the frequently used types of hypothesis tests, such as t‐tests and analysis of variance. The accompanying documentation provides calculation formulae, intuitive explanations and example calculations for each measure. The toolbox described is usable without sophisticated statistical knowledge and should be useful to neuroscientists wishing to enhance their repertoire of statistical reporting.
Pediatric regional anesthesia: abdominal wall blocks
Authors: Willschke Harald , Kettner Stephan
Published: November 2011

Abdominal wall blocks are an effective regional anesthetic technique to provide sufficient analgesia in abdominal surgery. This article reviews the use of abdominal wall blocks in pediatric regional anesthesia.
Ultrasound‐guided upper extremity blocks – tips and tricks to improve the clinical practice
Authors: Marhofer Peter , Willschke Harald , Kettner Stephan C.
Published: November 2011

Brachial plexus blockade in children can be used for a broad spectrum of clinical indications. Nevertheless, these regional anesthetic techniques are still underused in pediatric anesthesia that is mainly because of insufficient descriptions of the particular techniques. Ultrasound guidance enables direct visualization of neuronal and adjacent anatomical structures, the cannula, and the spread of local anesthetic. The most important issue in this context is theoretical background knowledge and intensive training of hand skills. The following review article discusses all relevant aspects of ultrasound‐guided brachial plexus blockade.