bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pirone’s Tree Maintenance
Authors: Hartman John R , Pirone Thomas P , Sall Mary Ann
Published: November 2023

The Seventh Edition, now named in honour of Dr. P. P. Pirone, who authored the first five editions and co-authored the sixth, has been revised to reflect the enormous amount of new information available since the last edition, including the latest techniques in selecting, planting, and protecting trees. The authors explain how to evaluate the site (the soil, drainage, and exposure), how to select the right tree for that location, and how to prune, fertilize, and spray for pests. There is an extensive section on the diagnosis and control of tree pests and diseases, and on problems such as construction damage, gas injury, sunscald, leaf scorch, and air pollution. While the general structure of the sixth edition has been retained, there are several topics--notably hazardous trees and coping with tree pests and diseases--that have received greater attention than in previous versions of the book. The second half of the book comprises a systematic listing of the major landscape trees found in North America, describing the specific pests and diseases that attack each species. Well organized, clearly written, and beautifully illustrated with many new photographs, Pirone's Tree Maintenance is an encyclopedic resource, the first place to turn for information on dogwoods and elms, magnolias and redwoods, or any other tree growing in North America. Anyone serious about gardening will want this book on their shelf.
The Tense Systems of Egyptian Arabic, Moroccan Arabic, and Standard Arabic
Authors: Benmamoun Elabbas
Published: November 2023

This chapter introduces the morphology of verbs in matrix clauses in Egyptian Arabic, Moroccan Arabic, and Standard Arabic. I will describe in sufficient detail the morphology of the past, present, and future tenses and the imperatives in the three dialects. The aim is to identify the different elements that can occupy the tense projection and their morpho-syntactic properties. In the course of the description, I discuss some of the prevailing assumptions about the morphology of tense and aspect in Arabic, particularly the auto segmental account, and suggest alternative analyses where necessary. The detailed description of tense in the three dialects will set the scene for the next two chapters, 3 and 4, which explore the formal features and the syntactic distribution of the various elements in the tense projection (TP).
Checking the Categorial Features of Tense
Authors: Benmamoun Elabbas
Published: November 2023

The idea that in verbless sentences tense is [+D] only is essentially an update within the feature system of Chomsky (1995) of previous analyses of verbless sentences as constructions that contain an lnfl (Inflection) node that is specified for Agr (agreement) only (Doron 1986) or an AUX node that is specified for tense with no VP complement (Jelinek 1983). However, all the previous analyses implicitly or explicitly assume a fundamental difference between verbless present tense sentences and present tense sentences that contain verbal predicates. The assumption is that the feature composition of each of the two Infl (or TP) projections is different. One interacts with the verb—that is, triggers verb movement—and the other does not. Since verb movement within minimalism is motivated by feature checking, this would imply that the present tense in sentences with verbal predicates is [+V], in addition to being [+D]. In this chapter, I discuss the syntax of tense in light of the conclusions of the previous chapter. Focusing particularly on the contrast between the present tense and past tense, I show that the idea that characterizing the present tense as [+D] only in both sentences with and without verbal predicates will turn out to be crucial to deriving the following generalizations, which, as far as I know, have not been dealt with before, particularly generalizations (2), (3), and (4).
Negation and Imperatives
Authors: Benmamoun Elabbas
Published: November 2023

7.1 The Syntactic Distribution of the Imperative

Verbs in imperative sentences syntactically pattern with their tensed counterparts. Thus, in English the presence of the sentential negative not in imperative sentences forces Do-support.
Subject Verb Agreement Asymmetries
Authors: Benmamoun Elabbas
Published: November 2023

8.1 Agreement Paradigms

Agreement between the verb and the subject in Standard Arabic varies according to word order. When the subject follows the verb, the latter carries person and gender agreement. I will refer to this as partial agreement.
Reorganization of Function After Cortical Lesions in Rodents
Authors: Kolb Bryan , Whishaw Ian Q
Published: November 2023

One of the major accomplishments of neuropsychology in the twentieth century has been to establish that functions are relatively localized in the cerebral cortex. There can be little doubt anymore that damage to the primary motor cortex will produce a specific loss of certain motor abilities or that damage to the occipital areas will produce specific alterations in visual functions. This localization of function presents a major clinical problem, however, for it implies that there is little hope for functional restitution after cortical injury.
Something With in Religion In African-American Political Activism
Authors: Harris Fredrick C
Published: November 2023

One of the first book-length studies devoted to religion and African-American political activism in a generation, Something Within explores how Afro-Christianity, in various ways, promotes the political activism of African-Americans. Combining ethnography, history, contextual analysis, and survey research, this book illustrates the participatory effects of Afro-Christianity by examining its institutional, psychological, and cultural influences. Going beyond the opiate-inspiration debate that has dominated research on the subject, Author Fredrick C. Harris advances a new theory of religion as a political resource for a "civic culture in opposition."
Prophetic Fragments: Macro and Micro Foundations of Religious Resources
Authors: Harris Fredrick C
Published: November 2023

The religious leadership breakfast for senatorial candidate Carol Moseley Braun was more than a routine campaign event. Later, after the breakfast, I listened again and again to the recording of Braun’s visit to her own church the Sunday before the election, and I doubted that a survey of churchgoers or ministers could have fully captured the dynamics of either of those events. On the surface, the leadership breakfast could be interpreted as just another way for Braun to target ministers-as she might any other group of powerful people as potential supporters of her congressional campaign. Yet my observations suggest that there was more going on here than a politician’s self-interested pursuit of elites; indeed, they shed light on something far more complex-religion’s effects on collective action and black political mobilization.
Pocahontas (1596?-1617)
Authors: Young Philip
Published: November 2023

From the little verifiable evidence that exists, a remarkable legend about the life of Pocahontas has been passed down through the years. Disputes over her actual role in early America continue to the present day. We do know she was the daughter of a Virginia tidewater chieftain, Powhatan. But even her name creates controversy: although she is referred to as Pocahontas which means “playful one”-her birth name might have been Matoaka.
“The Age of the First Person Singular”
Authors: Mott Wesley T
Published: November 2023

“In all mv lectures,” Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote in his journal in April 1840, “I have taught one doctrine, namely, the infinitude of the private man” (JMN, 7:342). And he perceived that, for all his contemporaries’ materialism and timidity, this was a kind of article of faith for “the Age.”
Emerson in the Context of the Woman’s Rights Movement
Authors: Gilbert Armida
Published: November 2023

In order to understand Emerson’s developing attitudes toward the woman s rights movement, it is necessary to appreciate the way in which the movement began, grew, and changed and the issues around which the early debates were centered. Before even the earliest stages of the woman’s rights movement in America, Emerson had been introduced to the ideas that would inform it, especially through the pioneering work of his friend Margaret Fuller. As explained by her, first in “The Great Lawsuit,-Man Versus Men, Woman Versus Women” in the Transcendentalist literary journal, the Dial, in 1843, then in expanded form in the first book written in America to argue for woman’s rights, Woman in the Nineteenth Century, in 1845, Fuller’s ideas, transmitted to Emerson through their frequent conversations and correspondence, came to form the core of his thinking on women. Fuller’s carefully reasoned tactics would form the basis for the approaches and arguments that would later be adopted by the nascent woman’s rights movement, as Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Matilda Joslyn Gage acknowledged in their monumental History of Woman Suffrage, when they stated that Fuller’s work “gave a new impulse to woman’s education as a thinker.”
Propagating Organization
Authors: Kauffman Stuart A
Published: November 2023

Bluntly in front of us: The closure of catalytic and work tasks in an autonomous agent by which it genuinely constructs a rough second copy from small building blocks by adroit linking of exergonic and endergonic processes. A cell, or colony of cells, is propagating this organization of process.
Analytic Approach
Authors: Roberts Felicia D
Published: November 2023

The methodology adopted for this study is conversation analysis. Evolving out of ethnomethodology, conversation analysis (CA) accounts for the verbal and coordinated nonverbal behaviors that participants use moment to moment to create, maintain, and re-create the social world. The advantage of using a CA methodology is that it privileges naturally occurring spoken interaction in a way that constrains the analyst from introducing “unsubstantiated intuitions” into an analysis (Levinson, 1983, p. 295). To fully understand this claim, a brief discussion of the theoretical foundations of conversation analysis in order.
Discourse Identities: Establishing Participant Roles as Doctor and Patient
Authors: Roberts Felicia D
Published: November 2023

The previous chapter examined the ways in which the adjuvant therapy consultation is structured as a service encounter, as a legitimate occasion for giving and receiving advice or recommendations. Specifically, I noted the major activity phases of the encounter, the characteristic allocation of turns and turn types within phases, and the doctor’s orientation to an agenda for the visit. Both topic control and resistance to patient troubles-talk were notable mechanisms for maintaining the service orientation of the visit. Importantly, the doctor elicits the patient’s concerns about, and understanding of, her condition, which works to cast her provisionally in the role of advice seeker and co-implicates her in the recommendation to come.
Wiring the Brain: Activity-Dependent and Activity-Independent Development of Synaptic Circuits
Authors: Nelson Phillip G , Davenport Roger
Published: November 2023

The fundamental dogma of neuroscience holds that the function of the brain is mediated by circuits formed via synaptic connections between neurons. The operation of these circuits may well be modulated in profound ways by various aspects of glial function. Moreover, some neuronal interactions may not require synaptic connections. However, the basic computational algorithms responsible for mental life are executed by appropriately wired neuronal assemblies. The questions of how these neural circuits form, how they are modified by experience, and what mechanisms mediate the plasticity of learning and memory are central to neuro science. It seems eminently plausible that abnormalities in any of the stages of synaptic circuit development and function could result in pathological behavior of the brain. We do not attempt any specific pathogenetic interpretations, however, but rather summarize certain aspects of the current status of developmental neuroscience concerning the genesis of appropriate, functional synaptic circuitry of the brain and neuromuscular system.
Role of Intrinsic Circuitry in Motor Cortex Plasticity
Authors: Keller Asaf
Published: November 2023

Recent anatomical and electrophysiological studies have provided data that are be ginning to unravel the controversies surrounding the functional organization of the motor cortex. Many of these advances are derived from studies of intracortical connections, which, despite their numerical prominence and postulated roles in motor cortical function, have only recently been studied systematically. The role of intracortical synaptic interactions in shaping the functional organization of the motor cortex and the role of intracortical interactions in modulating this organiza tion in response to neurological deficits and during motor skill acquisition are dis cussed in this chapter.
The Burden of Memory, the Muse of Forgiveness
Authors: Soyinka Wole
Published: November 2023

When Nobel laureate Wole Soyinka’s The Open Sore of a Continent appeared in 1996, it received rave reviews in the national media. Now comes Soyinka’s powerful sequel to that fearless and passionate book, The Burden of Memory. Where Open Sore offered a critique of African nationhood and a searing indictment of the Nigerian military and its repression of human and civil rights, The Burden of Memory considers all of Africa—indeed, all the world—as it poses the next logical question: Once repression stops, is reconciliation between oppressor and victim possible? In the face of centuries long devastations wrought on the African continent and her Diaspora by slavery, colonialism, Apartheid and the manifold faces of racism what form of recompense could possibly be adequate? In a voice as eloquent and humane as it is forceful, Soyinka examines this fundamental question as he illuminates the principle duty and "near intolerable burden" of memory to bear the record of injustice. In so doing, he challenges notions of simple forgiveness, of confession and absolution, as strategies for social healing. Ultimately, he turns to art—poetry, music, painting—as one source that may nourish the seed of reconciliation, art as the generous vessel that can hold together the burden of memory and the hope of forgiveness. Based on Soyinka’s Stewart-McMillan lectures delivered at the Du Bois Institute at Harvard, The Burden of Memory speaks not only to those concerned specifically with African politics, but also to anyone seeking the path to social justice through some of history’s most inhospitable terrain.
Ethic, Business and Managers
Authors: Küng Hans
Published: November 2023

In 1971 Klaus Schwab, a professor of economic policy who had just returned from the USA at the age of thirty-three, arranged the first annual meeting of business leaders in Davos, later to become the World Economic Forum, and at the same time formulated as a ‘model for business’ what was to become even more topical in the 1990s in the face of globalization: that ‘all the groups mentioned in alphabetical order here have a direct interest in the success of a business’ (here I quote him word for word):’

The shareholders and lenders expect not only a safe investment but also appropriate interest on the capital invested.
Making Home, Making Nation: Catharine Beecher’s Domestic Economy
Authors: McHugh Kathleen Anne
Published: November 2023

I do not hesitate to avow, that, although the women of the United States are confined within the narrow circle of domestic life, and their situation is one of extreme dependence, I have nowhere seen women occupying a loftier position; if I were asked ... to what the singular prosperity and growing strength of that people ought mainly to be attributed, I should reply-to the superiority of their women. Catharine Beecher is the most famous nineteenth-century writer on domesticity. Were it necessary to summarize her significance to the construction of domesticity in America, that summary would be this: Catharine Beecher made a place for (middle-class white) women by synthesizing political, philosophical, and religious discourses with those concerning domestic labor, architecture, and design.
Silent Film, Silent Work Early Cinema and the Domestic Melodramas of D. W Griffith
Authors: McHugh Kathleen Anne
Published: November 2023

The fully Taylorized housekeeper described by Christine Frederick and Mary Pattison hides her mechanized industrial housekeeping practices and labor behind an inordinately feminine and pleasing appearance. This appearance, as Taylor himself points out, is the necessary value and condition of her efficiency. Thus the evolution of pedagogical housekeeping texts in America, written to and for a. specific group of women, culminates in a secularized standard of appearances that locates affective moral virtue in the erasure of domestic labor. In this manner the domestic sphere becomes a performative space treasured precisely because it allegorizes a class position on female labor, which is that it should not appear to be what it is.
Names And Stories
Authors: Israel Kali
Published: November 2023

Names and Stories: Emilia Dilke and Victorian Culture employs an individual life lived under many names to investigate nineteenth-century British culture while also embodying a critical and historical engagement with theoretical questions. The book examines the histories of gender, knowledge, families, bodies, art, and political thought in Victorian Britain, contributing to both literary studies and cross-disciplinary feminist scholarship. By exploring key facets of British cultural and political history in the 1800s, this new work rigorously addresses wider themes of narrative, figuration, and historical writing and reading.
Amalia
Authors: Mérmol Josá
Published: November 2023

Amalia was one of the most popular Latin American novels and, until recently, was required reading in Argentina's schools. It was written to protest the dictatorship of Juan Manuel de Rosas and to provide a picture of the political events during his regime, but the book's popularity stemmed from the love story that fuels the plot. Originally published in 1851 in serial form, Marmol recounts the story of Eduardo and Amalia, who fall in love while he is hiding in her home. Amalia and her cousin Daniel protect him from Rosist persecution, but before the couple and the cousin can escape to safety, they are discovered by the death squad and the young men die. Similar in style to the romantic novels of Walter Scott, Amalia provides a detailed picture of life under a dictatorship combined with lively dialogue, drama, and a tragic love story.
The Impact Of The Amistad Case On Race And Law In America(1841)
Authors: Jones Howard
Published: November 2023

The U.S. Supreme Court’s March 1841 decision to free the black captives of the Amistad marks the only instance in history in which captured Africans brought to the New World won their freedom and returned to their homeland. Indeed, this series of events constituted the first civil rights case to reach the highest tribunal in the land. Although the ruling turned on a technicality, it had lasting importance because black people had testified in antebellum American courts and won their freedom on the basis of innate human rights. In accordance with the defense team’s argument, Joseph Cinque (whose name was Sengbe Pieh in his native Mende language) and his companions were “kidnapped Africans” who had the inherent right of self-defense in killing their captors and winning their liberty.
A White Woman’s Word: The Scottsboro Case(1931)
Authors: ling P J
Published: November 2023

The case hinged on the word of two women against that of nine youths. The women were white, the defendants black, and the charge was rape. To a succession of Alabama juries between 1931 and 1937, race was the crux. Even when one of the women admitted that she had lied, even when the medical evidence was clearly inconsistent with the allegations of gang rape, even though two of the accused were barely thirteen, another was virtually blind, and a fourth was so infected with venereal disease that any intercourse would have been acutely painful, the verdict was always guilty.
Jackson As Morbid Anatomist
Authors: Critchley Macdonald , Critchley Eileen A
Published: November 2023

In August 1882 Jackson was invited to speak at the Annual Meeting of the British Medical Association, which was held in Worcester (the birthplace of his grandfather, John Hughlings). He addressed the Section of Pathology, and his lecture was, in many respects, unlike his usual contributions, being simpler in character and didactic. He made a strong plea to members of his audience to obtain post-mortem examinations whenever possible and, having achieved the statutory minimum requirement in training in morbid anatomy, to continue to be present at the autopsy of any patient of his who had died. It was Jackson’s opinion that pathology is the basis of every rational system of therapeutics.
Marriage, Bereavement and Honours
Authors: Critchley Macdonald , Critchley Eileen A
Published: November 2023

After a courtship which was said to have lasted for 11 years, John Hughlings Jackson married his first cousin, Elizabeth Dade Jackson, at St. Giles Church, Northampton, on 25th July 1865. The bride was 28 and the bridegroom was 30 years of age. Elizabeth and John had known each other all their lives. They shared paternal grandparents. Both were born at Green Hammerton and had been neighbours there as children. Elizabeth was the daughter of Hughlings Jackson’s father’s brother, Thomas Jackson, and his second wife, Mary Smith Jackson.
Commodities That Speak: Form and Transformation in Mary Rowlandson’s Captivity Narrative and Harriet Jacobs’s Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl
Authors: Rodríguez Barbara
Published: November 2023

In texts written more than two centuries apart, Mary Rowlandson and Harriet Jacobs describe the transformation from person to thing that each experiences within different systems of commodification. As objects of property, each author realizes her use-value in ways defined by her owner(s). And each, as Marx observes, realizes her value through exchange or ransom. In the “Narrative of the Captivity and Restauration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson” and in Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl: Written by Herself, the commodities speak. Rowlandson and Jacobs construct arguments for personhood using tools denied to the captive and slave; Rowlandson appropriates a narrative form that chronicles the spiritual conversion, and after Jacobs escapes from the South, the fugitive slave writes her own story, exercising skills and knowledge forbidden to her. In their autobiographical narratives, Mary Rowlandson and Harriet Jacobs critique the social relationships that attribute exchange value to them. Both authors create or identify loopholes in those relationships and the systems surrounding them; serving as the means of survival for the authors, these loopholes also shape the arguments that contradict and reverse the transformation from person to thing.
Functional Imaging
Authors: Johnson Keith A , Albert Marilyn S
Published: November 2023

Patients with memory complaints are often arrayed along a continuum from normal function through varying degrees of impairment. A crucial question for both patients and clinicians evaluating them is to what extent these complaints are the harbinger of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This issue is of particular importance as strategies for the prevention or delay of dementia are developed. Modern imaging techniques offer one potential method of early detection.
Biological Markers
Authors: Graff-Radford Neill R
Published: November 2023

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the commonest cause of dementia, affecting more than four million Americans over the age of 65 years and with an estimated cost to the United States of $100 billion per year (Small et al., 1997). Unless an effective treatment is found, the cost is likely to increase, particularly when the “baby boomers” reach the risk age period. The ideal treatment strategy is to identify those at risk and prevent their developing the disease.
Saying What Was n’t Said: Negative Observation as a Linguistic Resource for the Interactional Achievement of Performance Feedback
Authors: Jacoby Sally , Gonzales Patrick
Published: November 2023

An increasing number of studies of language and social interaction have begun to explore grammar-in-use as an interactionally positioned structuration of language (e.g., Goodwin 1979; Schegl off 1979; Lerner 1991; Ford 1993; Heritage and Sorjonen 1994; Heritage and Roth 1995; Ford and Wagner, 1996; Ochs, Schegl off, and Thompson 1996; He and Tsoneva 1998). In a similar spirit, this chapter investigates the linguistic design, sequential placement, and interactional import of a class of turn format that we call “saying what was n’t said.”
Oh-Prefaced Responses to Assessments A Method of Modifying Agreement/Disagreement
Authors: Heritage John
Published: November 2023

I want to begin with a text from the “Parade” section of the LA Times of Sunday, January 25, 1998. On the cover is a picture of a woman in full fire fighting attire, backlit by flames and hosing water at a target that is out of the shot. Superimposed on the picture is a text that reads: “A fire fighter, a jockey, a welder, a tobacco farmer, a boxer-these women’s stories are as different as their professions, but they all have one sentiment in common: ‘Oh, yes I can!”‘ A significant element of the “sen time not” referred to here is one of rebuttal. This woman, the reader is led to infer, decided to be a fire fighter and was told that it is not a job for a woman. The picture with its caption conveys that she has driven back this attack and overcome the opposition of naysayers.
Turn-Sharing: The Choral Co-Production of Talk-in-Interaction
Authors: Lerner Gene H
Published: November 2023

Simultaneous speech in conversation, when it occurs, can be treated as a tum taking problem in need of repair (Sacks, Schegl off, and Jefferson 1974).Speakers may cut short what they are saying or employ devices to compete for exclusive speakership when faced with an overlapping utterance by another participant (Jefferson 1983; Jefferson and Schegl off 1975; Lerner 1989; Schegl off 1987, 2000). However, some forms of participation in conversation are not serially organized-that is, they are not designed for one participant speaking at a time. On occasion, participants may treat more-than-one-at-a-time speaking as properly simultaneous.
Intersubjectivity
Authors: Overstreet Maryann
Published: November 2023

There are occasions in the analysis of spoken interactional discourse among familiars when the meanings apparently recognized and shared by the participants seem to be unfathomable to anyone else. What the speaker of the quote above had in mind when she used the expression and stuff like that may be guessed at by an outside observer, but it is unlikely ever to match what her familiar interlocutor was assumed to understand by what was said. I will return to this example in the course of this Chapter, as I attempt to explore the strongly interpersonal function of general extenders.
Politeness
Authors: Overstreet Maryann
Published: November 2023

The fragment quoted here is from an interaction between a recently appointed research assistant (A) and a secretary (B). In his analysis of this brief interaction, Gumperz does not mention the use of the general extender or anything, but he is clearly aware of its function in creating the overall tone of A’s talk: “Throughout the interaction, A has pursued a strategy of not providing detailed information and relying on B’s ability to guess.
The Maxim of Quantity and Adjunctive General Extenders
Authors: Overstreet Maryann
Published: November 2023

The quotation above is from a point in the film Reality Bites when the speaker (Troy, the struggling musician) is telling Lelaina (the about-to-be-famous videographer) how things will be when she’s a big success. He could have ended his comparison at the word beautiful. But he does n’t. There is more to his message, and the “more” is expressed by the general extender. In this Chapter, I will take a look at how an’ shit and a number of other adjunctive general extenders can be viewed as hedges on expectations arising from the Maxim of Quantity.
Summary
Authors: Overstreet Maryann
Published: November 2023

These observations about studying talk should be kept in mind when ever we summarize the results of any investigation using conversational data. We are always studying fragments, and our analysis is always incomplete. And we often find that we have said very little about some instances of the phenomenon we have so carefully studied. For example, the role of the general extender and so on in this introductory quotation has not received much attention, nor have many other forms that are more typically found in written discourse. Bearing this cautionary note in mind, I will try to summarize some of the observations I have been able to make about my data.
Comparing the Emotional Brains of Humans and Other Animals
Authors: Berridge Kent C
Published: November 2023

How is emotion embodied in the brain? That is the question posed by affective neuroscience (Cacioppo & Gardner, 1999; Davidson & Sutton, 1995; LeDoux, 1996; Panksepp, 1991, 1998), an enterprise that comprises the efforts of psychologists of emotion and cognition and philosophers of mind, as well as biopsychologists, psychiatrists, neurologists, and other neuroscientists. Affective neuroscience seeks a better understanding of affect and emotion at both psychological and neurobiological levels. Evidence regarding the brain substrates of feeling and emotion has grown substantially in recent years. But which brain structures are most important for emotion seems to depend to an extent on whom you read. This chapter is intended to address an apparent division in the affective neuroscience literature between views of brain organization that see emotion primarily as a product of the neocortex and views that see emotion as a product of subcortical brain structures (Figure 3.1). Not at all by coincidence, this corresponds largely to a distinction between those who study emotion and affect in human beings or primates and those who study brain mechanisms of emotion and affect in nonprimate animals. A newcomer to the affective neuroscience literature would deserve to be forgiven for concluding that there are actually two emotional brains. One literature comes mainly from studies of human subjects, either from PET or fMRI brain imaging of normal individuals or from clinical studies of patients with brain damage. It depicts an emotional brain that is composed chiefly of regions of neocortex. The second literature stresses the role of subcortical systems in emotion and comes chiefly from studies of cats, rats, and other nonprimate animals. These animal studies often involved techniques of brain manipulation (stimulation, lesion, microinjection, etc.) and measured basic behavioral or physiological emotional reactions. Upon a quick reading one might conclude that there are two different “emotional brains,” depending on which species is being studied. Human and other primate emotion apparently starts at the amygdala and goes upward to the cortex, whereas emotion in most other animals seems to proceed downward from amygdala to the brain stem.
Functional Neuroimaging of Depression: A Role for Medial Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: Elliott Rebecca , Dolan Raymond J
Published: November 2023

Functional imaging has proved an important tool in the study of depression with studies consistently reporting abnormalities. In this chapter we consider the converging findings from a number of positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies that critically implicate regions of the medial prefrontal cortex in depression. The medial region of prefrontal cortex is extensively interconnected with other cortical and subcortical structures. More specifically, many of the connections of this region are to structures within the classically defined limbic system, a set of structures with a fundamental role in emotional aspects of processing. The medial prefrontal cortex also projects extensively to more lateral areas of cortex involved in the control of willed action and behavior. It thus provides a plausible substrate for mediating emotional determinants of cognition and behavior that may be dysfunctional in depression. Results from lesion studies, in both animals and humans, are consistent with this proposition. Damage to the medial portion of prefrontal cortex produces a spectrum of deficits, many of which have an emotional component. Specifically, the deficits associated with medial prefrontal damage suggest that this region performs an interpretative role in response to emotional stimuli. Thus it is involved less in the experience of emotion per se and more in the incorporation of emotional factors in decision making and behavioral response. Functional imaging of normal emotional processing, including transiently induced mood changes, would also suggest that medial prefrontal regions are involved in a number of aspects of mood and emotional processing. In this chapter we will briefly review this literature before considering data from recent neuroimaging studies of depression supporting a theory that medial prefrontal cortex dysfunction is the fundamental cortical manifestation of clinical depression. The evidence suggests that medial prefrontal function is abnormal in the resting state and that this abnormality can be related to clinical features of the disorder. Further, cognitive activation studies have demonstrated that depressed patients fail to show normal activation of this region in response to cognitive challenges. Finally, we discuss evidence suggesting that medial prefrontal abnormality can be related to response to various treatments in depressed patients and, indeed, that this region may be important in predicting treatment outcomes.
Bottom-Up: Implications for Neurobehavioral Models of Anxiety and Autonomic Regulation
Authors: Berntson Gary G , Cacioppo John T , Sarter Martin
Published: November 2023

The cerebral cortex is a crucial neural substrate for higher level behavioral and cognitive processes. Given the prevailing recognition of the hierarchical structure of central neural organization, it is tempting to consider lower levels of the neuraxis as fundamentally subservient to higher level influences. This view is not baseless, but it is incomplete. Recent developments in behavioral neuroscience reveal that lower neural levels can powerfully prime, bias, or otherwise regulate processing by higher neural structures. Moreover, it is increasingly recognized that central and peripheral processes constitute reciprocally linked dimensions of neurobehavioral function. Although reciprocal interactions among levels of neural organization have been recognized historically, contemporary research has now begun to clarify and solidify this concept, and embody this pattern of interaction in documented neurobehavioral systems. This chapter considers the reciprocal “top-down” and “bottom-up” interactions within neurobehavioral systems, as revealed by current research on anxiety and autonomic control. These data mandate a broader perspective on psychological states such as anxiety and on associated psychophysiological relations. They further suggest that a traditional approach to defining invariant behavioral-autonomic relations may not be particularly fruitful in the ultimate understanding of psychophysiological relationships. Current research increasingly focuses on the multiple interacting levels of processing within neurobehavioral systems, and the complex behavioral and autonomic manifestations of these levels of organization. Although disciplinary perspectives may distinguish between the domains of behavioral, autonomic, and neuroendocrine function, nature does not respect these artificial distinctions. Therefore, contemporary research might more fruitfully focus on specifying the components and operating characteristics of neurobehavioral systems, integrating data on the multiple levels of processing within these systems and elucidating the interactions among levels of organization. Although we use a specific line of research for illustrative purposes, the present chapter is not primarily about anxiety or psychophysiology, but about a fundamental principle of neurobehavioral organization: the powerful ascending controls of cognitive/behavioral processing that arise from bottom-up, including peripheral, influences. These influences have fundamental implications for neurobehavioral models of affect and autonomic control, and their relations to health.
Somatosensory Amplification and Hypochondriasis
Authors: Barsky Arthur J
Published: November 2023

The prominent disease fears, beliefs, and preoccupations of hypochondriacal patients are thought to stem from a misattribution of benign bodily symptoms and normal sensations to serious disease. The hypochondriacal patient misunderstands and misinterprets personal bodily experience as indicative of serious disease, when in fact there is no serious pathology present. This raises a fundamental question: What, exactly, is the sensory experience of hypochondriacal individuals? Does their perceptual experience differ from that of non hypochondriacal patients; or alternatively, do they describe the same perceptual experience differently because they label and report bodily distress and sensation in more distressing and disturbing terms?
Reassurance in the Treatment of Hypochondriasis
Authors: Starcevic Vladan
Published: November 2023

The use of reassurance in the treatment of hypochondriasis may depend on how closely we follow current diagnostic manuals, because manuals such as the DSM IV tell us that hypochondriasis persists despite “appropriate medical reassurance” (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Contrary to the experience of many physicians who work with hypochondriacal patients and use reassurance in their treatment, this diagnostic conceptualization of hypochondriasis implies that pro vision of reassurance is not likely to be effective for hypochondriasis, and that attempts to use it will probably be futile. In short, why reassure if, by definition, reassurance is not effective?
Political Radicalism and Artistic Innovation in the Works of Lorraine Hansberry
Authors: Wilkerson Margaret B
Published: November 2023

Lorraine Hansberry (figure 2.1) was a visionary playwright whose belief in humankind’s potential to overcome its own excesses of avarice, oppression, and inhumanity compelled her to raise provocative questionson the American stage. Ironically, her success with A Raisin in the Sun, which won the 1959 New York Drama Critics Circle Award and which won acclaim from white as well as black audiences during its Broadway production, led some critics to view her work as integrationist and accommodationist. A virile, confrontational Black Arts Movement in the 1960s, which challenged its parent, the Civil Rights Movement, following Hansberry’s death, seemed to eclipse her work and to label it as “old-fashioned,” both in form and content. How ever, persistent voices continued to claim for Hansberry a more radical stance, and during the 1990s, they have been joined by some of her earlier detractors. A close examination of two of her plays, A Raisin in the Sun and Les Blancs, combined with information about her sources and facts about her life affirm a political stance more radical than previously recognized and artistic choices that challenge the boundaries of theatrical realism.
Deep Skin: Reconstructing Congo Square
Authors: Roach Joseph R
Published: November 2023

I believe it to be a fact that the colored people of this country know and understand the white people better than the white people will ever know and understand themselves.
Black Minstrelsy and Double Inversion, Circa 1890
Authors: Bean Annemarie
Published: November 2023

The above exchange comes from Jolly Joe’s Lady Minstrels, a minstrel guide “written, compiled, and edited in the sole interest of cheerfulness from the most jovial sources, and arranged with a particular eye to the needs of female negro minstrels.”2  Jolly Joe’s Lady Minstrels was published in 1893, a significant moment in the history of nineteenth-century American blackface minstrelsy,3 as there was an increasing number of professional and amateur white minstrel guides published, including Frank Dumont’s The Witmark Amateur Minstrel Guide and Burnt Cork Encyclopedia (1899) and The Boys of New York End Men’s Joke Book (1902).4
The Black Performer and the Performance of Blackness: The Escape; or, A Leap to Freedom by William Wells Brown and No Place To Be Somebody by Charles Gordone
Authors: Elam Harry J
Published: November 2023

Throughout African American theater history, African American play wrights, actors, and artists have manipulated the “productive ambivalence” of the black performer to transgress, transcend, and even subvert established racial categories. Performers and performances have effectively challenged racial definitions and provoked audiences to reconsider the sociocultural justifications for racial identifications. Repeatedly, performances have interrogated and exploited the slippage between the meanings of race and its visible signifiers. In this essay, I will explore the subversive potential of the black performer by analyzing two important works from the canon of black theater history: the first play ever published by a black author in the United States, The Escape; or, A Leap to Freedom (1858) by William Wells Brown and the 1969 Pulitzer Prize–winning play by Charles Gordone, No Place To Be Somebody. Implicitly and explicitly, these works foreground the power of the black performer to renegotiate the meanings of blackness. Significantly, in these plays, the playwrights’ use of language functions both to construct and to confront racial categories. Despite obvious differences in time period, in intended audience, and in perceptions of blackness, each of these texts relies on the “productive am bivalence” of the black performer to deconstruct existing racial definitions. In the process, the authors comment on how blackness is conceived and performed both on stage and in life.
The Costs of Re-Membering: What’s at Stake in Gayl Jones’s Corregidora
Authors: Sharpe Christina E
Published: November 2023

On Sunday, 2 April 1995, the front page of the New York Times featured an article entitled “Bringing Slavery’s Long Shadow to the Light.” The sub-heading continued, “Blacks Seek Catharsis by Bringing Slavery’s Long Shadow to the Light.”
The Divinity Of Higher Dimensions
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

Sometimes you feel like you are not part of this world. People often stare at you on the street and when you wander the FBI halls late at night. Even the custodial staff seems to follow you as if you are something odd or alien. You consider the situation with an amusement and aloofness that angers those closest to you, particularly Sally.

“What’ s that?” Sally asks.

You look at your hand. “This is my hand.”

Sally rolls her eyes. “Not that. I mean the book in your hand.”

“Flatland.” You dust off an old book and flip through its pages. “It was published in 1884 by a Victorian schoolmaster named Edwin Abbott Abbott. It’ s about the life of a square in a 2-D world called Flatland. When he tells his people about the third dimension, they put him in jail.” Sally’ s eyes dart around your cluttered office and focus on a large photo of former FBI Chief J. Edgar Hoover. A thin trail of strawberry incense arises from a burning stick on your desk, and there is a twangy musical sound coming from some nearby speakers. You are now playing a CD of Bismilla Kahn and Ravi Shankar.
Hyperspheres And Tesseracts
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

II FBI Headquarters, Washington, D.C., 8:00 P. M.

You’ ve returned to your FBI office. “I want to talk more about hyperspheres and tesseracts, the 4-D counterparts to spheres and cubes.” You draw a circle on the board with a dot at its center. ‘ ‘ A circle is the collection of points (on a plane) all at the same distance r from a point. A sphere is the collection of points (in space) all at the same distance r from a point. Similarly, a hypersphere is the collection of points (in hyper­ space) all at the same distance r from a point.”

Sally steps closer to the board. “If a hypersphere with a seventeen-foot radius came into our world, what points would be on it?” She points her finger in the air. ‘ ‘ Assume that its center is located at my fingertip.”

For several seconds, you stare at Sally’ s elegantly manicured nails before taking a string from your drawer and measure off seventeen feet. “Sally, may I borrow one of your earrings?”

She removes a small, golden earring from her left ear and hands it to you. You tie a knot around it. You tie the other end of the string to her finger and walk away until the string is taut. ‘ ‘ All the points that are seventeen feet from your fingertip would be on the hypersphere. Right now, your earring would touch the hypersphere’ s edge.
Relationship Context as a Moderator of Sources of Individual Differences in Empathic Development
Authors: Robinson Joann L , Zahn-Waxler Carolyn , Emde Robert N
Published: November 2023

The expression of empathy is a complex constellation of emotions and behaviors that optimally convey a sense of caring and concern for another in distress with the goal of relieving that distress (Batson et al., 1981; Davis, 1983; Robinson et al., 1994). Empathic behaviors in children are generally considered to be subject to socialization or social forces that encourage or restrict their expression. Much research on empathic development has considered the importance of socializing influences, especially in early childhood (see Eisenberg & Mussen, 1989 for a review.) Some research has also considered the role of contextual factors influencing the degree of altruism or empathy expressed. This has included consideration of the role of degree of relatedness of the “victim” or beneficiary of prosocial acts. In general, children and adults are more likely to provide assistance to someone in distress if the individual is an acquaintance rather than a stranger (Dovidio, 1984; Krebs, 1975; Willis et al., 1977). Research has also shown that the degree of acquaintance is an important factor in the prediction of altruistic acts. For example, school-age children are more likely to share with or help a friend compared to a nonfriend (Bengtsson & Johnson, 1987). Few studies have considered these processes during the transition from infancy to early childhood, the developmental phases when empathic and altruistic behaviors are emerging in the child’s behavioral repertoire.
Stellar Evolution
Authors: Hartquist T W , Dyson J E , Ruffle D P
Published: November 2023

The physical structures and properties of stars change as they age. In this chapter, we give an overview of the way stars evolve to set the context for our later discussions. The mass is by far the most important single factor determining a star’s structure and evolution. A corollary of this statement is that any significant mass loss from a star affects both its structure and subsequent evolution. Much of present research into stellar structure and evolution involves the study of stars whose masses change significantly as they evolve.