bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Review of Kurian Kachappilly (ed.), 2009, Process, Religion, and Society.
Authors: Lefebure Leo D.
Published: April 2016

Alfred North Whitehead (1861–1947) proposed one of the boldest and most thoroughgoing efforts to rethink cosmology of the last century. His philosophy of organism has had a strong, though controversial, influence on Christian theology in North America and beyond, with interest growing in some circles in South and East Asia. While Whitehead is strongly rooted in the Western philosophical tradition, including Plato, the British and American empiricists, and the English Romantic poets, his thought also has strong resonances with aspects of Hindu, Buddhist, and Taoist thought. The two volumes under review are collections of essays that were presented at the Seventh International Whitehead Conference that took place in India in January 2009. In his keynote address at the beginning of volume 1, John B. Cobb, Jr., a Methodist Christian who is one of the most influential process theologians of the last halfcentury, sets the tone for the entire discussion by stressing the primacy of relationships in process and the implications of Whitehead's philosophy for envisioning God and shaping society
Biographies
Authors: Adyan
Published: April 2016

Biographies
Effects of temperature, pH and carbon and nitrogen sources on growth of in vitro cultures of ectomycorrhizal isolates from Pinus heldreichii forest
Authors: Lazarević Jelena , Stojičić Dragana , Keča Nenad
Published: April 2016

Aim of study: This study aims to provide basic information about physiological characteristics of isolates of Lactarius deliciosus (L.) Gray, Russula sanguinaria (Schumach.) Rauschert, Suillus collinitus (Fr) Kuntze, Suillus granulatus (L.) Rousell, Tricholoma batchii Gulden and Tricholoma imbricatum (Fr.) Kumm.Area of study: The isolates are obtained from Pinus heldreichii H. Christ forest in the south-eastern part of Montenegro.Material and methods: The isolates were molecularly characterised by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. The effects of different temperatures (20, 22, 25°C), pHs (4, 4.5, 5.2, 5.8, 6.5, 7.5), and carbon (glucose, sucrose, dextrin, arabinose, xylose and starch) and nitrogen (NH4+, NO3- and protein) sources on their growth were examined under laboratory conditions.Main results: The studied factors established significant differences in the development of isolates. Isolates of R. sanguinaria, L. deliciosus and both Suillus, were characterised by faster growth at 22°C, while Tricholoma isolates grew faster at 25°C. S. granulatus, S. collinitus and T. imbticatum isolates grew well at lower pH values (4 - 5.2), while L. deliciosus, R. sanguinaria and T. bachii exhibited faster growth at pHs between 5.8 and 6.5. The examined isolates were able to utilize various carbohydrates as carbon sources. The biggest mycelial growth was characterised for sucrose, then glucose, dextrin, arabinose, starch and xylose. They grew on all examined nitrogen sources, while the biggest mycelia growth was achieved on ammonium, followed by nitrate and protein. Those characteristics varied amongst the species.Research highlights: Information about physiological characteristics of Tricholoma, Lactarius, Russula, as well as Suillus, are sparse. Hence, the data obtained in this study could contribute to the understanding of their function in ecosystems.
Fire effects in Pinus uncinata Ram plantations
Authors: Cardil Forradellas Adrián , Molina Terrén Domingo Miguel , Oliveres Jordi , Castellnou Marc
Published: April 2016

Aim of study: Understanding fire ecology of main forest species is essential for a sound, scientifically based on managing of wildlands and also to assess likely implications due to changes in fire regime under a global change scenario. Few references can be found about fire ecology of Pinus uncinata Ram. (PU). PU species grows in the Central Pyrenees where large, severe wildland fires did not occur frequently in the past. However, several fires with extreme fire behavior have affected PU stands in last years and they might disturb other PU forest in the future.Area of study: Cabdella fire (February 2012), in Lleida province, is one of the several wildland fires occurred in 2012 (winter season) in the Central Pyrenees. Fire affected a large PU plantation (102 ha) located at 1.800-2,100 meters above the sea.Material and methods: We have analyzed first order fire effects in three fireline intensity thresholds along three years in terms of mortality ratio, scorched height, percentage of scorched crown volume and bark char height.Main results: PU seems to be a very tolerant species to low and medium fire line intensity but fire effects were very significant when fire line intensity was high. In medium fireline intensity sites, probability of mortality ranged from 15 to 30% and the dead trees had the highest values on scorched height and percentage of scorched crown volume.Research highlights: Results from this work supports that prescribed burning might be used to efficiently decrease fuel load and fuel vertical continuity while avoiding considerable PU mortality. It also displayed that when fuel management has been implemented, PU mortality might be limited even under extreme fire behavior.Abbreviations used: PU: Pinus uncinata Ram.
The Effect of Educational Intervention in Promoting Safe Behaviors in a Sample of Iranian Primary School Students: An Application of the Health Belief Model
Authors: Ghavami Maryam , Fasihi Harandy Tayebeh , Kabir Kourosh
Published: April 2016

PURPOSE: Road traffic accidents account for the biggest mortality rate in Iran and children are among the main victims of these accidents. The present study was conducted to assess the effect of an educational intervention based on the Health Belief Model on behaviors associated with obeying traffic regulations in primary school students during the academic year 2014-15 in Khorramabad, Iran.

METHODS: The present quasi-experimental has a pre-post-intervention design and was conducted on 106 sixth-grade primary school students selected through multi-stage sampling and divided into an intervention and a control group. The students were assessed before, a week after and two months after the intervention. Data were collected using a two-part questionnaire containing a demographic section and a section with items on the constructs of the Health Belief Model. The data obtained were then analyzed in SPSS-20.

RESULTS: The mean scores of perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, self-efficacy and cues to action significantly improved in the intervention group compared to the control group (P<0. 01).

CONCLUSION: An educational intervention based the Health Belief Model managed to effectively improve behaviors associated with obeying traffic regulations.
Quantitative Electroencephalography for Objective and Differential Diagnosis of Depression: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Yadollahpour Ali , Nasrollahi Hadi
Published: April 2016

Quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) has been dramatically developed during recent years in cognitive neurosciences. It has shown significant potential in the diagnosis of cognitive neurological disorders as well as in the evaluation of treatment outcomes and response. Early diagnosis of depression, differential diagnosis, and assessing the treatment outcomes and response are currently the main research fields of QEEG in depression. Identifying reliable disorder-specific EEG-based biomarkers that have strong correlations with the depression specific cognitive functions is one of the major challenges in these fields. Such biomarkers not only allow early and cost-effective diagnosis of depression, but also may have differential diagnostic and predictive values for treatment response of a variety of treatments. This paper aims at a comprehensive review on the main principles of QEEG in developing biomarkers for MDD. The databases of PubMed (1985-2015), Web of Sciences (1985-2015), and Google Scholar (1980-2015) were searched using the set terms. The obtained results were screened for the title and abstract by two authors and they came to consensus whether the studies are related to the review. The main advantages of QEEG for mood disorders are also reviewed. In addition, different QEEG-based measures for objective diagnosis of MDD as well as for distinguishing depressed patients from healthy subjects are discussed.
2016/1 Do the rules on transfer of undertaking apply in a ‘pre-pack’ insolvency? A Dutch court asks the ECJ for guidance (NL)
Authors: Vas Nunes Peter
Published: April 2016

2016/1 Do the rules on transfer of undertaking apply in a ‘pre-pack’ insolvency? A Dutch court asks the ECJ for guidance (NL)

A day care provider, Estro Groep B.V., (‘Estro’) went into pre-arranged (‘pre-pack’) receivership. Immediately afterwards, a large part of its business was taken over by another day care provider, Smallsteps B.V. (‘Smallsteps’). The latter did not offer employment to all of Estro’s employees, taking the position that the takeover did not constitute the transfer of an undertaking. This position was based on the fact that Estro was in receivership at the time of the takeover. According to the Dutch law transposing the Acquired Rights Directive, such takeovers are exempted from the rules on transfers of undertakings. A union and five of the employees whom Smallsteps had not offered jobs, relying on the wording of Article 5(1) of the Directive (“insolvency proceedings which have been instituted with a view to the liquidation of the assets”), claimed that they had become Smallsteps employees. The court referred questions to the ECJ for a preliminary ruling.
2016/18 Legislation that increased the statutory retirement age violates ECHR (NL)
Authors: Vas Nunes Peter
Published: April 2016

2016/18 Legislation that increased the statutory retirement age violates ECHR (NL)

A 60-year old widow with a house but without income other than a small widow’s pension has successfully challenged legislation that moved the qualification age for state pension benefits from 65 to 67. A court has found that, in her particular case, the legislation constitutes an “individual and excessive burden” within the meaning of ECtHR case law on the First Protocol to the ECHR. The government was ordered to start paying the widow state pension from age 65 despite and contrary to the wording of the law.
Scholarly Sharing via Twitter: #icanhazpdf Requests for Health Sciences Literature
Authors: Swab Michelle , Romme Kristen
Published: April 2016

Introduction: Although requesting access to journal articles and books via colleagues and authors is a long-established academic practice, websites and social media platforms have broadened the scope and visibility of academic literature sharing among researchers. On Twitter, the #icanhazpdf hashtag has emerged as a way for researchers to request and obtain journal articles quickly and efficiently. This study analyzes use of the #icanhazpdf hashtag as a means of obtaining health sciences literature. Methods: RowFeeder software was used to monitor and aggregate #icanhazpdf requests between 1 February and 30 April 2015. This software records data such as Twitter handle, tweet content, tweeter location, date, and time. Tweets were hand-coded for the journal subject area, the requestor’s geographic location, and the requestor’s occupational sector. Results: There were 302 requests for health sciences literature during the study period. Many requests were made by users affiliated with a post-secondary academic institution (45%, n = 136). Very few requests were made by users located in Canada (n = 15). Conclusion: #icanhazpdf requests for health sciences literature account for a relatively small proportion of peer-to-peer article sharing activities when compared with other online platforms. Nevertheless, this study provides evidence that some faculty and students are choosing social media over the library as a means of obtaining health sciences literature. Examining peer-to-peer article sharing practices can provide insights into patron behaviour and expectations.
Transport of six tyrosine kinase inhibitors: active or passive?
Authors: Honeywell Richard J. , Hitzerd Sarina , Kathmann Ietje , Peters Godefridus J.
Published: April 2016

Transport of erlotinib, gefitinib, sorafenib, sunitinib, dasatinib and crizotinib can be active or passive, which was studied by measuring uptake  at low (4 °C; passive) and normal temperature (37 °C; active and passive) and by the use of specific organic cation transporter (OCT) inhibitors. Intracellular accumulation was determined using Caco-2 as monolayers, while for gut permeation we used differentiated Caco-2 as model for intestinal epithelium in the Transwell system. Sorafenib and crizotinib uptake are likely to be dependent on passive transport. Gefitinib, dasatinib and sunitinib uptake seem to be active. Erlotinib’s transport also seems to be active. This study suggests that hOCTs might be involved in the apical to basolateral transport of gefitinib and crizotinib. Overall it can be concluded that the accumulation and transport of these six TKIs are very different, despite the fact that they are all tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Sulla versione latina delle Epistole a Cledonio
Authors: Capone Alessandro ,   Instituto Patristico Augustinianum
Published: April 2016

This contribution focuses attention on the lexical and syntactic features of the Latin version of the Letters to Cledonius: In the passages examined it highlights the differences between the translation and the Greek text, recreates the practices and the strategies of the translator, with particular reference to the two Letters and in some cases to other of Gregory of Nazianzen's texts as reported in Laur. San Marco 584. Lastly the article evaluates the genuineness of the Latin text that was handed down and the possible supply to the constitution of the Greek text.
Le fonti del De Trinitate di S. Agostino
Authors: Cipriani Nello ,   Instituto Patristico Augustinianum
Published: April 2016

Following some methodological remarks, the article first demonstrates the possibility of determining indirectly Augustine’s patristic sources in De Trinitate, while it also takes into account the author’s indications of his sources in other of his writings. The presence of Marius Victorinus in Books 5-7 is also underscored. The second half of the article, while acknowledging a certain Neoplatonic philosophical influence behind similitudo mentis, nevertheless attributes Augustine’s first awareness of this concept to Victorinus. In addition, the psychological analyses found in Books 9-10 are traceable principally to the theory of oikeiosis present in Latin authors, in primis, Cicero.
A Critical Look and Evaluation of Augustine’s De haeresibus
Authors: Sadowski Sydney ,   Instituto Patristico Augustinianum
Published: April 2016

Today’s scholarship has paid little attention to the work of St. Augustine titled De Haeresibus ad Quodvultdeum. The following article will discuss the work itself in a couple of ways, first, by deciphering the sources used by Augustine and his definition of heresy; secondly, by categorizing the heresies in a way that is both understandable to the modern mind and consistent with current Catholic terminology, so that the language of the current century can be employed to describe and categorize heresies from the fifth century.
La Laudatio altera S. Stephani Protomartyris attribuita a Gregorio di Nissa (CPG 3187)
Authors: Masi Gianluca ,   Instituto Patristico Augustinianum
Published: April 2016

Gregory of Nyssa’s Laudatio altera S. Stephani Protomartyris (CPG 3187) has been critically published by Lendle from the two extant copies of the long recension, mostly disregarding the unique Greek witness of a short form which is attributed to John Chrysostom. Following the unveiling of an Armenian translation of the short recension, also attributed to Chrysostom, the paper examines its critical role, its links with the short Greek form and proposes a revision of Lendle’s text.
L’edizione critica delle En. Ps. 101-150 di Agostino
Authors: Gori Franco ,   Instituto Patristico Augustinianum
Published: April 2016

The Commentary on the Psalms is a monumental work which for more than thirty years consumed the energies of Augustine as exegete. The extraordinary quantity of this work as well as the exceptional number of manuscript traditions which it has spawned has delayed until now the production of a critical edition carried out according to the exacting criteria of modern textual criticism. The part of the editorial project which the Vienna Academy entrusted to the Patristic Institute, the «Augustinianum» (en. Ps. 101-150) has now been completed in five volumes published in the CSEL series (voll. 95, 1-5). The editor’s intention was to incorporate the progress made in modern textual criticism to the specific case of Augustine’s treatment of the Psalms, giving due attention to the peculiar characteristics both of the text and of the manuscript tradition.
Data Science and Designing for Privacy
Authors: Falgoust Michael ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: April 2016

Unprecedented advances in the ability to store, analyze, and retrieve data is the hallmark of the information age. Along with enhanced capability to identify meaningful patterns in large data sets, contemporary data science renders many classical models of privacy protection ineffective. Addressing these issues through privacy-sensitive design is insufficient because advanced data science is mutually exclusive with preserving privacy. The special privacy problem posed by data analysis has so far escaped even leading accounts of informational privacy. Here, I argue that accounts of privacy must include norms about information processing in addition to norms about information flow. Ultimately, users need the resources to control how and when personal information is processed and the knowledge to make information decisions about that control. While privacy is an insufficient design constraint, value-sensitive design around control and transparency can support privacy in the information age.
Le contexte comme amplificateur d’expérience : l’achat de produits monastiques en points de vente religieux
Authors: Paquie Marie-Catherine , Morin-Delerm Sophie
Published: April 2016

Cette recherche explore la rencontre entre offreurs monastiques et consommateurs par le prisme de l’expérience d’achat. Des entretiens semi-directifs avec des acheteurs en points de vente religieux physiques et virtuels montrent que les contextes sociétaux et locaux amplifient l’expérience vécue en magasin d’abbaye, tandis que l’e-expérience semble dénuée d’imprégnation contextuelle. Ainsi, la capacité du magasin d’abbaye à transférer du sens encourage les managers monastiques à accentuer les facteurs d’ambiance et à améliorer le potentiel d’immersion des sites marchands, en cohérence avec l’image patrimoniale des monastères. Le canal virtuel pourrait alors prolonger l’attachement des clients au lieu monastique physique.
Entre logique privée et logique collective : mieux cerner l’utilisation de l’information environnementale par le consommateur
Authors: François-Lecompte Agnès , Bertrandias Laurent
Published: April 2016

A ce jour, les étiquetages environnementaux les plus performants mêlent implicitement bénéfices privés et bénéfices collectifs. A ce titre, l’efficacité de formats d’étiquetage donnant une information permettant seulement d’évaluer l’impact environnemental reste incertaine. Cet article s’intéresse à la façon dont les consommateurs valorisent une étiquette environnementale multi-indicateurs. La recherche a été menée auprès de 434 consommateurs dans le cadre de la mise en place d’un étiquetage environnemental des restaurants. Les résultats confirment que l’importance accordée aux indicateurs environnementaux associés à des bénéfices privés est très supérieure à celle accordée aux critères engageant des bénéfices strictement collectifs. Des réflexions et implications sur les étiquetages environnementaux émergent de ces résultats.
L’expérience immersive créée par un jeu promotionnel en réalité augmentée destiné aux enfants
Authors: Muratore Isabelle , Nannipieri Olivier
Published: April 2016

Comment permettre à une cible, en l’occurrence des enfants âgés de 7 à 11 ans, de vivre une expérience immersive grâce à la promotion des ventes ? C’est sur la base d’un jeu en réalité augmentée proposé aux enfants sur un paquet de céréales qu’une étude qualitative cherche à répondre à cette interrogation. Généralement utilisée afin d’accroître les ventes, la promotion des ventes se révèle être également un moyen efficace d’immerger le jeune consommateur-prescripteur dans l’univers créé par une marque en soulignant, notamment, le rôle de la présence personnelle – i.e. la sensation d’être dans un lieu dans lequel on n’est pas réellement – dans le processus d’immersion et celui du flow .
L’étiquetage environnemental des produits et services : enjeux et défis
Authors: François-Lecompte Agnès , Gentric Michel
Published: April 2016

Face au défi du développement durable, l’information des consommateurs en matière d’impact écologique de leurs achats représente un enjeu majeur que l’étiquetage environnemental pourrait relever. Cet article présente l’état des réflexions en matière d’étiquetage environnemental. Il énonce (1) les principes fondamentaux de cet outil de communication marketing et ses vertus potentielles. Il identifie (2) les défis à relever pour une mise en place réussie et propose (3) un schéma intégrant les différents facteurs de son déploiement.
La prise de risque chez les jeunes contrevenants montréalais : une étude comparative
Authors: Pineau-Villeneuve Catherine , Laurier Catherine , Fredette Chantal , Guay Jean-Pierre
Published: April 2016

La prévalence des comportements à risque chez les jeunes contrevenants est importante et les coûts sociaux qui y sont rattachés le sont tout autant, puisque la prise de risques peut entraîner des conséquences dommageables, tant pour le jeune que pour son environnement et la société en général. Plusieurs chercheurs affirment que les divers comportements risqués sont les indicateurs d’une propension à déroger des normes. De plus, il semblerait qu’à l’intérieur des groupes de pairs déviants tels que les gangs de rue, ces comportements soient valorisés. La présente étude propose de dresser un portrait comparatif des jeunes contrevenants montréalais associés et non associés aux gangs de rue concernant leurs conduites à risque. Pour ce faire, 206 jeunes contrevenants âgés de 14 à 25 ans (moyenne = 18,4 ans) ont été rencontrés dans quatre centres jeunesse et deux centres de détention du Québec entre juin 2011 et décembre 2013. Trois questionnaires utilisés dans cette étude permettent de comparer les jeunes sur la base de leurs comportements risqués. Des analyses bivariées ont été effectuées à cette fin. Les principaux résultats suggèrent tout d’abord que la prise de risque est très fréquente chez les jeunes contrevenants. De plus, les jeunes associés aux gangs de rue semblent plus enclins que les autres jeunes de l’échantillon à s’engager dans tous les types de conduites à risque et ils sont légèrement plus nombreux à rapporter une dépendance et une utilisation nocive de l’alcool. Une meilleure connaissance des pratiques à risque des jeunes contrevenants, qu’ils soient associés aux gangs ou non, permettra de guider les intervenants quant aux choix des cibles et des stratégies d’interventions les mieux adaptées à leur réalité.
Qui sont les preneuses de risque ? L’intention d’adopter des conduites à risque chez les étudiantes postsecondaires québécoises
Authors: Joubert Sara-Maude , Carpentier Julie , Plourde Chantal , Marcotte Julie , Brunelle Natacha , Admo Nina
Published: April 2016

Cet article présente les résultats d’une étude exploratoire qui visait à étudier la propension à la prise de risque d’un échantillon d’étudiantes québécoises de niveau postsecondaire âgées entre 18 et 30 ans et à comparer cette propension en fonction de variables sociodémographiques (âge, statut civil, milieu de vie, niveau de scolarité). L’échantillon était composé de 233 étudiantes recrutées dans une université québécoise et dans un établissement de niveau collégial (X = 22,14 ans, ET = 2,89). Les participantes, recrutées à l’aide d’affiches publicitaires, devaient répondre à une version électronique de l’échelle DOSPERT révisée pour adultes (Domain-Specific Risk-Taking scale for adults) en version française (Blais et Weber, 2006) qui mesure l’intention d’adopter un comportement à risque et à laquelle huit questions ont été ajoutées concernant la probabilité de prise de risque en matière de sexualité, de consommation de substances psychoactives et de conduite automobile. Les résultats indiquent que 24,9 % des étudiantes sondées estiment probable qu’elles puissent avoir un rapport sexuel avec une personne rencontrée quelques heures auparavant. De plus, 15,1 % des étudiantes estiment probable qu’elles adoptent des comportements sexualisés (se dévêtir, attitude aguichante) dans un bar ou une fête et cette propension augmente considérablement s’il y a consommation de substances psychoactives (25,4 %). La consommation volontaire d’ecstasy est d’ailleurs estimée comme probable ou très probable pour 16,3 % de l’échantillon. De façon plus générale, les résultats à l’échelle DOSPERT indiquent que la propension à la prise de risque dans les domaines sociaux, des activités récréatives et de la santé et la sécurité est en moyenne plus élevée que la propension à la prise de risque dans les domaines de l’éthique ou des finances chez les étudiantes. De plus, la tendance à la prise de risque dans certains domaines varie en fonction de l’état civil, de la parentalité, du milieu de vie, du niveau de scolarité et de la propension à la prise de risque en soi.
Fabrication of infrared wire-grid polarizer by sol–gel method and soft imprint lithography
Authors: Yamada Itsunari , Ishihara Yoshiro
Published: April 2016

An infrared wire-grid polarizer was fabricated by forming a subwavelength grating of zirconia by imprinting techniques, a sol–gel method, and Al shadow thermal evaporation. After imprinting on a dropped zirconia nanoparticle dispersion using a silicone mold, 100-nm-thick Al was deposited on the fabricated zirconia grating with 400 nm period by evaporation. The extinction ratio of the fabricated element was 27.5 dB at 5.4 µm wavelength. The TM polarization transmittance was higher than that of the Si plate in the 4.2–5.3 µm wavelength range because the zirconia film acted as an antireflection film.
Manipulating fluorescence quenching efficiency of graphene by defect engineering
Authors: Guo Xitao , Zafar Amina , Nan Haiyan , Yu Yuanfang , Zhao Weiwei , Liang Zheng , Zhang Xueao , Ni Zhenhua
Published: April 2016

We report on the manipulation of the fluorescence quenching of Rhodamine 6G (R6G) on graphene by defect engineering via hydrogen and Ar+ plasma treatments. The amount and nature of defects in graphene were estimated on the basis of the Raman intensity ratios I(D)/I(G) and I(D)/I(D′) of graphene. Results showed that the quenching factor (QF) gradually decreases from ∼40 to ∼4 and ∼12 for hydrogenated graphene (sp3 defects) and Ar+-plasma-treated graphene (vacancy-like defects), respectively, with different amounts of defects. Our results indicated that the fluorescence quenching efficiency of graphene is strongly dependent on the amount and nature of defects.
Design and simulation of high-breakdown-voltage GaN-based vertical field-effect transistor with interfacial charge engineering
Authors: Du Jiangfeng , Liu Dong , Bai Zhiyuan , Luo Qian , Yu Qi
Published: April 2016

A high-breakdown-voltage GaN-based vertical field-effect transistor with negative fixed interfacial charge engineering (GaN ICE-VHFET) is proposed in this work. The negative charge inverts an n-GaN buffer layer along the oxide/GaN interface, inducing a vertical hole layer. Thus, the entire buffer layer consists of a p+-hole inversion layer and an n-pillar buffer layer, and the p-pillar laterally depletes the n-GaN buffer layer, and the electric field distribution becomes more uniform. Simulation results show that the breakdown voltage of the GaN ICE-VHFET increases by 193% and the on-resistance of such a device is still very low when compared with those of conventional vertical FETs. Its figure of merit even exceeds the GaN one-dimensional limit.
Amperometric biosensor based on glassy carbon electrode modified with long-length carbon nanotube and enzyme
Authors: Furutaka Hajime , Nemoto Kentaro , Inoue Yuki , Hidaka Hiroki , Muguruma Hitoshi , Inoue Hitoshi , Ohsawa Tatsuya
Published: April 2016

An amperometric biosensor based on a glassy carbon electrode modified with long-length multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and enzyme nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) is presented. We demonstrate the effect of the MWCNT length on the amperometric response of the enzyme biosensor. The long length of MWCNT is 200 µm (average), whereas the normal length of MWCNT is 1 µm (average). The response of the long MWCNT–GDH electrode is 2 times more sensitive than that of the normal-length MWCNT–GDH electrode in the concentration range from 0.25–35 mM. The result of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements suggest that the long-length MWCNT–GDH electrode formed a better electron transfer network than the normal-length one.
Analysis of interface formation mechanism in GaN double-polarity selective-area growth by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy
Authors: Kuze Kenta , Osumi Noriyuki , Fujita Yohei , Inoue Yoku , Nakano Takayuki
Published: April 2016

The fabrication of quasi-phase-matching (QPM) crystals by selective-area growth on the two asymmetrically polar surfaces of GaN is examined. We attempted the fabrication of GaN-QPM crystals by one-time growth using a carbon mask. For GaN double-polarity selective-area growth (DP-SAG), we investigated the effect of varied nitriding times of the Al2O3 templates patterned with the carbon mask. We optimized the nitriding conditions for the DP-SAG process, and evaluated the substrate fabricated by the optimized DP-SAG process. In addition, we examined the interface formation mechanism of DP-GaN fabricated by GaN DP-SAG process. We determined that it is possible to fabricate DP-GaN with a sharp interface by optimizing the growth conditions.
Effect of double superlattice interlayers on growth of thick GaN epilayers on Si(110) substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Shen Xu-Qiang , Takahashi Tokio , Ide Toshihide , Shimizu Mitsuaki
Published: April 2016

The effect of double thin AlN/GaN superlattice interlayers (SL ILs) on the growth of thick GaN epilayers by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) on Si(110) substrates is investigated. It is found that the GaN middle layer (GaN layer between the two SL ILs) can affect the strain state of the GaN epilayer. By comparison with the case of a single SL IL, it is shown that the double SL ILs can have a stronger compressive effect on the GaN epilayer grown on it, which results in lower residual tensile strain in the GaN film after the growth. By optimizing the GaN middle layer thickness, a 4-µm-thick crack-free GaN epilayer is successfully achieved. By this simple technique, it is expected that high-quality crack-free thick GaN can be grown on Si substrates for optical and electronic device applications.
Optical and structural properties of microcrystalline GaN on an amorphous substrate prepared by a combination of molecular beam epitaxy and metal–organic chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Min Jung-Wook , Hwang Hyeong-Yong , Kang Eun-Kyu , Park Kwangwook , Kim Ci-Hyun , Lee Dong-Seon , Jho Young-Dahl , Bae Si-Young , Lee Yong-Tak
Published: April 2016

Microscale platelet-shaped GaN grains were grown on amorphous substrates by a combined epitaxial growth method of molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and metal–organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). First, MBE GaN was grown on an amorphous substrate as a pre-orienting layer and its structural properties were investigated. Second, MOCVD grown GaN samples using the different growth techniques of planar and selective area growth (SAG) were comparatively investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), cathodoluminescence (CL), and photoluminescence (PL). In MOCVD planar GaN, strong bound exciton peaks dominated despite the high density of the threading dislocations (TDs). In MOCVD SAG GaN, on the other hand, TDs were clearly reduced with bending, but basal stacking fault (BSF) PL peaks were observed at 3.42 eV. The combined epitaxial method not only provides a deep understanding of the growth behavior but also suggests an alternative approach for the growth of GaN on amorphous substances.
Currents and associated electron scattering and bouncing near the diffusion region at Earth's magnetopause
Authors: Lavraud B. , Zhang Y. C. , Vernisse Y. , Gershman D. J. , Dorelli J. , Cassak P. A. , Dargent J. , Pollock C. , Giles B. , Aunai N. , Argall M. , Avanov L. , Barrie A. , Burch J. , Chandler M. , Chen L.‐J. , Clark G. , Cohen I. , Coffey V. , Eastwood J. P. , Egedal J. , Eriksson S. , Ergun R. , Farrugia C. J. , Fuselier S. A. , Génot V. , Graham D. , Grigorenko E. , Hasegawa H. , Jacquey C. , Kacem I. , Khotyaintsev Y. , MacDonald E. , Magnes W. , Marchaudon A. , Mauk B. , Moore T. E. , Mukai T. , Nakamura R. , Paterson W. , Penou E. , Phan T. D. , Rager A. , Retino A. , Rong Z. J. , Russell C. T. , Saito Y. , Sauvaud J.‐A. , Schwartz S. J. , Shen C. , Smith S. , Strangeway R. , Toledo‐Redondo S. , Torbert R. , Turner D. L. , Wang S. , Yokota S.
Published: March 2016

Based on high‐resolution measurements from NASA's Magnetospheric Multiscale mission, we present the dynamics of electrons associated with current systems observed near the diffusion region of magnetic reconnection at Earth's magnetopause. Using pitch angle distributions (PAD) and magnetic curvature analysis, we demonstrate the occurrence of electron scattering in the curved magnetic field of the diffusion region down to energies of 20 eV. We show that scattering occurs closer to the current sheet as the electron energy decreases. The scattering of inflowing electrons, associated with field‐aligned electrostatic potentials and Hall currents, produces a new population of scattered electrons with broader PAD which bounce back and forth in the exhaust. Except at the center of the diffusion region the two populations are collocated and appear to behave adiabatically: the inflowing electron PAD focuses inward (toward lower magnetic field), while the bouncing population PAD gradually peaks at 90° away from the center (where it mirrors owing to higher magnetic field and probable field‐aligned potentials).
Terrestrial contribution to the heterogeneity in hydrological changes under global warming
Authors: Kumar Sanjiv , Zwiers Francis , Dirmeyer Paul A. , Lawrence David M. , Shrestha Rajesh , Werner Arelia T.
Published: March 2016

This study investigates a physical basis for heterogeneity in hydrological changes, which suggests a greater detectability in wet than dry regions. Wet regions are those where atmospheric demand is less than precipitation (energy limited), and dry regions are those where atmospheric demand is greater than precipitation (water limited). Long‐term streamflow trends in western North America and an analysis of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) climate models at global scales show geographically heterogeneous detectability of hydrological changes. We apply the Budyko framework and state‐of‐the‐art climate model data from CMIP5 to quantify the sensitivity and detectability of terrestrial hydrological changes. The Budyko framework quantifies the partitioning of precipitation into evapotranspiration and runoff components. We find that the terrestrial hydrological sensitivity is 3 times greater in regions where the hydrological cycle is energy limited rather than water limited. This additional source (the terrestrial part) contributes to 30–40% greater detectability in energy‐limited regions. We also quantified the contribution of changes in the catchment efficiency parameter that oppose the effects of increasing evaporative demand in global warming scenarios. Incorporating changes to the catchment efficiency parameter in the Budyko framework reduces dry biases in global runoff change projections by 88% in the 21st century.
Review: Ras GTPases and myosin: Qualitative conservation and quantitative diversification in signal and energy transduction
Authors: Mueller Matthias P. , Goody Roger S.
Published: March 2016

Most GTPases and many ATPases belong to the P‐loop class of proteins with significant structural and mechanistic similarities. Here we compare and contrast the basic properties of the Ras family GTPases and myosin, and conclude that there are fundamental similarities but also distinct differences related to their specific roles. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 105: 422–430, 2016.
Treatment trends and survival effects of chemotherapy for hypopharyngeal cancer: Analysis of the National Cancer Data Base
Authors: Kuo Phoebe , Sosa Julie A. , Burtness Barbara A. , Husain Zain A. , Mehra Saral , Roman Sanziana A. , Yarbrough Wendell G. , Judson Benjamin L.
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND

The current study was performed to characterize trends and survival outcomes for chemotherapy in the definitive and adjuvant treatment of hypopharyngeal cancer in the United States.

METHODS

A total of 16,248 adult patients diagnosed with primary hypopharyngeal cancer without distant metastases between 1998 and 2011 were identified in the National Cancer Data Base. The association between treatment modality and overall survival was analyzed using Kaplan‐Meier survival curves and 5‐year survival rates. A multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed on a subset of 3357 cases to determine the treatment modalities that predict improved survival when controlling for demographic and clinical factors.

RESULTS

There was a significant increase in the use of chemotherapy with radiotherapy both as definitive treatment (P<.001) and as adjuvant chemoradiotherapy with surgery (P=.001). This was accompanied by a decrease in total laryngectomy/pharyngectomy rates (P<.001). Chemoradiotherapy was associated with improved 5‐year survival compared with radiotherapy alone in the definitive setting (31.8% vs 25.2%; log rank P<.001). Similarly, in multivariateanalysis, definitive radiotherapy was found to be associated with compromised survival compared with definitive chemoradiotherapy (hazard ratio, 1.51; P<.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Survival analysis revealed that overall 5‐year survival rates were higher for chemoradiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in the definitive setting, but were comparable between surgery with chemoradiotherapy and surgery with radiotherapy. Cancer 2016;122:1853–60. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Contract research organizations in oncology clinical research: Challenges and opportunities
Authors: Roberts Daniel A. , Kantarjian Hagop M. , Steensma David P.
Published: March 2016

Contract research organizations (CROs) represent a multibillion dollar industry that is firmly embedded in the contemporary clinical trial process. Over the past 30 years, and especially within the last decade, the reach of CROs has extended to service all phases of drug trials in an increasingly global research environment. The presence of CROs is particularly noticeable in medical oncology because of the large number of investigational compounds developed to treat cancer that are currently undergoing testing in human subjects. Although limited data are available with which to objectively define the effects that CROs have had on the clinical trial process, with the expansion of these organizations, several reports have called into question whether ethical and professional standards in research conduct are at times secondary to economic considerations. CROs can add considerable value to the clinical trial process, but difficulty communicating with CRO representatives and time spent answering trivial data queries generated by CROs are current obstacles for study site personnel interacting with CROs. Further study of the effect of the CRO industry on the clinical trial process is needed to ensure efficient data collection and patient safety while collaboratively developing novel therapies in an expedited fashion. Cancer 2016;122:1476–82. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Intratumoral heterogeneity: Role of differentiation in a potentially lethal phenotype of testicular cancer
Authors: Tu Shi‐Ming , Bilen Mehmet Asim , Hess Kenneth R. , Broaddus Russell R. , Kopetz Scott , Wei Chongjuan , Pagliaro Lance C. , Karam Jose A. , Ward John F. , Wood Christopher G. , Rao Priya , Tu Zachary H. , General Rosale , Chen Adrienne H. , Nieto Yago L. , Yeung Sai‐ching J. , Lin Sue‐Hwa , Logothetis Christopher J. , Pisters Louis L.
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND

Intratumoral heterogeneity presents a major obstacle to the widespread implementation of precision medicine. The authors assessed the origin of intratumoral heterogeneity in nonseminomatous germ cell tumor of the testis (NSGCT) and identified distinct tumor subtypes and a potentially lethal phenotype.

METHODS

In this retrospective study, all consecutive patients who had been diagnosed with an NSGCT between January 2000 and December 2010 were evaluated. The histologic makeup of primary tumors and the clinical course of disease were determined for each patient. A Fine and Gray proportional hazards regression analysis was used to determine the prognostic risk factors, and the Gray test was used to detect differences in the cumulative incidence of cancer death. In a separate prospective study, next‐generation sequencing was performed on tumor samples from 9 patients to identify any actionable mutations.

RESULTS

Six hundred fifteen patients were included in this study. Multivariate analysis revealed that the presence of yolk sac tumor in the primary tumor (P = .0003) was associated with an unfavorable prognosis. NSGCT could be divided into 5 subgroups. Patients in the yolk sac‐seminoma subgroup had the poorest clinical outcome (P = .0015). These tumors tended to undergo somatic transformation (P < .0001). Among the 9 NSGCTs that had a yolk sac tumor phenotype, no consistent gene mutation was detected.

CONCLUSIONS

The current data suggest that intratumoral heterogeneity is caused in part by differentiation of pluripotent progenitor cells. Integrated or multimodal therapy may be effective at addressing intratumoral heterogeneity and treating distinct subtypes as well as a potentially lethal phenotype of NSGCT. Cancer 2016;122:1836–43. © 2016 The Authors. Cancer published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Cancer Society. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.
The cytomorphological features of low‐grade urothelial neoplasms vary by specimen type
Authors: Zhang Mingjuan L. , Rosenthal Dorothy L. , VandenBussche Christopher J.
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND

Urinary tract (UT) cytology has been used successfully to diagnose high‐grade urothelial carcinoma but is reported to have poor sensitivity for low‐grade urothelial neoplasms (LGUNs). However, the literature has shown that LGUN may be associated with atypical findings in UT specimens. The authors determined which features were most commonly observed, and whether the method of specimen procurement had an effect.

METHODS

A total of 326 specimens were identified over an 8‐year period. One hundred fifty‐three specimens were reviewed and graded for cellularity, number of tissue fragments (TFs), degeneration, inflammation, hyperchromasia, nuclear pleomorphism, nuclear border irregularity, nuclear size, cytoplasmic tails, nuclear eccentricity, and high‐grade features.

RESULTS

Of the 153 specimens, 86 specimens (56.2%) demonstrated cellular atypia; of those, 51.2% were voided urine (VU) and 31.4% were UT washing (UW) specimens. The majority of specimens had many cells (46.5%), many single cells (44.2%), few to moderate TFs (46.5% and 27.9%, respectively), mild hyperchromasia (52.3%), mild nuclear pleomorphism (51.2%), mild nuclear border irregularity (60.5%), cytoplasmic tails (51.2%), and few to moderate eccentric nuclei (37.2% and 36.1%, respectively). The presence of TFs, cytoplasmic tails, and eccentric and enlarged nuclei were significantly more common in UW versus VU specimens (P = .036, .012, .014, and .027, respectively) and in UW versus benign UW controls (P = .001, .002, .002, and .003, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

Approximately 50% of UT specimens with LGUN on follow‐up demonstrated atypical features. Based on comparison with benign UW controls, TFs, cytoplasmic tails, nuclear eccentricity, and enlarged nuclei were more pronounced in neoplastic UW than VU specimens, suggesting that the method of urine specimen procurement affects the presence of certain low‐grade features. Cancer Cytopathol 2016;124:552‐64. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Dietary Lipid and Carbohydrate Interactions: Implications on Lipid and Glucose Absorption, Transport in Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) Juveniles
Authors: Castro Carolina , Corraze Geneviève , Basto Ana , Larroquet Laurence , Panserat Stéphane , Oliva‐Teles Aires
Published: March 2016

A digestibility trial was performed with gilthead sea bream juveniles (IBW = 72 g) fed four diets differing in lipid source (fish oil, FO; or a blend of vegetable oil, VO) and starch content (0 %, CH−; or 20 %, CH+) to evaluate the potential interactive effects between carbohydrates and VO on the processes involved in digestion, absorption and transport of lipids and glucose. In fish fed VO diets a decrease in lipid digestibility and in cholesterol (C), High Density Lipoprotein(HDL)‐C and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)‐C (only in CH+ group) were recorded. Contrarily, dietary starch induced postprandial hyperglycemia and time related alterations on serum triacylglycerol (TAG), phospholipid (PL) and C concentrations. Fish fed a CH+ diet presented lower serum TAG than CH− group at 6 h post‐feeding, and the reverse was observed at 12 h post‐feeding for TAG and PL. Lower serum C and PL at 6 h post‐feeding were recorded only in VOCH+ group. No differences between groups were observed in hepatic and intestinal transcript levels of proteins involved in lipid transport and hydrolysis (FABP, DGAT, GPAT, MTP, LPL, LCAT). Lower transcript levels of proteins related to lipid transport (ApoB, ApoA1, FABP2) were observed in the intestine of fish fed the CH+ diet, but remained unchanged in the liver. Overall, transcriptional mechanisms involved in lipid transport and absorption were not linked to changes in lipid serum and digestibility. Dietary starch affected lipid absorption and transport, probably due to a delay in lipid absorption. This study suggests that a combination of dietary VO and starch may negatively affect cholesterol absorption and transport.