bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics, Bioequivalence, and Safety of 2 Formulations of Hydroxychloroquine Tablets in Healthy Chinese Volunteers Under Fasting and Fed Conditions
Authors: Luo Hong‐Yu , Long Hui‐Zhi , Zhou Zi‐Wei , Xu Shuo‐Guo , Li Feng‐Jiao , Cheng Yan , Wen Dan‐Dan , Deng Ping , Gao Li‐Chen
Published: September 2022

The purpose of this trial was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics (PK), bioequivalence (BE), and safety of 2 preparations of hydroxychloroquine (200‐mg tablet) under fasting and fed conditions. A total of 180 subjects (fasting condition: n = 80; fed condition: n = 100) were randomly enrolled in this randomized, open, single‐dose, single‐cycle parallel phase Ⅰ clinical study. Under the 2 conditions, the subjects were randomly administered the test (T) or reference (R) tablet, both at a dose of 200 mg (1 tablet). Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was used to determine the concentration of hydroxychloroquine in healthy subjects after oral administration of the T or R preparation to evaluate the PK characteristics. In this trial, the T and R preparations of hydroxychloroquine were bioequivalent under both conditions within the range of 80%–125%. No serious adverse events (SAEs) were found in the safety assessments for either condition, and all adverse events (AEs) were mild, except for 2 moderate AEs in the fed condition, indicating good safety.
Effective Ligand Design: Zinc Complexes with Guanidine Hydroquinoline Ligands for Fast Lactide Polymerization and Chemical Recycling
Authors: Hermann Alina , Becker Tabea , Schäfer Martin A. , Hoffmann Alexander , Herres‐Pawlis Sonja
Published: September 2022

Invited for this month′s cover is the group of Sonja Herres‐Pawlis at RWTH Aachen University. The image shows how the zinc guanidine complexes help a circular economy of bioplastics by mediating the ring‐opening polymerization of lactide and the depolymerization of polylactide (PLA). The Research Article itself is available at 10.1002/cssc.202201075.
Broad Consent—Are We Asking Enough?
Authors: Smilan Lisa E.
Published: September 2022

Biobanks and health data repositories provide rich reservoirs of information for use in biomedical research. These repositories depend on participants donating identifiable health data and biospecimens that may be used in perpetuity by unlimited numbers of researchers for unnamed research topics. Since 1991, U.S. federal regulatory provisions, collectively known as the Common Rule, have required informed consent of participants in federally funded human subjects research, but recent changes to the Common Rule now sanction “broad consent” in the repository research context. Broad consent is not defined in the revised Common Rule; thus, researchers and their institutions are left to determine ad hoc what broad consent means and requires. Without leadership and guidance from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, stakeholders with potential conflicts of interest will reach their own conclusions and craft new and varied standards for consent. The result will be uneven protections for participants.
Numerical study of piston group and crosshead guide system dynamics for a two‐stroke marine engine
Authors: Munyao Elijah Musango , Hu Yihuai , Jiang Jiawei
Published: September 2022

Two stroke slow speed diesel engines are mainly used in deep sea going vessels such as container ships, bulk carriers, and tankers. In this article, a numerical model is developed and solved to relate impact occurrence and magnitude on engine structure to rigid body tribodynamics of the crosshead guide system for a two‐stroke marine engine. To achieve this, the reciprocating piston group is coupled to the crosshead guide shoes through the crosshead guide pin. The resulting second order nonlinear differential equations are solved for displacements, velocities, and friction characteristics of the system. The rigid body motions are important in identifying occurrences and the intensities of transient impacts between contacting surfaces. These impacts influence noise and vibration characteristics of the engine. A study of the coupled system at different engine running speeds as well as varying crosshead guide system clearances is performed. It is observed that secondary displacements, velocities, and friction characteristics increase with increase in speed and clearance on the crosshead guide system. Consequently, the impact on the engine structure increase with increase in these tribodynamic characteristics of the system. This impact is transferred to the engine surface as vibration and noise responses.
Ruthenium single‐atom modulated Ti3C2Tx MXene for efficient alkaline electrocatalytic hydrogen production
Authors: Zou Yu , Kazemi Seyedeh Alieh , Shi Ge , Liu Junxian , Yang Yuwei , Bedford Nicholas M. , Fan Kaicai , Xu Yiming , Fu Huaiqin , Dong Mengyang , Al‐Mamun Mohammad , Zhong Yu Lin , Yin Huajie , Wang Yun , Liu Porun , Zhao Huijun
Published: September 2022

Single‐atoms (SAs) supported on various substrates have emerged as a new form of electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The exfoliated MXenes possess rich defects/vacancies and surface oxygen groups, can be favorably utilized to anchor SAs. Here, we take advantage of the exfoliated Ti3C2Tx to anchor Ru‐SAs on Ti3C2Tx through a wet‐chemistry impregnation process. The obtained RuSA@Ti3C2Tx possesses excellent HER activity, especially under high current densities. Remarkably, RuSA@Ti3C2Tx can readily attain high current densities of 1 and 1.5 A cm−2 at low over potentials of 425.7 and 464.6 mV, respectively, demonstrating its potential for practical applications. The A1g vibration frequency shift of the Raman spectrum is innovatively used to probe the surface OH coverage on Ti3C2Tx, providing critical information for mechanistic studies. The experimental and theoretical studies reveal that the superior HER electrocatalytic activity of RuSA@Ti3C2Tx results from the Ru‐SAs enhanced H2O adsorption and dissociation, and promoted H2 formation.

image
Assessment of excessive vaginal discharge among women who presented to Phuentsholing General Hospital: A hospital‐based study
Authors: Dorjey Yeshey , Wangmo Dechen , Tshomo Dechen
Published: September 2022

Introduction

Excessive vaginal discharge is troublesome for females. The majority of the women seek gynecological consultation due to excessive vaginal discharge. The causes vary from physiological to pathological discharge. Unless the cause is identified and treated, women will remain in distress. The present study was thus carried out to determine the most common cause of the excessive vaginal discharge.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted at the Phuentsholing General Hospital, Chukha, Bhutan, from May 1 to October 31, 2021. All females aged 18 years and older, irrespective of marital status, who presented with excessive vaginal discharge were recruited for the study. With due informed consent, a sterile speculum examination was performed and a high vaginal swab was collected and subjected to various tests. The data collected were analyzed using SPSS 23 software. Descriptive statistical tests were used for frequencies, percentages, mean, and standard deviations; the χ2 test was used to determine associations, and a logistic regression test was performed to determine the effect of independent variables on dependent variables.

Results

A total of 400 women were recruited for the study, of whom 362 (90.5%) women had infective causes for vaginal discharge. Trichomoniasis was the most common infection identified in 162 (40.5%) women, followed by bacterial vaginosis (91, 22.8%) and vulvovaginal candidiasis (52, 13.0%). In 38 (9.5%) women, infective cause was not found and categorized as physiological vaginal discharge. Malodorous, profuse discharge, vulval itching, dyspareunia, dysuria, and lower abdominal pain were significantly associated with infectious vaginal discharge.

Conclusions

Excessive vaginal discharge was mainly caused by infections. The most commonly detected infection was trichomoniasis, followed by bacterial vaginosis and vulvovaginal candidiasis. Every female with vaginal discharge requires proper evaluations to identify the infection and treat it adequately.
An artificial bone window for long‐term photoacoustic monitoring of bone recovery
Authors: Li Baochen , Chen Qian , Xi Lei
Published: September 2022

Blood vessels that deliver nutrients and oxygen over the entire body is essential for bone homeostasis. Especially, for the bone recovery, long‐term in vivo vascular imaging is desirable. Here, we propose an optical and ultrasonic transparent bone window, which allows repeated, chronic monitoring of bone angiogenesis in mouse tibia defect. A metal ring with an outer diameter of 2 mm and an inner diameter of 1 mm is bonded with a silicone‐based polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film and cover the bone surface, which can effectively eliminate the inflammation caused by repeated wound opening before imaging. We make a bone defect model in mouse tibia, and employ an optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy (ORPAM) to provide a high‐resolution, label‐free, long‐term, in vivo observation of the bone vascularization during the bone defect healing. The results suggest that the artificial bone window can remain stable for inspection and play positive role for bone repair.
An assessment of physical properties and the viability of osteoblast‐like cells of cefazolin‐impregnated calcium sulfate bone‐void filler
Authors: Chiang Chih‐Yung , Chang Wei‐Chia , Chang Wei‐Min , Shih Yin‐Chuan , Lin Feng‐Huei , Wu Chang‐Chin , Yang Kai‐Chiang
Published: September 2022

Calcium sulfate, an injectable and biodegradable bone‐void filler, is widely used in orthopedic surgery. Based on clinical experience, bone‐defect substitutes can also serve as vehicles for the delivery of drugs, for example, antibiotics, to prevent or to treat infections such as osteomyelitis. However, antibiotic additions change the characteristics of calcium sulfate cement. Moreover, high‐dose antibiotics may also be toxic to bony tissues. Accordingly, cefazolin at varying weight ratios was added to calcium sulfate samples and characterized in vitro. The results revealed that cefazolin changed the hydration reaction and prolonged the initial setting times of calcium sulfate bone cement. For the crystalline structure identification, X‐ray diffractometer revealed that cefazolin additive resulted in the decrease of peak intensity corresponding to calcium sulfate dihydrate which implying incomplete phase conversion of calcium sulfate hemihydrate. In addition, scanning electron microscope inspection exhibited cefazolin changed the morphology and size of the crystals greatly. A relatively higher amount of cefazolin additive caused a faster degradation and a lower compressive strength of calcium sulfate compared with those of uploaded samples. Furthermore, the extract of cefazolin‐impregnated calcium sulfate impaired cell viability, and caused the death of osteoblast‐like cells. The results of this study revealed that the cefazolin additives prolonged setting time, impaired mechanical strength, accelerated degradation, and caused cytotoxicity of the calcium sulfate bone‐void filler. The aforementioned concerns should be considered during intra‐operative applications.
Structure and bonding of proximity‐enforced main‐group dimers stabilized by a rigid naphthyridine diimine ligand
Authors: Weiser Jonas , Cui Jingjing , Dewhurst Rian D. , Braunschweig Holger , Engels Bernd , Fantuzzi Felipe
Published: September 2022

The development of ligands capable of effectively stabilizing highly reactive main‐group species has led to the experimental realization of a variety of systems with fascinating properties. In this work, we computationally investigate the electronic, structural, energetic, and bonding features of proximity‐enforced group 13–15 homodimers stabilized by a rigid expanded pincer ligand based on the 1,8‐naphthyridine (napy) core. We show that the redox‐active naphthyridine diimine (NDI) ligand enables a wide variety of structural motifs and element‐element interaction modes, the latter ranging from isolated, element‐centered lone pairs (e.g., E = Si, Ge) to cases where through‐space π bonds (E = Pb), element‐element multiple bonds (E = P, As) and biradical ground states (E = N) are observed. Our results hint at the feasibility of NDI‐E2species as viable synthetic targets, highlighting the versatility and potential applications ofnapy‐based ligands in main‐group chemistry.
Appraisal of empathy among dental interns and postgraduate students at King Abdulaziz University: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Naguib Ghada H. , Ghandour Raghad , Alnowaiser Abeer M. , Mously Hisham A. , Althenayan Lulwa M. , Alnasser Abeer A. , Hamed Mohamed T.
Published: September 2022

Purpose/Objectives

Empathetic communication of dentists with their patients is a primary characteristic of their health care. This study aims to evaluate dental students’ empathy levels during the transitional period of internship and postgraduate studies of different specialties at one of the oldest dental schools in Saudi Arabia and explore how this empathy was affected by gender, age, and study duration.

Methods

In this study, the self‐reported empathy level among the participants was assessed using the Jefferson scale of empathy‐student version (JSE‐HPS). This survey includes a 20‐question Likert scale formulated to measure clinical empathy in health care professionals. The JSE‐HPS was distributed to all registered dental interns and postgraduate students during the academic year 2019–20 in King Abdulaziz University Faculty of Dentistry (KAUFD), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Results

Mean total score of empathy of the participants was (101.07 ± 14.8) with a response rate of 89%. A statistically significant higher empathy score appeared among dental postgraduate students in general (p = 0.04) and specifically among the females (p = 0.04) and those with postgraduate programs for more than four years, (p = 0.02). Dental postgraduate students scored significantly higher in the parameters of standing in patients’ shoes (p = 0.02).

Conclusion

Gender, academic level, and duration of postgraduates' studies influenced empathy more than the age of the dental graduates in KAUFD. Our recommendation is to integrate empathy into the dental curriculum emphasizing interactive communication skills and early patient contact.
TRIT1 defect leads to a recognizable phenotype of myoclonic epilepsy, speech delay, strabismus, progressive spasticity, and normal lactate levels
Authors: Muylle Ewout , Jiang Huafang , Johnsen Christin , Byeon Seul Kee , Ranatunga Wasantha , Garapati Kishore , Zenka Roman M. , Preston Graeme , Pandey Akhilesh , Kozicz Tamas , Fang Fang , Morava Eva
Published: September 2022

TRIT1 defect is a rare, autosomal‐recessive disorder of transcription, initially described as a condition with developmental delay, myoclonic seizures, and abnormal mitochondrial function. Currently, only 13 patients have been reported. We reviewed the genetic, clinical, and metabolic aspects of the disease in all known patients, including two novel, unrelated TRIT1 cases with abnormalities in oxidative phosphorylation complexes I and IV in fibroblasts. Taken together the features of all 15 patients, TRIT1 defect could be identified as a potentially recognizable syndrome including myoclonic epilepsy, speech delay, strabismus, progressive spasticity, and variable microcephaly, with normal lactate levels. Half of the patients had oxidative phosphorylation complex measurements and had multiple complex abnormalities.
頭部外傷後早期痙攣発作に対するレベチラセタム予防投与の効果：後ろ向きコホート研究(A retrospective cohort study of the effect of prophylaxis with levetiracetam on early posttraumatic seizures)
Authors: 洋平 中村 , 裕司 小倉 , 弘 伊藤 , 由貴 戸上 , 治郎 射場 , 晴彦 貴島
Published: September 2022

【目的】頭部外傷後1週間以内に生じる早期痙攣発作（early PTS）に対するレベチラセタム（LEV）予防投与の有用性は確立されていない。本研究の目的は，レベチラセタム予防投与の効果や副作用に関して評価を行うことである。【対象】2016年4月～2021年3月の間に大阪大学医学部附属病院高度救命救急センターへ入院となった16歳以上の頭部外傷症例で，来院時Glasgow coma scale < 9もしくは穿頭/開頭術を行った症例を対象とした。脳震盪症例，受傷後1週間以内の死亡症例，LEV以外の抗てんかん薬が予防投与された症例は除外した。レベチラセタム予防投与群（LEV群）と非投与群（non LEV群）について，背景や臨床経過，血液・画像検査所見，early PTS合併の有無，予防投与に起因する副作用の有無を後方視的に比較検討した。【結果】対象症例は計86例であった（LEV群45例，non LEV群41例）。Early PTSの合併はnon LEV群24.4%に対してLEV群6.7%であり，LEV群が有意に低かった（p=0.0195）。LEV群に重篤な副作用はなく，early PTS合併症例の半数は入院初日に痙攣発作を生じていた。【結語】レベチラセタムの予防投与はearly PTSの合併を軽減させる可能性が示され，重篤な副作用も認めなかった。
Spatiotemporal characteristics of dry‐wet abrupt alternation events in China during 1960–2018
Authors: Zhao Dongsheng , Deng Siqi , Zhang Jiacheng
Published: September 2022

The dry‐wet abrupt alternation (DWAA) can lead to consecutive drought–flood hazards with high socioeconomic losses. Over the past decades, China has suffered huge economic losses of more than $15 billion due to drought and flood hazards. With the rapid socio‐economic development, the damages caused by DWAA are expected to be more serious. However, the spatiotemporal patterns of DWAA were poorly known at the continental scale. In this study, DWAA was identified by the short‐cycle dry‐wet abrupt alternation index (SDWAI) across eight eco‐regions of China from 1960 to 2018. Results showed that DWAA mainly occurred in humid/semihumid region (III), subtropical humid region (V), and tropical humid region (VI). Seasonally, DWAA is mostly concentrated in summer, with the highest frequency in June and July. Meanwhile, 67% of the total DWAA events were observed in nonsummer seasons. From 1960 to 2018, the intensity of dry to wet (DTW) events has increased by 0.015/10 year. The north and west of China (except region III, V, VI, and VII) experienced an increasing trend in DTW intensity, but a decreasing trend in WTD intensity. DWAA events in some parts of China were frequently observed, which was related to the variability in precipitation patterns caused by climate change. The identification of local hotspots and seasonal distribution of DWAA will support decision‐making for warning and mitigating the drought and flood hazards.
The role of violence perpetration in driving externalizing problems and offending behavior among youth from eastern Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors: Dumke Lars , Haer Roos , Zawadka Annika , Salmen Charlotte , Hecker Tobias
Published: September 2022

Youth in conflict‐affected regions are exposed to a multitude of traumatic events. These individuals often witness violence; experience it firsthand; and, in some cases, become perpetrators. The interplay of events shapes systematic trauma histories that may have unique implications for youths’ mental health. In a cross‐sectional study conducted in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), we interviewed 295 war‐affected youth (63.4% boys,Mage= 16.70 years), including former child soldiers (n= 171), regarding their traumatic experiences and mental health. Using latent class analysis, we identified four common trauma history classes categorized by (a) low exposure, (b) medium exposure, (c) high exposure, and (d) high exposure/perpetration. Across the sample, gradual increases in trauma load corresponded with increased vulnerability to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, ηp2= .36, and internalizing problems, ηp2= .12; however, only youth from the high exposure/perpetration class differed significantly from other youth in their levels of externalizing problems, ηp2= .13, and offending behaviors, ηp2= .17. A longer time in armed groups was related to a higher risk of both experiencing and perpetrating violence. The results indicate that it is not child soldier status, per se, but the perpetration of violence that reinforces a cycle of violence in conflict‐affected societies by contributing to increased externalizing problems and offending behaviors. In conflict regions, integrated approaches are needed to address both trauma and externalizing problems of war‐affected youth.
Auto‐segmentation of important centers of growth in the pediatric skeleton to consider during radiation therapy based on deep learning
Authors: Qiu Wenlong , Zhang Wei , Ma Xingmin , Kong Youyong , Shi Pengyue , Fu Min , Wang Dandan , Hu Man , Zhou Xianjun , Dong Qian , Zhou Qichao , Zhu Jian
Published: September 2022

Background

Routinely delineating of important skeletal growth centers is imperative to mitigate radiation‐induced growth abnormalities for pediatric cancer patients treated with radiotherapy. However, it is hindered by several practical problems, including difficult identification, time consumption, and inter‐practitioner variability.

Purpose

The goal of this study was to construct and evaluate a novel Triplet‐Attention U‐Net (TAU‐Net)‐based auto‐segmentation model for important skeletal growth centers in childhood cancer radiotherapy, concentrating on the accuracy and time efficiency.

Methods

A total of 107 childhood cancer patients fulfilled the eligibility criteria were enrolled in the training cohort (N = 80) and test cohort (N = 27). The craniofacial growth plates, shoulder growth centers, and pelvic ossification centers, with a total of 19 structures in the three groups, were manually delineated by two experienced radiation oncologists on axial, coronal, and sagittal computed tomography images. Modified from U‐Net, the proposed TAU‐Net has one main branch and two bypass branches, receiving semantic information of three adjacent slices to predict the target structure. With supervised deep learning, the skeletal growth centers contouring of each group was generated by three different auto‐segmentation models: U‐Net, V‐Net, and the proposed TAU‐Net. Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and Hausdorff distance 95% (HD95) were used to evaluate the accuracy of three auto‐segmentation models. The time spent on performing manual tasks and manually correcting auto‐contouring generated by TAU‐Net was recorded. The paired t‐test was used to compare the statistical differences in delineation quality and time efficiency.

Results

Among the three groups, including craniofacial growth plates, shoulder growth centers, and pelvic ossification centers groups, TAU‐Net had demonstrated highly acceptable performance (the average DSC = 0.77, 0.87, and 0.83 for each group; the average HD95 = 2.28, 2.07, and 2.86 mm for each group). In the overall evaluation of 19 regions of interest (ROIs) in the test cohort, TAU‐Net had an overwhelming advantage over U‐Net (63.2% ROIs in DSC and 31.6% ROIs in HD95, p = 0.001–0.042) and V‐Net (94.7% ROIs in DSC and 36.8% ROIs in HD95, p = 0.001–0.040). With an average time of 52.2 min for manual delineation, the average time saved to adjust TAU‐Net‐generated contours was 37.6 min (p < 0.001), a 72% reduction.

Conclusions

Deep learning–based models have presented enormous potential for the auto‐segmentation of important growth centers in pediatric skeleton, where the proposed TAU‐Net outperformed the U‐Net and V‐Net in geometrical precision for the majority status.
Investigating the impact of RF saturation‐pulse parameters on compartment‐selective gas‐phase depolarization with xenon polarization transfer contrast MRI
Authors: Achekzai Tahmina , Ruppert Kai , Loza Luis , Amzajerdian Faraz , Profka Harrilla , Duncan Ian F. , Kadlecek Stephen J. , Rizi Rahim R.
Published: September 2022

Purpose

To demonstrate the utility of continuous‐wave (CW) saturation pulses in xenon‐polarization transfer contrast (XTC) MRI and MRS, to investigate the selectivity of CW pulses applied to dissolved‐phase resonances, and to develop a correction method for measurement biases from saturation of the nontargeted dissolved‐phase compartment.

Methods

Studies were performed in six healthy Sprague–Dawley rats over a series of end‐exhale breath holds. Discrete saturation schemes included a series of 30 Gaussian pulses (8 ms FWHM), spaced 25 ms apart; CW saturation schemes included single block pulses, with variable flip angle and duration. In XTC imaging, saturation pulses were applied on both dissolved‐phase resonance frequencies and off‐resonance, to correct for other sources of signal loss and compromised selectivity. In spectroscopy experiments, saturation pulses were applied at a set of 19 frequencies spread out between 185 and 200 ppm to map out modified z‐spectra.

Results

Both modified z‐spectra and imaging results showed that CW RF pulses offer sufficient depolarization and improved selectivity for generating contrast between presaturation and postsaturation acquisitions. A comparison of results obtained using a variety of saturation parameters confirms that saturation pulses applied at higher powers exhibit increased cross‐contamination between dissolved‐phase resonances.

Conclusion

Using CW RF saturation pulses in XTC contrast preparation, with the proposed correction method, offers a potentially more selective alternative to traditional discrete saturation. The suppression of the red blood cell contribution to the gas‐phase depolarization opens the door to a novel way of quantifying exchange time between alveolar volume and hemoglobin.
Changing indications and antenatal prognostic factors for ex‐utero intrapartum treatment procedures
Authors: Porter Hugh , Trivedi Amit , Marquez Miguel , Gibson Peter , Melov Sarah J. , Mishra Umesh , Jani Pranav , Cheng Alan T. , Nayyar Roshni , Alahakoon Thushari I.
Published: September 2022

Objective

In cases of suspected neonatal airway obstruction, the ex‐utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedure is used to secure the airway while a fetus remains on placental circulation. We report indications and outcomes from all EXIT procedures at a tertiary obstetric unit between 1997 and 2020.

Method

Retrospective cohort study with data collected from maternal and neonatal medical records.

Results

Indications for EXIT procedures were micrognathia (n = 7), lymphatic malformations (n = 5), cervical teratomas (n = 4), goiters (n = 2), and intra‐oral epulis (n = 1). Infants with a fetal teratoma were delivered earliest due to 75% presenting with preterm premature rupture of membranes or preterm labor. Low birth weight was found in 75% of these neonates; they did not survive 1 year. Intubation at EXIT occurred for 58% (n = 11) of babies, and six neonates required a tracheostomy. In four cases of fetal micrognathia, the inferior facial angle (IFA) was noted to be <5th centile. All but one micrognathia case had polyhydramnios. Of the total cohort, 75% of neonates were alive at 1 year.

Conclusion

Risks for neonatal demise with EXIT include fetal teratoma, low birth weight, and prematurity. Micrognathia has become an increasingly valid indication for the procedure. The combination of polyhydramnios and IFA <5% correlates well with severe airway obstruction and suggests consideration of EXIT.
Von Eisen bis Blei und zu den Aktiniden
Authors: Thielemann Friedrich‐Karl
Published: September 2022

In diesem zweiten und abschließenden Teil zur kosmischen Nukleosynthese betrachten wir sowohl den Beitrag von Doppelsternsystemen zur Nukleosynthese sowie allgemein die Entstehung der schweren Elemente von Eisen bis Blei, Thorium und Uran. Der Aufbau der schweren Elemente ist dominiert durch Prozesse, die Neutronen freisetzen und durch Neutroneneinfänge und Betazerfälle sukzessive schwerere Atomkerne erzeugen. Die geschieht hauptsächlich in zwei stellaren Quellen: erstens über Tausende von Jahren beim s‐Prozess während der Sternentwicklung durch Neutronen produzierende Reaktionen im He‐Brennen und zweitens auf Zeitskalen von Sekunden beim r‐Prozess in explosiven Ereignissen mit hohen Neutronendichten, die kurzfristig Atomkerne weitab der Stabilität einbeziehen. Solche Bedingungen liegen bei speziellen Klassen von Supernovae und Neutronenstern‐Verschmelzungen vor.
Verschlungen wirbelnder Torus
Authors: Suhr Wilfried , Schlichting Hans Joachim
Published: September 2022

Der von Jochen Valett erfundene Toroflux ist ein aus einem Stahlband geknüpftes, unter einer mehr oder weniger großen Federspannung stehendes, kinetisches Objekt. Es kann eine ringförmige, nahezu zweidimensionale, und eine torusähnliche dreidimensionale Konfiguration annehmen. Je nach Ausführung springt es entweder ohne oder mit äußerer mechanischer Einwirkung vom zweidimensionalen in den dreidimensionalen Zustand. Über einen Stab oder einen Ring gestülpt, rotiert der Toroflux, durch die eigene Gewichtskraft angetrieben, an diesem hinab. Die Windungen des Stahlbandes vollführen dabei eine Rollbewegung, die das Band innerhalb der spiralförmigen Struktur in ständigem Fluss hält.
Vierwellenmischung im extremen UV
Authors: Rottke Horst , Schick Daniel , Eisebitt Stefan
Published: September 2022

Freie‐Elektronen‐Laser verschieben zunehmend die Grenzen der nichtlinearen Spektroskopie bis in den Bereich der Röntgenstrahlung. Wir haben damit exemplarisch an einem Lithiumfluorid‐Kristall die nichtlinearen Prozesse der Summen‐ und Differenzfrequenzmischung und sich daraus ergebende neue Möglichkeiten zur spektroskopischen Charakterisierung von Festkörpern untersucht.
Druck zählt!
Authors: Dubrovinskaia Natalia , Dubrovinsky Leonid
Published: September 2022

Extrem hohe statische Drücke von bis zu einem Terapascal ermöglichen die Bildung neuartiger Verbindungen mit besonderen Eigenschaften. Mit einer doppelstufigen Diamantstempelzelle ist es unserem Team an der Universität Bayreuth nun gelungen, in diesen Druckbereich vorzudringen und dabei In‐situ‐Analysen des Materialverhaltens durchzuführen.
Erfinder von Zukünften
Authors: Loos Andreas
Published: September 2022

Vom erfinderischen Ingenieur und angewandten Physiker wird der Gesuchte zum Zukunftsmahner.
Increased Efficiency of Radiation Inactivation of Virions by Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Nikitin Nikolai A. , Arkhipenko Marina V. , Dement'eva Olga V. , Kartseva Maria E. , Shishmakova Elena M. , Sanochkina Elizaveta V. , Shiryaeva Ekaterina S. , Kolyvanova Maria A. , Belousov Alexandr V. , Rudoy Victor M. , Feldman Vladimir I. , Karpova Olga V. , Morozov Vladimir N.
Published: September 2022

Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are promising radiosensitizers for cancer radiotherapy. Moreover, they can be used in the same way for radiation processing and sterilization. Such application of GNPs is of practical interest since it may significantly reduce the dose load and expand the application of radiation treatment. In the present study, the high radiosensitization effect of GNPs in relation to viral particles is demonstrated for the first time. The preparations of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) are used as an experimental model, insofar as this virus has the same properties as animal and human ones but is safe for humans. Irradiation with 45 kVp X‐ray to the doses of 4 and 7 kGy leads to a decrease in the infectious activity of TMV virions up to 1.92‐ and 2.70‐fold, respectively. At the same time, irradiation in the presence of 0.4 mg mL−1 of 12 nm spherical GNPs increases the efficiency of virus inactivation up to 15‐ and 22‐fold. The GNPs enhance both the damage to capsid protein due to the enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species and genome RNA due to the emission of secondary radiation. These results show the great prospects of the application of high‐Z nanoparticles in radiation treatment.
Who are neorurals? or, How capitalist time discipline dilutes political projects and makes it difficult to propose an alternative
Authors: Snikersproge Ieva
Published: September 2022

Urban‐to‐rural migration is a rising trend across industrialized countries, the significance of which is not interpreted unanimously. The explanations tend to fall into two competing groups: (a) an alternative to capitalism or (b) perpetuation of the status quo, where, on one hand, the richer participants effect a green lifestyle choice, while the poorer participants follow a coping strategy, on the other. Instead of focusing only on the radical fringe, this article describes and analyzes the diversity of the present‐day neorural movement in France. It argues that the neorural movement is a multivocal critique of modern capitalist societies that rapidly transforms into an apolitical lifestyle choice once it is confronted with the capitalist value‐making mechanisms. It shows that the deradicalization of rural utopia has to do with social stratification and people's enormous difficulty in reappropriating their agency over their time‐use and lives at the household level. Finally, it suggests that the imagery of rural utopia could be mobilized for constructing a shared alternative, but one that would require rewriting the rules of socioeconomic interdependence.
Hollow CoO Nanoparticles Embedded in N‐doped Mesoporous Graphene for Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Li Yanping , Zhang Hong , Wang Mimi , Zhu Sheng , Han Gaoyi
Published: September 2022

Development of reactive and stable non‐preciously metallic catalysts toward oxygen reduction reaction is a fascinating research field for fuel cells. Herein, a hybrid electrocatalyst consisted of hollow CoO nanoparticles embedded in N‐doped mesoporous graphene (CoO@N−G) has been successfully prepared via carbonizing the precursor which is prepared from graphene oxide and N, N′‐Bis(salicylidene) ethylenediamine cobalt salt in the presence of hydrazine hydrate. The formation of hollow CoO nanoparticles is generally attributed to the nanoscale Kirkendall effect. The effective synergistic effect of hollow CoO nanoparticles and N‐doped mesoporous graphene is helpful to obtain excellent electrocatalytic activity with four‐electron selectivity, long‐term stability and good anti‐methanol.
A Receptor Based on Diphenylaniline Donor Connected with Difuran and Pyridine as Acceptors: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Selective Detection of Iron Ion
Authors: Zalmi Geeta A. , Nadimetla Dinesh N. , Harmalkar Sarvesh S. , Narvekar Kedar U. , Bhosale Sheshanath V.
Published: September 2022

In this work, the fluorescent receptor 4‐(2,6‐di(furan‐2‐yl)pyridin‐4‐yl)‐N,N‐diphenylaniline (DFPDA) was successfully synthesized overall in three steps, which bears three acceptor moieties one pyridine and two furans connected to a donor triphenylamine The DFPDA was fully characterized through 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, ESI mass and elemental analysis. Further, single X‐ray structure confirm the intermediate and final DFPDA molecules. When we employed DFPDA molecule for sensing of metal ion, it shows selective detection of Fe3+ over other metal ions (Cu2+, K+, Cd2+, Co2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Ba2+, Hg2+, Al3+, Pb2+, Zn2+, Ca2+, Fe2+ as their respective salts) dissolving in 1 : 1 water/DMSO solution with the binding constant 3.75×10−5 M. The limit of detection of DFPDA was found to be 52 nM which is much lower than the environmental protection agency guidelines (5.37 μM). Therefore, we believe that the DFPDA 1 fluorescent receptor may become outstanding chromophore for practical applications. Competing financial interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Improving Li Ion Storage Capability of V2O5 Electrode by Using Aminoalkyldisiloxane Electrolyte Additive
Authors: Li Youpeng , Zhang Lingzhi
Published: September 2022

The unstable electrolyte interphase layer on the surface of V2O5 limits its Li+ storage capability. Herein, a novel aminoakyldisiloxane compound, (3‐(N,N‐dimethylamino)diethoxypropyl) pentamethyldisiloxane (DSON), is applied as an efficient electrolyte additive for enhancing the electrochemical performance of V2O5 electrode. DSON additive in the conventional carbonate‐based electrolyte can inhibit the generation of acidic species by suppressing the hydrolysis of LiPF6. Additionally, DSON can also induce the formation of solid electrolyte interphase on the surface of V2O5 electrode upon (de)lithiation, which decreases the charge transfer resistance of Li+ at the interface between electrode and electrolyte. Thus, the V2O5 electrode with the electrolyte containing DSON additive (0.5 wt%) delivers a higher specific capacity (311.8 mAh g‐1 at 0.1 C), excellent cycling performance (248.1 mAh g−1 at 0.5 C after 250 cycles) and rate performance (235.9 mAh g−1 at 2 C). This work demonstrates that aminoakyldisiloxane is an effective electrolyte additive to stabilize the surface electrolyte film and improve the Li+ storage capability of metallic oxide‐based electrode materials.
Surface Wrinkling for Flexible and Stretchable Sensors
Authors: Lee Giwon , Zarei Mohammad , Wei Qingshan , Zhu Yong , Lee Seung Goo
Published: September 2022

Recent advances in nanolithography, miniaturization, and material science, along with developments in wearable electronics, are pushing the frontiers of sensor technology into the large‐scale fabrication of highly sensitive, flexible, stretchable, and multimodal detection systems. Various strategies, including surface engineering, have been developed to control the electrical and mechanical characteristics of sensors. In particular, surface wrinkling provides an effective alternative for improving both the sensing performance and mechanical deformability of flexible and stretchable sensors by releasing interfacial stress, preventing electrical failure, and enlarging surface areas. In this study, recent developments in the fabrication strategies of wrinkling structures for sensor applications are discussed. The fundamental mechanics, geometry control strategies, and various fabricating methods for wrinkling patterns are summarized. Furthermore, the current state of wrinkling approaches and their impacts on the development of various types of sensors, including strain, pressure, temperature, chemical, photodetectors, and multimodal sensors, are reviewed. Finally, existing wrinkling approaches, designs, and sensing strategies are extrapolated into future applications.
Unique Spindle‐Like Bismuth‐Based Composite toward Ultrafast Potassium Storage
Authors: Liu Xi , Sun Yingjuan , Tong Yong , Li Hongyan
Published: September 2022

Bismuth (Bi)‐based materials have attracted great attention as anodes in potassium ion batteries (PIBs) for their high theoretical capacity and suitable voltage range. Herein, the authors report a unique spindle‐like structured Bi@N‐doped carbon composite (SPB@NC) consisting of interconnected nano‐Bi coated heteroatom‐doped hard carbon layer via an interesting in situ carbon thermal reduction method. The special interconnected Bi nanoparticles gradually form porous structure with ample inner voids for accommodating volume variations while the N‐doped carbon layer not only keeps the electrode stable, but also contributes to rapid electron/ion transfer. As a result, such a robust framework endows SPB@NC fast potassium storage with outstanding capacity of 276.5 mAh g−1 at 30 A g−1 (i.e., 1 min for discharge/charge) and durable cycling performance of 299.3 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1 after 2000 cycles. Notably, a full cell assembled with potassium vanadate cathode is promising for practical applications. A series of ex situ techniques reveals the in‐depth potassium storage mechanism and kinetics reactions. This work illuminates helpful insights into Bi‐based anodes for PIBs.
In Situ Synthesis of Multivariate Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks for C2H4/C2H6 Kinetic Separation
Authors: Nam Ki Jin , Yu Hyun Jung , Yu Seungho , Seong Jeongho , Kim Seok‐Jhin , Kim Ki Chul , Lee Jong Suk
Published: September 2022

Herein, a new approach for the in situ synthesis of zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) nanoparticles with triple ligands, referred to as Sogang ZIF‐8 (SZIF‐8), is reported for enhanced C2H4/C2H6 kinetic separation. SZIF‐8 consists of tetrahedral zinc metals coordinated with tri‐butyl amine (TBA), 2,4‐dimethylimidazole (DIm), and 2‐methylimidazole (MIm). SZIF‐8(x) with different DIm contents in x (up to 23.2 mol%) are synthesized in situ because TBA preferably deprotonates DIm ligands due to the much lower pKa of DIm over MIm, allowing for the Zn‐DIm coordination. The Zn‐DIm coordination reduces the window size of ZIF‐8 with suppressed linker flipping motion due to bulky DIm ligands and simultaneously enhances the interfacial interaction between 6FDA‐DAM polyimide (6FDA) and SZIF‐8 via electron donor–acceptor interactions. Consequently, 6FDA/SZIF‐8(13) mixed matrix membrane exhibits an excellent C2H4 permeability of 60.3 Barrer and C2H4/C2H6 selectivity of 4.5. The temperature‐dependent transport characterization reveals that such excellent C2H4/C2H6 kinetic separation is attained by the enhancement in size discrimination‐based energetic selectivity. Our hybrid multi‐ligand approach can offer a useful tool for the fine‐tuning of molecular structures and textural properties of other metal organic frameworks.
Changes in tear production in a dog with keratoconjunctivitis sicca for a year after inevitable nictitating membrane gland resection due to suspicion of a malignant tumour
Authors: Yoon Hyun‐Jeong , Kim Joon‐Young
Published: September 2022

Since the removal of the NM causes KCS in dogs, it was contraindicated to remove the NM unless unavoidable such as in a malignant tumour. However, to the best of author's knowledge, there are no reports of conjunctivitis and keratitis owing to decreased tear production following removal of the NM gland. This case study demonstrates the tear production changes in a dog for a year after removal of the nictitating membrane (NM) due to suspicion of a malignant tumour. A 13‐year‐old spayed female English Cocker Spaniel who had suffered from severe ocular discharge, discomfort, keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), and NM enlargement in the right eye was brought to our hospital. The dog could not tolerate treatment with topical 0.2% cyclosporine or corticosteroids. The dog's right eye had NM gland prolapse, severe follicular conjunctivitis and a very low Schirmer tear test‐1 (STT‐1) value of 3 mm/min. Furthermore, the result of fine needle aspiration of the enlarged NM gland suggested a risk of malignancy. Despite the risk of KCS, complete NM resection was performed to diagnose the tumour. Fortunately, the final histopathological evaluation revealed chronic inflammation without any evidence of malignancy. Contrary to concerns that the STT‐1 value would further decrease after the removal of the NM gland, the STT‐1 value remained elevated compared to that before surgery, and the clinical symptoms improved for a year. It is generally known that NM gland resection is not recommended due to the risk of developing iatrogenic KCS unless a malignant tumour is suspected. In this case, surgical removal of the inflammatory NM gland that was not responsive to medications had a positive effect on KCS. Since the inflammatory and structural disease of the NM was strengthening KCS, the outcome was thought to be different from that when the normal third eyelid was removed.
Pyoderma caused by Proteus mirabilis in sheep
Authors: Abdollahi Mostafa , Javan Ashkan Jebelli , Shokrpoor Sara , Beidokhtinezhad Mohammadhesam , Tamai Iraj Ashrafi
Published: September 2022

Pyoderma is a purulent skin infection usually caused by bacteria and can be divided into primary and secondary categories based on histology. In the present study, an 18‐month‐old female mixed breed sheep was examined for pyoderma at the injection site of the enterotoxemia vaccine. After routine bacteriology and histopathology procedures, secondary pyoderma caused by Proteus mirabilis was diagnosed. The bacterium analysed using genome sequencing and new strain called AJJ 2021 was diagnosed. This is the first report of pyoderma caused by Proteus mirabilis in sheep.
A case of extraosseous intradural osteosarcoma of the spine in a dog
Authors: Riggers Denise Sarina , Rosati Marco , Köhler Claudia , Matiasek Kaspar , Loderstedt Shenja
Published: September 2022

A 9.5‐year‐old labrador presented with signs of progressive C1–C5 myelopathy. Magnetic resonance imaging of the cervical spine revealed a broad‐based, jagged and partially ill‐defined intradural mass lesion at the level of C3–C4 cervical vertebra. Decompressive spinal surgery was performed and the removed mass was sent for histopathological examination that identified an intradural extraosseous osteosarcoma. This very rare canine spinal tumour appears to arise predominantly in the cervical spine and occurs with no predisposing factors. It should be considered as a differential diagnosis for spinal tumours.
What benefits are the most important to you, your community, and society? Perception of ecosystem services provided by nature‐based solutions
Authors: Hekrle Marek
Published: September 2022

Ecosystem services (ES) provided by nature‐based solutions (NBS) have been examined using various data collection techniques and preference elicitation methods to understand what ES are important to human well‐being. This article provides a systematic review of 153 scientific publications, with a focus on data collection techniques and perspectives of well‐being used when eliciting preferences toward multiple ES provided by NBS. ES provided by urban parks, urban trees, and community gardens are the most commonly examined; however, generally specified NBS such as “green spaces” or “green infrastructure” prevail. The review further shows that the questionnaire surveys is the dominant technique for bringing evidence about the most preferred ES, followed by semi‐structured interviews and workshops. Only a limited number of studies use revealed or stated preference methods as a part of data collection efforts such as a choice experiment or contingent valuation. Additionally, the review defines three different perspectives of well‐being considered but rarely discussed in existing studies: individual; community; and society well‐being perspectives. As the concept of well‐being is hardly discussed in NBS literature and still depends on a large degree of subjectivity, this review highlights the need for future research that looks more deeply at individual, community, and social well‐being, which is influenced differently by the implementation of NBS.

This article is categorized under:

Water and Life > Conservation, Management, and Awareness

Water and Life > Methods
Removal of hydroxychloroquine from an aqueous solution using living microalgae: Effect of operating parameters on removal efficiency and mechanisms
Authors: El Amri Radouane , Elkacmi Reda , Hasib Aziz , Boudouch Otmane
Published: September 2022

Wastewater contaminated with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) poses a serious threat to the environment and human life. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of living microalgae to remove HCQ from an aqueous solution. Batch mode experiments were conducted under different conditions to investigate the effect of operating parameters on HCQ removal efficiency and mechanisms. Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic study was also carried out to better describe the interactions between HCQ and microalgae. The maximum HCQ removal was 92.10 ± 1.25% obtained under optimal pH of 9.9 ± 0.1, a contact time of 45 min, a stirring speed of 300 rpm, an initial HCQ concentration of 20 mg/L, and a microalgae dose of 100 mg/L. The Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model were best suited for the biosorption experiments, and the maximum biosorption capacity was 339.02 mg/g. The thermodynamic study showed that the biosorption process was exothermic and spontaneous. Experiments on real wastewater showed that the HCQ removal was not significantly affected by the presence of other contaminants in the water.

Practitioner Points

The best HCQ removal was 92.10 ± 1.25% obtained under optimal conditions.

The Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model were best suited for the biosorption experiments.

The maximum biosorption capacity was 339.02 mg/g.

The thermodynamic study showed that the biosorption process was exothermic and spontaneous.

The microalgae studied can be successfully used in HCQ removal from water.