bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
(The Death of) The Ethics of Historical Practice (and Why i am not in Mourning)
Authors: NOVICK PETER
Published: March 2007

The ethics of professional historical practice in the United States, as traditionally understood, rested on a consensus about the purpose of historical scholarship, central to which were assumptions about the nature of historical facts, the relationship between facts and truth, and the social functions that factual and truthful historical accounts would perform. Over the past generation, these assumptions have come to be widely questioned, which has entailed the collapse of the consensus that sustained the traditional ethics of historical practice. The author suggests that rather than being deplorable, this represents a welcome development, making possible a more realistic understanding of the nature of historical scholarship.
Manipulating Public Opinion with Moral Justification
Authors: McGRAW KATHLEEN M.
Published: March 2007

Justifications that invoke moral claims are highly effective in shaping public opinion. But moral justifications (“I am obeying the dictates of my conscience”; “This policy is in the community's best interests”) are difficult to verify as to their truthfulness, raising the possibility that they can be used deceptively. In this article, the psychological and political literatures are reviewed to illustrate why it is so difficult to detect deceptive moral justifications. The difficulty arises because (1) people are not very good at detecting deception in general; (2) the mediated nature of political communication eliminates the nonverbal cues that are most predictive of deception; (3) social judgment biases lead people to focus on the individual and inhibit suspicion; (4) the norms of political culture constrain politicians from accusing each other of lying, so that the public is not prompted by other sources to regard moral claims with suspicion.
Industrial Ecology
Authors: EHRENFELD JOHN R.
Published: March 2007

Industrial ecology is an evolving framework for the analysis and design of public policy, corporate strategy, and technological systems and products. Its metaphorical denotation springs from conceptual models characteristic of sustainable or long-lived ecosystems. Some authors stress the material and energy flows within a system of producers and consumers and aim to build knowledge about these flows that can be used for such design purposes as above. Others see industrial ecology primarily in its more metaphorical sense as providing new normative themes for a possibly sustainable world. Such norms include connectedness, cooperation, and community. These particular norms are, more or less, contrary to prevailing elements of social structures in market-based, industrialized nations. The paradigmatic, normative potential of industrial ecology is contrasted with its potential as an emerging “science” of sustainability.
6. People-to-People: A Private International Effort
Authors: Juergensmeyer John E.
Published: March 2007

The question of what makes an international voluntary move ment succeed is raised.
4. Philosophy and the Public Interest
Authors: Leys Wayne A.
Published: March 2007

To encourage productive research in political philosophy the Com mittee to Advance Original Work in Philosophy is developing a docu ment on the theory of the "public interest," including how "public interest" is used to justify social control, governmental services, and non-profit activitias of corporations.
3. Research on Political Behavior at the Survey Research Center
Authors: Campbell Angus
Published: March 2007

The SRC has mainly focussed its 1952 and 1956 election studies upon explaining the vote through variables of party identification, issues, and candidate personalities, with some attention to voters' personalities, and somewhat less atten tion to the intervening layers of variables such as the communication process, economic condi tions, and voting laws. The 1958 study deals with relations between candidates and voters in their districts.
Waste As An Index of Social Pathology
Authors: Winthrop Henry
Published: March 2007

Considering the great importance of waste of all kinds, the concept and its manifestations have hardly received systematic attention. The author, Professor of Social Science at the Univ. of South Florida, sets forth a classification of wastes, and suggests that an annual Gross National Waste (GNW) index might serve as well as the GNP index.
In Praise of "Right"
Authors: Chang Fo-ch'uan
Published: March 2007

"Cross-cultural vision" produces here an arresting contribution to the empirical study of symbol elaboration in politics. It is to be hoped that other scholars concerned with the historical and comparative study of ideology will be no less imaginative and exploratory. Professor Chang is in residence this year at the East Asia Institute of Harvard University.
Some Sociological Aspects of Federal Science Policy
Authors: Storer Norman W.
Published: March 2007

Professor Storer, Assistant Chairman, Department of Social Relations, Harvard University, also is troubled by the gov ernment's science policy. Feeling that scientific progress is in danger of slowing down under current conditions, he advocates what he terms a "government policy with respect to science" rather than "for science."
Some Problems in Generalizing Aggregate Associations
Authors: Gold David
Published: March 2007

The author, Chairman of the Sociology Department in the University of California at Santa Barbara, cites the dangers of applying significance tests to a single correlation when the goal is to generalize in time and area.
Operant Theories of Insight, Originality, and Creativity
Authors: RUNCO MARK A.
Published: March 2007

There is no doubt that operant theory has contributed to our understanding of behaviors that are indicative of creativity, such as insight, novelty, and originality. The operant research that has been applied to these indicative behaviors is reviewed in this article. What exactly does this research tell us about creativity? To answer that, three issues must be explored. One of these concerns contingencies and intrinsic motivation. Can both contribute to creative performance? A second question concerns the role of originality. Indeed, the biggest challenge for an operant theory of creativity and discovery may be to explain behavioral variation. Operant theory must do so in order to explain originality and novelty, two of the key facets of creativity. How do new and original behaviors arise? A third question concerns insight. Operant research often focuses on insight, but what exactly does this tell us about creativity? As discussed in the article, there is some controversy about the actual role of insight in creative performances.
Economic, Character, and Social Issues in the 1992 Presidential Election
Authors: MILLER ARTHUR H.
Published: March 2007

The popular notion is that the economy was the most important issue—if not the only issue—on the minds of the American voters in the 1992 presidential campaign. This study used national polling data to determine if the economic issue was really the driving issue or if other factors, such as candidate character and social issues, were equally important explanations of voting patterns.
Conditions for Social Responsibility
Authors: CALDWELL LYNTON K.
Published: March 2007

This article explores the relationship between cultural integrity, diversity, and social responsibility. The obligations and opportunities of responsible citizenship in a complex diverse society pose a difficult political issue that modern societies scarcely recognize. It is not clear, the article concludes, how large and diverse a society can become and yet remain sufficiently cohesive to behave responsibly by any meaningful standard.
Social Criticisms of Target Marketing
Authors: RINGOLD DEBRA JONES
Published: March 2007

The social acceptability of targeting is largely a function of judgments about particular consumers and specific products. Targeting that involves consumers who are viewed as essentially “equal participants” in transactions is typically regarded as acceptable. Transactions involving “acceptable” or “socially desirable” products are generally evaluated as beneficial. Objections are almost certain if targeting entails “disadvantaged” or “vulnerable” consumers participating in transactions involving products such as alcohol and cigarettes. Although some members of all groups are less well equipped to navigate the marketplace, there is no empirical basis on which to characterize women and minorities as vulnerable consumers. On the contrary, consumers appreciate the various roles played by advertising and the health consequences of tobacco and alcohol consumption regardless of gender or race. Choices at variance with those prescribed by critics of tobacco or alcohol do not constitute a reasonable definition of vulnerability or a justification for further regulation.
How Organizations Can Overbalance
Authors: WILSON DAVID C. , HICKSON DAVID J. , MILLER SUSAN
Published: March 2007

A special case of the big bad decision is identified. It is called decision overreach. Two separate elements constitute overreach, namely, disproportionality and irreversibility. Four conditions seem to dispose managers to take decisions that are disproportionate and irreversible. These are small size of firm, relatively short duration of decision process, a lack of foresight, and overfamiliarity with products and markets. The data are drawn from U.K. manufacturing organizations.
Success and Failure in Institutional Development
Authors: ROMO FRANK P. , ANHEIER HELMUT K.
Published: March 2007

This article employs a network approach to analyze two competing perspectives on success and failure patterns in organizational development: Michels's oligarchy thesis, which predicts that successful organizations are characterized by an elite that dominates marginal members, and Olson's free rider thesis, which posits that success depends on the extent to which marginal participants can benefit from public goods provided by a small group of highly active members. Using blockmodel analysis, we explore both perspectives in the context of interorganizational networks among private development organizations in Africa and examine underlying motivations of participation. In an effort to understand contextual effects, we add qualitative observations of both networks. Although overall our results support Michels's oligarchy thesis, we find that contextual factors and path dependencies can override interorganizational dynamics that would otherwise lead to either success or failure. Thus our results support key aspects of neoinstitutionalism in organizational studies.
Editor's Introduction
Authors: MEACHAM JACK
Published: March 2007

Demographic changes in the United States, increased student interest, and creative research and scholarship have led many colleges and universities to introduce multiculturalism and diversity into curricular requirements and course content. The significance and complexity of such issues require that research, scholarship, and teaching be interdisciplinary. Teaching multiculturalism and diversity courses requires consideration of five factors: course content and readings, the students and what they believe and value, the strengths and weaknesses of the faculty, the intellectual tools that will enable students to grasp issues at a sophisticated level, and the classroom dynamics within which these factors are woven together in the creation of an effective course.
Ending the Family Quarrel
Authors: HIRSCH PAUL M. , LOUNSBURY MICHAEL
Published: March 2007

Over the past couple of decades, research in organizational sociology has shifted away from the contextual richness of action perspectives toward more structuralist paradigms. DiMaggio and Powell's distinction between what they label the “old” and “new” institutionalisms highlights this general trend. The present authors offer a critical review of this generational paradigm debate among institutional theorists and challenge DiMaggio and Powell's assertion that the new should replace the old. The present authors advocate a reconciliation between these theoretical currents that would provide a more balanced approach to the action-structure duality.
Producing Social Capital
Authors: MINKOFF DEBRA C.
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the conceptual treatment of national social movement organizations (SMOs) in current debates over civil society and the decline of social capital in the United States. Despite the rapid growth of national organizations since the 1960s, civil society proponents systematically dismiss their relevance. The author argues instead that national SMOs play a critical role in civil society and the production of social capital by providing an infrastructure for collective action, facilitating the development of mediated collective identities that link otherwise marginalized members of society, and shaping public discourse and debate. Theories that exclude this form of citizen participation not only overlook the important ways that social capital and collective identity are constructed by national organizations, but they ultimately promote the continued marginalization of less powerful social groups.
Artificial Intelligence and the Dialogical
Authors: SHOTTER JOHN
Published: March 2007

Workers in cognitive science and artificial intelligence assume that everything of importance to our intelligent functioning can be found inside the heads of individuals. This article takes a different approach. The nature of our disorderly, everyday, dialogical activities is first outlined, because it assumes that it is only in terms of this usually unnoticed background activity that we make sense of everything individual and distinctive we do in relation both to each other and to our larger surroundings: We constitute what we are pleased to call our individual minds and our world within it. Furthermore, it is in the unique variations that we each introduce into this constitutive activity that we can express ourselves, our own “inner lives.” Studies in cognitive science and artificial intelligence lead us not only to ignore these backgrounds but to institute forms of human relation leading to their eradication.
Cross-Cultural Relations and Pedagogy
Authors: ZOREDA MARGARET LEE
Published: March 2007

Mastery in cross-cultural communication and understanding in our “global village” is currently, and will be even more so in the future, a sine qua non in college teaching. This article sets out to analyze in an interdisciplinary manner a selection of contemporary perspectives pertinent to cross-cultural encounters to develop guidelines for interpreting and improving the teaching and learning of foreign languages.
Articulating Civic Virtue in the Second 1996 Presidential Debate
Authors: COS GRANT C. , ROSSMANN LILIANA CASTAÑEDA
Published: March 2007

Political theory literature has become increasingly interested in the concept of community, focusing particularly on the variable of civic virtue. Social constructionist theory suggests how civic virtue can be enacted and made symbolic for an audience. This article synthesizes communitarian political theory and social constructionist theory to help characterize how Bill Clinton and Bob Dole articulated a concept of the “good citizen” in their second presidential debate.
Social Capital and Citizen Interpretation of Political Ads, News, and Web Site Information in the 1996 Presidential Election
Authors: KERN MONTAGUE
Published: March 2007

In 1996, citizens made heavy use of political ads and news. Expressions of mistrust of candidates and the electoral process are widespread among viewers who recall political ads. Combining information and solidarity-building functions, the World Wide Web offers the promise of re-building social capital.
The Depreciating Public Policy Discourse
Authors: FOX CHARLES J. , MILLER HUGH T.
Published: March 2007

Public policy discourse has entered an era of media-driven hyperreality, becoming detached from the lived experience of the polity. Bumper-sticker political symbols, such as “the war on drugs,” have displaced vibrant discussion of public issues. This depreciation of the public discourse can be apprehended if we conceptualize this problematic as a postmodern phenomenon. By borrowing vocabulary and concepts from postmodern thought, we can try to figure out what is going on. How is modernity different from postmodernity? How does reality become hyperreality? After a description of postmodern conditions—and the implications of this for public policy discourse—the “war on drugs” is deconstructed to supply a vivid example of the slippery slope from reality to hyperreality.
Postmodernism, Efficiency, and Comprehensive Policy Argument in Public Administration
Authors: GILLROY JOHN MARTIN
Published: March 2007

How can public managers hope to incorporate the imperatives of postmodern theory into their concrete daily decisions? This article is an attempt to give an analytic tool to the administrator in the form of a formal logic of questions—Comprehensive Policy Argument (CPA). This analysis tool, in the spirit of postmodernism, allows one to deconstruct the methods of conventional efficiency analysis into its fundamental assumptions and principles so that these can be consciously scrutinized. In addition, it opens up the possibility of converting nonmarket assumptions about individuals, collective action, and the role of the state into alternative theoretical foundations for practical policy argument and choice.
Philosophical Reflections on Race and Racism
Authors: LADD JOHN
Published: March 2007

Race relations in America have reached a crisis point. Yet, there is a move toward color-blind policies. The assumption underlying the move is that race is neutral and policies that allow for race as a selection criterion are flawed. A philosophical approach is used to discuss the notions of race and identity. Differentiation is made between group or social identity versus individual identity. This differentiation serves as the basis for the argument that discussions about affirmative action should be couched in terms of equity between groups rather than rights.
Looking Toward the Future
Authors: MILLER FAYNEESE , CLARK MARY ANN
Published: March 2007

Discussions about affirmative action often exclude the perspective of young people, especially secondary-aged students. The purpose of this article is to present young people's attitudes and beliefs about affirmative action. A second purpose is to link perspectives about affirmative action to beliefs about one's future or the American Dream. A summary of 161 high school students' responses to items included in a survey package is presented. It was found that the students generally believe in the American Dream but disagree across racial groups about whether opportunities exist for all races and classes in America. The authors argue affirmative action is a mechanism of hope for youth and offers them a means by which they can transform the world in which they live.
Turks in the Netherlands
Authors: KEMPEN RONALD VAN , BOLT GIDEON S.
Published: March 2007

There is a growing body of urban research and theory on the existence and persistence of concentration areas. Segregation takes many forms in cities. On one end of the spectrum, we discern ghettos (where members of the same ethnic group live because they have no other choice); on the other end, we find enclaves (areas with people belonging to the same ethnic group who choose to live there). It is important to find out if people are housed in neighborhoods where they want or do not want to live. If they reside in areas that are not their own choice, something might be wrong with the housing system, making adaptations necessary. This article focuses on the housing situation of Turks in the Netherlands. The present concentration patterns of Turks in Dutch cities show differences among cities, whereby housing policy seems to play a decisive role. The question posed in this article is how neighborhoods with a concentration of Turks can be characterized.
Services for Substance Abusers in a Changing Health Care System
Authors: RIVERS JAMES E.
Published: March 2007

Many managed care plans may need to modify their coverage to address substance abusers' multidimensional physical, mental, and social problems. Such adjustments are particularly important for public sector clients whose addiction-related problems are typically more severe than those of private sector patients. Data from a sample of 161 medical emergency, primary care, mental health, and substance abuse treatment programs in Dade County, Florida, reveal highly varied perceptions of managed care. They illustrate that the relevance of provider organization ownership, type of services, and populations served for behavioral managed care analysis. Further implications are the need to provide “wrap-around” or enabling services and to coordinate care for substance abusers to avoid displacement of responsibility for critical aspects of their care onto overwhelmed “safety net” agencies.
A Journey to the Future
Authors: MAY GRAHAM H.
Published: March 2007

Drawing on the author's experience as a geographer, town planner, and now futurist, an eclectic mix of approaches to and theories of the future, many of which are more implicit than explicit, is developed. Among the most important are aspects of systems, chaos, and complexity theories. Two important concepts—paradox and a learning approach—provide important themes to the future. These ideas are summed up in the philosophy of the master's degree in foresight and futures studies at Leeds Metropolitan University.
Objectivity and Prejudice
Authors: BERG DAVID N.
Published: March 2007

This article explores the epistemology of prejudice. Prejudice is first defined and examined from the perspective of intergroup relations theory in an attempt to learn more about the origins and methods of knowing about other groups. The second part of the article suggests that recent intergroup research raises fundamental questions about the role of objectivity in studying and managing prejudice. It goes so far as to suggest that our unwillingness to examine our assumptions about objectivity creates barriers to understanding prejudice in academia and managing it in organizations.
An Empirical Investigation of the Scope of a Firm's Enterprise Strategy
Authors: Judge William Q. , Krishnan Hema
Published: March 2007

This article investigates the scope of a firm's enterprise strategy which is defined as the range of stakeholder satisfaction realized by a firm at a particular point in time. We found that prior profitability and several of the firm's grand strategies were correlated with enterprise strategy scope. Furthermore, environmental munificence was found to have a curvilinear relationship with enterprise strategy. Overall, this study refined and extended our understanding of enterprise strategy and stakeholder management.
Overcoming the Separation Thesis
Authors: Wicks Andrew C.
Published: March 2007

In his presentation at the 1993 Society of Business Ethics conference, Ed Freeman offered a provocative explanation for why the normative core of business and society (B&S) research is perceived as fundamentally at odds with the pervasive wisdom on business and the academic literature on management (e.g., "business ethics is an oxymoron"). He termed this explanation the separation thesis. This article explores the possibility that the separation thesis captures a pervasively held view about corporations, even among B &S researchers. To support this claim, the author looks at whether three value dichotomies, which provide the conceptual underpinnings of the separation thesis, are prevalent in the literature. The article provides evidence from the literatures in ethics, corporate social responsibility/ performance, and wider management issues to support its claims, and then looks at alternative possibilities for developing inquiry to avoid the pitfalls of these value dichotomies and, therefore, the separation thesis.
Managing Industrial and Environmental Crises
Authors: Greening Daniel W. , Johnson Richard A.
Published: March 2007

This study examines firms that have experienced an industrial and/or environ-mental crisis and proposes that top management team (TMT) characteristics will affect a firm's ability to minimize the severity of these crisis events. Specifically, heterogeneity in the TMT will exhibit a curvilinear (U-shaped) relationship with the severity of firm crises. Our results suggest that a moderate level of age and tenure heterogeneity are positively related to a firm's ability to successfully minimize the severity of crises. Variance in educational backgrounds was unrelated to crisis severity. Functional background heterogeneity exhibited a curvilinear relationship with crisis severity but was not U-shaped as hypothesized.
Subjective Measures of Liberal Democracy
Authors: BOLLEN KENNETH A. , PAXTON PAMELA
Published: March 2007

Using democracy in empirical work requires accurate measurement. Yet, most policy and academic research presupposes the accuracy of available measures. This article explores judge-specific measurement errors in cross-national indicators of liberal democracy. The authors evaluate the magnitude of these errors in widely used measures of democracy and determine whether their results replicate during a 17-year period (1972 to 1988). Then, they examine the nature of these systematic errors, hypothesizing that three different processes—(a) the information available for rating, (b) the judges' processing of this information, and (c) the method by which a judge's processing decisions are translated into a rating—could create error. The authors find that for the 17-year period from 1972 to 1988, there is unambiguous evidence of judge-specific measurement errors, which are related to traits of the countries. In the conclusion, the authors discuss the implications for democracy research and for other subjective measures.
Economic Voting in Postcommunist Eastern Europe
Authors: HARPER MARCUS A. G.
Published: March 2007

This study tests the hypothesis that the replacement of incumbent promarket, prodemocracy governments with ex-communist parties in postcommunist East European elections was a function of the economic calculus of frustrated citizens at the ballot box. Using data from the Central and Eastern Euro-Barometer studies, this investigation adopts an individual-level approach to examine the degree to which economic assessments and unemployment influenced both proreform incumbent and ex-communist party voting intentions in Lithuania (1992), Hungary (1994), and Bulgaria (1994). The dominant impression that emerges from the logistic regression estimations predicting voting intentions is that despite strong expectations to the contrary, economic factors had at best a modest effect on party choice in these nations. These findings corroborate country-specific studies of electoral behavior in Eastern Europe that observe that the return to parliamentary power of ex-communist parties in these societies was not simply a function of economic voting.
Bound But Not Gagged
Authors: MILTON ANDREW K.
Published: March 2007

This article examines general patterns of the politics of media reform in Hungary, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, and Taiwan, all societies transitioning to democracy. Although the media are becoming more free and independent in each, there remain significant political constraints on journalism in all four countries. Using arguments from organizational analysis, the author contends that the persistence of institutional connection between the media and the government, state, and political parties has left the media in a politically dependent position. This dependence is manipulated by politicians across the political spectrum in an effort to sustain electoral success and political authority. The prevalence of this pattern in Taiwan indicates that the so-called Leninist legacy is not always the primary inhibitor of greater liberalization. The difficulties in all four countries indicate, the author contends, that rebuilding old institutions differs from creating brand new democratic ones.
The Interaction Between Democracy and Ethnopolitical Protest and Rebellion in Africa
Authors: SCARRITT JAMES R. , McMILLAN SUSAN M. , MOZAFFAR SHAHEEN
Published: March 2007

This article reconciles theoretical and methodological differences between the Minorities at Risk (MAR) project and Bratton and van de Walle's 1997 analysis of democratic transitions occurring between 1990 and 1994. Analyses based on MAR have shown that protest in the 1980s was more likely to occur in more democratic African countries, whereas violent rebellion was more likely to occur in more autocratic countries. Bratton and van de Walle have shown that urban protests also occurred more frequently in more democratic countries. This article replicates earlier findings that prior democracy is an important variable for explaining ethnopolitical protest and rebellion. The authors analyze the relationship between such ethnopolitical action and democratic transitions and levels of democracy in 1994 and show that democracy and worker-student protest are mutually reinforcing, whereas democracy and rebellion are mutually incompatible. The authors further demonstrate that ethnopolitical protest is neutral in its consequences for democratization.
Contemporary Comparative Politics
Authors: SIGELMAN LEE , GADBOIS GEORGE H.
Published: March 2007

This article assesses the contemporary state of the art in comparative politics, using as its empirical base a content analysis of articles appearing in Comparative Politics and Comparative Political Studies between 1968 and 1981. Primary attention is focused on the questions of comparative scope, parochialism, and substantive concern.
Land Reform and the Breakdown of Clientelist Politics in El Salvador
Authors: MASON T. DAVID
Published: March 2007

The civil war in El Salvador has produced, on the one hand, a struggle between the existing regime and a coalition of insurgent military and political organizations and, on the other hand, a struggle within the regime between the landed oligarchy and the reform-minded politicians of the Christian Democratic Party. This article presents a theoretical analysis of the political impact of the PDC's land reform program of 1980. The emergence of revolution is explained as the erosion of clientelist political structures that resulted from the rapid population growth and the shift to export agriculture over the course of the last century. Within this analytical framework, a model is derived to specify the relationships among land reform, oligarchic repression, insurgent violence, and the level of popular support for the regime. It is hypothesized that levels of support for the regime will be greatest in those political subdivisions in which land reform has been implemented and in which death squad violence had been curbed, and that this relationship should be strongest and most stable when the reforms create peasant cooperatives rather than individual smallholdings.
Philosophy, Methodology, and Research
Authors: ROSENAU PAULINE M.
Published: March 2007

To assist those in comparative politics in assessing Marxist inquiry, the research-relevant assumptions and research practice of several Marxist orientations are described and compared to those of major Western intellectual currents (romanticism, empiricism, and rationalism). The match between specific Western currents and Marxist orientations is surprisingly straightforward. The Philosophic Marxists are found to share many elements with Western romanticism. The Materialist Marxists are shown to agree with most aspects of modern empiricism. The Structuralist Marxists and the Analytical Marxists are considered to be in agreement with contemporary rationalism on research-related questions. The Stalinist-inspired Deductivist Marxist have a contradictory view of research, which, nevertheless, shares important points with Western philosophical currents. On the topic of research, certain Marxists are found to be intellectually closer to non-Marxists who share their assumptions than they are to other Marxists who disagree with them on these matters.
Membership in Party Organizations and the Problem of Decline of Parties
Authors: SELLE PER , SVÅSAND LARS
Published: March 2007

This article questions assumptions in the literature dealing with party decline. First, European aggregate membership data do not support a general conclusion of party decline. Second, individual-level data for Norway demonstrate the complexities of the relationship between membership, party identification, activity in parties, and membership stability. Third, we discuss societal changes commonly associated with party decline, such as the rise of corporatism, the new political movements, and the rise of the electronic media. The aurthors argue that these developments change the structural position of parties (external) and the relationship between different levels of the party organization itself (internal). While such developments may lead to party decline, they also give party organizations new political maneuverability. Furthermore, the growth of new parties, the politicization of new arenas, and the nationalization of party apparatuses counteract the factors associated with party decline.
Plurality Versus Majority Election of Presidents
Authors: SHUGART MATTHEW SOBERG , TAAGEPERA REIN
Published: March 2007

Under plurality rule, presidents may be elected with narrow support whenever there are more than two “serious” candidates. Even under majority-runoff rules, the eventual winner may have received the backing of only a small minority in the first round. This article shows that majority runoff rules tend to be associated with an “effective” number of presidential candidates greater than three. The effective number for plurality is, on average, less; however, a nontrivial share of such elections have resulted in close multicandidate races. The article proposes an alternative “double complement rule,” which is derived as the arithmetic average of majority runoff and plurality criteria. This rule stipulates that a front-runner with less than a majority of the votes wins without need of a second round if the shortfall of the runner-up from a majority of votes is more than double the leading candidate's shortfall from a majority. Possible effects and desirable conditions of this rule are assessed in light of the existing debate about electoral methods.
Economic Man—Social Woman?
Authors: GIDENGIL ELISABETH
Published: March 2007

Do differences in basic values and concerns underlie differences in the issue positions of women and men? This article uses a decomposition approach to assess the contribution of male-female differences in basic values and concerns to the gender gap in support for the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement in the 1988 Canadian federal election. Drawing on the work of Gilligan and other “difference” theorists, I theorize these differences in terms of “social woman” and “economic man.” The results support this interpretation. Men were more likely to bring economic considerations to bear in evaluating the agreement, whereas women's opinions were more likely to be influenced by their commitment to the welfare state and their greater concern for social programs. Women also proved to be more egalitarian and less persuaded of the virtues of competition and market solutions than were men.
The Political Economy of Deficit Spending in Nine Industrialized Parliamentary Democracies
Authors: HAHM SUNG DEUK , KAMLET MARK S. , MOWERY DAVID C.
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the influence of four sets of factors on deficit spending in 9 industrialized parliamentary democracies during 1958-1990. This article analyzes the influence of these factors and introduces and tests the importance of an additional potential influence on the size of a country's fiscal deficit: the “strength of fiscal bureaucracy.” It is argued that the stronger a country's fiscal bureaucracy, the lower its deficit, ceteris paribus. Empirically, the authors find that the state of a nation's economy heavily affects its deficit. Little systematic relationship is found between the ideology of the ruling political party and a nation's deficit or between the political strength of the ruling party and deficits, in contrast to the findings of Roubini and Sachs. Finally, it is found that the strength of a country's fiscal bureaucracy is an important influence on the deficit in these 9 industrialized parliamentary democracies.
Social Concertation in Democratic and Market Transitions
Authors: ENCARNACIÓN OMAR G.
Published: March 2007

This essay employs a state-structuralist approach to explain the emergence of social concertation as a policy mechanism to facilitate democratization and economic liberalization in post-Franco Spain. Concertation emphasizes the institutionalization of consultation and cooperation on macroeconomic policy involving peak representation from the state, employers' associations, and the organized labor movement. The author demonstrates how state structures and institutional legacies played the critical role in fashioning a favorable strategic environment for the adoption of concertation during the restoration and consolidation of democracy in Spain. In doing so, this research departs from conventional approaches to the study of the making of concertation that emphasize either the strength of the bargaining agents from capital and labor or the social democratic composition of the government. Moreover, it reveals a significant role for state institutions in charting a successful path to democracy and the market economy.
Do Institutions Really Matter?
Authors: STEINMO SVEN , TOLBERT CAROLINE J.
Published: March 2007

New institutionalism has emerged as one of the most prominent research agendas in the field of comparative politics, political economy, and public policy. This article examines the role of institutional variation in political/economic regimes in shaping tax burdens in industrialized democracies. An institutionalist model for tax policy variation is tested across the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) democracies. Countries are conceptualized and statistically modeled in terms of majoritarian, shifting coalition, and dominant coalition governments. Regression analysis and cluster analysis are used to statistically model cross-national tax burdens relative to the strength of labor organization and party dominance in parliament. This study finds that political and economic institutions are important in explaining tax policy variation. Specifying the structure of political and economic institutions helps to explain the size of the state in modern capitalist democracies. This article specifies and demonstrates which institutions matter and how much they matter.
Internationalization and the Social Democratic Model
Authors: HUBER EVELYNE , STEPHENS JOHN D.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the crisis of the social democratic model in the four countries (Austria, Norway, Finland, and Sweden) in which social democracy was most successful in maintaining and even extending its two central achievements—full employment and the institutional welfare state—through the end of the 1980s. Four major conclusions emerge from the analysis. First, supply side measures, more so than demand management, were central to the employment and growth models pursued by social democracy prior to the early 1970s. Second, the increasing trade openness contributed little to the recent problems of social democracy. By contrast, financial internationalization and deregulation and the multinationalization of capital undermined important features of the supply and demand sides of the models. Third, changes in the international and domestic economies have weakened centralized bargaining. Fourth, governments in the three Nordic countries made serious mistakes in economic policy, which greatly aggravated their difficulties.
Strategic Voting in the 1996 Japanese General Election
Authors: REED STEVEN R.
Published: March 2007

Japan's new electoral system may or may not be good for Japanese democracy, but it is almost ideally designed for the study of strategic voting. No other existing electoral system provides political scientists with data on such neatly separated but simultaneous single-member districts (SMD) and proportional representation (PR) votes. Using candidate-level aggregate data, I find strong evidence for strategic voting: Candidates with a good chance of winning receive more SMD than PR votes, and those with little chance of winning receive more PR votes. Strategic voting explains not only the basic pattern but also several exceptions to the rule. In addition, I find that a realistic but relatively inaccurate ex ante prediction of a candidate's probability of victory produces a superior explanatory model than does a perfect ex post prediction calculated from the final electoral results. These results support the hypothesis that voters base their strategic voting calculations on simple cues available to them before the election.
Leftist Parties, Neoliberal Policies, and Reelection Strategies
Authors: WILSON BRUCE M.
Published: March 2007

How do leftist parties in government abandon their traditional economic development programs, adopt neoliberal policies, and still win reelection? This article examines the case of the leftist National Liberation Party (PLN) in Costa Rica to explain this unexpected outcome. The author argues that the explanation lies on two separate but related levels, those of institutional rules and policy implementation strategies. Institutional rules constrain the behavior of political actors in multiple ways and structure political interaction. However, governments also employ specific policy implementation strategies (e.g., obfuscation, compensation, division, and incrementalism) to adopt unpopular policies while reducing electoral costs. As a result, opposition to the reforms is more difficult to organize and potential negative consequences are difficult to identify for voters. The institutional rules and the strategies that governments employ can account for the seeming paradox of a leftist party repeatedly abandoning its electoral promises, adopting neoliberal policies, and still winning reelection.
Neo-Mercantilism:
Authors: HETTNE BJÖRN
Published: March 2007

This article takes the view that mercantilism can be understood as a pursuit of stateness, an articulation of the nation-state logic vis-à-vis the free play of market forces. The contemporary context of the mercantilist logic is the international political economy, in which `the political' refers to a transnational framework of economic transactions, in brief, a world order. Hence the concept `neomercantilism', to which this discussion is primarily addressed. This conceptualization is somewhat troublesome because of the historical association of mercantilism with the nation-state. The solution to this paradox is to see regionalism as a return of `the political', the need for control, in a transnational context. The argument is pursued in three steps: first the concept is located in the historical political economy discourse, focusing on mercantilism proper; second, a definition of neo-mercantilism is suggested which associates it with `the new regionalism' in a global context, more precisely the pursuit of `regionness'; third, contemporary manifestations of `the new regionalism' are presented as a preliminary attempt to test the hypothesis. In the concluding discussion the significance of these regional manifestations in an international political economy perspective is assessed.
Conflict Theory and Conflict Resolution
Authors: LEATHERMAN JANIE , VÄYRYNEN RAIMO
Published: March 2007

The end of the Cold War has created a new international environment with entirely new requirements for conflict resolution and transformation. This presents policy-makers both in national governments and working collaboratively in multilateral contexts with new challenges. It also offers scholars an opportunity to engage in policy-relevant basic research to generate findings that can assist policy-makers in both arenas to arrive at sound diagnoses of conflicts and effective policy actions. In this paper, the authors provide a basic phase model for the analysis of conflicts, especially in relation to the functions of early warning, conflict prevention, conflict resolution and post-conflict peace-building. Various conceptual, diagnostic and normative and ethical issues are raised which require further study and collaborative research. The paper aims to stimulate a research program which may help improve policy-makers' diagnostic tools and approaches to resolving post-Cold War conflicts. Such a program would have both scientific relevance and practical importance. The study of conflict resolution needs new theoretical ideas, while the international community needs new tools to maintain order and international peace.
...And Then They Were 15:
Authors: FRIIS LYKKE
Published: March 2007

The starting point of this article is a dual paradox: despite the fact that enlargement has been a recurrent phenomenon which has had a great impact on the integration process, we are endowed with neither a theoretical conceptualization of enlargement nor an in-depth understanding of how accession deals are negotiated in practice. The goal of this article is to contribute to the process of removing this dual paradox, first of all by conceptualizing any enlargement as a negotiation. By focusing on negotiations the article equips us with the tools to comprehend how the EU negotiates and what determines the outcome of enlargement negotiations. In order to clarify whether the enlargement-negotiation model does indeed capture the key factors which determine an enlargement negotiation, the article also ventures into the empirical field, analysing the EU's enlargement negotiations with the EFTA countries. On the basis of the theoretical model and the EFTA case, the article concludes that enlargement does not necessarily trigger more integration. Precisely because any enlargement is a negotiation, where the present member states have to leave the negotiation table `satisfied', less integration (spillback) is just as likely.
A Magic Moment in Swedish Foreign Policy
Authors: DEMKER MARIE
Published: March 2007

In the middle of the Algerian-French war, in December 1959, Sweden suddenly voted `yes' in the UN General Assembly to Algerian self-determination. This was a clear change in Swedish foreign policy. The empirical question in this article is thus: Could this change be sufficiently understood as the result of a learning process? Through a specified set of conditions and an empirical test of these conditions using the Algerian case, the theoretical aim is to improve on existing operationalizations of the concept of learning. My conclusion is, empirically, that this new orientation in Swedish foreign policy was as a result of the effect of learning. By studying the Algerian decision in a wider perspective we can begin to understand the emergence of the Swedish so-called `active policy of neutrality' during the 1960s. Theoretically, I argue that the concept of learning, specified in necessary and sufficient conditions, can be useful in explaining and evaluating why changes in foreign policy take place when they do.