bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermogenic responses to graded doses of noradrenaline in undernourished Indian male subjects
Authors: Kurpad A. V. , Kulkarni R. N. , Sheela M. L. , Shetty P. S.
Published: September 2005

1. Seventeen male subjects with an energy intake of 10.6 (sd 1.7) MJ/d and ten male undernourished labourers with an energy intake of 8.0 (sd 1.2) MJ/d were studied. The controls were subdivided into ten underweight controls with a body mass index (weight/height2; BMI) < 18 (17.2 (sd 0.9)) and seven normal-weight controls with a BMI > 20 (21.3 (sd 1.6)), while the undernourished labourers had a BMI < 18 (16.8 (sd 1.2)).

2. Comparison of thermogenic responses to increasing doses of noradrenaline showed no overall significant inter-group differences when subjected to a nested analysis of variance (ANOVA). For the initial doses of 0.05 and 0.1 μg noradrenaline, significantly lower responses were seen in the undernourished subjects, while the highest dose showed comparable responses in all three groups. Thermogenic responses to the initial two doses, when corrected for fat-free mass (FFM) differences, were 40 % lower in the undernourished group when compared with the underweight group with similar BMI and FFM values. However, this finding was not statistically significant.

3. The basal oxygen consumption of the undernourished group, expressed per unit FFM, was significantly higher than that of the controls.
The effect of incorporating fat into different components of a meal on gastric emptying and postprandial blood glucose and insulin responses
Authors: Cunningham K. M. , Read N. W.
Published: September 2005

1. Three studies were carried out in each of six normal volunteers to investigate how lipid, when given at different stages during the course of a meal, affects gastric emptying and postprandial blood glucose and insulin concentrations.

2. The control meal consisted of 300 ml beef consommé (50 kJ, 12 kcal), followed 20 min later by 300 g mashed potato (908 kJ, 217 kcal). In the two test meals, 60 g margarine were incorporated into either the soup or the mashed potato.

3. The addition of margarine to either component of the meal delayed gastric emptying of the mashed potato (P< 0.05), but the pattern varied according to the component to which the fat was added.

4. Incorporation of fat into the soup increased the lag phase (P< 0.05) but did not influence the slope of emptying of the mashed potato, while incorporation of fat into the mashed potato reduced the slope of emptying of the mashed potato (P< 0.05) but did not influence the lag phase.

5. Addition of fat to either component of the meal reduced postprandial blood glucose (P< 0.05) and insulin responses, but when the fat was incorporated in the soup, peak glucose and insulin responses were delayed as well (P< 0.05).

6. The results show that the effect of fat on gastric emptying and absorption of nutrients depends on when, in relation to the other components of the meal, the fat is consumed.
Utilization of α-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) resistant maize and pea (Pisum sativum) starch in the rat
Authors: Faulks R. M. , Southon Susan , Livesey G.
Published: September 2005

1. The extent of utilization of α-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1)-resistant retrograded starches in vivo was assessed in male Wistar rats (about 100 g body-weight). All animals were given a fibre-free semi-synthetic basal diet (SS) containing sucrose as the only carbohydrate source, ad lib., for 13 d. On day 14, after an overnight fast, rats were allocated to one of five dietary treatments (n 30):1, fibre-free basal SS diet; 2-5, basal SS diet supplemented with 100 g sucrose, Solka floc (cellulose), resistant maize starch (RCS) or resistant pea (Pisum sativum) starch (RPS)/kg diet. Animals allocated to each dietary treatment were divided into three groups of ten rats which were given the appropriate diet for 8 or 9, 17 or 18 and 29 or 30 d (8/9, 17/18 or 29/30 d groups respectively). Rats were fed on 12 g diet/d (treatment 1) or 13.2 g diet/d (treatments 2-5) for the first 20 d, and 14 or 15.4 g/d respectively until the end of the experiment. Rats fed on the supplemented basal diets were thus given 10% more food to allow for the addition of the test carbohydrate. Faecal carbohydrate excretion was determined at intervals in the 17/18 d groups. At the end of each experimental period animals were killed after consuming their daily food ration and small intestinal length, weight of caecal and ileal contents and tissue, and pH of caecal contents measured. The amount of carbohydrate in the caecal and ileal contents from the 8/9 and 17/18 d groups was determined.

2. Weights of ileal and caecal contents, caecal tissue and faecal output were significantly greater at all time points for rats fed on the resistant starches compared with those fed on basal and sucrose-supplemented diets. Values were higher for RPS-fed rats than for RCS-fed rats.

3. The quantity of carbohydrate recovered from ileal and caecal contents showed that both RCS and RPS were partially digested and absorbed as carbohydrate, but that RPS was digested to a lesser extent.

4. The concentration of carbohydrate decreased between the ileal and caecal sites when RPS and RCS were given but was essentially unchanged when cellulose was given. This is consistent with rapid fermentation of a fraction of these starches.

5. Faecal carbohydrate elimination in the 17/18 d groups fed on RCS and RPS declined with time, which suggested an adaptive response resulting in increased utilization of the starches. This adaptive response was slower in the RPS-fed rats than the RCS-fed rats.

6. The present study indicates that, in the rat, there are significant differences in the utilization of resistant starches from different sources.
Nitrogen metabolism and urinary excretion of purines in goat kids
Authors: Lindberg J. E.
Published: September 2005

1. In Expt 1 three male goat kids of the Swedish Landrace breed were bottle-fed on isoenergetic liquid diets composed of goat's milk alone or substituted with 200, 400, 600 and 800 ml of a nitrogen-free liquid diet/1. The goat kids were 3 weeks old at the start of the experiment and weighed on average 5.3 (sd 0.22) kg. The experiment lasted for 45 d divided into nine 5 d periods. The goat kids were kept individually in metabolism cages, and faeces and urine were collected daily.

2. In Expt 1 there was a significant (P< 0.001) relation between N intake and N retention, with an estimated (extrapolation) basal N excretion of 211 mg N/kg metabolic live weight (W0.75). While the creatinine excretion remained fairly constant (19.9 mg/W0.75), there was a tendency for both the allantoin and uric acid excretions to change with N intakes. Hypoxanthine showed no consistent excretion pattern, and xanthine could not be detected.

3. In Expt 2 three male goat kids of the Swedish Landrace breed were used to study the effect of level of intake on N and purine metabolism. The first experimental period (period 1) started at 2 weeks of age (5.5 kg live weight) and the second experimental period (period 2) at 9 weeks of age (9.8 kg live weight). The goat kids were bottle-fed on goat milk at intended intakes of 400, 600, 800 and 1000 kJ gross energy/kg W0.75. Each treatment was given for 7 d with adaptation for 3 d and collections for 4 d.

4. In Expt 2 there were significant (P< 0.001) increases in both live weight and N retention when level of intake was increased. With increasing N intakes both total N and urea-N excretions increased significantly (P< 0.05). The proportions of urea-N and ammonia-N were fairly constant within periods, and were on average respectively 0.81 and 0.059 in period I and 0.84 and 0.068 in period 2. There was no significant effect of treatment on the urinary excretion of allantoin, hypoxanthine, xanthine and creatinine. In period 2 uric acid excretion was significantly (P< 0.01) affected by the treatments.

5. From the presented findings it is concluded that the endogenous urinary excretion of purine derivatives in a young growing ruminant was only marginally affected by large variations in protein supply, and also by the level of intake of milk.
Profiles of 67Cu in blood, bile, urine and faeces from 67Cu-primed lambs: effect of 99Mo-labelled tetrathiomolybdate on the metabolism of recently stored tissue 67Cu
Authors: Gooneratne S. R. , Laarveld B. , Chaplin R. K. , Christensen D. A.
Published: September 2005

1. The relative importance of excretory routes in the removal of recently stored 67Cu following tetrathiomolybdate (TTM) administration was studied. Lambs fed on either 5 mg Cu/kg dry matter (DM) or 35 mg Cu/kg DM, were primed intravenously (iv) with 67Cu and challenged 27 h later with 99Mo-labelled TTM given either iv or intraduodenally (id). The profiles of 67Cu and 99Mo and of Cu and Mo in blood, bile, urine and faeces were measured.

2. Level of dietary Cu and route of administration of 99Mo-TTM affected the amplitude of blood, bile and urine profiles of 67Cu and stable Cu, but not the pattern of the responses observed.

3. The present study describes for the first time increased excretion of endogenous 67Cu through gastrointestinal secretions other than bile due to TTM administration.

4. Administration of TTM resulted in the immediate release of 67Cu from storage compartments in the body into the blood circulation. Changes in stable Cu levels in blood, bile, urine and faeces, and gut and systemic effects were evident. Biliary and urinary Cu excretion due to TTM was rapid and maximal within 24 h of injection.

5. Administration of 67Cu iv resulted in the immediate excretion of 67Cu in bile in a pulsatile, constant pattern. A similar pattern of 67Cu excretion into bile in synchrony with that of 99Mo was observed after 99Mo-labelled TTM administration.

6. The similar pattern of biliary 67Cu excretion observed after injection of 67Cu and after injection of 99Mo-labelled TTM 27 h later is discussed in relation to the times required to process the Cu through different hepatic pathways for excretion in bile.
Profiles of 67Cu in blood, bile, urine and faeces from 67Cu-primed lambs: effect of 99Mo-labelled tetrathiomolybdate on the metabolism of 67Cu after long-term storage
Authors: Gooneratne S. R. , Laarveld B. , Chaplin R. K. , Christensen D. A.
Published: September 2005

1. The effectiveness of tetrathiomolybdate (TTM) in the removal of 67Cu from the long-term storage compartment in liver was studied. Lambs receiving 5 mg Cu/kg dry matter (DM) or 35 mg Cu/kg DM were primed intravenously (iv) with 67Cu and challenged 10 d later with 99Mo-labelled TTM given either iv or intraduodenally (id). The profiles of 67Cu and 99Mo and of Cu and Mo with time were measured in blood, bile, urine and faeces.

2. The level of dietary Cu affected the amplitude of profiles of 67Cu and Cu in blood, bile and urine after administration of 99Mo-labelled TTM. TTM administration increased liver Cu removal and this was most marked in sheep given TTM iv. The liver Cu removal from the long-term storage Cu compartment was low and was not affected by the route of administration of TTM. Endogenous Cu excretion was higher in lambs given TTM id.

3. Excretion of 67Cu in bile through the transhepatocellular pathway after TTM administration appeared absent, while the transbiliary and hepatolysosomal pathways were operative. The potential reasons for this change are discussed.

4. TTM predominantly enhances the removal of Cu from the short-term storage compartment, but effects on the long-term storage compartment may still be of significance.
Degradation and outflow of amino acids from the rumen of sheep
Authors: Cottle D. J. , Velle W.
Published: September 2005

1. In hay-fed, cannulated sheep the apparent degradation in and outflow from the rumen were determined for graded doses of mixtures of the amino acids lysine, threonine and methionine, administered intraruminally and using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a liquid marker. The doses ranged between 2.5 and 15 g for each amino acid in the mixtures.

2. Relative rate of apparent degradation in the first 4 h was highest for lysine, and lowest for methionine. The apparent degradation in 24 h was highest for lysine and lowest for threonine. Conversely the fraction flowing out of the rumen in intact form in 24 h was highest for threonine and lowest for lysine. Rates of apparent degradation as well as outflow were dose-dependent.

3. The validity of the estimated outflow of amino acids from the rumen was corroborated by measurements of concentrations of the amino acids in duodenal contents and in blood plasma which were also dose-dependent.

4. It was concluded that part of the requirement for the essential amino acids threonine and methionine may be met, even when these amino acids are delivered in unprotected form, given as a feed supplement.
Energy balance in rats given chronic hormone treatment
Authors: Woodward Christopher J. H. , Emery Peter W.
Published: September 2005

1. Sprague–Dawley rats were injected for 16 d with long-acting insulin, and energy balance was calculated using the comparative carcass technique. Two experiments were carried out with females (starting weights 150 and 90 g respectively), and one with males (starting weight 150 g). In a fourth experiment, cytochrome c oxidasc (EC 1.9.3.1) activity was measured as an indicator of the capacity for substrate oxidation.

2. Insulin increased weight gain by up to 57% (P < 0.01 for all studies). Metabolizable energy intake (kJ/d) was also consistently higher in the treated groups, by up to 34% (P < 0.01 for all studies). The excess weight gained by the insulin-treated rats was predominantly due to fat deposition.

3. Energy expenditure, calculated as the difference between metabolizable intake and carcass energy gain. was expressed on a whole-body basis, or relative to either metabolic body size (kg body-weight0.75) or fat-free mass. Insulin consistently raised energy expenditure, regardless of the method of expression, but this change reached statistical significance in only two of the nine comparisons.

4. Cytochrome c oxidase activity was not affected by insulin treatment in either interscapular brown adipose tissue or gastrocnemius muscle. In liver, total enzyme activity (U/tissue) was increased from 2928 (se 162) in the controls to 3940 (se 294) in the treated group (P < 0.02), but specific activity (U/mg protein) was unchanged.

5. It is concluded that, despite causing substantial hyperphagia, insulin treatment only slightly increases energy expenditure in rats. The costs of increased tissue deposition may account for this change.
The effect of ouabain on metabolic rate in guinea-pigs: estimation of energy cost of sodium pump activity
Authors: Swaminathan R. , CHAN Ellen L. P. , Sin Liu Yuet , King Ng Siu , Fun Ng Sui , Chan Amy Y. S.
Published: September 2005

1. The effect of different doses of ouabain, an inhibitor of the sodium pump, or saline (9 g sodium chloride/1; the vehicle) on the metabolic rate of guinea-pigs weighing 500 g was measured by indirect calorimetry for 120 min.

2. Ouabain (0·02–0·07 nmol/g body-weight) decreased the oxygen consumption in a dose-related manner. When higher doses of ouabain (0·10 nmol/g body-weight or greater) were injected the animals were observed to shiver. Ouabain (0.07 nmol/g body-weight) reduced Na+, K+-ATPase (EC3. 6. 1. 3) activity of liver, kidney and skeletal muscle by 18·0 (se 6·6), 21.5 (se 6·0) and 21·9 (se 6·8)% respectively. An Eadie-Hofstee plot of percentage decrease in O2consumptionv.percentage inhibition ÷ dose of ouabain showed that maximal inhibition of O2consumption was 39·4 %.

3. It is concluded that Na pump activity contributed to about 40 % of the resting O2consumption.
Riboflavin deficiency, metabolic rate and brown adipose tissue function in sucking and weanling rats
Authors: Patterson B. E. , Bates C. J.
Published: September 2005

1. The effects of riboflavin deficiency on growth, whole-body oxygen consumption, cytochromecoxidase (EC1.9.3.1) activity and GDP-binding capacity of brown adipose tissue were measured in three groups of rats: sucking pups, weanling rats, and dams. Control groups were weight-matched, pair-fed or fedad lib.

2. Riboflavin deficiency reduced growth rate and increased the activation coefficient of erythrocyte glutathione reductase (NAD(P)H) (EC1.6.4.2), as predicted. In sucking pups it also reduced whole-body O2consumption per unit body-weight, especially after noradrenaline stimulation. In weanling rats, however, it increased O2consumption both before and after noradrenaline stimulation.

3. Cytochromecoxidase (EC1.9.9.1) activity of brown adipose tissue was not consistently affected by riboflavin deficiency. Binding of [3H]GDP to the mitochondria was increased in the deficient weanling rats.

4. Weanling rats therefore, seemed better able to withstand the effects of severe depletion. Their reduced growth and increased non-shivering thermogenesis helped to counteract the unfavourable ratio of riboflavin: other tissuebuilding materials. The relevance for thermoregulation in riboflavin-deficient children is discussed.
Plasma proteins in growing analbuminaemic rats fed on a diet of low-protein content
Authors: Joles J. A. , Jansen E. H. J. M. , Laan C. A. , Willekes-Koolschijn N. , Kortlandt W. , Koomans H. A.
Published: September 2005

1. Analbuminaemic and Sprague-Dawley (control) rats were fed on low- (60 g/kg) protein and control (200 g protein/kg) dietsad lib.from weaning. Males and females were studied separately. Body-weight and plasma protein concentrations were determined at 10 d intervals from 25 to 75 d of age. Electrophoresis of plasma proteins was performed in samples from day 75. Extracellular fluid volume was measured at 10 d intervals from day 45 onwards. Colloid osmotic pressure was measured in plasma and interstitial fluid (wick technique) at the start and end of the trial.

2. Body-weight increased much less on the low-protein diet than on the normal diet in both strains and sexes. The growth retardation was slightly more pronounced in the male analbuminaemic rats than in the male Sprague-Dawley controls.

3. Plasma protein concentration increased during normal growth in all groups, particularly in the female analbuminaemic rats. This increase was reduced by the 60 g protein/kg diet in all groups, with the exception of the male analbuminaemic rats.

4. Differences in plasma colloid osmotic pressure were similar to those seen in plasma protein concentration. Interstitial colloid osmotic pressure was higher in the control rats than in the analbuminaemic ones. The interstitial colloid osmotic pressure increased during growth in the control but not in the analbuminaemic rats. The difference in interstitial colloid osmotic pressure between the strains was maintained during low-protein intake, but at a lower level than during normal protein intake.

5. Subtracting interstitial from plasma colloid osmotic pressure, resulted in a rather similar transcapillary oncotic gradient in the various groups at 75 d, both on the control protein diet (11–14 mmHg), and on the lowprotein diet (9–11 mmHg).

6. All protein fractions were reduced to a similar extent by the low-protein diet in the control rats, whereas in the analbuminaemic rats protein fractions produced in the liver were more severely depressed.

7. Extracellular fluid volume as a percentage of body-weight was similar in all groups, and decreased with increasing age.

8. In conclusion, the analbuminaemic rats were able to maintain the transcapillary oncotic gradient on both diets by reducing the interstitial colloid osmotic pressure. Oedema was not observed.

9. Despite the absence of albumin, the protein-malnourished analbuminaemic rat is no more susceptible to hypoproteinaemia and oedema than its normal counterpart.
Interaction of dietary protein, cholesterol and age on lipid metabolism of the rat
Authors: Choi Yong-Soon , Goto Shoichiro , Ikeda Ikuo , Sugano Michihiro
Published: September 2005

1. Male rats at 1 (young) and 9 months (adult) of age were fed on purified diets, supplemented with or without cholesterol, containing 200 g protein/kg (casein (CAS), whey protein (WHY) or soya-bean protein (SOY)) for 4 weeks.

2. SOY exerted a hypocholesterolaemic effect in young rats regardless of dietary cholesterol, whereas in adult rats it was observed only when a cholesterol-enriched diet was given. WHY was also hypocholesterolaemic in rats of both ages given cholesterol. SOY tended to reduce the liver cholesterol both in young and adult rats.

3. The liver hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH) (EC1.1.1.34) activity tended to be lower in the vegetable-protein groups than in the animal-protein groups in young rats, but the age-related reduction was observed only in the latter groups.

4. There was no significant age-related difference in the activity of liver cholesterol 7α-monooxygenase (EC1.14.13.17) in response to diets. However, when cholesterol was given, activity tended to decrease with age. Rats given SOY excreted more faecal steroids than those given casein, particularly adult rats.

5. The fatty acid profile of phosphatidylcholine and the Δ6-desaturase activity of liver microsomes indicated the reduced desaturation of linoleate in the SOY and WHY groups compared with the CAS groups.

6. The results thus showed a complex interaction of protein type, cholesterol and age on cholesterol homeostasis.
Predominant conjugation with glycine of biliary and lumen bile acids in rats fed on pectin
Authors: Ide T. , Horii M.
Published: September 2005

1. Bile acids were analysed in the bile and lumen samples of rats which received a cholesterol-free or cholesterol-enriched (5 g/kg) diet free from fibre, or containing cellulose or citrus pectin at the level of 100 g/kg.

2. Dietary pectin but not cellulose increased biliary bile acid concentration and excretion. Dietary cholesterol did not affect biliary bile acids quantitatively.

3. Biliary bile acids were almost exclusively conjugated with glycine or taurine in the various experimental situations. The predominant portion of bile acids in rats fed on the cholesterol-free diet was conjugated with taurine when the diet was either free from fibre or contained cellulose; the ratio of bile acids conjugated with glycine: those conjugated with taurine (G:T) was less than 0·2. In contrast, with pectin as a fibre source, the conjugation with glycine increased enormously (G:T increased to approximately 4). Cholesterol enrichment of the diet also increased the glycine conjugation in all groups of rats. Even in this situation, the G:T was highest in rats fed on pectin.

4. Pectin, but not cellulose, increased the bile acid content of the small intestine and caecum, both in rats fed on the cholesterol-free and cholesterol-enriched diets. Cholesterol feeding doubled the bile acid content of the caecum in rats fed on a fibre-free diet or a cellulose diet, but not in those fed on pectin. No such effect of cholesterol was observed in the small intestine, except for the ileal bile acid content in rats fed on cellulose.

5. A considerable portion of the bile acids in the small intestine was deconjugated. The extent of the deconjugation was higher in the ileum than in the jejunum. As in the bile, G:T in rats fed on pectin (3·5·5) were higher than those in the other groups (0·05–1·05) in various situations. Also, cholesterol feeding considerably increased the ratio in all groups of rats.

6. The observed dietary alteration of the partition of bile acids between glycine and taurine may be of physiological significance in regulating bile acid and lipid metabolism in rats.
Metabolic changes during the menstrual cycle
Authors: Bisdee J. T. , Garlick P. J. , James W. P. T.
Published: September 2005

1. Eight women maintained on a constant diet throughout a single menstrual cycle were studied for cyclical changes in body-weight, carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism.

2. A cyclical variation in weight occurred with two phases corresponding to the time of ovulation and menstruation.

3. Creatinine and nitrogen excretion in the urine also tended to be higher in the luteal phase.

4. Analysis of gas exchange in a respiratory chamber for 24 h periods at intervals during the cycle suggested that carbohydrate utilization tended to be less in the early follicular phase.

5. Feeding with a mixed diet produced marked increases in carbohydrate utilization during the day with little change in fat utilization from the fasting state. Carbohydrate utilization was less when fasting at night and tended to be less when fed during the day in the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle.

6. Weight changes were not readily ascribed to changes in colonic function, or in glycogen or body protein storage.
The effect of ruminal phosphate concentration on the absorption of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium from the reticulo-rumen of the sheep
Authors: Beardsworth L. J. , Beardsworth P. M. , Care A. D.
Published: September 2005

1. The absorption rates of calcium, inorganic phosphate (P1) and magnesium were determined from buffered solutions placed in the temporarily isolated and washed reticulo-rumen of conscious sheep. The basic composition of these solutions was similar to that found in supernatant fractions of ultracentrifuged rumen contents.

2. The Pi concentrations studied in these solutions were 2, 8·7, 14, 17·3 and 38 mmol/l. The initial concentration of Ca was 2·0 mmol/l and that of Mg was 2.5 mmol/l in all experiments.

3. Increasing the Pi concentration in the rumen solution from 2 to 38 mmol/l resulted in increases in the net absorption rates of both Ca and Pi, and a decrease in the potential difference across the wall of the rumen.

4. Similarly, increasing the Pi concentration from 2 to 17·3 mmol/l resulted in an increase in the net absorption rate of Mg from the rumen.

5. Mineral analysis of strained rumen fluid or a 30000 g centrifugate of strained rumen fluid revealed a reduced Pi concentration in sheep fed on frozen spring grass as opposed to the pellet + hay diet. The values obtained were within the range studied.
Nutrient intakes, vitamin–mineral supplementation, and intelligence in British schoolchildren
Authors: Nelson Michael , Naismith Donald J. , Burley Victoria , Gatenby Sue , Geddes Nicola
Published: September 2005

Children (227), aged 7–12 years, weighed and recorded all food and drink consumed for seven consecutive days. Each child completed tests of verbal and non-verbal intelligence, and was then randomly allocated to one of two groups after matching for age, sex, IQ and height. In a double-blind trial lasting for 28 d, one group received a vitamin-mineral supplement daily and the other group a placebo. On re-testing, there were no significant differences in performance between the two groups. Furthermore, there were no consistent correlations between test scores and micronutrient intakes based on the weighed records. Thus, we found no evidence that learning ability in a cross-section of British schoolchildren was limited by the quality of their diets.
Discrepancies between energy intake and expenditure in physically active women
Authors: Mulligan Kathleen , Butterfield Gail E.
Published: September 2005

Energy intake and expenditure in women runners and non-runners were assessed by weighed food records, evaluation of minute-by-minute activity diaries, and indirect calorimetry. All participants were adapted to their stated activity levels for at least 6 months and maintained a constant body-weight throughout their participation. Calculated daily energy intake equalled calculated expenditure in non-runners (7300 (SD 1536)v.7476 (SD 872) kJ/d), but calculated energy expenditure in women running about 54 km/week was found to exceed intake by more than 2700 kJ/d (8259 (SD 1466)v.10963 (SD 1367),P< 0.01). The runners showed no evidence of compensating for the increased energy expenditure associated with running by engaging in lower-intensity activities during non-running time. Further, runners did not decrease energy expended at various activities. The findings suggest that women adapted to high levels of activity may possess mechanisms to maintain body-weight without significantly increasing energy intake.
Pattern of gastric emptying in the pig: Relation to feeding
Authors: Gregory P. C. , Mcfadyen M. , Rayner D. V.
Published: September 2005

The aims of the present study were to compare the gastric emptying of dry matter (DM) and liquids during the feeding period with that following meal consumption, to clarify the relationship between feeding and gastric emptying, and to investigate how gastric emptying changes in growing animals. The studies were performed in pigs fitted with a gastric cannula and fed on a normal finely ground solid diet mixed with water containing CrEDTA as liquid marker. Gastric emptying was measured using a gastric evacuation technique. It was observed that between 0.75 and 6 h after feeding the total amounts emptied increased, but the proportion of the meal emptied fell, with increase in meal size; emptying of both DM and liquids with large and small meals followed and exponential pattern. In contrast, while the animals were feeding, there was linear and rapid emptying of both DM and liquids following a very short (approximately 2 min) lag phase before emptying began. The rate of emptying increased linearly with body-;weight (by 0.55 g DM/min and by 0.24 ml/min per kg body-weight over the range 58–200 kg) such that the emptying of digestible energy per kg metabolic body-weight (W0.75) was roughly maintained (between 2.9 and 3.2 kJ/min per kg W0.75). This suggests that the rate of emptying may be linked in some way with the metabolic requirements of the body. The biphasic pattern of gastric emptying observed is probably the intrinsic pattern of emptying of a meal which does not require breakdown of particles before emptying can occur.
The influence of inclusion of either an antibiotic or a probiotic in the diet on the development of digestive enzyme activity in the pig
Authors: Collington G. K. , Parker D. S. , Armstrong D. G.
Published: September 2005

The aim of the present experiment was to determine the influence of either probiotic or antibiotic inclusion in the diets of pigs from birth on the development of enzyme activity in the small intestine. Pigs were fed on creep feed and grower diets containing either a probiotic, an antibiotic or no added growth promoter. At 7, 17, 42 and 80 d of age pigs from each treatment group were sampled to investigate the development of carbohydrase and peptidase activity in the mucosa at five sites along the small intestine. Inclusion of either the probiotic or antibiotic had a significant effect on the development of sucrase (sucrose α-D-glucohydrolase;EC3.2.1.48), lactase (β-D-galactoside galactohydrolase;EC3.2.1.23) and tripeptidase (EC3.4.11.4) activities before weaning but had no effect on depeptidase (EC3.14.13.11) activity. The study of the distribution of enzyme activity along the small intestine showed significant differences between the proximal and distal sections associated with weaning.
Effect of the microbial lactase (EC 3.2.1.23) activity in yoghurt on the intestinal absorption of lactose: An in vivo study in lactase-deficient humans
Authors: Marteau Philippe , Flourie Bernard , Pochart Philippe , Chastang Claude , Desjeux Jehan-François , Rambaud Jean-Claude
Published: September 2005

Breath hydrogen excretion was measured in eight lactase (EC 3.2.1. 108)-deficient volunteers ingesting 18 g lactose in the form of milk, yoghurt and heated yoghurt. Total excess hydrogen excretion (area under curve) was significantly lower after yoghurt and heated yoghurt, than after milk: 103 (SE 29), 191 (SE 32), and 439 (SE 69) respectively (P < 0.001). The oro-caecal transit time of fermentable components from yoghurt and heated yoghurt (mainly lactose) was longer than that from milk: 165 (SE 17), 206 (SE 19), v. 103 (SE 19) min (P < 0.01). An intestinal perfusion technique was used in the same subjects after ingestion on two consecutive days of 18 g lactose in yoghurt and heated yoghurt. Significantly less lactose was recovered from the terminal ileum after yoghurt than after heated yoghurt meals: 1740 (SE 260) v. 2825 (SE 461) mg (P < 0.05), and approximately one-fifth of the lactase activity contained in yoghurt reached the terminal ileum. These findings indicate that more than 90% of the lactose in yoghurt is digested in the small intestine of lactase-deficient subjects and suggest that both the lactase activity contained in the viable starter culture and a slow oro–caecal transit time are responsible for this excellent absorption.
The effect of variation in dietary protein or mineral supply on calcium and phosphorus metabolism in lactating ewes
Authors: Rajaratne A. A. J. , Scott D. , Buchan W. , Duncan A.
Published: September 2005

Two experiments are described in which changes in both nitrogen and mineral balance were monitored in ewes during lactation. In Expt 1, two groups (n 6) of ewes were fed on diets that were either high (15 g crade protein (N × 6.25; CP)/MJ metabolizable energy (ME)) or low (10 g CP/MJ ME) in protein content, and concurrent N and mineral balance studies were made at intervals during lactation with 45Ca and 32P being used to monitor faecal endogenous calcium and phosphorus losses. Ewes fed on the high-protein diet maintained a positive N balance during early lactation, whereas those fed on the low-protein diet were in negative N balance. Both groups, however, showed the same degree of negative Ca and P balance, with the amounts lost being directly related to milk yield. This indicates that loss of mineral from the skeleton at this time is not secondary to a loss of bone matrix due to a shortfall in dietary protein supply. In Expt 2, two groups of ewes (n 4) were fed on diets in late pregnancy that were either just adequate or generous in Ca and P supply relative to requirement (TCORN, 1990). After parturition both groups were fed on a diet which was formulated to meet their estimated Ca and P requirements for lactation. As in the previous experiment both groups were in negative Ca and P balance in early lactation and variation in dietary Ca and P supply during pregnancy had no effect on the extent of this loss. Alternative explanations for the cause of this loss of mineral from the skeleton are discussed.
Effects of dietary polychlorinated biphenyls on cholesterol catabolism in rats
Authors: Nagaoka Satoshi , Miyazaki Hitoshi , Aoyama Yoritaka , Yoshida Akira
Published: September 2005

Dietary polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) caused hypercholesterolaemia in rats. The concentration and output of biliary cholesterol was significantly lower than that of the control group. Biliary output of total bile acids was significantly decreased in rats given the PCB-supplemented diet. Faecal excretion of total steroids (sum of neutral steroids and acidic steroids) was not significantly changed in rats given the PCB-supplemented diet. The present results indicate that dietary PCBs cause hypercholesterolaemia without modifying the faecal total steroids excretion. These results suggest that PCBs produce hyper-cholesterolaemia accompanied by changes in biliary or faecal excretion of bile acids and neutral steroids in addition to an increase in hepatic cholesterol synthesis.
Composition of faeces from human subjects consuming diets based on conventional foods containing different kinds and amounts of dietary fibre
Authors: Forsum Elisabet , Eriksson Cecilia , Göranzon Helen , Sohlström Annica
Published: September 2005

The stool-bulking effect of dietary fibre (DF) is well-documented and believed to be important in the postulated beneficial effect of DF on human health. The aim of the present study was to investigate the digestibility of DF in relation to its stool-bulking properties and to study possible mechanisms for this effect. Four diets, based on conventional foods only, were studied in balance experiments on human subjects. Diet A contained DF mainly from whole-grain cereals while diets B1 and B2 contained DF mainly from pulses, vegetables and fruit. Diet C was a low-fibre diet. Faeces was fractionated into four fractions, each enriched in one of the following three components: undigested DF (fractions 1 + 2), faecal bacteria (fraction 3) and soluble components (fraction 4). The digestibility of DF in diets A, B1 and B2 was 0.62, 0.88 and 0.90 respectively. Subjects consuming diet A excreted slightly more fraction 3 than subjects consuming the other diets. Thus, the statement that DF of high digestibility stimulates microbial growth in the gut was not supported. The water-holding capacity of fraction 1 was studied in vitro and was found to be low. It is suggested that undigested soluble DF is important in the stool-bulking properties of DF.
The biological effects and digestible energy value of a sugar-beet fibre preparation in the rat
Authors: Johnson I. T. , Livesey G. , Gee J. M. , Brown J. C. , Wortley G. M.
Published: September 2005

A sugar-beet fibre preparation (SBF) was incorporated into a semi-synthetic rat diet at a level of 100 g/kg. The material caused no feed aversion, and gain of live weight was unimpaired. SBF appeared to be slightly more fermentable than wheat bran and only marginally less effective as a faecal bulking agent when compared with equalized intakes of non-starch polysaccharide. SBF did not stimulate mucosal cell turnover in the small intestine. Some enlargement of the caecum was observed in animals given SBF, but it was no greater than that of animals given wheat bran. Animals given SBF had a lower serum cholesterol concentration than both the fibre-free controls and those given wheat bran. This hypocholesterolaemic effect was less than that of guar gum however. The partial digestibility of energy for SBF was 0.64, and its partial digestible energy value was 11.3 kJ (2.7 keal)/g. The partial digestibility of energy for non-starch polysaccharide in SBF was estimated to be 0.53 and its partial digestible energy value was 9.1 kJ (2.2 kcal)/g. This value was not significantly different from that expected for unavailable carbohydrate in mixed human diets.
The effect of dietary zinc depletion and repletion on rats: Zn concentration in various tissues and activity of pancreatic γ-glutamyl hydrolase (EC3.4.22.12) as indices of Zn status
Authors: Canton Mary C. , Cremin F. M.
Published: September 2005

Unlike severe zinc deficiency, marginal Zn deficiency is difficult to identify in rats because no reliable indicator of suboptimal Zn status is currently available. We have previously observed reduced pancreatic γ-glutamyl hydrolase (EC3.4.22.12) activity and impaired pteroylpolyglutamate absorption in Zn-deficient rats. In the present study the effect of Zn depletion and repletion on the Zn concentration of various tissues and on the activity of this enzyme was investigated. The objective was to determine the sensitivity of these variables to Zn depletion and to evaluate their usefulness as indices of Zn status. Male Wistar rats (about 180 g), maintained from weanling on a purified Zn-adequate diet, were randomly allocated into twelve groups. A pretreatment control group was killed immediately. The remaining eleven groups were fed on a Zn-deficient diet and a group killed daily for 7 d (Zn-depleted groups). The remaining four groups were re-fed the Zn-adequate diet and a group killed daily (Zn-repleted groups). On analysis, pancreas and spleen Zn levels responded most rapidly to reduced Zn intake, followed by tibia, liver, kidney and plasma. Zn concentration was maintained in testes. Reduced plasma folate levels were also observed. A significant reduction in pancreatic γ-glutamyl hydrolase activity before the depletion of many tissue Zn stores confirms the Zn sensitivity of the enzyme. It was concluded that future investigation into the inter-relationship between Zn and folate metabolism may be useful in identifying a sensitive, biochemical index of Zn status.
The influence of dietary folate supplementation on the incidence of teratogenesis in zinc-deficient rats
Authors: Quinn Patricia B. , Cremin F. M. , O'sullivan V. R. , Hewedi F. M. , Bond R.J.
Published: September 2005

Two studies were conducted to investigate the possibility that pteroylmonoglutamic acid supplementation would alleviate teratogenesis in zinc-deficient rats. Pregnant rats of the Wistar strain were fed on Zn-deficient (< 0.5 mg Zn/kg) or Zn-supplemented (75 or 95 mg Zn/kg) diets from mating until day 18.5 of gestation. The basal level of pteroylmonoglutamic acid added to all diets (0.56 mg/kg) was supplemented with 30–200 mg/kg in selected diets. Dietary Zn deprivation resulted in fetal resorption, fetal growth retardation and reduced concentrations of Zn in fetuses and maternal plasma and tibia. Low maternal body-weight at conception emerged as an important determinant of risk of resorption in Zn-deficient rats. Dietary Zn deficiency resulted in reduced maternal plasma folate concentrations and these values were inversely correlated with litter size or weight in Zn-deficient rats. Pteroylmonoglutamic acid supplementation increased maternal plasma folate concentrations, but did not reduce the high incidence of teratogenesis which occurred in Zn-deficient rats. Supplementation of Zn-deficient rats with pteroylmonoglutamic acid significantly increased the incidence of clubbed foot and tended to increase the incidence of brain or meningeal abnormalities, or both, and cleft palate, but did not reduce maternal or fetal Zn status. Pteroylmonoglutamic acid supplementation also increased the weights of Zn-supplemented control fetuses.
Effects of calcium ionophore on vitamin E-deficient rat muscle
Authors: Phoenix Joanne , Edwards Richard H. T. , Jackson Malcolm J. , Jackson Malcolm J.
Published: September 2005

Damage to skeletal muscles may be mediated via free radicals or intracellular calcium overload. To look for inter-relationships between these pathways we have examined the effect of intracellular Ca overload on muscles from rats fed on either a vitamin E-deficient or vitamin E-sufficient diet and assessed the non-enzymic lipid peroxidation in these muscles by examining the production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances by homogenates. Vitamin E-deficient muscles were more susceptible to Ca-induced intracellular enzyme efflux and this was acutely corrected by supplementation of the external medium with 230 μmol α-tocopherol/l. Vitamin E-deficient muscles showed increased levels of basal lipid peroxides and were more susceptible to iron-catalysed lipid peroxidation. Addition of the Ca ionophore A23187 increased lipid peroxidation in vitamin E-deficient muscle homogenates, but had the opposite effect in vitamin E-sufficient muscles. These results demonstrate that vitamin E-deficient muscle has an increased susceptibility to intracellular Ca overload, but that this effect cannot be explained by a direct stimulatory effect of the ionophore on non-enzymic lipid peroxidation.
Influence of malaria infection on peroxyl-radical trapping capacity in plasma from rural and urban Thai adults
Authors: Thurnham D. I. , Singkamani Ratree , Kaewichit R. , Wongworapat Kalaya
Published: September 2005

Measurement of peroxyl-radical trapping capacity (TRAP) were made in plasma from patients with malaria from a rural and an urban Thai community. The results were compared with those from control subjects living in the same areas and chosen to match the patients closely. Measurements were also made of various antioxidants including nutritional indices vitamin C and α-tocopherol and the non-nutritional indices urate and protein-sulphydryl. Parasite counts, temperature on examination and the duration of illness were recorded together with measurements of plasma caeruloplasmin (EC1.16.3.1), retinol and malondialdehyde (MDA). In general, most measurements made in the villagers were lower than those in the comparable urban groups. The exceptions were caeruloplasmin and MDA when the latter was expressed as MDA: cholesterol ratio. TRAP values were extremely low in 50% of the villagers and 25% of the urban patients with malaria and these results correlated with retinol and vitamin C and inversely with malonaldehyde. The results suggested that low TRAP values are associated with lipid peroxidation and that vitamin C and possibly retinol may be destroyed by the oxidative conditions present in the plasma in this disease.
Potential dental effects of infants' fruit drinks studied in vitro
Authors: Grenby T. H. , Mistry M. , Desai T.
Published: September 2005

Eighteen different infants' drinks from five manufacturers were examined for their carbohydrate, calcium, phosphorus and acid contents, and their attack on tooth mineral. Seven of the drinks were compared with nine varieties of adults' soft drinks, and demineralization was studied with and without the presence of a cariogenic oral streptococcus. The influence of the acids already in the drinks in dissolving Ca and P outstripped that of any acid generated in these studies in vitro by microbial fermentation of the sugars they contained, giving an indication of their relative erosiveness rather than their cariogenic action. Various other features of the drinks relevant to dental health were identified. Titratable acid was a better guide than pH to their dental properties. Although there were considerable differences between the various infants' drinks taken as a group, their acidity levels and demineralizing powers were generally lower than those of the adults' drinks.
Factors affecting the voluntary intake of food by sheep
Authors: Carter Richard R. , Larry Grovum W.
Published: September 2005

The site where osmotically active substances act to depress food intake was determined in sheep. After 5 × 5 h of food deprivation, solutions of sodium chloride or polyethylene glycol-200 (PEG-200) were added to either the reticulo-rumen or the abomasum. The sheep were then immediately offered pelleted lucerne (Medicago sativa). Water was withheld during the first 60 min of feeding but was available from 60 to 90 min. There was a linear inhibition in food intake in the first 10 min after loading 2.37, 6.25, 12.5, 25.0 or 50.0g NaCI into the rumen according to a 5.5 Latin square design (P = 0.0001). The intake reduction was 3.49 g food/g NaCI. An osmotic load of PEG-200 equivalent to 50 g NaCI also significantly inhibited food intake in the first 10 min of the meal compared with a control treatment. The inhibition of food intake after loading 55 g NaCI into the rumen was not affected by injecting lidocaine hydrochloride into the reticulum immediately before NaCI loading. NaCI injected into the abomasum did not significantly affect food intake in the first 10 min of feeding even though the tonicity of abomasal digesta was increased to unphysiological levels. There was no consistent relationship between food intake and the change in the tonicity of jugular plasma following solute loading and drinking. The sensing site of hypertonicity was localized to the wall of the reticulo-rumen where neuronal receptors appear to be capable of detecting osmotic pressure within the physiological range to depress food intake. These receptors should be identified and characterized because of their possible significance in limiting food intake by ruminants.