bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
At Home with the Idiom
Authors: Sherman Bernard D.
Published: January 2010

According to The New York Times, William Christie is chiefly responsible for reviving interest in French Baroque music. After studying the harpsichord with Ralph Kirkpatrick at Yale University, Christie moved to Paris in 1971, where he immersed himself in the available documentation on French Baroque music, culture, and performance practices. From this he extracted not only a wealth of details but also the essence of a living style. He has managed to share that style with a pool of young musicians, many of them his students at the Paris Conservatoire, where he was the first American ever to be given a professorship. This chapter presents an interview with Christie on the French Baroque music, why the French Baroque is the most difficult style for modern performers to master, the importance of stressing certain syllables for comprehension of the text, historical information, French instrumental music, the distinction between the Italian and French style of Baroque singing, vibrato, early music, and ensemble.
Triple Counterpoint
Authors: Sherman Bernard D.
Published: January 2010

Small choruses may command the scene today, but Johann Sebastian Bach’s choral music remains in some respects embattled terrain: the arguments keep circling back to Bach. For some listeners, historically informed performances “are so supple and elegant, so refined and light, that they miss the gravity” implicit in some of Bach’s scores. Among the historicists themselves, the performance-practice issues are by no means resolved. Chief among the problem areas are the very concepts of “singing” and, even more, of a “chorus”. This chapter examines this pair of issues and others, including the question of historical authenticity itself. The discussions bear out Joseph Kerman. The views of Jeffrey Thomas, Philippe Herreweghe, and John Butt on singing Bach are discussed, along with issues such as phrasing and articulation, the use of musicological evidence in preparing performances, the importance of rhetoric in understanding the aesthetic of Baroque music, boys’ versus women’s voices in Bach, music conducting, and the distinction between German and Italian singing styles.
Restoring Ingredients
Authors: Sherman Bernard D.
Published: January 2010

In 1976, Andrew Porter wrote that audiences and pianists, having once discovered the tone colors, clarity and alertness of wooden-framed pianos with thin strings and buckskin-covered hammers, will want to hear more of them. That time has yet to come, however. Even in the early music world, the fortepiano has fewer friends than we might expect. The harpsichordist Christophe Rousset speaks for many when he called it an imperfect instrument which had yet to evolve. Part of the problem is that in a large modern concert hall, the instrument becomes little more than a tinkling symbol. Malcolm Bilson, who mastered the Steinway long ago, argues for the advantages of the fortepiano. In making a case for the older instrument, Bilson addresses a more basic issue, still a touchy one for fortepianists: why might historical instruments matter at all? He also discusses changes in playing style, involving approaches to articulation and phrasing that are diametrically opposed to what has become the standard modern practise.
Speaking Mozart’s Lingo
Authors: Sherman Bernard D.
Published: January 2010

Robert Levin became a fortepianist by accident. What makes Levin uncommon is that he introduces into the Mozart works he performs: he does not play the same notes at each performance but makes some of them up on the spot. We now think of music in terms of a division of labor: the composer writes it, the performer plays it. In Mozart’s time, genres like the opera aria and the concerto still called for a good deal of performer input. In these works, Mozart did not write down all of the passagework, lead-ins, and cadenzas, but often played whatever occured to him at that moment. This chapter presents an interview with Levin on Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and improvisation in music, how character is delineated in concertos, absolute pitch, use of the continuo in Mozart and Joseph Haydn, how improvisation can be translated into the recording studio, and the decline in size of audience for classical music.
The Environment of Jewish Life
Authors: Liberles Robert
Published: January 2010

This chapter shows that Jews lived in a variety of settings. In most locations, Jews lived among the Christian population. In some cities, notably in the Frankfurt and Prague ghettos, they lived in crowded conditions, with several families sharing a single unit. But in the majority of settlements, especially in the smaller towns and villages where most Jews lived, housing conditions could be more spacious. In such smaller communities Jews would allocate space to fill religious needs as well, ranging from synagogues and room to study to ritual baths and ovens. Wealthier Jews sought to improve their residences by living outside the accepted domains of Jewish residence, a move often opposed by the local authorities as a slight to Christian citizens and officials living in these more prestigious neighborhoods. For other Jews, residential restrictions often required that they move elsewhere to establish a family and a household.
Family Life
Authors: Lowenstein Steven M.
Published: January 2010

This chapter shows how German Jewish families underwent great change in the 19th century. In the early 19th century, there was still much overcrowding, many absent fathers, and many household members not part of the nuclear family to be found. With increasing urbanization, improving economic conditions, and the slow diminution of itinerant occupations, German-Jewish families increasingly adopted the traits and values of bourgeois German families.
German Jews and Their Social Relationships
Authors: Lowenstein Steven M.
Published: January 2010

This chapter shows that Jewish social life in the 19th century slowly became more sophisticated and less exclusive. Numerous German Jews acquired manners appropriate to polite gentile society and began attending cultural events such as concerts and the theater. Though most Jews continued to socialize mainly with coreligionists, mixed Christian-Jewish formal and informal circles became more common. Jews of the higher classes were admitted to general bourgeois associations, and Jews participated in slowly growing numbers in local government and national politics. Violence against Jews became less common. In the liberal era of the 1850s and 1860s, barriers to Jewish mixing with non-Jews were probably lower than ever before in German history, though separate social circles were still quite noticeable.
Housing and Housekeeping
Authors: Maurer Trude
Published: January 2010

This chapter shows that Jews increasingly faced housing shortages under the Nazi regime, when their living arrangements deteriorated from cramped apartments to small rooms in “Jews' houses.” Similarly housekeeping, especially cooking, shifted between tradition, modernity, and terrible scarcity.
The Performers and Groups
Authors: Sweers Britta
Published: January 2010

The history of electric folk is a sequel of individual, yet closely intertwined biographies. Given the complex interrelationship of the acoustic revival scene and subsequent electric approaches, this chapter first discusses acoustic artists of the Second Revival who played a key role in the emergence of the genre. This includes the more traditionally oriented duo Shirley and Dolly Collins, guitarist Martin Carthy and fiddle player Dave Swarbrick, as well as guitarists Davy Graham, Bert Jansch, and John Renbourn, the latter two being the founding members of the jazz-fusion group Pentangle. A central focus is set on the key folk rock group Fairport Convention — including Sandy Denny, guitarist Richard Thompson, and bassist/band leader Ashley Hutchings, who also founded Steeleye Span. While still connected to this early period, the Oysterband represents a more recent folk rock-oriented approach.
Why Massive Resistance?
Authors: Klarman Michael J.
Published: January 2010

This chapter assesses how the forces of massive resistance overwhelmed more liberal opinion on racial integration. It stresses that those white southerners who were opposed to the Brown decision were more politically committed than were those who accepted or supported it. It adds that die-hard segregationists used the apparatus of local and state government to destroy political dissent among the southern whites. It highlights the importance of legislative malapportionment, which provided disproportionate political power to rural districts where white racism was most virulent. It shows a dramatic picture of the southern states in the grip of reactionary racial politics.
A Political Coup d’État?: How the Enemies of Earl Long Overwhelmed Racial Moderation in Louisiana
Authors: Fairclough Adam
Published: January 2010

This chapter provides a specific state study of segregationist politics in Louisiana. It shows how the racially moderate state leadership was confronted with an intense political challenge from the forces of massive resistance. It explains that although the gubernatorial election of Earl Long in 1956 appeared to represent the triumph of racial moderates, within months hard-line segregationists reclaimed the political initiative, launching a multipronged assault on black civil rights. It notes that the forces of massive resistance would nonetheless ultimately fail, particularly in their attempt to purge black voters from the electoral rolls, which resulted in a federal backlash. It adds that the massive resistance movement is depicted as less a grassroots revolt against an unrepresentative government than a conspiracy by a small but fanatical band of politicians.
Massive Resistance and Minimum Compliance: The Origins of the 1957 Little Rock School Crisis and the Failure of School Desegregation in the South
Authors: Kirk John A.
Published: January 2010

This chapter asserts that scholars who focus on the scenes of violent unrest precipitated by the political antics of Governor Orval Faubus misrepresent the real character of the crisis. It focuses less on the public scenes of massive resistance than on the policy of minimum compliance pursued by Arkansas’s superintendent of schools, Virgil T. Blossom. It discusses that although Blossom claimed to steer a politically moderate course between what he called the extremists on both sides of the integration issue, his strategy was simply a more insidious means of undermining implementation of the Supreme Court decision.
Navā'i, A Musical Genre of Northeastern Iran
Authors: Blum Stephen
Published: January 2010

This chapter is a study of the music of an Iranian Baxşi (singer of tales), including: Templates for Sung Poetry; The Baxşi's Musical Resources; Three Singers of Bojnurd; and Stable Tonality and Variable Rhythm.
Mozart
Authors: Benjamin William
Published: January 2010

This chapter covers approaches to the analysis of a classical European piano concerto, with: Choosing the Work at Hand: An Account; The Concerto Genre and its First-movement Form; Aspects of Rhythmic Structure in Selected Passages; Harmonic Design: Visionary Transformations of Vernacular and Conventional Sources; and Mozart's Legacy and the Naturalization of Tonality.
Neuronal Migration
Authors: Hu Huaiyu
Published: January 2010

During the development of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), neurons are commonly generated at sites far from their final locations. They migrate to an anlage before differentiating into their final morphology and making synaptic connections. This chapter reviews the basic principles of radial and tangential migration, molecular events underlying normal neuronal migration, and some molecular defects that disturb neuronal migration to cause neurological disorders.
Cell Death
Authors: Rehen Stevens K. , Chun Jerold J.M.
Published: January 2010

The importance of cell death in the formation of the central nervous system has become well established over the past several decades. Understanding cell death in the developing brain is one of the most exciting areas of research in neuroscience. This chapter focuses on the mammalian fetal cerebral cortex as a paradigm of study.
Prenatal Ethanol Exposure and Fetal Programming: Implications for Endocrine and Immune Development and Long-Term Health
Authors: Sliwowska Joanna H. , Zhang Xingqi , Weinberg Joanne
Published: January 2010

This chapter discusses the adverse effects of prenatal ethanol exposure on neuroendocrine and immune function, with particular emphasis on the concept of fetal programming in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, a key player in the stress response. The HPA axis is highly susceptible to programming during fetal and neonatal development. Early environmental experiences, including exposure to ethanol, can reprogram to HPA axis such that HPA tone is increased throughout life. The chapter presents data showing that gestational ethanol exposure increases HPA activity in both the pregnant female and the offspring. Increased exposure to endogenous glucocorticoids over the lifespan can alter behavioral and physiological responsiveness and predispose the organism to the development of certain diseases later in life.
Prenatal Nicotine Exposure and Animal Behavior
Authors: Elliott Brenda M. , Grunberg Neil E.
Published: January 2010

This chapter discusses knowledge gained from studies of the effects of prenatal nicotine and tobacco exposure on the behavior and development of the offspring. It focuses on rodents because most research on the effects of prenatal nicotine exposure has been done on these animals, and findings parallel research on humans.
Chapter 9 The Phonology of the Lexicon
Authors: Bybee Joan
Published: January 2010

In many areas of linguistics, examining the nature of diachronic changes leads to a more accurate modeling of synchronic systems. Lexical diffusion—the way a sound change spreads through the lexicon—has yet to be exploited as a potential source of evidence about the phonological shape of lexical representations. This chapter presents evidence that sound change is both phonetically gradual and lexically gradual and that the rate at which words undergo sound change is positively correlated with their text frequency. This correlation is found in monomorphemic words, regularly inflected words, and irregularly inflected words. It is argued that frequency effects in sound change may be explained by assuming that cognitive representations are affected by every token of use. The data show that the higher rate of deletion found in past tense verbs that also have a stem change is largely a frequency effect, since these verbs are generally of high frequency.
Conclusion: Finding France Abroad
Authors: DAUGHTON J. P.
Published: January 2010

This chapter notes that critics of Catholic missions regularly played the role of catalyst in motivating changes in both religious and republican work in the empire. It narrates that the onslaught of the missions also acted to motivate both Parisian and local officials to implement the republic's promised civilizing mission in a way that suited their political ideals. It suggests that the cases of Indochina, Polynesia, and Madagascar also show that indigenous leaders and communities played a significant role in the political culture. It explores the turbulent reactions between the religion and its legacies. It explains that considering how deeply religion shapes people's lives and defines their communities, the most profound legacy of French republican imperialism may well be, ironically, Christianity.
Family Members Interacting While Watching TV
Authors: Tannen Deborah , Kendall Shari , Gordon Cynthia
Published: January 2010

This chapter uses a Bakhtinian dialogic approach to demonstrate how families socialize children in interactions prompted by television programs. It explores the relationship between the public and the private in family discourse by examining how family members linguistically engage with each other as they watch television. Family members negotiate and maintain their family's values, beliefs, and identities by repeating words and phrases from television programs. By combining the concept of repetition as a discourse feature with Mikhail Bakhtin's dialogicality and Julia Kristeva's intertextuality, this chapter argues that the public and private interpenetrate within interactions in which family members repeat television texts. She demonstrates that family members do not passively repeat words and phrases from television texts but create a “dialogic unity”—a complex combination of public and private that is saturated with previous and new meanings. This type of family talk both reflects and transforms the lives of the viewers and links family members with the world that lies outside their circle of family and friends.
Physiological Effects and Disease Manifestations of Performance-Enhancing Androgenic–Anabolic Steroids, Growth Hormone, and Insulin
Authors: Graham Michael R. , Baker Julien S. , Evans Peter , Davies Bruce
Published: January 2010

Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) can be used to increase muscle mass and strength in adult males. Despite successful detection and convictions by sporting anti-doping agencies, they are still being used to increase physical performance and improve appearance. The adverse side effects and potential dangers of AAS use are well documented. Recent epidemiological research has identified that the designer drugs growth hormone (GH) and insulin are also being used because of the belief that they improve sporting performance. This chapter summarizes the classification of AASs, GH, and insulin as well as their prevalence and patterns of use. The physiology of GH and its pathophysiology in the disease states of deficiency and excess and in catabolic states are discussed and a distinction is made on the different effects between therapeutic use in replacement and abuse in a sporting context. The history, physiology, and pathophysiology of insulin in therapeutic replacement and its abuse in a sporting context are also described. A suggestion is made on potential mechanisms of the effects of GH and insulin.
Brain Inflammation and the Neuronal Fate: from Neurogenesis to Neurodegeneration
Authors: Ajmone-Cat Maria Antonietta , Cacci Emanuele , Minghetti Luisa
Published: January 2010

Inflammation is a self-defensive reaction that may develop into a chronic state and become a causative factor in the pathogenesis of a broad range of disabling diseases. Similar to peripheral inflammation, brain inflammation is increasingly being viewed as a target for treating neurological diseases, not only infectious and immune-mediated disorders such as meningitis or multiple sclerosis but also stroke, trauma, and neurodegenerative diseases that were originally not considered to be inflammatory. Microglial cells, the resident macrophages of brain parenchyma, are generally viewed as major sources of pro-inflammatory and potentially neurotoxic molecules in the damaged brain, However, a direct link between activated microglia and tissue damage has not been univocally demonstrated in vivo, and recent studies have rather documented exacerbation of injury following selective microglial ablation or anti-inflammatory treatments. Recent studies have implicated inflammation in the regulation of adult neurogenesis, thus broadening the therapeutic potential of strategies aimed at controlling neuroinflammation. This chapter summarizes the main evidence supporting both detrimental and protective roles of inflammation in acute and chronic brain diseases.
Alzheimer’s Disease—is it Caused by Cerebrovascular Dysfunction?
Authors: Humpel Christian
Published: January 2010

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive chronic disorder characterized by β-amyloid plaques, tau pathology, cell death of cholinergic neurons, and inflammatory responses. The reasons for this disease are unknown, but damage of the cerebrovascular system are thought to play an important role. This chapter summarizes the most important hypotheses: the role of the β-amyloid cascade, tau pathology, cerebrovascular damage, glutamate-induced cell death, silent stroke and acidosis, the cell death of cholinergic neurons, the neurovascular unit, growth factor effects, and inflammation. Vascular risk factors are discussed by focusing on the idea that the cerebrovascular dysfunction triggers the development of the disease. A common hypothesis tries to link the different pathologies of the disease. Different forms of dementia, such as mild cognitive impairment, vascular dementia, and finally AD may overlap at certain stages.
Role of Advanced Glycation End Products, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Diabetic Vascular Complications
Authors: Yamagishi Sho-ichi , Matsui Takanori , Nakamura Kazuo
Published: January 2010

Diabetic vascular complication is a leading cause of end-stage renal failure, acquired blindness, a variety of neuropathies, and accelerated atherosclerosis. Recent large prospective clinical studies have shown that intensive glucose control effectively reduces microvascular complications among patients with diabetes. It is now well established that formation and accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) progress during normal aging, and at an extremely accelerated rate under diabetes, thus being implicated in diabetic vascular complications. Moreover, there is accumulating evidence that AGE and the receptor for AGE (RAGE) interaction elicits oxidative stress generation and subsequently evokes inflammation in vascular wall cells. In addition, digested food-derived AGEs play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications. These observations suggest that the AGE-RAGE axis and other hyperglycemia-related metabolic derangements are interrelated to each other, being involved in diabetic vascular complications. This chapter discusses the role of AGEs in diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, and cardiovascular diseases.
II The Advocate as a Professional: The Role of the Patronus in Cicero’s Pro Cluentio
Authors: Burnand Christopher
Published: January 2010

In his defence of Cluentius in 66 BC, Cicero depicts his role as an advocate. The advocate is presented as a semi-professional pleader who employs only his rhetorical skill in order to win his client's case. This chapter focuses on the image of the advocate as a professional, as painted by Cicero in his defence of Cluentius, and argues that Cicero could exploit the fact that, as an advocate who appeared regularly in the Roman courts, he was able to advertise his faithful loyalty to the practice of the Roman law, and hence to legal government. The traditional view of advocacy as a branch of patronage is first reviewed, with particular reference to the Pro Caelio.
Gibbon’s Unfinished History
Authors: WOMERSLEY DAVID
Published: January 2010

After completing The Decline and Fall, between 1789 and 1792 Gibbon began composing a work of royal genealogy, The Antiquities of the House of Brunswick, which however he put to one side in the autumn of 1792. This chapter relates both the composition and the abandonment of that work to the fresh twist imparted to the drama of Gibbon's reputation by the French Revolution. Although Gibbon himself very quickly espoused the views of his acquaintance Edmund Burke on events in France, The Decline and Fall leant itself to being construed as the work of a philosophical radical. The Antiquities was begun as an attempt by Gibbon to establish his essential political conservatism, and its abandonment indicates his realisation that so stubborn a task was not achievable by this route.
The Making of Gibbon’s Miscellaneous Works
Authors: WOMERSLEY DAVID
Published: January 2010

Gibbon died in 1794, and his literary executor, Lord Sheffield, began the publication of the historian's Miscellaneous Works, comprising the short pieces which Gibbon had published before The Decline and Fall, a selection of hitherto unpublished manuscript works, a conflated text of the Memoirs, and a selection of letters and journal entries. The two-volume first edition of the Miscellaneous Works was published in 1796, when the situation of the war with France seemed bleak. However, a supplementary volume, published in 1814, when the international situation seemed much more promising and when Napoleonic France was on the verge of defeat, placed more of Gibbon's unpublished writings in the public domain, including – crucially – his early writings in French. This chapter analyses the publication of the Miscellaneous Works and shows how the question of Gibbon's reputation exerted an influence even after the death of the historian, as Lord Sheffield decided which of the works of his deceased friend could be placed before the public, and when.
Federation Factionalism
Authors: Howell David
Published: January 2010

By the mid-1920s, a pattern of factionalism had developed within the Miners' Federation of Great Britain which would characterize the union for many years. The Right included most District Officials who emphasized a realistic defence of miners' interests backed by thorough expression of loyalty to the Labour Party. The character of the Left was sharpened by the formation of the Miners' Minority Movement in 1924. Its initial strategy of an alliance between Communists and other left-wingers reflected current Communist concerns to achieve a broad left alliance within the trade unions and the Trades Union Congress. This factional alignment crystallized slowly. In 1924, the ‘proper’ relationship between the Communist Party and the Labour Party remained unclear. The unions still jealously protected their power to select their delegates to Labour Party meetings without outside interference. This chapter also looks at Arthur Cook and his politics and industrial leadership compared with Labour leader Ramsay MacDonald.
The Discreet Limits of Loyalism
Authors: Howell David
Published: January 2010

The National Union of General and Municipal Workers (NUGMW) was the most conformist of all the trade union affiliates of the Labour Party. In normal circumstances its block vote — 201,000 in 1925 and 250,000 five years later — was cast on the side of ‘moderation’ and ‘common sense’. Such predictability did not indicate any lack of interest in politics. In its own terms, the NUGMW was a highly political union in Britain; its support for the party leadership was not unconditional. The union was the product of a protracted amalgamation process that reached fruition during 1924. At the time of amalgamation, the NUGMW was dominated by two men who had administered the union from the earliest days and whose industrial work was complemented by political involvements: Will Thorne and J. R. Clynes. Although two NUGMW officials, Clynes and Margaret Bondfield, sat in the 1929 Cabinet, this did not inhibit the union from keenly pursuing its objectives within a general framework of loyalism.
The Making of British Policy towards Switzerland
Authors: WYLIE NEVILLE
Published: January 2010

This chapter explores the cultural, organisational, and psychological influences operating within the British government and diplomatic service in the 1940s, and argues that the relatively low status accorded to Switzerland in British political and strategic policy meant that such influences were able to exercise a powerful effect on policy-making. It examines the close political, literary and cultural ties between the two nations, and shows how the policy-making environment in Whitehall and the British legation in Berne was not only conducive towards a benign reading of Anglo-Swiss relations, but also hampered the emergence of critical attitudes towards Swiss neutrality amongst British officials.
Ladies of Fortresses and Castle Children
Authors: COULSON CHARLES L. H.
Published: January 2010

Women and children should not be regarded so much as an underclass in a male-dominated society during the medieval period, but rather, as a legally protected majority, as fully vested with property and fortresses alike as was possible in their condition. Castles in medieval England, Ireland, Scotland, and France were the women's home territory. Minors, who assumed administrative duties mainly through inheritance, also deserve attention in this regard. Boys and elderly women valiantly upheld their positions and defended their fortresses. They fitted entirely naturally into a system not at all confined to the vigorous adult man. The involvement of women, widows, and children with that peculiar kind of residential property constituted by fortresses was no less conspicuous in regions and episodes of danger than it habitually was at other times and in other places.
Monasteries and Patrons in the Gorze Reform
Authors: Nightingale John
Published: January 2010

This book explores the prominent role of monasteries in the early medieval period and their relationship to the nobility in Lotharingia throughout the 9th and 10th centuries. It focuses on the evidence from three of the region's greatest abbeys — Gorze, Saint-Maximin, and Saint-Evre — which played a central role in the monastic reform movement. This swept through the region in the 930s and is commonly named after Gorze. Set within the context of the whole social structure and exercise of regional power in the early middle ages, this book demonstrates the vitality and importance of monasteries, focusing on their land transaction as well as their religious roles. Accepted notions of monastic lordship are challenged and the complexity of the two-way relationships between monasteries and their patrons, relationships which ensured the former a central place in the early medieval landscape, is discussed.
2 Overlordship and Reform in the Ninth Century
Authors: NIGHTINGALE JOHN
Published: January 2010

The mid-9th-century charters of Gorze provide an opening into the complex and closely enmeshed relationships between the abbey, the bishop of Metz, and the region's nobility. They also offer a glimpse into the rhetoric of monastic reform long before the reforming era of the 930s. But before considering the content of these charters in detail it is worth taking a quick look at the abbey's prior history. There is evidence showing how easily bishops could circumvent royal ordinances, as well as the limitations of episcopal overlordship. This is also true in the case of the episcopal lordship when one considers Gorze's relations with the nobility of Lotharingia after 863. Adventius's reassertion of the Church of Metz's control did not dramatically alter the abbey's relations with the region's families.
6 Bishop Adalbero as Reformer
Authors: NIGHTINGALE JOHN
Published: January 2010

With the monastic reform of 934, Gorze comes out of the shade. It was Bishop Adalbero of Metz (929-962) who ceded Gorze to the reformers and agreed to subsequent restitutions. However, this stance as a reforming patron did not make him any less threatening than his lay and ecclesiastical predecessors. To appreciate why Adalbero's wishes were often at odds with those of the community, it is necessary to place his support of the reform at Gorze in the wider context of the part monastic and ecclesiastical possessions played in the survival, resurgence, and eventual dominance of his family in Lotharingia. The list of lands confirmed to the monks in Adalbero's restoration charter suggests that the abbey remained a valuable prize. Aside from Gorze itself, the charter confirmed an endowment of eight villae and sixteen separate churches with their appurtenances.
8 The Sources
Authors: NIGHTINGALE JOHN
Published: January 2010

Saint-Evre, situated some 500 metres outside the south gate of Toul, was an older foundation than Gorze. Centred on the tomb of Saint Aper, one of the earliest bishops of Toul, it was certainly by the 9th century well-established and of central importance to the bishops of Toul, both as the burial place of successive bishops and as a crucial source of wealth. Under Bishop Frothar (813-848), the abbey became entwined with the Carolingians and the monastic reform currents of the day. The abbey's wealth was such that subsequent bishops had to fight hard to retain control in the face of confiscation by successive Carolingian rulers and a close association between the abbey's community and members of the powerful Matfriding kindred. Saint-Evre's charters have fared less well than those of Gorze or Saint-Maximin.
13 The Miracula Maximini
Authors: NIGHTINGALE JOHN
Published: January 2010

With its account of Norse destruction, lay abbots, land appropriation, negligent provosts, and a faltering ordo, the Miracula Maximini has frequently been cited as a classic account of pre-reform decay in Lotharingia during the early medieval period. However, an examination of the work as a whole provides a less linear and one-dimensional history: such problems were only one side of the coin; the other, which is equally to the fore in the Miracula, was the vigorous manner in which the pre-reform community faced up to them. Composed c.963 by a Saint-Maximin monk, Sigehard, on the orders of his abbot, the Miracula Maximini is closely bound up with the 10th-century movement of monastic reform. Like the spate of other miracula which emanated from Lotharingian reform communities in the second half of the 10th century, its purpose was to show that the abbey's patron saint was alive and active in the present age, not just the distant past.
Resistance to the Ormond Peace
Authors: hAnnrachÁin Tadhg Ó
Published: January 2010

GianBattista Rinuccini's first fourteen months in Ireland, from his arrival in October 1645 to his return to Kilkenny after the failure of the campaign against Dublin in December 1646, witnessed some of the most violent transformations of his turbulent nunciature. The backdrop to the unfolding drama both in Britain and on the continent was similarly eventful. In June 1645 the decisive parliamentary victory at the battle of Naseby irrevocably altered the course of the first English Civil War. By the time the Ormond peace was concluded in Ireland in August 1646, all the major garrisons around the royalist capital had also been taken. Rinuccini's first year in Ireland thus witnessed the effective end of the first civil war in England. Rinuccini's violent opposition to the Ormond peace represented a considerable departure from his earlier resigned attitude.
The End of the Nunciature
Authors: hAnnrachÁin Tadhg Ó
Published: January 2010

GianBattista Rinuccini's last year in Ireland has attracted more attention from Irish historians than any other year of the nunciature. To some extent, this can be attributed to the fact that this was the year which saw the emergence of the fragile royalist coalition which ultimately and unsuccessfully confronted Oliver Cromwell. Thus it marks the beginning of the end of the often confusing intricacies of confederate politics. Those same intricacies have perhaps appeared less worth unravelling because of the degree to which Cromwellian simplicity later rendered them irrelevant. To some degree the interregnum restored ‘normality’ to 17th-century Irish history by re-establishing the centrality of the relationship between a government under control from Britain and the Irish population which, during the confederate period, had been occluded by the collapse of the English state in most of the island. Rinuccini's most notable accomplishment was to impede the formation of a unified party capable of resisting the 1649 invasion.
The Nuncio, Religious Reform and the Irish Clergy
Authors: hAnnrachÁin Tadhg Ó
Published: January 2010

The legatine synod of August 1646 proved emblematic of the manner in which the ecclesiastical aspect of GianBattista Rinuccini's mission as Ireland's nuncio developed. Originally convened to ratify the full acceptance of tridentine decrees and discipline in Ireland, it was almost entirely taken over by political events and developed into the vehicle for the clerical putsch against the government of the Supreme Council. In a similar fashion, throughout his four years in Ireland, Rinuccini was to find his role as an ecclesiastical organiser in danger of being swamped by the necessity of involving himself in confederate politics. So prominent did he become in this sphere that it is hardly surprising that the more narrowly ecclesiastical aspect of his mission has been passed over by Irish historians. Yet both Rinuccini and his superiors had originally viewed his mission as primarily one of church reform and ecclesiastical supervision and this always remained the nuncio's chief objective in Ireland.
The Admissibility of Expert Evidence: (1) Evidentiary Reliability
Authors: REDMAYNE MIKE
Published: January 2010

This chapter examines the rules of evidence governing the admissibility of expert evidence in criminal trials, focusing on the ways in which English evidence law does, or might, set reliability standards for the scientific techniques that form the basis of expert testimony in the courts. It argues that English law should construct a reliability-based exclusionary rule for expert evidence. It also presents admissibility rules in other countries such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and United States. It explores the broad differences between the English and American Law, suggesting that at least for criminal cases, Daubert is a useful tool for examining the reliability of expert evidence. It sets the stage for an evaluation of the general justifications for exclusionary rules. It presents the logic of exclusionary rules and the justification of the exclusion of expert evidence.
Conflicting Patterns in the Use and Evaluation of Language
Authors: STEVENSON PATRICK
Published: January 2010

This chapter explores some of the ways in which the ‘communicative environment’ changed in the period of Umbruch in the early 1990s, and the ways in which the Germans have adapted to life in a new‘speech ecology’, with its own inventories of linguistic forms and repertoires of speech behaviours. It is organized as follows. Section 4.2 examines the impact of different experiences of forms of everyday interaction and considers how far this represents an obstacle to the integration of east Germans into the ‘new’ German speech community. Section 4.3 investigates the more general relationship between social and linguistic mobility in Germany after unification. Section 4.4 considers research on the changing evaluations of particular linguistic varieties such as vernacular speech and standard forms in Berlin, on the ideology of standardization, and on ways in which the disparagement of linguistic varieties can function as a tool of social domination.
Surfaces and interfaces
Authors: DOBBS E. R.
Published: January 2010

This chapter examines the significance of surfaces and interfaces for the properties of the phases of the superfluid. It begins with the effects of boundary scattering, in which the concept of Andrew scattering is introduced. The next section describes the way in which this has been exploited in experiments on quasiparticle dynamics. This is followed by studies of Johnson effects. The chapter also addresses the questions: Can there be a 3He film flow, like that in a superfluid 4He? What causes the nucleation of the B phase from the supercooled A phase?
Antiferromagnetism in the b.c.c. phase
Authors: DOBBS E. R.
Published: January 2010

This chapter discusses antiferromagnetism in the b.c.c. phase. Topics covered include discovery, low-field phase, multiple phase, and multiple exchange model.
Quantifying Chaos
Authors: Hilborn Robert C.
Published: January 2010

This chapter explores various means of quantifying the degree of chaotic behaviour of both numerically generated time series and time series from real experiments. These methods include Lyapunov exponents, invariant probability measures, Kolmogorov–Sinai entropy, fractal dimensions, and correlation dimensions. Each method is developed mathematically and then explored using simple numerical examples. The strengths and weaknesses of each method are carefully treated, including their application to data results from measurements on real systems. For systems exhibiting the period-doubling route to chaos, the Lyapunov exponent grows in a universal way as the systems enters the chaotic regime. If the attractor for a dissipative system has a noninteger dimension (that is, a fractal dimension), then we say that the system has a strange attractor. Several methods of determining the fractal dimension of a geometric object, such as a state space attractor, are described in detail. Cantor sets are used to explore various methods of determining dimensions. The Julia set and the Mandelbrot set are introduced as examples of fractal basin of attraction boundaries.
THE INDEPENDENT PARTICLE MODEL
Authors: Casten R. F.
Published: January 2010

This chapter deals with the independent particle model, the basis for the multiparticle shell model, which in turn remains the standard of comparison for other models and provides the justification, rationale, and microscopic basis for macroscopic, collective models. The independent particle model is applicable in principle only to atomic nuclei with a single nucleon outside a closed shell and, even then, incorporates certain results from the shell model. A central problem of nuclear structure is to describe the motions of the individual nucleons and to deduce observed facets of nuclear excitations from this basis. Ultimately, the essential results are presented in terms of the potential of the independent particle model. This chapter also discusses nuclear potentials, the general properties of fermions in a potential, predictions of the independent particle model, mass dependence of single-particle energies, and isospin.
EVOLUTION OF NUCLEAR STRUCTURE
Authors: Casten R. F.
Published: January 2010

A focus on the excitations of a given nucleus is known as the ‘vertical’ approach to nuclear structure and has been the empirical cornerstone of nuclear physics and the inspiration for countless nuclear models. On the other hand, the ‘horizontal’ approach looks at changes in various observables across different regions of the nuclear chart (or even across the whole chart). This chapter outlines some of the elements of a horizontal approach that focuses on the evolution of the nuclear structure. This approach offers important insights not only about nuclear structure, but also phase transitions in finite nuclei, the properties of newly discovered nuclei, and the underlying shell structure. Two types of approaches, known as valence correlation schemes and correlations of collective observables, are considered. Many of these ideas are especially applicable to the new exotic nuclei that are becoming available with the advent of radioactive beams.
Energy relaxation by hot two-dimensional carriers in zero magnetic field
Authors: Kent A.J. , Wigmore J.K.
Published: January 2010

This chapter considers the energy relaxation of two-dimensional (2-D) carriers in low-dimensional devices by the emission of acoustic and optical phonons. It starts with an introduction to the basic principles, followed by a review of the techniques used to study the energy relaxation by 2-D carriers, including transport, optical, and direct phonon emission experiments. It goes on to present, in a tutorial style, the theory of phonon emission by 2-D carriers, and compares the theoretical predictions with measurements. To explain some differences between experiment and predictions of the basic theory, the effects of acoustic anisotropy, confinement and dynamic screening, the emission of plasmon-optic phonon coupled modes and the effect of strong disorder on the acoustic phonon emission are also discussed. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the relevance of the results to the performance of practical electronic devices.
Phonon-assisted tunnelling
Authors: Ouali F.F. , Challis L.J.
Published: January 2010

This chapter discusses the roles of phonon-assisted tunnelling and, to a lesser extent, phonon scattering, in two related types of low-dimensional semiconducting structures: resonant tunnelling devices and superlattices (phonon-assisted tunnelling effects in quantum dots are discussed in Chapter 4). Phonon-assisted tunnelling describes the process in which electron or hole tunnelling is accompanied by the emission or absorption of a phonon. Phonon-assisted tunnelling by longitudinal optic phonons gives rise to satellite lines in the I(V) characteristic of the device. However, phonon-assisted tunnelling by acoustic phonons can only be seen as a change in I(V) produced by a change in the phonon occupation number, such as that resulting from an incident heat pulse. The chapter also includes brief descriptions of work on coherent phonon generation from superlattices, on the effect of surface acoustic waves on single electron transport in quantum wires, and on the role of phonon-assisted tunnelling in quantum cascade lasers.
Path integral and anomaly
Authors: Bertlmann Reinhold A.
Published: January 2010

Chapter 4 presented a thorough investigation of the anomaly within perturbation theory. This chapter presents the nonperturbative view. Section 5.1 performs a chiral transformation of the path integral and finds the anomalous Ward identity. Section 5.2 regularizes the transformation Jacobian à la Fujikawa, and in this way derives the singlet anomaly; the two-dimensional case is added in Section 5.3. Section 5.4 shows the regularization independence of the anomaly and Section 5.5 discusses the conflict between gauge- and chiral symmetry in the light of an uncertainty principle. Section 5.6 demonstrates the generalization of the path integral method to non-Abelian fields leading to non-Abelian anomaly. Finally, Section 5.7 carries out the regularization of the Jacobian by means of the heat kernel method and by the zeta function procedure.
Physics in terms of differential forms
Authors: Bertlmann Reinhold A.
Published: January 2010

This chapter applies the mathematical formalism developed in Chapter 2 — essentially differential geometry and topology — to specific examples in physics. It begins with the familiar example of electrodynamics. It then turns to the Yang–Mills theory and formulates the anomalies in terms of differential forms. The chapter discusses the Dirac monopole, the Aharonov–Bohm effect, and the instantons. It demonstrates how they arise as effects of a nontrivial topology of the fields.
The future
Authors: Wilson E. J. N.
Published: January 2010

Future developments in accelerators are aimed at producing more compact sources of high energy particles. The two-beam accelerator is already a feature of the CLIC scheme for a linear collider, but more radical techniques are being studied including the use wake fields of an intense particle beam to accelerate following particles. Waves in plasma produce accelerating fields that are orders of magnitude greater than in conventional systems and can be used as the equivalent of rf cavities making the virtual photons for laser driven accelerators. Other methods of harnessing the immense energy concentration of laser fields include acceleration on the surface of gratings and by the Inverse Cerenkov effect. Astrophysics may provide the inspiration for the invention of a new accelerating principle as we study the production of extremely high energy cosmic rays.
Introduction
Authors: Ustinov Victor M. , Zhukov Alexey E. , Egorov Anton Yu. , Maleev Nikolai A.
Published: January 2010

This introductory chapter considers the basic principles of operation of diode lasers. The condition of inverse population in semiconductors is derived from Fermi statistics. Light confinement in a laser cavity, including transverse and longitudinal optical modes, is discussed. Main device characteristics of a diode laser, such as light-current and current-voltage curves as well as power conversion efficiency are described in their relation with the internal parameters of the active region. Optical gain and its relationship with laser threshold are considered. Electronic structure of solid state and microscopic theory of optical gain are briefly summarized in the chapter. Size quantization in semiconductors caused by energy barriers at heterointerfaces is considered. Density of states for various types of size dimensionality is presented. Effect of the density of states in the laser active region on the gain characteristics is discussed with attention to the ideal quantum dot array.