bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crystal structure of anNω-hydroxy-L-arginine hydrolase found in theD-cycloserine biosynthetic pathway
Authors: Oda Kosuke , Shimotani Natsuki , Kuroda Teruo , Matoba Yasuyuki
Published: May 2020

DcsB, one of the enzymes encoded in the D-cycloserine (D-CS) biosynthetic gene cluster, displays a high sequence homology to arginase, which contains two manganese ions in the active site. However, DcsB hydrolyzesNω-hydroxy-L-arginine, but not L-arginine, to supply hydroxyurea for the biosynthesis of D-CS. Here, the crystal structure of DcsB was determined at a resolution of 1.5 Å using anomalous scattering from the manganese ions. In the crystal structure, DscB generates an artificial dimer created by the open and closed forms. Gel-filtration analysis demonstrated that DcsB is a monomeric protein, unlike arginase, which forms a trimeric structure. The active center containing the binuclear manganese cluster differs between DcsB and arginase. In DcsB, one of the ligands of the MnAion is a cysteine, while the corresponding residue in arginase is a histidine. In addition, DcsB has no counterpart to the histidine residue that acts as a general acid/base during the catalytic reaction of arginase. The present study demonstrates that DcsB has a unique active site that differs from that of arginase.
Inactive dimeric structure of the protease domain of stomatin operon partner protein
Authors: Yokoyama Hideshi , Suzuki Kana , Hara Kodai , Matsui Ikuo , Hashimoto Hiroshi
Published: May 2020

The N-terminal region of the stomatin operon partner protein (STOPP) PH1510 (1510-N) from the hyperthermophilic archaeonPyrococcus horikoshiiis a serine protease with a catalytic Ser–Lys dyad (Ser97 and Lys138) and specifically cleaves the C-terminal hydrophobic region of the p-stomatin PH1511. In a form of human hemolytic anemia known as hereditary stomatocytosis, stomatin is deficient in the erythrocyte membrane owing to mis-trafficking. Stomatin is thought to act as an oligomeric scaffolding protein to support cell membranes. The cleavage of stomatin by STOPP might be involved in a regulatory system. Several crystal structures of 1510-N have previously been determined: the wild type, the K138A mutant and its complex with a substrate peptide. Here, the crystal structure of the S97A mutant of 1510-N (1510-N S97A) was determined at 2.25 Å resolution. The structure contained two 1510-N S97A molecules in the asymmetric unit. On the superposition of one monomer of the 1510-N S97A and wild-type dimers, the S97A Cαatom of the other monomer of 1510-N S97A deviated by 23 Å from that of the wild type. This result indicates that 1510-N can greatly change the form of its dimer. Because of crystallographic symmetry in space groupP65, a sixfold helical structure is constructed using the 1510-N dimer as a basic unit. This helical structure may be common to STOPP structures.
Structural analysis of the PATZ1 BTB domain homodimer
Authors: Piepoli Sofia , Alt Aaron Oliver , Atilgan Canan , Mancini Erika Jazmin , Erman Batu
Published: May 2020

PATZ1 is a ubiquitously expressed transcriptional repressor belonging to the ZBTB family that is functionally expressed in T lymphocytes. PATZ1 targets theCD8gene in lymphocyte development and interacts with the p53 protein to control genes that are important in proliferation and in the DNA-damage response. PATZ1 exerts its activity through an N-terminal BTB domain that mediates dimerization and co-repressor interactions and a C-terminal zinc-finger motif-containing domain that mediates DNA binding. Here, the crystal structures of the murine and zebrafish PATZ1 BTB domains are reported at 2.3 and 1.8 Å resolution, respectively. The structures revealed that the PATZ1 BTB domain forms a stable homodimer with a lateral surface groove, as in other ZBTB structures. Analysis of the lateral groove revealed a large acidic patch in this region, which contrasts with the previously resolved basic co-repressor binding interface of BCL6. A large 30-amino-acid glycine- and alanine-rich central loop, which is unique to mammalian PATZ1 amongst all ZBTB proteins, could not be resolved, probably owing to its flexibility. Molecular-dynamics simulations suggest a contribution of this loop to modulation of the mammalian BTB dimerization interface.
Current approaches for automated model building into cryo-EM maps using Buccaneer with CCP-EM
Authors: Hoh Soon Wen , Burnley Tom , Cowtan Kevin
Published: May 2020

This work focuses on the use of the existing protein-model-building software Buccaneer to provide structural interpretation of electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) maps. Originally developed for application to X-ray crystallography, the necessary steps to optimise the usage of Buccaneer with cryo-EM maps are shown. This approach has been applied to the data sets of 208 cryo-EM maps with resolutions of better than 4 Å. The results obtained also show an evident improvement in the sequencing step when the initial reference map and model used for crystallographic cases are replaced by a cryo-EM reference. All other necessary changes to settings in Buccaneer are implemented in the model-building pipeline from within the CCP-EM interface (as of version 1.4.0).
Structural basis of the dominant inheritance of hypermethioninemia associated with the Arg264His mutation in the MAT1A gene
Authors: Panmanee Jiraporn , Antonyuk Svetlana V. , Hasnain S. Samar
Published: May 2020

Methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) deficiency, characterized by isolated persistent hypermethioninemia (IPH), is caused by mutations in the MAT1A gene encoding MATαl, one of the major hepatic enzymes. Most of the associated hypermethioninemic conditions are inherited as autosomal recessive traits; however, dominant inheritance of hypermethioninemia is caused by an Arg264His (R264H) mutation. This mutation has been confirmed in a screening programme of newborns as the most common mutation in babies with IPH. Arg264 makes an inter-subunit salt bridge located at the dimer interface where the active site assembles. Here, it is demonstrated that the R264H mutation results in greatly reduced MAT activity, while retaining its ability to dimerize, indicating that the lower activity arises from alteration at the active site. The first crystallographic structure of the apo form of the wild-type MATαl enzyme is provided, which shows a tetrameric assembly in which two compact dimers combine to form a catalytic tetramer. In contrast, the crystal structure of the MATαl R264H mutant reveals a weaker dimeric assembly, suggesting that the mutation lowers the affinity for dimer–dimer interaction. The formation of a hetero-oligomer with the regulatory MATβV1 subunit or incubation with a quinolone-based compound (SCR0911) results in the near-full recovery of the enzymatic activity of the pathogenic mutation R264H, opening a clear avenue for a therapeutic solution based on chemical interventions that help to correct the defect of the enzyme in its ability to metabolize methionine.
2-[3-(4-Chlorophenyl)-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-5-[(4-fluorophenyl)diazenyl]-4-methylthiazole
Authors: Alanazi Saud A. , Abdel-Wahab Bakr F. , Hegazy Amany S. , Kariuki Benson M. , El-Hiti Gamal A.
Published: May 2020

The molecule of the title compound, C25H18ClF2N5S, comprises almost co-planar fluorophenyl, methylthiazolyl, pyrazolyl and chlorophenyl rings with the second fluorophenyl ring almost perpendicular to this plane. One fluorophenyl group is disordered over two components of occupancy ratio 0.767 (10):0.233 (10) related by a 24.2 (8)° twist. In the crystal, two molecules related by inversion symmetry are linked by a pair of C—H...F contacts in an R(8)2
2 geometry.
Identification of efficient geometries for variable pitot inlets for supersonic transport
Authors: Kazula Stefan , Wöllner Mark , Höschler Klaus
Published: May 2020

Purpose

This paper aims to reveal the influence of selected geometric parameters on the aerodynamic performance of circular variable aero engine inlets in transonic and supersonic civil aviation.

Design/methodology/approach

The trade-off in inlet design and aerodynamic evaluation parameters is presented. The approach to investigate the dependencies between the aerodynamic and geometric parameters at different flight conditions by means of a parametric design study is introduced.

Findings

The dependencies of inlet drag and efficiency from geometric parameters at flight speeds of Mach 0.95 up to Mach 1.6 are identified. Although entailing additional weight, the inlet length represents the parameter with the highest potential for drag reduction by up to 50% in the selected design space. Ideal geometries for variable pitot inlets are determined. After considering weight, their potential range benefit nearly disappears for subsonic applications, but remains above 20% for supersonic flight at Mach 1.6.

Originality/value

Hence, the technology of circular variable pitot inlets for supersonic transport aircraft could be a way to achieve the ambitious ecological, safety and economic goals for future civil aviation.
Inclusion starts with “I”? The missing ingredient in leading change: the case of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)
Authors: Workman-Stark Angela
Published: May 2020

Purpose

This paper examines how organizations can overcome cultural barriers and support leaders in creating more inclusive workplaces.

Design/methodology/approach

Drawing from personal experience as a senior leader within the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), the author provides a brief overview of the organization’s approach to creating a more diverse and inclusive workplace, including her role in overseeing the change effort. The author then describes how certain aspects of the RCMP culture manifested in bias against others, and contributed to leaders’ efforts to cover up important parts of their identity to fit in. Finally, the author presents self-acceptance and personal vulnerability as building blocks for a more inclusive style of leadership.

Findings

The findings of this paper suggest that diversity and inclusion efforts that fail to address harmful aspects of organizational culture are unlikely to be successful. The findings also suggest that this barrier may be overcome through a greater understanding of the cultural norms that are most valued, of practicing inclusion at three different levels, starting with the individual, and of supporting leaders to begin the practice of inclusion, staring from the inside out.

Originality/value

This paper makes an important contribution to the field of organization development by providing a brief snapshot of one leader’s experience in attempting to create a more diverse and inclusive workplace, and makes recommendations for how the challenges presented might be overcome.
Coordination between hospitals and insurers in developing economies: an interpretive structural modeling approach
Authors: Dev Manimay , Kumar Dinesh , Patel Dharmendra
Published: May 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to identify the factors that influence hospitals’ selection by health-care insurers in India and to establish a hierarchical model representing the relationship among different factors and their influence on the entire scenario.

Design/methodology/approach

A survey with a set of questionnaires was conducted with different health-care insurer executives of reputed health insurance companies. The data has been gathered by using a five-point Likert scale. Their opinions were converted into a reachability matrix and an interpretive structural modeling was constructed. The final results obtained were verified by using fuzzy Matriced Impacts Croises-Multiplication Applique and Classement analysis.

Findings

The results suggested three key driving factors, National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers accreditation of the hospital, purchasing power of people in the region and national and international recognition of the hospital among the eleven factors selected for the study.

Research limitations/implications

The research mainly focuses on the health insurance benefits provided by privately owned insurance companies and do not comment on any government’s mass health insurance scheme.

Practical implications

With a small proportion of people under the umbrella of health insurance in India, these factors will assist and expedite insurer’s effort to penetrate deep into rural and urban areas enhancing availability and escalating affordability.

Originality/value

This paper presents key factors responsible for better coordination between health-care systems and insurance companies.
Intergenerational differences in fans' motivation to watch the T20 world cup: a generation cohort theory perspective
Authors: Gilal Faheem Gul , Gilal Naeem Gul , Tariq Beenish , Gilal Rehman Gul , Gilal Rukhsana Gul , Gong Zhenxing , Channa Nisar Ahmed
Published: May 2020

Purpose

Using two theoretical lenses – social identity theory and generation cohort theory – the present study analyzes the influence of sport motivations (i.e., patriotism, drama and excitement of the game, nostalgic associations, interest in star players and social influence) on the intentions to watch the International Cricket Council (ICC) Twenty-20 (T20) World Cup of three different generation cohorts (i.e., Generations X, Y and Z).

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected from N = 499 cricket lovers from Pakistan based on a non-probability sampling technique. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), structural equation modeling (SEM) and multi-group modeling techniques were used as methods.

Findings

SEM results show that cricket fans' intentions to watch the T20 World Cup are positively influenced by patriotism, drama and excitement of the game, and social influence. The results of multi-group modeling reveal significant differences between Generation X-ers, Y-ers and Z-ers regarding the effect of sport motivations on their intentions to watch the ICC T20 World Cup. Specifically, our findings show that for X-ers, interest in star players and nostalgic associations are the main motivations behind watching the T20 World Cup, whereas drama and excitement appeared to be an important predictor for Y-ers, and patriotism and social influence are more likely to increase Z-ers' intentions to watch the T20 World Cup.

Originality/value

This study is the first of its kind to report the motivations of Generations X, Y and Z to watch the T20 World Cup.
Interpreting sports events from a resource-based view perspective
Authors: Pianese Tommasina
Published: May 2020

Purpose

This study aims at understanding how professional sports events compete with each other to attract spectators, sponsors and media coverage, by referring to the resource-based view (RBV) theory, which interprets firms as a bundle of idiosyncratic resources and capabilities. Specifically, the authors aim to identify the value-creating resources that support event success in the long run.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors conducted a literature review on RBV and sports events, which provided the analytic categories used for on a cross-case analysis of popular cycling events held in Italy.

Findings

Each event has different value-creating resources, depending on its governance model. Specifically, organisational knowledge accumulated over time by a stable event promoter/organiser enables an understanding of stakeholders’ needs and leads to a competitive advantage. As for events with temporary organising committees, event reputation is decisive to their long-term success. Here, event promoters play a key role in managing reputation over time, i.e., properly selecting host countries, balancing their cultural differences and supporting their capacity to produce long-term benefits.

Originality/value

Sports events may be leveraged within place-branding strategies to increase the attractiveness and level of socio-economic development of a destination. It is thus important to understand the competitive dynamics among sports events. The existing studies have focused on event organisers while underestimating the contribution of sports organisations and/or private companies that promote sport events. This study adopts a broad perspective that takes account of both promoters and organisers in order to verify whether and how the governance model affects the resources relevant to the event’s success.
Role of graphene oxide on the tribological properties of CF reinforcement high strength glass fabric/phenolic laminate composites in water environment
Authors: Cao Fengxiang , Yan Fengyuan , Wang Jianzhang
Published: May 2020

Purpose

This paper aims to study the tribological properties of high strength glass fabric/phenolic laminate composites reinforced by carbon fiber (CF) with and without graphene oxide (GO) modified.

Design/methodology/approach

In this study, the tribological performance tests of the composites were conducted on a block-on-ring tester (MRH-03). The applied load, linear velocity and duration of time are 200 N, 0.5 m/s and 120 min, respectively. The friction coefficient and specific wear rate were shown.

Findings

The optimal content of GO on CFs is 0.2 per cent mass fraction. The optimal content of GO addition means the strongest interfacial adhesion between the CF and the matrix.

Originality/value

The main originality of this paper is to reveal the effect of surface GO on CF on the tribological properties of fabric-reinforced composites.

Peer review

The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-07-2019-0273/
Use of effectuation by established micro businesses: short-term gain, long-term pain?
Authors: McGowan Phillip
Published: May 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficacy and impact of effectual logic used by owner-managers of established micro firms when making buying decisions.

Design/methodology/approach

Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 13 owner-managers of micro firms, concerning their decision-making processes when selecting suppliers. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, then analysed thematically.

Findings

This study contributes to the literature in respect of effectuation by considering its use by a micro firm owner-manager to develop relationships with trusted suppliers. The findings suggest effectuation positively promotes flexibility and reduces loss potential, thus positively affecting the price that the owner-manager is willing to pay. Furthermore, it also appears to necessitate effectual selling, with an ongoing iterative process, in which effectual selling leads to effectual buying. In contrast to extant literature, this study suggests that application of effectual logic to buying and selling decisions, by a micro firm owner-manager can create, rather than reduce, uncertainty.

Research limitations/implications

This study is based on single interviews with a sample of owner-managers of micro firms that operate within the same industry and within a single country. The subjective nature of qualitative research, homogeneity and size of sample may prevent generalisation of the findings.

Practical implications

Effectual buying and selling appears to provide a micro firm with the ability to engage with flexible suppliers so as to offer a heterogeneous array of products and services to its customers, thus promoting sales success. Yet, the lack of homogeneity of customer needs and need for supplier flexibility may lead to overall costs being greater than those that could be achieved if the micro firm specialised in a smaller range of products and services and developed internal resources to meet the needs of its customers.

Originality/value

In contrast to extant literature that states that effectuation is a way to reduce uncertainty to a level at which a decision can be made, this study suggests that continual use of effectual logic by owner-managers of micro firms when making buying and selling decisions can instead create more uncertainty in the longer term.
Climate change and business planning: solutions to keep disruptions at bay
Authors: Srikant Chethan D. , Teckchandani Atul
Published: May 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to develop an integrative approach to help firms across multiple industries ensure operational continuity and manage ongoing climate-change related disruptions. It provides an implementation model that would first, help firms recognize this as an issue and second, start incorporating certain practices in their decision-making processes.

Design/methodology/approach

The analytical framework in this paper is based on the strategic management’s resource-based view. According to this view, certain resources provide sustainable competitive advantages because they score high on the following four dimensions: valuable, rare, inimitable and organized to exploit. This paper introduces a fifth dimension – the climate change resilience of the resource. Resources that are not always obvious choices for providing competitive advantages – air, freshwater, workspaces and customers – are evaluated. Each resource is analyzed through the perspective of two disparate industries.

Findings

This paper highlights to two important findings. First, resources that are rarely considered as providing competitive advantage can become important when the authors add the fifth dimension – climate change resilience. Second, location choices are critical to ensuring climate change resilience. When firms are location constrained, a contingency plan needs to be in place. These contingency plans could range from redesigning physical assets to redesigning human resources practices.

Originality/value

This paper illustrates the need and the utility of climate change resilience when assessing the sustainable competitive advantage of a resource. Using the above findings, this paper develops a model for implementing a location-based strategy, which firms in any industry could adopt to ensure the climate change resilience of their resources.
Antihypercholesterolemic and anti-atherogenic effects of lyophilized aqueous extract of Globularia alypum leaves in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet
Authors: Taleb-Dida Nawal , Krouf Djamil , Bahlil Yasmina , Dali Sarra , Alachaher Fatima Zohra , Guenzet Akila
Published: May 2020

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate the preventive effects of a concomitant supplementation of a lyophilized aqueous extract of Globularia alypum (Ga) leaves in a high cholesterol-diet (HC-D) on lipid profile and lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity in hypercholesterolemic rats.

Design/methodology/approach

Twenty-four male Wistar rats weighing 232 ± 10 g were divided into four groups (n = 6). Two control groups were fed a standard-diet (St-D) supplemented (C-Ga) or not (C) with 1.66% Ga leaf extract. The two others experimental groups were fed HC-D, which contains the St-D plus 1% of cholesterol and 0.5% of cholic acid supplemented (HC-Ga) or not (HC) with the same amount of Ga. At d28, feces were collected and fasting rats were anesthetized; bloods and livers were removed to measure biochemical parameters.

Findings

In hypercholesterolemic (HC) rats, Ga supplementation in HC-D induced a significant reduction in ALT (−64%, p = 0.002) and AST (−71%; p = 0.005) activities, in plasma TC (−55%; p = 0.03) and TG (−54%; p = 0.01) concentrations, in cholesterol contents of atherogenic lipoproteins VLDL (−78%; p = 0.004) and LDL-HDL1 (−64%; p = 0.003) and inversely, an increase in those of anti-atherogenic HDL2 (+14%; p = 0.002). Feeding the HC-D-Ga exhibited a reduction in atherogenic index Apo B/Apo A-I (−72%; p = 0.002), an increase in faecal lipids, cholesterol excretion and in plasma apo A-I (+60%; p = 0.002) and HDL2-cholesteryl esters (+32%, p = 0.04) and then improved LCAT activity (+31%; p = 0.03).

Originality/value

In hypercholesterolemic rats, Globularia alypum extract was effective in preventing lipid disorders by its hypolipidemic action, had an anti-atherogenic potential and a protective effect against cardiovascular risk by enhancing LCAT activity.
Hibiscus sabdariffa ethanolic extract modulates adipokine levels, decreases visceral fat and improves glycemic profile in high-fat/sugar diet-induced obese rats
Authors: Von Dentz Karla E. , Silva Bianca S. , Queiroz Eveline A.I.F. , Bomfim Gisele F. , Nascimento André F. , Sugizaki Mário M. , Luvizotto Renata A.M.
Published: May 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa ethanolic extract (HsE) on protein levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, adiponectin and leptin in adipose tissue, as well as on the lipid and glycemic profiles of high-fat/sugar diet-induced obese (DIO) rats.

Design/methodology/approach

Obesity was induced in male Wistar rats through a high-fat/sugar diet provided for eight weeks. Control rats received a standard diet. The high-fat/sugar DIO animals were subsequently randomized into DIO (n = 8) and DIO treated with HsE (DIO + HsE, n = 8, 150 mg/kg/day) by gavage, for additional eight weeks. Oral glucose tolerance test was performed, and blood samples and epididymal adipose tissue were collected for biochemical analysis and adipokine protein level evaluation, respectively.

Findings

Compared to the DIO rats, HsE treatment decreased weight gain (50.6%) and mesenteric fat (42%), indicated as diminished visceral fat (22.5%). HsE did not affect the lipid profile and TNF-α levels in adipose tissue; however, it effectively prevented a 13% increase in fasting glucose levels and improved glucose tolerance. Compared with the C group, HsE normalized the adiponectin levels and leptin/adiponectin ratio and decreased the IL-6 (55%) and leptin (18.6%) levels in adipose tissue of obese rats.

Originality/value

HsE improves adipokine protein levels in high-fat/sugar DIO rats, demonstrating the clinical efficacy of HsE in the treatment of obesity and obesity-related diseases.
Microwave radiometer for sensor systems with self-contained power supplies
Authors: Ubaychin Anton V. , Abdirasul Uulu Tilekbek , Zhuk Grigory
Published: May 2020

Purpose

This paper aims to describe a new microwave radiometer designed for sensing natural mediums to solve various applied scientific problems. The research findings enable to make assertions about high efficiency of the described microwave radiometer being a part of mobile sensor systems with self-contained power supplies.

Design/methodology/approach

A new microwave radiometer is based on the modification of the null method. Modification of the null method has been implemented by using two reference noise generators. The first reference noise generator is passive and its implementation is based on the matched load. A low-noise amplifier is used as the second reference noise generator. The use of the low-noise amplifier as the reference noise generator is based on the noise wave generation effect at its input whereby the waves form low-temperature noise.

Findings

The use of the low-noise amplifier as the reference noise generator in the modified microwave radiometer has made it possible to simplify the device design at the system level while reducing the weight and power consumption and increasing sensitivity.

Originality/value

The novelty of the modified radiometer lies in the modification of the null method and the removal of high-temperature reference noise generators based on avalanche transit-time diodes. Further, the novelty lies in the invariance of measurement results toward changes in the receiver’s own noise and transmission factor while the design of the device has been simplified.
Exploring contextual factors in citizen-initiated platforms to non-functional requirements elicitation
Authors: Nascimento Ademir Macedo , da Silveira Denis Silva , Dornelas Jairo Simião , Araújo João
Published: May 2020

Purpose

This paper aims to systematize the contextual factors that influence the intention to use citizens and governments-initiated platforms, presenting them as non-functional requirements (NFRs), to facilitate their understanding to implementers.

Design/methodology/approach

A systematic mapping of the literature was done to identify the contextual factors from citizens and governments (C2G) adoption, followed by a survey applied to 938 potential users of this type of technology. The results were analyzed through logistic regression to understand the impact of the contextual factors on the intention to use C2G platforms and then those contextual factors were formalized as NFRs represented by a Softgoal Interdependence Graph.

Findings

Among the results, the most prominent factors were the influence of the “users perceived contribution” and the “citizens concern about the city conditions”. Finally, some strategies are suggested to help public managers and developers to optimize the factors that have shown to be significant.

Practical implications

This study can support e-gov policies in the implementation of C2G platforms because several municipalities need assistance in taking actions to foster greater citizens’ engagement. An example of this type of contribution is the indication of the factors of greatest impact in the adoption of use and the indication of paths to be followed if the manager and developers decide to focus on each of them.

Originality/value

The identification of several contextual factors which influence C2G platforms adoption and their systematization with the purpose of jointly visualizing and evaluating them.
Defending the European court of human rights: Experimental evidence from Britain
Authors: DINAS ELIAS , GONZALEZ‐OCANTOS EZEQUIEL
Published: May 2020

As nationalist sentiments gain traction globally, the attitudinal and institutional foundations of the international liberal order face new challenges. One manifestation of this trend is the growing backlash against international courts. Defenders of the liberal order struggle to articulate compelling reasons for why states, and their citizens, should continue delegating authority to international institutions. This article probes the effectiveness of arguments that emphasise the appropriateness and benefits of cooperation in containing preferences for backlash among the mass public. We rely on IR theories that explain why elites create international institutions to derive three sets of arguments that could be deployed to boost support for international courts. We then use experimental methods to test their impact on support for backlash against the European Court of Human Rights in Britain (ECtHR). First, in line with principal‐agent models of delegation, we find that information about the court's reliability as an ‘agent’ boosts support for the ECtHR, but less so information that signals Britain's status as a principal. Second, in line with constructivist approaches, associating support for the court with the position of an in‐group state like Denmark, and opposition with an out‐group state like Russia, also elicits more positive attitudes. This finding points to the importance of ‘blame by association’ and cues of in/out‐group identity in building support for cooperation. The effect is stronger when we increase social pressure by providing information about social attitudes towards Denmark and Russia in Britain, where the public overwhelmingly trusts the Danes and distrusts the Russians. Finally, in contrast to Liberal explanations for the creation of the ECtHR, the study finds no evidence that highlighting the court's mission to promote democracy and international peace contains backlash. We show that the positive effects of the first two arguments are not driven by pre‐treatment attitudes such as political sophistication, patriotism, internationalism, institutional trust or political preferences.
Takeaway food, waste, and their geographies in workplaces
Authors: Liu Chen , Chen Jiaxi
Published: May 2020

This article draws on empirical research to develop an understanding of the social and cultural geography of food and its waste in the workplace. Our aim is to contribute to the wider body of literature on everyday geographies of waste and wasting in relation to food, paying attention to the complex trajectories of the disposal of the waste produced by food consumption beyond the scale of the household. On that basis, the work explores the distinct ways in which the waste produced by takeaway food consumption is managed in workplaces and examines how food consumption and wasting manifest in relation to both workplace contexts and wider sociocultural and material factors in urban China. Such matters are still under‐researched there. Specifically, we identify the different conduits through which food and food packaging become waste in workplaces. Food is transformed into waste soon after it becomes surplus, whereas food packaging becomes waste through two conduits: the conventional way of binning and the alternative way of reusing.
Everyday life after downshifting: Consumption, thrift, and inequality
Authors: Lindsay Jo , Lane Ruth , Humphery Kim
Published: May 2020

Much of the early literature on downshifting proposed that reduced hours at work would lead to reduced levels of consumption, increased hours of leisure, and a more sustainable and fulfilling life, and yet recent survey research has challenged these assumptions. Our study contributes knowledge on the differentially lived experience of contemporary downshifting and its relationship to sustainable and/or thrifty consumption. We undertook qualitative interviews with Australians of working age who had voluntarily reduced their hours of work in order to explore the everyday experience of downshifting and its links with consumption practices in the domains of food, leisure, and transport. These downshifters focused on thrift rather than sustainability and consequently did not reduce their consumption in a straightforward way. We found the everyday experience of downshifting was significantly shaped by caring responsibilities and financial and housing security. Moreover, differential levels of financial security affected consumption levels. Although those with lower levels of wealth closely managed discretionary expenditure, financially secure downshifters did not reduce their consumption overall. We argue that reduced working hours are unlikely to lead to reduced consumption in the absence of an ideological commitment to sustainability and without mainstream support for changing consumption mindsets and practices.
The Proof is Not in the EATing
Authors: Thorkildsen Trine , Reksnes Dag Henning
Published: May 2020

One of the most widely discussed reports addressing sustainable food production and healthy diets is Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT‐Lancet Commission on Healthy Diets from Sustainable Food Systems (EAT‐Lancet) launched in January 2019. The report is stated to be based on best available science but unfortunately the methodology applied is not transparent or in alignment with certain scientific standards. The diet prescribed by EAT‐Lancet is based on health considerations alone, before looking at certain environmental aspects, but no description is given as to how the very specific intake levels for each food were set. The diet is especially restrictive for animal sourced foods, even though evidence‐based dietary guidelines in many countries have concluded that these foods can be part of a health‐promoting diet. Furthermore, an independent review has found several flaws and weaknesses in the report. EAT‐Lancet also fails to account for national differences in natural opportunities for food production. Implementation of their recommendations will make many countries more reliant on imports which contrast with the recommendations by the FAO and the IPCC. Taking these issues into account warrants caution before taking on trust the recommendations by EAT‐Lancet into business and policy.
Detection and quantification of cashew in commercial tea products using High Resolution Melting (HRM) analysis
Authors: Lagiotis Georgios , Stavridou Evangelia , Bosmali Irini , Osathanunkul Maslin , Haider Nadia , Madesis Panagiotis
Published: May 2020

Tea, a popular aromatic infusion and food supplement, prepared from Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze leaves, is often subjected to adulteration with various undeclared inorganic and plant‐derived materials. Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) nut husk is one of the most common plant tea adulterants. To date, there are limited DNA‐based technologies for tea authentication and quantitative detection of adulterants. Herein, we used a universal plant DNA barcoding marker coupled with High Resolution Melting (Bar‐HRM) analysis to authenticate tea products from cashew ground nut. Additionally, cashew‐specific markers coupled with HRM technology were used to detect and quantify adulteration of tea with cashew DNA. This methodology can reliably detect admixtures as low as 1% v/v cashew in commercial tea products. Overall, our results demonstrate that the HRM technology is a strong molecular approach in tea authentication, capable of detecting very low adulterations in DNA admixtures.

Practical Application

In this study, we established the use of high‐resolution DNA‐based technologies for the detection of cashew adulteration in tea, even in very low quantities. The technology could be applied to a greater range of plant‐based tea adulterants. This work is expected to facilitate the traceability and authenticity of tea products and form the basis for the development of strategies against fraudulent practices.
Pectin and inulin stimulated the mucus formation at a similar level: An omics‐based comparative analysis
Authors: Xie Jinli , Yu Rongxuan , Qi Jiamei , Zhang Guangwen , Peng Xichun , Luo Jianming
Published: May 2020

Mucin 2 (MUC2) is the skeleton of colonic mucus that comprises the physical intestinal barrier. Different dietary polysaccharides may affect colonic mucus at different extents. The effect of pectin on MUC2 production is contradictory. To investigate whether and how pectin affected hosts’ colonic mucus, the amount of MUC2 in colon, the cecal, mucosal microbiota, and metabolites profiles were analyzed and compared with inulin. The results showed pectin stimulated the production of MUC2 at a similar level to inulin. Both interventions increased the abundance of cecal Lachnospira and Christensenellaceae_R‐7_group, and enhanced the production of specific metabolites including soyasapogenol B 24‐O‐b‐d‐glucoside, lucyoside Q, trans‐EKODE‐(E)‐Ib, and 1,26‐dicaffeoylhexacosanediol. Additionally, pectin increased the relative abundance (RA) of cecal Lactobacillus, and induced less RA of potentially harmful bacteria such as Helicobacter in mucosal microbiota than inulin. In conclusion, we first reported that pectin and inulin stimulated the mucus formation at a similar level. Two genera of cecal bacteria and four metabolites may play an important role in enhancing the production of MUC2. Moreover, the MUC2 production may be unrelated to several traditional health‐beneficial bacteria; pectin possibly performed as good as or better than the inulin in rats’ gut.
Immunotherapy as second‐line treatment and beyond for non‐small cell lung cancer in a single center of China: Outcomes, toxicities, and clinical predictive factors from a real‐world retrospective analysis
Authors: Chen Minjiang , Li Qiang , Xu Yan , Zhao Jing , Zhang Li , Wei Lijuan , Zhong Wei , Wang Mengzhao
Published: May 2020

Background

Real‐world evidence of second‐line treatment and beyond with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in Chinese patients is lacking. Here, we aimed to assess the efficacy, responses, and immune‐related side effects of anti‐PD‐1 agents in real‐life practice.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed consecutive patients who received nivolumab or pembrolizumab monotherapy at Peking Medical College Hospital. We collected baseline characteristics, evaluated treatment efficacy, and categorized immune‐related adverse effects (irAEs). Predictive factors of treatment response were also determined.

Results

The study included 97 patients with a median age of 64 years. The majority of patients were male, with nonsquamous histological type and advanced stage tumor, and had a history of smoking. Most patients received ICIs as second‐line therapy. Expression of PD‐L1 was detected in 34.11% patients. Overall response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR) were 16.49% and 60.82%, respectively. None of the patients achieved complete response (CR). The median PFS and OS were150 days and 537 days, respectively. The incidence of immune‐related toxicities was similar to the one previously reported. Patients with driver gene mutations had shorter PFS than patients without, while patients who encountered irAE had relatively longer PFS.

Conclusions

The real‐world clinical outcome of ICIs in second‐ and further‐line NSCLC therapy is promising. Several characteristics may have predictive value for efficacy. Occurrence of irAEs during treatment was acceptable and could be an independent positive predictive for PFS.

Key points

Significant findings of the study

Efficacy and safety profile of ICIs as second‐line treatment or above for patients with NSCLC are promising in real world circumstances

Incidence and median time to the occurrence of irAEs vary between organs

What this study adds

Driver gene mutations are associated with lower progression‐free survival

Occurrence of irAEs is associated with higher progression‐free survival
Clinical recommendations on lung cancer management during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Xu Yan , Liu Hongsheng , Hu Ke , Wang Mengzhao
Published: May 2020

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is spreading worldwide, and has been declared as an international public health concern. Patients with lung cancer are highly susceptible to infection compared to healthy individuals because of systemic immunosuppression induced by malignancy and anticancer therapy. Furthermore, patients with cancer demonstrate poorer outcomes following infection. Hence, patients with lung cancer should be considered a priority group for COVID‐19 prevention. Furthermore, the routine treatment of patients with cancer has been affected during the COVID‐19 pandemic, and patients may not have been able to undergo timely and effective antitumor treatment, thereby indicating a poor prognosis. Here, we provide some suggestions for early identification of COVID‐19 and differential diagnosis in patients with lung cancer who have fever and respiratory symptoms. Our medical team also provide clinical recommendations on lung cancer management during the COVID‐19 pandemic, for carrying out meticulous and individualized clinical management of lung cancer patients and maximum protection to effectively prevent COVID‐19.

Key points

Significant findings of the study

This article provides suggestions for early identification of COVID‐19 and differential diagnosis in patients with lung cancer with fever and respiratory symptoms.

What this study adds

This article makes clinical recommendations on lung cancer management during the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Low‐dose hilar and mediastinal stereotactic body radiation therapy for non‐small cell lung cancer: Analysis of outcomes in patients receiving one or multiple courses of treatment
Authors: Kowalchuk Roman O. , Waters Michael R. , Richardson Martin , Spencer Kelly , Larner James M. , Kersh Charles R.
Published: May 2020

Background

This study reports the outcomes of a single institutional experience treating non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) involving the pulmonary hilum with low‐dose stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). The authors also present a series of repeat hilar SBRT.

Methods

Inclusion criteria required treatment with SBRT for NSCLC involving regional lymph nodes of the: (i) hilum, (ii) mediastinum, (iii) aortopulmonary window (station 5), or (iv) mainstem bronchus. At least one clinical follow‐up with imaging was required, unless the patient had a prior documented death from cancer.

Results

A total of 32 patients with 44 treatments were included, and 37 treatments targeted the hilum directly, with seven concerning the mediastinum, AP window, or mainstem bronchus. Median dose was 28 Gy in four fractions with once‐weekly fractionation. At a median clinical follow‐up of 23 months, local control was 64%. Median overall survival was 24 months, and median progression‐free survival was 15 months. A total of 48% of treatments resulted in complete radiographic response on last imaging follow‐up, and no cases of grade ≥ 3 toxicity were reported. For repeat SBRT (after prior hilar SBRT), local control was 92%. Median overall survival was 20 months, and median progression‐free survival was 19 months. Complete radiographic response was noted after 58% of treatments, with 0 instances of progressive response and no reported side effects.

Conclusions

Low‐dose hilar SBRT was efficacious and well‐tolerated, with impressive overall survival and no grade ≥ 3 toxicity. Repeat treatments with SBRT were feasible and effective, demonstrating overall survival, local control, and toxicity comparable to primary treatments.

Key points

Significant findings of the study

Low‐dose hilar SBRT was efficacious and well‐tolerated

Repeated treatments with SBRT demonstrated encouraging results, comparable to primary treatments

What this study adds

This study contributes to the small body of literature concerning hilar SBRT

Repeat hilar SBRT was safe and feasible

Toxicity was minimal with low‐dose SBRT

Once‐weekly fractionation may have contributed to low rate of side effects.
Older adults with sarcopenia have distinct skeletal muscle phosphodiester, phosphocreatine, and phospholipid profiles
Authors: Hinkley James Matthew , Cornnell Heather H. , Standley Robert A. , Chen Emily Y. , Narain Niven R. , Greenwood Bennett P. , Bussberg Valerie , Tolstikov Vladimir V. , Kiebish Michael A. , Yi Fanchao , Vega Rick B. , Goodpaster Bret H. , Coen Paul M.
Published: May 2020

The loss of skeletal muscle mass and function with age (sarcopenia) is a critical healthcare challenge for older adults. 31‐phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P‐MRS) is a powerful tool used to evaluate phosphorus metabolite levels in muscle. Here, we sought to determine which phosphorus metabolites were linked with reduced muscle mass and function in older adults. This investigation was conducted across two separate studies. Resting phosphorus metabolites in skeletal muscle were examined by 31P‐MRS. In the first study, fifty‐five older adults with obesity were enrolled and we found that resting phosphocreatine (PCr) was positively associated with muscle volume and knee extensor peak power, while a phosphodiester peak (PDE2) was negatively related to these variables. In the second study, we examined well‐phenotyped older adults that were classified as nonsarcopenic or sarcopenic based on sex‐specific criteria described by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. PCr content was lower in muscle from older adults with sarcopenia compared to controls, while PDE2 was elevated. Percutaneous biopsy specimens of the vastus lateralis were obtained for metabolomic and lipidomic analyses. Lower PCr was related to higher muscle creatine. PDE2 was associated with glycerol‐phosphoethanolamine levels, a putative marker of phospholipid membrane damage. Lipidomic analyses revealed that the major phospholipids, (phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylglycerol) were elevated in sarcopenic muscle and were inversely related to muscle volume and peak power. These data suggest phosphorus metabolites and phospholipids are associated with the loss of skeletal muscle mass and function in older adults.