bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Taylor Helena
Published: June 2017

The Introduction sets out the aims of the book: to examine the reception and uses of Ovid’s life in seventeenth-century France. It shows that such reception was directly related to readings of Ovid’s exile poetry and his love poetry in which he created an authorial persona. The Introduction first examines the literary reception of Ovid’s work in seventeenth-century France (tracking his increasing prominence in sociable literary culture), and surveys the critical scholarship exploring this, before explaining the quarrels with which the representation of Ovid’s life—and this study—engage, namely the Quarrel of the Ancients and Moderns and related debates about the novel, historiography, and translation. It then justifies the chosen corpus—which includes a variety of genres that constitute ‘life-writing’—and discusses the methodology adopted, emphasizing the importance of situating representations of Ovid’s life in the wider debates about taste and literary value marking this period.
Hagar
Authors: Kozlova Ekaterina E.
Published: June 2017

This chapter focuses on Hagar and her mourning in the wilderness of Beersheba (Gen. 21). Although Gen. 21:14–21 does not contain a case of child death proper, a few lexemes utilized in it represent Ishmael’s endangerment as an instance of dishonourable ejection from the family and a subsequent demise in the wilderness. This chapter explores how the redactor of Genesis portrays Hagar in the fashion of ancient Near Eastern weeping (mother) goddesses and creates a ritual drama with a clear ‘death–resurrection’ pattern. Given the foundational nature of patriarchal cycles and Hagar’s ancestral status within them (Gen. 16:10, 21:13, 18, 25:13–18), the editor uses Hagar’s actions to solicit God’s attention and to secure his patronage not only for Ishmael, but for the entire line of his descendants.
Conclusion
Authors: Kozlova Ekaterina E.
Published: June 2017

This section considers why ancient communities in crisis deemed sorrowing motherhood as a potent agent in bringing about their preservation. It suggests, for example, that since child loss creates existential limbo for the bereft mother, it can unlock a unique capacity in her for incessant supplications and intercessions. Thus, when groups and individuals were at their most vulnerable, the perpetual destabilization of a bereft mother and the ability to intercede as its outcome were the go-to social tools. Additionally, it considers the ability of mourning rites to transgress normal social expectations and defy class differences. Consequently, within a ritual context bereft mothers could voice uncensored perspectives on personal and collective suffering and on the persons responsible for it. Finally, since Israel used family-based metaphors for its various social structures, it was only natural to appeal to maternal agency, with its emphasis on care and protection, in times of crises.
Religious Markets, Capital Markets, and Church Finances in Industrializing America
Authors: Baldwin Eric
Published: June 2017

A number of scholars in recent years have turned to market models to describe religion in nineteenth-century America, arguing that competition among churches largely accounts for the nation’s relative religious vitality. However, a detailed examination of one religious ‘marketplace’—the city of Lowell, Massachusetts—demonstrates the limits of such interpretations. First, such scholars fail to capture the ways that Protestant churches functioned as an interdenominational de facto establishment, co-operating in the shared project of promoting the public good and defending moral norms. Also, to the extent that churches did compete, they competed for money, as much as for adherents. In doing so, they appropriated new methods accompanying the expansion of capitalism, competing for funds in nascent capital markets. Thus, churches appealed to individuals not primarily as consumers of religious goods, but as potential investors in religious institutions, and presented churches as both safe and profitable investments and bulwarks of social stability.
Evangelicalism and Secularization in Britain and America from the Eighteenth Century to the Present
Authors: Bebbington David
Published: June 2017

Evangelicalism, the most salient form of religion in Britain and America by the mid-nineteenth century, formed the core of what was undermined by secularization over subsequent years. Did the characteristics of evangelicalism on the two sides of the Atlantic contribute to the different degrees of disenchantment with religion in the two countries? It is argued that the evangelical movements in the United States and Britain were still much the same during the period to around the opening of the twentieth century. But from that point onwards divergence set in, so that evangelicalism in America became more successful in capturing the allegiance of the public. The British version of evangelicalism that was undermined by secularization was a much feebler force during the twentieth century. Hence, it is not surprising that the secular made much greater strides in Britain than in America.
Easter and After
Authors: Hilliard Christopher
Published: June 2017

Relations between the Gooding household and their neighbours were warm until Easter Sunday 1920, when the Goodings had an argument witnessed by many people on their street. In response, Edith Swan wrote to the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children alleging that Rose beat her sister’s baby. The charity’s inspector visited and found the children loved and well cared for. Both the Swans and the Goodings manipulated systems of philanthropic and governmental scrutiny in pursuit of personal agendas. After the inspector’s visit, Edith Swan and local tradesmen started to receive letters and postcards denouncing her. The chapter draws on the findings of Ben Jones and Melanie Tebbutt to explain the importance of a woman’s reputation to the management of a household’s finance and its social position.
Will You Let Me Have That Letter
Authors: Hilliard Christopher
Published: June 2017

The chapter begins by outlining the nature of imprisonment in prisons with both male and female inmates. Portsmouth, which was one such prison, was where Rose Gooding was remanded and then served her sentence. On her release, the obscene letters started up again. Her family followed a ruse to give her an alibi: Gooding spent two weeks in Lewes while everyone else in the family ostentatiously pretended she was still at home, hoping that the author of the libels continued to write them without realizing that Gooding was away. In the trial that took place after Edith Swan launched a new prosecution, Gooding’s new barrister failed to prove the alibi. Appearing this time before Mr Justice Avory, a veteran criminal lawyer, she was sentenced to a year’s imprisonment.
Bad Language
Authors: Hilliard Christopher
Published: June 2017

This chapter is a complement to chapter five. Where chapter five examined handwriting as a site of the social and the individual, this chapter deals with vocabularies in a similar context. It focuses in particular on the nature of the swearing in the libels, a substantial sample of which are reproduced and discussed in this chapter. Swan’s obscenities were creative in a childish way, reflecting the fact that, as a respectable single woman, she was excluded from the kinds of places where people learned to swear proficiently. Her profanity was ‘bad language’ not just in the ordinary sense, but also in the allusive sense used by the ethnographic historian Greg Dening: a failure to master the codes of a specific social setting.
Conclusion
Authors: Hilliard Christopher
Published: June 2017

The conclusion summarizes key points about the crime of libel, working-class literacy, and social values, and then reflects on the purpose and ambitions of microhistories such as this one. Reconstructing in detail episodes in the lives of people who were sociologically unremarkable but underwent remarkable experiences, microhistories attempt to highlight unnoticed possibilities and previously unremarked kinds of agency. Cultural historians have sought to take ordinary people’s reading and writing seriously, leading to a more encompassing conception of culture: but this body of scholarship still confines its attention to engagement with recognized artistic forms and cultural products. The present book is an experiment in going further, apprehending agency in such unlikely places as handwriting or swearing.
Jean Bodin, ‘This Pre-eminent Man of France’
Authors: Lloyd Howell A.
Published: June 2017

This book presents the only rounded treatment of a key figure in the intellectual history of France and Europe. Jean Bodin (1529/30–1596), jurist, associate of kings and courtiers, and participant in key political events, was the author of works of lasting interest and enduring significance in the fields of political science, historical writing, witchcraft, and a great deal else besides. Best known for his contribution to formulating the modern doctrine of sovereignty, Bodin has also been credited with developing the quantity theory of money and with advocating religious toleration at a decidedly unpropitious time. Yet, while certain aspects of his thought have long attracted and continue to receive a great deal of lively attention, no attempt has been made until now to approach this challenging thinker on a broad front, to consider all his writings, major and minor, and to examine his ideas contextually and in the round. That is precisely what is offered in this deeply researched and wide-ranging study. Deploying a multilingual array of source materials, it devotes particular attention to Bodin’s own use of sources and modes of discourse in the course of analysing each of his works in turn and in considerable detail. And, beyond Bodin himself and his writings, the book sheds far-reaching light on the intellectual world of the late Renaissance writ large—a dynamic environment shaped through the interaction of multiple traditions of thought.
Law and History
Authors: Lloyd Howell A.
Published: June 2017

An assessment of France’s condition in the late 1550s prefaces an account of why Bodin left Toulouse for Paris, how he embarked on an avocat’s role in the Parlement, and his taking an oath of religious conformity. The chapter’s second section examines Bodin’s attempt at an analysis of ‘universal law’, the Juris universi distributio, comparing the two versions which he published in very different formats. The third section seeks to interpret the arguments on religious issues expressed in his Lettre to Jean Bautru de Matras. Fourthly, Bodin’s first major work is considered: the Methodus for examining histories, viewed as a means of enquiry in three modes, human, natural, and divine, each with legal and ethical connotations. Bodin’s treatment of the first of these embraced multiple social, constitutional, cosmological, and other phenomena, including his theories of ‘climate’ and universal time, and furnished also an agenda for his entire writing career.
‘Propositum Meum Retardarunt’
Authors: Lloyd Howell A.
Published: June 2017

Bodin’s experiences in the Netherlands and in England as a member of Anjou’s entourage are recounted, experiences which illustrate both his reputation as a man of learning and his risky explorations of preferment by other than French potentates. His official role in Laon as king’s proctor is described, as is the deteriorating political situation around him notwithstanding Henri III’s efforts at governmental reform. His conduct during the period of League control and consequent siege of Laon is assessed, and his apparent changes of sides are analysed in the light of the arguments presented in Lettres published over his name. The chapter’s final section turns to the programmes which Bodin developed humanist-style for physical, academic, and moral education, recommended to a German prince and to a nephew, and implemented in the upbringing of his own two sons.
Subnational Contention in Neoliberal Peru
Authors: Eaton Kent
Published: June 2017

This chapter argues that, while ideological conflicts over the market in Peru have taken on a sharply territorial logic since the country’s neoliberal turn in 1990, subnational resistance to neoliberalism has been ineffective in the two dimensions conceptualized in this book. According to the argument developed in the first half of the chapter, capacity and coalitional constraints have undermined regional presidents in their attempts to build distinctive subnational policy regimes, including attempted uses of regional zoning authority to regulate mining in ways that would deviate from neoliberalism. The second half of the chapter then demonstrates how structural and coalitional constraints have negatively affected efforts by subnational officials to contest neoliberalism as the dominant national policy regime. Instead, a succession of Peruvian Presidents, including Alejandro Toledo, Alán García, and Ollanta Humala, have been able to overcome territorial resistance and defend the neoliberal reforms introduced in the 1990s by Alberto Fujimori.
Policy Regime Juxtaposition in Ecuador
Authors: Eaton Kent
Published: June 2017

This chapter examines Ecuador as a case of policy regime juxtaposition, marked by the success of the first type of subnational policy challenge and the failure of the second. With respect to the first challenge, two dynamic mayors on the right of the political spectrum—León Febres Cordero (1992–2000) and Jaime Nebot (2000–18)—were able to design, build, and consolidate a distinctly neoliberal model in the critical port city of Guayaquil. Thanks to high levels of administrative capacity and strong internal coalitions, the architects of this model subsequently managed to defend it in the face of repeated assaults after 2006 by leftist President Rafael Correa. While the mayor of Guayaquil has managed to defend its neoliberal policy regime, he and his allies have been unable to moderate the President’s statist project at the national level owing to Guayaquil’s declining structural leverage and the absence of external coalitions with other like-minded subnational officials.
Cross-Country Analysis of the Growth–Employment–Poverty Nexus
Authors: Cruces Guillermo , Fields Gary S. , Jaume David , Viollaz Mariana
Published: June 2017

This chapter looks at the cross-country link between growth, employment, and poverty. Findings indicate that: (i) faster growth is associated with larger improvements in labour market indicators, but the relationships are weak; (ii) there is no substantial relationship between the changes in labour market indicators and initial gross domestic product per capita or the initial level of the labour market indicator; (iii) some macroeconomic factors are related to changes in labour market indicators, some in the welfare-improving direction and some in the welfare-reducing direction; (iv) labour market indicators tend to move together, with no indicator improving while another is worsening; (v) there is a strong cross-country association between reductions in poverty and improvements in earnings and employment indicators.
Within-Country Analysis of the Growth–Employment–Poverty Nexus
Authors: Cruces Guillermo , Fields Gary S. , Jaume David , Viollaz Mariana
Published: June 2017

This chapter analyses the within-country growth–employment–poverty nexus. First, it calculates labour market indicators’ elasticities with respect to gross domestic product per capita growth. It finds that in the Latin America region and in most countries, labour market indicators improved with percentage increases in GDP per capita. Second, it estimates poverty elasticities with respect to employment and earnings indicators and finds that in the region and in most of the countries, poverty measures were related in the welfare-improving direction with percentage changes in some employment and earnings indicators. Finally, it analyses the patterns of earnings changes across deciles of the earnings distributions in each country and finds that 70 per cent of the country-decile cells exhibited positive earnings changes.
Argentina
Authors: Cruces Guillermo , Fields Gary S. , Jaume David , Viollaz Mariana
Published: June 2017

Argentina experienced a decline in the early years of the 2000s, from 2000 to 2002, in gross domestic product and in most labour market indicators, followed by improvements in nearly all of them, tracing out a U-shaped pattern. The international crisis of 2008 impacted negatively only on the unemployment rate and the share of paid employees, but both returned to their pre-crisis levels by 2010. The chapter finds that notwithstanding Argentina’s massive downturn from 2000 to 2002 and the international crisis of 2008, labour market conditions were in a better state in 2012 than they were at the start of the millennium.
Colombia
Authors: Cruces Guillermo , Fields Gary S. , Jaume David , Viollaz Mariana
Published: June 2017

Between 2000 and 2013, Colombia experienced rapid economic growth. The country suffered a slowdown at the beginning of the period and during the international crisis of 2008, but during both slowdowns, the growth rate never turned negative. The chapter shows that most labour market indicators improved and followed the pattern of economic growth over the period. The only labour market indicator that did not improve between 2001 and 2013 was the employment structure by occupational position. The labour market indicators that were not affected negatively by the economic crisis were labour earnings, the poverty indices, and household per capita income inequality.
Panama
Authors: Cruces Guillermo , Fields Gary S. , Jaume David , Viollaz Mariana
Published: June 2017

Between 2000 and 2012, Panama boasted the strongest economic growth in Latin America. The growth experience was not uniform: the 2000–2 period was marked by slow or negative growth rates, after which growth was exceptionally rapid. Although the international economic crisis of 2008 slowed the growth process down, it rebounded in the years following the crisis. Labour market indicators have clearly improved. The economic crisis led to a temporary increase in unemployment, a drop in the share of paid employees, and a rise in some poverty indicators; all these effects were reversed by the end of the period studied.
Uruguay
Authors: Cruces Guillermo , Fields Gary S. , Jaume David , Viollaz Mariana
Published: June 2017

The Uruguayan story was one of declines in the early years of the 2000s in most indicators, followed by improvements in all of them. Economic growth was negative in the early years due to a severe economic crisis, and positive and rapid thereafter except during the international crisis of 2008. The chapter shows that most labour indicators followed the same U-shaped pattern and were in 2012 at a better level than at the beginning of the decade, with the exceptions of labour earnings and some poverty indicators. The international crisis of 2008 slowed or temporarily stopped the improvements in some labour market indicators.
1702–1703
Authors: Harris Frances
Published: June 2017

The third chapter traces the beginning of the partnership through the first year of Queen Anne’s reign, as Marlborough persuades Godolphin to return to office as Lord Treasurer and his ministerial partner, with the declared aim of ‘moderation’, that is, holding the balance between the Tories and Whigs on the basis of their support of the war. The role of Queen Anne’s husband Prince George is examined and Marlborough’s and Godolphin’s separate roles are explored, along with the significance of their extensive correspondence. Marlborough is unexpectedly successful in his first campaign, but his determination to obtain a grant from Parliament to support his dukedom jeopardizes Godolphin’s project for war-supply, and their rival Rochester contests control of the Treasury and therefore the war. Marlborough forces Rochester’s resignation and the partnership is confirmed when Marlborough’s only son dies shortly before he leaves for the Continent and he adopts Godolphin’s son as his heir.
1710–1711
Authors: Harris Frances
Published: June 2017

The eleventh chapter traces the downfall of the partnership between Marlborough and Godolphin. The public trial of the High Church demagogue Dr Henry Sacheverell reinforces the perception of a dangerous alliance between an ambitious general and an anti-monarchical party. Marlborough opens the campaign vigorously, but both his operations and the peace negotiations at Gertruydenberg come to nothing. Under Harley’s guidance the queen begins to rid herself of the Whigs. With the public credit in decline Marlborough and Godolphin accept that they can’t make peace or war as they are. They and the Whigs effectively abandon one other, though Marlborough and Godolphin reaffirm their partnership. When Harley finally induces the reluctant queen to dismiss Godolphin, he urges Marlborough to stay on to give the new ministry a chance to establish itself and achieve peace. Marlborough is obliged to procure his wife’s resignation, although he is able to keep her from being publicly disgraced.
Alternative Narratives and Getting to Deep Equality
Authors: Beaman Lori G.
Published: June 2017

This chapter explores three related themes: similarity, cooperation, and contaminated diversity. Each highlights the messy and complex nature of social life and each adds an analytical touchstone for understanding the elements of deep equality. The ability to recognize similarity and the experience of contaminated diversity are two important conditions under which deep equality emerges. By examining the ways that the everyday world does not correspond to categorical positioning around diversity and identity, contaminated diversity can be seen to act as an antidote to purity, while similarity undercuts identity rigidity, and both together render the boundaries of Us and Them fuzzy, sometimes indiscernible, and sometimes laughably irrelevant. This chapter discusses why there is a disproportionate emphasis on conflict and difference in public discourse and scholarship. It draws on a body of research from biology, mathematics, and psychology to examine the notion of competition, and the important counter-narrative of cooperation.
‘The People who Run the World…’
Authors: Beaman Lori G.
Published: June 2017

This chapter considers the relationship between deep equality and law, recognizing that for many people equality is a domain of discussion that is located primarily in law. Though this book is in part about displacing law’s dominance over equality discourse and reinscribing it in the domain of the everyday, the author maintains that deep equality and law’s version of equality are not completely unrelated and it is worth considering law’s role in the working up of a particular way of framing equality that has come to dominate the discussion of religious diversity and its ‘management’. Drawing on earlier chapters in this book whose working assumption has been that law is not at the centre of everyday life and that it does not guide the negotiation of difference, the book turns to the necessary task of recognizing law’s place in the conceptualization of diversity and its contribution to the peace of living together. The author excavates law through the examination of a case study for evidence of the values and practices that belong to deep equality, seeking those moments when law evidences respect, neighbourliness, caring, and perhaps even love.
Introduction
Authors: Zehmisch Philipp
Published: June 2017

The Introduction highlights the major topics and questions addressed by this ethnography. The first section introduces disenfranchised Andaman migrants from various social, regional, linguistic, religious, and caste backgrounds as central actors of the book. Further, it elaborates on the major analytical advantages of utilizing subaltern theory to analyse migration processes as well as the production of social inequality in the modern nation state. Here, the author suggests to closely examine the relationship between the local state and the migrant population by making use of the key concept of subalternity. Moreover, he puts emphasis on adopting an interdisciplinary research methodology that considers both historical and contemporary (ethnographic) perspectives in order to gain holistic results. The second section lays out the structure of the book.
Doing Fieldwork in the Andamans
Authors: Zehmisch Philipp
Published: June 2017

Chapter 2 contextualizes the Andaman Islands as a fieldwork location. It has two major objectives: First, it serves to introduce the reader to the Andamans as a geographical, ecological, and political space and as a site of imagination. This representation of the islands concentrates on the interplay of discourses and policies which have shaped their global, national, and local perception as well as the everyday life of the Andaman population. Second, the chapter underlines the conflation of anthropological theory, fieldwork, and biographical transformations. It demonstrates how recent theoretical trends and paradigm shifts in global and academic discourse have become enmeshed with the author’s experiences in and perceptions of the field. Elaborating on these intricate personal and professional ‘spectacles’ of the fieldworker, the author thus contextualizes the subjective conditions inherent in the production of ethnography as a type of literature.
Subaltern Migrations and the State
Authors: Zehmisch Philipp
Published: June 2017

This chapter considers the history of Andaman migration from the institutionalization of a penal colony in 1858 to the present. It unpicks the dynamic relationship between the state and the population by investigating genealogies of power and knowledge. Apart from elaborating on subaltern domination, the chapter also reconstructs subaltern agency in historical processes by re-reading scholarly literature, administrative publications, and media reports as well as by interpreting fieldwork data and oral history accounts. The first part of the chapter defines migration and shows how it applies to the Andamans. The second part concentrates on colonial policies of subaltern population transfer to the islands and on the effects of social engineering processes. The third part analyses the institutionalization of the postcolonial regime in the islands and elaborates on the various types of migration since Indian Independence. The final section considers contemporary political negotiations of migration in the islands.
Manifestations of History
Authors: Zehmisch Philipp
Published: June 2017

Chapter 5 analyses manifestations of history, that is, concrete historical legacies of power and knowledge in present-day Andaman society. The first section discusses the impact of hegemonic nationalist rhetoric—highlighting the role of bourgeois nationalist freedom fighters incarcerated in the Andamans—on the local sense and perception of history. The first section aims to show how politics of recognition influence the ways in which community actors constitute their present by narrating the subaltern past. The second section focuses on the manifestation of criminality as a crucial relation between the state and the population in the here and now. It shows that Andaman actors construct contemporary identities by referring to the criminal past of convicts deported to the islands; moreover, the institutionalization of criminality within the economic system of the Andaman divides the population into elite actors profiting from the black-market sector and subalterns whose participation in the same system brings them into continuous conflict with the law.
Uncovering the Silent Other
Authors: Zehmisch Philipp
Published: June 2017

Chapter 6 explores how the contracting of Ranchi labourers from Chotanagpur as successors to colonial convicts in the task of forest clearance and infrastructure development has conditioned their marginalized position in the Andaman society. Since the advent of their migration in 1918, racial stereotypes attached to their ‘aboriginality’ accompanied the Ranchis to the islands. Having been continuously exploited and discriminated against as ‘tribals’ by decision-makers and members of the Andaman society, the Ranchis remained, as a result, alienated from the lines of social mobility. A historical analysis of the Ranchis’ disenfranchisement in the first section of the chapter is followed by the presentation of three exemplary life histories of subaltern migrants in the second section. Here, the author underlines the argument that migration cannot be understood as a one-dimensional process of exploitation, but that the voices and perspectives of subalterns as silenced agents of history must be considered.
The Ranchis of Mini-India
Authors: Zehmisch Philipp
Published: June 2017

Chapter 7 examines the subaltern lifeworld of the Andaman Ranchis by investigating ‘classical’ topics of social, religious, and economic anthropology. The first section focuses on the construction of a particular local form of collective diasporic belonging. The author argues that ‘Ranchi-ness’ must be regarded as a hybrid combination of values, norms, and practices incorporating both traits from Chotanagpur as well as the larger Andaman society. By engaging with the transformation of aspects such as ethnicity, language, religion, kinship, and marriage practices in the migration situation, he portrays the boundaries of this ethnic community-in-the-making. The second part of the chapter illuminates the Ranchis’ processes of place-making in the margins of the state. It is argued that the condition of marginality was conducive to the creation of a self-sufficient subaltern lifeworld, in which Ranchi socio-economic practices evolved in response to the specific ecological conditions set by the environment.
Conclusion
Authors: Zehmisch Philipp
Published: June 2017

The conclusion summarizes the argument and serves to embed this anthropological contribution—and challenge—to the Subaltern Studies project within the larger academic landscape. Elaborating on the tentative idea that the society of the Andamans may be called a ‘Subalternity Land’, the author revisits both larger themes and theories as well as localized places and ideas discussed throughout the book. In a final reflection on the future of the Andaman society, he attempts to imagine its place in a post-national world.
Only with Beauty Man Shall Play
Authors: Fischer-Lichte Erika
Published: June 2017

Chapter 1, ‘Only with Beauty Man Shall Play. Goethe’s Production of Ion in Weimar (1802)’, proceeds from Goethe’s and Schiller’s responses to the French Revolution. While Goethe hailed the Bildung of the individual—that is, the development of his potential to the full—as the substitute for a revolution, Schiller believed that it was the aesthetic education of the individual that would finally result in a free state. The production of a Greek tragedy as an autonomous work of art that precluded the formation of empathy in the spectator (contrary to the domestic tragedy) was supposed to offer the spectator the possibility of aesthetic distance and thus enable him to acquire Bildung. To this end, Goethe developed a completely new aesthetics that the majority of spectators rejected—Ion turned out to be a flop.
After the Institutionalization of Bildung
Authors: Fischer-Lichte Erika
Published: June 2017

Chapter 2, ‘After the Institutionalization of Bildung: The Potsdam Antigone of 1841’, traces the successful production of Antigone in Potsdam back to developments that began in Prussia after the devastating Napoleonic Wars—particularly to Wilhelm von Humboldt’s reform of the school system and his foundation of Berlin University. Both contributed to Philhellenism by focusing on the study of the Greek language at the Gymnasium and on Altertumswissenschaften (Classics) at the university. The emergence of historicism is identified and discussed as another important precondition that allowed for a new attitude towards the ‘foreignness’ of ancient Greek theatre, resulting in a new theatre aesthetics that maintained the idea of the ‘foreign’ but without alienating the spectator. The Potsdam Antigone created a model for performances of Greek tragedies not only in Prussia but also in other German states, and beyond. This model proved successful almost until the end of the nineteenth century.
Wagner’s Gesamtkunstwerk and Nietzsche’s Vision of Ancient Greek Theatre
Authors: Fischer-Lichte Erika
Published: June 2017

Chapter 3 deals with ‘Wagner’s Gesamtkunstwerk and Nietzsche’s Vision of Ancient Greek Theatre’ with regard to the emergence of a new image of ancient Greece that would rival the Winckelmannian image from that point on. Wagner’s Gesamtkunstwerk is described as an attempt not to return to ancient Greece but to revive ancient Greek theatre by taking into account the conditions of the modern world, as Nietzsche similarly interpreted it in his treatise The Birth of Tragedy out of the Spirit of Music (1872). The truly revolutionary aspects of the image of Greece as developed in this treatise are examined. While Winckelmann only considered the Apollonian side of Greek culture and art, Nietzsche complemented it by focusing on its Dionysian side, thus opening up an absolutely novel approach to Greek tragedy for the future.
On the Origins of Theatre and its Link to the Past
Authors: Fischer-Lichte Erika
Published: June 2017

Chapter 8, ‘On the Origins of Theatre and its Link to the Past: The Schaubühne’s Antiquity Projects of 1974 and 1980’, retraces another approach from the 1970s. Instead of explicit politicization, the Schaubühne reflected on the past’s inaccessibility and its consequences in both of its projects. Regarding Grüber’s The Bacchae (1974) the point is made that the text’s dismemberment and the creation of unrelated enigmatic images of the past reveal the impossibility of constructing an identity by referring back to this past. Peter Stein’s Oresteia (1980) reflected on the ambiguity of an old text written in a long-dead language and on the problems of how to bring it back to life again, this way creating a new form of philosophical theatre. The two projects mark the end of 200 years of the Bildungsbürgertum’s affinity with ancient Greek culture by shattering the assumptions on which this identification was founded.
Red Saxony
Authors: Retallack James
Published: June 2017

This book throws new light on the reciprocal relationship between political modernization and authoritarianism in Germany over the span of six decades. Election battles were fought so fiercely in Imperial Germany because they reflected two kinds of democratization. Social democratization could not be stopped; but political democratization was opposed by many members of the German bourgeoisie. Frightened by the electoral success of Social Democrats after 1871, anti-democrats deployed many strategies that flew in the face of electoral fairness. They battled socialists, liberals, and Jews at election time, but they also strove to rewrite the electoral rules of the game. Using a regional lens to rethink older assumptions about Germany’s changing political culture, this book focuses as much on contemporary Germans’ perceptions of electoral fairness as on their experiences of voting. It devotes special attention to various semi-democratic voting systems whereby a general and equal suffrage (for the Reichstag) was combined with limited and unequal ones for local and regional parliaments. For the first time, democratization at all three tiers of governance and their reciprocal effects are considered together. Although the bourgeois face of German authoritarianism was nowhere more evident than in the Kingdom of Saxony, this book illustrates how Germans grew to fear the spectre of democracy. Certainly twists and turns lay ahead, yet that fear made it easier for Hitler and the Nazis to inter German democracy in 1933.
Suffrage Reform as Coup d’État
Authors: Retallack James
Published: June 2017

In the period 1894 to 1902 Saxons demonstrated that the expansion of voting rights could be slowed and actually reversed. This chapter shows how right-wing politicians, statesmen, municipal councilors, and others used a perceived crisis following political assassinations in mid-1894 to refocus middle-class fears on the “threat” of socialism. At the national level, calls for a coup d’état against the Reichstag dovetailed with less dramatic calls to action against Social Democracy. When these appeals yielded meager results, Saxons responded by passing a reform of their Landtag’s suffrage in 1896: it replaced a relatively equitable system with unequal three-class voting. Socialists disappeared from the Landtag, and the Reichstag elections of 1898 were unexciting. In the period 1898–1902 Saxon Conservatism reached the zenith of its power. But Social Democratic outrage over “suffrage robbery” had already planted the seeds of a political reversal.
Dance
Authors: Retallack James
Published: June 2017

The long process leading to passage of Saxony’s plural suffrage in January 1909 was described as a “dance.” This chapter begins with a brief overview of how the new suffrage was debated in committee and on the floor of the Landtag. This section digs below the surface of parliamentary rhetoric to try to discover the principal actors’ motives for defending one suffrage proposal over another. The next section examines the Saxon government’s proposal (July 1907) for a hybrid voting system, and the majority parties’ opposition to it. Then Saxony’s final legislative “dance” is analyzed against the backdrop of Social Democratic street protests and last-minute disagreements between National Liberals and Conservatives. A last section examines the calculations of Saxon statisticians and others who wanted to let “just enough” Social Democrats into the Landtag. They attempted to calculate which socio-economic groups would be eligible to receive extra ballots under the plural suffrage.
Democracy Deferred
Authors: Retallack James
Published: June 2017

The first two sections of this chapter cover the war years 1914–18. The first section considers the salience of suffrage issues in the effort to establish a “new order” in Germany. The crumbling legitimacy of the German and Saxon states is examined, particularly after July 1917. The second section examines the parliamentary and suffrage reforms that arrived in Saxony at the eleventh hour, before the Second Reich collapsed in war and revolution in November 1918. An intermezzo follows, provided by Mark Twain’s fictional account of The Curious Republic of Gondour and its plural suffrage. Concluding remarks underscore this book’s contribution to debates about long-term continuities in German history, the processes of social and political democratization, and the best ways to study electoral culture. This section argues that both kinds of election battles—election campaigns and suffrage reforms—need to be studied together.
Building I
Authors: Bennett Karen
Published: June 2017

To introduce the concept of a building relation, this chapter presents six candidates as a way of ostending the phenomenon. Though these relations differ from each other in various ways, they resemble each other in other ways. They form a unified family. The chapter goes on to explore what that even means—what it means to say that any set of properties or relations ‘forms a unified family’. That building relations form a unified family does not require that one of them be somehow privileged. Indeed, the chapter argues against the claim that there is a single, highly general building relation that is more natural or fundamental than the particular versions.
Building II
Authors: Bennett Karen
Published: June 2017

This chapter argues for a particular way of characterizing what it takes for a relation to count as a building relation. All building relations are a) asymmetric and irreflexive, b) necessitating in a very particular sense, and c) license generative talk. Each aspect of this characterization is discussed at length. Along the way, various recent defenses of the claim that such relations can hold symmetrically or reflexively are considered and rejected. Further, building necessitarianism is distinguished from building determinism; the latter is endorsed but the former is not. At the end, several possible additional requirements are considered, though none are accepted.
Absolute Fundamentality
Authors: Bennett Karen
Published: June 2017

After some methodological preliminaries, this chapter untangles three distinct threads that are involved in current talk of fundamentality. One is independence, the thought that something is fundamental just in case it is unbuilt. A second is completeness, the thought that something is fundamental just in case it is one of the things that jointly determine everything else. A third is naturalness, made famous by David Lewis and recently expanded by Ted Sider. The chapter establishes a number of theses about the relation between these notions—such as the claim that if and only if building is transitive and well-founded, the set of all and only the independent entities is minimally complete. The chapter also argues that independence is the best notion of absolute fundamentality. To be fundamental is to be unbuilt.
Brain-Dead Donors on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation*
Authors: Bronchard Régis , Durand Louise , Legeai Camille , Cohen Johana , Guerrini Patrice , Bastien Olivier
Published: June 2017

Objectives:

To describe donors after brain death with ongoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and to analyze the outcome of organs transplanted from these donors.

Design:

Retrospective analysis of the national information system run by the French Biomedicine Agency (CRISTAL database).

Setting:

National registry data of all donors after brain death in France and their organ recipients between 2007 and 2013.

Patients:

Donors after brain death and their organ recipients.

Interventions:

None.

Measurements and Main Results:

During the study period, there were 22,270 brain-dead patients diagnosed in France, of whom 161 with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Among these patients, 64 donors on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and 10,805 donors without extracorporeal membrane oxygenation had at least one organ retrieved. Donors on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation were significantly younger and had more severe intensive care medical conditions (hemodynamic, biological, renal, and liver insults) than donors without extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. One hundred nine kidneys, 37 livers, seven hearts, and one lung were successfully transplanted from donors on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. We found no significant difference in 1-year kidney graft survival (p = 0.24) and function between recipients from donors on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (92.7% [85.9–96.3%]) and matching recipients from donors without extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (95.4% [93.0–97.0%]). We also found no significant difference in 1-year liver recipient survival (p = 0.91): 86.5% (70.5–94.1) from donors on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation versus 80.7% (79.8–81.6) from donors without extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Conclusions:

Brain-dead patients with ongoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation have more severe medical conditions than those without extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. However, kidney graft survival and function were no different than usual. Brain-dead patients with ongoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation are suitable for organ procurement.
Chandelier Illumination for Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty
Authors: Shimizu Toshiki , Hayashi Takahiko , Yuda Kentaro , Tsuchiya Ayako , Oyakawa Itaru , Mizuki Nobuhisa , Kato Naoko
Published: June 2017

Purpose:

To describe a simple technique that uses posterior chandelier illumination during Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty in cases of severe bullous keratopathy (BK).

Methods:

Five eyes of 4 patients with advanced BK undergoing Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty were retrospectively analyzed. The pupil of the host eye was not treated with mydriatic or miotic agents. The chandelier illuminator was inserted transconjunctivally into the vitreous cavity from the pars plana.

Results:

In all eyes, BK was secondary to laser iridotomy, which was performed for prevention or treatment of angle closure glaucoma. The implanted graft was clearly confirmed in the anterior chamber using activated chandelier illumination. The graft was immediately attached to the host cornea, with eventual healing of BK in all eyes. No complication involving insertion or removal of the 25-gauge trocar and the chandelier illuminator was observed. No vision-threatening complication was observed in any of the 5 eyes.

Conclusions:

The chandelier illuminator provided good visibility of the anterior chamber and enhanced the safety of surgery by preventing formation of an inverted graft.
Prevention and Management of Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty Complications
Authors: Quilendrino Ruth , Rodriguez-Calvo de Mora Marina , Baydoun Lamis , Ham Lisanne , van Dijk Korine , Dapena Isabel , Oellerich Silke , Melles Gerrit R. J.
Published: June 2017

Purpose:

To describe Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) complications and strategies for their prevention and management.

Methods:

Five hundred consecutive eyes with DMEK of 393 patients were reviewed in this retrospective study for intraoperative and postoperative complications up to 2 years and for corresponding management.

Results:

Intraoperative challenges (difficult graft unfolding/positioning, high vitreous pressure, iris root hemorrhage, and Descemet membrane remnants) were encountered in 81 eyes (16.2%). Visually significant graft detachment was the main postoperative complication (34 eyes, 6.8%). Graft failure occurred in 8 eyes (1.6%). Other postoperative complications were an increase of intraocular pressure/decompensated glaucoma in 48 eyes (9.6%), significant cataract in 11 of 124 phakic eyes (8.9%), allograft rejection in 7 eyes (1.4%), cystoid macular edema in 5 eyes (1.0%), microbial keratitis in 2 eyes (0.4%), and retinal detachment in 1 eye (0.2%). Different strategies for prevention and management of these complications have been identified.

Conclusions:

DMEK shows acceptable rates of complications up to 2 years after surgery, which can be managed successfully. Anticipation of potential challenges and difficulties may aid in modifying intraoperative strategies for predisposed eyes. This knowledge may further minimize complications, in particular, when performing DMEK for an extended spectrum of corneal endothelial disorders.
CYP1B1 Cytopathy: Uncommon Phenotype of a Homozygous CYP1B1 Deletion as Internal Corneal Ulcer of Von Hippel
Authors: Oliva-Biénzobas Valeria , Navas Alejandro , C. Astiazarán Mirena , Chacón-Camacho Oscar Francisco , A. Bermúdez-Magner Jose , Takane Mariana , Graue-Hernández Enrique , Zenteno Juan Carlos
Published: June 2017

Purpose:

To report a mutation of CYP1B1 in a newborn with a rare phenotype without the classic features of anterior segment dysgenesis or congenital glaucoma.

Methods:

The newborn presented with diffuse corneal edema and bilaterally elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). Ophthalmological examination, ultrasound, and ultrasound biomicroscopy were performed; congenital infections were ruled out. Genetic analysis was performed. The patient underwent penetrating keratoplasty and goniotomy in a single surgical time. The button was subjected to histopathological examination.

Results:

The patient is the first child of young, healthy, consanguineous parents. Ophthalmological examination revealed visual acuity of light perception and increased IOP in both eyes. CYP1B1 gene analysis demonstrated homozygosity for a 1-bp deletion in exon 2 (c.830delT). IOP was normalized, and the corneal button was clear after surgical treatment. Histopathological analysis revealed loss of the Bowman membrane in the central cornea, fibrosis of the stroma, absence of endothelial cells, and loss of Descemet membrane centrally.

Conclusions:

We present an uncommon mutation and clinical description of CYP1B1. This report and further studies could provide us better understanding of the mutational spectrum of CYP1B1.