bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BIOLOGY OF AGAPETA ZOEGANA (LEPIDOPTERA: COCHYLIDAE), PROPAGATED FOR THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF KNAPWEEDS (ASTERACEAE)
Authors: Powell George W. , Wikeem Brian M. , Sturko Allen
Published: November 2009

We examined the influence of temperature and release density on the root-boring moth, Agapeta zoegana L., a biological control agent of diffuse knapweed, Centaurea diffusa Lam., and spotted knapweed, Centaurea maculosa Lam. Moths were released at six densities (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 adult male–female pairs) in each of 2 years (1992 and 1993 cohorts) into outdoor, caged plots containing spotted knapweed. Air temperature, larval establishment and mass, and adult emergence, mass, and body dimensions were measured. Larval production increased linearly with adult release density in both cohorts. Larval survival ranged from 0 to 100% and was not correlated with release density or accumulated degree-days in either year. Date of first emergence occurred earlier as both release density and larvae per plant increased, but only for the 1992 cohort. Declining resources or increased contact among the larvae may induce early pupation. Peak emergence rate increased with release density in both cohorts. First emergence was related more closely to calendar date than accumulated degree-days. In contrast, peak emergence rates were more consistent with degree-day accumulations between cohorts than calendar date. Adult production increased with parental release density in both cohorts. Females were heavier, wider, and longer than males. Optimal A. zoegana production will be achieved with releases of greater than 1.6 male–female adult pairs per spotted knapweed plant.
SEX PHEROMONE OF CONOPHTHORUS PONDEROSAE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN A COASTAL STAND OF WESTERN WHITE PINE (PINACEAE)
Authors: Miller Daniel R. , Pierce Harold D. , de Groot Peter , Jeans-Williams Nicole , Bennett Robb , Borden John H.
Published: November 2009

An isolated stand of western white pine, Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don, on Texada Island (49°40′N, 124°10′W), British Columbia, is extremely valuable as a seed-production area for progeny resistant to white pine blister rust, Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fisch. (Cronartiaceae). During the past 5 years, cone beetles, Conophthorus ponderosae Hopkins (= C. monticolae), have severely limited crops of western white pine seed from the stand. Standard management options for cone beetles in seed orchards are not possible on Texada Island. A control program in wild stands such as the one on Texada Island requires alternate tactics such as a semiochemical-based trapping program. Females of the related species, Conophthorus coniperda (Schwarz) and Conophthorus resinosae Hopkins, produce (+)-pityol, (2R,5S)-2-(1-hydroxyl-l-methylethyl)-5-methyl-tetrahydrofurana, sex pheromone that attracts males of both species (Birgersson et al. 1995; Pierce et al. 1995). The host compound a-pinene significantly increases attraction of male C. coniperda to pityol-baited traps in stands of eastern white pine, Pinus strobus L. (de Groot et al. 1998).
DIATOMACEOUS EARTH TO CONTROL CRYPTOLESTES FERRUGINEUS (COLEOPTERA: CUCUJIDAE) IN STORED BARLEY IN FARM GRANARIES
Authors: Fields Paul G. , Korunic Zlatko
Published: November 2009

Granary trials to determine the efficacy of an enhanced diatomaceous earth (DE) formulation (Protect-It™) at 0.15 kg DE/t grain to control grain-feeding beetles in barley, Hordeum vulgare L. (Poaceae), were conducted at Glenlea, Manitoba. During the test, the grain moisture content ranged from 11 to 13%, and grain temperature ranged from 27 to 2 °C. The bulk density of barley was reduced 10–20 kg/m3 by the addition of diatomaceous earth. Adults of the rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), were released onto the top surface of the grain of each granary, producing an average density of approximately 4 insects/kg grain. Using Berlese funnels to extract insects from grain samples there was a 95% reduction in adults and an 80% reduction in larvae found in treated grain compared with untreated grain, 1 month after releasing insects into the grain. There was a 95% or greater decrease in the total number of insects caught with probe pitfall traps in the treated barley compared with the untreated barley for all sampling dates. For the confined populations, 200 adult C. ferrugineus or Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) (red flour beetle) were held in screened jars in the grain until the end of October, and there was over a 99% reduction in both insect species, compared with insects held on untreated grain. These results indicate that this diatomaceous earth formulation can control C. ferrugineus in barley in granaries at 0.15 kg DE/t grain.
MERIDIC DIET FOR ENDOPIZA VITEANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Nagarkatti Sudha , Muza Andrew , Saunders Michael
Published: November 2009

The grape beny moth, Endopiza viteana (Clemens), is the key pest of cultivated grapes in the eastern United States and Canada (Gleissner 1943; Ker 1990). Laboratory techniques have been developed for large-scale rearing of this tortricid (Taschenberg 1951, 1969) using grape berries of Vitis vinifera L. (Vitaceae) and locally grown varieties. The use of grape berries is unsatisfactory because berries attract fruit flies, develop mold, and rot rapidly at normal laboratory temperatures (Taschenberg 1969). In this paper, we describe a diet for rearing E. viteana and the process that was undertaken in its development.
EXPOSING LARVAE OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) TO SUBLETHAL DOSES OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS SUBSP. KURSTAKI DOES NOT AFFECT SURVIVAL DURING THE PUPAL STAGE
Authors: van Frankenhuyzen Kees , Dedes John
Published: November 2009

A process-oriented model was recently developed to simulate the efficacy of spray products containing Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subsp. kurstaki (Bacillaceae) against the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens (Cooke and Régnière 1996). The model accurately predicted foliage protection and larval population reduction during validation spray trials (Régnière and Cooke 1998; Cooke and Régnière 1999). The impact of treatment on budworm generation survival was generally well mimicked by the model except for a consistent overestimation of survival at the end of immature development in the treated plots. Régnière and Cooke (1998) speculated that residual mortality due to treatment may be occurring during the pupal stage. Carry-over of B. thuringiensis from larvae to pupae has been documented for spruce budworm (Klein and Lewis 1966) and several other Lepidoptera (Legner and Oatman 1962; Angus 1965). Although we recently investigated the response of spruce budworm larvae to ingestion of sublethal doses of B. thuringiensis (Pedersen et al. 1997), effects on pupal survival or adult emergence were not examined. In this note, we report the results of an experiment designed to assess such effects.
NYMPHAL DENSITY AND LIFE HISTORIES OF TWO WATER STRIDERS (HEMIPTERA: GERRIDAE)
Authors: Harada Tetsuo , Spence John R.
Published: November 2009

We used laboratory experiments to study the effects of rearing density on nymphal duration, dispersal dimorphism, and reproduction of two wing-dimorphic water strider species, Gerris buenoi Kirkaldy (wing morphs macropterous and micropterous) and Gerris pingreensis Drake and Hottes (mainly apterous and macropterous), that specialize, respectively, in temporary and permanent habitats. First-instar nymphs from field-collected or laboratory-cultured parents were reared with superabundant food at high (2900 or 3100 first-instar individuals/m2) or low (145 or 155 first-instar individuals/m2) starting density under a photoperiod of 19L:5D and at 20 ± 2 °C. Average nymphal period of both species under high density was significantly shorter by 4–5 d than under low density. There were no significant differences in percent survival between densities in either species. In G. pingreensis all new adults were apterous and entered reproductive diapause. In contrast, both wing morphs were expressed in G. buenoi; however, a lower proportion of macropters emerged under high density than under low density. All females of G. buenoi tested were reproductively active, regardless of wing morph. There was no effect of density on preoviposition period for G. buenoi of either wing morph, although preoviposition period was about twice as long in long-winged as in short-winged females. In G. buenoi, nymphal crowding promotes development of nonflying reproductives, which allocate nutritional resources to rapid reproduction rather than dispersal, at least when food conditions are sufficient. In G. pingreensis, nymphs that develop faster under crowding may be less subject to cannibalism and intraguild predation.
DESIGN FOR A LOW-COST, COVERED, RAMP PITFALL TRAP
Authors: Bouchard Patrice , Wheeler Terry A. , Goulet Henri
Published: November 2009

Pitfall traps are used extensively to sample ground-dwelling arthropods for systematic and ecological studies. They are inexpensive and easy to use and can be operated for relatively long periods of time without maintenance. These traps can collect arthropods in numbers that are suitable for rigorous statistical analysis, although their efficiency is influenced by many biotic and abiotic variables (Greenslade 1964; Spence and Niemelä 1994). Typically, pitfall traps are most productive when they are buried in the substrate, with the upper edge flush with the soil surface; traps with their upper edge above the substrate are much less effective (Greenslade 1964). Because of this, studies of ground-dwelling arthropods in habitats where soil is thin or lacking, or where digging is difficult, are left with no satisfactory alternatives to pitfall traps. A ramp pitfall trap developed by Bostanian et al. (1983) is useful in these habitats because it can be placed on the ground surface without digging. However, the original metal design was strongly biased toward the collection of large (>10 mm) ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) (Bostanian et al. 1983); it was also large, bulky, and relatively expensive. In this paper, we describe a ramp pitfall trap that is inexpensive, easily constructed, and durable. The trap is light, portable, easily installed, and effective in collecting all sizes of arthropods and can be used in many habitat types.
REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OF LAUXANIA (DIPTERA: LAUXANIIDAE)
Authors: Pérusse Joëlle R. , Wheeler Terry A.
Published: November 2009

The North American species of Lauxania Latreille are revised. The genus contains five Nearctic species: L. albiseta Coquillett, L. glabrifronssp.nov., L. kafaristasp.nov., L. nigrimana Coquillett, and L. shewellisp.nov. All Nearctic species are illustrated and keyed. Consistent genitalic differences between Nearctic and Palaearctic specimens of the species usually identified as Lauxania cylindricornis (Fabricius) justify the recognition of the Nearctic specimens as a distinct species (L. shewelli). The male genitalia of Lauxania represent two types: the apparently plesiomorphic type has a simple rodlike phallapodeme, membranous phallus, and pointed unbranched postgonites; the apomorphic type has the phallapodeme expanded into a sclerotized hood surrounding the base of the phallus, a convoluted sclerotized phallus, and branched postgonites. These two genitalic types also occur in the related genus Calliopum Strand, which provides strong evidence that these genera, as currently recognized, may not be monophyletic relative to one another.
DISTRIBUTION OF BEMISIA TABACI (HEMIPTERA: ALEYRODIDAE) BIOTYPES IN ITALY
Authors: Demichelis Stefano , Bosco Domenico , Manino Aulo , Marian Daniele , Caciagli Piero
Published: November 2009

Esterase banding patterns in native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, squash silver leaf (SSL) induction, and tomato yellow leaf curl begomovirus-Sardinia (TYLCV-Sar) transmission capability were investigated to evaluate variations among populations of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) from Italy and to relate their distribution to their geographic origin. Adults of the B biotype, adults of the Q-like biotype (which is similar to a Spanish biotype), and adults without esterase bands were found. The B biotype has been found in Italy since 1989. Two populations, including mainly B and Q-like biotypes, showed similar TYLCV-Sar transmission efficiency, independent of esterase banding pattern. Only populations from Liguria and Sardinia, which contained almost exclusively B-biotype individuals, were able to induce SSL. We observed that adults of the B biotype are widespread in greenhouses of northern Italy and Sardinia, whereas those of the Q-like biotype are present only in fields of southern Italy. These results suggest that the B biotype of B. tabaci was introduced into Italy likely while trading ornamental plants, whereas the Q-like biotype is native to the Mediterranean region.
REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENTAL PHENOLOGY OF IPS PERTURBATUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) INHABITING WHITE SPRUCE (PINACEAE)
Authors: Robertson Ian C.
Published: November 2009

Three white spruces, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss (30–35 cm diameter at breast height), felled in central Alberta, were colonized by Ips perturbatus (Eichhoff) beginning in late May 1999. The mean (±SE) density of breeding galleries on the trees was 217 ± 23/m2 (n = 30). Harem size ranged from one to four females per gallery, with a mean of 2.1 ± 0.6 (n = 90). Tunnel excavation and oviposition occurred primarily during the first 3 weeks after gallery initiation. Individual females laid 48.9 ± 2.5 eggs (n = 30) in galleries that reached 10.0 ± 0.3 cm in length (n = 45). Males assisted their mates by removing frass and woody debris from the tunnels. Males remained in their galleries for at least 1 week, although there was gradual attrition such that < 15% of males remained after 6 weeks. Large males abandoned their galleries sooner than small males. In contrast, females were present in almost half of the oviposition tunnels examined after 6 weeks, and there was no significant relationship between female size and residence time. Mortality from egg to adult was high (98%) during this 1-year study, likely a result of the intense crowding of galleries. Adult offspring were found beneath the bark in mid-July, although the main emergence did not begin until mid-September. Because such late emergence would be too late for these individuals to reproduce before winter, I conclude that I. perturbatus has only one generation per year in central Alberta.
INSECTS AND TEMPERATURE—DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Gilbert N. , Raworth D.A.
Published: November 2009

Cohorts of Pieris rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) were reared at different temperatures on three substrates: plants in growth chambers, plants in field cages, and artificial medium. Pupal weight and larval development times were measured. The data were analyzed to determine the effect of temporal changes in substrate on pupal weight. When cohorts were reared on whole plants, average pupal weight declined with increasing time to pupation. For cohorts on potted plants in growth chambers, the rate of decline decreased as temperature increased from 15 to 27 °C. But, for cohorts on plants in field cages, the rate of decline increased as temperature increased from 16 to 25 °C. We speculate that the former trend resulted from plant deterioration, especially at low temperatures, and the latter from larval competition at high temperatures. When larvae were reared on potted plants to the late II or early III instar and then transferred to artificial medium, deterioration of the medium at temperatures below 20 and above 27 °C caused pupal weight to decline significantly with increasing time to pupation, whereas between 20 and 27 °C, pupal weight was constant or increased with increasing time to pupation. Development times of larvae from cohorts reared on plants in growth chambers showed no consistent differences from those of larvae from cohorts reared on artificial medium, at any temperature (overall averages: 187 and 184 day-degrees above 10 °C, on plants versus medium). Pupal weights are determined by the ratio of growth rate to development rate (Appendix). Therefore, the observed differences in pupal weight reflect differences in growth rates rather than differences in development rates. The results show that, depending on temperature, substrate deterioration may seriously affect laboratory studies of herbivore growth and that there are important interactions between temperature and host-plant growth conditions that may make extrapolation of laboratory estimates of herbivore growth to field conditions tenuous.
FOUR NEW SPECIES OF BDELYRUS (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE: SCARABAEINAE) AND A REDESCRIPTION OF BDELYRUS LAGOPUS
Authors: Cook Joyce
Published: November 2009

Four new species of the Neotropical scarabaeid genus Bdelyrus Harold are described: Bdelyrus asheisp.nov., Bdelyrus cochabambaesp.nov., Bdelyrus iquitosensissp.nov., and Bdelyrus ecuadoraesp.nov. This brings the total to 27 species of Bdelyrus. Bdelyrus lagopus Harold is redescribed and illustrated. A key to all known species of Bdelyrus is provided. Illustrations, a range map, and a revised phylogenetic tree are included. Inclusion of these new species in the revised phylogenetic analysis did not alter significantly the relationships among the 23 species included in the original analysis.
REDESCRIPTION OF LIPAROCEPHALUS LITORALIS, AND KEY TO THE SPECIES OF LIPAROCEPHALUS (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE: ALEOCHARINAE)
Authors: Maruyama Munestoshi , Ahn Kee-Jeong
Published: November 2009

Liparocephalus litoralis Kirschenblatt is redescribed from specimens recently collected and illustrated. Additional data on its geographical distribution (Kuril Islands, Russia, and Hokkaido, Japan) are added. A modified key is provided to differentiate L. litoralis from the other recognized species of the genus Liparocephalus Mäklin.
SUSCEPTIBILITY AND VULNERABILITY OF THIRD-INSTAR LARVAE OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) TO BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS SUBSP. KURSTAKI
Authors: Massé Aurélie , van Frankenhuyzen Kees , Dedes John
Published: November 2009

A droplet-imbibing assay was used to assess the susceptibility of third-instar larvae of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens, to Foray 48B, a commercial formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki containing 12.7 billion international units (IU) per litre. We observed an LD50 of 1.17 IU/larva for third instars, as compared with 3.96 IU/larva for fifth instars. Comparison with previously published data on susceptibility of later instars revealed that third instars were two-to three-fold more susceptible to Foray 48B than fourth and fifth instars and about eightfold more susceptible than sixth instars. Vulnerability of third instars to simulated aerial spray deposits was investigated by using potted balsam firs, Abies balsamea L. Potted trees were infested in the greenhouse when the buds were starting to swell, using a density of about one newly emerged second-instar larva per bud. When 90% of the larvae had reached the third instar and 52% of the buds were breaking (4 d after infesting), infested twigs were harvested and sprayed with undiluted Foray 48B in a spray chamber. Spray droplets on the buds measured between 25 and 125 μm in diameter, with 80% having a diameter of 80 μm or less. A density of 4.2 ± 1.0 droplets per bud resulted in spruce budworm mortality of 83.4 ± 4.0% and a corresponding reduction in larval density of 86.5 ± 3.9% (means ± SD, n = 6) after 5 d at 25 °C. Results of the spray chamber test suggest that third-instar spruce budworms were able to acquire a lethal dose, despite their concealed feeding habits.
NUCLEOPOLYHEDROVIRUS PATHOLOGY IN SPRUCE BUDWORM LARVAE
Authors: Barrett J.W. , Ladd T.R. , Primavera M.J. , Retnakaran A. , Sohi S.S. , Palli S.R.
Published: November 2009

Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (CfMNPV) expressing green fluorescent protein was used to study aspects of nucleopolyhedrovirus infection in the spruce budworm. The temporal and spatial distribution of fluorescence indicated that the virus infected the midgut, entered the tracheal system, and traveled to the epidermis, fat body, and muscles. In contrast to Autographa californica (Speyer) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) infection, hemocytes from infected C. fumiferana did not exhibit fluorescence until after CfMNPV had passed from the midgut into the tracheae. Therefore the role of hemocytes may be limited during CfMNPV infection. Also the fluorescence pattern spread from the tracheolar cells to tracheal epithelial cells throughout the tracheal system. Our results indicate that the temporal and spatial events involved in CfMNPV infection of C. fumiferana larvae are consistent with those observed in other lepidopteran hosts infected with AcMNPV Minor deviations between these two systems may be attributed to differences in virulence, infection rate, and possibly host range of the virus.
THE OLDEST ANTS ARE CRETACEOUS, NOT EOCENE: COMMENT
Authors: Grimaldi David , Agosti Donat
Published: November 2009

The recent paper by Poinaret al.(1999), entitled “New amber deposit provides evidence of early paleogene extinctions, paleoclimates, and past distributions,” reports a new deposit of fossiliferous amber from the Eocene of British Columbia. This report of a significant discovery by one of the co-authors (Bruce Archibald) is compromised by unexplained statements that ants in this amber are the “earliest unequivocal ants.” They cited unpublished cladograms by Cesare Baroni Urbani as the source of information that showed that previous reports of ants in Cretaceous amber were not really ants.
THE OLDEST ANTS ARE CRETACEOUS, NOT EOCENE: REPLY
Authors: Poinar George , Urbani Cesare Baroni , Brown Alex
Published: November 2009

Our study of the Hat Creek amber (Poinar et al. 1999) was undertaken to determine the range of the biota in the resin, to identify the plant that produced the resin, and to assess the future implications of these significant deposits. The study was in no way “compromised” by providing an alternative interpretation of the systematic position of the genus Sphecomyrma Wilson and Brown.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF CONIFEROPHAGOUS BARK BEETLE PHEROMONES AND CONIFER ISOPRENOIDS: EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE AND SYNTHESIS
Authors: Seybold Steven J. , Bohlmann Jörg , Raffa Kenneth F.
Published: November 2009

In this overview we compare the significance and evolutionary history of two interacting biological systems, the conifer-feeding bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) and their host conifers (Gymnospermae: Coniferales and Taxales). Isoprenoid natural products play key roles in the aggregation of the bark beetles and in the defence of the conifers. Our approach is to couple the most recent advances in the biochemical and molecular literature on these systems with ecological and behavioral data to compare monoterpenoid pheromone biosynthesis in scolytids with monoterpene biosynthesis in conifers. This synthesis reveals and evaluates the evolutionary redundancy occurring in the biochemical systems of the insect and host. Although host monoterpenes may be utilized directly or as derivatives in aggregation by scolytids, oxygenated monoterpenes that are behaviorally active for scolytids have been rarely identified from their coniferous hosts.De novomonoterpenoid biosynthesis in the Scolytidae, a process that is likely to be rare among metazoans, is substantially different from monoterpene biosynthesis in the conifers. The pathways appear to be shared only at the late-stage reactions that follow the formation of isopentenyl diphosphate. Little is known of the regulation of monoterpene biosynthesis in conifers, but scolytids positively regulate monoterpenoid biosynthesis using a sesquiterpenoid hormone, juvenile hormone, which does not occur in conifers. Little is known of the subcellular site of synthesis of monoterpenoids in scolytids, but conifer monoterpene biosynthesis is compartmentalized in the plastids, which do not occur in scolytid cells. In addition to bark beetles and conifers, the vertebrate model presents one of the few systems in which isoprenoid synthesis has been studied enough to provide a meaningful comparison. Possible unique features of monoterpenoid pheromone biosynthesis in scolytids relative to isoprenoid biosynthesis in vertebrates include the following: (1) a monoterpenoid end product; (2) a hypothetically scolytid-specific prenyl transferase (= geranyl diphosphate synthase) that catalyzes the condensation of two five-carbon (C5) units, but does not catalyze additional condensation reactions with the C5monomelic unit; (3) a scolytid-specific monoterpene (myrcene) synthase; and (4) a scolytid-specific, transcriptional-level sesquiterpenoid isoprenoid regulatory mechanism. Features 2 and 3 may be shared with conifers. This review also updates the 1985 landmark scientific paper by John Borden by listing the references and species of coniferophagous Scolytidae for which aggregation pheromones have been identified since 1985.
TEMPERATURE REQUIREMENTS FOR PISSODES TERMINALIS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Maclauchlan Lorraine E. , Brooks Julie E.
Published: November 2009

Pissodes terminalis Hopping attacks the current year's leader growth of lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelmann (Pinaceae), causing its death or defects such as crooks, forks, and multiple leaders (Maher 1982). In southern British Columbia, the duration of the growing season can vary greatly among ecosystems as evidenced by the presence of several biogeoclimatic zones and subzones (Lloyd et al. 1990). In most of these zones, P. terminalis overwinters as fourth instar larva and adult emergence occurs the following season, thus requiring more than 1 year to complete its life cycle. However, in warmer ecosystems and in some silviculturally manipulated stands, its life cycle can be univoltine (Maclauchlan 1992; Cameron and Stark 1989). Knowledge of laboratory temperature requirements for P. terminalis development would enable future comparisons with field temperature accumulations and insect development.
TEMPORAL AND VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF BARK BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) CAPTURED IN BARRIER TRAPS AT BAITED AND UNBAITED LODGEPOLE PINES THE YEAR FOLLOWING ATTACK BY THE MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE
Authors: Safranyik L. , Linton D.A. , Shore T.L.
Published: November 2009

Bark beetles were trapped for two summers in a mature stand of lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelmann (Pinaceae), infested by mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, near Princeton, British Columbia. Columns of flight-barrier traps were suspended next to uninfested live trees and from dead brood trees containing new adult beetles. The brood trees had been treated in the previous year with mountain pine beetle pheromone bait alone or in combination with Ips pini Say (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) pheromone bait and subsequently killed by mountain pine beetles. A total of 3376 individuals from 30 species of Scolytidae were captured in the traps. Most of the species for which lodgepole pine is a nonhost or occasional host were captured in low numbers (one or two specimens). The most abundant species (> 30 individuals) were D. ponderosae, I. pini, Hylurgops porosus LeConte, Pityogenes knechteli Swaine, and Trypodendron lineatum Olivier. The treatments affected captures of mountain pine beetles and I. pini but only in the year when trees were either unbaited or baited simultaneously for mountain pine beetle and I. pini. There were significant differences among the five most abundant species in the mean heights and mean Julian dates of capture. In addition to host condition requirements, these differences reflected partitioning of the food and habitat resource and competitive interactions among species. There was no interaction between treatment and trap height, indicating that treatment did not affect the height distribution of flying beetles.
POPULATION TRENDS OF A SPECIALIST HERBIVORE, THE SPRUCE BUD MOTH, IN YOUNG WHITE SPRUCE STANDS
Authors: Ostaff Don P. , Quiring Dan T.
Published: November 2009

We investigated the factors responsible for changes in abundance of the spruce bud moth, Zeiraphera canadensis Mut. and Free. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in one unmanaged and several managed (i.e., planted) young white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench.) Voss (Pinaceae), stands in northern New Brunswick, Canada. Spruce bud moth densities declined when one stand closed (branches from neighbouring trees overlapped) and had already declined in another similarly aged closed stand, but remained high on 8- to 22-year-old open-grown white spruce. Both the intrageneration survival rate and the egg-to-moth ratios increased when population densities increased, and generally decreased, although the egg-to-moth ratio fluctuated, during the population decline in a managed stand. Increases in intrageneration survival rates of spruce bud moth on 5- to 10-year-old trees were due to increased larval or pupal survival. Crown closure explained 76 and 81% of the variability in larval and intrageneration survival, respectively, in four managed stands. The strong inverse relationship between larval survival and degree of crown closure resulted in statistically significant but spurious relationships between larval survival and larval density and between larval survival and tree age. A reduction in larval survival occurring as degree of crown closure increased was the most important factor influencing decreases in intrageneration survival at the beginning of population decline. Increases in the egg-to-moth ratio during the population increase, and decrease during population decline, suggested that dispersal behaviour and (or) realized fecundity of females also contributed to annual changes in population.
DISPERSAL OF TOMICUS PINIPERDA (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) FROM OPERATIONAL AND SIMULATED MILL YARDS
Authors: Poland T.M. , Haack R.A. , Petrice T.R. , Sadof C.S. , Onstad D.W.
Published: November 2009

The pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda (L.), is an exotic pest that is regulated by federal quarantines in the United States and Canada. Mark–release–recapture experiments were performed with infested logs coated with fluorescent powder to determine if overwintering beetles in logs would leave a mill yard if infested logs were transported to sawmills in uninfested areas. Overwintering T. piniperda adults were marked with powder as they emerged in spring. Dispersal studies were conducted in four simulated mill yards and five operational sawmills to determine whether T. piniperda would colonize only the log pile in which they overwintered, fly to nearby log piles, or disperse beyond the mill yard. Each simulated mill yard was composed of 36 uninfested red pine logs, Pinus resinosa Ait. (Pinaceae), and 12 α-pinene-baited funnel traps set up to 100 m from a central release pile of six uninfested red pine and nine infested logs of Scotch pine, Pinus sylvestris L. At the five operational sawmills, baited funnel traps were set up to 400 m outside of each mill yard. Overall, 482 T. piniperda galleries were found on the experimental logs recovered from the four simulated mill yards combined. Tomicus piniperda adults dispersed and attacked the most distant logs at 100 m from the release point in the simulated mill yards. Likewise, adults were captured in baited funnel traps at distances up to 230 m in simulated mill yards and 250 m around operational sawmills. Although numbers of recaptured T. piniperda were generally low, in all cases some adults dispersed outside the mill yards despite the presence of abundant suitable breeding material. Therefore, logs containing overwintering adults pose a risk of spreading T. piniperda if not processed prior to initiation of spring flight.
Host range, attack dynamics, and impact of Cryptorhynchus lapathi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Salix (Salicaceae) spp.
Authors: Broberg Cynthia L. , Borden John H. , Humble Leland M.
Published: November 2009

The poplar and willow borer, Cryptorhynchus lapathi (L.), known to be present in British Columbia since 1923, primarily attacks species of Salix L. (Salicaceae) and Populus L. (Salicaceae). Larvae bore into stems, causing them to break easily. The impact of the weevil has been rising in recent years because of the increasing importance of poplar and willow from both economic and ecological perspectives. We conducted a study at 45 locations in British Columbia to determine host use among native Salix spp. and the between- and within-tree dynamics of C. lapathi. There were 11 new host records, but the incidence of attack was similar among species. Attacked trees were larger in general and had more dead wood and stems, more adventitious branches per stem, more total breaks per stem, and more naturally caused breaks per stem than their attack-free neighbours. Breaks caused by C. lapathi tended to be slightly larger in diameter and lower on the stem than naturally caused breaks. Bases of stems were preferentially attacked, and C. lapathi selected large stems in which to oviposit. As large attack-free trees become less abundant, weevils apparently start to attack small-diameter stems. Although C. lapathi is adversely affecting the health of willows in British Columbia, there is no evidence that any Salix species is threatened by weevil-caused extinction.
Effect of maturation feeding period on survival of Tomicus piniperda (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Amezaga Ibone , Garbisu Carlos
Published: November 2009

Callow adults of the pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda L., were fed shoots of Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris L. (Pinaceae), to investigate the influences of shoot age and feeding duration on survival and weight of callow adults and to characterize the relationship between the volume of shoot tissue excavated and weight gain. Heavier callow adults had better survival than lighter ones, and survival was higher on current-year shoots than on 1-year-old shoots. A significant relationship was observed between the amount of tissue excavated by callow females on current-year shoots and their body weight gain, a trend not observed in callow males. These results suggest that beetle weight and survival may be reduced when availability of current-year shoots during maturation feeding is limited because of competition (i.e., during population outbreaks), thus negatively affecting the production of future generations.
Podabrus rugosulus (Coleoptera: Cantharidae), an opportunist predator of Mindarus abietinus (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Christmas tree plantations
Authors: Berthiaume Richard , Hébert Christian , Cloutier Conrad
Published: November 2009

The balsam twig aphid, Mindarus abietinus Koch, is a major pest of balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. (Pinaceae), grown as Christmas trees in eastern Canada and the United States (Nettleton and Hain 1982; Kleintjes 1997). This aphid has three or four generations from April to July, and overwinters as eggs on fir shoots. Mature fundatrices deposit progeny on new shoots in late May. Infested shoots develop into pseudogalls characterised by stunting and needle distortion, thus reducing the aesthetic value of trees.
Larval morphology of the tribe Matini (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae, Colymbetinae): descriptions ofBatrachomatus daemeli,Matus bicarinatus, andAllomatus nannupand phylogenetic relationships
Authors: Alarie Yves , Watts Chris H.S. , Nilsson Anders N.
Published: November 2009

Descriptions are presented of larval instars of three species of the colymbetine tribe Matini Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae),Batrachomatus daemeli(Sharp),Matus bicarinatus(Say), andAllomatus nannupWatts, including a chaetotaxic and porotaxic analysis of the cephalic capsule, head appendages, legs, last abdominal segment, and urogomphi. A parsimony analysis based on 32 informative larval characteristics was conducted with the computer program NONA. Members of the Matini are postulated to share a monophyletic origin based on (i) seta TR2 articulated anteroventroproximally on the trochanter; (ii) seta TR5 elongate on the metatrochanter; (iii) seta TA1 elongate and inserted proximally on the tarsus; (iv) antenomere III with a hole-like ventroapical spinula; (v) prementum with the primary setae LA2, LA3, LA4, LA5, and LA8 spine-like and elongate; (vi) presence of secondary setae on the cephalic appendages; and (vii) presence of additional primary setae on the last abdominal segment. A clade Matini + Colymbetini is postulated based on (i) metafemoral seta FE5; (ii) metafemoral seta FE6; (iii) seta TI6 on tibia, all elongate and hair-like; (iv) one-segmented urogomphus; (v) presence of an occipital suture in first instar; (vi) galea elongate; (vii) presence of natatory setae on legs; and (viii) presence of secondary setae on the urogomphus.
Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA reveals fine-scale genetic structure inPissodes strobi(Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Lewis Kornelia G. , Ritland Kermit , El-Kassaby Yousry A. , McLean John A. , Glaubitz Jeffry , Carlson John E.
Published: November 2009

To confirm patterns of diversity and differentiation found with isozymes and mitochondrial DNA, we surveyed 10 populations of the white pine weevil,Pissodes strobi(Peck), for randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Four weevil populations were sampled from Sitka spruce,Picea sitchensis(Bong.) Carr (Pinaceae), five from the "interior" spruce of British Columbia [admixtures of white spruce,Picea glauca(Moench) Voss, and Engelmann spruce,Picea engelmanni(Parry)], and one from Jack pine,Pinus banksianaLamb. (Pinaceae), in Ontario. In each population, 30–60 weevils were assayed with 10 RAPD primers, yielding 74 RAPD markers. Genetic analyses showed that populations from interior spruce and Jack pine formed a distinct complex; as well, Vancouver Island populations formed a distinct group within the Sitka populations. Levels of diversity, both in terms of polymorphic loci and expected heterozygosity, declined from east to west, supporting the contention thatP.strobioriginated in eastern North America and migrated west, and suggesting that biocontrol methods may be more effective on populations from Sitka spruce, owing to their reduced diversity. These results parallel an earlier isozyme study but, in contrast, the diversity differences and population relationships are demonstrated to be statistically significant, owing to both the much larger number of loci sampled and the attachment of statistical confidence intervals to estimates of diversity and differentiation.
Erannis tiliaria (Lepidoptere: Geometridae) males attracted to enantiomerically identical pheromone blend of Erannis defoliaria
Authors: Szöcs Gábor , Ötvös Imre S. , Sanders Chris
Published: November 2009

Erannis tiliaria Harr. and Erannis defoliaria Cl. are closely related species (Rindge 1975) that have similar external appearance and flight period. Erannis tiliaria occurs in North America, whereas E. defoliaria is confined to Europe. Erannis defoliaria occasionally damages oak, Quercus spp. L. (Fagaceae), and cheny, Prunus spp. L. (Rosaceae) (Reichart 1993). During its 1975 outbreak, E. tiliaria severely defoliated 200 000 ha of white and yellow birch, Betula alleghaniensis Britt. and Betula papyrifera Marsh. (Betulaceae), respectively (Howse et al. 1995).
Arthropod diversity in necrotic tissue of three species of columnar cacti (Cactaceae)
Authors: Castrezana Sergio , Markow Therese Ann
Published: November 2009

We compared the insect and arachnid species found in spring and summer samples of necrotic tissue of three species of columnar cacti, cardón [Pachycereus pringlei (S. Watson) Britten and Rose], organ-pipe (Stenocereus thurberi Buxb.), and senita [Lophocereus schottii (Engelm.) Britten and Rose] (all Cactaceae), endemic to the Sonoran Desert of North America. A total of 9380 arthropods belonging to 34 species, 23 families, 10 orders, and 2 classes were collected in 36 samples. Arthropod communities differed in composition among host cacti, as well as between seasons. These differences may be a function of variation in host characteristics, such as chemical composition and abiotic factors, such as water content or temperature.
Oviposition biology of Pissodes strobi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on white pine (Pinaceae) under laboratory conditions
Authors: Trudel Richard , Lavallée Robert , Bauce Éric
Published: November 2009

Studies were conducted to document the oviposition biology of female white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck. Data were recorded on female fecundity and daily feeding and oviposition activities. In addition, we compared fecundity of 1- and 2-year-old females. Female white pine weevils laid a mean ± SE total number of 132.3 ± 7.5 eggs (range 40–344 eggs) during an average oviposition period of 5.8 ± 0.4 weeks. It is during the first 5 weeks that white pine weevils lay the most eggs, with an egg-laying peak in the second week of the oviposition period. For a few females, egg production did not cease until the 22nd week. There was no difference between the number of eggs laid in the photophase and in the scotophase, but higher numbers of feeding punctures were observed during the night than during the day. The oviposition and feeding results for 2-year-old female white pine weevils were similar to those for 1-year-old females. This information contributes to the management of white pine weevils by providing a better understanding of some of the mechanisms of its population dynamics.
Chemical identification and behavioral activity of (Z)-11-tetradecenal in an eastern North American population of the obliquebanded leafroller
Authors: El-Sayed Ashraf M. , Fraser H.M. , Trimble R.M.
Published: November 2009

The sex pheromone of the obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), from the Niagara Peninsula, Ontario, was investigated using chemical analysis, GC–EAD, and field trapping experiments. The pheromone gland contained: (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14:Ac), (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11-14:Ac), (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-ol (Z11-14:OH), and (Z)-11-tetradecenal (Z11-14:Al). The average amounts of Z11-14:Ac, E11-14:Ac, Z11-14:OH, andZ11-14:Al were 40.40, 0.83, 0.47, and 0.13 ng/female, respectively. Eight other structurally related compounds, (E)-11-tetradecenal (E11-14:Al), (E)-11-tetradecen-1-ol (E11-14:OH), pentadecan-2-one (15-2kt), hexadecanal (16:Al), hexadecan-1-ol (16:OH), heptadecan-2-one (17-2kt), octadecanal (18:Al), and octadecyl acetate (18:Ac), were also identified. In a field trapping experiment, adding Z11-14:Al to lures containing a 100:3:5 blend of Z11-14:Ac, E11-14:Ac, and Z11-14:OH in an amount equal to 2% of the main component significantly increased the number of moths captured in apple, Malus domestica (Borkh.) (Rosaceae), orchards. The removal of Z11-14:Al from lures containing a 100:2:1.5:1 blend of Z11-14:Ac, E11-14:Ac, Z11-14:OH, and Z11-14:Al resulted in a > 50% reduction in the average total number of moths captured in a trap. This study provides the first evidence that Z11-14:Al is present in the pheromone of an eastern North American population of C. rosaceana.
Fitness, parasitoids, and biological control: an opinion
Authors: Roitberg B.D. , Boivin G. , Vet L.E.M.
Published: November 2009

Fitness, defined as theper capitarate of increase of a genotype with reference to the population carrying the associated genes, is a concept used by biologists to describe how well an individual performs in a population. Fitness is rarely measured directly and biologists resort to proxies more easily measured but with varying connection to fitness. Size, progeny survival, and developmental rate are the most common proxies used in the literature to describe parasitoid fitness. The importance of the proxies varies between papers looking at evolutionary theories and those assessing ecological applications. The most direct measures of fitness for parasitoids are realised fecundity for females and mating ability for males, although these proxies are more difficult to measure under natural conditions. For practical purposes, measure of size, through body size or mass, is the proxy easiest to use while providing good comparative values; however, care must be taken when using a single proxy, as proxies can be affected differently by rearing conditions of the parasitoid.
Species ofTrichomalopsis(Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) associated with filth flies (Diptera: Muscidae) in North America
Authors: Gibson Gary A.P. , Floate Kevin
Published: November 2009

Five species ofTrichomalopsisCrawford associated withHaematobia irritans(L.) (horn fly),Musca domesticaL. (house fly),Musca autumnalisDeGeer (face fly), andStomoxys calcitrans(L.) (stable fly) in North America are reviewed. The speciesTrichomalopsis americana(Gahan),Trichomalopsis dubia(Ashmead),Trichomalopsis sarcophagae(Gahan),Trichomalopsis tachinae(Gahan), andTrichomalopsis viridescens(Walsh) are described, keyed, and differentiated from other recognized North American species. Lectotypes are designated forT.dubia,T.sarcophagae, andT.tachinae. Distribution and host associations are recorded for the species.Trichomalopsis americanaandT.viridescensare newly recorded as parasitoids ofM.domestica;T.dubiaandT.sarcophagaeare also newly recorded as parasitoids ofHypoderma lineatum(Villers) (common cattle grub) andHypoderma bovis(L.) (northern cattle grub), respectively. Some previously published host associations and parasitoid identifications are corrected based on examination of voucher specimens. The known biology of each species is reviewed. The presence ofTrichomalopsis albipilosa(Gahan) in North America is considered to be erroneous based on a misidentification ofT.americana.
Oviposition deterrence to Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae): a source of resistance for durum wheat (Gramineae)
Authors: Lamb R.J. , Smith M.A.H. , Wise I.L. , Clarke P. , Clarke J.
Published: November 2009

Over 250 durum wheats, Triticum durum Desf., and close relatives were screened for resistance to the wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin). Less than 2% showed consistently reduced egg and larval densities in field and laboratory trials. Two related accessions named ’Kahla’ had stable, low larval infestation levels, which were about 30% of those in commercial durum wheat cultivars. No antibiosis was detected in durum wheats. The reduction in infestation by larvae was associated with a similar reduction in oviposition. The resistance reduced egg densities by 80% or more in choice and no-choice laboratory tests and by about 70% in the field. Egg group size was not affected, and therefore reduced oviposition must have resulted from the number of egg groups deposited by females. The resistance was not associated with any of 12 morphological traits that were quantified for spikes. ’Kahla’ is the first durum wheat identified to have resistance against the wheat midge.
New flea beetle genus and species (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae, Alticinae) from Central Africa
Authors: Biondi Maurizio
Published: November 2009

Celisaltica ruwenzorica, gen.nov., sp.nov., a flea beetle found at high elevations from Central Africa (Ruwenzori) is described. This new genus is closely related to the genus Manobia Jacoby, 1885 but is easily distinguishable mainly by the pronotal antebasal sulcus being almost completely absent, pronotum basally weakly narrowed, antennal segments 9–10 subglobose, and antennal segment 11 subglobose–asymmetric. Line drawings of male and female genitalia and scanning electronic micrographs of particular morphological aspects of Celisaltica ruwenzorica are provided. The genus Afroalytus Scherer, 1961 is synonymized with the genus Manobia Jacoby, 1885 (syn.nov.).