bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychological and psychiatric aspects of palliative care: An
annotated bibliography
Authors: GOY, ELIZABETH R. , SCHULTZ, AMY , GANZINI LINDA
Published: November 2003

Articles from the last decade that have propelled the field of
palliative care are reviewed. The areas of depression, anxiety,
substance abuse, delirium, and grief are represented by seminal
articles that define, explore, or thoroughly review these topics.
Meaningfulness in palliative home care: An interview study of dying
cancer patients' next of kin
Authors: MILBERG ANNA , STRANG PETER
Published: November 2003

Objective: An increasing number of patients are cared for at
home and the presence of next of kin is often a prerequisite for
successful home care. The aim of this study was to describe and
interpret the construct of meaningfulness in next of kin of cancer
patients who are in advanced palliative home care.

Methods: The perspective of Antonovsky's salutogenic
framework of sense of coherence was applied in the analysis. Using a
hermeneutic approach, 19 next of kin were interviewed (n = 30
interviews) during ongoing palliative home care.

Results: Elements that facilitated meaningfulness included
comfort, retaining everyday life, action, commitment, and hope, which
were of great importance for creating a perception of
self-transcendence and that the best possible was done.

Significance of results: The findings are discussed in
relation to the concepts of meaning-based coping, tragic optimism, and
existentialism. Clinical implications are suggested.
Reflections on losing a friend
Authors: CHOCHINOV H.M.
Published: November 2003

Four days after Mother's Day, May 15, 2003, my dear friend Marcy
Dempsey passed away. Her personal reflection, “A Toolbox for
Living: Cancer Reflections” can be read within the current issue
of Palliative and Supportive Care (P&SC). I do
wish she were still here, not so much just to see this piece come out,
but to grace us longer with her gentle spirit, boundless energy, and
sage wisdom.
A tool box for living: Cancer reflections
Authors: DEMPSEY MARCY
Published: November 2003

The surgeon has offered me a chair, tightly fitted in the
corner of her office. She proceeds with what seems like a
foreign language, and relays the news. Absorbing the minimum, I learn
that I have breast cancer.
The existential moment
Authors: MOUNT BALFOUR M.
Published: November 2003

On page 93, paragraph 2, sentence 2 should have read:“in a
lifelong friendship of eighteen months, he had been my colleague,
my mentor, my fellow-performer, my friend”. We inadvertently eliminated
the phrase “of eighteen months” which did not accurately reflect
Dr. Mount's intention of communicating the intense experience of
getting to know Philip Simmons over a relatively short period of time,
yet still have the sense of being a lifelong friend.
Diel variations of copepod feeding and grazing impact in the high‐nutrient, low‐chlorophyll zone of the equatorial Pacific Ocean (0°; 3°S, 180°)
Authors: Champalbert Gisèle , Neveux Jacques , Gaudy Raymond , Le Borgne Robert
Published: November 2003

Diel variations of copepod biomass and feeding were studied at two time series stations in the high‐nutrient, low‐chlorophyll region of the central equatorial Pacific (0° and 3°S, 180°). During 48‐hour studies at each station, samples were taken at 3‐hour frequency in the neuston layer (0–1 m) and over the 0–100 m depth range. Feeding rates were assessed through the spectrofluorometric analysis of gut pigment contents. During the cycles, significant variations of biomass and gut pigment contents were found in both the neuston layer and the 0–100 depth strata. However, the amplitude of day‐night variations of feeding was larger and more clearly related to the day‐night cycle in the neuston layer than in the water column. Maxima in biomass and gut pigment contents did not coincide in either the surface or the water column. The differences in the mean copepod feeding activities at the equator and at 3°S were related to the mean standing stocks of chl a and to the pattern of undegraded pigments, which were different at the surface and in the water column, especially at the equator. In the surface layer, gut pheopigment minima were observed during the day, and maxima at night. This pattern clearly followed the periodicity of diel vertical migration, with intense feeding observed after the main upward ascent around sunset. Conversely, the feeding pattern in the integrated water column was more related to food abundance with a higher feeding during the day and around sunset, especially at the equator. Gut pigment contents in the water column displayed late afternoon maxima and dawn minima, coinciding with the maxima and minima of depth‐integrated chlorophyll a (chl a). On the basis of standing stocks of chl a containing particles larger than 3 μm, mean grazing pressure (i.e., specific grazing rates multiplied by copepod dry weights and divided by in situ chl a) varied between 3.0 and 4.0% in the upper 100 m and between 3.5 and 3.8% in the neuston layer. Because of the cyclical nature of feeding activities, short‐term variability in grazing pressure estimates were substantial, with individual estimates ranging from a high of 17.5% d−1 to a low of 0.2% d−1 in the neuston layer and from 0.9 to 7.8% d−1 in the 0–100 m water column.
Fast rates of subduction erosion along the Costa Rica Pacific margin: Implications for nonsteady rates of crustal recycling at subduction zones
Authors: Vannucchi Paola , Ranero César R. , Galeotti Simone , Straub Susanne M. , Scholl David W. , McDougall‐Ried Kristin
Published: November 2003

At least since the middle Miocene (∼16 Ma), subduction erosion has been the dominant process controlling the tectonic evolution of the Pacific margin of Costa Rica. Ocean Drilling Program Site 1042 recovered 16.5 Ma nearshore sediment at ∼3.9 km depth, ∼7 km landward of the trench axis. The overlying Miocene to Quaternary sediment contains benthic foraminifera documenting margin subsidence from upper bathyal (∼200 m) to abyssal (∼2000 m) depth. The rate of subsidence was low during the early to middle Miocene but increased sharply in the late Miocene‐early Pliocene (5–6.5 Ma) and at the Pliocene‐Pleistocene boundary (2.4 Ma). Foraminifera data, bedding dip, and the geometry of slope sediment indicate that tilting of the forearc occurred coincident with the onset of rapid late Miocene subsidence. Seismic images show that normal faulting is widespread across the continental slope; however, extension by faulting only accounts for a minor amount of the post‐6.5 Ma subsidence. Basal tectonic erosion is invoked to explain the subsidence. The short‐term rate of removal of rock from the forearc is about 107–123 km3 Myr−1 km−1. Mass removal is a nonsteady state process affecting the chemical balance of the arc: the ocean sediment input, with the short‐term erosion rate, is a factor of 10 smaller than the eroded mass input. The low 10Be concentration in the volcanic arc of Costa Rica could be explained by dilution with eroded material. The late Miocene onset of rapid subsidence is coeval with the arrival of the Cocos Ridge at the subduction zone. The underthrusting of thick and thermally younger ocean crust decreased the subduction angle of the slab along a large segment of the margin and changed the dynamic equilibrium of the margin taper. This process may have induced the increase in the rate of subduction erosion and thus the recycling of crustal material to the mantle.
Effects of temperature and circulation on the population dynamics of Calanus finmarchicus in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Scotian Shelf: Study with a coupled, three‐dimensional hydrodynamic, stage‐based life history model
Authors: Zakardjian Bruno. A. , Sheng Jinyu , Runge Jeffrey A. , McLaren Ian , Plourde Stéphane , Thompson Keith R. , Gratton Yves
Published: November 2003

We developed a physical‐biological model for the Gulf of St. Lawrence (GSL) and Scotian Shelf (SS) by coupling a stage‐based life‐history model of the planktonic copepod Calanus finmarchicus to a three‐dimensional ocean circulation model. The life‐history model consists of 13 morphologically distinct life stages of C. finmarchicus, with stage‐specific and temperature‐dependent molting rates. The model also includes stage‐specific vertical distribution and seasonally varying diapause, egg production, and stage‐specific mortality rates. The model domain covers the eastern Canadian shelf from 55°W to 72°W and from 39°N to 52°N, including the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Scotian Shelf, and Gulf of Maine. A comparison of a 1‐year simulation with observations indicates that the physical‐biological model reasonably describes the observed abundance and distribution of C. finmarchicus in this region. To determine the effects of ocean circulation in the C. finmarchicus population dynamics, we divided the GSL‐SS region into eight sub‐areas and compared the net fluxes of C. finmarchicus across lateral boundaries to the net production in each sub‐area. We found that the annual cross‐boundary exchange rates constitute from <1% to 39% of the local net production, indicating that the horizontal transport of C. finmarchicus by the ocean currents can play a very important role in the dynamics of local C. finmarchicus populations. The results provide insights into the mechanisms of exchange in the GSL‐SS system, as put forward in recent hypotheses.
Interannual and seasonal variations in transport to a measuring site in western Siberia and their impact on the observed atmospheric CO2 mixing ratio
Authors: Eneroth Kristina , Kjellström Erik , Holmén Kim
Published: November 2003

Interannual and seasonal variations in atmospheric transport to a measuring site in western Siberia were studied using three‐dimensional 5‐day back‐trajectories. We identified large differences in transport between summer and winter, but also some differences between the years. Westerly flow was dominating during winter, whereas the transport in summer also had a contribution from the high Arctic and central Siberia. Cluster analysis was applied to the trajectory data to determine systematically to what degree different atmospheric flow patterns influence the variability of the atmospheric CO2. We found that during July, the short‐term variability in CO2 was primarily determined by the interplay between planetary boundary layer dynamics and surface fluxes in the region within tens to one hundred kilometers from the measuring site. The weaker biogenic fluxes during winter, resulted in mixing ratios more clearly influenced by long‐range transport of CO2. However, the highest CO2 concentrations were not associated with westerly winds reflecting transport of polluted air from Europe but periods characterized by stagnant flow conditions. It was suggested that these high mixing ratios were due to respired CO2 accumulated in the lowest one hundred meters of the atmosphere. The mean duration of the identified flow patterns was about two days, implying a sampling frequency not less than every other day in order to monitor variations in atmospheric CO2 due to air mass changes. This study demonstrates that the flux footprint of a site is variable which must be considered when making comparisons between different seasons or years for a measurement location.
Large‐scale structure of trace gas and aerosol distributions over the western Pacific Ocean during the Transport and Chemical Evolution Over the Pacific (TRACE‐P) experiment
Authors: Zhang Meigen , Uno Itsushi , Carmichael Gregory R. , Akimoto Hajime , Wang Zifa , Tang Youhua , Woo Jung‐Hun , Streets David G. , Sachse Glen W. , Avery Melody A. , Weber Rodney J. , Talbot Robert W.
Published: November 2003

The Models‐3 Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system (CMAQ) coupled with the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) is used to analyze the Asian continental outflow of carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), and aerosol sulfate (SO42−) to the western Pacific Ocean during the period 17–24 March 2001. In this time period eight airborne observations (DC‐8 flights 11–14 and P‐3B flights 13–16) of the NASA Transport and Chemical Evolution Over the Pacific (TRACE‐P) mission were being conducted over a broad area covering Hong Kong, Okinawa, the East China Sea, and southern Japan. Comparison of model results with observations shows that the model reproduces the main observed features of CO, O3, and SO42−, including horizontal and vertical gradients, of the Asian pollution outflow over the western Pacific. Model results show that the fast boundary outflow from Asia to the western Pacific is largely restricted to the middle latitudes, and the maximum outflow fluxes are in the lower free atmosphere (3–6 km) north of 25°N. Simulations with and without biomass burning emissions are conducted to quantify the impacts of biomass burning on tropospheric concentrations of CO and O3. Biomass burning is found to contribute more than 50% of the CO concentrations and up to 40% of the O3 concentrations in the boundary layer over the major source regions. The largest percentage contributions to CO and O3 levels (up to 40% and 30%, respectively) over the western Pacific are in the lower free troposphere (2–6 km).
Influences of biomass burning during the Transport and Chemical Evolution Over the Pacific (TRACE‐P) experiment identified by the regional chemical transport model
Authors: Tang Youhua , Carmichael Gregory R. , Woo Jung‐Hun , Thongboonchoo Narisara , Kurata Gakuji , Uno Itsushi , Streets David G. , Blake Donald R. , Weber Rodney J. , Talbot Robert W. , Kondo Yutaka , Singh Hanwant B. , Wang Tao
Published: November 2003

Using a regional chemical transport model, STEM 2K1, and the emission inventory for the Transport and Chemical Evolution Over the Pacific (TRACE‐P) period [Woo et al., Streets et al., this issue], we successfully simulated important features of the biomass burning (BB) CO outflow. Simulated results agree well with the TRACE‐P aircraft measurements and Thailand surface observations. On the basis of sensitivity studies with and without biomass emissions, we identified nine flight segments that are affected by biomass plumes during the TRACE‐P period and compared the characteristics of the BB air masses with the other air masses. The BB air masses emitted from Southeast Asia contain relatively high HCN (ΔHCN/ΔCO ∼ 0.0015) and potassium (ΔK+/ΔCO ∼ 0.0038) but very low NOy (ΔNOy/ΔCO ∼ 0.005) mixing ratios, which may be associated with the special burning condition in this region. The biomass burning air masses have high ozone production efficiency. The observed ΔO3/ΔNOz values were ∼17 in biomass events and 1.7 in other events. The BB influence on the trace gas distributions can be divided into two categories: the influence through direct reactions and the influence caused by BB aerosols changing J values. These two influences are discussed for the BB‐affected TRACE‐P flights and for east Asia. The BB influences on chemical species are not only determined by the BB plume intensity but also by the ambient environment caused by other emissions. In Southeast Asia, where the biogenic emissions are very strong, the OH background concentration is low, and the BB gas‐phase compounds mainly contribute to OH production. Arranged in the sensitivity to the J value change caused by BB aerosols, we have OH > HO2 > HCHO > O3 when evaluated on a regional average. Averaged over March, the biomass burning net influence is as high as 50% for OH, 40% for HO2, 60% for HCHO, and 10 ppbv for O3 for the layers below 1 km.
Characteristics and influence of biosmoke on the fine‐particle ionic composition measured in Asian outflow during the Transport and Chemical Evolution Over the Pacific (TRACE‐P) experiment
Authors: Ma Y. , Weber R. J. , Lee Y.‐N. , Orsini D. A. , Maxwell‐Meier K. , Thornton D. C. , Bandy A. R. , Clarke A. D. , Blake D. R. , Sachse G. W. , Fuelberg H. E. , Kiley C. M. , Woo J.‐H. , Streets D. G. , Carmichael G. R.
Published: November 2003

We investigate the sources, prevalence, and fine‐particle inorganic composition of biosmoke over the western Pacific Ocean between 24 February and 10 April 2001. The analysis is based on highly time‐resolved airborne measurements of gaseous and fine‐particle inorganic chemical composition made during the NASA Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE‐P) experiment. At latitudes below approximately 25°N, relatively pure biomass burning plumes of enhanced fine‐particle potassium, nitrate, ammonium, light‐absorbing aerosols, and CO concentrations were observed in plumes that back trajectories and satellite fire map data suggest originated from biomass burning in southeast Asia. Fine‐particle water‐soluble potassium (K+) is confirmed to be a unique biosmoke tracer, and its prevalence throughout the experiment indicates that approximately 20% of the TRACE‐P Asian outflow plumes were influenced, to some extent, by biomass or biofuel burning emissions. At latitudes above 25°N, highly mixed urban/industrial and biosmoke plumes, indicated by SO42−and K+, were observed in 5 out of 53 plumes. Most plumes were found in the Yellow Sea and generally were associated with much higher fine‐particle loadings than plumes lacking a biosmoke influence. The air mass back trajectories of these mixed plumes generally pass through the latitude range of between 34° and 40°N on the eastern China coast, a region that includes the large urban centers of Beijing and Tianjin. A lack of biomass burning emissions based on fire maps and high correlations between K+and pollution tracers (e.g., SO42−) suggest biofuel sources. Ratios of fine‐particle potassium to sulfate are used to provide an estimate of relative contributions of biosmoke emissions to the mixed Asian plumes. The ratio is highly correlated with fine‐particle volume (r2= 0.85) and predicts that for the most polluted plume encounter in TRACE‐P, approximately 60% of the plume is associated with biosmoke emissions. On average, biosmoke contributes approximately 35–40% to the measured fine inorganic aerosol mass in the mixed TRACE‐P plumes intercepted north of 25°N latitude.
Archival precipitation data set for the Mississippi River Basin: Algorithm development
Authors: Nelson Brian R. , Krajewski Witold F. , Kruger Anton , Smith James A. , Baeck Mary Lynn
Published: November 2003

The goals of the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment Continental‐Scale International Project (GCIP) point to the need for high‐resolution data sets on all elements of the land surface and atmospheric hydrologic cycle. A high‐resolution precipitation data set has been derived from radar reflectivity observations taken from the National Weather Service WSR‐88D radars in the continental U.S. The data set is available for a continuous five‐year period (1996–2000) at an hourly, 4 × 4 km2 resolution for the Mississippi River Basin. Development of the data set involved data management and quality control of input radar‐reflectivity, parameter estimation for radar‐reflectivity transformation, and product accumulation and quality control of the precipitation product. Quality control algorithms for the input radar‐reflectivity included procedures to deal with radar calibration differences, an especially important problem in developing a long‐term, continental‐scale data set for diverse hydroclimatological applications. Rainfall estimation was based on a Z‐R conversion algorithm that involved an optimization technique to determine the parameters for the transformation of radar‐reflectivity to rainfall. Rainfall accumulation involved integrating to hourly, 4 × 4 km2 resolution and then visually inspecting the final product. Some limitations of the algorithm are presented and suggestions are proposed for improving the development of a long‐term, large‐scale precipitation product. Initial comparisons of the radar‐based product with a rain gauge based product after a quality analysis of both products show good agreement in the Mississippi River Basin.
Impact of parameterizations in snow physics and interface processes on the simulation of snow cover and runoff at several cold region sites
Authors: Xue Yongkang , Sun Shufen , Kahan Daniel S. , Jiao Yanjun
Published: November 2003

A series of numerical experiments have been designed to understand the physics at the soil‐vegetation‐snow‐atmosphere interface and to find the major parameterizations/parameters, which are crucial to simulate cold season processes. Observational data sets from Col de Porte of France, Ovre Lansjarv of Sweden, and Gander of Canada were used to help interpret the results. This study shows that snow layering and compaction are among the most important factors affecting proper simulations of snow depth, snow water equivalent (SWE), surface temperature, and surface runoff. Fixed snow density could produce as high as 100 percent error in estimating snow depth and could cause significant biases in SWE simulation during the melting period. Furthermore, with a bulk snow/soil layer, the simulated surface temperature would persistently be close to the freezing point with substantially hampered variability, and the variability and the amplitude of the runoff during the snow‐melting season could also be severely underestimated. The experiments also show that proper snow albedo is crucial during the ablation period and affects the magnitude and timing in both SWE and runoff simulations. Furthermore, this study indicates that the parameterizations in the surface aerodynamic resistance in the stable regime play an important role in determining the sensible and latent heat fluxes during the winter season in the Arctic region and then affect the snow depth simulations and prediction of snow melting as well as runoff timing. Although the snow may fully cover the ground in cold regions during the winter, numerical experiments in this study show the vegetation still exerts a substantial influence in the snow depth and runoff simulations. Numerical experimentation shows that less downward sensible heat on the bare ground produces thick snow cover and extremely high peak runoff, which leads to a typical deforestation scenario in cold regions.
Clouds and trace gas distributions during TRACE‐P
Authors: Crawford J. , Olson J. , Davis D. , Chen G. , Barrick J. , Shetter R. , Lefer B. , Jordan C. , Anderson B. , Clarke A. , Sachse G. , Blake D. , Singh H. , Sandolm S. , Tan D. , Kondo Y. , Avery M. , Flocke F. , Eisele F. , Mauldin L. , Zondlo M. , Brune W. , Harder H. , Martinez M. , Talbot R. , Bandy A. , Thornton D.
Published: November 2003

This paper addresses the question: To what extent do trace gas distributions correspond to cloudiness? Observations taken during NASA's TRACE‐P experiment indicate that there can be statistically significant differences in trace gas concentrations between clear‐sky and cloudy areas. During the TRACE‐P mission, frontal outflow of Asian emissions from the Pacific Rim to the western, North Pacific was sampled by NASA's DC‐8 and P‐3B aircraft. On several occasions, enhanced CO mixing ratios were observed in and around frontal clouds. A more detailed analysis of trace gas distributions revealed CO enhancements of 30% in the lower free troposphere (1–5 km) for cloudy regions as compared to clear areas. These enhancements exist within clouds as well as above and below clouds. In the upper free troposphere (5–11 km), overall enhancement in CO of 15% was observed although enhancements are mainly restricted to observations within clouds. These in‐cloud observations were enhanced by factors of 1.5 to 2 over clear air data. Similar enhancements were seen for many other anthropogenic tracers. By contrast, distributions for O3 revealed no clear differences between cloudy and clear regions suggesting that other influences (e.g., stratosphere‐troposphere exchange) might complicate any correspondence with local cloudiness. Expected cloud influences on oxidation chemistry were evident in enhanced OH concentrations above clouds and depressed OH below clouds. These findings are particularly relevant to current and future satellite investigations of the troposphere. Understanding the potential biases created by the inability to probe cloudy regions will improve the interpretation of regional and globally averaged satellite observations.
Simulating biogenic volatile organic compound emissions in the Community Climate System Model
Authors: Levis Samuel , Wiedinmyer Christine , Bonan Gordon B. , Guenther Alex
Published: November 2003

The Community Climate System Model (CCSM) calculates terrestrial biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions using an algorithm developed from field and laboratory observations. This algorithm is incorporated in CCSM, a coupled atmosphere, ocean, sea ice, and land model, as one step toward integrating biogeochemical processes in this model. CCSM is designed to easily incorporate more complex BVOC models in the present framework when such models become available. Two simulations are performed: a land‐only simulation driven with prescribed atmospheric data and satellite‐derived vegetation data and a fully coupled CCSM simulation with prognostic vegetation using CCSM's dynamic vegetation model. In both cases, warm and forested regions emit more BVOC than other regions, in agreement with observations. With prescribed vegetation, global terrestrial isoprene emissions of 507 Tg C per year compare well with other model simulations. With dynamic vegetation, BVOC emissions respond to varying climate and vegetation from year to year. The interannual variability of the simulated biogenic emissions can exceed 10% of the estimated annual anthropogenic emissions provided in the IPCC emission scenarios. We include BVOC emissions within the CCSM to ultimately reduce the simulated climate uncertainty due to natural processes in this model.
Paleolakes and impact basins in southern Arabia Terra, including Meridiani Planum: Implications for the formation of hematite deposits on Mars
Authors: Newsom Horton E. , Barber Charles A. , Hare Trent M. , Schelble Rachel T. , Sutherland Van A. , Feldman William C.
Published: November 2003

The hematite deposit in Meridiani Planum was selected for a Mars Exploration Rover (MER) landing site because water could be involved in the formation of hematite, and water is a key ingredient in the search for life. Our discovery of a chain of paleolake basins and channels along the southern margin of the hematite deposits in Meridiani Planum with the presence of the strongest hematite signature adjacent to a paleolake basin, supports the possible role of water in the formation of the hematite and the deposition of other layered materials in the region. The hematite may have formed by direct precipitation from lake water, as coatings precipitated from groundwater, or by oxidation of preexisting iron oxide minerals. The paleolake basins were fed by an extensive channel system, originating from an area larger than Texas and located south of the Schiaparelli impact basin. On the basis of stratigraphic relationships, the formation of channels in the region occurred over much of Mars' history, from before the layered materials in Meridiani Planum were deposited until recently. The location of the paleolake basins and channels is connected with the impact cratering history of the region. The earliest structure identified in this study is an ancient circular multiringed basin (800–1600 km diameter) that underlies the entire Meridiani Planum region. The MER landing site is located on the buried northern rim of a later 150 km diameter crater. This crater is partially filled with layered deposits that contained a paleolake in its southern portion.
Lidar observed characteristics of the tropical cirrus clouds
Authors: Sivakumar V. , Bhavanikumar Y. , Rao P. B. , Mizutani K. , Aoki T. , Yasui M. , Itabe T.
Published: November 2003

Using the polarization diversity lidar data collected during March 1998 to April 2001, the characteristics of the tropical cirrus clouds observed over Gadanki (13.5°N; 79.2°E) are presented in this paper. Out of 210 nights of observations during this period, cirrus clouds were observed over the lidar site on 170 nights. The cloud mean height is found to be in the range of 8–17 km with peak occurrence at 13–14 km, just below the tropopause. The cloud thickness has values ranging 0.6–4.2 km with maximum occurrence at 0.9–1.2 km. The scattering ratio and the linear depolarization ratio are in the ranges of 1.14–36 and 0.01–0.75 with peak occurrences seen at 1.14–2 and 0.01–0.05, respectively. The optical depth can be as high as 2, but values less than 0.1 account for most (>80%) of the clouds. The clouds with low optical depth occur most frequently during fall equinox and high optical depth during summer. The formations of thin and thick cirrus clouds are seen to be closely related to the minimum tropospheric temperature and cumulonimbus outflows, respectively.
Intra‐seasonal oscillations observed in the MLT region above UK (52°N, 2°W) and ESRANGE (68°N, 21°E)
Authors: Pancheva D. , Mitchell N. J. , Younger P. T. , Muller H. G.
Published: November 2003

Analyses of intra‐seasonal oscillations (i.e., oscillations with periods of ∼30–100 days) in the MLT region made by meteor radars at middle (UK, five years of data) and high latitudes (Esrange, three years of data) are presented in this work. There is clear evidence of ∼75‐day variability in the mean winds. This intra‐seasonal oscillation appears to be a prominent feature of the mean zonal circulation and was observed quite regularly in the time intervals December 1996–September 2001 over UK and October 1999–December 2002 over Esrange. The intra‐seasonal oscillations observed over Esrange are coherent in both amplitude and phase over the height range of ∼80–100 km covered by the radar. They are especially strong in the range 90–97 km, weaker near 87–88 km and stronger again near 81 km. At these lower heights the intra‐seasonal oscillations are usually of longer period (∼80 days) than, and are out of phase with, the oscillations at the upper heights. We also note that this oscillation is a common feature in the meridional winds over the UK. It is present, but intermittent, in the meridional winds over Esrange.
Mars: Aeolian features and wind predictions at the Terra Meridiani and Isidis Planitia potential Mars Exploration Rover landing sites
Authors: Greeley Ronald , Thompson Shane D.
Published: November 2003

Orientations of 11,497 aeolian (wind related) features at the potential Mars Exploration Rover (MER) landing site in Isidis Planitia reflect formative winds from the northwest and are consistent with strong morning winds predicted by a regional‐scale atmospheric model for Mars. Orientations of 3296 aeolian features mapped at the Terra Meridiani potential MER site suggest multidirectional wind patterns. The results for the Terra Meridiani site are consistent with gentle winds which change direction as a function of Martian season (predicted by a general circulation model) and erratic winds that occur diurnally (predicted by a regional‐scale atmospheric model). Results for both sites give confidence that the predictions from the atmospheric models are basically correct when time of day and local topography are taken into account.
Thermal self‐focusing instability in the high‐latitude ionosphere
Authors: Keskinen M. J. , Basu Santimay
Published: November 2003

A model for the linear theory of the overdense thermal self‐focusing instability, as generated by high power radio waves, in the high‐latitude F‐region ionosphere is developed. We treat self‐focusing‐driven irregularities with scale sizes, perpendicular to the geomagnetic field, on the order of a kilometer and smaller. We find that E‐region coupling leads to nonambipolar perpendicular diffusive effects. The conducting E‐region is shown to increase the threshold for the thermal self‐focusing instability. Growth rates of the thermal self‐focusing instability are computed, including E‐region conductivity effects, for a range of radio wave amplitudes.
Identification of novel HLA class I alleles using single allele sequencing
Authors: Lebedeva T.V. , Huang A. , Janzen M. , Lau M. , Yu N.
Published: November 2003

Abstract:  Three new HLA‐A and five HLA‐B alleles reported in this paper have been characterized by direct sequencing of PCR product obtained by group‐specific amplification of potential new alleles. Four new alleles, B*5133, B*5134, B*1574 and B*5807, carry motifs observed in previously identified HLA‐B alleles and may have evolved via gene conversion. Four alleles, A*2438, A*3405, A*2437 and B*520104, display polymorphisms at positions previously considered constant. All new alleles were identified either by an unexpected sequence specific oligonucleotide probe hybridization pattern or by sequence‐based typing, and later confirmed by single allele sequencing.
HLA‐C sequence based typing: nucleotide analysis from exon 1 through exon 8. Identification of a new allele: Cw*0718
Authors: Delfino L. , Morabito A. , Ferrara G.B.
Published: November 2003

Abstract:  At present, 128 HLA‐Cw alleles have been described. Twenty‐four of 128 display critical polymorphisms in contributing to allele identification outside exons 2 and 3. As a matter of fact, complete resolution of Cw*030201, Cw*030202, Cw*0409N, Cw*0501, Cw*0503, Cw*070101, Cw*070102, Cw*070401, Cw*0706, Cw*0711, Cw*0718, Cw*120201, Cw*120202, Cw*150501, Cw*150502, Cw*1701, Cw*1702, Cw*1703, Cw*1801 and Cw*1802 alleles requires nucleotide analysis of exons 1, 4, 5, 6 and 7. Moreover, some alleles (Cw*04010101, Cw*04010102, Cw*07020101 and Cw*07020102) showing nucleotide differences outside the coding regions of HLA‐C gene (intron 2) have been reported. High resolution sequence based typing (SBT) developed in this study involves two DNA amplifications and 12 direct sequencing reactions and allows the analysis of HLA‐C polymorphisms from exon 1 through exon 8, including intron 2. This typing procedure identifies all 128 Cw alleles described so far. Nevertheless, a number of ambiguous heterozygous typing results may be expected, this being the major drawback of SBT methods. A total of 201 samples were HLA‐C typed using SBT strategy here described. The sequence of exons 6, 7 and 8 of HLA‐Cw*070102 allele was elucidated. A novel HLA‐Cw*07 allele, Cw*0718, was identified in two samples. Cw*0718 differs from the Cw*070101 allele by a unique nucleotide position within exon 6, resulting in an amino acid substitution at codon 324 (Ala→Val) in the cytoplasmic region of the molecule.
Immunogenetics of two new HLA‐B alleles: B*4414 and B*5708
Authors: Darke C. , Street J. , Downing J.
Published: November 2003

Abstract: Two new alleles, HLA‐B*4414 and B*5708, were identified in north‐western European Caucasoid blood donors. B*4414 differed from B*440201 by two nucleotide substitutions in exon 3 [positions 66 (T to C) and 69 (G to A)] producing two amino acid differences between the B*440201 and B*4414 specificities (tyrosine to histidine at codon 113 and aspartic acid to asparagine at codon 114). B*5708 differed from B*570101 by a single substitution (G to C) at position 247 in exon 2 causing an amino acid difference between B*570101 and B*5708 products of arginine to proline at codon 83. The likely haplotypes bearing these alleles were identified. Both alleles occurred once in approximately 25,000 random blood donors so both have a frequency of approximately 0.00002 (carriage frequency 0.004%). B*4414 and B*5708 specificities both gave ‘short’ serological reactivity for their expected specificities and Bw4. The likely reasons for this are discussed in relation to the epitopes of B44 and B57.
Endoplasmic reticulum chaperone‐specific monoclonal antibodies for flow cytometry and immunohistochemical staining
Authors: Ogino T. , Wang X. , Kato S. , Miyokawa N. , Harabuchi Y. , Ferrone S.
Published: November 2003

Abstract:  Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperones of the antigen processing machinery play a crucial role in HLA class I antigen complex assembly and antigen presentation. The characterization of the expression of these chaperones in normal tissues and malignant lesions has been hampered by the lack or limited availability of ER chaperone‐specific monoclonal antibodies (mAb) that are suitable for immunohistochemical staining. To overcome this limitation, we have generated human calnexin, ERp57, calreticulin and tapasin‐specific mAb‐secreting hybridomas from BALB/c mice immunized with peptides and recombinant proteins. The mAb TO‐5, TO‐2, TO‐11 and TO‐3 were shown to be specific for calnexin, ERp57, calreticulin and tapasin, respectively, as they react specifically with the corresponding immunizing peptides in ELISA and with the corresponding proteins when tested with human lymphoid cell lysates in Western blotting. Furthermore, the reactivity of the four mAb with the corresponding intracellular antigens yielded intracellular staining when the mAb were tested with formalin‐fixed, microwave‐treated and saponin‐permeabilized cells in indirect immunofluorescence and with formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue sections in the immunoperoxidase reaction. These results suggest that the ER chaperone‐specific mAb we have developed are useful probes for characterizing the expression of ER chaperones of the antigen processing machinery in normal and pathological cells. This information will contribute to defining the effects of abnormalities in their expression on HLA class I antigen expression and function and on the interactions of target cells with the host's immune system.
Identification of three genomic haplotypes 5′ to the human CD1D gene and their distribution in four ethnic groups
Authors: Chen Q.‐Y. , Jackson N. , Vargas A. , Chalew S. , Rao J. , Batzer M. , Lan M.S. , Chang Y.‐H. , Mokhashi M. , Liu D.
Published: November 2003

Abstract:  CD1d presents lipid antigen to a conserved population of natural killer (NK) T cells, which participate in host immune defense, tumor cell rejection and suppression of autoimmunity. The levels of human CD1d expression vary significantly between individuals. To understand such variation, we sequenced the region up to 1.7 kb 5′ upstream of the translation start site and partially through exon 2 in 44 white Americans. We also studied two tagged single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in 112 white Americans, 60 African‐Americans, 88 Europeans, and 84 Chinese people from the region. Six SNP present in the region (−836C→T, −773C→T, −764C→G, −713A→T, −365A→G and +363A→G) were found to be in a complete linkage disequilibrium and comprised three haplotypes. Haplotype 1 had −836C, −773C, −764C, −713A, −365A and +363A. Haplotype 2 had −836C, −773T, −764C, −713A, −365A and +363A. Haplotype 3 had −836T, −773C, −764G, −713T, −365G and +363G. −773C→T and −764C→G can serve as the tagged SNP to differentiate the three haplotypes. The frequency of haplotype 1 was significantly higher in African Americans than in the other three ethnic groups, whereas the frequency of haplotype 3 was significantly higher in the Chinese people than those in the other three groups. The finding of the three haplotypes provides a genetic marker for CD1d and facilitates the study of the functional role of the genetic variations in human CD1d expression and regulation.
Colonia Tovar: the history of a semi‐isolated Venezuelan population of German ancestry described by HLA Class I genes
Authors: Gendzekhadze K. , Montagnani S. , Ogando V. , Balbas O. , Mendez‐Castellano H. , Layrisse Z.
Published: November 2003

Abstract:  The history of Colonia Tovar is very complex, being the home of descendants of only a small fraction of immigrants arriving to the South American continent from a specific region of Germany, with a restricted number of founders, small population size and consanguineous mating, experiencing isolation for 100 years, with later migrations, a low rate of population growth and a high mean number of children per couple. How complex is its genetic structure? Do the highly polymorphic HLA genes reflect its history and confirm the story of this population described by other genes? Several studies have been made in this population, but we describe for the first time the HLA Class I variability in the population of Colonia Tovar using PCR‐SSOP. Random genetic drift, founder effect and gene flow could explain the HLA allele and haplotype frequencies observed in this population but alleles at the class I loci were insufficient to identify the German origin of the community established through history. This agrees with findings obtained testing other genetic systems (ACP, AK, ESD, G6PD, GLO, PGM, PGD, ALB, CP, HP, TF), but the HLA‐typing results indicate that the original gene pool has been diluted due to gene flow from the surrounding Mestizo population.
New MAGE‐4 antigenic peptide recognized by cytolytic T lymphocytes on HLA‐A1 tumor cells
Authors: Kobayashi T. , Lonchay C. , Colau D. , Demotte N. , Boon T. , Van Der Bruggen P.
Published: November 2003

Abstract:  ‘Cancer‐germline’ genes such as those of the MAGE family are expressed in many tumors and in male germline cells, but are silent in other normal tissues. They encode shared tumor‐specific antigens, which have been used in small therapeutic vaccination trials of cancer patients. Gene MAGE‐4, which is expressed in more than 50% of carcinomas of esophagus, head and neck, lung, and bladder, has two known alleles. Using PCR amplifications and digestions of the amplified product, we found that one third of the MAGE‐4‐positive samples expressed MAGE‐4a. We folded HLA‐A1 tetramers with peptide MAGE‐4a169−177 EVDPASNTY, which is homologous to MAGE‐1‐ and MAGE‐3‐encoded peptides recognized on HLA‐A1 by cytolytic T lymphocytes. Blood lymphocytes from an individual without cancer were directly labelled with these A1/MAGE‐4 tetramers. The very rare cells that were stained were sorted by flow cytometry and cloned. We isolated a cytolytic T‐lymphocyte clone that lyzed specifically cells pulsed with this MAGE‐4 peptide and HLA‐A1 tumor cells expressing MAGE‐4a, demonstrating that this antigenic peptide is processed efficiently in tumor cells. This peptide might therefore be useful for therapeutic antitumoral vaccination.
A comprehensive guide to antibody and T‐cell responses in type 1 diabetes
Authors: Lieberman S.M. , DiLorenzo T.P.
Published: November 2003

Abstract:  Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an organ‐specific autoimmune disease in which the insulin‐producing β cells in the pancreatic islets are selectively eliminated. T cells specific for β‐cell antigens are the mediators of this precise cellular destruction. However, antibodies to β‐cell proteins are also generated and may be used for predicting disease in at‐risk populations. Over the past two decades, numerous β‐cell proteins and lipids have been implicated as autoantigens in patients or in non‐obese diabetic (NOD) mice, a well‐studied animal model of T1D. Here, we present a review of these antigens, accompanied by their T‐cell epitopes, where known, and a discussion of our current understanding of why particular self‐proteins become disease‐inciting antigens. Although two dozen β‐cell antigens have been identified to date, few of these have been confirmed to be recognized by pathogenic T cells early in the disease process. Further identification and characterization of initiating β‐cell antigens targeted by pathogenic T cells should be a priority for future studies.
Melanosome transfer to and translocation in the keratinocyte
Authors: Boissy Raymond E.
Published: November 2003

Abstract Complexion coloration in humans is primarily regulated by the amount and type of melanin synthesized by the epidermal melanocyte. However, additional and equally contributing factors consist of (1) efficient transfer of melanin from the melanocytes to the neighboring keratinocytes and (2) distribution and degradation of the transferred melanosomes by the recipient keratinocytes. Once synthesized in the cell body of the epidermal melanocyte, pigmented melanosomes are translocated down the dendrites and captured at the dendritic tips via various cytoskeletal elements. Molecules recently identified that participate in this process consist of Rab27a, myosin‐Va and melanophilin. Eventually, these peripherally localized melanosomes are transferred to keratinocytes by a presently undefined mechanism. The protease‐activated receptor‐2 (PAR‐2) and unidentified surface lectins and glycoproteins facilitate this transfer process. Once incorporated into the keratinocytes, melanosomes are distributed individually or as clusters, aggregated towards the apical pole of the nucleus, and degraded as the keratinocytes undergo terminal differentiation and desquamation. Ultraviolet irradiation (UVR) can modulate the process of melanosome transfer from the melanocytes to the keratinocytes. UVR can upregulate expression of PAR‐2 and lectin‐binding receptors and increase phagocytic activity of cultured keratinocytes. Therefore, many cellular and molecular events that occur after melanogenesis contribute to skin color.
The use of reconstructed human skin to evaluate UV‐induced modifications and sunscreen efficacy
Authors: Duval Christine , Schmidt Rainer , Regnier Marcelle , Facy Valérie , Asselineau Daniel , Bernerd Françoise
Published: November 2003

Abstract Biological and clinical effects of sun exposures are characterized by short‐term reactions, i.e. sunburn reaction and suntan, as well as long‐term consequences corresponding to photoaging and photocancers. We have developed several human in vitro three‐dimensional models in order to assess both the photodamage and the photoprotection afforded by sunscreens. Using a full thickness reconstructed skin comprising a differentiated epidermis and a living dermal equivalent, UVB‐ and UVA‐induced biological markers could be found at both the keratinocyte and the fibroblast level. Typical markers of the sunburn reaction could be reproduced in that model as well as dermal damages related to the photoaging process. Another model of reconstructed epidermis, comprising keratinocytes but also melanocytes and Langerhans cells, has been developed. The study of the UV‐induced pigmentation as possible using the pigmented reconstructed epidermis and allowing to reproduce the epidermal melanin unit. The assessment of cellular parameters related to UV‐induced immunosuppression could be performed using the reconstructed epidermis containing Langerhans cells. Exposure to solar‐simulated radiation provokes morphological alterations and the reduction in numbers of Langerhans cells within the exposed epidermis. Using all these models, the efficiency of sunscreens could be envisaged after topical application. The results showed that appropriate sunscreens could efficiently prevent the damage described above.
Effect of sunlight exposure and aging on skin surface lipids and urate
Authors: Hayashi Nobumasa , Togawa Kenji , Yanagisawa Makoto , Hosogi June , Mimura Daigo , Yamamoto Yorihiro
Published: November 2003

Abstract Free fatty acids (FFA), squalene, squalene hydroperoxide, and uric acid in the methanol extracts from human skin surface were measured. Levels of FFA and squalene were significantly lower in the older (83.7 ± 9.4 years) than in the younger (22.2 ± 3.9 years) group. FFA are mostly saturated, and linoleic acid is an exclusive polyunsaturated fatty acid. The composition of linoleic acid decreased in the older group by 40%, suggesting age‐dependent loss of oxidatively vulnerable polyunsaturated fatty acid. Even monounsaturated acids such as palmitoleic and oleic acids decreased significantly in the older group. This could be interesting because 2‐nonenal is the oxidation product of palmitoleic acid and has been identified as the major aged body odor component. Sunlight exposure for 1.5 h did not change levels of FFA and squalene, or FFA composition. However, squalene hydroperoxide increased by 60‐fold, as reported previously, suggesting that hydroperoxide is produced by singlet oxygen. Uric acid increased by two‐fold, which may be the adaptive response against photo‐oxidative stress because uric acid is a good scavenger of singlet oxygen and oxygen radicals.