bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Precarious encampments in hostile border zones: The methodological challenges of and possibilities for studying contingent camps
Authors: Hagan Maria
Published: July 2021

In migration studies, the space of the camp is most often understood as a fixed, humanitarian or institutional space of containment. In recent years, however, hardened border control strategies have given rise to contingent and precarious forms of encampment that stretch the scope of what we might understand as camp spaces. This paper is a methodological intervention on the study of “contingent camps”: encampments that are not fixed but dynamic and shifting, caught in constant cycles of destruction by state authorities and reinvention by those who inhabit them. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork with migrant people inhabiting contingent camps in and around the borderlands at Calais (France) and Tangier (Morocco) between 2017 and 2020, this paper reflects on the methodological challenges of, and possibilities for, carrying out research in these spaces that lack fixed boundaries and thresholds in which to anchor a field strategy. In response to the uncertain ontology of contingent camps and their obscurity, I propose the simultaneous pursuit of embodied ethnography, a forensic scrutiny of camp materialities, and the study of affective atmospheres through attention to the immaterial practices of their residents. Finally, this paper stresses the importance of strategic method selection in these contexts, not only as a tool for approaching and exploring contingent camps, but also as a vector for actively bearing witness to and recording their existence to political ends.
Witnessing the witnesses: Responding to the testimonial spaces of the camp
Authors: Carter‐White Richard
Published: July 2021

The significance of testimony as a means of investigating camp spaces is indicated by the extensive literature analysing the eyewitness accounts of Nazi camp survivors. This paper builds on ongoing methodological debates in geographies of the Holocaust to suggest that witness testimony provides a valuable and multifaceted resource for investigating diverse aspects of camp spatiality. After offering an overview of the kinds of camp spaces emergent in camp survivor testimony, the paper draws on the writings of Auschwitz survivor Charlotte Delbo in order to describe and illustrate two methodological approaches to witness accounts. The first is based on the irreplaceable value of survivor testimony as a source of first‐hand observational data, with Delbo's unconventional descriptions of camp spaces and spatialities connecting with numerous core themes in geographical work on the Nazi regime and camp spatialities more generally. The second focuses instead on the capacity of witnessing to disturb the incorporation of testimonial descriptions into academic narratives, and in turn provoke new geographical questions and imaginaries in response to the singular act of testimony.
Clinical and echocardiographic characteristics after six months of sacubitril/valsartan in Chagas heart disease – A case series
Authors: Figueiredo Clara Salles , de Melo Rodrigo Morel Vieira , Viana Taina Teixeira , de Jesus Aline Grimaldi Queiroz , da Silva Tainara Cerqueira , da Silva Vitor Mamedio , de Carvalho William Neves , da Silva Daniela Nascimento Valame , Passos Luiz Carlos Santana
Published: July 2021

Chagas cardiomyopathy is the most prevalent non‐ischaemic cardiomyopathy in Latin America, with high morbidity and mortality even today. Treatment of these patients is based on the use of medications for heart failure. This study evaluated a case series of patients with Chagas heart disease who used sacubitril/valsartan at a referral hospital for this disease in Brazil. After 6 months, there was a symptomatic improvement in these individuals assessed by the New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class, with a 44.3% reduction in the absolute number of patients classified as III–IV in the period (P = 0.035), but without changes in the parameters on the echocardiogram for reverse ventricular remodelling. There was a high mortality rate and number of hospitalizations. These results emphasize the importance of studying the use of sacubitril/valsartan in Chagas heart disease to better describe its effectiveness considering the particularities of these individuals.
Do children with reading difficulties benefit from instructional game supports? Exploring children's attention and understanding of feedback
Authors: Vasalou Asimina , Benton Laura , Ibrahim Seray , Sumner Emma , Joye Nelly , Herbert Elisabeth
Published: July 2021

This paper examines how primary aged children with reading difficulties attend to, understand and act upon different types of feedback within a digital literacy game. A systematic and structured video analysis of twenty‐six children's game play was carried out focussing on moments where children made an error and were followed by in‐game feedback. Our findings show that children benefited from outcome feedback, which supported an accurate interpretation of their game performance and prompted children to try again. In contrast, though the elaborative feedback attracted similar levels of attention, children struggled to understand the content, resulting in a reliance on implicit knowledge to correct their next response. Alongside identifying a set of new questions for future research, the study contributes a number of intrinsic and extrinsic recommendations for ensuring children with reading difficulties attend to and comprehend games‐based feedback.

Practitioner notes

What is already known about this topic?

Outcome and elaborative feedback provided in games can scaffold the learner to recognise errors and apply corrective strategies.

Elaborative feedback, in particular, has been evidenced to support the learner's understanding and lead to learning gains, albeit with older populations.

What this paper adds?

An empirical evaluation of how young children who struggle with reading attend to, understand, and respond to feedback in a digital literacy game.

Demonstrates that children attend to the outcome and elaborative feedback to equal degrees, but struggle to understand and apply elaborative feedback due to its metalinguistic complexity.

Implications for practice and/or policy?

Games that embed outcome feedback visually in the target response can enhance the child's attention to, and understanding of, their performance.

Games that offer verbal elaborative feedback require additional instruction to maintain children's focus on the feedback and to support content understanding.
Impaired function of PD-1+ follicular regulatory T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Kurata Izumi , Mikami Natsuko , Ohyama Ayako , Osada Atsumu , Kondo Yuya , Tsuboi Hiroto , Sumida Takayuki , Matsumoto Isao
Published: July 2021

Aberrant autoantibody production is characteristic of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but follicular regulatory T (TFR) cells can potentially suppress this abnormality. We investigate functional changes in TFR cells from SLE patients. Circulating TFR cells were collected from 19 SLE patients and 14 healthy controls (HC) to compare molecular expression and in-vitro suppressive capacity of follicular helper T (TFH) cell proliferation. To reveal the stability of forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3) in TFR, pyrosequencing of conserved non-coding sequence (CNS) 2 at the FoxP3 gene locus was performed. We then tested interleukin (IL)-2 in SLE-TFR cells to check restoration of suppressor function. Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) expression in SLE-TFR cells was positively correlated with anti-DNA antibody levels and disease activity. These cells had impaired suppressive function for TFH cells with decreased expression of suppression mediators FoxP3, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and IL-2 receptor alpha (IL-2Rα). Pyrosequencing identified hyper-methylation in CNS2 region of SLE-TFR cells comparing to HC. With in-vitro IL-2 stimulation, PD-1 expression of TFR cells significantly decreased, together with increased expression of FoxP3 and CTLA-4, especially at a low dose. Thus, SLE-TFR cells have functionally defective to TFH suppression, but low-dose IL-2 therapy might be useful to restore this ability.
The role of Anatolia in the origin of the Caucasus biodiversity hotspot illustrated by land snails in the genusOxychilus
Authors: Neiber Marco T. , Walther Frank , Kijashko Pavel V. , Mumladze Levan , Hausdorf Bernhard
Published: July 2021

Several taxa that are distributed in the Caucasus and/or the adjacent Pontic Mountains also have representatives in the East Mediterranean region. These disjunctions could have been caused by long‐distance dispersal or be the result of extinctions in Central Anatolia caused by the aridification of the Anatolian Plateau during the Pliocene. We studied theLongiphallus–Hiramiagroup ofOxychilusas an example showing such distribution patterns. Phylogenetic analyses of theOxychilusspecies previously classified inLongiphallus,Hiramiaand related subgenera resulted in a new delimitation of these taxa and the recognition ofAnatoloxychilusNeiber, Walther & Hausdorf n. subgen. as an additional clade. Based on phylogenetic and population genetic analyses,O. reticulatusfrom Mingrelia is revalidated and the populations from the Pontic Mountains previously identified withO. mingrelicus koutaisanusare recognised as a distinct species. Three species pairs of theLongiphallus–Hiramiagroup with deep splits predating the aridification of the Anatolian Plateau during the Pliocene show disjunctions between the Caucasus/Pontic region and the Mediterranean. The majority of taxa with such a distribution pattern probably had more continuous distributions before the aridification started. The relationships between theHiramiaspecies from the Caucasus, the Pontic Mountains and the East Mediterranean highlight the importance of the Anatolian land as a source area for the colonisation of the Caucasus region. The dating of the divergences of the CaucasianHiramiaspecies in the middle to late Miocene indicated that they colonised the Caucasus when it was still an island in the Paratethys Sea and that their divergence was triggered by the orogenesis of the Greater Caucasus. A common pattern within the Caucasus region, also found inHiramia, is the separation of taxa in the north‐western Greater Caucasus from taxa inhabiting the southern slopes of the central Greater Caucasus.
Amount and type of physical activity as predictors of growth in executive functions, attentional control, and social self‐control across 4 years of elementary school
Authors: Koepp Andrew E. , Gershoff Elizabeth T.
Published: July 2021

This paper used a nationally representative sample of children from the United States to examine the extent to which physical activity and sports participation may promote growth in children's executive functions (EFs), attention, and social self‐control over time. Using data from the ECLS‐K:2011 (N = 18,174), findings indicated that regular physical activity predicted growth in EFs and attention from 3rd to 4th grade (βs = 0.03–0.05) but not from kindergarten to 1st grade. After controlling for the frequency of physical activity, participation in group sports predicted increases in EFs, attention, and social self‐control during both periods (βs = 0.02–0.04). Though modest in size, the findings suggest that encouraging children to engage in more frequent and more team‐based activity will benefit the development of their EFs and related skills, and especially so for children in middle childhood.
Linking patterns of infant eye movements to a neural network model of the ventral stream using representational similarity analysis
Authors: Kiat John E. , Luck Steven J. , Beckner Aaron G. , Hayes Taylor R. , Pomaranski Katherine I. , Henderson John M. , Oakes Lisa M.
Published: July 2021

Little is known about the development of higher‐level areas of visual cortex during infancy, and even less is known about how the development of visually guided behavior is related to the different levels of the cortical processing hierarchy. As a first step toward filling these gaps, we used representational similarity analysis (RSA) to assess links between gaze patterns and a neural network model that captures key properties of the ventral visual processing stream. We recorded the eye movements of 4‐ to 12‐month‐old infants (N = 54) as they viewed photographs of scenes. For each infant, we calculated the similarity of the gaze patterns for each pair of photographs. We also analyzed the images using a convolutional neural network model in which the successive layers correspond approximately to the sequence of areas along the ventral stream. For each layer of the network, we calculated the similarity of the activation patterns for each pair of photographs, which was then compared with the infant gaze data. We found that the network layers corresponding to lower‐level areas of visual cortex accounted for gaze patterns better in younger infants than in older infants, whereas the network layers corresponding to higher‐level areas of visual cortex accounted for gaze patterns better in older infants than in younger infants. Thus, between 4 and 12 months, gaze becomes increasingly controlled by more abstract, higher‐level representations. These results also demonstrate the feasibility of using RSA to link infant gaze behavior to neural network models. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at https://youtu.be/K5mF2Rw98Is
Computational modeling reveals strategic and developmental differences in the behavioral impact of reward across adolescence
Authors: Fosco Whitney D. , Meisel Samuel N. , Weigard Alexander , White Corey N. , Colder Craig R.
Published: July 2021

Studies of reward effects on behavior in adolescence typically rely on performance metrics that confound myriad cognitive and non‐cognitive processes, making it challenging to determine which process is impacted by reward. The present longitudinal study applied the diffusion decision model to a reward task to isolate the influence of reward on response caution from influences of processing and motor speed. Participants completed three annual assessments from early to middle adolescence (N = 387, 55% female, Mage = 12.1 at Wave 1; Mage = 13.1 at Wave 2, Mage = 14.1 at Wave 3) and three annual assessments in late adolescence (Mages = 17.8, 18.9, 19.9). At each assessment, participants completed a two‐choice reaction time task under conditions of no‐reward and a block in which points were awarded for speeded accuracy. Reward reduced response caution at all waves, as expected, but had a greater impact as teens moved from early to middle adolescence. Simulations to identify optimal response caution showed that teens were overly cautious in early adolescence but became too focused on speed over accuracy by middle adolescence. By late adolescence, participants adopted response styles that maximized reward. Further, response style was associated with both internalizing and externalizing symptoms in early‐to‐middle adolescence, providing evidence for the construct validity of a diffusion model approach in this developmental period.
From welcome guest to full participant: The influence of migrant worship practices in the Lutheran‐Church Missouri Synod
Authors: Marriott James
Published: July 2021

The Lutheran Church‐Missouri Synod in the United States has a significant, extensive, and winsome history of work with migrant communities. This work includes various parachurch organizations designed for resourcing, social care, and evangelistic witness, aligning with the synodical mission of “Witness, Mercy, and Life Together.” Nevertheless, migrant influence on worship practices within LC‐MS congregations can be very minimal. There are a few examples of congregations that have achieved a kind of acculturation or juxtaposition of migrant and local worship practices, and even fewer that are cultivating a kind of inculturation of worship rituals and practices. Using the framework of inculturation and intercultural hermeneutics, this article will seek to highlight the opportunities of congregations within the LC‐MS to cultivate a new sense of worship and community. This new sense of communal worship recognizes the migrant not just as welcome guest but as full participant in “Witness, Mercy, and Life Together,” sharing the stewardship and leadership of rituals, practices, songs, and other ceremonies.
Combinatorial treatment for unresectable unicentric Castleman disease
Authors: Mohan Meera , Meek James C. , Meek Mary Elizabeth , Broadwater Ralph , Alapat Daisy , van Rhee Frits
Published: July 2021

Unresectable, symptomatic unicentric Castleman disease (UCD) can represent a formidable therapeutic challenge. UCD masses are often highly vascularized offering the opportunity for therapeutic embolization. Herein, we report on 6 patients in which therapeutic embolization was combined with other medical interventions including surgery (n = 3), rituximab (n = 6), cryoablation (n = 2), and chemotherapy (n = 3). Five patients had significant tumor volume reductions (median: 83.2%; range: 76.7‐100). All five responding patients had resolution of symptomatology. There were no serious complications in the patients who received embolization and proceeded to surgery. In conclusion, effective disease and symptom control can be obtained in patients with symptomatic, unresectable UCD by combining different therapeutic interventions.
Systematic variation in the temperature dependence of bacterial carbon use efficiency
Authors: Smith Thomas P. , Clegg Tom , Bell Thomas , Pawar Samrāt
Published: July 2021

Carbon use efficiency (CUE) is a key characteristic of microbial physiology and underlies community‐level responses to changing environments. Yet, we currently lack general empirical insights into variation in microbial CUE at the level of individual taxa. Here, through experiments with 29 strains of environmentally isolated bacteria, we find that bacterial CUE typically responds either positively to temperature, or has no discernible response, within biologically meaningful temperature ranges. Using a global data synthesis, we show that these results are generalisable across most culturable groups of bacteria. This variation in the thermal responses of bacterial CUE is taxonomically structured, and stems from the fact that relative to respiration rates, bacterial population growth rates typically respond more strongly to temperature, and are also subject to weaker evolutionary constraints. Our results provide new insights into microbial physiology, and a basis for more accurately modelling the effects of thermal fluctuations on complex microbial communities.
Effect of low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound on orofacial sensory disturbance following inferior alveolar nerve injury: Role of neurotrophin‐3 signaling
Authors: Tsuchimochi Akane , Endo Chitose , Motoyoshi Mitsuru , Tamura Miki , Hitomi Suzuro , Hayashi Yoshinori , Shinoda Masamichi
Published: July 2021

Percutaneous treatment of low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) to the site of inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) transection promotes functional regeneration, but the detailed mechanism is unknown. We examined the involvement of neurotrophin‐3 (NT‐3), which primarily binds with tropomyosin receptor kinase C (TrkC), in functional transected IAN regeneration following LIPUS treatment in rats. Daily LIPUS treatment to the transected IAN was performed, and the mechanical sensitivity of the facial skin was measured for 14 d. On day 5 after IAN transection, the expression of NT‐3 in the transected IAN and TrkC‐positive trigeminal ganglion neurons were immunohistochemically examined. Further, the effect of TrkC neutralization on the acceleration of facial mechanosensory disturbance restoration due to LIPUS treatment was analyzed. LIPUS treatment to the site of IAN transection significantly facilitated functional recovery from sensory disturbance on facial skin. Schwann cells in the transected IAN expressed NT‐3, and LIPUS treatment increased the amount of NT‐3. The facilitated recovery from the mechanosensory disturbance by continuous LIPUS treatment was inhibited by the ongoing TrkC neutralization at the IAN transection site. These results suggest that LIPUS treatment accelerates the recovery of orofacial mechanosensory function following IAN transection through the enhancement of NT‐3 signaling in the transected IAN.
HSV model‐based segmentation driven facial acne detection using deep learning
Authors: Yadav Neha , Alfayeed Sk Md , Khamparia Aditya , Pandey Babita , Thanh Dang N. H. , Pande Sagar
Published: July 2021

Acne is a skin disease mainly caused by bacteria, the hair follicles exposed to oil, and dying skin cells. These sometimes trigger whiteheads, blackheads or pimples, usually on the neck, arms, arm and back of shoulders. Acne in adolescents is the most severe, even though it affects people of any generation. Doctors can easily detect acne by seeing a patient's skin, but automatic acne detection is not easy for machines. Deep learning (DL) approaches have been quite successful for various aspects like classification and detection of objects in real life. This paper proposes an enhanced DL CNN model with the Leaky ReLU activation function. DermNet NZ's facial acne images dataset is used for the experiments. Three different techniques‐ K‐Means, Texture Analysis and HSV Model‐Based Segmentation, are applied for image segmentation to extract the acne region from skin images. After applying all the above image segmentation methods five times for each method, output images from K‐Means and HSV (5 + 5 images) are collected and combined with the dataset. Using that dataset, one SVM model using Scikit‐learn and two CNN models‐ one with the ReLU activation function and another with the LeakyReLU activation function, is trained. Out of these three models, the proposed CNN (LeakyReLU) model achieved a 97.54% accuracy.
Speech‐language profiles in the context of cognitive and adaptive functioning in SATB2‐associated syndrome
Authors: Snijders Blok Lot , Goosen Y. Max , van Haaften Leenke , van Hulst Karen , Fisher Simon E. , Brunner Han G. , Egger Jos I. M. , Kleefstra Tjitske
Published: July 2021

SATB2‐associated syndrome (SAS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by heterozygous pathogenic variants in the SATB2 gene, and is typically characterized by intellectual disability and severely impaired communication skills. The goal of this study was to contribute to the understanding of speech and language impairments in SAS, in the context of general developmental skills and cognitive and adaptive functioning. We performed detailed oral motor, speech and language profiling in combination with neuropsychological assessments in 23 individuals with a molecularly confirmed SAS diagnosis: 11 primarily verbal individuals and 12 primarily nonverbal individuals, independent of their ages. All individuals had severe receptive language delays. For all verbal individuals, we were able to define underlying speech conditions. While childhood apraxia of speech was most prevalent, oral motor problems appeared frequent as well and were more present in the nonverbal group than in the verbal group. For seven individuals, age‐appropriate Wechsler indices could be derived, showing that the level of intellectual functioning of these individuals varied from moderate–mild ID to mild ID‐borderline intellectual functioning. Assessments of adaptive functioning with the Vineland Screener showed relatively high scores on the domain “daily functioning” and relatively low scores on the domain “communication” in most individuals. Altogether, this study provides a detailed delineation of oral motor, speech and language skills and neuropsychological functioning in individuals with SAS, and can provide families and caregivers with information to guide diagnosis, management and treatment approaches.
Leveraging observed soil heterotrophic respiration fluxes as a novel constraint on global‐scale models
Authors: Jian Jinshi , Bond‐Lamberty Ben , Hao Dalei , Sulman Benjamin N. , Patel Kaizad F. , Zheng Jianqiu , Dorheim Kalyn , Pennington Stephanie C. , Hartman Melannie D. , Warner Dan , Wieder William R.
Published: July 2021

Microbially explicit models may improve understanding and projections of carbon dynamics in response to future climate change, but their fidelity in simulating global‐scale soil heterotrophic respiration (RH), a stringent test for soil biogeochemical models, has never been evaluated. We used statistical global RH products, as well as 7821 daily site‐scale RH measurements, to evaluate the spatiotemporal performance of one first‐order decay model (CASA‐CNP) and two microbially explicit biogeochemical models (CORPSE and MIMICS) that were forced by two different input datasets. CORPSE and MIMICS did not provide any measurable performance improvement; instead, the models were highly sensitive to the input data used to drive them. Spatial variability in RH fluxes was generally well simulated except in the northern middle latitudes (~50°N) and arid regions; models captured the seasonal variability of RH well, but showed more divergence in tropic and arctic regions. Our results demonstrate that the next generation of biogeochemical models shows promise but also needs to be improved for realistic spatiotemporal variability of RH. Finally, we emphasize the importance of net primary production, soil moisture, and soil temperature inputs, and that jointly evaluating soil models for their spatial (global scale) and temporal (site scale) performance provides crucial benchmarks for improving biogeochemical models.
Can cropland management practices lower net greenhouse emissions without compromising yield?
Authors: Shang Ziyin , Abdalla Mohamed , Xia Longlong , Zhou Feng , Sun Wenjuan , Smith Pete
Published: July 2021

Smart cropland management practices can mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions while safeguarding food security. However, the integrated effects on net greenhouse gas budget (NGHGB) and grain yield from different management practices remain poorly defined and vary with environmental and application conditions. Here, we conducted a global meta‐analysis on 347 observation sets of non‐CO2 GHG (CH4 and N2O) emissions and grain yield, and 412 observations of soil organic carbon sequestration rate (SOCSR). Our results show that for paddy rice, replacing synthetic nitrogen at the rate of 30%–59% with organic fertilizer significantly decreased net GHG emissions (NGHGB: −15.3 ± 3.4 [standard error], SOCSR: −15.8 ± 3.8, non‐CO2 GHGs: 0.6 ± 0.1 in Mg CO2 eq ha−1 year−1) and improved rice yield (0.4 ± 0.1 in Mg ha−1 year−1). In contrast, intermittent irrigation significantly increased net GHG emissions by 11.2 ± 3.1 and decreased rice yield by 0.4 ± 0.1. The reduction in SOC sequestration by intermittent irrigation (15.5 ± 3.3), which was most severe (>20) in alkaline soils (pH > 7.5), completely offset the mitigation in CH4 emissions. Straw return for paddy rice also led to a net increase in GHG emissions (NGHGB: 4.8 ± 1.4) in silt‐loam soils, where CH4 emissions (6.3 ± 1.3) were greatly stimulated. For upland cropping systems, mostly by enhancing SOC sequestration, straw return (NGHGB: −3.4 ± 0.8, yield: −0.5 ± 0.6) and no‐tillage (NGHGB: −2.9 ± 0.7, yield: −0.1 ± 0.3) were more effective in warm climates. This study highlights the importance of carefully managing croplands to sequester SOC without sacrifice in yield while limiting CH4 emissions from rice paddies.
Valorization of tree leaves waste using microwave‐assisted hydrothermal carbonization process
Authors: Kang Kang , Zhang Tianle , Sun Guotao , Zhu Mingqiang , Li Kankan , Li Dongbing
Published: July 2021

Fallen leaves of landscape trees, as an emerging biomass waste, were valorized using conventional hydrothermal carbonization (HC) and microwave‐assisted hydrothermal carbonization (MHC) pretreatments, and were comparatively characterized for physicochemical properties and thermal degradation kinetics. The results show that MHC is superior to conventional HC operation, because at 200℃, the MHC process not only gives a higher hydrochar yield (45.09 vs. 39.47 wt%) with significantly reduced energy consumption (0.63 vs. 2.74 MJ g−1), but also is more effective in removing K and Si. For isoconversional kinetic analysis, the FWO method provides better results than the KAS method as the latter failed to fit the tree leaves sample (R2 < 0.9). The thermal degradation kinetics at high temperatures (>400℃) showed that the hydrochar obtained from the MHC process has a lower average activation energy of ~190 MJ kg−1 than the conventional HC process (~260 MJ kg−1). This study reveals the potential for valorization of the landscape tree wastes via the MHC process.
Our roles are not at ease: The work of engaging a youth advisory council in a mental health services delivery organization
Authors: Canas Eugenia , Wathen Nadine , Berman Helene , Reaume‐Zimmer Paula , Iyer Srividya N.
Published: July 2021

Objectives

There is growing policy impetus for including youth voices in health services research and health system reform. This article examines the perspectives of professionals in a mental healthcare organization charged with engaging young people as advisors in service transformation.

Methods

An institutional ethnography of a youth mental health services organization in Ontario, Canada, was conducted. Fieldwork consisted of twelve months of observation of meetings, interviews with youth advisors and adult service providers, with subsequent text analysis of engagement training and policy materials. The present article reports data from six adult professionals and related field observations.

Results

Service providers’ efforts to engage youth were observed in three areas: a) supporting youth's development as advisors, b) retaining and deepening youth participation while waiting for organizational change and c) embedding relationships between youth and adults at various levels within the system of care. This work denotes existing tensions between the values and ideals of youth engagement and the everyday demands of services delivery.

Conclusion

In this setting, a fundamental dimension of this work consisted of negotiating tensions between the policy enthusiasm for engagement and its realization in a health services context. In describing these contextual challenges, we outline implications for consideration by other youth mental health services. Engagement efforts that are authentic and sustained require resources and flexibility, and leadership commitment to instil service users’ perspectives throughout multiple levels within the organization.
Meadowfoam seed oil as a natural dispersing agent for colorants in lipstick
Authors: Maktabi Briana , Liberatore Matthew W. , Baki Gabriella
Published: July 2021

Objective

Green and sustainable trends are growing and with that the demand for naturally derived ingredients is rising. Dispersing agents are essential components of lipsticks due to their ability to wet pigment particles, reduce agglomerates and prevent re‐agglomeration by stabilizing pigment particles. In this study, meadowfoam seed oil was evaluated as a pigment‐dispersing agent for lipsticks and compared with castor oil and octyldodecanol.

Methods

Dispersions of Red 7 Lake were formulated with 20, 30 and 40% solid content using castor oil, octyldodecanol or meadowfoam seed oil. Particle size, viscosity, spreadability, wetting, oil absorption and colour were measured. Four of the nine dispersions were then formulated into lipsticks, including all the 30% pigment dispersions and the 40% dispersion with meadowfoam seed oil. Lipsticks were tested for hardness, pay‐off, friction, rheology, colour and stability for 4 weeks.

Results

Average particle size was between 6 and 9 µm across the dispersions. The castor oil dispersions were more viscous, stickier and harder to spread than the other dispersions. The wetting contact angle was very low for all three dispersing agents, indicating that all of the oils wet the pigment well. The lipsticks varied in hardness, as expected, based on differences in the viscosity of the dispersing agents, and oil absorption of the powder. Red 7 Lake absorbed the highest amount of castor oil, which contributed to higher stick hardness. The castor oil lipstick and the meadowfoam seed oil lipstick containing 40% pigment were the hardest and most elastic. The octyldodecanol lipstick was the softest. Friction was the lowest for the meadowfoam seed oil lipstick containing 40% pigment, while pay‐off was the highest for the octyldodecanol lipstick. The colour of the lipsticks as a stick and after being spread on paper was very similar.

Conclusion

While the chemical composition and physicochemical properties of the dispersing agents were different, all three dispersing agents studied formed dispersions and lipsticks with appropriate characteristics. Meadowfoam seed oil's performance was qualitatively and quantitatively similar to castor oil and octyldodecanol. By modifying the amount of pigment and dispersing agent used, lipsticks that have similar characteristics to commercial products can be formulated.
A three‐tiered analysis of overall life satisfaction: Socio‐economic characteristics, satisfaction with areas of life, and personality traits
Authors: Ramia Ioana
Published: July 2021

Using Australian data, this paper proposes a three‐tiered model of overall life satisfaction as a function of socio‐economic characteristics and satisfaction with areas of life and personality traits. Mediation analysis through structural equation modelling is employed using data from the 17thwave of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey. The findings provide evidence for the interconnectedness of the three tiers of the model and their joint contribution to overall life satisfaction. Personality traits have significant direct and even stronger indirect effects on life satisfaction, mediated by their effects on satisfaction with areas of life, which has been previously overlooked. Socio‐economic characteristics have significant indirect effects on life satisfaction, which are most often omitted in analyses of life satisfaction. Satisfaction with areas of life remain strong predictors of overall life satisfaction, but only alongside personality traits and socio‐economic characteristics. The findings provide new methodological insights into the factors contributing to the measurement of life satisfaction, “all things considered”. Furthermore, results may support policy makers to target vulnerable groups and identify approaches to improve their well‐being.
Relation between crystal structure and lattice oxygen content of sintered reaction‐bonded silicon nitride
Authors: Fukuda Yumi , Harada Koichi , Yonetsu Maki , Albessard Ariane K. , Hattori Yasushi , Essaki Kenji , Goto Yasuhiro , Suetsuna Tomohiro
Published: July 2021

When reaction‐bonded silicon nitride containing MgO/Y2O3 additives is sintered at three different temperatures to form sintered reaction‐bonded silicon nitride (SRBSN), the thermal conductivity increases with sintering temperature. The β‐Si3N4 (silicon nitride) crystals of SRBSN ceramics were synthesized and characterized to investigate the relation between the crystal structure and the lattice oxygen content. The hot‐gas extraction measurement result and the crystal structure obtained using Rietveld analysis suggested that the unit cell size of the β‐Si3N4 crystal increases with the decrease in the lattice oxygen content. This result is reasonable considering that the lattice oxygen with the smaller covalent radius substitutes nitrogen with the larger one in the β‐Si3N4 crystals. The lattice oxygen content decreased with increasing sintering temperature which also correlated with increase in thermal conductivity. Moreover, it is noteworthy from the viewpoint that it may be possible to apply the lattice constant analysis for the nondestructive and simple measurement of the lattice oxygen content that deteriorates the thermal conductivity of the β‐Si3N4 ceramics.
Illness identity in adults with congenital heart disease: Longitudinal trajectories and associations with patient‐reported outcomes and healthcare use
Authors: Van Bulck Liesbet , Goossens Eva , Apers Silke , Moons Philip , Luyckx Koen
Published: July 2021

Aims

The aims of this study were to investigate the development of illness identity, the degree to which the disease is integrated into one's identity, by identifying trajectory classes in adults with congenital heart disease (CHD) and to describe these classes in terms of age, sex, disease complexity, patient‐reported outcomes (PROs) and healthcare use.

Design

This three‐wave observational cohort study was carried from 2013 till 2015 and includes 276 adults (median age: 34 years; 54% men) with CHD.

Methods

Illness identity entails four dimensions: engulfment, rejection, acceptance and enrichment. PROs included perceived health status, quality of life and psychological distress. Latent class growth analysis, analysis of variance, Poisson regression and negative binomial regression analyses were performed.

Results

Illness identity was relatively stable over time. The identified classes were meaningfully different in terms of age, disease complexity, PROs and healthcare use. Patients who did not reject their disease, patients who were not overwhelmed or patients who accepted their disease over time reported better health status and quality of life and less psychological distress. Less hospitalizations and visits to the general practitioner and medical specialist were reported by patients who were not overwhelmed or patients who accepted their disease over time. Patients with low rejection and high enrichment scores over time reported more visits at the general practitioner.

Conclusion

These findings indicate that illness identity should be taken into account when trying to understand and optimize PROs and healthcare use of adults with CHD.

Impact

This study scrutinizes the development and clinical meaningfulness of illness identity measured over time for adults with CHD. Illness identity was found to be stable over time. Moreover, the illness identity trajectories differed in terms of PROs and healthcare use, showing that measuring and intervening upon illness identity could be a potential pathway to optimize PROs and healthcare use.
Carbofuran affects cellular autophagy and developmental senescence through the impairment of Nrf2 signalling
Authors: Khan Alam , Zaman Tanjeena , Fahad Talukdar Mohammad , Akther Tanjima , Hasan Md Faruk , Naz Tarannum , Kishi Shuji
Published: July 2021

Carbofuran is a broad‐spectrum synthetic pesticide. Its exposure to non‐target mammals affects the biological system through the induction of oxidative stress. Since oxidative stress is a major contributing factor to cellular autophagy and senescence, our present investigation determined the impacts of carbofuran‐induced oxidative stress on cellular autophagy and senescence. A transmembrane protein, Spinster homolog 1 (Spns1), is involved in autophagic lysosomal metabolism. Its mutation accelerates the cellular senescence and shortens the lifespan. Using a transgenic zebrafish line, expressing fluorescent microtubules‐associated protein 1 light chain 3 (EGFP‐LC3) at the membrane of the autophagosome, we found that carbofuran affects autophagic lysosomal biogenesis in wild‐type zebrafish and exacerbates autophagic defect in spns1‐mutant zebrafish. In real‐time mortality study, carbofuran has shortened the lifespan of wild‐type fish. Nrf2 is a stress‐responsive transcription factor that regulates the expression of antioxidant genes (such as gstp1) in the prevention of oxidative stress‐mediated cellular damage. To assess the effect of carbofuran on Nrf2 signalling, we established a dual‐monitoring transgenic zebrafish line, expressing gstp1 promoter‐driven EGFP and mCherry‐tagged Neh2 domain of Nrf2. Our results suggested that the exposure of carbofuran has down‐regulated both Nrf2 and Gstp1 expressions. Overall, carbofuran affects cellular autophagy and accelerates senescence by enervating the Nrf2 signalling.
MG53 inhibits angiogenesis through regulating focal adhesion kinase signalling
Authors: Dong Jinling , Zhou Haiyan , Li Yongjie , Li Rong , Chen Ni , Zheng Youkun , Deng Xin , Luo Mao , Wu Jianbo , Wang Liqun
Published: July 2021

Mitsugumin 53 (MG53), which is expressed predominantly in striated muscle, has been demonstrated to be a myokine/cardiokine secreted from striated muscle under specific conditions. The important roles of MG53 in non‐striated muscle tissues have also been examined in multiple disease models. However, no previous study has implicated MG53 in the control of endothelial cell function. In order to explore the effects of MG53 on endothelial cells, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were stimulated with recombinant human MG53 (rhMG53). Then, rhMG53 uptake, focal adhesion kinase (FAK)/Src/Akt/ERK1/2 signalling pathway activation, cell migration and tube formation were determined in vitro. The efficacy of rhMG53 in regulating angiogenesis was also detected in postnatal mouse retinas. The results demonstrated that rhMG53 directly entered into endothelial cells in a cholesterol‐dependent manner. The uptake of rhMG53 directly bound to FAK in endothelial cells, which resulted in a significant decrease in FAK phosphorylation at Y397. Accompanied by the dephosphorylation of FAK, rhMG53 uncoupled FAK‐Src interaction and reduced the phosphorylation of Src at Y416. Consequently, the activation of FAK/Src downstream signalling pathways, such as Akt and ERK1/2, was also significantly inhibited by rhMG53. Furthermore, rhMG53 remarkably decreased HUVEC migration and tube formation in vitro and postnatal mouse retinal angiogenesis in vivo. Taken together, these data indicate that rhMG53 inhibits angiogenesis through regulating FAK/Src/Akt/ERK1/2 signalling pathways. This may provide a novel molecular mechanism for the impaired angiogenesis in ischaemic diseases.
Patient factors associated with referral to inpatient rehabilitation following knee or hip arthroplasty in a public sector cohort: A prognostic factor study
Authors: Naylor Justine M , Frost Steve , Farrugia Melissa , Pavlovic Natalie , Ogul Shaniya , Hackett Danella , Gray Leeanne , Wright Rachael , van Smeden Maarten , Harris Ian A
Published: July 2021

Rationale, aims and objectives

Inpatient rehabilitation following total knee or hip arthroplasty (TKA, THA) is resource intensive and expensive. Understanding who is referred is integral to the discourse concerning service and cost reform. This study aimed to determine patient prognostic factors associated with referral to inpatient rehabilitation following TKA or THA in a public sector setting. In this setting, surgeon or patient choice does not drive referral.

Method

Prognostic factor research based on secondary analysis of prospectively collected data. Consecutive people undergo elective, primary TKA, or THA at a high‐volume public hospital. The outcome was referral to inpatient rehabilitation after acute care. Patient variables including sociodemographic, comorbidity, and complication details were used in multivariable logistic regression to determine the prognostic factors associated with referral.

Results

Five hundred twenty people were included; 9.2% experienced the outcome. In the multivariable model, acute complications (OR 3.6, 95% CI 1.6‐7.8), TKA surgery (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.0‐9.4), renal disease (OR 4.4, 95% CI 1.4‐13.3), and higher body mass index (OR 1.1, 95% CI 1.0‐1.2) were associated with referral; unilateral surgery (OR 0.1 (95% CI 0.01‐0.2) and previous arthroplasty (OR 0.3 (95% CI 0.1‐0.8) were protective. There were no significant associations found for sociodemographic factors (such as gender and residential status) in the multivariable model.

Conclusion

In the absence of choice, physical impairment and health factors are associated with referral to inpatient rehabilitation following TKA or THA.
The relationship between health‐promoting behaviors, menopause syndrome, and sleep quality in Chinese middle‐aged nurses: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Bai Jie , Cheng Cheng
Published: July 2021

Background

Nursing staff are on the front line of providing healthcare that addresses patients' needs. Sleep quality is highly related to work performance and quality of life among nurses.

Aims

This study aimed to examine the influence of sociodemographic variables, menopause syndrome, and health‐promoting behaviors on sleep quality in a sample of middle‐aged nurses in China.

Methods

A cross‐sectional design was employed. A consecutive sample of 424 nurses was recruited from a university‐affiliated hospital in Bengbu, China. Self‐reported, structured questionnaires, including sociodemographic surveys, the Kupperman Menopausal Index, the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, were administered between October 2018 and July 2019. This study adhered to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines.

Results

Study participants had a mean sleep quality level of 5.30 points (SD = 3.16), indicating potential sleep problems. The results of regression models showed that menopause syndrome and spiritual growth were important predictors of sleep quality for premenopause, perimenopause, and postmenopause groups.

Conclusion

Middle‐aged nurses with more severe menopause syndrome and less spiritual growth might experience worse sleep quality.

Relevance to clinical practice

This study highlights important factors influencing the level of sleep quality in Chinese middle‐aged nurses. Identifying the factors that are associated with sleep quality may help with the development of proper interventions.
Emerging role of PARP‐1 and PARthanatos in ischemic stroke
Authors: Liu Shuiqiao , Luo Weibo , Wang Yingfei
Published: July 2021

Cell death is a key feature of neurological diseases, including stroke and neurodegenerative disorders. Studies in a variety of ischemic/hypoxic mouse models demonstrate that poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP‐1)‐dependent cell death, also named PARthanatos, plays a pivotal role in ischemic neuronal cell death and disease progress. PARthanatos has its unique triggers, processors, and executors that convey a highly orchestrated and programmed signaling cascade. In addition to its role in gene transcription, DNA damage repair, and energy homeostasis through PARylation of its various targets, PARP‐1 activation in neuron and glia attributes to brain damage following ischemia/reperfusion. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic deletion of PARP‐1 reduces infarct volume, eliminates inflammation, and improves recovery of neurological functions in stroke. Here, we reviewed the role of PARP‐1 and PARthanatos in stroke and their therapeutic potential.

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Hyaluronidase: What is your fear?
Authors: Bravo Bruna Souza Felix , Bianco Stephanie , Bastos Julien Totti de , Carvalho Raquel de Melo
Published: July 2021

Background

The aesthetic treatment based on fillers with hyaluronic acid presents an increasing demand in the present day because it is considered a safe and minimally invasive procedure. In the management of adverse effects or more severe complications of hyaluronic acid‐based fillers, hyaluronidase is the treatment of choice.

Aims

To demonstrate efficacy in reversibility and safety in the treatment of HA complications.

Patients/Methods

It is a retrospective study article that reports the use of hyaluronidase in the main undesirable effects of fillers in 114 patients in a private dermatological clinic from 2015 to 2018.

Results

The target of the application was 51 cases of overcorrection (45%), 50 cases of Tyndall effect (44%), and 13 late nodules (11%). When we evaluated the areas where HYAL was injected, we found that the area with the most indication of the application of the product was the eyelid region (58 injections).

Conclusion

This study concluded that HYAL is a safe and effective drug in the management of mild adverse events of HA applications with no severe side effects in our protocol of use.