bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
APLICAÇÃO DE MEDIDAS ANTIDUMPING PELOS ESTADOS UNIDOS NA IMPORTAÇÃO DE SUCO DE LARANJA BRASILEIRO
Authors: Arriola Sperandio Helena
Published: September 2014

As medidas de defesa comercial são impostas com a finalidade de proteger a indústria nacional de práticas desleais do comércio, como é o caso do dumping. Houve uma significativa importação de suco de laranja brasileiro por parte dos Estados Unidos, o que ensejou a aplicação de medidas antidumping para proteção da indústria doméstica norte-americana. As medidas foram impostas através de decisão do Departamento do Comércio dos Estados Unidos, no entanto, gerou preocupações, levando o Brasil ao Órgão de Solução de Controvérsias da OMC para dirimir tais questões.
A Disputa dos Pneus no MERCOSUL e na OMC: Reabilitando a Competição Regulatória na Regulamentação do Comércio Internacional e Meio Ambiente
Authors: Morosini Fábio
Published: September 2014

O Brasil está atualmente inserido no projeto de construção de um novo mercado comum, conhecido como MERCOSUL, com seus vizinhos Argentina, Uruguai e Paraguai. Tem-se assumido que este projeto produzirá crescimento econômico e, consequentemente, será vantajoso ao meio ambiente. Entretanto, esta presunção recentemente veio a ser questionada, em conseqüência aos esforços brasileiros e argentinos de regulamentar os riscos ao meio ambiente e à saúde associados à importação de pneus remoldados. Apesar do protesto de ambientalistas, os tribunais arbitrais do MERCOSUL e da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC) emitiram várias decisões concluindo que estas regulamentações violam as regras de comércio internacional. Esta tese examina se estas recomendações do MERCOSUL e da OMC foram corretamente decididas à luz da literatura sobre a relação entre comércio internacional e meio ambiente, e sobre a teoria da competição regulatória. Eu argumento que o teste aplicado pelos tribunais da OMC e MERCOSUL em disputas entre comércio e meio ambiente dá pouca importância às lições tiradas dessa literatura, e que futuros tribunais devem adotar uma nova abordagem que expressamente aplique essas lições. Eu finalmente aplico estas lições à disputa dos pneus, baseado na minha própria avaliação dos dados econômicos e científicos relevantes, e em entrevistas individuais que eu conduzi com representantes do governo brasileiro, da indústria brasileira de pneus, e do MERCOSUL
A Sociedade Civil e o Sistema de Solução de Controvérsias da Organização Mundial do Comércio
Authors: Santos Rosicler
Published: September 2014

A OMC, após treze anos de surgimento no cenário internacional, transformou-se em uma das principais Organizações Internacionais atualmente existentes. Apesar das questões envolvendo o comércio afetarem toda a sociedade, tanto a nível nacional como internacional, a OMC é um organismo intergovernamental, ou seja, os únicos sujeitos de direito internacional que tem legitimidade para agir no seu âmbito são os Estados. Porém, dada a grande relevância desta Organização, há uma acentuada discussão na Comunidade Internacional a respeito de se saber se deve ou não dar acesso à Sociedade Civil no Sistema de Solução de Controvérsias deste organismo. Este artigo tem, portanto, como objetivo abordar esta questão, que se torna a cada dia mais polêmica, com bandeiras dos prós e dos contras a se levantar em todo o mundo.
Convergência e Complementaridade entre as Vertentes de Proteção Internacional dos Direitos Humanos
Authors: Paula Vera Cecilia Abagge de , Proner Carol
Published: September 2014

As normas de Proteção Internacional da Pessoa Humana, amplíssimo leque de disposições consagradas em declarações e pactos, internalizadas em constituições e leis e garantidas por órgãos e organismos nacionais, supranacionais e não-governamentais, devem ser consideradas a partir do seu objetivo comum, de proteger o ser humano em quaisquer circunstâncias e a qualquer tempo, aplicando convergentemente suas especificidades no sentido da mais ampla proteção. Neste 60º aniversário da Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos, não há quem discorde em compreender o “consenso universal” de 1948 recontextualizado, atualizado a partir das conquistas hermenêuticas dos anos que se seguiram. A Declaração Universal – e principalmente a contradição dos tempos da Guerra Fria e do estabelecimento de dois Pactos Internacionais separados em 1966 – desloca-se de seu marco histórico, transforma-se e atualiza-se a partir da experimentação prática e da constatação que as garantias apenas no plano formal não apenas são insuficientes como, por vezes, desviam a atenção e dissipam energia rumo à efetividade.
A Permeabilidade Seletiva das (nem) tão Livres Fronteiras dos Estados
Authors: Zen Cássio Eduardo
Published: September 2014

O artigo trata das discrepâncias no sistema globalizado onde cada vez mais se incentiva a livre circulação de mercadorias e capitais e ao mesmo tempo rejeita a livre circulação de indivíduos. São trabalhadas práticas do Brasil, da União Européia e dos Estados Unidos da América quanto a circulação de indivíduos, mostrando a dificuldade dos Estados em acolher o imigrante. Finalmente, o artigo expõe que a única maneira de controlar o fenômeno de circulação de indivíduos é a construção de uma sociedade global onde sejam combatidas as causas da imigração indocumentada.
O Direito Internacional dos Refugiados em xeque: refugiados ambientais e econômicos
Authors: Da Cunha Ana Paula
Published: September 2014

O presente artigo tem por escopo uma breve análise sobre o documento legal de excelência do Direito Internacional dos Refugiados, a Convenção Relativa ao Estatuto dos Refugiados de 1951, bem como questionar a sua adequação em face da nova realidade contemporânea no tocante à problemática dos refugiados. Advoga-se, neste sentido, a necessidade de ampliação deste diploma diante de dois exemplos – não exaustivos – de grupos de migrantes forçados que deveriam gozar da proteção do instituto universal do refúgio e que não o fazem por não se enquadrarem na definição formal trazida pela Convenção de 1951, quais sejam, os refugiados ambientais e os refugiados econômicos, estes últimos também chamados refugiados da fome.
Reclamações de clientes como fonte de inovações a partir de uma Base de Help Desk utilizando Data Mining - Um exemplo de aplicação
Authors: Tesser Daniel Poletto , Dos Santos Simone Nasser , Dos Reis Dálcio Roberto , De Oliveira Júnior Libório
Published: September 2014

Em um mercado de acelerada competição e de consumidores cada vez mais exigentes, traçar o perfil do consumidor para adotar melhores estratégias de negociação pode fazer toda a diferença à medida que aumenta a satisfação do cliente. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo a identificação do perfil de clientes para cada tipo de reclamações identificadas em uma base de dados sobre Help Desk de uma empresa de ração animal. Utilizou-se uma das técnicas de Mineração de Dados, chamada de clustering por meio do algoritmo k-means. A ferramenta selecionada para o respectivo trabalho foi o WEKA. Como resultados foram obtidos 23 clusters, com as respectivas características dos clientes para cada reclamação. Em alguns casos foram gerados 2 ou mais clusters para o mesmo tipo de reclamação , indicando perfis diferentes de clientes para o mesmo tipo de reclamação. Com o resultado, foi possível obter conhecimento das características de cada consumidor para cada tipo de reclamação, permitindo que a organização inove e atenda-os de forma customizada.
Avaliação da Acessibilidade das Funções de Privacidade do Facebook com Pessoas com Deficiência Visual.
Authors: Pessini Adriano , Citadin Jucilane , Kemczinski Avanilde , Gasparini Isabela
Published: September 2014

A forte presença das redes sociais on-line nas interações e relações humanas tem estimulado a reflexão de diversos pesquisadores, inclusive na comunidade de Interação Humano-Computador (IHC). Uma das maiores preocupações das redes sociais está na questão da privacidade e, em relação à inclusão social e digital, na questão da acessibilidade. Assim, este artigo relata a avaliação da acessibilidade das funções de privacidade do Facebook com usuários cegos que usam o aplicativo por meio de leitores de tela. A pesquisa foi realizada utilizando-se uma abordagem qualitativa, através de entrevistas, observação direta das atividades propostas aos participantes e anotações, apontando uma série de dificuldades no uso dos recursos de privacidade do Facebook por este público-alvo.
Projeto Carona Solidária na UFPR
Authors: Mendes Júnior Ricardo , Fusco Rafael
Published: September 2014

Este artigo relata as iniciativas de carona solidária desenvolvidas na UFPR nos últimos anos. Estas iniciativas envolveram professores, estudantes, os centros acadêmicos do Setor de Tecnologia (C7) e o Programa Ciclovida. Apresentam-se um histórico destas ações, seus objetivos e formas de organização e realização. Verificou-se que as iniciativas são viáveis e podem ser amadurecidas e que a comunidade aceitou bem a ideia da carona solidária. Podemos concluir que existe sim uma demanda urgente em resolver o sistema de mobilidade na cidade e a Universidade Federal deve ser um exemplo de soluções inovadoras e uma incubadora de projetos desenvolvidos pela comunidade.
Editorial v.1 n.1
Authors: Souza e Silva Guilherme Ricardo dos Santos
Published: September 2014

Editorial v.1 n.1
Integração universidade-empresa (setor produtivo) em cursos superiores de tecnologia: o relato do processo de pesquisa e ação no Setor de Educação Profissional e Tecnológica da Universidade Federal do Paraná
Authors: Franco Maura Regina , Moraes Paulo Eduardo Sobreira , Perotti Eleni Elizabeth Gotrifid , Corrêa Adriana
Published: September 2014

O presente artigo registra as ações de pesquisa e de aproximação com o setor produtivo levadas a cabo por professores e alunos do Curso Superior de Tecnologia em Gestão da Qualidade, que tem se dado no Setor de Educação Profissional e Tecnológica da Universidade Federal do Paraná realizadas entre o segundo semestre de 2009 e o início do primeiro semestre de 2011. Após a revisão da literatura que baliza tal processo, se apresenta o estado das atividades realizadas e as perspectivas de encaminhamento de esforços. Assevera-se também a necessidade de empenhos comuns a toda a comunidade acadêmica voltada a cursos superiores de tecnologia para que o setor produtivo e as universidades se aproximem e se integrem mutuamente.
Pensamento enxuto e sistemas de saúde: um estudo da aplicabilidade de conceitos e ferramentas lean em contexto hospitalar
Authors: Buzzi Deize , Plytiuk Crislayne França
Published: September 2014

O Pensamento Enxuto é uma filosofia de trabalho que coloca em prática alguns princípios básicos, que permitem reduzir os desperdícios durante a elaboração e execução de um projeto, obra ou serviço, sempre com foco em maximizar o valor para o cliente final. Está embasada em um jeito novo de pensar visando à redução do desperdício e otimização dos recursos de forma a produzir mais e melhor com menos. Os sistemas de saúde atualmente figuram como objeto de descontentamento das entidades envolvidas ou relacionadas aos seus processos. Pacientes, funcionários e entidades mantenedoras têm enfrentado grandes dificuldades em função de aspectos relacionados à qualidade dos serviços prestados. Este artigo tem por objetivo esclarecer questões pertinentes à utilização da filosofia Lean Thinking em contexto hospitalar, buscando a partir do estudo da metodologia e contexto, caminhar em direção ao esclarecimento da aplicabilidade da abordagem, bem como compreender as motivações e desafios que envolvem sua implementação.
Estudo de caso: Informações sócio-econômicas e espaço social da Vila Guarujá, Campo Mourão, Paraná
Authors: Sabei Thayse Rochele , Moraes Paulo Eduardo Sobreira , Franco Maura Regina
Published: September 2014

A forma como nos relacionamos com o meio ambiente está diretamente ligada à qualidade de vida. O presente trabalho foi realizado em Vila Guarujá, na cidade de Campo Mourão, Paraná. A localidade escolhida para a pesquisa é considerada uma área agro-urbana de interesse social, onde identificou-se a necessidade de realizar um estudo para avaliar a qualidade de vida dos moradores. O estudo foi realizado em duas etapas; na primeira foi feito um levantamento de dados da região, incluindo condições de saneamento e habitação emórgãos públicos locais. Na segunda etapa realizou-se o trabalho de campo no local de estudo.Foram feitas entrevistas com moradores e funcionários do posto de saúde, da creche e da escola existentes no bairro. Com a realização do trabalho foi possível verificar que a VilaGuarujá é um local carente de infra-estrutura, considerando-se aspectos relacionados à habitação, ao atendimento de saúde e ao ensino público. Essas condições prejudicam aqualidade de vida dos moradores, havendo a necessidade de trabalhar o planejamento urbano e familiar dos indivíduos que habitam a região.
GESTÃO AMBIENTAL, INOVAÇÕES SUSTENTÁVEIS E ENERGIAS RENOVÁVEIS EM ORGANIZAÇÕES PARANAENSES CERTIFICADAS PELA NORMA NBR ISO 14001:2004
Authors: Wesendonck Ana Paula , Rohrich Sandra Simm
Published: September 2014

A gestão ambiental tem se tornado um tema cada vez mais presente no ambiente organizacional como uma das possibilidades para a sustentabilidade nos negócios. Nessecontexto, as certificações pela norma NBR ISO 14001:2004 aparecem como um dos elementos de normatização e pressão das partes interessadas. O objetivo deste artigo foi identificar as iniciativas das organizações localizadas no estado do Paraná e certificadas pela norma NBR ISO 14001:2004 no que tange às questões relativas à gestão ambiental, às inovações sustentáveis e ao uso de energias renováveis.
Microbial transformation of cholesterol by Botrytis and Sclerotinia species strains
Authors: Noculak-Palczewska A. , Królicki Z. , Krzyżanowska J.
Published: September 2014

The hydroxy group or 5-cholesten-3β-oll is oxidated by Botrytis cinerea into the keto group.
Morphological and cultural studies of Septoria vignicola
Authors: Rawal R. D. , Sohi H. S.
Published: September 2014

Pycnidial formation starts six days after inoculation. These arę globose, dark and range between 59.28-109.20 μm in diameier. The pycnidial wall is composed of 2- 3 layers of brown cells. The pycnidiospores ooze 8 days after inoculation. They are filiform, straight to curved, hyaline, septate with 2-4 septa, ends pointed or round and 21.84-68.64 x 1.25-2.15 μm. Mycelial growth was most profuse on Czapek Dox's agar medium, whereas maximum sporulation took place on Coon's, Sabauraud's and Potato dextrose agar media. The fungus could grow over a wide range of temperature from 12- 36°C (optimum: 24 ± l°C) and showed no growth at 40°C or above. Pycnidial formation occurred at 16- 28°C with a maximum at 24 ± l°C. Out of seven carbon sources tested, sorbose was the best for growth and sporulation of Septoria vignicola whereas maltose was a poor source for sporulation. The fungus responded very well to the supply of carbon in culture media as no growth of the fungus could be observed when the carbon supply was with held. Aspartic acid supported optimum growth among all the organic sources tried, whereas among inorganic sources potassium nitrate was the best, last growth observed on ammonium nitrate.
Studies on fungi of the gennus Typhula II. The biological propriety
Authors: Dynowska Maria
Published: September 2014

The basic biological properties of several representatives of fungi from the generus Typhula were investigated. Enzymatic activity is connected with the way of living of particular species and closely corresponds with pathogenic properties. The highest degree of pahtogenicity is found for T. ishikariensis.
Study of fungi on dung of different habitats
Authors: Singh C. S.
Published: September 2014

Dung samples of four animals viz., rabbit. rat, fowl and pigeon both in captivity and wild conditions were collected aseptically in sterilized bottles from different places at Gorakhpur (U. P.). These were then transfer red to Petri dish moist chambers and incubated Tor 50 days. The observations were madę on the 3rd, 5th, lOth, 15tth, 20th, 30th, 40th and 50th day of incubation. The number of fungi on dung of different animals was larger in wild condition than in captivity. Some species were common to both the conditions; a few were recorded from more animals dungs in captivity but from less animals in wild conditions and there were some confined either to the captivity or to the wild condition on Iv. In addition to these. there were still others which were found on one animal dung in captivity and on more animals dungs in wild condition. With a few exceptions in dung samples from captivity, feces of all the animals in both the conditions exhibited a similar pattern of the succession of fungi.
An analysis of the succession of fungi on dung
Authors: Singh C. S.
Published: September 2014

Four animals were kept in cages and were fed their different diets. The fungi tested for the cellulolytic activity and dry weight of mycelial production showed variable nature.
A Cross-Domain Survey of Metrics for Modelling and Evaluating Collisions
Authors: Marvel Jeremy A. , Bostelman Roger
Published: September 2014

This paper provides a brief survey of the metrics for measuring probability, degree, and severity of collisions as applied to autonomous and intelligent systems. Though not exhaustive, this survey evaluates the state-of-the-art of collision metrics, and assesses which are likely to aid in the establishment and support of autonomous system collision modelling. The survey includes metrics for 1) robot arms; 2) mobile robot platforms; 3) nonholonomic physical systems such as ground vehicles, aircraft, and naval vessels, and; 4) virtual and mathematical models.
Pn anisotropy beneath the South Island of New Zealand and implications for distributed deformation in continental lithosphere
Authors: Collins John A. , Molnar Peter
Published: September 2014

Pn travel times from regional earthquakes recorded both by stations on New Zealand and by ocean bottom seismographs deployed offshore indicate anisotropy in the uppermost mantle beneath the region. The largest anisotropy of ~8% (±2%, 1σ) lies beneath the deforming part of the South Island to just off its West Coast, a zone roughly 100–200 km wide. The fastest propagation is aligned N60°E (±3°), essentially parallel to the largely strike‐slip relative plate motion since 20 Ma, also ~ N60°E. The magnitude of anisotropy decreases abruptly northwest and southeast of this zone, and on the southeast side of the island, the orientation of fastest propagation is between N32°W and N‐S. The ~ N60°E orientation of fast propagation is consistent with finite strain within the uppermost part of the mantle lithosphere if the measured 850 km of displacement of the Pacific plate past the Australia plate is spread over a region with a width of 100–200 km. The agreement of this orientation of fast propagation with the orientation or relative plate motion suggests the possibility of but does not require some dynamic recrystallization in rock as cold as 500–800°C, where Peierls creep seems to be the likely deformation mechanism. Such a strain distribution matches deformation of a thin viscous sheet that obeys a constitutive relationship of the form , where is the average strain rate and τ is the operative deviatoric stress, with an average value of n ≈ 3–10. Presumably, the NW‐SE fast propagation in the region southeast of the island results from strain that precedes the Cenozoic deformation that has shaped the island.
Intrusion of Rhone River diluted water into the Bay of Marseille: Generation processes and impacts on ecosystem functioning
Authors: Fraysse Marion , Pairaud Ivane , Ross Oliver N. , Faure Vincent M. , Pinazo Christel
Published: September 2014

The Rhone River provides the largest inputs of terrestrial freshwater and nutrients into the Mediterranean Sea. The Rhone River diluted water intrusions into the Bay of Marseille were investigated, examining their physical generation processes and associated biogeochemical impact by using in situ observations, remote sensing data, and a three‐dimensional physical/biogeochemical coupled model. During our study period from 2007 to 2011, Rhone River intrusions occurred on average 7.6 times per year and affected more frequently the northern part of the bay. A classification of intrusion events in three categories is proposed (short lived, big, and small) as a function of their duration and spatial extent. The intrusions appeared to be driven by: (i) wind forcing, (ii) the presence of a mesoscale eddy, (iii) the Rhone River discharge volume, and (iv) the variation in thermocline depth. Typically, a combination of these favorable factors was necessary to induce an intrusion. An intrusion strongly impacts the biogeochemical functioning of the Bay of Marseille by bringing large quantities of nutrients into the bay. Mass balances were computed allowing us to quantify this impact on the Bay of Marseille. The results show that the ecological impact depends very much on the type of intrusion, with big intrusions having the highest impact.
OH Meinel band nightglow profiles from OSIRIS observations
Authors: Sheese P. E. , Llewellyn E. J. , Gattinger R. L. , Strong K.
Published: September 2014

The mesospheric nightglow spectrum is replete with OH Meinel band emissions, from the midvisible to the midinfrared. These emissions provide a wealth of aeronomic information, giving a physical view of the chemistry and dynamics of the upper atmosphere. The Optical Spectrograph and Infrared Imaging System (OSIRIS) instrument, on the Odin satellite, is currently one of the few satellite instruments that simultaneously observes emissions from multiple and separate Meinel bands. This has allowed the derivation of near‐global data sets of nighttime OH volume emission rate profiles for the Meinel (5‐1), (8‐3), and (9‐4) bands. The 2002–2013 climatologies consistently show that emission from bands in higher upper vibrational levels peaks at higher altitudes. The global average (5‐1), (8‐3), and (9‐4) band emission peak heights are at altitudes of 86.0 km, 86.7 km, and 87.1 km, respectively. The 1σ variation in the (5‐1), (8‐3), and (9‐4) band, peak heights are 1.8 km, 1.9 km, and 1.9 km, respectively. The climatological (30 day, 10° latitude) peak heights can vary significantly with both time and latitude; however, the (5‐1) band climatological peak height is nearly always below that of the (8‐3) band, which is nearly always below that of the (9‐4) band. The temporal variation in the emission peak height can have a significant impact on measurements of OH rotational temperatures from ground‐based observations of the OH layer. It was found that omitting the profile climatology can bias a ground‐based temperature measurement by as much as ±4 K and can also make ground‐based measurements susceptible to nonrealistic temperature variations.
Exploring landscape sensitivity to the Pacific Trade Wind Inversion on the subsiding island of Hawaii
Authors: Ward Dylan J. , Galewsky Joseph
Published: September 2014

The interaction of the subsiding limb of the Hadley circulation and the easterly North Pacific Trade Winds establishes a persistent thermal inversion at about 2000 m above sea level in the subtropical Pacific. The inversion restricts convective rainfall to the lower elevations of the windward flank of the island of Hawaii, creating an order‐of‐magnitude vertical rainfall gradient, as well as high interbasin variability in precipitation. In the high‐rainfall zone, streams are incised tens to hundreds of meters below the surface of the volcanic shield. We use a digital elevation model and 1‐D numerical modeling to assess whether deep incision on the flank of Mauna Kea is tied to the elevation of the trade wind inversion. The 83 channels examined can be well fit in aggregate by all models that account for differences in precipitation between basins; specifically, the maximum depth of incision in each drainage is a power function of precipitation‐weighted drainage area with an exponent of ~ ½. Individual longitudinal stream profiles are generally better fit by models that acknowledge both along‐channel precipitation variability and the subsidence of the island through that gradient, but this relationship is not clearly demonstrable for many channels. We argue that island subsidence through the dry‐to‐wet precipitation gradient has resulted in less cumulative discharge in the lower reaches of the drainages over their lifetime, relative to a nonsubsiding case. This reduces differential erosion between the wet and dry reaches by 20–30% over 300 kyr, making the longitudinal profiles less sensitive to the very strong climate gradient.
Mg/Ca composition of benthic foraminifera Miliolacea as a new tool of paleoceanography
Authors: Sadekov Aleksey Yu. , Bush Flora , Kerr Joanna , Ganeshram Raja , Elderfield Henry
Published: September 2014

The Mg/Ca compositions of benthic foraminifera from the superfamily Miliolacea have been studied to explore the use of these high‐Mg foraminifera as a proxy for deep ocean conditions. Taxonomic analyses, relative abundance, and depth distributions of different Miliolacea species were carried out on a collection of core top samples, covering a depth range of 131 m to 2530 m, along the Australian coast of the Timor Sea. Pyrgo sp., composed of Pyrgo sarsi and Pyrgo murrhina, was found to be the most suitable for proxy studies. Mg/Ca values of this group of foraminifera show a strong correlation with bottom water temperatures and carbonate ion saturation described by the linear relationship: Mg/Ca = 2.53(±0.22) × BWT + 0.129(±0.023) × Δ[CO32−] + 4.63(±0.53), within the −1°C to 8°C temperature range. Absolute Mg/Ca values of Pyrgo sp. calcite and their temperature sensitivity are similar to those observed for inorganic calcite, suggesting that Mg composition of Pyrgo sp. calcite is mainly controlled by inorganic processes. The Mg/Ca composition of Pyrgo sp. calcite provides a new tool for reconstructing both water temperature and carbonate ion saturation when combined with other proxies for one of these parameters. A down core record from the Eastern Equatorial Pacific has been generated to illustrate how Mg/Ca values can be used for paleoclimate studies. This down core record shows large changes in Pacific bottom waters [CO32−] across glacial‐interglacial transition, implying an increase in [CO32−] during the glacial period.
Generative Design Methods and the Exploration of Worlds of Formal Possibility
Authors: Steadman Philip
Published: September 2014

Five decades after Ivan Sutherland first launched ‘SketchPad’, computer‐aided design has entered the engineering mainstream. That strand in architectural computing which pursues the potential of generative design systems has, however, followed an entirely different course. Here Philip Steadman, Emeritus Professor of Urban and Built Form Studies at the Bartlett Faculty of the Built Environment, University College London (UCL), criticises such approaches, and instead argues for a ‘design science’ that lays out worlds of possible plans and forms from which designers can choose.
The Deep Structure of the Picturesque
Authors: Coates Paul , Derix Christian
Published: September 2014

The late Paul Coates was one of the first students at the Architectural Association (AA) in London to submit an international computation‐based diploma, in 1969. Responsible for introducing a series of computational techniques, Coates was also the founder of the MSc in Computing and Design at the University of East London, and in 2002 the Centre for Evolutionary Computing in Architecture (CECA). In this unpublished article from 2008, which has been prepared and rewritten for publication by Christian Derix, Coates recounts his pursuit of ‘the particle physics of architecture’ ‐ geometric rules that inform both unplanned and planned human occupation of space.
Solutions You Cannot Draw
Authors: Braach Markus
Published: September 2014

For Markus Braach, co‐founder of architectural software consultancy Adaptive Architecture, an initial interest in genetic algorithms in the 1990s evolved into working on the generative simulations of historic cities that had developed organically over time, and then on to real urban planning projects with Kees Christiaanse Architects and Planners(KCAP). Here he describes how an emphasis on a purely bottom‐up approach, which was characteristic of his earlier work and drew him to the field, has since been replaced in his practice by a greater emphasis on traditional spatial planning and usability.
Embracing the Creativity of Stigmergy in Social Insects
Authors: Theraulaz Guy
Published: September 2014

In 1959, French biologist Pierre‐Paul Grassé coined the term ‘stigmergy’ to explain the mechanism of spontaneous coordination between agents or actions that leave traces on the environment. Here, Guy Theraulaz, a leading researcher in the field of swarm intelligence and a senior fellow at the of the Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, part of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) at Université Paul Sabatier in Toulouse, explains how architects can learn from this type of social interaction among insects.
Tuning the Work Function of Polar Zinc Oxide Surfaces using Modified Phosphonic Acid Self‐Assembled Monolayers
Authors: Lange Ilja , Reiter Sina , Pätzel Michael , Zykov Anton , Nefedov Alexei , Hildebrandt Jana , Hecht Stefan , Kowarik Stefan , Wöll Christof , Heimel Georg , Neher Dieter
Published: September 2014

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is regarded as a promising alternative material for transparent conductive electrodes in optoelectronic devices. However, ZnO suffers from poor chemical stability. ZnO also has a moderate work function (WF), which results in substantial charge injection barriers into common (organic) semiconductors that constitute the active layer in a device. Controlling and tuning the ZnO WF is therefore necessary but challenging. Here, a variety of phosphonic acid based self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) deposited on ZnO surfaces are investigated. It is demonstrated that they allow the tuning the WF over a wide range of more than 1.5 eV, thus enabling the use of ZnO as both the hole‐injecting and electron‐injecting contact. The modified ZnO surfaces are characterized using a number of complementary techniques, demonstrating that the preparation protocol yields dense, well‐defined molecular monolayers.
Inhibition of Cancer Cell Migration by Gold Nanorods: Molecular Mechanisms and Implications for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Zhou Teng , Yu Meifang , Zhang Bo , Wang Liming , Wu Xiaochun , Zhou Hejiang , Du Yipeng , Hao Junfeng , Tu Yaping , Chen Chunying , Wei Taotao
Published: September 2014

Gold nanorods have received much attention because of their distinct physicochemical properties and promising applications in bioimaging, biosensing, drug delivery, photothermal therapy, and optoelectronic devices. However, little is known regarding their effect on tumor metastasis. In the present investigation, serum protein‐coated gold nanorods (AuNRs) at low concentrations is shown to exhibit no apparent effects on the viability and proliferation of three different metastatic cancer cell lines, that is, MDA‐MB‐231 human breast cancer cells, PC3 human prostate cancer cells, and B16F10 mouse melanoma cells, but effectively inhibit their migration and invasion in vitro. Quantitative proteomics and real‐time PCR array analyses indicate that exposure of cells to AuNRs can down‐regulate the expression of diverse energy generation‐related genes, which accounts for their inhibition of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and glycolysis. The impairment of OXPHOS and glycolysis results in a distinctive reduction of ATP production and subsequent inhibition of F‐actin cytoskeletal assembly, which is crucial for the migration and invasion of cancer cells. The inhibitory effect of AuNRs on cancer cell migration is also confirmed in vivo. Taken together, the unique mechanism in inhibiting cancer cell migration by AuNRs might provide a new approach to specific cancer therapeutic treatment.
Regular Metal Sulfide Microstructure Arrays Contributed by Ambient‐Connected Gas Matrix Trapped on Superhydrophobic Surface
Authors: Wang Shasha , Wu Yuchen , Kan Xiaonan , Su Bin , Jiang Lei
Published: September 2014

Controlling the position of metal sulfide architectures is prerequisite and facilitates their device applications in solar cells, light‐emitting diodes, and many other optoelectronic fields. Thanks to ambient‐connected gas network trapped upon superhydrophobic surfaces, H2S gas can be continuously transported and reacted with metal ions along solid/liquid/gas triphase contact interface. Therefore, precisely positioning metal sulfide microstructure arrays are generated accordingly. The growth mechanisms as well as influencing factors are investigated to tailor the morphology, structure, and chemical composition of these metal sulfide materials. This interface‐mediated strategy can be widely applied to many other metal sulfides, such as PbS, MnS, Ag2S, and CuS. In particular, heterostructured metal sulfide architectures, such as PbS/CdS concentric microflower arrays, can be generated by stepwise replacement of metal ions inside liquid, exhibiting the advanced applications of this interface‐mediated growth strategy.
Dual Bioresponsive Mesoporous Silica Nanocarrier as an “AND” Logic Gate for Targeted Drug Delivery Cancer Cells
Authors: Chen Xin , Soeriyadi Alexander H. , Lu Xun , Sagnella Sharon M. , Kavallaris Maria , Gooding J. Justin
Published: September 2014

Despite the rapid development of drug delivery vehicles that react to a specific biological environment, the complexity of triggering drug release in a particular target area remains an enduring challenge. Here, the engineering of bioresponsive polymer‐mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) with function akin to an AND logic gate is described. Polycaprolactone (esterase degradable) is immobilized into the core of MSNs while polyacrylic acid (PAA), which is pH responsive, covered the outside of the MSNs to create a PAA‐PCL‐MSNs construct. Fluorescence spectroscopy indicates that the construct releases the payload (doxorubicin, cancer drugs) in the presence of, and only in the presence of, both low pH AND esterase. Confocal microscopy and fluorescence lifetime microscopy (FLIM) demonstrate uptake of the intact construct and subsequent intracellular doxorubicin (DOX) delivery into the nucleus. Further in vitro IC50 studies demonstrate the AND logic gate delivery system results in more than an eightfold efficacy against neuroblastoma (SK‐N‐BE(2)) cells in comparison with normal fibroblasts (MRC‐5). These results demonstrate the utility of MSN‐polymer construct to create an AND gate capable of selectively delivering a drug payload.
Synthesis of sustainable integrated biorefinery via reaction pathway synthesis: Economic, incremental enviromental burden and energy assessment with multiobjective optimization
Authors: Andiappan Viknesh , Ko Andy S. Y. , Lau Veronica W. S. , Ng Lik Yin , Ng Rex T. L. , Chemmangattuvalappil Nishanth G. , Ng Denny K. S.
Published: September 2014

With the increasing attention toward sustainable development, biomass has been identified as one of the most promising sources of renewable energy. To convert biomass into value‐added products and energy, an integrated processing facility, known as an integrated biorefinery is needed. To date, various biomass conversion systems such as gasification, pyrolysis, anaerobic digestion and fermentation are well established. Due to a large number of technologies available, systematic synthesis of a sustainable integrated biorefinery which simultaneously considers economic performance, environmental impact, and energy requirement is a challenging task. To address this issue, multiobjective optimization approaches are used in this work to synthesize a sustainable integrated biorefinery. In addition, a novel approach (incremental environmental burden) to assess the environmental impact for an integrated biorefinery is presented. To illustrate the proposed approach, a palm‐based biomass case study is solved. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 132–146, 2015
Redefining boundaries in odontogenic sinusitis: a retrospective evaluation of extramaxillary involvement in 315 patients
Authors: Saibene Alberto Maria , Pipolo Giorgia Carlotta , Lozza Paolo , Maccari Alberto , Portaleone Sara Maria , Scotti Alberto , Borloni Roberto , Messina Francesco , Di Pasquale Daniele , Felisati Giovanni
Published: September 2014

Background

Odontogenic sinusitis and “sinonasal complications of dental disease or dental treatment” (SCDDT) have been assumed to be limited to the maxillary sinus. Nevertheless, many patients also show more extensive sinonasal involvement and, occasionally, also have associated bilateral disease. We evaluated the incidence of extramaxillary extension over an 11‐year period in our clinic.

Methods

We retrospectively evaluated 315 surgically treated SCDDT patients. Sinonasal involvement was assessed with presurgical imaging and confirmed with intraoperative findings. Patients were subsequently categorized into 3 groups, based on the sinonasal extension.

Results

In 40.3% of patients the sinonasal condition was limited to the maxillary sinus. Forty‐one percent of patients had unilateral extramaxillary involvement, and in 18.7% of patients, we found bilateral involvement.

Conclusion

Complete presurgery evaluation with endoscopy and a computed tomography (CT) scan in SCDDT patients is essential. SCDDT patients not responding to medical and dental treatment should be addressed with a planned approach targeting the extramaxillary extension, which may necessitate a combined oral and endonasal approach. It is unclear whether disease in the maxillary sinus contralateral to the primary maxillary sinus demonstrating odontogenic‐induced disease is incidental, associated, or represents a subclinical odontogenic infection.
Die erweiterte Stabilitätsreihe der Phosphorallotrope
Authors: Bachhuber Frederik , von Appen Jörg , Dronskowski Richard , Schmidt Peer , Nilges Tom , Pfitzner Arno , Weihrich Richard
Published: September 2014

Phosphor fasziniert durch seine strukturelle Vielfalt und erregt nach wie vor Aufsehen durch die Entdeckung neuer Modifikationen. Diese Arbeit beschreibt erstmals eine komplette Stabilitätsreihe bekannter und neuer kristalliner Phosphorallotrope. Darin enthalten sind die jüngst beschriebenen tubulären Modifikationen und Vorhersagen zu den bislang unbekannten festen Strukturen der [P12]‐ und der noch nicht isolierten [P14]‐Nanostäbe. Trotz signifikanter struktureller Unterschiede handelt es sich bei allen P‐Allotropen um kovalente Teilstrukturen, die durch Van‐der‐Waals(vdW)‐Wechselwirkungen zusammengehalten werden. Diese durch Rechnungen korrekt wiederzugeben, ist ein Kernpunkt aktueller Forschung. Während die etablierten DFT‐Funktionale GGA und LDA bei der Beschreibung der P‐Allotrope teilweise erheblich von experimentellen Werten abweichen, können mit dem hier verwendeten Korrekturterm (GGA‐D2) durchgehend hervorragende Übereinstimmungen mit dem Experiment und Vorhersagen zu den festen Strukturen der P‐Nanostäbe erreicht werden.
Separating Para and Ortho Water
Authors: Horke Daniel A. , Chang Yuan‐Pin , Długołęcki Karol , Küpper Jochen
Published: September 2014

Water exists as two nuclear‐spin isomers, para and ortho, determined by the overall spin of its two hydrogen nuclei. For isolated water molecules, the conversion between these isomers is forbidden and they act as different molecular species. Yet, these species are not readily separated, and no pure para sample has been produced. Accordingly, little is known about their specific physical and chemical properties, conversion mechanisms, or interactions. The production of isolated samples of both spin isomers is demonstrated in pure beams of para and ortho water in their respective absolute ground state. These single‐quantum‐state samples are ideal targets for unraveling spin‐conversion mechanisms, for precision spectroscopy and fundamental symmetry‐breaking studies, and for spin‐enhanced applications, for example laboratory astrophysics and astrochemistry or hypersensitized NMR experiments.
Imaging Lipid Metabolism in Live Caenorhabditis elegans Using Fingerprint Vibrations
Authors: Wang Ping , Liu Bin , Zhang Delong , Belew Micah Y. , Tissenbaum Heidi A. , Cheng Ji‐Xin
Published: September 2014

Quantitation of lipid storage, unsaturation, and oxidation in live C. elegans has been a long‐standing obstacle. The combination of hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering imaging and multivariate analysis in the fingerprint vibration region represents a platform that allows the quantitative mapping of fat distribution, degree of fat unsaturation, lipid oxidation, and cholesterol storage in vivo in the whole worm. Our results reveal for the first time that lysosome‐related organelles in intestinal cells are sites for storage of cholesterol in C. elegans.
High‐Resolution Spectroscopy of the Chiral Metal Complex [CpRe(CH3)(CO)(NO)]: A Potential Candidate for Probing Parity Violation
Authors: Medcraft Chris , Wolf Robert , Schnell Melanie
Published: September 2014

Heavy‐metal containing chiral compounds have been suggested as promising candidates for studying parity‐violation effects. We report herein the broadband rotational spectroscopy study of the chiral complex [CpRe(CH3)(CO)(NO)] in the gas phase. The spectra obtained are very rich due to the two rhenium isotopologues (185Re and 187Re), hyperfine structure arising from the rhenium and nitrogen nuclei, and the asymmetry of the chiral complex. Since rhenium is located very close to the molecular center of mass, the rotational constants for the two rhenium isotopologues are very similar. However they can be differentiated by their characteristic nuclear quadrupole hyperfine splitting patterns. Comparison with calculated nuclear quadrupole coupling constants shows that all‐electron relativistic basis sets are necessary for a correct description of the rhenium atom in this type of complex. The present study is an important step towards future precision studies on chiral molecules.
N‐Methylacridinium Salts: Carbon Lewis Acids in Frustrated Lewis Pairs for σ‐Bond Activation and Catalytic Reductions
Authors: Clark Ewan R. , Ingleson Michael J.
Published: September 2014

N‐methylacridinium salts are Lewis acids with high hydride ion affinity but low oxophilicity. The cation forms a Lewis adduct with 4‐(N,N‐dimethylamino)pyridine but a frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) with the weaker base 2,6‐lutidine which activates H2, even in the presence of H2O. Anion effects dominate reactivity, with both solubility and rate of H2 cleavage showing marked anion dependency. With the optimal anion, a N‐methylacridinium salt catalyzes the reductive transfer hydrogenation and hydrosilylation of aldimines through amine–boranes and silanes, respectively. Furthermore, the same salt is active for the catalytic dehydrosilylation of alcohols (primary, secondary, tertiary, and ArOH) by silanes with no observable over‐reduction to the alkanes.
Watson–Crick Base Pairing Controls Excited‐State Decay in Natural DNA
Authors: Bucher Dominik B. , Schlueter Alexander , Carell Thomas , Zinth Wolfgang
Published: September 2014

Excited‐state dynamics are essential to understanding the formation of DNA lesions induced by UV light. By using femtosecond IR spectroscopy, it was possible to determine the lifetimes of the excited states of all four bases in the double‐stranded environment of natural DNA. After UV excitation of the DNA duplex, we detected a concerted decay of base pairs connected by Watson–Crick hydrogen bonds. A comparison of single‐ and double‐stranded DNA showed that the reactive charge‐transfer states formed in the single strands are suppressed by base pairing in the duplex. The strong influence of the Watson–Crick hydrogen bonds indicates that proton transfer opens an efficient decay path in the duplex that prohibits the formation or reduces the lifetime of reactive charge‐transfer states.
Oxidation of Bioethanol using Zeolite‐Encapsulated Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Mielby Jerrik , Abildstrøm Jacob Oskar , Wang Feng , Kasama Takeshi , Weidenthaler Claudia , Kegnæs Søren
Published: September 2014

With the ongoing developments in biomass conversion, the oxidation of bioethanol to acetaldehyde may become a favorable and green alternative to the preparation from ethylene. Here, a simple and effective method to encapsulate gold nanoparticles in zeolite silicalite‐1 is reported and their high activity and selectivity for the catalytic gas‐phase oxidation of ethanol are demonstrated. The zeolites are modified by a recrystallization process, which creates intraparticle voids and mesopores that facilitate the formation of small and disperse nanoparticles upon simple impregnation. The individual zeolite crystals comprise a broad range of mesopores and contain up to several hundred gold nanoparticles with a diameter of 2–3 nm that are distributed inside the zeolites rather than on the outer surface. The encapsulated nanoparticles have good stability and result in 50 % conversion of ethanol with 98 % selectivity toward acetaldehyde at 200 °C, which (under the given reaction conditions) corresponds to 606 mol acetaldehyde/mol Au hour−1.
Catalytic Asymmetric Functionalization of Aromatic CH Bonds by Electrophilic Trapping of Metal‐Carbene‐Induced Zwitterionic Intermediates
Authors: Jia Shikun , Xing Dong , Zhang Dan , Hu Wenhao
Published: September 2014

Asymmetric functionalization of aromatic CH bonds of N,N‐disubstituted anilines with diazo compounds and imines is reported for the efficient construction of α,α‐diaryl benzylic quaternary stereocenters in good yields with high diastereoselectivities and excellent enantioselectivities. This RhII/chiral phosphoric acid cocatalyzed transformation is proposed to proceed through a metal‐carbene‐induced zwitterionic intermediate which undergoes electrophilic trapping. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first asymmetric example of metal carbene‐induced intermolecular functionalization of aryl CH bonds.
Using Ambient Ion Beams to Write Nanostructured Patterns for Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Li Anyin , Baird Zane , Bag Soumabha , Sarkar Depanjan , Prabhath Anupama , Pradeep Thalappil , Cooks R. Graham
Published: September 2014

Electrolytic spray deposition was used to pattern surfaces with 2D metallic nanostructures. Spots that contain silver nanoparticles (AgNP) were created by landing solvated silver ions at desired locations using electrically floated masks to focus the metal ions to an area as little as 20 μm in diameter. The AgNPs formed are unprotected and their aggregates can be used for surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The morphology and SERS activity of the NP structures were controlled by the surface coverage of landed silver ions. The NP structures created could be used as substrates onto which SERS samples were deposited or prepared directly on top of predeposited samples of interest. The evenly distributed hot spots in the micron‐sized aggregates had an average SERS enhancement factor of 108. The surfaces showed SERS activity when using lasers of different wavelengths (532, 633, and 785 nm) and were stable in air.
Spiroacetal Formation through Telescoped Cycloaddition and Carbon–Hydrogen Bond Functionalization: Total Synthesis of Bistramide A
Authors: Han Xun , Floreancig Paul E.
Published: September 2014

Spiroacetals can be formed through a one‐pot sequence of a hetero‐Diels–Alder reaction, an oxidative carbon–hydrogen bond cleavage, and an acid treatment. This convergent approach expedites access to a complex molecular subunit which is present in numerous biologically active structures. The utility of the protocol is demonstrated through its application to a brief synthesis of the actin‐binding cytotoxin bistramide A.