bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Flexural Rigidity of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Dynamic Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Fortini Renata , Meyer-Plath Asmus , Kehren Dominic , Gernert Ulrich , Jácome Leonardo Agudo , Sturm Heinz
Published: May 2020

In this work the flexural rigidity of individual large diameter multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was investigated. The bending modulus were obtained by detecting the resonance frequencies of mechanically excited cantilevered carbon nanotubes using the so-called dynamic scanning electron microscopy technique, and applying the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory. For the nanotubes studied, we determined a modulus of up to 160 GPa. This agrees with values reported by other authors for MWCNTs produced by catalytic chemical vapor deposition, however, it is 6-8 times smaller than values reported for single and multi-walled carbon nanotubes produced by arc-discharge synthesis. Toxicological studies with carbon nanotubes have been showing that inhaled airborne nanofibers that reach the deep airways of the respiratory system may lead to serious, asbestos-like lung diseases. These studies suggested that their toxicity critically depends on the fiber flexural rigidity, with high rigidity causing cell lesions. To complement the correlation between observed toxicological effects and fiber rigidities, reliable and routinely applicable measurement techniques for the flexural rigidity of nanofibers are required.
Assessment of Dimethoate in Olive Oil Samples Using a Dual Responsive Molecularly Imprinting-Based Approach
Authors: Garcia Raquel , Carreiro Elisabete P. , Lima João Carlos , Gomes da Silva Marco , Costa Freitas Ana Maria , Cabrita Maria João
Published: May 2020

A new generation of advanced materials developed by molecular imprinting technology showing a stimuli-responsive functionality are emerging. The switchable ability to control the uptake/release of the target analyte by action of external stimulus combined with a remarkable selectivity and specificity, makes these functional materials very attractive for sample preparation purposes. In this work, the usefulness of a sample preparation tool for the selective enrichment/pre-concentration of dimethoate from olive oil spiked samples based on “tailor-made” dual responsive magnetic and photonic molecularly imprinted polymers as sorbents is explored. To achieve this goal, a smart molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) possessing magnetic and photonic responsiveness was successfully synthesized, and its physico-chemical and morphological characterization was assessed. Further, the trace analysis of dimethoate in spiked olive oil samples was validated and successfully implemented using smart-MIPs as sorbents in the sample preparation step, with high recoveries (83.5 ± 0.3%) and low detection limit (0.03 µg·mL−1).
Assessment of Healthy and Harmful Maillard Reaction Products in a Novel Coffee Cascara Beverage: Melanoidins and Acrylamide
Authors: Iriondo-DeHond Amaia , Elizondo Ana Sofía , Iriondo-DeHond Maite , Ríos Maria Belén , Mufari Romina , Mendiola Jose A. , Ibañez Elena , del Castillo Maria Dolores
Published: May 2020

Our research aimed to evaluate the formation of Maillard reaction products in sun-dried coffee cascara and their impact on the safety and health promoting properties of a novel beverage called “Instant Cascara” (IC) derived from this coffee by-product. Maillard reaction products in sun-dried coffee cascara have never been reported. “Instant Cascara” (IC) extract was obtained by aqueous extraction and freeze-drying. Proteins, amino acids, lipids, fatty acid profile, sugars, fiber, minerals, and vitamins were analyzed for its nutritional characterization. Acrylamide and caffeine were used as chemical indicators of safety. Colored compounds, also called melanoidins, their stability under 40 °C and in light, and their in vitro antioxidant capacity were also studied. A safe instant beverage with antioxidant properties was obtained to which the following nutritional claims can be assigned: “low fat”, “low sugar” “high fiber” and “source of potassium, magnesium and vitamin C”. For the first time, cascara beverage color was attributed to the presence of antioxidant melanoidins (>10 kDa). IC is a potential sustainable alternative for instant coffee, with low caffeine and acrylamide levels and a healthy composition of nutrients and antioxidants.
Weighted Gene Correlation Network Meta-Analysis Reveals Functional Candidate Genes Associated with High- and Sub-Fertile Reproductive Performance in Beef Cattle
Authors: Fonseca Pablo A. S. , Suárez-Vega Aroa , Cánovas Angela
Published: May 2020

Improved reproductive efficiency could lead to economic benefits for the beef industry, once the intensive selection pressure has led to a decreased fertility. However, several factors limit our understanding of fertility traits, including genetic differences between populations and statistical limitations. In the present study, the RNA-sequencing data from uterine samples of high-fertile (HF) and sub-fertile (SF) animals was integrated using co-expression network meta-analysis, weighted gene correlation network analysis, identification of upstream regulators, variant calling, and network topology approaches. Using this pipeline, top hub-genes harboring fixed variants (HF × SF) were identified in differentially co-expressed gene modules (DcoExp). The functional prioritization analysis identified the genes with highest potential to be key-regulators of the DcoExp modules between HF and SF animals. Consequently, 32 functional candidate genes (10 upstream regulators and 22 top hub-genes of DcoExp modules) were identified. These genes were associated with the regulation of relevant biological processes for fertility, such as embryonic development, germ cell proliferation, and ovarian hormone regulation. Additionally, 100 candidate variants (single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertions and deletions (INDELs)) were identified within those genes. In the long-term, the results obtained here may help to reduce the frequency of subfertility in beef herds, reducing the associated economic losses caused by this condition.
Imagining a Maya Archaeology That Is Anthropological and Attuned to Indigenous Cultural Heritage
Authors: McAnany Patricia
Published: May 2020

Taking an aspirational approach, this article imagines what Maya Archaeology would be like if it were truly anthropological and attuned to Indigenous heritage issues. In order to imagine such a future, the past of archaeology and anthropology is critically examined, including the emphasis on processual theory within archaeology and the Indigenous critique of socio-cultural anthropology. Archaeological field work comes under scrutiny, particularly the emphasis on the product of field research over the collaborative process of engaging local and descendant communities. Particular significance is given to the role of settler colonialism in maintaining unequal access to and authority over landscapes filled with remains of the past. Interrogation of the distinction between archaeology and heritage results in the recommendation that the two approaches to the past be recognized as distinct and in tension with each other. Past heritage programs imagined and implemented in the Maya region by the author and colleagues are examined reflexively.
Identifying the Original Colour of the Paintwork on the Artistic and Industrial Recreation Pavilion Designed by Antonio Palacios for the Galician Regional Exhibition Held in 1909
Authors: Sanmartín Patricia , Prieto Beatriz
Published: May 2020

The former Artistic and Industrial Recreation Pavilion, which was designed by Antonio Palacios (1874–1945) and built for the Galician Regional Exhibition held in 1909 in Santiago de Compostela (Galicia, north-western Spain), and which currently houses a nursery school, was completely restored in 2018. The main purpose of the restoration was to recover the original exterior colour of the building. For this purpose, a study was undertaken to identify the original colour of the paintwork by first consulting historical archives and then conducting a micromorphological analysis of stratigraphic paint samples by stereomicroscopic examination and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Three reformations of the building are documented: one carried out in 1926, when the metal roof was replaced with a tile roof; another conducted between 1967 (when the old pavilion was described as a "destroyed building") and the mid-1970s (when it began to be used as a nursery); and finally, another in 1981, when the building was repainted. The analytical results revealed layers of white or yellow ochre (vanilla) paint corresponding to different periods. The presence of titanium (Ti) in the paint was used as a marker of its age, as titanium white was first formulated in 1921. The original layers include Zn in their composition, indicating that zinc oxide (ZnO) was the pigment used in the “snow” white paint probably used on the building in its first years of existence. In all cases, the pigment base is lime mixed with silicates, kaolin and other clays.
View of Pakistani Residents toward Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) during a Rapid Outbreak: A Rapid Online Survey
Authors: Hayat Khezar , Rosenthal Meagen , Xu Sen , Arshed Muhammad , Li Pengchao , Zhai Panpan , Desalegn Gebrehaweria Kassa , Fang Yu
Published: May 2020

Background: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a deadly disease that is affecting most of the countries worldwide. Public understanding, including knowledge about signs and symptoms, mode of transmission, and hygiene of COVID-19, is vital for designing effective control strategies during a public health crisis. The current study is aimed at investigating the public’s perspective about COVID-19, including their knowledge, attitude, and practices. Methods: A rapid online survey comprising 22 items was administered during the rapid outbreak of COVID-19 in Pakistan. Questions were focused on the prevention, transmission, clinical features, and control of COVID-19. In addition, the attitudes and practices of the participants were explored. Descriptive statistics, Mann–Whitney tests, Kruskal–Wallis tests, and regression analysis were carried out during data analysis. Results: A total of 1257 respondents participated in this study. Most of the respondents had good knowledge (good = 64.8%, average = 30.5%, poor = 4.7%) of COVID-19. Gender, marital status, education, and residence were observed to have a significant association with the knowledge score. A vast majority of the survey respondents (77.0%) believed that COVID-19 would be controlled successfully in Pakistan. The practices of wearing a mask (85.8%) and handwashing (88.1%) were common among the participants. Conclusion: The participants demonstrated good knowledge and reasonable attitudes and practices toward most aspects of the COVID-19 outbreak. Improvements in certain areas could be made by mass-level education.
Changing Exposure Perceptions: A Randomized Controlled Trial of an Intervention with Smoking Parents
Authors: Myers Vicki , Shiloh Shoshana , Zucker David M. , Rosen Laura J.
Published: May 2020

Children who live with smokers are at risk of poor health, and of becoming smokers themselves. Misperceptions of the nature of tobacco smoke exposure have been demonstrated among parents, resulting in continued smoking in their children’s environment. This study aimed to change parents’ perceptions of exposure by providing information on second- and third-hand exposure and personalised information on children’s exposure [NIH registry (NCT02867241)]. One hundred and fifty-nine families with a child < 8 years and at least one smoking parent were randomized into intervention (69), control (70), and enhanced control (20) groups. Reported exposure, parental smoking details, and a child hair sample were obtained at the start of the study and 6–8 months later. Parental perceptions of exposure (PPE) were assessed via a questionnaire. The intervention consisted of motivational interviews, feedback of home air quality and child’s hair nicotine level, and information brochures. PPE were significantly higher at the study end (94.6 ± 17.6) compared to study beginning (86.5 ± 19.3) in intervention and enhanced control groups (t(72) = −3.950; p < 0.001). PPE at study end were significantly higher in the intervention group compared to the regular control group (p = 0.020). There was no significant interaction between time and group. Parallel changes in parental smoking behaviour were found. Parental perceptions of exposure were increased significantly post intervention, indicating that they can be altered. By making parents more aware of exposure and the circumstances in which it occurs, we can help parents change their smoking behaviour and better protect their children.
Attachment Styles, Various Maternal Representations and a Bond to a Baby
Authors: Zdolska-Wawrzkiewicz Anna , Chrzan-Dętkoś Magdalena , Pizuńska Daria , Bidzan Mariola
Published: May 2020

(1) Background: The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between: (a) new mothers’ styles of attachment to their own mothers with their representation of self as a mother as well as with their representation of one’s mother as a mother, (b) new mothers’ representation of self as a mother with their representation of one’s own mother as a mother, and (c) their bonds with their children and their styles of attachment to their own mothers. (2) Methods: A total of 86 mothers were interviewed approximately six months postpartum. The Adjective Checklist, a modified version of the Experiences in Close Relationships, and the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire were used in the study. (3) Results: Analysis revealed a statistically significant relationship between the new mothers’ styles of attachment to their own mothers and both their representation of self as a mother and their representation of one’s mother as a mother. The relationship between representation of self as a mother and representation of one’s mother as a mother was also statistically significant. No statistically significant relationship was observed between the style of attachment to one’s mother and the bond with one’s child six months postpartum. (4) Conclusions: A deeper understanding of the relationship between these variables may improve the help system directed at young mothers.
Comparative Study of the Composition of Sweat from Eccrine and Apocrine Sweat Glands during Exercise and in Heat
Authors: Chen Yi-Lang , Kuan Wen-Hui , Liu Chao-Lin
Published: May 2020

This preliminarily study was made to examine the differences in sweat excretions from human eccrine and apocrine sweat glands in dynamic exercise and heat conditions. Sweat samples were collected from six young males while they were either running on a treadmill or sitting in a sauna cabinet. Sweat samples of at least 5 mL from the eccrine (upper−back) and apocrine (armpit) sweat glands were collected during a 20−min running (or inactive overheating) period. The samples were then analyzed for urea, uric acid, and electrolyte (Na+, Cl−, and K+) excretions. The results from a two−way repeated−measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the secretions of urea and K+ were significantly higher during running than during inactive overheating for both glands, as were Na+ secretions for the apocrine glands (all P < 0.05). Under the same sweating conditions, urea and K+ excretions from the apocrine glands were also higher than those from the eccrine glands (all P < 0.05). Significant differences were observed between the Na+ secretions of the apocrine and eccrine glands under the running condition. The effects of various sweating methods and sweat glands on Cl− secretions were nonsignificant, and little uric acid was excreted. A higher urea excretion level during running rather than in hot conditions could be attributed to an elevated metabolic rate.
Regulation of Vascular Function and Inflammation via Cross Talk of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species from Mitochondria or NADPH Oxidase—Implications for Diabetes Progression
Authors: Daiber Andreas , Steven Sebastian , Vujacic-Mirski Ksenija , Kalinovic Sanela , Oelze Matthias , Di Lisa Fabio , Münzel Thomas
Published: May 2020

Oxidative stress plays a key role for the development of cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurodegenerative disease. This concept has been proven by using the approach of genetic deletion of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) producing, pro-oxidant enzymes as well as by the overexpression of RONS detoxifying, antioxidant enzymes leading to an amelioration of the severity of diseases. Vice versa, the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases is aggravated by overexpression of RONS producing enzymes as well as deletion of RONS detoxifying enzymes. We have previously identified cross talk mechanisms between different sources of RONS, which can amplify the oxidative stress-mediated damage. Here, the pathways and potential mechanisms leading to this cross talk are analyzed in detail and highlighted by selected examples from the current literature and own data including hypoxia, angiotensin II (AT-II)-induced hypertension, nitrate tolerance, aging, and others. The general concept of redox-based activation of RONS sources via “kindling radicals” and enzyme-specific “redox switches” as well as the interaction with redox-sensitive inflammatory pathways are discussed. Here, we present evidence for the existence of such cross talk mechanisms in the setting of diabetes and critically assess their contribution to the severity of diabetic complications.
Implementing the CRISPR/Cas9 Technology in Eucalyptus Hairy Roots Using Wood-Related Genes
Authors: Dai Ying , Hu Guojian , Dupas Annabelle , Medina Luciano , Blandels Nils , San Clemente Hélène , Ladouce Nathalie , Badawi Myriam , Hernandez-Raquet Guillermina , Mounet Fabien , Grima-Pettenati Jacqueline , Cassan-Wang Hua
Published: May 2020

Eucalypts are the most planted hardwoods worldwide. The availability of the Eucalyptus grandis genome highlighted many genes awaiting functional characterization, lagging behind because of the lack of efficient genetic transformation protocols. In order to efficiently generate knock-out mutants to study the function of eucalypts genes, we implemented the powerful CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology with the hairy roots transformation system. As proofs-of-concept, we targeted two wood-related genes: Cinnamoyl-CoA Reductase1 (CCR1), a key lignin biosynthetic gene and IAA9A an auxin dependent transcription factor of Aux/IAA family. Almost all transgenic hairy roots were edited but the allele-editing rates and spectra varied greatly depending on the gene targeted. Most edition events generated truncated proteins, the prevalent edition types were small deletions but large deletions were also quite frequent. By using a combination of FT-IR spectroscopy and multivariate analysis (partial least square analysis (PLS-DA)), we showed that the CCR1-edited lines, which were clearly separated from the controls. The most discriminant wave-numbers were attributed to lignin. Histochemical analyses further confirmed the decreased lignification and the presence of collapsed vessels in CCR1-edited lines, which are characteristics of CCR1 deficiency. Although the efficiency of editing could be improved, the method described here is already a powerful tool to functionally characterize eucalypts genes for both basic research and industry purposes.
Analysis of Putative Epigenetic Regulatory Elements in the FXN Genomic Locus
Authors: Fernández-Frías Iván , Pérez-Luz Sara , Díaz-Nido Javier
Published: May 2020

Friedreich’s ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by an abnormally expanded Guanine-Adenine-Adenine (GAA) repeat sequence within the first intron of the frataxin gene (FXN). The molecular mechanisms associated with FRDA are still poorly understood and most studies on FXN gene regulation have been focused on the region around the minimal promoter and the region in which triplet expansion occurs. Nevertheless, since there could be more epigenetic changes involved in the reduced levels of FXN transcripts, the aim of this study was to obtain a more detailed view of the possible regulatory elements by analyzing data from ENCODE and Roadmap consortia databases. This bioinformatic analysis indicated new putative regulatory regions within the FXN genomic locus, including exons, introns, and upstream and downstream regions. Moreover, the region next to the end of intron 4 is of special interest, since the enhancer signals in FRDA-affected tissues are weak or absent in this region, whilst they are strong in the rest of the analyzed tissues. Therefore, these results suggest that there could be a direct relationship between the absence of enhancer sequences in this specific region and their predisposition to be affected in this pathology.
Dual Target Ligands with 4-tert-Butylphenoxy Scaffold as Histamine H3 Receptor Antagonists and Monoamine Oxidase B Inhibitors
Authors: Łażewska Dorota , Olejarz-Maciej Agnieszka , Reiner David , Kaleta Maria , Latacz Gniewomir , Zygmunt Małgorzata , Doroz-Płonka Agata , Karcz Tadeusz , Frank Annika , Stark Holger , Kieć-Kononowicz Katarzyna
Published: May 2020

Dual target ligands are a promising concept for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD). A combination of monoamine oxidase B (MAO B) inhibition with histamine H3 receptor (H3R) antagonism could have positive effects on dopamine regulation. Thus, a series of twenty-seven 4-tert-butylphenoxyalkoxyamines were designed as potential dual-target ligands for PD based on the structure of 1-(3-(4-tert-butylphenoxy)propyl)piperidine (DL76). Probed modifications included the introduction of different cyclic amines and elongation of the alkyl chain. Synthesized compounds were investigated for human H3R (hH3R) affinity and human MAO B (hMAO B) inhibitory activity. Most compounds showed good hH3R affinities with Ki values below 400 nM, and some of them showed potent inhibitory activity for hMAO B with IC50 values below 50 nM. However, the most balanced activity against both biological targets showed DL76 (hH3R: Ki = 38 nM and hMAO B: IC50 = 48 nM). Thus, DL76 was chosen for further studies, revealing the nontoxic nature of DL76 in HEK293 and neuroblastoma SH-SY5Ycells. However, no neuroprotective effect was observed for DL76 in hydrogen peroxide-treated neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Furthermore, in vivo studies showed antiparkinsonian activity of DL76 in haloperidol-induced catalepsy (Cross Leg Position Test) at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight.
Reactive Oxygen Species, Metabolic Plasticity, and Drug Resistance in Cancer
Authors: Bhardwaj Vikas , He Jun
Published: May 2020

The metabolic abnormality observed in tumors is characterized by the dependence of cancer cells on glycolysis for their energy requirements. Cancer cells also exhibit a high level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), largely due to the alteration of cellular bioenergetics. A highly coordinated interplay between tumor energetics and ROS generates a powerful phenotype that provides the tumor cells with proliferative, antiapoptotic, and overall aggressive characteristics. In this review article, we summarize the literature on how ROS impacts energy metabolism by regulating key metabolic enzymes and how metabolic pathways e.g., glycolysis, PPP, and the TCA cycle reciprocally affect the generation and maintenance of ROS homeostasis. Lastly, we discuss how metabolic adaptation in cancer influences the tumor’s response to chemotherapeutic drugs. Though attempts of targeting tumor energetics have shown promising preclinical outcomes, the clinical benefits are yet to be fully achieved. A better understanding of the interaction between metabolic abnormalities and involvement of ROS under the chemo-induced stress will help develop new strategies and personalized approaches to improve the therapeutic efficiency in cancer patients.
Mangiferin Alleviates Ovalbumin-Induced Allergic Rhinitis via Nrf2/HO-1/NF-κB Signaling Pathways
Authors: Piao Chun Hua , Fan Yan Jing , Nguyen Thi Van , Song Chang Ho , Chai Ok Hee
Published: May 2020

Mangiferin (MF), extracted from mango trees, is considered to have anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant effects. However, its effects on allergic rhinitis (AR), remain unclear. We investigated the mechanisms underlying the protective action of MF in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced AR models. AR was induced by OVA challenge in BALB/c mice. Prior to this, MF and dexamethasone were administered. Mice were examined for nasal mucosal inflammation, the generation of allergen-specific cytokine response, and histopathological changes in the nasal mucosa and lung tissue. MF ameliorated nasal symptoms and nasal mucosa inflammation in OVA-induced AR and reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and epithelial disruption in these tissues. MF inhibited the overproduction of Th2/Th17 cytokines and transcription factors. MF downregulated the HO-1/Nrf2 pathways, reduced oxidative stress biomarker levels, and the NF-κB signaling pathways were inhibited. MF exerts protective effects in AR by inhibiting NF-κB and activating HO-1/Nrf2 pathways. MF could be used for the treatment of AR.
Ring-Substituted 1-Hydroxynaphthalene-2-Carboxanilides Inhibit Proliferation and Trigger Mitochondria-Mediated Apoptosis
Authors: Kauerová Tereza , Goněc Tomáš , Jampílek Josef , Hafner Susanne , Gaiser Ann-Kathrin , Syrovets Tatiana , Fedr Radek , Souček Karel , Kollar Peter
Published: May 2020

Ring-substituted 1-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxanilides were previously investigated for their antimycobacterial properties. In our study, we have shown their antiproliferative and cell death-inducing effects in cancer cell lines. Cell proliferation and viability were assessed by WST-1 assay and a dye exclusion test, respectively. Cell cycle distribution, phosphatidylserine externalization, levels of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species (RONS), mitochondrial membrane depolarization, and release of cytochrome c were estimated by flow cytometry. Levels of regulatory proteins were determined by Western blotting. Our data suggest that the ability to inhibit the proliferation of THP-1 or MCF-7 cells might be referred to meta- or para-substituted derivatives with electron-withdrawing groups -F, -Br, or -CF3 at anilide moiety. This effect was accompanied by accumulation of cells in G1 phase. Compound 10 also induced apoptosis in THP-1 cells in association with a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and production of mitochondrial superoxide. Our study provides a new insight into the action of salicylanilide derivatives, hydroxynaphthalene carboxamides, in cancer cells. Thus, their structure merits further investigation as a model moiety of new small-molecule compounds with potential anticancer properties.
Cholic Acid Stimulates MMP-9 in Human Colon Cancer Cells via Activation of MAPK, AP-1, and NF-κB Activity
Authors: Li Shinan , Ung Trong Thuan , Nguyen Thi Thinh , Sah Dhiraj Kumar , Park Seon Young , Jung Young Do
Published: May 2020

Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) plays a crucial role in cell invasion and cancer metastasis. In this study, we showed that cholic acid (CA), a major primary bile acid, can induce MMP-9 expression in colon cancer HT29 and SW620 cells. CA increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and also activated phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK. Specific inhibitors and mutagenesis studies showed that ERK1/2 and JNK functioned as upstream signals in the activation of AP-1, and p38 MAPK functioned as an upstream signal in the activation of NF-κB. N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC, an ROS scavenger) and diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor) inhibited CA-induced activation of ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK, indicating that ROS production by NADPH oxidase could be the furthest upstream signal in MMP-9 expression. Colon cancer cells pretreated with CA showed remarkably enhanced invasiveness. Such enhancement was partially abrogated by MMP-9-neutralizing antibodies. These results demonstrate that CA could induce MMP-9 expression via ROS-dependent ERK1/2, JNK-activated AP-1, and p38-MAPK-activated NF-κB signaling pathways, which in turn stimulate cell invasion in human colon cancer cells.
Molecular Mechanisms of Premature Aging in Hemodialysis: The Complex Interplay between Innate and Adaptive Immune Dysfunction
Authors: Losappio Vincenzo , Franzin Rossana , Infante Barbara , Godeas Giulia , Gesualdo Loreto , Fersini Alberto , Castellano Giuseppe , Stallone Giovanni
Published: May 2020

Hemodialysis (HD) patient are known to be susceptible to a wide range of early and long-term complication such as chronic inflammation, infections, malnutrition, and cardiovascular disease that significantly affect the incidence of mortality. A large gap between the number of people with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and patients who received kidney transplantation has been identified. Therefore, there is a huge need to explore the underlying pathophysiology of HD complications in order to provide treatment guidelines. The immunological dysregulation, involving both the innate and adaptive response, plays a crucial role during the HD sessions and in chronic, maintenance treatments. Innate immune system mediators include the dysfunction of neutrophils, monocytes, and natural killer (NK) cells with signaling mediated by NOD-like receptor P3 (NLRP3) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4); in addition, there is a significant activation of the complement system that is mediated by dialysis membrane-surfaces. These effectors induce a persistent, systemic, pro-inflammatory, and pro-coagulant milieu that has been described as inflammaging. The adaptive response, the imbalance in the CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio, and the reduction of Th2 and regulatory T cells, together with an altered interaction with B lymphocyte by CD40/CD40L, have been mainly implicated in immune system dysfunction. Altogether, these observations suggest that intervention targeting the immune system in HD patients could improve morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this review is to expand our understanding on the role of immune dysfunction in both innate and adaptive response in patients undergoing hemodialysis treatment.
Complex Molecular Evolution and Expression of Expansin Gene Families in Three Basic Diploid Species of Brassica
Authors: Liu Weimiao , Lyu Tianqi , Xu Liai , Hu Ziwei , Xiong Xingpeng , Liu Tingting , Cao Jiashu
Published: May 2020

Expansins are a kind of structural proteins of the plant cell wall, and they enlarge cells by loosening the cell walls. Therefore, expansins are involved in many growth and development processes. The complete genomic sequences of Brassica rapa, Brassica oleracea and Brassica nigra provide effective platforms for researchers to study expansin genes, and can be compared with analogues in Arabidopsis thaliana. This study identified and characterized expansin families in B. rapa, B. oleracea, and B. nigra. Through the comparative analysis of phylogeny, gene structure, and physicochemical properties, the expansin families were divided into four subfamilies, and then their expansion patterns and evolution details were explored accordingly. Results showed that after the three species underwent independent evolution following their separation from A. thaliana, the expansin families in the three species had increased similarities but fewer divergences. By searching divergences of promoters and coding sequences, significant positive correlations were revealed among orthologs in A. thaliana and the three basic species. Subsequently, differential expressions indicated extensive functional divergences in the expansin families of the three species, especially in reproductive development. Hence, these results support the molecular evolution of basic Brassica species, potential functions of these genes, and genetic improvement of related crops.
Can Vibrational Playbacks Disrupt Mating or Influence Other Relevant Behaviours in Bactericera cockerelli (Triozidae: Hemiptera)?
Authors: Avosani Sabina , Sullivan Thomas E. , Ciolli Marco , Mazzoni Valerio , Suckling David Maxwell
Published: May 2020

Behaviours of insects can be manipulated by transmitting vibrational signals to host plants in order to develop pest management techniques. Bactericera cockerelli is an important pest and uses vibrations for mate-finding. In order to design a future control strategy for B. cockerelli, three different bioassays were performed to assess whether vibrational signals could affect relevant behaviours. Single males or pairs were treated with a female playback in test 1 and 2, respectively. In test 3, mixed sex groups received either different disturbance playbacks. The use of a female playback significantly reduced the mating success of males, since they were attracted towards the source of the stimulus. Moreover, test 2 revealed that B. cockerelli females are competitive, since they used their signals to cover the playback and to duet with males, while in test 3, the disturbance playback, consisting of broadband noises significantly reduced male signalling activity. However, none of the treatments of test 3 negatively affected the mating success of males, which tended to mount the other conspecifics present on the same leaf. The role of vibrations in sexual communication and their potential application as control technique for B. cockerelli are discussed as well.
Neuropilin1 Expression Acts as a Prognostic Marker in Stomach Adenocarcinoma by Predicting the Infiltration of Treg Cells and M2 Macrophages
Authors: Kang Ji Young , Gil Minchan , Kim Kyung Eun
Published: May 2020

Neuropilin1 (NRP1) plays a critical role in tumor progression and immune responses. Although the roles of NRP1 in various tumors have been investigated, the clinical relevance of NRP1 expression in stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) has not been studied. To investigate the use of NRP1 as a prognostic biomarker of STAD, we analyzed NRP1 mRNA expression and its correlation with patient survival and immune cell infiltration using various databases. NRP1 mRNA expression was significantly higher in STAD than normal tissues, and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that NRP1 expression was significantly associated with poor prognosis in patients with STAD. To elucidate the related mechanism, we analyzed the correlation between NRP1 expression and immune cell infiltration level. In particular, the infiltration of immune-suppressive cells, such as regulatory T (Treg) cells and M2 macrophage, was significantly increased by NRP1 expression. In addition, the expression of interleukin (IL)-35, IL-10, and TGF-β1 was also positively correlated with NRP1 expression, resulting in the immune suppression. Collectively in this study, our integrated analysis using various clinical databases shows that the significant correlation between NRP1 expression and the infiltration of Treg cells and M2 macrophage explains poor prognosis mechanism in STAD, suggesting the clinical relevance of NRP1 expression as a prognostic biomarker for STAD patients.
Retinopathy Phenotypes in Type 2 Diabetes with Different Risks for Macular Edema and Proliferative Retinopathy
Authors: Marques Ines P. , Madeira Maria H. , Messias Ana L. , Santos Torcato , Martinho António C-V. , Figueira João , Cunha-Vaz José
Published: May 2020

Our group reported that three diabetic retinopathy (DR) phenotypes: A, characterized by low microaneurysm turnover (MAT < 6) and normal central retinal thickness (CRT); B, low MAT (<6) and increased CRT, and C, high MAT (≥6), present different risks for development of macular edema (DME) and proliferative retinopathy (PDR). To test these findings, 212 persons with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and mild nonproliferative retinopathy (NPDR), one eye per person, were followed for five years with annual visits. Of these, 172 completed the follow-up or developed an outcome: PDR or DME (considering both clinically significant macular edema (CSME) and center-involved macular edema (CIME)). Twenty-seven eyes (16%) developed either CSME (14), CIME (10), or PDR (4), with one eye developing both CSME and PDR. Phenotype A showed no association with development of vision-threatening complications. Seven eyes with phenotype B and three with phenotype C developed CIME. Phenotype C showed higher risk for CSME development, with 17.41 odds ratio (p = 0.010), compared with phenotypes A + B. All eyes that developed PDR were classified as phenotype C. Levels of HbA1c and triglycerides were increased in phenotype C (p < 0.001 and p = 0.018, respectively). In conclusion, phenotype C identifies eyes at higher risk for development of CSME and PDR, whereas phenotype A identifies eyes at very low risk for vision-threatening complications.
The Impact of Alcohol Hangover on Simulated Driving Performance during a ‘Commute to Work’—Zero and Residual Alcohol Effects Compared
Authors: Alford Chris , Broom Callum , Carver Harriet , Johnson Sean J. , Lands Sam , Reece Rebecca , Verster Joris C.
Published: May 2020

Driving is increasing across the world and road traffic accidents are a major cause of serious injuries and fatalities. The link between alcohol consumption and impaired driving has long been established and has led to legislation in many countries, with enforcement of legal limits based on blood alcohol concentration levels. Alcohol hangover research is an emerging field with a range of laboratory and naturalistic studies now clearly demonstrating the significant impairments that can result from hangover, even when alcohol levels are measured at or close to zero the day following a social drinking occasion. Driving is a commonplace activity but requires competency with a range of complex and potentially demanding tasks. Driving impaired can have serious consequences, including death and serious injury. There have been only limited alcohol hangover driving studies. The studies presented examined the consequences of alcohol hangover with a driving simulator contrasting a group with zero residual alcohol (N = 26) next day and another with residual alcohol (N = 26) assessed with breathalyzer in the morning before undertaking a 20 min commute to work. All participants completed a morning drive after a night without alcohol consumption and another after a night of social drinking. The driving scenarios were relatively demanding including traffic and pedestrians, traffic lights and other potential hazards in a mixed rural and urban journey. Subjective hangover and workload were assessed in addition to a range of driving performance variables, including divided attention, steering control and driving violations. Analyses contrasted driving in the no alcohol condition with the residual alcohol condition. The combined groups data (N = 52) was contrasted with the zero and residual alcohol groups. Significant contrasts were found for a range of driving measures, including divided attention, vehicle control, and driving violations as well as perceived workload. The pattern of impairment was broadly similar across both groups, indicating that whether or not residual alcohol was present, consistent driving impairment was seen. The relatively high number of significant variables may reflect the increased cognitive demand of the 20 min commute drive including busy and complex urban environments. This was also reflected in the significant increase in perceived workload recorded across the 6 dimensions of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA-TLX). Associations between subjective measures and driving performance with hangover suggested a potential lack of awareness of impairment, though were limited in number. The overall findings indicate that the levels of impairment seen reflect those seen with alcohol impaired driving, even when breath alcohol is zero.
Generation and Release of Mitochondrial-Derived Vesicles in Health, Aging and Disease
Authors: Picca Anna , Guerra Flora , Calvani Riccardo , Coelho-Junior Hélio José , Bossola Maurizio , Landi Francesco , Bernabei Roberto , Bucci Cecilia , Marzetti Emanuele
Published: May 2020

Mitochondria are intracellular organelles involved in a myriad of activities. To safeguard their vital functions, mitochondrial quality control (MQC) systems are in place to support organelle plasticity as well as physical and functional connections with other cellular compartments. In particular, mitochondrial interactions with the endosomal compartment support the shuttle of ions and metabolites across organelles, while those with lysosomes ensure the recycling of obsolete materials. The extrusion of mitochondrial components via the generation and release of mitochondrial-derived vesicles (MDVs) has recently been described. MDV trafficking is now included among MQC pathways, possibly operating via mitochondrial–lysosomal contacts. Since mitochondrial dysfunction is acknowledged as a hallmark of aging and a major pathogenic factor of multiple age-associated conditions, the analysis of MDVs and, more generally, of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is recognized as a valuable research tool. The dissection of EV trafficking may help unravel new pathophysiological pathways of aging and diseases as well as novel biomarkers to be used in research and clinical settings. Here, we discuss (1) MQC pathways with a focus on mitophagy and MDV generation; (2) changes of MQC pathways during aging and their contribution to inflamm-aging and progeroid conditions; and (3) the relevance of MQC failure to several disorders, including neurodegenerative conditions (i.e., Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease) and cardiovascular disease.
Roflumilast in Severely Ill Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease with Frequent Exacerbations: Risk of Pneumonia Hospitalization and Severe Exacerbations
Authors: Alispahic Imane Achir , Sørensen Rikke , Eklöf Josefin , Sivapalan Pradeesh , Løkke Anders , Seersholm Niels , Vestergaard Jakob Hedemark , Jensen Jens-Ulrik Stæhr
Published: May 2020

Roflumilast is given as an add-on to inhalation medication in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and chronic bronchitis. Animal experiments have documented deleterious effects of roflumilast in bacterial infections, but trials have not reported the risk of bacterial infections in patients. The objective of this study is to determine, among outpatients with severe COPD in a two-year follow-up period, the risk of hospitalization-requiring pneumonia, severe acute exacerbation in COPD (AECOPD-hosp), and death. Patients with COPD using roflumilast (roflumilast users) were compared to a propensity score-matched COPD control group not using roflumilast (non-roflumilast users). Roflumilast users had an increased 2-year risk of hospitalization-requiring pneumonia (HR 1.5, 95% CI 1.3 to 1.8, p-value < 0.0001) compared to controls, and of AECOPD-Hosp (hazard ratio(HR) 1.6, 95%, confidence interval (CI) 1.5 to 1.8, p-value < 0.0001) and. When adding an active comparator (theophylline) as a matching variable, the signal was largely unchanged. In conclusion, roflumilast was associated with an increased number of hospitalizations for pneumonia and for AECOPD. Since trials have not reported risks of bacterial complications and data regarding severe exacerbations in roflumilast users are sparse and diverging, these data are concerning. Trials focused on the risk of pneumonia, AECOPD, and other bacterial infections in roflumilast users are needed urgently.
Can Circulating Cardiac Biomarkers Be Helpful in the Assessment of LMNA Mutation Carriers?
Authors: Chmielewski Przemyslaw , Michalak Ewa , Kowalik Ilona , Franaszczyk Maria , Sobieszczanska-Malek Malgorzata , Truszkowska Grazyna , Stepien-Wojno Malgorzata , Biernacka Elzbieta Katarzyna , Foss-Nieradko Bogna , Lewandowski Michal , Oreziak Artur , Bilinska Maria , Kusmierczyk Mariusz , Tesson Frédérique , Grzybowski Jacek , Zielinski Tomasz , Ploski Rafal , Bilinska Zofia T.
Published: May 2020

Mutations in the lamin A/C gene are variably phenotypically expressed; however, it is unclear whether circulating cardiac biomarkers are helpful in the detection and risk assessment of cardiolaminopathies. We sought to assess (1) clinical characteristics including serum biomarkers: high sensitivity troponin T (hsTnT) and N-terminal prohormone brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in clinically stable cardiolaminopathy patients, and (2) outcome among pathogenic/likely pathogenic lamin A/C gene (LMNA) mutation carriers. Our single-centre cohort included 53 patients from 21 families. Clinical, laboratory, follow-up data were analysed. Median follow-up was 1522 days. The earliest abnormality, emerging in the second and third decades of life, was elevated hsTnT (in 12% and in 27% of patients, respectively), followed by the presence of atrioventricular block, heart failure, and malignant ventricular arrhythmia (MVA). In patients with missense vs. other mutations, we found no difference in MVA occurrence and, surprisingly, worse transplant-free survival. Increased levels of both hsTnT and NT-proBNP were strongly associated with MVA occurrence (HR > 13, p ≤ 0.02 in both) in univariable analysis. In multivariable analysis, NT-proBNP level > 150 pg/mL was the only independent indicator of MVA. We conclude that assessment of circulating cardiac biomarkers may help in the detection and risk assessment of cardiolaminopathies.
Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Micropollutants in Water by Zr-MOF/GO Composites
Authors: Heu Rina , Ateia Mohamed , Awfa Dion , Punyapalakul Patiparn , Yoshimura Chihiro
Published: May 2020

Nanocomposites of UiO-66 and graphene oxide (UiO-66_GO) were prepared with different GO contents by a one-step hydrothermal method, and their photocatalytic activities for the degradation of carbamazepine (CBZ) were investigated under ranges of GO loading, catalyst dose, initial pollutant concentration, and solution pH. The UiO-66_GO nanocomposites showed photocatalytic rate constant up to 0.0136 min−1 for CBZ degradation and its high overall removal efficiency (>90%) in 2 h. The photocatalytic rate constant over the UiO-66_GO nanocomposite was about 2.8 and 1.7 times higher than those over pristine GO and UiO-66, respectively. The enhancement of photocatalytic activity by GO was attributed to increased surface area and porosity, improved light absorption, and narrowed band gap. The composite also showed substantial recyclability and stability over five consecutive cycles of photocatalytic degradation. The experimental results indicated that O2●− and OH● are the responsible radicals for photocatalytic degradation, which helped us propose a photocatalytic mechanism for the enhanced CBZ photodegradation. This work provides a reference for the development of GO-based composite photocatalysts and expands the application of UiO-66 as a photocatalyst for the degradation of persistent micropollutants in water.
Numerical Study of the Influence of Fishnet Mesh Size on a Floating Platform
Authors: Tang Hung-Jie , Huang Chai-Cheng , Yang Ray-Yeng
Published: May 2020

This study aims to investigate the influence of fishnet mesh size on a floating platform. A self-developed, time-domain numerical model was used for the evaluation. This model is based on potential flow theory, uses the boundary element method (BEM) to solve nonlinear wave-body interactions, and applies the Morison equation to calculate the hydrodynamic forces exerted on fishnets. The mooring system is treated as a linear and symmetric spring. The results near the resonant frequency of the platform indicate that the smaller the fishnet mesh size, the lower the heave, pitch, and sea-side tension response amplitude operators (RAOs), but the higher the reflection coefficient. The results in the lower frequency region reveal that the smaller the fishnet mesh size, the lower the surge and heave RAOs, but the higher the pitch and tension RAOs. Meanwhile, the time-domain results at the resonant frequency of heave motion are shown to indicate the influences of a platform with various fishnets mesh sizes on the rigid body motion, mooring line tension, and transmitted wave heights. In addition, a comparison of nonlinear effects indicates that, after reducing the fishnet mesh size, the second-order RAOs of heave, pitch, and sea-side tension decrease, but the changes are minor against the first-order results.