bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PREPARATION OF METABOLICALLY ACTIVE PROTOPLASTS OF BLUE‐GREEN ALGAE1
Authors: Vance B. Dwain , Ward H. Bailey
Published: April 2007

Protoplasts that remained metabolically active for several days were obtained by treating cells of Microcystis aeruginosa, Anacystis nidulans, and Anabaena flos‐aquae with lysozyme. Photosynthetic and respiratory rates were near those of control cells. Lysozymeresistant cells were isolated which may be genetic mutants.
REPRODUCTION IN ZONARIA FARLOWII II. CYTOLOGY AND ULTRASTRUCTURE1
Authors: Liddle Larry Brook , Neushul Michael
Published: April 2007

The development of spores and eggs of Zonaria farlowii was studied with light and electron microscopy. Oogonia require a lunar month to develop and are produced in periodic crops. The sporangia, on the other hand, are longer in developing and on a particular plant do not become mature all at the same time. Differences in size, content, and products of sporangia and oogonia have been found. One of the quantifiable differences is in the amount of osmiophilic substance, presumably oil, present in the 2 cells. This substance is more abundant in the sporangium, a cell which produces 8 reproductive spores. These differences are particularly interesting since the embryology of sporic and zygotic germlings has been found to be identical, while ontogeny of spores and eggs differs. The findings of this study are discussed in view of possible relationships between microstrtrclitral features of spores and fertilized eggs and their subsequent development.
THE LIFE HISTORIES OF RHODOCHORTON PURPUREUM AND R. TENUE IN CULTURE
Authors: West John A.
Published: April 2007

The life histories of the red algae Rhodochorton purpureum and R. tenue were studied in unialgal culture. Telrasporophytes produced sporangia in short day regimes (8–12 hr) with 50–200 ft‐c cool white light at 10 or 15 C. Mature gametophytes were not observed in the Washington and Alaska clones of R. purpureum. Tetraspores from R. tenue and the California clones of R. purpureum give rise to unisexual gametophytes that are reproductive when smaller than the tetrasporophytes. The tetrasporophytes develop directly from the gonimoblast cells. Because of similarities in morphology and life histories, it is proposed that R. tenue be placed in synonomy with R. purpureum.
THE CONCHOCELIS PHASE OF THREE SPECIES OF PORPHYRA IN CULTURE
Authors: Krishnamurthy V.
Published: April 2007

The Conchocelis phases of Porphyra perforata f. patens, P. cuneiformis and P. nereocystis were cultured from spores in a sterile artificial medium at 12 C and with 25 ft‐c illumination for 10 hr daily. The cultures showed differences in duration of the vegetative phase, sporulation, liberation of spores, and the return to the leafy phase. Morphological differences were also noticed. Since the 3 species were grown under identical conditions, it is inferred that these characteristics are probably different for the 3 species studied.
CULTURE AND PHYSIOLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS OF A BACTERIZED CLADOPHORA GLOMERATA (L.) KUTZ FROM LAKE MICHIGAN
Authors: Zuraw Edward A.
Published: April 2007

A defined medium was developed for a bacterized Gladophora glomerata from Lake Michigan yielding 0.8 g dry weight/m2/20 days and a doubling time of 1.2 days. Best growth was at 25 C under continuous aeration and 200–500 ft‐c light. Aeration with 2% CO2, with or without THIS buffer, inhibited growth. Calcium nitrate, urea, and NaNO3 were all utilized as nitrogen sources; however, more NO3 nitrogen was required than urea or Ca nitrate N for maximum yields. Germination of zoospores through zoosporangial walls was observed.
EVIDENCE FOR A CRYPTOMONAD SYMBIONT IN THE CILIATE, CYCLOTRICHIUM MEUNIERI1
Authors: Barber Richard T. , White Alan W. , Siegelman H. W.
Published: April 2007

Extracts of the marine ciliate Cyclotrichium meunieri contained chlorophylls a and c, carotenoids, and a phycoerythrin with a single absorbance maximum at 542 nm. This assemblage of pigments suggests that the numerous photosynthetic symbionts present in each ciliate cell belong to the Cryptophyceae.
STUDIES ON THE ALGAL CUTICLE1
Authors: Hanic L. A. , Craigie J. S.
Published: April 2007

A chemically resistant cuticle fraction was isolated from 5 phaeophycean, 1 rhodophycean, and 11 chlorophycean marine algae using acid treatment alone, or acid treatment followed by leaching in cupra‐ammonium. In Cladophora rupestris and Chaetomorpha melagonium this fraction consists of several alternate microfibrillar and amorphous layers similar in appearance to those seen in innermost carbohydrate‐rich regions and amount to about 1/10 or more of the cell wall thickness. In Porphyra umbilicalis and Padina vickersiae it is a single layer less than I μ thick, accounting for 1/50–1/100 of the cell wall in Porphyra, and 1/5–1/10 of the cell wall in Padina. The cuticle fractions of all 4 algae contain surprisingly large amounts of protein (about 70% in Cladophora and 80% in Porphyra). Similarities in the behavior of cuticles obtained from the other 12 species studied suggest that they may have a similar protein‐rich composition.
DEVELOPMENTAL STUDIES ON THE COENOCYTIC ALGA, CAULERPA SERTULARIOIDES
Authors: Mishra Arun K. , Kefford Noel P.
Published: April 2007

Thallus growth and development in the coenocyti alga Caulerpa sertularioides (Gmelin) Howe have been studied quantitatively.

In unsupplemented seawater at 26 C and in a 12:12 hr light/dark cycle, new rhizomes formed near the old growing points on thalli transplanted from the ocean. Adjacent to the apices of new rhizomes, rhizoids were produced downward, regularly spaced and at a rate of about 1.5/day. Upright. shoots developed irregularly in acropetal succession behind the tips of either the parent or the new rhizomes, which arose as branches of the old. Rates of rhizome, rhizoid, and upright shoot elongation were 0.4, 0.81, and 0.54 cm/day, respectively. Thalli survived up to 2 months in unsupplemented seawater.

Long‐term growth was obtained by varying culture conditions. A substratum of sand, apparently rich in microorganisms, produced long‐term thallus growth in seawater, and the form of development changed so that upright shoot formation was promoted and rhizome elongation halved. Similar effects were elicited by indole‐3‐acetic acid, 5 × 10‐5, M in seawater and by sap expressed from C. racemosa or C. sertularioides and added to seawater at 2.5–10% by volume.

The regulation of development in an algal coenocyte is discussed and analogies with regulation in multicellular plants are drawn.
PATTERNS OF GENICULAR DEVELOPMENT IN AMPHIROA (CORALLINACEAE)
Authors: Johansen H. William
Published: April 2007

Two types of genicular development (designated Types I and II) are present in South African species of Amphiroa. Genicula of both types originate when medullary tissue near branch endings softens by decalcification. In Type I decalcification does not progress to the branch surface and the joint therefore does not become flexible until the cortex, which remains calcified, cracks and partly sloughs. This type occurs in all species of Amphiroa in South Africa except one, and possibly occurs in those in the rest of the world as well. In Type II decalcification continues centrifugally to the surface of the branch; this results in a geniculum comprising medullary and cortical tissue. As far as is known this type occurs only in Amphiroa ephedraea. Type I appears to be more primitive than Type II.
INFLUENCE OF METHOD FOR REMOVAL OF SESTON ON THE DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER. II. COBALAMINS
Authors: Parker Bruce C.
Published: April 2007

Comparisons of the 3 previously used methods (continuous flow centrifugation, Millipore®filtration, and biodialysis) for making water samples seston‐free before analysis for cobalamins point to several likely sources of error: (a) unpredictable occlusion of pores in Millipore®membranes during filtration; (b) irreversible adsorption of cobalamins by Millipore®membranes; (c) probable cell injury and leakage by centrifugation. Some water samples gave good agreement on soluble vitamin B12 by all 3 methods, while other samples had appreciable discrepancies. The validity of total vs. sestonic cobalamin determinations therefore is questioned. One lake had time‐dependent fluctuation in soluble cobalamin.
RESPONSES OF GYMNODINIUM BREVE DAVIS TO NATURAL WATERS OF DIVERSE ORIGIN1
Authors: Collier Albert , Wilson W. B. , Borkowski Marilynn
Published: April 2007

The effect on the growth of Gymnosdinium breve of river waters and seawater samples collected in different seasons and locations was investigated with and without differential enrichments.

Growth in natural seawater was most clearly enhanced by addition of EDTA‐Fe, sulfide, N and P.

The seasonal variation in growth‐promoting properties of seawater and river water dominates variations due to differences in location.
NOTES ON THE ECOLOGY OF A SPECIES OF ZYGOGONIUM (KÜTZ.) IN YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK
Authors: Lynn R. , Brock T. D.
Published: April 2007

A species of Zygogonium forms extensive dark purple mats in Yellowstone National Park in acidic habitats adjacent to thermal areas. These mats range up to 6 cm in thickness and up to 3000 m2 in areal extent. Temperatures in the mats varied from 20–31 C and pH varied from 2.4–3.1. These mats form on soil in areas where a moist surface is created by the presence of small acidic springs or seeps. The effect of light, temperature, and pH on photosynthesis was studied in the field by use of 14CO2. Photosynthesis increased in rate up to full sunlight; light inhibition was not observed. Temperature optimum for photo‐synthesis was 25 C. A broad pH optimum was found between 1.0 and 5.0. The Zygogonium mats have a high water holding capacity and create a moist habitat in which Euglena and Chlamydomonas develop. The mats also serve as repositories for the eggs of the brine fly Ephydra bruesi and both larvae and adults of this fly probably consume Zygogonium filaments as their main food source.
ACCUMULATION OF 203HG BY THE MARINE DIATOM CHAETOCEROS COSTATUM
Authors: Glooschenko Walter A.
Published: April 2007

Dividing and nondividing cell populations of Chaetoceros costatum Pavillard were placed in light; nondividing populations were also placed in the dark, and one population was killed by formalin. No difference in203Hg uptake was seen in nondividing cells in the light and dark, while cells accumulated about 2 times as much203Hg as living cells, presumably by surface adsorption. Dividing cells in light accumulated203Hg longer than did nondividing cells, indicating the possibility of some active uptake of Hg.
CELL DIVISION INSPIROGYRA. I. MITOSIS
Authors: Fowke L. C. , Pickett‐Heaps J. D.
Published: April 2007

Dividing cells of Spirogyra sp. were examined with both the light and electron microscopes. By preprophase many of the typical transverse wall micro‐tubules disappeared while others were seen in the thickened cytoplasmic strands. Microtubules appeared in the polar cytoplasm at prophase and by prometaphase they penetrated the nucleus. They were attached to chromosomes at metaphase and early anaphase, and formed a sheath surrounding the spindle during anaphase; they were seen in the interzonal strands and cytoplasmic strands at telophase. The interphase nucleolus, containing 2 distinct zones and chromatinlike material, fragmented at prophase; at metaphase and anaphase nucleolar material coated the chromosomes, obscuring them by late anaphase. The chromosomes condensed in the nucleoplasm at prophase, moving into the nucleolus at prometaphase. The nuclear envelope was finally disrupted at anaphase during spindle elongation; at telophase membrane profiles coated the reforming nuclei. During anaphase and early telophase the interzonal region contained vacuoles, a few micro‐tubules, and sometimes eliminated n ucleolar material; most small organelles, including swollen endoplasmic reticulum and tubular membranes, were concentrated in the polar cytoplasm. Quantitative and qualitative cytological observations strongly suggest movement of intact wall rnicrotubules to the spindle at preprophase and then back again at telophase.
THE LIFE HISTORY OF CALLITHAMNION BYSSOIDES IN CULTURE
Authors: Edwards Peter
Published: April 2007

The life history of Callithamnion byssoides Arnott ex Harv. in Hook. has been shown to comprise a regular sequence of gametophytic, carposporophytic, and tetrasporophytic phases in unialgal culture using supplemented seawater media. Tetraspore germlings gave rise to gametophytes bearing either antheridia or carpogonia in 13 days. Fertilization, carposporophyte development, and carpospore release took place within 5 days. Carpospore germlings produced mature tetrasporophytes in 13 days. The life history thus required approximately 1 month for completion. No deviations from this pattern were observed.
ALGAL GROWTH OVER THE EPIDERMIS OF SEA URCHIN SPINES
Authors: Lawrence J. M. , Dawes C. J.
Published: April 2007

Fosliella farinosa (Lamouroux) Howe, a coralline red alga, was found growing over the epidermis of the spines of the sea urchin, Heterocentrotus trigonarius (Lamarck). This is apparently the first report of the ability of an alga to overcome the resistance to invesion of the external epidermis of a sea urchin.
CAROTENOIDS OF SIPHONOUS GREEN ALGAE: A CHEMOTAXONOMICAL STUDY
Authors: Kleinig Hans
Published: April 2007

The carotenoid pigments of 50 species of 9 siphonean orders were investigated. The algae of all orders contain the principal carotenoids known from other green algae: α‐ and β‐carotene, lutein, lutein epoxide, violaxanthin, and neoxanthin. Additionally, in some Siphonodadales siphonaxanthin is present, in the Derbesiales, Codiales, and Caulerpales both siphonaxanthin and its ester siphonein are present, whereas in the Dichotomosiphonales only the ester siphonein can be found. The chemotaxonomical value of siphonaxanthin and siphonein is discussed.
SOME FACTORS IN THE COMPETITION OR ANTAGONISM AMONG BACTERIA, ALGAE, AND AQUATIC WEEDS
Authors: Filzgerald George P.
Published: April 2007

Field observations of changes in the populations of aquatic weeds and phytoplankton have confirmed that aquatic weeds have antagonistic activity toward phytoplankton. Nutritional studies in the laboratory indicate that cultures of the aquatic weeds, Myriophyllum sp., Ceratophyllum sp., and duckweed (Lemma minor L.); liquid cultures of barley (Hordeum vulgare L., Dickson variety); and cultures of the filamentous green algae, Cladophora sp. and Pithophora oedogonium (Mont.) Withrock, will remain relatively free of epiphytes or competing phytoplankton if the cultures are nitrogen‐limited. Field observations of Cladophora sp. have confirmed that the growth of epiphytes on the Cladophora is related to conditions of surplus available nitrogen compounds. It is proposed that this antagonistic activity may be due to a “nitrogen sink” effect in which the aquatic weeds or filamentous green algae prevent the growth of contaminating algae by competition for the limited nitrogen compounds available. However, the presence of bacteria‐sized organisms which have selective toxicity to certain algae indicates that perhaps multiple factors exist. Discussed are the ecological implications of associations of certain algae with bacteria that have selective toxicities for other species of algae under certain environmental conditions such as nitrogen‐limited growth.
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY: A NEW APPROACH TO THE DESMIDIACEAE
Authors: Lyon Terry L.
Published: April 2007

A camera lucida drawing, light and SEM micro‐graphs of Cosmarium botrytis are contrasted with the intent of showing the advantages of SEM in systematic and morphological investigations. Several developmental questions amenable to an approach with SEM have arisen.
Influence of Subject Eligibility Criteria on Compliance With National Institutes of Health Guidelines for Inclusion of Women, Minorities, and Children in Treatment Research
Authors: Humphreys Keith , Weingardt Kenneth R. , Harris Alex H. S.
Published: April 2007

Background: Many alcohol treatment outcome studies exclude some patients with particular problems, such as psychiatric disorders, noncompliance, and homelessness. Such criteria may increase the likelihood of a study being successfully conducted, but may also have the unintended consequence of reducing a study's ability to comply with National Institutes of Health guidelines for inclusion of racial minorities, women, and children in treatment research.

Methods and Results: This paper examined this issue empirically using 5 prior studies of treatment systems enrolling over 100,000 alcohol patients. Widely used eligibility criteria in the alcohol treatment field typically exclude between one‐fifth to one‐third of patients from enrolling in research. Under several eligibility criteria, most notably those for drug use and social/residential instability, women and African‐American patients are substantially more likely to be excluded than are men and non–African‐American patients, respectively.

Conclusions: In designing treatment studies with many eligibility criteria, researchers may therefore inadvertently be thwarting their own good faith efforts to ensure that a range of vulnerable populations are able to participate in research. We analyze the implications of this dilemma for the generalizability of treatment results and for research design, and provide data that may help researchers working in different treatment systems estimate the impact of various eligibility criteria.
Role of Myocardial Contractility and Autonomic Control in the Hypotensive Response to a Limited Access Ethanol Paradigm in SHRs
Authors: El‐Mas Mahmoud M. , Abdel‐Rahman Abdel A.
Published: April 2007

Background:Previous experimental studies that evaluated the chronic hemodynamic effect of ethanol employed the continuous exposure protocol of ethanol, which does not mimic the pattern of alcohol consumption in humans. This study dealt with the long‐term hemodynamic and cardiovascular autonomic effects of ethanol, in a limited‐access regimen in telemetered spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs).

Methods:Changes in blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), myocardial contractility (dP/dtmax), and spectral cardiovascular autonomic profiles during the ethanol exposure period (2.5 or 5% w/v, 8 h/d, 8:30amtill 4:30pm) were followed for 12 weeks.

Results:Compared with control pair‐fed SHRs, body weight and urine output, osmolality, and potassium levels were decreased in SHRs receiving 5% but not 2.5% ethanol. Blood pressure showed progressive falls during ethanol‐feeding periods with a maximum effect observed at week 5. The peak hypotensive effect was maintained thereafter in SHRs receiving 5% ethanol in contrast to steady rises in BP in the 2.5% ethanol group to near‐control levels by the conclusion of the study. Heart rate was slightly but significantly increased by ethanol 5% whereas dP/dtmaxshowed persistent reductions. Power spectral analysis showed that ethanol attenuated the baroreflex gain of HR as suggested by the reductions in indexα, the spectral index of spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity (BRS).

Conclusions:It is concluded that limited access ethanol drinking in SHRs elicited hypotension that was concentration dependent and mediated, at least partly, through reductions in myocardial contractility. Baroreflex sensitivity attenuation by ethanol appeared to have limited the tachycardic response to ethanol and perhaps its capacity to offset the evoked hypotension.
Fathers, Mothers, and Family Structure: Family Trajectories, Parent Gender, and Adolescent Schooling
Authors: Heard Holly E.
Published: April 2007

Previous research has neither fully examined family structure across the life course nor considered increasing variation in family types. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N = 11,318), I examine the influence of longitudinal measures across childhood of family structure duration and the number and timing of parent transitions (entrances and exits) on indicators of grade point average (GPA), college expectations, and suspension or expulsion in adolescence. I also examine whether parent gender moderates these effects. Results show that mother transitions during early childhood affect all outcomes, whereas time in mother‐absent families influences GPA and school discipline. I find evidence for parent gender differences in transition effects; mother transitions, especially early ones, have more severe consequences than father transitions.
THE REPORTED FREQUENCY OF TOOTHBRUSHING AS RELATED TO THE PREVALENCE OF PERIODONTAL DISEASES IN NEW MEXICO
Authors: Guyer Martin E. , Striffler David F.
Published: April 2007

The selection of a sample still appears dreadfully important for a significant clinical study.
THE SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH: ITS ROLE IN IMPROVING PRACTICE THROUGH CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
Authors: Holmes Carl B.
Published: April 2007

A vigorous new teacher of dentistry in public health tosses his philosophical hat into the ring.
II. ROLE OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF JUNIOR COLLEGES IN COMBATING THE SHORTAGE IN DENTAL PERSONNEL
Authors: Gleazer Edmund J.
Published: April 2007

The importance of the role of Junior Colleges becomes obvious.
Classroom Teachers' Perceived Role in Dental Health Education
Authors: Boyer E. Marcia
Published: April 2007

This investigation utilized mail questionnaires to determine public school teachers' perceived adequacy to teach six dental health topics and responsibility for dental health in the classroom. The majority of public school teachers surveyed in Iowa City and surrounding communities felt adequate to teach dental health topics with two major exceptions: increasing proficiency in brushing and flossing, and understanding the processes and reasons for periodontal disease. More importantly, this study indicates that many teachers do not consider dental health activities to be responsibilities of the public school teacher.
A Resurvey of Hypertensive Patients Detected in a Dental Office Screening Program*
Authors: Abbey Louis M. , Kenner Linda H.
Published: April 2007

In order to ascertain the fate of hypertensive patients who were discovered through the Medical College of Virginia School of Dentistry Hypertension Screening Program, a telephone survey was conducted whereby the first 128 patients discovered to be hypertensive through the program were interviewed concerning their current state of care. All 128 patients were at least three months postreferral. Patients were asked whether or not they were still under a physician's care; those responding positively were further questioned regarding medications prescribed, medication consumption, and frequency of physician visits. In all, 109 patients were contacted. The 109 patients consisted of 18 patients treated at the hypertension clinic at Medical College of Virginia and 91 patients being treated by private physicians. Of the 18 clinic patients contacted, 17 (94 percent) were still being treated. Of the patients being treated by private physicians 62 (68.1 percent) were still being followed. Of the 109 patients contacted, 79 (72.5 percent) were still under care and 30 (27.5 percent) were no longer under care. Of the patients still under care 56 (71 percent) had been prescribed medicine and only two had discontinued medication. Forty‐one patients saw their physician more frequently than every three months; 21 saw their physician every three to four months and 17 saw their physician semiannually or annually. Of the delinquent hypertensives in this study, 72 percent were still under care at the time of survey and of the previously undetected hypertensives 73 percent were still under care. It is concluded that there is still a significant drop‐out rate among hypertensives after referral and that some void exists in the follow‐up of hypertensives. The suggestion is made that the dentist may be able to assist in follow‐up and possibly reduce the drop‐out rate.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Gurney‐Kanar Nancy
Published: April 2007

Book reviewed in this article:

The British national health service; conversations with Sir George Godber
Oral Health of Children of Migrant Farm Workers in Northwest Michigan
Authors: Woolfolk Marilyn , Hamard Margot , Bagramian Robert A. , Sgan‐Cohen Harold
Published: April 2007

A considerable number of Hispanic agricultural workers come to Northwest Michigan during the summer every year to harvest fruit and vegetable crops. The Department of Community Dentistry of The University of Michigan School of Dentistry helps provide dental services for these migrant workers and their families. Some 203 five‐to‐14‐year‐old children of migrant farm workers were examined for caries and periodontal condition and the results compared with recent national surveys. Traditional indicators of dental caries experience (DMFT/dft and DMFS/dfs indices), periodontal disease (PI), and oral cleanliness (OHI‐S) were used by one examiner. These migrant children presented higher numbers of decayed teeth and lower numbers of restored teeth than United States schoolchildren generally. Migrant children also presented less caries‐free teeth and higher PI and OHI‐S scores than United States children generally.
Dental Sealant Usage in Virginia
Authors: Rubenstein Loretta K. , Dinius Ann
Published: April 2007

This trend study reports the results of a survey designed to determine usage of dental sealants in Virginia. A total of 2,434 general dentists, dental hygienists, and pedodontists were sent questionnaires regarding usage, technics, products, educational experience, and public interest in dental sealants.

Increases in the provision of sealant coverage and in public interest for this preventive measure were noted. Approximately three‐fourths of general dentists and dental hygienists working in a general or pedodontic practice are offering sealants to their patients. Pedodontists are the largest group of providers, with nearly 100 percent of pedodontists applying sealants. Recent graduates are applying sealants more often than earlier graduates. Preference for Delton™* clear color, light‐cured material was shown.

In general, a lack of professional knowledge about sealants continues to exist. Professional organizations and academic institutions may want to plan additional continuing education offerings for practitioners and to consider increased dental education instruction for students.
The Effects for Recall Patients of a Comprehensive Sealant Program in a Clinical Dental Public Health Setting
Authors: Jones Rhys B.
Published: April 2007

The preventive outcomes of a comprehensive sealant program in a dental public health treatment center for low SES children are reported. The Linn County (Iowa) Dental Health Center implemented a comprehensive sealant philosophy in 1978. Since then, virtually all pits and fissures in primary and permanent teeth for all new and recall patients have been sealed. The comprehensive sealant philosophy was formulated following a previously reported Dental Health Center study documenting the negative outcomes of unmet treatment need as a result of the lack of continuity of care for this specific low SES target population.

Sealants were evaluated for all recall patients seen over a two‐month period. The sealants had been placed six months to six years before the two‐month examination period. Ninety‐five percent of the sealants were intact for the recall patients. Only 3.3 percent of the sealants were in need of repair or reseating—a procedure easily incorporated into the preventive recall appointment. Only 1.5 percent of the teeth were carious, and to a minor extent. To maintain the total sealant treatment philosophy on repaired and newly erupted teeth for recall patients in the dental public health setting requires on the average approximately five additional minutes per recall appointment.

Low SES children are at highest risk to dental caries, but are still not guaranteed access to ongoing preventive services. Sealants are of much greater importance than the usual prophylaxis‐fluoride regimen for low SES children displaying more episodic than preventive dental behavior. Comprehensive sealant programs should be considered for all dental public health clinical treatment programs for children.
Risk Factors for Total Tooth Loss in the United States; Longitudinal Analysis of National Data
Authors: Eklund Stephen A. , Burt Brian A.
Published: April 2007

The NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow‐up Study (NHEFS) of 1982‐84 collected longitudinal data from 10,523 individuals initially seen during the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I) of 1971‐75. Among this additional data was information on the incidence of total tooth loss during the 10 years between the surveys, which could then be added to NHANES I data to identify risk factors. In this analysis, a series of bivariate analyses were carried out, followed by logistic regression analysis to assess the simultaneous effect of major variables. Results showed that 7.4 percent of dentate Americans aged 25‐74 at NHANES I became edentulous over the next 10 years. In bivariate analyses, the incidence of edentulism was correlated with baseline measures of lower income and education status, poorer oral health, self‐perceptions of poor general health and oral health, absence of a regular dentist, and a lower number of remaining teeth at baseline. No correlation was found with gender and geographic region, nor with self‐reported diabetes and arthritis, and age was not a factor when the number of remaining teeth at baseline were taken into account. In a logistic regression model assessing the effect of these variables simultaneously, none of the demographic variables retained significance; the only variable statistically significant in both age groups was the number of teeth remaining at baseline. Other significant variables in younger persons were higher periodontal disease scores, perceived poor dental health, perceived need for extractions, history of smoking, and low ascorbic acid intake. Some of these variables were reflections of negative health behavior and attitudes rather than direct correlates. Principal findings from this study were the importance of early tooth loss in eventual edentulism and the virtual disappearance of gender and age as determinants of total tooth loss.
The Distribution of Root Caries in Community‐dwelling Elders in New England
Authors: Joshi Anil , Douglass Chester W. , Jette Alan , Feldman Henry
Published: April 2007

An in‐home examination of a probability sample of elders aged 70 and older living in the six New England states was conducted to estimate the prevalence and extent of root caries. Oral examinations were conducted by the visual‐tactile method using a portable lamp, explorer, and a mouth mirror. Fifty‐two percent of the study participants showed root caries experience and 22 percent had untreated root caries. In contrast to previous studies, this analysis showed that buccal root surfaces were no more likely than proximal surfaces to be affected by root caries. Logistic regression analysis showed that gingival recession and number of teeth were positively associated with root caries, while better oral hygiene maintenance and regular dental visits were negatively associated with root caries lesions (all factors: P <.05). The prevalence of root caries was found to increase with higher numbers of teeth except for a minority subgroup— i.e., those who retained 25 or more teeth. This study provides much‐needed data on prevalence and extent of root caries in a probability sample of the oldest old in an entire region of the United States.
Gains in Dental Care Use Not Shared by Minority Elders
Authors: A Judith , Fedele Denise J. , Bolden Aljernon J. , Bloom Barbara
Published: April 2007

Americans have steadily increased their reported use of dental services over the past 30 years. Persons aged 65 years and older have made the greatest gains, from 16 percent in 1957–58 to 43 percent in 1989. This article reviews national data on reported use of dental care over the past three decades, focusing on differences in rates of utilization on the basis of age, race, and national origin. In addition, differences in sample selection, definitions of race and national origin, and data collection methodology were reviewed to identify systematic sources of bias in comparing the data. Findings indicate that reported dental care use among minority elders has not increased parallel with elders of all races and national origins. In 1957–59, 17 percent of white elders versus 9 percent of nonwhite elders had seen a dentist within the past year. By 1989 percentages had improved to 45 percent of whites, but only 22 percent of blacks and 40 percent of Hispanics. In addition, reporting and recording race and national origin varied considerably during the three decades, hampering comparisons over time. Finally, published national data on usual correlates of dental care use (dentition status, insurance, age, income, and education) are inadequate to explain the causes of these discrepancies. More research is needed to identify barriers to use of dental care by all Americans, particularly those of African and Hispanic descent. Because these ethnic groups are aging faster than the rest of society, and because dental care use among Hispanic and African American elders lags behind use among all elders, dental and public health professions have a responsibility to investigate the barriers and to plan strategies for improving use of care.
Factors Associated with the Use of Fluoride Supplements and Fluoride Dentifrice by Infants and Toddlers
Authors: Nourjah Parivash , Horowitz Alice M. , Wagener Diane K.
Published: April 2007

Dental fluorosis may be associated with the inappropriate use of fluoride dentifrices and/or dietary fluoride supplements by young children, especially for those who consume optimally fluoridated water. Studies to date have used retrospective designs that rely on anamnestic responses of adults to determine fluoride exposures in their children. The 1986 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) collected information on current use of fluoride‐containing dental products (dentifrices, drops, tablets, and mouthrinses) by all household members during home interviews. This report contains information obtained from adults for 1,996 children younger than two years of age. Nearly half of the children used fluoride dentifrices or dietary fluoride supplements. Eleven percent of the children younger than one year of age and nearly 60 percent of children between one and two years of age reportedly used a fluoride toothpaste. Dietary fluoride supplements were used about equally in these age groups (about 16%). The use of a fluoride dentif rice was similar across racial‐ethnic groups, but the use of dietary fluoride supplements was less among blacks and Hispanics. A significantly higher proportion of children whose respondent knew the purpose of water fluoridation used some type of fluoride product. Because young children tend to swallow dentifrices, the findings of this study suggest the need for educational programs targeted to parents and health care providers regarding the appropriate use of fluorides and the risk of fluorosis when they are used inappropriately.
Dental Caries Prevalence and Treatment among Navajo Preschool Children
Authors: O'Sullivan David M. , Douglass Joanna M. , Champany Richard , Tetrev Steve , Tinanoff Norman , Eberling Suzanne
Published: April 2007

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the dental health of Navajo preschool children, a population about whom little dental information is published. Methods: Caries data were collected and analyzed for 2,003 Navajo children aged 3–5 years in the Head Start program, and for a convenience sample of 115 children younger than three years old from the Women, Infants and Children (WIC) program. Results: Each age group had an extremely high mean dmfs; however, as much as 70 percent of this index comprised treated surfaces. Maxillary anterior caries was observed in the WIC children under two years of age and posterior proximal caries was observed as early as two years of age. The prevalence of maxillary anterior caries reached a maximum of 68 percent in the three‐year‐old Head Start children, and may be associated with the high level of posterior caries in this population. Conclusions: Most children in this population may be considered at risk for developing caries. This Navajo preschool population has perhaps the earliest caries onset, among the highest caries prevalence, and among the highest level of treatment of any reported population.
Dentists and AIDS: a Survey of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior in Italy
Authors: Angelillo Italo F. , Villari Paolo , D'Errico Marcello M. , Grasso Guido M. , Ricciardi Gualtiero , Pavia Maria
Published: April 2007

Objectives: Italy, together with Spain, is second only to France in the total number of AIDS cases” in Europe, with over 16,800 as of March 1993. The purpose of this study was to evaluate knowledge, attitudes, and behavior concerning AIDS and infection control among Italian dentists. Methods: A questionnaire was mailed to 1,000 dentists randomly selected from the Italian Dental and Maxilto‐Facial Association's register of dentists. Results: Of the 715 dentists responding, 70.7 percent of dentists knew all the main risk groups able to transmit the infection and that semen is a biologic fluid potentially contaminated by HIV virus. This knowledge was greater if the number of patients per week was not higher than 55 and if the dentist had had a previous contact with an HIV‐seropositive patient. Only a few (21.1%) knew all the oral manifestations of AIDS. Over 65 percent of the dentists indicated that they would treat HIV‐seropositive patients (71.9%) or those with AIDS (66.8%). Dentists were more willing to care for an HIV‐seropositive patient if they were involved in specialties with high blood contact, if they had a previous contact with an HIV patient, as the average number of patients per week increased, and if they did not consider saliva as a possible route of transmission of HIV. A small percentage of dentists who had the opportunity to treat patients at risk for AIDS (12.1%) or HIV seropositive (9.4%) refused to treat them. Willingness to treat was the most significant predictor of actual treatment of an infected patient. Only 24.4 percent routinely used all barrier techniques (gloves, masks, and protective eye‐wear). Predictors of routine use of all barrier techniques were specialties with high blood contact, considering saliva a possible route of transmission of HIV infection, average number of patients per week fewer than 40, and number of years of practice. Conclusions: Educational efforts for improving knowledge and finding and implementing ways to motivate dentists to the correct and routine use of infection control procedures are needed.
Dental Caries Risk in Relation to Dietary Habits and Dental Services in Two Industrial Populations
Authors: Masalin Kai E. , Murtomaa Heikki T. , Sipilä Kari P. J.
Published: April 2007

Objectives: Environmental hazards contribute to the poor oral health in many occupations. Among the earliest occupations mentioned are those of the baker and confectionery worker. To determine appropriate ways of promoting oral health in places of work, factors affecting caries susceptibility were studied. Methods: Dental caries status, dietary and dental health behaviors, and salivary microbiologic findings in 338 confectionery and 101 shipyard workers were compared. A caries risk index based on salivary findings was used in log‐linear models where the effects of sex, diet, use of dental services, and work environment were studied. Results: Caries experience was found to be high in both populations. Dietary habits were the most important factor affecting caries occurrence and susceptibility. Similar dietary behaviors were found in both groups. Conclusions: The confectionery industry did not seem to be an exceptionally hazardous environment for dental health in general. However, the screening of high‐risk workers should be organized. Reimbursement of costs had no major effect on use of dental services or caries risk. Oral health promotion should be integrated with existing occupational health services to improve oral health in industrial populations.
The Prevalence of Dental Sealants in North Carolina Schoolchildren
Authors: Rozier R. Gary , Spratt C. Jean , Koch Gary G. , Davies Glen M.
Published: April 2007

Objectives: This study reports the prevalence of dental sealants derived from a survey of schoolchildren in North Carolina, and its variation according to several sociodemographic characteristics. Methods: A single‐stage, stratified probability sample of grade K–12 classrooms in the state yielded a sample of 8,026 students. Clinical examinations were performed on 83 percent of the sample. Estimates for sealant prevalence and their variation according to seven sociodemographic variables were determined. Results: About 117,000 children in the state, or 12 percent of those 6–17 years of age, have sealants. The prevalence of sealants varied according to geographic region of residence and the socioeconomic status of whites. Prevalence was affected little by age, sex, degree of urbanism, or socioeconomic status of those with races other than white. Conclusions: While underutilized, there are indications in these data that sealant use is increasing, thus having the potential to contribute to further declines in the prevalence of dental caries in the state. Those factors included in this study and associated with the prevalence of sealants suggest that major gains in sealant use will need to address not only those specific barriers preventing their use by the profession or public, but broader issues preventing the utilization of dental services in general.
A Comparison of Dental Caries Experience in Native American and Caucasian Children in Oklahoma
Authors: Grim Charles W. , Broderick Eric B. , Jasper Byron , Phipps Kathy R.
Published: April 2007

Objectives: In 1989 the Oklahoma Area Indian Health Service conducted an oral health survey of children attending public schools in Oklahoma to determine the extent of caries experience in the Native American population. Results were to be used to establish program priorities, gather baseline data, and compare the oral health status of Native American children with their non‐Indian peers. Methods: A total of 934 elementary schoolchildren 5–6 years of age were examined along with 733 high school students 15–17 years of age. The study was designed so that approximately 50 percent of the students examined were Native American. Results: The mean dmfs for the 5–6‐year‐olds was 5.06 for the Caucasian children and 10.35 for the Native American children, a statistically significant difference (P <.001). For the 15–17‐year‐olds the mean DMFS for the Caucasian students (5.99) was significantly lower (P <.001) than the mean DMFS for the Native American students (10.12). Conclusions: The prevalence and severity of caries in these Native American students appear to be substantially higher than in their non‐Indian peers residing in the same communities. Further study is needed to identify factors contributing to these demonstrated differences in caries experience.
Preventive Behaviors as Correlates of Periodontal Health Status
Authors: Lang W. Paul , Ronis David L. , Farghaly Mahassen M.
Published: April 2007

Objectives: This investigation examined current practices of brushing, flossing, and periodic dental visits and their association with periodontal health status. Methods: Data were collected using face‐to‐face interviews and 40‐minute in‐home dental examinations with a probability sample of adults 18 years of age or older, having at least one tooth, and living in housing units in the Detroit tricounty area. Complete examinations were performed on 319 individuals. Results: On average, subjects reported brushing their teeth about twice a day. About one‐third of the population reported flossing at least once a day. Loss of periodontal attachment was related to frequency of brushing while subjects who exhibited acceptable flossing ability had less plaque and calculus, shallower pocket depths, and less attachment loss. Subjects reporting a periodic dental visit at least once a year had less plaque, gingivitis, and calculus than subjects reporting less frequent visits. In regression analyses, brushing thoroughness, flossing ability and frequency, and dental visit frequency were predictors of lower plaque, gingivitis, and calculus scores. In turn, these scores were predictors of shallower pocket depths and less attachment loss. Conclusions: Brushing, flossing, and periodic dental visits were correlated with better periodontal health. The behaviors appeared to be indirectly related to pocket depth and attachment loss through their associations with plaque, gingivitis, and calculus levels.
Relationships of Personality Traits and Stress to Gingival Status or Soft‐tissue Oral Pathology: an Exploratory Study
Authors: Minneman Margaret A. , Cobb Charles , Soriano Fernando , Burns Sherry , Schuchman Lynn
Published: April 2007

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of personality traits and stress with gingival inflammation and with soft‐tissue oral pathology. Methods: Personality traits of psychoticism (P), extroversion and introversion (E), and neuroticism (N) were measured with Eysenck's personality questionnaire (EPO). Stress was measured with a modified organizational and individual assessment survey (OIAS) developed by Hendrix. Military recruits from Ft. Leonard Wood, Missouri, were examined for soft‐tissue oral pathology and gingival status at weeks one (n=241) and six (n=61) of basic combat training (BCT). The EPQ and OIAS were administered to 217 recruits during week six of BCT. A discriminant analysis was used to determine correlations among study variables. Results: Significant correlations (P <.05) were found between personality traits and various measures of tolerance of stress. Little variance was found between groups originally presenting with or without disease. Only physical stress (P <.005) was shown to affect soft‐tissue pathology, while gingival inflammation correlated significantly to E scores (P <.02), tolerance to change (P <.02), and anxiety (P <.05). Conclusions: Data support a possible relationship among certain personality traits, stress variables, and gingival inflammation or soft‐tissue pathology in recruits with extreme personality characteristics or perception of high physical stress levels in basic combat training.
Sources of Fluoride Intake in Children
Authors: Levy Steven M. , Kiritsy Mary C. , Warren John J.
Published: April 2007

Wide variations in fluoride intake among children make estimating fluoride intake difficult. This paper discusses the various sources of fluoride intake among children, beginning with a review of the fluoride concentrations of water and other beverages, foods, and therapeutic fluoride products. A review of previous studies' estimates of fluoride intake from diet, dentifrice, fluoride supplements, fluoride mouthrinses, and gels, as well as total fluoride intake also is presented. Then, estimates of fluoride intake among young children of different age groups are summarized, and examples demonstrating the high level of variability of fluoride intake, both from individual sources and in total, are presented. Lastly, this paper discusses the implications of our current level of knowledge of children's fluoride intake, and presents recommendations for the use of fluoride for children in light of this current knowledge. The major recommendations are that: (1) the fluoride content of foods and beverages, particularly infant formulas and water used in their reconstitution, should continue to be monitored closely in an effort to limit excessive fluoride intake; (2) ingestion of fluoride from dentifrice by young children should be controlled, and the use of only small quantities of dentifrice by young children should be emphasized; and (3) dietary fluoride supplements should be considered a targeted preventive regimen only for those children at higher risk for dental caries and with low levels of ingested fluoride from other sources.