bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Study of Overjet Values and Their Relationship to the Type of Swallow and Type of Lip Activity during Swallowing
Authors: Haynes Sydney
Published: December 2014

An investigation of overjet values in children exhibiting different forms of soft tissue behaviour during(a) a “conscious” swallowing test and (b) a “water” swallowing test is described and the findings show that both a “teeth apart” swallow and “vigorous” lower lip behaviour on swallowing are each unlikely to have a marked clinical effect on overjet values. A “vigorous” lip contraction on swallowing was found to be associated with a slightly increased mean overjet value compared with a “passive” lip contraction and this finding is statistically significant. The differences between the mean overjet values however were only 0·61 mm in “conscious” swallowing and 0·60 mm in “water” swallowing. It is therefore considered that the “functional” variations in the behaviour of the lips and tongue are unlikely to have any marked clinical effect upon incisor relationships.
Physical Characteristics of Orthodontic Wires and Archwires—Part 2
Authors: Waters N. E. , Stephens C. D. , Houston W. J. B.
Published: December 2014

The characteristics of single spans of plain and looped archwires are examined. Plain archwires have similar flexibility in both vertical and horizontal deflections but even with thin wires, the loads applied by small deflections are very high. The incorporation of vertical loops reduces span stiffness particularly for horizontal deflections. However, if maximum flexibility is to be obtained, careful attention must be paid to the dimensions of the loops. The stiffness of the looped arch is very much greater in the vertical plane than in the horizontal plane. Bracket width has a greater influence on span stiffness than has generally been acknowledged. The wider the bracket, the stiffer a span will be. This effect is particularly important with plain arches and with looped arches in vertical deflection. The forces exerted even by small deflections of initial aligning arches are high and exceed by a considerable margin the values normally considered as light.
Mandibular Growth and Dysfunction a Cephalometric and Electromyographic Analysis of a Cross-bite Case
Authors: Ahlgren Johan
Published: December 2014

The mandibular growth and dysfunction in a patient who has been unsuccessfully treated for a severe functional cross-bite are analysed clinically, electromyographically and cephalometrically. The analysis showed that although the occlusal dysfunction was present throughout the active growth period no asymmetric condylar growth changes occurred. The dento-alveolar process was, however, affected by the abnormal mandibular function. Orthodontic treatment of functional cross-bite should be carried out early so that growth may proceed in harmony with a balanced occlusion.
Orthodontic Uncertainties
Authors: Gravely J. F. , Johnson D. B.
Published: December 2014

The consistency with which two examiners were able to carry out a number of orthodontic assessments has been examined. Occlusal assessments were generally found to be the most reliable and assessments of soft tissue factors the least reliable. The implications of errors in orthodontic diagnostic assessments are discussed.
Upper Third Molars—an Unusual Position
Authors: Hall A. M.
Published: December 2014

An unusual position of upper third molars seen on routine orthodontic radiographs is described. These may be unilateral or bilateral and suggestions are made for further investigations and observations.
The Hydrochloric Acid-pumice Microabrasion Technique in the Treatment of Post-orthodontic Decalcification
Authors: Welbury R. R. , Carter N. E.
Published: December 2014

A significant number of patients exhibit white spots of enamel decalcification after orthodontic treatment, despite the use of preventive regimes. The hydrochloric acid-pumice micro-abrasion technique offers a method for improving the appearance of these lesions where they are cosmetically unacceptable. The clinical procedure is described and the effects of the technique upon the dental structures are discussed.
Calibration of Non-dental and Dental Personnel in the Use of the PAR Index
Authors: Richmond Stephen , Turbill Elizabeth A. , Andrews Mary
Published: December 2014

Training and calibration in use of the PAR Index was given to a number of clerical staff and dental advisers at the Dental Practice Board of England and Wales. The results show that it is possible to teach non-dentally trained personnel to apply this index to a high degree of reliability and they could, therefore, be trained to measure occlusal changes produced by orthodontic treatment, both for third party payment agencies, and for internal or regional audit programmes. Application of indices by non-dental staff would not only be more economical on clinical time, but should augment the objectivity and impartiality of the index.
Infective Endocarditis Associated with Orthodontic Treatment: A Case Report
Authors: Hobson R. S. , Clark J.D.
Published: December 2014

A case of acute bacterial endocarditis associated with orthodontic treatment is described and the problems associated with orthodontic treatment for ‘at risk’ patients are discussed. The American Heart Association recommendations for orthodontic patients are Summarized, and the general recommendations of the Endocarditis Working Party of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy are appended.
Health and Safety at Work in Orthodontic Practice
Authors: Lawrence Alan J. , Mordecai Robert M.
Published: December 2014

Health and safety is now of major importance in general and specialist dental practice. Risk assessment and management is essential to ensure that practices are healthy and safe for staff, patients and visitors. Practitioners are required to do all that is reasonably practicable to ensure this. At the same time there is also the need to keep practising costs at an economic level.

To comply requires a sound working knowledge of the law and regulations. It also involves turning general policies into specific surgery procedures that prevent accidents and promote good practice. Six new sets of regulations on health, safety and welfare were introduced in 1993 in the U K that brings us into step with matching regulations throughout The European Community.

The general requirements, the new regulations and their background are discussed in the first of a two part article. Many of the specific problems related to orthodontic practice are discussed in the second article. Many problems can be addressed inexpensively by modifying working practice but this will need to involve the whole dental team.
A Critique of Bond Strength Testing in Orthodontics
Authors: Fox Nigel A. , McCabe John F. , Buckley John G.
Published: December 2014

The literature contains a large number of publications on in vitro bond strength testing of materials used in orthodontics. The results are often quoted by manufacturers to support their products. Little attention has been paid to the detail of the test procedures used. However, a review of the literature revealed a large variation in the methods used for bond strength testing in orthodontics making comparison of papers difficult and often impossible. The case for a possible standard technique is suggested. It is hoped that this will lead to more meaningful testing of new products, which will produce more reliable guidance for the clinical orthodontist.
Microbial Growth on the Surfaces of Various Orthodontic Bonding Cements
Authors: Blunden R. E. , Oliver R. G. , O'Kane C.
Published: December 2014

An experimental technique was developed to examine the adhesion of a strain of Streptococcus mutans to the surface of discs of selected orthodontic bonding composites and a glass ionomer cement. Colonization by the bacterium was assessed by weight gain and scanning electron microscopy. Initial colonization occurred after about 3 days, and the specimens were usually completely covered by the fourth day. There were statistically significant differences between materials for weight gain, a strong correlation between weight gain and surface free energy of the materials measured as droplet contact angle (r = −0·9) and a moderate correlation between weight gain and surface roughness (r = 0·6).
A Comparison of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need Applied Clinically and to Diagnostic Records
Authors: Buchanan I. B. , Downing A. , Stirrups D. R.
Published: December 2014

The Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need was applied clinically to a group of patients and later to study models and photographs taken at that same visit. Examiner reliability and agreement between the information obtained clinically and from diagnostic models was high. There was however, poor agreement for the Aesthetic component scored from photographs, when compared with scores recorded clinically or from models.
Safety Headgear: A Method of Shielding the Free Ends of the Arms of a Face Bow
Authors: Coates Moffat A. , Robinson Roger J.
Published: December 2014

Following a report of severe ocular injury from the free end of a face bow during orthodontic therapy, a method of shielding these free ends was devised and is described below.
Finite Element Analysis for Stresses in the Craniofacial Sutures Produced by Maxillary Protraction Forces Applied at the Upper Canines
Authors: Miyasaka-Hiraga J. , Tanne K. , Nakamura S.
Published: December 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the nature of stress distributions in the craniofacial sutures produced by orthopaedic maxillary protraction forces applied to the upper canines. A three-dimensional finite element model of the craniofacial complex was developed for finite element analysis. An anteriorly directed force of 1·0 kg was applied to the upper canines in three different directions, i.e. parallel, 30 degrees upwards and downwards to the functional occlusal plane. Normal stresses acting on the sutural systems were greatest when force was applied in the 30 degrees upward direction. Furthermore, relatively large compressive stresses were induced in the frontonasal and frontomaxillary sutures, indicating that forward and upward rotation of the nasomaxillary complex was produced with substantial distortion of the complex, by the forces applied in both parallel and 30 degrees upward directions. A 30 degrees downward force produced almost uniform tensile stresses in the zygomaticotemporal and zygomaticomaxillary sutures, with least compressive stresses in the frontonasal and frontomaxillary sutures located in the superior region of the complex. This would indicate a uniform stretch of the nasomaxillary complex in both anterior and inferior directions, With negligible distortion of the complex and would be appropriate for accelerating natural growth of the nasomaxillary complex.
The Split Tru-Train: A Simple Answer to a Common Problem
Authors: Spary D. J.
Published: December 2014

A cheap and easy to wear alternative to the Barrer appliance is described. This appliance can be used in either jaw for the treatment of very mild malocclusions, the correction of post-treatment relapse or as a retainer where minor changes are desirable after the removal of fixed appliances.
Shear Bond Strength of Orthodontic Brackets Treated with Sebond®
Authors: Mizrahi B. , Mizrahi E. , Cleaton-Jones P. E.
Published: December 2014

Previous studies have shown that due to poor adhesion between bonding resins and stainless steel orthodontic brackets, this interface remains a weak link in clinical orthodontic practice. A paste-like substance, Sebond®, has been developed in order to strengthen the weak link between metal and resin. The present study was carried out to determine the effect on the shear bond strength, of pretreating the bracket base with Sebond®. Two composite resins, Concise® Orthodontic Bonding System and Nimetic-Grip® were tested, using 40 orthodontic brackets for each resin; 20 brackets were pretreated with Sebond® and the remaining 20 acted as controls. Of the Sebond® brackets 10 were sandblasted prior to Sebond® application. The bonded brackets were stored in water at 37°C for 14 days after which they were tested to failure in the shear mode. Analysis of the results, using a general linear models analysis, showed that pretreating the brackets with Sebond® significantly reduced shear bond strength (P<0.001).
Crystal Bonding—An Adhesive System with a Future?
Authors: Knox J. , Jones M. L.
Published: December 2014

The primary objective of this investigation was to evaluate the crystal bonding technique and to: (1) study the effect on crystal size, coverage, and morphology of altering the concentration of lithium sulphate in a crystal growth solution; (2) investigate the potential for reattachment of brackets, following the use of the crystal growth technique; (3) assess the deterioration of the crystal growth conditioning solution with time; (4) investigate the influence of polyacrylic acid enamel pretreatment on the bond strength subsequently achieved with the crystal growth technique; and (5) confirm that the use of crystal growth solutions to attach orthodontic brackets, results in minimal enamel surface change on debond when compared to the acid etch technique.

The results of the study suggest that altering the lithium sulphate concentration of the crystal growth solution results in little alteration in the size, morphology, and coverage of crystal produced. The crystal growth technique allows reattachment of orthodontic brackets with no obvious deterioration in bond strength and the crystal growth solution shows little deterioration in performance after storage for 2 years. However, the hope that the use of the crystal growth technique might be a routine and valid alternative to the acid etch technique could not be confirmed.
Developmental Changes in Alignment of the Lower Labial Segment
Authors: Lundy H. James , Richardson Margaret E.
Published: December 2014

The purpose of this study was to examine changes in lower incisor alignment at various developmental stages, from the time of eruption to the established permanent dentition and to try to predict the degree of crowding in the permanent dentition from that observed at earlier developmental stages.

Forty-eight subjects (20 male, 28 female) with intact mandibular arches were selected from the Belfast growth study records. The lower incisor space condition was measured at each of four developmental stages: (1) initial eruption of the lower permanent incisors; (2) initial eruption of the permanent canines; (3) initial eruption of the second molars; (4) 3 years after eruption of the second molars.

Differences in lower incisor space condition between each developmental stage were investigated and correlation analyses between the space conditions at each stage were carried out.

On average, crowding of the lower incisors decreased to a statistically significant degree (—0·9 mm) between stages 1 and 2, and increased between stages 3 and 4 (0·4 mm).

Significant correlation coefficients between space condition at each developmental stage were found, but were considered unreliable as predictors of lower incisor crowding in the mature dentition.
Pitfalls in Orthodontic Health Service Research
Authors: O'Brien Kevin , Craven Rebecca
Published: December 2014

With the increasing interest in the field of orthodontic health service and related research, this paper reviews some of the factors that should be considered when planning such research.
Individualized Catenary Curves: Their Relationship to Arch Form and Perimeter
Authors: Battagel Joanna M.
Published: December 2014

Study casts of the lower arches of 35 children in whom arch alignment was considered acceptable, were examined using a reflex microscope. Arch perimeter was calculated mathematically from a method which required measurement of the mesio-distal widths of the teeth only. This was described as the ‘overlap’ method. Arch perimeter was also calculated using individualized catenary curves for each subject. Two calculations were made, recording arch width either at the distal contact points of the first permanent molars or between their mesio-buccal cusps.

Arch perimeter measured from the length of the catenary curves was consistently shorter than that calculted by the overlap method. The variation ranged from 0·02 to 4·58 mm. The catenary constructed using the distal molar contacts gave a better representation of the actual arch form: the mean discrepancy was 2·36 mm, compared with 2·86 mm with the second method where arch width was measured between mesio-buccal cusps. Both techniques for calculation of arch perimeter were heghly reproducible.

The catenary curve only approximated arch form well when the arch was relatively narrow across the inter canine region. For square arches this method was unsatisfactory. It is suggested that alternative techniques would be more reliable and the overlap method desribed here is considered satisfactory.
Class II/Division 2 Malocclusion: A Method of Planning and Treatment
Authors: Selwyn-Barnett B. J.
Published: December 2014

This paper presents a method of cephalometric treatment planning for class II division 2 malocclusions. The method combines improvement in dental facial aesthetics, with reduction in overbite and inter-incisor angle. An individual case is illustrated; examples of the applications commonly used being shown in the treatment of an adolescent patient.
Lesions of the Mandibular Condyle in Juvenile Chronic Arthritis
Authors: Pearson Michafl H. , Rönning Olli
Published: December 2014

A total of 371 serial dental panoramic radiographs from 71 children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA) were examined to determine the presence and extent of radiographically detectable condylar abnormalities. The series included 12 children with so called ‘bird face’ deformity and 55 in whom facial growth was judged to be normal.

By the age of 15 years, 27 patents (38 per cent), showed lesions of the TMJ, of which 14 (55 per cent) were bilateral. Of those cases with unilateral destruction, the left condyle was affected nine times more frequently than the right. All of the children with ‘bird face’ deformity had condylar abnormality, but these facial characteristics should not be condidered pathognomomic of juventile chronic arthritis. Moderate to severe condylar abnormality was detectable in 10·9 per cent of children with normal facial growth, and where condylar destruction is present it can often be established as early as 8 years. Systemic corticosteroids appear to have little or no effect on the condyle or mandibular growth.
Use of a Modified Twin Block Appliance following Partial Maxillectomy: Case Report
Authors: Moseley H. C. , Horrocks E. N. , Welfare R. R.
Published: December 2014

A case is described in which a Class II malocclusion with severe Class II skeletal pattern was treated with a modified Twin Block Appliance. The patient, an II-year-old girl, had initially presented with an ameloblastoma located in the right maxilla. The subsequent defect produced by surgery was obturated by the appliance during her orthodontic treatment, which was undertaken during her pubertal growth spurt Two years later the result was stable, allowing the provision of a more definitive prothesis to restore the occlusion.
The Effect of Etch Time and Debond Interval upon the Shear Bond Strength of Metallic Orthodontic Brackets
Authors: Bin Abdullah Muhamad Subra , Rock W. P.
Published: December 2014

Groups of orthodontic brackets were attached to enamel after etching for 15, 30 or 60 seconds, they were debonded by shear forces after 5 or 15 minutes, or 24 hours. The 15 seconds etch/5 minutes debond time specimens had much lower shear strengths than other groups. Sixty-second specimens showed evidence of tooth surface damage after tie bonding. Fifteen seconds of etching is therefore recommended routinely for bonding brackets. If a bracket is to be ligated within 5 minutes of placement, 30 seconds etching is recommended. A 60-second etch is considered too severe and should not be used.
Index of Oral Cleanliness (I.O.C.). A New Oral Hygiene Index for Use in Clinical Audit
Authors: Bearn D. R. , Aird J. C. , Jenkins W.M.M. , Kinane D. F.
Published: December 2014

Although plaque control influences orthodontic treatment planning, treatment progress and outcome, current national orthodontic clinical audit software does not include an assessment of oral hygiene. This paper presents the development of the Index of Oral Cleanliness, a new simple rapid measure of oral hygiene, and describes its validation and reliability by comparison with the Silness and Loe plaque index in an unselected group of adolescents. It is concluded that the Index of Oral Cleanliness provides a reliable and valid quantative method of scoring oral hygiene, with advantages for use in routine clinical practice.
Aligning Archwires, the Shape of Things to Come?—A Fourth and Fifth Phase of Force Delivery
Authors: Evans T. J. W. , Durning P.
Published: December 2014

Recent developments in material science have lent themselves to improving orthodontic archwire technology. The pace of change has been great, leaving the clinician a bewildering choice of materials for the purposes of force application. The following article characterises the properties of new archwire formulations and is intended to give guidance in choosing archwire material during the first stage of orthodontic therapy.
Obstructive Sleep Apnoea: Fact Not Fiction
Authors: Battagel Joanna M.
Published: December 2014

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a recognized clinical disorder in which periods of cessation of breathing occur in the presence of inspiratory effort. Because this may have serious cardio-vascular and pulmonary consequences, diagnosis, and adequate treatment are important. Apart from its medical repercussions, OSA adversely affects the quality of life of both the sufferer and his family.

This paper aims to give an overview of the complaint, defining and describing the disorder, reporting its signs and symptoms, and discussing its diagnosis and treatment. Particular attention will be given to those areas in which the orthodontist may play an active role.
In vitro Measurement of Enamel Demineralization in the Assessment of Fluoride-leaching Orthodontic Bonding Agents
Authors: Kindelan J. D.
Published: December 2014

The aim of this study was to measure in vitro demineralization around orthodontic brackets, bonded with five different bonding agents. Two conventional bonding agents, two fluoride-leaching agents, and a glass ionomer were tested. A sixth group utilized a fluoride varnish after bonding. The amount of dissolved enamel mineral was determined from increases in the phosphorus concentration in the demineralizing solution and measurements were made over a 4 week period.

The results confirmed that when fluoride is present in the form of a fluoride-leaching bonding agent or a fluoride varnish, resistance to demineralization is enhanced. Analysis of variance showed that Ketac-cem®, Concise® with Duraphat, and Pulpdent O.B.A.® performed statistically significantly better than Concise®, Bond-fast®, and Rely-a-bond®, in resisting enamel demineralization.
Practical Application of the PAR Index: An Illustrative Comparison of the Outcome of Treatment Using Two Fixed Appliance Techniques
Authors: Buchanan I. B. , Russell J. I. , Clark J. D.
Published: December 2014

A retrospective assessment of treatment outcome in a group of 82 orthodontic fixed appliance cases was carried out using the Peer Assessment Rating Index (PAR) in order to explore the usefulness of the PAR index as a means of differentiating the change associated with treatment. Two different fixed appliance techniques, the pre-adjusted Edgewise and the Begg appliance had been used to treat these cases, and all had been under the care of one Consultant Orthodontics. The mean percentage reduction in PAR for the group as a whole was 74 per cent. Comparison of the two different appliance types found that the pre-adjusted Edgewise group achieved a significantly greater reduction in PAR score (81 per cent), than the Begg group (65 per cent). Cases with a low PAE score prior to treatment tended to fare more poorly in terms of percentage reduction and this was more marked for those cases treated with the Begg appliance. Although the PAR index has a high degree of reproducibility, it was found that even the small error present can lead to problems of interpretation if the nomogram categories are used as a method of comparison. Some potential problems in undertaking studies such as this using the PAR index to assess treatment outcome are discussed.
Orthodontics in the Undergraduate Curriculum—a Personal View of Doubts and Uncertainties
Authors: Vig Peter S.
Published: December 2014

This paper is intended to highlight some of the acute problems facing educators who are responsible for devising orthodontic curricula. A rational approach to future planning of educational objectives requires a realistic evaluation of the future professional role of today's students.
A Method of Providing Orthodontic Facilities in a Rural Area
Authors: Roberts Eric E.
Published: December 2014

A description is given of a mobile orthodontic clinic, containing full clinical and laboratory facilities. The clinic has been in continuous use for the last 3 ½ years in North Wales and during this period has been subjected to a policy of continuous modification and improvement.
The Profile in Facial Aesthetics
Authors: Powell S. J. , Rayson R. K.
Published: December 2014

Facial aesthetics is considered as a subject of study, in conjunction with its effect on orthodontic thought. The assessment of the profile in orthodontics is outlined with its relevance to current practice. The relationship between the profile and facial appearance is investigated. Finally the variations within an individual face are discussed.
Growth of the Maxilla in Three Dimensions as Revealed Radiographically by the Implant Method
Authors: Björk A. , Skieller V.
Published: December 2014

By use of the implant method the growth of the maxilla was analysed from profile and frontal (postero-anterior) cephalometric radiographs in nine boys with normal primary occlusion who were followed annually up to adult age without receiving any orthodontic treatment.

The proportion of sutural and appositional growth in height was determined from profile radiographs with reference to implants in the infrazygomatic crest. The sutural lowering of the maxillary corpus was, on average, about twice as big as the apposition at the floor of the orbits. The resorptive lowering of the nasal floor amounted to about one-third of the appositional growth in height of the alveolar process.

Our study suggests that the contour of the anterior surface of the zygomatic process could be used as a reference structure in growth analysis as this contour kept a constant relation to implants in the infrazygomatic crest and closely followed the natural growth rotation of the maxilla.

In relation to the implants, the dentition as a whole drifted forward on the maxillary corpus, simultaneously with a smaller decrease in arch length which was partly related to a differentiated development in width of the maxilla.

Measurements between bilateral implants on frontal radiographs proved that the growth in the median suture was greater posteriorly than anteriorly, whereby the two halves of the maxilla rotate in relation to each other in the transverse plane. This was reflected in the development of the dental arch as the increase in the bi-molar width showed a high correlation with the sutural growth posteriorly in the medium suture, while the increase in the bi-canine width was lesser. The forward drift of the dental arch led to a reduction in incisor spacing, which may give rise to an incisal secondary crowding.
The Calculation of Pressure in the Tissues Resulting from Torsional Forces
Authors: Steyn C. L. , Verwoerd W. S.
Published: December 2014

A formula is described by means of which, on the basis of certain simplifying assumptions, the actual pressure at any point on the root surface of a tooth, subjected to torsional force, can be calculated.

Calculations of pressures delivered by different mechanisms are presented. Although these calculations were based on average tooth measurements, individual calculations are possible by measuring a particular tooth on an accurate radiograph.
An Introduction to the Kingston Approach to Edgewise Treatment
Authors: Orton H. S.
Published: December 2014

The opening of a new Orthodontic Department at Kingston Hospital in September 1972 gave the opportunity of trying to develop orthodontic appliance systems which would cope with the high percentage of severe malocclusion that is referred. The edgewise appliance has played a central part in many treatments. This particular variant of the appliance has evolved largely from the teaching of the Tweed Foundation, but has been refined and simplified as the result of experience. The first part of the paper demonstrates the separate mechanical parts of the system. The second part contains a discussion of treatment aims and shows two cases to briefly illustrate how the separate parts may be integrated together. An attempt is made to show that the edgewise appliance is a straightforward flexible and evolving technique which can, if necessary, be blended with other appliance systems and changing diagnostic concepts.
Upper Incisor Root Resorption during Stage II of the Begg Technique: Two Case Reports
Authors: Hall A. M.
Published: December 2014

Two cases exhibiting upper incisor apical root resorption when using purely tipping movements with a fixed appliance technique are reported. Possible causes of resorption are discussed, but no definite factor was apparent in these cases.
The Activator
Authors: Reed R. T. , Hathorn I. S.
Published: December 2014

The Harvold activator is described and its effects are explained.
Theoretical Considerations of Headgear Therapy: A Literature Review
Authors: Bowden D. E. J.
Published: December 2014

The literature of headgear therapy is reviewed and used to explain some of the theoretical mechanical principles of tooth movement and anchorage control achieved by this method. Part 1, Mechanical Principles, is a review of force directions, centres of rotation, force magnitude and duration. In Part 2, Clinical Response and Usage, the clinical uses of different directions of force are examined. Some of the clinical research into the changes produced by different headgears is described. An attempt is made to draw conclusions from the theoretical concepts discussed which may be of aid to the clinician.
A Maxillary Etched Retainer
Authors: Barnett D. P.
Published: December 2014

A method of retaining corrected teeth after orthodontic treatment using an etched labial surface retainer in the maxillary arch is described. It has been used clinically for over 2 years. It is relatively quick to fabricate and does not rely on technical help.
Successful Treatment of Horizontally Positioned Unerupted Permanent Central Incisors: Report of a Case
Authors: Mellville R. G. , Eloff J. P. , Farman A. G. , Nortjé C. J. , Joubert J. J. De V.
Published: December 2014

Combined surgical and orthodontic treatment was used to successfully reposition horizontally placed unerupted upper central incisors.
High Pull Headgear with J-hooks to Upper Removable Appliances
Authors: Quealy R. , Usiskin L.
Published: December 2014

Extra-oral anchorage is often needed during treatment with removable appliances. A technique Using high pull headgear with J-hooks is described and some advantages outlined.
Fabrication of the Face Mask Reverse Headgear: Clinical and Technical Procedures
Authors: Cooke Michael S. , Wreakes Glyn
Published: December 2014

The clinical and technical procedures involved in the fabrication of the Face Mask reverse headgear are detailed and illustrated. It is hoped this will lead to its wider use in appropriate clinical situations.
Respiratory Function in Relation to Facial Morphology and the Dentition
Authors: Linder-Aronson S.
Published: December 2014

The findings are based on a study of 81 mouth-breathing patients with hypertrophic adenoid vegetations where adenoidectomy was performed. These patients have been compared with a similar number of control cases with the same sex and ages but without any nasal obstruction problems.

A 5-year follow-up study on the same material has also been carried out. The results have shown that Children who had difficulties in nasal breathing were characterized by increases in both the lower and total facial heights; the sagittal depth of the bony nasopharynx was less; the tongue had a lower position; the upper arch was narrow; the upper and lower incisors were retroclined; the palatal vault was of normal height; there was a cross-bite or tendency towards cross-bite, a tendency towards open bite and normal antero-posterior relationship between upper and lower jaws. After adenoidectomy there was a normalization of the inclination of the upper and lower incisors, of the upper arch width, of the sagittal depth of the bony nasopharynx and of the inclination of the mandibular plane to the maxilla. The mechanism behind these changes is discussed. The results support the theory that disturbed nasal respiration can affect both facial morphology and the dentition.
Spontaneous Changes in Molar Occlusion after Extraction of all First Premolars: A Study of Class II Division 1 Cases Treated with Removable Appliances
Authors: Lloyd T. G. , Stephens C. D.
Published: December 2014

Spontaneous improvement in buccal occlusion is often assumed to accompany orthodontic treatment Where premolars have been extracted. The investigation shows that buccal occlusion cannot be relied upon to improve spontaneously during typical removable appliance treatment of Class II division 1 cases.
Craniofacial Morphological Variations in an Adult Sample: A Radiographic Cephalometric Study
Authors: Mann A. Wesley
Published: December 2014

A radiographic cephalometric comparison was conducted between a sample in Dundee, Scotland, and (1) four samples of patients who had been selected for their good occlusions, and (2) three random samples of patients. The Dundee sample generally exhibited skeletal II tendencies in reference to the samples with ideal occlusions, but were less skeletal II with respect to the random samples.
The Straight-Wire Appliance
Authors: Andrews Lawrence F.
Published: December 2014

Qualities of the Straight-Wire Appliance are summarized, and its background and clinical use reviewed. A need for objectively established treatment goals impelled a study of naturally excellent occlusions. Consistent characteristics were identified. Their apparent suitability for most patients indicated the feasibility of a new appliance, preprogrammed to take patients to such goals with reduced wirebending, shorter treatment time and chair time, and greater consistency and exactness in end results. A bracket-siting method is recommended; terminology is defined; appliance design features and extraction bracket options are described. Discussion includes advantages of the SWA, misconceptions and a comparison with other appliances.
An Angle's Class I Malocclusion on an Extreme Skeletal II Base
Authors: Becker A. , Azaz B.
Published: December 2014

The possession of a skeletal discrepancy in the anteroposterior plane, between upper and lower jaws, prejudices the chances of a patient's achieving normal occlusal relations. An example of dental compensation in the face of extreme skeletal discrepancy is illustrated, together with the results of its treatment. The stability of the final result is discussed in relation to the soft tissue environment.
The Timing of Orthodontic Treatment in Relation to Growth
Authors: Cohen A. M.
Published: December 2014

The growth of the intermaxillary space was investigated in a group of 25 females and the timing of orthodontic treatment was discussed in relation to growth. It was concluded that in order to obtain the maximum coincident growth, orthodontic treatment should be started prior to the time of the peak growth rate.
The Quadhelix Appliance
Authors: Birnie D. J. , McNamara T. G.
Published: December 2014

The design, construction and clinical management of the quadhelix appliance are discussed. Clinically, the appliance has a useful role to play in malocclusions where moderate expansion of the upper arch is required; the appliance may be modified to act as a space maintainer or to provide additional minor tooth movements.
The Effect of Premature Loss of Deciduous Canines and Molars on the Eruption of the Second Molars
Authors: Kerr W. J. S.
Published: December 2014

Analysis of dental casts for 126 subjects recorded longitudinally at 6-monthly intervals from 5 to 15 years showed that the loss of deciduous canines and molars had on average a minimal accelerating effect on the eruption of the second permanent molars. Alteration in the eruption order of the second permanent molars in relation to the second pre-molars was more likely to be due to retardation or acceleration of eruption of the successional teeth as a result of premature loss of their predecessors.
The Soft Tissue Environment of Teeth and Jaws. Experimental Malocclusion: Parts 2 and 3
Authors: Moss J. P.
Published: December 2014

Six adult ferrets were used to investigate the effect of an inclined plane on the movement of teeth. Serial sections of the teeth and jaws showed that the effects extended not only to the tissues surrounding the teeth being moved, but also to the condyles, muscle attachments and all the other teeth in the dental arch.
Unerupted Incisors
Authors: Munns Douglas
Published: December 2014

Fifty consecutive cases presenting with unerupted maxillary incisors at orthodontic clinics were recorded and progress of the unerupted tooth followed up over a 4-year period following the exposure of the unerupted tooth (including removal of supernumerary tooth, etc., if present). The occlusal level, rotation, tilting, and general appearance were assessed at the conclusion of the investigation and the results are presented in this report. The earlier the removal of the causative factor preventing eruption of the incisor the better is the prognosis, and it is suggested that all teeth that have not erupted 6 months after the normal eruption date should be subject to radiological examination to ascertain any possible cause for the delayed eruption.
Angular Changes in Cephalometric and Centroid Planes during Foetal Growth
Authors: Trenouth M. J.
Published: December 2014

Alteration in shape of the cranio-facial region during the foetal period was measured by recording the angular changes between cephalometric planes and centroid planes. Cephalometric planes rely on locating anatomical landmarks whilst centroid planes join mathematically derived points. Centroid plane angles showed a higher correlation with age than cephalometric plane angles and were demonstrated to be a superior measure of change in shape. Both methods revealed a change in jaw relationship from Class III in the younger foetuses to Class II in the older ones. This was brought about by forward growth of the maxilla in excess of the much smaller forward movement of the mandible.
Soft Tissue Profile Changes following Correction of Class III Malocclusions by Mandibular Surgery
Authors: Willmot D. R.
Published: December 2014

The relative movement of the soft and hard tissues were studied in 41 Class III cases treated by mandibular surgery. Lateral head films were traced and the hard and soft tissue changes were measured against vertical and horizontal reference lines. In 26 cases changes occurring more than 1 year after surgery were studied. It is concluded that the soft tissues move consistently slightly less than the underlying hard tissues and also that a change in form of the lips occurred. Prediction of profile changes by the cutting up of profile photographs is unlikely to given an accurate picture of the soft tissue profile response.
Variation in Cephalometric Reference Lines
Authors: Foster T. D. , Howat A. P. , Naish P. J.
Published: December 2014

The use of intracephalic reference lines in cephalometric assessment is valid only if these lines bear some constant relationship to the true horizontal and to each other. Otherwise, the use of a true horizontal would give the benefit that cephalometric assessment would be based on the same standards as clinical judgment. In using a true horizontal, however, the radiograph must be taken with the head in a reproducible natural posture.

A study was carried out to assess the reproducibility of a natural head posture using a simple positioning method in a standard cephalostat, and to assess the variation in the relationship of the sella-nasion, Frankfort, maxillary and mandibular reference lines, to a true horizontal and to each other.

Though in their mean inclinations the Frankfort and the maxillary reference lines were almost parallel to each other and to the true horizontal, the range of variation for all the reference lines was considerable. The range of variation in the reference lines was greater than the error of reproduction of head position, and the range of variation of the slope of the mandibular line was no greater than that for the slope of each of the other three lines. The sella-nasion line was reproduced more accurately that the other reference lines, using a digitizer.

The possibilities of a simple cephalometric analysis based on a true horizontal are outlined.
A Migratory Mandibular Canine
Authors: Kerr W. J. S.
Published: December 2014

A case of transmigration of a mandibular canine is described. No clear evidence was found to show that it was responsible for lower incisor proclination.
Recent Graduate Opinion on Orthodontic Training
Authors: Pender N.
Published: December 2014

A study was undertaken to assess the views of recent graduates on the undergraduate orthodontic curriculum. The opinions of dental graduates qualified since 1968 from The Welsh National School of Medicine, the University of Birmingham and the University of London were acquired by postal questionnaire. The three samples were in close agreement in the majority of data supplied. A close relationship existed with Central Government figures, where these were available. General Dental Practitioners were found to treat a small and diminishing proportion of the orthodontic case load in the General Dental Services. The Advice Service has a limited application. Consultants acquire small numbers of patients from many sources, whilst practitioners limited to orthodontics receive larger numbers of patients from fewer sources.

The undergraduate course was considered to be too short and lacking emphasis on complex therapy. Chairside, small group teaching on a greater variety of cases might improve diagnostic ability at the expense of a reduced individual case load.
Observations on the Teaching of Undergraduate Orthodontics at Leeds
Authors: Bradbury A. J.
Published: December 2014

The recent changes in undergraduate orthodontic teaching at Leeds are examined and the ways in which the orthodontic curriculum has been adapted to deal with the problems in the organization of larger numbers of students are discussed. The question of whether the new orthodontic curriculum is benefiting the Undergraduate is raised and a comparison has been made of the performances at examination of students who have been trained under old and new curricula.
The Effect of ‘Block’ and ‘Longitudinal’ Orthodontic Teaching: A Survey of the Recently Qualified Graduates of Two Dental Schools
Authors: Brown I. D. , Stephens C. D. , Usiskin L.A.
Published: December 2014

In an attempt to compare the long-term effectiveness of the longitudinal teaching of orthodontics at Bristol Dental School with the block system at Guy's Hospital Dental School, a questionnaire was sent to those graduates who had been qualified for between 3 and 5 years. There were significant differences between the two schools, both in the number of patients treated by their graduates and in the proportion of patients that were treated without advice. These differences did not consistently favour one school when males and females were considered separately. Both schools achieved similar success at producing graduates who felt confident at adjusting removable appliances and both groups of practitioners attempted similar orthodontic problems in practice.
An Improved Method of Differential Rapid Maxillary Expansion in Cleft Palate
Authors: Devenish E. A. , Foster T.D. , Chinn D.
Published: December 2014

A system of differential rapid maxillary expansion is described. This method is particularly useful in patients with cleft lip and palate who have severe defects of lateral maxillary growth, since it enables the maxillary segments to be rotated so that intercanine width increases without a concomitant increase in the intermolar width.
The Palatal Movement of the Apices of Upper Incisors Using Intra-oral Elastics: A Case Report
Authors: Spary D. J.
Published: December 2014

An appliance is described which uses elastics to move the apices of upper incisors palatally. No claims are made that this works better than existing appliance systems. However, a number of possible advantages have been listed and may be worthy of further investigation.
Mit’s Rise to Prominence: Outline of a Collective Biography
Authors: Svorenčík Andrej
Published: December 2014

The core question of the MIT economics department’s history—why has MIT economics risen to prominence so quickly?—requires an approach to the history of economics that focuses on the role of the networks within which economists operate and how their ideas diffuse and gain scientific credit. By reconstructing the network of MIT economics PhDs and their advisers, this article furnishes evidence of how MIT rose to prominence as documented by the numerous ties of Nobel laureates, Clark medalists, elected officials of the American Economic Association or the Council of Economic Advisers to the MIT network. It also reveals the MIT economics department as a community of self-replicating economists who are largely trained by a few key advisers who were mostly trained at MIT as well. MIT has a disproportionate share of graduates who remain in American academe, which may be an important factor in MIT’s rise to prominence. On a methodological level this article introduces collective biography, or prosopography, a well-established historiographical method, to the field of the history of economics.
MIT and Money
Authors: Mehrling Perry
Published: December 2014

The Treasury-Fed Accord of 1951 and the subsequent rebuilding of private capital markets, first domestically and then globally, provided the shifting institutional background against which thinking about money and monetary policy evolved within the MIT economics department. Throughout that evolution, a constant, and a constraint, was the conception of monetary economics that Paul Samuelson had himself developed as early as 1937, a conception that informed the decision to bring in Franco Modigliani in 1962, as well as Duncan Foley and Miguel Sidrauski in 1965.
MIT and the Other Cambridge
Authors: Backhouse Roger E.
Published: December 2014

In the late 1950s and early 1960s MIT economists, led by Paul Samuelson and Robert Solow, became involved in a long controversy with economists in Cambridge, England, led by Joan Robinson, Luigi Pasinetti, and Nicholas Kaldor, over the theory of capital. This article looks at that controversy from the perspective of MIT, trying to establish why Samuelson and Solow became so involved. It is argued that Robinson was challenging propositions about linear models and their relationship to models with smooth substitution, on which they had been working, in Samuelson’s case, since the 1940s. The article then turns a by-product of the controversy—the model of short-run disequilibrium by Solow and Joseph Stiglitz—arguing that this marked a turning point in macroeconomics at MIT. Throughout it is argued that the close personal contacts between MIT economists and their Cambridge counterparts are important to understand how the debate evolved.