bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Post-stroke Limitations in Daily Activities: Experience from a Tertiary care Hospital in Ethiopia
Authors: Mohammed Salhadin , Haidar Jemal , Ayele Biniyam A. , Yifru Yared Mamushet
Published: February 2023

Background
The disability of stroke patients remains an important global health problem; yet information on the extent of restriction from basic and instrumental activities of daily living is limited, particularly in lower-and middle-income (LMIC) countries. Therefore, we examined the issue under the caption, since it is the first step in planning several rehabilitation services.
Method
A facility-based cross-sectional study was done to assess post-stroke limitations in basic activities of daily living (BADL) using the Barthel Index (BI) scale and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) using the Frenchay Activities Index (FAI) scale among patients who visited Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Neurology Clinic from April-October, 2022. All patients having a diagnosis of stroke for more than six months duration were enrolled. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were done, and measures of estimated crude and adjusted odds ratio with 95% CI were constructed and a p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The results are presented in graph and tables.
Results
A total of 150 stroke patients were enrolled in the present study. The mean age of participants was 53 (14.9) years with slight male preponderance (51.3%). Ischemic stroke was present in 106 (70.7%) of them, while 44 (29.3%) had a hemorrhagic stroke. Of this, 57 (38%) and 115 (79.3%) of them had limitations in basic and instrumental ADL, respectively. Degree of disability (AOR = 13.5; 95%CI = 4.4–41.6), comorbid cardiac disease (AOR = 6.9; 95%CI = 1.3–37.5), and regular substance use (AOR = 11.1; 95%CI = 1.1–115) were associated with limitations in BADL, while an increase in age (AOR = 1.1; 95%CI = 1.04–1.15) was associated with severe limitations in BADL. Initial stroke severity (AOR = 7.3; 95%CI = 1.2–44.7) was associated with limitations in IADL, whereas depression (AOR = 5.1; 95%CI = 1.1–23.2) and disability (AOR = 11.4; 95%CI = 3.8–34.6) were identified as predictors of severe limitation in IADL.
Conclusion
Limitation in activities of daily living (ADL) after stroke is common among Ethiopian patients. Therefore, screening for post-stroke limitations in daily activities is essential for further management and rehabilitative plans.
Das bundesdeutsche Vergleichsmietensystem und der Frankfurter Mietspiegel 2010
Authors: Schardt Jürgen
Published: February 2023

Der Mietspiegel ist ein Instrument im deutschen Vergleichsmietensystem, mit dem die Mietpreise auf dem privaten Wohnungsmarkt reguliert werden sollen. Frankfurt am Main war Pionier bei der Durchsetzung des Mietspiegels in der Bundesrepublik: Bereits in den 1960er Jahren wurden Mietprognosen von der Vereinigung der Haus-, Grund- und Wohnungseigentümer (Haus & Grund) veröffentlicht, die bei Rechtsstreitigkeiten schlichtende Funktion erfüllen sollten; 1974 kam es zur Bildung einer Kommission, in der neben der Stadt Frankfurt u.a. Repräsentant_innen der beiden Mietparteien vertreten waren und die den ersten Mietspiegel herausgab (vgl. Lammel 2007: 4); 1990 kam es schließlich zur bundesweit ersten Erstellung eines Mietspiegels mittels der Regressionsanalyse – einer Methode, die damals von Seiten der Vermieter_innenverbände heftig angefeindet wurde (vgl. ebd.: 6ff., Hummel 1993), mittlerweile jedoch allgemein als anerkannt gilt (vgl. BMVBW 2002: 39). In Frankfurt kommt diese Methode bis heute zur Anwendung, obwohl sie nach wie vor in der Kritik der Vermieter_innenverbände steht (vgl. exemplarisch Ridinger 2011). Entsprechend lehnten diese bspw. den Mietspiegel 2008 geschlossen ab, während die Mieter_innenverbände ihm durchweg zustimmten (vgl. Amt für Wohnungswesen 2008: 4). Haus & Grund äußerte sich damals in Vertretung der Kleineigentümer_innen wie folgt: „Der einseitig von der Stadt aufgezwungene Mietspiegel kann seinen Hauptzweck, nämlich für eine Befriedung zwischen Mietern und Vermietern zu sorgen, nicht erfüllen“ (Haus & Grund 2009). 2010 wendete sich das Bild: Während die Vermieter_innenverbände dem neuen Mietspiegel mehrheitlich zustimmten, stimmte ein Mieter_innenverband dagegen und zwei enthielten sich der Stimme. Beispielhaft auch hier die Erklärung von Haus & Grund: „Frankfurter Vermieter können aufatmen. Der neue Frankfurter Mietspiegel 2010 ermöglicht Mietsteigerungen um durchschnittlich 4,4 Prozent. (...) Die Innenstadt wurde durch die Einführung von zwei neuen Wohnlage-Kategorien stark aufgewertet, die Liste der Durchgangsstraßen wurde merklich reduziert, und der restaurierte Stilaltbau erhält endlich die Zuschläge, die ihm gebühren. Freuen dürfte viele Vermieter zudem, dass auch Balkone, Terrassen, Loggien und Rollläden wieder Zuschläge erhalten, ebenso wie modernisierte Bäder“ (Haus & Grund 2011a). In der Folge kam es zu teilweise drastischen Mieterhöhungen, die zum Protest verschiedener Stadtteilinitiativen führten (FR 2011b, 2011c). In der Diskussion um die Fortschreibung des Mietspiegels 2010 wurde von der IG BAU seine Abschaffung gefordert (vgl. FR 2012d).
Wem gehört Frankfurt? : Dokumentation des aktionistischen Kongresses vom März 2012, organisiert aus dem "Wem gehört die Stadt?"- Netzwerk / AK Kritische Geographie Frankfurt.
Authors: Hecker Hannah , Schipper Sebastian , Petzold Tino , Pohl Lucas
Published: February 2023

„Gehört die Stadt überhaupt? Wir wollen mit der Frage die Möglichkeiten, die eine Stadt bietet, ausfindig machen und vor allem die Grenzen, die die gesamte Stadt durchziehen, benennen und angreifen.“ (Wem gehört die Stadt?-Netzwerk 2008) Die Frage, ob eine Stadt im Allgemeinen und Frankfurt im Besonderen überhaupt gehört, muss eindeutig mit „ja“ beantwortet werden. Unter kapitalistischen Bedingungen und insbesondere im Zuge der globalen Enteignungsökonomie (Zeller 2004) und der Neoliberalisierung des Städtischen (Heeg, Rosol 2007; Mullis 2011) befinden sich städtische Räume – von der Wohnung bis zum öffentlichen Raum – im Privateigentum und sind zunehmend der Profitorientierung unterworfen. Einher gehen damit massive Ausschlüsse von den städtischen Qualitäten all derer, die gemäß dieser Logik nicht als nützlich, kreativ, angepasst – sprich: verwertbar – gelten. Während diese Ausschlüsse global zu beobachten sind, ist ihre jeweilige Manifestation pfadabhängig von lokalen Kräfteverhältnissen und Entwicklungen. Exemplarisch lassen sich für die Metropolregion Rhein/Main und insbesondere die Kernstadt Frankfurt fünf zentrale Felder skizzieren, auf denen sich Ausgrenzungsprozesse manifestieren. So gehört erstens das Frankfurter Wohnungsangebot zum teuersten der Bundesrepublik. Der komplette Innenstadtbereich ist durchgentrifiziert und erlebt mittlerweile – wie bspw. im Nordend und in Bockenheim– eine „Supergentrifizierung“ (Holm 2010). In der Folge werden subalterne Bevölkerungsschichten aus diesen städtischen Vierteln verdrängt oder müssen mit immer höheren Belastungen kalkulieren. Die Bugwelle der Gentrifizierung pflügt in den letzten Jahren auch durch ehemals noch relativ bezahlbare Stadtteile – Bahnhofsviertel3, Gallus4, Mainfeld5 und Ostend6 sind hier aktuelle und gravierende Beispiele (Schulze 2012; MHM 2010).
Role of sphingolipids in inflammatory carciongensis
Authors:   , El-Hindi Khadija
Published: February 2023

Ceramide synthase (CerS) is the enzyme responsible for the de novo synthesis of ceramide. In this process, the different CerS isoforms are substrate-specific and produce ceramides of different chain lengths. Ceramides form the backbone for other sphingolipids and are enriched in membrane microdomains called lipid rafts. Lipid rafts are important signaling platforms for many transmembrane proteins, but can also act as bioactive lipids. Depending on the chain length, the effects on signaling pathways can vary. The aim of this work was to further investigate the chain length-specific effects by CerS4 on the progression of inflammatory colon cancer. To understand the tissue-specific effects of CerS4 deficiency on the progression of acute colitis and colitis-associated cancer (CAC), CerS4 knockout models were used. Disease progression of wild-type CerS4 (WT) was compared with that of mice with global CerS4 knockout (CerS4 KO) and mice in which CerS4 deficiency was restricted to T cells (CerS4 LCK/Cre) or intestinal cells (CerS4 Vil/Cre). Acute colitis was induced with sodium dextran sulfate (DSS), whereas azoxymethane (AOM)/DSS combinations were used to induce CAC in mice. The results showed a different disease progression depending on the specific knockout. While CerS4 KO mice were sensitive to DSS. AOM/DSS treatment was lethal for these mice, indicating an important role of CerS4 in other tissues. CerS4 Vil/Cre mice were protected from tumor formation. In contrast, CerS4 LCK/Cre mice experienced increased tumor formation and pan-inflammation. The mechanism behind this is due to the absence of cytotoxic T cells and the increase of regulatory T cells in the CerS4 LCK/Cre mice, demonstrating that CerS4 is critical for T cell function and development. To understand the role of CerS in humans, organoids were prepared from patients and the CerS profile in the different organoids was elucidated. This work provides, for the first time, insights into the CerS profile in human organoids and demonstrates a link between differentiation markers and stem cell markers with CerS. In addition, the role of CerS4 was investigated in vitro using three different colon cell lines-Caco-2 cells, HCT116 cells, and HCT15 cells. Hypoxia induced downregulation of CerS4 in all cell lines. Using the luciferase promoter assay, hypoxia-induced downregulation could already be detected at the promoter. Downregulation of CerS4 and CerS5 in Caco-2 cells and HCT116 cells resulted in different metabolic changes and mitochondrial dynamics after hypoxia. In conclusion, the results show that the role of CerS4 depends on the tissue cell type and stage of colorectal carcinoma, which complicates the consideration of CerS4 as a target in patients.
SUSTAINABLE BUSINESS MODELS AND TRANSFORMATION OF ORGANIZATIONS
Authors: Sushchenko Anna
Published: February 2023

In today's complex environment, the scenario of global collapse due to energy shortages, climate change, loss of biodiversity, and economic uncertainty is quite likely. Fierce debates continue in the political and social spheres regarding possible alternative solutions to the energy crisis. The energy sector is the core of any economy. And the availability of energy resources and changes in energy prices affect not only individual households, organizations, and national economies but also international politics as a whole. There is a growing awareness among the global community that meeting the ever-increasing energy needs and supporting the transformation to clean, sustainable and renewable technologies is only possible through the development of smart technologies and strategies in the energy sector. It is smart technologies that contribute to a better energy transformation of organizations, provide new opportunities for generating income and lead to changes in business models.
This article is devoted to the study of sustainable business models of organizations based on the method of survey sampling. According to the results of the study, 100% of respondents see the need to transform organizations in Ukraine for the transition to sustainable development. Moreover, 60% of respondents believe that such a transformation is possible if there is an adequately formed strategy. 93.3% of respondents claim that it is probable to achieve strategic advantages in this way. Among those surveyed, 53.3% of respondents believe that the energy sector needs sustainable business models, and 60% of respondents expect a positive effect from energy sector transformations. However, only 46.7% of respondents are aware of organizations that use sustainable business models. According to the interviewees, the main result of using sustainable business models will be the reduction of waste. Most respondents suggested using renewable energy sources to improve the business models of energy sector organizations and achieve sustainable development goals. Such transformations will be able to contain an ecologically friendly environment for adaptive changes to reduce dependence on fossil resources
Gene Dosage at the Autoflowering Locus Effects Flowering Timing and Plant Height in Triploid Cannabis
Authors: Kurtz Lauren E. , Brand Mark H. , Lubell-Brand Jessica D.
Published: February 2023

There is demand for early-flowering cannabis (Cannabis sativa) cultivars to hasten harvest and avoid late-season detrimental weather conditions. A field study and greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of gene dosage at the autoflowering locus on flowering timing for diploid and triploid hybrids between autoflowering and photoperiod-sensitive parents. Autoflowering × photoperiod-sensitive hybrids were all photoperiod sensitive, but their critical photoperiods were longer than for homozygous photoperiod-sensitive plants, which resulted in earlier flowering. For triploid genotypes, decreasing dosage of the photoperiod-sensitive allele (A), from AAA to AAa to Aaa, reduced the time to flowering. Flowering timing for the diploid genotype Aa was intermediate between Aaa and AAa. These results provide evidence of incomplete dominance of the A allele at the autoflowering locus. Plants of genotype Aaa flowered 32 to 40 days earlier in the field than genotypes of AA, 15 days earlier than genotype Aa, and were ready for harvest by the second week of August in Connecticut. Plants of Aaa were as tall as other diploid and triploid photoperiod-sensitive genotypes studied, which suggests that they have similar yield potential. The use of tetraploid autoflowering (aaaa) maternal plants in combination with diploid photoperiod-sensitive (AA) pollen parents to produce Aaa genotype seed is a reliable approach for developing early-flowering cultivars of cannabis for flower production purposes.
Treatment of Clinical Mastitis
Authors: Morin Dawn E.
Published: February 2023

Mastitis continues to be of great importance to the US dairy industry. When diseases on dairy farms were recently evaluated according to effects on productivity, international trade, animal welfare, and zoonotic risk, mastitis ranked highest, above salmonellosis, paratuberculosis, and bovine virus diarrhea.1 Subclinical mastitis caused by contagious mastitis pathogens still causes substantial economic loss on some US dairy farms, but it can readily be controlled by dry cow antibiotic therapy, hygiene practices in the milking parlor, and selective culling. In herds that have achieved contagious mastitis control, clinical mastitis caused by opportunistic pathogens in the environment or on teat skin is the predominant form of the disease.2,3 Because these pathogens are ubiquitous, eradication of clinical mastitis is an unreasonable goal. Rather, dairy producers must strive to reduce the incidence of clinical mastitis by instituting hygienic practices that minimize exposure of teats to pathogens and by optimizing immune function through proper nutrition and vaccination. When clinical mastitis develops, as it does at an annual incidence rate of < 5% to > 50%,4 veterinarians and dairy producers must make appropriate treatment decisions.

Despite decades of treating clinical mastitis, controversy still exists about when and how to treat it, particularly in herds that have controlled contagious pathogens. The predominant mastitis-causing pathogens in those herds are coliform bacteria, Streptococcus spp. other than Streptococcus agalactiae (environmental streptococci), and Staphylococcus spp. other than Staphylococcus aureus.2,3 An ideal treatment regimen would be one that is safe, reduces pain and suffering, is efficacious (resulting in rapid clinical and bacteriological cure), causes short milk and slaughter withholding times, avoids unnecessary drug use or excessive labor, positively impacts milk production and survivability, and is economical. Almost certainly the ideal regimen would differ for mild, moderate, and severe episodes of clinical mastitis and episodes caused by different pathogens.  Hundreds of different treatments for clinical mastitis are used daily on US dairy farms, but, in general, even the most common treatments have not been studied in controlled clinical trials to determine if they are better than no treatment at all. In the remainder of this paper, I will discuss some of the common treatments for clinical mastitis in herds that have controlled contagious mastitis, and suggest areas for future study.
Clostridium perfringens Type A Infection in Cattle
Authors: Songer J. Glenn
Published: February 2023

Clostridium perfringens is divided into five types on the basis of its ability to produce one or more of the so-called major toxins (Table 1). Type A strains are those which produce alpha toxin (a characteristic of all, or nearly all, isolates) and which do not produce beta, epsilon, and iota toxins. They are widespread in the intestines of warm-blooded animals and in the environment,36 and are well-known causes of wound contamination, anaerobic cellulitis, and gas gangrene in humans.15 Strains of type A are associated with a wide variety of disease processes in many organ systems of myriad species of domestic animals.
Effect of Calcium and Energy Status During the Postpartum Period on Reproductive Performance in Dairy Cows
Authors: Risco Carlos A. , Thatcher William W. , Moreira Federico , Staples Charles R. , Van Horn H. H.
Published: February 2023

Pregnancy rate, a function of heat detection and conception rate, determines the number of days postpartum at which cows become pregnant from the voluntary waiting period.67 Cows expressing one or more estruses during the first 30 days postpartum had improved pregnancy rates compared with anestrous cows.83 This observation indicates that the physiological and hormonal events associated with estrus help restore uterine and ovarian function to a state conducive to pregnancy. A number of studies have demonstrated the relationship between hypocalcemia and parturient disorders such as dystocia, retained fetal membranes (RFM), and ketosis.13,30,68 These disorders predispose the cow to metritis, which can affect the energy status of the cow. This influences ovarian activity and resumption of cyclicity during the postpartum period.

The energy status of the lactating dairy cow has differential effects on early follicular development and competence, ovulation and subsequent corpus luteum (CL) function during the postpartum period. As our understanding of the endocrinology and reproductive physiology of the postpartum cow has advanced, it is clear that reproductive and nutritional management systems need to be integrated to achieve optimal reproductive efficiency.

Objectives of this presentation are 1) to describe the association between calcium status and periparturient disorders 2) to relate the differences in ovarian activity to energy status in postpartum dairy cows 3) to examine the effects of protein and fat on reproductive function during the postpartum period, and 4) to document the beneficial effects of bovine somatotropin (bST) on first-service pregnancy rates when integrated into a reproductive management program for timed insemination.
Failure of Passive Transfer in Calves
Authors: Besser Thomas E. , Gay Clive C.
Published: February 2023

Acquisition and absorption of adequate amounts of colostral immunoglobulins are essential to the health of the newborn calf. Calves are born lacking any significant amount of circulating immunoglobulins and relyon antibodies acquired from colostrum for protection against common environmental pathogens. The major immunoglobulin in colostrum is IgG 1, but there are also significant amounts of IgG2, IgM and IgA. Considerable amounts of these immunoglobulins in ingested colostrum are transferred across the epithelium of the small intestine during the first few hours of life and transported via the lymphatic system to the blood. Immunoglobulins in the blood then enter extravascular fluids and external body secretions, depending upon the immunoglobulin class. The absorbed immunoglobulins protect against systemic invasion by microorganisms (and therefore against bacterial septicemias) during the neonatal period. In addition, both unabsorbed immunoglobulins and immunoglobulins re-secreted back into the gut play important roles in protection against intestinal infections for several weeks following birth. Good passive immunity also reduces the occurrence of respiratory disease during the first months of life and may be a determinant of improved lifetime productivity.

Partial or complete failure of passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulins is a major determinant of susceptibility to neonatal disease and mortality in calves. Consequently, it is important that calves acquire adequate circulating concentrations of immunoglobulin from the colostral transfer process.
Teaser Bulls - "Ring 'em up"
Authors: Floyd James G. , Heath Allen M. , Carson Robert L. , Waldrop Julie A.
Published: February 2023

Teaser bulls may be surgically created by penopexy in the ventral perineal region utilizing a 3 inch brass bull nose ring. The technique reported here is a modification of a similar method utilizing a bull ring developed by Dr. Bill Frazee, Coffeyville, KS and utilized in Kentucky by Drs. Jim Crouch, Glasgow, KY and Patty Scharko, University of Kentucky Extension Veterinarian, Lexington, KY. These practitioners place bulls in lateral recumbency, either in range situations with chemical restraint or on a tilt table.
Po-Po Owie
Authors: Smith Robert A.
Published: February 2023

Preputial ("po po") injuries ("owies") in feedlot steers is not an everyday occurrence, but is commonly seen. They are most common in Brahman cross cattle. When exposed to the feedlot environment, the prolapsed tissue frequently enlarges, is traumatized and is subject to further injury, such as being stepped on.
Fistful of Rumen
Authors: Duffield Todd
Published: February 2023

Fistulated cows are becoming a popular resource for transfaunating sick animals, particularly in larger freestall dairies. The traditional method of creating a rumen fistula using a purse string suture approach can be a difficult and time consuming technique. A speedier alternative and somewhat easier approach has been developed.
Factors Affecting the Adherence of a Dry Cow Teat Sealant
Authors: Leslie K. E. , Day K. J. , Ten Hag J. , Kelton D. F. , Duffield T. F. , Kerbler T. L.
Published: February 2023

The risk of new intramammary infection (IMI) is dramatically increased during the first week of the dry period.1 Intramammary treatment with a long-acting antibiotic formulation is recommended for all quarters of all cows, in part to control the new IMI in the early dry period. Recently, a dry cow teat sealant has been marketed for protection of the tea tend after dry-off. Efficacy trials have demonstrated a reduction in new IMI caused by environmental Streptococci.2 The sealant should persist on the teat end until the keratin plug has formed in the streak canal. The objective of this project was to study the association between various teat and cow-level variables and the duration of adherence of a dry cow teat sealant.
Milk Urea Nitrogen and Infertility in Florida Dairy Cows
Authors: Melendez Pedro , Donovan Art , Hernandez Jorge
Published: February 2023

While the negative impact of dietary protein on fertility in dairy cattle has been documented in several studies, the effect of urea nitrogen on fertility in dairy cattle in large dairy operations has not been fully investigated. The objective of this study was to assess the association between milk urea nitrogen (MUN) concentrations (high, low) and pregnancy status 42-49 days after first breeding in Florida dairy cows.
Housing and Feeding-Related Risk Factors for Abomasal Displacement and Cecal Dilatation/Dislocation in Dairy Cows
Authors: Eicher R. , Audigé L. , Braun U. , Blum J. , Steiner A.
Published: February 2023

Abomasal displacement (DA) and cecal dilatation/dislocation (CDD) are 2 common diseases of the alimentary system in dairy cows. A similar etiopathogenesis for both diseases has been postulated. Goals of this study were to investigate the risk factors associated with DA and CDD and to compare both diseases directly.
Prevention and Prediction of Displaced Abomasum in Dairy Cows
Authors: Geishauser T. , Leslie K. , Duffield T.
Published: February 2023

The objective of this article is to summarize studies that have been conducted on the prevention and prediction of displaced abomasum in dairy cows. Our findings indicate that displaced abomasum is a moderately heritable trait. Subclinical ketosis is a significant risk factor of displaced abomasum. Thus, displaced abomasum incidence might be lowered by genetic selection and by prevention of subclinical ketosis. To predict displaced abomasum, aspartate-aminotransferase activity in blood, B-hydroxybutyrate concentration in blood and milk, and the fat-protein-ratio in milk may be used. All of these parameters are frequently increased prior to the diagnosis of displaced abomasum.
Fallibility of Measurement of Strong Ion Difference for Evaluation of Acid-base Status in Diarrheic Calves
Authors: Grove-White D. H. , Michell A. R.
Published: February 2023

Acid base balance has traditionally been described in terms of the Henderson-Hasselbach equation (pH, pCO2 , TCO2). Strong Ion Difference (SID= Na++ K+ - Cl-) is a recent concept and purports to better describe and explain the mechanisms involved in acid base physiology.1,2 Quantitative acid-base analysis utilizing the measurement of SID does not appear to have been utilized to any significant extent in human medicine3,4 although it appears to be gaining credence in both clinical and experimental veterinary medicine as a means of describing acid-base status.5 The objective of this study was to evaluate measurement of SID as a means of diagnosing and quantifying acid-base disturbances in naturally occurring cases of calf diarrhea.
Dynamics of Colostral IgG, Absorption in Beef Calves After Bottle Feeding, Stomach Tubing and Dam Suckling
Authors: Hungerford L. , Dewell R. , Dewell G. , Rupp G. , Laegreid W. , Shuck K.
Published: February 2023

Many factors can affect passive transfer of immunoglobulins, including age of calf, total mass of immunoglobulins ingested, method of ingestion, breed, environmental temperature, calf vigor and cow mothering ability. Most field studies have used 12-48 hour IgG or total protein values to evaluate immune status (e.g less than 800=inadequate, 800-1600=marginal, greater than 1600=good) and have found improved health among calves with increasing serum levels (Wittum and Perino, 1995). A few studies have found 12-24 hour immunoglobulin values to be less predictive (Barber, 1978; Rea et al., 1996). The time between birth and achievement of adequate immunoglobulin levels may affect the disease incidence, especially due to enteric organisms, even if calves eventually receive colostrum. Experimentally, calves inoculated with E. coli before receiving colostrum were found to be as susceptible to disease as colostrum-deprived calves, regardless of the amount of colostrum subsequently provided (Logan et al., 1977). Early ingestion of colostrum should give calves a better chance to resist pathogenic microbes in their environment. There is wide variation in published curves for IgG absorption over time and many studies have used dairy calves. Our objectives were to determine how quickly IgG and total protein values would rise in unstressed, beef calves in a production setting and to compare the dynamics of absorption following colostral administration via stomach tube, bottle feeder or natural suckling.
Protection of Calves Against Cryptosporidiosis with Immune Bovine Colostrum
Authors: Kapil Shila J. , Jones Michael L. , Hunt Elaine L. , Perryman Lance E.
Published: February 2023

Cryptosporidium parvum is a major cause of infectious diarrhea in newborn calves, with an estimated economic cost of $49 million annually to the cattle industry. Uncontrolled cryptosporidiosis in livestock leads to contamination of the environment with infectious oocysts, possibly leading to outbreaks of human disease. Ineffective treatment modalities and disinfection procedures mandate the need for preventative vaccines. We have identified, cloned and sequenced a geographically conserved C. parvum antigen, C7, which we believe to be an ideal candidate for a preventative vaccine.
Relationship of Pasteurella spp. Isolated from Paired Nasal and Transtracheal Swabs from Calves with Clinical Signs of Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD)
Authors: Mechor G. D. , DeRosa D. , Staats J. J. , Chengappa M. M. , Shryock T. R.
Published: February 2023

The objective of this study was to determine whether bacterial isolates from nasal swabs are representative of cultures obtained from the lower respiratory tract of feedlot calves exhibiting clinical signs of respiratory disease.
Effect of Monensin on Milk Production Parameters, Feed Intake, Body Weight, Body Condition, and Efficiency of Milk Production When Fed to Holsteins
Authors: Green H. B. , Symanowski J. T. , Wagner J. R. , Wilkinson J. I. D. , McClary D. G.
Published: February 2023

Holstein cows (primiparous n=305 and multiparous n=553) from nine locations were used in a study to measure the effect of monensin sodium on milk yield, milk composition, feed intake, body weight, body condition, and efficiency of milk production. Cows were assigned to study using a randomized complete block design. Cows were blocked on parity, days in gestation, and body weight (BW). Previous-lactation milk yield and genetic potential of multiparous and primiparous cows, respectively, were also considered for blocking. The cows were fed diets containing 0, 8, 16, or 24ppm monensin on a dry matter basis in total mixed rations (TMR). Monensin was added via a dry corn supplement which represented 5% of the dry matter of the TMR. The rations were formulated to meet National Research Council requirements and were fed ad libitum beginning 21 ± 3 days prior to anticipated calving and continued through the subsequent lactation and dry period (if applicable). Trial site personnel were blinded to assignment of animals to treatment groups. Milk production was measured daily and milk composition was determined from samples collected weekly. Feed intake was measured daily. Body weights and body condition scores (BCS, 1 to 5 scale)1 were determined periodically throughout the study. Data were analysed with mixed models which included location, treatment by location, and block as random factors, and parity, treatment, and parity by treatment as fixed factors. Previous lactation, genetic potential, BW, and BCS were considered for pre-treatment covariates. Data collected longitudinally were analyzed with repeated measures techniques.
Repeat Breeder Syndrome and its Associated Risk Factors in Québec Dairy Cows
Authors: Filteau Virginie , Bouchard Émile , Bigras-Poulin Michel , DuTremblay Denis
Published: February 2023

The repeat breeder syndrome has a major impact on herd reproductive performance. In Quebec, reproductive problems are the most important causes of culling in the dairy industry. The objective of this study was to evaluate the occurrence and the risk factors associated with the repeat breeder syndrome (RBS) in Quebec dairy cows and heifers.
Epidemiology of Salmonella Fecal Shedding in Subclinically Infected Dairy Herds
Authors: Taylor Carla L. , Wittum Thomas E.
Published: February 2023

Salmonellosis can produce serious economic losses to dairies in terms of reduced animal health and production. The organism responsible for the disease more commonly exists in the subclinical form, which allows the organism to persist in the herd for extended periods of time. Animals infected with Salmonella organisms pose significant health risks to other animals and people on the farm, as well as risks to the safety of the human food supply due to infected milk or contaminated meat from culled animals. Unfortunately, little is known about the epidemiology of subclinical salmonellosis in dairy environments. By characterizing shedding patterns in infected animals, critical control points can be identified on the dairy at which disease prevention and control measures can be directed.
New Rapid Diagnostic Test for Johne's Disease in Cattle
Authors: Crabb J. H. , Sweeney R. W. , Cressman H. , McAdams S. , Whitlock R. H.
Published: February 2023

A new rapid test for diagnosis of Johne's disease in cattle is described. This unique format Tip-Test™ utilizes the same principles as the Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) test with similar sensitivity and specificity, but can be done in the practitioner's office with the results available in 25 minutes. Two formats of the test are available: a single Tip-Test™ using a tuberculin syringe with disposable supplies provided with the kit, and a 12-sample multi-tip pipetter. The test is designed to detect animals in the later stages of infection and to provide quick laboratory confirmation of clinical cases of Johne's disease.
Evaluation of the Impact of Parasite Control With the IVOMEC® SR Bolus Given at Breeding Age on First-Lactation Yield in Holstein Heifers
Authors: DesCôteaux Luc , Caldwell Vincent , Doucet Michèle
Published: February 2023

A sustained-release ivermectin bolus (IVOMEC® SR bolus) has been proven efficient for the treatment and prevention of nematode infections in growing beef and dairy cattle. However, its effects on growth in breeding-age dairy heifers, as well as on first-lactation yield, have not been demonstrated. This field trial was designed to test the effect of treatment with a sustained-release ivermectin bolus on average daily gain and total weight gain in breeding-age Holstein heifers under commercial pasture conditions in southern Quebec during summer 1995. A follow-up pilot study was undertaken to test the effect of the IVOMEC® SR bolus on first-lactation milk production (projected to 305 days) and milk composition (% fat and protein) in heifers that calved between October 1995 and August 1996.
Antibiotic Administration and Vaccination with Modified Live Pasteurella haemolytica and multocida Vaccine in Calves
Authors: Guthrie Carl A. , Fulton Robert W.
Published: February 2023

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of simultaneous administration of a modified avirulent live Pasteurella haemolytica and multocida vaccine (Once PMH®: Bayer Corporation) and tilmicosin phosphate (Micotil®: Elanco Animal Health) on the antibody responses to the immunogens.
Control of Footrot and Liver Abscesses with FUSOGARD™
Authors: Liem A. , Anderson G. A. , Stine D. L. , MacGregor S. , Cain D. V.
Published: February 2023

Three separate safety trials and a comprehensive efficacy trial were conducted to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of FUSOGARD™ Fusobacterium necrophorum bacterin (ImmTech Biologics, Bucyrus, KS) for the aid in control of Footrot.

A trial was conducted to demonstrate the efficacy of Fusobacterium necrophorum bacterin against Footrot in calves when challenged with a virulent heterologous isolate of the bacteria. Calves were vaccinated twice, at day O and day 21. Each calf was challenged 14 days after the second vaccination with 0.5 mL of the virulent bacteria in the interdigital area near the coronary band. All control calves developed severe lameness, joint/soft tissue swelling and abscessation during the 19 days post challenge. Three of the vaccinated animals developed mild lameness.
Assessing Vaccine Efficacy and Data
Authors: Cortese Victor
Published: February 2023

To scientifically choose a vaccine or design a vaccination program it is necessary to consider many variables.7 Some of these include: 1.) presence and degree of challenge of the particular diseases on the farm or ranch; 2.) management practices on the facility that lend themselves to or hinder vaccination programs; 3.) at what times or ages are the disease problems occurring, and are they associated with any stresses; 4.) what immune system components are necessary to afford protection against the various disease; 5.) some basic immunology concepts; 6.) the information that is available on products being considered, and the source and quality of the information.
Maintenance Claw Trimming in Cattle with Special Emphasis on the Dutch Method
Authors: Van Amstel S. R. , Shearer J. K. , Haines D. K.
Published: February 2023

Application of the Dutch claw trimming method requires understanding of horn structure and function including growth and wear as well as the biomechanics of weight bearing. The shape and weight bearing surface of normal claws can be described as follows: The normal weight bearing area of the claw includes the heel, wall, and the white line as well as the sole.6 It is important to note that the abaxial wall is weight bearing along its entire length from the abaxial heel wall junction to the toe.6 The axial wall and white line is only weight bearing for a short distance up to a point where they diverge proximally in the interdigital space.6 The sole is weight bearing along its entire surface except at its innermost portion directly adjacent to the interdigital space. Here the sole is sloped for approximately one-third of the width of the sole in that area.6
Hooves
Authors: Ruegg Pamela
Published: February 2023

Subclinical acidosis and laminitis are among the most frustrating syndromes to investigate. Subclinical acidosis results in a number of vague clinical signs such as erratic appetite, weight loss, intermittent diarrhea and lameness.11,12 The multifactorial etiology and lag between the initial metabolic insult and appearance of recognizable clinical signs often make identification of a discrete cause challenging. Milk production records, milk fat and protein relationships, and hoof appearance are often used as indirect indicators of this disease. One indirect indicator is termed the "hardship groove,"6 which refers to a depression in the hoof wall running parallel to the coronary band of the hoof. Hardship grooves are considered to be evidence of production stress, nutritional mismanagement, or disease and are suggested as a means to pinpoint chronological development of the lesions.6,7

The objective of this paper is to review characteristics of hoof growth and to discuss the use of hoof appearance in disease investigation.
Management of Spayed Heifers
Authors: Rupp Gary P. , Hamilton Edward D.
Published: February 2023

The practice of spaying (ovariectomizing) heifers that are destined for market has been used by cattle producers in the United States for more than 100 years. The primary reason for spaying has been to prevent pregnancy during the two- or three-year growing phase of heifer development under range conditions. Another reason for spaying is related to the controlling infectious disease in cattle by preventing market heifers from becoming breeding stock when sold. Despite many changes in the beef cattle industry, these reasons remain valid today and provide a continuous source of spayed heifers that increases and decreases with the cattle cycle because of price differentials between market heifers and steers.

The interest in spaying heifers has led to several trials (measuring gain, feed efficiency, carcass characteristics, and other performance parameters) designed to compare spayed heifers with their intact (nonspayed) counterparts. This column provides an overview of important findings that can be useful in making management decisions regarding growing and finishing spayed heifers.
Informed Veterinarian can Help Clients Profit from the Cattle Cycle
Authors: Hughes Harlan
Published: February 2023

The cattle cycle is the single most important force impacting your clients' beef cow profits. The alternative "booms and busts" associated with the cattle cycle have long been of great concern to beef cow producers. Always the question arises as to why the beef industry cannot maintain a sustainable growth in animal numbers that would prevent the economic booms and busts associated with the cattle cycle.

Much of the year to year variation in beef prices is driven by cattle numbers (i.e., beef supply). The cattle cycle is the single most important force determining beef supply and cattle prices. AB cattle numbers go up, beef prices go down. As cattle numbers go down, beef prices go up. It is almost that simple.1

If we can predict cattle cycles, then we should be able to predict beef price cycles. If we can predict beef price cycles, then we should be able to identify production strategies that will allow your beef cow clients to profit from the cattle cycle. When your beef cow clients profit from the cattle cycle, your veterinary practice will also profit from the cattle cycle.
Lesion Rates and the Effects of Location of Subcutaneous Clostridial Bacterin-Toxoid Vaccination on Performance of Newly Received Feedlot Calves
Authors: Buhman Marilyn J. , Perino Louis J. , Galyean Michael L. , Montgomery Ted H. , Swingle Spencer
Published: February 2023

Study objectives were: 1) to determine the effect on growth of administering a clostridial vaccination at the base of the ear, versus in the neck; 2) determine the relative risk of developing an injection site reaction and(or) being mis-diagnosed with bovine respiratory disease (BRD); and 3) determine the percentage of subcutaneous neck injection-site reactions that are removed during hide pulling.
Alleviating Tall Fescue Toxicosis Problems with Nontoxic Endophytes
Authors: Hawkins Larry , Bouton Joe , Hill Nick , Hoveland Carl , McCann Mark , Thompson Fred
Published: February 2023

In 1943, a cultivar of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) later known as Kentucky 312 was released for sale. This cool season grass became widely distributed in the southeastern United States because it was persistent in the face of drought, grew on poor soils and provided good erosion control, as well as large amounts of forage for hay or grazing.2 By 1950, it was recognized that animals grazing tall fescue did not perform as well as forage analysis would predict.2 In 1977, research (Bacon) revealed the presence of an endophyte, Neotyphodium coenophialum, in the intercellular spaces of the leaf sheath. Later research connected this endophyte with what is now recognized as fescue toxicosis.4,5 With the discovery of the endophyte in tall fescue, the solution to the toxicity problem became obvious: remove the endophyte.1 With endophyte-free fescue, animal performance improved but the plants were not as hardy, and stand loss in endophyte-free fescue became a problem.3
Feeding and Watering Behaviors and Bovine Respiratory Disease in Newly Received Feedlot Calves
Authors: Buhman Marilyn J. , Perino Louis J. , Galyean Michael L. , Wittum Thomas E. , Montgomery Ted H. , Swingle R. Spencer
Published: February 2023

The study objective was to investigate the association between feeding and watering behaviors and bovine respiratory disease (BRD).
Effects of Nutrition During Gestation on Birth Weight and Viability of Calves, and Weight and Expulsion Time of Placenta in Dairy Cattle
Authors: Nakao T. , Zhang W. C. , Kida K. , Moriyoshi M. , Nakada K.
Published: February 2023

Calf mortality and retention of placenta are important reproductive problems in cattle. The neonatal calf mortality can be caused by a variety of factors. One of the neglected causes may be suboptimal nutrition during gestation. As for the retention of placenta, immaturity of placenta is a major cause. Since the fetus and placenta develop as a unit in the uterus, nutrition during gestation may influence fetal and placental development. The objectives of this study were to determine the maternal nutritional state during the last two trimesters of gestation and describe possible effects of nutrition on calf birth weight and viability; weight of the placenta; and time for expulsion of placenta in dairy cattle.
Parenteral Vitamin E for Prevention of Retained Placenta in Dairy Cows
Authors: LeBlanc Stephen , Duffield Todd , Leslie Ken , Ten Hag Jeromy , Wallace Jodi
Published: February 2023

Immune function is suppressed in periparturient dairy cows, and risk of infectious and metabolic disease is increased. Several studies have shown that transition cows supplemented with vitamin E in feed and/or parenterally had decreased risk of retained placenta (RP) or mastitis. However, these benefits are not universally reproducible and may depend on the animals baseline vitamin E and selenium status and other factors. Additionally, a fraction of animals will have hypersensitive reactions to parenterally administered vitamin E. This study investigated the effect of vitamin E on the incidence of periparturient health problems when administered subutaneously to prepartum cows.
Urine Output, Renal Excretion, and Clearances of Urea and Creatinine in Diarrheic Calves Upon admission, Following Intensive Fluid Therapy, and After Recovery
Authors: Prölss Elisabeth , Klee W.
Published: February 2023

In diarrheal disease of young calves azotemia is a common event, and is sometimes interpreted as an indication of impaired renal function. Urea clearance is said to correlate with urinary flow, whereas creatinine clearance is taken to be influenced mainly by glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Objective of the study was to quantify urine flow rates, as well as the renal excretion of urea and creatinine, in young, diarrheic calves. The ultimate objective is to create a model that simulates fluid dynamics in diarrheic calves.
Hypokalemia and Recumbency in Dairy Cattle
Authors: Peek S. F. , Divers T. J. , Guard C.
Published: February 2023

This is a retrospective case series designed to highlight the clinical presentation, risk factors and treatment of severe hypokalemia associated with muscle weakness and recumbency in lactating dairy cattle.
Evaluation of the Svanovir™ Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for Bovine Leukosis, Bovine Viral Diarrhea and Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
Authors: Keefe Greg , VanLeeuwen John , Hotham Stacie
Published: February 2023

Three novel serologic tests (SVANOVA Biotech, Uppsala, Sweden) were evaluated: an indirect ELISA for Bovine Leukosis Virus (BLV), an indirect ELISA for Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD), and an indirect ELISA for M. paratuberculosis (Johne's Diease).
Effect of Calcium Propionate plus Propylene Glycol on the incidence of Calving-related Disorders in Transition Florida Dairy Cows fed Anionic Salts
Authors: Melendez Pedro , Donovan Art , Hall Mary B. , Risco Carlos , Goff Jesse
Published: February 2023

Transition period in the dairy cow is characterized by tremendous physiological demands. Calving-related disorders (CRD) such as milk fever (MF), retained fetal membranes (RFM), metritis, fatty liver, ketosis, left and right displacement of abomasum (DA), mastitis, and lameness are common features. These disorders are interrelated and have a significant negative economic impact in dairy cattle operations. Any attempt to decrease the incidence of CRD will positively affect milk yield and reproductive performance.

The following field trial was conducted to determine the effect of a calcium-energy supplement on the incidence of calving-related disorders in Florida dairy cows.
Efficacy of an Inactivated BRSV Vaccine Against a Virulent BRSV Experimental Challenge in Young Calves
Authors: Ellis J. , West K. H. , Gallo G. , Conlon J. Rice
Published: February 2023

The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of a vaccine containing inactivated Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV) against a highly virulent BRSV challenge in calves.