bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Novel Zak Knockout Mouse with a Defective Ribotoxic Stress Response
Authors: Jandhyala Dakshina , Wong John , Mantis Nicholas , Magun Bruce , Leong John , Thorpe Cheleste
Published: September 2016

Ricin activates the proinflammatory ribotoxic stress response through the mitogen activated protein 3 kinase (MAP3K) ZAK, resulting in activation of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) p38 and JNK1/2. We had a novel zak−/− mouse generated to study the role of ZAK signaling in vivo during ricin intoxication. To characterize this murine strain, we intoxicated zak−/− and zak+/+ bone marrow–derived murine macrophages with ricin, measured p38 and JNK1/2 activation by Western blot, and measured zak, c-jun, and cxcl-1 expression by qRT-PCR. To determine whether zak−/− mice differed from wild-type mice in their in vivo response to ricin, we performed oral ricin intoxication experiments with zak+/+ and zak−/− mice, using blinded histopathology scoring of duodenal tissue sections to determine differences in tissue damage. Unlike macrophages derived from zak+/+ mice, those derived from the novel zak−/− strain fail to activate p38 and JNK1/2 and have decreased c-jun and cxcl-1 expression following ricin intoxication. Furthermore, compared with zak+/+ mice, zak−/− mice have decreased duodenal damage following in vivo ricin challenge. zak−/− mice demonstrate a distinct ribotoxic stress–associated phenotype in response to ricin and therefore provide a new animal model for in vivo studies of ZAK signaling.
Islamic State and Chemical Weapons
Authors: Rafay Jakub
Published: September 2016

The article deals with topic of Islamic State and chemical weapons. The issue is analysed in three dimensions: origin of used chemical weapons and possibility of independent production; known chemical attacks and tactical regularities in their execution; and traits of future chemical terrorist attacks. By providing a thorough examination of the problem, the article aims at predicting the future development of the group's chemical program as well as describing any prospective chemical terrorist attacks in Europe.
Islamic State and Its Attitude to the Terrorist Attacks on the Energy Sector
Authors: Tichý Lukáš
Published: September 2016

The main aim of this article is both to analyze the importance of the terrorist attacks on energy infrastructure and industry for strategy of militant terrorist organization Islamic State against the background of the influence of Islam and to describe a specific example and manifestations of the terrorist activities focused on energy sector in the Middle East and North Africa. In the theoretical level, the article is based on the concept of terrorist attack on energy sector and relation between energy and Sunni Islam. In methodological level, the article is based on the case study method framing terrorist attacks of Islamic State on energy industry and infrastructure in Iraq, Syria and Libya.
Ethiopia: The Impact of External Factors on the Security of the Country
Authors: Záhořík Jan , Šanc David
Published: September 2016

In last decade, Ethiopia witnesses so far unseen economic growth while the transformation to democracy more or less failed. Due to the fact that the Horn of Africa belongs to the most unstable regions in Africa, external factors play a significant role in shaping and reshaping of internal politics of each state. In this study, we will focus on an analysis of external factors and their impact on security and politics in Ethiopia. As we argue, it is these factors that have a substantial impact on Ethiopian politics and security.
Liver Fibrosis Indices for Identifying Patients at Low Risk of Developing Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Eradication of HCV
Authors: Toyoda Hidenori , Tada Toshifumi , Tachi Yoshihiko , Hirai Takanori , Yasuda Satoshi , Honda Takashi , Hayashi Kazuhiko , Ishigami Masatoshi , Goto Hidemi , Kumada Takashi
Published: September 2016

Background

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with chronic hepatitis C can develop after sustained virological response (SVR) to antiviral therapy for HCV, that is, the eradication of HCV, and effective surveillance systems for HCC should be established for this population. We retrospectively evaluated the utility of three laboratory liver fibrosis indices (aspartate aminotransferase-platelet ratio index [APRI], FIB-4 index and Forns index) for identifying patients at low risk of HCC development after SVR, for whom the termination of surveillance for HCC can be considered.

Methods

APRI, FIB-4 index and Forns index scores were calculated based on laboratory data prior to anti-HCV therapy and at 24 weeks after the end of anti-HCV therapy (SVR24) in 522 patients with SVR who continued surveillance for HCC after SVR. The associations between HCC development and laboratory indices at both points were analysed.

Results

Twenty-one patients developed HCC after SVR during 2.3–24.4 years follow-up. Whereas HCC developed even in patients with low APRI or FIB-4 index scores, no patients with low Forns index scores developed HCC after SVR. These results were confirmed in a separate cohort of 309 patients who achieved SVR (HCC developed in 17 patients during 1.7–21.6 years follow-up).

Conclusions

Forns index, especially assessed prior to anti-HCV therapy, was a useful laboratory liver fibrosis index for identifying patients at low likelihood of HCC after SVR. This index may be used as one of indicators to consider the termination of surveillance for HCC after the eradication of HCV.
Dársena y puerto
Authors: Hidalgo Fernández-Cano Amalio
Published: September 2016

Al no existir una dársena apropiada para el intenso tráfico a que iba a dar lugar el complejo industrial de la Empresa Nacional Siderúrgica, fue necesario dragar el terreno de la ría para permitir la entrada y maniobra de buques de hasta 7 m de calado en BMVE.
Cimentaciones
Authors: Hidalgo Fernández-Cano Amalio
Published: September 2016

Avilés y su ría se encuentran situados en un sinclinal silúrico, definido por dos anticlinales que discurren del suroeste al noreste y que afloran, respectivamente, en Cabo Peñas y Nubledo.
Teologado de San Pedro Mártir para los PP. Dominicos – Madrid
Authors: Fisac Miguel Fisac
Published: September 2016

El programa de la iglesia para el Teologado de los PP. Dominicos, en Madrid, es el programa específico de una iglesia conventual, con un gran coro para 300 frailes y una zona de fieles con capacidad para unos 700 asientos.
Edificio de apartamentos, Madrid
Authors: Fernández Alba A.
Published: September 2016

En un recinto antiguo de Madrid, en solar entre medianerías de 20 m de longitud con orientación suroeste-nordeste, y en la calle Martín de los Héros, se ha construido este edificio de apartamentos, cuya fachada acusa al exterior, de forma sincera, su ritmo estructural, constituido por pórticos paralelos de hormigón armado, según módulo de 3,25 m.
Viviendas, en Berlín
Authors: Schneider-Esleben P.
Published: September 2016

Este edificio de cuatro plantas corresponde a un grupo de cinco construcciones iguales situadas al norte de la parcela que constituye el barrio Hansa, entre la calle Klopstock y el Stadt-Bahn, famoso ferrocarril urbano berlinés. El bloque de 56 m de longitud por 9 de anchura y 12 de altura, consta de veinte viviendas. Cada vivienda, de 77 m2, está distribuida en dos plantas: la baja aloja el cuarto de estar y la cocina y la alta el baño y los dormitorios.
Heinz Hossdorf
Authors: Editorial Equipo
Published: September 2016

El ingeniero suizo Heinz Hossdorf, es ya familiar en las páginas de INFORMES. Hemos publicado varias de sus obras, en las que se acusa de forma destacada su personalidad. Sus cálculos, sus estructuras, sus ensayos sobre modelo reducido..., le han llevado a realizar frecuentes incursiones en el campo arquitectónico, obligándole al trato continuo y directo con un sinnúmero de arquitectos.
Puente de hormigón pretensado, Caracas
Authors: Johannson Johannes
Published: September 2016

El puente Portachuelo, situado en el helicoide de la Roca Tarpeya (Caracas), es una estructura de hormigón pretensado en forma de pórtico espacial. En los estudios preliminares, con objeto de encontrar un sistema adecuado para el puente en curva se investigó primeramente el sistema de Dischinger, en el cual la columna del pórtico se descompone en un elemento de compresión y un tirante.
Durban's «Edificio Industrial». Milán
Authors: Pea Cesare
Published: September 2016

El nuevo y gran edificio de la casa Durban's, destinado a la producción de dentífricos, une la grandiosidad aparente y escenográfica de sus alzados al perfecto funcionalismo de su planta, distribuida en tres zonas: talleres, servicios y oficinas. En el centro, un amplio patio.
Palacio de deportes, en Roma
Authors: Nervi Pier Luigi
Published: September 2016

El nuevo Palacio de Deportes de Roma ha sido construido en los terrenos del EUR, con capacidad para 18.000 personas, siendo la característica principal del proyecto su regularidad. Su planta circular está provista de 12 escalinatas de acceso, de las cuales unas están destinadas al público de las gradas altas y otras al de las gradas bajas. En la sección transversal puede apreciarse cómo en correspondencia con cada uno de estos graderíos se desarrolla una galería de circunvalación que puede servir como lugar de exposiciones o vestíbulos de entreactos.
San Pedro Hacienda Hotel
Authors: Neutra Richard J.
Published: September 2016

Una de las arterias principales de Los Angeles, la carretera de acceso desde Western Avenue, que relaciona la ciudad con su puerto, permite llegar fácilmente, a través de una pequeña desviación, a la entrada principal del hotel. El sencillo grupo de edificios que lo constituyen, se amolda a la pendiente del terreno, acusando el juego de volúmenes y de sol y sombra para aumentar el interés visual. Al fondo, la severidad del paisaje montañoso contrasta con la tranquilidad del mar, que en este caso, pese a ser el Océano Pacífico el gran mar occidental americano, aparece al E., por estar el edificio situado en la orilla oriental de la península de Falos Verdes.
Vivienda, en Cambridge
Authors: Sert José Luis
Published: September 2016

La casa de un arquitecto expresa siempre, sin traba alguna, su modo de ver y sentir la arquitectura, y la que hoy exponemos, residencia de su propio autor, recuerda vivamente un concepto de intimidad —inspirado tal vez en la tradición árabe, tan arraigada en gran parte de España, patria del autor—, un ponderado amor a la sencillez de líneas, luminosidad y viveza de color.
Embajada de los Estados Unidos en Oslo
Authors: Saarinen Eero , Engh J. , Kiaer H.
Published: September 2016

La forma triangular adoptada para el edificio de la Embajada de los EE. UU. en Oslo fue inevitable, ya que el solar disponible (de 600 m2) tenía esta planta con calles por los tres lados y fachada principal (de 58 m) a la de Drammensveien, frente al Palacio Real, el cual está situado en el centro de un espacioso parque-jardín, con ligera pendiente hacia el edificio. La calle de Drammensveien presenta una fisonomía uniforme, con fachadas continuas, por lo que parecía importante continuar este ritmo en la nueva construcción, como en efecto se ha hecho, al igual que en los otros dos alzados.
El hormigón pretensado en puentes de ferrocarril
Authors: Fernández Casado Carlos
Published: September 2016

No disponible
Escuela intermedia, en Alamitos
Authors: Neutra Richard J.
Published: September 2016

La escuela intermedia es un puente tendido entre la escuela elemental y la superior. En consecuencia, debe presentar características especiales que unan el sugestivo ambiente de las modernas instituciones escolares elementales y un programa meditado de enseñanza, preludio ya del que más tarde se aplicará en la escuela superior. Sólo así —cogidos de la mano forma y contenido, aula y explicación, profesor y medio ambiente— se encontrarán a gusto los alumnos, y cuando digan "esta es mi escuela", lo estarán .diciendo de verdad. No necesitamos destacar la importancia que el "encontrarse a gusto" ha cobrado en la moderna pedagogía.
Escuela de oficios en Miesbach, Alemania
Authors: Haindl F. F.
Published: September 2016

El concepto fundamental y dominante en la construcción fue una escuela profesional ha de ser: la sencillez de líneas, el imperio de una gran luminosidad y la provisión de espacios abiertos, verdes y alegres que comuniquen el edificio con la naturaleza y su saludable, bello y espontáneo encanto. Estas, pues, fueron las premisas adoptadas en la que reseñamos.
Malecón premoldeado
Authors: Editorial Equipo
Published: September 2016

En las orillas del río Támesis, cerca de Erith (Inglaterra), se ha construido un nuevo muelle de carboneo, que se ha dragado convenientemente para permitir un calado de hasta 7 m con aguas bajas de mareas primaverales.
Pilotes para cimientos impermeables
Authors: Vié Georges
Published: September 2016

El problema que se pretende resolver consiste en verificar un cierre continuo por medio de pilotes, atravesando un terreno de aluvión en el que abundan los bloques aislados o terrenos de origen glacial que hasta el momento han presentado difíciles inconvenientes cuando se ha necesitado que los pilotes penetren formando una barrera impermeable.
Plan de carreteras para el noroeste del Canadá
Authors: Kírkwood N. E. M.
Published: September 2016

Con objeto de facilitar el desarrollo y gran expansión agrícola, industrial y turística que viene acentuando el Canadá, y dada la gran extensión del país, el Gobierno federal ha encargado al Ministerio de Obras Públicas la coordinación de un vasto plan para la construcción de carreteras y las obras de fábrica que sean necesarias. De este plan general presenta un interés particular —del que en este trabajo nos vamos a ocupar— el grupo de caminos actualmente en construcción, otros en proyecto, los ya construidos y, finalmente, los métodos constructivos empleados en su ejecución en la zona más importante de este plan, es decir, en los llamados territorios del noroeste.
El túnel de Hampton Roads
Authors: Bickel J. O.
Published: September 2016

La Rada de Hampton (Hampton Roads) constituye el canal principal de entrada al puerto de Norfolk del Estado de Virginia (EE. UU.), a través de la bahía de Chesapeake. Como este puerto contiene una de las Bases principales de aprovisionamiento de la Marina de los Estados Unidos, así como otras importantes instalaciones navales, el mantenimiento de la navegación a través de esta vía es de extrema importancia. Al mismo tiempo, sin embargo, este brazo de mar constituye un serio obstáculo al transporte terrestre entre las diferentes ciudades y áreas industriales situadas en sus márgenes. Durante mucho tiempo los servicios de transbordadores han transportado automóviles y pasajeros de una orilla a la otra, en cantidades siempre crecientes, sufriendo retrasos y hasta paralización con mal tiempo o niebla. Esto ha motivado el proyecto y construcción de un paso permanente entre las dos márgenes.
Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) inserted in different configurations of the tensile zone retrofitting with microconcrete containing steel fibers to the strengthening of beams
Authors: Ferrari Vladimir José , Arquez Ana Paula , Hanai João Bento de
Published: September 2016

It is researched, in this study, the strengthening technique known as Near Surface Mounted (NSM), which consists of the insertion of laminates of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) into notches in the covering concrete structures. In the strengthening in beams, the tensile zone is found damaged for several reasons (cracking and corrosion, for instance), which demands, in the practice of engineering, its preliminary retrofitting. It should be considered that the good performance of the material used in this retrofitting is fundamental for a higher efficiency of the strengthening. Therefore, it is proposed a methodology that consists of the reconstitution of the tensile zone of the beams with a cement-based composite of high performance (CCAD), which acts as a substrate for the application of CFRP and as an element for the transfer of efforts to the part strengthened. The retrofitting of this tensile zone was performed only in the shear span, as well as throughout of the zone with a view to evaluating the influence of this aspect on the performance of the beams. The CCAD, produced from Portland cement, steel fibers and microfibers, was evaluated using the Rilem (2002), showed to be able to delay the cracking. Tests performed in the beams with the tensile zone retrofitting by CCAD and strengthening using the technique NSM showed the efficiency of the proposed methodology.
Monitoring Aerosol–Cloud Interactions at CESAR Observatory in the Netherlands
Authors: Sarna K. , Russchenberg H. W. J.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. The representation of aerosol–cloud interactions (ACI) processes in the climate models, although long studied, still remains the source of high uncertainty. Very often there is a mismatch between the scale of observations used for ACI quantification and the ACI process itself. This can be changed by using the observations from ground-based remote sensing instruments. In this paper we presented a direct application of the Aerosol–Cloud Interactions monitoring technique (ACI monitoring). ACI monitoring is based on the standardized Cloudnet data stream, which provides measurements from ground-based remote sensing instruments working in synergy. For the dataset collected at the CESAR Observatory in the Netherlands we calculate ACI metrics. We use specifically attenuated backscatter coefficient (ATB) for the characterisation of the aerosol properties and cloud droplets effective radius (re) and number concentration (Nd) for the characterisation of the cloud properties. We calculate two metrics: ACIr = ln(re)/ln(ATB) and ACIN = ln(Nd)/ln(ATB). The calculated values of ACIr were ranging from 0.016 to 0.17, which corresponds to the values reported in previous studies. We also evaluated impact of the updraft and liquid water path (LWP) on ACI metrics. The values of ACIr were highest for the LWP between 50 and 100 g/m2 . For the higher LWP other processes, such as collision and coalescence, seem to be dominant and obscure the ACI processes. We also saw that the values of ACIr are higher when only data points located in the updraft area are considered. The method presented in this study enables monitoring aerosol–cloud interactions daily and further aggregating daily data into bigger datasets.
Constraining a land-surface model with multiple observations by application of the MPI-Carbon Cycle Data Assimilation System V1.0
Authors: Schürmann Gregor J. , Kaminski Thomas , Köstler Christoph , Carvalhais Nuno , Voßbeck Michael , Kattge Jens , Giering Ralf , Rödenbeck Christian , Heimann Martin , Zaehle Sönke
Published: September 2016

Abstract. We describe the Max Planck Institute Carbon Cycle Data Assimilation System (MPI-CCDAS) built around the tangent-linear version of the JSBACH land-surface scheme, which is part of the MPI-Earth System Model v1. The simulated phenology and net land carbon balance were constrained by globally distributed observations of the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FAPAR, using the TIP-FAPAR product) and atmospheric CO2 at a global set of monitoring stations for the years 2005 to 2009. When constrained by FAPAR observations alone, the system successfully, and computationally efficiently, improved simulated growing-season average FAPAR, as well as its seasonality in the northern extra-tropics. When constrained by atmospheric CO2 observations alone, global net and gross carbon fluxes were improved, despite a tendency of the system to underestimate tropical productivity. Assimilating both data streams jointly allowed the MPI-CCDAS to match both observations (TIP-FAPAR and atmospheric CO2) equally well as the single data stream assimilation cases, thereby increasing the overall appropriateness of the simulated biosphere dynamics and underlying parameter values. Our study thus demonstrates the value of multiple-data-stream assimilation for the simulation of terrestrial biosphere dynamics. It further highlights the potential role of remote sensing data, here the TIP-FAPAR product, in stabilising the strongly underdetermined atmospheric inversion problem posed by atmospheric transport and CO2 observations alone. Notwithstanding these advances, the constraint of the observations on regional gross and net CO2 flux patterns on the MPI-CCDAS is limited through the coarse-scale parametrisation of the biosphere model. We expect improvement through a refined initialisation strategy and inclusion of further biosphere observations as constraints.
A Lagrangian model for soil water dynamics during rainfall-driven conditions
Authors: Zehe Erwin , Jackisch Conrad
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Within this study we propose a stochastic approach to simulate soil water dynamics in the unsaturated zone by using a non-linear, space domain random walk of water particles. Soil water is represented by particles of constant mass, which travel according to the Itô form of the Fokker–Planck equation. The model concept builds on established soil physics by estimating the drift velocity and the diffusion term based on the soil water characteristics. A naive random walk, which assumes all water particles to move at the same drift velocity and diffusivity, overestimated depletion of soil moisture gradients compared to a Richards solver. This is because soil water and hence the corresponding water particles in smaller pore size fractions are, due to the non-linear decrease in soil hydraulic conductivity with decreasing soil moisture, much less mobile. After accounting for this subscale variability in particle mobility, the particle model and a Richards solver performed highly similarly during simulated wetting and drying circles in three distinctly different soils. Both models were in very good accordance during rainfall-driven conditions, regardless of the intensity and type of the rainfall forcing and the shape of the initial state. Within subsequent drying cycles the particle model was typically slightly slower in depleting soil moisture gradients than the Richards model. Within a real-world benchmark, the particle model and the Richards solver showed the same deficiencies in matching observed reactions of topsoil moisture to a natural rainfall event. The particle model performance, however, clearly improved after a straightforward implementation of rapid non-equilibrium infiltration, which treats event water as different types of particles, which travel initially in the largest pore fraction at maximum velocity and experience a slow diffusive mixing with the pre-event water particles. The proposed Lagrangian approach is hence a promising, easy-to-implement alternative to the Richards equation for simulating rainfall-driven soil moisture dynamics, which offers straightforward opportunities to account for preferential, non-equilibrium flow.
Quantifying lahar damage using numerical modelling
Authors: Mead Stuart R. , Magill Christina , Lemiale Vincent , Thouret Jean-Claude , Prakash Mahesh
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Lahars are volcanic flows containing a mixture of fluid and sediment that have caused significant damage to buildings, critical infrastructure and human life. The extent of this damage is controlled by properties of the lahar, location of elements at risk and susceptibility of these elements to the lahar. Here we focus on understanding lahar-induced building damage. Quantification of building damage can be difficult due to the complexity of lahar behaviour (hazard), uncertainty in number and type of buildings exposed to the lahar (exposure) and the uncertain susceptibility of buildings to lahar induced damage (vulnerability). In this paper, we quantify and examine the relative importance of lahar hazard, exposure and vulnerability in determining building damage with reference to a case study in the city of Arequipa, Peru. Numerical modelling is used to investigate lahar properties important in determining the inundation area and forces applied to buildings. Building vulnerability is quantified through the development of critical depth–pressure curves based on the ultimate bending moment of masonry structures. In the case study area, results suggest that building strength plays a minor role in determining overall building losses in comparison to the effects of building exposure and lahar hazard properties such as hydraulic characteristics of the flow.
Pongamos orden en el régimen contable de las sociedades agrarias de transformación
Authors: Mauleón Méndez Emilio , Genovart Balaguer Juana Isabel
Published: September 2016

La normativa sustantiva de las Sociedades Agrarias de Transformación (SAT) presenta unas notables lagunas respecto a su régimen contable. De este modo, existen dudas respecto a los libros contables obligatorios y su legalización; así como del proceso de elaboración, auditoría, aprobación y depósito de las cuentas anuales.Por ello en este artículo trataremos en primer lugar los libros sociales y contables de las SAT, sobre la base de la normativa nacional y autonómica de estas sociedades, enunciando propuestas al respecto en la estela de la reciente normativa sobre la legalización de libros sociales y contables de aplicación general.Se analizará también, con espíritu crítico, todo el proceso de elaboración, auditoría, aprobación y depósito de las cuentas anuales y demás documentación que las SAT deben remitir anualmente a los respectivos Registros autonómicos. Se procederá a diferenciar los registros jurídico-mercantiles de los administrativos y en este último sentido, se plantearán cambios respecto al lugar y finalidad de dicho depósito.Tras treinta y cuatro años de antigüedad, la legislación sustantiva en materia económica y contable de las SAT está desfasada respecto al Derecho actual, siendo necesaria su revisión. Las recientes normas autonómicas no han supuesto un verdadero avance en este sentido. En suma, aseveramos la existencia de un gap entre la normativa sustantiva de las SAT y la normativa contable general en materia de cuentas anuales, que es insostenible y requiere una pronta intervención legislativa que lo anule.
Led it on Reddit: An exploratory study examining opinion leadership on Reddit
Authors: Kilgo Danielle K , Yoo Joseph J. , Sinta Vinicio , Geise Stephanie , Suran Melissa , Johnson Thomas J
Published: September 2016

Is it possible to identify opinion leaders in a semi-anonymous online network? To answer this question, this study examines the social news site Reddit to determine whether opinion leadership can be recognized in an online network that, at face value, does not allow users to associate with their off-line personas. Identifiable characteristics, such as commenting, longevity, karma scores, posting frequency, and posting scores were analyzed. Results indicate that semi-anonymous opinion leadership may exist, as several users appear frequently as top-voted posters and commenters. In addition, Reddit’s reputational value karma may help users and researchers identify opinion leaders.
Presentació
Authors: Jiménez Sureda Montserrat
Published: September 2016

Presentació Manuscrits 30
Número complet
Authors: Roig Jordi
Published: September 2016

Número complet de Manuscrits 30
A educação escolar no projeto de vida de jovens
Authors: Silva Eva Aparecida da
Published: September 2016

Este trabalho tem como referência a pesquisa “Jovens quilombolas e seus projetos de vida”, em desenvolvimento com jovens de três comunidades remanescentes de quilombo do município de Teófilo Otoni/MG (São Julião, Cama Alta e Córrego Novo), para refletir sobre o papel da educação escolar na construção de seus projetos de vida. Essa pesquisa, financiada pela Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG), objetiva compreender o processo de construção dos projetos de vida de jovens, na faixa de 15 a 29 anos¹, negros, rurais e quilombolas, homens e mulheres, por meio da apreensão de quem são, como vivem, o que pensam e sentem sobre suas potencialidades e limites, condições socioeconômicas, educacionais e culturais, bem como sobre as adversidades e os projetos de futuro. A coleta de dados foi feita por meio de três instrumentos: questionário socioeconômico e cultural, para traçar o perfil dos jovens investigados; entrevista individual semiestruturada; e reuniões de grupo, empregando a técnica de Roda de Conversa. O estudo possibilitou analisar que no contexto do século XXI, as organizações negras e quilombolas ainda buscam oportunidades educacionais.

Palavras-chave: Juventude. Jovens quilombolas. Educação. Cultura. Oportunidades educacionais.

 

ABSTRACT

This work is referenced research “Maroons Youth and their life projects” in development with young people from three remaining communities of quilombos in the city of Teófilo Otoni/MG (Sao Julião, Alta Bed and New Stream), to reflect on the role school education in building their life projects. This research, funded by the Research Support of the State of Minas Gerais Foundation (FAPEMIG), aims to understand the process of construction of youth life projects in the range of 15 to 29 years, black, rural and maroon, men and women, through the seizure of who they are, how they live, what they think and feel about their potentialities and limits, socio-economic, educational and cultural conditions, as well as adversity and future projects. Data collection was done by means of three instruments: socioeconomic and cultural questionnaire to profile the investigated young people; semi-structured individual interviews; and group meetings, employing the technique of conversation wheel. The study made it possible to analyze it in the context of twenty-first century, black and maroon organizations still seek educational opportunities.

Keywords: Youth. Young lives in quilombo. Education. Culture. Educational opportunities.
Estado militar e a questão da educação infantil no Brasil: as ações da secretaria municipal de educação e cultura de Ituiutaba-MG, 1964 a 1985
Authors: Carvalho Carlos Henrique De , Ferreira Ana Emília Cordeiro Souto
Published: September 2016

O presente texto busca apresentar as propostas para a educação infantil no Brasil, durante o período de vigência da Ditadura Civil Militar no País (1964 a 1985), com enfoque na forma pela qual algumas das ações indicadas foram implantadas pela Secretaria Municipal de Educação e Cultura de Ituiutaba (MG). Por outro lado, discorremos também a respeito das dificuldades encontradas para o desenvolvimento das primeiras séries dessa modalidade de ensino, procurando situá-las no âmbito do comportamento social já determinado pelo próprio contexto educacional vigente à época, ou seja, configurado a partir das diretrizes político-institucionais instauradas pelo Estado Militar.

 

ABSTRACT

 

The present text tries to present the proposals for children education in Brazil within the period of the civil military dictatorship in the country (1964 to 1985), focusing on the way some of the indicated actions were carried in by the Municipal Secretary of Education and Culture of Ituiutaba (MG). In addition, we bring up the difficulties which arose in the first series of primary education, placing them in the context of social behavior, determined by the concrete educational situation of the time, that is, modeled according to the political and institutional instructions brought in by the military State.

Keywords: Children Education. Military State. School Institutions. History of Education.
The BIEM Verification Study: Experienced Venture Capitalists Assess a Biopharmaceuticals Innovation Expertise Model
Authors: Gunn Moira A. , Masterson Nola , Lorton, Jr. Paul , Baronet Jacques
Published: September 2016

Developing biopharmaceutical therapies is a scientifically complex endeavor, requiring from ten to fifteen years of effort with successive rounds of increasingly greater investment capital in a risk-intensive landscape. With failure rates at 88%, and an all-attempts-averaged investment of over $2B per approved drug, discussions of what leads to success and/or failure are pervasive. In this milieu, the BIEM (Bioenterprise Innovation Expertise Model) model was developed so that the status of a bioenterprise could quickly be assessed. Assessing the BIEM model, 20 biopharmaceuticals venture capitalists with 30 years average biotechnology industry experience, all having board experience, most having served as board chairs, and 80% having been CEOâ€™s and/or presidents, rated the innovation expertise disciplines of BIEM 2.0 as to their importance in the scientific discovery through market-ready product innovation phase of biopharmaceutical development. Despite a small sample size, statistically significant insights were produced, verifying the BIEM model. The most important innovation expertise disciplines were intellectual property, science, regulatory expertise, and venture capital, in that order. Further, the strongest correlations linked regulatory expertise and science, and equally so, intellectual property and venture capital. Additional insights with respect to the profiles of the biopharmaceutical venture capitalists themselves is also presented.
La topique des phonèmes
Authors: Coursil Jacques
Published: September 2016

Le Cours de Linguistique Générale consacre deux chapitres à la phonologie sous les titres “Définition des phonèmes” et “Le Phonème dans la chaîne parlée”. Ces textes se présentent aujourd’hui sous le double aspect d’une question d’histoire des sciences non-résolue et d'une question théorique ouverte, l’irrésolution de la première masquant l’intérêt systémique de la seconde.

Critiqués dès 1930 par les théoriciens de l’École de Prague (Troubetzkoy, Jakobson), les Principes de Phonologie de Saussure ont perdu tout crédit scientifique et sont tombés dans l’oubli. La critique des Pragois est à la fois élogieuse et sévère. Tout en se réclamant de son caractère fondateur, ils reprochent à la théorie saussurienne d’être contradictoire, mêlant, selon leurs analyses, deux disciplines devant demeurer distinctes, la phonétique et la phonologie. Les contradictions relevées par les maîtres de l’École de Prague paraissent, en effet, évidentes. D’une part Saussure écrit : “L’essentiel de la langue est étranger au caractère phonique du signe linguistique” (CLG : 21) ou “la question de l’appareil vocal est secondaire dans le problème du langage” (CLG : 26); mais d’autre part, il affirme que “la liberté de lier les espèces phonologiques (phonèmes) est limitée par la possibilité de lier les mouvements articulatoires” (CLG : 79). On ne peut, en effet, soutenir la nécessité d’une distinction stricte entre traits différentiels de langue et mécanique articulatoire et, en même temps, affirmer que la délimitation des phonèmes dépend de contraintes de l’appareil vocal. Ainsi Troubetzkoy et Jakobson reprocheront-ils au maître genevois de réintroduire la phonétique dans le débat phonologique.

Mais il y a malentendu. En confrontant les critiques pragoises aux textes de Saussure, on découvre, à la place des contradictions attendues, la description d’un système double de catégories et de fonctions dont chaque partie, dûment développée, aboutit à une loi. La thèse de Saussure maintient strictement (mais subtilement) la distinction entre phonétique et phonologie, contrairement aux allégations des Pragois. Dans une lecture systémique des Principes de Phonologie de Saussure, nous n’avons trouvé ni les “contradictions” ni le “psychologisme naïf” ni non plus de “retour aux procédés de la phonétique motrice” que Jakobson avait critiqués. Il s’agit dans cet article de reconstruire et tester ce modèle saussurien discrédité. Les historiens des sciences auront alors à nous expliquer l’étonnante indifférence dans laquelle est tombée une analyse (si opérante et importante) placée au milieu du livre le plus lu de la linguistique générale.
L’ombre du Cours (1960-1980)
Authors: Testenoire Pierre-Yves
Published: September 2016

Cet article étudie le moment particulier de la réception saussurienne où la lecture du Cours de linguistique générale rencontre celle des anagrammes. Entre 1960 et 1980, la découverte des recherches poétiques de Saussure suscite des débats passionnés. On étudie les caractéristiques, les enjeux et les implicites de cette première réception des anagrammes. On montre comment, à cette période, les anagrammes modifient la lecture du Cours de linguistique générale sur trois points majeurs : la linéarité, la conception du signe et le rôle du sujet dans la théorie saussurienne.
Immanence et créativité. Du Cours de Saussure au Dictionnaire de Greimas
Authors: Fontanille Jacques
Published: September 2016

Le principe d’immanence a mauvaise presse : la plupart de ceux qui s’en réclament encore se hâtent le plus souvent d’expliquer comment ils s’en accommodent difficilement et pourquoi ils s’apprêtent à y tailler les brèches qui seront sources, à l’évidence, de gains heuristiques. Le centenaire du CLG est une belle occasion pour revenir aux sources du principe d’immanence en linguistique et en sémiotique, et pour en suivre le cheminement dans la relecture de Saussure par Hjelmslev, et dans celle de Saussure et Hjelmslev par Greimas.

On rappelle notamment pourquoi, chez Saussure et Hjelmslev, l’immanence est indissociable de la définition et de la délimitation d’un objet de connaissance pour une discipline qui s’efforce de circonscrire sa place parmi les disciplines existantes. Et on s’efforce surtout de montrer comment, chez Saussure, elle s’accommode d’une invention permanente de la sémiose dans le signe, puis, chez Hjelmslev et surtout chez Greimas, elle devient de ce fait même une contrainte créative, dans l’écart postulé et constaté entre la manifestation et l’immanence, et entre la manifestation générée et la manifestation attestée.

Le principe d’immanence devient alors une stratégie scientifique, qui permet d’articuler ensemble la formalité et la socialité pour Saussure, la générativité et la créativité pour Hjelmslev, la véridiction et l’invention des sémioses pour Greimas.
Mallarmé selon Saussure
Authors: Milner Jean-Claude
Published: September 2016

Le mot ptyx se lit chez Mallarmé dans un poème publié en 1887. Pour en établir la signification, il faut réexaminer de près la distinction saussurienne entre signifié et chose signifiée. Quant au signifiant, il dépend de la linguistique indo-européenne, dans la version qu’en avait donnée Franz Bopp. Mallarmé l’a pratiquée ; on en a la preuve par Les Mots anglais. L’article tente de montrer que la séquence /ptyks/ permet d’obtenir par permutations et modifications l’intégralité de l’ossature consonantique de tous les mots indo-européens possibles. Le ptyx est donc le Mot par excellence, sauf qu’il est privé de la voyelle /a/, que Bopp tenait pour fondamentale. C’est cet /a/ que le poète ira chercher au Styx. A partir de là, on peut éclairer la fonction poétique du ptyx au sein du poème et le poème lui-même; sur tous ces points, l’hypothèse des anagrammes se révélera féconde.
Smelter Fumes, Local Interests, and Political Contestation in Sudbury, Ontario, during the 1910s
Authors: Munton Don , Temby Owen
Published: September 2016

During the second half of the 1910s the problem of sulphur smoke in Sudbury, Ontario, pitted farmers against the mining-smelting industry that comprised the dominant sector of the local economy. Increased demand for nickel from World War I had resulted in expanded activities in the nearby Copper Cliff and O’Donnell roast yards, which in turn produced more smoke and destroyed crops. Local business leaders, represented by the Sudbury Board of Trade, sought to balance the needs of the agriculture and mining-smelting sectors and facilitate their coexistence in the region. Among the measures pursued, farmers and some Board of Trade members turned to nuisance litigation, with the objective of obtaining monetary awards and injunctions affecting the operation of the roast yards. While the amounts of the awards were disappointing for the farmers, the spectre of an injunction was sufficient to convince the provincial government to ban civil litigation in favour of an arbitration process accommodating industry. This article provides an account of the political activism over Sudbury’s smoke nuisance that failed to bring about emission controls, highlighting the contextual factors contributing to this failure.
Attenuation in Superconducting Circular Waveguides
Authors: Yeap K. H. , Ong S. S. , Nisar H. , Lai K. C. , Ng C. A.
Published: September 2016

We present an analysis on wave propagation in superconducting circular waveguides. In order to account for the presence of quasiparticles in the intragap states of a superconductor, we employ the characteristic equation derived from the extended Mattis-Bardeen theory to compute the values of the complex conductivity. To calculate the attenuation in a circular waveguide, the tangential fields at the boundary of the wall are first matched with the electrical properties (which includes the complex conductivity) of the wall material. The matching of fields with the electrical properties results in a set of transcendental equations which is able to accurately describe the propagation constant of the fields. Our results show that although the attenuation in the superconducting waveguide above cutoff (but below the gap frequency) is finite, it is considerably lower than that in a normal waveguide. Above the gap frequency, however, the attenuation in the superconducting waveguide increases sharply. The attenuation eventually surpasses that in a normal waveguide. As frequency increases above the gap frequency, Cooper pairs break into quasiparticles. Hence, we attribute the sharp rise in attenuation to the increase in random collision of the quasiparticles with the lattice structure.
High‐Performance Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Piezo‐Nanogenerator via Interface Enhanced Polarization Effects for Self‐Powered Electronic Systems
Authors: Dhakras Dipti , Ogale Satishchandra
Published: August 2016

An electrospun fiber based wearable organic–inorganic hybrid piezo‐nanogenerator compose of suitably engineered P(VDF‐TrFE) and BaTiO3 nanostructures is reported. In the case of the device with an electrospun mat of piezoelectric β‐phase P(VDF‐TrFE) and BaTiO3 nanoparticulates filled in the interfiber open spaces, a power density of 16 μW cm−2 is realized at an applied impact of 0.02 MPa (which essentially corresponds to the thumb pressure). A similar device, with BaTiO3 additionally embedded in the P(VDF‐TrFE) fibers during their formation, renders a significantly higher peak power density of 28 μW cm−2 with instantaneous power density of ≈8.8 μW cm−2 at the same touch pressure. This performance is attributed to the high density of interfaces in such a device and the corresponding enhancement in the dielectric response. It is demonstrated that the power generated from such a hybrid device structure can be used for small scale applications such as charging a mobile phone.
S8‐Mediated One‐Pot Synthesis of Thioamides from Benzyl Chlorides and Amines
Authors: Li Xiaotong , Pan Qiang , Hu Renhe , Wang Xin , Yang Zhao , Han Shiqing
Published: August 2016

A straightforward and convenient method for the one‐pot synthesis of thioamides has been developed by using a three‐component reaction involving readily available benzyl chlorides, amines, and elemental sulfur. A variety of thioamides were synthesized in satisfactory yields (up to 88 %). This approach was scalable and tolerated a wide range of functional groups on the aromatic ring. It was also compatible with some heterocycle substrates, provided efficient and practical access to thioamides. No transition metals or external oxidants were required in the reaction. A plausible mechanism is also proposed on the basis of some control experiments.
Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Enantiotopic C−H Activation Enables Access to P‐Chiral Cyclic Phosphinamides
Authors: Sun Yang , Cramer Nicolai
Published: August 2016

Compounds with stereogenic phosphorus atoms are frequently used as ligands for transition‐metal as well as organocatalysts. A direct catalytic enantioselective method for the synthesis of P‐chiral compounds from easily accessible diaryl phosphinamides is presented. The use of rhodium(III) complexes equipped with a suitable atropochiral cyclopentadienyl ligand is shown to enable an enantiodetermining C−H activation step. Upon trapping with alkynes, a broad variety of cyclic phosphinamides with a stereogenic phosphorus(V) atom are formed in high yields and enantioselectivities. Moreover, these can be reduced enantiospecifically to P‐chiral phosphorus(III) compounds.
Cellulose‐supported N‐heterocyclic carbene silver complex with pendant ferrocenyl group for diaryl ether synthesis
Authors: Jagadale Megha , Salunkhe Rajashri , Kumbhar Arjun , Gajare Shivanand , Rajmane Mohan , Rashinkar Gajanan
Published: August 2016

A cellulose‐supported N‐heterocyclic carbene Ag(I) complex has been synthesized by covalent grafting of ferrocenyl ionic liquid in the matrix of cellulose followed by metallation with silver oxide. The complex was employed as a heterogeneous catalyst in the synthesis of diaryl ethers. Reactions of a variety of phenols with aryl halides afford corresponding diaryl ethers in moderate to good yields. Recyclability experiments were executed successfully for five consecutive runs.
Printed thermoelectric materials and devices: Fabrication techniques, advantages, and challenges
Authors: Orrill Michael , LeBlanc Saniya
Published: September 2016

Thermoelectric (TE) devices enable increased efficiency and performance by converting waste heat to usable electricity or providing solid‐state, localized cooling. Large‐scale implementation of the technology is hindered by power conversion efficiency, manufacturing challenges, and material and system costs. Traditionally, inorganic compounds like bismuth telluride and lead telluride are used for their high performance, but they are brittle, scarce, and toxic. Organic compounds have lower power conversion efficiencies, but they are flexible, abundant, low‐cost, environmentally benign, and solution‐processable, making them suitable for large‐scale, high‐throughput manufacturing techniques such as roll‐to‐roll printing. Inorganic–organic hybrid composite materials can boost power conversions efficiencies while maintaining ease of processing. This review summarizes and compares four manufacturing techniques—inkjet, screen, and dispenser printing, and stereolithography—used to fabricate TE devices. Common challenges relevant to printed TE materials and devices are described, and recent research results using these techniques are also reviewed. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44256.
Gold‐nanoparticle‐decorated thermoplastic polyurethane electrospun fibers prepared through a chitosan linkage for catalytic applications
Authors: Cheng Hui‐Hui , Chen Fang , Yu Jian , Guo Zhao‐Xia
Published: September 2016

Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)‐electrospun‐fiber‐mat‐supported gold catalysts were prepared by the adsorption of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) onto a TPU electrospun fiber mat after functionalization with chitosan (CS) by a dip‐coating method. The mechanism for the adsorption of AuNPs was electrostatic interaction between the positive charge of CS (N
) and the negative charge of the AuNP surface (COO−) and coordination between the amine groups of CS and gold. The mat was crosslinked with glutaraldehyde vapor to strengthen the adhesion between the CS coating and TPU fibers after the adsorption of AuNPs. The catalytic activity of the supported gold catalyst was evaluated with the reduction of 4‐nitrophenol by NaBH4 to demonstrate the excellent catalytic performance and its reusability for at least 10 cycles without a loss in activity. The rate constant increased with both an increase in the amount of supported catalyst and an increase in the ratio of the mat surface area to AuNP within the investigated scope. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44336.