bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Triangular Topological 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks Constructed via Symmetric or Asymmetric “Two‐in‐One” Type Monomers
Authors: Chen Weiben , Chen Pei , Chen Dan , Liu Yi , Zhang Guang , Wang Lei , Chen Long
Published: February 2022

Most of the reported covalent organic frameworks (COFs) so far are prepared from highly symmetric building blocks, which to some extent limits the expansion of COF diversity and complexity. Low‐symmetric building blocks can be designed through a desymmetrized vertex strategy, which might be used to construct new topological COFs. But reports of COFs constructed by asymmetric building blocks are thus far very rare. Here, a feasible strategy to design asymmetric building blocks for COF synthesis is introduced, by simply varying the positions of functional groups in the monomer. As a proof of concept, two isomeric hexaphenylbenzene‐based “two‐in‐one” type monomers (1,2,4‐HPB‐NH2 and 1,3,5‐HPB‐NH2) are designed and synthesized. To the authors’ surprise, self‐polycondensation of the asymmetric 1,2,4‐HPB‐NH2 (i.e., the isomer of common C3‐symmetric 1,3,5‐HPB‐NH2) also affords highly crystalline COF (1,2,4‐HPB‐COF) similar to the symmetric 1,3,5‐HPB‐NH2 counterpart with identical topological structure. The triangular porous structures of both HPB‐based COFs are well resolved by powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), theoretical simulations, nitrogen sorption, and morphologies analysis. This work demonstrates the “two‐in‐one” type asymmetric building blocks can also produce highly crystalline frameworks and thus provides a new structural design strategy for reticular chemistry.
Amplification and Manipulation of Nonlinear Electromagnetic Waves and Enhanced Nonreciprocity using Transmissive Space‐Time‐Coding Metasurface
Authors: Wang Xin , Han Jiaqi , Tian Shuncheng , Xia Dexiao , Li Long , Cui Tie Jun
Published: February 2022

A novel amplifier‐based transmissive space‐time‐coding metasurface is presented to realize strongly nonlinear controls of electromagnetic (EM) waves in both space and frequency domains, which can manipulate the propagation directions and adjust enhancements of nonlinear harmonic waves and break the Lorenz reciprocity due to the nonreciprocity of unilateral power amplifiers. By cascading the power amplifier between patches placed on two sides of the metasurface, the metasurface can transmit the spatial EM waves in the forward direction while blocking it in the backward direction. Two status of power amplifier biased at the standard working voltage and zero voltage are represented as codes “1” and “0,” respectively. By periodically setting adequate code sequences and proportions in the temporal dimension, according to the space‐time coding strategy, the amplitudes and phases of the harmonic transmission coefficients can be adjusted in a programmable way. A metasurface prototype is fabricated and measured in the microwave frequency to validate the concept and feasibility. The experimental results show good agreement with the theoretical predictions and numerical simulations. The proposed metasurface can achieve controllable harmonic power enhancements for flexibly configuring the power intensities in space, which enlarge and manipulate the quality of transmitting signals.
Volatile and Nonvolatile Memristive Devices for Neuromorphic Computing
Authors: Zhou Guangdong , Wang Zhongrui , Sun Bai , Zhou Feichi , Sun Linfeng , Zhao Hongbin , Hu Xiaofang , Peng Xiaoyan , Yan Jia , Wang Huamin , Wang Wenhua , Li Jie , Yan Bingtao , Kuang Dalong , Wang Yuchen , Wang Lidan , Duan Shukai
Published: February 2022

Ion migration as well as electron transfer and coupling in resistive switching materials endow memristors with a physically tunable conductance to resemble synapses, neurons, and their networks. Four different types of volatile memristors and another four types of nonvolatile memristors are systemically surveyed in terms of the switching mechanisms and electrical properties that are the basis of different computing applications. The volatile memristor features spontaneous conductance decay after the cease of electrical/optical stimulations, which are closely related to the surface atom diffusion, metal–insulator–transition (including charge–density–wave), thermal spontaneous emission, and charge polarization. Such unique dynamic state evolution at the edge of chaos has enabled them to emulate certain synaptic and neural dynamics, leading to various applications ranging from spiking neural networks to combinatorial optimizations. Nonvolatile resistive switching behavior originated from the electron spins, ferroelectric polarization, crystalline‐amorphous transitions or interplay between ions and electrons enables the memristor array to implement the vector–matrix multiplication, which is the key convolutional operation in artificial neural networks. The progress, challenges, and opportunities for both volatile and nonvolatile memristor in the level of materials, integration technology, algorithm, and system are highlighted in this review.
Effect of Thermal Conductivity of Substrate on the Giant Persistent Photoconductivity of Vanadium Dioxide Device
Authors: Lee Gi Yong , Mun Bongjin Simon , Ju Honglyoul
Published: February 2022

The substrate effect on giant persistent photoconductivity (GPPC) of VO2devices fabricated on the substrates of corning glass, Al2O3(0001), and TiO2(001) is investigated. Under the applied voltage within the hysteresis loop of voltage–current curve of the VO2device, the GPPC is achieved by a short single pulse laser at laser intensity of 8.9×106W m−2. The minimum laser pulse width (Wmin) to trigger GPPC in VO2devices is found to be as small as 80 µs in the VO2device fabricated on corning glass substrate. The magnitudes ofWminfor GPPC increase in the order of corning glass, TiO2, and Al2O3substrates. The variation of theWminon each substrate is understood as the dissimilarity of thermal conductivity of each substrate. The minimum time required to induce GPPC (the incubation time) is estimated using 1D thermal transport model, which shows good qualitative agreement with experimental results.
Long‐term outcomes of laparoscopic versus open liver resection for intrahepatic combined hepatocellular‐cholangiocarcinoma with propensity score matching
Authors: Lee Seung Jae , Kang So Hyun , Choi YoungRok , Lee Boram , Hong Suk Kyun , Cho Jai Young , Yi Nam‐Joon , Lee Kwang‐Woong , Suh Kyung‐Suk , Han Ho‐Seong
Published: February 2022

Background

Combined hepatocellular‐cholangiocarcinoma (cHCC‐CCA) is a rare primary hepatic neoplasm. Currently, there are no well‐structured studies that analyze the feasibility of laparoscopic liver resection in cHCC‐CCA alone. This retrospective cohort study aimed to compare the long‐term survival of laparoscopic liver resection with open liver resection in cHCC‐CCA.

Methods

Patients with a postoperative pathologic report of cHCC‐CCA who underwent liver resection from August 2004 to December 2017 were included in this study. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was performed to analyze the 3‐y disease‐free survival and 3‐y overall survival. Propensity score matching was done to reduce the influence of confounding variables.

Results

A total of 145 patients were pathologically confirmed to have cHCC‐CCA, of which 10 patients were excluded due to having received palliative surgery. Of the remaining 135 patients, 43 underwent laparoscopic and 92 underwent open liver resection; propensity score matching yielded 30 patients for each group. The 3‐y overall survival was 38 (88.4%) in the laparoscopic group and 84 (91.3%) in the open group before propensity score matching (P = .678), and 25 (83.3%) and 28 (93.3%), respectively, after matching (P = .257). The 3‐y disease‐free survival was 24 (55.8%) in the laparoscopic group and 32 (34.8%) in the open group before matching (P = .040), and 17 (56.7%) and 16 (53.3%), respectively, after matching (P = .958). The hospital stay was shorter in the laparoscopic group before and after matching, while other operative outcomes were similar in both groups.

Conclusion

Laparoscopic liver resection for cHCC‐CCA is technically feasible and safe, having a shorter hospital stay without compromising oncological outcomes.
FeCl3‐Catalyzed Highly Diastereoselective Synthesis of Polyhydrobenzo[a]acridinones
Authors: Wang Zongkang , Qin Zhengchen , Yang Yajie , Jin Shuxin , Bao Fengyu , Li Yanzhong
Published: February 2022

FeCl3‐catalyzed diastereospecific synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[a]acridin‐5(6H)‐ones from enaminones was described. Single diastereoisomers were obtained in good to excellent yields. Two C−C bonds and three contiguous stereogenic centers were formed.
Unique volatile metabolite signature of sinonasal inverted papilloma detectable in plasma and nasal secretions
Authors: Chaskes Mark B. , Lee Young Eun , Toskala Elina , Nyquist Gurston , Rosen Marc , Kimball Bruce , Rabinowitz Mindy
Published: February 2022

Background

Sinonasal inverted papilloma (SNIP) is a benign neoplasm with aggressive features, including a high recurrence rate and a propensity for malignant transformation. Accurate diagnosis with complete resection and the need for close long‐term surveillance is widely accepted as standard management. In this study, we investigate whether SNIP produces a unique volatile metabolite signature, which may ultimately lead to a novel approach to diagnose and monitor SNIP.

Methods

Whole blood and nasal secretions from patients with SNIP and healthy age‐, sex‐, and smoking‐status‐matched controls, were collected. There were 56 blood samples and 42 nasal secretion samples collected. The volatile metabolite signature of SNIP plasma and nasal secretion samples were compared with those of healthy controls using chromatography.

Results

Seventy‐two volatiles were identified in plasma samples. Multivariate analysis of variance results, even when controlled for smoking status, indicated toluene as a significant univariate result with lower levels of toluene identified in SNIP plasma samples than healthy control plasma samples. A linear discriminant analysis (LDA) model for plasma volatiles correctly classified 23 of 24 SNIP patients and 26 of 27 control patients, with a cross‐validation error rate of 6.02%. Sixty‐nine volatiles were identified in nasal samples. For nasal secretion samples, no single univariate response was significant. The LDA model correctly classified 21 of 21 SNIP patients and 11 of 12 control patients, with a cross‐validation error rate of 6.55%.

Conclusion

This study suggests that SNIP produces a unique, detectable volatile metabolite signature. With further investigation, this can have dramatic clinical implications for diagnosis and monitoring. Although most volatile metabolite studies have investigated solid‐organ malignancy, this novel study addresses a benign sinonasal neoplasm by using nasal secretions and plasma as an analysis medium, representing the first such study.
Occupational complexity and cognition in the FINGER multidomain intervention trial
Authors: Rydström Anders , Darin‐Mattsson Alexander , Kåreholt Ingemar , Ngandu Tiia , Lehtisalo Jenni , Solomon Alina , Antikainen Riitta , Bäckman Lars , Hänninen Tuomo , Laatikainen Tiina , Levälahti Esko , Lindström Jaana , Paajanen Teemu , Havulinna Satu , Peltonen Markku , Sindi Shireen , Soininen Hilkka , Neely Anna Stigsdotter , Strandberg Timo , Tuomilehto Jaakko , Kivipelto Miia , Mangialasche Francesca
Published: February 2022

Introduction

Lifetime exposure to occupational complexity is linked to late‐life cognition, and may affect benefits of preventive interventions.

Methods

In the 2‐year multidomain Finnish Geriatric Intervention Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability (FINGER), we investigated, through post hoc analyses (N = 1026), the association of occupational complexity with cognition. Occupational complexity with data, people, and substantive complexity were classified through the Dictionary of Occupational Titles.

Results

Higher levels of occupational complexity were associated with better baseline cognition. Measures of occupational complexity had no association with intervention effects on cognition, except for occupational complexity with data, which was associated with the degree of intervention‐related gains for executive function.

Discussion

In older adults at increased risk for dementia, higher occupational complexity is associated with better cognition. The cognitive benefit of the FINGER intervention did not vary significantly among participants with different levels of occupational complexity. These exploratory findings require further testing in larger studies.
Progranulin mutations in clinical and neuropathological Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Vardarajan Badri N. , Reyes‐Dumeyer Dolly , Piriz Angel L. , Lantigua Rafael A. , Medrano Martin , Rivera Diones , Jiménez‐Velázquez Ivonne Z. , Martin Eden , Pericak‐Vance Margaret A. , Bush William , Farrer Lindsay , Haines Jonathan L. , Wang Li‐San , Leung Yuk Yee , Schellenberg Gerard , Kukull Walter , De Jager Philip , Bennett David A. , Schneider Julie A. ,   Alzheimer's Disease Sequencing Project, Mayeux Richard
Published: February 2022

Introduction

Progranulin (GRN) mutations occur in frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and in Alzheimer's disease (AD), often with TDP‐43 pathology.

Methods

We determined the frequency of rs5848 and rare, pathogenic GRN mutations in two autopsy and one family cohort. We compared Braak stage, β‐amyloid load, hyperphosphorylated tau (PHFtau) tangle density and TDP‐43 pathology in GRN carriers and non‐carriers.

Results

Pathogenic GRN mutations were more frequent in all cohorts compared to the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD), but there was no evidence for association with AD. Pathogenic GRN carriers had significantly higher PHFtau tangle density adjusting for age, sex and APOE ε4 genotype. AD patients with rs5848 had higher frequencies of hippocampal sclerosis and TDP‐43 deposits. Twenty‐two rare, pathogenic GRN variants were observed in the family cohort.

Discussion

GRN mutations in clinical and neuropathological AD increase the burden of tau‐related brain pathology but show no specific association with β‐amyloid load or AD.
Trans‐seeding of Alzheimer‐related tau protein by a yeast prion
Authors: Flach Martin , Leu Cedric , Martinisi Alfonso , Skachokova Zhiva , Frank Stephan , Tolnay Markus , Stahlberg Henning , Winkler David T.
Published: February 2022

Abnormal tau protein aggregates constitute a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. The mechanisms underlying the initiation of tau aggregation in sporadic neurodegeneration remain unclear. Here we investigate whether a non‐human prion can seed tau aggregation. Due to their structural similarity with tau aggregates, we chose Sup35NM yeast prion domain fibrils for explorative tau seedings. Upon in vitro incubation with tau monomers, Sup35NM fibrils promoted the formation of morphologically distinct tau fibril strains. In vivo, intrahippocampal inoculation of Sup35NM fibrils accentuated tau pathology in P301S tau transgenic mice. Thus, our results provide first in vivo evidence for heterotypic cross‐species seeding of a neurodegenerative human prion‐like protein by a yeast prion. This opens up the conceptual perspective that non‐mammalian prions present in the human microbiome could be involved in the initiation of protein misfolding in neurodegenerative disorders, a mechanism for which we propose the term “trans‐seeding.”
Air quality improvement and incident dementia: Effects of observed and hypothetical reductions in air pollutant using parametric g‐computation
Authors: Letellier Noémie , Gutierrez Laure‐Anne , Duchesne Jeanne , Chen Chen , Ilango Sindana , Helmer Catherine , Berr Claudine , Mortamais Marion , Benmarhnia Tarik
Published: February 2022

Introduction

No evidence exists about the impact of air pollution reduction on incidence of dementia. The aim of this study was to quantify how air quality improvement leads to dementia‐incidence benefits.

Methods

In the French Three‐City cohort (12 years of follow‐up), we used parametric g‐computation to quantify the expected number of prevented dementia cases under different hypothetical interventions with particulate matter measuring <2.5 μm (PM2.5) reductions.

Results

Among 7051 participants, 789 participants developed dementia. The median PM2.5 reduction between 1990 and 2000 was 12.2 (μg/m3). Such a reduction reduced the risk of all‐cause dementia (hazard ratio [HR], 0.85; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.76 to 0.95). If all study participants were enjoying a hypothetical reduction of more than 13.10 μg/m3 (median reduction observed in the city of Montpellier), the rate difference was −0.37 (95% CI, −0.57 to −0.17) and the rate ratio was 0.67 (95% CI, 0.50 to 0.84).

Discussion

These findings highlight the possible substantial benefits of reducing air pollution in the prevention of dementia.
Revealing Layer‐Specific Ultrastructure and Nanomechanics of Fibrillar Collagen in Human Aorta via Atomic Force Microscopy Testing: Implications on Tissue Mechanics at Macroscopic Scale
Authors: Asgari Meisam , Latifi Neda , Giovanniello Francesco , Espinosa Horacio D. , Amabili Marco
Published: February 2022

Soft biological tissues are natural biomaterials with structures that have evolved to perform physiological functions, for example, conferring elasticity while preserving the mechanical integrity of arteries. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the tissue extracellular matrix (ECM) significantly affect cell behavior and organ function. ECM mechanical properties are strongly affected by collagen ultrastructure, and perturbations in collagen networks can cause tissue mechanical failure. It is thus crucial to understand the ultrastructural mechanical properties of soft tissues. Herein, the ultrastructural and nanomechanical properties of arterial tissues are reported. Specifically, maps of aorta tissue stiffness in its three constitutive layers, namely tunica intima, media, and adventitia, are reported. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) with large and ultrasharp tips is used to explore tissue stiffness at two scales. Quasistatic tensile tests are further conducted to understand a potential correspondence between small‐scale mechanical properties obtained via AFM indentation and macroscopic behavior of the tissue at low and large strains. Furthermore, gradients in stiffness across the various layers as well as deformation rate effects are investigated. It is envisioned that the established methodology serves as a tool to investigate the effect of ECM remodeling associated with vascular diseases such as aneurysms and arterial stiffening linked to hypertension.
The Electronic Origin of Far‐Red‐Light‐Driven Oxygenic Photosynthesis
Authors: Sirohiwal Abhishek , Pantazis Dimitrios A.
Published: February 2022

Photosystem‐II uses sunlight to trigger charge separation and catalyze water oxidation. Intrinsic properties of chlorophyll a pigments define a natural “red limit” of photosynthesis at ≈680 nm. Nevertheless, charge separation can be triggered with far‐red photons up to 800 nm, without altering the nature of light‐harvesting pigments. Here we identify the electronic origin of this remarkable phenomenon using quantum chemical and multiscale simulations on a native Photosystem‐II model. We find that the reaction center is preorganized for charge separation in the far‐red region by specific chlorophyll–pheophytin pairs, potentially bypassing the light‐harvesting apparatus. Charge transfer can occur along two distinct pathways with one and the same pheophytin acceptor (PheoD1). The identity of the donor chlorophyll (ChlD1 or PD1) is wavelength‐dependent and conformational dynamics broaden the sampling of the far‐red region by the two charge‐transfer states. The two pathways rationalize spectroscopic observations and underpin designed extensions of the photosynthetically active radiation limit.
Harnessing GLUT1‐Targeted Pro‐oxidant Ascorbate for Synergistic Phototherapeutics
Authors: Koo Seyoung , Lee Min‐Goo , Sharma Amit , Li Mingle , Zhang Xingcai , Pu Kanyi , Chi Sung‐Gil , Kim Jong Seung
Published: February 2022

Despite extensive efforts to realize effective photodynamic therapy (PDT), there is still a lack of therapeutic approaches concisely structured to mitigate the major obstacles of PDT in clinical applications. Herein, we report a molecular strategy exploiting ascorbate chemistry to enhance the efficacy of PDT in cancer cells overexpressing glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1). AA‐EtNBS, a 5‐O‐substituted ascorbate–photosensitizer (PS) conjugate, undergoes a reversible structural conversion of the ascorbate moiety in the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH), thereby promoting its uptake in GLUT1‐overexpressed KM12C colon cancer cells and perturbing tumor redox homeostasis, respectively. Due to the unique pro‐oxidant role of ascorbate in tumor environments, AA‐EtNBS effectively sensitized KM12C cancer cells prior to PS‐mediated generation of superoxide radicals under near‐infrared (NIR) illumination. AA‐EtNBS successfully exhibited GLUT1‐targeted synergistic therapeutic efficacy during PDT both in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, this study outlines a promising strategy employing ascorbate both as a targeting unit for GLUT1‐overexpressed cancer cells and redox homeostasis destruction agent, thereby enhancing therapeutic responses towards anticancer treatment when used in conjunction with conventional PDT.
Reversible Uptake of CO2 by Pincer Ligand Supported Dimetallynes
Authors: Caise Alexa , Griffin Liam P. , McManus Caitilín , Heilmann Andreas , Aldridge Simon
Published: February 2022

We report on the reversible uptake of carbon dioxide by dimetallynes featuring ancillary hemi‐labile pincer ligands. Insertion into the Ge−Ge/Sn−Sn bonds yields species containing an E(CO2)E unit, with the mode of ligation of the CO2 fragment determined crystallographically being found to be dependent on the identity of the Group 14 element. The thermodynamics of CO2 uptake/loss can be established through VT NMR (ΔH°=+24.6(2.3) kJ mol−1, ΔS°=+64.9(3.8) J mol−1 K−1, ΔG°298=+5.3(1.9) kJ mol−1 for the loss of CO2 in the Ge case), and the chemical consequences of reversibility demonstrated by thermodynamically‐controlled exchange reactions.
Single‐Atom Nanozymes for Biomedical Applications: Recent Advances and Challenges
Authors: Tang Minglu , Li Jingqi , Cai Xinda , Sun Tiedong , Chen Chunxia
Published: February 2022

Nanozymes have received extensive attention in the fields of sensing and detection, medical therapy, industry, and agriculture thanks to the combination of the catalytic properties of natural enzymes and the physicochemical properties of nanomaterials, coupled with superior stability and ease of preparation. Despite the promise of nanozymes, conventional nanozymes are constrained by their oversized size and low catalytic capacity in sophisticated practical application environments. single‐atom nanozymes (SAzymes) were characterized as nanozymes with high catalytic efficiency by uniformly distributed single atoms as catalysis sites, thus effectively addressing the defects of conventional nanozymes. This paper reviews the activity improvement scheme and catalytic mechanism of SAzymes and highlights the latest research progress of SAzymes in the fields of biomedical sensing and therapy. Eventually, the challenges and future directions of SAzymes are discussed in this paper.
Approved spectrofluorimetric strategies for assurance of three modern antineoplastic drugs: tepotinib, sotorasib, and darolutamide in their dose forms and biological liquids utilizing mercurochrome
Authors: Salem Hesham , Abdal‐Karim Noha , Omran Bahaa , Abdel‐Gayed Abdel‐Rahman , Atef Mazen , Abdelgaleel Mahmoud
Published: February 2022

An approved, straightforward, fast, and delicate spectrofluorimetric strategy was developed for the estimation of tepotinib (TEPO), sotorasib (SOTO), and darolutamide (DARO) as new antineoplastic drugs. The spectrofluorimetric strategy was based on quantitative fluorescence quenching of MER at 538 nm after being excited at 350 nm by the addition of the cited drugs in the presence of acetate buffer (pH 3.5). The degree of fluorescence quenching was directly proportional to the concentrations of the cited drugs within the concentration range of 0.5–10.0, 0.2–10, and 0.4–10.0 μg ml−1for TEPO, SOTO, and DARO, respectively. Mean ± standard deviation (SD) were calculated for the studied drugs as follows; 99.9 ± 0.87, 99.72 ± 1.08, and 100.21 ± 1.44, for TEPO, SOTO, and DARO, respectively. Limit of detection (LOD) values were 0.16, 0.05, and 0.11 μg ml−1, whereas limit of quantitation (LOQ) values were 0.5, 0.15, and 0.36 μg ml−1for TEPO, SOTO, and DARO, respectively. Statistical comparison through detailed strategies produced greater understanding and found that there were no noteworthy contrasts in exactness and exactness between strategies. The proposed strategy was used effectively to analyze the measurement of different forms of the examined drugs. Moreover, the recommended fluorimetric strategy was used for examination of TEPO, SOTO, and DARO in human plasma and urine tests.
Age‐specific effectiveness of primary human papillomavirus screening versus cytology in a cervical cancer screening program: a nationwide cross‐sectional study
Authors: Bao Heling , Ma Lan , Zhao Yanxia , Song Bo , Di Jiangli , Wang Linhong , Gao Yanqiu , Ren Wenhui , Wang Shi , Wu Jiuling , Wang Hai‐Jun
Published: February 2022

Background

Primary human papillomavirus (HPV) screening is recommended for the detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in the general population; however, the triage for HPV‐positive women remains a challenge. This study aimed to evaluate the age‐specific effectiveness of primary HPV screening versus primary cytology screening for identifying optimal strategies for women of different ages.

Methods

The dataset of the prevalence round screening was derived from the National Cervical Cancer Screening Program in China. Primary cervical screening protocols included cytology only, HPV testing with cytology triage, and HPV testing with HPV‐16/18 genotyping plus cytology triage. The primary outcomes were age‐specific detection rate, colposcopy referral rate and positive predictive value (PPV) for CIN2+. Multivariate Poisson regression was used to evaluate the relative effectiveness of HPV testing and cytology according to age groups. The I2 statistic with a random‐effect model was used to test the heterogeneity in relative effectiveness of HPV testing versus cytology between age groups.

Results

This study included 1,160,981 women. HPV testing with HPV‐16/18 genotyping plus cytology triage significantly increased the CIN2+ detection by 36% (rate ratio [RR]: 1.36, 95% confidential interval [CI] 1.21–1.54) for women aged 35‐44 years and by 34% (RR: 1.34, 95% CI 1.20‐1.51) for women aged 45‐54 years compared with cytology only. HPV testing with cytology triage had similar CIN2+ detection rate compared with cytology only. The PPVs were substantially increased for both HPV testing groups. Among women aged 55‐64 years old, HPV testing with HPV‐16/18 genotyping plus cytology triage increased the colposcopy referral rate by 19% (RR 1.19, 95% CI 1.10‐1.29) compared with cytology only, but did not increase the CIN2+ detection (1.09, 0.91–1.30). The effectiveness of HPV testing with cytology triage did not change in older women. The between‐age‐group heterogeneity in the effectiveness was statistically significant for HPV testing with HPV‐16/18 genotyping plus cytology triage versus cytology only.

Conclusions

Our results suggested that the effectiveness of primary HPV screening with different triage strategies differed among age groups. HPV testing with HPV‐16/18 genotyping plus cytology triage could be used for women aged 35‐54 years to detect more lesions, and HPV testing with cytology triage could balance the CIN2+ detection and the number of colposcopies for women aged 55‐64 years. Longitudinal data including both prevalence and incidence screening rounds are warranted to assess age‐specific triage strategies.
Open‐source terrestrial laser scanner for the virtualization of geometrical entities in AEC classrooms
Authors: Ramonell Carlos , Chacón Rolando
Published: February 2022

This paper depicts a case study that shows an open‐source Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) for use on the virtualization of simple yet precise geometrical entities in AEC classrooms. For bringing this technology to AEC classrooms, an open‐source TLS was developed. The physical model was built using digital fabrication, its connectivity was established using accessible, affordable, open‐source sensors and actuators and its digital representation was developed using generative design tools. All elements together are synchronized in real‐time and the TLS becomes live, digitally twinned, geometry generator. The points that are generated by the TLS are gathered in a 3D virtual space in the form of virtual points. The present digitally twinned vision of laser scanning has thus three identified educational uses: (i) illustration of the measuring principle using open‐source hardware together with mathematics and statistics, (ii) illustration of the generation and visualization of point clouds in real‐time within a CAD environment, and (iii) perhaps with a vaster scope in AEC classrooms, illustration of the usage, analysis and identification of these point clouds. The development of this tool belongs to a vaster project for infusing Construction 4.0 technologies in AEC classrooms under development at the School of Civil Engineering of UPC‐BarcelonaTech. The illustration to students of all these concepts with accessible technological tools is expected to enlarge their vision of more advanced constructional technologies such as cyber‐physical systems for monitoring and surveying as well as digital technologies for reproducing “As‐Built” models.
Understand implications of NLRB's move to categorize certain student‐athletes as employees
Authors: Caldwell Trevor R.
Published: February 2022

The National Labor Relations Board's determination that student‐athletes are employees may result in significant changes in college athletics departments nationwide. On Sept. 29, 2021, Jennifer Abruzzo, General Counsel for the NLRB, issued GC Memorandum 21‐08 announcing that scholarship student‐athletes at private colleges and universities playing football in the Division I Football Bowl Subdivision qualify as employees under the National Labor Relations Act.
High local failure rates despite high margin‐negative resection rates in a cohort of borderline resectable and locally advanced pancreatic cancer patients treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy following multi‐agent chemotherapy
Authors: Hill Colin , Sehgal Shuchi , Fu Wei , Hu Chen , Reddy Abhinav , Thompson Elizabeth , Hacker‐Prietz Amy , Le Dung , De Jesus‐Acosta Ana , Lee Valerie , Zheng Lei , Laheru Daniel A. , Burns William , Weiss Matthew , Wolfgang Christopher , He Jin , Herman Joseph M. , Meyer Jeffrey , Narang Amol
Published: February 2022

Background

Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for patients with borderline resectable and locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma (BRPC/LAPC) remains controversial. Herein, we report on surgical, pathologic, and survival outcomes in BRPC/LAPC patients treated at a high‐volume institution with induction chemotherapy (CTX) followed by 5‐fraction SBRT.

Methods

BRPC/LAPC patients treated between 2016 and 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Surgical and pathological outcomes were descriptively characterized. Overall survival (OS) and progression‐free survival (PFS) were analyzed using Cox proportional hazard regression. Locoregional failure and distant failure were analyzed with Fine–Gray competing risk model.

Results

Of 155 patients, 91 (59%) had LAPC and 64 (41%) had BRPC. Almost all were treated with induction multi‐agent CTX with either FOLFIRINOX (75%) or gemcitabine and nab‐paclitaxel (24%) for a median duration of 4.0 months (1–18 months). All received SBRT to a median dose of 33 Gy. Among 64 BRPC patients, 50 (78%) underwent resection, of whom 48 (96%) achieved margin‐negative (R0) resection. Among 91 LAPC patients, 57 (63%) underwent resection, of whom 50 (88%) achieved R0 resection. Despite the high R0 rate, 33% of patients experienced locoregional failure, which was a component of 44% of all failures. After SBRT, median OS and PFS were 18.7 and 7.7 months, respectively. After SBRT, 1‐ and 2‐year OS probabilities were 70% and 45%, whereas, from diagnosis, they were 93% and 51%.

Conclusions

Although a high proportion of BRPC/LAPC patients treated with induction multi‐agent CTX followed by SBRT successfully achieved R0 resection, locoregional failure remained common, highlighting the need to continue to optimize radiation delivery in this context.
An Engineered Cholesterol Oxidase Catalyses Enantioselective Oxidation of Non‐steroidal Secondary Alcohols
Authors: Heath Rachel S. , Sangster Jack J. , Turner Nicholas J.
Published: February 2022

The enantioselective oxidation of 2° alcohols to ketones is an important reaction in synthetic chemistry, especially if it can be achieved using O2‐driven alcohol oxidases under mild reaction conditions. However to date, oxidation of secondary alcohols using alcohol oxidases has focused on activated benzylic or allylic substrates, with unactivated secondary alcohols showing poor activity. Here we show that cholesterol oxidase (EC 1.1.3.6) could be engineered for activity towards a range of aliphatic, cyclic, acyclic, allylic and benzylic secondary alcohols. Additionally, since the variants demonstrated high (S)‐selectivity, deracemisation reactions were performed in the presence of ammonia borane to obtain enantiopure (R)‐alcohols.
Targeting of MAD2L1 by miR‐515‐5p involves the regulation of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells
Authors: Ding Xiang , Fu Qingyan , Chen Weixing , Chen Linjie , Zeng Qingjun , Zhang Sanjun , He Linfang
Published: February 2022

Although many previous studies have found that the mitotic arrest deficient 2‐like 1 (MAD2L1) protein contributes to the proliferation of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells, but the upstream mechanism of MAD2L1 is still largely elusive. This study aimed to explore the microRNAs (miRNAs) upstream of MAD2L1 to improve our understanding of the mechanism of the MAD2L1 gene in CRC. The upstream target miRNAs (miR‐515‐5p) of MAD2L1 were predicted by the online databases miRWalk, miRDIP, and TargetScan. Quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR) was used to detect the expression level of miR‐515‐5p in human CRC tissues. The targeting relationship between miR‐515‐5p and MAD2L1 was tested by dual luciferase reporter gene assays. The effects of miR‐515‐5p on the biological behaviors of CRC cells by regulating MAD2L1 expression were verified by qRT‐PCR, western blot, Cell Counting Kit‐8, and flow cytometry. The results showed that miR‐515‐5p was a highly reliable upstream miRNA of the MAD2L1 gene. As an upstream target miRNA of MAD2L1, miR‐515‐5p was lowly expression in CRC tissues. The overexpression of miR‐515‐5p could inhibit the proliferation of CRC cells and induce cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase leading to cell apoptosis. However, MAD2L1 gene overexpression could reverse the effects of miR‐515‐5p overexpression on the biological behaviors of CRC cells above. This study illustrated that miR‐515‐5p can inhibit proliferation and induce G1 phase arrest leading to apoptosis in CRC cells. The mechanism underlying this phenomenon may be related to the negative targeted regulation of MAD2L1.
Obstructive fibrinous tracheal pseudomembrane: Sudden child death following laser removal of papillomata
Authors: Rhame Caroline , Verster Janette , Dempers Johan , Goussard Pierre
Published: February 2022

Obstructive fibrinous tracheal pseudomembrane (OFTP) is a rare complication usually following endotracheal intubation, occurring when a collection of inflammatory exudate coalesces at the site of damaged epithelium within the trachea and along the tracheal mucosa, creating a luminal narrowing and subsequent airway obstruction.
Digitization in Catalysis Research: Towards a Holistic Description of a Ni/Al2O3 Reference Catalyst for CO2 Methanation
Authors: Weber Sebastian , Zimmermann Ronny T. , Bremer Jens , Abel Ken L. , Poppitz David , Prinz Nils , Ilsemann Jan , Wendholt Sven , Yang Qingxin , Pashminehazar Reihaneh , Monaco Federico , Cloetens Peter , Huang Xiaohui , Kübel Christian , Kondratenko Evgenii , Bauer Matthias , Bäumer Marcus , Zobel Mirijam , Gläser Roger , Sundmacher Kai , Sheppard Thomas L.
Published: February 2022

There is considerable motivation in the catalysis community and chemical industry to envision a future where rational catalyst design and targeted chemical process optimization become standard. Achieving this goal for heterogeneous catalysis requires a cultural shift centered around effective research data management. The core elements of modern catalysis research are synthesis, characterization, and testing, while all can be elevated by effective collection, correlation, interoperation, and exploitation of data between disciplines and stakeholders. Here, first steps are made towards a holistic picture of an industrial Ni/Al2O3 reference catalyst for CO2 methanation. A range of conventional and advanced characterization tools are applied to probe metal particle size and pore characteristics of the support, selected as crucial parameters for catalyst performance. Challenges are shown with respect to current reporting of characterization data and metadata, which ultimately influences the development and reliability of digital twins in catalysis research. Furthermore, the cooperation and combined expertise of diverse research groups from different fields is recognized as essential to deliver meaningful progress towards the digital future of catalysis research.
Effects of drip irrigation and cultivation methods on establishment of seeded tall fescue
Authors: Bach Alex P. , Bremer Dale J. , Lavis Cathie C. , Keeley Steven J.
Published: February 2022

Subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) may save water but its effectiveness in establishing seeded turfgrass across different soil types and climates requires further investigation. This study was conducted in fine‐textured soils near Manhattan, KS. Our objectives were to investigate establishment of seeded tall fescue [Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort.] using: (a) SDI, aboveground drip irrigation (AGD), and overhead sprinkler irrigation (OH); and (b) core aeration vs. verticutting for seedbed preparation. Irrigation was applied daily at 150% reference evapotranspiration (ETo) as follows: OH, three times (3×) daily at 50% ETo per irrigation; AGD, 3× daily at 50% ETo per irrigation; SDI, one time (1×), two times (2×), and 3× daily at 150, 75, and 50% ETo per irrigation, respectively. Additional frequencies/amounts were included with SDI because it was unknown how soil hydraulic conductivity would affect uniformity of surface wetting and seed germination. Establishment was evaluated with green cover (GC), visual turfgrass quality (TQ), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Establishment was faster with SDI than AGD or OH, and similar between AGD and OH. By the end of the 1st month after seeding, GC and NDVI were up to 25 and 15% greater, respectively, in SDI than AGD and OH. In SDI, establishment was fastest when water was applied 2× vs. 3× or 1× d–1. Cultivation effects were negligible, indicating seedbed preparation with either method is appropriate as long as depths of cultivation and driplines are considered to avoid SDI damage. Results indicate seeded tall fescue turfgrass can be established with SDI in fine‐textured soils in a transition zone climate.
Cationic Iridium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Decarbonylative Aryl Addition of Aromatic Aldehydes to Bicyclic Alkenes
Authors: Nonami Reina , Morimoto Yusei , Kanemoto Kazuya , Yamamoto Yasunori , Shirai Tomohiko
Published: February 2022

Invited for the cover of this issue are Tomohiko Shirai and co‐workers at the National Institute of Technology Kochi College and their collaborators at Chuo and Hokkaido Universities. The image depicts how asymmetric decarbonylative C−C bond formation by the Ir/S‐Me‐BIPAM complex takes precedence over aldehyde decarbonylation. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.202104347.
Characteristics of Bacterial and Archaeal Communities in Microbial‐Enhanced Constructed Wetlands under NaCl Stress
Authors: Wang Qian , Liu Wenxiao , Yuan Xunchao , Wang Ruifei , Liu Luxing , Li Huiyu , Zhao Congcong , Kong Qiang
Published: February 2022

High salt concentrations can restrict or inhibit microorganism activity, which can detrimentally influence pollutant degradation. In this study, intertidal wetland sediments (IWS) are introduced into constructed wetlands (CWs) as sources of microorganisms. The richness and evenness of bacterial and archaeal microbial communities in the presence of 150 × 10−3 m NaCl are evaluated by high‐throughput sequencing. The distinction of dominant functional microorganisms in CWs with and without IWS is also analyzed. Anaerolineales and thermomicrobia are the dominant microorganisms in IWS–CWs in the saline condition and are related to methane production. The abundance of Alphaproteobacteria, Myxococcales, and Xanthomonadales, related to dehydrogenation, is relatively high in IWS–CWs. The addition of IWS induces further production of Anaerolineaceae and Geobacteraceae, which is positively correlated with the phosphorus‐accumulating and sulfate‐reducing stages. The dominant archaea phyla in IWS–CWs in the saline condition are Thaumarchaeota (87.5%) and Euryarchaeota (12.2%), which are involved in ammonia‐oxidizing and methane‐producing processes, respectively. These functional microbial communities are beneficial to the degradation and transformation of pollutants in the CWs. Thus, IWS with various halophilic and pollutant‐degrading microorganisms can be considered effective microbial sources to enhance the pollutant removal abilities of CWs.
Biodiesel Production from Bioremediation of Palm Oil Mill Effluent via Oleaginous Fungi
Authors: Athoillah Ahdyat Zain , Ahmad Farah B.
Published: February 2022

Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is a by‐product of palm oil production. POME can be considered as harmful waste without any treatment. POME, however, has the potential to be a source of low‐cost carbon for lipid production. This study aims to isolate potential oleaginous fungi from POME and to evaluate the ability of lipid production capacity of the purified isolates and commercial oleaginous fungi strains (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae and Rhizopus spp.) from POME. POME is converted into lipid via the metabolic pathway of oleaginous fungi, where the lipids can be further trans‐esterified into microbial biodiesel. In this study, two fungal strains are successfully isolated from POME. The combination of Bligh and Dyer with Soxhlet extraction results in better lipid extraction efficiency. A. niger has the highest lipid yield from the cultivation on POME. The projected fuel properties of microbial biodiesel from A. niger are within the limits of Biodiesel Standard. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal from POME using A. niger is proven to be effective with 70% COD removal. The production of biodiesel from wastes of the palm oil industry may improve the industry's sustainability through the use of nonfood feedstock coupled with simultaneous bioremediation of POME.
Spatial distribution of beta‐klotho mRNA in the mouse hypothalamus, hippocampal region, subiculum, and amygdala
Authors: Bono Bianca S. , Koziel Ly Nikita K. , Miller Persephone A. , Williams‐Ikhenoba Jesukhogie , Dumiaty Yasmina , Chee Melissa J.
Published: February 2022

Beta‐klotho (KLB) is a coreceptor required for endocrine fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 15/19 and FGF21 signaling in the brain. Klb is prominent within the hypothalamus, which is consistent with its metabolic functions, but diverse roles for Klb are now emerging. Central Klb expression is low but discrete and may govern FGF‐targeted sites. However, given its low expression, it is unclear if Klb mRNA is more widespread. We performed in situ hybridization to label Klb mRNA to generate spatial maps capturing the distribution and levels of Klb within the mouse hypothalamus, hippocampal region, subiculum, and amygdala. Semiquantitative analysis revealed that Klb‐labeled cells may express low, medium, or high levels of Klb mRNA. Hypothalamic Klb hybridization was heterogeneous and varied rostrocaudally within the same region. Most Klb‐labeled cells were found in the lateral hypothalamic zone, but the periventricular hypothalamic region, including the suprachiasmatic nucleus, contained the greatest proportion of cells expressing medium or high Klb levels. We also found heterogeneous Klb hybridization in the amygdala and subiculum, where Klb was especially distinct within the central amygdalar nucleus and ventral subiculum, respectively. By contrast, Klb‐labeled cells in the hippocampal region only expressed low levels of Klb and were typically found in the pyramidal layer of Ammon's horn or dentate gyrus. The Klb‐labeled regions identified in this study are consistent with reported roles of Klb in metabolism, taste preference, and neuroprotection. However, additional identified sites, including within the hypothalamus and amygdala, may suggest novel roles for FGF15/19 or FGF21 signaling.
Sensorless voltage balancing method for modular multilevel converter
Authors: Gobburi Hari Babu , Borghate Vijay B. , Meshram Prafullachandra M.
Published: February 2022

Modular multilevel converters (MMCs) have become prominent for high and medium power applications. The phase‐disposition pulse width modulation (PDPWM) technique is a carrier‐based method that generates good quality output. However, it has the inherent problem of uneven power distribution. Conventionally, this is solved by expensive voltage and current measurements. In this paper, a capacitor voltage balancing method is presented for MMC, which eliminates the need for voltage and current sensors. It also ensures uniform power distribution among the submodules (SMs). In addition, it needs only one carrier per phase, and one PWM reference, for either upper arm or lower arm to produceN + 1 level withNSMs per arm. The capacitor voltage balancing method is analyzed mathematically and verified for the MMC with two‐level half‐bridge SMs. The same method is also extended to the MMC with three‐level flying capacitor SMs. MATLAB/SIMULINK simulations and experimental results on a laboratory prototype are presented to verify the theoretical concepts.
Neurodegeneration from the AT(N) framework is different among Mexican Americans compared to non‐Hispanic Whites: A Health & Aging Brain among Latino Elders (HABLE) Study
Authors: O'Bryant Sid E. , Zhang Fan , Petersen Melissa , Hall James , Johnson Leigh A. , Yaffe Kristine , Braskie Meredith , Rissman Robert A. , Vig Rocky , Toga Arthur W. ,   for the HABLE Study Team
Published: February 2022

Introduction

We sought to examine a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐based marker of neurodegeneration from the AT(N) (amyloid/tau/neurodegeneration) framework among a multi‐ethnic, community‐dwelling cohort.

Methods

Community‐dwelling Mexican Americans and non‐Hispanic White adults and elders were recruited. All participants underwent comprehensive assessments including an interview, functional exam, clinical labs, informant interview, neuropsychological testing and 3T MRI of the brain. A neurodegeneration MRI meta‐region of interest (ROI) biomarker for the AT(N) framework was calculated.

Results

Data were examined from n = 1305 participants. Mexican Americans experienced N at significantly younger ages. The N biomarker was significantly associated with cognitive outcomes. N was significantly impacted by cardiovascular factors (e.g., total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein) among non‐Hispanic Whites whereas diabetes (glucose, HbA1c, duration of diabetes) and sociocultural (household income, acculturation) factors were strongly associated with N among Mexican Americans.

Discussion

The prevalence, progression, timing, and sequence of the AT(N) biomarkers must be examined across diverse populations.