bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Critical Assessment of the Time‐to‐Detection Method for Accurate Estimation of Microbial Growth Parameters
Authors: Baka Maria , Noriega Estefanía , Stamati Ioanna , Logist Filip , Van Impe Jan F.M.
Published: December 2014

The time‐to‐detection (TTD) method is a rapid and high throughput approach for the estimation of microbial growth parameters (maximum specific growth rate μmax and lag phase duration λ), which relies on optical density (OD) measurements. The performance of this method depends on several factors that are often selected in an arbitrary way. In this work, a sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the effect of several key factors on the resulting output data of this method with Listeria monocytogenes. The factors showing higher influence on the results include (1) the calibration curve relating viable plate counts and OD data; (2) the approach to estimate TTD values; (3) the detection limit of OD measurements; and (4) the range of the initial cell concentrations considered (Ni). In general, lag phase (λ) estimates were more sensitive than maximum specific growth rate (μmax) estimates. The approach to estimate TTD values and the OD detection limit was the most influential factors for the μmax and λ estimation. This work has illustrated that, despite all the advantages of the TTD method, there are crucial steps in experimental design and data processing that significantly influence its output in terms of lag phase duration and maximum specific growth rate.

Practical Applications

This study contributes to understanding which are the most influential factors on the output of time‐to‐detection (TTD) method. These factors can be considered throughout different steps of the method, experimental design, data processing and growth parameter estimation. Guidelines are provided about how the selection of the factors assessed should be made and which variables – i.e., research scope, materials and equipment available for experimental and analytical steps – should be considered. In addition, some limitations of the method regarding the range and quality of the experimental data when implementing an automated global fitting are described. Overall, the performance of the TTD method and the accuracy of microbial growth parameters estimation will be improved.
Antimicrobial Activity, Antibiotic Resistance and the Safety of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Raw Milk Valtellina Casera Cheese
Authors: Morandi S. , Silvetti T. , Miranda Lopez J.M. , Brasca M.
Published: December 2014

The study involved 75 autochthonous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) obtained from Valtellina Casera Protected Designation of Origin cheese and provides data on their antibiotic resistance (AR), antimicrobial activity and safety aspects. High biodiversity was revealed, assigning the isolates to 16 species. In the curd Streptococcus thermophilus was predominant, while Enterococcus and the Lactobacillus casei group prevailed in ripened cheese. One Lactobacillus rhamnosus was resistant to penicillin G. The presence of 19 tetracycline‐resistant strains indicates that tetracycline resistance is emerging in dairy sources. Seven Enterococcus faecalis, one Lactococcus garvieae and one Lactoc. lactis subsp. lactis showed the presence of the int gene that is responsible for the transfer of tetracycline resistance. Six En. faecalis inhibited Listeria monocytogenes and closely related LAB, and four of these harbored the entAS48 gene. Genes associated with virulence factors were detected in En. faecalis but not in En. faecium. A low spread of AR in wild LAB and a low occurrence of safety hazards in enterococci strains were highlighted.

Practical Application

In recent years, raw milk cheese have received increasing attention for their microbial biodiversity and as a source of food bio‐preservatives, but they could also provide a vehicle for antibiotic resistance. The results of this study showed that wild microbiota of Valtellina Casera cheese is characterized by an important activity inhibiting growth of Listeria monocytogenes. These probably actively contribute to ensure the safety and quality of this cheese. The presence of tetracycline resistance among En. faecalis and Str. thermophilus may indicate that this resistance is emergent in dairy sources, a point that needs further investigation. En. faecium from artisanal Valtellina Casera cheese did not show antibiotic resistance and did not harbor any of the virulence genes associated to the hospital‐associated clade according to European Food Safety Authority.
GA‐ANN and ANFIS Models and Salmonella Enteritidis Inactivation by Ultrasound
Authors: Soleimanzadeh Bahman , Hemati Leila , Yolmeh Mahmoud , Salehi Fakhreddin
Published: December 2014

In this study, adaptive neuro‐fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and genetic algorithm–artificial neural network (GA‐ANN) models were used to predict inactivation of Salmonella enteritidis by ultrasound. The effect of amplitude levels, duty cycles and irradiation time of ultrasound on inactivation of S. enteritidis was investigated. The inactivation rate of S. enteritidis was increased by intensifying the amplitude levels and the best inactivation was achieved at 37.5 μm amplitude that S. enteritidis population was reduced to 1.67 cfu/mL. The high inactivation rate of S. enteritidis was achieved under duty cycle of 0.7:0.3, with reduction of population to 1.02 cfu/mL. The overall agreement between ANFIS predictions and experimental data was also very good (R2 = 0.974). The developed GA‐ANN, which included 12 hidden neurons, could predict S. enteritidis population with low mean squared error, normalized mean squared error and mean absolute error equal to 0.083, 0.023 and 0.200, respectively. The results indicated that both GA‐ANN and ANFIS models could give good prediction for the population of S. enteritidis. Sensitivity analysis results showed that ultrasound time was the most sensitive factor for the prediction of S. enteritidis population.

Practical Applications

Microbial inactivation by thermal treatment does damage to the organoleptic properties of foods. However, using ultrasound (US) for microbial inactivation minimizes this change. Generally, the advantages of US over thermal treatment are minimal flavor loss, significant energy saving and greater homogeneity.
Gestational diabetes mellitus: Confusion among medical doctors caused by multiple international criteria
Authors: Agarwal Mukesh M. , Shah Syed M. , Al Kaabi Juma , Saquib Shabnam , Othman Yusra
Published: December 2014

Aim

The aim of this study was to appraise the current regional practices of screening, diagnosis and follow‐up of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) because the approach to GDM is frequently inconsistent.

Material and Methods

A 21‐item questionnaire was distributed to physicians taking care of pregnant women in seven hospitals in the United Arab Emirates and one hospital in Oman. Besides assessing their attitudes towards testing for GDM, the questionnaire assessed familiarity with the Hyperglycemia and Pregnancy Outcome study and the International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Groups GDM guidelines.

Results

One hundred and forty‐eight (93%) of the 159 questionnaires distributed to the medical doctors (106 [72%] obstetricians and 42 [28%] internists) were returned. For GDM screening, six hospitals used five different tests; two hospitals utilized one single test. For GDM diagnosis, six hospitals employed the 2‐h, 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (four different criteria) while two hospitals used the 3‐h, 100‐g OGTT (single criteria). For post‐delivery follow‐up, the 2‐h, 75‐g OGTT and fasting plasma glucose were accepted by 103 (70%) and 38 (26%) of the 148 medical doctors, respectively. Ninety‐eight (69%) of 143 responding physicians were aware of the Hyperglycemia and Pregnancy Outcome study, while 85 (61%) of 140 responders were familiar with the guidelines of the International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Groups; this knowledge was independent of specialty, seniority, academia, years in practice or country trained.

Conclusions

Although this study is parochial, its implications are global; that is, further education of caregivers would make the discordant approach to GDM (within and between hospitals) more harmonious and improve the obstetric care of pregnant women.
Selection and concentration of obstetric facilities in Japan: Longitudinal study based on national census data
Authors: Matsumoto Masatoshi , Koike Soichi , Matsubara Shigeki , Kashima Saori , Ide Hiroo , Yasunaga Hideo
Published: December 2014

Aim

A shortage of obstetricians with increased workload is a social problem in Japan. In response, the government and professional bodies have accelerated the ‘selection and concentration’ of obstetric facilities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the recent trend of selection and concentration.

Methods

We used data on the number of deliveries and of obstetricians in each hospital and clinic in Japan, according to the Static Survey of Medical Institutions in 2005, 2008 and 2011. To evaluate the inter‐facility equality of distribution of the number of deliveries, number of obstetricians and number of deliveries per obstetrician, Gini coefficients were calculated.

Results

The number of obstetric hospitals decreased by 20% and the number of deliveries per hospital increased by 26% between 2005 and 2011. Hospital obstetricians increased by 16% and the average number of obstetricians per hospital increased by 19% between 2008 and 2011. Gini coefficient of deliveries has significantly decreased. In contrast, Gini coefficient of deliveries per obstetrician has significantly increased. The degree of increase in obstetricians and of decrease in deliveries per obstetrician was largest at the hospitals with the highest proportion of cesarean sections. The proportion of obstetric hospitals with the optimal volume of deliveries and obstetricians, as defined by Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology, was 4% in 2008, and it had doubled to 8.1% 3 years later.

Conclusion

The selection and concentration of obstetric facilities is progressing rapidly and effectively in Japan.
Length polymorphism in the Period 3 gene is associated with sleepiness and maladaptive circadian phase in night‐shift workers
Authors: Drake Christopher L. , Belcher Ren , Howard Ryan , Roth Thomas , Levin Albert M. , Gumenyuk Valentina
Published: December 2014

The objective of the current study was to determine if night‐shift workers carrying the five‐repeat variant of the Period 3 gene show elevated levels of nocturnal sleepiness and earlier circadian phase compared with homozygotes for the four‐repeat allele. Twenty‐four permanent night‐shift workers were randomly selected from a larger study. Participants took part in an observational laboratory protocol including an overnight multiple sleep latency test and half‐hourly saliva collection for calculation of dim‐light melatonin onset. Period 3–/5 shift workers had significantly lower multiple sleep latency test during overnight work hours compared with Period 34/4 workers (3.52 ± 23.44 min versus 10.39 ± 6.41 min, P = 0.003). We observed no significant difference in sleepiness during early morning hours following acute sleep deprivation. Long‐allele carriers indicated significantly higher sleepiness on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale administered at 17:00 hours (12.08 ± 2.55 versus 8.00 ± 1.94, P < 0.001). We observed a significantly earlier melatonin onset in Period 3–/5 individuals compared with Period 34/4 shift workers (20:44 ± 6:37 versus 02:46 ± 4:58, P = 0.021). Regression analysis suggests that Period 3 genotype independently predicts sleepiness even after controlling for variations in circadian phase, but we were unable to link Period 3 to circadian phase when controlling for sleepiness. Period 3–/5 shift workers showed both subjective and objective sleepiness in the pathological range, while their Period 34/4 counterparts showed sleepiness within normal limits. Period 3–/5 night workers also show a mean circadian phase 6 h earlier (i.e. less adapted) than Period 34/4 workers. Because Period 3–/5 workers have maladaptive circadian phase as well as pathological levels of sleepiness, they may be at greater risk for occupational and automotive accidents. We interpret these findings as a call for future research on the role of Period 3 in sleepiness and circadian phase, especially as they relate to night work.
Stability of the gorilla microbiome despite simian immunodeficiency virus infection
Authors: Moeller Andrew H. , Peeters Martine , Ayouba Ahidjo , Ngole Eitel Mpoudi , Esteban Amadine , Hahn Beatrice H. , Ochman Howard
Published: December 2014

Simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) have been discovered in over 45 primate species; however, the pathogenic potential of most SIV strains remains unknown due to difficulties inherent in observing wild populations. Because those SIV infections that are pathogenic have been shown to induce changes in the host's gut microbiome, monitoring the microbiota present in faecal samples can provide a noninvasive means for studying the effects of SIV infection on the health of wild‐living primates. Here, we examine the effects of SIVgor, a close relative of SIVcpz of chimpanzees and HIV‐1 of humans, on the gut bacterial communities residing within wild gorillas, revealing that gorilla gut microbiomes are exceptionally robust to SIV infection. In contrast to the microbiomes of HIV‐1‐infected humans and SIVcpz‐infected chimpanzees, SIVgor‐infected gorilla microbiomes exhibit neither rises in the frequencies of opportunistic pathogens nor elevated rates of microbial turnover within individual hosts. Regardless of SIV infection status, gorilla microbiomes assort into enterotypes, one of which is compositionally analogous to those identified in humans and chimpanzees. The other gorilla enterotype appears specialized for a leaf‐based diet and is enriched in environmentally derived bacterial genera. We hypothesize that the acquisition of this gorilla‐specific enterotype was enabled by lowered immune system control over the composition of the microbiome. Our results indicate differences between the pathology of SIVgor and SIVcpz/HIV‐1 infections, demonstrating the utility of investigating host microbial ecology as a means for studying disease in wild primates of high conservation priority.
Emerging treatments in Neurogastroenterology: relamorelin: a novel gastrocolokinetic synthetic ghrelin agonist
Authors: Camilleri M. , Acosta A.
Published: December 2014

Background

Synthetic ghrelin agonists, predominantly small molecules, are being developed as prokinetic agents that may prove useful in the treatment of gastrointestinal motility disorders. Relamorelin (RM‐131) is a pentapeptide synthetic ghrelin analog that activates the growth hormone secretagogue (GHS)‐1a (also called the ghrelin) receptor with approximately sixfold greater potency than natural ghrelin. The ability of relamorelin to stimulate growth hormone (GH) release is comparable to that of native ghrelin. Relamorelin has enhanced efficacy and plasma stability compared to native ghrelin.

Purpose

In this review, we discuss the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and potential indications for relamorelin. Relamorelin is administered subcutaneously, dosed daily or twice daily. Relamorelin is being studied for the treatment of patients with gastrointestinal motility disorders. Phase IIA pharmacodynamic studies have demonstrated acceleration of gastric emptying in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 DM (T2DM) and upper gastrointestinal symptoms. In a phase IIA study in patients with diabetic gastroparesis, relamorelin accelerated gastric emptying and significantly improved vomiting frequency compared to placebo and improved other symptoms of gastroparesis in a prespecified subgroup of patients with vomiting at baseline. In patients with chronic idiopathic constipation with defined transit profile at baseline, relamorelin relieved constipation and accelerated colonic transit compared to placebo. These characteristics suggest that this new ghrelin analog shows great promise to relieve patients with upper or lower gastrointestinal motility disorders.
Normative values in esophageal high‐resolution manometry
Authors: Herregods T. V. K. , Roman S. , Kahrilas P. J. , Smout A. J. P. M. , Bredenoord A. J.
Published: December 2014

Background

Esophageal high‐resolution manometry (HRM) has rapidly gained much popularity worldwide. The Chicago Classification for esophageal motility disorders is based on a set of normative values for key metrics that was obtained using one of the commercially available HRM systems. Thus, it is of great importance to evaluate whether these normative values can be used for other HRM systems as well.

Purpose

In this review, we describe the presently available HRM systems, the currently known normative thresholds and the factors that influence them, and assess the use of these thresholds. Numerous factors including the type of HRM system, demographic factors, catheter diameter, body position during testing, consistency of bolus swallows, and esophageal length have an influence on the normative data. It would thus be ideal to have different sets of normal values for each of these factors, yet at the moment the amount of normative data is limited. We suggest broadening the normal range for parameters, as this would allow abnormal values to be of more significance. In addition, we suggest conducting studies to assess the physiological relevance of abnormal values and stress that for each system different normative thresholds may apply.
The Low‐Pay No‐Pay Cycle: Are There Systematic Differences across Demographic Groups?
Authors: Fok Yin King , Scutella Rosanna , Wilkins Roger
Published: December 2014

We investigate transitions between unemployment, low‐paid employment and higher‐paid employment using dynamic panel data methods applied to household panel data. We find state dependence in both unemployment and low‐paid employment and evidence of a low‐pay no‐pay cycle. However, we also find significant differences in effects across population subgroups. Typically, the young and better‐educated face lower penalties from unemployment and low‐paid employment. Further, low‐paid employment is preferable to unemployment for women regardless of their demographic characteristics, but for men who have only completed secondary schooling, low‐paid employment actually decreases the chances of entering higher‐paid employment by more than does unemployment.
Treating Class II malocclusion in children. Vertical skeletal effects of high‐pull or low‐pull headgear during comprehensive orthodontic treatment and retention
Authors: Antonarakis G. S. , Kiliaridis S.
Published: December 2014

Structured Abstract

Objectives

To evaluate, in Class II malocclusion children, vertical skeletal changes occurring with high‐ and low‐pull headgear during non‐extraction comprehensive orthodontic treatment, and retention.

Setting and sample population

Two groups of thirty Class II malocclusion children (mean age 10.8 years) who had undergone non‐extraction comprehensive orthodontic treatment with either high‐ or low‐pull headgear and fixed appliances.

Material and Methods

Retrospective longitudinal study, where pre‐treatment, post‐treatment and at least 2 year post‐retention lateral cephalometric radiographs were analyzed. Comparisons were made concerning changes during treatment and retention in high‐ or low‐pull headgear‐treated children. Correlation analyses were carried out investigating changes in vertical cephalometric parameters and pre‐treatment vertical facial pattern or type of headgear used.

Results

During treatment, sagittal relationships improved in all children and remained stable during retention. Vertically, in both high‐ and low‐pull headgear groups, the intermaxillary angle as well as the maxillary and mandibular plane angles did not show statistically significant changes during treatment or retention, and large variation was seen between patients. When pooling the whole patient sample, change in the vertical facial pattern was independent of the pre‐treatment vertical facial pattern or type of headgear used.

Conclusion

When treating Class II malocclusion children non‐extraction with high‐ or low‐pull headgear and fixed appliances, changes in vertical skeletal relationships demonstrate wide variation, both during treatment and retention. Dentoalveolar changes brought about by these appliancesmay not be able to make a predictable difference in vertical skeletal patterns of growing patients.
Quantitative corneal anatomy: evaluation of the effect of diabetes duration on the endothelial cell density and corneal thickness
Authors: Calvo‐Maroto Ana M. , Cerviño Alejandro , Perez‐Cambrodí Rafael J. , García‐Lázaro Santiago , Sanchis‐Gimeno Juan A.
Published: December 2014

Purpose

To evaluate the differences in endothelial cell density (ECD) and central corneal thickness (CCT) between type II diabetic patients and age‐matched healthy controls, and determine the impact of time from diagnosis.

Methods

This is a comparative study of 77 eyes of type II diabetic patients (33 males, 44 females) and 80 eyes of healthy subjects (42 males, and 38 females) whose ages ranged from 38 to 56 years. CCT, ECD, HbA1c levels, and Goldmann tonometry were measured.

Results

The CCT was significantly higher and the ECD significantly lower in long‐term diabetic patients (10 years + since diagnosis) when compared with short‐term diabetic patients (<1 year since diagnosis) and controls (both p < 0.001). No significant differences in CCT (p = 0.30) and ECD (p = 0.31) were found between control groups. Multivariate analysis of variance indicated that there was a significant effect of the diabetes duration in CCT and ECD. In diabetic patients, a two‐way analysis of variance showed that CCT was significantly different for a 7.5% HbA1c cut‐off value, and ECD for both 7.0% and 7.5% HbA1c cut‐off values.

Conclusion

Type II diabetes causes a significant alteration in corneal structure and function in the long term. Our study seems to confirm the effect of diabetes duration and poor glycaemic control on CCT and ECD changes.
‘Pure Time Preference’: Reply to Lowry and Peterson
Authors: Johansson Jens , Rosenqvist Simon
Published: December 2014

A pure time preference is a preference for something to occur at one point in time rather than another, merely because of when it occurs in time. Such preferences are widely regarded as paradigm examples of irrational preferences. However, Rosemary Lowry and Martin Peterson have recently argued that, for instance, a pure time preference to go to the opera tonight rather than next month may be rationally permissible, even if the amounts of intrinsic value realized in both cases are identical. In this reply, we argue that Lowry and Peterson's argument is unsuccessful.
Identification and mapping of a novel Turnip mosaic virus resistance gene TuRBCS01 in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L.)
Authors: Li Qiaoyun , Zhang Xiaoliang , Zeng Qiang , Zhang Zhigang , Liu Shuantao , Pei Yuhe , Wang Shufen , Liu Xianxian , Xu Wenling , Fu Weimin , Zhao Zhizhong , Song Xiyun
Published: December 2014

We aimed to identify Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) resistance genes in Chinese cabbage by analysing the TuMV resistance of 43 P1 (resistant), 88 P2 (susceptible), 26 F1, 104 B1 (F1 × P1), 108 B2 (F1 × P2) and 509 F2 individuals. All parents and progeny populations were mechanically inoculated with TuMV‐C4. Both F1 and B1 populations showed TuMV resistance. Resistant: susceptible ratios in the B2 and F2 populations were 1 : 1 and 3 : 1, respectively. TuMV resistance in P1 was controlled by a dominant gene, TuRBCS01. Bulked segregation analysis was performed to identify simple sequence repeat or insertion or deletion markers linked to TuRBCS01. Data from 108 B2 individuals with resistant or susceptible phenotypes were analysed using mapmaker/exp 3.0. Polymorphic marker sequences were blast searched on http://brassicadb.org/brad/. TuRBCS01 was found to be linked to eight markers: SAAS_mDN192117a_159 (3.3 cM), SAAS_mDN192117b_196 (4.0 cM), SAAS_mDN192403_148 (13.0 cM), SAAS_mGT084561_233 (6.8 cM), BrID10723 (3.3 cM), mBr4041 (3.3 cM), SAAS_mBr4055_194 (2.6 cM) and mBr4068 (4.0 cM). Further, TuRBCS01 was mapped to a 1.98‐Mb region on chromosome A04 between markers BrID10723 and SAAS_mBr4055_194.
A New Variant of Connective Tissue Nevus with Elastorrhexis and Predilection for the Upper Chest
Authors: Chu Derek H. , Goldbach Hayley , Wanat Karolyn A. , Rubin Adam I. , Yan Albert C. , Treat James R.
Published: December 2014

Localized changes in cutaneous elastic tissue often manifest with flesh‐colored, hypopigmented, or yellow papules, plaques, and nodules. We present five children with clinically similar cobblestone plaques composed of multiple hypopigmented, nonfollicular, pinpoint papules located unilaterally over the upper chest. All lesions first appeared at birth or during early infancy. No associated extracutaneous abnormalities have been identified. Histopathology was remarkable for many, thick elastic fibers with elastorrhexis. We believe that these cases represent a distinct and unique variant of connective tissue nevi.
Distribution and population dynamics of cryptomonads in aChinese lake with three basins varying in their trophic state
Authors: Xia Shuang , Cheng Yingyin , Zhu Huan , Liu Guoxiang , Hu Zhengyu
Published: December 2014

Cryptomonads are unicellular algae that are important primary producers in various aquatic ecosystems. However, their ecological importance was often neglected owing to their brittleness. Their population in freshwater was thought to be regulated mainly by grazing pressure, and the effects of lake trophy were less important. In this study, the cryptomonad species in three basins ofLakeDonghu, a shallow lake inChina were identified, and their distribution, seasonal dynamics, and relationships with several environmental factors were investigated. Eight cryptomonads were identified at species level by morphological examination; species belonging to the generaKommaandCryptomonaswere most common. Cryptomonads displayed inconsistent distribution and population dynamics among the three basins of different trophic status. They were the dominant species in the eutrophic basin, while their proportion was lower in the hypertrophic basin and in the mesotrophic basin. The biomass of cryptomonads was highest in the hypertrophic region. As a whole, cryptomonads kept low biomass during winter, while rapid waxing and waning of their population was observed in the other seasons. Cryptomonads species exhibit distinct seasonal trends. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed water temperature and dissolved total nitrogen were the most important factors that affected the composition of the cryptomonads community. Spearman correlation analysis demonstrated that the biomass of cryptomonads was positively correlated withpHvalue, dissolved total nitrogen and dissolved organic carbon. In conclusion, lake trophy is a crucial factor affecting the total cryptomonads population.
The Politics of Local Government Stabilization Funds
Authors: Snow Douglas , Gianakis Gerasimos A. , Haughton Jonathan
Published: December 2014

The adoption, maintenance, and prudent use of budgetary stabilization funds are fundamental financial management precepts, yet the variables that influence the size of these funds are poorly understood. This article contributes to the stabilization fund literature by examining the extent to which variation in stabilization fund balances across municipalities and over time can be explained by a community's political culture and financial management capacity. The balanced panel research design includes archival data for 239 Massachusetts municipalities for each of 18 fiscal years. Stabilization fund balances are lower in communities with either an anti‐tax or a pro‐spending political culture. Stabilization fund balances are higher in communities that have the financial management capacity to accumulate budget surpluses that can be made available for appropriation to stabilization funds. Communities with the open town meeting form of government also have higher stabilization fund balances.
A Touristic Angle of Vision: Tourist Studies as a Methodological Approach for the Study of Religions
Authors: Bremer Thomas S.
Published: December 2014

Studying religions through the framework of tourist studies destabilizes conventional notions of ‘religion’ and introduces new questions for historians and other scholars who study religions in the Americas as well as for the academic study of religions more broadly. This essay briefly reviews key themes in regard to religious tourism, then considers some of the methodological and theoretical advantages of employing a touristic approach to the study of religions, and ends by suggesting avenues that show promise for future studies that pair religion and tourism. It includes discussions of religious pilgrimage, religious places and events that attract tourist visitors, and tourist destinations that feature religious themes or are intended to appeal specifically to religious adherents. It also discusses key theoretical works in developing a tourist studies methodological approach for the academic study of religions.
Single‐leg drop landing movement strategies 6 months following first‐time acute lateral ankle sprain injury
Authors: Doherty C. , Bleakley C. , Hertel J. , Caulfield B. , Ryan J. , Delahunt E.
Published: December 2014

No research exists predicating a link between acute ankle sprain injury‐affiliated movement patterns and those of chronic ankle instability (CAI) populations. The aim of the current study was to perform a biomechanical analysis of participants, 6 months after they sustained a first‐time acute lateral ankle sprain (LAS) injury to establish this link. Fifty‐seven participants with a 6‐month history of first‐time LAS and 20 noninjured participants completed a single‐leg drop landing task on both limbs. Three‐dimensional kinematic (angular displacement) and sagittal plane kinetic (moment of force) data were acquired for the joints of the lower extremity, from 200 ms pre‐initial contact (IC) to 200 ms post‐IC. Individual joint stiffnesses and the peak magnitude of the vertical component of the ground reaction force (GRF) were also computed. LAS participants displayed increases in hip flexion and ankle inversion on their injured limb (P < 0.05); this coincided with a reduction in the net flexion‐extension moment at the hip joint, with an increase in its stiffness (P < 0.05). There was no difference in the magnitude of the peak vertical GRF for either limb compared with controls. These results demonstrate that altered movement strategies persist in participants, 6 months following acute LAS, which may precipitate the onset of CAI.
Impact of postdeposition annealing upon film properties of atomic layer deposition-grown Al2O3 on GaN
Authors: Winzer Annett , Szabó Nadine , Wachowiak Andre , Jordan Paul Matthias , Heitmann Johannes , Mikolajick Thomas
Published: December 2014

Atomic layer deposition-grown Al2O3 thin films are grown on n-type GaN and annealed at 300 or 500 °C in various atmospheres. Metal–insulator–semiconductor capacitors (MISCAPs) are used as simplified test structures for AlGaN/GaN heterostructure field effect transistors with an Al2O3 gate dielectric. Electrical characterization of the unannealed MISCAPs reveals a low leakage current density of ∼1.4 × 10−9 A/cm2 at −2 MV/cm. Annealing at 500 °C in N2 or a forming gas results in a degradation of this leakage level by more than one order of magnitude, whereas the leakage current of the Al2O3 films annealed at 500 °C in O2 is increased to ∼5.2 × 10−9 A/cm2 at −2 MV/cm. The photoassisted capacitance–voltage technique, the conductance method, and border trap analysis are used to study the influence of the annealing ambient atmosphere upon the Al2O3/GaN interface. For all atmospheres, thermal treatments at 500 °C marginally affects the border oxide trap density, but the forming gas anneal at 500 °C passivates the interface traps most efficiently. While the O2 thermal treatment reduces the interface trap density in the Al2O3/GaN system, the N2 anneal creates interface trap states, indicating the formation of an oxygen deficient defect level at the Al2O3/GaN interface during N2 annealing.
Enhanced positioning precision and in situ macroscopic contacts for shadow-evaporated nanostructures
Authors: Stöffler Dominik , Hoffmann-Vogel Regina
Published: December 2014

The authors present the design of a modular sample holder that offers the possibility of in situ fabrication of metallic nanostructures under ultrahigh vacuum. One of the crucial points is to bridge the gap between the macroscopic leads and the nanostructure itself. This problem is solved by using a set of two different masks. For a precise alignment of the two masks, a magnetic tripod connection system has been developed. With this new system, an alignment precision of 26 μm is obtained. As a result of the fabrication in ultrahigh vacuum, the nanostructures will be accessible to scanning probe techniques without surface contamination. First results show that electrical measurements are indeed possible.
Single Crystal Perovskites Analyzed Using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy: 1. SrTiO3(001)
Authors: Haasch Richard T. , Breckenfeld Eric , Martin Lane W.
Published: December 2014

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to analyze a commercially available SrTiO3(001) bulk single crystal. XP spectra were obtained using incident monochromatic Al Kα radiation at 0.83401 nm. A survey spectrum together with O 1s, Ti 2p, C 1s, Sr 3p, Sr 3d, Ti 3p, Sr 4p, Ti 3p, Sr 4p, and O 2s core level spectra and the valence band are presented. The spectra indicate the principle core level photoelectron and Auger electron signals and show only minor carbon contamination. Making use of the O 1s, Ti 2p, Sr 3d lines and neglecting the components related to surface contaminants, XPS quantitative analysis reveals an altered stoichiometry of the air-exposed crystal surface of Sr1.16TiO2.09.
Single Crystal Perovskites Analyzed Using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy: 3. LaAlO3(001)
Authors: Haasch Richard T. , Breckenfeld Eric , Martin Lane W.
Published: December 2014

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to analyze a commercially available LaAlO3(001) bulk single crystal. XP spectra were obtained using incident monochromatic Al Kα radiation at 0.83401 nm. A survey spectrum together with La 3d, O 1s, C 1s, La 4p, Al 2s, La 4d, Al 2p, La 5s, O 2s and La 5p core level spectra and the valence band are presented. The spectra indicate the principle core level photoelectron and Auger electron signals and show only minor carbon contamination. Making use of the O 1s, La 4d, Al 2p lines and neglecting the components related to surface contaminants, XPS quantitative analysis reveals an altered stoichiometry of the air-exposed crystal surface of LaAl1.03O2.23.
Parallel transmit excitation at 1.5 T based on the minimization of a driving function for device heating
Authors: Gudino N. , Sonmez M. , Yao Z. , Baig T. , Nielles‐Vallespin S. , Faranesh A. Z. , Lederman R. J. , Martens M. , Balaban R. S. , Hansen M. S. , Griswold M. A.
Published: December 2014

Purpose:

To provide a rapid method to reduce the radiofrequency (RF) E‐field coupling and consequent heating in long conductors in an interventional MRI (iMRI) setup.

Methods:

A driving function for device heating (W) was defined as the integration of the E‐field along the direction of the wire and calculated through a quasistatic approximation. Based on this function, the phases of four independently controlled transmit channels were dynamically changed in a 1.5 T MRI scanner. During the different excitation configurations, the RF induced heating in a nitinol wire immersed in a saline phantom was measured by fiber‐optic temperature sensing. Additionally, a minimization of W as a function of phase and amplitude values of the different channels and constrained by the homogeneity of the RF excitation field (B1) over a region of interest was proposed and its results tested on the benchtop. To analyze the validity of the proposed method, using a model of the array and phantom setup tested in the scanner, RF fields and SAR maps were calculated through finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) simulations. In addition to phantom experiments, RF induced heating of an active guidewire inserted in a swine was also evaluated.

Results:

In the phantom experiment, heating at the tip of the device was reduced by 92% when replacing the body coil by an optimized parallel transmit excitation with same nominal flip angle. In the benchtop, up to 90% heating reduction was measured when implementing the constrained minimization algorithm with the additional degree of freedom given by independent amplitude control. The computation of the optimum phase and amplitude values was executed in just 12 s using a standard CPU. The results of the FDTD simulations showed similar trend of the local SAR at the tip of the wire and measured temperature as well as to a quadratic function of W, confirming the validity of the quasistatic approach for the presented problem at 64 MHz. Imaging and heating reduction of the guidewire were successfully performed in vivo with the proposed hardware and phase control.

Conclusions:

Phantom and in vivo data demonstrated that additional degrees of freedom in a parallel transmission system can be used to control RF induced heating in long conductors. A novel constrained optimization approach to reduce device heating was also presented that can be run in just few seconds and therefore could be added to an iMRI protocol to improve RF safety.
Laser Soap Fountain
Authors: Foley Tyler , Pegram Matthew , Jenkins Zachary , Hester Brooke C. , Burris Jennifer L.
Published: December 2014

We have developed an eye-catching demonstration that showcases a variety of physics topics from total internal reflection to electrostatics to non-Newtonian fluid dynamics, including the Kaye effect. The essential components of the demonstration include a vertical stream of liquid soap in which a laser pointer is internally reflected, and which subsequently hits an inclined plane. As the liquid soap, a non-Newtonian fluid, begins to accumulate into a pile, its shear properties change and the incoming fluid rebounds from the pile, forming striking parabolic arcs. We present here a readily reproducible and inexpensive version of a laser soap fountain.
Bicycle Freewheeling with Air Drag as a Physics Experiment
Authors: Janssen Paul , Janssens Ewald
Published: December 2014

To familiarize first-year students with the important ingredients of a physics experiment, we offer them a project close to their daily life: measuring the effect of air resistance on a bicycle. Experiments are done with a bicycle freewheeling on a downhill slope. The data are compared with equations of motions corresponding to different models for the air resistance on a moving object. The relevant parameters are extracted from the data and the validity of the different models is be discussed. Finally findings are presented in a poster session.
Underrepresented minorities among physics family members
Authors: White Susan C.
Published: December 2014

In the class of 2013, a record number of students earned bachelor's degrees in physics: 7,363. This is more than double the number of students doing so only 14 years earlier. Over the same time period, the total number of bachelor's degrees awarded in all disciplines was up also, but only by about 40%. The graph shows the number of students earning a bachelor's degree in physics since 1955. Between 1955 and the early 1960s, the number of undergraduates earning degrees in physics grew rapidly. After a brief downward turn in the middle of the decade, the number peaked at 5,975 in 1969. Thirty years later, it reached a low of 3,646 students in 1999. Every fall, the Statistical Research Center at the American Institute of Physics reaches out to all of the departments that award at least a bachelor's degree in physics. The departments graciously provide data on enrollments in introductory courses and the number of students earning degrees at the bachelor's, master's and doctoral level. In January, we will look at under-represented minorities among physics faculty members. If you have any questions or comments, please contact Susan White at the Statistical Research Center of the American Institute of Physics (swhite@aip.org).
A Better Criterion for the Discharging Time in an RC Circuit
Authors: Lima Fabio M. S.
Published: December 2014

When all parts of an electric circuit are at the same potential, no electric current flows and it is said to be in equilibrium. Otherwise, a current will flow from the higher potential parts to the lower ones, as when we make contact between the plates of a charged capacitor. The resulting discharging process towards equilibrium is a common phenomenon in electricity labs, as well as a topic covered in introductory physics, but some questions are not answered, e.g., could we establish a good criterion for the “end” of the charge transfer process? If so, typically how long does it take for electric equilibrium to be reached? The absence of these questions in textbooks and lab manuals has bothered me since my own undergraduate studies because, as the usual theory, in which charge is treated as a continuous, rather than discrete, parameter, predicts an exponential decay for the charge stored in the capacitor, rigorously speaking we should wait an infinitely long time for finding a complete equilibrium.1 Fortunately, when teaching experimental physics last year, I was asked about these very questions, which motivated me to search for a simple answer that could be adopted universally for measuring the “lifetime” of any physical quantity that decays exponentially in time.
Quickly creating interactive astronomy illustrations
Authors: Slater Timothy F.
Published: December 2014

An innate advantage for astronomy teachers is having numerous breathtaking images of the cosmos available to capture students' curiosity, imagination, and wonder. Internet-based astronomy image libraries are numerous and easy to navigate. The Astronomy Picture of the Day, the Hubble Space Telescope image archive, and the NASA Planetary Photojournal are just a few of the many available.1–3 At the same time, computer video projectors and SMART Boards are becoming ever more commonplace in classrooms. Taken together, it has never been easier to bring astronomy directly into classrooms to actively engage students to improve student understanding and motivate student learning.
Little Leaguer’s Shoulder
Authors: Frick Erin , Hilgers Marc P.
Published: December 2014

A 14-year-old right-handed male baseball pitcher comes to you complaining of right shoulder pain for several weeks. He recalls no injury to his shoulder but instead complains of slowly worsening pain with throwing. Between travel and now high school baseball, which just recently resumed, he often finds himself pitching in multiple games per week. As you examine the athlete, you discover tenderness to palpation over the lateral aspect of his right shoulder.
Baseline Concussion Symptom Scores Vary by Method of Collection
Authors: Cripps Andrea E. , Boham Mikaela D.
Published: December 2014

Context:

The vast majority of athletic trainers administer preseason computerized inventories to document the presence of baseline symptoms; however, immediately following a concussion, athletic trainers frequently assess an athlete verbally or using a paper-based concussion symptom scale. The verbal or paper-based results are then compared with the preseason computer results. Little research is available regarding whether the methodology in which these symptoms are collected has an impact on the report given by the athlete.

Objective:

To determine if baseline self-reported concussion symptom scores varied among collection methods.

Design:

Crossover study design.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Participants:

Fifty-two healthy subjects (36 males, 16 females; age 20.27 ± 1.36 years; mass 72.68 ± 14.88 kg; height 175.05 ± 8.50 cm).

Interventions:

All subjects completed, as part of routine preseason baseline testing, the postconcussion scale revised symptom inventory scale in three ways: (1) using a computer, (2) verbally, and (3) on paper.

Main Outcome Measures:

Descriptive statistics were calculated. One-way ANOVAs were conducted to determine the difference in overall symptom score between the inventory methods and sexes as well. Alpha level was set a priori at .05.

Results:

Overall, participants reported a significantly higher number of symptoms on computer-based symptom inventories compared with either verbal- (t51 = 3.014, P = .004, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.668 to 3.32) or paper-based inventories (t51 = 3.004, P = .004, 95% CI 0.765 to 3.850). No signifcant differences were found between verbal- and paper-based inventories (t51 = 1.129, P = .264, 95% CI –0.240 to 0.855).

Conclusions:

Computer-based symptom inventories were significantly different than verbal- or paper-based symptom inventories. Participants may report a higher number of symptoms at baseline when reporting electronically compared with verbal- or paper-based reporting methods. The method in which symptom inventory is obtained may alter the postconcussion diagnosis and warrants further investigation.
Comparison of Diagonal Shoulder Exercises With and Without Visual Trace
Authors: Kim Jwa-jun , Ann So-youn , Park Se-yeon
Published: December 2014

Objectives:

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of visual trace on shoulder muscle activation during diagonal pattern of exercises. Sixteen healthy male participants volunteered to participate.

Design:

Repeated-measure design.

Setting:

Laboratory setting.

Participants:

Sixteen physically active male participants volunteered to participate.

Intervention:

Five muscles of the shoulder were investigated during standing performance of diagonal shoulder exercises with and without visual trace. Two patterns of the diagonal exercises were used: diagonal 1 flexion (D1F) and diagonal 2 fexion (D2F). Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance was used, with factors being the presence of visual trace and exercise variations.

Main Outcome Measure:

Electromyography (EMG).

Results:

The average muscle activity values of the lower trapezius and anterior deltoid were higher with the D2F compared with the D1F (P < .05). The visual trace effect was observed within the serratus anterior, with values significantly greater in exercise with visual trace (P < .05). There was a significant increase of the lower trapezius during the exercise with the visual trace condition compared with the exercise without visual trace, which was only observed during D2F (P < .05).

Conclusions:

Present results suggest that the D2F exercise pattern is effective for activating lower trapezius and anterior deltoid muscles. The visual trace condition has the additional advantage of activating the scapulothoracic muscle activities depending on the specific pattern of diagonal shoulder exercise.
Loop quantum gravity
Authors: Chiou Dah-Wei
Published: December 2014

This paper presents an "in-a-nutshell" yet self-contained introductory review on loop quantum gravity (LQG) — a background-independent, nonperturbative approach to a consistent quantum theory of gravity. Instead of rigorous and systematic derivations, it aims to provide a general picture of LQG, placing emphasis on the fundamental ideas and their significance. The canonical formulation of LQG, as the central topic of the paper, is presented in a logically orderly fashion with moderate details, while the spin foam theory, black hole thermodynamics, and loop quantum cosmology are covered briefly. Current directions and open issues are also summarized.