bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Projekt „Common Goals – Common Ways” jako przykład aktywizacji grupy Romów zagrożonych wykluczeniem społecznym i ekonomicznym
Authors: Świętek Agnieszka , Osuch Wiktor , Rachwał Tomasz , Kurek Sławomir
Published: February 2021

W związku z coraz słabszym zainteresowaniem instytucji edukacyjnych tak potrzebnym współcześnie kształceniem zawodowym oraz nawiązywaniem i utrzymywaniem przez szkoły zawodowe kontaktu z podmiotami rynku pracy, jak również potrzebą świadomego planowania kariery zawodowej uczniów, podjęto badania dotyczące aktywizacji grup najbardziej zagrożonych wykluczeniem społecznym i ekonomicznym – Romów. Badania realizowano w latach 2012–2014 w trzech krajach: w Niemczech (głównie przykłady z Bawarii), w Szkocji oraz w Polsce. Dotyczyły one szkolnictwa zawodowego oraz możliwości transferu innowacji w kontekście docelowej aktywizacji mniejszości romskiej na Węgrzech. W tym celu wykorzystano prace badawcze prowadzone w ramach międzynarodowego projektu „Common Goals – Common Ways”, pokazując rolę i zadania poszczególnych partnerów zagranicznych w przygotowaniu, testowaniu oraz wdrażaniu programu kształcenia Romów w kontekście ich przyszłej aktywizacji zawodowej. Pomimo różnych uwarunkowań kulturowych, społecznych, ekonomicznych oraz integracyjnych edukacja młodych Romów, a zwłaszcza usuwanie wszelkich barier edukacyjnych, stanowi najważniejszy aspekt przyszłej aktywizacji zawodowej, rozwoju motywacji i kształtowania postaw przedsiębiorczych mniejszości romskiej w wielu krajach Unii Europejskiej, w tym na Węgrzech i w Polsce.
Przedsiębiorczość a poziom życia na obszarach wiejskich Polski Wschodniej
Authors: Kopacz-Wyrwał Iwona
Published: February 2021

Celem niniejszej pracy jest analiza przestrzennego zróżnicowania poziomu przedsiębiorczości oraz poziomu życia ludności na obszarach wiejskich Polski Wschodniej. Ponadto podjęto próbę określenia zależności między poziomem życia ludności wiejskiej a przedsiębiorczością. Badaniem objęto wszystkie gminy wiejskie oraz część wiejską w gminach miejsko-wiejskich z obszarów pięciu województw, tj. świętokrzyskiego, podkarpackiego, lubelskiego, podlaskiego i warmińsko-mazurskiego. W sumie analizie poddano 639 gmin. Poziom życia wyrażono syntetycznym wskaźnikiem Perkala, natomiast do przedstawienia poziomu przedsiębiorczości wykorzystano wskaźnik przedsiębiorczości. Przeprowadzona analiza wykazała, że zarówno obecny poziom przedsiębiorczości, jak i poziom życia na obszarach wiejskich Polski Wschodniej są wypadkową oddziaływania wielu czynników i wykazują duże przestrzenne zróżnicowanie, co wynika z ogólnego rozwoju społeczno-ekonomicznego tych obszarów. Ponadto przeprowadzone badania wykazały, że wysokim poziomem życia ludności oraz wysokim poziomem przedsiębiorczości charakteryzują się jednostki przestrzenne zlokalizowane w sąsiedztwie największych ośrodków miejskich, położone wzdłuż głównych szlaków komunikacyjnych oraz te o dobrze rozwiniętych funkcjach turystycznych.
Regionalny rynek pracy – analiza sytuacji młodych ludzi w Polsce Wschodniej
Authors: Strojny Jacek , Karaś Dawid
Published: February 2021

W artykule przedstawiono analizę sytuacji rynku pracy młodych ludzi w Polsce Wschodniej. Jest to region szczególnej uwagi polityki regionalnej, wymagający podejmowania specjalnych działań, które umożliwią nadrobienie dystansu rozwojowego. Celem tego badania była ocena sytuacji ludzi aktywnych zawodowo do 30. roku życia oraz ich szans na zatrudnienie w zamieszkiwanym województwie. W pierwszej kolejności opisano sytuację na rynku pracy w Polsce oraz czynniki wpływające na kształtowanie się obecnego stanu gospodarki. Kolejno autorzy podkreślają, że w celu zniwelowania problemu bezrobocia wymagana jest współpraca wszystkich uczestników rynku pracy. W następnej części artykułu omówiono zasady działania rynku pracy, jego klasyfikacje oraz wpływ przedsiębiorczości na kształtowanie się sytuacji bezrobotnych. Uzasadniono również objęcie badaniem sytuacji na rynku pracy danej grupy, która wymaga specjalnego traktowania ze względu na konieczność udrożnienia jej udziału w życiu społeczno-gospodarczym. Następnie opisano stan gospodarki Polski Wschodniej oraz metody badawcze wykorzystywane do analizy. Przedstawiono również mierniki oceny rynku pracy użyte do badania oraz uzasadniono ich wybór. Na podstawie analizy wysnuto kilka podstawowych wniosków, które dotyczą:1. sytuacji na rynku pracy ludzi do 30. roku życia w Polsce Wschodniej,2. identyfikacji województwa Polski Wschodniej o najlepszej sytuacji z perspektywy osób młodych,3. skuteczności przeszłych i obecnych strategii regionalnych,4. wpływu salda migracji na poziom bezrobocia osób młodych w badanych województwach.
Przedsiębiorczość jako czynnik rozwoju terenów wiejskich województwa świętokrzyskiego
Authors: Kiniorska Iwona , Wrońska-Kiczor Janina
Published: February 2021

Przedsiębiorczość jest istotnym czynnikiem rozwoju gospodarczego wsi, stanowi bowiem szansę dla poprawy warunków życia w sensie ekonomicznym i społecznym. Powszechne już zjawisko dywersyfikacji gospodarstw rolnych wpłynęło znacząco na rozwój wielofunkcyjny wsi i aktywności jej mieszkańców. W rozwoju przedsiębiorczości kluczowe znaczenie mają małe, rodzinne firmy (takie jak: sklepy, drobna wytwórczość, usługi) oraz turystyka wiejska (w tym agro- i ekoturystyka). Spadek dochodów z działalności rolniczej, brak możliwości pracy w ośrodkach miejskich oraz niski poziom życia wpłynęły na potrzebę poszukiwania alternatywnych źródeł dochodów. Działalność na rachunek własny przyczynia się do wykorzystania nadmiaru siły roboczej, niwelowania bezrobocia, w tym ukrytego, oraz większych możliwości stabilizacji, poprawy sytuacji materialnej rolników i mieszkańców wsi. Uruchomienie coraz większych przedsięwzięć gospodarczych o charakterze pozarolniczym i rolniczym niesie wiele korzystnych przeobrażeń tak pod względem poziomu wykształcenia, życia, statusu społecznego, jak i świadomości oraz zamożności mieszkańców wsi. Na terenach wiejskich województwa świętokrzyskiego funkcjonują firmy, które napotykają na wiele trudności, np. brak wykwalifikowanej kadry, kapitału, czy trudności w kwestii niskooprocentowanych kredytów. Istotne znaczenie dla wspierania przedsiębiorczości na wsi mają działania władz lokalnych. Od ich kompetencji i zaangażowania we wspieranie przedsiębiorców oraz pobudzanie aktywności mieszkańców zależą dalszy rozwój gospodarczy i poziom życia na wsi. Celem artykułu jest analiza przedsiębiorczości jako czynnika, który istotnie wpływa na rozwój obszarów wiejskich regionu świętokrzyskiego. W trakcie pracy wykorzystano analizę materiału statystyki masowej dla małych i średnich firm, wybrane wskaźniki społeczno-ekonomiczne oraz informacje o działaniach w kierunku rozwoju przedsiębiorczości na terenach wiejskich w ramach wsparcia finansowego z Regionalnego Programu Operacyjnego Województwa Świętokrzyskiego 2007–2013 (RPOWŚ). W pracy zastosowano podstawowe metody statystyczne oparte na grupowaniu i prezentacji tabelaryczno-graficznej oraz wskaźniki ukazujące dynamikę zmian. Na podstawie literatury przedmiotu, wyników z analiz i źródeł faktograficznych podjęto próbę ukazania wpływu przedsiębiorczości na terenach wiejskich regionu świętokrzyskiego.
Polska przedsiębiorczość w gospodarce morskiej problemy i szanse na sukces
Authors: Pytko Barbara , Watras Roman
Published: February 2021

The goal of this text is to focus on the situation of companies in Polish naval industry and to define the condition of their activity, entrepreneurship, and their attitudes toward innovations. This discussion is a search for the answer to the question: Is it possible to see any signs of entrepreneurship in the organizations and the activities in this sector? Authors emphasize the naval companies mainly organize the sea shipping, and their business is usually complex, it needs a lot of capital, and there is fierce global competition. With the transformation of political system and Polish economical reform in this industry, it was not propitious time to growth for these companies. Both  the  fleet, and  the shipbuilding, and  their bases started  to deteriorate. According  to  the  authors,  naval  industry was  at  the  disadvantage  because  public  opinion assumed that the sea was less important to the national economy, so the fleet and shipbuilding were not  economically  justifiable  and naval  industry was  the burden  that  slowed down  the development of national economy. Fortunately this time is over, because the good trends appeared toward a growth in the naval trade, and because of boom in the sea transport, in shipbuilding and in ship maintenance.
Jak być dobrym szefem?
Authors: Pawlas Beata
Published: February 2021

Nowadays, for further and quick development of modern firms, ways of management and hierarchy are needed. Boss has very important role in a company. He/she is the chief who is responsible  for planning, organizing and controlling. The boss  should be a coordinator and a supplier. The principal is the interest in his/her staff.s work because only then he/she will be able to influence the employees.
Czy przedsiębiorczość ma płeć?
Authors: Szczepankiewicz Jan
Published: February 2021

The goal of this article is to take into consideration a problem of entrepreneurship among men and women. In author’s opinion this problem is unilaterally overused as an element of economical struggle and that is why it is harmful for activities of both parties. Author notes that the work of many politicians and women’s organizations impedes a natural entrepreneurship development, which takes into account all the conditions related to how the individuals function in the society. Excessive interference in customs, some legislation in Labor Law, breaking the rules of free market, all of them cause the lost of a natural competitiveness, restrictions on freedom of choice and tendencies to excessive control. Author highlights that more freedom in economic, social and political life, less detailed regulations, state interferences and short-term politics mean better conditions for the entrepreneurship development of both genders - in forms appropriate for men and women - more social justice and better protection for our property.
Wpływ procesów transformacji na rozwój małych firm prywatnych w Polsce
Authors: Kamińska Wioletta
Published: February 2021

The transformation of socioeconomic system in Poland started at the end of eighties of the 20th century. Already existing political, social, economic and regional structures in the course of this process had changed. Changes in size and ownership structure of the business entities had been particularly extensive, what resulted in dynamic development of small companies and their significant market growth in the structure of the employed in the national economy from: 7,9% in the year 1988, to 23,8% in 2004. The process of changes in size and the ownership structure of the business entities had taken place upon various intensity of the time and place. The goal of this article is to answer the following questions:. 1. What are the regularities of development and transformation of spatial structure of small companies in the period of transformation in Poland?. 2. What are the regularities of transformation of genre structure of small private companies during the transformation period in Poland?. 3. What are the factors that influence upon the development of small private companies during the transformation period in Poland?.
Rozwój przedsiębiorczości w ocenie wskaźnika TEA
Authors: Maślanka Katarzyna
Published: February 2021

The introduction of the rules of free market economy caused changes in the structure of the economy. Unemployment grew on new job market. Private sector appeared in economy. There are favorable conditions for the development of entrepreneurship and self-employment. An important part of people in productive age has the advantage of such a situation.  One of the goals of this elaboration is to analyze what matters influence over the development of the enterprise. Total Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA) indicator help us to estimate the development of the enterprise. It measures general activity of economic undertakings. Thanks to it we can evaluate the general enterprise in Poland and compare it to the enterprise in 37 other states in the world. The enterprise is a social phenomenon. Behind every decision about starting the firm . to create new product or service, or to use new technology . always stands a man. Social structure of people who form the firms in Poland and over the world is worth to analyze. Such a research was conducted in 37 countries from GEM project. According to GEM results the enterprise in Poland is based on the lack of other ways to work. It is the key to economic development, to limitation of the unemployment, to modernization of society and to height of the welfare.
Rola przedsiębiorczości w aktywizacji gospodarczej - zarys modelu
Authors: Zioło Zbigniew
Published: February 2021

The goal of the article is to present a role of entrepreneurships in a model of the activation ofeconomy. Impact of entrepreneurships on economic activation of the local, beyond-local andregional systems appears in a qualitative and quantitative alteration of the labor market, thereduction of unemployment, the growth of peoples resources, the reduction of demand barrier,the increasing finances streaming from taxes to local governments, the investments in technolo-gical-economic infrastructures of settlement systems. Impact of entrepreneurships on econo-mic activation is very complicated problem and it require more research and deeper studies.
Czy uczenie się przez całe życie jest postawą przedsiębiorczą
Authors: Bednarz Nadine
Published: February 2021

The main thesis of the article is connected with the constant attempts to the implementationa new educational system in Poland. Some new opportunities have occurred since Polandentered the European Union as we can now make use of other countries experience in thereforming area. Nowadays we are dealing with a new term in Poland i.e. lifelong learning. According to the author such a view on the education has its roots in constant changes in Polishsociety and economy. Open trade economy has influenced Polish scholar system  the trainees students are focused on being successful on the market, especially on the job market. Traditional educational system in Poland was enriched by elements of entrepreneurship. The authordescribes Polish education as an investment, which is a condition of economic, scientific andsocial development. Constant or lifelong learning is therefore described as a social and economic phenomenon.
Współczesny przedsiębiorca
Authors: Sowislok Krystian
Published: February 2021

This paper tries to show an image and define qualities vital to a modern entrepreneur. The requirements for entrepreneurs are very high. An entrepreneur must be both a founder and organizer, as well as manager and leader. In order to play these roles well one should possess certain qualities and abilities. It is necessary to have so called „spirit of enterprising”, to be creative and innovative, which will let us find a niche on the market and prosper in the competitive world. Furthermore, it is vital to be able to manage the personnel and time - an important resource in our times. Also, we should be able to interpret and use the accessible information and our knowledge that should be constantly broadened. It is important to have the sense of responsibility, as there is no enterprise without financial and legal risk. Above list shows that this set of qualities and abilities is hard to develop. The teachers’ task, who give Introduction to Enterprising lesson, is to show young people what qualities are necessary for a modern entrepreneur, and what to do in order to develop them. Today’s students should decide on the shape of tomorrow economy in Poland.
„Przedsiębiorczość” - pojęcie polisemiczne czy niewłaściwie rozumiane? Próba systematyzacji
Authors: Brzozowski Tomasz Tadeusz
Published: February 2021

The concept of enterprise has its own settled and consolidated position in economics and other allied sciences nowadays. Without „enterprise”, one of the most important term, there is no debate in the area of economics, logistics and even politics. Accordingly it is worth to focus on the issue of enterprise and its significance. All the available literature on enterprise takes into consideration many options of the idea of enterprise. A wide range of meanings seems to set out to define enterprise more precisely. To solve that problem means to compose terminology of science, to set an interchangeable meaning for enterprise. No doubt, it will influence the term to be more expressive. The author of the article describes in outline the context of enterprise, trying to show both variance and similarity in the enterprise based on some definitions. The enterprise concept is a subject of considerable debate although the article might contribute a number of studies towards liability to have a good grasp of the meanings of enterprise.
Przedmiot podstawy przedsiębiorczości - założenia realizacji a przygotowanie nauczycieli
Authors: Tracz Mariola , Rachwał Tomasz
Published: February 2021

The implementation of an education about an entrepreneurship to Polish educational system was based on some fundamental assumptions, but only few of them were recognized in the legal acts and partly realized. More of them have a form of postulate and were not implemented; although many experts pointed at their significance. After discourse with practitioners from schools, i.e. methodologists and teachers, most of unrealized assumptions have to be considered as fundamental and essential to proper progress of the education about the entrepreneur- ship. In the first part of the article the most important conditions of effective education about the entrepreneurship - both realized and waiting for implementation - were presented. Great emphasis were putted on controversial problem of including this subject in Matura exam. The functioning of the new subject is a opportunity to reflect on its implementation to the educational system, and on a competency of teachers. Therefore in the second part of the paper, the study of results of the survey conducted among entrepreneurship teachers was presented. Survey aimed at: - identify the level of essential and didactical competences among the entrepreneurship teachers. - identify teacher’s opinion on the forms of education - identify teacher’s opinion on the introducing the basis of entrepreneurship to secondary schools. The results confirm the need of debate about the efficiency of the implementation the assumptions about the introducing the basis of entrepreneurship to schools. Research should be conducted on the model profile of the entrepreneurship teacher. Also new forms of education and self-education for the teachers are needed to meet requirements for modern school - for example e-learning.
Wybrane projekty edukacyjne w aktywizacji uczniów na lekcjach podstaw przedsiębiorczości.
Authors: Osuch Edyta , Osuch Wiktor
Published: February 2021

The article presents selected educational projects used by teachers on basics of entrepreneurship lessons. In the times of various multi-medial techniques, computerization and the Internet, using youth activating projects is necessary. The subject of basics of entrepreneurship gives large opportunities of realizations of this kind of undertakings. Nowadays there are many projects, for example created by Youth Foundation of Entrepreneurship, Foundation of The Centre of Civil Education or National Bank of Poland. The most known projects are: Economics in School”, My Finances”, Firm Management”, Day of Entrepreneurship and so on. Teachers from secondary schools participate in workshops, gain suitable skills for implementing the youth activating projects. This article describes briefly the projects mentioned above, encourage teachers to introducing them into their work. Moreover, the article contains Web site’s addresses where you can find materials and information for teachers on these projects.
Duch przedsiębiorczości w proinwestycyjnych działaniach władz lokalnych
Authors: Jarczewski Wojciech
Published: February 2021

The acquisition of new investors in a municipality is not a direct obligation of local govern-ments but rather one of the indications of the change in the philosophy of municipal manage-ment  from administration (local government) to management (local governance). Time andcost consuming comprehensive proinvestment activities can be implemented only in thosemunicipalities where among the local authorities the spirit of entrepreneurship is alive. G. Gorzelak (1998) indicated that on the local level the leadership quality is the most endogenic factor oflocal success, including luring new investors.To examine the significance and diversity of local authorities attitudes in their pro-investment activities in the local governments, in fourteen selected municipalities in Poland a compa-rative analysis was conducted. Pro-investment activities, implemented since 1990, and theireffects, in the form of arrival of new investors, were studied. Our research covered the municipa-lities distinguished by potentially high investment attractiveness which is hardly dependent onthe local authorities activities: good transportation availability, considerable real-estate resour-ces that are suitable for potential investors and good availability of qualified labor force. Conse-quently, we excluded the municipalities in which even very intense works of their local authoritiesfailed to develop new opportunities to attract many new businesses
Wzrost innowacyjności przedsiębiorstwa jako przejaw przedsiębiorczości w gospodarce opartej na wiedzy  na przykładzie branży cukierniczej w Polsce
Authors: Janczewska Danuta
Published: February 2021

The aim of the article is the presentation of some aspects of the innovativeness in Polishindustry according to my own research and analysis of the official statistical data (by ChiefCensus Bureau). The data about innovation are prepared by research in the respective trades;data were used by authors to show the relations between the achievements in the field ofscience and the performance of the industry  in reference to the hypothesis about the realiza-tion of the EU Lisbon Strategy in Poland.
Przedsiębiorczość w gospodarce opartej na wiedzy w obszarze metropolitalnym Poznania
Authors: Świdurska Anna
Published: February 2021

The aim of the paper is to analyse and evaluate the growth of entrepreneurship in the know-ledge-based economy in the Poznań metropolitan area over the recent years (1999-2006) a contribution to the research into the development and transformation of the economy underthe influence of science. The spatial range of the analysis makes it possible to examine therelations under study between the metropolitan core and the surrounding area. For the purposes of the present research, the term entrepreneurship is understood as thetaking of measures intended to create jobs and stimulate economic activity. It is assumed thathigh-tech branches play an important role in job creation. The analysis of the KBE sector embraces high-tech manufacturing sections and the broadercategory of knowledge-intensive services, including high-tech services. The main body of the paper is preceded by interpretations of the essence of a knowledgebased economy, an operational-statistical approach to it, and a general assessment of the deve-lopment of entrepreneurship in the Poznań metropolitan area.
Wsparcie konsultacyjne dla przedsiębiorstw Ukrainy w dziedzinie zagranicznej działalności gospodarczej
Authors: Żurba Igor
Published: February 2021

In the process of globalization and development of the international business relation between countries the foreign investments are particularly important for both all the country and theindividual companies. On the present level of the growth of world economy the flows of foreigninvestments are the priority for national economy and the direction for a lot of the big, middleand small companies from every trade: industry, agriculture, construction, transport, finance etc. The company may improve its effectiveness in the area of foreign business when the executives ask for advice the professional consultants and experts in economics and management. The subject of this article is the analyses of the conditions and opportunities of Ukrainiancompanies that are going to invest abroad, to benefit from the consulting services.
Potencjał rozwojowy szkół wyższych Małopolski
Authors: Harańczyk Anna
Published: February 2021

The goal of this analysis is the presentation of the condition of Higher Education in Małopolska Region compared to the state of national development and how it impacts on local growth.The article has four parts.The first one discuses Polish system of higher education. It reviews the numbers of studentsand graduates setting in different types of higher schools and the specializations. Also it introduces elements of Bologna accords realized in Poland.The second part considers the potential for research in higher schools and the curriculum foryoung teachers. The problems of doctoral programs as the third stage of higher education areparticularly important for the education of young teachers. The research conducted by higherschools are significant too.The third part presents the problems of finance for both public and non-public higher schoolsin Poland. The government expenses and investments in higher schools as well as the structureof incomes from operational activity of higher schools were analyzed in reference to the didacticactivities and the research works and the business activities.The fourth part describes SWOT analyses of higher schools in Ma³opolsca Region. The closure consist of the conclusions and recommendations.
Wiedza i umiejętności w nauczaniu przedsiębiorczości
Authors: Sowislok Krystian
Published: February 2021

Striving to completely explain the concept of entrepreneurship we have to look into the workof three fields of science: economics, sociology and psychology. Among the skills and qualitiesnecessary for an entrepreneur they name the following: readiness and ability to make decisions,creative approach to problem solving, courage, creativity, resourcefulness, persistence and wil-lingness to work. Therefore the teachers of entrepreneurship have to pass on to their studentsspecific knowledge and skills useful for their participation in social and economic life, as wellas encourage certain qualities and attitudes concerned with taking advantage of opportunitiesand openness to novelty under all circumstances, not necessarily as an entrepreneur. Choosingthe teaching methods, it is worth to get to know the opinions and expectations of your studentsconcerning the skills they consider important and necessary on the Polish job market. I havebeen looking into this issue with final year students for several years. It turns out that the pre-ferences of young people who are getting ready to enter the job market are changing and te-achers should react to this fact. One of the latest tendencies is to put more emphasis on gettingskills and later knowledge. Furthermore, students realize that even when they possess knowledge,they should also have the ability to make use of it.
Kształtowanie postaw przedsiębiorczych i promocja jakości pracy szkoły na przykładzie programu Certyfikat Jakości „Szkoła Przedsiębiorczości”
Authors: Szubert Magdalena
Published: February 2021

Te following paper presents one of the initiatives of the Junior Achievement Foundation in Poland  the School of Entrepreneurship program.The Foundation works within the framework of the Junior Achievement Worldwide  theoldest and fastest developing organization in the world, engaged in youth economic educationin over a hundred countries.This project is as an example of shaping entrepreneurship attitudes and promotion of the bestschools. It proposes a new complex view of realistic activities at school and encourages to newactions in the field of entrepreneurship education. The core of the project is receiving a qualitymark  Entrepreneurship School Certificate. The project is addressed to the lower and uppersecondary schools.
Sprawozdawczość ﬁnansowa i jej rola w rozwoju społeczeństwa informacyjnego
Authors: Voss Grażyna
Published: February 2021

Balance policy is not only the art of making what is possible, but also the art of making itaccording to the law. Examples of this occurrences are known as: creative accounting, windowdressing, incomes smoothing, off balance sheet ﬁnancing.The aim of the article is to show that ﬁnancial statements can be imperfect source ofinformation about ﬁnancial situation of the enterprise and possible the negative consequencesfor potential users.
Instytucje otoczenia biznesu jako czynnik wspomagający rozwój przedsiębiorczości w woj. podkarpackim
Authors: Cebulak Jan
Published: February 2021

Institutional infrastructure, consists of economic development agencies, commerce and industrychambers, banks, loan and saving funds, investment companies, development funds, economicsupport funds, insurance companies etc., is the signiﬁcant factor in regional development. ThePodkarpacie region has a great institutional potential for the support in the regional development;potential equal to the Małopolskie region with highest level of economic development. Thispotential is not fully used for the directions of the regional development deﬁned in theaccepted strategies and in other agendas for Podkarpacie.
Rola samorządu małopolskiego w rozwoju przedsiębiorczości terytorialnej
Authors: Kochmańska Magdalena
Published: February 2021

The article describes the entrepreneurship and the factors in its development. The responsibilitiesof local authorities for the development of entrepreneurship were indicated. Two aspects of thelocal governmental activity for the development of entrepreneurship in Malopolskie Provincewere described in detail, i.e. the regional strategy for innovation and strategy for thedevelopment of the province.
Miasto i gmina Miastko jako produkt turystyczny
Authors: Strzelecki Krzysztof
Published: February 2021

The purpose of the article is to indicate the trends and conditions in the tourism developmentin the city and the administrative district as the potential tourist product. The most importantaspects of the subject of the research were discussed in the study: natural and non-natural (anthropogenic) tourists values. The infrastructure and tourist services were also emphasized,because they are playing a signiﬁcant role in tourist development of the discussed area. An administrative district was characterized in terms of the culture, the international cooperationand the economy. An issue of the availability of administrative district for the tourists waspresented by the description of tourist routes. An attempt to present the directions of the development for the administrative district was made – the primary and secondary tourist productstypical for the region were indicated.
Rozwój przedsiębiorczości w streﬁe podmiejskiej Kielc w warunkach transformacji gospodarczej
Authors: Kopacz Iwona
Published: February 2021

The aim of this project is to analyze the entrepreneurship development in suburban area ofKielce in the period 1995–2005. Eight communes adjacent to Kielce city (in the project called“the A ring”) and fourteen communes that surround the eight former (“the B ring”) wereanalyzed. The analysis shows that suburban area of Kielce has the multifunctional feature andthe highest growth rate were noted in services (commerce, construction, processing) and inindustry. As for the spatial system the highest growth rate were reached by the communesfrom “A ring”. Average indicator of entrepreneurship was 56.4 in 1995, and 105.0 in 2005. Inthe “B ring” indicator of entrepreneurship was 41.2 in 1995 and 83,9 in 2005.
Aktywność ekonomiczna przedsiębiorstw małej i średniej skali w Polsce
Authors: Filip Paulina
Published: February 2021

SME sector in the polish market economy and in another countries are growing rapidly last times.Small and medium-sized enterprises are a valuable resource for countries with developedmarket economy. They have importance role in the Polish economy and a great influence fortheir development. The development of this sector is related to the numerous circumstanceslike the development of national economy, economy structure and conditions, financial stateand local governments as well economic policies. The researches in this area should know allthe circumstances, to eliminate their negative impact and get propositions to economic policy,which allows eliminating these barriers.The analysis of small and medium businesses, which will be presented in the article wascarried out for the period 1994–2007.The analyses were based of statistical data obtained fromCSO. Based on these data have been done analysis of small and medium businesses. In thearticle has shown the level of investment expenditures, economic and financial results MSP’sector in last years received positive indicator as the results of own activity.
Przestrzenne zróżnicowanie wielkopowierzchniowych sieci handlowych w województwie dolnośląskim i jego uwarunkowania
Authors: Brezdeń Paweł , Spallek Waldemar
Published: February 2021

This paper deals with the spatial diversity of modern channels of retail trade represented by large shops (such as hypermarkets, supermarkets and discount shops) in the Dolnośląskie Voivodeship. This is presented against the background of the main changes to which Polish retail trade has been subjected in recent years.Despite the dynamic growth of a large retail network in Poland, the internal trade market, especially that of the grocery market, is one of the most fragmented in Europe. This still developing market is where the processes of consolidation and creation of complex networks of large shops will take place in the near future. Changing consumer preferences in favour of modern commercial buildings, but also the investment of foreign and, increasingly, Polish capital have led to this situation.The article sets out the conditions of distribution of large retail areas in the Dolnośląskie Voivodeship, which are: population density, the concentration of population (urban areas, cities), level of socio-economic development and the proximity of the German-Polish border. It shows the position of the Dolnośląskie region alongside the rest of the country within the parameters of the research. The Dolnośląskie Voivodeship is a region with a high density of retail space. Its accessibility ratio’s value is slightly lower than in those provinces with the highest values of the index, as a result of its higher population density.
Rachunkowe problemy audytu środków unijnych w Polsce
Authors: Voss Grażyna
Published: February 2021

The of utilization of UE connected possibility be conditioned national how and UE recipes. Therefore record fulfils in range essential part the proper recording of used UE accountant. Economic individuals using UE funds in led by me activity have to lead for UE aims separate record and report. However there are no detailed recipes in range of accountant’s record nor on UE rung how and national. The singles out the record for connected from utilization the UE needs requires from management of individual of organizational changes especially, connected with actualization of plan of accounts the and adaptation of to record the accounts for aims of realization of UE project.
Rola Zintegrowanego Programu Operacyjnego Rozwoju Regionalnego i Regionalnych Programów Operacyjnych w realizacji procesów rewitalizacji
Authors: Grad Nina
Published: February 2021

Entrepreneurshi in european integration conditions is one of the key success factors in a context of individuals, companies or cities and local government units or states alike. In case of individuals entersprise attitude is recognized as a set of personal features. In case of cities it can be measured by sufficiency in gaining European funds and ability to apply them. In the times of globalisation and strong competition between cities ability to efficient management can decide in „the chase for space”. This is even more important since cities play nowadays the basic part in social-economic growth processes and, in consequence, in increasing competitiveness of various types of spatial systems. As a result of numerous functional-spatial changes a lot of city areas have been devastated and other city parts gained a new rank. However, to create harmonious city space starting ventures which restore spatial order and meaning of marginalized areas turned out to be necessary. The rule of maximization of cities value and their real estate by creating high quality of public space is nowadays realized among the others by revitalization programs. The aim of this essay is to indicate the revitalization activities in framework of Integrated Operational Program of Regional Development and Regional Operational Programs, comparison of means dedicated on revitalization and analysis of their application in małopolskie and świętokrzyskie woyevodship in which the results of application contest have been already publicated.
Finansowe instrumenty wsparcia rozwoju przedsiębiorczości rewitalizowanych obszarów Krakowa z wykorzystaniem funduszy UE
Authors: Świerczewska-Pietras Katarzyna
Published: February 2021

The paper aims at analyzing entrepreneurs’ possibilities of profiting from financial instruments supporting revitalization activities on degraded areas of Krakow. Taking into consideration the fact that the process of revitalization is visible on many planes, covering all spheres of urban functioning, such as social, infrastructural and planning sphere, as well as the sphere connected with the protection of the environment, the paper will attempt to present the sphere influencing the economic development providing financial support of entrepreneurship within the framework of revitalization activities. It is presumed in the work that the main supporting instruments include: Local Revitalization Programmes (LRP) developed within the framework of the Integrated Regional Development Operational Programme for 2004–2006 (IRDOP 2004–2006), Regional Operational Programmes for 2007–2013 (ROP 2007–2013), as well as JESSICA and JEREMIE financial instruments.
Nauczanie przedsiębiorczości w kontekście integracji europejskiej
Authors: Wąsik Halina
Published: February 2021

This paper is intended to prove the need to teach entrepreneurial society from kindergardens and to prepare all necessary measures to boost creative activity and entrepreneurial skills in children and teenagers. Every third Pole lives in poverty currently in Poland. These people have poor intelligent entrepreneurial features and this is one of the reason of their poverty. What can we do with those people from the depressed and ‘nothing to do’ culture? We can inoculate them with entrepreneurial culture and they have to believe in themselves. Entrepreneurial culture means developing creativity and innovation constantly. Economy and school have to cooperate together because the world is business. Where there is a good education, there is a wealth of economy. The entrepreneurial spirit leads students to success in their life. Therefore, teachers should prepare to teach them and shape of entrepreneurial attitudes in students. This programming period distributed password ‘economy knowledge-based’ and in the new programming should be altered ‘economy skills-based’. While access to knowledge is easy, student’s willingness and skills play a vital role. Therefore, boosting skills is a key aspect of economy development.
Zmiany procesu edukacji kierowców w warunkach integracji europejskiej
Authors: Ożdżyński Zbigniew
Published: February 2021

The article discusses the process of transforming driving instruction in terms of European integration as a basic factor of transport.It indicates the areas of driving instruction to be subjected to the process of transformation and their impact on the improvement of road safety, along with discussing the changes in selected areas of driving instruction, while pointing out fundamental differences between the legal requirements of Poland and selected European Union countries.It further discusses the differences in the basic training of drivers within the European Union and indicates the need for entrepreneurial activities in order to facilitate improvement in road safety.Also highlighted is the need to remove any differences in traffic regulations and in all other areas of driving instruction.
„Droga do euro – najważniejsze pytania i odpowiedzi” (scenariusz zajęć edukacyjnych)
Authors: Szypuła Iwona
Published: February 2021

The lecture is a presentation of the scenario of 2­hour Entrepreneurship lessons conducted in the first grade of high school. During the lesson students obtained answers to the most im­portant questions regarding the changeover to the Euro in Poland. To introduce the topic and encourage the students a survey was performed to estimate how many among them are in favor of a rapid introduction of the Euro, how many would like to delay this moment and lastly, how many of them are definitively opposed to the idea of the changeover. The results of the first survey (12 – in favor; 13 – delay; 5 – opposed) and then at the end of the class (24 – in favor; 5 – delay; 1 – opposed) clearly indicate that extending knowledge about the Euro has a great influence on how Polish citizens feel about its introduction in the country.Watching 5 educational movies from „Basic Economical Notions” a series made by NBP in Warsaw was a very important part of the class. The films clarified 5 of the most important issues related to the changeover to the Euro for students.1. Why should the Euro be introduced?2. What are the criteria for admittance to the Eurozone?3. What will the changeover be like?4. Will prices rise after the changeover?5. What do Euro coins and banknotes look like?The class was conducted in a laboratory equipped with a computer, screen and multimedia projector.
Wybrane problemy mniejszości narodowych a idea społeczeństwa obywatelskiego w Unii Europejskiej
Authors: Świętek Agnieszka , Osuch Wiktor
Published: February 2021

This article presents a socio­economic problems of national minorities in certain aspects of the processes of European integration. In European countries, as well as in Poland, the unem­ployment rate among ethnic minority groups is very high, compared to the general public. This problem affects particularly the Roma minority, because of cultural difference and the inability to find themselves in the current economic situation, which causes progressive social marginalization. High racist delinquency, as well as an increase in labor market discrimina­tion against minorities, in various countries of the European Union, are not conducive to the processes of social and citizen integration of those groups. The reason, as well as the effect of such situation is the very low level of education of Roma, not only in Poland but also in other European countries.Authors reckon, that one of the conditions of informative society’s growth is necessity to support their enterprising posture. Following this thesis, the authors think, that supporting lower developed groups, which don’t keep up with actual tempo of economic growth is ne­cessary to minimalize the social­economic marginalization of these groups and to limit social anxienties and clashes.Authors, on the example of Roma ethic minority group characterized the problems of these groups on work market, ways of fighting with them and showed the perspectives of progress of these groups in future by building enterprising postures. It seems that the measure of a progressive European social integration should be an appro­priate relationship to national and ethnic minorities in EU member countries, free from social and occupational, and discrimination on labor market, which does not seem easy in a market economy based on knowledge.
Konkurencyjność przedsiębiorstw w dobie globalnego kryzysu finansowego
Authors: Repetowski Radosław
Published: February 2021

Competition is a process that occurs in every aspect of human activity especially when it comes to economic activity within the market economy, which is one of the fundamental forms of social organization of economic activity. Traders are forced to make decisions concerning both the production and resource allocation, which is an inherent factor in competition. One of the preconditions for the process of competition is the scarcity of a resource in relation to the demand for the goods. In the case of a market economy we are dealing with a limited volume of demand for the asset. So competition is one of the features of a market economy. The continuous competition of traders in order to achieve the same goal (profit maximizing), is a necessary factor in the success or failure of a company, industry, region or national economy. The situation becomes even more complicated when companies are forced to act in times of crisis. The crisis should be understood as a worldwide collapse of the economy manifested primarily by a fall of the stock index, decrease of production, rising unemployment, declining economic growth, declining revenues or by the failure of the financial system. The global economy is currently in a deep financial crisis, which is why, in order to survive, companies operating in that environment must have the ability to quickly adapt to the rapidly changing environment. The author of this text presents the essence of competition as an economic phenomenon, the causes of the global financial crisis and possible actions and strategies that may enable companies to compete effectively in the present crisis.
Funkcjonowanie bielskiego ośrodka akademickiego w warunkach globalizacji
Authors: Haczek Alina
Published: February 2021

In the process of globalization, which is directly connected with scientific and technological progress, human capital receives special significance. Education, especially higher education, has the most important meaning as a factor leading to the improvement of the intellectual potential of societies. Educated, entrepreneurial society, which can easier be found in the new reality, is the foundation of the functioning of the global economy and raising the competitiveness of individual regions and countries The article discusses the functioning of the Bielsko-Biala academic center in the conditions of the globalization. It presents changes in the educational potential of the center in the years 1969–2009. Particular attention was paid to changes in the educational structure of the Bielsko- Biala academic center and its adaptation to the conditions of modern economy. In addition, the range of influence of the Bielsko-Biala academic center was defined based on the permanent residence of the students in the academic year 2008/2009 The results of this study assess the impact of globalization on the functioning of the academic centers, as well as the role of the Bielsko-Biala academic center in the development of human capital in local conditions
Miejsce przedsiębiorczości w edukacji
Authors: Zioło Zbigniew
Published: February 2021

In times of building the information society, quality and standards of education are the primary factors of the social, economic and cultural  development. The paper discusses the problematic aspects of studies on educational role in entrepreneurship development with reference to this idea and additionally the premise to shape entrepreneurial attitudes when teaching in postsecondary schools. Given the above it outlines expectations of the labour markets towards new employees.