bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Telesnovzgojna organizacija Orel po prvi svetovni vojni
Authors:   Muzej športa (Ljubljana, Slovenia), Šafarič Aleš
Published: June 2023

The article shows the complete process of the revival and development of the Catholic physical education organisation Orel (Eagle) after the First World War until its dissolution at the end of 1929. The organisation, which was founded in 1906 as an antithesis to the liberal organisation of Sokol but simultaneously on the basis of Sokol’s findings, continued down its unique successful path after the war. It finally became a self-managed organisation, adapted to the new Yugoslav situation, made international connections, elevated itself in the field of sport, and remained fundamentally true to its programme and purpose, i.e. raising physically and spiritually strong Catholic Slovenians who would be a source of support for the Catholic side.
Doseljavanje Slovenaca u NDH s posebnom osvrtom na područje Korduna i Banovine
Authors:   Hrvatski institut za povijest, Karakaš Obradov Marica
Published: June 2023

The article deals with the main German-Croatian guidelines for the transfer of the population during the Second World War. Some Slovenians were supposed to move to the Independent State of Croatia from the German-occupied Slovenian territory to the properties of the Serbs who were supposed to emigrate to Serbia. It was not possible to execute the volume and course of the plan, neither on the state level nor in the Banovina and Kordun areas.
Nastajanje slovenskih oboroženih sil
Authors:   Center vojaških šol Slovenske vojske, Kladnik Tomaž
Published: June 2023

Based on an analysis of archival sources and literature, the author considers the formation of the Slovene independent and democratic country, especially from the point of view of the formation of the Slovene armed forces, which had to be reshaped by the emerging new country, while at the same time dealing with aggravated relations with the Yugoslav federal authorities, especially the Yugoslav Army, which was seizing power in the federal state. The opposition was also against the formation of the country’s own, Slovene army. Thus, the defence system and its leaders, especially Ministers Janša and Bavčar as well as Prime Minister Peterle, were faced with difficult decisions. In spite of the real war threat, scarce resources were available to the defence department, and these had to be devoted almost entirely to arms procurement. The awareness of the importance of armed forces for the defence of Slovenia’s sovereignty helped to form the armed forces, the Territorial Defence of the Republic of Slovenia, through a project named Manoeuvre Structure of National Protection. Together with militia, civil defence and support of the civilian population, the Slovenian War of Independency was won.
Krajši pregled represije jugoslovanskega režima ob zahodni meji od konca vojne 1945 do srede petdesetih let
Authors:   Škofijska gimnazija Vipava, Vidmar Bašin Jernej
Published: June 2023

This paper presents a brief overview of various aspects of the repression performed by the Communist regime in the Primorska region between the end of the World War II in 1945 and the mid-1950s. The paper covers three periods: the period of the forty-day Yugoslav government in the Julian March in May 1945, the periods of Zone A and Zone B of the Julian March (from 12 June 1945 to 15 September 1947) and the first years after the delimitation following 15 September 1947, when the Primorska region was annexed to the People’s Republic of Slovenia, then part of the Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia according to the Paris Peace Treaty.
MENITI ULANG MASALAH ETIKA DAN NETRALITAS ASN DI ERA REFORMASI BIROKRASI
Authors: Azmi Khaidar
Published: June 2023

Bureaucratic reform is a big job that requires large resources, earnest efforts and strong commitment from all levels of government management. Bureaucratic reform must be able to mobilize the full potential of the Indonesian nation, first of all we should clean up bureaucratic diseases, and if it is not immediately resolved it can cause the government not going well, because it reduces trust in the community. Therefore, the Government of Indonesia is currently carrying out bureaucratic reforms that must make corrections and retrace the ethics of the bureaucracy or public administration. Bureaucratic ethics related to the mentality and morality of the bureaucratic apparatus in carrying out government functions, because many cases of ASN in Indonesia involve problems related to bureaucratic ethics, the most common in Indonesia is corruption. Many cases of corruption prove that Indonesia's bureaucratic ethics is still weak and requires improvement in bureaucratic ethics. Apart from that, in government it is also known as administrative or bureaucratic neutrality. The neutrality of the bureaucracy is not a new thing, but with state administration as an organ of the bureaucracy in Indonesia it will definitely be neutral. According to Sondang P, the bureaucracy must be neutral, meaning that this principle is interpreted by saying that the government bureaucracy must continue to function properly, regardless of the influence of the prevailing political parties.
KEBIJAKAN PEMERINTAH, MEDIA, DAN FATWA MUI DALAM MENDINAMISASI PERKEMBANGAN BANK SYARIAH DI INDONESIA
Authors: Purwoko Dwi
Published: June 2023

The socio-economic phenomenon in the form of the rapid development of Islamic Islamic banking cannot be separated from government policies that provide support for this development. Regulations regarding the development of Islamic banking have provided a kind of legal certainty for the development of banks which is expected by Muslim communities who seek to invest in a bank that is deemed to be blessed by Allah SWT. The mass media is in the form of electronic media and preachers as a form of mass communication as agents in socializing Islamic banks and has also dynamized the development of Islamic banks in the country. Everything is reinforced by the MUI Fatwa which is a kind of mandatory call to invest as much as possible the Muslim community's money into a sharia bank which is considered a bank that upholds the values of justice and is considered in accordance with sharia principles.
Feasibility of one-lung ventilation using two ventilators in a bleomycin treated patient under normoxic conditions: A case report
Authors:   Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, St. Joseph Hospital, Academic Hospital of the University of Regensburg, Germany., MT Pawlik
Published: June 2023

Bleomycin is a chemotherapeutic agent that has been applied successfully for decades in the treatment of testicular tumors. Case reports and studies in animal models suggest that bleomycin increases the lifelong toxicity of lungs to increased oxygen concentrations, which may trigger ARDS. Therefore, the general recommendation is to keep oxygen levels as low as possible in the context of medical procedures, which opposes the necessity of high oxygen application during one-lung ventilation (OLV).
Do clinical and demographic characteristics affect pain self-efficacy in chronic disease patients undergoing occupational therapy A cross sectional study in Greece
Authors:   Hellenic Open University, School of Social Sciences, Patra, Greece., Theofilou Paraskevi
Published: June 2023

The purpose of this research is to study the correlation of pain self - efficacy to the time of occupational therapy, gender,age and the years that have passed since the diagnosis.
Septic shoulder osteoarthritis post-covid-19 vaccination: A case report with literature review
Authors:   Emergency Department, Ibn Sina University Hospital of Rabat, Morocco., OUALI Ibtissam EL
Published: June 2023

This report emphasizes the relevance of MRI in non-resolving inflammation post-covid-19 vaccination in a 63-year-old female. In this patient, clinical examination was suggestive of septic arthritis confirmed by biology and MRI, which demonstrated cartilaginous damage and an extension of the infection to the bone. Therapeutical possibilities and prevention techniques are described and substantiated with a brief review of post-vaccinal arthritis cases in the literature. This report aims to delineate the utility of early MRI performance in persistent joint inflammation and the different possibilities available to the patient for optimal management at the early stages of the disease.
Vestibular schwannoma: Ice cream cone sign
Authors:   National Institute of Oncology, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco., Kenza Berrada
Published: June 2023

Vestibular schwannoms is a benign extra-axial tumor the most frequent cerebellopontine angle masses. It can interfere with the face nerves, causing facial numbness and paralysis. (MRI) is the most specific and first intention examination to make the diagnosis.
Electrochemical sensing of caffeic acid antioxidant in wine samples using carbon paste electrode amplified with CdO/SWCNTs
Authors: Arab Zahra , Jafarian Sara , Karimi-Maleh Hassan , Roozbeh Nasiraie Leila , Ahmadi Mohammad
Published: June 2023

An electrochemical sensor was introduced as an analytical tool for monitoring caffeic acid in food samples. This analytical tool was amplified by cadmium oxide decorated on single wall carbon nanotubes as a new catalyst and showed a powerful ability to sensing of caffeic acid in food products. The presence of cadmium oxide decorated on single wall carbon nanotubes catalyst improved the oxidation signal of caffeic acid about 2.4 times at optimum conditions. The pH investigation confirmed that the redox reaction of caffeic acid was pH dependent and showed maximum sensitivity at pH 7.0. The paste electrode amplified with cadmium oxide decorated on single wall carbon nanotubes was successfully monitored caffeic acid in the concentration range 0.02–200 µM with a detection limit of 9.0 nM, respectively. The standard addition strategy showed a recovery range of 97.96 – 102.59 % to the measurement of caffeic acid in fruit juice, white and red wine that was acceptable for the fabrication of a new analytical tool in food monitoring.
International drug crime in forensic and criminological terms
Authors: Opitek Paweł
Published: June 2023

The article entitled "International drug crime in forensic and criminological terms" first indicates why this issue is important for lawyers and those working in law enforcement and presents the research method the author has used to accurately diagnose the issue under consideration. Subsequent chapters deal with the nature of "drug" crimes committed, the personal profile of their perpetrators, the importance of extrajudicial activities in combating the crime in question, the sale of illicit substances on the Internet and the laundering of money which comes from drug trafficking. It concludes by pointing out the basic features of cross-border drug crime and the dilemmas involved in combating it. The article was written based on the author's knowledge and experience as a prosecutor and in dealing with the crime in question. The paper is therefore entirely the authors work.
THE LEGAL PROTECTION OF THE JOURNALIST PROFESSIONAL PRIVILEGE IN THE POLISH LEGAL ORDER SELECTED ISSUES
Authors: Baszkowski Adam
Published: June 2023

In todays world, the social media play an important role in shaping reality. In democratic societies, they also act as a kind of controller of public life. The journalists primary task is to serve society and the state. Journalists have a special duty to act in accordance with professional ethics and the rules of social interaction, in line with the rules prescribed by law.In the performance of their profession, journalists enjoy legal protection designed to ensure that citizens may exercise their constitutional right of access to information and public criticism.However, the right to freedom of expression, including freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority in accordancewith European standards, is not absolute in nature. An important factor contributing to the freedom of expression and independence of the press, which makes journalism to be perceived as a profession of public trust by the society, is the legal protection of the journalist professional privilege. This article attempts to present the current views of the doctrine and jurisprudence on the adopted principles of protection of the journalist privilege in the Polish legal order, with a particular emphasis put on inadmissibility in evidence arising from the legal standards defined in Article 180 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.
DISCIPLINARY LIABILITY OF JUDGES OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL TRIBUNAL IN THE POLISH LEGAL ORDER PART II
Authors: Kil Jan
Published: June 2023

This article is devoted to the problems of disciplinary liability of judges of the Constitutional Tribunal in the Polish legal order. The second part of the study discusses the subjective and objective scope of disciplinary liability of judges of the Constitutional Tribunal. In this context, the article considers specifically the constituent elements of a disciplinary offence and temporal limits of disciplinary liability of the Tribunals judges. In the second part of the study, also the course of disciplinary proceedings was presented and conclusions were given, including proposals de lege ferenda, following from both parts of the publication.
THE APPEAL PROCEEDINGS IN DISCIPLINARY PROCEEDINGS AGAINST SOLDIERS IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE ACT ON THE DEFENSE OF THE HOMELAND
Authors: Baran-Wesołowska Beata
Published: June 2023

The articles purpose is to present the appeal proceedings as a part of the disciplinary proceedings against soldiers. The publication analyzes the procedural aspect and the temporal aspect. In this study, the author also scrutinizes the types of decisions issued in appeal proceedings.
CONCILIATION VERSUS MEDIATION IN INDIVIDUAL LABOR LAW CASES
Authors: Krasuń Aneta
Published: June 2023

Among the amicable procedures for resolving individual labor law cases, two basic types can be distinguished, i.e. judicial and extrajudicial. Between these two extreme types, the mixed type can determined i.e. judicial-extrajudicial which is covered by the mediation procedure under Civil Procedure Code Art. 1831-18315. The aim of the article is to show the differences and similarities of conciliation and mediation as two amicable types of solving individual cases in the field of labor law i.e. judicial and judicial-extrajudicial that have the same goal namely concluding a settlement between the parties and thus ending the ongoing dispute
THE JUDGE AS A HANDWRITING EXPERT
Authors: Zadworna Sylwia
Published: June 2023

In the presented study, the author raised the issue of the possibility of questioned document examination, including handwriting examination, by the judge in civil proceedings. The article presents both the position of doctrine and case law in this regard. Considerations in this regard included e.g. special knowledge that experts performing handwriting examinations should have, factors determining the image of handwriting and the consequences of combining the role of judge and expert in a proceeding. The article is a critical voice concerning the discussed issue.
Brain Function: Free Energy, Predictive Processing and Active Inference
Authors:   Leeds Teaching Hospitals, NHS Trust, Leeds University, UK, MAVROUDIS Ioannis , BALMUS Ioana – Miruna ,   "Department of Exact Sciences and Natural  Sciences - Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Romania; Doctoral School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Romania.", CIOBICA Alin ,   Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Romania; Romanian Academy, Center of Biomedical Research, Iasi, Romania; Academy of Romanian Scientists, Bucuresti, Romania.
Published: June 2023

"A potential new theory of brain function based on Bayesian inference could be that the brain is a predictive processing system that generates internal models of the world to make predictions about future sensory inputs. According to this theory, the brain generates internal models based on prior beliefs and past experiences, which are used to make predictions about future sensory inputs. In summary, the free energy principle focuses on minimizing the difference between the predicted and actual sensory inputs using a hierarchical generative model, while the predictive processing theory focuses on generating and updating internal models to make predictions about future sensory inputs."
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Criminal Behavior
Authors:   Leeds Teaching Hospitals, NHS Trust, Leeds University, UK, MAVROUDIS Ioannis , BALMUS Ioana – Miruna ,   "Department of Exact Sciences and Natural  Sciences - Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Romania; Doctoral School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Romania.", CIOBICA Alin ,   Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Romania; Romanian Academy, Center of Biomedical Research, Iasi, Romania; Academy of Romanian Scientists, Bucuresti, Romania.
Published: June 2023

"Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health concern, affecting millions of people worldwide each year. The causes of TBI can be diverse and may include falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, assault, and military combat. Evidence from recent studies suggests that TBI is a risk factor for criminal behavior, although the strength of the association and the mechanisms involved may vary depending on the age of the person at the time of injury and other factors. TBI is associated with an increased risk of criminal behavior, possibly due to cognitive impairment, emotional dysregulation, and other factors. Further research is needed to fully understand the relationship between TBI and criminal behavior, and to develop effective interventions to reduce the prevalence of criminal behavior in individuals with TBI."
"Describing some general aspects on the anatomoneuropathology, neuropsychological assessment and some genetics of Glioblastoma Multiforme"
Authors:   Emergency Hospital Professor Doctor Nicolae Oblu, Iasi, POPOVICI Alexandru Cristian , CIMPEANU Mirela ,   Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iasi, Romania, MAVROUDIS Ioannis ,   Leeds Teaching Hospitals, NHS Trust, Leeds University, United Kingdom, CIMPEANU Cristian Sorin ,   Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iasi, Romania, CIOBICA Alin ,   "Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iasi, Romania; Center of Biomedical Research, Romanian Academy, Iasi, Romania; Academy of Romanian Scientists, Bucuresti, Romania", IORDACHE Alin ,   Emergency Hospital Professor Doctor Nicolae Oblu, Iași; "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
Published: June 2023

"Based on our previous experience, we are describing here some general aspects on the anatomoneuropathology, neuropsychological assessment and some aspect of molecular genetics in Glioblastoma Multiforme."
Türkiye’de Yazılı Basının Kanser Haberlerine Yaklaşımı
Authors: SUİÇMEZ Mehmet
Published: June 2023

Bu çalışmada gazetelerin sağlık haberlerine yaklaşımlarındaki farklılıklarının irdelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. insan yaşamını doğrudan etkileyen sağlık haberleri önem arz etmektedir. Her konuda olduğu gibi toplumun sağlık alanında da bilinçlenmesi için medya gayreti gerekmektedir. Bu durum haberlerin özenle hazırlanmasını gerektirmekte, hazırlanan metinler teknik bilgilerden meydana geldiği için, bilgiyi haberleştiren muhabirlerin uzmanlaşması oldukça önemli görülmektedir. Muhabirler, gazetelerin daha fazla okuyucunun ilgisini çekmesi için magazin içerikli bir kurguyla haber yayınlayabilmektedir. Bu durum sağlık haberciliğinde gerçekleştiği takdirde, muhabirler tarafından kamuya aktarılan yanlış, eksik, doğruluğu kanıtlanmamış bilgiler, olumsuz sonuçlar yaratabilmektedir. Son dönemlerde sağlık haberciliğinde yaşanan gelişmelere Türkçe literatürde yer verilmediği gözlenen bu konu, bu çalışma aracılığıyla güncel olarak incelenmektedir. Bu doğrultuda 1 Ekim 2022 ile 31 Aralık 2022 tarihleri arasında Türkiye’de yayınlanan farklı yayın anlayışına sahip Cumhuriyet, Hürriyet, Posta ve Sabah gazetelerinde yer alan 40 kanser haberi içerik analizine tabi tutulmuştur. Araştırma kapsamında gazetelerde yer alan kanserle ilgili haberlerin yapısal ve içeriksel özellikleri esas problem olarak ele alınmıştır. Bu doğrultuda ilgili haberlerin yayın türü, yardımcı unsur kullanımı, haberin sayfadaki konumu, haber ve bilgi kaynağı, haber kategorileri, başlık ve içerik uyumu alt problemler olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, araştırmaya dahil edilen gazetelerde yer alan kanser haberlerinde genel sağlık haberlerinin düşük düzeyde kullanıldığı, magazinsel kategoride haber yayınlamaya devam edildiği, dolayısıyla kamuyu bilgilendirmekten ziyade ilgi çekme amacıyla haber oluşturulduğu görülmüş; sağlık haberciliği konusunda uzmanlaşmanın gerektiği tespit edilmiştir.
ISPARTA İSTİKLAL MAHKEMESİNDE GÖRÜLMÜŞ BAZI CASUSLUK DAVALARI
Authors: YILDIZ AYBAK Sebile
Published: June 2023

İstiklal Mahkemeleri, Kurtuluş Savaşı sırasında asker kaçaklarını engellemek ve Büyük Millet Meclisi’nin otoritesini sağlamlaştırmak amacıyla kurulmuş olağanüstü yetkilere sahip mahkemelerdir. Bu mahkemeler Anadolu’nun çeşitli illerinde görev yapmışlar ve askerlikten firar, siyasi ve askeri casusluk ve vatana ihanet gibi oldukça önemli davalara bakmışlardır. İstiklal Mahkemelerinin ilk faaliyet döneminde Isparta bölgesinde de bir mahkeme kurulmuştur. Bu mahkeme Yunan ve İtalyan işgal sahası çevresinde kurulması ve ağırlıklı olarak bu işgallerin neticesinde ortaya çıkan suçlara bakması nedeniyle oldukça önemli bir mahkemedir. Isparta İstiklal Mahkemesinin faaliyetleri bu tarihi önemine rağmen yeterince incelenmemiştir. Bu eksikliğe ek olarak, Millî Mücadele’nin bugüne kadar çoğunlukla siyasi, askeri cephesi ve iç ayaklanmalar konusu işlenmiştir. Casusluk sorunları üzerinde de pek fazla durulmamıştır. Halbuki Kurtuluş Savaşı sırasında Türk ordusunun uğraştığı en önemli sorunlardan birisi işgalci güçler lehine gerçekleştirilen casusluk faaliyetleridir. Dolayısıyla Kurtuluş Savaşı sürecinde İstiklal Mahkemeleri siyasi ve askeri casusluğa karıştığı iddia olunan birçok kişinin davaları ile ilgilenmiştir. Bu makalede İstiklal Mahkemesine verilen casusluk suçlarının Isparta İstiklal Mahkemesinde görülmüş olanları, Türk vatandaşı oldukları halde Yunan ordusunda Türklere karşı silah kullanmak yoluyla ihanette bulunanların, Yunan tebaasından olup Türk ordusunun içine sızarak casusluk yapmaya çalışanların İstiklal Mahkemesindeki yargılanmaları ve aldıkları cezalar değerlendirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu değerlendirmeler yapılırken, TBMM Arşivi’nden yararlanılarak daha önce yayınlanmamış yargılama tutanakları kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın bu özelliği nedeniyle Millî Mücadele tarihi literatürüne önemli bir katkı yapması beklenmektedir.
A novel multithresholding algorithm for segmentation of the MRI images
Authors: Kaushik Pancholi Bhavna , Sevantilal Modi Pramodkumar , Nehal Gitesh Chitaliya
Published: June 2023

Segmentation is a crucial stage in picture evaluation techniques. Brain magnetic resonance imaging has been accurately segmented, extensively studied because the use of these types of methods allows the detection and recognition of a wide range of disorders. Thresholding is a simple and effective method for segmenting images. But depending on how many thresholds are employed for segmentation, thresholding-based techniques tend to cost more to compute. As a result, metaheuristic algorithms are a crucial tool for multilevel thresholding that aid in determining the best values. Using a novel cuckoo search (NCS) algorithm, we have suggested a method for segmenting MRI images that is more efficient. Three different objective functions (Otsu's method, Kapur entropy, and Tsallis entropy function) were utilised by comparing the output of the projected strategy with the Cuckoo Search (CS) algorithm
On the Legislation and Integrity of the Electoral Management Bodies in Western Balkans Countries
Authors: Kume Andon , Lireza Linert
Published: June 2023

The comparative analysis of national legislation related to EMBs (Electoral Managment Bodies) in Western Balkan countries shows that in the process of drafting this legislation, all these countries had as a roadmap the recommendations given by international institutions and CoE for countries that have insufficient experience in the exercise of democracy and the rule of law. These countries have used the independent EMBs model. Political representation is the basic principle implemented in these countries for establishing the EMBs. Efforts for political balancing of EMBs are not identified in all countries and for all levels of EMBs. In the Albanian legislation, this issue is treated in a more complete way than in other countries. In multi-ethnic countries, such as North Macedonia, Kosovo, Montenegro and BiH, the legislation guarantees the representation in EMBs of ethnic minorities. Referring to the integrity of the EMB, the countries of the Western Balkans are classified in the group of countries with a "moderate" level. To increase the Electoral Integrity Index, these countries must make changes in the legislation related to EMBs and its operation in accordance with the recommendations of international institutions, such as OSCE/ODIHR, CoE, Venice Commission.

 

Received: 5 January 2023 / Accepted: 20 February 2023 / Published: 20 March 2023
The Beginnings of the Cold War and NATO's Approach to the Balkans
Authors: Iseni Fati , Jakupi Agim
Published: June 2023

The end of the Second World War, in addition to leaving great economic consequences and a great loss of life, also created a deep division between the Allies. This division will later create problems of different natures in the global aspect. Regardless of the influences, countries tended to side with one of two strong ideo-political blocs though Yugoslavia was also challenged in these dimensions. Its politics initially tended to be closer to the Soviet Union, but soon there would be a split aimed at political independence i.e. outside the influence of the Soviet Union. Undoubtedly, these circumstances also create security risk for Yugoslavia itself, which did not have the strength and readiness to face a military force like the Soviet Union. Yugoslav politics chose a different path, a "silent" cooperation with Western democracies, especially with NATO. In this context, NATO will also have special approach to the policies of Yugoslavia so that it would continue to be as far as possible from any influence of the Soviet Union.

 

Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 17 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
Compensation Scheme of Former Political Prisoners in Albania, as a Matter of Transitional (in) Justice
Authors: Abdurrahmani Bledar
Published: June 2023

The change of the political and legal system in Albania gave birth to the great hope, not only of the triumph of dignity, but also of the correction of injustices towards former political prisoners. In Albania, from 1991 to 2008, a series of legal measures addressed the issue of former political prisoners. Their purpose was not only to legally consider punishment for crimes of a political nature as unjust, but also to award compensation. But, in the span of 17 years they remained a formal statement on paper, an inadequate legal solution that in very few cases became effective. At the beginning of 2008, with the entry into force of the law on the compensation of former political convicts, an administrative compensation process was sanctioned that offered a reasonable solution in terms of time and amount of compensation. However, the subsequent legal changes recognized the right of the state to carry out a compensation process based on budgetary possibilities and did not condition the realization of this process in terms of time. The paper aims to analyze the concept of transitional justice in international and domestic law, highlighting its main instruments, as well as focusing on compensation for former political prisoners in Albania. The work through the analytical and comparative method supports the hypothesis that the compensation of political prisoners designed as an effective tool for correcting the injustice caused during the years of communism is bringing back new injustices, which are incompatible with the principle of the rule of law and human rights. The compensation scheme for political convicts in Albania has created not only legal uncertainty regarding the time of compensation, but also such a duration can lead to inequality and discrimination. The paper recommends the need for immediate legal changes to build a fair, fast and effective compensation mechanism.

 

Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
European Cultural Cooperation Projects in the Western Balkans
Authors: Dedej Arian , Medici Lorenzo
Published: June 2023

The EU and the Western Balkans are bound together by enduring cultural connections and a shared goal. In order to advance peace and good neighbourly relations, the European Commission decided in July 2019 to strengthen cultural cooperation in the Western Balkans. The Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA II) launched an explicit call based on the Creative Europe Programme, encouraging applicants to suggest a consortium with the majority of partners from the Western Balkans in order to strengthen regional ties and increase local impact. Out of 350 entries, the European Education and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA) chose 13 projects with 91 partners. In order to most effectively heal the wounds left by the wars in the former Yugoslavia and to foster a sense of common citizenship in Europe, these cultural efforts are instances of cultural soft power.

 

Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
Legal Instruments for Determining Personal Insurance Measures in the "Republic of Albania"
Authors: Musa Elton , Musa Sherif
Published: June 2023

Any restriction of freedom must be objectively justified and for a duration no longer than is necessary. In exceptional cases, when the limitation of freedom is considered necessary, it must guarantee the respect of rights and guarantees of a procedural nature, provided for in international acts that are mandatory to be implemented in domestic legislation. The right to liberty means only protection from restriction of physical liberty. It is not easy to define the meaning of the term "restriction of freedom", but in general we will understand this as the obligation to stay in a limited space for a considerable period of time. In every country in the world, people are arrested and detained on suspicion of having committed a criminal offence. Often, these individuals are kept restricted from their freedom for weeks, months or even years before a competent court pronounces a decision on their case on the merits. The conditions in which these individuals are kept are often the worst in the internal penitentiary system. Their legal status is in jeopardy as they are suspects but have not pleaded guilty and they are under enormous pressure, due to the damage they suffer in economic terms or separation from family and community. The extended use of arrest in prison or at home, in the Republic of Albania, evidences a poor recognition of the conditions and criteria for assigning coercive personal security measures, by the actors of the criminal justice system, in particular by the prosecution and the court. However, the role of the courts remains fundamental not only for the correction of procedural actions carried out by the prosecution and the police, but especially for the guarantee of freedoms and fundamental rights, as well as the principles of the rule of law.

 

Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
Territorial Integrity of Ukraine in the View of International Law
Authors: Musa Elton , Shehaj Julinda
Published: June 2023

The purpose of this paper, among others, is precisely to understand the causes of this conflict of the use of force by Russian forces in the territory of Ukraine and to understand what can be done and what should be the response that the international community, and in this case the UN represents, must give this new challenge that history is facing. Today, Europe is experiencing the most serious geopolitical crisis that the Balkans has experienced since the collapse of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the 1990s. Just a little over a year and a half ago, Russian President Vladimir Putin submitted a request to the Council of the Russian Federation asking for permission to use armed force due to the emergency situation in Ukraine and the ongoing threat to citizens and thus the Forces Russian armed forces were deployed in its territory, in particular in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and then in the entire territory of Ukraine. For us Europeans, who watch this crisis with special attention, not only because of the geographical proximity but also because of the unpredictability of its results, it is still very difficult to fully understand what is happening in Ukraine today. That is why I think it is necessary to review several stages together, which will show us how this crisis at the eastern doors of our house, if it was not preventable, was at least predictable. The principles of "sovereignty" and "self-determination" are two of the basic norms of international law, but sometimes they contradict themselves and the main debate presented in this topic is which principle limits the other, so we have tried to answer we find in the assessment of each case. State sovereignty is no longer an absolute concept as it is directly related to the respect of human rights. Self-determination continues to be a radical concept of this time, and its application depends on a case-by-case basis, taking into account various historical and current factors.

 

Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 17 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
The Role of Trainings in the Development and Enhancement of Work Performance in the Public and Private Sector
Authors: Mamaqi Ermir
Published: June 2023

Training is an active learning method that refers to the acquisition and improvement of knowledge, abilities, skills and vocal or practical wonts, as well as knowledge related to specific areas of professional activity. The aim of training is to enhance the abilities and performance of an individual or a specific group. The development and training of employees is the strategic investment of time, energy, and resources in improving the company's personnel. Some of most important advantages of trainings are: Improved Employee Performance; Self-Confidence; Self-Esteem; Self-Image; Increased Team Morale; Development of Employee Skills; Consistency; Enhanced the Reputation and Company Profile; The essence of any training relies in the transformation of three key components of an employee’s qualifications: knowledge, skills, and attitudes. Through training, companies "earn" change in these three parameters. Training serves as a mechanism for improving the efficiency of the enterprise by developing the competencies of its personnel. The goal of any training is to develop specific skills, assess opportunities, and aid in achieving desired results. In this article, we will explore and analyse, among other things, practical cases demonstrating how employee training impacts job performance and final company outcomes.

 

Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
The Right to Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and its Implementation in Albania
Authors: Ruspi Ermonela
Published: June 2023

The freedom of assembly is one of the fundamental freedoms declared in a series of international legal documents and sanctioned in the domestic law of many states. In recent years, under the influence of economic, social, and political circumstances or those related to the pandemic, this freedom has been a tool in the hands of citizens or different entities to organize together and voice their concerns and grievances. In addition to the progress made in Albania, in practice, in many cases, problems have been identified in guaranteeing the exercise of the freedom of assembly of citizens by public authorities due to a lack of understanding of the purpose of the law or the lack of training of State Police employees in regards to taking measures for the management of gatherings. In addressing freedom of assembly in this paper, the methodology based on the assessment of the legal framework has been taken into consideration, as well as the challenges arising in the implementation of this right in an Albanian context. The sources of information are based on the reports of various institutions inside and outside Albania, on the legal framework that regulates the freedom of assembly, as well as on concrete situations of the organization of assemblies and emerging problems. The paper in conclusion reflects some recommendations in the context of improving legal guarantees as well as the taking of measures by public authorities in Albania in the exercise of freedom of assembly.

 

Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
Democratic Evolution in Albania in the Aftermath of Candidate Country Status
Authors: Medici Lorenzo , Dedej Arian
Published: June 2023

The integration process in the European Union, being the major national goal, is the political action that leads the agenda of every Albanian government since 1992 up today. Being aware on the importance of integration process as the most efficient way towards the path of fast democratization, governments have undertaken concrete steps in the opening of accession negotiations. The integration process is in a very significant momentum which dictates dialogue and partnership. Every country that has set as a goal the EU integration, should respect the integration criteria’s or as known the ‘Copenhagen criteria’s’, on the basis under which the European Commission deliver the opinion in regard of every application. These criteria’s are defined during the European Council of Copenhagen in 1993 and accomplished during the European Council in Madrid in 1995. These are political criteria’s such as : stability of institutions which guarantee democracy, rule of law, human rights and respect and protection of minorities; economic criteria’s such as the existence of an efficient economy, capacity to challenge competition pressure and internal market forces of the EU; the opportunity to take responsibilities which derive by law and policies of the EU ( acquis communitaire). Stability, peace and the integration of the Western Balkan countries en block, play a fundamental role for the present and the future of Europe. Over the years, it has become more evident the necessity to strengthen the EU policies against countries of this region. Considering the geographic position of Albania in the Mediterranean and its importance in oftentimes weak spots within the region, it deserves a special attention by the European institutions. Since the candidate country’s status up to now, Albania has reached a moderate progress in terms of democracy shifting from a hybrid regime to a flawed democracy. Flawed democracy countries reflect a bold weakness in democratic terms, among others an underdeveloped political culture, low participation in political life and issues concerning governance. Civil rights are still problematic especially when it comes at media censorship or in attacks against country opposition.

 

Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
Women’s Participation in Political Decision-Making in Albania: Current Challenges and Expectations for the Future: The Case of Durrës and Tirana Regions
Authors: Bedini Belina , Zotaj Elda
Published: June 2023

The gender index of 2020, is showing that Albania is placed under the European average with 60.4 points. On the other hand, Albania has been implementing for nearly ten years, the law on gender equity, where the participation of women up to 30% in the decision-making and executive bodies, is assured through the female quota system elections. As a result, the country today has a considerable level of women’s representation in political decision-making, like 30% in parliament, while in the government women mark the majority at 57%. In this paper, we aim to discover what are the challenges that women in politics are facing. Are they fulfilling the mission in terms of positive effects on the quality of democracy? What is missing? Hence, the study will focus, firstly on the steps taken on women’s participation in politics and relevant decision-making. The analysis will follow with the exploitation of the documents, such as laws, normative acts, and strategies on women’s contribution to decision-making. In addition, through the literature review, the study will focus on the reasons women should be equally represented in politics, and what is expected from them in terms of a qualitative democracy. Moreover, through the qualitative methodology, we have interviewed 12 women that are actively engaged in political decision-making, at the national and local levels, in Durrës and Tirana regions. With the interviews, we will try to explore the challenges, the contribution, the mission and the perceptions of women in politics. In the conclusion section, we will identify the good practices that helped the political career of women and some recommendations for future improvement.

 

Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
Socio-Economic Perspective in Albania, Objectives and Implementing Instruments
Authors: Demi Mosho Albana , Puci Jona
Published: June 2023

Every policymaker, before drafting a socio-economic policy, must consider the impact of the drafted policy and the effects on all interest groups. In this paper, economic policies that have a direct impact on society, research instruments, and law enforcement reforms will be presented. The methodology for collecting information, and comparison of legal analysis and data to achieve the results of this paper will be used qualitative and quantitative methods, as well as descriptive methods. The paper is based on a detailed analysis of the sources primary and resources. The study, understanding, and then explanation or drafting of social economic policies cannot be achieved without first studying the main object with which this policy deals, which is money. The descriptive method used in this paper aims to reflect the current state of implementing instruments in Albania. The statistical method was used to analyze the study materials. Every individual, business, and institution carries out its expenses depending on the income. The government realizes its income through taxation and depending on this income it draws up the expenditure plan. This is a rule that no one can avoid.

 

Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
Environmental Crimes: Their Nature, Scope, and Problems in Identification
Authors: Lirëza Linert , Koçi Gentian
Published: June 2023

Environmental crimes are illegal acts that directly harm the environment. They can cause considerable damage to ecosystems, increasing the risk of disease, environmental disaster, food chain contamination, pollution, wildlife degradation, reduced life expectancy, and increased rates of human morbidity. Environmental crime is the fourth largest criminal enterprise in the world. (INTERPOL-UN) These crimes include illegal logging, wildlife trafficking, hazardous waste dumping, illegal fishing, and the trade of endangered species, among others. Despite their wide-ranging implications, identifying and prosecuting these offenses remain challenging. This paper explores the nature and scope of environmental crimes, the difficulties in their identification, and the need for improved detection and enforcement mechanisms to tackle these illegal activities effectively. By examining the current state of environmental crime, the paper seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of the issue, contributing to the development of more effective policies and strategies to combat this growing global problem. The European Space Agency is offering technical support and funding to companies developing innovative and commercial services that use space technology to combat environmental crimes. The paper also discusses the role of organized criminal networks and the relationship between environmental crimes and other types of criminal activities such as money laundering, corruption, and human trafficking. From the other side, it examines the challenges posed by the complexity of environmental crimes, the need for specialized knowledge and expertise, and the role of corruption and other factors that hinder effective identification and enforcement.

 

Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
INVESTIGATION OF MANIFOLDS IN THE CR3BP
Authors: HYSA Azem , KLEMO Marsida
Published: June 2023

Many of the problems facing physicists and applied mathematicians involve difficulties as nonlinear governing equations, variable coefficients, and nonlinear boundary conditions at complex known or unknown boundaries that preclude solving them exactly. Manifolds and optimal control were used to better understand trajectories in the circular restricted three-body problem. Equationsof this problem were used to generate two-dimensional and three-dimensional stable and unstable invariant manifolds. The instability of periodic orbits and similar periodic solutions can be exploited to analyze paths to and from every point on a given orbit. This workpresents a systematic method for the designin of impulsive low-energy transferes between the Earth and the Moon by the explicit using invariant manifold theory. Invariant manifolds are tube-like structures along which a spacecraft may travel using no energy and this techniques usually only provied trajectories for uncontrolled spacecraft. The numerical integration requires an initial position and velocity so that it can generate a trajectory over a specified time interval. A zero initial velocity is required to find the stable manifold to travel to a Lagrange point. The stable manifold can be propagated forward and backward in time so that a spacecraft is able to travel to and from a Lagrange point on the manifold. Finally, this paper discusses the tools used to generate the trajectories in this work. In this study all units of physical quantities are non-dimensional form and the results are plotted using numerical methods in MATLAB.