bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bilateral Primary Orbital Non Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Masquerading As Myositic Pseudotumor In An Elderly Patient
Authors: Vallinayagam Muthukrishnan , Krishnamoorthy Jayalatha , Vijayakumar Lavanya , Suryawanshi Dilip
Published: December 2017

Primary orbital Non Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (NHL) comprises 1-2% NHL and 8-10% extra nodal NHL. Orbital NHL commonly involves the superolateral quadrant and 20% are bilateral. An eighty year old patient presented with gradually increasing, bilateral proptosis, mild pain, congestion and chemosis for eight months. A firm rubbery mass was palpable in the inferior aspect of left orbit and superonasal aspect of right orbit. Visual acuity and extraocular movements were normal. Whole body work up was normal. CT orbits revealed a well defined solid mass lesion in the left orbit, extending from the infraorbital to retrobulbar region, encasing the inferior rectus and inferior oblique, with tendon involvement. The lesion had a similar echotexture to muscle, involving the intraconal and extraconal compartments. The fat plane between the lesion and muscle was obliterated. Based on confluence of clinical and radiological findings, myositic pseudotumor was strongly suspected. Incision biopsy showed extranodal aggregates of small lymphocytes with clumped chromatin and indistinct nucleoli. Immunohistochemistry confirmed low grade B cell NHL. Orbital lymphoma can closely mimic inflammatory pseudotumor clinically and radiologically. Both entities present with common clinical features like proptosis, periorbital swelling, chemosis, restriction of movements and visual complaints. On imaging, a minority of lymphoma can demonstrate features of pseudotumor by an atypical location in the orbit, dual compartmentalisation (intraconal and extraconal), echotexture resembling muscle, tendon involvement and fat infiltration. Biopsy and histopathological examination confirms the diagnosis in such masquerades.
Hyperbaric Chamber and Its Ophthalmic Applications
Authors: Patyal Sagarika
Published: December 2017

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy has been used for centuries but it has been accorded more scientific reasoning only recently. Ophthalmic applications of this therapy is an off label use of hyperbaric oxygen but results of its use in Central Retinal Artery Occlusion and many other devastating ocular infections is paving the way for increasing acceptability by ophthalmologists. Recent protocols of therapy are being enunciated and safer hyperbaric chambers are being manufactured to help patients and doctors use this hereto underutilised modality of treatment.
Coevolving MAPK and PID phosphosites indicate an ancient environmental control of PIN auxin transporters in land plants
Authors: Dory Magdalena , Hatzimasoura Elizabeth , Kállai Brigitta M. , Nagy Szilvia K. , Jäger Katalin , Darula Zsuzsanna , Nádai Tímea V. , Mészáros Tamás , López‐Juez Enrique , Barnabás Beáta , Palme Klaus , Bögre László , Ditengou Franck A. , Dóczi Róbert
Published: December 2017

Plant growth flexibly adapts to environmental conditions, implying cross‐talk between environmental signalling and developmental regulation. Here, we show that the PIN auxin efflux carrier family possesses three highly conserved putative mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) sites adjacent to the phosphorylation sites of the well‐characterised AGC kinase PINOID, which regulates the polar localisation of PINs and directional auxin transport, thereby underpinning organ growth. The conserved sites of PIN1 are phosphorylated in vitro by two environmentally activated MAPKs, MPK4 and MPK6. In contrast to AGC kinases, MAPK‐mediated phosphorylation of PIN1 at adjacent sites leads to a partial loss of the plasma membrane localisation of PIN1. MAPK‐mediated modulation of PIN trafficking may participate in environmental adjustment of plant growth.
Nanospeciation Analysis Using Field Flow Fractionation
Authors: Moreno‐Martin Gustavo , Sanz‐Landaluze Jon , Madrid Yolanda
Published: December 2017

Trace element speciation is currently moving toward nanotechnology field. Nanosized materials such as metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) and metallic oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) are being used in many fields. However, their impact on the environment and human health is still poorly understood. Characterizing metal and metalloids in nanosize form is not an easy task, and it is still at an incipient stage of development. There is a current trend of using multimethod approaches to provide information, especially for nano‐objects in complex matrices. Field flow fractionation (FFF) techniques, especially asymmetrical flow‐field flow fractionation (AF4), have been shown as a promising approach for size‐based elemental speciation. This article provides a detailed description of the application of AF4to trace element speciation in nanosize form. The description will focus first on the difficulties encountered in MNPs and MONPs determination, especially those factors affecting their stability (sample treatment and interaction with living systems). The second part outlines the application of the AF4in nanospeciation consisting of a description on the basic principles of the technique and the parameters affecting MNPs and MONPs separation along with different methodologies for their sizing and quantification. The article presents throughout selected examples on the application of AF4for characterizing nanoparticles.
Sleep patterns predictive of daytime challenging behavior in individuals with low‐functioning autism
Authors: Cohen Simonne , Fulcher Ben D. , Rajaratnam Shantha M. W. , Conduit Russell , Sullivan Jason P. , St Hilaire Melissa A. , Phillips Andrew J. K. , Loddenkemper Tobias , Kothare Sanjeev V. , McConnell Kelly , Braga‐Kenyon Paula , Ahearn William , Shlesinger Andrew , Potter Jacqueline , Bird Frank , Cornish Kim M. , Lockley Steven W.
Published: December 2017

Increased severity of problematic daytime behavior has been associated with poorer sleep quality in individuals with autism spectrum disorder. In this work, we investigate whether this relationship holds in a real‐time setting, such that an individual's prior sleep can be used to predict their subsequent daytime behavior. We analyzed an extensive real‐world dataset containing over 20,000 nightly sleep observations matched to subsequent challenging daytime behaviors (aggression, self‐injury, tantrums, property destruction and a challenging behavior index) across 67 individuals with low‐functioning autism living in two U.S. residential facilities. Using support vector machine classifiers, a statistically significant predictive relationship was found in 81% of individuals studied (P < 0.05). For all five behaviors examined, prediction accuracy increased up to approximately eight nights of prior sleep used to make the prediction, indicating that the behavioral effects of sleep may manifest on extended timescales. Accurate prediction was most strongly driven by sleep variability measures, highlighting the importance of regular sleep patterns. Our findings constitute an initial step towards the development of a real‐time monitoring tool to pre‐empt behavioral episodes and guide prophylactic treatment for individuals with autism. Autism Res 2018, 11: 391–403. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

We analyzed over 20,000 nights of sleep from 67 individuals with autism to investigate whether daytime behaviors can be predicted from prior sleep patterns. Better‐than‐chance accuracy was obtained for 81% of individuals, with measures of night‐to‐night variation in sleep timing and duration most relevant for accurate prediction. Our results highlight the importance of regular sleep patterns for better daytime functioning and represent a step toward the development of ‘smart sleep technologies' to pre‐empt behavior in individuals with autism.
An Inexpensive, Easy‐to‐Use, and Highly Customizable Growth Chamber Optimized for Growing Large Plants
Authors: Tran Thu M. , Braun David M.
Published: December 2017

The ability to grow plants in highly controlled and reproducible environments is a critical factor for successful plant biology experiments. This protocol describes a simple and inexpensive method for constructing a fully automatic controlled growth chamber that can be easily adapted in plant biology laboratories as well as classrooms. All the materials described in this protocol can be found in garden and home improvement stores or through websites, making the procurement and setup for growing plants in a controlled environment less expensive and convenient. Furthermore, the system is highly customizable and can be used to study plant responses to numerous abiotic and biotic stress conditions. The growth chamber is designed to enable growth and characterization of large plants, such as maize and soybean. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Insight into Metal–Organic Framework Reactivity: Chemical Water Oxidation Catalyzed by a [Ru(tpy)(dcbpy)(OH2)]2+‐Modified UiO‐67
Authors: Lin Shaoyang , Ravari Alireza K. , Zhu Jie , Usov Pavel M. , Cai Meng , Ahrenholtz Spencer R. , Pushkar Yulia , Morris Amanda J.
Published: December 2017

Investigation of chemical water oxidation was conducted on [Ru(tpy)(dcbpy)(OH2)]2+ (tpy=2,2′:6′,2′′‐terpyridine, dcbpy=5,5′‐dicarboxy‐2,2′‐bipyridine)‐doped UiO‐67 metal–organic framework (MOF). The MOF catalyst exhibited a single‐site reaction pathway with kinetic behavior similar to that of a homogeneous Ru complex. The reaction was first order with respect to both the concentration of the Ru catalyst and ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN), with kcat=3(±2)×10−3 m−1 s−1 in HNO3 (pH 0.5). The common degradation pathways of ligand dissociation and dimerization were precluded by MOF incorporation, which led to sustained catalysis and greater reusability as opposed to the molecular catalyst in homogeneous solution. Lastly, at the same loading (ca. 97 nmol mg−1), samples of different particle sizes generated the same amount of oxygen (ca. 100 nmol), indicative of in‐MOF reactivity. The results suggest that the rate of redox‐hopping charge transport is sufficient to promote chemistry throughout the MOF particulates.
Implementing a Virtual Health Telemedicine Program in a Community Setting
Authors: Weissman Scott M. , Zellmer Kate , Gill Nicole , Wham Deborah
Published: December 2017

Aurora Health Care in eastern Wisconsin has a clinical genetics program driven by genetic counselors in the cancer/adult and prenatal genetics settings. In 2015, the workforce shortage of genetic counselors left us with 4 open positions for genetic counselors that we were unable to fill. We explored many models of alternative service delivery, and determined virtual health (VH) via telemedicine to be the best option for our system. Historically, telemedicine technologies have been used to provide access to healthcare services to patients in remote areas. We, however, were struggling to find genetics counselors to staff both our remote clinics and urban clinics. To solve this problem, we recruited genetic counselors from across the country to work remotely from their current home or home office utilizing VH to staff our clinics. We then created clinical workflows and an implementation process of virtual health for 9 prenatal and cancer clinics across the eastern Wisconsin footprint of our healthcare system over the course of 12 months. Here we provide our experience and process in establishing a VH program in order to help other institutions that have been affected by the workforce shortage of clinical genetics professionals.
Genesurance Counseling: Genetic Counselors’ Roles and Responsibilities in Regards to Genetic Insurance and Financial Topics
Authors: Brown Shelby , Puumala Susan , Leonhard Jennifer , Bell Megan , Flanagan Jason , Dean Lori Williamson , Stein Quinn
Published: December 2017

While traditional components of genetic counseling sessions are well recognized, less is known about insurance and financial discussions. This study sought to examine “genesurance counseling” which we defined as: that portion of a genetic counseling session, whether intentional or non‐intentional, that is devoted to the topic of costs and insurance/third party coverage (particularly for genetic testing). Our objective was to assess genetic counselors’ practices and perspective related to genesurance counseling. A survey link was sent by e‐mail to members of the National Society of Genetic Counselors (approximately 3100 NSGC members). A total of 571 genetic counselors participated in the survey of which 550 identified as clinical genetic counselors. Survey data were used to investigate differences between specialties, impact on patient rapport, changes in practice dynamics, and devotion of clinic time. Overwhelmingly, 99% of participants acknowledged conducting genesurance counseling, 87% believed it to be part of their job description, and 85% viewed it as an important aspect of genetic counseling. On average, respondents estimated they devoted 10% of their session, or 6 min, to genesurance counseling. Of the surveyed participants, 95% reported genesurance counseling as having some form of influence in a patient's decision regarding genetic testing, and 74% stated that genesurance counseling concerns change the practice and dynamic of their clinic. “Genesurance counseling” is not a topic which has been studied to date. Our study highlights the changes in genetic counselors’ roles and responsibilities regarding insurance and financial counseling.
Tumor Screening in Beckwith‐Wiedemann Syndrome: Parental Perspectives
Authors: Duffy Kelly A. , Grand Katheryn L. , Zelley Kristin , Kalish Jennifer M.
Published: December 2017

Children with Beckwith‐Wiedemann Syndrome (BWS) and Isolated Hemihypertrophy (IHH) are at an increased risk for developing tumors. Tumor screening in this population is currently being reassessed by several groups and the effect on patients and patient‐families has been argued both as a reason to screen and not to screen. Parental perspectives on this topic have never been systematically addressed for the BWS population. Here, we conducted a parent‐based survey to evaluate knowledge and attitudes toward tumor screening in patients affected by BWS/IHH. A total of 261 surveys were completed. Overall, parents reported that screening decreased their worry and did not feel that screening increased worry or created a burden. This effect was observed across various demographic variables and other factors examined. Almost all significant differences observed could be attributed to parental knowledge of tumor risk. Parents who correctly identified their child's tumor risk were more likely to agree with stratified screening recommendations according to BWS type and risk, and were less likely to feel worried if recommendations were changed. These results highlight the need to educate families about their child's genetic type and tumor risk in order to facilitate an informed decision about tumor screening.
Direct Schmid–Leiman Transformations and Rank-Deficient Loadings Matrices
Authors: Waller Niels G.
Published: December 2017

The Schmid–Leiman (S–L; Psychometrika 22: 53–61, 1957) transformation is a popular method for conducting exploratory bifactor analysis that has been used in hundreds of studies of individual differences variables. To perform a two-level S–L transformation, it is generally believed that two separate factor analyses are required: a first-level analysis in which k obliquely rotated factors are extracted from an observed-variable correlation matrix, and a second-level analysis in which a general factor is extracted from the correlations of the first-level factors. In this article, I demonstrate that the S–L loadings matrix is necessarily rank deficient. I then show how this feature of the S–L transformation can be used to obtain a direct S–L solution from an unrotated first-level factor structure. Next, I reanalyze two examples from Mansolf and Reise (Multivar Behav Res 51: 698–717, 2016) to illustrate the utility of ‘best-fitting’ S–L rotations when gauging the ability of hierarchical factor models to recover known bifactor structures. Finally, I show how to compute direct bifactor solutions for non-hierarchical bifactor structures. An online supplement includes R code to reproduce all of the analyses that are reported in the article.
Development of a Novel Melt Spinning-Based Processing Route for Oxide Dispersion-Strengthened Steels
Authors: Hong Zuliang , Morrison Alasdair P. C. , Zhang Hongtao , Roberts Steve G. , Grant Patrick S.
Published: December 2017

Melt spinning of an Fe-5Y and Fe-1Y-1Ti (wt pct) alloy produced a relatively uniform spatial distribution of Y and Ti in solid solution and ribbons with consistent yield (> 60 pct by weight), fast processing time (< 10 seconds), good scalability (up to > 100 g feedstock material), and repeatability. Heat treatment in the presence of Fe2O3 as an oxygen source (Rhines pack method) at 973 K validated the potential of forming < 20 nm Y-rich oxides in the Fe-5Y ribbons. Pulverized Fe-1Y-1Y ribbons were consolidated to bulk using the field-assisted sintering technique (FAST) incorporating nano-sized Fe3O4 powder as the oxygen source. After FAST at 1273 K, 50 MPa, and 30 minutes, a comparatively high number density of sub-micron Y and/or Ti-rich oxides were developed. Further formation of fine-scale oxides took place during post-FAST annealing, resulting in an approximate 20 pct increase in hardness at temperatures below 573 K, but with a reduced hardening effect above 673 K due to a small fraction of persistent porosity and mechanically weak prior ribbon boundaries that were decorated with Ti-rich oxides.
Prospects for a Euro-Area Budget: An Analytical Outline
Authors: Mureşan Siegfried
Published: December 2017

In a reflection paper intended to generate debate among euro-area governments, the European Commission has put forward ideas on what could be done to deepen the Economic and Monetary Union by 2025. One of the ideas outlined by the Commission is the creation of a euro-area budget. This article reviews the key issues that are relevant in the discussion on establishing such a budget; outlines the possible functions of such a budget, such as incentivising structural reforms or ensuring macro-stabilisation; and discusses the issues of size, funding, moral hazard and governance, while touching upon the role of non-euro-area member states. The article concludes with the assertion that the answer to this question is essentially political in nature and could constitute an example of how member states are ready to integrate further, while giving non-euro-area member states the opportunity to participate.
Antenatal Detection of Mosaic Trisomy 22 with a Finding of Blake’s Pouch Cyst
Authors: Gholkar Nikhil , Singh Chanchal , Kaul Anita
Published: December 2017

The authors report a case of mosaic trisomy 22 diagnosed antenatally by amniocentesis at 19 weeks. The ultrasound finding was an isolated posterior fossa fluid collection in the brain with features possibly suggestive of a Blake’s Pouch cyst with doubtful hypoplasia of cerebellar vermis. The karyotype of the amniocytes was mos47, + 22[6]/46[8] with two separate clones of cells. Trisomy 22 was seen in one clone (43%) while the other clone (57%) had a normal karyotype. On postnatal examination after termination, there were no dysmorphic features. A selective autopsy of the fetal brain was suggestive of normal posterior fossa anatomy with normal cerebellar vermis which retrospectively confirmed the diagnosis of a Blake’s pouch cyst.
Sortir de la violence : La Commission de vérité et de réconciliation du Canada sur les pensionnats indiens
Authors: Capitaine Brieg
Published: December 2017

La mobilisation pour les femmes autochtones disparues ou assassinées ainsi que la Commission de vérité et réconciliation (CVR) du Canada sur les pensionnats indiens nous rappellent que la violence au Canada n’appartient pas au passé. Le travail individuel et collectif des victimes pour exprimer cette violence et le déploiement de cette parole dans l’espace public fait partie du processus de sortie de la violence que cet article se propose d’analyser. Empruntant une approche symbolique du pouvoir, cette recherche analyse la manière dont les dispositifs institutionnels de justice tels que la CVR abordent la sortie de la violence des points de vue individuel, communautaire et sociétal.
Snark Hunting in Canadian Law: Art and Authenticity
Authors: Nelson Josh , Nelson Adie
Published: December 2017

This reflection on the social construction of authenticity analogizes the quest for artistic authenticity to snark hunting. To illustrate the instability of this term, it employs various Canadian examples, including the “Michelangelo” terracotta sculptures donated to the Museum of Vancouver, the “Igloo tag,” the importation of a sculpture by Edward Chukwuweike Madukaego, and the work of Bill Reid. It posits that proclamations of authenticity and fraudulence are ultimately utterances denoting and invoking power relations. It also reveals, through the use of specific examples, how negotiations around artistic authenticity in settler societies can replicate and re-entrench colonialist power.
Criminal Justice Policy during the Harper Era: Private Member’s Bills, Penal Populism, and the Criminal Code of Canada
Authors: Kelly James B. , Puddister Kate
Published: December 2017

During the 2015 Maclean’s election debate, Stephen Harper commented, “we have more private member’s legislation that has gone through Parliament under this government than multiple governments before us.” This statement is borne out by empirical evidence: more private member’s bills (PMBs) have become law during Harper’s time in government, compared with most previous parliaments. However, PMBs are subject to less analysis than government bills and do not receive legal scrutiny by the Department of Justice, potentially implicating the protection of rights. Moreover, while one might assume that PMBs concern innocuous local and/or specialized interests, many Harper era PMBs effect substantive legal change to national issues like criminal justice policy. This paper examines the law and order trend in PMBs and addresses the following: why would the PMO under Stephen Harper, noted for its centralized control over all aspects of public policy, permit backbench MPs a role in criminal justice policy, through PMBs?
Surface groups acting on spaces
Authors: DASKALOPOULOS GEORGIOS , MESE CHIKAKO , SANDERS ANDREW , VDOVINA ALINA
Published: December 2017

Harmonic map theory is used to show that a convex cocompact surface group action on a $\text{CAT}(-1)$ metric space fixes a convex copy of the hyperbolic plane (i.e. the action is Fuchsian) if and only if the Hausdorff dimension of the limit set of the action is equal to 1. This provides another proof of a result of Bonk and Kleiner. More generally, we show that the limit set of every convex cocompact surface group action on a $\text{CAT}(-1)$ space has Hausdorff dimension $\geq 1$, where the inequality is strict unless the action is Fuchsian.
AN INTEGRATION APPROACH TO THE TOEPLITZ SQUARE PEG PROBLEM
Authors: TAO TERENCE
Published: December 2017

The ‘square peg problem’ or ‘inscribed square problem’ of Toeplitz asks if every simple closed curve in the plane inscribes a (nondegenerate) square, in the sense that all four vertices of that square lie on the curve. By a variety of arguments of a ‘homological’ nature, it is known that the answer to this question is positive if the curve is sufficiently regular. The regularity hypotheses are needed to rule out the possibility of arbitrarily small squares that are inscribed or almost inscribed on the curve; because of this, these arguments do not appear to be robust enough to handle arbitrarily rough curves. In this paper, we augment the homological approach by introducing certain integrals associated to the curve. This approach is able to give positive answers to the square peg problem in some new cases, for instance if the curve is the union of two Lipschitz graphs $f$, $g:[t_{0},t_{1}]\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ that agree at the endpoints, and whose Lipschitz constants are strictly less than one. We also present some simpler variants of the square problem which seem particularly amenable to this integration approach, including a periodic version of the problem that is not subject to the problem of arbitrarily small squares (and remains open even for regular curves), as well as an almost purely combinatorial conjecture regarding the sign patterns of sums $y_{1}+y_{2}+y_{3}$ for $y_{1},y_{2},y_{3}$ ranging in finite sets of real numbers.
Shifting Power-Centres of Semi-Presidentialism: Exploring Executive Coordination in Lithuania
Authors: Raunio Tapio , Sedelius Thomas
Published: December 2017

Despite more than two decades of research on semi-presidential regimes, we still know very little about the actual coordination between the president and the prime minister. Through an in-depth analysis of Lithuanian semi-presidentialism, this article underscores the importance of institutional design on intra-executive balance of power. Drawing primarily on interviews with top-level civil servants and office-holders, it argues that in the absence of written rules or other strong norms guiding intra-executive coordination, presidents enjoy more discretion in designing their own modes of operation. Coordination depends on the initiative of the president, with ad hoc practices further weakening the position of the prime minister. While Lithuanian semi-presidentialism has functioned smoothly, the personality-centred politics commonly found in Central and East European countries create favourable conditions for presidential activism.
The gambling control bill: time for action
Authors: O’Gara Colin
Published: December 2017

A modern regulatory framework for gambling in Ireland is urgently required. The Gambling Control Bill of 2013 represents a decent starting point in developing player protection and much needed treatment services and research facilities for Gambling Disorder. The drafting and enactment of the Gambling Control Bill of 2013 appears to have slipped from legislative priority. The sooner this bill is enacted the better.
Constructions of contrast in spoken testimonials on Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Authors: HARTMAN JENNY
Published: December 2017

abstract

Spoken testimonials on Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) constitute the data for this study, which considers contrastive construal as evoked by conditional constructions (if, unless, what if) and antonymous uses of lexical items (bad–good, guilt–innocence). Unlike conditional language use for the expression of hypothetical scenarios, doubt, and catastrophizing, antonyms have not been a focus of OCD research. In the data, antonymous lexical items establish experiential dichotomies (e.g.,good–bad,guilt–innocence,cause–prevent) that reinforce and specify the nature of evoked contrast. Meaning making in the data, it is proposed, evokes contrastive construal according to bundles of integrated quality dimensions such asmodality,morality, andemotionthat make up incompatible conceptions of reality. Tied to contrast in the data is also the notion of balance, and contrast is considered alongside force-dynamicactionsthat are experienced as effecting balance. While the overriding concerns for the study are linguistic–conceptual, the study’s findings can have implications for research on OCD and a cognitive semantic perspective can potentially complement both content- and process-oriented psychological approaches to this disorder.
Diet and anthropometry at 2 years of age following an oral health promotion programme for Australian Aboriginal children and their carers: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Smithers Lisa G. , Lynch John , Hedges Joanne , Jamieson Lisa M.
Published: December 2017

There are marked disparities between indigenous and non-indigenous children’s diets and oral health. Both diet and oral health are linked to longer-term health problems. We aimed to investigate whether a culturally appropriate multi-faceted oral health promotion intervention reduced Aboriginal children’s intake of sugars from discretionary foods at 2 years of age. We conducted a single-blind, parallel-arm randomised controlled trial involving women who were pregnant or had given birth to an Aboriginal child in the previous 6 weeks. The treatment group received anticipatory guidance, Motivational Interviewing, health and dental care for mothers during pregnancy and children at 6, 12 and 18 months. The control group received usual care. The key dietary outcome was the percent energy intake from sugars in discretionary foods (%EI), collected from up to three 24-h dietary recalls by trained research officers who were blind to intervention group. Secondary outcomes included intake of macronutrients, food groups, anthropometric z scores (weight, height, BMI and mid-upper arm circumference) and blood pressure. We enrolled 224 children to the treatment group and 230 to the control group. Intention-to-treat analyses showed that the %EI of sugars in discretionary foods was 1·6 % lower in the treatment group compared with control (95 % CI −3·4, 0·2). This culturally appropriate intervention at four time-points from pregnancy to 18 months resulted in small changes to 2-year-old Aboriginal children’s diets, which was insufficient to warrant broader implementation of the intervention. Further consultation with Aboriginal communities is necessary for understanding how to improve the diet and diet-related health outcomes of young Aboriginal children.
Blood lactose after dairy product intake in healthy men
Authors: Pimentel Grégory , Burton Kathryn J. , Rosikiewicz Marta , Freiburghaus Carola , von Ah Ueli , Münger Linda H. , Pralong François P. , Vionnet Nathalie , Greub Gilbert , Badertscher René , Vergères Guy
Published: December 2017

The absence of a dedicated transport for disaccharides in the intestine implicates that the metabolic use of dietary lactose relies on its prior hydrolysis at the intestinal brush border. Consequently, lactose in blood or urine has mostly been associated with specific cases in which the gastrointestinal barrier is damaged. On the other hand, lactose appears in the blood of lactating women and has been detected in the blood and urine of healthy men, indicating that the presence of lactose in the circulation of healthy subjects is not incompatible with normal physiology. In this cross-over study we have characterised the postprandial kinetics of lactose, and its major constituent, galactose, in the serum of fourteen healthy men who consumed a unique dose of 800 g milk or yogurt. Genetic testing for lactase persistence and microbiota profiling of the subjects were also performed. Data revealed that lactose does appear in serum after dairy intake, although with delayed kinetics compared with galactose. Median serum concentrations of approximately 0·02 mmol/l lactose and approximately 0·2 mmol/l galactose were observed after the ingestion of milk and yogurt respectively. The serum concentrations of lactose were inversely correlated with the concentrations of galactose, and the variability observed between the subjects’ responses could not be explained by the presence of the lactase persistence allele. Finally, lactose levels have been associated with the abundance of theVeillonellagenus in faecal microbiota. The measurement of systemic lactose following dietary intake could provide information about lactose metabolism and nutrient transport processes under normal or pathological conditions.
WILLIAM PETTY, THE MULTIPLICATION OF MANKIND, AND DEMOGRAPHIC DISCOURSE IN SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND
Authors: SLACK PAUL
Published: December 2017

In the 1650s, after a century of increase, the population of England stopped growing. It was not to increase substantially again before 1750. Over the same interval, and not wholly coincidentally, scholars and theologians were trying to defend the orthodox account of how global population had increased since the Creation and must continue to do so, and the first political arithmeticians were trying to measure and analyse demographic change. This article seeks to throw fresh light on this many-sided discourse by examining William Petty's attempt to write an account of the multiplication of mankind, and the reasons why he failed to complete it. It focuses particularly on Petty's part in developing methods of measuring population density which highlighted the potential for future growth, and on the equally important demonstration by John Graunt that high and rising mortality in cities was hindering population growth in reality. As Petty's cousin Robert Southwell pointed out, Graunt's ‘rule of mortality’ was wholly incompatible with any coherent account of the future multiplication of mankind. At the end of this particular discourse, newly discovered facts about demography triumphed over the presuppositions of divinity.
The Use of Force in UN Peacekeeping
Authors: Howard Lise Morjé , Dayal Anjali Kaushlesh
Published: December 2017

UN peacekeeping was not designed to wield force, and the UN's permanent five (P-5), veto-wielding Security Council members do not want the UN to develop a military capacity. However, since 1999, the UN Security Council has authorized all UN multidimensional peacekeeping operations under Chapter VII of the UN Charter to use force. The mandates do not serve to achieve the council's stated goal of maintaining international peace, nevertheless, the council repeats these mandates in every multidimensional peacekeeping resolution. Neither constructivist accounts of normative change, nor the rational pursuit of stated goals, nor organizational processes can explain the repetition of force mandates. Instead, we draw on insights from small-group psychology to advance a novel theoretical proposition: the repetition of force mandates is the result of “group-preserving” dynamics. The P-5 members strive to maintain their individual and collective status and legitimacy by issuing decisions on the use of force. Once members achieve a decision, the agreement is applied in future rounds of negotiations, even when the solution does not fit the new context and may appear suboptimal, illogical, or even pathological. Privileging the achievement and reproduction of agreement over its content is the essence of group preserving. We present an original data set of all peacekeeping mandates, alongside evidence from dozens of interviews with peacekeeping officials, including representatives of all of the Security Council's permanent members. We assess this original data using expected causal process observations derived from rationalist, constructivist, organizational, and psychological logics.
Disruption of Alfvénic turbulence by magnetic reconnection in a collisionless plasma
Authors: Mallet Alfred , Schekochihin Alexander A. , Chandran Benjamin D. G.
Published: December 2017

We calculate the disruption scale$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\text{D}}$at which sheet-like structures in dynamically aligned Alfvénic turbulence are destroyed by the onset of magnetic reconnection in a low-$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$collisionless plasma. The scaling of$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\text{D}}$depends on the order of the statistics being considered, with more intense structures being disrupted at larger scales. The disruption scale for the structures that dominate the energy spectrum is$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\text{D}}\sim L_{\bot }^{1/9}(d_{e}\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{s})^{4/9}$, where$d_{e}$is the electron inertial scale,$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{s}$is the ion sound scale and$L_{\bot }$is the outer scale of the turbulence. When$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{e}$and$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{s}/L_{\bot }$are sufficiently small, the scale$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\text{D}}$is larger than$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{s}$and there is a break in the energy spectrum at$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\text{D}}$, rather than at$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{s}$. We propose that the fluctuations produced by the disruption are circularised flux ropes, which may have already been observed in the solar wind. We predict the relationship between the amplitude and radius of these structures and quantify the importance of the disruption process to the cascade in terms of the filling fraction of undisrupted structures and the fractional reduction of the energy contained in them at the ion sound scale$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{s}$. Both of these fractions depend strongly on$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{e}$, with the disrupted structures becoming more important at lower$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{e}$. Finally, we predict that the energy spectrum between$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\text{D}}$and$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{s}$is steeper than$k_{\bot }^{-3}$, when this range exists. Such a steep ‘transition range’ is sometimes observed in short intervals of solar-wind turbulence. The onset of collisionless magnetic reconnection may therefore significantly affect the nature of plasma turbulence around the ion gyroscale.
A Tangled Jungle of Disorderly Transactions? The production of a monetary outside in a north Indian town
Authors: SCHWECKE SEBASTIAN
Published: December 2017

This article argues that, starting from the late colonial period, the Indian state in its correlated attempts to regulate and streamline the operation of monetary markets in line with capitalist development policies and to remove exploitative credit market practices instead produced a binary between a monetary outside and inside. While the state's efforts were intended to delineate the boundaries of the outside produced in this way, removing competing segments of Indian capital from the expanding monetary system, this process of delineation contributed to an already existing divergence in the operational modes. Correspondingly, it reinforced a process of differentiation that centred on the removal of liberal-bourgeois contractual law from market governance on the monetary outside that was gradually substituted by a reputational economy of debt. The monetary outside so produced constitutes one specific form of capitalist outsides in the Indian economy, interpreted as economic arenas and (extractive) accumulation regimes that functionally and procedurally differ from the dominant capitalist economic sector in modern India with which they co-exist. Both historiographic and ethnographic approaches are used to study the related processes of delineation and differentiation in the production of a monetary outside, with a special emphasis on the United Provinces/Uttar Pradesh and the north Indian town of Banaras (Varanasi).
Monophyly of the species of Hepatozoon (Adeleorina: Hepatozoidae) parasitizing (African) anurans, with the description of three new species from hyperoliid frogs in South Africa
Authors: Netherlands Edward C. , Cook Courtney A. , Du Preez Louis H. , Vanhove Maarten P.M. , Brendonck Luc , Smit Nico J.
Published: December 2017

Haemogregarines (Apicomplexa: Adeleiorina) are a diverse group of haemoparasites reported from almost all vertebrate classes. The most commonly recorded haemogregarines to parasitize anurans are species of Hepatozoon Miller, 1908. To date 16 Hepatozoon species have been described from anurans in Africa, with only a single species, Hepatozoon hyperolli (Hoare, 1932), infecting a member of the Hyperoliidae. Furthermore, only two Hepatozoon species are known from South African anurans, namely Hepatozoon theileri (Laveran, 1905) and Hepatozoon ixoxo Netherlands, Cook and Smit, 2014, from Amietia delalandii (syn. Amietia quecketti) and three Sclerophrys species, respectively. Blood samples were collected from a total of 225 individuals representing nine hyperoliid species from several localities throughout northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Twenty frogs from three species were found positive for haemogregarines, namely Afrixalus fornasinii (6/14), Hyperolius argus (2/39), and Hyperolius marmoratus (12/74). Based on morphological characteristics, morphometrics and molecular findings three new haemogregarine species, Hepatozoon involucrum Netherlands, Cook and Smit n. sp., Hepatozoon tenuis Netherlands, Cook and Smit n. sp. and Hepatozoon thori Netherlands, Cook and Smit n. sp., are described from hyperoliid hosts. Furthermore, molecular analyses show anuran Hepatozoon species to be a separate monophyletic group, with species isolated from African hosts forming a monophyletic clade within this cluster.
Assessing the evidence for shared genetic risks across psychiatric disorders and traits
Authors: Martin Joanna , Taylor Mark J. , Lichtenstein Paul
Published: December 2017

Genetic influences play a significant role in risk for psychiatric disorders, prompting numerous endeavors to further understand their underlying genetic architecture. In this paper, we summarize and review evidence from traditional twin studies and more recent genome-wide molecular genetic analyses regarding two important issues that have proven particularly informative for psychiatric genetic research. First, emerging results are beginning to suggest that genetic risk factors for some (but not all) clinically diagnosed psychiatric disorders or extreme manifestations of psychiatric traits in the population share genetic risks with quantitative variation in milder traits of the same disorder throughout the general population. Second, there is now evidence for substantial sharing of genetic risks across different psychiatric disorders. This extends to the level of characteristic traits throughout the population, with which some clinical disorders also share genetic risks. In this review, we summarize and evaluate the evidence for these two issues, for a range of psychiatric disorders. We then critically appraise putative interpretations regarding the potential meaning of genetic correlation across psychiatric phenotypes. We highlight several new methods and studies which are already using these insights into the genetic architecture of psychiatric disorders to gain additional understanding regarding the underlying biology of these disorders. We conclude by outlining opportunities for future research in this area.
POLITICAL REGIME AND PUBLIC SOCIAL SPENDING IN SPAIN: A TIME SERIES ANALYSIS (1850-2000)
Authors: Espuelas Sergio
Published: December 2017

Over the past century and a half, Spain has had a tumultuous political history. What impact has this had on social policy? Democracy has had a positive effect on both the levels of social spending and its long-term growth trend. With the arrival of democracy in 1931, the transition began from a traditional regime (with low levels of social spending) to a modern regime (with high levels of social spending). Franco’s dictatorship, however, reversed this change in direction, retarding the positive growth in social spending. At the same time, the effect of left-wing parties was statistically significant only in the 1930s (prior to the Keynesian consensus) and in the period of the Bourbon Restoration (when the preferences of low-income groups were systematically ignored).
Speech sound characteristics of early words: influence of phonological factors across vocabulary development
Authors: DAVIS Barbara , VAN DER FEEST Suzanne , YI Hoyoung
Published: December 2017

This study investigates whether the earliest words children choose to say are mainly words containing sounds they can produce (cf. ‘phonological dominance’ hypotheses), or whether children choose words without regard to their phonological characteristics (cf. ‘lexical dominance’ hypotheses). Phonological properties of words in spontaneous speech from six children age 0;8 to 2;11 were analyzed by comparing sound distributions of consonant place and manner. Word-initial and word-final consonant patterns in children'sWord TargetsversusActual Word Formswere analyzed as a function of vocabulary size. Word-initial results showed more overall evidence for phonological dominance. In word-final position, at lower vocabulary sizes, results showed several differences between Word Targets and Actual Word Forms, consistent with lexical dominance. These findings challenge an ‘either–or’ phonological versus lexical dominance approach, and support consideration of a multifactorial set of influences, including different phonological dimensions and word positions, on the words that young children choose to say.
A severe gastroenteritis outbreak ofSalmonella entericaserovar Enteritidis PT8, with PFGE profile XbaI.0024 and MLVA profile 2-9-7-3-2 following a christening reception, Greece, 2016
Authors: MANDILARA G. , VASSALOS C. M. , CHRISOSTOMOU A. , KARADIMAS K. , MATHIOUDAKI E. , GEORGAKOPOULOU T. , TSIODRAS S. , MELLOU K.
Published: December 2017

In June 2016, aSalmonella entericaserovar Enteritidis outbreak (n= 56) occurred after a christening reception in Central Greece, mainly affecting previously healthy adults; one related death caused media attention. Patients suffered from profuse diarrhoea, fever and frequent vomiting episodes requiring prolonged hospitalisation and sick leave from work, with a 54% hospital admission rate. The majority of cases experienced serious illness within <12 h of attending the party. We investigated the outbreak to identify the source(s) of infection and contributing factors to the disease severity. From the retrospective cohort study, the cheesy penne pasta was the most likely vehicle of infection (relative risk 7·8; 95% confidence interval 3·6–16·8), explaining 79% of the cases.S. entericaser. Enteritidis isolates were typed as phage-type PT8, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type XbaI.0024, multiple locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis-type 2-9-7-3-2. The strain did not share the single-nucleotide polymorphism address of the concurrent EuropeanS. entericaser. Enteritidis PT8 outbreak clusters. Following five consecutive years with no documentedS. entericaser. Enteritidis outbreaks in Greece, this outbreak, likely associated with a virulent strain, prompted actions towards the enhancement of the nationalSalmonellamolecular surveillance and control programmes including the intensification of training of food handlers for preventing similar outbreaks in the future. Advanced molecular techniques were useful in distinguishing unrelated outbreak strains.
Simply Good: A Defence of the Principia
Authors: TUCKER MILES
Published: December 2017

Moore's moral programme is increasingly unpopular. Judith Jarvis Thomson's attack has been especially influential; she says the Moorean project fails because ‘there is no such thing as goodness’. I argue that her objection does not succeed: while Thomson is correct that the kind of generic goodness she targets is incoherent, it is not, I believe, the kind of goodness central to the Principia. Still, Moore's critics will resist. Some reply that we cannot understand Moorean goodness without generic goodness. Others claim that even if Moore does not need Thomson's concept, he still requires the objectionable notion of absolute goodness. I undermine both these replies. I first show that we may dispense with generic goodness without losing Moorean intrinsic goodness. Then, I argue that though intrinsic goodness is indeed a kind of absolute goodness, the objections marshalled against the concept are unsound.