bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Statistical correlation of ASTM and JIS coke tumbler test results
Authors: Leeder W R
Published: April 2018

The Coal Resource and Processing Laboratory (CRPL) has accumulated an extensive file of ASTM and JIS coke tumbler test results using coke obtained from single technical-scale coke oven tests. The parallel ASTM stability and CRPL modified JIS DI 30 or DI 150 coke
quality indices are 15 15 compared graphically and correlated using regression analysis. Before 1972, CRPL used plus 3-in , coke in the JIS test and it was found that the CRPL DI 30 index could be related to the stability 15 factor using a quartic equation. After 1972, CRPL used 2-in. by 3-in , coke
in the JIS test and the current 15 CRPL DI 30 and DI 0 15 - indices are found to correlate with the ASTM stability 15 factor using quartic and linear equations respectively. Correlation between the stability factor and the CRPL DI 30 results 15 are better for high quality coke than for poorer
quality coke with a stability factor <45. The current CRPL JIS practice gives DI 30 index values 15 estimated to be 0.65 units higher than the values before 1972, and about 1 unit higher than if the test were conducted exactly to JIS specification using plus 2-in. coke. The results also
indicate the JIS DI -- 10 index is 15 poorer for differentiating high quality coke strength than the DI 15 150 index or ASTM stability factor. It is concluded, in agreement with other authors, that the JIS drum test at 30 revolutions is inadequate and that the test procedure should be carried out
for a longer period such as by the JIS method at 150 revolutions.
High-temperature behaviour of blast furnace coke - a review
Authors: Reeve D A , Price J T , Gransden J F
Published: April 2018

Metallurgical coke serves as reductant in the iron blast furnace. It must be strong to maintain a suitable coke particle size distribution so that the blast furnace gases can pass easily and uniformly through the burden. Studies of tuyère coke and coke
samples taken from quenched blast furnaces have shown that cokes degrade primarily by chemical reaction with alkalis and CO 2 at temperatures above 900 o C, rather than by physical abrasion. Methods designed to evaluate coke at temperatures and reactive conditions similar to the blast furnace are
required. Methods reviewed include: simululation of coke oxidation at the tuyères; hot strength of cokes at 1300 and 1500°C; reactivity of coke to CO2 at 1100°C; and cold coke strength (after reaction with CO 2 at 1100o C). Coke strength was found to be lower at high temperatures than
at room temperature. No correlation existed between hot- and cold-strength tests. Mosaic structures of coke were less reactive to CO2 than coke particles derived from inert coal macerals.
Energy cascades in Canada
Authors: Hayden A C , Brown T D
Published: April 2018

Combining energy uses in a cascade can result in significant overall reductions in fuel requirements. The simplest applications for a cascade are in the recovery of waste heat from existing processes using'special boilers or turbines. Specific applications of
more complex energy cascades for Canada are discussed. A combined cycle plant at a chemical refinery in Ontario is a world leader in energy efficiency. Total energy systems for commercial buildings, such as one installed in a school in Western Canada, offer attractive energy and operating cost
benefits. A cogeneration plant proposed for the National Capital Region, generating electricity as well as steam for district heating, allows the use of a low grade fossil fuel-coal, greatly improves energy transformation efficiency, and also utilizes an effectively renewable resource - municipal
garbage. Despite the widespread availability of equipment and technology of energy cascades, the sale of steam and electricity across plant boundaries presents a barrier. More widespread use of cascades will require increased cooperation among industry, electric utilities and the various levels of
government if Canada is to realize the high levels of energy efficiency potentially available.
Synthesis and characterization of potassium ion conductors in the system K20-al203 -tiO2
Authors: Quon D H H , Wheat T A
Published: April 2018

The present work forms part of a program to develop ionically conducting materials for potential use in energy storage and conversion systems. With applications in high energy-density batteries, fuel cells and sensors, such materials are expected to play an
increasingly important role in the future development of energy management systems. Of the more than 30 known solid-state ionically conducting materials, those having compositions in the K 20-Al203-Ti02 system are reported to have electrical properties that only barely meet requirements for battery
applications. However, the limited data available have been generated using relatively poor quality specimens produced from ball-milled material, whereas it is important for potential applications to establish the true intrinsic properties. For that purpose high-quality sintered bodies are required,
and hence a wet-chemical process was developed that resulted in the synthesis of homogeneous, reactive raw materials that could be sintered to high density. A series of compositions having the general formula KxAlxTi8-x0 16 was prepared in which 1.6< x <1.9, using both nitrate
and acetate-based dopants. It has been established that these compositions yield single-phase products when x lies between 1.6 and 1.9. At high titania contents, in which x is less than 1.6, rutile is precipitated whereas at low titania concentrations a new phase that is isostructural with K 3 T1 6
0 13 is formed.
Étude des propriétés et de la résistance de liants à base de ciment portland et de laitiers non ferreux
Authors: Douglas E , Malhotra V M
Published: April 2018

La présente étude est une analyse des derniers progrès réalisés au niveau de la recherche et des applications pratiques dans le domaine des laitiers de cuivre, de nickel et de plomb comme matériaux de remplacement partiel du ciment
Portland dans les remblais agglomérés des mines et dans le béton. Les résultats de recherches récentes montrent que la teneur en verre et les propriétés pouzzolaniques du laitier non ferreux ne sont pas reliées directement entre elles et que la friabilité
du laitier serait fonction du degré de vitrification. Les essais de résistance à la compression effectués sur des mortiers révèlent que les laitiers non ferreux refroidis à l'air peuvent donner un meilleur rendement que les laitiers granulés, selon le
degré de finesse. Pendant l'hydratation, le laitier accélérerait la vitesse d'hydratation de C3S mais il ne semble pas réagir immédiatement avec le Ca(OH) 2 libéré. Le laitier non ferreux semble offrir de grandes possibilités en tant que produit de
remplacement partiel du ciment portland dans les remblais agglomérés des mines et, jusqu'à un certain point, dans le béton. Il faudra poursuivre les recherches afin de déterminer les secteurs qui pourraient se prêter à de nouvelles applications, ainsi que les
limites à l'utilisation des laitiers non ferreux.
An electrochemical analysis of solid electrolyte/electrode systems
Authors: Canaday J D , Kuriakose A K , Ahmad A , Wheat T A
Published: April 2018

The three-phase cell consisting of reactant gases, porous electrodes, and a solid electrolyte is described in electrochemical terms. Electrode processes that cause polarization phenomena are also discussed. The use of two-probe and three-probe techniques is
presented together with examples of results obtained for a number of systems.
Caractéristiques du minerai influant sur la fragmentation pendant le broyage
Authors: Petruk W , Smith M M
Published: April 2018

A base metal ore from the New Brunswick No. 12 deposit in the Bathurst area, New Brunswick, was studied to determine the mechanics of ore breakage during grinding. The ore was ground for different periods of time in a laboratory ball mill, and both the unbroken
ore and ground products were analyzed by a variety of image analysis techniques, including modifications of fractal analyses. The results show that the mode of breakage is strongly influenced by the behaviour of pyrite. Initial grinding breaks pyrite along grain boundaries (i.e., preferential
breakage), and the process continues until most of the poorly to moderately bonded pyrite grains have been separated. Further grinding breaks pyrite across grain boundaries (random breakage) and chips edges off particles. This observation indicates that liberation of interstitial minerals among
pyrite in base metal ores is more dependent upon preferential breakage, along pyrite grain boundaries, than upon random breakage of the ore, as generally assumed. Consequently, the interstitial minerals among pyrite, which are generally smaller than the pyrite grains, will be liberated at a coarser
grind than would be expected if the ore broke randomly.
Étude minéralogique et par analyse d'image de résidus ayant subi une météorisation artificielle et provenant du minerai d'uranium du Midwest de la Saskatchewan
Authors: Petruk W , Pinard R G
Published: April 2018

A mineralogical and image analysis study was conducted on samples of U tailings from pilotplant runs on Midwest ore in Northern Saskatchewan. The tailings had been subjected to simulated weathering for the equivalent of 10 years in a tailings facility
(lysimeter); the pH varied from 7.0 at the beginning of the test to 5.9 at the end. The results show that during the simulated weathering some of the gersdorffite, uraninite, galena and pyrite had oxidized, with gersdorffite being the most reactive and pyrite the least. Reaction was evident at the
top of the lysimeter, but was most intense at the seepage discharge. Some of the released ions precipitated as Ni, Pb, and U arsenates, sulpharsenates, sulphates and oxides on particles of all minerals. Green crystals of Ni sulphate and white crystals of Ca sulphate had precipitated at the surface
of the lysimeter. Clay minerals and chlorite had washed from the top of the lysimeter towards the seepage discharge.
Recycling of steel plant waste oxides - a review
Authors: Adams C J
Published: April 2018

Iron and steel manufacturing produces large quantities of ferruginous waste that for economic and environmental reasons should be recycled. Such material consists of iron ore and coke fines, furnace dusts, water treatment plant filter cakes and sludges, and mill
scale. These wastes amount to 8-12% of steel production from integrated plants and about 4% from non-integrated electric arc steelmaking plants. Most of it cannot be recycled directly to blast furnaces because it is either too fine or too wet, or is contaminated with zinc, lead and alkalis.
Processes for recycling wastes are based mainly either on direct-reduction kilns or rotary hearths. Electric smelting and cupola smelting of composite pellets of waste oxide and carbon have been developed to pilot-plant scale. Steelmaking dust, contaminated with zinc, can be pelletized or briquetted
and treated effectively by several pyrometallurgical methods which volatilize the zinc during iron oxide reduction. High capital and operating costs, and the need for large tonnages, favour regional recycling plants to serve several companies. However, a need exists for in-plant waste oxide
recycling processes which are attractive economically on a small scale for electric furnace steel plants. Pelletizing systems are available commercially but options to recycle flue dusts which are contaminated with zinc and lead are severely limited. A process in which an induction furnace is used
as a smelting-fuming-slagging unit is suggested.
Pit slope manual, supplement 5-2: rotational shear sliding: analyses and computer programs
Authors: Sage R , Toews N , Yu Y , Coates D F
Published: April 2018

Instability by sliding on an approximately circular surface typically occurs in slopes in soft or ductile ground. The material must be sufficiently plastic to yield without excessive loss of strength. Soils, highly altered rocks such as soft hematites and
limonites, waste rock and tailings usually behave in this way. An approximate analysis suitable for hand calculation is provided; for more detailed analysis a computer program, SLOPROB, is available and is described in Appendix A. SLOPROB requires as input the distribution of stresses in the slope.
This distribution is best obtained by a finite element analysis; a suitable program, SAP2D, is also available and is described in Appendix B. In performing rotational shear analyses, the designer must also check for the possibility of block flow. This can arise if stress concentrations within the
slope - which may be exaggerated by tectonic stresses - give rise to local breakdown of the slope material. This can lead to progressive breakdown of the surrounding rock and eventual instability. The finite element analysis can also be used to investigate stress distribution for block flow
analysis.
Pit slope manual, supplement 3-4: selected soil tests
Authors: Gyenge M , Ladanyi B
Published: April 2018

This supplement describes soil testing methods relevant to open pit mining. For grain size analysis particles are sized by sieving and sedimentation. Consistency limits - shrinkage, plastic and liquid limits - are arbitrary measures of soil behaviour determined
by standard soil mechanics procedures. Moisture density relationships when sample material is limited are determined using the Harvard miniature compaction apparatus. Triaxial tests with pore pressure measurement allow the effective stress parameters of soils to be determined; a triaxial cell with
pressure monitoring instruments is used. The field vane shear test allows the undrained strength of saturated clay to be determined in situ.
Mine dust sampling system - campeds
Authors: Knight G
Published: April 2018

This report describes an improved method of sampling for air-borne dust in mines. Aerodynamic size selection is used to simulate dust deposition in the alveolar region of the lungs and dust is collected on a filter for periods of 2 to 10 hours. The dust is
assessed by weighing before and after ashing to give estimates of total respirable dust and "respirable combustible dust". Respirable quartz dust is assessed on individual samples by X-ray diffraction. Silver membrane filters have been found most suitable for both gravimetric and X-ray diffraction
analysis. They make it possible to measure directly without any transfer operation. The X-ray diffraction analysis of quartz is improved by using the most intense beam possible with wide slits. The graphite diffracted-beam monochromator increases intensity and peak-to-background ratio. The choice of
X-ray target material is a compromise between intensity, resolution and absorption with cobalt being the most suitable. More than one X-ray diffraction line is used to minimize the effects of interference. Because of uneven dust deposition over the filter and uneven illumination by X-rays, the X-ray
diffraction must be calibrated against the mass of quartz on samples collected with the sampler in a pure quartz dust cloud. Permanent quartz standards are required to eliminate effects of secular variations in X-ray intensity. A robust personal dust sampler combined with the cap lamp battery called
CAMPEDS was developed for convenient personal sampling in mines. The respirable size-selection characteristics of dust samplers are affected by small changes in dimensions and layout of components. It is essential that calibrations on complete instruments be carried out to test both the design and
reproducibility of manufacture.
Design guidelines for multi-seam mining at Elliot Lake
Authors: Heldley D G F
Published: April 2018

Multi-seam mining was practiced in some of the Elliot Lake uranium mines in the 1960's prior to their closing down. With the current expansion in uranium mining, multi-seam mining could again be practiced in the near future. Information on the dimensions of
stopes, pillars and parting zone was gathered from plans and sections of the relevant closed mines. Discussions were held with personnel familiar with these mines to establish instances of pillar, roof, and parting zone failures. Design guidelines are formulated for stope and pillar dimensions in
multi-seam mining for a range of orebody configurations using past practice in a back-analysis approach. Besides achieving pillar and parting zone stability, the layout of multi-seam mining has to take into account geometrical factors such as dip and seam thickness. These factors affect the choice
of mining equipment. The jackleg drills and slushers used in the 1960's are being replaced by jumbo drills and load-haul-dump units. Constraints imposed by dip and seam thickness on the choice of equipment and mining layout are evaluated. An attempt is made to bring together the engineering aspects,
including rock mechanics, of multi-seam mine design with uranium recovery and other economic factors for three alternative mining layouts: single-seam mining; double-seam mining; and seams-and-parting mining. A series of examples are worked through, showing how the design guidelines can be applied
for typical orebody configurations.
An iris diaphragm-based interface for use in eriometry
Authors: Kirk B
Published: April 2018

Eriometry, the estimation of the size distribution of a set of fineparticles from their group diffraction pattern, has shown considerable potential for industrial application. This report describes a new and inexpensive method for interfacing the eriometer to a
mini-processor. The interface consists of an iris diaphragm placed in the diffraction plane with subsequent focusing onto a single photodetector. The system has the advantage of integrating over any angular variations in the diffraction pattern without requiring a complex photodetector. The
interface is applicable to the sizing of monodisperse powders as well as to the determination of size distribution of polydisperse samples. Some potential problems which may arise in the application of this technique are also investigated.
Certification of reference iron ore SCH-1 for sodium and potassium
Authors: Sutarno R , Charrette D J , Bowman W S , Faye G H
Published: April 2018

Reference iron ore SCH-1, previously certified for nine constituents, has been certified for sodium and potassium. Analytical results were obtained from 53 contributors in Canada and abroad, most of whom used an atomic absorption procedure that is a candidate
method of the International Organization for Standardization. A statistical treatment of the data yielded recommended values which are 0.019% and 0.026% for sodium and potassium respectively.
In situ testing for concrete strength
Authors: Malhotra V M
Published: April 2018

This paper describes test methods for estimating in situ strength of concrete. The methods discussed are surface hardness tests, rebound and penetration techniques, pullout and breakoff methods, pulse velocity techniques, combined methods approach and maturity
concept. The hardness, rebound, penetration, pulse velocity and maturity techniques do not directly measure the in situ strength but attempt to measure some other property of concrete from which an estimate of its compressive or flexural strength may be obtained. The pullout and breakoff methods do,
however, directly measure some strength property. The accuracy of estimating compressive strength from in situ tests will depend on the type of test used and may vary from 10 to 25%. Although such tests are relatively easy to perform, the analysis and interpretation of the data are not because
concrete is a relatively complex material. It is emphasized that interpretation of test data must always be performed by specialists rather than by the technicians performing the tests.
Ressources Canadiennes en rebuts minéraux rapport no. 4 - les rebuts minéraux dans les provinces atlantiques
Authors: Collings R K
Published: April 2018

Legislation restricting mining in many urban centres, exhaustion of ore deposits, and increased cost of locating and developing new orebodies have combined to focus attention on mineral waste accumulations as possible supplemental sources of mineral raw material.
Current annual production of such wastes by the mining industry of Canada is about 800 x 106 t. Only a small portion of this is used because of remote location and low quality, as well as a lack of detailed information on the nature of these wastes and their possible uses. Current applications
include road construction and maintenance, railroad ballast, smelter flux, and mine backfill. Uses being studied by CANMET researchers include the recovery of contained metals and minerals, the production of concrete and construction aggregate, the manufacture of bricks, building blocks and mineral
wool insulation, and use as a mineral filler and soil additive. This report provides background information on waste rock and mill tailings in the Atlantic Provinces where more than 45 x 106 t of such wastes are produced annually. Data on the occurrence, mineralogy, petrography, and physical and
chemical characteristics of wastes from 17 operating mines are provided in tabular form for three principal types of mines - metal, non-metallic or industrial mineral, and coal. Potential uses for these wastes are noted along with relevant research.
Mineralogy of the caribou massive sulphide deposit, Bathurst area, New Brunswick
Authors: Jambor J L
Published: April 2018

The Caribou massive sulphide deposit consists of four upright, enechelon stratiform lenses of fine-grained pyritite of which 48 million tonnes grade 4.48% zinc, 1.7% lead, 0.47% copper, 58 g/t silver and 1.4 g/t gold. The main sulphide mineral is
pyrite that has an average grain size of 0.017 mm and occurs predominantly as euhedral to anhedral grains and aggregates, much less commonly as polyframboidal masses. Sphalerite with up to 9 wt % Fe but probably averaging less than 6% Fe, and galena account for all primary zinc and lead, and
chalcopyrite for nearly all the copper. Silver is contained mainly in tetrahedrite-group minerals and in galena; gold occurs as electrum. Magnetite is widespread and is locally a major component of the pyritite. Arsenopyrite also is widespread but averages less than 1 vol % of the pyritite.
Caribou pyrite is commonly arsenian, but contents are low and arsunian grains occur erratically; the main arsenic carrier in the deposit is arsenopyrite. Marcasite and pyrrhotite are the most abundant among numerous other sulphides and sulphosalts that occur in small amounts. The major sulphides and
magnetite commonly make up 70% to 90% of the volume of a sulphide body. Other than magnetite, the most abundant non-sulphides are siderite and lesser dolomite, and the most pervasive silicate is stilpnomelane. Chlorite, quartz, minnesotaite, talc and greenalite also occur in variable amounts
at different sites, but the silicates generally are subordinate to carbonates. The individual sulphide lenses all have a similar mineralogy, but proportions of the minerals and base metals differ from lens to lens. Equally pronounced variations, both parallel and normal to the stratigraphy, occur
within each lens. The general mineral and metal patterns are described for each major lens, and the abundances and distributions of magnetite, arsenopyrite, and tetrahedrite-group minerals are shown for one horizontal and numerous vertical cross sections through the deposit. Caribou is in an area of
low-grade greenschist-facies regional metamorphism; the bulk of, the pyrite in the massive sulphide lenses does not seem to have undergone pervasive recrystallization. The presence of small but widespread amounts of primary marcasite indicates that crystallization temperatures of the pyritite
probably did not significantly exceed 250°C, and other minerais in the assemblage point to crystallization at about 150°C. In the supergene zone, the principal secondary sulphides are digenite and covellite. Various sulphates and oxides also are present, and much of the lead is present as
anglesite. Copper sulphide enrichment occurred mainly by replacement of sphalerite and galena; incomplete replacement of sphalerite in particular seems to have been widespread, thereby reducing particle sizes and hindering liberation. Conventional processing of primary sulphides will require a grind
finer than that usod by other mills in the Bathurst area.
Industrial minerals: problem areas and opportunities
Authors: Collings R K , Andrews P R A
Published: April 2018

An industrial minerals task group, established in CANMET in the fall of 1981, recommended that CANMET strengthen its R & D capability in the area of industrial minerals to better assist in the solution of problems peculiar to the industry and, further,
that an approach be made to industry and government to more fully identify problem areas and opportunities. In response to these recommendations, a two-page questionnaire on R & D needs and a covering letter were sent to 160 producers of industrial minerals in Canada. In addition, reviews
were made of a CANMET paper on mineral processing, of the proceedings from a number of recent federal/provincial seminars on industrial minerals, and of a CANMET/ORF mineral filler symposium. This report summarizes the results of these studies and the appendices provide a list of government contacts
and various federal assistance programs.
Asbestos/cement pipe corrosion part 1 - historical, technological, economic and statistical background
Authors: Nebesar B , Riley G W
Published: April 2018

A critical evaluation of the causes of asbestos/cement pipe corrosion and possible prevention of release of asbestos fibres was required on the basis of information contained in several published reports on asbestos fibres in drinking water systems. The question,
whether asbestos ingested with drinking water is harmful, has not yet been resolved. This report presents background information on the history of asbestos/cement and asbestos/cement pipe; on technology comprising raw materials, the asbestos/cement matrix, manufacturing processes, specifications,
properties and uses of asbestos/cement pipe; and on related economic and statistical data. The aim is to help bridge the differences among readers from various fields and provide useful information on which to base decisions. References from North American, European and Australian sources are
cited.
Asbestos/cement pipe corrosion part 2 - review of recent work on the causes of pipe degradation and on possible improvements
Authors: Nebesar B
Published: April 2018

Our current understanding of the theory of corrosion, explained in simple language, can provide the basis for improved control and prevention of corrosion of asbestos/cement pipe. The environment, agents, and mechanisms of corrosion of asbestos/ cement pipe are
critically reviewed from the viewpoint of recent developments in basic knowledge and technology including use of different cements and protective coatings, changes in design of pipe and systems, control of transported drinking and waste water, use of bactericides, and removal of asbestos fibres. An
executive summary and conclusions are given. This review is directed to a wide readership with various backgrounds and is based on 73 references in six languages, mainly from countries actively working on asbestos/cement pipe.
Reference materials czn-1, cpb-1, ccu-1, mp-1 a and mp-2: additional recommended values.
Authors: Steger H F , Bowman W S
Published: April 2018

A second interlaboratory analytical program has been performed for reference materials CZN-1, CPB-1, CCU-1, MP-la and MP-2 in order to assign recommended values for several elements which had not been sufficiently well characterized in the initial interlaboratory
programs of 1978 to 1982. Ten laboratories under CANMET contract provided analytical results by methods of their choice. Based on a statistical analysis of the combined results of the present and initial programs, the following recommended values were assigned: CZN-1: Bi, 27 Pg/g; Sn, 65 ug/g; Se,
5.5 pg/g CPB-1: Mn, 0.039%; Sn, 0.019%; Se, 30 pg/g CCU-1: Fe, 30.87%; S, 35.4%; As, 41 pg/g; Se, 120 Peg MP-1 : W, 0.040% MP-2 : Sn, 0.043%.
Développements récents en matière d'études minéralogiques du traitement des minerais sulfurés complexes
Authors: Petruk W , Mainwaring P
Published: April 2018

The term "complex sulphide ores" generally refers to the relatively fine-grained, pyritic, polymetallic base-metal ores of volcanogenic origin. The metals of economic value in these ores are copper, zinc, lead, silver, gold, tin, cadmium, indium, selenium, and
tellurium. The metals occur principally as constituents of the minerals chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, tetrahedrite, cassiterite, electrum, and many sulphosalts. The metal-bearing minerals are recovered by flotation in copper, lead, and zinc concentrates, which are then smelted and refined to
recover the metals. Process mineralogy provides fundamental information for designing mineral beneficiation, extraction metallurgy, pyrometallurgy, and other plants for treating the ore, concentrates, and other products. Recent developments of equipment such as the automatic SEM-IPS-IAS image
analysis system have made it possible to perform rapid quantitative analysis of mineralogical characteristics that affect processing. Previously, these analyses could only be determined qualitatively or not at all. The analyses have provided a better understanding of the behaviour of minerals and
phases during processing, leading to improved metal recoveries at processing plants.
Analytical techniques for research on the abatement of bacterial acid generation in pyritic tailings
Authors: Silver M
Published: April 2018

Over the past 20 years, CANMET has conducted investigations on the production and movement of acidic mine drainage within uranium tailings. These studies have gradually evolved into investigations on the prevention of acidic drainage production by water-table
manipulation and tailings surface coverings of wetland vegetation. The following compendium of analytical procedures has been prepared to provide analytical uniformity in order that the data from various investigations on mine tailings can be compared.
Exploratory corrosion tests in the canadian arctic
Authors: Biefer G J
Published: April 2018

To determine both the feasibility and usefulness of a larger-scale investigation, a small number of sea-water and atmospheric corrosion tests were performed in the Arctic, and the results compared with behaviour in southern Canada. Two sea-water tests on G40.8
Grade B structural steel, performed in inlets of Ellesmere and Devon Islands, showed relatively even corrosion attack and low weight-loss corrosion rates of 57 to 96 pm/yr (2.2 to 3.8 mils/yr). In sea-water tests of the same steel and of an alloy steel, in Halifax Harbour and in the Bay of Fundy,
deeply penetrating pits were observed, and corrosion rates were in the range of 154 to 543 pm/yr (6.1 to 21.4 mils/yr). Atmospheric corrosion tests were performed at Tuktoyaktuk, N.W.T., at a site 70 m (230 ft) from the Beaufort Sea. Weight loss corrosion rates for G40.8 Grade B and two alloy steels
were not much lower than those observed at Ottawa, Ontario, during the first year of exposure. However, over the one- to three year period, corrosion rates were only about 1.8 pm/yr (0.07 mils/yr), distinctly lower than observed for the same alloys at Ottawa.
The corrosion of welds in ice-breaking ships - a review
Authors: Gilmour J B
Published: April 2018

Literature related to the corrosion at the welds of icebreaking ships has been reviewed. Two distinct types of corrosion - weld metal attack and weld heat-affected zone attack - are described. Both types of attack are the result of small differences in corrosion
potential between the corroding metal and the hull plate. The use of welding electrodes containing copper and nickel will eliminate weld metal corrosion and special hull steels are available that are claimed to reduce heat affected zone attack. A research project to assist the Canadian marine
industry to minimize this problem is proposed.
Image analysis: an overview of developments
Authors: Petruk W
Published: April 2018

Performing image analysis involves digitizing and analyzing an image to characterize the features in it. A few researchers use image analysis to solve specific problems by writing their own computer programs, but widespread usage requires the availability of
commercial image analyzers. Manufacturers have built a wide variety of image analyzers whose price and capabilities vary by a large factor. All image analyzers consist of image input, image digitizing, image processing, and data output. The image input can be (i) a digitizer tablet on which an image
is drawn with a special stylus; (ii) a TV camera for collecting an image from an optical microscope or an epidiascope; (iii) a SEM interface for collecting a SEM image; and (iv) an image from computer memory. Image processing varies from simple processing such as determining the area % of a
specific phase, to measuring a wide variety of parameters for each feature, as well as determining the reflectance and transmittance of features observed with an optical microscope. Furthermore, the electron beam of a SEM can be steered to scan each feature and to identify the feature on the basis
of its composition. Image analyzers, therefore, vary from the simplest one which uses a digitizer tablet and can perform only a few measurements such as area % and size analysis of the features, to a fully equipped one that can automatically identify all the phases in the image and characterize
each feature by using a wide variety of parameters.
Analyse d'image: aperçu des réalisations
Authors: Petruk W
Published: April 2018

Performing image analysis involves digitizing and analyzing an image to characterize the features in it. A few researchers use image analysis to solve specific problems by writing their own computer programs, but widespread usage requires the availability of
commercial image analyzers. Manufacturers have built a wide variety of image analyzers whose price and capabilities vary by a large factor. All image analyzers consist of image input, image digitizing, image processing, and data output. The image input can be (i) a digitizer tablet on which an image
is drawn with a special stylus; (ii) a TV camera for collecting an image from an optical microscope or an epidiascope; (iii) a SEM interface for collecting a SEM image; and (iv) an image from computer memory. Image processing varies from simple processing such as determining the area % of a
specific phase, to measuring a wide variety of parameters for each feature, as well as determining the reflectance and transmittance of features observed with an optical microscope. Furthermore, the electron beam of a SEM can be steered to scan each feature and to identify the feature on the basis
of its composition. Image analyzers, therefore, vary from the simplest one which uses a digitizer tablet and can perform only a few measurements such as area % and size analysis of the features, to a fully equipped one that can automatically identify all the phases in the image and characterize
each feature by using a wide variety of parameters.
Barite
Authors: Collings R K , Andrews P R A
Published: April 2018

More than 150 occurrences or deposits of barite (barium sulphate, BaSO 4) have been recorded in Canada; however, deposits of economic significance are confined largely to Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario and British Columbia. There are three main producers of
barite at present: one with a mine at Brookfield, N.S., another with mines near Matachewan, Ont., and the third with mines near Golden, B.C. Barite occurs in the form of vein, replacement, and residual deposits; vein deposits predominate and form the chief source of commercial barite. Although some
deposits are relatively high grade, most ores require beneficiation. Beneficiation commonly includes gravity concentration, e.g., jigging and tabling, magnetic separation and, occasionally, flotation. Barite's high specific gravity (4.5), opaqueness to Xrays, inertness, and whiteness make this
mineral suitable for many diverse uses. Barite is used as a weighting agent in drillingmud fluids in oil and gaswell drilling, as a flux in glass and ceramics, and as a filler and extender in paints and plastics. It is also used in pharmaceutical formulations and chemicals manufacture. Barite has
been the subject of many laboratory studies by CANMET and other organizations. This report references 51 barite studies by CANMET and eight by others. Summaries of the most important CANMET studies are presented in the Appendix.
Competing reactions in hydrotreating coker distillates from Athabasca bitumen on unpromoted and promoted catalysts
Authors: Ranganathan R , Ternan M , Parsons B
Published: April 2018

Desulphurization, denitrogenation and hydrogenation reactions occur simultaneously in a hydrotreating process. Several unpromoted Mo0 3 /alumina catalysts and promoted NiO-Mo0,/alumina and CoO-Mo03 /alumina catalysts were prepared to compare the
characËeristics of these competing reactions using coker kerosene distillate (193-279 °C) derived from Athabasca bitumen. The denitrogenation activity was found to be higher than the desulphurization activity for all the unpromoted Mo0/alumina catalysts. Promotion of Mo0 3/ alumina
catalysts with nickel or cotalt selectively improved desulphurization so that the extents of the various reactions were in the following order: desulphurization > denitrogenation > aromatic hydrogenation The interactions of the denitrogenation and the desulphurization reactions
at various temperatures are compared for the promoted and unpromoted catalysts. The results obtained by others for hydrotreating gas-oil and low temperature distillate from coal tar are also compared. The conversion and the interaction of the desulphurization and denitrogenation reactions were found
to be dependent on the type of catalyst, the temperature of reaction and the boiling range of the feedstock.
An axiomatic framework for the mechanics of generalized continua
Authors: Del Piero Gianpietro
Published: April 2018

The foundations of the mechanics of generalized continua are revisited in the light of the theoretical progress made in the last decades. The resulting axiomatic framework is independent of the concepts of motion and inertia, and provides a simple and unifying formulation for several classes of generalized continua.
Analysis of Health-Care Charges in Murine Typhus: Need for Improved Clinical Recognition and Diagnostics for Acute Disease
Authors: Vohra Rahat F. , Walker David H. , Blanton Lucas S.
Published: April 2018

Murine typhus, caused by Rickettsia typhi, is an undifferentiated febrile illness with no available rapid and sensitive diagnostic assay for use during early disease. We aimed to compare the health-care charges in those diagnosed with murine typhus to those with influenza, a febrile illness with an available rapid diagnostic test. A comparison of health-care–associated charges at the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston demonstrated a median of $817 for influenza versus $16,760 for murine typhus (P < 0.0001). Median laboratory ($184 versus $3,254 [P < 0.0001]) and imaging charges ($0 versus $514 [P < 0.0001]) were also higher in those with murine typhus. Those receiving at least one imaging study during their illness were greater in the murine typhus group (91.3% versus 20.3%) (P < 0.0001). The median time needed to establish a confirmed or presumptive diagnosis was 2 days for influenza compared with 9 days for murine typhus (P < 0.0001). The median number of health-care encounters was greater for those with murine typhus (2 versus 1) (P < 0.0001). Eleven patients (15.9%) with influenza were hospitalized as a result of their illness compared with 16 (69.6%) with murine typhus (P < 0.0001). The estimated mortality based on disease severity at presentation by Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scoring was similar in the two groups—both had a median 4% mortality risk (P = 0.0893). These results highlight the need for improved clinical recognition and diagnostics for acute rickettsioses such as murine typhus.
A Comparison of Patients’ Local Conceptions of Illness and Medicines in the Context of C-Reactive Protein Biomarker Testing in Chiang Rai and Yangon
Authors: Khine Zaw Yuzana , Charoenboon Nutcha , Haenssgen Marco J. , Lubell Yoel
Published: April 2018

Antibiotic resistance is not solely a medical but also a social problem, influenced partly by patients’ treatment-seeking behavior and their conceptions of illness and medicines. Situated within the context of a clinical trial of C-reactive protein (CRP) biomarker testing to reduce antibiotic over-prescription at the primary care level, our study explores and compares the narratives of 58 fever patients in Chiang Rai (Thailand) and Yangon (Myanmar). Our objectives are to 1) compare local conceptions of illness and medicines in relation to health-care seeking and antibiotic demand; and to 2) understand how these conceptions could influence CRP point-of-care testing (POCT) at the primary care level in low- and middle-income country settings. We thereby go beyond the current knowledge about antimicrobial resistance and CRP POCT, which consists primarily of clinical research and quantitative data. We find that CRP POCT in Chiang Rai and Yangon interacted with fever patients’ preexisting conceptions of illness and medicines, their treatment-seeking behavior, and their health-care experiences, which has led to new interpretations of the test, potentially unforeseen exclusion patterns, implications for patients’ self-assessed illness severity, and an increase in the status of the formal health-care facilities that provide the test. Although we expected that local conceptions of illness diverge from inbuilt assumptions of clinical interventions, we conclude that this mismatch can undermine the intervention and potentially reproduce problematic equity patterns among CRP POCT users and nonusers. As a partial solution, implementers may consider applying the test after clinical examination to validate rather than direct prescription processes.
Comparative Vector Competence of North American Culex pipiens and Culex quinquefasciatus for African and European Lineage 2 West Nile Viruses
Authors: Romo Hannah , Papa Anna , Kading Rebekah , Clark Rebecca , Delorey Mark , Brault Aaron C.
Published: April 2018

West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that is phylogenetically separated into distinct lineages. Lineage 1 (L1) and lineage 2 (L2) encompass all WNV isolates associated with human and veterinary disease cases. Although L1 WNV is globally distributed, including North America, L2 WNV only recently emerged out of sub-Saharan Africa into Europe and Russia. The spread of L2 WNV throughout and beyond Europe depends, in part, on availability of competent vectors. The vector competence of mosquitoes within the Culex genus for WNV is well established for L1 WNV but less extensively studied for L2 WNV. Assessing the vector competence of North American Culex mosquitoes for L2 WNV will be critical for predicting the potential for L2 WNV emergence in North America. We address the vector competence of North American Culex pipiens and Culex quinquefasciatus for L2 WNV. Both mosquito species were highly competent for each of the L2 WNV strains assessed, but variation in infection, dissemination, and transmission was observed. An L2 WNV strain (NS10) isolated during the Greek outbreak in 2010 exhibited a reduced capacity to infect Cx. pipiens compared with other L2 WNV strains. In addition, a South African L2 WNV strain (SA89) displayed a significantly shorter extrinsic incubation period in Cx. quinquefasciatus compared with other L2 WNV strains. These results demonstrate that North American Culex mosquito species are competent vectors of African and European L2 WNV and that emergence of L2 WNV is unlikely to be hindered by poor competence of North American vectors.
Éloge to Robert Fox
Authors: Nicolaidis Efthymios
Published: April 2018

The 20th Alexandre Koyré Medal awarded since 1968 to prominent historians of science was awarded to Robert Fox, leading historian of European science of the period from the 18th to the beginnings of the 20th century. The Medal was presented to Robert Fox during the 7th International Conference of the European Society for the History of Science, Prague, 23 September 2016, and the Éloge describes his career and work.
The dream that never dies: the ideals and realities of cosmopolitanism in science, 1870–1940
Authors: Fox Robert
Published: April 2018

In the half-century before the Great War, collaborative international ventures in science became increasingly common. The trend, manifested in scientific congresses and attempts to establish agreement on physical units and systems of nomenclature, had important consequences.One was the fear of information overload. How were scientists to keep abreast of the growing volume of books, journals, and reports? How were they to do so in an era without a common language? Responses to these challenges helped to foster new departures in cataloguing, bibliography, and an interest in Esperanto and other constructed languages.By 1914, the responses had also become involved in wider movements that promoted communication as a force for peace.The Great War dealt a severe blow to these cosmopolitan ideals, and the post-war reordering of international science did little to resurrect them.A “national turn” during the 1920s assumed a darker form in the 1930s, as totalitarian regimes in the Soviet Union, Italy, Germany, and Spain associated science ever more closely with national interests.Although the Second World War further undermined the ideal of internationalism in science, the vision of science as part of a world culture open to all soon resurfaced, notably in UNESCO.As an aspiration, it remains with us today, in ventures for universal access to information made possible by digitization and the World Wide Web).The challenge in the twenty-first century is how best to turn aspiration into reality.
Marzenie, które nigdy nie umiera: ideały i realia kosmopolityzmu w nauce w latach 1870–1940
Authors: Fox Robert
Published: April 2018

Pół wieku przed pierwszą wojną światową coraz powszechniej zaczęły się pojawiać wspólne przedsięwzięcia naukowe. Ta tendencja, przejawiająca się w organizowaniu kongresów naukowych oraz próbach osiągnięcia porozumienia w sprawie jednostek fizycznych i systemów nomenklatury naukowej, miała istotne konsekwencje.Jedną z nich był lęk przed przeładowaniem informacji. Jak naukowcy mieli być na bieżąco z coraz większą liczbą książek, czasopism i raportów? Jak mieli temu podołać nie korzystając ze wspólnego języka? Odpowiedzi na te wyzwania pomogły pobudzić nowe kierunki w katalogowaniu, tworzeniu bibliografii oraz zainteresowaniu Esperanto i innymi językami konstruowanymi.Do roku 1914, odpowiedzi te wiązały się także z szerszymi ruchami społecznymi, które promowały komunikację międzynarodową jako narzędzie do utrwalania pokoju. Pierwsza wojna światowa zadała poważny cios tym kosmopolitycznym ideałom, a powojenne przekształcenie porządku międzynarodowej nauki niewiele zrobiło, by je odtworzyć.Zwrot w stronę nacjonalizmu w latach 20. XX wieku przybrał bardziej mroczną formę w latach 30. XX wieku, ponieważ totalitarne reżimy w Związku Radzieckim, Włoszech, Niemczech i Hiszpanii wiązały się coraz ściślej z narodowymi interesami.Choć druga wojna światowa jeszcze bardziej podważyła ideał internacjonalizmu w nauce, wkrótce wskrzeszono, szczególnie w UNESCO, wizję nauki jako elementu światowej kultury otwartej dla wszystkich.Do tego ideału aspirujemy również i dziś, dążąc do powszechnego dostępu do informacji za pomocą digitalizacji i sieci WWW. Wyzwaniem w XXI wieku jest jak najlepiej przekształcić tę aspirację w rzeczywistość.