bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exception Status Listing in the New Adult Heart Allocation System: A New Solution to an Old Problem?
Authors: Topkara Veli K. , Clerkin Kevin J. , Fried Justin A. , Griffin Jan , Raikhelkar Jayant , Hi Lee Sun , Latif Farhana , Habal Marlena , Horn Evelyn , Farr Maryjane A. , Takada Koji , Naka Yoshifumi , Jorde Ulrich P. , Sayer Gabriel , Uriel Nir
Published: May 2021

Background:

One of the goals of the revised 6-tiered US adult heart allocation policy was to improve risk stratification of patients to lower exception status utilization for transplant listing. We sought to define the characteristics and outcomes of waitlisted patients using exception status and to examine region- and center-level differences in utilization of exception status in the new heart allocation system.

Methods:

This retrospective cohort analysis of the United Network for Organ Sharing database included adult waitlisted patients for heart transplant between October 18, 2018, and June 30, 2020, in the United States, stratified by use of exception status versus standard criteria.

Results:

Out of 6351 patients, 1907 (30.0%) were waitlisted under exception status. Patients using exception status were more likely to have a nonischemic cause of heart failure, blood type O, United Network for Organ Sharing status 2 at listing and were less likely to have a durable left ventricular assist device at listing. Exception status utilization varied significantly between and within United Network for Organ Sharing regions. Listing by exception criteria was associated with a significantly higher incidence of heart transplantation compared with listing by standard criteria (hazard ratio, 1.25 [1.15–1.38],
P
<0.001), without increased risk of death or delisting for worsening clinical status (hazard ratio, 0.83 [0.65–1.05],
P
=0.12) after multivariable adjustment.

Conclusions:

The status tiers of the new heart allocation system may not fully capture medical urgency and complexity of waitlisted patients as assessed by transplant physicians and review committees and may limit the ability to develop a heart allocation score.
Data-to-text Generation with Macro Planning
Authors: Puduppully Ratish , Lapata Mirella
Published: May 2021

Recent approaches to data-to-text generation have adopted the very successful encoder-decoder architecture or variants thereof. These models generate text that is fluent (but often imprecise) and perform quite poorly at selecting appropriate content and ordering it coherently. To overcome some of these issues, we propose a neural model with a macro planning stage followed by a generation stage reminiscent of traditional methods which embrace separate modules for planning and surface realization. Macro plans represent high level organization of important content such as entities, events, and their interactions; they are learned from data and given as input to the generator. Extensive experiments on two data-to-text benchmarks (RotoWire and MLB) show that our approach outperforms competitive baselines in terms of automatic and human evaluation.
The Monastery as Tavern and Temple in Medieval Islam: The Case for Confessional Flexibility in the Locus of Christian Monasteries
Authors: Bowman Brad B.
Published: May 2021

This article examines the diverse nature of Muslim interest in Christian monasteries during the medieval Islamic period. According to a variety of contemporary accounts, Muslim visitation to monasteries often involved wine consumption and licentious behavior on the part of the elites. While not dismissing this possibility, this research suggests that there was often a greater religious dimension to Muslim fascination with monastic sites. Sacred shrines throughout the late antique Levant had, after all, been held in esteem for their hospitality and miraculous powers long before the arrival of Islam. This examination contends that Muslim interest in such Christian shrines and monasteries represents a dynamic, flexible confessional environment at the dawning of Islam. The pious spirit of pilgrimage and ziyāra/visitation was simply transferred into a new religious context; one that was defined by its fluid character and amorphous sectarian lines.
The Makeover of Ḥayy
Authors: Stroumsa Sarah
Published: May 2021

This paper focuses on the literary relationship between Ibn Ṭufayl’s Ḥayy and Avicenna’s (the latter being ostensibly the immediate source of inspiration of the former), and on the philosophical implications of this literary relationship. While Ibn Ṭufayl borrowed Avicenna’s protagonists and framework, he eliminated the figure of the guiding sage, thus breaking sharply not only from Avicenna but also from the conventions of the literary genre that served as his model, the initiation story. This paper is primarily dedicated to presenting this dramatic, yet hitherto under-estimated, change, and to examining possible explanations for Ibn Ṭufayl’s revolutionary move.
Tax Optimization in the Modern Tax System Under the Influence of Digitalization
Authors: Tsindeliani Imeda , Matyanova Elena , Razgildeev Aleksandr , Vasilyeva Evgeniya , Dudnik Danil , Mikhailova Aleksandra
Published: May 2021

The article considers the importance and methods of organizing tax planning as an effective way to optimize tax payments under the influence of the global digitalization of the economy on the example of the Russian legal system in a comparative perspective. At the same time, the article examines the issues of counteracting abuse in the field of taxation. Current research substantiates the expediency of introducing the category of tax optimization into scientific circulation is and establishes its criteria. To understand the prospects of domestic taxation mechanisms, they are considered in comparison with similar mechanisms of other states and the legal regulation of foreign countries of Europe (European Union), the United States, as well as respecting the initiatives and solutions of international organizations (oecd, European Commission) in the plane examined. A macroeconomic assessment of the effectiveness of the use of digital tax administration is carried out and the stages of its institutional development are highlighted. Digital technologies ensure the increase in the collection of taxes and other obligatory payments, reducing labor costs for tax control, and reducing an administrative burden on business. The main approaches to the digital transformation of the modern tax system are considered, new innovative developments and digital technologies in Russia are highlighted. It is noted that at present, the Russian tax system, in the context of the development of the digital economy, is moving from an electronic to a “proactive state”.
Papers published in Zootaxa concerning Nematoda from 2001 to 2020
Authors: HODDA MIKE
Published: May 2021

In the first twenty years of the publication of Zootaxa, nearly 500 papers on nematodes have been published, ranging from complete classifications of the entire phylum to single species descriptions, revisions, catalogues and faunal checklists. In terms of species descriptions, this has represented a substantial and increasing proportion of all descriptions of new nematode species. A total of 488 authors have published, with over 20 authors contributing at a rate of more than one paper every two years.
The Infraorder Coccomorpha (Insecta: Hemiptera)
Authors: HODGSON CHRIS , DENNO BARB , WATSON GILLIAN W.
Published: May 2021

The scale insects (infraorder Coccomorpha) are the most morphologically specialised members of the Hemiptera. They form a monophyletic group within the suborder Sternorrhyncha, having one-segmented tarsi and a single claw (all other hemipterans have a double claw). They show extreme sexual dimorphism: the more-or-less sessile adult females are wingless and larviform, whereas the motile adult males mostly are winged and lack mouthparts. Within the Coccomorpha, 54 families are currently recognised, of which 20 are known only from fossils and 34 are extant (García Morales et al. 2016).
Papers and New Species of Minor Insect Orders Published in Zootaxa, 2001–2020
Authors: BERNARD ERNEST C. , WHITTINGTON ANDREW E.
Published: May 2021

A summary is presented of papers published on minor insect orders (MIO) in Zootaxa’s first 20 years, as well as the number of new species described therein. The MIO orders currently covered by the editors and summarized here include Archaeognatha (Microcoryphia), Dermaptera, Embioptera, Siphonaptera, Zoraptera and Zygentoma, as well as the hexapod classes Protura and Diplura. Both fossil and extant taxa of these groups are included in the MIO purview. The MIO editors also have frequently served as interim editors for groups temporarily without a subject-matter editor, such as Carabidae, Blattodea and Mantodea; as a backup editor for Mecoptera; and as ad-hoc editors for papers written by the editors of a different taxonomic group or for papers without a single-taxon focus. In the period 2001‒2020, descriptions of 130 new species were published, compared with 816 species in all other journals. The greatest number of species were for Protura (49), while Zoraptera had the highest proportion of papers compared to all publications (50%).
Seasonal and Interannual Variations in the Surface Energy Fluxes of a Rice–Wheat Rotation in Eastern China
Authors: Duan Zexia , Grimmond C. S. B. , Gao Chloe Y. , Sun Ting , Liu Changwei , Wang Linlin , Li Yubin , Gao Zhiqiu
Published: May 2021

Quantitative knowledge of the water and energy exchanges in agroecosystems is vital for irrigation management and modeling crop production. In this study, the seasonal and annual variabilities of evapotranspiration (ET) and energy exchanges were investigated under two different crop environments—flooded and aerobic soil conditions—using three years (June 2014–May 2017) of eddy covariance observations over a rice–wheat rotation in eastern China. Across the whole rice–wheat rotation, the average daily ET rates in the rice paddies and wheat fields were 3.6 and 2.4 mm day−1, respectively. The respective average seasonal ET rates were 473 and 387 mm for rice and wheat fields, indicating a higher water consumption for rice than for wheat. Averaging for the three cropping seasons, rice paddies had 52% more latent heat flux than wheat fields, whereas wheat had 73% more sensible heat flux than rice paddies. This resulted in a lower Bowen ratio in the rice paddies (0.14) than in the wheat fields (0.4). Because eddy covariance observations of turbulent heat fluxes are typically less than the available energy (Rn − G; i.e., net radiation minus soil heat flux), energy balance closure (EBC) therefore does not occur. For rice, EBC was greatest at the vegetative growth stages (mean: 0.90) after considering the water heat storage, whereas wheat had its best EBC at the ripening stages (mean: 0.86).
Roles of the Rocky Mountains in the Atlantic and Pacific Meridional Overturning Circulations
Authors: Jiang Rui , Yang Haijun
Published: May 2021

The effect of the Rocky Mountains (RM) on meridional overturning circulations (MOCs) is investigated using a fully coupled climate model. Located between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, the RM is the major mountains in North America. It presence plays an important role in atmospheric moisture transport between the two oceans. Adding the RM to a flat global continent (OnlyRocky) leads to a weakening of the atmospheric moisture transport from the North Pacific to the North Atlantic, which is consistent with previous finding. However, the simulation also shows more atmospheric moisture is transported from the tropical Pacific and Atlantic to the North Atlantic. The net effect of moisture transport leads to a slight freshening of the North Atlantic. The Atlantic MOC (AMOC) is hardly changed, but the Pacific MOC (PMOC) declines by 40% due to more moisture retained in the North Pacific. The sensitivity experiment of removing the RM from a realistic global topography (NoRocky) gives roughly opposite atmospheric changes to the OnlyRocky experiment. The AMOC in NoRocky declines slightly and then recovers, while the PMOC is nearly unchanged. The paired experiments conducted in this study demonstrate that the presence of the RM plays a trivial role in Northern Hemisphere deep-water formation.
Five-day track forecast skills of WRF model for the western North Pacific tropical cyclones
Authors: Moon Jihong , Park Jinyoung , Cha Dong-Hyun , Moon Yumin
Published: May 2021

In this study, the characteristics of simulated tropical cyclones (TCs) over the western North Pacific by a regional model (the WRF model) are verified. We utilize 12 km horizontal grid spacing, and simulations are integrated for 5 days from model initialization. One hundred and twenty-five forecasts are divided into five clusters through the k-means clustering method. The TCs in the cluster 1 and 2 (group 1), which includes many TCs moves northward in subtropical region, generally have larger track errors than for TCs in cluster 3 and 4 (group 2). The optimal steering vector is used to examine the difference in the track forecast skill between these two groups. The bias in the steering vector between the model and analysis data is found to be more substantial for group 1 TCs than group 2 TCs. The larger steering vector difference for group 1 TCs indicates that environmental fields tend to be poorly simulated in group 1 TC cases. Furthermore, the residual terms, including the storm-scale process, asymmetric convection distribution, or beta-related effect, are also larger for group 1 TCs than group 2 TCs. Therefore, it is probable that the large track forecast error for group 1 TCs is a result of unreasonable simulations of environmental wind fields and residual processes in the midlatitudes.
Prehospital End-Tidal CO2: A Superior Marker for Mortality Risk in the Acutely Injured Patient
Authors: Willis Robert G. , Cunningham Kyle W. , Troia Paola A. , Gutierrez Ashley S. , Christmas Ashley B. , Brintzenhoff Rita , Sing Ronald F.
Published: May 2021

Background

Emergency medical personnel must expeditiously triage acutely injured patients to the appropriate medical facility. Efficient and objective variables to facilitate this process and provide information to the receiving trauma center are needed. Currently, multiple variables are used to prognosticate injury severity and risk of mortality including vital signs, mental status, lactate, and base excess. We investigated the prehospital use of end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) as a noninvasive physiologic measure that can be obtained in the acutely injured patient.

Methods

We performed a retrospective analysis of 557 acutely injured patients over 2 years at a Level 1 trauma center. All patients arriving as trauma activations with ETCO2 measurements were included in analysis. End-tidal carbon dioxide measurements were categorized as low, normal, and high based on reference levels. Mortality was the primary outcome. Secondary receiver operator curves (ROC) for base excess, venous lactate, blood pressure, and venous pH were compared. We hypothesized ETCO2 levels would be able to predict mortality.

Results

End-tidal carbon dioxide levels conferred a mortality rate of 38%, 17.3%, and 2.9% for low, normal, and high, respectively ( P < .001). Receiver operator curve analysis produced an area under the curve predictive value for ETCO2 (.748) which was superior to lactate (.660), SBP (.578), pH (.560), and base excess (.497).

Discussion

End-tidal carbon dioxide is a more sensitive and specific predictor of mortality in the acutely injured patient compared to venous lactate, base deficit, blood pressure, or venous pH. Additional studies are needed to determine if ETCO2 can be used as an effective prehospital adjunct to prevent mortality in acutely injured patients.
The Safe Standing movement in English football: Mobilizing across the political and discursive fields of contention
Authors: Turner Mark
Published: May 2021

Twenty-eight years after the Taylor Report into the Hillsborough disaster recommended that all football grounds in the top two divisions in England and Wales should become all-seated, the UK government, in 2018, announced a review into the safety of modern standing areas and whether developments in stadium safety might justify changing the all-seating legislation to permit Safe Standing. These events are the outcome of a 30-year social movement in which a critical mass of supporters, through the relational networks they formed, have built collective action. Drawing upon both archival and fieldwork research to analyse the longer-term impact which all-seated stadia have had on football supporters’ consumption of the game in England, the article uses relational sociology to tell the story of the movement, and studies the working tactics and structure of a small network mobilizing across the political and discursive fields of contention post-Hillsborough. It argues that whilst now a more effective movement with technological and political capital, Safe Standing continues to raise important questions around the historical views on football fans as somehow deviant and reinforces the long-term impact and legacy of Hillsborough on supporters’ modern cultural consumption of the game by moving within the parameters of the all-seating legislation.
Trust in Artificial Intelligence: Meta-Analytic Findings
Authors: Kaplan Alexandra D. , Kessler Theresa T. , Brill J. Christopher , Hancock P. A.
Published: May 2021

Objective

The present meta-analysis sought to determine significant factors that predict trust in artificial intelligence (AI). Such factors were divided into those relating to (a) the human trustor, (b) the AI trustee, and (c) the shared context of their interaction.

Background

There are many factors influencing trust in robots, automation, and technology in general, and there have been several meta-analytic attempts to understand the antecedents of trust in these areas. However, no targeted meta-analysis has been performed examining the antecedents of trust in AI.

Method

Data from 65 articles examined the three predicted categories, as well as the subcategories of human characteristics and abilities, AI performance and attributes, and contextual tasking. Lastly, four common uses for AI (i.e., chatbots, robots, automated vehicles, and nonembodied, plain algorithms) were examined as further potential moderating factors.

Results

Results showed that all of the examined categories were significant predictors of trust in AI as well as many individual antecedents such as AI reliability and anthropomorphism, among many others.

Conclusion

Overall, the results of this meta-analysis determined several factors that influence trust, including some that have no bearing on AI performance. Additionally, we highlight the areas where there is currently no empirical research.

Application

Findings from this analysis will allow designers to build systems that elicit higher or lower levels of trust, as they require.
Migrant Labour during the Pandemic: A Political Economy Perspective
Authors: Mishra Deepak K.
Published: May 2021

This article aims to analyse the plight of the migrant workers in India during the Covid 19 pandemic from a political economy perspective. While taking note of the disruptions and uncertainties during the drastic lockdown that was announced suddenly, it is argued that the vulnerabilities of the migrant labour force are deeply embedded in the long-term changes in the political economy of development in India. These changes, on the one hand, have resulted in the gradual weakening of state support to the working classes, and on the other, have resulted in the normalisation of ‘cheap labour’ as a legitimate objective of neoliberal capitalist development. Locating the conditions of the migrant working class on the specificities of the manifold restructuring of the Indian economy under neoliberal globalisation, the study attempts to emphasise the structural dimensions of the current crisis faced by the migrant labourers.

JEL Codes: J46, J61, O15, O17, P16
Adapting an Evidence-Based Early Childhood Tier 2 Social-Emotional Learning Intervention for Web-Based Delivery
Authors: Granger Kristen L. , Conroy Maureen A. , Sutherland Kevin S. , Feil Edward G. , Wright Jessica , Montesion Alexandra , Huang Ke
Published: May 2021

The purpose of this article is to describe the adaptation process of an evidence-based early childhood Tier-2 intervention program, BEST in CLASS-Prekindergarten, from a face-to-face format to a web-based delivery format called BEST in CLASS-Web. We describe the three-phase iterative development process used to adapt the parent program for delivery via the web. Activities in these phases included focus groups, interviews, an expert panel review, alpha and beta testing (Phase 1), feasibility testing (Phase 2), and a pilot promise study (Phase 3). Each phase included a series of refinements and improvements to materials based on data and stakeholder feedback. Lessons learned and implications for developing and implementing professional development services via online platforms are discussed.
Living at the Speed of Mobile: How Users Evaluate Social Media News Posts on Smartphones
Authors: Keib Kate , Wojdynski Bartosz W. , Espina Camila , Malson Jennifer , Jefferson Brittany , Lee Yen-I
Published: May 2021

A growing body of research suggests that differences between smartphones and desktop computers influence information processing outcomes. A within-subjects ( N = 64) smartphone eye-tracking experiment replicates a 2018 desktop-based study of users’ visual attention to and engagement with social media news posts. The results show that users spend less time viewing social media news posts on smartphones than desktop, and report lower levels of pleasure and arousal in response to the posts. However, the study found no significant difference between devices in intent to click to read the story and intent to share the post. The findings are discussed with regard to implications for the role of device and attention in communication theory, as well as practical implications for news organizations and other social media content producers.
Psychometric Properties of the Questionnaire on Stress in Partners of Cancer Patients
Authors: Zimmermann Tanja , Brederecke Jan , Kopsch Franziska , Herschbach Peter
Published: May 2021

A cancer disease can be associated with psychological stress for both patients and partners. To date, no psychometrically tested measuring instrument has been available for the assessment of cancer-specific distress in partners of cancer patients. The Questionnaire on Stress in Partners of Cancer Patients (QSC-P) was developed to close this gap. This study validates the QSC-P in two subsamples of n1 = 227 and n2 = 297 partners of cancer patients by application of exploratory factor analysis methods in n1 and confirmatory factor analysis methods in n2. Additionally, correlations with common measures of anxiety, depression, and quality of life were calculated. A cut-off for high distress was determined. A three-factor structure with 23 items that was generated in n1 could be replicated in n2. Reliability and validity analyses resulted in good to very good characteristic values of the resulting QSC-P (α = .84– .93). A cut-off of 68.5 with good sensitivity and specificity was calculated. The QSC-P proved to be a valid and reliable measuring instrument for psychological distress of partners of cancer patients and a helpful tool for clinical care and research. Future directions include development of a short-form and detailed comparison of the sexes.
Clusters by Menopausal Symptoms: Asian American Breast Cancer Survivors
Authors: Im Eun-Ok , Chee Wonshik
Published: May 2021

The purpose of this secondary analysis was to determine the clusters of Asian American breast cancer survivors by the severity scores of menopausal symptoms and to explore the characteristics associated with the identified clusters. The data from an ongoing study among 94 survivors were used. The instruments included the Perceived Isolation Scale, the Personal Resource Questionnaire, and the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale-Short Form. The data analysis was conducted using hierarchical cluster analyses and multinomial logistic analyses. Three clusters were identified: “the cluster with high severity scores of total, psychological, physical, and psychosomatic symptoms (Cluster 1),” “the cluster with moderate severity scores of total, psychological, physical, and psychosomatic symptoms (Cluster 2),” and “the cluster with low severity scores of total, psychological, physical, and psychosomatic symptoms (Cluster 3).” The clusters had significant differences in the level of acculturation, perceived social isolation, and perceived social support ( p < 0.05).
Can diallyl trisulfide, a dietary garlic-derived compound, activate ferroptosis to overcome therapy resistance in prostate cancer?
Authors: Samy Angela Lincy Prem Antony , Shah Dhruvi , Shahagadkar Preksha , Shah Hillary , Munirathinam Gnanasekar
Published: May 2021

Background:

Therapy resistance is the underlying reason for poor outcome in prostate cancer (PCa) patients. Diallyl trisulfide (DATS) is an organosulfur compound present in garlic. DATS has been shown to target PCa cells by induction of apoptosis, increase in the production of reactive oxygen species, degradation of ferritin protein and increase in the labile iron (Fe) pool.

Aim:

We hypothesize that DATS could induce ferroptosis, an Fe-dependent, unique non-apoptotic form of regulated cell death to eliminate therapy resistance encountered by PCa patients.

Methods:

In vitro and in vivo studies should be performed to test the hypothesis.

Results:

As per the hypothesis, DATS would eliminate apoptotic resistance via inducing ferroptosis.

Conclusion:

Since apoptosis resistance has been reported to be the underlying mechanism of therapy resistance in PCa, DATS could be used to effectively target PCa cells by overcoming apoptosis resistance and inducing ferroptosis-mediated cell death of PCa cells.
Art Attendance and Change in Cognitive Function Among U.S. Community-Dwelling Chinese Older Adults
Authors: Petrovsky Darina V. , Wu Bei , Hodgson Nancy A. , Dong XinQi
Published: May 2021

Engaging in leisure activities that are cognitively simulating and enjoyable may be protective against cognitive decline in older adults; yet, few studies have examined this topic. We used two waves of data from the Population Study of Chinese Elderly and ran mixed-effects regression models to examine the relationship between baseline art activity attendance (including attending museum, musical arts, or both) and change in cognitive function (global, episodic memory, working memory, and executive function) among 2,703 older U.S. Chinese adults. We found that compared with older adults who did not attend any art activities, those who reported attending both art activities experienced a slower rate of change in episodic memory (estimate = −0.07; SE = 0.03; p = .01) and executive function (estimate = −0.06; SE = .03; p = .04). Our study findings point to the importance of attending art-based culture events among U.S. Chinese older adults.
Second passage of chronic wasting disease of mule deer to sheep by intracranial inoculation compared to classical scrapie
Authors: Cassmann Eric D. , Frese Rylie D. , Greenlee Justin J.
Published: May 2021

The origin of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids is unclear. One hypothesis suggests that CWD originated from scrapie in sheep. We compared the disease phenotype of sheep-adapted CWD to classical scrapie in sheep. We inoculated sheep intracranially with brain homogenate from first-passage mule deer CWD in sheep (sCWDmd). The attack rate in second-passage sheep was 100% (12 of 12). Sheep had prominent lymphoid accumulations of PrPSc reminiscent of classical scrapie. The pattern and distribution of PrPSc in the brains of sheep with CWDmd was similar to scrapie strain 13-7 but different from scrapie strain x124. The western blot glycoprofiles of sCWDmd were indistinguishable from scrapie strain 13-7; however, independent of sheep genotype, glycoprofiles of sCWDmd were different than x124. When sheep genotypes were evaluated individually, there was considerable overlap in the glycoprofiles that precluded significant discrimination between sheep CWD and scrapie strains. Our data suggest that the phenotype of CWD in sheep is indistinguishable from some strains of scrapie in sheep. Given our results, current detection techniques would be unlikely to distinguish CWD in sheep from scrapie in sheep if cross-species transmission occurred naturally. It is unknown if sheep are naturally vulnerable to CWD; however, the susceptibility of sheep after intracranial inoculation and lymphoid accumulation indicates that the species barrier is not absolute.
Virtual Work Meetings During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Good, Bad, and Ugly
Authors: Karl Katherine A. , Peluchette Joy V. , Aghakhani Navid
Published: May 2021

This study focuses on the good, the bad and the ugly of using videoconferencing for work-related meetings during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using a text mining process and qualitative content analysis of 549 comments posted to a LinkedIn online discussion board, we identified six key themes; three were tied to camera and microphone issues, two involved eating and meeting management issues, and one dealt with work-from-home issues. These themes are discussed in relationship to media naturalness theory and meeting science. Because widespread use of videoconferencing will likely continue, we provide guidance for workplace policies/practices and suggest directions for future research.
Effect of fisheye failure on material performance inducing error circle under high cycles
Authors: Ge Haiyan , Liu Xintian , Wang Xu , Wang Xiaolan , Wang Haijie
Published: May 2021

In the engineering application of high strength steel and surface strengthening steel, fisheye failure is often happened in high cycle fatigue. To explore the effect of fisheye failure on high cycle fatigue properties of materials, a high cycle fatigue life model was established based on the Murakami and Tanaka’s fatigue strength models. The model introduces the error circle to evaluate fisheye size, and discusses the influencing factors of fatigue strength. The results show that the size and depth of fisheye failure will affect performance of materials. The proposed model considering the size and depth of defect quantitatively shows the influence of fisheye details on material performance, and effectively predicts the high/ultra-high cycle fatigue life.
Youthfulness and Rousseau’s Anti-Pluralist Realism about Political Pluralism
Authors: Liu Antong
Published: May 2021

Rousseau’s attitude toward political pluralism is receiving renewed attention. Against the traditional portrayal of the utopian, anti-pluralist Rousseau, scholars today either explore how his theory of peoplehood supports an agonistic and pluralist vision of democracy or defend his realist willingness to accommodate the plurality of factions within a polity. Challenging both interpretations, I explore the oft-ignored relationship between legislation and what I call youthfulness in Rousseau’s work. The youthfulness of a people is the subconscious and unsophisticated national bond among its members. It is an outcome of their spontaneous interactions rather than an artificial creation. Unlike other conditions of legislation, which only determine how legislation should be carried out, youthfulness is the essential precondition for successful legislation. It determines if legislation can be carried out and thus sets limit to the Legislator’s creativity. This relationship between youthfulness and legislation reveals Rousseau’s anti-pluralist realism. It not only confirms that inevitable political pluralism need not undermine the unity of a society, but also questions our capability of sustaining the peoplehood of a society whose members refuse to recognize one another as compatriots.
Psychometric Properties of the German Brief Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire (BEAQ)
Authors: Schaeuffele Carmen , Knaevelsrud Christine , Renneberg Babette , Boettcher Johanna
Published: May 2021

The Brief Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire (BEAQ) is a 15-item short form of the Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire. This study aimed to investigate psychometric properties of a German translation of the BEAQ in a student and a clinical population. The BEAQ showed high internal reliability and overall acceptable convergent and discriminant validity. The BEAQ displayed adequate 7- to 13-day test–retest reliability and captured changes in experiential avoidance when experiential avoidance was targeted in treatment. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that a bifactor structure where the BEAQ is modeled as one general and five specific factors that correspond to the Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire subscales fit the data adequately. All items (except Item 1 in the clinical population) loaded on the general factor and common variance was approximately equally spread across the general and specific factors. The Distress Endurance subscale was not included in this model, since it is represented by only one item, which showed poor performances and low associations to the BEAQ’s total score in both samples. We recommend further research into the BEAQ’s factor structure to substantiate our preliminary findings.
Development of the Thought Disorder Measure for the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology
Authors: Cicero David C. , Jonas Katherine G. , Chmielewski Michael , Martin Elizabeth A. , Docherty Anna R. , Berzon Jonathan , Haltigan John D. , Reininghaus Ulrich , Caspi Avshalom , Graziolplene Rachael G. , Kotov Roman
Published: May 2021

The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology consortium aims to develop a comprehensive self-report measure to assess psychopathology dimensionally. The current research describes the initial conceptualization, development, and item selection for the thought disorder spectrum and related constructs from other spectra. The thought disorder spectrum is defined primarily by the positive and disorganized traits and symptoms of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. The Thought Disorder Sub-Workgroup identified and defined 16 relevant constructs and wrote 10 to 15 items per each construct. These items were administered, along with detachment and mania items, to undergraduates and people with serious mental illness. Three hundred and sixty-five items across 25 scales were administered. An exploratory factor analysis of the scale scores suggested a two-factor structure corresponding to positive and negative symptoms for two samples. The mania scales loaded with the positive factor, while the detachment scales loaded with the negative factor. Item-level analyses resulted in 19 preliminary scales, including 215 items that cover the range of thought disorder pathology, and will be carried forward for the next phase of data collection/analysis.
How Do Values Affect Behavior? Let Me Count the Ways
Authors: Sagiv Lilach , Roccas Sonia
Published: May 2021

The impact of personal values on preferences, choices, and behaviors has evoked much interest. Relatively little is known, however, about the processes through which values impact behavior. In this conceptual article, we consider both the content and the structural aspects of the relationships between values and behavior. We point to unique features of values that have implications to their relationships with behavior and build on these features to review past research. We then propose a conceptual model that presents three organizing principles: accessibility, interpretation, and control. For each principle, we identify mechanisms through which values and behavior are connected. Some of these mechanisms have been exemplified in past research and are reviewed; others call for future research. Integrating the knowledge on the multiple ways in which values impact behavior deepens our understanding of the complex ways through which cognition is translated into action.
Toxicology Practice During COVID-19 Pandemic: Experience of the Dammam Poison Control Center-Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Mahmoud Naglaa F. , Al-Mazroua Maha K. , Afify Moustafa M.
Published: May 2021

Background:

The sudden emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and scarcity of the accurate information especially in the initial phase of the struggle presented a series of challenges to health systems.

Objective:

To evaluate the changes in poisoning cases regarding distribution, types, and characteristics for better framing and planning of the role of our field in responding to pandemics.

Methods:

Study of telephone consultation calls and toxicology analysis records of poisoning cases referred to the Dammam Poison Control Center in Saudi Arabia during the first half of 2020. Their distribution according to frequencies, causes, and other characteristics was compared to the first half of 2019.

Results:

Analysis of telephone consultation calls revealed that the proportion of exposure to disinfectants and hand sanitizers during first half of 2020 increased to 20.4% (n = 496) and 3.4% (n = 83), respectively, compared to 9.8% (n = 215) and 0.4% (n = 10) for surface disinfectants and hand sanitizers, respectively, during the first half of 2019. In 2020, exposure to disinfectants and hand sanitizers dominated in preschool children (0-5 years). The total number of cases suspected for drugs/drugs of abuse overdose during the first 6 months of 2020 (n = 783) showed a significant decrease (P < 0.001) compared to the first 6 months of 2019 (n = 1086).

Conclusion:

The increased availability and use of disinfectants and sanitizers significantly increased the risk of poisoning, especially in preschool-aged children. Public health education for prevention of such home exposures is urgently needed to avoid unnecessary emergency medical system use in such critical time.
Sessile Serrated Lesion of the Appendix in a Teenage Girl
Authors: Dargent Jean-Louis , Hérin Michel , Rop Céline De , Druez Patrick , Jouret-Mourin Anne
Published: May 2021

According to the literature, serrated lesions and polyps of the appendix are extremely rare in children or teenagers. Herein, we present the pathologic and molecular features of a sessile serrated lesion (SSL) that was incidentally found in the appendix of a teenage girl. Our findings not only illustrate that appendiceal SSL may occur in young patients such as teenagers but also confirm further that BRAF V600E mutation may be found in a subset of these neoplastic lesions.
Small Cell Carcinoma of the Ovary, Hypercalcemic Type, in a 12-Month-Old Girl
Authors: Atwi Doaa , Quinton Michael R , Kiser Ryan M , Pokala Hanumantha R , Rooms Laura M , Yu Zhongxin
Published: May 2021

Small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type (SCCOHT) is a highly aggressive malignant tumor affecting predominantly young adults and adolescents with an average age of 23.9 at time of diagnosis. Up to two thirds of patients have paraneoplastic hypercalcemia. The molecular signature of these tumors is SMARCA4 mutations, with somatic and germline pathogenic variants previously described. We report a case of a previously healthy one-year-old girl who was noticed to have mild anemia and an abdominal mass during a well-child visit. Further laboratory testing revealed hypercalcemia. A computerized tomography scan showed a left-sided ovarian mass (9.3 x 7.3 x 7 cm). The resection specimen showed a large ovarian tumor with solid tan-yellow cut surfaces and small foci of necrosis. Microscopically, the tumor was composed of sheets of small, hyperchromatic epithelioid cells with focal rhabdoid large cell morphology. The tumor cells were strongly and diffusely positive for WT1 (N-terminal antibodies) with focal EMA and Pan-keratin positivity. Absent SMARCA4 (BRG1) protein expression by immunohistochemistry ultimately established the diagnosis of small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type. To our knowledge, this is the youngest patient reported in the literature.
Salvage of the existing venotomy site and tunnel: Redeeming the “Fallen dialysis catheter”
Authors: Sharma Mukesh , Vachharajani Tushar J
Published: May 2021

Accidental extrusion of tunneled hemodialysis (HD) catheter leaves the dialysis patient without a vascular access and creates an emergency. The common practice is to insert a new catheter via a new venotomy site and a new tunnel. We highlight a lesser-known intervention technique that helps preserve the limited central venous vascular access sites needed to provide dialysis. A 42-year-old man with end stage kidney disease on HD through a right internal jugular vein (RIJV) tunneled hemodialysis catheter (TDC) was referred 1-day after he accidently pulled his catheter following the removal of butterfly wing sutures. The TDC had been in place for 2 months. On examination, the catheter exit site was not infected. After sterile skin preparation the exit site and the tunnel were cleaned with betadine impregnated Q-tips. An 0.035″ hydrophilic guidewire was advanced through the existing venotomy site over a 5F directional catheter under fluoroscopic guidance. The catheter over the guidewire was advanced through the tunnel towards the previous venotomy site in the RIJV. The exact position of the guidewire and catheter was confirmed by injecting contrast. The angled catheter was then maneuvered inferiorly towards the superior vena cava and the wire was placed in the inferior vena cava. A new TDC was advanced over the guidewire through the existing tunnel and the catheter tip was positioned into the mid-right atrium. The procedure was uneventful and TDC was functioning well at 1-month follow-up review. In conclusion, the case highlights the safety of an underutilized practical approach to achieving safe and quick access for dialysis in patients with accidental loss of TDC. The technique described herein, avoids the need to select a new venotomy site, improves patient satisfaction by minimizing procedure related discomfort due to alleviating the need to create a new tunnel, and optimizes resources used for the procedure.
Assessment of Decontamination and Reuse of Disposable Filter Funnels Used in Microbiological Water Quality Tests
Authors: Zimmer Camille , Cassivi Alexandra , Baía Celia C , Tilley Elizabeth , Bain Robert , Johnston Richard , Dorea Caetano C
Published: May 2021

To monitor safely managed drinking water services, an increasing number of countries have integrated water quality testing for Escherichia coli into nationally-representative household surveys such as the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS). However, plastic waste generated during such water quality testing programs, mostly through the use of pre-sterilized disposable materials, is non-negligible. The objective of this study was to evaluate several re-use protocols for disposable filter funnels used by the MICS water quality test kits. Decontamination and re-use protocols were assessed in centralized laboratory and decentralized field settings and neither yielded positive results. Re-use of 100 mL sterile funnels decontaminated with an alcohol wipe resulted in a higher incidence of false positive results (i.e., positive contamination when processing sterile water), both in the laboratory and field; therefore, a higher proportion of positives tests can be expected if these components are re-used. Further improvements to the decontamination technique and training are needed before material re-use can be reliably adopted. Autoclaving the funnels for re-use is feasible, provided that there is capacity to re-package and distribute funnels in a sterile manner.
Captured and captioned: Representing family life on Instagram
Authors: Barnwell Ashley , Neves Barbara Barbosa , Ravn Signe
Published: May 2021

This article examines how practices of family photography are being transformed in the digital sphere, specifically on Instagram. While research on ‘digital intimacies’ focusses on romantic or peer interactions, the digital practices of families – especially intergenerational interactions – remain understudied. We use Janet Finch’s notion of ‘family display’ to consider how Instagram affords new modes of performing and sharing family life. This concept has exciting potential for media-rich online spaces, but so far, only a few studies examine how social media platforms extend the display of family practices. To explore family photography on Instagram, we analyse a sample of 200 Instagram posts. We argue that features specific to photo-sharing in digital spaces, such as hashtags, emojis and captions, open up new aspects of and audiences for family display. Our analysis paves the way for future research about how relationships are displayed across a range of digital platforms.
Keeping on top of the world: Online news usage in China, the United States and five European countries
Authors: Hölig Sascha , Hasebrink Uwe , Behre Julia
Published: May 2021

In recent years, the use of the Internet and social media as sources of news has risen all over the world. Using data from “The Peoples’ Internet” project, this article provides insights into the ways in which people use the Internet to access news in seven countries with very different media systems, digital economies and cultures. We found that news consumption patterns differ at the country level between China, the United States and five European countries – Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Italy and the United Kingdom – especially when it comes to online news. However, the relationships between news usage and sociodemographic variables at the individual level are strikingly similar across these countries. Our results indicate that cultural influences as well as media systems play a decisive role in people’s news use.
The Management of Patients With Penetrating Aortic Ulcers: A Systematic Review
Authors: Pandey Gargi , Sharma Paritosh
Published: May 2021

Background:

Penetrating aortic ulcers (PAUs) are an entity within acute aortic syndrome. They often remain undiagnosed and are found incidentally or when they become symptomatic. Management is currently guided by clinical judgment. This review aims to identify indications for treatment and inform management.

Methods:

We searched PubMed for studies on the management of PAUs. The outcome measures were mortality, progression and resolution of symptoms.

Results:

This review incorporates 27 studies involving 1356 patients with PAU. Data was available regarding symptoms for 1213 patients (494 symptomatic, 719 asymptomatic). Overall late mortality for PAUs was found to be higher than 30-day mortality. Early mortality was higher for symptomatic patients as compared to those with asymptomatic PAUs. Early mortality was lowest for PAUs treated with endovascular interventions (5%), followed by PAUs managed medically and highest following open surgical management. Indications for treatment included symptoms, progression/instability, aortic diameter >5 cm, concomitant aortic pathology or pleural effusion. 13% of patients managed conservatively at initial presentation demonstrated progression and were considered for intervention subsequently. 9% of patients required reintervention after initial endovascular surgery.

Conclusion:

Endovascular treatment, if anatomically suitable, should be considered as first line treatment for symptomatic PAUs. Patients with asymptomatic PAUs, if associated with high-risk features such as PAU diameter >20 mm, PAU depth >10 mm, aortic diameter >42 mm, concomitant pathology, morphological change or an infective etiology, should also be considered for intervention. Small asymptomatic PAUs with no high-risk features may be managed conservatively but must undergo regular surveillance.