bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nonblurred regions show priority for gaze direction over spatial blur
Authors: Smith Wayne S. , Tadmor Yoav
Published: August 2012

The human eye continuously forms images of our 3D environment using a finite and dynamically changing depth of focus. Since different objects in our environment reside at different depth planes, the resulting retinal images consist of both focused and spatially blurred objects concurrently. Here, we wanted to measure what effect such a mixed visual diet may have on the pattern of eye movements. For that, we have constructed composite stimuli, each containing an intact photograph and several progressively blurred versions of it, all arranged in a 3 × 3 square array and presented simultaneously as a single image. We have measured eye movements for 7 such composite stimuli as well as for their corresponding root mean square (RMS) contrast-equated versions to control for any potential contrast variations as a result of the blurring. We have found that when observers are presented with such arrays of blurred and nonblurred images they fixate significantly more frequently on the stimulus regions that had little or no blur at all ( p < .001). A similar pattern of fixations was found for the RMS contrast-equated versions of the stimuli indicating that the observed distributions of fixations is not simply the result of variations in image contrasts due to spatial blurring. Further analysis revealed that, during each 5 second presentation, the image regions containing little or no spatial blur were fixated first while other regions with larger amounts of blur were fixated later, if fixated at all. The results contribute to the increasing list of stimulus parameters that affect patterns of eye movements during scene perception.
Theoretical modelling of magnetoelectric effects in multi-push–pull mode Metglas/piezo-fibre laminates
Authors: Li M , Hasanyan D , Wang Y , Gao J , Li J , Viehland D
Published: August 2012

A theoretical model is presented for magnetoelectric (ME) effects in multi-push–pull mode magnetostrictive/piezo-fibre laminate composites. Analytical solutions for the ME coefficient (α
ME) were derived. The effects of thickness ratio of the magnetostrictive phase, Kapton and multiple layers of epoxy on the value of α
ME were discussed. Experimental results agreed well with the theoretical analysis. When the thickness ratio of the magnetostrictive phase was v = 0.63, α
ME was found to have a maximum value of 25.6 V cm−1 Oe−1. For thinner Kapton and epoxy layers, the values of α
ME became higher. This model presents theoretical guidelines by which one can achieve higher values of α
ME.
Experimental estimation of the surface charge density in micro dielectric barrier discharges
Authors: Meyer C , Franzke J , Gurevich E L
Published: August 2012

Here we report on the experimental studies of discharge processes in micro dielectric barrier gas discharge cells (μ-DBD). We propose a method, which allows us to measure the average surface charge density on the dielectric barriers of the discharge cell. The method is based on the measurement of the delay time between the polarity change of the applied voltage and the peak of the active discharge current. This procedure is applicable for cells of different sizes and geometries. It is especially advantageous for micro discharge cells, in which direct measurements are not applicable.
Luminescence of lead-related centres in single crystalline films of Lu2SiO5
Authors: Gorbenko V , Krasnikov A , Mihokova E , Nikl M , Zazubovich S , Zorenko Yu
Published: August 2012

The steady-state and time-resolved emission and excitation spectra and luminescence decay kinetics of nominally undoped Lu2SiO5 single crystalline films (SCFs) grown by the liquid phase epitaxy method from the PbO-based flux are studied in the range 4.2–300 K. Due to the preparation method, the films contain lead ions. Luminescence characteristics of Pb-related centres of different types are identified. A weak 3.65 eV emission is ascribed to the radiative decay of the triplet relaxed excited state (RES) of Pb2+ ions substituting for Lu3+ ions in the Lu1 lattice sites of the X2 structure. Possible origins of the intense complex lead-related ≈2.8 eV emission are discussed. We propose phenomenological models describing the excited-state dynamics of the studied luminescence centres. We also determine the characteristic parameters of the corresponding RESs, in particular, the energy separations between the excited states and the rates of the radiative and non-radiative transitions from these states.
Controlled functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes for enhanced ammonia sensing: a comparative study
Authors: Datta K , Ghosh P , More M A , Shirsat M D , Mulchandani A
Published: August 2012

Electrochemically controllable functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with poly(N-methyl pyrrole) (P[NMP]) is demonstrated for room temperature gas sensing applications. Comparative investigations reveal that the loading content of the functionalization entity has prominent effects on the sensing characteristics of SWNTs. The optimized sensing backbone (P[NMP]-functionalized SWNTs with 5 µC deposited charge) exhibited a lower detection limit of 10 ppb and excellent linearity for a detection window of 10 ppb–01 ppm concentration of NH3. The typical response and recovery time of the optimized sensor is on the order of minutes. Finally, a performance comparison of the P[NMP]-functionalized SWNT sensing backbones with the pristine P[NMP] nanowire sensor ensured the well-defined role of SWNTs in the functionalized structure. The proposed sensing mechanism suggests that the synthesis parameters can be manoeuvered for the highest operational efficiency of the sensors.
Does Adoption of Pharmaceutical Innovation Respond to Changes in the Regulatory Environment?
Authors: Varol Nebibe , Costa‐Font Joan , McGuire Alistair
Published: August 2012

This paper investigates how regulation impinged on the launch strategies of international pharmaceutical corporations for new molecules across the main OECD markets between 1960–2008. Comprehensive IMS data is used to analyze the international diffusion of 845 molecules from 14 different anatomic therapeutic categories using non‐parametric survival analysis. The paper focuses on two main regulatory changes that substantially reshaped the barriers to entry: the U.S. Hatch‐Waxman Act in 1984, and the establishment of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in 1995. We find that legal transaction costs have a significant impact on timing of launch. Stringent market authorization requirements for new pharmaceutical products in the United States after 1962 resulted in a significant U.S. drug lag in the introduction of pharmaceutical innovation vis‐à‐vis Europe from 1960–1984. However, financial incentives stemming from the 1984 Hatch‐Waxman Act proved effective in closing this lag. A more streamlined EMA regulatory approval process has reduced barriers to entry in Europe, thereby enabling quicker diffusion of pharmaceutical products, yet a marked pattern of delay in the adoption of innovation is still evident due to local differences in pricing regulations. Any new molecule launch strategically takes place first in higher‐priced European Union (EU) markets as a result of the threat of arbitrage and price dependency across EU Member States.
Current State and Issues Surrounding Construction of an Independent Support Network for Child Abuse Victims Over 18 Years Old in Japan
Authors: Hanada Hiroko , Nagae Masaharu , Matsuo Aya , Saunders Todd
Published: August 2012

This study aims to briefly explain the current child abuse laws as they relate to 18‐year‐old child abuse victims in Japan who are no longer minors, but not yet adults. It explains the gap in services during this transitional period and presents the results of a survey, distributed to 275 facilities, requesting information about this problem. It also examines the status of current support systems available to help these transitional abuse victims, who are on the verge of becoming adults, in establishing lives independent of their parents; and give some suggestions to improve the support system.
Effects of preconceptional paternal drug exposure on birth outcomes: cohort study of 340 000 pregnancies using Norwegian population‐based databases
Authors: Engeland Anders , Bjørge Tone , Daltveit Anne Kjersti , Skurtveit Svetlana , Vangen Siri , Vollset Stein Emil , Furu Kari
Published: August 2012

Aims

We aimed to explore associations between drugs dispensed to the father prior to conception and pregnancy outcomes, such as pre‐term birth, perinatal mortality, foetal growth retardation and birth defects.

Methods

In this cohort study, two population‐based registries, the Medical Birth Registry of Norway and the Norwegian Prescription Database, were linked. The study cohort consisted of 340 000 pregnancies in 2004–10. The association between specific drugs dispensed to the fathers during the last 3 months prior to conception and pregnancy outcomes was explored by estimating odds ratios (ORs) using multivariate logistic regression.

Results

About one quarter (26%) of the fathers were dispensed at least one drug during the last 3 months prior to conception and 1.3% were dispensed at least one drug requiring special attention. Overall, the odds of different adverse pregnancy outcomes were not increased when the father had been dispensed drugs, i.e. the OR and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for any birth defect when the fathers had been dispensed any drug were 0.99 (0.94, 1.0). When the fathers had been dispensed diazepam we found increased risk of perinatal mortality and growth retardation, with OR and 95% CIs of 2.2 (1.2, 3.9) and 1.4 (1.2, 1.6), respectively.

Conclusions

Large studies are necessary to reveal increased risk of rare outcomes as specific birth defects. Our study did not indicate that paternal drug exposure is an important risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Fire as a dimension of historical ecology: a response to Bowman et al. (2011)
Authors: Coughlan Michael R. , Petty Aaron M.
Published: August 2012

Bowman et al. (Journal of Biogeography, 2011, 38, 2223–2236) attempt a synthesis of the current status of study into human use of fire as an ecosystem management tool and provide a framework for guiding research on the human dimensions of global fire. While we applaud this ambitious effort, we believe the proposed ‘pyric phase and transition’ model to be too deterministic and simplistic to account for the complexity and diversity in human–fire relationships. After reviewing theoretical problems with the proposed framework, we question policy implications of their conclusions concerning tropical forest systems. We suggest that a theoretically informed perspective should build on an historical fire ecology framework for investigating social and ecological aspects of human–environment interactions.
The impact of electronic education on metabolic control indicators in patients with diabetes who need insulin: a randomised clinical control trial
Authors: Moattari Marzieh , Hashemi Maryam , Dabbaghmanesh Mohammad H
Published: August 2012

Aims and objectives.  To determine the impact of electronic education on metabolic control indicators in patients with diabetes who were insulin dependent.

Background.  Education can play an important role in controlling diabetes. Electronic (web‐based, telehealth) education may be an efficient way to improve the patients’ ability to control this disease.

Design.  Randomised clinical control study.

Methods.  The participants in this clinical study were 48 insulin‐dependent patients referred to diabetes centres in Shiraz, Iran. Serum concentrations of haemoglobin A1C, fasting blood sugar, triglycerides and high‐density and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol were measured. Then the participants were divided randomly into control and experimental groups (n = 24). Participants in the experimental group received a specially designed electronic education programme for twelve weeks. The main components of the programme were a consultation service, quick answers to patients’ questions, contact with the healthcare team and educational materials. At the end of the intervention period, all serum values were measured again in both groups. The data were compared using spss v 13·5 software.

Results.  Serum concentrations of haemoglobin A1C (p < 0·001) and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (p < 0·002) were significantly lower in the intervention group.

Conclusion.  The electronic education programme was useful in lowering two metabolic indicators of diabetes.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Electronic education can be associated with increased health and patient satisfaction, and can eliminate the need to train personnel.
Sixteen years of winter stress: an assessment of cold hardiness, growth performance and survival of hybrid poplar clones at a boreal planting site
Authors: SCHREIBER STEFAN G. , HAMANN ANDREAS , HACKE UWE G. , THOMAS BARB R.
Published: August 2012

In recent years, thousands of hectares of hybrid poplar plantations have been established in Canada for the purpose of carbon sequestration and wood production. However, boreal planting environments pose special challenges that may compromise the long‐term survival and productivity of such plantations. In this study, we evaluated the effect of winter stress, that is, frequent freeze‐thaw and extreme cold events, on growth and survival of 47 hybrid poplar clones in a long‐term field experiment. We further assessed physiological and structural traits that are potentially important for cold tolerance for a selected set of seven clones. We found that trees with narrow xylem vessels showed reduced freezing‐induced embolism and showed superior productivity after 16 growing seasons. With respect to cold hardiness of living tissues, we only observed small differences among clones in early autumn, which were nonetheless significantly correlated to growth. Maximum winter cold hardiness and the timing of leaf senescence and budbreak were not related to growth or survival. In conclusion, our data suggest that reduction of freezing‐induced embolism due to small vessel diameters is an essential adaptive trait to ensure long‐term productivity of hybrid poplar plantations in boreal planting environments.
Importance of cucurbits in the epidemiology of Papaya ringspot virus type P
Authors: Mansilla P. J. , Moreira A. G. , Mello A. P. O. A. , Rezende J. A. M. , Ventura J. A. , Yuki V. A. , Levatti F. J.
Published: August 2012

Papaya ringspot virus type P (PRSV‐P) systemically infects Carica papaya and species belonging to the family Cucurbitaceae. Attempts to recover PRSV‐P from naturally infected cucurbit plants grown near or among diseased papaya trees have shown conflicting results worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the natural infection of cucurbit species grown among and near papaya trees infected with PRSV‐P in Brazil. Natural infection of cucurbits with PRSV‐P occurred in zucchini squash but not in watermelon and cucumber. However, several attempts to recover PRSV‐P from numerous Cucurbita pepo cv. Caserta (zucchini squash) plants grown 5–80 m from diseased papaya trees in the field failed. Mechanical inoculations of Cucurbita pepo cv. Caserta, Cucurbita maxima cv. Exposição (pumpkin), Cucumis sativus cv. Primepack Plus (cucumber) and Citrullus lanatus cv. Crimson Sweet (watermelon) with five Brazilian PRSV‐P isolates showed that zucchini squash was the most susceptible species followed by watermelon and cucumber, while pumpkin was not infected. The results confirmed the variable susceptibility of cucurbit species to experimental and natural PRSV‐P infection. Given these facts, the control of the disease through roguing should focus mainly on diseased papaya plants, as has been practised successfully in Brazil for many years, and on those cucurbits particularly known to be susceptible to natural infection with PRSV‐P.
Field comparison of thermal and non‐thermal ultra‐low‐volume applications using water and diesel as solvents for managing dengue vector, Aedes aegypti
Authors: Harburguer Laura , Lucia Alejandro , Licastro Susana , Zerba Eduardo , Masuh Héctor
Published: August 2012

Objectives  To compare the effectiveness on Aedes aegypti (Linneo) (Diptera: Culicidae) of a larvicide‐adulticide ULV formulation applied by a thermal or a cold fogger using different solvents.

Methods  We applied, in field conditions, a ULV formulation containing pyriproxyfen and permethrin, using a thermal and a cold fogger and water or diesel as solvent. We determined the effectiveness of these applications on Ae. aegypti adults and larvae by different bioassays and measuring Breteau, house and adult indices.

Results  When water was used as solvent, the treatments applied with the cold or the thermal foggers were equally effective on adult mortality (close to 90%) and adult emergence inhibition (% EI) (close to 70%). When the thermal fogger was used with water as solvent, the adult mortality outside the houses (85%) was higher, but not significantly different, than with diesel (65%). The contrary happens inside (22%vs. 58%), while there were no differences in %EI. Adult and larval indices behaved similarly in all areas, with a slight tendency for the treatments applied using water as solvent to be more effective.

Conclusions  Water‐based formulations are equally or more effective than the one applied with diesel as solvent. The use of water as solvent will not only improve the effectiveness of this formulation but also reduce the environmental impact and costs of spraying compared to the use of diesel.
Near isohydric grapevine cultivar displays higher photosynthetic efficiency and photorespiration rates under drought stress as compared with near anisohydric grapevine cultivar
Authors: Hochberg Uri , Degu Asfaw , Fait Aaron , Rachmilevitch Shimon
Published: August 2012

Drought stress is known to limit photosynthesis rates and to inflict photo‐oxidative damage in grapevines. Grapevines, which are considered drought‐tolerant plants, are characterized by diverse hydraulic and photosynthetic behaviors, depending on the cultivar. This research compared the photosynthesis and the photorespiration of Cabernet Sauvignon (Cs) (isohydric) and Shiraz (anisohydric) in an attempt to acquire a wider perspective on the iso/anisohydric phenomenon and its implications. Shiraz and Cs were subjected to terminal drought in the greenhouse. Soil water content (θ), leaf water potential (Ψl) and stomata conductance (gs) were measured to determine the cultivars' hydraulic behavior. Gas exchange and fluorometry measurements were taken at 21 and 2% O2 to acquire photosynthesis and photorespiration characteristics. Cs was found to behave in a near isohydric manner whereas Shiraz behaved in a near anisohydric manner. Compared to Shiraz, the reduced stomata conductance values of Cs were accompanied by higher water use efficiency and photorespiration rates, as well as photosystem II photochemical potential (Fv/Fm). As compared with Shiraz, Cs compensated for lower stomata conductance by higher photosynthesis and photorespiration. These two processes contributed to higher electron flow rates that might have a role in photoinhibition avoidance, which was observed in the stability of Fv/Fm under drought stress.
Optimising stroke volume and oxygen delivery in abdominal aortic surgery: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: BISGAARD J. , GILSAA T. , RØNHOLM E. , TOFT P.
Published: August 2012

Background

Post‐operative complications after open elective abdominal aortic surgery are common, and individualised goal‐directed therapy may improve outcome in high‐risk surgery. We hypothesised that individualised goal‐directed therapy, targeting stroke volume and oxygen delivery, can reduce complications and minimise length of stay in intensive care unit and hospital following open elective abdominal aortic surgery.

Methods

Seventy patients scheduled for open elective abdominal aortic surgery were randomised to individualised goal‐directed therapy or conventional therapy. In the intervention group, stroke volume was optimised by 250 ml colloid boluses intraoperatively and for the first 6 h post‐operatively. The optimisation aimed at an oxygen delivery of 600 ml/min/m2 in the post‐operative period. Haemodynamic data were collected at pre‐defined time points, including baseline, intraoperatively and post‐operatively. Patients were followed up for 30 days.

Results

Stroke volume index and oxygen delivery index were both higher in the post‐operative period in the intervention group. In this group, 27 of 32 achieved the post‐operative oxygen delivery index target vs. 18 of 32 in the control group (P = 0.01). However, the number of complications per patient or length of stay in the intensive care unit or hospital did not differ between the groups.

Conclusion

Perioperative individualised goal‐directed therapy targeting stroke volume and oxygen delivery did not affect post‐operative complications, intensive care unit or hospital length of stay in open elective abdominal aortic surgery.
Refractory cardiac arrest in a rural area: mechanical chest compression during helicopter transport
Authors: TAZAROURTE K. , SAPIR D. , LABORNE F. X. , BRIOLE N. , LETARNEC J. Y. , ATCHABAHIAN A. , CORNU J. F. , MONCHI M. , JABRE P. , COMBES X.
Published: August 2012

Background

Out‐of‐hospital refractory cardiac arrest patients can be transported to a hospital for extracorporeal life support (ECLS), which can be either therapeutic or performed for organ donation. Early initiation is of vital importance and the main limitation when considering ECLS. This explains that all reported series of cardiac arrest patients referred for ECLS were urban ones. We report a series of rural out‐of‐hospital non‐heart‐beating patients transported by helicopter.

Methods

This observational study was performed in two rural districts in France. Data on patients with pre‐hospital criteria for ECLS who were transported to the hospital by helicopter, maintained by mechanical chest compression, were recorded over a 2‐year period.

Results

During the study period, 27 patients were referred for ECLS, of which 14 for therapeutic ECLS and 13 for organ preservation. The median transport distance was 37 km (25th and 75th percentiles: 31–58; range 25 to 94 km). Among the therapeutic ECLS patients, one survived to discharge from the hospital. Liver and kidneys were retrieved in another patient after brain death was ascertained. In the 13 patients referred for organ donation, four were excluded for medical reasons; 18 kidneys were retrieved in nine patients, of which six kidneys were successfully transplanted.

Conclusion

In this preliminary study, we report the feasibility and the interest of helicopter transport of refractory cardiac arrest patients maintained by mechanical chest compression. Patients with refractory cardiac arrest occurring in rural areas, even at distance from a referral centre, can be candidates for ECLS.
Digging through model complexity: using hierarchical models to uncover evolutionary processes in the wild
Authors: Buoro M. , Prévost E. , Gimenez O.
Published: August 2012

The growing interest for studying questions in the wild requires acknowledging that eco‐evolutionary processes are complex, hierarchically structured and often partially observed or with measurement error. These issues have long been ignored in evolutionary biology, which might have led to flawed inference when addressing evolutionary questions. Hierarchical modelling (HM) has been proposed as a generic statistical framework to deal with complexity in ecological data and account for uncertainty. However, to date, HM has seldom been used to investigate evolutionary mechanisms possibly underlying observed patterns. Here, we contend the HM approach offers a relevant approach for the study of eco‐evolutionary processes in the wild by confronting formal theories to empirical data through proper statistical inference. Studying eco‐evolutionary processes requires considering the complete and often complex life histories of organisms. We show how this can be achieved by combining sequentially all life‐history components and all available sources of information through HM. We demonstrate how eco‐evolutionary processes may be poorly inferred or even missed without using the full potential of HM. As a case study, we use the Atlantic salmon and data on wild marked juveniles. We assess a reaction norm for migration and two potential trade‐offs for survival. Overall, HM has a great potential to address evolutionary questions and investigate important processes that could not previously be assessed in laboratory or short time‐scale studies.
AA genotype of IL‐8 −251A/T is associated with low PaO2/FiO2 in critically ill patients and with increased IL‐8 expression
Authors: WACHARASINT PETCH , NAKADA TAKA‐AKI , BOYD JOHN H. , RUSSELL JAMES A. , WALLEY KEITH R.
Published: August 2012

Background and Objective:  Interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) is a central chemokine in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and the IL‐8 gene contains a functional single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) −251A/T in its promoter region. We hypothesized that IL‐8 −251A/T SNP is associated with PaO2/FiO2 in critically ill patients.

Methods:  We conducted genetic‐association studies in intensive care units at academic teaching centres using a derivation septic shock cohort (vasopressin and septic shock trial (VASST), n = 467) and a validation post‐cardiopulmonary bypass surgery cohort (CPB, n = 739) of Caucasian patients. Patients in both cohorts were genotyped for IL‐8 −251A/T. The primary outcome variable in both cohorts was the fraction of patients who had a PaO2/FiO2 < 200. IL‐8 mRNA expression was measured in genotyped lymphoblastoid cells in vitro.

Results:  The frequency of the patients with PaO2/FiO2 <200 was significantly greater in patients who had the AA genotype of −251A/T than in patients who had the AT or TT genotypes in both VASST (AA = 60.8% vs AT and TT = 53.8% and 48.0%, P = 0.038) and the CPB cohort (AA = 37.0% vs AT and TT = 27.0% and 26.0%, P = 0.039). Patients having the AA genotype had a higher probability to remain on mechanical ventilation (P = 0.047) in the first 14 days. Lymphoblastoid cells having the AA genotype had significantly higher IL‐8 mRNA expression than cells having the AT or TT genotype (P = 0.022).

Conclusions:  Critically ill Caucasian patients who had the AA genotype of IL‐8 −251A/T had an increased risk of PaO2/FiO2 <200. The AA genotype was associated with greater IL‐8 mRNA expression than the AT or TT genotypes.
Interpreting a rising prostate‐specific antigen after brachytherapy for prostate cancer
Authors: Gaztañaga Miren , Crook Juanita
Published: August 2012

The aim of the present study was to review the English language literature on the topic of prostate‐specific antigen bounce after brachytherapy and present a summary of the current knowledge. Although ultimately prostate‐specific antigen is a reliable measure of success after prostate brachytherapy, it can be very misleading in the first 3 years because of the frequency with which temporary benign rises in prostate‐specific antigen occur. We have reviewed the English language literature on the topic of prostate‐specific antigen bounce under the following headings: prostate neoplasms, brachytherapy, biochemical definition of prostate‐specific antigen failure, “benign prostate‐specific antigen bounce” and “prostate‐specific antigen spike”. We included brachytherapy delivered as either low dose rate or high dose rate, and either as monotherapy or as a boost combined with external beam radiotherapy. A benign self‐limited rise in prostate‐specific antigen after prostate brachytherapy is seen in an average of 35% of patients, but increases in frequency with younger age. In patients aged less than 55 years, it is observed in up to 68%. Other factors, such as sexual activity, dose, prostate volume and the use of high dose rate versus low dose rate have been implicated in affecting the frequency of the benign bounce. Benign increases in prostate‐specific antigen are frequent after prostate brachytherapy. It is important to recognize and correctly diagnose this phenomenon in order to avoid unnecessary salvage treatment.
The relevance of globalization to nursing: a concept analysis
Authors: Grootjans J. , Newman S.
Published: August 2012

GROOTJANS J. & NEWMAN S. (2013) The relevance of globalization to nursing: a concept analysis. International Nursing Review60, 78–85

Background:  This paper emerged alongside the development of learning materials for a new unit of study on global health and nursing. The proposed unit was for inclusion in a graduate entry master of nursing course leading to registration. It became evident that there has been growing attention within the nursing literature to the demands of an increasingly globalized world and the subsequent challenges confronting nursing as a profession. At the same time, the literature is inconsistent and contains mixed messages with regard to how nurses and nursing might respond to these challenges.

Aim:  This paper aims to (i) present the findings of a narrative analysis of the current nursing discourse on globalization, and (ii) to identify directional cohesiveness for the nursing profession in the seemingly disparate literature.

Method:  Concept analysis following extensive literature review.

Findings:  Several nursing authors argue that nurses globally are increasingly sharing concerns expressed by nurses at a local level. Concerns such as the future sustainability of the profession and more specifically practice concerns such as the continuing failure of nurses to adequately deal with social justice issues requires careful consideration by every nurse. While strategies recommended for dealing with these concerns lack a cohesive thread, some interesting themes and innovative recommendations have emerged. For example, the need for nurses to consider replacing environmental considerations with ecological considerations and that nurses consider preventative nursing practice beyond the immediate needs of clients and from a more global perspective.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN QUANTITATIVE MODELS OF SOVEREIGN DEFAULT
Authors: Stähler Nikolai
Published: August 2012

The current crisis and discussions, in the euro area in particular, show that sovereign debt crises/defaults are no longer confined to developing economies. Following crises in many Latin American countries, the literature on quantitative dynamic macro models of sovereign default has been advancing rapidly. Current debate should take note of the findings of this literature – an extensive overview of which has been provided in this paper. This paper also discusses the inherent difficulties as well as possibilities of integrating this type of model into standard business cycle models (RBC and DSGE models). This is likely to be particularly helpful when using models to analyse upcoming issues in the euro area, such as a suitable sovereign insolvency law or the assumption of joint liability.
Radicalizing Relationships To and Through Shared Geographies: Why Anarchists Need to Understand Indigenous Connections to Land and Place
Authors: Barker Adam J. , Pickerill Jenny
Published: August 2012

Abstract:  Indigenous activists and anarchist Settler people are articulating common ground in opposition to imperialism and colonialism. However, many anarchists have faced difficulties in Indigenous solidarity work through unintentional (often unwitting) transgressions and appropriations. Through the introduction of settler colonialism as a complicating power dynamic, we observe that anarchists bring unconscious spatial perceptions into their solidarity work. Further, Indigenous activists often perceive anarchists as Settler people first and foremost, which carries another set of spatial implications. We examine a number of examples of anarchist and Indigenous activism, at times empowering and at times conflictual, in order to reveal some general trends. Through an intensive synthesis of Indigenous peoples’ theories and articulations of place‐based relationships, we suggest that deeper understandings of these relationships can be of great importance in approaching solidarity work in place and with respect.
ESTIMATING BAYESIAN NETWORKS FOR HIGH‐DIMENSIONAL DATA WITH COMPLEX MEAN STRUCTURE AND RANDOM EFFECTS
Authors: Kasza Jessica , Glonek Gary , Solomon Patty
Published: August 2012

The estimation of Bayesian networks given high‐dimensional data, in particular gene expression data, has been the focus of much recent research. Whilst there are several methods available for the estimation of such networks, these typically assume that the data consist of independent and identically distributed samples. It is often the case, however, that the available data have a more complex mean structure, plus additional components of variance, which must then be accounted for in the estimation of a Bayesian network. In this paper, score metrics that take account of such complexities are proposed for use in conjunction with score‐based methods for the estimation of Bayesian networks. We propose first, a fully Bayesian score metric, and second, a metric inspired by the notion of restricted maximum likelihood. We demonstrate the performance of these new metrics for the estimation of Bayesian networks using simulated data with known complex mean structures. We then present the analysis of expression levels of grape‐berry genes adjusting for exogenous variables believed to affect the expression levels of the genes. Demonstrable biological effects can be inferred from the estimated conditional independence relationships and correlations amongst the grape‐berry genes.
HAMMER TIME
Authors: Fay Brian
Published: August 2012

Espen Hammer's exceptionally fine book explores modern temporality, its problems and prospects. Hammer claims that how people experience time is a cultural/historical phenomenon, and that there is a peculiarly modern way of experiencing time as a series of present moments each indefinitely leading to the next in an ordered way. Time as measured by the clock is the paradigmatic instance of this sense of time. In this perspective time is quantifiable and forward‐looking, and the present is dominated by the future. Hammer argues that this manner of experiencing time provides a way of living that brings with it not only the basis for great successes in technology, but also great costs—specifically, what he calls the problems of transience and of meaning.

Hammer goes about his task by considering the ways some of the great modern philosophers have characterized present‐day temporality and have responded to the problems he has identified. Specifically, he considers what Kant, Hegel, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, (early) Heidegger, Habermas, Bloch, and Adorno provide in response to our peculiarly modern predicaments. The book is remarkable for its clarity and perceptiveness, but in the process in crucial places it simplifies the matters at hand or fails to push its insights as far as it ought, and in the end promises more than it can deliver. In this it betrays a rationalist confidence in the power of reason that founders on what in many ways remains a mystery.
The hot house and the politics of production: Piecework Bargaining in retrospect
Authors: Edwards Paul
Published: August 2012

Brown's studies of piecework bargaining are reviewed in light of later research and changing conditions. Some extensions are needed, for example, in relation to the definition of custom and practice. And some neglected themes, notably the role of gender in workplace bargaining, need attention. But the analytical framework is essentially robust. Its theoretical pay‐off is elaborated, and arguments that industrial relations lacks an adequate theory of pay are disputed. Its current relevance is illustrated in relation to the explosion of pay at the top of the earnings distribution.
Prevalence and predictors of drooling
Authors: BLASCO PETER
Published: August 2012

This commentary is on the original article by Reid et al. on pages 1032‐1036 of this issue.
Interrogation of brain miRNA and mRNA expression profiles reveals a molecular regulatory network that is perturbed by mutant huntingtin
Authors: Jin Jing , Cheng Yong , Zhang Yongqing , Wood William , Peng Qi , Hutchison Emmette , Mattson Mark P. , Becker Kevin G. , Duan Wenzhen
Published: August 2012

Emerging evidence indicates that microRNAs (miRNAs) may play an important role in the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease (HD). To identify the individual miRNAs that are altered in HD and may therefore regulate a gene network underlying mutant huntingtin‐induced neuronal dysfunction in HD, we performed miRNA array analysis combined with mRNA profiling in the cerebral cortex from N171‐82Q HD mice. Expression profiles of miRNAs as well as mRNAs in HD mouse cerebral cortex were analyzed and confirmed at different stages of disease progression; the most significant changes of miRNAs in the cerebral cortex were also detected in the striatum of HD mice. Our results revealed a significant alteration of miR‐200 family members, miR‐200a, and miR‐200c in the cerebral cortex and the striatum, at the early stage of disease progression in N171‐82Q HD mice. We used a coordinated approach to integrate miRNA and mRNA profiling, and applied bioinformatics to predict a target gene network potentially regulated by these significantly altered miRNAs that might be involved in HD disease progression. Interestingly, miR‐200a and miR‐200c are predicted to target genes regulating synaptic function, neurodevelopment, and neuronal survival. Our results suggest that altered expression of miR‐200a and miR‐200c may interrupt the production of proteins involved in neuronal plasticity and survival, and further investigation of the involvement of perturbed miRNA expression in HD pathogenesis is warranted, and may lead to reveal novel approaches for HD therapy.
A Role of Genomic Copy Number Variation in the Complex Behavioral Phenotype of Alcohol Dependence: A Commentary
Authors: Urban Alexander E.
Published: August 2012

In their paper “Copy number variations in 6q14.1 and 5q13.2 are associated with alcohol dependence” Lin and colleagues report on the association between alcohol dependence and 2 duplication CNVs in the genome sequence, one containing 8 genes within its boundaries and another that contains no genes. In this commentary, I point out some of the opportunities and challenges that arise from such a finding.
Multisited Research on Colonowares and the Paradox of Globalization
Authors: Cobb Charles R. , DePratter Chester B.
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACT  Multisited ethnography was advanced by George Marcus (1995) as a way to address the spatial reach of communities linked by global flows of commodities, peoples, and institutions. Although the approach is usually applied within the context of modern globalization, many of the processes that define globalization accelerated with the onset of European colonization in the 1400s C.E. Multisited research is particularly suited to the analysis of the “paradox of globalization,” the simultaneous unfolding of heterogeneity and homogeneity throughout the world, which became pervasive in the colonial era. An indigenous ceramic type in eastern North America known as colonoware expresses this paradox, where variable European influence in its morphology and surface treatment can be attributed to the intersection of local practices and large‐scale population movements. [colonoware, globalization, colonialism]
Outcome of mentalization‐based and supportive psychotherapy in patients with borderline personality disorder: a randomized trial
Authors: Jørgensen C. R. , Freund C. , Bøye R. , Jordet H. , Andersen D. , Kjølbye M.
Published: August 2012

Objective:  This study presents data from a randomized outcome study comparing mentalization‐based and supportive psychotherapy for patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD).

Method:  Eighty‐five SCID‐II diagnosed borderline patients were randomized to either i) 2 years of intensive (twice weekly) combined (individual and group), mentalization‐based psychotherapy (MBT) or ii) 2 years of less‐intensive (biweekly) supportive group therapy. Treatment outcome was assessed using a battery of self‐report questionnaires, SCID‐II interviews and therapist‐rated global assessment of functioning (GAF).

Results:  Fifty‐eight patients completed 2 years of treatment. Significant changes in both treatment groups were identified for several outcome measures, including self‐reported measures of general functioning, depression, social functioning and number of diagnostic criteria met for BPD, as outlined by the SCID‐II interview. General linear modelling was used to compare treatment outcome in the two groups. Only GAF showed a significantly higher outcome in the MBT group. A trend was found for a higher rate of recovery from BPD in the MBT group. Pre‐post effect sizes were high (0.5–2.1) and for the most part highly significant in both groups.

Conclusion:  The study indicates that both MBT and supportive treatment are highly effective in treating BPD when conducted by a well‐trained and experienced psychodynamic staff in a well‐organized clinic.
Immunohistological expression of HIF‐1α, GLUT‐1, Bcl‐2 and Ki‐67 in consecutive biopsies during chemoradiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer
Authors: Havelund Birgitte Mayland , Sørensen Flemming Brandt , Pløen John , Lindebjerg Jan , Spindler Karen‐Lise Garm , Jakobsen Anders
Published: August 2012

The aim of this study was to describe the dynamics of HIF‐1α, GLUT‐1, Bcl‐2 and Ki‐67 during chemoradiotherapy (CRT) of rectal cancer, and to investigate the fluctuation of these biomarkers in relation to pathological response to CRT. The study included 86 patients with rectal adenocarcinoma receiving preoperative CRT (>50.4 Gy and Uracil/Tegafur). Immunohistological expressions of HIF‐1α, GLUT‐1, Bcl‐2 and Ki‐67 were investigated in biopsies taken before treatment, after 2, 4 and 6 weeks of CRT and in specimens from the operation. Decreasing expressions of HIF‐1α, Bcl‐2 and Ki‐67 were observed during CRT, whereas GLUT‐1 overall was unchanged. No significant changes of the markers were observed in the interval between CRT and surgery. A significant association was observed between the presence of residual carcinoma after 6 weeks of treatment and pathological response to CRT, but no association was seen between the fluctuations of any of the markers and response to CRT.

This unique material containing specimens before, after and during CRT for rectal cancer demonstrated biological dynamics in HIF‐1α, Bcl‐2 and Ki‐67, but not GLUT‐1, expression during CRT, and a significant association was seen between the presence of residual carcinoma after 6 weeks of treatment and pathological response to CRT.
The peri‐implant health in patients attending an annual recall program. A clinical and microbiological study in 74 patients from the Tübingen Implant Registry
Authors: Lachmann Stefan , Stehberger Anna , Axmann Detlef , Weber Heiner
Published: August 2012

Objectives

To describe the peri‐implant condition of unselected implant recall patients, to relate it to relevant features from the patient medical history, and to look at associations across these findings.

Patients and methods

Prior to their most recent recall appointment, 74 individuals underwent a clinical and microbiological (PCR) investigation.

Results

Signs of a serious peri‐implantitis condition were not encountered in this patient cohort. However, a high prevalence of moderate plaque and bleeding on probing (60% and 78%, respectively) and PCR proof of periodonto‐pathogenic bacteria (43% positive for one or more target species) was apparent. The mean pocket probing depth was 2.9 mm. The by far most prominent co‐morbidity belonged to the group of patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD; 27%). CVD were statistically significantly associated with the prevalence and concentration of Prevotella intermedia in the peri‐implant sulcus (P = 0.022). Age was positively associated with plaque load (P < 0.001). The Tanerella forsythensis score and prevalence was higher in implants supporting fixed than removable restorations (P = 0.025). Four of the five bacteria species assessed showed a high association with each other (exception: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans), but not to other hygiene findings.

Conclusions

A considerable number of individuals exhibited peri‐implant findings that would require anti‐infective treatment. Prevalence and concentrations of periodonto‐pathogenic bacteria seemed to be associated with a variety of other variables from the patients' history, but not to clinical findings in this patient group.
Milk oral immunotherapy is effective in school‐aged children
Authors: Salmivesi Susanna , Korppi Matti , Mäkelä Mika J , Paassilta Marita
Published: August 2012

Aims:  To study the efficacy of oral immunotherapy (OIT) in schoolchildren with cow’s milk (CM) allergy (CMA).

Methods:  Twenty‐eight children aged 6–14 years with CMA documented by oral challenge were enrolled into a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled OIT study. In the active treatment, CM protein amount was increased during 23 weeks from 0.06 mg to a maximum of 6400 mg (200 mL of milk).

Results:  Twenty‐four (86%) patients completed the protocol: 16/18 in active and 8/10 in placebo groups. All children in the active and 2/3 in the placebo group suffered from symptoms considered by the parents as induced by milk. The children were contacted by phone 12 months later, and 13 (81%) used daily CM or milk products corresponding 6400 mg of CM protein. After double‐blind OIT, all 10 children in the placebo group completed successfully an open‐label OIT by an identical protocol, and all used daily CM or milk products 6 months later. Three to 3.5 years later, one child more had discontinued daily milk use. Thus, the long‐term success rate was 22/28 (79%).

Conclusions:  This placebo‐controlled, double‐blind study confirmed that OIT was effective in desensitizing schoolchildren with CMA. With occasional exceptions, the reached desensitization sustained for more than 3 years.