bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact on Corporate Performance of Discretionary Accruals in Korean Listed Companies
Authors:   Asia-Europe Perspective Association, Lee Hae-Young
Published: June 2018

This study established a model to be theoretical to distinguish the relation between discretionary accruals of the listed companies in Korea. A company result From 2001 to 2008. And also analyzed theoretical pattern positively using a fixed effect mode as panel data that time series data of cross section data of listed companies.
In this research, divides company's result into an accounting result and a result that is decided to market and compared the study finding.
And in this research, measured discretionary accruals by corrected Jones model and Jetter and Shivakumar model that propriety is authorized in virtue researches about discretionary accruals. Study finding in this study first, a hypothesis 1 of this study that valued company's assessment is decrescent at stock market as absolute value of discretionary accruals gets bigger is supported. Second, hypothesis 2 that as absolute value of discretionary accruals, accounting result also grows is supported too. Third, study model that present in this research had statistical synonymy from significance level 1%, and it was little differences with revolution result of occasion that measure using Jones model that is revised discretionary accruals and occasion that measure using model with Shivakumar and Jetter. Fourth, when control variances that present in this research used dependent variable in result in the market, there is statistical synonymy and is agreeing as mark expects, but when I used dependent variable in result the accounting enemy, is appearing as expect.
This study can influence importantly in discretionary accruals in case of use the cross section data as well as advantage of panel data use compared with study's findings in these field, but may look for meaning, given that uses the panel data to solve inhomogeneous problem that could happen because omit variance that do not sight and verified regression model.
On the other hand, limitation of this study first, is not grasping other various factors that this research tried to explain company's result as discretionary accruals of company but this study affects in owner's decision-making. Second, this study wished to examine substantial result of company by discretionary accruals but did not consider endogenous problem between variance related to business management. Third, because analyzed actual proof to manufacture company listing for the securities exchange for positive analysis, it is difficult to provide result of this study uniformly in all companies.
The Effect of the Firm’s Capital Structure on the Value Relevance of Earnings and Equity Book Value: All-equity versus Levered Firms
Authors:   Asia-Europe Perspective Association, Jang Jee-In , Lee Kyung-Joo , Kim Bong-Hyun
Published: June 2018

The purpose of this study is to investigate the firm’s capital structure as an additional contributing factor to the cross-sectional variation in the value relevance of earnings and equity book value. In particular, we examine whether the value relevance of earnings and equity book value is systematically different between all equity firms and levered firms.
We use three different but complementary approaches to measure differences in the value relevance of earnings and equity book value between all equity and levered firms. First, we compare the magnitudes of valuation coefficients on earnings and equity book value. Second, we examine the overall explanatory power of accounting valuation models using the R2 as our primary metric for value relevance. Third, we compare the incremental and common explanatory power(R2) of earnings and equity book value.
Using a sample of 60 all-equity firms and 184 industry-matched levered firms over twenty-year period(1989~2008) from the COMPUSTAT database. we find that earnings(equity book value) response coefficients are larger(smaller) for all-equity firms vis-à-vis matched levered firms. We also find that incremental explanatory power of equity book value is larger for levered firms than all-equity firms, while both total and common explanatory powers of earnings and equity book value are larger for all-equity firms than levered firms. These results are robust across different model specifications and testing methods.
Examination of Differences and Potential Impacts between K-IFRS and K-GAAP: Emphasis on Intangible Assets Recognition and Valuation upon Business Combination
Authors:   Asia-Europe Perspective Association, Oh Yong-Jin
Published: June 2018

Korea decided to adopt IFRS according to Financial Advisory Service, announcing “Roadmap of International Financial Reporting Standards Adoption(2007. 3. 16).” Therefore, all public companies will be required to file financial reporting in accordance with K-IFRS since 2011. In order to offer somehow flexibility in timeline, early adoptions have been allowed from 2009, resulting in 13 companies’ early adoption of K-IFRS.
Since IFRS gives higher emphasis on objectivity, significance in fair value accounting, than credibility, profit is likely fluctuating and unpredictable as the fair value due to the change in market conditions is reflected. Also, highly misleading valuation outcome could be resulted when it involves inappropriate assumptions and valuation methods from flexibility and subjectivity due to the fact that fair value accounting transactions allow principles-based approach.
In domestic specifically, during business combination, target barely recognized additional intangible assets besides assets already being appropriated on the book. However, additional intangible assets in combination must be recognized separately as well as goodwill being recognized with gain and loss difference from performing an impairment test upon adopting IFRS. Therefore, this study is prepared to compare the difference of intangible asset valuation between K-IFRS and K-GAAP in business combination transaction as well as the potential impacts of different accounting standards.
According to findings, a strong understanding for structured recognition of intangible asset as well as valuation and system for goodwill impairment must be prepared before adoption of IFRS for both companies and auditors. Prior to adopt regular IFRS system, financial information users and policy makers will have to percept the valuation methods, especially in intangible assets valuation and recognition in business combination, and the significance of impairment test for goodwill and intangible assets, and deliberate consequential plans. The findings in this study are expected to be used in recognizing crucial impact of intangible assets valuation upon K-IFRS adoption for governmental regulator and accounting firms.
Comparative Analysis of preference about IT Elements to consist of Services of Mobile Banking between Korea and America : IT Artifacts and Contents Analysis
Authors:   Asia-Europe Perspective Association, Kim Byung-Suk , Kim Houng-Yu , Ahn Seo-Kyoo , Song Byung-Sun
Published: June 2018

Mobile technology and services is rapidly developed and dispersed in the world. Mobile business also is the growth industry. In mobile environment, a mobile baking service is remarked newly. This service is based on information technology(IT), and consists of components of IT. As developed these components of IT, service providers should comprehend a meaning and willing of contemporary of users. Implementing these components of IT is a design. A purpose of design of these services is moved into customer perspective of external factors instead of internal ones by technological effects. This study empirically tested characters of mobile banking services through views of IT artifacts. This is, IT components as artifacts involve specific meaning and willing of people. In order to know relationship between characters mobile banking services and usage, this study tested IT components. We measured a degree of IT components' importance of mobile banking services. This study is analysis of preference IT elements to consist of services of mobile banking. Tested results are that Ubiquity and Reachability, and security influenced to usage. And finding of this study is partially difference to preference IT elements to consist of services of mobile banking between Korea and America.
A Study on the Priority Analysis of Supplying U-city Service in the Western Part of KyungNam
Authors:   Asia-Europe Perspective Association, Hwang Chan-Gyu , Kim Kwon-Soo , Yoon Byung-Seop
Published: June 2018

This study deals with the priority issues in u-Cities and their services in the western district of KyongNam. To draw the priority in the target regions for the u-City and its services, literature review, discussion and extensive survey have been performed for u-City experts including 52 professors in academia, 35 researchers, 12 IT engineers in charge of tele-communication facilities in apartment complex in the province, 91 state and city officers. The conclusions are as follows.
First, regional priorities among cities and states designated as u-City were analyzed. The pairwise comparison between each areas was used to determine the relative priorities. The reason why an area needs to be designated as u-City and the potentiality of the area were considered as weighting attributes in the analysis. The composite weights were calculated by matrix multiplication of weighting attributes and relative priorities in order to determine the regional priorities among cities and states designated as u-City in the western district of KyongNam. The top regional priority is Sa Cheon City and the next are as following: Nam Hae Province, Ha Dong Province, Keo Chang Province, San Chung Province and Ham Yang Province.
Second, priorities in prerequisites for being designated as u-City were analyzed. The pairwise comparison between each areas was used to determine the relative priorities. The composite weights were calculated by matrix multiplication of weighting attributes and relative priorities in order to determine the priorities in designating u-City in the western district of KyongNam. From the analysis, the top prioritiy is in the willingness of the city mayor or governor and the next is Firm in legal system, expansion of budget, expansion in private fund, IT education for community, formation of sympathy.
Third, priorities in u-City services were analyzed. It was found from the analysis that the top priority is in the job opportunity and the next services are education, security, health, tourism, commerce, environment, symbolic industry, prevention of disaster. The most significant in u-City services should be to provide information for job and education service. It was found from the above analysis that the top priority city for u-City is Sa Cheon. It means that there is a sympathy in understanding that urban area should be designated as u-City firstly.
The Third Conference of the Korean Workers' Party and Its Succession Process : a Comparison with the Chinese Succession Experience in the 1970s
Authors:   Asia-Europe Perspective Association, Lee Jung-Chul
Published: June 2018

Most South Koreans tend to view the Yeonpyong Island attack by North Korea through the lens of the Waltz' second image. This implies that the North Korean leadership is creating an international conflict in order to legitimize its succession process and stabilize its domestic leadership. Based on this perspective, it would be natural to conclude that North Korea's provocative action was independent of inter-Korean or North Korean-US relations. However, North Korea's path towards stabilizing its leadership has been through changes in the party organization and leadership proposed in the Third Party Conference of the Korean Workers' Party not through provocative actions.
In fact, North Korea is stabilizing its leadership by normalizing and strengthening its regime after a period of military centered rule that had begun in the 1990s. The Third Party Conference, held in September 2010, strengthened the party bureaucracy over that of the military. For example, the National Defence Commission came under the direct control of the Party's Central Military Commission, whose vice chairman is the new successor, Kim Jong-Un. In addition, the new successor's position is further consolidated by the reshuffling and the change of the old and new power elite groups in the Politburo. Also, when compared to the Chinese Communist Party's succession experience in the 1970s, the North Korean succession process is far more moderate and mainly geared towards stabilizing its leadership.
Ultimately, this study concludes that North Korea's provocative action in Yeonpyeong Island did not originate from an internal legitimacy crisis in the succession of power.
An Independent Using of Japanese Auxiliary Verb
Authors:   Asia-Europe Perspective Association, Kim Dong-Wook
Published: June 2018

There is a comma between 「ワタナベ君」 and 「でしょ?」 in the example sentence (1). Comma means “Proceeding to the next dialogue after a deep breathing.” After the deep breathing, Japanese auxiliary verbs are frequently separated from the full sentence just like the example sentence (2).
1)彼女はすっと立ち上がって僕の方にやってきた。そしてテ-ブルの端に片手をついて僕の名前を呼んだ。(She came walking toward me. A hand up in the corner of my desk and called my name.) 「ワタナベ君、でしょ?」(Watanabe's, right?) 僕は顔を上げてもう一度相手の顔をよく見た。しかし何度見ても見覺えはなかった。(I once looked up and saw her face. But again, I see how many times you could see out.) (ノルウェイの森·上)(Norway's forests, partⅠ)
2) 私たちは不完全な世界に住んでいる不完全な人間なのです。定規で長さを測ったり分度器で角度を測ったりして銀行預金みたいにコチコチと生きているわけではないのです。でしょ?(We are imperfect people living in the world is incomplete. Measure the length of characters, or as aprotractor to measure angles, just as neatly on the bank to deposit money as you can not live. Right?)(ノルウェイの森·下)(Norway's forests, partⅡ)
Japanese auxiliary verb of ‘Darou’ ‘Rasii’ ‘Youda’ ‘Mitaida’ ‘Kamosirenai’ is used independently in the practical dialogue so often. but this kind of linguistic phenomena has not been reported yet. because these kind of auxiliary verbs have been regarded as a dependent words in Japanese traditional gramma system for a long time. So This study reports the following.
Semantically this kind of Japanese auxiliary verbs should not need new information. That is why this independent using of auxiliary is limited to a speculation auxiliary verbs.
Morphologically this kind of Japanese auxiliary verbs should have simple connection forms between proposition and modality.
The Relationship between Religious Belief and Its Educational Function
Authors:   Asia-Europe Perspective Association, Kim Jung-Sun
Published: June 2018

The purpose of this paper is to interpret the positive and negative meanings of religious beliefs and their applicability and practicability in education. There are five sections in this paper.
First, inquiring into religion in life. This paper attempts to define clearly the concept of religion and religious faith in general; moreover, it also clarifies the positive and negative functions of a religious faith or belief in a personal or socio-cultural life.
Secondly, investigating the relationship between the religion and the reason; as well as education. This paper critically expounds the religion, to paraphrase Locke's argument, between faith and reason, namely, faith according to reason, faith contrary to reason, and faith above reason. Furthermore, a favourable belief, it is argued, in a sound religion should be reasonable and practicable in daily life, otherwise, it is unreasonable and impracticable, therefore, miseducative.
Thirdly, probing into ideologies and religious education. Generally speaking, there are four kinds of ideologies concerning religious schooling, i.e. fundamentalism, liberalism, liberationism and nihilism. Religious fundamentalists definitely affirm the absolute necessity and positive function of religious education as a course in schools; conversely, religious nihilists absolutely deny and reject any positive meaning of RE in schools; and the in-betweens, religious liberalists and liberalists, advocate a positive and a negative value-neutrality of RE in schools, respectively.
Finally, propounding a cosmic harmony between the Heaven (the nature and the supernatural) and the Man. In concluding remarks, this paper strongly maintains that love and peace rather than hate and war among all peoples and nations should be the mundane ideal and actions for believers and non-believers. It is I think a faithful and meaningful coming worship for any religious and secular schooling, especially for a universal religious education.
A Study on the Development of e-Learning Content for Investment Sentiment Training of South Korea Investor
Authors:   Asia-Europe Perspective Association, Seo Young-Soo
Published: June 2018

As a recent online study with South Korea's surge in various investment activities, and learning that take advantage of a rapidly expanding media and Internet, as anyone who's easily accessible e-Learning content-based learning for both the domestic retail investors judged to be effective, behavioral finance theory and case studies of investor sentiment based on a variety of educational investment sentiment around the remote is aimed at developing e-learning content. What is remote education at the time and space, detached using a variety of media technology in the form of teaching and learning activities, e-learning education is the most representative. E-learning means that mediated the digitalized information that can be learned by self-directed learners refers to any, made of web-based e-learning content means that the online learning environment that can be applied in a freely refers to a standardized content. This is mainly classified according to the teaching and learning mode and strategy, and to comply with certain procedures. Financial investment in the field of e-Learning based learning methods provide privacy for the market participants and investors for his own techniques and practices necessary to extract only be used repeatedly, and above all, my investment with real-time monitoring of the pattern every moment you can leverage that investment because it is recognized as the most appropriate learning methods. Steadily over the Internet in the future investment experience and investment in the mutual sharing or learning techniques constantly being spread that is easily accessible to anyone who seems to be an innovative educational media. Investment Psychology in the domestic market as well as e-learning content development-related research is little or no state, even in a remote university does not operate its development and management education in terms of supply and demand is determined that there will be a significant competitive. The Content development are three steps, namely analysis, design, and development was conducted. In the first analysis phase, the need for courses offered in conjunction with a survey on trends in the financial environment were analyzed. Second, the design process, the type of content and curriculum design, teaching and learning design, media design, the order was made. In the last stages of development by learning flow design and prototyping, story-boards, behind the final full development of contents were produced. This study is related to investment psychology in the future development of e-learning content that can be referenced on providing the first example, among other things, various investment psychology around the design theory and practice that can be easily accessed by anyone with the ease of popularity developed mainly because the content can be placed considerable significance.
A Study of Japanese Diplomacy with Asia in the Early Meiji Period : From the period of the Meiji Restoration until the Taiwan Expedition of 1874
Authors:   Asia-Europe Perspective Association, Kim Kwang-Nam
Published: June 2018

This paper investigates how the Japanese leaders’ efforts for “independence” were linked with the Japanese “expansion” in Asia by focusing on their foreign understanding and their policies toward Asia. Those leaders did make plans and lead the formation of the modern Japanese nation state in the early Meiji era. This study clarifies the linkage in the analysis of diplomatic archives, diaries, opinion papers, and letters of the leaders written around the time of the Meiji Restoration up until 1874.
First, the foreign recognition of Shoin Yoshida is discussed. He seems to have had profound influence on the thought of the Japanese leaders in their youth in the late Tokugawa period. Next, the foreign recognition of the new Meiji government’s leaders, mainly Tomomi Iwakura and Takayoshi Kido, is summarized in the continuity of former times. Then, the following chapter discusses Iwakura Mission’s attempts for revising the unequal treaty between Japan and Western powers, as well as some of their experiences in Western nations. After the mission returned to Tokyo, some members including Iwakura, Ookubo, and Kido set about proceeding preparations for the conquest of Korea. Their plan for Korea is examined with consideration to how their experience in Western nations affected it. In the final chapter, problems in Taiwan invasion are investigated in detail through Ookubo's diary. He was a prime leader, as well as a chief representative in the negotiations on Taiwan affairs with the Chinese government. In the process of studying each fact, it will be clear that how Japanese diplomacy toward China have connected with the strategy for Korea and the Sakhalin issue accompanied by Russian pressure. At the same time, it will be acknowledged that Japan's diplomacy with Asia has been influenced in some degree by British and US interests at that time.
In conclusion, this paper shows that the early Meiji government has gotten the strategy to hold the full independence by shifting the pressure of the Western power, especially Russian’s, to Asian regions, depending on Anglo-Saxon powers to a certain extent. In addition, this study mentions ideological background with which the Japanese government has expanded over Asian regions.
The Linkage Effect of Exchange Rate on International Competitiveness among the Korean Industries
Authors:   Asia-Europe Perspective Association, Lee Woong-Ho
Published: June 2018

In this study, we analyze the impact of exchange rate changes of korean manufacturing industries with an emphasis on linkage effects among industries. In the existing studies on the influence of exchange rate change, industrial linkage effects are ignored. Considering the linkage effects, we find two theoretic facts. First, when exchange rate decreases, the cost(in dollars) in an industry with high total import rate(TIR) increases less than the cost in an industry with low TIR. Second, the higher TIR of an industry, the greater the increase in cost due to the increase in import price.
An Empirical Study on the Cross Hedging of CSI 300 Futures for the Risk Management of SIMCHEON Fund Investment
Authors:   Asia-Europe Perspective Association, Yi Ka-Youn , Yim Byung-Jin
Published: June 2018

Risk management has become increasingly important in the future as investors recognize their exposure to a greater degree of uncertainty in stock markets. Hedging concerned with the management of risk is the most important function of futures markets. The basic motivation for hedging is to reduce the variability of profits and firm value that arises from market changes. Among the many hedging strategies designed for investors include financial derivatives, especially stock index futures which greatly differing from the traditional trading. Techniques like OLS, VAR, and VECM estimate constant hedge ratio and bivariate GARCH models estimates dynamic hedge ratios which factor in conditional distribution of spot and futures returns. However, there has been extensive debate on which model generates the best hedging performance.
Exactly how many futures positions investors should use hedging and selection of an optimal hedging ratio has received considerable interest. Most studies adopt the ordinary least squares (OLS) model to estimate the optimal hedging ratio, a model referred to as static hedging. However, the practical use of these hedge ratios is to establish positions for the future, and the use of constant hedge ratios as forecasts may not be optimal if the joint distribution of cash and future prices is time-varying, resulting consequently in suboptimal out-of-sample performance.
As volatility clustering always occurs in financial data, time-variant volatility is often identified using GARCH family models including the autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity(ARCH) model developed by Engle and the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity(GARCH) model developed by Bollerslev. ARCH and GARCH models may afford better prediction of changes in the basis by internalizing the temporal variability of the covariance matrix of spot and futures price changes and by allowing shocks to volatility to persist.
This study investigates direct hedging performance of CSI 300 futures with respect to SSE portfolio of investing China to risk management using VECM, Bivariate GARCH(1,1) and OLS regression models. Daily hedging performance is evaluated. The sample period covers from April 16, 2010 to September 23, 2011.
We found the following results. Firstly, unit roots are found in CSI 300 futures and SSE index. There exists at least one cointegrating relationship among them. Secondly, we can not find statistical differences among hedge ratios estimated from VECM, Bivariate GARCH(1,1) and OLS regression models. Thirdly, there are no significant differences in hedging performance among various models. Finally, overall hedging performance and hedge ratios estimated from OLS, VECM, and Bivariate GARCH(1,1) is relatively good.
The Empirical Study on the Dynamic Relationship among Brent Oil Price, CSI 300 Stock-index Futures and Shenzhen Stock Market
Authors:   Asia-Europe Perspective Association, Qin Rong-Yuan , Yim Byungjin
Published: June 2018

Because of the oil prices boom in the recent years, a lot of interest in the relationship between oil prices, stock index futures, financial markets and the economy has been generated. There has been a good deal of literature of theoretical and empirical studies drawing attention on oil prices and stocks markets relationship.
The objective of this paper is to discover if there exists a relationship among oil price, stock-index futures and stock markets. For this objective, we investigate empirically the time-varying dynamic relationship among Shenzhen composite index, CSI 300 stock-index futures and Brent oil price. The dataset consists of daily Shenzhen composite index, CSI 300 futures and Brent oil prices during from April 16, 2010 to August 31, 2011 covering 332 trading days. And we utilize unit root test, co-integration test and Granger causality model based on VAR and Johansen co-integration test.
In this paper, the stationarity of the data series were checked employing ADF and PP tests, showing that the level variables are non-stationary but the differentiated data are stationary. And then we tested for the existence of co-integration, revealing the existence of cointegrating vectors among test variables. Moreover, the empirical results of these three variables are as follows:First, the short-term forecasting of the returns of current or future Shenzhen stocks CSI 300 futures cannot be improved by the movement of CSI 300 futures and vice verse.
Second, the knowledge of recent Shenzhen stock index data has an effect on the short run forecasts of Brent oil prices, but the recent Brent oil price data does not increase or decrease the returns of Shenzhen stock.
Third, the recent CSI 300 futures data leads the changes of Brent oil price but the recent Brent oil price data does not improve the current or future forecasting of CSI 300 futures As a consequence, both Shenzhen stock index and CSI 300 futures affect Brent oil price and the influence from Shenzhen stock index to Brent oil price is stronger than that from CSI 300 futures to Brent oil price.
Political economy of ‘socialization of social welfare' in China after the Reform
Authors:   Asia-Europe Perspective Association, Yoo Eunha
Published: June 2018

China has undergone a fundamental economic reform from socialist to market economy since the late 1970s. The social welfare system, which used to be an integral part of the socialist economy, has inevitably been subject to a drastic reform process.
This article examined the core parts of new welfare system through an old-age pension, medical insurance and the minimum living allowance system on the premise that the main characteristics of reconstructing of welfare system in China after the Reform is socialization of social welfare. The results are as follows: socialization of social welfare in the end means a beneficiary of welfare services now shares a duty on funds for welfare services that is chinese people who never paid for welfare services during planned economy period now have to pay for social security even though that is offered from the state, and it eventually means socialized social welfare has an attribute of commercialization or commodification.
In this context new social welfare system in China after the Reform could be described as a developmental welfare regime considering that there are considerable welfare difference between urban and rural areas and it mainly is resulted from the state's urban-oriented policy inclination in the process of reconstructing social welfare system for economic growth a superior goal and the peasants―the most vulnerable groups indeed need a care from the state in contemporary China do not have the force to achieve their interests. Changes on the stats's preference on national goals and a capacity of the civil society will be major factors exerting an influence upon the frame of social welfare system in China after this, political democratization is the most influential variable among the rest.
A Game-theoretic Approach on Transport & Logistics Cooperation in Northeast Asia
Authors:   Asia-Europe Perspective Association, Won Dongwook
Published: June 2018

Transport and logistics as a low-level political issue is not only a win-win agenda which increases interest between actors in regional cooperation, but also performs a proper function like level upgrading of economic cooperation through breaking down of physical borders and freely moving people and goods. This study researches the state and issues of cooperation in transport and logistics which are set up in the process of Northeast Asian regional economic integration. And on the basis of this research, this study draws Korea’s strategy and tasks for transport and logistics cooperation in Northeast Asia. This study proposes the necessity and methodology of building a gradual, step-by-step transport and logistics regime in Northeast Asia through a game-theoretical approach.
This analysis shows that transport and logistics cooperation in Northeast Asia must primarily be started to exchange related information and data exchange, promoting mutual trust based on the efficiency of logistics and technical cooperation. And it is necessary to establish joint logistics center and joint logistics venture to improve the efficiency of regional transport and logistics system, to carry out the pilot project for co-building of corridor and logistics standardization. In addition, we should move away from unlimited competition of logistics hub among countries in Norteast Asia, and build strategic alliances between each port and airport in this region.
Empathetic Writing for a Cultural Solidarity between Europe and Asia : In the context of Memories of War and Children Representation
Authors:   Asia-Europe Perspective Association, Choi Sungsil
Published: June 2018

The purpose of this paper is to develop a new cultural alignment through Asian and European writing and ultimately seek the prospects of empathetic writing which associates the idea of a mutual political and economic partnership.
It is an important responsibility of ours as international citizens to explore the cause to international and civil warfare. Within the threats of massive capitalism and market crisis, the view to imagine Asia as a supranational space reflects the desire for a new collective community at a time when world history is undergoing change. There has been a common notion regarding juvenile literature dealing with war.
At times, the child, the pure carrier of experience, within the institutional boundaries of scholastic education served as a medium for realizing a modern national ideology. The identity of children who have experienced war cannot be explained simply as part of a social structure. It is also important to understand that the spectre and ideological ghosts that summon such fantasies actually enables us to realize the ‘lack of subject’.
In fact, the child in European and Asian literature urges one not only to rebuild the inherent propensity of nature but also the meaning of family, institution and community generally applied in the world of adulthood. And accordingly, we are able to see the violent rawness of reality exposed through war and fundamentally question what absolute value actually is. Research on the child speaker in European and Asian literature can be used as a significant foundation to confirm where empathetic writing that contemplates war and peace through literary texts stands. Asian and European solidarity should be started from the cultural consensus. Each other to form a consensus of the literature. War and children is particularly important target.
As it was mentioned before, the child in Asian literature dealing with war creates a fissure in existing representations or in other words the subject as substance eventually derives into a new meaning from the point of existential fissure. Such Asian literature is not about validating self-identity (of State, race etc.) through war experience. It can actually expand into a shared text of supranational introspective experience. I believe that juvenile representation research through Asian and European literature on memories of war can be an important starting point for tracing these clues.
An Exploratory Study on Globalizing Chinese Enterprises : Focus on the Haier Case
Authors:   Asia-Europe Perspective Association, Song Jaehoon
Published: June 2018

Internally, China’s reform and open-door policy both in the terms of the traction of the underdeveloped economy and in terms of openness was a turning point triggering the globalization of Chinese enterprises in the world. The initial stage in globalization of Chinese enterprises had started with Liang tou zai wai(兩头在外) since 1980. It seemed that this early form of the globalization process by Chinese companies intentionally or actively did not explore the market but result from the support and traction of the Chinese government.
Therefore, the level of globalization of enterprises was very low due to insufficient efforts to actively explore overseas markets. However, in the mid-1990s a customer-oriented market emerged from market-oriented one in accordance with the China’s domestic economic development and expansion. As a result, the competition in a domestic market and the company’s profits were shrinking and a majority of Chinese enterprises began to turn an attention abroad.
Especially, the second stage in globalization of Chinese enterprises started from the joining of WTO in 2001. Many foreign companies began to enter the Chinese market. So the Chinese enterprises payed attention to overseas markets under increasingly competitive pressures and by a government policy, such as Zou chu qu(走出去).
From the third stage in globalization of Chinese enterprises in the late of 2000s when China stood up at G2 with powerful capital, they played an important role in the global market through strategic mergers and acquisitions over the barriers between countries. Though globalization of the Chinese enterprises means a bright future in the Chinese economy and development the compannies, it is not easy to be optimistic in the long term because of such problems as global standard or the brand and the lack of high quality human resources.
Analyzing the enterprises’s globalization process theories, the study mainly looked at the problems and challenges of the globalization of Chinese enterprises. And the study will draw upon such successful factors as how the Haier Group, being a China’s leading global company, applies the management techniques of pre and post when going into overseas markets. In addition, we will find implications when Korea sets up strategies for a process of globalization and attempts to advance to Chinese market.
A Study on “the Construction of a Harmonious Society” and the Corporate Social Responsibility(CSR) in China
Authors:   Asia-Europe Perspective Association, Lee Jangwon , Chung Taeil
Published: June 2018

The term “Corporate Social Responsibility(CSR)” became popular in the global society. According to the European Commission’s report, the term CSR defines as “the responsibility of enterprises for their impacts on society.” It means that the CSR is a set of values on which to build a more cohesive society and to base the transition to a sustainable economic system. To fully meet their corporate social responsibility, enterprises should have in place a process to integrate social, environmental, ethical, human rights and consumer concerns into their business operations and core strategy in close collaboration with their stakeholders.
Indeed, the concept of CSR has emerged from the Sustainable Development. The UN has stretched the concept of the Sustainable Development containing harmonious development among environmental, economic, and social elements at various levels. According to a report of the UN WSSD in 2002 Johannesburg, South Africa, the UN declared as “We assume a collective responsibility to advance and strengthen the interdependent and mutually reinforcing pillars of sustainable development — economic development, social development and environmental protection — at the local, national, regional and global levels.”Nowadays, the CSR makes more attention in China. Chinese concept of CSR led by the Chinese government. The Chinese government has announced the CSR development index of top 100 series of SOEs, private enterprises and foreign-invested enterprises in China since 2009. The CSR policy of the Chinese government with the negative impact of rapid economic development as its setting since the policy of reform and opening up. Chinese society has faced with various problems in their moral and spiritual sense beyond economic development. In order to solve the social-economic conflicts, Chinese leader Hu Jintao presented the concept of “the construction of a harmonious society.” On October 11, 2006, the Sixteenth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China passed it at its sixth plenary session. The main concept of “the construction of a harmonious society” is the implementation of social-economic equity and justice. It is the transition of development paradigm from the growth-first policy to the balanced attention.
In the transition of development paradigm, however, the Chinese government highlighting the role of the non-governmental sector for the social responsibility. As a consequence, the enterprises facing the strong needs for the sustainable development of the whole society.
This paper investigates the present state of CSR and its features in China; points out the sense of the social-economic changes in China’s sustainable development strategy-the construction of a harmonious society; searches some implications for the future China-South Korea cooperation.
Comparison of the Promotional Journalism Tendencies Between Korea and Japan : Likelihood of the Exchange of Favorable News Coverage of the Large Companies and Their Advertisements in Newspapers
Authors:   Asia-Europe Perspective Association, Choi Inho
Published: June 2018

This is a replicate study using the results of prior research (Choi et al., 2011) and methodology that proved if promotional journalism, a form of journalism where there is a relation between favorable news coverage and advertisement of companies, between domestic newspapers and conglomerates took place. The study was also conducted to verify if Japanese newspapers and companies were engaged in promotional journalism and to compare the results of studies done in Korea and Japan. To that end, the correlation between favorable news coverage and advertising of five big conglomerates in newspapers including Chosun Ilbo, Kyunghyang Shinmun, Maeil Economic Newspaper was studied for 12 years from 1998 when the Asian financial crisis began to 2009. In Japan, the correlation between 8 conglomerates (Honda, Toyota, Nissan, Canon, Sony, Panasonic, NTT, KDDI) and the favorable news coverage and advertisement in Japanese newspapers including Yomiuri Shimbun, Asahi Shimbun, and Nihon Keizai Shimbun was researched. The results showed that in Japan, there was an overall correlation between the favorable news coverage and the amount of advertisement (r=0.299, p<0.01). However, in Korea, there was more strong correlation (r=0.331, p<0.05). The number of favorable news coverage of one big company in one newspaper in a day recorded 0.11 in Japan and 0.19 in Korea, showing that Korea had twice the favorable news coverage than Japan. In terms of the number of advertisement in average, Japan had twice the advertisement than Korea as the number was 0.18 in Japan and 0.10 in Korea. Analysis based on each newspaper showed that the correlation between favorable news coverage and advertisement was not distinctive from one newspaper to another in Japan, which was not the case in Korea. Based on the results, it can be concluded that even though promotional journalism is seen in Japan, when considering the amount of coverage and advertisement, the scope is not as severe as in Korea and the phenomenon is not so distinctive according to different newspapers as in Korea.
1914 vs. 2014: Is East Asia in 2014 Repetition of Europe in 1914?
Authors:   Asia-Europe Perspective Association, Kim Tae-Hyung
Published: June 2018

Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe caused uproar when he compared the relationships between China and Japan with Germany and England in 1914 at the World Economic Forum in early 2014. His comments were certainly careless given the recent tension in the region over the maritime territorial disputes and strikingly different interpretation of modern history among the major powers in the region. Yet many scholars agree that, commemorating the 100th anniversary of the outbreak of World War I, there are many gruesome similarities between Europe in 1914 and East Asia in 2014. This paper aims at finding out if there truly are worrisome trends in East Asia that resemble to what was happening prior to the outbreak of WWI, exactly one hundred years ago in the other side of the Eurasian landmass. I argue that there are many worrisome similarities between Europe in 1914 and East Asia 2014. First of all, there is a fast growing challenger who challenge the hegemon and the order that was created by the hegemon in the system: Germany had challenged England in 1914, as China is challenging the US in 2014. The hegemon happened to be a maritime great power and the challenger being a continental great power in both cases. Second, virulent and chauvinistic nationalism that significantly affects the decision-making process of major powers is dominant in both continents despite 100 years of time difference. Furthermore, as the massive trade volume between England and Germany as the largest trading partners to each other prior to WWI failed to prevent the war from breaking out, it is unlikely that the substantial level of economic interdependence in current East Asia will be able to avert conflicts in the region. In order to avoid the repetition of the 1914 Europe in 2014 East Asia, the parties in the region need to make strenuous efforts to build reliable confidence building mechanism, which will minimize misperception by making the process transparent. Also, every country should realize that using aggressive nationalism to boost its domestic legitimacy and popularity is only self-defeating. What WWI teaches us is that a conflict will bring unfathomable suffering and tragedy to everyone, so everyone has to work hard for reason and prudence to prevail.
Continuity of Family Relations in Akatdamkoeng Raphiphat’s Novel, The Circus of Life(Lakhon Haeng Chiwit)
Authors:   Asia-Europe Perspective Association, Choi Nan-Oak
Published: June 2018

This study examined Akatdamkoeng Raphiphat’s novel The Circus of Life(Lakhon Haeng Chiwit) in terms of family relations. Absolute power is the attribute of power held by the patriarch over the members of the family under the customs of the family systems of polygamy and patriarchy. Relationships between father and children or between husband and wife are maintained as compassionate relationships or become as strict as dominator and subordinate relationships, dividing into dual tendencies depending on the household head’s attitude.
Cracks in family relations are generated when a dominator-subordinate relationship is formed between the patriarch and his wife or children. The household head avoids the responsibility of raising the child he does not like, which results in ethical issues. If the husband, as the household head, marries a new wife and the first wife cannot tolerate this and attempts to resist, then the husband punishes his wife by not taking care of her. Cooperation in family relations is about restraining or complementing certain cases in which the patriarch abuses absolute power. Continuity of family relations indicates that blood relationships cannot be broken off. Wisut comes across people who know his renowned father even in another country. Upon returning to his homeland, Wisut can get along with his rich siblings despite the rich-poor gap. This is possible because they have the same father.
This novel shows that the household head plays a significant role in providing happiness to his wife and children. The irresponsibility of the household head in raising his children is relevant as an ethical issue. The novel shows the ideology of equality by appealing to all families to treat their children fairly. Parents must provide a variety of possibilities for their children and raise them to be productive members of the next generation.