bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimating the Long-Run Cost Function of the Potato Crop in Al-Nasr and Al-Salam Sub-District for the Fall Season 2021
Authors: Alzobaee Mustafa Maged Soleman , Al-Samurai Hassan Thamir Zanzal
Published: December 2023

The research aims to estimate the long-term cost function of the potato crop for the Fall harvest (2021), and calculate the optimal size of production, the optimal area, and the output supply function, The research relied on the cross-sectional data obtained by the researcher through the personal interview, and it included 181 farms out of 599 farms, which constitute 30.2% of the total farms in Al-Nasr and Al-Salam district, according to the statistics of the study area division, The research used Eviews 10 and Excel software to estimate the long-run cost function and represent its economic derivatives, The results showed that the optimal cost-reducing production volume is 5663.33 kg/dunum, and the average actual production volume was 5484.80 kg/dunum, The optimal area of the field is 24.35 dunums, while the average actual area was 4.06 dunums, The study showed that the lowest price that a farmer can offer his crop is 195.642 thousand dinars / ton, The results also showed that more than half of the sample farms operate according to economies of scale, The study recommends the necessity of cultivating at optimum sizes and taking advantage of economies of scale to reduce waste in costs to the least possible.
High Resolution Dynamical Downscaling of Air Temperature and Precipitation using WRF-ARW Model Over Iraq
Authors: Ahmed Raghad H. , Roomi Thaer O. , Hussain Hazim H.
Published: December 2023

The ability of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF-ARW) model to simulate precipitation variability throughout the Middle East, especially Iraq, is evaluated in this study. The Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF v 4.2.1) was used. Using a two-way nesting technique and Mercator projection, the WRF model was set up with two nested grids with high regional resolution at 30 km (WRF30km) and 10 km (WRF10km) horizontal grid spacing. From the surface to 50 hPa, both domains have 41 vertical levels. The outer domain covers the Middle East region and the smaller one covers the Iraq region. The ARW supports horizontal nesting, allowing higher resolution over a region of interest, by introducing additional grids, which is available only for horizontal refinement. The nested grids are rectangular and are aligned with the parent (coarser) grid within which they are nested. To predict many atmospheric parameters WRF-ARW model was used based on the initial conditions taken from National Centre for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) records for the period from 23 to 25 of march 2019. The study area is essentially an area bounded by longitudes 35°-55° and latitudes 29°-38° typically including the area of Iraq. The WRF-ARW model was set up on a Linux platform with a 10 km grid size in the zonal and meridional directions. The aim of this study is to evaluate the two WRF tools dynamical downscaling and nesting) at high resolution (30 and 10 km), for simulating rainfall and temperature over Iraq.
A study of the Characteristics of Wastewater on the Euphrates River in Iraq
Authors: Hussein Aasim Jasim , Al-Darraji Mustafa Nuhad , Rasheed Mohammed , Sarhan Mohammed Abdulhadi
Published: December 2023

Heavy metal toxicity and persistence are becoming major issues for people. These heavy metals mostly gather in wastewater from effluents released by different industries. The effectiveness of hazardous metal particle removal is currently just one recent trend in research; another is the efficient re-use of these particles as catalysts. The study was conducted for five sites on the Euphrates River in Anbar Governorate, western Iraq (Al Muḩammadī, Al-Khalidiya, Al-Habbaniya, Al-Saklawiya, Amirya Al-Falluja) with four stations for each site (the beginning of the estuary, after the estuary and before the estuary) and for four seasons (Summer, Autumn, Winter and Spring) from October 2021 to October 2022 to study spatial and temporal variation on the physical and chemical properties of the Euphrates River water in these locations. Sampling sites on the Euphrates River were selected based on these sites of waste, pollutants and heavy metal components that may flow into the river without environmental control. So, the study aimed at investigating the distribution of heavy metals (HMs: Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Nickel (Ni), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd)) in the sediments of the river for five sites in the west of Iraq. In the edge of the river (water) the Hardness, Salinity, algaes have been examined and for (sediments) the compounds (nitrite (NO2) and Sulfate (SO4)) and HMs concentration were measured too, and a qualitative study was conducted during the different seasons and sites. 79 types of algae were identified and some species prevailed in all studied sites. The quantitative study showed an increase in the number of algae species indicative of pollution in the sites in each station (the beginning, before and after the estuary), which confirms that these sites are affected by the untreated sewage pollutants thrown into the Euphrates River in those sites. The average concentrations of HMs and compounds in the sediments were as follows: SO4> NO2>Mn>Fe>Cu>Ni>Pb>Cd. The analysis showed that the pollution of cites by the HMs was as follows Al Muḩammadī, Al-Khalidiya, Al-Habbaniya, Al-Saklawiya, Amirya Al-Falluja cites concentrations are higher in sediments.
Biological and Ecological Monitoring Using Epiphytic Diatoms on Two Aquatic Plants to Estimate the Water Quality of Habbaniyah Lake, Western Iraq
Authors: Al-Anzy Dua’a Hameed Shukry , Al-Tamimi Abdul-Nasir Abdulla Mahdi , Sharqi Mohamed Musleh
Published: December 2023

The current study was conducted in Habbaniyah Lake in Anbar Governorate - western Iraq, starting from February 2022 tol July 2022. Five sites were chosen to collect water samples and epiphytic diatoms attached to two aquatic plants, Phragmites australlis (Cav.) Trin. and Ceratophylum demsrsam L.. The current study aims to employ the quality and quantity of the epiphytic diatoms community attached to the host aquatic plants to estimate the quality of the lake water, by conducting a set of environmental indicators that included biological indicators. 102 species of Bacillariophyceae class were identified. Where 84 species were diagnosed on the Ceratophyllum, while 61 species were diagnosed on the Phragmites In the current study, a set of ecological indices was conducted to characterize the water quality of Habbaniyah Lake, which included three biological indices: the Tolerance Pollution Index (PTI), where the lake was described as moderately polluted, to record values whose averages ranged (1.65-2.35), and Trophic Diatomic Index (TDI), whose average values ranged from (55.62 - 58.72), where the lake was described as mesotrophic and Shannon Diversity Index, where the waters of Lake Habbaniyah were described as having medium biodiversity, recording average values (2.22 - 2.50). An environmental index was conducted, which is the Canadian Water Quality Index (CCME), where it recorded values that ranged from (76.59 - 78.66), where the lake water was described as of moderate (Fair) quality and often threatened or weak from time to time, and the water condition deviates from the required level. or desired.
Phylogenetic Analysis of Biofilm Association Protein (BapA) Amplicons in Salmonella spp. Isolated from Broiler (Ross 308) in Thi-Qar Province/Iraq
Authors: Gharkan Noor Hasan , Hanan Zaman Kareem , Abdulkareem Ali A.
Published: December 2023

This study was conducted to isolate Salmonella bacteria from broiler (Ross 308). A total of 184 fecal samples were collected from birds, showing symptoms of salmonella infection, from two different fields in Thi Qar Governorate in Al-Islah and Al-Fadhlia Districts. 30 isolates infected with Salmonella were diagnosed, by biochemical tests, API 20 E test and molecularly INVA gene. In this study, the BapA gene responsible for biofilm production was studied. Ensure its presence in isolates of broiler feces, the target piece has been amplified, to determine the effect of variations in the BapA gene on the weights and performance of the study birds, and knowing the extent to which the gene is related to the production of biofilms. The result of the nitrogen base sequencing was to obtain nine genetic mutations in the target segment of the gene, 7 of these mutations were silent mutations, it has no effect on study birds and two mutations are of the type of missense mutation, their effect was to change the amino acid code, where the first boom was in the site 130, changed the nitrogenous base from A to C, changed the amino acid from isoleucine to arginine, and change the code from ATA > CTA, led to a change in the genotype with the mutation, the birds with the CC mutant genotype, suffers from a lack of weight and weak immunity, as for the second boom in the site 571, it changed the nitrogenous base from T to C. The amino acid changes from valine to alanine, change the code from GTG > GCG, thus, mutations led to a change in genotypes, the birds with the mutant genotype were also CC, their weights were somewhat similar to the weights of the uninjured birds, the bacteria were weak or non-producing biofilms.
The Side Effect of Oil Refineries on Environment: As a mini Review
Authors: Al-Rubaye Ameer H. , Jasim Dheyaa J. , Jassam Safiyya A. , Jasim Hayder M. , Ameen Hawzhen Fateh M. , Al-Robai Hazim Aziz
Published: December 2023

Reviewing how much environmental pollution, such as air, soil, and water pollution, which in turn has an effect on the environment, is impacted by oil refineries’ hazardous and destructive emissions is the purpose of the current study. Petroleum refineries can be enormous, wide factories with a lot of pipe running throughout, transporting streams of fluids via distillation columns and other chemical processing machinery. One of the major issues with this is the conflict between the economic benefits and the need for refineries throughout the world on the one hand, and environmental concerns on the other. The most frequent gases released into the environment around refineries are, in general, sulphur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Furthermore, heavy metals including cadmium, lead, copper, and zinc are also discharged into the environment along with other compounds like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, toluene, and phenol. In general, Living close a refinery has been demonstrated to have cumulative, long-term health effects due to hazardous fumes, chemical spills, and explosions, according to several studies. Some of the detrimental health effects include an increased risk of developing asthma, malignancies, birth defects, neurological and cardiovascular damage, breathing difficulties, and blood disorders.
Methyl Jasmonate Modulates Peroxidase Activity in Sunflower Varieties Affected by Pathogenic Fungi
Authors: Zaki Noor A. , Alfalahi Ayoob O.
Published: December 2023

Methyl jasmonate (Meja) is a volatile phythormone that contributes many plant critical processes, especially under biotic and abiotic stresses. Thus, Meja found to effectively regulating the biosynthesis of other plant hormones and/or enzymes, like preoxidase (POD). However, Meja specifically affects the plant antioxidant defense system, particularly POD activity are still an area of ongoing research. The current results pointed to a clear effect of the applied Meja concentration in shaping the entire response to the biotic oxidative stress resulted from the three pathogenic fungi Fusarium solani. and Macrophomina phaseolina. The higher concentration of Meja had a greater effect on both gene expression and POD enzymatic activity, which indicates the Meja importance in stimulating the defense system of sunflower varieties through which sunflower plants deal with the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to the pathogenic infection. The different varieties showed different ability to cope with biotic stress represented by the three used pathogenic fungi, especially the antioxidants enzymatic activity. Sakha variety proved to have the most effective POD enzymatic activity compared to the other two Ishaqi and Aqmar sunflower varieties. Meja concentrations in its maximum level (3 μM), was more effective in stimulating the antioxidant activity in term of enzymatic activity of POD. Notably, R. solani had a greater effect on the antioxidant defense system, as it resulted in higher levels of POD enzymatic activity in the three sunflower varieties. Further investigation maybe required to better understand the Meja ability to promote the plant antioxidant system, thus the possible protective mechanisms against plant pathogens.
Effect of Mushroom Agaricus bisporus on the Biodegradation of Agricultural Residues and the Quality of the Resulting Compost
Authors: Hussein Ahmad M. , Mutlag Nihad H. , Arab Karrar A. H. , Dalool Kawther R.
Published: December 2023

This study was conducted in 2022 in the laboratories of the College of Agriculture / University of Kufa, and aimed to use various agricultural residues to grow the mushroom Agaricus bisporus, in addition to using the same plant residues as biological fertilizers for plant growth. It was found that the growth medium prepared from wheat straw led to the best radial growth rate of white mushroom A. bisporus, after 6 days of inoculation, followed by rice straw and rice husks media. The results showed that the vegetative growth of A. bisporus is not pathogenic to the seeds of cress, wheat and barley and did not cause the seed rot. The results showed that there was an increase in the percentage of protein, fiber and chitinase enzyme in wheat straw decomposed by the mushrooms compared to the normal straw not treated with mushrooms. The antagonism of edible mushroom A. bisporus with a number of pathogenic fungi was tested on P.S.A. It was found that mushrooms had a high antagonism that of level 2 according to the Bell scale against the pathogenic fungi Alternaria sp, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium sp and Fusarium solani, and of level 3 against Aspergillus niger, after 5 days of growth on the medium.
First Report of Acrophialophora jodhpurensis Causing Root Rot and Seedling Damping-Off of Pepper (Capsicum annum L.) in Karbala Province, Iraq
Authors: Khudier Nibras H. T. , Abdalmoohsin Rajaa G.
Published: December 2023

Pepper is an important vegetable crop in Iraq and worldwide. During a survey conducted in 2022 in Karbala Province, Iraq, an epidemic root rot disease affecting pepper plants was observed. Based on morphological appearances, pathogenicity assessment and rDNA-ITS sequence analyses, the fungal causing this disease was identified as Acrophialophora jodhpurensis (OQ102241.1). To best of our knowledge, this is the first record of A. jodhpurensis fungus causing root rot on pepper crop in Karbala, Iraq.
Phylogenetic Relationship of Iraqi Vespa orientalis Linnaeus 1771 Wasps Using Mitochondrial CO1
Authors: Aljassani Afrah Abdulzahra , Al-Esawy Mushtaq , Augul Razzaq Shalan , Alisawi Osamah
Published: December 2023

Oriental wasps are scavengers, and they have also represented an enormous issue for beekeepers, they destroy beehives and reduce the flight of bees. In addition, the sting of hornets may cause medical problems, which differ according to the response of the individuals, including severe sensitivity, swelling, and slight pain. This study provides the first molecular phylogeny of the oriental wasp Vespa orientalis L. in Iraq. Mitochondrial DNAs of the 547bp fragment cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) area were sequenced and analyzed from 10 wasp specimens collected in the north, middle, and south of Iraq. The CO1 gene found in the Iraqi isolates was used to create a Bayesian interference. Maximum likelihood (ML) was used to create the phylogenetic tree. Results, according to the results of the phylogenetic analysis, the CO1 gene may be used to positively identify every sample, and there is a close connection between the sequences of samples from various regions of Iraq, with 100% of the samples clustering together. PCR successfully amplified 547bp products for all examined oriental wasp samples. Considering the similarity in the sequences, the Iraqi local species are classified as V. orientalis. Conclusion, in this study, V. orientalis isolates which were collected from different geographical regions in Iraq were closed and there was low variation. The DNA barcode component of CO1 was found to be an effective method for the quick and precise identification of Iraqi oriental wasps.
Synergistic of Trichoderma virede and Beauveria bassiana to Biocontrol Tomata Against and Bemisia tabaci
Authors: Matrood Abdulnabi A. A. , Fotouhifar Khalil-Berdi
Published: December 2023

In Iraq, Bemisia tabaci is a major Tomato pest that causes significant crop losses, which lowers farmers’ revenue. The purpose of this study was to detect entomopathogenic fungus from dead whiteflies and to assess their relative frequency and different structural characteristics. Only two fungal species, Trichodrema virede and Beauveria bassiana, with relative frequencies of 15.07 and 10.94%, respectively, were validated microscopically as recognised entomopathogenic species out of the 11 fungal species isolated from the whitefly cadavers. The 7th day following inoculation was when T. virede and B. bassiana had the largest mortality impact on B. tabaci nymphs and adults, with an average mortality of more than 60% (with a concentration of 106 conidia/ml). In comparison to nymphs, suspension T.virede and B.bassiana. were significantly twice as pathogenic.
Feeding Preference of Tobacco Whitefly on Some Solanaceae Family Plants and the Effect of Growth Regulators Salicylic Acid and Paclobutrazol in Reducing Infection
Authors: Al-Thalag Muhammad Jasim , Muhammad Al-Jalal Haitham M.
Published: December 2023

Adults of the tobacco whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gen, preferred to lay eggs primarily on the leaves of the tomato plant, followed by the eggplant plant, and then, to a lesser extent, the pepper plant. The averages were 1.96, 1.48, and 1.24 eggs/cm2, respectively. The tomato plant was significantly superior to the eggplant and pepper plant in the number of existing nymphs. On the leaves, while the eggplant plant was significantly superior to the pepper plant, which recorded the lowest number of nymphs, and the averages were 2.12, 0.88, and 0.27 nymphs/cm2. Plant growth regulators showed an effective role in reducing the number of different stages of the insect indirectly by improving many of the structural and chemical characteristics of the plant, as the treatment of plants with paclobutrazol and salicylic acid at a concentration of 200 PPM contributed to reducing the number of eggs by 61.55 and 57.49%, respectively. Also, the number of nymphs on leaves decreased by 65.09 and 68.54%, respectively.
Evaluation of the Humic Acid Efficiency and the Bioagent Chaetomium globosum in Controlling Fusarium Wilt Disease in Tomato
Authors: Madhi Qusai Hattab , Jumaah Ahmed Malik , Dagher Ghassan Mahdi
Published: December 2023

Fusarium wilt disease presents a significant menace to tomato plants, necessitating effective preventative measures. Five isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici from infected tomato plants from different regions in Missan province, each showing varying levels of pathogenicity. Differences in the ability of tomato seedlings to be infected by these isolates were also observed during a pot experiment, ranging from highly pathogenic to non-pathogenic. To address this issue, the efficacy of the bioagent Chaetomium globosum and humic acid in controlling the pathogenic fungus F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici and improving the growth indicators of tomato plants in the presence of the causative fungus. Two concentrations of humic acid (8 and 4 mL/l) were tested to determine their efficacy in reducing the growth of pathogenic fungi in vitro. We found that the growth of the pathogenic fungi decreased to 41.06% at a concentration of 8 ml/l, compared to the control, which showed no growth. Moreover, when used alone or in combination with humic acid, C. globosum significantly reduced the percentage and severity of infection. The treatment involving the interaction between the bioagent and humic acid at a concentration of 8 ml/l recorded an infection percentage of 14.4% and an infection severity of 11.87%, compared to the pathogenic fungus treatment that resulted in 53% infection and 43.80% severity, respectively. Moreover, the use of C. globosum and different concentrations of humic acid raised all growth indices in all treatments whether in the presence or absence of pathogenic funus. These improvements included increased fresh and dry weight of the shoot and root, enhanced plant height and leaf area, as well as a significant increase in the content of total phenols and total chlorophyll in the leaves. The findings of this study highlight the potential of C. globosum and humic acid as effective control measures against fusarium wilt disease in tomato plants. The results indicate their ability to suppress the pathogenic fungus and promote plant growth. These findings hold promise for the development of sustainable agricultural practices.
Morpho-Taxonomic Study of Stink Bug Mustha spinosula (Lefebrve, 1831) (Hemiptera : Pentatomidae) in Dohuk Governorate – Iraq
Authors: Hamid Ahmed Waleed , Sabr Ahmed Jameel
Published: December 2023

A stink bug Morpho-taxonomic study was conducted for the stink bug Stink bugs belong to the family Pentatomidea and superfamily: Pentatomoidea, of the order Hemiptera and suborder Heteroptera, Musta spinosula, collected from different regions of Dohuk Governorate / Bandawiyah - Sheikh Hassan -, Malta, Al-Salihiya in 9/3/2022, 9/10/2022, 9/16/2022, 20/9/2022, 23/9/2022, 26/9/2022, 30/9/2022. Of the ornamental and fruit trees, olive bushes and walnut trees, the study showed that the body is large in size and has a black color, and the head, abdomen and chest contain triangular-shaped teeth, large scutellum, Spermathecal bulb is contains three finger-like processes.
The Level of Application of Scientific Recommendations to Control some Diseases Affecting Vegetable Crops in Fayda District / Nineveh Governorate
Authors: Al-Salamiy Amein Abdullah Hussein , Al-Ajeeli Sahab Ayid
Published: December 2023

The study aimed to measure the level of application of farmers of scientific recommendations to combat diseases that affect some vegetable crops in the district of Faida / Nineveh Governorate, as well as to find a correlation between the level of application of farmers of scientific recommendations and sets of the independent variables The study included all vegetable crop farmers in the Fayda area, which numbered (130) farmers, of whom (30) farmers were excluded in the pre-test and the number of farmers subject to the study became (100) farmers. The results of the study showed that the level of application of farmers to scientific recommendations was generally average tends to rise, and the results also showed that the level of application of farmers to scientific recommendations was average tends to rise in the field of cucumber pests, and the level of application of scientific recommendations to combat some diseases in the field of diseases and pests of the pepper crop is described as high tends to average. The research concluded that many farmers need more extension activities that would raise their ability on how to apply techniques for controlling vegetable pests, and also concluded the importance of crystallizing a positive trend for farmers towards the application of scientific recommendations to control vegetable pests because of their importance in improving and increasing the production of vegetable crops. The research recommended intensifying events and extension activities to reach the largest number of farmers, and increase their knowledge of the types of pesticides, methods of use and dates of spraying them on the crop.
Competition Between the Mediterranean Fruit Fly, Ceratitis capitata, and the Peach Fruit Fly, Bactrocera zonata Under the Agricultural Ecosystem in Central Iraq
Authors: Abu-Ragheef Ali Hasan Harfash , Al-Behadili Farhan J. M. , Abbas Shihab Ahmed
Published: December 2023

The fruit fly is found all over the world. Ceratitis capitata and the peach fruit fly Bactrocera zonata are among the most damaging fruit pests in the world, causing serious economic and environmental losses and damages. The study was carried out in the Baghdad province in the locations of Al-Taji and Al-Rashidiyah to determine the seasonal presence of C. capitata and B. zonata. Males were trapped using sexual pheromone traps. The results showed that B. zonata flies collected in traps had higher population densities than C. capitata flies. The findings also revealed that the presence of B. zonata was highest in mid-November and lowest in February and March. The results show that, unlike C. capitata, B. zonata can endure high temperatures. The study’s findings revealed a competitive displacement of B. zonata at the expense of C. capitata, whose presence reduced over the study season, which lasted from 1/3/2022 to 15/2/2023. This type of research aids in understanding the time map of these pests, which aids in anticipating the times of their appearance, allowing farmers to select the most optimal times for economically feasible treatment and when the pests approach crucial economic limitations. At the same time, it will supply essential data to interested parties, researchers, and companies that can be used in future studies.
Efficacy of Indigenous Entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana Isolate for the Control Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under Laboratory Conditions
Authors: Khadim Zahraa J. , Alhilfi Ali Zachi Abdulqader
Published: December 2023

Spodoptera littoralis is a serious threat to tomato production worldwide as it can cause yield losses. The farmers used to use synthetic chemical insecticides to control this pest, which unfortunately selects resistant populations and entails public health risks. The aim of this study was to evaluate of indigenous entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana isolate against different stages of S. littolars life. Results show high significant differences between the three concentrations of suspensions and fungi exudates of B. bassiana in addition differences among time of exposure on ratio of eggs hatching of S. littoralis the high rate of affected of B. bassiana suspension registered at concentration of 1×108 and at concentration 75% of B. bassiana exudates it was reached 32.28% and 34.15% respectively. The study showed that the mortality on 1st and 6th instar larvae of S. littoralis increased as concentration of fungi exudates of B. bassiana increased, it had been 20.51%, 24.65%and 33.45% at concertation 25%, 50%and 75% on 1st instar and reached 3.33%,7.78% and 12.67% on 6th instar of S. littoralis larvae respectively. Moreover suspension fungi of B. bassiana superior at the concentration 1×10 8conidia/1ml of distilled water in the mortality of 1st and 6th instar of S. littolaris larvae with a mortality rate 35.41% and 15.37% respectively.the results showed eggs and 1st instar of of S. littolaris larvae more sensitive to suspensions and fungi exudates of B. bassiana than the 6th instar.
Effect of Calcium Chloride and Gibberellic Acid on the Vegetative Growth of Two Cultivars of Gladiolus Gladiolus hybrid L.
Authors: Abdulwahab Mahmood Mohammed , Altaee Alaa Hashim Younis
Published: December 2023

This study was conducted inside the wooden canopy of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering / College of Agriculture and Forestry / University of Mosul during the agricultural season 2022-2023. To study the effect of spraying with different concentrations of calcium chloride (0, 500, 1000) mg. L-1 and spraying with gibberellic acid at concentrations of (0, 100, 200) mg. L-1 and the interaction between them in vegetative of two cultivars of Gladiolus Gladiolus hybrid. L. They are Nova lux with yellow flowers and Trader Lux with red flowers. The corms were planted on 17/3/2022, then sprayed 30 days after planting the corms with three sprays and three concentrations of calcium chloride (0,500, 1000) mg.L-1 The plants were also sprayed with gibberellic acid, with three sprays and three concentrations (0, 100, 200), The period between one spray and another was two weeks. The spraying was done with gibberellic acid after 35 days of planting the corms. The study was carried out using a factorial experiment in the design of completed randomized sectors R.C.B.D within split plots with three replications, each experimental unit included (7) cormat for each replicate. The research results of were analyzed statistically with the (SAS) program and tested statistically using Duncan’s multinomial test at the probability level of 0.05. It was found that the red cultivar recorded the largest plant height, which reached 129.905 cm, the largest leaf length, which reached 102.584 cm, and the largest number of leaves, which reached 9,980 leaves. Plant-1, and the largest leaf area of the plant, amounting to 401.656 cm2. plant-1, and the largest dry weight of the leaves, amounting to 12.567 g. The yellow variety plants also recorded the largest values for the percentage of total chlorophyll in the plant, which amounted to 0.984%. The treatment with gibberellic acid at a concentration of 200 mg also resulted. L-1 led to a significant increase in all studied traits.
Effect of Organic Fertilizer and Seaweed Extract in Growth and Yield Broad bean Vicia faba L.
Authors: Al-Zubaidy Noha Waleed Qader
Published: December 2023

The experiment was conducted in the field of vegetables / of Horticulture and landscape Design Department / Faculty of Agriculture / University of Mosul_ during the season 2021-2022, to study the Effect of Organic Fertilizer and Seaweed Extract in Growth and Yield Broad bean, The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design (RBCD) and with three replications, the local Broad beans cultivar was used (Crystal), the first factor included spraying with organic fertilizer humic acid (H) at a concentration (0, 1, 2) ml.L-1 and the second factor spraying with seaweed extract (Super) (S) at a concentration (0, 1, 2) ml.L-1, and control treatment (0), and by four sprays, the results of the table that there is a significant superiority in the treatments of spraying with organic fertilizer and seaweed extract in the characteristics of vegetative growth and yield, compared to the comparison treatment for all concentrations and treatments used.
Effect of Amino Acids Addition and Spraying with Glutathione and Kaolin in Growth Apricot Transplants
Authors: Al-hayani Mohammed A. M. , Al-Hadethi Mustafa E. A.
Published: December 2023

This study was conducted in a lath house, Dept. Of Hort. and Landscape, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Univ. Baghdad, Al-Jadriya during 2022 growing season to investigate influence of liquid organic fertilizer (Siapton 10 L) and spraying with glutathione and kaolin on some vegetative growth characteristics and leaf mineral content of two year’s old of “Red” apricot transplants. Factors of study experiment included addition of two levels of liquid organic fertilizer (Siapton 10 L) containing a group of amino acids to soil, without addition (S0), and 3 ml.transplant-1 (S3), while glutathione spray was sprayed with three levels; without spray (G0), spraying at 200 mg.L-1 (G200) and spraying at 400 mg.L-1 (G400), As for kaolin spray, they were sprayed in three levels (0, 500, and 1000 mg.L-1), which are denoted by symbols K0, K500, and K1000, respectively. Treatments were replicated three times (three transplants in experimental unit) at factorial experiment in a RCBD and thus number of transplants used was 162 transplants. The experimental results showed that liquid organic fertilizers at 3 ml.L-1(S3) significantly increased in plant height of 27.47 cm, highest leaf area of 20.51 cm2, leaf nitrogen content of 1.42 % and leaf phosphor content of 0.26 %. Results also showed that glutathione spray especially at 400 mg.L-1 (G400), showed significant superiority in increased in plant height of 27.60 cm, leaf area of 22.89 cm2, leaf nitrogen content of 1.44 % and leaf phosphor content of 0.30 %. Kaolin spray also affected, especially spraying at 1000 mg.L-1 and gave highest increasing of plant height of 26.37 cm, highest leaf area of 18.17 cm2, leaf nitrogen content of 1.41 % and leaf phosphor content of 0.25 %. Twice and triple interactions between study factors significantly affected in all studied traits.
Reaction of Tomato Hybrids to Different Ripeness in Conditions of a Multi-Tube Hydroponic, Soil and Lighting Options
Authors: Al-Rukabi Maad N. M. , Leunov Vladimir I. , Tarakanov Ivan G. , Tereshonkova Tatiana A. , Khovrin Alexander N. , Selyansky Alexander I.
Published: December 2023

The aim of the study was response tomato hybrids in a multi-tube hydroponic technology in a polycarbonate greenhouse and the effect of different lighting in a phytotron on tomato plants. A study was conducted at All-Russian Research Institute of Vegetable Production, Moscow region, Russia and the laboratory of artificial climate (RSAU – MTAA). Eleven tomato hybrids were studied, differing in ripeness groups, by comparing their reactions in a hydroponic system (Phytopyramide) and a greenhouse system (soil). The effect of seven different spectral lighting modes on four hybrids under phytotron conditions (growth chamber) was also studied. Observations revealed a significant effect of hydroponic on maturation period. Hydroponic vertical cultivation has shown excellent results in obtaining an early tomato harvest and an increase in yield per m2 compared to a ground greenhouse. A higher marketable production was obtained with Ruddy ball F1 (25.51 kg/m2) compared to (9.92 kg/m2) in the soil greenhouse. Dichromatic light had the greatest effect on photosynthesis, while monochromatic light had the greatest effect on height growth. An increase in leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD) was obtained with (blue+red) light (620.06) compared to monochromatic green light (319.88). Monochromatic red (23.81 cm) had the greatest lighting effect on plant height compared to monochromatic blue (12.62 cm) the least.
Effect of Bio Fertilizer, Nano Organic Fertilizer and Non-Nano Organic Fertilizer on the Quantitative Traits of French Black Grape Cultivars
Authors: Al-Waeli Nour Hamid Jaafar , Al-Janabi Ali Saeed Attia
Published: December 2023

A French black grape cultivar was tested in a private orchard in the Al-Hamzah Al-Gharbi region of Babylon province using the three-factor, three-replicate Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Biofertilizers like Bacillus megaterium and Mycorrhiza glomus fungus are applied to the soil at a concentration of 0 and 10 ml L-1; liquid organic fertilizer is applied to the soil at concentrations of 0, 15, and 30 ml L-1; and finally, organic fertilizer is sprayed on the leaves of the plants. The nanofluid in two different concentrations (0.1 and 3 ml L-1) during the entire year (2021). Averages were compared using the statistical program GenStat and the least significant difference (L.S.D.) test at the level of probability 0.05. The experiment included one sector (18) of the cultivar’s vines, with a number of experimental units distributed randomly in three sectors, and the number of vines was (54) vines for the cultivar. Here is a quick rundown of the most relevant findings: The results revealed that biofertilization at a concentration of 10 ml L-1 had a significant influence on most quantitative features of the yield, leading to an increase in the overall yield, which peaked at 36.2 and 38.6 kg. Vine-1., While the average number of clusters increased to 51.6 and 53.9 per vine with the application of organic nano-fertilization at a concentration of 3 ml L-1, the highest value for total yield was attained at 37.0 kg vine-1. The organic fertilization at a concentration of 30 ml L-1 had a significant effect on most of the quantitative indicators, leading to an increase in the total yield as it gave the highest value of 36.6 and 37.5 kg vine-1.
Effect of Salinity on the Growth and Yield of Grapes: A review
Authors: Al-Taey Duraid K. A. , Al-Ameer Ali abd
Published: December 2023

The presence of salt in the soil is a major environmental factor that might reduce grapevine productivity. Excessive salt in the soil causes soil salinity, which in turn causes osmotic stress and toxicity to the grapevine’s root system. This can lead to stunted grapevine development, decreased harvests, and inferior fruit quality. Salinity can alter the physical characteristics of soil, making it less porous and less able to absorb water. This can amplify the negative impacts of salinity on grapevine development and harvest success. Numerous factors influence the severity of salinity’s impact on grapevines. The age and rootstock of the vine, as well as the grape variety, are other important factors. The effects of salinity on grapevine development and production vary with the grapevine’s developmental stage. The salinity of the environment can have a greater effect on the vegetative growth stage than the reproductive growth stage. The reproductive phase is brief and relatively immune to salt stress. Grapevines are especially vulnerable to the negative effects of salt stress during the vegetative growth stage, when the plant’s tissues are still developing. These factors can have a negative impact on grapevine health, leading to poorer yields. Grapevine production is less sensitive to salinity when the plants are in the reproductive phase. Salinity, which decreases sugar concentration, increases acidity, and alters flavor, can still have an impact on fruit quality. Growers can take many measures to reduce the negative effects of salt on grapevines. Choose salt-tolerant grape types and rootstocks, enhance drainage to cut down on salt buildup, and use irrigation methods that minimize salt leaching. In conclusion, salinity can significantly affect grapevine development and harvest success.
Determination of the Optimal and Lethal Dose for Mutagenicity of Rice Cultivars by Ethel Methane Sulphate
Authors: Al-Fatlawi Zeyad H. , Jabbar Mundher Kh.
Published: December 2023

The experiment was carried out in the laboratories of the Department of Field Crops - College of Agriculture - Al-Qasim Green University to study optimal and lethal doses for mutagenicity of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars by Ethel Methane Sulphate. The experiment design included two factors, the first factor being three cultivars : (V1= Amber 33, V2= Jasmine, and V3= Tigris) and the second factor nine concentrations (E0 = 0, E1 = 0.5, E2 = 1, E3=1.5, E4 = 2, E5 = 2.5, E6 =3, E7 =3.5 and E4 =4, respectively). The treatments were distributed in a factorial experiment according to the design of a complete randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The results obtained showed that the control treatment recorded the highest germination percentage but did not differ significantly from the E1 and E2 treatments, the E2 treatment gave the highest seedling vigor, dry matter production rate, and leaf growth rate, and there were no differences in the rice cultivars in the study in all the studied traits, the interactions were not significant in all the studied traits except the leaf growth rate, the treatment E3×V3, and E2×V2 excelled in the leaf growth rate and gave the highest value, while the E4×V2 treatment had the lowest leaf growth rate.
Volatile Oil Yield and its Components of Menthol and Limonene of Peppermint Affected by Foliar Spray and Lighting Intensity
Authors: Malik Inas , Almrani H. A.
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at a research station in the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, in spring 2021 to study the effects of foliar spraying of yeast extract, urea, and nano-amino acids and two lighting intensities on volatile oil yield and its components, menthol and limonene. The experiment had two factors: ambient type and lighting. The second component was foliar spraying yeast extract at 5 and 7.5 g.L-1, urea at 1000 and 2000 mg.L-1, and nano amino acids at 1 and 1.5 ml.L-1. P, K, and half of nitrogen were supplied to the soil. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates was used for the experiment. Plants grown at 100% lighting intensity had the highest percentage and production of aromatic oil, menthol, and limonene (2.24, 45.49, and 3.30%; 20.20, 9.49, and 0.74 kg.ha-1, respectively) compared to 50% lighting intensity (1.77, 31.00, and 1.91%; 11.64, 3.62, 0.24 kg.ha-1). The two treatments of spraying urea (2000mgN.L-1) and nano amino acids (1.5ml.L-1) at 100% lighting intensity yielded the highest percentage and yield of aromatic oil, menthol, and limonene at 3.07, 45.78, 3.99%; 50.23, 4.60%; 32.74, 16.44, 1.50 kg.ha-1, 29.37, 14.32, 1.17 kg.ha-1, respectively.
In-Silico Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Activity of Different Bioactives Green-Extracted from the Medicinal Plant Saussurea lappa Clarck
Authors: Abdulqahar Fadwa W. , Hussein Feryal F.
Published: December 2023

Since the COVID-19’s outbreak in 2019, efforts are continued to scan health and immune enhancing action of the historically known medicinal herbs. This paper describes a thorough in-silico method certain phytochemicals from Saussurea lappa Clarke, with a focus on the main protease (Mpro), papain like protease (PLpro) and the spike glycoprotein of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The aim of our study is to explore the green-extracted phyto-bioactive compounds’ activities as potential SARS-CoV-2 inhibitor. Unlike previous studies, this study tried to investigate most polar, semipolar and nonpolar compounds from S. lappa. The plant’s dried roots oil was extracted via supercritical CO2 extractor to collect the polar and semipolar compounds. The rest semipolar and polar compounds were hydroalcoholic extracted with (50%Ethanol) from the defatted residues by the aid of sonication, filtered and freeze-dried. The two fractions were chemically profiled by subjecting to HPLC and GC-MS analyses, and results revealed thirty-three different polyphenolic compounds and terpenoids. The distinguished bioactives were subjected to the in-silico study. Among these compounds, the most effective predicted inhibitors by molecular docking were ellagic acid and rutin as inhibitors for Mpro, spike protein and PLpro with vina scores equal -8.4, -8.9 and -11.6 respectively. As far as we know, this is the first study which reports the inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV-2 of both of the green extracted hydroalcoholic extract and oil of S. lappa in an attempt to examine as much as possible of the polar semipolar and nonpolar bioactives, which were very promising. However, this work interpret only one type of computational analysis of selected phyto-bioactive compounds and further surveys are required to confirm their suitability as anti-COVID-19 treatment.
Influence of Water Stress on Expression of the X95950 Gene and Several Cellular Callus Components in Violet-Treated Sunflower Varieties
Authors: Al-Taei Yusra Ismail Hussein , Hamza Ibrahim Abdullal
Published: December 2023

The research was conducted between 2017 and 2019 at the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences and Laboratory of Plant Tissue Culture for Postgraduate Studies at the University of Baghdad. One experiment used a totally random design. The experiment examined the effects of PEG (Polyethylene glycol) at concentrations of 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8% on the development of three sunflower types (Ishaqi-1, Aqmar, and AL-Haja) exposed to UV-C rays for 40 minutes as a result of the growing of the juvenile peduncle outside the live body. The aim of the study was to better comprehend the physiological and biochemical changes caused by water stress on the callus of several sunflower varieties. The X95950 gene was amplified using qPCR technology to investigate drought tolerance gene expression and callus cell content of glutathione, ascorbic acid, and APX enzyme as indicators to determine the effect of PEG on callus tissue cells in the nutrient medium. The expression of the X95950 gene was influenced by water stress. It was particularly expressed in Ishaqi-1 at 4 and 8% PEG concentrations, with values of 1.64 and 1.01, respectively. The glutathione content and activity of the enzyme ascorbate peroxidase, which were 56.49 mol-1 and 0.149 mg-1 protein absorption units, differed significantly among the varieties. PEG concentrations significantly influenced glutathione content, with 8% achieving the highest average of 50.07 mol g-1 and 4% achieving the highest averages of ascorbic acid and ascorbate peroxidase enzyme activity of 2.462 mg 100 g-1 and 0.138 mg-1 protein absorption units, respectively. The interaction was considerable, with the maximum average glutathione callus content in the Aqmar variety reaching 69.60 mol g-1 at 6% PEG concentration. At 4% PEG concentration, the Aqmar variety outperformed in terms of APX enzyme efficacy, reaching 0.238 mg-1 absorption units of protein.
Effect of Fertilization with High Nitrogen NPK Fertilizer and Spraying with Seaweed Extract on Vegetative Growth Indicators of Rosemary Rosmainus officinalis L.
Authors: Al-Khamas Nagham A.W. Ahmed , Al-Rubaie Sabah A. Al-Falih
Published: December 2023

An experiment was carried out in the canopy of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering / College of Agriculture / University of Karbala, Al-Hussainiya district, for the winter agricultural season 2022-2023, to study the effect of fertilizing with high-nitrogen NPK fertilizer and spraying with seaweed extract and the interaction between them on the vegetative growth characteristics of rosemary plant. The experiment included a chemical fertilizer of a type (Solucat) at 4 concentrations (0,2,4,6) gm liter 1-added to the soil and symbolized by (N) and the second factor is spraying with seaweed extract (Equilibrium) at 4 concentrations (0,1,2,3) ml Liter 1 - spraying “on the shoot, symbolized by (T) and their overlap. The experiment was carried out within the randomized complete block design (RCBD) and with three replications. The experiment included 48 experimental units in 3 plants / repeated 144 plants (anvil) starting on 1/11/2022 until 1/ 5/ 2022. The results showed that the plants were significantly superior to the level of compound fertilizer NPK (6) gm-1 in the characteristics of vegetative growth (plant height). The number of branches, stem diameter, fresh weight of leaves, chlorophyll content of leaves (46.76 cm, 23.5 branch -1, 8.72 mm, 73.87 gm, 1.563 mg / g fresh weight) was given as the highest average, compared to the comparison treatment if given The lowest rate was (37.61 cm, 10.55 branches of a plant -1,6.22 mm, 54.83 gm, 1.372 mg / g fresh weight) and the concentration of (3) ml 1-algae extract was significant, as it gave the highest rate of (45.62 cm, 17.88 branches). Plant-1, 8.02 mm, 69.24 gm, 1.607 mg / gm L -1, compared to the comparison treatment, as it gave the lowest rate of (38.47 cm, 12.88), the branch of Plant-1, 6.14 mm, 59.72 gm, 1.284 mg L-1, as for an overlap Among the two study workers, the highest rate was (48.44) cm, (25.3) plant branch-1, (10.43) mm, (82.7) gm and (1.951) mg / gm fresh weight compared to the comparison treatment, which gave the lowest rate of 31.33 cm. 7.44 shoots-1, 5.44 mm, 52.37 gm, 0.836 mg / L-1 significantly superior in all vegetative growth traits.