bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improvement Fastnesses and Color Strength of Pigment Printed Textile Fabric
Authors: Yaman Necla , Ozdogan Esen , Seventekin Necdet
Published: November 2018

This paper focused on the improvement of fastnesses and color strength of pigment printed textile fabrics. To improve fastness and color strength of the polyester fabrics, atmospheric plasma treatment was used. Polyester fabric was treated with argon or air plasma at atmospheric pressure, and plasma pre-treatment effect on the pigment printing was evaluated. A printing paste comprising synthetic thickener, binder, and pigment was applied using a flat screen printing technique. The fabric was then dried and exposed to heat. The cured prints were evaluated for color property, color fastness to washing, and dry/wet rubbing. The effects of atmospheric plasma treatments were evaluated by XPS, SEM and AFM. When the properties of atmospheric plasma treated samples were compared to those of untreated sample, higher K/S values were obtained. Also, the fastness of treated samples increased between ½ and 1 point.
Design and Characterization of Conformal Microstrip Antennas Integrated into 3D Orthogonal Woven Fabrics
Authors: Wang Xin , Yao Lan , Xu Fujun , Zhou Dongchun , Qiu Yiping
Published: November 2018

The integration of the antenna and textile materials is very important in the army protective or data transmission clothing. In this study, a novel microstrip antenna integrated into a 3D orthogonal woven fabric was successfully designed and fabricated. This type of antenna is designed to work in wearable or conformal antenna applications. Simulation work using HFSS software was done for the determination of antenna size. Antenna performance including return loss, radiation pattern and gain were measured and the simulated results were found to have good agreement with the measured results. The measured return loss was −18.32dB with a resonant frequency of 1.75GHz. The gain under the frequency of 1.70GHz reached as high as 6.47dB. These results are considered to be very valuable, and this type of integrated antenna is expected to be useful as wearable antenna in the telecommunication or smart textile antenna field.
Frictional Behavior of Plain Woven Fabrics Constructed from Polyester and Cotton Yarns in Different Environmental Conditions
Authors: Arshi Ali , Jeddi AliAsghar Asgharian , Katbab AliAsghar
Published: November 2018

Frictional characteristics of woven fabrics can determine smoothness and softness values of the fabric. Moreover different environmental conditions can leads to change the properties of the weaves.

In this paper, we studied the effect of temperature and relative humidity variations on the frictional properties of cotton and polyester fabrics. Plain woven fabrics were produced with polyester warp yarn and two different weft yarns (cotton and polyester). Each fabric was examined in various temperatures and relative humilities; then the frictional forces measurement was carried out on the fabrics in warp over warp direction. The results show that there is a statistically significant difference between the frictional parameters. This difference relates to the type of fiber material (weft yarns), temperature, and relative humidity.

In addition, the data reveal that cotton fabrics have more static and kinetic forces than polyester fabrics in all environmental conditions. Moreover, polyester fabrics exposed to a temperature of nearly 45°C and 100% RH, have the maximum smoothness. The highest roughness values for cotton fabrics were under conditions of 45°C and 20% RH.
Effect of Ozone Treatment on the Dyeing Properties of Mulberry and Tassar Silk Fabrics
Authors: Devaraju Sargunamani , Selvakumar N.
Published: November 2018

Ozone treatment has been carried out on silk fabrics and changes in the properties of the fabrics were reported recently. Further extending the work, in the present study, the dyeing studies of ozone treated mulberry and tassar silk fabrics were carried out using CI Acid Red 88. This type of study has not been carried out before. The results are quantified and expressed in terms of the dye uptake (DU), Equilibrium dye uptake (EDU) and half dyeing time (t1/2). It has been found that the ozone treatment reduced the DU of silk fabrics irrespective of whether they were in a raw or degummed state. The DU was found to be the highest at pH 12. At other pH levels, it was lower and the DU increased as the pH increased from 4 to 7. The lowest DU of ozone treated fabrics was found to be 50% wet pickup (WP) compared to 10% and 100% WP. The higher the treatment time (TT), the lower the DU. the EDU of the treated mulberry and tassar silk materials were lower than the untreated materials.
Intelligent Techniques for Modeling the Relationships between Sensory Attributes and Instrumental Measurements of Knitted Fabrics
Authors: Jeguirim Selsabil El-Ghezal , Adolphe Dominique C. , Sahnoun Mahdi , Douib Amal Babay , Schacher Laurence M. , Cheikhrouhou Morched
Published: November 2018

The present investigation provides a promising tool for engineering industrial products design. In fact, two soft computing approaches, namely artificial neural network (ANN) and fuzzy inference system (FIS), have been applied to model the relationship between sensory properties and instrumental measurements of knitted fabrics. The prediction performance of these models was evaluated using the root mean square error (RMSE). The obtained results show the models’ ability to predict tactile sensory attributes from the measured surface and compression properties. These neural and fuzzy models may help textile industrialists to satisfy the specific needs of consumers.
Effects of Solospun Roller on Properties of Cotton/Polyester Solo-Sirofil Composite Yarn
Authors: Yang Rui-Hua , Wu Wei-Mian , Wang Hong-Bo , Wan Yu-Qin , Xie Chun-Ping , Gao Wei-Dong
Published: November 2018

The surface characteristics of a solospun roller are important to the properties of solo-sirofil yarns. In this research, a three-level, three-factor, orthogonal experimental design (33) was used to investigate the effect of a solospun roller diameter, groove width and groove depth on the hairiness of cotton/polyester composite yarn. Solo-sirofil yarns with different solospun rollers were produced, and the hairiness was tested. It was shown that the hairiness of the solo-sirofil composite yarn was reduced by 44% compared to that of the sirofil. The structure of the solo-sirofil was improved when the thickness of the groove is 0.2 mm, with an alternating depth of 0.3 mm and 0.4 mm, a width of 0.5 mm and a roller diameter of 13 mm.
Effect of Laundering Hydroentangled Cotton Nonwoven Fabrics
Authors: Sawhney Paul , Reynolds Michael , Allen Chuck , Slopek Ryan , Nam Sunghyun , Condon Brian
Published: November 2018

To study the effect of household machine laundering on hydroentangled cotton nonwoven developmental fabrics, several sets of such fabrics, uniformly made with cottons of different fiber quality characteristics, were sequentially laundered repeatedly for their performance evaluation after one washing and drying cycle (1 W), 5 W, 10 W, and 20 W, using a standard AATCC method for washing. The control greige fabrics (i.e., before any wash) and their respective versions after the 1 W, 5 W, 10 W and 20 W were examined for their physical and mechanical properties. The laundering results showed that the fabrics, even after 20 wash cycles, had held up unexpectedly well. Nonwovens generally are not considered wash-durable, and more than a third of nonwovens today are used in durable applications that necessarily do not require laundering since most nonwovens inherently are considered “disposable” after one end-use application. At any rate, all the researched fabrics, irrespective of their fiber quality origin, showed a significant drop in tensile strength, mainly after the first wash. The drop was more severe in the machine direction (MD) than in the cross direction (CD).

To primarily investigate the cause of the declined fabric tensile strength due to washing, SEM images of the fabrics before and after the washing(s) were studied for any structural deformation. The SEM images clearly showed that the fabrics before the wash had symmetrical, almost uniformly spaced clusters of well-defined fiber entanglements (corresponding to the geometric locations of the orifices in the water jet-strip). After the first wash, those entanglements somewhat appeared to have been considerably “loosened,” disintegrated, and even lost. It seemed that the washing affected the fabric structure mostly in the (hydroentangling) MD. A possible reason for this phenomenon could be the fact that the cotton card used in preparing the native batt for hydroentanglement had aligned and stressed the fibers mostly in the machine direction. The subsequent crosslapping operation to some extent had been altered (randomized), and the fiber orientation in its web output was subjected to the hydroentangling, water jet forces that also stressed the fibers mostly in the MD. Upon washing the hydroentangled fabric in water, the stressed fibers, as expected, somewhat relaxed by releasing some of the stored mechanical energy that originally had held the fibrous structure together by creating strong inter-fiber cohesion or frictional or mechanical bonds. In other words, the washing basically loosened or broke up some of the “mechanical entanglements” and, consequently, their (MD) frictional bonds that had been created by the forceful water jets of the fabric formation process. Research has been planned to stabilize these mechanical bonds by means of special finishing, such as blending cotton with fusible/bonding fibers, resin finishing, and/or even layered fabric-film reinforced composites.
Influence of Delayed Timing on Knitted Fabric Characteristics
Authors: Abdessalem Saber Ben , Mansour Salem Ben , Khelif Helmi
Published: November 2018

Delayed timing is a complex adjustment of large-diameter circular knitting machine (LCKM). It corresponds to the delay between cylinder and dial needles knock-over. It is generally not well-known by machines users and its impact on fabric properties has not been enough studied in literature. Knitters generally use experience during delayed timing adjustment in order reach needed fabric characteristics. The aim of this paper was to investigate the relation between delayed timing intensity and yarn tension, yarn consumption, fabric weight as well as loop length and shape. The obtained results showed that delayed timing has an incidence on fabric weight and loop shape especially at fabric back side. The origin of this influence has been discussed and related to needles feeding mechanisms.
Multi-layered Breathable Fabric Structures with Enhanced Water Resistance
Authors: Ozen Ilhan
Published: November 2018

This work reports waterproof breathable layered fabrics consisting of simple fabric weave types (plain, twill) and microporous breathable films. The pretreated fabrics were treated with water-repellent finishing chemicals. Afterwards, layered structures were generated by bringing the fabrics and the microporous breathable films together. According to the results of water repellency, hydrostatic pressure (water resistancy) and water vapor permeability tests conducted on the samples with/without microporous film layers, waterproof breathable layered fabrics were able to be generated, which are supposed to be used as construction materials.
The Performance of Different Clustering Methods in the Objective Assessment of Fabric Pilling
Authors: Saharkhiz Siamak , Abdorazaghi Mohammad
Published: November 2018

In the present work, the performance clustering methods for classifying the pilling of knitted fabric and comparison among different classification algorithms is presented, Median- cut, K-mean, and Competitive Learning algorithms of K-mean were investigated in order to objectively evaluate fabric pilling. To achieve objective assessment, the fabric surface was scanned by a non-contact method using a laser triangulated device with no interfere to the fabric surface. The 2-D Fast Fourier Transform method considering low pass filtration and suitable cut-off frequency was applied to identify and separate pills from fabric fuzzy surfaces and fabric textures. Several fabric surface parameters were extracted but the number of pills, protruding geometrical volume, and area of pills were found to have better correlation with subjective evaluation. A pill grade intensity vector, comprising the three mentioned parameters was introduced for developing the clustering algorithms. The results show that K-mean and Competitive Learning algorithms of K-mean give a fair agreement between objective and subjective grades, while the Median-cut method has a poor correlation.
The Effect of Flow Rate on Morphology and Deposition Area of Electrospun Nylon 6 Nanofiber
Authors: Zargham Shamim , Bazgir Saeed , Tavakoli Amir , Rashidi Abo Saied , Damerchely Rogheih
Published: November 2018

Electrospinning is a process that produces continuous polymer fibers with diameters of a nanometric scale. Nylon 6 in formic acid was electrospun to obtain the nanofibers. Fibers with different diameters were obtained using flow rates of 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mL/hr, 20 wt% solution concentration, with an applied voltage of 20 kV and 15 cm spinning distance. Flow rate influenced the fiber diameter distribution, droplet size and its initiating shape at the capillary tip, the trajectory of the jet, maintenance of Taylor cone, areal density and nanofiber morphology. The morphology of the electrospun nanofibers was analyzed by using the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The effect of flow rate on the deposition area was also investigated for better control of the process. It was observed that a stabilized Taylor cone, small average droplet size, narrowest fiber diameter distribution, more stability in the originating jet, and uniform morphology of nanofiber is obtained at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/hr.
Structure and Properties of Silk Grafted with N, N-Dimethylaminoethyl Methacrylate via the ARGET ATRP Method
Authors: Xing Tieling , Li Shiwei , Xu Xia , Chen Guoqiang
Published: November 2018

Silk with antibacterial properties was grafted using dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) in water by the ATRP method. The structure and properties of silk-grafted-PDMAEMA (Silk-g-PDMAEMA) and quaternized grafted silk (Q-Silk-g-PDMAEMA) were investigated. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis confirmed the grafting of DMAEMA and the quarternization. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements indicate that the thermal stability of Silk-g-PDMAEMA slightly increased compared with the control silk. X-ray diffraction (XRD) curves demonstrate that the crystalline structure of Silk-g-PDMAEMA remained unchanged regardless of the DMAEMA grafting. The Q-Silk-g-PDMAEMA had good antibacterial properties when exposed to both Staphylococcus aureu and Escherichia coli, and had good washing fastness. The breaking strength, whiteness and gas permeability of Silk-g-PDMAEMA slightly decreased, which had no effect on the intrinsic properties of silk fabric.
The History of the Science and Technology of Electrospinning from 1600 to 1995
Authors: Tucker Nick , Stanger Jonathan J. , Staiger Mark P. , Razzaq Hussam , Hofman Kathleen
Published: November 2018

This paper outlines the story of the inventions and discoveries that directly relate to the genesis and development of electrostatic production and drawing of fibres: electrospinning. Current interest in the process is due to the ease with which nano-scale fibers can be produced in the laboratory.

In 1600, the first record of the electrostatic attraction of a liquid was observed by William Gilbert. Christian Friedrich Schönbein produced highly nitrated cellulose in 1846. In 1887 Charles Vernon Boys described the process in a paper on nano-fiber manufacture. John Francis Cooley filed the first electrospinning patent in 1900. In 1914 John Zeleny published work on the behaviour of fluid droplets at the end of metal capillaries. His effort began the attempt to mathematically model the behavior of fluids under electrostatic forces. Between 1931 and 1944 Anton Formhals took out at least 22 patents on electrospinning. In 1938, N.D. Rozenblum and I.V. Petryanov-Sokolov generated electrospun fibers, which they developed into filter materials. Between 1964 and 1969 Sir Geoffrey Ingram Taylor produced the beginnings of a theoretical underpinning of electrospinning by mathematically modelling the shape of the (Taylor) cone formed by the fluid droplet under the effect of an electric field. In the early 1990s several research groups (notably that of Reneker who popularised the name electrospinning) demonstrated electrospun nano-fibers. Since 1995, the number of publications about electrospinning has been increasing exponentially every year.
Diffusion Coefficients of Dimethyl Sulphoxide (DMSO) and H2O in PAN Wet Spinning and Its Influence on Morphology of Nascent Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) Fiber
Authors: Yi Kai , Li Qi Fang , Zhang Li , Li Ning , Zhou You , Ryu Seung Kon , Jin Ri Guang
Published: November 2018

Wetspun nascent PAN fibers were immersed into a DMSO/H2O coagulation bath. Diffusion of DMSO from nascent fiber and that of H2O into nascent fiber were studied at different temperatures and concentrations of coagulation bath. The diffusion coefficient of H2O is larger than that of DMSO. As the coagulation bath temperature increased, the diffusion coefficients of DMSO and H2O increased. Diffusion activation energy of DMSO is smaller than that of H2O during the diffusion. Cross sectional and surface structure of nascent PAN fiber were observed in relation to coagulation ability (the product of diffusion coefficients of two solvents). Coagulation ability was found to have a significant influence on both the cross sectional and surface morphology of nascent fiber. To obtain nascent fiber with circular cross sectional and smooth surface morphology, coagulation ability should be controlled at low value.
Preparation and Characterization of High Latent Heat Thermal Regulating Fiber Made of PVA and Paraffin
Authors: Xu Weixing , Lu Yichao , Wang Bin , Xu Jianjun , Ye Guangdou , Jiang Mengjin
Published: November 2018

A convenient method for preparing the thermal regulating fibers with high latent heat has been developed. PVA thermal regulating fibers were prepared via a wet spinning process, with paraffin being the phase change material. The structures and properties of these fibers were investigated by SEM, TGA, DSC and tensile strength tester. With the paraffin content in the fibers increasing from 30wt% to 70wt%, the latent heat of the fibers increases from 42.8J/g to 87.8J/g and the paraffin phase structures change from separation into partial interconnection. PVA matrix can not wrap paraffin effectively when the paraffin content increases up to 50wt%, so the paraffin loss in the spinning process increases. The thermal stability of fibers with low paraffin content is better than that of fibers with high paraffin content. After 100 heat-and-cool cycles, the latent heat of fibers lose a little. The tensile strength of these thermal regulating fibers is good enough for application in wrapping, filling, and nonwovens.
Thermal Protective Performance of Aerogel Embedded Firefighter's Protective Clothing
Authors: Qi Zhengkun , Huang Dongmei , He Song , Yang Hui , Hu Yin , Li Liming , Zhang Heping
Published: November 2018

Firefighters’ protective clothing (FPC) is a four-component ensemble that protects the human body against the following properties: a. radiation; b. flashover conditions; c. puncture and abrasion hazards; while still maintaining an adequate level of dexterity and comfort. Therefore, the thermal protective performance (TPP) of FPC is very important. Generally, FPC with higher TPP will result in fewer injuries. In this study, aerogel is proposed to be used in FPC to improve its TPP, and the feasibility is examined. The results show that the temperature on the back surface of the FPC samples that were filled with aerogel was 100 °C lower than that of those unfilled FPC samples under the same heat exposure. However, a short temperature jump occurred during the tests due to the penetration of infrared radiation (IR) light. In addition, the weight of the FPC sample in which the aerogel was embedded was lessened about 24.3%. It is concluded that filling aerogel in FPC can effectively improve its TPP and lessen its weight, while some additives must be used to absorb or scatter the IR light that causes the temperature jump.
[Copper (II)/Cellulose-Chitosan] Microspheres Complex for Dye Immobilization: Isotherm, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Analysis
Authors: Jabli Mahjoub , Aloui Faouzi , Hassine Béchir Ben
Published: November 2018

Considered as ligands due to the presence of donor atoms in their chemical structures, and being also among the major pollutants of water, Eriochrome Black B (Erio), Calmagite (Calma) and Acid Blue 25 (AB25) were successfully immobilized on cellulose-chitosan microspheres loaded with copper ions. Prepared supports were characterized by Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectral study and Thermogravimetic analysis (TGA). The effect of experimental factors during dye immobilization such as pH, contact time, temperature, and initial dye concentration were studied. The experiments demonstrate that the adsorption capacities of dyes on [Cu(II)/cellulose-chitosan] are much higher than the unloaded microspheres. This indicates that these dyes can act as efficient ligands for coordinating metals already involved in [cellulose-chitosan]. At least, in the case of AB25, a 60% of difference in target removal was achieved at equilibrium. The kinetic adsorption fitted well to the intra-particle diffusion model and the corresponding rate constants were obtained. In addition, the interpretation of the equilibrium sorption data complies well with the Freundlich model. The thermodynamic parameters were also determined and the enthalpy change (ΔH&Deg;) was found to be low, between −5.93 and −20.68 Kj.mol-1, indicating that the adsorption phenomenon is exothermic and physical. A probable mechanism of the Dye/Copper(II)/cellulose-chitosan complex is also proposed.
Grafting of Methyl Acrylate and Methyl Methacrylate onto Jute fiber: Physico-Chemical Characteristics of the Grafted Jute
Authors: Mondal Ibrahim H.
Published: November 2018

The graft copolymerization of methyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate vinyl monomers onto jute fiber using potassium persulfate and ferrous sulfate redox system was investigated in an aqueous medium. Optimized reaction conditions for the graft copolymerization were established for parameter variables, of monomer concentration, initiator concentration, catalyst concentration, reaction time, and reaction temperature. The grafting degrees were found to depend on the above mentioned variables. A maximum graft yield of 17.3% for MA and 19.4% for MMA was obtained under effective optimized conditions for grafting. The attachment of the monomer on the grafted fiber was confirmed by FTIR studies. Dyeing was affected by monomer characteristics, and due to the development of hydrophobic nature on jute fiber by grafting, a lower amount of dye absorption occurred. Grafting has a favorable influence on tenacity, color fastness, and other properties of jute fiber.
BTCA/Nano TiO2 Synergism on Cotton: Enhanced Antibacterial Features Optimized by Statistical Models
Authors: Nazari Ali , Montazer Majid , Moghadam Mohammad Bameni , Yazdanshenas Mohammad Esmail
Published: November 2018

The application of Butane tetra carboxylic acid/nano titanium dioxide [(BTCA)/Nano TiO2 (NTO)] on cotton fabric has been used to cross-linked cellulose, and yield higher NTO absorption and enhanced self-cleaning properties. In this research, the synergistic effect of BTCA and NTO on antibacterial properties of the cotton fabric was investigated. The NTO particles were stabilized on the cotton surface using BTCA. Then, different curing conditions (UV, Temp, and UV-Temp) were examined. The treated fabrics indicated an antibacterial activity against both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. The role of both BTCA and NTO concentrations on antibacterial properties of the cotton fabric were investigated using response surface methodology (RSM). Also, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were employed to confirm the NTO particles on the cotton surface. Cotton fabric treated with optimum concentration of NTO and BTCA obtained enhanced antibacterial properties.
Prediction of False Twist Textured Yarn Properties by Artificial Neural Network Methodology
Authors: Azimi Bahareh , Tehran Mohammad Amani , Mojtahedi Mohammad Reza Mohades
Published: November 2018

The false twist texturing method is one of the most common texturing techniques. This process depends on parameters such as tension, twist, and heater temperature. As false-twist texturing is a process which includes close interactions between machine working parameters and textured yarn properties, the effect of process parameters on yarn properties have been widely investigated. In this study the effect of first heater temperature, setting overfeed, and D/Y on the tenacity of set yarns and the effect of twist, texturing speed, and first heater temperature on crimp stability of stretch yarns are predicted using artificial neural network methodology.
Effect of Inorganic/Organic Hybrid on the Wettability of Polymer Nanofibrous Membranes
Authors: Wu Ning , Sun Ying , Jiao Yanan , Chen Li
Published: November 2018

We report a new approach for improving the wettability of a poly (vinyl acetate) (PVAc) nanofiber membrane. The pure PVAc and hybrid PVAc/titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanofibrous membranes can be obtained by electrospinning the PVA solution and PVA/TiO2 hybrid sol with different TiO2 contents, respectively. The resultant samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nitrogen volumetric adsorption apparatus (NVAA), water contact angle (WCA), atomic force microscopy (AFM) energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and transmission electronic microscopy (TEM). It was found that the WCA of composite fibrous membranes was decreased from 109 to 36° as the TiO2 content increased. The AFM, EDX and TEM analysis indicate that the wettability of PVAc/TiO2 hybrid nanofibers was mainly improved by surface roughness and surface hydrophilic groups.
Incorporation of Nanofiber Layers in Nonwoven Materials for Improving Their Acoustic Properties
Authors: Rabbi Amir , Bahrambeygi Hossein , Shoushtari Ahmad Mousavi , Nasouri Komeil
Published: November 2018

Due to numerous developments in most industries and the increase in the usage of massive and powerful machines in every field, noise has become an unavoidable part of mechanized life and has brought about serious health hazards. The main aim of this work was to investigate the usability of polyurethane and polyacrylonitrile nanofibers for improving sound insulation properties over a wide band of frequencies and reducing weight and thickness of conventional polyester and wool nonwovens. The effect of the number of nanofiber layers and associated surface densities on acoustic properties was investigated. Sound transmission loss and sound absorption analysis using the impedance tube method were carried out as the main factors affecting acoustic behavior of samples. The results show that incorporation of nanofiber layers in nonwoven materials can improve both sound absorption and sound transmission loss simultaneously, especially in mid and lower frequencies, which are difficult to detect by conventional materials.
Effect of Elastane Denier and Draft Ratio of Core-Spun Cotton Weft Yarns on the Mechanical Properties of Woven Fabrics
Authors: Qadir Bilal , Hussain Tanveer , Malik Mumtaz
Published: November 2018

Elastane percentage in the core-spun cotton yarn of a specific linear density can be affected in two ways: either by changing the elastane denier or the draft ratio. The purpose of this study was to find out whether different mechanical properties of fabrics woven from such yarns simply depend upon the elastane percentage or whether the method of achieving a desired elastane percentage has specific effects. It was found through regression analyses that both the elastane denier and the draft ratio are almost equally important for fabric tear strength and stretchability, whereas the fabric tensile strength is predominantly influenced by the elastane denier while the fabric recovery after stretch is mainly influenced by the elastane draft ratio.
The Influence of Constructional Parameters on Deformability of Elastic Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Gorjanc Dunja Sajn , Bizjak Matejka
Published: November 2018

This research is focused on the influence of constructional parameters such as the type of weave and density on deformability of pure cotton and cotton/elastane fabrics. In the research, two basic weaves were used: the plain and twill weave without (pure cotton) and with 6.2 percent of elastane in the weft direction. The density of the warp yarns was before bleaching 22yarns/cm and after end treatment (bleaching) from 24 to 31 yarns/cm. The chosen densities in the weft direction were 17 and 20 yarns/cm.

The fabrics were cyclically loaded with maximum load 17.66 N. The non-recoverable deformation was measured after 30 seconds of relaxation after the fourth cycle of loading, according to ASTM D 3107–75.

The research results show that elastane incorporation significantly decreased the non-recoverable deformation after loading. In the case of the twill weave, the decrease of non-recoverable deformation was from around 20% – twill without elastane to around 5% – twill with elastane – fabrics 7B and 8B. The non-recoverable deformation level decrease with fabrics in plain weave was also significant (from around 24% – plain without elastane to around 12% – plain with elastane). From the results of non-recoverable deformation, it is clearly seen that the chosen type of weave, plain and twill, significantly influenced the non-recoverable deformation level.

The increase of density in the weft direction from 17 yarns/cm to 20 yarns/cm for pure cotton and cotton/elastane fabrics insignificantly influenced the non-recoverable deformation level. This means that the density increase of 3 yarns/cm is too low to significantly influence the deformability of pure cotton and cotton/elastane fabrics.
Properties of Hydrophilic Chitosan/Polysulfone Nanofibrous Filtration Membrane
Authors: Liu Leigen , Pan Zhijuan
Published: November 2018

Electrospun nanofibrous membranes are useful water filtration materials due to their high interconnected porosity and tunable pore sizes, which cause very high permeability and selectivity. However, poor mechanical properties and easy fouling due to their extremely high surface area limit their applications. Therefore, it is desirable to enhance the mechanical properties and the hydrophilicity of such electrospun nanofibrous membranes. In this paper, electrospun polysulfone (PSF) nanofibrous membranes were treated with plasma. Crosslinked chitosan solution was then employed to pad the membranes. We studied the influence of the chitosan concentration and the volume of glutaraldehyde on the morphology, porosity structure, mechanical properties and hydrophilicity of electrospun polysulfone nanofibrous membranes. The results showed that the average pore size decreased from 4.5 μm to 2.68 μm, the breaking stress increased from 6.01±0.44 MPa to 9.25±0.45 MPa, and the water contact angle decreased from 130.8° to 0° in 30 s when chitosan was applied to the membranes. These changes occurred by padding due to the crosslinked chitosan solution. The results indicate that a significant improvement occurred in the mechanical properties; the highly hydrophobic PSF membrane was changed to a superhydrophilic one and the pore size was reduced. These results encouraged us to propose this material as a water filtration membrane with longer life span, lower fouling and higher rejection efficiency.
Coated Cotton Gauze with Ag/ZnO/chitosan Nanocomposite as a Modern Wound Dressing
Authors: Abbasipour Mina , Mirjalili Mohammad , Khajavi Ramin , Majidi Mohammad Mehdi
Published: November 2018

Cotton gauze is one of the most successful wound dressings which utilize the intrinsic properties of cotton fibers. Modern wound dressings, however, require other properties such as antibacterial and moisture maintaining capabilities. In this study, conventional cotton gauze was treated with chitosan/Ag/ZnO nanocomposite for achieving modern wound dressing properties. Cotton gauze samples were impregnated with chitosan/Ag/ZnO nanocomposite by the dip, dry, and cure method. Samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV-Vis reflective spectroscopy (UV-Vis); and their water absorbency ability, wicking effect, and antibacterial activity determined. The results show that coated cotton gauze with chitosan/Ag/ZnO nanocomposite has increased drying time (78%) and water absorbency (38%). Furthermore, their antibacterial efficiency was 96% for Escherichia coli (E. Coli) and 99% for Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus).
Development of Needle-Punched Nonwoven Fabrics from Reclaimed Fibers for Air Filtration Applications
Authors: Sakthivel S. , Ezhil Anban J.J. , Ramachandran T.
Published: November 2018

This paper reports an investigative study on the fabrication and measurement of the air permeability, mechanical properties, pore size distribution, and filtration efficiency of different nonwoven fabrics produced from reclaimed fibers by analytically changing the machine variables to manipulate the physical parameters of the nonwoven fabrics. Reclaimed fiber of cotton (60%) and polyester (40%) blend was used, so that the prospect of value addition to an inexpensive source of raw material could be explored. The changes in air permeability were interpreted in terms of fabric density profile and pore size distribution. The filtration parameters of filtration efficiency, dust holding capacity, and pressure drop were also calculated. Additionally, the effects of calendering on pore size and filtration properties were evaluated to discover the opportunity of fine-tuning and the performance of the filters. The outcome in this study reflected an overall development in all filtration characteristics due to the calendering operation.
Designing a Cartridge Winder with Electronic Control
Authors: Kanade Pragnya Sanjiv , Bhattacharya Someshwar S.
Published: November 2018

There are number of winding machines in the market based on either the Random, Precision, or Step Precision winding system. Filtration application requires a uniform lay of yarn or its performance may be affected, hence, for the aforesaid purpose, the precision system would be more apt. Recent trends show an increased use of electronics in all applications, textiles being no exception. The aim of the present work was to develop a filter cartridge winder (laboratory model) based on the precision winding system, controlled electronically. The novelty of this machine lies in the fact that it makes use of a chain to reciprocate the guide mounted on it, unlike the majority of commercial filter winders, which make use of scroll cams to traverse the yarn. Filter winders are specialized winders that produce cartridges in standard sizes of 10”, 20”, 30″ and up to 70”. Thus a cartridge winder is quite different from the usual winding machines not only in terms of its traverse length and feed material but also because of the core tube which has to be perforated just as one required for a dyeing process.
Increasing Surface Hydrophilicity in Poly(Lactic Acid) Electrospun Fibers by Addition of Pla-b-Peg Co-Polymers
Authors: Hendrick Erin , Frey Margaret
Published: November 2018

Poly (lactic acid) – b – poly (ethylene glycol) (PLA-b-PEG) co-polymers with block lengths of 1000–750, 5000–1000, 1000–5000, and bulk PEG were added to PLA electrospinning dopes to create hydrophilic but non-water soluble nanofibers. PLA-b-PEG block lengths strongly affected the total amount of PEG that could be incorporated, as well as spinnability and fiber morphology. Solutions containing >1% w/w of the lowest molecular weight co-polymer PLA (1000) – b – PEG (750) formed an unspinnable, cloudy gel. Addition of the PLA (5000) – b – PEG (1000) to the base spinning solution influenced fiber diameters and spinnability in the same manner as simply increasing PLA concentration in the spinning dope. Addition of PLA (1000) – b – PEG (5000) resulted in decreased fiber diameters, and allowed for the highest overall co-polymer loading. In final fiber formulations, maximums of 0.9, 2.9 and 9.3 wt% PEG could be achieved using the PLA-b-PEG 1000–750, 5000–1000 and 1000–5000 respectively. PEG (MW = 3350 g/mol) homopolymer was added to the spinning dopes to prepare fibers with 1.0 and 5.0 wt% PEG. The resulting fibers had non-uniform morphology and more variable diameter size than occurred with the addition of PEG in block co-polymer form. Water absorbance by electrospun nonwoven fabrics increased by four times over the control PLA with the addition of 1.0 wt% PEG, and by eighteen times with the addition of 9.3 wt% PEG with the block co-polymers. At similar overall PEG loadings, the addition of PLA-b-PEG resulted in a two to four fold increase in water wicking over the addition of PEG homopolymer.
Analysis of Ultrasonic Seam Tensile Properties of Thermal Bonded Nonwoven Fabrics
Authors: Kayar Mahmut
Published: November 2018

Ultrasonic seam strength and elongation at break properties of thermal bonded nonwoven fabrics are discussed in this study; and the effects of fiber type, fabric area density, and roller type on ultrasonic tensile properties of nonwoven fabrics are reported. Polypropylene (PP), Polyester (PES), and Polyamide – Polyester (70% PA - 30%PES) blend of thermal bonded nonwoven fabrics were used, and the seam strength and elongation at break were measured and the obtained data were evaluated. At the end of the experimental studies, the data from the ultrasonic tensile properties of thermal bonded nonwoven fabrics which were made of different fibers and same production method were evaluated in order to determine the tensile properties which lead to the best result. The experimental results show that the PP thermal bonded nonwoven fabric tended to provide the best seam strength and elongation at break values.
Hygienic Property of Microfiber Synthetic Leather Base Modified via a “Two-Step Method”
Authors: Ren Longfang , Zhao Guohui , Wang Xuechuan , Qiang Taotao , Wang Na , Han Chao
Published: November 2018

A “two-step method” was adopted to improve the hygienic property of polyamide microfiber synthetic leather base. Firstly, the amino-terminal hyperbranched polyamides (NH2-HBP) synthesized by N, N'-methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) and diethylene triamine (DETA) was cross-linked to microfiber synthetic leather base pretreated with formic acid, in which glutaraldehyde was the crosslinking agent. Secondly, Gelatin hydrolysate was cross-linked to the preliminary modified microfiber synthetic leather base by using glutaraldehyde as the crosslinking agent. The modified microfiber synthetic leather base was then obtained. Hygienic performances, mechanical properties, and the micro morphology were taken as indexes to optimize the dosages of glutaraldehyde and NH2-HBP.

The results show that when the glutaraldehyde dosage was 1.1 times that of the primary amino groups (the primary amino group dosage was about 0.201 mmol/g), the modification effect improved greatly. In this condition, the water vapor permeability, hygroscopicity, tensile strength, and tear strength of the base were 0.7691 g/10 cm2·24 h, 3.357 mL/g·24 h, 18.79 N/mm2, and 103.18 N/mm, respectively. These values were 86.7%, 48.8%, 19.8%, and 2.69% higher than those of unmodified base, respectively. When NH2-HBP dosage was three times that of the primary amino groups, the modification effect also improved. In this case, the water vapor permeability, hygroscopicity, tensile strength, and tear strength of the base were 0.5761 g/10 cm2·24 h, 3.274 mL/g·24 h, 18.79 N/mm2, and 103.4825 N/mm, respectively. These values were 113%, 42.3%, 3.5%, and 2.98% higher than those of the unmodified base, respectively. Meanwhile, the SEM image of the modified base showed that fiber dispersion was greatly increased in this condition.
The Adsorption Character of Kapok Fiber and Reactive Dyeing Technology on Modified Kapok Fiber
Authors: Ding Ying , Cai Zaisheng , Wang Liming , Shen Yong , Gao Qunyan
Published: November 2018

The adsorption character of kapok fiber with direct dyes and the dyeing technology of cationic modified kapok fiber with reactive dyes were studied in this article. The results indicate that the optimal dyeing technique parameters for the cationic modified kapok fiber with the reactive dye Cibacron FN-R include 0.5~1% (o.w.f) of dyes, 15~20g·L-1 of NaCl, and 2g·L-1 of JFC with bath ratio of 1:50 at a dyeing temperature of 40°C for 30min. The dyed kapok fiber was fixed with 15~20g·L-1 of Na2CO3 for 60min. As a result, the dye-uptake, fixation ratio, wash fastness, friction fastness, and K/S of cationic modified kapok fabric were enhanced by above technique.
Influence of the Temperature on the Efficiency of Cellulose Treatment Using Copolymer Chitosan-Eugenol
Authors: Sauperl Olivera , Tompa Jasna , Volmajer-Valh Julija
Published: November 2018

In order to achieve effective antimicrobial protection of textile materials against microorganisms, a natural compound called chitosan has become very interesting. In regard to the antimicrobial protection of textile materials, functionalization with chitosan does not affect some other properties, such as antioxidative or any other action. For this reason, it seems appropriate for chitosan to be combined with any natural antimicrobial active compound, such as eugenol, an extract of clove oil. During this research viscose as a representative of cellulose fibers was used, because it can be functionalized relatively easily. In terms of functionalization, the drying temperature of viscose, after antimicrobial compound application onto substrate, as well as the successful synthesis of copolymer chitosan/eugenol is also important. FTIR spectroscopy was used to evaluate the efficiency of synthesizing a chitosan/eugenol graft copolymer. The spectrophotometric method Acid Orange 7 was chosen as a means for determining the proportion of available antimicrobial active amino groups. In addition, microbiological testing of selected pathogenic micro-organisms was also performed. The results were compared with the results for viscose functionalized by a 1% solution of chitosan.
1,2,3,4-Butanetetracarboxylic Acid Cross-Linked Softwood Kraft Pulp Fibers for Use in Fluff Pulp Applications
Authors: Lund Kristoffer , Brelid Harald
Published: November 2018

Cross-linked fluff pulp fibers for use in, for example, acquisition layers in absorption products can be found in the patent literature. Cross-linking improves properties such as the wet resilience of fluff pulp fiber networks. Among the more commonly seen cross-linkers are polycarboxylic acids, such as 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA). These acids form ester bonds with the hydroxyl groups in the fiber wall. In this study, softwood kraft pulp fibers were cross-linked with BTCA. The swelling behavior of the fibers and properties related to acquisition in absorption products were studied. It was found that the water retention value (WRV) decreased as a consequence of the introduced cross-linker. After deprotonization of a large part of the introduced carboxylic acids, the WRV increased, but the cross-linker was still able to limit significant swelling of the fiber wall. The wet bulk under load of fiber networks, composed of cross-linked fibers, generally increased with a decrease in WRV. Furthermore, it was found that the property development obtained after a cross-linking reaction with BTCA may be predicted by introducing a relative reaction intensity, RIrel, that takes into account both time and temperature in the curing step. This shows that the time and temperature in the curing step are interchangeable.
Investigation of Moisture Transportation Properties of Knitted Fabrics Made from Viscose Vortex Spun Yarns
Authors: Kyatuheire Salome , Wei Li , Mwasiagi Josphat Igadwa
Published: November 2018

Moisture transportation through fabrics is one of the important parameters which affect clothing comfort. The combination of different factors which include fiber, yarn and fabric structure will yield varying degrees of clothing comfort. This research work concentrated on the use of viscose fibers spun on the vortex spinning system. Six knitted fabric samples were produced and tested for moisture transportation characteristics, which included air and water moisture permeability.

The results indicate that all structures had high wicking levels in the wale than in the course direction. Similarly, all fabrics had poor drying abilities, but good water vapor permeability. There was a good correlation between air permeability and water vapor permeability of the fabrics. This was attributed to the fiber in the yarn not the fabric structure.
Evaluation of Color Difference, Whiteness, and Luster of Multifilament Polyester Woven Fabrics
Authors: Shanbeh Mohsen , Khalili Haleh , Hajrasouliha Jalil , Shiasi Alireza
Published: November 2018

This paper investigated the color difference, whiteness, and luster of multifilament polyester woven fabrics based on weave pattern, weft density, dye concentration, and interaction between super bright warp yarns and semi dull weft yarns. Plain, weft rib (2/2), sateen (1/4)(3) and steep twill(2/3) was selected as weave pattern. Warp yarn type and its count, and warp density were kept constant. Measurement of whiteness was conducted on pre-treated un-dyed fabric samples. Color difference and luster of samples was evaluated after dying in warp and weft direction separately. Plain and weft rib (2/2) weaves showed the lowest and highest value of whiteness and luster respectively. Interaction between weave pattern and application of super bright yarn as warp was obtained in these parameters. The luster and whiteness of samples was decreased by increase in weft density. The trend of luster and color difference in weft and warp direction by increasing the weft density was not similar and was dependent on dye concentration and effectiveness of super bright warp yarns according to fabric pattern. Woven fabrics with steep twill (2/3) and weft rib (2/2) revealed the highest values of color difference compared with plain and sateen (1/4)(3) in warp direction. In weft direction, plain weave showed the lowest value of color difference and all three others had almost the same level of color difference. Moreover, the visual assessment was organized based on twenty-two observers in standard condition and D65 light source.