bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Therapeutic effect of microcurrent on calf muscle atrophy in immobilized rabbit
Authors: Moon Yong Suk , Kwon Dong Rak , Lee Yoon‐Jin
Published: February 2018

Introduction: Immobilization causes significant muscle loss. In this study we assessed the regenerative effect of microcurrent electrical stimulation (MES) on gastrocnemius muscle (GCM) atrophy induced by immobilization by cast (IC) in rabbits. Methods: Fifteen rabbits were divided into 3 groups: IC (group 1); IC and free re‐ambulation for 2 weeks after cast removal (CR) (group 2); and IC and MES for 2 weeks after CR (group 3). We evaluated clinical parameters (calf circumference, compound muscle action potential of tibial nerve, and thickness of GCM by ultrasound), histomorphometric data (muscle composition and cross‐sectional area), and immunohistochemistry. Results: Mean atrophic changes in clinical parameters in group 3 were significantly less than those in groups 1 and 2 (P < 0.05). Histomophometric and immunohistochemical parameters in group 3 were significantly greater than those in groups 1 and 2, respectively (P < 0.05). Discussion: MES prevents muscle atrophy and facilitates regeneration of muscle. Muscle Nerve 58: 270–276, 2018
The economic burden of overactive bladder (OAB) and its effects on the costs associated with other chronic, age‐related comorbidities in the United States
Authors: Durden Emily , Walker David , Gray Stephani , Fowler Robert , Juneau Paul , Gooch Katherine
Published: February 2018

Aims

The prevalence of OAB increases with age and is associated with several chronic comorbidities. However, the impact of OAB on the healthcare costs of patients with such comorbidities is not well‐understood. This study aimed to quantify the impact of OAB on healthcare costs and assess the potential moderating effects of OAB on the costs of patients with chronic comorbidities.

Methods

Adults with evidence of OAB/OAB‐related therapy between 1/1/2008‐12/31/2013 were identified from two large, administrative claims databases. Per‐patient‐per‐month (PPPM) expenditures for OAB cases were estimated and compared to those of propensity score‐matched subjects without OAB. Costs were modeled using ordinary least squares regression including main effects and interactions of chronic depression, dementia, diabetes, hypertension, and osteoporosis with OAB. Values for the comparisons were calculated on the original dollar scale using smearing estimators.

Results

A total of 110 059 pairs of OAB cases and matched non‐OAB controls were identified. The mean, multivariable‐adjusted, PPPM all‐cause costs of OAB cases from the model without interactions were $3003, compared to $1123 for matched controls (P < 0.0001). In the model assessing the interactions of chronic comorbidities with OAB, those OAB patients with comorbid depression, dementia, diabetes, hypertension, and osteoporosis incurred significantly higher costs than controls with these comorbidities. The synergistic effect of these interactions was estimated to be $95‐$574 PPPM.

Conclusions

Within this US‐based population, the healthcare costs of OAB patients were more than 2.5 times those of similar patients without OAB. Additionally, patients with OAB and chronic, age‐related comorbidities incurred higher healthcare costs than non‐OAB controls with the same comorbidities.
A pilot feasibility study of treating overactive bladder patients with percutaneous saphenous nerve stimulation
Authors: MacDiarmid Scott A. , John M. Sasha , Yoo Paul B.
Published: February 2018

Aims

Effective long‐term treatment of overactive bladder (OAB) remains a significant clinical challenge. We present our initial experience with a new bladder neuromodulation method that electrically targets the saphenous nerve (SAFN).

Methods

A total of 18 OAB patients (female, 55‐84 years) were provided with percutaneous SAFN stimulation. The SAFN was targeted with a needle electrode inserted below the medial condyle of the tibia. Activation of the SAFN was confirmed by the patient's perception of paresthesia radiating down the leg. Electrical stimulation was applied for 30 min and subsequently repeated weekly for 3 months. The effects of stimulation were assessed by a 4‐day bladder diary and quality‐of‐life questionaire (OAB‐q).

Results

Percutaneous SAFN stimulation was confirmed in all 16 patients who completed the study, and no adverse events were reported. Positive response to SAFN stimulation was achieved in 87.5% (14 of 16) of patients, as determined by either a minimum 50% reduction in bladder symptoms or a minimum 10 point increase in the HRQL total score.

Conclusions

Electrical activation of the SAFN was consistently achieved using anatomical landmarks and patient feedback. The procedure was well tolerated and, based on our small cohort of patients, appears efficacious, and safe. This pilot study provides early feasibility data that points to a promising new intervention for treating OAB.
KPR‐2579, a novel TRPM8 antagonist, inhibits acetic acid‐induced bladder afferent hyperactivity in rats
Authors: Aizawa Naoki , Fujimori Yoshikazu , Kobayashi Jun‐ichi , Nakanishi Osamu , Hirasawa Hideaki , Kume Haruki , Homma Yukio , Igawa Yasuhiko
Published: February 2018

Aims

Transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) is proposed to be a promising therapeutic target for hypersensitive bladder disorders. We examined the effects of KPR‐2579, a novel selective TRPM8 antagonist, on body temperature and on mechanosensitive bladder single‐unit afferent activities (SAAs) provoked by intravesical acetic acid (AA) instillation in rats.

Methods

Female Sprague‐Dawley rats were used. Effects of cumulative intravenous (i.v.) administrations of KPR‐2579 (0.03‐1 mg/kg) on deep body temperature were investigated (N = 18). In separate animals, effects of bolus administration of KPR‐2579 (0.03 or 0.3 mg/kg, i.v.) on bladder hyperactivity induced by intravesical instillation of 0.1% AA were investigated using cystometry (N = 57) in a conscious free‐moving condition or urethane‐anesthetized condition, and SAA measurements (N = 41) were performed in a urethane‐anesthetized condition.

Results

KPR‐2579 at any doses tested did not affect body temperature. In cystometry measurements, a high dose (0.3 mg/kg) of KPR‐2579 counteracted the shortened intercontraction interval provoked by AA instillation. In SAA measurements, 48 single afferent fibers (n = 24 in each fiber) were isolated. AA instillations significantly increased the SAAs of C fibers, but not of Aδ fibers, in the presence of KPR‐2579's vehicle and a low dose (0.03 mg/kg) of KPR‐2579. Pretreatment with a high dose (0.3 mg/kg) of KPR‐2579 significantly inhibited the AA‐induced activation of C‐fiber SAAs.

Conclusion

The present results suggest that TRPM8 channels play a role in the AA‐induced pathological activation of mechanosensitive bladder C fibers in rats. KRP‐2579 may be a promising drug for hypersensitive bladder disorders.
Quantitative magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 3T based on the principle of reciprocity
Authors: Zoelch Niklaus , Hock Andreas , Henning Anke
Published: February 2018

Quantification of magnetic resonance spectroscopy signals using the phantom replacement method requires an adequate correction of differences between the acquisition of the reference signal in the phantom and the measurement in vivo. Applying the principle of reciprocity, sensitivity differences can be corrected at low field strength by measuring the RF transmitter gain needed to obtain a certain flip angle in the measured volume. However, at higher field strength the transmit sensitivity may vary from the reception sensitivity, which leads to wrongly estimated concentrations. To address this issue, a quantification approach based on the principle of reciprocity for use at 3T is proposed and validated thoroughly. In this approach, the RF transmitter gain is determined automatically using a volume‐selective power optimization and complemented with information from relative reception sensitivity maps derived from contrast‐minimized images to correct differences in transmission and reception sensitivity. In this way, a reliable measure of the local sensitivity was obtained. The proposed method is used to derive in vivo concentrations of brain metabolites and tissue water in two studies with different coil sets in a total of 40 healthy volunteers. Resulting molar concentrations are compared with results using internal water referencing (IWR) and Electric REference To access In vivo Concentrations (ERETIC). With the proposed method, changes in coil loading and regional sensitivity due to B1 inhomogeneities are successfully corrected, as demonstrated in phantom and in vivo measurements. For the tissue water content, coefficients of variation between 2% and 3.5% were obtained (0.6–1.4% in a single subject). The coefficients of variation of the three major metabolites ranged from 3.4–14.5%. In general, the derived concentrations agree well with values estimated with IWR. Hence, the presented method is a valuable alternative for IWR, without the need for additional hardware such as ERETIC and with potential advantages in diseased tissue.
Analysis of 13C and 14C labeling in pyruvate and lactate in tumor and blood of lymphoma‐bearing mice injected with 13C‐ and 14C‐labeled pyruvate
Authors: Serrao E.M. , Kettunen M.I. , Rodrigues T.B. , Lewis D.Y. , Gallagher F.A. , Hu D.E. , Brindle K.M.
Published: February 2018

Measurements of hyperpolarized 13C label exchange between injected [1‐13C]pyruvate and the endogenous tumor lactate pool can give an apparent first‐order rate constant for the exchange. The determination of the isotope flux, however, requires an estimate of the labeled pyruvate concentration in the tumor. This was achieved here by measurement of the tumor uptake of [1‐14C]pyruvate, which showed that <2% of the injected pyruvate reached the tumor site. Multiplication of this estimated labeled pyruvate concentration in the tumor with the apparent first‐order rate constant for hyperpolarized 13C label exchange gave an isotope flux that showed good agreement with a flux determined directly by the injection of non‐polarized [3‐13C]pyruvate, rapid excision of the tumor after 30 s and measurement of 13C‐labeled lactate concentrations in tumor extracts. The distribution of labeled lactate between intra‐ and extracellular compartments and the blood pool was investigated by imaging, by measurement of the labeled lactate concentration in blood and tumor, and by examination of the effects of a gadolinium contrast agent and a lactate transport inhibitor on the intensity of the hyperpolarized [1‐13C]lactate signal. These measurements showed that there was significant export of labeled lactate from the tumor, but that labeled lactate in the blood pool produced by the injection of hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate showed only relatively low levels of polarization. This study shows that measurements of hyperpolarized 13C label exchange between pyruvate and lactate in a murine tumor model can provide an estimate of the true isotope flux if the concentration of labeled pyruvate that reaches the tumor can be determined.
A compact adaptive approach for degenerate singular reaction‐diffusion equations
Authors: Ge Yongbin , Cai Zhiquan , Sheng Qin
Published: February 2018

This article concerns a compact adaptive method for the numerical solution of nonlinear degenerate singular reaction‐diffusion equations. The partial differential equation problems exhibit strong quenching blow‐up type singularities, and are critical in numerous applications ranging from optimized internal combustion designs to oil pipeline decay predictions. Adaptive schemes of fourth order in space and second order in time are acquired and discussed. Nonuniform spatial and temporal grids are utilized through suitable adaptations. Rigorous analysis is given for the numerical stability, and computational experiments are performed to illustrate our conclusions.
Who Benefits from Targeted Property Tax Relief? Evidence from Virginia Elections
Authors: Moulton Jeremy G. , Waller Bennie D. , Wentland Scott A.
Published: February 2018

This study examines the market impact of targeted property tax relief, which is critical for understanding who exactly benefits from a widely used local policy. Specifically, we investigate this in the context of two statewide ballot measures in Virginia that provided property tax relief or heightened expectations for future relief intended to aid disabled veterans and seniors, respectively. Using residential multiple listing service microdata from Virginia, results from a regression discontinuity analysis show that once the 2010 tax relief measures passed on Election Day, property values rose sharply in response to the sudden increase in demand for homeownership among the targeted groups. We find that senior preferred housing and properties within areas with higher proportions of seniors and veterans experienced the highest price appreciation, while areas with fewer veterans or seniors saw little impact. The findings suggest that this type of policy provides an immediate benefit to current homeowners, thereby offsetting benefits for subsequent homeowners within the targeted groups. This effect represents an unintended consequence of targeted property tax relief as a policy tool more generally, as immediate capitalization into home prices subsequently increases the cost of housing for many individuals the relief was intended to help.
Altered cortical development in fetuses with isolated nonsevere ventriculomegaly assessed by neurosonography
Authors: Hahner Nadine , Puerto Bienvenido , Perez‐Cruz Miriam , Policiano Catarina , Monterde Elena , Crispi Fatima , Gratacos Eduard , Eixarch Elisenda
Published: February 2018

Objectives

To perform a comprehensive assessment of cortical development in fetuses with isolated nonsevere ventriculomegaly (INSVM) by neurosonography.

Methods

We prospectively included 40 fetuses with INSVM and 40 controls. INSVM was defined as atrial width between 10.0 and 14.9 mm without associated malformation, infection, or chromosomal abnormality. Cortical development was assessed by neurosonography at 26 and 30 weeks of gestation measuring depth of selected sulci and applying a maturation scale from 0 (no appearance) to 5 (maximally developed) of main sulci and areas.

Results

INSVM showed underdeveloped calcarine and parieto‐occipital sulci. In addition, significant delayed maturation pattern was also observed in regions distant to ventricular system including Insula depth (controls 30.8 mm [SD 1.7] vs INSVM 31.7 mm [1.8];P = .04), Sylvian fissure grading (>2 at 26 weeks: controls 87.5% vs INSVM 50%,P = .01), mesial area grading (>2 at 30 weeks: controls 95% vs INSVM 62.5%;P = .03), and cingulate sulcus grading (>2 at 30 weeks: controls 100% vs INSVM 80.5%;P = .01).

Conclusions

Fetuses with INSVM showed underdeveloped cortical maturation including also regions, where effect of ventricular dilatation is unlikely. These results suggest that in a proportion of fetuses with INSVM, ventricular dilation might be related with altered cortical architecture.
Microphase separation and mechanical performance of thermoplastic elastomers based on poly(glycidyl azide)/poly(oxytetramethylene glycol)
Authors: Hu Yiwen , Jian Xiaoxia , Xiao Leqing , Zhou Weiliang
Published: February 2018

To improve the mechanical performance of poly(glycidyl azide) (GAP)‐based thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs), poly(oxytetramethylene glycol) (PTMG) which has flexible polymer backbone was introduced into their chemical structure by polyaddition. The effects of crystalline PTMG segment on the macro morphology, microphase separation, local hydrogen bonding, and mechanical performance of GAP‐based TPEs were investigated. These obtained elastomers have a transparent and homogeneous phase structure, indicating that no macroscopic phase separation occurred. Meanwhile, the small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) demonstrated that the long‐range ordered microstructures formed by the crystallization of flexible PTMG segments was existed in the elastomers and the phase separated microstructure was enhanced with increasing the content of PTMG. These results were also confirmed by the investigation of crystalline behavior by wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) and loss factor curves by dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA). The enhancement of microphase separated structure leads to the significant improvement of tensile properties, modulus, and creep resistance. These GAP/PTMG‐based TPEs with enhanced mechanical performance imply potential applications in propellant formulations. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 58:E167–E173, 2018. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Quality of Prescribing by Physicians, Nurse Practitioners, and Physician Assistants in the United States
Authors: Jiao Shiyin , Murimi Irene B. , Stafford Randall S. , Mojtabai Ramin , Alexander G. Caleb
Published: February 2018

Objective

Nurse practitioners (NPs) and physician assistants (PAs) have increasingly broad prescribing authority in the United States, yet little is known regarding how the quality of their prescribing practices compares with that of physicians. The objective of this study was to compare the quality of prescribing practices of physicians and nonphysician providers.

Methods

A serial cross‐sectional analysis of the 2006–2012 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey was performed. Ambulatory care services in physician offices, hospital emergency departments, and outpatient departments were evaluated using a nationally representative sample of patient visits to physicians, NPs, and PAs. Main outcome measures were 13 validated outpatient quality indicators focused on pharmacologic management of chronic diseases and appropriate medication use.

Results

A total of 701,499 sampled patient visits were included during the study period, representing ~8.33 billion visits nationwide. Physicians were the primary provider for 96.8% of all outpatient visits examined; NPs and PAs each accounted for 1.6% of these visits. The proportion of eligible visits where quality standards were met ranged from 34.1% (angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor use for congestive heart failure) to 89.5% (avoidance of inappropriate medications among elderly). The median overall performance across all indicators was 58.7%. On unadjusted analyses, differences in quality of care between nonphysicians and physicians for each indicator did not consistently favor one practitioner type over others. After adjustment for potentially confounding patient and provider characteristics, the quality of prescribing by NPs and PAs was similar to the care delivered by physicians for 10 of the 13 indicators evaluated, and no consistent directional association was found between provider type and indicator fulfillment for the remaining measures.

Conclusions

Although significant shortfalls exist in the quality of ambulatory prescribing across all practitioner types, the quality of care delivered by nonphysicians and physicians was generally comparable.
Label‐Free Quantitative Phosphoproteomics Reveals Regulation of Vasodilator‐Stimulated Phosphoprotein upon Stathmin‐1 Silencing in a Pair of Isogenic Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines
Authors: Tan Hwee Tong , Chung Maxey Ching Ming
Published: February 2018

In this communication, we present the phosphoproteome changes in an isogenic pair of colorectal cancer cell lines, viz., the poorly metastatic HCT‐116 and the highly metastatic derivative E1, upon stathmin‐1 (STMN1) knockdown. The aim was to better understand how the alterations of the phosphoproteins in these cells are involved in cancer metastasis. After the phosphopeptides were enriched using the TiO2 HAMMOC approach, comparative proteomics analysis was carried out using sequential window acquisition of all theoretical mass spectra‐MS. Following bioinformatics analysis using MarkerView and OneOmics platforms, we identified a list of regulated phosphoproteins that may play a potential role in signaling, maintenance of cytoskeletal structure, and focal adhesion. Among these phosphoproteins, was the actin cytoskeleton regulator protein, vasodilator‐stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), where its change in phosphorylation status was found to be concomitant with STMN1–associated roles in metastasis. We further showed that silencing of stathmin‐1 altered the expression, subcellular localization and phosphorylation status of VASP, which suggested that it might be associated with remodeling of the cell cytoskeleton in colorectal cancer metastasis.
The shielding effect of the double bond in 2‐norbornene and α‐pinene and β‐pinene
Authors: Mazzola Eugene P. , Lambert Joseph B. , Ridge Clark D.
Published: February 2018

Assignments of the chemical shifts of the 7‐syn and 7‐anti protons in 2‐norbornene and of the methyl groups in α‐pinene and β‐pinene have been determined by means of nuclear Overhauser effects. These results constrain competing theories of the shielding effects of double bonds.
Efficacy of a Spanish‐Language Self‐Administered Stress Management Training intervention for Latinas undergoing chemotherapy
Authors: Hoogland Aasha I. , Lechner Suzanne C. , Gonzalez Brian D. , Small Brent J. , Tyson Dinorah M. , Asvat Yasmin , Barata Anna , Gomez Maria F. , Rodriguez Yvelise , Jim Heather S.L. , Antoni Michael H. , Jacobsen Paul B. , Meade Cathy D.
Published: February 2018

Background

Cancer patients often report increased stress during chemotherapy. Stress management training has been shown to reduce this adverse outcome, but few interventions exist for Spanish‐speaking Hispanic and Latina women (Latinas).

Methods

Following community feedback (including focus groups/in‐depth interviews), we transcreated the Spanish‐Language Self‐Administered Stress Management Training (SL‐SAT) intervention based on our previously developed and implemented English‐based intervention. Latinas about to begin chemotherapy were randomized to SL‐SAT (n = 121) or usual care (n = 119). A Spanish‐speaking interventionist met with SL‐SAT participants who received the SL‐SAT toolkit containing instructions in 3 well‐established stress management techniques (deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation and guided imagery, and use of coping self‐statements). Usual care participants received an educational booklet about coping with chemotherapy. All patients were instructed by nurses on their chemotherapy medications and given a resource listing of local support groups. Outcomes were obtained at baseline, and 7 and 13 weeks after starting chemotherapy. Primary outcomes included anxiety and depression, cancer‐related distress, emotional well‐being, and spiritual well‐being. Secondary outcomes included functional well‐being, social/family well‐being, physical well‐being, symptom severity, and self‐efficacy for managing stress. Data were analyzed by using mixed models.

Results

In both groups, improvements were observed in emotional well‐being (P = .01), and declines were observed in functional well‐being (P = .05), and physical well‐being (P < .0001). Symptom severity increased across the follow‐up period (P < .001).

Conclusions

To be effective, stress management interventions for Latinas receiving chemotherapy may necessitate more attention from an interventionist, delivery of the intervention over a longer interval, and/or a group‐based format.
First Principles Modeling of Si/Ge Nanostructures for Photovoltaic and Optoelectronic Applications
Authors: Marri Ivan , Amato Michele , Guerra Roberto , Ossicini Stefano
Published: February 2018

We discuss results of ab initio calculations for Si, Ge, and Si/Ge nanowires and nanocrystals showing that theory can improve the comprehension of the properties of these systems. First, we consider doped and undoped freestanding hydrogenated nanowires and we explore their properties as a function of the size, geometry, and composition. Secondly, we focus the discussion on the electronic properties of matrix embedded Si, Ge, and Si/Ge nanocrystals by pointing out the role played by composition, quantum confinement, and strain. The discussed results show that, for Si/Ge nanowires, the interface between Si and Ge region plays an important role determining, in some case, the formation of a type II band offset, which is essential for photovoltaic applications. Moreover, for Si/Ge core–shell nanowires, it is shown that: i) selective doping results in the formation of hole or electron accumulation, with interesting consequences for the use of these materials in thermoelectrics and ii) through compensated doping, it is possible to tune the optical properties of these systems. For the embedded nanocrystals, the outcomes suggest that Ge nanocrystals can be suitable as optical absorption centers and that Si/Ge nanocrystals, owing to the localization of the band edge states, are interesting for photovoltaic cells.
Emission Kinetics from PbSe Quantum Dots in Glass Matrix at High Excitation Levels
Authors: Hong Jin , Wang Han , Yue Fangyu , Tomm Jens W. , Kruschke Detlef , Jing Chengbin , Chen Shaoqiang , Chen Ye , Hu Weida , Chu Junhao
Published: February 2018

The photoluminescence dynamics of PbSe quantum dots in a glass matrix (PbSe:Glass) is investigated at high excitation levels. Up to 470 meV blue‐shifted emissions are observed, which are assigned to excited‐state emission populated by carrier accumulation. Rapid photoluminescence decays of ∼25–40 ps are observed. Together with a threshold‐like dependence on excitation, even at room temperature, this component is tentatively attributed to amplified spontaneous emission. The absence of stimulated emission from the ground state and the overall higher threshold compared to PbS:Glass suggest that there are more intrinsic restrictions on the use of PbSe:Glass as a laser material than for PbS:Glass.
The genus Calea L.: A review on traditional uses, phytochemistry, and biological activities
Authors: Lima Tamires Cardoso , de Jesus Souza Rafaela , da Silva Francilene Amaral , Biavatti Maique Weber
Published: February 2018

Calea L. is a genus of shrubs and perennial herbs belonging to Asteraceae family. It is a very well‐known genus, consisting of approximately 125 neotropical species. Calea genus is a rich source of phytochemicals, and some of its species have been used in folk medicine to treat several health problems such as diabetes, arterial hypertension, respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders, gastric ulcers, and inflammation. Many studies have demonstrated the pharmacological potential of this genus, including antinociceptive, antihypertensive, antidiarrheal, antimicrobial, anti‐inflammatory, antidiabetic, antiproliferative, and cytotoxic activities. Moreover, bioactive constituents related to these properties are mainly sesquiterpene lactones and phenolic derivatives. In this review, we compiled the literature data up to December 2016, furnishing a comprehensive survey about medicinal uses, chemistry, and biological activities from Calea species. Bibliographic search was performed in several search engines using “Calea” as search keyword. Further, a manual literature search of references found in the selected studies was also conducted. There was no initial time limit.
Antiproliferative activity and apoptosis induction by trijuganone C isolated from the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Danshen)
Authors: Uto Takuhiro , Tung Nguyen Huu , Ohta Tomoe , Juengsanguanpornsuk Wipawee , Hung Le Quoc , Hai Nguyen Thanh , Long Dinh Doan , Thuong Phuong Thien , Okubo Shinya , Hirata Sakiko , Shoyama Yukihiro
Published: February 2018

In this study, we found that the hexane fraction of Danshen, the dried root of Salvia miltiorrhiza (Lamiaceae), exerted antiproliferative effects on human leukemia cells. Phytochemical investigation of the hexane fraction achieved the isolation of the tanshinone diterpenes: dihydrotanshinone I (1), trijuganone C (2), trijuganone B (3), cryptotanshinone (4), tanshinone IIA (5), and tanshinone I (6). Compound 2 showed significant antiproliferative activities against human leukemia cells HL‐60, Jurkat, and U937. The antiproliferative activities of 2 against human cancer and normal cells indicated that 2 exhibited potent antiproliferative activities with IC50 values less than 10 μM against HL‐60 and Jurkat cells as well as on the colon cancer cells DLD‐1, COLO 205, and Caco‐2. Compound 2 induced chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation, activation of caspase‐3, ‐8, and ‐9, and the cleavage of poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) in HL‐60 cells. Moreover, 2 activated Bid and Bax, leading to the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and 2 induced the cytochrome c release from mitochondria into cytosol. In contrast, Bcl‐2 and Bcl‐xL were unaffected by 2. These results suggest that 2 exerts antiproliferative effects via apoptosis induction mediated by mitochondrial dysfunction and caspase activation. Compound 2 may serve as a candidate of potential chemotherapeutic agent for human leukemia.
Herbal medicine for depression and anxiety:Asystematic review with assessment of potential psycho‐oncologic relevance
Authors: Yeung K. Simon , Hernandez Marisol , Mao Jun J. , Haviland Ingrid , Gubili Jyothirmai
Published: February 2018

Anxiety and depression are prevalent among cancer patients, with significant negative impact. Many patients prefer herbs for symptom relief to conventional medications which have limited efficacy/side effects. We identified single‐herb medicines that may warrant further study in cancer patients. Our search included PubMed, Allied and Complementary Medicine, Embase, and Cochrane databases, selecting only single‐herb randomized controlled trials between 1996 and 2016 in any population for data extraction, excluding herbs with known potential for interactions with cancer treatments. One hundred articles involving 38 botanicals met our criteria. Among herbs most studied (≥6 randomized controlled trials each), lavender, passionflower, and saffron produced benefits comparable to standard anxiolytics and antidepressants. Black cohosh, chamomile, and chasteberry are also promising. Anxiety or depressive symptoms were measured in all studies, but not always as primary endpoints. Overall, 45% of studies reported positive findings with fewer adverse effects compared with conventional medications. Based on available data, black cohosh, chamomile, chasteberry, lavender, passionflower, and saffron appear useful in mitigating anxiety or depression with favorable risk–benefit profiles compared to standard treatments. These may benefit cancer patients by minimizing medication load and accompanying side effects. However, well‐designed larger clinical trials are needed before these herbs can be recommended and to further assess their psycho‐oncologic relevance.
Sampled‐data iterative learning control for continuous‐time nonlinear systems with iteration‐varying lengths
Authors: Wang Lanjing , Li Xuefang , Shen Dong
Published: February 2018

In this work, sampled‐data iterative learning control (ILC) method is extended to a class of continuous‐time nonlinear systems with iteration‐varying trial lengths. In order to propose a unified ILC algorithm, the tracking errors will be redefined when the trial length is shorter or longer than the desired one. Based on the modified tracking errors, 2 sampled‐data ILC schemes are proposed to handle the randomly varying trial lengths. Sufficient conditions are derived rigorously to guarantee the convergence of the nonlinear system at each sampling instant. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed ILC laws, simulations for a nonlinear system are performed. The simulation results show that if the sampling period is set to be small enough, the convergence of the learning algorithms can be achieved as the iteration number increases.
Controlling the type I error rate in two‐stage sequential adaptive designs when testing for average bioequivalence
Authors: Maurer Willi , Jones Byron , Chen Ying
Published: February 2018

In a 2×2 crossover trial for establishing average bioequivalence (ABE) of a generic agent and a currently marketed drug, the recommended approach to hypothesis testing is the two one‐sided test (TOST) procedure, which depends, among other things, on the estimated within‐subject variability. The power of this procedure, and therefore the sample size required to achieve a minimum power, depends on having a good estimate of this variability. When there is uncertainty, it is advisable to plan the design in two stages, with an interim sample size reestimation after the first stage, using an interim estimate of the within‐subject variability. One method and 3 variations of doing this were proposed by Potvin et al. Using simulation, the operating characteristics, including the empirical type I error rate, of the 4 variations (called Methods A, B, C, and D) were assessed by Potvin et al and Methods B and C were recommended. However, none of these 4 variations formally controls the type I error rate of falsely claiming ABE, even though the amount of inflation produced by Method C was considered acceptable. A major disadvantage of assessing type I error rate inflation using simulation is that unless all possible scenarios for the intended design and analysis are investigated, it is impossible to be sure that the type I error rate is controlled. Here, we propose an alternative, principled method of sample size reestimation that is guaranteed to control the type I error rate at any given significance level. This method uses a new version of the inverse‐normal combination of p‐values test, in conjunction with standard group sequential techniques, that is more robust to large deviations in initial assumptions regarding the variability of the pharmacokinetic endpoints. The sample size reestimation step is based on significance levels and power requirements that are conditional on the first‐stage results. This necessitates a discussion and exploitation of the peculiar properties of the power curve of the TOST testing procedure. We illustrate our approach with an example based on a real ABE study and compare the operating characteristics of our proposed method with those of Method B of Povin et al.
Controllable Bipolar Doping of Graphene with 2D Molecular Dopants
Authors: Kang Boseok , Kim Haena , Han Joong Tark , Kim Dae Gun , Cho Kilwon
Published: February 2018

The fine control of graphene doping levels over a wide energy range remains a challenging issue for the electronic applications of graphene. Here, the controllable doping of chemical vapor deposited graphene, which provides a wide range of energy levels (shifts up to ± 0.5 eV), is demonstrated through physical contact with chemically versatile graphene oxide (GO) sheets, a 2D dopant that can be solution‐processed. GO sheets are a p‐type dopant due to their abundance of electron‐withdrawing functional groups. To expand the energy window of GO‐doped graphene, the GO surface is chemically modified with electron‐donating ethylene diamine molecules. The amine‐functionalized GO sheets exhibit strong n‐type doping behaviors. In addition, the particular physicochemical characteristics of the GO sheets, namely their sheet sizes, number of layers, and degree of oxidation and amine functionality, are systematically varied to finely tune their energy levels. Finally, the tailor‐made GO sheet dopants are applied into graphene‐based electronic devices, which are found to exhibit improved device performances. These results demonstrate the potential of GO sheet dopants in many graphene‐based electronics applications.
Cobalt‐Doped Nickel Phosphite for High Performance of Electrochemical Energy Storage
Authors: Li Bing , Shi Yuxin , Huang Kesheng , Zhao Mingming , Qiu Jiaqing , Xue Huaiguo , Pang Huan
Published: February 2018

Compared to single metallic Ni or Co phosphides, bimetallic Ni–Co phosphides own ameliorative properties, such as high electrical conductivity, remarkable rate capability, upper specific capacity, and excellent cycle performance. Here, a simple one‐step solvothermal process is proposed for the synthesis of bouquet‐like cobalt‐doped nickel phosphite (Ni11(HPO3)8(OH)6), and the effect of the structure on the pseudocapacitive performance is investigated via a series of electrochemical measurements. It is found that when the cobalt content is low, the glycol/deionized water ratio is 1, and the reaction is under 200 °C for 20 h, the morphology of the sample is uniform and has the highest specific surface area. The cobalt‐doped Ni11(HPO3)8(OH)6 electrode presents a maximum specific capacitance of 714.8 F g−1. More significantly, aqueous and solid‐state flexible electrochemical energy storage devices are successfully assembled. The aqueous device shows a high energy density of 15.48 mWh cm−2 at the power density of 0.6 KW cm−2. The solid‐state device shows a high energy density of 14.72 mWh cm−2 at the power density of 0.6 KW cm−2. These excellent performances confirm that the cobalt‐doped Ni11(HPO3)8(OH)6 are promising materials for applications in electrochemical energy storage devices.
FE Simulation of Roll Forming of a Complex Profile with the Aid of Steady State Properties
Authors: Mahajan Pushkar , Abrass Ahmad , Groche Peter
Published: February 2018

Roll forming is a continuous, steady state process where state variables remain unchanged over the process time with respect to a fixed position. The design of roll forming is a complex and iterative process which mainly depends on the experience of designers. In industry, the finite element analysis (FEA) is commonly used to design rolls and to predict important process variables such as longitudinal peak strains and springback. However, the FEA is attributed with a high computational cost. The approach described in this paper aims at the reduction of the computational cost with the aid of steady state properties evolved in roll forming. To exploit the steady state properties, the steady state extrapolation algorithm (SSEA) is used in conjunction with conventional FE simulations. A complex profile requiring 10 roll forming stations is considered for the validation of the simulations. Experimental measurements confirm the results from conventional simulation as well as the simulation assisted by the SSEA. Springback behavior predicted by the simulation using SSEA is also verified successfully. With the help of the SSEA, the total computational time for the FE analysis of the complex profile is reduced by 54.7%.
Verifying OSEK/VDX automotive applications: A Spin‐based model checking approach
Authors: Zhang Haitao , Li Guoqiang , Cheng Zhuo , Xue Jinyun
Published: February 2018

OSEK/VDX, a development standard for automobiles, has now been widely adopted by automotive manufacturers for developing a vehicle‐mounted system. The ever increasing complexity of the system has created a challenge for ensuring the reliability of the developed OSEK/VDX applications in exhaustive way. Model checking as an exhaustive verification technique has attracted much attention in the automotive industry. To check OSEK/VDX applications by using model checking verification techniques, we have proposed a method based on SMT‐based bounded model checking. However, the method performs a poor efficiency in checking the OSEK/VDX applications that hold many loops, especially it is unable to deal with interruptions. In this paper, to apply model checking verification techniques to check a practical OSEK/VDX application, we develop and investigate an alterative approach based on the well‐known model checker Spin. In our Spin‐based approach, interruptions are taken into account, and moreover, 2 optimization strategies are used to boost the scalability and efficiency of the approach by reducing state space and accelerating bug detection. We have investigated the Spin‐based approach based on a series of experiments. The experimental results show that the approach is an impactful technique to verify the developed OSEK/VDX applications that hold a number of loops and interruptions.
Investigating the Potential Barrier Function of Nanostructured Materials Formed in Engineered Barrier Systems (EBS) Designed for Nuclear Waste Isolation
Authors: Cuevas Jaime , Ruiz Ana Isabel , Fernández Raúl
Published: February 2018

Clay and cement are known nano‐colloids originating from natural processes or traditional materials technology. Currently, they are used together as part of the engineered barrier system (EBS) to isolate high‐level nuclear waste (HLW) metallic containers in deep geological repositories (DGR). The EBS should prevent radionuclide (RN) migration into the biosphere until the canisters fail, which is not expected for approximately 103 years. The interactions of cementitious materials with bentonite swelling clay have been the scope of our research team at the Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM) with participation in several European Union (EU) projects from 1998 up to now. Here, we describe the mineral and chemical nature and microstructure of the alteration rim generated by the contact between concrete and bentonite. Its ability to buffer the surrounding chemical environment may have potential for further protection against RN migration.
Recent Progress in the Development of Conducting Polymer‐Based Nanocomposites for Electrochemical Biosensors Applications: A Mini‐Review
Authors: Naseri Maryam , Fotouhi Lida , Ehsani Ali
Published: February 2018

Among various immobilizing materials, conductive polymer‐based nanocomposites have been widely applied to fabricate the biosensors, because of their outstanding properties such as excellent electrocatalytic activity, high conductivity, and strong adsorptive ability compared to conventional conductive polymers. Electrochemical biosensors have played a significant role in delivering the diagnostic information and therapy monitoring in a rapid, simple, and low cost portable device. This paper reviews the recent developments in conductive polymer‐based nanocomposites and their applications in electrochemical biosensors. The article starts with a general and concise comparison between the properties of conducting polymers and conducting polymer nanocomposites. Next, the current applications of conductive polymer‐based nanocomposites of some important conducting polymers such as PANI, PPy, and PEDOT in enzymatic and nonenzymatic electrochemical biosensors are overviewed. This review article covers an 8‐year period beginning in 2010.
Exploration of Chinese SMEs' export development: The role of managerial determinants based on an adapted innovation‐related internationalization model
Authors: Yan Hongmin , Wickramasekera Rumintha , Tan Alvin
Published: February 2018

Over the past two decades, small to medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) in China have achieved rapid international development. Due to China's unique cultural and institutional environments, our understanding of the influence of managerial determinants on internationalization is still limited. This exploratory study takes the lens of the innovation model of internationalization to revisit the dynamic development of Chinese SMEs' export operations. Based on the four in‐depth case studies, the findings suggest that exports by Chinese SMEs are influenced by managerial perceptions such as negative country‐of‐origin effect and strict overseas quality standards. In addition, they show that both external and internal drivers act as “change agents” in their internationalization involvement. These findings will assist various stakeholders—government and export promotion agencies—to develop and deliver needs‐based supports and encourage nonexporters to participate in international operations.
Streams of data from drops of water: 21st century molecular microbial ecology
Authors: Clark Dave R. , Ferguson Robert M. W. , Harris Danielle N. , Matthews Nicholass Kirsty J. , Prentice Hannah J. , Randall Kate C. , Randell Luli , Warren Scott L. , Dumbrell Alex J.
Published: February 2018

Microorganisms are ubiquitous and represent a taxonomically and functionally diverse component of freshwater environments of significant ecological importance. The bacteria, archaea, and microbial eukarya in freshwater systems support a range of ecosystem processes and functions, including mediating all major biogeochemical cycles, and therefore regulate the flow of multiple ecosystem services. Yet relative to conspicuous higher taxa, microbial ecology remains poorly understood. As the anthropocene progresses, the demand for freshwater–ecosystem services is both increasing with growing human population density, and by association, increasingly threatened from multiple and often interacting stressors, such as climate change, eutrophication, and chemical pollution. Thus, it is imperative to understand the ecology of microorganisms and their functional role in freshwater ecosystems if we are to manage the future of these environments effectively. To do this, researchers have developed a vast array of molecular tools that can illuminate the diversity, composition, and activity of microbial communities. Within this primer, we discuss the history of molecular approaches in microbial ecology, and highlight the scope of questions that these methods enable researchers to address. Using some recent case studies, we describe some exemplar research into the microbial ecology of freshwater systems, and emphasize how molecular methods can provide novel ecological insights. Finally, we detail some promising developments within this research field, and how these might shape the future research landscape of freshwater microbial ecology.

This article is categorized under:

Water and Life > Methods

Water and Life > Nature of Freshwater Ecosystems
A Consensus‐Based Criterion Standard for the Requirement of a Trauma Team
Authors: Waydhas Christian , Baake Markus , Becker Lars , Buck Boris , Düsing Helena , Heindl Björn , Jensen Kai Oliver , Lefering Rolf , Mand Carsten , Paffrath T. , Schweigkofler Uwe , Sprengel Kai , Trentzsch Heiko , Wohlrath Bernd , Bieler Dan
Published: February 2018

Background

Trauma team activation (TTA) represents a considerable expenditure of trauma centre resources. It is mainly triggered by field triage criteria. The overall quality of the criteria may be evaluated based on the rate of over‐ and undertriage. However, there is no gold standard that defines which adult patients truly require a trauma team. The objective of this study was to develop consensus‐based criteria defining the necessity for a trauma team.

Methods

A consensus group was formed by trauma specialists experienced in emergency and trauma care with a specific interest in field triage and having previously participated in guideline development. A literature search was conducted to identify criteria that have already been used or suggested. The initial list of criteria was discussed in two Delphi round and two consensus conferences. The entire process of discussion and voting was highly standardized and extensively documented, resulting in a final list of criteria.

Results

Initially 95 criteria were identified. This was subsequently reduced to 20 final criteria to appropriately indicate the requirement for attendance of a trauma team. The criteria address aspects related to injury severity, admission to an intensive care unit, death within 24 h, need for specified invasive procedures, need for surgical and/or interventional radiological procedures, and abnormal vital signs within a defined time period.

Conclusions

The selected criteria may be applied as a tool for research and quality control concerning TTA. However, future studies are necessary to further evaluate for possible redundancy in criteria that may allow for further reduction in criteria.