bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rzut oka na współczesną włoską filozofię polityki, poczynając od La pensabilità del mondo Sebastiana Maffettonego
Authors: Sciuto Cinzia
Published: October 2020

The author presents a panorama of the contemporary Italian philosophy of politics, focusing, in particular, on a reflection on a global society. This ‘globalisation’ of philosophical and political reflection has been subjected to a sudden acceleration, beginning with 11 September 2001, a day which was a tragic demonstration of the global nature of the contemporary balance of forces. Never before had a single state waged war against a vaguely identified terrorist group of global reach, where only the name and the face of its elusive leader is known. The author familiarises the reader with the views of Sebastian Maffetone, who, with his Renaissance faith in the speculative mind, wants to make this world, which is itself chaotic, a reasoned, which is to say, a rational one. He places himself in the tradition of thought which leads from Kant, via Hegel, to John Rawls.
O rewolucji raz jeszcze
Authors: Markiewicz Barbara A.
Published: October 2020

As a starting point for considerations the author accepts that the concept of revolution has changed historically in a similar way as the concept of democracy. Initially democracy was limited to a certain reality and political system, but over time the concept has become synonymous with common good. It can be claimed that similar changes in meaning can be observed in the concept of revolution. However, as the trouble with its use in the media shows, the universal dimension of the concept of revolution does not apply to axiological and ideological layers. Therefore, it should be sought for elsewhere. The author suggests focusing on the technical side of the revolution rather than political ideas and values, as every revolution makes use of a specific technique for taking over power and establishing its own new form.
Działalność humanitarna – niesienie pomocy czy przemysł?
Authors: Szymoniczek Joanna
Published: October 2020

Helping is a natural human inclination, associated with a feeling of compassion and readiness to provide support as well as demonstration of empathy and solidarity. This inclination is born in man especially in the face of tragic disasters which, due to the wide media coverage, can mobilize the international community to take such measures. Still, the motivation to provide assistance is not always lofty. International aid is mainly provided to victims of the so-called sudden onset crises, i.e. catastrophes that occurred suddenly and unexpectedly, and their size is shocking. First of all, we help victims of spectacular, tragic events, because the media constantly report on them so that they become “attractive”. This gives rise to a question of humanitarian generosity. This article attempts to analyse the motivations that may guide international donors in their humanitarian activities.
Ludobójcze mikroby i pustynie. O latourowskiej pokusie w genocide studies
Authors: Nijakowski Lech M.
Published: October 2020

The dominant approach in genocide studies focuses on the intentions and motives of mass murderers. However, in many cases, natural phenomena, pathogens and machines determine the nature and course of genocidal mobilization. The aim of this article is to present the advantages of the actor-network theory (ANT) in explaining genocidal mobilization, taking into account environmental factors. “Natural objects” have been selected from a rich catalogue of non-human actors. The author divides these objects into three classes, showing that pathogens (associated with “the asymmetry of resistance” of victims and perpetrators) and deserts are of key importance in the history of collective violence. Referring to specific cases (in particular, the conquest and colonization of the Americas and Australia, the genocide of the Herero and Nama peoples, the Armenian genocide, Shoah), the author identifies that adopting the assumptions and methods of ANT reveals new aspects of the genocidal process. This indicates the need for considering the politics of non-human actors, delegating morality and law, tracking consecutive translations, rejecting the division into qualitatively different micro- and macro-actors, and tracking the emergence of new actants and forms of knowledge during genocide.
Czy wojna nowego typu może być sprawiedliwa?
Authors: Nogal Agnieszka
Published: October 2020

The thesis of this article is that the just war theory must be reformulated in such a way that it can be applied to new types of wars. Today, there has been a theoretical shift when discussing the nature of war, encompassing both a change in language and a practical shift. The theoretical shift has brought about a crisis regarding the idea of sovereignty as the notion that orders both internal and international relations. Consequently, other concepts related to the theme of sovereignty have lost their relevance. On the other hand, due to the practical shift, war has been redefined as “a new type of war”. War has become a not entirely overt confrontation of forces supported by various, not always explicit sides in the conflict. The legal aspects of war, responsibility for war and future visions of peace cannot be considered without a sovereign power, a political community and a hierarchy. To date, the just war theory has been the basis of international law concerning war. Contemporary international relations and armed conflicts cannot be governed by the laws of war and ordered by the just war theory. An alternative is therefore emerging: the basis of martial law can be discarded or the just war theory can be reformulated. However, it must be reformulated in such a way that it takes into account the changes that have occurred with respect to sovereignty and forms of political community.
Trzy spojrzenia na kultury polityczne, kulturę obywatelską i obywatelstwo
Authors: Mach Bogdan W. , Manterys Aleksander
Published: October 2020

This paper discusses three research perspectives on political culture, civic culture and citizenship: the classic approach of Almond and Verba; contemporary analyses of citizenship referring to the book Civic Culture by Almond and Verba and oriented to the empirical description of social reality; and theoretical analyses of new relational sociology, oriented to the ontology and epistemology of social reality. The authors’ analysis leads to two conclusions. Firstly, it is necessary to combine these three approaches – relational social theory with empirical analyses departing from methodological individualism. This requires conducting an empirical analysis, where the basic ‘analytical units’ – of collection, interpretation and generalization of data – are not separate but combined by relations and networks within which people act. Secondly, Edmund Wnuk-Lipiński’s statements are the best starting point for conducting such a new research programme. What is decisive is his systematic, theoretical interest in contemporary agency theories and relationality of citizenship, combined with innovative application of quantitative methods.
Pojęcie „kultury politycznej” w wybranych współczesnych teoriach politologicznych a perspektywa filozofii polityki
Authors: Danielewicz Patryk
Published: October 2020

The main goal of this article is to show diverse approaches in political culture and some of the problems arising from this, as well as to point out the differences between the two perspectives – theories of political science and political philosophy. The author starts by analysing the classic definition of political culture developed by Gabriel Almond and presents the critique of this definition. He also describes a new approach proposed by researchers, such as Władysław Markiewicz, Andrzej W. Jabłoński and Zbigniew Blok. The main problem with Almond’s concept – as the political scientists indicate – is that it is of little relevance for empirical studies. The researchers try to make this concept more useful as a research tool for examining political reality. On the other hand, Cezary Kościelniak and Janusz Wiśniewski attempt to define political culture in political philosophy’s terms. Their intention is to make this concept work as a counterfactual conceptualization of political reality.
Poprawność polityczna w liberalnej kulturze politycznej – szansa na porozumienie czy hipokryzja władzy?
Authors: Turkot Marta
Published: October 2020

Political correctness as a norm of behaviour in liberal political culture is criticized as a sophisticated type of modern censorship, or stronger, as an ideological tool in the hands of part of Western political and cultural elites. Nonetheless, it appears to play important and necessary functions in a democratic system. Even if we agree that political correctness is cynical and hypocritical by nature, it does not lose its value. Its ambiguous potential can be creatively used, particularly in the areas of public discourse, deliberation and public debate, but also in other important spheres of liberal political culture and, more broadly, the democratic political system.
Kultura polityczna a władza i zarządzanie. Kulturalizm szkoły z Birmingham i koncepcja kultury organizacyjnej
Authors: Borzym Katarzyna
Published: October 2020

This article assesses cultural studies and the concept of organizational culture. Cultural studies, created at the University of Birmingham, focused mostly on the analysis of culture and its connections to authority. The Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CCCS) created its own approach to hegemony, describing it as an interaction between elites and the power-deprived rest of the society. However, this situation is widely accepted and based on common agreement. CCCS used the theory of structuralism in order to obtain further insights to the origins of culture. The author also describes the theory of organizational culture in order to present the culture of an enterprise as a way for national culture to manifest itself. In addition to this, an attempt is made to look at the organizational culture from the point of view of hegemony.
Etyka gościnności / gościnność etyki
Authors: Markowska Barbara
Published: October 2020

This article contains an analysis of the concept of hospitality as defined in the thinking of Jacques Derrida, who applies the concept of an unsolvable aporia. Thinking about the ethics of hospitality takes place between the right (to) hospitality described by Kant, and the decision to open up to the Other, revealing the infinite hospitality of ethics. Questions posed by Derrida result from a combination of two different traditions of  thought: first, how to reconcile Kantian universal law with the particularity of political thinking, and second, how to introduce unconditional hospitality into a project of global governance. The author traces the efforts made to intersect the Kantian universalism with Lévinas’s ethical vision. She also analyses how this hospitality may refer to the (cosmo)political practice that is governed by general laws.
Obcy w świecie liberalnej utopii
Authors: Haremska Katarzyna
Published: October 2020

According to international conventions, everyone can leave his or her country and choose a country in which he or she wishes to live. This opportunity, however, raises some doubts. Are emigrants’ rights to choose their own state accompanied by the state’s obligation to accept them? Do the hosts have any duties with respect to strangers? To what conclusions does the dialectic of mutual rights lead in this regard? How does one resolve the conflict of conflicting values, interests and emotions felt by free individuals on both sides of the border? The author searches for answers to these questions from the perspective of the individual  perspective. She refers to Robert Nozick’s concept of liberal utopia as being representative of individualism. This allows for the formulation of two conditions of citizenship as pre-selection criteria for immigrants.
Myśl zła
Authors: Graczyk Piotr
Published: October 2020

The aim of this essay is to show Cezary Wodziński to be a thinker of evil. First, I discuss the difference between a thinker and a scientist. The latter develops various abstract ideas. The former produces literature as a kind of protective coating against a single destructive and dangerous thought which is haunting him. The thought that was haunting Cezary Wodziński is the idea that the being itself is evil. Since the thought of being is also a part of this, it inevitably participates in the malice of existence. According to Wodziński, the 20th century was the epoch characterized by the epiphany of evil. Thinking is not innocent in the face of this epiphany. This thesis has important political implications. Both the affirmation and the critique of the existing political order appear to be tainted with evil.
Od Berberów do Amazighe, czyli ukształtowanie się nowoczesnej tożsamości berberskiej
Authors: Vorbrich Ryszard
Published: October 2020

The Berbers, an indigenous people of North Africa, belong to the group of “nations without a state.” For centuries, they were marginalized by the Arab majority or manipulated by European colonizers. Since the mid-twentieth century in North Africa, a movement for a Berber and Pan-Berber identity has been growing strongly. The movement has disseminated the neologism “Amazigh” as the endoethnonim of this group of peoples. The process of building (creating) a Berber identity has been slightly different in Morocco (where the stabilizing role of the monarchy has been highlighted) and in Algeria (where it has taken more violent forms). With the rise of Berber self-awareness in North Africa and the activity of the Berber diaspora in Europe (mainly in France), civil society organizations (associations) were established in Morocco and Algeria to defend the rights of the Berber minority. After many attempts and despite the resistance of Arab elites the Berber language and culture were recognized by the state authorities as equivalent to the Arabic component of the Algerian and Moroccan identity. State institutions (the Institut royal de la culture Amazighe–the IRCAM–in Morocco, and the Haut Commissariat à l’Amazighité–the HCA–in Algeria) were established for the revitalization of the Berber culture and language (tamazight).
Niemiecka wizja miejsca Rosji w multipolarnym świecie
Authors: Madajczyk Piotr
Published: October 2020

The commonly held truth is that the attitude of German society and the German elite to Russia is different to the attitude of Poland. This is not entirely true because due to Russian policy, the Germans have become more critical of Russia in the twenty-first century than before. Germany, however, pursues a more global policy than Poland. As Russia and Germany are of great significance in Polish politics, it is important to question the German vision of Russia’s place in today’s multipolar world. This is all the more important given that Germany, as the strongest country in Europe and the one that stabilized the euro zone, has difficulty in defining its role in the international arena. It is only as a result of the recent debate about the hybrid war, that Germany has overcome its unilateral geo-economic perception of the world. It is clear that the Germans are facing a new challenge, which they have not been prepared for.
Polityka RFN wobec Rosji – szanse i zagrożenia dla Europy i świata w XXI wieku
Authors: Fiszer Józef M.
Published: October 2020

This article presents the policy of the united Germany towards Russia, its underpinnings and its positive and negative effects on Europe and the world in the twenty-first century. The author questions the objectives and consequences of this policy for Germany, Russia and Europe. He tries to answer the questions of whether there will be another Rapallo and whether Russia and Germany will try to play a dominant role in Europe. Does the cooperation of Germany and Russia contribute to peace in Europe and Euro-Atlantic relations? Will the position of Germany in the EU increase after Brexit? This is not an easy task, given the complex and dynamic situation in the world and the difficult socio-political and economic situation of contemporary Russia, as well as the enormity of the tasks that the country needs to perform to become a modern, strong, well-managed, democratic and peaceful power. Russia has long been assisted by Germany in this process, a country which today is the undisputed leader in Europe and plays an increasingly important role in the world.The main thesis of this article is that the way to a new democratic and multipolar global order is still very long and that Germany – mindful of history and the tragic experience – will not return to the policy of cooperation with Russia, which would lead to a new division of Europe and the world. According to the author, Germany remembers the past and will therefore remain a democratic country and an important link in the Euro-Atlantic system. Furthermore, Russia will also become a democratic, peaceful state and an important actor in a new, multipolar global order. This will happen after it liberates itself from the rule of Vladimir Putin. This will not happen quickly unless Russia faces an economic disaster and the eruption of social discontent (Euromaidan on the Red Square), which forces Vladimir Putin to leave the political scene.
Trzecia Rzesza wobec Romów i Sinti – w kręgu rasizmu i ludobójstwa
Authors: Krzyżanowski Piotr Jacek
Published: October 2020

The Third Reich’s policy towards the Sinti and Roma people was based on racist theories claiming the superiority of the German nation over other nations. The rule of the National Socialists in Germany systematically eliminated the Sinti and Roma people from all areas of public life. They were regarded as a socially unassimilated group prone to criminal activity. Consequently, the Roma and Sinti people were refused the right to live and were subject to compulsory sterilisation and systematic extermination during World War II. It was in German-occupied Poland that the extermination was carried out to the greatest extent. Losses among the Roma and Sinti people have not been precisely estimated yet. Approximately at least 250,000 lost their lives in ghettos, concentration camps and outside the camps.
Od przyjaźni nakazanej do współpracy partnerskiej. Kontakty Wrocławia i Drezna w ramach współpracy miast na przestrzeni siedemdziesięciu lat
Authors: Świder Małgorzata
Published: October 2020

The article shows the evolution of the contacts between Wrocław and Dresden within the framework of city partnership agreements against the background of the general state of Polish-German relations. It also mentions activities taken as part of the second Wrocław-Wiesbaden partnership. Since the 1950s, there have been formal and extremely limited contacts between the authorities and political organisations of Dresden and Wrocław. With the passage of time and, above all, after the political changes in Poland and Germany and the signing of the Polish-German border treaty of 1990 and the Good Neighbourhood and Friendly Cooperation Agreement of 1991, these contacts have become more universal, thus increasing the attractiveness of the two partner cities.
Rosyjskie wpływy w Austrii po kryzysie na Ukrainie w 2014 roku
Authors: Andrzejewski Piotr
Published: October 2020

The author focuses on a multifaceted description of Russian influences in Austria. Firstly, he summarises the narrative that is being spread by institutions tied to Russia and then copied by Austrian mainstream media. Secondly, he focuses on institutional and personal connections with Russia, putting a special emphasis on the role played by the radical right in Austria.
Ewolucja polityki Federacji Rosyjskiej wobec Białorusi w kontekście wysiłków integracyjnych w ramach Państwa Związkowego
Authors: Słowikowski Michał
Published: October 2020

Despite expectations, 2019 did not bring a significant breakthrough in the existing model of Russian-Belarusian relations. The extreme scenario – Russia’s seizure of Belarus in the course of the process of ‘deeper integration’ is highly improbable. This is primarily because the Kremlin is not significantly determined to change the existing legal and international status of Belarus. Moreover, Belarus is determined to defend the bilateral relations with Russia formed in the mid-1990s and does not accept the Kremlin’s proposals regarding ‘deeper integration’, which mean limiting its sovereignty. Belarus is determined to defend itself against Russia’s demands, which paradoxically increases the level of social legitimacy of Lukashenko’s authoritarian rule. Russia has a wide set of negative tools to influence Minsk (energy blackmail, destabilisation of the political and socio-economic situation), but it has no positive tools. There is also a noticeable lack of internal coherence in the Russian power camp with respect to the future of Belarus. Russia is interested in changing the current model of the bilateral relations in terms of limiting financial losses resulting from the generous subsidy of the Belarusian economy and Minsk’s disregard for existing obligations in the area of customs and taxation. However, Moscow intends to achieve this goal neither by seizing Belarus nor by destabilising the Belarusian political regime. The issue of ‘deeper integration’ of both countries was, from the very beginning, clearly related to other problems that cast a shadow on Russian-Belarusian relations. Therefore, it should be assumed that Russia’s intention was to use a ‘tax maneuver’ to force Belarus to negotiate in the sphere of finance, economy and compliance with Russian customs and tax standards. The most likely scenario for the development of Russian-Belarusian relations assumes maintaining the existing model of relations but, from now on, Belarus will be deprived of a significant part of the ‘integration rent’.
Nation-building oraz nation-preserving w Polsce w dobie transformacji i integracji europejskiej
Authors: Grosse Tomasz Grzegorz
Published: October 2020

The aim of the article is to show the centuries-old tradition of Polish elites working for nation-building and nation-preserving purposes. It dates back to at least the 18th century. The nation-preserving formula was developed in the 19th century, that is, during the partitions, when the Polish nation did not have its own statehood. In the first part of the article, I describe the specificity of Poles’ historical experiences, primarily after the partitions that took place at the end of the 18th century. I try to indicate three main approaches to nation-building (and nation-preserving) activities during this period. In the next part of the article, I try to show that this tradition lasted during the period of political transformation and European integration. While the nation-building approach, related to the reconstruction of sovereign statehood, democracy and a political nation, was dominant in the first case, the nation-preserving policy was observed more often, especially among the right-wing elites, after joining the EU, primarily due to the experiences of subsequent European crises.
Teoria ról jako metoda badania miast podzielonych granicą
Authors: Brzezińska Monika Maria
Published: October 2020

The problem of divided cities is not new, yet it must be admitted that the political science approach is a defi nite minority among numerous, primarily geographical and historical approaches. This article contains a review of the current achievements and the state of research in this area, and also indicates the most popular methods, theories and topics that enjoy the greatest research interest, while highlighting their strengths and weaknesses.  It also offers a slightly different approach to the problems of divided cities, including an analysis of their international potential considered from the perspective of role theory. This approach treats divided cities as entities building their own power (based primarily on soft power), assuming, however, that the capabilities of each of the ‘twin’ parts of a city are different and not necessarily symmetrical for various reasons.
Zgorzelec–Görlitz oraz Gubin–Guben jako Euromiasta
Authors: Pajdała-Kusińska Izabela
Published: October 2020

The study is an attempt to analyse the specifi cs of border twin cities using the examples of the European cities Gubin/Guben and Zgorzelec/Görlitz. The analysis of the features and characteristics resulting from the location and genesis of the divided cities as well as the confrontation of the ideas and practice of the twin cities allows for the comparison of implemented cross-border initiatives and projects. Social moods conditioned by the internal policies of the neighbouring countries, as well as cultural and social ‘boundaries’ in the period of both closed and open borders are also important in this aspect. The historical and contemporary history of the cities in question show the main determinants of processes taking place in the divided cities, such as geopolitical transformations, systemic transformation, the reunification of Germany and institutional cooperation producing tools for European integration.
ORAL MIFEPRISTONE AS A LABOUR INDUCING CERVICAL PRIMING AGENT
Authors: Mareeswari M. , Damayanthi Damayanthi
Published: October 2020

INTRODUCTION: Mifepristone is a 19 nor-Steroid, progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. During onset of spontaneous labour, there will be fall in the progesterone level, which is one of the most important event. Oral mifepristone progestational antagonist may be useful in induction of labour.

AIM: To study the effectiveness and safety of Mifepristone as a cervical priming agent for induction of labour by comparing the effect of mifepristone in study group with a control group of same size and to determine the Maternal and fetal outcome.

METHODOLOGY: This prospective clinical trial was carried out in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, K.A.P.V Medical college & Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Trichy during the period of June 2015 to November 2016 in 100 patients divided into study and control group equally.

RESULTS: In this study, study population comprised of 100 patients with equal number of patients in the study and control group. There were no significant statistical differences between the treatment groups in demographics or medical or obstetrics history. Age distribution is also not statistically significant (p>0.05) Hence both the groups are comparable. The difference in distribution of the study population according to parity was not statistically significant (p>0.05) between the groups. Subjects in the Mifepristone group were not so different from subjects in placebo group with the respect to Bishop score at baseline as the mean difference is not statistically significant (p>0.05). However, Subjects in the Mifepristone group had a higher Bishop score after 24 hours than subjects in placebo group and this mean difference is statistically significant. Subjects in the Mifepristone group progressed about 6 hours (mean difference) earlier than subjects in placebo group to active stage of labor and this difference is statistically significant. Also the use of oral mifepristone shortened the duration from induction to active stage ranging from 5 hours to 7 hours based on the 95% confidence interval. Subjects in the Mifepristone group progressed to delivery in about 7 hours (mean difference) earlier than subjects in placebo group and this difference is statistically significant.

CONCLUSION: From the study we conclude that mifepristone as a labour inducing cervical ripening agent had a better proven efficacy especially in primigravida women as similarly proved by various other earlier standard trials. The results from the studies are encouraging with no significant adverse effects on mother and fetus.
USING THE CORRECT SIZE OF AMPLATZ SHEATH DURING PERCUTANEOUS NEPHROLITHOTOMY – A NOVEL METHOD.
Authors: Goel Rahul
Published: October 2020

Purpose- To choose appropriate size Amplatz sheath, during percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) based on retrograde nephrogram (RGP).
Material and methods -Standard PCNL ,in prone position ,was performed in 20 patients. All patients had placement of Amplatz sheath based on retrograde nephrostogram study, all patients after surgery had nephrostomy tube for draining collecting system. The preoperative and postoperative renal parameters ,hemoglobin ,mean operating time and mean hospitalisation stay was measured.
Results- There was no significant difference in the pre and postoperative hemoglobin and creatinine levels . Median operating time was 60.5 mins (45 to 98 mins).The median hospitalisation stay was 4.6 days( 3 to 7 days).There was no intraoperative pelvic wall or infundibular injury.
Conclusion- Choosing correct size Amplatz sheath decreases the incidence of bleeding and renal function impairment.
ROLE OF DIFFERENT CRITERIA IN OUTCOME ANALYSIS OF MANAGEMENT OF GAP NON-UNION
Authors: Maji Nirjhar
Published: October 2020

Back ground and objectives
Gap or Defect non-union is not uncommon in Orthopaedic practice. Management involves prolonged periods of tedious procedures and decision making. The endpoint of such management does not reveal itself as a well-defined point. Follow ups must include some analysable outcome which should have a standardised criteria-based endpoint.
A well-aligned, painless, noninfected, and functional limb is the goal of treatment.
The objective of this study is to understand the role of different criterion to understand whether the goal has been reached.
Summary
The study is designed as retrospective, prospective observational study. It is conducted in tertiary care hospital (MIOT Hospitals, Chennai).
Initial evaluation of all cases were done by Maurizio Catagni’s Classification. Type of surgeries, time spent in hospital, union time were calculated. Patients were followed up for a period of 1year.
Patients with average defect size of 6.29cm on an average underwent 4.47 procedures and for an overall time of 17.8 weeks with around 83.80 % of individuals were able to return to their preinjury activity level.
Analysis of the outcome was done by ASAMI bone criteria, ASAMI functional criteria, Cattneo et al criteria and Karstrom-Olerud’s functional evaluation criteria for lower limbs at onset of treatment, 6 months and 1 year of treatment,
DIABETES & MICROALBUMINURIA- A MULTI-SYSTEM DISEASE
Authors: Garbadu Nirmal
Published: October 2020

In diabetic patients, the presence of microalbumin in the urine is perhaps the most significant early signal for the onset of systemic vasculopathy and associated target organ damage viz., brain, heart, and kidneys1. Microalbuminuria is considered to be a predictor of the development of overt diabetic nephropathy in type 1 and 2 diabetes2. Diabetic patients are at considerable risk of either having or developing the renal disease and/or related cardiovascular diseases, usually starting with microalbuminuria often related to insulin resistance (or metabolic syndrome)1. Thus, microalbuminuria is a relatively common accompaniment of metabolic syndrome and the foremost predictor of renal disease as well as cardiovascular disease3,4. Hypertension and microalbuminuria often coexist in diabetic patients, and reducing blood pressure reduces microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes2. However, the relationship between hypertension and microalbuminuria in diabetes is complex. Furthermore, microalbuminuria is also associated with other inflammatory states, including rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Also, male sex and hormone replacement therapy in women seems to increase the susceptibility of a person to microalbuminuria, although the basis for this is yet not clear2.
RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN GASTRIC CARCINOMA.
Authors: Arunagirinathan Muruganantham , Mariappan Rekha , Magesh P.
Published: October 2020

BACK GROUND:
The incidence of gastric cancer is increasing worldwide, that presents with varied symptoms and signs. To diagnose gastric cancer in early stage we need to evaluate various clinical parameters and to grade the tumour we need to correlate with expression of P21 in tissue sample.
METHODS:
Clinical parameters like age, sex, symptoms & signs and tumour location of 50 patients were noted from the biopsy register and paraffin blocks with tumour of corresponding patients were evaluated for P21 expression by immunohistochemistry.
CONCLUSION:
In the present study, men were twice more commonly affected by gastric cancer than women. Most of the patients were aged above 50 years of age. P21 expression was found to be positive in most of the well differentiated grade and loss of P21 expression was noted in most of the poorly differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma.
Pengajaran Perkalian dan Pembagian dengan Metode Jarimatika
Authors: Khotimah Husnul , Permatasari Besse Intan , Ismiyati Nur
Published: October 2020

One of the subjects that requires planting concepts from an early age is mathematics. At school age, especially grade 3 students, the student's age has reached 9 to 10 years. Students at that age, among others, are happy with activity exercises and are happy with activities in the form of competitions. Based on this, learning should be packaged in the form of activities. At the elementary level, one of the materials that is the problem for students is multiplication and division. This material is basic in mathematics but it is often found that there are junior high school students who do not know the results of multiplication under 10. Jarimatika is a method for teaching addition, subtraction, multiplication and division to students, especially at the elementary level. Jarimatika is an abbreviation of finger and arithmetic. As the name implies, the media in this method are the fingers. Based on this community service activity, it can be concluded that the students are enthusiastic and happy with the teaching of multiplication and division with Jarimatika. In addition, students are motivated to answer questions from the teacher.
Features of the structure of the alveolar process in patients with gnatic form of mesial occlusion
Authors: Mallaeva A. B. , Drobysheva N. S.
Published: October 2020

Aim. To assess the size of the alveolar ridge / part of the jaws in patients with gnathic mesial occlusion of the dentition.

Materials and methods. A study was carried out, during which we determined the structural features of the alveolar ridge of the upper and lower jaws of 50 adult patients (from 18 to 44 years old), and also studied the presence / absence of the relationship of this parameter with the inclination of the teeth.

Results. The smallest thickness of the alveolar bone in the upper jaw was observed in the area of the mesio-buccal root of the first molars and in the area of the first premolars and canines. The smallest thickness of the alveolar bone in the lower jaw was observed in the area of the vestibular surface of the first and second premolars, canines and incisors. The greatest thickness of the alveolar bone is observed in the distal-buccal region of the second molars.

Conclusions. A natural mechanism promotes dentoalveolar compensation, while maintaining the amount of bone in the region of the vestibular and lingual alveolar bones to maintain the integrity of the periodontium.
Results of integrated treatment of herpetic stomatitis with the inclusion of lipid concentrate of ERYX biomass
Authors: Kamilov K. P. , Lukina G. I. , Shokirova F. A. , Sharipova G. I.
Published: October 2020

Aim. The study of the effectiveness of the use of the biologically active additive Reptin-plant in the complex treatment of patients with herpetic stomatitis.

Materials and methods. We examined 189 patients with a diagnosis of herpetic stomatitis, which were divided into 2 groups depending on the receipt of complex antiviral therapy with the inclusion of ERYX biomass lipid concentrate in the treatment regimen and without it. The following were assessed: clinical status, index assessment of the state of the oral cavity, state of local immunity, frequency of relapses and duration of the latency period.

Results. 57 (30.2%) patients were identified with a mild form of herpetic stomatitis (HS), the average severity of HS was determined in 93 (49.2%) and a severe course of the disease was diagnosed in 39 (20.6%) patients. Analysis of the index assessment of the state of the oral cavity (OHIS, PMA), molecular genetic parameters, immunological studies (lysozyme titer, phagocytosis, concentration of sIg A in saliva) showed a statistically significant difference when included in the complex treatment of Reptin-plant, demonstrating the benefits of using it.

Conclusions. The use of ERYX biomass lipid concentrate in the complex treatment of herpetic stomatitis effectively affects the dynamics of the course of the disease, improves the quality of life of patients.
Analysis of sodium hypochlorite effect on dentin structural components
Authors: Khabadze Z. S. , Generalova Ju. A. , Shubaeva V. S. , Ismailov F. R. , Nedashkovsky A. A. , Sheroziia M. G. , Khumgaeva Kh. R.
Published: October 2020

The aimof this review article is detailed analyzation of the effect of sodium hypochlorite on the structural components of dentin. This compound is one of the strongest antimicrobial medicines for root canal treatment. However, sodium hypochlorite in certain concentrations has a detrimental effect on dentin, which leads to the loss of its physicochemical properties.

Materials and methods.The study of publications was produced in the electronic databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed and ScienceDirect in the course of a systematic review of the literature. Included articles contain information about the on the effect of sodium hypochlorite on the structural components of dentin and the harmful effects of medicines for root canal treatment on organic elements.

Results.67 articles were viewed during the rview. After analyzing the literature for inclusion criteria, the total number of publications has become 43.

Conclusions. According to the literature, it can be assumed that an increase in sodium hypochlorite concentration and its exposure time can lead to depletion of dentin organic matrix, which in turn, is responsible for the root fracture.
Planning is the main success factor in obtaining a harmonious and minimally invasive result with direct anterior restorations after orthodontic treatment
Authors: Naidyonova O.
Published: October 2020

Orthodontic treatment may lead to the patients dissatisfaction with the anterior teeth microesthetics. This case report demonstrates the reasons of anterior direct restorations choice after digital mock-ups and patient compliance. The clinical procedures improved the patient's oral esthetics of teeth. At one week recall the general outlook of the maxillary anterior teeth was considered natural and esthetical. Clinically, restorations demonstrated no discolorations and dispolishing.
SOWING QUALITIES OF SEEDS AND PRODUCTIVITY OF NON-NARCOTIC VARIETY OF HEMP DEPENDING ON PRE-PLANTING CULTIVATION
Authors: Бакулова И.В. , Плужникова И.И. , Криушин Н.В.
Published: October 2020

Представлены результаты изучения влияния предпосевной обработки семян на растения конопли посевной с целью совершенствования технологии возделывания. Применение изучаемых препаратов положительно действовало на энергию прорастания, всхожесть и урожайность растений. В лабораторных условиях отмечено достоверное увеличение всхожести семян при применении препаратов Альбит, ТПС и Биокомплекс БТУ на 5,0 и 7,2 % на сорте Вера, при применении препаратов ТМТД, ВСК и Биокомплекс БТУ – на 5,2 и 5,0 % соответственно на сорте Надежда. В полевых условиях показатель всхожести увеличивался по сравнению с контролем на 4,2-5,6 % у сорта Вера и на 1,8-8,5 % у сорта Надежда. За годы исследований урожайность семян конопли посевной в результате применения протравителей по всем вариантам опыта изменялась на сорте Вера в пределах 0,78-0,96 т/га и 0,66-0,84 т/га на сорте Надежда. Наибольшая прибавка урожайности на сорте Вера отмечена на вариантах с предпосевной обработкой семян препаратами Бункер, ВСК, Лигногумат и Альбит, ТПС. На сорте Надежда установлена максимальная урожайность семян на вариантах с обработкой препаратами Бенорад, СП, Бункер, ВСК и Альбит, ТПС, прибавка урожайности составила 0,16-0,18 т/га или 24,2-27,3 % к контролю.

This work presents the results of studying the influence of pre-planting seed cultivation on hemp plants in order to improve the cultivation technology. The implementation of the studied drugs had a positive effect on the germinating power, germination and yield of plants. In laboratory conditions there was a significant increase in seed germination when using drugs Albit, TPS (liquid paste) and BTU Biocomplex 5.0 and 7.2 % for the variety Vera in the use of drugs TMTD, VSK and BTU Biocomplex – 5.2 and 5.0 %, respectively in the variety Nadezhda. In the field conditions, the germination rate increased by 4.2-5.6 % in the Vera variety and 1.8-8.5 % in the Nadezhda variety compared to the control. Over the years of research, the yield of hemp seeds, as a result of the use of disinfectants for all options of the experiment, changed on the Vera variety in the range of 0.78-0.96 t/ha and 0.66-0.84 t/ha on the Nadezhda variety. The greatest increase in yield on the Vera variety was noted in the options with pre-planting cultivation of seeds with Bunker, VSK, Lignohumate and Albit, TPS. On the Nadezhda variety, the maximum yield of seeds was set on options with cultivation with Benorad, SP, Bunker, VSK and Albit, TPS, the yield increase was 0.16-0.18 t/ha or 24.2-27.3 % to control.
THE ROLE OF HR AUDITING IN INCREASING THE LEVEL AND POTENTIAL OF HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
Authors: Shukhrat Sattarov
Published: October 2020

In the recent years, the world has undergone many positive changes and reforms in the field of human resource management and development. There is a growing tendency for organizations to view their employees as a revenue-generating resource. In this regard, changes are taking place in the world, especially in our country, and new terms are being used in the lexicon. Transitioning to a new stage of activity, open, transparent mechanisms of recruitment and hiring are being implemented.
Annihilator of Generalized Derivations with Power Values in Rings and Algebras
Authors: RAHAMAN Md Hamidur
Published: October 2020

Let $\mathcal{F}, \mathcal{G}$ be two  generalized derivations of prime ring $\mathcal{R}$ with characteristic different from 2 with associated derivations $d_1$ and $d_2$ respectively. We use the symbols  $\mathcal{C}=\mathcal{Z(U)}$ and  $\mathcal{U}$ to denote the  the extended centroid of $R$ and Utumi ring of quotient of $\mathcal{R}$ respectively. Let $0\neq a \in \mathcal{R}$ and $\mathcal{F}$ and $\mathcal{G}$ satisfy $a\{(\mathcal{F}(xy)+\mathcal{G}(yx))^m-[x,y]^n\}=0$ for all $x, y\in \mathcal{J}$, a nonzero ideal, where $m$ and $n$ are natural numbers. Then either $\mathcal{R}$ is commutative or there exists $c$, $b\in \mathcal{U}$ such that $\mathcal{F}$(x) = cx and $\mathcal{G}$(x) = bx for all x ∈ R.
Some Properties of Generalized Frank Matrices
Authors: MERSİN Efruz Özlem , BAHŞİ Mustafa , MADEN Ayşe Dilek
Published: October 2020

In this paper, we first introduce a new generalization of Frank matrix. Then, we examine its algebraic structure, determinant, inverse, LU decomposition and characteristic polynomial...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
THE URBAN BUBBLE PROCESS IN SPAIN: AN INTERPRETATION FROM THE THEORY OF THE CIRCUITS OF CAPITAL
Authors: LOIS GONZÁLEZ Rubén C. , PIÑEIRA MANTIÑÁN María José , VIVES MIRÓ Sònia
Published: October 2020

Urbanization in Spain has advanced rapidly in the last twenty years or so. The phenomenon was particularly pronounced in the period spanning 1990-2007, when the construction of housing on a mass scale was a clear indicator of the second circuit of capital accumulation, with space playing a key role through the work of David Harvey. This led to a property bubble – one of the defining features of the economic and financial crisis in Spain between 2008 and 2013. In this contribution to the subject, we analyse the factors that triggered unchecked speculative urban growth in the context of the financialization of land. In tandem, our conclusions present the new resulting urban and metropolitan map of Spain, which is now characterized by uneven levels of occupancy among regions.
INTRA-URBAN SPATIAL CHANGES AMONG WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN BUCHAREST (ROMANIA) DURING ECONOMIC TRANSITION (1992-2002)
Authors: KOBAYASHI Audrey , GAVRIȘ Alexandru , IANOȘ Ioan
Published: October 2020

Women entrepreneurs in Bucharest, Romania, increased by six times (compared to five times for men) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses, during a period of transition from a centrally planned to a market economy. A study of over 150 territory referential units shows a concentration of business women in central, high income areas and a correlation between the entrepreneurial status and education. Data from 50 telephone interviews show that women with university degrees are more likely to operate at a city-wide or national scale, in fields such as cosmeticology, consultancy, law, design, art, and manufacturing. Women without higher education tend to operate at a local, smaller scale. Both spatial concentration and education have an impact upon business behaviour.
HIGH-SPEED RAILWAY AND TOURISM: IS THERE AN IMPACT ON INTERMEDIATE CITIES? EVIDENCE FROM TWO CASE STUDIES IN CASTILLA-LA MANCHA (SPAIN)
Authors: VÁZQUEZ VARELA Carmen , MARTÍNEZ NAVARRO José M.
Published: October 2020

The expectations of cities served by High Speed Rail are numerous. Improvements in a destination’s accessibility could lead to an increase in transport demand and the revitalization of urban and business tourism. However, High Speed Rail services do not automatically affect the choice of destination even if they improve accessibility. Even so, they can improve visitation rates when tourist amenities are located near High Speed Rail stations becoming therefore easily accessible. The development of tourism is also influenced by the collective strategies of local stakeholders. Larger cities also appear able to leverage higher tourist volumes from the construction of High Speed Rail and most analyses to date have focused upon them. Thus we focus here on how the arrival of High Speed Rail services has impacted tourism on medium sized cities. Using a diachronic study of different socio-economic variables and tourist features, this article analyses the impact that the new rail infrastructure can have on tourism in two selected cases in Spain: Cuenca and Toledo.
ECONOMIC MEASUREMENT OF OPTIMAL CITY SIZE: THE CASE OF WEST SUMATRA, INDONESIA
Authors: Sjafrizal  , Suhairi  , Winarno  , WAU Taosige
Published: October 2020

This is an empirical study of economic measurement of the optimal size of seven cities in West Sumatra region, Indonesia. The empirical findings are quite interesting since the calculated optimal city size does not result in a single measure as mostly previous studies found, but they vary in accordance with the economic approaches used. The optimal city size measured by using the maximum profit approach would have been larger in size compared to those measured by the minimum cost and maximum net benefit approaches. Meanwhile, the cities measured by using the maximum net benefit have larger size than those of the minimum cost. Unlike previous studies, the measurement of optimal city size in this study is performed in terms of population density rather than the total population, in order to consider the influence of land area to the optimal city size. Moreover, by using the population density, the optimal city size becomes a relative index which enables us to compare it with the related size in other regions.