bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
El control de las prácticas escolares en la educación primaria Hondureña (1882-1899)
Authors: García Lainez Andrés Eduardo
Published: April 2018

A partir de 1876, Honduras comienza a escribir una nueva página de su historia: la Reforma liberal (1876-1905) con el gobierno de Marco Aurelio Soto, que inicia el proceso de modernización del Estado hondureño, formando parte de la ola de gobiernos reformadores que surgieron en Latinoamérica durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. Las transformaciones en el ámbito educativo durante ese periodo tuvieron como fin primordial desarrollar una praxis educativa basada en el sistema positivo propuesto por el ideólogo de dicha reforma, el doctor Ramón Rosa, a través del primer Código de Instrucción Pública de 1882. En este contexto, el objetivo del presente artículo fue analizar, desde la perspectiva foucaultiana, las formas de control escolar por medio de la exploración de normativas presentes en el primer Código de Instrucción Pública y su articulación con las prácticas escolares desarrolladas en la educación primaria hondureña entre 1882 y 1899, visualizadas en los informes de los directores generales de instrucción primaria y los inspectores de instrucción. De este ejercicio resultan cuatro categorías iniciales para reflexionar sobre la educación hondureña en las últimas dos décadas del siglo XIX: ejercicio docente, los métodos de enseñanza, la disciplina y la evaluación escolar.
Praxis didáctica inglesa y tecnología educativa alemana en el estado soberano de Santander
Authors: Pérez Pinzón Luis Rubén
Published: April 2018

Los modelos de desarrollo europeo y las iniciativas económicas de los empresarios alemanes influenciaron las innovaciones educativas y didácticas del Estado de Santander (1857-1886), las cuales se adoptaron como el sistema educativo a seguir en los Estados Unidos de Colombia. En el artículo se analizan las causas de la sustitución del método lancasteriano por el pestalozziano, los aportes educativos de pedagogos como Victoriano Paredes y Dámaso Zapata, así como los efectos de la Misión Pedagógica Alemana. Finalmente, se demuestra el papel instruccionista que tuvieron recursos tecnológicos como los periódicos didácticos, los libros especializados de los pedagogos y los manuales didácticos para el uso de los maestros en sus aulas de clase conforme al ideario radical.
Aspirin Dosis Rendah Efektif Menurunan Resistensi Arteri Uterina yang Abnormal pada Ibu Hamil Usia Kehamilan 16-24 Minggu
Authors: Rachmi Rachmi , Sulistyono Agus
Published: April 2018

Objectives: To measure the thickness of elastin fibres on vaginal wall of patients with POP anterior and then analyse the correlation of this measurement with the degree of POP anterior.Materials and Methods: This research is an observational analytic study. Data collection was conducted with a cross sectional approach on 28 blocks paraffin of vaginal wall taken from POP anterior patients of whom went through an operation in Dr. Soetomo Hospital of Surabaya. Data was divided into four groups: degree 0/I , II, III and IV respectively (n = 7). Immunohistochemical staining was performed with antibodies elastin. Afterward, the thickness of the elastin fibres was measured by utilizing a microscope with a Leica Application Suite (LAS) software.Results: We found significant differences in the mean of thickness of elastin fibres in each group of patients with degrees of anterior POP 0/I , II , III and IV respectively 0,81 + 0,14 µm; 1,63 + 0,19 µm; 2,47 + 0,26µm and 3,19 + 0,36 µm (p < 0,0001 ). Based on Pearson correlation test, the results shows a correlation coefficient r = 0.965 (p < 0,0001).Conclusion: The thickness of elastin fibre on vaginal wall increased as the degree of POP anterior arise. Increased in the thickness of elastin fibers on the vaginal walls was the result from extracellular matriks remodelling on vaginal wall of anterior POP patient.
Pengaruh Monoklonal Antibodi Bovine Zona Pelusida 3 (bZP3) terhadap Diameter dan Atresia Folikel Ovarium Mencit (Mus musculus)
Authors: Trissatharra Annisa , Dwiningsih Sri Ratna , Munir Ratna Sofaria
Published: April 2018

Objectives: To identify the effect of monoclonal antibody bZP3 at ovarian follicles that undergo atresia and diameter of various ovarian follicles.Materials and Methods: This is a true experimental research with post only control group design. Samples were 36 female mices (Mus musculus) which is divided into 6 groups, there are 3 control groups (group 1, 2, and 3) injected by Phospatase Buffer Saline (PBS) 50µl and 3 treatment groups (group 4, 5, and 6) injected by Mab bZP3 50µl. Group 1 and 4 terminated at 5th day, group 2 and 5 terminated at 10th day, and group 3 and 6 terminated at 20th day. Evaluation of atretic ovarian follicles and diameter of ovarian follicles performed by hematoxylin eosin (HE) and the data processed by parametric statistic.Results: There are no significant in different among groups in the aspect of atretic follicles and diameter of folicles (p>0.05), but descriptively, number of follicles undergo atresia of the follicle primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment group was higher than the control group, except on the 20th day of observation time.Conclusion: administration of Mab bZP3 had no effect to amount of atretic follicles and diameter of folicles during observation time.
Profile of patients with post partum hemorrhage in Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya, January 2011 - December 2013
Authors: Azyati Mazaya , Akbar M. Aldika , Sudarno Sudarno
Published: April 2018

Objectives: To recognize profile of patients with post partum haemorrhage in Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya, from January 2011 to December 2013.Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive study using secondary data from medical records of patients with postpartum hemorrhage at Dr. Soetomo Hospital in January 2011 - December 2013. Age, parity, origin, amount of hemoglobin, cause of postpartum hemorrhage, mode of delivery, and transfusion data patients were all recorded.Results: Result of this study were patient’s age, parity, origin, hemoglobin, cause of postpartum haemorrhage, mode of delivery, and transfusion data. From 202 cases, 131 patients (64.85%) were 20 – 35 years old, 134 patients (66.34%) were multipara, 84 patients (41.58%) were from private practice midwife, 70 patients’ (34.65%) hemoglobin were <8 gr%, 63 patients (31.19%) post partum haemorrhage caused by retained placenta, 164 patients (81.20%) labored with spontaneous way, and 131 patients (64.85%) did not receive transfusion.Conclusions: Most of the patients with postpartum hemorrhage were 20-35 years, multiparas, from private practice midwives, came with haemoglobin level <8 gr%, caused by retained placenta, delivered with spontaneous way, and did not receive transfusion.
Effect of pregnant women’s knowledge and therapy regimentation towards compliance in consuming iron (Fe) tablets and anemia degree in South Kediri Public Health Center year 2016
Authors: Anggraini Dina Dewi , Purnomo Windhu , Trijanto Bambang
Published: April 2018

Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the influence of knowledge and regimentation of pregnant women consume tablets therapy adherence iron (Fe) and anemia in pregnant women in the South Regional Health Center Kediri.Materials and Methods: This study used observational analytic with cross sectional design. The population consisted of 63 third trimester pregnant women and samples taken were 34 third trimester pregnant women who have received 90 tablets of iron (Fe), with a simple random sampling technique. Data obtained from questionnaires, books Maternal and Child Health, and in-depth interviews. Data analysis was performed using ordinal regression and logistic regression.Results: There was an effect of knowledge of pregnant women on adherence to consume tablets of iron (Fe), there is no influence regimentation of therapy on adherence to consume tablets of iron (Fe), and no effect of compliance sufficient to consume tablets of iron (Fe) against anemia in pregnant women (p=0.012). Conclusion: The higher the level of knowledge possessed by pregnant women, pregnant women, the more it tends to stick to consume tablets of iron (Fe) during pregnancy. And no regimentation of therapeutic effect on adherence to consume tablets of iron (Fe) in pregnant women.
M1 M2 macrophage expression in menstrual blood flakes of women with endometriosis
Authors: Haslinda Yulisa , Sa’adi Ashon , Hendarto Hendy , Hoesin Faroek
Published: April 2018

Objectives: to measure and prove the increase of panmacrophage, macrophages M1 and M2 expression and decrease of ratio of M1/M2 in menstrual blood flakes of women with endometriosis. Materials and Methods: This study was a cross sectional observational analytic study conducted on 30 subjects with endometriosis and non-endometriosis. Immunohistochemical staining was done on a sample of menstrual blood flakes of subjects study who were taken at the second or third day of menstrual cycles with CD68 and CD163 antibody to measure the expression of panmacrophage and M2 macrophages. Expression of M1 macrophages is the approach of a reduction expression of panmacrophage with M2 macrophages.Results: Expression of  M1, M2 and the ratio M1/M2 in the both of groups had a normal distribution then continued by independent t-test with one-tailed α (0.05). Probability was considered statistically significant at p <0.05 with a confidence interval of 95%. Based on the statistical result, Mφ macrophage expression in endometriosis and control group amounted to 3.62 ± 0.50 and 2.80 ± 0.64 (p =0.0005) with non parametric test. The expression of M1 macrophages in endometriosis group and non endometriosis were respectively 1.40 ± 0.35 and 1.33 ± 0.40 (p =0.3005) and the expression of M2  in both of group, respectively of 2.23 ± 0.41 and 1.47 ± 0.36 (p =0.0005). The ratio of M1/M2, the endometriosis group and non endometriosis, respectively of 0.65 ± 0.20 and 0.92 ± 0.24 (p =0.0015).Conclusion: this study were significant increased in the panmacrophage Mφ, M2 macrophages expression on a woman's menstrual blood flakes endometriosis and significant decreased in ratio M1/M2 in the woman's menstrual blood flakes endometriosis.
Influence of prenatal class to the practice of P4K (Birth Planning and Prevention of Birth Complication)
Authors: Faiza Robitha , Notobroto Hari Basuki , Trijanto Bambang , Soedirham Oedojo , Yusuf Ah. , Halim Kusuma
Published: April 2018

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the influence of prenatal class to the practice of P4K (Birth Planning And Prevention Of Birth Complication).Materials and Methods: This study applied analytical survey with cross sectional approach. The number of samples taken was as many as 30 mothers, using simple random sampling. Analysis of data was carried out using ordinal wilcoxon sign rank test. Datas were obtained from interviews and questionnaire.Result: The influence of prenatal class to practice of P4K (Birth Planning and Prevention of Birth Complication) (p = 0,0000). Conclusion: Prental class can influence to practic of P4K.
Genotype of human papilloma virus in invasive cervical carcinoma at Dr. Soetomo Hospital Surabaya
Authors: Kore Markus , Mastutik Gondo , Mustokoweni Sjahjenny
Published: April 2018

Objectives: To identify the variants of genotype HPV that most often found in ICC at Dr Soetomo Hospital Surabaya.Materials and Methods: This was an explorative study with cross sectional approach. Specimens used were 30 formalin fix parrafin embedded from squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), adenocarcinoma (AD) dan adenosquamous carcinoma (AS) cervival cancer parients at Dr Soetomo Hospital Surabaya around Januari-Desember 2013, then used for DNA virus extraction and continued for PCR and HPV genotyping.Result : The result of HPV genotyping showed 10 positives from SCC, 6 positives and 4 negatives from AD, and 9 positives and 1 negative from AS. HPV infections in SCC were single infection by HPV 16, 18, 45, 56, and multiple infection by HPV 16+45, in AD were single infection by HPV 16,18, anad multiple infection by HPVhr+hr 68b+72 and HPVlr+hr  6+18+45, and in AS were single infection by HPVhr 16, 18, 45 and mutiple infection by HPV lr+hr 6+59.Conclusion : Infections HPV in ICC were single infection by HPV16, 18, 45, 56 and mutiple infection by HPV16+45, 68b+72, 6+18+45, 6+59. HPV 18 has highest prevalence in ICC patient from Dr Soetomo Hospital, followed by HPV16, 6, 45, 56, 59.
Nutritional status of third trimester pregnant women correlates positively with birth weight
Authors: Ernawati Ratna , Purwaka Bangun Trapsila , Prasetyo Budi
Published: April 2018

Objectives: to identify correlation between nutritional status (energy, macronutrient and fluid intake) of the third trimester pregnant women and birth weight.Materials and Methods: correlative analytic prospective cohort’s study in Public Health Center Jagir, Surabaya with sample comprising healthy pregnant women aged 20-35 years in the third trimester and their newborns (n=34). Respondents noted fluid intake every day for 7 days (record method) and food for 24 hours (recall method). Adequacy of energy intake, macronutrient and fluid (mean) was assessed based on AKG 2012. LBW when <2500 g. Statistical analysis used Pearson correlation's and Spearman's rho with test with significance level of p<0.05.Results: in third trimester pregnant women energy intake (r: 0.854, p: 0.0001) and carbohydrates (r:0.912, p:0.0001) had strong positive correlation, protein intake had moderate positive correlation (r: 0.519, p: 0.0001), fat intake (r: 0.425p: 0.012) and fluid (r: 0.469 p: 0.005) had positive correlation with birth weight. The prevalence of LBW in Public Health Center Jagir Surabaya was 14.7%.Conclusion: Nutritional status of third trimester pregnant women correlates positively with birth weight.
Comparison of the provision of champedon trunk shell capsule extract and artesunate on placental histopathologic classification in pregnant mice (Mus musculus) malaria model
Authors: Yunus Achmad , Prasetyo Budi , Dachlan Erry Gumilar , Widyawaruyanti Aty , Widjiati Widjiati
Published: April 2018

Objectives: To compare the effect of chemphedon trunk shell capsule extract with artesunate on placental histopathologic classification in pregnant mice malaria’s models.Materials and Methods: This study was a randomized experi-mental laboratory study in BALBc strains mice with controls. A total of 30 pregnant mice were divided into 3 groups. On day 10 each group was infected with P. berghei. Furthermore, on day 11 each group was subjected to thin blood smear examination and subsequent infection when administered antimalarial positive. Group P1 received Chemphedon trunk shell extract 100 mg/kg BW/day per sonde two times per day for 5 days. Group P2 received 36.4 mg artesunate/kg BW/day for 3 days followed by CMC Na per sonde for 2 days, and group P3 received placebo (CMC Na) for 5 days. On day 16 the mice were dissected on 16 days of pregnancy and the placenta was taken and preparations were made to observe histopathological classification of the placenta according to Rogerson. Grouping was performed accor-ding to placental histopathological classification by Rogerson.Results: Groups receiving cemphedon trunk shell capsule extract, artesunate and placebo revealed p=0.004 (p<0.05), showing that there were two groups with significant difference. To determine which group had significant difference, the test was followed by Mann-Whitney post-hoc test. The results showed chempedon trunk shell capsule group and placebo obtained p=0.007 (p<0.05), indicating significance. Artesunate and placebo groups revealed p=0.003 (p<0.05), also indicating significance. The test results of chemphedon trunk shell capsule extract and artesunate groups showed p=0.475 (p<0.05), indicating no significant differences.Conclusion: Placental histopathologic classification on pregnant mice malaria’s model that received antimalarial chemphedon trunk shell capsule extract of 100 mg/kg BW is better than place-bo and equivalent to artesunate of 36.4mg/kg BW.
The awareness of urinary tract infection management in pregnant women. A qualitative study
Authors: Santoso Budi Iman , Surya Raymond , Yasmin Farah Asyuri , Irwinda Rima
Published: April 2018

Objectives: to identify knowledge, attitude, and practice of health providers including GPs and gynecologists to the implementation of the national guideline on the treatment of UTI among pregnant women.Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used. Subjects were women who attended the International Sym-posium of UTI. Questionnaires consisting ofregarding demo-graphic characteristics, knowledge, attitude, and practice were given to the subjects. The questionnaires had been tested for valid-ity and reliability by applying the Pearson correlation and Cronbach’s alpha test. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 23.0 for Windows.A two-tailed p value less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.Results: A total of 140 subjects were recruited in this study. Of these, 104 subjects (74.3%) returned the questionnaire, and 99 subjects (70.7%) were eligible for this study. Nine (9.1%), 69 (69.7%), and 21(21.2%) subjects had good, fair, and poor know-ledge, respectively. Sixty-five (65.7%) and 64 subjects (64.6%) showed a positive attitude and had positive practice, respectively.Conclusion: Knowledge, attitude, and practice among respon-dents are good enough, despite only a few of them have read the updated guideline. Continuous medical education through online update or symposium may be one effective method to disseminate new update in guidelines.
Evaluation of Different Drying Techniques on Bombay Red Onion (Allium cepal L.) Basic Nutritional and Volatile Components
Authors: Demissew Ayalew , Meresa Ayenew , Temesgen Keber
Published: April 2018

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is a strong-flavoring vegetable consumed in different ways. It is mainly due its distinctive flavor or simply pungency. Onion has also important natural compounds effective for medical functions such as inhibition of bone resorption, lower risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. This importance is directly related to high content of organo-sulphur compounds. Shelf life of fresh onion bulb is short enough about two weeks at ambient storage conditions in Fogera district, Amhara region, Ethiopia. This is mainly due to the presence of high moisture in fresh onion bulbs. Postharvest loss of onion bulb reaches up to 50% in the production season in Fogera district. Consequently onion bulb had extreme variable market price during production and off season in the district which directly influences both the growers and consumers. In this study the effect of different drying techniques on nutritional and volatile components of onion were evaluated. Effect of different drying techniques on protein, carbohydrate, total sugar, fat, pyurvic acid, ascorbic acid, total phenol, total flovonol, rehydration ratio, color and sensory properties of onion slice were evaluated and found insignificant at (P > 0.05) for microwave and modified direct solar dryers taking fresh onion bulb as a control. But oven drying method had significant effect on onion physicochemical quality attributes at (P < 0.05) as compared to fresh onion bulbs.
Cyber Bullying in Pakistan: Statistical, Legislative, and Social Analysis
Authors: Khan Danyal , Daniyal Muhammad
Published: April 2018

Present study focuses female Lawyers, a community considered vigilant over their rights, suffering from cyber bullying within their professional lives at bar and chamber practice. This silent impact of cyber-bullying discourages young female lawyers to continue their profession leaving significant gender disparity (Siddique, 2013). Half of the participants tried to keep their encounters with bullying secret and did not seek legal remedy out of morality and defamation both at family and peer-groups. Furthermore, the findings of this study demonstrated that young female lawyers do not trust operation of legal system in remedying their grievance. It is also significant that some of female lawyers did not know about current legal framework on cyber harassment. This paper will deal the issue of cyber-bullying related to young female lawyers at three levels; statistical, legislative, and social awareness.
Using Dielectric Relaxation Spectroscopy to Characterize the Glass Transition and Onset of Crystallinity of Skim-Milk Powder
Authors: Buehler Martin G.
Published: April 2018

This paper describes the dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS) method for obtaining glass transition temperature and the onset of crystallinity of skim milk powder (SMP). The methodology consists of exposing SMP samples to numerous constant temperatures, T, and water activities, aw, and measuring the relaxation time. Measurements are based on changes in the loss-tangent height at its peak frequency. Glass transition times are identified at peaks in the loss-tangent height versus time curve and the onset of crystallinity times are identified when the loss-tangent height collapses. The analysis leads to two boundary curves: glass transition Tg, aw curve and the onset of crystallinity Tc, aw curve. They separate the SMP stable (long shelf life) and unstable (short shelf life) regions. Two curve fitting algorithms were developed for (a) aw2, tg curve where tg is the time to glass transition and aw2, tc curve where time tc is the time to onset of crystallinity and (b) Tg, aw and Tc, aw boundary curves. Finally, the DRS data are compared to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results.
Application of Computer Simulation in EV31A Magnesium Alloy Casting Process Using MAGMASoft Software
Authors: Jarosz Robert , Kiełbus Andrzej , Gryc Adam
Published: April 2018

Carrying out technological tests and research is indispensably connected with high costs and elongation of implementation time of new casting technologies and their modifications in industry. Hence, the application of specialised computer software, enabling the simulation and analysis of metallurgical and casting processes in modern foundry industry is of special interest. The present work presents an experimental application of MAGMASoft software in casting process of EV31A magnesium alloy structural element of helicopter engine. The results of computer simulation have been compared with industrial cast of the simulated element, fabricated in the same conditions. It has been revealed that the computer simulation provides a complex information on the analysed process, leading to reduction of costs and time, connected with technological tests in implementation of new casting technologies.
Dissolved Gas Analysis Principle Based Intelligent Approaches to Fault Diagnosis and Decision Making of Large Oil-Immersed Power Transformers: A Survey
Authors: Cheng Lefeng , Yu Tao
Published: April 2018

Compared with conventional methods in fault diagnosis of power transformers, which have defects such as imperfect encoding and too absolute encoding boundary, this paper systematically reveals various intelligent approaches applied in fault diagnosing and decision making of large oil-immersed power transformers based on dissolved gas analysis (DGA), including expert system (EPS), artificial neural network (ANN), fuzzy theory, rough sets theory (RST), grey system theory (GST), swarm intelligence (SI) algorithms, data mining technology, machine learning (ML), and other intelligent diagnosis tools, and summarizes existing problems and solutions. From this survey, it is found that a single intelligent approach for fault diagnosis can only reflect operation status of the transformer in one certain aspect, causing some shortcomings in various degrees cannot be revealed effectively. Combined with the current research status in this field, the problems that must be addressed in DGA-based transformer fault diagnosis are identified, and the prospects for future development trends and research directions are outlined. This contribution presents a detailed and systematic survey on various intelligent approaches to faults diagnosing and decisions making of the power transformer, in which their merits and demerits are thoroughly investigated, as well as their improvement schemes and future development trends are proposed. Moreover, this paper concludes that a variety of intelligent algorithms should be combined for mutual complementation to form a hybrid fault diagnosis network, such that avoiding these algorithms falling into a local optimum. Moreover, it is necessary to improve the detection instruments so as to acquire reasonable characteristic gas data samples. The research summary, empirical generalization and analysis of predicament in this paper provide some thoughts and suggestions for the research of complex power grid in the new environment, as well as references and guidance for researchers to choose optimal approach to achieve DGA-based fault diagnosis and decision of the large oil-immersed power transformers in preventive electrical tests.
Dissolved Gas Analysis Principle-Based Intelligent Approaches to Fault Diagnosis and Decision Making for Large Oil-Immersed Power Transformers: A Survey
Authors: Cheng Lefeng , Yu Tao
Published: April 2018

Compared with conventional methods of fault diagnosis for power transformers, which have defects such as imperfect encoding and too absolute encoding boundaries, this paper systematically discusses various intelligent approaches applied in fault diagnosis and decision making for large oil-immersed power transformers based on dissolved gas analysis (DGA), including expert system (EPS), artificial neural network (ANN), fuzzy theory, rough sets theory (RST), grey system theory (GST), swarm intelligence (SI) algorithms, data mining technology, machine learning (ML), and other intelligent diagnosis tools, and summarizes existing problems and solutions. From this survey, it is found that a single intelligent approach for fault diagnosis can only reflect operation status of the transformer in one particular aspect, causing various degrees of shortcomings that cannot be resolved effectively. Combined with the current research status in this field, the problems that must be addressed in DGA-based transformer fault diagnosis are identified, and the prospects for future development trends and research directions are outlined. This contribution presents a detailed and systematic survey on various intelligent approaches to faults diagnosing and decisions making of the power transformer, in which their merits and demerits are thoroughly investigated, as well as their improvement schemes and future development trends are proposed. Moreover, this paper concludes that a variety of intelligent algorithms should be combined for mutual complementation to form a hybrid fault diagnosis network, such that avoiding these algorithms falling into a local optimum. Moreover, it is necessary to improve the detection instruments so as to acquire reasonable characteristic gas data samples. The research summary, empirical generalization and analysis of predicament in this paper provide some thoughts and suggestions for the research of complex power grid in the new environment, as well as references and guidance for researchers to choose optimal approach to achieve DGA-based fault diagnosis and decision of the large oil-immersed power transformers in preventive electrical tests.
The Critical Nexus and Implications of Smallholder Tobacco Production as a Livelihood Strategy to Forest Landscapes in Zimbabwe
Authors: Kamuti Tariro
Published: April 2018

The increase in tobacco production while ameliorating the condition of the participant households has caused challenges to stakeholders particularly those in the governance of forest resources upon which the sector is hinged. Massive deforestation has proceeded at an alarmingly high level, in a way that threatens the long term viability of the tobacco sector and sustainability of natural forest resources. The entrance of previously disadvantaged majority into the once minority-dominated tobacco sector (and economy) in a quest to improving their livelihoods, is driving forest landscape changes that pose inherent environmental challenges including climate change. This article adopts institutional and landscape approaches to explore and explain the drivers, nexus and implications of smallholder tobacco as a livelihood strategy to the forest landscape changes and the subsequent imperative for governance of the sustainable utilization of forest resources in Zimbabwe. Drawing on documentary evidence the paper concludes that this situation poses a dilemma to forest and livelihood policies, hence the need to examine new institutional and livelihood initiatives.
Savage Thought and Totalitarianism
Authors: Zimmermann Rainer E.
Published: April 2018

In order to clarify some more concepts, we start by classifying some forms of populism and visualize them as precursors of totalitarianism. It goes without saying that media control or at least media domination (especially in this recent age of digitalization) becomes important within this context, because the Turing galaxy follows essentially the development of the Gutenberg galaxy, but at the same time, quite different from the latter, it multiplies, enhances, and accelerates anonymous data pressure that alters the quality of the ongoing discourse. This is what we would like to discuss here in more detail by also asking for a possibly anthropological principle that underlies these developments.
KOMPETENSI GURU PENDIDIKAN JASMANI SEKOLAH DASAR
Authors: Mulyana Mulyana
Published: April 2018

This study aims to determine the competency of Physical Education Teacher in Elementary Schools (SD). The study population are all Physical Education Teachers. Samples taken from 30 teachers, while the technique is using simple random sampling. The method used is descriptive survey. Data obtained using a likert scale instrument to capture data; pedagogic competence, personal competence, sosial competence, and professional competence. The results of this study concluded that teachers of Physical Education in Primary Schools have the ability to teach well the field of Physical Education, in charge of teaching materials. But teachers are still weak in the mastery of the concept of sports science. Not all teachers can use information and communication technology in teaching Physical Education. The ability of teachers to develop themselves in a professional activity that is also not adequate.

 

Abstrak

 

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kompetensi guru Pendidikan Jasmani Sekolah Dasar (SD). Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah survey deskriptif. Data diperoleh dengan menggunakan instrumen skala likert untuk menjaring data; kompetensi pedagogik, kompetensi kepribadian, kompetensi sosial, dan kompetensi professional. Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa guru Pendidikan Jasmani di SD mampu mengajar Pendidikan Jasmani yang baik dan menguasi materi ajar. Namun disisi lain, masih terdapat kelemahan dalam penguasaan konsep keilmuan olah raga, selain itu tidak semua guru dapat memanfaatkan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi dalam pembelajaran Pendidikan Jasmani. Kemampuan guru dalam mengembangkan diri pada kegiatan profesional juga belum memadai.
ANÁLISE E CARACTERIZAÇÃO DOS CASOS VENCEDORES DO PRÊMIO EMPREENDEDOR SOCIAL - DE 2005 A 2017
Authors: Najberg Estela , Carvalho Jéssica Borges de , Ferreira Vicente da Rocha Soares , Freitag Maria Salete Batista
Published: April 2018

Diante da incapacidade de o Estado e de suas políticas públicas para atender às diversas e crescentes demandas sociais, indivíduos e organizações têm tomado iniciativas no campo da responsabilidade e do empreendedorismo social. Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar, descrever e analisar os casos vencedores do Prêmio Empreendedor Social (2005-2016). É um estudo qualitativo que descreve e analisa os casos, segundo os critérios estabelecidos pelo prêmio empreendedor social. Os dados mostraram que os casos vencedores apresentam as seguintes características: a) os empreendedores têm escolaridade de nível superior; b) as áreas de saúde e educação; c) casos têm atuado em mais de uma localidade, abrangendo todas as regiões do Brasil; d) respeitadas as especificidades, muitos deles são passíveis de replicações. Verificou-se a necessidade de mais incentivos governamentais a esse tipo de ação empreendedora.
A REPARTIÇÃO TRIBUTÁRIA DOS RECURSOS DO ICMS NOS MUNICÍPIOS DO EXTREMO OESTE DE SANTA CATARINA
Authors: Griebler Keli Fátima , Scheren Gilvane , Oro Ieda Margarete
Published: April 2018

O objetivo deste artigo é investigar a relação entre o valor proveniente da arrecadação de ICMS, oriundo do movimento econômico municipal, e as transferências governamentais da cota-parte do ICMS, repassada pelo governo estadual, nos municípios integrantes da Associação dos Municípios do Extremo Oeste de Santa Catarina (AMEOSC). O estudo caracteriza-se como descritivo e documental, com abordagem quantitativa. A população compreendeu os 295 municípios do Estado de Santa Catarina, e a amostra constituiu-se dos 19 municípios pertencentes a AMEOSC. As informações da pesquisa foram coletadas nos sites do Tribunal de Contas do Estado,  Secretaria de Estado da Fazenda de Santa Catarina e IBGE. Os resultados demonstram que a cota-parte do ICMS possui peso significativo na receita dos municípios, para que estes possam prestar serviços básicos a sua população e que munícipios de menor porte e moderado movimento econômico tendem a apresentar maior grau de dependência da transferência da cota-parte do ICMS.
An Automated Laboratory Method for Measuring CO2 Emissions from Soils
Authors: McGowen Eric B. , Sharma Sumit , Deng Shiping , Zhang Hailin , Warren Jason G.
Published: April 2018

Core Ideas

A GC method to measure soil CO2 emission was developed and compared with Solvita CO2 burst method.

A strong exponential relationship between Solvita and GC method was observed.

CO2 emissions from soils increased with drying temperature to a maximum at 65°C.

The data presented highlight the narrow linear range of the Solvita method.

The standardized procedure increased rate of analysis and reduced costs.

A gas chromatography (GC) headspace method was developed for soil microbial respiration (CO2 emission) analysis after a 24‐h incubation of a rewetted soil. The GC method was compared with the Solvita CO2 burst method by analyzing 18 different soils that were air‐dried (22°C) or dried at 45, 65, and 105°C for 24 h before rewetting. A strong exponential relationship between the Solvita color number and GC headspace CO2–C emission was observed. Compared with air‐dried soils, drying at 65°C led to increased CO2 emission and reduced variation among sample replicates, while drying at 105°C led to a reduction in CO2 emission and an increase in variability. The GC method does not require sample dilution, provides data that is highly correlated to the Solvita method, and has a wider dynamic test range than the Solvita method. The developed GC method could be adapted to automation for commercial laboratory use.
Mulch Based No‐Tillage and Compost Effects on Nitrogen Fertility in Organic Melon
Authors: Tittarelli Fabio , Campanelli Gabriele , Leteo Fabrizio , Farina Roberta , Napoli Rosario , Ciaccia Corrado , Canali Stefano , Testani Elena
Published: April 2018

Core Ideas

No‐till roller crimper was confirmed to be a suitable technology for weed management.

Melon yield and quality declined under no‐till roller crimped barley.

Compost application and agro‐ecological service crop cultivation showed high potential carbon sink effect.

Cropping systems and varieties should be adapted to no‐till roller crimper.

Agro‐ecological service crop management and compost should be combined to fit the specific local conditions.

Soil fertility management in organic farming systems relies on agro‐ecological service crops (ASCs, i.e break crops, living mulch) and organic compost application. This study was conducted to determine the effect of tillage, ASC termination, and compost rates on yield and soil N fertility in organic vegetable production in Central Italy. In a long‐term organic field, in a strip plot design, barley was cultivated before melon. Two termination strategies of barley (green manure–GM, flattening by the use of a roller crimper–RC) were compared with a control without barley (FA). Three compost application rates (0, 15, and 30 Mg ha−1) were studied. While the compost rates did not show any difference among compared production parameters, the combined tillage–ASC termination strategy significantly increased melon yield in the GM compared with RC treatments, probably due to the lower soil temperature under the thick barley mulch. Soil mineral N (SMN) during the melon cycle was not a limiting factor for plant growth. Mean SMN values ranged from 22 for the 2012 RC and 36 mg kg−1 for the 2012 FA. High C and N inputs in barley treatments and high compost rates indicated an N surplus, which, in the medium–long term, could represent an N storage for subsequent crops in the rotation and potentially determine C sequestration. The results demonstrated that, to assure adequate yield, the ASC mulch based no‐tillage approach should follow the redesign of the whole cropping system, taking into account the entire suite of techniques of crop management.
Enhancement of Sclerotina sclerotiorum and Oxalic Acid Resistance in Tobacco by a Novel Pathogen‐Induced GST Gene from Sunflower
Authors: Ma Ligong , Zhang Yunhua , Meng Qinglin , Shi Fengmei , Liu Jia , Li Yichu
Published: April 2018

The glutathione S‐transferase (GST) gene resists stress‐induced toxins and is widely expressed in eukaryotes. The role of a novel GST gene (HaGSTp1) in disease resistance in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) was investigated using the transcriptome library data of Sclerotina sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary‐infected sunflower cultivar ‘LSK‐2’ and cloned. The full length of HaGSTp1 is 639 bp. It encodes 212 amino acids, has a molecular weight of 52.4 kDa, has an isoelectric point of 5.16, and is classified into the Phi class of the GST gene. The GSH binding site (G site) and substrate‐specific binding site (H site) are located at the N and C terminal domains, respectively. The tissue expression pattern demonstrated that the HaGSTp1 gene is mainly expressed in leaf tissues of sunflower and is induced by S. sclerotiorum, oxalic acid, salicylic acid, abscisic acid, and hydrogen peroxide. Transformation of the HaGSTp1 gene into tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) increased the activity of GST and glutathione peroxidase by approximately twofold. All these data indicated potential enhancement of plant disease resistance potency by the HaGSTp1 gene.
Hydrophysical Database for Brazilian Soils (HYBRAS) and Pedotransfer Functions for Water Retention
Authors: Ottoni Marta Vasconcelos , Ottoni Filho Theophilo Benedicto , Schaap Marcel G. , Lopes-Assad Maria Leonor R.C. , Rotunno Filho Otto Corrêa
Published: April 2018

Core Ideas

We propose a Hydrophysical Database for Brazilian Soils (HYBRAS).

Data in HYBRAS comprise 445 soil profiles, with 1075 samples of Brazilian soils.

We compared the accuracy of water retention estimates based on climate‐based PTFs.

In general, the Brazilian PTFs performed better than the temperate models for HYBRAS.

Model performance differed due to clay content and mineralogical properties.

Soil water retention data are fundamental in soil modeling studies. Temperate pedotransfer functions (PTFs) have been commonly used to estimate water retention of Brazilian soils, mainly because of the lack of soil data for Brazil. However, these PTFs may not be suitable for tropical or subtropical conditions such as those found in Brazil. The objective of this study was to establish a dedicated Hydrophysical Database for Brazilian Soils (HYBRAS) suitable for PTF development. Data present in HYBRAS comprise 445 soil profiles with 1075 samples and are representative of a wide range of Brazilian soils. The data are organized in a relational structure of tables that cover general site descriptions, land cover, and hydrophysical and chemical measurement methods. Raw data (e.g., water retention points covering the 0–15,000‐cm suction range) and derived data are included in the tables. Another objective of this study was to use the database to compare the accuracy of water retention estimates based on PTFs developed for Brazilian and temperate regions. In general, the Brazilian PTFs performed better than the temperate models, especially for weathered (Ferralsols, Acrisols, and Nitisols) fine‐textured (clay, sandy clay, clay loam, silty clay loam, and silty clay) soils. Silt content was not a successful criterion for distinguishing performance of Brazilian and temperate PTFs for Brazilian weathered soils. The water retention of weathered soils was shown to differ from that of temperate soils due to differences in pore structure resulting from their clay content and mineralogical nature, thus confirming results reported in the literature.
Impact of Temporal Macropore Dynamics on Infiltration: Field Experiments and Model Simulations
Authors: Reck Arne , Jackisch Conrad , Hohenbrink Tobias L. , Schröder Boris , Zangerlé Anne , van Schaik Loes
Published: April 2018

Core Ideas

Dynamics of earthworm activity change macropore networks temporally.

In the topsoil, macropore numbers were largest in autumn and smallest in summer.

Temporal dynamics in macropore networks affected their hydrological impact.

Modeling confirmed that temporal macropore dynamics affect infiltration patterns.

Macropores greatly affect water and solute transport in soils. Most macropores are of biogenic origin; however, the resulting seasonal dynamics are often neglected. Our study aimed to examine temporal changes in biopore networks and the resulting infiltration patterns. We performed infiltration experiments with Brilliant Blue on pastureland in the Luxembourgian Attert catchment (spring, summer, and autumn 2015). We developed an image‐processing scheme to identify and quantify changes in biopores and infiltration patterns. Subsequently, we used image‐derived biopore metrics to parameterize the ecohydrological model echoRD (ecohydrological particle model based on representative domains), which includes explicit macropore flow and interaction with the soil matrix. We used the model simulations to check whether biopore dynamics affect infiltration. The observed infiltration patterns revealed variations in both biopore numbers and biopore–matrix interaction. The field‐observed biopore numbers varied over time, mainly in the topsoil, with the largest biopore numbers in spring and the smallest in summer. The number of hydrologically effective biopores in the topsoil seems to determine the number and thereby the fraction of effective biopores in the subsoil. In summer, a strong biopore–matrix interaction was observed. In spring, the dominant process was rapid drainage, whereas in summer and autumn, most of the irrigated water was stored in the examined profiles. The model successfully simulated infiltration patterns for spring, summer, and autumn using temporally different macropore setups. Using a static macropore parameterization the model output deviated from the observed infiltration patterns, which emphasizes the need to consider macropores and their temporal dynamics in soil hydrological modeling.
Measuring and Modeling Stable Isotopes of Mobile and Bulk Soil Water
Authors: Sprenger Matthias , Tetzlaff Doerthe , Buttle Jim , Laudon Hjalmar , Leistert Hannes , Mitchell Carl P.J. , Snelgrove Jenna , Weiler Markus , Soulsby Chris
Published: April 2018

Core Ideas

Bulk soil water isotopes have an evaporation signal, but mobile water isotopes do not.

These differences are time variant and linked to the volume and age of the mobile water.

Two pore domains (fast and slow) improve simulations of soil water isotope dynamics.

A new model accounts for isotopic exchange via water vapor between two pore domains.

This exchange is relevant for proper simulation of the evaporation signal in bulk soil water.

Recent findings from stable isotope studies have opened up new questions about differences in the isotopic composition (δ2H and δ18O) of mobile (MW) and bulk water (BW) in soils. We sampled the isotopic compositions of MW using suction lysimeters and BW with the direct‐equilibration method. The study was conducted at two landscape units in each of three catchments: the Bruntland Burn (Scotland), Dorset (Canada), and Krycklan (Sweden). We further used the numerical one‐dimensional flow model SWIS (Soil Water Isotope Simulator) to simulate the hydrometric and isotopic dynamics. The model included evaporation fractionation, allowed differentiation between a fast and a slow flow domain, and included isotopic exchange via water vapor. Our measurements showed that MW plots along the local meteoric water lines, whereas BW plots below, which is indicative of evaporation fractionation. We suggest that the relative volume of MW to BW is relevant for explaining these isotopic differences because MW volumes are usually relatively low during periods of high evaporation. Under this condition, differences between MW and plant water isotopes are not paradoxical but rather related to the water that cannot be sampled with suction lysimeters but is still available for plant water uptake. The simulations accounting for fast and slow flow supported the conceptualization of the two soil pore domains with isotopic exchange via vapor exchange because this model setup resulted in the best model performance. Overall, these findings are of high relevance for current understanding related to the source and isotopic composition of water taken up by plants.
Establishing Vadose Zone Slow‐Release Carbon Sources for Enhanced Bioremediation Using Silica Suspension
Authors: Zhong Lirong , Lee Brady , Yang Shuo
Published: April 2018

Core Ideas

Nutrient‐laden silica suspension increases viscosity over time and gels at the end.

Aqueous colloidal silica suspension can be readily injected into the subsurface.

Silica gelation enables setting up slow‐release nutrient sources in the vadose zone.

Gelled silica suspensions act as long‐term nutrients for enhanced bioremediation.

Delivery of C sources (nutrients) to the vadose zone and establishing a slow‐release C source in this unsaturated zone are essential for promoting long‐term, enhanced contaminant bioremediation at sites with deep vadose zones, such as the Hanford Site in the southeast of the state of Washington. Conventional solution‐based injection and infiltration approaches face challenges in achieving delivery goals. Aqueous colloidal silica suspension has characteristics that can potentially be used for nutrient delivery and slow‐release source setup. This research was conducted to (i) demonstrate delayed gelation of colloidal silica suspensions with the presence of nutrients; (ii) prove that gelation takes place in sediment and the gel slowly releases nutrients; and (iii) show that silica suspensions are injectable for vadose zone emplacement. Results demonstrated that nutrient‐laden colloidal silica suspensions have low initial viscosity and then increase in viscosity with time until reaching gelation, allowing for a slow release of nutrients into the environment. Higher salt and silica concentrations increased the rate of viscosity climbing and the rate of gelation, whereas higher silica concentrations resulted in stronger gels. Nutrients were slowly released from gels in both batch and column experimental settings. The rheological and injection behavior of the silica suspensions revealed the injectability of these fluids. This study demonstrated that colloidal silica suspension could be used as a carrier to distribute nutrients to the vadose zone and to establish slow‐release nutrient sources.