bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human cancer evolution in the context of a human immune system in mice
Authors: Gammelgaard Odd L. , Terp Mikkel G. , Preiss Birgitte , Ditzel Henrik J.
Published: August 2018

Immunotherapy is one of the most promising cancer treatment modalities, but the lack of appropriate preclinical in vivo models hampers the development of novel immunotherapeutic strategies. Here, we studied the ability of transplanted human cancer cells to form primary tumors and metastasize in humanized immune system (HIS) mice created by transfer of CD34+ human hematopoietic stem cells. All tested transplanted cancer cell lines developed primary tumors that progressed nearly synchronously. Spontaneous lung and liver metastases developed from both orthotopic and ectopic transplanted cancer cells, and the ability to spread inversely correlated with the extent of CD8+ infiltration in the primary tumor. Further analysis revealed that interactions between the cancer model and the tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes created tumor microenvironments (TMEs) resembling clinical cancers. Some models were largely immune cell‐excluding, while others appeared to develop adaptive resistance to immune‐mediated destruction by increased expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PDL1) and recruitment of human regulatory T cells. Our data suggest that HIS mice may provide a promising in vivo tumor model for evaluating immune modulatory anticancer therapies. Moreover, our study identified different tumor models resembling specific types of human TMEs, rendering each beneficial for addressing disease‐specific issues.
Relationship and Family Therapy for Newly Resettled Refugees: An Interpretive Description of Staff Experiences
Authors: Karageorge Aspasia , Rhodes Paul , Gray Rebecca
Published: August 2018

The needs of refugees are of crucial concern internationally. Relational trauma is an area that is particularly under‐emphasised and under‐researched. The Strength to Strength program (STS) was a relationship and family counselling service for recently arrived refugees in Sydney, Australia. The service model built on post‐Milan systemic family therapy principles to include cultural and trauma‐informed aspects of care. This study explored the design and impact of the program, through qualitative accounts provided by service users. This paper focuses on the experiences of staff of the program, and the ways in which more traditional, Western‐informed modes of family therapy were transformed by refugee client needs. The specific study aim was to identify and describe transformations to the delivery of relationship and family counselling with refugees that enabled care, from the perspective of STS staff. A thematic analysis of interviews with STS service staff (bicultural workers, family therapists, managers; n = 10) was undertaken, guided by an interpretive description framework. Findings revealed that acceptable and useful clinical innovations to standard care included the use of community groups, the unique role of the bicultural worker, and increased reliance on more directive and practical modes of family therapy rather than insight‐oriented post‐Milan techniques. The role of community‐based intervention to enrich existing Western‐informed models of care for use with refugees was vital. STS was an example of staff‐driven innovation to the therapeutic care of refugee families resettling in a Western country and took into account their unique and complex set of cultural, practical, and psychological client needs. Future service delivery is best guided by the incorporation of multi‐faceted approaches to care that allow for phasing of treatment in line with client culture, needs, and readiness.
Culturable epiphytic bacteria isolated from Teleogryllus occipitalus crickets metabolize insecticides
Authors: He Linling , Liu Bo , Tian Jiewei , Lu Fengjuan , Li Xiaoguang , Tian Yongqiang
Published: August 2018

The development of insecticide resistance is attributed to evolutionary changes in pest insect genomes, such as alteration of drug target sites, upregulation of degrading enzymes, and enhancement of drug excretion. Beyond these well‐known mechanisms, symbiotic bacteria may confer insecticide resistance to host crickets. The current study was designed to screen all possible culturable bacterial groups found living in and on the bodies of Teleogryllus occipitalis crickets. We recovered 263 visible bacterial colonies and cultured them individually. After identifying the colonies based on morphology and phylogenetic analysis, we shortlisted 55 bacterial strains belonging to 28 genera. Of these 55 bacterial strains, 18 degraded at least 50% of the original amount of 400 mg/L chlorpyrifos (CP) after 24 hr of coculture. Six of these strains degraded more than 70% of the original amount of 400 mg/L CP. Three strains had antagonistic effects on Bacillus thuringiensis growth. Additionally, the ability of the isolates to degrade glyphosate, phoxim, and esfenvalerate was assessed. We also detected extracellular hydrolase enzyme activities in these isolates. We propose that epiphytic bacterial strains play multiple roles in cricket biology, one of which contributes to chemical and biological pesticide resistance.
Simultaneous TLC–densitometric determination of tamoxifen citrate and medroxyprogesterone acetate and UV‐degradation kinetic study of medroxyprogesterone acetate
Authors: Saleh Gamal A. , Abdel‐aal Fatma A.M. , Abbas Noha S.
Published: August 2018

Coadministration of tamoxifen citrate (TMC) and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) is preferred to increase the response rate and the percentage recovery in patients with endometrial carcinoma. Administration of TMC and MPA and their combination affects estrogen and progestin receptor concentrations in advanced endometrium carcinoma by affecting 17β‐hydroxyl steroid dehydrogenase activity and serum hormone concentrations. A sensitive, accurate and robust thin‐layer chromatography method has been established for simultaneous analysis of TMC and MPA. Method development was carried out on silica gel F254 using butanol–acetic acid–water (6:0.5:0.5, v/v/v) as mobile phase. Densitometric scanning was carried out at 241 nm for simultaneous detection of TMC and MPA. Retardation factor (Rf) values for TMC and MPA were 0.21 and 0.85, respectively. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines. Regression plots revealed linear relationships in the concentration range of 50–500 and 25–250 ng/band for TMC and MPA, successively. Accuracy was ≥99.60 and 98.72% for TMC and MPA, respectively. Forced degradation studies using UV photodegradation was applied on MPA after exposure to UV light for different times and applying a kinetic study for calculating the degradation rate constant (k) and half‐life time (t1/2).
Alternate splicing of transcripts upon Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection impacts the expression of functional protein domains
Authors: Kalam Haroon , Singh Kartikeya , Chauhan Komal , Fontana Mary F. , Kumar Dhiraj
Published: August 2018

Previously, we reported that infection of human macrophages with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) results in massive alterations in the pattern of RNA splicing in the host. The finding gained significance since alternate spliced variants of a same gene may have substantially different structure, function, stability, interaction partners, localization, and so forth, owing to inclusion or exclusion of specific exons. To establish a proof‐of‐concept; on how infection‐induced RNA splicing could impact protein functions, here we used RNA‐seq data from THP‐1 macrophages that were infected with clinical isolate of Mtb. In addition to re‐establishing the fact that Mtb infection may cause strain specific alterations in RNA splicing, we also developed a new analysis pipeline resulting in characterization of domain maps of the transcriptome post‐infection. For the sake of simplicity, we restricted our analysis to all the kinases in the human genome and considered only pfam classified protein domains and checked their frequency of inclusion or exclusion due to alternate splicing across the conditions and time points. We report massive alterations in the domain architecture of most regulated proteins across the entire kinases highlighting the physiological importance of such an understanding. This study paves way for more detailed analysis of different functional classes of proteins and perturbations to their domain architecture as a consequence of mycobacterial infections. Such analysis would yield unprecedented depth to our understanding of host‐pathogen interaction and allow in a more systematic manner targeting of host pathways for controlling the infections. © 2018 The Authors. IUBMB Life published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 70(9):845–854, 2018
LncRNA SNHG20 is associated with clinical progression and enhances cell migration and invasion in osteosarcoma
Authors: Zhang Jitong , Ju Chaojie , Zhang Wei , Xie Li
Published: August 2018

SNHG20 is a novel lncRNA which has been showed to be overexpressed and functions as oncogenic lncRNA in several types of human cancer. The role of SNHG20 in osteosarcoma is still unknown. The purpose of our study was to identify the clinical value and biological function of SNHG20 in osteosarcoma. Our results indicated SNHG20 was overexpressed in osteosarcoma tissues and cell lines compared with paired non‐tumor tissues and normal human osteoblast cell line, respectively. Moreover, we observed high‐expression of SNHG20 was obviously associated with Enneking stage, distant metastasis, and histological grade. SNHG20 expression was negatively associated with overall survival, and high‐expression of SNHG20 was an independent unfavorable prognostic factor in osteosarcoma patients. Furthermore, SNHG20 promoted osteosarcoma cell migration and invasion through modulating epithelial–mesenchymal transition ‐associated genes. In conclusion, SNHG20 is an independent unfavorable prognostic factor in osteosarcoma patients, and functions as an oncogenic lncRNA to modulate tumor cell migration and invasion. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 70(11):1115–1121, 2018
A novel enzymatic method for the measurement of lactose in lactose‐free products
Authors: Mangan David , McCleary Barry V , Culleton Helena , Cornaggia Claudio , Ivory Ruth , McKie Vincent A , Delaney Elaine , Kargelis Tadas
Published: August 2018

BACKGROUND

In recent years there has been a surge in the number of commercially available lactose‐free variants of a wide variety of products. This presents an analytical challenge for the measurement of the residual lactose content in the presence of high levels of mono‐, di‐, and oligosaccharides.

RESULTS

In the current work, we describe the development of a novel enzymatic low‐lactose determination method termed LOLAC (low lactose), which is based on an optimized glucose removal pre‐treatment step followed by a sequential enzymatic assay that measures residual glucose and lactose in a single cuvette. Sensitivity was improved over existing enzymatic lactose assays through the extension of the typical glucose detection biochemical pathway to amplify the signal response. Selectivity for lactose in the presence of structurally similar oligosaccharides was provided by using a β‐galactosidase with much improved selectivity over the analytical industry standards from Aspergillus oryzae and Escherichia coli (EcLacZ), coupled with a ‘creep’ calculation adjustment to account for any overestimation. The resulting enzymatic method was fully characterized in terms of its linear range (2.3–113 mg per 100 g), limit of detection (LOD) (0.13 mg per 100 g), limit of quantification (LOQ) (0.44 mg per 100 g) and reproducibility (≤ 3.2% coefficient of variation (CV)). A range of commercially available lactose‐free samples were analyzed with spiking experiments and excellent recoveries were obtained. Lactose quantitation in lactose‐free infant formula, a particularly challenging matrix, was carried out using the LOLAC method and the results compared favorably with those obtained from a United Kingdom Accreditation Service (UKAS) accredited laboratory employing quantitative high performance anion exchange chromatography – pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC‐PAD) analysis.

CONCLUSION

The LOLAC assay is the first reported enzymatic method that accurately quantitates lactose in lactose‐free samples. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Successes and failures reported in a multiscaled framework constituted by biophilic projects engineered toward environmental recovery
Authors: da Silva Alexandre Marco , Castelli Karen Regina , Bortoleto Ludmila Araujo , Mendes Pablo Bettio , Primo Kristiane Ramos , Silva Rosiane Argenton e
Published: August 2018

The process of landscapes' fragmentation has led to having two realistic complementary options: (a) developing techniques and approaches for conserving the healthy remaining forest fragments and (b) restoring degraded places. The second option can be conducted by projects that focus on restoring or rehabilitating the degraded environment. In this research, a framework was tested through a set of pilot‐scale projects in a highly urbanized Municipality of the southeastern Brazilian region (Sorocaba, São Paulo State). Four projects were carried out in order to test the efficacy of techniques devoted to solving different problems of environmental degradation (isolation of fragments, loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, and bioinvasion) in different environments (terrestrial [forested and nonforested] and aquatic [rivers]) through the acceleration and orientation of the process of restoration. Here, we show the main findings, discuss the potential and weaknesses found in each project, and offer some recommendations for future potential users. The projects are constituted of techniques and approaches that are all cheap, naturally based, and easy to be implemented and with a high probability of social comprehension and acceptance. In each project, we got interesting outcomes, considering all successes and limitations (for example, a high reappearance of vegetation in streams and strong control of soil erosion). This model embraces the main aspects of environmental recovering through a feasible, realistic, and socioecological approach, and it brings high potential to be used by other researchers and also for technicians and decision makers who search for feasible and realistic projects.
Tenofovir Alafenamide for the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B Monoinfection
Authors: Childs‐Kean Lindsey M. , Egelund Eric F. , Jourjy Jacqueline
Published: August 2018

Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) is indicated for adult patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection with compensated liver disease at an oral dose of 25 mg/day. TAF is a more stable prodrug in the plasma than tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), leading to decreased plasma exposure of tenofovir. Decreased exposure is thought to reduce the risk of long‐term TDF toxicities, such as nephrotoxicity and decreased bone mineral density (BMD). TAF, a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor, has the same mechanism of action as TDF. The results of phase III primary trials and extensions showed that TAF is noninferior to TDF at suppressing the HBV viral load in treatment‐naive and treatment‐experienced HBeAg‐negative and HBeAg‐positive patients at 48 weeks, 96 weeks, and 144 weeks of therapy. The most commonly reported adverse events were headache, abdominal pain, fatigue, cough, nausea, and back pain. At all evaluated time points (out to 144 wks of treatment), patients who received TAF had less risk of nephrotoxicity and less of a decline in BMD than the patients who received TDF. TAF appears to be safe in patients with a creatinine clearance (Clcr) above 15 ml/min; however, TAF is not currently recommended in patients with an estimated Clcr below this threshold. TAF is safe in patients with mild hepatic impairment but is not currently recommended in patients with moderate or severe hepatic impairment (Child‐Pugh class B or C).
Poly(polyhedral)s: synthesis and study of a new class of polyurethanes composed of homocubanes
Authors: Hwang Chiwon , Sultane Prakash R , Kang Dong‐Hee , Bielawski Christopher W
Published: August 2018

A new class of polyurethanes composed of homocubane‐based monomers has been synthesized and studied. Combining a basketane diol or a snoutane diol with various diisocyanates afforded the corresponding polymers in excellent yields and in high molecular weight (number‐average molecular weight (Mn) up to 49 kDa). The polyurethanes were found to be soluble in common organic solvents and displayed glass transition temperatures that ranged from 51 to 184 °C, depending on the structures of the monomers. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Correction to: “Nonsense Rides Piggyback on Sensible Things”: The Past, Present, and Future of Graphology
Authors: Thorpe Deborah Ellen
Published: August 2018

The chapter ““Nonsense Rides Piggyback on Sensible Things”: The Past, Present, and Future of Graphology” has been made Open Access under a CC BY 4.0 license.
The plane-wave limit of AdS3×S3×S3×S1
Authors: Dei Andrea , Gaberdiel Matthias R. , Sfondrini Alessandro
Published: August 2018

Abstract

The plane-wave limit of AdS3 ×S3 ×S3 ×S1 is analysed for generic null-geodesics that are not necessarily BPS. For the case of pure NS-NS flux it is shown how the resulting spectrum can be reproduced as a suitable limit of the world-sheet description in terms of WZW models. Since supersymmetry is broken, most of the degeneracies are lifted, and thus the identification of states is quite unambiguous.
Systematic approximation of multi-scale Feynman integrals
Authors: Borowka Sophia , Gehrmann Thomas , Hulme Daniel
Published: August 2018

Abstract

An algorithm for the systematic analytical approximation of multi-scale Feynman integrals is presented. The algorithm produces algebraic expressions as functions of the kinematical parameters and mass scales appearing in the Feynman integrals, allowing for fast numerical evaluation. The results are valid in all kinematical regions, both above and below thresholds, up to in principle arbitrary orders in the dimensional regulator. The scope of the algorithm is demonstrated by presenting results for selected two-loop threepoint and four-point integrals with an internal mass scale that appear in the two-loop amplitudes for Higgs+jet production.
Practice Variation among an International Group of Genetic Counselors on when to Offer Predictive Genetic Testing to Children at Risk of an Inherited Arrhythmia or Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Christian S. , Somerville M. , Huculak C. , Atallah J.
Published: August 2018

Cascade predictive genetic testing is available for many families as a means to identify individuals at risk of long QT syndrome (LQTS), catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). The general issue of offering predictive genetic testing to minors has been an area of ethical debate among genetic counselors and other healthcare professionals for many years. An online questionnaire was circulated to four international genetic counseling associations to assess the views of cardiac genetic counselors regarding when to offer predictive genetic testing to children at risk of LQTS, CPVT, HCM, and ARVC. Analysis was both quantitative and qualitative. The study sample comprised 98 respondents. The majority reported that they offer predictive genetic testing before 5 years of age to children at risk of LQTS (83%) and CVPT (75%) and before 10 years of age to children at risk of HCM (66%) or ARVC (70%). Influencing factors included country of practice, clinical setting, and years of experience. The rationale provided for when to offer predictive genetic testing is encompassed by the ethical principles of beneficence, non‐maleficence, autonomy, and informed consent. In conclusion, significant practice variation exists among cardiac genetic counselors regarding predictive genetic testing for children at risk of an inherited cardiomyopathy. These variations call for more research in the area to assist with the development of evidence‐based guidelines.
When is punishment harmful to cooperation? A note on antisocial and perverse punishment
Authors: Fu Tingting , Putterman Louis
Published: August 2018

Economists conducting laboratory experiments on cooperation and peer punishment find that a non-negligible minority of punishments is directed at cooperators rather than free riders. Such punishments have been categorized as ‘perverse’ or ‘antisocial,’ using definitions that partially overlap, but not entirely so. Which approach better identifies punishment that discourages cooperation? We analyze the data from 16 sites studied by Herrmann et al. (Science 319(5868):1362–1367, 2008) and find that when subjects are uninformed about who punished them, the recipient’s contribution relative to the group average (whether it is ‘perverse’) is a better predictor of negative impact on contribution than is her contribution relative to the punisher’s (whether it is ‘antisocial’). Regression estimates nevertheless suggest that punished subjects attempt to take relative contribution of punisher into account even if only by conjecture.
Classification assessment methods
Authors: Tharwat Alaa
Published: August 2018

Classification techniques have been applied to many applications in various fields of sciences. There are several ways of evaluating classification algorithms. The analysis of such metrics and its significance must be interpreted correctly for evaluating different learning algorithms. Most of these measures are scalar metrics and some of them are graphical methods. This paper introduces a detailed overview of the classification assessment measures with the aim of providing the basics of these measures and to show how it works to serve as a comprehensive source for researchers who are interested in this field. This overview starts by highlighting the definition of the confusion matrix in binary and multi-class classification problems. Many classification measures are also explained in details, and the influence of balanced and imbalanced data on each metric is presented. An illustrative example is introduced to show (1) how to calculate these measures in binary and multi-class classification problems, and (2) the robustness of some measures against balanced and imbalanced data. Moreover, some graphical measures such as Receiver operating characteristics (ROC), Precision-Recall, and Detection error trade-off (DET) curves are presented with details. Additionally, in a step-by-step approach, different numerical examples are demonstrated to explain the preprocessing steps of plotting ROC, PR, and DET curves.
Role of adiponectin in patients with inflammatory bowel disease unclassified
Authors: Al-Khalidy Huda S.H. , Hasan Riyadh Mohamad , Mahdi Batool Mutar
Published: August 2018

Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a lifestyle idiopathic, chronic, and inflammatory intestinal disorders that required long-term medications and care.

Aim of the study Assess the level of adiponectin in IBDU and its relation with different parameters like lipid profile and Body Mass Index (BMI).

Type of the study A case-controlled study.

Patients and methods The total number of study groups was sixty individuals, forty of them were patients with inflammatory bowel disease unclassified and the rest were control healthy subjects. Serums were examined for lipid profile (cholesterol, triglyceride, HDLP, LDLP (Human-Germany), adiponectin (Human-Germany).

Results Adiponectin, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and LDL/HDL were significantly higher in patient group. The results showed that there was a negative correlation between adiponectin and height (r = −0.071), waist to hip ratio (r = −0.174), cholesterol (r = −0.417), HDL (r = −0.039), LDL (r = −0.451) while other parameters there are positive correlation.

Conclusions IBDU is associated with increased level of adiponectin which is positively associated with BMI and triglyceride. It is negatively correlation with height, waist to hip ratio, cholesterol, HDL and LDL.
Autonomy, Progress and Virtue: Why Kant has Nothing to Fear from the Overdemandingness Objection
Authors: Timmermann Jens
Published: August 2018

Is Kant’s ethical theory too demanding? Do its commands ask too much of us, either by calling for self-sacrifice on particular occasions, or by pervading our lives to the extent that there is no room for permissible action? In this article, I argue that Kant’s ethics is very demanding, but not excessively so. The notion of ‘latitude’ (the idea that wide duty admits of ‘exceptions’) does not help. But we need to bear in mind (i) that moral laws are self-imposed and cannot be externally enforced; (ii) that ‘right action’ is not a category of Kantian ethics – there is a more and a less, and lack of perfection does not entail vice; and (iii) that only practice makes perfect, i.e. how much virtue can realistically be expected can vary from agent to agent. The principle that ‘ought’ is limited by ‘can’ is firmly entrenched in Kant’s ethical thought.
Race, Religion, or Culture? Framing Islam between Racism and Neo-Racism in the Online Network of the French Far Right
Authors: Froio Caterina
Published: August 2018

When debates about Islam acquire importance in the public sphere, does the far right adhere to traditional racist arguments, risking marginalization, or does it conform to mainstream values to attain legitimacy in the political system? Focusing on the aftermath of the 2015 terrorist attacks in France, I explore the framing of Islam, discussing how the far right’s nativist arguments were reformulated to engage with available discursive opportunities and dominant conceptions of the national identity. By looking at actors in the protest and the electoral arenas, I examine the interplay between the choice of anti-Islam frames and baseline national values.

I offer a novel mixed-method approach to study political discourses, combining social network analysis of the links between seventy-seven far-right websites with a qualitative frame analysis of online material. It also includes measures of online visibility of these websites to assess their audiences. The results confirm that anti-Islam frames are couched along a spectrum of discursive opportunity, where actors can either opt to justify opposition to Islam based on interpretations of core national values (culture and religion) or mobilize on strictly oppositional values (biological racism). The framing strategy providing most online visibility is based on neo-racist arguments. While this strategy allows distortion of baseline national values of secularity and republicanism, without breaching the social contract, it is also a danger for organizations that made “opposition to the system” their trademark. While the results owe much to the French context, the conclusions draw broader implications as to the far right going mainstream.
Preparing Graduate Students for STEM Careers Outside Academia
Authors: Lautz L. , McCay D. , Driscoll C. , Glas R. , Gutchess K. , Johnson A. , Millard G.
Published: August 2018

Most STEM graduates don’t primarily do research or work in academia after they earn a Ph.D. How do we prepare those students for the multitude of other careers they could pursue?
Dehydroxylation Kinetics of Clay Minerals and Its Application to Friction Heating Along an Imbricate Thrust in an Accretionary Prism
Authors: Masumoto Hirokazu , Kameda Jun , Arima Hiroshi , Sugiyama Kazumasa , Nagai Takaya , Yamamoto Yuzuru
Published: August 2018

Dehydroxylation of clay minerals within fault gouges is significant for assessing transient thermogenesis due to high‐velocity, frictional slip along fault zones. The clay minerals kaolinite and chlorite are common in fault zones hosted in sedimentary rocks at subduction margins. To better understand the dehydroxylation processes of these clay minerals, high‐temperature X‐ray diffraction analyses were carried out by using a 1:1 mixture of kaolinite and chlorite standard samples. We evaluated the kinetic parameters of each dehydroxylation reaction by thermogravimetric analysis using the Friedman method. For kaolinite, the thermogravimetric data are fitted with a one and a half order equation (F3/2) with an activation energy of 171 kJ/mol and a frequency factor of 5.6 × 108 s−1. The data for chlorite are analyzed by the geometrical contracting model equation (R2) with an activation energy of 197 kJ/mol and a frequency factor of 4.5 × 109 s−1. Thermal models of frictional heating employing this calibration show that the frictional heating can explain the reported clay mineralogy in a fossil imbricate thrust from a shallow part in an ancient accretionary prism (Shirako Fault, Japan). This result supports the previous assertion, and the observed temperature anomaly appears to demonstrate the frictional heating caused by coseismic slip on this fault.
The Final Stages of Slip and Volcanism on an Oceanic Detachment Fault at 13°48′N, Mid‐Atlantic Ridge
Authors: Parnell‐Turner R. E. , Mittelstaedt E. , Kurz M. D. , Jones M. P. , Soule S. A. , Klein F. , Wanless V. D. , Fornari D. J.
Published: August 2018

While processes associated with initiation and maintenance of oceanic detachment faults are becoming better constrained, much less is known about the tectonic and magmatic conditions that lead to fault abandonment. Here we present results from near‐bottom investigations using the submersible Alvin and autonomous underwater vehicle Sentry at a recently extinct detachment fault near 13°48′N, Mid‐Atlantic Ridge, that allow documentation of the final stages of fault activity and magmatism. Seafloor imagery, sampling, and near‐bottom magnetic data show that the detachment footwall is intersected by an ~850 m‐wide volcanic outcrop including pillow lavas. Saturation pressures in these vesicular basalts, based on dissolved H2O and CO2, are less than their collection pressures, which could be explained by eruption at a shallower level than their present depth. Sub‐bottom profiles reveal that sediment thickness, a loose proxy for seafloor age, is ~2 m greater on top of the volcanic terrain than on the footwall adjacent to the hanging‐wall cutoff. This difference could be explained by current‐driven erosion in the axial valley or by continued slip after volcanic emplacement, on either a newly formed or pre‐existing fault. Since current speeds near the footwall are unlikely to be sufficient to cause significant erosion, we favor the hypothesis that detachment slip continued after the episode of magmatism, consistent with growing evidence that oceanic detachments can continue to slip despite hosting magmatic intrusions.
Prediction of Solar Wind Speed at 1 AU Using an Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Yang Yi , Shen Fang , Yang Zicai , Feng Xueshang
Published: August 2018

A hybrid intelligent source surface model applying the artificial neural network tactic for solar wind speed prediction is presented in this paper. The model is a hybrid system merging various observational and theoretical information as input. Different inputs are tested including individual parameters and their combinations in order to select an optimum. Then, the optimal model is implemented for prediction. The prediction is validated by both error analysis and event‐based analysis from 2007 to 2016. The overall correlation coefficient is 0.74, and the root‐mean‐square error is 68 km/s. The probability for detecting a high‐speed‐event is 0.68, the positive predicted value is 0.73, and the threat score is 0.55.
Dependency on the TYK2/STAT1/MCL1 axis in anaplastic large cell lymphoma
Authors: Prutsch Nicole , Gurnhofer Elisabeth , Suske Tobias , Liang Huan Chang , Schlederer Michaela , Roos Simone , Wu Lawren C. , Simonitsch-Klupp Ingrid , Alvarez-Hernandez Andrea , Kornauth Christoph , Leone Dario A. , Svinka Jasmin , Eferl Robert , Limberger Tanja , Aufinger Astrid , Shirsath Nitesh , Wolf Peter , Hielscher Thomas , Sternberg Christina , Aberger Fritz , Schmoellerl Johannes , Stoiber Dagmar , Strobl Birgit , Jäger Ulrich , Staber Philipp B. , Grebien Florian , Moriggl Richard , Müller Mathias , Inghirami Giorgio G. , Sanda Takaomi , Look A. Thomas , Turner Suzanne D. , Kenner Lukas , Merkel Olaf
Published: August 2018

TYK2 is a member of the JAK family of tyrosine kinases that is involved in chromosomal translocation-induced fusion proteins found in anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCL) that lack rearrangements activating the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK). Here we demonstrate that TYK2 is highly expressed in all cases of human ALCL, and that in a mouse model of NPM-ALK-induced lymphoma, genetic disruption of Tyk2 delays the onset of tumors and prolongs survival of the mice. Lymphomas in this model lacking Tyk2 have reduced STAT1 and STAT3 phosphorylation and reduced expression of Mcl1, a pro-survival member of the BCL2 family. These findings in mice are mirrored in human ALCL cell lines, in which TYK2 is activated by autocrine production of IL-10 and IL-22 and by interaction with specific receptors expressed by the cells. Activated TYK2 leads to STAT1 and STAT3 phosphorylation, activated expression of MCL1 and aberrant ALCL cell survival. Moreover, TYK2 inhibitors are able to induce apoptosis in ALCL cells, regardless of the presence or absence of an ALK-fusion. Thus, TYK2 is a dependency that is required for ALCL cell survival through activation of MCL1 expression. TYK2 represents an attractive drug target due to its essential enzymatic domain, and TYK2-specific inhibitors show promise as novel targeted inhibitors for ALCL.
Tribotronic bipolar junction transistor for mechanical frequency monitoring and use as touch switch
Authors: Xi Fengben , Pang Yaokun , Li Wenjian , Bu Tianzhao , Zhao Junqing , Liu Guoxu , Guo Tong , Liu Wenbo , Zhang Chi
Published: August 2018

Tribotronics, a new field that involves the coupling of triboelectricity and semiconductors, has attracted great interest in the nanoenergy and nanoelectronics domains. This paper proposes a tribotronic bipolar junction transistor (TBJT) that incorporates a bipolar junction transistor and a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) in the single-electrode mode. When the mobile triboelectric layer slides on the device surface for electrification, a bias voltage is created and applied to the emitter junction, and then the base current from the TENG is amplified. Based on the fabricated TBJT, a mechanical frequency monitoring sensor with high sensitivity and excellent stability and a finger-triggered touch switch were developed. This work demonstrated for the first time a tribotronic device with simultaneously controlled voltage and current voltage/current simultaneously controlled tribotronic device, which has promising potential applications in micro/nano-sensors, human-machine interactions, intelligent instrumentation, wearable electronics, and other applications.
Author Correction: Understanding the plume dynamics of explosive super-eruptions
Authors: Costa Antonio , Suzuki Yujiro J. , Koyaguchi Takehiro
Published: August 2018

We became aware of a mistake in the data displayed in the original version of Fig. 3. Specifically, the lines showing the relationship between column height and MFR for MFR larger than 1010 kg/s, were based on simulations where the exit gas fraction was assumed to be an unrealistic value of 0.76 rather than the correct value of 0.33. This has been corrected in both the PDF and the HTML versions of the Article. The text was written on the basis of the correct plots, and so this error does not affect the original discussion or conclusions of the Article. The authors apologize for the confusion caused by this mistake.
Author Correction: Integration of human adipocyte chromosomal interactions with adipose gene expression prioritizes obesity-related genes from GWAS
Authors: Pan David Z. , Garske Kristina M. , Alvarez Marcus , Bhagat Yash V. , Boocock James , Nikkola Elina , Miao Zong , Raulerson Chelsea K. , Cantor Rita M. , Civelek Mete , Glastonbury Craig A. , Small Kerrin S. , Boehnke Michael , Lusis Aldons J. , Sinsheimer Janet S. , Mohlke Karen L. , Laakso Markku , Pajukanta Päivi , Ko Arthur
Published: August 2018

In the original version of this Article, Supplementary Table 10 contained incorrect primer sequences for the mobility shift assay for SNP rs4776984. These errors have now been fixed and the corrected version of the Supplementary Information PDF is available to download from the HTML version of the Article.
Hyperfine-phonon spin relaxation in a single-electron GaAs quantum dot
Authors: Camenzind Leon C. , Yu Liuqi , Stano Peter , Zimmerman Jeramy D. , Gossard Arthur C. , Loss Daniel , Zumbühl Dominik M.
Published: August 2018

Understanding and control of the spin relaxation time T1 is among the key challenges for spin-based qubits. A larger T1 is generally favored, setting the fundamental upper limit to the qubit coherence and spin readout fidelity. In GaAs quantum dots at low temperatures and high in-plane magnetic fields B, the spin relaxation relies on phonon emission and spin–orbit coupling. The characteristic dependence T1 ∝ B−5 and pronounced B-field anisotropy were already confirmed experimentally. However, it has also been predicted 15 years ago that at low enough fields, the spin–orbit interaction is replaced by the coupling to the nuclear spins, where the relaxation becomes isotropic, and the scaling changes to T1 ∝ B−3. Here, we establish these predictions experimentally, by measuring T1 over an unprecedented range of magnetic fields—made possible by lower temperature—and report a maximum T1 = 57 ± 15 s at the lowest fields, setting a record electron spin lifetime in a nanostructure.
Publisher Correction: Lithospheric foundering and underthrusting imaged beneath Tibet
Authors: Chen Min , Niu Fenglin , Tromp Jeroen , Lenardic Adrian , Lee Cin-Ty A. , Cao Wenrong , Ribeiro Julia
Published: August 2018

The original version of the Supplementary Information associated with this Article contained an error in Supplementary Figure 4 in which the colours on the maps rendered incorrectly. The HTML has been updated to include a corrected version of the Supplementary Information
Near-infrared-triggered photon upconversion tuning in all-inorganic cesium lead halide perovskite quantum dots
Authors: Zheng Wei , Huang Ping , Gong Zhongliang , Tu Datao , Xu Jin , Zou Qilin , Li Renfu , You Wenwu , Bünzli Jean-Claude G. , Chen Xueyuan
Published: August 2018

All-inorganic CsPbX3(X = Cl, Br, and I) perovskite quantum dots (PeQDs) have shown great promise in optoelectronics and photovoltaics owing to their outstanding linear optical properties; however, nonlinear upconversion is limited by the small cross-section of multiphoton absorption, necessitating high power density excitation. Herein, we report a convenient and versatile strategy to fine tuning the upconversion luminescence in CsPbX3PeQDs through sensitization by lanthanide-doped nanoparticles. Full-color emission with wavelengths beyond the availability of lanthanides is achieved through tailoring of the PeQDs bandgap, in parallel with the inherent high conversion efficiency of energy transfer upconversion under low power density excitation. Importantly, the luminescent lifetimes of the excitons can be enormously lengthened from the intrinsic nanosecond scale to milliseconds depending on the lifetimes of lanthanide ions. These findings provide a general approach to stimulate photon upconversion in PeQDs, thereby opening up a new avenue for exploring novel and versatile applications of PeQDs.
Ribitol restores functionally glycosylated α-dystroglycan and improves muscle function in dystrophic FKRP-mutant mice
Authors: Cataldi Marcela P. , Lu Peijuan , Blaeser Anthony , Lu Qi Long
Published: August 2018

O-mannosylated α-dystroglycan (α-DG) serves as receptors for cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix adhesion and signaling. Hypoglycosylation of α-DG is involved in cancer progression and underlies dystroglycanopathy with aberrant neuronal development. Here we report that ribitol, a pentose alcohol with previously unknown function in mammalian cells, partially restores functional O-mannosylation of α-DG (F-α-DG) in the dystroglycanopathy model containing a P448L mutation in fukutin-related protein (FKRP) gene, which is clinically associated with severe congenital muscular dystrophy. Oral administration of ribitol increases levels of ribitol-5-phosphate and CDP-ribitol and restores therapeutic levels of F-α-DG in skeletal and cardiac muscles. Furthermore, ribitol, given before and after the onset of disease phenotype, reduces skeletal muscle pathology, significantly decreases cardiac fibrosis and improves skeletal and respiratory functions in the FKRP mutant mice. Ribitol treatment presents a new class, low risk, and easy to administer experimental therapy to restore F-α-DG in FKRP-related muscular dystrophy.
Systematic literature review and meta-analysis of US-approved LAMA/LABA therapies versus tiotropium in moderate-to-severe COPD
Authors: Han MeiLan K. , Ray Riju , Foo Jason , Morel Chaienna , Hahn Beth
Published: August 2018

Dual bronchodilator maintenance therapy may benefit patients with moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) versus long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) monotherapy. The efficacy and safety of US-approved LAMA/long-acting beta-agonist (LABA) combinations versus tiotropium (TIO), a LAMA, were assessed. This systematic review and meta-analysis (GSK: 206938), conducted in MEDLINE, MEDLINE In-process, and EMBASE following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, identified randomized clinical trials (>8 weeks) in moderate-to-severe COPD (per Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease guidelines), receiving LAMA/LABA or TIO. Endpoints: difference in change from baseline in lung function (forced expiratory volume in 1 s [FEV1]; trough, peak, area under the curve 0–3 h post-dose (AUC0–3), St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) responder rate (≥4-unit improvement), SGRQ total score, and rescue medication use at 12 and 24 weeks. Safety was also assessed. From 5683 citations, the meta-analysis included eight clinical trials. LAMA/LABA significantly improved FEV1 trough (Week 12: 63.0 mL, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 39.2, 86.8; Week 24: 66.1 mL, 95% CI: 40.0, 92.3), peak (Week 12: 91.5 mL, 95% CI: 70.5, 112.4; Week 24: 92.4 mL, 95% CI: 72.9, 111.9), AUC0–3 (Week 12: 126.8 mL, 95% CI: 108.1, 145.4), SGRQ responder rate at Week 12 (risk ratio: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.09, 1.28), mean SGRQ total score (Week 12: −1.87, 95% CI: −2.72, −1.02; Week 24: −1.05, 95% CI: −2.02, −0.09), and rescue medication use (Week 24: −0.47 puffs/day, 95% CI: −0.64, −0.30) versus TIO (all p ≤ 0.03). The SGRQ responder rate at 24 weeks and adverse events were not significantly different between treatments. US-approved LAMA/LABA therapies improved lung function, SGR,Q and rescue medication use versus TIO, without compromising safety.
Large magnetoresistance and superconductivity in α-gallium single crystals
Authors: Chen Bin , Duan Xu , Wang Hangdong , Du Jianhua , Zhou Yuxing , Xu Chunqiang , Zhang Yukun , Zhang Liyao , Wei Meng , Xia Zhengcai , Cao Chao , Dai Jianhui , Fang Minghu , Yang Jinhu
Published: August 2018

Topological metals, including Dirac and Weyl semimetals, represent a wide class of quantum materials with non-trivial electronic band structures. The essential properties of Dirac or Weyl fermions, including light effective mass and high mobility, have been observed in a number of semimetal compounds, which in turn exhibit large positive magnetoresistances. Here, we report an unexpected observation of all these properties in α-gallium (α-Ga) single crystals, a pure metal that is in the liquid phase at room temperature and ambient pressure. Based on systematical transport measurements, α-Ga single crystal is found to exhibit large magnetoresistance, reaching about 1.66 × 106 per cent at 2 K in a magnetic field of 9 T. At low temperatures the de Haas–van Alphen and Shubinikov de Hass quantum oscillations show ultrahigh mobility and very small cyclotron effective mass for charge carriers, together with a non-trivial Berry phase. Combined with first-principle band structure calculations, these properties demonstrate α-Ga as a rare topological pure metal. Furthermore, superconductivity with Tc of ~0.9 K is confirmed by both specific heat and resistivity measurements. These findings suggest that α-Ga is a unique pure metal displaying both non-trivial topological and superconducting properties.
Proteomic and immunochemical approaches to understanding the glycation behaviour of the casein and β-lactoglobulin fractions of flavoured drinks under UHT processing conditions
Authors: Geicu Ovidiu I. , Stanca Loredana , Dinischiotu Anca , Serban Andreea I.
Published: August 2018

Dairy technology used to produce sweetened milk products might introduce additional advanced glycation end products (AGEs) into the diet. These molecular messengers are linked to detrimental health effects. Using a model accurate to the thermal treatment, reducing sugars, main protein content, and prolonged storage of ultra-high-temperature-sterilized (UHT) milk, we studied the behaviour of milk proteins during glycation. Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) profiles and western blots of glycated total casein revealed the major contributions of αs2-casein and β-casein and the relatively minor contributions of κ-casein towards the formation of Nε-carboxymethyllysine (CML)-positive aggregates. Glycated κ-casein had the lowest furosine (FUR), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and AGEs content. Conversely, the α-casein fraction demonstrated a high susceptibility to glycation, having the highest FUR, HMF and AGE levels. The gel-filtration elution profiles and the corresponding fraction fluorescence revealed that glycated casein aggregates were highly fluorescent, while the β-lactoglobulin glycation profile was similar to that of bovine serum albumin, and fluorescence was detected mainly in tetramers. Although CML is not a cross-linking AGE, it was only detected in large molecular aggregates and not in glycated monomers. Our results also indicate that in casein, glycation-induced changes in the UHT conditions were less deleterious than the subsequent 90 day storage period.
HIV-1 Transmissions Among Recently Infected Individuals in Southwest China are Predominantly Derived from Circulating Local Strains
Authors: Li Jianjun , Feng Yi , Shen Zhiyong , Li Yingxin , Tang Zhenzhu , Xiong Runsong , Zhang Hongman , Wei Jing , Zhou Xinjuan , Deng Yueqin , Fang Ningye , Lan Guanghua , Liang Shujia , Zhu Qiuying , Xing Hui , Ruan Yuhua , Shao Yiming
Published: August 2018

Although the Guangxi region accounts for 10% of all HIV-1 cases new reported in 2011 in China, the sources of the transmitted HIV-1 strains are virtually unknown. To determine the extent to which recent HIV infections were derived from already circulating local strains as opposed to recently introduced strains, we performed a cross-sectional molecular epidemiological investigation of recent infections across Guangxi during 2012–2013. HIV-1 nucleotide sequences were amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic analyses of pol gene regions were used to determine HIV-1 transmission source strains. Based on 229 sequences generated, the subtype/CRF distribution was as follows: CRF01_AE (61.1%), CRF07_BC (18.8%), CRF08_BC (16.6%), CRF55_01B (3.1%), and subtype B′ (0.4%). In total, 213 of 229 (93.0%) sequenced transmission strains were derived from already-circulating local strains. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that only an age of 18–25 years was significantly associated with transmission from outside Guangxi (compared to >25 years, AOR: 5.15, 95% CI: 1.18–22.48, p < 0.01). This is the first study to use a Bayesian discrete phylogeographic approach to analyze transmission source strains in China. Our results provide useful data for designing evidence-based prevention strategies and methods for combating the rapid spread of sexually transmitted HIV in Guangxi.