bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of fecal microbiota transplantation in the therapy of intestinal and extraintestinal diseases: The basics for health professionals
Authors: Kwiatkowska Aleksandra , Skonieczna-Żydecka Karolina , Marlicz Maria , Marlicz Wojciech
Published: June 2019

The knowledge of the role of the digestive tract in human physiology and pathology has expanded tremendously in recent years. The human intestine is a habitat for a host complex of bacteria, fungi, viruses and Acheaea, all contributing to food digestion, fermentation, metabolism of xenobiotics as well as immune and neuroendocrine functions. Moreover, evidence is mounting that many environmental factors such as diet, drugs, stress and infection may potentially disrupt intestinal microbial milieu. Therefore, methods aimed to modulate gut microbiota are eagerly investigated and applied into daily clinical practice. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a transplant of gut bacteria from a healthy donor to a recipent. Usually, the stool bacteria are introduced by means of colonoscopy, gastroduodenoscopy, enema, orogastric tube or orally in the form of
a capsule containing freeze-dried material. The effectivness of FMT in the treatment of recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) has been confirmed in a numer of high quality studies and is currently recommended as evidence-based therapy in clinical settings. However, FMT is promising in the treatment of other diseases, as it has proven to be an effective method of treating ulcerative colitis (UC) and is of promise in treating Crohn’s disease (CD), metabolic and neuropsychiatric disorders. Many questions related to FMT remain unanswered. A better understanding of fecal and mucosal microbial composition is needed, followed by the optimisation of regulatory issues and selection of best possible donor. Novel protocols based on a new class of probiotics as emerging alternatives to FMT in CDI are also briefly disscussed.
3,3′-Dimethoxybenzidine. Determination in workplace air
Authors: Kowalska Joanna
Published: June 2019

3,3′-Dimethoxybenzidine (DMOB) is a substance classified to a group of carcinogens. The recommended maximum admissible concentration (MAC) value for this substance in workplace air is 0.2 mg/m3. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a sensitive method for the determination of 3,3′-dimethoxybenzidine concentrations in workplace air in the range from 1/10 to 2 MAC values, in accordance with the requirements of the standard PN-EN 482. The method consists in passing the air that contains DMOB through a sulfuric acid-treated glass fiber filters, washing out the substance settled on the filter, using water and solution of sodium hydroxide, liquid-liquid extraction with toluene, replacing dissolvent with acetonitrile and analyzing the obtained solution. Studies were performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique. An Agilent Technologies (Germany) liquid chromatograph, series 1200, with a fluorescence detector (FLD) was used in the experiment. In the test, an Ultra C18 column of dimensions: 250 x 4.6 mm, with a precolumn of dimensions: 10 x 4.0 mm (Restek, USA) was applied. Method is linear within the working range 1.08 µg/ml do 21.60 µg/ml, which is equivalent to air concentrations from 0.02 to 0.4 mg/m3 for a 54-L air sample. The analytical method described in this paper allows for selective determination of 3,3’-dimethoxybenzidine in the workplace air in the presence of 1,4-phenylenediamine, benzidine, aniline, 3,3’-dimethylbenzidine, 2-nitrotoluene, 3,3’-dichlorobenzidine and azobenzene. The method is characterized by good precision and accuracy and meets the criteria for the performance of procedures for the measurement of chemical agents, listed in EN 482. The method may be used for the assessment of occupational exposure to 3,3’-dimethoxybenzidine and the associated risk to workers’ health. The developed method of determining 3,3’-dimethoxybenzidine has been recorded as an analytical procedure (see appendix). This article discusses the problems of occupational safety and health, which are covered by health sciences and environmental engineering.
2-Nitroanisole. Documentation of occupational exposure limits (OELs)
Authors: Starek Andrzej
Published: June 2019

2-Nitroanisole is a colorless to yellowish liquid poorly soluble in water. It is used primarily to o-anisidine and o-dinisidine synthesis, which are precursors of azo dyes. 2-Nitroanisole has harmonized classification in the European Union: Carc. 1B 4 – carcinogenic, 1B category; H350 – may cause cancer after exposure trough the respiratory tract or skin; Acute Tox. 4 – acute toxicity 4; H302 – it acts adversely after swallowing. Occupational exposure to this compound occurs during its production and application. In Poland in 2016 203 workers were exposed to 2-nitroanisole. No data on 2-nitroanisole toxicity in humans were found in the available literature. In rodents 2-nitroanisole did not demonstrate large toxicity after administration in a single dose. In these animals repeatedly treated with this compound an increase in parenchymatous organ weights, decrease in body weight and also methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia were observed. 2-Nitroanisole was mutagenic in bacterial tests, induced gene mutations, chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchange, and also damaged DNA (positive commet test). In rodents 2-nitroanisole induced both preneoplastic and neoplastic alterations mainly in urinary bladder, kidneys, and large intestine. The maximum admissible concentration (MAC) value for 2-nitroanisole has been calculated on the basis of the results of a short term experiment performed on rats. The critical effects observed were an increase in both liver and spleen weight and hemolytic anemia. On the basis of the NOEL value at the level of 8 mg/kg bw./day and uncertainty factors of 36, a MAC value at the level of 1.6 mg/m3 was obtained. On basis of literature data urinary bladder cancer risk associated with 1.6 mg/m3 concentration of 2-nitroanisole and a lifetime occupational exposure (40 years) was calculated at 2 × 10-3, which may be recognized as acceptable risk. The MAC has ”Carc. 1B” notation (carcinogenic substance, 1B category).
Karl Frederik Kinch - a Danish Pioneer in Thessaloniki
Authors: Kiilerich Bente
Published: June 2019

The Danish archaeologist and philologist Karl Frederik Kinch (1853-1921) is probably best known for his investigations on Rhodes, where, together with Christian Blinkenberg, he led the excavations on the acropolis of Lindos between 1902 and 1905. This article focuses on another aspect of Kinch’s research: his pioneering work on the Arch of Galerius in Thessaloniki. By studying the iconography of the sculpted reliefs, Kinch could show that the monument was not, as then generally believed, erected in honour of Alexander the Great or Constantine. He was, in fact, the first to establish that the arch celebrated the Emperor Galerius’ victory over the Sasanian Persians in 297/98. Kinch published his results in L’Arc de triomphe de Galère (Paris 1890), which is also the first monograph on the monument. I here take a closer look at this publication, and tries to situate it within the researcher’s life and work.  rchaeologist and philologist Karl Frederik Kinch
Hvorfor ikke sammenligne?
Authors: Friedman Susan Stanford
Published: June 2019

This article gives a critical overview over risks inherent in comparison, –risks of inequality between the two compared phenomena, the risk of using a normative standard, derived from one work or context for the evaluation of another work or another context, the risk of reducing the uniqueness of a work to generic or topical dimensions etc. However, the article moves on to make a strong argument for the necessity of comparison. It suggests the development of a more dynamic, dialectic and relational form of comparison. The article argues that any comparison is full of contradictory movements and therefore argues that a modern comparative method should focus on incommensurable juxtapositions, on contrapuntal opposition and reciprocity.
Torquato Tasso på (kryds og) tværs
Authors: Gammelgaard Lasse Raaby
Published: June 2019

The article contributes to research into the topos of furor poeticus or poetic madness and its prominence during the romantic period. In particular, it compares how the life story of the mad Italian poet from the Renaissance, Torquato Tasso, was represented in fictionalized versions across media and art forms. Romantic versions of Tasso’s life in drama (Wolfgang Goethe and B. S. Ingemann), poetry (Lord Byron), painting (Eugène Delacroix) and instrumental music (Franz Liszt) are analyzed with the aim of highlighting which aspects of Tasso’s life are portrayed, how the affordances of the medium affect the depiction and how intermedial references and transpositions are in play. In addition to intermediality theory, the transmedial narratology of Werner Wolf is introduced and employed to compare to what degree the different media and art forms can convey prototypical aspects of narrativity. Moving from the most prototypical to the least prototypical narrative genre, the article finds that the more representations of Tasso focus on his time spent in a madhouse, the more the narrative stresses experientiality at the expense of investment in plot development. The affordances of strong narrative media and strong and weak narrative-inducing media may highlight different aspects of the experientiality of furor poeticus, but in all cases the representation of Tasso is performed in an innovative romantic style.
Medialiseringens litteratur?
Authors: Svendsen Erik
Published: June 2019

Anmeldelse af Tore Rye Andersen, Jørgen Bruhn, Nina Christensen, Stefan Kjerkegaard, Sara Tanderup Linkis, Birgitte Stougaard Pedersen og Hans Kristian Rustad (red.): Litteratur mellem medier. 384 sider. Aarhus Universitetsforlag, Aarhus, 2018
Globale strejftog i ny fransk litteratur
Authors: Boisen Jørn
Published: June 2019

Anmeldelse af Mads Anders Baggesgaard: Nye franske verdener. 292 sider. Aarhus Universitetsforlag, Aarhus, 2016.
Sans og samling
Authors: Troelsen Anders
Published: June 2019

Mapping a span of extrinsic and intrinsic relationships between music and visual arts (including film), the article discusses ways of comparative analysis. It takes its starting point in concrete examples and proposes some provisional categories for this kind of aesthetic examination. Important for the comparative analysis is that it includes the specific sensory substance of the visual and auditory elements and sticks to a similar analytic level for both art forms. On the other hand, identifications of historical and structural convergence can assume an embarrassing concrete form without taking into account that often they should be located at a rather vague and overarching level. Acknowledging the necessity and usefulness of analogies, the article also warns against the obvious pitfalls involved.
Illustrations, apports et limites d’une posture inductive en recherche-action-formation
Authors: Bergeron Geneviève , Prud’homme Luc , Rousseau Nadia
Published: June 2019

La recherche-action-formation (RAF) n’est pas une approche méthodologique nouvelle. Elle peut par ailleurs emprunter différents paradigmes et s’actualiser par l’entremise d’un éventail de méthodes et d’outils (Dolbec & Prud’homme, 2009). Dans cet article, nous souhaitons montrer que la RAF représente un terreau fertile à l’induction, une posture singulière que le chercheur peut adopter dans l’exploration de phénomènes humains et selon laquelle c’est la méthode qui s’adapte à l’objet et aux particularités du terrain, et non l’inverse. Plus précisément, l’article vise à illustrer comment s’est manifestée cette perspective inductive dans l’articulation singulière d’une RAF (Bergeron, 2014). Sont notamment mises en lumière certaines marques de l’induction qui influencent la nature des régulations entre les trois pôles de la RAF où les processus de collecte et d’analyse des données sont en constant dialogue. L’article se termine par une discussion entourant certains apports et limites qui peuvent s’associer à l’adoption d’une telle posture.
Expériences inductives et recherche qualitative collective
Authors: Diallo Mamadou Siradjo , Fall Ousmane Thiendella
Published: June 2019

Dans l’optique de contribuer au dépassement des clivages disciplinaires, notamment dans le domaine de la recherche scientifique, cet article vise à mettre en lumière les particularités de la recherche qualitative collective. Pour ce faire, à partir de leur vécu expérientiel dans deux équipes de recherche où la complicité et la mutualisation des ressources et des pratiques existaient, les auteurs interrogent la recherche qualitative dans un cadre collectif où plusieurs chercheurs collaborent, notamment dans l’analyse des données. Pour approfondir leur compréhension de cette pratique collective, les auteurs appuient leurs analyses par le recours à des publications sur le sujet. Il a résulté de ce travail que la recherche qualitative en équipe favorise l’ouverture, la richesse des résultats et l’engagement des chercheurs. Cette situation contribue aussi à la triangulation dans l’analyse.
Ozone therapy in idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome. Biochemical, neurophysiological and clinical aspects.
Authors: Rascaroli Marco Willelmo , Borghi Barbara , Rascaroli Alessandro , Travagli Valter
Published: June 2019

Purpose.
Idiopathic Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is the most common entrapment neuropathy; however few and only retrospective studies have been found in search engines about Ozone Therapy.
The aim of this paper was to evaluate clinical and neurophysiological outcome following Ozone Therapy in CTS.
We focused the attention on the evidences concerning the role of Subsynovial Connective Tissue (SSCT) in the pathogenesis of CTS and the ozone pre-conditioning effects linked to pain and inflammatory pathways and to fibrosis induced by Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury.

Materials and methods.
Thirty-five patients, aged between 21 and 80, were stratified clinically by Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (B.C.T.Q.) and Neurophysiologically by Padua’s Gravity Scale classifying patients into five Electro-myographic categories. The mean symptom duration was also recorded.
The patients filled in the B.C.T.Q. before and after treatment as well underwent diagnostic neurophysiological tests, strictly standardized in stimulation parameters, electrodes placement and skin temperature.
The Ozone Therapy was performed by injecting 4 ml of O2-O3 mixture at 10 ug/ml concentration under the transverse carpal ligament twice a week for eight sessions.

Results.
We compared the B.C.T.Q. scores and the neurophysiological parameters obtained before and after O2-O3 treatment: the improvement of symptoms was significantly greater than the improvement of motor and sensory nerve conduction.
The highest clinical improvement degree was found in patients classified in Mild and Moderate Groups.

Discussion and Conclusion.
Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury triggers oxidative stress in SSCT with activation of chemical mediators and neo-angiogenesis leading to non-inflammatory fibrosis that represent the allmark of CTS.
Previous and retrospective studies based O2-O3 treatment on the main mechanisms of action shared by the treatment of herniated disc in the spine; our study focused the attention on pathophysiology of the SSCT trying to recognize the various stages of CTS pathogenesis by correlating with clinical and neuro-physiological tests.
Further studies have to be carried out to better understand these relationships and optimize timing of Ozone Therapy.
Replication Study: Wnt activity defines colon cancer stem cells and is regulated by the microenvironment
Authors: Essex Anthony , Pineda Javier , Acharya Grishma , Xin Hong , Evans James ,   Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology, Iorns Elizabeth , Tsui Rachel , Denis Alexandria , Perfito Nicole , Errington Timothy M , Iorns Elizabeth , Tsui Rachel , Denis Alexandria , Perfito Nicole , Errington Timothy M
Published: June 2019

As part of the Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology we published a Registered Report (Evans et al., 2015), that described how we intended to replicate selected experiments from the paper ‘Wnt activity defines colon cancer stem cells and is regulated by the microenvironment’ (Vermeulen et al., 2010). Here, we report the results. Using three independent primary spheroidal colon cancer cultures that expressed a Wnt reporter construct we observed high Wnt activity was associated with the cell surface markers CD133, CD166, and CD29, but not CD24 and CD44, while the original study found all five markers were correlated with high Wnt activity (Figure 2F; Vermeulen et al., 2010). Clonogenicity was highest in cells with high Wnt activity and clonogenic potential of cells with low Wnt activity were increased by myofibroblast-secreted factors, including HGF. While the effects were in the same direction as the original study (Figure 6D; Vermeulen et al., 2010) whether statistical significance was reached among the different conditions varied. When tested in vivo, we did not find a difference in tumorigenicity between high and low Wnt activity, while the original study found cells with high Wnt activity were more effective in inducing tumors (Figure 7E; Vermeulen et al., 2010). Tumorigenicity, however, was increased with myofibroblast-secreted factors, which was in the same direction as the original study (Figure 7E; Vermeulen et al., 2010), but not statistically significant. Finally, we report meta-analyses for each results where possible.
Combining epidural fentanyl and lidocaine for postoperative pain
Authors: Lytle Sue A. , Goldsmith Douglas M. , Neuendorf Tracy L.
Published: June 2019

Fifteen patients undergoing total hip and total knee replacement were studied prospectively to evaluate postoperative pain relief provided by an epidural infusion of fentanyl citrate, with and without lidocaine hydrochloride, and changes in arterial flow to the lower extremities. The patients were randomly placed in three groups: group 1 received epidural fentanyl, 5 j.Lg/mL; group 2 received epidural fentanyl, 5 j.Lg/mL with 0.75% solution of lidocaine; and group 3 received epidural fentanyl, 5 j.Lg/mL with 1.0% solution of lidocaine. All patients received 1.5% solution of epidural etidocaine hydrochloride with epinephrine 1:200,000 for intraoperative anesthesia. No clinical evidence of deep vein thrombosis, tachyphylactic reaction to lidocaine, orthostatic hypotension, or motor block was demonstrated in any patient. The addition of lidocaine to the epidural fentanyl infusion did not improve pain relief or allow a decrease in the rate of infusion. Patients in all groups had improved arterial flow to the lower extremities 24 hours postoperatively.
Fishing for vaccines againstVibrio choleraeusingin silicopan-proteomic reverse vaccinology approach
Authors: Rashid Muhammad I. , Rehman Sammia , Ali Amjad , Andleeb Saadia
Published: June 2019

Background

Cholera, an acute enteric infection, is a serious health challenge in both the underdeveloped and the developing world. It is caused byVibrio choleraeafter ingestion of fecal contaminated food or water. Cholera outbreaks have recently been observed in regions facing natural calamities (i.e., earthquake in Haiti 2010) or war (i.e., ongoing civil war in Yemen 2016) where healthcare and sanitary setups have been disrupted as a consequence. Whole-cell oral cholera vaccines (OCVs) have been in market but their regimen efficacy has been questioned. A reverse vaccinology (RV) approach has been applied as a successful anti-microbial measure for many infectious diseases.

Methodology

With the aim of finding new protective antigens for vaccine development, theV. choleraeO1 (biovar eltr str. N16961) proteome was computationally screened in a sequential prioritization approach that focused on determining the antigenicity of potential vaccine candidates. Essential, accessible, virulent and immunogenic proteins were selected as potential candidates. The predicted epitopes were filtered for effective binding with MHC alleles and epitopes binding with greater MHC alleles were selected.

Results

In this study, we report lipoproteinNlpD, outer membrane proteinOmpU, accessory colonization factorAcfA, Porin, putative and outer membrane proteinOmpWas potential candidates qualifying all the set criteria. These predicted epitopes can offer a potential for development of a reliable peptide or subunit vaccine forV. cholerae.
Farmers’ Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) Regarding Nitrogen Fortified Organic Manure in Crop Production
Authors: Das Monoj Kumar , Islam Md. Matiul , Billah Md. Maruf
Published: June 2019

The study was carried out mainly to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of farmers regarding nitrogen fortified organic manure. Data were collected from purposive-randomly selected 120 farmers from Kharnia, Atalia, Maguraghona unions of Dumuria upazila under Khulna district of Bangladesh through personal interview using an interview schedule during January to February, 2019. There were eleven personal socioeconomic characteristics of farmers selected for the study which were age, educational qualification, family size, farming experience, organic farming experience, annual income, farm size, organizational participation, agricultural training, cosmopolitanism, extension contact regarding nitrogen fortified organic manure, were treated as independent variables, whereas knowledge, attitude, practice (KAP) and faced problems were considered as dependent variables. Majority (65%) of the respondents had high knowledge, most of the respondents (85.8%) had medium favorable attitude and majority of the respondents (65.8%) had medium practice, respectively, regarding nitrogen fortified organic manure. 65% of the respondents encountered medium problem while preparing and applying nitrogen fortified organic manures in the crop field.  Although farmers usually use inorganic nitrogen fertilizer but they have favorable attitude regarding nitrogen fortified organic manure. On the basis of the response provided by the respondents’ positive statements ranked first and negative statements ranked second in gross considerations. The 1st position was ranked by the individual statement “N fortified organic manure is good” on the basis of obtained highest score (532), which was followed by “soil health is maintained” (2nd, score 530) and “great source of income” (3rd, score 488). Among the selected characteristics of farmers, annual income showed negative significant relationship with attitude while farm size, agricultural training showed positive significant relationship; and family size showed negative significant relationship with knowledge of farmers regarding nitrogen fortified organic manure. Cosmopolitanism and extension contact showed positive significant relationship with practice; while agricultural training showed negative significant relationship with problem of farmers regarding nitrogen fortified organic manure. Thus, the high knowledge, medium favorable attitude and medium practice should be utilized to design appropriate extension strategies for production and application of the nitrogen fortified organic manures by the farmers in their agricultural fields for crop production. The encountered problems also should be addressed properly to ensure timely mitigation. Proper measures should also be undertaken to make nitrogen fortified organic manure popular day by day.
Influence of Coral-reef Complexity on Species Richness and the Hierarchical Structuration of Species Abundances in Reef fish Communities: A Case Study in South-east Brazil
Authors: Béguinot Jean
Published: June 2019

Growing complexity of coral habitat is expected to increase resource partitioning among co-occurring reef fish and, thereby, reduce to some extent the mean competitive intensity. This will have associated consequences on the internal structuring of species in reef fish communities, in particular regarding species richness and evenness of species abundances. Accumulating dedicated case studies are necessary, however, to get further empirical confirmations. The present analysis aims to contribute in this respect, comparing reef fish communities associated to two coral-reef settings that markedly differ in their degree of morphological complexity, at Itaipu Sound, Brazil. As the available samplings of these communities remained incomplete, numerical extrapolations were implemented, thereby providing least-bias estimates for both total species richness and the exhaustive distribution of species abundances in both compared reef fish communities. As expected, total species richness increases with greater degree of coral habitat complexity, while the unevenness of species abundances decreases. This decrease in abundance unevenness – reflecting the corresponding relaxation of the mean level of competitive intensity – is partly due to the direct, negative influence of species richness on abundance unevenness, as an overall trend.  Beyond that, however, the relaxation is further strengthened by an additional “genuine” contribution – this time independent from the variation in species richness – and, as such, directly and idiosyncratically attached to the improvement in habitat complexity.
A Study on Open Economy and Its Liberalisation
Authors: . Kadambari , . Chanderjeet
Published: June 2019

The objective of this study is to shed light on the determinants of Open Economy in India. The paper discusses the move of allowance of Open Economy. The initial step took towards economy reform and liberalization took by the Central Government of India with respect to its reasons and effects on different sectors in India. The effect of policies introduced and applied in economy. Issues concerning economic policy, impact of the reforms on poverty, sectoral issues relating to agriculture, industry and infrastructure are briefly discussed. The paper is based on secondary data collected from different newspapers and online sources, mentioned in references.
Anisotropic Thermal Conductive Composite by the Guided Assembly of Boron Nitride Nanosheets for Flexible and Stretchable Electronics
Authors: Hong Haeleen , Jung Yei Hwan , Lee Ju Seung , Jeong Chanho , Kim Jong Uk , Lee Sori , Ryu Hyewon , Kim Heyn , Ma Zhenqiang , Kim Tae‐il
Published: June 2019

Owing to the growing demand for highly integrated electronics, anisotropic heat dissipation of thermal management material is a challenging and promising technique. Moreover, to satisfy the needs for advancing flexible and stretchable electronic devices, maintaining high thermal conductivity during the deformation of electronic materials is at issue. Presented here is an effective assembly technique to realize a continuous array of boron nitride (BN) nanosheets on tetrahedral structures, creating 3D thermal paths for anisotropic dissipation integrated with deformable electronics. The tetrahedral structures, with a fancy wavy shaped cross‐section, guarantee flexibility and stretchability, without the degradation of thermal conductivity during the deformation of the composite film. The structured BN layer in the composites induces a high thermal conductivity of 1.15 W m−1 K−1 in the through‐plane and 11.05 W m−1 K−1 in the in‐plane direction at the low BN fraction of 16 wt%, which represent 145% and 83% increases over the randomly mixing method, respectively. Furthermore, this structured BN composite maintains thermal dissipation property with 50% strain of the original length of composite. Various electronic device demonstrations provide exceptional heat dissipation capabilities, including thin film silicon transistor and light‐emitting diode on flexible and stretchable composite, respectively.
Photoredox‐Catalyzed Tandem Demethylation of N,N‐Dimethyl Anilines Followed by Amidation with α‐Keto or Alkynyl Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Das Pritha , Begam Hasina Mamataj , Bhunia Samir Kumar , Jana Ranjan
Published: June 2019

We report herein, a biomimetic approach for highly selective monodemethylation of N,N‐dimethyl anilines to generate secondary amines and subsequent coupling with α‐ketocarboxylic acids or alkynyl carboxylic acids to form α‐ketoamides or alkynamides respectively under visible light photoredox catalyst in a single operation. From the deuterium‐labeling experiment, it was probed that demethylation is the slowest step in this tandem process. Whereas, control experiments and spectroscopic studies revealed that photoredox catalyst is also involved in the subsequent amidation step. The reaction proceeds smoothly at room temperature providing moderate to excellent yield of the coupling products. The amides have also been converted to a series of biologically active spiro compounds.

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Pharmacokinetic interference of doxorubicin with tolbutamide due to reduced metabolic clearance with increased serum unbound fraction in rats
Authors: Fukuno Shuhei , Nagai Katsuhito , Yamamoto Kohei , Tanimura Takehiro , Nabe Takeshi , Konishi Hiroki
Published: June 2019

The study examined the effect of doxorubicin (DOX) on the hepatic expression of CYP2C and its activity for metabolizing tolbutamide (TB), a specific CYP2C substrate, in rats and whether the pharmacokinetics of tolbutamide were altered by doxorubicin exposure. The expression level of hepatic CYP2C11 was depressed 1 day after doxorubicin administration (day 1), and this effect on CYP2C11 was augmented on day 4. However, the expression level of hepatic CYP2C6 remained unchanged. The activity of tolbutamide 4‐hydroxylation in hepatic microsomes was decreased with time following doxorubicin administration. Regarding the enzyme kinetic parameters for tolbutamide 4‐hydroxylation on day 4, the maximum velocity (Vmax) was significantly lower in the DOX group than that in the control group, while the Michaelis constant (Km) was unaffected. On pharmacokinetic examination, the total clearance (CLtot) of tolbutamide on day 4 was increased, despite the decreased metabolic capacity. On the other hand, the serum unbound fraction (fu) of tolbutamide was elevated with a reduced serum albumin concentration in the DOX group. Contrary to CLtot, CLtot/fu, a parameter approximated to the hepatic intrinsic clearance of unbound tolbutamide, was estimated to be significantly reduced in the DOX group. These findings indicate that the metabolic capacity of CYP2C11 in the liver is depressed time‐dependently by down‐regulation after doxorubicin exposure in rats, and that the decreased enzyme activity of TB 4‐hydroxylation in hepatic microsomes reflects the pharmacokinetic change of unbound tolbutamide, not total tolbutamide, in serum.
Development and full validation of an HPLC methodology to quantify atorvastatin and curcumin after their intranasal co‐delivery to mice
Authors: Silva Jessica , Basso João , Sousa João , Fortuna Ana , Vitorino Carla
Published: June 2019

There is increasing interest in atorvastatin and curcumin owing to their potential anticancer activity. A new, accurate and sensitive HPLC method was developed, for the first time, to simultaneously quantify atorvastatin and curcumin in mouse plasma and brain, liver, lung and spleen tissues following protein precipitation sample preparation. The chromatographic separation was achieved in 13 min on a C18 column, at 35°C, using a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile–methanol–2% (v/v) acetic acid (37.5:2.5:60, v/v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The detection of analytes and internal standard was carried out at 247, 425 and 250 nm, respectively. According to international guidelines, the method was shown to be selective, with lower limits of quantification ranging from 10 to 500 ng/mL for curcumin, and from 100 to 600 ng/mL for atorvastatin, linear over a wide concentration range (r2 ≥ 0.9971) and with acceptable accuracy (bias ± 12.29%) and precision (coefficient of variation ≤13.15%). The analytes were reproducibly recovered at a percentage >81.10% and demonstrated to be stable under various experimental conditions in all biological matrices. This method can be easily applied to in vivo biodistribution studies related to the intranasal administration of atorvastatin and curcumin, separately or simultaneously.
Chemisorption of NO2 to MoS2 Nanostructures and its Effects for MoS2 Sensors
Authors: Huang Jialiang , Chu Jifeng , Wang Zhenyu , Zhang Jinying , Yang Aijun , Li Xin , Gao Chen , Huang Hongyang , Wang Xiaohua , Cheng Yonghong , Rong Mingzhe
Published: June 2019

The special interactions with NO2 make MoS2 promising sensors. Effective gas adsorption and active sites of MoS2 are crucial for high performance sensors. However, studies of the interactions of MoS2 with gas have been focused on the physisorption of basal planes. In this article, chemisorption modes, with O,O‐bidentate or N‐monodentate bonding, on the (1–1 0) surfaces of MoS2 structures have been explored in addition to physisorption. The active sites of MoS2 nanosensors have been predicted to be edge sites of (1–1 0) surfaces and further confirmed by the different sensing performances of vertically and parallelly aligned MoS2 hybrids. Chemisorption mode with N‐monodentate bonding has also been calculated to be effective for MoS2 nanosensors by a two‐probe system simulation and further confirmed by in‐situ Raman and in‐situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform experiments. High sensitivity and selectivity have also been obtained by the vertical aligned MoS2 hybrids.
Impurities in Primary Coolant Salt of FHRs: Chemistry, Impact, and Removal Methods
Authors: Zhang Jinsuo
Published: June 2019

The fluoride salt‐cooled high‐temperature reactor (FHR) is one of the Gen. IV reactor concepts. Considering the complexity of salt chemistry, radiation risk, impurity‐induced material corrosion, and impurity‐induced solid precipitation, the salt chemistry should be well controlled. Therefore, molten salt cleanup systems are needed in operation. Based on the experience of molten salt reactors (MSRs) and available data, the present study identifies the types of impurities, their potential sources, and their impact in FHR primary coolants. Cleanup methods for each type of impurity and future research activities are also discussed.
Evolution of Perovskite Crystallization in Printed Mesoscopic Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Filonik Oliver , Thordardottir Margret E. , Lebert Jenny , Pröller Stephan , Weiß Sebastian , Haur Lew J. , Priyadarshi Anish , Fontaine Philippe , Müller-Buschbaum Peter , Mathews Nripan , Herzig Eva M.
Published: June 2019

Additives are frequently used to enhance material properties. The addition of the processing additive 5‐aminovaleric acid iodide (5‐AVAI) into printed mesoscopic perovskite solar cells is shown to have a strong impact on the device performance and stability. Although it is difficult to understand the impact of 5‐AVAI as a processing additive by examining only the final thin films, the evolution of morphology with and without 5‐AVAI reveals that 5‐AVAI influences the crystallization behavior of the perovskite. In situ grazing incidence wide angle X‐ray scattering (GIWAXS) is performed to follow the perovskite formation within the printable all‐porous TiO2/ZrO2/carbon architecture and investigate the influence of 5‐AVAI on the perovskite crystallization within the scaffold. Using such time‐resolved measurements, the suppression of large crystalline perovskite grains is identified early in the fabrication process when 5‐AVAI is present, resulting in improved material backfilling. These observations highlight the importance of 5‐AVAI in the precursor solution for reliable fabrication of printed perovskite solar cells relying on the infiltration of a scaffold structure.
Numerical approach for generic three‐phase flow based on cut‐cell and ghost fluid methods
Authors: Dang Son Tung , Meese Ernst Arne , Morud John Christian , Johansen Stein Tore
Published: June 2019

In this paper, we introduce numerical methods that can simulate complex multiphase flows. The finite volume method, applying Cartesian cut‐cell is used in the computational domain, containing fluid and solid, to conserve mass and momentum. With this method, flows in and around any geometry can be simulated without complex and time consuming meshing. For the fluid region, which involves liquid and gas, the ghost fluid method is employed to handle the stiffness of the interface discontinuity problem. The interaction between each phase is treated simply by wall function models or jump conditions of pressure, velocity and shear stress at the interface. The sharp interface method “coupled level set (LS) and volume of fluid (VOF)” is used to represent the interface between the two fluid phases. This approach will combine some advantages of both interface tracking/capturing methods, such as the excellent mass conservation from the VOF method and good accuracy of interface normal computation from the LS function. The first coupled LS and VOF will be generated to reconstruct the interface between solid and the other materials. The second will represent the interface between liquid and gas.
Spatial variability in specific discharge and streamwater chemistry during low flows: Results from snapshot sampling campaigns in eleven Swiss catchments
Authors: Floriancic Marius G. , Fischer Benjamin M. C. , Molnar Peter , Kirchner James W. , van Meerveld Ilja H.J.
Published: June 2019

Catchments consist of distinct landforms that affect the storage and release of subsurface water. Certain landforms may be the main contributors to streamflow during extended dry periods, and these may vary for different catchments in a given region. We present a unique dataset from snapshot field campaigns during low‐flow conditions in 11 catchments across Switzerland to illustrate this. The catchments differed in size (10 to 110 km2), varied from predominantly agricultural lowlands to Alpine areas, and covered a range of physical characteristics. During each snapshot campaign, we jointly measured streamflow and collected water samples for the analysis of major ions and stable water isotopes. For every sampling location (basin), we determined several landscape characteristics from national geo‐datasets, including drainage area, elevation, slope, flowpath length, dominant land use, and geological and geomorphological characteristics, such as the lithology and fraction of quaternary deposits. The results demonstrate very large spatial variability in specific low‐flow discharge and water chemistry: Neighboring sampling locations could differ significantly in their specific discharge, isotopic composition, and ion concentrations, indicating that different sources contribute to streamflow during extended dry periods. However, none of the landscape characteristics that we analysed could explain the spatial variability in specific discharge or streamwater chemistry in multiple catchments. This suggests that local features determine the spatial differences in discharge and water chemistry during low‐flow conditions and that this variability cannot be assessed a priori from available geodata and statistical relations to landscape characteristics. The results furthermore suggest that measurements at the catchment outlet during low‐flow conditions do not reflect the heterogeneity of the different source areas in the catchment that contribute to streamflow.
Preconception care and contraception services: Opportunities for community pharmacists
Authors: Bright David R. , DiPietro Mager Natalie A.
Published: June 2019

There are multiple opportunities for community pharmacists to take on greater roles in the delivery of preconception care and contraceptive services, and pharmacists have indicated interest in developing and expanding such services. Therefore, the objective of this review is to summarize published literature related to community pharmacists' provision of preconception care and contraceptive interventions to help guide related service development and raise awareness about potential opportunities to further expand and integrate such services into practice. Two searches were performed on February 5, 2019 of Medline, Academic Search Complete, and the International Pharmaceutical Abstracts databases from database inception to December 31, 2018. The first search utilized the terms [([contraception or birth control or family planning or contraceptive] OR contraception education OR contraceptives OR contraceptive access) AND ([pharmacists or pharmacist] OR pharmacy OR community pharmacy OR community pharmacist)]; the second search utilized the terms [(preconception OR preconception care OR preconception counseling OR preconception health OR [“preconception care” or “pre‐pregnancy care” or “prepregnancy care”]) AND ([pharmacists or pharmacist] OR pharmacy OR community pharmacy OR community pharmacist)]. Inclusion criteria for the review were articles written in English describing a community pharmacist‐delivered service in the United States. Six articles detailed community pharmacists' roles in contraception, including prescribing hormonal and emergency contraception and administration of injectable contraception. Each study found high rates of patient uptake and satisfaction with these services. One article detailed community pharmacists' provision of preconception care services; again, there was rapid uptake of the service. These articles together highlighted the logistical ease, economic viability, and patient acceptance of such services. Opportunities to expand and integrate these services exist. Published data show that community pharmacists have demonstrated provision of contraceptive and preconception care services in the US, and opportunities exist to grow these programs.
Changes in Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue One Year After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Blom-Høgestøl Ingvild Kristine , Mala Tom , Kristinsson Jon A , Hauge Ellen-Margrethe , Brunborg Cathrine , Gulseth Hanne Løvdal , Eriksen Erik Fink
Published: June 2019

Bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) has been postulated to mediate skeletal fragility in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) induces a substantial weight loss and resolution of comorbidities. However, the procedure induces increased bone turnover and fracture rates. No previous study has evaluated biopsy-measured BMAT fraction preoperatively and after RYGB. In this study, we aimed to investigate BMAT fraction of the hip in participants with and without T2D preoperatively and 1 year after RYGB and explore factors associated with BMAT change. Patients with morbid obesity scheduled for RYGB were examined preoperatively and 1 year after RYGB. Forty-four participants were included and preoperative examinations were possible in 35. Of these, 33 (94%) met for follow-up, 2 were excluded, and BMAT estimation was not possible in 1. Eighteen (60%) of the participants were females and 11 (37%) had T2D. Preoperative BMAT fraction was positively associated with glycosylated hemoglobin and negatively associated with areal bone mineral density (aBMD). After RYGB, BMAT fraction decreased from 40.4 ± 1.7% to 35.6 ± 12.8%, p = 0.042, or with mean percent change of 10.7% of preoperative BMAT fraction. Change in BMAT fraction was positively associated with change in body mass index (BMI) and total body fat. In females, we observed a mean percent reduction of 22.4 ± 19.6%, whereas in males BMAT increased with a mean percent of 6.8 ± 37.5%, p = 0.009. For males, changes in estradiol were associated with BMAT change; this was not observed for females. In participants with and without T2D, the mean percent BMAT reduction was 5.8 ± 36.9% and 13.5 ± 28.0%, respectively, p = 0.52. We conclude that a high BMAT seems to be associated with lower aBMD and poorer glycemic control in obese subjects. After RYGB, we observed a significant decrease in BMAT. The reduction in BMAT did not differ between participants with and without T2D, but appeared sex specific. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Signaling and functional competency of neutrophils derived from bone-marrow cells expressing the ER-HOXB8 oncoprotein
Authors: Saul Stephanie , Castelbou Cyril , Fickentscher Céline , Demaurex Nicolas
Published: June 2019

Neutrophils play a central role in immunity and inflammation via their intrinsic ability to migrate into inflamed tissue, to phagocytose pathogens, and to kill bacterial and fungi by releasing large quantities of superoxide anions and lytic enzymes. The molecular pathways controlling neutrophil microbicidal functions are still unclear, because neutrophils have a short half-life and are resistant to genetic manipulation. Neutrophil-like cells (NLC) can be generated from myeloid progenitors conditionally immortalized with the ER-HoxB8 oncoprotein, but whether these cells can replace neutrophils in high-throughput functional assays is unclear. Here, we assess the ability of NLC derived from ER-HoxB8 progenitors to produce ROS and to perform chemotaxis and phagocytosis. We compare the Ca2+ responses and effector functions of NLC to primary murine neutrophils and document the molecular basis of their functional differences by mRNA profiling. Pro-inflammatory cytokines enhanced the expression by NLC of neutrophil surface markers and transcription factors. Ca2+ elevations evoked in NLC by agonists, adhesion receptors, and store depletion resembled the physiological responses recorded in primary neutrophils, but NLC expressed reduced amounts of Ca2+ signaling proteins and of chemotactic receptors. Unlike their myeloid progenitors, NLC produced H2O2 when adhered to fibronectin, migrated toward chemotactic peptides, phagocytosed opsonized particles, and generated intracellular ROS. NLC phagocytosed as efficiently as primary neutrophils but produced 50 times less ROS and migrated less efficiently toward chemoattractant. Our data indicate that NLC can replace neutrophils to study Ca2+ signaling and phagocytosis, but that their incomplete granulocytic differentiation limits their use for chemotaxis and ROS production assays.
American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition Clinical Guidelines: The Validity of Body Composition Assessment in Clinical Populations
Authors: Sheean Patricia , Gonzalez M. Cristina , Prado Carla M. , McKeever Liam , Hall Amber M. , Braunschweig Carol A.
Published: June 2019

On behalf of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN), a systematic review was conducted to evaluate the best available evidence regarding the validity of relevant body composition methods (eg, dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry [DXA], ultrasound [US], and bioelectrical impedance analysis [BIA]) in clinical populations. The guidelines targeted adults >18 years of age with a potentially inflammatory condition or pathological end point associated with a specific disease or clinical condition. In total, 7375 studies were retrieved, and 15 DXA, 7 US, and 23 BIA studies provided applicable data. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses was used to assess the diagnostic accuracy of the test method against a “gold standard” reference. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation criteria were used to separate the evaluation of the body of evidence from the recommendations. Based on a limited number of studies and expert opinion, DXA is recommended for the assessment of fat mass in patients with a variety of disease states; however, the validity of DXA for lean mass assessment in any clinical population remains unknown. No recommendations can be made at this time to support the use of US or BIA in the clinical setting, as data to support its validity in any specific patient population are limited in scope or by the proprietary nature of manufacture‐specific BIA regression models to procure body composition data, respectively. Directions for future research are provided. These clinical guidelines were approved by the ASPEN Board of Directors.