bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biologic Basis of Sequential and Combination Therapies for Hormone-Responsive Breast Cancer
Authors: Pietras Richard J.
Published: August 2006

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Explain the possible role of alternate growth factor signaling pathways in the development of resistance to endocrine therapies in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer.Describe how the proposed mechanisms of action of tamoxifen, fulvestrant, aromatase inhibitors, and estrogens differ from one another.Summarize the rationale for use of sequential endocrine therapy in postmenopausal women with ER-positive breast cancer.

Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com

Although pharmacologic therapies that reduce or block estrogen signaling are effective treatments of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer, acquired resistance to individual drugs can develop. Furthermore, this approach is ineffective as initial therapy for a subgroup of receptor-positive patients. The mechanisms of drug resistance are not completely understood, but the presence of alternative signaling pathways for activating ER response appears to play a significant role. Cross-talk between signaling pathways can activate ERs when conventional ER pathways are blocked or inactivated. For example, signaling via epidermal growth factor or HER-2 receptors, mitogen-activated protein kinases, phosphatidylinositol 3′ kinase/protein kinase B, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor can lead to estrogen-independent stimulation of ERs and tumor growth. The discovery that alternative pathways are involved in estrogen signaling has prompted development of newer endocrine therapies, such as aromatase inhibitors and pure estrogen antagonists, with distinct mechanisms for interrupting signal transduction. The existence of multiple pathways may explain the effectiveness of follow-up therapy with a different class of endocrine agents after failure of prior endocrine treatment. Because they do not have the partial agonist activity of tamoxifen that is enhanced by the adaptive hypersensitivity process, these alternative endocrine agents may play an increasingly important role in the treatment of ER-positive breast cancer. Although optimal sequencing of these agents has not been determined and is continuing to evolve, current evidence allows rational recommendations to be made. The multiple pathways involved in activating ERs also provide a rationale for combining endocrine and non-endocrine therapies that block different signaling pathways, which may have synergistic and overlapping interactions.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine During Cancer Treatment: Beyond Innocence
Authors: Tascilar Metin , de Jong Floris A. , Verweij Jaap , Mathijssen Ron H. J.
Published: August 2006

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Explain why cancer patients use complementary and alternative medicine.Describe possible dangers of complementary and alternative medicine during cancer treatment.Advise patients on how to deal with complementary and alternative medicine before, during, and after conventional cancer treatment.

Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com

Nowadays, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is popular all over the world. Billions of dollars are spent in this booming business. For several reasons, young, female, educated, and higher socioeconomic class cancer patients, in particular, have shown interest in these agents. Unfortunately, besides direct (and sometimes serious) side effects, several CAM ingredients are capable of interfering with the metabolism of concurrently used drugs, which may render the therapeutic outcome of the subscribed drug unpredictable. In the case of anticancer drugs, with their usually narrow therapeutic window, this may have dramatic consequences and can lead to unacceptable toxicities in some cases or decreased therapeutic activity in others. Therefore, cancer patients should be warned for these possible interactions and be advised to discuss CAM use openly with their treating physician. The general concept that natural products are harmless should thus be changed into a more realistic and responsible attitude. A tightened legislation and regulation (including Internet advertising and sales) could play a crucial role in this awareness process. This should finally enable safe exploration of the potential advantageous aspects of CAM, while living with cancer.
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptors in Clinical Trials: Current Status and Future Directions
Authors: Morabito Alessandro , De Maio Ermelinda , Di Maio Massimo , Normanno Nicola , Perrone Francesco
Published: August 2006

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Discuss the mechanism of action of tyrosine kinase inhibitors of VEGFRs that are in clinical trials.Describe the current status of clinical development and the early clinical results observed with these small molecule inhibitors of VEGFRs.Discuss the optimal study design for evaluation of these compounds, the criteria for patient selection, and the optimal modalities of combination with other drugs.Discuss the differences in the design of clinical trials between chemotherapeutics and target-based agents.

Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com

Angiogenesis plays a central role in the process of tumor growth and metastatic dissemination. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family of peptide growth factors and receptors are key regulators of this process. Agents directed either against VEGF or VEGF receptors (VEGFRs) have been developed. The tyrosine kinase inhibitors of VEGFRs are low-molecular-weight, ATP-mimetic proteins that bind to the ATP-binding catalytic site of the tyrosine kinase domain of VEG-FRs, resulting in blockade of intracellular signaling. Several of these agents are currently in different phases of clinical development. Large randomized phase III trials have demonstrated the efficacy of sunitinib and sorafenib in the treatment of patients affected by gastrointestinal stromal tumors and renal cancer refractory to standard therapies, respectively. Positive results also have been reported with the combination of ZD6474 and chemotherapy in previously treated non-small cell lung cancer patients. For other agents, such as vatalanib, contrasting outcomes in metastatic colorectal cancer patients have been reported: the final results of these trials are expected in 2006. However, several key questions remain to be addressed, regarding the choice of an adequate dose or schedule, the presence of “off-target” effects, the safety of long-term administration, and the research of new clinical end points or methodological approaches for the optimal clinical development of these agents.
Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy of Opioid Switching in Cancer Patients
Authors: Ross Joy R. , Riley Julia , Quigley Columba , Welsh Ken I.
Published: August 2006

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Describe some of the underlying mechanisms that contribute to why patients show differential responses to different opioids.Identify some of the individual genes that may influence response to different opioids.Critically evaluate the evidence for the therapeutic maneuver of switching.

Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com

Pain is one of the most common and often most feared symptoms in patients with cancer. Ongoing or progressive pain is physically debilitating and has a marked impact on quality of life. Since a third of the population will die from cancer, and of these, 80% will experience severe pain in their final year of life, effective treatment of cancer-related pain remains both a high priority and an ongoing challenge in clinical practice. Individuals with moderate to severe cancer-related pain require treatment with strong analgesics, namely opioids.

There is evidence to support the therapeutic maneuver of opioid switching in clinical practice, but further evidence is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms for interindividual differences in response to different opioids. Large, robust clinical trials will be needed if clinical differences among side-effect profiles of different opioids are to be clearly demonstrated. This review discusses candidate genes, which contribute to opioid response; many other genes have also been implicated in “pain” from animal or human studies. In order to continue to evaluate the genetic contributions to both pain susceptibility and analgesic response, further candidate genes need to be considered. Good pain control remains a high priority for clinicians and patients, and there is much work to be done to further individualize analgesic therapy for patients with cancer.
The Molecular Perspective: Tissue Factor
Authors: Goodsell David S.
Published: August 2006

Learning Objective

After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Discuss tissue factor and its role in metastasis.

Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com
Finite element study on direct shear tests for multi-layered geosynthetic liners
Authors: Li M. , Imaizumi S.
Published: August 2006

Multi-layered geosynthetic liners are used widely in waste landfills. The shear stress mobilized at the top interface will be transmitted from the top to the bottom layer through frictional resistance on the interfaces between materials. It is important to understand fully the behavior of multi-layered geosynthetic liners subject to shear stress. In this study, direct shear tests with four layers were first simulated using a two-dimensional plane strain finite element model (FEM). The FEM code can consider the strain-softening behavior of the interfaces using a hyperbolic model. Next, the validity of the FEM calculations was verified by comparing the calculated results with the mechanical test results. Finally, FEM parametric analyses were performed in which the length of the specimen, the stiffness of the third layer and the thickness of the geomembrane were varied to investigate how these factors affect the tensile force in the second layer and the distribution of shear stress between materials.
SECOND‐ORDER SCHEDULES OF TOKEN REINFORCEMENT WITH PIGEONS: IMPLICATIONS FOR UNIT PRICE
Authors: Bullock Christopher E. , Hackenberg Timothy D.
Published: August 2006

Four pigeons were exposed to second‐order schedules of token reinforcement, with stimulus lights serving as token reinforcers. Tokens were earned according to a fixed‐ratio (token‐production) schedule, with the opportunity to exchange tokens for food (exchange period) occurring after a fixed number had been produced (exchange‐production ratio). The token‐production and exchange‐production ratios were manipulated systematically across conditions. Response rates varied inversely with the token‐production ratio at each exchange‐production ratio. Response rates also varied inversely with the exchange‐production ratio at each token‐production ratio, particularly at the higher token‐production ratios. At higher token‐production and exchange‐production ratios, response rates increased in token‐production segments closer to exchange periods and food. Some conditions were conducted in a closed economy, in which the pigeons earned all their daily ration of food within the session. Relative to comparable open‐economy conditions, response rates in the closed economy were less affected by changes in token‐production ratio, resulting in higher levels of food intake and body weight. Some of the results are consistent with the economic concept of unit price, a cost‐benefit ratio comprised of responses per unit of food delivery, but most are well accounted for by a consideration of the number of responses required to produce exchange periods, without regard to the amount of reinforcement available during those exchange periods.
The therapeutic misconception and our models of competency and informed consent
Authors: Lidz Charles W.
Published: August 2006

The doctrine of informed consent rests on empirical claims. This is true particularly of what commentators have characterized as the “strong” model of informed consent. This model assumes that if adequate information is given to a competent individual, understanding will result and, permitted to make a voluntary decision, the individual will make a rational decision. However, the “therapeutic misconception” posits that individuals may confuse the goals of research with those of treatment and may make decisions that do not rest on adequate understanding. This article reviews research suggesting that this may in fact be true, and concludes that, as a result, traditional notions of informed consent may not yield results consistent with the assumptions on which the doctrine of informed consent rests. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The capacity to appoint a proxy and the possibility of concurrent proxy directives
Authors: Kim Scott Y. H. , Appelbaum Paul S.
Published: August 2006

With the projected increase in the number of persons with dementia (who eventually lose their capacity to give informed consent to treatment and research), third‐party decision‐making will become even more common than it is today. We argue that, because there are situations in which an appointed proxy is preferred over ade factosurrogate, it is ethically important to understand the capacity of persons with dementia to delegate their decision‐making authority regarding treatment and research decisions.

In this paper, focusing mainly on the research consent context, we examine the idea that persons suffering from neurodegenerative disorders may retain significant abilities—including sufficient capacity for delegating one's authority for giving consent to research—even if they are not capable of giving independent consent themselves. We first propose a rationale for assessing the capacity to appoint a proxy and then describe a novel interview instrument for assessing the capacity to appoint a proxy for research consent. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Involuntary treatment and competence to proceed in the criminal process: capital and noncapital cases
Authors: Schopp Robert F.
Published: August 2006

Recent cases raise a series of questions regarding the involuntary administration of treatment intended to restore or maintain competence to proceed in the criminal process. As is often the case, these matters take on a special urgency in the context of capital punishment. The analysis presented in this paper suggests that the relevant interests that courts should consider in deciding whether to order the involuntary administration of treatment to restore or maintain competence converge to a greater degree than one might initially expect. When the applicable conception of medical interests is appropriately defined and the state's interest in protecting the integrity of the process is given appropriate weight, the legally protected state and individual interests converge to a substantial degree. Protecting both sets of interests may require a variety of procedures designed to avoid misguided interventions with the potential to undermine both sets of interests. Finally, this analysis provides an approach that allows the courts to grant appropriate weight to the professional ethics of those who perform evaluations and deliver treatment in these contexts. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decisional capacity in mental illness and substance use disorders: empirical database and policy implications
Authors: Jeste, Dilip V. , Saks, Elyn
Published: August 2006

Debates on decisional capacity in people with mental illnesses or substance use disorders have tended to be heated. Yet, they are often based not on empirical data but on personal opinions and experiences. The empirical database in this area is quite limited, but has been growing in recent years. The following discussion focuses on relevant clinical investigations. We consider variations across and within different diagnoses, barriers to decision‐making, methods for assessing capacity—interview versus instruments, choosing from among different capacity instruments, decisional capacity—is it a state or a trait?, triggers for assessment of decisional capacity, methods for enhancing capacity, and decisional capacity in people with substance use disorders. Finally, we discuss some relevant health policy recommendations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protective effect of L‐carnitine on testicular ischaemia–reperfusion injury in rats
Authors: Dokmeci Dikmen , Inan Mustafa , Basaran Umit Nusret , Yalcin Omer , Aydogdu Nurettin , Turan Fatma Nesrin , Uz Yesim Hulya
Published: August 2006

Testicular torsion is a urological emergency referred to as ‘acute scrotum’, because inappropriate treatment can lead to male subfertility and infertility. A possible cause of testicular damage is the ischaemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury attributed to oxygen free radicals. L‐carnitine, a vitamin‐like antioxidant, plays a pivotal role in the maturation of spermatozoa within the reproductive tract. The aim of the present paper was to determine the protective effect of L‐carnitine on testicular I/R‐induced injury. Thirty‐two male rats were divided into 4 groups (n = 8). Testicular torsion was created by rotating the right testis 720° in a clockwise direction. Group 1: sham‐operated control; group 2: ischaemia; group 3: I/R; group 4: ischaemia–L‐carnitine treatment–reperfusion group. L‐carnitine (500 mg kg−1, intraperitoneally) was administered before 30 min of detorsion in Group 4. After torsion (5 h) and detorsion (5 h), bilateral orchidectomy was performed. The malondialdehyde (MDA) level was evaluated in testes. Histopathologically, Johnsen's spermatogenesis criteria and mean seminiferous tubule diameter (MSTD) measurements were used. Testicular MDA levels were higher in the torsion group compared to the sham‐control group (p < 0.05). Detorsion (reperfusion) caused a further increase in MDA levels (p < 0.05). Pretreatment with L‐carnitine prevented a further increase in MDA levels (p < 0.05). Histologically, torsion caused some separation among germinal cells in the seminiferous tubules, which became much more prominent in the I/R group but was attenuated with L‐carnitine pretreatment. In conclusion, L‐carnitine pretreatment may have a protective effect in experimental testicular torsion–detorsion model in rats by its well‐known antioxidant potential. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Estrogen–Platinum Terpyridine Conjugate: DNA and Protein Binding and Cellular Delivery
Authors: Hannon Michael J. , Green Philip S. , Fisher Dianne M. , Derrick Peter J. , Beck Jennifer L. , Watt Stephen J. , Ralph Stephen F. , Sheil Margaret M. , Barker Philip R. , Alcock Nathaniel W. , Price Robert J. , Sanders Karen J. , Pither Richard , Davis Julie , Rodger Alison
Published: August 2006

A platinum metal complex in which terpyridine joins estradiol (via an ethynyl link) to a platinum with a labile ligand (chloride) has been designed, synthesised and its X‐ray crystal structure determined. The aim of this work was to link a targeting motif (in this case estrogen) to a metal‐based biomolecule recognition unit (the platinum moiety). The target molecule: 17α‐[4′‐ethynyl‐2,2′:6′,2′‐terpyridine]‐17β‐estradiol platinum(II) chloride (PtEEtpy) has been shown to bind to both human and bovine serum albumin (SA) and to DNA. FTICR mass spectrometry shows that the bimolecular units are in each case linked through coordination to the platinum with displacement of the chloride ligand. Circular dichroism indicates that a termolecular entity involving PtEEtpy, SA and DNA is formed. A range of electrospray mass spectrometry experiments showed that the PtEEtpy complex breaks and forms coordination bonds relatively easily. A whole cell estrogen receptor assay in an estrogen receptor positive cell (MCF‐7) confirms binding of both EEtpy and PtEEtpy to the estrogen receptor in cells. The work demonstrates the concept of linking a targeting moiety (in this case estrogen) to a DNA binding agent.
Total Syntheses of the Tylophora Alkaloids Cryptopleurine, (−)‐Antofine, (−)‐Tylophorine, and (−)‐Ficuseptine C
Authors: Fürstner Alois , Kennedy Jason W. J.
Published: August 2006

A concise, efficient and modular approach to the tylophora alkaloids is described, a family of potent cytotoxic agents that are equally effective against drug sensitive and multidrug resistant cancer cell lines. The advantages of the chosen route are illustrated by the total syntheses of the phenanthroquinolizidine cryptopleurine (1) and the phenanthroindolizidines (−)‐antofine (2), (−)‐tylophorine (3), and their only recently isolated congener (−)‐ficuseptine C (4). The key steps consist in a Suzuki cross‐coupling between a (commercial) boronic acid and a simple aryl‐1,2‐dihalide followed by elaboration of the resulting products into the corresponding 2‐alkynyl‐biphenyl derivatives 27, 33, 41 and 46. The latter undergo PtCl2‐catalyzed cycloisomerizations with formation of the functionalized phenanthrenes 28, 34, 42 and 47, which were transformed into the targeted alkaloids by a deprotection/Pictet–Spengler annulation tandem. Due to the flexibility and robust character of this approach, it might enable a systematic exploration of the pharmacological profile of this promising class of bioactive natural products.
Tedanolide C: A Potent New 18‐Membered Ring Cytotoxic Macrolide Isolated from the Papua New Guinea Marine Sponge Ircinia sp.
Authors: Chevallier Camille , Bugni Tim S. , Feng Xidong , Harper Mary Kay , Orendt Anita M. , Ireland Chris M.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Unusual Mobility of Cesium via a Reversible Topotactic Dehydration Reaction in a New Hydroxygallophosphate with an Intersecting Tunnel Structure.
Authors: Lesage J. , Guesdon A. , Hervieu M. , Raveau B.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Phase Relations in La2O3—Gd2O3—CuO System at 950 °C.
Authors: Horyn R. , Bukowska E. , Sikora A.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Investigation of the Isothermal Section of the Ag—Zr—Y Ternary System at 1023 K by Diffusion‐Triple.
Authors: He X. C. , Wang Y. M. , Liu H. S. , Jin Z. P.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Investigation of the Al—Cu—Cr Phase Diagram: Phase Equilibria at 800—1000 °C.
Authors: Grushko B. , Kowalska‐Strzeciwilk E. , Przepiorzynski B. , Surowiec M.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Highly Enantioselective Addition of Me2Zn to Aldehydes Catalyzed by ClCr(Salen).
Authors: Cozzi Pier Giorgio , Kotrusz Peter
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Organocatalytic Direct Michael Reaction of Ketones and Aldehydes with β‐Nitrostyrene in Brine.
Authors: Mase Nobuyuki , Watanabe Kaori , Yoda Hidemi , Takabe Kunihiko , Tanaka Fujie , Barbas Carlos F. III
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Precursors of gem‐Difluorodiols and Amino Alcohols Using Electrochemical and Photochemical Reactions.
Authors: Murakami Satoru , Fuchigami Toshio
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Selective Oxidation of Alcohols Using Benzyldimethyltelluronium Dichromate.
Authors: Song Yang‐Heon
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Tetrameric DABCO—Bromine Complex: A Novel Reagent for Regeneration of Carbonyl Compounds from Aldoximes and Ketoximes.
Authors: Heravi Majid M. , Derikvand Fateme , Ghassemzadeh Mitra
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Facile Synthesis of 2,2′‐Dialkylated 4,4′‐Oxybiphenols.
Authors: Maeyama Katsuya , Fujiwara Yasushi , Nishimuro Makiya , Yoshida Yasuhiko , Yonezawa Noriyuki
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of β‐Aryl Ketones by Tetraphosphine/Palladium Catalyzed Heck Reactions of 2‐ or 3‐Substituted Allylic Alcohols with Aryl Bromides.
Authors: Berthiol Florian , Doucet Henri , Santelli Maurice
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Thermomorphic System with Non‐Fluorous Phase‐Tagged Ru(BINAP) Catalyst: Facile Liquid/Solid Catalyst Separation and Application in Asymmetric Hydrogenation.
Authors: Huang Yi‐Yong , He Yan‐Mei , Zhou Hai‐Feng , Wu Lei , Li Bao‐Lin , Fan Qing‐Hua
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Two‐Way Enantioselective Control in the Epoxidation of Alkenes with the Keto Bile Acid—Oxone® System.
Authors: Bortolini Olga , Fantin Giancarlo , Fogagnolo Marco , Mari Lara
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Microwave‐Assisted Facile Synthesis and Crystal Structure of cis‐9,10,11,15‐Tetrahydro‐9,10[3′,4′]‐furanoanthracene‐12,14‐dione.
Authors: Phutdhawong Weerachai , Buddhasukh Duang , Pyne Stephen G. , Rujiwatra Apinpus , Pakawatchai Chaveng
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ligand‐Mediated Enantioselective Addition of Lithium Carbazolates to Aldehydes.
Authors: Scott Mark S. , Lucas Amanda C. , Luckhurst Chris A. , Prodger Jeremy C. , Dixon Darren J.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Room Temperature Palladium‐Catalyzed 2‐Arylation of Indoles.
Authors: Deprez Nicholas R. , Kalyani Dipannita , Krause Andrew , Sanford Melanie S.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Rapid and Efficient Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of 4‐Amino‐3‐mercapto‐5‐substituted‐1,2,4‐triazoles.
Authors: Joshi S. S. , Karnik A. V.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Zeolite‐Catalyzed Simple Synthesis of Isochromans via the Oxa‐Pictet—Spengler Reaction.
Authors: Hegedues Adrienn , Hell Zoltan
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Substituted 3‐Cyano‐2‐pyridones. Part 4. Influence of 3‐Alkyl‐2,4‐pentanedione and N‐Alkyl Cyanoacetamide Structure on the Enzyme Catalyzed Synthesis of Substituted 3‐Cyano‐2‐pyridones.
Authors: Mijin Dusan Z. , Milic Branislav D. , Misic‐Vukovic Milica M.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
One‐Step Synthesis of Diazadihydroacenaphthylene Derivatives with an Isoxazoline Ring, Starting from 1‐Benzylamino‐1‐methylsulfanyl‐2‐nitroethenes.
Authors: Soro Yaya , Bamba Fante , Siaka Sorho , Coustard Jean‐Marie
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Some New Substituted Triazolo[4,3‐a][1,4]benzodiazepine Derivatives as Potent Anticonvulsants.
Authors: Narayana B. , Raj K. K. Vijaya , Ashalatha B. V. , Kumari N. Suchetha
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Efficient Synthesis of 1,5‐Benzodiazepine Derivatives by Ytterbium Trichloride‐Catalyzed Condensation of o‐Phenylenediamine and Ketones.
Authors: Wu Jianting , Xu Fan , Zhou Zhuqing , Shen Qi
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cyano‐Phosphorylation of Aldehydes Catalyzed by a Nucleophilic N‐Heterocyclic Carbene.
Authors: Fukuda Yoshimasa , Maeda Yuka , Kondo Kazuhiro , Aoyama Toyohiko
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Inhibition of Trypsin and Urokinase by Cbz‐Amino(4‐guanidinophenyl)methanephosphonate Aromatic Ester Derivatives: The Influence of the Ester Group on Their Biological Activity.
Authors: Sienczyk Marcin , Oleksyszyn Jozef
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Orally Active Thrombin Inhibitors. Part 2. Optimization of the P2‐Moiety.
Authors: Lange Udo E. W. , Baucke Dorit , Hornberger Wilfried , Mack Helmut , Seitz Werner , Hoeffken H. Wolfgang
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ketopiperazines: Conformationally Constrained Peptidomimetic of Arginine Amides.
Authors: Chen Zecheng , Kende Andrew S. , Colson Anny‐Odile , Mendezandino Jose L. , Ebetino Frank H. , Bush Rod D. , Hu X. Eric
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of (‐)‐Epibatidine and Its Derivatives from Chiral Allene‐1,3‐dicarboxylate Esters.
Authors: Kimura Hiroyuki , Fujiwara Toshio , Katoh Takahiro , Nishide Kiyoharu , Kajimoto Tetsuya , Node Manabu
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Daphtenidines A—D, New Daphniphyllum Alkaloids from Daphniphyllum teijsmannii.
Authors: Kubota Takaaki , Matsuno Yosuke , Morita Hiroshi , Shinzato Takakazu , Sekiguchi Mitsuhiro , Kobayashi Jun'ichi
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Discovery of Novel Biaryl Heterocyclic EP1 Receptor Antagonists.
Authors: Hall Adrian , et al. et al.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of (2E)‐3‐{2‐[(Substituted benzyl)oxy]phenyl}acrylaldehydes as Novel Antiinflammatory Agents.
Authors: Huang Li‐Jiau , Wang Jih‐Pyang , Lai Yu‐Chi , Kuo Sheng‐Chu
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Fuel Cells for Chemicals and Energy Cogeneration
Authors: Alcaide Francisco , Cabot Pere‐Lluis , Brillas Enric
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Structure, Texture, and Acid‐Base Properties of Alkaline Earth Oxides, Rare Earth Oxides, and Binary Oxide Systems
Authors: Ivanova A. S.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
From the Reactivity of N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes to New Chemistry in Ionic Liquids
Authors: Canal John P. , Ramnial Taramatee Ramnial Taramatee , Dickie Diane A. , Clyburne Jason A. C.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Selective Oxidation of Organic Compounds — Sustainable Catalytic Reactions with Oxygen and Without Transition Metals?
Authors: Lenoir Dieter
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Discovery and Development of Small‐Molecule Chemokine Coreceptor CCR5 Antagonists
Authors: Palani Anandan , Tagat Jayaram R.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chemistry of Ureido Carboxylic and Ureylene Dicarboxylic Acids
Authors: Kravchenko A. N. , Chikunov I. E.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Enzyme Electrochemistry — Biocatalysts on an Electrode.
Authors: Bernhardt Paul V.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Organic Chemistry of TiO2 Photocatalysis of Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Authors: Jenks William S.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Developments in the Design and Synthesis of Calpain Inhibitors
Authors: Neffe Axel T. , Abell Andrew D.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Recent Advances in the Solid‐Phase Combinatorial Synthetic Strategies for the Quinoxaline‐, Quinazoline‐ and Benzimidazole‐Based Privileged Structures
Authors: Kamal Ahmed , Reddy K. Laxma , Devaiah V. , Shankaraiah N. , Rao M. V.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Tire Rubber Recycling by Mechanochemical Processing
Authors: Khait Klementina
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
“Design” in Chemical Synthesis — An Illusion?
Authors: Jansen Martin , Schoen J. Christian
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Computational Investigation of Photochemical Reaction Mechanisms
Authors: Blancafort Lluis , Ogliaro Francois , Olivucci Massimo , Robb Michael A. , Bearpark Michael J. , Sinicropi Adalgisa
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Solid‐State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Authors: Dybowski Cecil , Bai Shi
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Evaluation of Weak Intermolecular Interactions in Molecular Crystals via Experimental and Theoretical Charge Densities
Authors: Munshi Parthapratim , Row Tayur N. Guru
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Tropfsteine im Zeitraffer. Geochemie und Betonkorrosion
Authors: Schmidkonz Bertram , Wittke Georg
Published: August 2006

Die Bildung von Tropfsteinen über das Carbonat‐Hydrogencarbonat‐Gleichgewicht, wie sie in Höhlen stattfindet, lässt sich im Labor nicht befriedigend nachvollziehen. Um im Experiment Tropfsteine mit hinreichender Geschwindigkeit wachsen zu lassen, kann jedoch der bei der Betonkorrosion beobachtete Vorgang herangezogen werden. Durch Variation der Edukte lassen sich sogar besonders schnelle Modellsysteme finden, um das faszinierende Phänomen eines wachsenden Tropfsteins wirklichkeitsnah zu demonstrieren.
Femtochemie. Elementare Schritte chemischer Reaktionen
Authors: Materny Arnulf
Published: August 2006

Femtochemie beschäftigt sich mit der Untersuchung und Beeinflussung der ultraschnellen elementaren Moleküldynamik, die jeder chemischen Reaktion zugrunde liegt. Prozesse, die schließlich zum Brechen chemischer Bindungen oder zur Änderung molekularer Strukturen führen, finden auf der Zeitskala von Femto‐ bis Pikosekunden statt. Nur Laserpulse können mit einer zeitlichen Länge von wenigen Femtosekunden erzeugt werden, kurz genug also, um die schnellen Prozesse aufzulösen. Verschiedene Techniken wurden entwickelt, die durch eine Kombination zeitlich gegeneinander verzögerter Laserpulse Zugang zu der Dynamik selbst in komplexen Molekülen erlauben. Der Einblick in die grundlegenden Vorgänge zu Beginn einer chemischen Reaktion ermöglicht ein besseres Verständnis der Reaktionsmechanismen und deren Beeinflussung durch die Umgebung. Die Wechselwirkung mit den Molekülen noch bevor der endgültige Reaktionspfad beschritten wird, eröffnet aber auch spannende neue Möglichkeiten der Kontrolle von chemischen Prozessen. Eine gezielte Beeinflussung der Moleküldynamik mit Hilfe angepasster Pulsformen erscheint auch für komplizierte Abläufe und Systeme realistisch. Die hierfür eingesetzten evolutionären Optimierungsverfahren, welche das experimentelle Ergebnis als Rückkopplungssignal verwerten, erlauben auch ohne Kenntnis der genauen Systemparameter eine selektive Steuerung des Reaktionsablaufs.
Dichte Schale, dünner Kern
Authors: Feil Sylvia
Published: August 2006

Partikel aus vernetzten Polymeren mit einer Kern‐Schale‐Struktur können andere Substanzen aufnehmen und sie kontrolliert wieder abgeben. Besonders thermosensitive Polymere mit maßgeschneiderten Eigenschaften lassen Anwendungen im Bereich der Verkapselung von Wirkstoffen erwarten.
MultiRace: efficient on‐the‐fly data race detection in multithreaded C++ programs
Authors: Pozniansky Eli , Schuster Assaf
Published: August 2006

Data race detection is highly essential for debugging multithreaded programs and assuring their correctness. Nevertheless, there is no single universal technique capable of handling the task efficiently, since the data race detection problem is computationally hard in the general case. Thus, all currently available tools, when applied to some general case program, usually result in excessive false alarms or in a large number of undetected races. Another major drawback of many currently available tools is that they are restricted, for performance reasons, to detection units of fixed size. Thus, they all suffer from the same problem—choosing a small unit might result in missing some of the data races, while choosing a large one might lead to false detection. We present a novel testing tool, called MultiRace, which combines improved versions of Djit and Lockset—two very powerful on‐the‐fly algorithms for dynamic detection of apparent data races. Both extended algorithms detect races in multithreaded programs that may execute on weak consistency systems, and may use two‐way as well as global synchronization primitives. By employing novel technologies, MultiRace adjusts its detection to the native granularity of objects and variables in the program under examination. In order to monitor all accesses to each of the shared locations, MultiRace instruments the C++ source code of the program. It lets the user fine‐tune the detection process, but otherwise is completely automatic and transparent. This paper describes the algorithms employed in MultiRace, gives highlights of its implementation issues, and suggests some optimizations. It shows that the overheads imposed by MultiRace are often much smaller (orders of magnitude) than those obtained by other existing tools. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Broken guidewire during subclavian venous catheterization
Authors: Lin Chih‐Yuan , Hsu Yu‐Juei , Hong Gou‐Jieng , Tsai Chien‐Sung , Lin Shih‐Hua
Published: August 2006

The use of cuffed tunneled hemodialysis catheters has become commonplace these days, but such use may be associated with certain known risks and complications. We report a catheterization of a right subclavian central vein that became complicated by a break in and entrapment of the guidewire used for the procedure. The proximal portion of the broken guidewire remained in the inferior vena cava and the distal portion in the right atrium. An angled wire loop retriever was used to remove the guidewire through the right femoral vein.
Expression analysis and evolutionary conservation of the mouse germ cell–specific D6Mm5e gene
Authors: Arango Nelson A. , Huang Tiffany T. , Fujino Akihiro , Pieretti‐Vanmarcke Rafael , Donahoe Patricia K.
Published: August 2006

During our search for genes required for gonadal development and function in the mouse, we identified D6Mm5e (DNA segment, Chr 6. Miriam Meisler 5, expressed), a gene with an expression pattern highly restricted to the embryonic ovary and the postnatal testis. Based on RT‐PCR, Northern blot, and in situ hybridization analyses, we show that D6Mm5e is expressed in the germ cells of the female embryo upon their initial entry into meiosis, and in male germ cells during the last stages of spermatogenesis. Two transcripts are detected in the gonads resulting from the alternative splicing of exon 8. This splicing event does not introduce a frame shift, and creates an mRNA product that uses the same stop codon as the longer transcript. Although D6Mm5e does not belong to any known protein family and does not contain any known protein signature motifs, the high level of evolutionary conservation and the cellular and temporal expression suggest that D6Mm5e may have a role in male and female gametogenesis. Here we report the gonad‐restricted mRNA expression profile of D6Mm5e in the mouse, and the evolutionary conservation of its amino acid sequence. Developmental Dynamics 235:2613–2619, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mammalian nuclear transfer
Authors: Meissner Alexander , Jaenisch Rudolf
Published: August 2006

During development, the genetic content of each cell remains, with a few exceptions, identical to that of the zygote. Differentiated cells, therefore, retain all the genetic information necessary to generate an entire organism (nuclear totipotency). Nuclear transfer (NT) was initially developed to test experimentally this concept by cloning animals from differentiated cells. It has, since then, been used to study the role of genetic and epigenetic alterations during development and disease. In this review, we highlight some of the milestones in mammalian NT reached in the 50 years after the first nuclear transplantations in frogs. We also address problems associated with mammalian nuclear transfer and provide a survey on current NT and stem cell technology. In the long term, nuclear transfer or alternative strategies aim to generate customized pluripotent cells, which would be invaluable to medical research and therapy. Developmental Dynamics 235:2460–2469, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.