bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Experimental Ninth‐Grade Anthropology Course
Authors: BOHANNAN PAUL , GARBARINO MERWYN S. , CARLSON EARLE W.
Published: November 2004

A ninth‐grade course in anthropology was taught for three years at the North Shore Country Day School in Winnetka, Illinois. Initially, the first quarter concerned ethnography and the principles of cultural and social anthropology; the second centered around evolution, human origins, and the development of civilization; and the third dealt with comparative modern civilizations. However, the first year convinced us that this was too much material, so the third quarter was dropped and the remainder of the material was spread over the entire year. Ninth graders are a good audience for anthropology because they are interested in ethnography, can compare ethnographic situations to their own situations, and most especially are learning and practicing at being adults so that cultural and social techniques are of great immediate interest.
An Index of Sociocultural Development Applicable to Precivilized Societies
Authors: BOWDEN EDGAR
Published: November 2004

An Index of Sociocultural Development constructed by principal‐components analysis correlated highly with the logarithm of precivilized societies' scores on Carneiro's Index of Cultural Accumulation, with the results of a Thurstone‐type Latent‐Distance analysis and with the logarithm of the maximum population of residential settlements in societies. It is suggested that the Indices of Sociocultural Development and Cultural Accumulation measure essentially the same concept on different scales but that the latter index also contains a small independent component, “Cultural Elaboration,” which it would be worth extracting by a suitable multivariate technique in order to study it separately.
Visiting Trade Institutions1
Authors: HEIDER KARL G.
Published: November 2004

In general, as social distance between individuals within a society increases, transactions become more impersonal and more concerned with immediate profit. However, some kinds of transactions between societies are embedded in institutional contexts called visiting trade institutions, which include elements usually characteristic of the most intimate within‐society relationships, such as pseudo‐kin ties (e.g., trading partnerships), gift‐giving, and other ceremonies.
The Present Situation of The Nambiquara1
Authors: Price P. David , Cook Cecil E.
Published: November 2004

The Nambiquara region has recently become more accessible, enabling the authors to make a fairly thorough survey. This paper lists bands according to their geographical locations and linguistic positions within the Nambiquara family. The name by which each band refers to itself is correlated with the terms used by other bands. Present‐day villages are shown, and past and present population is discussed.
Conceptual Styles, Culture Conflict, and Nonverbal Tests of Intelligence
Authors: COHEN ROSALIE A.
Published: November 2004

Conceptual styles are rule‐sets for the selection and organization of sense data. Two mutually incompatible conceptual styles are identified—relational and analytic. Relational and analytic methods of conceptual organization appear to have been developed and reinforced in shared‐function and formally organized primary groups, respectively, as socialization settings. Each style affects its carrier's ability to deal effectively with the alternate kind of group process requirements. A distinction is drawn between culture conflict and related notions of deprivation and culture difference. When the conceptual styles used between individuals and groups are mutually incompatible, culture conflict may be said to exist, whether or not the other phenomena are also present. It is found that highly relational pupils in the analytic school environment represent this type of culture conflict regardless of their native ability or the variety and relevance of their experience backgrounds. This difficulty is not obviated by developing context‐free situations. Item solution requirements for common nonverbal tests of intelligence, for instance, focus directly on expertise in using the analytic rule‐set as a measure of intelligence. Their culture bias has, thus, not been reduced but has been moved to a higher level of abstraction. Conceptual rule‐sets also affect the assimulation of experience content. They determine to a great extent the number and nature of contextual attributes that will appear relevant to individuals. In addition, because a wide variety of social and psychological behaviors are meaningful only when they follow from these rule‐sets, conceptual styles contribute to the formation of logically derived normative systems.
Girls' Puberty Rites and Matrilocal Residence
Authors: Driver Harold E.
Published: November 2004

This paper challenges the view of Judith K. Brown (1961) and Peter Kloos (1969) that matrilocal residence tends to cause girls' puberty rites. It shows how improbable this hypothesis is for western North America, where data are plentiful, and suggests that it is unlikely for the rest of the world. Girls' puberty rites seem to be earlier in most localities because of much greater world frequency and dominance among hunters, gatherers, and fishers, while matrilocal residence appears mainly to have stemmed from female hand farming at a later date. [causality, evolution, puberty rites—female, matrilocal residence, migration as agent of culture spread]
The Psychological Interdependence of Family, School, and Bureaucracy in Japan
Authors: KIEFER CHRISTIE W.
Published: November 2004

The Japanese “examination hell” phenomenon is viewed as a series of crisis rites through which the child passes from family‐centered to peer group‐centered values in a “particularistic” society. It is held that this model has greater explanatory power than the “minimization of competition” model proposed by others and that it also helps to explain the phenomenon of student radicalism and centrifugal relationships in middle‐class communities.
Nicknames and Social Structure in Zinacantan1
Authors: COLLIER GEORGE A. , BRICKER VICTORIA R.
Published: November 2004

In this paper we attempt to coordinate a variety of analytic tools in the study of Zina‐canteco naming practices, especially that of nicknaming. We suggest that nicknames, whose initial use is informal, are extended to members of distinct local descent groups and are gradually incorporated into the system of formal names by replacing Indian surnames. Viewing local descent groups as the principal point of articulation between the naming system and lineage structure, we show how changes in the latter are accompanied by changes in the former, and we outline the economic and political factors that seem to be behind the tendencies toward segmentation within the lineage. We conceive of naming as a system of communicative codes and measure the communicative efficiency of naming components. This enables us to compare eighteenth‐century Zinacanteco surname groups with modern nickname groups and enhances our argument that they are parallel in structure, in statistical distribution over population, and in the meaning content of particular names. We present evidence suggesting that our model relating formal and informal naming practices to modern Zinacanteco social structure appears to have historical validity as well. [names, Zinacantan, Tzotzil, lineage, humor]
Childhood Association and Sexual Attraction: A Further Test of the Westermarck Hypothesis
Authors: WOLF ARTHUR P.
Published: November 2004

A preliminary study of household registration records from Taiwan supports Edward Westermarck's contention that intimate childhood association promotes sexual aversion. Women who are forced to marry a childhood associate bear fewer children than those who marry a stranger. They are also more likely to leave their husband by divorce or avoid him in favor of other men. This evidence suggests that the incest taboo does not prohibit what men's feelings incline them to do, as Westermarck's critics argue, but that it is instead an expression of these feelings, socially unnecessary but psychologically inevitable. [incest taboo, law, China, Taiwan]
The Culture of Poverty: An Adjustive Dimension
Authors: PARKER SEYMOUR , KLEINER ROBERT J.
Published: November 2004

The “Moynihan controversy” concerning the existence of a subculture of poverty among the Negro poor has been marked by polar positions. There are those who feel that much of the “deviant behavior” of this group is actually normative and transmitted in the socialization process. Others maintain that such behavior is not normative and represents merely situational responses to extreme poverty and other forms of deprivation. The data in this paper, derived from interviews with a sample of the Negro population of Philadelphia, indicate that Negroes living in poverty hold attitudes that can be characterized as a “subculture of poverty.” On the other hand, the data also suggest that such attitudes represent but one segment of the total range of attitudes and reference values held by this population, many of which are shared by the larger society. Furthermore, the evidence indicates that these attitudes serve to maintain the mental health of those living in a severely disadvantaged social situation. [deviant behavior, Negro, poverty]
On the Unity and Diversity of Cultures
Authors: CLARKE J. J.
Published: November 2004

Attempts to display the underlying similarities of superficially different cultures in terms of basic needs, problems, drives, etc., fail, not, as is usually argued, because of paucity of basic materials relative to superstructure, but rather because of a logical feature of the concepts of need, problem, etc. Societies certainly have needs and problems, which they satisfy and solve, but these already presuppose the existence of a society that constantly subjects its environmental and biological endowment to re‐evaluation. The needs of a society are not “given,” therefore, but are functions of an already developed culture, and for this reason they cannot be thought of as constants variably filled with diverse cultural content. [methodology, cultural relativism, needs (basic), meta‐anthropology, semantics]
Two's Company, Three's a Crowd1
Authors: Bean Susan s.
Published: November 2004

Pronominal systems express information about the social relationship between participants in a speech event. A discussion of the social implications of the dyad and triad indicates how, in some pronominal systems, social distance and deference are introduced into a relationship by symbolically transforming it from a dyad to a triad. In addition, if is shown how this transformation is accomplished through the pronominal system. [cross‐cultural, sociolinguistics, semantics, language and culture]
The Coyote and the Sequential Occupants of the Los Angeles Basin
Authors: Gill Don
Published: November 2004

This study traces how the coyote (Canis latrans) has interacted with the differing culture groups which sequentially occupied the Los Angeles basin. The coyote's relationships with the aboriginal, the Spaniard, and the early American are compared, as well as the variance in which it was perceived by each group. Since the coyote survived urbanization to become the major predator within the Los Angeles basin, the present attitudes of urban dwellers toward the animal are also briefly assessed. The coyote's capacity to survive is being aided by an increasing public awareness of the aesthetic value of wild nature, thus its survival within one of North America's largest urban areas is relatively assured.
Grooved Stones from Zawi Chemi Shanidar, a Protoneolithic Site in Northern Iraq
Authors: Solecki Rose L. , Solecki Ralph S.
Published: November 2004

Grooved stones appear as a new cultural element in Epipaleolithic‐Protoneolithic sites (dating from ca. 9000–6000 B.C.) in a broad geographic zone from Southwest Asia to North Africa. Similar objects have been recorded from archeological and ethnographic contexts in both the Old World and the New World. Ethnographic and other evidence has shown that the several types of grooved stones are associated with a variety of functions, mainly related to the manufacture and use of arrows and arrow shafts. It is suggested that these tools may be associated with the discovery and diffusion of the bow and arrow.
Homogeneity of Personality Characteristics: A Comparison between Old Order Amish and Non‐Amish1
Authors: Wittmer Joe
Published: November 2004

The purpose of this study was to compare the variability of measured personality characteristics of 25 Amish and 25 non‐Amish male youth, between the ages of 18 and 21, from the same community. This study assumed that the homogeneous nature of the Amish culture would predetermine greater similarity of personality among the Amish youth. The findings indicate that the aspect of personality similarity was significantly greater for the Amish group on 9 of 16 measures of personality. The findings were discussed in light of the Amish culture.
The Species Problem: Nineteenth‐Century Concepts of Racial Inferiority in the Origin of Man Controversy
Authors: Haller John S.
Published: November 2004

The species problem and its implications in the origin of man controversy had grown in importance in prewar America owing largely to the question of slavery. Implicit in the problem was the position of the so‐called inferior races in society. The monogenists, despite their emphasis on environmentalism, were no more favorable to the Negro, except in their remote theoretical stance. The Civil War—not Darwin—brought the controversy to an end in America, but it continued to rage in Europe. The apparent synthesis of the schools during the 1870s did not disturb the stereotyped ideas of racial inferiority. The “inferior races” remained the basis of evolutionary discussion, leaving them as remote outcasts of the evolutionary struggle.
The Developmental Cycle of the Andros Household: A Diachronic Analysis1
Authors: Otterbein Keith F.
Published: November 2004

This study focuses on the changes in house‐hold composition that have occurred during the past decade in four villages located on southern Andros, Bahamas. A diachronic analysis of the changes that have occurred in the Andros household is presented, using as its methodology a statistical comparison of two censuses taken seven years apart. The statistical data fail to confirm the “typical” Andros developmental cycle, which had been derived from adult life histories (the historical method) and from frequency distributions of household types at one point in time (the cross‐sectional method). The existence of many different possible household cycles probably explains this failure.
Birth Rate and Work Load1
Authors: Nurge Ethel
Published: November 2004

This paper explores the relationship between birth rate and work load. More babies are born in the period when there is less work to be done but there are also other factors relevant to the number of conceptions and these include opportunities for conception, physical stamina, schedule of physical activity, leisure patterns, holidays, knowledge of contraception, climate and household temperatures, and differential fertility.
The Windigo Psychosis: Psychodynamic, Cultural, and Social Factors in Aberrant Behavior1
Authors: HAY THOMAS H.
Published: November 2004

Although windigo cannibalism is unique to the northern Algonkians, the psychodynamic factors which produce it are general. The differential occurrence of the disorder is explained in terms of the northern Algonkian emphasis on following inner promptings, the absence of cultural alternatives, and in terms of the nature of interaction in the particular bands for which cannibalism was reported.
An Exploratory Model of Play
Authors: CSIKSZENTMIHALYI MIHALY , BENNETT STITH
Published: November 2004

Play is defined as a state of experience in which the actor's ability to act matches the requirements for action in his environment. It differs from anxiety, in which the requirements outnumber the ability, and from boredom, in which the requirements are too few for the ability level of the actor. Games are reviewed with illustrations from a cross‐cultural context of traditional and modern societies. It is suggested that games of skill, strategy, and chance all share structural characteristics that allow the player to limit his experiences so as to maximize the play experience as defined. Further theoretical implications are drawn from the model in terms of the relationship of individuals and the social system.
Cluster Density Analysis of Dimensional Socio‐Cultural Evolution Models
Authors: BOWDEN EDGAR
Published: November 2004

A quantitative method is briefly described whereby societal density contours may be constructed at successive cross‐sectional levels of the three‐dimensional, branching, socio‐cultural evolution models described in American Anthropologist 1969, 71(5): 864–870. Considered with the branching model, these cross‐sections help to reveal the underlying evolutionary structure, discounting random variations in the sample or excessively complex branchings in large‐sample models.
The Punjabi Kinship Terminology as a Semantic System1
Authors: LEAF MURRAY J.
Published: November 2004

Analysis of kinship terminologies as semantic systems has been imbedded in two opposing theoretical frameworks, a “componential” framework that connects terminological sets to “biology” but divorces them from social structure, and a structuralist framework that integrates terms with structure but divorces them from biology. It is suggested that both difficulties are generated by considerations internal to the theories but exogenous to kinship terminologies as semantic systems. A simple operational elicitation procedure is presented that avoids assumptions not directly related to a clear conception of a semantic system. On the basis of the Punjabi terminology, a simple reformulation of the relationship between structures, terminologies, and “biology” is offered.
Analysis of the Psychological Reality of American‐English Kin Terms in an Urban Poverty Environment1
Authors: SANDAY PEGGY R.
Published: November 2004

The purpose of this paper is (1) to describe and explain variation in the psychological reality of American‐English kinship terms; and, (2) to examine the relationship between results obtained by two approaches which have been used to find psychologically real definitions of American‐English kinship terms. A general hypothesis is proposed which accounts for variation in psychological reality in terms of life cycle and certain social role variables, as well as the individual's experiential knowledge of the domain under study. This hypothesis was accepted after it was revised to include the mediating influence of the content of what is stored in memory. The data for this study were collected in a U.S. urban poverty environment.
Environment and Activity Patterning at Isimila Korongo, Iringa3
Authors: Hansen Carl L. , Keller Charles M.
Published: November 2004

Two differing fluvial environments from Sands 3, Isimila, yielded distinct lithic assemblages. One occurrence, on the sands of an occasionally active channel flat, indicates occupation of the anastomose channel with associated shrubby vegetation by a group whose lithic artifact inventory is dominated by large cutting edge tools. The other, on a low interfluve flanking a channel, with abundant herbaceous vegetation, yielded numerous scrapers and relatively few heavy duty tools. It is suspected that the variations in microenvironment are related to the composition of the lithic artifact inventory.
Analytical Dimensions in the Comparison of Social Organizations
Authors: BARTH FREDRIK
Published: November 2004

The paper focuses on differences in the way social situations are defined in different cultures and societies. It develops and illustrates some dimensions for comparing social systems in this respect, viz: their inventory of statuses, the repertoires of persons, and the cultural ways in which occasions are distinguished. Some contrasting types of society are compared on these dimensions; and the problem is raised as to the epistemological character of such types, and the importance of the variable of scale. The dual nature of social organization as an organization both of people and of tasks is emphasized.
Phonetic Ability and Related Anatomy of the Newborn and Adult Human, Neanderthal Man, and the Chimpanzee
Authors: LIEBERMAN PHILIP , CRELIN EDMUND S. , KLATT DENNIS H.
Published: November 2004

The sounds of human speech make human language a rapid medium of communication through a process of speech “encoding.” The presence of sounds like the vowels [a], [i], and [u] makes this process possible. The supralaryngeal vocal tracts of newborn Homo sapiens and chimpanzee are similar and resemble the reconstructed vocal tract of the fossil La Chapelle‐aux‐Saints Neanderthal man. Vocal tract area functions that were directed toward making best possible approximations to the human vowels [a], [i], and [u], as well as certain consonantal configurations, were modeled by means of a computer program. The lack of these vowels in the phonetic repertories of these creatures, who lack a supralaryngeal pharyngeal region like that of adult Homo sapiens, may be concomitant with the absence of speech encoding and a consequently linguistic ability inferior to modern man.
Structural Adaptations to Climbing in the Gibbon Hand1
Authors: VAN HORN RICHARD N.
Published: November 2004

In the past, the unusual features of the gibbon hand have been viewed as structures whose function is to keep the thumb out of the way during brachiation. Recent behavioral and anatomical observations, however, indicate that climbing is as important to gibbons in their high, exclusively arboreal niche as brachiation, and that many pecularities of the gibbon hand actually represent structural adaptations to climbing. The functional reevaluation of the gibbon hand makes it clear that complex and often contradictory selection factors are responsible for phenotypic manifestations and that the classification of species into locomotor types, such as brachiator, semibrachiator, and quadruped, misrepresents the species' total locomotor adaptation and obscures the complex of selective factors responsible for structural evolution.
Iva annua var. macrocarpa: Extinct American Cultigen?1
Authors: YARNELL RICHARD A.
Published: November 2004

Exceptionally large sumpweed achenes have been recovered from archaeological sites in the region extending from Kansas City and the Ozarks to eastern Kentucky and western North Carolina. Dates of occupation range from early first millennium B.C. to the first half of the second millennium A.D. Achene size progressed from slightly larger than modern achenes at the earliest sites to double the modern length at later sites. This is taken as evidence of evolution under domestication.
The Sweet Potato: Its Origin and Dispersal1
Authors: O'BRIEN PATRICIA J.
Published: November 2004

The sweet potato originated in northwestern South America, arising possibly as a hybrid cross or through karyotypic alterations from an unknown plant of the genus Ipomoea. This domestication is associated with the development of Tropical Forest agricultural villages by ca. 2500 B.C. The Spanish introduced it to Europe and spread it to China and Japan and Malaysia and the Moluccas region. The Portuguese carried it to India, Indonesia, and Africa. The plant has a pre‐Magellan introduction into Polynesia by possibly A.D. 1 in the Samoa area and is dispersed from there to the rest of the Pacific. The plant was transferred either by birds carrying the seed or, more likely, through an accidental casting of a vessel carrying it upon an island of the Samoa region. The word kumara, alleged by many to show direct contact between Polynesians and Quechuan‐speaking Indians, apparently reconstructs to Proto‐Polynesian and was introduced into the Quechua dictionaries to reflect the educated Spaniard's knowledge of sweet potato terms.
Population Growth in a Kenya Community1
Authors: NERLOVE SARA B. , LEVINE ROBERT A.
Published: November 2004

Population figures based on surveys conducted in 1957 and 1967 are presented for the Gusii community of “Nyansongo” in southwestern Kenya. The figures suggest a considerable increase in population, possibly even greater than that for Kenya as a whole, which has one of the highest rates of natural increase in Africa. The social consequences of such an increase are referred to, and emphasis is given to the need for ethnographic restudy of communities.
The Language of Sites in the Politics of Space1
Authors: KUPER HILDA
Published: November 2004

Different approaches have been developed to relate the concept of space to other social phenomena. Some of these approaches are critically examined in an effort to find a theoretical framework for interpreting a wide range of events in which sites, specific pieces of space, were of crucial significance. It is argued that there is a condensation of values in special sites, and that transactions that constitute the totality of social life may be spatially mapped with sites expressing relatively durable social structure. The process of social interaction may be expressed empirically through disputes over sites and symbolically in the configuration of sites.
Spatial Concepts of the Ainu of the Northwest Coast of Southern Sakhalin1
Authors: OHNUKI‐TIERNEY EMIKO
Published: November 2004

Presented here is the basic cognitive structure underlying the concepts of space among the Ainu of the northwest coast of southern Sakhalin, now resettled in Hokkaido. The spatial structure is examined by analyzing cultural meanings attached to the spatial categories and directions. The basic spatial structure may be best understood as a dyadic structure comprising a series of contrast sets in binary opposition, with the super‐Ainu quality as the minimal distinctive feature.
Paradigmatic Processes in Culture Change
Authors: WALLACE ANTHONY F. C.
Published: November 2004

Paradigmatic processes in culture change are defined, in the sense of Thomas Kuhn, as the consequence of long‐continued deliberate effort by numbers of persons to innovate within a recognized technical, artistic, or intellectual tradition (or “school” or “discipline”). The evolving paradigm will often, after a certain point of development, attract exploitation; there will then occur various functionally entailed social‐cultural consequences; and ultimately efforts will be made to rationalize the change in religious, ethical, and philosophical terms.
Cognitive Variability and New Guinea Social Organization: The Buang Dgwa1
Authors: SANKOFF GILLIAN
Published: November 2004

Informal and public discourse on kinship and land tenure among the Buang (New Guinea) reveals marked variability in speakers' assignments of individuals and garden plots to kin groups. Discrepancies occur not only between speakers, but between assignments made by any one speaker at different times. Despite this, consensus is maintained during public discussion. Variability in claims made about kin group affiliation reflects a number of different verbal strategies in talking about kin groups, superimposed on systematically differing individual cognitive maps.
Social Categories and Social Interaction in Urban India1
Authors: BERREMAN GERALD D.
Published: November 2004

Categories into which people classify themselves and others in a North Indian city were collected, together with identifying characteristics and stereotypes. Utilizing a symbolic interactionist perspective, these were analyzed with reference to social behavior: the manner in which interaction was conditioned or influenced by the system of social categories and the meanings attached to them. The complexity of the terminological system, its variability and manipulability, the crucial importance of situation and audience, and the tenuous relationship between terminology and behavior were revealed.
The Formation of New Castes: A Probable Case from North India1
Authors: SEBRING JAMES M.
Published: November 2004

There is a persistent notion in the literature on caste in India that new castes tend to develop within the caste system. Heretofore largely unsubstantiated, this notion receives support from the data of the present paper, which argues that a new caste is in the process of formation in an area of north India. The inevitability, given certain conditions, of new caste formation within an established caste system is posited, and such formation is hypothesized as both a reflection and one of the chief causes of the great stability of the Indian caste system.
Plato's Republic as an Early Study of Media Bias and a Charter for Prosaic Education
Authors: BROWN JENNIFER
Published: November 2004

Plato's Republic is a document of considerable interest for the student of enculturation processes. From Plato's proposals for educational change and for a new curriculum, and from his reactions against the arts and poetry of traditional Greek culture, we gain perspectives on the nature, strains, and implications of a transition from dominantly oral poetic to literate prose forms of symbolic transmission and education.
Women and the Division of Labor: A Jamaican Example1
Authors: POLLOCK NANCY J.
Published: November 2004

A major omission in Brown's discussion of women's contributions to subsistence activities being only possible if those activities are compatible with child care is Caribbean societies. Although characterized as women‐centered, it will be demonstrated with material from rural Jamaica that the reliance on women's support is only a phase in the life cycle of the co‐residential family. A male partner will be brought in to share and then carry the economic responsibilities when the couple are middle‐aged. This structural adjustment to the demographic imbalance is made possible by the ecology and nature of subsistence activities.
The Collective Identity of Marginal Peoples: The North Carolina Experience1
Authors: DANE J. K. , GRIESSMAN B. EUGENE
Published: November 2004

The conditions that make for the emergence and persistence of collective identity are examined on the basis of the history of two marginal groups in North Carolina. These are the Haliwa and the Sampson County Indians which constitute a total population of approximately 6000 persons. Historically their status has been ambiguous. The traditional focal points of group identity have been the churches and the schools. Today the churches remain but the schools are gone. A new emphasis presently is being placed on associations, coalitions, and pageants as structures and expressions of Indian identity.
BOOKS REVIEWS
Authors: HELMS MARY W.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

GENERAL AND THEORETICAL: Man in Adaptation: The Biosocial Background. YEHUDI A. COHEN, ed

GENERAL AND THEORETICAL: Man in Adaptation: The Cultural Present. YEHUDI A. COHEN, ed

GENERAL AND THEORETICAL: Man in Adaptation: The Institutional Frame‐work. YEHUDI A. COHEN, ed

GENERAL AND THEORETICAL: Readings in Introductory Anthropology. Volume One: Evolution, Human Paleontology, Physical Anthropology and the Beginnings o f Culture. Volume Two: Economics, Social and Political Structure, Religion and Magic, Language, Culture and Personality, Culture Change and Applied Anthropology. RICHARD G. EMERICK, ed
BOOKS REVIEWS
Authors: PIA JOSEPH
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Linguistics: A Grammar of Tera: Transformational Syntax and Texts. PAUL NEWMAN

Linguistics: Lexique des parlers arabes tchado‐soudanais: An Arabic‐English‐French Lexicon of the Dialects Spoken in the Chad‐Sudan Area. ARLETTE ROTH‐LALY, comp
Sociogenic Brain Damage*
Authors: MONTAGU ASHLEY
Published: November 2004

Sociogenic brain damage is a condition produced by impoverished social environments. This has been demonstrated conclusively in rats. It is very probable that similar damage from similar causes is produced in the brains of infants, children, and even adolescents. The damage is probably akin to that which is produced by physical malnutrition. There is reason to believe that poverty and the ghetto, often associated with both physical and social malnutrition, constitute a combination of conditions capable of producing severe failures in neural development with its attendant failures in learning ability. The focus on sociogenic brain damage as alone capable of producing such learning deficits is related in this paper to the question of what so‐called IQ tests really measure.
New Evidence Concerning Polar Eskimo Isolation1
Authors: VANSTONE JAMES W.
Published: November 2004

Evidence provided by a nineteenth century collection of Polar Eskimo material culture suggests the possibility of contact over a longer continuous period of time with Eskimos of northeastern Canada and southwest Greenland than has previously been noted.
Color Term Salience
Authors: HAYS DAVID G. , MARGOLIS ENID , NAROLL RAOUL , PERKINS DALE REVERE
Published: November 2004

Eleven focal colors are named by basic color terms in many languages. The most salient colors (black, white, and perhaps red) are named in all languages; the least salient of the set are named in fewer languages. Salience correlates with earliness of introduction, as measured by a scale of social evolution; with brevity of expression, as measured by phonemic length of basic color terms; with frequency of use, as measured by frequency of basic color terms in literary languages; and with frequency of mention in ethnographic literature. None of these correlations are established in the pioneer study of Berlin and Kay (1969), a study whose defects are well exposed by Durbin (1972) and Wescott (1970). The first two were documented respectively in Naroll (1970) and Durbin (1972); the last two are documented here. These four correlations independently support the Berlin‐Kay color salience theory. They furnish a sound basis for further research on color term salience in particular and indeed on salience phenomena in general. We speculate that salience may be an important general principle of cultural evolution.
Adjustment and Value Conflict in Urbanizing Dakota Indians Measured by Q‐Sort Technique1
Authors: KEMNITZER LUIS S.
Published: November 2004

As part of a larger study of American Indian migration to the San Francisco Bay Area, a Q‐Sort test was devised to discover and measure value conflict Methodological problems in the administration and analysis of the test are discussed. In addition, comparison of the performance of selected individuals with their observed behavior shows that individual behavioral change in acculturation cannot be described in linear acculturation continuum models. Some alternative hypotheses are proposed.
Social Process in the Italian Alps1
Authors: COLE JOHN W.
Published: November 2004

Past similarities in the outward appearance of domestic process in two adjacent villages of diverse origin in the Italian Alps resulted from shared ecological pressures, but contrasting modes of integration into the national political economy were decisive in producing differences between villages in the ways in which authority was developed and distributed within the domestic realm, and in processes of interaction between domestic groups. These contrasts have in turn influenced response to recent changes in the nature of village integration into the state, which have set domestic process moving in new directions.
Some Aspects of Moral Structure in Galician Hamlets1
Authors: LISÓN‐TOLOSANA CARMELO
Published: November 2004

The internal constitution of Galician hamlets places the paterfamilias of the house in roles which isolate him and oppose him to other heads of houses, especially his neighbors next door or in neighboring plots. This necessary but conflictive relationship becomes, under certain conditions, immoral, and in these conditions people attribute to neighbors the power of envy, misfortune, and evil. These attributions serve, ultimately, to reinforce community solidarity.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: BURKHART GEOFFREY
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

General and Theoretical: Readings in Kinship and Social Structure. NELSON GRABURN

General and Theoretical: Kinship and Culture. FRANCIS L. K. HSU
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: BRAIN JAMES L.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Religion: The God of the Matopo Hills: An Essay on the Mwari Cult in Rhodesia. M. L. DANEEL. Foreword by J. F. Holleman. Afrika‐Studiecentrum Communications, 1. The Hague: Mouton, 1970 (publication date, 1972). 95 pp., diagrams, map, plates, notes, references. DG9.00 (paper).

Religion: Zionism and Faith‐Healing in Rhodesia: Aspects of African Independent Churches. M. L. DANEEL. V. A. February, trans. Afrika‐Studiecentrum Communications, 2. The Hague: Mouton, 1970 (publication date, 1972). 64 pp., maps, plates, notes, references. DG9.00 (paper).
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: GILMAN ANTONIO
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Archeology: The Earthen Long Barrow in Britain: An Introduction to the Study of the Funerary Practice and Culture of the Neolithic People of the Third Millennium B.C., PAUL ASHBEE.

Archeology: The Chambered Tombs of Scotland. Volume Two. AUDREY SHORE HENSHALL.
On the Estimation of the Sizes of Local Groups in a Hunting‐Gathering Environment1
Authors: MARTIN JOHN F.
Published: November 2004

The ancestors of the Hualapai and Havasupai Indians were once hunters and gatherers, some of whom did a little farming during the summer. The basic adaptation was to a hunting and gathering life and this adaption included local groups of the classic type with a mean size of twenty‐eight. This paper presents a theory which retrodicts and accounts for the range of local group sizes and their probabilities (frequencies).
STUDIES OF BEHAVIOR AND BEHAVIOR DEVELOPMENT BY LABORATORY MANIPULATION OF CONDITIONS
Authors: ROSENBLUM LEONARD A.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Mother‐Love. By H. F. HARLOW

Nature and Development of Affection. By H. R. HARLOW and R. ZIMMERMAN
An Archaeological Perspective on Shoshonean Bands1
Authors: THOMAS DAVID HURST
Published: November 2004

The prehistoric archaeology of the Reese River Valley in the central Great Basin strongly indicates that a Shoshonean‐like settlement pattern has existed for approximately 4500 years in this vicinity. A comparison of the prehistoric demography and ecology with similar patterns among modem primitive groups suggests that the post‐marital residence pattern of the prehistoric Shoshoneans was most probably bilateral and rather flexible, as originally suggested by Julian Steward. If this interpretation is correct, then it contradicts Elman Service's 1962 hypothesis of patrilocal bands among the preconlact Shoshoneans. No attempt is made to confront the ideological models of the prehistoric Shoshoneans, for modern scientific archaeology can presently consider only etic phenomena.

If archeologists and ethnologists are to overcome the limitations of their observational fields and contribute to the general field of anthropology, they must develop methods which will allow explanatory propositions regarding the operation of cultural systems to be tested by both archeological and ethnographic data. [L. R. Binford 1968a:269]
How Exactly Are Peasants “Exploited”?
Authors: DALTON GEORGE
Published: November 2004

We are very frequently told that peasants are exploited without being told what exactly this means, whether peasant exploitation is confined to peasants, or whether the word exploitation is meant to convey different meanings for different societies. This paper discusses two meanings of exploitation, neither of which relates uniquely to peasantry, and poses specific questions about “exploitation” and “surplus,” the answers to which would tell us a good deal about what is meant by the exploitation of peasantry.
Book Reviews: General, Applied and Theoretical
Authors: Devita Philip R.
Published: November 2004

Polynesian Seafaring. EDWARD DODD.

The Settlement of Polynesia: A Computer Simulation. MICHAEL LEVISON, R. GERARD WARD, and JOHN W. WEBB.
Book Reviews: General, Applied and Theoretical
Authors: Freed R. S.
Published: November 2004

Federal Health Care (With Reservations). ROBERT L. KANE and ROSALIE A. KANE.

Big Brother's Indian Programs—With Reservations. SAR A. LEVITAN and BARBARA HETRICK.
Book Reviews: Archaeology
Authors: Jennings Calvin H.
Published: November 2004

The Leavenworth Site: Archaeology of an Historic Arikara Community. RICHARD A. KRAUSE.

Like‐a‐Fishhook Village and Fort Berthold, Garrison Reservoir, North Dakota. HUBERT G. SMITH.
Verbal Art as Performance1
Authors: BAUMAN RICHARD
Published: November 2004

Departing from text‐centered perspectives on verbal art, an approach is developed to verbal art as performance, derived from recent work in folklore, the ethnography of speaking, sociolinguistics, and literary stylistics. The patterning of performance in genres, acts, roles, and events is discussed, as well as the emergent quality of performance, manifested in text, event, and social structure.
The Role of the Drunk in a Oaxacan Village1
Authors: DENNIS PHILIP A.
Published: November 2004

Drunks are accorded great social license in Oaxacan villages. They may shout insults, intrude uninvited into social gatherings, and behave in other normally unacceptable ways. This paper analyzes the drunk's role in terms suggested by Goffman's “dramaturgical analogy,” as a highly functional and sometimes entertaining part in the ongoing drama of community life. Village conceptions of drunken behavior are seen to create that behavior, apart from the alcohol intake which is its ostensible cause.
Audiovisuals Reviews
Authors: FREEMAN L. G.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

LITHIC TECHNOLOGY FILMS: A Tale of Two Rivers. Produced by CLYDE B. SMITH.

LITHIC TECHNOLOGY FILMS: Lascaux: Cradle of Man's Art. Directed by WILLIAM C. CHAPMAN.

LITHIC TECHNOLOGY FILMS: Prehistoric Images. 1955. Directed by THOMAS L. ROWE
Toward a Locational Definition of State Systems of Settlement
Authors: CRUMLEY CAROLE L.
Published: November 2004

Recent information indicates that urbanism is only one of several options providing the means to consolidate, concentrate, and organize the coercive power necessary for state formation. Central Place Theory (CPT) is a model of urban settlement frequently chosen to approach the broader problem of state formation, but its universal applicability is in doubt. In this paper, spatial and functional definitions of urbanism and other concepts (functional center, functional lattice) related to state systems of settlement are derived using locational analytic approaches other than CPT, and their implications are discussed. A typology of state‐level settlements is introduced. Advantages of a locational approach to the investigation of settlement systems are suggested.
Culture and Progress. DISTINGUISHED LECTURE‐1975
Authors: COLSON ELIZABETH
Published: November 2004

This paper is the text of the sixth Distinguished Lecture, delivered in San Francisco at the 74th annual meeting of the American Anthropological Association, December 1975. The Lectureship was established in 1969 to honor outstanding scholars in the profession. Colson, a social anthropologist and ethnographer of wide experience, has worked in both the New and the Old Worlds, with American Indian and central African cultures. She is currently Fairchild Fellow, California Institute of Technology, on leave from her professorship at the University of California, Berkeley. Her interest in both the history and the future of our profession is reflected in her talk. The first five Distinguished Lectures—by Joseph H. Greenberg, Robert J. Braidwood, Georges Condominas, John W. M. Whiting, and Miguel León‐Portilla—were published in the Association's Annual Reports (1970–74). The Lecture will now appear each year in the American Anthropologist.
Book Reviews
Authors: Walle Alf H.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Ethnology: “Get Your Ass in the Water and Swim Like Me”—Narrative Poetry from Black Oral Tradition. Bruce Jackson

Ethnology: Black Autobiography in America. Stephen Butterfield
Book Reviews
Authors: Parsons Lee A.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Archaeology: Izapa Sculpture: Album. V. Garth Norman

Archaeology: Izapan‐Style Art: A Study of its Form and Meaning. Jacinto Quirarte

Archaeology: A Possible Focus of Andean Artistic Influence in Mesoamerica. Mino Badner
An Evolutionary Aspect of Social Structure and a Verb “Have”
Authors: WEBB KAREN E.
Published: November 2004

Bradfield has pointed out that little is known of the relationship between grammatical forms and the “values and attitudes associated with economic activity.” This paper reports on a current research project which is exploring the relationship between possession and transitivity and property‐based societies. The author posits an evolutionary sequence of possessive verb development similar to the evolutionary development of color terms shown in the work of Berlin and Kay. [language and culture, cultural evolution, ethnolinguistics (semantics), possession (grammatical), cross‐cultural study]
From Hindu Kush to Sri Lanka and the State of the Art
Authors: ORANS MARTIN
Published: November 2004

The Hill of Flutes: Life, Love and Poetry in Tribal India. W. G. Archer. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1974.

Structural Approaches to South India Studies. Harry M. Buck and Glenn E. Yocum, eds. Chambersburg, Pennsylvania: Wilson Books, 1974.

Faction and Conversion in a Plural Society: Religious Alignments in the Hindu Kush. Robert Leroy Canfield. Anthropological Papers, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan No. 50. 1973.

Elite Politics in Rural India: Political Stratification and Alliances in Western Maharashtra. Anthony Carter. Cambridge Studies in Social Anthropology, 9. London: Cambridge University Press, 1974.

The Myth of the Lokamanya: Tilak and Mass Politics in Maharashtra. Richard I. Cashman. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975.
Lévi‐Strauss on the Oedipus Myth: A Reconsideration
Authors: Carroll Michael P.
Published: November 2004

The first half of the article presents a critique of Lévi‐Strauss' well‐known analysis of the Oedipus myth. A consideration of Greek beliefs suggests that Lévi‐Strauss is incorrect in tying certain events in that myth to the “overvaluation of blood relations” and in asserting that the myth is concerned with the “affirmation/denial of man's autochthonous origins.” The second half of the article presents a different structural analysis of the entire Theban Saga, of which the Oedipus myth is but a part. It concludes (1) that Lévi‐Strauss is correct in identifying a series of events in the myth which indicate the devaluation of blood relations, but that these events specifically refer to the devaluation of patrilineal kin ties and that the range of events indicating the devaluation of patrilineal ties is broader than his analysis would suggest, and (2) there is another series of repeated events (unmentioned by Lévi‐Strauss) which indicates the affirmation of patrilineal kin ties. The final hypothesis— that the opposition between the devaluation/affirmation of patrilineal kin ties underlies the Theban Saga— “makes sense” in terms of Greek history, as the period in which the Olympian myths look their present form is also the period in which the Greeks moved from a society organized along patrilineal kin ties to one organized around allegiance to the polis. [structuralism, Oedipus myth, myth and social structure, Lévi‐Strauss, anthropological theory]
Whatever Happened to the Id?
Authors: Spiro Melford E.
Published: November 2004

There has been a strong tendency in structural and symbolic anthropology to assume that sex and aggression are of no concern to cultural symbol systems. Even when cultural beliefs, myths, or rituals are explicitly and preponderantly sexual or aggressive in content, they are typically interpreted as metaphors for social structural themes. This thesis is illustrated with respect to aggression by an analysis of Lévi‐Strauss' interpretation of a Bororo myth, after which the assumptions that structural theory makes concerning the place of aggression in cultural symbol systems are contrasted with the opposing assumptions of psychoanalytic theory. [structuralism, psychoanalysis, cultural symbol systems, myth]