bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Weight, water, and cation losses in horses competing in a three-day event
Authors: Andrews Frank M. , Ralston Sarah L. , Sommardahl Carla S. , Maykuth Patricia L. , Green Eleanor M. , White Susan L. , Williamson Lisa H. , Holmes Cheryl A. , Geiser Dennis R.
Published: December 2023

Body weight of 48 horses competing in a 3-day event was measured the day before the event (baseline), following the dressage phase of the event (day 1), after the endurance phases of the event (day 2), and 18 to 24 hours after the endurance phases (day 3). Plasma sodium and potassium concentrations were measured the evening before, immediately after, and 10 minutes after the endurance phases. Total body water, water loss, and net exchangeable cation loss were then calculated.

Body weight and total body water were significantly decreased, compared with baseline values, at all times during the event, and significant water loss was detected. The largest changes were recorded after the endurance phases of the event. Water deficits were still detected 18 to 24 hours after the endurance phases of the event.

Mean plasma sodium concentration was significantly increased immediately after the endurance phases of the event, compared with concentration measured the evening before, and remained increased after the 10-minute recovery period, presumably because of dehydration. Mean plasma potassium concentration was significantly increased immediately after the endurance phases of the event, compared with concentration measured the evening before, but was not increased after the 10-minute recovery period.
Digital flexor tendon lacerations in horses: 50 cases (1975-1990)
Authors: Taylor D. Scott , Pascoe John R. , Meagher Dennis M. , Honnas Clifford M.
Published: December 2023

The medical records of 50 horses examined because of lacerations of the tendon of the superficial or deep digital flexor muscle were reviewed to determine whether any injury or treatment factors could be associated with outcome. Median age of horses treated was 4.5 years (range, 1.5 years to 15 years), and the median follow-up time was 5 years (range, 1.5 to 16 years) after injury. Horses were considered to have survived if they were alive more than 1 year after injury. Twelve of 16 horses that had 1 or the other tendon transected survived; 13 of 16 horses that had both tendons transected survived; and 14 of 18 horses that had partial tendon disruptions of 1 or both tendons survived. Of the 39 surviving horses, 27 horses returned to their original use, and 32 horses were sound for riding. Nine horses with 1 or both tendons transected were being used for athletic activities. Lacerated tendons were sutured in 16 horses, and 15 of these survived. Tendons were not sutured in 34 horses, and 24 of these survived. We were not able to detect any association between outcome and tendon sheath involvement or between outcome and limb involvement (forelimb vs hind limb).
Comparison of susceptibility for hip dysplasia between Rottweilers and German Shepherd Dogs
Authors: Popovitch Catherine A. , Smith Gail K. , Gregor Thomas P. , Shofer Frances S.
Published: December 2023

Passive laxity of the coxofemoral joints, as measured quantitatively by radiographing the joints under stress, has been shown to be an accurate measure of the risk for developing degenerative joint disease (djd) of the coxofemoral joints. Seventy-four Rottweilers between 12 and 40 months old were evaluated subjectively for radiographic evidence of djd, using the ventrodorsal view of the pelvis with the coxofemoral joints fully extended and the knees internally rotated (standard hip-extended view). Effect of age, sex, weight, and distraction index on the risk of developing djd was evaluated by use of a logistic regression model. Results were compared with those from a group of German Shepherd Dogs. Results indicated that in Rottweilers the distraction index was the only statistically significant predictor of the risk of developing djd of the coxofemoral joint. When German Shepherd Dogs were included in the model, they had a significantly greater risk of developing djd than did Rottweilers. This finding provides further support for the theory that there are differences in disease susceptibility among breeds and emphasizes the need to develop disease susceptibility curves for all breeds affected by hip dysplasia to facilitate accurate, scientifically based recommendations for breeding or treatment.
Effect of surgical removal of subcutaneous tumors on survival of rats
Authors: Hotchkiss Charlotte E.
Published: December 2023

Mammary and other subcutaneous tumors were surgically removed from aged Sprague-Dawley rats in an attempt to extend survival. The surgical technique was straightforward, and survival following mastectomy was good (17/21). The number of mammary and pituitary tumors in sexually intact rats and those that had previously undergone ovariectomy were compared. The frequency of mammary tumors was significantly lower in ovariectomized vs sexually intact rats (2/47 vs 24/49), as was the frequency of pituitary adenomas (2/46 vs 27/41). Survival to 630 days of age was higher in ovariectomized than in sexually intact rats (42/47 vs 29/49), although tumors did not contribute significantly to mortality.
Bacteriologic culture and histologic examination of samples collected from recumbent cattle at slaughter
Authors: Edwards John F. , Simpson R. Bruce , Brown Wendy C.
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To evaluate the potential food safety risks constituted by recumbent cattle that are slaughtered for edible beef.

Design—

Prospective case series.

Animals—

Thirty cattle in recumbency that passed a routine antemortem inspection at a US federally inspected abattoir.

Procedure—

Aerobic, bacteriologic culture of blood samples taken immediately prior to slaughter and of spleens taken during viscera inspection. Gross lesions were recorded, and samples of liver, lung, kidney, and heart were collected from each animal for routine light microscopic examination.

Results—

Bacteremia caused by Salmonella dublin was documented in 1 cow that had arthritis. Two other cows were condemned after postmortem inspection: 1 because of pneumonia and pleuritis and the other because of vegetative endocarditis. Three carcasses were retained and later condemned because of antibiotic residues in tissues; 1 of these cows had mastitis, 1 had liver abscesses, and 1 was the cow with vegetative endocarditis. Sarcocystosis was found in 27 of 30 hearts, but other clinically important histologic lesions were observed only in liver samples. In 11 of the 30 cows, multifocal, microscopic foci of hepatitis were observed, suggesting that terminal embolic bacterial showering of the liver had occurred in these animals. Liver samples were not submitted for bacteriologic culture.

Clinical Implications—

Most recumbent cows slaughtered for edible beef are not contaminated by bacteria; however, the viscera from these animals may present a food safety danger. Efforts should be made to develop rapid tests to identify bacteremic animals at slaughter and to more fully evaluate terminal showering of viscera by bacteria in cattle at slaughter.
Benefit-cost analysis of the national Pseudorabies virus eradication program
Authors: Miller Gay Y. , Tsai Jyan-Syung , Forster D. Lynn
Published: December 2023

An epidemiologic model of Pseudorabies virus (PRV) in swine was developed. This model was used to project future herd-to-herd disease transmission under alternative eradication or control programs over 20 years (1993 to 2012). With current PRV eradication program funding, it was projected that prevalence would be 23% in higher-risk states in the United States, 10% in moderate-risk states, and 1% in lower-risk states. Increased funding for the PRV eradication program was projected to reduce PRV prevalence substantially.

Productivity and economic impacts of PRV also were estimated for the average size farrow-to-finish operation. These impacts included mortality for preweaning, nursery, growing/finishing, and breeding hogs; market weights and number of market hogs sold; farrowing rates, number of live pigs per litter, and number of litters per sow-year. Profitability was estimated to be $6/cwt less for PRV-in-fected herds than for uninfected herds.

Aggregate effects of PRV eradication programs were estimated by use of economic welfare analysis. For all PRV eradication program alternatives analyzed, consumers were the major beneficiaries of the program because of reduced prices and increased consumption of pork. Estimates of the value of economic welfare impacts under the current program with an assumed parallel supply-curve shift were determined: consumers gained $336.5 million; producers gained $35.9 million; government expenditures were $197.1 million; and the benefit/cost ratio of the program was 1.89. Economic welfare measures were projected to increase substantially with increased PRV eradication program funding. Economic welfare measures also were estimated under other assumptions.
Hepatic abscesses in dogs: 14 cases (1982-1994)
Authors: Farrar Elizabeth T. , Washabau Robert J. , Saunders H. Mark
Published: December 2023

Objectives—

To determine typical clinical signs and clin-icopathologic findings in dogs with hepatic abscesses, to assess outcome of treatment, and to evaluate the role that abdominal ultrasonography has in the diagnosis of hepatic abscesses in dogs and in monitoring response to treatment.

Design—

Retrospective case series.

Animals—

14 dogs with hepatic abscesses.

Results—

Anorexia and lethargy were the most common historical complaints, followed by vomiting and diarrhea. Physical abnormalities included fever, dehydration, signs of abdominal pain, hepatomegaly, and mucosal bleeding. Hematologic abnormalities included leukocytosis with neutrophilia, mild to moderate thrombocytopenia, and mild anemia. Serum biochemical abnormalities included high alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase activities and high bilirubin concentration; hypoalbuminemia and prolonged coagulation values were also reported. Abdominal radiography revealed hepatomegaly, poor abdominal detail, a hepatic mass, or splenomegaly in 9 dogs. Thoracic radiography revealed alveolar consolidation or mixed bronchial/interstitial pulmonary patterns in 6 dogs. Hypoechoic, heteroechoic, or hyperechoic masses were identified in all dogs in which ultrasonography was performed. Escherichia coli, Clostridium sp, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus sp, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and S intermedius were the most common bacteria isolated from hepatic abscesses. Concurrent infections were identified in the biliary tract, spleen, blood, endocardium, lung, prostate gland, peritoneum, lymph nodes, salivary gland, or brain of several dogs.

Seven dogs died or were euthanatized before definitive treatment could be initiated. One dog was successfully treated with antibiotics and was alive 12 months after medical treatment. Six dogs were treated surgically (ie, full or partial liver lobectomy, drainage, abdominal lavage) and medically (ie, antibiotic administration). Five of these dogs survived and were alive 12 months after surgery. Ultrasonography was used to monitor response to treatment in several dogs.

Clinical Implications—

Hepatic abscesses are rare in dogs, but the clinical signs and clinicopathologic findings are similar to other inflammatory hepatic diseases. Ultrasonography revealed abnormalities in all animals in which imaging studies were performed, and was successfully used to monitor response to treatment in several dogs. Medical and surgical treatments were used successfully to treat hepatic abscesses in dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208:243-247)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in horses in Louisiana
Authors: Seahorn Thomas L. , Groves Michael G. , Harrington Kathleen S. , Beadle Ralph E.
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To evaluate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease of horses in Louisiana by assessing the signalment, history, environmental factors, clinical signs, and treatment of such horses.

Design—

Epidemiologic mail survey.

Sample Population—

83 of 240 veterinarians contacted by mail agreed to take part in the survey. Veterinarians contacted were listed as mixed-animal or equine practitioners in the 1991/1992 directory of the Louisiana Veterinary Medical Association or had submitted a specimen from a horse to the Louisiana Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory within the past 2 years.

Procedure—

The survey contained 47 questions designed to elicit information from owners and veterinarians about horses reported to have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Questions were included to evaluate age, breed, sex, vaccination history, respiratory disease history, environment of primary activity, level of exercise, primary residence (pasture or stall), condition of pasture or barn, type and condition of feed, clinical signs, concurrent conditions, and treatment regimen prescribed. Information from the returned forms was analyzed by using a microcomputer program designed for epidemiologic data.

Results—

Of the 83 veterinarians who agreed to participate, 31 returned 71 completed questionnaires for horses affected with COPD. Most affected horses were mature in age, kept on pasture, and had developed clinical signs during the summer months. The most consistent clinical signs were dry coughing, slight serous nasal discharge, labored expiratory effort, and flaring nostrils.

Clinical Implications—

Summer pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disease appears to be precipitated by factors different than those associated with the traditionally diagnosed form of COPD and, thus, successful management measures may also vary. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208:248-251)
Comparison of two techniques for castration of llamas
Authors: Baird A. N. , Pugh D. G. , Wenzel J. G. W. , Lin H. C.
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To compare a prescrotal castration technique with the conventional bilateral scrotal incision technique for castration of llamas.

Design—

Prospective randomized controlled trial.

Animals—

10 clinically normal, sexually intact male llamas.

Procedure—

Five llamas were castrated by use of a 5-cm skin incision located 2 to 3 cm lateral to the ventral midline and approximately 15 cm cranial to the scrotum, which was closed with absorbable suture material to allow primary healing. Five other llamas were castrated via a more conventional technique, with a 5-cm scrotal incision positioned directly over each testis, which was allowed to heal by second intention.

Results—

The prescrotal technique required significantly more time to complete; however, no additional anesthesia was required to complete the longer procedure. Llamas castrated with the prescrotal technique required less aftercare and had less incisional pain when the area was palpated.

Clinical Implications—

Both techniques are safe and effective. Some clients, however, find the prescrotal technique more aesthetically acceptable. The prescrotal technique may be more clinically important where fly control is difficult. U Am Vet Med Assoc 1996:208:261-262)
Use of low- and high-dose dexamethasone tests for distinguishing pituitary-dependent from adrenal tumor hyperadrenocorticism in dogs
Authors: Feldman Edward C. , Nelson Richard W. , Feldman Marsha S.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate low- and high-dose dexamethasone suppression tests for differentiating pituitary dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH) from adrenal tumor hyperadrenocorticism (ATH) in dogs.

Design

Prospective study.

Animals

181 dogs with PDH and 35 dogs with ATH.

Procedure

Plasma Cortisol concentrations from dogs with naturally developing hyperadrenocorticism were evaluated before, and 4 and 8 hours after administration of standard low- and high-doses of dexamethasone (0.01 mg/kg of body weight, IV, and 0.1 mg/kg, IV; respectively).

Results

In response to the low-dose test, all but 3 dogs had an 8-hour post-dexamethasone plasma Cortisol concentration that was consistent with a diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism, that is, ≥ 1.4 μg/dl. Criteria used to distinguish PDH from ATH in response to low-dose dexamethasone included a 4-hour post-dexamethasone plasma Cortisol concentration < 50% of the basal value or < 1.4 μg/dl, or an 8-hour post-dexamethasone plasma Cortisol concentration < 50% of the basal concentration. Criteria used to distinguish PDH from ATH in response to high-dose dexamethasone included 4- or 8-hour post-dexamethasone plasma Cortisol concentrations < 50% of the basal concentration or < 1.4 μg/dl. In response to the low-dose test, 111 dogs met criteria for suppression (each had PDH). In response to the high-dose test, 137 dogs met criteria for suppression (2 had ATH, 135 had PDH). Twenty-six dogs with PDH (12%) had indications of adrenal suppression in response to high-dose but not low-dose testing.

Clinical Implications

Low-dose dexamethasone test has value as a discrimination test to distinguish dogs with PDH from those with ATH. The high-dose test need only be considered in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism that do not have adrenal suppression in response to the low-dose test. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:772–775)
Treatment of recurrent otitis media that developed after total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy in dogs: nine cases (1986–1994)
Authors: Smeak Daniel D. , Crocker Conan B. , Birchard Steven J.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To assess clinical findings and long-term outcome of dogs treated for recurrent middle ear infection that developed after total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy.

Design

Retrospective case series.

Animals

Of 94 dogs (142 ears) treated by means of total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla ostectomy for end-stage otitis, 9 developed recurrent middle ear infection.

Procedure

Information regarding treatment and outcome were retrieved from the medical records.

Results

Antibiotic treatment was attempted in 8 dogs, but failed to cure recurrent otitis media in 7 of 8 dogs. Seven dogs were treated by means of exploratory surgery, which consisted of ventral bulla osteotomy and tympanic curettage. One dog was cured, 1 developed another infection and was euthanatized, and the 5 remaining dogs developed another middle ear infection after the first exploratory surgery. Infection resolved after retained epithelium was removed from the tympanic cavity during a second exploratory surgery of the bulla in these 5 dogs.

Clinical Implications

Antibiotic treatment rarely is effective for resolving recurrent middle ear infection that develops after total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy. Ventral bulla osteotomy and curettage can be a successful method of treatment, provided retained epithelium and debris are completely removed from the ear canal and tympanic cavity. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:937-942)
Ocular blastomycosis in dogs: 73 cases, 108 eyes (1985–1993)
Authors: Bloom Jonathan D. , Hamor Ralph E. , Gerding Paul A.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate clinical signs of ocular blastomycosis in dogs, to determine response of blastomycosis-infected eyes to treatment with systemically administered amphotericin B and ketoconazole, and to identify prognostic indicators of successful antifungal treatment.

Design

Retrospective study.

Animals

73 dogs.

Procedure

Medical records were reviewed for all dogs with confirmed blastomycosis and ocular disease seen at our hospital between 1985 and 1993.

Results

6 eyes had anterior segment disease, 24 had posterior segment disease, and 78 had endophthalmitis. 40 eyes were treated with a combination of amphotericin B and ketoconazole, and 16 of the 40 responded favorably. However, 16 of the 24 eyes that were not severely affected responded favorably, but none of the 16 eyes that were severely affected did.

Clinical Implications

Dogs with blastomycosis had posterior segment disease, without complete retinal separation, had a good prognosis for retaining vision. Results of histologic examination suggested that secondary glaucoma was a manifestation of endophthalmitis and was indicative of a grave prognosis for response to antifungal and antiglaucoma treatment. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1271–1274)
Effect of vaccination with an Escherichia coli bacterin-toxoid on milk production in dairy cattle
Authors: Musser Jeffrey M. B. , Anderson Kevin L.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine whether vaccination of lactating cattle with an Escherichia coli J5 bacterin-toxoid would produce a significant short-term change in milk production.

Design

Randomized, controlled clinical trial.

Animals

84 healthy, lactating cows (42 Holsteins and 42 Jerseys).

Procedure

Control and vaccinated cows were paired on the basis of breed, days in milk, daily milk production 1 week prior to vaccination, and parity. One cow in each pair was inoculated IM with a commercially available bacterin-toxoid according to label directions; the other cow was given saline solution. Cows were milked twice daily for 5 days before and 5 days after inoculation. Milk production was compared by ANCOVA.

Results

Vaccinated cows produced significantly less milk than did control cows at the second and third milkings after inoculation. At these milkings, milk production in vaccinated cows was approximately 7% less than that of controls.

Clinical Implications

Vaccination of lactating cattle with an E coli J5 bacterin-toxoid may cause a significant short-term decrease in milk production. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1291–1293)
Financial assessment of results of intervention to correct a housing-system problem on a dairy farm
Authors: Goodger William J. , Frank Gary G. , Nordlund Kenneth V. , Hilbelink Brad , Eisele Christian
Published: December 2023

Objective

To monitor effects that improvements in housing facilities would have on herd performance. Financial measures were calculated to estimate whether improvements resulted in an improved financial status for the farm.

Design

Prospective, observational study.

Animals

160-cow dairy herd.

Procedure

Farm visits were conducted from 1990 to 1994. Areas for improvement were identified, and changes were recommended. Herd production and farm financial records were analyzed before, during, and after adoption of recommended changes.

Results

After improving facilities, somatic cell count was somewhat constant, but tended to decrease during the last 16 months of the study. During the last 8 months of the study, incidence for clinical cases of mastitis decreased to 3.3% per month. Reproductive variables improved dramatically after implementing use of a bull for breeding. Subjective evaluation of cow comfort and lameness indicated apparent improvements in each area. However, milk production remained fairly constant from January 1991 through December 1994.

Review of the farm's financial status revealed that costs of production increased from 1990 through 1993, but decreased in 1994. Slow financial response to improvements were attributed to a large decrease in milk price in 1991 and a poor crop harvest in 1993. Thus, although progress was made toward financial stability, approximately 55% of the farm's assets (determined on a market-basis value) were represented by debt.

Clinical Implications

It is important to monitor financial status when managing complex health problems that involve several aspects of a farm's operation. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1406–1410)
Frequency of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions in fine-needle aspirates and biopsy specimens from mast cell tumors in dogs
Authors: Kravis Laura D. , Vail David M. , Kisseberth William C. , Ogilvie Gregory K. , Volk Lynn M.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine for mast cell tumors in dogs whether frequency of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNOR) determined by examining fine-needle aspirates (FNA) correlated with frequencies determined by examining biopsy specimens or with histologic grade.

Design

Case series.

Animals

25 dogs with 32 histologically confirmed tumors.

Procedure

Biopsy specimens and FNA were collected from each tumor. Histologic grade and AgNOR frequency were determined.

Results

Frequency of AgNOR in FNA was significantly correlated with frequency in biopsy specimens and was significantly associated with histologic grade of the tumor.

Clinical Implications

Determining AgNOR frequency in FNA of mast cell tumors in dogs is a rapid, minimally invasive means of obtaining information that potentially could be used to help predict biological behavior of the tumor and to guide clinicians and owners in making decisions about further diagnostic tests and treatment. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1418–1420)
Relationship between physical signs of elbow dysplasia and radiographic score in growing Rottweilers
Authors: Read R. A. , Armstrong S. J. , Black A. P. , Macpherson G. C. , Yovich J. C. , Davey T.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To examine the relationship between physical signs of elbow dysplasia and radiographic appearance of the elbow joints in growing dogs.

Design

Prospective study.

Animals

55 Rottweiler pups.

Procedure

Owners of clinically normal Rottweiler pups were contacted through breed clubs in 3 Australian states and asked to participate in the study. All those offering to participate were included.

Procedure

The first physical examination was performed when pups were 3 months old and included a lameness evaluation and palpation of the elbow joints. Physical examinations were repeated when pups were 5, 6, 9, and 12 months old. Radiographs of the elbows were obtained at 6 and 12 months. Relationships among lameness, decreased range of movement, signs of pain, and radiographic data related to elbow dysplasia were examined.

Results

Elbow dysplasia caused clinical lameness in only 3 dogs but 57% of dogs developed radiographic signs of elbow dysplasia by 12 months of age. A grade-2 radiographic score at 12 months of age was significantly associated with clinical elbow dysplasia.

Clinical Implications

Elbow dysplasia has a prevalence of > 50% in certain breed populations. This study supports radiographic screening at 12 months of age, accompanied by physical examination to detect clinical elbow dysplasia. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1427–1430)
Intradermal reactivity to various insect and arachnid allergens among dogs from the southeastern United States
Authors: Willis Elizabeth L. , Kunkle Gail A. , Esch Robert E. , Grier Thomas J. , Kubilis Paul S.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To compare cutaneous reactivity to insect and arachnid allergens in clinically normal (control) and allergic dogs in the southeastern United States.

Design

Prospective, controlled study.

Animals

26 clinically normal dogs and 82 allergic dogs from the southeastern United States.

Procedure

Intradermal skin testing with various dilutions of 13 insect and arachnid allergens was performed on control dogs to establish skin threshold concentrations (ie, concentrations to which < 25% of the dogs had positive reactions). These established threshold concentrations were then used to test allergic dogs for reactivity. Prevalence of single and multiple insect and arachnid reactions were determined.

Results

Flea allergen was the only allergen that caused a significantly higher prevalence of positive reactions in allergic dogs than in control dogs.

Clinical Implications

Flea hypersensitivity is the most important arthropod hypersensitivity in dogs. The importance of reactivity to insect and arachnid allergens other than flea allergen can be determined only when prevalence of positive reactivity has been determined in an appropriate regional control group of dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1431–1434)
Rabies surveillance in the United States during 1995
Authors: Krebs John W. , Strine Tara W. , Smith Jean S. , Noah Donald L. , Rupprecht Charles E. , Childs James E.
Published: December 2023

In 1995, 49 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico reported 7,877 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 4 cases in human beings to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nearly 92% (7,247 cases) were wild animals, whereas 8% (630 cases) were domestic species. The total number of reported cases decreased 4.2% from that of 1994 (8,230 cases). Most of the decline was the result of 17.1% fewer reported cases of rabies in raccoons in areas of the Northeast, where rabies is now enzootic rather than epizootic. Exceptions to this decline were detected in states where the virus has only recently entered raccoon populations or where ongoing epizootics persist. States experiencing increasing epizootic activity associated with this variant include Maine (3 cases in 1993 to 101 cases in 1995), North Carolina (9 cases in 1990 to 466 cases in 1995), Rhode Island (1 case in 1993 to 324 cases in 1995), and Vermont (45 cases in 1993 to 179 cases in 1995). The raccoon variant of the rabies virus is now present in Alabama, Pennsylvania, Vermont, West Virginia, and all Atlantic Seaboard states from Florida to Maine. In Ohio, this variant, last detected in 1992 as a single case, was again detected in 1996. Epizootics of rabies in foxes in west central Texas and in dogs and coyotes in southern Texas attributable to canine variants continue, with this state reporting 137 rabid foxes, 55 rabid dogs, and 80 of the 83 cases in coyotes during 1995. The number of rabid bats (787) increased by almost 25%, with cases reported by 47 of the 48 contiguous states. Nationally, reported cases of rabies in cattle (136) and cats (288) increased by 22.5 and 7.9%, respectively, whereas cases in dogs (146) decreased by 4.6%. Cats continued to be the domestic animal most frequently reported rabid. The cases of rabies reported in human beings were all caused by viral variants associated with bats. Eighteen states and Puerto Rico reported decreases in rabies in animals in 1995, compared with 28 states and the District of Columbia in 1994. Hawaii was the only state that did not report a case of rabies in 1995.
Cytologic identification of Toxoplasma gondii in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of experimentally infected cats
Authors: Hawkins Eleanor C. , Davidson Michael G. , Meuten Donald J. , Rottman James B. , Kennedy-Stoskopf Suzanne , Levy Julie K. , Ritchey Jerry W. , Cullins Laura D. , Tompkins Mary B.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine whether it was possible to retrieve organisms, by means of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), from cats inoculated with Toxoplasma gondii.

Design

Experimental study.

Animals

27 cats. Sixteen of the 27 were experimentally infected with feline immunodeficiency virus.

Procedure

All cats were inoculated with T gondii tachyzoites. Cats were grouped on the basis of feline immunodeficiency virus status and route (IV or intra-arterial) and number of tachyzoites administered. Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed by means of a standard technique. Lavage fluid was evaluated cytologically for tachyzoites.

Results

Clinical signs of toxoplasmosis varied widely among individual cats, but were generally most pronounced in group-1 and -2 cats (n = 5 each) and less pronounced in group-3 (n = 5) cats. Group-4 and -5 cats (n = 6 each) did not have clinical signs of toxoplasmosis. In 14 of the 15 cats in groups 1, 2, and 3, tachyzoites were detected in BAL flu id collected 7 days after inoculation. Tachyzoites were detected 14 days after inoculation in the single cat without tachyzoites 7 days after inoculation. A necropsy was performed on 9 of these cats, and tachyzoites were identified histologically in 4 of the 9. Tachyzoites were not detected in BAL fluid collected 3 days (n = 6) or 7 days (n = 6) after inoculation from the 12 cats in groups 4 and 5. Tachyzoites were not identified histologically in any of these 12 cats.

Clinical Implications

BAL may be useful in the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis. Particularly in cats with signs of pulmonary involvement. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210:648–650
Morphologic and quantitative evaluation of the myenteric plexuses and neurons in the large colon of horses
Authors: Schusser Gerald F. , White Nathaniel A.
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To determine the number of myenteric plexuses and neurons in the large colon of clinically normal horses and whether the number was decreased in the large colon of horses with colon disease.

Design—

Prospective study.

Sample Population—

Colon samples from 15 clinically normal horses and 31 horses with colon disease.

Procedure—

Samples were obtained, fixed, and stained with H&E. The number of myenteric plexuses and neurons and longitudinal muscle thickness were determined in each segment of colon for clinically normal horses. Counts for segments were compared with each other and with counts in the same segment from horses with colon disease.

Results—

Myenteric plexus and neuron densities and longitudinal muscle thickness in clinically normal horses were significantly greater in the pelvic flexure and left dorsal and transverse colons. Horses with chronic obstruction (> 24 hours' duration) or with previous obstruction had significantly lower neuron density in the pelvic flexure. Myenteric plexus density in horses with strangulating large colon torsion/volvulus was significantly less in the right ventral, right dorsal, and transverse colons, and neuron density in these horses was significantly less in all segments of colon, except the left ventral colon. Horses with colon strangulation that survived had significantly greater neuron density than horses with colon strangulation that died. Enteroglial cell numbers were increased in myenteric plexuses of horses with acute and chronic obstruction.

Clinical Implications—

Myenteric plexus and neuron densities can be estimated by evaluating linear counts of H&E-stained colon samples. Enteroglial cells may increase in number in response to myenteric plexus inflammation, which may affect bowel function. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210:928–934)
Genetics of canine hip dysplasia
Authors: Leighton Eldin A.
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To document genetic progress in improving hip quality of dogs maintained in a closed breeding colony to produce dogs for training as guides for blind people.

Design—

Prospective analysis of hip quality records from a breeding trial that encompassed 3 full generations and included some dogs born into the fourth and fifth generations.

Animals—

Hip quality was assessed for 2,037 German Shepherd Dogs and 1,821 Labrador Retrievers from 1980 to 1996.

Procedure—

A subjective hip score assigned by 1 radiologist was used to assess hip quality during the study period. In the past 8 years, the distraction Index was also used. Genetic change was produced by selecting a small percentage of dogs to be parents of the next generation. Dogs were selected to become parents of the next generation on the basis of estimated breeding values. These were calculated by combining observed values of individual dogs with known relationships in the population pedigrees to predict which dogs were the best candidates for selection as parents.

Results—

In < 5 generations of selection, the percentage of German Shepherd Dogs with canine hip dysplasia at 12 to 16 months of age decreased from 55 to 24 %. Among Labrador Retrievers, the percentage decreased from 30 to 10%.

Clinical Implications—

This report gives practitioners documented proof that genetic selection will work to improve hip quality. Dog breeders must be advised to be patient, however, to allow enough generations to elapse to make meaningful genetic change. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210:1474-1479)
Evaluation of a practice-based ambulatory program in food animal medicine, surgery, and herd health management
Authors: Dartt Barbara A. , Lloyd James W. , Kaneene John B. , Derksen Frederik J.
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To assess the educational value of a practice-based ambulatory program used at a school of veterinary medicine.

Design—

Retrospective cohort study.

Sample Population—

Graduates of US veterinary medical schools between 1987 and 1994.

Procedure—

Phase I involved use of interviews and focus groups to assist in development of the questionnaire used in phase II, a retrospective cohort study. The pretested questionnaire was sent to a study population consisting of all graduates of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, between 1987 and 1994 as well as a control group who were randomly selected from the 1994 AVMA list of veterinarians. Control-group veterinarians were matched on the basis of professional activity, region, and year of graduation.

Results—

728 of 1.067 veterinarians completed the questionnaire in phase II of the study (response rate, 68%). The practice-based ambulatory program at the University of Wisconsin-Madison compared favorably with university-based ambulatory programs in volume of experiences and perceived educational quality. Regardless of rotation type. female students were significantly less likely to observe or perform 12 specific clinical procedures and were significantly less likely to rate instructional quality as excellent or very good. compared with male students.

Clinical Implications—

Practice-based ambulatory rotations can be a good alternative to existing university-based ambulatory rotations. Implementation of these programs should emphasize performance of procedures while striving to ensure participation of female students. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210:1590–1594
Validation of a regression model for standardizing lifetime racing performances of Thoroughbreds
Authors: Martin George S. , Strand Eric , Kearney Michael T.
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To determine the relationship between prediction errors of a regression model of racing finish times and earnings or finish position; the relationship between standardized finish times, determined by use of this model, and earnings or finish position; and whether this model was valid when applied to data for horses that underwent surgical treatment.

Design—

Survey.

Sample Populatian—

Records of 6,700 healthy Thoroughbreds racing in Louisiana and of 31 Thoroughbreds with idiopathic left laryngeal hemiplegia that underwent surgical treatment.

Procedure—

Predicted and standardized finish times were calculated by use of the regression model for healthy horses, and the relationships between prediction error (actual – predicted finish time) and standardized finish times, and earnings and finish position, were examined. Then, the regression model was applied to data for horses with hemiplegia to determine whether the model was valid when used to calculate predicted and standardized finish times for lifetime performance data.

Results—

Prediction error and standardized finish times were negatively correlated with earnings and positively correlated with finish position and, thus, appeared to be reliable measures of racing performance. The regression model was found to be valid when applied to lifetime performance records of horses with laryngeal hemiplegia.

Clinical Implications—

Prediction error and standardized finish times are measures of racing performance that can be used to compare performances among Thoroughbred racehorses across a variety of circumstances that would otherwise confound comparison. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210:1641–1645)
Colonic nitrite and immunoglobulin G concentrations in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Gunawardana Subhadra C. , Jergens Albert E. , Ahrens Franklin A. , Niyo Yosiya
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To evaluate lavage analytes as markers of mucosal inflammation in healthy dogs and dogs with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Design—

Case control study.

Animals—

9 healthy dogs and 10 dogs with IBD.

Procedure—

A polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution was administered into the dogs’colons via a rectal balloon catheter prior to colonoscopy. Lavage solution was allowed to remain intraluminally for 30 minutes and then was withdrawn. Lavage supernatant samples were immediately analyzed for total protein, IgG, and nitrite concentrations and myeloperoxidase activity. Mucosal biopsy specimens were obtained from the descending colon and histologically reviewed.

Results—

All dogs with IBD had mild to severe lymphocytic-plasmacytic colitis, whereas 8 of 9 healthy dogs did not have substantial mucosal inflammation. Myeloperoxidase activity was not detected in lavage samples from healthy dogs or dogs with IBD. Total protein concentration was not significantly different between groups. Mean nitrite and IgG concentrations were significantly higher in samples from dogs with IBD (1.83 nmol/ml and 46 mg/dl, respectively), compared with samples from healthy dogs (0.245 nmol/ml and undetectable concentrations, respectively). Severity of lesions was not correlated with nitrite or IgG concentration.

Clinical Implications—

Assay of nitrite and IgG concentrations in colonic lavage fluid Is a simple, objective means of evaluating mucosal inflammation in dogs with IBD. Potential uses include monitoring response to treatment and evaluation of complex cases of chronic intestinal inflammation. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:318–321)
Glycosylated hemoglobin concentrations in the blood of healthy dogs and dogs with naturally developing diabetes mellitus, pancreatic β-cell neoplasia, hyperadrenocorticism, and anemia
Authors: Elliott Denise A. , Nelson Richard W. , Feldman Edward C. , Neal Larry A.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To characterize glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb) concentrations in the blood of dogs with disorders that may affect serum glucose or blood GHb concentrations, and to determine whether changes in GHb concentration correlate with changes in control of diabetes in dogs.

Design

Prospective study.

Animals

63 healthy dogs, 9 dogs with anemia, 24 dogs with untreated hyperadrenocorticism, 12 dogs with pancreatic β-cell neoplasia, 23 dogs with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus, and 77 diabetic dogs treated with insulin.

Procedure

Control of diabetes in dogs treated with insulin was classified as good or poor on the basis of history, physical examination findings, changes in body weight, and measurement of serum glucose concentrations. Sequential evaluations of control were performed and GHb concentration in blood was measured, by means of affinity chromatography, for 5 untreated diabetic dogs before and after initiating insulin treatment, for 10 poorly controlled diabetic dogs before and after increasing insulin dosage, and for 5 diabetic dogs before and after pancreatic islet cell transplantation.

Results

Mean (± SD) GHb concentration was 3.3 ± 0.8% in the blood of healthy dogs. Compared with results from healthy dogs, mean GHb concentration was significantly lower in the blood of dogs with anemia and pancreatic β-cell neoplasia and significantly higher in the blood of untreated diabetic dogs. Mean GHb concentration was significantly higher in the blood of 46 poorly controlled diabetic dogs, compared with 31 well-controlled diabetic dogs (7.3 ± 1.8 vs 5.7 ± 1.7%, respectively). Mean GHb concentration in blood decreased significantly in 5 untreated diabetic dogs after treatment (8.7 ± 1.9 vs 5.3 ± 1.9%). Mean GHb concentration in blood also decreased significantly in 10 poorly controlled diabetic dogs after control was improved and in 5 diabetic dogs after they had received a pancreatic islet cell transplant.

Clinical Implications

Measurement of GHb concentration in blood may assist in monitoring control of diabetes in dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997; 211:723–727)
Prognostic factors for surgical treatment of soft-tissue sarcomas in dogs: 75 cases (1986–1996)
Authors: Kuntz Charles A. , Dernell William S. , Powers Barbara E. , Devitt Chad , Straw Rodney C. , Withrow Stephen J.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine results of surgery for treatment of soft-tissue sarcomas in dogs and to identify prognostic variables that can be used to predict outcome.

Design

Retrospective case series.

Animals

Dogs with soft-tissue sarcomas that had surgical treatment only.

Procedure

Records were examined for clinically relevant data. Histologic samples were reviewed. Follow-up information was obtained by physical examination or telephone conversations with referring veterinarians or owners.

Results

75 dogs with soft-tissue sarcomas of the trunk and extremities were identified. Median age was 10.6 years. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors were of a significantly lower grade than other tumors. Tumors recurred locally in 11 of 75 (15%) dogs. Evaluation for lack of tumor cells at surgical margins was prognostic for local recurrence. Metastatic disease developed in 13 of 75 (17%) dogs. Tumor mitotic rate was prognostic for development of metastasis. Twenty-five of 75 (33%) dogs died of tumor-related causes. Percentage of tumor necrosis and tumor mitotic rate were prognostic for survival time. Median survival time was 1,416 days.

Clinical Implications

On the basis of a low local recurrence rate and high median survival time, wide excision of tumor margins or radical surgery appeared to be an effective means for managing soft-tissue sarcomas of the trunk and extremities. Analysis of histologic characteristics for prognosis supported use of preoperative biopsy. Surgical margins should be evaluated, and early use of aggressive surgery is indicated in the management of soft-tissue sarcomas in dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1147–1151)
Multicenter clinical comparison of sedative and analgesic effects of medetomidine and xylazine in dogs
Authors: Tyner C. Lee , Woody Benny J. , Reid James S. , Chafetz Eric P. , Lederer Herbert A. , Norton James F. , Keefe Thomas J. , Jöchle Wolfgang
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate analgesic and sedative effects of medetomidine hydrochloride in dogs and to compare effects with those of xylazine hydrochloride.

Design

Randomized, controlled trial.

Animals

184 dogs that required sedation or analgesia for completion of minor diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.

Procedure

Dogs were sedated with medetomidine, IV (750 μg/m2 of body surface area) or IM (1,000 µg/m2) or with xylazine, IV (1.1 mg/kg [0.5 mg/lb] of body weight) or IM (2.2 mg/kg [1 mg/lb]). Sedative effects were measured by scoring posture and response to noise. Durations of effects were determined by measuring time intervals between drug administration and changes in posture. Analgesic effects were measured by determining toe-pinch pressure needed to elicit a withdrawal response. Clinicians rated sedative and analgesic effects and ease with which diagnostic or therapeutic procedures could be performed.

Results

Posture and response to noise scores were significantly higher for dogs given medetomidine, IM, than for dogs given xylazine, IM, and for dogs given medetomidine, IV, than for dogs given xylazine, IV. Time to regaining sternal recumbency and time to regaining ability to stand were longest after IM administration of medetomidine. Toe-pinch pressures were not significantly different among groups. Clinicians rated overall analgesic and sedative effects as excellent significantly more often after administration of medetomidine than after administration of xylazine. Prevalence of adverse effects did not differ among groups.

Clinical Implications

Medetomidine and xylazine, at doses tested, were effective and safe, but results of subjective measurements indicated that medetomidine provided better sedation and analgesia than did xylazine. Specific α2-adrenergic antagonists (atipamezole, yohimbine) are available for control of adverse cardiovascular effects. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1413–1417)