bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Short- and Long-Term COX-2 Inhibition Reverses Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients With Hypertension
Authors: Widlansky Michael E. , Price Daniel T. , Gokce Noyan , Eberhardt Robert T. , Duffy Stephen J. , Holbrook Monika , Maxwell Carolyn , Palmisano Joseph , Keaney John F. , Morrow Jason D. , Vita Joseph A.
Published: July 2003

Hypertension is associated with endothelial dysfunction that is attributable to oxidative stress and a proinflammatory state. Under these conditions, enhanced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 might lead to increased production of vasoconstrictor prostanoids and reactive oxygen species that reduce the bioavailability of endothelium-derived nitric oxide. To investigate the contribution of cyclooxygenase-2 activity to endothelial dysfunction in human hypertension, we evaluated brachial artery vasodilator function by ultrasound in 29 hypertensive patients before and after treatment with the selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor celecoxib or placebo in a randomized, double-blind study. Brachial artery flow–mediated dilation improved from a baseline of 7.9±4.5% to 9.9±5.1% (
P
=0.005) 3 hours after the first dose and to 10.1±6.1% (
P
=0.006) after 1 week of treatment with celecoxib. In contrast, placebo treatment had no significant effect on flow-mediated dilation (8.1±4.4%, 8.3±3.5%, and 8.0±3.2%, respectively). Neither treatment altered nitroglycerin-mediated dilation, extent of reactive hyperemia, or baseline arterial diameter. Celecoxib treatment had no significant effect on the urinary concentrations of F
2
isoprostane or thromboxane metabolites. However, urinary concentrations of the prostacyclin metabolite 2,3-dinor-6-ketoprostglandin F
1α
were significantly lower after 1 week of celecoxib treatment. Thus, cyclooxygenase-2 products contribute to endothelial dysfunction in hypertension, and treatment with a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor could have a beneficial effect in this setting. However, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition also has an adverse effect on prostacyclin production that could promote thrombosis, and the net clinical consequences of improved endothelial function versus loss of prostacyclin merits further investigation.
Administration Time–Dependent Effects of Valsartan on Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Subjects
Authors: Hermida Ramón C. , Calvo Carlos , Ayala Diana E. , Domínguez María J. , Covelo Manuel , Fernández José R. , Mojón Artemio , López José E.
Published: July 2003

This study investigated the administration time–dependent antihypertensive efficacy of valsartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker. We studied 90 subjects (30 men and 60 women), 49.0±14.3 (mean±SD) years of age with stage 1 to 2 essential hypertension; they were randomly assigned to receive valsartan (160 mg/d) as a monotherapy either on awakening or at bedtime. Blood pressure was measured by ambulatory monitoring every 20 minutes during the day and every 30 minutes at night for 48 consecutive hours before and after 3 months of treatment. Physical activity was simultaneously monitored every minute by wrist actigraphy to accurately calculate the diurnal and nocturnal means of blood pressure on a per-subject basis. The highly significant blood pressure reduction after 3 months of treatment with valsartan (
P
<0.001) was similar for both treatment times (17.0 and 11.3 mm Hg reduction in the 24-hour mean of systolic and diastolic blood pressure with morning administration and 14.6 and 11.4 mm Hg reduction with bedtime administration;
P
>0.174 for treatment time effect). Valsartan administration at bedtime as opposed to on wakening resulted in a highly significant average increase by 6% (
P
<0.001) in the diurnal-nocturnal ratio of blood pressure; this corresponded to a 73% relative reduction in the number of nondipper patients. The findings confirm that valsartan efficiently reduces blood pressure throughout the entire 24 hours, independent of treatment time. They also suggest that time of treatment can be chosen according to the dipper status of a patient to optimize the effect of antihypertensive therapy, an issue that deserves further investigation.
Enhanced Renal Immunocytochemical Expression of ANG-(1-7) and ACE2 During Pregnancy
Authors: Brosnihan K. Bridget , Neves Liomar A.A. , Joyner JaNae , Averill David B. , Chappell Mark C. , Sarao Renu , Penninger Josef , Ferrario Carlos M.
Published: July 2003

Previously we demonstrated that kidney concentration and urinary excretion of angiotensin-(1-7) are increased during normal pregnancy in rats. Since this finding may reflect local kidney production of angiotensin-(1-7), we determined the immunocytochemical distribution of angiotensin-(1-7) and its newly described processing enzyme, ACE2, in kidneys of virgin and 19-day-pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were killed at the 19th day of pregnancy, and tissues were prepared for immunocytochemical by using a polyclonal antibody to angiotensin- (1-7) or a monoclonal antibody to ACE2. Angiotensin-(1-7) immunostaining was predominantly localized to the renal tubules traversing both the inner cortex and outer medulla. ACE2 immunostaining was localized throughout the cortex and outer medulla and was visualized in the renal tubules of both virgin and pregnant rats. The quantification of angiotensin-(1-7) and ACE2 immunocytochemical staining showed that in pregnant animals, the intensity of the staining increased by 56% and 117%, respectively (
P
<0.05). This first demonstration of the immunocytochemical distribution of angiotensin-(1-7) and ACE2 in kidneys of pregnant rats shows that pregnancy increases angiotensin-(1-7) immunocytochemical expression in association with increased ACE2 intensity of staining. The findings suggest that ACE2 may contribute to the local production and overexpression of angiotensin-(1-7) in the kidney during pregnancy.
Argatroban Attenuates Leukocyte– and Platelet–Endothelial Cell Interactions After Transient Retinal Ischemia
Authors: Miyahara Shinsuke , Kiryu Junichi , Tsujikawa Akitaka , Katsuta Hideto , Nishijima Kazuaki , Miyamoto Kazuaki , Yamashiro Kenji , Nonaka Atsushi , Honda Yoshihito
Published: July 2003

Background and Purpose—

Argatroban, a direct thrombin inhibitor, has been shown to reduce neural injury after transient cerebral ischemia. It has also been reported that this neuroprotective effect results from an anticoagulant function. This study was designed to evaluate quantitatively the inhibitory effects of argatroban on leukocyte– and platelet–endothelial cell interactions after transient retinal ischemia.

Methods—

Retinal ischemia was induced for 60 minutes in male Long-Evans rats by temporary ligation of the optic sheath (n=342). Argatroban was administered just after induction of ischemia. Leukocyte and platelet behavior in the retinal microcirculation was then evaluated in vivo with scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. The expression of P-selectin and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) was evaluated by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. After 10 days of reperfusion, ischemia-induced retinal damage was evaluated histologically.

Results—

Treatment with argatroban suppressed leukocyte–endothelial cell interactions; the maximum numbers of rolling and accumulated leukocytes were reduced by 90.1% (
P
<0.05) and 58.7% (
P
<0.05), respectively, at 12 hours after reperfusion. Treatment with argatroban also suppressed platelet–endothelial cell interactions; the maximum numbers of rolling and adhering platelets were reduced by 91.8% (
P
<0.01) and 78.9% (
P
<0.01), respectively, at 12 hours after reperfusion. The expression of P-selectin and ICAM-1 mRNA was suppressed significantly in the argatroban-treated retinas (
P
<0.01). Histologic examination demonstrated the protective effect of argatroban on ischemia-induced retinal damage (
P
<0.01).

Conclusions—

Argatroban treatment suppressed leukocyte– and platelet–endothelial cell interactions after transient retinal ischemia. This inhibitory effect on postischemic blood cell–endothelial cell interactions might partially contribute to its neuroprotective effects.
The Relationship between Institutional Support and Campus Acceptance of Academic Service Learning
Authors: HINCK SHELLY SCHAEFER , BRANDELL MARY ELLEN
Published: July 2003

To understand how institutions are currently facilitating the service-learning movement, a survey was sent to 225 randomly selected colleges and universities with membership in their state campus compact organization. The survey data demonstrated a growing commitment in higher education to teaching and learning activities that extend the life of the campus into the greater community. Analysis of the data revealed the extent of the resources provided for service learning as well as the attitudes of faculty, students, and administrators toward a service-learning philosophy. Recommendations from the study regarding the implementation and promotion of service learning within campus communities are provided.
From Charity to Justice
Authors: MARULLO SAM , EDWARDS BOB
Published: July 2003

The authors synthesize what has been learned from the two-issue series of American Behavioral Scientist on universities' responses to troubled times. They argue that educators and community leaders should channel the vast resources of volunteerism toward social change for a more just society and discuss ways that service-learning endeavors contribute to this process. They contrast the current state of higher education with a vision of a transformed institution they think preferable to the status quo and then focus on the difference between charity and social justice. Through service learning, acts of charity—which typically end up reproducing the status quo—can facilitate the politicization of students and help them to become active promoters of a more just society. Six questions are posed to assess the extent to which community-based education or research endeavors engage in charity or facilitate social justice.
Evolutionary Psychology and Explanation in Personality Psychology
Authors: CERVONE DANIEL
Published: July 2003

Personality psychology explores personal determinants of social behavior, that is, psychological systems that causally contribute to the coherent patterns of experience and action that distinguish individuals from one another. This article explores two obstacles faced by evolutionary accounts of personality functioning. The first is the problem of act identification. Explaining social behavior by reference to an evolved mental module requires that one determine which module to invoke. This generally requires identifying the meaning of complex, culturally and socially embedded actions. Evolutionary psychology provides no tools for unambiguously making these identifications. The second obstacle derives from the fact that, in evolutionary psychology, behavior may reflect the joint action of multiple mental modules. Prediction and explanation would require assessment of the relative strengths of activation of the multiple modules. This commonly is not possible. Alternative accounts of personality structure and functioning, including that of social-cognitive theories of personality, are considered.
High Technology and State Higher Education Policy
Authors: GITTELL ROSS , SEDGLEY NORMAN
Published: July 2003

It is difficult to justify increased state government support for higher education using arguments based only on how higher education contributes to economic growth. The authors find no strong relationship between state funding of higher education and employment concentration in high-technology industries. Instead, they find that investment in public higher education will tend to be lower than justified on economic efficiency grounds because of the incentives for states to free ride off of the investments of other states. A challenge is to build advocacy strategies that take into account some of the realities of the relationship between public expenditures in higher education and economic growth, including the fact that the relationship is strongly influenced by the movement of educated workers across state borders. Other justifications for public higher education will have to be used, including the reduction of transaction costs for businesses in the state and the expansion of knowledge exchange.
The Texas Ten Percent Plan
Authors: THOMPSON J. PHILLIP , TOBIAS SARAH
Published: July 2003

In this article, the authors discuss the formulation, provisions, and initial impact of the Texas Ten Percent Plan, which is often contrasted to affirmative action as a mechanism for achieving diversity on college campuses. They argue that although no evidence suggests that the plan will be as successful as affirmative action, it could potentially increase the proportion of minority and low-income students admitted to Texas public universities. This prospect is most likely if the affected communities build an efficacious cross-racial political coalition for quality education. The plan's main weaknesses mirror those of previous programs designed to redress racial discrimination. Most notably, the plan revises college admissions criteria to admit a percentage of minority and poor White students without addressing many of the problems concerning inferior education at the K-12 levels for these populations.
Policy Change and Access to 2- and 4-Year Colleges
Authors: LAVIN DAVID E.
Published: July 2003

Higher education grew spectacularly over the last half of the 20th century. The process of growth has been contested. As ethnic minorities and women mobilized to promote broader access, processes of countermobilization developed, exemplified by debates about academic excellence. One example is the 17-campus system of the City University of New York (CUNY). In 1970, it launched a policy of open admissions. The program created unusual access to baccalaureate programs. It was quite successful in enhancing educational and labor market attainments. It was especially important in improving minority students' chances. Nonetheless, the program was attacked relentlessly, especially in terms of access to its baccalaureate programs. With the advent of conservative political leadership in New York City and State, CUNY's policy has ended. In the future, a higher proportion of entering freshmen will be placed in community colleges. It may be expected that educational and economic attainments will be diminished.
Transnational Corporations and Global Citizenship
Authors: HENDERSON HAZEL
Published: July 2003

Transnational corporations are major global actors, many larger than most nation states. The evolution of their organizational structures and of relevant national and international law is reviewed briefly. The focus of the article then shifts to examine how corporations are evolving to address the broader demands of their customers, shareholders, employees, and community stakeholders. These new demands go beyond the traditional bottom line to address issues of human and employee rights, child labor, workplace safety, impacts of technology, and environmental protection. Corporate responses to such demands for good global citizenship are assessed, together with the growth of social and ethical investment criteria among shareholders, mutual funds, and pension asset managers.
Culturally appropriate Indigenous Accountability
Authors: ROWSE TIM
Published: July 2003

Since they renounced the policy goal of assimilation in the 1970s, Australian governments have encouraged indigenous Australians to form corporations. Such bodies receive public money to deliver services, and they have become the sinews of a mobilized indigenous constituency. By reviewing the research and recommendations of a recent Australian government report, this article addresses the controversy about the indigenous corporation's multiple accountability: to the taxpayer, their employees, and their clients. In addition, drawing on recent international theoretical debates about the rationales of liberal tolerance for cultural minorities, this article qualifies the widely held assumption that accountability in this instance must be culturally appropriate.
Malay Culture and Personality
Authors: MASTOR KHAIRUL A. , JIN PUTAI , COOPER MARTIN
Published: July 2003

The study aims to determine whether the Big Five model of personality is applicable to the Malay culture. Two studies were conducted among Malaysian students in Australia (N = 174), and a further study (N = 451) conducted in Malaysia used the refined items from the Australian work. Scree and parallel tests indicated that only five factors should be extracted. Exploratory and Procrustes factor analyses indicated that the Big Five factors of Costa and McCrae exist in the Malay personality structure. The Openness to Actions and Values facets, however, were not replicated well. Overall results and congruence coefficients for 28 facets strongly supported the Big Five model as being cross-culturally applicable. Compared to Americans, Malay students appeared to have high scores in Agreeableness and low scores in Extraversion and Openness.
Corporate Environmental Management and Public Policy
Authors: RONDINELLI DENNIS A. , BERRY MICHAEL A.
Published: July 2003

Environmental policies have brought dramatic improvements in air and water quality during the past 25 years, but further expansion of command-and-control regulations is likely to have diminishing marginal returns. Corporations are taking new initiatives in managing their environmental impacts in ways that reduce their costs, increase their efficiency, lower their liabilities, and enhance their competitiveness while reducing pollution, conserving resources, and eliminating waste. In the future, significant gains in environmental quality are more likely to come from widespread adoption of pollution prevention practices than from more stringent regulation of end-of-pipe emissions. Bridging the gap between public policy and the trends in private-sector management will require fundamental changes in federal and state governments' approaches to regulation. New policies must use economic incentives to encourage clean manufacturing and the adoption of pollution prevention technologies and forge public-private partnerships for improving environmental quality.
Agricultural Biotechnology for Developing Countries
Authors: ARENDS-KUENNING MARY , MAKUNDI FLORA
Published: July 2003

Will the biotechnology revolution improve the living standards of poor rural farmers in developing countries? The Green Revolution showed that the economic and social structures in a society play a larger role in determining how innovations affect people than the scientific content of the innovations. Social and economic structures within developing countries and within the international community will determine what crops are enhanced using biotechnology, which traits of the crops are altered, and how the new seeds and plantlets will be distributed. The fact that the private sector is taking the lead in biotechnology rather than public sector institutions has important implications for developing countries. Crops with high public benefits will not be developed by the private sector if they are not profitable. The public sector and nonprofit sector, in collaboration with the private sector, have important roles to play to ensure that the benefits of biotechnology are available to the poor in developing countries.
Regulation of Genetically Modified Organisms in the European Union
Authors: GROSSMAN MARGARET ROSSO , ENDRES A. BRYAN
Published: July 2003

To be successful, laws that regulate genetically modified organisms (GMOs) must help society decide rationally when to pause and when to proceed in adopting new biotechnological developments. In the context of European Union (EU) institutions and lawmaking procedures, this article examines European Community (EC) legal measures that govern the contained use, deliberate release, and labeling of GMOs. To illustrate Member State implementation of EC measures, the article focuses more briefly on regulation of GMOs in England. It highlights the controversy about GMOs in Member States and reveals some of the differences between U.S. and EU attitudes toward GMOs and genetically modified products.
A Tale of Two TAGs
Authors: TESKE NATHAN
Published: July 2003

Taking recent scholarship on democratic practices in environmental decision making as a starting point, this article examines the politics of two Superfund sites. The article explores the potential of technical assistance grants to encourage citizen participation and democratic processes in regulatory implementation. The article argues that although such grants can facilitate citizen participation in technically complex decisions, the degree of democracy present depends greatly on the willingness of the legally empowered decision-making agency to allow citizen groups to influence the process. The article also suggests the counterintuitive possibility that effective citizen participation may be more likely at large, technically complex Superfund sites and stresses the need to maintain avenues of citizen influence that operate outside of the normal regulatory public participation mechanisms.
After Backyard Environmentalism
Authors: KARKKAINEN BRADLEY C. , FUNG ARCHON , SABEL CHARLES F.
Published: July 2003

This article develops a model of environmental regulation that promises to be at once more flexible, democratic, and effective than the familiar methods of central command or market-based control. Local units—such as firms, factories, or regional ecosystem management authorities—enjoy the autonomy to determine their environmental protection goals and methods to reach them. In exchange for this latitude, they report their plans and progress to central authorities that monitor local planning efforts and pool the information generated by them to formulate minimum performance standards and identify effective practices. This arrangement produces contextually tailored regulation, rich information feedback, and continuous adjustment of ends and means in light of new learning. Elements of this model have been adopted in large-scale reforms in areas as diverse as toxics use reduction, endangered species protection, and ecosystem management. Writ large, this model entails a fundamental reorientation of government institutions that the authors call neo-Madisonian.
Moving Toward Community-Based Environmental Management
Authors: SCHEBERLE DENISE
Published: July 2003

As environmental protection efforts increasingly focus on land use decisions, local governments face mounting pressures to control development in wetland areas. These pressures are especially strong as citizens and environmental groups recognize the limitations of federal efforts to protect wetlands. Door County, Wisconsin, offers an interesting example of the perils and pitfalls associated with trying to move beyond federal and state wetland regulations. Door County, by adopting wetland districts as part of its county zoning ordinance, created greater protection of wetlands—but at the expense of increasing confusion about the various roles of town, county, state, and federal governments. Although the case reveals a high level of interest to protect wetlands among key stakeholder groups, bureaucratic inertia and political tensions between town and county governments hamper efforts to move beyond the existing program. Most striking is the tenuous nature of partnerships formed in the process of community-based environmental protection.
Innovation in Land Use Governance and Protection
Authors: STEELMAN TODDI A.
Published: July 2003

Land use governance in the United States traditionally has taken a centralized or decentralized form. This research documents a perceived innovation in land use governance that combines centralized and decentralized approaches—Great Outdoors Colorado (GOCO). Using criteria from the extant literature on growth management and land protection, this research provides a framework for evaluating land protection efforts. The perceived innovation of GOCO is evaluated within this framework. Clear innovations associated with the GOCO program include (a) more appropriate land protection efforts, (b) the cultivation of political support for the projects, (c) a dedicated funding source, and (d) a greater likelihood of implementation and enforcement over centralized or decentralized approaches. The GOCO program could use additional innovation in the way it addresses regional areas of concern and the provision of technical expertise.
From Water Development to Water Management
Authors: BOWERSOX JOE
Published: July 2003

This article examines the impact on the Department of Interior Bureau of Reclamation of changes in federal water quality policy by a citizen suit in Oregon. Having languished for most of the 1980s and early 1990s on the verge of termination, the Bureau has responded in unique and innovative ways to new mandates faced by Oregon and thus demonstrated its ability to move beyond water development to natural resource management and environmental stewardship. Despite significant reductions in force and budgetary constraints, the Bureau of Reclamation exemplifies a new model of agency cooperation with local policy initiatives in an era marked by regulatory devolution.
Frameworks, Techniques, and Theory
Authors: DRUCKMAN DANIEL
Published: July 2003

Three questions are addressed in this article: What is social science research consulting? How is this form of consulting performed? and What contributions have been made to social science theory and practice? The first question is discussed in terms of the match between a client's needs and the consultant's skills, the various roles consultants play, and the professional culture they share. The second question is considered in terms of such basics as preparing a winning proposal, dealing with both an internal (the firm) and external (the market-place) environment, and overcoming barriers to implementation. The third question is treated by giving examples of applied research projects implemented for clients. These include projects that analyze negotiating processes, develop models of political structures and processes, analyze intentions, evaluate techniques for enhancing performance, and design policy and training simulations. The article concludes with lessons learned from these experiences, contributing to knowledge, practice, and the craft of consulting.
The Role of Blame in Adaptation in the First 5 Years Following the Death of a Spouse
Authors: FIELD NIGEL P. , BONANNO GEORGE A.
Published: July 2003

At 6 months postloss, 37 midlife bereaved participants engaged in an empty-chair monologue role play involving their deceased spouses. Judges rated the extent of self- and deceased-blame in participants' monologue discourse, and forms of continuing attachment to the deceased were assessed. Participants completed outcome measures at 14, 25, and 60 months postloss. Self-blame was uniquely predictive of grief-specific symptoms across 60 months postloss. Furthermore, the relationship between self-blame and grief-specific symptoms was mediated by a maladaptive form of continuing attachment involving hanging onto the deceased's possessions. In contrast, deceased-blame was uniquely related to general symptoms at 14 months postloss but was not predictive of symptoms later on after the death. It was also negatively related to use of the fond memories form of continuing attachment. The results were interpreted in terms of differing motivational consequences of self- versus deceased-blame on the continuing attachment.
Beyond the Tea Leaves
Authors: JENSEN CARL J.
Published: July 2003

No one can predict the future. The study of futures research, however, offers insights that may assist in foreseeing certain trends that will affect future events. This article employs a modified version of one futures research methodology, cross-impact analysis, to study the interactions of four trends that will likely influence the future of international terrorism: the expanded use of the Internet on the international level, the effects of emerging ethnic and religious sensibilities, the growing economic gap between the rich and the poor, and the continued role of the United States as the world's predominant superpower.
Camouflage and Conspiracy
Authors: PITCAVAGE MARK
Published: July 2003

The militia movement is a right-wing movement that arose following controversial standoffs in the 1990s. It inherited paramilitary traditions of earlier groups, especially the conspiratorial, antigovernment Posse Comitatus. The militia movement claims that militia movement claims that militia groups are sanctioned by law but uncontrolled by government; in fact, they are designed to oppose a tyrannical government. Adherents believe that behind the “tyranny” is a left-wing, globalist conspiracy known as the New World Order. The movement's ideology has led some adherents to commit criminal acts, including stockpiling illegal weapons and explosives and plotting to destroy buildings or assassinate public officials, as well as lesser confrontations.
Off-Time Labor in Resorts
Authors: ADLER PATRICIA A. , ADLER PETER
Published: July 2003

This article examines off-time labor in a resort hotel, drawing on 6 years of participant observation and in-depth interviews. Operating around the clock, this resort, like others, offers the temporal freedom of continuous openness, flexibility, and convenience to guests by tethering employees to an incessant time clock, forcing a good proportion to work extended hours of the day, days of the week, and seasons of the year. The resort's managers' conquest of the traditional agrarian-based temporal rhythm alters the pace of life for workers as they strive to augment commercially profitable hours of operation. The article tracks the ebb and flow of rhythm and pace within a resort organization, the adaptations required and made by its employees, and the consequences for their lives, their community, and the broader society. In so doing, the article shows people's resistance to the rhythm of incessance and the limitations on technological control over nature.
The Overworked American or the Time Bind?
Authors: MAUME DAVID J. , BELLAS MARCIA L.
Published: July 2003

A number of analysts have examined the issue of whether time in paid labor is a voluntary decision or constrained by the demands of employers. Many contend that Americans are overworked by their employers, especially if they are highly educated, working at the apex of the occupational hierarchy, and placed in large firms. On the other hand, Arlie Hochschild suggests in The Time Bind that long hours reflect an avoidance of hectic family lives in favor of the rewards and recognition found at work. To examine the explanatory power of these arguments, this article uses data from the Survey of Ohio's Working Families (SOWF) to predict the scheduling and the length of time spent in paid labor. Little support is found for Hochschild's argument and more support is found for other explanations of the overworked American.
The Temporal Reorganization of Employment and the Household Rhythm of Work Schedules
Authors: FAGAN COLETTE
Published: July 2003

Working-time arrangements are being restructured across Europe in parallel with the spread of dual-earner arrangements for couples. This article elaborates the different temporal dimensions to the employment relationship, distinguishing between the different dimensions of working-time schedules, work-time intensity, and the time-money exchange. This conceptualization is used to draw attention to occupational class, gender, and household differences in the temporal organization of employment illustrated with the example of the United Kingdom. The argument made is that class differences between households must be integrated into analyses of gender inequalities in work time. This is necessary to develop an understanding of the implications of the temporal reorganization of employment and to compare how the outcomes may vary between countries due to societal differences in regulations and political debates.
The Marketing Battle Over Genetically Modified Foods
Authors: WANSINK BRIAN , KIM JUNYONG
Published: July 2003

Although proponents assume that good science sells and that the biotechnology issue will soon become a nonissue, opponents of biotechnology assume that consumers want to be informed and that the risks of the unknown are more important than benefits. Using current models of consumer behavior, this article examines eight incorrect assumptions about consumers. Understanding the processing style of consumers and how it influences their attitudes suggests changes that both opponents and proponents can make to educate consumers more effectively.
Some Moral, Ethical, and Transethical Issues Raised by Biotechnology and How We Might Deliberate About Them
Authors: DONAGHY KIERAN P.
Published: July 2003

The introduction of biotechnology products has been a source of much controversy in large part because of the moral and ethical issues that development and distribution of these products raises. In view of the burgeoning volume of activity in biotechnology research and development and the far-reaching consequences that biotechnology products may have, there is some urgency to have full and open discussion of these issues. This article identifies a number of the issues that biotechnology has raised and theoretical resources available for aiding deliberation about them. It also sketches a framework for practical reasoning that encompasses many of the issues and examines the relationship between moral and ethical issues concerning biotechnology and other questions that span or extend beyond ethics.
Social Construction of the Market(s) for Genetically Modified and Nonmodified Crops
Authors: BENDER KAREN L. , WESTGREN RANDALL E.
Published: July 2003

Social processes drive the current market turbulence and the eventual future for biotechnology products in agriculture. We examine those processes using central ideas from the sociology of markets: Markets are socially constructed by buyers and sellers, and markets are embedded in the broader sociopolitical environment in which they exist. Those seeking to construct a market for genetically modified soybeans using the existing commodity market as a platform conflict with the sociopolitical environment that withholds normative and regulatory legitimacy from this outcome. We conduct a content analysis on recent public dialogue about the problems and solutions in constructing the market(s) for genetically modified soybeans, and we apply a model traditionally used in the social construction literature for expost analyses of technology adoption. The model proves valuable for identifying pathways for resolving the conflict.
Cultural Transmission in Urban American Indian Families
Authors: CHESHIRE TAMARA C.
Published: July 2003

This study identified values associated with cultural transmission in the face of societal oppression. Practices used by urban American Indian women to transmit cultural knowledge, as well as values and attitudes toward learning—which are themselves vital lessons about what it means to be Indian—were ascertained. Ten urban Indian families, specifically mothers and their preadolescent children, from Oregon's Central Coast and Willamette Valley, participated in ethnographic interviews. Question creation and formation was established through the use of participatory action research. Families were found to share the value of cultural survival. Practices found to be commonly used to transmit cultural knowledge were listening; talking; telling; watching or observation; showing; exposure, involvement, and participation; and research or asking questions. Showing and research or asking questions were more recent developments in response to the effects of oppression, and they show that Indian families can adapt to continue cultural transmission and survival.
Adult Attachment as a Framework for Understanding Mental Health and American Indian Families
Authors: CHRISTENSEN MICHELLE , MANSON SPERO
Published: July 2003

This article discusses three cases of American Indian families who presented for therapy at an urban mental health center. The framework of adult attachment is used to understand the cross-generational continuity of mental health concerns in these families, and American Indian families more generally, who present with mental health problems. The demographics of American Indian family life are presented, along with a background review of the adult attachment literature.
Community Mental Health and Family Issues in Sociohistorical Context
Authors: KAWAMOTO WALTER T.
Published: July 2003

A review of the pertinent literature and interviews of key informants provided the basis for an exploration into the historical antecedents of some of the mental health and family issues of the Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw (CTCLUS) Indians of Oregon. This project was originally commissioned by the CTCLUS community to be a chapter in their Tribal Plan, explaining the historical context of this tribe in relation to national American Indian events. Key historical events that have impacted this community include boarding schools, termination, the Dawes Act, and racism. Key mental health issues that have followed these events include substance, abuse, domestic violence, and a lack of parenting skills.
Indian Child and Welfare Act
Authors: MADRIGAL LUKE
Published: July 2003

Indian Child and Family Services (ICFS)is a non-profit organization established in 1980 to implement the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978. There are thirty-three Indian reservations in Southern California and ICFS strives to sustain these family and tribal ties to promote and preserve indigenous culture. In its over twenty years of existence ICFS has served the Indian community as a licensed Foster Family and Adoption Agency. Luke Madrigal Executive Director has been with the agency since 1987. The agency has evolved in addressing inter-generational dysfunctions brought on by postcolonial oppression (i.e., alcoholism, substance abuse, and domestic violence). Recent research findings demonstrate practices which can overcome these dysfunctions and lead to success for future generations.
Utilization of Birth Control Services among Homeless Women
Authors: WENZEL SUZANNE L. , LEAKE BARBARA D. , ANDERSEN RONALD M. , GELBERG LILLIAN
Published: July 2003

Although homeless women appear to be at notable risk of unintended pregnancy, insufficient attention has been paid to understanding their access to birth control services and the characteristics of homeless women who want birth control services. To address these research gaps, the authors analyzed data from a probability sample of 974 homeless women who were interviewed in shelters and meal programs in Los Angeles County. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that among those women who wanted birth control services during the past year, using these services was associated with fewer perceived barriers to health care, having a regular source of care, consistent use of contraception, and lower odds of alcohol dependence. Availability and cost barriers to birth control services must be reduced, and effective service linkages should be developed among providers of birth control services, substance abuse treatment, and primary care.
Childhood Predictors of Daily Substance Use among Homeless Women of Different Ethnicities
Authors: NYAMATHI ADELINE , LONGSHORE DOUGLAS , KEENAN COLLEEN , LESSER JANNA , LEAKE BARBARA D.
Published: July 2003

The objective of this study was to describe associations between childhood factors and adult daily substance use profiles among homeless women and to identify independent predictors of daily substance use for the overall sample and for ethnic/acculturation subgroups. Structured surveys were administered to 1,331 homeless women in Los Angeles who were either daily drug and alcohol users for the past 6 months or nondaily substance users. Physical abuse and parental drug abuse predicted daily drug use in the whole sample and selected subgroups, whereas parental alcohol abuse predicted daily alcohol use in the whole sample. Teen self-esteem was also found to have a protective effect on daily alcohol use for the sample and for African American women. Negative peer influence in adolescence predicted daily drug use among high-acculturated Latinas. In summary, childhood abuse, parental substance use, and negative peer influence affect important roles in homeless women's daily substance use.
Elderly Homeless
Authors: HECHT LAURA , COYLE BONITA
Published: July 2003

This research report compares characteristics of older homeless adults (age 55 and older) with younger homeless and examines gender differences within each age group. Data are drawn from intake interviews of 3,132 clients presenting at a local homeless center during a 3-year period. The authors find that older and younger clients differ significantly on many important characteristics, such as access to income, the duration of the current homeless episode, patterns of alcohol and substance abuse, and a history of having been in prison. There are also significant gender differences within age groups. The data suggest that pathways to homelessness among older women may be more crisis driven than those of men, whereas older men are more vulnerable to being chronically homeless than are older women. The findings highlight the necessity of considering age differences as well as gender differences among the homeless population in designing programs to reintegrate clients into stable living situations.
Advocacy and Enumeration
Authors: BOGARD CYNTHIA J.
Published: July 2003

Enumerating or estimating the numbers of homeless people has become an important research activity in the past few decades. The methodologies of almost all efforts to count homeless people have been closely linked to advocacy activities such as providing shelter and food to those in need. Yet the effect of advocacy work on estimating or enumerating homeless populations has not been much examined in the enumeration literature. This work reviews the methodology of enumeration as it has been influenced by the work of advocates both in general terms and through examining the methods used to conduct a study of a suburban homeless population in New York in 1994. Enumeration methods that overtly take local advocacy activities into account can provide an enriched assessment of homelessness as it exists in relation to surrounding structural conditions. In this case, advocacy work actively prevented literal homelessness for most families in the local community.
Meanings of Wealth in European and Chinese Fairy Tales
Authors: DOYLE KENNETH O. , DOYLE MacKENZIE R.
Published: July 2003

The more we can understand the meanings people in different cultures attribute to money and property, the more we can help individuals and groups within and across those cultures reduce conflict and pursue constructive communication and interchange. This content analysis of European versus Chinese fairy tales produced 12 dimensions, upon which the authors compare and contrast the two cultures. Sample dimensions include Wealth Lost as Punishment for Evil Deeds, Wealth Gained as Reward for Good Deeds, Wealth as a Sign of Goodness, and Poverty as a Sign of Goodness. The authors find that Chinese fairy tales, more than European, focus on punishment, especially for acting out; European fairy tales, more than Chinese, express ambivalence about wealth; European fairy tales portray poverty as sometimes bad but often good, whereas Chinese fairy tales portray it always as bad. The authors relate their findings to illustrative pieces in the psychological and economic literatures.
Money and Meaning in India and Great Britain
Authors: DUTTA-BERGMAN MOHAN J. , DOYLE KENNETH O.
Published: July 2003

This article compares and contrasts the discourses of money and property in India and Great Britain. Whereas the Indian concept of money reflects a polymorphic philosophy, the British approach is dualistic in nature. A comparison of Indian and British texts brings out the extraverted nature of the British versus the introverted nature of the Indians. Whereas the British use an external referential context to define money, the Indians use an internal frame of reference, and while the British dialogue focuses on the good or evil nature of money, the Indian approach concentrates on money as experiential, from the vantage of the user. Although both British and Indian thought focus on the importance of saving money, they differ from one another in the greater British emphasis on accumulation. Both Indian and British approaches to money reflect a positive attitude toward giving.
The Color of Money
Authors: ARDS SHEILA D. , MYERS SAMUEL L.
Published: July 2003

This article examines the myth of bad credit in the Black community. Historically, Blacks have had higher savings rates and lower use of credit than Whites. Discrimination in lending led to an aversion to credit. Later, Blacks believed their credit to be bad, even among many better qualified Black loan applicants. The authors find that there is no statistically significant difference in the average level of “bad credit” among Blacks and Whites who have been turned down for loans or who have not applied for loans, as seen in national data sets measuring wealth and expenditures. Contrary to conventional wisdom, no statistically significant difference exists in bad credit rates between Black and White households at the lowest and highest wealth levels. The authors contend that the observed differences in the bad credit rates between Blacks and Whites in the middle wealth range are attributable to different treatment of Blacks and Whites in credit markets.
Money in Slavdom
Authors: KOMOROWSKA EWA , KUSTRA ANDRZEJ
Published: July 2003

Historically, Slavdom forms of payment were: a piece of linen, skins, salt bullion, amber provided by the Baltic Sea, and specially cut metal rods, usually made of iron or ore. The second question of this article is Slavic ways of counting and money exchange in the old days. In many regions of Slavic territory, people knew how to count quite well. Particularly interesting among Slavic people was counting by using not only their fingers and joints but also toes! The next important question of this article is Polish and Russian proverbs about money. This section shows how a political and social situation can be reflected in people's attitudes toward money. Its aim is to portray society's metamorphosis toward money in life and to point out specific language forms which were generated under the influence of politics, economics, and social relations.
Imaginary Ethnicity
Authors: POSTOUTENKO KIRILL
Published: July 2003

At the first glance, the comparison of Jews and Russians in the Russian economical mythology suggests that in the early period (11th through 16th centuries), religion set a framework for their antinomy, whereas later (17th through 19th centuries), the role of religion was gradually reduced to mere form, filled up with economical substance. However, the picture gets more complicated if we take into account that even at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, Russia was still governed (and for the most part populated) by superstitious people, largely uninterested in economy. Although the form of the Russian nationalism (including anti-Semitism) was progressively adjusted to the Western patterns of economical mythology, its substance retained that symbiotic totality of religious and economical imagination, which was compatible with both Russian monarchy and Soviet socialism.