bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The antimicrobial activity of cationic proteins isolated from the cells in bulk milk samples
Authors: Hibbitt K. G. , Brownlie J. , Cole C. B.
Published: May 2009

Cationic proteins isolated from the cells in bulk milk samples were shown to inhibit the growth of two pathogenic strains of staphylococci and alsoStreptococcus agalactiaeS 13. Polyacrylamide gel disk electrophoresis studies on these proteins revealed the presence of at least 9 components some of which had isoelectric pH's between 7·0 and 9·0. Trace amounts of the isolated protein had isoelectric pH's greater than 9·0. Staphylococci incubated with milk-cell cationic proteins absorbed the protein, thereby allowing the organism to be stained with the anionic dye Fast Green FCF. Protein-treated staphylococci in isotonic solutions autoagglutinated. This autoagglutination was more marked in hypo- and hypertonic solutions. Lysozyme was not demonstrated in the isolated protein fractions in assays involving incubation withMicrococcus lysodeikticusfor 90 min. The antimicrobial activity of the cationic proteins isolated from the bulk milk samples was not destroyed after heating to temperatures up to 70° C for 30 min., whereas at higher temperatures the activity diminished and was almost completely lost at 100° C.
Prevention of airborne contamination and cross-contamination in germ-free mice by laminar flow
Authors: van der Waaij D. , Andreas A. H.
Published: May 2009

The efficacy of horizontal and vertical laminar flow units (equipped with high-efficiency air niters) in the prevention of cross-contamination between cages and of contamination from outside has been demonstrated. With germ-free mice and using germ-free standard techniques for sterilization and for the transfer of germ-free mice into the cabinets via a standard entry lock, it was found that during an observation period of 2 weeks the animals remain ‘negative’. Other experiments were performed with equally good results in cabinets equipped with a hinged flap, closing 95 % of the open front side. When the flap was closed the air flow could be reduced accordingly, thus reducing the noise level and the risk of dehydration.

Experiments made with germ-free mice in a ‘down-flow unit’ were also invariably good.

In another type of experiment, cages with conventional mice were placed in the cabinets between cages with germ-free animals at varying distances. If all animals were maintained on wire mesh (to minimize the aerosol production of dust) and if the ‘conventional’ cages were at a distance of 10 cm. from ‘germ-free cages’ the latter remained bacteria-free during test periods of one week.

The use of ‘laminar flow isolators’ for the isolation of human patients is mentioned.
The production of pneumonia with or without pleurisy in gnotobiotic piglets with pure cultures of strain TR 32 ofMycoplasma hyorhinis
Authors: Poland J. , Edington N. , Gois M. , Betts A. O.
Published: May 2009

Nine gnotobiotic piglets, when 8–9 days old, were exposed to an aerosol of strain TR 32 ofMycoplasma hyorhinisand killed at intervals from 14 to 37 days after infection. The aerosol ofM. hyorhiniscaused bronchopneumonia in 1 pig, pleurisy alone in 2 pigs, pleuropneumonia in 2 pigs and no lung changes in 4 pigs.M. hyorhiniswas re-isolated from the lungs of all infected pigs, irrespective of the presence or absence of lesions, though it was only isolated from the serosa and joints when lesions were present. Four control pigs exposed to aerosols of mycoplasma medium had no lesions.
Comparative trial of three heterologous anti-tetanus sera
Authors: Sinclair I. S. R. , McCormick J. St G. , Clark J. G.
Published: May 2009

The three heterologous anti-sera currently provided for tetanus prophylaxis have been compared with reference to the production of untoward reactions in 498 patients, and to the blood antitoxin concentrations produced in 76 patients. Equine serum, although giving rise to more reactions, was the only effective agent in terms of the levels and duration of serum antitoxin concentration produced. The local response to a test dose of any of the three sera is not a reliable guide to immediate or late general reactions.
Further studies on the growth of rubella virus in human embryonic organ cultures: preliminary observations on interferon production in these cultures
Authors: Best Jennifer M. , Banatvala J. E. , Smith M. E.
Published: May 2009

Organ cultures prepared from 15 different organs obtained from 43 fetuses were consistently found to support the growth of rubella virus, irrespective of the gestational age of the fetus or the strain of rubella virus inoculated. Although rubella virus replicated in fetal lenses, adult lenses did not support the growth of rubella virus. Organs obtained from four fetuses between 8 and 17 weeks gestational age produced similar titres of an inhibitor which had the characteristics of interferon. The use of Trowell T8 medium and incubation in a mixture of 5% CO2in oxygen provided the most suitable conditions for the maintenance of most organ cultures. Under these circumstances it was possible to obtain adequate histological preparations from these organs, but light microscopy studies revealed no significant differences in sections of rubella inoculated and control organ cultures.
Common colds on Tristan da Cunha
Authors: Shibli M. , Gooch S. , Lewis H. E. , Tyrrell D. A. J.
Published: May 2009

Eight epidemics of respiratory disease have been observed among islanders of Tristan da Cunha. They seem to be initiated by the arrival of ships and transmission seemed to occur as a result of close human contact but could not always be traced. Islanders suffered from less colds than those in less isolated communities.
Bacteriological monitoring in penicillin treatment of streptococcal sore throat
Authors: Ross P. W.
Published: May 2009

Bacteriological monitoring of penicillin therapy in 30 children with streptococcal sore throats was performed by means of salivary and throat-swab culture, on the first, third, fifth and ninth days after therapy had started. Counts of beta-haemolytic streptococci per ml. of saliva were also performed.

Results showed that salivary culture and estimation of the numbers of beta-haemolytic streptococci in the saliva were much more sensitive indices of the effectiveness of penicillin treatment than throat-swab culture.
Multiple sclerosis distribution in England and Wales and parts of Europe
Authors: Stocks Percy
Published: May 2009

Scotland and Ireland have the highest death rates from multiple sclerosis and high rates are recorded in an area extending south-eastward from Britain through central Europe. The rates tend to diminish with rising latitude and longitude. In England and Wales the county boroughs with notably high rates during 1958–67 were mostly textile towns with cotton and wool mills, situated in the area recording the lowest average levels of sunshine. In the London area mortality from multiple sclerosis was high in those western boroughs and adjacent counties most exposed to the noise of aircraft using the airports of London. The geographical pattern in England suggests that noise and vibration of particular kinds may be a factor in causation along with a climatic factor, but this hypothesis is speculative until further evidence is found to support it.
The association of viruses with clinical pertussis
Authors: Pereira Marguerite S. , Candeias J. A. N.
Published: May 2009

This study describes the results of attempts to grow viruses from per-nasal swabs taken from 136 children with clinical pertussis.

Altogether 37 strains of a variety of different viruses were isolated. Adenovirus was the most frequent, making up 30 % of the total. Besides these, herpes simplex, measles, influenza A2, influenza B, mumps, poliovirus and respiratory syncytial virus were detected.

Bordetella pertussis was isolated from 22 % of the cases.

It appears that a pertussis-like syndrome can be caused by many agents besides Bord. pertussis and an accurate diagnosis requires laboratory confirmation.
The intestinal flora of colonization-resistant mice
Authors: Wensinck F. , Ruseler-van Embden J. G. H.
Published: May 2009

To facilitate the isolation of anaerobes from cultures in which swarming organisms were present Roux flasks were adapted to provide anaerobic conditions. Using these flasks, five species of anaerobes were isolated from the caecum of mice resistant to colonization withEscherichia coliand other Gram-negative organisms. These species accounted for the majority of organisms seen in films of caecal material. No aerobes were isolated and the flora of these mice apparently consisted of a limited number of anaerobes representing part of the intestinal flora of conventional mice. Three of the species were clostridia and another was identified asPropionibacterium acnes. One species resembledCatenabacteriumbut was not identified. One of theClostridiumspecies could only be isolated when the medium was supplemented with yeast extract and vitamins. This species sporulated on media with ammonium phosphate as the source of nitrogen; tryptone completely suppressed sporulation.
The chemical reactions of the haemagglutinins and neuraminidases of different strains of influenza viruses: III. Effects of proteolytic enzymes
Authors: Hoyle L. , Almeida June D.
Published: May 2009

The action of trypsin and pronase on the haemagglutinins and neuraminidases of eight strains of influenza virus has been examined.

The haemagglutinins of all the strains were highly susceptible to digestion by pronase but there were great variations in resistance to trypsin.

The neuraminidases of the eight strains were of three types. The neuraminidases of the A1 strains and the DSP strain of virus A were highly susceptible to destruction by both enzymes. The neuraminidases of the PR 8 and Swine strains showed partial resistance especially to trypsin, while the A 2 strains and the lee strains of virus B possessed neuraminidases that were completely resistant to both trypsin and pronase.

Proteolytic enzymes released free neuraminidases from the A 2 and lee viruses the morphology of which was different from that of neuraminidases released by detergent treatment.
Vaccination of adults with Wistar RA 27/3 rubella vaccine
Authors: Freestone D. S. , Prydie J. , Smith S. G. Hamilton , Laurence G.
Published: May 2009

Thirty-three adults were vaccinated subcutaneously with Wistar RA. 27/3 (live attenuated) rubella vaccine at the Wellcome Research Laboratories, Beckenham. All subjects with pre-vaccination haemagglutinating-inhibiting antibody titres of 1/20 or less and three of seven subjects with pre-vaccination titres of 1/40 showed at least fourfold rises of titre. Reactions encountered were mild and of short duration.
Neuraminidase and resistance to vaccination with live influenza A2 Hong Kong vaccines
Authors: Slepushkin A. N. , Schild G. C. , Beare A. S. , Chinn Susan , Tyrrell D. A. J.
Published: May 2009

Thirty-seven volunteers were inoculated intranasally with living attenuated influenza A 2 viruses. Rising titres of circulating antineuraminidase (AN) were detected in 14 of 17 infected volunteers. AN was also found in nasal secretions. Statistical analysis showed that there was a correlation between the titres of haemagglutination-inhibituig antibody (HI) and AN in nasal washings, and between AN in blood and washings. Resistance to infection could be predicted from antibody titres in 29 of 37 volunteers and blood AN alone predicted the outcome of 25 volunteers.
An indoor system for the study of biological aerosols in open air conditions
Authors: Hood A. M.
Published: May 2009

An indoor system designed for the study of survival of airborne micro-organisms in closed conditions has been successfully modified to allow the effect of open air to be measured. It was found that the unidentified open-air factors which are toxic for many species of microbes and rapidly lost when enclosed in conventional laboratory apparatus could be retained in the system by continuous ventilation at an adequate rate. The rate required allowed examination ofEscherichia coliin aerosols generated from small amounts of material because of the short periods of ventilation required for appreciable viable decay to occur.

The validity of the system was tested by comparing the survival ofE. coliin true aerosols with its survival when the droplets were held on microthread. An investigation of the role of relative humidity in open-air toxicity was included.
Effects of oxygen on aerosol survival of radiation sensitive and resistant strains ofEscherichia coliB
Authors: Cox C. S. , Bondurant M. C. , Hatch M. T.
Published: May 2009

The aerosol survivals in air and nitrogen of radiation sensitive and resistant mutants ofEscherichia coliB have been determined with logarithmic and resting phase bacteria. No consistent correlation was found between radiation sensitivity and aerosol sensitivity in the strains tested. Hence, the phenotypes Fil Her Exr, which determine sensitivity to radiation, do not influence aerosol survival, i.e. these known mechanisms which repair radiation-induced damage do not operate in aerosol stressedE. coli. In all cases the survival in air was less than that in nitrogen particularly so forE. coliBs-1. The effect is explained in terms of a toxic action of oxygen. Comparison of survival of log and resting phase bacteria show that log phase cells are less aerosol stable than are resting phase cells. The ability to synthesize DNA in bacteria collected from the aerosol was less than in control unstressed bacteria, and this effect was independent of the presence of oxygen. Reduced ability to synthesize DNA could have been caused by reduced metabolic activity. It is shown that two different death mechanisms occur simultaneously in aerosols at low relative humidity. One mechanism is oxygen dependent and the other oxygen independent. The former was not through a decrease in metabolic activity, whereas the latter could be.
Sensitivity of trachoma agent to streptomycin and related antibiotics
Authors: Sowa J. , Race M. W.
Published: May 2009

For isolating trachoma (TRIC) agent from conjunctival scrapings, both streptomycin and neomycin were effective in preventing bacterial contamination, but at high concentrations neomycin was rather more inhibitory to TRIC agent. Prolonging storage of scrapings with neomycin at 4° from 30 min. to 24 hr. reduced the bacterial contamination rate, but also diminished the chance of isolating TRIC agent at the 1st passage. Two freshly isolated TRIC agents differed in their susceptibility to neomycin and streptomycin. Kanamycin and framycetin appeared to be less suitable than streptomycin for use in isolation of TRIC agent. In isolation studies, the possibility of inhibiting TRIC agent by high concentrations of antibotics, including streptomycin, should be borne in mind.
The development of TRIC organisms in cell cultures during multiple infection
Authors: Evans Andrea
Published: May 2009

The relationship between multiplicity of infection and the yield of organisms and of polysaccharide was studied in BHK 21 cells infected with TRIC organisms. Although an increase in themultiplicity of infection resulted in an increase in the absolute number of organisms per culture, there was a decrease in relation to the number of infecting organisms. The amount of polysaccharide produced was independent of multiplicity of infection; it was not limited by the concentration of glucose in the medium. Polysaccharide leaked from cells and was slowly broken down in the culture medium.
Antibiotic resistance and transmissible R-factors in the intestinal coliform flora of healthy adults and children in an urban and a rural community
Authors: Linton K. B. , Lee Patricia A. , Richmond M. H. , Gillespie W. A. , Rowland A. J. , Baker Valerie N.
Published: May 2009

Faeces of healthy adults and of children under the age of 5, none of whom were attending hospital or receiving antibiotics, were examined for the presence of antibiotic resistant coliform bacilli.

A higher proportion of children (67%) than of adults (46%) carried resistant strains and this difference was observed in both the rural and urban groups.

Rural members of both age groups more often carried resistant organisms than urban members. Among rural adults, the incidence of drug-resistant strains was 63 % in those whose occupation involved close contact with farm animals, compared with 29 % in those with other occupations. The survey took place before the implementation of the Swann Report could have influenced the use of antibiotics in animal foodstuffs.

Transmissible R-factors were demonstrated in 61 % of the resistant strains. The incidence of transmissible resistance was similar among adults and children in town and country.
Salmonellas in pigs and animal feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark: A Public Health Laboratory Service Working Group
Authors: Skovgaard Niels , Nielsen B. Brest
Published: May 2009

A comparison has been made between the incidence of salmonellas in pigs and feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark. In Denmark there is veterinary legislation requiring the sterilization of imported and home produced feed ingredients of animal origin. There is no such legislation in England and Wales. In Denmark 0·3% of resterilized imported meat and bone meal was contaminated with salmonellas. This compared with 23% of meat and bone meal in England and Wales and 20–27% of other ingredients of animal origin. In England and Wales salmonellas were isolated from 7% of caecal samples and 6% of lymph node samples, while in Denmark they were isolated from 3% of caecal samples and 4% of lymph node samples. In England and Wales 25 serotypes were found in both pigs and feeds and these included nearly all the most prevalent human pathogens. In Denmark four of the six serotypes in pigs had been found in resterilized feed. One notable difference between the two studies was the very wide range of serotypes found in pigs in England and Wales and the narrow range in Denmark. A second was that Salmonella typhimurium formed 15% of all Salmonella strains isolated from pigs in England and Wales, and 60% of those in Denmark.

It is concluded that sterilization of animal raw ingredients in Denmark has reduced pig infections with types other than S. typhimurium that are foundin England and Wales, but not with S. typhimurium. It is possible that this is because S. typhimurium once introduced into pigs is able to establish itself more easily than other serotypes.
Urban variation in infant mortality from birth injury and atelectasis in England and Wales in 1958–67
Authors: Stocks Percy
Published: May 2009

Variations in mortality attributed to birth injury and atelectasis in the 10 years 1958–67 have been investigated for each county borough of England and Wales. It became evident that diagnostic difficulties in separating these two causes must have been such that for statistical purposes they should be combined in a single rate.

Variables likely to affect the local rates such as the sex ratio of births, and rates of illegitimacy and immaturity as an ill-defined cause of death appeared to affect the mortality levels in certain towns but not sufficiently to account for the wide variations apparent in those levels. It is concluded that local surveys are necessary in the towns with highest rates to uncover differences in numbers of births in hospital, in obstetric techniques and in quality of medical care.
Spontaneous magnitude estimation of thermal discomfort during changes in the ambient temperature
Authors: Wyon D. P. , Andersen I. , Lundqvist G. R.
Published: May 2009

Thermal comfort sensations are often studied in isolation, with the subjects' attention specifically directed towards their evaluation, both by instructions and by the recurrent act of questioning. A closer approach to the field situation, in which room temperature is at most a background stimulus, is made possible by the method of spontaneous magnitude estimation of thermal sensation. Thirty-six male and 36 female 17-year-old subjects in standard cotton uniforms (0·7 clo) were exposed in groups of 4 in a climate chamber to patterns of changing air temperature typical of conditions in occupied classrooms. Temperatures remained within the range 20–29° C. and did not increase more rapidly than 4° C./hr. Each individual recorded his thermal sensation on a dial voting apparatus, registering changes spontaneously as a secondary task while performing mental work during three successive 50 min. periods, with 10 min. breaks between. It was thus possible to obtain a measure of the time course of thermal discomfort sensations, including the extent to which they distracted attention. Significant differences were found between the responses of males and females, males in general feeling hotter and reacting more rapidly to changes in temperature. Response distributions are given in detail.
Inoculation of hamsters with a temperature sensitive (ts) mutant of parainfluenza 3 virus
Authors: Zygraich N. , Lobmann Michèle , Huygelen C.
Published: May 2009

The multiplication pattern of a temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant of bovine parainfluenza 3 virus was studied in hamsters and compared with that of a virulent virus strain. The ts mutant was recovered regularly from the nasal mucosa and not from the lungs, whereas the virulent virus multiplied in the lungs as well as in the nasal mucosa.

The serological response induced by the mutant was comparable to that obtained after inoculation of the virulent virus.

This ts mutant may be a potential candidate for a live intranasal vaccine against bovine parainfluenza 3 infection.
Polyethylene glycol purification of influenza virus with respect to aggregation and antigenicity
Authors: Polson A. , Keen A. , Sinclair-Smith C. , Furminger I. G. S.
Published: May 2009

Influenza virus may be precipitated and aggregated by polyethylene glycol into clusters comprising ten to many hundred virions per aggregate. These aggregates are sparingly soluble and may be freed of contaminating polymer by washing in the appropriate buffer at room temperature or by precipitation in 30 % (v/v) ethanol at subzero temperatures.

Immunogenic studies in guinea-pigs of the virus in different states of dispersion revealed that the aggregated virus is the superior antigen to the virus in the monomeric form or in the dissociated state following treatment with ether.
The control by ventilation of airborne bacterial transfer between hospital patients, and its assessment by means of a particle tracer: III. Studies with an airborne-particle tracer in an isolation ward for burned patients
Authors: Hambraeus A. , Sanderson H. F.
Published: May 2009

Airborne-particle transfer has been studied in a burns unit using potassium iodide particles. The observed rates of transfer were in good agreement with the values predicted by a theoretical model.

An estimate of the average transfer between rooms under conditions of normal activity and with correctly functioning ventilation showed that the isolation system was highly efficient, the proportion transferred being probably less than 1 in 105. However, the ventilation often did not function as designed and under these conditions the efficiency was reduced by a maximum of a factor of ten. These rates of transfer do not seem great enough to account for the high rate of cross-infection found in this unit.
Redox potential measurements for determining the disinfecting power of chlorinated water
Authors: Victorin K. , Hellström K.-G. , Rylander R.
Published: May 2009

The kill ofEscherichia coliwithin 3 min. was studied in chlorine-demand-free water using sodium hypochlorite, monochloramine, dichloramine, halazone, chloramine T, cyanuric acid + sodium hypochlorite and cyanuric acid + monochloramine. The redox potential and the available chlorine were measured. The redox potential was found to be better correlated with the disinfecting property of the water than was the amount of available chlorine. For individual pure chlorine compounds, the measuring of available chlorine showed in general a somewhat better correlation with reduction of the bacteria than the redox potential showed.
An epidemic associated with echovirus type 18
Authors: Kennett Margery L. , Ellis Anne W. , Lewis F. A. , Gust I. D.
Published: May 2009

During the period October 1968 to March 1969 echovirus type 18 was isolated from 83 patients investigated at Fairfield Hospital for Communicable Diseases, Melbourne. The illnesses most commonly associated with these isolations were aseptic meningitis, and fever with rash.

We believe that this is the first report of an epidemic due to echovirus type 18 and the first occasion on which this virus has been shown to produce disease in adults.
The relative potencies of heat-killed and acetone-killed vaccines against Salmonella typhimurium in mice
Authors: Cronly-Dillon Sujatha
Published: May 2009

Mice were immunized against Salmonella typhimurium with graded doses of heat-killed (HK) and acetone-killed (AK) vaccines and then challenged by the oral or intraperitoneal routes with two doses of S. typhimurium. HK and AK vaccines gave good protection against an intraperitoneal challenge, but failed to protect against an oral challenge which is presumably the natural mode of infection. HK vaccine was as potent as AK vaccine in reducing the mortality rate among mice challenged by the intraperitoneal route but, unlike HK vaccine, AK vaccine was also able to reduce the infectivity rate. With a small intraperitoneal challenge dose it was observed that a gradual increase in vaccine dose is associated with a corresponding fall in mortality rate, but with a larger challenge dose an increase in vaccine dose was associated with a corresponding increase in mortality rates. It was concluded that the protective potency of this type of vaccine may partly depend upon the total amount of antigen in the animal, i.e. including both the vaccine and the challenge organisms, at a critical time after challenge.
Colonization resistance of the digestive tract of mice during systemic antibiotic treatment
Authors: van der Waaij D. , Berghuis J. M. , Lekkerkerk J. E. C.
Published: May 2009

During systemic treatment of mice with ampicillin or streptomycin, oral contaminations with exogenous bacterial species resulted in an abnormal colonization pattern. The contaminants persisted much longer and in much higher concentrations in the caecum of systemically treated mice than in control animals. Spread of the contaminant into the mesenteric lymph nodes and the spleen was found much more often in the antibiotic treated group. This, however, was only seen when the contaminant was ‘resistant’ to the antibiotic injected. The experiments suggest that the ‘CR-inducing species’ of the microflora live in close contact with the mucosa and therefore could be identical with the anaerobic tapered rods described by Savage & Dubos (1968).
Use of tartaric acid isomers and citric acid in the biotyping ofSalmonella typhimurium
Authors: Alfredsson G. A. , Barker Ruth M. , Old D. C. , Duguid J. P.
Published: May 2009

The colour-change and lead acetate tests for fermentation ofd–,l–andm–tartaric acids and citric acid used in the Kristensen scheme for biotypingSalmonella typhimuriumwere found to be unreliable because, whatever the conditions of culture, they gave different results in replicate tests of the same strains. Many genotypically non-fermenting strains gave inconsistent reactions due to the emergence of fermenting mutant bacilli in some of their test cultures. No reliable test was found for the fermentation of citric acid.

A ‘turbidity’ test was found to give consistent and reliable results with the three tartaric acid isomers. It demonstrated fermentation by the significantly greater amount of growth obtained in a 24 hr. culture in Oxoid peptone water with added isomer than in a control culture without isomer. Lewis & Stocker's (1971) plate-inhibition test for fermentation ofm–tartrate, which identifiesm–tartrate-negative strains becausem–tartrate inhibits their growth on citrate- or glycerol-containing minimal medium, was found to be as reliable as, and easier to read than, the turbidity test.

Use of the turbidity test ford–andl–tartrates and the plate-inhibition test form–tartrate in biotyping 1435 strains ofS. typhimuriumshowed that many strains had previously been mistyped by the lead acetate test and distinguished 16 new biotypes in addition to the 22 biotypes already recognized.
Yeasts in a hospital for patients with skin diseases
Authors: Somerville Dorothy A.
Published: May 2009

The incidence and acquisition ofCandida albicansand other yeasts in two wards of a skin hospital is described. Carriage rates on the skin in hospital patients is higher than is generally supposed, and cutaneous sites may act as sources of infection with these organisms.
Experimental aspergillosis in mice: aspects of resistance
Authors: Smith G. R.
Published: May 2009

Intravenous inoculation ofAspergillus fumigatusspores was used to study experimentally induced and natural resistance. Slight resistance resulted in increased survival time and higher resistance produced in addition a decreased infection rate.

Sublethal doses of living spores gave significant protection against challenge 3 weeks later, but large doses of heat-killed spores had no demonstrable effect.

Mice from one source showed a single, dramatic decrease in dose response to a deep-frozen strain of the organism over a period of 34 months. The dose response initially resembled that described by Scholer (1959) in which one million spores killed the majority of mice. The change was almost certainly due to an increase in resistance of the mice due to environmental factors, and the resistance was probably also effective against other strains of the organism. Although not proved, it seemed likely that the resistance was due to increased natural contact withA. fumigatusor related fungi. Possibly for a similar reason, mice of the same stock bred on different premises differed in their susceptibility to infection. The results indicated that environmental resistance-producing factors may have been operating simultaneously on a number of premises housing laboratory animals in south-east England. These findings may have significance in relation to the occurrence of natural aspergillosis of mammals and birds.

Of fiveA. fumigatusstrains, four were of closely similar virulence; the fifth strain grew more slowlyin vitroand was somewhat less virulent. Isolates from mice which died sporadically after small doses of spores were of no greater virulence than the inoculated strain. Although the susceptibility of mice aged 3 weeks was not uniform under all conditions, such animals were less resistant than young adult mice. Mice from six different sources showed only slight differences in susceptibility between each other, or from mice known to have developed a natural resistance.
The occurrence of salmonellas and lactose-negative Arizonas in reptiles in The Netherlands, and a comparison of three enrichment methods used in their isolation
Authors: Koopman J. P. , Janssen F. G. J.
Published: May 2009

A survey was conducted in 1971 in healthy reptiles supplied to the Central Animal Laboratory of Nijmegen for experimental animal research. In order to determine which salmonella serotypes occur, and whether there are several serotypes per animal, several strains of each positive sample were typed.

It was found that 160 of 169 samples contained salmonellas or lactose-negative Arizonas or both, and 95 different serotypes were isolated.

Of 127 animals examined individually, 67 were carriers of more than one sero-type, 42 animals having two types, 21 three types and 4 animals four types.

Three enrichment methods were compared. These were tetrathionate broth incubated at 37° C. (T37) and at 43° C. (T43), and selenite broth incubated at 37° C. (SB). All were incubated for 48 hr. before subculture on brilliant-green agar plates. The enrichment methods T37, T43 and SB produced 99, 125 and 123 positive samples respectively, when taken separately. The combinations of T 37 and T43, T37 and SB, and T43 and SB produced 145, 142 and 150 positive samples respectively.

The yield of serotypes in comparable samples showed no difference between the three enrichment methods. With the use of two methods the yield increased by about 38 % compared with one method, and the combination of three methods showed an increase in serotype yield of about 64 % compared with one method. A distinct preference by serotypes for definite enrichment methods was not proved.
Studies on the microbial flora in the air of submarines and the nasopharyngeal flora of the crew
Authors: Morris J. E. W. , Fallon R. J.
Published: May 2009

Airborne bacteria surveys in nuclear submarines show that the total microbial load was maintained at satisfactorily low levels during prolonged patrols despite factors which were expected to increase this form of pollution.

The isolation rates ofStaphylococcus aureusandNeisseria meningitidisfrom nasal and nasopharyngeal swabs respectively, together with the serum antibody titres toMycoplasma pneumoniae, before and after patrols suggested that the transmission of these organisms between individuals was not much increased by patrol conditions. The finding of higher numbers of airborne gram-negative rods and bodily contamination by enterobacteria is frequently reported in submersibles but does not appear to cause major outbreaks of illness in nuclear submarine crews.
Dispersal and transfer ofStaphylococcus aureusin an isolation ward for burned patients
Authors: Hambraeus Anna
Published: May 2009

The dispersal ofStaphylococcus aureusfrom burned patients, the relation between nasal carriage by the staff and exposure to airborneStaph. aureus, and the transfer ofStaph. aureus-carrying particles within the ward have been studied. The dispersal ofStaph. aureusfrom burned patients was correlated to the size of the burn wound. The median values varied from 21 c.f.u./m.2/hr. for patients with small burns to 453 c.f.u./m.2/hr. for extensively burned patients. The size of the dispersed particles appeared to be smaller than that usually found in hospital wards. Carriage of nasal strains by the staff was correlated to the air counts; the number of patient sources did not seem to be of great importance. The transfer ofStaph. aureuswithin the ward was at least 6 to 20 times that which would have been expected if transfer was due to air movement only.
A study of immunity to rubella in villages in the Fiji Islands using the haemagglutination inhibition test
Authors: Macnamara F. N. , Mitchell R. , Miles J. A. R.
Published: May 2009

In the villages of Fiji, apart from Viti Levu, rubella is a disease occurring solely in widely spaced epidemics. Some villages may not be infected for over 20 years and will then contain substantial numbers of susceptible women of child-bearing age.

Evidence is produced that haemagglutination-inhibiting (H.I.) antibody to rubella is very long lasting in Fijians. The infectivity of the virus is discussed and it is suggested that, on the average, 50% of susceptibles are infected in a Fijian village during a rubella epidemic, but there are large variations.
An outbreak of streptococcal sore throat and rheumatic fever in a Royal Air Force Training camp; significance of serum antibody to M-associated protein
Authors: Widdowson Jean P. , Maxted W. R. , Newrick C. W. , Parkin D.
Published: May 2009

A large outbreak of streptococcal sore throat in a Royal Air Force Training Camp resulted in five cases of rheumatic fever among the 16- to 18-year-old apprentices, and one case in a 33-year-old airman. The most prevalent type of group A streptococcus isolated from throat swabs was M-type 5 and there was serological evidence that at least four of the rheumatic fever (R.F.) cases were due to this type.

Among the patients with uncomplicated throat infection the anti-streptolysin O (ASO) and anti-deoxyribonuclease B (anti-DNAase B) responses were in general rather low, even where there was evidence of protective antibody against type 5. However, a combination of the results of the ASO and anti-DNAase B tests gave an estimate of the extent of streptococcal infection 15–25% higher than did either test alone.

The titres of antibody to M-associated protein (MAP) were ≥ 60 in all the r.f. patients, and in about 50% of the other patients with ASO titres ≥ 200. This figure is unusually high compared with data from several other outbreaks of streptococcal infection due to different serotypes and also greatly exceeds comparable figures for cases of sporadic sore throat and acute glomerulonephritis.
Cultivation of TRIC agents: a comparison between the use of BHK-21 and irradiated McCoy cells
Authors: Blyth W. A. , Taverne Janice
Published: May 2009

BHK-21 cells and HeLa cells were as sensitive as irradiated McCoy cells for titrating both fast- and slow-growing strains of TRIC agents. BHK-21 cells were as efficient as irradiated McCoy cells for isolating TRIC agents from trachoma and from the genital tract of patients with non-gonococcal urethritis. More inclusions were formed in BHK-21 than in irradiated McCoy cells.
Serological studies with purified neuraminidase antigens of influenza B viruses
Authors: Curry R. L. , Brown J. D. , Baker F. A. , Hobson D.
Published: May 2009

Neuraminidase (N) can be extracted from virus particles of influenza B strains by treatment with trypsin, in a form which is free from the viral HA and has specific immunological activity. The N antigen of B/LEE/40 behaves differently from that of 1965–6 strains in gel diffusion and enzyme inhibition tests with animal antisera raised by infection or by artificial immunization with the homologous or heterologous strains. The frequency and titres of NI antibody detected in human sera by B/LEE antigen are different from those found with antigen from B/Eng/ 13/65. The latter antibody appears to contribute to the effect of serum HI antibody in protecting volunteers exposed to a deliberate intranasal challenge infection of the B/Eng/13/65 strain.
Differentiation of smallpox and camelpox viruses in cultures of human and monkey cells
Authors: Baxby Derrick
Published: May 2009

The cytopathic effect of smallpox and camelpox viruses has been compared in cell cultures derived from human and monkey tissues. The two viruses could easily be distinguished in HeLa, GMK–AH1, BSC–1 and WISH cells, camelpox producing multinucleate giant cells and smallpox producing rounding up of individual cells. In other cells (LLC–MK2, HEK and 2RhK) the differences were not so marked, and in some (VERO, HEL, K and HuTh) no differences were seen.
Experimental study of a further attenuated live measles vaccine of the Sugiyama strain in Iran
Authors: Mirchamsy H. , Shafyi A. , Rafyi M. R. , Bahrami S. , Nazari P. , Fatemie S.
Published: May 2009

After encouraging results of the mass vaccination programme in Iran, in which 5 million children in rural areas were vaccinated with the Japanese Sugiyama strain at its 82nd passage in baby calf kidney, and a progressive decrease in the incidence of measles as well as a reduction of excessive infant mortality, a further attenuated vaccine, produced with the same strain, cloned in Japan, was compared in a field trial with the parent vaccine. The new strain caused fewer reactions than the original strain. Seroconversion with a geometric mean antibody titre of 6·1 was observed in 95% of susceptible children.
The recovery of anaerobic bacteria from swabs
Authors: Collee J. G. , Watt B. , Brown R. , Johnstone Sandra
Published: May 2009

When a standard sample of a simulated exudate containing known numbers of anaerobic bacteria was taken up on a swab and plated on solid medium, the number of colonies subsequently cultured represented a very small proportion of the original sample. Evidence is produced that the apparent loss is not primarily attributable to inactivation on the swab but rather to retention of organisms on the swab. This was demonstrable withClostridium welchiiand withBacteroidesspecies that have hitherto been regarded as relatively oxygen-sensitive.

When stock strains ofBacteroidesspecies were held for some hours on swabs, some progressive loss of viability was demonstrable. A measure of protection was afforded when these organisms were held aerobically on blood agar medium, but a very exacting anaerobe and some wild strains of faecal anaerobes showed gradual inactivation under these conditions.

These findings may have important implications in relation to currently employed bacteriological sampling procedures with swabs in clinical practice.
The effect of obstructions and thermals in laminar-flow systems
Authors: Whyte W. , Shaw B. H.
Published: May 2009

The influence of obstructions and thermals on the air flow in unidirectional or laminar flow systems was studied with special reference to operating rooms. It was shown that thermals induced in the operating rooms would have little influence in the normal laminar-flow system. The importance however of obstructions such as operating lamps and personnel was shown.
The incidence of Brucella infections in producer-retailer herds in North Lancashire from 1965 to 1972
Authors: Robertson L. , Farrell I. D. , Hinchliffe P. M.
Published: May 2009

The results are presented of testing untreated producer–retailer herd milk samples for the presence of Brucella abortus during the period 1965–1972 in the North Lancashire region.

There was a steady decline in the incidence of infected herds from 22 % in 1965 to 12% in 1971. A sharp fall to 5% in 1972 suggests that the introduction of the Brucellosis Incentives Scheme and the eradication programme has helped to reduce the practice of selling brucella-infected cattle in the open market which was prevalent in the period 1965 to 1970.

This practice of selling brucella-infected cattle may also be a prime factor in the changing pattern of distribution of the biotypes of B. abortus which was observed during the period 1965 to 1970.

A comparison of the two areas in the region show that the incidence of herd infection was always greater in the area containing flying herds than in the area in which self-contained herds predominated.
Field trials of the rodenticide 5-p-chlorophenyl silatrane against wild rats (Rattus norvegicus Berk.)
Authors: Rennison B. D.
Published: May 2009

Rattus norvegicus infestations on six farmsteads were poisoned with 0.5% 5-p-chlorophenyl silatrane and those on another six with 2.5% zinc phosphide. Both poisons were applied in pinhead oatmeal bait containing also 5% corn oil, after pre-baiting. The result of each treatment was assessed by comparing the take of pre-bait with that of a census bait (wheat) laid after the poisoning.

The zinc phosphide treatments were generally more effective than those done with 5-p-chlorophenyl silatrane, but the latter were somewhat detrimentally affected by cautious baiting on the part of one of the operators.

The results are discussed and it is concluded that although they indicate that 0.5% 5-p-chlorophenyl silatrane may have approached zinc phosphide in effectiveness under the conditions of the trial, it would in most circumstances be significantly less effective and possibly less safe to use than the latter, well-tried poison.
Specific immunoglobulin responses in serum and nasal secretions after the administration of attenuated rubella vaccine
Authors: Cradock-Watson J. E. , Macdonald Helen , Ridehalgh Margaret K. S. , Bourne M. S. , Vandervelde Elise M.
Published: May 2009

The indirect immunofluorescent technique has been used to study the specific immunoglobulin responses in the sera of 63 non-immune adult women who received either Cendehill rubella vaccine subcutaneously, RA27/3 rubella vaccine subcutaneously, or RA27/3 vaccine intranasally. IgG, IgA and IgM antibodies increased virtually simultaneously, starting about 2 weeks after vaccination. IgG antibody appeared in all subjects and reached maximum titres 4–6 weeks after vaccination. The mean IgG titres elicited by the three different methods of vaccination did not differ significantly. IgA and IgM antibodies reached their highest titres between 21 and 28 days after vaccination and then declined to low or undetectable titres within about 9 weeks. The maximum IgA titres observed after intranasal administration of RA27/3 vaccine were significantly higher than those which occurred when the same vaccine was given subcutaneously, but no significant difference in IgM titres was observed. When unfractionated sera were examined IgA antibody was detected in 57 cases (91%) and IgM in 51 (81%). Fluorescent examination of fractions obtained by centrifugation on sucrose density gradients frequently revealed small amounts of IgA and IgM antibody which could not be detected by staining unfractionated serum, and with the inclusion of these results IgA antibody was detected in 61 cases (97%) and IgM in 59 (94%).

When 39 adults with pre-existing serum antibody were challenged with vaccine a definite IgA response was detected in only one subject and in no case was there any evidence of the appearance of IgM antibody.

Nasal antibody, consisting of IgG or IgA or both, was detected in 17 out of 23 non-immune subjects (74%) who received RA27/3 vaccine, either subcutaneously or intranasally. Titres were much lower than those which occur in the natural disease and there was no evidence that nasal antibody was elicited more readily by intranasal than by subcutaneous vaccination.
A fatal case of cutaneous anthrax
Authors: McSwiggan D. A. , Hussain K. K. , Taylor I. O.
Published: May 2009

A fatal case of cutaneous anthrax, presenting many unusual features, is reported. No evidence of occupational or domestic exposure to the risk of infection was found.
A six-year study of coxsackievirus B infections in heart disease
Authors: Grist N. R. , Bell Eleanor J.
Published: May 2009

Virological examination of 385 patients with suspected heart disease and 26 with Bornholmdisease over a period of 6 years suggested that Coxsackie group B virus infections were associated with at least half the cases of acute myocarditis and one third of the cases ofacute non-bacterial pericarditis. Complement-fixation tests revealed only a few cardiac illnesses associated with other infections (influenza and Mycoplasma pneumoniae). No evidence of infection was found in chronic cardiac disease.
The use of inactivators in the evaluation of disinfectants
Authors: MacKinnon I. H.
Published: May 2009

Since the earliest days of disinfectant testing bacteriostatic effect has misled many workers in this field. This problem has long been appreciated by some and a considerable battery of neutralizers has been employed, often with great success. Other anti-bacteriostatic measures, used without control, fail to revive damaged though viable organisms.

This paper sets out to describe some of the problems that are encountered in this confused field and the means whereby they may be overcome.
Staphylococci in swimming pool water
Authors: Crone P. B. , Tee G. H.
Published: May 2009

During a period of five years 1192 water samples from swimming pools were examined for staphylococci and 338 for coliform organisms only. Eighty-nine different pools were sampled.

Numbers of staphylococci, estimated by the membrane filtration technique did not bear any significant relation to either bathing load or concentration of free chlorine.

Wide variation in the staphylococcal count was observed when different parts of a pool were sampled on the same occasion.

The only practicable standard for pool samples in relation to staphylococci would appear to be that these organisms should be absent from 100 ml. water when the pool has been out of use during at least ten hours before sampling if filtration and chlorination are adequate.