bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enzyme‐Photocatalyst Tandem Microrobot Powered by Urea for Escherichia coli Biofilm Eradication
Authors: Villa Katherine , Sopha Hanna , Zelenka Jaroslav , Motola Martin , Dekanovsky Lukas , Beketova Darya Chylii , Macak Jan M. , Ruml Tomáš , Pumera Martin
Published: February 2022

Urinary‐based infections affect millions of people worldwide. Such bacterial infections are mainly caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli) biofilm formation in the bladder and/or urinary catheters. Herein, the authors present a hybrid enzyme/photocatalytic microrobot, based on urease‐immobilized TiO2/CdS nanotube bundles, that can swim in urea as a biocompatible fuel and respond to visible light. Upon illumination for 2 h, these microrobots are able to remove almost 90% of bacterial biofilm, due to the generation of reactive radicals, while bare TiO2/CdS photocatalysts (non‐motile) or urease‐coated microrobots in the dark do not show any toxic effect. These results indicate a synergistic effect between the self‐propulsion provided by the enzyme and the photocatalytic activity induced under light stimuli. This work provides a photo‐biocatalytic approach for the design of efficient light‐driven microrobots with promising applications in microbiology and biomedicine.
Ultrathin Eardrum‐Inspired Self‐Powered Acoustic Sensor for Vocal Synchronization Recognition with the Assistance of Machine Learning
Authors: Jiang Yang , Zhang Yufei , Ning Chuan , Ji Qingqing , Peng Xiao , Dong Kai , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: February 2022

With the rapid development of human–machine interfaces, artificial acoustic sensors play an important role in the hearing impaired. Here, an ultrathin eardrum‐like triboelectric acoustic sensor (ETAS) is presented consisting of silver‐coated nanofibers, whose thickness is only 40 µm. The sensitivity and frequency response range of the ETAS are closely related to the geometric parameters. The ETAS endows a high sensitivity of 228.5 mV Pa−1 at 95 dB, and the ETAS has a broad frequency response ranging from 20 to 5000 Hz, which can be tuned by adjusting the thickness, size, or shape of the sensor. Cooperating with artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms, the ETAS can achieve real‐time voice conversion with a high identification accuracy of 92.64%. Under good working property and the AI system, the ETAS simplifies signal processing and reduces the power consumption. This work presents a strategy for self‐power auditory systems, which can greatly accelerate the miniaturization of self‐powered systems used in wearable electronics, augmented reality, virtual reality, and control hubs for automation.
Single‐Crystal Nano‐Subunits Assembled Accordion‐Shape WNb2O8 Framework with High Ionic/Electronic Conductivities towards Li‐Ion Capacitors
Authors: Qin Li , Zhu Shuhao , Cheng Chao , Wu Dongxu , Wang Guangyuan , Hou Linrui , Yuan Changzhou
Published: February 2022

Recently, Li‐ion capacitors (LICs) have drawn tremendous attention due to their high energy/power density along with long cycle life. Nevertheless, the slow kinetics and stability of the involved anodes as bottleneck barriers always result in the modest properties of devices. The exploration of advanced anodes with both high ionic and electronic conductivities as well as structural stability thus becomes more significant for practical applications of LICs. Herein, a single‐crystal nano‐subunits assembled hierarchical accordion‐shape WNb2O8 micro‐/nano framework is first designed via a one‐step scalable strategy with the multi‐layered Nb2CTx as a precursor. The underlying solid solution Li‐storage mechanism of the WNb2O8 just with a volumetric expansion of ≈1.5% is proposed with in situ analysis. Benefiting from congenitally crystallographic merits, single‐crystalline characteristic, and open accordion‐like architecture, the resultant WNb2O8 as a robust anode platform is endowed with fast electron/ion transport capability and multi‐electron redox contributions from W/Nb, and accordingly, delivers a reversible capacity of ≈135.5 mAh g−1 at a high rate of 2.0 A g−1. The WNb2O8 assembled LICs exhibit an energy density of ≈33.0 Wh kg−1 at 9 kW kg−1, coupled with remarkable electrochemical stability. The work provides meaningful insights into the rational design and construction of advanced bimetallic niobium oxides for next‐generation LICs.
Analysis of Energy Consumption and Its Influencing Factors in Hydrogen Metallurgy Process
Authors: Chai Xicui , Yue Qiang , Zhang Yujie , Wang Qi
Published: February 2022

Hydrogen metallurgy is an effective way for the high carbon emission steel industry to achieve low‐carbon green transformation and upgrading. According to energy conservation law, the article establishes gas utilization rate and thermal balance calculation models, discusses the influence of key factors such as reducing gas composition, reducing the temperature, and metallization rate on the gas utilization rate and energy consumption, and theoretically calculates the change of energy consumption in the process of steel industry production caused by using hydrogen. The optimal reduction temperature range is 1250–1350 K, which has theoretical minimum energy consumption, about 3.14 GJ, and maximum gas utilization rate, about 45%. The results show that when using 100% hydrogen reduction, increasing the reduction temperature properly lower theoretical energy consumption can be achieved and raise gas utilization rate and further achieve the goal of energy saving and consumption reduction, which is expected to provide beneficial help for hydrogen metallurgy developing in the steel industry.
Prospective cohort study of the association between early lactation mastitis and the presence of sole ulcers in dairy cows
Authors: Watson Christopher , Barden Matthew , Griffiths Bethany E. , Anagnostopoulos Alkiviadis , Higgins Helen M. , Bedford Cherrill , Carter Stuart , Psifidi Androniki , Banos Georgios , Oikonomou Georgios
Published: February 2022

Background

The objective of this study was to investigate the association between (sub)clinical mastitis (CM) in the first 30 days in milk (DIM) and the presence of sole ulcers (SU) later in lactation.

Methods

Holstein cows and heifers were examined for presence of sole haemorrhage and SU before calving, in the first 14 days postcalving and in early lactation (after 30 DIM). CM episodes and somatic cell counts (SCC) measurements were obtained from farm records. Multivariable logistic regression was used for data analysis.

Results

Odds of SU in early lactation were 2.44 times greater (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.97–5.54) in cows that had CM in the first 30 DIM compared to cows that did not have CM in the first 30 DIM. When cows that had SU precalving or at the calving check were excluded from the dataset, an association of CM in the first 30 DIM with later presence of SU was no longer statistically significant but the same numeric trend still existed (odds ratio [OR] 2.25, 95% CI 0.81–5.34). The odds of SU in early lactation were 1.70 times greater in cows that had high SCC compared to cows that did not have high SCC in the first 100 DIM (95% CI 1.13–2.55).

Conclusion

An association was found between CM in the first 30 DIM and presence of SU in early lactation (after 30 DIM). Elucidating the mechanism behind this relationship could improve our understanding of the aetiopathogenesis of both diseases and lead to new preventive strategies.
Anatomical localisation of the maxillary nerve with the use of computed tomography to aid nerve block placement in dogs
Authors: Beeston Thomas , Israeliantz Gunz Nicolas , Leigh Hannah , Lopez Cristobal , Lord Samuel , Liuti Tiziana
Published: February 2022

Background

The maxillary block is a commonly used anaesthetic technique in dogs; however, no universal recommendations for the best method to perform this block exist. Differences between using this block in brachycephalic and non‐brachycephalic breeds have not been examined. This study compared the position of the maxillary nerve using CT in brachycephalic and non‐brachycephalic dogs.

Methods

Forty CT images of the heads of dogs of varying conformation were analysed. The distances and angles to the maxillary nerve from the injection site within the oral cavity were measured. If present in the same plane, the distance to the eye was measured. Measurements of jaw width and length were taken to ascertain if they correlated to the distance to the maxillary nerve from the oral cavity.

Results

There was no difference in angle between brachycephalic and non‐brachycephalic dogs; however, the distance between nerve and injection point in brachycephalic dogs was generally greater. A regression equation relating maxillary nerve depth to jaw width was found. The eye was more likely to be in the plane of injection if the dog was non‐brachycephalic.

Conclusion

The discovered relationship between jaw width and maxillary nerve depth may allow more accurate injections to be made.
The use of photobiomodulation therapy in the treatment of hair cycle arrest in a Pembroke Welsh corgi
Authors: Bello Kaitlyn , Diaz Sandra , Cole Lynette , Lorch Gwendolen
Published: February 2022

Hair cycle arrest is a relatively common condition of double‐coated breeds with a complex and poorly defined pathogenesis. Several therapeutic options have been described; however, the clinical response is often variable, and some treatment options can be invasive and may invoke adverse effects. Herein is described the first case of hair cycle arrest in a Pembroke Welsh corgi, which was successfully treated with photobiomodulation therapy. Photobiomodulation therapy (previously known as low‐level laser therapy) proved to be a well‐tolerated treatment, with no adverse effects appreciated. Videodermoscopy, a non‐invasive technique, was utilised to objectively measure response to treatment and was a readily repeatable tool for in‐hospital use. This case highlights a previously unrecognised breed to consider for the diagnosis of hair cycle arrest, as well a new indication for photobiomodulation therapy as a treatment option and videodermoscopy diagnostic analysis software as an aid in case management for practitioners moving forward.
Medical management of open pyometra in a giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)
Authors: Aguilar Laura A. B. , Leach Kathryn , Watson Megan K. , Wang Chengdong , Rivera Sam
Published: February 2022

The female giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) has a characteristic reproductive physiology that involves a defined breeding season, embryonic diapause and potential for pseudopregnancy. The hormonal variation related to these reproductive characteristics may be a factor contributing to reproductive pathologies. In this case report, open pyometra was diagnosed in a giant panda. Clinical signs included lethargy, anorexia and mucopurulent vulvar discharge. Diagnostic tests performed included complete blood cell count, plasma biochemistry, protein electrophoresis, cytology, culture and sensitivity and abdominal ultrasonography. Treatment consisted of systemic antibiotics based on culture and sensitivity. Response to treatment was monitored via ultrasonography and visual examination of the vulvar region. Two weeks after treatment, the pyometra resolved and no subsequent complications were seen. This is the first case of pyometra reported in a giant panda. Pyometra should be considered as a differential diagnosis in entire female giant pandas presenting with abnormal clinical signs following breeding season.
Computed tomography findings in canine cholangiocellular carcinoma
Authors: Tanaka Toshiyuki , Noguchi Shunsuke , Wada Yusuke , Nishida Hidetaka , Akiyoshi Hideo
Published: February 2022

Although triple‐phase computed tomography is used for differentiating canine liver neoplasms, there is limited information on the computed tomography features of cholangiocellular carcinoma. This retrospective case series assessed the computed tomography features of nine canine cholangiocellular carcinomas. The following computed tomography features were recorded: lesion shape (massive, multiple nodular or diffuse lesions), lesion location, rim enhancement (present or absent), enhancement pattern (stable, progressive or washout), lymphadenopathy (presence or absence) and pulmonary metastasis (presence or absence). Massive lesions, multiple nodular lesions and diffuse lesions were detected in two (22%), five (56%) and two (22%) patients, respectively. Rim enhancement in the arterial phase was observed in eight (89%) patients. Progressive enhancement was detected in six (67%) of the patients. Rim enhancement in the arterial phase and progressive enhancement may be characteristic of cholangiocellular carcinoma in dogs.
Axion-like particle searches at DarkQuest
Authors: Blinov Nikita , Kowalczyk Elizabeth , Wynne Margaret
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Axion-like particles (ALPs) interacting with the Standard Model can be abundantly produced in proton beam fixed-target experiments. Looking for their displaced decays is therefore an effective search strategy for ALPs with a mass in the MeV to GeV range. Focusing on the benchmark models where the ALP interacts dominantly with photons or gluons, we show that the proposed DarkQuest experiment at Fermilab will be able to test parameter space which has been previously inaccessible. We pay particular attention to the self-consistency of gluon-coupled ALP production and decay calculations, which has been recently shown to be a problem in many existing predictions. We also apply these results to explore existing constraints in the ALP parameter space.
Reflected entropy in double holography
Authors: Ling Yi , Liu Peng , Liu Yuxuan , Niu Chao , Xian Zhuo-Yu , Zhang Cheng-Yong
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Recently, the reflected entropy is proposed in holographic approach to describe the entanglement of a bipartite quantum system in a mixed state, which is identified as the area of the reflected minimal surface inside the entanglement wedge. In this paper, we study the reflected entropy in the doubly holographic setup, which contains the degrees of freedom of quantum matter in the bulk. In this context, we propose a notion of quantum entanglement wedge cross-section, which may describe the reflected entropy with higher-order quantum corrections. We numerically compute the reflected entropy in pure AdS background and black hole background in four dimensions, respectively. In general, the reflected entropy contains the contribution from the geometry on the brane and the contribution from the CFT. We compute their proportion for different Newton constants and find that their behaviors are in agreement with the results based on the semi-classical gravity and the correlation of CFT coupled to the bath CFT.
Infinitesimally thin static scalar shells surrounding charged Gauss-Bonnet black holes
Authors: Hod Shahar
Published: February 2022

Abstract

We reveal the existence of a new form of spontaneously scalarized black-hole configurations. In particular, it is proved that Reissner-Nordström black holes in the highly charged regime Q/M > (Q/M)crit = $$ \sqrt{21}/5 $$

21

/
5
can support thin matter shells that are made of massive scalar fields with a non-minimal coupling to the Gauss-Bonnet invariant of the curved spacetime. These static scalar shells, which become infinitesimally thin in the dimensionless large-mass Mμ » 1 regime, hover a finite proper distance above the black-hole horizon [here {M, Q} are respectively the mass and electric charge of the central supporting black hole, and μ is the proper mass of the supported scalar field]. In addition, we derive a remarkably compact analytical formula for the discrete resonance spectrum $$ {\left\{\eta \left(Q/M, M\mu; n\right)\right\}}_{n=0}^{n=\infty } $$

η

Q
/
M

Mμ
n

n
=
0

n
=
∞

of the non-trivial coupling parameter which characterizes the bound-state charged-black-hole-thin-massive-scalar-shell cloudy configurations of the composed Einstein-Maxwell-scalar field theory.
Application of a Neural Network to Store and Compute the Optical Properties of Non-Spherical Particles
Authors: Yu Jinhe , Bi Lei , Han Wei , Zhang Xiaoye
Published: February 2022

Radiative transfer simulations and remote sensing studies fundamentally require accurate and efficient computation of the optical properties of non-spherical particles. This paper proposes a deep learning (DL) scheme in conjunction with an optical property database to achieve this goal. Deep neural network (DNN) architectures were obtained from a dataset of the optical properties of super-spheroids with extensive shape parameters, size parameters, and refractive indices. The dataset was computed through the invariant imbedding T-matrix method. Four separate DNN architectures were created to compute the extinction efficiency factor, single-scattering albedo, asymmetry factor, and phase matrix. The criterion for designing these neural networks was the achievement of the highest prediction accuracy with minimal DNN parameters. The numerical results demonstrate that the determination coefficients are greater than 0.999 between the prediction values from the neural networks and the truth values from the database, which indicates that the DNN can reproduce the optical properties in the dataset with high accuracy. In addition, the DNN model can robustly predict the optical properties of particles with high accuracy for shape parameters or refractive indices that are unavailable in the database. Importantly, the ratio of the database size (∼127 GB) to that of the DNN parameters (∼20 MB) is approximately 6810, implying that the DNN model can be treated as a highly compressed database that can be used as an alternative to the original database for real-time computing of the optical properties of non-spherical particles in radiative transfer and atmospheric models.
Assessing the Health Outcomes of the Food Access Pilot Project: An Evaluation of a Medically Supportive Food Support Program for People Living with HIV in Rural California Counties
Authors: Yu Linda , Madura Amee , Gil Claudia , Hepfer Paul , Palar Kartika
Published: February 2022

Food insecurity disproportionately affects rural communities and people living with HIV (PLHIV). The Food Access Pilot Project (FAPP) was a California state-funded program that provided home-delivered, medically supportive meals via online meal vendors to food-insecure PLHIV in three rural counties. We performed longitudinal, retrospective analyses of FAPP participant data (n = 158; 504 and 460 person-time observations for viral load and CD4 count, respectively) over 36 months from a Ryan White client management database. Pre-post analyses demonstrated increased prevalence of food security and CD4 ≥ 500 between baseline and 12 months. Population-averaged trends using generalized estimating equations adjusted for participant demographics demonstrated increased odds of viral suppression and CD4 ≥ 500, and increased CD4 count (cells/mm3) for every six months of program enrollment. Home-delivered, medically supportive meals may improve food security status, HIV viral suppression, and immune health for low-income PLHIV in rural settings.
Cardiorespiratory fitness does not offset the increased risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease attributed to smoking: a cohort study
Authors: Kunutsor Setor K. , Jae Sae Young , Mäkikallio Timo H. , Laukkanen Jari A.
Published: February 2022

Though evidence suggests that higher cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) levels can offset the adverse effects of other risk factors, it is unknown if CRF offsets the increased risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) due to smoking. We aimed to evaluate the combined effects of smoking status and CRF on incident COPD risk using a prospective cohort of 2295 middle-aged and older Finnish men. Peak oxygen uptake, assessed with a respiratory gas exchange analyzer, was used as a measure of CRF. Smoking status was self-reported. CRF was categorised as low and high based on median cutoffs, whereas smoking status was classified into smokers and non-smokers. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios with confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. During 26 years median follow-up, 119 COPD cases were recorded. Smoking increased COPD risk 10.59 (95% CI 6.64–16.88), and high CRF levels decreased COPD risk 0.43 (95% CI 0.25–0.73). Compared with non-smoker-low CRF, smoker-low CRF was associated with an increased COPD risk in multivariable analysis 9.79 (95% CI 5.61–17.08), with attenuated but persisting evidence of an association for smoker-high CRF and COPD risk 6.10 (95% CI 3.22–11.57). An additive interaction was found between smoking status and CRF (RERI = 6.99). Except for CRF and COPD risk, all associations persisted on accounting for mortality as a competing risk event. Despite a wealth of evidence on the ability of high CRF to offset the adverse effects of other risk factors, it appears high CRF levels have only modest attenuating effects on the very strong association between smoking and COPD risk.
Genetic diversity in a historic lime tree allée of Széchenyi Castle in Nagycenk, Hungary
Authors: Tóth Endre Gy. , Szilágyi Kinga , Patyi András , György Zsuzsanna
Published: February 2022

Trees are key components of historic gardens and are valuable sources of genetic diversity that need preservation to enrich native populations’ genetic basis in order to enhance long-term viability, and facilitate the species’ adaptation to changing climatic and environmental conditions. The primary objective of our study was to assess the genetic diversity, structure and relationships of theTilia cordataMill. allée at Széchenyi Castle in Nagycenk (UNESCO heritage site), Hungary, to infer the late-Baroque garden’s rich genetic heritage and conservation importance. The small leaved lime individuals at Nagycenk, with an age of 200 years, maintained high genetic diversity with non-significant inbreeding and high allelic richness and number of private alleles. Genetic diversity was similar to Central European natural populations and slightly higher compared to other plant collections, e.g. Eszterházy Castle garden at Fertőd. The surveyed trees exhibited two age groups unrelated with shallow genetic differentiation indicating the potential seed source origin from the local geographic area. Bayesian clustering of individuals showed significant differences from the individuals growing at Fertőd-Esterházy gardens (approx. in a 15 km distance) and otherT. cordatacultivars. We concluded that theT. cordatacollection of Nagycenk is a unique genetic heritage of the former natural vegetation due to its genetic variability and divergence, which would be a valuable source of future breeding programs and conservation.
LncRNA HCP5 Participates in the Tregs Functions in Allergic Rhinitis and Drives Airway Mucosal Inflammatory Response in the Nasal Epithelial Cells
Authors: Yang Chen , Shangguan Chengfang , Cai Changing , Xu Jing , Qian Xiaohua
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an allergic disease characterized as (immunoglobulin, IgE)-mediated type I hypersensitivity disorder. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a crucial role in AR. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the mechanism of how Tregs are regulated by long noncoding RNA HCP5 and the regulatory role of HCP5 in IL-13-induced inflammatory response in nasal epithelial cells (NECs) from AR patients. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and NECs were obtained from collected blood samples and nasal epithelial tissues. CD4+ T cells and Tregs were purified using certain cell isolation kits from PBMCs and Tregs were also differentiated from CD4+ T cells using recombinant human IL-2 and TGF-β. The expression levels of HCP5, miR-16, ATXN2L, GM-CSF, eotaxin, and MUC5AC were detected by real-time PCR and western blot. The concentrations of inflammatory cytokines were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The interaction among HCP5, miR-16, and ATXN2L were verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay. lncRNA HCP5 expression dramatically downregulated in PBMCs, CD4+ T cells, Tregs, and nasal tissues of AR patients, as well as in IL-13-treated NECs. HCP5 promoted Tregs differentiation and proliferation via targeting miR-16/ATXN2L axis. Additionally, HCP5 inhibited IL-13-induced GM-CSF, eotaxin, and MUC5AC production in NECs. HCP5 sponged miR-16 and negatively regulated its expression, and miR-16 targeted ATXN2L and inhibition of miR-16 suppressed IL-13-induced GM-CSF, eotaxin, and MUC5AC expression. HCP5/miR-16/ATXN2L axis mediated Tregs proliferation and functions in AR. Besides, the regulation of IL-13-induced dysfunction of NECs by lncRNA HCP5 depended on miR-16/ATXN2L in the inflammatory response of AR.
Silicon Thermal Flow-Sensor Semi-ideal Model
Authors: Hammerschmidt U. , Sosna C. , Benkert A.
Published: February 2022

A so-called semi-ideal model has been derived for a pulse-operated MEMS thermal flow sensor by reciprocal numerical mapping of the ideal model of an instantaneous line heat source to the experimental data of the sensor. The novel model not only applies as a precise potential working equation for the sensor but also provides insight into the complete thermal signal transmission chain from the heater to the thermometers of the sensor. It gives answers to prominent peculiarities of the actual heat path of the sensor, prepares ways to improve its design, and offers guidance for a better control of the measuring process. The semi-ideal model was derived in order to replace the so far utilized empirical relations that require multiple calibration measurements. It was found out that the transient temperature profile of the sensor in response to an electrical pulse to the heater is substantially shaped by series thermal conduction of heat. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the impact of the thermal mass of a (practical) line heat source on its transient temperature and released enthalpy can be modeled by considering a virtual cylinder surrounding the source. The same analytical technique also applies for (practical) temperature stations. The findings of the study primarily concern the MEMS sensor. Nevertheless, the presented simple method of numerical mapping can be an effective analytical tool for mathematical modeling by means of numerical data analysis and function evaluation. The concept of a virtual cylinder can help in modeling the dynamics of practical pulsed heating.
On reliability of reinforcement learning based production scheduling systems: a comparative survey
Authors: Waubert de Puiseau Constantin , Meyes Richard , Meisen Tobias
Published: February 2022

The deep reinforcement learning (DRL) community has published remarkable results on complex strategic planning problems, most famously in virtual scenarios for board and video games. However, the application to real-world scenarios such as production scheduling (PS) problems remains a challenge for current research. This is because real-world application fields typically show specific requirement profiles that are often not considered by state-of-the-art DRL research. This survey addresses questions raised in the domain of industrial engineering regarding the reliability of production schedules obtained through DRL-based scheduling approaches. We review definitions and evaluation measures of reliability both, in the classical numerical optimization domain with focus on PS problems and more broadly in the DRL domain. Furthermore, we define common ground and terminology and present a collection of quantifiable reliability definitions for use in this interdisciplinary domain. Concludingly, we identify promising directions of current DRL research as a basis for tackling different aspects of reliability in PS applications in the future.
System vicarious calibration of GCOM-C/SGLI visible and near-infrared channels
Authors: Murakami Hiroshi , Antoine David , Vellucci Vincenzo , Frouin Robert
Published: February 2022

Vicarious calibration coefficients (kv) of Second-generation GLobal Imager (SGLI) for ocean color processing were derived using in-situ radiometric buoy measurements from the Marine Optical BuoY (MOBY) and the BOUée pour l'acquiSition d'une Série Optique à Long termE (BOUSSOLE). Two aerosol-model look up tables (LUTs) used in the GCOM-C aerosol retrieval algorithm (LUT-A) and in the previous version of ocean color atmospheric correction algorithm (LUT-B) were tested in the procedures to calculate kv and retrieve remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) and aerosol optical thickness (AOT). Bias of the processed Rrs compared to AERONET-OC Rrs was reduced by applying the determined kv (i.e., corrected SGLI radiance = original SGLI radiance/kv). LUT-A yielded smaller AOT bias compared to AERONET-OC AOT; on the other hand, LUT-B gave smaller Rrs noise due to gentle slope of the aerosol reflectance even though it caused AOT overestimation. When kv was derived by adjusting to the AOT measurements, kv was about 1.1 by LUT-A and 1.2 by LUT-B in the near-infrared (NIR) channel. However, the kv in the NIR channel was close to 1.0 when AOT and land surface reflectance measurements of Radiometric Calibration Network (RadCalNet) were used. The LUT-A with kv from MOBY and BOUSSOLE are currently adopted for the SGLI standard ocean color processing. Improvement is needed, however, to design an optimal LUT suitable for both aerosol and ocean color purposes.
Characterization Method of the V-shaped High-Temperature Superconducting Maglev Module for Transport System Applications
Authors: Lanzara Giovanni , D’Ovidio Gino
Published: February 2022

It is now recognized that high-temperature superconducting (HTS) technology has a significant potential for future magnetic levitation (Maglev) transit system applications due to the advantages of self-stable levitation, being free of electric power and magnetic drag to the vehicle motion, and system simplicity. This article provides a characterization method of the experimental transport system Maglev levitation module developed at the University of L’Aquila (Italy). More specifically, the lifting and guiding behavior of a single V-shaped Maglev module, which is unique for this type of application, is analyzed and tested. Its working principle is based on the interaction between HTS “skate” onboard of the vehicle and the magnetic field generated by the permanent magnets distributed on the guideway (PMG). A single scaled levitation module was built and tested under quasi-static conditions using dedicated measuring equipment by varying system parameters such as vertical gap, lateral offset, and field cooling height. The latter determines the amount of interacting magnetic field that is trapped in the HTS core during its transition from the resistive to the superconducting state and which, in turn, interacts with the field generated by the PMG to create the suspension phenomenon. The Maglev module’s dual behavior due to the double phenomenon of repulsion and attraction has been verified and tested in terms of vertical and lateral forces by varying system parameters. The dual “push and pull” force allows the phenomenon of vehicle driving to be enhanced.
Development of a liquid phase radioimmunoassay for the measurement of serum ferritin levels for the detection of Covid-19 in patients
Authors: Riad Emil Michael , Emam Manal Asem , Ebeid Nahed Hassan , El-bayoumy Ahmed Sami , Sallam Khaled Mohamed , Mehany Nagy Lahzy , Fathy Shadia Abdel-Hamid
Published: February 2022

The aim of this study was the development and analytically validation of a radioimmunoassay system for the measurement of the serum ferritin concentration as one of the laboratory biomarkers for infection by Covid-19. The main components of the system were prepared in our laboratories. The first component ferritin was extracted and purified from human spleen with high purity. The second component was the 125I-labelled ferritin tracer, prepared using Chloramine-T method. Furthermore anti-ferritin antibodies and ferritin standards were provided. The developed system is sensitive, precise, reproducible and.

can be translated into a kit formulation suitable for measuring serum ferritin for the detection of Covid-19 in patients at low costs and high efficiency.
Human Coxsackie- and adenovirus receptor is a putative target of neutrophil elastase-mediated shedding
Authors: Herrmann Leonie , Schelletter Louise , Hoffrogge Raimund , Niehaus Karsten , Rudolph Volker , Farr Martin
Published: February 2022

Background

During viral-induced myocarditis, immune cells migrate towards the site of infection and secrete proteases, which in turn can act as sheddases by cleaving extracellular domains of transmembrane proteins. We were interested in the shedding of the Coxsackie- and adenovirus receptor (CAR) that acts as an entry receptor for both eponymous viruses, which cause myocarditis. CAR shedding by secreted immune proteases could result in a favourable outcome of myocarditis as CAR’s extracellular domain would be removed from the cardiomyocytes’ surface leading to decreased susceptibility to ongoing viral infections.

Methods and results

In this work, matrix metalloproteinases and serine proteinases were screened for their proteolytic activity towards human CAR. Whereas matrix metalloproteinases, proteinase 3, and cathepsin G did not cleave human recombinant CAR or only within long incubation times, neutrophil elastase showed a distinct cleavage pattern of CAR’s extracellular domain that was time- and dose-dependent. Neutrophil elastase cleaves CAR at its membrane-proximal immunoglobulin domain as we determined by nanoLC-MS/MS. Furthermore, neutrophil elastase treatment of cells reduced CAR surface levels as seen by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy.

Conclusions

With this study, we show that CAR might be a target for shedding by neutrophil elastase.
Cascade Forward Artificial Neural Network based Behavioral Predicting Approach for the Integrated Satellite-terrestrial Networks
Authors: Yang Mingchuan , Xie Bingyu , Dou Yingzhe , Xue Guanchang
Published: February 2022

In order to reduce the risk of authorized users being interrupted in the cognitive satellite wireless network, a multi-step prediction approach based on a cascaded forward artificial neural network is proposed to predict user behavior in the designed scenario. This approach uses the powerful learning ability of the cascaded forward network to analyze the historical spectrum occupancy records of licensed users, and then predict the user behavior in the next few time slots. The prediction result can help the base station in the cognitive network to schedule the dynamic access process of the cognitive users, and reduce the interference caused by the cognitive user to the authorized users. Finally, compared with traditional prediction algorithms, it is verified that the proposed multi-step prediction algorithm can effectively reduce the probability of spectrum conflicts.
Involutions of Halphen Pencils of Index 2 and Discrete Integrable Systems
Authors: Wei Kangning
Published: February 2022

We constructed involutions for a Halphen pencil of index 2, and proved that the birational mapping corresponding to the autonomous reduction of the elliptic Painlevé equation for the same pencil can be obtained as the composition of two such involutions.
Assessing Indices Tracking Changes in River Geochemistry and Implications for Monitoring
Authors: Gozzi Caterina , Buccianti Antonella
Published: February 2022

In geochemical data analysis, assessing the potential of new techniques to identify compositional time–space changes is of great interest for monitoring purposes. This work aims to evaluate, in the light of the compositional data analysis perspective, the performance of different statistical indices in tracing the evolution of a geochemical composition and the relationships among its parts. To reach this goal, source-to-sink chemical changes in water and stream sediment composition of the Tiber river (central Italy) are analyzed using three indices: (i) the cumulative sum of unclosed perturbation factors of each composition (row sum) with respect to a reference composition; (ii) the robust Mahalanobis distance, describing the compositional differences from the same reference and, (iii) the geometric mean of each composition as a measure able to capture the interactions among the parts. The results highlight the major compositional changes downriver, allowing to explore geochemical footprints’ propagation and their natural or anthropogenic origin. The tested indices are consistent in most cases, particularly if high-variability species are treated separately and low values are rare. Under this latter condition, the geometric mean of the composition shows a close connection with the cumulative sum of unclosed perturbation factors. This indicates that both indices inherit the complex history of the changes, well capturing the interactions among the parts under the influence of environmental drivers. With this awareness, the application of these methods in monitoring and applied geochemical studies could offer new insights into the inner workings of river systems and their resilience to environmental pressures.
The European 2030 climate and energy package: do domestic strategy adaptations precede EU policy change?
Authors: Ollier Lana , Metz Florence , Nuñez-Jimenez Alejandro , Späth Leonhard , Lilliestam Johan
Published: February 2022

The European Union’s 2030 climate and energy package introduced fundamental changes compared to its 2020 predecessor. These changes included a stronger focus on the internal market and an increased emphasis on technology-neutral decarbonization while simultaneously de-emphasizing the renewables target. This article investigates whether changes in domestic policy strategies of leading member states in European climate policy preceded the observed changes in EU policy. Disaggregating strategic change into changes in different elements (goals, objectives, instrumental logic), allows us to go beyond analyzing the relative prioritization of different goals, and to analyze how policy requirements for reaching those goals were dynamically redefined over time. To this end, we introduce a new method, which based on insights from social network analysis, enables us to systematically trace those strategic chances. We find that shifts in national strategies of the investigated member states preceded the shift in EU policy. In particular, countries reframed their understanding of supply security, and pushed for the internal electricity market also as a security measure to balance fluctuating renewables. Hence, the increasing focus on markets and market integration in the European 2030 package echoed the increasingly central role of the internal market for electricity supply security in national strategies. These findings also highlight that countries dynamically redefined their goals relative to the different phases of the energy transition.
TeknoAssistant : a domain specific tech mining approach for technical problem-solving support
Authors: Garechana Gaizka , Río-Belver Rosa , Zarrabeitia Enara , Alvarez-Meaza Izaskun
Published: February 2022

This paper presents TeknoAssistant, a domain-specific tech mining method for building a problem–solution conceptual network aimed at helping technicians from a particular field to find alternative tools and pathways to implement when confronted with a problem. We evaluate our approach using Natural Language Processing field, and propose a 2-g text mining process adapted for analyzing scientific publications. We rely on a combination of custom indicators with Stanford OpenIE SAO extractor to build a Bernoulli Naïve Bayes classifier which is trained by using domain-specific vocabulary provided by the TeknoAssistant user. The 2-g contained in the abstracts of a scientific publication dataset are classified in either “problem”, “solution” or “none” categories, and a problem–solution network is built, based on the co-occurrence of problems and solutions in the abstracts. We propose a combination of clustering technique, visualization and Social Network Analysis indicators for guiding a hypothetical user in a domain-specific problem solving process.
Isolated Calmness and Sharp Minima via Hölder Graphical Derivatives
Authors: Kruger Alexander Y. , López Marco A. , Yang Xiaoqi , Zhu Jiangxing
Published: February 2022

The paper utilizes Hölder graphical derivatives for characterizing Hölder strong subregularity, isolated calmness and sharp minimum. As applications, we characterize Hölder isolated calmness in linear semi-infinite optimization and Hölder sharp minimizers of some penalty functions for constrained optimization.
Mixing Controlled Adsorption at the Liquid-Solid Interfaces in Unsaturated Porous Media
Authors: Markale Ishaan , Velásquez-Parra Andrés , Alcolea Andrés , Jiménez-Martínez Joaquín
Published: February 2022

The unsaturated zone, located between the soil surface and the phreatic level, plays an important role in defining the fate of any substance entering the subsoil. In addition to the processes of flow and transport taking place in the liquid phase, surface reactions such as adsorption to the solid phase may occur and increase the residence time of the substance entering the system. In this study, we aim to understand the pore-scale mechanisms that control adsorption in unsaturated systems. We combine 2D pore-scale experimental images with numerical simulations to analyze flow, transport, and adsorption under different liquid saturation degrees. We demonstrate the role of mixing on adsorption at the liquid-solid interfaces by analyzing the deformation in time of a pulse-injected surfactant. We also analyze the impact of the isotherm functional shape and the inclusion of the liquid-gas interfaces as adsorption sites on this surface reaction. The enhancement of mixing as saturation decreases is accompanied by a reduction in the amount of adsorbed mass, located mainly along preferential flow paths, where the solute is primarily transported. For the same isotherm, a nonlinear behavior of adsorption as a function of liquid saturation has been observed. This is explained by the nonlinear variation of the volume fraction of liquid behaving as preferential path or stagnation zone as liquid saturation decreases, despite the linear decrease in the surface area of solids accessible for adsorption.
Evaluation of the Impact of Best Management Practices on Streamflow, Sediment and Nutrient Yield at Field and Watershed Scales
Authors: Risal Avay , Parajuli Prem B.
Published: February 2022

Evaluating Best Management Practices (BMPs) in watersheds using hydrologic and water quality models can help to establish an effective watershed water management. Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was applied to Big Sunflower River Watershed (BSRW) and the Stovall Sherard Watershed (SSW) to evaluate BMP’s impact at watershed and field scale watersheds respectively. SWAT was calibrated and validated for streamflow, sediment yield, total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorous (TP) at outlets of three sub-basins of the BSRW, and within the SSW. BMP scenarios of check-dam, tail water pond, vegetative filter strips (VFS), nutrient management, and tillage management were evaluated for their efficacy in reducing streamflow, sediment yield, and nutrient loads at field and watershed scales. The VFS was determined as the most effective BMP in decreasing sediment yield, TN, and TP at both field and watershed scales. At field scale, reduction of sediment yield, TN, and TP by VFS ranged from 8 to 12%, 71% to 98%, and 72% to 99% respectively and at watershed scale, reduction of sediment yield, TN, and TP by VFS ranged from 12 to 38%, 29% to 87%, and 42% to 99% respectively. The application of conservation and zero tillage operation showed reduction in sediment yield by 1% to 2% respectively but increased TN and TP by 2% to 25% at field and watershed scale watersheds. This study will help in managing water at field and watershed scale watersheds regarding BMPs selection and implementation.

Graphical Abstract
Optimal application of soft-palate webbing flap pharyngoplasty combined with nasal surgery for surgical treatment of primary snoring and obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Park Jin-A , Cha Hyunkyung , Kim Su Keun , Woo Hyunjun , Han Seung Cheol , Kim Do Won , Han Doo Hee , Kim Dong-Young , Rhee Chae-Seo , Kim Hyun Jik
Published: February 2022

Background

Excessive collapse of the soft palate and lateral pharyngeal wall narrowing are established causes of loud snoring and sleep apnea in subjects with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Therefore, delicate surgical techniques are needed to reshape the soft palate and create sufficient tension in the lateral pharyngeal wall. This study aimed to determine the therapeutic outcome and favorable indications of soft-palate webbing flap pharyngoplasty in subjects with OSA and primary snoring.

Methods

A total of 174 subjects who underwent soft-palate webbing flap pharyngoplasty combined with uvulopalatal flap and septoturbinoplasty from August 2015 to February 2020 were included in this study. Medical records, including pre- and postoperative sleep parameters, were retrospectively reviewed. The primary outcome measure was the degree of improvement in AHI after surgery. Other outcomes were differences in surgical response rates, subjective visual analog score (VAS) for snoring, sleep quality, and complications.

Results

Polysomnographic results showed that apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) scores were significantly reduced from 39.6 ± 6.1 to 22.9 ± 3.6 following soft-palate webbing flap pharyngoplasty in 59 subjects, and overall success and response rates of this technique were analyzed with 71%. We found that the successful outcomes were observed in 50% of mild (n = 12) and 56% of moderate (n = 16) subjects with OSA subjects due to lateral pharyngeal wall collapse. The success rate of soft-palate webbing flap pharyngoplasty was relatively higher in subjects with mild and moderate OSA than those with severe OSA. Additionally, the mean VAS snoring scale was 4.7 and subjects’ primary snoring intensity significantly improved to 2.9 after soft-palate webbing flap pharyngoplasty. Subjective symptoms such as daytime sleepiness and sleep quality also showed improvement. Most complications were found to be minimal and improved by 1 month after the operation.

Conclusion

Our data demonstrate that soft-palate webbing flap pharyngoplasty is an effective treatment for OSA and primary snoring and may be a promising technique to reduce lateral pharyngeal wall collapse.
Yawning and airway physiology: a scoping review and novel hypothesis
Authors: Doelman Christiaan Jacob , Rijken Johannes Adriaan
Published: February 2022

Background and purpose

Yawning is a stereotypical complex muscular movement and is commonly executed by most vertebrates. In seconds, the entire airway is fully dilated and surrounding muscles are powerfully stretched, most prominently around the pharynx. To date, yawning has been rarely studied, and as of yet there is no consensus on its main function.

Material and methods

To investigate a mechanical airway function for yawning, a literature search was conducted to relate the frequency of yawning and obstructive airway conditions.

Results

The results show that changes in obstructive airway conditions and alteration of the frequency of yawning are temporally related.

Interpretation

These relationships, however, cannot be interpreted as causal, nor can they be extrapolated to explain the function of yawning. Yet airway management and yawning share many physiological characteristics. We therefore propose a novel hypotheses: yawning plays a significant role in airway physiology by muscle repositioning and widening the airway lumen, thereby securing long-term oxygenation.