bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Swimming with the Tide: Solidary Wage Policy and the Gender Earnings Gap
Authors: Edin Per‐Anders , Richardson Katarina
Published: March 2003

This paper addresses the consequences of wage compression for the gender wage gap in Sweden during the period 1968–1991. We find that the effects of changes in the wage structure on women's wages have varied over time and have been partly counteracting. Changes in industry wage differentials have systematically worked against women, while changes in the returns to human capital and unobserved characteristics have contributed to reductions in the gender wage gap. Changes in the wage structure were particularly important between 1968 and 1974 when there was a dramatic reduction in overall wage inequality.

JEL classification: J16; J31; J51
Maternal Representations of Patients with Schizophrenia as Measured by the Parental Bonding Instrument
Authors: Winther Helgeland Margareth I. , Torgersen Svenn
Published: March 2003

Maternal perceptions were assessed, using the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) in 19 subjects with schizophrenia, 14 subjects with borderline personality disorder and 15 non‐clinical subjects. Subjects with schizophrenia and subjects with borderline personality disorder reported significantly less care and more overprotection than did non‐clinical subjects. No significant differences were found in representations by subjects with schizophrenia and subjects with borderline personality disorders. To the extent that the reported negative maternal behaviour gives a true picture of childhood and adolescent experiences, it does not seem to be specific for schizophrenia, but may be one factor in the development of severe mental disorders.
Facial reactions to different emotionally relevant stimuli
Authors: Dimberg Ulf , Karlsson Barry
Published: March 2003

Facial EMG activity was measured from the Corrugator supercilii and the Zygomatic major muscle regions while 48 subjects were exposed to pictures of angry and happy facial expressions, snakes and flowers as well as low and high preference nature scenes. The valency perspective predicted that facial reactions should be related to the intensity of the positive and the negative valency of stimuli. The mimicking behavior approach predicted that facial reactions should only be reflected as a mimicking response to the facial stimuli, whereas the evolutionary:biological perspective predicted that the most clearcut positive and negative facial reactions should be evoked by facial stimuli and by snakes. In support of the latter perspective, the present results showed that angry faces and snakes evoked the most distinct Corrugator supercilii muscle response, whereas happy faces evoked the largest Zygomatic major muscle response.
When cooler heads prevail: Peacemakers in a sports riot
Authors: Russell Gordon W. , Arms Robert L. , Mustonen Anu
Published: March 2003

Male sports fans (N=74) were asked to estimate the likelihood that they would intervene in a crowd disturbance in an attempt to stop the fighting. They also completed a battery of measures that included their attitude toward law and order, fight history, the false consensus effect, impulsivity, psychopathy, sensation seeking, anger, physical aggression and identification with their favourite team. Law and order, body mass, anger and the false consensus effect were positively related to peacemaking whereas sensation seeking was negatively related. A multiple regression analysis yielded a solution that accounted for 32.3% of the variance with anger and attitude toward law and order emerging as the best predictors.
Androgyny and creativity: A study of the relationship between a balanced sex‐role and creative functioning
Authors: Jönsson Peter , Carlsson Ingegerd
Published: March 2003

The relationship between creativity and androgyny was studied in 163 women and men with the Creative Functioning Test (CFT) and the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI). A 2 (femininity: high/low) X 2 (masculinity: high/low) X 2 (sex) ANOVA was conducted on subjects’ CFT scores. A significant interaction effect between femininity and masculinity was found showing that subjects high on both femininity and masculinity (androgynous) and low on both scales (undifferentiated) reached higher CFT scores than female‐typed and male‐typed subjects. Further, a significant three‐way interaction including sex of subject indicated that the former two‐way interaction was accounted for by men only.
Learning related modulation of functional retrieval networks in man
Authors: Petersson Karl Magnus , Sandblom Johan , Gisselgård Jens , Ingvar Martin
Published: March 2003

The medial temporal lobe has been implicated in studies of episodic memory tasks involving spatio‐temporal context and object‐location conjunctions. We have previously demonstrated that an increased level of practice in a free‐recall task parallels a decrease in the functional activity of several brain regions, including the medial temporal lobe, the prefrontal, the anterior cingulate, the anterior insular, and the posterior parietal cortices, that in concert demonstrate a move from elaborate controlled processing towards a higher degree of automaticity. Here we report data from two experiments that extend these initial observations. We used a similar experimental approach but probed for effects of retrieval paradigms and stimulus material. In the first experiment we investigated practice related changes during recognition of object‐location conjunctions and in the second during free‐recall of pseudo‐words. Learning in a neural network is a dynamic consequence of information processing and network plasticity. The present and previous PET results indicate that practice can induce a learning related functional restructuring of information processing. Different adaptive processes likely subserve the functional re‐organisation observed. These may in part be related to different demands for attentional and working memory processing. It appears that the role(s) of the prefrontal cortex and the medial temporal lobe in memory retrieval are complex, perhaps reflecting several different interacting processes or cognitive components. We suggest that an integrative interactive perspective on the role of the prefrontal and medial temporal lobe is necessary for an understanding of the processing significance of these regions in learning and memory. It appears necessary to develop elaborated and explicit computational models for prefrontal and medial temporal functions in order to derive detailed empirical predictions, and in combination with an efficient use and development of functional neuroimaging approaches, to further the understanding of the processing significance of these regions in memory.
Cultural changes (1986–96) in a Norwegian airline company
Authors: Mjøs Kjell
Published: March 2003

The purpose of the study was to investigate cultural changes in a Norwegian airline company over a time span of 10 years. A questionnaire including parameters characterizing culture was administered to air crews in 1986 (n = 137) and in 1996 (n = 50). The performance part of a simulator study in 1996 indicated a significant reduction in operational failures compared with the 1986 study. The data further demonstrated significant changes in cultural variables, such as reduced Dominance and Masculinity, and improved Social climate and Communication. The direction of change in scores on the cultural variables corresponded with the principles on which the remedial actions were based.
The auditory sensory memory trace decays rapidlyin newborns
Authors: Cheour Marie , Čėponiené Rita , Leppänen Paavo , Alho Kimmo , Kujala Teija , Renlund Martin , Fellman Vineta , Näätänen Risto
Published: March 2003

The present study investigated the temporal dynamics of auditory sensory memory in newborns as reflected by the mismatch negativity (MMN), a preattentive electric change‐detection response. MMN was obtained from 24 full‐term healthy newborns who were either awake or asleep (quiet or active sleep) during the experiments. Stimuli were 1,000 Hz tones (standards) that were occasionally replaced by 1,100 Hz tones (deviants). The constant stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) was, in separate blocks, either 450, 800, or 1,500 ms. A prominent MMN was obtained at the 800 ms SOA in all three sleep or waking states, whereas no MMN occurred at 450 and 1,500 ms SOAs. In view of the fact that in adults MMN is elicited even with a 10s SOA, these results imply that the time span of auditory memory is considerably shorter in neonates than in adults and 8‐12‐year‐old children.
Does mood influence the realism of confidence judgments?
Authors: Allwood Carl Martin , Granhag Pär Anders , Jonsson Anna–Carin
Published: March 2003

Previous research has shown that mood affects cognition, but the extent to which mood affects meta–cognitive judgments is a relatively overlooked issue. In the current study we investigated how mood influences the degree of realism in participants’ confidence judgments (based on an episodic memory task). Using music and film in combination, we successfully induced an elated mood in half of the participants, but failed to induce a sad mood in the other half. In line with previous research, the participants in both conditions were overconfident in their judgments. However, and contrary to our prediction, our data indicated that there was no difference in the realism of the confidence between the conditions. When relating this result to previous research, our conclusion is that there is no, or very little, influence of mood of moderate intensity on the realism of confidence judgments.
Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: Autobiographical memory predicts the course of depressive affect after nCPAP therapy
Authors: Svaldi Jennifer J. , Mackinger Herbert F.
Published: March 2003

Although nCPAP therapy has proven to be efficient at removing symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), recovery from depression frequently remains unsatisfactory. Other studies have shown that recall of autobiographical memories (AM) is a psychological vulnerability marker for depression, and also have shown its predictive power for the course of depression. It is therefore hypothesized that AM also predict the course of depressive affect in OSAS patients. Fifty‐four consecutively admitted OSAS patients received standard nCPAP therapy. Specificity of AM assessed at the beginning of treatment was used as a predictor in a regression analysis, and the extent of recovery from depression over a follow‐up period of between six to nine weeks served as the criterion variable. The results supported the hypothesis that patients who were able to recall more specific AM in response to positively valenced cue words showed a more substantial recovery from depression. This has important treatment implications.
The dimensionality of the 12‐item version of the Eating Attitudes Test. Confirmatory factor analyses
Authors: Engelsen Birthe K. , Hagtvet Knut A.
Published: March 2003

The assumed three‐dimensional structure of the 12‐item version of the Eating Attitudes Test was examined by confirmatory factor analysis in a non‐clinical sample of 224 female and 261 male adolescents in grade 8 aged 14–15 years. Alternative models were examined. Data did neither support a three‐dimensional structure, nor a one‐dimensional structure using twelve items. Three dimensions were supported when one and three items were omitted from the girls' and boys' analyses, respectively. A second order factor structure was supported in both genders. Conceptual and psychometric issues are discussed. A discussion of the measurement domain of the eating problem construct in non‐clinicals is warranted.
The role of parents' self‐esteem, mastery‐orientation and social background in their parenting styles
Authors: Aunola Kaisa , Nurmi Jari‐Erik , Onatsu‐Arvilommi Tiina , Pulkkinen Lea
Published: March 2003

In order to examine the extent to which parents' levels of education, financial resources, self‐esteem, and their mastery‐orientation versus task‐avoidance are associated with their parenting styles and parental stress, data from two studies were analyzed. In Study I, parents of 105 6 to 7‐year old children were asked to fill in scales measuring their parenting styles and parental stress, mastery‐orientation, financial resources, and their level of education. In Study II, 235 parents were asked to fill in the same scales. An identical pattern of results was found in the two studies. Parents' self‐esteem and their use of mastery‐oriented strategy were found to be associated with authoritative parenting and low parental stress, whereas parents' low level of education was related to an authoritarian parenting style. The results further showed that the impact of parents' self‐esteem on authoritative parenting and parental stress was partly mediated by thier use of a mastery‐oriented strategy.
Improving Convergence of the Hastings–Metropolis Algorithm with an Adaptive Proposal
Authors: CHAUVEAU DIDIER , VANDEKERKHOVE PIERRE
Published: March 2003

The Hastings–Metropolis algorithm is a general MCMC method for sampling from a density known up to a constant. Geometric convergence of this algorithm has been proved under conditions relative to the instrumental (or proposal) distribution. We present an inhomogeneous Hastings–Metropolis algorithm for which the proposal density approximates the target density, as the number of iterations increases. The proposal density at the nth step is a non‐parametric estimate of the density of the algorithm, and uses an increasing number of i.i.d. copies of the Markov chain. The resulting algorithm converges (in n) geometrically faster than a Hastings–Metropolis algorithm with any fixed proposal distribution. The case of a strictly positive density with compact support is presented first, then an extension to more general densities is given. We conclude by proposing a practical way of implementation for the algorithm, and illustrate it over simulated examples.
Optimal Change‐point Estimation in Inverse Problems
Authors: Neumann Michael H.
Published: March 2003

We develop a method of estimating a change‐point of an otherwise smooth function in the case of indirect noisy observations. As two paradigms we consider deconvolution and non‐parametric errors‐in‐variables regression. In a similar manner to well‐established methods for estimating change‐points in non‐parametric regression, we look essentially at the difference of one‐sided kernel estimators. Because of the indirect nature of the observations we employ deconvoluting kernels. We obtain an estimate of the change‐point by the extremal point of the differences between these two‐sided kernel estimators. We derive rates of convergence for this estimator. They depend on the degree of ill‐posedness of the problem, which derives from the smoothness of the error density. Analysing the Hellinger modulus of continuity of the problem we show that these rates are minimax
A Generalized View on Continuum Regression
Authors: Björkström Anders , Sundberg Rolf
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT. We generalize the relationship between continuum regression (Stone & Brooks, 1990) and ridge regression, by showing that any optimization principle will yield a regressor proportional to a ridge regressor, provided only that the principle implies maximizing a function of the regressor’s sample correlation coefficient and its sample variance. This relationship shows that continuum regression as defined via ridge regression (“least squares ridge regression”) is a more generally valid methodology than previously realized, and also opens up for alternative choices of its second and subsequent factors.
Analogues of Khintchine, Marcinkiewicz–Zygmund and Rosenthal Inequalities for Symmetric Statistics
Authors: Ibragimov R. , Sharakhmetov Sh.
Published: March 2003

In this paper we prove the analogues of Khintchine, Marcinkiewicz–Zygmund and Rosenthal moment inequalities for symmetric statistics of second order in not identically distributed random variables.
Mixed Graphical Models with Missing Data and the Partial Imputation EM Algorithm
Authors: Geng Zhi , Wan Kang , Tao Feng
Published: March 2003

In this paper we discuss graphical models for mixed types of continuous and discrete variables with incomplete data. We use a set of hyperedges to represent an observed data pattern. A hyperedge is a set of variables observed for a group of individuals. In a mixed graph with two types of vertices and two types of edges, dots and circles represent discrete and continuous variables respectively. A normal graph represents a graphical model and a hypergraph represents an observed data pattern. In terms of the mixed graph, we discuss decomposition of mixed graphical models with incomplete data, and we present a partial imputation method which can be used in the EM algorithm and the Gibbs sampler to speed their convergence. For a given mixed graphical model and an observed data pattern, we try to decompose a large graph into several small ones so that the original likelihood can be factored into a product of likelihoods with distinct parameters for small graphs. For the case that a graph cannot be decomposed due to its observed data pattern, we can impute missing data partially so that the graph can be decomposed.
A Note on the Innovation Distribution of a Gamma Distributed Autoregressive Process
Authors: Walker S. G.
Published: March 2003

A representation of the innovation random variable for a gamma distributed first‐order autoregressive process was found by Lawrance (1982) in the form of a compound Poisson distribution, connected with a shot‐noise process. In this note we simplify the representation of Lawrance by providing a direct representation in terms of density functions.
A Bayesian Approach to Selecting Covariates for Prediction
Authors: Marriott J. M. , Spencer N. M. , Pettitt A. N.
Published: March 2003

We consider the problem of selecting a regression model from a large class of possible models in the case where no true model is believed to exist. In practice few statisticians, or scientists who employ statistical methods, believe that a “true” model exists, but nonetheless they seek to select a model as a proxy from which they want to predict. Unlike much of the recent work in this area we address this problem explicitly. We develop Bayesian predictive model selection techniques when proper conjugate priors are used and obtain an easily computed expression for the model selection criterion. We also derive expressions for updating the value of the statistic when a predictor is dropped from the model and apply this approach to a large well‐known data set.
Goodness of Fit Tests for Multivariate Counting Process Models with Applications
Authors: Sun Yanqing , Tiwari Ram C. , Zalkikar Jyoti N.
Published: March 2003

In this paper, we develop some distribution‐free tests for checking the adequacy of the parametric forms of the intensity processes of a multivariate counting process model. The proposed tests, based in Khmaladze's transformations, are derived from the transforms of weighted aggregated martingale residual processes. The transformed processes converge weakly to independent Gaussian martingales under the assumed model. The distribution‐free tests, such as Kolmogorov–Smirnov and Cramer–von Mises type tests, are appropriately defined to account for deviations in each of the transformed aggregated martingale residual processes. Consistency of the tests are discussed. The tests are applicable to multiplicative intensity models such as a competing risks model as well as to non‐multiplicative intensity models such as a constant relative or excess mortality model. A small simulation study is conducted and an illustration to a real data example is provided.
Testing Homogeneity in Gamma Mixture Models
Authors: LIU XIN , PASARICA CRISTIAN , SHAO YONGZHAO
Published: March 2003

This paper characterizes the asymptotic behaviour of the likelihood ratio test statistic (LRTS) for testing homogeneity (i.e. no mixture) against gamma mixture alternatives. Under the null hypothesis, the LRTS is shown to be asymptotically equivalent to the square of Davies's Gaussian process test statistic and diverges at a log n rate to infinity in probability. Based on the asymptotic analysis, we propose and demonstrate a computationally efficient method to simulate the null distributions of the LRTS for small to moderate sample sizes.
Local School Choice Policies in Sweden
Authors: Lidström Anders
Published: March 2003

More choice for parents and students is a major recent change in school policies in most Western countries. In Sweden, these changes coincided with the decentralization of power and responsibilities within primary and secondary education from central to local government. This gave municipalities an important role in the actual implementation of choice policies. The question addressed here is how and why local authorities vary with regard to their promotion of choice in schooling. A theory of local government school choice policies is developed, focusing on the social and political composition of the locality. Four factors are seen as likely to be particularly important: the strength of liberal conservatism, the size of the middle class, ethnic diversity and urban location. The empirical investigation is based on data from the 288 municipalities in Sweden. All four factors turn out to be important, but contrary to previous assumptions, choice policies are not primarily linked to the success of the Moderate (Conservative) Party. Instead, the strength of the middle class is the major explanation. In Sweden, but also in other Western societies, the middle class has emerged as the dominant social stratum. Middle class parents, who themselves are well educated, take a keen interest in their children’s education and are more likely to demand greater opportunities for choice. In the final analysis, this is linked to the changing position of the Social Democratic Party and its aim to broaden its electoral basis by appealing to middle class voters.
The Swedish Election 1998: A Protest Vote and the Birth of a New Political Landscape?
Authors: Moller Tommy
Published: March 2003

The 1998 Swedish general election was a protest election primarily against the Social Democratic Party. The party was hit by a debate on deceit when the unpopular financial restructuring policy was implemented. Disappointed social democratic voters from the 1994 election flocked to the Left Party. Others did not vote at all. The electoral turnout dropped to 81.4 percent; the lowest level in a parliamentary election since the election of 1958. A turnout of 81.4 percent is not particularly low from an international perspective, but it has received a great deal of attention in the political debate. Certain signs do indicate that there has been a general devaluation of voting as a means of exercising political influence among large groups of voters. Other forms of influence are perceived as being more meaningful. A sense of meaninglessness, of individual and institutional powerlessness, also seems to be spreading to social groups that have traditionally had a fundamental trust in the political system.
Crowding out Citizenship
Authors: Ostrom Elinor
Published: March 2003

The currently accepted theory of collective action presumes that individuals are helplessly trapped in social dilemmas. This has led to a form of policy analysis that presumes external authorities must solve all collective‐action problems. The presumed universal need for externally implemented incentives is based, however, on a single model of rational behavior. This model has been shown to be an inadequate foundation to explain extensive empirical findings from the field and the experimental laboratory related to nonmarket settings. Thus, it is necessary to adopt a broader theory of human behavior that posits multiple types of individuals – including rational egoists as well as conditional cooperators – and examines how the contexts of collective action affect the mix of individuals involved. I will briefly review the empirical evidence related to intrinsic motivations and how external incentives may crowd out or crowd in behaviors that are based on intrinsic preferences. I then discuss the delicate problem of designing institutions that enhance citizenship rather than crowding it out. The penchant for neat, orderly hierarchical systems needs to be replaced with a recognition that complex, polycentric systems are needed to cope effectively with complex problems of modern life and to give all citizens a more effective role in the governance of democratic societies.
New Organisational Solutions in Norwegian Local Councils: Leaving a Puzzling Role for Local Politicians?
Authors: Vabo Signy Irene
Published: March 2003

Inspired by the concept of New Public Management, recent organisational alterations in Norwegian local councils have aimed to change the role of local politicians from a traditional to a strategic political one. Traditionally, local politicians have been involved in the day‐to‐day activities of the council, and have tended to address single issues and details. Strategic leadership implies, however, a withdrawal from close contact with the service departments and a primary focus on (preferably pivotal) issues of a general and/or principle nature, such as budgeting, goal setting, and planning. In addition, establishment of stronger coordinating bodies is emphasised. Drawing on evidence from a large body of research, it is concluded that so far, for the ordinary local politician, the new role is rather puzzling, that is, confusing and perplexing, thus creating a certain sense of uneasiness. Two theoretical reasons for this state of affairs are presented. First, it is demonstrated that some of the chosen organisational solutions simply cannot be assumed to work as intended. Second, it is argued that the concept of strategic political leadership represents such a challenge to the local politicians’ traditional behaviour that a certain amount of reluctance and prevarication is to be expected. The article concludes with a discussion of why the changes have taken place in several municipalities, despite the demonstrable weaknesses in the basic idea. One suggested reason is the improvements to the working conditions of the political and administrative elite as a result of the changes.
The Electoral Fate of Ethnoregionalist Parties in Western Europe: A Boolean Test of Extant Explanations
Authors: Gordin Jorge P.
Published: March 2003

In this study I argue that we need to rethink some theoretical and empirical considerations related to our understanding of ethnoregionalist (ETR) parties in Western Europe. Research has stressed the strong impact of structural attributes of political systems, mostly electoral systems with proportional representation (PR), on the electoral success of ETR parties. From applying Boolean analysis to compare 12 ETR parties with varied levels of electoral success, it is claimed that the emphasis on type of electoral system as the determinant factor present in the relevant literature on small and regional parties is unjustified and that the presence of a distinctive local language, understood as a facilitating factor to translate regional demands and protest into political influence, is the most critical variable to avoid electoral failure. Moreover, most causal factors are linked through a structure of ‘elective affinity’ (social and political determinants as lying in closely related bundles) according to the specificity of ethnoregionalist politics. This finding not only sheds light on the fate of ETR parties but may also apply to other ideologically eclectic political parties.
Moving Away from the Ideal: The Rational Use of Referendums in the Baltic States
Authors: Møller Luise Pape
Published: March 2003

Most theories on the use of referendum focus on its democratic virtues. With this point of reference the article analyses the causes of variation in the use of referendums in Latvia and Lithuania since independence. It shows that the referendum has been part of a rational strategy of political parties. Differences in the degree of polarization within the party systems created different incentive structures. As a result, parties in Latvia followed the defensive decision–controlling strategy, trying to prevent decisions made by the opposition from being carried out, while in Lithuania the parties sought to get their own proposals adopted through the decision–promoting strategy. The results reported in this article do not represent a universal explanation for the use of referendum as it is acknowledged that significant differences do exist between transition countries and consolidated democracies, but they do constitute a first step in new theory building.
Community identity and language change in North American Anabaptist communities
Authors: Johnson‐Weiner Karen M.
Published: March 2003

Patterns of language maintenance and shift among historical German‐speaking North American Amish and Mennonite communities reveal ways in which these groups have utilized language to encode and mediate group identity. The Old Order Amish and the Old Order Mennonites have maintained German to resist secular authority, to remain separate from the dominant society, to preserve the traditions of their forefathers and, above all, to mark themselves as Old Order. More liberal groups have shifted to English to demonstrate a commitment to evangelism and a rejection of Old Order practice. This paper supports the view that individual communities may actively direct language change. Guided by an ideology that invests particular patterns of language use with religious significance, each Amish and Mennonite community determines its own linguistic fate.
Don’t be cheeky’: Requests, directives and being a child
Authors: Sealey Alison
Published: March 2003

The study described in this article collected naturalistic data from six children aged eight to nine talking with their relatives and friends. The article focuses on directives and requests used by the children and their interlocutors in informal conversations. It proposes that – as previous research has found – some requests and directives are distinctive because of the children’s social status as children, but also suggests that, since ‘being a child’ is a relational and socially negotiated role, its significance varies across different interactions.
Historical and theoretical perspectives in language policy and planning
Authors: Ricento Thomas
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the evolution of language policy and planning (LPP) as an area of research from the end of World War II to the present day. Based on analysis of the LPP literature, three types of factors are identified as having been instrumental in shaping the field. These factors – macro sociopolitical, epistemological, and strategic – individually and interactively have influenced the kinds of questions asked, methodologies adopted, and goals aspired to in LPP research. Research in LPP is divided into three historical phases: (1) decolonization, structuralism, and pragmatism; (2) the failure of modernization, critical sociolinguistics, and access; and (3) the new world order, postmodernism, and linguistic human rights. The article concludes with a discussion of current research trends and areas requiring further investigation.
Non‐standard spellings in media texts: The case of German fanzines
Authors: Androutsopoulos Jannis K.
Published: March 2003

Based on an investigation of spellings in German punk fanzines (a blend of ‘fan’+‘(maga)zine’), this paper sketches a framework for the analysis of non‐standard spellings in media texts. The analysis distinguishes between a number of spelling types, which include both representations of spoken language and purely graphemic modifications, and three patterns of spelling usage: spellings as a part of the text's regular features, spelling choices as contextualization cues, and as cues of subcultural positioning. By examining the relations between types and usages of non‐standard spellings, the paper demonstrates how young writers creatively use the graphemic resources of their language in order to communicate sociocultural meanings, at the same time constructing an orthographic anti‐standard in the restricted field of music‐related subcultural discourse.
Extremely interesting, very interesting, or only quite interesting? Adverbs and social class
Authors: Macaulay Ronald
Published: March 2003

An earlier study, based on interviews with a socially stratified sample showed a difference in the use of adverbs, with the middle–class speakers using derived adverbs in –ly more than twice as frequently as the working–class speakers. An examination of interactions in peer–group same–sex dyads shows a similar socially stratified pattern in both adults and adolescents. There are similar differences in the use of some other adverbs and certain adjectives. The consistency of the results suggests that there is a stable difference in speech styles between the two social classes and that this difference reflects a different attitude on the part of the speakers to their audience.
Policy Influences on Unemployment: the European Experience
Authors: Pissarides Christopher A.
Published: March 2003

This paper considers the implications of four kinds of labour market policies for the 1980s rise in European unemployment: unemployment compensation, active labour market policies, employment protection legislation and taxation. It finds evidence that all have played a role in the determination of unemployment and discusses the mechanisms involved, the extent of the influence of each and the lessons learned from this experience. One of the main findings is that there is a trade‐off between wage inequality and unemployment. Policy has played a role in determining how a country responded to the negative macroeconomic shocks of the 1980s but policy alone cannot explain the full rise in European unemployment and North American wage inequality.
Overtime Work and Overtime Compensation in Germany
Authors: Bauer Thomas , Zimmermann Klaus F.
Published: March 2003

Sharing the available stock of work more fairly is a popular concern in the public policy debate. One policy proposal is to reduce overtime work in order to allow the employment of more people. This paper suggests that such a concept faces major problems. Using Germany as a case study, it is shown that the group of workers with the highest risks of becoming unemployed, namely the unskilled, also exhibit low levels of overtime work. Those who work overtime, namely the skilled, face excess demand on the labour market. Since skilled and unskilled workers are largely complements in production, a general reduction in overtime will lead to less production and hence also to a decline in the level of unskilled employment. The paper provides empirical support for this line of argument. It is also shown that paid overtime work has lost relative importance over time.
Predicting UK Business Cycle Regimes
Authors: Birchenhall Chris , Osborn Denise , Sensier Marianne
Published: March 2003

This paper uses logistic regression to construct a one‐quarter ahead prediction model for classical business cycle regimes in the UK. The binary dependent variable is obtained by applying simple mechanical rules to date turning points in quarterly real GDP data from 1963 to 1999. Using a range of real and financial leading indicators, several parsimonious one‐quarter‐ahead models are developed for the GDP regimes, with model selection based on the SIC criterion. A real M4 variable is consistently found to have predictive content. One model that performs well combines this with nominal UK and German short‐term interest rates. The role of the latter emphasises the open nature of the UK economy.
Overcrowding and Infant Mortality: A Tale of Two Cities
Authors: Cage R. A. , Foster John
Published: March 2003

Using detailed historical data for the cities of Glasgow and Edinburgh, evidence is found in support of the hypothesis that overcrowding is a significant cause of infant mortality. We distinguish between voluntary overcrowding (due to the budgetary choices of poor families) and involuntary overcrowding (due to market failure in the provision of an adequate supply of appropriate housing). We found that, over the fifty year period, 1911–1961, Glasgow’s infant mortality rate was significantly higher than that of Edinburgh, despite their close geographical proximity, and that a large part of the difference can be attributed to involuntary overcrowding in the first half of the twentieth century. We argue that this was due to the distinctly different housing policies adopted by the two cities, with important lessons for present day public authorities.
Natural Environmental Hazards and Their Management: A Case Study of Sagar Island, India
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Sunando
Published: March 2003

The reclamation of Sagar island from the Sundarban mangrove wetlands of the western Ganga Brahmaputra delta was initiated in 1811. At present the island is almost wholly settled. The major natural environmental hazards (NEH) that affect the island are tropical cyclones, coastal erosion, tidal ingression and dunal encroachment. Human adjustments to these problems include acceptance, technological control, relocation, regulation and emergency measures. Seven different agencies manage the existing NEH‐prevention projects of the island, often with little coordination. Important schemes managed by these agencies include coastal and interior embankments, mangrove plantations, storm refuges, resettlement projects and vegetation wind‐breaks. Their efficiency ranges from excellent to very poor. Since a large outlay is inconceivable, the island’s hazard prevention projects should mobilise existing resources in a more rational and coordinated manner. The long‐term solution to the problems, however, lies in an accelerated socio‐economic development of the region.
The State and Civil Society: Transition and Prospects of Labour Geographies in an Era of Economic Globalisation in Nigeria and South Africa
Authors: Lado Cleophas
Published: March 2003

This paper seeks to provide a comparative analysis of the role of labour movements in democratisation during two very different political transitions in Nigeria and South Africa and in the context of globalisation and neoliberal hegemony. First, Nigeria is examined as an example of authoritarian rollback and containment of pro‐democracy movements in an economy heavily conditioned by interventions from the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. Second, South Africa is discussed as a case of home‐grown structural adjustment or gradual neoliberal shift in macroeconomic policies without relevant external interventions. The paper compares the failure of past Nigerian democratisation with the problems and issues arising after the first successful democratic electoral change in South Africa. Labour is analysed by focusing on its relationships with a set of organisations, institutions and regulated behaviours, and the broader concept of labour movement in its plurality of forms of identity, militancy and organisation. The argument of this paper is that the neoliberal discourse, with or without overt political authoritarianism, involves a narrowing of spaces for institutionalising the progressive role of labour in civil society. In the Nigerian case, this process leads to grassroots' demand for a significant radicalisation of trade union strategies, while the possibilities and constraints for such an outcome in the South African case are explored in relation to the crisis of corporatist solutions. The paper concludes that the impact of labour is the single most important factor in the establishment of democracy through alliance with other social forces. At the same time, this conclusion cautions with the contradictory nature of pressures placed on organised labour.
A Longitudinal Study of Mother‐Child Relationships and Theory of Mind in the Preschool Period
Authors: Symons Douglas K. , Clark Sharon E.
Published: March 2003

To investigate individual differences in theory of mind acquisition, this study examined whether different aspects of early mother‐child relationships contributed to the development of false belief understanding at the close of the preschool period. Forty‐six mother and child pairs were seen when children were two and again at five years of age. At age two, home‐based Q‐sort observations of attachment security and maternal sensitivity were made, and mothers completed a number of self‐report measures to create an aggregate of maternal emotional distress. At age five, attachment security and maternal distress were reassessed, and false belief tasks were administered that were based on unexpected identities and locations of objects. In addition, attachment‐relevant false belief tasks involving separation from caregivers were also used, which children found significantly more difficult than tasks involving objects. Age five security predicted object location task performance. Maternal sensitivity and emotional distress at age two predicted later caregiver location task performance, even controlling for age five measures. These results support a growing literature on the importance of relationship processes and parenting context to theory of mind acquisition.
The Confused Robot: Two‐Year‐Olds’ Responses to Breakdowns in Conversation
Authors: Ferrier Suzanne , Dunham Philip , Dunham Frances
Published: March 2003

Preschool children at two ages conversed with a toy robot during a play session. During the conversations the robot inserted either general (e.g., What?) or specific (e.g., Piggy is in what?) contingent queries in response to selected utterances. The children’s replies to these breakdowns in conversation indicated they were sensitive to the pragmatic requirements of these different types of query. By 33 months of age, the children replied to general queries with complete repetitions of their prior misunderstood utterance, and replied to specific queries with only the required constituentinformation. At 27 months of age, the children’s predominant strategy was to reply to both forms of query with complete repetitions, although the data suggest some degree of sensitivity to these different forms is also present in this younger group. These results are interpreted in terms of children’s sensitivity to Grice’s (1975) quantity rule and the potential changes in social cognition underlying children’s compliance with this rule.
Do Different Infant Smiles Reflect Different Positive Emotions?
Authors: Fogel Alan , Nelson‐Goens G. Christina , Hsu Hui‐Chin
Published: March 2003

Different types of infant smiles in the family of positive emotions were investigated during two mother‐infant games: peekaboo and tickle. There were 27 6‐month‐old infants and 28 12‐month‐olds. Infant smiles were coded as simple (lip corner retraction only), Duchenne (simple plus cheek raising), play (simple plus jaw drop), and duplay (simple plus cheek raise and jaw drop). Results show that each type of smile has a systematic pattern of association with the game (peekaboo or tickle), component (setup or climax), trial (six trials for each game), and the direction of the infant’s gaze. No significant age differences were found. We conclude that when smiling, infants may experience qualitatively different kinds of enjoyment during these two games: enjoyment of readiness to engage in play (simple smiles while gazing at mother during peekaboo), enjoyment of relief (simple smiles while gazing away from mother after being tickled), enjoyment of participation and agency (Duchenne smiles with gaze at mother during the climax of early tickle game trials), enjoyment of escape (Duchenne smiles while gazing away during tickle climax), and enjoyment of build‐up (duplay smiles during the climax of later trials). These findings show that the same facial action, smiling, can reflect different positive emotions depending upon cooccurring facial actions and the dynamics of the social process, and that the positive emotional experience of infants as young as six months is more complex than previously reported.
First Communion: The Emergence of Vocal Relationships
Authors: Locke John L.
Published: March 2003

Human infants engage in vocal communion with their mother and other prospective caregivers as soon as it becomes possible to do so. As the term is used here, ‘communion’ refers to a continuous state or feeling of connectedness owing to the existence of a communications link that is maintained largely by the vocalizations of infants and caregivers. It is proposed that certain types of vocalization that infants place in this channel encourage physical approach and caregiving. Several of the social behaviors that predict lexical learning, including joint attention and vocal imitation, are also, in theory, associated with maternal attachment. Since quality of attachment also predicts language development, research is needed to determine which behaviors are functionally related to language learning and which are only symptomatic of a relationship that is independently influential.
The Power of Perception: Children's Appearance as a Factor in Adults’ Predictions of Gender‐typical Behavior
Authors: Rogers Cindy M. , Ritter Jean M.
Published: March 2003

We examined the influence of 3‐year‐olds’ facial characteristics on adults’ predictions of children's gender‐typical behaviors. Eighty‐nine adults viewed 12 photographs of children's faces differing in masculinity/femininity but matched for attractiveness. Half of the adults were told the sex of each child; half were not. Adults reported that masculine‐looking girls would be more likely to engage in masculine gender‐typical behavior and less likely to engage in feminine gender‐typical behavior compared with feminine‐looking girls. Adults also indicated that feminine‐looking boys would be more likely to engage in feminine gender‐typical behavior and less likely to engage in masculine gender‐typical behavior compared with masculine‐looking boys. When presented with both gender information and appearance cues, adults relied more heavily on the perceptual cue of appearance when predicting gender‐typical behaviors for both boys and girls.
The Role of Second‐Order Belief‐Understanding and Social Context in Children’s Self‐Attribution of Social Emotions
Authors: Bennett Mark , Matthews Lorraine
Published: March 2003

Children’s self‐attribution of social emotions was hypothesised (i) to be related to their second‐order belief‐understanding and (ii) to be more strongly related to social‐ conventional than moral rule violations. Thirty children aged between 4 and 7 years were presented with Sullivan, Zaitchik & Tager‐Flusberg’s (1994) second‐order false belief task and with four hypothetical scenarios in which they were required to imagine that they had violated particular moral and social conventional rules. As predicted, the self‐attribution of social emotions was significantly related to second‐order belief understanding, primarily in social‐conventional rather than moral contexts.