bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Work Motivation and Performance: A Social Identity Perspective
Authors: Van Knippenberg Daan
Published: March 2003

Work motivation and performance were analysed from the perspective of social identity theory and self‐categorisation theory. Central in this analysis is the relation of organisational identification with the motivation to exert effort on behalf of the collective. A theoretical analysis as well as a review of empirical studies of the relationship of organisational identification with motivation and performance leads to the conclusion that identification is positively related to work motivation, task performance, and contextual performance to the extent that (a) social identity is salient, and (b) high performance is perceived to be in the group’s or organisation’s interest.
Individual Differences in Work Motivation: Further Explorations of a Trait Framework
Authors: Kanfer Ruth , Ackerman Phillip
Published: March 2003

Empirical evidence on the conceptual and construct validity of the motivational trait taxonomy proposed by Kanfer and Heggestad is presented. 228 adults completed a shortened form of the Motivational Trait Questionnaire (MTQ), along with a battery of personality and ability measures. Relationships of the MTQ with personality measures show evidence of convergent and discriminant validity for trait constructs of Personal Mastery, Competitive Excellence, and Motivation Related to Anxiety. In addition, MTQ scale scores were generally unrelated to composite measures of fluid and crystallised intelligence. Examination of age differences showed a pattern of developmental decline in the achievement trait complex, but not the anxiety complex.
Exploring the Implicit Leadership Theory in the Arabian Gulf States
Authors: Abdalla Ikhlas A. , Al‐Homoud Moudi A.
Published: March 2003

A partir de données GLOBE Grées de questionnaires administrés à des cadres moyens du Qatar (N=101) et du Koweit (N=78) et d’entretiens approfondis auprès de onze cadres moyens du Qatar et dix du Koweit, cette étude analyse les traits du leadership efficace dans les Etats du Golfe. On s’intéresse aussi à la théorie du leadership implicite dans une approche culturelle. Les résultats montrent que le Qatar et le Koweit sont très proches pour ce qui est des profils globaux des leaders efficaces ou exceptionnels. Le leader efficace est compétent sur le plan administratif, diplomate, visionnaire, intègre, centré sur la performance et il suscite des idées. Une analyse factorielle de second ordre confirme la proximité des deux pays pour ce qui est des caractéristiques du leadership efficace. Les variables démographiques ont un impact très faible sur la représentation que les répondants se font du leadership efficace. Cette recherche décrit la double série de valeurs que représentent la tradition et le modernisme dans les deux sociétés.
The Three‐Component Model of Organisational Commitment: An Application to South Korea
Authors: Lee Kibeom , Allen Natalie J. , Meyer John P. , Rhee Kyung‐Yong
Published: March 2003

We conducted two studies to determine whether the three‐component model of organisational commitment (Meyer & Allen, 1991) is generalisable to a non‐Western culture using data from South Korea. In Study 1, we found that when the 6‐item versions of the scales (Meyer, Allen, & Smith, 1993) were translated into Korean, the psychometric properties of the Affective Commitment Scale were similar to those found in North America, but problems were identified in the Continuance and Normative Commitment Scales. In Study 2, we found that these problems could be overcome by adopting a revised set of items written in North America. The new scales demonstrated good psychometric properties in terms of factorial validity, internal consistency, and criterion‐related validity with respect to turnover intention. We concluded that the three commitment constructs are likely to generalise to non‐Western cultures, but that there might be a need to refine the measures for cross‐cultural research.
The Role of Gender, Ethnicity, and Age in Intergroup Behavior in a Naturalistic Setting
Authors: Sriram N.
Published: March 2003

Cette recherche analyse le rôle du genre, de l’appartenance ethnique et de l’âge dans le choix d’une place dans un bus de Singapour. Dans chacune des 1,239 observations, un passager pouvait s’asseoir sur l’une des deux places libres situées à côté d’un voyageur assis près d’une vitre. On notait les caractéristiques de l’arrivant et des deux personnes assises. L’impact du groupe d’appartenance apparut en ce qui concerne le genre et aussi de façon très nette pour les personnes du groupe ethnique majoritaire. Pour ce qui est de l’âge, les jeunes étaient régulièrement préférés. Les femmes tenaient compte plus que les hommes du genre, de l’âge et de l’appartenance ethnique. Quand les deux passagers‐fenêtre relevaient de la même catégorie, des différences intéressantes apparaissaient: les femmes ne voyaient pas d’inconvénient à s’asseoir près de l’un des deux hommes, mais les hommes évitaient de s’asseoir près de l’une des deux femmes. Si les futurs voisins avaient à peu près le même âge, c’est le groupe d’appartenance qui déterminait le choix.

This study examined the role of gender, ethnicity, and age in seating preferences of bus commuters in Singapore. In each of 1,239 observations, a commuter chose to sit next to one of two available window commuters. The characteristics of the chooser and the two window commuters were recorded. In‐group preference was found with respect to gender and was also clearly present for choosers in the majority ethnic group. In the case of age, there was consistent preference for younger over older persons. Compared to males, females exhibited more consistent gender, ethnicity, and age effects. When both window commuters were from the same category, interesting contrasts were observed. Females do not mind sitting next to one of two males but males avoid sitting next to one of two females. If both window commuters are from the same age group, in‐group attraction emerges.
Budgeting—the Role of Trust and Participation: A Research Note
Authors: Lau Chong M. , Buckland Christen
Published: March 2003

Prior studies have found a combination of an evaluative style with high budget emphasis and high participation to be associated with better behavioural outcomes (e.g., lower job‐related tension) than all other combinations of budget emphasis and participation. Yet there has been little research to investigate the theory on why this particular combination of budget emphasis and participation is associated with better behavioural outcomes. A path analytical model, which investigates the intervening effects of trust and participation on the relationship between budget emphasis and job‐related tension, was used. Senior Norwegian managers were selected as subjects for this study. The results indicate that budget emphasis has an insignificant direct effect on job‐related tension but a strong indirect effect through trust and participation. Trust also has an intervening effect on the relationship between budgetary participation and job‐related tension. It is therefore possible to conclude that high budget emphasis is associated with high budgetary participation and high trust. High trust, in turn, is associated with reduced subordinates’ job‐related tension.
Establishing a Liberal Political Order Through a Constitution: The Papua New Guinea Experience
Authors: Ghai Yash
Published: March 2003

The experience with the independent constitution of Papua New Guinea is examined in this article to argue that, while constitutions are able to set up institutions and define their jurisdiction, they are less effective in establishing values and norms. Constitutions establish broad frameworks for politics but are rarely successful in determining the dynamics of politics or the conduct of parties, which depend principally on social and economic circumstances. The parliamentary system in PNG has been influenced more by traditional notions of clan leadership and reciprocity than by any Westminster convention. In PNG, the courts and other institutions for discipline and control of administration have been more effective than in many other developing countries, principally due to the weakness of the state‐political system. Nevertheless, there remains considerable tension between the Rule of Law and democracy as it has developed in PNG.
Reforming Cuban Agriculture
Authors: Deere Carmen Diana
Published: March 2003

This article focuses on the two major reforms undertaken in the Cuban agricultural sector during 1993 and 1994: the re‐organization of the state farm sector into worker‐managed production co‐operatives and the opening of free agricultural markets for above‐plan production. It is argued that the Cuban agricultural sector is now characterized by multiple forms of organization of production and land tenure or a ‘mixed economy’, and that the two reforms have produced a turn‐around in agricultural performance. Still, the macro‐economic impact is likely to depend on a deepening of the reforms in two directions: the development of a free market in agricultural inputs and a reform of the food rationing system.
Time and the Global: Against the Homogeneous, Empty Communities in Contemporary Social Theory
Authors: Kelly John
Published: March 2003

What are the chronopolitics of global–local relations? This article reconsiders the oversymmetric portrayals of identity and nationalism in Benedict Anderson's Imagined Communities, and reopens questions about chronopolitics raised by Johannes Fabian in Time and the Other. Anderson relies heavily on Walter Benjamin, but seriously misunderstands him, in his portrayal of nations as parallel communities in ‘homogeneous, empty, time’. Against Anderson's premise that homogeneous, empty time is real, this article argues that calibrated asymmetries in global time were made real by colonial practices, that we have forgotten that glory and hierarchical self‐assertion, not horizontal comradeship, were central to Europe's Rome‐fantasizing imperial nations, and that élite diaspora have replaced imperial conquests precisely in the wake of decolonization and the rise of UN ideology.
Export‐Oriented Employment, Poverty and Gender: Contested Accounts
Authors: Razavi Shahra
Published: March 2003

Recent discussions on the ‘social clause’ have opened up a pandora's box. This article probes some of the salient issues raised in that debate by looking more specifically at how women's incorporation into the export‐oriented manufacturing sector has been interpreted by neo‐classical, institutionalist and feminist writers. The neo‐classical position, represented by the World Bank, remains strongly prescriptive but relatively weak in its analysis of the dynamics of female employment (i.e. its causes and implications) and the gendered nature of labour markets. There has been a much more constructive dialogue between institutionalist and feminist writers. The latter have emphasized the gendered nature of the labour contract, the significance of looking beyond the boss/worker dyad (i.e. at the conjugal/familial sphere) and the importance of listening to women workers' subjective assessments of their work and its meanings. At the more practical level, while improving the conditions of work remains an important agenda item, for the labour‐surplus developing countries the question of numbers (of jobs) may arguably take priority. It is thus important to avoid strategies which may impose a quantity–quality trade‐off. As such it may be useful to explore broad‐based social policies and redistributive measures that can ensure a higher standard of living for the workers without jeopardizing their jobs.
Moral Ecological Rationality, Institutions and the Management of Common Property Resources
Authors: Cleaver Frances
Published: March 2003

This article considers theories of collective action in relation to the management of communal water resources in Nkayi District, Zimbabwe. Taking a critical view of institutional explanations of common property resource management, it illustrates how the addition of social theory can enrich such approaches. The prevalence of rational choice premises in defining the problem of collective action and the persuasiveness of institutionalism in apparently offering solutions to it is questioned. The article rejects simple evolutionary theorizing about institutions in favour of an embedded approach that allows for complexity, for the social and historical location of collective action and for an examination of the interface between agent and structure. It is argued here that collective management of water supplies does exist but that it is more partial, changeable and evolving and less attributable to single factors than suggested in much of the literature.
Transnational Corporations, Industrial Policy and the ‘War of Incentives’: The Case of the Argentine Automobile Industry
Authors: Miozzo Marcela
Published: March 2003

In the context of intensified internationalization of production, automobile firms in Argentina face a profoundly different structure of incentives to the prior decades of import substitution industrialization. Recent policies in the Argentine auto industry have been aimed at a recovery through a reorientation towards exports. Two initiatives set the context for changes during the 1990s: an industry–government–labour agreement and the implementation of a commercial partnership with Brazil. The dramatic recovery of the sector is an apparent validation of the policies implemented. This article questions this recovery by drawing on case‐study work at a number of auto plants and components suppliers. The effects of these policies on changes in the structure of production and industry and on externalities supporting domestic firms are examined. Lessons are drawn for the role of government policy in supporting the contribution of transnational corporations to domestic technological and organizational development.
Brave New Words? A Critique of Stiglitz’s World Bank Rethink
Authors: Standing Guy
Published: March 2003

While in the position of Chief Economist of the World Bank, Joseph Stiglitz produced a string of papers, one of which proposed moving beyond the ‘Washington consensus’ to a ‘new development paradigm’, which he hoped the World Bank would espouse. This article offers a critique of that paper and the premises underlying any attempt to reposition an international banking agency. In particular, it focuses on Stiglitz’s attempt to jettison ‘conditionality’ and his argument that developmental assistance should seek to foster socio‐economic transformation and not be about ‘projects’. It also considers the ramifications of the call to make the World Bank ‘the knowledge bank’. Finally, it highlights what is missing from the proposed paradigm, bearing in mind the World Bank’s new ‘holistic development framework’.
Political Obstacles to Decentralization: Evidence from Argentina and the Philippines
Authors: Eaton Kent
Published: March 2003

Decentralization has swept across the developing world in recent years. Although the speed and scope of the shift toward more decentralized practices is striking, decentralization is neither inevitable nor irreversible. Rather, it faces enormous political obstacles and can be subject to serious setbacks. This article accounts for attempts by national politicians to thwart decentralization in two countries that recently adopted some of the most significant decentralizing changes in their respective regions: Argentina and the Philippines. Based on fieldwork in each country, it suggests that even after the political decision to decentralize has been made, national politicians may face deep‐seated incentives to preserve centralized control over fiscal policy. In Argentina, President Carlos Menem partially reversed the previous decentralization of revenue because fiscally‐independent provincial governors were a challenge to his political interests and capabilities. In the Philippines, legislators attempted to reverse and then circumvent decentralization since it threatened their status as brokers claiming personal credit for negotiating fiscal transfers from the centre. The article identifies an intermediate outcome in both countries, according to which decentralizing policies are neither entirely reversed nor implemented as initially designed.
State Collapse as Business: The Role of Conflict Trade and the Emerging Control Agenda
Authors: Cooper Neil
Published: March 2003

This article examines the role played by conflict trade in the process of state collapse. Conflict trade is defined here as the trade in non–military goods such as diamonds, timber and drugs that finances war. Such trade includes both the export and import of goods to a war zone as well as extra–territorial trade undertaken by supporters of a warring faction. It is argued that the decline of superpower military aid coupled with the broader effects of centre–periphery exploitation mediated through a neo–liberal and western imposed version of globalization has meant such trade has a particular salience both in contemporary conflict and the process of state collapse. Equally, though, the reliance of warring factions on conflict trade means they are also susceptible to changes in the market for their goods, creating a vulnerability that can (and to some extent has been) exploited to promote peace. The emerging control agenda on conflict trade is currently characterized by a number of problems — most notably, the risk that the control of conflict trade might become a substitute for action on arms exports; that international action has largely been undertaken within an inappropriate statist paradigm; that control has sometimes taken second place to economic or strategic interests and that policy has become hostage to a ‘drugs and thugs’ agenda which risks undermining its effectiveness.
Evolving Themes in Rural Development 1950s‐2000s
Authors: Ellis Frank , Biggs Stephen
Published: March 2003

This article provides a brief overview of the major switches in rural development thinking that have occurred over the past half‐century or so. Dominant and subsidiary themes are identified, as well as the co‐existence of different narratives running in parallel. The continuing success of the long‐running ‘small‐farm efficiency’ paradigm is highlighted. The article concludes by asking whether sustainable livelihoods approaches can be interpreted as providing a new or different way forward for rural development in the future. The answer is a cautious ‘yes’, since these approaches potentially permit the cross‐sectoral and multi‐occupational character of contemporary rural livelihoods in low‐income countries to be placed centre‐stage in efforts to reduce rural poverty.
The Washington Consensus on Poor Country Agriculture: Analysis, Prescription and Institutional Gaps
Authors: Kydd Jonathan , Dorward Andrew
Published: March 2003

This article reviews the analysis and prescriptions of the current ‘Washington Consensus on Agriculture’ (WCA). The WCA contains much that is to be applauded, but there are also gaps and inconsistencies within and between the analysis of current problems and the prescriptions to address them. It is suggested that the worrying decline in aid to agriculture is related to gaps in the WCA, which fail to point to important avenues of intervention. The gaps lie mainly in the field of ‘institutional development’ (as this term is defined here).
Rural Development and the ‘New Architecture of Aid’: Convergence and Constraints
Authors: Farrington John , Lomax James
Published: March 2003

In this article donor practice is examined in relation to a number of major issues — current and emerging — in rural development. The article focuses first on areas in which there appears to be growing convergence and then on those characterised by differences of approach. Practical problems likely to limit the effectiveness of donor strategy include those of managing sector‐wide approaches and of linking rural and urban policy. Constraints on the implementation of pro‐poor initiatives are pervasive, but have received little attention in poverty‐focused initiatives such as Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers. Finally, chronic political instability continues to limit development support (as distinct from relief) in many of the areas in which concentrations of the poor are greatest.
The Impact of Trade and Exchange‐rate Policy Reforms on North African Manufactured Exports
Authors: Sekkat Khalid , Varoudakis Aristomene
Published: March 2003

Three indicators capture the impact of exchange‐rate policy in fostering manufactured exports from North Africa: changes in the real effective exchange rate (REER), its volatility, and its misalignment. The impact of trade policy is examined using a trade liberalisation indicator. Export supply equations are estimated for three manufacturing industries: textiles, chemicals, and food. The results suggest that trade and exchange‐rate policies matter for export performance, as is evidenced by the negative influence exerted independently by real exchange‐rate misalignment and volatility and by the positive influence of trade liberalisation.
Newborns learn to identify a face in eight/tenths of a second?
Authors: Walton Gail E. , Armstrong Erika S. , Bower T.G.R.
Published: March 2003

A number of recent studies have shown that newborns prefer to look at mother's face rather than at the face of a stranger. This preference can be seen as the result of familiarity with the mother's face, stemming from a greater number of encounters with mother's face. A schema theory can deal with this kind of recognition. Recent work with verbal stimuli has shown that newborns are sensitive to primacy and recency as well as simple familiarity. A pilot and one complete experiment were carried out to examine whether primacy and recency operated with faces as well. Results indicated that primacy, but not recency, was effective. The results show very rapid learning, learning that may outpace the capacity of any extant model of perceptual learning.
The intermodal representation of speech in newborns
Authors: Aldridge Michelle A. , Braga Erika S. , Walton Gail E. , Bower T. G. R.
Published: March 2003

It has been proposed that speech is specified by the eye, the ear, and even the skin. Kuhl and Meltzoff (1984) showed that 4‐month‐olds could lip‐read to an extent. Given the age of the infants, it was not clear whether this was a learned skill or a by‐product of the primary auditory process. This paper presents evidence that neonate infants (less than 33 h) show virtually identical patterns of intermodal interaction as do 4‐month‐olds. Since they are neonates, it is unlikely that learning was involved. The results indicate that human speech is specified by both eye and ear at an age when built‐in structural sensitivities provide the most plausible explanation.
Children’s use of multiple and variable addition strategies in a game context
Authors: Bjorklund David F. , Rosenblum Kristina E.
Published: March 2003

Developmental and contextual effects on children’s addition strategies were assessed in preschool, kindergarten and first‐grade children’s strategy use while playing a board game (‘Chutes and Ladders’), using one or two dice to compute moves. Children of all ages displayed multiple‐ and variable‐strategy use, and there was a progression toward more sophisticated strategy use with age. Different patterns of strategy use in the two‐dice condition were observed as a function of whether children began the game with one versus two dice and for children who could recognize (as opposed to having to count) die roles of ‘5’ and ‘6’ in the one‐die condition. An examination of latencies indicated that more noncounting (start‐up) time was required to execute the MIN than the SUM strategy. Children showed significantly greater speed and accuracy when adding numbers during the game than in the math problems that followed. The findings reflect young children’s flexible use of strategies and extend Siegler’s adaptive strategy choice model to the development of simple addition strategies in an everyday context.
Going around transparent and grid‐like barriers: detour ability as a perception–action skill
Authors: Lockman Jeffrey J. , Adams Christina D.
Published: March 2003

Early detour ability may not generalize immediately across similar problems in different perception–action systems, but instead may reveal a pattern of developmental onset that is more domain‐specific. To investigate this possibility, we examined how 10‐month‐old (n = 24) and 12‐month‐old (n = 24) infants performed detours via different action modes and around barriers that differed in transparency. Infants made reaching and locomotor detours to retrieve an object located behind either an upright transparent barrier or an upright transparent barrier overlaid with a grid pattern. The results indicated that infants were more likely to make reaching than locomotor detours and explored the transparent and grid barriers differently. Additionally, younger infants more often attempted to contact the object through the entirely transparent barrier than did older infants, especially when making a reaching detour. The results suggest that during detour development, infants learn to coordinate relevant perceptual information with emerging actions.
Modelling aspects of face processing in early infancy
Authors: Acerra Francesca , Burnod Yves , de Schonen Scania
Published: March 2003

The aim of this work is to understand how face processing develops from birth to 4 months by modelling some face processing abilities of infants between these ages. The neural model reproduces experimental data regarding both visual preferences at birth and right hemisphere behaviour in 4‐month‐old infants. The model shows that two basic properties may be sufficient to simulate face preference at birth: (a) tuning selectivity of visual neurons for spatial frequencies and (b) limited vision (CSF) of newborns. Three additional properties are sufficient to match experimental data on face processing at 4 months: (c) plasticity of lateral connections as modelled by Bayesian networks, (d) amplification of eye importance and (e) mother bias induced by the high probability of seeing mother’s face. These conditions suggest that the neural substratum for face processing could be, at birth, the retina‐V1/V2‐colliculus system, and at 4 months, the activation of the RH face‐Fusiform area, with configural representations stored in lateral connections.
The Study of Natural Disasters, 1977–97: Some Reflections on a Changing Field of Knowledge
Authors: Alexander David
Published: March 2003

As part of a series of papers to mark the 21st year of publication of Disasters, it is opportune to consider some of the changes that have occurred in the field it has covered so diligently for the last two decades. The paper begins with a brief review of the major natural disasters during this period and assesses their impact. It then considers the problem of how to define two key concepts: natural disaster and vulnerability, which remains an open question. The latter is one of the key determinants of the former. Next comes a review of what has occurred in the disasters field since the journal began publication, including some notes on the rise in vulnerability, the information technology revolution and the dilemmas of hazard mitigation. The following two sections assess, respectively, what hoped‐for developments did not occur during the period studied and what assets were lost in the name of progress. For example, on the theoretical front, academic over‐specialisation has predominated, while on the practical side there has been insufficient transfer of technology to where it is needed. The paper concludes that analyses of disaster need to become more sophisticated and multi‐disciplinary and must take account of several forms of context within which developments take place.
Environmental Information Systems in Malaria Risk Mapping and Epidemic Forecasting
Authors: Connor Stephen J. , Thomson Madeleine C. , Flasse Stephane P. , Perryman Anita H.
Published: March 2003

Every year between one and two million African children under five die of malaria. If one adds to this the contribution of malaria to all‐cause infant mortality then clearly the burden of the disease is catastrophic — a disaster quietly happening each and every year. New tools are needed urgently to support those currently available for control of the disease. An effective vaccine remains elusive. This article outlines the potential contribution to malaria control services of satellite information, which is being used by resource managers in other sectors. In particular, it highlights the lessons which can be learned from early warning systems in other areas, especially those designed to respond to famine. An appendix provides a brief introduction to satellite data and their interpretation.
From Holy War to Opium War? A Case Study of the Opium Economy in North‐eastern Afghanistan
Authors: Goodhand Jonathan
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the recent growth of the opium economy in north‐eastern Afghanistan. A detailed analysis of one village in Badakshan Province reveals profound changes in the local economy and social institutions. The paper describes two major shifts in the local economy: first, the switch from wheat to poppy cultivation; and second, the shift from the livestock trade to the opium trade. It then examines the underlying causes and impacts of the opium economy on social relations in the village. Although a case study of a community living on the margins of the global economy, it is argued that these changes have important implications for international policymakers. The emergence of the opium economy in north‐eastern Afghanistan is symptomatic of new and expanding forms of trans‐border trade associated with the restructuring of the global political economy.
Uncovering Local Perspectives on Humanitarian Assistance and Its Outcomes
Authors: Bakewell Oliver
Published: March 2003

This paper draws on a study of Angolan refugees in Zambia to suggest ways that the perspectives and interests of the local population can be included in the assessment of relief interventions. Taking an actor‐oriented approach, the paper suggests stepping back from the categorisation of the situation as an emergency and particular groups of people as the beneficiaries. Such categories are imposed from outside and may not reflect local people's outlook on the situation. In the case of Angolans in Zambia, the category of refugees had dissolved in the border villages to the extent that it was practically impossible to distinguish between refugees and hosts. This was in contrast to the official settlements where people were marked out as refugees and the label was maintained and reproduced over many years. Investigating outcomes in the border villagers in terms of refugees and the refugee problem would have been futile. The paper calls for evaluations of humanitarian assistance in complex emergencies to look beyond the ‘beneficiaries’ and to investigate the wider context of ‘normality’. Neglecting the life and world of local people will make it impossible to understand the process by which external interventions are mediated at the local level to give particular outcomes, and valuable lessons which could help alleviate suffering will be lost.
Re‐framing Risk: The Changing Context of Disaster Mitigation and Preparedness
Authors: Christoplos Ian , Mitchell John , Liljelund Anna
Published: March 2003

This issue of Disasters explores the roles of NGOs and other actors in disaster mitigation and preparedness and also reviews broad international trends in risk management and disaster prevention. The need to address risk, and with that the motivation to improve disaster mitigation and preparedness, has tended to fall between the cracks of grander frameworks of development co‐operation and humanitarian assistance. Despite the seemingly glaring need to reduce the horrific impact of floods, droughts and wars, disaster mitigation and preparedness have neither the allure of directly ‘saving lives’, nor of providing an ‘escape from poverty’. There are, however, signs that risk management is becoming a mainstream concern. Factors such as the need to address factors that do not fit into traditional slots on the relief‐development continuum, the rising economic costs of disasters and a growing acknowledgement that aid will never cover more than a small fraction of the costs of disasters are all leading to new approaches, priorities and institutional configurations. A realisation that dealing with risk and insecurity is a central part of how poor people develop their livelihood strategies has begun to position disaster mitigation and preparedness within many poverty alleviation agendas. A number of long‐standing challenges remain; most of all, the complexities of maintaining the political will that is needed to ensure that risk management becomes more than a passing fad.
The Role of Research Institutions in Seed–related Disaster Relief: Seeds of Hope Experiences in Rwanda
Authors: Buruchara Robin A. , Sperling Louise , Ewell Peter , Kirkby Roger
Published: March 2003

The article describes the efforts of a coalition of agricultural research centres, Seeds of Hope (SOH) in the rebuilding of Rwanda, after the genocide and war of 1994. Research involvement in emergency relief and rehabilitation was unusual at the time and SOH had to forge its unique complementary role. Focusing on crop and variety development and conservation it: provided technical advice to relief agencies on seed procurement; used its baseline ken to assess the effects of war on seed diversity and seed security; made preparations to restore specific germplasm (which, fortunately, proved unnecessary) and spent substantial effort on rebuilding human resource capacity in research as well as basic scientific facilities. The involvement of SOH highlighted the critical, yet very different, roles for research during emergency versus rehabilitation periods and demonstrated the cost effectiveness of building in a diagnostic component — before massive seed or germplasm distributions are programmed.
L'évaluation de la performance économique des entreprises publiques africaines par la méthode des comptes de surplus
Authors: Mbangala Mapapa
Published: March 2003

This paper focuses on the assessment of the economic performance of seven African railway enterprises using a Total Factor Productivity index decomposition. This method shows the role of these public enterprises in the production and distribution of added value. The analysis allows to identify the, positive or negative, contribution of each production factor to productivity growth. At the same time, it shows how the firm's partners do, or do not benefit from the added value created by these companies.
Performance of Dairy Plants in the Cooperative and Private Sectors in India
Authors: Singh Satbir , Coelli Tim , Fleming Euan
Published: March 2003

During the 1990s the cooperative dairy processing sector in India was exposed to greater competition from private sector plants. In this paper we measure cost efficiency (decomposed into technical and allocative efficiency) at the dairy plant level in the cooperative and private sectors in India. Two efficiency measurement methods are used: stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) and data envelopment analysis (DEA). The study utilizes an (incomplete) panel data sample of 23 plants, comprising 13 cooperative plants and 10 private plants, observed between 1992/93 and 1996/97. Our results indicate that cooperative plants are more cost efficient than private plants, although this difference is insignificant at the 5 per cent level. Furthermore, we observe that the cost efficiency of cooperative plants has not improved since market liberalization in 1991. These results suggest that the liberalization policy has not yet realized its expected benefits, and also cause us to question the general expectation that private operators will have efficiency advantages relative to cooperatives.
The Cultural Turn: Fashion or Progress in Human Geography?
Authors: Barnett Clive
Published: March 2003

The cultural turn marks a reorientation of human geography's interdisciplinary concerns toward the wide field of cultural studies. It is argued that this reorientation has been mediated by distinctive forms of commercial academic book publishing. These have been the medium for the internationalisation of cultural studies upon which human geography'sserious engagement with the field has depended. It is argued that the combination of a greater reliance upon work drawn from the humanities and the imperatives of publishing have led to the contemporary proliferation of cultural theory being associated with new forms of academic celebrity. The critical questioning of the cultural turn is therefore located in relation to the formsof authority and evaluation that it has the potential to promote.
Soulless Cities: Ann Arbor, the Cutting Edge of Discipline: Postfordism, Postmodernism, and the New Bourgeoisie
Authors: Dolgon Corey
Published: March 2003

Ann Arbor, Michigan's success as a postindustrial city reflects the massive shift toward knowledge‐based economies and the ascendancy of a new bourgeoisie class of corporate and university knowledge brokers. Aside from high‐tech commodities, however, the city and its attendant “aristocracy of innovators” must also produce the cultural narratives to legitimize and rationalize a new capitalism. This article explores how Ann Arbor's elite creates new stories that both inscribe the physical and social landscape with their triumph and act as weapons in the ongoing struggle to solidify a hegemonic project.
Embodying Place: Pathologizing Chinese and Chinatown in Nineteenth‐Century San Francisco
Authors: Craddock* Susan
Published: March 2003

This paper argues for uniting disease with body theories in investigations of power relations and the construction of race. It examines this alliance through the case studies of smallpox and syphilis in nineteenth century San Francisco. In locating epidemics inside the Chinese community and by reproducing Chinese bodies as intrinsically diseased, medical theories explaining smallpox and syphilis succeeded in shifting dominant constructions of race from different to pathological. But the process of body production and the role of disease in it cannot be divorced from a simultaneous analysis of the production of place. The configuration of Chinatown's streets and alleyways, perceptions of filth and crowding, and the bodies resident within Chinatown were simultaneously pathologized in a process that exemplifies the need for a better integration of body theories with theories of the social production of place.
Sticks and Stones: Environmental Narratives and Discursive Regulation in the Forestry and Mining Sectors
Authors: Bridge Gavin , McManus Phil
Published: March 2003

As visibly extractive industries reliant on the material and semiotic commodification of nature, forestry and mining have come to be popularly viewed as “environmental pariahs.” Yet forestry and mining continue to be successfully profitable enterprises despite a significant increase in environmental awareness and activism in the latter half of the twentieth century. To understand the relative stability and growth of these sectors in the face of overt contradictions arising from their use of the environment, this article revisits the work of regulation theorists who asked similar questions about the persistence and maintenance of capitalism in general.

Two case studies are presented–forestry in British Columbia and gold mining in California and Nevada–which demonstrate how the political economy of forestry and mining is subject to contradictions arising out of the technological and organizational mechanisms through which nature is appropriated during production. Analysis of the case studies shows that the regulation of these contradictions is increasingly achieved through the deployment and cooptation of sustainability narratives. The case studies therefore juxtapose the recent proliferation of sustainability narratives within the forestry and mining sectors with the sectors’ persistent challenge to concepts of sustainable development.
Recontextualising Positionality: Geographical Research and Academic Fields of Power
Authors: Sidaway James D.
Published: March 2003

The first article of the first issue of Antipode began with a declaration concerning the values ascribed to publication and the nature of academic work in geography. With that thirty‐year‐old declaration in mind, this essay reflects on aspects of these values as registered in British academic geography. It does so with particular reference to themes that have been raised in a number of recent debates, namely the questions of commodification/marketisation of and reflexivity in geographical research and scholarship.
‘Old Paris Is No More’: Geographies of Spectacle and Anti‐Spectacle
Authors: Pinder David
Published: March 2003

The term ‘spectacle’ has played an important role in recentcritical discussions of vision and visuality. In human geography it has often been used to designate new forms of capitalist urban development associated with display and show. This paper examines aspects of the term by addressing the critique of the spectacle developed by the situationist Guy Debord. It situates his writings on the subject back into the context of his engagements with the modern city between the 1950s and 1970s, especially in Paris, where hespent much of his life. In particular, it reads these writings in terms both of his bleak view of urban change and alienation under capitalism and of the ‘glimmers of light’ that he found in ‘the setting sun of this city.’ Debord's attachment to certain urban sites within this critique of urban spectacle was often nostalgic. Yet it can also be understood as part of his concern with challenging the ways in which urban spaces were being reconstructed, and as opening up gaps or cracks for thinking about ‘counter‐sites’ and points of political intervention.
From Urban Entrepreneurialism to a “Revanchist City”? On the Spatial Injustices of Glasgow’s Renaissance
Authors: MacLeod Gordon
Published: March 2003

Recent perspectives on the American city have highlighted the extent to which the economic and sociospatial contradictions generated by two decades of “actually existing” neoliberal urbanism appear to demand an increasingly punitive or “revanchist” political response. At the same time, it is increasingly being acknowledged that, after embracing much of the entrepreneurial ethos, European cities are also confronting sharpening inequalities and entrenched social exclusion. Drawing on evidence from Glasgow, the paper assesses the dialectical relations between urban entrepreneurialism, its escalating contradictions, and the growing compulsion to meet these with a selective appropriation of the revanchist political repertoire.
Development of technopoles in China
Authors: Wang Shuguang , Wu Yulin , Li Yujiang
Published: March 2003

Although limited technology transfer among countries has occurred in the past 15 years or so, industrialised countries are unwilling to transfer their state‐of‐the‐art technologies to less developed countries, for both political and economic reasons. As a result, China decided to speed research and development of its own high technologies and commercialise them by establishing in the late 1980s 52 High and New Technology Industry Development Zones. Through these zones achievements of scientific research could be transformed into competitive commodities and a new generation of entrepreneurs and competent managers could be bred. While China’s high technology development zones were modelled on the general concept of technopole, they are not exact duplicates of any of the three types of technopole that have been developed in the Western industrialised countries; they have distinct Chinese characteristics. This study also found that contrary to the popular belief, the high technology zones in coastal provinces as a whole do not perform much better than those in interior provinces. Instead, the majority of the zones that are located in provincial capital cities exhibited above‐average performance. This suggests that capital cities in interior provinces can compete well with coastal cities in development of high‐tech industries.
Women
Authors: Magee Ann
Published: March 2003

In New Zealand while women dominate leadership positions in constitutional, political and business areas, gender inequality remains entrenched. Despite significant gains in rights (employment, pay equity, property), as a group women earn less and perform more family care and unpaid work than men. In part these disparities result from the economic restructuring of the last 15 years which saw a loss in unskilled manufacturing jobs, less social support and greater rewards to business and public sector elites. Maori and Pacific Island women are the most disadvantaged groups. Labour/Alliance government initiatives to reduce poverty particularly among Maori and Pacific Island peoples by strengthening access to health and education services and supporting and replicating successful community initiatives are also likely to benefit other low income women.
Manufacturing
Authors: Willis Richard
Published: March 2003

While not as bad as the loss of 80,000 manufacturing jobs in the 1980s, the loss of a further 30,000 jobs in the 1990s showed that the process of restructuring did not stop in 1990. The picture that emerges is more varied than the destruction of the earlier decade. There is certainly evidence of a lean, mean, more export‐orientated group of firms that are competing internationally under the new low protection regime. On the other hand, it is clear that the process of restructuring and the removal of protection did not stop in the 1990s. There has been a sizeable loss of larger factories and a 22 per cent increase in smaller businesses, while surprisingly the level of foreign controlled enterprises has not increased significantly. In terms of manufacturing's contribution to exports there is both good and bad news. Exports of machinery, for example, increased by 518 per cent between 1989 and 1999. The bad news is that this is still only 18 per cent of total dairy exports, 29 per cent of meat, and only marginally ahead of wool exports, which have declined by 58 per cent in value between 1989 and 1999.
Transport
Authors: McQueen Euan
Published: March 2003

Transport in the 1990s has continued the pattern of significant change begun in the 1980s. Rail, sea and air have essentially completed the process towards privatisation, with minimal government involvement in monitoring standards and safety. Roading, however, is still financially confused in its funding and management. A sharp increase in cheap vehicle imports has brought the vehicle per capita ratio to be amongst the leaders in the first world, while the highway network remains at a lesser standard. Rational road pricing, especially in its impact on major urban areas, remains the critical issue for the next decade.
An Investigation of the Effects of Prices and Exchange Rates on Trade Flows in East Asia
Authors: Chua Soo Y. , Sharma Subhash C.
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates the dynamic response of imports and exports to changes in domestic prices, foreign prices and real effective exchange rates for Korea, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. A vector autoregressive model and cointegration analysis are used to study the long‐run relationships and the short‐run dynamics of these variables. The vector error‐correction model indicates that in almost all cases, domestic and foreign prices have a larger impact on the trade flows than the real effective exchange rates. We cannot find any significant difference in the response time of import demand to shocks in prices and exchange rates; however, the response time for export supply varies among countries.