bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficient Kernel-Based Ensemble Gaussian Mixture Filtering
Authors: Liu Bo , Ait-El-Fquih Boujemaa , Hoteit Ibrahim
Published: November 2015

The Bayesian filtering problem for data assimilation is considered following the kernel-based ensemble Gaussian mixture filtering (EnGMF) approach introduced by Anderson and Anderson. In this approach, the posterior distribution of the system state is propagated with the model using the ensemble Monte Carlo method, providing a forecast ensemble that is then used to construct a prior Gaussian mixture (GM) based on the kernel density estimator. This results in two update steps: a Kalman filter (KF)-like update of the ensemble members and a particle filter (PF)-like update of the weights, followed by a resampling step to start a new forecast cycle. After formulating EnGMF for any observational operator, the influence of the bandwidth parameter of the kernel function on the covariance of the posterior distribution is analyzed. Then the focus is on two aspects: (i) the efficient implementation of EnGMF with (relatively) small ensembles, where a new deterministic resampling strategy is proposed preserving the first two moments of the posterior GM to limit the sampling error; and (ii) the analysis of the effect of the bandwidth parameter on contributions of KF and PF updates and on the weights variance. Numerical results using the Lorenz-96 model are presented to assess the behavior of EnGMF with deterministic resampling, study its sensitivity to different parameters and settings, and evaluate its performance against ensemble KFs. The proposed EnGMF approach with deterministic resampling suggests improved estimates in all tested scenarios, and is shown to require less localization and to be less sensitive to the choice of filtering parameters.
Seeing is believing: The role of the film Obedience in shaping perceptions of Milgram’s Obedience to Authority experiments
Authors: Perry Gina
Published: November 2015

Stanley Milgram’s film Obedience is widely used in teaching about the Obedience to Authority studies. It is frequently a student’s first introduction to Milgram’s research and has been a powerful force in establishing the scientific authority of the experiments. This article contextualizes the filming, selection of footage, and final editing of the film against growing ethical and methodological criticisms of Milgram’s research. I argue that Milgram’s film should be viewed as a response and reply to the criticisms expressed by the National Science Foundation when they refused funding for further experiments. Obedience, the film, originally conceived as a record for future researchers, transformed into a visual document aimed at disarming critics and establishing the universality and profundity of Milgram’s findings. Milgram aimed in the film to reconcile the quantitative and the qualitative aspects of the experiments through a scientific narration and footage of participants in action. A close reading reveals that while the film is scientifically unconvincing, and an unreliable account of the Milgram’s research, it succeeds spectacularly as arresting and compelling drama.
The normalization of torment: Producing and managing anguish in Milgram’s “Obedience” laboratory
Authors: Nicholson Ian
Published: November 2015

Milgram framed his “Obedience” experiments as an inquiry into the Holocaust, posing state directed mass murder as a “conflict between conscience and authority.” However, recent research into atrocities suggests that “moral conflict” is often absent; murder is frequently undertaken willingly in a spirit of idealism and “normalcy.” The question is not why do people obey orders they find morally objectionable as Milgram suggested, but rather how does it become “normal” and “ok” to torture or kill defenseless people? I examine this question through a reinterpretation of the Obedience study. Instead of focusing on the confused and entrapped participants, people who were tricked into “immoral” action, I study the scientists themselves—individuals who applied enhanced stress techniques on innocent people repeatedly and enthusiastically, fully aware of what they were doing. Inverting Milgram’s Holocaust analogy, I suggest that recent scholarship on Nazi doctors can provide insights into the various ways that torment became “normalized” for Milgram and his assistants.
Tracking Care in the Emergency Department
Authors: Green Rebecca , Buckley Amanda , Scott Bradley
Published: November 2015

Results are presented from the ED LaunchPoint design project, which received honorable mention for the 2013 Stanley H. Caplan User-Centered Product Design Award. This redesign focused on patients’ progression through their emergency department visits, emphasizing time-sensitive phases for increasing clinical safety. User observation, iterative user-centered design, and usability testing placed users at the core of this project. Close collaboration allowed for the identification of optimal work flows and the creation of a design tailored to users’ needs.
‘Legal highs’: Novel psychoactive substances
Authors: Gilani Farah
Published: November 2015

Amid increasing media attention, ‘legal highs’ pose a novel diagnostic and management challenge to clinicians. The manufacture, propagation and use of these drugs are increasing rapidly. However, knowledge of their composition and the consequences of taking them is limited, both among the public and health professionals. This article will focus on those drugs that are still currently available legally, their classification, management and the role of the GP in identifying users, and managing and referring them appropriately.
High-quality draft genome sequence of a new phytase-producing microorganism Pantoea sp. 3.5.1
Authors: Suleimanova Aliya D. , Toymentseva Anna A. , Boulygina Eugenia A. , Kazakov Sergey V. , Mardanova Ayslu M. , Balaban Nelly P. , Sharipova Margarita R.
Published: November 2015

Strain 3.5.1 was isolated from soils of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia, on the basis of presence of a high phytate-degrading activity. Strains with such activities attract special interest because of its potential use as feed additives and natural manures. Strain 3.5.1 harbors a 99 % 16S rRNA nucleotide sequence similarity to different Pantoea species (P. vagans, P. ananatis, P. agglomerans, P. anthophila and Pantoea sp.) and exhibits unique biochemical properties that do not allow strain identification up to species. Moreover, the strain 3.5.1 shows a low ANI and MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry scores. Thus, it is likely that the strain 3.5.1 represents a new Pantoea species. Here, we present the genome sequence of Pantoea sp. strain 3.5.1. The 4,964,649 bp draft genome consists of 23 contigs with 4,556 protein-coding and 143 RNA genes. Genome sequencing and annotation revealed two phytase genes and putative regulatory genes controlling its activity.
Film Review
Authors: Green McKinley
Published: November 2015

Tangerine, directed by Sean Baker (2015) New York: Magnolia Pictures
Nursing care of the patients with tracheostomy
Trakeostomili hastalarda hemşirelik bakımı
Authors: Karaca Turkan
Published: November 2015

One of the primary responsibility of nursing care is maintaining and evaluating airway patency in patients. Nurses’ knowledge is have vital importance about the complications and care, when providing airway patency with an artificial way (via endotracheal tube or tracheostomy cannula). As the origin of the word ‘tracheotomy’ comes from the Greek and refers to the cut-off trachea. Tracheotomy is making an opening between 3. and 4. cartilage rings on the front wall of trakea to maintain airway and it is one of the oldest life- saving surgical procedures. İndications for tracheotomy operation, prolonged intubation and mechanical ventilation can be listed firstly. Tracheostomy complications may occur in the weeks or months/years later following the opening of the tracheostomy. Nurses have responsibilities follow-up of prevention complications after the tracheostomy procedure. Tracheostomy nursing care of consist of; adequate and balanced nutrition, aspiration, cleaning of inner cannula, adjustment of cuff pressure (if the cannula has cuff system), prevention of peristomal skin problems and communication process.

 

Özet

Hastalarda hava yolu açıklığını sürdürmek ve değerlendirmek hemşirelik bakımında öncelikli sorumluluklardan biridir. Hava yolu açıklığı yapay bir yol oluşturularak sağlandığında (endotrakeal tüp veya trakeostomü kanülü ile) hemşirelerin bu işlemlerin indikasyonlarına, komplikasyonlarına ve bakımına dair tüm bilgilere sahip olması yaşamsal öneme sahiptir. Trakeotomi kavramı, köken olarak Yunanca'dan gelmektedir ve kelime olarak 'trakeanın kesilmesi'ni ifade eder. Trakeotomi, hava yolu açıklığını sağlamak amacıyla trakeanın ön duvarında 3. ve 4. kıkırdak halka hizasında açıklık oluşması için yapılan işlem olarak tanımlanır ve hayat kurtarıcı olarak bilinen yöntemlerden en eskisi olarak kabul edilir. Trakeotomi işleminin endikasyonları arasında uzamış entübasyon ve mekanik ventilasyon ilk sıralarda yer alır. Trakeostomi komplikasyonları, trakeostominin açılmasını takip eden haftalar içinde ya da aylar/yıllar sonra ortaya çıkabilir.  Trakeostomi işleminden sonra hastaların takibinde ve özellikle komplikasyonların önlenmesinde hemşirelerin sorumlulukları bulunmaktadır. Trakesotomili hastada hemşirelik bakımı; hastaların yeterli ve dengeli beslenmesini, trakeostomi aspirasyonunu, iç kanül temizliğini, eğer kanül kaf sistemine sahipse kaf basıncının ayarlanmasını, peristomal cilt problemlerinin önlenmesini ve iletişim sürecini kapsar.
A novel process of dye wastewater treatment by linking advanced chemical oxidation with biological oxidation
Authors: Zou Haiming , Ma Wanzheng , Wang Yan
Published: November 2015

Dye wastewater is one of typically non-biodegradable industrial effluents. A new process linking Fenton’s oxidation with biological oxidation proposed in this study was investigated to degrade the organic substances from real dye wastewater. During the combination process, the Fenton’s oxidation process can reduce the organic load and enhance biodegradability of dye wastewater, which is followed by biological aerated filter (BAF) system to further remove organic substances in terms of discharge requirement. The results showed that 97.6% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal by the combination process was achieved at the optimum process parameters: pH of 3.5, H2O2 of 2.0 mL/L, Fe(II) of 500 mg/L, 2.0 h treatment time in the Fenton’s oxidation process and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 5 h in the BAF system. Under these conditions, COD concentration of effluent was 72.6 mg/L whereas 3020 mg/L in the influent, thus meeting the requirement of treated dye wastewater discharge performed by Chinese government (less than 100 mg/L). These results obtained here suggest that the new process combining Fenton’s oxidation with biological oxidation may provide an economical and effective alternative for treatment of non-biodegradable industrial wastewater.
Dezentrale Verteilnetzautomatisierung im Praxiseinsatz – Konzept, Erfahrungen und aktuelle Weiterentwicklungen
Authors: Dorsemagen Felix , Oerter Christian , Zdrallek Markus
Published: November 2015

Die aktuellen Herausforderungen für die Verteilnetze erfordern neben unvermeidbarem Netzausbau auch den umfangreichen Einsatz von
speziell für Verteilnetze entwickelter Automatisierungstechnik, um kritische Netzsituationen erkennen und beheben zu können. Der
vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt das Konzept eines dezentralen, integrierten Automatisierungssystems für Mittel- und
Niederspannungsnetze, das diese Anforderungen erfüllt. Zudem werden Praxiserfahrungen mit diesem System im Niederspannungsnetz und
mögliche Weiterentwicklungen des Systems dargestellt.
Implications of Evolving Medical Science for Proof of Lung Cancer Causation
Authors: Frarey Larry C. , Martinez Javier
Published: November 2015

Causal determination in cases of diseases involving multiple risk factors and long development time poses formidable challenges to judges and juries. Numerous scientific, medical and legal questions are involved. For example, is the mere presence of a factor known to be associated with elevated disease risk sufficient for a causal determination? If not, what level of exposure should be deemed sufficient, and how can that exposure be measured with adequate confidence over an extended period? In the presence of two or more factors associated with elevated disease risk, how can causation be demonstrated and apportioned among these factors, particularly when the potential effects of their interaction are unknown? With increasing knowledge of the molecular and genetic changes involved in disease development, what level of comprehension and proof is sufficient to implicate a specific risk factor in the complex causal mechanism of an individual’s disease? Lung cancer, notwithstanding its strong association with cigarette smoking, represents a group of diseases associated with both a variety of risk factors and relatively long development time. Both the published scientific literature and current clinical practice for the treatment of lung cancer, particularly lung adenocarcinoma, reflect the rapid changes that have occurred in this field over the past decade. These medical advances, in addition to promising better prognosis for some lung cancer patients, have implications for the proof of lung cancer causation in litigation in which plaintiffs contend that tobacco smoke exposure caused their disease. This is particularly true in cases arising in many European countries and other jurisdictions in which little or no histological or cytological information has been produced by plaintiffs. This paper examines the rapidly evolving science underpinning lung cancer diagnosis and treatment and its forensic implications. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 26 (2015) 298-311]
Clinical applicability of methylome sequencing in a pilot study of ischemic stroke individuals
Authors: Ziemann Mark , Harikrishnan KN , Khurana Ishant , Kaspi Antony , Keating Samuel T , De Silva Deidre Anne , Moe Kyaw Thu , El-Osta Assam
Published: November 2015

Despite recent progress in screening for genetic
causes of cardiovascular disease using genome-wide
association studies, identifying causative polymorphisms
has not met initial expectations. This has led to interest
in exploring the contribution of non-genetic factors in
disease etiology. Elevated plasma homocysteine is an
independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease but the
mechanism for increased risk remains poorly understood.
This study evaluates the clinical applicability of screening
for genome-wide CpG methylation differences using
methyl-CpG binding domain (MBD) protein-enriched
genome sequencing (MBD-seq). Peripheral blood
genomic DNA methylation in 8 Singaporean-Chinese
ischemic stroke patients (4 male, 4 female) was profiled.
Differential methylation of genes implicated in hyperhomocysteinemia
was observed in males correlating with
homocysteine; namely CBS (cystathionine-beta-synthase)
and MTHFR (methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase).
In females, hypomethylation of the LDLR (low density
lipoprotein receptor) and CELSR1 (cadherin, EGF LAG
seven-pass G-type receptor 1) genes were observed in
the hypertensive group (2 normal and 2 hypertensive
individuals). While the number of clinical samples
analysed is small, the findings of this evaluation suggest
that MBD-seq is a suitable and sufficiently sensitive
technology to determine methylation variability. The results presented warrant an expanded case-control study
to determine the pathophysiological implications of DNA
methylation for hyper-homocysteinemia.
Semiosis du corps dans la littérature sexologique arabe
Authors: Bernoussi Mohamed
Published: November 2015

After giving a synthesis about a possible semiotics of the body and its conditions, we will deal with the question of the semiosis of the body in sexual literature in two periods of the arabo-muslim culture. The first period concerns the second century of hegira (the eightieth century), a decisive period of young and already powerful arabo-muslim society. Through Al Jahiz’s works, a very busy and prolific writer, we will study different discourses on the body, notably on homosexuality, heterosexuality and the opposition between black and white bodies. The second example constitutes an occasion for us to grasp the evolution of the semiosis of the body in a new period and with a specific writer who is Al Soyouté, a scholar of the sixteenth century. We will focus particularly on Al Soyouté’s new ideas on the body and his original references to the Greek corpus, but also to the traditions of Coran and Hadith.
Fomentando la adquisición de competencias a través de TIC. El uso de los sistemas de mandos de respuesta como herramienta docente
Authors: Hernández Ortega Blanca Isabel , Buil Carrasco Isabel , Sesé Oliván Francisco Javier
Published: November 2015

El Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior (EEES) sitúa al estudiante en el centro del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje y persigue que este desarrolle una serie de competencias genéricas y específicas. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar en qué medida la integración de los sistemas de mandos de respuesta en la metodología docente de una asignatura permite potenciar la adquisición de las competencias genéricas más relevantes para los perfiles de los estudiantes de los grados objeto de análisis, y las específicas asociadas a la asignatura. La actuación descrita se desarrolla en el marco de una nueva asignatura, Introducción al Marketing, correspondiente a dos enseñanzas de grado de la Universidad de Zaragoza. Para evaluar la capacidad de los sistemas de mandos de respuesta para potenciar la adquisición de competencias se ha obtenido información de carácter subjetivo procedente de una encuesta realizada entre los estudiantes participantes en esta actividad, así como datos de carácter objetivo a partir de las calificaciones obtenidas en la asignatura. Los resultados confirman que dicha actuación ha favorecido el logro de los resultados de aprendizaje y, en consecuencia, la adquisición de las competencias específicas. Además, esta actuación ha potenciado la adquisición de competencias genéricas como la capacidad para trabajar en equipo, la habilidad en las relaciones interpersonales, la capacidad crítica y autocrítica, y la capacidad de tomar decisiones, entre otras. A modo de conclusión, podemos afirmar que si los sistemas de mandos respuesta se integran en un adecuado diseño pedagógico, su empleo permite alcanzar mejoras significativas en el proceso de aprendizaje de los estudiantes y facilita el proceso de adaptación de las enseñanzas universitarias a las directrices establecidas por el EEES.http://dx.doi.org/10.15304/ie.24.1516
A word from the editors
Authors: Przepiórkowski Adam , Hajnicz Elżbieta , Mykowiecka Agnieszka , Woliński Marcin
Published: November 2015

(no abstract)
Implementing semantic frames as typed feature structures with XMG
Authors: Lichte Timm , Petitjean Simon
Published: November 2015

This work presents results on the integration of frame-based representations into the framework of eXtensible MetaGrammar (XMG). Originally XMG allowed for the description of tree-based syntactic structures and underspecified representations of predicate-logical formulae, but the representation of frames as a sort of typed feature structure, particularly type unification, was not supported. Therefore, we introduce an extension that is capable of handling frame representations directly by means of a novel -dimension. The aim is not only to make possible a straightforward specification of frame descriptions, but also to offer various ways to specify constraints on types, be it as a contiguous type hierarchy or a loose set of feature structure constraints. The presented extensions to XMG are fully operational in a new prototype.
Predicting word order universals
Authors: Merlo Paola
Published: November 2015

This paper shows a computational learning paradigm to compare andtest theories about language universals. Its main contribution lies inthe illustration of the encoding and comparison of theories about typologicaluniversals to measure the generalisation ability of these theories.In so doing, this method uncovers hidden dependencies betweentheoretical dimensions and primitives that were considered independentand independently motivated.
Assessing levels of similarity to a "psychodynamic prototype" in psychodynamic psychotherapy with children: a case study approach (preliminary findings)
Authors: Gastaud Marina Bento , Carvalho Cibele , Goodman Geoff , Ramires Vera Regina Röhnelt
Published: November 2015

Objective:To analyze the degree of similarity to a "psychodynamic prototype" during the first year of two children's once-weekly psychodynamic psychotherapy.Methods: This study used a longitudinal, descriptive, repeated-measures design based on the systematic case study method. Two male school children (here referred to as Walter and Peter) and their therapists took part in the study. All sessions were video and audio recorded. Ten sessions from each case were selected for analysis in this preliminary study. Trained examiners (randomly selected in pairs) independently and blindly evaluated each session using the Child Psychotherapy Q-Set (CPQ). Experts in psychodynamic therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy from several countries rated each of the 100 CPQ items with regard to how well it characterized a hypothetical ideal session of either treatment modality. A series of paired t tests comparing analogous adherence scores within each session were conducted.Results:There were no significant correlations between time elapsed and adherence to the prototypes. Walter's treatment adhered to both prototypes and Peter's treatment did not adhere to either prototype.Conclusion:Child psychotherapy theory and practice are not absolutely coincident. Real psychotherapy sessions do not necessarily resemble the ideal prototypes.
Exposure to methylphenidate during infancy and adolescence in non-human animals and sensitization to abuse of psychostimulants later in life: a systematic review
Authors: Jaboinski Juliana , Cabral João Carlos Centurion , Campos Renan , Barros Daniela Marti
Published: November 2015

Introduction:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neuropsychiatric pathology that has an important prevalence among young people and is difficult to diagnose. It is usually treated with methylphenidate, a psychostimulant with a mechanism of action similar to that of cocaine. Previous studies show that repeated use of psychostimulants during childhood or adolescence may sensitize subjects, making them more prone to later abuse of psychostimulant drugs such as cocaine and methamphetamine.Objective: To review experimental studies in non-human models (rodents and monkeys) treated with methylphenidate during infancy or adolescence and tested for reinforcing effects on psychostimulant drugs in adulthood.Method: Systematic collection of data was performed on four databases (Web of Knowledge, PsycARTICLE, PubMed and SciELO). The initial search identified 202 articles published from 2009 to 2014, which were screened for eligibility. Seven articles met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed in this study.Results: The findings indicate that early exposure to methylphenidate has an effect on an ADHD animal model, specifically, on spontaneously hypertensive strain rats, especially those tested using the self-administration paradigm.Conclusion:Future studies should prioritize the spontaneously hypertensive rat strain - an animal model of ADHD. Experimental designs comparing different behavioral paradigms and modes of administration using this strain could lead to improved understanding of the effects of exposure to methylphenidate during childhood and adolescence.
Musicologia e/como preocupação social: imaginando o musicólogo relevante
Authors: Locke Ralph P. , Oliveira Jetro M. de , Castagna Paulo
Published: November 2015

Resumo:Preocupações sociais e ideologias são refletidas (1) em nossa escolha de assunto ou repertório, (2) em nossas tentativas conscientes de colocar indivíduos e repertórios em contextos históricos e culturais concretos, e (3) em paradigmas e pressupostos sobre os quais elaboramos nossos vários argumentos e narrativas (progresso, o 'grande homem,' a nação, marxismo, feminismo). Como podem acadêmicos de musicologia agir de maneira responsável com alunos, corpo docente auxiliar e colegas pesquisadores (incluindo aqueles que estão buscando novas abordagens)? Em quais situações não-musicológicas poderiam estes acadêmicos ajudar a construir políticas sociais e culturais? Este texto foi originalmente publicado como o capítulo 22 de: COOK, Nicholas; EVERIST, Mark (eds.). Rethinking Music. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. p.499-530. ISBN10: 0-19-879003-1 (hbk); ISBN10: 0-19-879004-X (pbk); ISBN13: 978-0-19-879004-4. A tradução respeitou a estrutura original do texto e das notas de rodapé.
Prática e performance inicial de Minuetos de Haydn por pianistas: efeitos da privação de estímulos na retroalimentação sensorial em diferentes condições de estudo
Authors: Mantovani Michele Rosita , Santos Regina Antunes Teixeira dos
Published: November 2015

Resumo:O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar os efeitos da privação de estímulos (aurais, visuais e cinestésicos) na retroalimentação sensorial durante a preparação inicial de peças para piano por estudantes de diferentes níveis acadêmicos. Estudantes de música (N = 12) da graduação (iniciantes, meio e final de curso) e de pós-graduação (iniciantes de mestrado e um doutorando em final de curso), seguindo um delineamento experimental tipo hierárquico foram submetidos a quatro condições de estudo: (i) Condição A: Decodificação Visual com retroalimentação cinestésica e privação de estímulo auditivo; (ii) Condição B: Decodificação Visual com a privação de estímulo aural e cinestésico (prática mental); (iii) Condição C: Decodificação Aural com retroalimentação cinestésica e privação de estímulo visual da partitura ("tocar a música de ouvido"); Condição D: Decodificação Aural sem retroalimentação cinestésica com a privação de estímulos visual e cinestésico. Os dados obtidos foram analisados quantitativamente e qualitativamente acerca do tempo de prática despendido na realização das tarefas, das estratégias desenvolvidas e dos produtos atingidos pelos participantes em função das condições de estudos propostas. Os resultados revelaram efeito potencial dos níveis acadêmicos sobre o tempo despendido durante a prática nas condições A, C e D, bem como na compreensão musical dos participantes e na qualidade dos registros das performances (produtos) atingidos nas condições A e B. Em termos de estratégias e performances, as condições C e D deram-nos indícios de que a realização destas tarefas parece depender mais de competências acumuladas de cada estudante do que do nível acadêmico os quais estes se inserem.
Relação entre o estudo formal e a média salarial do músico: um estudo com músicos brasileiros
Authors: Mendes Kássio Alves , Dutra Lívia Maria , Pereira Denise Perdigão
Published: November 2015

Resumo:O artigo tem como objetivo avaliar o mercado de trabalho relativo à Música, através da observância de vetores tais como: idade de iniciação musical, média salarial e grau de instrução formal dos mesmos. Trata-se de uma pesquisa quantitativa usando-se a técnica de coleta de dados, os quais foram obtidos por meio de um questionário estruturado respondido por 291 músicos brasileiros. A análise dos aspectos aqui tratados pode contribuir para o estabelecimento de uma projeção custo-benefício baseada na maior ou menor formação acadêmica, e atuação efetiva na área da música.
Cantando junto, por saúde e cidadania no Acre: o Canto Coral do IFAC em Sena Madureira
Authors: Luiz Douglas Marques , Araújo-Jorge Tania Cremonini de , Matraca Marcus Vinicius Campus
Published: November 2015

Resumo:Este artigo discute as ações do Canto Coral IFAC Sena, um projeto de Extensão do Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Acre, idealizado e desenvolvido na cidade de Sena Madureira, Acre, entre dezembro de 2011 e dezembro de 2012. Impactos sociais do trabalho reforçam e validam a ideia de construção da saúde e da cidadania por meio da prática de canto em conjunto.
A field-based analysis of the accuracy of niche models applied to the fossil record
Authors: Walls Bradley J. , Stigall Alycia L.
Published: November 2015

The use of ecological niche modeling (ENM) to estimate the geographic ranges of species is widely employed with modern fauna and is becoming more widespread in paleontology. Herein, field validation is utilized to assess the predictive accuracy of ENM methods for Paleozoic brachiopod species. This study represents the first field validation analysis of ENM methods in the fossil record. Previously published species distributions models for 8 Late Ordovician brachiopod species from the Cincinnati, Ohio region (United States) developed using GARP (Genetic Algorithm using Rule-set Prediction) were assessed for accuracy by comparing species occurrence data from a newly available set of 18 localities with the original species distribution models. Based on this data, the statistical significance of the original model set was assessed; 18 of the 22 original models were demonstrated to be statistically significant, based on field validation. Of the 140 individual species occurrences assessed, 60.8% were accurately predicted, 9.2% exhibited over prediction, and 30% exhibited under prediction. Accurate results were more common for species modeled from the greatest number of species occurrence points. The least accurate species models developed were for eurytopic species or those for which taxonomic affinities are unclear. Results indicate that with ample outcrop, well-defined stratigraphy, and sufficient fossil occurrence data, ENM methods could be successfully applied to many intervals in Earth history.
Table of Contents
Authors: Bicen Huseyin
Published: November 2015

Table of Contents
A Life Course Approach to Inequality: Examining Racial/Ethnic Differences in the Relationship between Early Life Socioeconomic Conditions and Health in Later Life Among Men
Authors: Hargrove, MA Taylor W. , Brown, PhD Tyson H.
Published: November 2015

 

 Objective: Previous research has docu­mented a relationship between childhood socioeconomic conditions and adult health, but less is known about racial/ethnic dif­ferences in this relationship, particularly among men. This study utilizes a life course approach to investigate racial/ethnic differ­ences in the relationships among early and later life socioeconomic circumstances and health in adulthood among men.

Design: Panel data from the Health and Retirement Study and growth curve models are used to examine group differences in the relationships among childhood and adult socioeconomic factors and age-tra­jectories of self-rated health among White, Black and Mexican American men aged 51-77 years (N=4147).

Results: Multiple measures of childhood socioeconomic status (SES) predict health in adulthood for White men, while significant­ly fewer measures of childhood SES predict health for Black and Mexican American men. Moreover, the health consequences of childhood SES diminish with age for Black and Mexican American men. The child­hood SES-adult health relationship is largely explained by measures of adult SES for White men.

Conclusion: The life course pathways link­ing childhood SES and adult health differ by race/ethnicity among men. Similar to argu­ments that the universality of the adult SES-health relationship should not be assumed, results from our study suggest that scholars should not assume that the significance and nature of the association between child­hood SES and health in adulthood is similar across race/ethnicity among men. Ethn Dis.2015;25(3):313-320.
Statin Use, Incident Dementia and Alzheimer Disease in Elderly African Americans
Authors: Hendrie, MBChB, DSc Hugh C. , Hake, MD Ann , Lane, MS Kathleen , Purnell, BA Christianna , Unverzagt, PhD Frederick , Smith-Gamble, MD Valerie , Murrell, PhD Jill , Ogunniyi, MBChB Adesola , Baiyewu, MBBS Olusegun , Callahan, MD Chris , Saykin, PsyD Andrew , Taylor, MS Stanley , Hall, PhD Kathleen , Gao, PhD Sujuan
Published: November 2015

Objective: To investigate the association between statin use, incident dementia, and Alzheimer disease (AD) in a prospective elderly African American cohort.

Design: Two stage design with a screening interview followed by a comprehensive in-home assessment conducted over an eight-year period. Diagnoses of incident AD and dementia were made by consensus. Statin use was collected at each evaluation. Measurements of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), C-reactive protein (CRP) and APOE genotype were obtained from baseline blood samples. Logistic regression models were used to test the association of statin use on incident dementia and AD and its possible association with lipid and CRP levels.

Setting: Indianapolis, Indiana

Participants: From an original cohort of 2629 participants, a subsample of 974 Afri­can Americans aged >70 years with normal cognition, at least one follow up evaluation, complete statin information, and biomarker availability were included.

Main Outcome Measures: Incident de­mentia and incident AD.

Results: After controlling for age at diag­nosis, sex, education level, presence of the APOE ε4 allele and history of stroke for the incident dementia model, baseline use of statins was associated with a significantly de­creased risk of incident dementia (OR=.44, P=.029) and incident AD (OR=.40, P=.029). The significant effect of statin use on reduced AD risk and trend for dementia risk was found only for those participants who reported consistent use over the observational period (incident AD: P=.034; incident dementia: P=.061). Additional models found no significant interaction between baseline statin use, baseline LDL, or CRP level and incident dementia/AD.

Conclusions: Consistent use of statin medications during eight years of follow-up resulted in significantly reduced risk for incident AD and a trend toward reduced risk for incident dementia. Ethn Dis.2015;25(3):345-354.
Editorial - Advancing Health Equity: Honoring the Legacy of Dr. Elijah B. Saunders
Authors: Mensah George A. , Norris Keith C.
Published: November 2015

It is a time-honored tradition in medicine and public health to recognize and honor individuals and teams for their original discoveries in basic, clinical, and population science research or for a sustained commitment to patient care and teaching.  In following that tradition, Ethnicity & Disease pays special tribute to Elijah B. Saunders, MD, FACC, FACP, FAHA, FASH for his life-long commitment to patient care, teaching, community service, and most importantly, for his tireless efforts in taking many first steps to advance health equity for medically underserved communities in the United States and worldwide.1, 2 
Acculturation and Insulin Resistance Among US Chinese Immigrant Women
Authors: Tseng Marilyn , Fang Carolyn Y.
Published: November 2015

Objective: Chinese immigrants in the Unit­ed States undergo a transition to increased chronic disease risk commonly attributed to acculturative changes. Longitudinal data to confirm this are lacking. We examined acculturation in relation to insulin resistance in a sample of Chinese immigrant women to determine differences by level of education and possible mediation by anthropometry and diet.

Design: Longitudinal study.

Setting: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Participants: 305 Chinese immigrant women recruited October 2005 to April 2008 and followed until April 2010.

Main Outcome Measures: Association of acculturation, measured using the General Ethnicity Questionnaire – American version (GEQA), with homeostasis model assess­ment (HOMA) score as an indicator of insulin resistance, modeled using general­ized estimating equations to account for repeated measures over time.

Results: GEQA was associated with log HOMA score, but only in women with <9 years of education (beta [SE] = .09 [.04], P=.02; interaction P=.02). The association persisted with adjustment for body mass index, waist circumference, and dietary variables.

Conclusions: These findings provide longitudinal evidence that insulin resistance increases with acculturation. However, the association was apparent only in less-edu­cated immigrants and may be mediated by a pathway other than changes in anthropom­etry and diet. Ethn Dis. 2015;25(4):443-450; doi:10.18865/ed.25.4.443
Diabetes in Africa sub-Saharan Distribution Based on Social Status: The Case of Libreville (Gabon)
Authors: Padzys Guy S. , Ondo Joseph P , Omouenze Priscilla L , Zongo Sylvie
Published: November 2015

Objectives: Many researchers continue to believe that urbanization is a major contributor to diabetes. We seek to demon­strate that the social status associated with urbanization has an impact on the preva­lence of diabetes in Libreville, Gabon in sub-Saharan Africa.

Methods: Our study was conducted in Li­breville, the capital of Gabon; the city has a population of 397,000. Our study analyzed data from the registries of patients hospital­ized in 2013 in the main diabetes center in Libreville.

Result: The results revealed that, for 2013, 798 patients were hospitalized with diabetes at a prevalence of .2%. We found differences (P<.05) between women (423) and men (375). Mean age for women was 52.02 years and 48.88 years for men. The number of existing cases hospitalized was significantly more than new cases. All levels of society were represented in our study: students (42); military (36); administratives (99); technicians (180); unemployed (295); and retired (146). The results showed that the unemployed (36%), particularly women (29.40%) are most affected by diabetes.

Conclusion: Our results show the impact of social status on the increase of diabetes in Libreville. We found that urbanization, associated with insecurity especially in women, had an effect on the prevalence of diabetes in Libreville. These results indicate that, apart from the non-modifiable fac­tors (age, race, ethnicity), insecurity is a modifiable factor that should be taken into account. Ethn Dis. 2015;25(4):459-462; doi:10.18865/ed.25.4.459
Strategies for Controlling Blood Pressure and Reducing Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Norris Keith C. , Nicholas Susanne B
Published: November 2015

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) suffer from an increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, and a high rate of premature CV morbidity and mortality. The confluence of CV risk factors, in the context of cardio-metabolic perturbations that vary as renal function declines, complicates strategies for the care of patients with CKD. Understanding the ex­isting evidence for effective CVD treatment strategies can help providers better care for these patients, navigate the complex treat­ment guidelines, which often differ across major organizations, and minimize the con­flicting recommendations that new studies may pose. A pragmatic approach is to target a BP <140/90 mm Hg, which frequently requires more than two or three antihyper­tensive agents. Most guidelines recommend a combination of diuretic and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blockers, along with a dihydropyri­dine calcium channel blocker, beta blocker or other agent based on co-existing medical conditions. Consideration for a lower BP goal and/or other therapeutic interventions should be based on the etiology of CKD, stage of CKD, and/or presence of protein­uria. Finally, most patients with CKD, not on dialysis, would benefit from treatment with statins and non-pharmacologic lifestyle interventions should be promoted for all pa­tients with CKD. Ethn Dis. 2015;25(4):515- 520; doi:10.18865/ed.25.4.515
In-Situ SAGD Thermal-Chemical Effects and Metal-Bond Coated Slotted Liner Design for Enhanced Sand Control, Flow and Long Term Performance
Authors: Fermaniuk B. , Claerhout M. , Zhu D.
Published: November 2015

Slotted liners are the most common sand control completion used for SAGD exploitation. With the trend to exploit high heterogeneity reservoirs using SAGD technology further pushes the bounds of the long term performance of slotted liners. Both downhole sand, clays and fines and in-situ thermal-chemical effects can have detrimental effects on the long term performance of sand control products. Mechanical sand control design of slotted liners are robust and are well quantified with lab testing such that slotted liners are typically designed with open areas far in excess of the fluid in-flow requirements of the well, with design safety factors allowing for long term performance even if a portion of the liner open area is reduced over time. In-situ thermal-chemical effects such as corrosion and scales, nevertheless, are less known and may predominantly govern the performance impairment issues of slotted liners over time. It is suggested that the potential solutions to the thermal-chemical effects to the slotted liners need to involve minimizing corrosion effects, as well as minimizing scaling using substrate metal bonded coatings combined with properly designed slot width geometries. In this paper, the known causes of inflow failures and the new technological advancements to slotted liners will be reviewed. The theories, history and background to substrate metal bounded coating for SAGD slotted liners will be introduced. In addition to the lab testing results, field verification tests using substrate coating of production tubing in a SAGD producer well will be illustrated in detail.
Optimizing Flow Control Devices in SAGD Operations: How Different Methodologies are Functional
Authors: Noroozi Mehdi , Melo Marco , Montoya Jose , Neil Blair
Published: November 2015

Maximizing production and profitability is imperative in heavy oil operations using steam-assisted-gravity-drainage (SAGD), as well as in other thermal operations. Effective downhole flow technology plays an important role in increasing the net present value of a SAGD operation. Conformance improvement for the injection well, utilizing outflow control devices (OCDs), can potentially increase production, and as a result, profitability of the SAGD process. On the producer well, operators prefer to have a uniform inflow production profile to recover more in-situ oil. This can be achieved through installing inflow control devices (ICDs) in the producer well. ICDs also help to mitigate the negative effect of baffles and barriers on the production well. To properly model both ICDs and OCDs, there are several methodologies and approaches available in the oil and gas industry. Each approach can be helpful to address specific questions and examine certain attributes of downhole flow technology. Depending on the objectives of the analysis, a specific software program or workflow can be used. The tool itself has a particular importance for the analysis and we would like to understand the physics behind the tool. The performance attributes of each downhole flow control device (FCD) will vary based on dimensions and design factors. Other analyses focus on design and optimization of the completion tool. Some studies use software programs to only focus on wellbore hydraulics and follow a simple and quick analysis for modeling, while other studies involve multiple software programs and complicated methodology to model and optimize the entire process. This paper shows some of the different options that are available to analyze and model both ICDs and OCDs. It will examine the pros and cons of each method, as well as the limitations of each software/methodology. Some examples will be shown to investigate the details of outputs and objectives of each approach. At the end, a guideline will be introduced for completion, reservoir, and production engineers to understand how these models can help them to evaluate flow control devices and their applications.
Study of Electronic and Magnetic Properties of CuPd, CuPt, Cu3Pd and Cu3Pt: Tight Binding Linear Muffin-Tin Orbitals Approach
Authors: Dahal Shiva , Kafle Gyanu , Kaphle Gopi Chandra , Adhikari Narayan Prasad
Published: November 2015

Electronic structure of ordered alloys CuPd, CuPt, Cu3Pd and Cu3Pt have been studied using Tight Binding Linear Muffin-Tin Orbitals Atomic Sphere Approximation (TB-LMTO-ASA). For the electronic properties, we have performed band structure calculations. Our findings show that all the systems considered are metallic in nature. To know the contribution of the orbitals in the bands, the system is analyzed via fat bands which reveal most of the contributions on valence band for CuPd, CuPt, Cu3Pd and Cu3Pt is from d-orbital and on conduction band is from s and p-orbitals. We have also checked the magnetic properties of the alloys. The density of states for spin up and spin down electrons have found to be same in each and every steps, showing non-magnetic nature of CuPd, CuPt, Cu3Pd and Cu3Pt.Journal of Institute of Science and Technology, 2014, 19(1): 137-144
Material Agency as a Challenge to Empirical Research
Authors: Böschen Stefan , Gläser Jochen , Meister Martin , Schubert Cornelius
Published: November 2015

Recent years have seen an increasing interest in materiality in social research. Some might say that materiality is now back on the agenda of social research. The challenges of bringing materiality back have spurred lively debates about material agency, most of which, however, are leveled at the largely dematerialized theories of the social in the social sciences, for example, in material culture studies (Appadurai 1986; Miller 1998) as well as science and technology studies (Latour 1988; Law/Mol 1995). Since the turn of the century, a marked shift towards the material has emerged (cf. Hicks 2010), ranging from questions concerning nature (Grundmann/Stehr 2000) and everyday objects (Molotch 2003; Costall/Dreier 2006; Miller 2010) to issues of cultural theory (Reckwitz 2002), post-phenomenology (Verbeek 2005), ethnography (Henare et al. 2007), distributed cognition (Hutchins 1995), and materiality in general (Dant 2005; Miller 2005; Knappett/Malafouris 2008). A perspective on materiality is now being developed in diverse fields such as archaeology (Meskell 2005), economic sociology (Pinch/Swedberg 2008), political science (Bennett 2010; Coole/Frost 2010), and organization studies (Carlile et al. 2013). Yet the status of the material remains debated in the evolving fields of various “new” materialisms (cf. Lemke 2015).
The Drug as Thing
Authors: Henkel Anna
Published: November 2015

This article starts with the observation that a sociological analysis of interactions concerning drugs cannot rely on accounts of drugs that were generated in the field because these accounts (such as the distinction between drugs and non-drugs or between intended effects and side effects) are shaped by strong interests. The article suggests two approaches to obtaining actor-independent accounts, both of which are based on comparisons. The first approach is a symmetrization of perspectives, which can be achieved by including the perspectives of as many different actors as possible as well as the abstract actors of science and law. The second approach starts from the definition of a problem that is contingent but grounded in practices of the field. In the case of drugs, this problem can be constructed as how laypersons can rate the identity and quality of specific things as unproblematic. In both cases, an ontological idea of the “drug as such” is replaced by a social-constructivist view of the drug, which at the same time takes the drug's materiality into account.