bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predicting Undergraduate Condom Use with the Fishbein and Ajzen and the Triandis Attitude‐Behavior Models: Implications for Public Health Interventions1
Authors: Boyd Brian , Wandersman Abraham
Published: August 2006

The present study used two social‐psychological theories of attitude‐behavior relationships to investigate condom use by college undergraduates. One purpose of the present research is to provide information for public health practitioners to better design theory‐based interventions to reduce the incidence of STD's by increasing the use of condoms. Another purpose is to compare the relative usefulness of two attitude‐behavior models in predicting condom use. The Fishbein and Ajzen theory of reasoned action (Ajzen, 1988; Fishbein & Ajzen. 1980) was compared with a version of Triandis' theory of attitude‐behavior relations (Triandis, 1977). Of major interest was whether variables in this version of the Triandis model increased the explanatory power of the Fishbein and Ajzen model in the prediction of condom use intention and behavior. In addition, specific outcome beliefs and normative beliefs held by subjects were used to predict condom use. One hundred and ninety college undergraduates were given a questionnaire designed to measure the components of the two models. Three months after completing the questionnaire, subjects were contacted by phone to record the subject's frequency of condom use (if the subject reported having had intercourse) during the 3‐month period between initial assessment and follow‐up. In the prediction of intention to use a condom, results indicate that one variable from the Triandis model, personal normative beliefs, increases the explanatory power offered by the expectancy value and normative belief components of the Fishbein and Ajzen model. In the prediction of reported condom use during the 3‐month follow‐up period, two variables from the Triandis model—perceived susceptibility and AIDS fear—significantly increased the predictive power of the Fishbein and Ajzen model. Based on these results, the authors propose an alternative model to explain undergraduate condom use. The implications of these findings for public health interventions to encourage the use of condoms is discussed.
Work‐Unit Structure and Processes and Job‐Related Stressors as Predictors of Managerial Burnout1
Authors: Lee Raymond T. , Ashforth Blake E.
Published: August 2006

Research on the antecedents of burnout has focused largely on such job‐related stressors as role conflict, ambiguity, and overload. The present study expands the focus by also examining the role of organizational structure and processes, notably work‐unit standardization, formalization, and communication. It is hypothesized that the effect of organizational structure and processes on burnout is in fact largely mediated by job‐related stressors. Self‐report data from supervisors and managers in a public welfare setting provide strong support. More broadly, these findings suggest that the impact of “macro” variables on the individual is at least partially mediated by “micro” variables. Specific associations between aspects of structure/process and stressors and between stressors and dimensions of burnout are also examined.
Cognitive Heuristics and AIDS Risk Assessment Among Physicians1
Authors: Heath Linda , Acklin Marvin , Wiley Katherine
Published: August 2006

Physicians (N= 331) reported perceived risk of HIV exposure, worry about on‐the‐job HIV exposure, and experience with patients who test seropositive for the HIV. In addition, the use of the availability heuristic was examined by responses to questions about talking and reading about AIDS, and the use of the simulation heuristic was examined by responses to questions about imagining oneself being exposed to HIV on the job. Simulation of the HIV‐exposure experience related significantly to perceived risk (p < .001), even after variance attributable to actual experience and use of the availability heuristic was taken into account. Availability of AIDS information related marginally to perceived risk after variance attributable to actual experience and use of the simulation heuristic was taken into account. Simulation related strongly with worry about on‐the‐job exposure (p < .001), and availability was not significantly related to worry after variance associated with simulation and experience with AIDS was removed. Implications of these results for physician training are discussed.
Voice Identification Over the Telephone1
Authors: Yarmey A. Daniel
Published: August 2006

Following a telephone survey investigating attitudes toward police and frequency of personal victimization. 177 citizens between the ages of 18 and 88 years participated without forewarning in a field study on telephone voice identification. Identification accuracy (hits) improved with longer conversation durations (an average duration of 7.8 min compared to conversation durations of 3.2 min and 4.3 min. on average), but the false alarm rate also reliably increased with longer durations in a target‐present lineup. False alarms were consistently high (overall M= .48) in the target‐absent lineup. No significant differences were found in hit scores or false alarm scores over a two to three day retention interval. No significant correlation was found between confidence scores and accuracy of performance on the target‐present lineup (r= .10). but a significant correlation (r= 36) was found on the target‐absent lineup.
Psychological Counseling Over the Radio: Listening Motivations and the Threat to Self‐Esteem
Authors: Raviv Amiram , Raviv Alona , Arnon Gilad
Published: August 2006

The study applied help‐seeking models in order to elucidate individuals' motivations underlying listening to radio counseling programs. Listening motivations for two different counseling programs were compared among listeners and callers to the programs. In addition, the study compared the degree of perceived threat to self‐esteem associated with seeking help from a psychologist in a clinic as compared to a psychologist on the air, and examined the self‐esteem of listeners and callers to these counseling programs.

Results showed that listeners and callers attribute motivations of receiving psychological information and help to the consumers of these programs. Seeking help from a radio psychologist was found to be less threatening than turning to a psychologist in a clinic. Finally, the self‐esteem of callers was lower than that of listeners. The results support the utility of psychological help‐seeking models for research in the field of media psychology.
Time Structure and Purpose as a Mediator of Work‐Life Linkages
Authors: George Jennifer M.
Published: August 2006

This study explores time structure and purpose as a mediator of the relationship between the experience of work and well‐being in life, taking into account personality factors. A recursive model is presented in which value attainment at work and job satisfaction are expected to positively affect life satisfaction directly and indirectly through their effects on time structure and purpose. A test of the model using questionnaire responses from 336 workers generally was supportive of the hypothesized relationships suggesting that one mechanism through which work may affect well‐being is through work's influence on people's sense of time being spent in purposeful and meaningful ways. Support for the hypothesized role of personality in the model also was obtained. In general, these results are consistent with top‐down and bottom‐up theories of well‐being suggesting that both types of processes likely operate in tandem. Implications of these results are discussed.
Crowding, Perceived Control, and Relative Power: An Analysis of Households in India1
Authors: Ruback R. Barry , Pandey Janak
Published: August 2006

Data from rural villagers in India suggested that the perception of control was related to physical health but that household density (persons per room) had few effects. In a second study, separate interviews were conducted with the husband and wife in each of 167 households, which varied greatly in terms of number of household members and number of rooms. Results indicated that, once socio‐economic status and demographic factors were statistically held constant, household density had no effects. However, the density of the household in which respondents were raised did significantly affect several measures, with people who were raised in more crowded homes generally experiencing more negative outcomes in their present homes. Although number of persons in the household had few effects on respondents, the number of children in the home had several negative outcomes, particularly for women. Results also showed that, even when other variables were held constant, the perception of control over the environment was a significant predictor for both men and women on almost all dependent measures and that other perceived ways of dealing with problems (control over self and acceptance of things as they are) were much less important. At the bivariate level, the greater the difference between husbands and wives in perceived control over the environment, the more negative were the wives' reactions and experiences. However, when all other variables were held constant, this difference added no significant explanatory power for women but did explain some measures for men, with men suffering more mental distress and reacting more negatively to their home the greater their relative power.
Measurement of Health Care Attitudes In Cystic Fibrosis Patients and Their Parents
Authors: Strube Michael J , Smith Jeffrey A. , Rothbaum Robert , Sotelo Andrea
Published: August 2006

Previous research indicates that attitudes about information acquisition, and attitudes about behavioral involvement, moderate important health behaviors. These attitudes may play an important role in the management of cystic fibrosis (CF) because of the crucial role that patient knowledge and self‐involvement play in maintaining adequate functioning. However, due to the young age of CF onset, and the necessary involvement of parents in CF patients' care, two preliminary questions require attention. First, can health care attitudes be measured reliably in young samples? Second, are parents' attitudes related to their children's attitudes? In this study we examined the measurement of health care attitudes in CF patients and their parents by administering the Health Opinion Survey. Results indicated that health care attitudes could be measured reliably in parents and teens, but that for younger patients (ages 8 to 12 years), reliability was reduced. Results also indicated that parents' attitudes and patients' attitudes were largely unrelated, suggesting that patients do not automatically adopt the health care attitudes of their parents. By implication, educational interventions targeted at parents may have limited effectiveness for their children.
The Influence of Observed Alcohol Consumption on Perceptions of Initiation of Sexual Activity in a College Dating Situation
Authors: Corcoran Kevin J. , Thomas Laura R.
Published: August 2006

Corcoran and Bell (1990) found differences between men and women's expectancies for the likelihood of sexual intercourse on a first date depending on how much the other had to drink. The present study examined the subjects' perceptions of likelihood of male and female initiation of sexual intercourse in a story in which the drinking of male or female characters was varied. Subjects read a story of a first date in which one character. either the male or female, consumed a couple of cocktails. The other character either “also had a couple of cocktails.”“drank soft drinks,” or “became slightly intoxicated.” A manipulation check showed that the subjects were responding to story variables in their ratings of characters intoxication. Men were perceived to be more likely than women to initiate intercourse across all drinking conditions, although results indicate that all subjects believed that sexual activity was more likely to be initiated when story characters consumed alcohol rather than soft drinks. These results further demonstrated that this expectancy for initiation of sex appears to be triggered by the presence of alcohol and did not significantly increase for a higher dose of alcohol. More research is necessary to clarify the role of alcohol in sexuality among adolescents and young adults.
Social Psychology and the Stimulation of Recycling Behaviors: The Block Leader Approach
Authors: Burn Shawn M.
Published: August 2006

Recycling has been touted as an important part of the solution to solid waste problems, yet most citizens still do not recycle, even when recycling is made easy by curbside pickups. This field experiment was designed to increase participation in a city‐sponsored curbside recycling program. Citizens who consistently recycled with the city program were approached and asked to be “recycling block leaders.” Those who agreed were instructed to give approximately 10 nonrecycling neighbors a persuasive communication advocating recycling and special recycling bags. A second treatment group (of nonrecycling households) had bags and the communication left at their door. Results indicated that the curbside recycling of the two experimental groups differed significantly from one another (with the block leader group recycling more), and both differed significantly from a control group receiving no treatment. A discussion of past recycling intervention research and its feasibility for community application is included.
Attitudes Toward a Homosexual or Heterosexual Person with AIDS1
Authors: Fish Thomas A. , Rye Barbara J.
Published: August 2006

The research compared attitudes toward a homosexual or heterosexual male described as being healthy or as having terminal cancer, venereal disease, or AIDS. University students reacted to one of eight written descriptions of the target individual depicted in a photograph. Results indicated that attitude were least favorable when the subject was male, when the target was homosexual, and when the target had venereal disease or AIDS. In the AIDS condition, subject knowledge about AIDS was positively related to evaluations of a person with AIDS, but not to the desire to interact with him. Social distance responses toward a person with AIDS were not influenced by the target's sexual orientation. AIDS‐phobia and homophobia are suggested as important explanatory variables. It is concluded that simply increasing public knowledge about AIDS is not enough to ensure a more supportive, social environment for persons with AIDS.
Effects of Goal Choice, Strategy Choice, and Feedback Source on Goal Acceptance, Performance and Subsequent Goals1
Authors: Kernan Mary C. , Heimann Beverly , Hanges Paul J.
Published: August 2006

This study examined the effects of goal choice, strategy choice, and feedback source on goal acceptance, performance, and future self‐set goals. The results were partially consistent with earlier work by Earley and Kanfer (1985) in that goal and strategy choice interacted to affect initial performance and goal acceptance. However, the nature of the performance interaction was not as expected. Results pertaining to future goals and subsequent performance suggested that goal choice was an important determinant of future goals and that feedback, goal choice, and strategy choice interacted to influence subsequent performance. Contrary to expectations, feedback source did not exert a main effect on subsequent performance, goal setting, or perceptions of feedback acceptance and usefulness. Discussion centered on the differential impact of choice on perceptual and behavioral variables and the failure of self‐feedback to significantly affect subsequent goals and performance.
Concept Redundancy and Rater Naivety in Organizational Research
Authors: Morrow Paula C. , Eastman Kenneth , McElroy James C.
Published: August 2006

The validity of five work commitment concepts is assessed via content analysis. The role of rater naivety (i.e., familiarity) with the concepts and measures used is also evaluated. Organizational commitment and Protestant work ethic were found to be least redundant. Naive raters demonstrated more redundancy than raters familiar with the concepts and measures. The implications of these findings for the study of work commitment and organizational research in general are discussed.
Adolescents' Perceptions of Lightning and Tornado Risks1
Authors: Greening Leilani , Dollinger Stephen J.
Published: August 2006

Four hundred and fifty‐five adolescents estimated the subjective probability risk for lightning and tornado deaths. Based on observations by Slovic, Fischhoff, and Lichtenstein (1982), we predicted that teenagers would underestimate the risks for lightning fatalities relative to tornado deaths. This prediction was confirmed for the sample as a whole. However, personal experience with both lightning and tornado events contributed to more realistic risk perceptions. Attention to news reports, thrill seeking, and gender did not contribute to perception. The findings are discussed in the context of the availability heuristic.
Judging Others' Anxiety1
Authors: Harrigan Jinni A. , Lucic Karen S. , Bailyn Lisa , Zarnowiecki Susan , Rosenthal Robert
Published: August 2006

Detecting anxiety is essential both in help‐giving settings such as psychotherapy and in everyday social relationships. This two‐study experiment involved groups of observers who viewed and rated selected scenes from previously videotaped subjects’(expressers) descriptions of past emotional experiences. One group rated combined visual and auditory stimuli for low and high state anxiety scenes, and the other group judged visual‐only stimuli for low and high state anxiety scenes. Each scene was 30 seconds in length. Both groups were significantly accurate in differentiating expressers' high and low state anxiety. There were significant effects for expresser trait level, but in both studies these effects were opposite to those predicted: High trait anxious were viewed as less anxious than moderate trait anxious who were judged as less anxious than low trait anxious expressers. This unusual finding was discussed with respect to differences in frequency of feeling and coping with anxiety by high and low trait anxious individuals. High trait anxiety subjects were rated as more unlikable on high state anxiety scenes, while low trait anxious individuals were judged as more unlikable on low state anxiety scenes. Differences were observed for trait anxiety groups with regard to state anxiety depending on whether subjects received auditory‐visual or visual‐only stimuli. Discussion is focused on implications of recognizing subtle affect cues and distinctions among people differing in trait anxiety.
The Impact of Contemplated Exposure to a Survivor of Rape on Attitudes toward Rape1
Authors: Ellis Alan L. , O'SULLIVAN CHRIS S. , Sowards Bruce A.
Published: August 2006

Male and female college students were asked to rate the truth of myths about rape either before or after contemplating how they would react if a close friend or relative told them she had been raped. It was expected that such contemplation would decrease endorsement of rape myths, by increasing sympathy for victims and reducing the tendency to blame victims for sexual assault. Typically, studies have found that women are less accepting of rape myths and more sympathetic to rape victims than men. A reason for this may be that women have thought about rape more and are more likely to have experienced sexual assault or to be acquainted with a survivor. Based on the above findings, it was hypothesized that contemplating exposure to a rape survivor would be particularly beneficial to men's attitudes. Results contradicted the hypothesis and showed that contemplating exposure increased rejection of rape myths for women but slightly increased men's endorsements. In contrast, men and women who were actually acquainted with a rape survivor rejected rape myths more strongly than those who did not claim acquaintance.
College Students Use Implicit Personality Theory Instead of Safer Sex1
Authors: Williams Sunyna S. , Kimble Diane L. , Covell Nancy H. , Weiss Laura H. , Newton Kimberly J. , Fisher Jeffrey D. , Fisher William A.
Published: August 2006

Many college students engage in high levels of unsafe sexual behavior that puts them at risk for HIV infection. To better understand the dynamics underlying college students' unsafe behavior, focus group discussions were conducted with 308 students (146 men and 162 women). The results showed that, instead of consistently using condoms, many college students use implicit personality theories to judge the riskiness of potential sexual partners. Specifically, partners whom college students know and like are not perceived to be risky, even if what students know about these individuals is irrelevant to HIV status. The students determine the riskiness of partners they do not know well based on superficial characteristics that are also generally unrelated to HIV status. Therefore, AIDS prevention interventions for college students must expose the ineffectiveness of the students' use of implicit personality theories to determine potential partners' riskiness, and the “know your partner” safer sex guideline should be abandoned.
Effects of Patients' Age, Gender, and Depression on Medical Students' Beliefs, Attitudes, Intentions, and Behavior1
Authors: Wilcox Victoria L.
Published: August 2006

This study examines the effects of patient age, gender, and depression on 88 advanced medical students' beliefs, attitudes, intentions, and behavior. Each subject heard an audiotaped patient portrayal. Patient age (32 or 67 years), gender, and depressive symptoms varied in a 2 × 2 × 2 between‐subjects factorial design. All of the patients reported the same symptoms except that half of them also presented symptoms of depression. Questionnaires assessed beliefs about the patient's condition, attitudes toward the patient, treatment intentions, and recall of patient information. Expectations of an age bias were not substantiated. Females were rated less seriously ill, less likely to require laboratory tests, and more likely to receive medication than males. Among depressed patients, counseling and reassurance were more likely for females, and a nonpsychiatric consult was more likely for males. Recall of the symptoms presented was better for depressed patients. The implications for medical practice are discussed.
On Adhering to Judicial Instructions: Reactions of Dogmatic and Nondogmatic Juries to the Judge's Charge in an Entrapment Case1
Authors: Shaffer David R. , Kerwin Jeffrey
Published: August 2006

Juries differing in dogmatism assessed the culpability of a defendant who had sold heroin to an undercover police officer and pled entrapment as his legal defense. The extenuating circumstances surrounding the drug sale provided either a reasonably compelling justification (high extenuating circumstances) or minimal justification (low extenuating circumstances) for an entrapment plea. Because of their alleged respect for and reliance on the pronouncements of authority figures, it was hypothesized that dogmatic juries would be more influenced than nondogmatic juries by the judge's charge about the meaning of entrapment (which, in this case, focused on the propriety of police conduct). Analyses of the jury deliberations, the decisions rendered, and postexperimental questionnaire data supported this hypothesis. Some implications of these outcomes are discussed.
Information Attributes as Related to Psychological Symptoms and Perceived Control Among Information Seekers in the Aftermath of Technological Disaster
Authors: PRINCE‐EMBURY SANDRA
Published: August 2006

The relationship among information attributes, psychological symptoms, and perceived control was examined among residents in the vicinity of Three Mile island who attended the Three Mile Island Health and Environmental Information Series on cancer, radiation, and epidemiology of cancer 6 years after the nuclear accident that had occurred and shortly before restart of the plant. Among course participants, greater understanding of information was associated with slightly fewer psychological symptoms. Higher rated reliability of information was associated with less perceived control. Findings are discussed with reference to information delivery under conditions of uncertainty.
Differential Effectiveness of Applicant Impression Management Tactics on Employment Interview Decisions1
Authors: KACMAR K. MICHELE , Delery John E. , Ferris Gerald R.
Published: August 2006

It has been a commonly held belief for some time that applicants attempt to manage impressions of interviewers in the employment interview process, but only recently have researchers begun to examine systematically the tactics applicants use, and how effective they are. The present study contrasted two sets of impression management tactics used by applicants and observed their effects on interviewer decisions in a controlled laboratory experiment. An applicant who employed self‐focused‐type impression management tactics was rated higher, received more recommendations for a job offer, and received fewer rejections from business students, who had just completed an interviewer training program, than when he used other‐focused‐type tactics. The implications of these results in terms of both theory and practice are discussed.
Social Influences on the Goal Choices of Group Members1
Authors: Hinsz Verlin B.
Published: August 2006

The influences of anticipation of evaluation, anticipation of group interaction, and taking other group members into consideration were each explored for their impact on the selection of task performance goals by group members. Self‐evaluation, esteem maintenance, and comparison with others hypotheses were described as plausible explanations for earlier findings that groups select lower task performance goals than individuals. Results provided considerable support for the self‐evaluation and comparison‐with‐others hypotheses, but indicated that esteem maintenance could not account for some aspects of the data. Discussion focused on understanding the results within the context of social comparison theory.
The Role of Power and Gender in Anger Responses to Sexual Jealousy
Authors: Strachan Catherine E. , Dutton Donald G.
Published: August 2006

Despite a growing interest in intimate conflict, little research has examined the variables that influence anger within an interpersonal context. Using the conflict topic of sexual jealousy, male and female undergraduate students were randomly assigned to high‐ or low‐power conditions prior to listening to an audiotaped conflict between intimates. Analysis of participants' affective responses to the conflict indicated that in spite of no initial differences in anger before hearing the conflict, there was a significant difference between power conditions in postconflict ratings: low‐power participants reported more anger than did high‐power participants. Similarly, women reported more anger than did men after hearing the conflict despite no preconflict differences. The results are discussed in terms of the influence of power and gender expectations on the anger dynamics of intimate conflict. Of special interest is the extent to which perceptions of power or powerlessness, ostensibly unrelated to the conflict, can shape affective reactions to conflict.
The Employment Interview: The Role of Sex Stereotypes in the Evaluation of Male and Female Job Applicants in the Netherlands1
Authors: Vianen Nneues E. M. Van , Willemsen Tineke M.
Published: August 2006

This field study focused on the influence of sex stereotypes in the evaluation of male (N=38) and female (N=21) job applicants in the Netherlands. The employee selection process for higher‐level technical and academic jobs in real life situations was studied, with special attention to the assessment of applicants by members of selection committees. It was demonstrated that, according to the job interviewers, the ideal applicant had more masculine than feminine traits. Males and females were regarded as having the same qualifications for the job, but because male applicants were assessed as having more masculine characteristics and female applicants more feminine characteristics, the male applicants were accepted more often. The job interviewers acted according to a fit model: The applicant most similar in traits to the ideal applicant was hired for each job.
The Psychological Framing of Cults: Schematic Representations and Cult Evaluations
Authors: Pfeifer Jeffrey E.
Published: August 2006

This research investigates the hypothesis that perceptions of cult indoctrination techniques are based on negative schematic representations as opposed to objective evaluations. It is specifically suggested that individuals who are asked to evaluate cult indoctrination techniques are anchoring their judgments on the group label in contrast to the process being employed. Subjects were asked to read a description of a young man who joins a group and is exposed to its indoctrination process. Depending on the condition, subjects were led to believe that the group was either the Moonies, the Marines, or the Catholic Church. Except for the group label, in all three conditions the description of the indoctrination process was identical. Subjects were then asked to evaluate both the group's indoctrination techniques and the individual who joined the group, and to complete a questionnaire regarding their general knowledge of cults. Results indicate that subject ratings are significantly affected by the group label and that general knowledge regarding cults is based primarily on indirect sources. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Male Partners' Appraisals of Undesired Pregnancy and Abortion: Implications for Women's Adjustment to Abortion
Authors: Major Brenda , Cozzarelli Catherine , Testa Maria , Mueller Pallas
Published: August 2006

The impact of men's attributions for pregnancy and expectations for coping with abortion on their partner's post‐abortion adjustment was examined. Men's and women's attributions and coping expectations were assessed in a sample of 73 couples prior to obtaining a first‐trimester abortion of an undesired pregnancy. Women's depression was assessed 30 minutes post‐abortion. Partners did not differ in their coping expectations or attributions of the pregnancy to chance, situation, another person, or their own behavior, but men blamed the pregnancy more on their own character than did their partners. Male partner's coping expectancies affected women's adjustment only if the women themselves had low coping expectancies. Among women with low coping expectancies, those accompanied by partners who also had low coping expectancies were the most depressed. Men's attributions were unrelated to their partner's adjustment.
Psychological Symptoms As Related to Cognitive Appraisals and Demographic Differences Among Information Seekers in the Aftermath of Technological Disaster at Three Mile Island
Authors: Prince‐Embury Sandra
Published: August 2006

Psychological symptoms were found to be associated with a number of cognitive appraisal and demographic variables but predicted primarily by perceived lack of control among information seekers in the aftermath of the Three Mile Island accident. Cognitive appraisal variables were found to be interrelated in a way which suggests that appraisal of control and faith in experts mediate between perceived environmental threat and psychological symptoms among information seekers in the aftermath of technological disaster. Demographic variables such as education and evacuation status are viewed as mediators between environmental circumstances and cognitive appraisals.
Problem Drinking: A Problem for the Theory of Reasoned Action?1
Authors: Schlegel Ronald P. , DAvernas Josie R. , Zanna Mark P. , DeCourville Nancy H. , Manske Stephen R.
Published: August 2006

The present study examined the sufficiency of the theory of reasoned action (TRA) to predict intention and behavior with respect to problem drinking, as well as the ability of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to predict intention and behavior over and above the TRA. The role of perceived control in the TPB was also examined. A 12‐year longitudinal study on alcohol and drug use attitudes and behavior provided the context for this investigation. Two criterion variables were examined: intention to get drunk and frequency of getting drunk. It was hypothesized that heavier drinkers would perceive less control over their drinking. Coincidentally, the TRA, which assumes the behavior being predicted is volitional, would become less predictive as drinking became heavier. Furthermore, the TPB, which extends the TRA to include perceived (volitional) control over the behavior would be more predictive of intention and behavior than the TRA. All three hypotheses were supported. In addition, perceived control proved to be differentially predictive for nonproblem and problem drinkers. Specifically, perceived control contributed to the prediction of intention to get drunk for nonproblem drinkers, but to the prediction of behavior (frequency of getting drunk) for problem drinkers. Implications of these results for theory development and application are discussed.
Gender Stereotyping and Adolescent Sexual Behavior: A Test of Temporal Order1
Authors: Foshee Vangie , Bauman Karl
Published: August 2006

Prior to the present study, the proposal by sexual socialization theorists that there is a relationship between gender stereotyping and adolescent sexual behavior had never been empirically tested. The purposes of this paper were (a) to test the relationship between gender stereotyping and adolescent sexual behavior and (b) to determine the direction and temporality of the relationship. Panel data from a probability sample of 1,607 black and white adolescents were used. The findings indicate a relationship between female stereotyping and sexual behavior for female but not for male adolescents. Interaction analyses indicate that the strength, direction, and temporality of the relationship varies by age, race, mother's education, and the number of hours the mother is employed. In general, females with traditional female stereotypes were more likely to begin having sexual intercourse earlier than those with nontraditional stereotypes. These findings are discussed in the context of societal encouragement of traditional female stereotyping.
Predicting Recycling Behavior from Global and Specific Environmental Attitudes and Changes in Recycling Opportunities1
Authors: Vining Joanne , Ebreo Angela
Published: August 2006

Surveys of households in a medium‐sized city were conducted at three different points in time to investigate changes in general environmental concern (as measured by the New Environmental Paradigm), specific recycling attitudes (as measured by constructs of the Schwartz moral norm model), and recycling behavior that occurred as recycling opportunities increased over time. After the initial data point, a voluntary curbside recycling program was implemented in central sections of the community and then later expanded citywide. The results indicate that over time, the proportion of households indicating that they recycled increased along with the actual volume of materials recycled in the community. General environmental concern and specific attitudes regarding recycling also became more favorable over time with recyclers exhibiting stronger pro‐environmental attitudes than nonrecyclers. Specific recycling attitudes were found to be only moderately related to generalized concern for the environment. Lastly, the predictive utility of general environmental concern and specific recycling attitudes were examined.
Loss of Control, Attributions, and Helplessness in the Homeless1
Authors: Burn Shawn M.
Published: August 2006

Control has emerged as an important psychological variable. The purpose of this project was to extend the concept of environmental control to the homeless shelter environment. Data from interviews conducted with residents of a homeless shelter supported the hypothesis that perceived loss of control over the shelter environment would be positively related to giving up on finding a home and employment. The hypothesis that the helplessness created by low control environments is consistent with the external, stable attributional style of “universal” helplessness was partially supported. Suggestions for future research are provided. Changes in the shelter environment are recommended for the treatment of helplessness in the homeless though helplessness is expected to persist as long as poverty, expensive housing, and prejudice against the homeless make efforts and outcomes noncontingent.
Adolescent Type A Characteristics and Socially Problematic Behaviors1
Authors: Reifman Alan , Windle Michael
Published: August 2006

Researchers have increasingly advocated social and developmental psychology perspectives to studying Type A behavior to increase understanding of how it emerges and of how Type A individuals’ entry into different naturalistic social situations may exacerbate their stress reactions. As an initial step in these directions, we tested structural equation models relating components of Type A behavior in adolescents to childhood and adolescent socially problematic behaviors. Results from two high‐school district cohorts (Ns = approximately 300 and 700) showed that impatience, hostility, and leadership all were related to childhood problems, but that only impatience predicted an adolescent problem (conflict with friends).
Racism, Counterfactual Thinking, and Judgment Severity1
Authors: Burris Christopher T. , Branscombe Nyla R.
Published: August 2006

Two contrasting models of the effects of motivational influences on the relationship between counterfactual thinking and social judgment were tested, using a modified version of Wells and Gavanski's (1989) cab driver vignette. Undergraduates (N= 208) assigned blame to a negligent white or black target after imagining how the target's alternative behavior could have either easily or improbably averted two accident‐related fatalities. Results suggested that motivational variables such as racism moderate the relationship between counterfactual thinking and judgment severity rather than directly affect the counterfactual thinking process itself. Implications for current conceptions of both counterfactual thinking and racism are discussed.
An AIDS Hotline: Analysis of Callers, Presenting Problems, and Social Factors1
Authors: Wellman Mary Chelea
Published: August 2006

This research is an analysis of all calls received by an AIDS hotline over an 8‐month period. Caller demographics and types of presenting problems of callers are reported. Overall, callers were most concerned about how the virus was transmitted and requested information about HIV testing for themselves, a partner, a friend, or a relative. Despite the fact that adolescents are at high risk for contracting HIV, few adolescents called the hotline, but those who did were more likely to request safer sex information than HIV testing information. In contrast, all other age groups requested HIV testing more than safer sex information, often by a 2:1 or 3:1 margin. Men called most frequently because of concerns about self, whereas women called most frequently with concerns about others. These results are discussed in the context of the AIDS epidemic and in terms of social factors.
Social Power Bases: A Meta‐Anaiytic Examination of Interrelationships and Outcomes1
Authors: Carson Paula Phillips , Carson Kerry D. , Roe C. William
Published: August 2006

French and Raven (1959) inferred how the existence of social power bases influences a subordinate's perception and a leader's use of other powers. Based on their propositions, we tested a model using meta‐analytic correlations as input to structural equations analysis. We also used recent literature to test a revised model, which fit the data better. Additionally, the meta‐analytic effects of the social bases of power on satisfaction with supervision, job satisfaction, and performance were examined.
Social Comparisons and Adjustment Among Cardiac Patients1
Authors: Helgeson Vicki S. , Taylor Shelley E.
Published: August 2006

The research examined social comparisons, affiliative choices, and their relation to adjustment among patients in a cardiac rehabilitation program. Consistent with Taylor and Lobel (1989), evaluative and affiliative processes diverged, with patients making downward evaluations (Wills, 1981) but choosing to affiliate with those who were better off than themselves. Consistent with predictions, downward evaluation was associated with better psychological adjustment, supporting the idea that these comparisons meet self‐enhancement needs; upward affiliations were associated with hopefulness and inspiration, as well as with the perception that such comparisons provide information that is useful for improving one's own condition. The implications of evaluative comparison and affiliative activities for coping is discussed.
Perceptions of Anabolic Steroid Users1
Authors: Raalte Judy L. Van , Cusimano Kimberly A. , Brewer Britton W. , Matheson Hilary
Published: August 2006

Although anabolic steroid (AS) use has been associated with negative physical and psychological effects, use of AS has continued. Recently, psychosocial factors have been hypothesized to be important in understanding AS use. This study focused on perceptions that three populations (AS‐using athletes, nonusing athletes, and general nonusers) have of AS users. In Experiment 1, 22 AS users (bodybuilders and power‐lifters) read a description of a bodybuilder and rated their perceptions of that athlete. Results indicated that an AS using bodybuilder was rated similarly to a diet‐conscious bodybuilder and significantly more positively than a cocaine‐using bodybuilder. In Experiment 2, 43 nonusing bodybuilders perceived an AS‐using athlete no differently than a nonusing athlete. In Experiment 3, 254 undergraduates rated an AS‐using bodybuilder significantly less positively than a diet‐conscious athlete and a cheater, but no differently than a cocaine user. Implications of the different patterns of ratings made by the three groups of subjects are presented. The utility of considering psychosocial factors when implementing AS prevention programs is discussed.
The Effect of Credibility on Perceived Power1
Authors: Nesler Mitchell S. , Aguinis Herman , Quigley Brian M. , Tedeschi James T.
Published: August 2006

The credibility and power of a manager were manipulated in vignettes. Eighty‐four subjects read a description and responded to scales measuring perceptions of power. Results indicated that credibility had a direct effect on power ratings. Objective power, which was manipulated in the vignettes, also had a direct effect on perceived power ratings. In addition, a significant interaction of objective power by credibility indicated that objective power had a moderating effect on the relationship between credibility and perceived power. The results are particularly meaningful with respect to the credibility manipulation, given that the scales used were designed specifically to measure reward, coercive, legitimate, expert, and referent power. Suggestions for future research on credibility and its relationship to social power are offered.
Determinants of College Women's Intentions to Tell Their Partners to Use Condoms1
Authors: Chan Darius K‐S , Fishbein Martin
Published: August 2006

In assessing college women's intentions to tell their partners to use condoms every time they have sexual intercourse, the present study examined the applicability of the theory of reasoned action (TORA, Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975), and the additional prediction contributed by Ajzen's (1985) perceived behavioral control and Triandis’(1977) emotional reaction variables. Three hundred and twelve female college students completed a questionnaire designed to measure the aforementioned constructs. Consistent with TORA, the results suggested that these women's intentions were significantly predicted from attitudes and subjective norms. Regarding the effects of the two additional variables, only emotional reaction increased the prediction of intentions beyond that explained by TORA, whereas perceived behavioral control did not improve the prediction. Both conceptual and applied implications of these findings for health interventions to increase condom use were discussed.
Perceived Health Barriers and Health Value in Seniors: Implications for Well‐Being and Mortality1
Authors: Siruthers C. Ward , Chipperfield Judith G. , Perry Raymond P.
Published: August 2006

There is growing evidence to suggest that the ways in which people think about their health problems may have significant implications for psychological and physical well‐being. This possibility has the greatest consequences for those groups facing health problems on a daily basis, in particular, the elderly. This study examined the role of perceived health barriers and value for health in later life. A Perceived Health Barriers (absent, present) by Health Value (low, medium, high) 2.3 factorial design was analyzed for younger and older seniors on: number of life‐threatening diseases, need for health care, and life satisfaction. In addition, a longitudinal design was used to examine the joint roles of perceived health barriers (PHBs) and health value (HV) on mortality. Findings generally indicated that individuals’ PHBs and HV are associated with health‐related outcomes; however, the results differed for young and old elders. Among young elders, those with PHBs and those with high HV had the most negati e profile. That is, they had more diseases, higher health care needs, and lower life satisfaction. Among older elders, the findings were more complicated in that the relationship between PHB and the outcomes depended on HV. Overall, the patterns for old elders suggest that perceived health barriers are most relevant among those with medium value for health and least relevant among those with low value for health.
Escalation of Commitment and Nonorthogonal Analysis of Variance Revisited: A Comment on Schoorman, Bobko, and Rentsch
Authors: Kirkpatrick Lee A. , Nezlek John B.
Published: August 2006

Schoorman, Bobko, and Rentsch (1991) reanalyzed previously published data (Schoorman, 1988) and claimed that, in contrast to the original analysis, the data supported Schoorman's negative escalation hypothesis. We contend that this reanalysis was conceptually and technically flawed, and that Schoorman's original analysis yielded the correct (negative) conclusion. Schoorman et al. also discussed a variety of alternatives for conducting a factorial analysis of variance with unequal cell sizes, demonstrating that different procedures can lead to different statistical conclusions. However, their discussion is misleading and overlooks recent literature that has removed much of the mystery from the unequal‐n problem. We offer a brief review of the fundamental problems, and their solutions, in analysis of variance with unequal ns.
Prejudice, Ethnic Identity, Contact and Ethnic Group Preferences Among Dutch Young Adolescents
Authors: Masson C. N. , Verkuyten M.
Published: August 2006

Social identity theory, the contact hypothesis, and prejudice research are three important perspectives for studying ingroup information and preferences in the context of ethnic groups. This paper studies the utility of the three perspectives in a particular interethnic group context among 160 Dutch subjects between 12 and 15 years of age. The results show that the evaluation of ethnic identity and rate of cross‐ethnic contact are strongly correlated with ingroup formation and preference. Prejudicial attitudes seem to be dependent on contact and especially on the evaluation of ethnic identity. Prejudice seems to be a function of positive identification with the Dutch as a group. Applied implications for ethnic‐group relations are discussed.