bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Route Choice Prediction Model Based on Connected Vehicle Guidance Characteristics
Authors: Wang Jiangfeng , Lv Jiarun , Wang Chao , Zhang Zhiqi
Published: February 2017

A route choice prediction model is proposed considering the connected vehicle guidance characteristics. This model is proposed to prevent the delay in the release of guidance information and route planning due to inaccurate timing predictions of the traditional guidance systems. Based on the analysis of the impact of different connected vehicle (CV) guidance strategies on traffic flow, an indexes system for CV guidance characteristics is presented. Selecting five characteristic indexes, a route choice prediction model is designed using the logistic model. A simulation scenario is established by programming different agents for controlling the flow of vehicles and for information acquisition and transmission. The prediction model is validated using the simulation scenario, and the simulation results indicate that the characteristic indexes have a significant influence on the probability of choosing a particular route. The average root mean square error (RMSE) of the prediction model is 3.19%, which indicates that the calibration model shows a good prediction performance. In the implementation of CV guidance, the penetration rate can be considered an optional index in the adjustment of the guidance effect.
Antinociceptive Effect of Intrathecal Injection of Genetically Engineered Human Bone Marrow Stem Cells Expressing the Human Proenkephalin Gene in a Rat Model of Bone Cancer Pain
Authors: Sun Yi , Tian Yuke , Li Haifeng , Zhang Dengwen , Sun Qiang
Published: February 2017

Background. This study aimed to investigate the use of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) genetically engineered with the human proenkephalin (hPPE) gene to treat bone cancer pain (BCP) in a rat model.Methods. Primary cultured hBMSCs were passaged and modified with hPPE, and the cell suspensions (6 × 106) were then intrathecally injected into a rat model of BCP. Paw mechanical withdrawal threshold (PMWT) was measured before and after BCP. The effects of hPPE gene transfer on hBMSC bioactivity were analyzed in vitro and in vivo.Results. No changes were observed in the surface phenotypes and differentiation of hBMSCs after gene transfer. The hPPE-hBMSC group showed improved PMWT values on the ipsilateral side of rats with BCP from day 12 postoperatively, and the analgesic effect was reversed by naloxone. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1βand IL-6 were ameliorated, and leucine-enkephalin (L-EK) secretion was augmented, in the hPPE-engineered hBMSC group.Conclusion. The intrathecal administration of BMSCs modified with the hPPE gene can effectively relieve pain caused by bone cancer in rats and might be a potentially therapeutic tool for cancer-related pain in humans.
Runoff and Sediment Response to Cascade Hydropower Exploitation in the Middle and Lower Han River, China
Authors: Zhang Junhong , Sun Mingkun , Deng Zhimin , Lu Jing , Wang Dangwei , Chen Lu , Liu Xinyuan
Published: February 2017

With the rapid development of hydropower exploitation in China, changes in runoff and sediment transport have become a significant issue that cannot be neglected. In this study, the Han River was selected as a study case, where the runoff variation and changes in sediment load at the Baihe, Huangjiagang, Huangzhuang, and Xiantao stations were analyzed in different time periods. The results indicate that impact of cascade hydropower exploitation on runoff and sediment transport is significantly different even during the same time periods. After reservoir regulation, the decreasing of sediment load is faster than that of runoff. Strong positive correlation between runoff and sediment load exists during different time periods, while reservoir operation leads to different turning points at the Baihe, Huangjiagang, Huangzhuang, and Xiantao stations in the middle and lower Han River. As a key driving factor, runoff variation contributed to sediment transport with different impact index CR. The impact index CR before and after the first change point at the Baihe, Huangjiagang, Huangzhuang, and Xiantao stations is 43.35%, −3.68%, 11.17%, and 30.12%, respectively. This study helps us understand and evaluate the hydrological changes under cascade hydropower exploitation in the middle and lower Han River.
Mesoporous SnO2 Nanowires: Synthesis and Ethanol Sensing Properties
Authors: Li Shan-Hong , Meng Fang-Fang , Chu Zhong , Luo Tao , Peng Fu-Min , Jin Zhen
Published: February 2017

The mesoporous SnO2 nanowires composed of nanoparticles and nanopores have been successfully synthesized within the nanochannels of anodic alumina oxide templates by a facile sol-gel method. XRD, SEM, and HRTEM were used to characterize the synthesized mesoporous SnO2 nanowires. The sensing property of the mesoporous SnO2 nanowires in ethanol detection also has been studied. The as-prepared product displays excellent the high sensitivity, rapid response, and excellent repeatability to ethanol. The detection limit of the mesoporous SnO2 nanowires to ethanol reaches 1 ppm. The sensing mechanism of the mesoporous SnO2 nanowires has been further discussed. It is expected that the mesoporous SnO2 nanowires might become a good sensing material for promising industrial applications.
Adoptive Transfer of Invariant NKT Cells as Immunotherapy for Advanced Melanoma: A Phase I Clinical Trial
Authors: Exley Mark A. , Friedlander Phillip , Alatrakchi Nadia , Vriend Lianne , Yue Simon , Sasada Tetsuro , Zeng Wanyong , Mizukami Yo , Clark Justice , Nemer David , LeClair Kenneth , Canning Christine , Daley Heather , Dranoff Glenn , Giobbie-Hurder Anita , Hodi F. Stephen , Ritz Jerome , Balk Steven P.
Published: February 2017

Purpose: Invariant NKT cells (iNKT) are innate-like CD1d-restricted T cells with immunoregulatory activity in diseases including cancer. iNKT from advanced cancer patients can have reversible defects including IFNγ production, and iNKT IFNγ production may stratify for survival. Previous clinical trials using iNKT cell activating ligand α-galactosylceramide have shown clinical responses. Therefore, a phase I clinical trial was performed of autologous in vitro expanded iNKT cells in stage IIIB–IV melanoma.

Experimental Design: Residual iNKT cells [<0.05% of patient peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)] were purified from autologous leukapheresis product using an antibody against the iNKT cell receptor linked to magnetic microbeads. iNKT cells were then expanded with CD3 mAb and IL2 in vitro to obtain up to approximately 109 cells.

Results: Expanded iNKT cells produced IFNγ, but limited or undetectable IL4 or IL10. Three iNKT infusions each were completed on 9 patients, and produced only grade 1–2 toxicities. The 4th patient onward received systemic GM-CSF with their second and third infusions. Increased numbers of iNKT cells were seen in PBMCs after some infusions, particularly when GM-CSF was also given. IFNγ responses to α-galactosylceramide were increased in PBMCs from some patients after infusions, and delayed-type hypersensitivity responses to Candida increased in 5 of 8 evaluated patients. Three patients have died, three were progression-free at 53, 60, and 65 months, three received further treatment and were alive at 61, 81, and 85 months. There was no clear correlation between outcome and immune parameters.

Conclusions: Autologous in vitro expanded iNKT cells are a feasible and safe therapy, producing Th1-like responses with antitumor potential. Clin Cancer Res; 23(14); 3510–9. ©2017 AACR.
AG-221, a First-in-Class Therapy Targeting Acute Myeloid Leukemia Harboring Oncogenic IDH2 Mutations
Authors: Yen Katharine , Travins Jeremy , Wang Fang , David Muriel D. , Artin Erin , Straley Kimberly , Padyana Anil , Gross Stefan , DeLaBarre Byron , Tobin Erica , Chen Yue , Nagaraja Raj , Choe Sung , Jin Lei , Konteatis Zenon , Cianchetta Giovanni , Saunders Jeffrey O. , Salituro Francesco G. , Quivoron Cyril , Opolon Paule , Bawa Olivia , Saada Véronique , Paci Angelo , Broutin Sophie , Bernard Olivier A. , de Botton Stéphane , Marteyn Benoît S. , Pilichowska Monika , Xu YingXia , Fang Cheng , Jiang Fan , Wei Wentao , Jin Shengfang , Silverman Lee , Liu Wei , Yang Hua , Dang Lenny , Dorsch Marion , Penard-Lacronique Virginie , Biller Scott A. , Su Shin-San Michael
Published: February 2017

Somatic gain-of-function mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDH) 1 and 2 are found in multiple hematologic and solid tumors, leading to accumulation of the oncometabolite (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG). 2HG competitively inhibits α-ketoglutarate–dependent dioxygenases, including histone demethylases and methylcytosine dioxygenases of the TET family, causing epigenetic dysregulation and a block in cellular differentiation. In vitro studies have provided proof of concept for mutant IDH inhibition as a therapeutic approach. We report the discovery and characterization of AG-221, an orally available, selective, potent inhibitor of the mutant IDH2 enzyme. AG-221 suppressed 2HG production and induced cellular differentiation in primary human IDH2 mutation–positive acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells ex vivo and in xenograft mouse models. AG-221 also provided a statistically significant survival benefit in an aggressive IDH2R140Q-mutant AML xenograft mouse model. These findings supported initiation of the ongoing clinical trials of AG-221 in patients with IDH2 mutation–positive advanced hematologic malignancies.

Significance: Mutations in IDH1/2 are identified in approximately 20% of patients with AML and contribute to leukemia via a block in hematopoietic cell differentiation. We have shown that the targeted inhibitor AG-221 suppresses the mutant IDH2 enzyme in multiple preclinical models and induces differentiation of malignant blasts, supporting its clinical development. Cancer Discov; 7(5); 478–93. ©2017 AACR.

See related commentary by Thomas and Majeti, p. 459.

See related article by Shih et al., p. 494.

This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 443
Language: On the Phenomenology of Linguistic Experience in Schizophrenia (Ancillary Article to EAWE Domain 4)
Authors: Pienkos Elizabeth , Sass Louis
Published: February 2017

Anomalies of language use and comprehension are common in schizophrenia. However, they are typically studied only from a diagnostic or behavioral perspective and viewed simply as deficits or disruptions of normal functioning. Such approaches ignore what it is like to experience language, and thus are at risk of missing aspects of these linguistic anomalies that may be crucial for understanding them. The Examination of Anomalous World Experience (EAWE) provides one way to inquire into the experiential changes related to and underlying these disturbances. This paper offers a summary of a number of theoretical and clinical works that informed the development of EAWE Domain 4, Language, to better contextualize and elaborate on the items that make up this domain. The forms of anomalous linguistic experience included in the EAWE can be generally classified into four groups: (1) Diminished interpersonal orientation, (2) Dissociation between language and experience, (3) Shifts of attention and context-relevance, and (4) Unusual attitudes toward language. We suggest that these kinds of experiential changes indicate a far richer and more complex relationship to language than that suggested by standard deficit models and theories. We hope that by considering and inquiring about the subjective experience of language, researchers and clinicians may develop a greater awareness of and appreciation for the variety of language-related experiences in schizophrenia.
Risk Factor of Pancreatic Fistula after Radical Gastrectomy from the Viewpoint of Fatty Pancreas
Authors: Sato Yuya , Inokuchi Mikito , Otsuki Sho , Fujimori Yoshitaka , Kojima Kazuyuki
Published: February 2017

Background: We suspected that fatty pancreas, accompanied with metabolic syndrome, may be associated with the incidence of postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) after radial gastrectomy. Methods: Between February 2012 and March 2014, we reviewed consecutive 79 gastric cancer patients who underwent radical gastrectomy. To quantify the degree of fatty infiltration to pancreas by preoperative contrast-enhanced CT, we measured ratios and differences between pancreatic and splenic attenuation values (P/S and P-S, respectively). The optimal cut-off values of P/S and P-S for predicting POPF were determined using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Risk factors for POPF of International Study Group on Pancreatic Fistula grade B or higher were examined using univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: POPF occurred in 6 patients (7.6%). ROC curve analyses revealed that the most optimal predictive values of P/S and P-S were 0.74 and -28.8, respectively. Univariate analysis demonstrated that high visceral fat area (p = 0.037), low P/S (p = 0.013), and low P-S (p = 0.006) were significant risk factors of POPF. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that low P/S (OR 10.2 [p = 0.046]) and low P-S (OR 13.2 [p = 0.023]) were significant risk factors of POPF. Conclusion: Fatty pancreas is a risk factor of POPF after radical gastrectomy.
Wellens' Syndrome: A Bad Omen
Authors: Coutinho Cruz Madalena , Luiz Isabel , Ferreira Lurdes , Cruz Ferreira Rui
Published: February 2017

Wellens' syndrome is characterized by an electrocardiographic pattern of T-wave changes associated with a critical stenosis of the left anterior descending artery (LAD), which progresses to an extensive anterior myocardial infarction in the majority of cases. For this reason, its recognition and early treatment are extremely important. We report 2 cases of Wellens' syndrome: an 83-year-old male presenting with ill-characterized chest pain, biphasic T waves in V1-V3 during an asymptomatic period, negative cardiac biomarkers, and a 64% stenosis in LAD with a fractional flow reserve of 0.96 who fared well on medical therapy, and an 67-year-old male with typical angina pain, biphasic T waves in V2-V4 during asymptomatic periods, anterior ST-segment elevation at 2 min of effort during an exercise stress test, positive high-sensitivity cardiac troponin, and an 80% stenosis in the proximal LAD who was submitted to percutaneous coronary intervention which rendered him asymptomatic. The spectrum of Wellens' syndrome is very wide, and knowledge and high clinical suspicion for its diagnosis, especially in its rarest presentation of biphasic T waves, is key to avoiding catastrophic consequences.
A Paratesticular Multicystic Tumor of the Tunica Vaginalis Testis as Rare Paratesticular Cystadenoma
Authors: Draeger Desiree Louise , Kraeft Stine-Kathrein , Protzel Chris , Hakenberg Oliver W.
Published: February 2017

The cystadenoma of the testis and paratestis arising from an unequivocal oviduct-like structure, which is morphologically almost identical with those of the ovarian surface epithelium. These are very rare benign tumors of young adults. They present as asymptomatic cystic lesions. Bilateral paratesticular cystadenomas are strongly associated with von Hippel-Lindau syndrome and correlate with infertility. It is a neoplasm with low malignant potential. Most cystadenomas are benign but a few cases of malignant transformation of embryonic remnants have been reported in the appendix testis, including cases of adenocarcinoma, cystadenocarcinoma, and a low malignant müllerian-type epithelial tumor. We report the rare case of a 63-year-old man with a paratesticular multicystic cystadenoma of the male adnexa without association to von Hippel-Lindau disease.
H-Ras Isoform Mediates Protection Against Pressure Overload–Induced Cardiac Dysfunction in Part Through Activation of AKT
Authors: Matsuda Takahisa , Jeong Jae Im , Ikeda Shohei , Yamamoto Takanobu , Gao Shumin , Babu Gopal J. , Zhai Peiyong , Del Re Dominic P.
Published: February 2017

Background—

In general, Ras proteins are thought to promote cardiac hypertrophy, an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease and heart failure. However, the contribution of different Ras isoforms has not been investigated. The objective of this study was to define the role of H- and K-Ras in modulating stress-induced myocardial hypertrophy and failure.

Methods and Results—

We used H- and K-Ras gene knockout mice and subjected them to pressure overload to induce cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction. We observed a worsened cardiac phenotype in
Hras
−/−
mice, while outcomes were improved in
Kras
+/−
mice. We also used a neonatal rat cardiomyocyte culture system to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these observations. Our findings demonstrate that H-Ras, but not K-Ras, promotes cardiomyocyte hypertrophy both in vivo and in vitro. This response was mediated in part through the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-AKT signaling pathway. Adeno-associated virus–mediated increase in AKT activation improved the cardiac function in pressure overloaded
Hras
null hearts in vivo. These findings further support engagement of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-AKT signaling axis by H-Ras.

Conclusions—

Taken together, these findings indicate that H- and K-Ras have divergent effects on cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure in response to pressure overload stress.
The Sources of Sequential Modulations of Control Processes in Arithmetic Strategies: A Magnetoencephalography Study
Authors: Hinault Thomas , Badier Jean-Michel , Baillet Sylvain , Lemaire Patrick
Published: February 2017

In a wide variety of cognitive domains, performance is determined by the selection and execution of cognitive strategies to solve problems. We used magnetoencephalography to identify the brain regions involved and specify the time course of dynamic modulations of executive control processes during strategy execution. Participants performed a computational estimation task in which they were instructed to execute a poorer or better strategy to estimate results of two-digit multiplication problems. When participants were asked to execute the poorer strategy, two distinct sets of brain activations were identified, depending on whether the poorer strategy (engaging the left inferior frontal junction) or the better strategy (engaging ACC) had been executed on the immediately preceding items. Our findings also revealed the time course of activations in regions involved in sequential modulations of cognitive control processes during arithmetic strategy execution. These findings point at processes of proactive preparation on items after poorer strategy items and dynamics of reactive adjustments after better strategy items.
Observing Others Speak or Sing Activates Spt and Neighboring Parietal Cortex
Authors: Corbo Daniele , Orban Guy A.
Published: February 2017

To obtain further evidence that action observation can serve as a proxy for action execution and planning in posterior parietal cortex, we scanned participants while they were (1) observing two classes of action: vocal communication and oral manipulation, which share the same effector but differ in nature, and (2) rehearsing and listening to nonsense sentences to localize area Spt, thought to be involved in audio-motor transformation during speech. Using this localizer, we found that Spt is specifically activated by vocal communication, indicating that Spt is not only involved in planning speech but also in observing vocal communication actions. In addition, we observed that Spt is distinct from the parietal region most specialized for observing vocal communication, revealed by an interaction contrast and located in PFm. The latter region, unlike Spt, processes the visual and auditory signals related to other's vocal communication independently. Our findings are consistent with the view that several small regions in the temporoparietal cortex near the ventral part of the supramarginal/angular gyrus border are involved in the planning of vocal communication actions and are also concerned with observation of these actions, though involvements in those two aspects are unequal.
Creating Colored Letters: Familial Markers of Grapheme–Color Synesthesia in Parietal Lobe Activation and Structure
Authors: Colizoli Olympia , Murre Jaap M. J. , Scholte H. Steven , Rouw Romke
Published: February 2017

Perception is inherently subjective, and individual differences in phenomenology are well illustrated by the phenomenon of synesthesia (highly specific, consistent, and automatic cross-modal experiences, in which the external stimulus corresponding to the additional sensation is absent). It is unknown why some people develop synesthesia and others do not. In the current study, we tested whether neural markers related to having synesthesia in the family were evident in brain function and structure. Relatives of synesthetes (who did not have any type of synesthesia themselves) and matched controls read specially prepared books with colored letters for several weeks and were scanned before and after reading using magnetic resonance imaging. Effects of acquired letter–color associations were evident in brain activation. Training-related activation (while viewing black letters) in the right angular gyrus of the parietal lobe was directly related to the strength of the learned letter–color associations (behavioral Stroop effect). Within this obtained angular gyrus ROI, the familial trait of synesthesia related to brain activation differences while participants viewed both black and colored letters. Finally, we compared brain structure using voxel-based morphometry and diffusion tensor imaging to test for group differences and training effects. One cluster in the left superior parietal lobe had significantly more coherent white matter in the relatives compared with controls. No evidence for experience-dependent plasticity was obtained. For the first time, we present evidence suggesting that the (nonsynesthete) relatives of grapheme–color synesthetes show atypical grapheme processing as well as increased brain connectivity.
A Computational Model of Perceptual and Mnemonic Deficits in Medial Temporal Lobe Amnesia
Authors: Sadil Patrick S. , Cowell Rosemary A.
Published: February 2017

Damage to the medial temporal lobe (MTL) has long been known to impair declarative memory, and recent evidence suggests that it also impairs visual perception. A theory termed the representational-hierarchical account explains such impairments by assuming that MTL stores conjunctive representations of items and events, and that individuals with MTL damage must rely upon representations of simple visual features in posterior visual cortex, which are inadequate to support memory and perception under certain circumstances. One recent study of visual discrimination behavior revealed a surprising antiperceptual learning effect in MTL-damaged individuals: With exposure to a set of visual stimuli, discrimination performance worsened rather than improved [Barense, M. D., Groen, I. I. A., Lee, A. C. H., Yeung, L. K., Brady, S. M., Gregori, M., et al. Intact memory for irrelevant information impairs perception in amnesia. Neuron, 75, 157–167, 2012]. We extend the representational-hierarchical account to explain this paradox by assuming that difficult visual discriminations are performed by comparing the relative “representational tunedness”—or familiarity—of the to-be-discriminated items. Exposure to a set of highly similar stimuli entails repeated presentation of simple visual features, eventually rendering all feature representations maximally and, thus, equally familiar; hence, they are inutile for solving the task. Discrimination performance in patients with MTL lesions is therefore impaired by stimulus exposure. Because the unique conjunctions represented in MTL do not occur repeatedly, healthy individuals are shielded from this perceptual interference. We simulate this mechanism with a neural network previously used to explain recognition memory, thereby providing a model that accounts for both mnemonic and perceptual deficits caused by MTL damage with a unified architecture and mechanism.
Characteristics of Implicit Sensorimotor Adaptation Revealed by Task-irrelevant Clamped Feedback
Authors: Morehead J. Ryan , Taylor Jordan A. , Parvin Darius E. , Ivry Richard B.
Published: February 2017

Sensorimotor adaptation occurs when there is a discrepancy between the expected and actual sensory consequences of a movement. This learning can be precisely measured, but its source has been hard to pin down because standard adaptation tasks introduce two potential learning signals: task performance errors and sensory prediction errors. Here we employed a new method that induces sensory prediction errors without task performance errors. This method combines the use of clamped visual feedback that is angularly offset from the target and independent of the direction of motion, along with instructions to ignore this feedback while reaching to targets. Despite these instructions, participants unknowingly showed robust adaptation of their movements. This adaptation was similar to that observed with standard methods, showing sign dependence, local generalization, and cerebellar dependency. Surprisingly, adaptation rate and magnitude were invariant across a large range of offsets. Collectively, our results challenge current models of adaptation and demonstrate that behavior observed in many studies of adaptation reflect the composite effects of task performance and sensory prediction errors.
‘Worse’ than Child Soldiers? A Critical Analysis of Foreign Children in the Ranks of isil
Authors: Capone Francesca
Published: February 2017

Even though many problems connected to child soldiering have been eventually explored and unpacked, it is undeniable that new issues keep surfacing in each context affected by this phenomenon. The current armed conflicts in Syria and Iraq appear to be shocking for several reasons, including the unprecedented presence of foreigners and the widespread recruitment and use of children by terrorist groups, in particular the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (isil). This article argues that whereas child soldiers affiliated with armed forces or groups are ‘traditionally’ seen as victims rather than perpetrators, foreign children in the ranks of terrorist groups like isil are first and foremost regarded as a threat to national and international security. This article will provide a critical overview of the most relevant aspects encompassing the existing legal framework, isil’s recruitment and use of foreign child soldiers, and the challenges connected to the design and implementation of meaningful reintegration processes.
Opposing International Justice: Kenya’s Integrated Backlash Strategy against the icc
Authors: Helfer Laurence R. , Showalter Anne E.
Published: February 2017

The government of Kenya has employed a wide range of strategies to undermine the recently-dismissed prosecutions of President Uhuru Kenyatta and Deputy President William Ruto before the International Criminal Court (icc). This Article argues that these strategies are part of an integrated backlash campaign against the icc, one that encompasses seemingly unrelated actions in multiple global, regional and national venues. We identify three overarching themes that connect these diverse measures—politicizing complementarity, regionalizing political opposition, and pairing instances of cooperation and condemnation to diffuse accusations of impunity. By linking its discrete acts of opposition to these three themes, the government ultimately increased the effectiveness of its campaign against the Court. Our findings provide insights for analysing other instances of backlash against international courts and institutions.
漢語名詞重疊aabb式中狀態性凸顯的語義條件
Authors: Ikeda Susumu
Published: February 2017

提要

本文考察名詞重疊aabb式中個別成員凸顯狀態性的情況。名詞重疊aabb式表達的狀態義是一種“遍布狀態”。遍布狀態是在名詞重疊aabb式的基本語法意義“多量”的基礎上顯現出來的，即在多量事物構成的集合體覆蓋著某一領域時凸顯出來的狀態義。通過詳細分析，我們發現，名詞aabb表達遍布狀態時必須具備以下三個語義特徵：以多量事物的所在領域為描寫對象；構成集合體的多量事物必須喪失個體性；帶有“不同尋常”的含義。遍布狀態並不是孤立的、特設的概念，而是一個具有跨語言的普遍意義的概念。
The Archimedes’ Principle in Linguistics: 漢語時量詞組的句法-語意錯置現象與語言學理論中的對稱定律
Authors: Liao Wei-wen Roger
Published: February 2017

提要

本文提出時量詞組在句法結構上應該被分析成一種數量詞組，而從這種分析衍生而來的句法-語意錯置的問題必須透過一個深層詞組結構中的對稱原則來解決，這個對稱原則乃是建立在句法上動詞性cp與名詞性dp的結構對稱關係。我們可以把這個對稱的原則看作語言學理論裡的「阿基米德定律」。本文更進一步指出，其它在英語與漢語裡發現的句法-語意錯置現象的例子也都可以透過此對稱性定律來得到完整而統一的解釋。
Clematis wuxiensis (Ranunculaceae), a new species from Chongqing, China
Authors: JIANG QING-QING , DENG HONG-PING , QIAN WANG , YANG ZHI-MING , ZHANG HUA-YU
Published: February 2017

Clematis wuxiensis (Ranunculaceae), a new species from Wuxi, Chongqing, China, is described and illustrated. It is closely similar to both C. montana and C. gracilifolia in having one or several flowers together with leaves arising from axillary buds of old branches, four spreading sepals, glabrous stamens and linear filaments, but differs from them in the usually 2-pinnate leaves with nine leaflets (vs. always ternate or ternate to 1-pinnate with three to five leaflets).
Stillingia: A newly recorded genus of Euphorbiaceae from China
Authors: LI SHENGCHUN , CHEN BINGHUI , HUANG XIANGXU , CHANG XIAOYU , TU TIEYAO , ZHANG DIANXIANG
Published: February 2017

Stillingia (Euphorbiaceae) contains ca. 30 species from Latin America, the southern United States, and various islands in the tropical Pacific and in the Indian Ocean. We report here for the first time the occurrence of a member of the genus in China, Stillingia lineata subsp. pacifica. The distribution of the genus in China is apparently narrow, known only from Pingzhou and Wanzhou Islands of the Wanshan Archipelago in the South China Sea, which is close to the Pearl River estuary. This study updates our knowledge on the geographic distribution of the genus, and provides new palynological data as well.
Electronic Scan Strategy for Phased Array Weather Radar Using a Space–Time Characterization Model
Authors: Nguyen Cuong M. , Chandrasekar V.
Published: February 2017

This paper presents an adaptive scan strategy concept for phased array weather radars (PAWR) with the objective of increasing the scan speed and capturing features of the storm system while maintaining the measurement accuracy. The adaptive scan strategy is developed based on the space–time variability of the storm under observation. Quickly evolving regions are scanned more often and the spatial sampling resolution is matched to the spatial scale. A model that includes the interaction between space and time is used to extract spatial and temporal scales of the medium and to define scanning regions. The temporal scale constrains the radar revisit time, while the measurement accuracy controls the radar’s dwell time. These conditions are employed in a task scheduler that works on a ray-by-ray basis and is designed to balance task priority and radar resources. The scheduler algorithm also includes an optimization procedure for minimizing radar scan time. The model and the scan strategy are demonstrated using simulation data. The results show that the proposed scan strategy can reduce the scan time significantly without compromising data quality.
Pursuing Quality: How Search Costs and Uncertainty Magnify Gender-based Double Standards in a Multistage Evaluation Process
Authors: Botelho Tristan L. , Abraham Mabel
Published: February 2017

Despite lab-based evidence supporting the argument that double standards—by which one group is unfairly held to stricter standards than another—explain observed gender differences in evaluations, it remains unclear whether double standards also affect evaluations in organization and market contexts, where competitive pressures create a disincentive to discriminate. Using data from a field study of investment professionals sharing recommendations on an online platform, and drawing on status theory, we identify the conditions under which double standards in multistage evaluations contribute to unequal outcomes for men and women. We find that double standards disadvantaging women are most likely when evaluators face heightened search costs related to the number of candidates being compared or higher levels of uncertainty stemming from variation in the amount of pertinent information available. We rule out that systematic gender differences in the actions or characteristics of the investment professionals being evaluated are driving these results. By more carefully isolating the role of this status-based mechanism of discrimination for perpetuating gender inequality, this study identifies not only whether but also the conditions under which gender-based double standards lead to a female disadvantage, even when relevant and objective information about performance is readily available.
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Screening Reduces All-Cause Mortality: Make Screening Great Again
Authors: Takagi Hisato , Ando Tomo , Umemoto Takuya
Published: February 2017

We performed an updated meta-analysis of the longest (≥13 years) follow-up results from 4 randomized controlled trials of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) screening in ≥64-year-old men. Invitation to screening reduced all-cause mortality significantly according to time-to-event data (hazard ratio: 0.98; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.96-0.99; P = .003) despite no reduction according to dichotomous data (odds ratio [OR]: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.96-1.01; P = .23). Invitation to screening reduced AAA-related mortality significantly (OR: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.47-0.93; P = .02) but did not reduce non-AAA-related mortality (OR: 1.00; 95% CI: 0.98-1.02; P = .96). All-cause, AAA-related, and non-AAA-related mortalities were significantly lower in attenders than in nonattenders, in noninvitees, or in both. All-cause (OR: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.23-1.63; P < .00001) and non-AAA-related mortalities (OR: 1.39; 95% CI: 1.18-1.64; P < .0001) were significantly higher in nonattenders than in noninvitees. In conclusion, invitation to AAA screening in ≥64-year-old men reduced both all-cause and AAA-related mortalities significantly. All-cause and non-AAA-related mortalities were significantly higher in nonattenders than in noninvitees, though both did not undergo screening.
High-Pressure–High Temperature (HP-HT) Stability of Polytetrafluoroethylene: Raman Spectroscopic Study Up to 10 GPa and 600 ℃
Authors: Likhacheva Anna Yu. , Chanyshev Artem D. , Goryainov Sergey V. , Rashchenko Sergey V. , Litasov Konstantin D.
Published: February 2017

The increasing demand for use of polymers at extreme conditions makes important the exploration of their behavior in a wide pressure and temperature range, which remains unknown for polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), one of the most common materials. An in situ Raman spectroscopic study of PTFE shows that it is stable within the range of 2–6 GPa at 500 ℃ and up to 12 GPa at 400 ℃. At T > 500 ℃ and P > 3.5 GPa, the graphitization of PTFE is observed, but judging from the preservation of liquid run products, PTFE can be used as a material for sample container up to 600 ℃ at this pressure. The obtained data allow the suggestion that the triple point between liquid, solid, and decomposed (carbonized) PTFE is located between 3 and 4 GPa at about 550 ℃, by analogy with the behavior of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Development of a Direct Spectrophotometric and Chemometric Method for Determining Food Dye Concentrations
Authors: Arroz Erin , Jordan Michael , Dumancas Gerard G.
Published: February 2017

An ultraviolet visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometric and partial least squares (PLS) chemometric method was developed for the simultaneous determination of erythrosine B (red), Brilliant Blue, and tartrazine (yellow) dyes. A training set (n = 64) was generated using a full factorial design and its accuracy was tested in a test set (n = 13) using a Box–Behnken design. The test set garnered a root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.79 × 10–7 for blue, 4.59 × 10–7 for red, and 1.13 × 10–6 for yellow dyes. The relatively small RMSE suggests only a small difference between predicted versus measured concentrations, demonstrating the accuracy of our model. The relative error of prediction (REP) for the test set were 11.73%, 19.52%, 19.38%, for blue, red, and yellow dyes, respectively. A comparable overlay between the actual candy samples and their replicated synthetic spectra were also obtained indicating the model as a potentially accurate method for determining concentrations of dyes in food samples.
A Longitudinal Investigation of the Relationship between Motivation and Late Second Language Speech Learning in Classroom Settings
Authors: Saito Kazuya , Dewaele Jean-Marc , Hanzawa Keiko
Published: February 2017

The current study set out to examine the role of learner motivation in second language (L2) speech learning in English-as-a-Foreign-Language classrooms. The motivational orientations of 40 first-year university Japanese students were surveyed via a tailored questionnaire and linked to their spontaneous speech development, elicited via a timed picture description task at the onset and end of one academic semester, in terms of perceived comprehensibility (i.e., ease of understanding) and accentedness (i.e., linguistic nativelikeness). Significant improvement in comprehensibility (but not accentedness) was found among certain individuals. These students likely showed a strong motivation to study English for their future career development as a vague and long-term goal, as well as a high degree of concern for improving comprehensibility, grammatical accuracy and complexity.
Health Professionals’ Explanations of Suicidal Behaviour: Effects of Professional Group, Theoretical Intervention Model, and Patient Suicide Experience
Authors: Rothes Inês Areal , Henriques Margarida Rangel
Published: February 2017

In a help relation with a suicidal person, the theoretical models of suicidality can be essential to guide the health professional’s comprehension of the client/patient. The objectives of this study were to identify health professionals’ explanations of suicidal behaviors and to study the effects of professional group, theoretical intervention models, and patient suicide experience in professionals’ representations. Two hundred and forty-two health professionals filled out a self-report questionnaire. Exploratory principal components analysis was used. Five explanatory models were identified: psychological suffering, affective cognitive, sociocommunicational, adverse life events, and psychopathological. Results indicated that the psychological suffering and psychopathological models were the most valued by the professionals, while the sociocommunicational was seen as the least likely to explain suicidal behavior. Differences between professional groups were found. We concluded that training and reflection on theoretical models in general and in communicative issues in particular are needed in the education of health professionals.
An Investigation of the Impact on Hong Kong’s English Language Teaching Profession of the Language Proficiency Assessment for Teachers of English (LPATE)
Authors: Coniam David , Falvey Peter , Xiao Yangyu
Published: February 2017

This study investigates the perceptions of stakeholders on the impact of a high-stakes assessment of English language teachers’ proficiency – the minimum language standards Language Proficiency Assessment for Teachers (English) [LPATE], which was introduced in 2000. Given that the test has now been in place for 17 years, the study investigates the extent to which the LPATE assessment has contributed to English language teacher standards in Hong Kong. Interview data from 24 participants in primary and secondary schools in Hong Kong, reveal a number of positive links between the LPATE test and English language teaching as a profession. The introduction of the LPATE was deemed to be necessary in terms of setting, raising and maintaining language proficiency standards; stakeholders’ awareness that English teachers need to have high language standards, subject-matter knowledge and pedagogical skills related to English language teaching; and that now an increasing number of English teachers are exempt from the LPATE through having opted for relevant degrees and teacher training, questions should be asked about how and whether the LPATE should be used in more relevant and meaningful ways.
Being Like Your Girlfriend: Authenticity and the Shifting Borders of Intimacy in Sex Work
Authors: Carbonero M. Antònia , Gómez Garrido María
Published: February 2017

In the last decades a series of sexual services that offer company, talk, and more generally, what is understood as a ‘girlfriend experience’, are increasingly offered to a middle and upper-middle class clientele. These services involve a change in the boundaries of intimacy. We argue that they can be interpreted as part of the general process by which late capitalism has subsumed the 1968 critique that demanded liberation and authenticity. Based on an analysis of in-depth interviews with escorts and street walkers, we explore the discourse of authenticity in escort work in Spain and how the line is drawn between an ‘authentic intimacy’ that is sold, and a ‘private intimacy’, which involves the non-commodified affective life of the sex worker. We argue that escorts and street walkers draw these borders differently, the former emphasising authenticity in their service. Both, however, deploy a form of emotional labour.
A Review of the Pyramidal Training Approach for Practitioners Working With Individuals With Disabilities
Authors: Andzik Natalie , Cannella-Malone Helen Irene
Published: February 2017

Pyramidal training has been used for many years to expedite training for those who work with individuals with disabilities and utilizes an expert who provides training to a practitioner who then trains another practitioner to implement practices with clients. Fourteen articles were analyzed to investigate the viability of this training approach for practitioners of all types who support individuals with disabilities. Research does support the effectiveness of pyramidal training within the parameters with which it has been evaluated in this review. All Tier 1 participants made improvement; 83% of Tier 2 participants and 43% of individuals with disabilities showed improvement. Future researchers are encouraged to analyze not only the fidelity of the implementation of these practices but also the changes among the individuals with disabilities. To that end, progress monitoring is necessary to determine whether the implementation was the cause for the meaningful gains for the population being served.
Do Aging Factors Influence the Clinical Presentation and Management of Chronic Rhinosinusitis?
Authors: Renteria Axel E. , Mfuna Endam Leandra , Desrosiers Martin
Published: February 2017

Objective/Hypothesis

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a complex inflammatory disease of the upper respiratory airways resulting from the dysregulation of immunity and epithelial defenses. More recently, the contribution of an altered nasal microbiome to the development of CRS has also been proposed. However, the impact of aging on the development of CRS has been long overlooked. Here we propose, in a hypothesis piece, that aging can influence the physiopathology of CRS and its subsequent management in an elderly population.

Data Sources

We summarize the recent literature findings supporting that elderly patients with CRS could be a distinct population from those with adult CRS and might require different or adjunct therapeutic approaches.

Methods

Review of recent literature of the effect of aging and its possible effects in CRS using 3 different databases.

Conclusions

Age‐dependent decrease in the levels of the S100 family proteins involved in epithelial proliferation, repair, and defenses combined with chronic inflammation might lead to an increased risk of abnormal microbial colonization and loss of microbiota diversity. Ultimately, these changes could have the potential to alter the physiopathology of CRS in the elderly.

Implications

Unlike in adults, in whom CRS Th2‐skewed responses with eosinophilia are thought to play a critical role, in aging populations, a microbiome and epithelial barrier dysfunctions may instead be the pivotal agents of disease development and persistence. This supports that therapies for elderly patients may require a different management or additional targeted therapies to control the disease. Prospective studies, however, are necessary to validate this concept.
Subjective Assessment of Videofluoroscopic Swallow Studies
Authors: Lee Janet W. , Randall Derrick R. , Evangelista Lisa M. , Kuhn Maggie A. , Belafsky Peter C.
Published: February 2017

Objective

The videofluoroscopic swallow study (VFSS) is the gold standard diagnostic tool to evaluate oropharyngeal dysphagia. Although objective measurements on VFSS have been described, there is no universal method of analysis, and the majority of clinicians use subjective interpretation alone. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the accuracy of subjective VFSS analysis.

Study Design

Double‐blinded experiment.

Setting

Tertiary care laryngology center.

Subjects and Methods

Seventy‐six de‐identified videos from VFSS evaluations of patients with dysphagia were presented to blinded, experienced speech‐language pathologists and laryngologists individually. Evaluators rated each video as normal or abnormal for hyoid elevation (HE), pharyngeal area (PA), pharyngeal constriction ratio (PCR), and pharyngoesophageal segment opening (PESo). A blinded investigator assessed evaluators’ inter‐ and intrarater agreement and compared their responses to objectively measured results for these parameters to examine accuracy.

Results

Evaluators correctly classified only 61.5% of VFSS videos as normal or abnormal, with moderate interrater agreement (κ = 0.48, P <. 0001). Intrarater agreement was highly variable (κ = 0.43‐0.83). Accuracy was greatest for PCR (71.6%), with poorer performance for HE (61.3%), PESo (59.2%), and PA (45.3%). Interrater agreement was moderate for all parameters, with greater concordance for PCR (κ = 0.59) and PESo (κ = 0.54) and less for HE (κ = 0.40) and PA (κ = 0.44). Evaluators unanimously agreed on a correct interpretation of a VFSS only 28% of the time.

Conclusion

Subjective assessment of VFSS parameters is inconsistently accurate when compared with objective measurements, with accuracy ratings ranging from 45.3% to 71.6% for specific parameters. Inter‐ and intrarater reliability for subjective assessment was moderate and highly variable.
Impact of County‐Level Socioeconomic Status on Oropharyngeal Cancer Survival in the United States
Authors: Megwalu Uchechukwu C.
Published: February 2017

Objective

To evaluate the impact of county‐level socioeconomic status on survival in patients with oropharyngeal cancer in the United States.

Study Design

Retrospective cohort study via a large population‐based cancer database.

Methods

Data were extracted from the SEER 18 database (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) of the National Cancer Institute. The study cohort included 18,791 patients diagnosed with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma between 2004 and 2012.

Results

Patients residing in counties with a low socioeconomic status index had worse overall survival (56.5% vs 63.0%, P <. 001) and disease‐specific survival (62.7% vs 70.3%, P <. 001) than patients residing in counties with a high socioeconomic status index. On multivariable analysis, residing in a county with a low socioeconomic status index was associated with worse overall survival (hazard ratio, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.14‐1.29; P <. 001) and disease‐specific survival (hazard ratio, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.12‐1.30; P <. 001), after adjusting for race, age, sex, marital status, year of diagnosis, site, American Joint Committee on Cancer stage group, presence of distant metastasis, presence of unresectable tumor, histologic grade, surgical resection of primary site, treatment with neck dissection, and radiation therapy.

Conclusion

Residing in a county with a low socioeconomic status index is associated with worse survival. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanism by which socioeconomic status affects survival in oropharyngeal cancer.