bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Internet Use among Community-Based Rehabilitation Workers in Bosnia and Herzegovina: A Cross-Sectional Survey
Authors: Yeung Euson , Balogh Robert , Cole Donald , Jalovcic Djenana , Landry Michel D.
Published: July 2011

Purpose: The Internet may be one way to support and improve rehabilitation practice and service delivery in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) such as Bosnia and Herzegovina. Little information exists on use of the Internet to enhance the practice and professional development of community-based rehabilitation (CBR) workers in LMICs. The purpose of this study was to assess the patterns of and barriers to Internet use by CBR workers in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Methods: Participants were CBR workers (physiotherapists, physiatrists, and technicians) from Bosnia and Herzegovina who attended a conference or workshop in 2005. A cross-sectional questionnaire was administered in the local language to assess Internet use. Descriptive results were summarized in tables. Bivariate and multiple logistic regressions were used to assess factors associated with Internet use.

Results: A total of 33% of respondents had never used the Internet. Common barriers to Internet use included “not enough time” (24%), “no access” (23%), and “lack of skill” (18%). Participants with higher levels of education had greater odds of using the Internet than physiotherapy school graduates (odds ratio=7.6, p=0.016) and had greater odds of using the Internet to obtain medical, rehabilitation, or health information (odds ratio=5.8, p=0.028).

Conclusions: Improving CBR workers' access to the Internet and their proficiency in using it may enable them to obtain valuable rehabilitation-related information and enhance communication among CBR workers, potentially translating into improved rehabilitation services for people with disabilities in LMICs.
An anterior approach to spinal pathology of the upper thoracic spine through a partial manubriotomy
Authors: Lam Fred C. , Groff Michael W.
Published: July 2011

Surgical pathology in the region of the upper thoracic spine (T1–4) is uncommon compared with other regions of the spine. Often times posterior and posterolateral approaches can be used, but formal anterior decompression often requires a low anterior cervical approach combined with a sternotomy, which yields significant perioperative morbidity. The authors describe a modified low anterior cervical dissection combined with a partial manubriotomy that they have used to successfully access and decompress anterior pathology of the upper thoracic spine. Their modified approach spares the sternoclavicular joints and leaves the sternum intact, decreasing the morbidity associated with these added procedures.
Combustion of Corn Stover Bales in a Small 146-kW Boiler
Authors: Morissette René , Savoie Philippe , Villeneuve Joey
Published: July 2011

Spring harvested corn stover was used for direct combustion in a 146 kW dual chamber boiler designed for wood logs. Stover had a very low moisture content (6.83 ± 0.17%), a gross calorific value (GCV) of 18.57 MJ/kg of dry matter (±0.32 MJ/kg DM) and an ash content of 5.88% (±1.15%). Small stover bales (8.83 ± 0.90 kg) were placed manually in the upper combustion chamber at a rate of 10.5 to 12.8 kg/h over a 24-h period, with three replications, and compared to a control wood combustion trial (12.1 kg/h during 24 h). The overall heat transfer efficiency for stover was lower than for wood (57% vs. 77%). Stover bales produced on average 7.5% ash which included about 2% of unburned residues while wood produced 1.7% ash. CO gas emissions averaged 1324 mg/m³ for stover (118 mg/m³ for wood). The corn stover showed a good calorific potential, but it would have to be densified and the boiler should be modified to improve airflow, completeness of combustion and handling of the large amount of ash formed.
Folded Sheet Versus Transparent Sheet Models for Human Symmetry Judgments
Authors: Ninio Jacques
Published: July 2011

As a contribution to the mysteries of human symmetry perception, reaction time data were collected on the detection of symmetry or repetition violations, in the context of short term visual memory studies. The histograms for reaction time distributions are rather narrow in the case of symmetry judgments. Their analysis was performed in terms of a simple kinetic model of a mental process in two steps, a slow one for the construction of the representation of the images to be compared, and a fast one, in the 50 ms range, for the decision. There was no need for an additional ‘mental rotation’ step. Symmetry seems to facilitate the construction step. I also present here original stimuli showing a color equalization effect across a symmetry axis, and its counterpart in periodic patterns. According to a “folded sheet model”, when a shape is perceived, the brain automatically constructs a mirror-image representation of the shape. Based in part on the reaction time analysis, I present here an alternative “transparent sheet” model in which the brain constructs a single representation, which can be accessed from two sides, thus generating simultaneously a pattern and its mirror-symmetric partner. Filtering processes, implied by current models of symmetry perception could intervene at an early stage, by nucleating the propagation of similar perceptual groupings in the two symmetric images.
Le cadastre B d'Orange et son bornage à Sainte-Cécile-les-Vignes (Vaucluse). Le cas du domaine du Rut
Authors: Leyraud Jean-Claude , Meffre Joël-Claude , Poupet Pierre
Published: July 2011

The present boundaries of this domain known through writings from the end of the 15th century, perpetuate the centuria SD 11/CK 19 and SD 12/CK 19 of the B cadastre in Orange. Two Gallo-Roman sites were identified. Two post-medieval boundary stones correspond to the angles of the two centuria; they are perfectly integrated into the setting of A. Piganiol improved by G. Chouquer. The CK 19 kardo and the SD 12 and SD 13 decumani were discovered — they both are about 2,35 meters, i.e. the 8 foot measure of the subruncivi limits.

Further observations not only give a better understanding of the colonial centuriation, but also allow to verify the setting in the landscape and its development.
Vestiges de deux maisons d'époque romaine à Narbonne
Authors: Sabrié Maryse , Sabrié Raymond
Published: July 2011

Two salvage excavations carried out in Narbonne bring testimonies concerning dwellings in the early Empire in the center of the town and the northeast district. Two halls with tiled floors of 'opus sectile' were discovered. One of them contained fragments of painted coatings which made it possible to determine the ornamental pattern of a vault. The house which it is part of was built on a subterranean construction which could date back to the Augustan age and was destroyed by a violent fire in the late 2nd century or in the early 3rd century.
Les estampilles sur céramique sigillée de Murviel-lès-Montpellier (Hérault)
Authors: Rouquette Daniel , Richard Jean-Claude Michel , Soyris Paul
Published: July 2011

The archeological site of the Castellas in Murviel-lès-Montpellier yielded either through prospecting or excavating, from the 19th century to 1985, a set of 437 stamps on sigillated ceramics, among which 42 bear an italic writing. The study of this set which is the largest in the Languedoc- Roussillon, makes it possible to point out the significance of this catalogue for the understanding of the history of the site, from the end of the 1st century B.C. until the 2nd century A.D; it supplements with accuracy the current knowledge concerning the change of an oppidum site during the pax romana.
Trois tertres funéraires protohistoriques de la commune de Viols-le-Fort (Hérault)
Authors: Philipot Danielle , Rocca Jean-Marc , Soulier Marcel , Wallon Jacques
Published: July 2011

Découverts en 1986, trois tumuli contenaient des restes humains ainsi qu'un mobilier céramique et métallique; les sépultures sont datées par des objets caractéristiques de fer ou de bronze : deuxième moitié du VIIe s. av. J.-C, fin du VIIIe s. av. J.-C. et vers 1200 av. J.-C.
A propos du dieu de Javols
Authors: Pailler Jean-Marie
Published: July 2011

La grande statue de Jupiter de Javols est bien celle du dieu au maillet Sucellus. Mais plutôt que d'assimiler celui-ci à Silvain, il convient d'attribuer à plusieurs détails de la représentation, notamment aux motifs figurés au revers, une signification bachique. L'amphore et le tonneau qui accompagnent Sucellus à Javols semblent faire de lui un patron de la distribution du vin plus que de la culture de la vigne.
Le sanctuaire de la Combe de l'Ermitage à Collias (Gard)
Authors: Christol Michel , Fiches Jean-Luc , Rabay Dominique
Published: July 2011

Le nouvel examen d'un dossier épigraphique connu depuis longtemps et la recherche sur place de remplois nombreux dans une église médiévale permettent de mieux caractériser ce sanctuaire rural situé à moins de 20km de Nîmes. En rapport avec une source, il est fréquenté dès le Ier s. av. J.-C. ; doté ensuite d'un portique, il reste actif jusqu'au IIe, voire au IIIes. On y honore alors, aux côtés de Jupiter qui y joue un rôle fédérateur, plusieurs divinités indigènes dont certaines sont associées à des localités voisines.
Roujan-Medilianum (?) de l'Antiquité au Moyen Âge. De la fouille du quartier des sanctuaires à l'identification d'une nouvelle agglomération de la cité de Béziers
Authors: Colin Marie-Geneviève , Schneider Laurent , Vidal Laurent , Schwaller Martine
Published: July 2011

FRE: Roujan, Cassan, Saint-Majan, agglomération secondaire, forum, villa, temples, église, baptistère, territoire, espace rural, christianisme.
L'amphithéâtre romain d'Antipolis : mythe ou réalité ?
Authors: Foucras Jean
Published: July 2011

The spectacle monuments represent an essential element of the Roman influence in Gaul. If the roman theatre of Antipolis was recognized by H. Bazin's excavations, the same cannot be said of a possible amphitheater, of which the existence still raises many questions. The aim of this study is to present the current state of knowledge (texts and illustrations, published or not, and archaeological excavation results) and provide an initial response to these questions. In conclusion, we can say that an oval building existed in Antibes. lined up with the theater, but its function is still unknown.
Un ensemble de céramiques daté du début de la période augustéenne sur le site du Mas de Vignoles à Nîmes (Gard)
Authors: Barberan Sébastien , Pomarèdes Hervé
Published: July 2011

En 1987, la fouille du site du Mas de Vignoles, situé à quelques kilomètres au sud de la ville antique de Nîmes, a révélé la présence de deux fossés parallèles qui s'inscrivent dans une trame parcellaire relativement étendue. Le comblement de l'un d'entre eux, daté autour de 20-10 av. J.-C, correspond à un scellement rapide de la structure qui pourrait être mis en relation avec la proximité ou la destruction d'un habitat riverain. Le mobilier céramique qu'il contenait montre la persistance, dans cet habitat, d'une cuisine traditionnelle qui n'exclut pas la consommation de nouveaux produits alimentaires importés. La vaisselle apporte également de nouvelles données, aussi bien sur le développement à cette période des céramiques communes tournées locales ou régionales, que sur la place privilégiée accordée dans le vaisselier à certaines formes de récipients (mortiers, cruches à embouchure large, ...). Enfin, les données collectées permettent de s'interroger sur l'arrêt des importations d'amphores italiques Dressel 1 , à une période où le commerce du vin à destination de Nîmes et de ses environs s'appuie notamment sur le développement de la viticulture régionale et que d'autres provinces de l'Empire y participent.
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (Hbsag) Decrease and Serum Interferon-Inducible Protein-10 Levels as Predictive Markers for Hbsag Loss during Treatment with Nucleoside/Nucleotide Analogues
Authors: Jaroszewicz Jerzy , Ho Huy , Markova Antoaneta , Deterding Katja , Wursthorn Karsten , Schulz Sandra , Bock Claus-Thomas , Tillmann Hans L , Manns Michael P , Wedemeyer Heiner , Cornberg Markus
Published: July 2011

Background

Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) loss is the ultimate goal of antiviral therapy and its prediction may be important for treatment individualization. Quantitative HBsAg (qHBsAg) has been shown to predict response to interferon-α, but few studies have analysed qHBsAg during treatment with nucleoside/nucleotide analogues (NAs). Serum interferon-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) has been associated with treatment response in hepatitis C, but data in chronic hepatitis B are lacking. Here, we aimed to investigate potential factors predictive for HBsAg loss.

Methods

HBsAg was quantified at multiple time points in 126 patients with chronic HBV infection; 95 received NA treatment for 6–107 months. At an early time point (first 6 months of therapy) and late time point after virological response (VR; HBV DNA<100 IU/ ml), we distinguished three patterns of HBsAg decrease: strong decrease (>0.5 log10), moderate decrease (10% to 0.5 log10) and no decrease (<10%). In addition to conventional biochemical and virological parameters, we analysed serum IP-10 levels in 55 patients.

Results

Early and late HBsAg kinetics did not correlate. Overall, 42% of patients with a strong HBsAg decrease 2 years after VR cleared HBsAg. Importantly, no patient without a late HBsAg decrease >0.5 log10 cleared HBsAg. By contrast, early HBsAg decrease after 6 months of NA therapy was not associated with HBsAg loss. Baseline serum IP-10 levels were associated with late but not early HBsAg kinetics and were highest in patients with HBsAg loss.

Conclusions

Monitoring qHBsAg after successful HBV DNA suppression might be useful to identify patients who clear HBsAg, implicating finite NA treatment. The role of IP-10 as predictive marker for HBsAg loss should be further evaluated.
Closing the gap? The Financial Crisis and the German Länder
Authors: Renzsch Wolfgang
Published: July 2011

Résumé Cet article analyse les effets de la crise financière globale sur l’économie allemande, au travers des principaux indicateurs de PNB, emploi, fiscalité et péréquation, en faisant une distinction entre l’Est et l’Ouest de l’Allemagne. Il en ressort que la sortie de crise prend le chemin traditionnel de l’économie allemande. En outre, l’écart entre l’Allemagne de l’Ouest et de l’Est se réduit durant la crise financière, en raison du développement de nouvelles industries à l’Est de l’Allemagne.
Le type et l'allégorie : négociations panoramiques
Authors: Stiénon Valérie
Published: July 2011

C’est une même entreprise de typification qui anime la littérature analytique et panoramique des Physiologies parisiennes des années 1839-1842. Tantôt entendu spécifiquement comme l’entité rassemblant les caractéristiques d’un genre, d’un groupe ou d’une classe, tantôt compris plus généralement comme toute figure originale ou pittoresque, le type implique un rapport à la caractéristique définitoire et participe à un processus de catégorisation. Il n’est pas étranger aux procédés allégoriques : type et allégorie ont tous deux un rapport avec la production d’images et entretiennent un lien avec le modèle et la représentativité. Cet article étudie le traitement de l’allégorie dans les Physiologies en se centrant sur les emblèmes et les attributs symboliques des types socio-professionnels traités, sur le recours typographique à la majuscule essentialisante et sur les interactions textuelles et iconiques permises par le projet éditorial dont procèdent ces monographies illustrées.
Réponse à la question : qu’est-ce que l’insolite ?
Authors: Vergopoulos Hécate
Published: July 2011

Résumé Il semblerait que certaines histoires, certains faits, soient plus propices que d’autres à circuler. C’est le cas notamment des « insolites », ces micro-récits aujourd’hui très visibles. De nombreux médias, comme le site Internet Yahoo ! France Actualités qui a été étudié dans cet article, ont en effet créé, aux côtés des rubriques d’actualité dédiées à l’« International » et à l’« Économie », une rubrique spécialisée dans l’ « Insolite » qui rend compte de faits aussi divers qu’étonnants (« Un chat parcourt 700 kilomètres dans un colis postal », « Un homme ivre se glisse dans une équipe de pompiers », « Trois adolescents se baignent dans une piscine contenant un cadavre »). Cet article se propose d’étudier cette forme culturelle en partant de ses manifestations médiatiques pour comprendre plus généralement le rapport à la culture qui s’y joue.
La skholè face aux négligences : former les jeunes générations à l’attention
Authors: Le Deuff Olivier
Published: July 2011

Résumé Cet article, fondé sur une enquête empirique de longue durée dans les centres de documentation et d’information (CDI) d’établissements scolaires est aussi une prise de position très délibérée sur les pratiques informationnelles des jeunes générations. Il cherche à montrer que les usages que beaucoup de personnes des jeunes générations font de l’Internet se situent à un niveau d’usage superficiel. Pour l’auteur, ces jeunes n’opèrent donc pas l’exercice de la skholè , cet arrêt qui permet de se concentrer sur un objet pour exercer notamment un regard critique. Les élèves observés commettent ce que l’auteur nomme des « négligences » au sens étymologique du terme ( neg-legere  : ne pas lire). Cela le conduit à suggérer une formation à l’attention qui, visant une réelle « majorité » intellectuelle, suppose également une culture technique, l’ensemble étant au service d’un exercice autonome de l’entendement.
L’objet communicationnel, entre technique et symbolique : le cas des monnaies grecques
Authors: Béguin Michel , Béguin-Verbrugge Annette
Published: July 2011

Résumé Michel Béguin et Annette Béguin-Verbrugge se proposent ici d’interroger un corpus de monnaies grecques incuses (frappées en creux sur une face) en focalisant leur regard sur la notion d’artefact et en associant aux connaissances des contextes socio-politiques, la prise en compte du travail de la main et de l’outil ainsi qu’un classement des objets de nature topologique. Cette approche permet une interprétation des signes figurant au revers des pièces, interprétation réellement située en culture, en histoire et en technique. Autrement dit une approche prenant en compte la complexité de son objet d’analyse ainsi que la complexité des « conditions de possibilité » qui lui ont permis d’exister. L’exemple des monnaies grecques qui sont analysées permet en outre de s’interroger sur les méthodes dont dispose le chercheur pour rendre compte de la variation sémiotique.
La lutte contre la pauvreté et/ou pratique des TIC
Authors: Kiyindou Alain
Published: July 2011

Résumé Les TIC bénéficient d’un quasi-consensus sur leur rôle positif sur le développement individuel et collectif. Toutefois, au-delà des espoirs, apparaissent des interrogations plus ou moins fortes sur leur rôle et leurs usages, et c’est dans cette perspective que s’inscrit la réflexion proposée dans cet article, qui se situe dans la mouvance des travaux sur le changement social dans le contexte de la lutte contre la pauvreté. L’usage des TIC est envisagé pour permettre le maintien et le développement du niveau de vie, pour desserrer les contraintes (notamment sociales et politiques) qui empêchent les hommes et les femmes de s’épanouir ou d’avoir une vie décente. C’est la raison pour laquelle de nombreuses expériences ont été menées. Celles-ci couvrent plusieurs dimensions incluant le développement économique (plate-forme Africanlion), la recherche d’emploi (projet NTIC pour I’emploi des jeunes à Yaoundé), le transfert de fonds (projet GSMA), l’information (Inter-Dev)… Au regard de ces expériences, l’auteur montre que la principale difficulté tient au fait que la pauvreté est la conséquence de plusieurs facteurs : une complexité qui n’est pas prise en compte dans les contenus des dispositifs technologiques mis en place.
Scénariographie
Authors: Fresnault-Deruelle Pierre
Published: July 2011

Résumé Parler d’un genre ( a fortiori d’une œuvre) sans parler du médium revient à laisser croire que ce dernier (ou cette dernière) est transposable sans déperdition, symbolique ou fantasmatique. Selon Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle, ce n’est évidemment qu’une vue de l’esprit. Il entend ici en donner une nouvelle fois la preuve via un parcours sur les transformations de la bande dessinée de 1950 à nos jours. L’exploration des mutations rituelles, poétiques et littéraires de ce « neuvième art » à travers le changement de régime communicationnel de la « scénariographie » en témoigne.
Perceptions of justice and extra-role behaviours of survivors after organisational restructuring at a consolidated bank in Nigeria
Authors: Omoruyi Queen , Chipunza Crispen , Samuel Michael O.
Published: July 2011

Orientation: Perception of justice amongst survivors of organisational downsizing is crucial for extra-role engagements. Researchers have recorded extra-role behaviours because they are important for organisational efficiency and success.Research purpose: The main objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between employees’ perceptions of justice and their organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) after organisations downsize.Motivation for the study: Many organisations that are downsizing do not seriously consider the unintended consequences of downsizing on the behaviour of survivors. This study intends to draw the attention of organisations that are downsizing to this oversight.Research design, approach and method: The researchers used a quantitative research design and survey method for the study. They distributed a self-administered questionnaire to 130 employees from a population of 180 survivors at the head office of a commercial bank that recently downsized in Lagos, Nigeria.Main findings: The research results showed that there was no fairness in the downsizing exercise. This resulted in low morale amongst survivors and unwillingness to engage in extra- role behaviours.Practical/managerial implications: It is important for organisations that are downsizing to use a participative approach in order to achieve organisational efficiency and improve productivity after restructuring.Contribution/value-added: The results of the study will give the managers of organisations, which are planning to downsize, a useful insight into how to plan the exercise, how to implement the plans, and how to manage the employees they will retrench and those they will retain after concluding the downsizing exercise.
Fantasy Seed Company: A Role Playing Game for Plant Breeding Courses
Authors: Hague Steve S.
Published: July 2011

Understanding plant breeding as well as procedures and issues of seed companies are skills students studying agronomy need to acquire. Simulation games can be effective teaching tools in developing higher‐order thinking skills of students. The “Fantasy Seed Company” game was developed to create motivated learners by allowing students to run a mock seed company. Students are confronted with a series of questions and scenarios that will determine their personal success and the success of the company. The format of Fantasy Seed Company is flexible enough to allow instructors to address a wide range of topics. Students can learn teamwork, the value of science to businesses, and long‐term implications of decisions. Use of Fantasy Seed Company in the classroom potentially provides three cognitive learning outcomes: (1) declarative knowledge, (2) procedural knowledge, and (3) strategic knowledge.
Inhibition of Pitting Corrosion of Mild Steel in Neutral Solutions
Authors: Pallos G. , Wallwork G.
Published: July 2011

The inhibition of pitting corrosion by a number of the most commonly used inhibitors in neutral solutions containing 80 ppm chloride and at two temperatures (25 and 44 C) is investigated. A scanning microprobe potentiometer is used to follow the inhibition process. The protection conferred to the surface by an inhibitor is found to be directly related to the rate of inhibition of pitting corrosion.
Yields of hydrogen peroxide from the reaction of hydroxyl radical with organic compounds in solution and ice
Authors: Hullar T. , Anastasio C.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. Hydrogen peroxide (HOOH) is a significant oxidant in atmospheric condensed phases (e.g., cloud and fog drops, aqueous particles, and snow) that also photolyzes to form hydroxyl radical (•OH). •OH can react with organics in aqueous phases to form organic peroxyl radicals and ultimately reform HOOH, but the efficiency of this process in atmospheric aqueous phases, as well as snow and ice, is not well understood. We investigate HOOH formation from •OH attack on 10 environmentally relevant organic compounds: formaldehyde, formate, glycine, phenylalanine, benzoic acid, octanol, octanal, octanoic acid, octanedioic acid, and 2-butoxyethanol. Liquid and ice samples with and without nitrate (as an •OH source) were illuminated using simulated solar light, and HOOH formation rates were measured as a function of pH and temperature. For most compounds, the formation rate of HOOH without nitrate was the same as the background formation rate in blank water (i.e., illumination of the organic species does not produce HOOH directly), while formation rates with nitrate were greater than the water control (i.e., reaction of •OH with the organic species forms HOOH). Yields of HOOH, defined as the rate of HOOH production divided by the rate of •OH production, ranged from essentially zero (glycine) to 0.24 (octanal), with an average of 0.12 ± 0.05 (95 % CI). HOOH production rates and yields were higher at lower pH values. There was no temperature dependence of the HOOH yield for formaldehyde or octanedioic acid between −5 to 20 °C and ice samples had approximately the same HOOH yield as the aqueous solutions. In contrast, HOOH yields in formate solutions were higher at 5 and 10 °C compared to −5 and 20 °C. Yields of HOOH in ice for solutions containing nitrate and either phenylalanine, benzoate, octanal, or octanoic acid were indistinguishable from zero. Our HOOH yields were approximately half those found in previous studies conducted using γ-radiolysis, but this difference might be due to the much lower (and more environmentally relevant) •OH formation rates in our experiments.
Development and testing of the Active Temperature, Ozone and Moisture Microwave Spectrometer (ATOMMS) cm and mm wavelength occultation instrument
Authors: Kursinski E. R. , Ward D. , Stovern M. , Otarola A. C. , Young A. , Wheelwright B. , Stickney R. , Albanna S. , Duffy B. , Groppi C. , Hainsworth J.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. We present initial results from testing a new remote sensing system called the Active Temperature, Ozone and Moisture Microwave Spectrometer (ATOMMS). ATOMMS is designed as a satellite to satellite occultation system for monitoring climate. We are developing the prototype instrument for an aircraft to aircraft occultation demonstration. Here we focus on field testing of the ATOMMS instrument, in particular the remote sensing of water by measuring the attenuation caused by the 22 and 183 GHz water absorption lines. The 183 GHz line spectrum was measured along an 820 m path and compared with two spectroscopic models. This revealed that the AM 6.2 model is a much better match to the observed spectrum than the MPM93 model. These comparisons also indicate the ATOMMS amplitude errors were at the 0.3 % level. Comparisons with a hygrometer showed tracking consistent at the 0.05 mb level which is about 1 % of the absolute humidity. Initial 22 GHz measurements along a 5.4 path between two mountaintops showed the 22 GHz channels tracking a large change in water vapor. Ground truth is much harder to establish.
Interannual variability of air-sea CO2 fluxes and carbon system in the East Siberian Sea
Authors: Pipko I. I. , Semiletov I. P. , Pugach S. P. , Wåhlström I. , Anderson L. G.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. Over the past couple of decades it has become apparent that air-land-sea interactions in the Arctic have a substantial impact on the composition of the overlying atmosphere (ACIA, 2004). The Arctic Ocean is small (only ~4 % of the total World Ocean), but it is surrounded by offshore and onshore permafrost which is thawing at increasing rates under warming conditions, releasing carbon dioxide (CO2) into the water and atmosphere. The Arctic Ocean shelf where the most intensive biogeochemical processes have occurred occupies 1/3 of the ocean. The East Siberian Sea (ESS) shelf is the shallowest and widest shelf among the Arctic seas, and the least studied. The objective of this study was to highlight the importance of different factors that impact the carbon system (CS) as well as the CO2 flux dynamics in the ESS. CS variables were measured in the ESS in September 2003 and, 2004 and in late August–September 2008. It was shown that the western part of the ESS represents a river- and coastal-erosion-dominated heterotrophic ocean margin that is a source for atmospheric CO2. The eastern part of the ESS is a Pacific-water-dominated autotrophic area, which acts as a sink for atmospheric CO2. Our results indicate that the year-to-year dynamics of the partial pressure of CO2 in the surface water as well as the air-sea flux of CO2 varies substantially. In one year the ESS shelf was mainly heterotrophic and served as a moderate summertime source of CO2 (year 2004). In another year gross primary production exceeded community respiration in a relatively large part of the ESS and the ESS shelf was only a weak source of CO2 into the atmosphere (year 2008). It was shown that many factors impact the CS and CO2 flux dynamics (such as river runoff, coastal erosion, primary production/respiration, etc.), but they were mainly determined by the interplay and distribution of water masses that are basically influenced by the atmospheric circulation. In this contribution the air-sea CO2 fluxes were evaluated in the ESS based on measured CS characteristics, and summertime fluxes were estimated. It was shown that the total ESS shelf is a net source of CO2 for the atmosphere in a range of 0.4 × 1012 to 2.3 × 1012 g C.
Modelling LAI, surface water and carbon fluxes at high-resolution over France: comparison of ISBA-A-gs and ORCHIDEE
Authors: Lafont S. , Zhao Y. , Calvet J.-C. , Peylin P. , Ciais P. , Maignan F. , Weiss M.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. The Leaf Area Index (LAI) is a measure of the amount of photosynthetic leaves and governs the canopy conductance to water vapor and carbon dioxide. Four different estimates of LAI were compared over France: two LAI products derived from satellite remote sensing, and two LAI simulations derived from land surface modelling. The simulated LAI was produced by the ISBA-A-gs model and by the ORCHIDEE model (developed by CNRM-GAME and by IPSL, respectively), for the 1994–2007 period. The two models were driven by the same atmospheric variables and used the same land cover map (SAFRAN and ECOCLIMAP-II, respectively). The MODIS and CYCLOPES satellite LAI products were used. Both products were available from 2000 to 2007 and this relatively long period allowed to investigate the interannual and the seasonal variability of monthly LAI values. In particular the impact of the 2003 and 2005 droughts were analyzed. The two models presented contrasting results, with a difference of one month between the average leaf onset dates simulated by the two models, and a maximum interannual variability of LAI simulated at springtime by ORCHIDEE and at summertime by ISBA-A-gs. The comparison with the satellite LAI products showed that, in general, the seasonality was better represented by ORCHIDEE, while ISBA-A-gs tended to better represent the interannual variability, especially for grasslands. While the two models presented comparable values of net carbon fluxes, ORCHIDEE simulated much higher photosynthesis rates than ISBA-A-gs (+70 %), while providing lower transpiration estimates (−8 %).
Perturbing a Weather Generator using change factors derived from Regional Climate Model simulations
Authors: Jones P. D. , Harpham C. , Goodess C. M. , Kilsby C. G.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. The purpose of this paper is to provide a method for perturbing Weather Generators (WGs) for future decades and to assess its effectiveness. Here the procedure is applied to the WG implemented within the UKCP09 package and assessed using data from a Regional Climate Model (RCM) simulation which provides a significant "climate change" between a control run period and a distant future. The WG is normally calibrated on observed data. For this study, data from an RCM control period (1961–1990) was used, then perturbed using the procedure. Because only monthly differences between the RCM control and scenario periods are used to perturb the WG, the direct daily RCM scenario may be considered as unseen data to assess how well the perturbation procedure reproduces the direct RCM simulations for the future.
Advanced Organic Optoelectronic Materials: Harnessing Excited‐State Intramolecular Proton Transfer (ESIPT) Process
Authors: Kwon Ji Eon , Park Soo Young
Published: July 2011

Recently, organic fluorescent molecules harnessing the excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) process are drawing great attention due to their unique photophysical properties which facilitate novel optoelectronic applications. After a brief introduction to the ESIPT process and related photo­physical properties, molecular design strategies towards tailored emission are discussed in relation to their theoretical aspects. Subsequently, recent studies on advanced ESIPT molecules and their optoelectronic applications are surveyed, particularly focusing on chemical sensors, fluorescence imaging, proton transfer lasers, and organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs).
Electrical conductivity and dielectric properties of potassium sulfamate single crystals
Authors: Kumar A. S. , Iype L. , Rajesh R. , Varughese G. , Joseph G. , Louis G.
Published: July 2011

Single crystals of potassium sulfamate are grown by the method of slow evaporation at constant temperature. AC electrical conductivity of potassium sulfamate is measured in the temperature range 300–430 K and in the frequency region between 100 Hz and 3 MHz along the a, b and c‐axes. Complex impedance spectroscopy is used to investigate the frequency response of the electrical properties of the potassium sulfamate single crystal. Temperature variation of AC conductivity and dielectric measurements show a slope change around 345 K for both heating and cooling run and this anomaly is attributed as phase transition, which is well supported by the DSC measurements. Value of loss tangent in the temperature region 330–400 K is found to be very low. Activation energies for the conduction process are calculated along the a, b and c‐axes. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Atomic‐scale study of vapour growth morphology of crystalline urea
Authors: Singh M. K. , Banerjee A.
Published: July 2011

The role of surface relaxation on habit controlling energetics and growth morphology are investigated within the framework of Burton‐Cabrera‐Frank (BCF) and Hartman‐Perdok (HP) models. The habit controlling energetics has been calculated using first principles method. The growth morphology obtained using BCF theory shows that the structural relaxation has considerable effect on growth morphology. The relaxed growth morphology obtained using BCF model match with the experimental result from vapour phase. On the other hand the shape obtained using HP model does not correspond with the experimental shape. Observed polar growth morphology of urea crystal has been discussed particularly in the context of different atomic environments of (111) and (111) faces. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Energy‐aware multipath geographic routing for detouring mode in wireless sensor networks
Authors: Huang Haojun , Hu Guangmin , Yu Fucai
Published: July 2011

For energy‐constrained wireless sensor networks, we present an Energy‐aware Multipath Geographic Routing (EMGR) protocol. EMGR utilizes geographic information, the characteristics of energy consumption and the metric of advanced energy cost to select the next forwarding node, and uses a dynamic anchor list to shift routing path for load balance. Simulation results show that EMGR is superior to other protocols in terms of energy efficiency, network lifetime, end‐to‐end delay, and packet delivery ratio. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AID EFFECTIVENESS AND DONOR PREFERENCES: EUROPEAN AID SYSTEMS IN THE FORMER SOVIET UNION, 1992–2007
Authors: Grigoriadis Theocharis N.
Published: July 2011

This article analyses aid effectiveness from the donor's perspective. An aid contract is effective for the donor when she is able to observe her required levels of trade and institutional change on the territory of the recipient. The distinction between reciprocal, normative and just donors indicates three different approaches to aid effectiveness. The aid systems of the United Kingdom, Germany and the European Union are cases that differentiate along the lines of donors whose primary intentionality lies in the accumulation of trade and investment profits, donors that advance the implementation of institutional change and donors that put equal weight in both strategies. The existence of numerous veto players in the German aid system and the singularity of administrative organization in the British aid system operationalise the distinction between normative and reciprocal donors. The aid system of the European Union is defined as just because economic cooperation or institutional change alone is treated as insufficient for aid effectiveness. Hence, the success of the Technical Assistance to the Commonwealth of Independent States Program (TACIS) is due to the strategic choices of European Union bureaucrats and their treatment of antithetical donor preferences as complementary in the process of aid implementation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of Long‐Term Weather on Domestic and Foreign Winter Tourism Demand
Authors: Falk Martin
Published: July 2011

This study estimates the determinants of domestic and foreign tourism demand using data on 28 Austrian ski resorts for the winter seasons 1986–1987 to 2007–1908. Using the dynamic panel data analysis, we find that the effect of the weather variables (e.g. snow depth, cloudiness or sunshine) is quite small, with a change in one standard deviation of the variation over time in each weather variable, leading to a 2–3 % change in overnight stays. Furthermore, domestic tourists are more sensitive to changes in weather conditions than foreign tourists. By contrast, overnight stays of foreign visitors are much more responsive to changes in income than it is the case for domestic overnight stays. The occurrence of extreme snow‐deficient winters, such as the winter of 2006–2007, in the future period will reduce overnight stays of foreign and domestic visitors by 2 and 5 %, respectively. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ag requirements for silicon wafer‐based solar cells
Authors: Green Martin A.
Published: July 2011

In 2010, about 2000 t of Ag were used in the contact metallization of silicon wafer‐based photovoltaics, consuming approximately 7% of the total annual world Ag supply. With the growth of the photovoltaic industry by 10 times/decade over coming decades not out of the question, Ag supply is clearly an impending material resource issue. Minimum requirements for screen‐printed cells are analyzed with the conclusion that design changes will likely be required over the coming decade to reduce use. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive tracking of stochastic nonlinear systems with Prandtl–Ishlinskii hysteresis
Authors: Liu Wei , Ji Haibo , Ma Yike
Published: July 2011

This paper deals with adaptive tracking problems for a class of stochastic nonlinear systems with unknown hysteresis nonlinearities. The system considered is in a strict‐feedback form driven by unknown Prandtl–Ishlinskii hysteresis and Wiener noises of unknown covariance. By employing backstepping design techniques and stochastic Lyapunov design method, parameter adaptive laws and control laws are obtained, which ensure that the tracking error can converge to a small residual set around the origin in the sense of mean quartic value. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ion Flow Crossing Over a Polyelectrolyte Diode on a Microfluidic Chip
Authors: Han Ji‐Hyung , Kim Kwang Bok , Bae Je Hyun , Kim Beom Jin , Kang Chung Mu , Kim Hee Chan , Chung Taek Dong
Published: July 2011

Key evidences are reported for the rectification mechanism of an aqueous ion diode based on polyelectrolytic plugs on a microfluidic chip by monitoring the ion flow crossing over the junction. The ion flow penetrating the polyelectrolyte junction is visualized by employing a fluorescent chemodosimeter, rhodamine B hydrazide and the pH‐dependent dye, carboxy‐fluorescein. How hysteresis phenomena, exhibited through the nonlinear behavior of the polyelectrolyte diode, are affected by a variety of parameters (e.g., switching potential, scan rate, and electrolyte concentration) is also investigated. The insights and knowledge from this study provide a crucial foundation for ion control at the iontronic diode in the aqueous phase, leading to more advanced aqueous organic computing devices and more diverse applications for microfluidic logic devices.
Production and turnover rates of shallow fine roots in rangelands of the Patagonian Monte, Argentina
Authors: Larreguy Cecilia , Carrera Analía L. , Bertiller Mónica B.
Published: July 2011

Selective sheep grazing in arid rangelands induces a decrease in total cover and grass cover and an increase in the dominance of shrubs. Both life forms differ in aboveground and belowground traits. We hypothesized that grazing disturbance leads to the replacement of grass by shrub fine roots in the upper soil, and this is reflected in changes in the seasonal dynamics of shallow fine roots at the community level. In two sites representative of non‐grazed and grazed vegetation states in the Patagonian Monte, we assessed the canopy structure, and the fine root biomass, N concentration, production, and turnover during two consecutive years. The non‐grazed site exhibited higher total, grass, and shrub cover than the grazed site. The grazed site had larger or equal fine root biomass than the non‐grazed site except for late spring of the second year. This could be associated with the ability of shrubs to develop dimorphic‐root systems occupying the soil freed by grasses at the grazed site, and with the larger contribution of grass than shrub fine roots in relation to an extraordinary precipitation event at the non‐grazed site. This was consistent with the N concentration in fine roots. Fine root production was positively correlated to temperature at the grazed site and with precipitation at the non‐grazed site. Fine root turnover did not differ between sites. Our results indicate that grazing leads to a shifting in the seasonality and main climatic controls of fine root production, while fine root turnover is mostly affected by changes in soil water conditions.
Canopy Fruit Location Can Affect Olive Oil Quality in ‘Arbequina’ Hedgerow Orchards
Authors: Gómez‐del‐Campo María , García José M.
Published: July 2011

The effect of location of fruit in canopies of hedgerow olive trees (Olea europaea L., cv. ‘Arbequina’) on quality of virgin oil was tested by analyzing oils extracted from different height layers and faces of nine olive hedgerows (6 North–South oriented and 3 East–West). Although sensory attributes were not different, other oil quality parameters may be significantly modified by fruit position. Oils extracted from fruits harvested from higher layers exhibited significantly higher stability against oxidation, along with higher palmitic acid, linoleic acid and phenol contents, but lower oleic acid content. Oils extracted from fruits harvested from East and North facing hedgerows oriented North–South and East–West, respectively, exhibited higher oleic contents and lower saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid contents. The mean phenol content of oils extracted from fruits from a North–South oriented hedgerow was significantly greater from one of the East–West oriented hedgerows. These findings may be relevant for the design of future olive hedgerows destined for olive oil production.
Physical Properties of Cocoa Butter/Vegetable Oil Blends Crystallized in a Scraped Surface Heat Exchanger
Authors: Pérez‐Martínez J. D. , Reyes‐Hernández J. , Dibildox‐Alvarado E. , Toro‐Vazquez J. F.
Published: July 2011

Blends of cocoa butter with soybean oil (CB/SO) or canola oil (CB/CO) were crystallized at either of two agitation rates (100 or 1,000 rpm) and at two process temperatures (14 or 17 °C) in a scraped surface heat exchanger (SSHE). The physical properties were characterized at the SSHE output and during storage (14 and 28 days) at 15 °C. At the SSHE output, the CB/CO and CB/SO systems that had been processed at 100 rpm presented a more solid‐like character than systems processed at 1,000 rpm despite the fact that the former systems contained a higher solid fat content than the latter. The degree of secondary crystallization increased with increasing shear rate. Nevertheless, the polymorphic behavior of cocoa butter crystals resembled the behavior observed under static isothermal crystallization conditions. At the SSHE output, systems of either blend contained a mixture of β′ and β crystals. During storage, β′ converted to β in both blends, although it did so to a higher extent in the CB/CO systems. Crystal ripening, observed in the CB/CO blend, provided stability to the systems during storage. In contrast, the CB/SO system increased its hardness by a slow sintering process. The polymorphism and hardness evolution in the blends under study were found to be associated with the molecular compatibility of the triacylglycerols in the cocoa butter and the vegetable oils tested.
Prehospital ultrasound as the evolution of the Franco-German model of prehospital EMS
Authors: Garrone Marco
Published: July 2011

Purpose

To evaluate, throughout model analysis and evaluation of existing literature and personal experience, which can be the benefits of routine performance of prehospital ultrasound in the different models of prehospital emergency medical service.

Methods

The existing literature was reviewed.

Conclusions

The ultrasound can be a very valuable asset in both the Anglo-American and the Franco-German models. In the latter, however, its role is further emphasized since US-enhanced on-spot early diagnosis performed by the physician can be beneficial to the whole system and not just the single patient.
Autonomic live adaptation of virtual networked environments in a multidomain infrastructure
Authors: Ruth Paul , Rhee Junghwan , Xu Dongyan , Goasguen Sebastien , Kennell Rick
Published: July 2011

The trend toward cloud-based services is creating the need for large scale shared distributed infrastructures. Behind many clouds lay shared distributed infrastructures formed through the federation of many resources residing in multiple domains. Such shared infrastructures enable massive amounts of aggregated computation resources to be shared among large numbers of users. The core technologies enabling these distributed clouds are machine and network virtualization. Virtualization is the technology that enables the execution of arbitrary distributed applications on top of these increasingly popular shared physical infrastructures.

In this paper, we go beyond supporting applications in the cloud and support autonomic adaptation of virtual computation environments as active, integrated entities. More specifically, driven by both dynamic availability of infrastructure resources and dynamic application resource demand, a virtual computation environment is able to automatically relocate itself across the infrastructure and scale its share of infrastructural resources. Such autonomic adaptation is transparent to both users of virtual environments and administrators of infrastructures, maintaining the look and feel of a stable, dedicated environment for the user. As our proof-of-concept, we present the design, implementation, and evaluation of a system called VIOLIN, which is composed of a virtual network of virtual machines capable of live migration across a multidomain physical infrastructure.