bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Milhocina como fonte proteica para produção de bacteriocina por Enterococcus faecium
Authors: Schueler Janaína , Souza Cássia Milena de , Katsuda Marly Sayuri , Furlaneto Márcia Cristina , Furlaneto-Maia Luciana
Published: February 2021

A produção de bacteriocina por Bactérias Ácido Lácticas tem atraído grande atenção por causa do seu status GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe), e seu uso potencial como aditivo para a conservação de alimentos. A utilização de substrato com características que forneçam nutrientes necessários porem com reduzido custo, está entre os itens essenciais para produção e  uso comercial de bacteriocinas. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a viabilidade da produção de enterocinas,  utilizando soro de leite e água de maceração de milho (milhocina) como substrato em 18 e 24 horas de cultivo. Enterococcus faecium (Efm20, Efm22, Efm24, Efm25) e Enterococcus faecalis (Efs27) foram caracterizados quanto à atividade antimicrobiana de enterocinas presentes no sobrenadante de cultivo livre de células (CFS) contra Listeria innocua CLIP 12612. O caráter proteico da substância antimicrobiana foi confirmado, sendo sua atividade inibitória perdida após o tratamento dos CFS com proteases. Em contrapartida a atividade antimicrobiana dos CFS se manteve termoestável após tratamento com calor (80°C e 100°C) e também quando tratado com catalase, o que confirma que essa atividade do CFS não está relacionada com a ação de H2O2 e ácido láctico (CFS neutralizado com NaOH). Pela contagem de células bacterianas (UFC/mL) dos isolados cultivados nos diferentes meios, observou que houve maior quantidade de UFC em MRS com substratos. A atividade antimicrobiana dos CFS obtido dos meios MRS com substrato em comparação com o MRS foram similares quando em difusão em ágar, porém ao quantificar essa atividade observou maiores valores de unidade arbitrária para os CFS obtidos em meio MRS com milhocina em ambos os tempos avaliados 18 e 24 horas. Em conclusão, constatou-se que os substratos testados apresentam grande potencial para serem aplicados na fabricação de bioconservação de produtos alimentícios.
“Rejoice, Mary!”: modification of the prayer of praise in the works by Vira Vovk and Pavlo Tychyna
Authors: Havryliuk Nadiia
Published: February 2021

The paper comparatively analyzes the modification of the laudatory prayer “Rejoice, Mary!” in the poems by V. Vovk and P. Tychyna. The comparison helps to reveal the peculiarities of the authors’ styles in the modifications of the prayer and makes it possible to see the deep unity of emigrational and continental literature. The prayer of Vira Vovk has its sources in the akathist to the Mother of God. In the poem “Rejoice!”, the poetess retains the general structure of the akathist, modifying some details: she uses twelve lines instead of thirteen and keeps the address “Rejoice!” not in every line but only in odd numbers. In the poem “Celestial Tit”, the akathist acquires the features of a verse form, and the address “Rejoice” is present only in the first and ninth lines. However, the second strophes of the poems “Rejoice!” and “Heavenly Tit” give grounds to consider these texts as variants of the same work. The works by Vira Vovk show a combination of images being characteristic of the church akathist to the Mother of God (lilies, roses, universe of joy, virgin and mother) with individual authorial ones (heavenly forget-me-not, four-leaf clover, sparkling star, chorale of winged, celestial tit).

The address “Oh, rejoice, Mary!” from the poem “The Dolorous Mother” by P. Tychyna refers to the scene of the Annunciation and the prayer “Ave, Maria” (“Rejoice Mary, full of grace”), which is part of the rosary prayer. Despite the address “Rejoice”, P. Tychyna’s poem is imbued with sorrow. The events of the poem take place after the Crucifixion, before the Resurrection. The address “Oh, rejoice” is contrasted with the drama of a mother looking for a crucified son and also with Ukrainian history and the landscape. In V. Vovk’s piece “Dormition”, the events take place after the Resurrection, and therefore the Mother of God is not sad but smiling, full of joy; she merges with the landscape and not contrasts with it.
Determinan Penggunaan Konstrasepsi (Analisis Hasil SDKI Tahun 2017 Provinsi Jawa Tengah)
Authors: Wijayanti Urip Tri
Published: February 2021

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan determinan penggunaan kontrasepsi pada wanita usia subur di Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan rancangan cross sectional study (potong lintang). Data yang digunakan raw data SDKI tahun 2017 provinsi Jawa Tengah terbaru, meliputi jumlah anak hidup (MV201), umur istri (MV013), pendidikan suami (SM 108), pendidikan istri (MV 106), status pekerjaan istri (MV 717), tempat tinggal (MV 025), indeks kekayaan (MV 190), akses sumber informasi KB melalui radio (MV 384 A), akses sumber informasi KB melalui televisi (MV 384 B), akses sumber informasi KB melalui majalah (MV 384 C), penggunaan kontrasepsi (MV 313). Pengolahan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan program SPSS 22. Setelah itu dianalisis, meliputi karakteristik masing- masing variabel penelitian dengan distribusi  frekuensi yang ditampilkan dalam persentase masing- masing kelompok data. Selanjutnya analisis bivariat untuk melihat hubungan antara variabel independen dengan variabel dependen dengan menggunakan Chi Square. Hasilnya ada beberapa variabel yang merupakan determinan penggunaan kontrasepsi/memiliki hubungan dalam penggunaan kontrasepsi, variabel tersebut antara lain jumlah anak yang dilahirkan, pendidikan istri, pekerjaan istri, tempat tinggal, mendapatkan informasi KB melalui media televisi dan membaca informasi KB pada majalah dengan penggunaan kontrasepsi. Sementara variabel yang tidak memiliki hubungan dengan penggunaan kontrasepsi antara lain umur istri, pendidikan suami, indek kekayaan, mendengarkan informasi KB dari radio dengan penggunaan kontrasepsi. Rekomendasinya sosialisasi tentang program KB secara menyeluruh dengan bahasa menarik dan mengajak terutama pada media radio. sosialisasi juga tidak terbatas pada kaum perempuan, agar laki-laki semakin memahami akan program KB dan berpartisipasi dalam pengambilan keputusan

 

Kata Kunci : Determinan, Penggunaan Kontrasepsi, Wanita Usia Subur
Analisis Perbedaan Penyerapan Anggaran Program Pembangunan dan Pemberdayaan Kewilayahan di Kota Bandung
Authors: Septiadi Muhammad Andi , Alia Siti
Published: February 2021

Adanya perbedaan hasil realisasi anggaran PIPPK Di Kelurahan Cihapit dan Kelurahan Merdeka yang menentukan keberhasilan program di suatu wilayah. Mengingat Kelurahan Cihapit dan Merdeka sama-sama berada di kawasan perkotaan tetapi dari hasil realisasi anggaran tahun 2015 dan 2016 realisasi anggaran di Kelurahan Cihapit bisa mencapai 100% yaitu merupakan salah satu kelurahan terbaik yang ada di tengah perkotaan dalam pelaksanaan PIPPK dari lima kelurahan lainnya yang ada di Kota Bandung. Sedangkan Kelurahan Merdeka realisasi anggarannya hanya mampu mencapai 83,19% pada tahun 2015 dan 84,20% pada tahun 2016. Dengan teori Daniel L. Stufflebeam yaitu Evaluasi Konteks, Input, Proses, dan Produk. Metode penelitian dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian Komparatif Deskriptif pendekatan Kualitatif, dengan teknik pengumpulan data melalui studi kepustakaan dan studi lapangan. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik non probability yaitu Purposive Sampling, dan Snowball Sampling. Hasil penelitian dan pembahasan menunjukkan bahwa Program Pembangunan dan Pemberdayaan Kewilayahan (PIPPK) di Kelurahan Cihapit bisa lebih berhasil dibandingkan dengan Kelurahan Merdeka dikarenakan pengaruh dari Evaluasi Konteks dan Input.
Faktor Perilaku Memengaruhi Pemanfaatan Pelayanan Kesehatan Masyarakat Miskin di RSUD Gunungsitoli Kabupaten Nias Tahun 2019
Authors: Anggraini Indah -
Published: February 2021

Pemanfaatan Pelayanan Rumah Sakit di Indonesia khususnya bagi masyarakat miskin masih belum optimal, hal ini disebabkan karena adanya beberapa faktor perilaku yang memengaruhinya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan dan pengaruh  faktor perilaku yaitu: pengetahuan, informasi, biaya, transportasi, dan dukungan keluarga terhadap pemanfaatan pelayanan kesehatan di RSUD Gunungsitoli  Kabupaten Nias 2019. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan jenis penelitian survey dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Jumlah sampel 92 orang masyarakat miskin pengguna rujukan yang telah diambil secara proposional menggunakan teknik simple random sampling. Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan kuesioner yang telah di uji validitas dan realiabilitasnya dengan 47 soal pertanyaan. Uji statistik setiap variabel untuk mengetahui hubungan digunakan uji chi-square dengan taraf signifikan 95% sementara variabel berpengaruh diuji dengan regresi logistik dengan taraf signifikan 95%. Hasil uji chi-square menunjukkan  bahwa faktor yang memiliki hubungan dengan pemanfaatan pelayanan kesehatan masyarakat miskin di RSUD Gunungsitoli Kabupaten Nias 2019 adalah pengetahuan, informasi, transportasi, dan dukungan keluarga.  Berdasarkan hasil uji regresi logistik ada dua faktor yang memengaruhi pemanfaatan pelayanan kesehatan masyarakat miskin di RSUD Gunungsitoli Kabupaten Nias 2019, yaitu pengetahuan dan dukungan keluarga. Faktor dukungan keluarga memiliki pengaruh dominan terhadap pemanfaatan pelayanan kesehatan masyarakat miskin di RSUD Gunungsitoli Kabupaten Nias 2019. Disarankan kepada Pemerintah Kabupaten Nias untuk meningkatkan monitoring program kesehatan khususnya untuk peningkatan pengetahuan dan dukungan keluarga  masyarakat miskin terhadap pemanfaatan pelayanan kesehatan.Disarankan agar penyuluhan kesehatan dilakukan lebih aktif agar pengetahuan dan dukungan keluarga meningkat, dilaksanakan oleh Dinas Kesehatan bekerja sama dengan RSUD Gunungsitoli  dan Puskesmas yang ada di wilayah Kabupaten Nias.
Pengetahuan, Persepsi, dan Sikap Masyarakat Sumatera Barat Terhadap COVID-19
Authors: Media Yulfira Media
Published: February 2021

Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk menggambarkan pengetahuan, persepsi dan sikap masyarakat Sumatera Barat terhadap Covid-19. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kuantitatif dengan metode survey menggunakan kuesioner yang disediakan dalam bentuk aplikasi google form. Pengumpulan data dilakukan secara purposive  melalui beberapa media sosial seperti  Whatsapp dan Facebook. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa sebagian besar responden (99,20%) sudah mengetahui tentang Covid-19. Pengetahuan tentang sumber informasi tentang Covid-19 diperoleh responden terbanyak dari media online (78%) dan media sosial (75%). Sebagian besar responden sudah mempunyai pengetahuan tentang  penyebab dan gejala Covid-19 serta cara mencegah penularan Covid-19. Persepsi dari 30,20% responden bahwa PSBB cukup efektif memutus mata rantai penularan, dan sebagian besar responden (62,85) mempunyai persepsi masyarakat kurang memiliki kedisipilinan dan kesadaran dalam penerapan PSBB. Sebagian besar responden menyatakan sikap tetap waspada dan menjaga jarak ketika ada tetangga yang anggota keluarga merupakan pasien positif (50, 30%). Respon terbanyak yang diungkapkan  responden ketika mendapatkan informasi/ berita dari berbagai media tentang wabah Covid-19 adalah perasaan cemas/panic (41%). Rekomendasi penelitian yang diusulkan adalah  optimalisasi sosialisasi dan edukasi tentang covid-19 kepada masyarakat dengan melibatkan tokoh adat, alim ulama dan tokoh masyarakat, mengoptimalkan gerakan sosialisasi dan penyebarluasan informasi penanganan covid-19 secara langsung dan massif ke masyarakat serta berkelanjutan melalui media komunikasi publik, mendorong masyarakat untuk meningkatkan kedisiplinan dan kesadaran dalam penerapan protokol kesehatan melalui peningkatan promosi kesehatan dan pemberdayaan masyarakat, optimalisasi pengawasan dan pengendalian penularan Covid-19 melalui regulasi/kebijakan daerah yang terkait penerapan tatanan kebiasaan hidup baru.

 

Kata kunci: pengetahuan, persepsi, sikap, Covid-19
Teaching and learning process to enhance teaching effectiveness: literature review
Authors: Munna Afzal Sayed , Kalam Md Abul
Published: February 2021

Teaching and learning process can be defined as a transformation process of knowledge from teachers to students. It is referred as the combination of various elements within the process where an educator identifies and establish the learning objectives and develop teaching resources and implement the teaching and learning strategy. On the other hand, learning is a cardinal factor that a teacher must consider while teaching students. The paper evaluated various academic journals, pedagogy and inclusive practices to assess the teaching effectiveness within the higher education setting. The objective of the research is to assess the teaching effectiveness in higher education setting. The research used experimental research methods (primarily reflection) using literary forms to analyse the theory with the reinforcement of the practice from the university experiences. The research findings suggests that, providing positive and adequate formative and developmental feedback, introduction of role play have profound positive impact on the confidence and self-esteem of the students. It was also revealed that, active learning environment promotes inclusivity and improve the faculty and student academic performances. The research findings will enable the educators to help create and implement an inclusive teaching and learning environment to improve the learner’s expectation and academic performance.
Interpretation of the Concepts of “Mass Culture” in Presentday Humanitarian Sciences
Authors:   Maimonides Academy, The Kosygin State University of Russia (Technologies. Design. Art), Zaitseva Marina L. , Вudagyan Regina R. ,   Maimonides Academy, The Kosygin State University of Russia (Technologies. Design. Art), Chekmenev Alexei I. ,   Maimonides Academy, The Kosygin State University of Russia (Technologies. Design. Art)
Published: February 2021

The article is devoted to the analysis of the concepts of “mass culture” in present-day humanitarian scholarship. The article highlights three groups of interpretations of this concept: the pessimistic, the apologetic and the problemoriented. The characteristic features of each of the presented groups are specified. Mass culture presents a complex and multilayers phenomenon, which is relevant among large strata of the population. The main particularities of mass culture are in the blending together of numerous various cultural codes and traditions, mobility, directedness at wide strata of the population, a commercial character of production, a significant amount of pluralism of directions, hedonism, availability, directedness at a visual type of perception, etc. The main particularities of the new contemporary concert conditions is a multitude of styles, active use of the method of deconstructing the academic classical repertoire and various forms of adaptation of the academic classical heritage to present-day performance practice. The art of music develops upon the impact of numerous factors pertaining to the sphere of culture, economics and many other domains of man’s social life. Special signification on the development of present-day performance practice is rendered by mass culture. The complexity of solving the questions connected, first of all, with the definition of the concept of “mass culture,” with the uncovering of its influence on the art of the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries stipulates the necessity of making a brief overview of research related to this issue.
The Ensemble “Theater of New Music”: Its History, Activities and New Forms
Authors:   Center for Comprehensive Art Studies, Saratov State L.V. Sobinov Conservatory, Orlov Vladimir V.
Published: February 2021

The article traces the history of the ensemble “Theater of New Music” from 2010 and 2019 and defines the main stages of the ensemble’s development: the first stage is the period of the ensemble’s formation (2010–2012), the second stage is the period of concerts in the form of theatrical performances and the quest for new forms of presentation of academic music (2012–2015), the third is the search for new forms of interaction between music and the other arts (2015–2018), and the fourth is the period of multimedia projects (since 2018). The main forms of presentation of academic music which were developed during the development of the “Theater of New Music” are highlighted. They include concerts merged with theatrical performances, as well as multimedia projects. The ensemble’s most significant projects during the period between 2010 and 2019 are defined and described in detail: the series of concerts in the form of theatrical performances featuring protagonists of the “Travel through Time” arguing about music of various epochs, styles and directions; the cycle of two concerts in the form of theatrical performances “They Met. A wave and a stone, poetry and prose, ice and fire,” where the protagonists dispute about what is the primary element in music – intellect or emotion”; the musical performance “Early Musical Saratov” comprised of works by 19th and 20th century Saratov-based composers; the international composers’ competition “Call for Scores – 2016”, the multimedia project “A Person with Earphones.” The ensemble “Theater of New Music is the only ensemble in Saratov which specializes in performance of 20th and early 21st century music.
The Musical Synthesizer
Authors:   Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, Gorbunova Irina B.
Published: February 2021

The various aspects of formation and development of the musical instrumentarium disclose the main regular occurrences of functioning of musical instruments as synthesizers of musical sound in all its diversity, from the sources of their formation to the contemporary stage of the present process. In the fi rst lecture, “The Architectonics of Musical Sound” there was detailed examination of the particularities of the structure, the diversity and the various interpretations of the concept of “musical sound,” as well as the connection with the contemporary technical possibilities of notation, preservation and elaboration of musical sounds. In the present lecture the author turns to the main stages of evolution of the concept of “musical sound,” which refl ects the changes of sound material itself during the course of development of musical practice. The emergence of new musical instruments or musical synthesizers, according to the authorial conception, is stipulated by two main reasons. The fi rst of them is musicians’ aspirations of enriching the palette of their musical artistry. The second reason is connected with the historical perfections of the musical instrumentarium, which in its construction aspires to rely on contemporary achievements of science and technique in the domain of creation of sound. The level of development of contemporary program and machinery means of musical computer technologies (MCT) makes it possible to model diverse stages of development of systems of musical sounds.
The Zhostovo Floral Design: Workshops in the Development of Children’s Artistry and Conversatio
Authors:   Oklahoma Russian Education Studio “ROSTOK”, Karpova Maria V.
Published: February 2021

The workshop is aimed at enhancing children’s development of artistic aesthetics and verbal skills. Acquaintance with one of the famous types of Russian folk designs — the Zhostovskiy podnos [Zhostovo fl oral design on metal lacquer trays] — takes place with the help of creative assignments, playing exercises, readings of stories and engaging in craftwork. During the training sessions the children receive not only new knowledge, but also the elementary skills of discourse about the object of art. The tutorial materials are accompanied by colorful illustrations. The workshop is aimed at cooperative studying workshops of either teachers or parents with children.
Artistic Conflict as a Model of Philosophical Reclaiming of Reality
Authors:   Ufa State Institute of Arts named after Zagir Ismagilov, Verbitskaya Galina Ya.
Published: February 2021

This a lecture of Doctor of Philosophical Arts, Candidate of Arts, Professor of the Ufa State Institute for the Arts Galina Verbitskaya illuminates the crucial issue of the theory of drama — the theory of confl ict. The material is presented in a philosophical-epistemic aspect in the light of the nature of the confl ict, its varieties (the sources, means of realization and possibility of resolution) — the local, the Hegelian, the substantive, the irresolvable. Special attention is drawn towards the issue of the self-identifi cation of the protagonists of landmark times. The publication is addressed to students of higher educational institutions for the arts and humanitarian disciplines.
The Musical Oeuvres of Dmitri Shostakovich
Authors:   Saratov State L.V. Sobinov Conservatory, Demchenko Alexander I.
Published: February 2021

The first part of this lecture, dedicated to the evolution of the composer’s creative development (early music, the middle period, the late music) was published in the first issue of the journal “ICONI” for this year. The conclusive part of the lecture, published in this issue, is focused on the determining philosophical “through” thoroughfares of Shostakovich’s legacy (the issues of humanism and artistic constants).
The Semantic System of the Mari Folk Costume and its Artistic-Figurative Interpretation
Authors:   Mari State University, Kudryavtsev Vladimir G.
Published: February 2021

The article is devoted to the study of the traditional Mari costume, which unifi es the worldview, aesthetical and artistic perceptions of the surrounding world. The semantic system of the folk costume and its artistic-fi gurative interpretation presumes a unity of their utilitarian and decorative purposes. On the basis of studies of material related to archeology, ethnography and art studies the ethnic-determining sources are revealed which are important for the development of the practice of contemporary ethnic design.
Diverting Etudes in the Flute Class
Authors:   Children’s Art School, Boldurescu Yulia V.
Published: February 2021

One of the most crucial tasks for educating the beginner musician is the development of his artistic imagination. A decisive role in this process is played by the formation of the musicians’ attitudes towards the skills of interaction of their relationship with the composer’s music: the creation of the performer’s text, i.e., its interpretation (the problematic situation “If I were the editor…”), or its transcription or arrangement (“I wish to become a composer”). The solution of the indicated aims (which, essentially, relate to the musicians’ inventiveness) and the participation in the problem situations becomes manageable even for especially gifted students only upon the condition of a correctly elaborated technology of interaction with the musical text. Such experience is well-known in Russia and in other countries, specimens of assignments and tutorial manuals directed at the possibility of application of innovational technologies in work with beginner pianists have been developed. In this article the author offers to instructors of fl ute performance her technology of work on unfolding the primary authorial musical text on the basis of horizontal and vertical dialogue expounded in E.G. Shcherbakova’s textbook “Neskuchnye etyudy” [“Diverting Etudes”] in her piano class.
Mulk Raj Anand’s Untouchable and the Philosophy of Aesthetic Realism
Authors:   Aesthetic Realism Foundation, Perey Arnold
Published: February 2021

This universal ethical question needs to be discussed honestly and deeply by everyone, regardless of culture, for social justice and personal kindness to prevail: “What does a person deserve by being alive?” Asked by Eli Siegel, founder of the philosophy Aesthetic Realism, this question provides us with an indispensable means for opposing the contempt that is the fundamental cause of injustice. Contempt Mr. Siegel defi ned as “the disposition in every person to think we will be for ourselves by making less of the outside world.” And its pervasive effects cannot be underestimated. Every person has a fi ght between the desire for contempt and the desire to respect people and the world. Contempt is very ordinary, it is present in everyday life. For instance when one person doesn't listen to another; or when we see someone in the street and think, “I wouldn’t be caught dead wearing shoes like that.” But when it predominates on a national scale, the results of making less are disastrous. In the caste system of India, contempt is institutionalized, as this article explains. It is related to caste-like institutions world-wide, including racism in my own country, the United States; and to the global horrors of economic injustice. The novel Untouchable, by Mulk Raj Anand, illustrates, from beginning to end, the hurtful manifestation of contempt in the caste system. The time period of the novel is the 1930s, but its truth continues today; and Anand shows in a young man named Bakha the pain of the Untouchable: unjustly despised and unjustly impoverished. The author of this article learned through his study of Aesthetic Realism that making himself “superior” by disparaging other people, including women and people of other ethnicities, made him despise himself and hurt every relationship he wanted to have. And this is representative of what contempt does to persons having it, everywhere. He changed, as he studied in Aesthetic Realism classes what a person deserves from me and how to have good will, the one opposition to contempt. He learned good will is not fl imsy or weak, it has a scientifi c basis and defi nition: it is “the desire to have something else stronger and more beautiful, for this desire makes oneself stronger and more beautiful.” People need, and want, good will in place of endemic contempt in Europe, Asia, America. There is a powerful, international desire in people today for a just world. Aesthetic Realism is the education that meets that desire and can make for a world that is fair to all people. That is why it is urgently necessary for persons to study its principles.
Finland, a Vocal Symphony for Soprano, Tenor and Large Orchestra
Authors:   Moscow State P.I. Tchaikovsky Conservatory, Rovner Anton А.
Published: February 2021

My composition Finland is a vocal symphony for soprano, tenor and large orchestra set to the text of the early 19th century Russian Romantic poet Evgeny Baratynsky. The main idea behind this composition involves the combination of two contrasting approaches to musical composition: composing an abstract, independent musical work built on purely musical laws of structure and development and, on the other hand, writing a dramatic, programmatic work, the aim of which is to express emotions, to interpret and depict the subject matter of the literary text. The musical composition consists of six movements, following the poem’s six unequallength stanzas. Each movement is divided into a purely orchestral section and a vocalorchestral section, the latter featuring alternately the solo soprano and tenor. The work is written in the twelve-tone technique and involves references to a late Romantic musical language, emphasis on new textures and sonorities for the orchestra, occasional implications of tonality, and incorporation of serial rhythm in several of the work’s sections. The article gives a short account of Baratynsky’s biography and poetic writings and then proceeds to analyze the composition Finland in terms of both the large-scale structure and the details within the individual movements.
Mechanisms of Effector-Mediated Immunity Revealed by the Accidental Human Pathogen Legionella pneumophila
Authors: Ngwaga Tshegofatso , Chauhan Deepika , Shames Stephanie R.
Published: February 2021

Many Gram-negative bacterial pathogens employ translocated virulence factors, termed effector proteins, to facilitate their parasitism of host cells and evade host anti-microbial defenses. However, eukaryotes have evolved to detect effector-mediated virulence strategies through a phenomenon termed effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Although ETI was discovered in plants, a growing body of literature demonstrates that metazoans also utilize effector-mediated immunity to detect and clear bacterial pathogens. This mini review is focused on mechanisms of effector-mediated immune responses by the accidental human pathogen Legionella pneumophila. We highlight recent advancements in the field and discuss the future prospects of harnessing effectors for the development of novel therapeutics, a critical need due to the prevalence and rapid spread of antibiotic resistance.
A New Family of Bacteriolytic Proteins in Dictyostelium discoideum
Authors: Guilhen Cyril , Lima Wanessa C. , Ifrid Estelle , Crespo-Yañez Xenia , Lamrabet Otmane , Cosson Pierre
Published: February 2021

Phagocytic cells ingest and destroy bacteria efficiently and in doing so ensure the defense of the human body against infections. Phagocytic Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae represent a powerful model system to study the intracellular mechanisms ensuring destruction of ingested bacteria in phagosomes. Here, we discovered the presence of a bacteriolytic activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae in cellular extracts from D. discoideum. The bacteriolytic activity was detected only at a very acidic pH mimicking the conditions found in D. discoideum phagosomes. It was also strongly decreased in extracts of kil1 KO cells that were previously described to kill inefficiently internalized bacteria, suggesting that the activity observed in vitro is involved in killing of bacteria in phagosomes. We purified a fraction enriched in bacteriolytic activity where only 16 proteins were detected and focused on four proteins selectively enriched in this fraction. Three of them belong to a poorly characterized family of D. discoideum proteins exhibiting a DUF3430 domain of unknown function and were named BadA (Bacteriolytic D. discoideum A), BadB, and BadC. We overexpressed the BadA protein in cells, and the bacteriolytic activity increased concomitantly in cell extracts. Conversely, depletion of BadA from cell extracts decreased significantly their bacteriolytic activity. Finally, in cells overexpressing BadA, bacterial killing was faster than in parental cells. Together these results identify BadA as a D. discoideum protein required for cellular bactericidal activity. They also define a new strategy to identify and characterize bactericidal proteins in D. discoideum cells.
Recent Advances in Our Understanding of the Diversity and Roles of Chaperone-Usher Fimbriae in Facilitating Salmonella Host and Tissue Tropism
Authors: Cheng Rachel A. , Wiedmann Martin
Published: February 2021

Salmonella enterica is one of the most diverse and successful pathogens, representing a species with >2,600 serovars with a variety of adaptations that enable colonization and infection of a wide range of hosts. Fimbriae, thin hair-like projections that cover the surface of Salmonella, are thought to be the primary organelles that mediate Salmonella’s interaction with, and adherence to, the host intestinal epithelium, representing an important step in the infection process. The recent expansion in genome sequencing efforts has enabled the discovery of novel fimbriae, thereby providing new perspectives on fimbrial diversity and distribution among a broad number of serovars. In this review, we provide an updated overview of the evolutionary events that shaped the Salmonella chaperone-usher fimbriome in light of recent phylogenetic studies describing the population structure of Salmonella enterica. Furthermore, we discuss the complexities of the chaperone-usher fimbriae-mediated host-pathogen interactions and the apparent redundant roles of chaperone-usher fimbriae in host and tissue tropism.
Puerto Rico Health System Resilience After Hurricane Maria: Implications for Disaster Preparedness in the COVID-19 Era
Authors: Rios Christopher C. , Ling Emilia J. , Rivera-Gutierrez Ralph , Gonzalez Sanchez Juan , Merrell Sylvia Bereknyei , Bruce Janine , Barry Michele , de Jesus Perez Vinicio
Published: February 2021

Background:Every year, Puerto Rico faces a hurricane season fraught with potentially catastrophic structural, emotional and health consequences. In 2017, Puerto Rico was hit by Hurricane Maria, the largest natural disaster to ever affect the island. Several studies have estimated the excess morbidity and mortality following Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico, yet no study has comprehensively examined the underlying health system weaknesses contributing to the deleterious health outcomes.

Methods:A qualitative case study was conducted to assess the ability of the UPR health system to provide patient care in response to Hurricane Maria. An established five key resilience framework and inductive analysis was used to identify factors that affected health system resilience. Thirteen Emergency Medicine Physicians, Family Medicine Physicians, and Hospital Administrators in a University of Puerto Rico (UPR) Community Hospital were interviewed as part of our study.

Results:Of the five key resiliency components, three domains were notably weak with respect to UPR's resiliency. Prior to the Hurricane, key personnel at the UPR hospital wereunawareof the limited capacity of back-up generators at hospitals and were ill-prepared to transfer ICU patients to appropriate hospitals. Post Hurricane, the hospital facedself-regulationchallenges when triaging the provision of Hurricane-related emergency services with delivering core health services, in particular for patients with chronic conditions. Finally, during and after the Hurricane,integrationof patient care coordination between the UPR hospital ambulances, neighboring hospitals, and national and state government was suboptimal. The two remaining resiliency factors, addressingdiverseneeds and systemadaptivenessin a time of crisis, were seen as strengths.

Conclusions:Hurricane Maria exposed weaknesses in the Puerto Rican health system, notably the lack of awareness about the limited capacity of backup generators, poor patient care coordination, and interruption of medical care for patients with chronic conditions. As in other countries, the current COVID epidemic is taxing the capacity of the Puerto Rico health system, which could increase the likelihood of another health system collapse should another hurricane hit the island. Therefore, a resilience framework is a useful tool to help health systems identify areas of improvement in preparation for possible natural disasters.
Cell Heterogeneity and Paracrine Interactions in Human Islet Function: A Perspective Focused in β-Cell Regeneration Strategies
Authors: Bru-Tari Eva , Oropeza Daniel , Herrera Pedro L.
Published: February 2021

The β-cell regeneration field has shown a strong knowledge boost in the last 10 years. Pluripotent stem cell differentiation and direct reprogramming from other adult cell types are becoming more tangible long-term diabetes therapies. Newly generated β-like-cells consistently show hallmarks of native β-cells and can restore normoglycemia in diabetic mice in virtually all recent studies. Nonetheless, these cells still show important compromises in insulin secretion, cell metabolism, electrical activity, and overall survival, perhaps due to a lack of signal integration from other islet cells. Mounting data suggest that diabetes is not only a β-cell disease, as the other islet cell types also contribute to its physiopathology. Here, we present an update on the most recent studies of islet cell heterogeneity and paracrine interactions in the context of restoring an integrated islet function to improve β-cell replacement therapies.
Identification of Hub Genes and Immune Infiltration in Psoriasis by Bioinformatics Method
Authors: Su Wenxing , Wei Yuqian , Huang Biao , Ji Jiang
Published: February 2021

Background

Psoriasis is a chronic, prolonged, and recurrent skin inflammatory disease. However, the pathogenesis of psoriasis is not completely clear, thus we aimed to explore potential molecular basis of it.

Methods

Two datasets were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. After identifying the differentially expressed genes of psoriasis skin lesion samples and healthy controls, three kinds of analyses, namely functional annotation, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, and immune infiltration analyses, were performed.

Results

A total of 152 up-regulated genes and 38 down-regulated genes were selected for subsequent analyses. Evaluation of the PPI network identified the most important module containing 13 hub genes. Gene ontology analysis showed that the hub genes have a significant enrichment effect on positive regulation of cell migration, defense response to the other organism and epithelial cell differentiation. KEGG signaling pathway analysis showed that the hub genes were significantly enriched in chemokine signaling, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, and IL-17 signaling pathway. Compared with the normal control sample, naive B cells, CD8+ T cells, activated memory CD4+ T cells, follicular helper T cells, gamma delta T cells, resting NK cells, monocytes, M0 macrophages, M1 macrophages, activated dendritic cells and neutrophils infiltrated more, while memory B cells, naive CD4+ T cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs), activated NK cells, resting mast cells, and eosinophils infiltrated less.

Conclusion

To conclude, the hub genes and pathways identified from psoriasis lesions and normal controls along with the immune infiltration profile may provide new insights into the study of psoriasis.
Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Based Therapies as Promising Treatments for Muscle Regeneration After Snakebite Envenoming
Authors: Sanchez-Castro E. Eduardo , Pajuelo-Reyes Cecilia , Tejedo Rebeca , Soria-Juan Bárbara , Tapia-Limonchi Rafael , Andreu Etelvina , Hitos Ana B. , Martin Franz , Cahuana Gladys M. , Guerra-Duarte Clara , de Assis Thamyres C. Silva , Bedoya Francisco J. , Soria Bernat , Chávez-Olórtegui Carlos , Tejedo Juan R.
Published: February 2021

Snakebite envenoming is a global neglected disease with an incidence of up to 2.7 million new cases every year. Although antivenoms are so-far the most effective treatment to reverse the acute systemic effects induced by snakebite envenoming, they have a limited therapeutic potential, being unable to completely neutralize the local venom effects. Local damage, such as dermonecrosis and myonecrosis, can lead to permanent sequelae with physical, social, and psychological implications. The strong inflammatory process induced by snake venoms is associated with poor tissue regeneration, in particular the lack of or reduced skeletal muscle regeneration. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs)-based therapies have shown both anti-inflammatory and pro-regenerative properties. We postulate that using allogeneic MSCs or their cell-free products can induce skeletal muscle regeneration in snakebite victims, improving all the three steps of the skeletal muscle regeneration process, mainly by anti-inflammatory activity, paracrine effects, neovascularization induction, and inhibition of tissue damage, instrumental for microenvironment remodeling and regeneration. Since snakebite envenoming occurs mainly in areas with poor healthcare, we enlist the principles and potential of MSCs-based therapies and discuss regulatory issues, good manufacturing practices, transportation, storage, and related-procedures that could allow the administration of these therapies, looking forward to a safe and cost-effective treatment for a so far unsolved and neglected health problem.
Epstein Barr Virus and Autoimmune Responses in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Jog Neelakshi R. , James Judith A.
Published: February 2021

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex systemic autoimmune disease. Infections or infectious reactivation are potential triggers for initiation of autoimmunity and for SLE flares. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is gamma herpes virus that has been associated with several autoimmune diseases such as SLE, multiple sclerosis, Sjogren’s syndrome, and systemic sclerosis. In this review, we will discuss the recent advances regarding how EBV may contribute to immune dysregulation, and how these mechanisms may relate to SLE disease progression.
Decreased Antibiotic Susceptibility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Surviving UV Irradition
Authors: Li Hai-bei , Hou Ai-ming , Chen Tian-jiao , Yang Dong , Chen Zheng-shan , Shen Zhi-qiang , Qiu Zhi-gang , Yin Jing , Yang Zhong-wei , Shi Dan-yang , Wang Hua-ran , Li Jun-wen , Jin Min
Published: February 2021

Given its excellent performance against the pathogens, UV disinfection has been applied broadly in different fields. However, only limited studies have comprehensively investigated the response of bacteria surviving UV irradiation to the environmental antibiotic stress. Here, we investigated the antibiotic susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa suffering from the UV irradiation. Our results revealed that UV exposure may decrease the susceptibility to tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and polymyxin B in the survival P. aeruginosa. Mechanistically, UV exposure causes oxidative stress in P. aeruginosa and consequently induces dysregulation of genes contributed to the related antibiotic resistance genes. These results revealed that the insufficient ultraviolet radiation dose may result in the decreased antibiotic susceptibility in the pathogens, thus posing potential threats to the environment and human health.
Functional Disconnection of the Angular Gyrus Related to Cognitive Impairment in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Qi Fei , Zhang Dongsheng , Gao Jie , Tang Min , Wang Man , Su Yu , Lei Yumeng , Shao Zhirong , Zhang Xiaoling
Published: February 2021

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is related to a variety of cognitive impairments that may even progress to dementia. Studies have found the angular gyrus (AG) is a cross-modal integration hub that is involved in a variety of cognitive processes. However, few studies have focused on the patterns of resting-state functional connections (rsFCs) of the AG in patients with T2DM. This study explored the functional connection (FC) between the AG and the whole brain and the relationship between the FC and clinical/cognitive variables in patients with T2DM. 44 patients with T2DM and 43 sex-, age-, and education-matched healthy controls underwent resting-state fMRI and received neuropsychological assessments. Compared with the control group, the T2DM group showed abnormal rsFCs between the AG and multiple brain regions. The FC between the left AG and the left medial temporal lobe in the T2DM group was positively correlated with scores on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, after a Bonferroni correction (r = 0.40, P = 0.009). Collectively, patients with T2DM have abnormal FCs between the AG and extensive brain regions that may be related to various cognitive processes.
Advances of Mechanisms-Related Metabolomics in Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Zhang Yanyan , Li Jie , Zhang Xiao , Song Dongdong , Tian Tian
Published: February 2021

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a multifactorial disorder characterized by progressively debilitating dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra and the striatum, along with various metabolic dysfunctions and molecular abnormalities. Metabolomics is an emerging study and has been demonstrated to play important roles in describing complex human diseases by integrating endogenous and exogenous sources of alterations. Recently, an increasing amount of research has shown that metabolomics profiling holds great promise in providing unique insights into molecular pathogenesis and could be helpful in identifying candidate biomarkers for clinical detection and therapies of PD. In this review, we briefly summarize recent findings and analyze the application of molecular metabolomics in familial and sporadic PD from genetic mutations, mitochondrial dysfunction, and dysbacteriosis. We also review metabolic biomarkers to assess the functional stage and improve therapeutic strategies to postpone or hinder the disease progression.
Transcriptomic Identification of Draxin-Responsive Targets During Cranial Neural Crest EMT
Authors: Hutchins Erica J. , Piacentino Michael L. , Bronner Marianne E.
Published: February 2021

Canonical Wnt signaling plays an essential role in proper craniofacial morphogenesis, at least partially due to regulation of various aspects of cranial neural crest development. In an effort to gain insight into the etiology of craniofacial abnormalities resulting from Wnt signaling and/or cranial neural crest dysfunction, we sought to identify Wnt-responsive targets during chick cranial neural crest development. To this end, we leveraged overexpression of a canonical Wnt antagonist, Draxin, in conjunction with RNA-sequencing of cranial neural crest cells that have just activated their epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) program. Through differential expression analysis, gene list functional annotation, hybridization chain reaction (HCR), and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), we validated a novel downstream target of canonical Wnt signaling in cranial neural crest –RHOB– and identified possible signaling pathway crosstalk underlying cranial neural crest migration. The results reveal novel putative targets of canonical Wnt signaling during cranial neural crest EMT and highlight important intersections across signaling pathways involved in craniofacial development.
Activation of Orexin 1 Receptors in the Paraventricular Nucleus Contributes to the Development of Deoxycorticosterone Acetate-Salt Hypertension Through Regulation of Vasopressin
Authors: Bigalke Jeremy A. , Gao Huanjia , Chen Qing-Hui , Shan Zhiying
Published: February 2021

Salt-sensitivity is a major factor in the development of hypertension. The brain orexin system has been observed to play a role in numerous hypertensive animal models. However, orexin’s role in the pathology of salt-sensitive hypertension (SSH) remains to be adequately explored. We assessed the impact of orexin hyperactivity in the pathogenesis of the deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) – salt rat model, specifically through modulation of Arginine Vasopressin (AVP). Adult male rats were separated into three groups: vehicle control, DOCA-salt, and DOCA-salt+OX1R-shRNA. DOCA-salt rats received subcutaneous implantation of a 21-day release, 75 mg DOCA pellet in addition to saline drinking water (1% NaCl and 0.2% KCl). DOCA-salt+OX1R-shRNA rats received bilateral microinjection of AAV2-OX1R-shRNA into the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) to knockdown function of the Orexin 1-Receptor (OX1R) within that area. Following 2-week to allow full transgene expression, a DOCA pellet was administered in addition to saline drinking solution. Vehicle controls received sham DOCA implantation but were given normal water. During the 3-week DOCA-salt or sham treatment period, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were monitored utilizing tail-cuff plethysmography. Following the 3-week period, rat brains were collected for either PCR mRNA analysis, as well as immunostaining. Plasma samples were collected and subjected to ELISA analysis. In line with our hypothesis, OX1R expression was elevated in the PVN of DOCA-salt treated rats when compared to controls. Furthermore, following chronic knockdown of OX1R, the hypertension development normally induced by DOCA-salt treatment was significantly diminished in the DOCA-salt+OX1R-shRNA group. A concurrent reduction in PVN OX1R and AVP mRNA was observed in concert with the reduced blood pressure following AAV2-OX1R-shRNA treatment. Similarly, plasma AVP concentrations appeared to be reduced in the DOCA-salt+OX1R-shRNA group when compared to DOCA-salt rats. These results indicate that orexin signaling, specifically through the OX1R in the PVN are critical for the onset and maintenance of hypertension in the DOCA-salt model. This relationship is mediated, at least in part, through orexin activation of AVP producing neurons, and the subsequent release of AVP into the periphery. Our results outline a promising mechanism underlying the development of SSH through interactions with the brain orexin system.