bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Striatal Tonically Active Neurons in Reward Prediction Error Signaling during Instrumental Task Performance
Authors: Apicella Paul , Ravel Sabrina , Deffains Marc , Legallet Eric
Published: January 2011

The detection of differences between predictions and actual outcomes is important for associative learning and for selecting actions according to their potential future reward. There are reports that tonically active neurons (TANs) in the primate striatum may carry information about errors in the prediction of rewards. However, this property seems to be expressed in classical conditioning tasks but not during performance of an instrumental task. To address this issue, we recorded the activity of TANs in the putamen of two monkeys performing an instrumental task in which probabilistic rewarding outcomes were contingent on an action in block-design experiments. Behavioral evidence suggests that animals adjusted their performance according to the level of probability for reward on each trial block. We found that the TAN response to reward was stronger as the reward probability decreased; this effect was especially prominent on the late component of the pause–rebound pattern of typical response seen in these neurons. The responsiveness to reward omission was also increased with increasing reward probability, whereas there were no detectable effects on responses to the stimulus that triggered the movement. Overall, the modulation of TAN responses by reward probability appeared relatively weak compared with that observed previously in a probabilistic classical conditioning task using the same block design. These data indicate that instrumental conditioning was less effective at demonstrating prediction error signaling in TANs. We conclude that the sensitivity of the TAN system to reward probability depends on the specific learning situation in which animals experienced the stimulus–reward associations.
Analysis of stunter1, a Maize Mutant with Reduced Gametophyte Size and Maternal Effects on Seed Development
Authors: Phillips Allison R , Evans Matthew M S
Published: January 2011

Many higher eukaryotes have evolved strategies for the maternal control of growth and development of their offspring. In higher plants this is achieved in part by postmeiotic gene activity controlling the development of the haploid female gametophyte. stunter1 (stt1) is a novel, recessive, maternal effect mutant in maize that displays viable, miniature kernels. Maternal inheritance of stt1 results in seeds with reduced but otherwise normal endosperms and embryos. The stt1 mutation displays reduced transmission through the male and female parents and causes significant changes in the sizes of both male and female gametophytes. stt1 pollen grains are smaller than wild type, have reduced germination efficiency, and reduced pollen tube growth. stt1 embryo sacs have smaller central cells and abnormal antipodal cells that are larger, more vacuolated, and fewer in number than wild type. Embryos and endosperms produced by fertilization of stt1 embryo sacs develop and grow more slowly than wild type. The data suggest that the morphology of mutant embryo sacs influences endosperm development, leading to the production of miniature kernels in stt1. Analysis of seeds carrying a mutant maternal allele of stt1 over a deletion of the paternal allele demonstrates that both parental alleles are active after fertilization in both the endosperm and embryo. This analysis also indicates that embryo development until the globular stage in maize can proceed without endosperm development and is likely supported directly by the diploid mother plant.
Temperatura do ar em sistemas de produção de café arábica em monocultivo e arborizados com seringueira e coqueiro-anão na região de Mococa, SP
Authors: Valentini Luis Sérgio de Paiva , Camargo Marcelo Bento Paes de , Rolim Glauco de Souza , Souza Paulo Sérgio , Gallo Paulo Boller
Published: January 2011

A técnica de cultivos consorciados ou arborizados de cafezais visa atenuar as adversidades meteorológicas extremas podendo contribuir para o desenvolvimento do cultivo. O trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar a temperatura do ar em sistemas de arborização de cafeeiros, comparado com o plantio a pleno sol. Foram realizadas avaliações em experimento de campo, implantado em 1999, no município de Mococa, representativo de uma das mais importantes regiões produtoras de café do Estado de São Paulo. As mensurações de temperatura foram realizadas durante os anos de 2006/2007 e 2007/2008. As parcelas experimentais possuiam 1600 m², onde foram avaliados cafeeiros (Coffea arabica L.) cv. Icatu Vermelho IAC 4045, cultivados a pleno sol e em sistemas arborizados com seringueira (16x16m) e coqueiro-anão (8 x 8m). O tratamento com arborização com seringueira foi o que resultou em melhor desenvolvimento, reduzindo as temperaturas máximas diárias em até 3 ºC, especialmente durante o verão e a primavera. Em dias mais amenos, os resultados foram semelhantes entre os tratamentos arborizados com seringueira e coqueiro. Maiores valores de amplitude térmica foram observados no talhão de café a pleno sol. O sistema de arborização minimiza os efeitos de fortes resfriamentos já que o tratamentos arborizados elevaram a temperatura mínima do ar em até 2 ºC.
Avaliação dos danos do DNA na mucosa esofágica e sangue periférico de portadores da doença do refluxo gastroesofágico
Authors: Bertolozzo Edilene Lúcia , Freire-Maia Dertia Villalba , Lerco Mauro Masson , Plácido Marcelo Sady , Henry Maria Aparecida Coelho de Arruda
Published: January 2011

RACIONAL: A doença do refluxo gastroesofágico é a afecção digestiva de maior prevalência. Os portadores podem apresentar na evolução algumas complicações, sendo o esôfago de Barrett a de maior importância, tendo em vista seu potencial de malignidade. Todavia os processos inflamatórios do trato gastrointestinal podem apresentar degeneração maligna. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar os possíveis danos do DNA em portadores de esofagite de refluxo gastroesofágico de vários graus e verificar a aplicação do ensaio Cometa na detecção dos mesmos. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 25 pacientes distribuídos em quatro grupos: controle (n=5), esofagite leve (n=8), esofagite severa (n=5) e câncer (n=7). O ensaio Cometa foi realizado no sangue periférico (linfócitos) e biópsia do terço distal do esôfago. RESULTADOS: O ensaio Cometa detectou danos no DNA nos pacientes com esofagite leve e severa (sangue periférico e biópsia), sendo que na esofagite severa a intensidade dos danos foi maior (p<0,05). Os danos do DNA dos pacientes com esofagite severa e câncer não mostraram diferença significativa e a intensidade dos mesmos corresponde ao ensaio Cometa classe 4 (maior que 95% de danos). CONCLUSÕES: 1) As frequências de quebras do DNA da mucosa esofágica e linfócitos estão diretamente relacionadas ao grau de inflamação; 2) a esofagite severa apresenta praticamente a mesma frequência de danos no DNA do câncer esofágico; 3) o ensaio Cometa mostrou-se muito sensível para a detecção dos danos do DNA.
Incisão periauricular para operações da glândula parótida
Authors: Petroianu Andy
Published: January 2011

RACIONAL: As incisões mais comuns para parotidectomia consistem em abertura pré ou periauricular prolongadas para a região submandibular ou cervical. Elas podem acompanhar-se de cicatrizes imperfeitas, provocando deformidades cutâneas locais. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o tratamento de afecções cirúrgicas parotídeas através de incisão periauricular apenas. MÉTODO: Foram estudados 39 pacientes consecutivos com moléstias da parótida. Adenoma pleomórfico (20 casos) foi a afecção mais encontrada, seguida por outros tumores benignos (9 casos), carcinomas (5 casos), cisto parotídeo (3 casos) e parotidite crônica (2 casos). Todas as parotidectomias foram realizadas através de incisão periauricular. Em presença de carcinoma, a linfadenectomia cervical foi conduzida por meio de incisão cervical transversa supra-hióidea homolateral. RESULTADO: A remoção da afecção parotídea foi possível em todos os casos sem incisão cutânea complementar. Todas as cicatrizes tiveram bom resultado estético e, após seis meses, elas estavam quase imperceptíveis. Os pacientes revelaram satisfação com o resultado da operação. Fraqueza facial temporária ocorreu em 28 operações. Desconforto auricular transitório foi registrado em 22 pacientes. Todos tiveram hipoestesia da região operada, que perdurou por até seis meses. As complicações encontradas neste trabalho estão descritas na literatura como esperadas em parotidectomia, independentemente do tipo de incisão. CONCLUSÃO: A incisão periauricular é opção boa e estética para abordagem cirúrgica da glândula parótida.
Uso de próteses na correção cirúrgica das hérnias hiatais
Authors: Zilberstein Bruno , Ferreira Juliana Abbud , Carvalho Marnay Helbo de , Bussons Cely , Silveira-Filho Arthur Sérgio , Joaquim Henrique , Ramos Fernando
Published: January 2011

RACIONAL: Uma das principais complicações após a fundoplicatura laparoscópica é a migração do fundo gástrico para o tórax, com ou sem ruptura da válvula. Isso pode ocorrer como consequência de fechamento inadequado do hiato diafragmático, por ruptura das suturas realizadas ou por laceração das fibras musculares manipuladas. OBJETIVO: Estudar a utilização da tela de Prolene® ou de Dacron® para reforçar o fechamento do hiato diafragmático. MÉTODOS: Foram operados 15 pacientes (6 homens e 9 mulheres) com idade média de 46 anos (22 a 78) tendo-se realizado operação laparoscópica anti-refluxo, utilizando-se tela Prolene® ou Dacron® para reforçar a crura hiatal. Os pacientes foram operados sob anestesia geral, por videolaparoscopia utilizando cinco trocárteres. RESULTADOS: O tempo médio de operação foi de 120 minutos. Não ocorreu nenhum óbito. O tempo pós-operatório médio foi de 3,5 dias. Os pacientes retornaram à suas atividades habituais em torno do 10º dia do pós-operatório. O tempo médio de seguimento foi de cinco anos. Em apenas dois pacientes, nos quais foram utilizadas em um a tela de Dacron® e em outro Prolene®, ocorreu migração da tela para o lúmen esofágico ocasionando disfagia. CONCLUSÃO: Utilizar tela nas hiatoplastias videolaparoscópicas é boa alternativa para o fechamento dos defeitos diafragmáticos nas grandes hérnias hiatais, na correção da esofagite de refluxo associada ao esôfago de Barrett, ou em caso de recorrência da hérnia hiatal ou esofagite após correção cirúrgica prévia.
Quando e como tratar as complicações na necrose pancreática infectada
Authors: Silva Rodrigo Altenfelder , Pacheco-Junior Adhemar Monteiro , Moricz André de , Campos Tércio de
Published: January 2011

INTRODUÇÃO: A pancreatite aguda se apresenta na sua forma grave entre 10% e 15% dos casos e está associada com alta mortalidade. Na fase inicial da evolução caracteriza-se pelo aparecimento de disfunções orgânicas e posteriormente pela presença de necrose pancreática e suas complicações. MÉTODO: Foi realizada revisão da literatura com consultas feitas nas seguintes bases de dados: Pubmed, Scielo, Lilacs. Os descritores cruzados foram os seguintes: pancreatite aguda, infecção, necrose pancreática. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento da necrose pancreática, apesar do advento de modernos métodos e técnicas, ainda continua desafiador. Devido à multiplicidade de aspectos que pode assumir, a análise de cada caso, tendo em vista a extensão, gravidade e meios existentes no local de atendimento do paciente, é que deverá orientar o tratamento possível, sendo ele sempre individualizado a cada caso.
Setorectomia posterior direita laparoscópica no tratamento dos tumores hepáticos
Authors: Costa Sergio Renato Pais , Araújo Sergio Luiz Melo , Teixeira Olímpia Alves , Pereira Alexandre Chartuni
Published: January 2011

INTRODUÇÃO: A ressecção de neoplasias no setor posterior direito costuma ser um desafio técnico pela dificuldade de sua abordagem. Adicionalmente, as hepatectomias laparoscópicas tem se tornado alternativa interessante em virtude de muitas vantagens (baixa morbidade, curto tempo de internação, retorno precoce as atividades laborais e bons resultados cosméticos). OBJETIVO: Relatar experiência em doentes submetidos à setorectomia posterior direita laparoscópica por uma única equipe. MÉTODOS: Cinco doentes foram operados entre novembro de 2008 a agosto de 2010. A idade variou de 21 a 63 anos com mediana de 43 anos. Foram quatro mulheres e um homem. A causa das neoplasias foi: adenoma (n=2), hepatocarcinoma (n=1) e metástases (n=2). A lesão foi solitária em três casos (60 %). A média do tamanho das lesões foi 3,3 cm (1,8-5). Foram analisados: tempo cirúrgico, sangramento operatório, morbimortalidade, tempo de internação e tempo de retorno à atividade habitual. RESULTADOS: A média de tempo cirúrgico foi de 160 minutos (90-260). A de sangramento intra-operatório foi de 200 ml (0-500). Nenhum doente foi transfundido. Não houve mortalidade e a morbidade foi nula. A mediana de internação foi de três dias (2-5). A mediana de retorno às atividades cotidianas foi de 12 dias (7-20). A mediana de seguimento foi de 13 meses (1-20). Não houve recidiva de lesão. CONCLUSÃO: A setorectomia posterior direita laparoscópica representa boa opção tática para o tratamento dos tumores hepáticos situados no setor posterior do lobo direito. É opção segura que evita grandes incisões com morbimortalidade. Também apresenta bom resultado cosmético e retorno precoce ao trabalho.
Use of calcium phosphate cement scaffolds for bone tissue engineering: in vitro study
Authors: Silva Taís Somacal Novaes , Primo Bruno Tochetto , Silva Júnior Aurelício Novaes , Machado Denise Cantarelli , Viezzer Christian , Santos Luis Alberto
Published: January 2011

Purpose: To evaluate the ability of macroporous tricalcium phosphate cement (CPC) scaffolds to enable the adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells derived from human bone marrow. Methods: Cells from the iliac crest of an adult human donor were processed and cultured on macroporous CPC discs. Paraffin spheres sized between 100 and 250µm were used as porogens. Cells were cultured for 5, 10, and 15 days. Next, we assessed cells' behavior and morphology on the biomaterial by scanning electron microscopy. The expression levels of the BGLA and SSP1 genes and the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were quantified by the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction technique (QT-PCR) using the fluorophore SYBR GREEN®. Results: QT-PCR detected the expression of the BGLA and SSP1 genes and the ALP activity in the periods of 10 and 15 days of culture. Thus, we found out that there was cell proliferation and differentiation in osteogenic cells. Conclusion: Macroporous CPC, with pore sized between 100 and 250µm and developed using paraffin spheres, enables adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in osteogenic cells and can be used as a scaffold for bone tissue engineering.
Histological analysis of low-intensity laser therapy effects in peripheral nerve regeneration in Wistar rats
Authors: Câmara Cibele Nazaré da Silva , Brito Marcus Vinicius Henriques , Silveira Edvaldo Lima , Silva Diego Sá Guimarães da , Simões Vivian Roberta Ferreira , Pontes Roberto Waldesmand Farias
Published: January 2011

Purpose: Analyze the influence of low-intensity laser therapy in the sciatic nerve regeneration of rats submitted to controlled crush through histological analysis. Methods: Were used 20 Wistar rats, to analyze the influence of low-intensity laser therapy in the sciatic nerve regeneration, where the injury of the type axonotmesis was induced by a haemostatic clamp Crile (2nd level of the rack). The animals were randomly distributed in 2 groups. Control group (CG n = 10) and Laser group (LG n = 10). These were subdivided in 2 subgroups each, according to the euthanasia period: (CG14 _ n = 5 and CG21 _ n = 5) and (LG14 _ n = 5 and LG21 _ n = 5). At the end of treatment, the samples were removed and prepared for histological analysis, where were analyzed and quantified the following findings: Schwann cells, myelinic axons with large diameter and neurons. Results: In the groups submitted to low-intensity laser therapy, were observed an increase in the number of all analyzed aspects with significance level. Conclusion: The irradiation with low intensity laser (904nm) influenced positively the regeneration of the sciatic nerve in Wistar rats after being injured by crush (axonotmesis), becoming the nerve recovery more rapid and efficient.
Capacitação de profissionais da atenção primária à saúde para educação em Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Torres Heloisa de Carvalho , Amaral Marta Araujo , Amorim Maria Marta , Cyrino Antonio Pithon , Bodstein Regina
Published: January 2011

OBJETIVO: Apresentar o delineamento das oficinas educativas em Diabetes Mellitus e uma estratégia avaliativa voltada à atualização dos profissionais de saúde da atenção primária. MÉTODOS: As oficinas foram implementadas, utilizando metodologia participativa, técnicas lúdicas, vivências e dinâmicas de grupo, envolvendo a participação de 85 profissionais de saúde das Unidades Básicas de Saúde de Belo Horizonte/MG. Os conhecimentos sobre a doença e as competências requeridas para o autocuidado foram aferidos mediante a aplicação de instrumento especifico. As oficinas foram avaliadas com base em instrumento próprio. RESULTADOS: Foram observadas limitações no conhecimento dos profissionais centrados na fisiopatologia e nos exames complementares da doença. As oficinas contribuíram para o despertar do potencial reflexivo, crítico e criativo dos profissionais para a mudança no processo educativo. Foi considerada uma estratégia pedagógica, de fácil compreensão, interativa e lúdica. CONCLUSÕES: As oficinas contribuíram para o planejamento do processo educativo e a estruturação de um modelo de avaliação das práticas de promoção, da saúde e educação em Diabetes.
Docência em Enfermagem: insatisfações e indicadores desfavoráveis
Authors: Corral-Mulato Sabrina , Bueno Sonia Maria Villela , Franco Dathiê de Mello
Published: January 2011

OBJETIVO: Identificar e analisar entre docentes de um curso de graduação em Enfermagem os momentos de insatisfação e os indicadores desfavoráveis de sua profissão e a relação entre esses elementos. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo-exploratório de abordagem qualitativa, tendo como participantes 13 professores. A técnica de coleta de dados foi um questionário com questões norteadoras: de identificação e sobre a temática. A análise do material foi por identificação dos eixos temáticos e categorização. RESULTADOS: Verificou-se que a insatisfação na profissão compreendeu principalmente, duas categorias: questões éticas e o excesso de atividades, categorias que também foram identificadas como indicadores desfavoráveis da profissão. CONCLUSÃO: Tanto a insatisfação, quanto os indicadores desfavoráveis tiveram como principais questões éticas e excesso de atividades da carreira acadêmica, demandando atenção, devido aos problemas de saúde que podem acarretar ao profissional.
Adesão ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo: dificuldades relatadas por indivíduos hipertensos
Authors: Figueiredo Natalia Negreiros , Asakura Leiko
Published: January 2011

OBJETIVOS: Caracterizar pacientes hipertensos e conhecer suas principais dificuldades para aderir ao tratamento proposto pela equipe de saúde. MÉTODOS: Os dados foram coletados em prontuários e por meio de entrevistas com 54 pacientes hipertensos. RESULTADOS: Dentre os 54 pacientes hipertensos 66,7% eram do sexo feminino, adultos com idade entre 30 e 90 anos. As médias da pressão arterial (mmHg) sistólica e diastólica foram 138 e 83, respectivamente, mas apenas metade dos pacientes apresentava pressão arterial controlada. Observou-se associação entre o conhecimento sobre a doença e o seguimento das orientações para o tratamento da hipertensão. A principal dificuldade relatada foi seguir dieta hipossódica. Comparando-se as orientações prescritas com aquelas que os pacientes referiram ter recebido, houve concordância em 37 casos. CONCLUSÃO: A comunicação entre os membros da equipe de saúde e os pacientes deve ser melhorada, e as pessoas envolvidas no tratamento da hipertensão precisam discutir as dificuldades encontradas e buscar formas de resolvê-las.
Diagnósticos de enfermagem de pacientes internados em enfermaria de Moléstias Infecciosas
Authors: Neves Jamile Fujishima , Paixão Fábio Ricardo Consorti , Lima Tiago Cristiano de , Ceolim Maria Filomena
Published: January 2011

OBJETIVOS: Identificar os diagnósticos de enfermagem de pacientes internados na Unidade de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias (MI) de um hospital universitário; e analisar título, fator relacionado e características definidoras dos diagnósticos e sua adequação à Taxonomia NANDA 2008. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo, transversal e retrospectivo abrangendo 50 prontuários de pacientes internados em julho de 2008. Os diagnósticos foram comparados aos propostos pela Taxonomia NANDA 2008. RESULTADOS: Foram encontrados 105 diagnósticos reais e 18 de risco; 12 diagnósticos (10%) correspondiam totalmente à taxonomia. Os títulos atribuídos com mais frequência foram: "Risco de infecção" (100%) e "Ansiedade" (32%). Títulos, fatores relacionados e características definidoras estavam, de acordo com a taxonomia em, respectivamente, 76%, 27% e 23% dos diagnósticos reais; títulos e fatores de risco eram adequados em 83% e 72% dos diagnósticos de risco. CONCLUSÃO: A principal dificuldade observada na construção dos diagnósticos de enfermagem foi a escolha apropriada de fatores relacionados e características definidoras. Os autores sugerem discussão dos conceitos e revisão da prática adotada na unidade.
Effect of etching and light-curing time on the shear bond strength of a resin-modified glass ionomer cement
Authors: Maruo Ivan Toshio , Godoy-Bezerra Juliana , Saga Armando Yukio , Tanaka Orlando Motohiro , Maruo Hiroshi , Camargo Elisa Souza
Published: January 2011

The aim of this study was to assess the influence of etching and light-curing time on the shear bond strength (SBS) and adhesive remnant index (ARI) of a resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) upon debonding of orthodontic brackets. Sixty-eight bovine permanent incisors were obtained and embedded in acrylic resin. Edgewise metallic brackets were bonded to the teeth with Fuji Ortho LC RMGIC. The specimens were randomly assigned to 4 groups, using the following etching and light-curing times: G1: 10% polyacrylic acid and 40 s (control); G2: 37% phosphoric acid and 40 s; G3: 10% polyacrylic acid and 50 s; and G4: 37% phosphoric acid and 50 s. Shear test was performed at 0.5 mm/min and the ARI was assessed. G2 (3.6 ± 0.98 MPa) presented significantly higher (p<0.05) SBS than G1 (2.76 ± 0.86 MPa) and G4 (2.86 ± 0.68 MPa), and there was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) between G2 and G3 (2.94 ± 0.67 MPa). ARI presented prevalence of scores 2 and 3 in all groups. RMGIC SBS enhanced with 37% phosphoric acid etching and 40 s light-curing time, but this did not occur when the light-curing time was increased, regardless of the acid used. RMGIC presented prevalence of failures at the adhesive/bracket interface.
Dental Arch Relationship Outcomes in Children with Complete Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Treated at Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia
Authors: Love Robert , Walters Mark , Southall Peter , Singer Steve , Gillett David
Published: January 2011

Objectives

To (1) audit dental arch relationships of all children born between 1982 and 1999 with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) treated at the Cleft Lip and Palate Unit, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children (PMH), Perth, Western Australia, (2) assess the distribution of GOSLON ratings from dental casts taken at 9 years, (3) compare the 9-year GOSLON ratings for “High” and “Low” caseload surgeons, and (4) compare the 9-year PMH GOSLON ratings with published ratings from other units.

Design

Retrospective audit of dental casts and medical charts.

Patients

Dental casts were retrieved for 71 children (47 boys and 24 girls) at 9 years of age.

Main Outcome Measures

GOSLON ratings.

Results

Sixty-eight percent of patients had an excellent to satisfactory dental arch relationship (GOSLON Yardstick ratings 1 to 3) at 9 years with a mean rating of 2.85. High caseload surgeons achieved statistically better mean GOSLON ratings than low caseload surgeons (2.72 and 3.33, respectively).

Conclusions

PMH Cleft Unit's dental arch relationship outcomes are comparable to published series of units using similar treatment protocols. High caseload surgeons achieved better dental arch relationships than low caseload surgeons.
Population Variability in the Response of Ripgut Brome (Bromus diandrus) to Sulfosulfuron and Glyphosate Herbicides
Authors: Escorial Concepción , Loureiro Iñigo , Rodríguez-García Enrique , Chueca Cristina
Published: January 2011

Ripgut brome has become a problematic weed in Spain both as a consequence of the continuous cropping of winter wheat through minimal tillage systems and its difficult control with selective herbicides. Ripgut brome populations collected in the regions of Castilla-León and Cataluña, two main cereal-growing areas in Spain, were screened in the greenhouse for response to sulfosulfuron, a selective herbicide for the control of brome grasses in wheat, and to glyphosate, often used as a pre-plant knockdown to control bromes in no-till systems. The fresh weight percentage relative to the untreated controls was calculated for each ripgut brome population and herbicide and was used as a measure of the herbicide response. Results showed variation in fresh weight response to both herbicides among populations. Fresh weight of the populations after sulfosulfuron was applied at the two-leaf stage at a rate of 20 g ai ha−1varied from 3% in the most susceptible population to 35% in the most resistant; the response was similar (6 to 38%) when the herbicide dose was reduced to half. For glyphosate at 800 g ae ha−1, fresh weight varied from 2 to 25% among populations, but the range of variation in fresh weight response increased as herbicide dose decreased to one half, with rates of from 4% to 90% among populations. The location of the collection site (inside the field or in-margin) showed no differences in response to both herbicides, but there was a statistically significant, geographically correlated differentiation for glyphosate response, with a greater resistance in the populations from Castilla-León. Undamaged plants were found after treatments with both herbicides, showing differences in resistance among plants. The study shows inter- and intrapopulation variability for the response of ripgut brome to sulfosulfuron and glyphosate. The implications for resistance development are discussed within the framework of relationships of the structure of the populations relative to their herbicide response.
Sodium Safens Saflufenacil Applied Postemergence to Corn (Zea mays)
Authors: Moran Meghan , Sikkema Peter H. , Hall J. Christopher , Swanton Clarence J.
Published: January 2011

Saflufenacil is a PRE herbicide for the control of broadleaf weeds. Field and growth room studies were conducted to explore the tolerance of corn to POST treatments of saflufenacil and BAS 781. Additionally, the potential use of sodium as a safener for saflufenacil was evaluated. Crop injury caused by saflufenacil or BAS 781 was 8 and 38%, respectively, when applied at twice the recommended dose at the spike to two-leaf stage of crop growth. This injury increased to 28 and 65%, respectively, when applied at the three- to four-leaf stage. This level of crop injury resulted in yield loss, particularly when applied at the three- to four-leaf stage. The addition of Na-bentazon to saflufenacil reduced this injury and increased crop dry weight under both field and laboratory conditions. In the field, Na-bentazon also increased corn collar height and yield compared with saflufenacil applied alone. Na-bentazon reduced injury through a reduction in foliar uptake of saflufenacil. Sodium derived from baking soda also provided a safening effect, but only at the lowest dose of saflufenacil tested.
On the Identity of the Weedy Bittercresses (Cardamine : Brassicaceae) in United States Nurseries: Evidence from Molecules and Morphology
Authors: Post Angela R. , Ali Regina , Krings Alexander , Xiang Jenny , Sosinski Brian R. , Neal Joseph C.
Published: January 2011

Bittercress (Brassicaceae) is one of the most prolific and costly weeds of the container nursery industry. Bittercress accessions from container nurseries throughout the major production zones in the United States were examined and compared with herbarium specimens. The identity of these weedy bittercress species were further explored using sequences of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the nrDNA region for the COP1-interacting protein 7 (CIP7). Four species of bittercress were detected in the nursery industry of the United States, including New Zealand bittercress, hairy bittercress, flexuous bittercress, and little bittercress. The taxon referred to here as Cardamine flexuosa With. (flexuous bittercress) likely contains two genotypes previously reported as European C. flexuosa and Asian C. flexuosa. Phylogenetic relationships between the four species we examined, particularly in relationship to flexuous bittercress, were not fully resolved by the molecular evidence generated for this study. New Zealand bittercress is nonnative and does not appear in current keys to the species for the United States. Flexuous bittercress is also an alien species, which appears in some U.S. keys but not in all. To aid nurserymen and botanists in identification of these four closely related bittercress species, a key was developed and is accompanied by detailed descriptions and illustrations.
Growth Response of Direct-Seeded Rice to Oxadiazon and Bispyribac-Sodium in Aerobic and Saturated Soils
Authors: Chauhan Bhagirath S. , Johnson David E.
Published: January 2011

Studies were conducted to determine the growth responses of rice to PRE application of oxadiazon and POST application of bispyribac-sodium. Oxadiazon at 1.0 and 1.5 kg ha−1and bispyribac-sodium at 0.030 and 0.045 kg ha−1were applied to four rice varieties (‘IR64’, ‘IR72’, ‘RC09’, and ‘RC18’), which were grown in saturated and aerobic (30% of saturation) soils. Control treatments, where no herbicides were applied, were also included in the study. Shoot and root biomass, and height of rice plants were measured 14 d after application. Phytotoxic effects for both herbicides, including reduced shoot and root biomass, were consistent in all varieties. Rice phytotoxicity symptoms were greater when herbicides were applied to saturated than to aerobic soils. Oxadiazon at 1.0 kg ha−1reduced rice shoot biomass by 22 to 36% in aerobic condition, and 43 to 56% in saturated condition when compared with the control. Bispyribac-sodium reduced rice shoot biomass by 9 to 17% at 0.030 kg ha−1in aerobic soil and 23 to 37% in saturated soil. The results of this study suggest that soil water content is an important factor influencing herbicide phytotoxicity in rice, and its influence warrants further research to improve understanding of physiology of phytotoxicity to minimize the effects of these herbicides on crop production.
Wide Distribution of the Waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) ΔG210PPX2Mutation, which Confers Resistance to PPO-Inhibiting Herbicides
Authors: Thinglum Kate A. , Riggins Chance W. , Davis Adam S. , Bradley Kevin W. , Al-Khatib Kassim , Tranel Patrick J.
Published: January 2011

Resistance in waterhemp to herbicides that inhibit protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) previously was shown to result from the deletion of a glycine codon at position 210 (ΔG210) in the PPO-encoding gene,PPX2. Research was conducted to determine if this same mechanism accounted for resistance in geographically separated populations—from Illinois, Kansas, and Missouri—and, if so, to determine if the mutation conferring resistance was independently selected. A dose–response study with lactofen indicated that the resistant populations had different levels of resistance. These differences, however, could be accounted for by different frequencies of resistant individuals within populations and, therefore, the dose–response data were consistent with the hypothesis that the populations contained the same resistance mechanism. Direct evidence in support of this hypothesis was provided by DNA sequencing, which showed that nearly all resistant plants evaluated contained the ΔG210 mutation. A variable region of thePPX2gene was sequenced and resulting sequences were aligned and organized into a phylogenetic tree. The phylogenetic tree did not reveal clear clustering by either geography or phenotype (resistant vs. sensitive). Possibly recombination within thePPX2gene has masked its evolutionary history.
Effect of Vineyard Row Orientation on Growth and Phenology of Glyphosate-Resistant and Glyphosate-Susceptible Horseweed (Conyza canadensis)
Authors: Alcorta Marisa , Fidelibus Matthew W. , Steenwerth Kerri L. , Shrestha Anil
Published: January 2011

Horseweed has become increasingly common and difficult to control in San Joaquin Valley vineyards, due in part, to the evolution of glyphosate resistance. The development of weed-suppressive vineyard designs in which the trellis design, spacing, and row orientation combine to cast dense shade on the weed canopy zone (WCZ) may reduce weed growth. The relevance of such a system to horseweed, which can grow to be as tall, or taller, than a typical grapevine trellis, is uncertain. Also unknown is whether a glyphosate-resistant (GR) biotype and glyphosate-susceptible (GS) biotype would perform similarly under such conditions. Therefore, we compared the growth and development of two potted horseweed biotypes (GR and GS) in vinerows oriented east–west (EW) and north–south (NS). Rows oriented EW allowed less light penetration to the WCZ than NS rows throughout the study, and horseweed biotypes responded to low light levels by producing leaves with larger specific leaf area and leaf area ratios than those in the NS rows. Also, the leaf, stem, and root dry weight of the horseweed plants in the EW rows was reduced by 30% compared to the horseweed plants in NS rows. Leaf number was also reduced in the horseweed plants in the EW rows, but only for the GS biotype. Row orientation did not affect phenological development or the number of seeds produced by the GR or GS biotypes, but the GR biotype budded, flowered, and set seed approximately 1 wk earlier than the GS biotype. Thus, shade associated with the EW vinerows reduced horseweed growth, but not fecundity, and the GR biotype reached reproductive maturity earlier than the GS biotype.
Enhancing Safety Using New IT Technologies in Data Centers
Authors: Alouni Rafat , Bokhari Mohammed , Al-Otaibi Bandar
Published: January 2011

The rapid growth in demand for large scale computing capabilities in the Energy sector has forced companies to look at new ways of maximizing their data center space utilization and increasing the energy efficiency while maintaining a safe work environment. The use of high density hardware has allowed data centers to have very dense configurations with minimal floor space, however, it introduced new types of operational and safety challenges.

Poor monitoring of the data center environment, which includes temperature and humidity levels, could lead to potential safety risks. Undetected hot spots and significant rises in the temperature could create an unhealthy work environment for operators, and along with poor housekeeping that could lead to fires, endangering the staff and facilities. Similarly, electrostatic discharge (ESD) resulting from low humidity levels could increase hardware failure rates while high humidity levels could cause electrical shorts and corrosion as a result of water condensation [6].

In this paper, we will share Saudi Aramco's Exploration and Petroleum Engineering Center (EXPEC) Computer Center experience in addressing the challenges associated with the use of high density hardware and in enhancing Data Center Safety by using Air Flow Simulation and wireless monitoring software.
The Way towards Safe Operations around Populated Areas
Authors: Mashabi Loay O. , Al-Quwaisim Hussain A. , Arnaout Ibrahim H. , Al-Otaibi Nashi M.
Published: January 2011

This paper explains the utilization of technology to assure the safety of populated areas and surface facilities that lie above an oil field. It describes safety enhancements applied to 22 wells, which are located near populated areas or surface facilities. The project includes the utilization of several subsurface technologies requiring workover operations, such as a permanent downhole monitoring system (PDHMS) or distributed temperature system (DTS); as well as surface technologies such, as H2S, pressure and temperature sensors. This paper explains how these different pieces of equipment are connected to an emergency shut-down system (ESD), which secures the well immediately in case of an emergency. Finally, this paper explains how the project integrates these different technologies through a Supervisory Controlled and Data Acquisition System (SCADA) system by bringing the stream of data to the engineers' desktops, giving them remote control over the wells.
Highlights of Munger's 25 Tendencies of Human Misjudgment
Authors: Kuo W. H.
Published: January 2011

The hallmark of an excellent professional is impeccable judgment, perhaps more so for managers. To make good judgments, one must be cognizant of human tendencies to err in a predictable and systematic way. Charlie Munger, Vice Chairman of Berkshire Hathawa and a long-time partner of Warren Buffett, the world's second richest man after Bill Gates, arrived at 25 psychological tendencies of human misjudgment, which he has presented in lectures at Caltech and Harvard, and is published in a book entitled Poor Charlie's Almanack in a chapter called The Psychology of Human Misjudgment.

In applying his construct, Munger gives lucid illustrations of historical blunders as examples. His also provides definitive antidotes to obviate making such predictable and systematic judgment errors. A professional or manager not only may apply Munger's "antidotes" to prevent one's own misjudgments; he could also transform his opponent's missteps into his own competitive advantages.

Due to the limitation of time, only highlights of Munger's 25 misjudgment tendencies will be presented. The objective of this presentation is to integrate key elements of the Buffett-Munger's legendary excellence in investment decisions in our own professional skill set.

Munger's 25 psychological tendencies for misjudgment are: Reward and Punishment Superresponse tendencyLiking/Loving TendencyDisliking/Hating TendencyDoubt-Avoidance TendencyInconsistency-Avoidance TendencyCuriosity TendencyKantian Fairness TendencyEnvy/Jealousy TendencyReciprocation TendencyInfluence-from-Mere-Association TendencySimple, Pain-Avoiding Psychological DenialExcessive Self-Regard TendencyOveroptimism TendencyDeprival-Superreaction TendencySocial-Proof TendencyContrast-Misreaction TendencyStress-Influence TendencyAvailability-Misweighing TendencyUse-It-or-Lose-It TendencyDrug-Misinfluence TendencySenescence-Misinfluence TendencyAuthority-Misinfluence TendencyTwaddle TendencyReason-Respecting TendencyLollapalooza Tendency
New Method to Improve On-site Safety with IR Gas Cloud Imaging System
Authors: Haumonte Jean-Baptiste
Published: January 2011

NEW METHOD TO IMPROVE ON-SITE SAFETY WITH IR GAS CLOUD IMAGING SYSTEM

This paper will present a brand-new stand-off gas detection system using a multispectral infrared imaging technology. This system allows seeing the size, localization and behavior of a gas cloud in real time. The goal of this system is to enhance the level of safety and security in petrochemicals plants. This is possible thanks to a new redundant technology which allow the safety units to use a camera to globally monitor the dangerous areas of their installation. By multiplying technologies involved in the security monitoring process, it is possible to reduce the number of misdetection. The main goal of this paper is to describe the involved technology and results which can be obtained by using such a system to detect gases cloud propagating in dangerous environments.

The principle is based on physical properties of gases. Each gas has its own absorption spectrum and can present typical absorption lines in infrared LWIR bands (8 to 14 µm). The system uses the particular pattern lines which enables them to be identified from several gases. The system uses the scene background as an infrared source, and image processing algorithms to highlight the presence of a gas cloud in the field of view. The evaluation of the quantity of gas is carried out by a three differential infrared imaging process: spatial, spectral, and temporal fields.

This technology has been developed several years ago in partnership with the French Defence Agency (MoD). The goal was to meet the requirement for an early warning caused by a chemical threat. With a night & day efficiency of up to 2km and 60°filed of view, this process is able to detect all main gases such as Toxic Industrial Compounds (TICs) and Inflammable Gases (IG). Only some gases cannot be detected because they don't have any absorption line in the LWIR (Cl2 or HF for instance).

The system measures the concentration along the line of sight and this paper will detail the sensitivity that can be obtained like 2 ppm.m for SF6, 35 ppm.m for SO2, 260 ppm.m for NH3 or 500 ppm.m for C2H4.
Underground Biobarrier Formation for Preventing Contamination Migration
Authors: Soudmand-asli Alireza , Shariatpanahi S. Farzad , Emadi S. Hossein , Roozbehani Behrooz
Published: January 2011

Contamination of soil is one of the main concerns in petroleum industries. Several methods including physical, chemical and biological methods have been developed to remove soil contaminants. None of which seems to be able to effectively prevent the propagation of contaminants towards the ground water.

Biobarrier technology has been shown to be promissing method for such purpose. Drilling shallow injection wells and injecting starved exopolymer-producing bacteria and then nutrients into the drilled wells around the contaminated zone are the sequences of creating an underground biobarrier.

In this paper, the effectiveness of two exopolymer-producing bacteria (i.e. Bacillus licheniformis and Leuconostoc mesenteroides) to construct biobarriers in a sand packed column at different temperatures (25-55°C) and salinities (0-10% w/v of NaCl) are avaluated. The results show that at 40 °C and moderate salt concentrations, B. licheniformis can significantly reduce the soil permeability whereas lower temperatures and salt concentration favor biobarrier formation by L. mesenteroides. For both bacteria, the extreme soil plugs are noticed to be between 72 and 120 hours after injection of the inoculated medium. Furthermore, a 2D glass micromodel is employed to observe the pore-scale development of biobarrier preventing Dense Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids (DNAPLs) migration.
5S and its Effect on HSE Performance
Authors: Ghany Wael Abdel
Published: January 2011

5S, a process improvement tool of the Lean Six Sigma program, focuses on the reduction of wasted resources in processes; it is a pervasive, empowered method that is oriented toward the systematic and continuous elimination of wastes. Halliburton is one of the pioneering companies in the application of this program.

The 5S component is designed to remove potential performance barriers, eliminate non-essential items, clean equipment and tools in the work area, develop standards to enhance production, promote consistency, and instill the discipline necessary to sustain these efforts in the future. The name, 5S, is derived from goals of this Lean Six Sigma component: sort, set in order, shine, standardize, and sustain.

This program has been used in the UAE, and its effectiveness is evident in the improvements made in both facilities and field sites. These improvements have contributed to six years without a lost-time incident (LTI). In addition, in 2009, more than 98% of jobs at rigsites were performed with no health, safety, and environment (HSE) or service quality issues.

This program requires employees’ involvement and training to increase their awareness and to ensure their understanding. Each facility has a 5S team. Most work areas have implemented this program; this implementation is confirmed by frequent 5S audits.

The program is cost effective because it has diminshed accidents in work areas, which has reduced the direct and indirect costs that follow an incident. In the process of eliminating a great deal of waste, 5S has made additional space available that is now used for housekeeping purposes. Enhanced housekeeping acts to minimize the possibility of damage to property or equipment. In addition, all equipment now has an assigned location that is within easy reach; this has enabled the preparation of equipment to be sent to the customer sites on time, with no delays.

5S, a mainstay for constant improvement, develops a cutting-edge program to revolutionize products, processes, and services. Moreover, 5S promotes greater productivity, produces fewer defects and lost information, improves on-time delivery rates, and provides for a more efficient workplace.
State of the Art of Remediation for Petroleum Industries
Authors: Ayyaswami Arul , Vishwanathan S.. , Cyberteck Bahwan
Published: January 2011

The practice of environmental remediation itself has evolved from the 1980s and continues to evolve today. There is an increased level of awareness of the applicability and limitations of various remediation technologies. In the last decade, there has been significant improvement of remediation technologies from the early containment techniques to today's very aggressive site closure techniques. Many new and innovative technologies have been introduced to develop faster and more cost effective solutions for the petroleum industries.

The sources of contamination from different areas of the petroleum industry will be discussed:

EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION

REFINING

TRANSPORTATION AND PIPELINES

DEPOTS AND TERMINALS

SERVICE STATIONS / USTS

The contamination from these areas of petroleum industry will be presented including: contaminated soil and groundwater impacts, crude petroleum sludge, brines and drilling soil and artificial drilling additives.

This paper will review the evolution of remediation technologies in the United States from the 1990s to the present time. The technologies that will be presented will include the following:

Soil.

Soil excavation, ex-situ and in-situ soil stabilization and solidification, soil capping, thermal treatment (on site and in-situ), soil washing, soil oxidation, bio-pile and bioremediation.

Groundwater.

Pump and treat, air sparging, soil vapor extraction (SVE), vacuum enhanced recovery, in-situ oxidation, thermal treatment and bioremediation.

Selected case studies utilizing several of these remediation technologies will be presented.