bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Are context-specific measures of parental-reported physical activity and sedentary behaviour associated with accelerometer data in 2–9-year-old European children?
Authors: Verbestel Vera , De Henauw Stefaan , Bammann Karin , Barba Gianvincenzo , Hadjigeorgiou Charalambos , Eiben Gabriele , Konstabel Kenn , Kovács Eva , Pitsiladis Yannis , Reisch Lucia , Santaliestra-Pasías Alba M , Maes Lea , De Bourdeaudhuij Ilse
Published: June 2014

Objective

The aim of the present study was to investigate if context-specific measures of parental-reported physical activity and sedentary behaviour are associated with objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in children.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

Seven European countries taking part in the IDEFICS (Identification and Prevention of Dietary- and Lifestyle-induced Health Effects in Children and Infants) study.

Subjects

Data were analysed from 2–9-year-old children (n 5982) who provided both parental-reported and accelerometer-derived physical activity/sedentary behaviour measures. Parents reported their children’s daily screen-time, weekly sports participation and daily outdoor playtime by means of the Outdoor Playtime Checklist (OPC) and Outdoor Playtime Recall Questions (OPRQ).

Results

Sports participation, OPC- and OPRQ-derived outdoor play were positively associated with accelerometer-derived physical activity. Television viewing and computer use were positively associated with accelerometer-derived sedentary time. All parental-reported measures that were significantly associated with accelerometer outcomes explained only a minor part of the variance in accelerometer-derived physical activity or sedentary time.

Conclusions

Parental-reported measures of physical activity and sedentary behaviour are not useful as a proxy for 2–9-year-old children’s physical activity and sedentary time. Findings do not preclude the use of context-specific measures but imply that conclusions should be limited to the context-specific behaviours that are actually measured. Depending on the aim of the study, future research should carefully consider the choice of measurements, including the use of subjective or objective measures of the behaviour of interest or a combination of both.
THE p-COHOMOLOGY OF ALGEBRAIC VARIETIES AND SPECIAL VALUES OF ZETA FUNCTIONS
Authors: Milne James S. , Ramachandran Niranjan
Published: June 2014

The $p$-cohomology of an algebraic variety in characteristic $p$ lies naturally in the category $D_{c}^{b}(R)$ of coherent complexes of graded modules over the Raynaud ring (Ekedahl, Illusie, Raynaud). We study homological algebra in this category. When the base field is finite, our results provide relations between the absolute cohomology groups of algebraic varieties, log varieties, algebraic stacks, etc., and the special values of their zeta functions. These results provide compelling evidence that $D_{c}^{b}(R)$ is the correct target for $p$-cohomology in characteristic $p$.
Toward a Critically Personalistic General Psychology in Consideration of Its Unifying Potential
Authors: Lamiell James T.
Published: June 2014

At a time of renewed interest in the possibility of unifying psychology, the present article suggests that the personalistic perspective might warrant consideration as a possible framework within which to pursue this objective. The reference here is an approach set forth by the German psychologist and philosopher William Stern (1871–1938) in his General Psychology From the Personalistic Standpoint, a work first published in German in 1935, and in an English translation by Howard Davis Spoerl in 1938. The article first discusses some of the historical context within which Stern's work emerged, and then elaborates on certain of the key aspects of the personalistic view, including Stern's notion of the person as a psychophysically neutral unitas multiplex, or multifaceted whole. It is suggested that Stern's personalistic perspective might be especially valuable today, at a time when, in the view of some, the person is disappearing from view in psychology, as the discipline focuses its attention to an ever greater degree on the neuroscience of brain functioning at one end, and on large-scale statistical studies of populations at the other end.
The Nested Model of Well-Being: A Unified Approach
Authors: Henriques Gregg , Kleinman Kimberly , Asselin Craig
Published: June 2014

Although well-being is a central topic in psychology in general and positive psychology in particular, it remains somewhat nebulous and more work is required to foster conceptual clarity that will in turn lead to empirical advances. The article outlines the Nested Model (NM) of well-being, which is conceptually grounded in a new unified theory of psychology ( Henriques, 2011 ) that maps the construct into 4 related but also separable nested domains: (a) the subjective domain, which includes the first person phenomenological state of being; (b) the biological and psychological health and functioning of the individual; (c) the material and social environmental context; and (d) the values and ideology of the evaluator. By recognizing these elements and how they combine to form a holistic concept of well-being, theorists, practitioners and researchers from many different areas of inquiry will be able to coordinate their efforts with much greater effectiveness.
Eastwood's Brawn and Einstein's Brain: An Evolutionary Account of Dominance, Prestige, and Precarious Manhood
Authors: Winegard Bo M. , Winegard Ben , Geary David C.
Published: June 2014

Researchers have theorized that manhood is a precarious social status that requires effort to achieve. Because of this, men whose manhood is threatened react with a variety of compensatory behaviors and cognitions such as aggression, support for hierarchy, low tolerance for homosexuality, and support for war. In the following article, we argue that the precarious status of manhood is a result of evolutionary propensities and cultural forces. Specifically, men evolved in dominance hierarchies and therefore, display honest signals of strength and vigor to dissuade other men from fighting them. However, men also evolved in large, prestige-based coalitions and compete against each other to display traits that enhance a coalition. These traits can vary from physical prowess and aggression to intelligence and empathy. As culture becomes more pluralistic and modernized, traditional notions of manhood become less important and alternative avenues for achieving status become available.
Unifying Psychology: Shared Ontology and the Continuum of Practical Assumptions
Authors: Marsh Tim , Boag Simon
Published: June 2014

Critics have described psychology as a science impaired by disunity. The most recent special issue of Review of General Psychology sought to specifically address this concern, seeking perspectives from a wide range of theorists, each of whom offered their tradition's approach to how psychology as a whole may be integrated into a more unified whole. To continue this discussion, this article draws upon examples from the special issue, the disunity crisis literature, and wider writings in the philosophy of science, to explore the theoretical and conceptual divisions that foster ambiguity, confusion, and apparent irreconcilable differences between the disparate fields of psychology. The authors conclude that the majority of contemporary, scientific psychology is oriented toward a shared physical ontology, which can serve as a common grounding point from which the conceptual and theoretical differences of disparate fields may be meaningfully framed and evaluated. To this end, this article proposes that the various research traditions of psychology can be understood through their positions along a continuum of practical assumptions, which embodies the inherent conflict between two scientific priorities: metaphysical certainty (the safe end of the continuum) and practical experimental predictions (the risky end of the continuum). Three theoretical perspectives offered in the unification special issue are examined under this framework: situational realism (a distinctly safe approach), developmental evolutionary psychology (an intermediate approach), and the Tree of Knowledge unified theory (a relatively risky approach). The authors explore how the recommendations of each approach can be seen as a function of its position on the continuum of practical assumptions, and the implications of this understanding for future integrative efforts is discussed.
Determination of five quaternary ammonium compounds in foodstuffs using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Cao Haiwei , Kang Mingqin , Chen Zhen , Li Ling , Cui Minghui , Chen Mingyan , Zhang Hanqi , Wang Yinghua
Published: June 2014

A HPLC-MS/MS was devcloped and applied for the determination of quaternary ammonium compounds in food samples.
Aqueous aerobic oxidation of alkyl arenes and alcohols catalyzed by copper(ii) phthalocyanine supported on three-dimensional nitrogen-doped graphene at room temperature
Authors: Mahyari Mojtaba , Laeini Mohammad Sadegh , Shaabani Ahmad
Published: June 2014

Copper(ii) tetrasulfophthalocyanine supported on three-dimensional nitrogen-doped graphene-based frameworks was synthesized and introduced as a bifunctional catalyst for selective aerobic oxidation of alkyl arenes and alcohols.
Uncovering alternate charge transfer mechanisms in Escherichia coli chemically functionalized with conjugated oligoelectrolytes
Authors: Wang Victor Bochuan , Yantara Natalia , Koh Teck Ming , Kjelleberg Staffan , Zhang Qichun , Bazan Guillermo C. , Loo Say Chye Joachim , Mathews Nripan
Published: June 2014

Conjugated oligoelectrolytes integrated in Escherichia coli have been proposed to induce release of electroactive cytosolic components, which contributes to extracellular electron transfer.
Rhodium-catalyzed direct coupling of biaryl pyridine derivatives with internal alkynes
Authors: Zheng Jun , You Shu-Li
Published: June 2014

Axially chiral biaryls were synthesized by an isoquinoline or 2-pyridine-directed Rh(iii)-catalyzed dual C–H cleavage and coupling with internal alkynes.
Ca2+metal ion adducts with cytosine, cytidine and cytidine 5′-monophosphate: a comprehensive study of calcium reactivity towards building units of nucleic acids
Authors: Marino Nadia , Armentano Donatella , Zanchini Claudia , De Munno Giovanni
Published: June 2014

Six new Ca(ii) adducts with cytosine (cyt), cytidine (H2cyd) and cytidine 5′-monophosphate (CMP) are presented. H2cyd and CMP show unprecedented binding sites for the calcium ion.
Structural and physicochemical aspects of hydrochlorothiazide co-crystals
Authors: Wang Jian-Rong , Ye Chanjuan , Mei Xuefeng
Published: June 2014

The drug–drug co-crystal of hydrochlorothiazide with pyrazinamide is a potential candidate for development of hydrochlorothiazide formulations for combinational therapy.
Aluminium electrodeposition under ambient conditions
Authors: Abbott Andrew P. , Harris Robert C. , Hsieh Yi-Ting , Ryder Karl S. , Sun I-Wen
Published: June 2014

The electrodeposition of aluminium is demonstrated using a eutectic mixture of aluminium chloride and urea and the use of a protective alkane layer enable aluminium to be deposited under ambient conditions.
A 5-(difluorenyl)-1,10-phenanthroline-based Ru(ii) complex as a coating agent for potential multifunctional gold nanoparticles
Authors: Moreau Juliette , Lux François , Four Mickaël , Olesiak-Banska Joanna , Matczyszyn Katarzyna , Perriat Pascal , Frochot Céline , Arnoux Philippe , Tillement Olivier , Samoc Marek , Ponterini Glauco , Roux Stéphane , Lemercier Gilles
Published: June 2014

The photophysical properties of new gold nanoparticles surface functionalized by substituted-1,10-phenanthroline-ligand based Ru(ii) complexes are described. Nonlinear optical properties were determinedviaZ-scan measurements between 600 and 1300 nm and applications can be anticipated.
C60 molecules grown on a Si-supported nanoporous supramolecular network: a DFT study
Authors: Boukari Khaoula , Duverger Eric , Stephan Régis , Hanf Marie-Christine , Sonnet Philippe
Published: June 2014

We present density functional theory simulations on C60 molecules deposited on a nanoporous molecular TBB (1,3,5-tri(1′-bromophenyl)benzene) network lying on the Si(111) boron surface.
Tilt boundary induced heteroepitaxy in chemically grown dendritic silver nanostructures on germanium and their optical properties
Authors: Ghosh Tanmay , Das Pabitra , Chini Tapas Kumar , Ghosh Tapas , Satpati Biswarup
Published: June 2014

Dentritic silver nanostructures prepared by a galvanic displacement reaction on germanium substrates show a new type of heteroepitaxy where significantly large lattice mismatch is accommodated by the formation of low-energy asymmetric tilt boundaries.
Adsorption structures of non-aromatic hydrocarbons on silicalite-1 using the single-crystal X-ray diffraction method
Authors: Fujiyama Shinjiro , Seino Shintaro , Kamiya Natsumi , Nishi Koji , Yoza Kenji , Yokomori Yoshinobu
Published: June 2014

The adsorption structures of the various hydrocarbons on silicalite-1 are revealed experimentally using the single-crystal X-ray method.
A QM/MM MD insight into photodynamics of hypoxanthine: distinct nonadiabatic decay behaviors between keto-N7H and keto-N9H tautomers in aqueous solution
Authors: Guo Xugeng , Zhao Yuan , Cao Zexing
Published: June 2014

QM/MM MD simulations reveal different H-bonding networks around DNA base analogues, and the π-electron H-bond in the solvated keto-N7H may facilitate its S1 → S0 nonadiabatic decay.
Influence of ring size on the strength of carbon bonding complexes between anions and perfluorocycloalkanes
Authors: Bauzá Antonio , Mooibroek Tiddo J. , Frontera Antonio
Published: June 2014

High levelab initiocalculations and Cambridge Structural Database analysis were used to demonstrate the importance of carbon bonding in cyclobutane rings.
The effect of oxide acidity on HMF etherification
Authors: Luo Jing , Yu Jingye , Gorte Raymond J. , Mahmoud Eyas , Vlachos Dionisios G. , Smith Michael A.
Published: June 2014

Study of the acidity effects on a single step reductive etherification of HMF to di-ethers over metal oxides.
Polyaniline shell cross-linked Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles for heat activated killing of cancer cells
Authors: Rana Suman , Jadhav Neena V. , Barick K. C. , Pandey B. N. , Hassan P. A.
Published: June 2014

Enhancement in heat activated killing of cancer cells under an AC magnetic field using polyaniline shell cross-linked Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles.
Impact of dose on the bioavailability of coffee chlorogenic acids in humans
Authors: Stalmach Angélique , Williamson Gary , Crozier Alan
Published: June 2014

This article reports an investigation of the effect of dose on the bioavailability of chlorogenic acids in humans based on HPLC-MS2analysis of plasma and urine collected 0–24 h after supplementation.
Energy efficiency of heterogeneous catalytic microwave-assisted organic reactions
Authors: Cho Hyejin , Török Fanni , Török Béla
Published: June 2014

The energy efficiency of microwave-assisted and conventionally heated solvent-free heterogeneous catalytic reactions was studied.
Recognition of diazirine-modified O-GlcNAc by human O-GlcNAcase
Authors: Rodriguez Andrea C. , Kohler Jennifer J.
Published: June 2014

Mutagenesis of O-GlcNAcase offers insight into its substrate binding pocket and yields a mutant enzyme capable of hydrolyzing photocrosslinking O-GlcNAc.
On the flexibility of carboranylalkylthio substituents in porphyrazines and its relevance to the photophysical properties
Authors: Pietrangeli Daniela , Soldatova Alexandra V. , Casarini Daniele , Rosa Angela , Ricciardi Giampaolo
Published: June 2014

Ultrafast experiments reveal fast radiationless deactivation of the S1(π,π*) state in carboranylalkylthio-porphyrazines, ascribed by DFT/TDDFT and VT 1H NMR studies to the flexibility of the alkylthio groups.
High performance supercapacitor electrode material based on vertically aligned PANI grown on reduced graphene oxide/Ni(OH)2 hybrid composite
Authors: Ghosh Debasis , Giri Soumen , Mandal Manas , Das Chapal Kumar
Published: June 2014

Unique vertically aligned PANI on rGO/Ni(OH)2 composite has been synthesized by a hydrothermal method exhibiting superior electrochemical behavior.
Chemically modifiable N-heterocycle-functionalized polycarbonates as a platform for diverse smart biomimetic nanomaterials
Authors: Chan Julian M. W. , Ke Xiyu , Sardon Haritz , Engler Amanda C. , Yang Yi Yan , Hedrick James L.
Published: June 2014

A series of aliphatic polycarbonates bearing pendant N-heterocycles serves as a common platform towards diverse biodegradable nanomaterials.
Solvothermal synthesis of ZnO-decorated α-Fe2O3nanorods with highly enhanced gas-sensing performance toward n-butanol
Authors: Kaneti Yusuf V. , Zakaria Quadir M. D. , Zhang Zhengjie , Chen Chuyang , Yue Jeffrey , Liu Minsu , Jiang Xuchuan , Yu Aibing
Published: June 2014

A facile solvothermal method has been developed for the synthesis of α-Fe2O3/ZnO nanocomposites that show enhanced sensitivity, selectivity and fast response–recovery towardn-butanol at a working temperature of 225 °C.
Metal organic frameworks-derived Co3O4 hollow dodecahedrons with controllable interiors as outstanding anodes for Li storage
Authors: Shao Jie , Wan Zhongming , Liu Hongmei , Zheng Huiyuan , Gao Tian , Shen Ming , Qu Qunting , Zheng Honghe
Published: June 2014

Co3O4 hollow dodecahedrons with controllable interiors are prepared through direct pyrolysis of ZIF-67 and exhibit high performance for Li-ion storage.
Physical aging of polymers of intrinsic microporosity: a SAXS/WAXS study
Authors: McDermott Amanda G. , Budd Peter M. , McKeown Neil B. , Colina Coray M. , Runt James
Published: June 2014

X-ray scattering patterns from these high free-volume polymeric glasses contain a feature strongly associated with porosity; it is sensitive to time, temperature and film thickness in a manner consistent with physical aging, which impacts membrane performance in gas separations.
Low voltage electrolyte-gated organic transistors making use of high surface area activated carbon gate electrodes
Authors: Sayago J. , Soavi F. , Sivalingam Y. , Cicoira F. , Santato C.
Published: June 2014

The use of high surface area, low cost, activated carbon gate electrodes enables low voltage (sub-1 V) operation in ionic liquid-gated organic transistors and renders unnecessary the presence of an external reference electrode to monitor the channel potential.
Reliability control for uncertain half‐car active suspension systems with possible actuator faults
Authors: Sun Weichao , Pan Huihui , Yu Jinyong , Gao Huijun
Published: June 2014

Active suspension systems have received increased importance for improving automotive safety and comfort. In active suspensions, actuators are placed between the car body and wheel‐axle, and are able to both add and dissipate energy from the system, which enables the suspension to control the attitude of the vehicle, to reduce the effects of the vibrations, and then to increase ride comfort and vehicle road handling. However, the attained benefits are paralleled with the increasing possibility of component failures. In this study, a fault‐tolerant control approach is proposed to deal with the problem of fault accommodation for unknown actuator failures of active suspension systems, where an adaptive robust controller is designed to adapt and compensate the parameter uncertainties, external disturbances and uncertain non‐linearities generated by the system itself and actuator failures. Comparative simulation studies are then given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed controllers.
Linear minimum‐mean‐square error estimation of Markovian jump linear systems with Stochastic coefficient matrices
Authors: Yang Yanbo , Liang Yan , Pan Quan , Qin Yuemei , Yang Feng
Published: June 2014

This study presents the state estimation problem of discrete‐time Markovian jump linear systems with stochastic coefficient matrices which is motivated by the idea of establishing the general filter framework of the joint state estimation and data association in clutters for tracking the manoeuvering target. According to the orthogonality principle, the linear minimum‐mean‐square error estimator for this system (abbreviated as LMSCE estimator) is derived recursively and sufficient conditions are given for the stability of the LMSCE estimator. The simulation about tracking the manoeuvering target in clutters shows that the LMSCE estimator obtains much more accurate estimate than the well‐known interacting multiple model probabilistic data association filter.
Directional couplers with reduced coupling requirements as connection of coupled‐line sections and left‐handed transmission lines
Authors: Sorocki Jakub , Staszek Kamil , Piekarz Ilona , Wincza Krzysztof , Gruszczynski Slawomir
Published: June 2014

A new class of directional couplers realised as a connection of two symmetrically placed coupled‐line sections and two sections of uncoupled left‐handed (LH) transmission lines is proposed. It has been proved that such circuits allow for achieving a higher nominal coupling of the resulting coupler than the coupling level of the utilised coupled‐line section. Moreover, the proposed networks feature the properties of the ideal coupled‐line sections, therefore, they allow for the realisation of broadband, high‐performance directional couplers with relaxed coupling coefficient requirements. The proposed directional couplers have been theoretically analysed, and approximate design equations have been derived, which allow for the calculation of the required electrical length of the LH sections against the assumed coupling of the applied coupled‐line section. Moreover, it has been shown that in such circuits the required minimum coupling of the utilised coupled‐line section depends on the assumed nominal coupling of the resulting coupler, and this dependence has been derived analytically. The presented theoretical analysis has been verified experimentally by the measurements of two planar 3‐dB directional couplers. The obtained results proved the correctness of the presented analysis, and confirmed that the presented method allows for the realisation of the broadband 3‐dB directional couplers with the use of a single layer microstrip structure.
Array configuration optimisation of dual‐band controlled reception pattern antenna arrays for anisotropic ground platforms
Authors: Byun Gangil , Choo Hosung , Kim Sunwoo
Published: June 2014

This study proposes a systematic optimisation process of array configurations for controlled reception pattern antenna arrays. The array consists of a single reference antenna at the centre and four auxiliary antennas at the outer perimeter and is mounted on an anisotropic ground platform with an inter‐element spacing of about 0.3λ. Only the mounting angles are adjusted to find the optimum array configuration. The proposed process is evaluated by comparing its performance with the global optimum, a conventional array configuration and random array configurations. The results demonstrate that the proposed process achieves a radiation gain close to the global optimum, and no significant gain reductions are found in the auxiliary antennas.
Design and analysis of a low‐profile directive antenna array for multi‐element terminals
Authors: Brzezina Greg , Basri Amir Ali , Ghasemi Amir , Sydor John , Vukovic Alex
Published: June 2014

The authors verify the benefits of directivity for a 4 × 4 multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) system in a non‐line‐of‐sight indoor propagation environment. A novel prototype with four directive antennas has been designed to have full aggregate azimuth coverage, which is conveniently achieved without the need for electronic or mechanical beam‐steering. In this way, it captures similar multipath content to that of an equivalent omnidirectional device as confirmed by the field measurements. This coupled with the inherently larger gain of directive antennas renders the prototype a better choice for multi‐antenna receivers. The prototype design makes it possible to use a simple but effective power‐based antenna selection algorithm. Importantly, this algorithm achieves close to the theoretical maximum channel capacity when only two radio frequency chains are available at the receiver. For the first time, these results show that in an MIMO indoor environment directive receive antennas are a viable option.
Sparse aperture inverse synthetic aperture radar imaging of manoeuvring targets with compensation of migration through range cells
Authors: Huang Da‐rong , Zhang Lei , Xing Meng‐Dao , Xu Gang , Duan Jia , Bao Zheng
Published: June 2014

In inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging of a target with significant manoeuvres, severe migration through range cells (MTRCs) and time‐varying Doppler usually involve in the echoed signal. Both of them may challenge the conventional motion compensation and imaging methods, which are usually based on the assumption of small rotational angle with short coherent time duration. Moreover, for a multi‐functional ISAR, full aperture (FA) data collection might be unachievable because of the conflict with other radar activities, resulting in sparse aperture (SA) data. In this study, an ISAR imaging method of manoeuvring targets with SA data is proposed, where MTRC compensation and time‐varying Doppler are well accounted. By using a sparse chirp‐Fourier basis with first‐order range–azimuth coupling term, an improved orthogonal match pursuit algorithm is implemented to solve the sparsity‐driven optimisation for FA data reconstruction from SA‐ISAR measurements. As a primary item, MTRC compensation is seamlessly embedded into the FA signal reconstruction for ISAR imaging of manoeuvring targets. Both simulated and real data are utilised to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Validation of the sperm chromatin dispersion (SCD) test in the amphibian Xenopus laevis using in situ nick translation and comet assay
Authors: Pollock K. , Gosálvez J. , Arroyo F. , López-Fernández C. , Guille M. , Noble A. , Johnston S. D.
Published: June 2014

The integrity of sperm DNA is becoming increasingly recognised as an important parameter of semen quality, but there are no published reports of this procedure for any amphibian. The primary aim of this study was to apply a modified sperm chromatin dispersion (SCD) test (Halomax) to an amphibian sperm model (African clawed frog; Xenopus laevis) and to validate the assay against in situ nick translation (ISNT) and the double-comet assay procedure. Inactivated spermatozoa were collected from fresh testes (n = 3). Sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) for each sperm sample was conducted immediately following activation (T0) and again after 1 h (T1) and 24 h (T24) of incubation at room temperature in order to produce a range of spermatozoa with differing levels of DNA damage. The SCD procedure resulted in the production of three nuclear morphotypes; amphibian sperm morphotype 1 (ASM-1) and ASM-2 showed no evidence of DNA damage, whereas ASM-3 spermatozoa were highly fragmented with large halos of dispersed DNA fragments and a reduced nuclear core. ISNT confirmed that ASM-3 nuclei contained damaged DNA. There was a significant correlation (r = 0.9613) between the levels of ASM-3 detected by the SCD test and SDF revealed by the double-comet assay.
Enhancing national solidarity through the deployment of verbal categories
Authors: Friedman Victor A.
Published: June 2014

The deployment of the Albanian admirative as well as the evidential particles kinse ‘allegedly’ and gjoja ‘supposedly’ in Kosovar electronic news sources to render either dubitative or neutral reports — depending on both the source and the timing — contributed to the project of an independent Kosovo. The usages can be divided into three periods: 1994–1997, 1998–1999, and post-1999. During the first period, usage was exclusively dubitative and deployed for Serbian news sources. During the second period, which corresponded to the intensification of the armed uprising, usage shifted to neutrality, and during the third period, after the NATO bombing campaign, it returned somewhat to dubitativity, this time aimed at UN and NATO sources. The discussion demonstrates how pragmatics and grammatical categories contribute to the construction of political narratives and argues that a socially informed linguistic analysis is crucial to understanding how politics is performed in the world.
Shifting voices, shifting worlds
Authors: Howard Rosaleen
Published: June 2014

This chapter examines evidentiality and epistemic modality in Quechua narrative discourse from the central highlands of Peru. Huamalíes Quechua falls into the broad Quechua ‘I’ dialect grouping established by Alfredo Torero (1964); evidential usage here can be compared to that of southern Conchucos Quechua as studied by Diane and Daniel Hintz (2007; 2006) while it differs in interesting ways from the Quechua ‘II’ dialects of southern Peru as studied by Faller (2002; 2006). The analysis focuses on an orally performed traditional narrative that deals with the theme of social interaction between a human protagonist and a spirit being of the ‘other world’. It describes the human protagonist’s gradual realization of the nature of the spirit being with whom he has become involved; evidential and epistemic markings grammatically structure this transition from conjecture, to supposition, to direct witness. The aim is to show how the story’s cultural content, and the way in which evidentials and epistemic modality are operationalized, are mutually entailing. Form and content taken together throw light both on how evidentiality and epistemic modality work in social interaction and on how Amerindian understandings of the interface between the ‘natural’ and ‘supernatural’ worlds, and between ‘humans’ and ‘non-humans’, inform grammatical usage.
“Watching for witness”
Authors: Mushin Ilana
Published: June 2014

Linguistic forms with dedicated evidential meanings have been described for a number of Australian languages (eg. Donaldson 1980, Laughren 1982, Wilkins 1989) but there has been little written on how these are used in social interaction. This chapter examines evidential strategies in ordinary Garrwa conversations, by taking into account what we know more generally about the status of knowledge and epistemic authority in Aboriginal societies, and applying this understanding to account for the ways knowledge is managed in ‘ordinary’ interactions.
“Who knows best?”
Authors: Sidnell Jack
Published: June 2014

This essay reviews current work in conversation analysis with an eye to what it might contribute to the study of evidentiality and epistemic asymmetry. After a brief review of some aspects of the interactional organization of conversation, I turn to consider the way in which participants negotiate relative epistemic positioning through the use of particular practices of speaking. The analytic focus here is on agreements and confirmations especially in assessment sequences. In conclusion, I consider a single case in which various practices are employed to convey a delicate balance of knowledge and simultaneously to attend to a range of other, non-epistemic, interactional issues.
Nanti self-quotation
Authors: Michael Lev
Published: June 2014

This chapter describes two quotation strategies employed by speakers of Nanti, one involving grammaticalized quotatives and another involving complement-taking verbs of saying, and examines the consequences of the pragmatic differences between these strategies for two key questions in the study of evidentiality: first, the importance of degree of grammaticalization in delimiting ‘evidentials’; and second, the importance of the analytical distinction between epistemic modal and ‘source of information’ evidential meanings. Nanti use of the two quotation strategies is specifically analyzed in the context of self-quotation practices in order to isolate specific aspects of their pragmatics. This analysis shows that the lexical quotative strategy expresses that the quoted party is not only the source of the content of the utterance, but is also an ‘illocutionary source’, who is committed to the interactional force of the utterance, while the grammaticalized quotative strategy does not indicate such a commitment. The functional difference between lexical and grammatical quotative strategies in Nanti is compared with differences between lexical and grammaticalized quotative and reportive strategies found in other languages, and the Nanti results are found to be consistent with cross-linguistic tendencies towards functional differentiation of lexical quotative and reportives, on the one hand, and their grammaticalized counterparts, on the other. These facts, it is argued, motivate a distinction on functional grounds between grammaticalized reportives and quotatives and their lexical counterparts, supporting the use of grammaticalization as a criterion for distinguishing evidentials proper from evidential strategies. The commitment-augmenting function of the lexical quotative construction in Nanti self-quotation is then examined in light of the commitment-diminishing function commonly attributed to quotatives and reportives (and also found in Nanti). It is argued that both types of commitment-modulating effects emerge as implicatures from the basic information and illocutionary source semantics of Nanti lexical quotatives, and from pragmatic reasoning based on whether the quoted party is first person or third person. The fact that both commitment-modulating functions of Nanti lexical quotatives are derived from semantics of lexical quotatives elements is argued to show that the distinction between information source and epistemic modal meanings, often taken to be a pivotal notional distinction in defining evidentiality as a grammatical category, is also essential to the proper analysis of the pragmatics of evidential strategies in discourse.
Between you and I
Authors: Prazeres Robert , Levey Stephen
Published: June 2014

Variable case marking of pronouns in coordinate noun phrases (CoNPs) is a well-documented phenomenon which has elicited prescriptive censure for centuries. Drawing on the framework of variationist sociolinguistics, this study presents a detailed quantitative analysis of variable case marking in CoNPs in theQuebec English Corpus(Poplack, Walker and Malcolmson 2006), a massive compendium of vernacular speech. Operationalizing a number of extralinguistic and linguistic factors that are claimed to condition variable case marking in CoNPs, multivariate analysis revealed that speaker age and education as well as the syntactic position of the CoNP are key predictors in determining the case of pronouns in these constructions. An important finding is that case marking in CoNPs is highly variable for speakers, suggesting that the Sisyphean efforts of the prescriptive enterprise to impose uniformity on this area of the grammar have been to little avail as far as spontaneous usage is concerned. Comparison of the results with variable case marking in CoNPs in other varieties of English, as well as with diachronic patterns of variability, also raises the possibility that the accusative is increasingly assuming the role of default case in coordinate constructions.
Chapter 1. Contribution of valency to the analysis of language
Authors: Panevová Jarmila
Published: June 2014

The main criteria used for the valency of verbs in the framework of Functional Generative Description (FGD) are introduced, leading to the recognition of three classes of verbal modifications : inner participants (IPs), obligatory free modifications (FMs), and quasivalency modifiers (QMs). The sources of surface deletions of valency modifications are presented. For an analysis of noun valency, word formation is taken into consideration. The criteria proposed for the valency of verbs are applied in order to determine the valency of deverbal nouns. Conversion of the verbal valency frame into the valency frame of the noun is accompanied by formal changes in the morphemic form of inner participants. The behavior of specific noun modifiers is studied with regard to their position in the corresponding valency frame (VF).
Chapter 2. Special valency behavior of Czech deverbal nouns
Authors: Kolářová Veronika
Published: June 2014

This chapter provides an in-depth analysis of the valency properties of Czech deverbal nouns. It focuses on the forms of complementation they take. These can be typical, related to those of the source verbs, or special, without any relationship to them. We present an overview of these special shifts in valency. Special forms of participants have an impact on the syntactic behavior of the noun and its meaning. We argue that it is not always a plain shift in meaning but sometimes only a slight meaning nuance. Such nouns with special forms of participants require creating a new valency frame; they represent a separate category on the boundary between syntactic and lexical derivation.
Chapter 3. Nominalizations of Spanish perception verbs at the syntax–semantics interface
Authors: Bekaert Elisa , Enghels Renata
Published: June 2014

Most studies on nominalization focus on nouns derived from action verbs and pay little attention to other semantic types. This article aims to fill this gap by studying a group of perception nominalizations in Spanish. It is well known that the semantic distinctions that cross the field of perception (corresponding to the perception modalities and agentivity of the perceiver) influence the syntax of the corresponding verbs, and especially their complementing pattern. Yet, it has not been studied to what extent these oppositions have an impact on the argument structure of perception nominalizations. Moreover, as opposed to previous analyses, which mainly focus on theoretical assumptions of the nominalization process, this study is corpus-based and provides a quantitative as well as a qualitative analysis.
Chapter 5. A data-driven analysis of the structure type ‘man–nature relationship’ in Romanian
Authors: Barbu Ana-Maria
Published: June 2014

The Romanian tri-nominal juxtaposition structure relaÈ›ie om – natură ‘man-nature relationship’ is cross-linguistically widespread and typical of a series of relational nouns, such as agreement, interaction, and mixture, which can have a “compound” expansion (Canada–U.S. agreement, parent–child interaction, air–water mixture, etc.). Our analysis is twofold: we first examine the grammatical relationship between relaÈ›ie ‘relationship’ and om – natură ‘man–nature’, and second the construction om – natură. On the basis of data from a large Romanian newspaper corpus, we show that the “compound” construction om – natură is in fact a free phrase; we call it a Relational Coordination Construction (RCC). It usually embodies valency complements of a relational noun, and it semantically implies reciprocity. The analysis adopts a non-transformational, data-driven perspective within the Construction Grammar framework.
Chapter 6. Classifier noun phrases of the type N1N2 in Bulgarian
Authors: Osenova Petya
Published: June 2014

This chapter discusses classifier* noun phrases of the type Noun1 Noun2 (N1N2) in Bulgarian. The data analysis and the language-specific properties described show that the apposition-like relation between the two nouns is in fact a government relation. For that reason, within the framework of Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG) I consider classifier noun phrases to be phrases of type head–complement, where the first noun (N1) is the syntactic and semantic head, while the second (N2) is an argument, which, however, might be optional on the syntactic level. Three semantic subtypes are presented and discussed: measure – substance, container – contained, and form of grouping – grouped entities. The fine-grained distinctions among them are also made explicit within the ideas of qualia structure and the generative lexicon.
Chapter 7. Noun phrasal complements vs. adjuncts
Authors: Resi Rossella
Published: June 2014

This paper draws a parallel between verbs selecting phrasal complements or adjuncts and nouns followed by Relative clauses (RCs), referring in particular to German. According to Meinunger (2000) a restrictive relative clause (RRC) attached to a noun and a sentential complement of a factive verb are both sister complement phrases (CPs) of lexical heads. This paper aims at providing evidence of the fact that a RRC and its head are linked by a head-complement-relationship while a non-restrictive relative clause (NRRC) can be seen as an adjunction to its head. NRRCs merge with maximal projection late in the derivation of the associated clause rather than being selected by a lexical head during the construction of the matrix clause. This paper presents evidence for this difference, such as the parallelism with Haegeman (2002–2008)’s dichotomy between central and peripheral clauses.
A lower bound in the tail law of the iterated logarithm for lacunary trigonometric series
Authors: Ghimire Santosh , Moore Charles
Published: June 2014

Salem and Zygmund obtained an upper bound for a tail law of the iterated logarithm for sums of the form
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="sigma-summation Underscript k equals upper N Overscript normal infinity Endscripts a Subscript k Baseline cosine left-parenthesis n Subscript k Baseline x right-parenthesis plus b Subscript k Baseline sine left-parenthesis n Subscript k Baseline x right-parenthesis">

∑

k
=
N

∞

a

k

cos
⁡
(

n

k

x
)
+

b
k

sin
⁡
(

n

k

x
)

\sum _{k=N}^{\infty } a_{k} \cos (n_{k}x)+b_k \sin (n_{k}x)

, where

n

k

n_{k}

satisfies a Hadamard gap condition and

∑

k
=
1

∞

a
k
2

+

b
k
2

>
∞
.

\sum _{k=1}^{\infty } a_k^2 + b_k^2 > \infty .

Here we obtain a lower bound in their result under the same hypotheses.
Erythropoietin and Protection of Renal Function in Cardiac Surgery (the EPRICS Trial)
Authors: Dardashti Alain , Ederoth Per , Algotsson Lars , Brondén Björn , Grins Edgars , Larsson Mårten , Nozohoor Shahab , Zinko Galyna , Bjursten Henrik
Published: June 2014

Background:

To date, there are no known methods for preventing acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. Increasing evidence suggests that erythropoietin has renal antiapoptotic and tissue protective effects. However, recent human studies have shown conflicting results. The authors aimed to study the effect of a single high-dose erythropoietin preoperatively on renal function after coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with preoperative impaired renal function.

Methods:

This single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study included 75 patients scheduled for coronary artery bypass grafting with preexisting renal impairment estimated glomerular filtration rate based on p-cystatin C (<60 and >15 ml/min). The patients either received a single high-dose erythropoietin (400 IU/kg) or placebo preoperatively. The primary endpoint was renal protection evaluated by p-cystatin C at the third postoperative day compared to the preoperative values. Incidence of acute kidney injury and other renal biomarker changes were among secondary endpoints.

Results:

There was no statistically significant difference on the third postoperative day for relative p-cystatin C level changes from baseline between the groups, 131 ± 31% (mean ± SD) for the study group and 125 ± 24% for the control group (P = 0.31; 95% CI, −0.6 to 20% for the difference). There were no statistically significant differences in other renal biomarkers or measures between the groups (p-neutrophil gelatinase–associated lipocalin, p-creatinine, p-urea, and estimated glomerular filtration rate). There were no other differences in outcome variables between the groups.

Conclusion:

Intravenous administration of a single high-dose (400 IU/kg) erythropoietin did not have a renal protective effect on patients with reduced kidney function undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery.
Spanish National Registry of Celiac Disease
Authors: Cilleruelo M Luz , Roman‐Riechmann Enriqueta , Sanchez‐Valverde Felix , Donat Ester , Manuel‐Ramos Jose , Martín‐Orte Emilio , López Maria‐Jose , García‐Novo Dolores , García Salvador , Pavón Pilar , Martín Manuel , Ortigosa Luis , Barrio Josefa , Gutierrez Carolina , Espìn Beatriz , Castillejo Gemma , Peña‐Quintana Luis , Hualde Idoia , Sebastián Mercedes , Calvo Carmen , Fernández Sonia , De Manueles Julio , Armas Honorio , Urruzuno‐Tellerias Pedro , Juste Mercedes , Bousoño Carlos , Ribes‐Koninckx Carmen
Published: June 2014

Objectives:

The aim of this study was to assess the incidence and clinical pattern of celiac disease (CD) presently diagnosed in Spanish children.

Methods:

A prospective, multicenter, nationwide registry of new cases of CD in children <15 years was conducted from June 1, 2006 to May 31, 2007. The parameters studied were age at diagnosis, sex, clinical symptoms, associated diseases, nutritional status, CD serology, histological lesions, and HLA‐DQ2/‐DQ8. The crude incidence rate of CD was calculated as new cases per 1000 live births and as new cases per 100,000 person‐years <15 years of age.

Results:

A total of 974 new cases of CD were included. The median age at diagnosis was 2.3 years; 39.5% of CD diagnoses occurred in the first 2 years, 42% between 2 and 6, and 18.4% from 6 to 15. Total number of cases in each age group was 385, 409, and 180, respectively. Regarding clinical presentation 70.9% showed classical symptoms, 21.9% were nonclassical, and 7% were asymptomatic. A total of 95.7% of 931, 94.7% of 611, and 86.7% of 651 children tested positive, respectively, for immunoglobulin A (IgA) anti‐transglutaminase type 2 antibodies, IgA endomysial antibodies, and IgA anti‐gliadin antibodies. Villous atrophy was observed in 92.4% and increased intraepithelial lymphocytes with crypt hyperplasia in 3.3%. Of the children, 55% had normal growth, and 3.4% were overweight. The HLA phenotype was DQ2: 88.3%, DQ2/DQ8: 8.4%, and DQ8: 2.3%. The incidence rate was 7.9 cases of CD per 1000 live births and 54 cases per 100,000 person‐years.

Conclusions:

In Spain, the most frequent clinical presentation of CD is the classical form, mainly diagnosed during the first 2 years of life. The observed incidence of CD in Spanish children is much higher than the present CD incidence rates observed in other European countries.
RNA remodeling by bacterial global regulator CsrA promotes Rho-dependent transcription termination
Authors: Figueroa-Bossi Nara , Schwartz Annie , Guillemardet Benoit , D’Heygère François , Bossi Lionello , Boudvillain Marc
Published: June 2014

RNA-binding protein CsrA is a key regulator of a variety of cellular processes in bacteria, including carbon and stationary phase metabolism, biofilm formation, quorum sensing, and virulence gene expression in pathogens. CsrA binds to bipartite sequence elements at or near the ribosome loading site in messenger RNA (mRNA), most often inhibiting translation initiation. Here we describe an alternative novel mechanism through which CsrA achieves negative regulation. We show that CsrA binding to the upstream portion of the 5′ untranslated region of Escherichia coli pgaA mRNA—encoding a polysaccharide adhesin export protein—unfolds a secondary structure that sequesters an entry site for transcription termination factor Rho, resulting in the premature stop of transcription. These findings establish a new paradigm for bacterial gene regulation in which remodeling of the nascent transcript by a regulatory protein promotes Rho-dependent transcription attenuation.