bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Globalization of Technology
Authors: Good Mary Lowe
Published: January 2008

Technology is directly linked to our national economic growth, just as it is to the growth of other nations. The globalization of technology poses difficult challenges for policymakers, not just in technology policy, but in areas such as trade and regulatory policy. Technology-related policy issues are made all the more difficult as one struggles to interpret our national interest; after all, much of the technology needed for national growth is developed and managed by multinational companies whose markets, operations and sources of capital are distributed throughout the globe.
Bose Condensates are Coherent Inside and Outside an Atom Trap
Authors: Levi Barbara Goss
Published: January 2008

When Wolfgang Ketterle and his colleagues at MIT demonstrated an “atom laser” recently, the announcement excited the physics community and naturally grabbed the attention of the popular press. One essential property of a laser is, of course, its coherence, and the evidence provided by the MIT group is striking: Sharp interference fringes formed when two Bose–Einstein condensates from the same trap expanded and overlapped after being released from confinement. The fringes are reminiscent of the interference between coherent light waves emanating from a double slit. (See the figure below.)
Quantum Black Holes Are Tied to D-Branes and Strings
Authors: Collins Graham P.
Published: January 2008

General relativity and quantum mechanics, two of the monumental achievements of 20th-century physics, verified by experiment to unprecedented levels of accuracy, have long resisted physicists' attempts to combine them in a single comprehensive theory. In recent years much research in this area has focused on one central conundrum: how to describe the quantum physics of black holes.
Tunneling Experiments in High-Tc Superconductors Resolve a Puzzle
Authors: Levi Barbara Goss
Published: January 2008

A key question regarding high-temperature superconductors has been the nature of the pairing state of the electrons responsible for the supercurrent: Do the electrons couple in an s-wave state, as in conventional superconductors, or in a d-wave state, specifically dx2−y2, whose wavefunction resembles a four-leaf clover. The argument was largely settled in favor of d-wave symmetry when several precise experiments were able to sense the phase of the electron-pair wavefunction and found that it changed signs, suggestive of the alternating positive and negative lobes of the d-wave clover leaf. But not all the evidence lined up: One study of the Josephson tunneling by Robert Dynes and his colleagues at the University of California, San Diego, simply wasn't compatible with a d-wave interpretation.
Scanning Microscopes Probe Local Details of the Quantum Hall State
Authors: Levi Barbara Goss
Published: January 2008

Since the discovery of the integer quantum Hall effect in 1980, many physicists have been intrigued by this special state, in which electrons confined in a two-dimensional world execute tiny orbits about magnetic flux lines. Much as we may want to visualize its microscopic structure, however, most of what we have learned to date about the quantum Hall state is based on measurements of bulk properties such as the Hall conductance. Microscopic measurements of more local properties have eluded us because the electrons that form the quantum Hall state reside at an interface between semiconducting layers that are buried tens of nanometers below the surface. And the quantum Hall behavior shows up only when the sample is cooled to temperatures below a few kelvin and placed in a high magnetic field, on the order of several teslas.
At Long Last, a Bose–Einstein Condensate is Formed in Hydrogen
Authors: Levi Barbara Goss
Published: January 2008

When Thomas Greytak and Daniel Kleppner at MIT started out 22 years ago to form a Bose–Einstein condensate by cooling and compressing a gas of hydrogen atoms, they did not realize just how arduous the journey would be. But their ingenuity and perseverance paid off this past summer when graduate students Dale Fried and Tom Killian awakened them at their homes in the early morning hours of 12 June to report evidence of a Bose condensate in their hydrogen trap.
SLAC's Asymmetric B Factory Will Study CP Violation
Authors: Schwarzchild Bertram
Published: January 2008

Showing off an acceleration section of PEP-II, the brand new “asymmetic B factory” at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), are Jonathan Dorfan (rear), the project's director, and Pier Oddone (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), who first suggested ten years ago that panicle physicists seeking to find and study CP symmetry violation in B meson systems ought to build such asymmetric electron-positron colliders. B mesons, first observed in the early 1980s, carry the heavy b (bottom) quark.
Teaching Physics: Figuring out What Works
Authors: Redish Edward F. , Steinberg Richard N.
Published: January 2008

Physics faculty members often come away from teaching college-level introductory courses deeply dismayed about how little their students have learned. The growing importance of having a workforce that is literate in science and technology makes this situation more than an academic problem.
Consistent Histories and Quantum Measurements
Authors: Griffiths Robert B. , Omnès Roland
Published: January 2008

Students of quantum theory always find it a very difficult subject. To begin with, it involves unfamiliar mathematics: partial differential equations, functional analysis, and probability theory. But the main difficulty, both for students and their teachers, is relating the mathematical structure of the theory to physical reality. What is it in the laboratory that corresponds to a wavefunction, or to an angular momentum operator? Or, to use the picturesque term introduced by John Bell, what are the “beables” (pronounced BE-uh-bulls) of quantum theory—that is to say, the physical referents of the mathematical terms?
A Hückel-Level Kinetic-Stability-Based Approach to Aromaticity: Cyclic Even Alternant Hydrocarbons
Authors: Langler Richard F.
Published: January 2008

A graph-theoretical procedure is described that relates Hückel-level expectations for the kinetic stabilities of even, alternant hydrocarbons to their Lewis structures. New parameters Ac and T are developed. A universal kinetic-stability-based standard is proposed for classifying alternant hydrocarbons as aromatic, non-aromatic, or anti-aromatic.
Facilitating Kinetic Stability Estimates for Classical 2m Alternant Hydrocarbons
Authors: Langler Richard F.
Published: January 2008

New techniques, coefficient embedding, and partial coefficient embedding are developed. Dense Sachs’ subgraphs are introduced to facilitate partial coefficient embedding. The symbol p is introduced to denote the formal relationship between a pair of fused elementary circuits and the larger circuit obtained by deleting the common bond between them. These techniques simplify and accelerate the evaluation of proposed structural modifications as they relate to altering kinetic stability for any even, classical, alternant hydrocarbon π system.
Synthesis and Cav2.2 Binding Data for Non-Peptide Mimetics of ω-Conotoxin GVIA based on a 5-Amino-Anthranilamide Core
Authors: Duggan Peter J. , Faber Jonathan M. , Graham Janease E. , Lewis Richard J. , Lumsden Natalie G. , Tuck Kellie L.
Published: January 2008

A simple and efficient method has been developed for the synthesis of two anthranilamide-based non-peptide mimetics of ω-conotoxin GVIA. These anthranilamide derivatives aim to mimic the K2, R17, and Y13 residues of the peptide. The synthetic route described enables the rapid synthesis of anthranilamide analogues with identical alkyl chain lengths. The target compounds show affinity to rat N-type voltage gated calcium channels (Cav2.2) with EC50 values of 42 and 75 μM.
N, N-Dialkyl-N′-Chlorosulfonyl Chloroformamidines in Heterocyclic Synthesis. V The Preparation of some Benzimidazo-Fused [1,2,4,6]Thiatriazine Dioxides
Authors: Cablewski Teresa , Francis Craig L. , Liepa Andris J.
Published: January 2008

N,N-dialkyl-N′-chlorosulfonyl chloroformamidines 1 were treated with 2-aminobenzimidazoles 2 to give [1,2,4,6]thiatriazino[2,3-a]benzimidazole 1,1-dioxides 3 and [1,2,4,6]thiatriazino[4,3-a]benzimidazole 2,2-dioxides 4. Some N-alkyl-, N-acyl-, and N-sulfonyl-derivatives of 3 were prepared. These products are derivatives of rare heterocycles.
Genetic dissection of neural circuits by
Tol2
transposon-mediated Gal4 gene and enhancer trapping in zebrafish
Authors: Asakawa Kazuhide , Suster Maximiliano L. , Mizusawa Kanta , Nagayoshi Saori , Kotani Tomoya , Urasaki Akihiro , Kishimoto Yasuyuki , Hibi Masahiko , Kawakami Koichi
Published: January 2008

Targeted gene expression is a powerful approach to study the function of genes and cells
in vivo
. In
Drosophila
, the
P
element-mediated Gal4-UAS method has been successfully used for this purpose. However, similar methods have not been established in vertebrates. Here we report the development of a targeted gene expression methodology in zebrafish based on the
Tol2
transposable element and its application to the functional study of neural circuits. First, we developed gene trap and enhancer trap constructs carrying an engineered yeast Gal4 transcription activator (Gal4FF) and transgenic reporter fish carrying the GFP or the RFP gene downstream of the Gal4 recognition sequence (UAS) and showed that the Gal4FF can activate transcription through UAS in zebrafish. Second, by using this Gal4FF-UAS system, we performed large-scale screens and generated a large collection of fish lines that expressed Gal4FF in specific tissues, cells, and organs. Finally, we developed transgenic effector fish carrying the tetanus toxin light chain (TeTxLC) gene downstream of UAS, which is known to block synaptic transmission. We crossed the Gal4FF fish with the UAS:TeTxLC fish and analyzed double transgenic embryos for defects in touch response. From this analysis, we discovered that targeted expression of TeTxLC in distinct populations of neurons in the brain and the spinal cord caused distinct abnormalities in the touch response behavior. These studies illustrate that our Gal4FF gene trap and enhancer trap methods should be an important resource for genetic analysis of neuronal functions and behavior in vertebrates.
Nutritional impact of elevated calcium transport activity in carrots
Authors: Morris Jay , Hawthorne Keli M. , Hotze Tim , Abrams Steven A. , Hirschi Kendal D.
Published: January 2008

Nutrition recommendations worldwide emphasize ingestion of plant-based diets rather than diets that rely primarily on animal products. However, this plant-based diet could limit the intake of essential nutrients such as calcium. Osteoporosis is one of the world's most prevalent nutritional disorders, and inadequate dietary calcium is a known contributor to the pathophysiology of this condition. Previously, we have modified carrots to express increased levels of a plant calcium transporter (sCAX1), and these plants contain ≈2-fold-higher calcium content in the edible portions of the carrots. However, it was unproven whether this change would increase the total amount of bioavailable calcium. In randomized trials, we labeled these modified carrots with isotopic calcium and fed them to mice and humans to assess calcium bioavailability. In mice feeding regimes (
n
= 120), we measured
45
Ca incorporation into bones and determined that mice required twice the serving size of control carrots to obtain the calcium found in
sCAX1
carrots. We used a dual-stable isotope method with
42
Ca-labeled carrots and i.v.
46
Ca to determine the absorption of calcium from these carrots in humans. In a cross-over study of 15 male and 15 female adults, we found that when people were fed
sCAX1
and control carrots, total calcium absorption per 100 g of carrots was 41% ± 2% higher in
sCAX1
carrots. Both the mice and human feeding studies demonstrate increased calcium absorption from
sCAX1
-expressing carrots compared with controls. These results demonstrate an alternative means of fortifying vegetables with bioavailable calcium.
Mast cell renin and a local renin–angiotensin system in the airway: Role in bronchoconstriction
Authors: Veerappan Arul , Reid Alicia C. , Estephan Racha , O'Connor Nathan , Thadani-Mulero Maria , Salazar-Rodriguez Mariselis , Levi Roberto , Silver Randi B.
Published: January 2008

We previously reported that mast cells express renin, the rate-limiting enzyme in the renin–angiotensin cascade. We have now assessed whether mast cell renin release triggers angiotensin formation in the airway. In isolated rat bronchial rings, mast cell degranulation released enzyme with angiotensin I-forming activity blocked by the selective renin inhibitor BILA2157. Local generation of angiotensin (ANG II) from mast cell renin elicited bronchial smooth muscle contraction mediated by ANG II type 1 receptors (AT1R). In a guinea pig model of immediate type hypersensitivity, anaphylactic mast cell degranulation in bronchial rings resulted in ANG II-mediated constriction. As in rat bronchial rings, bronchoconstriction (BC) was inhibited by a renin inhibitor, an AT1R blocker, and a mast cell stabilizer. Anaphylactic release of renin, histamine, and β-hexosaminidase from mast cells was confirmed in the effluent from isolated, perfused guinea pig lung. To relate the significance of this finding to humans, mast cells were isolated from macroscopically normal human lung waste tissue specimens. Sequence analysis of human lung mast cell RNA showed 100% homology between human lung mast cell renin and kidney renin between exons 1 and 10. Furthermore, the renin protein expressed in lung mast cells was enzymatically active. Our results demonstrate the existence of an airway renin–angiotensin system triggered by release of mast-cell renin. The data show that locally produced ANG II is a critical factor governing BC, opening the possibility for novel therapeutic targets in the management of airway disease.
Plant cyclotides disrupt epithelial cells in the midgut of lepidopteran larvae
Authors: Barbeta Barbara L. , Marshall Alan T. , Gillon Amanda D. , Craik David J. , Anderson Marilyn A.
Published: January 2008

Several members of the Rubiaceae and Violaceae plant families produce a series of cyclotides or macrocyclic peptides of 28–37 aa with an embedded cystine knot. The cyclic peptide backbone together with the knotted and strongly braced structure confers exceptional chemical and biological stability that has attracted attention for potential pharmaceutical applications. Cyclotides display a diverse range of biological activities, such as uterotonic action, anti-HIV activity, and neurotensin antagonism. In plants, their primary role is probably protection from insect attack. Ingestion of the cyclotide kalata B1 severely retards the growth of larvae from the Lepidopteran species
Helicoverpa armigera
. We examined the gut of these larvae after consumption of kalata B1 by light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. We established that kalata B1 induces disruption of the microvilli, blebbing, swelling, and ultimately rupture of the cells of the gut epithelium. The histology of this response is similar to the response of
H. armigera
larvae to the
Bacillus thuringiensis
delta-endotoxin, which is widely used to control these insect pests of crops such as cotton.
Mutational specificity and genetic control of replicative bypass of an abasic site in yeast
Authors: Pagès Vincent , Johnson Robert E. , Prakash Louise , Prakash Satya
Published: January 2008

Abasic (AP) sites represent one of the most frequently formed lesions in DNA, and they present a strong block to continued synthesis by the replicative DNA polymerases (Pols). Here we determine the mutational specificity and the genetic control of translesion synthesis (TLS) opposite an AP site in yeast by using a double-stranded plasmid system that we have devised in which bidirectional replication proceeds from a replication origin. We find that the rate, the genetic control, and the types and frequencies of nucleotides inserted opposite the AP site are very similar for both the leading and the lagging DNA strands, and that an A is predominantly inserted opposite the AP site, whereas C insertion by Rev1 constitutes a much less frequent event. In striking contrast, in studies that have been reported previously for AP bypass with gapped-duplex and single-stranded plasmids, it has been shown that a C is the predominant nucleotide inserted opposite the AP site. We discuss the implications of our observations for the mechanisms of TLS on the leading versus the lagging DNA strand and suggest that lesion bypass during replication involves the coordination of activities of the replicative Pol with that of the lesion-bypass Pol.
MHC class I chain-related protein A antibodies and shedding are associated with the progression of multiple myeloma
Authors: Jinushi Masahisa , Vanneman Matthew , Munshi Nikhil C. , Tai Yu-Tzu , Prabhala Rao H. , Ritz Jerome , Neuberg Donna , Anderson Kenneth C. , Carrasco Daniel Ruben , Dranoff Glenn
Published: January 2008

Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a common disorder of aging and a precursor lesion to full-blown multiple myeloma (MM). The mechanisms underlying the progression from MGUS to MM are incompletely understood but include the suppression of innate and adaptive antitumor immunity. Here, we demonstrate that NKG2D, an activating receptor on natural killer (NK) cells, CD8
+
T lymphocytes, and MHC class I chain-related protein A (MICA), an NKG2D ligand induced in malignant plasma cells through DNA damage, contribute to the pathogenesis of MGUS and MM. MICA expression is increased on plasma cells from MGUS patients compared with normal donors, whereas MM patients display intermediate MICA levels and a high expression of ERp5, a protein disulfide isomerase linked to MICA shedding (sMICA). MM, but not MGUS, patients harbor circulating sMICA, which triggers the down-regulation of NKG2D and impaired lymphocyte cytotoxicity. In contrast, MGUS, but not MM, patients generate high-titer anti-MICA antibodies that antagonize the suppressive effects of sMICA and stimulate dendritic cell cross-presentation of malignant plasma cells. Bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor with anti-MM clinical efficacy, activates the DNA damage response to augment MICA expression in some MM cells, thereby enhancing their opsonization by anti-MICA antibodies. Together, these findings reveal that the alterations in the NKG2D pathway are associated with the progression from MGUS to MM and raise the possibility that anti-MICA monoclonal antibodies might prove therapeutic for these disorders.
Nox2-derived radicals contribute to neurovascular and behavioral dysfunction in mice overexpressing the amyloid precursor protein
Authors: Park Laibaik , Zhou Ping , Pitstick Rose , Capone Carmen , Anrather Josef , Norris Erin H. , Younkin Linda , Younkin Steven , Carlson George , McEwen Bruce S. , Iadecola Costantino
Published: January 2008

Alterations in cerebrovascular regulation related to vascular oxidative stress have been implicated in the mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but their role in the amyloid deposition and cognitive impairment associated with AD remains unclear. We used mice overexpressing the Swedish mutation of the amyloid precursor protein (Tg2576) as a model of AD to examine the role of reactive oxygen species produced by NADPH oxidase in the cerebrovascular alterations, amyloid deposition, and behavioral deficits observed in these mice. We found that 12- to 15-month-old Tg2576 mice lacking the catalytic subunit Nox2 of NADPH oxidase do not develop oxidative stress, cerebrovascular dysfunction, or behavioral deficits. These improvements occurred without reductions in brain amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) levels or amyloid plaques. The findings unveil a previously unrecognized role of Nox2-derived radicals in the behavioral deficits of Tg2576 mice and provide a link between the neurovascular dysfunction and cognitive decline associated with amyloid pathology.
The Extended Mind and Borderline Personality Disorder
Authors: Bray Amanda
Published: January 2008

Objectives: Extended mind theory, a recent development in the field of cognitive philosophy, suggests that the information and processes contained in external objects such as notebooks and computers can be considered as much a part of a person's mind as the processes contained within the brain itself. This paper aims to outline extended mind theory, and to explore how it might be applied to an understanding of psychiatric conditions such as borderline personality disorder (BPD).

Conclusion: Those with BPD have a deficit in their ability to perform certain high-level cognitive tasks, such as regulation of affect and impulse control. They incorporate the brains of people close to them, to supplement their own brains when performing these tasks. Using an external object or person as part of one's own cognitive apparatus demands nearly constant proximity and an exceptionally intimate informational bond. This would account for the BPD sufferer's panic and despair in the face of abandonment – when abandonment means literally losing one's mind, it could seem worth any effort or risk to avoid such a loss. Further application of extended mind theory to other psychiatric phenomena is also considered.
What is to Become of the College Clinical Practice Guidelines?
Authors: Rosenman Stephen , Christensen Helen , Griffiths Kathleen
Published: January 2008

Objective: College guidelines have been published “to assist practitioner and patient decisions” in treatment. There is little evidence that the guidelines have been used despite their apparent importance in the maintenance of treatment that is adequate, competent, safe, honest and up-to-date. This paper discusses the value and non-use of College clinical practice guidelines and examines possible ways that they may be promulgated and used.

Conclusions: Guideline research indicates that clinicians will ignore guidelines for reasons that include impracticality, inflexibility, oversimplification and disagreements with evidence interpretation. Their objections cannot be solved by guideline writers. Consumers have a legitimate use for guidelines and this can become the starting point for informed discussion of treatment and necessary deviations from standardized care. Through consumers, the guidelines can make their way into practitioners' awareness and play a role in the maintenance of treatment quality.
Overcoming Barriers in Referral from Schools to Mental Health Services
Authors: Allison Stephen , Roeger Leigh , Abbot Dorothy
Published: January 2008

Objectives: This survey of primary, secondary and area schools investigated their referrer satisfaction with six Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service (CAMHS) teams, spread over two metropolitan and four rural centres, and servicing six corresponding metropolitan and rural education districts. The survey aimed to identify barriers to referral from schools to CAMHS and to generate domains for quality improvement across the six local areas.

Method: School principals and counsellors completed the online Southern Schools Satisfaction Survey, which sought qualitative comment about aspects of the community mental health service in their area.

Results: The response rate (65%) was reasonably good for a large online survey, with 149 schools participating (171 respondents: 113 principals and 58 counsellors). The majority of the respondents were satisfied with the service from CAMHS (24% were ‘very satisfied’, 47% ‘mostly satisfied’ 23% ‘mildly dissatisfied’ and 6% ‘very dissatisfied’). The main barriers and sources of dissatisfaction that schools identified were CAMHS waiting lists, service availability and lack of flexibility. Practices from the team with the highest percentage of satisfied school respondents formed a constructive basis for service-wide quality improvement. These changes focused on flexibility in emergency responses, communication with schools and process of care with students.

Conclusions: Surveying referrer satisfaction can be useful for quality improvement within regional mental health services through the identification of good practice which can be transferred across teams.
Contact Isolation for Infection Control in Hospitalized Patients: Is Patient Satisfaction Affected?
Authors: Gasink Leanne B. , Singer Karyn , Fishman Neil O. , Holmes William C. , Weiner Mark G. , Bilker Warren B. , Lautenbach Ebbing
Published: January 2008

The effects of contact isolation on patient satisfaction are unknown. We performed a cross-sectional survey and found that most patients lack education and knowledge regarding isolation but feel that it improves their care. In multivariable analysis, isolated patients were not less satisfied with inpatient care than were nonisolated patients.
X-RAY AND IR POINT SOURCE IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERISTICS IN THE EMBEDDED, MASSIVE STAR-FORMING REGION RCW 108
Authors: Wolk Scott J. , Spitzbart Bradley D. , Bourke Tyler L. , Gutermuth Robert A. , Vigil Miquela , Comerón Fernando
Published: January 2008

We report on the results of an approximately 90 ks Chandra observation of a complex region that hosts multiple sites of recent and active star formation in ARA OB1a. The field is centered on the embedded cluster RCW 108–IR and includes a large portion of the open cluster NGC 6193. We detect over 420 X-ray sources in the field and combined these data with deep near-IR, Spitzer/IRAC and Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX) mid-IR data. We find about 360 of the X-ray sources have near-IR counterparts. We divide the region into five parts based on the X-ray point source characteristics and extended 8 μm emission. The most clearly defined regions are the central region, identified by embedded sources with high luminosities in the both the near-IR and X-ray as well as high X-ray temperatures (∼3 keV), and the eastern region, identified by low extinction and ∼1 keV X-ray temperatures. Other regions, identified by their directional relationship to RCW 108–IR, are less uniform—representing combinations of the first two regions, independent star formation epochs, or both. The cluster members range in X-ray luminosity from 1029 to 1033 erg s−1. Over 18% of the cluster members with over 100 counts exhibit flares. All sources with over 350 counts are variable. Overall about 10% (16% in RCW 108–IR) appear to have optically thick disks as derived from their position in the (J − H), (H − K) diagram. The disk fraction becomes much higher when IRAC data are employed. The largest fraction of X-ray sources is best described as possessing some disk material via a more detailed extinction fitting. We fit the bulk of the X-ray spectra as absorbed Raymond–Smith-type plasmas, and find that the column to the RCW 108–IR members varies from 1021 to 1023 cm−2. We find that the field contains 41 candidate O or B stars, and estimate that the total number of pre–main-sequence stars in the field is about 1600 ± 200. Approximately 800 are confined to the 3′ (∼1.1 pc) central region.
When Prayer Fails
Authors: Peters Shawn Francis
Published: January 2008

Relying on religious traditions that date back thousands of years, many devout Christians turn to prayer rather than medicine when their children fall victim to illness or injury. Faith healers claim that their practices are effective in restoring health, but, over the past century, hundreds of children have died after being denied, because of their parents’ intense religious beliefs, the basic medical treatments furnished by physicians. The tragic deaths of these youngsters have received intense scrutiny from both the news media and public authorities seeking to protect the health and welfare of children. This book examines the complex web of legal and ethical questions that arise when criminal prosecutions are mounted against parents whose children die as a result of the phenomenon known by experts as religion-based medical neglect. Based on a wide array of primary and secondary source materials, the book explores efforts by the legal system to balance judicial protections for the religious liberty of faith healers against the state's obligation to safeguard the rights of children. Individual cases dating back to the mid-19th century are used to illuminate not only the legal issues at stake but also the profound human drama of religion-based medical neglect of children.
Honored by the Glory of Islam
Authors: Baer Marc David
Published: January 2008

Examining the historical record of Islamic conversions during the Ottoman age in a novel way, this book gathers fresh insights concerning the nature of religious conversion. Rejecting any attempt to explain Ottoman Islamization in terms of the converts' motives, the book concentrates on the proselytizers. In this case, none other than the sultan himself Mehmed IV (1648-87) is remembered as an aloof ruler whose ineffectual governing led to the disastrous siege of Vienna. Looking at previously unexamined Ottoman archival and literary texts, the book analyzes Mehmed IV's failings as a ruler by underscoring the sultan's zeal for bringing converts to Islam. As an expression of his rededication to Islam, Mehmed IV actively sought to establish his reputation as a convert-maker, convincing or coercing Christian and Jewish subjects to be “honored by the glory of Islam,” and Muslim subjects to turn to Islamic piety. Revising the conventional portrayal of a ruler so distracted by his passion for hunting that he neglected affairs of state, this book shows that Mehmed IV saw his religious involvement as central to his role as sultan. The book traces an ever-widening range of reform, conversion, and conquest expanding outward from the heart of Mehmed IV's empire.
Ambrosiaster's Political Theology
Authors: Lunn-Rockliffe Sophie
Published: January 2008

The works of Ambrosiaster, a Christian writing in Rome in the late 4th century, were influential on at the time and throughout the Middle Ages. This book starts by addressing the problem of the author's mysterious identity (which scholars have puzzled over for centuries) and places him in a broad historical and intellectual context. Later, it addresses Ambrosiaster's political theology, an idea which has been explored in other late Roman Christian writers but which has never been addressed in his works. The book also looks at how Ambrosiaster's attitudes to social and political order were formed on the basis of theological concepts and the interpretation of scripture, and shows that he espoused a rigid hierarchical and monarchical organization in the church, society, and the Roman empire. He also traced close connections between the Devil, characterized as a rebel against God, and the earthly tyrants and usurpers who followed his example.
10 Clausewitz and Small Wars
Authors: Daase Christopher
Published: January 2008

Despite the claims of recent critics, the transformation of warfare proves, rather than negates, the continuous relevance of Clausewitz's thinking. Clausewitz provides the means for a conceptualization of political violence, which enables us to describe changes in war, those of today as much as those of the past. His thinking embraces the emergence of guerrilla warfare and of terrorism. He offers theoretical insights into the dynamics of defence and offence, which help to explain why asymmetrical strategies and tactics are applied. And he allows us to reflect on the effects of war on both actors and structures, and helps to explain why big states often lose small wars.
The SGN comparative map viewer
Authors: Mueller Lukas A. , Mills Adri A. , Skwarecki Beth , Buels Robert M. , Menda Naama , Tanksley Steven D.
Published: January 2008

Motivation: With the rapid accumulation of genetic data for a multitude of different species, the availability of intuitive comparative genomic tools becomes an important requirement for the research community. Here we describe a web-based comparative viewer for mapping data, including genetic, physical and cytological maps, that is part of the SGN website (http://sgn.cornell.edu/) but that can also be installed and adapted for other websites. In addition to viewing and comparing different maps stored in the SGN database, the viewer allows users to upload their own maps and compare them to other maps in the system. The viewer is implemented in object oriented Perl, with a simple extensible interface to write data adapters for other relational database schemas and flat file formats.

Contact:  lam87@cornell.edu
Patterns of hydrogen bonding in mono- and di-substituted N-arylpyrazinecarboxamides
Authors: Wardell Solange M. S. V. , de Souza Marcus V. N. , Vasconcelos Thatyana R. A. , Ferreira Marcelle de L. , Wardell James L. , Low John N. , Glidewell Christopher
Published: January 2008

The molecular and supramolecular structures of 18 N-arylpyrazinecarboxamides, Ar NHCO(C4H3N2), have been determined, including the stoichiometric monohydrate of N-(3-methoxyphenyl)pyrazinecarboxamide, and two polymorphs of N-(4-fluorophenyl)pyrazinecarboxamide having Z′ values of 1 and 4, respectively. The aryl groups were selected to include the geometric isomers for a compact range of substituents, namely methyl, trifluoromethyl, fluoro, chloro, methoxy and nitro groups, which exhibit markedly varied electronic properties and markedly varied behaviour as hydrogen-bond donors and acceptors. However, not all isomers in each group could be structurally investigated. A small number of derivatives containing disubstituted aryl groups have also been included in this study. The crystal structures of the solvent-free carboxamides reported here exhibit a wide range of direction-specific intermolecular forces, including N—H...N, N—H...O, C—H...N and C—H...O hydrogen bonds, and π...π stacking interactions, while the structure of N-(3-methoxyphenyl)pyrazinecarboxamide monohydrate also contains O—H...N and O—H...O hydrogen bonds. The resulting supramolecular structures can be zero-, one- or two-dimensional, although no three-dimensional supramolecular aggregation has been observed. In the finite, zero-dimensional structures, pairs of molecules are linked by hydrogen bonds to form cyclic centrosymmetric dimers. The one-dimensional structures include chains formed by the π-stacking of otherwise isolated molecules, simple chains generated by either C—H...O or C—H...N hydrogen bonds, and hydrogen-bonded chains of rings. The two-dimensional structures include examples of both π-stacked hydrogen-bonded chains and hydrogen-bonded sheets.
Accurate molecular structures of chlorothiazide and hydrochlorothiazide by joint refinement against powder neutron and X-ray diffraction data
Authors: Leech Charlotte K. , Fabbiani Francesca P. A. , Shankland Kenneth , David William I. F. , Ibberson Richard M.
Published: January 2008

The compounds chlorothiazide and hydrochlorothiazide (crystalline form II) have been studied in their fully hydrogenous forms by powder neutron diffraction on the GEM diffractometer. The results of joint Rietveld refinement of the structures against multi-bank neutron and single-bank X-ray powder data are reported and show that accurate and precise structural information can be obtained from polycrystalline molecular organic materials by this route.
Capabilities and limitations of a (3 + d)-dimensional incommensurately modulated structure as a model for the derivation of an extended family of compounds: example of the scheelite-like structures
Authors: Arakcheeva Alla , Chapuis Gervais
Published: January 2008

The previously reported incommensurately modulated scheelite-like structure KNd(MoO4)2 has been exploited as a natural (3 + 1)-dimensional superspace model to generate the scheelite-like three-dimensional structure family. Although each member differs in its space-group symmetry, unit-cell parameters and compositions, in (3 + 1)-dimensional space, they share a common superspace group, a common number of building units in the basic unit cell occupying Wyckoff sites with specific coordinates (x, y, z) and specific basic unit-cell axial ratios (c/a, a/b, b/c) and angles. Variations of the modulation vector q, occupation functions and t
0 are exploited for the derivation. Eight topologically and compositionally different known structures are compared with their models derived from the KNd(MoO4)2 structure in order to evaluate the capabilities and limitations of the incommensurately modulated structure to act as a superspace generating model. Applications of the KNd(MoO4)2 structure as a starting model for the refinement and prediction of some other modulated members of the family is also illustrated. The (3 + 1)-dimensional presentation of the scheelite-like structures reveals new structural relations, which remain hidden if only conventional three-dimensional structure descriptions are applied.
Statistical survey of hydrogen-bond motifs in crystallographic special symmetry positions, and the influence of chirality of molecules in the crystal on the formation of hydrogen-bond ring motifs
Authors: Eppel Sagi , Bernstein Joel
Published: January 2008

A statistical survey was carried out to examine the connection between hydrogen-bond ring motifs (synthons) and crystallographic special symmetry positions. In the first part, the probability of common hydrogen-bond ring motifs to occupy specific crystallographic symmetry positions of inversion centers, rotation axes and mirror planes was examined. In the second part the probability of the occurrence of hydrogen-bond ring motifs was compared between crystals of chiral molecules (which cannot form inversion or mirror symmetry) to crystals of achiral molecules and racemic crystals. The results show that the crystallographic inversion center is a very significant component in the formation of hydrogen-bond ring motifs.
Structural comparisons of isomeric series of 7-aryl-benzo[h]pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinolines and 11-aryl-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinolines
Authors: Portilla Jaime , Quiroga Jairo , Nogueras Manuel , de la Torre Jose M. , Cobo Justo , Low John N. , Glidewell Christopher
Published: January 2008

The structures of three new 7-aryl-benzo[h]pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinolines, 8-methyl-7-(4-chlorophenyl)-10-phenyl-6,10-dihydro-5H-benzo[h]pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinoline, C27H20ClN3, 8-methyl-7-(3-pyridinyl)-10-phenyl-6,10-dihydro-5H-benzo[b]pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinoline, C26H20N4, and 8-methyl-7-(4-pyridinyl)-10-phenyl-10H-benzo[h]pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinoline, C26H18N4, which is an unexpected oxidation product isolated from the attempted synthesis of 8-methyl-7-(4-pyridinyl)-10-phenyl-6,10-dihydro-5H-benzo[h]pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinoline, and those of three new 11-aryl-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinolines, 11-(4-methylphenyl)-10-methyl-8-phenyl-6,8-dihydro-5H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinoline, C28H23N3 (P\bar 1, Z′ = 2), 11-(4-methoxyphenyl)-10-methyl-8-phenyl-6,8-dihydro-5H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinoline, C28H23N3O (P21/c, Z′ = 4), and 11-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-10-methyl-8-phenyl-6,8-dihydro-5H-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinoline, C30H27N3O3, are reported. The crystal structures are compared with those of a number of analogues reported in the recent literature; in particular, structural comparisons are drawn within each series as the substituted pendent aryl group is varied, and between several pairs of strictly isomeric 7-aryl-benzo[h]pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinolines and 11-aryl-benzo[f]pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinolines containing the same aryl substituents within each pair. Intermolecular interactions of the C—H...π type are found in the crystal structures of both series, but π...π stacking interactions are found only in the 7-aryl-benzo[h]pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinoline series.
Using small molecule crystal structure data to obtain information about sulfonamide conformation
Authors: Parkin Andrew , Collins Anna , Gilmore Christopher J. , Wilson Chick C.
Published: January 2008

Understanding the conformations adopted by the sulfonamide group is essential to the understanding of the way that sulfa drugs act upon the body. The relative energies of these conformations in the solid state are estimated from the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) using cluster analysis, and are used to confirm earlier findings that many high-level ab initio calculations do not reproduce the observed solid-state structure. These conformational studies have been extended to the adjacent torsion angles, and it has been shown that the sulfonamide group significantly affects the form adopted. The relative energies of the observed forms in the solid state have been estimated using data available in the CSD.
Crystal chemistry of mimetite, Pb10(AsO4)6Cl1.48O0.26, and finnemanite, Pb10(AsO3)6Cl2
Authors: Baikie Tom , Ferraris Cristiano , Klooster Wim T. , Madhavi S. , Pramana Stevin S. , Pring Allan , Schmidt G. , White T. J.
Published: January 2008

The crystal chemistries of synthetic mimetite, Pb10(As5+O4)6(Cl2 − x
O
x/2), a neutral apatite, and finnemanite, Pb10(As3+O3)6Cl2, a reduced apatite, were characterized using a combination of X-ray powder diffraction, neutron diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Both phases conform to hexagonal P63/m symmetry; however, the temperature-driven transformation of clinomimetite to mimetite described earlier was not confirmed. The average mimetite structure is best described through the introduction of partially occupied oxygen sites. A better understanding of the mixed arsenic speciation in apatites can guide the formulation of waste form ceramics and improve models of long-term durability after landfill disposal.
Effects of fluoro substitution on 4-bromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 3)
Authors: Klösener J. , Swenson D. C. , Robertson L. W. , Luthe G.
Published: January 2008

It is our hypothesis that fluoro substitution provides a powerful tool to modulate the desired characteristics and to increase the specificity of studies of structure–activity relationships. 4-Bromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 3) and its five corresponding monofluorinated analogues (F-PBDEs 3) have been synthesized and fully characterized (using 1H, 13C and 19F NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry). The accurate structure from X-ray crystal analysis was compared with iterative calculations using semi-empirical self-consistent field molecular-orbital (SCF-MO) models. The compounds studied were 4-bromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 3), the 13C6-isotopically labeled PBDE 3 (13C6-PBDE 3) and 2-fluoro-4-bromodiphenyl ether (3-2F), 2′-fluoro-4-bromodiphenyl ether (3-2′F), 3-fluoro-4-bromodiphenyl ether (3-3F), 3′-fluoro-4-bromodiphenyl ether (3-3′F), and 4′-fluoro-4-bromodiphenyl ether (3-4′F). Solid-state intermolecular interactions for PBDE 3 and the F-PBDEs 3 isomers are dominated by weak C—H(F,Br)...π and C—H...F interactions. The C—F bond lengths varied between 1.347 (2) and 1.362 (2) Å, and the C4—Br bond length between 1.880 (3) and 1.904 (2) Å. These bond lengths are correlated with electron-density differences, as determined by 13C shifts, but not with the strength of the C—F couplings. The interior ring angles of ipso-fluoro substitution increased (121.9–124.0°) as a result of hyperconjugation, a phenomenon also predicted by the calculation models. An attraction between the vicinal fluoro and halo substituents (observed in fluoro substituted chlorobiphenyls) was not observed for the bromo substituted F-PBDEs. The influence of a fluoro substituent on the conformation was only observable in PBDEs with di-ortho substitution. Calculated and observed torsion angles showed a positive correlation with increasing van der Waals radii and/or the degree of substitution for mono- to tetra-fluoro, chloro, bromo and methyl substitutions in the ortho positions of diphenyl ether. These findings utilizing F-tagged analogues presented here may prove fundamental to the interpretation of the biological effects and toxicities of these persistent environmental pollutants.
Configurational and conformational classification of pyranose sugars
Authors: Collins A. , Parkin A. , Barr G. , Dong W. , Gilmore C. J. , Wilson C. C.
Published: January 2008

Automated cluster analysis is used to examine the conformation and configuration of pyranose sugars. Previous findings on this issue are confirmed, importantly from an analysis that requires no prior knowledge of the significant factors determining the conformational classification. The findings on the conformations adopted in the crystalline solid state are found to be different to existing quantum chemical calculations performed for D-glucose in the gas phase, but consistent with empirically determined conformations in the solution state. The use of this clustering analysis in studying chirality in the determined structures is discussed, as is the ability of this type of method to examine higher dimensions within the metric multi-dimensional scaling formalism.
Combined Exposure to Organic Solvents: An Experimental Approach using Acetone and Ethyl Acetate
Authors: Seeber A. , Kiesswetter E. , Vangala R. R. , Blaszkewicz M. , Golka K.
Published: January 2008

Les mécanismes additifs, tels les processus inductifs ou inhibiteurs peuvent être appréhendés comme source d'effets interactifs des substances dans les mélanges de solvants. Le plan d'expérience d'une exposition massive doit prendre en considération ces mécanismes mesurant les effets neurocomportementaux. L'acétone et les acétates d'éthyle souvent utilisés comme composants des colles furent observés en expérience comme un exemple typique d'exposition aux mélanges des solvants. Seize volontaires hommes furent exposés pendant quatre heures à la valeur allemande la plus forte en concentration sur le lieu de travail (MAK) pour les substances simples et à la moitié des deux valeurs en concentration pour les expositions combinées. De plus, une expérience fut conduite dans un air non contaminé dans la chambre d'exposition. Aucun échec de performance ne fut détecté pendant et après l'exposition en analysant les temps de réaction simple et élaboré et aussi la mémoire à court terme selon Sternberg. Des irritations durant l'exposition mesurées par questionnaires et échelles de plaintes pendant et après l'exposition indiquent les effets des substances simples et combinées. En considérant les symptômes subjectifs, les résultats permettent de poser l'hypothèse de l'additivité des composants simples.

The effects of exposure to organic solvents, additive mechanisms, as well as inductive or inhibitory processes can be understood as the basis of interactional effects of the single compounds in solvent mixtures. The design of acute exposure experiments has to take into consideration these mechanisms measuring neurobehavioural effects. Acetone and ethyl acetate often used as components of glues were investigated experimentally as an example of typical exposure to solvent mixtures. Sixteen male volunteers were exposed for four hours to the German maximum allowable workplace concentrations for single substances, and to half of both concentrations for the combined exposure. A control exposure experiment was carried out in non‐contaminated air in the exposure laboratory. No performance deficits in simple and choice reaction time, or in short‐term memory according to Sternberg were detected during and after the exposure. Irritations during the exposure measured by questionnaire, and ratings of complaints during and after exposure indicate effects of the single and combined substances. The results of subjective symptoms support the assumption of additivity of the single substances.