bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Brand Stewardship
Authors: Speak Karl D.
Published: September 2010

BRANDS BECOME SUCCESSFUL because, as a long‐term commitment, they are carefully developed and nurtured. Fundamental to this stewardship is a clear understanding of the brand and the beliefs and consumer relationships that surround it. Translating this principle into an action plan, Karl Speak discusses what design managers can do to leverage their brand assets. He reviews key elements of brand definition and proposes an agenda for establishing a credible stewardship process.
No More Heroes: From Controller to Collaborators
Authors: Morris Lesley , Rabinowitz Jason , Myerson Jeremy
Published: September 2010

DURING THE LAST DECADE, the trend has been to shift responsibility for design management from the high‐profile individual—the design hero—to the systemic, embedding design throughout organizations. Lesley Morris, Jason Rabinowitz, and Jeremy Myerson suggest modifying education priorities to incorporate design elements within traditional business courses and, in design schools, to highlight design as a strategic process rather than as an executive position.
The Design Management Program (DMP) at Pratt Institute
Authors: Anders Robert
Published: September 2010

IF THE GOAL IS to transform designers into design managers, Pratt Institute's Design Management Program (DMP), the executive master's program described here by Robert Anders, is a valuable model. Candidates must have a minimum three years of practical experience, and they are expected to continue working as they pursue the degree. With new insight into six areas of expertise—marketing, organizational dynamics, operations, management logistics, money and measurement, and planning and strategy—graduates praise the design‐sensitive, management‐focused rigor of the program.
MIT's SDM Program: Educating Technologically Grounded Leaders
Authors: Frey Daniel , Weiner Suzanne , Nordlund Mats
Published: September 2010

THE SYSTEMS DESIGN and Management program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology prepares engineers to manage complex systems and interdisciplinary teams. As outlined by Daniel Frey, Suzanne Weiner, and Mats Nordlund, it blends on‐campus and distance learning to emphasize leadership skills, systems development and project management, and fundamental business studies. Although the perspective is engineering‐based, its structure and course strategies are easily applicable to design management.
Design Education: Out of the Closet and Back into the Curriculum
Authors: Blackburn Richard S. , Bayus Barry L.
Published: September 2010

FITTING DESIGN MANAGEMENT into crowded business school curricula is difficult. In this case, an interest in entrepreneurial issues and team teaching has resulted in a course on new product development co‐taught by Richard Blackburn, a professor of management, and Barry Bayus, a professor of marketing. Lectures, discussion, and class exercises in this popular elective stress design as a strategic process, as well as the contributions consumer research can make to innovation.
Sustainable by Design
Authors: Schaefer Kim
Published: September 2010

IN ANY DESIGN management framework, the ethical dimensions of decision making must be integrated with the traditional emphasis on innovation, marketing, and sales. Kim Schaefer addresses this issue in the arena of environmental design, advocating sustainable architecture—a goal that, among other things, conserves resources, facilitates recycling, reduces toxic emissions, and encourages denser, mixed‐use development. As a model, the values Schaefer espouses can and should be applied to other design disciplines.
Cultivating the Design Mind: The International Design Center NAGOYA
Authors: Kimura Kazuo
Published: September 2010

IT'S A DESTINATION for professionals and the general public alike. It's a venue for exhibits, conferences, and research. It's a celebration of design and its significance to culture and the marketplace. The International Design Center NAGOYA is alive with activities that range from design business fairs and the display of new design work to design seminars for corporate executives and an upcoming international forum on design management. As Kazuo Kimura tells it, it's all part of the strategy to transform Nagoya into a world center for design.
Understand What Others Don't
Authors: Johnson Bonnie , Masten Davis
Published: September 2010

WHILE “INSIGHT” IS THE goal of consumer research, Bonnie Johnson and Davis Masten question whether most of the research done today yields insight. They suggest that to make truly valuable discoveries, managers and researchers need to be experienced and have a long‐term perspective. They need to frame problems and questions creatively. They need to avoid premature conclusions. And they need to disseminate insights and findings widely within the organization.
E‐Business and the New Blue
Authors: Green Lee D. , Leonard Mona
Published: September 2010

FOR IBM, “e‐business” is much more than a new brand. It's a strategy—a vision for developing and integrating products and software, a shorthand for conveying the company's comprehensive expertise in Internet technologies and its holistic approach to meeting customer needs, and a reassuring reminder to consumers of quality and security in electronic communications. Mona Lentz and Lee Green fill in the details in a case study that moves from problem definition to research to the implementation of a powerful branding solution.
The Next Wave: Soul Branding1
Authors: Maio Elsie
Published: September 2010

SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY, environmental sensitivity, ethical leadership—as Elsie Maio charts the evolution of corporations, these are the kinds of inspirational values that add power to contemporary brands. As consumers seek to be the “best they can be,” they are attracted to businesses that do the same. This gives meaning to and helps integrate the many activities of modern global organizations. It also poses special challenges to CEOs and designers who can collaborate to fashion both the vision and the reality of this “soul branding.”
Going Direct: Design and Digital Commerce
Authors: Rudd Nicholas
Published: September 2010

IN THE WORLD of e‐business, organizations return to an era in which selling depends on one‐to‐one relationships with consumers. These “conversations,” as they are characterized by Nicholas Rudd, are opportunities to create unique and positive experiences, brands that keep customers coming back. Rudd defines the nature of digital commerce and then asks the questions design managers need to answer to establish effective online brands.
A new Brand for a New Category: Paint it Orange
Authors: Hamilton Doug , Kirby Keith
Published: September 2010

AFTER INVESTING hundreds of millions in the latest technology, a UK‐based company is about to launch a wireless telephone service. There are already a few well‐established competiors in the market. Nevertheless, the new entry creates a unique brand that within a year comes to dominate consumer awareness. Doug Hamilton and Keith Kirby explain how the success of Orange Personal Communications Services grew from a set of values that become the basis not only of its mark but also its services, communications, environments, and employee attitude.
The Power of the Eagle: Image Brand Imprinting and the U.S. Postal Service
Authors: Ruiz Augustine , Dilley Thad
Published: September 2010

THE EAGLE IN flight is a graphic signature designed to let people know that this organization, the world's largest mail delivery business, is forward thinking, technically savvy, efficient, and competitive. Augustine Ruiz and Thad Dilley review the proud history of the United States Postal Service (USPS) and reveal its plans to enhance the strength of its brand with an unparalleled level of personal service and cost‐effective global products that will keep the eagle flying and the USPS growing for years to come.
The Geostrategy of Place Branding
Authors: Roulac Stephen E.
Published: September 2010

PLACE IS A powerful yet frequently overlooked branding strategy. It can augment the prestige of a product or service. It can help an item stand out from the crowd. It can amplify the emotions that persuade customers to buy. And intriguingly, something doesn't need to be from a place to exploit that venue in its identity—witness the Las Vegas hotel styled after the New York City skyline. Stephen Roulac probes these and other issues in the realm of place branding and comments on this tool's importance in the global digital marketplace.
How to Hit Your Left Thumb: Designing a Better Hammer
Authors: Grieves John
Published: September 2010

HAMMERS ARE HAMMERS. What more can be said? Plenty, as John Grieves makes clear in this fascinating case study. His is a tale about designing the best hammer possible, about thoughtfully gathering all kinds of detailed user data to make subtle refinements to an age‐old tool—changing how it works, how it feels, and how it looks. Notably, the outcome of this intimate customer encounter is a product that commands a premium price at the same time that it attracts a larger share of the market.
Branding in the Networked Economy
Authors: Moon Michael
Published: September 2010

IN OUR INCREASINGLY digital world, Michael Moon uses metaphors to explore how Web sites can be powerful venues for branding. As “deep gravity wells,” they are bright, compelling cyberspace destinations around which stakeholders can take orbit. As “theater,” sites function as a stage and offer performances that keep audiences coming back. In both instances, Moon presents guidelines for the structure and content of sites, with comments on such topics as the personalizing of information, online vending, and the creation of digital communities.
E‐Sales: Customer‐Centered Selling on the Web
Authors: North Amanda
Published: September 2010

IT'S CALLED CUSTOMER relationship management. In the realm of e‐commerce, what this involves is software that helps companies to market complex products online by mimicking the wisdom of expert salespersons. These programs counsel customers on what's available and what things cost. They also guide people to select items that meet their particular needs. Amanda North describes the components of this digital sales force and highlights how it fits within the larger framework of customer communications.
Design and Business DNA
Authors: Turner Raymond
Published: September 2010

THE FORMER DESIGN manager for Eurotunnel and now group design director for London‐based BAA, the world's largest privately owned airport company, Raymond Turner shares his wisdom on the necessity and techniques for diffusing design responsibility throughout an organization. As a service business, BAA regards its staff as “experience managers.” Quality design is essential to the success of those customer experiences and is, under Turner's leadership, guided by five essential corporate design values.
Designing for Business, Consulting for Innovation
Authors: Kelley Tom
Published: September 2010

IF A KEY TO competitive success is innovation, Tom Kelley posits five reasons why designers are among the best prepared to nurture this process. They can decipher strategies as they move from specific projects to more‐general visions of innovation. They can link their wisdom on the content of innovation to broader business goals. They can be keen observers. With their special ability to visualize, they can be extraordinarily persuasive. And they have the luxury of being serendipitous. In this context, we may be on the threshold of a new era in design.
Why Clients Always Get the Work They Deserve
Authors: Heller Cheryl
Published: September 2010

FOR CHERYL HELLER, success in consulting is like success in personal relationships. It emerges from honest communications, spending time together, enjoying each other's company, and never taking each other for granted. In this exchange, consultants want clients who understand quality, know how to ask for it, and can marshal the will and the resources to support it. In turn, clients want consultants who respond creatively to assignments and who believe candid feedback is critical.
Creating Collaborative Learning Environments
Authors: Bachman Timothy
Published: September 2010

THE DESIGN OF environments can dramatically shape understanding and behavior. Timothy Bachman's expertise is in leveraging this reality. Integrating multimedia communications with space planning, furnishings, and lighting, his environments create powerful brand experiences—stimulating consumer interaction, facilitating the sharing of information, and enhancing the wisdom of advisors and salespeople. His work can be striking, his approach supported with strategies that help clients remain open to innovation and new opportunities.
A New Profession: Brand and Design Management Consultant
Authors: Gommer Fennemiek
Published: September 2010

THIS MAY BE a Dutch perspective, but many of Fennemiek Gommer's insights on brand are universally applicable. As a consultant, she formulates a design management strategy based on an intimate understanding of a company's position in the marketplace, as well as its strengths, values, and objectives. Another of her concerns is that brand strategies take into account future challenges, such as the globalization of business, the fast pace of mergers and acquisitions, and the overwhelming array of new media and information resources.
“Designers, on Your Marks!”
Authors: Rousseau Clément , Grange Samuel , Wagner Dominique
Published: September 2010

IN THIS INTERVIEW, Clément Rousseau and Samuel Grange reveal their thoughts and strategies regarding brand, global marketing, and diversification. They distinguish between products that are trans‐cultural and those that need to be adapted or modified to penetrate local markets. They comment on the role of the contemporary designer, and they enrich all their points with examples and sometimes‐startling personal assessments.
Managing the Challenge of Design for Innovation
Authors: Veryzer Robert Whitman , Habsburg Stefan , Veryzer Robert
Published: September 2010

IN ADDRESSING the intricacies of the global marketplace, it's important to also identify aspects of design and design processes that are universal. This is the contribution of Robert W. Veryzer, Stefan Habsburg, and Robert Veryzer. Focusing on innovation, they elaborate and critique four topics: design core competencies, sources of design insight, factors that drive design change, and the threats to design integrity. These are issues for design managers in every culture.
Strategic Realization: Building Fundamental Design Values
Authors: Hardy Tom , Chung Kook Hyun , So Shin T.
Published: September 2010

IN KOREA, the Samsung Group is creating a distinctive brand based on customer‐focused design. Tom Hardy, Kook Hyun Chung and Shin So collaborate to describe this effort, which includes defining shared values, establishing a design philosophy, proclaiming six guiding design principles, and developing an identifiable but flexible design language. In terms of implementation, a Lifestyle Research Group, a Material and Finishes Group, and an Advanced Design Group play important roles in this successful company‐wide program.
When is a car like a drink? Metaphor as a means to distilling brand and product identity
Authors: Karjalainen Toni‐Matti
Published: September 2010

If decision makers want to understand and explore the meaning behind their brands, Toni‐Matti Karjalainen recommends a series of exercises that translate brand perceptions into metaphors. His goal is to uncover the nuances that build strong emotional links to consumers and embody those insights in graphics and hypothetical product extensions. His approach generates connections that are sometimes startling, and it stands as a creative, almost playful way to confirm the power of brand messages.
Proving our value: Measuring package design's Return On Investment
Authors: Wallace Rob
Published: September 2010

Since resources are scarce, it makes sense to allocate budgets in ways that generate the highest yields. In the arena of consumer awareness and influencing the decision to purchase, Rob Wallace makes the case that money spent on package design results in an outstanding return on investment. He outlines a methodology to quantify this return, and challenges design management colleagues to refine the calculus.
Alchemy of cultures: From adaptation to transcendence in design and branding
Authors: Gagliardi Mario
Published: September 2010

In this comparison of Western and Asian perspectives, Mario Gagliardi analyzes differences in each culture's understanding of uniqueness, copying, the integration of external influences, and the inclusion of consumer perceptions within the design process. Insights such as these become important as corporations try to create products and brands that have meaning—functional, cultural, mythical, symbolic, and ethical meaning—around the world.
Designing global brands: Critical lessons
Authors: Roellig Larry
Published: September 2010

The principle is that a global brand requires the building of compelling relationships across a diverse spectrum of brand audiences. Larry Roellig interprets this general mandate as the consideration of seven arenas that range from packaging and marketing to culture and the environment. In each, he explores the design challenges corporations must address if their products and services are to have an effective presence around the world.
The Czech Design Centrum: A tool for national competitiveness
Authors: Vokrouhlicky Zbynek
Published: September 2010

Valuing design as an asset for improving the quality and global competitiveness of products, the Czech Republic has established a design center to help businesses integrate this resource into their strategic and development processes. Zbynek Vokrouhlicky describes how his organization successfully uses competitions to leverage design awareness and grants to demonstrate the benefits of design management to small and medium‐size companies.
Design strategy and strategic design at Master Lock
Authors: Heppner John , Zaccai Gianfranco
Published: September 2010

Master Lock has a new vision of its business and its customers, and design is a big part of this transformation. Interviewed by Gianfranco Zaccai, president and COO John Heppner explains how design has helped shift the company's focus from locks to security and innovation. In this process, Master Lock has established itself in new markets, extended its presence in existing markets, accelerated its competitive lead, and built an enduring relationship with customers.
Design with markets! Leveraging knowledge for innovation
Authors: Reinmoeller Patrick
Published: September 2010

Two Japanese companies—7‐Eleven Japan (the convenience store chain) and MUJI (a high‐design, value‐priced household products, apparel, and food brand)—are especially skilled at innovatively responding to the changing needs and tastes of customers. Analyzing this success, Patrick Reinmoeller distinguishes five attributes that support this superior capability to design: leadership, people, relationships, processes, and technology.
Designing for seismic change
Authors: Yamashita Keith , Bodden Tara
Published: September 2010

An outside shock, a new competitor, a new CEO, an innovative technology, organizational unrest—all can be sources of dramatic shifts in a company's direction and strategies. Keith Yamashita and Tara Bodden outline how specific design and communications rules help executives and managers not only deal with change more effectively but actually capitalize on such challenges.
Web‐based collaboration for the rest of us
Authors: Liu Paul Cheng‐Hsin , Tsai Gladys , Teng S. Gary
Published: September 2010

In business, sophisticated digital communications have dramatically enhanced the quality and productivity of distant partnerships. Unfortunately, in the realm of design, this has generally required expensive hardware and software. Here, colleagues Paul Cheng‐Hsin Liu, Hsiao‐Ching Tsai, and S. Gary Teng propose a less‐costly approach to the virtual‐design dialogue that opens this collaborative opportunity to small and medium size companies.
Design education in the post‐digital age
Authors: Maeda John
Published: September 2010

Digital technologies have become an end unto themselves. Today, mastering and keeping up with the latest tools matters more than creating programs and output that enhance the lives of users. John Maeda advocates a people‐centered approach to technology and digital design education. He critiques current problems and presents case studies to challenge teachers and designers to be more creative and to move in richer, more‐humane directions.
Interdisciplinary product development education at MIT and RISD
Authors: Eppinger Steven D. , Kressy Matthew S.
Published: September 2010

This popular course has a decade‐long history. Students come from a range of backgrounds and explore how teamwork and a cross‐section of talents are fundamental to the product design process. Steven Eppinger and Matthew Kressy summarize the main features of their class, provide examples of student projects, and thoroughly enumerate the lessons learned in this demanding but exciting teaching exercise.
Steering the brand in the auto industry
Authors: Asensio Anne , Bouchenoire Jean‐Léon
Published: September 2010

At General Motors, the goal is to give each automotive line a distinctive brand character. In this interview, Anne Asensio discusses how she and her design colleagues contribute to this effort. From contour to features, these elements are used to reinforce brand character and build an emotional bond with consumers. It is intense and exciting work in which quality—from conception to execution—is a key aspect of success.
Digital carvings: Brand totems for the emergence of infocentricity
Authors: Lucas Bill , Higgins Michael
Published: September 2010

What is the future of digital branding? Bill Lucas and Michael Higgins propose a scenario of digital “totems.” These carefully crafted cyber‐carvings emerge from an innovative interface paradigm. They tell stories—about companies, about brands, about products. They have multidimensional personalities—from mechanical to charming to ethereal. They encourage consumers to access, exchange, manipulate and personalize information. It is an experimental system with fascinating and powerful potential.
Using feature design to showcase the corporate brand
Authors: Sackett P. J. , Kefallonitis E. G.
Published: September 2010

In evaluating brands, consumer perceptions are the bottom line. Peter Sackett and Efstathios Kefallonitis note that problems arise from lack of differentiation, too much or confusing information, dysfunctional products and services, uncoordinated brand media, and the failure to temper global approaches with an understanding of local or regional culture. Distinctive, coherent brands depend on attention to detail and a vigilant consumer focus.
On 1-dimensional representations of finite W-algebras associated to simple Lie algebras of exceptional type
Authors: Goodwin Simon M. , Röhrle Gerhard , Ubly Glenn
Published: September 2010

We consider the finite W-algebra U(𝔤,e) associated to a nilpotent element e∈𝔤 in a simple complex Lie algebra 𝔤 of exceptional type. Using presentations obtained through an algorithm based on the PBW-theorem for U(𝔤,e), we verify a conjecture of Premet, that U(𝔤,e) always has a 1-dimensional representation when 𝔤 is of type G2, F4, E6 or E7. Thanks to a theorem of Premet, this allows one to deduce the existence of minimal dimension representations of reduced enveloping algebras of modular Lie algebras of the above types. In addition, a theorem of Losev allows us to deduce that there exists a completely prime primitive ideal in U(𝔤) whose associated variety is the coadjoint orbit corresponding to e.
Negative real parts of the equivalent permittivity, permeability, and refractive index of sculptured-nanorod arrays of silver
Authors: Jen Yi-Jun , Lakhtakia Akhlesh , Yu Ching-Wei , Wang Yu-Hsiung
Published: September 2010

Thin films comprising parallel nanorods were deposited by directing silver vapor obliquely toward a plane substrate. The direction of the vapor flux was varied in two different ways to sculpture the nanorods in different shapes. The reflection and transmission coefficients of the thin films were measured at three wavelengths in the visible regime for normal-illumination conditions for two linear-polarization states, using walk-off interferometry and polarization interferometry. The authors found that sculpturing significantly affects the signs of the real parts of the equivalent permittivity, permeability, and refractive index of the silver thin films for the two polarization states at different wavelengths. Thus, vapor deposition combined with sculpturing can be useful for large-scale production of materials having different equivalent constitutive parameters with negative real parts.
Line-width dependency on electromigration performance for long and short copper interconnects
Authors: Cheng Yi-Lung , Chang We-Yuan , Wang Ying-Lang
Published: September 2010

Experiments were performed to study the effect of metal line width on electromigration characteristics for Cu interconnects, and the results revealed completely different electromigration behavior for long and short metal lines. The extracted critical current density jc due to back stress effect can explain the electromigration width effect for long and short metal lines. For long metal lines, the electromigration times to failure were found to be increased with increasing the line width, and the critical current density jc is lower and slightly increased for the wider metal line. On the other hand, the electromigration failure time was observed to be inversely proportional to the line width in the case of short metal lines. Moreover, the back stress effect was decreased with increasing the line width, leading to the decreasing critical current density jc. These observed effects are specific to Cu technology and can have major technological implications for electromigration assessment.
Findings Brought to Ground
The Heavens on Earth
Observatories and Astronomy in Nineteenth-Century Science and Culture

David Aubin, Charlotte Bigg, and H. Otto Sibum, Eds.

Duke University Press, Durham, NC, 2010. 398 pp. $94.95, £74. ISBN 9780822346289. Paper, $25.95, £17.99. ISBN 9780822346401. Science and Cultural Theory.
Authors: Holmberg Gustav
Published: September 2010

Through discussions of particular observatories around the globe, the contributors explore the practices, technologies, and contexts of 19th-century astronomy.
Spiroindolones, a Potent Compound Class for the Treatment of Malaria
Authors: Rottmann Matthias , McNamara Case , Yeung Bryan K. S. , Lee Marcus C. S. , Zou Bin , Russell Bruce , Seitz Patrick , Plouffe David M. , Dharia Neekesh V. , Tan Jocelyn , Cohen Steven B. , Spencer Kathryn R. , González-Páez Gonzalo E. , Lakshminarayana Suresh B. , Goh Anne , Suwanarusk Rossarin , Jegla Timothy , Schmitt Esther K. , Beck Hans-Peter , Brun Reto , Nosten Francois , Renia Laurent , Dartois Veronique , Keller Thomas H. , Fidock David A. , Winzeler Elizabeth A. , Diagana Thierry T.
Published: September 2010

Antimalarial Drug Candidate

Spiroindolones were discovered as promising antimalarial drug candidates through a high-throughput screening approach that should be applicable to a range of neglected infectious diseases.

Rottmann
et al.

(p.
1175
; see the Perspective by

Wells

) present the preclinical profile for an optimized spiroindolone drug candidate, NITD609. They obtained evidence for a decrease in drug sensitivity in strains of the malaria parasite
Plasmodium falciparum
bearing amino acid mutations in the P-type ATPase, indicating possible mechanisms of action and/or resistance.
Mood Swings
Mood Matters
From Rising Skirt Lengths to the Collapse of World Powers

by John L. Casti

Springer, New York, 2010. 274 pp. $27.50. ISBN 9783642048340.
Authors: Taylor Richard
Published: September 2010

Casti applies his background in complexity studies to explore the role of psychology in shaping the mass behavior of humans.
Just Add Water
Authors: Katsnelson Mikhail I.
Published: September 2010

A graphene overlayer is used to map the structure of water from ice to liquid, one atomic layer at a time.
Panel Faults IPCC Leadership But Praises Its Conclusions
Authors: Kintisch Eli
Published: September 2010

A new independent review of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change says the increased public scrutiny IPCC is facing and the growing importance of its work mean that it must do better than it's been doing.
The Dour Frenchman on Malaria's Frontier
Authors: Enserink Martin
Published: September 2010

When he arrived at the dangerous Thai-Burmese border in 1984, François Nosten barely knew what research was. Today, he's one of the world's top malaria scientists.
Molecular Epidemiology of
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Serogroup 6 Isolates from Fijian Children, Including Newly Identified Serotypes 6C and 6D
Authors: Satzke Catherine , Ortika Belinda D. , Oftadeh Shahin , Russell Fiona M. , Robins-Browne Roy M. , Mulholland E. Kim , Gilbert Gwendolyn L.
Published: September 2010

Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was applied to all unique serotype 6C and 6D isolates and a random selection of serotype 6B and 6A isolates from nasopharyngeal swabs from Fijian children enrolled in a recent vaccine trial. The results suggest that Fijian serotype 6D has arisen independently from both serotypes 6A/C and 6B.
Resolving the Assembly State of Herpes Simplex Virus during Axon Transport by Live-Cell Imaging
Authors: Antinone Sarah E. , Zaichick Sofia V. , Smith Gregory A.
Published: September 2010

Neurotropic herpesviruses depend on long-distance axon transport for the initial establishment of latency in peripheral ganglia (retrograde transport) and for viral spread in axons to exposed body surfaces following reactivation (anterograde transport). Images of neurons infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), acquired using electron microscopy, have led to a debate regarding why different types of viral structures are seen in axons and which of these particles are relevant to the axon transport process. In this study, we applied time-lapse fluorescence microscopy to image HSV-1 virion components actively translocating to distal axons in primary neurons and neuronal cell lines. Key to these findings, only a small fraction of viral particles were engaged in anterograde transport during the egress phase of infection at any given time. By selective analysis of the composition of the subpopulation of actively transporting capsids, a link between transport of fully assembled HSV-1 virions and the neuronal secretory pathway was identified. Last, we have evaluated the seemingly opposing findings made in previous studies of HSV-1 axon transport in fixed cells and demonstrate a limitation to assessing the composition of individual HSV-1 particles using antibody detection methods.
DECOMPOSITION ALGORITHMS FOR THE INTERVAL SCHEDULING PROBLEM
Authors: WANG SHIDONG , ZHENG LI , ZHANG ZHIHAI
Published: September 2010

Scheduling track lines at a marshalling station where the objective is to determine the maximal weighted number of trains on the track lines can be modeled as an interval scheduling problem: each job has a fixed starting and finishing time and can only be carried out by an arbitrarily given subset of machines. This scheduling problem is formulated as an integer program, which is NP-Complete when the number of machines and jobs are unfixed and the computational effort to solve large scale test problems is prohibitively large. Heuristic algorithms (HAs) based on the decomposition of original problem have been developed and the benefits lie in both conceptual simplicity and computational efficiency. Genetic algorithm (GA) to address the scheduling problem is also proposed. Computational experiments on low and high utilization rates of machines are carried out to compare the performance of the proposed algorithms with Cplex. Computational results show that the HAs and GA perform well in most condition, especially HA2 with the maximum of average percentage deviation on average 3.5% less than the optimal solutions found by Cplex in small-scale problem. Our methodologies are capable of producing improved solutions to large-scale problems with reasonable computing resources, too.
Efficiency of Thai Commercial Banks: Pre- vs. Post-1997 Financial Crisis
Authors: Chunhachinda Pornchai , Li Li
Published: September 2010

This study measures and compares the profit and cost efficiencies of Thai commercial banks between 1990 and 2008 which has been subdivided into the pre-crisis, the financial crisis, and the post-crisis periods. The efficiency scores are measured using a combination of parametric and non-parametric frontier approach. Both average profit and cost efficiency levels of the post-crisis period are found to be significantly lower than those of the pre-crisis period. The evidence also indicates that the real GDP growth rate and some general and financial characteristics are correlated with the efficiency level of Thai commercial banks.
A NOTE ON DISCRETE BID FIRST-PRICE AUCTION WITH GENERAL VALUE DISTRIBUTION
Authors: CAI GANGSHU (GEORGE) , WURMAN PETER R. , GONG XITING
Published: September 2010

This paper evaluates the discrete bid first-price sealed-bid (FPSB) auction in a model with a general value distribution. We show that a symmetric Bayesian Nash equilibrium exists for the discrete bid FPSB auction. We further prove that the discrete bid FPSB equilibrium conditionally converges to that of a continuous bid FPSB auction.
BARGAINING OVER LOSSES
Authors: LUSK JAYSON L. , HUDSON M. DARREN
Published: September 2010

We introduce a modified version of the Ultimatum game where people bargain over losses instead of gains. Results show that when people bargain over losses, they make more aggressive offers, in terms of their own monetary well-being, as compared to when they bargained over gains.
A GEOMETRIC DEFINITION OF THE AUBRY–MATHER SET
Authors: BERNARD PATRICK , DOS SANTOS JOANA OLIVEIRA
Published: September 2010

We study the Aubry set which appears in Mather theory of convex Hamiltonian systems from the point of view of symplectic geometry.
Coresets, sparse greedy approximation, and the Frank-Wolfe algorithm
Authors: Clarkson Kenneth L.
Published: September 2010

The problem of maximizing a concave function
f(x)
in the unit simplex Δ can be solved approximately by a simple greedy algorithm. For given
k
, the algorithm can find a point
x

(
k
)

on a
k
-dimensional face of Δ, such that
f
(
x

(
k
)

≥
f(x
*
) −
O
(1/
k
). Here
f
(
x
*
) is the maximum value of
f
in Δ, and the constant factor depends on
f
. This algorithm and analysis were known before, and related to problems of statistics and machine learning, such as boosting, regression, and density mixture estimation. In other work, coming from computational geometry, the existence of ϵ-coresets was shown for the minimum enclosing ball problem by means of a simple greedy algorithm. Similar greedy algorithms, which are special cases of the Frank-Wolfe algorithm, were described for other enclosure problems. Here these results are tied together, stronger convergence results are reviewed, and several coreset bounds are generalized or strengthened.
Two-phase greedy algorithms for some classes of combinatorial linear programs
Authors: Faigle Ulrich , Peis Britta
Published: September 2010

We present greedy algorithms for some classes of combinatorial packing and cover problems within the general formal framework of Hoffman and Schwartz' lattice polyhedra. Our algorithms compute in a first phase Monge solutions for the associated dual cover and packing problems and then proceed to construct greedy solutions for the primal problems in a second phase. We show optimality of the algorithms under certain sub- and supermodular assumptions and monotone constraints. For supermodular lattice polyhedra with submodular constraints, our algorithms offer the farthest reaching generalization of Edmonds' polymatroid greedy algorithm currently known.
Thinking Clearly about Performance
Authors: Millsap Cary
Published: September 2010

When I joined Oracle Corporation in 1989, performance was difficult. Only a few people claimed they could do it very well, and those people commanded high consulting rates. When circumstances thrust me into the "Oracle tuning" arena, I was quite unprepared. Recently, I’ve been introduced to the world of "MySQL tuning," and the situation seems very similar to what I saw in Oracle more than 20 years ago.
pH sensitivity of ammonium transport by Rhbg
Authors: Nakhoul Nazih L. , Abdulnour-Nakhoul Solange M. , Schmidt Eric , Doetjes Rienk , Rabon Edd , Hamm L. Lee
Published: September 2010

Rhbg is a membrane glycoprotein that is involved in NH3/NH4+ transport. Several models have been proposed to describe Rhbg, including an electroneutral NH4+/H+ exchanger, a uniporter, an NH4+ channel, or even a gas channel. In this study, we characterized the pH sensitivity of Rhbg expressed in Xenopus oocytes. We used two-electrode voltage clamp and ion-selective microelectrodes to measure NH4+-induced [and methyl ammonium (MA+)] currents and changes in intracellular pH (pHi), respectively. In oocytes expressing Rhbg, 5 mM NH4Cl (NH3/NH4+) at extracellular pH (pHo) of 7.5 induced an inward current, decreased pHi, and depolarized the cell. Raising pHo to 8.2 significantly enhanced the NH4+-induced current and pHi changes, whereas decreasing bath pH to 6.5 inhibited these changes. Lowering pHi (decreased by butyrate) also inhibited the NH4+-induced current and pHi decrease. In oocytes expressing Rhbg, 5 mM methyl amine hydrochloride (MA/MA+), often used as an NH4Cl substitute, induced an inward current, a pHi increase (not a decrease), and depolarization of the cell. Exposing the oocyte to MA/MA+ at alkaline bath pH (8.2) enhanced the MA+-induced current, whereas lowering bath pH to 6.5 inhibited the MA+ current completely. Exposing the oocyte to MA/MA+ at low pHi abolished the MA+-induced current and depolarization; however, pHi still increased. These data indicate that 1) transport of NH4+ and MA/MA+ by Rhbg is pH sensitive; 2) electrogenic NH4+ and MA+ transport are stimulated by alkaline pHo but inhibited by acidic pHi or pHo; and 3) electroneutral transport of MA by Rhbg is likely but is less sensitive to pH changes.
Neonatal stress and attenuation of the hypercapnic ventilatory response in adult male rats: the role of carotid chemoreceptors and baroreceptors
Authors: Dumont Frédéric S. , Kinkead Richard
Published: September 2010

Neonatal maternal separation (NMS) is a form of stress that disrupts respiratory control development. Awake adult male rats previously subjected to NMS show a ventilatory response to hypercapnia (HCVR; FiCO2 = 0.05) 47% lower than controls; however, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. To address this issue, we first tested the hypothesis that carotid bodies contribute to NMS-related attenuation of the HCVR by using carotid sinus nerve section or FiO2 manipulation to maintain PaO2 constant (iso-oxic) during hypercapnic hyperpnea. We then determined whether NMS-related augmentation of baroreflex sensitivity contributes to the reduced HCVR in NMS rats. Nitroprusside and phenylephrine injections were used to manipulate arterial blood pressure in both groups of rats. Pups subjected to NMS were separated from their mother 3 h/day from postnatal days 3 to 12. Control rats were undisturbed. At adulthood, rats were anesthetized [urethane (1g/kg) + isoflurane (0.5%)], and diaphragmatic electromyogram (dEMG) was measured under baseline and hypercapnic conditions (PaCO2: 10 Torr above baseline). The relative minute activity response to hypercapnia of anesthetized NMS rats was 34% lower than controls. Maintaining PaO2 constant during hypercapnia reversed this phenotype; the HCVR of NMS rats was 45% greater than controls. Although the decrease in breathing frequency during baroreflex activation was greater in NMS rats, the change observed within the range of pressure change observed during hypercapnia was minimal. We conclude that NMS-related changes in carotid body sensitivity to chemical stimuli and/or its central integration is a key mechanism in the attenuation of HCVR by NMS.
High-salt intake enhances superoxide activity in eNOS knockout mice leading to the development of salt sensitivity
Authors: Kopkan Libor , Hess Arthur , Husková Zuzana , Červenka Luděk , Navar L. Gabriel , Majid Dewan S. A.
Published: September 2010

A deficiency in nitric oxide (NO) generation leads to salt-sensitive hypertension, but the role of increased superoxide (O2−) in such salt sensitivity has not been delineated. We examined the hypothesis that an enhancement in O2− activity induced by high-salt (HS) intake under deficient NO production contributes to the development of salt-sensitive hypertension. Endothelial NO synthase knockout (eNOS KO; total n = 64) and wild-type (WT; total n = 58) mice were given diets containing either normal (NS; 0.4%) or high-salt (HS; 4%) for 2 wk. During this period, mice were chronically treated with a O2− scavenger, tempol (400 mg/l), or an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, apocynin (1 g/l), in drinking water or left untreated ( n = 6–8 per group). Blood pressure was measured by radiotelemetry and 24-h urine samples were collected in metabolic cages. Basal mean arterial pressure (MAP) in eNOS KO was higher (125 ± 4 vs. 106 ± 3 mmHg) compared with WT. Feeding HS diet did not alter MAP in WT but increased it in eNOS KO to 166 ± 9 mmHg. Both tempol and apocynin treatment significantly attenuated the MAP response to HS in eNOS KO (134 ± 3 and 139 ± 4 mmHg, respectively). Basal urinary 8-isoprostane excretion rates (UIsoV), a marker for endogenous O2− activity, were similar (2.8 ± 0.2 and 2.4 ± 0.3 ng/day) in both eNOS KO and WT mice. However, HS increased UIsoV more in eNOS KO than in WT (4.6 ± 0.3 vs. 3.8 ± 0.2 ng/day); these were significantly attenuated by both tempol and apocynin treatment. These data indicate that an enhancement in O2− activity contributes substantially to the development of salt-sensitive hypertension under NO-deficient conditions.
Sensory-Spatial Transformations in the Left Posterior Parietal Cortex May Contribute to Reach Timing
Authors: Torres Elizabeth B. , Raymer Anastasia , Gonzalez Rothi Leslie J. , Heilman Kenneth M. , Poizner Howard
Published: September 2010

The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) contains viewer-centered spatial maps important for reaching movements. It is known that spatial reaching deficits emerge when this region is damaged, yet less is known about temporal deficits that may also emerge because of a failure in sensory-spatial transformations. This work introduces a new geometric measure to quantify multimodal sensory transformation and integration deficits affecting the tempo of reaching trajectories that are induced by injury to the left PPC. Erratic rates of positional change involving faulty maps from rotational angular displacements to translational linear displacements contributed to temporal abnormalities in the reach. Such disruptions were quantified with a time-invariant geometric measure. This measure, paired with an experimental paradigm that manipulated the source of visual guidance for reaches, was used to compare the performance of normal controls to those from a patient (T.R.) who had a lesion in his left-PPC. For controls, the source of visual guidance significantly scaled the tempo of target-directed reaches but did not change the geometric measure. This was not the case in patient T.R., who altered this measure. With continuous, extrapersonal visual feedback of the target, however, these abnormalities improved. Vision of the target rather than vision of his moving hand also improved his arm-joint rotations for posture control. These results show that the left PPC is critically important for visuo-motor transformations that specifically rely on extrapersonal cues to align rotational-arm and linear-hand displacements and to continuously integrate their rates of change. The intactness of this system contributes to the fluidity of the reach's tempo.
Variations in theTNF-α Gene (TNF-α -308G→A) Affect Attention and Action Selection Mechanisms in a Dissociated Fashion
Authors: Beste Christian , Baune Bernhard T. , Falkenstein Michael , Konrad Carsten
Published: September 2010

There is growing interest to understand the molecular basis of complex cognitive processes. While neurotransmitter systems have frequently been examined, other, for example neuroimmunological factors have attracted much less interest. Recent evidence suggests that the A allele of the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) 308G→A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP; rs1800629) enhances cognitive functions. However, it is also known that TNF-α exerts divergent, region-specific effects on neuronal functioning. Thus the finding that the A allele is associated with enhanced cognitive performance may be due to regionally specific effects of TNF-α. In this study, associations between the TNF-α −308G→A single nucleotide polymorphism (rs1800629) and cognitive function in an event-related potential (ERP) study in healthy participants ( n = 96) are investigated. We focus on subprocesses of stimulus-response compatibility that are known to be mediated by different brain systems. The results show a dissociative effect of the TNF- 308G→A SNP on ERPs reflecting attentional (N1) versus conflict and action selection processes [N2 and early-lateralized readiness potential (e-LRP)] between the AA/AG and the GG genotypes. Compared with the GG genotype group, attentional processes (N1) were enhanced in the combined AA/AG genotype group, while conflict processing functions (N2) and the selection of actions (LRP) were reduced. The results refine the picture of the effects of the TNF-α −308G→A SNP on cognitive functions and emphasize the known divergent effects of TNF-α on brain functions.
A Note on Confidence Interval for the Power of the One Sample t Test
Authors: Wong A.
Published: September 2010

In introductory statistics texts, the power of the test of a one‐sample mean when the variance is known is widely discussed. However, when the variance is unknown, the power of the Student′s t‐test is seldom mentioned. In this note, a general methodology for obtaining inference concerning a scalar parameter of interest of any exponential family model is proposed. The method is then applied to the one‐sample mean problem with unknown variance to obtain a (1 − γ)100% confidence interval for the power of the Student′s t‐test that detects the difference (μ − μ0). The calculations require only the density and the cumulative distribution functions of the standard normal distribution.
In addition, the methodology presented can also be applied to determine the required sample size when the effect size and the power of a size α test of mean are given.
The 3‐D Culture and In Vivo Growth of the Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Line HepG2 in a Self‐Assembling Peptide Nanofiber Scaffold
Authors: Wu Min , Yang Zehong , Liu Yanfei , Liu Bo , Zhao Xiaojun
Published: September 2010

We report the use of the RADA16‐I scaffold to mimic the ECM microenvironment and support tumor cell adherence and survival. Cellular morphology, proliferation, adhesion ability, and in vivo tumor formation were studied in the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2 in the 3‐D RADA16‐I scaffold. No significant differences in HepG2 cell proliferation, adhesion, and albumin secretion were observed in the peptide scaffold compared to collagen I. Furthermore, the HepG2 cells precultured in the peptide scaffold showed a higher proliferation rate and formed significantly bigger tumors when compared to cells grown on a traditional 2D monolayer, suggesting that the 3‐D RADA16‐I scaffold can mimic the tumor microenvironment and promote a malignant phenotype in HepG2 cells. Our results indicate that the RADA16‐I scaffold can serve as an ideal model for tumorigenesis, growth, local invasion, and metastasis.