bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
2,6-Diisopropyl-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-2,3a,4a,6,7a,8a-hexaaza-1H,5H-cyclopenta[def]fluorene-4,8-dione
Authors: Qin Shu-Qi , Li Yi-Tao
Published: May 2006

The title compound, C14H24N6O2, is a glycoluril derivative. The molecule is built up from four fused rings, two nearly planar imidazole five-membered rings and two non-planar triazine six-membered rings. Both six-membered rings display chair conformations.
4-Methoxy-3-methylbenzophenone
Authors: Rathore R. S. , Narasimhamurthy T. , Vijay T. , Yathirajan H. S. , Anilkumar H. G. , Basavaraju Y. B.
Published: May 2006

The molecule of the title compound, C15H14O2, is non-planar and the planes of the benzene rings intersect at an angle of 59.8 (1)°. The crystal structure exhibits a significant short intermolecular π–π contact.
Ethylammonium saccharinate
Authors: Wang Zi-Liang , Wei Lin-Heng , Li Ming-Xue , Wang Jing-Ping
Published: May 2006

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C2H8N+·C7H4NO3S−, contains a saccharinate anion and a protonated ethylamine cation. Intermolecular N—H...O hydrogen bonds link these ions into a two-dimensional framework structure. The crystal packing is further stabilized by weak intermolecular C—H...O hydrogen bonds
2-Hydroxy-N-(2-pyridyl)benzamide
Authors: Wang Wen-Hua , You Zhong-Lu , Liu Wei-Sheng , Wang Da-Qi
Published: May 2006

The molecule of the title compound, C12H10N2O2, is nearly planar, with a dihedral angle of 3.7 (2)° between the planes of the benzene and pyridine rings. Molecules are linked by intermolecular O—H...N and C—H...O hydrogen bonds, as well as possible C—H...π interactions, forming a two-dimensional zigzag hydrogen-bonded network.
Bis[4-n-propyl-N-(8-quinolyl)benzenesulfonamidato-κ2
N,N′]zinc(II) dimethylformamide solvate
Authors: da Silva Luiz Everson , Joussef Antonio Carlos , Foro Sabine , Schmidt Boris
Published: May 2006

In the title compound, [Zn(C18H17N2O2S)2]·C3H7NO, the Zn atom is four-coordinated by the N atoms of sulfonamide and quinoline groups. Two intermolecular C—H...O hydrogen bonds connect the molecules into a three-dimensional network.
The layered monodiphosphate Li9Ga3(P2O7)3(PO4)2 refined from X-ray powder data
Authors: Liu Xiao-Xuan , Wang Cheng-Xin , Luo Shu-Ming , Mi Jin-Xiao
Published: May 2006

Nonalithium trigallium(III) tris[pyrophosphate(V)] diphosphate(V), Li9Ga3(P2O7)3(PO4)2, has been synthesized by a hydrothermal method and its crystal structure solved from X-ray powder diffraction data using Rietveld analysis. The structure is based on separate layers parallel to (001), consisting of GaO6 octahedra that share corners with PO4 tetrahedra and P2O7 groups. The lithium ions are located in the interstitial space.
1-(3-Chlorobenzoyl)-3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)thiourea
Authors: Khawar Rauf M. , Badshah Amin , Bolte Michael , Zaeem Akhtar M.
Published: May 2006

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C14H9Cl3N2OS, contains two independent molecules with slightly different conformations with respect to the aromatic ring planes. These two independent molecules form dimers via intermolecular N—H...S hydrogen bonds and which are stacked along [100].
(Z)-Ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxo-2-(2-o-tolylhydrazono)butanoate
Authors: Alpaslan Gökhan , Özdamar Özgür , Odabaşoğlu Mustafa , Ersanlı Cem Cüneyt , Erdönmez Ahmet
Published: May 2006

The title compound, C13H15ClN2O3, adopts a keto–hydrazo tautomeric form stabilized by an intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond. The configuration around the N—N bond is trans. The dihedral angle between the aromatic ring and the plane of the C—C—C(=O)—C aliphatic chain is 6.07 (8)°.
2,6-Bis(4-methoxybenzylidene)cyclohexanone
Authors: Butcher Ray J. , Yathirajan H. S. , Sarojini B. K. , Narayana B. , Indira J.
Published: May 2006

The title compound, C22H22O3, demonstrates a two-photon absorption. Its metrical parameters are similar to those of related cyclohexanone derivatives. In the crystal structure, two sets of centrosymmetric dimers formed by weak C—H...O intermolecular hydrogen bonds combine to form molecular tapes along [101].
3-(4-Methoxyanilino)isobenzofuran-1(3H)-one
Authors: Odabaşoğlu Mustafa , Büyükgüngör Orhan
Published: May 2006

Crystals of the title compound, C15H13NO3, are stabilized by N—H...O intermolecular hydrogen bonds and two C—H...π intermolecular interactions. The N—H...O hydrogen bonds generate an R
2
2(12) ring motif and the phthalide part of the molecule is planar. The dihedral angle between the phthalide group and the benzene ring is 71.18 (5)°.
2-(Dibenzoylamino)pyridine
Authors: Weng Yan-Bo , Wang Jing-Kang , Wang Yan-Fei
Published: May 2006

The title compound, C19H14N2O2, is a highly effective nematicide. No inter- or intramolecular hydrogen bonds are observed in the crystal structure.
Bis(2-formylphenolato-κ2
O,O′)nickel(II)
Authors: Li Yan-Guo , Chen Hong-Ji
Published: May 2006

The title compound, [Ni(C7H5O2)2], exhibits a mononuclear structure in which the central NiII atom is located on an inversion centre and is coordinated by four O atoms from two salicylaldehyde ligands in a distorted square-planar geometry. The complex was obtained by the reaction of salicylaldehyde and nickel(II) nitrate hexahydrate in ethanol, using 3-amino-1,2-propanediol as a growth-directing reagent.
Aqua(8-hydroxy-7-iodoquinoline-5-sulfonato-κ2
N,O
8)silver(I) dihydrate
Authors: Liu Hai-Yan , Wu Hua , Ma Jian-Fang
Published: May 2006

In the title compound, [Ag(C9H5INO4S)(H2O)]·2H2O, the AgI cation has a highly distorted trigonal–planar coordination geometry, with N and O donor atoms from a bidentate 8-hydroxy-7-iodoquinoline-5-sulfonate anion ligand and one O atom from a water molecule. In the crystal structure, the molecules are linked together through extensive intermolecular hydrogen bonding, forming a three-dimensional structure.
4-(Tosylamino)benzoic acid
Authors: Nan Zhi-Hong , Xing Jun-De
Published: May 2006

In the molecule of the title compound, C14H13NO4S, the dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 34.7°. The C—N—S—C torsion angle in the central part of the molecule is 65.67°. The molecular packing involves centrosymmetrically related carboxyl groups connected by O—H...O hydrogen bonds forming dimers, whereas intermolecular N—H...O=S hydrogen bonds connect molecules into a chain along the [011] direction.
Methyl 12-benzoyldehydroabietate
Authors: Li Fang-Yao , Pan Ying-Ming , Wang Heng-Shan , Chen Zhen-Feng , Zhang Yong
Published: May 2006

The title compound, C28H34O3, is a new derivative of dehydroabietic acid, whose A and B rings exhibit a classical chair and half-chair conformation, respectively.
2-(Cyclohexa-1,4-dienyl)acetic acid
Authors: Therrien Bruno , Süss-Fink Georg
Published: May 2006

The title compound, C6H7CH2COOH, is formed by a standard Birch reduction of phenylacetic acid. As expected, a centrosymmetric head-to-tail dimer is observed in the solid state, formed through O—H...O hydrogen bonds.
2-Nitrophenylacetic acid: hydrogen-bonded sheets of R
2
2(8) and R
4
4(18) rings
Authors: Wardell James L. , Low John N. , Glidewell Christopher
Published: May 2006

Molecules of the title compound, C8H7NO4, are linked into centrosymmetric R
2
2(8) dimers by paired O—H...O hydrogen bonds, and these dimers are linked by two C—H...O hydrogen bonds into sheets of R
2
2(8) and R
4
4(18) rings.
Bis[2-(4-chlorophenyliminomethyl)phenolato]nickel(II)
Authors: Peng Sanjun , Zhou Congshan , Yang Tao
Published: May 2006

In the title mononuclear nickel(II) complex, [Ni(C13H9ClNO)2], the NiII atom lies on an inversion center and is coordinated by the N and O atoms of the two Schiff base ligands in a square-planar geometry. The dihedral angle between the two chlorophenyl rings is 39.5 (3)°.
3-(3-Pyridylamino)isobenzofuran-1(3H)-one
Authors: Odabaşoğlu Mustafa , Büyükgüngör Orhan
Published: May 2006

The crystal packing of the title compound, C13H10O2N2, is stabilized by one N—H...N and two C—H...O intermolecular hydrogen bonds and also by two C—H...π interactions. The N—H...N and C—H...O hydrogen bonds generate an edge-fused R
3
3(19) ring motif and the phthalide section of the molecule is planar. The dihedral angle between the phthalide group and the pyridyl ring is 87.28 (10)°.
μ-Oxalato-bis[(N,N′-dimethylformamide)(1,10-phenanthroline)copper(II)] bis(perchlorate)
Authors: Wang Hai-Dong , Zhou Yi-Li , He Hong-Yin , Tu Xiao-Hua , Zhu Long-Guan
Published: May 2006

The title centrosymmetric binuclear complex, [Cu2(C2O4)(C12H8N2)2(C3H7NO)2](ClO4)2, was synthesized by the reaction of 1,10-phenanthroline, 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-dithiane and Cu(ClO4)2·6H2O. In the asymmetric unit, the CuII atom is in a distorted square-pyramidal coordination geometry. The closest Cu...O distance involving the perchlorate anion is 2.745 (2) Å.
N-(2-Acetylphenyl)acetamide
Authors: Slater Heather L. , Rozynski Hanna , Crundwell Guy , Glagovich Neil M.
Published: May 2006

The title compound, C10H11NO2, was synthesized from 2′-aminoacetophenone in acetic anhydride. In the molecular structure, an intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond [H...O = 1.893 (18) Å] appears to affect the overall planar conformation of the molecule.
catena-Poly[[(di-2-pyridylamine-κ2
N,N′)copper(II)]-μ-benzene-1,4-dicarboxylato-κ4
O,O′:O′′,O′′′]
Authors: Yang E , Zheng Yi , Chen Gu-Yong
Published: May 2006

In the title complex, [Cu(C8H4O4)(C10H9N3)]
n
, the benzene-1,4-dicarboxylate dianions bridge the CuII atoms to form polymeric complex chains. The CuII atom has a distorted octahedral coordination geometry. The centroid-to-centroid separation of 3.932 (2) Å indicates π–π stacking between nearly parallel pyridine rings.
A Cu–Mn complex of a Schiff base containing alanylglycine: hexaaquamanganese(II) bis{[N-(2-oxidobenzylidene)alanylglycinato]cuprate(II)} dodecahydrate
Authors: Liu Wen-Long , Lu Yao , Liu Xin-Fang , Zhang Yan-Yan , Hu Xiao-Ya
Published: May 2006

In the title compound, [Mn(H2O)6][Cu(C12H11N2O4)]2·12H2O, the Cu atom has a square-planar coordination with two N and two O atoms of the tetradentate Schiff base ligand. The centrosymmetric cation [Mn(H2O)6]2+ and anion [CuL]− (L is a Schiff base derived from alanylglycine and salicylaldehyde) occupy a stacking structure within well separated columns along the c axis.
Hemi{tris(picolinic acid-κ2
N,O)iron(II)/tris(picolinato-κ2
N,O)iron(II)} hemi(tetrafluoroborate)
Authors: Onggo Djulia , Martak Fatimah , Ismunandar  , Yamin Bohari M. , Ng Seik Weng
Published: May 2006

The crystal structure of the title compound, [Fe(C6H4NO2)(C6H4.5NO2)(C6H5NO2)](BF4)0.5, is regarded as consisting of disordered mononuclear [FeII(C6H4.5NO2)3]0.5+ cations and tetrafluoroborate anions. The N,O-chelated Fe lies on a special position of site symmetry 3 and the acid H atom on a special position of site symmetry \overline{1}. The B atom is located on a special position of site symmetry \overline{3}. The disordered mononuclear units are linked through the acid H atom into a layer motif.
Di-μ2-methanolato-bis[tetrakis(pyrimidin-2-amine-κN
1)cobalt(II)] bis(tetrafluoroborate)
Authors: Li Yang , Zhang Xi-Quan , Zhang Xi-Chang , Wang Xiang-Jian , Fang Rui-Qin
Published: May 2006

The title compound, [Co2(CH3O)2(C4H5N3)4](BF4)2, consists of a discrete dimeric CoII complex. The asymmetric unit consists of one pyrimidin-2-amine ligand, which occupies a general position, and one methanolate group, as well as one CoII cation and one tetrafluoroborate anion, which are located in special positions. The CoII cation lies on a twofold rotation axis, whereas the tetrafluoroborate anion and the methanolate group lie on mirror planes. The N atoms of the pyrimidin-2-amine ligand are involved in intermolecular hydrogen bonding. From this arrangement, large channels are formed, which elongate in the direction of the crystallographic c axis.
The β-form of trans-3-(2-nitrophenyl)prop-2-enoic acid at 130 K
Authors: Smith Graham , Wermuth Urs D. , Young David J. , White Jonathan M.
Published: May 2006

The crystal structure of a non-centrosymmetric polymorphic modification of the title compound, C9H7NO4, determined at 130 K, shows the presence of 21 screw-generated one-dimensional zigzag chains formed through catemeric C(4) syn–anti carboxylic acid hydrogen-bonding associations.
Bis(cyclopentenylacetato)tetraethyldistannoxane dimer
Authors: Ahmad Aftab , Khan Azim , Ali Saqib , Parvez Masood
Published: May 2006

The molecular structure of the title compound, tetra-μ2-(cyclopent-2-enyl)acetato-1:2κ2
O:O′;1:3κ2
O:O′;2:4κ2
O:O′;3:4κ2
O:O′-octaethyl-1κ2
C,2κ2
C,3κ2
C,4κ2
C-di-μ3-oxo-1:2:3κ3
O;2:3:4κ3
O-tetratin, [Sn4(C2H5)8(C7H9O2)4O2], is composed of two independent centrosymmetric dimers lying about inversion centers. In each dimer, the central Sn2O2 core is fused with two four-membered (Sn2O2) and two six-membered (Sn2O3C) rings. The endocyclic Sn atoms are six-coordinate in a skew-trapezoidal bipyramidal environment. The exocyclic Sn atoms are five-coordinate and show disotorted trigonal–bipyramidal geometry. The cyclopentenylacetate ligand shows different modes of coordination with tin. In both dimers, the Sn—C distances lie in a very narrow range [2.118 (4)–2.134 (4) Å], while the Sn—O distances range between 2.042 (2) and 2.314 (3) Å for strong bonds and between 2.638 (3) and 2.658 (3) Å for relatively weaker Sn—O bonds.
Octaammonium diaquahexa-μ2-oxalato-dioxalatotetracopper(II) tetrahydrate
Authors: Kadir Karim , Mohammad Ahmed Trifa , Noreús Dag , Eriksson Lars
Published: May 2006

In the structure of the title compound, (NH4)8[Cu4(C2O4)8(H2O)2]·4H2O, isolated tetramers of [Cu(ox)2]2+ (ox is oxalate) are present. Each CuII ion coordinates to four O atoms in two oxalate ligands and to two more distant O atoms in a neighbouring oxalate ligand or a water molecule. An extensive hydrogen-bonding network connects the tetramers to two unique solvent water molecules and four ammonium ions.
Diphenyl (hydroxyphenylmethyl)phosphonate
Authors: Fang Mei-Juan , Fang Hua , Zeng Zhi-Ping , Luo Shu-Na , Zhao Yu-Fen
Published: May 2006

The title compound, C19H17O4P, was obtained as colorless block-shaped crystals by the reaction of diphenyl phosphite and benzaldehyde. The crystal structure is stabilized by strong intermolecular O—H...O hydrogen bonds.
2-Amino-1-(4-chlorobenzyl)pyridinium bis(1,2-dicyanoethene-1,2-dithiolato)nickelate(III)
Authors: Liu Ming-Guo , Ni Chun-Lin
Published: May 2006

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, (C12H12ClN2)[Ni(C4N2S2)2], consists of one 2-amino-1-(4-chlorobenzyl)pyridinium cation and one [Ni(mnt)2]− anion (where mnt is 1,2-dicyanoethene-1,2-dithiolate or maleonitriledithiolate). The NiIII ion is coordinated by four S atoms of two mnt ligands and exhibits the expected square-planar coordination geometry. The anions and cations stack into well segregated columns along the a axis and the NiIII atoms form a zigzag chain.
[4-(Dimethylamino)pyridine-κN]bis(pentane-2,4-dionato-κ2
O,O′)copper(II)
Authors: Lindoy Leonard F. , McMurtrie John C. , Schilter David
Published: May 2006

The title complex, [Cu(C5H7O2)2(C7H10N2)], is disposed about a twofold axis and forms a discrete molecule with the metal adopting a distorted trigonal–bipyramidal geometry within an NO4 donor set.
2-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde (pyridinium-4-ylcarbonyl)hydrazone chloride hemihydrate
Authors: Chen Shao-Wen , Yin Han-Dong , Wang Da-Qi , Kong Xia , Chen Xiao-Fang
Published: May 2006

The crystal structure of the title compound, C14H14ClN3O3
+·Cl−·0.5H2O, exhibits O—H...O, C—H...O, C—H...Cl, N—H...Cl and O—H...Cl hydrogen bonds. The chloride anions participate in extensive hydrogen bonding with the aminium cations and link molecules through multiple N—H+...Cl− interactions.
N′-(2-Hydroxybenzoyl)-2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carbohydrazide
Authors: Zhan Yan , Lin Shu-Kun
Published: May 2006

The coumarin system and the 2-hydroxybenzoyl group in the title compound, C17H12N2O5, are approximately coplanar. There are some intermolecular O—H...O hydrogen bonds and intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bonds; the intermolecular O—H...O hydrogen bonds result in a chain along the a axis.
N,N′-Bis(9-anthracenylidene)hydrazine
Authors: Zheng Peng-Wu , Zhao Bing
Published: May 2006

In the title compound, C30H20N2, synthesized by the reaction of anthracene-9-carbaldehyde with hydrazine hydrate, the two independent molecules are each located on a centre of symmetry. Weak π–π interactions between adjacent anthracene rings contribute to the stabilization of the crystal packing.
Bis[diamminesilver(I)] dioxalatoplatinate(II)
Authors: Wu Guo-Qiang , Chen Wan-Zhi
Published: May 2006

In the title compound, [Ag(NH3)2]2[Pt(C2O4)2], the Ag atom is coordinated in an almost linear configuration by two N atoms from two ammine ligands. The Pt atom, located on an inversion centre, is tetracoordinated by four O atoms from two oxalate ions. The silver cations and platinum-centred anions are each stacked separately in a columnar fashion along the a axis. In the crystal structure, the cations and anions are further linked together through N—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional structure.
N,N′-Bis(1-naphthyl)-N,N′-diphenyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diamine
Authors: Huang Li-Qun , Cao Qian-Yong , Yi Chun , Yang Chang-Jian , Gao Xi-Cun
Published: May 2006

The title complex, C44H32N2, is a useful charge-carrier transport material in organic electroluminescence devices. There are two half-molecules in the asymmetric unit; each molecule possesses a centre of symmetry at the mid-point of the central C—C bond.
Bis(cyclopentenylacetato)tetramethyldistannoxane dimer
Authors: Ahmad Aftab , Khan Azim , Ali Saqib , Parvez Masood
Published: May 2006

The crystal structure of the title compound, tetra-μ2-(cyclopent-2-enyl)acetato-1:2κ2
O:O′;1:3κ2
O:O′;2:4κ2
O:O′;3:4κ2
O:O′-octamethyl-1κ2
C,2κ2
C,3κ2
C,4κ2
C-di-μ3-oxo-1:2:3κ3
O;2:3:4κ3
O-tetratin(IV), [Sn4(CH3)8(C7H9O2)4O2], is composed of discrete centrosymmetric dimers lying about inversion centres. The cyclopentenylacetate ligand shows different modes of coordination with Sn, as a result of which the central Sn2O2 core is fused with two four-membered (Sn2O2) and two six-membered (Sn2O3C) rings. The endocyclic Sn atoms are six-coordinate in a skew-trapezoidal bipyramidal environment. The exocyclic Sn atoms are five-coordinate and show distorted trigonal–bipyramidal geometry. The Sn—C distances lie in a very narrow range [2.095 (4)–2.113 (4) Å], while the Sn—O distances range between 2.030 (3) and 2.280 (3) Å for strong bonds and a value of 2.654 (3) Å for the relatively weak Sn—O bond.
2,2′-Dimethyl-3,3′-bis(methylsulfanyl)-5,5′-bis(1-benzofuran)
Authors: Choi Hong Dae , Kang Byoung Won , Seo Pil Ja , Son Byeng Wha , Lee Uk
Published: May 2006

The title compound, C20H18O2S2, was obtained from the reaction of 4,4′-biphenol with α-chloro-α-(methylsulfanyl)acetone in the presence of zinc chloride. The interplanar dihedral angle between the two 1-benzofuran groups is 39.2 (2)°. The structure is stabilized by π–π stacking and C—H...π interactions.
1,10-Phenanthrolinium tetraiodo(1,10-phenanthroline-κ2
N,N′)bismuthate(III) 1,10-phenanthroline
Authors: Li Feng , Yin Han-Dong , Zhai Jun , Wang Da-Qi
Published: May 2006

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, (C12H9N2)[BiI4(C12H8N2)]·C12H8N2, comprises a 1,10-phenanthrolinium cation and a tetraiodo(1,10-phenanthroline)bismuthate(III) anion, together with a neutral 1,10-phenanthroline molecule. The BiIII ion adopts a distorted octahedral coordination geometry, binding to the two N atoms of a chelating 1,10-phenanthroline ligand and four iodide ions. N—H...N and C—H...I hydrogen bonding between the 1,10-phenanthroline molecule, the 1,10-phenanthrolinium cation and the BiIII complex cation stabilize the crystal structure.
Hydrothermal‐Reaction‐Assisted Laser Machining of Cubic Boron Nitride
Authors: Hidai Hirofumi , Tokura Hitoshi
Published: May 2006

Although the high hardness and chemical stability of cubic boron nitride (cBN) complicate its machining, the mass decrease of cBN in a steam environment at high temperature has been reported. In this study, we investigated hydrothermal‐reaction‐assisted laser drilling of cBN in various environments. A single‐crystalline cBN grain, binder‐containing sintered cBN, and binderless sintered cBN were irradiated with an Ar ion laser in water and steam, and in gas atmospheres. The cBN reacted with water, and NH4+ or NH4+‐N and boric acid were produced. Hydrothermal‐reaction‐assisted machining was not effective for binder‐containing sintered cBN, but was effective for single‐crystalline cBN and binderless sintered cBN.
Microwave‐Assisted Polyol Process for Synthesis of Ni Nanoparticles
Authors: Li Dongsheng , Komarneni Sridhar
Published: May 2006

Ni nanoparticles of controlled size in the range 30–100 nm were synthesized with polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and dodecylamine (DDA) as protecting agents through a microwave‐assisted technique using ethylene glycol both as a reducing agent and a solvent. The morphology of Ni nanoparticles was controlled by the amount of DDA added in these systems. Particle size and size distribution were controlled by the concentration of metal source and the DDA to PVP ratio. The synthesized Ni nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy for particle size and morphology, and size distribution was calculated by Image JTM software. Experimental UV‐Vis spectra of Ni nanoparticles matched with the calculated spectrum based on Mie's theory. The microwave‐assisted polyol process was found to be faster than the conventional‐polyol process in Ni nanoparticle synthesis and the former technique is expected to be cost‐effective compared with the latter.
Extracellular heat shock protein 72 is a marker of the stress protein response in acute lung injury
Authors: Ganter Michael T. , Ware Lorraine B. , Howard Marybeth , Roux Jérémie , Gartland Brandi , Matthay Michael A. , Fleshner Monika , Pittet Jean-François
Published: May 2006

Previous studies have shown that heat shock protein 72 (Hsp72) is found in the extracellular space (eHsp72) and that eHsp72 has potent immunomodulatory effects. However, whether eHsp72 is present in the distal air spaces and whether eHsp72 could modulate removal of alveolar edema is unknown. The first objective was to determine whether Hsp72 is released within air spaces and whether Hsp72 levels in pulmonary edema fluid would correlate with the capacity of the alveolar epithelium to remove alveolar edema fluid in patients with ALI/ARDS. Patients with hydrostatic edema served as controls. The second objective was to determine whether activation of the stress protein response (SPR) caused the release of Hsp72 into the extracellular space in vivo and in vitro and to determine whether SPR activation and/or eHsp72 itself would prevent the IL-1β-mediated inhibition of the vectorial fluid transport across alveolar type II cells. We found that eHsp72 was present in plasma and pulmonary edema fluid of ALI patients and that eHsp72 was significantly higher in pulmonary edema fluid from patients with preserved alveolar epithelial fluid clearance. Furthermore, SPR activation in vivo in mice and in vitro in lung endothelial, epithelial, and macrophage cells caused intracellular expression and extracellular release of Hsp72. Finally, SPR activation, but not eHsp72 itself, prevented the decrease in alveolar epithelial ion transport induced by exposure to IL-1β. Thus SPR may protect the alveolar epithelium against oxidative stress associated with experimental ALI, and eHsp72 may serve as a marker of SPR activation in the distal air spaces of patients with ALI.
The Juristic Conception of the State
Authors: Willoughby W. W.
Published: May 2006

A society of human individuals viewed as a politically organized unit is termed a state. The state, which, in its various activities and forms of organization, furnishes the material for political science, may be regarded from a number of standpoints. It may be studied sociologically as one of the factors as well as one of the results of communal life; it may be examined historically for the purpose of ascertaining the part which it has played in the life of humanity, its varying phases of development being traced and their several causes and results determined; it may be considered as an entity, to the existence and activities of which are to be applied the ethical criteria which the moralist and philosopher establish; it may be psychologically surveyed in order to make plain the manifestations of will, emotion and judgment which support and characterize its life; it may be regarded from the purely practical standpoint to determine how it may be most efficiently organized and operated; and, finally, it may be envisaged and studied simply as an instrumentality for the creation and enforcement of law. It is with the state, as viewed in this last aspect, that analytical political philosophy is concerned.

The point of departure of the analytical jurist is that in all communities which have reached any degree of definite political organization, public affairs, whether domestic or international, are not carried on in a haphazard manner, without system or fixed principles, but are governed by bodies of rules logically related to one another and all depending, as deductive conclusions, upon certain assumptions regarding the juristic nature of the state, of its sovereignty, of its law, and of the relations which it bears towards other bodies politic as similarly viewed.
Simplified Procedure in Municipal Courts
Authors: Saby Rasmus S.
Published: May 2006

American democracy is not combating crime successfully. We are given the unenviable distinction of leading the civilized world in murder, robbery, burglary and other of the graver crimes against person and property. As a nation we have a disconcertingly high criminal ratio and in our large cities, where the opportunities and temptations for crime are greater, constantly recurring crime waves threaten our social organization.

The administration of justice is a state function. Police officers are technically state officials and justices of the peace, police and municipal courts are performing state functions, yet it nevertheless is true that the prevention, detection and treatment of crime and criminals are of special importance to city dwellers and under our decentralized administration of justice the city ought to feel its responsibility and be given the opportunity to deal with the problem in an intelligent manner.

It has been estimated that in Cleveland, Ohio, two-thirds of those who commit serious crimes are never arrested, and of the one-third arrested two-thirds are never convicted. The administration of criminal law has been declared a failure in Cleveland but few of our other large cities have any special reason for self-congratulation. Our criminal statistics in general are very unreliable and inadequate. The census bureau has been making an ambitious attempt at securing criminal statistics but has found it difficult and at times impossible to secure even the simplest data.
Centralization versus Decentralization
Authors: Lowrie S. Gale
Published: May 2006

Thirteen years ago, the American Political Science Association directed its attention to the changing relation between our national government and the states. One of the speakers discerned in the tendency toward aggrandizement of national power, manifestations of the principle that sovereignity, unprovided for in extant forms, seeks to embody itself in new forms. The signal incompetence of the states in dealing with economic questions, together with their mendicant attitude towards the national government, was seen as the cause of the transfer to national authority of control over currency supply, transportation rates and methods, and the seeming disposition to transfer control over all corporations. Other speakers called attention to the great increase of national power under the commerce clause and under the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution; and one, in a most thoughtful paper, openly challenged the federal system as established in this country, asserting that it showed disadvantages of increasing magnitude in comparison with a unitary system, and was out of harmony with the general environment of modern industrialism.
Constitutional Law in 1920–1921. II: The Constitutional Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States in the October Term, 1920
Authors: Corwin Edward S.
Published: May 2006

The “self-incrimination” clause of the Fifth Amendment was brought forward in five cases, in three of which it was attended by the “search and seizure” provisions of the Fourth Amendment. The most important of these cases was Gouled v. the United States, in which the court was asked to pass upon the admissibility in evidence, first, of a paper obtained surreptitiously by officers of the government from the office of the accused; and secondly, of papers, described to be of “evidential value only,” which were taken from the office of accused under a search warrant. The court, declaring that the constitutional provisions involved must receive “a liberal construction, so as to prevent stealthy encroachment upon ‥‥ the rights secured by them,” held that the government had no right to the possession of any of these papers nor to the use of them as evidence. At the same time, it was held that if the government had had the right to seize the papers in question, for instance, as so much contraband property, and had done so under a warrant sufficient in form, “then it would have been competent to use them to prove any crime against accused as to which they constituted relevant evidence.”
Political Science in the International Field
Authors: Potter Pitman B.
Published: May 2006

Political science, like all other branches of social science, has, in the past century, become increasingly inductive in method. Attempts to deduce conclusions regarding the details of political organization and practice by speculative thought concerning the nature of man, of liberty, of authority, of society, and so on, have now largely ceased. In their place we have efforts to collect as much data as possible concerning actual forms of state organization and governmental methods, and efforts to analyze that data and discover therein the main lines of causation and the fundamental principles of politics.

This is all a matter of common knowledge. It is, moreover, a change which most of us regard with approval. The reason for calling attention to it here, therefore, is principally to point out its effect upon the study of the international field by political scientists.

There are several consequences which flow from the placing of political science upon the basis of inductive method. The consequence of which we think most frequently is that of rendering our conclusions more certain and secure, and of reducing as much as possible the element of subjective personal judgment therein.
The Problem of Sovereignty
Authors: Korff Baron S. A.
Published: May 2006

One of the most difficult problems of modern political science is that of sovereignty. The commonly accepted theory contains many elements that seem to be in obvious contradiction to our ideals of democracy; some of them do not fit into the present-day conception of state and government, while others are plain remnants of feudalism and autocracy. One should keep in mind, however, that it is not only a purely theoretical problem closely associated with the general idea of the state, but that it is also an eminently practical one, as it necessarily involves the political question of limitations on the state's powers. Those limitations are of equal importance internally, in the relations between state and citizen, and externally, in the domain of international law.

As often happens in cases where political questions are involved, the theory of sovereignty has two extreme wings of proponents. On the one hand there are theorists who defend an all-powerful state and make of the idea of sovereignty the emblem and symbol of the all-powerful state authority. On the other hand, there have appeared recently many writers, who believe that dangers lurk in the views of the first-mentioned school and who are loath to admit that any power, state or personal, may be unlimited; they distrust the theory of sovereignty, because of its association with unlimited power; consequently, they deny the existence of sovereignty altogether, asserting that it has no place whatever in the modern theory of the state.
Democracy in Administration
Authors: Turner Jennie McMullin
Published: May 2006

When the late Dr. Charles McCarthy wrote The Wisconsin Idea he put into it a prediction and a warning which deserve our most thoughtful study in these days of increasing complexity of government. He saw several great dangers facing the commission plan of administration. It is one of these dangers with which we are concerned: “In spite of vigilance the stiffness and red tape of the bureau may eventually appear. …. While some commissions may grow sluggish, others may be inclined to be arrogant toward their masters—the people. There should be some means whereby commissions may be called before the legislature in the same manner in which members of the English cabinet are subjected to questioning or interpellation in the British Parliament.

“In the case of the proposed Interstate Trade Commission, supplementing the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, the members should be subject to recall by a majority vote of Congress. It is the belief of the author that sooner or later such a plan will be developed in addition to the program which has been laid down in Wisconsin. When all is said there is no sure cure in commissions.”
Pan-Turanism
Authors: Stoddard T. Lothrop
Published: May 2006

In practical politics the vital thing is not what men really are, but what they think they are. This simple truth, so often overlooked, is actually of tremendous import. It gives the key to many a riddle otherwise insoluble.

The European war is a striking case in point. That war is very generally regarded as being one of “race.” The idea certainly lends to the struggle much of its bitterness and uncompromising fury. And yet, from the genuine racial standpoint, it is nothing of the kind. Ethnologists have proved conclusively that, apart from certain palaeolithic survivals and a few historically recent Asiatic intruders, Europe is inhabited by only three stocks: (1) the blond, long-headed “Nordic” race, (2) the brown, round-headed “Alpine” race, (3) the brunet, long-headed “Mediterranean” race. These races are so dispersed and intermingled that every European nation is built on atleast two of these stocks, while most are compounded of all three. Strictly speaking, therefore, the present European war is not a race-war at all, but a domestic struggle between closely knit blood-relatives.
Obstacles to Municipal Progress
Authors: Hunt Henry T.
Published: May 2006

The strange divergence between what city dwellers know and what they do collectively, must bewilder even the student of politics. Common sense and public conduct still seem rather distant acquaintances. That haughty baron, municipal practice, even now often fails to recognize municipal science when they meet. Great public works continue to be located and constructed, costly and inconvenient systems of collection and distribution persist, almost as if city planning related to the moon. We know that smoke is both unnecessary and wasteful, but it continues to darken our days and corrode our lungs. We shut our eyes to fetid slums, bad housing, and over-crowding, but lavish millions on new hospitals, asylums, and prisons in which to store their obvious product. Axioms of administration, universally accepted, are applied everywhere except to cities. There the citizen generously permits partisan considerations to determine rewards and punishment for the municipal personnel, at the same time grumbling bitterly about inefficiency. Indeed the sacrifice of cities in general to the national parties is still the rule rather than the exception, in spite of all the preaching and the shouting. A thousand strange futilities and follies continue to irritate and puzzle us, a multitude of unnecessary evils to reduce our enjoyment of life.
The New Japanese Electoral Law
Authors: Quigley Harold S.
Published: May 2006

A new statute for the election of members of the House of Representatives was promulgated in Japan on May 5, 1925, and will be applicable in the next general election. It is Japan's fourth electoral law, the previous ones having been promulgated in 1889, 1900, and 1919, respectively. All three of the earlier laws based the suffrage upon a tax-paying qualification, the first requiring voters to pay fifteen yen in direct national taxes, the second reducing the required tax to a minimum of ten yen, the third decreasing it still further to three yen. The present law abolishes the tax-paying qualification and provides that all males twenty-five years of age and over, who are not otherwise disqualified, and who do not receive “public or private relief or help for a living, on account of poverty,” shall be entitled to exercise the suffrage. In addition to paupers and vagabonds, there continue to be excluded from the franchise active members of the army and navy, certain classes of civilian officials, women, and the heads of noble houses. Priests, religious teachers, primary school teachers, government contractors, and certain classes of students hitherto unenfranchised now gain the suffrage and may become candidates for election. Under the law of 1889 the franchise was exercisable by 450,000 men, and under that of 1900 by 983,000; the act of 1919 increased the electorate to 2,860,000; while the present law raises it to an estimated total of 12,000,000.
The Report of the Steiwer Committee
Authors: Pollock James K.
Published: May 2006

The special Senate committee investigating presidential campaign expenditures presented its report on February 28, 1929. The report contains five pages of explanatory material and recommendations, and twenty-five pages of tabulations. The recommendations are not very sweeping, but they strike at four existing defects in our present federal corrupt practices act, namely, the failure to regulate the conduct of conventions and primary elections for the nomination of presidential candidates, to extend the law to political groups operating in individual states, to require careful and accurate itemization of every party expenditure, and to regulate the borrowing of money by political committees. The committee does not argue the constitutional points involved in its first two recommendations, and it does not reach the real problem involved in party deficits with its fourth recommendation. It leaves many vital problems to future committees.

The information collected by the committee, by means of hearings and correspondence principally, has been set forth in fourteen tables. There is much useful material in these tables, and several angles of the problem of party finance are clearly brought out by the figures. But there are some serious errors, especially in the tabulation of totals. Tables IV and V dealing with the national committee accounts are inaccurate and misleading. The proof of this statement is as follows. The accounts filed by the two national committees, both with the clerk of the House (according to law) and with the Steiwer committee, show that the Republican national committee received for its own purposes the sum of $3,814,000. On page 8 of the report we find the figure $5,715,000.
Selection and Tenure of Bureau Chiefs in the National Administration of the United States II
Authors: Macmahon Arthur W.
Published: May 2006

The Public Health Service, the Coast Guard, and (under very recent legislation) the Coast and Geodetic Survey constitute a special group of bureaus, distinguished by the fact that their heads are selected as a matter of rule from groups of higher subordinates who are originally admitted by non-competitive examinations and advanced under the closed systems of commissioned personnel peculiar to these services.

In the case of the surgeon general of the Public Health Service, the statutes say merely that he shall be appointed by the President with the consent of the Senate. A regulation of the service, however, provides that the surgeon general shall be selected from the commissioned medical officers above the rank of “passed assistant surgeon”—next to the lowest grade. The President presumably could override this regulation, and indeed an opinion of the Attorney General has indicated that his choice is not confined to the list of commissioned officers by any law relating to the service. In fact, however, the principle has been observed in the selection of the four surgeons general appointed since 1879. This system of selecting the heads of the service guarantees training and acquaintance with its problems, but—especially in view of the flexible type of assignments so characteristic of the Public Health Service and so useful in freshening a permanent personnel—the options open to the President and the Secretary of the Treasury are numerous enough to leave room for the possibility of a sort of administrative politics.
The Chief Whip in the British Parliament
Authors: Gladstone Viscount
Published: May 2006

The post of Chief Whip is characteristically English. It is an undefined offshoot of the constitution. It is not mentioned in Sir Erskine May's “Parliamentary Practice.” It has a sporting origin—“whipper-in of foxhounds.”

Formerly, when a division was taken in the House of Commons, members on one side remained and were counted in the House. The other side went into the lobby and were counted on their return into the House. But in 1836 the present system was adopted. Members divide into Aye and No lobbies and are counted by tellers. These tellers were, and are, appointed by the Speaker, from men identified with each side of the question at issue.

Obviously, the Government of the day was primarily concerned in the result of divisions on critical or important occasions. Before going to a division it was essential to know as accurately as possible what was the general sense of their supporters. The flock had to be herded in the fullest strength possible.
European Dictatorships
Authors: Spencer Henry R.
Published: May 2006

The American viewing present-day European governments is more than ordinarily perplexed. He knew that states, great and small, had adopted nineteenth-century constitutions in conscious imitation of free British parliamentary self-government. The four ancient governmental systems associated with the names Romanoff, Hapsburg, Hohenzollern, and Othman, which were based on autocracy, with or without a claim of divine sanction, with or without a record of efficient service—these he had seen the Great War bring down to cataclysmic ruin. Perhaps he had thought of that war as democracy's righteous, forceful defense of itself against the aggression of imperialism. He had seen, if not shared, high hopes of a reconstruction, wherein free states should cooperate in a league of peace, and rival each other only peacefully, in perfecting democratic constitutions and the mechanisms of individual liberty and social order.
The Soviet System of Federalism
Authors: Gronski Paul P.
Published: May 2006

The system of soviet federation established by the constitution of 1923 represents a peculiar inversion of the federative idea. The framers of this instrument of government were faced with the solution of a problem of a complex and conflicting nature. The creators of the new Russian government, the leaders of the Communist party, desired to secure, on the one hand, the establishment of the rule of the proletariat; they hoped to build up a government that should develop into “a complete unity of workingmen of various nations” in “one centralized democratic republic.” On the other hand, the former Russian Empire had been made up of numerous nationalities. These distinct nationalities remained under the new Soviet régime and were insistent in their claims to self-government. The creators of the Soviet constitution were, therefore, confronted with the reconciliation of the principle of the rule of the proletariat with the principle of the freedom and self-determination of nationalities. In terms of governmental structure, they attempted to fit together these two incompatible political ideas: the practice of absolutism with the idea of federalism. The bolshevist oligarchs, rabid adepts of centralization, were obliged to acknowledge the rights of the nationalities to a certain amount of independence within the soviet state. The resulting system of soviet federation was written into the constitution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), which was approved by the Central Executive Committee of the Union on July 3, 1923, and which was ratified by the Second Congress of Soviets in January of the next year.
Constitutional Law in 1918–1919. II: The Constitutional Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States in the October Term, 1918
Authors: Powell Thomas Reed
Published: May 2006

Several of the cases already considered under the commerce clause involved further questions under the Fourteenth Amendment. Georgia's misuse of the mileage ratio in applying the unit rule to the taxation of wandering cars was found so arbitrary as to violate the requirement of due process. The minority insisted that “the case presents no question of taxing a foreign corporation with respect to personal property that never has come within the borders of the state.” This was not specifically denied by the majority who seem to base their decision on excessive valuation of property within the jurisdiction rather than on taxation of property outside the jurisdiction. Yet in substance the case is one of taxing extra-state values though not extra-state tangible objects.

Missouri's excessive fee for certificates authorizing the issue of bonds secured by railroad property within the state, which was held an unconstitutional regulation of interstate commerce, was alleged by complainant to be a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment as well. The opinion of the court did not pass on the due-process question, but the cases cited under the commerce clause relied also on the Fourteenth Amendment.
Second Session of the Seventy-first Congress, December 2, 1929, to July 3, 1930; Special Session of the Senate, July 7–21
Authors: Macmahon Arthur W.
Published: May 2006

Membership. Even in seasons when politics are pointing toward congressional elections of unusual interest, the filling of vacancies in the House attracts little attention. Political perspectives are almost unavoidably narrowed by the reaction of presidential government; localism confuses general tendencies; and the prevalence of one-party areas further conceals trends which can be read only by a close scrutiny of relative returns. It is not that the opportunity for by-elections is lacking. In the course of the session under consideration, twenty-three seats in the House were vacated, five by resignation and eighteen by death. The resulting replacements brought the Democrats a net gain of one; for, though losing their sole foothold in Pennsylvania, they won in the third district in Kentucky and the second district in Massachusetts. In the latter, never previously represented by a Democrat, the victory of W. J. Granfield in the special election on February 11,1930, was widely noted and deemed significant by many, although it was not clear whether it indicated a desire for drink or a dread of depression.

The Senate came to grips at last with the long-delayed problem of the Pennsylvania senatorship. In accordance with an understanding reached in the special session, Senator Norris's resolution (S. Res. 111) to deny William S. Vare a seat in the Senate came up on December 3. Debate closed on December 6, when the resolution was adopted by a vote of 58 (25 Republicans, 32 Democrats, 1 Farmer Labor) to 22 (all Republicans).