bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measuring the Effect of Structural Change on Long-Term Public Expenditure Growth: the United States, 1929 to 1981
Authors: Tussing A. Dale , Henning John A.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a methodology for analyzing public expenditure growth to test for structural change. It subjects a version of Peacock and Wiseman's displacement hypothesis to a test based on the idea that the hypothesis involves a structural break. The method is based on a conventional model of the determination of government expenditures as applied to the United States for the period 1929 to 1981. First, the authors fit the equation for 1929 to 1981 (the entire period), for 1929 to 1945 (the early period), and for 1946 to 1981 (the later period). Second, they employ a test of structural stability between the early and later periods. Because this test is signifi cant, the authors then re-estimate the model for the entire period using an intercept shift dummy and coefficient shift dummies, one for each independent variable, for the later period Because the result is ambiguous, the authors take the fourth step and use the early period regression model to first forecast later period values of the dependent variable and then regress the actual values on those forecasted. The results of this exercise point unambiguously to net downward displacement. The authors also use the later period regression to forecast (or "backcast") early period values and again regress actual values on the forecasted ones. This analysis provides no evidence of either upward or downward displacement. They conclude that if a structural break did occur at the time of World War II, it took a form inconsistent with the displacement hypothesis of Peacock and Wiseman.
A Brief Empirical Note on the Impact of Budget Deficits on the Real Municipal Bond Rate
Authors: Cebula Richard J.
Published: March 2007

This article empirically investigates the impact of the federal budget deficit on the real interest-rate yield on high-grade, long-term municipal bonds. The model uses quarterly data and covers the period 1971:4 through 1985:4. Estimating in first-difference form by instrumental variables, it is found that the federal budget deficit does, in fact, elevate the real municipal bond rate. This finding implies at least some degree of crowding out of the state and local government sectors.
The Revenue Potential of User Charges in Municipal Finance
Authors: Downing Paul B.
Published: March 2007

This article explores the revenue potential of user charges in financing municipal governments in the next decade. Noting that some municipalities charge fees that cover a large percentage of costs, it is reasoned that others could do likewise. This approach suggests a potential for increases in user charges of up to 400% for some services. An alternative approach based on an analysis of marginal costs and externalities suggests that overall revenue increases potentially available from user charges are quite substantial. User charge reliance could increase from the current level of .259 to as much as .848. This is not a prediction that user charges will become this important in municipal finance. However, the analysis does suggest that the past trend toward user charge finance has substantial room to continue.
Federal Income Tax and Its Effects On Inter- and Intracity Resource Allocation
Authors: Hochman Oded , Pines David
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the distortive effect of the federal income tax on the efficiency of resource allocation within and between cities. This distortion shifts production to the smaller and less productive cities from the larger and more productive cities. To eliminate these distortive effects, a city-size deduction should be applied. The underlying assumption is that cities differ from one another in labor productivity Consequently, in equilibrium, the size, the nominal income, and the price of housing vary across cities. When a uniform income tax rate is used for financing federal expenditure, the shadow price of housing exceeds the market price in the larger cities, indicating that the stock of housing is too small and the per-capita housing consumption is too large. The opposite is true in small cities, where also, if housing and the LPG (local public good) are net substitutes, the provision of the LPG is excessive. The article also discusses the effects of federal corporate profit taxes, which are shown to discourage the supply of the LPG, and shows that a net land rent tax is not always a feasible tax instrument capable of raising the predetermined tax revenue.
Transferable Rate Entitlements: the Overlooked Opportunity in Municipal Water Pricing
Authors: Collinge Robert A.
Published: March 2007

Entitlements to marketable water rate options (coupons) have been shown capable of addressing the issue of equity in water pricing, thus allowing efficient marginal cost pricing. This article proposes a "behind the scenes" variation that eliminates learning or transaction costs on the part of the consumer. The article proceeds to explore possibilities to adjust water rates so as to enhance revenues along with efficiency while using the companion instrument of transferable rate entitlements to address equity concerns. This combination opens up possibilities for privatization or deregulation of municipal water utilities.
Local Taxes, Public Services, and the Intrametropolitan Location of Firms and Households
Authors: Luce Thomas F.
Published: March 2007

This work examines the effects of local public sector tax and spending decisions on the intrametropolitan location of jobs and workers. Municipality-level data for the entire Philadelphia metropolitan area are used to estimate a two equation partial adjustment model of firm and household location. Effective local property and income tax rates and spending data for three (exhaustive) service categories are included. The model is estimated for total employment and six sectors The findings imply that employment location is more sensitive to local government activities than is household location. Firms m most sectors react to both tax and spending policies. The effects on employment of local tax increases can be partially offset if the higher taxes supplement particular types of spending. However, differences across sectors imply that the net effect on total employment will be negative except in very special circumstances. Household behavior, on the other hand, is affected only by school spending. The findings also imply that models based on highly aggregated measures of employment or economic activity understate the speed of adjustment of the system, resulting in overstated estimates of long-run tax and spending effects.
Taxation and Corporate Investment in Physical and Knowledge Capital: Tests of Perfect Competition Versus Market Power
Authors: Rajagopal Dagmar , Shah Anwar
Published: March 2007

This article specifies an intertemporal model of firm behavior consistent with rational expectations, assuming either perfect competition or market power. Non-nested hypothesis tests were used to test the two versions of this model against each other. The test results do not support perfectly competitive industries and instead suggest that firms in these industries exerted some market power. The effects of tax allowances for physical and research and development (R&D) capital on the firms' decisions were computed. From the public sector's point of view, neither of these tax incentives was cost-effective for Turkey's chemical industries during the sample period. Their costs to the treasury in terms of foregone revenues were higher than the investment stimulated by these measures. For Turkey's petroleum derivatives industry, the benefits of the tax allowance for physical investment (increased physical investment) exceeded its costs (foregone tax revenue). The tax allowance for R&D investment, however, was not cost-effective for the petroleum derivatives industry either.
Molecular Dynamics At a Constant pH
Authors: Mertz John E. , Pettitt B. Montgomery
Published: March 2007

The dynamic equilibrium that exists in a chemically reacting system can be simulated using classical me chanics if the appropriate statistical mechanical ensem ble is chosen. This paper describes a general method that makes it possible to simulate this equilibrium in a simple chemical reaction through the use of a recently developed grand canonical molecular dynamics method. After a brief description of the method, an example calculation is performed that simulates the acid-base equilibrium between acetic acid and water. The computational demands of this application are discussed along with a description of a new MPP algo rithmic approach to this application.
A General Approach for Representing Constructs in Organizational Research
Authors: Bagozzi Richard P. , Edwards Jeffrey R.
Published: March 2007

A key assumption underlying methods of construct validation is that constructs and their indicators are represented at the appropriate depth (i.e., the specificity versus generality of constructs and their indicators). This article presents a framework that depicts constructs and indicators at various depths and provides guidelines for choosing from among these depths. The framework is then integrated with methods of construct validation based on the confirmatory factor analysis of multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) matrices. The authors apply these methods to the measurement of work values, using the Work Aspect Preference Scale (WAPS). Results show that the WAPS performs better when used to represent relatively specific work values as opposed to more global, general values. Further analyses supported the generalizability of the WAPS factor structure for men and women, although gender differences were found on structured means for several latent value dimensions.
In Top-Down Decisions, Weighting Variables does Not Matter: A Consequence of Wilks' Theorem
Authors: Ree Malcolm James , Carretta Thomas R. , Earles James A.
Published: March 2007

It is often appropriate to weight variables to form a composite for making decisions. Examples include selection systems, organizational performance criteria, test items, and decision modeling. Frequently, criterion-based regression-weighting is employed, but a sizable literature argues for unit or simple weighting. Wainer demonstrated small loss from equal weights compared to regression weights. Usually, weights are of little importance for rank ordering, echoing Wainer's "it don't make no nevermind." Wilks proved a general theorem, that under common circumstances, almost all weighted composites of a set of variables are highly correlated. That is, if a single set of variables is weighted two different ways to form two composites, the expected correlation for the two composites is very high. The authors demonstrate the effect of Wilks' theorem through illustrative examples. Implications of Wilks' theorem are discussed. When top-down decisions are made, weighting variables does not matter because the rank ordering remains almost constant.
Mood versus Service Quality Effects on Customers’ Responses to Service Organizations and Service Encounters
Authors: Knowles Patricia A. , Grove Stephen J. , Pickett Gregory M.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the impact of customers’ moods (positive or negative) and various conditions of service excellence (positive, neutral, negative, or mixed) on recall, evaluation, and behavioral intentions regarding a service provider. Results indicate that mood plays a less significant role than the nature of the service encounter itself when it comes to individuals’cognitive, affective, and conative responses. Furthermore, it appears that encounters containing positive aspects have the potential to overcome a negative mood state that customers may bring to a service interaction. A number of managerial implications are also noted. These include recommendations that services managers (a) pay close attention to service quality; (b) realize that performing well on some dimensions of the service encounter may overcome poor performance on others; (c) work to create more neutral rather than positive mood-evoking conditions in their customers; and (d) actively promote the positive aspects of service encounters to their customers.
Ventriloquizing the Male
Authors: WALLACE DIANA
Published: March 2007

May Sinclair's novel The Divine Fire and Edith Wharton's novels Hudson River Bracketed and The Gods Arrive represent rare female-authored “portraits” of a young male writer's development. Breaking the cultural taboo against women “constructing” men, Sinclair's and Wharton's implementation of the narrative technique of “cross-writing” or “transvestite ventriloquism” exposes masculinity as a performative and contingent act of self-fashioning. Each novel moreover juxtaposes the male writer's development with a consideration of how traditional notions of a supermoral male “genius” are realized at the existential expense of women, revealing the position of muse as particularly insidious and detrimental. Rather than reiterating in their plot trajectories the domophobic flight from the sphere of the feminine/domestic that characterizes the male-authored künstlerroman, Sinclair and Wharton delineate a new model of male artistic development by promoting an integration of the man/genius split through the development of a loving relationship with a woman.
“Men Don't Do This Sort of Thing”
Authors: SMITH CALVIN D.
Published: March 2007

Prior research has found that househusbands suffer alienation and ostracism from a variety of sources. Based on in-depth interviews with eleven househusbands, this article builds on such research by outlining and analyzing some of the mechanisms of this alienation and some of the adaptations these men made to deal with these experiences. Of particular interest are the problems the men report having with being seen by others as legitimately involved in child care and (to a lesser extent) housework. These data strongly support the idea that the men's sex category overrides other positionings that may be relevant, such as “competent housekeeper” or “full-time househusband and child carer.” Put differently, hegemonic conceptions of who ought to be minding the children and the house subvert or thwart these men's attempts to validate themselves and these practices. The consequences are a feeling of illegitimacy on one hand and social isolation on the other.
“Building Better Men”
Authors: SUZIK JEFFREY RYAN
Published: March 2007

In its nine-year existence, the Civilian Conservation Corps employed over 2.9 million young, unmarried men on a variety of conservation projects. Along with providing relief, the CCC, its supporters claimed, could literally “re-build” America's young working-class men, who many thought had become demoralized—emasculated, even—by the effects of the Great Depression. Through a program consisting of heavy manual labor, vocational and technological training, civic and political education, and an intensely homosocial living and working environment, the CCC sought to produce an economically independent, responsible, and above all, “manly” male working class. This paper examines the changing image of manliness publicized by the CCC, highlighting the shift from the athletic manual laborer of the early 1930s to the highly trained citizen-soldier of the immediate pre-World War II period. It then links this changing ideal of manhood to larger socio-economic, political, and cultural changes influencing American society in the inter-war period.
How To Ensure Good Thermal Performance of Cellulose Fiber Insulation. Part Ii. Exterior Walls
Authors: Bomberg M. , Solvason K.R.
Published: March 2007

The achievement of good thermal performance of cellulose fibre insulation applied in exterior walls is discussed.
Laboratory Methods for Determining Moisture Absorption of Thermal Insulations
Authors: Bomberg M. , Dillon R.F.
Published: March 2007

A new test method for water absorption proposed for inclusion in the ASTM Book of Standards has been subjected to test series by seven laboratories using four rigid thermal insulating materials. This note presents a statistical analysis and addresses general questions concerning evaluation of the test method uncertainties.
Weatherization of Residences: Criteria for Thermal Insulation
Authors: Rossiter Walter J. , Mathey Robert G.
Published: March 2007

The Department of Energy (DoE) requested the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) to review and update criteria for materials and products to be included in the DoE Weatherization Assistance Program. This program was established by Congressional legislation in 1976 and was directed toward providing financial assistance to low-income individuals for retrofitting residences to conserve energy. In most cases, only energy-saving materials and products for which standards and specifications are available are to be included in the Program. In late 1983, DoE proposed rule changes to the Program which made it necessary to update existing criteria and establish, as appropriate, new criteria.

Criteria were developed for retrofit materials and products included in the DoE Weatherization Assistance Program. These materials and products were thermal insulation, storm windows and doors, replacement windows and doors, caulks and sealants, weatherstripping, vapor retarders, clock ther mostats, and replacement glazing. The criteria were based on a consideration of factors such as thermal performance, fire safety, durability, quality, confor mance to building codes, use, and ease of installation.

This paper presents the criteria for thermal insulations developed in the study. The criteria are based on conformance to existing specifications and standards. Fire safety requirements for thermal insulations are recommended with regard to the use and locations where they are installed.
A Flat Insulation Tester that Uses an Unguarded Nichrome Screen Wire Heater
Authors: Mcelroy D.L. , Graves R.S. , Yarbrough D.W. , Moore J.P.
Published: March 2007

An unguarded, unidirectional heat flow technique is described for measuring the apparent thermal conductivity (λ a) of insulating materials in the range 300 to 330°K. Vertical heat flow is generated by a 0.9 m by 1.5 m electrically heated nichrome screen that is instrumented and sandwiched between two test speci mens. The test specimens are bounded by two temperature-controlled copper plates. The system has been used to measure λ a of fiberglass batts and obtain data that show the effects of density, temperature, temperature difference, thickness, plate emittance, and heat flow direction on λ a. A determinate error analysis indicates a λ a measurement uncertainty of ±1.7%. The system repeat ability and reproducibility were found to be ±0.2%. The measured performance of the tester agrees with that predicted by a thermal model. Analysis of the transient characteristics of the screen when it is subjected to a step change in power suggests that the apparatus can be used to determine apparent thermal diffusivity.
Heat Transport through Fibrous Insulation Materials
Authors: Kumaran M.K. , Stephenson D.G.
Published: March 2007

It is shown that heat flux through fibrous insulation materials can be represented by a set of three material constants over a wide range of temperature of practical in terest. These constants can be determined from standard guarded-hot-plate appara tus measurements.
Advanced Evacuated Thermal Insulations: The State of the Art
Authors: Fine H. Alan
Published: March 2007

Thermal insulation with thermal resistivities of at least 20 (h ft 2 F/ Btu in.) have been shown to have the potential for significant energy conservation if employed in residential and commercial refrigerator/freezers Many materials and systems have been proposed which may be incorporated into refrigerator/freezers to achieve this potential.

The current state of the art for advanced evacuated insulations which may achieve resistivities of 20 was established by reviewing data on many materials available in the open literature on the dependence of the thermal performance on internal pressure. The costs for the powdered, fiber, foam and multilayer materials were then obtained from the manufacturer of the products Possible candidate materials for m- clusion into refrigerator/freezers are described and ranked based upon their thermal properties and costs.

Several materials were found that may be used to make super-insulation panels with material costs of less than $1.00 per board foot, if a plastic laminate is used for the container required to maintain the necessary vacuum. Materials falling in this category included. Beverly silica dust, open-cell polyurethane foam, fine perlite, 2.7 lb/ft3 fiberglass and 3.6 lb/ft3 fiberglass opacified with vapor-deposited alu minum, precipitated silica, and mixtures of precipitated silica and fly ash. Mate rial costs approaching $3.00 per board foot will result if metallic contamment is required.
Natural Convection in Light Fibrous Insulating Materials with Permeable Interfaces: Onset Criteria and Its Effect on the Thermal Performances of the Product
Authors: Silberstein Anne , Langlais Catherine , Arquis Eric
Published: March 2007

This paper represents a synthesis of results, both experimental and theoretical, that were obtained from a study of natural convection in fibrous insulat ing materials presenting a permeable interface to the adjacent fluid layer(s)
A Pressure-Volume Apparatus to Measure the Effective Thickness of Cellular Plastic Test Specimens
Authors: Normandin Nicole , Kumaran M.K.
Published: March 2007

Thin specimens of cellular plastic insulations are used in thermal re sistance and gas diffusion property measurements. It is known that several cells on the surfaces of the test specimens are destroyed during specimen preparation. Hence the effective thickness of the test specimen differs from the geometrical thickness and proper corrections are to be made for the thickness of the destroyed surface layers before other properties are calculated.
The Relationship between Energy Cost and Conservation Measures, Building Design and Insulation Levels
Authors: Kashiwagi Dean T. , Moor William C.
Published: March 2007

Energy conservation is a high priority for facility managers. Although many studies have been completed on thermal drift, aged k factor values, and the impact of properties of thermal insulations, such as physical characteristics of materials on insulation effectiveness, facility managers are still left without a proper tool to quantify the factors affecting the energy consumption of their facilities. The objective of this article is to introduce two models that can help the facility manager select energy conservation alternatives. The first model is a heat/loss gain model that compares the effects of building configuration and environmental conditions. The second model is the economic analysis model, which provides energy savings and the equivalent uniform annual cost (EUAC) of roofing systems. It can compare two new alternatives or a new system against an existing system. Both models will be incor porated into an artificial intelligent system that will select roofing systems based on a combination of performance data and EUAC. This article examines the contribu tion of roof insulation, wall insulation, the color of roofs, building configuration, and different climates. It also analyzes the sensitivity of energy costs, R-values, thick nesses of insulation, installation costs, and overall roof structure design on the EUAC of the insulating system.
Introduction to the Third International Workshop on Long-Term Thermal Performance of Cellular Plastic Insulation
Authors: Bomberg Mark , Kumaran Kumar
Published: March 2007

Methodology for the evaluation of long-term thermal performance of cellular plastics is being developed under a collaboration of North American foam industry with the National Research Council of Canada. The mechanism of this col laboration includes a joint research project between the Society of Plastics Industry and the NRC Canada.

To evaluate long-term thermal performance (LTTP) of cellular plastics the aging process must be accelerated. This can be done either by means of elevated tempera ture or by the use of thin layers of the foam. The first approach changes the permeability and solubility coefficients of different gases to such a degree that pre dicting the foam performance under field conditions is difficult.

Only the thin layer approach is used in the SPI/NRC project, though the relation between aging of thin layers and that of full board is treated differently, depending on the foam uniformity. When unfaced foam is homogenous enough to permit a sim ple arithmetic operation, known as the scaling technique, this relation can be used to calculate foam aging for layers with different thicknesses. When, however, the cel lular structures of skin and core layers differ significantly, or the foam is provided with impermeable facers, then the scaling technique is not appropriate and the aging models (models of heat and mass transfer) must be used

There is, however, a number of material characteristics needed as the input to these models, and the manner in which these material characteristics are generated decides upon the scope of application of this methodology. Therefore, much of this research relates to the methods of material characterization.

This presentation outlines the main elements of methodology developed under the SPI/NRC project and highlights future research needs.
Human Error and Structural Practice
Authors: Allen David E.
Published: March 2007

Following the ideas of De Bono on how the human mind works, this paper discusses how mistakes are made and how mistakes are found, and applies these ideas to structural engineering practice and failure experience.
A Case of Cladding Problems Highlights the Need for a Holistic Approach to the Facility Design
Authors: Lstiburek Joseph William
Published: March 2007

The building envelope design of a computer center facility requires a specialized knowledge because of the specific requirements for pressurization and humidification of the indoor space. A computer center facility, coded in this report as a CC facility, was located in a cold climate. It experienced a cladding failure related to inappropriate design of the building envelope.

The indoor air coming in contact with the cladding material produced condensed moisture on the back side of the granite panels. The condensed moisture ran down and accumulated in the "trough" as well as in "gutters" installed to collect condensate. With insufficient drainage, the condensed water overflowed to the interior and caused significant damage to interior surfaces. Furthermore, repeated freeze/thaw cycles cre ated expansion forces which created outward displacement of the granite panels and a hazard of the failure of the granite cladding. The author conducted an investigation which identified specific problem areas, recommended remedial measures concerning problems relating to condensation, corrosion, mold, and other moisture problems at the CC facility.

This paper is written in two parts, one reporting the field study and the other dis cussing the failure mechanisms in context of a broader overview of building science principles.
The Effective Diffusivity of Cyclopentane and n-Pentane in PU and PUIR Foams by Thin-Slice Gravimetric Analysis
Authors: Booth J. Richard , Bhattacharjee Deb
Published: March 2007

Monitoring thermal conductivity changes in thin-sliced cellular plastics has drastically reduced the time required to evaluate the long-term aging of insulating foams. Monitoring the weight changes of closed-cell thin-slices provides data which can be analyzed to determine the effective diffusivity of atmospheric and blowing agent gas components. The effective diffusivity of atmospheric gases are about two orders of magnitude larger than that of permanent insulating blowing agents. This large difference in effective diffusivity allows each gas to be determined independently.

Specimens of polyurethane (PU) and polyurethane modified polyisocyanurate (PUIR) foam were prepared using cyclopentane or n-pentane in the PUIR foams.
Effect of Latent Heat Phenomena on Thermal Insulation and Inside Climate of Greenhouses
Authors: Pieters Jan , Deltour Jules
Published: March 2007

By means of a dynamic greenhouse climate model, it was shown that condensation highly alters the thermal insulation properties (from +25% to -17%) of greenhouse cladding materials, depending on the far-infrared radiation transmittance of the dry material. Neglect of condensation and evaporation gave rise to an overestimation of the yearly mean inside air relative humidity of about 10% for most materials and to overestimates or underestimates of the vegetation temperature, according to the cladding's far-infrared radiation transmittance. The relative contri bution of condensation to the nighttime water vapor removal from the inside air was found to range from 79 to 89%.
The Effect of Diffuser's Location on Thermal Comfort Analysis with Different Air Distribution Strategies
Authors: Kuo Jen-Yu , Chung Kee-Chiang
Published: March 2007

The evaluation of various ventilation strategies for optimal ther mal comfort design in terms of predicted mean vote index was investigated. The major parameter is the inlet/outlet diffuser's locations in the occupied region. The location effects of the inlet and outlet diffusers at the ceiling/walls on thermal com fort were examined every 0 4 meter. Eight different air distribution systems includ ing single inlet-single outlet and single inlet-double outlets arrangements were studied in an indoor environment. Also, an experimental validation was conducted. The comparison results between prediction and test are quite good.
Moisture Management of EIFS Walls— Part 1: The Basis for Evaluation
Authors: Bomberg Mark , Kumaran Kumar , Day Kevin
Published: March 2007

The Canadian approach to design accepts the presence of some con struction deficiencies and calls for a multiple-line of defense Until now, such a design has been based on the qualitative assessments rooted in experience, i.e., tradition, and involved little integration with the newly emerging analytical tools, e.g., advanced hygrothermal models. The relation between the design and climatic conditions acting on a building is not well established. Research should be undertaken to clarify the rela tionship between climate and the moisture performance of a given wall assembly, i.e., to enhance the predictability of moisture performance for different wall assemblies when constructed with some deficiencies and exposed to a given climate.

To improve the correlation between climatic conditions and design practice, mois ture management of a building envelope must involve the flow-through principles. The flow-through approach is, however, much more difficult than the currently used approach with barriers. The flow-through approach requires performing computer calculations of moisture balance of all layers of the wall with regard to heat, air and moisture transport over an entire year. This is the critical element of the integrated moisture management strategy.

Four papers are being written to facilitate the use of analytical tools into EIFS wall
Racial/Ethnic and Gender Bias in the Courts: A Stakeholder-Focused Evaluation
Authors: Gill Stephen J. , Zimmerman Nancy R.
Published: March 2007

Articles should deal with topics applicable to the broadfield of program evaluation. Implications for practicing evaluators should be clearly identified. Examples of contributions include but are not limited to reviews of new developments in evaluation and descriptions of a current evaluation effort, research problem, or technique. Manuscripts should include appropriate references and not exceed 10 double-spaced typewritten pages in length.
Individualization of Objectives: A Model of Educational Program Evaluation
Authors: Lam Tony C.M.
Published: March 2007

Articles should deal with topics applicable to the broad field of evaluation. Implications for practicing evaluators should be clearly identified. Examples of contributions include, but are not limited to, reviews of new developments in evaluation, and descriptions of current evaluation efforts, research problems, or techniques. Manuscripts should include appropriate references and not exceed 10 double-spaced typewritten pages.
End of an Era: Closing the U.S. General Accounting Office's Program Evaluation and Methodology Division
Authors: Grasso Patrick G.
Published: March 2007

Now and then, watershed events occur that seem certain to have a dramatic effect on the future of evaluation. Such events may be the introduction of new evaluation theory or methodology, political events destined to affect the future course of evaluation, or actions of professional associations of evaluators or closely related personnel. Defining Moments is reserved for brief reports of these events. The length of items submitted to this section should be kept to the minimum essential.
Ethical Considerations in Community Policing and Problem Solving
Authors: Peak Kenneth J. , Stitt B. Grant , Glensor Ronald W.
Published: March 2007

Although the literature concerning community-oriented policing and prob lem solving (COPPS) is rapidly growing, very little has been written con cerning its relationship with ethics—a relationship that is critical to the success of COPPS. Many academics and practitioners are concerned that the potential for ethical dilemmas is increased with the shift to COPPS, given the nature of ethics training, decentralization, expanded discretion ary authority and officers' greater proximity to citizens. This article dis cusses ethics in general as well as police ethics and ethical considerations under COPPS. In addition to academics and police practitioners, this in formation should also be useful to citizens, who demand and expect ethi cal behavior from their police. Included are four case studies of situations that are likely to occur within a COPPS framework; each scenano is ac companied by an ethical analysis of the situation.
Ethical Aspects of Genetic Testing
Authors: Carter Michele A.
Published: March 2007

This article explores ethical concerns and emerging dilemmas associated with the proliferation of information resulting fromthe extraordinary advances in molecular genetics. It provides an overviewof the ethical and legal challenges associated with predictive testing for inherited disease currently being addressed in the literature. Finally, it offers a framework of ethical principles that can be used to guide nurses and other practitioners in the appropriate application of research findings to the clinical practice setting. The ethical guidelines of self-determination, benefit-burden ratio, and justice promulgated in The Belmont Report are interpreted in the new context of predictive genetic testing. The author concludes by discussing how to balance the technical imperative to advance genetic knowledge for the sake of human health with the ethical imperative to preserve the fundamental rights and liberties of both individuals and communities who are its recipients.
The Rains Wept Time in the Badlands
Authors: Sheridan Joe
Published: March 2007

Plains horse culture began after horses returned from their Asian, Ice Age diaspora with the Ponce De Leon expedition. Despite significant traditions of movement in making environmental knowledge, environmental studies overvalue settlement and its habituations. The gentrification of ecological knowledge disrupts continuity between cultures of movement while invalidating First Peoples' nomadic, ancestral wisdom and the traditions of tramps and contemporary heirs of elemental belonging. This hierarchical division exalts sedentary practice over nomadic life and thereby fulfills environmental studies' Neolithic imperative against the Paleolithic heritage it should rightfully represent.
Model Homes for Model(led) Citizens
Authors: Keohane Kieran
Published: March 2007

The construction of identity and the cultivation of model citizens are explored in the context of a model housing project for the working classes in 19th-century Cork, Ireland. Historical and contemporary ethnographic analysis reveals the deployment of disciplinary technologies to demarcate the respectable working classes from the unruly mob. Power as subjectification is manifest in the anticipatory socialization and self-presentation of prospective tenants to the normalizing gaze of the community and in the performances of good citizenship by past and present residents. Evasions, resistances, and neurotic responses to the civilizing process are also examined.
An Exploratory Study of the Effects of Gender on Student Learning and Class Participation in an Internet-Based MBA Course
Authors: Arbaugh J. B.
Published: March 2007

Internet-based instruction is gaining acceptance as an alternative to the traditional classroom setting. However, since it is a relatively new means of communicating knowledge, research on its effectiveness is still in its infancy. This means that questions that have been thoroughly studied for traditional classrooms may need to be revisited for internet-based courses. One question is: Do men and women have differing levels of learning and participation in an internet-based course? In an initial attempt to answer this question, this study reports on the results of comparing men and women in an asynchronous MBA course. There were no significant differences in learning, and moderately significant differences in class participation. Men reported more difficulty interacting in the course, and interaction difficulty was a significant predictor of class participation. The article concludes by using the findings to provide implications and recommendations for institutions seeking to develop internet-based courses and programs.
Investors in People and the Standardization of Professional Knowledge in Personnel Management
Authors: Bell Emma , Taylor Scott , Thorpe Richard
Published: March 2007

Professionalization, for personnel specialists, is accomplished through their organizational activities, and their ability to socialize others into particular ways of operating. The national people management standard, Investors in People (hereafter `IiP), has been promoted as a career vehicle for the personnel manager. From interviews with professional IiP advocates in a range of research case study organizations, this article illustrates some of the ways in which IiP implementation becomes a negotiated process, prone to the career interests of the managers concerned, and shaped by political-organizational contexts. The analysis indicates that IiP represents a codified body of knowledge which legitimates the personnel function and helps to make it recognizable to the rest of the organization. The role of the Training and Enterprise Councils (hereafter TECs), as local regulators of the IiP standard forms part of the broader socio-political context within which organizational recognition is achieved, and as the main external point of contact for the liP advocate. This leads to the conclusion that the origins of standards of best practice, on which IiP is based, are themselves influenced by a broader socio-political process.
Organizing Reflection
Authors: Vince Russ
Published: March 2007

The aim of this article is to consider what is involved in the practice of reflection for organizational learning and change. My emphasis is on reflection as an organizing process rather than on the individual, `reflective practitioner'. I describe a way of `organizing reflection' that can create and sustain opportunities for organizational learning. After a brief explanation of the company involved and the action research, I explore some of the literature on reflection. I continue by describing four reflective practices. These are: peer consultancy groups, role analysis and role analysis groups, communities of practice, and group relations conferences. I explain and explore each of these and define their impact at different levels of organizing. Collectively, these four reflective practices constitute an approach to reflection that represents one way of organizing for learning and change.
How Views About the Nature of Management Can Affect the Content of Management Education Programmes: The Advance of the Political Approach
Authors: Lee Bob , Piper J.A.
Published: March 2007

Both managers and academics have become aware of the significance of 'politics' in the management of organisations, and this perspective is becoming increasingly well represented in the management literature1. What, therefore, are the implica tions of this trend for management education?
A Workshop on Managing in a Multicultural Environment
Authors: Ratiu Indrei
Published: March 2007

This paper describes in diary format, a team-building workshop for a multicultur ally staffed corporate headquarters. The example presented here is from the Middle East, but the thinking behind it has evolved over the past five years in similar workshops conducted in regional or corporate headquarters in various parts of Western Europe.
Debating Management Learning: II
Authors: Fox Steve
Published: March 2007

Part I of this paper (Fox, 1994) sketched an initial definition of management learning and offered a framework for research in the field. Addressed in part II are (a) the research on the nature of managerial work as a species of formal learning about the occupational activity of formal management; and (b) the research on the management and organization of management studies, with the purpose of opening up and problematizing a wider issue—the relationship between social studies/science and management studies/science. Part II briefly examines the sociological critique of the nature of managerial work literature and discusses the organization and internal management of sociology and economics as they have influenced management studies. The paper is exploratory, aiming to draw connections between disparate literatures and to raise fundamental questions about university management studies and the balance between what could be called technicism and critique.
'No Guru, No Method, No Teacher'
Authors: Jones Oswald
Published: March 2007

This paper is based on my experience as a doctoral student at the Manchester Business School. In many such institutions, research tends to be based on a positivist epistemology. Using two examples from the literature, I suggest that use of the 'scientific method' may not be appropriate for natural science and, therefore, may be even more problematic for social science. Nevertheless, researchers in business and management schools may find that they are encouraged to adopt methodologies with which they are uneasy. In the later sections of the paper I describe the difficulties I faced in developing an adequate theoretical and methodological structure for my own PhD. The paper warns of the dangers inherent in selecting theories 'off-the-shelf and encourages those engaged in doctoral research to return to first principles in developing their own conceptual frameworks.
Prayers of Communication and Organizational Learning
Authors: Harvey Jerry B.
Published: March 2007

According to the author, for organizations to learn, their members must constantly engage in a particular type of prayer, which he calls 'prayers of communication'. The paper begins by describing several such prayers as they occur in everyday organizational settings. It then defines 'prayers of communication' and ruminates about their essential nature and the impact of praying and not praying on individual and organizational learning. The author examines the fear that exploration of prayer generates in many of those engaged in the study of organizational learning and the negative impact that such fear has on understanding how organizations actually learn.
An International Comparison of Management's Use of Quantitative Techniques, and the Implications for MBA Teaching
Authors: Naudé Pete , Band David , Stray Stephanie , Wegner Trevor
Published: March 2007

In order to assess the extent to which managers use a range of statistical techniques, an identical survey was undertaken among over 1200 MBA graduates in the United Kingdom, South Africa, and New Zealand. The managers in all three countries held similar perceptions about both the benefits and hindrances of applying the particular quantitative techniques mentioned, and these are detailed in the paper. Although the overall awareness of basic techniques was disappointingly low, the research indicates that most managers saw a positive role for quantitative techniques in their work. Clear implications for the design and teaching of the quantitative component in MBA courses can be drawn from the study.
Understanding Language Processes
Authors: Musson Gill , Cohen Laurie
Published: March 2007

Understanding how language works is central to an understanding of how organizations work. This argument is well rehearsed in the organizational literature, and is implicit in many of the modules taught in management education. Yet students of management are rarely given a theoretical base or the tools and skills required for analysing language and other sign systems used in organizations. Using examples from current literature and the authors’ own research, this article argues that this omission should be rectified so that students of management can gain an understanding of how language functions to create particular meanings and serve particular purposes. The article describes the authors’ attempts to provide a theoretical base and relevant tools and skills to management students within their own institution.
A Dialogue on Self and Work
Authors: Knuth Marianne
Published: March 2007

Ten young people discuss their ideas, hopes and fears as they contemplate moving into the world of work. The people who speak in this article are all involved in the venture Pioneers of Change, which aims to help young people make an innovative transition into meaningful work. The article was constructed on the basis of interviews and conversations with the participants.
A Vision: The Idea of a University in the Present Age
Authors: Sarles Harvey
Published: March 2007

My vision for the future university acknowledges the facts of rapid change in the world. It attempts to conserve the idea of the university as structures and process by centering the university on a study of changes as they are redefining knowledge. As vision, it asks that faculties join in Centers for the Study of the Present Age to discuss, teach and attempt to shape the futures of Science and Technology and their ramifications.
`A Different World': Shifting Masculinities in the Transition to Call Centres
Authors: Knights David , McCabe Darren
Published: March 2007

This article explores how business process reengineering (BPR) is informed by a masculine discourse that emphasizes competition, control and conquest while simultaneously appealing to care, trust, nurturing, creativity and teamwork. We explore how this contradiction is reflected in the language and practice of management. We demonstrate some of the ways in which this contradiction infuses with, subverts and may ultimately undermine BPR. We locate the debate within a contextual consideration of how reengineering is displacing an earlier form of masculinity within financial services which we understand and describe as paternalism. It is apparent that the pre-eminence of masculinity was never questioned. Indeed, both paternalism and reengineering simply fought over which masculinity would predominate.
Budget as Logos: The Rhetorics of the Polish Press
Authors: Kostera Monika , Glinka Beata
Published: March 2007

The aim of this paper is to portray the image of the state budget as depicted in the Polish press. We do this by carrying out a rhetorical analysis of how the legislation of the bill was presented in the press before the shift of 1989 and after. We then look for the root metaphors of the idea of the budget. We conclude that this idea is based on `structuralist' beliefs about change, still predominant in Polish society.