bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Borenstein Eliot
Published: January 2024

This introductory chapter provides an overview of how the collapse of the Soviet Union left its former constituent republics with multiple identity crises. In its last years, the USSR was losing its very reason for being (communist ideology); what did it mean to build a new country on the Union's ruins? As the legal successor to the Soviet Union, the newly constituted Russian Federation did not have the luxury of casting the USSR as an occupying force that had finally been cast out. Instead, the Soviet legacy was a source of both pride and shame. The emerging discourses of Russianness spent the first three Soviet decades oscillating between a rhetoric of inferiority and an aggressive response verging on self-aggrandizement. In response to the profound sense of displacement associated with the Soviet collapse, identities are continually contested and renegotiated, whether on the level of state television and media, speculative fiction about Russia's history and its missed alternatives, online communities, or urban folklore. This book examines these identities, from their roots in shame and self-hatred to their occasional assimilation into narratives of national pride.
The Rise and Fall of Sovok
Authors: Borenstein Eliot
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines the rise and fall of sovok. The problem with defining a sovok is that it is actually three things at once: an object (a dustpan), a person, and an entire country. It is worth noting that there is something appropriate about the fact that a largely derogatory term pertaining to the Soviet Union conjures up images of trash and abandonment. Nowadays, sovok as slang for “Soviet” is probably used most often to describe the Soviet Union and the Soviet way of life. What all the definitions have in common is that they focus on whatever qualities the speaker identifies as specifically Soviet and, more often than not, negative or embarrassing. The chapter looks at the depiction of the sovok in Anton Chekhov's The Cherry Orchard, Yuri Mamin's Okno v Parizh (Window to Paris), and K. Chess's Famous Men Who Never Lived.
Whatever Happened to the New Russians?
Authors: Borenstein Eliot
Published: January 2024

This chapter investigates the phenomenon of the New Russian. When the Russian Federation shook off the dust of the shattered Soviet Union, it awoke to the birth of a new, quasi-folkloric character type: the crass, acquisitive, nouveau riche known as the New Russian. Generally speaking, three types of people are usually covered by the classification “New Russian”: oligarchs, successful or would-be businessmen several rungs below oligarch status, and organized crime leaders. What unites them, and potentially makes “New Russians” a meaningful category, are the following features: money, labor, taste, conspicuous consumption, corruption, spiritual and social vacuity, and absurdity. The chapter then looks at the depiction of the New Russian in Pavel Lungin's Oligarkh and Evgeny Petrov's The Twelve Chairs.
Russian Orc
Authors: Borenstein Eliot
Published: January 2024

This chapter assesses how and why The Lord of the Rings has gained so much resonance in Russian culture, to the point where one of the series' most loathsome antagonists (the Orcs) becomes a self-mocking symbol of post-Soviet Russia. It begins by addressing the larger question of Western mass culture and non-Western audiences during and after the Cold War. Whether by accident or design, the Cold War coincided with a boom in Western mass entertainment that recapitulated the binaries of the conflict between the Eastern and Western blocs. High fantasy, as revived by J. R. R. Tolkien in the 1950s, tends to rely on a Manichaean metaphysics that often dispenses with all subtlety: good battles evil, or the forces of light fight the forces of darkness. The chapter argues that dualistic storytelling popularized during the Cold War lends itself to being understood as an allusion to the Cold War, regardless of the authors' intentions. More important, these stories' Manichaean frames also worked in the opposite direction, allowing audiences to understand the Cold War in terms of fantasy tropes about good heroes and evil villains.
Conclusion
Authors: Borenstein Eliot
Published: January 2024

This concluding chapter begins by looking at Nikita Mikhalkov's Sibirskii tsiriul'nik (The Barber of Siberia). The Barber of Siberia was a curious intervention in the debate over Russia's past, its future, and, most important, its identity. As a contribution to Russian identity discourses, it was a tonic for an old malady: the self-hatred that has been an integral part of unofficial Soviet and Russian identities. Implicit in The Barber of Siberia is an argument for a static, eternal Russian identity that withstands the forces of history rather than being shaped by them. The chapter then considers the bombing of Kyiv in March of 2022, examining how Russia's war on Ukraine is an act of self-destruction, as well as a particularly complex form of self-hatred.
The Discovery of the Igorots
Authors: Woods Shelton
Published: January 2024

This chapter traces the origins of Luzon's northern highlanders, who are collectively known as Igorots. The name “Igorot” evolved from Spanish documents that identified the Cordillera inhabitants as Ygolotes. Subsequent ethnolinguistic studies reveal six major groups/tribes among the Igorots: Bontoc, Ifugao, Kankanaey, Ibaloi, Kalinga, and Apayao. Each tribe possesses a distinctive culture, dialect, and set of folktales, dances, metaphysical ceremonies, textile patterns, and gods. Igorots also practiced head-hunting, and both Spanish and early American colonial officials were astonished that the highlanders accepted perpetual headhunting as a way of life. The chapter then describes the attempts to integrate the Igorots into a Christian, taxpaying colony. It looks at the establishment of the Bureau of Non-Christian Tribes, the purpose of which was to regularly report on the situation among the non-Christian peoples and establish a fuller understanding of the ethnology of the Philippines. In addition to David Prescott Barrows and Commissioner Dean Worcester, three other American entities entered Luzon's highlands between 1900 and 1905: the Philippine Constabulary, a military police force led by American officers but largely composed of indigenous soldiers; the Episcopalian clergy and lay workers; and several American volunteer soldiers from the Philippine–American War who chose to stay among the Igorots. In many ways, the PC set the stage for John Early's entrance into the highlands.
Lieutenant Governor of Amburayan
Authors: Woods Shelton
Published: January 2024

This chapter evaluates John Early's role as the lieutenant governor of Amburayan. It took Early two weeks to wrap up his work as a teacher in Bontoc and transition into his new administrative position. Even before he arrived in Tagudin, the local officials and residents received word that their new American lieutenant governor had spent his entire Philippine career among the Igorots and that the highlanders spoke highly of him. He then spent his first days in office seeking advice from the local teachers on how he could best reach out to the community. Early's worldview, solidified by his undergraduate sociology studies, included a passionate desire to see disenfranchised people receive justice. As a lieutenant governor, this served as his moral compass and would lead to both his downfall and later vindication. It also manifested itself among the Kankanaey, not just in protecting them from the lowlanders but also demanding that the more aggressive Igorots refrain from exploiting the Kankanaey. The chapter then looks at the events that placed him at the center of attention of the governor-general and the US secretary of war.
The Bacarri Massacre
Authors: Woods Shelton
Published: January 2024

This chapter explores the Bacarri campaign. As John Early and Charles Penningroth arrived at the meeting point on January 14, 1911, they found that Hale and Harris were not only accompanied by the two dozen Philippine Constabulary personnel, but they also came to Bacarri with over six hundred Kalinga warriors, who were loudly celebrating their successful devastation of the Bacarri villages and peoples. Despite the numerous entreaties, Early refused to join Hale, and the following morning the two groups went their separate ways, though they would meet again after an action-filled five days. On Tuesday, January 17, Harris and Hale moved from village to village destroying everything in their path. All the while, Early and Penningroth entered numerous villages, collecting guns along the way. Hale then ordered them to join his group. For ten minutes Early followed Hale but then could not stomach what he saw; hundreds of Hale's men were carrying stolen items from the burned villages, and this was too much for Early. Early and Penningroth quietly broke away from Hale's men and refused to return, as the Kalinga fighters prepared to destroy even more villages the following day. By January 21, Hale and Harris returned to Lubuagan, satisfied that they had imposed their rule over the Bacarri population, or what was left of it.
Colonial Policies
Authors: Woods Shelton
Published: January 2024

This chapter begins by evaluating how President Woodrow Wilson chose Francis Burton Harrison to replace Cameron Forbes. For Filipino politicians, the important conviction Harrison possessed was that the US should hand over the reins of Philippine politics to Filipinos. Drawing upon the political ideology of its nation's founders, American colonial leaders intended to impose their style of democracy on the Filipinos. They initially courted Filipino politicians sympathetic to American rule and helped them to establish the Federalista Party. However, forcing democracy on an entrenched nepotistic system based on centuries-long patronage of the poor masses to the economic elite was overambitious and unrealistic. In the first Philippine national election held in 1907, the American-nurtured Federalistas were trounced by the more independent Nacionalista Party. This nascent but dominant political party included two young charismatic leaders who became the faces of national politics for the next three decades: Sergio Osmeña and Manuel Quezon.
World War I and a Troubled Yet Vibrant Economy
Authors: Woods Shelton
Published: January 2024

This chapter begins by focusing on the August 1916 passage of the Jones Bill, which represented a promised freedom for many Filipinos that was over three hundred years in the making. It had taken four years for the bill to make it through the US Congress, but there was finally a law that explicitly stated America's intention to grant the Philippines independence. The more immediate implication of the Jones Law included the transfer of all legislative authority into Filipino hands, as the commission was replaced by the Philippine Senate. Manuel Quezon ran for the newly created Senate, and under his leadership, the Nacionalistas secured an even greater victory than in the National Assembly. The passage of the Jones Bill coincided with the midpoint of the unprecedented global conflagration of World War I. Nothing so influenced Francis Burton Harrison's tenure as governor-general as the effects of World War I on America's archipelago colony. There were two in particular: Philippine economic growth and financial nepotism.
Marriages and Scandals
Authors: Woods Shelton
Published: January 2024

This chapter assesses the sensational news regarding Manuel Quezon and Francis Burton Harrison. Quezon's numerous liaisons with women on both sides of the Pacific, as well as on ships while crossing the ocean, are legendary. While in his early twenties, Quezon married a poor rural beauty, but he later had the marriage annulled. A few years later he was convicted of attempted rape but escaped any penalty through the aid of his American advisers. So it was with some surprise that after ten years of speculation as to where his marital affections would land, he chose to marry his cousin Aurora Aragon Quezon a few days after leaving for Washington. Harrison's personal life was even more sordid. Married six times, Harrison was on his second marriage when he was named governor-general. Ultimately, Harrison's extravagant and reckless personal life produced at least eight children from five different marriages, along with numerous broken hearts and ruined lives. One might overlook Harrison's personal life if it had not affected his professional work. However, numerous sources confirm that he neglected his duties as governor-general in pursuit of women and sexual pleasure.
The Wood-Forbes Mission
Authors: Woods Shelton
Published: January 2024

This chapter addresses how General Leonard Wood and Cameron Forbes were assigned to conduct a thorough on-the-ground investigation as to whether the Philippines passed a three-point test for independence. Is the Philippine government properly and effectively administered? Are the non-Christian minority people properly cared for? Is the country's defense adequate to repel foreign aggression? While many issues surfaced concerning the Philippine situation, Wood and Forbes focused their report on the chaotic fiscal situation of the colonial government, which was on the verge of collapse. Their interviews also uncovered aspects of Francis Burton Harrison's professional and personal life. The mission's officials sought to downplay Harrison's foibles, but he had many enemies in the American community due to his policies that transferred almost all official positions from Americans to Filipinos. Indeed, there was a tinge of anti-Americanism in Harrison's worldview. For Forbes, however, the most disturbing aspect of Harrison's tenure was his failure to properly manage his constituents. Ultimately, Wood and Forbes's evaluation included criticisms of the banking system and the overall economic health, or lack thereof, of the Philippines.
“We Felt It Was Our Duty to Confirm Him”
Authors: Woods Shelton
Published: January 2024

This chapter illustrates how politics played a part in the Senate's refusal to confirm John Early's appointment as governor of Mountain Province. Leonard Wood first appointed Early on March 1, 1925, but the Senate only confirmed his appointment during the last days of August 1927, just days after Governor-General Wood's unexpected death. In his first three years as governor, Early witnessed unprecedented advances among the Igorots. His 1926 and 1927 provincial annual reports are the most cited from the era of American rule. He delivered numerous speeches explaining the innate genius of the Igorots' morality and sense of justice. As 1927 came to a close, life was good for Early: Dean Worcester had apologized to him, the Philippine Senate acknowledged its earlier error in not confirming such an effective and gracious nominee, and he savored the opportunity to tirelessly serve the people he loved.
Advisor to the Governor-General
Authors: Woods Shelton
Published: January 2024

This chapter discusses how John Early became an advisor to the new governor-general of the Philippines, Dwight Davis, in 1930. Despite his health issues, Early undertook three extensive tours of the southern Philippines before making his way into Mountain Province. His extended stay in Mindanao during his first months as Davis's aide resulted in lengthy and detailed reports on the region's social and economic landscape. Three themes emerged from these reports. First, the non-Christian tribes, particularly the Bogobo, were gradually being pushed off their lands by both legal and illegal means. A second focus of Early's reports highlighted the Japanese population and businesses in Mindanao. Finally, the third major topic was the inability of everyday Filipino farmers and entrepreneurs to succeed in Mindanao due to political corruption and the bloated number of government officials and agencies. After three exhausting trips to Mindanao between February and May, Early traveled to Baguio at the beginning of June. His health was becoming a matter of national importance since his name was soon to come across the desks of President Hoover and Secretary of War Patrick Hurley.
Vice-Governor
Authors: Woods Shelton
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines the issue of appointing a new vice-governor, as vice-governor Eugene Gilmore planned to resign, bringing his eight years in the Philippines to an end. Without asking John Early's permission, Bishop Frank Mosher maneuvered to make sure that Early would receive the appointment. Mosher possessed considerable influence among decision-makers as many were under his spiritual care during their time in the Philippines. However, two things kept President Hoover from nominating Early, the first being Early's health. During the dark days of pain in Mindanao, he wrote to Henry Stimson, indicating that he was not well. However, after learning about Gilmore's resignation, he changed his tune and wrote to Stimson that he was now in much better health. A second problem was that these highly sought appointments were often given as political favors and were not always based on merit. Ultimately, Hoover appointed Nicholas Roosevelt; After Roosevelt's resignation, Hoover turned to George Charles Butte.
Songs of Stalin and Khrushchev
Authors: Cherkaev Xenia A.
Published: January 2024

This chapter tackles the legacy of Stalin and the logic of this property regime through the history and historiography of Nikita Khrushchev's reforms. Accusations of lurking Stalinism always seemed near at hand in conversations about Soviet history. The chapter explains that most people believe Khrushchev liberated Soviet society from Stalinism. Khrushchev claimed that the cult of personality was foreign to the nature of socialism, and Mikhail Gorbachev claimed that the administer-command system was nothing more than Stalinism's unresolved historical vestige. The chapter cites how Khrushchev's reforms explicitly foregrounded collectivist ethics as the way to build stateless communism in Soviet society.
Contested Conversions
Authors: Mawson Stephanie Joy
Published: January 2024

This chapter evaluates the impact of native priests and their connection to local spiritual landscapes on the progression of Christianization in the seventeenth-century Philippines. Early conflicts over conversion—such as that which took place in Leyte in 1622—provide an important backdrop to the process of religious syncretism that anthropologists have long argued is a hallmark of modern Filipino folk Catholicism. In most pre-Hispanic communities, religious leadership was performed primarily by women and when men took on the role of priest they would typically dress in women's clothing. This transition occurred contemporaneously to the assimilation of many datus into new colonial leadership roles. For communities that rejected colonization, religious leaders thus became important symbols of community cohesion and resistance. Native priests and priestesses formed a second pillar of power in Philippine communities, alongside that of the datus. While Philippine communities at times rejected conversion through acts of rebellion, running away, or killing priests, missionaries were responsible for some of the most extreme cases of abuse and corruption witnessed in the archipelago.
Slave Raiding and Imperial Retreat
Authors: Mawson Stephanie Joy
Published: January 2024

This chapter details how the slave raiding that took place in the seventeenth-century Philippines took on a new political dimension as a response to Spanish expansionary ambitions in South-east Asia. While Spanish officials in Manila worried about Dutch attacks on their commercial activities, the slave raiding polities of the southern archipelago were arguably a more consistent threat to the Spanish presence in the Philippines. Not only did they destabilize the process of colonization in the Visayas through their regular attacks on newly formed Spanish settlements, but they also thwarted Spanish ambitions of expanding their influence and reaching further into the Indonesian archipelago. The conflict between the Spanish and Moro polities in the southern archipelago has often been framed as a religious conflict between Islam and Christianity. Yet, this interpretation overlooks the multiple limitations that the Spanish military faced and the consistent successes of the Moros in countering Spanish attacks. By the end of the century, the original objective of territorial expansion and conquest was abandoned completely in favor of merely holding what could be held in the region.
Mountain Refuges
Authors: Mawson Stephanie Joy
Published: January 2024

This chapter traces two distinct but related processes that took place in Philippine mountains: the persistent resistance of autonomous mountain communities and the widespread migration of fugitives into the mountains. In some instances, these two distinct groupings of people converged with autonomous upland groups like the Ifugao and the Aeta providing sanctuary to those fleeing Spanish colonization. In all instances, upland communities—both autochthonous and migrant—presented a fierce and persistent problem for colonial authorities. They used sophisticated tactics including headhunting, raiding, rebellion, alliance building, and open warfare to halt colonial expansion. The effectiveness of these actions is evident not only in their persistence but in the way they severely restricted the scope of Spanish domination during the seventeenth century and well into the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
Conclusion
Authors: Mawson Stephanie Joy
Published: January 2024

This concluding chapter reviews how, by the end of the seventeenth century, Spanish colonization of the Philippines remained tenuous. It was widely contested by communities across the archipelago. When looked at together, each of the multiple fronts of contestation combined—attacks by slave raiders, ungovernable Chinese communities, multitudes of fugitives, apostates, and rebels—created a genuine series of crises that threatened the existence of the colonial state and exposed its lack of resources to adequately respond. Moreover, the history of the seventeenth-century Philippines is one of constant mobility of populations, many of whom fled colonized territories altogether. As such, Spanish sovereignty was far more nodal than suggested by imperial narratives and religious chronicles, with vast swathes of territory remaining outside of colonial control altogether.
Ovid's Tragic Heroines
Authors: Westerhold Jessica A.
Published: January 2024

This book expands our understanding of Ovid's incorporation of Greek generic codes and the tragic heroines, Phaedra and Medea, while offering a new perspective on the Roman poet's persistent interest in these two characters and their paradigms. Ovid presents these two Attic tragic heroines as symbols of different passions that are defined by the specific combination of their gender and generic provenance. Their failure to be understood and their subsequent punishment are constructed as the result of their female “nature,” and are generically marked as “tragic.” Ovid's masculine poetic voice, by contrast, is given free rein to oscillate and play with poetic possibilities. The book focuses on select passages from the poems Ars Amatoria, Heroides, and Metamorphoses. It analyzes the dynamic nature of generic categories and codes in Ovid's poetry, especially the interplay of elegy and epic. Further, analysis of Ovid's reception applies the idea of the abject to elucidate Ovid's process of constructing gender and genre in his poetry. The book incorporates established theories of the performativity of sex, gender, and kinship roles to understand the continued maintenance of the normative and abject subject positions Ovid's poetry creates. The resulting analysis reveals how Ovid's Phaedras and Medeas offer alternatives both to traditional gender roles and to material appropriate to a poem's genre, ultimately using the tragic code to introduce a new perspective to epic and elegy.
Medean Disruptions in Epic and Elegy
Authors: Westerhold Jessica A.
Published: January 2024

This chapter tackles the Medean disruptions in epic and elegy. It features the Medea-like representation within Ovid's works, such as Hypsiple in Heroides 6 and Procne in Metamorphoses 6. Tragic women seeking revenge in Ovid's poems follow the Greek model Medea, whose erotic jealousy drives her to kill her rival and her children as punishment for betrayal. Generally, Ovid's construction of famous tragic heroines as abject subjects reproduces and normalizes a secondary hierarchy privileging the epic and elegiac genres. Thus, elegy and epic necessarily punish and exclude these abject women and their destructive feelings. The chapter explains that Ovid's play reminds his readers that the nature of the abject was never removed from its normative origin in the process.
The Bureaucracy of Empathy
Authors: Shmuely Shira
Published: January 2024

This book revolves around two central questions: What is pain? And how do we recognize, understand, and ameliorate the pain of nonhuman animals? The book investigates these ethical issues through a close and careful history of the origins, implementation, and enforcement of the 1876 Cruelty to Animals Act of Parliament, which for the first time imposed legal restrictions on animal experimentation and mandated official supervision of procedures “calculated to give pain” to animal subjects. Exploring how scientists, bureaucrats, and lawyers wrestled with the problem of animal pain and its perception, the book traces in depth and detail how the Act was enforced, the medical establishment's initial resistance and then embrace of regulation, and the challenges from anti-vivisection advocates who deemed it insufficient protection against animal suffering. The book shows how a “bureaucracy of empathy” emerged to support and administer the legislation, navigating incongruent interpretations of pain. This crucial moment in animal law and ethics continues to inform laws regulating the treatment of nonhuman animals in laboratories, farms, and homes around the worlds to the present.
Regulating Pain in Laboratories
Authors: Shmuely Shira
Published: January 2024

This chapter details the day-to-day activities involved in the implementation of the Vivisection Act. Sent to examine registered laboratories, inspectors had to record their impressions of the animals they examined and to recognize—or dismiss—symptoms of pain. The chapter explores the relations between law and science, regulation, and empathy, through the visitation notes taken by three principal inspectors employed between 1876 and 1912: George Vivian Poore, James Alexander Russell, and George D. Thane. The inspectors were reluctant to report animal suffering in laboratories even though they closely observed numerous diseased and injured animals. The chapter suggests that their alleged blindness to animal suffering was due, among other things, to the difficulty of defining pain. They focused instead on procedural breaches of the Act and were proactive in educating the experimenters about the legal requirements. While the inspectors were hesitant to report to their supervisors at the Home Office about suffering animals in the laboratories they visited, they were nonetheless eager to educate the physiologists and supervise their compliance with the Act.
Libel, Slander, and Vivisection
Authors: Shmuely Shira
Published: January 2024

This chapter describes the events leading physiologist William Bayliss to file, in 1903, for libel action against Stephen Coleridge, honorary secretary of the National Anti-Vivisection Society, for reciting an account written by Swedish antivivisection activist Louise Lind-af-Hageby about Bayliss's demonstration on a dog. Historians have already examined the social circumstances that surrounded what became known as the brown dog affair, but the chapter zooms in on the legal proceedings. It uses hitherto unexamined material to reveal the role of the Home Office in the case and examine the informal investigation that they carried out in parallel to the public hearings. Bayliss won the case, but in a way, Lind-af-Hageby's cause was vindicated. In light of the new public interest in the operations of laboratories, a second Royal Commission reexamined the law in the years 1906–12. The chapter ends with a discussion of a 1912 libel lawsuit filed by Lind-af-Hageby against a few people involved in a Pall Mall Gazette publication who scorned an antivivisection campaign she had sponsored.
Conclusion
Authors: Shmuely Shira
Published: January 2024

This concluding chapter provides an overview of the main developments in animal experimentation law in twentieth-century Britain. It shows how the efforts to identify and categorize animal pain, which had originated in the apparatuses of implementing the Vivisection Act, became a central medico-legal task. New scientific knowledge about animal sentient capacities led to a reconsideration of the key element in the Act, the definition of pain, and particularly that of the species that were to be protected in light of their sentient capacities. At the same time, the state bureaucracy introduced increasingly sophisticated schemes to quantify and classify animal pain in laboratories. The chapter looks at how the Vivisection Act was finally repealed and replaced on May 20, 1986, by the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986. The changes in the law reflected the experience of the Home Office while implementing the old Act.
Progress in the Balance
Authors: Reichman Daniel R.
Published: January 2024

Through a historical ethnography of Santos, Brazil, this book addresses and assesses an anthropological theory of progress. Observing that anthropology is a progressive discipline with a pessimistic attitude towards progress, the book explains the contested meanings of progress in Brazil and explores how anthropologists and others can define this concept more generally. The book investigates how any society can separate “progress” from plain old change and, if change is constantly happening all around us, how and why certain events get lifted out of a normal timeframe and into a mythic narrative of progress. Each chapter outlines a particular episode in the history of Santos, a city undergoing an unprecedented period of economic and political turmoil, as it is represented in public culture, mainly through museums, monuments, art, and public events. Drawing on the anthropology of myth, the book proposes a model that it refers to as a “clash of timescapes.” The book shows how this concept of “progress” requires a different temporal structure that separates sacralized social change from mundane historical events.
Coffee of the Past, Coffee of the Future
Authors: Reichman Daniel R.
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines how the presence of the contemporary, high-tech coffee economy disrupts the myth that the “era of coffee” was an episode in Brazil's agricultural past that has been left behind by the new, modern Brazil. Once again, two timescapes exist alongside one another, rarely in dialogue, and sometimes in conflict. Santos, as both a historical port and a twenty-first-century hub of the coffee trade, is a contact zone between these two chronotopes: the coffee of the past versus the coffee of the present. Nowhere is this clash more visible than in the Santos Coffee Museum and the surrounding industrial port, where the disjuncture between the “coffee of myth” and the “coffee of reality” is analogous. With coffee, a variant of the bandeirantes myth has served as the framing trope of progress. Coffee production in Brazil has changed dramatically over time, but divergent modes of production are assimilated into the bandeirantes plot.
The First Quarter Storm
Authors: Scalice Joseph
Published: January 2024

This chapter introduces the key concepts surrounding the First Quarter Storm (FQS). The FQS was a rare political opportunity that resulted in a mass radicalization of youth, under the ideological leadership of a Communist party aligned with a tremendous upsurge of working-class struggle. After being denied access to Plaza Miranda, the Movement for a Democratic Philippines adopted a new strategy of people's marches on national television. The danger of dictatorship grew while the social force capable of resisting it remained unorganized. The chapter provides an overview of the Philippine Society and Revolution, which contains historical and theoretical weight to Jose Maria Sison's core political conception.
Barricades
Authors: Scalice Joseph
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines the role barricades played in resisting against the regime of Ferdinand Marcos. The chapter details the barricades students set up for their protests and campus occupations. Nine days after they erected them, the few students remaining on campus voluntarily tore down them down, and life at the university returned to normal. Meanwhile, major explosions and fires broke out on both the Los Baños and the Diliman campuses of the University of the Philippines as the barricades were being taken down. The chapter explains that the Communist Party of the Philippines was left holding scraps of the labor movement after losing both the trust of significant layers of the working class and access to their organizations.
Epilogue
Authors: Scalice Joseph
Published: January 2024

This chapter explores the aftermath of Ferdinand Marcos' martial law. It notes that the Marcos dictatorship ended in ignominy after millions of Filipinos gathered on Edsa in open defiance of the brutal conjugal rule of Ferdinand and Imelda. As the Marcoses took up exile in Hawaii, Corazon Aquino took office of the People Power government which promoted hope and spoke incessantly of democracy. The chapter details the political rot that spread beneath the paraffin of post-Marcos illusions, referencing that living conditions for the majority population worsened. It cites the death rattle of democracy due to social inequality in line with the election of Bongbong Marcos Jr.
Introduction
Authors: Nguyen-Marshall Van
Published: January 2024

This introductory chapter provides an overview of state–society interactions in wartime South Vietnam, particularly how civil society navigated the demands of the war, the state, and competing political forces. It looks at South Vietnam's extensive associational life and covers an array of groups, from mutual-aid societies and charities to professional and rights organizations. The chapter explains that by examining people's voluntary public activities, the book offers a unique glimpse into South Vietnam, a society grappling with postcolonial changes, territorial division, nation building, civil war, and foreign intervention. While many Vietnamese on both sides endured profound suffering and loss, they were not passive victims defined only by wartime adversities. The activities of voluntary organizations provide tangible evidence of how some residents of South Vietnam, mainly in the urban centers, articulated and responded to the dramatic events that shaped the history of the Republic of Vietnam in 1955–1975.
The Historical and Political Landscape
Authors: Nguyen-Marshall Van
Published: January 2024

This chapter presents a brief narrative of the origin of South Vietnam and the historical context of the Vietnam War. The backstory of the birth of the Republic of Vietnam (RVN) dates to the mid-nineteenth century, when France began colonizing Vietnam, known then as Đại Nam (Greater South). Since the northern region of Đại Nam offered a possible trade route to China, France made control of the Nguyễn kingdom its goal. The disruptions of World War II provided important opportunities for Vietnamese nationalists to organize and to challenge French rule. The chapter then looks at the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) on September 2, 1945, as well as the appointment of Ngô Đình Diệm as prime minister of the Associated State of Vietnam. By 1959, the RVN government's efforts to eliminate communist agitators in the south led to a critical milestone in the history of the Vietnam War. After 1965, the violence intensified when US combat troops arrived in South Vietnam. At the peak of US military involvement, there were approximately half a million American troops fighting on Vietnamese soil. Ultimately, despite its short duration, the RVN made an indelible impact on people's lives and on history.
Sociability and Associational Life in South Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen-Marshall Van
Published: January 2024

This chapter discusses mutual-aid and friendly societies (MAFS), a form of voluntary organization that exists in many societies and has deep roots in Vietnam. In both rural and urban settings, mutual-aid organizations help people deal with the vagaries of life by offering social support, opportunities to forge group connections, and financial assistance. Indeed, evidence suggests that MAFS performed a useful role for many sectors of the population in both the French colonial and postcolonial periods. When Vietnam was divided in 1954 following the Geneva Accords, MAFS continued to proliferate in the south. By examining a sample of these organizations, the chapter provides insight into South Vietnamese society, the sociopolitical changes that unfolded there, and how people grappled with these changes. While the South Vietnamese MAFS may not have met the criteria for elements of civil society, they operated on trust, organizational procedure, and rules of governance—important ingredients for a functioning economy and society. For the most part, MAFS also created the horizontal ties that are important for both economic and political development.
Performing Social Service in South Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen-Marshall Van
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines Vietnamese participation and leadership in the many voluntary organizations that provided support, relief, and services to their communities. The social service organizations considered here were diverse in terms of their approaches, analyses, and actions taken to achieve social improvement and nation building. These activities illustrate how the Vietnamese people were active agents trying to navigate the circumstances of their society and ameliorate conditions for themselves, both individually and collectively. Like the mutual-aid societies, these charitable organizations did not operate in a vacuum. They were shaped by social conventions, such as dominant views about gender and social status. The economic reality also influenced participation. Moreover, domestic and foreign political forces were instrumental in facilitating or limiting the activities of these organizations. As such, some groups leveraged their connections with foreign governments or international nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to obtain funding and support in a bid to bypass Republic of Vietnam rules and restrictions.
The Shrew Is Back
Authors: Yang Shu
Published: January 2024

This chapter analyzes early twentieth-century public discourses surrounding the early Chinese suffragettes, who emerged shortly after the establishment of the new Republic. This group of women updates the definition of the public woman on temporal, spatial, social, and political dimensions. Mostly educated and trained in Japan, these women had shed blood on the battlefield against the Qing regime. After the accomplishment of the revolution, they transferred their energies from the military to the political realm, asking for equal rights to vote. By likening the suffragettes to the violent hanfu, the licentious yinfu, and the unconstrained, refuse-spreading pofu, the public directed criticisms at the loss of female gentleness, sexual morality, and the ordering of space. The chapter then looks at the three main types of depictions from the male-dominated media: the violent shrew, the obscene shrew, and the unconstrained shrew.
Reconfiguring Female Promiscuity in Love and Independence
Authors: Yang Shu
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines the issue of female promiscuity, looking at Ouyang Yuqian's Pan Jinlian (1928), which excited the public for its unprecedented creation of a Nora figure based on the notorious traditional shrew Pan Jinlian. Ouyang reframed Pan Jinlian as a Chinese Nora by integrating the love discourse and shedding light on issues of sex and the body. The chapter then considers an incident involving Lan Ping, later known as Jiang Qing or Madame Mao, whose association with the Nora icon adds new twists to the revaluing process on yinfu. The conflict between Lan Ping's stage achievement as a forceful Nora and her failure to receive endorsement for her personal Nora moments off the stage speaks to patriarchal surveillance of women across representational and realistic spheres. Lan Ping had to face slut-shaming, or Pan Jinlian-shaming, when acting in the style of a Nora in her own love life. Female promiscuity, seen from these intertwined strands, served as both the target of, and a weapon against, social forces that categorized and contained women on the basis of their sexual choices.
Introduction
Authors: Stoller Paul
Published: January 2024

This introductory chapter covers the obligations of scholars regarding writing ethnography in turbulent times. In anthropology, scholars spend a great deal of time thinking, reading, and writing about these existential issues. Thus, anthropologists need to look into the art of ethnography to ensure proper articulation of locality, language, and character. The chapter clarifies that the book attempts to show some of the expository elements that make for a good story or a memorable ethnographic book. It elaborates on the art of ethnography while considering the drama of representation wherein writers sensuously articulate dimensions of locality, language, and character.
Imaging Knowledge
Authors: Stoller Paul
Published: January 2024

This chapter looks into the artful vision in slow research. It introduces the culture of speed, citing that speed and expediency shaped much of the people's contemporary learning. Moreover, the culture of speed positively increased the spread of information while also bringing increases in social disconnection, eroded interpersonal empathy, and limited processes of thinking. Thus, the production of visual imagery provides a powerfully ethical way to practice slowly produced artful ethnography in a fast world. The chapter examines the practices of visual anthropologists Jean Rouch and Lisbet Holtedahl as per their works on Songhay and Fulani peoples of West Africa.
In the Shade of the Jujube Tree
Authors: Stoller Paul
Published: January 2024

This chapter presents a homage to Fatouma Seyni to explain how the senses of smell and taste weave threads of narrative and ethnography into a tapestry. It cites that the tapestry evokes the profundity of West African practical wisdom, which also highlights the slow epistemology of West African divination. For Fatouma Seyni, the acquisition of knowledge was part of a lifelong process of maturation. The chapter notes that numerous studies are attempting to unveil the mysteries of divination and clairvoyance through mathematics or addressing the social and cultural dimensions of divinatory practice. It explains how sensory description can flesh out the ethnography of religious phenomena to make them more accessible and meaningful to the public.
Tasting Harmony in the World
Authors: Stoller Paul
Published: January 2024

This chapter explains how the senses of smell and taste can destroy or re-establish social harmony. The chpater explains how the ethnographic richness of a minor incident in Tillabéri demonstrates how taste is much more than a culinary exercise. The literature on taste is broad and diverse as it addresses particular culinary traditions, social distinctions, religious practices, and anthropological investigations of social memory. The most focused anthropological takes on taste underscore how it can be extended into the realm of cultural symbolism. The chapter also explains that scholars of taste analyze the history and aestheticization of taste and the relation of taste to social identity and social change.
Peripheral Knowledge and the Imponderables of the Between
Authors: Stoller Paul
Published: January 2024

This chapter explores the art to express the ineffable and the peripheral. It highlights the importance of imagination stretching the limits of comprehension and experience to work with anthropology. The guerrilla approach to anthropology is perfectly suited to living in, understanding, and coping with the crises that shape contemporary social worlds. Moreover, Bruce Kapferer's guerilla anthropology approach showcases the periphery of things while challenging the invention of new forms to consider worlds from perspectives freed from the dead hand of competence. The chapter explains that people who practice anthropology live in the between. It mentions how the impact of that moment of unlearning and not-knowing revealed the limits of ethnography.
The World According to Rouch
Authors: Stoller Paul
Published: January 2024

This chapter tackles the essential elements of filmmaker Jean Rouch's rules of storytelling. In the formative years of Rouch's ethnographic research and filmmaking in West Africa, he confronted a world in the throes of radical social change. Rouch used the remedy of art to confront and respond to the social and cultural disruptions of colonialism and racism. For Rouch, anthropologists and filmmakers need to be fully engaged in the moment. The chapter highlights the importance of confidence, humor and trust, while also keeping an open ear and practicing deep listening. It mentions that storytelling is a social activity that calls for sense-work.
Wisdom from the Edge of the Village
Authors: Stoller Paul
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines how an artful approach to ethnographic representation is particularly important in perilous times. The chapter looks into the ramifications of human-produced climate change while considering its effects on indigenous peoples in North America and the Songhay and Yanomamo people. Moreover, the COVID-19 epidemic has its respective notion of looming and ramification across the world. According to many scholars, the contemporary state of emergency can be traced to the long-standing culture of extraction, wherein human beings can dominate nature and one another. The chapter explains how a project of unlearning requires a modest admission of not knowing while recognizing that the power of the bush is always already present and a power over which human beings have limited control.
Coda
Authors: Stoller Paul
Published: January 2024

This chapter highlights the importance of anthropological insights about human conditions within any future blueprint for social and cultural change. It presents the dimension of using analytically informed sensuous narrative to compel readers to turn the page. Thus, writing sensuously evocative prose is a powerfully effective way to communicate anthropological insights to the public. The chapter also explains that the importance of the bush can redefine thinking. It cites that harmony between men and women, between haves and have-nots, between culture and nature, and between village and bush ensured the viability of the village and the future of the world.