bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Corporate Social Responsibility of Multinational Corporations in Developing Countries
Authors: Adeyeye Adefolake O.
Published: May 2012

The increasing importance of CSR means that companies must consider multi-stakeholder interests as well as the social, political, economic, environmental and developmental impact of their actions. However, the pursuit of profits by multinational corporations has led to a series of questionable corporate actions and the consequences of such practices are particularly evident in developing countries. Adefolake Adeyeye explores how CSR has evolved to aid the anti-corruption campaign. By examining voluntary rules applicable for curbing corruption, particularly bribery and analysing the domestic and extra-territorial laws of Nigeria, United Kingdom and the United States for holding corporations liable for bribery, she assesses the adequacy of international law's approach towards corporate liability for bribery and explores direct corporate responsibility for international corruption. The roles of corporate governance, global governance and civil liability in curbing corporate corrupt practices are given special focus.
Reparations and Victim Support in the International Criminal Court
Authors: McCarthy Conor
Published: May 2012

Alongside existing regimes for victim redress at the national and international levels, in the coming years international criminal law and, in particular, the International Criminal Court, will potentially provide a significant legal framework through which the harm caused by egregious conduct can be addressed. Drawing on a wealth of comparative experience, Conor McCarthy's study of the Rome Statute's regime of victim redress provides a comprehensive exploration of this framework, examining both its reparations regime and its scheme for the provision of victim support through the ICC Trust Fund. The study explores, in particular, whether the creation of a regime of victim redress has a role to play as part of a system for the administration of international criminal justice and, more generally, whether it has such a role alongside other regimes, at the national and international levels, by which the harm suffered by victims of egregious conduct may be redressed.
Hearing Voices
Authors: McCarthy-Jones Simon
Published: May 2012

The meanings and causes of hearing voices that others cannot hear (auditory verbal hallucinations, in psychiatric parlance) have been debated for thousands of years. Voice-hearing has been both revered and condemned, understood as a symptom of disease as well as a source of otherworldly communication. Those hearing voices have been viewed as mystics, potential psychiatric patients or simply just people with unusual experiences, and have been beatified, esteemed or accepted, as well as drugged, burnt or gassed. This book travels from voice-hearing in the ancient world through to contemporary experience, examining how power, politics, gender, medicine and religion have shaped the meaning of hearing voices. Who hears voices today, what these voices are like and their potential impact are comprehensively examined. Cutting edge neuroscience is integrated with current psychological theories to consider what may cause voices and the future of research in voice-hearing is explored.
Cross-Cultural Exchange in the Atlantic World
Authors: Ferreira Roquinaldo
Published: May 2012

This book argues that Angola and Brazil were connected, not separated, by the Atlantic Ocean. Roquinaldo Ferreira focuses on the cultural, religious and social impacts of the slave trade on Angola. Reconstructing biographies of Africans and merchants, he demonstrates how cross-cultural trade, identity formation, religious ties and resistance to slaving were central to the formation of the Atlantic world. By adding to our knowledge of the slaving process, the book powerfully illustrates how Atlantic slaving transformed key African institutions, such as local regimes of forced labor that predated and coexisted with Atlantic slaving and made them fundamental features of the Atlantic world's social fabric.
Interactions across Englishes
Authors: Meierkord Christiane
Published: May 2012

English is a language at the centre of research into language contact, because its global spread has resulted in contact with an enormous variety of different languages worldwide, leading to the creation of many new varieties of English, including second language varieties, and also pidgins and creoles. This book takes an original look at what happens when speakers of these different varieties interact with one another. Using her own rich fieldwork data from diverse international and South African contexts, Meierkord proposes an innovative approach to how Englishes merge and blend in such interactions, creating further new forms of English and further changes to the language. Through skilful analyses and descriptions, the book provides fascinating insights into where and who the users of English as a lingua franca are and what English then looks like at the levels of phonetics, morphosyntax, the lexicon and discourse.
The Circuitry of the Human Spinal Cord
Authors: Pierrot-Deseilligny Emmanuel , Burke David
Published: May 2012

Studies of human movement have proliferated in recent years. This greatly expanded and thoroughly updated reference surveys the literature on the corticospinal control of spinal cord circuits in human subjects, showing how different circuits can be studied, their role in normal movement and how they malfunction in disease states. Chapters are highly illustrated and consistently organised, reviewing, for each pathway, the experimental background, methodology, organisation and control, role during motor tasks and changes in patients with CNS lesions. Each chapter concludes with a helpful résumé that can be used independently of the main text to provide practical guidance for clinical studies. The final four chapters bring together the changes in transmission in spinal and corticospinal pathways during movement and how they contribute to the desired movement. This book is essential reading for research workers and clinicians involved in the study, treatment and rehabilitation of movement disorders.
Supergravity
Authors: Freedman Daniel Z. , Van Proeyen Antoine
Published: May 2012

Supergravity, together with string theory, is one of the most significant developments in theoretical physics. Written by two of the most respected workers in the field, this is the first-ever authoritative and systematic account of supergravity. The book starts by reviewing aspects of relativistic field theory in Minkowski spacetime. After introducing the relevant ingredients of differential geometry and gravity, some basic supergravity theories (D=4 and D=11) and the main gauge theory tools are explained. In the second half of the book, complex geometry and N=1 and N=2 supergravity theories are covered. Classical solutions and a chapter on AdS/CFT complete the book. Numerous exercises and examples make it ideal for Ph.D. students, and with applications to model building, cosmology and solutions of supergravity theories, it is also invaluable to researchers. A website hosted by the authors, featuring solutions to some exercises and additional reading material, can be found at www.cambridge.org/supergravity.
Proclus
Authors: Chlup Radek
Published: May 2012

Proclus of Lycia (412–485) was one of the greatest philosophers of antiquity, producing the most systematic version of late Neoplatonic thought. He exercised enormous influence on Byzantine, medieval, Renaissance and German Classical philosophy, ranking among the top five of ancient philosophers in terms of the number of preserved works. Despite this he is rarely studied now, the enormous intricacy of his system making the reading of his treatises difficult for beginners. This book provides the first comprehensive introduction to all the basic areas of Proclus' thought. It carefully guides the reader through his metaphysics, theology, epistemology and theory of evil, as well as his sophisticated philosophy of religion. It also sets Proclus in the historical, social and religious context of late antiquity, offering a synthetic account that will appeal to historians and students of ancient religion.
The Ballets Russes and Beyond
Authors: Caddy Davinia
Published: May 2012

Belle-époque Paris witnessed the emergence of a vibrant and diverse dance scene, one that crystallized around the Ballets Russes, the Russian dance company formed by impresario Sergey Diaghilev. The company has long served as a convenient turning point in the history of dance, celebrated for its revolutionary choreography and innovative productions. This book presents a fresh slant on this much-told history. Focusing on the relation between music and dance, Davinia Caddy approaches the Ballets Russes with a wide-angled lens that embraces not just the choreographic, but also the cultural, political, theatrical and aesthetic contexts in which the company made its name. In addition, Caddy examines and interprets contemporary French dance practices, throwing new light on some of the most important debates and discourses of the day.
The Natural Moral Law
Authors: Anderson Owen
Published: May 2012

The Natural Moral Law argues that the good can be known and that therefore the moral law, which serves as a basis for human choice, can be understood. Proceeding historically through ancient, modern and postmodern thinkers, Owen Anderson studies beliefs about the good and how it is known, and how such beliefs shape claims about the moral law. The focal challenge is whether the skepticism of postmodern thinkers can be answered in a way that preserves knowledge claims about the good. Considering the failures of modern thinkers to correctly articulate reason and the good and how postmodern thinkers are responding to these failures, Anderson argues that there are identifiable patterns of thinking about what is good, some of which lead to false dichotomies. The book concludes with a consideration of how a moral law might look if the good is correctly identified.
Chile and the Neoliberal Trap
Authors: Solimano Andrés
Published: May 2012

This book analyzes Chile's political economy over the last 30 years and the country's attempt to build a market society in a highly inegalitarian society, now as a member country of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The investigation provides a historical background of Chilean economy and society and discusses the cultural underpinnings of the imposition of free markets, the macroeconomic and growth performance of the 1990s and 2000s and the social record of privatization of education, health and social security. The treatment documents the growing concentration of economic power among small groups of elites in Chile and discusses the limits of the democratic system built after the departure of the Pinochet regime.
Active Faults of the World
Authors: Yeats Robert
Published: May 2012

Providing the first worldwide survey of active earthquake faults, this book focuses on those described as 'seismic time bombs' – with the potential to destroy large cities in the developing world such as Port au Prince, Kabul, Tehran and Caracas. Leading international earthquake expert, Robert Yeats, explores both the regional and plate-tectonic context of active faults, providing the background for seismic hazard evaluation in planning large-scale projects such as nuclear power plants or hydroelectric dams. He also highlights work done in more advanced seismogenic countries like Japan, the United States, New Zealand and China, providing an important basis for upgrading building standards and other laws in developing nations. The book also explores the impact of major quakes on social development through history. It will form an accessible reference for analysts and consulting firms, and a convenient overview for academics and students of geoscience, geotechnical engineering and civil engineering, and land-use planning.
Sexual Politics in the Work of Tennessee Williams
Authors: Hooper Michael S. D.
Published: May 2012

Michael S. D. Hooper reverses the recent trend of regarding Tennessee Williams as fundamentally a social writer following the discovery, publication and/or performance of plays from both ends of his career - the 'proletarian' apprentice years of Candles to the Sun and Not About Nightingales and the once overlooked final period of, amongst many other plays, The Red Devil Battery Sign. Hooper contends that recent criticism has exaggerated the political engagement and egalitarian credentials of a writer whose characters and situations revert to a reactionary politics of the individual dominated by the negotiation of sexual power. Directly, or more often indirectly, Williams' writing expresses social disaffection before glamorising the outcast and shelving thoughts of political change. Through detailed analysis of canonical texts the book sheds new light on Williams' work, as well as on the cultural and social life of mid-twentieth-century America.
Presidents and Civil Liberties from Wilson to Obama
Authors: Walker Samuel
Published: May 2012

This book is a history of the civil liberties records of American presidents from Woodrow Wilson to Barack Obama. It examines the full range of civil liberties issues: First Amendment rights of freedom of speech, press and assembly; due process; equal protection, including racial justice, women's rights, and lesbian and gay rights; privacy rights, including reproductive freedom; and national security issues. The book argues that presidents have not protected or advanced civil liberties, and that several have perpetrated some of the worst violations. Some Democratic presidents (Wilson and Roosevelt), moreover, have violated civil liberties as badly as some Republican presidents (Nixon and Bush). This is the first book to examine the full civil liberties records of each president (thus, placing a president's record on civil rights with his record on national security issues), and also to compare the performance on particular issues of all the presidents covered.
Jefferson's Freeholders and the Politics of Ownership in the Old Dominion
Authors: Curtis Christopher Michael
Published: May 2012

Jefferson's Freeholders and the Politics of Ownership in the Old Dominion explores the historical processes by which Virginia was transformed from a British colony into a Southern slave state. It focuses on changing conceptualizations of ownership and emphasizes the persistent influence of the English common law on Virginia's postcolonial political culture. The book explains how the traditional characteristics of land tenure became subverted by the dynamic contractual relations of a commercial economy and assesses the political consequences of the law reforms that were necessitated by these developments. Nineteenth-century reforms seeking to reconcile the common law with modern commercial practices embraced new democratic expressions about the economic and political power of labor, and thereby encouraged the idea that slavery was an essential element in sustaining republican government in Virginia. By the 1850s, the ownership of human property had replaced the ownership of land as the distinguishing basis for political power, with tragic consequences for the Old Dominion.
The Salon of Madame Necker
Authors: Comte d'Haussonville Gabriel Paul Othenin de Cléron
Published: May 2012

Suzanne Curchod (1737–94) was living at Lausanne when she agreed to marry the young Edward Gibbon, but the engagement was broken off. Employed as companion to the then fiancée of Jacques Necker (1732–1804), later the finance minister of Louis XVI, she married him in 1764. Their only daughter, Anne Louise Germaine, is better known as Madame de Staël. Madame Necker was eager for her husband, a wealthy banker, to pursue a political career, but Jacques Necker's efforts towards financial reform made him unpopular at court, and his dismissal in July 1789 was one of the triggers for the French Revolution. His subsequent failure to control events led to his retirement to Switzerland in 1790. Volume 2 of this biography, written by a descendant, the comte d'Haussonville, and published in English in 1882, covers the events leading to the Revolution, and the exile and death of Madame Necker.
Paris in Peril
Authors: Vizetelly Henry
Published: May 2012

Henry Vizetelly (1820–94), whose two-volume Glances Back through Seventy Years is also reissued in this collection, was an English journalist based in Paris during the Franco-Prussian War, which concluded with the downfall of Napoleon III and the end of the second French Empire. First published in 1882, this is the second in a two-volume collection of his writings during this turbulent period. Describing the effects of the blockade of Paris on the civilian population as well as the army, he praises the continuing bravery of the French even in the face of inevitable defeat. In an interesting epilogue, he holds the French General Trochu's 'frivolous' approach accountable for the fall of Paris to the much better led Prussian army. Caricatures of the day depicted Trochu as a donkey restraining the lions of the French army - an image which was used again to great effect during the First World War.
History of England from the Accession of James I to the Outbreak of the Civil War, 1603–1642
Authors: Gardiner Samuel Rawson
Published: May 2012

Samuel Rawson Gardiner (1829–1902) was a distinguished Victorian historian of the seventeenth century who coined the term 'Puritan Revolution' and was noted for his use of and editorial work on primary sources. This ten-volume work was published in 1883–4, though he had already published eight volumes on the period 1603–37, of which the first two were considerably revised for this edition; and in later works he continued the story through the Civil War, the Commonwealth and the Protectorate. The series was highly regarded in its time, and reprinted often, although it was not without its critics. Gardiner aimed at writing 'scientific history', relying on the facts to speak for themselves. This second volume spans the period 1607–16, and includes chapters covering the colonisation of Virginia, James I's breach with the Commons, the Essex divorce, the Addled Parliament and the fall of Somerset.
History of England from the Accession of James I to the Outbreak of the Civil War, 1603–1642
Authors: Gardiner Samuel Rawson
Published: May 2012

Samuel Rawson Gardiner (1829–1902) was a distinguished Victorian historian of the seventeenth century who coined the term 'Puritan Revolution' and was noted for his use of and editorial work on primary sources. This ten-volume work was published in 1883–4, though he had already published eight volumes on the period 1603–37, of which the first two were considerably revised for this edition; and in later works he continued the story through the Civil War, the Commonwealth and the Protectorate. The series was highly regarded in its time, and reprinted often, although it was not without its critics. Gardiner aimed at writing 'scientific history', relying on the facts to speak for themselves. This fifth volume spans the period 1623–5, and includes chapters covering Prince Charles' journey to Madrid, the dissolution of the Spanish treaties, the last days of James I, and the first Parliaments of Charles I at Westminster and Oxford.
History of England from the Accession of James I to the Outbreak of the Civil War, 1603–1642
Authors: Gardiner Samuel Rawson
Published: May 2012

Samuel Rawson Gardiner (1829–1902) was a distinguished Victorian historian of the seventeenth century who coined the term 'Puritan Revolution' and was noted for his use of and editorial work on primary sources. This ten-volume work was published in 1883–4, though he had already published eight volumes on the period 1603–37, of which the first two were considerably revised for this edition; and in later works he continued the story through the Civil War, the Commonwealth and the Protectorate. The series was highly regarded in its time, and reprinted often, although it was not without its critics. Gardiner aimed at writing 'scientific history', relying on the facts to speak for themselves. This sixth volume spans the period 1625–9, and includes chapters covering the expedition to Cádiz, the second Parliament of Charles I, the Petition of Right and the impeachment and assassination of the Duke of Buckingham.
History of England from the Accession of James I to the Outbreak of the Civil War, 1603–1642
Authors: Gardiner Samuel Rawson
Published: May 2012

Samuel Rawson Gardiner (1829–1902) was a distinguished Victorian historian of the seventeenth century who coined the term 'Puritan Revolution' and was noted for his use of and editorial work on primary sources. This ten-volume work was published in 1883–4, though he had already published eight volumes on the period 1603–37, of which the first two were considerably revised for this edition; and in later works he continued the story through the Civil War, the Commonwealth and the Protectorate. The series was highly regarded in its time, and reprinted often, although it was not without its critics. Gardiner aimed at writing 'scientific history', relying on the facts to speak for themselves. This eighth volume spans the period 1635–9, and includes chapters covering Wentworth's rule in Ireland, religious and constitutional problems, the riots in Edinburgh and the Assembly of Glasgow.
Lombard Street
Authors: Bagehot Walter
Published: May 2012

Walter Bagehot (1826–77), the influential political and economic essayist, wrote a number of books that became standards in their respective fields. He attended University College, London, where he studied mathematics and gained a master's degree in intellectual and moral philosophy. He was called to the bar, but instead chose a career in his father's banking business. He wrote widely on literature, economics and politics, co-founding the National Review in 1855. He became editor-in-chief of The Economist in 1860 and remained in that post until his death. This work, published originally in 1873 and described by J. M. Keynes as 'an undying classic', is a masterpiece of economics. It explains the world of finance and banking, concentrating on crisis management, and its ideas are as relevant today as ever, especially in the face of the global financial crisis that emerged in 2007.
‘These Eighty Years'
Authors: Solly Henry
Published: May 2012

Henry Solly (1813–1903) was a British Unitarian minister and social reformer who supported universal suffrage, the abolition of slavery and free education. He is remembered today for his contribution to the development of the working-class movement in late Victorian Britain, and especially for being involved in the foundation of institutions such as Working Men's Clubs, the Charity Organization Society and the Garden City movement. First published in 1893, this two-volume autobiography combines the account of Solly's personal life as a Unitarian minister and father of five with the various social, religious and educational movements he was involved with during his career as an activist. Volume 1 focuses on Solly's childhood and school days, and provides fascinating insight into Solly's early intellectual and political development, first as a student of University College London, then as a minister at the Unitarian Chapel at Yeovil, Somerset.
A Statistical Account of the British Empire
Authors: McCulloch J. R.
Published: May 2012

John Ramsay McCulloch (1789–1864) wrote numerous articles, pamphlets and books about the emerging field of political economy. This two-volume work, published in 1837, focuses on 'the British Empire, exclusive of its foreign dependencies', in other words, Great Britain and Ireland. McCulloch drew information from the 1821 and 1831 census returns and commissioned contributions from experts including William Jackson Hooker, who provided the article on botany. His book was the first such overview to be compiled in more than a century and is an indispensable contemporary source on life in Great Britain and Ireland at the close of the Georgian era. Volume 1 first covers topography and population, and then focuses on agriculture, providing fascinating data on land use and the breeds of livestock reared. Additional chapters focus on crime and punishment, improvements in diet and standard of living, the economic benefits deriving from overseas colonies, and the English language.
The Constitutional History of England from the Accession of Henry VII to the Death of George II
Authors: Hallam Henry
Published: May 2012

Henry Hallam (1777–1859) was educated at King's College, Cambridge, and turned to the study of history and literature after tiring of the legal profession. In his first book, A View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages (1818), he documents the development of the English constitution until the demise of the house of Plantagenet at the end of the fifteenth century. A direct continuation of this theme, and Hallam's most famous book, this two-volume work covers a three-century period from the reign of Henry VII to the death of George II in 1760. First published in 1827, it focuses on the history of the laws and institutions of England (including the Church of England); its somewhat arbitrary cut-off point was chosen because Hallam hoped to avoid the stirring of political passions then still in the recent past. Volume 1 covers the period from 1485 to 1642.
The Constitutional History of England from the Accession of Henry VII to the Death of George II
Authors: Hallam Henry
Published: May 2012

Henry Hallam (1777–1859) was educated at King's College, Cambridge, and turned to the study of history and literature after tiring of the legal profession. In his first book, A View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages (1818), he documents the development of the English constitution until the end of the fifteenth century. A direct continuation of this theme, and Hallam's most famous book, this two-volume work covers a three-century period from the reign of Henry VII to the death of George II in 1760. First published in 1827, it focuses on the history of the laws and institutions of England (including the Church of England); its somewhat arbitrary cut-off point was chosen because Hallam hoped to avoid the stirring of political passions then still in the recent past. Volume 2 covers the period 1642–1760, and includes chapters on the constitutions of Scotland and of Ireland.
Life in London
Authors: Egan Pierce
Published: May 2012

Pierce Egan (1772–1849) was born near London and lived in the area his whole life. He was a famous sports reporter and writer on popular culture. His first book, Boxiana, was a collection of articles about boxing. It was a huge success and established Egan's reputation for wit and sporting knowledge. He is probably best remembered today as the creator of Corinthian Tom and Jerry Hawthorn ('Tom and Jerry'). Published in 1821 and beautifully illustrated by the Cruikshank brothers, this book is the original collection of Tom and Jerry's riotous adventures through Regency London. Its satirical humour and trademark use of current slang made it an overnight success, spawning many imitators and appearing in numerous editions. It was translated into French and inspired a number of successful stage plays that delighted audiences on both sides of the Atlantic. More recently, in 2006, an adaptation appeared on BBC Radio.
Nonparametric Inference on Manifolds
Authors: Bhattacharya Abhishek , Bhattacharya Rabi
Published: May 2012

This book introduces in a systematic manner a general nonparametric theory of statistics on manifolds, with emphasis on manifolds of shapes. The theory has important and varied applications in medical diagnostics, image analysis, and machine vision. An early chapter of examples establishes the effectiveness of the new methods and demonstrates how they outperform their parametric counterparts. Inference is developed for both intrinsic and extrinsic Fréchet means of probability distributions on manifolds, then applied to shape spaces defined as orbits of landmarks under a Lie group of transformations - in particular, similarity, reflection similarity, affine and projective transformations. In addition, nonparametric Bayesian theory is adapted and extended to manifolds for the purposes of density estimation, regression and classification. Ideal for statisticians who analyze manifold data and wish to develop their own methodology, this book is also of interest to probabilists, mathematicians, computer scientists, and morphometricians with mathematical training.
A History of Agriculture and Prices in England
Authors: Rogers James E. Thorold
Published: May 2012

Since early times, agriculture has been pivotal to England's economy. This is the first in a magisterial seven-volume, eight-piece compilation by the economist James E. Thorold Rogers (1823–90), which represents the most complete record of produce costs in England between the thirteenth and eighteenth centuries. Drawing on a variety of sources including college archives and the Public Record Office, Rogers documents the fluctuating prices of commodities such as livestock, wheat, hay, wool, textiles and labour in a time of great economic change, when the growing economy of the early middle ages was shaken by famine and the Black Death, and then gradually recovered towards the Agrarian Revolution. First published in 1866, this volume explores the period from 1259 to 1400. The factual information provided in Volume 2 is analysed in a series of essays focusing on farming methods, international trading, taxes, currency, and the financial consequences of the plague.
A History of Agriculture and Prices in England
Authors: Rogers James E. Thorold
Published: May 2012

Since early times, agriculture has been pivotal to England's economy. This is the third in a magisterial seven-volume, eight-piece compilation by the economist James E. Thorold Rogers (1823–90), which represents the most complete record of produce costs in England between the thirteenth and eighteenth centuries. Drawing on a variety of sources including college archives and the Public Record Office, Rogers documents the fluctuating prices of commodities such as livestock, wheat, hay, wool, textiles and labour in a time of great economic change, when the growing economy of the early middle ages was shaken by famine and the Black Death, and then gradually recovered towards the Agrarian Revolution. First published in 1882, this volume presents in tabular form data from 1401 to 1582, showing the prices of a range of products and services in towns and cities across the country. The data are then discussed in essays in Volume 4.
A History of Agriculture and Prices in England
Authors: Rogers James E. Thorold
Published: May 2012

Since early times, agriculture has been pivotal to England's economy. This is the fifth in a magisterial seven-volume, eight-piece compilation by the economist James E. Thorold Rogers (1823–90), which represents the most complete record of produce costs in England between the thirteenth and eighteenth centuries. Drawing on a variety of sources including college archives and the Public Record Office, Rogers documents the fluctuating prices of commodities such as livestock, wheat, hay, wool, textiles and labour in a time of great economic change, when the growing economy of the early middle ages was shaken by famine and the Black Death, and then gradually recovered towards the Agrarian Revolution. First published in 1887, Volume 5 uses the data supplied in Volume 6 to discuss the period from 1583 to 1702, exploring the costs of traditional agricultural products as well as fuel and building materials, transport, tenant farms, and changes in wages.
A History of Agriculture and Prices in England
Authors: Rogers James E. Thorold
Published: May 2012

Since early times, agriculture has been pivotal to England's economy. This is the sixth in a magisterial seven-volume, eight-piece compilation by the economist James E. Thorold Rogers (1823–90), which represents the most complete record of produce costs in England between the thirteenth and eighteenth centuries. Drawing on a variety of sources including college archives and the Public Record Office, Rogers documents the fluctuating prices of commodities such as livestock, wheat, hay, wool, textiles and labour in a time of great economic change, when the growing economy of the early middle ages was shaken by famine and the Black Death, and then gradually recovered towards the Agrarian Revolution. First published in 1887, Volume 6 presents in tabular form the data from 1583 to 1702, showing the prices of a range of products in towns and cities across the country, which are discussed in essays in Volume 5.
The Political Writings of Richard Cobden
Authors: Cobden Richard
Published: May 2012

Richard Cobden (1804–65) was the leading liberal thinker of his generation, and it was primarily through his efforts that the Corn Laws were repealed and that classical liberalism became the dominant political theory of the United Kingdom for over half a century. His first pamphlet was published in 1835 and his last in 1862. This collection was published two years after his death, and was regularly reprinted on both sides of the Atlantic well into the twentieth century. Volume 1 includes Cobden's first two pamphlets, England, Ireland and America and Russia, which argue that British foreign policy benefited only the 'establishment' while the ordinary people were forced, through excessive taxation, to finance military adventures. Advocating free trade, low taxation, reduced military spending and improvements to popular education, he suggests Britain should concentrate on improving conditions in Ireland rather than engage in sabre-rattling in the face of Russian expansionism.
A Treatise on the Industry of Nations
Authors: Eisdell Joseph Salway
Published: May 2012

In this two-volume work, originally published in 1839, the relatively unknown Joseph Salway Eisdell (1791–1876) explores the political economy of 1830s Britain from a different standpoint from that of many of his contemporaries. Influenced by Adam Smith and Michael Thomas Sadler, and in concordance with his contemporary, Irish economist Mountifort Longfield (1802–84), Eisdell's focus on 'fiscal sociology' places emphasis on industrial workers and the significance of human nature in economics. He reassesses economic and population trends by rejecting the (until then) well-regarded Malthusian principles. In many ways this work is a reflection of 1830s Victorian society, which was experiencing massive shifts towards industrialisation, urbanisation and modernisation, with accompanying political changes. Eisdell's later work, An Essay on the Causes and Remedies of Poverty (1852) demonstrates his continued enthusiasm for fiscal sociology. Volume 1 focuses on production, trade, the banks and population.
Memoir and Correspondence of the Late Sir James Edward Smith, M.D.
Authors: Smith James Edward
Published: May 2012

Originally published in 1832, this two-volume account of the life of Sir James Edward Smith (1759–1828) was posthumously compiled by his wife, Pleasance (1773–1877). Smith trained originally as a doctor, but his independent wealth enabled him to pursue botany. Hugely influenced by the work of Linnaeus, he benefited greatly from the purchase of the latter's library and herbarium in 1783, upon the advice of his friend, Sir Joseph Banks. He was highly regarded throughout Europe as a botanist, and in 1788 founded the Linnean Society. He published various botanical works, of which the most important was The English Flora (1824–8), and assisted in the publication of many more. His wife recounts his character as well as his achievements, using both narrative and 'various familiar and domestic letters' to do so. Volume 1 includes letters from Banks and Samuel Goodenough, bishop of Carlisle and Smith's close botanical friend.
Memoir and Correspondence of the Late Sir James Edward Smith, M.D.
Authors: Smith James Edward
Published: May 2012

Originally published in 1832, this two-volume account of the life of Sir James Edward Smith (1759–1828) was posthumously compiled by his wife, Pleasance (1773–1877). Smith trained originally as a doctor, but his independent wealth enabled him to pursue botany. Hugely influenced by the work of Linnaeus, he benefited greatly from the purchase of the latter's library and herbarium in 1783, upon the advice of his friend, Sir Joseph Banks. He was highly regarded throughout Europe as a botanist, and in 1788 founded the Linnean Society. He published various botanical works, of which the most important was The English Flora (1824–8), and assisted in the publication of many more. His wife recounts his 'religious, social and scientific character' as well as his achievements, and Volume 2 includes correspondence from Alexander von Humboldt, and concludes with an appendix in which short papers by Smith present a variety of topics.
The Subtropical Garden
Authors: Robinson William
Published: May 2012

The Irish-born gardener and writer William Robinson (1838–1935) travelled widely to study gardens and gardening in Europe and America. In 1871 he founded a weekly illustrated periodical, The Garden, which he owned until 1919, and he published numerous books on different aspects of horticulture. Topics included annuals, hardy perennials, alpines and subtropical plants, as well as accounts of his travels. High Victorian garden fashion involved formal beds of exotic and hothouse flowers. Robinson was influential in introducing less formal garden designs, using plants more suited to the English climate. This work was published in 1871, and showed how impressive outdoor displays could be achieved from hardier species, rather than relying on expensive greenhouses for short-lived plants. Robinson's most famous books, The Wild Garden (1870) and The English Flower Garden (1883) are also reissues in this series.
Tooth Profile Modification and its Effect on Spur Gear Pair Vibration in Presence of Localized Tooth Defect
Authors: Divandari M. , Aghdam B. H. , Barzamini R.
Published: May 2012

Vibration induced by gears includes important data about gearbox condition. We can use dynamic modeling of gear vibration for increasing our information about vibration generating mechanisms in gearboxes and dynamic behavior of gearbox in the presence of some kind of gear defects. In this paper a six degree-of-freedom nonlinear dynamic model including different gear errors and defects is developed for investigation of effects of tooth localized defect and profile modifications on overall gear dynamics. Interactions between tooth modifications and profile error are studied and the role of profile modification in dynamic response when a localized defect is incurred by a tooth is shown. It is indicated that although profile modifications and profile errors are micro-geometrical, they have considerable effects on vibrations of gear pair. Especially for the case of root relieved teeth that is shown to be more effective in reduction of vibration in the presence of tooth localized defect. Finally, the simulation results are compared with results from literature and the model is verified.
Static analysis of Biological Regulatory Networks dynamics using abstract interpretation
Authors: PAULEVÉ LOÏC , MAGNIN MORGAN , ROUX OLIVIER
Published: May 2012

The analysis of the dynamics of Biological Regulatory Networks (BRNs) requires innovative methods to cope with the state-space explosion. This paper settles an original approach for deciding reachability properties based onProcess Hitting, which is a framework suitable for modelling dynamical complex systems. In particular, Process Hitting has been shown to be of interest in providing compact models of the dynamics of BRNs with discrete values. Process Hitting splits a finite number of processes into so-called sorts and describes the way each process is able to act upon (that is, to ‘hit’) another one (or itself) in order to ‘bounce’ it as another process of the same sort with further actions.

By using complementary abstract interpretations of the succession of actions in Process Hitting, we build a very efficient static analysis to over- and under-approximate reachability properties, which avoids the need to build the underlying states graph. The analysis is proved to have a low theoretical complexity, in particular when the number of processes per sorts is limited, while a very large number of sorts can be managed.

This makes such an approach very promising for the scalable analysis of abstract complex systems. We illustrate this through the analysis of a large BRN of 94 components. Our method replies quasi-instantaneously to reachability questions, while standard model-checking techniques regularly fail because of the combinatoric explosion of behaviours.
High-Resolution Electron Diffraction: Accounting for Radially and Angularly Invariant Distortions
Authors: Carvalho Daniel , Morales Francisco M.
Published: May 2012

The distortions present in an electron diffraction pattern can be classified into two categories: one is radially invariant and the other is angularly invariant. We report a method to compensate these displacements undergone by diffraction features promoted by any kind of artifacts generated in parallel beam electron diffraction conditions. This approach is not aimed at quantifying these distortions but only intends to aid in the measurement of lattice parameters of crystals with a significant increase of accuracy and precision as compared to previous approaches. It is based on statistical estimations of the relative positions between diffraction rings and/or spots after performing a transformation of the digitalized patterns to polar coordinates. The analytical method is based on fitting a Gaussian type profile to intensity distributions. This makes it possible to determine the lattice parameters of a polycrystal or single crystal with relative errors smaller than 0.1% for diffractograms acquired in photographic films and below 0.01% for those collected in imaging plates.
The role of cooperative business models for the success of smallholder coffee certification in Nicaragua: A comparison of conventional, organic and Organic-Fairtrade certified cooperatives
Authors: Beuchelt Tina D. , Zeller Manfred
Published: May 2012

Supported by policy-makers and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), coffee farmer organizations obtain organic and Fairtrade certifications to upgrade their coffee and, thus, increase returns to their members. Whether this and other upgrading strategies fit into the business model of the cooperative and lead to success are often not considered. This research aims to identify similarities and differences between conventional and certified cooperatives and the resultant impact on farmers' incomes. We analyze the business models, upgrading strategies, and strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) of seven conventional, organic and Organic-Fairtrade certified coffee cooperatives and link these to members' coffee gross margins. We use data from over 100 in-depth qualitative interviews and a household survey of 327 cooperative members in northern Nicaragua. Results indicate that cooperatives often apply the same upgrading strategies despite very different business models and SWOT. There are also many commonalities of SWOT among cooperatives but no clear-cut differences between conventional, organic and Organic-Fairtrade certified cooperatives. The qualitative comparison of coffee gross margins among the cooperatives shows no clear income effect from participating in certified coffee production and certified cooperatives. It indicates, rather, dependence of gross margins on yield levels, the business model and upgrading strategies of the cooperatives. Upgrading through certification seems only successful with a suitable business model and other upgrading strategies. Policies should focus on (i) increasing as well as stabilizing coffee yields, and (ii) on the institutional framework of cooperatives by offering strategic support, credit access, external auditing of cooperatives and the establishment of a functional national coffee institute.
Suicide and Impossible Worlds
Authors: Bunford Nora , Bergner Raymond M.
Published: May 2012

Background: Suicide has a devastating impact on both survivors and society, and many obstacles to improving prevention efforts stem from our inadequate understanding of suicidality. A potential source of this shortcoming is that the majority of empirical studies focus only on a single specified etiology of suicide. Aims: To address this limitation, we present a further promising way to understand the suicidal state. We do so (1) by providing a brief review of something known as worlds theory ( Bergner, 2006 ), and (b) by presenting the results of a study exploring the relationship between a person’s taking it that his or her world is impossible/nonviable and his or her suicidal state. Methods: In this research, participants were asked to assess the perceived levels of world viability (vs. impossibility/nonviability) of 12 actual persons depicted in clinical vignettes. Results: As predicted, participants judged the worlds of suicidal committers significantly more nonviable than those of suicide attempters, and these in turn significantly more nonviable than those of mentally disordered but nonsuicidal persons. Conclusions: These findings indicate that the worlds of suicidal persons are unlivable – in worlds terms: impossible. We discuss implications of these findings for understanding the suicidal state and for intervening therapeutically.
Scaling of the inner electron diffusion region in collisionless magnetic reconnection
Authors: Divin A. , Lapenta G. , Markidis S. , Semenov V. S. , Erkaev N. V. , Korovinskiy D. B. , Biernat H. K.
Published: May 2012

The Sweet‐Parker analysis of the inner electron diffusion region of collisionless magnetic reconnection is presented. The study includes charged particles motion near the X‐line and an appropriate approximation of the off‐diagonal term for the electron pressure tensor. The obtained scaling shows that the width of the inner electron diffusion region is equal to the electron inertial length, and that electrons are accelerated up to the electron Alfvén velocity in X‐line direction. The estimated effective plasma conductivity is based on the electron gyrofrequency rather than the binary collision frequency, and gives the extreme (minimal) value of the plasma conductivity similar to Bohm diffusion. The scaling properties are verified by means of Particle‐in‐Cell simulations. An ad hoc parameter needs to be introduced to the scaling relations in order to better match the theory and simulations.
Cell division curtails helper phenotype plasticity and expedites helper T‐cell differentiation
Authors: van den Ham Henk Jan , de Boer Rob J
Published: May 2012

Following activation by antigen, helper T cells differentiate into one of many effector phenotypes. Formulating mechanistic mathematical models combining regulatory networks at the transcriptional, translational and epigenetic level, we study how individual helper T cells may adopt their different phenotypes. For each cytokine phenotype, for example, T helper type 1 (Th1) and type 2 (Th2) cells, we find that the intracellular molecular network allows a cell to adopt one of the three states, which we interpret as naive, active and memory states. Cell division markedly speeds up the differentiation into a particular memory state because of DNA demythelation. In a memory state, cells readily resume production of the same cytokine they produced before. Using stochastic models we show that helper T‐cell plasticity (that is, the ability to switch phenotype) is low during clonal expansion. Although most memory cells rapidly secrete the original cytokine upon restimulation, some adopt another phenotype and produce different cytokines, allowing for considerable diversity in the phenotypes that are adopted during a memory response. In summary, we show that helper T‐cell division expedites cell differentiation by increasing DNA demethylation. We also show that plasticity is low during the clonal expansion phase, but that helper T cells may adopt alternative phenotypes during a memory response.