bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mitigation of tsunami debris impact by fender structures for reinforced-concrete buildings
Authors:   , Tun Zin
Published: April 2023

The impact of large debris such as loaded shipping containers can cause significant damage to buildings at shorelines. In this study, the building and protection structures are connected with fenders to reduce the impact of large debris. The objective is to study the building with a fender structure that reduces the impact of the shipping container. For a fender structure, cone-shaped rubber fenders are used to absorb the impact energy. Various fender reactions are considered as a parameter to conduct the efficiency of the fender. Tsunami pushover analyses using the force-controlled and displacement-controlled methods are used to obtain the capacity of the building. The energy approach for shipping container impact is used to evaluate the resistance of the building. Capacity curves, energy absorptions, inter-story drift ratios of the buildings with and without fender structures are studied. The fender can effectively absorb the debris impact.  A design recommendation is proposed for the building with a fender structure. It is found that fender yield forces in the fender structure is the key parameter for the performance of the main building. Then, a three-dimensional tsunami pushover analysis is conducted on the building with 6 fender units. It is found that building with fenders can effectively resist all types of shipping container impact cases.
Protective effects of tiger milk mushroom (lignosus rhinocerus) extracts on oxidative stress-induced neurotoxicity and aging in HT22 cells and C. elegans
Authors:   , Kittimongkolsuk Parinee
Published: April 2023

Lignosus rhinocerus (LR) or Tiger Milk Mushroom, a fork medicinal mushroom, has been reported for several pharmacological effects including asthma treatment, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, immuno-modulating effects, promote neurite outgrowth in PC-12 cells, anti-HIV-1 activity, and antioxidants properties. However, the antioxidant properties have only focus on in vitro and no or few studies have reported their protective effects in mouse hippocampal (HT22) cells and Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). This study aims to investigate the neuroprotective effect of three extracts of LR against oxidative stress in both HT22 cells and. C. elegans as well as longevity in C. elegans. In HT22 cells, we assessed the toxicity of three LR extracts (LRE, LRC, and LRH) and their protective activity by MTT assay, Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide staining, Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (MMP), and assessment of intracellular ROS accumulation. In addition, we determined the antioxidant gene expression by qRT-PCR. In C. elegans, wild-type N2 were determined survival rate under oxidative stress and intracellular ROS. Transgenic strains including TJ356, TJ375, CF1553, CL2166, and LD1 were used to detect DAF-16, HSP-16.2, SOD-3, GST-4, and SKN-1, respectively. Lifespan and aging biomarkers including lipofuscin and pharyngeal pumping rated were also assessed. Furthermore, the neuroprotective effects, such as chemotaxis behavior and PolyQ40 formation were assessed as well. We found that only LRE significantly reduced both apoptotic cells and intracellular ROS level but significantly increased antioxidant genes expression after glutamate-induced oxidative stress in HT-22 cells. However, in C. elegans, all LR extracts decreased intracellular ROS and protected the worms from oxidative stress through DAF-16/FOXO pathway leading to increase SOD-3 and decrease HSP-16.2. On the other hand, the SKN-1 and GST-4 were not changed. All the extracts extended lifespan and reduced lipofuscin, whereas only high concentration improved pharyngeal pumping rate. All the extracts did not alter the body length and the progeny of the worms excluding dietary restriction. In addition, they exhibited the neuroprotective effects by enhancing chemotaxis Index (CI) in Aβ containing worms and decreasing PolyQ40 aggregation. Interestingly, only LRE exerted neuroprotection on both in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, this novel study could suggest that LR extracts, especially LRE, may be an alternative for neuroprotective supplements.
A robust system for core thai natural language processing technologies
Authors:   , Udomcharoenchaikit Can
Published: April 2023

As the amount of unstructured textual data grows, it becomes increasingly important to build an intelligent system that can process it. Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a technology that allows a computer to exploit human languages to perform tasks. Deep learning models have shown excellent results across fundamental tasks in NLP, such as word segmentation, part-of-speech tagging, and named-entity recognition. However, in many situations, these proposed methods fail to perform well. For an NLP system to be robust, it must address issues such as out-of-vocabulary and spelling-mistakes. This thesis's research goal is to develop NLP models that can handle malformed texts to improve their real-world setting usability. In this thesis, I propose novel models and evaluations that focus on robustness against malformed texts.  

This dissertation proposes multiple novel training strategies and architectures to improve the robustness against malformed texts.  This thesis explores input data manipulation strategies that diversify training data, such as UNK masking and adversarial training. It explores how sub-lexical information can improve the robustness of word embeddings. Furthermore, it examines similarity constraint techniques, such as triplet loss, which constraint the similarity between the original texts and the parallel perturbed texts. 

I also propose alternative evaluation schemes that reveal the weaknesses of NLP systems by introducing typographical adversarial examples to the test sets.  Our adversarial evaluation schemes show that current deep learning models are not robust against misspelled inputs, and they also show that our proposed training strategies and architectures can improve the performance over malformed texts.
Synthesis of MWCNTs by chemical vapor deposition from Methane Using FeMo/MgO catalyst : role of hydrogen and kinetic study
Authors:   , Chotmunkhongsin Chawalkul
Published: April 2023

In this study, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CCVD) of methane over FeMo/MgO catalyst in a fixed-bed reactor. The role of hydrogen on CNTs synthesis and kinetics of CNTs formation were experimentally investigated. The study revealed that hydrogen in the catalyst reduction process plays an important role in the structural changes of FeMo/MgO catalyst. The catalyst structure fully transformed into metallic FeMo, resulting in the increased yield of 5 folds higher than the non-reduced catalyst. However, the slightly larger diameter and lower crystallinity ratio of CNTs was obtained. The hydrogen co-feeding during the synthesis can slightly increase the CNTs yield, achieving the optimum amount of hydrogen addition. Further increase in hydrogen to the excess condition would inhibit the methane decomposition, resulting in less product yield. It was found hydrogenation of carbon to methane has proceeded during hydrogen co-feed process. However, the hydrogenation was non-selective to allotropes of carbon. Therefore, the addition of hydrogen would not benefit either maintaining the catalyst stability or improving the crystallinity ratio of the product by eliminating amorphous carbon from the catalyst surface and the product. The kinetic model of CNTs formation correlates with pseudo-first order of methane partial pressure. The rate of CNTs formation increases with the partial pressure of methane but decreases when saturation is exceeded. The activation energy was found to be 13.22 kJ mol-1, showing the rate controlling step to be in the process of mass transfer.
Techno-economic analysis of hydrogen production from dehydrogenation and steam reforming of ethanol for carbon dioxide conversion to methanol
Authors:   , Khamhaeng Phatchayada
Published: April 2023

Decreasing carbon dioxide (CO2) emission by converting to higher-valued product has become of interest. Hydrogen (H2) is an important feedstock required in thermochemical conversion of CO2 to chemicals such as methanol. The cost and availability of H2 affect the cost of CO2 conversion. This study is focused on the process simulation of H2 production from ethanol feedstock.  Steam reforming of ethanol is compared with dehydrogenation of ethanol to H2 with valued products including ethyl acetate and acetaldehyde. Form this study, steam reforming of ethanol presents the lowest cost of H2 production at 1.90 USD/kg H2 while dehydrogenation of ethanol presents the cost at 3.57 and 3.40 USD/kg H2, respectively. Although presenting the lowest cost, steam reforming of ethanol provides a net positive CO2 emission in the overall CO2 conversion to methanol process. In contrast, ethanol dehydrogenation to H2 and byproducts, ethyl acetate and acetaldehyde, promotes a net negative CO2 emission of -253.33 kg/ton methanol and -5.55 kg /ton methanol, respectively. The results present a decreasing CO2 emission with an increasing cost of H2 production.
Hydrological methodologies analysis to obtaining ecological and grantable flows, considering annual and monthly criteria for Doce river, Brazil
Authors: Bleidorn Michel Trarbach , Schmidt Isamara Maria , Knaak Jaqueline , Pinto Wanderson de Paula
Published: April 2023

Grant is the National Water Resources Policy legal instrument responsible for guaranteeing water to meet human needs and maintain aquatic life. However, attention should be paid to the method used to obtain grantable volumes, as they are determined through minimum flows on an annual basis studies. This study aims to comparatively analyze methodologies for determining grantable and ecological flows and, seasonality influence in obtaining them for Doce river water regime, Southeast Brazil. Seasonal component was identified by frequency analysis. Log-Pearson type III distribution was the one that best fit the data. Considering 50% of the monthly Q7,10, it is possible to increase the grantable volume in every month, while, for 50% of Q90 and 70% of Q95 criteria, there is a decrease in the volume subject to granting between July and October. The currently method adopted in the basin, 70% of the annual Q95, presents ecological flows lowest values and, in September month, allows granting a volume 21% greater when compared to the monthly basis. It is concluded that ecological and grantable flows determination considering seasonal characteristic allows a better management of the studied watercourse.
THE MERARIQ CULTURE OF THE SASAK IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF ISLAMIC SHARIA
Authors: Hotimah Husnul , Widodo Arif
Published: April 2023

Indonesia is a country that is rich in unique and interesting cultures and traditions from various parts of the island of Sabang to Merauke which should be proud, preserved and preserved. One of them is the culture that comes from the Sasak tribe in Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara. The Sasak tribe is one of the tribes in Indonesia who live on the island of Lombok using the Sasak language as its regional language. The Sasak tribe has one unique culture that is still practised by its people today, namely the Merariq culture. Merariq culture is one of a series of marriage processes by taking away the beloved bride. However, the merariq culture is considered inappropriate when viewed from Islamic law, which is the religion of the majority of the Sasak people. In Islam, marriage or marriage in terms of its meaning is to gather and unite. Marriage in Islam is an act that is legalized, has the value of worship and is confirmed in the holy book of the Al-Quran. This article aims to explain the contradiction of merariq culture from the perspective of Islamic law. This article uses a literature study research method. The results showed that in this merariq culture not all aspects violate Islamic law, including in merariq culture there is a procession of the marriage contract which is the legal reference for the bride and groom as a halal partner.
ECOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF UNCOMMON HEAVY METALS CONTAMINATION IN THE SOILS OF THE CENTRAL PROVINCE OF UŞAK, WESTERN TURKIYE
Authors: YILDIZ Ümit
Published: April 2023

This study aimed to evaluate the concentrations of the uncommon heavy metals (Ag, Bi, Co, Sb, Th, Tl, U, and V) in 90 soil samples obtained from both urban and agricultural lands near Uşak, western Turkiye to investigate dimensions of the existing ecological pollution using geoaccumulation and enrichment factor indices, and to identify their potential pollutants. The concentration values for the selected elements ranged from 0.01 to 0.46 mg/kg for silver (Ag); 0.07 to 0.72 mg/kg for bismuth (Bi); 7.9 to 55.8 mg/kg for cobalt (Co); 0.12 to 27.99 mg/kg antimony (Sb); 3.4 to 17.7 mg/kg for thorium (Th); 0.04 to 0.5 mg/kg for thallium (Tl); 0.3 to 7.3 mg/kg for uranium (U); and 18 to 72 mg/kg for vanadium (V). Igeo values of Ag showed moderate to heavy contamination in the city center of Uşak province. Igeo values of Bi and Sb in the west part of the study area indicated extremely contaminated soils. EF values for Bi and Sb also showed significant enrichment in the soils in the western portion of the study area which further validates that the potential sources for Bi and Sb heavy metals contaminations might be anthropogenic.
Qualitative and quantitative study on DL-glutamic acid and its monohydrate using terahertz spectra
Authors: Zheng Zhuan-Ping , Liu Yu-Hang , Zeng Fang , Zhao Shuai-Yu , Zhu Li-Peng ,   School of Electronic Engineering, Xi’an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi’an 710121, China
Published: April 2023

The rotation, translation, and vibration of many amino acid molecules fall in the terahertz (THz) range, thus qualitative and quantitative researches of amino acids can be carried out through their THz absorption characteristic fingerprint peaks. In this work, the room-temperature THz absorption spectra of DL-glutamic acid and its monohydrate at 0.5–3.0 THz are measured by utilizing terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS). It is found that the THz characteristic peaks of these two amino acids are obviously different from each other. Moreover, according to the changes of the absorption amplitude of the characteristic absorption peak (1.24 THz) of DL-glutamate monohydrate at different sample concentrations, the mixed samples of DL-glutamate and its monohydrate are quantitatively analyzed, and the quantitative analysis formula is verified. In addition, the optical mode of DL-glutamic acid and its monohydrate in THz region are predicted by using density functional theory (DFT). On condition that the theoretical data are matched with the experimental peaks, the origins of THz absorption peaks obtained in the experiment are discussed and summarized. The results show that the THz characteristic peaks (<2.80 THz) of DL-glutamic acid and its monohydrate come from the intermolecular interactions, and the other absorption peaks result from the combination of intermolecular and intramolecular interactions.
“Tühi tuba” ehk enesereflektsioon ja visuaal-tekstuaalne juhtumiuuring hingelise abi andmise õpetamisest ja õppimisest
Authors:   Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria, Paal Piret
Published: April 2023

According to the vision of the World Health Organization, spirituality is an integral part of human existence. Spirituality is even seen as an all-encompassing essence of the human being that requires appreciation and respect. Spirituality is closely linked to the search for meaning, the sense of connection and the feeling and experience of belonging. The article explores the question of whether and how it is possible to teach and learn spiritual care when one is ‘not spiritual’ oneself. The case study, based on the student’s self-reflection, is theoretically inspired by Ricoeur’s theory of narrative meaning-making and a search for explanations of life issues. It is a visual-textual case study, which also explains the appropriateness of the chosen method of self-reflection and analysis for recording and making sense of emotional-social-relational experiences.
Õpetaja mälestuseks
Authors:   Institute of Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia, Sedakova Irina , Valentsova Marina ,   Institute of Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
Published: April 2023

The renowned philologist Nikita Tolstoi promoted revolutionary ideas not only in Russian but also in the worldwide Slavonic studies. He, together with Svetlana Tolstaia, established the Moscow school of ethnolinguistics, the methodology of which is becoming increasingly topical, covering novel themes, and the number of researchers working in this field in different countries grows year by year. The 100th birth anniversary of the academician instigated his disciples to review their mentor’s work in order to evaluate his scientific contribution from the perspective of modernity and to analyse the evolution of his ideas.
Understanding the response in Pugionium cornutum (L.) Gaertn. seedling leaves under drought stress using transcriptome and proteome integrated analysis
Authors: Wang Ping , Wu Zhaoxin , Chen Guihua , Yu Xiaojing
Published: April 2023

Background

Drought is one of the crucial constraints limiting horticultural plant’s production and development around the world. Pugionium cornutum is an annual or biennial xerophyte with strong environmental adaptability and drought resistance; however, the mechanisms with respect to response to drought stress remain largely unclear.

Methods

After seedling emergence, the gravimetric method was used to control soil relative water content (SRWC). Drought stress was applied to the six-leaf stage P. cornutum seedlings. The soil water content of different drought stress levels (L) was controlled by gravimetric method as follows: control (L1): 70–75% SRWC; moderate drought level (L2): 40–45% SRWC; severe drought level (L3): 30–35% SRWC, and the water was added to different drought stress levels at about 18:00 p.m. every day. The experiment ended when the leaves of P. cornutum showed severe wilting (10-leaf stage). Samples were harvested and stored at −80 °C for physiological determination, and transcriptomic and proteomic sequencing.

Results

Compared with L1, the leaves of P. cornutum seedlings were increasingly wilted after drought treatment; the SRWC of the drought-stress leaves decreased notably while the leaf water potential was rose; the proline, malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased with the continuous drought treatment but peroxidase (POD) activity decreased. Besides, 3,027 differential genes (DGs) and 196 differential proteins (DPs), along with 1,943 DGs and 489 DPs were identified in L2-L1 and L3-L1, respectively. The transcriptome and proteome integrated analysis manifested that only 30 and 70 were commonly regulated both in L2-L1 and L3-L1, respectively. Of which, 24 and 61 DGs or DPs showed the same trend including sHSPs, APX2, GSTU4, CML42, and POD, etc. However, most of DGs or DPs were regulated only at the transcriptome or proteome level mainly including genes encoding signal pathway (PYR1, PYLs, SnRK2J, PLC2, CDPK9/16/29, CML9, MAPKs), transcription factors (WRKYs, DREB2A, NAC055, NAC072, MYB and, HB7) and ion channel transporters (ALMT4, NHX1, NHX2 and TPK2). These genes or proteins were involved in multiple signaling pathways and some important metabolism processes, which offers valuable information on drought-responsive genes and proteins for further study in P. cornutum.
Sharing of Individual Patient-Level Data by Trialists of Randomized Clinical Trials of Pharmacological Treatments for COVID-19
Authors: Esmail Laura C. , Kapp Philipp , Assi Rouba , Wood Julie , Regan Gabriela , Ravaud Philippe , Boutron Isabelle
Published: April 2023

This study describes access to individual patient-level data from randomized clinical trials during the COVID-19 pandemic to determine whether the intent to share what was reported in the registry, publication, or preprint was consistent with actual data access.
Effect of Longer Family Meals on Children’s Fruit and Vegetable Intake
Authors: Dallacker Mattea , Knobl Vanessa , Hertwig Ralph , Mata Jutta
Published: April 2023

Importance

Family meals are a formative learning environment that shapes children’s food choices and preferences. As such, they are an ideal setting for efforts to improve children’s nutritional health.

Objective

To examine the effect of extending the duration of family meals on the fruit and vegetable intake in children.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This randomized clinical trial used a within-dyad manipulation design and was conducted from November 8, 2016, to May 5, 2017, in a family meal laboratory in Berlin, Germany. Included in the trial were children aged 6 to 11 years who did not follow a special diet or have food allergies and adult parents who served as the nutritional gatekeeper in the household (ie, the family member responsible for at least half of the food planning and preparation). All participants underwent 2 conditions: control, defined as regular family mealtime duration, and intervention, defined as 50% longer mealtime duration (10 minutes longer on average). Participants were randomized to the condition they would complete first. Statistical analyses of the full sample were conducted between June 2 and October 30, 2022.

Interventions

Participants had 2 free evening meals under different conditions. In the control or regular condition, each dyad ate in the same amount of time as their reported regular mealtime duration. In the intervention or longer condition, each dyad had 50% more time to eat than their reported regular mealtime duration.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome was the number of pieces of fruits and vegetables eaten by the child during a meal.

Results

A total of 50 parent-child dyads participated in the trial. Parents had a mean (range) age of 43 (28-55 years) years and were predominantly mothers (36 [72%]). Children had a mean (range) age of 8 (6-11) years and included an equal number of girls and boys (25 [50%]). Children ate significantly more pieces of fruits (t49 = 2.36, P = .01; mean difference [MD], 3.32 [95% CI, 0.96 to ∞]; Cohen d = 0.33) and vegetables (t49 = 3.66, P < .001; MD, 4.05 [95% CI, 2.19 to ∞]; Cohen d = 0.52) in the longer condition than in the regular mealtime duration condition. Consumption of bread and cold cuts did not significantly differ between conditions. The children’s eating rate (bites per minute over the regular mealtime duration) was significantly lower in the longer than in the regular condition (t49 = −7.60, P < .001; MD, −0.72 [95% CI, −0.56 to ∞]; Cohen d = 1.08). Children reported significantly higher satiety after the longer condition (V = 36.5, P < .001).

Conclusions and Relevance

Results of this randomized clinical trial suggest that the simple, low-threshold intervention of increasing family mealtime duration by approximately 10 minutes can improve the quality of children’s diet and eating behavior. The findings underscore the potential for such an intervention to improve public health.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03127579
Implementation of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures for Gender-Affirming Care Worldwide
Authors: Kamran Rakhshan , Jackman Liam , Chan Cynthia , Suk Yujin , Jacklin Chloe , Deck Eve , Wietek Nina , Stepney Melissa , Harrison Conrad , Jain Abhilash , Rodrigues Jeremy
Published: April 2023

Importance

Gender-affirming care is a key clinical area that can benefit from implementation of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). Identifying barriers to and enablers of PROM implementation is needed to develop an evidence-based implementation strategy.

Objective

To identify (1) PROMs previously implemented for gender-affirming care and constructs measured, (2) how patients completed PROMs and how results were reported and used, and (3) barriers to and enablers of PROM implementation.

Evidence Review

In this systematic review, PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Web of Science were searched from inception to October 25, 2021, and updated on December 16, 2022. Gray literature was searched through gray literature database, online search engine, and targeted website searching. Inclusion criteria were (1) original articles of (2) a formally developed PROM or ad hoc instrument administered for gender-affirming care to (3) patients accessing gender-affirming care. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme tool was used to evaluate quality of included studies. This review was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021233080).

Findings

In total, 286 studies were included, representing 85 395 transgender and nonbinary patients from more than 30 countries. A total of 205 different PROMs were used in gender-affirming care. No studies described using an implementation science theory, model, or framework to support PROM deployment. Key barriers to PROM implementation included issues with evidence strength and quality of the PROM, engaging participants, and PROM complexity. Key enablers of PROM implementation included using PROMs validated for gender-affirming care, implementing PROMs able to be deployed online or in person, implementing PROMs that are shorter and reduce patient burden, engaging key stakeholders and participants as part of developing an implementation plan, and organizational climate.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this systematic review of barriers to and enablers of PROM implementation in gender-affirming care, PROM implementation was inconsistent and did not follow evidence-based approaches in implementation science. There was also a lack of patient input in creating implementation strategies, suggesting a need for patient-centered approaches to PROM implementation. Frameworks created from these results can be used to develop evidence-based PROM implementation initiatives for gender-affirming care and have potential generalizability for other clinical areas interested in implementing PROMs.
Challenges and Opportunities for the Promising Biomarker Blood Neurofilament Light Chain
Authors: Abdelhak Ahmed , Kuhle Jens , Green Ari J.
Published: April 2023

This Viewpoint describes the benefits and limitations of using neurofilament light chain (NfL) as a marker of real-time disease activity and treatment response in multiple sclerosis.
An open chat with… Cecília Maria Arraiano
Authors: Bogeska Ruzhica , Arraiano Cecília Maria
Published: April 2023

Professor Cecília Maria Arraiano directs a research group named ‘Control of Gene Expression’ at Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal. She started her scientific journey at the University of Lisbon, where she graduated in Biology, before completing her PhD in Genetics as a Fulbright‐Hays Fellow at the University of Georgia, Athens, USA. After a postdoc in the USA, she returned to Lisbon to establish her own lab. She has authored close to 200 publications mainly in the field of RNA degradation mechanisms, with a focus on enzymes and RNA chaperones that mediate RNA decay in microorganisms. She has received several prizes and is an active member of prestigious organizations. Namely, she is an EMBO member, Fellow of the European Academy of Microbiology, Fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology, and member of the Portuguese Academy of Sciences. In addition, Prof Arraiano has chaired the FEBS Working Group on Women in Science from 2014 to 2022. In this fascinating interview, she discusses her research, her experience working in the USA and Portugal, and the importance of initiatives to support women in science.
Synthesis and Characterization of Highly Deformable Multilayer Magnetoactive Elastomers with Magnetically Soft Particles
Authors: Gómez Ainara , Berasategi Joanes , Andonegui Imanol , Alonso Marcos , Bou-Ali M. Mounir
Published: April 2023

Herein, a new highly deformable magnetoactive elastomeric material is developed. The elastomer is composed of a silicon‐based matrix and soft‐magnetic Fe microparticles. It presents a nonuniform multilayer internal structure, with highest particle concentration in one‐half of the thickness. These elastomers are produced in sheet and tubular formats, wherein multilayer distribution of the components is achieved by the gravitational and centrifugal force respectively. The study of the rheological properties shows a high change in the dynamic modulus of the elastomer in the presence of magnetic field, which is representative of a high magnetorheological effect. Regarding the deformability of the elastomer, to monitor the displacements and curvatures generated under the action of a magnetic field, an optical, noninvasive, and magnetic field‐insensitive system based on 3D stereoscopic technique is employed. Using this method, the digitization of the upper curved surface of the elastomer as a function of the applied magnetic field is obtained. From the digitized surfaces, the deformation of the material in response to a magnetic field is calculated, reaching deformations up to 23.7% at 207 kA m−1. Moreover, the deformation level is linearly variable and controllable by the strength of the applied magnetic field, allowing dynamic deformation of the material.
Growth Mechanism of Thermally Evaporated γ‐CsPbI3 Film
Authors: Dong Chong , Liu Dayu , Wang Liang , Li Kanghua , Yang Xuke , Li Zhe , Song Haisheng , Xu Ling , Chen Chao , Tang Jiang
Published: April 2023

Cesium lead triiodide (CsPbI3) inorganic perovskite possesses excellent thermal stability and matched bandgap for silicon‐based tandem photovoltaics. The solution method with high‐temperature annealing process for CsPbI3 film preparation creates challenges to scalable application and conformal growth on the textured silicon. Although additives can decrease the annealing temperature, it will introduce undesired organic components and increase material cost. Thermal co‐evaporation for CsPbI3 has intrinsic advantages to overcome these issues, but the vague growth mechanism impedes the photovoltaic device development. In this study, γ‐CsPbI3 films are directly obtained through co‐evaporation at 50 °C without any additives or high‐temperature post‐annealing. Focusing on the molecular thermodynamic calculations, it is proposed that the unique kinetic energy of evaporated molecules and the in‐situ substrate thermal energy synergistically provide the energy prerequisite for γ‐CsPbI3 formation. Furthermore, the γ phase stabilization is clarified by the crystal grain size effect with regard to the Gibbs free energy difference between the γ and δ phases, which is adjusted through substrate temperature and evaporation rate. The obtained p‐i‐n device realizes an efficiency of 12.75%, which is the highest value for the thermally evaporated γ‐CsPbI3 photovoltaics at low temperature without additives. This study deepens the understanding of thermal evaporation process, benefiting to high‐performance CsPbI3‐textured silicon tandem photovoltaics.
Antibiotic‐Derived Carbon‐Nanodot‐Decorated Hydrogel for Reactive Oxygen Species‐Enhanced Anti‐Infection Through Biofilm Damage
Authors: Wang Zekun , Zhang Pu , Yin Chenyang , Li Yuqing , Liao Ziyu , Yang Chenhao , Liu Hang , Wang Weiyun , Fan Cundong , Sun Dongdong , Cheng Liang
Published: April 2023

Irreversible bacterial resistance and impenetrable biofilms have rendered conventional antibiotic therapy ineffective. Nevertheless, increasing evidence has confirmed that antibiotic carbon nanodots (CDs) exhibit potent antibacterial activity. However, the complex chemical composition of antibiotic CDs, and, hence, their antibacterial mechanism, is difficult to understand. The design of new antibiotic CDs against antibacterial resistance is an urgent requirement.In this study, kanamycin‐sulfate‐derived carbon nanodots (KCDs) are found to exhibit significant antibacterial potential with the assistance of light irradiation. Systematic analysis indicates that KCDs not only retain the active structure of kanamycin but also produce five new components modified on its surface, which are shown to inhibit the activity of Staphylococcus aureus beta‐ketoacyl‐acp synthase III (FabH) through molecular docking. Furthermore, the multifunctional hydrogels (CG‐KCDs) self‐assemble into injectable, self‐healing, and antibiofilm structures through noncovalent forces between the KCDs and cationic guar gum (CG). The results indicate that under laser, CG‐KCDs irradiation exhibits enhanced antibacterial activity in vitro by damaging bacterial biofilms in a reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐dependent manner, as determined by transcriptomics. Further, the therapeutic effects of CG‐KCDs hydrogel dressings on wound healing and tissue remodeling under laser are confirmed using an in vivo wound infection model. These results validate the potential of KCDs as efficient antibacterial agents to replace antibiotics as an anti‐infective strategy.
Ultra‐High Capacity and Cyclability of β‐phase Ca0.14V2O5as a Promising Cathode in Calcium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Richard Prabakar Samuel Jayaraj , Ikhe Amol Bhairuba , Park Woon‐Bae , Ahn Docheon , Sohn Kee‐Sun , Pyo Myoungho
Published: April 2023

Crystalline water‐free β‐phase Ca0.14V2O5is reported for the first time as a viable cathode material for calcium‐ion batteries (CIBs). In contrast to layered α‐V2O5and δ‐CaxV2O5·nH2O, which have limited capacity, the β‐phase delivers a reversible capacity of ≈247 mAh g−1, which corresponds to the insertion/extraction of Ca2+between Ca0.14V2O5and Ca1.0V2O5. The process of Ca2+insertion process and the accompanying structural relaxation are theoretically and experimentally verified. The initial insertion of Ca2+into Ca0.14V2O5causes a slight shift of oxygen atoms surrounding hepta‐coordination sites, creating penta‐coordinated sites that are then partially filled up to Ca0.33V2O5. Further insertion occurs through the stepwise occupation of up to 50% of neighboring hexa‐ and tetra‐coordination sites to form Ca0.67V2O5and Ca1.0V2O5, respectively. The rearrangement of oxygen atoms in Ca0.14V2O5also minimizes dimensional changes, leading to high cyclic stability during repeated charge/discharge cycles. The remarkable electrochemical performance of full cells containing a Ca0.14V2O5cathode and a K metal anode in Ca2+/K+hybrid electrolytes, is also demonstrated, thanks to the inertness of K+insertion into Ca0.14V2O5and the absence of calcium plating/stripping. The cyclic stability and high capacity of Ca0.14V2O5is not compromised in hybrid electrolytes, making it a viable CIB cathode.
Transparent and Stretchable Au–Ag Nanowire Recording Microelectrode Arrays
Authors: Chen Zhiyuan , Nguyen Khanh , Kowalik Grant , Shi Xinyu , Tian Jinbi , Doshi Mitansh , Alber Bridget R. , Guan Xun , Liu Xitong , Ning Xin , Kay Matthew W. , Lu Luyao
Published: April 2023

Transparent microelectrodes have received much attention from the biomedical community due to their unique advantages in concurrent crosstalk‐free electrical and optical interrogation of cell/tissue activity. Despite recent progress in constructing transparent microelectrodes, a major challenge is to simultaneously achieve desirable mechanical stretchability, optical transparency, electrochemical performance, and chemical stability for high‐fidelity, conformal, and stable interfacing with soft tissue/organ systems. To address this challenge, we have designed microelectrode arrays (MEAs) with gold‐coated silver nanowires (Au–Ag NWs) by combining technical advances in materials, fabrication, and mechanics. The Au coating improves both the chemical stability and electrochemical impedance of the Au–Ag NW microelectrodes with only slight changes in optical properties. The MEAs exhibit a high optical transparency >80% at 550 nm, a low normalized 1 kHz electrochemical impedance of 1.2–7.5 Ω cm2, stable chemical and electromechanical performance after exposure to oxygen plasma for 5 min, and cyclic stretching for 600 cycles at 20% strain, superior to other transparent microelectrode alternatives. The MEAs easily conform to curvilinear heart surfaces for colocalized electrophysiological and optical mapping of cardiac function. This work demonstrates that stretchable transparent metal nanowire MEAs are promising candidates for diverse biomedical science and engineering applications, particularly under mechanically dynamic conditions.
Low‐Temperature‐Printed Liquid Metal‐Based 3‐D Circuits Applied for Stretchable Biomedical Electronics
Authors: Sun Fankai , Li Guangyong , Chen Husheng , Jin Yuan , Zhang Aibing , Zhang Minghua , Du Jianke , Hua Licheng
Published: April 2023

The integrated development of stretchable electronics is inevitably led to an increase in the density of electronic components, which substantially increase the complexity of conductive pathways. This complexity causes substantial challenges in circuit design. Therefore, the formation of a three‐dimensional (3‐D) cross‐bridge wire interconnection structure is of vital significance for the high‐density integrated development of stretchable electronic devices. To fulfill this requirement, this study introduces a low‐temperature liquid metal (LM)‐based 3‐D printing technology, which can print LM‐based 3‐D circuits. First, the influence of cooling temperature, nozzle diameter, printing speed, and the distance between nozzle and substrate on the accuracy of LM‐based circuits is characterized. After characterization, various complex LM‐based 3‐D structures are successfully generated. To verify its reliability, LM‐based 3‐D circuits and LED lights are integrated, which exhibited stable mechanical and electrical properties under various deformations. These included bending, twisting, and stretching. Finally, based on the low‐temperature LM‐based 3‐D printing technology, a portable noninvasive stretchable biomedical electronic device is developed that is composed of LM‐based 3‐D circuits, a heart rate, and a blood oxygen sensor. The results revealed that the stretchable biomedical sensor has the potential to help patients improve their lives in the future.
High‐Performance Phosphor‐in‐Glass Film on Thermoelectric Generator for Non‐Radiative Energy Recycling in Laser Lighting
Authors: Peng Yang , Zhao Jiuzhou , Yu Zikang , Wang Qing , Liu Jiaxin , Chen Mingxiang , Mou Yun
Published: April 2023

Huge heat energy is ultimately generated in the color converter as a result of the nonradiative recombination of high‐power laser excitation. Inspired by the thermoelectric conversion, a high‐performance phosphor‐in‐glass film (PIGF) coated on a thermoelectric generator (TEG) for nonradiative energy recycling in high‐brightness laser lighting is proposed. The heat‐resistance PIGF with high luminescence is tightly coated on the hot‐side ceramic of TEG, while yielding a bright white light and promoting the heat conduction between PIGF and TEG. At the PIGF thickness of 60 µm, the PIGF‐TEG enables a natural white light with a luminous flux of 464 lm, a luminous efficacy of 194 lm W−1, a correlated color temperature (CCT) of 6552 K, and an appropriate chromaticity coordinate of (0.3117, 0.3302) under a laser power of 2.39 W. Aside from the high‐brightness output white light with a luminous flux of 1045 lm, the laser‐driven PIGF‐TEG produces the output voltage and current of 0.46 V and 174 mA under a laser power of 5.61 W, respectively. Therefore, the proposed PIGF‐TEG provides a potential strategy for heat energy recycling in high‐power phosphor‐converted lighting.
A Natural Organic Artificial Synaptic Device Made from a Honey and Carbon Nanotube Admixture for Neuromorphic Computing
Authors: Tanim Md Mehedi Hasan , Templin Zoe , Hood Kaleb , Jiao Jun , Zhao Feng
Published: April 2023

Artificial synaptic devices are the essential hardware component in emerging neuromorphic computing systems by mimicking biological synapse and brain functions. When made from natural organic materials such as protein and carbohydrate, they have potential to improve sustainability and reduce electronic waste by enabling environmentally‐friendly disposal. In this paper, a new natural organic memristor based artificial synaptic device is reported with the memristive film processed by a honey and carbon nanotube (CNT) admixture, that is, honey‐CNT memristor. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and micro‐Raman spectroscopy are employed to analyze the morphology and chemical structure of the honey‐CNT film. The device demonstrates analog memristive potentiation and depression, with the mechanism governing these functions explained by the formation and dissolution of conductive paths due to the electrochemical metal filaments which are assisted by CNT clusters and bundles in the honey‐CNT film. The honey‐CNT memristor successfully emulates synaptic functionalities such as short‐term plasticity and its transition to long‐term plasticity for memory rehearsal, spatial summation, and shunting inhibition, and for the first time, the classical conditioning behavior for associative learning by mimicking the Pavlov's dog experiment. All these results testify that honey‐CNT memristor based artificial synaptic device is promising for energy‐efficient and eco‐friendly neuromorphic systems.
Photoinitiation Mechanisms of Novel Phenothiazine‐Based Oxime and Oxime Esters Acting as Visible Light Sensitive Type I and Multicomponent Photoinitiators
Authors: Noon Adel , Hammoud Fatima , Graff Bernadette , Hamieh Tayssir , Toufaily Joumana , Morlet‐Savary Fabrice , Schmitt Michael , Bui Thanh‐Tuan , Rico Alexandre , Goubard Fabrice , Péralta Sébastien , Dumur Frédéric , Lalevée Jacques
Published: April 2023

In this work, three new photoinitiators, based on the phenothiazine scaffold as a chromophore and potentially bearing the oxime ester functionality as an initiating group are designed and synthesized for the free radical polymerization of acrylates, the cationic polymerization of epoxides, and the formation of interpenetrated polymer networks upon irradiation with a light emitting diode emitting at 405 nm. These phenothiazine‐based oxime and oxime esters revealed impressive photoinitiation ability manifested by excellent polymerization rates and high final reactive function conversions. Significantly, they can be used as both; one‐component (Type I) and two‐component photoinitiating systems. Photoinitiation mechanisms through which reactive species are produced are investigated by means of different complementary techniques including real‐time Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV–visible absorption spectroscopy, electron spin resonance spectroscopy, fluorescence (steady state and time resolved), cyclic voltammetry, and molecular modeling calculations. Thermal initiation behavior of the different oxime esters is also studied by using differential scanning calorimetry, highlighting their dual thermal/photochemical initiation ability. Finally, 3D printed objects are successfully fabricated by conducting both direct laser writing and 3D printing experiments.
Coupling Strength and Total Damping Govern Electromagnetically Induced Absorption in Coupled Plasmonic Systems
Authors: Matsumori Kishin , Fujimura Ryushi , Retsch Markus
Published: April 2023

Electromagnetically induced absorption (EIA) is an optical phenomenon that enhances light absorption of plasmonic systems. Depending on the plasmonic system under investigation, the decisive role of intrinsic versus radiative damping and phase retardation has been pointed out to control the EIA. Herein, a unified interpretation is provided and the mechanism of EIA for plasmonic–dielectric composites and all‐plasmonic dipolar–quadrupolar antennas is unraveled. In this theoretical work, the finite element method is used to elucidate how EIA is attributed to an absorption enhancement of a resonance mode excited by near‐field coupling. For a fundamental understanding, a quantitative analysis is developed by designing an extended coupled‐oscillator model. A critical parameter to maximize EIA is found, which is different from previous interpretations of such coupled plasmonic systems. Namely, the ratio of coupling strength to the total damping of the entire system controls EIA. The generalized interpretation of EIA given by this work can be applied to many plasmonic systems and is essential for designing future optical components and devices.
Metasurface with Directional‐Controlled Asymmetric Transmissions
Authors: Shang Guanyu , Li Guoyu , Guan Chunsheng , Zhao Weisong , Li Haoyu , Zhang Kuang , Liu Jian , Wu Qun , Ding Xue-Mei , Burokur Shah Nawaz , Ding Xumin
Published: April 2023

The diverse design freedom and exotic electromagnetic properties of metasurfaces enable them to achieve unprecedented capability and superiority with regard to conventional optical elements. Herein, a bifunctional microwave metasurface with an asymmetric bidirection transmission phase that can be controlled is reported. The proposed metasurface is composed of bilayered double‐arrow‐shaped structures sandwiching a subwavelength metal grating. Such design can achieve not only linear polarization (LP) conversion for two oppositely directed wave incidences but also phase control independently by introducing a rotation and adjusting the geometrical parameters of the double‐arrow‐shaped structures. The metasurface breaks the symmetry and realizes different functions for opposite propagation directions, such as deflection and focusing, orbital angular momentum (OAM) mode generation, and holographic imaging. The experimental results suggest that the proposed Janus metasurface can be further exploited as an attractive platform for various applications ranging from microwave reconfigurable beam antenna and multifunctional polarization control to optical imaging, sensing, and information processing.
Low Temperature Optical Properties of Novel Lead‐Free Cs2NaFeCl6 Perovskite Single Crystals
Authors: Armer Melina , Dörflinger Patrick , Weis Andreas , Büchner Carsten , Gottscholl Andreas , Höcker Julian , Frank Kilian , Nusser Lukas , Sirtl Maximilian T. , Nickel Bert , Bein Thomas , Dyakonov Vladimir
Published: April 2023

Lead‐free double perovskites have attracted much attention as possible alternatives to lead halide based perovskites in photovoltaic applications. However, to date only few double perovskites have been successfully employed in optoelectronic device prototypes. Therefore, the search for stable and lead‐free materials is ongoing. Here, we present the successful growth of high‐quality Cs2NaFeCl6 single crystals and their temperature‐dependent structural and optical properties. By combining electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), crystal structure analysis and density functional theory (DFT) we could determine a cubic crystal structure with a spin of 5/2 for this material, showing strongly spin polarized character. Furthermore, combining photoluminescence (PL) and optical absorption measurements we find a bandgap of approximately 2.1 eV at room temperature as well as the presence of excitonic states. Using Elliot's formula, we are able to extract the temperature‐dependent behavior of the bandgap as well as an estimated exciton binding energy of only 20 meV at 80 K.
Efficient Direct Laser Generation by Three‐Phonon‐Assisted Transition with Yb:YCOB Crystal
Authors: Si Huichen , Liang Fei , Lu Dazhi , Yu Haohai , Zhang Huaijin , Wu Yicheng
Published: April 2023

Electron–phonon‐coupling effect can generate the direct lasing beyond the fluorescence spectrum of the gain medium, but the laser efficiency is still low owing to weak multiphonon‐coupling intensity. Herein, associated with the three‐phonon‐assisted electron transitions beyond 1100 nm, the tunable laser generation from 1125 to 1155 nm and highly efficient continuous‐wave lasers at 1131 and 1140 nm in a ytterbium‐doped YCa4O(BO3)3 crystal are realized, by balancing the intracavity loss and phonon‐determined gain. The maximum output power reaches to 3.95 and 2.06 W at 1131 and 1140 nm, corresponding to a slope efficiency of 52.4% and 39.1%, respectively, which represents the highest efficiency in the solid‐state lasers in this spectral range. More impressively, this phonon‐assisted vibronic laser exhibits a wide‐spectral tunability and a good output power stability. Herein, a practical laser source in the underdeveloped spectral range is provided by the results, and they are helpful for the development of multiphonon‐assisted lasers beyond the inherent fluorescence spectrum.