bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and properties of through‐space conjugated polymers based on cyano‐substituted poly(p‐arylenevinylene)s
Authors: Morisaki Yasuhiro , Lin Lin , Chujo Yoshiki
Published: October 2009

New through‐space cyano‐substituted poly(p‐arylenevinylene)s containing a [2.2]paracyclophane unit were synthesized by the Knoevenagel reaction. Polymers 5 and 7 have cyano groups at α‐positions and β‐positions from the dialkoxyphenylene unit, respectively. Their optical and electrochemical behaviors were investigated in detail in comparison with their model compounds. Polymers 5 and 7 exhibited through‐space conjugation via the cyclophane units. Polymer 5 showed greenish blue emission (λmax = 477 nm) in diluted solution with fluorescence quantum efficiency (ϕF) of only 0.007, whereas polymer 7 emitted in the bluish green region (λmax = 510 nm) with ϕF of 0.32. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5979–5988, 2009
Patterned immobilization of biomolecules by using ion irradiation‐induced graft polymerization
Authors: Choi Jae‐Hak , Ganesan Ramakrishnan , Kim Dong‐Ki , Jung Chan‐Hee , Hwang In‐Tae , Nho Young‐Chang , Yun Je‐Moon , Kim Jin‐Baek
Published: October 2009

A new method for biomolecular patterning based on ion irradiation‐induced graft polymerization was demonstrated in this study. Ion irradiation on a polymer surface resulted in the formation of active species, which was further used for surface‐initiated graft polymerization of acrylic acid. The results of the grafting study revealed that the surface graft polymerization using 20 vol % of acrylic acid on the poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) film irradiated at the fluence of 1 × 1015 ions/cm2 for 12 h was the optimum graft polymerization condition to achieve the maximum grafting degree. The results of the fluorescence microscopy also revealed that the optimum fluence to achieve the maximum fluorescence intensity was 1 × 1015 ions/cm2. The grafting of acrylic acid on the PTFE surfaces was confirmed by a fluorescence labeling method. The grafted PTFE films were used for the immobilization of amine‐functionalized p‐DNA, followed by hybridization with fluorescently tagged c‐DNA. Biotin‐amine was also immobilized on the acrylic acid grafted PTFE surfaces. Successful biotin‐specific binding of streptavidin further confirmed the potential of this strategy for patterning of various biomolecules. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 6124–6134, 2009
Grafting of aldehyde structures to single‐walled carbon nanotubes for application in phenolic resin‐based composites
Authors: Yan Yehai , Zhao Shuai , Cui Jian , Yang Shaobei
Published: October 2009

Grafting of aldehyde structures to single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) has been carried out to endow the nanotubes with appropriate wettability. The results of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, ultraviolin‐visible‐near infrared (UV‐VIS‐NIR) spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy provide the supporting evidence of aldehyde structures covalently attached to SWNTs. The improved wettability of aldehyde‐functionalized SWNTs (f‐SWNTs) was demonstrated by their good dispersion in organic medium, namely, ethanol and phenolic resin. The prospective covalent bonding between aldehyde structures on the surfaces of f‐SWNTs and phenolic resin makes it possible to prepare an integrated composite with the enhanced‐interfacial adhesion. The f‐SWNT composites, therefore, show much higher average values of dσ/dWCNT and dE/dWCNT (i.e., tensile strength and Young's modulus per unit weight fraction) compared with the composites filled with pristine SWNTs or MWNTs. The respective maxima are 9680 MPa and 320 GPa. It is thus feasible for f‐SWNTs to prepare the moderately enhanced but lightweight phenolic composites. Furthermore, the incorporation of f‐SWNTs does not limit the application of phenolic resin as insulation material. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 6135–6144, 2009
Proteomic analysis in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with atypical nonketotic hyperglycinemia and pulmonary hypertension – A pilot study
Authors: Rodríguez Carlos E. , Arranz José A. , Colomé Nuria , Bech‐Serra Joan J. , Canals Francesc , Del Toro Mireia , Riudor Encarnació
Published: October 2009

A variant phenotype of nonketotic hyperglycinemia has been described by our group associated with pulmonary hypertension. The aim of this study is to investigate the cerebrospinal fluid proteomes to get an insight into this neurodegenerative process producing leukoencephalopathy with white matter spongiform degeneration. DIGE and MALDI‐TOF‐TOF analyses were performed to carry out the proteomic study of four patients against three normal controls and one additional control of a classical nonketotic hyperglycinemia. The differential proteomic analysis showed a displacement of some series of spots toward the acidic side. The shifted proteins showed a high degree of carbonylation and increased methionine sulfoxidation was found in cystatin C and in vitamin‐D‐binding protein. These findings in addition to the increase of serum malondialdehyde concentration provide evidence of an oxidative stress in the patients under study, which is probably systemic rather than mainly confined to the CNS. The similarities of our findings with those found in other neurodegenerative diseases suggest that oxidative damage is commonly involved in these pathologies. DIGE technology improves the 2‐D PAGE differential analysis and it is suitable in proteomic studies with a small number of cases.
Silver: a novel growth catalyst for Ge nanoislands on Si(113)
Authors: Speckmann M. , Schmidt Th. , Locatelli A. , Menteş T. O. , Niño M. Á. , Falta J.
Published: October 2009

The impact of silver pre‐adsorption on germanium growth on Si(113) was investigated using in‐situ low‐energy electron microscopy (LEEM) as well as low‐energy electron diffraction (LEED). The adsorption of silver leads to the formation of a regular pattern of nanofacets along the [1$ \bar 1 $0] direction. The periodicity of this pattern in [33$ \bar 2 $] direction was determined to (44 ± 4) nm. From LEED series at different energies the facets were identified to be of (111) and (115) orientation. While the (111) facets show a (√3 × √3)‐R30° reconstruction, the (115) facets exhibit a (2 × n) superstructure. The subsequent growth of Ge results in the formation of nanoislands that are aligned along the facets. These Ge islands have an anisotropic shape with typical sizes of about 100 nm in [33$ \bar 2 $] direction and 400 nm in [1$ \bar 1 $0] direction. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Antiobesity effect of baicalin involves the modulations of proadipogenic and antiadipogenic regulators of the adipogenesis pathway
Authors: Lee Haeyong , Kang Ryunhwa , Hahn Yoonsoo , Yang Young , Kim Sung Su , Cho Soo Hyun , Chung Sang‐In , Yoon Yoosik
Published: October 2009

In this study, the antiobesity effects of baicalin, 5,6‐dihydroxyflavone‐7‐glucuronic acid, were characterized using an in vitro system of adipogenesis, i.e. fat cell formation. Baicalin‐treatment of 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes was shown to inhibit triglyceride accumulation and lipid droplet formation during induced adipogenesis. Microarray analyses showed that baicalin modulated the expression of genes located in pathways such as adipogenesis, cholesterol biosynthesis, focal adhesion and others. In the adipogenesis pathway, treatment with baicalin significantly down‐regulated terminal differentiation markers of adipocytes including fatty acid binding protein 4. The effects of baicalin on the core part of the adipogenesis pathway, however, were paradoxical; the expression levels of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)β and C/EBPδ were up‐regulated, while the expression levels of the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR)γ and C/EBPα were down‐regulated. The antiadipogenic mechanisms of baicalin can be explained by its effects on the upstream part of adipogenesis pathway; baicalin not only up‐regulates the antiadipogenic regulators, C/EBPγ, C/EBP homologous protein and Kruppel‐like factor (KLF)2, but also down‐regulates the proadipogenic regulator, KLF15. The overall effects of baicalin on these upstream regulators of adipogenesis were antiadipogenic, resulting in the down‐regulation of downstream genes and the inhibition of cellular fat accumulation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of acacia honey on wound healing in various rat models
Authors: Iftikhar F. , Arshad M. , Rasheed F. , Amraiz D. , Anwar P. , Gulfraz M.
Published: October 2009

Honey is a traditional remedy for the treatment of infected wounds, and is becoming more important as microbial resistance to conventional therapeutic agents increases. A study was conducted to assess the wound‐healing activity of Acacia honey using incision, excision, burn and dead‐space wound models in rats. Different formulations of honey were used and rats were treated topically as well as orally. Both the higher and lower doses of honey produced a significant effect on healing (p < 0.05). The area of epithelization was found to increase, followed by an increase in wound contraction, skin‐breaking strength, tissue granulation. The hydroxyproline content also increased in the rats treated with higher doses of honey compared to control, indicating an increase in collagen formation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generation of Selective TACE Inhibitors: Ligand and Structure Based Molecular Modeling, Virtual Screening, Counter Pharmacophore Screening to Get Selective Molecules
Authors: Bahia Malkeet Singh , Silakari Om
Published: October 2009

This study describes the ligand based as well as structure based molecular modeling and virtual screening of selective tumor necrosis factor‐α converting enzyme (TACE) inhibitors. In ligand based molecular modeling, two statistically reliable pharmacophore models HypoA1 and HypoB1 were generated using a same training set of 22 molecules. HypoA1 consists of two hydrogen bond acceptor and three hydrophobic groups whereas HypoB1 consists of one hydrogen bond donor, one ring aromatic and three hydrophobic groups. Virtual screening was performed with both models in in‐house database of 1.2 million molecules. To remove non selective hits from screened molecules, a counter pharmacophore was generated using inhibitors of MMP‐1, an important enzyme involved in musculoskeletal degradation. In structure based molecular modeling, docking analysis was performed to explore the important interactions between ligands and protein. On comparison, HypoA1 and HypoB1 were found to be complementing with results of docking analysis suggesting high reliability of both models for their use in virtual screening/designing of new molecules.
Interactions of Indole Derivatives with Immobilized 3,5‐Dinitrobenzoyl‐Phenylglycine
Authors: Šoškić Milan , Magnus Volker
Published: October 2009

Relative binding constants for 50 ring‐substituted indolic compounds, most of them with auxin activity, to immobilized 3,5‐dinitrobenzoyl‐phenylglycine were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. To learn more about the recognition mechanism, QSPR (quantitative structure‐property relationship) analysis was performed. A five‐parameter model, based on physico‐chemical and structural properties, was obtained which accounted for more than 97% of the variations in the relative binding constants. The robustness of the model was confirmed by internal (q2LOO=0.963) and external (q2EXT=0.900) validation. The model suggests that the binding constants of indole derivatives are mainly governed by the electronic and steric properties of the substituents at the indole nucleus. Electron‐donating substituents increased affinity, while electron‐withdrawing substituents decreased it. Substituents which can form hydrogen‐bonds with the acceptor phase further strengthened affinity, while the negative effect of bulky substituents could be ascribed to steric restrictions at the acceptor phase. The relative binding constants of the dihalogenated compounds studied were essentially determined by their substitution patterns.
A second‐generation ionic liquid matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization matrix for effective mass spectrometric analysis of biodegradable polymers
Authors: Berthod Alain , Crank Jeffrey A. , Rundlett Kimber L. , Armstrong Daniel W.
Published: October 2009

A second generation ionic liquid matrix (ILM), N,N‐diisopropylethylammonium α‐cyano‐4‐hydroxycinnamate (DEA‐CHCA), was developed for the characterization of polar biodegradable polymers. It is compared with five solid matrices typically used for the characterization of these polymers and one other new ILM. It is shown that use of the ILM, DEA‐CHCA, allows maximum signal with minimum laser intensity which minimizes polymer degradation. In these conditions, the DEA‐CHCA ILM is able to assist in the ionization of analytes in an efficient but soft manner. These qualities produce spectra that allow an accurate and sensitive determination of the number average molecular weights, weight average m.w., and polydispersity index of labile polar polymers. With such polymers, many solid matrices produce spectra showing extensive polymer degradation leading to the underestimation of molecular weights. The distribution of intact analyte peaks obtained with the ILM DEA‐CHCA allows for identification of the fine structure of complex copolymers. ILMs were much less susceptible to effects of extraction delay times on molecular weight determination than were solid matrices. The liquid nature of the matrix is an important reason for the outstanding results obtained for labile analyte polymers. No comparable results could be obtained with any known solid matrices or other ILMs. In many cases, the manufacturers' listed molecular weights and polydispersity measurements for biodegradable polymers are determined by size‐exclusion chromatography and the data obtained by that method may differ considerably from the high‐precision matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF‐MS) results presented here. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The scientific method and scientific inquiry: Tensions in teaching and learning
Authors: Tang Xiaowei , Coffey Janet E. , Elby Andy , Levin Daniel M.
Published: October 2009

Typically, the scientific method in science classrooms takes the form of discrete, ordered steps meant to guide students' inquiry. In this paper, we examine how focusing on the scientific method as discrete steps affects students' inquiry and teachers' perceptions thereof. To do so, we study a ninth‐grade environmental science class in which students first reviewed a typical version of the scientific method, then brainstormed about which sites on school grounds could be good earthworm habitats and how to test their ideas. Our discourse analysis explores the dynamics between the “steps” of the scientific method and students' engagement in more authentic scientific inquiry. We argue that focusing on the scientific method as discrete steps can distract students from their ongoing, productive inquiry and can also draw teachers' attention away from students' productive inquiry. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 94:29–47, 2010
Report on the 47th IUVSTA Workshop ‘Angle‐Resolved XPS: the current status and future prospects for angle‐resolved XPS of nano and subnano films’
Authors: Herrera‐Gomez A. , Grant J. T. , Cumpson P. J. , Jenko M. , Aguirre‐Tostado F. S. , Brundle C. R. , Conard T. , Conti G. , Fadley C. S. , Fulghum J. , Kobayashi K. , Kövér L. , Nohira H. , Opila R. L. , Oswald S. , Paynter R. W. , Wallace R. M. , Werner W. S. M. , Wolstenholme J.
Published: October 2009

A summary of the workshop entitled ‘Angle‐Resolved XPS: The Current Status and Future Prospects for Angle‐resolved XPS of Nano and Subnano Films’ is given, which was held at the Riviera Maya, Mexico, 26–30 March 2007, under the main sponsorship of the International Union for Vacuum Science, Technique and Applications (IUVSTA). Angle‐resolved X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS) can provide detailed chemical as well as depth profile information about the near‐surface composition of materials and thin films. This workshop was held to review the present status and level of understanding of Angle‐resolved XPS, and to stimulate discussions leading to a deeper understanding of current problems and new solutions. The main goal of the workshop was to find better ways to perform experiments and, very importantly, better ways to extract information from the experimental data. This report contains summaries of presentations and discussions that were held in sessions entitled ‘Basics and Present Limits of ARXPS’, the Analysis of ARXPS Data, Applications of ARXPS, Equipment for ARXPS, and Future Developments in ARXPS'. There were 33 participants at the workshop. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Instantaneous earthquake input energy and sensitivity in base‐isolated building
Authors: Yamamoto Kaoru , Fujita Kohei , Takewaki Izuru
Published: October 2009

The input energy and energy input rate to a base‐isolated (BI) building during an earthquake are considered and formulated in the frequency domain. The frequency‐domain approach for computation of input energy and energy input rate has different remarkable advantages compared with the conventional time‐domain approach. It is demonstrated that the input energy can be of a compact form via the frequency integration of the product between the input component (squared Fourier amplitude spectrum of acceleration) and the structural model component (so‐called energy transfer function). Furthermore, the energy input rate can also be of a similar form via the frequency integration of the product between the instantaneous power spectrum and the energy transfer function. With the help of this compact form, it is shown that the formulation in the frequency domain is essential for deriving arbitrary‐order closed‐form sensitivities of the input energy and energy input rate with respect to uncertain stiffness and damping coefficients in the BI storey. The closed‐form sensitivity expressions provide us with information on the most unfavourable variation of the uncertain parameters that leads to the maximum input energy and input rate. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seismic response analysis of structure with energy dissipation devices using force analogy method
Authors: Li Gang , Li Hong‐Nan
Published: October 2009

In this paper, an approach is developed based on the force analogy method to analyse the dynamic response of structure with energy dissipation devices (EDDs). The proposed algorithm is applicable to a variety of EDDs by turning the EDD to the equal force imposed on the joints of frame. Compared to the conventional method for a nonlinear deformation analysis using changing stiffness, this analytical method is superior with features such as significantly reducing the integration times owning to the nonlinear characteristic of the EDD, dramatically enhancing the velocity of calculation and remarkably expanding the amount of the solution information. Besides the dynamic analysis of structure, the new proposed algorithm also accurately captures distributions of plastic hinges and the plastic displacement at any time before and after the EDDs installation. Compared to the numerical results obtained by use of the finite element software ANSYS, the approach here is verified to be accurate and efficient. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal diagnosis of idiopathic infantile arterial calcification with hydrops fetalis
Authors: Nasrallah F. K. , Baho H. , Sallout A. , Qurashi M.
Published: October 2009

Idiopathic infantile arterial calcification (IIAC) is a rare and nearly always fatal disorder. To date, prenatal diagnosis has been reported in fewer than 10 cases. We describe a series of three cases in which the diagnosis of IIAC was made at 23, 25 and 29 weeks' gestation. All three cases presented with a normal anatomy scan at 20 weeks' gestation with an echogenic intracardiac focus. Follow‐up scans showed generalized hyperechogenicity and calcification of the walls of the large arteries, particularly the aorta and the iliac arteries. All cases developed hydrops fetalis with cardiomegaly and polyhydramnios later in gestation, resulting in intrauterine fetal death in two cases and neonatal death immediately following delivery in the third. This is the largest case series and the earliest gestational age of prenatal diagnosis of IIAC reported to date. When surveying for the disease, serial scans are important, perhaps from 20 weeks' gestation, with close examination of the iliac and aortic arteries. Detection of echogenic intracardiac focus could be an early marker in patients with a family history of the disease. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new model for x‐ray fluorescence autoabsorption analysis of pigment layers
Authors: Bertucci M. , Bonizzoni L. , Ludwig N. , Milazzo M.
Published: October 2009

A new model for describing the x‐ray absorption in painting layers is presented. In it we take into account that the painting layer composition consists of small pigment grains embedded in a low Z binding medium. Accordingly, a linear law for autoabsorption inside the grains is assumed (due to the small size) and the x‐ray absorption in the medium is completely disregarded. The model developed is based on the fundamental parameter method entering as characteristic parameters of the sample: layer thickness, pigment grain volume and pigment grain volume density (dilution).

We show by experiments, performed on zinc and lead white pigments, that in the thin layer approximation, good agreement with nominal values is obtained for the volume dilution. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Macro–micro elementary content of liver and lungs in rats with alimentary adiposity (SRXRF)
Authors: Trunova V. A. , Zvereva V. V. , Churin B. V. , Astashov V. V. , Anzyreva Yu. A.
Published: October 2009

In alimentary adiposity, some microelements take active part in the metabolism change that proves to be true by an essential deviation from the norm of their concentration in liver and lung tissues during the physiological hunger and soon after fat consumption. The concentrations (in µg/g) of the following chemical elements P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, and Sr were determined by synchrotron radiation excited X‐ray fluorescence (SRXRF) analysis. The measurements were carried out at the experimental station of X‐ray fluorescence elemental analysis (Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, storage ring VEPP‐3). In alimentary adiposity, deficiency of separate microelements does not concern all organisms, but only some organs. At the condition of physiological hunger in the liver and lungs of rats with alimentary adiposity, the concentrations of As and Br are decreased; besides, in lungs the concentrations of Zn, Se, and Rb are also lowered. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finally Fulfilling Wade’s Rules: The C4v Symmetric Polycation Bi95+ in the Polar Structure of Bi18Sn7Br24 = (Bi95+)2[Sn7Br2410–]
Authors: Wahl Bernhard , Ruck Michael
Published: October 2009

The bismuth rich bromidostannate(II) Bi18Sn7Br24 = (Bi95+)2[Sn7Br2410–] was crystallized from a melt of bismuth, tin, and BiBr3. X‐ray diffraction on a single crystal revealed a polar, tetragonal structure (space group I4cm, no. 108) with lattice parameters a = 1323.70(5) pm and c = 1816.86(8) pm at 110(5) K. In agreement with Wade’s rules and quantum chemical calculations, the homonuclear nido cluster Bi95+ is a monocapped square antiprism (point group C4v). The anions of the bromidostannate(II) groups mainly comply with the pseudosymmetry of the space group I4/mcm and thereby affect substantial disorder of the SnII cations.
Development of a novel reflux‐free bilioenteric anastomosis procedure by using a bioabsorbable polymer tube
Authors: Aikawa Masayasu , Miyazawa Mitsuo , Okada Katsuya , Toshimitsu Yasuko , Okamoto Kojun , Akimoto Naoe , Koyama Isamu , Ikada Yoshito
Published: October 2009

Background

Bilioenteric anastomosis allows reflux of bowel fluid into bile ducts, resulting in reflux cholangitis. We sought to develop a reflux‐free procedure of bilioenteric anastomosis endowed using an artificial bile duct (ABD).

Methods

The study was performed in four groups of pigs. In Group A, end‐to‐side choledochoduodenostomy using the interposed ABD with its distal end wrapped by the duodenal seromuscular layer was performed. In Group B, conventional end‐to‐side choledochoduodenostomy using the ABD was performed. In Group C, conventional end‐to‐side choledochoduodenostomy was performed. In Group D, sham operation was performed. In each groups, 12 weeks later, animals were evaluated.

Results

Bile amylase levels were significantly lower in Group A (36.9 ± 21.7 U/L) compared with Group B (469 ± 140.9 U/L). No significant differences were observed in bile amylase levels between Groups A and D or between Groups B and C. On histology, the neo‐bile duct in Group A was covered with the duodenal muscular layer at the orifice into the intestinal tract.

Conclusion

This study suggests that the ABD is useful in the regeneration of extrahepatic bile ducts and that to bury the ABD in the duodenum can be a preventive measure against reflux of bowel fluid to bile ducts.
Decisions to Seek Healthcare Based on Family Health History Among Urban Appalachian Women
Authors: Cree Robyn A. , Lynch John , Au Margaret G. , Myers Melanie F.
Published: October 2009

Family health history (FHH) is a valuable health promotion tool that can be used to assess disease risk and make lifestyle and screening recommendations. However, few FHH resources exist for medically underserved populations such as the urban Appalachian community in Cincinnati Ohio. Women of Appalachian heritage with less than a college education who did and did not participate in a prior FHH education session were interviewed by phone in a semi‐structured format. Interviewees were asked to discuss their understanding of FHH and the role FHH played in seeking (or not seeking) medical care. Analysis of their discussion identified four overarching themes as well as a model identifying conditions that facilitated or impeded the choice to seek medical care based on FHH. Findings from this study may be used to develop targeted FHH educational interventions in the urban Appalachian and other communities.
Low back pain may be caused by disturbed pain regulation
Authors: Jensen Ole Kudsk , Nielsen Claus Vinther , Stengaard‐Pedersen Kristian
Published: October 2009

Background: Widespread pain has negative influence on outcome in low back pain (LBP) patients. Tender point (TP) examination is a standardized examination method to estimate diffuse tenderness.

Aims: To assess diffuse tenderness by means of a standardized TP examination and to analyse for associations between the number of TPs and spinal structural changes as well as psycho‐social factors.

Methods: Patients sick‐listed 3–16 weeks due to LBP with or without sciatica completed a questionnaire and went through a clinical low back examination and TP examination. Of 326 patients 111 had verified nerve root affection and 215 had non‐specific LBP with or without radiating pain. Disc height reductions were estimated on lateral X‐rays.

Results: Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that more than 8 TPs were strongly negatively associated with disc degeneration (Odds Ratio (OR) 0.58 (0.40–84), 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.39–0.84, p = 0.004) and verified nerve root affection (OR 0.15 (0.04–0.54), p = 0.004) and were positively associated with number of years since first episode of LBP (OR 1.05, CI: 1.01–1.09, p = 0.009). Furthermore, more than 8 TPs were positively associated with widespread pain, female sex and bodily distress. With all patients included, bodily distress and the number of tender points were positively associated with the intensity of LBP, but disc degeneration was only positively associated with LBP in patients with less than 6 TPs.

Conclusions: The pain in patients with diffuse tenderness was rarely related to disc degeneration or nerve root affection, rather it may be caused by disturbed pain regulation.
Islam and Orthodox Russia: From Eurasianism to Islamism
Authors: Shlapentokh Dmitry
Published: October 2009

The growing and increasingly politically active Russian Muslims of diverse ethnic backgrounds provide various political models for their relationship with Russians. Some still accept Eurasianism but assume that it is Muslims not Orthodox Russians who should be the “older brothers” in the alliance or, in any case, that the very notion of older and younger brother should be put to an end. The others want complete separation from Russia or at least the minimization of their relationship with it. Finally, others believe in the Islamization of Russia. The models provide a glance at the possible scenarios for Russia’s future.
Turbulence structure above a vegetation canopy
Authors: FINNIGAN JOHN J. , SHAW ROGER H. , PATTON EDWARD G.
Published: October 2009

We compare the turbulence statistics of the canopy/roughness sublayer (RSL) and the inertial sublayer (ISL) above. In the RSL the turbulence is more coherent and more efficient at transporting momentum and scalars and in most ways resembles a turbulent mixing layer rather than a boundary layer. To understand these differences we analyse a large-eddy simulation of the flow above and within a vegetation canopy. The three-dimensional velocity and scalar structure of a characteristic eddy is educed by compositing, using local maxima of static pressure at the canopy top as a trigger. The characteristic eddy consists of an upstream head-down sweep-generating hairpin vortex superimposed on a downstream head-up ejection-generating hairpin. The conjunction of the sweep and ejection produces the pressure maximum between the hairpins, and this is also the location of a coherent scalar microfront. This eddy structure matches that observed in simulations of homogeneous-shear flows and channel flows by several workers and also fits with earlier field and wind-tunnel measurements in canopy flows. It is significantly different from the eddy structure educed over smooth walls by conditional sampling based only on ejections as a trigger. The characteristic eddy was also reconstructed by empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis, when only the dominant, sweep-generating head-down hairpin was recovered, prompting a re-evaluation of earlier results based on EOF analysis of wind-tunnel data. A phenomenological model is proposed to explain both the structure of the characteristic eddy and the key differences between turbulence in the canopy/RSL and the ISL above. This model suggests a new scaling length that can be used to collapse turbulence moments over vegetation canopies.
Nonlinear interaction between a boundary layer and a liquid film
Authors: VLACHOMITROU M. , PELEKASIS N.
Published: October 2009

The nonlinear stability of a laminar boundary layer that flows at high Reynolds number (Re) above a plane surface covered by a liquid film is investigated. The basic flow is considered to be nearly parallel and the simulations are based on triple deck theory. The overall interaction problem is solved using the finite element methodology with the two-dimensional B-cubic splines as basis functions for the unknowns in the boundary layer and the film and the one-dimensional B-cubic splines as basis functions for the location of the interface. The case of flow above an oscillating solid obstacle is studied and conditions for the onset of Tollmien–Schlichting (TS) waves are recovered in agreement with the literature. The convective and absolute nature of TS and interfacial waves is captured for gas-film interaction, and the results of linear theory are recovered. The evolution of nonlinear disturbances is also examined and the appearance of solitons, spikes and eddy formation is monitored on the interface, depending on the relative magnitude of Froude and Weber numbers (Fr,We), and the gas to film density and viscosity ratios (ρ/ρw, μ/μw). For viscous films TS waves grow on a much faster time scale than interfacial waves and their effect is essentially decoupled. The influence of interfacial disturbances on short-wave growth in the bulk of the boundary layer bypassing classical TS wave development is captured. For highly viscous films for which inertia effects can be neglected, e.g. aircraft anti-icing fluids, soliton formation is obtained with their height remaining bounded below a certain height. When water films are considered interfacial waves exhibit unlimited local growth that is associated with intense eddy formation and the appearance of finite time singularities in the pressure gradient.
On the structure of shear stress and turbulent kinetic energy flux across the roughness layer of a gravel-bed channel flow
Authors: MIGNOT EMMANUEL , HURTHER D. , BARTHELEMY E.
Published: October 2009

This study examines the structure of shear stress and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) flux across the roughness layer of a uniform, fully rough gravel-bed channel flow (ks+ ≫ 100, δ/k = 20) using high-resolution acoustic Doppler velocity profiler measurements. The studied gravel-bed roughness layer exhibits a complex random multi-scale roughness structure in strong contrast with conceptualized k- or d-type roughness in standard rough-wall flows. Within the roughness layer, strong spatial variability of all time-averaged flow quantities are observed affecting up to 40% of the boundary layer height. This variability is attributed to the presence of bed zones with emanating bed protuberances (or gravel clusters) acting as local flow obstacles and bed zones of more homogenous roughness of densely packed gravel elements. Considering the strong spatial mean flow variability across the roughness layer, a spatio-temporal averaging procedure, called double averaging (DA), has been applied to the analysed flow quantities. Three aspects have been addressed: (a) the DA shear stress and DA TKE flux in specific bed zones associated with three classes of velocity profiles as previously proposed in Mignot, Barthélemy & Hurther (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 618, 2009, p. 279), (b) the global and per class DA conditional statistics of shear stress and associated TKE flux and (c) the contribution of large-scale coherent shear stress structures (LC3S) to the TKE flux across the roughness layer. The mean Reynolds and dispersive shear structure show good agreement between the protuberance bed zones associated with the S-shape/accelerated classes and recent results obtained in standard k-type rough-wall flows (Djenidi et al., Exp. Fluids, vol. 44, 2008, p. 37; Pokrajac, McEwan & Nikora, Exp. Fluids, vol. 45, 2008, p. 73). These gravel-bed protuberances act as local flow obstacles inducing a strong turbulent activity in their wake regions. The conditional statistics show that the Reynolds stress contribution is fairly well distributed between sweep and ejection events, with threshold values ranging from H = 0 to H = 8. However, the TKE flux across the roughness layer primarily results from the residual shear stress between ejection and sweep of very high magnitude (H = 10–20) and of small turbulent scale. Although LC3S are seen to penetrated the interfacial roughness layer, their TKE flux contribution is found to be negligible compared to the very energetic small-scale sweep events. These sweeps are dominantly produced in the bed zones of local gravel protuberances where the velocity profiles are inflexional of S-shape type and the mean flow properties are of mixing-layer flow type as previously shown in Mignot et al. (2009).
Flow of viscoelastic jet with moderate inertia near channel exit
Authors: SAFFARI AMIR , KHAYAT ROGER E.
Published: October 2009

The steady-state moderately inertial jet flow of a viscoelastic liquid of the Oldroyd-B type, emerging from a two-dimensional channel, is examined theoretically in this study. Poiseuille flow conditions are assumed to prevail far upstream from the exit. The problem is solved using the method of matched asymptotic expansions. The small parameter involved in the expansions is the inverse Reynolds number. The flow and stress fields are obtained as composite expansions by matching the flow in the boundary-layer region near the free surface and the flow in the core region. The influence of elasticity on the shape of the free surface, the profiles of velocity and stress and the interplay between inertia and elasticity are explored. It is found that even for a jet with moderate inertia, elastic effects play a significant role, especially close to the channel exit near the free surface. It is also found that similar to the Newtonian case, the viscoelastic jet contracts downstream from the channel exit. However, in contrast to Newtonian jet, a viscoelastic jet is preceded by a flat region very close to the channel exit at which elastic and inertial effects are in balance. The extent of this region increases with elasticity. A momentum integral balance is applied to validate the theory and obtain the jet contraction ratio explicitly in terms of the Deborah number, viscosity ratio and Reynolds number.
Entrainment waves in decelerating transient turbulent jets
Authors: MUSCULUS MARK P. B.
Published: October 2009

A simplified one-dimensional partial differential equation for the integral axial momentum flux during the deceleration phase of single-pulsed transient incompressible jets is derived and solved analytically. The wave speed of the derived first-order nonlinear wave equation shows that the momentum flux transient from the deceleration phase propagates downstream at twice the initial jet penetration rate. Transient-jet velocity data from the existing literature is shown to be consistent with this derivation, and an algebraic analytical solution matches the measured timing and decay of axial velocity after the deceleration transient. The solution also shows that a wave of increased entrainment accompanies the deceleration transient as it travels downstream through the jet. In the long-time limit, the peak entrainment rate at the leading edge of this ‘entrainment wave’ approaches an asymptotic value of three times that of the initial steady jet. The rate of approach to the asymptotic behaviour is controlled by the deceleration rate, which suggests that rate-shaping may be tailored to achieve a desired mixing state at a given time after the end of a single-pulsed jet. In the wake of the entrainment wave, the absolute entrainment rate eventually decays to zero. The local injected fluid concentration also decays, however, so that entrainment rate relative to the local concentration of injected fluid remains higher than in the initial steady jet. An analysis of diesel engine fuel-jets is provided as one example of a transient-jet application in which the considerable increase in the mixing rate after the deceleration phase has important implications.
PANEL DATA MODELS WITH FINITE NUMBER OF MULTIPLE EQUILIBRIA
Authors: Hahn Jinyong , Moon Hyungsik Roger
Published: October 2009

We study a nonlinear panel data model in which the fixed effects are assumed to have finite support. The fixed effects estimator is known to have the incidental parameters problem. We contribute to the literature by making a qualitative observation that the incidental parameters problem in this model may not be not as severe as in the conventional case. Because fixed effects have finite support, the probability of correctly identifying the fixed effect converges to one even when the cross sectional dimension grows as fast as some exponential function of the time dimension. As a consequence, the finite sample bias of the fixed effects estimator is expected to be small.
THE ASYMPTOTIC DISTRIBUTION OF THE LIML ESTIMATOR IN A PARTIALLY IDENTIFIED STRUCTURAL EQUATION
Authors: Forchini Giovanni
Published: October 2009

We derive a closed-form expression for the asymptotic distribution of the LIML estimator for the coefficients of both endogenous and exogenous variables in a partially identified linear structural equation. We extend previous results of Phillips (1989) and Choi and Phillips (1992), where the focus was on IV estimators. We show that partial failure of identification affects the LIML in that its moments do not exist even asymptotically.
Conditioning as a Technique for Studying the Sensory Systems Involved in Animal Orientation, Homing and Navigation – a Review
Authors: Mora Cordula V. , Davison Michael , Walker Michael M.
Published: October 2009

Knowing what information, and from which sensory cues, is available to an animal regarding its position and direction of movement is vital for unravelling the mechanisms underlying animal navigation. Although considerable progress has been made with traditional field and laboratory techniques, these approaches generally do not provide direct control over the animal's motivation to display its sensory abilities. In contrast, psychologists have for many decades used conditioning as a reliable tool to study sensory perception as well as the mechanisms underlying learning. There has been growing interest in the use of conditioning techniques to investigate responses to stimuli that might be used in guiding movement over long distances. This review seeks to facilitate that development by providing a general introduction to conditioning and the considerations involved in designing robust conditioning experiments together with a perspective for its future use in studying sensory systems in migratory and homing species.
A Performance Analysis of Low-Cost GPS Receivers in Kinematic Applications
Authors: Alkan R. M. , Saka M. H.
Published: October 2009

Low-cost OEM GPS receivers with the capability of tracking the carrier phase are now used for many applications in the navigation and tracking arena. These receivers provide flexibility in applying carrier smoothing algorithms to improve the pseudorange positioning accuracy and even perform carrier-phase differential positioning. In this study, the performance of a low-cost single-frequency OEM GPS receiver for high-accuracy kinematic positioning in marine applications is investigated. As a first step, a set of zero baseline tests were carried out to evaluate the performance of the GPS receivers. In the second stage, a kinematic test was conducted at the Halic (Golden Horn), Istanbul. The results show that kinematic positioning with centimetre level accuracy can be achieved by the low-cost OEM GPS receiver in differential mode, suggesting its use in a variety of kinematic applications. The use of such a system could considerably reduce the cost of the GPS receiver and the total project costs of many applications.
The AIS-Assisted Collision Avoidance
Authors: Hsu Hua-Zhi , Witt Neil A. , Hooper John B. , McDermott Anne P.
Published: October 2009

Shipborne AIS provides independent traffic information to the bridge lookout on duty. This study examines the effect of AIS enhanced bridge lookout operation by means of a ship simulator. The two groups of participants, all qualified British deep sea deck officers, undertook identical simulation scenarios, but one group had the AIS on and the other did not. Significant differences were found between the two groups in reading the targets' privileged status and handling the head-on situation. Those with AIS information were found to avoid possible collisions faster than the group for whom AIS information was not available.
Inertial Navigation System Data Filtering Prior to GPS/INS Integration
Authors: Baselga Sergio , García-Asenjo Luis , Garrigues Pascual , Lerma José Luis
Published: October 2009

In the integration of Global Positioning System (GPS) and Inertial Navigation System (INS), the commonly used Kalman filter provides satisfactory results if both sources of information are continuously available. However, GPS outages provoke a fast degradation of precision, especially in low dynamic trajectories such as a mobile platform device held by a human operator. To deal with this problem we propose a data-filtering scheme to apply to INS raw data prior to the integration with GPS. The proposed technique proves to be very valuable for mitigating the high short-term instability of raw INS data during the walking movement and is also capable of eliminating the induced undesirable human operator vibrations. Final imposed corrections adapted to the particular dynamical response of the INS sensor provide comparably accurate results and often better than those achieved in similar works with the use of the Kalman filter.
A Combined GPS/GLONASS Navigation Algorithm for use with Limited Satellite Visibility
Authors: Cai Changsheng , Gao Yang
Published: October 2009

Navigation users will significantly benefit from the combined use of GPS and GLONASS due to the improved reliability, availability and accuracy especially in an environment with limited satellite visibility, such as in urban or mountainous areas. But in such situations the visible satellite number is often still insufficient to obtain a position solution even if both GPS and GLONASS measurements are used. This is partly because at least five visible satellites are required to determine a position due to an offset between the timescales of GPS and GLONASS to be solved. In this paper, an algorithm has been proposed to obtain a position solution with only four visible GPS/GLONASS satellites. In addition to the data from IGS stations, an experiment was also conducted to assess the proposed algorithm. The results indicate that using the proposed algorithm with only four GPS/GLONASS satellites a position solution could be obtained at the cost of a slight accuracy loss.
The effects of contact on native language pronunciation in an L2 migrant setting
Authors: DE LEEUW ESTHER , SCHMID MONIKA S. , MENNEN INEKE
Published: October 2009

The primary aim of this study was to determine whether native speakers of German living in either Canada or the Netherlands are perceived to have a foreign accent in their native German speech. German monolingual listeners (n = 19) assessed global foreign accent of 34 L1 German speakers in Anglophone Canada, 23 L1 German speakers in the Dutch Netherlands, and five German monolingual controls in Germany. The experimental subjects had moved to either Canada or the Netherlands at an average age of 27 years and had resided in their country of choice for an average of 37 years. The results revealed that the German listeners were more likely to perceive a global foreign accent in the German speech of the consecutive bilinguals in Anglophone Canada and the Dutch Netherlands than in the speech of the control group and that nine immigrants to Canada and five immigrants to the Netherlands were clearly perceived to be non-native speakers of German. Further analysis revealed that quality and quantity of contact with the native German language had a more significant effect on predicting global foreign accent in native speech than age of arrival or length of residence. Two types of contact were differentiated: (i) C−M represented communicative settings in which little code-mixing between the L1 and L2 was expected to occur, and (ii) C+M represented communicative settings in which code-mixing was expected to be more likely. The variable C−M had a significant impact on predicting foreign accent in native speech, whereas the variable C+M did not. The results suggest that contact with the L1 through communicative settings in which code-mixing is inhibited is especially conducive to maintaining the stability of native language pronunciation in consecutive bilinguals living in a migrant context.