bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using text corpora for volcanic eruption impact assessment and resilience planning: The first steps of the CorVo project
Authors: Principe Claudia , Marini Costanza
Published: February 2023

The CorVo project[1] (Corpora for Volcanoes) aims at building an innovative tool for volcanic risk forecasting, impact assessment, and resilience planning. Exploiting technologies coming from the digital humanities and computational linguistics, a flexible digital interface will be developed to query a body of documents (the CorVo corpus) containing extensive descriptions of the past activity of one of Italy’s most high-risk volcanoes: the Vesuvius. The methodology proposed is an innovative type of approach and the resulting prototype is likely to be extended to other volcanoes in multi-hazard settings.By querying the linguistically annotated corpus, end users (such as Civil Protection units and other stakeholders) will be able to quickly obtain important information from past eruptive scenarios, such as precursors, phenomenology, deposit distribution, and damages, as well as their social impact and the reactions they provoked in the institutions. In this way, they will be able to tackle future emergency scenarios, assess area vulnerability, and plan their response strategies in the best way.In order for the CorVo tool to return useful information, the CorVo corpus linked to it needs to contain a balanced selection of documents that describe the different types of eruptions the volcano may experience: Plinian-type, fissural or mixed (explosive-effusive). Therefore, the first three eruptions that are going to be included in the pilot are going to be the Plinian-type eruption of 1631, the fissural eruption of 1794, and the most recent mixed eruption of 1944. In order to test the validity of the obtained tool, the selected eruptions are in the number of the best-studied Vesuvius eruptions, also from the point of view of the information retrieved from historical sources. The bulk of the documents to be included in the corpus is going to be selected from the BIBV Database (http://libero.area.pi.cnr.it/libbiv/aboutBIV.html). The testing phase of the tool will be carried out in cooperation with other units of the PNRR EPOS MEET project.
[1] The CorVo project is funded as Operating Unit CNR-IGG, WP11 Action 11c of the MUR PNRR EPOS MEET project, which started November, 1st 2022.
Ice sheet induced salt tectonics – the example of surface cracks in northern Germany
Authors: Hardt Jacob , Norden Ben , Bauer Klaus , Dooley Tim , Hudec Michael
Published: February 2023

The underground of the northern German lowlands, located in the Central European Basin System (CEBS), is characterized by numerous Permian Zechstein salt structures, which are found at depths of up to more than 2000m. The lowlands were transgressed several times by the Scandinavian Ice Sheet during the Pleistocene glacial cycles. Several researchers have noted that there seems to be a spatial correlation between the positions of Weichselian end moraines in Northern Germany and subsurface salt structures. Thus, it was assumed that the pressure of the advancing ice sheet triggers salt tectonic movements, which in return influences the spatial configuration of the ice extent.Using high resolution laser scan digital elevation models, we have recently mapped more than 150 linear negative landforms (up to several km in length, up to 20 m in depth and up to more than 100 m in width) in northern Germany that we term “surface cracks” and which we interpret as surface expansion ruptures caused by ice sheet induced salt movements related to the last glacial cycle (Weichselian glaciation). This interpretation is based on: (1) geomorphological analyses, which also allow for a relative geochronological classification; (2) a reassessment of existing theoretical models on ice sheet induced salt movement, and; (3) new physical modeling experiments. Our results shed a new light on the geomorphology of the northern German young morainic landscapes, illustrating an active interplay between climate (glaciations) and loading-induced subsurface motions (buried salt structures).
Performance of FDRALT Inland Water Thematic Data Products over Rivers
Authors: Camici Stefania , Tarpanelli Angelica , Calmettes Beatriz
Published: February 2023

Floods and droughts are widespread natural hazards that cause a huge amount of damages with economic and consequent life losses every year worldwide. Among the best practices for risk reduction and mitigation there are the early warnings and forecast systems that require a robust meteo-hydro monitoring system to efficiently work.Satellite radar altimetry, at the beginning designed to provide highly accurate measurements of sea surface heights over open ocean areas, has been demonstrated to be a key technique for inland water monitoring. In contrast to open ocean altimeter measurements, reflected radar echoes from other surface types (e.g., floodplains, rivers, reservoirs) show different shapes depending on the reflectors within the altimeter footprint. A careful data editing and reprocessing is required in order to derive reliable and highly accurate range measurements from the received waveforms—a process called retracking. Within the last decade, various investigations on new retracking algorithms have been made in order to enhance the accuracy of coastal and inland water level estimation.Fundamental Data Records for Altimetry (FDR4ALT) is an ESA project aiming at generating innovative Earth system data records and thematic records (Level 2 products) from the measurements of ERS1, ERS2 and Envisat missions by applying different retrackers for different surface types (inland water, oceans, sea-ice, land-ice). In particular, the Inland Water Thematic Data Product (TDP) addresses the need to bring the altimetry and hydrology thematic together to strengthen the space hydrology thematic.In this work, we presented the analysis of the TDP generated with Envisat mission. The inland water TDP was compared to in-situ water level measurements recorded from multiple stations over different basins, mainly Po, Amazon and Godavari rivers. The performance was evaluated in terms of relative Root Mean Square Error (rRMSE), coefficient of correlation (R) and Nash-Sutcliffe (NS) between the level 3 TDP and the in-situ water level observations. Results show that FDR4ALT TDP water level is quite accurate in reproducing observed time series especially over the Po river where there is a high confidence on in situ observations.
Modelling biophysical Interactions in coastal wetlands to assess resilience to sea-level rise
Authors: Saco Patricia , Rodriguez Jose , Breda Angelo , Sandi Steven
Published: February 2023

Assessment of coastal wetland resilience under rising sea levels using models is challenging due to uncertainties in processes and external drivers. In addition, a number of assumptions and simplifications are required in order to be able to carry out long-term complex simulations that include processes over a wide range of time and spatial scales. Some of those simplifications can have important implications for the assessment of wetland resilience. In this contribution we look at a number of simplifications typically used in coastal wetland evolution models, and we try to quantify their effects on the results. We include simplifications related to hydrodynamics, sediment transport and vegetation dynamics focusing on issues of process description, process interactions and spatial and temporal discretisation. We pay special attention to the identification of methods that include a level of simplification that allows for efficient computation with acceptable margins of error. We apply our model to a number of coastal wetlands worldwide with a variety of settings in terms of vegetation, tidal conditions, sediment load and find that accelerated sea-level rise towards the end of the century will greatly compromise wetland resilience.
Geoscience on television – it’s applied, it’s local, and it shows that scientists are ordinary people.
Authors: Power Siobhán , Verbruggen Koen , Dunbar Jen , Cunningham Nuala
Published: February 2023

Recent efforts in Ireland to bring geoscience to primetime and make it a national topic of conversation have proven effective. Successful annual participation by Geological Survey Ireland in a primetime science research series encouraged the development of a three-part series fully dedicated to the geology of Ireland and current work happening to meet the challenges of a rapidly changing climate and the need to manage resources in a sustainable way. The hour-long shows were broadcast at a prime Sunday evening time on autumn 2022 and attracted 20 – 27% of the audience share. They were a production for RTÉ (Ireland’s national broadcaster) and BBC Northern Ireland and being named The Island, the shows covered the whole island of Ireland and featured scientists working in all areas. The Island was led by an internationally known presenter, and this ensured high-profile coverage in advance of the broadcast. The content was a mix of classic geological locations, beautiful photography, input from scientists, well-designed educational graphics, and inspiring music. The audience was guided gently through the science by enthusiastic scientists from the opening tectonic history of Ireland, a story not known by the public, to positive discussions on the future. There was something for everyone and it encouraged ownership and engagement of the science by the audience. The television shows were well-received on social media, both by geoscientists and people with very little previous exposure to the topics on the show.  Since broadcast, the shows have remained on a streaming service and are being used by schools for the teaching of geography – the main subject for geoscience in the national curriculum. Use of national television, with the accompanying use of post-broadcast streaming, and social media, has been an effective way to introduce the science around the critical topics related to climate change and natural resource management. Being presented in a beautiful way by ordinary voices and engaging scientists, and with very little emotive undertones, has allowed the audience to take ownership of the topics as they are local and applicable to their lives and futures.
Modeling the transport and accumulation of microplastics in the Gulf of Finland
Authors: Siht Enriko , Mishra Arun , Väli Germo , Buhhalko Natalja , Liblik Taavi , Lips Urmas
Published: February 2023

In this study, we conduct numerical simulations to investigate the transport and accumulation of microplastics (MPs) in the Gulf of Finland (eastern Baltic Sea). The transport of MPs is simulated using a Lagrangian particle tracking model, developed by the authors, which accounts for the physical transport and transformational processes specific to MPs, such as diffusion, beaching, resuspension, and biofouling.Positively and negatively buoyant particles were included to represent different types of MPs. High-resolution (250 m) 3D hydrodynamic and biogeochemical model data are used as input to the MPs model. Major rivers and wastewater treatment plants around the Gulf of Finland are the sources of MPs in the model.The main objectives of the study are 1) to perform a sensitivity analysis of four processes (beaching, mixing, resuspension, and biofouling) to investigate the importance of each process on the distribution of MPs in the Gulf of Finland; and 2) to execute a multi-year simulation using realistic MPs input to locate the main accumulation areas in sediments and beaches around the Gulf of Finland.Results of the initial sensitivity analysis indicate that the changes in the parametrization of beaching have a stronger effect on the horizontal distribution of MPs in off-shore sediments than the changes in the parametrization of resuspension. The maximum MPs concentration is observed near the sea surface; however, MPs have also spread into the water column.
The optimization with half-precision floating-point numbers for 3-D seismic simulation based on the curved grid finite-difference method
Authors: Wan Jialiang , Wang Wenqiang , Zhang Zhenguo
Published: February 2023

Large-scale and high-resolution earthquake simulations are very significant to earthquake hazard evaluation and exploration seismology. However, high-resolution earthquake simulations require large computing and storage resources, which increase the economic cost of computing. Compared with single-precision floating-point numbers (FP32), half-precision floating-point numbers (FP16) have faster calculation speed and lower storage requirements, which have been applied to computing platforms such as Nvidia GPUs, Sunway series supercomputers, and Ascend processors. However, the stored range of FP16 is very narrow, and numerical overflow or underflow may occur during the calculations. Therefore, in order to solve the wave equations stably, we introduce two scaling factors Cv and Cs, and rescale physical quantities to the range of the stored values of FP16. Thus, we derive new equations, which can be calculated with FP16. Based on half-precision floating-point arithmetic operations, we develop a multi-GPU earthquake simulation solver using the curved grid finite-difference method (CGFDM). Moreover, we perform several simulations and compare the seismograms with the standard CGFDM to verify the solver. Consequently, the calculation efficiency is remarkably improved, and the memory usage is reduced to 1/2.
Drought Propagation through the Water-Energy-Food-Ecosystem Nexus in a Future Climate – a Swedish Perspective
Authors: Grabs Thomas , Jonsson Elise , Todorovic Andrijana , Tootoonchi Faranak , Stenfors Elin , Teutschbein Claudia
Published: February 2023

Droughts develop slowly over time and can affect a multitude of public and private sectors. While droughts are traditionally quantified in relation to the hydrological components of the water cycle that they affect, this manuscript demonstrates a novel approach to assess future drought conditions through the lens of the water-energy-food-ecosystem (WEFE) nexus concept. To this end, a set of standardized drought indices specifically designed to represent different nexus sectors across 50 catchments in Sweden was computed based on an ensemble of past and future climate model simulations. Different patterns in the response of the four nexus sectors water, energy, food and ecosystem services to future climate change emerged, with different response times and drought durations across the sectors. These results offer new insights into the propagation of drought through the WEFE nexus in cold climates. They further suggest that future drought projections can be better geared towards decision makers by basing them on standardized drought indices that were specifically tailored to represent particular nexus sectors.
Investigation of Concentration Fluctuations for continuous point sources by high resolution Large Eddy Simulation and Stochastic Modeling
Authors: Cassiani Massimo , Ardeshiri Hamidreza , Pisso Ignacio , Salizzoni Pietro , Marro Massimo , Stohl Andreas , Stebel Kerstin , Park Soon-Young
Published: February 2023

Concentration fluctuations from continuous small sources in a neutral boundary layer were investigated by mean of high-resolution Large Eddy Simulation (LES). The data set includes concentration moments up to the fourth order and shows the range of validity of the Gamma probability density function (PDF) model for the concentration fluctuations and the transition to a  Gaussian PDF for ground sources. We also investigated systematically the off-center line peaks in the concentration variance showing that they are persistent for ground level sources while they disappear according to theoretical arguments for elevated sources. The analysis includes a thorough investigation of the distribution of the most energetic components in the frequency domain by using spectral analysis of the LES results and a stochastic model based on simple theoretical arguments. This analysis supports the picture that the peak in concentration variance frequency distribution is related to both the plume dispersion geometry and the turbulent flow. The results also confirm the recent literature findings that for an elevated source the peak in the concentration variance frequency distribution is almost independent from the crosswind location for a given downwind distance from the source. To our knowledge no previous LES or wind tunnel study had the completeness of the current study.
Urban meteorological forcing data for building energy simulations at a neighbourhood scale
Authors: Ren Zhihui , Mills Gerald , Pilla Francesco
Published: February 2023

Building energy use is one of the largest global demands,  accounting for 36% of final energy use and 39% of energy and process-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Green plans are the recommended planning technique for reducing the energy demand of buildings without changing the current built environment. This study investigates the effect of neighbourhood features on the energy performance of buildings. On the basis of building age and tree density, four typical Dublin city centre neighbourhoods are chosen to generate simulations. Surface Urban Energy and Water Balance Scheme (SUEWS) was used to generate the forcing climate data surrounding the neighbourhood, which was then fed into Integrated Environmental Solutions Virtual Environment (IES VE) as the meteorological data for conducting building energy simulations. The results showed that the fraction of trees plays an important role in wind speed in neighbourhoods. Incorporating the missing neighbourhood signature into the forcing data for building energy modelling improves the simulation's efficiency and precision. This study illustrates the importance of considering the local climate while simulating building energy efficiency.
A new approach for estimating anthropogenic carbon relying on an observational back-calculation method
Authors: López-Mozos Marta , Pérez Fiz F. , Carracedo Lidia I. , Gebbie Geoffrey , Velo Antón
Published: February 2023

Around 31% of carbon dioxide derived from human activities (Canth) has been absorbed by the ocean (DeVries, 2014; Gruber et al., 2019; Sabine et al., 2004). This accumulation helps to mitigate atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), but in turn leads to severe consequences on marine systems (IGBP, IOC, SCOR, 2013). Both components of CO2, i.e. anthropogenic and natural, present high variability and uncertainties difficult to observe and quantify. In particular, the Canth signal represents a small fraction of the total dissolved inorganic carbon pool (CT) and it is not directly distinguishable from the natural component, resulting in the emergence of back-calculation techniques (Brewer 1978; Chen and Millero, 1979) to derive it indirectly. Over the years, back-calculation techniques have undergone remarkable improvements (Gruber et al., 1996; Sabine et al., 2004; Touratier et al., 2004, 2007; Vázquez-Rodríguez et al., 2009a, 2009b, 2012), resulting in different methods for estimating Canth that, despite providing helpful and advanced results, show various biases and limitations. Here, we present a new approach for estimating Canth that relies on a back-calculation methodology, purely based on carbon data, and provides results that show good agreement with previous global Canth climatologies. Our approach mainly differs from previous methodologies by pioneering using the transport matrix output from a data‐assimilating ocean circulation inverse model (TMI: Total Matrix Intercomparison; Gebbie and Huybers, 2010) to obtain preformed properties, instead of the historical use of Optimum Multiparameter analysis (OMP). This improvement prevents from the need to use (sub)surface-property linear regressions to estimate preformed alkalinity or air-sea CO2 disequilibrium, and allows introducing different corrections for denitrification and, as a novelty, oxygen disequilibrium.
Bacterial cell-mineral associations and their stability under varying moisture conditions
Authors: Goebel Marc-Oliver , Karagulyan Mariam , Miltner Anja , Abu Quba Abd Alaziz , Diehl Dörte , Schaumann Gabriele E. , Kästner Matthias , Bachmann Jörg
Published: February 2023

Soil particle wettability controls the water dynamics of dry and unsaturated soil and has an impact on many processes where water is involved. Pure soil minerals are usually wettable, but under environmental conditions they are easily covered by organic compounds, changing their surface properties and potentially making them water repellent. Besides organic compounds such as alkanes, fatty acids, free lipids and waxes, research also indicates a direct influence of bacterial cells on the development of soil water repellency. In a series of stress experiments with different Gram-negative and Gram-positive strains of bacteria we could show that cell surface wettability measured in terms of contact angle is affected by cell stress response caused by hypertonic or drought environmental conditions. The changes in wettability were found to be accompanied by changes in physicochemical surface properties and surface elemental composition of the cells, as indicated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Furthermore, coverage of minerals by cells caused significant changes in particle wettability, rendering originally wettable minerals water repellent, with the effect being more pronounced for cell-mineral associations (CMA) formed with stressed cells. To investigate the physical stability of these CMA, we conducted an incubation experiment with CMA formed by quartz particles and Bacillus subtilis cells either grown under physiological or hypertonic conditions. The CMA were incubated at different water potentials (pF 2.5 and 4.2) and part of them subjected to wetting-drying cycles. The results showed that the quartz–B. subtilis CMA formed with stressed cells remained significantly more water repellent than those formed with unstressed cells during the whole incubation time of 80 days and independent of the incubation conditions. Furthermore, we observed a slight tendency of increasing contact angle with increasing incubation time. Besides the generally lower wettability of the stressed cells, the lower wettability of the CMA formed with stressed cells can be related to a higher degree of microbial coverage, as indicated by higher surface C content and lower surface O/C and Si/C ratios compared to the CMA formed with unstressed cells. The higher microbial coverage can probably be explained by attachment conditions being more favorable in case of the stressed cells, as suggested by interaction free energies calculated using the extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (XDLVO) theory. In summary, the results indicate that the hydrophobizing effect of hypertonic stress on B. subtilis was stable over time and support the assumption that stress-related changes in cell surface properties remained also in necromass and their effect on surface properties of CMA can persist.
Nature-based soil and water bioengineering solutions for neophyte control on streambanks - Case study on vegetation related reinforcement of the flood protection project Raababach in Gössendorf, Styria
Authors: Briefer Anna , Stangl Rosemarie
Published: February 2023

Keywords: soil and water bioengineering, neophyte control, nature-based solutions, flood protection project, ecological river planningAbstract: Dominance-forming communities of neophytes arise primarily alongside rivers and cause nature conservation-, economic-, hydraulic engineering- and health-related problems for society. Nature-based soil and water bioengineering (SWB) techniques offer sustainable and adaptable solutions to enable environment friendly interventions. The modes of action are multifunctional and offer the possibility of counteracting complex problems.The flood protection project on the Raababach in Gössendorf (Styria, Austria) was launched by the State of Styria and implemented in the years 2017 to 2020. The aim was to create flood protection for the neighboring communities and to restore the river Raababach to a near-natural state. The measures were divided into two sections. Section one is characterised by direct intervention in the discharge area. In section two, measures off the stream course were implemented in the form of dams and retention basins.This case study investigated SWB measures for bank protection implemented as part of the flood protection project (restoration and stabilisation) on the Raababach in Gössendorf (Styria, Austria) and the occurrence of neophytes in section one. The implemented SWB bank protections were evaluated and deviations from the ecological planning were analysed. The number and type of neophytes were mapped and recommendations for action were derived from a four-color rating system. The development of a willow brush mattress (aged 1 y) was recorded in detail and the emerging species were documented. The results of the construction type evaluation and the neophyte monitoring were superimposed and the connections between the selected bank protection and the neophyte incidence were pointed out.The results revealed that the choice of bank protection, the type of construction design and adjacent areas with a neophyte infestation have an impact on the incidence of neophytes and that specific maintenance measures are necessary. Surface closing construction designs with high initial coverage (willow brush mattress) proved to be favourable for neophyte suppression, while critical stands were surveyed around the area of the concealed stone protection.
Flooding in marsh areas caused by climate change – sensitivity to the accuracy of sea level projections and bias correction procedure
Authors: Seidenfaden Ida K. , Skjerbæk Maria R. , Sonnenborg Torben O. , Henriksen Hans Jørgen , Payne Mark R. , Su Jian , William Colgan , Kjeldsen Kristian Kjellerup
Published: February 2023

One of the most sensitive areas to climate change impacts are coastal-near and low-relief areas. While these coastal zones often are places of high population density and important infrastructure, they are also particularly exposed to multiple future climate change hazards such as sea level rise, intensified storm surges, rising groundwater and high-intense precipitation events. Thus, elevated risks of overbank spilling, dam breaks and flooding events are expected in a future climate in temperate wet regions such as Denmark. To mitigate and adapt to such elevated risks, prediction of future flooding events is vital, and here hydrological modelling is an essential tool. However, such impact evaluations are subject to a range of uncertainties such as emission, climate and sea level prediction uncertainties as well as impact model uncertainty.In this study, we investigate the uncertainties of predicted flooding from a river course and the groundwater system using a hydrodynamic model coupled with a 3D groundwater model. The model is forced with different climate scenarios and inputs from two different approaches of downscaled global sea level rise implemented using an indirect and direct bias correction procedure. The indirect procedure uses a simple delta change approach perturbing future climate and sea level change on observations, while the direct method uses bias-corrected climate model data, corresponding ocean model run data (for internal oceanic response to climate change), combined with global sea level change. This approach makes it possible to investigate the relative importance (sensitivity) of the flood prediction of sea level projection and bias correction procedure as well as the identification of past and future origin (surface or groundwater) of flooding events.
An aero-towed vector magnetic system
Authors: Granot Roi , Edut Raz
Published: February 2023

The three components of the crustal magnetic field provide essential constraints on the structure of the source layer as well as its age. In marine equatorial regions where the mid-ocean ridges are oriented north-south, the traditional total field anomalies are tiny, making them essentially undetectable. Still, the vector components of the equatorial magnetic field are detectable and can thus provide the only means of dating the oceanic crust there. However, collecting vector magnetic anomalies is difficult as it requires excellent knowledge of the three orientation angles. The existing vectorial systems are either installed on the carrying platform (airplanes or ships), thus suffer from significant magnetic contamination, or they are towed behind ships but suffer from poor constraints on the heading direction. Here we present the first aero-towed vector magnetic system (AeroVmag) that we have recently developed in order to reduce the magnetic contamination level to essentially null while maintaining excellent knowledge of the orientation angles. The system contains three independent sensors: a vector magnetometer, a scalar magnetometer, and a dual-GNSS/INS orientation sensor (accuracy of 0.02º). We tested the system by collecting data at a low altitude (100 m) above the northeast part of the Sea of Galilee, Israel. Data were collected at a high (200 Hz) sampling rate along a dense grid of profiles that allowed us to evaluate the error levels of our measurements. The scalar results compare favorably with an earlier sea surface total field survey. Together with the vector data, our observations also unravel the location of the main segment of the Dead Sea Transform fault that straddles the survey area. To conclude, this new system will allow the collection of cost-effective and accurate vector magnetic anomaly data. We expect this system to be most valuable over ice-covered, equatorial, and strongly magnetized regions.
The key to previous hydrogeological knowledge when determining the best solution in shallow geothermal systems. The case of a karstic aquifer in the city of Girona (Catalonia, NE Spain).
Authors: Herms Ignasi , Arnó Georgina , Picó Marta , Ferrer Jordi , Camps Victor , Colomer Montse
Published: February 2023

The European energy market must move quickly to achieve the decarbonization objectives of the economy in 2030-2050, including the domestic and tertiary sectors. In this context, the market for Surface Geothermal Energy (SGE) is growing rapidly due to its applicability in almost any geological and climatic conditions. The area of city of Girona (Catalonia, NE of Spain), is one of the urban areas in Catalonia where the SGE is progressing more rapidly, but is mainly focused on closed-loop (CL) geothermal heat pump systems despite the existing potential in the area for open-loop systems (OL). The urban area of Girona sits on Paleozoic rocks followed by Paleogene series with limestones, sandstones, and marls, configuring a Neogene basin full filled by continental alluvial deposits and Quaternary fluvial sediments, whose aquifers are being mainly used for water supply. Within the Paleogene series, there is the fractured and karstified Girona limestone aquifer (GLA). These materials outcrop in the upper part of the city and dip to the West, positioning themselves below the Neogene basin. The groundwater temperature in the karst aquifer ranges between 14ºC and 15ºC and the average annual temperature in the urban area of Girona is 14.7ºC. This contribution will present a case of a shallow geothermal installation for heating and cooling spaces for a private leisure building with a demand of 33 kWt whose initial solution was proposed with a classical CL system with about 7 BHE 100m depth. The initial project was carried out without conducting any prior hydrogeological assessment or conducting any preliminary drilling investigation to execute a TRT which could have been useful in verifying the issues that were later encountered. The implementation of the drilling campaign during works made it possible to verify the difficulty of drilling the fractured and karstic limestone aquifer and cementing its annulus for the installation of the geothermal single-U probes. The emergency solution taken directly on site - and indeed the most suitable, economical, and efficient solution considering the hydrogeological settings of the site- was to drastically change the chosen solution (CL) for an OL system and drill groundwater wells. Finally, a triplet of wells 20, 30, and 70m deep was executed (two injection and one production well) and a water well test was done and interpreted to acquire the corresponding permits. The case shows that having prior hydrogeological knowledge is essential when choosing the best solution for the client.
Melt inclusions within olivine in a garnet lherzolite xenolith from the V. Grib kimberlite pipe: the first finding of alkaline-carbonate melt snapshots in the lithospheric mantle beneath the East European craton.
Authors: Tarasov Alexey , Golovin Alexander , Agasheva Elena
Published: February 2023

The generation of carbonate melts during low degree partial melting of a mantle rocks was experimentally and theoretically predicted, however now days there are few direct in situ observations of relicts such melts in the mantle rocks. Here, we present the first directly empirical evidence of existence of alkali-carbonate liquid in the lithospheric mantle beneath the East European craton.A xenolith of garnet lherzolite G1-25 from the V. Grib kimberlite pipe (Arkhangelsk diamondiferous province, East European platform) was studied. The estimated P-T parameters of the last mineral equilibrium of the xenolith are 33 kbar and 750° C, which corresponds to the depth of ~ 100 km.  Olivine grains of the xenolith contain a large number of inclusions that arranged in groups along the randomly oriented healed fractures. Size of the inclusions varies from 2 to 50 μm. There are subhedral, elongate and vermicular inclusions shapes.The melt inclusions are composed of different daughter minerals, up to 10 within one inclusion, and rare bubble/bubbles. Mineral assemblages of the inclusions were studied by Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.The following mineral species were identified among daughter phases of melt inclusions: nyerereite (Na,K)2Ca(CO3)2, shortite Na2Ca2(CO3)3, gregoryite/natrite (Na,K,Ca)2CO3, eitelite Na2Mg(CO3)2, dolomite CaMg(CO3)2, calcite CaCO3, magnesite MgCO3, unidentified Ba-carbonate, bradleyite Na3Mg(PO4)(CO3), northupite Na3Mg(CO3)2Cl, burkeite Na6CO3(SO4)2, aphthitalite K3Na(SO4)2, arcanite K2SO4, halite NaCl, sylvite KCl, tetraferriphlogopite KMg3FeSi3O10(OH), an unidentified Fe-Ni-Cu- sulfide, Fe-Ti-Mg-spinel-group mineral (Fe,Mg)(Fe,Al,Ti)2O4 and apatite Ca5(PO4)3(F,Cl,OH).Analysis of confocal Raman images (Raman-maps) and BSE images show that more than 55 vol. % of studied inclusions is consist of various carbonate minerals dominated (>70 %) by alkaline carbonates, which indicate that the melt preserved in the inclusions was an alkaline carbonate liquid. Also, the funds of numerous sulfates (8 vol.%), halides (4 vol.%), phosphates (3 vol.%) among daughter phases of inclusions indicate high concentrations of volatile components in the preserved melt.
Detecting the magnetopause of Mercury by neural network — using MESSENGER data to train for BepiColombo.
Authors: Maes Lukas , Fraenz Markus , Heyner Daniel
Published: February 2023

The BepiColombo mission will arrive at Mercury in 2025. It consists of two spacecraft, which both have a magnetometer on board. One of the science objectives of these instruments is to study the structure of Mercury’s magnetosphere and its dynamical interaction with the solar wind. To study this statistically, a large dataset of observations of the magnetopause (the magnetosphere’s outer boundary) is needed. However, identifying such magnetopause crossings in magnetic field data requires visual inspection by humans with expert knowledge and as such is a very time consuming process. We therefore design an algorithm to automatically detect the Hermean magnetopause in magnetometer time series data, making use of a convolutional neural network.Since no BepiColombo data (in orbit) is available yet, we train the network on MESSENGER magnetometer data. However, we formulate the problem and design the architecture of the network in such a way that the algorithm should be easily transferable to BepiColombo magnetometer data, avoiding the possible impact of any instrumental particularities or orbital biases.The goal is to have a neural network which is directly applicable to BepiColombo magnetometer data, as soon as the observations start and without any further training, thereby eliminating the necessity of manually creating a new dataset of BepiColombo magnetopause crossings.
Defending climate targets under threat of forest carbon impermanence
Authors: Windisch Michael , Humpenoeder Florian , Merfort Leon , Bauer Nicolas , Dietrich Jan Philipp , Lotze-Campen Hermann , Seneviratne Sonia , Popp Alexander
Published: February 2023

Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) can support mitigation efforts and help to limit the footprint of the hardest-to-abate sectors. Forests are one of the most cost-effective solutions to provide this CDR service at scale. Therefore, reforestation has become a major pillar supporting climate targets in scenarios and action plans such as the Nationally Determined Contributions. In addition, forests provide an unassisted aid to climate mitigation, removing a quarter of annual emissions as part of the terrestrial carbon cycle. As a result, today’s mitigation pathways have become a bet on the perpetual growth and permanence of the forest’s carbon storage. However, recent studies are raising doubt about the impeccable future productivity of forests we came to depend on. Forest resilience, especially in biomass hotspots like the Amazon, is in decline. An unexpected carbon stock loss becomes more likely as almost a quarter of primary forests reach critical resilience thresholds. Further, forest disturbances by fire, windfall, and pests become more widespread under changing climatic conditions. Moreover, nutrient limitation might regionally negate positive feedbacks we had hoped for, like CO2 fertilization and prolonged growing seasons. We use the integrated assessment model REMIND-MAgPIE to explore 1.5°C and 2°C mitigation scenarios assuming a range of forest disturbance levels and response timings. Here we show that forest disturbances call for more stringent mitigation targets in all sectors to maintain climate goals. Postponing action instead of preparation risks spiraling costs. Reacting only five years after the disturbance is introduced to the scenario doubles the GDP cost of mitigation action under the same disturbance level. In addition, twice the carbon price is required to reach the same climate goal in 2050. We conclude that even disturbed forests can provide carbon removal services. However, the promise of forest CDR may not be misused to delay decarbonization. Over-relying on forest CDR heightens the risk of unplanned future emissions and leaves us with few options to cope with it.
Deep crustal electrical structure imaging in the northern UAE using Magnetotellurics: Implications for Ophiolite emplacement and collisional tectonics
Authors: Cherkose Biruk , Saibi Hakim
Published: February 2023

We acquired broadband magnetotelluric (BBMT) data from 74 stations for the first time in the northern UAE to image deep crustal structures. This study aims at determining the geometry of the Semail Ophiolite, the underlying thrust sheets, and the basement structure beneath the allochthonous units and the foreland basin. Frequency-dependent response functions were determined from the acquired data using a robust processing tool. The full impedance tensors were used for 3D inversion to image the surface electrical structure. The resulting model achieves greater crustal penetration, revealing electrical structures within the upper, mid, and lower crust. A resistive structure related to the Semail Ophiolite is revealed by the MT model. This high resistive structure appears thicker in the easter section and is detected under the foreland basin west of the Semail mountains. In the Dibba zone, the Haswasina-Haybi complexes are characterized by low resistivity. This conductive structure also appears underneath the resistive Ophiolite in the Khor Fakkan and Fujairah areas to the south. The foreland basin flanking the Semail Ophiolite mountains in the UAE is identified with a lower resistivity layer. The basement structure under the allochthonous units and beneath the foreland basin is identified with high resistivity in the MT model. The allochthonous units (the Semail Ophiolite and the underlying thrust sheets of the Hawasina-Haybi complexes) show an oceanward dipping as similarly indicated in the previous studies.
Impact of storm water on groundwater recharge and discharge using machine learning
Authors: Chung Yun-Chi , Chang Li-Chiu
Published: February 2023

Surface water and groundwater are both important water sources for people’s livelihood, irrigation and industry. Especially, groundwater can supply water stability in times of drought to mitigate drought disaster. Due to the uneven temporal and spatial distribution of rainfall in Taiwan, there is a large difference in rainfall during the wet and dry seasons, and the rapid changes in the terrain slope cause the river flow rapid, which cannot store and utilize water resources. The rapid economic development makes the water demand increase year by year. Therefore, the surface water cannot meet the demand. Groundwater flows slow and replenishment is difficult. Long-term overuse will cause the gradual depletion of underground water sources, resulting in severe damages such as stratum subsidence and seawater intrusion. Therefore, if we can master the situation of groundwater changes and it is helpful to the management and deployment of surface water and groundwater resources.The purpose of this study is to explore the interaction between surface water and groundwater during typhoon periods using machine learning methods. The research area is the Choshui river basin. According to the long-term monitoring of hydrological and groundwater data, different temporal and spatial distributions of rainfall events are selected to conduct principal component analysis (PCA) for each aquifer. Through the principal component weights, tempo-spatial distribution of rainfall and streamflow to analyze the trend of groundwater observation wells, and then use the recurrent configuration of nonlinear autoregressive with exogenous inputs (R-NARX) to predict the hourly groundwater level. Principal component analysis was used to understand the impact of storm water on the groundwater recharge, and the relationship between principal component scores and flow and rainfall was used to find out the key factors affecting the groundwater level. The results can provide the sensitive areas of groundwater recharge in Choshui river basin for adopting the optimal water resource allocation strategy.Keywords:Groundwater; Principal component analysis (PCA); Machine learning
Significance of biological forcing on the spatio-temporal variability of carbon dioxide fluxes over the Northern Indian Ocean
Authors: Krishna Lekshmi , Bharti Rishikesh , Mahanta Chandan
Published: February 2023

The oceanic uptake and release of carbon dioxide (CO2) play a critical role in global carbon cycle since oceans can act both as sink and source of CO2 which vary spatially and temporally. The ocean primary productivity has significant effects on the CO2 flux, as it consumes the dissolved CO2 at the sea surface for the photosynthetic carbon production, reducing the surface carbon content, while higher production rates at surface layers cause higher respiration rates in the subsurface layers, thereby increasing the sea water CO2 partial pressures (pCO2) in these layers. Northern Indian Ocean is found to be a perennial source of CO2 and also one of the most productive regions of Indian Ocean, however, while the western sub basin acts as an annual source, the eastern counterpart is a seasonal sink, especially during the monsoon and winter seasons. The major factors contributing to its high productivity is the summer and winter blooms caused by the wind-driven upwelling and winter cooling as well as convective mixing. The present study attempts to understand the relation between the CO2 fluxes and primary productivity in the western and eastern sub basins of the northern Indian Ocean. The study divides the Sea in to North, West, East and Central parts based on the productivity and analyses the spatial and temporal variation of the CO2 exchange between the sea and atmosphere in connection with the primary production. Satellite as well as climatological data were used to derive the monthly CO2 fluxes and ocean primary productivity. Both sub basins exhibited high rates of productivity during the monsoon and winter seasons; high monsoon and winter CO2 outfluxes were observed over the western sub basin in the northern waters towards the coast, while the eastern basin was found to have strong influxes in both the seasons over the northern waters. Towards the open ocean part, both fluxes and productivity showed decreasing trends in the western basin, whereas, the eastern sub basin showed an increasing trend of CO2 outflux over the open ocean waters in the south. Surface stratification and limited nutrient availability have resulted in the low productivity rates during the pre- and post-monsoon seasons in both basins, while the absence of the surface mixing resulting from the stratification along with photosynthetic consumption lowered the fluxes. The primary production was observed to have a significant influence over the western basin fluxes while the fluxes over the eastern basin were primarily affected by the physical forcing i.e., the thermohaline stratification.
Evaluation of landslide conditioning factors and the probability of occurrence in an Andean context: Case of Province of Azuay (Ecuador)
Authors: Rodriguez-Galiano Victor , Cobos-Mora Sandra , Lima Aracely
Published: February 2023

Across the globe, landslides are among the natural phenomena that can have significant adverse impacts on landscape changes, natural resources, and human health. This phenomenon is even more severe in the Andean region, given its geomorphological conditions, urbanization processes, poverty and inequality. The occurrence of landslides is an important triggering for changes in the vegetation cover. Therefore, this research aims to identify the most significant landslides conditioning factors within the Andean zone on a regional scale and the propose of its consequent data-driven susceptibility model. Geomatics techniques were used to describe the physical, environmental, climatology, and anthropic characteristics of 665 landslides event recorded in the province of Azuay in Ecuador. The statistical methods used were exploratory factor analysis and logistic regression. Both analyses have been consistent in their importance of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Normalized Difference Water Index, altitude, fault density and Principal Component number 2. The latter represents precipitation in statistics such as standard deviation, maximum values and precipitation in the months of January, February and March. The optimized susceptibility model (AIC= 964.63, deviation of residuals 924.63, AUC = 0.92, accuracy = 0.84, Kappa = 0.68) also shows statistical significance for the factors of the slope, faults distance and density, roads density, geology and soil cover.