bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multipole electron densities and structural parameters from synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction data obtained with a MYTHEN detector system (OHGI)
Authors: Svane Bjarke , Tolborg Kasper , Kato Kenichi , Iversen Bo Brummerstedt
Published: January 2021

Powder X-ray diffraction has some inherent advantages over traditional single-crystal X-ray diffraction in accurately determining electron densities and structural parameters due to the lower requirements for sample crystallinity, simpler corrections and measurement simultaneity. For some simple inorganic materials, it has been shown that these advantages can compensate for disadvantages such as peak overlap and error-prone background subtraction. Although it is challenging to extend powder X-ray diffraction-based electron-density studies to organic materials with significant peak overlap, previous results using a dedicated vacuum diffractometer with a large image-plate camera (AVID) demonstrated that it can be done. However, the vacuum setup with the off-line detector system was found to prohibit a widespread use. Fast microstrip detectors, which have been employed at a number of powder diffraction beamlines, have the potential to facilitate electron-density studies. Nevertheless, no electron-density studies even for materials with slight peak overlap have been performed with microstrip detectors. One of the most critical problems has been a difference in sensitivity between microstrip channels, which substantially defines the dynamic range of a detector. Recently, a robust approach to this problem has been developed and applied to a total scattering measurement system (OHGI) with 15 MYTHEN microstrip modules. In the present study, synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction data obtained with OHGI are evaulated in terms of multipole electron densities and structural parameters (atomic positions and displacement parameters). These results show that, even without a dedicated setup and perfect samples, electron-density modelling can be carried out on high-quality powder X-ray diffraction data. However, it was also found that the required prior information about the sample prohibits widespread use of the method. With the presently obtainable data quality, electron densities of molecular crystals in general are not reliably obtained from powder data, but it is an excellent, possibly superior, alternative to single-crystal measurements for small-unit-cell inorganic solids. If aspherical atomic scattering factors can be obtained from other means (multipole databases, theoretical calculations), then atomic positions (including for hydrogen) and anisotropic atomic displacement parameters (non-hydrogen atoms) of excellent accuracy can be refined from synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction data on organic crystals.
Legume proteins are smart carriers to encapsulate hydrophilic and hydrophobic bioactive compounds and probiotic bacteria: A review
Authors: Gharibzahedi Seyed Mohammad Taghi , Smith Brennan
Published: January 2021

Encapsulation is a promising technological process enabling the protection of bioactive compounds against harsh storage, processing, and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) conditions. Legume proteins (LPs) are unique carriers that can efficiently encapsulate these unstable and highly reactive ingredients. Stable LPs‐based microcapsules loaded with active ingredients can thus develop to be embedded into processed functional foods. The recent advances in micro‐ and nanoencapsulation process of an extensive span of bioactive health‐promoting probiotics and chemical compounds such as marine and plant fatty acid‐rich oils, carotenoid pigments, vitamins, flavors, essential oils, phenolic and anthocyanin‐rich extracts, iron, and phytase by LPs as single wall materials were highlighted. A technical summary of the use of single LP‐based carriers in designing innovative delivery systems for natural bioactive molecules and probiotics was made. The encapsulation mechanisms, encapsulation efficiency, physicochemical and thermal stability, as well as the release and absorption behavior of bioactives were comprehensively discussed. Protein isolates and concentrates of soy and pea were the most common LPs to encapsulate nutraceuticals and probiotics. The microencapsulation of probiotics using LPs improved bacteria survivability, storage stability, and tolerance in the in vitro GIT conditions. Moreover, homogenization and high‐pressure pretreatments as well as enzymatic cross‐linking of LPs significantly modify their structure and functionality to better encapsulate the bioactive core materials. LPs can be attractive delivery devices for the controlled release and increased bioaccessibility of the main food‐grade bioactives.
The experience of work‐life balance for women doctors and nurses in Malaysia
Authors: Dousin Oscar , Collins Ngan , Kler Balvinder Kaur
Published: January 2021

This paper explores how a specific context supports or hinders work‐life balance (WLB) experiences focusing on women doctors and nurses in Malaysia. WLB and gender formed the conceptual basis of a qualitative study using in‐depth, semi‐structured interviews. The 26 participants were employed across public and private healthcare sectors. A systematic multi‐step data analytical procedure produced three key themes which contribute to the contemporary debate on WLB. In Malaysia, contextual factors exert a strong influence on WLB experiences for women doctors and nurses. Due to gender norms, women carry the burden of dual responsibilities for both professional and familial duties which disrupts WLB. Notably, collegiality at work facilitates WLB but is an informal mechanism rooted in a collectivist society. Finally, staff shortages in the healthcare sector also impede WLB. Based on the key themes, recommendations are made for a sustainable workforce in the Malaysian healthcare industry.
Plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria isolation from rhizosphere of submerged macrophytes and their growth‐promoting effect onVallisneria natansunder high sediment organic matter load
Authors: Wang Chuan , Wang Huihui , Li Yahua , Li Qianzheng , Yan Wenhao , Zhang Yi , Wu Zhenbin , Zhou Qiaohong
Published: January 2021

Sediment organic matter is a key stressor for submerged macrophyte growth, which negatively impacts the ecological restoration of lakes. Plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) were screened from the rhizosphere of submerged macrophytes and used due to their promoting effect onVallisneria natansunder a high sediment organic matter load. Root exudates were used as the sole carbon source to obtain the root affinity strains. Eight isolates were selected from the 61 isolated strains, based on the P solubilization, IAA production, cytokinins production and ACC deaminase activity. The analysis of the 16S rDNA indicated that one strain wasStaphylococcussp., while the other seven bacterial strains wereBacillussp. They were all listed in low‐risk groups for safety use in agricultural practices. The plant height significantly increased after inoculation with PGPR strains, with the highest rate of increase reaching 96%. This study provides an innovative technique for recovering submerged macrophytes under sediment organic matter stress.
Does lithium prevent relapse following successful electroconvulsive therapy for major depression? A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Lambrichts Simon , Detraux Johan , Vansteelandt Kristof , Nordenskjöld Axel , Obbels Jasmien , Schrijvers Didier , Sienaert Pascal
Published: January 2021

Objective

The risk of relapse following successful antidepressant treatment, including electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), is substantial. Lithium has been suggested to effectively prevent relapse, yet data remain limited and inconclusive. We performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis to examine the efficacy of continuation treatment with lithium in preventing relapse following a successful acute course of ECT in patients with major depression, in comparison to continuation treatment without lithium. We also assessed the role of several study characteristics, possibly impacting the treatment effect.

Methods

A systematic literature search, using the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases (up to June 2020), was conducted for prospective and retrospective studies, including patients with unipolar or bipolar depression, that assessed the efficacy of lithium for post‐ECT depressive relapse prevention.

Results

Of 2556 records screened, 14 articles reporting on 9748 participants who received continuation treatment either with (N = 1571) or without lithium (N = 8177) were included in the meta‐analysis. Patients receiving lithium were less likely to experience depressive relapse after a successful acute course of ECT, compared to patients receiving post‐ECT prophylaxis without lithium (weighted odds ratio (OR) = 0.53, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.34, 0.82), with a number needed to treat (NNT) of 7 (95% CI = 4, 21). We found some limited evidence that older patients may benefit more from continuation treatment with lithium, compared to younger patients. Using the GRADE criteria, the quality of evidence for our outcome measure (i.e., relapse rate) was rated as very low.

Conclusion

Continuation treatment with lithium may have superior efficacy in reducing the risk of relapse after a successful acute ECT course for major depression, in comparison to continuation treatment without lithium. High‐quality studies are needed to confirm this finding.
Gestational diabetes – Major problems with post‐partum testing
Authors: Moses Robert Geoffrey , Suthers Ronel , van Gemert Tegan E. , Martin Michele B. , Webb Alison J.
Published: January 2021

Background

Post‐partum follow up testing of women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is important. All women, and their family doctors, receive written reminders. There are no recent major Australian reviews of the efficacy and compliance with this advice conducted in an ethnically representative population and using the current diagnostic criteria.

Aim

The aim was to examine a cohort of women with recently diagnosed GDM and a completed pregnancy to determine what proportion had been tested and what were the difficulties in having testing carried out.

Methods

Women who were diagnosed with gestational diabetes and attended the Diabetes Service in 2017 were followed up in 2019. Attempted contact was made using an unidentified land line, an identifiable mobile phone and a postal survey. Compliance with testing advice was the major parameter considered.

Results

There were 714 women with GDM, 75 were excluded: 64 after pass one and 11 after pass two. In total, only 339/639 (53.1%) could be contacted. Of these women, 334 agreed to be surveyed; 207 (62.0%) had a post‐partum test. Of the 127 women who had not had a test, 113 agreed to have an HbA1c. Only 13/113 (11.5%) had this done within a month.

Conclusion

Contacting women, even within a short time after the pregnancy, is difficult. The number of post‐partum tests carried out is suboptimal. Written advice to all women and their doctors does not appear to be working. A review of the cost effectiveness of this approach and development of new methods may be worthwhile.
Outcomes of patients with metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma to the axilla: a multicentre cohort study
Authors: Yang Phillip F. , Veness Michael J. , Cooper Edward A. , Fox Richard , Smee Robert I. , Lehane Christopher , Crowe Philip J. , Howle Julie R. , Thompson Stephen R.
Published: January 2021

Background

Metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma to the axilla is uncommon, with limited data to guide management. We sought to assess the outcomes of patients with this condition after surgery and radiotherapy.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study of patients treated at two Australian hospitals from 1994 through 2016 was performed.

Results

A total of 74 patients were identified, including 48 treated curatively with surgery‐plus‐radiotherapy and 15 with surgery alone. Compared with patients treated with surgery alone, a higher proportion of patients treated with surgery‐plus‐radiotherapy had lymph nodes larger than 6 cm (53% versus 8%, P = 0.012) and multiple adverse histopathological features (75% versus 47%, P = 0.04). The groups had similar 5‐year disease‐free survival (45% versus 46%) and overall survival (51% versus 48%). Presence of multiple positive lymph nodes was associated with reduced disease‐free survival (hazard ratio 4.57, P = 0.01) and overall survival (hazard ratio 3.53, P = 0.02). Regional recurrence was higher in patients treated with surgery alone (38% versus 22%, P = 0.22) and patients with lymph nodes larger than 6 cm (34% versus 10%, P = 0.03). All recurrences occurred within 2 years following treatment.

Conclusion

Combined‐modality therapy for metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma to the axilla is recommended for high‐risk patients, although outcomes remain modest. The key period for recurrence is within 2 years following treatment.
Cholesterol and glaucoma: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Posch‐Pertl Laura , Michelitsch Monja , Wagner Gernot , Wildner Brigitte , Silbernagel Günther , Pregartner Gudrun , Wedrich Andreas
Published: January 2021

Purpose

Intraocular pressure is the main risk factor for glaucoma; however, additional risk factors may also matter. This systematic review and meta‐analysis were conducted to summarize the evidence regarding the association of cholesterol parameters (total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) and high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) levels) and glaucoma.

Methods

Four electronic databases were searched for all publications containing ‘glaucoma’ and one of various forms of ‘cholesterol’ or ‘lipoprotein’. Two independent reviewers screened abstracts and potentially full texts of identified articles for eligibility. Risk of bias was assessed with the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. A random‐effects meta‐analysis was used to investigate the differences in total cholesterol, LDL and HDL levels between patients with and without glaucoma.

Results

Overall, 29 observational studies were included in the systematic review and 26 reported quantitative information to investigate differences in cholesterol parameters between patients with glaucoma (N = 7196) and patients without glaucoma (N = 350 441). Patients with glaucoma had significantly higher total cholesterol levels than patients without glaucoma (Mean Difference (MD) 7.9 mg/dl, 95% CI 3.3 to 12.5, p = 0.001) and lower mean HDL levels (MD −2.0 mg/dl, 95% CI: −3.1 to −0.9, p = 0.001). Patients with glaucoma had higher mean LDL levels than patients without glaucoma, albeit not statistically significant (MD 6.1 mg/dl, 95% CI: −4.3 to 16.4, p = 0.251).

Conclusion

This systematic review and meta‐analysis of observational studies found an association of glaucoma and high total cholesterol and low HDL levels, respectively. Although this supports the hypothesis that lipid levels pose an additional risk for glaucoma development, heterogeneity was substantial and causality cannot be presumed from identified observational studies.
Effect of β1/β2‐adrenoceptor blockade on β3‐adrenoceptor activity in the rat cremaster muscle artery
Authors: Saunders Samantha L. , Hutchinson Dana S. , Britton Fiona C. , Liu Lu , Markus Irit , Sandow Shaun L. , Murphy Timothy V.
Published: January 2021

Background and Purpose

The physiological role of vascular β3‐adrenoceptors is not fully understood. Recent evidence suggests cardiac β3‐adrenoceptors are functionally effective after down‐regulation of β1/β2‐adrenoceptors. The functional interaction between the β3‐adrenoceptor and other β‐adrenoceptor subtypes in rat striated muscle arteries was investigated.

Experimental Approach

Studies were performed in cremaster muscle arteries isolated from male Sprague–Dawley rats. β‐adrenoceptor expression was assessed through RT‐PCR and immunofluorescence. Functional effects of β3‐adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists and other β‐adrenoceptor ligands were measured using pressure myography.

Key Results

All three β‐adrenoceptor subtypes were present in the endothelium of the cremaster muscle artery. The β3‐adrenoceptor agonists mirabegron and CL 316,243 had no effect on the diameter of pressurized (70 mmHg) cremaster muscle arterioles with myogenic tone, while the β3‐adrenoceptor agonist SR 58611A and the nonselective β‐adrenoceptor agonist isoprenaline caused concentration‐dependent dilation. In the presence of β1/2‐adrenoceptor antagonists nadolol (10 μM), atenolol (1 μM) and ICI 118,551 (0.1 μM) both mirabegron and CL 316,243 were effective in causing vasodilation and the potency of SR 58611A was enhanced, while responses to isoprenaline were inhibited. The β3‐adrenoceptor antagonist L 748,337 (1 μM) inhibited vasodilation caused by β3‐adrenoceptor agonists (in the presence of β1/2‐adrenoceptor blockade), but L 748,337 had no effect on isoprenaline‐induced vasodilation.

Conclusion and Implications

All three β‐adrenoceptor subtypes were present in the endothelium of the rat cremaster muscle artery, but β3‐adrenoceptor mediated vasodilation was only evident after blockade of β1/2‐adrenoceptors. This suggests constitutive β1/2‐adrenoceptor activity inhibits β3‐adrenoceptor function in the endothelium of skeletal muscle resistance arteries.
Testing the environmental prediction hypothesis for community‐wide mass flowering in South‐East Asia
Authors: Satake Akiko , Leong Yao Tze , Kosugi Yoshiko , Chen Yu‐Yun
Published: January 2021

General flowering, in which hundreds of species synchronize their flowering at multi‐year intervals, is a puzzle to ecologists. It is hypothesized that species taking part in general flowering time their reproduction to meet favorable environmental conditions for seedling establishment. We tested this environmental prediction hypothesis using 14‐year weekly flower records of five Shorea species (Dipterocarpaceae) and daily meteorological data in a lowland rain forest in Malaysia. We first investigated causal inference between three potential flowering triggers (cooling, drought, and the synergistic signal of cooling and drought) and flowering. We then explored the causality between flowering triggers and moisture condition during seedling establishment. Our results demonstrated that the synergistic signal of cooling and drought causally influences flowering phenology with the highest predictability for the timing of flowering. Both drought and the synergistic signal of cooling and drought are causally linked to favorable wet conditions during seedling establishment, but the predictability of future rainfall by the synergistic signal was higher than the drought alone. These results support the environmental prediction hypothesis and raise the question as to whether climate change allows the prediction to hold for plant regeneration in the future.
Body mass index and colorectal cancer risk: A Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Suzuki Shiori , Goto Atsushi , Nakatochi Masahiro , Narita Akira , Yamaji Taiki , Sawada Norie , Katagiri Ryoko , Iwagami Masao , Hanyuda Akiko , Hachiya Tsuyoshi , Sutoh Yoichi , Oze Isao , Koyanagi Yuriko N. , Kasugai Yumiko , Taniyama Yukari , Ito Hidemi , Ikezaki Hiroaki , Nishida Yuichiro , Tamura Takashi , Mikami Haruo , Takezaki Toshiro , Suzuki Sadao , Ozaki Etsuko , Kuriki Kiyonori , Takashima Naoyuki , Arisawa Kokichi , Takeuchi Kenji , Tanno Kozo , Shimizu Atsushi , Tamiya Gen , Hozawa Atsushi , Kinoshita Kengo , Wakai Kenji , Sasaki Makoto , Yamamoto Masayuki , Matsuo Keitaro , Tsugane Shoichiro , Iwasaki Motoki
Published: January 2021

Traditional observational studies have reported a positive association between higher body mass index (BMI) and the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, evidence from other approaches to pursue the causal relationship between BMI and CRC is sparse. A two‐sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study was undertaken using 68 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from the Japanese genome‐wide association study (GWAS) and 654 SNPs from the GWAS catalogue for BMI as sets of instrumental variables. For the analysis of SNP‐BMI associations, we undertook a meta‐analysis with 36 303 participants in the Japanese Consortium of Genetic Epidemiology studies (J‐CGE), comprising normal populations. For the analysis of SNP‐CRC associations, we utilized 7636 CRC cases and 37 141 controls from five studies in Japan, and undertook a meta‐analysis. Mendelian randomization analysis of inverse‐variance weighted method indicated that a one‐unit (kg/m2) increase in genetically predicted BMI was associated with an odds ratio of 1.13 (95% confidence interval, 1.06‐1.20; P value <.001) for CRC using the set of 68 SNPs, and an odds ratio of 1.07 (1.03‐1.11, 0.001) for CRC using the set of 654 SNPs. Sensitivity analyses robustly showed increased odds ratios for CRC for every one‐unit increase in genetically predicted BMI. Our MR analyses strongly support the evidence that higher BMI influences the risk of CRC. Although Asians are generally leaner than Europeans and North Americans, avoiding higher BMI seems to be important for the prevention of CRC in Asian populations.
Synergistic antifungal effects of curcumin derivatives as fungal biofilm inhibitors with fluconazole
Authors: Dong Huai‐Huai , Wang Yuan‐Hua , Peng Xue‐Mi , Zhou He‐Yang , Zhao Fei , Jiang Yuan‐Ying , Zhang Da‐Zhi , Jin Yong‐Sheng
Published: January 2021

Lack of novel antifungal agents and severe drug resistance has led to high incidence and associated mortality of invasive fungal infections. To tackle the challenges, novel antifungal agents with anti‐resistant potency are highly desirable. Thus, derivatives of curcumin were synthesized to restore the effectiveness of fluconazole (FLC) against FLC‐resistant Candida spp. and structure‐activity relationships were then discussed. Some novel derivatives showed promising features as novel antifungal lead compounds. Of them, compound 4 showed good alone or synergistic antifungal activity against FLC‐resistant Candida spp. Moreover, compound 4 was proven as a potent inhibitor of Candida albicans biofilm formation and yeast‐to‐hypha morphological transition whether used alone or in combination with FLC, which was further confirmed by the inhibitory effect on cellular surface hydrophobicity of C. albicans. Compound 4 also inhibits intracellular ATP production of C. albicans and disrupts membrane permeability of C. albicans when used in combination with FLC. The results highlighted the potential of curcumin derivatives to overcome fluconazole‐related and biofilm‐related drug resistance.
Hematological findings associated with tubulin‐folding cofactors D‐related encephalopathy: Expanding the phenotype
Authors: Al‐Bakheet Albandary , Tohary Mohamed , Khan Sameena , Chedrawi Aziza , Edrees Alaa , Tous Ehab , Al‐Mousa Hamoud , Al‐Otaibi Lefian , AlShahrani Saif , Alsagob Maysoon , Al‐Quait Laila , Almass Rawan , Al‐Joudi Haya , Monies Dorota , Al‐Semari Abdulaziz , Aldosary Mazhor , Daghestani Maha , Colak Dilek , Kaya Namik , Al‐Owain Mohammed
Published: January 2021

The dysfunction of microtubules (α/β‐tubulin polymers) underlies a wide range of nervous system genetic abnormalities. Defects in TBCD, a tubulin‐folding cofactor, cause diseases highlighted with early‐onset encephalopathy with or without neurodegeneration, intellectual disability, seizures, microcephaly and tetraparaperesis. Utilizing various molecular methods, we describe nine patients from four unrelated families with two novel exon 18 variants in TBCD exhibiting the typical neurological phenotype of the disease. Interestingly, all the investigated patients had previously unreported hematological findings in the form of neutropenia and mild degree of anemia and thrombocytopenia. In addition to delineating the neurological phenotype in several patients with TBCD variants, our study stresses on the new association of neutropenia, in particular, with the disease.
82Rb tissue kinetics in humans
Authors: Gregg Sima , Keramida Georgia , Peters A. Michael
Published: January 2021

Aim

The study aim was to compare the kinetics of the potassium analogue, 82Rb, between spleen, liver and kidney.

Methods

Patients had myocardial stress/rest perfusion imaging using adenosine (n = 45) or regadenoson (n = 33) for stressing. Hepatic arterial (HAP), splenic (SP) and renal (RP) perfusions were measured from first‐pass and blood 82Rb clearances (Ki) from Gjedde–Patlak–Rutland graphical analysis of data between 1 and 2 min postinjection, using regions of interest over left ventricular cavity or abdominal aorta to monitor arterial concentration. Tissue 82Rb extraction efficiency (E) was calculated as [Ki/perfusion]*100. Tissue extracellular fluid volume (ECV) was derived from the GPR plot intercept.

Results

SP (24%) and RP (23%) increased after regadenoson but decreased (−41% and −19%) after adenosine. HAP increased after adenosine (91%) and regadenoson (68%). Resting E was high in kidney (69%) and low in spleen (26%). After adenosine, it increased to 91% in kidney and 49% in spleen. Assuming an arterial contribution of 25% to hepatic blood flow, resting E in liver was estimated as 23%. Relationships between Ki and perfusion in spleen and kidney were consistent with the Crone–Renkin equation (Ki = [1 − A.e‐B/perfusion]*perfusion), with respective values of A of 0.95 and 0.94 and B of 31 and 186 ml/min/100 ml. Splenic ECV decreased following adenosine from 62 to 39 ml/100 ml and showed a logarithmic correlation with SP.

Conclusion

Kidney, spleen and liver display contrasting tissue kinetics. E is high in kidney and low in spleen and liver. Spleen is erectile, collapsing when perfusion decreases.
Programmed cell death in spinal cord injury pathogenesis and therapy
Authors: Shi Zhongju , Yuan Shiyang , Shi Linlin , Li Jiahe , Ning Guangzhi , Kong Xiaohong , Feng Shiqing
Published: January 2021

Spinal cord injury (SCI) always leads to functional deterioration due to a series of processes including cell death. In recent years, programmed cell death (PCD) is considered to be a critical process after SCI, and various forms of PCD were discovered in recent years, including apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, pyroptosis and paraptosis. Unlike necrosis, PCD is known as an active cell death mediated by a cascade of gene expression events, and it is crucial for elimination unnecessary and damaged cells, as well as a defence mechanism. Therefore, it would be meaningful to characterize the roles of PCD to not only enhance our understanding of the pathophysiological processes, but also improve functional recovery after SCI. This review will summarize and explore the most recent advances on how apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, pyroptosis and paraptosis are involved in SCI. This review can help us to understand the various functions of PCD in the pathological processes of SCI, and contribute to our novel understanding of SCI of unknown aetiology in the near future.
First‐day plasma amylase detects patients at risk of complications after simultaneous pancreas‐kidney transplantation
Authors: Bonsdorff Akseli , Sallinen Ville , Räihä Juulia , Ekstrand Agneta , Nordin Arno , Lempinen Marko , Helanterä Ilkka
Published: January 2021

Background

Simultaneous pancreas‐kidney transplantation (SPK) carries a high risk of major postoperative complications, but knowledge on early warning signs and surrogate markers for postoperative complications is scarce.

Aims

Our aim was to analyze the complication‐predictive value of different laboratory tests in pancreas transplantation.

Materials & Methods

All SPKs in Finland between January 2010 and February 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Levels of first three‐day plasma amylase, drain fluid amylase, C‐reactive protein, C‐peptide, plasma trypsinogen, and white blood cell count were assessed for their performance predicting cumulative postoperative complications (assessed using the Comprehensive Complication Index) within 90 days from transplantation by using ROC analyses.

Results

Of the 164 SPK patients included, 39 suffered at least one complication requiring laparotomy. First‐day plasma amylase had the best value in predicting complications based on its high AUC value and easy clinical applicability, with an optimum cutoff of six times the upper normal limit. Negative predictive values (NPVs) and positive predictive values of this cutoff were 0.81 and 0.71 for any relaparotomy, and 0.91 and 0.71 for the Comprehensive Complication Index >47.7 (which equals the morbidity of two relaparotomies), respectively.

Conclusion

In conclusion, first‐day plasma amylase could be able to detect patients at risk of complications after SPK.
Novel cholangioscopy‐guided targeted biopsy for diagnosing gallbladder carcinoma
Authors: Kobayashi Kiyoyuki , Kobara Hideki , Masaki Tsutomu
Published: January 2021

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The effects of fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibition and monoacylglycerol lipase inhibition on habit formation in mice
Authors: Gianessi Carol A. , Groman Stephanie M. , Taylor Jane R.
Published: January 2021

Emerging data indicate that endocannabinoid signaling is critical to the formation of habitual behavior. Previous work demonstrated that antagonism of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) with AM251 during operant training impairs habit formation, but it is not known if this behavioral effect is specific to disrupted signaling of the endocannabinoid ligands anandamide or 2‐arachidonoyl glycerol (2‐AG). Here, we used selective pharmacological compounds during operant training to determine the impact of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibition to increase anandamide (and other n‐acylethanolamines) or monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibition to increase 2‐AG levels on the formation of habitual behaviors in mice using a food‐reinforced contingency degradation procedure. We found, contrary to our hypothesis, that inhibition of FAAH and of MAGL disrupted the formation of habits. Next, AM251 was administered during training to verify that impaired habit formation could be assessed using contingency degradation. AM251‐exposed mice responded at lower rates during training and at higher rates in the test. To understand the inconsistency with published data, we performed a proof‐of‐principle dose–response experiment to compare AM251 in our vehicle‐solution to the published vehicle‐suspension on response rates. We found consistent reductions in response rate with increasing doses of AM251 in solution and an inconsistent dose–response relationship with AM251 in suspension. Together, our data suggest that further characterization of the role of CB1R signaling in the formation of habitual responding is warranted and that augmenting endocannabinoids may have clinical utility for prophylactically preventing aberrant habit formation such as that hypothesized to occur in substance use disorders.
Lagoon of Islands, Tasmania: Ecosystem response to dam wall removal
Authors: Maxwell Carolyn , Tyler Peter , Brock Margaret , Davies Peter , Graddon David , Blundy Sarah , Casey Stephen , Brereton Raymond
Published: January 2021

Lagoon of Islands was a rare wetland of high conservation value, supporting floating islands of vegetation before it was dammed to supply water for consumptive use downstream. After damming, water quality declined to such an extent that in 2013, the dam wall was removed and a wetland restoration project was commenced, resulting in immediate improvements in water quality and, within five years, regeneration of a plant community largely composed of dominant species of the original wetland.
Advances in approaches to seagrass restoration in Australia
Authors: Sinclair Elizabeth A. , Sherman Craig D. H. , Statton John , Copeland Craig , Matthews Andrew , Waycott Michelle , van Dijk Kor‐Jent , Vergés Adriana , Kajlich Lana , McLeod Ian M. , Kendrick Gary A.
Published: January 2021

Three case studies involving two temperate Australian seagrass species – Pondweed (Ruppia tuberosa) and Ribbon Weed (Posidonia australis) – highlight different approaches to their restoration. Seeds and rhizomes were used in three collaborative programmes to promote new approaches to scale up restoration outcomes.
Managed livestock grazing for conservation outcomes in a Queensland fragmented landscape
Authors: Lebbink Gabrielle , Dwyer John Matthew , Fensham Rod John
Published: January 2021

Protecting native biodiversity is a difficult prospect in extremely modified landscapes, especially where high‐impact exotic species are widespread. Using new data and a review of the literature, this paper comments on the use of livestock grazing to manage the invasive and highly combustible pasture grass species, Buffel Grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) and thereby help conserve fire‐sensitive Brigalow (Acacia harpophylla) vegetation in reserves in Queensland, Australia. We cite evidence that shows that grazing is a potentially useful management tool in such cases and its use can be compatible with the protection of both fire‐sensitive vegetation and other native plant species within the understorey. However, there are limitations in implementing grazing within conservation reserves including the lack of a clear understanding of the influence of grazing on biodiversity and resource condition. Importantly, we highlight secondary invasion by the exotic grass Indian Couch (Bothriochloa pertusa) as a key emerging threat that may undermine the biodiversity benefits gained by grazing in reserves. Grazing can be a useful tool for conservation management in particular scenarios, but the associated risks demand accompanying monitoring and reporting of positive and negative impacts to ensure the fundamental aim of biodiversity protection is being achieved.
Cycles of self‐reported seizure likelihood correspond to yield of diagnostic epilepsy monitoring
Authors: Karoly Philippa J. , Eden Dominique , Nurse Ewan S. , Cook Mark J. , Taylor Janelle , Dumanis Sonya , Richardson Mark P. , Brinkmann Benjamin H. , Freestone Dean R.
Published: January 2021

Objective

Video‐electroencephalography (vEEG) is an important component of epilepsy diagnosis and management. Nevertheless, inpatient vEEG monitoring fails to capture seizures in up to one third of patients. We hypothesized that personalized seizure forecasts could be used to optimize the timing of vEEG.

Methods

We used a database of ambulatory vEEG studies to select a cohort with linked electronic seizure diaries of more than 20 reported seizures over at least 8 weeks. The total cohort included 48 participants. Diary seizure times were used to detect individuals' multiday seizure cycles and estimate times of high seizure risk. We compared whether estimated seizure risk was significantly different between conclusive and inconclusive vEEGs, and between vEEG with and without recorded epileptic activity. vEEGs were conducted prior to self‐reported seizures; hence, the study aimed to provide a retrospective proof of concept that cycles of seizure risk were correlated with vEEG outcomes.

Results

Estimated seizure risk was significantly higher for conclusive vEEGs and vEEGs with epileptic activity. Across all cycle strengths, the average time in high risk during vEEG was 29.1% compared with 14% for the conclusive/inconclusive groups and 32% compared to 18% for the epileptic activity/no epileptic activity groups. On average, 62.5% of the cohort showed increased time in high risk during their previous vEEG when epileptic activity was recorded (compared to 28% of the cohort where epileptic activity was not recorded). For conclusive vEEGs, 50% of the cohort had increased time in high risk, compared to 21.5% for inconclusive vEEGs.

Significance

Although retrospective, this study provides a proof of principle that scheduling monitoring times based on personalized seizure risk forecasts can improve the yield of vEEG. Forecasts can be developed at low cost from mobile seizure diaries. A simple scheduling tool to improve diagnostic outcomes may reduce cost and risks associated with delayed or missed diagnosis in epilepsy.
Trust, accountability and ‘the Other’ within the charitable context: U.K. service clubs and grant‐making activity
Authors: Yates David , Belal Ataur Rahman , Gebreiter Florian , Lowe Alan
Published: January 2021

The third sector encompasses many types of not‐for‐profit organisations (NPOs). This results in a diverse sector, where accountabilities vary and are complex. In this paper, we explore notions of accountability at the micro level of social analysis, between individuals, and enacted through social interaction. We aim to provide detail on how accountability is enacted at this level of analysis, and the role(s) of trust (if any) in this form of accountability. We employ a theoretical framework incorporating the theoretical constructs of accountability, trust and ‘the Other’, with additional support derived from literature that specifically discusses the relationship(s) between accountability, the Other and wider ethics. We employ a qualitative methodological framework, with two sources of data. The primary source of data included 42 semi‐structured interviews conducted with service club members, along with representatives of donor organisations, beneficiary organisations and local government. In addition, documentary evidence was utilised in support of the primary data gathered. Following the application of qualitative data analysis techniques, we conclude that, at the micro level of social analysis, trust and accountability are intertwined concepts. We observed that the main mechanism for the discharge of accountability was via the formation and maintenance of personal relationships between members of the service club and key external stakeholders. We also conclude that charity offers individuals a means by which to particularise aspects of the Other, through the undertaking of charitable action. Within this particularisation process, facilitated by connecting with other individuals, accountability not only takes a different form than more hierarchical forms of accountability, but also serves to build interconnectedness between individuals, and provide satisfaction of the desire for the Other in volunteers and stakeholders alike.
Cholesterol metabolism pathways – are the intermediates more important than the products?
Authors: Wang Yuqin , Yutuc Eylan , Griffiths William J.
Published: January 2021

Every cell in vertebrates possesses the machinery to synthesise cholesterol and to metabolise it. The major route of cholesterol metabolism is conversion to bile acids. Bile acids themselves are interesting molecules being ligands to nuclear and G protein‐coupled receptors, but perhaps the intermediates in the bile acid biosynthesis pathways are even more interesting and equally important. Here, we discuss the biological activity of the different intermediates generated in the various bile acid biosynthesis pathways. We put forward the hypothesis that the acidic pathway of bile acid biosynthesis has primary evolved to generate signalling molecules and its utilisation by hepatocytes provides an added bonus of producing bile acids to aid absorption of lipids in the intestine.
Clinical course of hepatitis C virus‐positive patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis in the era of direct‐acting antiviral treatment
Authors: Maesaka Kazuki , Sakamori Ryotaro , Yamada Ryoko , Tahata Yuki , Oshita Masahide , Hagiwara Hideki , Sakakibara Mitsuru , Tamura Shinji , Hiramatsu Naoki , Inada Masami , Iio Sadaharu , Ito Toshifumi , Yakushijin Takayuki , Doi Yoshinori , Kodama Takahiro , Hikita Hayato , Tatsumi Tomohide , Takehara Tetsuo
Published: January 2021

Aim

The aim of the present study was to investigate the clinical course in hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐positive patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis after direct‐acting antivirals (DAAs) have been used for HCV infection.

Methods

This multicenter study prospectively analyzed a registered cohort composed of 73 HCV‐positive patients with decompensated cirrhosis who attended our 11 institutions between January 2018 and July 2018. Prognoses, including changes in the liver reserve, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), decompensation events, and survival, were analyzed up to July 2020, as was the initiation of DAA treatment.

Results

Sixty‐four (87.7%) and nine (12.3%) patients had Child–Pugh class (C‐P) B and C at baseline, respectively. Within 2 years after enrollment, 17 patients (23.3%) received treatment with DAAs, and 31 patients (42.5%) developed uncontrolled HCC, switched to palliative care, or died. Patients who received DAA treatment were significantly younger and had significantly higher alanine aminotransferase levels and lower platelet counts than the patients who did not receive DAA treatment. The rates of overall survival, cumulative HCC occurrence, and cumulative hospitalization for any hepatic decompensation event at 2 years were 64.8%, 13.1%, and 65.6%, respectively. Overall survival was significantly shorter and the HCC occurrence and hospitalization rates were significantly higher in C‐P C patients than in C‐P B patients.

Conclusions

Among HCV‐positive patients with decompensated cirrhosis, approximately one‐fourth received DAA treatment, but more than 40% of the patients lost the opportunity for treatment with DAAs.
The closed academy? Guild power and academic social class
Authors: Macfarlane Bruce , Jefferson Alison Elizabeth
Published: January 2021

Academic inbreeding is a deeply ingrained practice which needs to be understood by reference to the medieval guilds. Drawing on the guild concept and associated benefits of forms of capital, a distinction is drawn between ‘guild‐route’ academics who have followed a privileged, linear path into academe and their ‘non‐guild’ counterparts who tend to enter later in their career from the professions or industry, often without a PhD. The tendency to represent early career researchers from a guild background as members of an academic proletariat is largely misleading and fails to take account of their privileged entrée into academe. Their experience is contrasted with those recruited via the non‐guild route who do not have the benefits of the valued social, cultural or symbolic capital needed to advance their careers. Policy implications are discussed to better understand the effects of academic social class on recruitment practices in universities.
Selected nutritional quality and physicochemical properties of silkworm pupae (frozen or powdered) from two species
Authors: Hirunyophat Patthama , Chalermchaiwat Parisut , On‐nom Nattira , Prinyawiwatkul Witoon
Published: January 2021

This research was performed to examine selected nutritional quality and physicochemical properties of silkworm pupae. Frozen or powdered pupae from two species of silkworm (Bombyx mori and Samia ricinii) were studied. Eri had the largest size with the highest lightness and peak viscosity. The PCA (principal component analysis) total variance could be explained by 74.68%, and silkworm pupaes could be put into 2 clusters. Cluster 1: all varieties of frozen silkworm pupae having a high moisture content; Cluster 2: silkworm pupae powder. Thai and Hybrid silkworm pupae powder had the highest calcium, total fat and n‐3, n‐6 and n‐9 fatty acids. Eri silkworm pupae powder had the highest protein, essential amino acid and crude fibre. Each variety of silkworm pupae had different properties that might be suitable for developing different food products. Therefore, the presented data would be advantageous for manufacturers for developing functional ingredients and novel foods.
Dietary strategies may influence human nerves and emotions by regulating intestinal microbiota: an interesting hypothesis
Authors: Hong Mengyu , Ho Chi‐Tang , Zhang Xin , Zhang Ruilin , Liu Yanan
Published: January 2021

The human body hosts enormous diversity of microbiota. Recently, the importance of microbial communities to host physiology has been recognised. Evidence is now emerging that the bidirectional communication between the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract may affect human nerves, cognition and behaviour through the gut‐brain axis (GBA). Although the connection between enteropathy and neurological diseases has been found, it now seems intestinal microorganisms represent the direct mediator of psychopathology. The interactions between host neurological function and intestinal microbiota suggested dietary is a possible way to alleviate psychopathological and neurodegenerative diseases. This review discusses the possible effect of intestinal microbiota on the changes of nerves and emotions in human brain. Maintaining healthy diet strategies should be an important part of preventing neurological diseases and psychopathologies caused by systemic metabolic changes. We hope to provide a novel insight for the design of dietary therapies from the perspective of GBA.
Nursing – a core element of rehabilitation
Authors: Gutenbrunner C. , Stievano A. , Nugraha B. , Stewart D. , Catton H.
Published: January 2021

Aim

2020 was been acknowledged by the World Health Organization as the International Year of the Nurse and the Midwife. On this occasion, the Global Rehabilitation Alliance and the International Council of Nurse would like to conceptually reflect the role of nurses in rehabilitation.

Background

Rehabilitation and nursing are strictly ingrained. Rehabilitation aims at improving, reaching and maintaining optimal functioning of persons with disability and persons with health conditions experiencing disability. Nursing is defined as use of clinical judgement in the provision of care to enable people to improve, maintain, or recover health, to cope with health problems, and to achieve the best possible quality of life. Nursing has a crucial role in all phases of rehabilitation care (acute, post‐acute and long‐term rehabilitation). Nurses deliver rehabilitation in many settings, in nursing homes and community‐based rehabilitation. The main principle is not to deliver care for the patient but deliver care with the patient. This includes explaining, demonstrating and practising with the goal to help the patient to (re‐)gain independence.

Discussion

Nurses play an important role in delivering rehabilitation and are involved in all aspects of the multidimensional rehabilitation process. One of the important points is that in most settings, nurses are the professionals with a prolonged relationship with patients and families, and may have the best insight into the patients’ personal and contextual factors with regard to the rehabilitation process.

Conclusion and implications for Nursing and/or Health Policy

Strengthening nursing in rehabilitation is a vital factor to deliver high‐quality rehabilitation and to achieve optimum outcomes. For this reason, we urge all relevant stakeholders at governmental and rehabilitation service provider levels to work towards these goals.