bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The severely under‐recognized public health risk of strongyloidiasis in North American cities—A One Health approach
Authors: Jariwala S. , Redding L. , Hewitt D.
Published: July 2017

Strongyloidesand other soil‐transmitted helminths represent a severely under‐recognized zoonotic public health risk, especially in North American cities. They are present throughout North America, including in urban areas, causing morbidity and mortality in human and non‐human animals. Epidemiological “masking” of strongyloidiasis due to overlapping symptoms with other systemic diseases, including allergies, and diagnostic limitations complicate our understanding of the epidemiological extent of this disease, and auto‐infection allows long‐term persistence of individual infections. Zoonotic transmission and environmental transmission are critical components in the epidemiology of strongyloidiasis, and other diseases caused by soil‐transmitted helminths. In this review, we bring together medical, veterinary and environmental expertise in a “One Health” context, to document and analyse this under‐recognized risk. We also present implementable opportunities for action with respect to diagnostics, treatment, community engagement and land management to mitigate the impact and transmission of strongyloidiasis and other diseases caused by soil‐transmitted helminths.
Examining the Relationship between Teacher Leadership Culture and Teacher Professionalism: Quantitative Study
Authors: Parlar Hanifi , Cansoy Ramazan , Kılınç Ali Çağatay
Published: July 2017

The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between schools' levels of having teacher leadership culture and teachers’ professional behaviors. A total of 254 teachers working in primary and secondary schools located in Üsküdar district of Istanbul province participated in the study. The "Teacher Leadership Culture Scale" and the "Teacher Professionalism Scale" were used to collect the research data. The arithmetic mean, Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient and Multiple Linear Regression analysis were used in the analysis of the data. In the study, schools' levels of having teacher leadership culture and the professionalism characteristics of teachers were found to be above the medium level. Furthermore, significant positive relationships were found between professional cooperation, school administrator's support and the level of having a supportive working environment of the schools' levels of having teacher leadership culture and teacher professionalism. The results of the study revealed that the dimensions of supportive working environment and professional cooperation from among teacher leadership culture characteristics were significant predictors of teacher professionalism. The results of the study were discussed in relation to the relevant literature, and some suggestions were made.
Study of Chip Morphology and Chip Formation Mechanism During Machining of Magnesium-Based Metal Matrix Composites
Authors: Davis Brian , Dabrow David , Ju Licheng , Li Anhai , Xu Chengying , Huang Yong
Published: July 2017

Magnesium (Mg) and its alloys are among the lightest metallic structural materials, making them very attractive for use in the aerospace and automotive industries. Recently, Mg has been used in metal matrix composites (MMCs), demonstrating significant improvements in mechanical performance. However, the machinability of Mg-based MMCs is still largely elusive. In this study, Mg-based MMCs are machined using a wide range of cutting speeds in order to elucidate both the chip morphology and chip formation mechanism. Cutting speed is found to have the most significant influence on both the chip morphology and chip formation mechanism, with the propensity of discontinuous, particle-type chip formation increasing as the cutting speed increases. Saw-tooth chips are found to be the primary chip morphology at low cutting speeds (lower than 0.5 m/s), while discontinuous, particle-type chips prevail at high cutting speeds (higher than 1.0 m/s). Using in situ high-speed imaging, the formation of the saw-tooth chip morphology is found to be due to crack initiation at the free surface. However, as the cutting speed (and strain rate) increases, the formation of the discontinuous, particle-type chip morphology is found to be due to crack initiation at the tool tip. In addition, the influences of tool rake angle, particle size, and particle volume fracture are investigated and found to have little effect on the chip morphology and chip formation mechanism.
Grinding of Chromium Carbide Coatings Using Electroplated Diamond Wheels
Authors: Shi Zhongde , Elfizy Amr , Attia Helmi , Ouellet Gilbert
Published: July 2017

This paper reports an experimental study on grinding of chromium carbide coatings using electroplated diamond wheels. The work was motivated by machining carbide coatings in gas turbine engine applications. The objective is to explore the process conditions and parameters satisfying the ground surface quality requirements. Surface grinding experiments were conducted with water-based grinding fluid on chromium carbide coated on flat surfaces of aluminum blocks for rough grinding at a fixed wheel speed vs = 30 m/s, and finish grinding at vs = 30, 60 m/s. The effects of depth of cut and workspeed on grinding power, forces, and surface roughness were investigated for each of the wheel speeds. Material removal rate Q = 20 mm3/s for rough grinding at a grinding width b = 101.6 mm was achieved. It was found that the maximum material removal rate achievable in rough grinding was restricted by chatters, which was mainly due to the large grinding width. The specific energy ranged from 27 to 59 J/mm3 under the tested conditions. Surface roughness Ra = 3.5–3.8 μm were obtained for rough grinding, while Ra = 0.6–1.5 μm were achieved for finish grinding. Surface roughness was not sensitive to grinding parameters under the tested conditions, but was strongly dependent on the diamond grain sizes. Imposing axial wheel oscillations to the grinding motions reduced surface roughness by about 60% under the tested condition. It was proved that it is feasible to grind the chromium carbide coating with electroplated diamond wheels.
Ex-Vessel Loss of Coolant Accident Analysis of ITER Divertor Cooling System Using Modified RELAP/SCADAPSIM/Mod 4.0
Authors: Saraswat S. P. , Munshi P. , Khanna A. , Allison C.
Published: July 2017

The initial design of ITER incorporated the use of carbon fiber composites in high heat flux regions and tungsten was used for low heat flux regions. The current design includes tungsten for both these regions. The present work includes thermal hydraulic modeling and analysis of ex-vessel loss of coolant accident (LOCA) for the divertor (DIV) cooling system. The purpose of this study is to show that the new concept of full tungsten divertor is able to withstand in the accident scenarios. The code used in this study is RELAP/SCADAPSIM/MOD 4.0. A parametric study is also carried out with different in-vessel break sizes and ex-vessel break locations. The analysis discusses a number of safety concerns that may result from the accident scenarios. These concerns include vacuum vessel (VV) pressurization, divertor temperature profile, passive decay heat removal capability of structure, and pressurization of tokamak cooling water system. The results show that the pressures and temperatures are kept below design limits prescribed by ITER organization.
Industrial Direct Chill Slab Caster of Tin Bronze (C903) Using a Porous Filter in the Hot-Top
Authors: Hasan Mainul , Begum Latifa
Published: July 2017

A 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling study has been carried out for the tin bronze (C903) slab of industrial size in a vertical direct chill caster. The melt is delivered from the top across the entire cross section of the caster. An insulated hot-top is considered above the 80-mm mold to control the melt level in the mold. A porous filter is considered in the hot-top region of the mold to arrest the incoming inclusions and homogenize the flow into the mold. The melt flow through the porous filter is modeled on the basis of the Brinkmann–Forchheimer-extended non-Darcy model. Results are obtained for four casting speeds varying from 40 to 100 mm/min. The metal–mold contact region, as well as the convective heat transfer coefficient at the mold wall, is also varied. In addition to the above, the Darcy number for the porous media is also changed. All parametric studies are performed for a fixed inlet melt superheat of 62 °C. The results are presented pictorially in the form of temperature and velocity fields. The sump depth, mushy region thickness, solid shell thickness (ST) at the exit of the mold, and axial temperature profiles are also presented and correlated with the casting speed through regression analysis.
Evidence of a Task-Independent Neural Signature in the Spectral Shape of the Electroencephalogram
Authors: DelPozo-Banos Marcos , Travieso Carlos M. , Alonso Jesus B. , John Ann
Published: July 2017

Genetic and neurophysiological studies of electroencephalogram (EEG) have shown that an individual’s brain activity during a given cognitive task is, to some extent, determined by their genes. In fact, the field of biometrics has successfully used this property to build systems capable of identifying users from their neural activity. These studies have always been carried out in isolated conditions, such as relaxing with eyes closed, identifying visual targets or solving mathematical operations. Here we show for the first time that the neural signature extracted from the spectral shape of the EEG is to a large extent independent of the recorded cognitive task and experimental condition. In addition, we propose to use this task-independent neural signature for more precise biometric identity verification. We present two systems: one based on real cepstrums and one based on linear predictive coefficients. We obtained verification accuracies above 89% on 4 of the 6 databases used. We anticipate this finding will create a new set of experimental possibilities within many brain research fields, such as the study of neuroplasticity, neurodegenerative diseases and brain machine interfaces, as well as the mentioned genetic, neurophysiological and biometric studies. Furthermore, the proposed biometric approach represents an important advance towards real world deployments of this new technology.
A STUDY OF COMPOSITE COATINGS ON 22MnCrNiMo STEEL FOR MOORING CHAIN
Authors: SHEN YAN , SAHOO PRASANTA K. , PAN YIPENG
Published: July 2017

In order to enhance the corrosion resistance of mooring chain, the composite coatings are carried out on the surface of 22MnCrNiMo steel for mooring chain by double-pulsed electrodeposition technology using centrifugal force in the rotating device. The microstructure and anti-corrosion performance of the composite coatings have been investigated experimentally. This paper mainly focuses on the experimental work to determine the structural characteristics and corrosion resistance of composite coatings in the presence of nano-SiC. The results show that the presence of nano-SiC has a significant effect on the preparation of composite coating during the process. The surface of the coating becomes compact and smooth at a moderate concentration of nano-SiC particles. Furthermore, the best corrosion resistance of the composite coatings can be obtained when the concentration of nano-SiC particles is 2.0[Formula: see text]g.L[Formula: see text] after salt spray treatment.
Experimental Study on the Influence on Vibration Characteristics of Thin Cylindrical Shell with Hard Coating under Cantilever Boundary Condition
Authors: Li Hui , Sun Wei , Zhu Mingwei , Xue Pengcheng
Published: July 2017

This research has experimentally investigated the influence on vibration characteristics of thin cantilever cylindrical shell (TCS) with hard coating under cantilever boundary condition. Firstly, the theoretical model of TCS with hard coating is established to calculate its natural frequencies and modal shapes so as to roughly understand vibration characteristic of TCS when it is coated with hard coating material. Then, by considering its nonlinear stiffness and damping influences, an experiment system is established to accurately measure vibration parameters of the shell, and the corresponding test methods and identification techniques are also proposed. Finally, based on the measured data, the influences on natural frequencies, modal shapes, damping ratios, and vibration responses of TCS with hard coating are analyzed and discussed in detail. It can be found that hard coating can play an important role in vibration reduction of TCS, and for the most modes of TCS, hard coating will result in the decrease of natural frequencies, but the decreased level is not very big, and its damping effects on the higher frequency range of the shell are weak and ineffective. Therefore, in order to make better use of this coating material, we must carefully choose the concerned antivibration frequency range of the shell; otherwise it may lead to some negative effects.
Dispersion of Switching Processes in Ferroelectric Ceramics
Authors: Malyshkina O. V. , Eliseev Anton Yurievich , Grechishkin R. M.
Published: July 2017

The influence of the switching processes on self-heating of ferroelectric PZT ceramics samples was studied in high-amplitude sine and meander electric fields in a wide frequency range of 50 to 1500 Hz. It is shown that the linear dependence of the self-heating temperature on the electric field frequency is observed only in low-frequency region. It was found that there exists a maximum on the frequency dependence of the self-heating temperature. The critical frequency fcr corresponding to this maximum depends on both the properties of the material and geometry of the sample.
Immunotherapy in Gastrointestinal Cancers
Authors: Procaccio Letizia , Schirripa Marta , Fassan Matteo , Vecchione Loredana , Bergamo Francesca , Prete Alessandra Anna , Intini Rossana , Manai Chiara , Dadduzio Vincenzo , Boscolo Alice , Zagonel Vittorina , Lonardi Sara
Published: July 2017

Gastrointestinal cancers represent a major public health problem worldwide. Immunotherapeutic strategies are currently under investigation in this setting and preliminary results of ongoing trials adopting checkpoint inhibitors are striking. Indeed, although a poor immunogenicity for GI has been reported, a strong biological rationale supports the development of immunotherapy in this field. The clinical and translational research on immunotherapy for the treatment of GI cancers started firstly with the identification of immune-related mechanisms possibly relevant to GI tumours and secondly with the development of immunotherapy-based agents in clinical trials. In the present review a general overview is firstly provided followed by a focus on major findings on gastric, colorectal, and hepatocellular carcinomas. Finally, pathological and molecular perspectives are provided since many efforts are ongoing in order to identify possible predictive biomarkers and to improve patients’ selection. Many issues are still unsolved in this field; however, we strongly believe that immunotherapy might positively affect the natural history of a subgroup of GI cancer patients improving outcome and the overall quality of life.
Acute Appendicitis: An Extracolonic Manifestation of Clostridium difficile Colitis
Authors: Ridha Ali , Safiullah Shoaib M. , Al-Abayechi Sarah , Nadeem Amin Ur Rehman
Published: July 2017

The current report is the case of a 30-year-old male patient who presented with symptomatology suggestive of appendicitis. However, careful history-taking and laboratory tests led to the diagnosis of Clostridium difficile colitis, resulting in successful nonsurgical management of this patient. Although both appendicitis and C. difficile colitis are common conditions, they are rarely diagnosed concurrently. This is reflected by paucity of literature describing this manifestation. Given this current presentation, the authors contend that the manifestation of extracolonic colitis within the appendix is possibly underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed as an acute appendicitis and thus potentially results in unnecessary surgical intervention. This report reminds physicians to consider the medical approach to managing acute appendicitis given the possibility of underlying C. difficile colitis as the causative factor.
Neurocardiology: Cardiovascular Changes and Specific Brain Region Infarcts
Authors: Zou Rongjun , Shi Wanting , Tao Jun , Li Hongmu , Lin Xifeng , Yang Songran , Hua Ping
Published: July 2017

There are complex and dynamic reflex control networks between the heart and the brain, including cardiac and intrathoracic ganglia, spinal cord, brainstem, and central nucleus. Recent literature based on animal model and clinical trials indicates a close link between cardiac function and nervous systems. It is noteworthy that the autonomic nervous-based therapeutics has shown great potential in the management of atrial fibrillation, ventricular arrhythmia, and myocardial remodeling. However, the potential mechanisms of postoperative brain injury and cardiovascular changes, particularly heart rate variability and the presence of arrhythmias, are not understood. In this chapter, we will describe mechanisms of brain damage undergoing cardiac surgery and focus on the interaction between cardiovascular changes and damage to specific brain regions.
Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus Using iPS Cells and Spice Polyphenols
Authors: Ge Qi , Chen Liang , Chen Keping
Published: July 2017

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that threatens human health. The disease is caused by a metabolic disorder of the endocrine system, and long-term illness can lead to tissue and organ damage to the cardiovascular, endocrine, nervous, and urinary systems. Currently, the disease prevalence is 11.4%, the treatment rate is 48.2%, and the mortality rate is 2.7% worldwide. Comprehensive and effective control of diabetes, as well as the use of insulin, requires further study to develop additional treatment options. Here, we reviewed the current reprogramming of somatic cells using specific factors to induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells capable of repairing isletβcell damage in diabetes patients to treat patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. We also discuss the shortcomings associated with clinical use of iPS cells. Additionally, certain polyphenols found in spices might improve glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance in diabetes patients, thereby constituting promising options for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
A High Selectivity, Miniaturized, Low Profile Dual-Band Bandpass FSS with a Controllable Transmission Zero
Authors: Li Wenxing , Li Yuanyuan
Published: July 2017

A novel, highly selective, low profile dual-band, and bandpass miniaturized-element frequency selective surface is proposed to realize stable angular responses and a controllable transmission zero. This FSS is a three-layer structure consisting of three metal layers that are separated from each other by two dielectric substrates. The equivalent circuit model of the FSS and its operating principle are presented and analyzed based on the microwave filter theory. The prototype of this FSS is simulated, fabricated, and measured, and its theoretical analysis, simulation, and measurement results show a good agreement. This FSS has achieved an excellent angular stability and wide out-of-band rejection performance in the scope of incidence angle of 80 degrees. Compared with the other multilayered FSSs and 3D FSSs proposed in previous works, it possesses a lower profile as well as a smaller size. A transmission zero is produced by etching slots on the edges of the middle metal layer to achieve superior frequency selectivity. By properly choosing the size and direction of the slots, the transmission zero and the polarization selectivity are able to be changed, respectively.
A Novel Measurement Matrix Optimization Approach for Hyperspectral Unmixing
Authors: Xu Su , He Xiping
Published: July 2017

Each pixel in the hyperspectral unmixing process is modeled as a linear combination of endmembers, which can be expressed in the form of linear combinations of a number of pure spectral signatures that are known in advance. However, the limitation of Gaussian random variables on its computational complexity or sparsity affects the efficiency and accuracy. This paper proposes a novel approach for the optimization of measurement matrix in compressive sensing (CS) theory for hyperspectral unmixing. Firstly, a new Toeplitz-structured chaotic measurement matrix (TSCMM) is formed by pseudo-random chaotic elements, which can be implemented by a simple hardware; secondly, rank revealing QR factorization with eigenvalue decomposition is presented to speed up the measurement time; finally, orthogonal gradient descent method for measurement matrix optimization is used to achieve optimal incoherence. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach can lead to better CS reconstruction performance with low extra computational cost in hyperspectral unmixing.
Democracia contra as patologias da liberdade: poder e dominação em Franz L. Neumann
Authors: Rodriguez José Rodrigo
Published: July 2017

Este artigo apresenta a construção conceitual de Franz Neumann elaborada no texto “O conceito de liberdade política”, cuja finalidade principal é diferenciar poder e dominação. Para Neumann, a teoria política deve consistir em uma reflexão sobre a efetivação da liberdade em formas legítimas de poder, as quais se caracterizam por garantir a efetivação da liberdade humana. A liberdade, na visão do autor, é composta de três elementos historicamente construídos, o jurídico, o cognitivo e o volitivo, os quais permitem identificar seis patologias da liberdade que resultam da valorização excessiva ou da desvalorização de cada um de seus elementos; respectivamente, autarquia e legalismo, medo e naturalização, alienação e voluntarismo. Com a utilização deste aparelho conceitual Neumann analisa problemas políticos concretos como o Macartismo que marcou os Estados Unidos dos anos 1950.
A Teoria Crítica da Escola de Frankfurt e a persistência do populismo autoritário nos Estados Unidos
Authors: Abromeit John
Published: July 2017

A primeira parte deste artigo fornece um breve resumo dos estudos sobre o autoritarismo e o populismo de direita dos Teóricos Críticos. A segunda parte analisa a emergência do Tea Party e o sucesso de Donald Trump em expandir e intensificar este movimento populista de direita ao atrelá-lo à sua liderança autoritária. Com base nos recursos conceituais expostos na primeira seção, pretendo demonstrar na segunda seção como as análises do populismo de direita e do autoritarismo dos Teóricos Críticos ainda podem explicar aspectos chave do Tea Party e de Trump. Ao longo deste artigo, a Teoria Crítica e o populismo de direita são situados em dois níveis de periodização histórica: o primeiro é a época burguesa moderna como um todo e o segundo se refere a períodos específicos desta época. O objetivo desta última periodização é esclarecer as condições históricas e sociais específicas que inibiram ou favoreceram o surgimento do populismo de direita e dos movimentos autoritários.
Seria Nietzsche um heideggeriano? Uma resposta a Vinicius Figueiredo
Authors: Mattos Fernando Costa
Published: July 2017

O texto se constitui como uma resposta ao artigo de Vinicius Figueiredo "Seria Nietzsche um kantiano?", publicado nestes mesmos Cadernos de Filosofia Alemã (v.20, n.1), o qual, por seu turno, resenha criticamente o meu livro Nietzsche, perspectivismo e democracia: um espírito livre em guerra contra o dogmatismo (Saraiva, 2013). Em linhas gerais, procuro mostrar que, se Nietzsche não for interpretado como um continuador do projeto crítico kantiano, de matriz iluminista, ele acaba por aproximar-se, também no que diz respeito à compreensão da verdade, daquelas filosofias que, por oposição à epistemologia predominante no Ocidente, buscam um acesso direto ao ser - caso da filosofia heideggeriana, que poderia ser vista como o ponto culminante de uma tradição que começa com os românticos.
The Solution of Some Fundamental Problems in Mechanical Speech Recognition
Authors: Fry D. B. , Denes P.
Published: July 2017

This paper offers a theoretical treatment of the main problems that arise in mechanical speech recognition, based on the conclusions reached in experiments on the perception and recognition of speech sounds and on experimental results already obtained with a mechanical recognizer. In the first part of the paper, the problems of primary or acoustic recognition are dealt with; they include the “gating” problem, the choice of recognition units, and the acoustic recognition of different classes of speech sound—vowels, plosive consonants, fricative consonants and periodic continuants. The second part discusses the use of language statistics in mechanical recognition.
A Preliminary Investigation of Certain Aspects of Intonation
Authors: Denes P.
Published: July 2017

Intonation is the linguistic form in which the speaker organizes certain kinds of information. It is well-known that intonation is related to the fundamental frequency pattern of the speech wave, but it must also be related to changes along other acoustic dimensions because the intonation “tones” are still recognisable in whispered speech. The fundamental frequency, intensity, spectrum and duration changes associated with six intonation “tones” were investigated. The need for further work of this kind was indicated. The relation of acoustic variables and intonation was further investigated by using speech synthesis. Syllables with the same spectrum and intensity were generated in which the fundamental frequencies were controlled by the intensity variations of humanly-produced syllables spoken on six different intonation “tones”. The test established that the synthesized syllables conveyed some of the information about the intonation of the humanly-produced syllables. Methods for carrying out experiments on intonation with phonetically untrained subjects were investigated. The need for further experiments using methods of speech analysis and synthesis along lines indicated is pointed out. The importance for analysis-synthesis telephony of more extensive knowledge about intonation is discussed in some detail.
Toward the Quantification of Phonic Interference
Authors: Saporta Sol , Brown Robert E. , Wolfe W. Dean
Published: July 2017

This paper suggests a method for measuring the degree of interference that takes place in the speech of bilingual subjects. The technique is adapted from previous studies on the reception of speech in noise and is used in the first instance to measure interference at the phonic level. Various types of interference are examined and measured in a pilot experiment.
Quantitative Study of the Speech of Australian Children
Authors: Harwood F. W.
Published: July 2017

The syntax of the speech of Australian pre-school children is studied quantitatively. Two syntactic systems for this language are designed and samples of their outputs are given.
Analogies of Language to Life
Authors: Kalmus H.
Published: July 2017

The communication systems operating in life resemble language in so far as they show the properties of symmetry, meaning, arbitrariness and style. in any analogy one must consider the biological level at which information is transmitted.
Social Class Differences in Language Development: A Study of Some Samples of Written Work
Authors: Lawton Denis
Published: July 2017

In earlier studies of social class and speech systems Bernstein (1958, 1960, 1961, 1962 a, b) has suggested three main areas of linguistic difference between middle-class and lower working-class boys:

(1) In working-class samples particular relationships were found to exist between verbal and non-verbal I.Q. scores: the verbal scores tended to be grossly depressed in relation to the scores obtained at the higher ranges of the non-verbal test.

(2) Class differences in modes of verbal expression are not only lexical but also grammatical, in the sense that working-class speech is selected from a narrower range of alternative structures.

(3) The two different speech systems were considered to be generated through the use of different verbal planning procedures. These procedures differed not only in syntactic selection but also in the mean pause duration per word.

The theoretical basis of these studies is the postulated existence of two linguistic codes: Restricted and Elaborated, the lower working-class tending to be confined to a Restricted Code whereas the middle-class switch from one to another according to the context.

The purpose of the following experiment was to test the theory that use of the Restricted and Elaborated Codes would be associated with social class; to discover whether the indices of these codes would be found in samples of written work; and to see whether these linguistic indices changed during the first four years at a secondary school.
Reaction Times to Unknown Word Sets in Noise
Authors: Pollack Irwin
Published: July 2017

Words from undefined word sets were presented to listeners over a white noise background. Response times to the words were examined as a function of the frequency of word occurrence in the language and as a function of the S/N ratio under test. The effect of S/N ratio and practice was large in comparison with the effect of word frequency. The results are discussed in terms of memory search through a set of “available” response alternatives rollowing word presentation.
Frequency Importance Function for Isolated Words and for Conversation of Female Talkers
Authors: Pollack Irwin , Pickett J. M.
Published: July 2017

The relative contribution of high and low speech frequencies to intelligibility was examined for excerpts from conversation and for words spoken in isolation. Unrehearsed conversation and word lists were recorded from each of four female talkers and then played back through filters for intelligibility tests. The relative contribution was specified by estimating the crossover frequency, above which, and below which, equal contributions to speech intelligibility were made. The crossover frequency varied from 1410 to 1570 cps., respectively, for conversation samples of 1 to 5 words. The crossover frequency for monosyllabic words spoken in isolation was 1920 cps.
Interaction Between Auditory and Visual Information Sources in Word Identification
Authors: Pollack Irwin
Published: July 2017

An independence model of interaction of auditory and visual word presentation for word identification was examined. In general, the obtained word identification scores were consistently higher than the scores predicted by the independence model, but the overall differences between obtained and predicted scores was small, and easily accounted for by partially correct solutions. The effect of pooling across scores over subjects and over test conditions is to reduce slightly the magnitude and consistency of the difference between the predicted and obtained scores.
Vowel Duration in Whispered and in Normal Speech
Authors: Sharf Donald J.
Published: July 2017

Vowel duration measurements were made from the sound spectrographic patterns of normal and whispered consonant-vowel-consonant syllables produced by three male speakers. It was found that the average duration of whispered vowels was longer than that of normal vowels. Like normal vowels, whispered vowels can be grouped according to four degrees of length: long—/æ, α, o/, relatively long—/e, ε, o/, relatively short—/i, u/, and short—/i, ε, A, U/. Like normal vowels, whispered vowels increase in duration with degree of mouth opening, if tense and lax vowels are considered separately, tense whispered vowels are longer than lax whispered vowels, and whispered vowels are longer preceding voiced consonants and fricative consonants than they are preceding voiceless consonants and stop consonants. An attempt is made to explain vowel duration variations in terms of language structure and the dynamic properties of the speech mechanism.
Probabilistic Pairs and Groups of Words in a Text
Authors: Meetham A. R.
Published: July 2017

The report is a continuation of “Preliminary Studies for Machine Generated Index Vocabularies”, A. R. Meetham (1963) Language and Speech, 6, 22. It assumes that documents employ words from particular groups connected with their subject matter, and discusses four methods, two of them new, for finding the groups. They are picked out from a word list by using a word-word binary matrix to represent the associations between pairs of words. In an evaluation, the method which consumes least computer time turns out also to be the best.
A New Approach to Semantic Generalisation
Authors: Butler J.
Published: July 2017

Three theoretical views, concerned with semantic generalisation, are briefly outlined and reference is made to some relevant experiments. A new technique—adapted from that of W. D. Mink—is described, and two experiments are conducted. The first replicates one of Mink's experiments, showing that the method used here is a satisfactory one; the second duplicates Razran's (1939) experiment. In both cases semantic generalisation is achieved, and this experimental technique, it is concluded, could profitably be used to examine in detail the unconvincing theoretical framework described earlier.
Markovian Prediction of Sequential Temporal Patterns in Spontaneous Speech
Authors: Schwartz Joseph , Jaffe Joseph
Published: July 2017

Observations on successive sound and silence durations in spontaneous speech have revealed a regular structure. Periods of relatively long pauses coupled to short vocalizations were found to alternate with periods in which short pauses and long vocalizations were paired. It is shown that such a structure can be produced by a random selection of sound-silence durations from exponential distribution functions. A test for the statistical significance of this effect is proposed.
Distinctiveness of "Defective" Fricative Sounds
Authors: Sharf Donald J.
Published: July 2017

A study was done in which a group of phonetically-trained listeners was asked to identify a fairly extensive range of fricatives from tape recordings. The data were analysed by means of confusion matrices for the sounds and by means of sub-matrices for distinctive features of the sounds. Results indicated that listeners have considerable difficulty in identifying fricatives from auditory clues alone even when they are representatives of English phonemes but that they are somewhat successful in rejecting " defective " sounds as substitutes for English phonemes. Considerable confusion among sounds was present, especially with regard to the distinctive feature of Stridency.
Effects of Delayed Sidetone On the Speech of Aphasic, Dysarthric, and Mentally Retarded Subjects
Authors: Singh Sadanand , Schlanger Bernard B.
Published: July 2017

The effects of sidetone delay, syntactic structure, and grammaticalness (meaning-fulness) on the duration, sound pressure level, and phonemic errors within sentences were measured. Three handicapped groups of 10 each, consisting of aphasic, dysarthric, and mentally retarded subjects were used. Delayed sidetone significantly affected duration of (a) the different sentence structures, (b) levels of grammaticalness, and (c) type of speakers. Sidetone increased the SPL significantly. The kernel sentence as compared with the three transformations and the meaningful sentences as compared with less meaningful and the least meaningful sentences were affected least in duration and SPL by the delay. The analysis of phonetic errors showed the working of distinctive feature rules within the limit of semantic relevance of a language.
On the Spoken Disambiguation of Superficially Ambiguous Sentences
Authors: Scholes R.J.
Published: July 2017

A set of sentences containing the phrase good flies quickly in each of two constituent structurings (e.g., the good flies quickly past v. the good flies quickly passed) was read by five trained readers. The recorded readings of this phrase were then excised from the full sentences and presented to two groups of listeners—one group being asked to judge the location of the " sentence break " in each reading, the other group being asked whether good or flies was " most stressed " in each reading. These judgments were then compared with acoustic analyses of the stimuli in order to determine the acoustic cues for these judgments. Contrary to some other researches, the relative peak of amplitude of the words good and flies was found to be the major determinant of both sentence break and stress judgments. Pause durations or pitch contours account for about one-third of the judgments, whereas relative amplitude accounts for 90% of all judgments.
The Semantics of Sentence Subjects
Authors: Clark Herbert H. , Begun Jeffrey S.
Published: July 2017

It is proposed that subjects of transitive verbs in English are perceived as belonging to a semantic hierarchy, with human subjects most acceptable and non-human subjects less so. As a test, six semantically defined classes of subjects were systematically interchanged in simple, well-formed sentences: in Experiment I, 25 students rated the resultant sentences for acceptability; in Experiment II, 25 more students altered one word in the same sentences to make more sense. The results affirmed the following hierarchy: human nouns, animal nouns, concrete-count nouns, concrete-mass nouns, abstract-count nouns, and abstract-mass nouns. In Experiment I, a subject higher in the hierarchy was found to replace one lower down more sensibly than the reverse; in Experiment II, the alterations were consistent with these judgments. The results suggest that, linguistically, the features [ +Human], [ +Animate], and [ +Concrete] are canonical or unmarked in the semantic representation of subjects. The consequences of this are discussed for the processes of interpreting and composing sentences.
Synthesis by Rule of Some Retroflex Speech Sounds
Authors: Ramasubramanian N. , Thosar R.B.
Published: July 2017

This paper describes a formulation of rules for the synthesis of Tamil retroflex sounds. Based on palatograms, the sounds /t, n, / were determined to be palatal retroflex sounds and based on spectrograms in V—V context the relevant acoustic features were extracted and using them as input to a computer programme, these sounds were synthesized. A computer based SPEECH programme was used to synthesize these sounds and rules were formulated. The results obtained confirm the importance of the third formant and the transitions of vowels in the synthesis of Tamil retroflex sounds. This further confirms the validity of the structural classification of speech sounds on the basis of place and manner of articulation mentioned in Rao and Thosar (1968a, b).
Ellipsis in Discourse : Implications for Linguistic Analysis By Computer, the Child's Acquisition of Language, and Semantic Theory
Authors: Holzman Mathilda S.
Published: July 2017

This paper explores the basis for semantic interpretation of naturally occurring English discourse. Findings concerning linguistic analysis of discourse by computer and the child's language imply the necessity of distinguishing between language and the use of language. This is necessary in order to separate competence, the ability to produce novel sentences which conform to the syntactical rules of the language, from abilities with respect to language in its ordinary uses which cannot be subsumed under the acquisition of syntax. Aquisition of the language in its ordinary uses is found to be a necessary condition for the semantic interpretation of discourse. What characterizes natural discourse is the prevalence of various kinds of ellipsis. A categorization of these is made and bases of their interpretation proposed. Conditions regarding syntactic structure which are necessary and sufficient for interpretation of discourse are examined. It is proposed that the lexicon for the deep structure of a transformational grammar adequate to the interpretation of discourse is to be regarded as an index and "book" rather than a dictionary.
Comprehension and Recoding-Time of Transformed Sentences
Authors: Thomas Hugh B.G. , Huff Francis J.
Published: July 2017

Two groups of subjects, psychiatric patients and normals, were required to demonstrate their comprehension of sentences by reconstructing the situations which the sentences described. Twelve sentence-types were employed which differed in syntactic structure. The recoding-time (T) and the number of propositions correctly translated (C) were taken as primary measures of performance. Another performance-measure called " information correctly translated " (S) was calculated according to four different sets of assumptions (models). The " parenthetical load " of each sentence-type (PL) was calculated in terms of interpolated words per sentence according to four different models and in terms of interpolated semantic information per sentence according to eight different models.

The results suggest that S should not be interpreted as a measure of informational work done in recoding a sentence, since it correlates positively with C and negatively with T. The opposite is the case with the PL. The PL of a sentence, however calculated, appears to be an overall measure of its inherent difficulty of recoding and may be likened to " input noise" which interferes with the rapid, accurate recoding of its semantic information content. Informational measures of PL compare well with measures based on counting words.

A comparison of the informational models used to calculate PL suggests that in this task, performance is dominated by a " compiling " process in which the sentence is scanned from left to right and its constituent propositions are decoded in the same order as they are extracted from the sentence with the aid of syntactical transformations. As the beginning of each new clause or proposition is encountered in the scan a new " storage location " is opened, which is only closed to further input when the end of the clause or proposition is recognized by encountering a " terminator ", which may be a semantically redundant word.

All these conclusions carry more weight for the patients than for the normals, for whom the different variables span a narrower range and yield non-significant correlations in many cases.
Linguistic Intuitions of Twelve Year-Olds
Authors: Moore Timothy E.
Published: July 2017

Chomsky has proposed a system whereby degrees of grammaticality can be assigned to ungrammatical sentences. In this study, children were required to evaluate the grammaticality of 162 ungrammatical sentences. Their ratings provided little support for Chomsky's system, nor did the children's ratings correspond to adults' judgments of the same types of deviation. A possible strategy which would account for the children's ratings is proposed, and the implications for syntactic development are briefly discussed.
On the Acquisition of Present Perfect " Have" in Normal Children
Authors: Nussbaum N. Jo , Naremore Rita C.
Published: July 2017

Thirty children between the ages of four and six responded to five language tasks designed to elicit the use of the present perfect have. Results demonstrate that the use of have is not stabilized by the age of six, even though the form begins to appear around age four. Intra- and inter-subject variation was high. The incidence of use of have varied according to the nature of the task and the syntactic form (question, statement, etc.) of the response. A variety of substitutions for the present perfect form was found. Results indicate that the number of different substitutions decreases with age, and the substitutions of the older children more closely resemble those of adults.
Speech Production
Authors: Macneilage Peter F.
Published: July 2017

This is a status report on three areas of speech production: (1) Functional properties of the speech production apparatus: the current state of knowledge of the respiratory, phonatory and articulatory systems is briefly discussed. (2) Control principles underlying speech production: the nature of the supposed invariance underlying segment production, theories of coarticulation, the relation between control units and linguistic units, peripheral neurophysiology and mechanics, and Action Theory. (3) The biological basis of the speech production process: discussion of whether discontinuity in vocal tract evolution is accompanied by discontinuity in linguistic evolution, presentation of evidence that babbling is an important precursor to early speech, and a discussion of interhemispheric and intrahemispheric localization of linguistic functions.
Auditory Processing of Speech
Authors: Chistovich Ludmilla A.
Published: July 2017

We believe in our group that the only way to describe human speech is to describe not the perception itself but the artificial speech understanding system that is most compatible with the experimental data obtained in speech perception research. For this purpose a multichannel model comprising the cochlea has been built as an analog system. This model is able to detect quick changes in spectrum and intensity. The detection of such irregularities in the speech-induced excitation pattern seems to be an essential part of speech processing. As for spectrum-shape processing, experiments seem to indicate that spectral peaks are extracted at a lower level, whereas an integration takes place at a higher level if the distance between peaks does not exceed 3.0-3.5 Bark.
A Clinical Taxonomy for the Categorization of Language Functions Used By School-Age Children in a Structured Setting
Authors: Klecan-Aker Joan S. , Domico William D. , Bothwell Kathleen
Published: July 2017

The present study was designed to examine the pragmatic language functions used by school-age children during a structured dialogue. The structured dialogue consisted of a question-answer paradigm. Seven different questions were asked of each subject. A taxonomy consisting of ten categories was developed for the purpose of classifying the subjects' responses to the questions. The taxonomy was found to be effective in two ways: 1) the number of categories was sufficient to handle the subjects' responses to questions and 2) the interscorer reliability of the independent judges using the taxonomy was high. Results indicate the existence of both similarities and differences in the way school-age children answer questions during a structured dialogue.
The Automatic Analysis of Acoustic Variance in Speech
Authors: Millar J.B. , Wagner M.
Published: July 2017

The relationship between the phonetic intentions and the acoustic performance of a group of speakers that spans two varieties of spoken English is explored using a statistical analysis system. The system is designed to produce a statistical description of the performance of a speaker under a wide range of constraints. These constraints may be expressed in terms of phonetic context, phonetic features, acoustic features, or relevant external knowledge of the speaker. A pilot study using five speakers of North American English and five speakers of Australian English reveals significant relationships which correlate with the findings in the literature on these two varieties of English. Additional findings that may represent extensions to current knowledge are discussed.
A Systemic Model of the Elaborated Code
Authors: Young G.M.
Published: July 2017

The paper offers a refinement of a model of code elaboration grounded in the data of an earlier multivariate analysis of markers of code in spoken English. Four modes of the code are postulated to exist that pre-select routes of choice through the system networks of the semantic stratum.