bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Dishonorable Infidelity
Authors: Chervinsky Lindsay M.
Published: July 2024

John Adams finally assembled his peace commission and issued detailed instructions for John Marshall and Elbridge Gerry before they set sail to join Charles Cotesworth Pinckney in Paris. Back in Philadelphia, two scandals roiled the political scene. James Monroe finally returned from France, where he had served until President Washington recalled him for gross misconduct in 1796. He was spoiling for a fight and kicked up a newspaper battle with Secretary of State Timothy Pickering. Second, Alexander Hamilton published a pamphlet confessing to marital indiscretions and blackmail payments to clear his name of fraud allegations while in office as secretary of the treasury. Both scandals intensified existing partisan tensions and made Adams’s bipartisan unity policy nearly impossible.
The Air of an Abdication
Authors: Chervinsky Lindsay M.
Published: July 2024

Secretary Timothy Pickering was disgusted by the president’s absence from the seat of government but welcomed the freedom to pursue his own policies. First, he negotiated a treaty with Saint-Domingue to open the former French colony to American trade. Second, he instructed the local US attorney to prosecute newspaper editors, including William Duane, on sedition charges. Finally, he embraced any opportunity to thwart the president’s peace mission to France. Several of John Adams’s allies warned him of the machinations in the cabinet, but he either missed or ignored the threat.
An Apple of Discord to the Federalists
Authors: Chervinsky Lindsay M.
Published: July 2024

In fall 1799, John Adams undermined the army by preventing Secretary of War James McHenry from staffing the officer corps, while encouraging the development of the navy. He also prodded Secretary of State Timothy Pickering to finalize the directions for the peace commission so the envoys could sail for France. When Pickering and his Essex Junto allies received word of a change in the French government, they used the news to delay the mission. Adams could not permit this direct insubordination, so he ordered the commission to set sail by November 1, 1799. His decision defended presidential prerogative from a devious plot by the cabinet to siphon away control. But it also exposed the breach within the Federalist Party with important consequences for the coming presidential election.
The Late President of the United States, Is No More!
Authors: Chervinsky Lindsay M.
Published: July 2024

As the yellow fever receded, the president, the cabinet, and Congress returned to Philadelphia. Among the ranks of congressmen was a new face—John Marshall. Marshall had won a seat in the House of Representatives a few months earlier after George Washington had strongarmed him into running. Marshall immediately became the leader of a coalition of moderate Federalists and Republicans and guided Congress through an unprecedented moment when George Washington died that December. Adams said and did all the right things, but a weight was lifted. For the first time he was president without Washington’s shadow hovering from Mount Vernon.
Their Gag in My Mouth
Authors: Chervinsky Lindsay M.
Published: July 2024

In early 1800, Timothy Pickering continued his crusade against Republican newspaper editors, instigating several sedition prosecutions. He also vented his bitterness on William Vans Murray, who had supported the peace mission. Meanwhile, in the Senate, the Arch Federalists launched their own campaign against Republicans. Senator James Ross introduced a bill to create a committee to adjudicate the results of the elections in the event of irregularities. But only the committee had the power to decide what counted as an irregularity and the power to decide the outcome of the election. There was no checking mechanism and no recourse. In the House, John Marshall beat back the proposed legislation, defeating the first threat to the sanctity of elections.
Hocus-Pocus Maneuvers
Authors: Chervinsky Lindsay M.
Published: July 2024

In April, the election of 1800 officially commenced with the state elections in New York, pitting Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton against each other. When the Republicans seized control of the legislature, they also won the power to name the state’s electors for presidential election. After the New York election, both the Republican and Federalist Parties convened their caucuses to select candidates. The Republicans again selected Thomas Jefferson and Burr. The Federalists chose John Adams and Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, but put them forth equally, rather than one candidate as president and one as vice president. It was a huge insult to Adams and opened the door to electoral math shenanigans that fall.
A Change in the Administration
Authors: Chervinsky Lindsay M.
Published: July 2024

Freed from any lingering considerations about the Federalist Party nomination, John Adams finally cleared his cabinet of the worst Essex Junto partisans. James McHenry resigned when Adams confronted him about the election. Adams then offered Pickering the opportunity to resign. When Pickering refused, Adams fired him. Pickering’s dismissal was unprecedented, as all of Washington’s secretaries had resigned or retired. When the Senate confirmed John Marshall as the next secretary of state, it tacitly accepted the president’s right to remove cabinet secretaries at will. Adams staunchly defended the president’s authority over the executive branch and established the precedent that cabinet secretaries do not get to dictate policy.
Reimagining Missionary Schools for Girls
Authors: Bond Jennifer
Published: July 2024

Chapter 6, the book’s conclusion, explores the afterlife of missionary schools for girls, highlighting how alumnae understand the impact that going to a missionary school had on their careers and later lives. The chapter highlights the nationalization and commercialization of missionary campuses since the reform and opening policies of 1978, in the context of re-emerging middle-class gendered identities and lifestyles in modern China. The history of missionary schoolgirls’ gendered experiments with nationalism, Christianity, feminism, and Communism can reveal important and still highly relevant insights into the cyclical making and unmaking of elite Chinese gendered identities across the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.
‘Homosexuals in Society’
Authors: Grundy David
Published: July 2024

Robert Duncan’s 1944 essay ‘The Homosexual in Society’ was arguably the first published piece of out gay writing in modern-day America. A courageous public admission of sexual orientation that paved the way for gay liberation, the essay was, paradoxically, a critique of existing models of queer community. Following time in New York, Duncan returned to his native San Francisco, joining Jack Spicer, Robin Blaser, and Landis Everson in a group they dubbed the ‘Berkeley Renaissance’, providing the context for an emergent gay male aesthetic. Outlining the initial contexts for Duncan’s essay, the chapter turns to Duncan’s poetry of the later 1940s and its contradictory figurations of poetic community. I focus on the problematic analogies Duncan draws between racialization, empire, and sexuality; on the relation of private to public, coterie to domestic—a prevailing tension in Duncan’s work; and on the building of a queer counter-canon.
‘We cannot live without our lives’
Authors: Grundy David
Published: July 2024

Emerging from a movement of Boston-area activism, the Combahee River Collective Statement of 1977 was formative for the much-misunderstood conception of ‘identity politics’. This chapter provides a new context for Combahee by emphasizing the role of poetry in their work, focusing on Audre Lorde’s poem ‘Need’, written in the context of a 1979 campaign sparked by a series of murders of Black women in the Boston area. At the turn of the decade, writer and activist Cherríe Moraga moved from San Francisco to Boston. The chapter’s second half turns to a touchstone of Third Wave Feminism, the anthology This Bridge Called My Back, co-edited by Moraga and Gloria Anzaldúa in 1981, focusing on the work of Boston poet Kate Rushin, from whose work the anthology draws its title.
Migrant Journeys
Authors: Brinkmann Tobias
Published: July 2024

The perception of Jewish migrant journeys before 1914 has been shaped by the experience of Jewish flight from Nazi terror in the wake of the Holocaust. Even recent authors portray the journey as extremely difficult and as flight from persecution. However, a closer look at routine journeys before the First World War shows a different picture. Jewish migrants belonged to networks and exercised agency. They traveled together with others and could rely on detailed information provided by acquaintances. They benefited from facilitators who assisted them during the journey, ranging from smugglers at the border to Jewish aid workers. Jewish journalists, writers, and aid associations on both sides of the Atlantic published the experiences of average migrants to spread information about the journeys and to dispel stereotypical perceptions of migrants.
The First World War and Its Aftermath
Authors: Brinkmann Tobias
Published: July 2024

The First World War represents a watershed moment in the history of Jewish migration from and within Eastern Europe. The Russian military expelled over 700,000 Jews from their homes. More were displaced during the violent aftermath of the war across Eastern Europe. In 1918–1919 tens of thousands of Jews fell victim to pogroms instigated by Polish, Russian, and Ukrainian nationalists. Postwar migration restrictions, especially those passed by the U.S. Congress, hit Jews in and from Eastern Europe hard. With the collapse of the multiethnic empires in 1918 many Jews became stateless. As unwanted refugees or minorities Jews were fenced out of the postwar system of territorially defined nation-states in Eastern Europe. Jewish aid associations lost much of their leverage.
The Interwar Years
Authors: Brinkmann Tobias
Published: July 2024

The post-1918 refugee crisis which disproportionally affected Jews across Eastern Europe and the flight of German and Austrian Jews from Nazi terror during the 1930s are usually discussed in separate contexts. Yet both crises were closely connected. In the early 1920s Jews who had been displaced during or after the war faced closing doors wherever they turned. Some managed to reach the United States before the restrictive 1924 quota law took effect. In the wake of the Great Depression the few overseas countries that had been accessible severely restricted immigration. Efforts by Jewish aid associations to find alternative destinations for Jews from Eastern Europe beyond Western Europe and Palestine during the 1920s, especially in Latin America, saved many lives after 1933. The interwar period marks the beginning of scholarly attempts to understand migration as a social and economic phenomenon. Several Jewish scholars wrote pioneering accounts about migration processes.
Jewish Migrations or Wandering Jews?
Authors: Brinkmann Tobias
Published: July 2024

This chapter discusses the 1940s, a decisive phase in the history of Jewish migrations. On the eve of the Holocaust, several later influential authors of studies about Jewish and general migration reached New York. Their personal flight from Nazi persecution provides background for a discussion of two contrasting “resettlement” plans developed by academics on behalf of the Nazi regime and the Roosevelt administration during the war. Jewish scholars made substantial contributions to the American “M Project.” During the Holocaust the view that throughout history Jewish migrations were primarily the result of persecution became influential. Among the critics of this hypothesis was Eugene Kulischer, one of the founding figures of modern migration studies. In 1943 he coined the term “displaced persons.”
Conclusion
Authors: Brinkmann Tobias
Published: July 2024

The conclusion discusses whether Jews leaving Eastern Europe should be categorized as migrants or refugees. Most Jews (and others) on the move elude these shifting categorizations, which frequently overlap. A more useful avenue to assess the experience of migrants is the degree of agency they can exercise. The experiences of migrants and refugees in the contemporary world resembles that of Jewish migrants and refugees before the 1950s. The experience of Jews fleeing persecution influenced the adoption of asylum clauses by several states after the Holocaust. Yet unintentionally the right of asylum status excludes a large number of people who are categorized as “undeserving economic migrants,” even though they often are fleeing crime-ridden societies in failing states or natural disasters.
The Global Dimension of Children’s Environmental Health
Authors: Etzel Ruth A.
Published: July 2024

In low- and middle-income countries, new environmental hazards associated with urbanization and industrialization are superimposed on traditional environmental risk factors such as scarce food, contaminated water, polluted air, lack of sanitation, inadequate garbage disposal, and inadequate housing. Children therefore face a double burden of environmental disease because they are exposed to threats related to underdevelopment as well as to the emerging problems associated with uncontrolled and rapid industrial development. More than one-third of the global burden among children is due to preventable risk factors in the environment. In the world’s poorest countries, up to 80% of the burden of disease in children under 5 is of environmental origin. Since 1999, the World Health Organization has taken a leadership role in children’s environmental health, and a large number of international agreements emphasize the importance of protecting children from environmental threats.
The Home Environment
Authors: Brazeal Miranda , Jacobs David E.
Published: July 2024

Housing plays a crucial role in all aspects of childhood health. Inadequate housing can contribute to childhood asthma and injury, be the source of pediatric lead poisoning, and be the locus of exposure to a range of toxic chemicals and carcinogens. Many experts argue that inadequate housing is fundamentally a child health problem and that the various diseases associated with poor housing are symptoms of this root cause. This chapter focuses on aspects of the home environment that influence the physical health of children and other building occupants: conditions such as asbestos, lead and mold; chemical exposures such as pesticides, cleaning materials, toys, arts and crafts, cosmetics, and radon; drinking water; and indoor air pollution in the home. The chapter argues that piecemeal models for addressing residential hazards that focus on only one disease or exposure at a time are no longer adequate. Instead, a new, more holistic and systematic approach is needed if issues of housing and health are to be fully integrated.
Access to Nature and Child Health
Authors: Nerlinger Abby , Bole Aparna , Tandon Pooja Sarin
Published: July 2024

Children today have much less contact with nature and spend substantially more time indoors than children of generations past. Drivers of this trend include suburban sprawl, which diminishes children’s ability to access wild places; heightened parental concern about the safety of outdoor play spaces; increased time spent indoors doing school work; and the attractions of television and, more recently, computers and video games. To examine the question of whether contact with nature enhances children’s physical health or cognitive and emotional development, research has begun to emerge in various domains. Thus metabolism researchers have hypothesized that green play spaces may help reduce childhood obesity by widening the range of physical activities beyond those provided by the conventional, built playground. Stronger evidence for the benefits of contact with nature is provided by studies of cognitive and emotional development. These studies find that contact with nature seems to promote children’s powers of observation, creativity, sense of peace and connection to the world, and capacity for caring. While more quantitative studies will be useful, the existing research suggests that experience with nature promotes children’s cognitive and emotional development and that it should therefore be encouraged.
Biodiversity and Children’s Health
Authors: Martin Keith
Published: July 2024

Despite the vital, life-supporting functions biodiversity provides, human activity is destroying it at a nearly unprecedented rate. The planet is in the midst of a sixth extinction crisis. It is estimated that 1 million of Earth’s 8.7 million species are at risk of disappearing, a rate of loss 1,000 times greater than what would normally be expected. The Earth is not only losing species, but there is also a massive reduction in the number of individuals within a species and their size. Overall, wildlife populations (excluding humans) have plummeted by 68% over the past 50 years. This is a massive, global loss of nonhuman biomass. Plummeting biodiversity, along with climate change, represent two existential threats to child health and security. Unlike climate change though, extinction is forever. Once a species disappears, it cannot come back. Because humans barely understand the interrelationships between species, the loss of a single species can have profound impacts on the web of life, creating downstream effects across entire ecosystems. Since biodiversity also regulates the climate, freshwater circulation, and weather patterns, species losses affect many aspects of child health.
Arsenic Exposure in Children
Authors: Signes-Pastor Antonio J. , Wu Fen , Farzan Shohreh F. , Chen Yu , Karagas Margaret R.
Published: July 2024

Arsenic is a human carcinogen and neurotoxicant. Consumption of arsenic-contaminated groundwater is a major source of human exposure worldwide. Groundwater contamination, most of it from natural sources, has been reported in regions of South Asia and Taiwan as well as South and North America among others. Exposure commonly occurs through diet, including rice and rice products fed to babies and young children. Chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic in early development, especially exposure in utero, is associated with neurodevelopmental, respiratory, cardiovascular reproductive, and long-term cancer outcomes. Prevention of exposure to arsenic in well water can be achieved via comprehensive well testing, promotion of switching to uncontaminated wells, provision of filtration devices, and utilization of deeper aquifers that are low in arsenic. Agricultural and food processing practices along with dietary choices can limit arsenic exposure via diet. Such interventions combined with policy and practice actions are urgently needed to protect children lifelong.
Chemical Obesogens and Obesity
Authors: Merrill Michele La , Chatzi Leda
Published: July 2024

Prevalence of obesity is increasing rapidly in children and adolescents worldwide. High-calorie diets, insufficient physical activity, poorly designed built environments, and genetic susceptibility are all well-established risk factors for obesity. Chemical obesogens—hormonally active, toxic chemicals that disrupt energy metabolism in the body—appear to be an additional, relatively newly recognized risk factor for childhood obesity. Suspected chemical obesogens include maternal smoking during pregnancy, bisphenol A, dioxins, and organochlorine pesticides such as DDT. Exposures to these chemicals during prenatal life and early infancy are of greatest concern. This chapter examines epidemiological and toxicological data relating to suspected chemical obesogens. It reviews the possible mechanisms by which toxic chemicals may increase risk of obesity. The authors present a strategy for prevention of exposures to known and suspected chemical obesogens.
The Environment and Kidney Disease in Children
Authors: Weidemann Darcy K. , Fadrowski Jeffrey J. , Weaver Virginia M.
Published: July 2024

High-level, acute exposures to a number of toxic chemicals in the environment are known to cause injury to the kidneys in children. Ingestion of melamine-contaminated milk has, for example, been linked to increased incidence of urinary stones in children. The Fanconi syndrome may develop in children with acute, high-dose lead poisoning. Chronic, lower-level exposures to nephrotoxicants may increase risk for chronic kidney disease or accelerate its progression. Chronic kidney disease is a major public health problem, and its incidence is increasing worldwide. Recognition and mitigation of known environmental risk factors for chronic kidney disease is essential, especially in childhood when the early antecedents of chronic kidney disease may occur. This chapter reviews the evidence implicating various chemicals as nephrotoxicants and as risk factors for chronic kidney disease in environmentally exposed children and adolescents. Strategies for screening of susceptible populations, follow-up testing, and medical management of toxic exposures are discussed.
Public Policy on Children’s Environmental Health in Africa
Authors: Amegah A. Kofi , Sewor Christian
Published: July 2024

A child’s future is determined by its environment, with early-life exposures impacting on adult health owing to fetal programming and early growth potentially being altered by environmental risk factors. A number of multicountry studies conducted in Africa and global systematic reviews have associated household and outdoor environmental conditions with child undernutrition, illnesses, and survival. While epidemiological evidence on the adverse child health effects of deplorable environmental conditions in Africa is increasing, very little progress have been made in the area of development and implementation of national policies to address children’s environmental health problems on the continent. This chapter discusses the programs being developed by African governments to further the health of children.
Conclusion
Authors: Cohan Steven
Published: July 2024

The brief conclusion reminds readers why Audrey Hepburn was so immediately popular after her breakout roles in Roman Holiday and Sabrina. It discusses why she had such a crucial influence on women’s fashions, why she received so much acclaim and award recognition as an actress in the US and abroad, and why she represented difference and a type of otherness that disrupted postwar gender orthodoxies. These effects no doubt appealed to spectators, accounting for her immense fan base. The conclusion goes on to speculate about the significance of her films and persona today, and it ends with thoughts about a queer reception of Breakfast at Tiffany’s and The Nun’s Story.
What’s the Perfect Schedule of Breaks?
Authors: Gebrian Molly
Published: July 2024

This chapter presents important principles to consider when crafting a schedule of spaced practice. It discusses the principle of the forgetting curve, which demonstrates that new information is forgotten more quickly than well-learned information. The ideal length of time for breaks, therefore, is dependent on how new the material is and also the amount of time between the initial practice session and the final performance. Based on these considerations, this chapter also presents a sample schedule to use as a template. Musicians can use this, as well as the principles presented in this chapter, to craft their own spaced practice schedule, suited to their unique needs.
Conclusion
Authors: Gebrian Molly
Published: July 2024

Barriers to effective practice often include time management challenges, inability to focus, and a lack of motivation. This chapter discusses each of these issues, with various ideas and perspectives on how to tackle them. Motivation in particular is often due to a difficulty in simply getting started, and so implementing systems to remove this barrier are presented. The use of a practice journal to greatest effect is also discussed to help with implementing the ideas presented in this book. This final chapter contains suggestions to help readers get started in incorporating information from this book into a new, more effective way of practicing.
Accounting Earnings and Stock Prices
Authors: Frankel Richard M. , Kothari S. P. , Zuo Luo
Published: July 2024

This chapter describes the relation between accounting earnings and stock prices in an uncertain world where earnings are deterministically related to cash flows and price is related to discounted future cash flows. We also describe the ideas that gave rise to research on these relations, including positive economics theory and the efficient market hypothesis. This reduced-form analysis takes earnings as given. It does not seek to understand the costs and benefits that shape earnings characteristics. It also ignores the equilibrium choices of actors that might produce earnings in a competitive world with information asymmetry and incentive conflicts. Still, understanding these reduced-form, valuation-based relations remains relevant because research continues to estimate variants of this research design to test economic stories.
In the Land of Ninkasi
Authors: Paulette Tate
Published: July 2024

In the Land of Ninkasi: A History of Beer in Ancient Mesopotamia tells the story of the world's first great beer culture. It provides a close-up look at the beers of ancient Mesopotamia and the people who brewed and drank them. The book takes readers on a journey across the famous “land between the rivers” to visit the breweries, houses, taverns, temples, and tombs where beer was produced and consumed. It explains how beer was brewed and the brewing equipment employed. It also explores the stories that people told about beer, their preferred styles of drinking, the beer-drinking gods and goddesses that governed their lives, and the modern brewers who have brought their beverages back to life. This authoritative but light-hearted account weaves together insights drawn from archaeological remains, ancient works of art, and cuneiform texts in order to pull the reader, step-by-step, into the process of analysis and interpretation.
Beer in world history
Authors: Paulette Tate
Published: July 2024

The chapter “Beer in World History” situates Mesopotamia within the world history of beer. It begins with a look at the site of Göbekli Tepe in southeastern Turkey, where excavations have uncovered a 12,000-year-old ritual center with evidence for massive feasting events and possibly some of the world’s earliest beer. This site has reignited interest in the “bread vs. beer” debate and especially the hypothesis that the motivation behind cereal domestication was not food but drink. The chapter then provides the reader with a general overview of the basic principles behind beer and the global diversity of beer-brewing traditions. There has been a tendency to treat the history of beer as the history of one particular variety of beer: the barley-based beers flavored with hops that are familiar to many drinkers today. This chapter describes a past (and present) beer scene that is much richer and more diverse.
Drinkers and drinking practices
Authors: Paulette Tate
Published: July 2024

The chapter “Drinkers and Drinking Practices” addresses two questions: How did people drink beer in ancient Mesopotamia? And who drank beer? The chapter begins with a close look at the tomb of Puabi, an early queen interred in a lavish burial chamber in the Royal Cemetery of Ur. Puabi’s tomb included abundant drinking equipment and three cylinder seals depicting banquet scenes. Nearby, the so-called Great Death Pit preserved evidence for funerary rites that included large-scale human sacrifice and further cylinder seals bearing banquet scenes. Building on this famous evidence from Ur, the chapter then explores the question of how drinkers drank. It uses both artistic evidence and archaeological remains to consider, first, the drinking of beer through straws and, second, the drinking of beer from cups. The chapter then turns to the question of who drank beer, focusing in particular on issues of gender, status, and age.
The Rise and Rule of Xi Jinping (2012–present)
Authors: Chan Alfred L.
Published: July 2024

This chapter discusses the salient characteristics of Xi Jinping’s controversial governance record as China’s paramount leader since 2012. It explores Xi’s checkered childhood and adolescence experience, his long slog to the top, his Leninist approach to leadership and governance, and his disciplining of the Party. Issues explored include Xi’s regime goals such as the China Dream, common prosperity, comprehensive national security, anti-corruption, and poverty alleviation. Instead of repeating the conventional narrative of “oppression at home and aggression abroad,” this chapter employs the comparative social scientific literature to provide a more contextualized and nuanced analysis of the realist and liberal strands of Xi’s foreign policy views, the advantages and drawbacks of the Chinese system, and the nature of Xi’s power. Other key issues addressed include the role of Chinese Communist Party leadership, legitimacy, democracy, and political development.
Distinguishing Domain-Relevant Information From Bias and Noise
Authors: De Los Reyes Andres
Published: July 2024

Chapter 10 of Discrepant Results in Mental Health Research articulates measurement validation strategies surrounding the selection and implementation of analytic procedures and study design features. The chapter emphasizes those procedures and features that allow for detecting valid data in both converging results and discrepant results. The analytic procedures reviewed (e.g., polynomial regression, latent class analyses) allow for modeling both kinds of results. These procedures also allow researchers to determine the incremental value of converging results and discrepant results when predicting validity criteria. Relatedly, the chapter reviews study design features that allow researchers to rule out measurement confounds—in particular, criterion contamination and the naming fallacy—when interpreting links between patterns of converging and discrepant results and validity criteria.
Clinical Utility
Authors: De Los Reyes Andres
Published: July 2024

Chapter 14 of Discrepant Results in Mental Health Research introduces the concept of clinical utility. The chapter defines clinical utility and distinguishes it from other psychometric properties (e.g., reliability, validity). The chapter also describes recent work on clinical utility that fuses the concept with bodies of work in implementation science, namely measurement-based care. The chapter then delineates a measurement-based care approach to clinical utility. The chapter also describes how research on discrepant results informs a measurement-based care approach to clinical utility. The chapter illustrates how patterns of discrepant results inform the development of paradigms that frame these results as valuable feedback for partners involved in service delivery, such as therapists and clients. This feedback has the potential to support service delivery in various ways, including making assessment data more feasible to collect, improving communication between therapists and clients, and improving client outcomes.
Replication and Reproduction
Authors: De Los Reyes Andres
Published: July 2024

Chapter 23 of Discrepant Results in Mental Health Research describes how research and theory on discrepant results connect to issues at the core of scientific inquiry in the social sciences, namely the replication crisis. Ironically, the discrepant results discussed in this book represent perhaps the most replicable finding in mental health research. Much of the replication crisis literature frames low levels of replication as reflective of a “crisis of confidence” in the results of scholarly inquiry. This chapter describes how research and theory on discrepant results counter the larger discussion surrounding replication in mental health research. The chapter closes with outlining steps researchers can take to probe replication failures across studies and/or failures to reproduce findings within individual studies.
Racial Passing, 1949–1954
Authors: Harris Matthew L.
Published: July 2024

This chapter examines how the church responded to “racial passing” following the Second World War. As the church expanded into South Africa, Brazil, and other countries with a significant Black and biracial population, reports filtered back to LDS church headquarters that Latter-day Saints of Black African descent were flouting the church’s racial markers. When genealogy revealed that light-skinned South African and Brazilian Latter-day Saints had Black African ancestry, they moved to Utah and Idaho, where they could pass as White. This chapter highlights how LDS religion teachers dealt with racial passing and other teachings associated with the one-drop rule. The chapter also evaluates the Bennion Report, the controversial study that church president David O. McKay commissioned in 1954 to explore the origins, practices, and policies denying Black people priesthood and important temple rituals.
Hard Doctrine, 2000–2013
Authors: Harris Matthew L.
Published: July 2024

This chapter explores BYU religion professor Randy Bott’s controversial interview with Washington Post reporter Jason Horowitz wherein the professor promoted the church’s antiblack teachings. This affected Mormon Mitt Romney’s 2012 presidential campaign, then underway. This chapter also examines the fallout from Bott’s interview, which resulted in two forcefully worded PR statements the church produced condemning him. And it examines how the church made a number of subtle moves to prepare itself for global expansion. High-ranking church leaders named the first Black general authority, removed Mormon Doctrine from print, and condemned the church’s erstwhile racial theology in a seminal essay called “Race and the Priesthood.”
Deciding for Others
Authors: Aspers Patrik
Published: July 2024

The analysis of value uncertainty continues in this chapter. Here the focus is on outcomes of forms that reduce uncertainty resulting from decisions for others. Essentially, three roles and their interrelated permanence over time make up these forms: those making decisions, those for whom the decisions are made, and the audience acclaiming decisions. There are numerous empirical examples, including the Oscars jury that makes decisions on actors and others’ performances. In science, a Nobel Prize exemplifies decisions for others made by a committee, which has been delegated this task by the Nobel Foundation. The concrete decision is about who shall be given the medicine prize, for example, with its status and financial reward. By this consecration of values, the scientific community not only celebrates itself and establishes its importance, but it also signals what is good science and, indirectly, what is less good science. Non-scientists may also orient themselves to this.
Minor Majesties
Authors: Gillet Valérie
Published: July 2024

This book is a study of the ancient small kingdom of Paḻuvūr, a town located about 30 km north of Tanjavur—today divided in two distinct villages and bearing the modern names of Kīḻappaḻuvūr and Mēlappaḻuvūr. It was the capital of a minor dynasty, the dynasty of the Paḻuvēṭṭaraiyars, active between the 9th and the 11th centuries, who swore allegiance to the Cōḻa dynasty. There are four still-standing Śiva temples in Paḻuvūr, built during the reign of the Paḻuvēṭṭaraiyar little kings. For the first time, this book analyzes the four monuments in their entirety, scrutinizing their materiality, their location, and their epigraphy. For this, the author carried out much fieldwork and established a corpus of 136 Tamil inscriptions engraved on the walls of the shrines, gathered at the end of the volume. Combining all these data, the author attempts to better understand, on the one hand, the functioning of the minor dynasty of the Paḻuvēṭṭaraiyars whose little kings often appear in the inscriptions of the temples, and, on the other hand, to map the interactions between the temples. The small size of Paḻuvūr with its hub of still-standing monuments provides exceptionally clear material to outline the possible relations between distinct temples, allowing us to fathom complexities related to temple sponsorship, organization, and functioning as well as the way those religious monuments, accruing wealth but enabling others gravitating around them to accrue merit and power, become the place for the fabrication of political discourses and powers, specific social configurations, and religious practices.
A Healthy Marriage?
Authors: van Dijk Ingrid K. , Dribe Martin
Published: July 2024

This chapter shows that marital status has had a fairly consistent association with mortality over the entire twentieth century for men. Increasingly, this association was also found among women. Married men have a survival premium today, and the same was true in the past. For men, marriage has been associated with lower mortality throughout the twentieth century and into the twenty-first century, while widowhood in particular has been associated with high mortality. The widowhood penalty is highest shortly after bereavement but persists in the long run, too. Over time, mortality differentials by marital status have increased for men, especially since 1950. It is remarkable that there is such stability in the survival advantage of married men despite the massive social, economic, and demographic changes during the period. The relationship between widowhood and mortality was weaker for women than for men but there was convergence in the patterns over time.
Climate Obstruction in Scotland
Authors: Dinan William , Esteves Victoria , Harkins Steven
Published: July 2024

This chapter examines the evolution of climate change obstructionism in Scotland. Scotland is a site of particular interest because of its political and economic context. The chapter charts the history of Scotland’s climate change debate in general and obstructionism in particular, paying attention to the political economy of oil and gas extraction in Scotland in the twenty-first century. It examines the role of interest groups such as trade associations representing the oil and gas sector, trade unions representing workers in extractive industries, and individual private enterprises (including some of the oil majors with interests in Scotland) in shaping the country’s climate debate and policy. It also considers the connection between climate obstructionism and policy, examining climate delay and climate denial discourses in Scotland’s mainstream and social media.
Climate Obstruction in the Netherlands
Authors: Duineveld Martijn , Dix Guus , Plets Gertjan , Hüzeir Vatan
Published: July 2024

By the 1980s, Dutch politicians had begun to acknowledge the climate change problem and took the international lead in political agenda-setting. Yet, the Netherlands cannot be seen as a climate hero. When the government has acted, it has favoured ‘positive’ measures appreciated by industry, such as creating subsidies for more ‘sustainable’ oil refineries through technofixes, retaining €30 billion in annual fossil subsidies, and seeking to speed the process for obtaining new drilling licenses for North Sea gas fields. This chapter provides evidence that high-emitting industries and state actors have significantly obstructed mitigation regulations from the 1980s to the present using tactics of climate denial, doubt mongering, and lobbying. The Dutch history of climate governance is therefore one of great ambitions dashed by these efforts but also partly systemic, the effect of the strong dependencies and alignments that have long existed between the Dutch state and its fossil fuel industry.
Climate Obstruction in the European Union
Authors: Plehwe Dieter , Neujeffski Moritz , Haas Tobias
Published: July 2024

The European Union has gained increasing influence in setting climate policy. Its power to determine the orientation of the integrated body and in negotiation and decision-making gives the European Union a privileged role in the climate policies of individual member states—and these processes are, accordingly, contested. At the EU level, efforts to obstruct ambitious action aim not to deny climate change but to reduce the ambition of policy initiatives and make them more market friendly. To capture the opposition, the chapter evaluates texts from key EU associations such as BusinessEurope as well as the output of conservative and neoliberal European think tanks and networks such as the Centre for European Policy. It also examines the influence of fossil fuel and ‘green’ lobby groups and analyses the extent to which actors have been able to implement their climate obstruction activities through direct contacts within the European Commission.
Indirect capture
Authors: Wright Kate , Scott Martin , Bunce Mel
Published: July 2024

Traditional understandings of the editorial firewall focus almost entirely on efforts to safeguard editorial matters alone. But this chapter argues that indirect forms of capture, which alter journalists’ working conditions, can dramatically lower their ability to resist the direct editorial interventions discussed in the next chapter. It explains why and how the Voice of America (VOA) was captured by the increased politicization of its governance structures, its financial and human resources, and the discursive reframing of its purpose within other media. It explains how these factors combined to make journalists overworked, demoralized, fearful of surveillance, and in some cases, anxious about their right to remain in the USA. This chapter also demonstrates that these indirect forms of capture had other political consequences: feeding into broader forms of de-democratizing discourse, circulated by right-wing networks online and on social media, in the run-up to the presidential election on November 3, 2020.
Introduction
Authors: Whyte Christopher
Published: July 2024

The introduction asks a simple motivating question: What explains the meteoric rise in visibility of fringe elements in mainstream societal discourse during the first decades of the 21st century? Events like the Capitol Insurrection of January 6, 2021, and developments like the surge of medical skepticism during the global pandemic have produced great scrutiny on the challenge of extreme rhetoric in global society, with great attention paid to the enabling role of the internet. But what is it exactly that the internet has enabled? The book answers this question by tracking the experiences of subversive social movements and organizations to theorize about how subversive preferences and conditions interact with novel information technologies to explain recent trends. This introduction describes the emergence of “leaderlessness” as the default format of subversive activity in the digital age—which offers a clear answer to the book’s overarching question—and outlines the plan of the book.
Illegitimacy and the Logic of Subversion
Authors: Whyte Christopher
Published: July 2024

What types of social actors and political forces constitute the fringes of global civil society and why should we be interested in them? Borrowing from a deep, cross-disciplinary body of work on counterhegemony and radical nonstate actors in world politics, this chapter focuses on subversive social movements and nonstate organizations. Subversion is a purposive effort to compromise the perceived legitimacy of prevailing status quo forces. Whereas coercion involves the imposition of cost in order to alter the behavior of others, subversion involves the degradation of the credibility and perceived relevance of symbols of the status quo. In practice, the strategy involves detaching the loyalties of a population toward those symbols of prevailing authority that contribute to a broad recognition of the status quo as legitimate and transferring them elsewhere. Those who practice such approaches are, by definition, at the fringe of mainstream society, contextually defined.
The Landscape of Subversion in the Digital Age
Authors: Whyte Christopher
Published: July 2024

This chapter defines the scope of digital antagonism as a toolkit of cyber actions useful for harassment, circumvention, and manipulation of the information environment of the 21st century. It describes a first-of-its-kind data collection effort and engages in descriptive study of digital antagonism at the fringe. Over the past several decades, an incredibly diverse universe of nonstate groups and movements—from far-right groups across the West to extreme environmentalists in Brazil and cultist movements like Eastern Lightning in China—have moved to the web in great numbers. The data shows that subversive digital antagonism is organically unsophisticated. However, it differs from these other forms of digital engagement in focus and application insofar as information enrichment is clearly prioritized over simple disruption.
Investing in Black Excellence
Authors: Rose Deondra
Published: July 2024

Chapter 5 examines the critical role that HBCU faculty have played in developing empowered citizens. As the frontline implementers of HBCU programming and missions, they are often pioneers in their fields whose courses provide students with knowledge and skills that can unlock professional opportunities and foster political and civic engagement. As former students describe, HBCU faculty members consistently act as valuable mentors who are attuned to the challenges that Black citizens face in the United States and globally. They hold their students to high expectations and often go beyond the call of duty to marshal them through their academic programs. Thus, HBCU faculty have been able to create a culture on HBCU campuses that students describe as almost familial where the collective takes precedence over the individual, and students feel as though others are watching out for them, expect them to be excellent, and are deeply invested in their success.
Conspiracy and Coronation
Authors: Doran Susan
Published: July 2024

Shortly before James’s coronation two plots were uncovered. The Bye Plot was the brainchild of a Catholic secular priest, William Watson, and a layman, Sir Griffin Markham, who were seeking, at the very least, toleration for Catholics. The Main Plot was supposedly a conspiracy involving Henry Lord Cobham and Sir Walter Ralegh with the intention of putting the king’s English cousin Arbella Stuart on the throne. After Jesuits revealed the Bye to Bishop Bancroft, suspects were interrogated until the coronations interrupted the inquiries. Their coronations, the first ever in English and according to Protestant rites, were designed to reinforce James’s title as a hereditary king and the principle of the divine right of kings. Immediately afterwards, the interrogations of the accused resumed. At their trials, the main defendants were found guilty, even though Ralegh put on an impressive performance.
Taxonomies of case and ontologies of case
Authors: Preminger Omer
Published: July 2024

This chapter argues in favour of configurational approaches like dependent case theories, being the sole approaches necessary for structural case assignment. To do so, it also argues explicitly against phi-agreement playing any role in case assignment. The paper puts forward an updated version of Marantz’s (1991) original configurational account that eliminates default case entirely and relabels lexically governed case as HEAD case, in a move that allows case to be licensed by a lexical, or functional head. The latter possibility eliminates the need for Agree-cased theories that crucially rely on case assigned by functional heads. This proposal leaves no room for what are called taxonomies of traditional case labels (accusative, nominative, etc.) and argues that much of the ontological debates around these labels, relate to the illusions posed by these taxonomies.