bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Newcastle Disease on Serum Copper, Zinc, Cholesterol, and Carotenoid Values in the Chick
Authors: Squibb R. L. , Beisel W. R. , Bostian K. A.
Published: December 2020

Experimentally induced Newcastle disease virus infection of chicks, with a mortality index of 48%, was accompanied by increased concentrations in serum of copper and cholesterol and decreased concentrations of zinc and total carotenoids. These changes distorted, or were superimposed upon, the rhythmic variability in the normal serum concentrations of each of these moieties. Changing values for copper, zinc, and cholesterol became apparent before any overt signs of disease.
Effect of Chemical Structure on the Biodegradability of Aliphatic Acids and Alcohols
Authors: Dias F. F. , Alexander M.
Published: December 2020

Sewage microorganisms readily degraded unsubstituted aliphatic acids, but the rate of decomposition was much slower with substituted acids as substrates. The type, number, and position of the substituents governed the rate of the oxidation. A single halogen, particularly if on the α-carbon, decreased the rate of biodegradation, but the dihalogenated compounds tested were especially resistant. Dimethyl-substituted aliphatic acids and alcohols were also poorly utilized. Bacteria unable to grow on certain brominated fatty acids were capable of oxidizing and dehalogenating ω- but not α-bromoaliphatic acids.
Growth of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Suspension Cell Culture
Authors: Richman Alan V. , Tauraso Nicola M.
Published: December 2020

Respiratory syncytial virus, Burnett strain, adsorbed efficiently and grew to high titers in suspension cultures of HEp-2 and MA-160 cells. Our results compared favorably with previous experience with the growth of respiratory syncytial virus in monolayer cell cultures. The use of suspension cell cultures provides a convenient and simple procedure for producing high-titering respiratory syncytial virus pools.
Effect of Ionizing Irradiation on Susceptibility of McCoy Cell Cultures to
Chlamydia trachomatis
Authors: Gordon F. B. , Dressler H. R. , Quan A. L. , McQuilkin W. T. , Thomas J. I.
Published: December 2020

The effect of graded doses of irradiation (cobalt-60) on the morphology of McCoy cells was analyzed, and 4,000 to 5,000 r was selected as a satisfactory dose for production of giant cells. The susceptibility of radiation-induced giant cells to chlamydial infection was compared with that of nonirradiated cells by using three strains of
Chlamydia trachomatis
and one of
C. psittaci
. Monolayers of giant cells were more susceptible than normal McCoy cells as indicated by (i) greater numbers of inclusions (four- to eightfold) per unit area of monolayer, (ii) larger inclusions (fourfold greater in area), (iii) higher infective titers (1 log or more greater) of harvested cells, and (iv) greater ease of promoting a second cycle of growth. Graded doses of irradiation were applied also to mouse fibroblast (L) cells, and a similar increase in susceptibility to chlamydial infection was noted. It is concluded that giant cells produced by irradiation possess advantages over nonirradiated cells in culture for growth of
Chlamydia
.
New Pseudomonad Utilizing Methanol for Growth
Authors: Chalfan Y. , Mateles R. I.
Published: December 2020

A bacterium capable of rapid growth on methanol as sole carbon source was isolated and classified as a new pseudomonad. Its doubling time was about 100 min at 32 to 37 C, and it grew well at methanol concentrations up to 2%. The organism was sensitive to phosphate, but reasonable cell densities could be obtained by using
p
H control. Cell yields of about 31%, based on methanol consumed, were obtained. The amino acid pattern of the protein indicated that the bacterium holds promise as a source of single-cell protein.
Disruption of Chemically Killed Bacterial Cells by a Synthetic Zeolite
Authors: Wistreich George A. , Lechtman Max D. , Baker Richard F. , Bartholomew J. W.
Published: December 2020

The applicability of a synthetic zeolite (type 4A, Union Carbide Corp., Linde Div., New York, N.Y.) as a disruptive agent in a procedure for the preparation of pure bacterial cell wall fractions from a variety of phenol-killed gram-negative, gram-positive, and acid-fast bacteria was demonstrated. The disruptive effect was found to be limited with formaldehyde-killed gram-positive cells and most gram-positive cocci killed either by phenol or formaldehyde.
Unusual Organism Which Gives a Positive Elevated Temperature Test for Fecal Coliforms
Authors: Adams J. C.
Published: December 2020

Organisms apparently not of fecal origin isolated from a sulfur hot spring gave a positive elevated temperature test for fecal coliforms.
Animal Toxicity of Phytopathogenic Fungi
Authors: Main C. E. , Hamilton P. B.
Published: December 2020

Twelve genera of phytopathogenic fungi comprising 27 species previously reported to produce phytotoxins were tested concurrently for animal and plant toxicity. There appeared to be no direct relationship between plant and animal toxicity.
Stimulation of Lactic Streptococci in Milk by β-Galactosidase
Authors: Gilliland S. E. , Speck M. L. , Woodard J. R.
Published: December 2020

Acid production in milk by lactic streptococci was stimulated by added β-galactosidase. Both glucose and galactose accumulated rapidly in the presence of this enzyme. Glucose accumulation ceased as the culture entered the most rapid period of acid production, whereas galactose accumulation continued. In cultures without added β-galactosidase, a low concentration of galactose accumulated in the milk, whereas glucose was not detected after 2 hr of incubation. Cultures grew and produced acid faster in broth containing glucose rather than galactose or lactose. These observations suggest that the lactic streptococci do not metabolize the lactose in milk efficiently enough to permit optimum acid production and that a phenomenon such as catabolite repression functions to allow for a preferential use of glucose over either galactose or lactose. In addition to providing the culture with a more readily available energy source, it is possible that the culture produced more acidic metabolites as a result of preferentially utilizing the glucose released by the action of the β-galactosidase.
Serological Studies on
Actinobacillus actinomycetem-comitans
Authors: Pulverer G. , Ko H. L.
Published: December 2020

One hundred strains of
Actinobacillus actinomycetem-comitans
were examined serologically by determining their agglutination reactions with six absorbed antisera. Twenty-four reaction patterns were found, and the results were reproducible. The agglutinating antigens were heat-stable. Precipitation reactions were also studied by means of the Ouchterlony agar-gel diffusion technique with Fuller and acetone extracts. The agglutination test was considered preferable for epidemiological and ecological investigations on
A. actinomycetem-comitans
.
Purification of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Endotoxin by Membrane Partition Chromatography
Authors: Rubio Nazario , Lopez Rubens
Published: December 2020

A procedure is described for obtaining large quantities of purified endotoxin of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
by using Diaflo ultrafiltration. This method allowed us to isolate from the protein-lipopolysaccharide complex two low-molecular-weight substances which do not play any antigenic role. It provides a useful tool for immunological purposes.
Standardized Antimicrobial Disc Susceptibility Testing of Anaerobic Bacteria. I. Susceptibility of
Bacteroides fragilis
to Tetracycline
Authors: Sutter Vera L. , Kwok Yung-Yuan , Finegold Sydney M.
Published: December 2020

A modified Bauer-Kirby-Sherris-Turck method for disc susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria is presented. When tetracycline was used against 100 strains of
Bacteroides fragilis
as a model, reasonably reproducible results were obtained after overnight incubation in both the GasPak atmosphere and an atmosphere achieved by adding 10% CO
2
to a mixture of 10% H
2
and 90% N
2
. The minimal inhibitory concentration for the strains determined by the agar dilution technique correlated well with the results of disc tests performed in the GasPak atmosphere with 30-μg tetracycline discs. Among 63 strains isolated from 1970 to the present, only 24 (38.1%) were found to be susceptible to tetracycline.
Nucleic Acid Enzyme Studies of Nonfermentative Gram-Negative Bacteria Using Thin-Layer Chromatography
Authors: Klein Marilyn M. , Blazevic Donna J.
Published: December 2020

A rapid and easy to perform procedure for determining the nucleic acid enzyme reactions of intact bacterial cells was developed. Overnight organism growth on triple sugar agar was tested for nucleoside phosphotransferase, nucleosidase, and nucleotidase activity. Reaction products were detected by means of thin-layer chromatography and fluorescence. Characteristic patterns were seen with certain strains of nonfermentative gram-negative bacteria, which indicated that these tests could aid in classification and identification of E0-1 group,
Pseudomonas multivorans, P. cepacia, P. maltophilia
, certain other
Pseudomonas
species, and
Herellea vaginicola
.
Evaluation of the Auxotab Enteric 1 System for Identification of
Enterobacteriaceae
Authors: Washington John A. , Yu Pauline K. W. , Martin William J.
Published: December 2020

An evaluation of the accuracy and convenience of the Auxotab Enteric 1 System for identification of
Enterobacteriaceae
was performed with 160 bacteria. Identification at the species level was correct in 134 (83.8%) instances and at the generic level in 144 (90%) instances. Sixty strains failed to achieve the minimal concentration of organisms required to complete the identification process within 7 hr. The system was judged to be laborious and to present a potential hazard to those working with it.
Vitamin B
12
Production and Depletion in a Naturally Occurring Eutrophic Lake
Authors: Gillespie Paul A. , Morita Richard Y.
Published: December 2020

The distribution of vitamin B
12
within Upper Klamath Lake was surveyed at approximately monthly intervals during a period from September 1968 to November 1969. High concentrations (up to 1.8 μg/g of dry sediment) characteristically occurred at the water-sediment interface, with a sharp decline below this area. A heavy bloom of
Aphanizomenon flos-aquae
occurred from the latter part of May through October 1969. B
12
concentrations of the uppermost sediments, from all but one sampling site, increased gradually through the bloom, followed by a drastic increase during the die-off period. B
12
is probably not a limiting factor for primary productivity, since sufficient levels of this vitamin were found to occur throughout the year. Of 42 cultures isolated from Upper Klamath Lake water and sediments, 20 were found capable of producing 50 pg or more of B
12
/ml of medium. Phytoplankton samples were found to contain up to 5 μg of B
12
/g of dry material. Degradation of B
12
occurred in sterilized as well as fresh sediment samples.
Evaluation of Pseudosel Agar as an Aid in the Identification of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Lambe Dwight W. , Stewart Phyllis
Published: December 2020

Growth of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
and thirty-five other species of gramnegative bacilli was observed on 0.03% cetrimide in heart infusion agar medium and Pseudosel agar (BBL). The 0.03% cetrimide agar was more selective for growth of
P. aeruginosa
than was Pseudosel agar; however, certain bacteria other than
P. aeruginosa
also grew on the former medium. Although Pseudosel agar was not a highly selective medium for
P. aeruginosa
, it was preferable to technicolor agar for detection of the pyocyanin and pyorubin pigments produced by
P. aeruginosa
.
Effect of Four Nematocides on Activities of Microorganisms in Soil
Authors: Tu C. M.
Published: December 2020

Tests were conducted to determine the effects of four nematocides, Dasanit, carbofuran, D-D, and Vorlex on microbial activities in a loamy sand. The results indicated that bacterial and fungal populations initially decreased with some nematocide treatments but recovered rapidly to levels similar to those in the controls. In some instances, ammonium production from added peptone increased in the nematocide-treated soils, whereas mineralization of soil organic nitrogen and nitrification and oxidation of elemental sulfur were depressed. Oxygen consumption generally increased in proportion to the concentration of nematocide in the soil. However, with Vorlex, an increase in respiration was evident at the lower concentration, whereas an inhibitory effect occurred at the higher concentration. The study indicated that indigenous soil microorganisms can tolerate these chemicals used for control of nematodes in soil.
A Technique for Producing Large Yields of Vegetative Cell-Free Refractile
Clostridium perfringens
Spores of Unaltered Heat Resistance
Authors: Goodenough Eugene R. , Solberg Myron
Published: December 2020

Sonic treatment of sporulated
Clostridium perfringens
cultures produced suspensions free of vegetative cells without altering viable spore counts or thermal resistance.
Oral Immunization with Polyvalent Streptomycin-Dependent
Escherichia coli
Vaccine
Authors: Felsenfeld Oscar , Wolf Robert H. , Greer William E. , Brannon Richard B.
Published: December 2020

Streptomycin-dependent
Escherichia coli
serotypes O 111, O 55 and O 26 were used to vaccinate young patas monkeys against these organisms by the oral route. Five administrations of 10
10
cells in 3-day intervals gave almost full protection to the animals against challenge with 9 to 11 minimal infective doses of homologous virulent organisms for at least 1 month, whether the three serotypes were administered singly or simultaneously.
Comparison of Indirect Hemagglutination and Immunodiffusion Tests for Detecting Type II Leukosis (Marek's) Infection in S- and K-Line Chickens
Authors: Hong Chou C. , Sevoian Martin
Published: December 2020

The indirect hemagglutination and immunodiffusion tests were compared for detection of antigen and antibody to JM strain of leukosis virus infection between S- and K-line chickens. The indirect hemagglutination test was more sensitive than the immunodiffusion test for detecting the smallest amount of viral antigen and corresponding antibody in the plasma of infected chickens. The Cornell S-line had higher levels of antigen and antibody as compared with the Cornell K-line during the 20-week experimental period.
Enterovirus Concentration on Cellulose Membranes
Authors: Wallis Craig , Henderson Marilyn , Melnick Joseph L.
Published: December 2020

Cellulose nitrate membranes were used as one of the adsorbents in concentrating viruses from water. For adsorption to occur, salts were required. With increase in valency of salt, less salt was necessary for enhanced virus adsorption to membranes. Trivalent salts were more effective because they could be used at only 1% the concentration required for divalent salts. Thus, 0.5 mM AlCl
3
was as effective as 50 mM MgCl
2
. For testing 500 gal of water, only 0.24 kg of AlCl
3
was required in contrast to 20 kg of MgCl
2
. Virus could then be eluted from such membranes, having an area of 486 cm
2
, with 250 ml of
p
H 11.5 buffer. Lowering the
p
H of the eluate and adding AlCl
3
permitted the virus to be quickly readsorbed on a smaller cellulose membrane, i.e., 4 cm
2
. Virus for assay was eluted from the small membrane in 1 ml. This procedure has provided the basis for concentrating minute amounts of virus from large volumes of water.
Infected Surface Wound: an Experimental Model and a Method for the Quantitation of Bacteria in Infected Tissues
Authors: Saymen Dennis G. , Nathan Paul , Holder Ian A. , Hill E. O. , Macmillan Bruce G.
Published: December 2020

Methods for the quantitation of bacteria in infected tissues must be rigidly standardized to insure uniformity of results. In this communication we report on a laboratory animal model for the study of surface wound infection and the development of a standardized method for the quantitative estimation of bacteria in infected surface wound tissue by mechanical tissue homogenization and serial dilution. Parallel comparative studies demonstrated that a moist-swab sampling procedure detected only 10% of the bacteria recoverable by a surface-wash procedure. Either tissue homogenization or surface-wash procedures recovered significantly more bacteria from contaminated surface wounds than were obtained by surface-swab sampling techniques.
Ester Synthesis by
Zoogloea ramigera
115 Grown in the Presence of Ethanol
Authors: Joyce Gayle H. , Dugan Patrick R.
Published: December 2020

The ester ethyl butyrate is produced by
Zoogloea ramigera
115, a bacterium isolated from an aerobic waste treatment plant, when ethanol is present in culture media. The cells appear to produce butyric acid which is then esterified with residual ethanol in the culture medium.
Fluorescent-Antibody Techniques for the Identification of Group D Streptococci: Direct Staining Method
Authors: Pavlova Maria T. , Beauvais Elizabeth , Brezenski Francis T. , Litsky Warren
Published: December 2020

Fluorescent-antibody (FA) techniques were employed in an attempt to develop a rapid test for the identification of group D streptococci. Fresh isolates were obtained from sewege and feces of sheep, cattle, horses, rabbits, chickens, geese, and rats. Identification to species were made by the conventional physiological, biochemical, and serological tests. Both whole and disrupted cells of representative strains of each species were used for the preparation of the group D streptococcus vaccine. Globulin fractions of individual and pooled antisera were labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate, and the resulting conjugates were tested with homologous and heterologous antigens. The specificity of the conjugates and staining was assessed by adsorption and inhibition tests utilizing controls with homologous and heterologous antigens. Employing the direct staining method and individual and pooled conjugates, it was possible to obtain 84 and 85% positive FA reactions, respectively, with group D streptococcal strains. Trypsinization of the smears prior to staining eliminated all FA cross-reactions observed with non-group D streptococci and staphylococci. These findings suggest that the direct staining method will be of value in the rapid identification of group D streptococci.
Effect of Type of Enrichment and Duration of Incubation on Salmonella Recovery from Meat-and-Bone Meal
Authors: Huhtanen C. N. , Naghski J.
Published: December 2020

Twenty-five meat-and-bone meal samples were enriched with either selenite-cystine or tetrathionate and incubated for 1 and 2 days. Seven were previously found to be positive; of the other 18, 16 were positive for salmonella. The number of somatic serogroups per sample ranged from 1 to 11 with a mean of 3.8. Significantly more (
P
< 0.01) group C
1
salmonellae were isolated using tetrathionate than selenite, whereas significantly more of groups G, 35, and Difco poly-valent D were isolated from selenite than tetrathionate. Seventy-six percent of the presumptive colonies from Brilliant Green agar showed a positive lysine decarboxylase reaction, and there were no differences between media or times of incubation. Ninety-four per cent of the lysine decarboxylase-positive cultures showed a positive somatic antiserum response; again there were no differences between times or enrichments although there were significantly more total positive serogroups at 2 days than at 1 day from tetrathionate but not from selenite. There were indications that certain serogroups preferred either one or the other enrichment. There were no differences in total positive samples with the two enrichments although neither alone was sufficient to identify all positives. Several lactose-positive salmonellae were recovered.
Studies of the Toxicity of
Helminthosporium maydis
Authors: Ciegler A. , Richard J. L. , Ellis J. J. , Cysewski S. J.
Published: December 2020

Isolates of
Helminthosporium maydis
from blighted corn were tested for toxicity in mice, rats, swine, rabbits, microorganisms, and tissue culture. Extracts of grains, mycelia, and culture supernatant fluids killed mice on intraperitoneal (ip) injection, but were nontoxic on administration by mouth to swine. The toxin was partially purified and appears to be a glycophospholipid. Histopathological examination revealed that the toxin acted as a severe irritant on ip injection, causing death in laboratory animals. In skin tests with rabbits, considerable exudation occurred, rather than necrosis.
Characterization of Indole-Positive
Proteus mirabilis
Authors: Matsen John M. , Blazevic Donna J. , Ryan Joyce A. , Ewing William H.
Published: December 2020

Thirteen indole-producing, swarming strains of
Proteus
were identified by additional biochemical testing as being
Proteus mirabilis
. These strains were characterized by 40 biochemical tests and by susceptibility testing to 11 antibiotics. All produced ornithine decarboxylase and were susceptible to members of the penicillin-cephalosporin groups of antibiotics. These indole-positive strains are similar to indole-negative
P. mirabilis
and are distinctly different from
P. vulgaris
. For greatest accuracy and to insure greatest clinical relevancy,
P. mirabilis
and
P. vulgaris
should be distinguished from one another in the laboratory by performing both the indole and ornithine decarboxylase tests.
Rapid Capillary Tube Method for Detecting Penicillin Resistance in
Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Rosen Ira G. , Jacobson Julie , Rudderman Randal
Published: December 2020

A simple, rapid capillary tube test to discriminate between penicillin-resistant and -sensitive
Staphylococcus aureus
is presented. This test detects penicillinase in noninduced primary isolates from blood-agar plates.
Automated Device for Preparing Agar Media
Authors: Libman G. , Boedecker S. , Gaston J.
Published: December 2020

An automated device which facilitates safe and effective agar media preparation without constant supervision is described.