bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A generalized method for discriminating thermodynamic phase and retrieving cloud optical thickness and effective radius using transmitted shortwave radiance spectra
Authors: LeBlanc S. E. , Pilewskie P. , Schmidt K. S. , Coddington O.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. A new retrieval scheme for cloud optical thickness, effective radius, and thermodynamic phase was developed for ground-based measurements of cloud shortwave spectral transmittance. 15 parameters were derived to quantify spectral variations in shortwave transmittance due to absorption and scattering of liquid water and ice clouds, manifested by shifts in spectral slopes, curvatures, maxima, and minima. To retrieve cloud optical thickness and effective particle radius a weighted least square fit that matched the modeled parameters was applied. The measurements for this analysis were made with a ground-based Solar Spectral Flux Radiometer (SSFR) in Boulder, Colorado, between May 2012 and January 2013. We compared the cloud optical thickness and effective radius from the new retrieval to two other retrieval methods. By using multiple spectral features, we find a closer fit (with a root mean square difference over the entire spectra of 3.1% for a liquid water cloud and 5.9% for an ice cloud) between measured and modeled spectra compared to two other retrieval methods, which diverge by a root-mean-square of up to 6.4% for a liquid water cloud and 22.5% for an ice cloud. The new retrieval introduced here has an average uncertainty in effective radius (±1.2 μm) smaller by factor of at least 2.5 than two other methods when applied to an ice cloud.
Stratospheric warming influence on the mesosphere/lower thermosphere as seen by the extended CMAM
Authors: Shepherd M. G. , Beagley S. R. , Fomichev V. I.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. The response of the upper mesosphere/lower thermosphere region to major sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) is examined employing temperature, winds, NOX and CO constituents from the extended Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model (CMAM) with continuous incremental nudging below 10 hPa (~ 30 km). The model results considered cover high latitudes (60–85° N) from 10 to 150 km height for the December–March period of 2003/2004, 2005/2006 and 2008/2009, when some of the strongest SSWs in recent years were observed. NOX and CO are used as proxies for examining transport. Comparisons with ACE-FTS (Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment–Fourier Transform Spectrometer) satellite observations show that the model represents well the dynamics of the upper mesosphere/lower thermosphere region, the coupling of the stratosphere–mesosphere, and the NOX and CO transport. New information is obtained on the upper mesosphere/lower thermosphere up to 150 km showing that the NOX volume mixing ratio in the 2003/2004 winter was very perturbed indicating transport from the lower atmosphere and intense mixing with large NOX influx from the thermosphere compared to 2006 and 2009. These results, together with those from other models and observations, clearly show the impact of stratospheric warmings on the thermosphere.
A new method to measure Bowen ratios using high-resolution vertical dry and wet bulb temperature profiles
Authors: Euser T. , Luxemburg W. M. J. , Everson C. S. , Mengistu M. G. , Clulow A. D. , Bastiaanssen W. G. M.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. The Bowen ratio surface energy balance method is a relatively simple method to determine the latent heat flux and the actual land surface evaporation. The Bowen ratio method is based on the measurement of air temperature and vapour pressure gradients. If these measurements are performed at only two heights, correctness of data becomes critical. In this paper we present the concept of a new measurement method to estimate the Bowen ratio based on vertical dry and wet bulb temperature profiles with high spatial resolution. A short field experiment with distributed temperature sensing (DTS) in a fibre optic cable with 13 measurement points in the vertical was undertaken. A dry and a wetted section of a fibre optic cable were suspended on a 6 m high tower installed over a sugar beet trial plot near Pietermaritzburg (South Africa). Using the DTS cable as a psychrometer, a near continuous observation of vapour pressure and air temperature at 0.20 m intervals was established. These data allowed the computation of the Bowen ratio with a high spatial and temporal precision. The daytime latent and sensible heat fluxes were estimated by combining the Bowen ratio values from the DTS-based system with independent measurements of net radiation and soil heat flux. The sensible heat flux, which is the relevant term to evaluate, derived from the DTS-based Bowen ratio (BR-DTS) was compared with that derived from co-located eddy covariance (R2 = 0.91), surface layer scintillometer (R2 = 0.81) and surface renewal (R2 = 0.86) systems. By using multiple measurement points instead of two, more confidence in the derived Bowen ratio values is obtained.
Improving the complementary methods to estimate evapotranspiration under diverse climatic and physical conditions
Authors: Anayah F. M. , Kaluarachchi J. J.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Reliable estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) is important for the purpose of water resources planning and management. Complementary methods, including complementary relationship areal evapotranspiration (CRAE), advection aridity (AA) and Granger and Gray (GG), have been used to estimate ET because these methods are simple and practical in estimating regional ET using meteorological data only. However, prior studies have found limitations in these methods especially in contrasting climates. This study aims to develop a calibration-free universal method using the complementary relationships to compute regional ET in contrasting climatic and physical conditions with meteorological data only. The proposed methodology consists of a systematic sensitivity analysis using the existing complementary methods. This work used 34 global FLUXNET sites where eddy covariance (EC) fluxes of ET are available for validation. A total of 33 alternative model variations from the original complementary methods were proposed. Further analysis using statistical methods and simplified climatic class definitions produced one distinctly improved GG-model-based alternative. The proposed model produced a single-step ET formulation with results equal to or better than the recent studies using data-intensive, classical methods. Average root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute bias (BIAS) and R2 (coefficient of determination) across 34 global sites were 20.57 mm month−1, 10.55 mm month−1 and 0.64, respectively. The proposed model showed a step forward toward predicting ET in large river basins with limited data and requiring no calibration.
A novel approach to compare simultaneous size-segregated particulate matter (PM) concentration ratios by means of a dedicated triangular diagram using the Agri Valley PM measurements as an example
Authors: Speranza A. , Caggiano R. , Margiotta S. , Trippetta S.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. This work presents a novel approach to compare and graphically represent simultaneous concentration measurements of PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 (i.e., aerosol particles with aerodynamic diameters less than 10, 2.5 and 1 μm, respectively) with similar data reported in literature using PM2.5/PM10 and PM1/PM10 concentration ratios. To this aim, a dedicated triangular diagram was used. The proposed approach was applied to size-segregated PM concentrations recorded in Agri Valley (Basilicata Region – southern Italy). Results shows that the PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 concentrations recorded in the Agri Valley are comparable both in terms of PM concentration ratios and PM levels to an urban site.
Differential response of Iberian and lean pig crossbreeds to dietary linoleic acid administration
Authors: Isabel Beatriz , Cordero Gustavo , Olivares Alvaro , Daza Argimiro , Lopez-Bote Clemente J.
Published: June 2014

We aimed to determine whether the response of linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6) tissue concentration to dietary C18:2 n-6 administration, in the finishing period, is done in a different way in Iberian pig compared with a lean genotype. Therefore, 48 pigs, 24 of a lean genotype (Large White × Great York) and 24 of a fat genotype (Iberian × Duroc) were offered three commercial diets, for each genetic type, in order to provide three levels of C18:2 n-6, but maintaining constant the concentration of saturated and linolenic fatty acids (FA) in each genotype. Samples from adipose tissue (subcutaneous backfat and intramuscular fat (IMF) from Longissimus dorsi muscle) were taken. Six pigs of each genotype (two per each C18:2 n-6 level) were slaughtered at the start of the trial to estimate initial fatty acids composition. The C18:2 n-6 proportions at slaughter were higher in the subcutaneous backfat outer layer than in subcutaneous backfat inner layer for both genetic types. In both backfat layers, as the dietary C18:2 n-6 increased, the C18:2 n-6 proportions also increased in both genotypes. In IMF, the concentration of C18:2 n-6 was also altered in lean genotype according to dietary treatment, but no response was observed in Iberian pigs. Linoleic acid concentrations was higher in lean pig genotypes than in the Iberian pig, both in subcutaneous and IMF throughout the whole range of dietary linoleic acid concentration used in this experiment. These results indicate the resistance of Iberian pig to modify the proportion of linoleic in their tissues, particularly in the IMF.
Soil nematode responses to fertilization with ammonium nitrate after six years of unfertilized apple orchard
Authors: Azpilicueta Claudia V. , Aruani M. Cristina , Chaves Eliseo , Reeb Pablo D.
Published: June 2014

A nematode community was used as a bioindicator of changes in agroecosystems caused by fertilization. The effect of applying nitrogen (N) fertilizer on a soil nematode community structure was studied in a soil which had not been fertilized for six years in the Rio Negro Valley, Argentina. Treatments were: i) 100 kg N ha-1 (N100); ii) 200 kg N ha-1 (N200); in each case 50% of the dosage was applied at the time of petal fall and 50% at fruit harvest in 2004/2005, 2005/2006, 2006/2007 growing seasons; and iii) control with no fertilizer (N0). Soil samples were collected in the 0 to 30 cm soil layer in October, November, April and July in each growing season. The number of bacterivores increased in N200 compared to N0. Cephalobidae were present in greater numbers in N200 than in N100 and N0. Predator abundance was lower under N200, after the first N application in each growing season. The ratio of fungivores to bacterivores (F/B) was 0.21, 0.3 and 0.41 in N200, N100 and N0, respectively. N200 resulted in a community with a lower maturity index (MI) than N0. Structure index (SI) was lower in N200 than N100 and N0. The enrichment index (EI) was less sensitive at detecting fertilizer effects. In November and April, soil nitrate concentrations were higher in N200 than in N100 and N0. Soil nitrate concentration was positively correlated with EI and negatively with MI, SI and F/B. N200 affected the trophic structure of the nematode community consistent with a less stable soil system.
The effect of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) essential oil on digestibility, ruminal fermentation and blood metabolites of Ghezel sheep fed barley-based diets
Authors: Sahraei Mohsen , Pirmohammadi Rasoul , Payvastegan Sina
Published: June 2014

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of rosemary essential oil (REO) on feed digestibility, ruminal fermentation and blood metabolites of Ghezel sheep. Four male sheep with average body weight 46 ± 2.0 kg were used in a 4×4 Latin square design. Treatments were control (no REO added), 100 mg d-1 of REO (low), 200 mg d-1 of REO (medium) and 400 mg d-1 of REO (high). Sheep were fed the 4 diets for 4 periods of 21 days (14 days as adaptation and 7 days for sample collection). The results showed that digestibility of dry matter, neutral-detergent fiber, acid-detergent fiber and crude protein were not affected by REO feeding (p>0.05). The concentration of ammonia-N across sampling times was lower (p<0.05) at low REO dosage compared with control. The molar proportion of acetate and butyrate across sampling times were lower at low REO dosage compared with control (p<0.05). Total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentrations at 4 h after morning feeding were reduced (p<0.05) by adding 100 mg of REO d-1 to diet compared with the control, whereas medium REO dosage increased (p<0.05) total VFA concentrations at 4 h post feeding compared with the control. The addition of REO had no effect on total protozoa counts across sampling times (p>0.05). Supplementation with REO had no effect on plasma concentrations of glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, total protein and albumin (p>0.05). The results of this study indicate that, although a medium dose of REO may have positive effect on rumen fermentation, a low dose of REO may have adverse effects on ruminal fermentation.
Mechanized harvesting and primary processing of Calendula officinalis L. inflorescences
Authors: Veselinov Branislav , Adamovic Dusan , Martinov Milan , Viskovic Miodrag , Golub Marko , Bojic Savo
Published: June 2014

Manual harvesting of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) inflorescences results in superior quality, but requires enormous manpower. The objectives of the research were to examine the possibility of mechanized harvesting of marigold inflorescences by virtual rotating comb-type chamomile harvester, widely used in South Eastern Europe, and to develop the mechanical separator for the inflorescences from the harvested mass. The impact of coefficient R, ratio of the harvester’s penetration into the inflorescences horizon and the width of inflorescences band (i.e. the average value of the highest and lowest inflorescences span) on the harvest yield, was tested first. Separation was performed by a bespoke separator that uses five cascades of oscillating sieves made of longitudinally situated rods. Influence of oscillation frequencies and rod distances on separation efficiency was investigated. It was found that, for coefficient R value of 1.3, an average of 97% of the total inflorescences yield can be harvested. The proportion of inflorescences with stem length up to 2 cm was 65% and 35% for stems over 2 cm. The result of mechanized harvest was the reduction in both the number of succeeding harvests and the yield, due to bud damages and elimination. The highest separation efficiency was obtained by using 2.7 Hz oscillation frequency and combination of 6/8 mm rods’ distances in sieves. After three passes of the harvested mass through the device, approximately 92% of inflorescences were separated. Future investigations should be directed towards solving the issue of mechanical shortening of the inflorescences stems and evaluating the economic viability of mechanized harvesting within the proposed procedure.
Microclimate evaluation of a new design of insect-proof screens in a Mediterranean greenhouse
Authors: Lopez-Martinez Alejandro , Valera Martínez Diego L. , Molina-Aiz Francisco , Peña-Fernandez Araceli , Marín-Membrive Patricia
Published: June 2014

This work studies natural ventilation in a Mediterranean greenhouse, comparing a new experimental screen of 13×30 threads cm-2 (porosity 39.0%) with a commercial control screen of 10×20 threads cm-2 (porosity 33.5%). In addition, both screens were tested in a wind tunnel to determine the discharge coefficients Cd of the greenhouse side and roof vents, which proved to be 0.16 for the commercial control screen and 0.18 for the experimental screen at both vents. These values represent a theoretical increase of 11% (Cd,φ-10×20 /Cd,φ-13×30 = 0.89) in the natural ventilation capacity of the greenhouse when the experimental screen is used. The greenhouse was divided into two separate sections allowing us to analyze natural ventilation in both sectors simultaneously. Air velocity was measured in the lateral and roof vents with two 3D and six 2D sonic anemometers. Using the commercial control screen there was an average reduction of 16% in ventilation rate, and an average increase of 0.5ºC in the average indoor air temperature, compared to the experimental screen. In addition, the ventilation efficiency ηT was higher with the experimental screen (mean value of 0.9) than with the control (mean value 0.6). We have designed an experimental insect-proof screen (13×30 threads cm-2) with smaller thread diameter, higher thread density, smaller pore size and higher porosity than are used in most commercial meshes. All of these factors promote natural ventilation and improve the greenhouse microclimate.
Les représentations des couples franco-étrangers dans le cinéma français : des années 1990 à nos jours
Authors: Mijailovic Snezana
Published: June 2014

Cet article vise à étudier les représentations cinématographiques des couples franco-étrangers qui remettent en question les idées reçues sur ce type d’union en offrant une vision plus nuancée que celle, diffusée par les pouvoirs publics, selon laquelle l’institution du mariage serait menacée par le développement des « mariages blancs » (Ferran 2009). En effet, le mariage comme stratégie adoptée par les migrants afin de rester en France semble avoir moins attiré l’attention des réalisateurs français que d’autres sujets relatifs à la mixité amoureuse. Les films choisis pour l’analyse mettent successivement en scène un couple qui envisage précipitamment le mariage pour éviter l’expulsion d’un des conjoints, le mariage comme moyen de régularisation qui met néanmoins un terme à une relation, le mariage qui n’est faux que pour l’un des conjoints, et le cas des « promises par correspondance ».
‘You Don't Need Influence … All You Need is Your First Opportunity!’: The Early Broadcast Talent Show and the BBC
Authors: Holmes Su
Published: June 2014

Popular histories of the reality talent show often position programmes like Opportunity Knocks as key generic precursors to the popular formats of today. But the visibility of such shows in such popular histories — and in popular memory — disguises the fact that the genre has been almost totally neglected in both television historiography and celebrity studies. In drawing upon archival documentation, this article looks at early examples of the broadcast talent show in Britain, with a particular focus on radio's Opportunity Knocks, and examines the institutional and cultural discourses that surrounded them.
‘Way out-of This World!’ Delia Derbyshire, Doctor Who and the British Public's Awareness of Electronic Music in the 1960s
Authors: Butler David
Published: June 2014

The composer and musician Delia Derbyshire (1937–2001) remains most famous for her arrangement and realisation of Ron Grainer's title theme for Doctor Who, Yet although providing the theme tune with its distinctive sounds, which would be featured in the programme's titles from 1963 until 1980, Derbyshire provided little else in terms of music for the Doctor's adventures during her time at the BBC Radiophonic Workshop. This article considers the impact of the Doctor Who theme tune on Derbyshire's career and the interest in electronic music that it generated amongst the British public in the 1960s.
The Girls Who Waited? Female Companions and Gender in Doctor Who
Authors: Jowett Lorna
Published: June 2014

Science fiction has the potential to offer something new in terms of gender representation. This does not mean it always delivers on this potential. Amid the hype surrounding the fiftieth anniversary of Doctor Who (1963–89, 2005–present),1 the longest running science fiction series on television, a slightly critical edge is discernable in the media coverage concerning the casting of the Twelfth Doctor and issues of representation in the series. This paper examines Doctor Who in the broader context of TV drama and changes to the television industry, analysing the series' gender representation, especially in the 2005 reboot, and focusing largely on the female ‘companions’.
Governing ‘Authentic’ Religiosity? The Responsibilisation of Parents beyond Religion and State in Matters of School Ethos in Ireland
Authors: Kitching Karl
Published: June 2014

The aim of this paper is to advance scholarship on the governance of religious difference and its relationship to social reproduction, inclusion and exclusion, with specific reference to parenting, schooling and childhood. Rather ask ‘how does the state and religion govern religious pursuits?’, the focus of this paper is ‘how might parents’ and children's religious expressions be already implicated, or caught up in, the ordering and coordination of complex social systems?’ Drawing on Foucault's concept of governmentality, it analyses how the political rationalities of freedom of choice and diversity are deployed through media discourse. The paper traces an iterative process of producing a symbolically ‘new’ national space, which re-legitimises state (and more ‘discerning’ school patron) power in a marketised, global age. It argues that ‘Irish’ parents are evaluated in this imagined space in terms of their capacity to combine consumption and religious practices responsibly and authentically. In its implicit citation and elision of generational, classed and racialised hierarchies, the mediated, moral governance of responsible religious and ethical subjects, expressions and practices becomes clear. The paper concludes by noting the potential contribution of governmentality thinking to contemporary debates on religious and secular governance.
Polish Newcomers to Dublin: The Social Construction of Home
Authors: Smith Alana
Published: June 2014

There is a dearth of qualitative research concerning the migrant experience to Ireland and this limits our ability to understand the opportunities and constraints migrants encounter as they negotiate access through a new place. Due to a lack of knowledge and familiarity with a city and its systems, migrants may experience a housing system differently than previously settled households. Therefore, the role of housing takes on different meaning in their lives and can impact on their quality of life in different ways. The aim of this article is to reveal primary findings culled from empirical data collected in Dublin with thirty-one Polish origin migrants as the cohort in the study. By illuminating the housing experiences of migrant households, otherwise referred to as ‘newcomers’ here, this article seeks to be added to the growing field of Irish literature produced on the migrant experience. Through the use of participant narratives, findings reveal a highly reflexive group of people who describe how they identify with housing and their personal aspirations in relation to it. Conclusions are drawn about their conceptualisations of home by connecting a collection of their responses back into two main themes: their identification with home ownership and their relationship with a transnational lifestyle.
La France à l'heure Anglaise: Embodied Timescapes and Occupied Landscapes in Storm Jameson's Cloudless May
Authors: Pong Beryl
Published: June 2014

The cultural phenomenology of the 1930s and 1940s emphasized British history as the slow accumulation of centuries of civilization, which was about to be swept away by fascism and Nazism. Anxiety about this temporal rupture informs Storm Jameson's Cloudless May, which is set in France on the cusp of the armistice. This article argues that the novel is as much about wartime in France as it is about wartime in Britain. Through affective, embodied timescapes and landscapes, it reaches out to a British readership at a time when the relationship between the two countries was at an uncertain and trying standstill. Portraying an internationalized regional consciousness, Jameson reconciles geopolitical and artistic concerns to fashion together a form of politically-engaged, experimental writing in the late modernism of the Second World War.
Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment for Inpatients With Pulmonary Exacerbations of Cystic Fibrosis: Effects on Spirometry Findings and Patient Assessments of Breathing, Anxiety, and Pain
Authors: Swender David A. , Thompson Gina , Schneider Kristen , McCoy Karen , Patel Alpa
Published: June 2014

Context: Osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) has been studied in patients with various respiratory diseases. However, to the authors' knowledge, no studies have assessed the efficacy of OMT in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF).

Objective: To evaluate pulmonary function and perceptions of breathing, anxiety, and pain of CF patients who receive OMT in addition to standard inpatient management of pulmonary exacerbation.

Methods: In a single-blind randomized controlled trial, we assessed adult patients with a history of CF who were admitted to the hospital because of pulmonary exacerbation. Participants were randomly assigned to receive a daily standardized protocol of OMT or sham therapy. Both groups also received standard treatment for CF. Spirometry and questionnaire data (self-assessment of breathing, pain, and anxiety level) were collected before the first OMT or sham therapy session and after the final session.

Results: A total of 33 patients were included in the study: 16 in the OMT group and 17 in the sham therapy group. Improvements in spirometric parameters were observed in both the OMT and the sham therapy groups, with no statistically significant differences found between the groups. More patients in the OMT group than in the sham therapy group had questionnaire response patterns that indicated their breathing had improved during the study period (15 of 16 vs 8 of 16, respectively). No differences were found between groups for perceived improvement of pain and anxiety.

Conclusion: In the current study, CF patients who received OMT did not demonstrate statistically significant differences in pre- and posttreatment spirometry findings compared with CF patients who received sham therapy. Questionnaire findings suggest that OMT may affect CF patients' perception of overall quality of breathing. Additional studies are needed to assess the clinical use of OMT in patients with CF.
Predictive Relationship of Osteopathic Manual Medicine Grades and COMLEX-USA Level 1 Total Scores and Osteopathic Principles and Practice Subscores
Authors: Lewis Drew D. , Johnson Mary T. , Finnerty Edward P.
Published: June 2014

Context: Osteopathic manual medicine (OMM) encompasses hands-on diagnosis and treatment as part of patient care. The area of osteopathic principles and practice (OPP) is considered a core competency for students and practitioners of this medical tradition. The Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensing Examination-USA (COMLEX-USA) is a useful tool for assessing candidates' competency.

Objectives: To examine the relationship of COMLEX-USA Level 1 total scores and OPP subscores with OMM course grades, and to determine if these grades are predictive of COMLEX-USA Level 1 OPP performance.

Methods: The authors collected data—COMLEX-USA Level 1 total and OPP subscores, OMM grades (written, practical, and total for first and second academic years), sex, and age—for a cohort of osteopathic medical students at a single institution, and these data were then analyzed by means of correlation analysis.

Results: Records were obtained from a second-year class of osteopathic medical students (N=217). The authors' analysis of total scores and OPP subscores on COMLEX-USA Level 1 yielded a statistically significant correlation with all variables. Although the correlations were moderate, second-year written examination grades showed the strongest association with the COMLEX-USA Level 1 OPP subscores (r=0.530) and total scores (r=0.566).

Conclusion: Performance in the second-year OMM written examination could identify students potentially at risk for poor performance on COMLEX-USA Level 1.
Isolation, Culture, and Transient Transformation of Plant Protoplasts
Authors: Shen Jinbo , Fu Jiaxin , Ma Jin , Wang Xiangfeng , Gao Caiji , Zhuang ChuXiong , Wan Jianmin , Jiang Liwen
Published: June 2014

Transient gene expression in protoplasts, which has been used in several plant species, is an important and versatile tool for rapid functional gene analysis, protein subcellular localization, and biochemical manipulations. This unit describes transient gene expression by electroporation of DNA into protoplasts of Arabidopsis or tobacco suspension‐cultured cells and by polyethylene glycol (PEG)‐mediated DNA transformation into protoplasts derived from rice leaf sheaths. PEG‐mediated DNA transformation for transient gene expression in rice protoplasts in suspension culture is also described as an alternative technique. Methods for collecting intracellular and secreted proteins are also provided. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 63:2.8.1‐2.8.17. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Melting experiments on peridotite to lowermost mantle conditions
Authors: Tateno Shigehiko , Hirose Kei , Ohishi Yasuo
Published: June 2014

Melting experiments on a pyrolitic mantle material were performed in a pressure range from 34 to 179 GPa based on laser‐heated diamond‐anvil cell (DAC) techniques. The textural and chemical characterizations of quenched samples were made by using field‐emission‐type electron microprobe (FE‐EPMA). Melts formed by 46 to 77 wt.% partial melting in this study were ultrabasic in composition and became more depleted in SiO2 and more enriched in FeO with increasing pressure. Melting textures indicate that the liquidus phase changed from ferropericlase to MgSiO3‐rich perovskite at least above 34 GPa and further to post‐perovskite. The first phase to melt (disappear) changed from CaSiO3 perovskite to (Mg,Fe)O ferropericlase between 68 and 82 GPa. The stability of ferropericlase above solidus temperature shrinks with increasing pressure (melting last below 34 GPa and first 82 GPa), resulting in higher (MgO + FeO)/SiO2 ratio in partial melt at higher pressure. Additionally, the Fe‐Mg distribution coefficients (KD) between perovskite/post‐perovskite and melt decreased considerably with increasing pressure, leading to strong Fe‐enrichment in partial melts. It supports dense partial melts in a deep lower mantle, which migrate downward to the core mantle boundary (CMB).
Mixing and remineralization in waters detrained from the surface into Subantarctic Mode Water and Antarctic Intermediate Water in the southeastern Pacific
Authors: Carter B. R. , Talley L. D. , Dickson A. G.
Published: June 2014

A hydrographic data set collected in the region and season of Subantarctic Mode Water and Antarctic Intermediate Water (SAMW and AAIW) formation in the southeastern Pacific allows us to estimate the preformed properties of surface water detrained into these water masses from deep mixed layers north of the Subantarctic Front and Antarctic Surface Water south of the front. Using 10 measured seawater properties, we estimate: the fractions of SAMW/AAIW that originate as surface source waters, as well as fractions that mix into these water masses from subtropical thermocline water above and Upper Circumpolar Deep Water below the subducted SAMW/AAIW; ages associated with the detrained surface water; and remineralization and dissolution rates and ratios. The mixing patterns imply that cabbeling can account for ∼0.005–0.03 kg m−3 of additional density in AAIW, and ∼0–0.02 kg m−3 in SAMW. We estimate a shallow depth (∼300–700 m, above the aragonite saturation horizon) calcium carbonate dissolution rate of 0.4 ± 0.2 µmol CaCO3 kg−1 yr−1, a phosphate remineralization rate of 0.031 ± 0.009 µmol P kg−1 yr−1, and remineralization ratios of P:N:–O2:Corg of 1:(15.5 ± 0.6):(143 ± 10):(104 ± 22) for SAMW/AAIW. Our shallow depth calcium carbonate dissolution rate is comparable to previous estimates for our region. Our –O2:P ratio is smaller than many global averages. Our model suggests neglecting diapycnal mixing of preformed phosphate has likely biased previous estimates of –O2:P and Corg:P high, but that the Corg:P ratio bias may have been counteracted by a second bias in previous studies from neglecting anthropogenic carbon gradients.
Variations of Luzon Undercurrent from observations and numerical model simulations
Authors: Wang Qingye , Zhai Fangguo , Hu Dunxin
Published: June 2014

Significant intraseasonal variability (ISV) of about 45–80 days and seasonal variation of the Luzon Undercurrent (LUC) at 18°N are studied using direct current measurements and a high‐resolution global Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model. The variations of the LUC are vertically coherent with those of Kuroshio Current both on intraseasonal and seasonal time scales. The ISV of the LUC is dominated by eddies with diameters of about 200–300 km and extending from sea surface to intermediate layer east of Luzon Island. The LUC becomes strong (weak) when cyclonic (anticyclonic) eddies occur. The eddies east of Luzon Island mainly originate from the bifurcation point (∼13°N) of the North Equatorial Current. These eddies propagate northwestward at a typical propagation speed of about 0.16 m s−1 along the east coast of Philippines, gradually strengthen and pass the Luzon coast, and continue northward to Luzon strait. On seasonal time scale, the LUC is strong (weak) in boreal winter (summer), and this variation is related to the seasonal evolution of large‐scale ocean circulation east of Philippines mainly controlled by local wind forcing.
Would You Like to Create Change in Washington?
Authors: Howard Claire
Published: June 2014

Now more than ever, the public and legislators need to know why science matters in politics. AGU gives you the opportunity to have your voice heard on Capitol Hill.
Beaufort Gyre sea ice thins in recent decades, impacts climate
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: June 2014

The accumulation and melting of sea ice in the Arctic has an enormous impact on local climate, which in turn can affect global climate. As the climate warms and Arctic sea ice retreats, it has become crucial to understand the complex ice‐atmosphere–ocean dynamics within the Arctic. One major component in this dynamic is the Beaufort Gyre, a wind‐driven sea ice circulation and freshwater reservoir in the Arctic's Beaufort Sea.
Two millennia of tropical cyclone‐induced mud layers in a northern Yucatán stalagmite: Multiple overlapping climatic hazards during the Maya Terminal Classic “megadroughts”
Authors: Frappier Amy Benoit , Pyburn James , Pinkey‐Drobnis Aurora D. , Wang Xianfeng , Corbett D. Reide , Dahlin Bruce H.
Published: June 2014

An annually laminated stalagmite from the northern Yucatán Peninsula contains mud layers from 256 cave flooding events over 2240 years. This new conservative proxy for paleotempestology recorded cave flooding events with a recurrence interval of 8.3 years during the twentieth century, with the greatest frequency during the twentieth century and the least frequent during the seventeenth century. Tropical cyclone (TC) events are unlikely to flood the cave during drought when the water table is depressed. Applying TC masking to the Chaac paleorainfall reconstruction suggests that the severity of the Maya “megadroughts” was underestimated. Without a high‐resolution radiometric geochronology of individual local TC events, speleothem isotope records cannot resolve whether the Terminal Classic Period in the northern Maya Lowlands was punctuated by several brief drought breaks with normal TCs, or whether the region was very dry and peppered by unusually severe and frequent hurricane seasons.
A dynamo explanation for Mercury's anomalous magnetic field
Authors: Cao Hao , Aurnou Jonathan M. , Wicht Johannes , Dietrich Wieland , Soderlund Krista M. , Russell Christopher T.
Published: June 2014

Recent MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) measurements have shown that Mercury's magnetic field is axial‐dominant, yet strongly asymmetric with respect to the equator: the field strength in the Northern Hemisphere is approximately 3 times stronger than that in the Southern Hemisphere. Here we show that convective dynamo models driven by volumetric buoyancy with north‐south symmetric thermal boundaries are capable of generating quasi‐steady north‐south asymmetric magnetic fields similar to Mercury's. This symmetry breaking is promoted and stabilized when the core‐mantle boundary heat flux is higher at the equator than at high latitudes. The equatorially asymmetric magnetic field generation in our dynamo models corresponds to equatorially asymmetric kinetic helicity, which results from mutual excitation of two different modes of columnar convection. Our dynamo model can be tested by future assessment of Mercury's magnetic field from MESSENGER and BepiColombo as well as through investigations on Mercury's lower mantle temperature heterogeneity and buoyancy forcing in Mercury's core.
Shelf water and chlorophyll export from the Hatteras slope and outer shelf
Authors: Churchill James H. , Gawarkiewicz Glen G.
Published: June 2014

Using high‐resolution data acquired from a shipboard ADCP and a towed Scanfish equipped with a CTD and fluorometer, we examine the properties and transport of Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB) shelf water over a region of the Hatteras outer shelf and slope where MAB shelf water is commonly deflected offshore and entrained into the Gulf Stream. The data are from a period in early August 2004 when the seasonal pycnocline of the MAB is well developed and situated over a weakly stratified, near‐bottom shelf water mass commonly referred to as the cold pool. Our data show chlorophyll‐rich cold pool water carried rapidly southward over the slope and outer shelf, at a rate of up to 60 cm s−1, as part of the shelf‐edge frontal jet. This southward transport of chlorophyll‐rich cold pool water is shunted eastward and entrained into the Gulf Stream. However, the latitude band over which this export occurs varies significantly over the 7 day course of our study, a variation which is linked to an order 50 km shift in the latitude at which the Gulf Stream separates from the continental margin. The coupled rapid translation of the Gulf Stream frontal separation and the cold pool export zone is likely to have a significant impact on the movement and accumulation of biogenic material over the Hatteras slope and rise.
Pinning synchronization of complex networks with delayed nodes
Authors: Guo Wanli , Chen Shihua , Francis Austin
Published: June 2014

This paper reveals the dynamical mechanism of synchronization in general complex networks with delayed nodes. It considers, in particular, the global synchronization of complex networks without assuming any symmetry in the coupling matrix by using pinning controllers. Sufficient conditions for global synchronization are obtained by suitably adding linear and adaptive feedback controllers to a certain sub‐collection of the nodes and numerical examples that are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the theory. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robotics‐based telepresence using multi‐modal interaction for individuals with visual impairments
Authors: Park Chung Hyuk , Howard Ayanna M.
Published: June 2014

Although many assistive devices have been developed and utilized to aid in daily living, the most general assistive means for individuals with visual impairments are the walking cane and guide dogs. These assistive means are effective in assisting the user in navigating within an environment; however, the navigation space is limited to the proximal environment of the user. Thus, in this paper, we discuss a method to increase the range of accessibility to a remote environment through robotic embodiment that enables teleoperation and teleperception through multi‐modal feedback. In order to transform remote spatial information into a non‐visual modality, we present a framework for utilizing an RGB‐D‐based depth camera, a mobile robot, and a haptic interface for 3D haptic rendering to accomplish the goal of haptic exploration of a remote environment. Experiments with three different control methods for robot interaction are designed for users with and without visual impairments. Several hypothesis are built to study the correlation between control/feedback modality and performance in telerobotic operations. Results show that users performed best when combining semi‐autonomous navigation with 3D haptic exploration and also rated their experience with our system as fairly good. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PCM in Water Emulsions: Supercooling Reduction Effects of Nano‐Additives, Viscosity Effects of Surfactants and Stability
Authors: Zhang Xiyao , Niu Jianlei , Zhang Shuo , Wu Jian‐Yong
Published: June 2014

This study aims to develop a paraffin‐based phase change material (PCM) for water emulsions with a low degree of supercooling, high fluidity and stability, which can be applied in thermal energy storage (TES) systems to improve the cooling efficiency. A hexadecane/water emulsion was prepared and chemically modified multi‐wall carbon nano‐tube (MWCNT) particles were dispersed in the emulsion as a nucleating agent to reduce supercooling. Three surfactants were also tested on the properties of the hexadecane/water emulsions. Thermal analysis by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) indicated that the degree of supercooling of the emulsion was significantly decreased by the nucleating agent. The effective nucleating agent concentrations required for the PCM liquid were found to be low, which agrees with the previous finding, but for the emulsion there appeared to be a minimum effective concentration to reduce the supercooling. The rheology characters and the stability of the emulsions were also observed and discussed.
The Cost of Post‐Harvest Forward Contracting in Corn and Soybeans
Authors: Mallory Mindy L. , Zhao Wenjiao , Irwin Scott H.
Published: June 2014

This study estimates the cost of forward contracting corn and soybeans for January and March delivery from 1980 through 2009. Both corn and soybeans exhibited a downward trend in the cost of forward contracting for January delivery, in contrast to previous pre‐harvest results, and the March delivery cost of forward contracting is slightly downward sloped. The cost of post‐harvest forward contracting corn and soybeans averaged 2 cents and 6 cents respectively; this was much less than the cost of pre‐harvest forward contracting in recent years. We did not find an increase in cost associated with income shifting associated with January delivery. We conclude that January forward contracts offer a relatively inexpensive means of smoothing income across years.
C4‐consumers in southern europe: The case of friuli V.G. (NE‐Italy) during early and central middle ages
Authors: Iacumin P. , Galli E. , Cavalli F. , Cecere L.
Published: June 2014

Isotope variations were studied in necropolises of the early (6th to 7th century CE) and central (10th to 11th century CE) medieval period located in Fruili‐Venezia Giulia (Northeastern Italy). The two periods each shortly followed two great barbarian invasions that changed the politics and economy of Italy: the arrivals of Langobards in 578 CE and the Hungarian incursions from the end of the 9th to the first half of the 10th century. These events had a tragic effect on the economy of Friuli‐Venezia Giulia: severe depopulation and the partial abandonment of the countryside with fall of agricultural production. Am J Phys Anthropol 154:561–574, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of land‐use change on a diverse pleurocerid snail assemblage
Authors: Tolley‐Jordan Lori , Huryn Alexander D. , Bogan Arthur E.
Published: June 2014

The highest worldwide diversity of snails in the family Pleuroceridae (Caenogastropoda) is found in the Mobile River Basin, Alabama, USA. Here 76 species of pleurocerids have been described and 31 species are now considered extinct due primarily to impoundments in the Alabama River Basin. Of the major basins, only the mainstem of the Cahaba River remains free‐flowing and so provides a refuge for pleurocerid diversity. Using collections, descriptions, and museum vouchers, the impact of changing land‐use on pleurocerid diversity was explored in the Cahaba River Basin.

Decadal scale (10 to 20 years) and century scale (70 to100 years) changes in snail diversity within the Cahaba River were determined using information on species distributions based on historical (1880–1940) collections and from 1992, and 2005–2006 surveys.

Before 1940, 20 species of pleurocerid snails were reported from the basin, but in 1992 and 2005–2006, only 15 species were recovered. Conversion of the lower portion of the Cahaba River Basin from forest to agriculture before 1940, followed by silviculture and severe downcutting of the channel from headcutting, may have caused the loss of these species. However, two species historically recorded in the basin are thought to be erroneous identifications and reflect the necessity of a complete taxonomic revision of this group.

No basin‐wide changes in species richness and composition were detected between 1992 and 2005. Declines in richness among several reaches, however, resulted in the population fragmentation of five species which were reflected in differences in mean richness at the catchment scale. A significant, negative relationship between richness and urban cover between surveys best explained species losses.

Despite taxonomic difficulties, these results indicate that land‐use conversion during the last century has had significant, adverse effects on pleurocerid diversity. Continued threats are expected given the projections of increasing human population density for the south‐eastern USA which may lead to further land‐use alterations and instream modifications.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risperidone and the 5‐HT2A Receptor Antagonist M100907 Improve Probabilistic Reversal Learning in BTBR T + tf/J Mice
Authors: Amodeo Dionisio A. , Jones Joshua H. , Sweeney John A. , Ragozzino Michael E.
Published: June 2014

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired social interactions with restricted interests and repetitive behaviors (RRBs). RRBs can severely limit daily living and be particularly stressful to family members. To date, there are limited options for treating this feature in ASD. Risperidone, an atypical antipsychotic, is approved to treat irritability in ASD, but less is known about whether it is effective in treating “higher order” RRBs, for example cognitive inflexibility. Risperidone also has multiple receptor targets in which only a subset may be procognitive and others induce cognitive impairment. 5HT2A receptor blockade represents one promising and more targeted approach, as various preclinical studies have shown that 5HT2A receptor antagonists improve cognition. The present study investigated whether risperidone and/or M100907, a 5HT2A receptor antagonist, improved probabilistic reversal learning performance in the BTBR T + tf/J (BTBR) mouse model of autism. The effects of these treatments were also investigated in C57BL/6J (B6) mice as a comparison strain. Using a spatial reversal learning test with 80/20 probabilistic feedback, similar to one in which ASD individuals exhibit impairments, both risperidone (0.125 mg) and M100907 (0.01 and 0.1 mg) improved reversal learning in BTBR mice. Risperidone (0.125 mg) impaired reversal learning in B6 mice. Improvement in probabilistic reversal learning performance resulted from treatments enhancing the maintenance of the newly correct choice pattern. Because risperidone can lead to unwanted side effects, treatment with a specific 5HT2A receptor antagonist may improve cognitive flexibility in individuals with ASD while also minimizing unwanted side effects. Autism Res 2014, 7: 555–567. © 2014 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.