bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficiency of National Innovation Systems – Poland and Bulgaria in The Context of the Global Innovation Index
Authors: Jankowska Barbara , Matysek-Jędrych Anna , Mroczek-Dąbrowska Katarzyna
Published: September 2017

The purpose of this paper is to explain how national innovation systems may transform innovation input into innovation output in different counties. Using the Global Innovation Index (GII) we discuss what can be understood by the term ‘innovation’ and how it is translated into the national level. The research question is founded on the assumption that the higher the innovation input, the higher the innovation output attained by a country. We use cluster analysis to verify our assumption, referring to a total of 228 countries. Afterwards we conduct a more in‑depth analysis of two cases (Poland and Bulgaria), where the research question does not find confirmation. Using the cross‑comparison method we aim to verify how and why national innovation systems failed (or succeeded) in creating innovations.
The interactive effects of various nitrogen fertiliser formulations applied to urine patches on nitrous oxide emissions in grassland
Authors: Krol D.J. , Minet E. , Forrestal P.J. , Lanigan G.J. , Mathieu O. , Richards K.G.
Published: September 2017

Pasture-based livestock agriculture is a major source of greenhouse gas (GHG) nitrous oxide (N2O). Although a body of research is available on the effect of urine patch N or fertiliser N on N2O emissions, limited data is available on the effect of fertiliser N applied to patches of urinary N, which can cover up to a fifth of the yearly grazed area. This study investigated whether the sum of N2O emissions from urine and a range of N fertilisers, calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) or urea ± urease inhibitor ± nitrification inhibitor, applied alone (disaggregated and re-aggregated) approximated the N2O emission of urine and fertiliser N applied together (aggregated). Application of fertiliser to urine patches did not significantly increase either the cumulative yearly N2O emissions or the N2O emission factor in comparison to urine and fertiliser applied separately with the emissions re-aggregated. However, there was a consistent trend for approximately 20% underestimation of N2O loss generated from fertiliser and urine applied separately when compared to figures generated when urine and fertiliser were applied together. N2O emission factors from fertilisers were 0.02%, 0.06%, 0.17% and 0.25% from urea ± dicyandiamide (DCD), urea + N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) + DCD, urea + NBPT and urea, respectively, while the emission factor for urine alone was 0.33%. Calcium ammonium nitrate and urea did not interact differently with urine even when the urea included DCD. N2O losses could be reduced by switching from CAN to urea-based fertilisers.
Assessment of water-limited winter wheat yield potential at spatially contrasting sites in Ireland using a simple growth and development model
Authors: Lynch J.P. , Fealy R. , Doyle D. , Black L. , Spink J.
Published: September 2017

Although Irish winter wheat yields are among the highest globally, increases in the profitability of this crop are required to maintain its economic viability. However, in order to determine if efforts to further increase Irish wheat yields are likely to be successful, an accurate estimation of the yield potential is required for different regions within Ireland. A winter wheat yield potential model (WWYPM) was developed, which estimates the maximum water-limited yield achievable, within the confines of current genetic resources and technologies, using parameters for winter wheat growth and development observed recently in Ireland and a minor amount of daily meteorological input (maximum and minimum daily temperature, total daily rainfall and total daily incident radiation). The WWYPM is composed of three processes: (i) an estimation of potential green area index, (ii) an estimation of light interception and biomass accumulation and (iii) an estimation of biomass partitioning to grain yield. Model validation indicated that WWYPM estimations of water-limited yield potential (YPw) were significantly related to maximum yields recorded in variety evaluation trials as well as regional average and maximum farm yields, reflecting the model’s sensitivity to alterations in the climatic environment with spatial and seasonal variations. Simulations of YPw for long-term average weather data at 12 sites located at spatially contrasting regions of Ireland indicated that the typical YPw varied between 15.6 and 17.9 t/ha, with a mean of 16.7 t/ha at 15% moisture content. These results indicate that the majority of sites in Ireland have the potential to grow high-yielding crops of winter wheat when the effects of very high rainfall and other stresses such as disease incidence and nutrient deficits are not considered.
Analytical strategy for determination of chloramphenicol in different biological matrices by liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry
Authors: Śniegocki Tomasz , Gbylik-Sikorska Małgorzata , Posyniak Andrzej
Published: September 2017

Introduction: The main problem in determination of chloramphenicol in food of animal origin is a large number of matrices. The main target of this study was to create a method for determination and confirmation of chloramphenicol in products and food of animal origin. Material and Methods: Each 5 g matrix sample was mixed with 5 mL of water and 10 mL of acetonitrile/ethyl acetate, homogenised, and centrifuged. The organic layer was evaporated and redissolved in 6 mL of 4% NaCl. The extract was cleaned up by SPE technique. Chloramphenicol was analysed by LC-MS/MS in electrospray mode. Results: The procedure was validated according to the Commission Decision No. 2002/657/EC. The apparent recoveries were in the range of 92.1% to 107.1% with a repeatability less than 11.0% (4.4%-11.0%) and within-laboratory reproducibility below 13.6% (4.7%-13.6%). Conclusion: The method was successfully validated and proved to be efficient, precise, and useful for quantification of chloramphenicol in more than 20 different matrices.
Application of two staining methods for sperm morphometric evaluation in domestic pigs
Authors: Kondracki Stanisław , Wysokińska Anna , Kania Magdalena , Górski Krzysztof
Published: September 2017

Introduction: The effect of two smear staining methods on the dimensions and shape of sperm cells in the semen of domestic pigs was evaluated. Material and Methods: The studies were carried out on 30 ejaculates collected from 15 boars, which included five Duroc boars, five Pietrain boars, and five hybrid Duroc × Pietrain boars. Each ejaculate was next sampled to make two microscopic slides, of which one was stained with eosin-nigrosin and the other with eosin-gentian dye. In total, 600 measurements of sperm cells were made. Each sperm was measured for the following morphometric parameters: head length, head width, head area, head perimeter, tail length, and the total sperm length. Results: Sperms measured on slides stained with eosin-nigrosin showed lower dimensions as compared with those stained with the eosin-gentian dye method. Sperm stained with eosin-nigrosin had shorter and narrower heads than sperm stained with eosin-gentian dye. The method of staining, therefore, affected not only the dimensions of the sperm, but also the proportions of the dimensions defining the shape of the sperm. Conclusions: The size and shape parameters in porcine sperm may take on different values depending on the method of semen staining. Sperm cells stained with eosin-nigrosin are smaller than the sperm stained with eosin-gentian dye. The sensitivity of the sperm to the type of dye used for the fixation may be associated with genetic factors.
Correlation between endoscopic and histopathological findings in dogs with chronic gastritis
Authors: Çolakoğlu Ekrem Ç. , Börkü Kazım , Haydardedeoğlu Ali E. , Alihosseini Hadi , Şenel Oytun O. , Yumuşak Nihat , Özen Doğukan , Baş Bülent , Uğurlu Levent
Published: September 2017

Introduction: Chronic gastritis is a common diagnosis in dogs with signs of chronic vomiting. However, there is no data concerning endoscopic and histopathological agreement in dogs with chronic gastritis. Thus, a question should be raised whether taking gastroduodenal biopsies in dogs with chronic gastritis is necessary or not. Consequently, the purpose of the study was to compare the endoscopic and histopathological agreement in dogs with chronic gastritis. Material and Methods: A total of 22 non-pregnant client-owned dogs with the signs of chronic gastritis were enrolled in this prospective study. Procedures including clinical examination, blood analysis, and diagnostic imaging were performed before anaesthesia. Biopsies obtained from gastroduodenal sites were histopathologically evaluated. A total of 110 gastroduodenal samples were examined. Results: Sixtyeight samples had abnormal histopathology and endoscopy while 11 showed normal histopathological and endoscopic evidence. Conclusion: The obtained data demonstrated that it is not necessary to take extra gastroduodenal biopsies in dogs with evidence of endoscopic gastroduodenitis. We also believe that further prospective studies, including cost and time effectiveness and more specific comparison between endoscopic appearance and histopathology, are necessary to make final recommendations regarding the need of using both procedures for definitive diagnosis.
Assessing forty years of language planning on the vitality of the Francophone and Anglophone communities of Quebec
Authors: Bourhis Richard Y. , Sioufi Rana
Published: September 2017

This article analyses how language laws favouring French improved the vitality of the Francophone majority relative to the declining Anglophone minority of Quebec. Part one provides a review of Canadian Government efforts to provide federal bilingual services to Francophones and Anglophones across Canada. Using the ethnolinguistic vitality framework, part two reviews key language policies adopted in Quebec designed to increase the status of French relative to English in the province, while part 3 assesses the impact of such laws on the demographic vitality of Francophones and Anglophones. Part 4 analyse how such laws succeeded in reducing the institutional vitality of the Anglophone minority especially their English schools. Pro-French laws did succeed in having 95 % of the Quebec population maintain knowledge of French, keeping 82 % of all its citizens as users of French at home, ensured that 90 % of Francophone employees used French at work, increased to 70 % French/English bilingualism amongst Anglophones and reduced the size of their English school system by 60 %. Nationalist discourse highlights threats to French, given that Quebec Francophones remain a linguistic minority in North America. Can Francophones accept a ‘paradigm shift’ by reframing their position from a
Orthostatic Hypotension and Therapy with an Ace Inhibitor in Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Tasic Danijela , Tasic Nebojsa , Dragisic Dalibor , Mitrovic Miroslav
Published: September 2017

Orthostatic hypotension (OH) is defined as a drop in the systolic blood pressure greater than 20 mmHg and that of the diastolic blood pressure greater than 10 mmHg within 3 minutes from the change of the body’s position from lying or sitting down to standing up. The objective of this study is to analyse the incidence and severity of orthostatic hypertension when taking one of the generic representatives of the ACE inhibitor group (trandolapril) as a monotherapy in patients with essential hypertension. Th e study involved 314 patients (medium age of 54±4 years; 52.5% men) with poorly regulated hypertension for whom trandolapril was introduced as monotherapy. Th e incidence rates of patients with and without orthostatic hypotension between the first and second examination were not statistically significantly different. At the second control examination, 7 patients (2,3%) still had orthostatic hypotension, as was the case at the first examination. Between the third and fourth controls, a statistically significant decrease in the number of patients with orthostatic hypotension was recorded. No statistically significant difference in the incidence of orthostatic hypotension between patients with normal body mass and those who were overweight was observed. Our study has shown that certain ACE inhibitors, such as Trandolapril, do not have a pronounced adverse effect with regard to orthostatic hypotension and that in long-term application, they can have a positive role in the prevention of hypotensive episodes and improving patient compliance.
Nicht-dispersiver Infrarotsensor für die Ölzustandsüberwachung in Verbrennungsmotoren
Authors: Rauscher Markus S. , Schardt Michael , Tremmel Anton J. , Köhler Michael H. , Koch Alexander W.
Published: September 2017

In diesem Beitrag wird ein kompakter optischer Sensor für die Online-Ölzustandsüberwachung in Verbrennungsmotoren vorgestellt. Er basiert auf dem Prinzip der nicht-dispersiven Infrarotspektroskopie (NDIR-Spektroskopie) und misst die Absorption in sieben verschiedenen Spektralbereichen. Durch die Kalibierung mit einem linearen Regressionsmodell ermöglicht er die Messung wichtiger Ölzustandsparameter, wie beispielsweise Wassergehalt, Oxidation, Sulfation und Basenzahl. Die Messergehnisse von einem Gebrauchtöldatensatz mit drei verschiedenen Motoröltypen weisen eine gute Übereinstimmung mit Referenzwerten aus einer Laboranalyse auf.
Multisensor-Messsystem zur Messung von Mikro- und Nanotopographien
Authors: Hagemeier Sebastian , Lehmann Peter
Published: September 2017

Die Charakterisierung eines Messinstruments zur Topographiemessung erfolgt durch die Messung bekannter Strukturen, oder durch den Vergleich mit Referenzgeräten. Exakte Vergleichsmessungen bei unterschiedlicher Aufspannung des Messobjektes gestalten sich in der Praxis jedoch als schwierig, da Umgebungseinflüsse, Winkel zwischen Messobjekt und Messgerät, sowie Position des Messfeldes nicht immer exakt übereinstimmen. In diesem Beitrag wird ein bislang neuartiges Multisensor- Mess- und Referenzsystem vorgestellt. Dieses Messsystem ermöglicht Vergleichsmessungen zwischen verschiedenen Sensoren in einer Aufspannung. Dabei werden zwei kommerzielle Sensoren (AFM und Konfokalmikroskop) als Referenzmessgeräte und zwei in Eigenentwicklung entstandene Interferometer (Mirau-Interferometer und fasergekoppelter High-Speed-Punktsensor) verwendet. Vergleichsmessungen mit den Referenzsensoren erlauben die Charakterisierung und Verbesserung der Interferometer, sowie die Untersuchung auftretender optischer Effekte an kritischen Messoberflächen. Neben dem Gesamtkonzept des Multisensor-Messsystems wird auf die Funktionsweise der eingesetzten Sensoren eingegangen. Darauf basierend werden von den unterschiedlichen Sensoren gemessene Oberflächentopographien präsentiert, welche die Schwierigkeiten einer genauen Wiedergabe der Oberfläche demonstrieren. Hinsichtlich der dargestellten Messergebnisse, liegen die Schwerpunkte auf dem Mirau-Interferometer und dem fasergekoppelten High- Speed-Punktsensor.
Hochauflösende thermografische Strömungsvisualisierung bei Windenergieanlagen im Betrieb
Authors: Dollinger Christoph , Sorg Michael , Balaresque Nicholas , Fischer Andreas
Published: September 2017

Der Einsatz der thermografischen Strömungsvisualisierung bei Windenergieanlagen im Betrieb unterschiedet sich erheblich von dem etablierten Einsatz in Windkanalversuchen. Der große Abstand von bis zu 400 m zwischen Rotorblatt und Thermografiekamera führt zu geringen geometrischen Auflösungen und kleinen numerischen Aperturen. Darüber hinaus beruht die erforderliche Temperaturdifferenz zwischen Messobjekt und Strömung nur auf der absorbierten solaren Einstrahlung, was sich durch niedrige Signalrauschabstände äußert. Die grundlegenden Einflüsse auf die Messunsicherheit zur Positionsbestimmung einer laminar-turbulenten Transition werden dargelegt und am Beispiel einer Freifeldmessung an einer 1,5 MW Windenergieanlage validiert. Als Ergebnis ergibt sich die Standardunsicherheit zu ± 0,21 Pixeln, was in den Messungen etwa ± 0,3 % der Sehnenlänge entspricht . Die Messunsicherheit ist derzeit nicht durch das Messsystem, sondern durch strömungsinduzierte Temperaturfluktuationen limitiert.
A setup for single axis precision force measurements in horizontal plane by 20 nN resolution
Authors: Vasilyan Suren , Schleichert Jan , Fröhlich Thomas
Published: September 2017

Varity of applications in science and engineering require technical abilities to conduct force measurements with high accuracy and precision in traceable manner. An example of such is the Lorentz Force Velocimetry (LFV), where forces of about 1 μN and below acting in horizontal direction on the object with approximately 1 kg weight are required to be resolved. In this paper we present a setup initially developed for this application, however, showing also a potential to be used elsewhere as a portable and conceptually unique setup. By the setup presented the force measurements in horizontal direction with 20 nN are resolved with 5 % to 7 % accuracy on the full range of the scale up to several mN.
Exploiting scattering of ultrasonic guided waves for exploring metallic melts
Authors: Kalibatas Mantvydas , Nauber Richard , Büttner Lars , Czarske Jürgen
Published: September 2017

In industrial processes, such as crystal growth of photovoltaic silicon or continuous steel casting, the quality of the end products depends on the melt flow. Therefore, in situ flow imaging of opaque melts under harsh conditions is important. Conventional ultrasound measurement systems can not be operated at temperatures beyond the Curie temperature of the ultrasound transducer. An approach is to use a multimode waveguide to spatially separate the sensor from the hot measurement fluid. To overcome the complex ultra.sound propagation through the waveguide and enable imaging of the measurement volume, the time reversal virtual array (TRVA) method is used. The time invariance of the wave equation in an unknown, linear medium allows the refocusing on a limited set of calibrated points, which form the virtual array. This virtual array can concepttually be treated as a conventional phased array to image the flow field behind it. In this paper, the TRVA has been characterized theoretically, numerically and experimentally. It has been shown, that the virtual array is able to focus the ultrasound beam in transmit and receive modes. A planar velocity measurement of rotating flow in gallium-indium-tin is demonstrated using a 68mm borosilicate waveguide and 3 MHz central transmit frequency. A comparison with a reference measurement showed a relative deviation smaller than 25%.
Scanning confocal vibrometer microscope for vibration analysis of energy-harvesting MEMS in wearables
Authors: Kowarsch Robert , Janzen Jürgen , Rembe Christian , Cho Hyunjun , Choo Hyuck
Published: September 2017

We present a scanning confocal laser-Doppler vibrometer microscope for sensitive, contactless measurement of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). This systems enables the dynamic analysis up to 3.2 MHz with a lateral resolution of few micrometers. We show measurements on developed MEMS for vocal-energy harvesting in wearables and medical implants. For efficient harvesting a cantilever beam with a serpentine form was designed with a fundamental resonance at 200 Hz. We verified the simulated mode shapes with our vibration measurements. The observed deviations in resonance frequencies between simulation and measurement are due to modelling and manufacturing dissimilarities.
Echtzeitüberwachung der Position eines Cochlea-Implantats während der Insertion in ein Innenohrphantom
Authors: Thoben Christian , Kahrs Lüder A. , Mueller Samuel , Gaa Johannes , Ortmaier Tobias , Reinecke Tobias , Martin Josephine , Bakes Kai , Zimmermann Stefan
Published: September 2017

Während der Implantation von Cochlea-Implantaten muss eine Verletzung bzw. Reizung des Gehörganggewebes vermieden werden. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist eine Echtzeitüberwachung der Position eines Cochlea-Implantats basierend auf einer kontinuierlichen Messung der Impedanz zwischen den Elektroden des Implantats während der Insertion bereitzustellen. In diesem Beitrag werden erste Modell-Messungen in verschiedenen Medien vorgestellt.
Das neue Antriebskonzept am Nanometerkomparator der PTB
Authors: Köchert Paul , Manske Eberhard , Köning Rainer , Weichert Christoph , Flügge Jens
Published: September 2017

In diesem Beitrag wird ein neues Antriebskonzept des an der PTB für Längenmessungen bis zu 0,55 m betriebenen Vakuumkomparators beschrieben. Dessen Positioniersystem auf Basis eines Direktantriebs wurde um eine sekundäre Steuereinheit erweitert, um auf Grundlage von Rückkopplungsdaten seines Vakuum-Interferometers einen zusätzlichen elektromagnetischen Aktuator anzutreiben. Anhand von Messungen konnte mit diesem dezentralen Antriebskonzept ein Positionsrauschen (1 σ) von 0,2 nm bei einer Mitteilungszeit von 10 ms nachgewiesen werden.
Bienestar emocional
Authors: Riquelme Marín Antonio
Published: September 2017

Bienestar emocional. Sánchez Cobarro, PH;  García Gómez, M; Gómez Díaz, M; Gómez Sánchez, R; Delgado Gómez, M.S. Dykinson, Madrid, 2016.
Una contribución a la gestión de la información de ciencia, tecnología e innovación / A contribution to the management of information science, technology and innovation
Authors: González Flores Isabel , Cruzata De la cruz Cesar Manuel , Medina Miguel Vladimir
Published: September 2017

Anualmente en las universidades de Cuba se identifican los objetivos de trabajo que guían los procesos sustantivos, siendo la Investigación uno de ellos. Los centros productivos adscritos a la Universidad de las Ciencias Informáticas, presentan dificultades para realizar el seguimiento y control del cumplimiento de los elementos de ciencia, tecnología e innovación que se evalúan en su plan anual y el de sus trabajadores. La información del área de Investigación no se encuentra accesible para los trabajadores, la forma en la que se gestiona y almacena provoca demoras en el proceso de entrega de reportes y pérdida de calidad del mismo. Este trabajo tiene como propósito desarrollar un sistema informático para la gestión de la información asociada al área de Investigación, a partir de los planes de resultados anuales, que contribuya a elevar el control de la información y la toma de decisiones. Se utilizó un enfoque de desarrollo ágil, seleccionándose la programación extrema como metodología de desarrollo de software. Las tecnologías y herramientas utilizadas seleccionadas facilitan el desarrollo y garantizan la soberanía tecnológica. Mediante la técnica de Iadov se comprobó el alto grado de satisfacción de los usuarios, aspecto que contribuyó a la implantación exitosa de la solución desarrollada.
Usos cinematográficos de la obra de Edward Hopper. Reclasificación y lecturas complementarias / Cinematographic uses of Edward Hopper's work. Reclassification and complementary readings
Authors: Muñoz Pérez Laura , Muñoz Pérez Almudena
Published: September 2017

Conscientes de la interrelación que las disciplinas artísticas manifiestan entre sí, es comprensible la permeabilidad que un campo de expresión como el cine observa durante su aún breve ciclo vital, asimilando influencias, sugerencias, lenguajes, sistemas de expresión, texturas, colores o impresiones que remiten a momentos pasados o presentes de la Historia del Arte. Si bien no descubrimos nada nuevo haciendo ver este sincretismo entre cine y, en concreto, pintura, nos gustaría focalizar esta propuesta en la relación establecida entre los lienzos del estadounidense Edward Hopper (1882-1967) y el arte cinematográfico. Y es que, en efecto, es la poética de Hopper identificativa por las sensaciones que estimula en el espectador, por la calma tensa que éste intuye donde, en realidad, puede haber desde un misterio latente hasta una completa banalidad. De estas vivencias se alimenta en gran medida el ámbito cinematográfico, experto en el engaño de hacer ver lo que no existe y de ocultar lo que está ante nuestros ojos, exactamente igual que muchas de las creaciones de Hopper. Esta correlación, de ida y vuelta, sabida la afición del artista por el cine, presenta la particularidad, además, de lograr trascender la escena del cine clásico americano para llegar fresca hasta el siglo XXI, donde aún sigue vigente en ejemplos que trataremos de diseccionar.
Flint quarrying in north-eastern Iberia: quarry sites and the initial transformation of raw material
Authors: Terradas Xavier , Ortega David
Published: September 2017

Prehistoric communities carried out quarrying activities to obtain raw materials for tool production. These were produced either directly for immediate or later use by the same groups who quarried the stone, or indirectly by distributing the raw material or partially or completely manufactured products to third parties. All these procedures could be performed within a temporal and spatial sequence of variable extent, giving rise to archaeological evidence of very different types (Nelson 1991; Ingold 2012).
New research on the Late Pleistocene in the Lim Channel, Istria
Authors: Janković Ivor , Komšo Darko , Ahern James C.M. , Becker Rory , Gerometta Katarina , Weinstock Jacobo , Barbir Antonela , Vukosavljević Nikola , Cvitkušić Barbara , Zubčić Krunoslav , Mihelić Sanjin , Smith Fred H.
Published: September 2017

As a part of the multidisciplinary project entitled ‘Archaeological Investigations into the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene of the Lim Channel, Istria’, archaeological research has been conducted at four sites: Romuald's Cave, Abri Kontija 002, Pećina at Rovinjsko Selo and Lim 001 (Figure 1). There is much debate on issues related to biological and behavioural continuity, to patterns of changes and adaptations during this crucial period, and to external factors (e.g. changes in ecology and climate). For example, a clearer insight is needed into how climatic change affects the ecology of specific regions, including changing sea levels. Additionally, there continues to be debate centring on who produced the earliest (Initial) Upper Palaeolithic industries in Europe. To achieve a more precise insight into long-term diachronic changes and cultural relations around the Adriatic, and to document the presence of Middle and Upper Palaeolithic humans in Istria, we concentrated on a single microregion (the Lim Channel in Istria, Croatia). Here we report work on the two sites that to date have yielded Pleistocene material: Romuald's Cave and Abri Kontija 002.
New Book Chronicle
Authors: Witcher Robert
Published: September 2017

Is the era of globalisation on the wane or on the cusp of a new phase of extraordinary expansion? US president Trump's abandonment of trade agreements and the rise of protectionism coincide with China's ‘Belt and Road Initiative’, an unprecedented investment in infrastructure across Asia, Europe and North Africa to improve the connectivity of China with its markets by both land and sea. The future is therefore anyone's guess, but what about the past? There has been much discussion by archaeologists about ancient globalisations (most recently, Hodos 2017), but archaeological studies have often typically been set within the looser framework of ‘connectivity’—the interconnectedness of people and places and the movement of material culture and ideas. The books reviewed here are concerned with various aspects of connectivity, focusing on the Eastern Mediterranean and its European hinterland. All of the volumes are edited collections, each adopting a different unifying theme—the influence of Braudel, a single country as microcosm, the transfer of technology, changevstradition, and the effects of boundaries and frontiers. Do any wider insights into connectivity in the past emerge? And where might archaeological studies of connectivity go next?
Performance of Future Elite Players at the National Football League Scouting Combine
Authors: Hedlund David P.
Published: September 2017

Hedlund, DP. Performance of future elite players at the NFL scouting combine. J Strength Cond Res 32(11): 3112–3118, 2018—The purpose of this study is to examine players' physical and performance measures taken at the National Football League (NFL) Scouting Combine and compare these with their future performance in the NFL. From 2002 to 2016, 3 types of player data (N = 5,506) were collected from secondary data sources. Results of players earned on various NFL Scouting Combine drills and measurements (e.g., height, body mass, 40-yard dash time, vertical jump, bench press repetitions, shuttle run time, and 3-cone drill time), the position players play on the field (e.g., quarterback, running back, wide receiver, tight end, offensive line, defensive line, linebacker, and defensive back), and if players received elite performance awards (e.g., Pro Bowl and All-Pro selections) in the future were collected. After analyzing the data, the results indicate that (a) NFL quarterbacks that received All-Pro and Pro Bowl awards tend to be taller, weigh more, run faster in the 40-yard dash, jump higher, complete more bench press reps, and are slower for the shuttle run and 3-cone drill; (b) All-Pro and Pro Bowl NFL running backs tend to weigh more, run the 40-yard dash faster, do not jump as high, complete more bench press reps, and complete the shuttle run and 3-cone drills slower; (c) NFL wide receivers who were selected for the Pro Bowl or as All-Pros tend to be taller, weigh more, run the 40-yard dash faster, have a higher vertical jump, and run the 3-cone drill faster; (d) NFL tight ends that received All-Pro and Pro Bowl awards tend to be taller, weigh more, run the 40-yard dash faster, jump higher, complete more bench press reps, run the shuttle run slower, and complete the 3-cone drill faster; (e) All-Pro and Pro Bowl NFL offensive linemen tend to run the 40-yard dash faster, jump higher, are able to complete more bench press reps, and run both the shuttle run and 3-cone drill faster; (f) NFL defensive linemen who were selected as All-Pro and Pro Bowl players tend to be taller, weigh more, run the 40-yard dash faster, jump higher, complete more bench press reps, and run the 3-cone drill faster; (g) NFL linebackers who were named to the All-Pro and Pro Bowl teams tend to be taller, weigh more, run the 40-yard dash faster, jump higher, can complete more bench press reps, and run both the shuttle run and 3-cone drill faster; and (h) NFL wide receivers that were selected for the Pro Bowl or as an All-Pro tend to weigh more, run the 40-yard dash faster, jump higher, can complete fewer bench press reps, and run the shuttle run slower. Certified strength and conditioning specialists for college and professional teams will be able to use these results to help train and set performance goals for American football athletes with whom they work and train.
Cycling Power Outputs Predict Functional Threshold Power and Maximum Oxygen Uptake
Authors: Denham Joshua , Scott-Hamilton John , Hagstrom Amanda D. , Gray Adrian J.
Published: September 2017

Denham, J, Scott-Hamilton, J, Hagstrom, AD, and Gray, AJ. Cycling power outputs predict functional threshold power and maximum oxygen uptake. J Strength Cond Res 34(12): 3489–3497, 2020—Functional threshold power (FTP) has emerged as a correlate of lactate threshold and is commonly assessed by recreational and professional cyclists for tailored exercise programing. To identify whether results from traditional aerobic and anaerobic cycling tests could predict FTP and V̇o
2max, we analyzed the association between estimated FTP, maximum oxygen uptake (V̇o
2max [ml·kg−1·min−1]) and power outputs obtained from a maximal cycle ergometry cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET), and a 30-second Wingate test in a heterogeneous cohort of cycle-trained and untrained individuals (N = 40, mean ± SD; age: 32.6 ± 10.6 years; relative V̇o
2max: 46.8 ± 9.1 ml·kg−1·min−1). The accuracy and sensitivity of the prediction equations were also assessed in young men (N = 11) before and after a 6-week sprint interval training intervention. Moderate-to-strong positive correlations were observed between FTP, relative V̇o
2max, and power outputs achieved during incremental and 30-second Wingate cycling tests (r = 0.39–0.965, all p ≤ .05). Whilst maximum power achieved during incremental cycle testing (Pmax) and relative V̇o
2max were predictors of FTP (r
2 = 0.93), age and FTP (W·kg−1) estimated relative V̇o
2max (r
2 = 0.80). Our findings confirm that FTP predominantly relies on aerobic metabolism and indicate that both prediction models are sensitive enough to detect meaningful exercise-induced changes in FTP and V̇o
2max. Thus, coaches should consider limiting the time and load demands placed on athletes by conducting a maximal cycle ergometry CPET to estimate FTP. In addition, a 20-minute FTP test is a convenient method to assess V̇o
2max and is particularly relevant for exercise professionals without access to expensive CPET equipment.
The Ubiquitin Ligase (E3) Psh1p Is Required for Proper Segregation of both Centromeric and Two-Micron Plasmids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Metzger Meredith B , Scales Jessica L , Dunklebarger Mitchell F , Weissman Allan M
Published: September 2017

Protein degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system is essential to many processes. We sought to assess its involvement in the turnover of mitochondrial proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We find that deletion of a specific ubiquitin ligase (E3), Psh1p, increases the abundance of a temperature-sensitive mitochondrial protein, mia40-4pHA, when it is expressed from a centromeric plasmid. Deletion of Psh1p unexpectedly elevates the levels of other proteins expressed from centromeric plasmids. Loss of Psh1p does not increase the rate of turnover of mia40-4pHA, affect total protein synthesis, or increase the protein levels of chromosomal genes. Instead, psh1Δ appears to increase the incidence of missegregation of centromeric plasmids relative to their normal 1:1 segregation. After generations of growth with selection for the plasmid, ongoing missegregation would lead to elevated plasmid DNA, mRNA, and protein, all of which we observe in psh1Δ cells. The only known substrate of Psh1p is the centromeric histone H3 variant Cse4p, which is targeted for proteasomal degradation after ubiquitination by Psh1p. However, Cse4p overexpression alone does not phenocopy psh1Δ in increasing plasmid DNA and protein levels. Instead, elevation of Cse4p leads to an apparent increase in 1:0 plasmid segregation events. Further, 2 μm high-copy yeast plasmids also missegregate in psh1Δ, but not when Cse4p alone is overexpressed. These findings demonstrate that Psh1p is required for the faithful inheritance of both centromeric and 2 μm plasmids. Moreover, the effects that loss of Psh1p has on plasmid segregation cannot be accounted for by increased levels of Cse4p.
Deformación sismotectónica a partir de mecanismos focales de terremotos en el Valle del Cauca, suroccidente de Colombia
Authors: Salcedo Elkin De J. , Pérez Jhon L.
Published: September 2017

Se analiza el régimen de deformación sismotectónica en el Valle del Cauca, suroccidente de Colombia, usando datos de mecanismos focales de 49 terremotos con magnitud Mw≥4.8 en el periodo 1976-2010, tomados de la base de datos del ISC (International Seismological Center) y del GCMT (Global Centroid Moment Tensor). Se considera la distribución de los tipos de mecanismos focales, reconociendo cuatro ambientes de deformación sismotectónica: Zona antes de la fosa (Ambiente-I), Zona de flexión e interacción interplacas (Ambiente-II), Zona continental superficial (Ambiente-III) y Zona de Benioff intermedia (Ambiente-IV). En términos generales, las características geodinámicas de estos ambientes están gobernadas por la subducción de la placa oceánica bajo la continental. Se estimó un ángulo de inclinación de 30° para la zona de flexión, generando un esfuerzo tangencial deformante (ts) de 7,67*1022 Pa, una fuerza tangencial (Fs) de 1,06*1027 N/m, una fuerza normal (Fn) equivale a 1,47*1028 N/m y una fuerza de arrastre de la placa subducida de 1,57*1028N/m. El coeficiente de acoplamiento sísmico interplaca es de 0.21, lo que sugiere una zona de subducción de actividad intermedia. Por otro lado, la velocidad de dislocación y de hundimiento de la placa oceánica, respectivamente, tienen valores de vs = 3,68 cm/año y vd = 2,76 cm/año. Estas características geodinámicas y cinemáticas explican la frecuente ocurrencia de eventos sísmicos de pequeños a moderados (2≤M≤5), así como la ocurrencia de un posible sismo de magnitud Mw≥7 en la región.
Fossils of Cichlid Fishes from the Miocene and Pleistocene of Costa Rica
Authors: Lucas Spencer G. , Lichtig Asher J. , Pérez Kenneth , Alvarado Guillermo E.
Published: September 2017

El presente trabajo documenta restos fósiles de peces cíclidos de Costa Rica, constituyendo el primer registro fósil de cíclidos en América Central. Estos fósiles provienen de rocas sedimentarias marinas de ambiente poco profundo, posiblemente del Mioceno Superior, hallados en el Proyecto Hidroeléctrico Reventazón, así como de depósitos lacustres continentales del Pleistoceno Medio en San Miguel de Turrúcares. La ocurrencia de cíclidos miocénicos en sedimentos marinos en Costa Rica indica una posible dispersión marina de los cíclidos desde América del Sur a América Central y se ajusta a la idea de que migraron en el Mioceno y cruzaron las aguas marinas poco profundas para lograr su distribución actual. Los fósiles de cíclidos de Pleistoceno Medio de agua dulce de San Miguel de Turrúcares indican que, al menos para el Pleistoceno Medio, los cíclidos colonizaban hábitats de agua dulce, como ahora lo hacen en gran parte de América Central.
Historia del descubrimiento y aprovechamiento de las fuentes termales en Costa Rica
Authors: Alvarado Guillermo E. , Vargas A
Published: September 2017

Se presenta un recuento cronológico del descubrimiento, de las investigaciones, y del aprovechamiento con fines recreativos de las fuentes termales de Costa Rica. La descripción de las investigaciones realizadas se ha dividido en cinco períodos con un primer período denominado etapa precolombina, conquista y colonia hasta 1755. El segundo período considerado desde 1755 hasta 1854 donde se presentan las primeras descripciones formales. El tercer período considerando que incluye las primeras investigaciones científicas a cargo de científicos europeos (1855 a 1873). El cuarto período se refiere a una reducción en el ímpetu de las investigaciones (1874 hasta 1954) y el quinto período que incluye las investigaciones modernas con fines comerciales y aplicados a la ingeniería (1955 - presente). El principal aprovechamiento ha sido la extracción de la energía geotérmica para la generación de energía eléctrica, y el uso de las fuentes termales con fines turísticos en zonas particulares asociadas con aparatos volcánicos; ,sin embargo, para el uso terapéutico y medicinal es aún muy limitado.
Estudio de denudación en piroclastos Tierra Blanca Joven dentro el área metropolitana de San Salvador
Authors: Vásquez Mauricio E. , Chavez José A. , Gracias Fabio E.
Published: September 2017

Problemas severos de denudación se observan en los piroclastos Tierra Blanca Joven dentro del Área Metropolitana de San Salvador, afectando infraestructura y proyectos urbanísticos. Esto conlleva a que sean necesarias obras de mitigación de manera constante. Para conocer el comportamiento y características de este material, se inicio un monitoreo por reconocimiento de cambios de erosión y sedimentación, instalando en algunos sectores de la cuenca del Río las Cañas varillas de 3/8 de pulgadas. Con la ayuda de sensores remotos se identificaron cambios históricos en los drenajes. Para esta zona se obtuvo un mapa de susceptibilidad de erosión con la Ecuación Universal de la Perdida de Suelo. Los resultados muestran la importancia e influencia de factores climáticos, tectónicos, acciones antrópicas y cambios del nivel base de los drenajes. Esto puede servir para criterios de estudios y zonas de protección. El monitoreo probo ser una herramienta útil que tiene que ser reforzada.
Az asthma bronchiale fenotípusai
Authors: Nagy László Béla
Published: September 2017

Abstract:

It is increasingly recognized that the bronchial asthma is a heterogeneous entity, encompassing a variety of different phenotypes. The identification of specific phenotypes is the key to develop more effective personalised treatment. The earliest attempt to phenotype asthma was proposed classifying into extrinsic and intrinsic subtypes. Clinical asthma is mainly divided into allergic (atopic) and non-allergic (non-atopic) asthma. Other phenotypes are based on trigger factors. Later the phenotyping based on the predominant cellular nature of inflammation: It can be divided into eosinophilic and non-eosinohilic. The non-eosinophilic asthma may be neutrophilic, combined, and paucigranulocytic. The discovery of Ig E represented a major breakthrough in asthma research. Ig E is an immunglobulin that plays a central role in pathomechanisms. Later identify with novel immune phenotypes: T-helper-2 high and T-helper-2 low subtypes. Neutrophilic asthma is mostly dependent of T-helper-17 cell induced mechanisms. The cluster analysis have been used increasingly to identify phenotypes. New data have been identified molecular pathways. However phenotyping of asthma is complex because of the overlap of the various phenotypes. The limitations of the studies need future research. Biomarkers e.g. levels of eosinophils in blood and sputum, exhaled nitric oxide fraction, serum immunglobulin E, serum periostin identify different asthma phenotypes. Orv. Hetil., 2017, 158(13), 491–498.
FILTERS RESEARCH FOR FREE MOTION EXTRACTION IN SELF-TUNING AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEMS
Authors: Khobin V. A. , Levinskyi M. V.
Published: September 2017

Technological type control objects specific feature, which distinguish them among many mobile or electro technical types, is more low-frequency parametric disturbances spectral composition than spectral composition of coordinate disturbances. Most often parametric disturbances reveal themselves in changing control object transmission coefficient in the channel ―controller control action – control variable‖. On a number of occasions transmission coefficient can change in a wide range – in 2…10 times more than initial value. Coordinate disturbances change control variables but don’t change control object features. Besides spectral density of control variable change, under the impact of coordinate disturbances, has its peak in low-frequency range and characterize forced component of automatic control system motion. Parametric disturbances have influence on control variables and on control object properties, in particular on its transition coefficient. In this case, character of transient processes change, i.e. free motion component of the system. Spectral density of control variable changes, under the influence of transition coefficient change, has its peak, in general, in mid-frequency range. In the case, when using filters, even approximately, it is possible to separate out mid-frequency component from the overall process, which characterizes generally free motion of automatic control system, then it is possible to estimate current value of control object transmission coefficient using parameters change of this component. Such control variable components motions separation is used for designing selftuning ACS. In this case the informative parameter is dispersions difference of control object control variable and control variable of its model in the outputs of linear band pass filters. This dispersion difference is in proportion to current value of transition coefficient. In this article the results of simulation modeling computer experiments of self-tuning automatic control system with opened self-tuning loop are represented. The analysis of filtering efficiency, for three filter model options, are represented as well. The analysis was carried out with three different coordinate disturbances spectral compositions, with the same dynamics of control object and its model and with the different dynamics. Recommendations for filters structures alternatives selection are given. The possibility of optimal parametric tuning of filters is examined.
АНАЛИТИЧЕСКОЕ КОНСТРУИРОВАНИЕ РАЗОМКНУТЫХ СИСТЕМ СТОХАСТИЧЕСКОГО УПРАВЛЕНИЯ МНОГОМЕРНЫМ НЕЛИНЕЙНЫМ ОБЪЕКТОМ
Authors: Блохин Л. Н. , Осадчий С. И. , Зозуля В. А.
Published: September 2017

This article is devoted to the development of a new method of synthesis a regulators’ transfer functions matrix of an optimal multivariable open-loop control system. The regulator is designed to maximize an accuracy of a nonlinear multivariable control object transition from one steady state to another. It is assumed that disturbances act on the control object and sensors measuring data has inertia and noise. Both disturbances and noises are an additive combination of regular and random components. Random components belong to a class of interconnected stationary processes with rational spectral density matrices. A substantiated method differs from the known one by the fact that during formulation and solution of the problem somebody uses a new block diagram of the control system, which takes into account the results of metrological certification of a sensor dynamics. Synthesis of the regulator is carried out in the frequency domain by the Wiener-Kolmogorov method. A new algorithm, which is obtained as a result of synthesis problem solution, allows you to find the matrix of regulator transfer functions , which provides a minimum of corresponding quadratic quality criteria’s. The first of them is equal to the sum of certain way weighted squared deviations regular repetition errors of the object path and control signals. The second criterion is equal to the sum of the weighted variance of the random error components and the control signals. To execute the proposed algorithm it is necessary to perform the operations of Wiener factorization and separation of rational matrices. The corresponding functions are contained in the freely distributed software package SciLab.
СПРОЩЕНА МАТЕМАТИЧНА МОДЕЛЬ ПРОЦЕСУ ГРАФІТУВАННЯ ВУГЛЕЦЕВИХ ЕЛЕКТРОДІВ
Authors: Жученко О. А. , Бевзюк Л. Л.
Published: September 2017

Production of carbon electrodes characterized by considerable resource and energy consumption, so important is the task of improving the efficiency of production through the introduction of optimal modes of its component processes. Developed and studied a simplified mathematical model of carbon electrodes graphitization, which differs from the known models almost zero time to calculate it. Constructed simplified mathematical model allows increasing effectiveness research process temperature control graphitization carbon electrodes by reducing the time a study to determine the temperature at any point in the process. Research conducted simplified models accuracy by comparing the temperature values calculated by these models, with temperatures calculated for the original complex model, which in this case is regarded as experimental data. As a result, a simplified mathematical model can be used for the synthesis of process control systems, as well as in the control system real time.