bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultrasonographic Assessment of Polytetrafluoroethylene Upper Extremity Arteriovenous Hemodialysis Access: A Retrospective Analysis of 31 Cases
Authors: Ren Junhong , Han Xiujie , Liu Hang , Chen Xiuhua , Ma Na , Tan Qingting
Published: October 2012

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) vascular grafts are used for hemodialysis vascular access. Because their longevity is less than that of autologous fistulae, close surveillance is necessary to reduce the incidence of complications. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of Doppler sonography for the surveillance of PTFE graft hemodialysis access. Thirty‐one patients with renal failure who had dialysis access created with a PTFE graft were included in this study. The patient records along with ultrasonography were retrospectively reviewed. Two‐dimensional ultrasonography clearly revealed the U‐shape of the subcutaneous PTFE graft, and autologous artery and superficial vein connecting with the graft. There was no ultrasound echo inside the graft, but the wall was a continuous line‐like hyperechoic structure. Blood flow in the graft and hemodynamic parameters could be determined with color Doppler ultrasonography. Ultrasound examination diagnosed graft thromboses in six patients, pseudoaneurysm in two, seroma in one, and subcutaneous edema in three patients. Ultrasonography is useful for the monitoring and diagnosis of complications of PTFE dialysis access grafts.
Unionised employee's reactions to the introduction of a goal‐based performance appraisal system1
Authors: Krats Paula , Brown Travor C.
Published: October 2012

While performance appraisal research has a rich history, we sought to address a long‐noted void in the human resource management (HRM) literature, namely an investigation of employees' reactions to a newly introduced performance appraisal. Specifically, we examined the reaction of 408 unionised employees to a newly introduced performance appraisal system. Reactions examined included appraisal satisfaction, job satisfaction, appraisal fairness, goal setting and the perceived purpose of the system. Satisfaction with the appraisal system was higher when (a) employees perceived it as being fair, (b) it was used primarily for developmental purposes and (c) it allowed them to participate in goal setting. Of additional importance, perception of a developmental focus in the appraisal partially mediated the relationship between appraisal satisfaction, and each of job satisfaction, appraisal fairness and goal setting.
Isolation and Biological Activities of Decanal, Linalool, Valencene, and Octanal from Sweet Orange Oil
Authors: Liu Kehai , Chen Qiulin , Liu Yanjun , Zhou Xiaoyan , Wang Xichang
Published: October 2012

Abstract:  Product 1 (82.25% valencene), product 2 (73.36% decanal), product 3 (78.12% octanal), and product 4 (90.61% linalool) were isolated from sweet orange oil by combined usage of molecular distillation and column chromatography. The antioxidant activity of sweet orange oil and these products was investigated using 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl and reducing power assays. In this test, product 1 (82.25% valencene), product 2 (73.36% decanal), and product 4 (90.61% linalool) had antioxidant activity, but lower than sweet orange oil. The antimicrobial activity was investigated in order to evaluate their efficacy against 5 microorganisms. The results showed that sweet orange oil, product 2 (73.36% decanal), product 3 (78.12% octanal), and product 4 (90.61% linalool) had inhibitory and bactericidal effect on the test microorganisms (except Penicillium citrinum). Valencene did not show any inhibitory effect. Saccharomyces cerivisiae was more susceptible, especially to the crude sweet orange oil (minimal inhibitory concentration 6.25 μL/mL). The cytotoxicity was evaluated on Hela cells using the 3‐(4,5‐dimethyl‐thiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. All test samples showed significant cytotoxicity on the cell lines with IC50 values much less than 20 μg/mL.
Chemical Composition and Antioxidative Activity of Echinophora platyloba DC. Essential Oil, and Its Interaction with Natural Antimicrobials against Food‐Borne Pathogens and Spoilage Organisms
Authors: Saei‐Dehkordi S. Siavash , Fallah Aziz A. , Saei‐Dehkordi S. Saeid , Kousha Sanaz
Published: October 2012

Abstract:  This study was undertaken to determine the chemical composition and antioxidative capacity of Echinophora platyloba DC. essential oil, and its antimicrobial potency against Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Rhodotorula rubra, and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. The essential oil was analyzed by GC and GC‐MS; and evaluated for its antioxidative and antimicrobial (singly or in combination with chitosan, nisin, monolaurin, or amphotericin B) activity. Thirty‐three components were characterized representing 95.69% of the total oil composition in which thymol, trans‐ocimene, carvacrol, and (E)‐sesqui‐lavandulol were the major constituents. The oil exhibited high scavenging (IC50: 49.7 ± 2.3 μg/mL) and relative antioxidative activity (RAA%: 85.21 ± 0.4) in 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl radicals and β‐carotene/linoleic acid bleaching assays, respectively. The oil showed antimicrobial activity against L. monocytogenes, B. cereus, B. subtilis, S. aureus, S. typhimurium, E. coli O157:H7, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans, C. tropicalis, R. Rubra, and R. mucilaginosa. Moreover, R. mucilaginosa and P. aeruginosa were the most susceptible and most resistant organisms, respectively. Regarding the checkerboard data, 47 fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICIs) (≤0.5) indicated synergistic, whereas 7 FICIs (>0.5 to 1) indicated additive effect. Consequently, E. platyloba DC. essential oil could be used as a recommended natural antioxidant and antimicrobial substance for food preservation.
A Multiplex PCR Assay for the Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Methicillin‐Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Simultaneous Discrimination of Staphylococcus aureus from Coagulase‐Negative Staphylococci
Authors: Xu Benjin , Liu Ling , Liu Li , Li Xinping , Li Xiaofang , Wang Xin
Published: October 2012

Abstract:  Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a global health concern, which had been detected in food and food production animals. Conventional testing for detection of MRSA takes 3 to 5 d to yield complete information of the organism and its antibiotic sensitivity pattern. So, a rapid method is needed to diagnose and treat the MRSA infections. The present study focused on the development of a multiplex PCR assay for the rapid and sensitive detection of MRSA. The assay simultaneously detected 4 genes, namely, 16S rRNA of the Staphylococcus genus, femA of S. aureus, mecA that encodes methicillin resistance, and one internal control. It was rapid and yielded results within 4 h. The analytical sensitivity and specificity of the multiplex PCR assay was evaluated by comparing it with the conventional method. The analytical sensitivity of the multiplex PCR assay at the DNA level was 10 ng DNA. The analytical specificity was evaluated with 10 reference staphylococci strains and was 100%. The diagnostic evaluation of MRSA was carried out using 360 foodborne staphylococci isolates, and showed 99.1% of specificity, 96.4% of sensitivity, 97.5% of positive predictive value, and 97.3% of negative predictive value compared to the conventional method. The inclusion of an internal control in the multiplex PCR assay is important to exclude false‐negative cases. This test can be used as an effective diagnostic and surveillance tool to investigate the spread and emergence of MRSA.
Structural Characteristics of Pumpkin Pectin Extracted by Microwave Heating
Authors: Yoo Sang‐Ho , Lee Byeong‐Hoo , Lee Heungsook , Lee Suyong , Bae In Young , Lee Hyeon Gyu , Fishman Marshall L. , Chau Hoa K. , Savary Brett J. , Hotchkiss Jr. Arland T.
Published: October 2012

Abstract:  To improve extraction yield of pumpkin pectin, microwave heating was adopted in this study. Using hot acid extraction, pumpkin pectin yield decreased from 5.7% to 1.0% as pH increased from pH 1.0 to 2.0. At pH 2.5, no pectin was recovered from pumpkin flesh powder. After a pretreatment at pH 1.0 and 25 °C for 1 h, pumpkin powder was microwave‐extracted at 120 °C for 3 min resulting in 10.5% of pectin yield. However, premicrowave treatment at 60 °C for 20 min did not improve extraction yield. When microwave heating at 80 °C for 10 min was applied after premicrowave treatment, final pectin yield increased to 11.3%. When pH was adjusted to 2.0, the yield dropped to 7.7% under the same extraction conditions. Molecular shape and properties as well as chemical composition of pumpkin pectin were significantly affected depending on extraction methods. Galacturonic acid content (51% to 58%) of pumpkin pectin was lower than that detected in commercial acid‐extracted citrus pectin, while higher content of neutral sugars and acetyl esters existed in pumpkin pectin structure. Molecular weight (Mw) and intrinsic viscosity (ηw) determined for microwave‐extracted pumpkin pectins were substantially lower than acid‐extracted pectin, whereas polydispersity was greater. However, microwave‐extracted pectin at pH 2.0 had more than 5 times greater Mw than did the pectin extracted at pH 1.0. The ηw of microwave‐extracted pectin produced at pH 2.0 was almost twice that of other microwave‐extracted pectins, which were comparable to that of acid‐extracted pectin. These results indicate that extraction yield of pumpkin pectin would be improved by microwave extraction and different pectin structure and properties can be obtained compared to acid extraction.

Practical Application:  Pumpkin is a promising alternative source for pectin material. Pumpkin pectin has a unique chemical structure and physical properties, presumably providing different functional properties compared to conventional commercial pectin sources. Depending on the conditions to produce pumpkin pectin, diverse molecular structures can be obtained and utilized in various food applications.
Calculating Quantities of Ice for Cooling and Maintenance of Freshly Harvested Fish at Sea
Authors: Davey K. R.
Published: October 2012

Abstract: A new generalized model for predicting quantities of ice to cool and maintain freshly harvested fish at sea in insulated boxes is presented. The model addresses the universal need for fisherman to know in advance of going to sea just how much ice will be needed to cool down the expected day's catch to a desired temperature, maintain the catch, and to allow for losses. Illustrative predictions are presented for southern bluefin tuna (SBT) (Thunnus maccoyii) for a range of day's catch from 2000 to 8000 kg in ambient temperature ranging from 15 to 35 °C. The amount of ice needed to cool down SBT from an initial uniform harvest temperature of 28 °C to a maintenance temperature of 5 °C is shown to be the controlling contribution to total ice needed. Predictions highlight that a useful, safe rule‐of‐thumb is 1 kg of ice will be needed for each 3.5 kg of SBT. Importantly, the model is based on fundamental principles and predictive accuracy is demonstrated to be largely insensitive to a range of assumptions including volume of the void in the insulated boxes and overall coefficient of heat influx from ambient. The model can be used to predict the number of insulated boxes of defined dimension that will be needed to cool and hold the fish, ice and water for a wide range of fish species. It will be of interest to fisherman and boat owners and agents who invest in ice to preserve fish at sea.

Practical Application: This research addresses the universal need for fisherman to know in advance of going to sea how much ice will be needed on‐board boats to cool down an expected day's catch to a desired temperature, maintain the catch and to allow for losses. The model is generalized and can be applied to a wide range of fish species.
Chemical Properties and Oxidative Stability of Perilla Oils Obtained From Roasted Perilla Seeds As Affected by Extraction Methods
Authors: Jung Dong Min , Yoon Suk Hoo , Jung Mun Yhung
Published: October 2012

Abstract:  The chemical properties and oxidative stability of perilla oils obtained from roasted perilla seeds as affected by extraction methods (supercritical carbon dioxide [SC‐CO2], mechanical press, and solvent extraction) were studied. The SC‐CO2 extraction at 420 bar and 50 °C and hexane extraction showed significantly higher oil yield than mechanical press extraction (P < 0.05). The fatty acid compositions in the oils were virtually identical regardless of the extraction methods. The contents of tocopherol, sterol, policosanol, and phosphorus in the perilla oils greatly varied with the extraction methods. The SC‐CO2‐extracted perilla oils contained significantly higher contents of tocopherols, sterols, and policosanols than the mechanical press‐extracted and hexane‐extracted oils (P < 0.05). The SC‐CO2‐extracted oil showed the greatly lower oxidative stability than press‐extracted and hexane‐extracted oils during the storage in the oven under dark at 60 °C. However, the photooxidative stabilities of the oils were not considerably different with extraction methods.
Determination of Trace Elements in Geological Reference Materials G‐3, GSP‐2 and SGD‐1a by Low‐Dilution Glass Bead Digestion and ICP‐MS
Authors: Park Chan‐Soo , Shin Hyung Seon , Oh Haeyoung , Moon Jong Hwa , Cho Hana , Cheong Chang‐sik
Published: October 2012

We present a revised alkali fusion method for the determination of trace elements in geological samples. Our procedure is based on simple acid digestion of powdered low‐dilution (flux : sample ≈ 2 : 1) glass beads where large sample dilution demanded by high total dissolved solids, a main drawback of conventional alkali fusion, could be circumvented. Three geological reference materials (G‐3 granite, GSP‐2 granodiorite and SGD‐1a gabbro) decomposed by this technique and routine tabletop acid digestion were analysed for thirty trace elements using a quadrupole ICP‐MS. Results by conventional acid digestion distinctly showed poor recoveries of Zr, Hf and rare earth elements due to incomplete dissolution of resistant minerals. On the other hand, results obtained by our method were in reasonable agreement with reference data for most analytes, indicating that refractory minerals were efficiently dissolved and volatile loss was insignificant.
The relationship between the optical density of cataract and its influence on retinal nerve fibre layer thickness measured with spectral domain optical coherence tomography
Authors: Kok Pauline H. B. , van den Berg Thomas J. T. P. , van Dijk Hille W. , Stehouwer Marilette , van der Meulen Ivanka J. E. , Mourits Maarten P. , Verbraak Frank D.
Published: October 2012

Purpose:  The purpose of this study was to model the influence of cataract on Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SDOCT) image quality and Retinal Nerve Fibre Layer (RNFL) thickness measurements.

Methods:  SDOCT images, made with two different devices (3DOCT‐1000, Topcon and Cirrus HD‐OCT), before and after cataract surgery were compared and judged against measurements from normal subjects using artificial filters simulating the effects of cataract. Optical density of the images was calculated based on a mathematical model described previously.

Results:  In total, forty‐eight eyes were included for pre‐ and postoperative cataract extraction measurements. OCT image quality significantly (p < 0.001) improved postoperative and postoperative RNFL thickness was significantly (p < 0.001) thicker in both groups of patients. The measurements using artificial filters showed a rather precise linear relation between change in filter induced optical density and change in RNFL thickness (R = 0.941, p < 0.001 for 3DOCT‐1000 and R = 0.785, p < 0.001 for Cirrus HD‐OCT). For the patient groups, the relation was less marked, 3DOCT‐1000 Rs = 0.697, p < 0.03 and Cirrus HD‐OCT Rs = 0.444, p < 0.03. The predictive potential based on the found linear relationship between OCT‐effective optical density of cataract and the cataract‐induced underestimation was however limited, and mean difference ± SD between predicted and measured RNFL thickness were 1.68 ± 7.55 (3DOCT‐1000) and 3.71 ± 2.97 (Cirrus HD‐OCT) micron.

Conclusions:  A linear relationship exists between OCT‐effective optical density of cataract and underestimation of RNFL thickness measured with OCT. This finding holds promise to correct for cataract‐induced changes in RNFL measurements, but will differ for each type of OCT device.
Triceps Rupture: A Case Series, Anatomical Study of the Triceps Footprint and Description of Surgical Technique
Authors: Evans Owain G. , Lawrence Tom M. , Shahane Shantanu A.
Published: October 2012

Background

Distal triceps tendon ruptures are rare accounting for less than 1% of all tendinous injuries in the upper extremity. Such injuries should be suspected in patients who have pain about the elbow following an eccentric contraction to the upper extremity. Complete ruptures should be treated with early surgical repair with reattachment of the tendon to the olecranon. Most reports to date have used suture fixation through olecranon drill holes. This study was performed to asses the anatomy of the triceps insertion and it's implications on the adequate fixation of the triceps tendon using a novel technique.

Methods

Ten cadaveric adult upper extremities with no signs of prior trauma or surgery were used in this study. The specimens were stripped of all skin and subcutaneous tissue through a direct posterior approach, to identify the triceps insertion. The insertion of the triceps tendon was then mapped and the area of the medial, long and lateral heads measured. Three cases of distal triceps rupture using this new open repair technique are also described using two distal drill holes and sutures augmented with a proximal anchor. Two of the three patients also needed LARS ligament augmentation at the time of surgery due to tissue loss.

Results

In all cadaveric sections separate insertions were found consisting of the medial head and the conjoint tendons of the long and lateral heads. The mean surface areas for the medial and long/lateral insertions were 100.4 mm2 and 307.9 mm2 respectively. The mean total area for the triceps insertion was found to be 408.3 mm2. At follow up all cases were assessed using the Oxford Elbow Score, Mayo Elbow Performance Scores and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Scores.

Conclusions

We have shown that the insertion of the triceps tendon is a “footprint” made from the tendon of the medial head and a conjoint tendon of the long and lateral heads. For cases of distal triceps rupture we have described an open procedure using a “double row footprint reconstruction” technique which we believe anatomically reconstructs the triceps insertion.
Examining Parties as Procedural Cartels: Evidence from the U.S. States
Authors: Clark Jennifer Hayes
Published: October 2012

Procedural cartel theory states that the majority party exerts influence over legislative outcomes through agenda control. This research tests predictions from the party cartel theory in five state legislatures. I assess party influence through comparison of term‐limited and nonterm‐limited legislators. I argue that term‐limited legislators (who are not seeking elective office) are no longer susceptible to party pressure, making them the perfect means to determine the existence of party influence. The results demonstrate that party influence is present in these legislatures. I find that party influence is magnified on the procedural, rather than final‐passage, voting record which is precisely where procedural cartel theory predicts. I find lower levels of ideological consistency and party discipline among members for whom the party leadership offers the least—those leaving elective office. These results provide support for party cartel theory, demonstrating further evidence of how parties matter in modern democracies.
Reelection and Legislative Power: Surprising Results from Brazil
Authors: Cunow Saul , Ames Barry , Desposato Scott , Renno Lucio
Published: October 2012

A diverse and growing literature ties legislative professionalization and power to career paths. In particular, higher rates of reelection and longer legislative careers should produce more professional, competent, and high‐quality legislatures. Legislators have more incentives to strengthen their own institution when they intend to remain there for a long career. Using data from the most recent constitutional convention in Brazil, we show that legislators with greater prospects for long careers were actually less likely to support strengthening the legislative branch. We explain this as part of a local equilibrium where career legislators’ short‐term need for pork trumped their long‐term interest in a stronger institution.
Semiconductor‐Insulator Transition in Undoped Rutile, TiO2, Ceramics
Authors: Liu Yang , West Anthony R.
Published: October 2012

The electrical conductivity of undoped rutile ceramics is very dependent on sample processing conditions, especially the temperature and atmosphere during sintering and the subsequent cooling rate. Samples become increasingly semiconducting when quenched from temperatures above ~700°C without the need for a reducing atmosphere. Thus, samples quenched from 1400°C in air have conductivity ~1 × 10−2 Scm−1with activation energy ~0.01(1) eV over the temperature range 10–100 K, whereas similar samples that are slow cooled or annealed in air at 300°C–500°C are insulating with activation energy 1.67(2) eV and conductivity, e.g., 1 × 10−7 Scm−1 at 400°C. The very wide range of electrical properties is attributed to variations in oxygen content which are too small to be detected using thermogravimetry. Impedance analysis shows that, depending on cooling rate, partially oxidized samples may be prepared in which samples retain a semiconducting core, but have an oxidized outer layer.
The Composition and Temperature‐Dependent Structure Evolution and Large Strain Response in (1−x)(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3−xBa(Al0.5Ta0.5)O3 Ceramics
Authors: Bai Wangfeng , Bian Yanlong , Hao Jigong , Shen Bo , Zhai Jiwei
Published: October 2012

The (1−x) (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3−xBa(Al0.5Ta0.5)O3((1−x)BNT‐xBAT) lead‐free piezoceramics was fabricated using a conventional solid‐state reaction method. The temperature and composition‐dependent strain behavior, dielectric, ferroelectric (FE), piezoelectric, and pyroelectric properties have been systematically investigated to develop lead‐free piezoelectric materials with large strain response for actuator application. As the BAT content increased, the FE order is disrupted resulting in a degradation of the remanent polarization, coercive field, and the depolarization temperature (Td). A large strain of 0.36% with normalized strain d33* = 448pm/V was obtained for the optimum composition x = 0.045 at room temperature. The bipolar and unipolar strains for the compositions x = 0.035 and x = 0.04 reach almost identical maximum values when the temperature is in the vicinity of their respective depolarization temperature (Td). The Raman‐spectra analysis, macroscopic properties, thermal depolarization results, and temperature‐dependent relationships of both polarization and strain demonstrated that the origin of the large strain response for this investigated system is attributed to a field‐induced relaxor to FE phase transformation.
Synthesis of Monodispersed Spherical Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (YAG) Powders by a Homogeneous Precipitation Method
Authors: Xu Xiaojuan , Sun Xudong , Liu Hong , Li Ji‐Guang , Li Xiaodong , Huo Di , Liu Shaohong
Published: October 2012

Monodispersed yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) powders have been synthesized via homogeneous precipitation method from the mixed solutions of yttrium nitrate, aluminum nitrate, and ammonium aluminum sulfate using urea as the precipitant. The molar ratio of aluminum nitrate to ammonium aluminum sulfate has a significant effect on morphology and particle size of the precursor powders. It was found that spherical precursor particles can be obtained when the ratio is 1:1. During the homogeneous precipitation process, aluminum ions precipitate first and form monodispered spherical powders, and then yttrium ions precipitate onto the surface of the existing spheres. Monodispersed spherical YAG particles with 500 nm in diameter were obtained by calcining the precursor powder at 1100°C for 5 h. The so‐prepared monodispersed spherical Nd:YAG powders have good sinterability, and can be sintered into transparent ceramics by vacuum sintering at 1650°C for 3.5 h.
Influence of LNO Top Electrodes on Electrical Properties of KNN/LNO Thin Films Prepared by RF Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Li Tao , Wang Genshui , Li Kui , Sama Nossikpendou , Remiens Denis , Dong Xianlin
Published: October 2012

Highly (001) oriented (K,Na)NbO3 (KNN) lead‐free piezoelectric thin films were grown on LaNiO3 (LNO)‐coated silicon by RF magnetron sputtering. The effects of the top electrodes on the electrical properties of KNN thin films were investigated. The dielectric and piezoelectric properties were remarkably improved in LNO/KNN/LNO (εr = 899 at 1 kHz, d33 = 58 pm/V), compared with that in Pt/KNN/LNO (εr = 584 at 1 kHz, d33 = 26 pm/V). An enhanced ferroelectricity was also obtained in LNO/KNN/LNO, with a remnant polarization of 12 μC/cm2 and a maximum polarization of 23 μC/cm2 at the applied field of 200 kV/cm. Besides, the temperature dependence of piezoelectricity of the films was characterized in this study.
A Unique Approach to Characterization of Sol‐Gel‐Derived Rare‐Earth‐Doped Oxyfluoride Glass‐Ceramics
Authors: Kawamura Go , Yoshimura Ryota , Ota Kazunari , Oh Song‐Yul , Hakiri Norio , Muto Hiroyuki , Hayakawa Tomokatsu , Matsuda Atsunori
Published: October 2012

Using the sol‐gel route Nd3+‐doped oxyfluoride glass‐ceramics were prepared. LiYF4 and YF3 crystals were deposited in the glass‐ceramics and their size, distribution, and amount ratio were varied by changing the compositions and heating temperatures. The incorporation of Nd3+ ions into both the fluoride crystals was confirmed by the high‐resolution elemental mapping of the glass‐ceramics. The incorporated Nd3+ ions showed up and down conversion photoluminescence whose properties were obviously different among the samples. The preliminary site analysis for Nd3+ ions was carried out using a unique approach associated with the Prony series approximation. Finally, the approach was found to be useful for the analysis of materials that are structurally complicating.
High and Frequency‐Insensitive Converse Piezoelectric Coefficient Obtained in AgSbO3‐Modified (Li,K,Na)(Nb,Ta)O3 Lead‐Free Piezoceramics
Authors: Zhou Jia‐Jun , Wang Ke , Li Fu , Li Jing‐Feng , Zhang Xiao‐Wen , Wang Qing‐Ming
Published: October 2012

AgSbO3 was doped into KNN‐based lead‐free piezoceramics with an optimized composition of Li0.02(Na0.53K0.48)0.98Nb0.8Ta0.2O3 (abbreviated as LKNNT) to further enhance its piezoelectric property. The doping of AgSbO3 was found to be effective in reducing the grain sizes, resulting in more uniform microstructure in AgSbO3‐doped LKNNT ceramics. AgSbO3 lowers tetragonal‐orthorhombic phase transition point (TT‐O), but with a more gentle rate as compared with other dopants. A large converse piezoelectric coefficient d33* up to 598 pm/V under a relatively low electric field of 1 kV/mm was obtained in the LKNNT‐5 mol% AgSbO3 composition, whose tetragonal‐orthorhombic phase transition point (TT‐O) was controlled near room temperature, but its Curie temperature was kept at 235°C. The d33* obtained in the present material is a very high value for nontextured KNN‐based ceramics, which is attributed to the polymorphism phase transition effect and “soft” behavior caused by the addition of AgSbO3.
Randomized Study of Antihypertensive Efficacy and Safety of Combination Aliskiren/Valsartan vs Valsartan Monotherapy in Hypertensive Participants With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Bakris George L. , Oparil Suzanne , Purkayastha Das , Yadao Anthony M. , Alessi Thomas , Sowers James R.
Published: October 2012

In this double‐blind study, 1143 hypertensive participants with type 2 diabetes and stage 1 or 2 chronic kidney disease (CKD) were randomized to receive combination aliskiren/valsartan 150/160 mg or valsartan 160 mg monotherapy for 2 weeks, with force‐titration to 300/320 mg and 320 mg, respectively, for another 6 weeks. Ambulatory blood pressure (ABP), the primary outcome, was available for 665 participants. Reductions from baseline to week 8 in 24‐hour ABP were −14.1/−8.7 mm Hg with aliskiren/valsartan vs −10.2/−6.3 mm Hg with valsartan (P<.001). Adverse events were reported in 202 participants (35.2%) taking aliskiren/valsartan and 182 participants (32.2%) taking valsartan. No participant had blood urea nitrogen values >40 mg/dL or serum creatinine values >2.0 mg/dL. There were no confirmed cases of serum potassium values ≥6.0 mEq/L. Combination aliskiren/valsartan has additive effects on blood pressure reduction and tolerability similar to valsartan in hypertensive/diabetic participants with early‐stage (stages 1 and 2) CKD. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2012;00:00–00. ©2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Low parasitism rates in parthenogenetic bagworm moths do not support the parasitoid hypothesis for sex
Authors: Elzinga J. A. , Chevasco V. , Mappes J. , Grapputo A.
Published: October 2012

The parasite hypothesis for sex is one of the many theories that have been suggested to solve the mystery of the widespread occurrence of sex despite its high short‐term costs. It suggests that sexual lineages have an evolutionary advantage over parthenogens because they can frequently generate new genotypes that are temporarily less prone to coevolving parasites. In this study, we looked for further supporting evidence for the parasite hypothesis of sex in an attempt to understand the coexistence of sexual and parthenogenetic bagworm moths (Naryciinae). The bagworm moths and their parasitoids form one of the few natural host–parasite systems where sexual and parthenogenetic hosts are apparently not separated by ecological or geographical barriers. Furthermore, in support of the parasite hypothesis for sex, parthenogenetic presence is negatively correlated with parasitism rate. We specifically tested, by identifying the reproductive mode of the parasitized individuals, whether parasitoids preferentially attack the parthenogens in sites with both sexual and parthenogenetic forms, as predicted by the parasite hypothesis. We collected hosts from sites with different frequencies of parthenogenetic and sexual moths. A DNA barcoding approach was used to determine the reproductive mode of the parasitized hosts. Furthermore, we investigated whether differences in host and parasitoid phenology could provide an alternative explanation for the variation in parasitism rates between parthenogens and sexuals. Our results contradict the prediction of the parasite hypothesis because parthenogenetic bagworm moths were less parasitized than sexuals in sympatric sites. Our findings can be explained by differences in phenology between the parthenogenetic and sexual moths rather than genetic incompatibility between parthenogenetic hosts and parasitoids. The stable coexistence of sexual and parthenogenetic Naryciinae despite the many apparent costs of sex in this system remains a mystery. Our work adds to the list of studies were the assumptions of the parasite hypothesis for sex are not all met.
Population differences in response to hypoxic stress in Atlantic salmon
Authors: Côte J. , Roussel J.‐M. , Le Cam S. , Bal G. , Evanno G.
Published: October 2012

Understanding whether populations can adapt to new environmental conditions is a major issue in conservation and evolutionary biology. Aquatic organisms are increasingly exposed to environmental changes linked with human activities in river catchments. For instance, the clogging of bottom substratum by fine sediments is observed in many rivers and usually leads to a decrease in dissolved oxygen concentrations in gravel beds. Such hypoxic stress can alter the development and even be lethal for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) embryos that spend their early life into gravel beds. In this study, we used a common garden experiment to compare the responses to hypoxic stress of four genetically differentiated and environmentally contrasted populations. We used factorial crossing designs to measure additive genetic variation of early life‐history traits in each population. Embryos were reared under normoxic and hypoxic conditions, and we measured their survival, incubation time and length at the end of embryonic development. Under hypoxic conditions, embryos had a lower survival and hatched later than in normoxic conditions. We found different hypoxia reaction norms among populations, but almost no population effect in both treatments. We also detected significant sire × treatment interactions in most populations and a tendency for heritability values to be lower under stressful conditions. Overall, these results reveal a high degree of phenotypic plasticity in salmon populations that nevertheless differ in their adaptive potential to hypoxia given the distinct reaction norms observed between and within populations.
Quantitative Detection of Hepatitis A, Rotavirus and Genogroup I Norovirus by RT‐qPCR in Fresh Produce from Packinghouse Facilities
Authors: Felix‐Valenzuela L. , Resendiz‐Sandoval M. , Burgara‐Estrella A. , Hernández J. , Mata‐Haro V.
Published: October 2012

Food‐borne outbreaks caused by virus have been associated with the consumption of fresh produce. However, it is difficult to track the source of contamination due to the lack of sensitive methods of detection. In this study, we evaluated the presence of norovirus (NoV), rotavirus (RV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) in fresh produce from the northwestern part of Mexico by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT‐qPCR). Fresh produce was sampled from field and packinghouse facilities during different stages of the packing process. Surfaces of equipment, as well as water used for disinfection were also sampled. A total of 46 samples were analyzed for the quantification of virus: HAV was found in 28.2% of the samples, NoV in 32.6% and RV in 13.0%. Eleven samples were positive with at least two different viruses. These results show a high prevalence of these viruses in fresh produce and highlight the need to establish further virological surveys for this kind of products.

Practical Applications

Viruses are considered important causal agents of food‐borne diseases. Many outbreaks implicate the consumption of fresh produce, mainly because fresh vegetables are usually consumed raw or with minimum processing. In spite of this, in many undeveloped countries, analyses for microbial quality imply testing for bacterial but not for viruses' contamination. For that reason, it is necessary to generate information on the risk of virus transmission in fresh produce. In that way, producers can be warned of the risk of virus contamination, and they could implement good manufacturing practices to improve sanitary conditions in fresh produce processing plants for consumer protection to diminish food‐borne outbreaks. We evaluated the prevalence of enteric viruses in fresh produce, water and surfaces of equipment by reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR, a sensitive method not commonly used for sanitary monitoring of food products.
Mortality after urinary tract infections in patients with advanced cirrhosis – Relevance of acute kidney injury and comorbidities
Authors: Reuken Philipp A. , Stallmach Andreas , Bruns Tony
Published: October 2012

Background

Bacterial infections increase mortality four‐fold in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. However, specific mortality associated with urinary tract infections (UTI) in cirrhosis is not known.

Methods

Retrospective single‐centre analysis of all hospitalized patients with cirrhosis and ascites who underwent first paracentesis between 2006 and 2011 to determine 90‐day mortality associated with UTI defined as pyuria with significant bacteriuria using Cox proportional hazard models.

Results

A total of 108 patients with at least one episode of UTI and 291 with exclusion of UTI were identified. Bacterial infections other than UTI were diagnosed in 136 (34%) of patients at the time of urine analysis. Female gender, Child‐Pugh stage C, higher grade of ascites and systemic inflammatory response syndrome were associated with UTI. After adjustment for liver function and co‐morbidity, the hazard ratios (HR) of death within 90 days after urine analysis were 2.08 (95% CI 1.28–3.38) in patients with UTI, 2.93 (1.90–4.52) in patients with other bacterial infections and 3.39 (2.03–5.65) in patients with UTI and concomitant infection. Independent predictors of death after UTI were renal dysfunction at presentation (HR 2.52; 95% CI 2.52), subsequent acute kidney injury within 48 h after diagnosis (4.57; 2.54–8.24), concomitant bacterial infection (1.77; 1.04–3.00) and malignant comorbidity (1.85; 1.03–3.30). The combination of these factors was more accurate in predicting 90‐day mortality than the MELD score or C‐reactive protein.

Conclusions

The presence of UTI indicates an increased risk of 90‐day mortality in patients with advanced cirrhosis. Renal dysfunction and comorbidities are predictors of death in these patients.
Identification of two‐component system AfsQ1/Q2 regulon and its cross‐regulation with GlnR in Streptomyces coelicolor
Authors: Wang Rui , Mast Yvonne , Wang Jin , Zhang Weiwen , Zhao Guoping , Wohlleben Wolfgang , Lu Yinhua , Jiang Weihong
Published: October 2012

The two‐component system AfsQ1/Q2 of Streptomyces coelicolor was identified in our previous work as a pleiotropic regulator for antibiotic biosynthesis and morphological differentiation under the condition of a minimal medium supplemented with 75 mM glutamate. In this work, we report the dissection of the mechanism underlying the function of AfsQ1/Q2 on antibiotic production and also the identification of the AfsQ1/Q2 regulon. The results showed that AfsQ1/Q2 stimulated antibiotic ACT, RED and CDA production directly through the pathway‐specific activator genes actII‐ORF4, redZ and cdaR respectively. In addition, expression of sigQ that encodes a sigma factor and is divergently transcribed from afsQ1 was also subject to direct regulation by AfsQ1/Q2. The precise AfsQ1 binding sites in the upstream regions of these target genes were determined by DNase I footprinting assays coupled with site‐directed DNA mutagenesis. By computational prediction and functional analysis, at least 17 new AfsQ1 targets were identified, including pstS gene encoding a high‐affinity phosphate‐binding protein and two developmental genes whiD, bldM. For the AfsQ1/Q2 regulon, an AfsQ1 binding motif comprising the sequence GTnAC‐n6‐GTnAC has been defined. Interestingly, we found from electrophoretic mobility shift assays and transcriptional analysis that AfsQ1/Q2 can also function as a repressor for nitrogen assimilation, and AfsQ1 can compete with GlnR for the promoter regions of glnA and nirB, suggesting the cross‐regulation between AfsQ1/Q2 and GlnR in nitrogen metabolism. These findings suggested that AfsQ1/Q2 is important not only for antibiotic biosynthesis but also in maintaining the metabolic homeostasis of nutrient utilization under the stress of high concentration of glutamate in S. coelicolor.
The velvet complex governs mycotoxin production and virulence of Fusarium oxysporum on plant and mammalian hosts
Authors: López‐Berges Manuel S. , Hera Concepción , Sulyok Michael , Schäfer Katja , Capilla Javier , Guarro Josep , Di Pietro Antonio
Published: October 2012

Fungal pathogens provoke devastating losses in agricultural production, contaminate food with mycotoxins and give rise to life‐threatening infections in humans. The soil‐borne ascomycete Fusarium oxysporum attacks over 100 different crops and can cause systemic fusariosis in immunocompromised individuals. Here we functionally characterized VeA, VelB, VelC and LaeA, four components of the velvet protein complex which regulates fungal development and secondary metabolism. Deletion of veA, velB and to a minor extent velC caused a derepression of conidiation as well as alterations in the shape and size of microconidia. VeA and LaeA were required for full virulence of F. oxysporum on tomato plants and on immunodepressed mice. A critical contribution of velvet consists in promoting chromatin accessibility and expression of the biosynthetic gene cluster for beauvericin, a depsipeptide mycotoxin that functions as a virulence determinant. These results reveal a conserved role of the velvet complex during fungal infection on plants and mammals.
Emotion regulation in delusion‐proneness: Deficits in cognitive reappraisal, but not in expressive suppression
Authors: Westermann Stefan , Rief Winfried , Lincoln Tania Marie
Published: October 2012

Objectives

Although anxiety plays a key role in delusions, its downregulation using specific emotion regulation (ER) strategies has not been investigated. Reappraisal has been shown to be one of the most effective strategies for healthy individuals. However, individuals with delusions might have difficulties in successfully applying reappraisal. This study therefore tests the effectiveness of reappraisal compared to expressive suppression in individuals with varying levels of delusion‐proneness.

Design

An experimental design with the independent variables ER strategy (within subject) and delusion‐proneness (between subject; quasi‐experimental) was used. The dependent variables were subjective ER success and physiological arousal, as well as state delusional ideation.

Methods

Eighty‐six healthy participants with different levels of delusion‐proneness were instructed to respond to anxiety‐inducing stimuli by either using reappraisal or expressive suppression.

Results

Overall, reappraisal was more effective than expressive suppression in regulating anxiety. However, delusion‐prone individuals were less successful in applying reappraisal (interaction effect: F(2,158) = 3.70, p = .027). In addition, lower success in reappraising threat was accompanied by higher state delusional ideation (r = −0.20, p = .013).

Conclusions

Delusion‐proneness is accompanied by difficulties in reappraising threat that might contribute to the formation and maintenance of clinically relevant delusions. Preliminary implications for the improvement of cognitive behaviour therapy for delusions are discussed.

Practitioner Points

Delusion‐proneness is accompanied by difficulties in applying the emotion regulation strategy ‘reappraisal’ to anxiety.

The concept of emotion regulation might be useful in individualized disorder models in CBT for psychosis.
Expression of Aquaporin Water Channels in Equine Endometrium is Differentially Regulated During the Oestrous Cycle and Early Pregnancy
Authors: Klein C , Troedsson MHT , Rutllant J
Published: October 2012

Contents

The expression of 12 different aquaporin subtypes in equine endometrium was examined at the mRNA and protein level. Endometrial samples were obtained during anoestrus, oestrus, 8, and 14 days after ovulation in non‐pregnant mares, and 14 days after ovulation in pregnant mares. Quantitative PCR revealed a time‐dependent pattern for all aquaporin subtypes examined except for AQP10 and 12. AQP3, 5 and 7 showed highest mRNA abundance 8 days after ovulation, while AQP0 and 2 were most abundant at Day 14 of the cycle in non‐pregnant mares. At 14 days of pregnancy, AQP1, 4, 8, 9 and 11 displayed highest expression levels. Western blot analysis confirmed protein expression of AQP0, 2 and 5. Immunohistochemistry localized protein expression to luminal and glandular epithelial and stromal cells. AQP0 staining intensity was highest in samples obtained on Day 14 of the oestrous cycle. AQP2 immunoreactivity seemed to be stronger in samples collected 14 days after ovulation from non‐pregnant animals, in particular luminal epithelial staining. Samples collected 8 days after ovulation from cyclic animals were characterized by intense AQP5 staining of glandular epithelium, predominantly in the deeper glands. Progesterone treatment of anoestrous mares did not enhance expression of AQPs, indicating that factors other than progesterone are required for the up‐regulation of certain AQP subtypes during dioestrus. In conclusion, it seems that an equine‐specific collaboration of aquaporin subtypes contributes to changes in endometrial fluid content occurring throughout the oestrous cycle and contributes to endometrial receptivity during early pregnancy in the mare.
Characterization of epitaxially grown indium islands on Si(111)
Authors: Lunceford Chad , Drucker Jeff
Published: October 2012

Indium deposition onto on-axis Si(111) substrates and those miscut by 2.5° toward [112¯] was investigated. The Si substrates were held at temperatures ranging from room temperature up to 475 °C and the In deposition rate was varied by a factor of ∼20. All depositions were performed under ultrahigh vacuum conditions onto surfaces that were cleaned in situ. For growth at 100 °C and room temperature, the In films organize into three-dimensional islands. This result suggests that In deposition onto on-axis or miscut Si(111) substrates at temperatures lower than the In melting point of 157 °C is a viable route to form In seeds for epitaxial Si or Ge nanowire growth using the vapor–liquid–solid method. The morphology of the resultant island ensembles and their formation mechanisms are discussed.
Active layer thickness effects on the structural and electrical properties of p-type Cu2O thin-film transistors
Authors: Nam Dong-Woo , Cho In-Tak , Lee Jong-Ho , Cho Eou-Sik , Sohn Joonsung , Song Sang-Hun , Kwon Hyuck-In
Published: October 2012

The authors investigated the effects of active layer thickness on the structual, optical, and electrical characteristics of p-type Cu2O thin-film transistors (TFTs). It was observed that as the channel thickness increases, the average grain size and root mean square roughness of the Cu2O thin films increase, but the optical transmittance notably decreases, especially in the short wavelength range below 500 nm. The p-type Cu2O TFT device exhibits the cleanest transfer function with only a small subthreshold slope when the channel thickness is 45 nm, whereas notable subthreshold slope humps are observed in the transfer curves for devices with thicker channels.
Genome Sequence of Nitratireductor aquibiodomus Strain RA22
Authors: Singh Ajit , Jangir Pramod Kumar , Kumari Chanchal , Sharma Rakesh
Published: October 2012

The genus
Nitratireductor
represents nitrate-reducing bacteria from the family
Phyllobacteriaceae
. Here we report the draft genome sequence of
Nitratireductor aquibiodomus
strain RA22, which contains 4,592,790 bp, with a G+C content of 61.30%, and has 4,241 protein coding genes.
Whole-Genome Sequence of Nocardiopsis alba Strain ATCC BAA-2165, Associated with Honeybees
Authors: Qiao Jianjun , Chen Lei , Li Yongli , Wang Jiangxin , Zhang Weiwen , Chen Shawn
Published: October 2012

The actinomycete
Nocardiopsis alba
was reportedly associated with honeybees in separate occurrences. We report the complete genome of
Nocardiopsis alba
ATCC BAA-2165 isolated from honeybee guts. It will provide insights into the metabolism and genetic regulatory networks of this genus of bacteria that enable them to live in a range of environments.
Genome Sequence of “Candidatus Mycoplasma haemolamae” Strain Purdue, a Red Blood Cell Pathogen of Alpacas (Vicugna pacos) and Llamas (Lama glama)
Authors: Guimaraes Ana M. S. , Toth Balazs , Santos Andrea P. , do Nascimento Naíla C. , Kritchevsky Janice E. , Messick Joanne B.
Published: October 2012

We report the complete genome sequence of “CandidatusMycoplasma haemolamae,” an endemic red-cell pathogen of camelids. The single, circular chromosome has 756,845 bp, a 39.3% G+C content, and 925 coding sequences (CDSs). A great proportion (49.1%) of these CDSs are organized into paralogous gene families, which can now be further explored with regard to antigenic variation.