bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DRIVING FORCES IN GLOBAL EDUCATION POLICY SCENARIOS
Authors:   Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University), Moscow, Russian Federation, ANTYUKHOVA EKATERINA
Published: October 2020

Introduction. The issues of formation of modern ideas about the actor structure and driving forces of influence in the global educational policy framework are considered. Topic. The understanding of global educational policy is formed in several contexts: as a function of the state; as the activity of non-governmental organizations; as a compromise between multidirectional groups representing the interests of different countries and others. Methods. The application of the multipolarity methodology as the main position for global educational policy is justified. Results. The significance of globalization for the education development is clarified, and its main drivers (political, economic, cultural, technological, and financial) are highlighted. It is shown that establishing the structure of actors is not enough to form a holistic view of global educational policy without specifying in a single methodological structure the reasons for changes in the type and composition of actors and the value of innovations in the future educational agenda. The authors highlight the driving forces that influence global educational policy: scientific and technological progress, transformation of the world economic system, and development of communications; dynamism of foreign policy strategies, which makes it possible to implement the concept of“competition through cooperation”. It is proved that the set of possible actions of actors is realized through a sequence of scenarios (economic, institutional, and social scenarios) that lead to the formation of a globalizing scenario as an integral one. Discussion. The presented proposals to clarify the actor approach allow us to get away from the declarative nature and subjectivity of the justification of actors, combining the assessment of possible actions, policies and scenarios to obtain a methodologically significant identification of actors within the available set of knowledge in the chosen field-education.
CRIMINAL PROSECUTION OF HOLOCAUST DENIAL IN GERMANY
Authors: SEREBRENNIKOVA ANNA
Published: October 2020

Currently, they are attracting public attention and causing public resonance problems associated with the reassessment of the feat of the Soviet people in World War II. Various kinds of insinuations arise related to the denial of the persecution and mass extermination of Jews living in Germany, in the territory of its allies and in the territories occupied by them during the Second World War; the systematic persecution and extermination of European Jews by Nazi Germany and collaborators during 1933-1945. Practice shows that those guilty of Holocaust denial try to avoid criminal liability and influence judicial practice, referring to freedom of speech enshrined in Art. 5 Abs. 1 of the Basic Law of Germany. The purpose of the article. Investigate the institution of criminal responsibility for Holocaust denial in Germany. Based on an analysis of the norms of criminal law and judicial practice in Germany in specific criminal cases, investigate the difficulty of delimiting criminal liability for denying the Holocaust freedom of expression. Methodology and methods. For the purposes of this article, the author uses the methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, diduction, as well as comparative legal, historical legal and historical comparative methods. Conclusions. After conducting a study, the author concludes that in Germany the issue of criminal liability for Holocaust denial is complex. The article points out the fact of heterogeneity of court decisions, analysis of judicial practice shows that this issue is resolved extremely ambiguously. Despite this, the author points out the high role of the legislator and the practice of law enforcement in shaping the right attitude to historical events, the high role of peoples in certain significant facts that are part of the foundation of historical and cultural heritage. Scope of the results. This work may be of interest to students of higher educational institutions, as well as graduate students interested in criminal law of foreign countries. The article can be used by teachers of law schools as an addition to the educational material.
TO THE QUESTION OF THE RELATION OF MAN TO ANIMALS IN MODERN RUSSIA: THE CRIMINAL, LEGAL AND MORAL ASPECT
Authors:   Institute of Law and National Security FSBEI HE “Tambov State University named after G.R. Derzhavin”, Tambov, Russian Federation, KOLTSOV MIKHAIL , POPOVA ELENA
Published: October 2020

This article examines the existing problems that arise in the case of applying the provisions of the current version of article 245 of the criminal code of the Russian Federation. Based on the analysis of the theory and judicial practice of this sphere of public relations, the authors reveal the conditions for criminal responsibility for the criminal offense provided for in this article. In addition, the article contains comparative characteristics of Russian and foreign legislation in terms of liability for cruelty to animals. The following methods were used in the article: logical method of cognition, comparative legal method of research, as well as formal legal method, which allowed to reveal the essence and signs of cruelty to animals, the method of interpretation of legal norms. The use of these methods allowed us to understand the institutions of criminal law and determine the main directions of development. The authors suggest possible ways to solve problems that arise in the process of proving the fact of criminal infringement under article 245 of the criminal code of the Russian Federation, and reveal ways to eliminate gaps in legislation.
GROUNDS FOR CANCELING ILLEGAL JUDICIAL DECISIONS
Authors:   Institute of State and Law, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation, LEBED KONSTANTIN
Published: October 2020

Task. The author of the article has set several tasks - identification, description and analysis of some judicial errors that are grounds for canceling court decisions in civil cases. To solve these problems, the content of grounds for cancellation and related features of the main properties of judicial decisions are studied. Model. To solve this task, it is necessary to investigate cases of erroneous application of legal norms by courts, which are the result of non-compliance with the requirements imposed by law to judicial decisions. Findings. The main procedural forms of protection of rights and legitimate interests use illegality and unreasonableness as the main grounds for canceling (or changing) court decisions. Improper application of substantive and procedural law (illegality) is one of the main judicial errors. At the same time, the failure of the courts to observe the principle of unity of judicial practice established by the verification courts leads to the cancellation of illegal court decisions. The scope of the study. They are limited by the relations that develop between participants in civil and arbitration proceedings. Practical value. Identifying and studying the grounds for canceling or changing erroneous decisions will help to improve the quality of court decisions and reduce the number of illegal decisions. Social consequences. The detection of cases of improper application of substantive and procedural law will help to ensure uniformity in the interpretation and application of legal norms by courts and increase the confidence of citizens in the law and the court. Originality, value. Systematic study and study of the reasons for the improper performance of maintenance obligations, the identification of common problems that impede the proper fulfillment of obligations in practice, will help to formulate general approaches to the enforcement of court decisions on the recovery of alimony. The analysis of the norms of the legislation of the Russian Federation makes it possible to identify additional opportunities for the implementation of the protection of the property rights of the child.
SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIA: STUDY ANALYSIS AND PROSPECTS
Authors:   National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University, Saransk, Republic of Mordovia, Russian Federation, BAKHLOVA OLGA , NAPALKOVA IRINA , BAKHLOV IGOR
Published: October 2020

Objective: it is supposed to characterize the main directions of research in the field of spatial development of Russia at the present stage, aimed at identifying problems and opportunities in this area; correlating the provisions of theoretical discourse and official documents of the Russian Federation; substantiating the ways of further spatial development of Russia. Model: The study is based on a comprehensive approach to understanding the Russian space and the spatial development of the country, with an emphasis on the combination of factors of “internal geopolitics” and the external environment. The concepts of “multiplication and delocalization of risks”, “identity policy vacuum”, “security vulnerabilities” and some others are taken into account, which allow us to form a holistic view of their essence and dynamics. Conclusions: there are similarities and differences in the theoretical discourse and official documents of the Russian Federation, the main trends and probable prospects for the spatial development of the country. The danger of negative or conservative scenarios is emphasized due to the remaining vulnerabilities in various spatial fields and segments, in the political and managerial plane, as well as risks of external origin. The article shows the trend of increasing complexity of spatial organization and composition of Russia in conjunction with the diversification of vectors of identity relations. Practical significance and scope of the research: the results obtained can be applied in the field of theoretical development of problems of spatial development, identity policy, in expert support of the process of forming and implementing political decisions, in the areas of national, integration and foreign policy of the Russian Federation. Originality/value. This work is intended for specialists who study the problems of improving political governance mechanisms, Central-regional and interregional relations, and ensuring the national security of the Russian Federation.
ROUSSEAU’S “SOCIAL CONTRACT” AND THE CONCEPT OF ALIENATION
Authors:   Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “St. Petersburg State Academy of Arts and Industry named after A.L. Stieglitz”, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation, OGARKOV ALEKSANDR , SMETANKINA LYUDMILA ,   Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Education “Military Academy of Communications named after Marshal Soviet Union S.M. Budyonny” Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
Published: October 2020

The article actualizes the problem of the possibilities of achieving freedom in civil society. The authors consider this problem through the analysis of the conceptual essence of the phenomenon of “social contract” in its relationship with the concept of alienation. Purpose of the article: to analyze the concept of alienation in versatile historical interpretations of historical and socio-philosophical thought. The article examines the views of Rousseau on the relationship between citizens and the state. The texts of Hobbes, Locke, Hegel and Marx, which considered the concept of alienation, are analyzed. The article substantiates the escalation significance of the socio-philosophical understanding of the state of “civil” freedom, analyzes the essence of the general logic of legal consciousness, identifies the main positions of Rousseau’s concept, which defines a social contract as a dialectical unity of alienated potentials that form a dynamic whole “political machine”. The article also details the positions of Hobbes, Locke, Hegel and Marx, given in comparison with the views of Rousseau. The category of “alienation” is analyzed in the context of specific relations between the subject and his definite function, arising as a result of the loss of the initial integrity/unity and being a predictor of the impoverishment of the nature of the subject itself, leading to the transformation of the function itself. The article concludes about the relevance of Rousseau’s theory of alienation for socio-philosophical knowledge. The authors come to the conclusion that the concept of alienation in versatile historical interpretations makes a full turn before returning to its most “balanced” interpretation - Rousseau’s “social contract”. These provisions remain relevant today. The social contract destroys the “natural” generic quality of a person - to be free, alienating her arbitrary, and often just random gifts in favor of a voluntary association that rationally uses all possible and ultimate values of this ideal and real state of a person burdened with social duty.
POLICY ON LIABILITY FOR TAX CRIMES IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND ABROAD (COMPARATIVE ASPECT)
Authors:   Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation, NIKOLAEVA JEANNA
Published: October 2020

The publication analyzes the policy in the field of legal liability for tax crimes in the Russian Federation and the States with which the Russian Federation has stable economic ties - Germany, Spain, France, China, the States of the Eurasian economic Union and the Commonwealth of independent States. The study suggests that the policy of States that are economic partners of the Russian Federation demonstrates a more severe approach to non-fulfillment of tax obligations. As a result of the study of foreign legislation, no States have been identified that have more lenient sanctions for tax crimes. Legal regulation of legal liability for violation of tax legislation in comparison with Russian legislation is characterized by long periods of limitation for criminal liability. Criminal law prohibitions do not contain an imperative requirement to exempt a defaulter from criminal prosecution in the event of payment of arrears and other compensation accruals (with the exception of the republics of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan). In contrast to the Russian Federation, most countries criminalize actions related to ignoring the obligation to maintain accounting records, hiding or destroying accounting documents (China, France, Spain, etc.). It is concluded that the Russian Federation is a less protected tax jurisdiction in comparison with the States with which it has economic ties. The existing imbalance of liability for violations of tax and fee legislation creates prerequisites for the use of Russian tax jurisdiction in unfair tax strategies. When determining the vector of Russian state policy in the sphere of liability for non-fulfillment of tax obligations, it is not advisable to ignore this significant circumstance.
Fungal Community, Not Substrate Quality, Drives Soil Microbial Function in Northeastern U.S. Temperate Forests
Authors: Fitch Amelia A. , Lang Ashley K. , Whalen Emily D. , Geyer Kevin , Hicks Pries Caitlin
Published: October 2020

Mycorrhizal fungi can affect soil organic matter cycling through several mechanisms including priming, nutrient competition, and direct enzyme production. Differences in nutrient foraging strategies between ectomycorrhizal (EcM) and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi produce divergent belowground dynamics: where EcM can take up organic nitrogen and directly break down soil organic matter (SOM) by producing enzymes, AM fungi are limited to scavenging mineral N. EcM-associated tree species also have leaf litter with relatively higher ratios of carbon to nitrogen (C:N), and belowground saprotrophic communities more dominated by fungi. Consequently, free-living microbes in EcM-dominated soils should experience nitrogen limitation, with subsequent increases in enzyme production and decreased carbon use efficiency (CUE). However, the relative importance of the effects of substrate quality and fungal community composition on enzyme production and CUE are unclear. To assess this distinction, we sampled the organic horizon and 10 cm of the mineral horizon in northern temperate forest soils along a gradient of EcM dominance. We characterized fungal community composition by measuring EcM relative abundances from extracted fungal DNA and the fungal to bacterial (F:B) ratios from phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis. We assessed soil substrate quality as the soil C:N ratio. Soil microbial functions were measured as potential activities of five hydrolytic and two oxidative enzymes, and microbial CUE. We found that the fungal community, represented by either the F:B ratio, EcM relative abundance, or both, affected CUE and six measured enzyme activities, while the C:N ratio affected only oxidative and chitin-targeting extracellular enzyme activities. Our results highlight the use of EcM relative dominance as a predictor of soil microbial community composition and function independent of substrate quality.
Salivary Gland Carcinoma: Novel Targets to Overcome Treatment Resistance in Advanced Disease
Authors: Di Villeneuve Larissa , Souza Ive Lima , Tolentino Fernanda Davila Sampaio , Ferrarotto Renata , Schvartsman Gustavo
Published: October 2020

Salivary gland carcinomas (SGC) account for less than 5% of head and neck malignant neoplasms, further subcategorized in over 20 histological subtypes. For the most part, treatment for advanced disease is guided by morphology. SGC in general respond poorly to standard chemotherapy, with short durability and significant toxicity. More recently, next-generation sequencing provided significant input on the molecular characterization of each SGC subtype, not only improving diagnostic differentiation between morphologically similar tumor types, but also identifying novel driver pathways that determine tumor biology and may be amenable to targeted therapy. Amongst the most common histological subtype is adenoid cystic carcinoma, which often harbors a chromosome translocation resulting in a MYB-NFIB oncogene, with various degrees of Myb expression. In a smaller subset, NOTCH1 mutations occur, conferring a more aggressive disease and potential sensitivity to Notch inhibitors. Salivary duct carcinomas may overexpress Her-2 and androgen receptor, with promising clinical outcomes after exposure to targeted therapies approved for other indications. Secretory carcinoma, previously known as mammary analogue secretory carcinoma, is distinguished by an ETV6-NTRK3 fusion that can both help differentiate it from its morphologically similar acinar cell carcinoma and also make it susceptible to Trk inhibitors. In the present article, we discuss the molecular abnormalities, their impact on tumor biology, and therapeutic opportunities for the most common SGC subtypes and review published and ongoing clinical trials and future perspectives for this rare diseases.
Daytime Evolution of Lower Atmospheric Boundary Layer Structure: Comparative Observations between a 307-m Meteorological Tower and a Rotary-Wing UAV
Authors: Kwak Kyung-Hwan , Lee Seung-Hyeop , Kim A-Young , Park Kwon-Chan , Lee Sang-Eun , Han Beom-Soon , Lee Joohyun , Park Young-San
Published: October 2020

A 307-m tall meteorological tower was used to evaluate meteorological observation data obtained using a rotary-wing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). A comparative study between the tower and UAV observations was conducted during the daytime (06:00 to 19:00 local time (LT)) in the summer of 2017 (16–18th August). Hourly vertical profiles of air temperature, relative humidity, black carbon (BC), and ozone (O3) concentrations were obtained for up to 300 m height. Statistical metrics for evaluating the accuracy of UAV observations against the tower observation showed positive (potential temperature) and negative (relative humidity) biases, which were within acceptable ranges. The daytime evolution of the lower atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) was successfully captured by the hourly UAV observations. During the early morning, a large vertical slope of potential temperature was observed between 100 and 140 m, corresponding to the stable ABL height. The large vertical slope coincided with the large differences in BC and O3 concentrations between altitudes below and above the height. The transition from stable to convective ABL was observed at 10–11 LT, indicated by the ABL height higher than 300 m in the convective ABL. Finally, we provide several recommendations to reduce uncertainties of UAV observation.
Risk Assessment for People Exposed to PM2.5 and Constituents at Different Vertical Heights in an Urban Area of Taiwan
Authors: Chen Hsiu-Ling , Li Chi-Pei , Tang Chin-Sheng , Lung Shih-Chun Candice , Chuang Hsiao-Chi , Chou Da-Wei , Chang Li-Te
Published: October 2020

Environmental epidemiological studies have consistently reported associations between ambient particulate matter (PM) concentrations and everyday mortality/morbidity. Many urban dwellers in Asia live in high-rise apartment buildings; thus, the pollutant concentrations of their immediate outdoor environments are affected by the vertical distribution of pollutants in the atmosphere. The vertical distributions of pollutants provide unique information about their sources and dynamic transport in urban areas, as well as their relationship to people’s exposure at ground level, while the vertical distributions of pollutants have rarely been considered in exposure assessment. In the current study, PM concentrations (with aerodynamic diameters less than 1.0 μm (PM1), 2.5 μm (PM2.5), and 10 μm (PM10)), nanoparticles, black carbon (BC), and particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (p-PAHs) were measured at different residential heights—6 m, 16 m, and 27 m—at Feng Chia University near a popular night market in Western Taiwan. PM2.5 data were further adopted for health risk estimations. In winter, the magnitude of PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 concentrations were 16 m > 6 m > 27 m; nanoparticle concentrations were 6 m > 27 m > 16 m; and BC and p-PAHs concentrations were 27 m > 16 m > 6 m. In summer, PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 concentrations ranged from 6 m > 16 m > 27 m; nanoparticle concentrations were 6 m > 16 m; and BC and p-PAHs concentrations were from 27 m > 16 m. PM and constituents concentrations during winter were significantly higher in the nighttime than those in daytime, and levels of PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 increased rapidly on 6 m and 16 m heights (but did not increase at 27 m) after 5 pm, whereas these trends became less significant in summer. Health risk analysis for PM2.5 concentrations showed a decrease in lung cancer mortality rate and an extended lifespan for residents living at 27 m. Overall, the current study investigated the vertical profile of particulate matters and analyzed health impacts of PM2.5 at different residential heights in urban area of Taiwan. As the distributions of PM and the constituents varied at different residential heights, exposure and risk assessment of particle concentrations with multiple sizes and various components at broader vertical heights should be further investigated.
Characterization of Functional Human Skeletal Myotubes and Neuromuscular Junction Derived—From the Same Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Source
Authors: Guo Xiufang , Badu-Mensah Agnes , Thomas Michael C. , McAleer Christopher W. , Hickman James J.
Published: October 2020

In vitro generation of functional neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) utilizing the same induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) source for muscle and motoneurons would be of great value for disease modeling and tissue engineering. Although, differentiation and characterization of iPSC-derived motoneurons are well established, and iPSC-derived skeletal muscle (iPSC-SKM) has been reported, there is a general lack of systemic and functional characterization of the iPSC-SKM. This study performed a systematic characterization of iPSC-SKM differentiated using a serum-free, small molecule-directed protocol. Morphologically, the iPSC-SKM demonstrated the expression and appropriate distribution of acetylcholine, ryanodine and dihydropyridine receptors. Fiber type analysis revealed a mixture of human fast (Type IIX, IIA) and slow (Type I) muscle types and the absence of animal Type IIB fibers. Functionally, the iPSC-SKMs contracted synchronously upon electrical stimulation, with the contraction force comparable to myofibers derived from primary myoblasts. Most importantly, when co-cultured with human iPSC-derived motoneurons from the same iPSC source, the myofibers contracted in response to motoneuron stimulation indicating the formation of functional NMJs. By demonstrating comparable structural and functional capacity to primary myoblast-derived myofibers, this defined, iPSC-SKM system, as well as the personal NMJ system, has applications for patient-specific drug testing and investigation of muscle physiology and disease.
Soluble Compounds Released by Hypoxic Stroma Confer Invasive Properties to Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Liu Dajia , Steins Anne , Klaassen Remy , van der Zalm Amber P. , Bennink Roel J. , van Tienhoven Geertjan , Besselink Marc G. , Bijlsma Maarten F. , van Laarhoven Hanneke W. M.
Published: October 2020

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by abundant stroma and a hypoxic microenvironment. Pancreatic stellate cells (PSC) are activated by hypoxia and promote excessive desmoplasia, further contributing to the development of hypoxia. We aimed to explore how hypoxia and stroma interact to contribute to invasive growth in PDAC. [18F]HX4 PET/CT was found to be a feasible non-invasive method to assess tumor hypoxia in 42 patients and correlated with HIF1α immunohistochemistry in matched surgical specimens. [18F]HX4 uptake and HIF1α were strong prognostic markers for overall survival. Co-culture and medium transfer experiments demonstrated that hypoxic PSCs and their supernatant induce upregulation of mesenchymal markers in tumor cells, and that hypoxia-induced stromal factors drive invasive growth in hypoxic PDACs. Through stepwise selection, stromal MMP10 was identified as the most likely candidate responsible for this. In conclusion, hypoxia-activated PSCs promote the invasiveness of PDAC through paracrine signaling. The identification of PSC-derived MMP10 may provide a lead to develop novel stroma-targeting therapies.
Ambient Temperature CO Oxidation Using Palladium–Platinum Bimetallic Catalysts Supported on Tin Oxide/Alumina
Authors: Aldridge James K. , Smith Louise R. , Morgan David J. , Carley Albert F. , Humphreys Mandy , Clarke Michael J. , Wormald Patricia , Taylor Stuart H. , Hutchings Graham J.
Published: October 2020

A series of Pt-based catalysts were synthesised and investigated for ambient temperature CO oxidation with the aim to increase catalytic activity and improve moisture resistance through support modification. Initially, bimetallic PtPd catalysts supported on alumina were found to exhibit superior catalytic activity compared with their monometallic counterparts for the reaction. Following an investigation into the effect of Pt/Pd ratio, a composition of 0.1% Pt/0.4% Pd was selected for further studies. Following this, SnO2/Al2O3 supports were synthesised from a variety of tin oxide sources. Catalytic activity was improved using sodium stannate and tin oxalate precursors compared with a traditional tin oxide slurry. Catalytic activity versus tin concentration was found to vary significantly across the three precursors, which was subsequently investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX).
Poisoning of Ammonia Synthesis Catalyst Considering Off-Design Feed Compositions
Authors: Attari Moghaddam Alireza , Krewer Ulrike
Published: October 2020

Activity of ammonia synthesis catalyst in the Haber-Bosch process is studied for the case of feeding the process with intermittent and impurity containing hydrogen stream from water electrolysis. Hydrogen deficiency due to low availability of renewable energy is offset by increased flow rate of nitrogen, argon, or ammonia, leading to off-design operation of the Haber-Bosch process. Catalyst poisoning by ppm levels of water and oxygen is considered as the main deactivation mechanism and is evaluated with a microkinetic model. Simulation results show that catalyst activity changes considerably with feed gas composition, even at exceptionally low water contents below 10ppm. A decreased hydrogen content always leads to lower poisoning of the catalyst. It is shown that ammonia offers less flexibility to the operation of Haber-Bosch process under fluctuating hydrogen production compared to nitrogen and argon. Transient and significant changes of catalyst activity are expected in electrolysis coupled Haber-Bosch process.
An Analysis of Research on Membrane-Coated Electrodes in the 2001–2019 Period: Potential Application to CO2 Capture and Utilization
Authors: Casado-Coterillo Clara , Marcos-Madrazo Aitor , Garea Aurora , Irabien Ángel
Published: October 2020

The chemistry and electrochemistry basic fields have been active for the last two decades of the past century studying how the modification of the electrodes’ surface by coating with conductive thin films enhances their electrocatalytic activity and sensitivity. In light of the development of alternative sustainable ways of energy storage and carbon dioxide conversion by electrochemical reduction, these research studies are starting to jump into the 21st century to more applied fields such as chemical engineering, energy and environmental science, and engineering. The huge amount of literature on experimental works dealing with the development of CO2 electroreduction processes addresses electrocatalyst development and reactor configurations. Membranes can help with understanding and controlling the mass transport limitations of current electrodes as well as leading to novel reactor designs. The present work makes use of a bibliometric analysis directed to the papers published in the 21st century on membrane-coated electrodes and electrocatalysts to enhance the electrochemical reactor performance and their potential in the urgent issue of carbon dioxide capture and utilization.
A Local Feature Engineering Strategy to Improve Network Anomaly Detection
Authors: Carta Salvatore , Podda Alessandro Sebastian , Recupero Diego Reforgiato , Saia Roberto
Published: October 2020

The dramatic increase in devices and services that has characterized modern societies in recent decades, boosted by the exponential growth of ever faster network connections and the predominant use of wireless connection technologies, has materialized a very crucial challenge in terms of security. The anomaly-based intrusion detection systems, which for a long time have represented some of the most efficient solutions to detect intrusion attempts on a network, have to face this new and more complicated scenario. Well-known problems, such as the difficulty of distinguishing legitimate activities from illegitimate ones due to their similar characteristics and their high degree of heterogeneity, today have become even more complex, considering the increase in the network activity. After providing an extensive overview of the scenario under consideration, this work proposes a Local Feature Engineering (LFE) strategy aimed to face such problems through the adoption of a data preprocessing strategy that reduces the number of possible network event patterns, increasing at the same time their characterization. Unlike the canonical feature engineering approaches, which take into account the entire dataset, it operates locally in the feature space of each single event. The experiments conducted on real-world data showed that this strategy, which is based on the introduction of new features and the discretization of their values, improves the performance of the canonical state-of-the-art solutions.
Experimental and Numerical Study on the Packing Densification of Metal Powder with Gaussian Distribution
Authors: Yang Huadong , Li Shiguang , Li Zhen , Ji Fengchao
Published: October 2020

In the additive manufacturing of metal materials, powder bed fusion 3D laser printing is the most widely used processing method. The density of the packed bed is another important parameter that can affect the part quality; however, it is the least understood parameter and needs further study. Aiming at addressing the problem of the powder packing density in the powder tank before powder spreading, which is neglected in the existing research, a combination of numerical simulation and experimental research was used to analyze the powder particle size distribution, powder stiffness coefficient, and vibration condition. Considering the van der Waals forces between the powders, a discrete element model suitable for fine metal powders for 3D printing is proposed. At the same time, a mathematical model that takes into account the vibration state is proposed, and the factors affecting the density of the powder were analyzed. A self-designed and manufactured three-dimensional vibration test rig was used to conduct physical experiments on spherical metal powders with approximately Gaussian distributions to obtain the maximum densities. The results obtained by the numerical simulation analysis method proposed in this paper are in good agreement with the experimental results. The influence of the amplitude and vibration frequency on the powder packing density is the same; that is, it increases with an increase in amplitude or frequency, and then decreases with a further increase in amplitude or frequency after reaching the maximum. It is unreasonable to discuss the packing densification only relying on the vibration intensity. Therefore, it is necessary to combine the amplitude and frequency to analyze the factors that affect the packing density of powders.
Effect of Strain Rate on Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Behavior of Titanium-Based Materials
Authors: Markovsky Pavlo E. , Janiszewski Jacek , Bondarchuk Vadim I. , Stasyuk Oleksandr O. , Savvakin Dmytro G. , Skoryk Mykola A. , Cieplak Kamil , Dziewit Piotr , Prikhodko Sergey V.
Published: October 2020

The goal of the present work is a systematic study on an influence of a strain rate on the mechanical response and microstructure evolution of the selected titanium-based materials, i.e., commercial pure titanium, Ti-6Al-4V alloy with lamellar and globular microstructures produced via a conventional cast and wrought technology, as well as Ti-6Al-4V fabricated using blended elemental powder metallurgy (BEPM). The quasi-static and high-strain-rate compression tests using the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) technique were performed and microstructures of the specimens were characterized before and after compression testing. The strain rate effect was analyzed from the viewpoint of its influence on the stress–strain response, including the strain energy, and a microstructure of the samples after compressive loading. It was found out that the Ti-6Al-4V with a globular microstructure is characterized by high strength and high plasticity (ensuring the highest strain energy) in comparison to alloy with a lamellar microstructure, whereas Ti6-Al-4V obtained with BEPM reveals the highest plastic flow stress with good plasticity at the same time. The microstructure observations reveal that a principal difference in high-strain-rate behavior of the tested materials could be explained by the nature of the boundaries between the structural components through which plastic deformation is transmitted: α/α boundaries prevail in the globular microstructure, while α/β boundaries prevail in the lamellar microstructure. The Ti-6Al-4V alloy obtained with BEPM due to a finer microstructure has a significantly better balance of strength and plasticity as compared with conventional Ti-6Al-4V alloy with a similar type of the lamellar microstructure.
Analysis of a Lateral Grain Boundary for Reducing Performance Variations in Poly-Si 1T-DRAM
Authors: Yoo Songyi , Sun Wookyung , Shin Hyungsoon
Published: October 2020

A capacitorless one-transistor dynamic random-access memory device that uses a poly-silicon body (poly-Si 1T-DRAM) has been suggested to overcome the scaling limit of conventional one-transistor one-capacitor dynamic random-access memory (1T-1C DRAM). A poly-Si 1T-DRAM cell operates as a memory by utilizing the charge trapped at the grain boundaries (GBs) of its poly-Si body; vertical GBs are formed randomly during fabrication. This paper describes technology computer aided design (TCAD) device simulations performed to investigate the sensing margin and retention time of poly-Si 1T-DRAM as a function of its lateral GB location. The results show that the memory’s operating mechanism changes with the GB’s lateral location because of a corresponding change in the number of trapped electrons or holes. We determined the optimum lateral GB location for the best memory performance by considering both the sensing margin and retention time. We also performed simulations to analyze the effect of a lateral GB on the operation of a poly-Si 1T-DRAM that has a vertical GB. The memory performance of devices without a lateral GB significantly deteriorates when a vertical GB is located near the source or drain junction, while devices with a lateral GB have little change in memory characteristics with different vertical GB locations. This means that poly-Si 1T-DRAM devices with a lateral GB can operate reliably without any memory performance degradation from randomly determined vertical GB locations.
Tuning Porosity of Reduced Graphene Oxide Membrane Materials by Alkali Activation
Authors: Shen Yang , Maurizi Luca , Magnacca Giuliana , Boffa Vittorio , Yue Yuanzheng
Published: October 2020

The alkali-activation method allows for obtaining highly porous carbon materials. In this study, we explored the effect of activation temperature and potassium hydroxide concentration on the pore structure of reduced graphene oxide (rGO), as potential membrane material. Above 700 °C, potassium species react with the carbon plane of rGO to form nanopores. This activation process is deeply studied through DSC measurements and isothermal gravimetric analysis. The porosity of the formed materials consists of both micro- and mesopores, with most of the pores having a size smaller than 10 nm. The specific surface area and pore volume increase with increasing the potassium hydroxide/graphene oxide weight ratio (KOH/GO) up to 7 (897 m2∙g−1 and 0.97 cm3∙g−1, respectively). However, for a synthesis mixture with KOH/GO of 10, the specific surface area of the produced material drops to 255 m2∙g−1. The film-forming ability of the porous reduced graphene oxide (PRGO) was tested by drop-casting on porous silicon carbide substrates. In this case, continuous PRGO films were obtained only from dispersions with 5 g∙L−1 GO loading and KOH/GO ≤3. Such films can still have high specific surface area and pore volume (up to 528 m2∙g−1 and 0.53 cm3∙g−1) and main pore volume <10 nm. Hence, they can potentially be applied as membrane devices, but their scalability and their adhesion on the substrate under realistic filtration conditions still remain challenges.
Losing Face
Authors: Ivanhoe Philip J.
Published: October 2020

Notions of “face” play a central role in traditional East Asian ethics and, in particular, in Confucian views about the self and its cultivation. Awareness of and attention to face is central to self-reflection and evaluation and, when properly employed, motivate one to continue to strive to improve oneself morally. Today, the Chinese Communist Party seeks to monitor and control its population by means of an extensive system of surveillance that is increasingly controlled by artificial intelligence programs. This not only undermines traditional conceptions of face but ultimately the role and ability of the party to set and enforce its own view of what Chinese citizens should seek and pursue.
An Analysis of Adherence to Vaccination Recommendations in a Thoracic Organ Transplant Cohort
Authors: Jandhyala Deeksha , Lewis Jessica D.
Published: October 2020

(1) Background: Vaccination of solid organ transplant (SOT) candidates and recipients is vital to decrease infection-related morbidity and mortality. Here we describe our heart and lung transplant programs’ rates of completion of hepatitis B and pneumococcal vaccinations and identify potential opportunities for improvement. (2) Methods: This is a single-center retrospective study that included all heart and lung transplant recipients between 1 July 2013 and 31 July 2018. We assessed demographics, causes of organ failure, pretransplant hepatitis B immune status, and completion rates for hepatitis B vaccine series, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13), and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23). (3) Results: A total of 41 patients were included in the heart transplant cohort. Twelve (29.3%) had baseline hepatitis B immunity. Only 8/29 (27.6%) completed the entire 3-dose hepatitis B vaccination series pretransplant. Pretransplant PCV13 and PPSV23 vaccination rates were 58.5% (24/41) and 48.8% (20/41), respectively; no additional patients received PCV13 or PPSV23 post-transplant. In the heart transplant cohort, a majority (82.9%) of patients were evaluated by the Transplant Infectious Diseases consultative service (TxID) pretransplant, and this had a statistically significant association with increased pneumococcal vaccination rates (p = 0.0017, PCV13 and p = 0.0103, PPSV23). In total, 55 patients were included in the lung transplant cohort. Five (9.1%) had baseline hepatitis B immunity; 33/50 (66.0%) completed the hepatitis B vaccine series in the pretransplant setting. Pretransplant PCV13 and PPSV23 vaccination rate was 40.0% (22/55) and 69.1% (38/55), respectively. There was only a 47.3% and 72.3% completion rate overall in the post-transplant setting. (4) Conclusions: There continues to be a need for a comprehensive and coordinated effort to increase vaccine adherence for all SOT candidates in the pretransplant setting.
Ecosystem approaches in the protection of reserved forest areas from phytophagous insects
Authors:   Academy of Bioresources and Environmental Management (Academic Unit) of V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Goldin E.B.
Published: October 2020

Ecosystem approaches are highly important for pest control in forest reserved areas. Their background is conservation of biodiversity, application of microbial pathogens (bacteria, viruses and fungi) and preparations. Selective and prophylactic natural remedies (attractants, repellents and deterrents) are preferable also. This complex can provide biological security of forest reservations.
White head cabbage protection against cabbage moth in Belarus
Authors:   RUE ", Volchkevich I.G. ,   Institute of Plant Protection", Kosykhina O.I. ,   RUE "Institute of Plant Protection"
Published: October 2020

Cabbage moth is one of the main white head cabbage pests in Belarus. The evaluation of the existing insecticides assortment has shown that their application at the initial pest number from 0.72 to 4.0 caterpillars per inspected plant has allowed reducing cabbage moth harmfulness and number by 84.0–100.0 % and increasing heads yield up to 35.5 %.
A Deep Learning Approach for the Romanized Tunisian Dialect Identification
Authors: Younes Jihene , Achour Hadhemi , Souissi Emna , Ferchichi Ahmed
Published: October 2020

Language identification is an important task in natural language processing that consists in determining the language of a given text. It has increasingly picked the interest of researchers for the past few years, especially for code-switching informal textual content. In this paper, we focus on the identification of the Romanized user-generated Tunisian dialect on the social web. We segment and annotate a corpus extracted from social media and propose a deep learning approach for the identification task. We use a Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory neural network with Conditional Random Fields decoding (BLSTM-CRF). For word embeddings, we combine word-character BLSTM vector representation and Fast Text embeddings that takes into consideration character n-gram features. The overall accuracy obtained is 98.65%.
Computer Vision-based Early Fire Detection Using Enhanced Chromatic Segmentation and Optical Flow Analysis Technique
Authors: Khondaker Arnisha , Khandaker Arman , Uddin Jia
Published: October 2020

Recent advances in video processing technologies have led to a wave of research on computer vision-based fire detection systems. This paper presents a multi-level framework for fire detection that analyses patterns in chromatic information, shape transmutation, and optical flow estimation of fire. First, the decision function of fire pixels based on chromatic information uses majority voting among state-of-the-art fire color detection rules to extract the regions of interest. The extracted pixels are then verified for authenticity by examining the dynamics of shape. Finally, a measure of turbulence is assessed by an enhanced optical flow analysis algorithm to confirm the presence of fire. To evaluate the performance of the proposed model, we utilize videos from the Mivia and Zenodo datasets, which have a diverse set of scenarios including indoor, outdoor, and forest fires, along with videos containing no fire. The proposed model exhibits an average accuracy of 97.2% for our tested dataset. In addition, the experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model significantly reduces the rate of false alarms compared to the other existing models
Cerebral Palsy: Enhancing Movement Opportunity with Help from the Care Team
Authors: Nelson Carrah , Fuchs Kirsten , Pennington Lacie W , Pennington Colin G
Published: October 2020

Cerebral palsy is the most common motor disability in childhood. Cerebral palsy can significantly impact the amount of physical activity and individual obtains, and the scope and quality of the physical activity may be limited by cerebral palsy. High-quality physical education can integrate children with cerebral palsy into movement programing, as to enable children with cerebral palsy to achieve goals related to cognitive skills associated with exploring physical health, maintaining physical health, as well as affective values towards physical health, movement, play, and general wellbeing. This article provides a basic overview of the physical characteristics of cerebral palsy, as well as outlines ways the child’s educational care-team can work with physical educators and physical therapist to enhance movement skills and health behavior.
Inequality, institutions, and cooperation
Authors: Markussen Thomas , Sharma Smriti , Singhal Saurabh , Tarp Finn
Published: October 2020

We examine the effects of randomly introduced economic inequality on voluntary cooperation, and whether this relationship is influenced by the quality of local institutions, as proxied by corruption. We use representative data from a large-scale lab-in-the-field public goods experiment with over 1,300 participants across rural Vietnam. Our results show that inequality adversely affects aggregate contributions, and this is on account of high endowment individuals contributing a significantly smaller share than those with low endowments. This negative effect of inequality on cooperation is exacerbated in high corruption environments. We find that corruption leads to more pessimistic beliefs about others’ contributions in heterogeneous groups, and this is an important mechanism explaining our results. In doing so, we highlight the indirect costs of corruption that are understudied in the literature. These findings have implications for public policies aimed at resolving local collective action problems.