bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rumors of War
Authors: Ferguson Gillum
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how, across Illinois Territory, relations between red and white were already changing. At Chicago, the members of the small American community remained confined to Fort Dearborn and the fortified agency house nearby. At Peoria, French villagers who had long enjoyed cordial relations with the Indians now began finding great numbers of their cattle killed, and the carcasses sometimes left at their doorsteps. At the southern end of the territory, at the mouth of Grand Pierre Creek, lived a family named Crawford, who was on civil terms with passing Indian hunting parties. The day the Indians learned of war, they painted their faces, assumed a hostile attitude, commandeered the family's boat, loaded it with game, and then paddled off down the river, never to return.
Squeezebox Bach
Authors: Jacobson Marion
Published: May 2017

This chapter tells of a moment when the artistic value of the accordion came into greater focus. From conservatories to concert halls to competition stages, the absence of the accordion was touted as evidence of injustice. What's more, the improvement of the accordion's repertoire, pedagogy, and physical construction were prescribed as an urgent undertaking—and as vital contributions to the elevation of American cultural sensibilities. This chapter discusses the work of some of the accordion's most outstanding midcentury practitioners and promoters and the importance of innovations such as the free-bass converter system—the accordion's bid to be recognized not only as a legitimate instrument but an artist's instrument, worthy of the concert hall. It then concludes with a profile of Guido Deiro's younger brother Pietro Deiro (1888–1954), the self-described “Daddy of the Accordion.”
Out of the Closet
Authors: Jacobson Marion
Published: May 2017

This chapter traces some diverse aspects of the accordion's current popularity that have yet to come to light: the San Francisco neo-vaudeville scene; the accordion festival phenomenon with its emphasis on the ludic, participatory aspects of accordion playing; and Internet-based accordion communities. It explores the rise of festivals and organizations, which became focal points for diversity and provided the accordion scene with a core identity. The chapter also considers a renewed interest in learning to play folk and traditional music, workshop participation, and accordion collecting and the material culture of the accordion. The chapter concludes with reflections on the cultural work the accordion has been doing in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries—embracing the idea of “difference” and recapturing genres, cultures, and repertoires that were previously marginalized in the accordion world.
The Future
Authors: McAnany Emile G.
Published: May 2017

This chapter reflects on the future prospects for the field of communication for development (c4d) and social change. It begins with an example that illustrates different thinking about poverty worldwide and the role of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in helping to solve the problem: Kiva organization's use of the internet to get people involved in contributing to change in developing countries. It then discusses passing paradigms, shifting discourses, and pragmatic practices in the field of c4d, suggesting that c4d paradigms do not necessarily disappear but are absorbed in practice by institutions and reappear in different policies or practices at different times. It also describes current contexts and challenges facing c4d, along with new ways to approach them. The chapter concludes with five suggestions of how universities and research centers might contribute to reinvigorating the c4d field in the next decade, one of which is how to adapt the paradigm of social entrepreneurship to c4d.
From Otello to Porgy
Authors: André Naomi
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores representations of blackness in opera in relation to masculinity and morality. More specifically, it considers the changing codes of masculinity in leading male roles and how they are calibrated differently for white European characters and nonwhite characters with non-European ancestry. It also looks at the ways in which masculinity and heroism are brought together differently for black and non-black characters. In order to elucidate these issues, the chapter analyzes Giuseppe Verdi's Otello (1887), focusing on its references to getting the “chocolate” ready and the way Verdi dramatizes Otello's vicious murder of Desdemona. Four other operas written in the first half of the twentieth century, two of which feature white European title characters and the other two feature African American protagonists, are examined: Alban Berg's Wozzeck (1925), Ernst Krenek's Jonny spielt auf (1927), George Gershwin's Porgy and Bess (1935), and Benjamin Britten's Peter Grimes (1945).
Race, “Realism,” and Fate in Frederick Delius’s Koanga
Authors: Saylor Eric
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how race intersects with questions of “realism” and fate in Frederick Delius's Koanga, which features black characters as its protagonists as well as examples of African American folk music. Based on an episode from George Washington Cable's novel The Grandissimes, Koanga is a nineteenth-century story of love, jealousy, and betrayal centered on Koanga, an enslaved West African prince and voudon priest, and Palmyra, a quadroon maidservant. This chapter first provides a background on Koanga's genesis and textual variations before discussing its seeming contradiction: the dramatic portrayal of Koanga and Palmyra as a reflection of period beliefs about the Otherness of blacks; and its treatment of the exoticism of “blackness,” both physical and musical, as an attractive quality integral to achieving its dramatic and musical aims. It argues that Koanga revives many familiar tropes of racial exoticism and manifests troubling new resonances concerning questions of destiny and free will.
Political Currents and Black Culture in Scott Joplin’s Treemonisha
Authors: Sears Ann
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines politics and black culture in Scott Joplin's Treemonisha, a love story that also lays emphasis on the main character's education and its benefits to her and the plantation folk, as well as the novel idea of a woman as a community leader. Much of Treemonisha's music parallels the Euro-American musical style employed by other American opera composers of the early twentieth century, but also incorporates nineteenth-century African American musical styles. This chapter first considers Treemonisha's African American musical elements before discussing some important musical signifiers of black identity in the opera, along with Joplin's use of language to impart cultural and political messages. It also explores Treemonisha's take on progress and education as well as its political content. It argues that through Treemonisha, Joplin was making a statement about the political, social, and economic status of African Americans in the early twentieth century.
Performing Race in Ernst Krenek’s Jonny spielt auf
Authors: Wipplinger Jonathan O.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the role of race and racial representation in Ernst Krenek's 1927 opera Jonny spielt auf (“Jonny Strikes Up”) in order to determine whether it can be considered a work that is deeply concerned with jazz, African Americans, and their image within European culture. Jonny spielt auf is a combination of European modernism, American popular music, and what Krenek took to be jazz. However, Krenek resisted the notion that his was a “jazz opera,” a term often applied to the opera during the Weimar Republic. This chapter explores how Jonny's musical, cultural, and racial identities are constructed in the opera by focusing on race and racial stereotypes embedded within the score and libretto. It shows how contradictory and competing ideas about African Americans and their music converge in Jonny spielt auf. It also highlights multiple strands of Jonny's identity, between blackface and blackness, that it argues are never entirely reconciled in the opera.
Introduction
Authors: Stanley Timothy , Bell Jonathan
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter considers the challenges, setbacks, and accomplishments of American liberal reformers in the twentieth century. Covering themes such as gender, class, labor, race, urban development, and underlying ideology, ten experts in their given fields have identified ways in which liberal politics has helped shape the nation's political landscape over the last half century. American political history cannot be labeled uniformly as conservative or liberal. Rather, there are conservative moments and liberal moments. Throughout them, reform is possible if given the right leadership and political context. Particular attention is given to the importance of grassroots coalition efforts to the functioning of “high politics” and policy making.
Albert Gore Sr., Liberalism and the South in the 1960s
Authors: Badger Tony
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on how race and war intersected in 1960s Tennessee to destroy the career of a relatively progressive southern senator. Postwar conservatives used coded racism to lure southerners from the Democratic column and to associate liberalism with African American special-interest-group politics. Al Gore failed to realize that his moderate position on civil rights alienated him from his white voters. No amount of Northern liberal support could save him as the Solid South began its defection to the GOP (Grand Old Party). Gore's defeat represented a generational shift in liberalism. Never again would it be acceptable to rely on an ethical reputation or class envy to secure reelection—liberals would have to find new ways of talking to their constituents and building trust.
Liberal Feminism and the Reshaping of the New Deal Order
Authors: Hartmann Susan M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter addresses the view that liberals have failed to marry the demands of identity- and class-based politics. It argues that in the 1970s, liberals built a powerful alliance between feminists and New Deal-style economic reforms that expanded the Democratic coalition and continues to exert influence upon it today. Although feminists failed in many of their symbolic or legal goals—particularly in the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment or federal funding for abortion—they succeeded in passing legislation that vastly improved the lives of homemakers and women workers. The chapter maintains that, surely, incorporation of gender issues into the liberal agenda contributed to the rise of a conservative countermovement, but without equal rights, the universal promise of New Deal economics would remain empty.
Kelly Pace
Authors: Wade Stephen
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the song “Rock Island Lime”, which was performed by Robert Kelly Pace, a twenty-one-year-old convict, along with a group of inmates at Cummins Camp One, a unit of the Arkansas penal system. Their performance involved a closely patterned call-and-response, their voices dispersed in three- and sometimes four-part harmony. Between the choruses one of them imitated a train whistle. “Rock Island Line” began its journey in Little Rock, Arkansas, at the repair shops of the Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific Railroad. Based on a traditional form and arising within a commercial setting, the song soon moved beyond this work site making new stops, shifting its contents, and streamlining its load. It migrated from a gospel quartet that the Arkansas prisoners performed to a rhythmic fable that Huddie Ledbetter created as he traveled with John Lomax as chauffeur, auto mechanic, and musical demonstrator. Eventually the song reached an incalculable number of players, singers, and listeners via skiffle, rock and roll, country, pop, and the folksong revival.
Conclusion
Authors: Flood Dawn Rae
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter considers the myriad legal and medical reforms that have been established since the 1970s in enhancing access to justice for rape victims. At the same time the chapter looks at contemporary rape cases and the media storm surrounding them, once again confronting the racial rape myths that prevail in contemporary American society. The chapter argues that, while institutionalized support for those navigating the complexities of rape trials has grown in recent decades, historic myths about race, gender, and sexual violence still uncomfortably intervene in sensationalized media coverage of sex crimes and in the contemporary justice system, forcing us to continue to confront and challenge our own understandings of rape.
Boarding Orphans
Authors: Ramey Jessie B.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on how the United Presbyterian Orphan's Home (UPOH) proudly reflected on the thousands of children they had helped and pictured them in a long procession next to a line of dedicated orphanage managers. Parents are not only missing from this imagined scene but are literally portrayed as absent from their children's lives. In their self-representations, the Home for Colored Children (HCC) often painted an even more dismal picture of parents, pointing to not only their absence but their alleged abuse and neglect of children. However, beneath the surface of orphanage rhetoric and managers' historical memory, parents were very much present and played a crucial role in the institutions. Parents viewed their children's institutionalization as a temporary necessity, a deliberate parenting choice and not an abandonment of their parenting responsibilities.
Contesting Orphans
Authors: Ramey Jessie B.
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter demonstrates how James Caldwell's experience highlights the way in which orphanages served as “community institutions,” serving the needs of the local people who used them. But institutional child care was contested terrain. Both the United Presbyterian Orphan's Home (UPOH) and the HCC illustrate how many different stakeholders negotiated the development of child care institutions, each with sometimes competing agendas and expectations. Similarly, the managers displayed motives of social control, wishing to not only assist poor children, but to reform poor families themselves. These managing women were the most powerful stakeholders in the orphanages, but they were never alone; their control of the institutions was mediated by constant interaction with working-class families, reformers, staff, and the broader community.
Catch the Runaway
Authors: Rivers Larry Eugene
Published: May 2017

This chapter demonstrates how Florida attempted to address the problem of runaways but achieved mixed success at best. The legislative council and legislature passed numerous laws. Many reflected those of other southern states, although Florida offered lower rewards for the capture of runaways. The same laws anticipated that most white male Floridians would play a role in catching runaways. Private citizens, professional slave catchers, and others pursued and apprehended fugitives. Few owners and overseers pursued runaways personally because of the time involved away from plantations and farms. Slave patrols sometimes operated during times of crisis but proved, for the most part, ineffective in capturing runaways. Privately posted rewards generally brought better results, especially when combined with published notices that provided accurate information.
Introduction
Authors: Simons Margaret A.
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter provides an overview of Simone de Beauvoir's post-World War II political engagement. The key to Beauvoir's post-World War II political engagement is, of course, her experience of the war itself—an experience recounted in her Wartime Diary (2009) and in The Blood of Others (1945), a novel set in the French Resistance and written during the Nazi Occupation. Although Beauvoir escaped the worst horrors of the war—on the front lines or in the concentration camps—she lost friends murdered by the Nazis and found her own life profoundly changed. Indeed, the Occupation that began in June 1940 confronted her with the realization that freedom, which she had assumed to be a metaphysical given, was contingent upon an economic and political situation that she had previously ignored.
Right-Wing Thought Today
Authors: de Beauvoir Simone , Zaytzeff Véronique , Morrison Frederick M. , Kruks Sonia , Veltman Andrea
Published: May 2017

Truth is one, but error is multiple. It is not just by chance that the right wing professes pluralism. Right-wing doctrines that give expression to pluralism are far too numerous for this article to seriously examine them all. Yet, bourgeois thinkers—who forbid their adversaries the use of Marxist methods if they do not accept the entire system as a whole—still have no qualms themselves about eclectically pulling together ideas borrowed from Spengler, Burnham, Jaspers, and many others....
In France Today, Killing Goes Unpunished
Authors: de Beauvoir Simone
Published: May 2017

“One year suspended sentence and a 20,000 franc fine.” The accused, Mr. Bérion, bursts into tears. For what is he blamed? He has very simply set fifty-seven of his female workers on fire. Three are dead; the others are mutilated or disfigured forever. Such is bourgeois justice. The court found Mr. Bérion responsible for this tragedy by finding him guilty of “gross negligence” [...
A Walk Through the Land of Old Age
Authors: Ahrne Marianne , de Beauvoir Simone , Angel Pépo , Hurault Bertrand , Ahrne Marianne , Sarrot Justine , Davis Oliver
Published: May 2017

[Old man tries to lift himself out of the bath. Young people run past old.]

MIDDLE-AGED MAN:Old age: couldn’t you have found something more amusing?OLD WOMAN:No, I don’t like old people.OLD MAN:Why?OLD WOMAN:Well, because they’re always talking about their problems and I don’t like that....
Glory Bumps
Authors: Harrison Douglas
Published: May 2017

This chapter provides an extended inquiry into the psychodynamics of southern gospel. It identifies a reciprocal process of sentimental exchange in the music that sustains a surreptitious modernity within a fundamentalist culture. This dynamic operates just beneath the surface of consensus about the music and about evangelicalism as a structure of belief. Methodologically, the chapter draws on literary critical readings of song lyrics in relation to analysis of live performance and the music's fan culture. It shows how the music allows the individual to confront feelings of doubt, insecurity, fear, isolation, and general spiritual discontent—even or especially when these feelings might contradict orthodox doctrine—without ever putting the individual in direct, public conflict with orthodoxy. Ultimately, this chapter demonstrates how a shaky but workable pluralism takes hold within evangelical fundamentalism.
The Unexamined Body
Authors: Weiner Marli F. , Hough Mazie
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how laypeople viewed the ways commonsense defined the interactions between mind and body in the cause, course, and treatment of various diseases. During the antebellum period, commonsense notions about the mind–body connection influenced ideas not only about race, sex, and class, but also about many other aspects of life such as opportunity, destiny, sexuality, marriage, and personality. Laypeople of both races preferred to define health and sickness for themselves, although slaves also had to deal with their owners' interference. Slaveholders were concerned about shamming, the deliberate invocation of illness on the part of healthy slaves to gain respite from hard labor. Slaves had very different explanations for the origins and meaning of disease than whites did, while women, especially white women, struggled to maintain the attitudes they believed would protect them and their babies from harm during pregnancy and childbirth. This chapter compares the views of white southerners and slaves when it came to mind, body, the emotions, and the external causes of illness.
The Body Politic
Authors: Weiner Marli F. , Hough Mazie
Published: May 2017

This conclusion discusses the political significance of different definitions of the body for slaves, slaveholders, and physicians in the antebellum South. It begins by telling the story of T. S. Hopkins, a physician from Waynesville, Georgia, who published an article titled “A Remarkable Case of Feigned Disease” in the March 1853 Charleston Medical Journal and Review. In his article, Hopkins presented “the history of the case” of a slave man named Nat, who was suffering from “liver affection.” The doctor initially interpreted Nat's condition in terms of hysteria, but later claimed it was “the result of a severe attack of climate fever.” This conclusion argues that Hopkins's presentation of Nat's story is illustrative of the ways in which the body politic of the South was rooted in race and sex. In particular, it considers Hopkins's recognition of the power of the body in defining slavery. It also describes how science and medicine reinforced each other; medicine served to define bodies and minds and their characteristics with the growing authority of science.
Deportations, Fallout from Dennis, and the Rosenberg Case
Authors: Lichtman Robert M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the U.S. Supreme Court’s decisions during its October 1951 and 1952 terms and Special term in 1953. The decisions in the 1951 and 1952 terms largely sustained government action. Deportation issues predominated, with the Court issuing seven signed decisions in deportation cases over the two-year span. Three other decisions were spawned by Dennis, two relating to punishment of Dennis defense attorneys. The Court also ruled on the validity of a loyalty oath required of Oklahoma’s public-school teachers and on New York City’s loyalty program for its teachers. And it considered for the first time loyalty measures applied by the Army to its draftees—in this case, a medical doctor. In June 1953, at the end of the 1952 term, the imminent execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg also gave rise to a wrenching series of events.
The Coming of the Warren Court, the Emspak Trilogy, and Brown’s Consequences
Authors: Lichtman Robert M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the U.S. Supreme Court’s decisions during its October 1953 and 1954 terms. In the 1953 term, the Court issued signed decisions in only two “Communist” cases. Both were decided in the government’s favor by a divided Court, and the new chief justice voted with the majority each time. In Barsky v. Board of Regents the Court considered New York’s suspension of a medical doctor’s license solely because of his contempt-of-Congress conviction for refusing to produce to the House Un-American Activities Committee the records of an alleged Communist “front.” The term’s other “Communist” decision, Galvan v. Press, was a deportation case wherein a long-time resident alien was deported for having once been a Communist Party member. In 1954, the Court issued decisions in Emspak v. United States and in Brown.
Scales and CPUSA, Wilkinson and Braden, and Konigsberg II and Anastaplo—a Full-Scale Retreat
Authors: Lichtman Robert M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the U.S. Supreme Court’s October 1960 term, which saw a sudden and final outpouring of decisions in “Communist” cases—fifteen signed decisions. The government prevailed in nine, every one over the dissenting votes of Black, Warren, Douglas, and Brennan. The decisions included Scales, which upheld the constitutionality of the Smith Act’s “membership” clause, and CPUSA v. SACB, which sustained the registration provisions of the Internal Security Act. Decisions in two contempt-of-Congress cases confirmed that after Barenblatt the First Amendment posed no obstacle to committees seeking to compel disclosure of “Communist” affiliations. And in two bar-admission decisions, the Court ruled in effect that states may deny admission to any applicant who refuses to answer questions about his political associations.
Five Lives in Music
Authors: Porter Cecelia Hopkins
Published: May 2017

Representing a historical cross-section of performance and training in Western music since the seventeenth century, this book brings to light the private and performance lives of five remarkable women musicians and composers: Duchess Sophie-Elisabeth of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, Elisabeth-Claude Jacquet de la Guerre, Josephine Lang, Maria Bach, and Ann Schein. Guiding readers through the Thirty Years War in central Europe, elite courts in Germany, urban salons in Paris, Nazi control of Germany and Austria, and American musical life today, as well as personal experiences of marriage, motherhood, and widowhood, the book provides valuable insight about the culture in which each woman was active. Throughout the lively and focused portraits of these five women, the book finds common threads, both personal and contextual, that extend to a larger discussion of the lives and careers of female composers and performers throughout centuries of music history.
Duchess Sophie-Elisabeth
Authors: Porter Cecelia Hopkins
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the Duchess Sophie-Elisabeth's many accomplishments, as well as the cultural legacies that surrounded her and nourished her talents. Born a princess at the court of Güstrow, an active north German cultural center, Duchess Sophie-Elisabeth of Braunschweig-Lüneburg (August 20, 1613–July 12, 1676) made a distinctive mark on the course of German baroque music. Her noble rank and multifaceted talents gave her access to leading avenues of German cultural life, above all in music, along with a number of the most distinguished composers and performers of the seventeenth century. An ambitious and effective impresario, an ardent arts patron, and a serious, if not exceptional, composer, she triumphed over many adversities, administering and supporting the musical life at her husband's court of Wolfenbüttel with a strong sense of reality and initiative.
Elisabeth-Claude Jacquet de La Guerre
Authors: Porter Cecelia Hopkins
Published: May 2017

This chapter recounts the accomplishments of the French composer, harpsichordist, and organist Elisabeth-Claude Jacquet de La Guerre (1665–1729). She was the first woman to have a work, her opera Céphale et Procris, staged at the Académie Royale de Musique, the prestigious opera house in Paris. An older contemporary of Johann Sebastian Bach and Georg Friedrich Händel, Jacquet de La Guerre had grown up in a family of active and respected musicians, and lived amid the rich cultural environment of Versailles and Paris. In a time when musical life flourished at the court of Louis XIV and among the French capital's urban bourgeoisie, Jacquet de La Guerre's life and art fit neatly into the prosperity, splendor, and turbulence of the grand siècle, when Louis, the “Sun King,” reigned (1643–1715) as an absolute monarch.
Josephine Lang
Authors: Porter Cecelia Hopkins
Published: May 2017

This chapter documents the musical legacy of Josephine Caroline Lang (1815–1880), who lived and worked during the height of nineteenth-century Germany's romantic era. Like Jacquet, she belonged to the professional middle class and inherited a highly visible musical family from both her parents' family lines. She grew up in the midst of the Munich court's active musical life, which had recently absorbed the brilliant musicians of Mannheim. Throughout her life, Lang enjoyed some measure of relative domestic stability, laced though it was with struggle and tragedy; and she experienced many of the advantages of her rich cultural heritage—advantages that paved her way to a professional position higher than that won by most talented German women of her day.
African American Cultural Expression in Chicago before the Renaissance
Authors: Reed Christopher Robert
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the local historical context of the Black Chicago Renaissance. It discusses the existence of a layered class structure within the black community, and underscores the importance and the complicated tradition of support of the arts by elite black and later members of the black entrepreneurial and professional middle class. Black patronage, for both aesthetic and exploitative reasons, served an important function in providing space for creative expression and the means for its distribution and commoditization. Furthermore, the chapter is a response to the claims made by social scientists Charles S. Johnson and E. Franklin Frazier. In 1923, Johnson declared that Chicago's intellectual life had numerous excuses for not existing. In 1929, Fraser echoed Johnson's assertion, insisting that Chicago had no intelligentsia.
Government and Its Speech Forum
Authors: Bezanson Randall P.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the Supreme Court's decision inPleasant Grove City v. Summum. In the city of Pleasant Grove, Utah, sits Pioneer Park—the site of a local controversy that launched a landmark expansion of the doctrine known as “government speech.” The park's attractions are a hodgepodge of monuments and historical markers, including a privately donated Ten Commandments monument. A small and unconventional local religious group called Summun argued before the Supreme Court for the right to place its own monument next to the Ten Commandments in Pioneer Park. At issue in the Summun case was whether and how the claimed government speech forum would apply to monuments in a public park. Beneath the surface of this issue, however, were some very fundamental First Amendment questions. The chapter focuses on these questions. Is First Amendment immunity for government speech constitutionally justified, and if so, why? Should government's choice of private speech qualify as government speech? Should government's speech power be extended to a government speech forum in which only approved ideas and viewpoints can be expressed?
Is There such a Thing as Too Much Free Speech?
Authors: Bezanson Randall P.
Published: May 2017

The question we have been examining in this book is limited but fundamental: how should the Supreme Court’s recent definitional expansions of the meaning and scope of “speech” protected by the First Amendment be judged? In the cases we have reviewed, the constitutional term “speech” has been expanded to include speech by corporations, speech by government, voting and petitioning, and speech “out of thin air.” These decisions are not just extensions of the freedom enjoyed by speech. They are extensions—indeed very substantial ones—of the definitional range of the free speech guarantee itself....
Introduction
Authors: Stole Inger L.
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter traces the ongoing tensions between advertisers, regulators, and consumer activists during the war, and chronicles how advertisers turned a situation—that by all rational accounts should have worked to their disadvantage—into a priceless opportunity to cement their place in a postwar society defined by advertising and the consumer products it promoted. A successful campaign included a significant public relations component, which was aimed at defining advertising as quintessentially democratic and American. The book aims to uncover the significant political and economic forces that shaped the industry, or what Frank W. Fox has termed “the ad behind the ad,” the use of advertising to bolster the corporate system behind the products.
The Consumer Movement’s Return
Authors: Stole Inger L.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the concerns of Consumers Union (CU) about the mutually beneficial relationship between advertisers and Washington, including CU cofounder Colston Warne’s attempts to gain publicity and public traction for his crusade. It also examines the renewed interest in grading and standardization of consumer goods due to war conditions, and how the measure was as welcomed in activist circles as it was opposed in the advertising community. The core idea for the standardization of consumer goods had been rekindled as part of the government’s TNEC investigation and continued to linger as an issue throughout the war. Likewise, the changed economic situation brought on by the war again called the economic function of advertising into question and gave its critics new credence.
The Rise of the National Basketball Association
Authors: Surdam David George
Published: May 2017

Today's National Basketball Association commands millions of spectators worldwide, and its many franchises are worth hundreds of millions of dollars. But the league wasn't always so successful or glamorous: in the 1940s and 1950s, the NBA and its predecessor, the Basketball Association of America, were scrambling to attract fans. Teams frequently played in dingy gymnasiums, players traveled as best they could, and their paychecks could bounce higher than a basketball. How did the NBA evolve from an obscure organization facing financial losses to a successful fledgling sports enterprise by 1960? Drawing on information from numerous archives, newspaper and periodical articles, and Congressional hearings, this book chronicles the league's growing pains from 1946 to 1961. The book describes how a handful of ambitious ice hockey arena owners created the league as a way to increase the use of their facilities, growing the organization by fits and starts. Rigorously analyzing financial data and league records, the book points to the innovations that helped the NBA thrive: regular experiments with rules changes to make the game more attractive to fans, and the emergence of televised sports coverage as a way of capturing a larger audience. Notably, the NBA integrated in 1950, opening the game to players who would dominate the game by the end of the decade: Bill Russell, Elgin Baylor, Wilt Chamberlain, and Oscar Robertson. Long a game that players loved to play, basketball became a professional sport well supported by community leaders, business vendors, and an ever-growing number of fans.
Economics of Sports Leagues
Authors: Surdam David George
Published: May 2017

This chapter is a general overview of the economic aspects of professional team sports leagues as well as the American economy. The NBA's turbulent birth as the BAA demonstrated that professional sports team owners' twin advantages of price-setting power over ticket prices and enhanced bargaining power over players were not sufficient conditions to ensure profitability. Price-setting power without sufficient demand could still lead to losses. The challenge was to increase demand, which would have led to higher ticket prices, more attendance, and greater revenues and profits. Greater profits would have enabled owners to pay higher salaries and to improve conditions, helping to erase any fly-by-night image. Thus the chapter looks at the issues surrounding profits, player salaries, technology, expansions, discrimination, and so on; as well as how the American economy performed during the years 1945–61 and how it affected attendance and demand for professional team sports leagues.
Shakedown (1951–54)
Authors: Surdam David George
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at the fledgling NBA League's attempts to stabilize itself internally and financially as well as the innovations undergone during its first few years. With the NBL gone, along with some of the original BAA franchises, the surviving owners hoped consolidation would provide stability if not prosperity. However, the elimination of six weak teams did not immediately create prosperity for the remaining NBA teams. Three more teams folded before the league settled into an eight-team circuit. The owners, seeking to reduce costs and bolster attendance, decided to rely on doubleheaders. They also worried about the growing roughness of league games and worked on trying to improve the product.
Moving to Major League Status (1957–62)
Authors: Surdam David George
Published: May 2017

This chapter documents the league's continued efforts at expansion. Although some of the eight franchises were still struggling to earn sufficient revenues, the NBA's stability and the success of its twenty-four-second shot clock encouraged NBA owners. Some began considering relocating their teams to larger cities. Their improved product on the court and growing prosperity spurred other businesspeople to begin seeking teams of their own, leading to increases in franchise values and demands for expansion teams. Moreover, new players from this generation were elevated to nigh-legendary status among pro basketball fans. The league's general stability and incipient prosperity also bolstered player salaries and emboldened players to seek more rights.
“We Were Real Skookum Women”
Authors: Roy Susan , Taylor Ruth
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines historical photographs that uncover a lineage of shìshìlh women's involvement in hand logging in Squamish territory on the rugged northwest coast of British Columbia. It suggests that the binary concepts of masculinized “logging” and feminized “basket making” grew largely from the colonial logic of gender normativity and separate spheres of activity. Colonial perspectives expected men to participate in industry, independently or as wage laborers; and women, in home-based cottage production. From the shìshìlh point of view, however, there is no rigid conceptual distinction between the labor required for logging and that required for basket production. While men and women certainly performed different roles within the family, their spheres overlapped and were complementary.
For Book-readers Only
Authors: Foley John Miles
Published: May 2017

This chapter serves to alleviate “culture shock” and ease the reader into the unique structure this volume takes on. It demonstrates how this book operates as part of the Pathways Project, and emphasizes the disorientation necessarily involved in abandoning the default medium of the book in order to grasp the dynamics of alternative media. The chapter lays out the terms and definitions to be undertaken in showing how oral tradition (OT) and Internet technology (IT) support thinking and creating and communicating in ways that books can't match. It emphasizes the importance of “thinking outside the book” in order to better understand how media—and human communication—works from the recalibrated perspective this book seeks to engender.
Home Page: Welcome to the Pathways Project
Authors: Foley John Miles
Published: May 2017

This chapter gives a short overview of the Pathways Project, its aims and objectives, and its media of choice. The major purpose of the Pathways Project is to illustrate and explain the fundamental similarities and correspondences between humankind's oldest and newest thought-technologies: oral tradition and the Internet. This chapter argues that both technologies are alike, and furthermore that they have an advantage over the traditional media of books in that they “mine the way we think” by processing along pathways within a network. Finally, the chapter maps out the structure of the Pathways Project, both in the form of its website, and in this book.
Justice Provocateur
Authors: Cavender Gray
Published: May 2017

This book focuses on Prime Suspect, a popular British television film series starring Oscar and Emmy award-winning actress Helen Mirren as fictional London policewoman Jane Tennison. The book examines the media constructions of justice, gender, and police work in the show, exploring its progressive treatment of contemporary social problems in which women are central protagonists. The book argues that the show acts as a vehicle for progressive moral fiction—fiction that gives voice to victim experiences, locates those experiences within a larger social context, transcends traditional legal definitions of justice for victims, and offers insights into ways that individuals might challenge oppressive social and organizational arrangements. Shrewdly interpreting the show as an illustration of the tensions and contradictions of women's experiences and their various relations to power, the book provides a framework for interrogating the meanings and implications of justice, gender, and social transformation both on and off the screen.
Analytic Framework
Authors: Cavender Gray , Jurik Nancy C.
Published: May 2017

This chapter develops the framework for analyzing Prime Suspect. The framework will serve as a benchmark for examining gender and justice issues in cultural productions, including film and television. In contrast to some cultural studies approaches that claim to avoid value assessments of fictional works, the chapter adopts an approach that not only examines but advocates for works that promote hopes for and actions toward social justice. The first component of the framework rests on the idea that a feminist crime genre has emerged in the past few decades. The second and interrelated component of the framework is a model of progressive moral fiction. The model can be used as a framework for media research and for using media to teach about gender and justice issues.
From Old World to New Shores
Authors: Simonett Helena
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents a brief history of the accordion, from its experimental beginning in the early nineteenth century to its phenomenal rise as a truly global commodity, emphasizing the social predicament that relegated this instrument to a marginal position within the (educated) musical world. While the accordion at first was an expensive and hence exclusive instrument in upper-class drawing rooms, by the last quarter of the nineteenth century it had spread to the middle and working classes. The accordion of the nineteenth century was a symbol of progress and modernity as well as of mass culture and industrialization. This dichotomy is one of the reasons for the elite's ambivalence towards and uneasiness with the accordion.
From Chanky-Chank to Yankee Chanks
Authors: Dewitt Mark F.
Published: May 2017

The diatonic button accordion has been played by musicians the world over, but it has attained a uniquely prominent status in Louisiana Cajun culture. Over the decades, this one particular type of accordion has served as a tabula rasa onto which have been projected changing views of Cajun music and the status of Cajun ethnic identity. This chapter shows how the changing politics of identity in post-civil rights America has enabled Cajuns to turn the accordion's (and their own) “chanky-chank” (low-class) stigma into a powerful symbol of ethnic identity and pride. Cajuns' renewed interest in and valuation of accordion music has also spilled over to a young generation of musicians, including non-Cajun “Yankee chank” accordion players.
Accordions and Working-Class Culture along Lake Superior’s South Shore
Authors: Leary James P.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the accordion culture along the south shore of Lake Superior. From the late nineteenth century through the present, the accordion has reigned in the area as the most ubiquitous and emblematic folk-musical instrument. A downright working-class instrument, it fostered egalitarian social relations and interethnic alliances—a kind of alliance only possible in the New World, where the politics of ethnic identity has come to govern many social relations. The chapter focuses in the following: (1) how South Shore musicians acquired and learned to play assorted accordions; (2) the audiences for whom and contexts within which they performed; and (3) the sources and nature of their repertoires. The resulting cumulative historical and ethnographic portrait illuminates the accordion's significant role in establishing a common, creolized, regional, and enduring working-class culture that was substantially formed between the 1890s and the 1930s.
No ma’ se oye el fuinfuán
Authors: Hutchinson Sydney
Published: May 2017

Merengue is widely recognized as the national music of the Dominican Republic, its most popular and best-known export. In the twentieth century, merengue split into different genres, catering to different social groups: the orquesta merengue, centered around wind and brass instruments, and the accordion-based merengue típico. This chapter examines how the accordion is played in Dominican merengue típic. It outlines historical and contemporary meanings of the accordion as related to class, ethnicity, and gender, suggesting that the instrument often embodies Dominicans' changing ideas about themselves. To construct this argument, it relies on newspaper articles, scholarly and lay histories, the visual arts, interviews with practitioners, and the author's own fieldwork conducted among típico musicians in New York City and Santiago, the Dominican Republic's second-largest city and center of the Cibao, since 2001 and 2004, respectively.
Amelia Pedroso
Authors: Villepastour Amanda
Published: May 2017

This chapter studies the life of Amelia Pedroso, a renowned Cuban ritual singer and priestess in the Santeria tradition. She generated remarkable achievements in male-dominated and heterosexual contexts, openly creating a lesbian and gay-friendly ritual house in Havana. In the early 1990s when she was in her forties, Amelia moved into a drumming domain that specifically prohibited Cuban women—although paradoxically, non-Cuban women were taught in Cuba. She formed an all-women ensemble and toured and ran workshops in the United States and Europe. Amelia attracted women to her, acquiring a role as an iconic activist, developing a network of students and religious godchildren, and leaving a remarkable transnational legacy following her death in 2000.
Marysia’s Voice
Authors: Wrazen Louise
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the life and career of Marysia Mąka. She spent her childhood and early adulthood in the Podhale region in the Tatra Mountains of southern Poland as a Górale or Highlander, singing with local groups. In 1992, at age twenty-nine, she migrated to Toronto, Canada, where singing enabled her to sustain and renew her sense of personal identity in relation to motherhood and ethnicity. Within a framework of dislocation, local contexts, and a happy marriage and family life, Marysia creates community through her singing and compositions, using her voice to maintain connections to landscape, people, a sense of home, and language.
Sima’s Choices
Authors: Breyley Gay
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the life and career of Iranian singer Sima Shokrani. She specializes in Mazanderani repertoire and language, and was profoundly influenced by the work songs of her grandmother. Demonstrating an engagement with political and ideological issues from childhood, Sima challenged linguistic constraints and participated in the revolution of 1979 as a university student of twenty-one. She has shaped her career as a woman singer within the well-known constraints in Iran, as restrictions are placed around women singers by law. Making choices to sing songs that articulate women's agency in romantic and other relationships, she negotiates her multiple identities in private and public singing contexts. Supported by her husband, and despite the migration of her daughters to Germany, Sima chooses to remain in Iran, where she fulfills a role as a senior woman.
Zainab Herawi
Authors: Doubleday Veronica
Published: May 2017

This chapter deals with the life and career of Zainab Herawi. She began her singing career as a child apprentice in the Herat region of Afghanistan in the 1940s, within the context of a class-based society, where singing by women was considered to be morally questionable. Zainab's is a story of unfulfilled fame because, although she was invited to sing for Kabul Radio when twenty-seven, family and background pressures and constraints led to her returning home, where she continued to sing for wedding celebrations. As a series of choices and struggles involving the interfacing domains of family, location, religion, and vocality, her life as a local singer with a large family was one of frequent anguish and frustration; yet her songs live on in the narratives and performances of musician and scholar Veronica Doubleday.