bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Breastfed infants exposed to lamotrigine faced a low risk of toxic effects
Authors: Alvarez Ingrid , Tötterman Katarina , Honkaniemi Emma , Sarman Ihsan , Bäck Karin , Forsberg Lisa , Heinonen Essi Whaites , Svedenkrans Jenny
Published: September 2024

Aim

We aimed to investigate plasma lamotrigine concentrations and clinical effects in infants exposed to lamotrigine through breastfeeding.

Methods

This was a retrospective study of mother–infant dyads in a clinical follow‐up programme in Stockholm, Sweden. Data were collected from medical records.

Results

We included 47 breastfed infants, born from 2011 to 2021, with a median gestational age of 39 + 6 weeks/days and a median birth weight of 3420 g. The median lamotrigine concentration in the infants' plasma was 2.5 (range 2.5–14.0) μmol/L. These concentrations correlated significantly with both the maternal plasma concentrations and the maternal doses (R = 0.79, p < 0.001 versus R = 0.54, p < 0.001). During the follow up, lamotrigine concentrations within the reference range for epilepsy treatment were detected in six (14%) infants and one had clinical symptoms that were probably related to lamotrigine exposure. Liver transaminases were elevated in three of 21 infants. All infants whose mothers had a dose of 150 mg or less had undetectable plasma concentrations and no symptoms during follow up.

Conclusion

Infants exposed to lamotrigine through breastfeeding had a low risk of toxic effects. All infants whose mothers had low lamotrigine doses had unmeasurable plasma concentrations and no symptoms of lamotrigine exposure. These low‐risk infants might be offered a simplified follow up.
Differential diagnosis of autism, attachment disorders, complex post‐traumatic stress disorder and emotionally unstable personality disorder: A Delphi study
Authors: Sarr Rachel , Spain Debbie , Quinton Alice M. G. , Happé Francesca , Brewin Chris R. , Radcliffe Jonathan , Jowett Sally , Miles Sarah , González Rafael A. , Albert Idit , Scholwin Alix , Stirling Marguerite , Markham Sarah , Strange Sally , Rumball Freya
Published: September 2024

Individuals diagnosed with autism, attachment disorders, emotionally unstable personality disorder (EUPD) or complex post‐traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) can present with similar features. This renders differential and accurate diagnosis of these conditions difficult, leading to diagnostic overshadowing and misdiagnosis. The purpose of this study was to explore professionals' perspectives on the differential diagnosis of autism, attachment disorders and CPTSD in young people; and of autism, CPTSD and EUPD in adults. A co‐produced three‐round Delphi study gathered information through a series of questionnaires from 106 international professionals with expertise in assessing and/or diagnosing at least one of these conditions. To provide specialist guidance and data triangulation, working groups of experts by experience, clinicians and researchers were consulted. Delphi statements were considered to have reached consensus if at least 80% of participants were in agreement. Two hundred and seventy‐five Delphi statements reached consensus. Overlapping and differentiating features, methods of assessment, difficulties encountered during differential diagnosis and suggestions for improvements were identified. The findings highlight current practices for differential diagnosis of autism, attachment disorders, CPTSD and EUPD in young people and adults. Areas for future research, clinical and service provision implications, were also identified.
Debate: How much should nonspecialists be involved in mental health care when resources are limited? A perspective from low‐ and middle‐income countries
Authors: Ani Cornelius , Omigbodun Olayinka
Published: September 2024

Millions of children and young people (CYP) in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) have no access to mental health care. This huge treatment gap is primarily due to limited availability of trained mental health professionals. We propose task‐sharing as a scalable strategy to expand access to child and adolescent mental health (CAMH) interventions in LMICs. Task‐sharing involves using the few mental health specialists in LMICs to train and supervise nonspecialists to provided CAMH interventions. There is strong evidence of clinical and cost effectiveness of task‐shared mental health interventions for adults in LMICs and promising evidence for CYP. To succeed, task‐shared programmes need to be embedded in a balanced system‐wide care setting that includes stakeholder involvement. The existing mental health specialists may require additional training in leadership, supervision, mentoring, service design and evaluation in order to meet the additional expectations of managing task‐sharing programmes. The nonspecialists to be trained would need assurances about workload, ongoing supervision, clinical back up for cases that exceed their expertise, certification for their training and career progression. CAMH task‐sharing offers good promise for increasing CYP's access to mental health interventions in LMICs. However, planners need to be aware of the important practical, ethical and contextual considerations necessary for success and sustainability.
Accuracy of robotic computer‐assisted implant surgery for immediate implant placement: A retrospective case series study
Authors: Li Ping , Zhao Chunhui , Chen Jiahao , Xu Shulan , Yang Shuo , Li An
Published: September 2024

Objectives

This study investigated the accuracy of robotic computer‐assisted implant surgery (r‐CAIS) for immediate implant placement.

Methods

Twenty cases with 20 implant sites were selected based on predefined inclusion criteria. The preparation of the implant bed and implant placement followed the standardized dental implant robotic surgery protocol. Postoperative cone‐beam computed tomography scans were conducted to assess possible discrepancies between actual and planned implant positions.

Results

The r‐CAIS technology for immediate implant placement exhibited a mean global coronal deviation of 0.71 ± 0.27 mm (95% CI: 0.58–0.83 mm), a mean global apical deviation of 0.69 ± 0.26 mm (95% CI: 0.56–0.81 mm), and an angular deviation of 1.27 ± 0.47° (95% CI: 1.05–1.49°). A substantial number of deviations were observed buccally at both coronal (90%) and apical (95%) levels, with a consistent tendency for buccal deviation.

Conclusions

The r‐CAIS technology proved a promising approach for immediate implantation in the anterior region, with satisfactory clinical outcomes. However, an optimized surgical protocol for r‐CAIS technology is required for particular implant sites like extraction sockets or bone defects.
An approach to designing efficient implementation of 30×30 terrestrial conservation commitments
Authors: Schloss Carrie A. , Cameron D. Richard , Franklin Bradley , Nolte Christoph , Morrison Scott A.
Published: September 2024

In response to biodiversity declines worldwide, over 190 nations committed to protect 30% of their lands and waters by 2030 (hereafter, 30×30). Systematic conservation planning and return on investment analysis can be helpful tools for determining where protection efforts could deliver the most efficient and effective reserve design, and supporting decision‐making when trade‐offs among objectives are required. Here, we propose a framework for efficient “30×30” implementation and apply it to the state of California (USA). Because conservation of a region's full suite of biodiversity is the primary objective of the global initiative, we prioritized representation in our analysis. We used Zonation to identify networks that close the gap in representation of major habitat types in California's protected area network and that also conserve the places important for biodiversity or climate change mitigation. We identified networks that are efficient relative to metrics likely to be important in implementation including land acquisition cost, number of transactions, and conservation benefit per hectare, and we illustrate not only trade‐offs associated with these metrics but also differences in the co‐benefits achieved. Five of the eight major habitat types in California are not currently protected at a 30% level statewide, and if representation was achieved solely through private land acquisition, targets could be met for as little as $5.84 billion, with as few as 364 transactions, or with 2.18 million additional conserved hectares. Implementation of 30×30 will likely require more flexibility than a single network design. A “no regrets” action would be to protect properties that were prioritized across all networks and additional implementation should include properties with characteristics of any of the individual networks. Our analytical framework and implementation guidance can be applied to other geographies and jurisdictions to increase the likelihood of both meeting 30×30 targets and delivering the conservation benefits they aim to secure.
High incidence of low interstitial fluid glucose among type 2 diabetes patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) despite adhering to appropriate glycated haemoglobin targets—has time come for robust integration of interstitial fluid glucose targets into glycaemic guidelines?
Authors: Tian Kristy , Ang Li Chang , Choudhary Pratik , Choo Jason Chon Jun , Bee Yong Mong , Goh Su‐Yen , Teh Ming Ming
Published: September 2024

Aim

We aim to compare the burden of Level 1 (<4 mmol/L) and Level 2 (<3 mmol/L) hypoglycaemia between type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with and without chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Methods

T2D subjects with and without CKD (eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m2) were recruited from a tertiary‐care hospital. Subjects wore the Freestyle Libre‐Pro sensor for 2 weeks. The number of hypoglycaemic events and intra‐day difference in Level 1 and 2 hypoglycaemias were compared between the cohorts.

Results

We recruited 134 subjects: 74 with CKD (44 M:30F) and 60 without CKD (36 M:24F), with no difference in HbA1c between the two cohorts (66 ± 20 vs 64 ± 16 mmol/mol, p = 0.529). The CKD cohort had increased level 1 (OR 1.73, p = 0.011), level 2 hypoglycaemias (OR 2.16, p = 0.002), and glycaemic variability than the non‐CKD cohort (35.3 ± 9.5 vs 32.3 ± 6.8%). The CKD cohort had more level 2 hypoglycaemia events nocturnally compared to day at 1.9 ± 3.1 vs. 1.4 ± 2.5 events/person within the two week sensor wearing period (p = 0.022), whereas there was no significant intra‐day difference in the number of such events within the non‐CKD cohort.

Conclusions

The CKD cohort has a greater burden of hypoglycaemia despite being treated to similar HbA1c targets. The greater number of nocturnal events warrants safety concern. Interstitial fluid glucose targets should be incorporated into the glycaemic guidelines for T2D patients with CKD.
Prevalence of obesity and cardiovascular disease in adults with type 2 diabetes and use of diabetes medication in Germany: A claims data study
Authors: Hennies Nora , Görgens Sven W. , Killer Jonas , Otto Thorsten , Richter Lena M. , Müller‐Wieland Dirk , Häckl Dennis
Published: September 2024

Aims

To identify the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and obesity in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Germany and to evaluate if antidiabetic treatment patterns varied by comorbidity status.

Materials and Methods

Patients with T2D (aged ≥18 years) were identified during the study period (2014–2020) from medical claims of 4.5 million publicly insured German residents and divided into different cohorts based on CVD and/or obesity diagnosis. Annual prevalence and incidence were estimated for each study year, while characteristics and treatments were assessed in 2020. Data were extrapolated to the German population by age and sex.

Results

The prevalence of T2D in 2020 was 11.4%. Among patients with T2D, 53.0% had CVD, 39.3% had obesity, and 20.9% had CVD and obesity. Since 2014, CVD increased by 1.4%, obesity by 4.5%, and CVD with obesity by 2.7% in patients with T2D. The incidence of T2D in 2020 was 1.0% (42.9% had CVD, 37.9% had obesity, and 15.8% had CVD and obesity). Among the prevalent T2D population in 2020, 4.9% received glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1RAs), 9.7% received sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, and 13.0% received GLP‐1 RAs and/or SGLT2 inhibitors. Of those with CVD, 12.9% received GLP‐1 RAs and/or SGLT2 inhibitors (without CVD, 13.2%). Of those with obesity, 19.4% received GLP‐1RAs and/or SGLT2 inhibitors (without obesity, 9.0%).

Conclusions

In this retrospective claims database study, more than two thirds of patients with T2D also had CVD, obesity, or both CVD and obesity. GLP‐1 RA and SGLT2 inhibitor use remained low.
In which common chronic conditions can (or cannot) obesity and lifestyle factors explain higher concentrations of C‐reactive protein?
Authors: Anderson Jana J. , Deo Salil V. , Welsh Paul , MacKay Danny F. , Ho Frederick K. , Ferguson Lyn D. , Celis‐Morales Carlos , Gill Jason M. R. , Pell Jill P. , Sattar Naveed
Published: September 2024

Aim

Elevated C‐reactive protein (CRP), a marker of inflammation, is common in many chronic conditions. We aimed to examine to what extent elevated CRP in chronic conditions could be explained by concurrent adiposity.

Materials and Methods

This cross‐sectional study analysed UK Biobank data on 10 chronic conditions reported at baseline. Linear regression models explored the extent to which CRP concentrations were elevated in each condition, unadjusted; adjusted for sociodemographic confounders and lifestyle and body mass index (BMI) in a series of models; or adjusted for BMI and waist circumference together or for adiposity alone.

Results

After exclusion of participants with a potential acute infection at baseline, we tested the association in 292 772 UK Biobank participants. Linear regression showed that elevated CRP concentration was associated with all included conditions. After adjustment for sociodemographic confounders, lifestyle and BMI, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, liver disease, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were still associated with elevated CRP. In contrast, the association between prevalent diabetes, prior myocardial infarction (MI), hypertension and sleep apnoea and CRP could be mostly explained by adiposity alone. For example, the 42% higher CRP concentrations in diabetes compared to those without diabetes in the unadjusted model (lnCRP β: 0.35; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.32–0.37, p < 0.001) were completely attenuated after adjustment for BMI (lnCRP β: −0.07; 95% CI: −0.09−0.05, p < 0.001).

Conclusions/Interpretation

In diabetes, MI, hypertension and sleep apnoea and elevated CRP appears to be accounted for by the greater adiposity typically evident in these conditions. However, for the other conditions, systemic inflammation cannot be explained by excess adiposity alone.
Treatment of Traumatic Dental Injuries in the Public Dental Services—A Qualitative Exploration of Perceived Challenges and Needs
Authors: Cvijic Andjelka , Kvernenes Monika , Åstrøm Anne Nordrehaug , Tsilingaridis Georgios , Bletsa Athanasia
Published: September 2024

Background/Aim

This study explored perceived challenges in the management of traumatic dental injuries (TDI) among general dentists in the public dental service (PDS) of Vestland County in Western Norway and their needs for improving treatment care for TDI patients.

Participants and Methods

This qualitative study conducted three focus group discussions. We recruited a purposive sample of seven general dentists employed in the PDS in Vestland County in Western Norway. The three focus groups consisted of two, two, and three participants, respectively. The focus group discussion took place via the Microsoft electronic platform Teams, and it was visual, and audio recorded. Transcripts of the interviews were analyzed using systematic text condensation.

Results

The general dentists in this study experienced the management of TDI as a set of complex procedures that require good theoretical knowledge, clinical experience, skills, and teamwork. We were able to group these challenges into three results categories: (1) proficiency challenges, (2) the challenge of stress and discomfort during dental procedures, and (3) the challenge of the organization of the PDS. The participants also expressed the need for practical courses, calibration, and refresher courses in dental traumatology. Their needs fell into two categories: (1) regular, clinically relevant continuing professional development and (2) collective efforts in TDI management.

Conclusion

Increasing awareness of the challenges in TDI management and addressing the need for improved dental treatment for TDI patients may lead to targeted programs to enhance dentists' knowledge and skills. There is considerable potential for training dentists in dental traumatology.
Different model assumptions about plant hydraulics and photosynthetic temperature acclimation yield diverging implications for tropical forest gross primary production under warming
Authors: Zarakas Claire M. , Swann Abigail L. S. , Koven Charles D. , Smith Marielle N. , Taylor Tyeen C.
Published: September 2024

Tropical forest photosynthesis can decline at high temperatures due to (1) biochemical responses to increasing temperature and (2) stomatal responses to increasing vapor pressure deficit (VPD), which is associated with increasing temperature. It is challenging to disentangle the influence of these two mechanisms on photosynthesis in observations, because temperature and VPD are tightly correlated in tropical forests. Nonetheless, quantifying the relative strength of these two mechanisms is essential for understanding how tropical gross primary production (GPP) will respond to climate change, because increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration may partially offset VPD‐driven stomatal responses, but is not expected to mitigate the effects of temperature‐driven biochemical responses. We used two terrestrial biosphere models to quantify how physiological process assumptions (photosynthetic temperature acclimation and plant hydraulic stress) and functional traits (e.g., maximum xylem conductivity) influence the relative strength of modeled temperature versus VPD effects on light‐saturated GPP at an Amazonian forest site, a seasonally dry tropical forest site, and an experimental tropical forest mesocosm. By simulating idealized climate change scenarios, we quantified the divergence in GPP predictions under model configurations with stronger VPD effects compared with stronger direct temperature effects. Assumptions consistent with stronger direct temperature effects resulted in larger GPP declines under warming, while assumptions consistent with stronger VPD effects resulted in more resilient GPP under warming. Our findings underscore the importance of quantifying the role of direct temperature and indirect VPD effects for projecting the resilience of tropical forests in the future, and demonstrate that the relative strength of temperature versus VPD effects in models is highly sensitive to plant functional parameters and structural assumptions about photosynthetic temperature acclimation and plant hydraulics.
Alumina densification at low temperatures using CaV2O6 for LTCC application
Authors: Saraswathy Raji , Masin Basheer , Ashok Karunanidhi , Sreemoolanadhan HariharaIyer , Prabhakaran Kuttan
Published: September 2024

Low‐temperature densification of alumina using calcium vanadate (CaV2O6, CV) having a similar dielectric constant as a liquid‐forming additive has been studied. The alumina‒CV composites containing 20‒40 vol.% CV achieve ∼94% of theoretical density at low temperatures of 1100°C‒900°C by liquid‐phase sintering. A reduction in the average size of grains from .87 to .42 µm with a surge in CV amount from 20 to 40 vol.% is observed. The permittivity decreases from 9.2 to 8.90, and the dielectric loss increases from 2.154 × 10‒3 to 4.761 × 10‒3 when the amount of CV in the alumina‒CV composite rises from 20 to 40 vol.%. The temperature coefficient of resonance frequency, thermal expansion coefficient, and thermal conductivity of the alumina‒CV composites are observed in the ranges of ‒54 to ‒72 ppm °C‒1, 6.94‒7.32 ppm °C‒1, and 13.78‒8.02 W m‒1 K‒1, respectively. The compatibility of the composites with Ag for low‐temperature co‐fired ceramics (LTCC) application is established through co‐sintering and energy‐Dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy line spectra analysis. The low‐temperature densification, acceptable range of dielectric and thermal properties, and silver compatibility make the alumina‒CV composite a candidate for LTCC application.
Implementing artificial intelligence to measure meat quality parameters in local market traceability processes
Authors: Alvarez‐García Wuesley Y. , Mendoza Laura , Muñoz‐Vílchez Yudith , Nuñez‐Melgar David Casanova , Quilcate Carlos
Published: September 2024

The application of computer technologies associated with sensors and artificial intelligence (AI) in the quantification and qualification of quality parameters of meat products of various domestic species is an area of research, development, and innovation of great relevance in the agri‐food industry. This review covers the most recent advances in this area, highlighting the importance of computer vision, artificial intelligence, and ultrasonography in evaluating quality and efficiency in meat products' production and monitoring processes. Various techniques and methodologies used to evaluate quality parameters such as colour, water holding capacity (WHC), pH, moisture, texture, and intramuscular fat, among others related to animal origin, breed and handling, are discussed. In addition, the benefits and practical applications of the technology in the meat industry are examined, such as the automation of inspection processes, accurate product classification, traceability, and food safety. While the potential of artificial intelligence associated with sensor development in the meat industry is promising, it is crucial to recognise that this is an evolving field. This technology offers innovative solutions that enable efficient, cost‐effective, and consumer‐oriented production. However, it also underlines the urgent need for further research and development of new techniques and tools such as artificial intelligence algorithms, the development of more sensitive and accurate multispectral sensors, advances in computer vision for 3D image analysis and automated detection, and the integration of advanced ultrasonography with other technologies. Also crucial is the development of autonomous robotic systems for the automation of inspection processes, the implementation of real‐time monitoring systems for traceability and food safety, and the creation of intuitive interfaces for human‐machine interaction. In addition, the automation of sensory analysis and the optimisation of sustainability and energy efficiency are key areas that require immediate attention to address the current challenges in this agri‐food and agri‐industrial sector, highlighting and emphasising the importance of ongoing innovation in the field.
‘I Can't See Myself Seeking Help’: The Influence of Clinical Placements on Nursing Students' Stigmatising Beliefs and Intentions to Seek Help for Their Own Mental Health Issues: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Moxham Lorna , Roberts Michelle , Yousiph Taylor , Jay Elissa‐Kate , Lewer Kelly , Robson Georgia , Drury Peta , Cordina Joanne , Villeneuve‐Smith Suzi , Patterson Christopher
Published: September 2024

Mental health conditions such as anxiety, depression and psychosis represent a global health challenge. Stigma surrounding mental health continues to hinder help‐seeking behaviours for people with mental illness and as this study demonstrates, nursing students as well. However, if student nurses are reluctant to seek help for mental health issues, how can others be expected to do so? This reluctance poses challenges in mental health nursing, impacting both care provision and nursing education. The present study seeks to explore the influence of traditional versus non‐traditional mental health clinical placements on second‐year nursing students' stigmatising beliefs and intentions to seek help for mental health issues. Employing a prospective cohort design using the TREND checklist, the study sampled second‐year nursing students assigned to either traditional hospital‐based or non‐traditional recovery‐focused mental health clinical placements. Using validated scales, stigmatising beliefs and help‐seeking intentions were measured before and after the placements. Statistical analyses were conducted to assess changes in these variables over time and across placement settings. A significant impact of placement setting on help‐seeking intentions was observed, with students in non‐traditional placements showing an increased willingness to seek help. Additionally, non‐traditional placements were found to significantly reduce stigmatising beliefs in all measured domains, suggesting that these settings may provide a more conducive environment for fostering positive attitudes towards mental health. Recovery‐focused placements appear to offer experiences that can diminish stigma and encourage more positive perceptions and intentions related to mental health support.
Sir Henry Parkes and the Relationships That Enabled Nightingale Nursing to Advance Mental Healthcare in Nineteenth Century Australia
Authors: Raeburn Toby , McDonald Paul , Schapiro Sophie , O'Reilly Rebecca
Published: September 2024

This position paper explores famous colonial Australian politician Sir Henry Parkes use of relationships to reform colonial Australian mental healthcare by facilitating the integration of Nightingale‐trained nurses into hospitals for the insane in the late nineteenth century. A review of historical sources including primary documents reveals that Parkes exhibited astute political skill by developing relationships with influential healthcare leaders such as Florence Nightingale, Lucy Osburn and Dr. Frederic Norton Manning. As Parkes cultivated friendships with such people, he was able to sow seeds for the deployment of Nightingale nurses including two members from the original group of six nurses sent by Nightingale to Australia in 1868, as well as three nurses trained under their supervision (probationers) into hospitals for the insane. This historical account provides evidence that enables current‐day nurses to understand ways in which events of the past have contributed to the development of present‐day mental health services and systems. Parkes' legacy also encourages contemporary nurses who are interested in change to consider the importance of forging diverse strategic relationships to bring their own visions into reality.
Being Open to a Process of Learning: The Meaning of Joint Activities With Patients as Narrated by Nursing Staff in Psychiatric Inpatient Care
Authors: Glantz Andreas , Wiklund Gustin Lena , Nilsson Ingeborg , Westerlund Anna , Molin Jenny
Published: September 2024

Forming therapeutic relationships is considered important within psychiatric and mental health nursing. One way of achieving this is through social interaction when engaging in joint activities. However, introducing and using nursing interventions based on joint activities in psychiatric inpatient care has proven challenging. Since staff motivation is important, researching the meaning of engaging in joint activities from the nursing professional's point of view can provide information that is relevant in this area. This study aims to illuminate the meaning of participating in joint activities with patients as narrated by nursing professionals in psychiatric inpatient care. Narrative interviews with 14 nursing professionals with experience from psychiatric inpatient care were conducted. Data were analysed using phenomenological hermeneutics and reported following the consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ) guidelines. Results illuminate that engaging in joint activities means being open to a process of learning. Four themes contributed to this understanding: Struggling with uncertainty, discovering aspects of the other, unfolding paths to self‐fulfilment and sharing personhood. Being open to a process of learning means being willing to face uncertainty when engaging in activities as well as being open to learning about oneself as well as the other. Through openness to this process of learning, a sharing of personhood can be achieved, where the nursing professional and the patient approach becoming two persons. Illuminating the meaning of joint activities from the nursing professionals' perspective may provide valuable insights related to introducing and using interventions focusing on joint activities.
Harm Reduction as a Form of ‘Wrap‐Around’ Care: The Nursing Role
Authors: Abram Marissa D. , Jugdoyal Adrian , Seabra Paulo , Murphy‐Parker Dana , Searby Adam
Published: September 2024

In addiction treatment, harm reduction is a philosophy that aims to reduce the harms from ongoing alcohol and other drug use. Although abstinence may be the ‘gold standard’ in reducing harm from ongoing alcohol and other drug use, harm reduction recognises that abstinence may not be achievable for certain individuals. Accordingly, harm reduction is used to enable medical or mental health treatment for individuals who continue to use alcohol and other drugs, providing a form of care which meets individuals where they present to healthcare facilities. Harm reduction accepts ongoing alcohol and other drug use, while providing a traditionally marginalised cohort of individuals access to healthcare services. In this perspective paper, we argue that the role of nurses in promoting and utilising harm reduction as part of their regular practice is essential to both reducing harm from alcohol and other drug use, engaging individuals who use alcohol and other drugs in healthcare services, and providing a means to accept individuals as they are to build trust and rapport for engagement in addiction treatment when they are ready, and at their own pace. Nurses, by virtue of their role and number in the healthcare landscape (approximately 28 million globally), are ideally placed to implement harm reduction in their practice to achieve better outcomes for individuals who use alcohol and other drugs.
Regulation of muscle blood flow
Authors: Hudlická O.
Published: September 2024

Nervous control of muscle blood flew, exerted mainly by the sympathetic adrenergic filtres, is important under resting conditions and also mainly during haemorrhage (when both α and β receptors are involved), during light and flight and in flow redistribution to muscles during exercise. The role of other fibres (cholinergic, histaminergic and peptidergic) is discussed. Myogenic control is responsible for the high basal tone and, consequently, the relatively low resting blood flow. The main regulatory mechanism is. however, the adaptation of blood flow to metabolic demands. Thus at rest, flow is higher in muscles with a high proportion of oxidative fibres. The regulation of flow in contracting muscles is exerted by metabolites, and various metabolites seem to play different roles to different extents in different types of contractions, with several factors probably involved at any one time. Potassium seems to be more important in mixed, predominantly glycolytic, muscles during tetanic or long‐lasting isometric contractions; inorganic phosphate plays a role in short‐lasting contractions and is probably more involved in highly oxidative muscles. Adenosine may play a role in long‐lasting contractions in muscles with a high proportion of oxidative fibres. Dilatation of arterioles enables so‐called capillary recruitment during muscle contractions, which seems to be mainly the result of changes in the velocity of red blood cells and a variable percentage of capillaries with intermittent flow (with very few cells with zero velocity and a more homogeneous flow in contracting muscles) rather than opening of unperfused capillaries.
Haemodynamic and metabolic responses to prolonged exercise after chronic β1‐adrenoceptor blockade in hypertensive man
Authors: Frisk‐Holmberg Marianne , Juhlin‐Dannfelt Anders , Åström Hans
Published: September 2024

The influence of chronic β1‐adrenoceptor blockade on haemodynamic and metabolic responses was examined in eight young hypertensive subjects during a 40 min submaximal bicycle test at 50% of maximal capacity. The patients were randomly allocated to one placebo and one treatment period of 6 weeks. During treatment atenolol (Tenormin, 100 mg) was given twice daily. Arterial pressure, cardiac output, leg blood flow, oxygen uptake and different metabolites in the blood were determined.

The heart rate was reduced by β1‐adrenoceptor blockade by 30% during exercise, and the decrease was related to plasma concentration of the drug. Cardiac output was decreased by approximately 10%, but the negative chronotropic effect was partly compensated for by a higher stroke volume. Blockade leg blood flow was reduced by 10%, but more oxygen was extracted, giving an unchanged oxygen uptake.

Blood concentration and leg uptake of glucose were not influenced by the treatment, but plasma free fatty acids were reduced by 30‐40%. Leg lactate release was decreased to half the value in the unblocked situation. Plasma renin activity did not increase at the beginning of exercise, but after 40 min an increase was seen, though only to half of the pretreatment value.

It is concluded that β1‐adrenoceptor blockade during submaximal exercise reduces blood flow to the working muscles and that this reduction is the result of a lower cardiac output. Aerobic metabolism is unchanged as a result of increased oxygen extraction, but less fat is used as lipolysis is inhibited. Glucose uptake by the working muscles is unchanged by β1‐blockade, but there is evidence for an increased carbohydrate metabolism. As for non‐selective blockade, atenolol decreases lactate release but this could be the result of non‐specific action on the β1‐reccptor and/or increased carbohydrate oxidation. Furthermore, the β1‐adrcnoceptors seem to have a major influence on the renin release during exercise.
Molecular dynamics study on structural characteristics of amorphous C‐S‐H with different Ca/Si ratios
Authors: Li Yancheng , Ding Zhiheng , Wang Xingquan , Wang Xinyue , Han Baoguo
Published: September 2024

As the major hydration product of cement, hydrated calcium silicate (C‐S‐H) governs the overall performance of cement‐based materials. The molar ratio of CaO to SiO2 (Ca/Si ratio) significantly affects the structure and properties of C‐S‐H. This study analyzed the effect of Ca/Si ratios (0.83–2.0) on the structural morphology evolution, bond lengths and angles, polymerization process, and nanoporosity of amorphous C‐S‐H, with the help of the ReaxFF force field. The results showed that the reacted C‐S‐H tend to form a fibrous network‐like morphology at low Ca/Si ratios, while the silicate chains are prone to accumulating at high Ca/Si ratios, forming a dense granular ovoid structure. Meanwhile, the Ca/Si ratio has no effect on the bond lengths and angles. In addition, the Ca2+ ions can interrupt the silicate chains during hydration, which leads to a decrease in the average silicate chain length with increasing Ca/Si ratio. The porosity of C‐S‐H decreases from 59.3% to 54.3% when the Ca/Si ratio increases from 0.83 to 2.0. It can be deduced from these findings that the increase in the Ca/Si ratio decreases the compressive strength of cement‐based materials but increases their durability.
Correction to: Fabrication of vanadium telluride anchored on carbon nanotubes nanocomposite for overall water splitting
Authors: Bano Nigarish , Manzoor Sumaira , Sami Abdus , Shah Syed Imran Abbas , Junaid Ali , Ur Rehman Muhammad Yousaf , Alshgari Razan A. , Ehsan Muhammad Fahad , Ashiq Muhammad Naeem
Published: September 2024

The presentation of Figures 1 and 2 in the published manuscript is smooth and baseline corrected, which may cause difficulty for readers of the journal. Therefore, we want to present the raw version of these figures without smoothing or baseline correction. Additionally, Figure 2 had a labeling issue which now has been corrected. We apologize for these mistakes which will not affect the scientific conclusions.
Did you learn what to eat from your parents? A test of the early learning of the foraging niche hypothesis in great tits Parus major
Authors: Olivé‐Muñiz Marta , Pagani‐Núñez Emilio , Kretzmann Maria , Carlos Senar Juan
Published: September 2024

A growing number of studies suggest that individuals can develop long‐term foraging specializations independently of phenotypic or environmental variation, yet little is known about how the foraging niche is acquired. The early learning of the foraging niche hypothesis suggests a key role of vertical cultural transmission in shaping the foraging niche of vertebrates. In birds, direct evidence from natural conditions is limited to a single study that cross‐fostered two related species. To date, no study has tested whether the diet received as an offspring determines the diet delivered as a parent within a single species. We tested the early learning of the foraging niche hypothesis using a Mediterranean population of great tits Parus major, which show great diet variability and moderate consistency in the diet they provide to their offspring across years. To do this, we recorded prey delivered to 9–14 day‐old chicks over twelve years. Then we assessed vertical transmission of dietary specialization using data (percentage of caterpillars, spiders, and other prey types, as well as mean prey size) from individuals recorded as a chick and as an adult. We standardised the data to control for environmental factors and ran a Linear Model for each prey type to measure individuals' consistency within the group (relative consistency), correlating the diet they received as a chick and the one they provided to their own chicks at the adult stage. The correlations between the diet received as a chick and the diet provided as a parent were either not significant or negative. Hence, although individuals showed relatively consistent foraging niches across years regarding their parental provisioning behaviour, these diet preferences were not correlated to the diet they received in the nest. Further research is needed to determine whether the foraging niche is acquired during the post‐fledgling stage.
ANS‐SCMC: A matrix completion method based on adaptive neighbourhood similarity and sparse constraints for predicting microbe‐disease associations
Authors: Wen Haoran , Zhong Xue , Lin Lieqing , Chen Langcheng
Published: September 2024

The use of matrix completion methods to predict the association between microbes and diseases can effectively improve treatment efficiency. However, the similarity measures used in the existing methods are often influenced by various factors such as neighbourhood size, choice of similarity metric, or multiple parameters for similarity fusion, making it challenging. Additionally, matrix completion is currently limited by the sparsity of the initial association matrix, which restricts its predictive performance. To address these problems, we propose a matrix completion method based on adaptive neighbourhood similarity and sparse constraints (ANS‐SCMC) for predict microbe‐disease potential associations. Adaptive neighbourhood similarity learning dynamically uses the decomposition results as effective information for the next learning iteration by simultaneously performing local manifold structure learning and decomposition. This approach effectively preserves fine local structure information and avoids the influence of weight parameters directly involved in similarity measurement. Additionally, the sparse constraint‐based matrix completion approach can better handle the sparsity challenge in the association matrix. Finally, the algorithm we proposed has achieved significantly higher predictive performance in the validation compared to several commonly used prediction methods proposed to date. Furthermore, in the case study, the prediction algorithm achieved an accuracy of up to 80% for the top 10 microbes associated with type 1 diabetes and 100% for Crohn's disease respectively.
Multi‐dataset identification of innovative feature genes and molecular mechanisms in keratoconus
Authors: Lyu Ning , Dai Yiqin , Wu Jiawen , Fan Yidan , Lyu Zhaoyuan , Gu Jiayu , Cheng Jingyi , Xu Jianjiang
Published: September 2024

This study aimed to identify feature genes and explore the molecular mechanisms of keratoconus (KC). We downloaded data files from NCBI GEO public database. The Limma package was used for differential expression analysis of gene profiles. Lasso regression was used to identify the feature genes. The CIBERSORT algorithm was used to infer the proportion of immune‐infiltrating cells and analyse the correlation between gene expression levels and immune cells. Related transcription factors and miRNAs of key genes were predicted using the Cistrome DB and Mircode databases. Analysis of expression differences in disease genes was based on the GeneCards database. The CMap was used to analyse targeted therapeutic drugs. IHC was performed to verify the expression levels of ATOH7 and MYRF in corneas. Exactly 593 upregulated and 473 downregulated genes were identified. Lasso regression analysis identified ATOH7, DBNDD1, RNF217‐AS1, ARL11, MYRF and SNORA74B as feature genes for KC. All key genes were correlated with immune infiltration and the levels of activated memory CD4+ T cells and plasma cells were significantly increased. miRNA, IRF and STAT families were correlated to feature genes. The expression levels of key genes were significantly correlated to KC‐related genes. Entinostat, ochratoxin‐a, diphencyprone and GSK‐3‐inhibitor‐II were predicted as potential KC medications. The expression of MYRF was significantly higher in the KC samples, contrary to the expression of ATOH7. KC is related to both immune infiltration and genetic factors. MYRF and ATOH7 were newly identified and verified feature genes of KC.
Nature and nurture in fussy eating from toddlerhood to early adolescence: findings from the Gemini twin cohort
Authors: Nas Zeynep , Herle Moritz , Kininmonth Alice R. , Smith Andrea D. , Bryant‐Waugh Rachel , Fildes Alison , Llewellyn Clare H.
Published: September 2024

Background

Food fussiness (FF) describes the tendency to eat a small range of foods, due to pickiness and/or reluctance to try new foods. A common behaviour during childhood, and a considerable cause of caregiver concern; its causes are poorly understood. This is the first twin study of genetic and environmental contributions to the developmental trajectory of FF from toddlerhood to early adolescence, and stability and change over time.

Methods

Participants were from Gemini, a population‐based British cohort of n = 4,804 twins born in 2007. Parents reported on FF using the Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire ‘FF’ scale when children were 16 months (n = 3,854), 3 (n = 2,666), 5 (n = 2,098), 7 (n = 703), and 13 years old (n = 970). A mixed linear model examined the trajectory of FF, and a correlated factors twin model quantified genetic and environmental contributions to variation in and covariation between trajectory parameters. A longitudinal Cholesky twin model examined genetic and environmental influences on FF at each discrete age.

Results

We modelled a single FF trajectory for all children, which was characterised by increases from 16 months to 7 years, followed by a slight decline from 7 to 13 years. All trajectory parameters were under strong genetic influence (>70%) that was largely shared, indicated by high genetic correlations. Discrete age analyses showed that genetic influence on FF increased significantly after toddlerhood (16 months: 60%, 95% CI: 53%–67%; 3 years: 83%; 81%–86%), with continuing genetic influence as indicated by significant genetic overlap across every age. Shared environmental influences were only significant during toddlerhood. Unique environmental influences explained 15%–26% of the variance over time, with some enduring influence from 5 years onwards.

Conclusions

Individual differences in FF were largely explained by genetic factors at all ages. Fussy eating also shows a significant proportion of environmental influence, especially in toddlerhood, and may, therefore, benefit from early interventions throughout childhood. Future work needs to refine the FF trajectory and explore specific trajectory classes.
Classification of Pesticide Residues in Sorghum Based on Hyperspectral and Gradient Boosting Decision Trees
Authors: Hu Xinjun , Zhang Jiahong , Lei Yu , Tian Jianping , Peng Jianheng , Chen Manjiao
Published: September 2024

To address the challenges posed by chemical methods for detecting pesticide residues in sorghum, such as complicated sample preparation and prolonged detection periods, this study presents a rapid and nondestructive detection approach based on hyperspectral imaging (HSI) technology. A group of sorghum without pesticide residues and three groups uniformly sprayed with pesticides were used in this study. Firstly, support vector machine (SVM) classification models were built using spectral data preprocessed with Savitzky–Golay (SG), discrete wavelet transform (DWT), and standard normal variate (SNV) methods, respectively, and SNV was determined to be the best preprocessing method. Secondly, the gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT) algorithm, principal component analysis (PCA), and the successive projections algorithm (SPA) were respectively used to extract feature wavelengths. Pesticide residue identification models based on full and feature wavelengths were then respectively established using backpropagation neural network (BPNN), SVM, and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA). The results show that the BPNN model developed using the feature wavelengths obtained from GBDT was the best for identification of pesticide residues, with an accuracy of 97.8% for both the training and testing sets. Finally, visualization of pesticide residue species in sorghum was achieved using the optimal model. This study demonstrates that utilizing HSI in conjunction with the GBDT‐BPNN model is an effective, rapid, and nondestructive method for identifying pesticide residues in sorghum.