bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Community archives and the health of the internet
Authors: Prescott Andrew
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses the issues surrounding the use of digital technologies by community archives. Community groups often find that the technical, financial, and logistical demands of maintaining digital resources are considerable. This tempts them to use commercial platforms whose longevity is not assured and which raise issues of privacy and manipulation. As everyone is increasingly working in a digital environment, the quality of that environment affects day-to-day life almost as profoundly as the physical environment. The health of the digital ecosystem on which we all depend affects the ability of community archives to achieve their aims of creating shared spaces of self-representation, collaboration, and memory. Every day seems to bring further revelations of the manipulation of social media, security breaches, personal abuse, and digital disinformation. These anxieties can make it seem that the vision of a digital space promoting community self-representation and collaboration is under threat.
Poverty in national perspective
Authors: Spicker Paul
Published: September 2020

There was a time when nearly all economic and political analysis would have been done in national terms. Some commentators have been critical of ‘methodological nationalism’ – thinking that is bounded by the constraints of the nation-state. Many of the patterns of poverty considered in this book cut across nations. However, if we want to understand the nature of poverty, the reasons for it and the options to respond to it, it is hardly possible to do that without considering the poverty of nations. Countries define the scope for legitimate social action, the limits of social responsibility and the effective means of achieving social ends.
Poverty and the state
Authors: Spicker Paul
Published: September 2020

A country can be taken to represent a political community. All democratic countries have come to accept some role in the reduction of poverty. This is interested differently, but almost all governments accept the principle that they are responsible to some degree for the quality of people’s lives. Governments are limited by their constitutional roles, their practical capacity and their economic powers. Policy is a disputed area; most governments proceed, not by coercion, but through negotiation, partnership and planning with a range of actors.
Theorising infrastructure: a politics of spaces and edges
Authors: Cox Peter
Published: September 2020

This chapter seeks to engage with a selected range of current theorisations of the politics of infrastructure, and to apply them to specific cases of cycle-specific infrastructures. It subsequently relates the ideas of social and spatial justice arising from these perspectives to bell hooks’ consideration of marginalisation, to consider how the patterns of marginalisation and mainstreaming revealed in the contributions to this volume might be understood through a lens of a critical and radical politics. It is concluded that the political challenge of cycling infrastructure provision is to balance between a series of contending needs. Provision is required that provides protection from the very real fears and dangers produced by the dominance of automobility. Simultaneously, this needs to be both inclusive and to send a message that all users are valuable. Yet both of these also need to recognise and communicate that the ultimate goal of cycle infrastructure provision should not be to provide a safe and comfortable means to ride whilst maintaining a world dominated by automobility. Instead, in the context of the paradigm shift needed in transport thinking, cycling mobility and its infrastructures need to present a radical challenge to automobility.
What constructs a cycle city? A comparison of policy narratives in Newcastle and Bremen
Authors: Leyendecker Katja
Published: September 2020

Concerning cycling, Newcastle (UK) and Bremen (Germany) are very different cities. The former having less than 1% of trips cycled, the latter nearly 25% with hundreds of miles of cycle infrastructure in place. Stemming from that difference, are there lessons to be learnt? What makes a cycle city? This chapter is critically dissecting the transport policies for the two cities. Through that is the story and strength of institutional automobility slowly but relentlessly emerges – in both cities is shown. However, in Bremen democratic processes are more intact. Whilst in Newcastle change will have to overcome two obstacles: a paradigmatic step change in technical transport planning as well as an emancipation of local politics.
The changing public health system: an examination of the new commissioning infrastructure
Authors: Peckham Stephen , Coleman Anna , Gadsby Erica , Segar Julia , Perkins Neil , Bramwell Donna
Published: September 2020

Chapter 8 reports research on the changing role of commissioning in the restructured public health system. The chapter will discuss how public health commissioning responsibilities have changed and become more fragmented, being split amongst a range of different organisations, most of which were newly created in 2013. It will focus on discussing how the re-organisation substantially changed the way public health commissioning is done, who is doing it, and what is commissioned, since the reforms. There have been significant changes in commissioning processes, with important consequences for what health improvement services are ultimately commissioned. Also new opportunities for creativity and joining public health with wider determinants of health (e.g. housing and leisure).
Explanations: housing matters
Authors: Allen Mike , Benjaminsen Lars , O’Sullivan Eoin , Pleace Nicholas
Published: September 2020

Chapter 5 explores the role of Housing First and then the broader housing market, particularly social housing, in explaining the variations in outcomes described in previous chapters. The chapter argues that the scale of secure affordable housing and the targeting of those experiencing homelessness are crucial in reducing homelessness. The Irish do worse in this regard despite expending considerable amounts of public funding on the provision of social housing. This is because it largely relies on private providers to provide housing, with the gap between ability to pay and market rents made up by a housing benefit payment. Denmark retains a considerable stock of public social housing, but is facing tight housing markets in its major urban areas, particularly Copenhagen, where homelessness in concentrated. In Finland, the steady provision of secure affordable housing, coupled with a housing-led/focused response to homelessness have allowed for the provision of a significant number of secure tenancies for households experiencing homelessness.
Beyond Prevent: Muslim engagement in city governance
Authors: O’Toole Therese
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines the Prevent strand of the government's counterterrorism strategy as a form of regulation, exploring its evolving local reception and implementation over the period from the New Labour to the Conservative-led Coalition governments. Launched in 2007 by New Labour as a community engagement, ‘hearts and minds’ approach to countering violent extremism, Prevent set out to partner and engage with Muslim communities to address the causes of radicalisation. In its 2007 guise, this involved locally focused Muslim community engagement projects. That approach was widely criticised for the limited offer of engagement that it seemed to present and was beset by allegations that Prevent was a means by which the government sought to achieve the mass surveillance of British Muslims. Here, the chapter argues that it is important to consider the effects of regulation in ways that go beyond consideration of the aims and logics of regulatory systems, to analysing carefully the nature and implications of regulation in practice.
Regulating for ‘care-ful’ knowledge production: researching older people, isolation and loneliness
Authors: Manchester Helen , Barke Jenny
Published: September 2020

This chapter tells the story of a research project that aimed to develop more equitable and inclusive ‘regulatory systems’ around the production of knowledge concerning the isolation and loneliness of older people. As such, this is a chapter about regulation in, and of, research programmes that is intended to highlight the way in which ‘top-down’ regulation, embedded in university ethical processes, funder requirements, and forms of accountability around research, create particular relations between universities and publics. This chapter draws attention to alternative regulatory systems for knowledge production emerging from a co-produced research process that draws particularly on feminist concerns centred on an ethic of care. The chapter labels this ‘care-ful’ research. In order to explore these alternative regulatory systems, the chapter examines how we ‘care-fully’ co-produced regulatory structures during research with older people around an increasingly ‘publicly’ discussed issue of the loneliness of older people.
Life Chances: thinking with art to generate new understandings of low-income situations
Authors: Watson Debbie , Cohen Sue , Evans Nathan , Howard Marilyn , Hussein Moestak , Mellor Sophie , Piccini Angela , Poulter Simon
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores how contemporary social practice art materialises interactions between regulatory regimes and low-income families with children and enables disruptions of regulatory regimes in ways not possible using traditional social science approaches. It focuses on a research team that included artists Close and Remote. Here, the chapter explains how the team co-produced, with community members and academics, a socially engaged artwork — Life Chances — that aimed to generate new knowledges about the regulatory regimes that low-income families with children experience. Aiming towards a form of improvisational empathy, Life Chances worked with Thomas More's (1516) Utopia and Ruth Levitas's (2013) Utopia as Method as ‘a form of speculative sociology of the future’. By staging and troubling contradictory notions of ‘life chances’ through art, the chapter specifically asks how the regulatory services that families encounter in two urban settings — the Easton area of Bristol and Butetown, Riverside and Grangetown in Cardiff — shape, constrain, and enable the life chances of individual families and communities.
Tackling vulnerability through lifelong learning policies?
Authors: Verlage Thomas , Milenkova Valentina , Ribeiro Ana Bela
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses different concepts of vulnerability and reviews the policies of European countries to overcome vulnerability. The main thesis is that the current situation gives rise to prerequisites for vulnerability and that the type and number of disadvantaged groups is increasing. Special attention is paid to the Roma – the most at-risk ethnic minority in Europe. A key focus of the chapter is that tackling vulnerability and minimizing it is the result of policies at different levels - European, national, regional. The chapter puts forward a review of the most recent key policy measures for equal education opportunities and social inclusion targeting at-risk groups. Various aspects of adopted policy interventions for stimulating social and LLL inclusion are illustrated, and supplemented by a critical analysis in different EU countries. The conclusion is that the required strategic actions targeting educational equity for marginalized social groups have been indeed formulated by the stakeholders; yet, certain shortcomings have been noticed and these are primarily linked to practical implementation of the national documents into real actions.
Telling the story: exploring lifelong learning policies for young adults through a narrative approach
Authors: Palumbo Mauro , Benasso Sebastiano , do Amaral Marcelo Parreira
Published: September 2020

The chapter presents and discusses insights from comparative case study research. The multi-method and multi-level analysis of the case studies focused on the intersections between institutional, individual and structural aspects of the policy-making process and allowed exploration of the interactions between structural and biographical dimensions, the different stakeholders’ points of view as well as consideration of the relations between the different levels of LLL policy design and implementation — from local/regional to transnational. The comparative case studies adopted a storytelling approach that aims at grasping the complex interrelations among the different actors in the field of LLL policy-making. The chapter starts by briefly presenting and discussing the operationalisation of case study analysis in YOUNG_ADULLLT with particular attention to the narrative strategy adopted for the case presentations. Next, the chapter discusses distinct narrative strategies to telling the story while attending to various perspectives of the policy-making process, the varying entry points as well as relational aspects. The chapter deliberates on how policy analysis as storytelling can help us advance from case to knowledge, for instance, by overcoming a one-sided perspective of policy-making to include addressees’ standpoints in understanding policy-making while accounting for the complexity that characterises policy-making on the ground.
Errors and mistakes in child protection: an introduction
Authors: Biesel Kay , Masson Judith , Parton Nigel , Pösö Tarja
Published: September 2020

This chapter introduces the whole book: it outlines the thinking behind and rationale for the book, the key questions addressed and how the book is organised. It argues that errors and mistakes in child protection are an important issue in different countries across Europe, Scandinavia and North America. They have attracted public interest, media debates and influenced changes in policy and practice. Such developments raise a number of important questions including: What are the impacts of errors and mistakes in child protection? What discourses inform the way errors and mistakes are understood and the way they are responded to? Are certain strategies seen as helpful in reducing errors and mistakes? The book analyses the developments in policy and practice in response to errors and mistakes in child protection in different countries. Chapters cover the historical and political background of discourses on errors and mistakes in different countries and show how errors and mistakes are constructed differently in different political and social contexts with both similar and different impacts. The book demonstrates that what are understood as errors and mistakes have varied both over time and across different jurisdictions. This chapter provides both the framework for the organization of the book and briefly introduces the contents of the different chapters.
Dealing with errors and mistakes in child protection: similarities and differences among countries
Authors: Biesel Kay , Masson Judith , Parton Nigel , Pösö Tarja
Published: September 2020

The closing chapter summarizes important differences, commonalities, and research gaps identified in the different national perspectives. It discusses the different discourses, approaches and strategies on errors and mistakes in child protection analyzed in the preceding chapters. Specifically, it presents an overview of the different historical and contemporary developments identified in the different countries and attempts to synthesize the similarities and differences, including what might be identified as current and future best practice. In this context, it discusses the strategies which might prove helpful in reducing errors and mistakes and in promoting quality in child protection. It discusses strategies which can aid learning from errors and mistakes and what the key methodological, policy and practice challenges in child protection might be.
Identifying
Authors: Bell Linda
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores issues of identity for social workers, including how far there may be multiple or overlapping identities within social work, for example, practitioner/educator, when working with other professionals or in different sectors. It reveals issues with defining the collective form of social work identity, which has implications for individual practitioners. The chapter attempts to demonstrate how social workers may be identifying with their clients/service users empathetically, while simultaneously accounting for themselves in various ways. Incorporating this approach can provide a more detailed examination of social workers' views about working with people, including ‘their’ ‘clients’/‘service users’ (the use of language, including labels, being a salient point here), but also, in some cases, as part of their work as educators, with social work students. The chapter ends with my some personal reflections on the author's identity as an ‘outsider’ to social work.
Relating and partnering: social workers, clients/service users and other professionals
Authors: Bell Linda
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores what some of the social workers being interviewed say about relationships and partnerships, and how they explain the significance of these concepts to social work. It also illustrates ‘relating’ and ‘partnering’ in practice. There is already a great deal of discussion about relationships, partnership, and collaboration between social workers, other professionals, and their clients/service users. Relationship-based practice is an important development, especially in UK-based social work, which has become particularly important as a counter to managerialist tendencies in policy and practice. This chapter discusses what social workers say about relationship work with clients/service users and with other professionals, and draws upon aspects such as attitudes towards stereotyping in relation to professionals and links between partnership/collaboration and organisations, using some original research examples.
Rescaling Urban Governance
Authors: Sturzaker John , Nurse Alexander
Published: September 2020

In a time of political upheaval around the world, many jurisdictions are making changes to how they govern their cities in an attempt to redistribute (or appear to redistribute) power within those cities. Such changes can occur at a range of scales, with various aims, explicit or implicit. The UK is one such place, having experienced a particularly rapid series of changes over the last 10 years, at every scale from the national to the community levels. This book provides, for the first time, comprehensive analysis of this period, looking in detail at the UK but situated within the broader international context. The book looks in turn at each tier of government/governance, from the national to the community, analysing from top-to-bottom the outcomes of a decade’s worth of reform, explicitly considering whether they can be said to be progressive in nature. The book interrogates the results of changes to governance practices as a means to explore the extent to which power is genuinely being redistributed and spatial inequalities are being addressed. It draws on recent work of the authors and others to explore these issues primarily in the UK, but using international examples to highlight commonalities, suggest ways in which the UK can learn from elsewhere, and, where they can be identified, likewise identify lessons for other places.
Ways of seeing diverse working-class children and childhoods
Authors: Luttrell Wendy
Published: September 2020

This chapter introduces Worcester, Massachusetts, Park Central School, and the project through the lens of a critical childhood studies perspective. A key tenet of critical childhood studies is to take children seriously as witnesses to their experiences, no matter where they “fit” into child development discourses. A critical childhood perspective interrogates the changing meanings of childhood—including who counts as a child, when this status begins and ends—and recognizes that these meanings are contingent on historical, economic, cultural, and institutional contexts. Children's new identities as “learners” were intertwined with schooling practices developed to manage, control, and orient them to fitting into society. In addition, a critical childhood perspective must take account of how the legacy of slavery, institutional racism, and colorism shape who is afforded the protected status of “child” to begin with. In adopting a critical childhood perspective, then, this study aims to address multiple challenges—avoiding “adultist” and neoliberal viewpoints and placing young people's agency, voices, and images at its center; rethinking how children's value and worth is assigned, especially in schooling; maintaining a focus on parallels and intersections between women's and children's experiences of structural oppression; and accounting for how the legacy of slavery, structural racism, and anti-Blackness inform views of childhood, gender, discipline/punishment, and learning.
Becoming me with The Open University
Authors: Schreeche-Powell Edwin
Published: September 2020

Edwin Schreeche-Powell’s low opinion of The Open University is transformed when he realises he has given too much weight and value to ill-informed opinion and not enough to real experience. Abandoning this prejudice is the beginning of a learning journey in prison that takes him from undergraduate studies to a PhD. Connecting his learning about sociological research in prison to his own experiences of imprisonment provide Edwin with the possibilities of an academic evolution and a sense of belonging.
Vignette 9 Prison choices: taking a degree or packing tea?
Authors: Jermey Alan
Published: September 2020

My Open University journey began after being found guilty of murder at 41 and given a life sentence with a minimum tariff of 16 years for a crime I did not commit. I found myself at HMP Belmarsh, certainly not one of the more attractive or forward-thinking prisons in the UK, with officers wanting to maintain their ‘harsh’ reputation. There was little choice of activities and I was immediately assigned to packing tea and cereal packs....
Salvation
Authors: Liu Helena
Published: September 2020

This chapter introduces the range of theories that have sought to articulate the moral and ethical dimensions of leadership. In particular, the chapter critiques the traditional promotion of individual heroism. It will illustrate the limitations of an individualist approach through the examples of benevolent sexism and racism, which reveal the structural and ideological machinations of white patriarchal power. In particular, the figure of the white saviour is explored in more depth, tracing its origins back to colonial discourses and showing how it has shaped contemporary ideas of ethical leadership. The chapter draws on examples of Australian philanthropic billionaires and the rise of ‘sustainability leaders.’
Priority, Not Equality, of Welfare
Authors: Fowler Timothy , Fowler Timothy
Published: September 2020

In this chapter I consider various possible distributive principles, that assess what a fair distribution of welfare would look like. I reject the principle of distributive equality because equality favours levelling down, making the lives of some people go worse while making no one’s life go better. In place I adopt the priority view, which suggests that the concern of justice should be promoting the welfare of the least advantaged children. I then consider the sufficiency principle, which holds that justice is about securing each person ‘enough’ and is unconcerned with advantages above this threshold. I argue that this sufficiency view should be rejected, even in its more plausible moderate forms, but that it does provide a useful intermediary role in working out what are the implications of prioritarianism.
Understanding Perfectionism
Authors: Fowler Timothy , Fowler Timothy
Published: September 2020

In this chapter, I discuss what perfectionism for children entails. In this context, perfectionism refers to the view that the state is empowered to promote people’s welfare by taking actions premised on a contested view of ethics. Whereas previous discussions have been focussed on individual achievements in fields like the arts or sport, I argue this rests on an implausibly narrow view of personal flourishing. In addition, I argue against the view that perfectionism should aim only, or mostly, at the promotion of autonomy. While critical thinking and self-reflection are often central to a good life, they are far from sufficient. Instead, promoting the welfare of children requires them to come to hold ethical beliefs conducive to their flourishing; they must hold a positive and plausible conception of the good.
Organizational Union Identity
Authors: Smale Bob
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores ‘organisational union identity’ projected by unions that organise within employer defined membership territories. These unions project three forms of organisational identity, namely, ‘organisational union identity’, where the unions such as Advance seek to organise the whole organisation, ‘sub-organisational union identity’, as with Skyshare which organises pilots employed by NetJets and ‘multi-organisational union identity’ where unions including NGSU operate at a group level. The chapter explores the observable characteristics of organisational union identity together with the impact of mergers, membership benefits, affiliations and political alignment. It further recognises that whilst organisational unions were often formed with employer encouragement as part of union avoidance strategies, that many have now progressed to become certified trade unions and some to have merged with more broadly based trade unions. Therefore, given that there would seem to be a ‘direction of travel’ from formation to certification, it is argued that fermenting new organisational unions might perhaps be a route to restoring trade union membership.
Breaking Britain’s Working Class: the Left Out
Authors: Mckenzie Lisa
Published: September 2020

This chapter draws upon ethnographic research within working-class communities in Nottingham and East London, families which rely upon public services, welfare benefits, and social housing. Since 2010 they are being subject to harsh cuts in their welfare benefits and also social goods through austerity policy linked to the banking crash of 2008. Rather than focus upon the economic situation of the poorest, this chapter addresses the key argument that there has been a significant change in the representation of working-class people, who have been negatively re-branded and stigmatised over the last 30 years. Successive governments have connected economic poverty with cultural and aspirational poverty. Austerity has been a constructed narrative that centres upon removing poverty by removing the practices, and the culture of the poor. The chapter argues that this rhetoric does the work that is needed in order to push through and justify inequalities. Those inequalities have taken the working class from positions of relative stability into serious precarity and undermined their ability to exert agency.
A Critical Review of Social Movement Theory: Gender and Emotion in Activist Cultures
Authors: Craddock Emma
Published: September 2020

This chapter sets up the theoretical context of the book. It begins by establishing the key relevant debates in Social Movement Theory (SMT), including that of new versus old social movements, the influence of new media technologies on social movements and the role of emotions within social movement studies. This chapter identifies the theoretical perspective for studying activist culture, drawing on Bourdieu’s (1992) theory of practice. This will serve as the basis for developing an analysis of the affective and cultural dimensions of social movement activism. It is contended that this approach enables the development of in-depth ‘thick description’ (Geertz, 1973) and an understanding of the interactions between activists as well as between the activist field and the wider social and political context, which is a theme threaded throughout the book. The chapter highlights feminist critiques of mainstream (or ‘malestream’) SMT’s failure to recognise the importance of gender to theorising social movements. This is contextualised by a wider discussion about the gendered exclusions that exist within the public sphere.
The Affective, the Normative and the Everyday: Exploring What Motivates and Sustains Anti-Austerity Activism
Authors: Craddock Emma
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores what motivates and sustains anti-austerity activism within the context of continued austerity. It affirms the centrality of the affective and normative dimensions of political engagement by demonstrating that anti-austerity activism is motivated and sustained by three core elements; emotion, morality and relationship. Individuals are motivated by an emotional response to perceived injustice combined with normative ideals about how society should be and how we should act in relation to others. They utilise notions of humanity and empathy to combat the dehumanising effect of neoliberal capitalism and its focus on individualism and competition. Participants translate such abstract, universal concepts into concrete, particular actions through a focus on everyday activism and individual choices. Rather than an outright rejection of individualism, participants seek to redefine it in ways that move away from the dominant neoliberal understanding and towards reconciling the individual with the wider collective and common good. Here, activism is conceptualised as a moral duty. Participants therefore suggest that everyone and anyone can and should do activism, with small acts making a difference. This chapter begins to unpick the ways in which activists resist, subvert and sometimes unwittingly reinforce neoliberal capitalism, as well as questioning the problematic distinction drawn between ‘non-activist’ and ‘activist’.
The Changing Role of the Academic
Authors: Bristow Jennie , Cant Sarah , Chatterjee Anwesa
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines the curious disappearance of the academic voice, and its implications for those teaching in Higher Education institutions. Current policy on Higher Education constructs academics as providers of a service to the student consume via mechanisms which explicitly incorporate metrics of student satisfaction and experience into the governance of academic practice. The chapter explores how the threat of the litigious student consumer in a competitive market is wielded to discipline the academic. While the imposition of market forces and new forms of governance on academic practice represents an important constraint, the process examined in this chapter is more complex: academics internalise the demands of the new Higher Education, and the sentiment that students’ expectations and experiences pose a threat to their academic practice. Moreover, the split between teaching and research is leading to an increasingly instrumental approach to both. Finally, the chapter discusses how the notion of Higher Education as an extension of schooling has gained traction among the academic community, and where this logic is resisted.
Spectral–temporal hybrid modulation for channeled
spectropolarimetry
Authors: Li Qiwei , Alenin Andrey S. , Tyo J. Scott
Published: September 2020

Channeled spectropolarimeters (CSPs) are capable of estimating
spectrally resolved Stokes parameters from a single modulated
spectrum. However, channel crosstalk and subsequent spectral
resolution loss reduce the reconstruction accuracy and limit the
systems’ scope of application. In this paper, we propose a
spectral–temporal modulation strategy with the aim of extending
channel bandwidth and improving reconstruction accuracy by leveraging
the hybrid carriers and allocating channels in the two-dimensional
Fourier domain that yield optimal performance. The scheme enables
spectral bandwidth and temporal bandwidth to be traded off, and
provides flexibility in selecting demodulation strategies based on the
features of the input. We present an in-depth comparison of different
systems’ performances in various input features under the presence of
noise. Simulation results show that the hybrid-modulation strategy
offers the best comprehensive performance as compared to the
conventional CSP and dual-scan techniques.
Adiabaticity engineering in optical waveguides
Authors: Wu Yi-Lin , Liang Fu-Chieh , Chung Hung-Ching , Tseng Shuo-Yen
Published: September 2020

The fast quasi-adiabatic dynamics (FAQUAD) protocol has proven to be an effective approach to provide shortcuts to adiabatic light evolution in optical waveguides, resulting in short and robust devices. However, the FAQUAD approach of homogeneously distributing device adiabaticity only works for a single mode (polarization, wavelength, or spatial mode group) system. We propose an adiabaticity engineering approach to redistribute the adiabaticity of optical waveguides in multi-mode systems. By engineering the adiabaticity distribution using a single control parameter, we obtain shortcuts to adiabaticity in optical waveguides for multi-mode systems. The concept is applied to the design of a compact polarization-independent adiabatic 3-dB coupler on silicon.
Visualization of spherical aberration using an optically levitated droplet as a light source
Authors: Tello Marmolejo Javier , Björnsson Benjamin , Cabrera-Trujillo Remigio , Isaksson Oscar , Hanstorp Dag
Published: September 2020

Optical aberrations can greatly distort the image created by an optical element. Several aberrations can affect the image simultaneously and discerning or visualizing specific aberrations can be difficult. By making use of an optically levitated droplet as a light source, we have visualized the spherical aberration and coma of a lens. The droplet approximates a point source in the ray optic regime but, at the same time, creates a diffraction pattern in the far-field region similar to that used in the Ronchi test. When focused by a lens, this micro double point source creates patterns that resemble comets, barreling, hyperbolic triangles, and, most strikingly, a spider. We show how all these patterns are a consequence of spherical aberration and coma. The Zernike polynomials were used to quantify the value of several individual aberrations by comparing them to patterns resulting from numerical simulations.
Nonlinear dynamics of miniature optoelectronic oscillators based on whispering-gallery mode electrooptical modulators
Authors: Nguewou-Hyousse Helene , Chembo Yanne K.
Published: September 2020

We propose a time-domain model to analyze the dynamical behavior of miniature optoelectronic oscillators (OEOs) based on whispering-gallery mode resonators. In these systems, the whispering-gallery mode resonator features a quadratic nonlinearity and operates as an electrooptical modulator, thereby eliminating the need for an integrated Mach-Zehnder modulator. The narrow optical resonances also eliminate the need for both an optical fiber delay line and an electric bandpass filter in the optoelectronic feedback loop. The architecture of miniature OEOs therefore appears as significantly simpler than the one of their traditional counterparts and permits us to achieve competitive metrics in terms of size, weight, and power. Our theoretical approach is based on the closed-loop coupling between the optical intracavity modes and the microwave signal generated via the photodetection of the output electrooptical comb. The resulting nonlinear oscillator model involves the slowly-varying envelopes of the microwave and optical fields, and its stability analysis permits the analytical determination the critical value of the feedback gain needed to trigger self-sustained oscillations. This stability analysis also allows us to understand how key parameters of the system such as cavity detuning or coupling efficiency influence the onset of the radiofrequency oscillation. Our study is complemented by time-domain simulations for the microwave and optical signals, which are in excellent agreement with the analytical predictions.
Statistical distribution of novel coronavirus in Iran
Authors: Gholami Elham , Mansori Kamyar , Soltani-Kermanshahi Mojtaba
Published: September 2020

Background and Aim: The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic – novel coronavirus (nCoV) spread worldwide in 2019, and by March 27, 2020, 199 countries, including Iran, were affected. Prevention and control of the infection is the most important public health priority today. The behavior prediction of COVID-19 is a significant problem. Therefore, in the present research, we compared the different distribution of COVID-19 cases based on the daily reported data in Iran.

Materials and Methods: In this research, we compared the different distribution of COVID-19 cases based on the daily reported data in Iran. We focused on 36 initial data on deaths and new cases with confirmed 2019-nCoV infection in Iran based on official reports from governmental institutes. We used the three types of continuous distribution known as Normal, Lognormal, and Weibull.

Results: Our study showed that the Weibull distribution was the best fit to the data. However, the parameters of distribution were different between data on new cases and daily deaths.

Conclusion: According to the mean and median of the best-fitted distribution, we can expect to pass the peak of the disease. In other words, the death rate is decreasing. Similar behaviors of COVID-19 in both Iran and China, in the long run, can be seen.
Kajika Frogs (Buergeria buergeri) as Premium Pets During the Japanese Modern Monarchical Period
Authors: Hoshina Hideto
Published: September 2020

This study reviews articles about the prices of Kajika frogs (Buergeria buergeri) in eight Japanese newspapers published between 1884 and 1938. Frog prices have been converted to present-day United States dollars (US$). The frogs had a wide range of prices. Premium individuals, in particular, were often sold for US$1,000–2,000. In this paper, I discuss the reasons why exceptional individuals were traded at a high price in the market, although Kajika frogs were a common native species. Other topics, such as the presentation of frogs as gifts to royal families, are also discussed.
Pemberian Biskuit Sandwich Meningkatkan Berat Badan Ibu Hamil Berisiko Kurang Energi Kronis
Authors: Andriani Rika , Kartasurya Martha Irene , Nugraheni Sri Achadi
Published: September 2020

Pertambahan berat badan yang kurang selama kehamilan dapat menyebabkan ibu melahirkan bayi dengan berat badan lahir rendah (BBLR). Di Kabupaten Tegal, pada tahun 2016 jumlah ibu hamil kurang energi kronis (KEK) yaitu 18,7 % meningkat dari 6,5 % pada tahun 2015. Pemberian makanan tambahan berupa biskuit sandwich merupakan  salah satu upaya pemerintah untuk perbaikan gizi ibu hamil. Tujuan penelitian ini menganalisis pengaruh program pemberian  makanan tambahan terhadap status gizi ibu hamil KEK  kuasi eksperimen. Populasi penelitian semua ibu hamil KEK di Kabupaten Tegal. Subjek penelitian 51 bumil KEK (gakin) kelompok perlakuan yang mendapatkan makananan tambahan dan 51 bumil KEK (non gakin) kelompok kontrol. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara menggunakan kuesioner terstruktur, dan penimbangan berat badan. Peningkatan berat badan diukur sebelum diberikan makanan tambahan pada awal trimester III dan sesaat sebelum melahirkan. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan independent-test dan GLM (General Linier Model). Sebagian besar responden pada kelompok perlakuan dan kelompok kontrol berumur 20-35 tahun Pendidikan terakhir responden pada kelompok perlakuan dan kontrol sebagian besar lulusan SMP yaitu 22 (43,1 %) responden. Peningkatan berat badan ibu hamil  KEK pada kelompok perlakuan (5,5±1,10 kg) lebih tinggi daripada kelompok kontrol (4,9±0,93 kg) dengan p=0,001. Disimpulkan bahwa pemberian makanan tambahan dapat meningkatkan berat badan ibu hamil KEK. Disarankan selama pemberian makanan tambahan dilakukan  pengawasan dan meningkatkan motivasi konsumsi biskuit.
Analisis Faktor Determinan Stunting di Desa Pesa Kecamatan Wawo Kabupaten Bima
Authors: Suherman Rostinah , Nurhaidah Nurhaidah
Published: September 2020

Negara Indonesia menempati peringkat ke 5 dunia dengan jumlah anak pendek terbanyak. Hasil Riskesdas Tahun 2018, prevalensi berat badan anak umur dibawah 5 Tahun sebesar 19,6% dan Stunting 37,2%. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis faktor utama yang menyebabkan Stunting di Desa Pesa Kecamatan Wawo Kabupaten Bima karena berdasarkan observasi awal didapatkan data Stunting pada anak sekolah dasar di Kota Bima sebesar 40%. Penelitian ini menggunakan alat ukur kuesioner dan observasi untuk mencari faktor-faktor penyebab Stunting yaitu gizi, Personal Hygene, Keamanan Pangan, Sanitasi Lingkungan, dan penyakit infeksi sehingga dapat diidentifikasi faktor dominan yang menyebabkan Stunting pada balita di Desa Pesa Kecamatan Wawo Kabupaten Bima. Penelitian ini menggunakan uji chi square dan uji regresi logistik ganda. Hasil penelitian 55,9% berada pada kondisi stunting (pendek). Faktor gizi, penyakit infeksi, hygene/sanitasi, keamanan pangan atau pemberian makan berhubungan dengan kejadian balita stunting (ρ<0,05). Penelitian ini menunjukkan faktor yang berhubungan  empat faktor yang secara bersama-sama mempengaruhi stunting (pendek) di Desa Pesa Kabupaten Wawo yaitu Faktor gizi, penyakit infeksi, hygene/sanitasi, keamanan pangan atau pemberian makan. Faktor yang paling dominan adalah keamanan pangan atau pemberian makan (POR=37,242). Risiko keamanan pangan atau pemberian makan yang tidak baik berisiko 37 kali pada balitanya menderita stunting bila dibandingkan dengan balita yang memiliki keamanan pangan atau pola pemberian makan baik.
Proses Transaktif, Interaksi Antar Aktor Agen Transfer dalam Pembangunan Lokal
Authors: Taufiq Muhammad , Suhirman Suhirman , Kombaitan Benedictus
Published: September 2020

Planning as a decision-making tool got intervention from the actors involved in it, through deliberation which is transactive planning and face-to-face dialogue between planners as transfer agents and the community. This situation has resulted in a mismatch between the priority policies for using the budget set at the local level and the implementation guidelines set by the central government. Questions arise how interactions between actors occurred in a transactive process. This article evaluates the interaction between involved actors in the transactive process, which occurs during a practice of local development planning program activity. Evaluations were carried out on village fund program cases in Indonesia, through qualitative approach analysis. The study aims to provide an understanding of the interactions between transfer agent actors during deliberation at the local level. The results show that the interaction between transfer agents conduct through the practice of dominating ideas, which tend to emphasize the dominance of certain parties in prioritizing budget use policies.
OROSTACHYO SPINOSAE-KOELERIETUM MONGOLICAE ‒ NOWY ZESPÓŁ MURAW PIASKOWYCH Z KLASY BROMETEA KOROTKYI HILBIG ET KOROLYUK 2000 NA OBSZARZE MANCHAN-EŁYSU (WSCHODNIA SYBERIA)
Authors: BRZEG ANDRZEJ , WIKA STANISŁAW
Published: September 2020

Badania fitosocjologiczne roślinności psammofilnej kompleksu piaszczysk Manchan-Ełysu, położonego w południowo-wschodniej Buriacji (Zachodnie Zabajkale; pogranicze Federacji Rosyjskiej i Mongolii), prowadzone były w czerwcu 2004 roku z zastosowaniem metody Braun-Blanqueta. Wykonano wówczas (S. Wika) 43 zdjęcia fitosocjologiczne oraz sporządzono dokumentację fotograficzną. Wstępne wyniki tych badań (Szczypek i in. 2005) pozwoliły wyróżnić trzy odrębne fitocenony psammostepów w randze niehierarchicznych zbiorowisk. Późniejsza szczegółowa analiza tego materiału, uzupełnionego lub skorygowanego na podstawie sprawdzonych alegatów zielnikowych, wykazała, że oprócz trzech zespołów roślinnych opisanych już w literaturze przez innych autorów: Thesio tuvensis-Festucetum dahuricae Dulepova et Korolyuk 2015, Corispermo macrocarpi-Leymetum crassinervi Dulepova et Korolyuk 2015 (= Leymo crassinervi-Artemisietum ledebourianae Namzałow et al. 2017 nom.inval. p.max.p.) i Corispermo sibirici-Oxytropidetum lanatae Dulepova et Korolyuk2015 (= Oxytropido lanatae-Agropyretum michnoi Namzalov et al. 2017nom. inval.), 6 zdjęć odnosi się do zupełnie odrębnego od wymienionych, nowego typu muraw piaskowych. W artykule przedstawiono formalną diagnozę nowego zespołu roślinnego Orostachyo spinosae-Koelerietum mongolicae i jego krótką charakterystykę florystyczną i siedliskową. Przypuszcza się, że jest to zespół endemiczny dla obszaru Manchan-Ełysu, związany z położeniami ekotonowymi między świetlistą tajgą syberyjską z dominacją sosny a innymi wielkopowierzchiowymi zbiorowiskami psammostepów klasy Brometea korotkyi. Przedyskutowano niektóre zagadnienia związane syntaksonomią tych muraw.
MATERIAŁY DO POZNANIA MACROMYCETES REZERWATU PRZYRODY „ŚWIDWIE” (NW POLSKA)
Authors: STASIŃSKA MAŁGORZATA , SOTEK ZOFIA
Published: September 2020

Na terenie rezerwatu przyrody „Świdwie” w ciągu niespełna roku i przy niekorzystnych warunkach klimatycznych stwierdzono łącznie 117 taksonów grzybów, w tym pięć znajdujących się na czerwonej liście grzybów wielkoowocnikowych w Polsce. Większość z odnotowanych tam gatunków grzybów makroskopijnych charakteryzuje się dość szeroką skalą ekologiczną. Jednak znaczna różnorodność macromycetes rezerwatu, jak i udział taksonów zagrożonych i chronionych wskazują na dużą wartość przyrodniczą tego obiektu, nie tylko pod względem faunistycznym. Z drugiej strony biologia tej grupy organizmów i wynikająca z niej konieczność prowadzenia przynajmniej kilkuletnich obserwacji powodują, że uzyskane wyniki stanowią jedynie kolejny przyczynek do znajomości mycobioty rezerwatu. Liczba występujących tam taksonów grzybów jest zapewne znacznie większa, co na pewno znajdzie odzwierciedlenie w dalszych badaniach.
POROSTY ROSNĄCE WZDŁUŻ SZOSY WĄGROWIEC – MARGONIN W WIELKOPOLSCE
Authors: BRZEG ANDRZEJ , GOLIS ARTUR , RATYŃSKA HALINA
Published: September 2020

The subject of the investigation was the lichen biota along road No 190 from Margonin to Wągrowiec (about 20 km). The field studies were conducted on 30 randomly chosen sites, situated 500-1.000 m apart from each other. In each of them the lichens were collected from 4-6 trees on either side of the road, and from other habitats: concrete poles, fallen branches and the soil. Presence of 61 taxa was stated, among them 18 under legal protection and/or endangered in Poland. They include Cladonia mitis, Collema auriforme, Evernia prunastri, Melanelia exasperatula, Opegrapha rufescens, O. varia, Parmelina tiliacea, Peltigera canina, Pertusaria coccodes, Phaeophyscia chloantha, Physcia aipolia, Physconia distorta, Pleurosticta acetabulum, Punctelia subrudecta, Ramalina farinacea, R. fraxinea, R. pollinaria and Xanthoparmelia verruculifera. The above mentioned species, the most valuable from the point of view of nature protection, tended to concentrate around Margonin. On a old lime alley close to Wągrowiec the lichen biota was poor, and only the most common taxa (Hypocoenomyce scalaris, Lepraria incana, Phaeophyscia orbicularis, Trapeliopsis flexuosa and Xanthoria parietina ) were identified there. It may be related to higher air pollution in the vicinity of the town of Wągrowiec. Notably, old trees, even when growing along quite busy roads, may still host protected and endangered lichens in the prevailing open, agricultural landscape of Wielkopolska.