bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Center Cannot Hold: Historians and the Suburbs
Authors: Blumin Stuart M.
Published: October 2011

In 1962 Sam Bass Warner, Jr., published an important book about suburbanization in late nineteenth-century Boston. Like most influential books, it was timely in its subject, and Warner's scholarly study might be supposed to have built upon the interest that was being generated by numerous popular analyses of contemporary suburbanization and suburban life in post—World War II America. One can indeed find in Streetcar Suburbs the same fundamental preoccupation with the shallowness of communal life and similar diagnoses of the sprawl of single-family homes in homogeneous and militantly residential areas on the periphery of the city, as one finds in say, William H. Whyte's 1956 critique, The Organization Man.' Yet Warner's book was not part of, and did not initiate, a new genre of historical suburban studies. Instead, it served as one of the essential founding texts of what came to be known as the “new urban history”—a large number of scholarly attempts to examine the character and structure of life at the center of the developing big cities of industrializing America. Not the “crabgrass frontier” but the “urban frontier” defined the territory of historical adventure during the 1960s. The metaphor is not, and was not then, entirely an academic one. In 1961 the new President of the United States had called for a “new frontier” of public initiative, and planner Charles Abrams helped his immediate successor expand and locate that initiative with his book, The City Is the Frontier. Without entirely losing interest in the suburbs, scholars, policymakers, and citizens of various kinds suddenly realized the importance of understanding the city and its history.
The Invention of “Welfare” in America
Authors: Katz Michael B. , Thomas Lorrin R.
Published: October 2011

In the early 1970s, President Richard Nixon referred to Aid to Families with Dependent Children as “the program we all normally think of when we think of ‘welfare.’” When President Bill Clinton promised to “end welfare as we know it” in the early 1990s, everyone knew that he meant AFDC. “Welfare” had become a code word for public assistance given mainly to unmarried mothers, mostly young women of color. Few terms evoked as much hostility among Americans as “welfare.” No other public benefits carried its stigma. The political left, right, and center all attacked it.
Conflicts of Interest in the International Drug Control System
Authors: McAllister William B.
Published: October 2011

The drug problem in the United States and elsewhere has historically received intermittent attention, most often when the problem has reached crisis proportions in a certain locale. In such times, one of the natural focal points of discussion has been the role that other nations play in supplying drugs. It has not been unusual for foreign states to be accused of being the source of the problem, while others have been identified, in varying degrees of culpability, as accessories. This often has created conflict, especially when an accused nation has viewed the issue differently. Under these circumstances, states have frequently attempted negotiations in hopes of reaching some sort of agreement that will accommodate all the affected parties.
Dementelcoach: effect of telephone coaching on carers of community-dwelling people with dementia
Authors: van Mierlo Lisa D. , Meiland Franka J. M. , Dröes Rose-Marie
Published: October 2011

Background: Dementelcoach is a new telephone intervention to support informal caregivers of community-dwelling people with dementia. The effectiveness of this intervention was evaluated on burden and mental health problems of informal caregivers.

Methods: A pre-test/post-test comparison group design was used with three groups of informal caregivers. Two of the groups were experimental and received either (1) telephone coaching or (2) telephone coaching in combination with respite care (psychogeriatric day care); the third was a comparison group which received day care only. Telephone coaching was offered by trained coaches once every two to three weeks over a period of 20 weeks.

Results: Informal caregivers who received telephone coaching in combination with respite care reported significantly less burden compared to caregivers who received telecoaching only, and they experienced significantly fewer mental health problems than those who received day care only.

Conclusion: Telecoaching according to the principles of Dementelcoach combined with respite care (psychogeriatric day care) is more effective in reducing burden and health complaints in informal caregivers of community-dwelling people with dementia than telecoaching or day care only.
Patient and carer participation in old age psychiatry in England. Part II: models of participation
Authors: Benbow Susan Mary
Published: October 2011

Background: There are a number of models of patient and carer participation. Their usefulness and applicability to old age psychiatry is considered.

Methods: Models of participation are reviewed and related to examples of participation initiatives drawn from the author's work in the context of the National Health Service in the United Kingdom.

Results: Models of participation which emphasize collaboration and partnership are found to be useful. Simple interventions such as copying letters to patients and/or carers can lead to change in the balance of power between staff and patients/carers. Initiatives which draw on the experiences of patients and carers can facilitate organizational learning and development. Involving patients and carers in education offers a way to influence services and the staff working in them.

Conclusion: Participation is better understood as a spectrum rather than a hierarchy. Old age psychiatry services would benefit from developing greater patient and carer participation at all levels.
OPTIMAL INVESTMENT AND REINSURANCE IN A JUMP DIFFUSION RISK MODEL
Authors: LIN XIANG , YANG PENG
Published: October 2011

We consider an insurance company whose surplus is governed by a jump diffusion risk process. The insurance company can purchase proportional reinsurance for claims and invest its surplus in a risk-free asset and a risky asset whose return follows a jump diffusion process. Our main goal is to find an optimal investment and proportional reinsurance policy which maximizes the expected exponential utility of the terminal wealth. By solving the corresponding Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation, closed-form solutions for the value function as well as the optimal investment and proportional reinsurance policy are obtained. We also discuss the effects of parameters on the optimal investment and proportional reinsurance policy by numerical calculations.
Bubble growth by injection of gas into viscous liquids in cylindrical and conical tubes
Authors: López-Villa A. , Medina A. , Higuera F. J.
Published: October 2011

The effect of partial confinement on the shape and volume of bubbles generated by injection of a constant flow rate of gas into a very viscous liquid is studied numerically and experimentally. Numerical solutions of the Stokes equations for the liquid and the evolution equation for the surface of a bubble, and experiments with two different liquids, show that cylindrical and conical walls concentric with a gas injection orifice in the horizontal bottom of the liquid may strongly affect the shape and volume of the bubbles, and can be used to control the size of the generated bubbles without changing the flow rate of gas. A well-known scaling law for the volume of the bubbles generated by injection of a high flow rate of gas in a very viscous unconfined liquid is extended to take into account the presence of cylindrical or conical walls around the injection orifice.
Measurements of mean flow and turbulence characteristics in high-Reynolds number counter-rotating Taylor-Couette flow
Authors: van Hout R. , Katz J.
Published: October 2011

Particle image velocimetry was used for measuring the velocity and Reynolds stress distributions in the latitudinal plane of counter-rotating Taylor-Couette flow at high Reynolds numbers (Re). The ratio of outer to inner cylinder angular velocity, μ, varied between −10.79 and −0.68, and Rei based on the inner cylinder velocity ranged between 2635 and 40 446, substantially extending previously available data. The results were used for examining scaling trends, especially the effects of Re and μ on the mean flow and turbulence statistics. We showed that using a kind of “inner wall” scaling, μ was the primary parameter controlling the normalized profiles of mean velocity, Reynolds stresses, TKE production and dissipation rates. Re effects on the scaled profiles were much smaller. Increasing μ flattened the mean azimuthal velocity profiles in the center of the annulus, increased the radial velocity gradients near the walls, and moved the radial point at which the velocity changed sign towards the outer cylinder. The flow also became more turbulent and a log layer with increasing extent developed near the inner wall. All the Reynolds stress components, along with the TKE production and dissipation rates peaked near the inner wall. Raising μ extended the high turbulence levels deeper into the annulus. At low μ, the stabilizing effect of the outer cylinder kept the flow in the outer regions laminar. Only when the magnitude of the inner cylinder angular velocity equaled or exceeded that of the outer one, the Reynolds stresses remained significant across the entire measurement range, and started increasing also near the outer cylinder. The azimuthal energy spectra confirmed these trends and showed that the changes to turbulence levels occurred at a broad range of scales. Furthermore, for low μ, the instantaneous vorticity fields were dominated by nearly parallel, elongated, counter-rotating vorticity contours, reminiscent of inclined counter-rotating vortex pairs. At high μ, more randomly distributed structures were generated near both walls, and eventually filled the whole annulus.
Investing in big ideas: utilisation and cost of Medicare Allied Health services in Australia under the Chronic Disease Management initiative in primary care
Authors: Cant Robyn P. , Foster Michele M.
Published: October 2011

Objective. To critically examine utilisation of the 13 allied health services provided through Medicare Chronic Disease Management program and related general practitioner (GP) care planning initiatives. Methods. Statistics generated from national billing data from July 2005 to June 2009 were extracted from Medicare data and compared by profession, State or Territory and population. Results. Most services grew over 4 years although nationally consistent service levels were not found for any allied health provider profession. On referral from GPs, podiatry, physiotherapy and dietetics provided most services (82%) in 2008–09. Professions had unique patterns of referral instanced by age range and sex of clientele. Wide variation was apparent in per capita utilisation of allied health services by State or Territory; some with far less than average national use and others with high use. Annual number of GP Management Plans or Team Care Arrangements was low (mean: ≤22 per GP in 2008–09), indicating low use of care planning. Conclusion. Inequality of accessibility for patients was apparent. Five years into the program, a review of Medicare Allied Health CDM policy is warranted. Implications. Research and evaluation is needed to identify whether the program is meeting the needs of GPs, allied health providers and chronic disease patients. What is known about the topic? Since 2004, Medicare Chronic Disease Management program has offered Australian patients with chronic or complex disease access to 13 allied health professions via private clinics on referral from their general practitioner – with costs subsidised by Medicare. Little is known about the demographics of referred patients or which allied health services are utilised. What does this paper add? We take a multidisciplinary perspective to describe program use and find wide variation by profession nationally. Per capita State and Territory data indicate inequality of accessibility. Podiatry, physiotherapy and dietetics provided 82% of all services in 2008–09. Referrals initiated by GPs via patient care plans are increasing, but at present referrals per each GP are low. What are the implications for practitioners? More needs to be known about the dynamics that affect referral, the local accessibility of allied health providers and issues that affect uptake by patients.
Fractionation of lead in soil by isotopic dilution and sequential extraction
Authors: Atkinson N. R. , Bailey E. H. , Tye A. M. , Breward N. , Young S. D.
Published: October 2011

Environmental contextThe chemical reactivity of lead in soil is difficult to assess and depends on both soil conditions and the origins of the lead. This paper tests the combined application of lead isotopic techniques and chemical extraction against our understanding of lead fractionation in soils. Possibly against expectation, it appears that the ‘reactivity’ of lead can be high and yet there is tentative evidence that the original source of the metal affects its fractionation in soil, even after long contact times.
Abstract‘Reactivity’ or ‘lability’ of lead is difficult to measure using traditional methods. We investigated the use of isotopic dilution with 204Pb to determine metal reactivity in four soils historically contaminated with contrasting sources of Pb, including (i) petrol-derived Pb, (ii) Pb/Zn minespoil, (iii) long-term sewage sludge application and (iv) 19th century urban waste disposal; total soil Pb concentrations ranged from 217 to 13 600 mg kg–1. A post-spike equilibration period of 3 days and suspension in 5.0 × 10–4 M ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid provided reasonably robust conditions for measuring isotopically exchangeable Pb. However, in acidic organic soils a dilute Ca(NO3)2 electrolyte may be preferable to avoid mobilisation of ‘non-labile’ Pb. Results showed that the reactive pool of soil Pb can be a large proportion of the total soil lead content but varies with the original Pb source. A comparison of isotopic exchangeability with the results of a sequential extraction procedure showed that (isotopically) ‘non-labile’ Pb may be broadly equated with ‘residual’ Pb in organic soils. However, in mineral soils the ‘carbonate’ and ‘oxide-bound’ Pb fractions included non-labile forms of Pb. The individual isotopic signatures of labile and non-labile Pb pools suggested that, despite prolonged contact with soil, differences between the lability of the original contaminant and the native soil Pb may remain.
Computational modelling of maternal interactions with spermatozoa: potentials and prospects
Authors: Burkitt Mark , Walker Dawn , Romano Daniela M. , Fazeli Alireza
Published: October 2011

Understanding the complex interactions between gametes, embryos and the maternal tract is required knowledge for combating infertility and developing new methods of contraception. Here we present some main aspects of spermatozoa interactions with the mammalian oviduct before fertilisation and discuss how computational modelling can be used as an invaluable aid to experimental investigation in this field. A complete predictive computational model of gamete and embryo interactions with the female reproductive tract is a long way off. However, the enormity of this task should not discourage us from working towards it. Computational modelling allows us to investigate aspects of maternal communication with gametes and embryos, which are financially, ethically or practically difficult to look at experimentally. In silico models of maternal communication with gametes and embryos can be used as tools to complement in vivo experiments, in the same way as in vitro and in situ models.
Use of Macrophytes for Egg Deposition by the Endangered Fountain Darter
Authors: Phillips Catherine T. , Alexander Mara L. , Gonzales Alyson M.
Published: October 2011

Use of habitats for egg deposition by the endangered fountain darter Etheostoma fonticola was evaluated through examination of seven probable microhabitat types in the wild (San Marcos River, Texas) and through laboratory trials with six artificial form‐equivalent habitats. Eggs were deposited on native vegetation in the wild; significantly more eggs were found on filamentous algae Rhizoclonium sp. than on Illinois pondweed Potamogeton illinoensis, waterthyme Hydrilla verticillata (an exotic macrophyte), or nonvegetated gravel. Eggs were also found on creeping primrose‐willow Ludwigia repens, delta arrowhead Sagittaria platyphylla, and endangered Texas wildrice Zizania texana. Within vegetated habitats, more eggs were deposited on plants growing in sand than silt substrate. This probably corresponds to the habitat requirements for the species; the fountain darter is abundant in slower‐moving reaches within the river headwaters, and the presence of silt is an indicator of poor or less‐preferred habitat. Results of laboratory trials generally corresponded with field results: larger numbers of eggs were deposited on the form‐equivalent Rhizoclonium sp. and L. repens. It is likely that the presence of native macrophytes is necessary for successful fountain darter reproduction.
Against the odds: resilience in mathematics students in transition
Authors: Hernandez‐Martinez Paul , Williams Julian
Published: October 2011

This paper examines ‘resilience’ of mathematics students in transition from a sociocultural perspective, in which resilience is viewed as relational and in particular as a function of the social and cultural capital students may bring to the new field. We draw on two students’ stories of transition, in which we recognise elements traditionally viewed as ‘risks’ for mathematics students in transition into institutions where new demands are made. However, in each case it seems that some of their apparent background ‘risk factors’—coming from poorer socioeconomic backgrounds and disadvantaged schools—have come to serve to constitute capital, buttressing their particular resilience, as they provide a crucial kind of autonomy that is particularly valued in the new institution. We identify the learners’ reflexivity as having been crucial to this accumulation of capital and we discuss some educational implications.
Toward Wave Rhetorics for Scholarly Communications in Human Sciences
Authors: Sung-Gi Jon
Published: October 2011

Traditionally, rhetoric is defined as the study and practice of persuasion, which is, according to Richards, “the theory of the battle of words and has always been itself dominated by the combative impulse”. This seems to have remained true. Foss/Foss even say that conquest rhetoric and conversion rhetoric have become almost “default modes of communication”. Scholarly communications do not seem to operate differently. Nonetheless, we can observe the emergence of diverse wave rhetorics, community oriented, in contrast with traditional “particle rhetorics”, individual centered. In this search toward wave rhetorics, recent Asian communication studies are not to be omitted. To deepen the research on these wave rhetorics, we need to reconsider the problem of language and misunderstanding, which is a main cause for communicational conflicts. This is a long and difficult process, which demands much imagination, creativity, and endeavor, but which is also well worth it.
Hugh Blair'sObservations upon a Pamphlet(1755): Introduction and Text
Authors: O'Rourke Sean Patrick
Published: October 2011

This article provides a critical edition and brief introduction to a polemical pamphlet of Hugh Blair published anonymously under the title Observations upon a Pamphlet, Intitled, An Analysis of the Moral and Religious Sentiments contained in the Writings of Sopho, and David Hume, Esq; &c. (1755). The work participates in a contemporary controversy concerning human nature and religion. Within the controversy Henry Home, Lord Kames, and David Hume had been attacked for their views on free will, not least in a tract by conservative churchman John Bonar. Blair's pamphlet defends Kames and Hume and provides a rare look at Blair's rhetorical practice apart from his extant sermons.
C.G. Jung: 50 years after his death
Authors: Kirsch Thomas B.
Published: October 2011

The article describes one individual's journey with analytical psychology from the time that Jung was still alive until the present. The author began his career in psychiatry one year after Jung's death, having met Jung prior to his death. He has experienced what it has meant to be Jungian for the past 49 years, and how the image of Jung has changed over that period of time. His experience is mainly in the English-speaking world but also as president of the International Association for Analytical Psychology (IAAP) he has experienced the growth of analytical psychology around the world.
The alchemical rare book collection of C.G. Jung
Authors: Fischer Thomas
Published: October 2011

Following the publication of The red book, the Foundation of the Works of C.G. Jung is currently working on the preservation and accessibility of Jung's private library for further research purposes. In 2010, in collaboration with the library of ETH Zurich, the Foundation started a digitizing project with the aim to publish (on http://www.e-rara.ch) Jung's valuable rare book collection on alchemy, magic and the Kabbalah. This article provides background information on how and why Jung assembled his collection of rare books in the 1930s, and what the digitizing project offers to Jungian scholars.
Efficacy and safety of rituximab in common variable immunodeficiency‐associated immune cytopenias: a retrospective multicentre study on 33 patients
Authors: Gobert Delphine , Bussel James B. , Cunningham‐Rundles Charlotte , Galicier Lionel , Dechartres Agnès , Berezne Alice , Bonnotte Bernard , DeRevel Thierry , Auzary Christophe , Jaussaud Roland , Larroche Claire , LeQuellec Alain , Ruivard Marc , Seve Pascal , Smail Amar , Viallard Jean‐François , Godeau Bertrand , Hermine Olivier , Michel Marc
Published: October 2011

Patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) are at high risk of developing immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) and/or autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AHA). Given their underlying immunodeficiency, immunosuppressive treatment of these manifestations may increase the risk of infection. To assess efficacy and safety of rituximab in patients with CVID‐associated ITP/AHA, a multicentre retrospective study was performed. Thirty‐three patients, 29 adults and four children, were included. Patients received an average of 2·6 treatments prior to rituximab including steroids, intravenous immunoglobulin and splenectomy (21%). The median ITP/AHA duration at time of first rituximab administration was 12 months [range 1–324] and the indication for using rituximab was ITP (22 cases), AHA (n = 5) or both (n = 7); 1 patient was treated sequentially for ITP and then AHA. The overall initial response rate to rituximab was 85% including 74% complete responses. After a mean follow‐up of 39 ± 30 months after rituximab first administration, 10 of the initial responders relapsed and re‐treatment with rituximab was successful in 7/9. Severe infections occurred after rituximab in eight adults (24%), four of whom were not on immunoglobulin replacement therapy. In conclusion, rituximab appears to be highly effective and relatively safe for the management of CVID‐associated severe immune cytopenias.
A review of factors influencing artificial salmonid incubation success and a spate river‐specific incubator design
Authors: KIRKLAND D.
Published: October 2011

Abstract Salmonid incubators are a common means of introducing fish into rivers to re‐establish or redistribute populations. Whilst survival rates of ova to emerging fry approaching 100% are reported, survival of <10% is not uncommon. Poor survival and compromised fitness in later life can result from many different environmental influences or aspects of incubator design and implementation. This paper reviews the effects of incubation conditions upon salmonid embryo mortality, development and fitness; in particular, the effects of factors influenced by, or a product of, artificial incubator design and operational protocol. This provides the basis to mitigate adverse effects through site‐specific incubator design and operational protocols. In an example from a UK spate river, high sediment load effects were alleviated through the use of a novel incubation media, Enkamat, and a scouring capability to remove settled sediments from the incubator. In field trials, incubator siting and maintenance were also found to be essential to achieve high survival rates on a spate river.
Comparing the impact of bentonite addition for both must clarification and wine fining on the chemical profile of wine from Chambave Muscat grapes
Authors: Lambri Milena , Dordoni Roberta , Silva Angela , De Faveri Dante M.
Published: October 2011

The impact of bentonite fining is generally studied on final wines, and few studies have evaluated it throughout the winemaking process. This work studied the fate of proteins and terpenols, the main targets of bentonite addition, during the processing of Chambave Muscat aromatic grapes. The experimental trials were performed in two vintages (2006 and 2007) and included the following processes: bentonite addition to must only (100 g hL−1 in both vintages), fining of wine only (100 g hL−1 in both vintages), double bentonite treatment on must and wine (200 and 150 g hL−1 in 2006 and in 2007, respectively) and no treatment (control). The results demonstrated that the treatment allowing the best removal of protein was the addition of bentonite to must only. Moreover, a lower removal of free terpenols was observed in samples from double treatment compared with wines fined with bentonite only after alcoholic fermentation.
Correlated evolution and Bayesian divergence time estimates of the Cimicoidea (Heteroptera: Cimicomorpha) reveal the evolutionary history
Authors: JUNG SUNGHOON , LEE SEUNGHWAN
Published: October 2011

The diverse habitat types and discrete morphological characters of cimicoid species provide a unique opportunity to study correlated evolution. Phylogenetic relationships within Cimicoidea were determined using Bayesian analyses of molecular data, allowing the generation of testable hypotheses of correlated evolution. An investigation of the correlation between habitat selection and morphological characters revealed that a dead plant habitat was correlated with the filiform antennal type. Furthermore, molecular dating analysis was used to examine divergence times within the Cimicoidea. Transitions to live plants from dead plants for most cimicoid clades started right after the mid‐Cretaceous, coinciding with the radiation of the angiosperms. Using contingency analyses, we determined that evolutionary changes in morphological characters were dependent on habitat selection. Based on these results, we propose evolutionary historical hypotheses for the Cimicoidea.
Sampling method for estimating neutral allele frequency in a pedigreed population
Authors: Honda Takeshi , Sasazaki Shinji , Oyama Kenji , Mukai Fumio , Nomura Tetsuro
Published: October 2011

The estimated allele frequency at neutral DNA marker loci is a fundamental parameter for establishing a conservation scheme for a set of livestock breeds. In this study, we propose a novel ‘minimum distance (MD) method’ for estimating neutral allele frequencies, which minimizes the error by the use of pedigree information. Using computer simulation and actual microsatellite data for a pedigreed cattle population, the performance of the proposed method was compared with that of conventional random sampling (RND). MD manifests a promising superiority to RND, irrespective of the sample size and the depth of pedigree. It is theoretically demonstrated that the error of the estimates depends on both the sample size and the distance of founder allele frequencies between the sampled and the non‐sampled individuals. MD samples individuals so as to minimize the latter source of estimation error.
Infection and colonisation due to Scedosporium in Northern Spain. An in vitro antifungal susceptibility and molecular epidemiology study of 60 isolates
Authors: Lackner M. , Rezusta A. , Villuendas M. C. , Palacian M. P. , Meis J. F. , Klaassen C. H.
Published: October 2011

Since the latest taxonomical changes in the genus Scedosporium by Gilgado et al. in 2010, no species‐specific studies on epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility patterns (AFSP) have so far been published. This study aimed to provide qualitative epidemiological data of Scedosporium spp. isolated from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and immunocompromised patients from Northern Spain. Isolates were identified by using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), and species‐specific AFSP were generated for all currently available antifungal compounds. AFLP was a useful tool for identification to species‐level and for the discrimination of inter‐ and intra‐patient isolates. Scedosporium prolificans represents the most prevalent species in the respiratory tract of CF patients and immunocompromised patients in Northern‐Spain, followed by Pseudallescheria boydii, P. apiosperma, and P. ellipsoidea. CF patients were exclusively colonised with either P. boydii or S. prolificans. Patients were colonised over years exclusively with isolates affiliated to one species, but some patients were colonised with multiple strains with different AFSP. The sum of those co‐colonising strains in one patient, may appear in vitro and in vivo as a multi‐resistant S. prolificans isolate, as strains are morphologically identical and might therefore be regarded as only one strain. A majority of Scedosporium strains (with exception of S. prolificans) were found susceptible for voriconazole and micafungin.
Stillbirth following severe symmetric fetal growth restriction due to reactivation of Epstein–Barr virus infection in pregnancy
Authors: Tomai Xuan‐Hong
Published: October 2011

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection in pregnancy and consequent fetal outcomes are rarely reported. The majority of cases described strongly support the possibility of transmission of this virus in utero and during delivery, resulting in stillbirth and/or congenital defects. We present a case of EBV reactivation in pregnancy that caused a severe symmetrical fetal growth restriction (FGR) and ultimately spontaneous fetal death. A 36‐year‐old woman, whose infection status was undetermined, was diagnosed with severe FGR at 24 weeks' gestation. The fetal karyotype was normal. EBV DNA was detected in the amniotic fluid and maternal immunoglobulin G antibodies were positive. At 30 weeks' gestation, the fetus died spontaneously. Placental examination found evidence of deciduitis and villitis. Reactivation of EBV infection appears to be related to FGR and warrants further research to determine the optimal management strategy in pregnancy.
Expression of Concern: Bone turnover in preeclampsia‐complicated pregnancy in North Indian women
Authors: Kumar Ashok , Devi Salam Gyaneshwori , Prasad Sudha , Kapoor Sanjana , Sharma Shashi
Published: October 2011

Aim:  This prospective study aims to investigate the levels of bone turnover markers in pregnancy and correlate it with the assessment of preeclampsia.

Methods:  A total of 140 women were followed up during their pregnancy. The women who developed preeclampsia (n = 22), were compared with age‐matched women (controls) who did not develop preeclampsia and had an uncomplicated pregnancy (n = 22). Maternal serum levels of serum bone‐specific alkaline phosphatase (sBAP), a marker of bone formation, and N‐telopeptide of type 1 collagen (NTx), a marker of bone resorption, were estimated at recruitment (in the second trimester) and at delivery. sBAP and NTx levels were measured by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Serum and urinary calcium titers were compared by using a commercially‐available calcium assay kit.

Results:  Serum NTx levels increased significantly during pregnancy (P < 0.02) and were significantly higher at delivery (P < 0.01) in women with preeclampsia compared with controls. The levels of sBAP and serum calcium did not change significantly in both groups during pregnancy. There was no significant correlation between sBAP and NTx with maternal factors. A negative correlation was observed between sBAP and NTx levels in the preeclamptic group.

Conclusions:  Biochemical markers of bone turnover are greater in preeclampsia compared with normal pregnancy only when the disease is clinically evident (at delivery).
Secondary postpartum hemorrhage due to uterine artery pseudoaneurysm rupture in von Willebrand disease
Authors: Shimizu Misao , Kondoh Eiji , Ueda Masashi , Kakui Kazuyo , Tatsumi Keiji , Konishi Ikuo
Published: October 2011

We here report a case of a 33‐year‐old woman who experienced secondary postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) due to uterine artery pseudoaneurysm rupture. She had intrauterine balloon tamponade for unexplained primary PPH after spontaneous vaginal delivery, and subsequent angiography showed no abnormal contrast extravasation. However, profuse vaginal bleeding occurred 22 days postpartum. Color Doppler ultrasonography demonstrated an anechoic mass with turbulent flow in the lower uterine segment, corresponding to uterine artery pseudoaneurysm. She was successfully treated with selective uterine arterial embolization. Decreased levels of von Willebrand factor and factor VIII led to the diagnosis of von Willebrand disease. When it is determined that a patient has unexplained PPH or uterine artery pseudoaneurysm, a high index of suspicion and further investigation for underlying bleeding disorders is warranted.
Inter‐Firm Trade Finance in Times of Crisis
Authors: Menichini Anna Maria C.
Published: October 2011

The paper discusses the main features that distinguish inter‐firm international trade finance from alternative sources of financing and evaluates the potential effects of a financial crisis on the use of this form of financing for firms operating in developing countries. It argues that, on the one hand, inter‐firm trade finance could help overcome informational problems associated with other lending relationships, but, on the other, it may contribute to propagate shocks because of the interconnection among firms along credit chains. While these advantages could remain largely unexploited because of poor legal institutions, the disadvantages could be exacerbated because of these firms’ greater exposure to a default chain. Based on these arguments, a menu of choices is identified for policymakers to boost firms’ access to inter‐firm trade finance in times of crisis.
Evidence on the Effectiveness of Comprehensive Error Correction in Second Language Writing
Authors: Van Beuningen Catherine G. , De Jong Nivja H. , Kuiken Folkert
Published: October 2011

This study investigated the effect of direct and indirect comprehensive corrective feedback (CF) on second language (L2) learners’ written accuracy (N= 268). The study set out to explore the value of CF as a revising tool as well as its capacity to support long‐term accuracy development. In addition, we tested Truscott's (e.g., 2001, 2007) claims that (a) correction may have value for nongrammatical errors but not for errors in grammar; (b) students are inclined to avoid more complex constructions due to error correction; and (c) the time spent on CF may be more wisely spent on additional writing practice. Results showed that both direct and indirect comprehensive CF led to improved accuracy, over what is gained from self‐editing without CF (control group 1) and from sheer writing practice without CF (control group 2), and this was true not only during revision but also in new pieces of writing (i.e., texts written during posttest and delayed posttest sessions, 1 and 4 weeks after the delivery of CF). Furthermore, a separate analysis of grammatical and nongrammatical error types revealed that only direct CF resulted in grammatical accuracy gains in new writing and that pupils’ nongrammatical accuracy benefited most from indirect CF. Moreover, CF did not result in simplified writing when structural complexity and lexical diversity in students’ new writing were measured. Our findings suggest that comprehensive CF is a useful educational tool that teachers can use to help L2 learners improve their written accuracy over time.
WHAT DRIVES REGIONAL BUSINESS CYCLES? THE ROLE OF COMMON AND SPATIAL COMPONENTS*
Authors: ARTIS MICHAEL , DREGER CHRISTIAN , KHOLODILIN KONSTANTIN
Published: October 2011

We examine real business cycle convergence for 41 euro area regions and 48 US states. The results obtained by a panel model with spatial effects indicate that the impact of national business cycles has been rather stable over the past two decades. A tendency for convergence in business cycles often detected in country data is not confirmed at the regional level. The pattern of synchronization across the euro area is similar to that across US states. Although cyclical heterogeneity is detected, it does not indicate a serious impediment to a common monetary policy of the European Central Bank.
Polarizing Cues
Authors: Nicholson Stephen P.
Published: October 2011

People categorize themselves and others, creating ingroup and outgroup distinctions. In American politics, parties constitute the in‐ and outgroups, and party leaders hold sway in articulating party positions. A party leader's endorsement of a policy can be persuasive, inducing co‐partisans to take the same position. In contrast, a party leader's endorsement may polarize opinion, inducing out‐party identifiers to take a contrary position. Using survey experiments from the 2008 presidential election, I examine whether in‐ and out‐party candidate cues—John McCain and Barack Obama—affected partisan opinion. The results indicate that in‐party leader cues do not persuade but that out‐party leader cues polarize. This finding holds in an experiment featuring President Bush in which his endorsement did not persuade Republicans but it polarized Democrats. Lastly, I compare the effect of party leader cues to party label cues. The results suggest that politicians, not parties, function as polarizing cues.
Toward a New Paradigm: Goal‐based Residency Training
Authors: Tintinalli Judith E. , Shofer Francis , Biese Kevin , Phipps Julie , Rabinovich Sergio
Published: October 2011

Academic Emergency Medicine 2011; 18:S71–S78 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Objectives:  Many factors affect the clinical training experience of emergency medicine (EM) residents, and length of training currently serves as a proxy for clinical experience. Very few studies have been published that provide quantitative information about clinical experience. The goals of this study were to determine the numbers of clinical encounters for each resident in emergency department (ED) rotations during training in a 3‐year program, to characterize these encounters by patient acuity and age, to determine the numbers of encounters for selected clinical disorders, and to assess the variation in clinical experience between residents.

Methods:  This was a retrospective analysis of the ED clinical and administrative databases at two hospitals that provide EM training for a southeastern U.S. EM residency program. Data were gathered for three complete cohorts of residents, with entering years of 2003, 2004, and 2005, so the total study period was 2003–2008. ED clinical encounter information included hospital training site (tertiary or community), postgraduate year (PGY) of the resident, patient triage acuity reflected by the Emergency Severity Index (ESI); patient International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD‐9‐CM) diagnostic code; and patient age group.

Results:  There were 25 residents with 120,240 total ED clinical encounters from 2003 to 2008. The median number of ED clinical encounters for a resident during his or her training was 4,836 (range = 3,831 to 5,780), based on a maximum of an 80‐hour work week, and 24 or 25 four‐week blocks of EM rotations. Overall, clinical encounters increased by 30% from PGY 1 to PGY 2, and another 14% from PGY 2 to PGY 3. There was 30% to 60% variation in clinical encounters between individual residents. Variability was most prominent in the care of children and in the care of time‐sensitive critical illness. Resident encounters with lower‐acuity problems during training were much less than the anticipated lower‐acuity burden during practice. Additionally, residents did not encounter some high‐risk conditions clinically during the study period.

Conclusions:  Methods should be developed to decrease resident variance in both numbers and types of clinical encounters and to provide curriculum supplementation for individuals and for the entire residency cohort in areas that are important for the clinical practice of EM, but that are rare or not encountered during residency training.
In vitro maturation: a five‐year experience
Authors: ROESNER SABINE , VON WOLFF MICHAEL , EBERHARDT INGEBORG , BEUTER‐WINKLER PETRA , TOTH BETTINA , STROWITZKI THOMAS
Published: October 2011

Objective. Although some patients may benefit from reduced follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) application, in‐vitro maturation (IVM) belongs to the rare treatment options in assisted reproduction. We summarize our five‐year IVM experience. Design. Retrospective, observational study. Setting. Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital. Sample. 115 patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) as well as patients after ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) from February 2005 to December 2009. Material and Methods. Stimulation started between day 3–10 of the menstrual cycle and FSH dosage was 125IU/day over three days. Ovulation was induced on the third day of FSH injection or one day afterwards and oocyte retrieval was performed 33–38 hours later. Oocytes were cultivated for 24 hours in IVM medium. Fertilization was carried out one day after oocyte retrieval and embryo transfer two days afterwards. Main outcome measures. Pregnancy rates. Results. 115 patients were included and 215 oocyte retrievals (intracytoplasmic sperm injection: n=125, 59%; in vitro fertilization: n=73, 34.4%) with 177 embryo transfers performed. The main reasons for IVM were: PCOS (71.7%) and OHSS (15.0%). Mean number of oocytes was 8.9/oocyte retrieval with 5.9 (64%) becoming mature, 2.8 (45.1%) being fertilized and 2.1 transferred. Pregnancy rate per transfer was 15.3% (n=27) with 13 live births (7.3%), one intrauterine death (0.6%), four miscarriages (2.3%) and nine biochemical pregnancies (5.1%). In 61 cases, fertilized oocytes were frozen and 32 cryotransfers were performed, resulting in three pregnancies. Conclusions. Although the pregnancy rate was low, IVM is very convenient for patients due to low FSH dosages and few appointments at low cost.
ENTEROTOXIN GENE PROFILE AND ANTIBIOGRAM OF BACILLUS CEREUS STRAINS ISOLATED FROM RAW MEATS AND MEAT PRODUCTS
Authors: RATHER M.A. , AULAKH R.S. , GILL J.P.S. , GHATAK S.
Published: October 2011

The present investigation was undertaken to study the incidence and antibiogram of enterotoxigenic Bacillus cereus in raw meats and meat products. B. cereus was isolated from 97 (37.45%) of the 259 samples analyzed. Recorded incidences of B. cereus from chicken, chevon, mutton, meat products and swab samples were 33.33, 37.20, 39.47, 51.85 and 26.08%, respectively. Screening of isolates by multiplex polymerase chain reaction revealed the overall distribution of various enterotoxin genes hblD, hblA, hblC, nheA, nheB, nheC, cytK and entFM as 64.94, 64.94, 68.04, 97.83, 95.87, 93.81, 65.98 and 100%, respectively. Sensitivity of isolates to a panel of 10 antimicrobial agents revealed gentamicin (100%), ciprofloxacin (98.97%), chloramphenicol (89.69%) and streptomycin (85.56%) to be the most effective antibiotics, while the highest resistance was noted against penicillin G (91.75%). A relatively higher incidence of B. cereus in meat products, with the majority of isolates harboring all the enterotoxin genes and detection of multiple antibiotic resistant strains, pose a potential public health threat.

PRACTICAL APPLICATION

The consumption of meat and meat products contaminated with Bacillus cereus is one of the important causes of foodborne illnesses throughout the world. A high incidence of B. cereus in meat, particularly in ready‐to‐eat meat products, poses a serious health threat to the consumers. One of the important concerns regarding this is to determine the source of contamination in the meat in order to prevent it. Moreover, very limited data are available regarding the enterotoxin gene profile and antibiogram of B. cereus strains isolated from such kind of foods. B. cereus isolated from meat and meat products was found to be resistant to multiple antibiotics, strongly hemolytic and showed the presence of at least one enterotoxigenic gene. Therefore, the presence of large number of enterotoxigenic and multiple antibiotic resistant B. cereus strains in the meat and meat products must be considered a potential health hazard.
Flow Around the Free Bottom of Fish Cages in a Uniform Flow With and Without Fouling
Authors: Gansel Lars C. , McClimans Thomas A. , Myrhaug Dag
Published: October 2011

This paper explores the flow around fish cages in a uniform flow with the focus on the flow patterns close to the bottom of the models. Towing tests were conducted with six straight cylinders with the porosities 0%, 30%, 60%, 75%, 82%, and 90%, two cylinders with an inclination of 12.5 deg, and the porosities 0% and 75% and two cylinders with an inclination of 25 deg and the porosities 0% and 75%. The models all had a height-to-diameter ratio of 3 and were made from metal mesh. The Reynolds number was 5000 based on the diameter of the models and 15 based on the diameter of individual strings of the mesh for all tests. Particle image velocimetry, a nonintrusive optical technique, was used to analyze the flow around the models in the plane of symmetry through the center of the cylinders. The porosities of 82%, 75%, and 60% correspond to those of a clean fish cage netting in Norwegian Salmon farming with no fouling, light fouling, and heavy fouling, respectively. The inclinations of 12.5 deg and 25 deg reflect the inclination of the net of a commercial fish cage in a slow and a fast current, respectively. The Reynolds number of the strings was within the range of Reynolds numbers occurring on fish cages along the Norwegian coast. The results from this study are discussed with respect to the flow around and through the same models at identical Reynolds numbers. It is shown that the inclination of the net cage and fouling of the netting have major effects on the flow pattern around fish cages. The flow around and through net cages defines the water exchange within fish cages and the distribution patterns of particles and nutrients released from a net-pen. The information provided in this study can be valuable for the fish farming industry, as the decrease of the porosity due to fouling, as well as the deformation of the netting of fish cages, can be controlled by fish farmers.
A Potent and Broad Neutralizing Antibody Recognizes and Penetrates the HIV Glycan Shield
Authors: Pejchal Robert , Doores Katie J. , Walker Laura M. , Khayat Reza , Huang Po-Ssu , Wang Sheng-Kai , Stanfield Robyn L. , Julien Jean-Philippe , Ramos Alejandra , Crispin Max , Depetris Rafael , Katpally Umesh , Marozsan Andre , Cupo Albert , Maloveste Sebastien , Liu Yan , McBride Ryan , Ito Yukishige , Sanders Rogier W. , Ogohara Cassandra , Paulson James C. , Feizi Ten , Scanlan Christopher N. , Wong Chi-Huey , Moore John P. , Olson William C. , Ward Andrew B. , Poignard Pascal , Schief William R. , Burton Dennis R. , Wilson Ian A.
Published: October 2011

An HIV antibody achieves potency and breadth by binding simultaneously to two conserved glycans on the viral envelope protein.