bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Book Reviews
Authors: Rosenau Milton D.
Published: August 2010

Our three reviews describe widely varied books of interest to practitioners. The first book contains chapters by several authors dealing with numerous aspects of the crucial topic of integrating product design and manufacturing. While it contains many case studies, practitioners have contributed to it, and our reviewer finds much that will benefit both experienced and inexperienced practitioners. The second book deals with the entire product development process and is found to be intermittently insightful and superficial. The review suggests that less experienced practitioners may have trouble distinguishing what is truly important but an experienced practitioner may find that the book provides a helpful reminder of many key lessons. The third book is narrowly specialized, covering direct marketing for business‐to‐business products and services. Our reviewer believes that it is both thorough and practical, almost a do‐it‐yourself guide.
Book Reviews
Authors: Rosenau Milton D.
Published: August 2010

The first review is of a business novel that contains important lessons about teams and teamwork. The enjoyable story is based on the product development activities of a fictitious Fungible Company, and is an absorbing book to read. The second review covers a book on Total Quality Management (TQM). As our reviewer points out, this book deals with both the philosophy and tools, covering all aspects of TQM.

Finally, we inaugurate a new feature, Brief Notes. From time to time, we will provide short comments about books that may have a specialized or some limited value to practitioners.
Book Reviews
Authors: Rosenau Milton D.
Published: August 2010

The first review describes a book devoted to the value and conduct of customer visits. The reviewer recommends it as especially valuable for practitioners in firms producing goods and services for business‐to‐business markets. The second review covers a book devoted to the integration of process design and development. Our reviewer finds that the book provides valuable coverage of an important but frequently overlooked aspect of product development. The third review covers a book of particular value to manufacturers. Although lacking in specific examples, the authors' experience is persuasive in addressing key issues that overlap points covered in the book discussed in the preceding review. The fourth review examines a book about competitive positioning. The book has value for those needing an introduction to this important topic. This issue also reviews two books of special interest to academics teaching and conducting research in the area of product innovation. The first offering is essentially a comprehensive review of the growing literature on how technology can improve collaborative work among individuals or groups. It covers theoretical foundations, conceptual paradigms, empirical research to date, and an agenda for future research. The next book is an advanced but relatively user‐friendly text covering all facets of the new product development process. It is loaded with examples and cases and draws on a wide range of concepts and methodologies from the marketing and general management literature.
Proliferating Hybrid Follicular Tumor
Authors: Craig E. , Fung M.
Published: August 2010

Epithelial cysts are commonly encountered in clinical practice, most usually as epidermoid (infundibular) cysts, and trichilemmal (pilar) cysts. A multitude of other cystic structures can arise from the pilosebaceous unit, including dermoid cyst, pilonidal cyst, eruptive vellus hair cyst, steatocystoma, pilomatricoma, as well as eccrine and apocrine hydrocystoma. Epidermoid cysts are thought to derive from the follicular infundibulum, and express keratin 10 but not keratin 17, whereas trichilemmal cysts are believed to derive from the follicular isthmus, and express both keratins 10 and 17. Proliferating follicular cysts generally exhibit trichilemmal keratinization. In addition to the various aforementioned cysts, hybrid cysts have been reported. The majority of hybrid cysts described have been epidermoid‐trichilemmal, in which the upper portion of the cyst shows epidermoid keratinization with a sharp transition inferiorly to trichilemmal keratinization. However other hybrid variants have been reported, including epidermoid‐pilomatricoma, epidermoid‐apocrine hydrocystoma, trichilemmal‐pilomatricoma, eruptive vellus hair cyst‐steatocystoma, and eruptive vellus hair cyst‐trichilemmal cysts. Here we report, to the best of our knowledge, the first case of a proliferating hybrid cyst containing both epidermoid and trichilemmal components, which presented on the scrotum of a 44‐year‐old man.
Metaplastic Breast Carcinoma Presenting as Cutaneous Spindle Cell Carcinoma
Authors: DeRienzo D.P. , Barr R.J.
Published: August 2010

Squamous cell carcinoma is one of the most common primary cutaneous carcinomas, but on rare occasion, metastatic squamous cell carcinoma from a distant site or solid organ can present as a cutaneous lesion. Most metastases to the skin present as dermal nodules or involve the dermal lymphatics, but when they are intimately associated with the epidermis, distinguishing the lesion as primary or metastatic may be extremely difficult and usually requires a clinical history or high index of suspicion. A 71‐year‐old woman presented with a history of breast carcinoma, status post radiation therapy and subsequent mastectomy. She developed multiple eruptive nodules over her mastectomy site, flank and back two years later. Histologically the lesions appeared to be arising from the surface epidermis and consisted of atypical, predominantly spindle cells, some of which streamed off of the basal layer of the epidermis. Following review of the mastectomy specimen material and performing additional immunohistochemical studies, it became clear that the origin of the carcinomas was metastatic from an underlying metaplastic breast carcinoma.
Aggressive Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Kindler Syndrome: An Unusual Case
Authors: Emanuel P , Tan J , Rudikoff D , Phelps R
Published: August 2010

A 57‐year‐old Hispanic man with a personal and family history of bullae and photosensitivity, presented with a fungating, ulcerated Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) on his left hand. Physical exam showed conjunctival injection, urethral stricture, symblepharon, loss of teeth, short stature, nail dystrophy and extensive poikiloderma. Excision and lymph node dissection showed moderate to poorly differentiated deeply invasive SCC, necessitating an amputation. Two of three axillary lymph nodes were positive. A random biopsy of the trunk showed epidermal atrophy, telangiectasia and pigment laden macrophages consistent with poikiloderma. Electron microscopy (EM) illustrated extensive reduplication of the basement membrane with loops, curls and free extensions of the basal lamina in the superficial dermis, reduced numbers of hemidesmosomes and anchoring fibrils, and a basement membrane focally devoid of basal cells. On the basis of the clinical features and the characteristic basement zone changes, a diagnosis of Kindler Syndrome (KS) was rendered. KS is a rare autosomal recessive photosensitivity disorder which contains features of both congenital poikiloderma and dystrophic epidermolytic bullosa, and has unique EM features. Despite the photosensitivity, few cases of malignancy in KS have been reported.
Recherches sur l'action du coeur au repos et durant le travail dans un cas de heartblock total et non compliqué.
Authors: Zander Eroil ,   avec la collaboration partielle de G. Liljestrand, Stockholm.
Published: August 2010

Les recherches portérent sur un cas de heartblock total, constaté par un électrocardiogramme, chez un jeune homme qui ne présentait selon toute apparence aucun autre trouble cardiaque, organique ou fonctionnel. Le block résultait vraisemblablement des maladies infectieuses encourues durant les premières années de l'existence. Le malade exécute maintenant un travail physique pénible et se livre sans peine à l'athlétisme.

Le travail exagère notablement la fréquence, qui dépasse le double dans les ventricules du cœur et, en mêaie temps, pas tout à fait le double dans les oreillettes. l'électrocardiogramme montre que la tachycardie ventriculaire est une véritable exagération de la fréquence du rythme dans le centre intraventriculaire et que, par suite, elle ne dépend pas de l'extrasystole. Le travail terminé, la tachycardie disparait très rapidement, mais plus rapidement dans le ventricule que dans l'oreillette.

Les déterminations du métabolisme fondamental et du volume à la minute, d'après la méthode de Krogh‐Lindhard, démontrent que, au repos, les valeurs obtenues sont tout à fait normales, mais que le volume de contraction est le double de la normale, en raison de ce que la fréquence est de moitié inférieure à la normale. Les déterminations opérées au cours de séances de travail d'une gradation différente, à l'aide du cyclergomètre de Krogh, montrent que, lorsque la consommation d'oxygène s'élève à six fois la valeur du repos, la fréquence, le volume de contraction et la consommation d'oxygène dans les tissus s'élevent parallèlement à la consommation d'oxygéne; toutefois, au cours de ces expériences, ou du moins avec un travail! intense, la principale partie de l'accommodation se réalise par une augmentation de la fréquence.

II semble résulter de oes recherches qu'un heartblock total, en lui‐même et par lui‐même., n'entraîne pas nécessairement une diminution notable de la capacité de travail.
BODY BUILD AND SERUM LIPIDS IN MALE PATIENTS HOSPITALIZED FOR PEPTIC ULCER OR MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Authors: Hellström Richard
Published: August 2010

Abstract Two groups of patients have been studied. One consisted of 63 peptic ulcer patients, the other of 73 myocardial infarction patients. All patients in both groups were treated in the Medical Clinic of the Danderyd Hospital during 1965 and were followed up about one year after discharge. The infarction patients had significantly higher mean cholesterol and triglycerides than the ulcer patients (Table I). The difference occurred also between comparable age groups (Table II). The ulcer patients had a significantly higher skeletal quotient than the infarction patients, implying that the former had a longer and more slender skeletal structure. Comparison with the conscripts, earlier described by Hellström (11), showed that in many respects the infarction patients resembled the short and heavily built conscripts, whereas the ulcer patients resembled more the tall and lightly built.
THE CARDIAC RESPONSE TO EXERCISE IN AORTIC VALVULAR DISEASE BEFORE AND AFTER BALL VALVE REPLACEMENT
Authors: Andersen Anders , Hillestad Leif , Rasmussen Knut , Myhre Erik
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Cardiac output, stroke volume, “exercise factor” and maximal arterial oxygen transport during upright exercise have been determined in seven patients with aortic valvular disease before and after successful ball valve replacement, in four patients with persistent heart failure after ball valve replacement and in four healthy subjects. Preoperatively the increment in stroke volume during exercise was subnormal, but the “exercise factor” was often within normal limits. Patients with heart failure showed definitely reduced “exercise factor” and maximal stroke volume. After successful ball valve replacement both the maximal stroke volume and “exercise factor” increased slightly, but insignificantly and with considerably scattered individual values. However, all patients with postoperatively increased “exercise factor” had also acquired a fall in Hb concentration. Thus the maximal oxygen transport capacity during submaximal exercise was not improved by the operation.
INTRINSIC FACTOR SECRETION FOLLOWING PENTAGASTRIN AND INSULIN STIMULATION IN DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: Langer L. , Dotevall G. , Walan A.
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn 10 patients with diabetes of long duration, most of them exhibiting late manifestations of the disease, and in a control group the intrinsic factor secretion has been studied after stimulation with pentagastrin and insulin. The responses to pentagastrin were similar in the two groups, indicating that there was no serious destruction of the gastric mucosa. On the other hand the secretory response differed after insulin stimulation. In the diabetic group the response was about 4/10 of the pentagastrin response, the corresponding proportion in the control group being about 9/10. This discrepancy is interpreted as a manifestation of diabetic neuropathy.
IRON SUPPLEMENT TO BLOOD DONORS
Authors: Liedén Gudrun , Höglund Sverker , Ehn Lars
Published: August 2010

Abstract Seventeen conscripts gave blood every second month, the amount representing an average iron loss of 3.5 mg daily. Seven of them were given 20 mg and ten 100 mg iron as ferrous carbonate once daily throughout the study. Before the first and after the fourth and sixth blood donations they were examined with regard to packed red cell volume, serum iron, total iron‐binding capacity and stainable bone marrow iron, and a diagnostic iron absorption test was performed. Ten conscripts receiving no iron and giving no blood but comparable to those in the test groups with regard to age, exercise and diet served as controls. The stainable bone marrow iron was found to become stabilized at a level with reduced but still perceptible amounts when 20 mg iron was given, and at a level with somewhat greater amounts when the daily dose was 100 mg. Both levels were lower than before blood donation in most subjects, and the negative iron balance was also reflected in the diagnostic iron absorption test. When a healthy person loses 3.5 mg iron daily, supplementation with a 100 mg tablet per day is therefore insufficient to maintain the iron stores at their previous level. The decrease in storage iron is not progressive, however. When the storage iron is reduced, iron absorption seems to be stimulated sufficiently to establish a balance at a reduced storage iron level.
Glomerular Filtration Rate and Renal Plasma Flow in Patients with Essential Hypertension before and after Treatment with Alprenolol
Authors: Pedersen E. B.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. In 25 patients with essential hypertension, the renal plasma flow (RPF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and BP have been measured before and after one month's treatment with alprenolol. The patients were divided into two groups according to age. Group 1 consisted of 10 patients with mild hypertension under 35 years of age, group 2 of 15 patients over the age of 35 with moderate hypertension. A markedly greater lowering of BP was measured in group 1 than in group 2. There were no changes in RPF or GFR after alprenolol treatment and no differences in these parameters were observed between the two groups either before or after treatment. Group 1 displayed significantly lower renal vascular resistance (RVR) than group 2 both before and after treatment, and alprenolol treatment resulted in a slight reduction of RVR in group 1, but not in group 2. The difference between the two groups with respect to the antihypertensive effect of alprenolol and the RVR may possibly be due to the fact that the patients in group 2 had more pronounced, structural vascular alterations than those in group 1.
The Nitroblue Tetrazolium (NBT) Test in Endemic Benign (Epidemic) Nephropathy
Authors: Björkstén Bengt , Nyström Kurt , Lindqvist Bengt
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT NBT test values in blood samples from 25 cases of endemic benign (epidemic) nephropathy (EBN) were high, i.e. more than 19% NBT‐positive neutrophils, in 22 (88%) of the patients, intermediate, i.e. 13–19%, in two (8%) and normal in one patient (4%); in eight patients (32%) the NBT test values were 50% or more. The test values remained elevated, i.e. 13% or more, for more than one month after the onset of illness in three of ten patients on whom serial tests were performed. Among 18 patients with kidney diseases other than EBN and 16 with kidney transplant, high NBT test values, 20 and 22%, respectively, were found in two (5.9%), intermediate values in two and normal test values in 30 patients (88.2%). This paper is the first published report on NBT test values in cases of EBN. The test was rated to be of diagnostic value in patients in whom EBN might be suspected, highly elevated test values (≥ 50% NBT‐positive neutrophils) lending support to the diagnosis.
Antihypertensive Treatment with Pindolol in One or Two Doses
Authors: Gyntelberg Finn , Rasmussen Knud , Harvald Bent
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. A comparative trial was carried out in 21 patients on the antihypertensive effect of pindolol given once or twice a day. A change‐over design was employed, with two treatment schedules and four treatment periods of six weeks each. No statistically significant difference was found in BP lowering effect between one and two daily doses. It is unlikely that a switch from pindolol twice daily to the Same amount once daily will increase the BP by more than at most 1.0 mmHg systolic and 2.2 mmHg diastolic, or decrease it by more than 2.7 and 1.0 me, respectively. It is concluded that pindolol given once daily can be recommended.
Prognosis in Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Orinius Erik
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT Thirty‐eight non‐operated patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) were followed for 1–18 years (mean 8). Twelve patients died, nine of them instantaneously without any other apparent cause of death. The symptoms on the first admission did not discriminate between those who died and those who survived during the observation period, nor did the findings at heart catheterization at rest or left ventricular angiocardiography. However, cardiac enlargement on the first chest X‐ray was significantly more common in the deceased group, 75% against 27%, as was the complete absence of a q‐wave in lead III on the first ECG, 83% against 42%. The combination of complete lack of q in lead III and cardiac enlargement on chest X‐ray at the initial examination was present in 9 of the 12 deceased (75%) and in only 3 of 24 survivors (13%). This can be used to select patients for long‐term prophylaxis against ventricular fibrillation which, according to the literature, is the main mechanism of instantaneous death in HOCM.
One, Two, Three or More Pathways for Platelet Aggregation
Authors: Vargaftig B. B. , Chignard M. , Couedic J. P. Le , Benveniste J.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. Platelet aggregation is a complex event, and no single pathway for release and/or activity of mediators can be postulated. Three mechanisms at least operate for aggregation: release of ADP, formation of thromboxane A2, and a third process in which PAF appears to be centrally involved. In every case the adenylate cyclase system is likely to control aggregation, after appropriate stimuli have been provided and potential aggregating substances have been released. Any approach which involves inhibiting the release of the mediators must be based on a knowledge of the mechanism of this release. Phospholipase A2 appears to be a reasonably critical point at which to attempt inhibition of platelet aggregation and activation in general, particularly since doing so should at the same time reduce the synthesis of thromboxane A2 (which is dependent upon the availability of AA hydro‐lysed from phospholipids) and also that of PAF.

Platelet aggregation is essential for arterial thrombosis. Even though the insidious vascular lesion precedes the platelet alteration, and thus appears to be the critical step where prophylaxis against coronary thrombosis should be applied, attempts to inhibit platelet responsiveness during acute myocardial infarction or during the post‐infarction stages appear justified. This is true for two reasons, first precisely because of the insidious and relatively uncontrolled nature of the vascular disease, and secondly because the clinician has to deal with established atherosclerotic patients who are statistically likely to undergo myocardial reinfarction. The understanding of the mechanisms of platelet aggregation is thus important for the biologist, as well as for the physiopathologist and the clinician. This paper attempts to summarize the presently available knowledge on these mechanisms.
Interaction of Clonidine and Labetalol in Hypertension
Authors: LILJA MAUNO
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. Concomitant administration of the α2‐adrenoceptor agonist, clonidine, and the α1‐ and non‐selective β‐adrenoceptor antagonist, labetalol, was studied in 12 hypertensive outpatients treated with thiazide diuretics. Clonidine, 0.15 mg b.i.d., effectively lowered supine, standing and isometric blood pressure values when administered to patients on cyclothiazide, 2.5 mg q.d. Addition of labetalol, 200 mg b.i.d., to the diuretic—clonidine treatment resulted in further reduction of blood pressure at rest both in the supine and standing position. In contrast, during isometric work, addition of labetalol to the diuretic‐clonidine regimen did not exhibit the same additive antihypertensive effect. When clonidine was given in a dose of 0.3 mg once daily in the evening and the other two drugs as previously, the same antihypertensive effect was observed in the afternoon. Labetalol did not provoke new side‐effects of its own.
Mast Cells and Lysozyme Positive Macrophages in Bronchoalveolar Lavage from Patients with Sarcoidosis
Authors: BJERMER L. , BÄCK O. , ROOS G. , THUNELL M.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT In the deteriorating group of sarcoidosis patients, progress towards pulmonary fibrosis is a major problem. In order to benefit from corticosteroids, it is important for the treatment to start early. We studied a group of 45 patients with sarcoidosis. Most of them were newly detected patients and none were under or had currently received corticosteroid therapy. The patients were followed for at least six months. We found that increased amounts of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) or lysozyme‐positive macrophages (Lys+MF) and mast cells (MC) in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) could implicate a bad prognosis.
SERUM PHOSPHATE AND SYMPATHETIC TONE IN MILD ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: KJELDSEN SVERRE ERIK , EIDE IVAR , OS INGRID , WESTHEIM ARNE , AAKESSON INGVAR , MOGENSEN SVEIN BØRRE , FREDERICHSEN PER , HJERMANN INGVAR , GAUTVIK KAARE
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. Forty‐year old, normocalcaemic men with mild essential hypertension (n=35) had decreased serum phosphate (p<0.001) concomitant with elevated plasma adrenaline (p<0.03) and heart rate (p<0.001). All had unchanged serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone concentrations compared to age‐matched normotensive control men (n=44). Serum phosphate levels correlated negatively with plasma adrenaline (p<0.05), plasma noradrenaline (p<0.05), mean blood pressure (p<0.001) and heart rate. (p<0.05). Serum phosphate was significantly lowered by infusion of small amounts of adrenaline at all four infusion rates in a hypertensive group (n=12) while a similar effect was obtained only at the two highest infusion rates in a normotensive group (n=10). No change in serum calcium was observed in either group. Thus, hypophosphataemia appears to be inversely related to sympathetic tone in essential hypertension.
The effect of clomiphene citrate on ovulation and spawning in indomethacin treated carp, Cyprinus carpio
Authors: Kapur K. , Toor H. S.
Published: August 2010

Studies were conducted on the effect of clomiphene on ovulation and spawning in mature C. carpio pre‐treated with indomethacin. It was demonstrated that indomethacin caused a block to ovulation and spawning at two dose levels (5 and 10 μg−1g). This blockade could be overcome by two (10 μg−1g each) successive dosages of clomiphene given 7 and 31 h after the indomethacin treatment. When indomethacin and clomiphene treatments were given concomittantly, the inhibitory effects of indomethacin remained more pronounced.
The haematology of Rohu, Labeo rohita
Authors: Siddiqui A. Q. , Naseem S. M.
Published: August 2010

Haematocrit values, haemoglobin concentration, erythrocyte counts, leucocyte counts, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and clotting time of Labeo rohita were determined. The variations in haematological parameters in relation to the size and weight of the fish were also examined. Males had higher haematological values than the females. Seasonal and variations due to maturation of gonads were also apparent.
Age determination and year class structure in a stunted roach, Rutilus rutilus population
Authors: Linfield R. S. J.
Published: August 2010

In an investigation into changes in the growth and biology of a stunted roach population, details are given of the methods of sampling and examination of the material. Studies on the growth of scales and opercula indicate that roach in all year classes formed a distinct annulus on both structures during May/June each year and fish in their second year of life also formed an additional check in the late summer/autumn of both 1969 and 1970. Reference is made to previously published descriptions of the particular difficulties, and their solutions, involved in aging stunted roach and evidence is cited for the validity of the methods used. Data on age distribution in the samples suggests that the 1966 year class was absent from the lake involved by late 1969 and that the 1965 and 1967 year classes were also very weak. Comparison is made with the results of other authors and the significance of the weak year classes is briefly discussed.
The development of the eggs and early larvae of blue whiting, Micromesistius poutassou and the effect of temperature on development
Authors: Coombs S. H. , Hiby A. R.
Published: August 2010

Eggs of the blue whiting, Micromesistius poutassou were artificially fertilised and incubated at a range of temperatures; larvae were reared for 8½ days after hatching. The development of the eggs and early larvae is described and contrasted with previously published descriptions. The relationship between incubation temperature, t, and development time, dt, is described by the Bělehrádek equation dt=a(t‐a)b. The rate of embryonic development increased with increasing temperature, the time from fertilisation to hatching decreasing from 205 h at 6° C to 70 h at 15° C. No eggs survived to hatch at incubation temperatures above 14·5° C while at 6·2° C and below embryonic development was still proceeding when the experiment was terminated. The optimal survival rate (about 70%) was achieved between 6° and 10° C. Lengths of larvae at hatching were between 2·29 and 3·17 mm, those incubated at the higher temperatures being at a more advanced stage of ontogenetic development. The growth rate of yolk‐sac larvae declined from 10% per day immediately after hatching, to less than 1 % per day 7 days later when the yolk‐sac was fully absorbed. Egg diameter varied between 0·99 mm and 1·15 mm when fresh. During development eggs were initially buoyant and later sank.
Depth equilibration by two predatory cichlid fish from Lake Malawi
Authors: Ribbink A. J. , Hill B. J.
Published: August 2010

The cichlid fish, Haplochromis polystigma and Haplochromis livingstonii are piscivorous ambush predators endemic to Lake Malawi, Africa. Experimentally it was found that large adult H. livingstonii could equilibrate to 38 m, but that juveniles were restricted to shallower depths. Mean depth attained by 8 H. polystigma was 45 m but two individuals exceeded the maximum simulated depth (59 m). H. livingstonii had a mean equilibration rate of 4–7 m day−1 for the first 10 m declining to 2·4 m day−1 thereafter. The mean rate of descent for H. polystigma was 3·8 m day−1 for the first 10 m and 2·8 m day−1 thereafter. The fish were decompressed at a rate of a 20% decrease every 12 h. Although cichlid fishes occur down to 200 m depth in Lake Malawi, experimental and field data indicate that the depth distribution of individual species is restricted and that the restriction is largely related to swimbladder physiology. All cichlid species so far tested equilibrate slowly to depth (2 to 5 m a day) and are not capable of rapid decompression.
Seasonal patterns of feeding of juvenile major carp, Labeo rohita (Ham.) in a Bangladesh pond
Authors: Dewan S. , Miah J. U. , Sarker A. L. , Saha S. N.
Published: August 2010

The results of the studies on the seasonal patterns of feeding of 203 Labeo rohita (Ham.) taken by cast and seine net for one year from a Bangladesh pond are presented. Studies were based on the frequency of occurrence and the points method. A change in the volume of food with change of seasons was noted. The amounts of food eaten were greater for the warmer than for other months and very low during winter indicating an upturn in late spring with a higher level continuing during the summer.

Organic detritus formed the bulk of the gut contents throughout the study period. On a seasonal basis, phytoplankton and aquatic macrophytes were the group of organisms frequently ingested but the former was more important. Animal food was scarce but appreciable quantities of sand and mud were found.
Physiological aspects of oogenesis in two species of sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus L. and Apeltes quadracus (Mitchill)
Authors: Wallace R. A. , Selman K.
Published: August 2010

During May at Woods Hole, female Gasterosteus aculeatus periodically produce clutches of 112±19 eggs with an average diameter of 1·31±0·05 mm. The fish generally have primordial follicles ranging up to 0·56 mm diameter and a clutch of larger follicles undergoing synchronous growth. The size of oocytes within a growing clutch appears to be random within a population, which indicates that recruitment of clutches is not induced by a local environmental event. The largest oocytes within the population of primordial follicles have just begun vitellogenesis but are temporarily arrested. All oocytes within follicles larger than 1·1 mm diameter undergo spontaneous maturation and enlarge to preovulatory size when incubated at 16° C in a simple saline medium. Added deoxycorticosterone can induce similar events in somewhat smaller follicles placed in culture. Thus, in vivo, follicles grow from 0·56 to 1·1 mm diameter by vitellogenesis, and further enlargement is achieved by hydration during steroid‐induced maturation. Females carrying follicles in maturational stages also have a new clutch of follicles entering vitellogenic growth from the population of primordial follicles. Injection of human chlorionic gonado‐tropin causes a recruitment of follicles into vitellogenesis regardless of the stage of follicles within the growing clutch. One interpretation of these results is that when vitellogenic follicles reach a diameter of 1·1 mm a surge of gonadotropin(s) induces the follicle cells to release steroid, which results in oocyte maturation; the same surge also recruits a new clutch of vitellogenic oocytes. Qualitatively similar results were obtained for Apeltes quadracus; thus the recruitment phenomenon observed for G. aculeatus may be a general feature among sticklebacks.
Stress caused by the ‘mark‐recapture’ method to Coregonus albula (L)
Authors: Pasanen S. , Viljanen M. , Pulkkinen E.
Published: August 2010

The aim of this study was to establish if capture and marking caused stress to C. albula, and if a ‘mark‐recapture’ method was suitable for the estimation of a population of C. albula. The blood lactate and glucose levels and the liver and muscle glycogen content were determined during the initial handling and subsequent recovery of the fish in the autumn and spring.

The blood lactate content did not increase to the critical level. Usually the values were distinctly less than 100 mg %, but the blood glucose content increased throughout the whole experiment (24 h) until it reached 250 mg %. The glycogen content in liver and muscle decreased. The liver glycogen of female C. albula was below 0·3 % in autumn, while the values for males were 3–5 %. In spring, the corresponding values were about 0·5 % in both sexes. During handling, the critical period was when the glycogen reserves in the liver became negligible, and female C. albula in autumn had the greatest risk of dying because of their low liver glycogen content.

Spring seemed to be a better season for marking than the autumn. A steady increase in blood glucose indicated there was also stress in spring and the marking time in both seasons should be less than two hours.
Ontogenetic changes in the longitudinal distribution of two species of larval fish in a turbid well‐mixed estuary
Authors: Laprise R. , Dodson J. J.
Published: August 2010

The relationship between vertical migration, estuarine retention and species‐specific patterns of longitudinal distribution of the pelagic larvae of rainbow smelt, Osmerus mordax, and tomcod, Microgadus tomcod, was investigated in the upper section of the St Lawrence Middle Estuary. We hypothesized that the species‐specific use of the vertical pattern of current exhibited by the two species results in the partitioning of the estuarine habitat in the longitudinal plane while assuring retention. Important differences in the longitudinal distribution of tomcod and smelt larvae were related to the ontogeny of their vertical distribution in the water column. In June, small tomcod and smelt larvae are generally associated with waters of salinities less than 5%o. As the larvae grow, their vertical distribution patterns change, leading to a horizontal separation of the two species. Tomcod juveniles migrate downstream into colder, more saline waters, whereas larger smelt larvae migrate upstream into warmer, tidal fresh waters. Ontogenetic changes in vertical distribution serve to concentrate larvae in specific conditions that may optimize physiological conditions and also permit population persistence.
Size‐dependent mortality of red sea bream, Pagrus major, juveniles released with fluorescent otolith‐tags in News Bay, Japan
Authors: Tsukamoto K. , Kuwada H. , Hirokawa J. , Oya M. , Sekiya S. , Fujimoto H. , Imaizuml† K.
Published: August 2010

Totals of 2.67 x 105 and 7.56 x 105 juvenile red sea bream of three size groups (10, 20 and 40 mm t.l.) marked with a fluorescent substance in the otolith were released in News Bay, Oita Prefecture, Japan, in July 1987 and June 1988, respectively; the aim was to estimate growth and mortality of different developmental stages.

Of fish released in 1987 and 1988, 10 618 and 4413, respectively were recaptured during those two years. Released fish remained in the bay until the end of summer, and afterwards migrated out towards open waters. Fish of the 40‐mm group released in 1987 grew to over 200 mm t.l. in one year. Mean growth rate for 19 days after release was higher in the 40‐mm group (0.87 mm day−1) than in the 20‐mm group (0.74mm day−1). Survival rates over 19 days were 59.0 and 10.1 % for 40‐mm and 20‐mm fish, respectively, in 1987, and those over 30 days were 69.2, 3.3 and 0.0% for 40‐mm, 20‐mm and 10‐mm fish, respectively, in 1988.

Cannibalism was indicated by the presence of marked otoliths for 20‐mm fish in the stomachs of a few 40‐mm individuals recaptured 2 days after release. Size‐dependent growth and size‐selective mortality were both noted in juvenile red sea bream, i.e. the relative size differential between larger and smaller individuals was maintained in the period between marking and recapture, and mortality was inversely proportional to size.
Relation between size‐at‐maturity and survival of progeny in chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum)
Authors: Helle J. H.
Published: August 2010

Data on age‐ and size‐at‐maturity, growth, and abundance of chum salmon were collected from 1959 to 1977 at Olsen Creek in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Age composition of spawners (3 to 6‐year‐olds) varied from year to year: 4‐year‐old fish were the dominant age group in most (16 out of 19) years and 6‐year‐old fish usually represented less than 1 % of the returns. Mean size of older spawners was significantly larger than that of younger spawners. Size‐at‐maturity was similar among fish from different broods maturing at different ages in the same year. Size‐at‐maturity and survival of progeny were significantly related. The larger the mean size of spawners, the higher the survival rate to adulthood of their progeny. Possible reasons for this relationship are discussed.
Population cycles in freshwater fish
Authors: Townsend C. R.
Published: August 2010

Year‐class strength in fish populations frequently follows an erratic pattern. However, predictable cyclic fluctuations in recruitment have been reported in a number of instances. In fish in which a single age‐class is responsible for all or most of the production of eggs, a cycle may be set up with a period equal to the time taken to reach maturity. Moreover, density‐dependence may act through fecundity or via survival of eggs or fish subject to interactions with predators or competitors. This paper reviews examples of cyclic variation in year‐class strength and discusses the range of underlying causes.
Predicting variability in catch‐per‐effort in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, trap and gillnet fisheries
Authors: Rose G. A. , Leggett W. C.
Published: August 2010

The relationships between catch rates and fish abundance, hydrographic conditions and fishing effort, for Atlantic cod caught by trapnets (fixed gear) and gillnets (non‐fixed gear) in the northern Gulf of St Lawrence have been quantified. Daily changes in trap catch rates were accounted for by changes in salinity, currents and mean local cod densities in 1985 (R2= 0.78), and predicted 1986 trap catch rate changes (by 1985 model) were correlated significantly with those observed (r= 0.60, P < 0.05). In contrast, the daily changes in 1985 gillnet catch rates were determined by currents, maximum (not mean) local cod densities, and fishing effort (negative) (R2= 0.68), while predicted 1986 gillnet catch rates (by 1985 model) were significantly correlated with those observed (r= 0.35, P < 0.05). Seasonal catchability coefficients of the traps were similar in 1985 and 1986, but for gillnets this index was an order of magnitude higher in 1986 than in 1985.
The effects of long‐term exploitation of demersal fish populations off the coast of Sierra Leone, West Africa
Authors: Coutin P. C. , Payne A. I.
Published: August 2010

The present condition of the inshore sciaenid fauna in Sierra Leone, based on the data collected in 1985–86 from commercial inshore trawlers and accumulated records, is compared with the first assessment of the virgin stocks conducted in the 1950s. This has enabled the effects of the long term on this tropical multispecies fishery to be assessed. In addition to the changes in the species composition, the estimation of growth and mortality from both time periods have allowed the population characteristics of the most common dermersal species to be compared.
Ageing with fisheries length‐frequency data, using information about growth
Authors: Liu Q. , Pitcher T. , Al‐Hossaini M.
Published: August 2010

A new approach to break down fisheries length‐frequency data into age groups, using information on relative growth rate with age, is introduced. The method was verified with data used to test previously published methods. Good starting values for the mean lengths of the fish with age in the statistical analysis of distribution mixtures are often critical. Incorporation of relative growth rate information significantly improves the precision of the ageing procedure even when starting values are less accurate.
The demography of a haemoglobin polymorphism in the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L.
Authors: Jamieson A. , Birley A. J.
Published: August 2010

Genetic stability was investigated at a polymorphic haemoglobin gene‐locus in 13 124 Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L. A total of 30 year‐classes, sampled over 18 years, were variously sampled in 33 named localities. Regional populations showed distinctive allele frequencies, and each major cod fishery showed some degree of genetic imbalance, which was expressed as excessive numbers of homozygotes. This imbalance occurred seasonally in a proportion of the population samples in each of the major cod fisheries. The findings are attributable to migrations of distinctive genetic populations.
Run timing of pelagic fishes in Gulf of St Lawrence: area and species effects
Authors: Chadwick E. M. P. , Claytor R. R.
Published: August 2010

Run timings of four ubiquitous pelagic fishes in the Gulf of St Lawrence were compared for area and year effects. Run timing of alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus (Wilson), smelt, Osmerus mordax (Mitchill), and Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., was estimated at index rivers, and time of arrival of herring, Clupea harengus L., on spawning grounds was estimated from gillnet fisheries located around the Gulf, 1978–87. Time of pelagic fish migrations had strong species and area effects, but weak year effects. The species had their own unique migration times and durations, and could be divided into two groups: herring and smelt, which arrived in all areas of the Gulf at the same time; and alewife and salmon, which had significant area effects. Environmental data were not correlated with run timing. There was little annual variation in run timing among early‐run species; only alewife had significant year effects. There was annual variation in the timing of late‐run species, but it was not correlated with proximate environmental factors. Because run timing is an easily defined stock characteristic, observations over large areas and many years might be useful for understanding the impact of large‐scale environmental changes on natural populations.
Population bottlenecks: influence on mitochondrial DNA diversity and its effect in coregonine stock discrimination
Authors: Bernatchez L. , Dodson J. J. , Boivin S.
Published: August 2010

This study was designed to test the hypothesis that anadromous populations of North American whitefish, Coregonus clupeaformis (Mitchill), believed to have suffered more intense population bottlenecks during past glaciation events, should reveal less mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variability and population‐genetic structuring than anadromous populations of European whitefish, C. lavaretus (L.). C. clupeaformis exhibited extremely low levels of diversity and population structuring, in terms of number and frequency of clonal lines as well as sequence divergence estimates, as compared with populations of C. lavaretus. These results support the hypothesis that the severity of population bottlenecks related to Pleistocene glaciation events may be largely responsible for the level of mtDNA variability observed. This in turn influences the sampling strategy required to maximize the usefulness of mtDNA analysis in stock discrimination.
Genetic variation and population structure of cod, Gadus morhua L., in some fjords in northern Norway
Authors: Jørstad K. E. , Nævdal† G.
Published: August 2010

Biochemical genetic polymorphism in cod from several fjords in Troms, northern Norway was analysed. Gene frequencies at several polymorphic loci (Hb, Pgi, Ldh, Pgm, Gpd and Idh) are given. Significant variation was found both within and between fjords, and even between samples from the same locality sampled in different years, indicating a mosaic structure of the cod population in the area studied. The results of the haemoglobin variation are compared to similar results obtained more than 20 years ago in the same and adjacent areas. The biochemical genetic variation is discussed in relation to stability of gene frequencies, isolation mechanisms and migration patterns.
Mitochondrial DNA and allozyme analysis of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in England and Wales
Authors: Hovey S. J. , King D. P. F. , Thompson D. , Scott A.
Published: August 2010

Allozyme variation was examined in 429 Atlantic salmon, from seven sampling sites in England and Wales. Contingency tests for genetic homogeneity using three diagnostic loci revealed no significant differences among populations from the north‐east and north‐west of the U.K., but detected significant aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) differences between these samples and those from the R. Itchen in Hampshire (southern England). Mitochondrial DNA variation was analysed in 40 salmon from five spawning sites in the R. Itchen. Eight restriction endonucleases were used, of which three (AVAII, HAE III and HINFI) revealed polymorphisms. Six matriarchal lineages were discriminated. Two of the six mtDNA types observed were site‐specific. These results suggest a reasonable expectation of discriminating spawning aggregations of Atlantic salmon.
Genetic determination of the contribution of stocked and wild Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., to the angling fisheries in two Spanish rivers
Authors: Garcia de Leániz C. , Verspoor E. , Hawkins A. D.
Published: August 2010

From 1983 to 1986 the Rivers Ason and Nansa (northern Spain) were stocked with over 100 000 eyed ova year−1 from a Scottish hatchery in an effort to increase angling catches of Atlantic salmon. An inherent genetic marker was used to estimate the contributions of stocked and wild fish from these year‐classes to the 1988 rod‐and‐line fishery. Stocking with foreign ova yielded 0.9 fish per 10 000 ova in the R. Asón and zero fish in the R. Nansa. Natural egg deposition yielded 4.1 and 4.9 fish per 10000 ova, respectively. Reasons for the difference in performance between stocked and wild fish are examined.
Interaction between the roach, Rutilus rutilus, and dace, Leuciscus leuciscus, populations in a river catchment in south‐west England
Authors: Cowx I. G.
Published: August 2010

The ecology of roach, Rutilus rutilus (L.), and dace, Leuciscus leuciscus (L.), populations from different regions of the R. Exe catchment was studied. Dace were the predominant cyprinid in the middle reaches whilst roach dominated in the slow‐flowing lower reaches. Each species showed maximum growth rate and reproductive effort in its preferred habitat, i.e. where it dominated the fish community. The diet of roach consisted mainly of vegetable material, whilst dace were omnivorous. Although each species had a characteristic diet, there was considerable overlap. There was little evidence that variability between regions in growth rates of each species resulted from competition for food.
Developmental variation in salmonid populations
Authors: Thorpe J. E.
Published: August 2010

Salmonid life‐history patterns vary within and between species, and within and between populations. Two major developmental conversions (sensu Smith‐Gill) occur in the life of salmonids: smolting, in which freshwater adaptations are exchanged for marine ones; and sexual maturation. Each process is circannual, endogenously rhythmic but synchronized by photoperiod. Each involves a choice of developmental route, whose direction depends on the individual's responses to prior feeding opportunity, and its current metabolic performance. Data are presented from laboratory and farm experiments on Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., designed to test this developmental model. The findings are used to interpret variation in these developmental characteristics, and their consequences for life‐history patterns, evident over the geographical range of Atlantic salmon and other salmonids.