bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Developmental Approach to Sport Expertise
Authors: Côté Jean , Abernethy Bruce
Published: February 2013

This chapter examines the personal and contextual factors of youth sport that affect sport expertise and developmental outcomes. The developmental model of sport participation (DMSP) is used as a comprehensive framework that outlines different pathways of involvement in sport. Activities and contexts that promote continued sport participation and expert performance are discussed as the building blocks of all effective youth sport programs. This chapter provides evidence that performance in sport, participation, and psychosocial development should be considered as a whole instead of as separate entities by youth sport programmers. Adults in youth sport (i.e., coaches, parents, sport psychologists, administrators) must consider the differing implications of concepts such as deliberate play, deliberate practice, sampling, specialization, and program structure at different stages of an athlete's talent development. Seven postulates are presented regarding important transitions in youth sport and the role that sampling and deliberate play, as opposed to specialization and deliberate practice, can have during childhood in promoting continued participation and elite performance in sport.
Transitions: Ending Active Involvement in Sports and other Competitive Endeavors
Authors: Petitpas Albert J. , Tinsley Taunya Marie , Walker Amy S.
Published: February 2013

All elite performers eventually face the end of their careers. Whether individuals are athletes, performance artists, politicians, or businesspersons, their performance demands are often intense and require a high level of awareness, knowledge, and skills to effectively manage the challenges that they face. Ironically, most elite performers have not prepared or planned for their transition from the competitive arena. This chapter focuses on the transitions that performers face as they end their careers. In particular, the authors discuss conceptual and theoretical frameworks for sport career transitions; developmental factors related to effective and healthy transitions during, and out of, performance; psychological reactions to performance transitions; suggestions for assisting individuals with preparing for and coping with transitions; and ethical considerations involved when providing services to individuals ending active involvement in competition.
Eating Disorders in Sport
Authors: Petrie Trent A. , Greenleaf Christy
Published: February 2013

This chapter describes eating disorders (EDs) among male and female athletes. Prevalence rates of clinical (i.e., anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and ED not otherwise specified) and subclinical EDs and related conditions (i.e., female athlete triad, muscle dysmorphia, exercise dependence) are presented, and factors within the sport environment associated with pathogenic eating and weight control behaviors, including performance demands, sport type, competitive level, and coach/parent/peer influences, are explained. As a framework for synthesizing previous research and theoretical conceptualizations, a sociocultural conceptual model of disordered eating for athletes is included. General sociocultural and sport-specific pressures are thought to be associated with internalization of body ideals, body dissatisfaction and drive for muscularity, negative affect and dietary restraint, and bulimic symptomatology. Research supporting the model is presented and suggestions for future research are offered. The chapter concludes with recommendations for prevention of problematic eating and weight control behaviors and issues regarding identification and treatment of EDs.
Optimal Performance: Elite Level Performance in “The Zone”
Authors: Harmison Robert J. , Casto Kathleen V.
Published: February 2013

Curiosity about and interest in optimal performance has grown markedly among researchers, practitioners, athletes, and performers over the past 30 years. Despite this interest, elite-level performance in “the zone” continues to be an elusive phenomenon for researchers and practitioners to understand. This chapter discusses the various psychological factors involved in optimal performance and summarizes the historical and current research and scholarly writings in the area. The subjective experience of optimal performance is defined and clarified, and the psychological profile of optimal performance is described and elaborated. Issues related to the assessment of psychological characteristics and skills associated with optimal performance are discussed, and a model for understanding the myriad of factors that impact optimal performance is provided. The application and effectiveness of psychological skills training to promote the occurrence of optimal performance is reviewed as well. Finally, directions and opportunities for future research are presented.
Conceptual Outline of the Handbook of Assessment and Selection
Authors: Schmitt Neal
Published: February 2013

In this introduction, the rationale and conceptual outline of this volume are described. A brief description of how each chapter fits in this outline as well as the content of each chapter are presented. The book is organized into nine parts: (I) Introduction and Overview; (II) Historical and Social Context of Selection and the Nature of Individual Differences; (III) Research Strategies; (IV) Individual Difference Constructs; (V) Measures of Predictor Constructs; (VI) Performance and Outcomes Assessment; (VII) Societal and Organizational Constraints on Selection; (VIII) Implementation and Sustainability of Selection Systems; and (IX) Conclusions and Future Directions.
Cognitive Abilities
Authors: Ones Deniz S. , Dilchert Stephan , Viswesvaran Chockalingam
Published: February 2013

This chapter describes measures of cognitive ability (general mental ability and specific abilities) and examines their usefulness for personnel selection. An overview of definitional and theoretical issues as they apply to use of such measures in personnel decision making is provided first. Then, issues of reliability of measures are discussed, again with particular emphasis on implications for personnel selection (e.g., impact on rank order of candidates when using different measures). Next, validities of cognitive ability tests are summarized for the following criteria: overall job performance, task performance, contextual performance, counterproductive work behaviors, leadership, creativity and innovation, voluntary turnover, job satisfaction, and career success. The authors address the nature of predictor-criterion relationships (e.g., usefulness of general versus specific abilities, criterion dynamicity, assumption of linearity) by discussing both recent large-scale evidence in normal samples and among the highly gifted. Finally, the extent to which cognitive ability is captured in tools other than standardized tests is summarized, enabling an evaluation of other selection assessments as substitutes and/or supplements to standardized cognitive ability tests.
Self-Reports for Employee Selection
Authors: Spector Paul E.
Published: February 2013

Self-reports are used in the assessment of potential predictors for employee selection and placement, most notably personal and work background, and personality. Sophisticated methods exist for the development of quantitative multiitem scales that can demonstrate acceptable reliability and evidence for construct validity. One concern with such scales is the possibility of biases that might distort relationships with other variables, as well as the possibility of common method variance when predictor and criterion are both assessed with self-reports. A concern specifically with personality tests in a selection context is the possibility that applicants will fake their responses. Although there is evidence that faking exists, there is no consensus about the impact it might have on test validity or the accuracy of selection decisions. Factor analysis can provide evidence that a set of scale items reflects multiple constructs, but artifactual factors can be caused by the nature of items rather than the constructs they reflect. Finally, a distinction has been made between scales in which each item is a parallel measure intended to assess the same underlying construct (reflective indicator scale) and those in which items assess different things that are combined into an index (formative indictor scale). Despite limitations, self-reports can be useful tools to assess important predictors, as well as criteria, in selection applications.
Personnel Selection across the Globe
Authors: Steiner Dirk D.
Published: February 2013

This chapter reviews research on personnel selection around the world focusing on three topics. First, it examines surveys of selection practices internationally. Then, it considers psychometric concerns when adapting a selection tool for use in another country. Finally, it explores fairness issues when applying selection techniques around the world. The surveys indicate considerable similarity in the use of various personnel selection methods across the globe, with some noteworthy exceptions. The similarities are explained in part by the nature of the surveys conducted, frequently in multinational organizations with North American or European headquarters. The psychometric issues examined include translation and adaptation of tests, response bias, norm development, and factors influencing validity. Applicant reactions and discrimination laws are examined as fairness concerns. Overall, few studies on personnel selection internationally have systematically studied cultural variables associated with their effective application and few cultural variables are represented in the studies conducted.
Implementation Issues in Employee Selection Testing
Authors: Tippins Nancy T.
Published: February 2013

Careful implementation of a test or assessment procedure that is used for selection is critical to its success and sustainability. Poor implementation can threaten the validity of a carefully developed test and weaken its value to the staffing process. This chapter considers three broad categories of implementation issues: administration, scoring, and the use of test results, and discusses the interactions among implementation decisions, decisions about choices of tests, organizational goals for selection procedures, and staffing environments.
Theoretical and Practical Issues: Research Needs
Authors: Schmitt Neal , Ott-Holland Catherine
Published: February 2013

In this chapter, we summarize the major issues in each of the areas addressed in this volume. Identification of these issues as “major” is obviously a judgment on our part; many more important questions and challenging research issues are highlighted throughout the book. Some of the ideas mentioned in this chapter are central to the discussions of the individual chapter authors; others are concerns that occurred to us as we read the chapters. We believe that these questions are ones that should be addressed by researchers and considered by practitioners as they develop and implement selection interventions. Concerns about the construct validity and meaning of our assessments should be paramount, but reaction to these measures on the part of client organizations, their practical utility in assisting with decision making, and the impact of their use on groups and individuals are of obvious importance as well. Although we have described areas in which more information would be helpful, we want to emphasize our conviction that organizational psychologists have developed a large body of knowledge about human ability and job performance and this is well documented throughout the book.
Introduction: Environmental and Conservation Psychology
Authors: Clayton Susan D. , Saunders Carol D.
Published: February 2013

Environmental psychology has been an established field for half a century. The term “conservation psychology” has a much more recent history. What is conservation psychology, and what is its relationship to environmental psychology? How will the combination affect the further development of the field? This chapter provides a definition and places the terms in a historical as well as a functional context. After an explication of the name of the present handbook, a framework for the organization of the book is presented.
Environmental Values
Authors: Steg Linda , de Groot Judith I. M.
Published: February 2013

Values are desirable goals that serve as guiding principles in people’s life. As such, values can influence multiple beliefs, attitudes, norms, and behaviors simultaneously. Values determine what people attend to, what knowledge becomes cognitively most accessible, how people evaluate various aspects of the situation, and what alternatives are being considered, which in turn affects actual behavior. Different individuals may endorse the same values, but they are likely to prioritize various values differently, resulting in different preferences, beliefs, attitudes, norms, and choices. In this chapter, we discuss relevant value theories and elaborate on four types of values that are particularly relevant in the environmental domain: hedonic, egoistic, altruistic, and biospheric values. Values typically influence behavior indirectly, via behavior-specific beliefs, preferences, attitudes, and norms. Values are particularly influential when they are strongly endorsed, and when they are activated, cognitively supported, central to the self, and part of our self-identity. Values reflect a broad range of motivations (notably hedonic, egoistic, altruistic, and biospheric motivations) and as such differ from ecological worldviews and environmental concerns that focus on environmental motivations.
Health Care Environments
Authors: Fornara Ferdinando , Andrade Cláudia Campos
Published: February 2013

This chapter addresses the influence of design dimensions on users’ responses in health care environments. The need of a user-centered design based on rigorous empirical evidence is outlined, so that health care services can take full advantage of the environment as an important contributor for the therapeutic processes. Accordingly, we advocate the shift to more humanized health care places by relying on evidence-based design. A theoretical framework based on the multi-place approach is presented to provide a conceptual lens for better investigating the multifaceted nature of hospitals, which include different spaces, physical features, functions, environmental roles (patients, caregivers, visitors), behaviors, and representations. Current research trends witness a growing interest toward this topic, though, despite the increased number of studies, there is yet need of rigorous and systematic research proving the importance of health care design aspects on people’s well-being. Finally, future directions for research are suggested.
Correctional Environments
Authors: Wener Richard E.
Published: February 2013

Correctional environments are unique as settings in which people are confined involuntarily, possibly for very long periods of time, and not for their own welfare. As such they can be very difficult places to endure. Moreover, inmates and staff are exposed to multiple environmental stressors whose effects may be magnified by the time of exposure and the difficulty in avoiding them. Inmates commonly need to cope with lack of privacy, high levels of crowding, isolation from needed human contact, constant high levels of noise, poor lighting conditions (too little in the daytime and too much at night), and little access to nature or nature views. New models of correctional design, with increased direct contact between inmates and staff, and greater control over environmental conditions, have had success in reducing violent behavior in recent decades. A model of environmental determinants of violence is presented that attempts to explain this success.
Families in Rehabilitation
Authors: Rivera Patricia A.
Published: February 2013

Traditional models of chronic care management have failed to consider the involvement of family members in patient care. Systemic, socio-economic, and cultural factors demand continued care from family members during and following rehabilitation. The financial and emotional burdens incurred by care providers of a family member living with a disability increase caregiver risk for distress, depression, and physical health problems. Current approaches to the efficacious management of caregiver distress emphasize the importance of identifying the reasons and mechanisms behind positive treatment results. Organizational shifts in thinking about the role of families in rehabilitation, as well as refinements in national health care policy will require recognition of the differing care needs of persons with varying disabilities and the impact these have on approaches to effective managing of caregiver stress. It is proposed that interventions including psychotherapy, education, and supportive services to families as they begin their caregiver roles become a “standard of care” and that continued research focus on development of technologically driven devices to increase availability or tools to enhance quality of life while maintaining lower costs. Culturally appropriate services to meet the needs of diverse, underserved populations will result in huge dividends for consumers and providers of health care services.
Persistent and Chronic Pain
Authors: Richardson Elizabeth J. , Richards J. Scott
Published: February 2013

Chronic pain impacts a significant portion of the general population and often poses barriers to optimal functioning in a variety of activities of daily living. Our understanding of chronic pain has progressed considerably from a unidirectional pain processing model of afferent sensation to one involving a complex interplay of multiple factors including biological, psychological, and sociological components. This chapter discusses the complex interface of cognition, behavior, and pathophysiology on persistent pain, and its psychological and behavioral comorbidities. Current and emerging treatment paradigms and interventional contexts reflecting the multidimensionality of the chronic pain syndrome are also presented. Finally, future directions of study to advance the field of chronic pain psychology are proposed.
Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Scharloo Margreet , Fischer Maarten J. , Van Den Ende Esther , Kapstein Adrian A.
Published: February 2013

This chapter starts with a description of the main disease characteristics and psychosocial consequences of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a multisystem disease with significant comorbidities. Comprehensive pulmonary rehabilitation programs (PRPs) aim at tackling these systemic consequences of COPD by combining self-management education, exercise training, nutritional intervention, and psychosocial and support interventions. Research on the effects of psychosocial interventions within programs is scarce. Studies on cognitive-behavioral interventions for anxiety and depression provide proof that a combination of strategies can add extra results to the positive effects that pulmonary rehabilitation in itself has on COPD symptoms. The results from studies on relaxation techniques for stress management and relieving breathlessness do not suggest much specific benefit for progressive muscle relaxation or other strategies. Currently, the evidence is largely absent that should guide “who does what and how“in the psychosocial components of pulmonary rehabilitation.
Limb Amputation
Authors: Desmond Deirdre M. , Coffey Laura , Gallagher Pamela , MacLachlan Malcolm , Wegener Stephen T. , O’Keeffe Fiadhnait
Published: February 2013

Limb amputation is both a life-saving procedure and a life-changing event.

The aims of rehabilitation following amputation are to restore acceptable levels of functioning that allow individuals to achieve their goals, facilitate personal health, and improve participation in society and quality of life, either with or without a prosthesis. Individual responses to limb loss are varied and complex; some individuals experience functional, psychological, and social dysfunction; many others adjust and function well. This chapter highlights critical psychological and social issues in amputation, summarizes current knowledge in these domains, and provides a brief overview of psychological interventions designed to address these issues.
Battles Half Won: Political Economy of India's Growth and Economic Policy Since Independence
Authors: Ahmed Sadiq , Varshney Ashutosh
Published: February 2013

This article aims to review India's long-term growth experience with a view to understanding the determinants of growth and the underlying political economy. The article looks specifically at the political economy of India's growth transformation from a low-growth environment (pre-1980s) to a rapid growth environment (post-1980s) and asks how sustainable the new transformation is. Following the introduction, the second section looks at the evolution of India's growth, and the third section reviews this growth experience in terms of its affect on employment and poverty. The fourth section briefly reviews the policy framework underlying this growth. The fifth section takes a political approach to understanding the process and politics of policy making in India. This framework is then applied in the next section to explain India's growth transformation. In the seventh section, the article looks at inclusiveness, which is arguably at the heart of the sustainability of economic reforms and long-term growth. Finally, some concluding remarks are provided.
Higher Education Reforms in India
Authors: Sunder Shyam
Published: February 2013

This article takes a critical look at the higher education sector in India. It notes that even though the number of institutions and enrollment in higher education continue their rapid growth (in excess of population growth), the quality of this education outside of a handful of institutions is questionable. The number of such graduates remains small relative to the population and demands of India's economy. In general, graduate education continues to remain in an alarming state with respect to both quality and quantity. India's impressive economic performance has made the problem in higher education seem less urgent than it actually is. The article discusses several of the challenges facing higher education: the system's inability to attract the best of the best to lives of teaching and scholarship, the separation of education and research, and a short-term profit motive by private education providers, among others.
Political Economy of Infrastructure Spending in India
Authors: Khemani Stuti
Published: February 2013

This article attempts to understand a significant puzzle in the political economy of infrastructure spending in India: the coexistence of low public spending on infrastructure (as a proportion of the total budget) in Indian states, and low efforts to secure private participation for greater investments, despite large demand from citizens for infrastructure services. A broader attempt of the article is to identify the key political constraints to effective infrastructure policies. The argument is based on two separate assumptions—one, on the division of voters between organized interest groups that seek rents, and unorganized swing voters who seek general benefits from public goods; and two, on the degree to which different kinds of public spending programs can be used for rent-seeking versus vote-buying, with infrastructure projects more suited to the former and broader poverty alleviation programs to the latter.
Monetary Policy, Capital Flows, and the Exchange Rate
Authors: Sen Partha
Published: February 2013

This article notes that the use of monetary policy has been constrained by a loose fiscal policy and capital flows. The problem of capital flows is a self-inflicted pain. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) could have kept a lid on capital flows, allowing only the most urgent inflows from a growth standpoint. This would have given India a competitive edge in manufacturing and would have allowed it to expand labor-intensive industry and help facilitate rapid reductions in poverty. However, the RBI has carried out sterilized intervention with large quasi-fiscal costs. The trade balance and, more often than not, the current account continue to be in deficit. A major cause of this is a misaligned exchange rate—the trigger of this being the capital account of the balance of payments. The article offers numerous research ideas, especially for growth theorists, on how to think about India's (non-labor-intensive) growth pattern vis-a-vis its current exchange rate policy.
The Convergence Debate and Econometric Approaches: Evidence from India
Authors: Das Samarjit
Published: February 2013

This article notes that the econometric literature on convergence has been critical of traditional growth regressions for studying economic convergence across countries and regions, based on the popular notions of β and ó convergences. This is because these methods fail to allow for unobserved (and persistent) differences across countries, and they are susceptible to measurement errors, endogeneity biases, and spatial autocorrelation. The article does two things: First, it investigates the convergence hypothesis among Indian states by using panel unit root tests that explicitly incorporate cross-sectional dependence (various socioeconomic variables in different regions in India are expected to be contemporaneously correlated). Second, two measures of well-being are used: per capita consumption—both rural and urban—and per capita state-level GDP (SGDP). Most of the studies on India are based on SGDP, which is a questionable indicator of welfare. The article also incorporates possible structural breaks that may occur and may lead to completely different outcomes of the convergence hypothesis test.
The Globalization Debate and India
Authors: Mitra Devashish , Ranjan Priya
Published: February 2013

This article argues that one of the key questions in the globalization debate in India is whether to allow unfettered movement of foreign capital or whether to make the rupee fully convertible on the capital account. The effects of financial flows can be considerable. Many innovations take place in the financial sector, but economists tend to overlook the downside risks of these innovations. Even though there is a broad consensus among economists on the benefits of trade liberalization, the jury is still out on the issue of free mobility of capital. On balance, the article comes out in favor of a gradual removal of restrictions on capital flows, evaluating the relative costs and benefits of capital account openness. With respect to trade liberalization, the article notes that free trade creates both winners and losers.
Development Patterns in China and India: Perspective with A Ces Production Function
Authors: Kan Kamhon , Wang Yong
Published: February 2013

This article builds on the voluminous India-China literature, which still lacks a theoretical framework to understand India's and China's growth patterns. This article builds a simple theoretical model to understand India's and China's different growth patterns. An interesting stylized fact motivates this exercise: from 1985 to 2004—compared with India—China has had considerably higher rates of physical capital formation; much higher ratios of measured physical to human capital; and a more physical capital friendly public policy. To explain these facts, the article uses a one-sector growth model with two accumulating factors (physical capital [K] and human capital [H]).
Dual-Process Theories of Deductive Reasoning: Facts and Fallacies
Authors: Evans Jonathan St. B. T.
Published: February 2013

The psychology of reasoning was dominated by the deduction paradigm from around 1960 to 2000, in which untrained participants are asked to assess the validity of logical arguments. As evidence of logical error and content-dependent thinking amassed, the paradigm has shifted recently with more emphasis on probabilistic and pragmatic processes. This chapter is focused particularly on the dual-process theories that arose from traditional studies of deductive reasoning but that now form part of a more general set of theories of higher cognition. It is argued that the “received” view of dual-process theory, which was established around 2000, actually incorporates a number of false beliefs and fallacies, which are discussed in this chapter. While dual-process theory rightly remains the focus of much current research, it is important to understand and avoid these fallacies.
Inference with Mental Models
Authors: Johnson-Laird P. N.
Published: February 2013

This chapter outlines the theory of mental models. The theory accounts for the deductive reasoning of individuals untrained in logic, and the chapter marshals corroboratory evidence. It goes on to describe how the theory applies to reasoning about probabilities based on the alternative possibilities in which an event occurs (“extensional” reasoning). It also outlines the theory's application to inductions, including those that depend on the intuitive system of reasoning (System 1) and those that depend on deliberation (System 2). Inductions include the automatic use of knowledge to modulate the interpretation of assertions. Models appear to underlie both the detection of inconsistencies among propositions and abductions that create explanations, including those that resolve inconsistencies. The model theory is supposed to apply to all thinking about propositions, and the chapter concludes with some of the main gaps in its account.
Similarity
Authors: Goldstone Robert L. , Son Ji Yun
Published: February 2013

Humans and other animals perceive and act on the basis of similarities among things because similarities are usually informative. Similar things usually behave similarly, and because we can grasp these similarities, we can organize and predict the things in our world. Four major classes of models have been proposed for how humans assess similarities. In geometric models, entities are represented by their positions in a multidimensional space, and similarity is based on the proximity of entities in this space. In featural models, entities are described by their features, and the similarity of entities is an increasing function of their shared features and/or a decreasing function of their unique features. In alignment-based models, the similarity between two structured entities is calculated by placing the elements of their structures into correspondence. In transformational models, the similarity between two entities is conceptualized as the number of transformations required to transform one entity into the other. We discuss issues related to the flexibility and constraints of similarity, and how similarity grounds other cognitive processes.
Explanation and Abductive Inference
Authors: Lombrozo Tanya
Published: February 2013

Everyday cognition reveals a sophisticated capacity to seek, generate, and evaluate explanations for the social and physical worlds around us. Why are we so driven to explain, and what accounts for our systematic explanatory preferences? This chapter reviews evidence from cognitive psychology and cognitive development concerning the structure and function of explanations, with a focus on the role of explanations in learning and inference. The findings highlight the value of understanding explanation and abductive inference both as phenomena in their own right and for the insights they provide concerning foundational aspects of human cognition, such as representation, learning, and inference.
Decision Making
Authors: LeBoeuf Robyn A. , Shafir Eldar
Published: February 2013

This chapter reviews selected psychological research on human decision making. The classical, rational theory of choice holds that decisions reflect consistent, stable preferences, which are unaffected by logically immaterial changes in context, presentation, or description. In contrast, empirical research has found preferences to be sensitive to logically irrelevant changes in the context of decision, in how options are described, and in how preferences are elicited. Decisions are also swayed by affect and by decisional conflict and are often driven by the reasons that are most accessible at the moment of choice, leading to preference reversals when, for example, different reasons are made accessible. More broadly, decision makers tend to adopt a “local” perspective: They accept decisions as described and focus on the most salient attributes, even when a more “global” perspective, less influenced by local context and frame, might yield decisions that are less biased by temporary and irrelevant concerns. Future directions and implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Judgmental Heuristics: A Historical Overview
Authors: Griffin Dale W. , Gonzalez Richard , Koehler Derek J. , Gilovich Thomas
Published: February 2013

The Heuristics and Biases approach to judgment under uncertainty began 40 years ago with the publication of a study of the statistical foibles on the part of research psychologists and statisticians (Tversky & Kahneman, 1971). Since then, this research program has substantially influenced the working assumptions of psychologists and economists about the role of normative models of probability judgment and decision making, while providing a new language of judgmental heuristics. We provide a historical overview of the Heuristics and Biases research program that describes its intellectual antecedents and the special role of the rational actor model in shaping its methods, and we review the program's evolution over the course of three waves of research and theory development.
Moral Judgment
Authors: Waldmann Michael R. , Nagel Jonas , Wiegmann Alex
Published: February 2013

The past decade has seen a renewed interest in moral psychology. A unique feature of the present endeavor is its unprecedented interdisciplinarity. For the first time, cognitive, social, and developmental psychologists, neuroscientists, experimental philosophers, evolutionary biologists, and anthropologists collaborate to study the same or overlapping phenomena. This review focuses on moral judgments and is written from the perspective of cognitive psychologists interested in theories of the cognitive and affective processes underlying judgments in moral domains. The review will first present and discuss a variety of different theoretical and empirical approaches, including both behavioral and neuroscientific studies. We will then show how these theories can be applied to a selected number of specific research topics that have attracted particular interest in recent years, including the distinction between moral and conventional rules, moral dilemmas, the role of intention, and sacred/protected values. One overarching question we will address throughout the chapter is whether moral cognitions are distinct and special, or whether they can be subsumed under more domain-general mechanisms.
On the Distinction Between Rationality and Intelligence: Implications for Understanding Individual Differences in Reasoning
Authors: Stanovich Keith E.
Published: February 2013

A concern for individual differences has been missing from the Great Rationality Debate in cognitive science—the debate about how much irrationality to attribute to human cognition. There are individual differences in rational thinking that are less than perfectly correlated with individual differences in intelligence because intelligence and rationality occupy different conceptual locations in models of cognition. A tripartite extension of currently popular dual-process theories is presented in this chapter that illustrates how intelligence and rationality are theoretically separate concepts. The chapter concludes by showing how this tripartite model of mind, taken in the context of studies of individual differences, can help to resolve the Great Rationality Debate.
Thinking in Business
Authors: Loewenstein Jeffrey
Published: February 2013

Thinking and reasoning enter into the practice of business in limitless ways. Basic and applied cognition researchers stand to gain by increasing their awareness of each other's work. To foster interaction, this chapter provides an introduction to applied cognitive research in the main areas of business academia, which collectively map out a large range of business practice: consumer behavior within marketing, organizational behavior within management, management science within operations, behavioral finance within finance, and behavioral accounting within accounting.
Learning to Think: Cognitive Mechanisms of Knowledge Transfer
Authors: Koedinger Kenneth R. , Roll Ido
Published: February 2013

Learning to think is about transfer. The scope of transfer is essentially a knowledge representation question. Experiences during learning can lead to alternative latent representations of the acquired knowledge, not all of which are equally useful. Productive learning facilitates a general representation that yields accurate behavior in a large variety of new situations, thus enabling transfer. This chapter explores two hypotheses. First, learning to think happens in pieces and these pieces, or knowledge components, are the basis of a mechanistic explanation of transfer. This hypothesis yields an instructional engineering prescription: that scientific methods of cognitive task analysis can be used to discover these knowledge components, and the resulting cognitive models can be used to redesign instruction so as to foster better transfer. The second hypothesis is that symbolic languages act as agents of transfer by focusing learning on abstract knowledge components that can enhance thinking across a wide variety of situations. The language of algebra is a prime example and we use it to illustrate (1) that cognitive task analysis can reveal knowledge components hidden to educators; (2) that such components may be acquired, like first language grammar rules, implicitly through practice; (3) that these components may be “big ideas” not in their complexity but in terms of their usefulness as they produce transfer across contexts; and (4) that domain-specific knowledge analysis is critical to effective application of domain-general instructional strategies.
Neurobiological Contributions
Authors: Roussos Panos , Siever Larry J.
Published: February 2013

Recent advances in neurobiology have increased our understanding of the role of neurotransmitters, genetics, and brain networks in the regulation of normal behavior, individual differences in personality, and psychopathology of personality disorders. Individual differences in the regulation and organization of cognitive processes, including the experience of psychotic-like perceptual distortions and deficit symptoms, are typical in Cluster A personality disorders or schizophrenia spectrum personality disorders, such as schizotypal. Personality dimensions such as affective instability, emotional information processing, aggression, and impulsivity are typical for borderline personality disorder and other Cluster B personality disorders. A low threshold for anxiety and presence of compulsivity may contribute to the avoidant, dependent, and compulsive behaviors observed in Cluster C personality disorders. It is widely accepted that an endophenotypic approach will provide a better understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms and clarify the underlying candidate genes contributing to these behavioral dimensions, as well as susceptibility to major psychiatric illnesses.
A Contemporary Interpersonal Model of Personality Pathology and Personality Disorder
Authors: Pincus Aaron L. , Hopwood Christopher J.
Published: February 2013

We present a model of personality psychopathology based on the assumptions; descriptive metastructure; and developmental, motivational, and regulatory processes of the contemporary integrative interpersonal theory of personality. The interpersonal model of personality psychopathology distinguishes between the definition of personality pathology and individual differences in the expression of personality disorder. This approach facilitates interdisciplinary conceptualizations of functioning and treatment by emphasizing the interpersonal situation as a prominent unit of analysis, organized by the metaconstructs of agency and communion and the interpersonal circumplex model. Linking personality psychopathology to agentic and communal constructs, pathoplastic relationships with those constructs, patterns of intraindividual variability, and interpersonal signatures allows personality dysfunction to be tied directly to psychological theory with clear propositions for research and treatment planning. The model’s relevance for DSM-5 is highlighted throughout the chapter. We conclude by bringing the interpersonal model from bench to bedside with an articulation of its clinical implications.
Pathology of Personality Disorder: An Integrative Conceptualization
Authors: Paris Joel
Published: February 2013

Personality disorders are complex forms of psychopathology that emerge from interactions between biological, psychological, and social processes. By themselves, none of these factors explain the development of personality disorders, which are shaped by, but not determined by, temperament and trait profiles, as well as by life experiences and social stressors.
Psychopathy
Authors: Hare Robert D. , Neumann Craig S. , Widiger Thomas A.
Published: February 2013

Psychopathy refers to the personality disposition to charm, manipulate, and ruthlessly exploit other persons. Psychopathic persons are lacking in conscience and feeling for others; they selfishly take what they want and do as they please without the slightest sense of guilt or regret. Psychopathy is among the oldest and arguably the most heavily researched, well-validated, and well-established personality disorder. Yet it has only indirect, informal entry in the DSMs. This chapter discusses traditional alternative conceptualizations of psychopathy, emphasizing in particular the influential and heavily researched Psychopathy Checklist-Revised. Discussed as well is the existing research concerning the epidemiology, etiology, course, treatment, and biological aspects of psychopathy, as well as its implications for DSM-5.
Depressive Personality Disorder
Authors: Bagby R. Michael , Watson Chris , Ryder Andrew G.
Published: February 2013

This chapter provides an overview of depressive personality disorder, including its history, conceptualization within the American Psychiatric Association’s diagnostic manual, prevalence rates, etiology, characteristics, course, comorbidity with dysthymia and other disorders, and a review of the various instruments that can be used for its assessment. Also discussed is the dimensional approach to personality and its applicability to this disorder, and the impact of depressive personality disorder on the treatment of other psychological difficulties, such as major depressive disorder. This chapter ends with an update of the status of depressive personality disorder in DSM-5 and our recommendations for ways to maintain depressive personality traits in future editions of the diagnostic manual.
Dialectical Behavior Therapy of Borderline and Other Personality Disorders
Authors: Lynch Thomas R. , Cuper Prudence F.
Published: February 2013

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is a form of cognitive-behavioral therapy that draws on principles from Zen practice, dialectical philosophy, and behavioral science, and it is based on a biosocial model of borderline personality disorder. The treatment has four components—individual therapy, group skills training, telephone coaching, and therapist consultation team—and it progresses through four stages, depending on the client’s level of disorder. In the current chapter, we expand on the theory behind the treatment and the treatment structure, as well as present evidence for the efficacy of DBT from several randomized controlled trials. We also discuss implications for the use of DBT for multidiagnostic patients—including a review of a new adaptation of DBT for emotionally constricted and overcontrolled disorders.
Girls Experiencing Gamelan Education and Cultural Politics in Bali
Authors: Downing Sonja Lynn
Published: February 2013

This article explores how the potentially conflicting ideologies of gender and childhood impact children’s gamelans (Indonesian percussion ensembles) in Bali. It focuses on three community-based performing arts organizations. The first is Sanggar Çudamani in Pengosekan village, just south of Ubud. Directed by I Dewa Putu Berata and his American wife Emiko Saraswati Susilo, this sanggar includes an internationally touring adult men’s gamelan, dance classes for children, and an intensive study program for foreigners. The second organization is Sanggar Maha Bajra Sandhi, directed by Professor Ida Wayan Oka Granoka, in Batukandik, outside Bali’s provincial capital of Denpasar. Since the late 1990s, this sanggar has engaged boys and girls in gamelan music, dance, and traditional Balinese vocal styles. The third is Sanggar Pulo Candani Wiswakarma in Batubulan, which has been active since about 2002. This sanggar is directed by I Ketut Pradnya, who hires music teachers from across Bali to teach their specialties to the mixed-gender children’s gamelan ensemble.
Musical Cultures of Girls in the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Ilari Beatriz
Published: February 2013

This article examines the musical world of riverine girls living on the banks of the Quianduba river in the Lower Tocantins territory, state of Pará, Brazilian Amazon. Ethnographic methods and tools such as participant observation, field notes, and recordings of interviews and musical practices were used to document and capture meanings associated with musical practices of children and adults. Musical engagement enabled riverine girls to be seen and heard. Through music, they became more visible and had opportunities to “escape” the harsh realities of life. Despite their geographical isolation, the Quianduba river community has been influenced by media, new technologies, and Brazilian pop music, as evident in the lyrics and musical features of their songs.
The Musical Culture of African American Children in Tennessee
Authors: Moore Marvelene C.
Published: February 2013

This article examines music-making by African American children. It focuses on two singing games played by children at Red Elementary School in Applesville, Tennessee, and another singing game from the author’s childhood. Games and songs serve as a homogenizing agent in stabilizing issues of race, poverty, and social injustice that concern African Americans within their communities. Further, the games contribute to the formation and maintenance of personal and group identity, survival, socialization, solidarity, cooperation, and strength within the group. The songs of African American children also reflect features of African American adult music.
Perspectives on the School Band from Hardcore American Band Kids
Authors: Abril Carlos R.
Published: February 2013

This article examines the role played by adolescents in the American school band and highlights the meaning and value they derive from participation. The study is based on insights and personal narratives obtained from hardcore band kids. One interesting finding is that there are three major hierarchical strata in the band—hardcore members, the “middles,” and the “slackers”—with only the hardcores forming a true clique. The kids were passionate and sincere about the importance of music in general and band in particular. They characterized band as a social learning space where they could find identity, lose themselves in performing, and work with peers to meet goals more ambitious than they could ever accomplish individually.