bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
International Dimensions of Post‐1980 Internal Migration in the United States: The Role of Sustenance Specialization and Dominance
Authors: Murdock Steve H. , Backman Kenneth , Hwang Sean‐Shong , Hamm Rita R.
Published: January 2007

Post‐1980 internal migration patterns were unanticipated, and prevailing explanations of them fail to account for the effects of new international relationships. A human ecological theory is developed which suggests an explanation based on the sphere of sustenance activities in ecosystems and relative dominance in these activities. Larger net migration was expected for counties specialized in activities that operate in international ecosystems in which the United States is dominant and less in other types of counties. The results for post‐1980 migration in United States counties support these expectations and the utility of an expanded human ecological perspective.
Carrying Capacity and the Death of a Culture: A Tale of Two Autopsies*
Authors: Catton William R.
Published: January 2007

Issues associated with the phrase “sustainable development” are clarified by careful analysis of the meaning of carrying capacity. In their impressions of carrying capacity's effects, two explanations for the death of a memorable culture (Easter Island) differed fundamentally. One explanation was captive to a premature notion of a carrying capacity ceiling no population growth could ever penetrate. For the other, population was seen as having grown until it did exceed the maximum sustainable load, thus having inflicted environmental damage that reduced carrying capacity. The former view had to imagine a geological catastrophe to account for the culture's death. In the latter view, it was a case of excessive success proving fatal. A proponent of the latter view regarded Easter Island as a “preview in microcosm” of what may be happening globally. As such, the Easter Island experience would have important implications for industrial societies. Comparison of the two autopsies has implications for the social sciences.
Keeping Sociology in Perspective: Roy Francis' Academic Odyssey*
Authors: Hargens Lowell L.
Published: January 2007

During a career that has spanned more than 40 years, Roy Francis has made substantial contributions to sociological teaching and research. Building on his experiences as a student, he holds dear the ideals of a liberal education and continues to search for new ways of transmitting those ideals in the face of changing social patterns. A prolific writer, Francis’books and papers often examine the proper relations between theory and research and explore the potential of symbolic interactionism as an epistemological framework. He has been active in sociology's professional affairs, especially in promoting visual sociology as a teaching and learning medium. His roles as a student, professor, administrator, and president of the Midwest Sociological Society round out a career that has encompassed all facets of modern scholarship. In each of these roles, Francis stresses the moral dimensions of the academic life, and he instills in his students the sense of intellectual obligation to their scholarly forebears that he feels toward his own.
Fear and Loathing on Reality Television: An Analysis of “America's Most Wanted” and “Unsolved Mysteries”*
Authors: Cavender Gray , Bond‐Maupin Lisa
Published: January 2007

From early newspapers to contemporary television drama, the media demonstrate a continuing fascination with crime. Two recent television programs, “America's Most Wanted” and “Unsolved Mysteries,” claim to offer a different treatment of crime in that these programs dramatize “real” crimes and encourage the television audience to assist in locating fugitives. Content analysis of the programs reveals that depictions of crime are consistent with television crime drama, and that these dramatizations resemble urban legends in which crime symbolizes the uncertainties of modern life. The programs convey an unpredictable world filled with unsafe people and places. This sense of modern danger justifies the programs' solicitation of audience participation through surveillance.
The Differential Effects of the Minimum Drinking Age Law*
Authors: Mooney Linda A. , Gramling Robert
Published: January 2007

This research is based on a comparison of the effects of a 21‐minimum‐age drinking law. Using two self‐report samples of college students, one from a state where the minimum drinking age is 21 (N= 249) and another from a state where the minimum drinking age is 18 (N= 330), drinking behavior patterns are compared in terms of frequency, quantity, and location of consumption. The data suggest that the 21‐minimum‐age drinking law deters drinking in controlled locations while having no significant deterring effect in uncontrolled locations. Implications of the findings are provided.
Twentieth Century Wars: Some Short‐Term Effects on Intergroup Relations in the United States*
Authors: Farley John E.
Published: January 2007

There is a close correspondence between war and collective racial violence in the twentieth century United States. War stimulates minority group migration and often heightens the assertiveness of minorities. Both of these conditions may act to precipitate ethnic violence, though the form of that violence varies depending on social conditions. In popular wars following periods of economic scarcity and competition (e.g., World Wars I and II), minority population growth and heightened minority assertiveness may lead majority groups to feel threatened and act aggressively to protect their advantages. The result is often ethnic attack by the dominant group against minorities. Popular wars may also precipitate violence by creating a desire on the homefront for vicarious participation in overseas wars. The results of minority population growth and heightened assertiveness may be different in an unpopular war following a period of economic growth, especially if social upheaval is already occurring before the war (e.g., Vietnam). Under these conditions, minority population growth and minority assertiveness more often lead to minority group rebellions, and there may be little attempt at repression by dominant group civilians. Ethnic attack or collective repressive actions against minorities associated with “the enemy” are also common, especially in popular wars, but they are more likely to be directed at minorities who are already targets of prejudice and discrimination.
Misunderstandings as Accounts*
Authors: Young Robert L.
Published: January 2007

This article introduces the misunderstanding account as a verbal device that is used to normalize a variety of troublesome social situations. Through such accounts social interactors are able to handle the untoward or problematic actions of one another while avoiding individual attributions of responsibility and providing a satisfactory context for the construction of future cooperative acts. A classification of the types of situations that elicit misunderstanding accounts and the implications of such accounts for social identity are discussed.
Park, Doyle, and Hughes: Neglected Antecedents of Goffman's Theory of Ceremony1
Authors: Jaworski Gary D.
Published: January 2007

Erving Goffman's writings on etiquette and front are read in the context of a tradition of Chicago school studies on such topics. Robert E. Park formed this tradition from two strains of thought: one based on the writings of Herbert Spencer, and the other on that of Georg Simmel. A review of writings by Park, and by his students Bertram W. Doyle and Everett C. Hughes, provides a basis for analyzing Goffman's original contributions to the tradition, a synthesis of the two strains. Goffman both advanced the line of study and shared in its biases. These limitations must be overcome if future research in the tradition is to proceed.
Race, Class, and Support for the Welfare State*
Authors: Inniss Leslie Baham , Sittig Jeralynn
Published: January 2007

Two competing approaches to the study of African Americans—the race and class perspectives—have dominated attempts to explain their views on contemporary issues.

To examine the race versus class debate, this study uses African Americans' views on government spending for five social welfare concerns: (1) improving and protecting the nation's health, (2) solving the problems of big cities, (3) halting rising crime rates, (4) dealing with drug addiction, and (5) improving the nation's education system. Data from the 1972–1990 General Social Surveys are used to compare middle‐class blacks with both working‐class blacks and whites and middle‐class whites in terms of their support for government spending for those five social welfare issues.

Examining group means, we found no significant difference between the two black classes but a significant difference between the black middle class and the white middle class on support for government spending in all areas except halting the rising crime rates (where there were no significant differences among the four groups). Similarly, using logistic regression analysis we found that race continued to have a significant effect on support for spending even after controlling for class, year, age, gender, education, income, and occupational prestige. In respect to social welfare spending, the results indicate support for the race, as opposed to the class, perspective; that is, race is better than class for predicting African American attitudes on government spending.
Moral Reasoning in Interactional Context: Strategic Uses of Care and Justice Arguments in Mediation Hearings*
Authors: Garcia Angela
Published: January 2007

Previous studies of moral reasoning have treated moral reasoning as a product of the individual. This article extends the study of moral reasoning by analyzing its use in strategic interaction. I analyze how participants in a naturally occurring situation of conflict use moral arguments strategically and negotiate over the types of arguments that are acceptable. Gilligan's Care and Justice modes of moral reasoning are identified in participants' justifications for positions taken in nine videotaped mediation hearings. I found that participants may use both modes of reasoning during the course of a hearing, and that the type of moral argument used is often a response to the actions of other participants. Strategic uses of moral arguments included shifting mode to challenge or support another's position, bridging a difference in mode between two disputants, and shifting mode to refocus the topic. Because of their institutional and interactional roles in the hearings, mediators play a major role in negotiations over mode of moral reasoning.
That's Not Fair!: The Social Construction of Organizational (In)Justice among Professionals
Authors: Mitrano John R.
Published: January 2007

Building on the work of organizational justice researchers, this research is an attempt to come to a greater understanding of the social construction of perceived injustice among professionals employed in large, bureaucratic organizational structures. It suggests that professional employees experience a perceived injustice in an organizational workplace outcome, procedure, or interaction when a likely, positive, and valued expectation has been violated or unfulfilled. These expectations are socially constructed from various organizational “stocks of knowledge” available to professionals. These include: (1) organizational cultural norms; (2) professional occupational subcultural norms; and (3) employee prior work experiences. The research suggests that in instances of perceived injustices in organizational outcomes, professionals’expectations are primarily rooted in organizational cultural norms for the allocation of such outcomes. In instances of perceived injustices in organizational procedures, professionals’expectations are primarily rooted in prior work experiences surrounding such procedures and processes, while in instances of perceived injustices in organizational interactions, professionals’expectations are primarily rooted in professional occupational subcultural norms surrounding such interactions.
CEOs'Career Backgrounds and Corporate Long‐Term Strategic Planning*
Authors: Zajac Barbara , Stearns Linda Brewster
Published: January 2007

CEOs affect corporate outcomes along various dimensions, including the emphasis placed on long‐term strategic planning. This study assesses the impact of CEOs’functional and industry specializations on R&D and capital spending in four manufacturing industries. We found only limited support for our position that CEOs with more professional‐type careers are less willing than other CEOs to have their firms make long‐term investments.

“A critical theme of… the modem industrial enterprise is that creating and maintaining such capabilities is a continuing, long‐term process–a process that requires sound, long‐term perspectives from the decision makers responsible for the health and growth of their enterprise.” (Chandler 1991, p. 627)
Culture and Its Discontents: Recent Theorizing on the Cultural Dimensions of Protest*
Authors: Polletta Francesca
Published: January 2007

Recent analyses of the cultural dimensions of protest have gone some distance in correcting the structuralist and instrumentalist biases of early resource mobilization and political process models. They remain limited, however, by their retention of dichotomous conceptions of culture and structure in the emergence of protest, of cultural and instrumental orientations in ongoing collective action, and of cultural and political targets of protest. As a result, they have neglected, respectively, continuities between structured inequalities and the movement challenges that are made to them, the cultural shaping of instrumentally rational decisionmaking, and the strategic possibilities that lay in cultural challenge made within the sphere of institutional politics. I draw on recent theorizing in the sociology of culture and on several case studies of collective action in order to highlight these lacunae and to propose analytical alternatives.
Constructing “Social Change” through Philanthropy: Boundary Framing and the Articulation of Vocabularies of Motives for Social Movement Participation*
Authors: Silver Ira
Published: January 2007

I embrace Mills's (1940) conception of motives to offer new insight into an old question: why do people join social movements? I draw upon ethnographic research at the Crossroads Fund, a “social change” foundation, to illustrate that actors simultaneously articulate two vocabularies of motives for movement participation: an instrumental vocabulary about dire, yet solvable, problems and an expressive vocabulary about collective identity. This interpretive work is done during boundary framing, which refers to efforts by movements to create in‐group/out‐group distinctions. I argue that the goal‐directed actions movements take to advance social change are shaped by participants' identity claims. Moreover, it is significant that Crossroads constructs its actions and identity as social movement activism, rather than philanthropy. This definitional work suggests that analyzing the category social movements is problematic unless researchers study how activists attempt to situate themselves within this category. Hence, methodologically attending to organizations' constructions of movement status can theoretically inform research which essentially takes social movements as a given, in exploring their structural components.
The Walking Wounded: Employees’Perspectives on Mergers and Acquisitions*
Authors: Tynes Sheryl R.
Published: January 2007

Several popular and academic works have reiterated Marx's concern over the issue of social class polarization in capitalist societies. Marx characterized this polarization as the increasing concentration of wealth and poverty in the upper and lower classes, respectively, coupled with a disappearing middle class. Building on these ideas, other work suggests a process of fragmented polarization with an increasing economic, political, social, and psychological diversity within each social class. This paper illustrates this process of class fragmentation, and shows that even though the upper class is gaining overall, there are segments which are beginning to feel the effects of economic restructuring. We address corporate restructuring in the form of mergers and acquisitions and how upper‐ and‐middle managers perceive these processes and outcomes. We conducted 33 interviews with individuals from different organizational levels, involved in four different mergers or acquisitions. We focus on the meaning these individuals attribute to these processes and changes. Although most respondents remained with the new company, all were faced with major changes in their work environment. Respondents often experienced a breach of social contract, a dramatically altered perception of managerial control and decision making, a shift from corporate loyalty to self‐interest, and new forms of power and resistance. We conclude by discussing the implications of such class fragmentation, and suggest directions for future research and policy.
Social Order through a Prism: Color as Collective Representation
Authors: Fine Gary Alan , Montemurro Beth , Semora Bonnie , Stalp Marybeth C. , Claussen Dane S. , Sierra Zayda
Published: January 2007

Although color has rarely been examined as a sociological topic, the meaning of color is linked to numerous social domains and serves as a collective representation. Color contributes to social meanings in institutional orders, stratification systems, and identity. While color has some meaning separate from its linkage to particular objects, in most cases colors are situated. We perceive not color, but colored objects. Any given color has multiple meanings that are understood in context. Through our examination of a range of domains in which color has social significance, we suggest that the examination of this field has considerable promise. We conclude by linking the analysis of color to the model of cultural formation suggested by Schudson (1989), focusing on retrievability, rhetorical force, resonance, institutional retention, and resolution.
Power, Politics, and the Framing of Environmental Illness
Authors: Shriver Thomas E. , White Deborah A. , Kebede AlemSeghed
Published: January 2007

The medical community, along with other government agencies, has created its own frame of environmental illness. This frame has been generally accepted by the American public. In this paper we discuss framing in general and the factors related to how the environmental illness frame has been constructed and maintained. We offer a brief history of the medical institution and illustrate the frame with its definitions of environmental illness. Qualitative data from a study of Oak Ridge, a contaminated community located in Tennessee, are examined to analyze the consequences of challenging the environmental illness frame. Implications for future research are discussed.
A Theory of Minority Students' Survival in College
Authors: Nagasawa Richard , Wong Paul
Published: January 2007

This paper sets forth a theory to explain the survival of minority students in college. Minority students are faced with barriers such as cultural and racial isolation, unfamiliarity with college life, and hostility. As colleges place greater emphasis on diversity, campuses are more likely to turn into hostile milieus for minority students. In reaction, minority students will close ranks and seek other minority students on campus to form ethnic social networks rooted in their ethnic subculture. The ethnic social networks serve: (1) to reinforce excellence in academics; (2) to provide social support and information for students in navigating the college maze; and (3) to increase solidarity and pride in members. These minority social networks on campus help integrate minority students into the college social and academic systems and thereby maximize the students' survival in college.
Urbanization, Disadvantage, and Petty Entrepreneurship: Street Peddling among African American Men in Southern and Northern Cities during the Early Twentieth Century
Authors: Boyd Robert L.
Published: January 2007

Two theories attempt to explain why minority groups are often involved in small‐scale entrepreneurial activities. The urban adjustment hypothesis holds that when such groups urbanize, their members establish themselves economically through self‐employment in pursuits that require little start‐up capital. The disadvantage theory argues that exclusion from the labor market impels members of oppressed groups to become self‐employed in marginal enterprises. Applying these theories, I use census data to analyze the participation of African American men in street peddling during the pre‐World War II era. Consistent with the urban adjustment hypothesis, the involvement of African American men in street peddling increased markedly when African Americans urbanized during the period from 1890 to 1940. Consistent with disadvantage theory, the involvement of African American men in street peddling was positively associated with labor market disadvantage. Finally, in southern cities, African American men were overrepresented in street peddling, a finding that suggests that these men had a niche in the petty‐trading sector of the South's informal economy.
Predicting Adolescent Autonomy from Parents: Relationship Connectedness and Restrictiveness
Authors: Peterson Gary W. , Bush Kevin R.
Published: January 2007

This study examined the extent to which adolescents’behavioral autonomy was predicted by several aspects of the parent‐youth relationship that are encompassed by the general constructs connectedness and restrictiveness. Both of these general relationship constructs are composed of more specific social‐psychological predictors consisting of parental behaviors, parent‐adolescent authority dimensions, and indicators of family ties. A total of 657 adolescents (mean age = 16.3 years) and 753 parents responded to self‐report questionnaires. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used to test the hypotheses from both the adolescents’and parents’perspectives in separate models. Many of the predictions were confirmed, indicating that adolescent behavioral autonomy often develops within contexts of relationship connectedness, such as continuing parent‐youth authority and supportiveness. Moreover, as expected, youthful autonomous behavior was inhibited by such aspects of relationship restrictiveness as punitive behavior and the perceived coercive abilities of parents.
Another Look at Classic Strain Theory: Poverty Status, Perceived Blocked Opportunity, and Gang Membership as Predictors of Adolescent Violent Behavior
Authors: Vowell Paul R. , May David C.
Published: January 2007

An extensive amount of criminological research has focused on the relationship between the inability of adolescents to achieve financial success or middle‐class status through legitimate channels and their subsequent involvement in delinquency. This genre of research is commonly recognized as structural‐strain theory. As the efficacy of this theory has periodically been questioned, this study addresses some of the methodological and theoretical issues associated with structural‐strain theory. Using a sample of 8,338 adolescents from a southern state, we use a structural equations model to test a hypothesized sequence ultimately leading to delinquent behavior. We believe that this method is more appropriate than more traditional methods (e.g., multiple regression) for investigating some of the linkages specified in previous strain models. Our results support structural‐strain theory, though the hypothesized model has more predictive power among European American than African American youth. Explanations are given for these differential findings, and recommendations for future studies are suggested.
Social Movement Endurance: Collective Identity and the Rastafari
Authors: Kebede AlemSeghed , Shriver Thomas E. , Knottnerus J. David
Published: January 2007

In this paper we argue that a movement's longevity depends on its ability to develop and sustain a strong sense of collective identity. We investigate social movement endurance by examining the Rastafari, whose membership is comprised primarily of disadvantaged Jamaicans of African descent. While many social movements fade after a short‐lived peak, the Rastafari not only has persisted, but it also has become globally important. Despite its radical posture and its perceived threat to the Jamaican established order, the movement has prevailed for more than six decades. On the basis of a number of concepts derived from different theoretical traditions in social movement theory, we examine the dynamic processes involved in the construction of collective identity among the Rastafari. We are particularly interested in the concepts of “cognitive liberation,”“movement culture/boundary structure,” and “the politics of signification.” These concepts allow us to describe and analyze the key dimensions of the Rastafarian collective identity. This framework, we argue, enhances our understanding of collective identity as well as the processes contributing to social movement longevity.
Popular Opinion on Homosexuality: The Shared Moral Language of Opposing Views
Authors: Brown Sarah S.
Published: January 2007

Those on one side of a hostile political debate may feel that their opponents “just speak a different language.” I argue that proponents of deeply conflicting opinions may have more in common than they think. I use textual analysis of arguments for and against gay parenting to demonstrate that the opponents–both pro and con–structure their arguments using the same basic set of concepts: family, rights, and prejudice. I argue that people's statements of opinion can be understood as more than manifestations of individual psychology. Rather, people's one‐sided arguments are rhetorical attempts to leverage powerful basic ideas of right and wrong as support. Debates, therefore, become battles of competing claims to ownership of basic concepts of good and bad. The basic concepts are beyond debate; the struggle takes place over appropriating them for one's side. In a debate, therefore, those on opposite sides of an issue often “talk right past each other”; those on one side cannot deny the significance of the basic concepts claimed by their opponents, so they generally ignore their opponents’models and instead keep repeating their own.
Communal Decline: The Vanishing of High‐Moral Servant Leaders and the Decay of Democratic, High‐Trust Kibbutz Cultures
Authors: Shapira Reuven
Published: January 2007

What is the connection between leaders’morality and the output performance of organizations? Can their morality explain, through trust, continuity, and change of organizational cultures? Is periodic rotation of managers the right solution for the distrust caused by self‐serving conservatism due to Michels's “Iron Law of Oligarchy”? An anthropological study of kibbutzim, whose innovative and adaptive cultures declined recently, found that past success was dependent on high‐moral servant leaders who backed democracy and promoted high‐trust cultures that engendered innovation by creative officers in some kibbutzim, which others imitated. However, conservatism of continuous leaders as heads of low‐trust kibbutz federative organizations, which were ignored by customary kibbutz research, engendered oligarchization which rotation enhanced rather than prevented. However, creativity deteriorated only after decades of growing oligarchy, with the vanishing of the high‐moral old guard. Thus, the crux of democratic communal culture sustainability is pinpointed in the superiority of trusted, high‐moral leaders. A preliminary idea for achieving that aim, predicated on officers’continuation in office being conditional on periodic tests of trust, is herein presented.
Role Conflict and Role Overload: Different Concepts, Different Consequences
Authors: Hecht Laura M.
Published: January 2007

The concepts of role conflict and role overload have been used, often interchangeably, to interpret sources of gender differences in role‐related mental health among men and women who combine the roles of spouse, parent, and worker. However, these types of chronic role strains actually represent two distinct concepts. Definitions of the concepts suggest different contextual sources for these role difficulties as well as different mental health consequences of experiencing them. This paper analyzes some potential sources of feelings of role conflict and role overload, and estimates their effects in undermining psychological well‐being among a sample of women who combine work and family roles. Results indicate that (a) different contextual factors influence individuals’feelings of role conflict and role overload, and (b) feelings of role conflict significantly undermine psychological well‐being, while feelings of role overload do not.
Trends in Military Influences on Army Recruitment: 1915–1953
Authors: Padilla Peter A. , Laner Mary Riege
Published: January 2007

The implementation of an all‐volunteer force in 1974 sparked academic interest in U.S. Army recruiting. During the past three decades Moskos's (1977) Institution/ Occupation (I/O) thesis has dominated this literature. Moskos held that the U.S. Army was becoming less of an institution and more of an occupation. He warned about the danger of offering monetary incentives for enlistment which, he believed, threatened to transform a patriotic duty into a mere job and might also undermine motivation to fight during wartime. This study examines recruiting theme trends through an analysis of recruitment posters from 1915 to 1953. (In a companion article, we extend the examination from 1954 to 1990.) Findings indicate that the I/O thesis was not borne out (Janowitz 1977) and that military changes, including the emergence of an elite military culture, influenced recruitment themes.
Building Community from “Scratch”: Forces at Work among Urban Vietnamese Refugees in Milwaukee
Authors: Shelley N. Mark
Published: January 2007

Drawing from extensive participant observation and qualitative interviewing, this paper describes and analyzes the Vietnamese “community” in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The author concludes that community, both as an element that is sensed by its members and a process identified by actual interaction, is virtually nonexistent. Ten specific forces that inhibit community formation are identified under the overlapping categories of demographics, organizational issues, cultural factors, and class/power interests. The underlying tendencies toward family isolationism and radical individualism are implicated as driving social forces that undermine community building. Lessons learned from this case study about the process of community formation include the insufficiency of a common “enemy” or ethnic identity for sustainable community, social psychological issues, and environmental influences, as well as survival needs.
An Anatomic Study of the Calcaneal Bursae in the Horse
Authors: POST EVELYN M. , SINGER ELLEN R. , CLEGG PETER D.
Published: January 2007

Objectives—To establish an injection site for the gastrocnemius calcaneal bursa (GCB), to identify communication patterns between the calcaneal bursae, to estimate the proximal and distal extents of the intertendinous calcaneal bursa (ICB) and to identify variations from previous anatomic descriptions.

Study Design—Descriptive anatomic study.

Animals—Cadaveric equine hindlimbs (n=18) from 9 adult horses.

Methods—Communication between the ICB and GCB was determined in 18 cadaveric hindlimbs by injection of a latex mixture, followed by examination of sequential sagittal sections and documentation of the distribution of the latex mixture and communication sites. The distal and proximal extents of the ICB and subcutaneous calcaneal bursa (SCB), relative to the tuber calcanei (TC) were recorded.

Results—Communication between the ICB and the GCB was confirmed on the medial and lateral aspect in 100% and 50% of limbs, respectively. Communication between the SCB and the ICB, and therefore the GCB, was identified in 39% of limbs. Plantar reflections of the ICB existed in 33% of limbs. Mean extent of the ICB relative to the TC was 7.0 cm distally and 9.6 cm proximally. The SCB often occupies a more distal position than previously reported.

Conclusions—The ICB and the GCB should be considered 1 synovial structure with 2 communicating compartments.

Clinical Relevance—The GCB may be an alternative site for synoviocentesis when there is septic calcaneal bursitis. Improved knowledge of calcaneal bursae anatomy may aid in diagnosis and treatment of lesions involving these structures.
Incidence of Pulmonary Embolism After Non‐Cemented Total Hip Arthroplasty in Eleven Dogs: Computed Tomographic Pulmonary Angiography and Pulmonary Perfusion Scintigraphy
Authors: TIDWELL SCOTT A. , GRAHAM JOHN P. , PECK JEFFREY N. , BERRY CLIFFORD R.
Published: January 2007

Objective— To compare the incidence of pulmonary embolism (PE) in 11 dogs that had non‐cemented total hip replacement (THR) to that reported in dogs after cemented THR.

Study Design— Prospective clinical study.

Animals— Large mixed breed dogs (n=11).

Methods— Thoracic computed tomographic pulmonary angiography (CTA) was performed on all dogs pre‐ and postoperatively. Pulmonary perfusion scintigraphy was performed postoperatively.

Results— PE was not identified on postoperative CTA or pulmonary perfusion scintigraphy.

Conclusions— The incidence of PE after non‐cemented THR in these 11 dogs, as evaluated with pulmonary perfusion scintigraphy and thoracic CTA was lower than reported in dogs undergoing cemented THR.

Clinical Relevance— Based on the results of this study the incidence of PE as a complication of total hip arthroplasty is reduced when a non‐cemented system is used.
Effect of Intrathecal Amikacin Administration and Repeated Centesis on Digital Flexor Tendon Sheath Synovial Fluid in Horses
Authors: DYKGRAAF SUSANNE , DECHANT JULIE E. , JOHNS JENNIFER L. , CHRISTOPHER MARY M. , BOLT DAVID M. , SNYDER JACK R.
Published: January 2007

Objective—To determine the effect of intrathecal amikacin administration and repeated tenovaginocentesis on the total nucleated cell count (TNCC), total protein (TP) concentration and cytologic characteristics of synovial fluid of the equine digital flexor tendon sheath (DFTS).

Study Design—Randomized, cross‐over experimental design.

Animals—Adult horses (n=8).

Methods—Synovial fluid was aseptically collected from the DFTS and either 1 mL amikacin sulfate (250 mg/mL) or lactated Ringer's solution (LRS) was injected into the DFTS. Serial synovial fluid samples were obtained at 0, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours. The opposite treatment was administered to the contralateral DFTS after a washout period of 2 weeks.

Results—Treatment increased TP concentration, TNCC, percentage of neutrophils, and neutrophil counts from baseline levels. There was no difference between treatment of the DFTS with amikacin or LRS. Values peaked at 12–24 hours after the initial centesis and then declined toward baseline levels.

Conclusions—Injection and repeat centesis of the normal DFTS with 250 mg amikacin or an equivalent volume of LRS resulted in mild increases in synovial fluid analytes from baseline. Synovial inflammation in this study was not accompanied by lameness at the walk and measured analytes returned toward baseline levels within 12–24 hours of first injection.

Clinical Relevance—The effect of tenovaginocentesis and intrathecal administration of amikacin or LRS on DFTS synovial fluid values are modest in most horses; however, some horses can develop marked increases in synovial fluid values that may be interpreted as sepsis.
Humerus Fractures in Llamas and Alpacas: Seven Cases (1998–2004)
Authors: NEWMAN KENNETH D. , ANDERSON DAVID E.
Published: January 2007

Objective—To describe treatment and outcome of humerus fractures in llamas and alpacas.

Study Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—Llamas (n=4) and alpacas (3) with humerus fracture.

Methods—Medical records (January 1, 1998–August 1, 2004) were reviewed for small camelids with a humeral fracture. Retrieved data were signalment, history, physical examination and radiographic findings, surgical and medical treatment, and outcome.

Results—Humeral fracture occurred in 7 of 38 (18%) camelids admitted with fractures. Affected animals were aged from 1 month to 3 years old. Fracture configuration included long‐oblique (n=4), short‐oblique (2), and Salter‐Harris Type II fracture of the proximal physis (1). One adult llama was managed by stall confinement and surgical repair was attempted in the other camelids: fixation by screws inserted in lag fashion (n=3), intramedullary pinning and fixation by screws inserted in lag fashion (1), rush pinning (1), and bone plating (1). A Velpeau sling was used for additional support in 3 animals. All fractures healed but temporary radial nerve paresis occurred in 3 animals. Limb shortening and permanent lameness occurred in the llama managed conservatively.

Conclusions—Humerus fractures in small camelids are amenable to surgical repair which may offer better long‐term outcome than medical treatment alone.

Clinical Relevance—Surgical treatment of humerus fractures should have a good prognosis in llamas and alpacas. In select cases, minimally invasive techniques, such as rush pinning or fixation by screws inserted in lag fashion are sufficient for fracture healing.
Pinhole Castration: A Novel Minimally Invasive Technique for In Situ Spermatic Cord Ligation
Authors: PONVIJAY KOMBAIRAJU S.
Published: January 2007

Objective—To describe a minimally invasive technique for castration of bull calves by in situ ligation of the spermatic cord.

Study Design—Experimental study.

Animals—Male calves (n=6) aged, 48–56 days.

Methods—Calves were blocked by weight and then separated into 3 groups: (1) bilateral spermatic cord ligation; (2) unilateral—1 spermatic cord ligated; and (3) control—neither spermatic cord ligated. After local anesthesia, in situ spermatic cord ligation was achieved by restraining the cord laterally within the scrotal sac and passing suture through a hypodermic needle inserted caudal to cranial at the neck of the scrotum and adjacent the medial margin of the restrained spermatic cord. The needle was removed leaving the suture in place and the spermatic cord repositioned medially, then the needle was reinserted through the original holes and the suture passed back through the needle, which was withdrawn. The suture ends were tied ligating the spermatic cord, leaving the knot subcutaneously. Calves were monitored and testes removed after 30 days for gross and histologic examination.

Results—Castration was accomplished without postoperative complications. Spermatic cord ligation resulted in testis atrophy, and histologically, complete ischemic necrosis.

Conclusions—This novel minimally invasive technique is a simple, alternative method for castration of bull calves.

Clinical Relevance—This method of castration is simply performed, without obvious skin wounds, and no postoperative care needed. The technique should be readily adaptable to other species.
Epidemiologic Factors Associated with the Anatomic Location of Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunts in Dogs
Authors: KROTSCHECK URSULA , ADIN CHRISTOPHER A. , HUNT GERALDINE B. , KYLES ANDREW E. , ERB HOLLIS N.
Published: January 2007

Objective— To determine whether breed, sex, country of origin, and age are associated with anatomic location of intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (IHPSS) in dogs.

Study Design— Multi‐institutional retrospective case series.

Sample Population— Dogs (n=125) with IHPSS from the veterinary teaching hospitals of the University of Florida (21), Sydney University (44), and the University of California—Davis (60).

Methods— Dogs with surgical/necropsy confirmation of single IHPSS were identified. Data were analyzed using logistic regression for associations between age, breed, sex, and country with the anatomic location of IHPSS.

Results— Right (34%), left (34%), and central divisional IHPSS (32%) were prevalent with approximately equal frequency in Australia; in the United States, the prevalence of right (24%) and central divisional (26%) combined was similar to left divisional IHPSS (51%). Country (P=048), sex (P=.016), and Australian cattle dog ([ACD], P=.025) were significantly associated with IHPSS location. Dogs in Australia had 2.5‐fold higher odds of having right versus left divisional IHPSS. Males and ACD had 2.8‐ and 5.6‐fold higher odds of having right versus left divisional IHPSS. Australian dogs were significantly older than those in the United States (P<.0001) and ACD were significantly older than other breeds (P=.0067).

Conclusions— Although country of origin, breed, and sex had significant associations with anatomic location of IHPSS, signalment does not appear to be a strong predictor of shunt location when used alone.

Clinical Relevance— For the common breeds in this report, signalment is only occasionally helpful in predicting likelihood of anatomic division in IHPSS. Australian cattle dogs and male dogs have a statistical association with right (versus left) divisional IHPSS. If advanced imaging techniques are not available, veterinary surgeons should be prepared to locate and address any anatomic configuration of IHPSS in a dog.
Light Regulation of Gibberellins Metabolism in Seedling Development
Authors: Zhao Xiao‐Ying , Yu Xu‐Hong , Liu Xuan‐Ming , Lin Chen‐Tao
Published: January 2007

Light affects many aspects of plant development, including seed germination, stem elongation, and floral initiation. How photoreceptors control photomorphogenic processes is not yet fully understood. Because phytohormones are chemical regulators of plant development, it may not be surprising that light affects, directly or indirectly, cellular levels and signaling processes of various phytohormones, such as auxin, gibberellins (GA), cytokinin, ethylene, abscisic acid (ABA), and brassinosteroids (BR). Among those phytohormones, light regulation of GA metabolism has probably attracted more attention among photobi‐ologists and it is arguably the most extensively studied plant hormone at present with respect to its role in photomorphogenesis. It has become increasingly clear that phytochromes and cryptochromes are the major photoreceptors mediating light regulation of GA homeostasis. This short article attempts to examine some recent developments in our understanding of how light and photoreceptors regulate GA biosynthesis and catabolism during seedling development. It is not our intention to carry out a comprehensive review of the field, and readers are referred to recent review articles for a more complete view of this area of study (Kamiya and Garcia‐Martinez 1999; Hedden and Phillips 2000; Garcia‐Martinez and Gil 2001; Olszewski et al. 2002; Halliday and Fankhauser 2003; Sun and Gubler 2004).
Regulation of Arabidopsis Early Anther Development by Putative Cell‐Cell Signaling Molecules and Transcriptional Regulators
Authors: Sun Yu‐Jin , Hord Carey LH , Chen Chang‐Bin , Ma Hong
Published: January 2007

Anther development in flowering plants involves the formation of several cell types, including the tapetal and pollen mother cells. The use of genetic and molecular tools has led to the identification and characterization of genes that are critical for normal cell division and differentiation in Arabidopsis early anther development. We review here several recent studies on these genes, including the demonstration that the putative receptor protein kinases BAM1 and BAM2 together play essential roles in the control of early cell division and differentiation. In addition, we discuss the hypothesis that BAM1/2 may form a positive‐negative feedback regulatory loop with a previously identified key regulator, SPOROCYTELESS (also called NOZZLE), to control the balance between sporogenous and somatic cell types in the anther. Furthermore, we summarize the isolation and functional analysis of the DYSFUNCTIONAL TAPETUM1 (DYT1) gene in promoting proper tapetal cell differentiation. Our finding that DYT1 encodes a putative transcription factor of the bHLH family, as well as relevant expression analyses, strongly supports a model that DYT1 serves as a critical link between upstream factors and downstream target genes that are critical for normal tapetum development and function. These studies, together with other recently published works, indicate that cell‐cell communication and transcriptional control are key processes essential for cell fate specification in anther development.
Hormonal Regulation of Leaf Morphogenesis in Arabidopsis
Authors: Li Lin‐Chuan , Kang Ding‐Ming , Chen Zhang‐Liang , Qu Li‐Jia
Published: January 2007

Leaf morphogenesis is strictly controlled not only by intrinsic genetic factors, such as transcriptional factors, but also by environmental cues, such as light, water and pathogens. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism of how leaf morphogenesis is regulated by genetic programs and environmental cues is far from clear. Numerous series of events demonstrate that plant hormones, mostly small and simple molecules, play crucial roles in plant growth and development, and in responses of plants to environmental cues such as light. With more and more genetics and molecular evidence obtained from the model plant Arabidopsis, several fundamental aspects of leaf morphogenesis including the initiation of leaf primordia, the determination of leaf axes, the regulation of cell division and expansion in leaves have been gradually unveiled. Among these phytohormones, auxin is found to be essential in the regulation of leaf morphogenesis.
Timing of Photoperiodic Flowering: Light Perception and Circadian Clock
Authors: Zhou Yun , Sun Xiao‐Dong , Ni Min
Published: January 2007

Flowering symbolizes the transition of a plant from vegetative phase to reproductive phase and is controlled by fairly complex and highly coordinated regulatory pathways. Over the last decade, genetic studies in Arabidopsis have aided the discovery of many signaling components involved in these pathways. In this review, we discuss how the timing of flowering is regulated by photoperiod and the involvement of light perception and the circadian clock in this process. The specific regulatory mechanisms on CONSTANS expression and CONSTANS stability by the circadian clock and photoreceptors are described in detail. In addition, the roles of CONSTANS, FLOWERING LOCUS T, and several other light signaling and circadian‐dependent components in photoperiodic flowering are also highlighted.
Recent Advances in Cloning and Characterization of Disease Resistance Genes in Rice
Authors: Dai Liang‐Ying , Liu Xiong‐Lun , Xiao Ying‐Hui , Wang Guo‐Liang
Published: January 2007

Rice diseases caused by fungi, bacteria and viruses are one of the major constraints for sustainable rice (Oryza sativa L.) production worldwide. The use of resistant cultivars is considered the most economical and effective method to control rice diseases. In the last decade, a dozen resistance genes against the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe grisea and the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae have been cloned. Approximately half of them encode nuclear binding site (NBS) and leucine rich repeat (LRR)‐containing proteins, the most common type of cloned plant resistance genes. Interestingly, four of them encode novel proteins which have not been identified in other plant species, suggesting that unique mechanisms might be involved in rice defense responses. This review summarizes the recent advances in cloning and characterization of disease resistance genes in rice and presents future perspectives for in‐depth molecular analysis of the function and evolution of rice resistance genes and their interaction with avirulence genes in pathogens.