bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nestlike Silver(I) Thiolate Clusters with Tunable Emission Color Templated by Heteroanions
Authors: Shen Yang‐Lin , Jin Jun‐Ling , Duan Guang‐Xiong , Yu Peng‐Yuan , Xie Yun‐Peng , Lu Xing
Published: October 2020

Four silver thiolate clusters, [H3O][(Ag3S3)(BF4)@Ag27(tBuS)18(hfac)6H2O]⋅H2O (1; hfac = hexafluoroacetylacetone), [(Ag3S3)(CF3CO2)@Ag30(tBuS)16(CF3CO2)9(CH3CN)4]⋅CF3CO2⋅4 CH3CN (2), [(Ag3S3)(MoO4)@Ag30(tBuS)16(CF3CO2)9(CH3CN)4]⋅2 CH3CN (3), and [(Ag3S3)(CrO4)@Ag30(tBuS)16(CF3CO2)9(CH3CN)4]⋅4 CH3CN (4), were isolated. They have similar nestlike structures assembled by an [Ag3S3]3− template together with one of the BF4−, CF3CO2−, MoO42−, or CrO42− anions. Interestingly, the solid‐state emissions of 2–4 are dependent on the templating anions and are tunable from green to orange and then to red by changing the template from CF3CO2− to MoO42− and to CrO42−, and this may be correlated to the charge transfer between these templates to metal atoms. This work helps to understand the templating role of heteroanions and the relationship between structure and properties.
Microfluidic Assisted Flash Precipitation of Photocrosslinkable Fluorescent Organic Nanoparticles for Fine Size Tuning and Enhanced Photoinduced Processes
Authors: Hoang Stéphane , Olivier Simon , Cuenot Stéphane , Montillet Agnès , Bellettre Jérôme , Ishow Eléna
Published: October 2020

Highly concentrated dispersions of fluorescent organic nanoparticles (FONs), broadly used for optical tracking, bioimaging and drug delivery monitoring, are obtained using a newly designed micromixer chamber involving high impacting flows. Fine size tuning and narrow size distributions are easily obtained by varying independently the flow rates of the injected fluids and the concentration of the dye stock solution. The flash nanoprecipitation process employed herein is successfully applied to the fabrication of bicomposite FONs designed to allow energy transfer. Considerable enhancement of the emission signal of the energy acceptors is promoted and its origin is found to result from polarity rather than steric effects. Finally, we exploit the high spatial confinement encountered in FONs and their ability to encapsulate hydrophobic photosensitizers to induce photocrosslinking. An increase in the photocrosslinked FON stiffness is evidenced by measuring the elastic modulus at the nanoscale using atomic force microscopy. These results pave the way toward the straightforward fabrication of multifunctional and mechanically photoswitchable FONs, opening novel opportunities in sensing, multimodal imaging, and theranostics.
Distance‐Dependent Electron Transfer Kinetics in Axially Connected Silicon Phthalocyanine‐Fullerene Conjugates
Authors: Martín‐Gomis Luis , Seetharaman Sairaman , Herrero David , Karr Paul A. , Fernández‐Lázaro Fernando , D'Souza Francis , Sastre‐Santos Ángela
Published: October 2020

The front cover artwork is provided by the groups of Prof. Sastre‐Santos, Prof. D'Souza, and Prof. Karr. The effect of donor‐acceptor distance in governing the kinetics of electron transfer is demonstrated using different linkers between silicon phthalocyanines and C60. The cover shows the molecules playing soccer. Read the full text of the Article at 10.1002/cphc.202000578.
Electro‐photovoltaics of Polymer‐stabilized Copper–Indium Selenide Quantum Dot
Authors: Memela Muziwenkosi , Feleni Usisipho , Mdluli Siyabonga , Ramoroka Morongwa E. , Ekwere Precious , Douman Samantha , Iwuoha Emmanuel
Published: October 2020

Semiconducting quantum dot (QD) materials formed by the combination of groups I, III and VI elements are perceived as promising green materials with excellent photovoltaic properties, owing to their near‐infrared (NIR) remarkable range and less harmful elements. In this study electroactive ∼7 nm copper indium selenide quantum dot (CuInSe2 QD) capped with generation 1 poly (propylene thiophene) dendrimer (G1PPT), was synthesised via the hot injection method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) signatures of the dendrimer confirmed the effective functionalization of CuInSe2 with G1PPT. Characteristic ultraviolet‐visible (UV‐Vis) absorption band at 784 nm and a Tauc plot band gap energy (Egd) value of 1.51 eV which indicates a very significant photovoltaic behaviour of the CuInSe2‐G1PPT QD. The cyclic voltammetrically‐deduced HOMO (‐5.140 eV) and LUMO (−3.537 eV) energy levels gave an electrochemical bandgap (
) value of 1.60 eV. The electron‐hole Coulomb interaction energy (
) was determined to be 90 MeV, which confirms that the light absorbed by CuInSe2‐G1PPT QD mainly produce photon absorption excitons, making the material highly suitable for photovoltaic application.
Boost productivity, decrease stress by engaging in authentic conversations
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: October 2020

Remote work, Zoom meetings, emails, texts, and social media can help you stay connected to career and family while limiting your exposure to the COVID‐19 virus, but they won't protect you from catching the loneliness bug triggered by limiting your exposure to chit‐chat. Even before the shutdown brought on by the COVID‐19 pandemic, “the world was already experiencing a loneliness epidemic,” according to Celeste Headlee, an award‐winning journalist, professional speaker, and author of Heard Mentality and We Need to Talk: How to Have Conversations That Matter. She spoke during a webinar hosted by NASPA: Student Affairs Administrators in Higher Education. “The human voice is healing,” she explained, and authentic interactions boost the immune systems of those involved.
Inverse functions for Monte Carlo simulations with applications to hitting time distributions
Authors: Ben‐David Avishai , Raghavan Raghu
Published: October 2020

Random sampling is a ubiquitous tool in simulations and modeling in a variety of applications. There are efficient algorithms for several known distributions, but in general, one must resort to computing or approximating the inverse of the distributions to generate random samples. In certain physical and biomedical applications with which we have been particularly concerned, it has proven to be more efficient to provide random times for a walk of a fixed length, rather than the conventional random step lengths in a given time step for the walker. For these, the hitting‐time distributions must be sampled, but the problem is that the distributions contain complicated expressions for which no efficient method exists to compute an inverse. In this article, we explore a well‐known probability (the F‐ratio distribution)—whose inverse is efficiently computable—as an alternative to generating look‐up tables and interpolations to obtain the required stochastic time samples. We transform the two‐parameter F‐distribution into a four‐parameter distribution and we match the first four moments of the distribution to the moments of the exact hitting‐time distribution. We find that this simple procedure approximates the hitting‐time distribution well and produces very small errors. Future Monte Carlo simulations in a number of fields of applications may benefit from our method.
Supramodal neural networks support top‐down processing of social signals
Authors: Sonderfeld Melina , Mathiak Klaus , Häring Gianna S. , Schmidt Sarah , Habel Ute , Gur Raquel , Klasen Martin
Published: October 2020

The perception of facial and vocal stimuli is driven by sensory input and cognitive top‐down influences. Important top‐down influences are attentional focus and supramodal social memory representations. The present study investigated the neural networks underlying these top‐down processes and their role in social stimulus classification. In a neuroimaging study with 45 healthy participants, we employed a social adaptation of the Implicit Association Test. Attentional focus was modified via the classification task, which compared two domains of social perception (emotion and gender), using the exactly same stimulus set. Supramodal memory representations were addressed via congruency of the target categories for the classification of auditory and visual social stimuli (voices and faces). Functional magnetic resonance imaging identified attention‐specific and supramodal networks. Emotion classification networks included bilateral anterior insula, pre‐supplementary motor area, and right inferior frontal gyrus. They were pure attention‐driven and independent from stimulus modality or congruency of the target concepts. No neural contribution of supramodal memory representations could be revealed for emotion classification. In contrast, gender classification relied on supramodal memory representations in rostral anterior cingulate and ventromedial prefrontal cortices. In summary, different domains of social perception involve different top‐down processes which take place in clearly distinguishable neural networks.
De‐dollarization in Zimbabwe: What lessons can be learned from other sub‐Saharan countries?
Authors: Imam Patrick Amir
Published: October 2020

Zimbabwe has had a tumultuous currency history. In 2019, it introduced a new currency. To make the new currency widely acceptable, International experience suggests that the introduction of a new currency, following a period of official dollarization, requires the introduction of policies that go beyond just changing the law. This paper, aims to draw lessons from other African countries on how to de‐dollarize effectively. Using various econometric techniques and a new database, this paper documents the pattern of dollarization in African economies over the last decade and assesses the determinants of dollarization compared to the rest of the world. It illustrates that despite an improved macroeconomic environment, dollarization remains elevated, likely due to the region's volatile history. This indicates that dollarization should decline going forward provided that macroeconomic stability is achieved and preserved. The lessons for Zimbabwe are also that it's important to use legal, regulatory and market based incentives to nudge de‐dollarization, and that it will take time.
Fidelity of motivational interviewing training for dental hygiene students
Authors: Bray Kimberly Krust , Bennett Kymberly , Catley Delwyn
Published: October 2020

Use of Motivational Interviewing (MI), a patient centered counseling strategy in the health professions, has demonstrated efficacy. Given the varied training associated with the delivery of health interventions, it is essential adherence and competence are equivocally assured. Motivational Interviewing Treatment Integrity (MITI) coding evaluated our recorded standardized patient oral assessment and planning sessions to identify the skills in which MI‐trained students (n = 26) performed compared to student counterparts (n = 24) not trained in the MI curriculum. The full integration of MI in those receiving the MI curriculum resulted in the dental hygiene students with higher ratings for all global ratings, behavioral counts, and summary scores. MI‐trained mean scores for evocation, collaboration, autonomy support, empathy, and direction ranged from 4.16(±0.43) to 3.85 (±0.67). All students receiving MI training reached competence in all 5 of the referenced MITI global variables: evocation, collaboration, autonomy support, empathy, and direction. The most substantial improvements for MITI behavioral and summary variables were in Giving Information, MI Adherence, and proportion of Open‐Ended Questions. Complex Reflections, and subsequently Ratios of Complex Reflections to Open‐Ended Questions were notably below proficiency in the MI group. Knowing which elements were adhered to well and which were lacking helps inform student MI learning outcomes. Results inform the design of MI training curricula to address areas of weakness and maximize performance across all MI fidelity domains.
One‐pot three‐component azide‐alkyne cycloaddition: Synthesis of new pyrazole, 1,2,3‐triazole, and oxadiazole tethered and their anti‐inflammatory, quantitative structure‐activity relationship, and docking studies
Authors: Kadambar Anish Kumar , Kalluraya Balakrishna , Singh Shalini , Agarwal Vijaykumar , Revanasiddappa Bistuvalli Chandrashekarappa
Published: October 2020

A simple and efficient one‐pot three‐component azide‐alkyne cycloaddition of 5‐chloro‐1‐phenyl‐pyrazole‐4‐carbaldehyde with 2‐(prop‐2‐yn‐1‐ylthio)‐5‐(substituted phenoxy)methyl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole and sodium azide is reported. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized by spectral and analytical data. They were screened for in vitro anti‐inflammatory activity by bovine serum albumin denaturation assay. All the tested compounds showed moderate anti‐inflammatory activity, whereas three compounds (4d, 4i, and 4k) showed excellent activity comparable with that of the standard drug diclofenac sodium. The quantitative structure‐activity relationship (QSAR) study was carried out for anti‐inflammatory activities of the synthesized compounds and developed a QSAR model. Inspired by their in vitro anti‐inflammatory activities, they were docked to the active site of COX‐2 to know the anti‐inflammatory potency in silico.
Passive immunity in newborn from SARS‐CoV‐2‐infected mother
Authors: Cavaliere Anna F. , Marchi Laura , Aquilini Donatella , Brunelli Tamara , Vasarri Pier L.
Published: October 2020

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) vertical transmission is an open issue. Recent reports call into question in utero or peripartum viral transmission to the offspring. Few data are available on immunoglobulin G (IgG) and/or IgM in newborns. Insufficient evidence is available regarding passive immunity in neonates born from SARS‐CoV‐2 infected women. We report a case of a neonate showing the presence of blood specific IgG and the absence of IgM and negative nasopharyngeal swab. He was born from an asymptomatic SARS‐CoV‐2‐infected mother with positive IgG and IgM. The transplacental passage of specific IgG antibodies from the affected mother to the unaffected fetus highlights neonatal passive immunity.
Hippocampal subregional volume changes in elders classified using positron emission tomography‐based Alzheimer's biomarkers of β‐amyloid deposition and neurodegeneration
Authors: Busatto Filho Geraldo , Duran Fabio Luiz de Souza , Squarzoni Paula , Coutinho Artur Martins Novaes , Rosa Pedro Gomes Penteado , Torralbo Leticia , Pachi Clarice Gameiro da Fonseca , da Costa Naomi Antunes , Porto Fabio Henrique de Gobbi , Carvalho Cleudiana Lima , Brucki Sonia Maria Dozzi , Nitrini Ricardo , Forlenza Orestes Vicente , Leite Claudia da Costa , Buchpiguel Carlos Alberto , de Paula Faria Daniele
Published: October 2020

Changes in hippocampal subfield volumes (HSV) along the Alzheimer's disease (AD) continuum have been scarcely investigated to date in elderly subjects classified based on the presence of β‐amyloid aggregation and signs of neurodegeneration. We classified patients (either sex) with mild dementia compatible with AD (n = 35) or amnestic mild cognitive impairment (n = 39), and cognitively unimpaired subjects (either sex; n = 26) using [11C]PIB‐PET to assess β‐amyloid aggregation (A+) and [18F]FDG‐PET to account for neurodegeneration ((N)+). Magnetic resonance imaging‐based automated methods were used for HSV and white matter hyperintensity (WMH) measurements. Significant HSV reductions were found in A+(N)+ subjects in the presubiculum/subiculum complex and molecular layer, related to worse memory performance. In both the A+(N)+ and A+(N)− categories, subicular volumes were inversely correlated with the degree of Aβ deposition. The A−(N)+ subgroup showed reduced HSV relative to the A−(N)− subgroup also in the subiculum/presubiculum. Combining all (N)− subjects, HSV were lower in subjects presenting significant cognitive decline irrespective of A+/A− classification (controlling for WMH load); these between‐group differences were detected again in the presubiculum, but also involved the CA4 and granular layer. These findings demonstrate that differential HSV reductions are detectable both in (N)+ and (N)− categories along the AD continuum, and are directly related to the severity of cognitive deficits. HSV reductions are larger both in A+(N)+ and A+(N)− subjects in direct proportion to the degree of Aβ deposition. The meaningful HSV reductions detected in the A−(N)+ subgroup highlights the strength of biomarker‐based classifications outside of the classical AD continuum.
The adoption of international publishing within Vietnamese academia from 1986 to 2020: A review
Authors: Nguyen Thi Thu Ha , Pham Hiep‐Hung , Vuong Quan‐Hoang , Cao Quoc‐Thai , Dinh Viet‐Hung , Nguyen Dinh Duc
Published: October 2020

This study examines the use of international publishing (i.e. publishing in journals/books indexed by international bibliometrics databases) within academia in Vietnam since Doi Moi (the Renovation) in 1986. Document analysis and in‐depth interviews with 20 Vietnamese scholars were undertaken to address the research objective. The findings revealed three important milestones in academic development in Vietnam: 1986–2008, 2008–2017, and 2017 to the present. Between 1986 and 2008, international publishing was almost non‐existent in actual practice in academia, except among the mathematics community. Since 2008, with the launch of the Foundation for Science and Technology Development, international publishing in Vietnam has become more visible on a broader scope (i.e. at ministerial level). Increasing awareness in the academic community of the role of international publishing contributed to a major increase in research output with an international outlook between 2008 and 2017. The third milestone was the promulgation of two new regulations, one relating to doctoral education in 2017 and another to professorship appointments in 2018, in which international publishing databases have been placed at the centre of these policy agendas. Looking ahead, policymakers and academic leaders in Vietnam are recommended to further use international publishing metrics to enhance international research outputs and quality.
Role of n‐3 Fatty Acids on Bile Acid Metabolism and Transport in Dyslipidemia: A Review
Authors: Acharya Pooja , Uppin Vinayak , Zarei Mehrdad , Talahalli Ramaprasad R.
Published: October 2020

Dietary n‐3 fatty acids, especially of marine origin, eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n‐3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n‐3), have always been lauded for their profound effects on regulating the risk factors for major metabolic disorders. Yet, their consumption rate is poor compared to n‐6 fatty acids [linoleic acid (18:2n‐6)], which are predominantly consumed. Hence, the skewed n‐6 to n‐3 fatty acid ratio may have a bearing on the risk factors of various diseases, including dyslipidemia. Dyslipidemia and other lifestyle diseases associated with it, such as diabetes, obesity, hypertension, are a growing concern in both developed and developing countries. A common strategy for addressing dyslipidemia involves bile acid (BA) sequestration, to interrupt the enterohepatic circulation of BA, resulting in the modulation of lipid absorption in the intestine, thereby normalizing the levels of circulating lipids. The BA homeostasis is under the tight control of hepatic and enteric BA transporters. Many investigations have reported the effects of dietary constituents, including certain fatty acids on the reabsorption and transport of BA. However, a critical review of the effects of n‐3 fatty acids on BA metabolism and transport is not available. The present review attempts to explore certain unmapped facets of the n‐3 fatty acids on BA metabolism and transport in dyslipidemia, and their interplay with biological processes involving lipid rafts and gut microbiome.
An ultraviolet dyegraph for measuring the chemical disturbances of sinking particles and swimming plankton
Authors: Inman Bryce G. , Franks Peter J. S. , Roberts Paul L. D.
Published: October 2020

Sinking particles and swimming plankton may deform ambient chemical gradients, leaving long trails of chemical disturbance that dissipate on a diffusive timescale. Imaging this phenomenon in a laboratory setting requires a large field of view, a broad depth of field, and a passive chemical substance that does not influence the hydrodynamics. These requirements obviate the use of traditional schlieren optical systems, which rely on density stratification and their consequent buoyancy forces, and modern planar laser‐induced fluorescence, which has a narrow depth of field. Further, the light used to induce plankton movement must be kept separate from the recorded signal. Here, we describe a new ultraviolet “dyegraph” technique that quantifies dye disturbance caused by sinking spheres and swimming zooplankton. An experimental tank is filled with seawater and a gradient of an ultraviolet‐absorbing pigment. Using modified shadowgraph optics, ultraviolet light spreads from a pinhole to a collimating lens, passes through the tank to a telecentric lens, and is recorded by a camera fitted with an ultraviolet bandpass filter. The dye is transparent in visible light but appears dark in the imaging system. The 3D chemical disturbance is reconstructed from images using tomographic inversion. After outlining the method, we present examples of chemical deformation trails generated by sinking spheres and live, swimming copepods.
Parameter Estimation in a PO3G Model with Temperature Effects
Authors: Vo Anh‐Duong Dieu , Spence Rupert E. , McAuley Kimberley B.
Published: October 2020

A comprehensive dataset containing 1779 measured values, collected from seven experimental runs, is used for parameter estimation in a model for batch polycondensation of biobased 1,3‐propanediol. The data are from dynamic experiments conducted between 160 and 180 °C using a super‐acid catalyst with concentrations between 0.1 and 0.25 wt%. The model accounts for generation, consumption, and evaporation of linear and cyclic oligomers, the inhibitory influence of water on the rate of polycondensation, and the dynamic behavior of an overhead condenser. In total, the model contains 70 kinetic, transport, and thermodynamic parameters. A mean‐squared‐error criterion reveals that the influence of temperature on mass‐transfer coefficients is significant. The model provides a good fit to the data and also gives reliable predictions of validation data that are not used in parameter estimation. Typical deviations between model predictions and data are within 1.75% of average measured values for linear and cyclic oligomers.
Cardiovascular bioimaging of nitric oxide: Achievements, challenges, and the future
Authors: Vidanapathirana Achini K. , Psaltis Peter J. , Bursill Christina A. , Abell Andrew D. , Nicholls Stephen J.
Published: October 2020

Nitric oxide (NO) is a ubiquitous, volatile, cellular signaling molecule that operates across a wide physiological concentration range (pM–µM) in different tissues. It is a highly diffusible messenger and intermediate in various metabolic pathways. NO plays a pivotal role in maintaining optimum cardiovascular function, particularly by regulating vascular tone and blood flow. This review highlights the need for accurate, real‐time bioimaging of NO in clinical diagnostic, therapeutic, monitoring, and theranostic applications within the cardiovascular system. We summarize electrochemical, optical, and nanoscale sensors that allow measurement and imaging of NO, both directly and indirectly via surrogate measurements. The physical properties of NO render it difficult to accurately measure in tissues using direct methods. There are also significant limitations associated with the NO metabolites used as surrogates to indirectly estimate NO levels. All these factors added to significant variability in the measurement of NO using available methodology have led to a lack of sensors and imaging techniques of clinical applicability in relevant vascular pathologies such as atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease. Challenges in applying current methods to biomedical and clinical translational research, including the wide physiological range of NO and limitations due to the characteristics and toxicity of the sensors are discussed, as are potential targets and modifications for future studies. The development of biocompatible nanoscale sensors for use in combination with existing clinical imaging modalities provides a feasible opportunity for bioimaging NO within the cardiovascular system.
Comparative effects of angiotensin II on the contractility of muscularis mucosae and detrusor in the pig urinary bladder
Authors: Lim Iris , Mitsui Retsu , Kameda Masashi , Sellers Donna Jayne , Chess‐Williams Russ , Hashitani Hikaru
Published: October 2020

To explore contractile actions of angiotensin II (ATII) on the muscularis mucosae (MM) of the bladder, ATII‐induced contractions were compared between MM and the detrusor smooth muscle (DSM) of the pig bladder by isometric tension recordings. Effects of ATII on spontaneous Ca2+ transients in MM were visualized using Cal‐520 fluorescence. ATII receptor type 1 (ATR1) expression in MM and DSM was also examined by immunohistochemistry. ATII (1 nM–1 μM) caused phasic contractions of MM in a concentration‐dependent manner, while ATII (10 nM–10 μM) had no or marginal effects on DSM contractility. ATII (100 nM)‐induced MM contractions had an amplitude of approximately 70% of carbachol (1 μM)‐induced or 90% of U46619 (100 nM)‐induced contractions. Candesartan (10 nM), an ATR1 blocker, prevented the contractile effects of ATII (1 nM) in MM, while ATR1 immunofluorescence was greater in MM than DSM. ATII (10–100 pM) increased the frequency but not the amplitude of spontaneous Ca2+ transients in MM. Both urothelium‐intact and ‐denuded MM strips developed comparable spontaneous phasic contractions, but ATII, carbachol and U46619‐induced contractions were significantly larger in urothelium‐denuded than urothelium‐intact MM strips. In conclusion, the MM appears to have a much greater sensitivity to ATII compared with DSM that could well sense circulating ATII, suggesting that MM may be the predominant target of contractile actions induced by ATII in the bladder while the urothelium appears to inhibit MM contractility.
Specific prodromal symptoms in patients with acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Heidarzadeh Mehdi , Elyaszadeh Shahla , Dadkhah Behrouz , Doustkami Hossein
Published: October 2020

Aims

Assessing the prodromal cardiac symptoms in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and compare them with healthy population.

Background

Identifying specific prodromal cardiac symptoms can play an important role in screening people at risk.

Design

A comparative study of prodromal symptoms.

Methods

In this comparison study, an 80‐item checklist of prodromal symptoms was designed and completed by 337 participants in three groups (Patient group I, Patient group II and Healthy group). All participants were studied over a period of six months (from May to October 2017). SPSS‐15 software was used to analyse the data.

Results

The symptoms of pain/discomfort in chest, pain/discomfort centred in the superior part of chest, pain/discomfort in the left breast and numbness or burning of both arms were the most important symptoms to predict ACS incidence in the two patient groups (odds ratio > 4 and p ≤ .05).
Low‐temperature curable, alkaline‐developable, and negative‐type photosensitive polyimide with high resolution and mechanical properties based on chain extendable poly(amic acid) and photo‐base generator
Authors: Yeh Yao‐Ming , Karapala Vamsi K. , Ueda Mitsuru , Hsu Chain‐Shu
Published: October 2020

A negative‐type photosensitive polyimide (PSPI) based on a chain extendable poly(amic acid) (PAA) and a photo‐base generator (PBG) (E)‐1‐piperidino‐3‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)‐2‐propen‐1‐one (PHPP) have been developed. The chain extendable PAA was prepared from 3,3′,4,4′‐biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA) and 4,4′‐oxydianiline (ODA) and end‐capped with di‐tert‐butyl dicarbonate (DIBOC) in N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP), which has a controlled molecular weight for developing in a 2.38 wt% tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide aqueous solution (TMAHaq) and underwent a chain‐extending reaction during a curing stage. The PSPI was formulated with the polymerization solution (20 wt% in NMP) and PHPP (15 wt% for the polymer). The PSPI showed a sensitivity of 152 mJ cm−2 and a contrast of 5.9 when exposed to the i‐line, followed by post exposure baking at 160°C for 2 minutes and development with the 2.38 wt% TMAHaq containing 10 wt% iPrOH at room temperature. A fine negative image with 2‐μm pattern was obtained on a 3‐μm thick film in the contact‐printed mode. After thermal curing at 200°C for 1 hour, the resulting PSPI features low curable temperature, high resolution and excellent mechanical properties.
The TOTAL trial dilemma: A survey among professionals on equipoise regarding fetal therapy for severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Authors: Vergote Simen , Pizzolato Daniel , Russo Francesca , Dierickx Kris , Deprest Jan , Crombag Neeltje
Published: October 2020

Objective

Running randomized clinical trials (RCT) in fetal therapy is challenging. This is no different for fetoscopic endoluminal tracheal occlusion (FETO) for severe left‐sided Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH). We assessed the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of maternal‐fetal medicine specialists toward the antenatal management of CDH, and the randomized controlled clinical (RCT) “Tracheal Occlusion To Accelerate Lung growth‐trial.”

Methods

A cross‐sectional KAP‐survey was conducted among 311 registrants of the 18th World Congress in Fetal Medicine.

Results

The overall knowledge of CDH and FETO was high. Remarkably only 45% considers prenatal prediction of neonatal outcome reliable. Despite, in their clinical practice they perform severity assessment (80%) and refer families for FETO either within the context of an RCT (43%) or on patient request (32%). Seventy percent perceives not offering FETO on patient demand seems as if no treatment is provided to a fetus with predicted poor outcome. Only 20% of respondents considers denying access to FETO on patient demand not as a psychological burden.

Conclusion

Often the views of individual respondents contradicted with their clinical practice. It seems that, for severe CDH, clinicians face personal and practical dilemmas that undermine equipoise. To us, this indicates the tension between the clinical and scientific obligations physicians experience.
Non‐target profiling of bitumen‐influenced waters for the identification of tracers unique to oil sands processed‐affected water (OSPW) in the Athabasca watershed of Alberta, Canada
Authors: Milestone Craig B. , Sun Chenxing , Martin Jonathan W. , Bickerton Greg , Roy James W. , Frank Richard A. , Hewitt L. Mark
Published: October 2020

Rationale

The objective of this study was to identify unique chemical tracers of oil sands process‐affected water (OSPW) to enable definitive discrimination of tailings pond seepage from natural bitumen‐influenced waters from the Canadian Alberta McMurray formation.

Methods

The approach involved comparing unknowns from an unprecedented sample set of OSPW (n = 4) and OSPW‐affected groundwaters (n = 15) with natural bitumen‐influenced groundwaters (n = 20), using high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI‐HRMS) operated in both polarities.

Results

Four unknown chemical entities were identified as potential tracers of OSPW seepage and subsequently subjected to structural elucidation. One potential tracer, tentatively identified as a thiophene‐containing carboxylic acid [C15H23O3S]−, was only detected in OSPW and OSPW‐affected samples, thereby showing the greatest diagnostic potential. The remaining three unknowns, postulated to be two thiochroman isomers [C17H25O3S]+ and an ethyl‐naphthalene isomer [C16H21]+, were detected in one and two background groundwaters, respectively.

Conclusions

We advanced the state of knowledge for tracers of tailings seepage beyond heteroatomic classes, to identifying diagnostic substances, with structures postulated. Synthesis of the four proposed structures is recommended to enable structural confirmations. This research will guide and inform the Oil Sands Monitoring Program in its efforts to assess potential influences of oil sands development on the Athabasca River watershed.
Pleural effusion revealing a ruptured mediastinal mesothelial cyst
Authors: Ben Saad Ahmed , Cheikh Mhamed Saousen , Migaou Asma , Achour Asma , Rouatbi Naceur , Joobeur Samah
Published: October 2020

Mesothelial cysts are uncommon benign cysts of the mediastinum. Rarely, they are discovered after complications or unusual presentations. This report describes a rare case of pleural effusion revealing a ruptured mediastinal mesothelial cyst in a 28‐year‐old man. The diagnosis of this complicated mesothelial cyst relied on intraoperative and anatomopathological findings. He underwent videothoracoscopy with resection of the cyst. Outcomes were favourable.
Did university discriminate in Title IX proceedings?
Authors: Lyerly Eric
Published: October 2020

The plaintiff (John Doe) was a Marian University student. In the fall of 2018, Doe was the subject of a Title IX complaint in which he was accused of having sex with a female student too inebriated to consent. Doe was found responsible after an investigation, and his appeals were denied. Doe filed a gender‐discrimination lawsuit under Title IX, claiming the campus was steeped in a culture of “female empowerment” and sympathy toward female accusers.
‘Whatever you are, be a good one’
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: October 2020

Although Elena Sandoval‐Lucero, Ph.D., never aspired to the vice presidency, she's held the role of Vice President of the Boulder County Campus at Front Range Community College for three years now. “Whatever opportunity came my way, I worked to do my very best at that job, not with an eye on the next job but with the sincere desire to make a positive impact where I was at that moment. That led to other opportunities, and that is how I eventually became a vice president,” explained Sandoval‐Lucero, named one of NASPA's Pillars of the Profession for 2020.
Organophosphorus flame retardants are developmental neurotoxicants in a rat primary brainsphere in vitro model
Authors: Hogberg Helena T. , de Cássia da Silveira E Sá Rita , Kleensang Andre , Bouhifd Mounir , Cemiloglu Ulker Ozge , Smirnova Lena , Behl Mamta , Maertens Alexandra , Zhao Liang , Hartung Thomas
Published: October 2020

Due to regulatory bans and voluntary substitutions, halogenated polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants (FR) are increasingly substituted by mainly organophosphorus FR (OPFR). Leveraging a 3D rat primary neural organotypic in vitro model (rat brainsphere), we compare developmental neurotoxic effects of BDE-47—the most abundant PBDE congener—with four OPFR (isopropylated phenyl phosphate—IPP, triphenyl phosphate—TPHP, isodecyl diphenyl phosphate—IDDP, and tricresyl phosphate (also known as trimethyl phenyl phosphate)—TMPP). Employing mass spectroscopy-based metabolomics and transcriptomics, we observe at similar human-relevant non-cytotoxic concentrations (0.1–5 µM) stronger developmental neurotoxic effects by OPFR. This includes toxicity to neurons in the low µM range; all FR decrease the neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA (except BDE-47 and TPHP). Furthermore,n-acetyl aspartate (NAA), considered a neurologic diagnostic molecule, was decreased by all OPFR. At similar concentrations, the FR currently in use decreased plasma membrane dopamine active transporter expression, while BDE-47 did not. Several findings suggest astrogliosis induced by the OPFR, but not BDE-47. At the 5 µM concentrations, the OPFR more than BDE-47 interfered with myelination. An increase of cytokine gene and receptor expressions suggests that exposure to OPFR may induce an inflammatory response. Pathway/category overrepresentation shows disruption in 1) transmission of action potentials, cell–cell signaling, synaptic transmission, receptor signaling, (2) immune response, inflammation, defense response, (3) cell cycle and (4) lipids metabolism and transportation. Taken together, this appears to be a case of regretful substitution with substances not less developmentally neurotoxic in a primary rat 3D model.
Improved oncological outcome after radical prostatectomy in patients staged with 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET: a single-center retrospective cohort comparison
Authors: Ferraro Daniela A. , Lehner Fabienne , Becker Anton S. , Kranzbühler Benedikt , Kudura Ken , Mebert Iliana , Messerli Michael , Hermanns Thomas , Eberli Daniel , Burger Irene A.
Published: October 2020

Background

Positron emission tomography (PET) targeting the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) has superior sensitivity over conventional imaging (CI) to stage prostate cancer (PCa) and therefore is increasingly used in staging to stratify patients before radical therapy. Whether this improved diagnostic accuracy translates into improved outcome after radical prostatectomy (RPE) has not yet been shown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the oncological outcome after RPE between patients that underwent preoperative staging with CI or PSMA-PET for intermediate and high-risk PCa.

Methods

We retrospectively selected all patients that underwent RPE for intermediate- or high-risk PCa at our institution before PSMA-PET introduction (between March 2014 and September 2016) and compared the oncologic outcome of patients staged with PSMA-PET (between October 2016 and October 2018). Oncological pre-surgical risk parameters (age, PSA, D’Amico score, biopsy-ISUP, and cT stage) were compared between the groups. Oncological outcome was determined as PSA persistence, nerve-sparing rate, and surgical margin status. Wilcoxon rank-sum, Fisher’s, and chi-square tests where used for statistical testing.

Results

One hundred five patients were included, 53 in the CI group and 52 in the PSMA-group. Patients in the PSMA group had higher ISUP grade (p < 0.001) and D’Amico score (p < 0.05). The rate of free surgical margins and PSA persistence after RPE was 64% and 17% for the CI and 77% and 6% for the PSMA group (p = 0.15 and 0.13, respectively). Subgroup analysis with high-risk patients revealed PSA persistence in 7% (3/44) in the PSMA group and 25% (7/28) in the CI group (p = 0.04). Limitations include the retrospective design and choline-PET for some patients in the CI group.

Conclusion

Immediate outcome after RPE was not worse in the PSMA group compared with the CI group, despite a higher-risk cohort. In a comparison of only high-risk patients, PSMA-PET staging was associated with a significantly lower rate of postsurgical PSA persistence.
CIP2A regulates MYC translation (via its 5′UTR) in colorectal cancer
Authors: Denk S. , Schmidt S. , Schurr Y. , Schwarz G. , Schote F. , Diefenbacher M. , Armendariz C. , Dejure F. , Eilers M. , Wiegering Armin
Published: October 2020

Background

Deregulated expression of MYC is a driver of colorectal carcinogenesis, suggesting that decreasing MYC expression may have significant therapeutic value. CIP2A is an oncogenic factor that regulates MYC expression. CIP2A is overexpressed in colorectal cancer (CRC), and its expression levels are an independent marker for long-term outcome of CRC. Previous studies suggested that CIP2A controls MYC protein expression on a post-transcriptional level.

Methods

To determine the mechanism by which CIP2A regulates MYC in CRC, we dissected MYC translation and stability dependent on CIP2A in CRC cell lines.

Results

Knockdown of CIP2A reduced MYC protein levels without influencing MYC stability in CRC cell lines. Interfering with proteasomal degradation of MYC by usage of FBXW7-deficient cells or treatment with the proteasome inhibitor MG132 did not rescue the effect of CIP2A depletion on MYC protein levels. Whereas CIP2A knockdown had marginal influence on global protein synthesis, we could demonstrate that, by using different reporter constructs and cells expressing MYC mRNA with or without flanking UTR, CIP2A regulates MYC translation. This interaction is mainly conducted by the MYC 5′UTR.

Conclusions

Thus, instead of targeting MYC protein stability as reported for other tissue types before, CIP2A specifically regulates MYC mRNA translation in CRC but has only slight effects on global mRNA translation. In conclusion, we propose as novel mechanism that CIP2A regulates MYC on a translational level rather than affecting MYC protein stability in CRC.
Phase portraits, Lyapunov functions, and projective geometry
Authors: Naiwert Lilija , Spindler Karlheinz
Published: October 2020

We discuss two problems which grew out of an introductory differential equations class but were solved only later, each after having been put into a different context. First, how do you find a rather complicated Lyapunov function with your bare hands, without using a fully developed theory (while reconstructing the steps leading up to such a theory)? Second, how can you obtain a global picture of the phase-portrait of a dynamical system (thereby invoking ideas from projective geometry)? Since classroom experiences played an important part in the making of this paper, didactical aspects will also be discussed.
Qualitative exploration of the medical learner’s journey into correctional health care at an academic medical center and its implications for medical education
Authors: Hashmi Ahmar H. , Bennett Alina M. , Tajuddin Nadeem N. , Hester Rebecca J. , Glenn Jason E.
Published: October 2020

Correctional systems in several U.S. states have entered into partnerships with academic medical centers (AMCs) to provide healthcare for persons who are incarcerated. One AMC specializing in the care of incarcerated patients is the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (UTMB), which hosts the only dedicated prison hospital in the U.S. and supplies 80% of the medical care for the entire Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ). Nearly all medical students and residents at UTMB take part in the care of the incarcerated. This research, through qualitative exploration using focus group discussions, sets out to characterize the correctional care learning environment medical trainees enter. Participants outlined an institutional culture of low prioritization and neglect that dominated the learning environment in the prison hospital, resulting in treatment of the incarcerated as second-class patients. Medical learners pointed to delays in care, both within the prison hospital and within the TDCJ system, where diagnostic, laboratory, and medical procedures were delivered to incarcerated patients at a lower priority compared to free-world patients. Medical learners elaborated further on ethical issues that included the moral judgment of those who are incarcerated, bias in clinical decision making, and concerns for patient autonomy. Medical learners were left to grapple with complex challenges like the problem of dual loyalties without opportunities to critically reflect upon what they experienced. This study finds that, without specific vulnerable populations training for both trainees and correctional care faculty to address these institutional dynamics, AMCs risk replicating a system of exploitation and neglect of incarcerated patients and thereby exacerbating health inequities.
An Optimal Transport Approach for the Schrödinger Bridge Problem and Convergence of Sinkhorn Algorithm
Authors: Marino Simone Di , Gerolin Augusto
Published: October 2020

This paper exploit the equivalence between the Schrödinger Bridge problem (Léonard in J Funct Anal 262:1879–1920, 2012; Nelson in Phys Rev 150:1079, 1966; Schrödinger in Über die umkehrung der naturgesetze. Verlag Akademie der wissenschaften in kommission bei Walter de Gruyter u, Company, 1931) and the entropy penalized optimal transport (Cuturi in: Advances in neural information processing systems, pp 2292–2300, 2013; Galichon and Salanié in: Matching with trade-offs: revealed preferences over competing characteristics. CEPR discussion paper no. DP7858, 2010) in order to find a different approach to the duality, in the spirit of optimal transport. This approach results in a priori estimates which are consistent in the limit when the regularization parameter goes to zero. In particular, we find a new proof of the existence of maximizing entropic-potentials and therefore, the existence of a solution of the Schrödinger system. Our method extends also when we have more than two marginals: the main new result is the proof that the Sinkhorn algorithm converges even in the continuous multi-marginal case. This provides also an alternative proof of the convergence of the Sinkhorn algorithm in two marginals.
An African contribution to the constitutional right to modern schooling 150 years ago
Authors: Adick Christel
Published: October 2020

This article highlights the stipulation of the provision of formal schooling in a regional constitution drafted in West Africa in 1871, almost 150 years ago. The constitution under discussion originated in Fanteland, a coastal region of the Gold Coast (modern-day southern Ghana), and was the main achievement of a historical movement which sought to unite several smaller kingdoms and communities into a Fante Confederation (1868–1873). While the whole idea of a written constitution which includes the aspect of formal schooling may seem rather “European” or “Western” at a first glance, it is remarkable in that one would not expect it to have occurred in West Africa at that time. The author of this article argues that the Fante Constitution in fact represents a unique early African attempt to construct a modern nation-state based on a written constitution, and that the sections which stipulate and regulate formal schooling are central to its vision. The author embeds the sections concerning education in an analysis of the specific historical situation of the Fante people in West Africa before the establishment of formal British colonial rule on the Gold Coast. She develops two main theses: the constitution (a) is an “African” contribution to educational policymaking, which (b) accords “modern” schooling a crucial role in state-building. She presents these theses in the light of the historical record and competing interpretations in historical discourse.
Justification and Opposition of Mass Killing: Black Sun—The Nanking Massacre
Authors: Hu Lung-Lung
Published: October 2020

Japan was supposed to obey the law during the second world war. However, the Nanjing Massacre still happened. Hirohito, the Japanese emperor, deliberately avoided mentioning the International Treaties in the imperial rescript of the Great East Asia War in 1937. The Nanking Massacre was carried out according to the Japanese army’s interpretation of the imperial rescript. Such a legal interpretation was rooted in the idea that Japan had to educate the Chinese and transform China by killing its people in order to pursue a Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere led by Japan. In the film Black Sun: The Nanking Massacre (1995), we can see both a justification of and an opposition to killing. In this paper I am going to show how the imperial rescript is used to justify this mass killing is and how opposing arguments are used to show its cruelty and absurdity, which is taken as a means to achieve a greater good.