bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using Hawkins's Surround, Field, and Frames Concepts to Understand the Complexities of Special Measures Decision Making in Crown Court Trials
Authors: Fairclough Samantha
Published: August 2018

Adjustments to criminal trial processes, called special measures, are available to vulnerable and/or intimidated witnesses giving evidence. Findings from interviews with 13 criminal practitioners suggest that there are notable variations in the uptake of special measures between prosecution witnesses, defence witnesses, and the accused in Crown Court trials. These extend beyond any inequality in their legal provision. This article uses Keith Hawkins's conceptual framework of surround, field, and frames as a heuristic device to understand this differential uptake. The framework delineates the various factors – including the socio‐political, organizational, and attitudinal – which can influence decision‐making practices in relation to special measures. In doing so, this article demonstrates two things. First, that changing the legal provision is unlikely to effect much change in practice, absent specific complementary changes to the field. Second, that Hawkins's framework has potential as an explanatory device in decision‐making contexts outside his own health and safety setting.
Pharyngeal swallowing in older adults: Kinematic analysis using three‐dimensional dynamic computed tomography
Authors: Pongpipatpaiboon Kannit , Inamoto Yoko , Saitoh Eiichi , Kagaya Hitoshi , Shibata Seiko , Aoyagi Yoichiro , Fujii Naoko , Palmer Jeffrey B. , Fernández Marlís G.
Published: August 2018

Objectives

To assess the effect of age on swallowing with a focus on structural movement, timing and duration of physiologic events.

Design

Cross‐sectional study.

Setting

Tertiary University Medical Center.

Participants

Community‐dwelling adults (3 age groups): younger 20 to 39 (n = 23; mean 32 ± 5), middle‐aged 40 to 59 (n = 29; mean 49 ± 5) and older adults 60 to 74 (n = 15; mean 67 ± 5).

Intervention

One 10‐mL honey‐thick liquid (1700 mPa) swallow was studied using 320‐row area detector computed tomography scanning.

Measurements

Kinematic analysis was performed for each swallow including temporal characteristics and structural movements.

Results

The duration of velopharyngeal closure and laryngeal closure (including epiglottis inversion, laryngeal vestibule closure, true vocal cord closure) was significantly different by age group (P = 0.002, P < 0.001, P = 0.017, P = 0.041, respectively). Events were prolonged in older adults compared with middle‐aged and younger adults. The pharyngeal phase was longer for older adults. Velopharyngeal closure started earlier and continued until after complete UES opening. In younger adults, velopharyngeal and laryngeal opening occurred before complete UES opening. No differences were found in bolus movement through the oropharynx by group.

Conclusion

During swallowing, older adults had a longer pharyngeal phase characterised by prolonged velopharyngeal and laryngeal closure. This difference may be a protective mechanism to compensate for age‐related weakness. A better understanding of the mechanism by which this adaptation occurs is needed to tailor rehabilitation strategies and to maintain swallowing function during the lifespan.
Is there a higher prevalence of tinnitus in patients with temporomandibular disorders? A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Mottaghi Ariyan , Menéndez‐Díaz Iván , Cobo Juan L. , González‐Serrano José , Cobo Teresa
Published: August 2018

The aim of this study was to determine whether there exists a higher prevalence of tinnitus in patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) than in patients without TMDs. A systematic review was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE for articles published between January 1992 and April 2018 in accordance with the PRISMA statement. Studies were included in this review only if they assessed TMDs using the research diagnostic criteria (RDC)/TMD or DC/TMD. A total of five studies were included in the systematic review, and a random‐effects meta‐analysis of three of the studies was conducted. In all of the selected studies, the prevalence of tinnitus was higher in patients with TMDs (35.8% to 60.7%) than in patients without TMDs (9.7% to 26.0%). The odds ratio of suffering from tinnitus among patients with TMDs was 4.45 (95% CI 1.64‐12.11. P = 0.003). Thus, despite the limitations of the included studies, this review demonstrates that the prevalence of tinnitus in TMD patients is significantly higher than that in patients without TMD.
Oral function of older people with mild cognitive impairment or dementia
Authors: Delwel Suzanne , Scherder Erik J. A. , Perez Roberto S. G. M. , Hertogh Cees M. P. M. , Maier Andrea B. , Lobbezoo Frank
Published: August 2018

Objectives

The aim of this study was to examine and compare the oral function of older people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia.

Methods

This cross‐sectional observational study included participants with MCI or dementia aged 60 years or older. Global cognitive functioning was evaluated with the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the oral function was evaluated with subjective and objective assessments, including the perceived quality of chewing and swallowing, the function of the prostheses, the number of occluding pairs (OP), the degree of tooth wear and the active and passive maximum mouth opening.

Results

The quality of chewing and swallowing was perceived as good in, respectively, 86.0% and 90.9% of the participants. Full or partial prostheses were worn by 63.8% of the participants, and the retention was good in 58.4% of the upper and 50.0% of the lower prostheses. Participants with MCI had a median of 3.0 (Inter Quartile Range [IQR] 0.0‐7.5) occluding pairs, while participants with dementia had a median of 0.0 (IQR 0.0‐1.0) occluding pairs, U = 3838.50, P < 0.001. There was a weak positive correlation between the number of occluding pairs and the MMSE score, r = 0.267, also when adjusted for age, r = 0.230. The median tooth wear score was 2.0 (IQR 2.0‐2.0) in participants with MCI or dementia. The active maximum mouth opening was 45.8 (SD 9.3) mm in participants with dementia, while it was 49.8 (SD 8.1) mm in those with MCI, t(253) = 2.67, P = 0.008.

Conclusion

For most participants with MCI or dementia, the swallowing ability and chewing ability were perceived as good. In addition, more than half of the prostheses had good retention and occlusion. Participants with more severe cognitive impairment had fewer occluding pairs and a smaller active mouth opening. The degree of tooth wear was less than one‐third of the clinical crown in most participants with MCI or dementia.
Biomechanical effect of mandibular advancement device with different protrusion positions for treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea on tooth and facial bone: A finite element study
Authors: Lee Ji‐Soo , Choi Hye‐In , Lee Hyeonjong , Ahn Su‐Jin , Noh Gunwoo
Published: August 2018

Background

The mandibular advancement device (MAD) is widely used for obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) treatment, and several studies have demonstrated its effectiveness. However, no comprehensive studies have yet examined the biomechanical safety of the MAD.

Objectives

The objective of this study was to analyse the biomechanical effect of different protrusion positions of a MAD on the teeth and facial bones.

Methods

The posterior restorative forces due to the stretched mandibular muscles were measured by pressure sensors attached to the experimental mandibular advancement device for mandibular protrusions of 10‐70% of the maximum protrusion of the subject. A detailed three‐dimensional biomechanical model of the study subject, constructed from computed tomography scans, was used in finite element analysis, with loading conditions calculated from the measured posterior restorative forces. The outcome measures were the principal stresses on the periodontal ligaments (PDL) and cancellous bone, and the pressure at the PDL surfaces. The measurements were used to analyse the risk of the tooth movement, tooth root resorption, and bone resorption.

Results

The lowest and highest restorative forces occurred at 40% and 70% of maximum protrusion, respectively. The highest risk of tooth movement occurred at the mandibular molar teeth. The mandibular second molar teeth had the highest risks of root and bone resorption.

Conclusions

Mandibular advancement at 70% of maximum protrusion induces risks of tooth root resorption and bone resorption. The mandibular second molars were subjected to the highest stresses. Stress on the teeth and facial bones was the lowest at 40% of maximum mandibular advancement.
Tinnitus as a comorbidity to temporomandibular disorders—A systematic review
Authors: Skog Caroline , Fjellner Jesper , Ekberg EwaCarin , Häggman‐Henrikson Birgitta
Published: August 2018

The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the prevalence of tinnitus in patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and the possible effects of TMD treatment on tinnitus symptoms. A search of the PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane databases from inception of each database up to January 2017 found 222 articles. After independent screening of abstracts by two of the authors, we assessed 46 articles in full text. The inclusion and exclusion criteria reduced these to 25 articles of which 22 studies reported prevalence based on 13 358 patients and 33 876 controls, and eight studies reported effect of TMD treatment on tinnitus based on 536 patients and 18 controls. The prevalence of tinnitus in patients with TMD varied from 3.7% to 70% (median 42.3%) whereas the prevalence in control groups without TMD varied between 1.7% and 26% (median 12%). The eight treatment studies indicated that treatment of TMD symptoms may have a beneficial effect on severity of tinnitus. However, only one treatment study included a control group, meaning that the overall level of evidence is low. The finding that tinnitus is more common in patients with TMD means that it can be regarded as a comorbidity to TMD. However, in view of the lack of evidence currently available, further well‐designed and randomised studies with control groups are needed to investigate whether possible mechanisms common to tinnitus and TMD do exist and whether TMD treatment can be justified to try to alleviate tinnitus in patients with TMD and comorbidity of tinnitus.
An experimental chronic obstructive sialadenitis model by partial ligation of the submandibular duct characterised by sialography, histology, and transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Li Wei , Wei Lili , Wang Fang , Peng Shangwen , Cheng Yong , Li Bo
Published: August 2018

Extensive investigation into the mechanism of chronic obstructive sialadenitis (COS) calls for a reliable model that mimics the onset and progression of the disease. Duct obstruction is closely correlated with COS, and partial duct obstruction is usually observed in COS. Partial ligation of ducts or vessels is a valid treatment to mimic pathological processes in certain animal studies. In this study, we developed a novel animal model of COS by incomplete ligation of Wharton's duct and clarified the corresponding morphological alterations in the submandibular gland. Partial ligation of Wharton's duct in Japanese white rabbits resulted in a gradually progressive COS model as demonstrated by sialographic, gross, microscopic, and ultrastructural changes in acinar and ductal degenerations over 8 weeks. The model is a feasible option for investigating the pathogenesis of COS and evaluating the efficacy and safety of novel treatments of COS.
Airway increase after open bite closure with temporary anchorage devices for intrusion of the upper posteriors: Evidence from 2D cephalometric measurements and 3D magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Chen Yunn‐Jy , Chen Hsin‐Ho , Hsu Li‐Fang , Wang Shin‐Huei , Chen Yi‐Jane , Lai Eddie Hsiang‐Hua , Chang Jenny Zwei‐Chieng , Yao Chung‐Chen Jane
Published: August 2018

Objective

The aim of this study was to analyse morphological changes in the upper airways in patients with anterior open bite treated with temporary anchorage devices for intrusion of upper posterior teeth.

Materials and Methods

Twelve nonobese (body mass index: <25) anterior open bite patients between the ages of 19 and 44 years (mean age: 22.83 ± 8.19 years) were recruited for this study. Cephalometric radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans before and after anterior bite closure without bracketing on anterior teeth were used to measure the upper airway, which was divided into retropalatal and retroglossal regions.

Results

The mandibular plane angle and lower facial height were significantly reduced by intrusion of the upper posteriors and autorotation of the mandible. The retroglossal airway width (AW2) and retroglossal area (RG area) measured on cephalometric radiographs both increased significantly after treatment. Retroglossal volume increased and the retroglossal width/length ratio decreased significantly in MRI analysis. All other measurements were not significantly changed. However, no statistically significant correlations were observed between all measurements in 2D and 3D images, with the exception of the AW2 linear measurement in 2D images correlating with the AP length in MRI axial view images (r = 0.56, P = 0.0430).

Conclusion

Counterclockwise rotation of the mandible after anterior open bite closed using orthodontic treatment changed the airway morphology. Retroglossal volume significantly increased and the airway shape became less elliptical after bite closure.
Relational Victimization and Telomere Length in Adolescent Girls
Authors: Manczak Erika M. , Gotlib Ian H.
Published: August 2018

An emerging body of research suggests that telomere length (TL)—a measure of cellular aging—is inversely associated with experiences of childhood stress. Given the salience of peer relationships in childhood and adolescence, we tested whether relational victimization is a unique and specific predictor of salivary TL in girls. Results examining 122 girls (ages 9–15) revealed that greater relational victimization was related to shorter TL but that similar associations were not evident for other measures of social relationships nor accounted for by factors related to depression, life stress, or 5‐HTTLPR genotype. The present findings suggest that relational victimization is uniquely associated with TL in adolescence, revealing a link between key aspects of social relationships and biological processes.
Improving patient education about tobacco withdrawal and nicotine gum use by registered nurses in inpatient psychiatry: A feasibility study
Authors: Muladore Erin , Brown Jill A. , Haefner Judy , Kupferschmid Barbara
Published: August 2018

Accessible summary

What is known on the subject?

Many psychiatric inpatients use tobacco, but most psychiatric hospital units prohibit tobacco use. Psychiatric nurses do not receive adequate education about how to teach patients to best manage tobacco withdrawal symptoms.

What does this paper add to existing knowledge?

Psychiatric nurses who receive a brief educational intervention about tobacco withdrawal symptoms and best practices for using nicotine gum may be more prepared to teach patients about these topics. In turn, patients may use nicotine gum more often during their hospitalization, leading to improved outcomes for them as well as for staff.

What are the implications for practice?

A simple educational intervention aimed at psychiatric nurses can result in positive outcomes for psychiatric inpatients who use tobacco. Patients who have a positive experience with stopping tobacco use while hospitalized may be more likely to commit to lifelong tobacco cessation afterwards. The results of this feasibility study demonstrate that additional research that builds on the work presented here is warranted.

Introduction

Tobacco use is prohibited in most psychiatric facilities in the United States, yet many psychiatric inpatients are tobacco users. Psychiatric nurses have reported inadequate education about best practices for managing tobacco dependence.

Aim

To explore the feasibility of an educational intervention for psychiatric nurses designed to improve their ability to educate patients about best practices for managing tobacco dependence, as well as effective use of nicotine gum.

Method

Fourteen nurses on a psychiatric inpatient unit at a community hospital were educated about the targeted topics. Chart reviews of nonequivalent pre‐intervention and post‐intervention patient groups were conducted to explore the outcomes of the intervention.

Results

Patients received more teaching, and used nicotine gum more often, following the intervention. However, no statistically significant differences between the pre‐intervention and post‐intervention patient groups were found.

Discussion

Educating nurses about best practices for managing tobacco withdrawal symptoms may have positive outcomes. Existing research suggests that such interventions may be most effective when support and structure are provided to ensure long‐term practice changes.

Implications for practice

This feasibility study demonstrates that a brief nurse education intervention has the potential to improve the experience of tobacco withdrawal for psychiatric inpatients. Future research that expands upon the current project is warranted.
Effects of natural dietary supplementation with Macleaya cordata extract containing sanguinarine on growth performance and gut health of early‐weaned piglets
Authors: Chen Jiashun , Kang Baoju , Zhao Yurong , Yao Kang , Fu Chenxing
Published: August 2018

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with Sangrovit® (SAG; minimum of 1.5% sanguinarine, a quaternary benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloid extracted from Macleaya cordata) on growth performance, intestinal morphology, intestinal microflora and its metabolites of early‐weaned piglets. A total of 20 healthy weaned piglets (Duroc× [Large White×Landrace]), weaned at 21 days of age with an average body weight (BW) of 6.52 ± 0.23 kg, were randomly assigned to receive either a corn‐soybean meal basal diet (CTR) or a basal diet supplemented with 50 mg/kg SAG (SAG). During the 21‐days trial, we collected and analysed intestinal tissues and the luminal digesta for their morphology and populations of gut microbiota, as well as for measuring the concentrations of short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and ammonia. Compared with the CTR group, supplementation with SAG improved average daily gains (p = 0.011) and average daily feed intake (p = 0.037). Piglets fed the SAG diet had an average lower value for crypt depth of the jejunum (p = 0.011) and greater values for villus height in the ileum (p = 0.015) and ratios of villus height to crypt depth in the jejunum (p < 0.01) and in the ileum (p = 0.027) than did animals receiving the CTR diet. The addition of SAG increased the amounts of Lactobacillus in the ileum (p = 0.033) and caecum (p < 0.01), and tended to increase the amounts of Bifidobacterium (p = 0.058) in the caecum, while decreasing the amounts of Escherichia coli (p = 0.046) and Salmonella spp. (p = 0.035) in the ileum, as well as Salmonella spp. (p = 0.029) in the caecum. Dietary supplementation with SAG enhanced (p < 0.05) the concentrations of acetate, propionate, butyrate and total SCFAs, and also tended to increase the level of valerate (p = 0.055 and p = 0.052) in the ileal and caecal contents when compared with the CTR group. Concentrations of ammonia also declined in the caecal (p = 0.037) and ileal (p = 0.046) digesta in response to SAG. These results indicate that feeding early‐weaned piglets a SAG‐supplemented diet can potentially improve their growth performance and intestinal morphology, and can modify the intestinal luminal environment in a beneficial manner.
Progression and complications of canine cataracts for different stages of development and aetiologies
Authors: Fischer M. C. , Meyer‐Lindenberg A.
Published: August 2018

Objectives

To evaluate progression and complications of various cataract aetiologies and stages of development.

Materials and Methods

In all, 447 eyes of 250 dogs with cataracts were monitored between 2012 and 2015. Breed, gender, age, vision, types of cataract, stage of cataract development (incipient, immature, mature and hypermature), complications of cataracts, ocular ultrasonography and electroretinography findings were recorded. Re‐examinations were performed after a minimum of 1, 6 and 12 months. A relative rate of progression within 1 month was determined and progression was categorised as stationary, slow, moderate or rapid.

Results

Overall, 44∙7% cataracts progressed and 55∙3% remained stationary. Incipient, immature, mature and hypermature cataracts progressed in 34∙1, 72∙7, 66∙7 and 44∙6% of cases, respectively. Hereditary, congenital, diabetic, contusive trauma‐related, perforating trauma‐related, radiation‐related, senile cataracts and cataracts secondary to concurrent ocular diseases progressed in 47∙1, 66∙7, 66∙7, 50, 44∙4, 0, 29∙9 and 48∙9% of cases, respectively. Rapid progression was identified in 13∙3% of diabetic and 4∙3% of hereditary cataracts. Complications were diagnosed in 43∙5% and occurred at any stage but more frequently the further the cataract had developed. Lens‐induced uveitis was the most common complication. Diabetic, traumatic, secondary and hereditary cataracts were associated with more complications than senile cataracts.

Clinical Significance

Stage of development and cataract aetiology are associated with different rates of progression and complications.
Saccadic eye movements estimate prolonged time awake
Authors: Pettersson Kati , Müller Kiti , Tietäväinen Aino , Gould Kristian , Hæggström Edward
Published: August 2018

Prolonged time awake increases the need to sleep. Sleep pressure increases sleepiness, impairs human alertness and performance and increases the probability of human errors and accidents. Human performance and alertness during waking hours are influenced by homeostatic sleep drive and the circadian rhythm. Cognitive functions, especially attentional ones, are vulnerable to circadian rhythm and increasing sleep drive. A reliable, objective and practical metrics for estimating sleepiness could therefore be valuable. Our aim is to study whether saccades measured with electro‐oculography (EOG) outside the laboratory could be used to estimate the overall time awake without sleep of a person. The number of executed saccades was measured in 11 participants during an 8‐min saccade task. The saccades were recorded outside the laboratory (Naval Academy, Bergen) using EOG every sixth hour until 54 hr of time awake. Measurements were carried out on two occasions separated by 10 weeks. Five participants participated in both measurement weeks. The number of saccades decreased during sustained wakefulness. The data correlated with the three‐process model of alertness; performance differed between participants but was stable within individual participants. A mathematically monotonous relation between performance in the saccade task and time awake was seen after removing the circadian rhythm component from measured eye movement data. The results imply that saccades measured with EOG can be used as a time‐awake metric outside the laboratory.
The Judicialization of Religious Freedom: An Institutionalist Approach
Authors: Mayrl Damon
Published: August 2018

Recent years have seen growing interest in the judicialization of religious freedom (JRF). In this article, I identify two distinct meanings of JRF, which are often conflated but which need to be kept separate. I then argue for a stronger institutionalist approach to JRF. An institutionalist approach focuses our attention on both the rules internal to courts, and the relationship of courts to administrative agencies, legislatures, and other governing bodies. I argue that there is room to strengthen our analyses of JRF by paying greater attention to these institutional dynamics. I demonstrate this by highlighting two overlooked features of courts—interpretive rules and access rules—that are particularly important for governing JRF; and by developing a framework that relates the courts to other institutional venues and political actors. In so doing, I identify a number of promising directions for future research into the causes and consequences of JRF.
Hepatocyte expression and prognostic importance of senescence marker p21 in liver histopathology samples from dogs with chronic hepatitis
Authors: Kortum Andre J. , Cloup Emilie A. , Williams Tim L. , Constantino‐Casas Fernendo , Watson Penny J.
Published: August 2018

Background

Chronic hepatitis (CH) occurs commonly in dogs but is associated with a variable and largely unpredictable prognosis. p21, a cell‐cycle inhibitor and marker of cellular senescence, is upregulated in human liver disease and is a better prognostic marker than histological or clinical scoring systems.

Objective

To quantify hepatocyte p21 immunopositivity in histopathology samples from dogs with CH and determine its association with outcome.

Animals

Twenty‐six client‐owned dogs with histologically confirmed CH, and 15 dogs with normal liver histology.

Methods

Medical records and liver histopathology samples were retrospectively reviewed to identify cases of CH. Immunohistochemistry for p21 was performed on all samples and hepatocyte immunopositivity was visually quantified. Relationships between p21 and dog age and dog survival time were statistically evaluated.

Results

Hepatocyte p21 immunopositivity in dogs with CH was high (median percentage of positive hepatocytes: 90%, range: 20%‐98%) and exceeded 70% in 23/26 cases with no association with age. In control dogs, p21 immunopositivity was low (≤15% positive hepatocytes in 12/15 cases) and was positively correlated with age (rs = 0.63; P = .011). Dogs with p21 immunopositivity exceeding 91.8% (upper tercile) had significantly shorter survival compared to dogs with less than 88.9% immunopositivity (lowest tercile; 218 versus 874 days, P = .006). Increasing hepatocyte p21 immunopositivity was significantly negatively associated with survival time (HR 4.12; 95% CI 1.34‐12.63; P = .013).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Marked p21 immunopositivity in dogs with CH might be indicative of widespread hepatocellular senescence. A significant association with survival time also suggests a potential value for p21 quantification in determining prognosis.
Lipid peroxidation biomarkers for evaluating oxidative stress in equine neuroaxonal dystrophy
Authors: Finno Carrie J. , Estell Krista E. , Winfield Laramie , Katzman Scott , Bordbari Matthew H. , Burns Erin N. , Miller Andrew D. , Puschner Birgit , Tran Cecilia K. , Xu Libin
Published: August 2018

Background

Equine neuroaxonal dystrophy/equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy (eNAD/EDM) is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting genetically predisposed foals maintained on an α‐tocopherol (α‐TOH) deficient diet. Currently no antemortem diagnostic test for eNAD/EDM is available.

Hypothesis

Because α‐TOH deficiency is associated with increased lipid peroxidation, it was hypothesized that F2‐isoprostanes (F2IsoP), F4‐neuroprostanes (F4NP) and oxysterols derived from free radical oxidation would be increased in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and neural tissue of eNAD/EDM affected horses and could serve as potential biomarkers for disease.

Animals

Isoprostane Study A: 14 Quarter horse foals (10 healthy foals and 4 eNAD/EDM affected foals) at 1 and 6 months of age. Isoprostane Study B: 17 eNAD/EDM affected and 10 unaffected horses ≥ 1‐4 years of age. Oxysterol study: eNAD/EDM affected (n = 14, serum; n = 11, CSF; n = 10, spinal cord [SC]) and unaffected horses 1‐4 years of age (n = 12, serum; n = 10, CSF; n = 7, SC).

Procedures

Cerebrospinal fluid [F2IsoP] and [F4NP] were assessed using gas chromatography‐negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Serum, CSF, and cervical SC [oxysterols] were quantified using high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Results were compared with respective α‐TOH concentrations.

Results

Spinal cord [7‐ketocholesterol], [7‐hydroxycholesterol], and [7‐keto‐27‐hydrocholesterol] were higher in eNAD/EDM horses whereas [24‐ketocholesterol] was lower. No significant difference was found in CSF [F2IsoP] and [F4NP], serum [oxysterols] and CSF [oxysterols] between eNAD/EDM affected and unaffected horses. No correlation was found between [F2IsoP], [F4NP], or [oxysterols] and respective [α‐TOH].

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

In the SC, targeted markers of cholesterol oxidation were significantly increased in horses with eNAD/EDM.
Inter‐rater agreement and reliability of thoracic ultrasonographic findings in feedlot calves, with or without naturally occurring bronchopneumonia
Authors: Buczinski S. , Buathier C. , Bélanger A.M. , Michaux H. , Tison N. , Timsit E.
Published: August 2018

Background

Thoracic ultrasonography (TUS) can be used to assess the extent and severity of lung lesions associated with bronchopneumonia (BP) in feedlot cattle.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To assess inter‐rater agreement and reliability of TUS findings in feedlot cattle, with or without naturally occurring BP.

Animals

Feedlot steers with (n = 210) or without (n = 107) clinical signs of BP that were assessed by TUS in a previous case‐control study.

Methods

A random sample of 50 TUS videos (16‐s duration) were scored by 6 raters with various levels of TUS expertise. Lung consolidation, comet tail artifacts, pleural irregularity and effusion were scored. Inter‐rater agreement was assessed using raw percentage of agreement (Pa), Cohen's and Fleiss’ Kappa (κ), and Gwet agreement coefficient (AC1). Intra‐class correlation (ICC) was determined for variables with continuous measurements (mixed factorial design).

Results

Median (interquartile range [IQR]) Pa were 0.84 (0.80‐0.89), 0.82 (0.80‐0.87), 0.62 (0.53‐0.67), and 0.82 (0.75‐0.86) for presence of lung consolidation, comet tails, pleural irregularity, and pleural effusion, respectively. For the same lesions, Fleiss κ (95% confidence intervals [CI]) were 0.67 (0.49‐0.86), 0.56 (0.33‐0.80), 0.20 (−0.05 to 0.44), and 0.36 (0.10‐0.61), respectively. AC1 were 0.68 (0.51‐0.86), 0.73 (0.58‐0.89), 0.21 (−0.01 to 0.44), and 0.71 (0.51‐0.92), respectively. Moderate reliability was found among raters for all quantitative variables (ICC ranged from 0.52 to 0.70).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Inter‐rater agreement was good for presence of lung consolidation, comet tails and pleural effusion (based on Pa and AC1) but was slight to poor for pleural irregularity.
TRIPS compatibility of Bangladeshi legal regime on geographical indications and its ramifications: A comparative review
Authors: Karim Mohammad Ataul
Published: August 2018

This paper, as the title suggests, explores TRIPS compatibility of Bangladeshi legal regime on geographical indications along with its challenges and potential impacts. The global transformation of IPRs regime, as significantly developed by TRIPS Agreement, was and still is not a pleasant journey for many countries in general and for the least developed countries (LDCs) in particular. Arguably, the developing nations and LDCs were not able to negotiate their interests adequately in the drafting process of TRIPS. However, TRIPS is a global reality now and WTO members are inherently under an obligation to replicate TRIPS principles and guidelines in their domestic legal regimes. Bangladesh, as a member of WTO, has started to redesign its legal frameworks to be among the TRIPS compliant countries. In this process of transformation, sui generis Legislation along with a Rule for the protection of geographical indications has been enacted by Bangladesh. This paper sheds light on the two key issues—TRIPS compatibility of Bangladeshi GI legal regime and unexplored challenges of geographical indications of Bangladesh. Placing the TRIPS as the guiding document, this paper compares the Geographical Indication Law of Bangladesh and provides some critical observations in appropriate cases.
Historical Literacy Research for Students with and at Risk for Learning Disabilities: A Systematic Review
Authors: Wissinger Daniel R. , Ciullo Stephen
Published: August 2018

A systematic review of Historical Literacy (HL) interventions conducted during the past 17 years (2000–2017) with students with and at risk for LD is presented in this article. HL is defined as the skills required to reason, read, write, and learn with historical evidence from the past. The review begins with a description of reforms in history education and summarizes more recent changes in legislation. Next, HL standards that pose challenges for struggling learners are discussed, and findings from HL interventions are presented. Results are synthesized and reported according to three themes that align with the CCSS for literacy in history/social studies: (1) disciplinary reading, (2) historical writing, and (3) classroom research projects. Instructional suggestions and directions for future research are discussed.
Incidence and outcome of colorectal cancer in liver transplant recipients: A national, multicentre analysis on 8115 patients
Authors: Rompianesi Gianluca , Ravikumar Reena , Jose Sophie , Allison Michael , Athale Anuja , Creamer Felicity , Gunson Bridget , Manas Derek , Monaco Andrea , Mirza Darius , Owen Nicola , Roberts Keith , Sen Gourab , Srinivasan Parthi , Wigmore Stephen , Fusai Giuseppe , Fernando Bimbi , Burroughs Andrew , Tsochatzis Emmanuel
Published: August 2018

Background & Aims

De novo malignancies after liver transplantation represent one of the leading causes of death in the long‐term. It remains unclear whether liver transplant recipients have an increased risk of colorectal cancer and whether this negatively impacts on survival, particularly in those patients affected by primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis.

Methods

In this national multicentre cohort retrospective study, the incidence of colorectal cancer in 8115 evaluable adult patients undergoing a liver transplantation between 1 January 1990 and 31 December 2010 was compared to the incidence in the general population through standardised incidence ratios.

Results

Fifty‐two (0.6%) cases of colorectal cancer were identified at a median of 5.6 years postliver transplantation, predominantly grade 2 (76.9%) and stage T3 (50%) at diagnosis. The incidence rate of colorectal cancer in the whole liver transplant population was similar to the general UK population (SIR: 0.92), but significantly higher (SIR: 7.0) in the group of patients affected by primary sclerosing cholangitis/ulcerative colitis. One‐, five‐ and ten‐year survival rates from colorectal cancer diagnosis were 71%, 48% and 31%, respectively, and the majority of colorectal cancer patients died of cancer‐specific causes.

Conclusions

Liver transplantation alone is not associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer development. The primary sclerosing cholangitis/ulcerative colitis liver transplant population showed a significantly higher risk of colorectal cancer development than the general population, with a high proportion of advanced stage at diagnosis and a reduced patient survival.
Recent chapters of Neotropical history overlooked in phylogeography: Shallow divergence explains phenotype and genotype uncoupling inAntilophiamanakins
Authors: Raposo do Amaral Fabio , Maldonado‐Coelho Marcos , Aleixo Alexandre , Luna Leilton W. , Rêgo Péricles Sena do , Araripe Juliana , Souza Thainara O. , Silva Weber A. G. , Thom Gregory
Published: August 2018

Establishing links between phenotypic and genotypic variation is a central goal of evolutionary biology, as they might provide important insights into evolutionary processes shaping genetic and species diversity in nature. One of the more intriguing possibilities is when no genetic divergence is found to be associated with conspicuous phenotypic divergence. In that case, speciation theory predicts that phenotypic divergence may still occur in the presence of significant gene flow—thereby resulting in little genomic divergence—when genetic loci underpinning phenotypes are under strong divergent selection. However, a finding of phenotypic distinctiveness with weak or no population genetic structure may simply result from low statistical power to detect shallow genetic divergences when small data sets are used. Here, we used a subgenomic data set of 2,386 ultraconserved elements to explore genomewide divergence between two species ofAntilophiamanakins, which are phenotypically distinct yet evidently lack strong genetic differentiation according to previous studies based on a limited number of loci. Our results revealed clear population structure that matches the two phenotypes, supporting the idea that smaller data sets lacked the power to detect this recent divergence event (likely <100 k ya). Indeed, we found little or no introgression between the species, as well as evidence of genomewide divergence. One implication of our study is that the Araripe plateau may be a hot spot of cryptic‐diverging forestCerradopopulations. Besides their use in biogeography, subgenomic data sets may help redefine local conservation programmes by revealing cryptic population structure that may be key to population management.
Why the COI barcode should be the community DNA metabarcode for the metazoa
Authors: Andújar Carmelo , Arribas Paula , Yu Douglas W. , Vogler Alfried P. , Emerson Brent C.
Published: August 2018

Metabarcoding of complex metazoan communities is increasingly being used to measure biodiversity in terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems, revolutionizing our ability to observe patterns and infer processes regarding the origin and conservation of biodiversity. A fundamentally important question is which genetic marker to amplify, and although the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene is one of the more widely used markers in metabarcoding for the Metazoa, doubts have recently been raised about its suitability. We argue that (a) the extensive coverage of reference sequence databases for COI; (b) the variation it presents; (c) the comparative advantages for denoising protein‐coding genes; and (d) recent advances in DNA sequencing protocols argue in favour of standardizing for the use of COI for metazoan community samples. We also highlight where research efforts should focus to maximize the utility of metabarcoding.
Production of commodities by means of commodities and non‐uniform rates of profits
Authors: Zambelli Stefano
Published: August 2018

Sraffa's book Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities begins with the following (p. 3):

Let us consider an extremely simple society …. Commodities are produced by separate industries and are exchanged for one another at a market held after the harvest.

One of Sraffa's objectives is to determine the

... set of exchange‐values which if adopted by the market restores the original distribution of the products and makes it possible for the process to be repeated; such values spring directly from the methods of production (p. 3, emphasis added).

so that the system is in a self‐replacing state. Furthermore, Sraffa assumed the rate of profits

... to be uniform in all industries (p. 98), emphasis added.

This paper studies the self‐replacing properties of the system without assuming a uniform rate of profits.
Multitask Sparse Bayesian Learning with Applications in Structural Health Monitoring
Authors: Huang Yong , Beck James L. , Li Hui
Published: August 2018

We focus on a Bayesian approach to learn sparse models by simultaneously utilizing multiple groups of measurements that are marked by a similar sparseness profile. Joint learning of sparse representations for multiple models has been mostly overlooked, although it is a useful tool for exploiting data redundancy by modeling informative relationships within groups of measurements. To this end, two hierarchical Bayesian models are introduced and associated algorithms are proposed for multitask sparse Bayesian learning (SBL). It is shown that the data correlations for different tasks are taken into account more effectively by using the hierarchical model with a common prediction‐error precision parameter across all related tasks, which leads to a better learning performance. Numerical experiments verify that exploiting common information among multiple related tasks leads to better performance, for both models that are highly and approximately sparse. Then, we examine two applications of multitask SBL in structural health monitoring: identifying structural stiffness losses and recovering missing data occurring during wireless transmission, which exploit information about relationships in the temporal and spatial domains, respectively. These illustrative examples demonstrate the potential of multitask SBL for solving a wide range of sparse approximation problems in science and technology.
Christocentric Exemplarism and the Imitation of Jesus
Authors: Pope Stephen J.
Published: August 2018

This article examines the version of Christocentric exemplarism recently proposed by theologian Patrick Clark, whose Thomistic virtue ethics incorporates features of Linda Zagzebski's exemplarist moral theory. This article suggests that Clark and similar approaches to Christocentric virtue ethics would be better situated to appropriate Zagzebski's insights into exemplarity if it gave more prominence to the imitation of Jesus.
Elobixibat, an ileal bile acid transporter inhibitor, induces giant migrating contractions during natural defecation in conscious dogs
Authors: Taniguchi Shinya , Yano Tetsuo , Imaizumi Masakazu , Manabe Noriaki
Published: August 2018

Background

Chronic constipation affects 14%‐17% of the population. Elobixibat, a novel, ileal bile acid transporter (IBAT) inhibitor, has been approved as a new chronic constipation drug in Japan in January 2018. The present study aimed to examine the pharmacological effects of elobixibat on colonic motility in conscious dogs using a telemetry system.

Methods

Six male beagle dogs were surgically implanted with strain gauge force transducers for gastrointestinal (GI) motility recording. The motility index was calculated from GI motility at each recording site in conscious and nonrestraint dogs. The fasted dogs were orally administered elobixibat (3, 10, or 30 mg kg−1) or 30 mg kg−1 of sennoside as positive control or vehicle using a crossover design and washout period of more than 6 days. One hour after drug administration, the dogs were fed chow, and GI motility and defecation were observed for 10 hours; GI motility was quantified to calculate giant migrating contractions (GMCs). Fecal bile acids (BAs) were determined as well.

Key Results

Elobixibat and sennoside significantly increased the number of defecations, fecal wet weight, and water content within 10 hours after administration. Elobixibat dose‐dependently decreased the time to first bowel movement, increased the amount of total fecal BAs, and rapidly induced mild GMCs during defecation; however, higher strength of GMCs was observed with sennoside.

Conclusions & Inference

Elobixibat induces bowel movements faster than sennoside through a different mechanism. Elobixibat locally inhibits IBAT in the ileal lumen, leading to elevated fecal BAs in the colon and induced mild GMCs during defecation.
Reduced pharyngeal constriction is associated with impaired swallowing efficiency in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Authors: Waito Ashley A. , Tabor‐Gray Lauren C. , Steele Catriona M. , Plowman Emily K.
Published: August 2018

Background

Swallowing inefficiency is a prevalent but understudied problem in individuals with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Although reduced pharyngeal constriction has been identified as a mechanism contributing to swallowing inefficiency following stroke, this relationship has not been empirically tested in the ALS population. This study sought to characterize profiles of swallowing efficiency in a sample of ALS patients and investigate relationships between pharyngeal constriction and swallowing efficiency.

Methods

Twenty‐six adults with ALS underwent videofluoroscopic swallowing studies, involving 3 mL‐thin, 20 mL‐thin, and 3 mL‐pudding boluses. Full‐length recordings were segmented into bolus clips and randomized for analysis. We recorded the total number of swallows per bolus and obtained normalized pixel‐based measures of pharyngeal constriction area and post‐swallow residue in the vallecular and pyriform sinuses. Linear mixed models with Spearman's correlations were used to determine relationships between pharyngeal constriction and swallowing efficiency, with added factors of bolus volume and thickness.

Key Results

Individuals with ALS demonstrated reduced pharyngeal constriction and increased vallecular and pyriform sinus residue, compared to norms. Reduced pharyngeal constriction had a significant effect on the presence of vallecular and pyriform sinus residue as well as the number of swallows per bolus. Increased bolus thickness was associated with increased vallecular residue, while increased bolus volume was associated with reduced pharyngeal constriction. Results were significant at P < 0.05.

Conclusions & Inferences

Our results suggest that reduced pharyngeal constriction is a significant physiological parameter related to swallow inefficiency in ALS. Future work is needed to corroborate these preliminary results and investigate factors to mitigate such impairments.
Mitochondrial complex I dysfunction increases CO2 efflux and reconfigures metabolic fluxes of day respiration in tobacco leaves
Authors: Lothier Jérémy , De Paepe Rosine , Tcherkez Guillaume
Published: August 2018

Mutants affected in complex I are useful to understand the role played by mitochondrial electron transport and redox metabolism in cellular homeostasis and signaling. However, their respiratory phenotype is incompletely described and a specific examination of day respiration (Rd) is lacking.

Here, we used isotopic methods and metabolomics to investigate the impact of complex I dysfunction on Rd in two respiratory mutants of forest tobacco (Nicotiana sylvestris): cytoplasmic male sterile II (CMSII) and nuclear male sterile 1 (NMS1), previously characterized for complex I disruption.

Rd was higher in mutants and the inhibition of leaf respiration by light was lower. Higher Rd values were caused by increased (phosphoenol)pyruvate (PEP) metabolism at the expense of anaplerotic (PEP carboxylase (PEPc) ‐catalyzed) activity. De novo synthesis of Krebs cycle intermediates in the light was larger in mutants than in the wild‐type, although numerically small in all genotypes. Carbon metabolism in mutants involved alternative pathways, such as alanine synthesis, and an increase in amino acid production with the notable exception of aspartate.

Our results show that the alteration of NADH re‐oxidation activity by complex I does not cause a general inhibition of catabolism, but rather a re‐orchestration of fluxes in day respiratory metabolism, leading to an increased CO2 efflux.