bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Responding to daily event questionnaires: the influence of the order of hassle and uplift scales
Authors: Maybery Darryl , Maybery Murray , Bresnan Renay , Croft Belinda , Graham Renae , Macaulay Jacinta , McQualter Sarah , Mitchell Elizabeth , Sherwell Kristy , Szakacs Emily
Published: August 2002

Two studies demonstrated differences in hassle and uplift ratings of daily events as a function of questionnaire order and format. In the first study, 123 undergraduates rated 143 events as both sources of hassles and sources of uplifts. The order of completion of hassle and uplift ratings had a substantial impact on uplift ratings, but only a minor impact on hassle ratings. Events were rated less uplifting when these ratings followed rather than preceded hassle ratings. The second study replicated this asymmetric order effect for hassle and uplift ratings when events were restricted to the 53‐item Delongis scale and when a middle‐aged sample was used (n = 104). Furthermore, prior hassle ratings were shown to suppress uplift ratings not only when the two sets of ratings were separated, but also when the typical combined format of the Delongis scale was used. In this combined format, events are listed in a central column and one set of ratings (e.g. hassles) is completed on the left, the other set (e.g. uplifts) on the right. An additional result was that uplift ratings were higher for the combined format compared to the separated format. Results are discussed with reference to a possible effect of hassle recall/evaluation on negative mood, which may then impact on uplift recall/evaluation. The findings highlight the potentially differential impact of negative and positive events on individuals and provide a clear direction for the ordering of scales (i.e. positive before negative) in questionnaire packages. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Creating transforming leadership for organizational change: the CogniScope System approach
Authors: Magliocca Larry A. , Christakis Alexander N.
Published: August 2002

To prepare for post‐industrial leadership in the twenty‐first century, we must transcend the circular journey of leadership studies of the twentieth century which is rooted in the industrial paradigm of organizations. The post‐industrial era of knowledge workers requires a group‐based, interactive framework of leadership. Based on the works of Burns (1978) and Rost (1991), the authors propose a definition of transforming leadership discovered through their systems design work. Three principles of transforming leadership are identified through the application of the CogniScope System. From 200 applications of the CogniScope System in various organizations, the phenomenon of transforming leadership has emerged as an important possibility. Observations from multiple applications of the CogniScope System have led to the codification of three principles that fit the context, content, and process of systems design work. The three principles are illustrated through excerpts of a case study. Using the case study, the authors identify specific events or group products to validate the claim that transforming leadership did occur. The authors identify a need for research by other emancipatory systems thinking methodologies to further our understanding of transforming leadership. The authors speculate on the emergence of transforming leaders/managers in new organizational structures that will support transforming leadership. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards unifying science: Applying concepts across disciplinary boundaries
Authors: Bailey Kenneth D.
Published: August 2002

Unified science is one goal of systems science, but can only be achieved through a standardized, unified terminology. The practice of transporting concepts to other disciplines is widespread, but often lacks coherent planning, and thus fails to achieve terminological unification. The purpose of this paper is to explore ways that such unified terminology can be developed. Past trends in concept exportation are reviewed for a number of disciplines, showing that concept degradation is common. Four possible outcomes of concept exportation are presented. Next, strategies for terminological unification are identified. The last portion of the paper illustrates concept exportation by focusing on autopoiesis, cybernetics, and entropy. It is found that although neutral terms are often adopted, concept exportation meets resistance in both the origin and destination disciplines. Frequently prefixes are utilized to designate various applications of a term. In conclusion, an evaluation of the current state of terminological unification is offered, along with seven recommendations for the future. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Racial Identity and Asian Americans: Support and Challenges
Authors: Alvarez Alvin N.
Published: August 2002

Racial identity is an important but often overlooked aspect of working with Asian American college students. An understanding of racial identity theory can provide insight into the ways students experience and deal with the college environment, peers, and their identity.
Some structural health monitoring approaches for nonlinear hydraulic dampers
Authors: Wolfe Raymond W. , Masri Sami F. , Caffrey John
Published: August 2002

Viscous dampers are integral components in the implementation of structural control retrofit strategies on several new or retrofitted bridges throughout the world. Design engineers have realized the economic and engineering value of dissipating the large anticipated forces from wind and seismic loads. Owing to the significance of the role played by the dampers in the retrofit schemes, it is imperative that health monitoring strategies be investigated. Health monitoring procedures provide potential capabilities to continuously evaluate the integrity of components. The goals of the study reported herein were to conduct some analytical and experimental studies to evaluate a promising strategy for structural health monitoring of nonlinear viscous dampers. A nonparametric identification technique previously developed to handle a very broad class of nonlinear problems usually encountered in the structural dynamics field is used in conjunction with noise‐polluted synthetic data to assess the sensitivity of the proposed approach to detect slight changes in the characteristics of a nonlinear viscous damper under broadband excitation. By inspecting changes in the probability density function of the identified dominant system parameters, it is shown that the proposed structural health monitoring approach is capable of detecting small changes, even in the presence of a modest amount of noise pollution. Preliminary experimental results are also presented from a realistic laboratory model to illustrate the application of the monitoring scheme. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Activation of calpain may alter the postsynaptic density structure and modulate anchoring of NMDA receptors
Authors: Vinade Lucia , Petersen Jennifer D. , Do Khanh , Dosemeci Ayse , Reese Thomas S.
Published: August 2002

Elevation of calcium during sustained synaptic activity may lead to the activation of the postsynaptic calcium‐dependent protease calpain and thus could alter the integrity and localization of endogenous proteins. The distribution of anchoring proteins for neuroreceptors is an important determinant of the efficacy of neuronal transmission. Many of these anchoring proteins are concentrated within the postsynaptic density (PSD). In the present study, we examined the effects of calpain II on isolated PSDs using biochemical and electron microscopic techniques. Biochemical analysis reveals that PSD‐95, a clustering molecule which anchors NMDA receptors by interaction with their NR2 subunits, as well as the NR2 subunits themselves, are cleaved by calpain. On the other hand, under conditions where all the PSD‐95 protein is cleaved, actin and α‐actinin—a protein thought to anchor NMDA receptors to actin filaments—remain intact. For analysis by electron microscopy, PSDs were adsorbed on glass, immunogold‐labeled with an antibody to PSD‐95, slam frozen, freeze dried, and rotary shadowed. Electron micrographs of replicas indicate that PSDs are disc‐shaped and are composed of a lattice‐like structure which labels with PSD‐95 immunogold. After calpain treatment, PSDs adsorbed on glass become thinner overall and the lattice becomes fragmented. Altogether, these results suggest that calpain activity could produce changes in the organization of the PSD and, by cleaving PSD‐95 associated with the PSD lattice, could modify the anchoring of NMDA receptors. Synapse 40:302–309, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vivo genotoxic effect of cadmium chloride in mice leukocytes using comet assay
Authors: Devi K. Dana , Banu B. Saleha , Mahboob M. , Jamil Kaiser , Grover Paramjit
Published: August 2002

The alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) or “comet” assay under alkaline conditions was used to measure DNA damage in the leukocytes of Swiss Albino male mice exposed to cadmium chloride (CdCl2). The effect of CdCl2 was studied after a single acute oral administration of a range of doses starting from 0.5 to 128.0 mg/kg b.wt of CdCl2.The samples of whole blood were collected from each mouse at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h post‐treatment to study single/double strand breaks in DNA. A significant increase in mean comet tail length indicating DNA damage was observed with CdCl2 at 24 h post‐treatment (P<0.05) with CdCl2 when compared to controls. A gradual decrease in the mean tail length was observed at 48 h post‐treatment indicating repair of the damaged DNA. The mean tail length showed a dose‐related increase and time‐dependent decrease after treatment with CdCl2 when compared to controls. The study also confirms that the comet assay is a sensitive and rapid method to detect DNA damage caused by heavy metal like Cadmium (Cd). Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. 21:325–333, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Outcome of Major Hepatectomy with Pancreatoduodenectomy for Advanced Biliary Malignancies
Authors: Miyagawa Shinichi , Makuuchi Masatoshi , Kawasaki Seiji , Hayashi Ken , Harada Haruhisa , Kitamura Hiroshi , Seki Hitoshi
Published: August 2002

In patients with advanced biliary malignancies a chance of curability is obtained by performing only major hepatectomy with concomitant pancreatoduodenectomy. This aggressive procedure carries two major risks: hepatic failure and pancreatic anastomotic leakage. Ten patients with advanced biliary malignancies were treated by major hepatectomy with pancreatoduodenectomy. Nine patients underwent right portal venous embolization before hepatectomy. Complete external drainage of pancreatic juice followed by second‐stage pancreatojejunostomy was performed in five patients. Three of these five underwent concomitant resection of the hepatic artery, portal vein, or both. Pancreatogastrostomy was chosen for five patients who required no concomitant vascular resection. There were no hospital deaths or hepatic failures. Leaks from pancreatogastrostomy occurred in two patients. In five patients who underwent external drainage of pancreatic juice, there were no complications related to the pancreatic stump, although one had ischemic necrosis of the jejunal segment and laparotomy was repeated. Mean survival time was 31.8 months (range 13–59 months). Portal venous embolization and complete external drainage of pancreatic juice followed by late stage pancreatojejunostomy are recommended surgical procedures for patients undergoing major hepatectomy with pancreatoduodenectomy, especially when concomitant vascular resection is required for curative resection of the tumor in patients with a soft pancreatic parenchyma and thin pancreatic duct.
Surgical treatment of infected necrosis
Authors: Rau B. , Uhl W. , Buchler M. W. , Beger H. G.
Published: August 2002

Over the years, experience has shown that the cornerstone for improved survival in patients with infected pancreatic necrosis is an early, precise diagnosis followed by adequate drainage combined with modern intensive care management. In experienced hands, this goal can be achieved with different surgical approaches, provided that all septic collections are thoroughly removed and that reexploration is performed promptly if there is evidence of ongoing sepsis. If there is any concept preferable, and under what conditions, future large‐scale randomized trials with precise and comparable patient stratification will have to demonstrate it.
Management of Pancreatic Lesions in von Hippel‐Lindau Disease
Authors: Cheng Tsung‐Yen , Su Cheng‐Hsi , Shyr Yi‐Ming , Lui Wing‐Yiu
Published: August 2002

Twelve patients with von Hippel‐Lindau disease were collected in our institute from 1981 to 1995. All had a family history of the disease. Eleven patients underwent abdominal computed tomography, sonography, or angiographic studies. Ten had pancreatic involvement that included cystic lesions in nine and a solid lesion in one. Seven patients were asymptomatic. Another three presented with obstructive jaundice or upper gastrointestinal (UGI) bleeding. Except for case 8, who died of a central nervous system complication soon after diagnosis of the pancreatic lesion, the other patients had been found to have pancreatic involvement for a variable period of time, ranging from 1 to 13 years (median 5 years). Serous cystadenoma was proved pathologically in two with cystic lesions, and pancreatic endocrine tumor was diagnosed in one with a solid mass. One patient (case 1) underwent biliary bypass due to obstructive jaundice and died of cholangitis and pneumonia 6 years later. One patient (case 3) had total pancreatectomy and lived well with good diabetic control for more than 5 years. The patient with a solid lesion was explored because of repeated UGI bleeding. Surgical resection was impossible owing to advanced tumor with vascular involvement, and a pancreatic endocrine tumor was diagnosed pathologically. He was followed for 1 year. The other seven patients remained asymptomatic during the successive follow‐up period. From a literature review and our own experience, we suggest that conservative measures are adequate for the cystic lesions; however, aggressive resection is mandatory for a solid pancreatic lesion in von Hippel‐Lindau disease.
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy: Model of a Severe Regional Inflammatory Response Syndrome
Authors: Goris R. Jan A.
Published: August 2002

The systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and acute reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome (RSD) share clinical signs of severe inflammation, a protracted course, and a similar problem of impaired oxygen utilization. The difference is that SIRS patients have these signs and symptoms systemically and are severely ill in the intensive care unit (ICU), whereas acute RSD patients are in good health and their problems are limited to one extremity. Both conditions seem to be the result of an exaggerated inflammatory response. As RSD patients have a healthy contralateral extremity, they may be their own control in various flux studies. It is hypothesized that this situation is exquisitely suitable for studying the pathophysiology of severe inflammatory responses in humans. Only a few patients are required to perform studies of, for example, oxygen metabolism and cytokine or oxygen radical production. Assessment methods may be utilized, such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, which cannot easily be performed in ICU patients.
Laparoscopic Surgery: A Pioneer's Point of View
Authors: Périssat Jacques
Published: August 2002

For a surgeon who performed some of the first laparoscopic cholecystectomies, laparoscopic surgery is undoubtedly the main revolution in the last decade of this century. It is impossible not to be fascinated by the extraordinary changes introduced in our profession in less than 10 years. However, looking back in history, one realizes that laparoscopy is but one of those leaps forward that have always punctuated the evolution of our profession. Since the last century we have witnessed the advent of painless surgery, infectionless surgery, reconstructive surgery, microsurgery, surgery under extracorporeal circulation, organ replacement, and so on. We are in the time of scarless surgery, with no lengthy postoperative handicap. Maybe tomorrow will see surgery performed by remote‐controlled robots and surgery at the molecule level. The laparoscopic revolution is particularly important because for the first time surgery no longer involves any physical contact between the surgeon's hand and the patient. Let us hope that this will not lead to total absence of a human relationship in the surgical operation. To avoid this possibility we must remain resolutely involved in the development of laparoscopic surgery; we must keep our minds open to the future advances of science and technology and integrate them in our operative procedures.
Review of Arterial Vascular Ultrasound
Authors: Phillips Gareth W.L.
Published: August 2002

Duplex ultrasound (US) is established as having a major role in the assessment of both extracranial carotid disease and lower limb graft surveillance. It is also of considerable value in the assessment of lower limb ischemia when used in conjunction with clinical and pressure measurements, and in the monitoring of abdominal aneurysms. Its many other arterial applications are of interest but are currently less well defined. The impact of power Doppler, contrast agents, harmonic imaging, and 3‐dimensional reconstruction techniques is yet to be fully appreciated.
Axillary Lymph Nodes in Breast Cancer: Is Size Related to Metastatic Involvement?
Authors: Obwegeser Reinhard , Lorenz Katharina , Hohlagschwandtner Maria , Czerwenka Klaus , Schneider Barbara , Kubista Ernst
Published: August 2002

Usually when using imaging procedures, such as axillary mammography or ultrasonography, a cutoff level of 5 mm for lymph node size is postulated to be not only the limit of lymph node visibility but also a sign of metastatic involvement. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether this assumption, used as a basic hypothesis in many reports, is true. A series of 72 axillary specimens from 71 breast carcinoma patients operated at the university hospital of Vienna were analyzed. A comparison of histologically noninvolved axillary specimens with those showing metastatic involvement revealed that the two groups did not differ significantly according to the number or size of lymph nodes per axilla. For lymph nodes <5 mm the probability of being metastatically involved was still 10%. Enlarged lymph nodes (5–20 mm) had a slightly higher risk of being malignant (20%). In contrast, the probability of metastatic involvement for lymph nodes >20 mm was only 40%. We suggest that many reports dealing with the prediction of malignancy in axillary lymph nodes may have used misleading basic assumptions, so the results of these studies must be viewed critically.
Arthroscopic Removal of Dorsoproximal Chip Fractures of the Proximal Phalanx in Standing Horses
Authors: Elce Yvonne A. , Richardson Dean W.
Published: August 2002

Objective—To report a technique for, and outcome after, arthroscopic removal of dorsoproximal chip fractures of a proximal phalanx in standing horses.

Study design—Retrospective study.

Animals or sample population—A total of 104 horses, 1 to 13 years of age, with a dorsoproximal chip fracture of a proximal phalanx.

Methods—Horses were restrained in standing stocks and sedated with intravenous xylazine, detomidine, or a combination of both drugs. Local analgesia was achieved with 2% mepivacaine administered intra‐articularly and by subcutaneous infiltration in a crescent‐shaped block dorsal to the fetlock. Sterile drapes were placed on the surgical field, and impervious drapes were used on the hoof and floor. Arthroscopic portals were created in the dorsal pouch of the metacarpophalangeal or metatarsophalangeal joints to remove chip fractures. Statistical analysis was performed on race records for all Thoroughbred racehorses and compared with previously published studies. Operative and hospitalization times were compared with those of the general hospital population, and risks associated with general anesthesia were examined.

Results—No major operative or postoperative complications occurred. Ninety‐one percent of racehorses raced after surgery with 78% returning to race at the same or higher level.

Conclusion—Standing arthroscopic surgery can be performed successfully to remove dorsoproximal chip fractures of the proximal phalanx.

Clinical relevance—Standing arthroscopic surgery is a valid alternative treatment for experienced surgeons to avoid the expense and potential risks associated with general anesthesia.
Laparoscopic Cryptorchidectomy Using Electrosurgical Instrumentation in Standing Horses
Authors: Hanrath Monique , Rodgerson Dwayne H.
Published: August 2002

Objective—To describe a technique for laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy in standing horses using electrosurgical instrumentation.

Study design—Retrospective clinical study.

Animals or sample population—Ten horses, 1 to 7 years of age, with unilaterally or bilaterally retained testes.

Methods—Food was withheld for a minimum of 12 to 24 hours. Horses were sedated using xylazine hydrochloride (0.5 to 1 mg/kg) and butorphanol tartrate (0.02 mg/kg) or detomidine hydrochloride (0.02 to 0.03 mg/kg) and restrained in standing stocks. Three portal sites in the paralumbar fossae were locally desensitized using 2% mepivacaine. After trocar and laparoscope insertion, the ipsilateral testicle, mesorchium, and ductus deferens were identified. The cranial mesorchium was coagulated with either monopolar (one horse) or bipolar (nine horses) electrosurgical forceps, and then the mesorchium, ductus deferens, and ligament of the tail of the epididymis were transected from cranial to caudal using laparoscopic scissors. Once the testis was freed, the transected mesorchium was inspected for hemorrhage and the testis was removed by connecting the two instrument portals (eight horses). In two horses, the testis was placed within a laparoscopic retrieval bag and then removed without enlarging the portal incision. If the testes were retained bilaterally, the retained contralateral testis was removed similarly through the opposite paralumbar fossa. If the contralateral testis was descended, it was removed by a standard, standing castration technique.

Results—Vessels of the mesorchium were adequately coagulated using bipolar and monopolar electrosurgical forceps. No immediate or short‐term complications occurred in 10 horses at 3 to 11 months after surgery.

Conclusion—Standing laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy can be performed easily and safely using electrosurgical instrumentation as the sole means of providing hemostasis of the equine mesorchium.

Clinical relevance—Standing laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy using electrosurgical instrumentation provides a safe, reliable, and efficient alternative to achieve hemostasis of the equine mesorchium.
Comparative Genomics Uncovers Large Tandem Chromosomal Duplications inMycobacterium bovisBCG Pasteur
Authors: Brosch Roland , Gordon Stephen V. , Buchrieser Carmen , Pym Alexander S. , Garnier Thierry , Cole Stewart T.
Published: August 2002

On direct comparison of minimal sets of ordered clones from bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries representing the complete genomes ofMycobacterium tuberculosisH37Rv and the vaccine strain,Mycobacterium bovisBCG Pasteur, two major rearrangements were identified in the genome ofM. bovisBCG Pasteur. These were shown to correspond to two tandem duplications, DU1 and DU2, of 29 668 bp and 36 161 bp, respectively. While DU1 resulted from a single duplication event, DU2 apparently arose from duplication of a 100 kb genomic segment that subsequently incurred an internal deletion of 64 kb. Several lines of evidence suggest that DU2 may continue to expand, since two copies were detected in a subpopulation of BCG Pasteur cells. BCG strains harbouring DU1 and DU2 are diploid for at least 58 genes and contain two copies oforiC, the chromosomal origin of replication. These findings indicate that these genomic regions of the BCG genome are still dynamic. Although the role of DU1 and DU2 in the attenuation and/or altered immunogenicity of BCG is yet unknown, knowledge of their existence will facilitate quality control of BCG vaccine lots and may help in monitoring the efficacy of the world's most widely used vaccine.
Compounds in the series from boron subphthalocyanine to boron subnaphthalocyanine
Authors: ZYSKOWSKI CHRISTOPHER D. , KENNEDY VANCE O.
Published: August 2002

The four compounds in the series from chloro[subphthalocyaninato]boron(III) to chloro[subnaphthalocyaninato]boron (III) where synthesized in a one-pot reaction. To obtain a more soluble set of compounds, the mixture was then reacted with the sodium salt of trihexylsilanol. This mixture was separated by chromatography to provide trihexylsiloxy[subphthalocyaninato]boron(III), trihexylsiloxy[ SubN 1 P 2]boron(III), trihexylsiloxy[ SubN 2 P 1]boron(III) and trihexylsiloxy[subnaphthalocyaninato]boron(III). These compounds were characterized by 1 H NMR, EI-MS and UV-vis. They show interesting spectral features in the visible region.
Negotiating the democratic classroom
Authors: Colin Scipio A. J. , Heaney Thomas W.
Published: August 2002

The authors reflect on their experiences incorporating democratic ideals in their work as university professors in an adult education doctoral program.
Andragogy and Self‐Directed Learning: Pillars of Adult Learning Theory
Authors: Merriam Sharan B.
Published: August 2002

Andragogy and self‐directed learning continue to be important to our present‐day understanding of adult learning.
Tides of change: New themes and questions in workplace learning
Authors: Fenwick Tara
Published: August 2002

What are researchers and theorists interested in workplace learning writing about? What are some of the issues and topics occupying contemporary scholarship in this field? This chapter provides a brief overview of shared understandings, selected themes, and emerging questions that focus on sociocultural learning perspectives.
Expanding notions of work and learning: Profiles of latent power
Authors: Livingstone D. W.
Published: August 2002

Inclusive approaches to studying learning and work should consider both paid employment and informal training and untaught learning, as well as organized forms of education, unpaid housework, and community volunteer work. Underemployment of acquired skills is widespread in paid workplaces.
Therapeutic plasma exchange in Mexico: Experience from a single institution
Authors: Lazo‐Langner Alejandro , Espinosa‐Poblano Irma , Tirado‐Cárdenas Nelly , Ramírez‐Arvizu Patricia , López‐Salmorán Josefa , Peñaloza‐Ramírez Paula , Sánchez‐Guerrero Sergio A.
Published: August 2002

Information about therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) in developing countries is lacking. We report our experience with TPE performed for different indications during a 7‐year period. We reviewed all TPE procedures performed in our institution during a 7‐year period. Patients were divided in four groups according to the following indications: thrombotic microangiopathies (TM), myasthenia gravis (MG), polyneuropathies (PNP), and miscellaneous indications (MI). Clinical outcome (CO) and complications were evaluated. Eighty‐seven procedures were carried out in 81 patients, for a total of 376 TPE sessions. Eighty‐two procedures were analyzed for CO. In the group of TM we had 65% overall response rate (ORR): 35% complete response (CR) and 30% partial response (PR). Six (28.6%) patients died in this group. In the MG group we had 90% ORR: 69% CR and 21% PR. In the PNP group we had 78% ORR: 56% CR and 22% PR. In the MI group we had 92% ORR: 59% CR and 33% PR. We observed 47 adverse reactions in 40 (46%) procedures performed in 38 (47%) patients. This represented 12.5% of sessions. We had seven major complications leading to TPE discontinuation; this represented 8% of the procedures and 1.8% of sessions. One patient (0.2%) died during TPE. Our overall results are acceptable. In the TM group our results are somewhat lower than in other published reports, but in MG and PNP our results are similar to other published reports. Our complication rate is similar to that reported by others. Careful selection of patients and protocols is crucial to achieve maximum benefit from TPE programs in countries where plasmapheresis facilities are not widely available. Am. J. Hematol. 70:16–21, 2002.
A critique of the grandmother hypotheses: Old and new
Authors: Peccei Jocelyn Scott
Published: August 2002

The singularity of reproductive senescence in human females has led many investigators to consider menopause an adaptation permitting increased maternal investment in existing progeny. Much of the focus has been on the grandmother hypothesis—the notion that aging women gain an inclusive fitness advantage from investing in their grandchildren. This hypothesis has evolved from an explanation for menopause into an explanation for the exceptionally long postreproductive lifespan in human females. In the old grandmother hypothesis, menopause is an adaptation facilitating grandmothering; it is about stopping early in order to create a postreproductive lifespan. In the new grandmother hypothesis, grandmothering is an adaptation facilitating increased longevity, and menopause is a byproduct. This paper reviews and critically evaluates the evidence for and against both hypotheses, focusing on key predictions of each. If menopause is the result of selection for increased maternal investment, this involved mainly mothers, not grandmothers. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 13:434–452, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Psychophysiology of work: Stress, gender, endocrine response, and work‐related upper extremity disorders*
Authors: Lundberg Ulf
Published: August 2002

Background

Mental stress may induce muscle tension and has been proposed to contribute to the development of work related upper extremity disorders (WRUEDs) by driving low threshold motor units into degenerative processes by overload.

Methods and Results

Measurements of perceived stress, catecholamines, blood pressure, and heart rate are associated with stress induced elevation of trapezius electromyographic activity. In repetitive tasks, where WRUEDs are common, psychophysiological arousal is generally high both during and after work. A possible explanation of the high prevalence of WRUEDs among women could be that women often are performing repetitive tasks and are exposed to additional stress from unpaid work.

Conclusions

It is concluded that both physical and psychosocial work conditions may contribute to WRUEDs by inducing physiological stress and muscle tension. Am. J. Ind. Med. 41:383–392, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Asthma and other respiratory symptoms in New Zealand pine processing sawmill workers
Authors: Douwes Jeroen , McLean Dave , Slater Tania , Pearce Neil
Published: August 2002

Background

To study respiratory symptoms in pine sawmill workers.

Methods

A respiratory health questionnaire was administered to 772 pine sawmill workers and the association between symptoms and job‐title‐based exposure was studied.

Results

Asthma in exposed workers (18%, n = 704) was more common than in the general population (12.1%, n = 592; adjusted OR (95% CI): 1.6 (1.1–2.3)). Asthma was also more common in the low exposure group (15.6%, n = 294) and high exposure groups (high exposure to ‘green dust’; 20.4%, n = 212 and high exposure to ‘dry dust’; 18.8%, n = 198) than in the non‐exposed workers (9.2%, n = 65). Adjusted odds ratios were 1.9 (0.7–4.9), 2.7 (0.9–7.6), and 2.1 (0.8–5.7), respectively. Adjusted odds ratios for symptoms of cough were 2.7 (1.2–6.5) for the low, 5.2 (2.1–13.0) for the high ‘green dust’ and 3.3 (1.4–7.9) for the high ‘dry dust’ exposure groups. Moreover, eye and nose irritations were significantly more prevalent in the high and low exposure groups.

Conclusions

Working in pine sawmilling is associated with an increased prevalence of asthma and cough symptoms and eye and nose irritation. Am. J. Ind. Med. 39:608–615, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combined use of PRINS and FISH in the study of the dystrophin gene
Authors: Cinti Caterina , Stuppia Liborio , Maraldi Nadir Mario
Published: August 2002

The efficacy of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) may be limited in specific applications by low‐resolution sensitivity. Primed in situ labeling (PRINS) is based on specific hybridization of an unlabeled oligonucleotide with a denatured template and synthesis of a single‐strand DNA in situ. This method may represent a powerful alternative to FISH for gene mapping because of its ability to generate multiple independent signals within the same gene segment. We investigated the specificity of signals produced by a modified PRINS protocol combining a centromeric probe for the X‐chromosome with specific primers for 3′‐ and 5′‐terminal regions of the dystrophin gene. In approximately 70% of nuclei from male and female subjects, we detected one or two large signals (X‐chromosome centromere) and two or four smaller signals (the two regions of the dystrophin gene). Specific hybridization of the oligonucleotides on Xp was demonstrated by localization of the smaller (dystrophin) and larger (X‐centromere) signals on the same chromosome. Simultaneous hybridization with a centromeric probe and gene‐specific oligonucleotides allowed localization of PRINS signals, and assessment of the specificity of the primers used for hybridization. This approach could facilitate identification of female carriers of small intragenic deletions in the dystrophin gene. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A combination of physical examination and ECG detects the majority of hemodynamically significant heart defects in neonates with Down syndrome
Authors: Shashi Vandana , Berry Margaret N. , Covitz Wesley
Published: August 2002

Echocardiography has become the method of choice in the diagnosis of a congenital heart defect (CHD) in neonates with Down syndrome. The most compelling argument for diagnosis of CHD in the neonatal period is the need for early surgical intervention (ideally prior to 6 months of age) in those with a complete atrioventricular (AV) canal. We evaluated the efficacy of a combined approach of physical examination (PE) and electrocardiography (ECG) in the detection of CHD in 49 neonates with Down syndrome. Our findings indicate that most hemodynamically significant defects (78%), especially a complete AV canal, can be detected by this approach. Hemodynamically insignificant minor defects, such as a small patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and a small atrial septal defect (ASD), may be missed. Thus, echocardiography remains the most sensitive way to diagnose CHD. However, given that the combination of PE and ECG detects the majority of complete AV canal defects, it can be used as an alternative approach when echocardiography is not easily accessible, due to geographic or economic constraints. Follow‐up after a few weeks of those with normal PE and ECG findings should enable detection of new symptoms and signs and evolving ECG findings that may have been missed in the immediate newborn period. Patients who are judged by PE and ECG to have CHD will need echocardiographic confirmation. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Van der Woude syndrome with sensorineural hearing loss, large craniofacial sinuses, dental pulp stones, and minor limb anomalies: Report of a four‐generation Thai family
Authors: Kantaputra Piranit N. , Sumitsawan Yupa , Schutte Brian C. , Tochareontanaphol Chintana
Published: August 2002

A four‐generation Thai family affected with Van der Woude syndrome is reported. The disorder appeared to be originally inherited from a person who was half Thai and half Pakistani. The lip lesions found in this family were varied and did not appear to be related to other phenotypes. There were some clinical manifestations possibly specific for the condition in this family. They included sensorineural hearing loss, prominent frontal bone, large frontal/sphenoidal/maxillary sinuses with increased mastoid air cells, long tooth roots, dental pulp stones, ankyloglossia, brachydactyly of hands, brachyphalangy, and hyperphalangy of toes, and single flexion crease of the fifth fingers. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis revealed no visible deletion at a 1q32‐41 region. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Deconstructing death in paleodemography
Authors: Konigsberg Lyle W. , Frankenberg Susan R.
Published: August 2002

In 1992 in this Journal (Konigsberg and Frankenberg [1992] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.89:235–256), we wrote about the use of maximum likelihood methods for the “estimation of age structure in anthropological demography.” More specifically, we presented a particular method (the “iterated age‐length key”) from the fisheries literature and suggested that the method could be used in human and primate demography and paleodemography as well. In our paper (section titled “Some Future Directions”), we spelled out two broad areas that we expected to see develop over the ensuing years. First, we felt that the use of explicit likelihood methods would open up interest in basic estimation issues, such as the calculation of standard errors for demographic estimates and the formulation of tests for whether samples differed in their demographic structure. Second, we felt that the time was ripe for hazards analyses that would incorporate the uncertainty in estimation that follows from using age “indicators” rather than known ages. While some of these developments have occurred during the last decade, few have been reported in theAmerican Journal of Physical Anthropology. In this paper we resolve some issues from our 1992 paper, and attempt to redress this deficit in the literature by reviewing some recent developments in paleodemography over the past decade. Am J Phys Anthropol 117:297–309, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Plasticity of language networks in patients with brain tumors: A positron emission tomography activation study
Authors: Thiel Alexander , Herholz Karl , Koyuncu Adem , Ghaemi Mehran , Kracht Lutz W. , Habedank Birgit , Heiss Wolf‐Dieter
Published: August 2002

We investigated plasticity of language networks exposed to slowly evolving brain damage. Single subject O‐15‐water language activation positron emission tomography studies were analyzed in 61 right‐handed patients with brain tumors of the left hemisphere, and 12 normal controls. In controls, activations were found in left Brodmann's Area (BA)44 and BA45, superior posterior temporal gyrus bilaterally, and right cerebellum. Patients additionally activated left BA46, BA47, anterior insula, and left cerebellum. Superior temporal activation was less frequent, and activations in areas other than posterior temporal gyrus were found bilaterally. Frontolateral activations within the nondominant hemisphere were only seen in patients (63%) with frontal or posterior temporal lesions. Laterality indices of frontolateral cortex showed reversed language dominance in 18% of patients. Laterality indices of the cerebellum were negatively correlated with language performance. Two compensatory mechanisms in patients with slowly evolving brain lesions are described: An intrahemispheric mechanism with recruitment of left frontolateral regions other than classic language areas; and an interhemispheric compensatory mechanism with frontolateral activation in the nondominant hemisphere. The latter one was only found in patients with frontal or posterior temporal lesions, thus supporting the hypothesis that right frontolateral activations are a disinhibition phenomenon.
Synthesis and in vitro antitumor activity of some tetraphenylantimony derivatives of exo‐7‐oxa‐bicyclo[2,2,1] heptane (ene)‐3‐arylamide‐2‐acid
Authors: Li Jin‐Shan , Ma Yong‐Qiang , Cui Jing‐Rong , Wang Rui‐Qing
Published: August 2002

A series of novel tetraphenylantimony derivatives of exo‐7‐oxa‐bicyclo[2,2,1] heptane (ene)‐3‐arylamide‐2‐acid of the general formula Ph4SbO2CCHCHCH2CH2CH(O)HCONHAr (Ar = Ph,4‐ClC6H4, 4‐BrC6H4, 3‐BrC6H4, 4‐F‐3‐ClC6H3 and 4‐MeC6H4) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR and mass spectra. The crystal structure of Ph4SbO2CCHCHCH2CH2CH(O)HCONHC6­H4CH3·CHCl3 was determined by X‐ray diffraction. Five human neoplastic cell lines (HL‐60, KB, Bel‐7402, BGC‐823 and HCT‐8) were used to screen these compounds. The results indicate that these compounds at 10 µM show certain in vitro antitumor activities. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tensile and dynamic mechanical properties of improved ultrathin polymeric films
Authors: Bhushan Bharat , Ma Tiejun , Higashioji Takuji
Published: August 2002

Tensile and dynamic mechanical properties of improved ultrathin polymeric films for magnetic tapes are presented. These films include poly(ethylene terephthalate) or PET, poly(ethylene naphthalate) or PEN, and aromatic polyamide (ARAMID). PET film is currently the standard substrate used for magnetic tapes; thinner tensilized‐type PET, PEN, and ARAMID were recently used as alternate substrates with improved material properties. The thickness of the films ranges from 6.2 to 4.8 μm. Young's modulus of elasticity, F5 value, strain‐at‐yield, breaking strength, and strain‐at‐break were obtained at low strain rates by using a tensile machine. Storage (or elastic) modulus, E′, and the loss tangent, tan δ, which is a measurement of viscous energy dissipation, are measured by using a dynamic mechanical analyzer at temperature ranges of −50 to 150°C (for PET), and −50 to 210°C (for PEN and ARAMID), and at a frequency range of 0.016 to 29 Hz. Frequency–temperature superposition was used to predict the dynamic mechanical behavior of the films over a 28 decade frequency range. Results show that ARAMID and tensilized films tend to have higher strength and moduli than standard PET and PEN. The rates of decrease of storage modulus as a function of temperature are lower for PET films than those for PEN and ARAMID films. Storage modulus for PEN films are higher than that for PET films at high frequencies, but this relationship reverses at low frequencies. ARAMID has the highest modulus and strength among the films in this study. The relationship between polymeric structure and mechanical properties are also discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 2225–2244, 2002
Structural effects of compatibilizer localization and effectivity in thermoplastic polyurethane–polyolefin blends
Authors: Stutz Herbert , Heckmann Walter , Pötschke Petra , Wallheinke Katrin
Published: August 2002

A study was performed with blends of thermoplastic polyurethanes and polyolefins to determine the structural requirements for a compatibilizer to be located at the interface. It was demonstrated that during the addition of an incompatible polymeric additive (i.e., incompatible with both blend constituents) to a polyurethane–polyolefin blend, the additive migrated to the interface. This interfacial phenomenon was proven to be virtually independent of compatibilizer viscosity or surface activity. Only when the compatibilizer was quite comparable to one of the phases did small differences in polarity govern whether the compatibilizer remained at the interface or formed micelles. This effect was demonstrated with a series of styrene–(ethylene–butylene)–styrene block copolymer compatibilizers. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 2901–2905, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10285
Characterization of hydrogels based on chitosan and copolymer of poly(dimethylsiloxane) and poly(vinyl alcohol)
Authors: Shin Mi‐Seon , Kim Sun I. , Kim In Young , Kim Nam Gyun , Song Chul Gyu , Kim Seon Jeong
Published: August 2002

Copolymers composed of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) were crosslinked with chitosan to prepare semi‐interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogels by an ultraviolet (UV) irradiation method for application as potential biomedical materials. PVA/PDMS copolymer and chitosan was cast to prepare hydrogel films, followed by a subsequent crosslinking with 2,2‐dimethoxy‐2‐phenylacetophenone as a nontoxic photoinitiator by UV irradiation. Various semi‐interpenetrating polymer networks (semi‐IPNs) were prepared from different weight ratios of chitosan and the copolymer of PVA/PDMS. Photocrosslinked hydrogels exhibited an equilibrium water content (EWC) in the range of 65–95%. Swelling behaviors of these hydrogels were studied by immersion of the gels in various buffer solutions. Particularly, the PCN13 as the highest chitosan weight ratio in semi‐IPN hydrogels showed the highest EWC in time‐dependent and pH‐dependent swelling. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 2591–2596, 2002
Copolymerization behavior and kinetics of an epoxy copolymer with zero shrinkage
Authors: Zhou Zhiqiang , Jin Bangkun , He Pingsheng
Published: August 2002

The copolymerization behavior and the apparent cure kinetics of epoxy resin E51 containing the expanding monomer 3,9‐di(5‐norbornene‐2,2)‐1,5,7,11‐tetraoxaspiro [5,5] undecane (NSOC, norbornene spiro orthocarbonate), were investigated by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Evidence for random copolymerization of the E51‐NSOC system was obtained by dynamic mechanical analysis and electron microscopy. The ring‐opening reaction of the epoxy resin was found to be first order with an activation energy of 62.0 kJ/mol and the reaction with the expanding monomer NSOC was second order with an activation energy of 121.3 kJ/mol. The comonomers were joined with an ether linkage. Longer copolymerization sequence lengths were obtained with higher NSOC contents in the copolymer. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 1457–1464, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10485
Formulation and optimization of thermoplastic polyamide elastomer properties by mixture response surface methodology
Authors: Twu Yawo‐Kuo , Chen Chao‐Jen , Shieh Chwen‐Jen
Published: August 2002

In this study, the formulation and optimization of the properties of thermoplastic polyamide elastomers (TPAEs) were evaluated by a mixture response surface methodology. The TPAEs prepared from different chain extender blends of adipic acid, terephthalic acid (TPA), and C36 dimer acid were characterized by specific gravity measurement, water absorption measurement, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results indicate that the specific gravity of the polymers increased and the water absorption of the polymers decreased as the content of TPA increased. The DSC data show two major endotherms corresponding to the melt of poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol (PTMEG) and nylon‐6 segments. The TGA data show that the thermal degradation temperatures of the polymers increased as the C36 dimer acid content increased. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 9–16, 2002