bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Capability of satellite data to estimate observed precipitation in southeastern South America
Authors: Benítez Victoria D. , Forgioni Fernando P. , Lovino Miguel A. , Sgroi Leandro , Doyle Moira E. , Müller Gabriela V.
Published: January 2024

Precipitation is a fundamental component of the water cycle. Satellite‐derived precipitation estimates with high spatial resolution and daily to subdaily temporal resolution become very important in regions with a limited ground‐based measurement network, such as southeastern South America (SESA). This study evaluates the performance of four state‐of‐the‐art satellite products, including IMERG V.06 Final Run, PERSIANN, PERSIANN CCS‐CDR and PDIR‐NOW in representing observed precipitation over SESA during the 2001–2020 period. The ability of each product to represent observed annual and seasonal precipitation patterns was assessed. Statistical and categorical evaluation metrics were used to evaluate the performance of satellite precipitation estimates at monthly and daily timescales. Our results report that IMERG and CCS‐CDR achieve the best performance in estimating observed precipitation patterns at annual and seasonal timescales. While all satellite products effectively identify autumn and spring precipitation patterns, they struggle to represent winter and summer patterns. Notably, all satellite precipitation products have a better agreement with observed precipitation in wetter regions compared to drier regions, as indicated by the spatial distribution of continuous validation metrics. IMERG stands out as the most accurate product, reaching the highest correlation coefficients (0.75 < CC < 0.95) and Kling–Gupta efficiencies (0.65 < KGE < 0.85, rate as good to very good performance). Regarding categorical statistical metrics, IMERG correctly estimates the fraction of observed rainy days (POD > 0.7, CSI > 0.6) and shows the lowest fraction of estimated precipitation events that did not occur. PERSIANN, CCS‐CDR and PDIR‐NOW exhibit lower performances, mainly in drier areas. Moreover, PERSIANN and PDIR‐NOW tend to overestimate observed precipitation in almost the entire SESA region. We expect this validation study will provide greater reliability to satellite precipitation estimates, in order to provide an alternative that complement the scarce observed information available for decision‐making in water management and agricultural planning.
Relationships between motivation, service quality, tourist satisfaction, quality of life, and spa and wellness tourism
Authors: Xia Lantian , Lee Timothy J. , Kim Dae‐Kwan
Published: January 2024

This study explores the relationships between motivation, service quality, tourist satisfaction, quality of life (QOL), and spa and wellness tourism. The partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS‐SEM) approach was used to analyze the hypotheses generated. The ‘snowball’ sampling technique was used to collect data via an online survey. Derived from a sample of 270 Chinese respondents, the results demonstrate that motivations positively impact service quality perception and tourist satisfaction, which in turn influence QOL. The tourists who perceived good spa and wellness services quality are more likely to be satisfied with their tourism experience. Furthermore, tourist satisfaction mediates the relationship between service quality and the QOL resulting from spa and wellness tourism.
A geospatial decision support system to support policy implementation on climate change in EU
Authors: Bonfante A. , Monaco E. , Vitale A. , Barbato G. , Villani V. , Mercogliano P. , Rianna G. , Mileti F. A. , Manna P. , Terribile F.
Published: January 2024

Climate change (CC) is a global problem bringing multiple different changes in different regions that exacerbate the conflict between landscape demands. Policy in EU and elsewhere are facing the huge challenge of CC by developing specific regulations and strategies (e.g., European climate law, RDP 2014–2020) generally shaped in the United Nations Frameworks Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The “new EU strategy on adaptation to climate change” sets out how the EU can adapt to the unavoidable impacts of CC and become climate resilient by 2050. Unfortunately, the factual implementation of these policies remains critical. Most often there is a lack of science‐based decision support tools empowering regional and local levels to act toward climate resilience. Here we have produced a strong interdisciplinary research effort to support the implementation of the EU strategy on adaptation to CC by providing free web‐based Decision Support Systems having a strong focus on factual territories. Our Geospatial Decision Support System aims to support local authorities/communities, scientists, and other stakeholders in EU and more in detail in Italy in better understanding and implementing local adaptation to climate change by means of a “Climate Change Resilience” toolbox oriented to evaluate the climatic anomalies and thermal crop adaptation. Specifically, in this research, two implemented tools have been discussed: (i) tool on General climatic variation and (ii) tool on Crop thermal adaptation. These tools are demonstrated in two different case studies at both EU and national level. Such a toolbox has been produced in the framework of the LANDSUPPORT Horizon 2020 project (www.landsupport.eu).
Multifunctional Soft Actuator Based on Dielectric Liquid with Simultaneous Luminance and Weight Lifting Capabilities
Authors: Han Dong Jin , Kim Hea Ji , Lee Byung Yang
Published: January 2024

Soft robots require soft actuators for mobility and functionality. To integrate multiple functions in a limited space, researchers are developing multifunctional soft actuators with several functions integrated in one device. This study successfully demonstrates an electroluminescent (EL) soft actuator, a single device with both light‐emitting and actuating capabilities, using liquid dielectric and uniformly dispersed EL phosphor particles. EL phosphor particles are copper‐doped zinc sulfide (ZnS) particles doped with copper. The work is able to disperse the ZnS particles uniformly in the oil by coating the ZnS particles with silica, ensuring consistent luminescence across the device's active area. The performance of the soft actuator is notable, with a strain of 25% and a maximum EL intensity of 23 cd m−2 for a single actuator. When stacking multiple actuators, the intensity exceeds 29 cd m−2. The findings suggest that EL actuator devices will be valuable smart components for soft robots and interactive sensors. They can effectively represent external stimuli through color signals, expanding the capabilities of these systems.
Use of ZDR columns for early detection of severe convection within the operational radar network of the United Kingdom
Authors: Lo Chun Hay Brian , Stein Thorwald H. M. , Scovell Robert W. , Westbrook Chris D. , Darlington Timothy , Lean Humphrey W.
Published: January 2024

Differential reflectivity () columns were observed using a Met Office three‐dimensional radar composite. An algorithm for automatic detection of columns was developed, based on  dB and  dBZ. Across three case days, detected columns were found to precede severe convection in tracked convective cells with a range of lead times from 0 to 20 min depending on the case day. Requiring maxima above 1.4 dB and 30 dBZ of and respectively was an appropriate second condition for all three cases although the skill in the early detection of severe convection varied across case days. Despite the high probability of detections, the high false alarm rate accompanied by low critical success index and data latency limit performance based on the three cases considered in this study. Nevertheless, the ability to detect columns in operational radar data with a useful lead time prior to severe convection in certain conditions is a promising development towards advancing nowcasting of severe convection in the United Kingdom.
Genotype–phenotype correlations in carriers of the PMS2 founder variant c.1831dup
Authors: Gass Melanie , Seebauer Britta , Thommen Aline , Fischler Alexandra , Heinimann Karl
Published: January 2024

Background

Lynch syndrome represents one of the most common cancer predispositions worldwide and is caused by germline pathogenic variants (PV) in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes. We repeatedly identified a PV in the MMR gene PMS2, c.1831dup, accounting for 27% of all Swiss PMS2 PV index patients identified. Notably, 2/18 index patients had been diagnosed with colorectal cancer (CRC) before age 30.

Methods

In this study, we investigated if this PV could (i) represent a founder variant by haplotype analysis and (ii) be associated with a more severe clinical phenotype.

Results

Haplotype analysis identified a shared common region of about 0.7 Mb/1.3 cM in 13 (81%) out of 16 index patients. Genotype–phenotype correlations, combining data from the 18 Swiss and 18 literature‐derived PMS2 c.1831dup PV index patients and comparing them to 43 Swiss index patients carrying other PMS2 PVs, indicate that the PMS2 c.1831dup variant may be associated with earlier (<50 y) age at CRC diagnosis (55% vs. 29%, respectively; p = 0.047). Notably, 30% (9/30) of cancers from c.1831dup carriers displayed atypical MMR protein expression patterns on immunohistochemistry.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that the PMS2 c.1831dup PV represents a, probably ancient, founder mutation and is possibly associated with an earlier CRC diagnosis compared to other PMS2 PVs.
Study finds new ADHD prescriptions climbed during pandemic
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: January 2024

While new prescription rates for most medications to treat behavioral health conditions were steady during the COVID‐19 pandemic, prescriptions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medications rose sharply, a study published last week in JAMA Psychiatry found. The largest increases in ADHD medication prescriptions were among women and people aged 20 to 39, according to an APA Psychiatric News Alert.
Modelling the propagation of invasive tree species: A coupled differential equation approach
Authors: Hughes Elliott , Moyers‐Gonzalez Miguel , Murray Rua , Wilson Phillip L. , Sivaloganathan Siv
Published: January 2024

Invasive tree species pose a grave global threat to biodiversity, particularly impacting vulnerable grassland ecosystems. This paper presents a novel approach to simulate the invasion of ecosystems by these aggressive species. Our innovative coupled ODE‐PDE model offers explicit invasion simulations, a significant leap beyond traditional integro‐difference matrix models. With robust theoretical properties, including solution positivity, and drawing upon PDE theory, our model offers deeper insights into invasion behavior. Our model reveals that invasions undergo a prolonged quiescent phase before rapidly transitioning to a consistent rate of advancement after a critical point. This study not only sheds light on invasion dynamics but also charts a course for future exploration and potential model extensions.
Investigation of thermo‐mechanical and viscoelastic properties of 3D‐printed Morinda citrifolia particle reinforced poly(lactic acid) composites
Authors: Ayyappan Vinod , Rangappa Sanjay Mavinkere , Tengsuthiwat Jiratti , Fiore Vincenzo , Siengchin Suchart
Published: January 2024

The current study focuses on the development of innovative bio‐based filaments using new natural lignocellulosic particles obtained from the bark of the Morinda citrifolia L. plant as reinforcement. Polylactic acid (PLA 4043D) filaments with a diameter of 1.75 mm were produced by varying the volume fraction of M. citrifolia bark particles (MCBP) in three compositions (i.e., 0%, 3%, and 6%). These filaments were then used to print test specimens, which underwent quasi‐static mechanical tests (i.e., tensile and flexural; thermal characterization, thermo‐mechanical tests, and visco‐elastic analysis). The experimental findings demonstrated a remarkable improvement in the tensile strength (i.e., +15%) when the PLA was reinforced with 6% in volume of lignocellulosic particles. Additionally, 3% MCBP and 6% MCBP composites showed substantial increases in flexural strength and modulus (i.e., +25% and +34%), respectively; in comparison to the neat matrix. Moreover, the 3D‐printed composites exhibited significant enhancements in storage modulus, glass transition temperature, and structural stability at elevated temperatures. Hence, this work highlights the potential of the developed bio‐based filaments as feedstock filament material, enabling the production of various customized lightweight products in the automotive and sports industries like cycling helmets, protective guards, knee guards, etc.

Highlights

Innovative bio‐based filaments are developed for FDM 3D printing.

Morinda citrifolia bark particles (MCBPs) reduce warping risk in PLA printing.

The hot crystallization enthalpy of PLA increases with the addition of MCBP.

6% MCBP‐PLA exhibits the best mechanical performances.

MCBP reinforcement reduces the thermal expansion of PLA.
Micro drilling characterization of the carbon and carbon–aramid (hybrid) composites
Authors: Sen Murat , Eryilmaz Oguz , Bakir Barkin
Published: January 2024

In this study, micro‐drilling tests were carried out on composite laminates reinforced with hybrid (aramid‐carbon) and carbon fibers. Thrust force, hole quality, tool wear, and temperature parameters were measured and assessed following each drilling test. The quality of holes includes circularity, overcut, hole damage factor (HDF), and taper ratio. Micro‐drilling was performed on a CNC milling machine using 0.6 mm drill diameter, 7500 rpm, and 0.5 mm/min feed parameters. The plates are 3.05 mm (carbon fiber) and 3.45 mm (hybrid) thick. According to the results, the maximum thrust force (29.8 N) was measured in the hybrid composite due to the high fracture toughness of the aramid. In addition, it was determined that the thrust force and drill wear were related. The increase in thrust force during drilling caused an increase in drill wear values. While the average wear of the drill in carbon composite was 0.013 mm, the average wear of the drill in hybrid composite was 0.021 mm. Thrust force and tool temperatures were found to have a similar trend. The highest tool temperature was measured as 86.7°C in the hybrid composite. Hole quality results showed that drilling in carbon composite was more successful than in hybrid composite. Holes drilled in carbon composite have lower values for overcut (0.017 mm), HDF (1.028), and taper ratio (0.008). It has been understood that hole quality depends on thrust force and damage formation.

Highlights

Carbon and hybrid (carbon‐aramid) composites were produced with a vacuum infusion process (VIP).

Micro‐drilling of composites was investigated focusing on thrust force, tool temperature, and hole quality.

Hybrid composites exhibited greater thrust forces due to their higher toughness compared to carbon composites.

Hybrid composites showed higher maximum tool temperatures compared to carbon composites.

The carbon composites exhibited better hole quality compared to the hybrid composites.
Idiopathic basal ganglia calcification presenting with obsessive‐compulsive symptoms: A case report
Authors: Yoshioka Daisuke , Yamanashi Takehiko , Taneda Kenta , Matsukawa Takashi , Orimo Kenta , Iwata Masaaki
Published: January 2024

Background

Idiopathic basal ganglia calcification (IBGC), also known as Farh's disease, is a rare neurodegenerative disorder characterized by calcification of the basal ganglia and other brain regions. This disease usually occurs in middle‐aged patients and presents with various neurological and psychiatric symptoms. The exact prevalence is unknown; however, population genomic data analysis suggests a prevalence of at least 4.5/10,000 to 3.3/1000, indicating that the disease is more common than previously thought and remains underdiagnosed.

Case Presentation

We report the case of a middle‐aged Japanese man who attempted suicide twice because of obsessive‐compulsive ideation caused by trivial triggers. The patient's psychiatric symptoms resolved relatively quickly after hospitalization, and imaging and genetic testing led to a diagnosis of IBGC.

Conclusion

This case report illustrates the importance of including IBGC in the differential diagnosis of psychiatric symptoms that initially develop in middle‐aged patients.
A method for manufacturing a mechanically strong and durable hybrid structure of polyethylene–hydroxyapatite composite and titanium alloy
Authors: Oliveira G. H. M. , Morozo M. A. , Fiori M. A. , Canto L. B.
Published: January 2024

The integration of polymer, metal, and ceramic materials in hybrid structures represents a potential but underexplored alternative for biomedical applications. Here, we present a methodology for manufacturing a mechanically strong and durable hybrid overlap structure from a composite of green high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) and hydroxyapatite (HA) compatibilized with HDPE‐g‐MAH joined to a substrate of Ti6Al4V alloy. This process involves laser structuring of micro‐scale grooves on the metal surface, followed by injection overmolding of the polymer composite. A hybrid overlap joint with strong interfacial anchoring was achieved, resulting in outstanding joining strength and fatigue life. This achievement holds significant promise for future biomedical applications.

Highlights

Joining of composite of HDPE–HA with Ti6Al4V alloy via injection overmolding

Laser texturing was effective in improving mechanical interlocking

A hybrid joint with high shear strength and fatigue life was developed

The hybrid joint is promising for biomedical applications
A Mechanical–Electrical Model to Describe the Negative Differential Resistance in Membranotronic Devices
Authors: Huber Max , Schuster Jörg , Schmidt Oliver G. , Kuhn Harald , Karnaushenko Daniil
Published: January 2024

Membranotronic devices are artificial neural membranes mimicing the functionality of biological neural networks. These devices rely on the emergence of negative differential resistance (NDR). A minimalistic physical model for membranotronic devices capable of generating NDR is presented. The model features a deformable membrane with holes that facilitate ion currents. The deformation of the membrane, induced by electrostatic pressure from an applied voltage, modulates these currents. The model comprises a well‐established mechanical framework for describing deformable membranes with holes, alongside a model for ionic current that considers temperature‐dependent ion mobilities. It is demonstrated that the model can faithfully reproduce NDR across a wide and physically realistic range of parameter combinations. Furthermore, the simulations reveal that the temperature of the electrolyte can exceed its boiling point, resulting in bubble formation. To mitigate this issue, materials with high heat transfer coefficients and low conductivity are recommended. In essence, the work bridges the gap between artificial membranotronic devices and biological neural networks by providing a robust physical model capable of emulating NDR, a key feature in the operation of such systems. This advancement in membranotronics holds great promise for the development of bioinspired soft artificial neuromimetic systems that closely mimic their biological counterparts.
A review of the optimization of thyroid function, thrombophilia, immunity and uterine milieu: OPTIMUM treatment strategy for recurrent implantation failure and recurrent pregnancy loss
Authors: Kuroda Keiji
Published: January 2024

Background

Aside from embryonic factors, various factors can intricately interfere with embryo implantation and maintenance of pregnancy, causing recurrent implantation failure (RIF) or recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). This review focuses the optimization of thyroid function, thrombophilia, immunity, and uterine milieu (OPTIMUM) treatment strategy on RIF and RPL.

Methods

Three studies employing the OPTIMUM treatment strategy for patients with RIF and/or RPL were reviewed.

Results

The OPTIMUM improved pregnancy rates in women with RIF aged <40 years. Among advanced age women, however, no significant differences in pregnancy rates were observed between the control, OPTIMUM, and preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT‐A) groups, although pregnancy rates were highest after OPTIMUM + PGT‐A. The OPTIMUM reduced miscarriage rates in women with RPL aged <40 years. Among advanced age women, PGT‐A, but not the OPTIMUM, contributed to miscarriage prevention. Factors predicting pregnancy success in women with RIF who received the OPTIMUM included thrombophilia and young age. Risk factors for an unsuccessful live birth among women with RPL who received the OPTIMUM included advanced age, infertility, diminished ovarian reserve, and non‐ART treatment.

Conclusions

The OPTIMUM can improve pregnancy outcomes in women with RIF/RPL, except for advanced age women with embryonic factor‐induced reproductive failure.
The inside track: Entrepreneurs' corporate experience and startups' access to incumbent partners' resources
Authors: Balachandran Sarath
Published: January 2024

Research Summary

Startups are increasingly turning to incumbent firms for venture capital, anticipating access to the investor's knowledge and complementary assets. However, startups' eventual access to these resources varies widely. This article highlights one important driver of such variance, whether startups' managers were previously employed by an incumbent in the same industry. Using data from the life sciences, I find that such corporate experience can precipitate technical knowledge flows to startups by enabling the generation of relational capital with incumbent firm managers. It also helps startups navigate incumbents' decision‐processes to formalize access to downstream complementary assets via alliances. The former effect is stronger when corporate experience is technology‐focused, the latter when it is commercialization‐focused. Corporate experience at the investing incumbent firm amplifies informal knowledge‐flows but not formal alliances.

Managerial Summary

Startups typically expect corporate venture capital investors to facilitate access to resources these investors' parent companies control. However, such resource‐access often does not materialize, with startups struggling to navigate the large, complex organizations within which these resources are located. I identify an important driver of variance in such resource‐access. Prior experience working in an established company in the same industry enhances startup leaders' ability to informally tap into corporate investors' technical knowledge, and to formalize alliances to access corporate investors' go‐to‐market assets. Technology‐focused experience is especially helpful with the former, and commercialization‐focused experience with the latter. Such access is more likely to enable exit for the startup if the established firm has direct experience in the specific product markets the startup is focusing on.
CeO2‐Based Frustrated Lewis Pairs via Defective Engineering: Formation Theory, Site Characterization, and Small Molecule Activation
Authors: Jing Run , Lu Xuebin , Wang Jingfei , Xiong Jian , Qiao Yina , Zhang Rui , Yu Zhihao
Published: January 2024

Activation of small molecules is considered to be a central concern in the theoretical investigation of environment‐ and energy‐related catalytic conversions. Sub‐nanostructured frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) have been an emerging research hotspot in recent years due to their advantages in small molecule activation. Although the progress of catalytic applications of FLPs is increasingly reported, the fundamental theories related to the structural formation, site regulation, and catalytic mechanism of FLPs have not yet been fully developed. Given this, it is attempted to demonstrate the underlying theory of FLPs formation, corresponding regulation methods, and its activation mechanism on small molecules using CeO2 as the representative metal oxide. Specifically, this paper presents three fundamental principles for constructing FLPs on CeO2 surfaces, and feasible engineering methods for the regulation of FLPs sites are presented. Furthermore, cases where typical small molecules (e.g., hydrogen, carbon dioxide, methane oxygen, etc.) are activated over FLPs are analyzed. Meanwhile, corresponding future challenges for the development of FLPs‐centered theory are presented. The insights presented in this paper may contribute to the theories of FLPs, which can potentially provide inspiration for the development of broader environment‐ and energy‐related catalysis involving small molecule activation.
Anticoagulant therapy without bleeding: A novel molybdenum‐based nanodots alleviate lethal coagulation in bacterial sepsis by inhibiting ROS‐facilitated caspase‐11 activation
Authors: Yuan Chuang , Xiao Qicai , Chen Qiaohui , Huang Qiong , Ai Kelong , Yang Xinyu
Published: January 2024

Sepsis is a leading cause of death worldwide. This syndrome is commonly accompanied by overactivation of coagulation, excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), and inflammatory cytokine storm. Notably, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) accounts for around 40% of sepsis‐associated deaths. However, anticoagulant therapy is still difficult for sepsis treatment because of the lethal bleeding side effects. Although the relationship between ROS and inflammatory cytokine storm has been described clearly, the pathogenic role of ROS in DIC, however, is still unclear, which renders novel therapeutic approaches hard to achieve bedside for inhibiting DIC. Herein, our new finding reveals that ROS greatly facilitates the entry of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into the macrophage cytoplasm, which subsequently activates the caspase‐11/gasdermin D pathway, and finally induces DIC through phosphatidylserine exposure. Based on this finding, novel gallic acid‐modified Mo‐based polyoxometalate dots (M‐dots) with outstanding antioxidant activity are developed to provide ideal and efficient inhibition of DIC. As expected, M‐dots are capable of markedly inhibiting sepsis‐caused coagulation, organ injury, and death in sepsis. This therapeutic strategy, blocking the upstream pathway of coagulation rather than coagulation itself, can avoid the side effects of extensive bleeding caused by conventional anticoagulation therapy, and will provide a new avenue for the efficient treatment of sepsis.
3D Cell Culture Method in Channel‐Free Water‐in‐Oil Droplets
Authors: Bae Seo Jun , Choi Seung Hui , Im Do Jin
Published: January 2024

A new channel‐free water‐in‐oil (WO) droplet 3D cell culture method is proposed to address the challenges while maintaining the advantages of the conventional 3D cell culture methods. The proposed WO method can fundamentally solve the constraint of spheroids size, a common challenge in conventional 3D culture, by using droplet size controllability. The 3D cell culture performance of the WO method is verified by comparing it with the conventional 3D cell culture methods. A systematic investigation of the culture conditions of the WO method confirms the working range of cell concentration and droplet size, as well as the scalability of spheroid size. Adjusting droplet size and cell concentration enables rapid spheroid formation with large and high cell concentration droplets or fast spheroid growth with small and low cell concentration droplets, providing control over the spheroid size and growth rate according to the purpose. Furthermore, long‐term culture is demonstrated for 1 month with the proposed method, showing the largest spheroid culture and demonstrating the possibility that this method can be used not only for spheroid formation but also for organoid studies. Finally, if a WO‐based automated 3D cell culture system is developed, it will be a useful tool for organoid research.
Enhancing Electrical and Physical Contacts of Copper‐Electroplated Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells through Chemical Pretreated Seed Layers
Authors: Wang Taiqiang , Du Haojiang , Xing Mengchao , Cao Fangfang , Liao Mingdun , Liu Wei , Wang Weiyan , Han Can , Yang Zhenhai , Zeng Yuheng , Ye Jichun
Published: January 2024

Copper electroplating offering the potential to replace low‐temperature sintered silver pastes holds significant promise as a metallization process for silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells (SCs). To unlock the full potential of copper electroplating, it is crucial to enhance the contact properties between the electroplated grids and the indium tin oxide (ITO) films, addressing both contact resistivity and physical adhesion. Herein, a zinc‐assisted Fe2+ system to modify the ITO film is used, leading to the formation of an In/Sn/SnO mixed‐metal transition layer. This transition layer serves as a seed layer for metal electroplating, reducing contact resistivity and enhancing the mechanical connection between the electroplated metals and the ITO films. Following the ITO pretreatment process, the contact resistivity is significantly reduced from 1.4 to 0.2 mΩ cm2, and the peel force value of the pretreated sample reaches 14.2 N mm−1, which is 75.3% higher than that of the untreated sample. The proof‐of‐concept SHJ SC with copper electroplating after ITO pretreatment achieves a remarkable power conversion efficiency of 22.6%. These results clearly demonstrate that ITO pretreatment using the zinc‐assisted Fe2+ system is an effective approach for enhancing contact properties and improving the performance of copper‐electroplated SHJ SCs, showcasing significant potential for industry applications.
A Cost‐Effective Production Route of Li4Ti5O12Resisting Unsettled Market and Subsequent Application in the Li‐Ion Capacitor
Authors: Zhou Jing , Fu Yongzhu , Zhang Tengfei
Published: January 2024

Outstanding materials and novel device structures are key factors in satisfying the increasing demand for energy storage. Li‐ion capacitors, as one typical model of asymmetric supercapacitors, benefit from the battery's ultrahigh specific energy and supercapacitor's superlarge specific power to meet the balanced electrochemical energy storage requirements. The inherent and irreplaceable advantages make spinel lithium titanate an optimal candidate for power batteries and Li‐ion capacitors. However, upstream market volatility, including price spikes and supply shortages, tremendously threatens spinel lithium titanate's production, sale, and application. Lithium hydroxide hydrate is an alternative raw material to synthesize spinel lithium titanate synthesis, which can help address these concerns. The indirect production path generates high‐quality lithium carbonate as an intermediate product. Spinel lithium titanate is synthesized preferably via another economically and technically more efficient method that skips the isolation step after carboxylation. The electrochemical performance of the resulting spinel lithium titanate is evaluated to be better than that of commercial competitors. The spinel lithium titanate negative electrode‐based lithium‐ion capacitor achieves a specific energy of 89.5 Wh kg−1. These results demonstrate the success of efforts to find a feasible and affordable synthesis route to mitigate market risks.
Softplus negative binomial network autoregression
Authors: Guo Xiangyu , Zhu Fukang
Published: January 2024

Modelling multivariate time series of counts in a parsimonious way is a popular topic. In this paper, we consider an integer‐valued network autoregressive model with a non‐random neighbourhood structure, which uses negative binomial distribution as the conditional marginal distribution and the softplus function as the link function. The new model generalizes existing ones in the literature and has a great flexibility in modelling. Stationary conditions in cases of fixed dimension and increasing dimension are given. Parameters are estimated by maximizing the quasi‐likelihood function, and related asymptotic properties of the estimators are established. A simulation study is conducted to assess performances of the estimators, and a real data example is analysed to show superior performances of the proposed model compared with existing ones.
Experimental and analytical investigation of a model towards predicting the compressive stress–strain behavior of Graded Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete (GGFRC) using fiber reinforcing index
Authors: Kasagani Hanuma , Prathipati S. R. R. Teja , Koniki Srikanth , Rao C. B. K.
Published: January 2024

The stress–strain behavior of graded glass fiber reinforced concrete (GGFRC) is a crucial factor in its performance and appropriateness for diverse applications. In the present study, experimental and analytical methods were used to develop a model for the stress–strain behavior of GGFRC under uniaxial loading. The experimental program is designed to investigate the impact of mono glass fibers (3, 6, 12, and 20 mm) with varying volume fractions (0.1%–0.5%) and graded glass fibers (combinations of 3 + 6 + 12 + 20 mm) on the behavior of concrete of M50 grade. By grading glass fiber lengths in the concrete, GGFRC's pre‐peak strength and post‐peak deformation have increased, allowing the composite to control the various scales of cracking. A uniaxial compressive stress–strain model has been developed utilizing the fiber reinforcing index to predict the stress–strain curves of GGFRC in compression. The fiber reinforcing index, which is a measure of the quantity of fiber reinforcement in the material, is used as a variable in the current model to observe how it impacts the material's behavior. This would help evaluate the material's behavior under uniaxial compressive loading conditions and then use that data to develop a mathematical model that can predict the material's response under other conditions. Finally, it can be concluded that there is a significant correlation between the experimental results and the proposed analytical model.
Layers of Oriented‐to Identities in Language Learner Peer Discussion Tasks
Authors: Aline David , Hosoda Yuri
Published: January 2024

Employing membership categorization analysis and conversation analysis, we uncover how students performing classroom discussion tasks for language learning locally ascribe themselves and others to various identity categories within single discussion activities. Data consist of 126 hours of video‐recorded small‐group discussions for second language learning collected in Japanese universities. Analysis unveiled the members' methods by which students themselves construct their identities in invoking various membership categories. In addition to sequential identities that are relevant at any point during the discussions, participants overwhelmingly oriented to hypothetical identities set up by the tasks. These identities were layered over the omnirelevant identities of Japanese language speakers, second language speakers, and students. Through publicly observable orientations to membership categories, these interactants manifested their collective understanding of the aims and motivations of the educational activities and institutional environment. The findings show how learners orient to their own and co‐participants' multiple identities as they accomplish language‐learning tasks and how these varied layers of identity contributed to language‐learning affordances in different and unique ways. We then suggest some implications for task‐based language learning.
Apes able to recognise faces after quarter of a century
Authors: Gray Arabella
Published: January 2024

Recent research has provided evidence for the longest‐lasting non‐human social memory ever documented – in bonobos and chimpanzees. Arabella Gray finds out more about the study.
Weak cosmic censorship with SU(2) gauge field and bound on charge-to-mass ratio
Authors: Song Yan , Cui Si-Yuan , Wang Yong-Qiang
Published: January 2024

Abstract

We numerically construct the stationary solutions of SU(2) Einstein-Yang-Mills theory in four dimensional anti-de Sitter spacetime. When the t component of the SU(2) gauge field is taken to the only nonzero component, we construct a class of counterexamples to the weak cosmic censorship conjecture in Einstein-Maxwell theory. However, including a nonzero ϕ component of SU(2) gauge field, we can argue that there is a minimum value qW, when the charge carried by the ϕ component is larger than this minimum value, for sufficiently large boundary electric amplitude a, the original counterexamples can be removed and cosmic censorship is preserved.
Wormholes and surface defects in rational ensemble holography
Authors: Raeymaekers Joris , Rossi Paolo
Published: January 2024

Abstract

We study wormhole contributions to the bulk path integral in holographic models which are dual to ensembles of rational free boson conformal field theories. We focus on the path integral on a geometry connecting two toroidal boundaries, which should capture the variance of the ensemble distribution. We show that this requirement leads to a nontrivial set of constraints which generically picks out the uniform, maximum entropy, ensemble distribution. Furthermore, we show that the two-boundary path integral should receive contributions from ‘exotic’ wormholes, which arise from the inclusion of topological surface defects.
Evaluation of canopy fraction-based vegetation indices, derived from multispectral UAV imagery, to map water status variability in a commercial vineyard
Authors: Berry A. , Vivier M. A. , Poblete-Echeverría C.
Published: January 2024

Water stress is a major factor affecting grapevine yield and quality. Standard methods for measuring water stress, such as midday stem water potential (ΨSWP), are laborious and time-consuming for intra-block variability mapping. In this study, we investigate water status variability within a 2.42-ha commercial Cabernet Sauvignon block with a standard vertical trellis system, using remote sensing (RS) tools, specifically canopy fraction-based vegetation indices (VIs) derived from multispectral unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery, as well as standard reference methods to evaluate soil and plant water status. A total of 31 target vines were monitored for ΨSWP during the whole growing season. The highest variability was at véraison when the highest atmospheric demand occurred. The ΨSWP variability present in the block was contrasted with soil water content (SWC) measurements, showing similar patterns. With spatial and temporal water stress variability confirmed for the block, the relationship between the ΨSWP measured in the field and fraction-based VIs obtained from multispectral UAV data was analysed. Four UAV flights were obtained, and five different VIs were evaluated per target vine across the vineyard. The VI correlation to ΨSWP was further evaluated by comparing VI obtained from canopy fraction (VIcanopy) versus the mean (VImean). It was found that using canopy fraction-based VIs did not significantly improve the correlation with ΨSWP (NDVIcanopy
r = 0.57 and NDVImean
r = 0.53), however fractional cover (f
cover) did seem to show a similar trend to plant water stress with decreasing canopy size corresponding with water stress classes. A subset of 14 target vines were further evaluated to evaluate if additional parameters (maximum temperature, relative humidity (RH), vapour pressure deficit, SWC and fractional cover) could serve as potential water stress indicators for future mapping. Results showed that the integration of NDVIcanopy and NDREmean with additional information could be used as an indicator for mapping water stress variability within a block.
Predictors of shunt insertion in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage—a single-centre retrospective analysis
Authors: Capion Tenna , Lilja-Cyron Alexander , Olsen Markus Harboe , Møller Kirsten , Juhler Marianne , Mathiesen Tiit
Published: January 2024

Background

No standard has been established regarding timing and choice of strategy for discontinuation of external ventricular drainage (EVD) in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (aSAH), and little is known about the importance of clinical variables. A proportion of the patients who initially pass their discontinuation attempt return with delayed hydrocephalus and the need of a permanent shunt. Early differentiation between patients who need a shunt and those who do not would facilitate care.

We conducted a retrospective analysis on patients with aSAH and an EVD to search significant differences in treatment and clinical variables between patients who received a permanent shunt during initial hospitalization or after readmission, and those who never received a shunt.

Methods

We included 183 patients with aSAH who received an EVD over a 4-year period between 2015 and 2018 and divided them into three groups: those who received a shunt during primary admission, those who were readmitted for delayed hydrocephalus and received a shunt, and those who never needed a shunt. Between these groups, we compared selected clinical variables as well as outcome at discharge and after 6 months. Additionally, we assessed the ability of a shunt dependency score (SDASH) to predict the need for permanent drainage in the patients.

Results

Of 183 included patients, 108 (59%) ultimately received a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt. Of these, 89 (82%) failed discontinuation during the primary admission and received a permanent shunt before discharge from the neurosurgical department. The remaining 19 (18%) were discharged after successful discontinuation, but subsequently developed delayed hydrocephalus and were admitted for shunt placement a median of 39 (range: 18–235) days after ictus. Ninety-four patients were discharged after successful discontinuation of the EVD, consisting of those who never developed the need for a permanent shunt and the 19 who were readmitted with delayed hydrocephalus, corresponding to a 20% (19/94) readmittance rate. Clinical variables such as drainage volume or discontinuation strategy did not differ across the three groups of patients. The SDASH score failed to provide any clinically useful information regarding prediction of shunt placement.

Conclusion

In this study, clinical variables including use of the predictive score SDASH predicted neither the overall need for nor the timing of shunt placement after aSAH. The homogeneous distribution of data between the three different groups renders strong independent clinical predictive factors unlikely. Thus, attempts to predict a permanent shunt requirement from these variables may be futile in these patients.
Predictive value of facial motor–evoked potential and electromyography for facial motor function in vestibular schwannoma surgery
Authors: Machetanz Kathrin , Roegele Martin , Liebsch Marina , Oberle Linda , Weinbrenner Eliane , Gorbachuk Mykola , Wang Sophie S. , Tatagiba Marcos , Naros Georgios
Published: January 2024

Purpose

Intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) aims to preserve facial nerve (FN) function during vestibular schwannoma (VS) surgery. However, current techniques such as facial nerve motor evoked potentials (FNMEP) or electromyography (fEMG) alone are limited in predicting postoperative facial palsy (FP). The objective of this study was to analyze a compound fEMG/FNMEP approach.

Methods

Intraoperative FNMEP amplitude and the occurrence of fEMG-based A-trains were prospectively determined for the orbicularis oris (ORI) and oculi (OCU) muscle in 322 VS patients. Sensitivity and specificity of techniques to predict postoperative FN function were calculated. Confounding factors as tumor size, volume of intracranial air, or IONM duration were analyzed.

Results

A relevant immediate postoperative FP was captured in 105/322 patients with a significant higher risk in large VS. While fEMG demonstrated a high sensitivity (77% and 86% immediately and 15 month postoperative, respectively) for identifying relevant FP, specificity was low. In contrast, FNMEP have a significantly higher specificity of 80.8% for predicting postoperative FP, whereas the sensitivity is low. A retrospective combination of techniques demonstrated still an incorrect prediction of FP in ~ 1/3 of patients.

Conclusions

FNMEP and fEMG differ in sensitivity and specificity to predict postoperative FP. Although a combination of IONM techniques during VS surgery may improve prediction of FN function, current techniques are still inaccurate. Further development is necessary to improve IONM approaches for FP prediction.
Can the native crab Thalamita danae be an effective biological control agent of the invasive mussel Xenostrobus securis in Hong Kong?
Authors: Au Ming Fung Franco , Hui Tin Yan , Williams Gray A.
Published: January 2024

Local predators are often considered effective and environmentally-friendly control agents to limit invasive species. Such biological control, however, depends on both the predator prey preferences and performances, which are in turn affected by variations in the physical environment. This study investigated the predation of the swimming crab Thalamita danae on the invasive mussel Xenostrobus securis under different salinity and thermal conditions. Xenostrobus securis, which is native to Australia, has spread to Hong Kong since the last decade, causing adverse ecological and economic impacts. Laboratory experiments evaluated the prey preferences and feeding behaviours of the crab on both the native mussel Brachidontes variabilis and the invasive X. securis under different typical salinities (15, 25, and 35‰) and temperatures (22 and 28 °C). The crab did not show clear preference toward either the invasive or the native mussels. Although the shell morphology of the invasive mussels lowered handling time as compared to the native mussels, the crab consumption rate was similar between the mussel species. The survival and predation rate of the crab were, however, substantially reduced under low salinities (< 15‰) where X. securis could be found. Thalamita danae, therefore, is a potential predator of X. securis, but such predation is only possible under normal, oceanic conditions. In hyposaline, estuarine/ freshwater environments where X. securis can survive, however, T. danae performs poorly and, as a result, such physical conditions may represent a predator refuge for the mussels to invade local ecosystems.
Improving Cointegration-Based Pairs Trading Strategy with Asymptotic Analyses and Convergence Rate Filters
Authors: Ti Yen-Wu , Dai Tian-Shyr , Wang Kuan-Lun , Chang Hao-Han , Sun You-Jia
Published: January 2024

A pairs trading strategy (PTS) constructs a mean-reverting portfolio whose logarithmic value moves back and forth around a mean price level. It makes profits by longing (or shorting) the portfolio when it is underpriced (overpriced) and closing the portfolio when its value converges to the mean price level. The cointegration-based PTS literature uses the historical sample mean and variance to establish their open/close thresholds, which results in bias thresholds and less converged trades. We derive the asymptotic mean around which the portfolio value oscillates. Revised open/close thresholds determined by our asymptotic mean and standard derivations significantly improve PTS performance. The derivations of asymptotic means can be extended to construct a convergence rate filter mechanism to remove stock pairs that are unlikely to be profitable from trading to further reduce trading risks. Moreover, the PTS literature oversimplifies the joint problem of examining a stock pair’s cointegration property and selecting the fittest vector error correction model (VECM). We propose a two-step model selection procedure to determine the cointegration rank and the fittest VECM via the trace and likelihood ratio tests. We also derive an approximate simple integral trading volume ratio to meet no-odd-lot trading constraints. Experiments from Yuanta/P-shares Taiwan Top 50 Exchange Traded Fund and Yuanta/P-shares Taiwan Mid-Cap 100 Exchange Traded Fund constituent stock tick-by-tick backtesting during 2015–2018 show remarkable improvements by adopting our approaches.