bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Steady-State Crack Propagation in Pressurized Pipelines
Authors: Popelar C. , Rosenfield A. R. , Kanninen M. F.
Published: November 2010

Previous work at Battelle-Columbus on the development of a theoretical model for unstable crack propagation and crack arrest in a pressurized pipeline is extended in this paper by including the effect of backfill. The approach being developed involves four essential aspects of crack propagation in pipelines. These four components of the problem are: 1 – a shell theory characterization of the dynamic deformation of a pipe with a plastic yield-hinge behind an axially propagating crack, 2 – a fluid-mechanics treatment of the axial variations in the gas pressure acting on the pipe walls, 3 – an energy-based dynamic fracture mechanics formulation for the crack-driving force, and 4 – measured values of the dynamic energy absorption rate for pipeline steels. Comparisons given in the paper show that the steady-state crack speeds predicted by the model are in reasonably good agreement with the crack speeds measured in full-scale tests, both with and without backfill. The analysis further reveals the existence of a maximum steady-state crack-driving force as a function of the basic mechanical properties of the pipe steel and the pipeline goemetry and operating conditions. Quantitative estimates of this quantity provided by the model offer a basis for comparison with the empirical crack-arrest design criteria for pipelines developed by AISI, the American Gas Association, the British Gas Council, and British Steel. These are also shown to be in substantial agreement with the predictions of the model developed in this paper.
Effect of Cyclic Loading on the Yield Surface
Authors: Ellyin F. , Neale K. W.
Published: November 2010

The effect of repeated loading on the yield surface is investigated experimentally for an aluminum alloy. Initial yield surfaces under combined axial stress and torsion are first obtained, and yield surfaces subsequent to steady-state plastic response are then determined for various cyclic loading programs. The results suggest that the initial yield surface expands and translates under cyclic loading and that the form of the steady-state yield surface is independent of the stress ratio.
Fatigue Crack Propagation in A533B Steels—Metallographic and Fractographic Analyses
Authors: Wilson A. D.
Published: November 2010

Metallographic and fractographic analyses are performed on A533B low alloy plate steels made by three steelmaking practices. The fatigue crack growth rates of these steels had been previously established in all six possible testing orientations. By using quantitative image analysis to quantify the nonmetallic inclusion structures of these steels, graphical and statistical correlations were established between the two material constants of the fatigue crack growth rate equation and various inclusion parameters. The average area of an inclusion on the metallographic cross section corresponding to the plane of fracture was found to be the best single parameter for establishing a correlation applying to all testing orientations. Scanning electron microscopic investigations of the fracture surfaces of the fatigue crack propagation specimens indicated that the inclusions (Type II manganese sulfides and alumina galaxies) exerted a predominant effect on the fatigue crack propagation behavior. Both studies provide additional evidence that the differences in fatigue crack growth rates between and within the steels of this investigation can be a result of the nonmetallic inclusion structures of the materials.
S-MATRIX-BASED UNIFIED CALCULATION OF Q-VALUES AND HALF-LIVES OF α-DECAY OF SUPER HEAVY ELEMENTS
Authors: PREMA P. , MAHADEVAN S. , SHASTRY C. S. , GAMBHIR Y. K.
Published: November 2010

The Q-values and half-lives of several heavy α decaying systems are calculated using the relativistic mean field (RMF) theory-based microscopic α-daughter nucleus potential. A unified procedure is adopted, using analytic S-matrix method and treating α-decay as the decay of the resonance state of the α-daughter nucleus system. The resonance parameters are obtained from the pole positions of the S-matrix in the complex k-plane and using these Q-values and half widths are evaluated. The calculation reproduces the experimental results well. We find that the present unified approach gives a good description of the data and compare well with those obtained by empirical formulae.
SELF-ASSEMBLED QUANTUM DOTS ON AU AND THE INTERFACE FLUORESCENCE
Authors: XU QIAO , BAO LEI , LIN YI , WANG HAI-QIAO , ZHANG ZHI-LIN , ZHAO YUAN-DI
Published: November 2010

In this paper, amino capped CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) were immobilized on the 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) self-assembled Au surface (SAM/Au) by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl-aminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC). Atomic force microscopy (AFM), fluorescence imaging and electrochemistry were employed to characterize the surface. The results showed that CdSe/ZnS QDs were immobilized on the surface of SAM/Au successfully. Based on this method, the fluorescence of the QDs on the SAM/Au was monitored on-line.
DYNAMIC OPTICAL COHERENCE ELASTOGRAPHY: A REVIEW
Authors: LIANG XING , CRECEA VASILICA , BOPPART STEPHEN A.
Published: November 2010

With the development of optical coherence tomography, the application optical coherence elastography (OCE) has gained more and more attention in biomechanics for its unique features including micron-scale resolution, real-time processing, and non-invasive imaging. In this review, one group of OCE techniques, namely dynamic OCE, are introduced and discussed including external dynamic OCE mapping and imaging of ex vivo breast tumor, external dynamic OCE measurement of in vivo human skin, and internal dynamic OCE including acoustomotive OCE and magnetomotive OCE. These techniques overcame some of the major drawbacks of traditional static OCE, and broadened the OCE application fields. Driven by scientific needs to engineer new quantitative methods that utilize the high micron-scale resolution achievable with optics, results of biomechanical properties were obtained from biological tissues. The results suggest potential diagnostic and therapeutic clinical applications. Results from these studies also help our understanding of the relationship between biomechanical variations and functional tissue changes in biological systems.
Generalized Lindley-type recursive representations for multiserver tandem queues with blocking
Authors: Kin Wai , Chan Victor
Published: November 2010

Lindley's recursion is an explicit recursive equation that describes the recursive relationship between consecutive waiting times in a single-stage single-server queue. In this paper, we develop explicit recursive representations for multiserver tandem queues with blocking. We demonstrate the application of these recursive representations with simulations of large-scale tandem queueing networks. We compare the computational efficiency of these representations with two other popular discrete-event simulation approaches, namely, event scheduling and process interaction. Experimental results show that these representations are seven (or more) times faster than their counterparts based on the event-scheduling and process-interaction approaches.
Limitations of quantum coset states for graph isomorphism
Authors: Hallgren Sean , Moore Cristopher , Rötteler Martin , Russell Alexander , Sen Pranab
Published: November 2010

It has been known for some time that graph isomorphism reduces to the hidden subgroup problem (HSP). What is more, most exponential speedups in quantum computation are obtained by solving instances of the HSP. A common feature of the resulting algorithms is the use of quantum coset states, which encode the hidden subgroup. An open question has been how hard it is to use these states to solve graph isomorphism. It was recently shown by Moore et al. [2005] that only an exponentially small amount of information is available from one, or a pair of coset states. A potential source of power to exploit are entangled quantum measurements that act jointly on many states at once.

We show that entangled quantum measurements on at least Ω(
n
log
n
) coset states are necessary to get useful information for the case of graph isomorphism, matching an information theoretic upper bound. This may be viewed as a negative result because in general it seems hard to implement a given highly entangled measurement. Our main theorem is very general and also rules out using joint measurements on few coset states for some other groups, such as GL(
n
,F

p

m

) and
G

n

where
G
is finite and satisfies a suitable property.
Rat Models to Investigate Host Macrophage Defense against Trypanosoma cruzi
Authors: Fabrino Daniela L. , Leon Leonor Laura , Genestra Marcelo , Parreira Gleydes G. , Melo Rossana C.N.
Published: November 2010

Trypanosoma cruzi is the causal agent of Chagas’ disease, an infection with a great impact on public health in Latin America. One of the challenges to understand Chagas’ disease lies on the complex host-parasite interaction. The understanding of this interaction requires the use of appropriate experimental models that mimic the human disease. Here, we have used two lineages of rats (Wistar and Holtzman) to comparatively evaluate the course of the acute infection (Y strain). Infection was monitored by parasitemia, cardiac and skeletal muscle parasitism and inflammation, heart ultrastructure, recruitment of monocytes/macrophages and nitric oxide, and arginase production by these cells. Although both rats were able to infect, only Holtzman rats developed a marked infection in the cardiac and skeletal muscles, in parallel to a high recruitment of first-line defense cells. A high number of inflammatory macrophages directed parasite clearance. By the end of the acute phase, Holtzman rats showed consistent disease control. Interestingly, parasite killing was not related to nitric oxide production likely inhibited by an arginase-dependent mechanism. Our work demonstrates differential responses of Holtzman and Wistar rats to T. cruzi, and highlights the use of Holtzman rats as useful models for further studies of cardiac/skeletal muscle tropism and innate immune responses that protect the host against parasite replication. This is important for the development of proper therapeutic interventions.
Characterisation of a population of Pratylenchus hippeastri from bromeliads and description of two related new species, P. floridensis n. sp. and P. parafloridensis n. sp., from grasses in Florida
Authors: De Luca Francesca , Troccoli Alberto , Duncan Larry W. , Subbotin Sergei A. , Waeyenberge Lieven , Moens Maurice , Inserra Renato N.
Published: November 2010

Morphological and molecular analyses confirmed the presence of Pratylenchus
hippeastri in regulatory samples collected in commercial bromeliad
operations from genera Guzmania, Neoregelia and Vriesea in central and south
Florida, USA. Specimens of P. hippeastri from bromeliads contained males
which were not detected in the type population from amaryllis and are
described herein for the first time. The rDNA sequences of these males
matched those of P. hippeastri female type material. Pratylenchus hippeastri
and root-lesion nematodes from several hosts in Florida were characterised
at the morphological and molecular level, whereas other samples from Russia
and South Africa were characterised at the molecular level only. Sequence
and phylogenetic analysis using the ITS rRNA gene of these root-lesion
nematodes revealed the presence of eight putative new species (spH1-H8)
closely related to P. hippeastri. Here we describe two Florida
representatives of the amphimictic root-lesion nematodes from Bahia grass
(N1) and maidencane (N2), previously characterised by Inserra et al. in 1996
and Duncan et al. in 1999, as two new species phylogenetically related to P.
hippeastri and named P. floridensis n. sp. and P. parafloridensis n. sp.,
respectively. The small round or oval (rarely rectangular and occasionally
oblong) and enlarged spermatheca and the bluntly pointed or subacute tail
with smooth and occasionally indented terminus separate P. floridensis n.
sp. from P. parafloridensis n. sp., which has a quadrangular spermatheca and
a subhemispherical or bluntly pointed tail with generally smooth and rarely
indented terminus. However, these characters may overlap in some specimens
making a morphological separation problematic without the use of molecular
analysis. The close phylogenetic relationships shared by the species
characterised in this study indicate that they are representatives of a P.
hippeastri species complex.
Political and Legal Problems Related to Estonian Private Law Reforms Prior to the Formal Statehood Period and during the Early Formal Statehood Period
Authors: Erne Jaanika
Published: November 2010

The aim of this article is to demonstrate some problems related to harmonization of Estonian private law prior to the formal statehood period, and during the early formal statehood period. With regard to Estonian private law developments prior to the formal statehood period it is concluded that such developments are closely connected to a nation's legal consciousness and identity. The Estonian private law developments during the early formal statehood period are characterized through the Panevezys-Saldutiskis Railway case that was brought before the Permanent Court of International Justice by the Estonian State against the Lithuanian State in 1937. The facts of this case date back to a legally controversial era after the October Revolution that brought principal changes to Russian private law on what law essentially Estonian private law depended on. Both periods demonstrate that changes to private law are not only technical, but closely related to a variety of categories beginning with an inner sense of morality and ending up with principles of international law.
The Universal Teacher, by J. E. Maddy and T. P. Giddings (1923)
Authors: Hash Phillip M.
Published: November 2010

The Universal Teacher for Orchestra and Band Instruments ( UT), a class method by Joseph E. Maddy and Thaddeus P. Giddings published by the Conn Musical Instrument Company in 1923, was the subject of this study. Research questions focused on (1) details surrounding the writing and publishing of the UT; (2) philosophical, psychological, and pedagogical principles behind the method; (3) the influence of the UT on class teaching and subsequent books; and (4) implications of this research for modern practice. Maddy and Giddings wrote the UT from 1920 to 1922 while teaching summer methods courses together at Chautauqua, New York, and at the University of Southern California. The authors designed the book to appeal to children by applying the song method from elementary vocal music to instrumental instruction. This pedagogy differed from previous instrumental methods in that instructional material consisted entirely of melodies rather than scales and exercises. The UT also employed a detailed, systematic series of procedures intended to maximize the use of class time, hold students accountable for their progress, and allow independent learning with as little teacher intervention as possible.
How can we improve targeting of frail elderly patients to a geriatric day-hospital rehabilitation program?
Authors: Pereira Silvia RM , Chiu Wendy , Turner Alyson , Chevalier Stephanie , Joseph Lawrence , Huang Allen R , Morais Jose A
Published: November 2010

Background

The optimal patient selection of frail elderly persons undergoing rehabilitation in Geriatric Day Hospital (GDH) programs remains uncertain. This study was done to identify potential predictors of rehabilitation outcomes for these patients.

Methods

This study is a retrospective cohort analysis of patients admitted to the rehabilitation program of our GDH, in Montreal, Canada, over a five year period. The measures considered were: Barthel Index, Older Americans Resources and Services, Folstein Mini Mental Status Exam, Timed Up & Go (TUG), 6-minute walk test (6 MWT), Gait speed, Berg Balance, grip strength and the European Quality of life - 5 Dimensions. Successful improvement with rehabilitation was defined as improvement in three or more tests of physical function. Logistic regression analysis using the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) was employed to select the optimal model for making predictions of rehabilitation success.

Results

A total of 335 patients were studied, but only 233 patients had a complete data set suitable for the predictive model. Average age was 81 years and patients attended the GDH an average of 24 visits. Significant changes were found in several measures of physical performance for many patients ranging from improved gait speed in 21.3% to improved TUG in 62.7% of the cohort. Fifty-eight percent of patients attained successful improvement with rehabilitation by our criteria. This group was characterized by lower test scores on admission. Using BIC, the best predictor model was the 6 MWT [OR: 0.994 per meter walked (95% CI: 0.990-0.997)].

Conclusions

The GDH rehabilitation program is effective in improving patients' physical performance. Although no single measure was found to be sufficiently predictive to help target candidates appropriately, the 6 MWT showed a trend to significance. Further research will be done to elucidate the utility of a composite 'rehab appropriateness index' and the role of International Classification of Function concepts for targeting frail elderly to GDH rehabilitation services.
Bovine herpesvirus 4 based vector as a potential oncolytic-virus for treatment of glioma
Authors: Redaelli Marco , Mucignat-Caretta Carla , Cavaggioni Andrea , Caretta Antonio , D'Avella Domenico , Denaro Luca , Cavirani Sandro , Donofrio Gaetano
Published: November 2010

The application of gene therapy for malignant gliomas is still under study and the use of specific vectors represents an important contribution. Here, we investigated bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4), which is non-pathogenic if injected into the rodent brain. We show that the vector can infect mouse, rat and human glioma cell lines and primary cultures obtained from human glioblastoma in vitro. BoHV-4 was injected into a tumour grown in rat brain. Although virus expression was scattered across the tumour mass, it was mainly located in the peripheral area of larger gliomas. These data support BoHV-4 as a candidate vector for glioma treatment.
Natural Tooth Versus Implant: A Key to Treatment Planning
Authors: Chandki Rita , Kala Munniswamy
Published: November 2010

Since time immemorial, man has constantly contrived to replace natural body parts that are either congenitally absent or lost subsequent to disease or injury, so as to maintain a perfect amalgam of form and function. Dental implants have recently become established as a standard treatment protocol for replacing missing teeth. Ostensibly, a dilemma has arisen whether the implant should obviate the necessity to preserve teeth with debatable restorative prognosis. This article attempts to review the work done hitherto and to formulate a combined perspective in such cases.
Current Status of Adjuvant Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Katz Matthew H. G. , Fleming Jason B. , Lee Jeffrey E. , Pisters Peter W. T.
Published: November 2010

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Explain the rationale for the use of adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemoradiation and/or chemotherapy in the treatment of patients with potentially resectable pancreatic cancer.Describe the limitations of prior prospective, randomized trials of adjuvant therapy strategies and the clinical implications of these limitations.Compare modern strategies for the multidisciplinary management of potentially resectable and borderline resectable pancreatic cancer.

This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com.

In this article, we review the rationale for and outcomes associated with the use of adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy for resectable and borderline resectable cancer of the pancreatic head and uncinate process. Localized pancreatic cancer is a systemic disease that requires nonoperative therapies to minimize the local and systemic recurrences that almost invariably occur in the absence of such therapy, even following complete surgical resection. A well-defined role exists for the systemic administration of gemcitabine or 5-fluorouracil in the postoperative setting. Although the survival benefit associated with adjuvant chemoradiation has not been as rigorously defined, its use is supported by extensive historic experience; chemoradiation should be considered particularly for patients at high risk for local recurrence. Delivery of chemotherapy and/or chemoradiation prior to surgery has multiple potential advantages, although the superiority of neoadjuvant therapy over standard postoperative therapy has yet to be demonstrated. Neoadjuvant therapy may be particularly beneficial among patients with borderline resectable cancers. Although the existing literature is confusing, and indeed controversial, available evidence suggests that systemic chemotherapy and/or chemoradiation should be offered to all patients with pancreatic cancer who undergo potentially curative resection. Well-designed prospective trials are needed to define the optimal adjuvant or neoadjuvant therapy strategy for these patients.
Myzostome deformation on arms of the Early Jurassic crinoidBalanocrinus gracilis(Charlesworth)
Authors: Hess Hans
Published: November 2010

Myzostome galls on arms of the Early Jurassic (Pliensbachian)Balanocrinus gracilisprovide the first unequivocal evidence of such parasitic infestation in a post-Paleozoic crinoid.
The thermodynamic dissociation constant of naphazoline by the regression analysis of potentiometric data
Authors: Meloun Milan , Ferenčíková Zuzana , Netolická Lucie , Vrána Aleš
Published: November 2010

The mixed dissociation constant of naphazoline is determined at various ionic strengths I [mol dm−3] in the range of 0.01 to 0.26 and at temperatures of 25°C and 37°C using ESAB and HYPERQUAD regression analysis of the potentiometric titration data. A strategy of efficient experimentation is proposed in a protonation constant determination, followed by a computational strategy for the chemical model with a protonation constant determination. Two group parameters, L 0 and H T were ill-conditioned in the model and their determination is therefore uncertain. These group parameters, L 0 and H T, can significantly influence a systematic error in the estimated common parameter pKa and they always should be refined together with pK a. The thermodynamic dissociation constant pK aT was estimated by nonlinear regression of {pK a, I} data at 25°C and 37°C: for naphazoline pK alT = 10.41(1) and 10.13(2). Goodness-of-fit tests for various regression diagnostics enabled the reliability of the parameter estimates to be found.
The intermolecular interactions in the aminonitromethylbenzenes
Authors: Kruszynski Rafal , Sieranski Tomasz
Published: November 2010

The intermolecular non-covalent interactions in aminonitromethylbenzenes namely 2-methyl-4-nitroaniline, 4-methyl-3-nitroaniline, 2-methyl-6-nitroaniline, 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene, 2-methyl-5-nitroaniline, 4-methyl-2-nitroaniline, 2,3-dimethyl-6-nitroaniline, 4,5-dimethyl-2-nitroaniline and 2-methyl-3,5-dinitroaniline were studied by quantum mechanical calculations at RHF/311++G(3df,2p) and B3LYP/311++G(3df,2p) level of theory. The calculations prove that solely geometrical study of hydrogen bonding can be very misleading because not all short distances (classified as hydrogen bonds on the basis of interaction geometry) are bonding in character. For studied compounds interaction energy ranges from 0.23 kcal mol−1 to 5.59 kcal mol−1. The creation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds leads to charge redistribution in donors and acceptors. The Natural Bonding Orbitals analysis shows that hydrogen bonds are created by transfer of electron density from the lone pair orbitals of the H-bond acceptor to the antibonding molecular orbitals of the H-bond donor and Rydberg orbitals of the hydrogen atom. The stacking interactions are the interactions of delocalized molecular π-orbitals of the one molecule with delocalized antibonding molecular π-orbitals and the antibonding molecular σ-orbital created between the carbon atoms of the second aromatic ring and vice versa.
METHODOLOGY AND PERSPECTIVE IN THE THEORY OF LAWYERS’ ETHICS: A RESPONSE TO PROFESSORS WOOLLEY AND MARKOVITS
Authors: Wendel W. Bradley
Published: November 2010

Professor Woolley's principal article identifies a fault line in the theory of legal ethics, between those who ask what a lawyer should do in a situation, and those, like Professor Markovits, who are concerned with how a lawyer should be. The first-personal turn in legal ethics emphasizes the lawyer's integrity or character, rather than impartial considerations such as the client's interests or legal rights. Professor Markovits, for example, foregrounds the affective process of engagement by clients in adjudication, and from that derives a conception of legal ethics that emphasizes the lawyer's passivity, as a negatively capable conduit facilitating client engagement. Professor Woolley acknowledges that there is a first-personal problem in legal ethics, but insists on separating it from the questions pertaining to the best way to regulate the legal profession. This comment accepts Professor Woolley's distinction between theoretical questions pertaining to regulation and those pertaining to what constitutes a life well lived. It goes beyond her article, however, in denying that considerations of integrity, personal identity, and a life well lived do not bear on impartial questions such as what duties lawyers have to their clients and others.
IF PHILOSOPHICAL LEGAL ETHICS IS THE ANSWER, WHAT IS THE QUESTION?
Authors: Woolley Alice
Published: November 2010

Philosophical legal ethics, a sub-discipline of legal ethics arguably initiated by Charles Fried and Richard Wasserstrom, follows a consistent methodological structure: first, what is the ‘standard conception’ of the lawyer's role? second, what is the relationship between the standard conception – the conception of the lawyer as a partisan advocate for her client, neutral about (and unaccountable for) the morality of her client's aims – and the claims of morality more generally? and third, given that relationship, can what lawyers do be morally justified? or should what lawyers do be changed? The concerns of philosophical legal ethics are not primarily doctrinal; they analyse the lawyer's role with some generality and are fundamentally rooted in philosophy, moral or political.

This article uses two recent publications in the area of philosophical legal ethics – Daniel Markovits's A Modern Legal Ethics: Adversary Advocacy in a Democratic Age and Tim Dare's Counsel of Rogues? A Defense of the Standard Conception of the Lawyer's Role – to argue that the straightforward rhetorical structure of philosophical legal ethics belies the difficulty inherent in analysing something that necessarily incorporates both legality (doctrines of law) and ethics (the ability of a person to lead a well-lived life), particularly since both legal doctrine and a well-lived life also bear some relation to the dictates of impartial morality, while yet remaining in some way distinct from impartial morality. Its seemingly straightforward structure also obscures the risk for philosophical legal ethics of drawing implications from ethics for law, or from law for ethics, even where those implications may be unwarranted or actively problematic.
Willa Cather and the Pentecostal Novel
Authors: Dibattista Maria
Published: November 2010

‘The Novel Démeublé’ is Willa Cather's most influential and, for all its plain-spokenness, most enigmatic statement of the principles of her novelistic art. ‘How wonderful,’ she writes, ‘it would be if we could throw all the furniture out of the window; and along with it, all the meaningless reiterations concerning physical sensations, all the tiresome old patterns, and leave the room as bare as the stage of a Greek theatre, or as that house into which the glory of Pentecost descended …’ Cather insists not just on ridding the house of fiction of its superfluous and meaningless clutter, but in stripping it bare – an indication of the drastic narrative and spiritual economies she deems essential to its artistic integrity and, indeed, survival. This essay explores what is demanded and what is foreseen in Cather's call for a radical divestiture of the novel's traditional furnishings by attending to that concluding image of the novel démeublé as a Pentecostal chamber in which numinous reality is translated into the common tongue. Such novelistic miracles are not only possible but necessary to the moral and historical realism of her two finest novels, Death Comes to the Archbishop and The Professor's House.
Decorating Fiction: Edith Wharton's Literary Architecture
Authors: Stephenson Liisa
Published: November 2010

Drawing on the nineteenth-century analogic tradition exemplified by Walter Pater, Honoré de Balzac, and Henry James, this essay considers the conjunction of literature and architecture in Edith Wharton's oeuvre, and particularly her custom of relating novelistic form to architectural design. Her bestselling novel The House of Mirth and her non-fiction work The Writing of Fiction are identified as literary counterparts to Wharton's first book, The Decoration of Houses, a manual of interior design co-authored with architect Ogden Codman. Given Wharton's lifelong interest in architecture and material culture, this essay suggests that she conceived of the modern novel as a product of design, as primarily architectural or constructed space. Windows, thresholds, and furniture, as well as libraries and other interior spaces, figure centrally in her work. The confluence of literary and architectural principles is featured in The House of Mirth, a novel in which the author's skill is equivalent to the architect's, and where the decorative allure of protagonist Lily Bart renders her disturbingly analogous to a rare book. By examining key library scenes in the novel, this essay offers new insight on the decorative appeal of Wharton's work while calling attention to an underlying ethical dimension of her literary architecture.
Ventriloquized Opinions of Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park, and Emma: Jane Austen's Critical Voice
Authors: Gemmill Katie
Published: November 2010

This article explores the relationships between Jane Austen's critical views on the novel, her experience of having her novels criticized, and her own creative practice as a novelist. Comments in her letters about what family and friends thought of Pride and Prejudice shed light on how she reacted to having her novels reviewed. She later formalized her project of amassing readers' opinions by recording them in ‘Opinions of Mansfield Park’ and ‘Opinions of Emma.’ In both collections, Austen displays critical and editorial judgment. Her decisions about what to include, what to omit, what to quote verbatim, and what to ventriloquize reflect her critical voice. Austen's editorial role in collecting these opinions illuminates how her perceptions of readers' criticisms inflected her own novelistic technique.
Peripheral blood monitoring of chronic myeloid leukemia during treatment with imatinib, second‐line agents, and beyond
Authors: Lima Lisa , Bernal‐Mizrachi Leon , Saxe Debra , Mann Karen P. , Tighiouart Mourad , Arellano Martha , Heffner Leonard , McLemore Morgan , Langston Amelia , Winton Elliott , Khoury Hanna Jean
Published: November 2010

BACKGROUND:

The current study was conducted to compare simultaneously obtained bone marrow (BM) cytogenetics (CTG), peripheral blood (PB) and BM fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (Q‐PCR) for BCR‐ABL1 in monitoring response to treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors and homoharringtonine (HHT) in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).

METHODS:

PB and BM FISH (n = 112 samples) and/or Q‐PCR (n = 132 samples) for BCR‐ABL1 were simultaneously obtained in 70 patients with Philadelphia chromosome‐positive (Ph+) CML in chronic (68%), accelerated (16%), and blast phase (16%) before the initiation of therapy and during the course of treatment with imatinib (IM) (n = 40 patients), dasatinib (n = 20 patients), nilotinib (n = 4 patients), bosutinib (n = 18 patients), or HHT (n = 4 patients) for patients with newly diagnosed (n = 13 patients), IM‐sensitive (n = 34 patients), IM‐resistant (n = 30 patients), or IM‐intolerant (n = 9 patients) disease. Eighteen patients were found to have Ph+ variants or karyotypic abnormalities in addition to the Ph+.

RESULTS:

Excellent correlations (r) were observed between PB and BM FISH (r = 0.95) and PB and BM Q‐PCR (r = 0.87), as well as BM CTG and PB FISH (r = 0.89) and PB Q‐PCR (r = 0.82). This correlation was not affected by the presence of the Ph+ variant or additional chromosomal abnormalities, the presence of ABL1 kinase domain mutations, phase of the disease, or treatment.

CONCLUSIONS:

PB FISH and Q‐PCR appear to be reliable methods with which to monitor response to modern therapy in patients with all phases of CML. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Ameloblastic fibrosarcoma: A cytologist's perspective
Authors: Gupta Nalini , Barwad Adarsh , Kumar Rajiv , Rijuneeta  , Vaiphei Kim
Published: November 2010

Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of a case of ameloblastic fibrosarcoma (AFS), an unusual odontogenic tumor related to ameloblastoma (AB), was performed in a 25‐year‐old female with a 1 cm swelling in the left lower orbital region along with involvement of zygomatic region. Aspiration of the tumor yielded a cellular sample composed predominantly of mesenchymal element and few clusters representing epithelial component showing tall columnar cells with peripheral palisading. Detailed cytomorphological features of AFS are discussed along with differential diagnosis from other tumors such as AB, desmoplastic AB, odontogenic fibroma, ameloblastic fibrodentinoma and ameloblastic fibro‐odontoma, ameloblastic fibroma. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adrenal rest in testis diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration cytology
Authors: Banik Tarak , Dey Pranab , Gogoi Dhrubajyoti
Published: November 2010

In this article, we have described an extremely uncommon entity of adrenal rest in testis in fine‐needle aspiration cytology in a 7‐year‐old male child with symptoms of precocious puberty. The patient had a raised serum testosterone level along with a well‐defined solitary mass in the testis. Fine‐needle aspiration cytology smears show a dispersed population of large cells with abundant finely granular cytoplasm, eccentric nuclei, coarse nuclear chromatin, and multiple prominent nucleoli. Considering the clinical, radiological, biochemical, and also cytological features, a diagnosis of adrenal cell rest was made. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Asymmetric Direct α‐Hydroxylation of β‐Oxo Esters by Phase‐Transfer Catalysis Using Chiral Quaternary Ammonium Salts
Authors: Lian Mingming , Li Zhi , Du Jian , Meng Qingwei , Gao Zhanxian
Published: November 2010

The first enantioselective direct α‐hydroxylation of β‐oxo esters was developed by using phase‐transfer catalysis. 1‐Indanone‐derived 1‐adamantyl (1‐Ad) β‐oxo esters, in the presence of commercially available cumyl hydroperoxide and a cinchonine‐based ammonium salt, resulted in the corresponding products with 69–91 % yield and 65–74 % ee. The reaction had also been successfully scaled‐up to a gram quantity, and a similar yield was obtained without loss of the enantioselectivity.
Prozessauslegung beim Laserstrahlunterstützten Stanzen
Authors: Grden Martin , Skkiettibutra Jens , Vollertsen Frank , Johnigk Carsten , Emonts Michael , Brecher Christian , Eckert Markus
Published: November 2010

Laserunterstütztes Stanzen erweitert einerseits den Anwendungsbereich des konventionellen Stanzens in Richtung der Federstähle und erlaubt andererseits eine höhere Schnittqualität. Die Vorraussetzung dafür ist die Bestimmung optimaler Prozessparameter für die lokale Erwärmung. Ein experimentell aufwendiger „trial and error”︁ ‐ Ansatz zur Bestimmung thermischer Parameter kann durch numerische Simulationen des Temperaturfelds stark vereinfacht werden.
Convolutions for the Fourier transforms with geometric variables and applications
Authors: Giang Bui Thi , Mau Nguyen Van , Tuan Nguyen Minh
Published: November 2010

This paper gives a general formulation of convolutions for arbitrary linear operators from a linear space to a commutative algebra, constructs three convolutions for the Fourier transforms with geometric variables and four generalized convolutions for the Fourier‐cosine, Fourier‐sine transforms. With respect to applications, by using the constructed convolutions normed rings on L1(Rn) are constructed, and explicit solutions of integral equations of convolution type are obtained (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Isolation and characterization of plant protein complexes by mass spectrometry
Authors: Pflieger Delphine , Bigeard Jean , Hirt Heribert
Published: November 2010

The components that enable cells and organisms to fulfill a plethora of chemical and physical reactions, including their ability to metabolize, replicate, repair and communicate with their environment are mostly based on the functioning of highly complex cellular machines which are to a large extent composed of proteins. With the development of MS techniques compatible with the analysis of minute amounts of biological material, it has become more and more feasible to dissect the composition and modification of these protein machineries. Indeed, new purification methods of protein complexes followed by MS analysis together with the genomic sequencing of various organisms – and in particular of crop species – now provide unforeseen insight to understand biological processes at a molecular level. We here review the current state of the art of in vivo protein complex isolation and their MS‐based analytical characterization, emphasizing on the tandem affinity purification approach.
Nanoprobe‐based immobilized metal affinity chromatography for sensitive and complementary enrichment of multiply phosphorylated peptides
Authors: Wu Huan‐Ting , Hsu Chuan‐Chih , Tsai Chia‐Feng , Lin Po‐Chiao , Lin Chun‐Cheng , Chen Yu‐Ju
Published: November 2010

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNP, <100 nm) have rapidly evolved as sensitive affinity probes for phosphopeptide enrichment. By taking advantage of the easy magnetic separation and flexible surface modification of the MNP, we developed a surface‐blocked, nanoprobe‐based immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (NB‐IMAC) method for the enhanced purification of multiply phosphorylated peptides. The NB‐IMAC method allowed rapid and specific one‐step enrichment by blocking the surface of titanium (IV) ion‐charged nitrilotriacetic acid‐conjugated MNP (Ti4+‐NTA‐PEG@MNP) with low molecular weight polyethylene glycol. The MNP demonstrated highly sensitive and unbiased extraction of both mono‐ and multiply phosphorylated peptides from diluted β‐casein (2×10−10 M). Without chemical derivation or fractionation, 1283 phosphopeptides were identified from 400 μg of Raji B cells with 80% purification specificity. We also showed the first systematic comparison on the particle size effect between nano‐sclae IMAC and micro‐scale IMAC. Inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) analysis revealed that MNP had a 4.6‐fold higher capacity for metal ions per unit weight than did the magnetic micro‐sized particle (MMP, 2–10 μm), resulting in the identification of more phosphopeptides as well as a higher percentage of multiply phosphorylated peptides (31%) at the proteome scale. Furthermore, NB‐IMAC complements chromatography‐based IMAC and TiO2 methods because <13% of mono‐ and 12% of multiply phosphorylated peptide identifications overlapped among the 2700 phosphopeptides identified by the three methods. Notably, the number of multiply phosphorylated peptides was enriched twofold and threefold by NB‐IMAC relative to micro‐scale IMAC and TiO2, respectively. NB‐IMAC is an innovative material for increasing the identification coverage in phosphoproteomics.
Geschraubte Anschlüsse und Verbindungen nach DIN EN 1993‐1‐8
Authors: Schneider Stephan , Ungermann Dieter
Published: November 2010

Die Bemessung von Anschlüssen und Verbindungen unter vorwiegend ruhenden Beanspruchungen ist in Teil 1‐8 des Eurocode 3 geregelt, dessen deutsche Fassung als DIN EN 1993‐1‐8 im Juli 2005 veröffentlicht wurde. Neben Bemessungs‐ und Konstruktionsregeln für elementare Verbindungsmittel wie Schrauben, Nieten, Bolzen und Schweißnähten, wird in DIN EN 1993‐1‐8 auch die Klassifizierung und Berechnung von geschraubten Stirnplattenverbindungen sowie die Bemessung von Hohlprofilknoten geregelt.

In dem vorliegenden Beitrag werden zum einen die grundlegenden Bemessungs‐ und Konstruktionsregeln für geschraubte Anschlüsse und Verbindungen nach DIN EN 1993‐1‐8 vorgestellt und zum anderen die Klassifizierung und Berechnung von Stirnplattenverbindungen nach der Komponentenmethode erläutert.

Bolted joints and connections according to Eurocode 3. The German version of Eurocode 3 part 1‐8 was published in July 2005 as DIN EN 1993‐18 and provides design and construction rules for bolted joints and connections under static loads. Furthermore, DIN EN 1993‐1‐8 provides detailed application rules for the classification and the design resistance of end plate connections and for the design resistance of hollow section joints.

The present paper gives an overview on the basic design and construction rules for bolted joints according to DIN EN 1993‐1‐8 and explains the basic principles of the component method.
Bemessung von Schweißanschlüssen nach DIN EN 1993‐1‐8
Authors: Holzer Stephan , Kranz Bernd , Nies Helmut , Röw Norman , Scherer Franz
Published: November 2010

Seit Mai 2005 ist die europäische Norm EN 1993‐1‐8 offizieller Ersatz für Regelungen zur Bemessung von Anschlüssen in der 1993 veröffentlichten ENV 1993‐1‐1. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird auf die Konstruktion und Bemessung von Schweißverbindungen dieses Teils des Eurocode 3 (EC3) “Bemessung und Konstruktion von Stahlbauten” eingegangen. Es werden Unterschiede zu der noch parallel gültigen DIN 18800‐1 aufgezeigt. Auf die Bemessung von Anschlüssen an Hohlprofilen, wie in DIN 18808 geregelt, wird in einem gesonderten Beitrag eingegangen.

Design of welded joints according to DIN EN 1993‐1‐8. Since May 2005 the European standard EN 1993‐1‐8 is the official supersede for regulations for the design of connections of ENV 1993‐1‐1, which was published in 1992. This article describes details of the design of welded joints of this part of Eurocode 3 (EC3) “Design of steel structures”. Differences to the still valid DIN 18800‐1 are pointed out. The design of joints at hollow sections acc. DIN 18808 will be shown in a separate article.
Biosynthesis of 14,15‐Hepoxilins in Human L1236 Hodgkin Lymphoma Cells and Eosinophils
Authors: Brunnström Åsa , Hamberg Mats , Griffiths William J. , Mannervik Bengt , Claesson Hans‐Erik
Published: November 2010

Hepoxilins are epoxy alcohols synthesized through the 12‐lipoxygenase (12‐LO) pathway in animal cells. The epidermis is the principal source of hepoxilins in humans. Here we report on the formation of novel hepoxilin regioisomers formed by the 15‐LO pathway in human cells. The Hodgkin lymphoma cell line L1236 possesses high 15‐lipoxygenase‐1 (15‐LO‐1) activity and incubation of L1236 cells with arachidonic acid led to the formation of 11(S)‐hydroxy‐14(S),15(S)‐epoxy 5(Z),8(Z),12(E) eicosatrienoic acid (14,15‐HxA3 11(S)) and 13(R)‐hydroxy‐14(S),15(S)‐epoxy 5(Z),8(Z),11(Z) eicosatrienoic acid (14,15‐HxB3 13 (R)). In addition, two hitherto unidentified products were detected and these products were collected and analyzed by positive ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. These metabolites were identified as 11(S),15(S)‐dihydroxy‐14(R)‐glutathionyl‐5(Z),8(Z),12(E)‐eicosatrienoic acid (14,15‐HxA3‐C) and 11(S),15(S)‐dihydroxy‐14(R)‐cysteinyl‐glycyl‐5(Z),8(Z),12(E)‐eicosatrienoic acid (14,15‐HxA3‐D). Incubation of L1236 cells with synthetic 14,15‐HxA3 11(S) also led to the formation of 14,15‐HxA3‐C and 14,15‐HxA3‐D. Several soluble glutathione transferases, in particular GST M1‐1 and GST P1‐1, were found to catalyze the conversion of 14,15‐HxA3 to 14,15‐HxA3‐C. L1236 cells produced approximately twice as much eoxins as cysteinyl‐containing hepoxilins upon stimulation with arachidonic acid. Human eosinophils, nasal polyps and dendritic cells selectively formed 14,15‐HxA3 11(S) and 14,15‐HxB3 13(R) stereoisomers, but not cysteinyl‐containing hepoxilins, after stimulation with arachidonic acid. Furthermore, purified recombinant 15‐LO‐1 alone catalyzed the conversion of arachidonic acid to 14,15‐HxA3 11(S) and 14,15‐HxB3 13(R), showing that human 15‐LO‐1 possesses intrinsic 14,15‐hepoxilin synthase activity.
FROM WHITEHALL TO JEDBURGH: PATRONAGE NETWORKS AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE SCOTTISH BORDERS, 1603 TO 1625
Authors: GROUNDWATER ANNA
Published: November 2010

When James VI and I arrived in London in 1603, he created a new bedchamber, which he filled with Scottish courtiers. This he positioned, antagonistically as it turned out, between himself and the more English privy chamber. These Scottish courtiers thus had the most intimate access to James, and were able to exercise great influence over the distribution of James's favour. Whilst their importance has been debated within an English context, their significance within James's government in Scotland has not yet been addressed. These Scotsmen became the focus for patronage networks stretching from Whitehall, through the privy council in Edinburgh, to the Scottish regional elites, and helped James retain the co-operation of those elites. Against the background of attempts to gain fuller union, James sought to demonstrate the benefits of regnal union by prosecuting a pacification of crime within the Scottish and English Borders, now rechristened the Middle Shires. Patronage networks from Whitehall to Roxburghshire secured the co-operation of the Scottish Borders elite, whilst acting as conduits for information and advice back to Whitehall. This article will suggest that these relationships were integral to Scottish governmental processes in James's absence, providing a much-needed cohesive force within his fragile new multiple monarchy.
Variation in V+the+N idioms
Authors: Mostafa Massrura
Published: November 2010

The term ‘idiom’ can refer to two types of fixed expressions. First, in a narrow sense, idioms are ‘expressions whose idiomaticity is semantic; typical expressions are kick the bucket, spill the beans etc. Second, idiomaticity is a formal property of expressions and is more or less equated with the fixedness of form; for example, by and large’ (Stathi, 2006: 27). It is more common, as Moon (1997: 46) says, for idioms to refer to ‘multi-word items which are not the sum of their parts: they have holistic meanings which cannot be retrieved from the individual meanings of the component words.’ Idioms are thought to be ‘relatively frozen and to have severe grammatical restriction’ (Moon, 1997: 47), and so it might be generally taken that they do not permit any lexical or syntactic modification, but they have greater possibilities of modification than might be expected. There are many idioms with different structures in the English language; I have chosen the idioms with the syntactic structure V + the + N. In this paper I will try to show the degrees of modification, the possible reasons for their modifications and the significance of the definite article by using the British National Corpus (BNC) and Webcorp, a web concordancer.