bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modelling Plant Hormone Gradients
Authors: Moore Simon , Zhang Xiaoxian , Liu Junli , Lindsey Keith
Published: October 2015

Cellular patterning in the Arabidopsis root is coordinated via a localised auxin concentration maximum in the root tip, requiring the regulated expression of specific genes. The activities of plant hormones such as auxin, ethylene and cytokinin depend on cellular context and exhibit either synergistic or antagonistic interactions. Due to the complexity and nonlinearity of spatiotemporal interactions between both hormones and gene expression in root development, modelling plant hormone gradients requires a systems approach in which experimental data and modelling analysis are closely combined. Modelling therefore allows a predictive interrogation of highly complex and nonintuitive interactions between components in the system. Important factors to be considered when modelling hormone gradients include the construction of a hormonal crosstalk network, the formulation of kinetic equations and the construction of an
in silico
root map. A modelling approach enables the analysis of relationships between multiple hormone gradients, predictions on how hormone gradients emerge under the action of hormonal crosstalk, and the prediction and elucidation of experimental results from mutant roots.

Key Concepts

Patterning in Arabidopsis root development is coordinated via a localised auxin concentration maximum in the root tip, requiring the regulated expression of specific genes.

The activities of plant hormones such as auxin, ethylene, cytokinin, abscisic acid, gibberellin and brassinosteroids depend on cellular context and exhibit either synergistic or antagonistic interactions.

Auxin concentration and the associated regulatory and target genes are regulated by diverse interacting hormones and gene expression and therefore cannot change independently of the various crosstalk components in space and time.

Other hormone concentrations, such as ethylene and cytokinin concentrations, and expression of the associated regulatory and target genes are also interlinked.

Modelling plant hormone gradients requires a systems approach where experimental data and modelling analysis are closely combined.

A hormonal crosstalk network describes the regulatory relationships between hormones and their associated genes.

A kinetic equation can be formulated for any regulatory relationship following thermodynamic and kinetic principles.

Construction of an
in silico
root map enables the study of multicellular cell–cell communications in Arabidopsis root development.

Modelling hormone gradients enables the analysis of relationships between multiple hormone gradients, predictions on how hormone gradients emerge under the action of hormonal crosstalk, and the prediction and elucidation of experimental results from mutant roots.

Modelling auxin gradients can also incorporate different mechanisms of polar auxin transport and the interaction of hormone gradients and root growth.
Prediction of Human Pigmentation Traits from
DNA
Polymorphisms
Authors: Branicki Wojciech , Kayser Manfred
Published: October 2015

Driven by recent evolutionary history, pigmentation traits significantly contribute to the most obvious parts of the overall human phenotypic diversity with skin colour varying between worldwide individuals, while eye and hair colour differences only exist in individuals of European (and neighbouring region) descent. Genetic association studies have discovered various DNA variants that together explain large proportion of phenotypic variance in eye, hair and skin colouration. Besides providing leads in the molecular understanding of human pigmentation, multiple associated DNA variants have also been used for prediction modelling of pigmentation traits. The success of DNA‐based pigmentation prediction laid the foundation for a new subfield of forensic genetics known as Forensic DNA Phenotyping, which aims to help finding unknown perpetrators. Pigmentation DNA prediction is further relevant in anthropological research from old and ancient human remains for reconstructing colour phenotypes of deceased persons including those of historical importance.

Key Concepts

Driven by recent evolutionary history, differences in pigmentation significantly contribute to the phenotypic diversity in humans.

Eye, hair and skin colour reflect complex traits with multiple genes and environmental factors determining phenotypic variation distributed differently around the world.

Gene mapping studies identified a number of pigmentation genes that typically but not necessarily determine all three pigmentation traits in humans.

Multiple pigmentation‐associated DNA variants have proven useful to predict all three human pigmentation traits with varying accuracies.

Several DNA test systems are available for accurate prediction of blue and brown eyes, while for other eye colours further research is needed.

Available DNA test systems for hair colour provide accurate prediction of red and (albeit less so) of black hair, while the DNA prediction of blond and brown hair is troubled by age‐dependent hair colour changes in some (but not all) individuals not yet understood on the molecular level.

Of the three human pigmentation traits, DNA prediction of skin colour is least advanced, requiring considerable further research.

Current DNA prediction on the level of categorical eye, hair and skin colour shall be improved towards more detailed colour phenotypes, if the necessary DNA predictors become available via dedicated future research.

Forensic science is a major recipient of pigmentation predictive DNA tests, where they are used to trace unknown perpetrators unidentifiable via conventional DNA profiling.

Pigmentation DNA prediction is also relevant in anthropological and human evolutionary research particularly from old and ancient human remains.
Myeloid‐Derived Suppressor Cells
Authors: Toor Salman M , Elkord Eyad
Published: October 2015

Myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of myeloid progenitor cells and immature myeloid cells (IMCs) with a potent immunosuppressive activity against T‐cell responses. In health, IMCs differentiate into mature granulocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells, and these IMCs can be detected at low levels in circulation. However, different pathological conditions including cancer, infection, transplantation, autoimmune diseases and inflammation cause a disruption in the differentiation pathway of IMCs, leading to their accumulation. MDSCs exert their immunosuppressive function through the increased activity of immunosuppressive factors such as arginase‐1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), in addition to the increased production of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), and by modulating the production of various cytokines. The role of MDSCs in regulation of immune responses in both health and disease makes them an attractive therapeutic target in conquering various human diseases.

Key Concepts

MDSCs are a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells.

Much of our understanding of MDSCs came from cancer studies; however, recent work highlighted their significance in many other pathological conditions.

MDSCs are expanded in cancer and other pathological conditions owing to abnormal myelopoiesis.

Mice MDSCs are defined by the co‐expression of GR‐1 and CD11b.

Human MDSCs can be identified as CD11b+CD33+HLA‐DR−/low, and further divided into granulocytic CD14−and monocytic CD14+cells.

MDSCs exhibit a potent inhibitory effect on various T‐cell functions.

MDSCs exert their suppressive function through different mechanisms including expression of arginase 1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase and production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide.

Correlations between circulating/infiltrating MDSC levels and clinical parameters are contradictory owing to the heterogeneous nature of human MDSCs.

Some agents have been shown to reverse the immunosuppressive function or to directly target MDSCs for clinical benefits.
Viral Encephalitis
Authors: Jones Cheryl A
Published: October 2015

Viral encephalitis can result from direct invasion of the brain or indirectly through immune‐mediated effects. Syndromes of infection‐associated encephalopathies can also occur without direct brain invasion, and autoimmune encephalitides can be triggered by viruses. Here, we review the epidemiology and pathogenesis of encephalitis by virus families, and consider diagnosis, management and prevention. Age, immune competency and geographic location influence aetiology.
HSV
is the commonest sporadic viral encephalitis in adults and older children in the developed world. Nonpolio enteroviruses and Japanese encephalitis virus are additional common causes in young children, particularly in developing countries. Rabies is the leading cause of fatal encephalitis worldwide. Outbreaks of infectious encephalitis may signal emergence of novel viruses or changes in distribution of known viruses. Better deployment and/or development of vaccines and therapies are required to prevent viral encephalitis. Further research is needed to clarify the role of immune modulation in viral encephalitis.

Key Concepts

Viral encephalitis (brain inflammation with cerebral dysfunction) can result from direct invasion of the brain or indirectly from immune‐mediated pathology.

Viral‐associated encephalopathies such as those associated with influenza virus infection are not usually associated with detection of virus in the CSF.

The causes of viral encephalitis are influenced by geographic location, age, immune competency, the availability of effective vaccines or antivirals and the season.

Outbreaks of viral encephalitis can indicate emerging viral pathogens of public health significance or spread of vector‐borne and zoonotic viral encephalitides to new geographic locations.

Increases of zoonotic encephalitis such as rabies have recently occurred in countries where they were previously eradicated, and indicate a global need for a one health (animal and human) approach to prevention.

Empiric antiviral therapy should be commenced early in suspected viral encephalitis cases but promptly ceased when herpes simplex virus encephalitis has been excluded.

There may be a role for early institution of immune suppression in some forms of viral encephalitis.

Many cases of encephalitis are lost opportunities for prevention due to missed opportunities for vaccination or ineffective immunisation programs vaccines.

Viral encephalitis continues to cause ongoing high burden of death and disability, particularly in childhood.
JAK/STATSignalling and Haematological Malignancies
Authors: Constantinescu Stefan N , Vainchenker William
Published: October 2015

A major focus of investigation and drug screening efforts started with the discovery of JAK2V617F as a major driver of the BCR‐ABL‐negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). An acquired somatic mutation,JAK2V617F, drives 65% of MPNs. Further studies established that these diseases almost always exhibit mutations leading to persistent JAK2‐STAT5 activation. Sequencing of the four mammalianJAKs(Janus kinases) (JAK1,JAK2,JAK3andTYK2) and of the seven STATs (signal transducers and activators of transcriptions) in a variety of cancers identified the pathologic activation of these JAKs and STATs, by mutations in the genes themselves or in upstream or downstream regulators as significant contributors to several haematological and solid malignancies. The development of JAK2, JAK1, JAK3 and TYK2 kinase inhibitors is unfolding with JAK2, JAK1 and JAK3 inhibitors being approved in certain conditions. Altogether, the JAK/STAT pathway became a new gold mine for discovery and therapy in haematological cancers.

Key Concepts

The JAK/STAT pathway has a central role in cytokine signalling in normal haematopoiesis.

The JAK/STAT pathway is frequently pathologically activated by several mechanisms in many types of haematological malignancies.

The JAK/STAT pathway can be targeted by small molecules.

The JAK/STAT pathway can be pathologically activated by down‐modulation of negative regulators such as phosphatases.

Constitutive STAT activation in blood cancers can be the result of several activated kinases, not only JAKs.

JAK2 activation is the main mechanismresponsible of the poorprognosis of mostpediatric B‐cell acute lymphoblasticleukemia.
The Genetics of Stuttering
Authors: Domingues Carlos EF , Drayna Dennis
Published: October 2015

Stuttering is a common disorder that affects the flow of speech and is characterised by uncontrollable repetitions, prolongations or interruptions in speech. The aetiology of developmental stuttering is still not well understood, however genetic studies over the past decade have made some important advances. Strong evidence for genetic factors in this disorder comes from twin and adoption studies, as well as from family studies that include measures of familial aggregation, segregation and genetic linkage analyses. However, Mendelian segregation of the disorder in families does not occur, and thus stuttering is a complex genetic disorder which poses a challenge for linkage and other genetic analyses. Nevertheless, genetic linkage studies have defined numerous loci‐carrying genes that can cause persistent stuttering, and several causative genes have recently been identified. Application of massively parallel DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) sequencing holds the promise of facilitating the identification of genes that cause stuttering and other speech and language disorders.

Key Concepts

Stuttering is a disorder of the flow of speech, in which the affected individuals know what they wish to say but are unable to say it owing to uncontrollable repetitions, prolongations or interruptions in their speech.

Developmental stuttering typically arises at a characteristic time during the acquisition of speech in children, and approximately 75–80% children recover, sometimes with and sometimes without the aid of speech therapy.

Twin studies provide strong evidence for the involvement of genetic factors in developmental stuttering.

Stuttering is a complex genetic disorder in which Mendelian segregation does not occur.

Genetic linkage studies in families have defined numerous loci for persistent stuttering, and several causative genes have recently been identified.
Immunology of Reptiles
Authors: Rios Francesca M , Zimmerman Laura M
Published: October 2015

Reptiles tend to have a broad innate immune response followed by a more moderate adaptive response, and as an ectotherm, their immune response is strongly affected by temperature. The innate immune responses in reptiles encompass a diverse group of molecules and cells that includes non‐specific leukocytes, lysozymes, antimicrobial peptides, the complement pathway and fever. The adaptive response involves both T and B cells; however, reptile humoral responses are much less robust than mammalian responses. Thus, reptiles may rely more heavily on a natural antibody response. The slower adaptive response may be because reptiles lack lymph nodes and do not form germinal centres. Phagocytic B cells have also been identified in reptiles. Studies of the reptilian immune system may contribute to our understanding of the evolution of the immune system as well as to the fields of conservation biology, ecological immunology and human medicine.

Key Concepts

Reptiles have a broad innate immune response able to encompass a variety of pathogens followed by a specific adaptive response.

Because reptiles are ectothermic, temperature has a strong effect on immune responses.

Seasonal variation in structure and function of the immune system in reptiles is common.

As the only ectothermic amniotes, reptiles provide vital information on the evolution of the immune systems.
Mechanical Properties of Shark‐Skin Like Structured Surfaces for High‐Temperature Applications
Authors: Schlieter Antje , Pflumm R. , Shakhverdova I. , Naraparaju R. , Schulz U. , Leyens C. , Schütze M. , Reimers W.
Published: October 2015

Structuring surfaces with so‐called riblets improve the drag reduction on surfaces of airplane wings or blades for aero‐engines. Here the result of collaboration between four research groups which focused on the transferability of the riblet approach to high temperature material systems. With respect to the applications excellent mechanical properties and high temperature oxidation resistance of the riblets are necessary. Applicable processes via halogenation, coatings fabrication, and laser ablation plus oxidation to process small riblets on relevant material systems for aero engines (IN718, PWA1483, TNMB1) are presented. The riblets have different compositions such as metallic, half‐ and completely oxidized. The riblet morphology is characterized and studies of the mechanical stability outlined promising results. All tested riblets exhibit good bonding to the substrate. Results of quasi cyclic four point bending tests and low cycle fatigue are discussed taking into account the differences between the riblet and the substrate composition.
Investigation of Reactive HPPMS Process and Influence of Bias Voltage during Deposition of Alumina Coatings
Authors: Bobzin Kirsten , Brögelmann Tobias , Brugnara Ricardo H. , Basturk Serhan , Bagcivan Nazlim
Published: October 2015

Crystalline PVD alumina coatings offer a high potential for application as protective coating material on cutting tools. In the first part of this work, the reactive sputtering of Al target in an HPPMS discharge is investigated for various pulse lengths in an industrial scale unit. In a second step, alumina coatings are deposited at various bias voltages. It can be observed that the pulse length has a strong influence on the amount of maximum allowable oxygen flow in the reactive process. Longer pulse lengths allow a higher oxygen flow in the coating process compared to short pulses. The characterization of deposited coatings shows that at higher bias values a dense fine grained crystalline morphology is formed, while the mechanical properties peak for a certain bias value.
Mechanical Properties of Diamond‐Structured Polymer Microlattices Coated with the Silicon Nitride Film
Authors: Zhou Yong Feng , Yao Chang Zhuang , Yang Qing Lin , Guo Lin , Jiang Lei
Published: October 2015

Inspired by crystal structures of the diamond and polymer/ceramic core‐shell structures of hard biological materials, diamond‐structured polymer/SiN microlattices with enhanced mechanical properties have been fabricated by 3D printing and plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition method. It is found that the compressive strength of the resultant microlattices improves with increasing silicon nitride film thickness and can reach 1.95 MPa at the thickness of 400 nm, which is 3.4 times higher than the pure polymer, but a little increase of 4.8% in density, which is only 169.2 kg m−3. The work may provide a simplified and feasible avenue to improve the strength of low density materials.
Direct Observation of Conducting Nanofilaments in Graphene‐Oxide‐Resistive Switching Memory
Authors: Kim Sung Kyu , Kim Jong Yoon , Choi Sung‐Yool , Lee Jeong Yong , Jeong Hu Young
Published: October 2015

Determining the presence of conducting filaments in resistive random access memory with nanoscale thin films is vital to unraveling resistive switching mechanisms. Bistable resistive switching within graphene‐oxide (GO)‐based resistive memory devices, recently developed by many research groups, has been generally explained by the formation and rupture of conducting filaments induced by the diffusion of metal or oxygen ions. Using a low‐voltage spherical aberration‐corrected transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we directly observe metallic nanofilaments formed at the amorphous top interface layer with the application of external voltages in an Al/GO/Al memory system. Atomic‐resolution TEM images acquired at an acceleration voltage of 80 kV clearly show that the conducting nanofilaments are composed of nanosized aluminum crystalline within the amorphous top interface layer after applying a negative bias (ON state). Simultaneously, we observe the change in the crystallinity of GO films by the back‐diffusion of oxygen ions. The oxygen‐deficient regions are clearly confirmed by energy‐filtered TEM oxygen elemental mapping. This work could provide strong evidence to confirm the resistive switching mechanism previously suggested by our group.
20% External Quantum Efficiency in Solution‐Processed Blue Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescent Devices
Authors: Cho Yong Joo , Chin Byung Doo , Jeon Sang Kyu , Lee Jun Yeob
Published: October 2015

Highly efficient solution‐processed blue thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) devices are developed by designing soluble blue TADF emitters. The solubility and emission color could be managed by introducing F as an electron withdrawing unit instead of CN. Two soluble blue TADF emitters are synthesized and show a high external quantum efficiency of 20.0% with a color coordinate of (0.16,0.26), and it is the best quantum efficiency reported in solution‐processed TADF devices. The device performances of the solution‐processed blue TADF devices are comparable to those of vacuum‐processed blue TADF devices.
Demography and life history of wild red titi monkeys (Callicebus discolor) and equatorial sakis (Pithecia aequatorialis) in Amazonian Ecuador: A 12‐year study
Authors: Van Belle Sarie , Fernandez‐Duque Eduardo , Di Fiore Anthony
Published: October 2015

We investigated demographic patterns and life history traits from several groups of red titi monkeys (Callicebus discolor) and equatorial sakis (Pithecia aequatorialis) monitored throughout the first 12 years (November 2003 through May 2015) of an ongoing research project in the Yasuní National Park and Biosphere Reserve, Ecuador. The saki groups ranged in size between two and six individuals, comprising either one adult male and one adult female or multiple adult‐sized males or females, plus immatures. Deviations from a pair‐living structure resulted when two different daughters of the resident female grew up and successfully reproduced in their natal group and when an adult‐sized male temporarily immigrated into the group when it already contained an adult male. The titi groups also ranged in size between two and six individuals, but almost exclusively lived in groups with one adult individual of each sex. No titi offspring were observed to breed in their natal groups, and both male and female offspring dispersed when they were between 2.1 and 5.0 years old. In both titi and saki groups, vacant breeding positions resulting from the disappearance of an adult group member were promptly occupied by immigrants of the same sex as the disappeared group member. We recorded nine saki and 28 titi births. Eighty‐three percent of the titi births occurred between September and January, suggesting reproductive seasonality. The mean interbirth interval after an infant survived its first 6 months was 21.3 ± SE 1.9 months (N = 3) for sakis and 14.5 ± SE 1.5 months (N = 14) for titis. Saki infant survival was 70%, and juvenile survival 57%. Titi infant survival was 88%, and juvenile survival was 53%. This 12‐year study provides important insights into the functioning and maintenance of pair‐living and social monogamy in two little‐known platyrrhine species. Am. J. Primatol. 78:204–215, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of multiwalled carbon nanotube filled, palm‐oil‐based polyalkyds: Effects of loading and in situ reaction
Authors: Islam Muhammad Remanul , Beg Mohammad Dalour Hossen , Jamari Saidatul Shima
Published: October 2015

In this study, the contribution of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was studied for the evaluation of the performances of polyalkyd‐based films produced from dehydrated palm oil. Initially, different percentages of MWCNTs, including 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 wt %, were considered for loading into the resin with the help of sonication. Additionally, a 1.0 wt % loading was considered for in situ conditions during the esterification process to achieve better dispersion and obtain improved properties of the film. The loading was evaluated by different performance tests, such as those of tensile, elongation, pencil hardness, swelling ratio, gel content, wettability, chemical resistivity, adhesion, and surface morphology. The results of mechanical testing showed that the addition of 1.0 wt % MWCNTs enhanced the tensile strength by 50%, whereas in situ conditions were found to be favorable for significantly improving the tensile strength by 75%. Moreover, the wettability, surface morphology, and thermal properties were also found to be in favor of in situ conditions for the dispersion of the MWCNTs. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42934.
Microwave‐assisted green approach for graft copolymerization of l‐lactic acid onto starch
Authors: Salimi Kouroush , Topuzogullari Murat , Dincer Sevil , Aydin Halil Murat , Piskin Erhan
Published: October 2015

Poly l‐lactic acid grafted starch (St‐g‐PLA) copolymers were directly synthesized under microwave irradiation by using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and stannous 2‐ethyl hexanoate acting as a catalyst, without the use of toxic solvents. The product were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (13C CP/MAS NMR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA‐DTG). SEM analysis indicated that microwave heating had a considerable effect on the interfacial adhesion between PLA and starch. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA‐DTG) revealed that copolymers exhibited better thermal stability. Maximum PLA grafting was achieved with the following reaction conditions: 450W microwave power, monomer ratio of 1:5 and 0.4M of NaOH. This study demonstrates that it is possible to obtain St‐g‐PLA copolymers with better processing characteristics and smaller sizes via microwave‐assisted synthesis. The applied procedure is an interesting “green” synthesis method for the production of biodegradable materials used in a diverse range of applications. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42937.
Tuning the photovoltaic performances of the terpolymers based on thiophene‐benzene‐thiophene via the modification of alkyl side chains
Authors: Guo Huan , Shen Tianpei , Wu Fen , Hou Rongyan , Liu Xuxu , Zhao Bin , Tan Songting
Published: October 2015

Three new random conjugated terpolymers based on thiophene‐2,5‐bis((2‐ ethylhexyl)oxy)benzene‐thiophene or thiophene‐2,5‐bis((2‐octyl)oxy)benzene‐ thiophene as electron‐donating units, diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) and 4,7‐dithien‐5‐yl‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole (DTBT) side group as electron‐withdrawing units have been designed and synthesized by Stille‐coupling reaction. All the terpolymers exhibit good thermal stability, broad absorption in the range of 300 to 800 nm. By tuning the alkyl side chains of the terpolymers, the absorption spectra, HOMO energy levels and photovoltaic properties of the terpolymers changed dramatically. A bulk heterojunction polymer solar cell fabricated from terpolymerGP2and PC61BM exhibited a promising power conversion efficiency of 3.31% without any processing additives. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2016,133, 42982.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone–polydimethylsiloxane amphiphilic co‐networks: Synthesis, characterization, and perm‐selective behavior
Authors: Zhang Li , Zhao Xinzhen , Liu Dapeng , Wang Haiye , He Chunju
Published: October 2015

An amphiphilic co‐network (APCN) membrane has been synthesized through end‐crosslinking of amphiphilic grafts of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) backbone carrying polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) branches fitted with terminal vinylsilyl groups via free radical polymerization. The synthesis strategy has been carried out by the free radical polymerization of N‐vinylpyrrolidone (VP) with methacrylate allyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane (MA‐PDMS‐V) and dimethacrylate terminated polydimethylsiloxane (MA‐PDMS‐MA) to form a soluble graft consisting of PVP main chains carrying vinyl terminated PDMS branches, which is crosslinked with polymethylhydrosiloxane through hydrosilylation. The resulting APCN membrane exhibited a combination of unique properties, that is, high transparency, high mechanical properties, and high permeation rate to inulin. Notably, the mechanical properties and inulin permeability of fabric‐support APCN membrane were higher than that of pure APCN membrane. As a result of their unique performance, the resulting APCN membranes showed a wide range of potential applications in drug release vectors, soft contact lenses, and biomedical separation materials. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42985.
Sonication‐Aided Formation of Hollow Hybrid Nanoparticles as High‐Efficiency Absorbents for Dissolved Toluene in Water
Authors: Huang Ting , Xu Liju , Wang Chen , Yin Zheng , Qiu Dong
Published: October 2015

A surfactant‐free emulsion polymerization process was developed to produce hollow hybrid nanoparticles (HHNP thereafter). Ultrasonication was found not only to help the generation of nanosized monomer droplets but also to generate surface active species through mediating the hydrolysis of the monomer, 3‐(methacryloyloxy) propyltrimethoxysilane (MPS), thus stabilizing the oil/water interface. The hollow structure was formed based on a soft template approach, where the partially hydrolyzed monomer served as emulsifier and polymerized at the interface to form a hybrid shell. These HHNPs were used to absorb dissolved toluene in water and it was found they could reduce the toluene level down to zero, a level hardly being achieved by other methods. Combined with their good colloidal stability in water, these HHNPs are very promising colloidal collectors for dissolved organic solvents, in order to generate high quality water from contaminated water.
Heterometallic Na6Co3 Phenylsilsesquioxane Exhibiting Slow Dynamic Behavior in its Magnetization
Authors: Bilyachenko Alexey N. , Yalymov Alexey I. , Korlyukov Alexander A. , Long Jérôme , Larionova Joulia , Guari Yannick , Zubavichus Yan V. , Trigub Alexander L. , Shubina Elena S. , Eremenko Igor L. , Efimov Nikolay N. , Levitsky Mikhail M.
Published: October 2015

A heterometallic phenylsilsesquioxane [(PhSiO1,5)22(CoO)3(NaO0.5)6]⋅(EtOH)6⋅(H2O) 1 cage architecture of CoII ions in a triangular topology exhibits a slow dynamic behavior in its magnetization, induced by the freezing of the spins of individual molecules.
Biologically Active Heteroglycoclusters Constructed on a Pillar[5]arene‐Containing [2]Rotaxane Scaffold
Authors: Vincent Stéphane P. , Buffet Kevin , Nierengarten Iwona , Imberty Anne , Nierengarten Jean‐François
Published: October 2015

A synthetic approach combining recent concepts for the preparation of multifunctional nanomolecules (click chemistry on multifunctional scaffolds) with supramolecular chemistry (self‐assembly to prepare rotaxanes) gave easy access to a large variety of sophisticated [2]rotaxane heteroglycoclusters. Specifically, compounds combining galactose and fucose have been prepared to target the two bacterial lectins (LecA and LecB) from the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
ChemInform Abstract: Electronic Structure of the Heavy Fermion Superconductor Ce2PdIn8: Experiment and Calculations.
Authors: Werwinski M. , Szajek A. , Slebarski A. , Kaczorowski D.
Published: October 2015

The electronic structure of the heavy‐fermion superconductor Ce2PdIn8 is investigated by means of XPS and ab initio DFT band structure calculations.
ChemInform Abstract: A Bioinspired Molecular Polyoxometalate Catalyst with Two Cobalt(II) Oxide Cores for Photocatalytic Water Oxidation.
Authors: Wei Jie , Feng Yingying , Zhou Panpan , Liu Yan , Xu Jingyin , Xiang Rui , Ding Yong , Zhao Chongchao , Fan Linyuan , Hu Changwen
Published: October 2015

(Na,K)16 [(A‐α‐SiW9O34)2Co8 (OH)6(H2O)2(CO3)3] (I) is prepared by addition of a 2 M K2CO3 solution to an aqueous solution of Na10 [A‐α‐SiW9O34]·19H2O and CoSO4 in Na(OAc) (pH 8.9—9.3, 25 °C, 1 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Transition‐Metal Free Oxidative Aliphatic C—H Fluorination.
Authors: Zhang Xiaofei , Guo Shuo , Tang Pingping
Published: October 2015

An efficient, metal‐free fluorination is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Catalyzed Alkynylation of a C(sp2)—H Bond Directed by an 8‐Aminoquinoline Moiety.
Authors: Yi Jun , Yang Li , Xia Chungu , Li Fuwei
Published: October 2015

The utility of this method is demonstrated in the synthesis of (XXI), a clinical candidate for the treatment of prostate cancer.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Dehydroxylative Coupling Reaction of Alcohols with Organosilanes Through Si—X Bond Activation by Halogen Bonding.
Authors: Saito Masato , Tsuji Nobuya , Kobayashi Yusuke , Takemoto Yoshiji
Published: October 2015

Combination of a halogen bond donor with an in situ formed trimethylsilyl halide enables the direct dehydroxylative coupling of alcohols with various nucleophiles bearing trimethylsilyl groups.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereospecific Deoxygenation of Aliphatic Epoxides to Alkenes under Rhenium Catalysis.
Authors: Nakagiri Takuya , Murai Masahito , Takai Kazuhiko
Published: October 2015

Variously substituted, unactivated, aliphatic epoxides are stereospecifically deoxygenated under neutral conditions using triphenyl phosphite as effective reductant.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Alkynylation of Morita—Baylis—Hillman Carbonates with (Triisopropylsilyl)acetylene on Water.
Authors: Li Yangxiong , Liu Li , Kong Delong , Wang Dong , Feng Weichun , Yue Tao , Li Chaojun
Published: October 2015

Pd‐catalyzed coupling of Morita—Baylis—Hillman carbonates with (triisopropylsilyl)acetylene (II) produces 1,4‐enynes in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Multisubstituted Cyclobutenones via Copper‐Catalyzed Intramolecular C‐Vinylation of Ketones.
Authors: Zhu Lin , Li Chaozhong
Published: October 2015

A novel facile method is developed for the intramolecular cyclization of vinyl bromides (I) and (III) to form tetrasubstituted cyclobutenones in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of a P‐Stereogenic PNPtBu,Ph Ruthenium Pincer Complex and Its Application in Asymmetric Reduction of Ketones.
Authors: Arenas Ismael , Boutureira Omar , Matheu M. Isabel , Diaz Yolanda , Castillon Sergio
Published: October 2015

A wide range of aromatic ketones can be hydrogenated with high conversion and generally good to excellent enantioselectivity in the presence of the title ligand.
ChemInform Abstract: Base Mediated Synthesis of Alkyl‐Aryl Ethers from the Reaction of Aliphatic Alcohols and Unsymmetric Diaryliodonium Salts.
Authors: Sundalam Sunil K. , Stuart David R.
Published: October 2015

The title method is characterized by operational simplicity, broad substrate scope, and mild reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Enynylation of N‐Sulfonyl Aldimines Catalyzed by Zn‐BINOL Complexes.
Authors: Yang Zhen‐Yan , Liu Tian‐Lin , Zheng Yan , Li Shen , Ma Jun‐An
Published: October 2015

Various enyne carbinamine products are highly enantioselectively obtained by catalytic asymmetric addition of terminal 3‐en‐1‐ynes to N‐sulfonyl aldimines in the presence of Zn‐BINOL complexes which are generated in situ from ZnMe2 and chiral binol‐type ligands.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of Functionalized Polycarbocycles via a Three‐Component Organocascade Quadruple Reaction.
Authors: Chang Yun‐Pu , Gurubrahamam Ramani , Chen Kwunmin
Published: October 2015

Conditions for the scalable reaction of 1,3‐indanedione, 4‐substituted cyclohexanones and aryl or hetaryl aldehydes to form spirocyclic scaffolds with four stereogenic centers are elaborated.
ChemInform Abstract: Lewis Acid Activation of Carbodicarbene Catalysts for Rh‐Catalyzed Hydroarylation of Dienes.
Authors: Roberts Courtney C. , Matias Desiree M. , Goldfogel Matthew J. , Meek Simon J.
Published: October 2015

The catalytic site‐selective hydroheteroarylation of various terminal and internal dienes (up to 98% yield and <98:2 γ:α) is promoted by a readily available tridentate (CDC)‐Rh complex (NHC) in the presence of an inexpensive lithium salt.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed C2‐Acylation of Indoles with α‐Diketones Assisted by the Removable N‐(2‐Pyrimidyl) Group.
Authors: Li Chunpu , Zhu Wei , Shu Shuangjie , Wu Xiaoming , Liu Hong
Published: October 2015

Symmetrical and unsymmetrical diketones can be used for the preparation of pharmaceutically important 2‐acylindoles in generally moderate to good yield.
ChemInform Abstract: Aerobic Oxidative Cycloaddition of α‐Chlorotosylhydrazones with Arylamines: General Chemoselective Construction of 1,4‐Disubstituted and 1,5‐Disubstituted 1,2,3‐Triazoles under Metal‐Free and Azide‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Bai Hui‐Wen , Cai Zhong‐Jian , Wang Shun‐Yi , Ji Shun‐Jun
Published: October 2015

1,4‐Disubstituted 1,2,3‐triazoles are synthesized from α‐chloroketones, tosylhydrazine and aromatic amines via hydrazone formation and subsequent aerobic oxidative cyclization.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 4H‐Chromenes Promoted by NbCl5 Through Multicomponent Reaction.
Authors: Oshiro Paula Beatriz , da Silva Gomes Lima Paula Souza , de Menezes Manoel Lima , da Silva‐Filho Luiz Carlos
Published: October 2015

The optimized conditions allow the synthesis of 4H‐chromenes from phenol (I), β‐ketoester (II), and various aromatic aldehydes under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Efficient Direct Amidation of 2‐Methylquinolines with Amines.
Authors: Xie Hao , Liao Yunfeng , Chen Shuqing , Chen Ya , Deng Guo‐Jun
Published: October 2015

A simple procedure is elaborated for the synthesis of quinoline‐2‐carboxamides (III) and (V) by copper‐catalyzed oxidative amidation of 2‐methylquinolines with corresponding amines (II).
ChemInform Abstract: The Aryne Aza‐Diels—Alder Reaction: Flexible Syntheses of Isoquinolines.
Authors: Castillo Juan‐Carlos , Quiroga Jairo , Abonia Rodrigo , Rodriguez Jean , Coquerel Yoann
Published: October 2015

Highly functionalized isoquinoline derivatives are time‐efficiently obtained involving two flexible cascade reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: AuCl3‐ and AuCl3‐Phenylacetylene‐Catalyzed Glycosylations by Using Glycosyl Trichloroacetimidates.
Authors: Roy Rashmi , Palanivel Ashok Kumar , Mallick Asadulla , Vankar Yashwant D.
Published: October 2015

The use of AuCl3 in combination with phenylacetylene gives better yields in the most cases.
ChemInform Abstract: On‐Surface Reactions
Authors: Lindner Robert , Kuehnle Angelika
Published: October 2015

Review: 112 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Sulfur‐ and Phosphorous‐Centered Radical Reactions for the Formation of S—C and P—C Bonds
Authors: Pan Xiang‐Qiang , Zou Jian‐Ping , Yi Wen‐Bin , Zhang Wei
Published: October 2015

Review: [272 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organotrifluoroborates: Another Branch of the Mighty Oak
Authors: Molander Gary A.
Published: October 2015

Review: [69 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Acylation of (Hetero)Arenes Through C—H Activation with Aroyl Surrogates
Authors: Wu Xiao‐Feng
Published: October 2015

Review: [75 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Moulding Calixarenes for Biomacromolecule Targeting
Authors: Giuliani Marta , Morbioli Ilaria , Sansone Francesco , Casnati Alessandro
Published: October 2015

Review: 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Phenolic Compounds in Edible Species of the Anacardiaceae Family — A Review
Authors: Schulze‐Kaysers N. , Feuereisen M. M. , Schieber A.
Published: October 2015

Review: 160 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Progress on MAP Kinase Pathway Inhibitors
Authors: Uehling David E. , Harris Philip A.
Published: October 2015

Review: 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Superwetting Materials of Oil—Water Emulsion Separation
Authors: Si Yifan , Guo Zhiguang
Published: October 2015

Review: 67 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Free Carbonaceous Materials as Promising Heterogeneous Catalysts
Authors: Liu Lei , Zhu Yun‐Pei , Su Ming , Yuan Zhong‐Yong
Published: October 2015

Review: synthesis and advanced applications of carbon‐based materials in sustainable and renewable environment‐ and energy‐related catalysis; 263 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: 13C NMR in Fullerene Chemistry: Structure/Shift Relationship and Quantum‐Chemical Predictions
Authors: Tulyabaev Arthur R. , Khalilov Leonard M.
Published: October 2015

Review: 117 refs.
Initial Experience With Novel Oral Anticoagulants During the First 45 Days After Left Atrial Appendage Closure With the Watchman Device
Authors: Bösche Leif I. , Afshari Faegheh , Schöne Dominik , Ewers Aydan , Mügge Andreas , Gotzmann Michael
Published: October 2015

Background

The use of oral anticoagulation or dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) is recommended within the first 45 days after left atrial appendage (LAA) closure using the Watchman device because of incomplete device endothelialization. This study reports for the first time the feasibility of novel oral anticoagulants (NOAC) in these patients.

Hypothesis

NOAC therapy is safe and effective after LAA closure.

Methods

Interventional LAA closure was performed successfully in 45 patients. Of these, 18 patients received NOAC during the first 45 days after implantation and 27 patients received DAPT. Transesophageal echocardiography was conducted 45 days after implantation. The primary study endpoint was abnormal thrombus apposition 45 days after implantation. Secondary study endpoints were death from any cause, major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE), and major bleedings.

Results

After 45 days, transesophageal echocardiography revealed no abnormal thrombus apposition. During a follow‐up of 417 ± 323 days, 7 patients died. No stroke or transient ischemic attack occurred. Nonfatal myocardial infarction occurred in 1 patient. There was a nonsignificant trend for lower all‐cause mortality (P = 0.159) and occurrence of MACCE (P = 0.096) in the NOAC group compared with the DAPT group. Overall, 6 patients suffered from a major bleeding (NOAC, n = 3; DAPT, n = 3). In NOAC group, major bleedings (at day 205, 688, and 736) occurred long after termination of NOAC therapy. There was no significant difference in the frequency of major bleedings in different groups.

Conclusions

Our pilot study suggests that NOAC therapy within the first 45 days after interventional LAA closure is safe and effective.
Extraordinary Synergy in Attenuating Microwave Radiation with Cobalt‐Decorated Graphene Oxide and Carbon Nanotubes in Polycarbonate/Poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile) Blends
Authors: Pawar Shital Patangrao , Bose Suryasarathi
Published: October 2015

Polymeric nanocomposites were developed using polycarbonate (PC) and poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile) (SAN) containing cobalt nanoparticles decorated onto partially reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). In order to absorb microwave radiations, the PC phase was rendered electrically conducting by selectively localizing the MWNTs in the PC phase of the blends. The synergetic effect from the conducting phase (MWNTs), the dielectric phase (rGO), and the ferromagnetic phase (cobalt nanoparticles) on microwave absorption was assessed by measuring the scattering parameters using a vector network analyzer coupled to a coaxial line. The electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness (SE) was studied over a broad range of frequencies including the X‐band (8–12 GHz) and the Ku‐band (12–18 GHz). This strategy resulted in enhanced electrical conductivity and facilitated in outstanding microwave absorption. For instance, the PC/SAN blends with MWNTs manifested significantly high total shielding effectiveness (SET) mainly through absorption, in contrast to PC/MWNT composites for which reflection dominated the attenuation mechanism. The interconnected network of MWNTs and cobalt‐decorated r‐GO (rGO‐Co) resulted in enhanced electrical conductivity and EMI shielding effectiveness (SE). This in turn resulted in a shielding effectiveness of −34 dB at 18 GHz. The mechanism of EM wave absorption was systematically evaluated through detailed analysis of relative permittivity and permeability in the measured frequency regime. The absorption of EM radiation was noticeably enhanced due to high dielectric and large magnetic losses in the blends containing rGO‐Co and MWNTs. Moreover, it was also realized that the significantly enhanced attenuation constant resulted in maximum microwave absorption in the blend containing MWNT and rGO‐Co.
Infrared‐to‐Visible Light Conversion in Er3+–Yb3+:Lu3Ga5O12 Nanogarnets
Authors: Rathaiah Mamilla , Haritha Pamuluri , Linganna Kadathala , Monteseguro Virginia , Martín Inocencio Rafael , Lozano‐Gorrín Antonio Diego , Babu Palamandala , Jayasankar Chalicheemalapalli Kulala , Lavín Victor , Venkatramu Vemula
Published: October 2015

Er3+–Yb3+ co‐doped Lu3Ga5O12 nanogarnets were prepared and characterized; their structural and luminescence properties were determined as a function of the Yb3+ concentration. The morphology of the nanogarnets was studied by HRTEM. Under 488 nm excitation, the nanogarnets emit green, red, and near‐infrared light. The decay curves for the (4S3/2, 2H11/2) and 4F9/2 levels of the Er3+ions exhibit a non‐exponential nature under resonant laser excitation and their effective lifetimes are found to decrease with an increase in the Yb3+ concentration from 1.0 to 10.0 mol %. The non‐exponential decay curves are well fitted to the Inokuti–Hirayama model for S=8, indicating that the mechanism of interaction for energy transfer between the optically active ions is of dipole–quadrupole type. Upon 976 nm laser excitation, an intense green upconverted emission is clearly observed by the naked eyes. A significant enhancement of the red‐to‐green intensity ratio of Er3+ ions was observed with an increase in Yb3+ concentration. The power dependence and the dynamics of the upconverted emission confirm the existence of two‐photon upconversion processes for the green and red emissions.
Platinum‐Decorated Ultrafine Pd Nanoparticles Monodispersed on Pristine Graphene with Enhanced Electrocatalytic Performance
Authors: Wang Haining , Lu Shanfu , Zhang Yiwen , Lan Fei , Shang Jiaxiang , Xiang Yan
Published: October 2015

Ultrafine and monodispersed Pd particles with a size of approximately 1.7 nm on pristine graphene are decorated with a low loading of Pt through a spontaneous deposition method. The electrocatalytic activity and poisoning species tolerance toward formic acid oxidation is improved after Pt decoration. Theoretical calculations reveal more continuous d‐states of the partial density of states and a downshift of the d‐band center in the Pt‐decorated Pd catalysts, which result in better electrocatalytic performance.