bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mercury evidence of Emeishan volcanism driving the mid-Capitanian (Middle Permian) extinction
Authors: Huang Hu , Deng Changzhou , Grasby Stephen E. , Cawood Peter A. , Hou Mingcai , Yang Chenchen , Feng Mingshi , Xiong Fuhao , Zhong Hanting , Yin Runsheng
Published: September 2024

The mid-Capitanian (Middle Permian) extinction has been widely attributed to the eruption of the Emeishan large igneous province. Here, we investigate the nature and timing of this link by determining Hg concentrations and isotopic compositions of limestones from the Xiongjiachang section of southwestern China, where Emeishan basalts directly overlie sediments recording the mid-Capitanian extinction horizon. Results show an initial Hg-enrichment interval ~2.2 m below the mid-Capitanian extinction horizon. Positive Δ199Hg values in the Hg-enrichment interval suggest enhanced volcanic Hg influx into the ocean via atmospheric Hg(II) deposition. The late stage of the mid-Capitanian extinction interval has lower Δ199Hg values, which indicates enhanced input of terrestrial Hg due to ecosystem collapse and soil erosion. The results of this study provide evidence that the Emeishan large igneous province eruption occurred earlier than the mid-Capitanian extinction, and establish a more reasonable temporal link between Emeishan large igneous province volcanism and the mid-Capitanian extinction.
Sex disparities in gallstone disease: insights from the MAUCO prospective population-based cohort study
Authors: Rodriguez Gatta Danae , Huidobro Laura , Petermann-Rocha Fanny , Van de Wyngard Vanessa , Godoy Franco , Cid Vicente , Garrido Macarena , Cook Paz , Roa Juan Carlos , Vargas Claudio , Araya Juan Carlos , Cortes Sandra , Cruz Francisco , Koshiol Jill , Arrese Marco , Ferreccio Catterina
Published: September 2024

Objective

To investigate factors associated with the prevalence and incidence of gallstone disease (GSD) in women and men of the MAUCO population-based prospective cohort.

Design

8948 MAUCO participants (aged 38–74 years) underwent abdominal ultrasound at baseline (2015–2019); 4385 received follow-up ultrasound at years 2 or 4. Factors associated with prevalent GSD were assessed using Poisson multiple regression and with incident GSD using Cox regression models.

Results

GSD prevalence was 40.4% in women (13.1% gallstones, 27.3% cholecystectomies) and 17.1% in men (8.9% gallstones, 8.2% cholecystectomies). In men, GSD prevalence rate ratio (PRR) by age in >64 years was 3.85 (95% CI 3.00 to 4.94), doubling that of women’s PRR 1.78 (95% CI 1.57 to 2.01). In women, waist circumference and diabetes were stronger GSD factors; a higher number of children and worse metabolic and socioeconomic conditions were also highlighted. GSD men had higher cardiovascular disease and a family history of GSD and gallbladder cancer. 198 GSD cases developed during follow-up, with incidence increasing by 2% (95% CI 1.005% to 1.03%) per each centimetre above the ideal waist circumference, statistically significant only in women. In men, age was the strongest factor for incidence, followed by a family history of GSD and low high-density lipoprotein increased incidence risk.

Conclusions

GSD burden was high in this population; a third of women had their gallbladder removed, which may pose them at risk of other health problems. Abdominal obesity was the only preventable GSD risk factor, highlighting the need for effective public health policies promoting obesity reduction.
Asthma control in severe asthma and occupational exposures to inhalable asthmagens
Authors: Walters Gareth I , Reilly Christopher , Le Moual Nicole , Huntley Christopher C , Hussein Hanan , Marsh Julie , Bahron Ali , Krishna Mamidipudi Thirumala , Mansur Adel H
Published: September 2024

Introduction

Work-related asthma accounts for ≥25% of asthma in working-age populations, though the relationship between work exposures and symptoms is frequently missed, leading to poor health and employment outcomes. We hypothesised that inhalable exposures at work are associated with poor asthma control in severe asthma (SA).

Methods

We searched the Birmingham (UK) Regional NHS SA Service clinical database (n=1453 records; 1 March 2004 to 1 March 2021) and undertook a cross-sectional study using baseline data collected at diagnosis. We included all employed patients aged 16–64 with documented current occupation (n=504), and collected socio-demographic, general health and asthma-specific data, including Asthma Control Questionnaire 7 (ACQ7) score. The Occupational Asthma Specific Job-Exposure Matrix (OAsJEM) was employed to determine the likelihood of exposure to respiratory sensitisers, irritants, cleaning agents and detergents; associations between exposures and ACQ7 were investigated using binary and multinomial regression.

Results

Frequently reported occupations were care assistants (7%) and nurses (6%); 197/504 (39%) patients were exposed to an asthmagen, including respiratory sensitisers (30%), airway irritants (38%) and cleaning products/disinfectants (29%). ACQ7 score was available for 372/504 (74%) patients, of whom 14% had adequate control (ACQ7=0–1.5). After adjustment for major confounders there were no significant associations between inhaled asthmagens and ACQ7 score (either as binary or multinomial outcomes).

Conclusion

JEM-determined workplace exposures to inhaled asthmagens are not associated with asthma control in SA; 29–39% of patients may have current exposure to workplace asthmagens. Routine collection of lifetime occupational data including current job role and level of exposure, in the national asthma registry, would give further insights into this relationship.
Nuclear translocation of plasma membrane protein ADCY7 potentiates T cell-mediated antitumour immunity in HCC
Authors: Chen Jianan , Jiang Youhai , Hou Minghui , Liu Chunliang , Liu Erdong , Zong Yali , Wang Xiang , Meng Zhengyuan , Gu Mingye , Su Yu , Wang Hongyang , Fu Jing
Published: September 2024

Background

The potency of T cell-mediated responses is a determinant of immunotherapy effectiveness in treating malignancies; however, the clinical efficacy of T-cell therapies has been limited in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) owing to the extensive immunosuppressive microenvironment.

Objective

Here, we aimed to investigate the key genes contributing to immune escape in HCC and raise a new therapeutic strategy for remoulding the HCC microenvironment.

Design

The genome-wide in vivo clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) screen library was conducted to identify the key genes associated with immune tolerance. Single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq), flow cytometry, HCC mouse models, chromatin immunoprecipitation and coimmunoprecipitation were used to explore the function and mechanism of adenylate cyclase 7 (ADCY7) in HCC immune surveillance.

Results

Here, a genome-wide in vivo CRISPR screen identified a novel immune modulator-ADCY7. The transmembrane protein ADCY7 undergoes subcellular translocation via caveolae-mediated endocytosis and then translocates to the nucleus with the help of leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 59 (LRRC59) and karyopherin subunit beta 1 (KPNB1). In the nucleus, it functions as a transcription cofactor of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (CEBPA) to induceCCL5transcription, thereby increasing CD8+T cell infiltration to restrain HCC progression. Furthermore, ADCY7 can be secreted as exosomes and enter neighbouring tumour cells to promote CCL5 induction. Exosomes with high ADCY7 levels promote intratumoural infiltration of CD8+T cells and suppress HCC tumour growth.

Conclusion

We delineate the unconventional function and subcellular location of ADCY7, highlighting its pivotal role in T cell-mediated immunity in HCC and its potential as a promising treatment target.
Impact of margin thermal ablation after endoscopic mucosal resection of large (≥20 mm) non-pedunculated colonic polyps on long-term recurrence
Authors: O’Sullivan Timothy , Mandarino Francesco Vito , Gauci Julia L , Whitfield Anthony M , Kerrison Clarence , Elhindi James , Neto do Nascimento Catarina , Gupta Sunil , Cronin Oliver , Sakiris Anthony , Prieto Aparicio Juan Francisco , Arndtz Sophie , Brown Gregor , Raftopoulos Spiro , Tate David , Lee Eric Y , Williams Stephen J , Burgess Nicholas , Bourke Michael J
Published: September 2024

Background and aims

The efficacy of colorectal endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is limited by recurrence and the necessity for conservative surveillance. Margin thermal ablation (MTA) after EMR has reduced the incidence of recurrence at the first surveillance colonoscopy at 6 months (SC1). Whether this effect is durable to second surveillance colonoscopy (SC2) is unknown. We evaluated long-term surveillance outcomes in a cohort of LNPCPs that have undergone MTA.

Methods

LNPCPs undergoing EMR and MTA from four academic endoscopy centres were prospectively recruited. EMR scars were evaluated at SC1 and in the absence of recurrence, SC2 colonoscopy was conducted in a further 12 months. A historical control arm was generated from LNPCPs that underwent EMR without MTA. The primary outcome was recurrence at SC2 in all LNPCPs with a recurrence-free scar at SC1.

Results

1152 LNPCPs underwent EMR with complete MTA over 90 months until October 2022. 854 LNPCPs underwent SC1 with 29/854 (3.4%) LNPCPs demonstrating recurrence. 472 LNPCPs free of recurrence at SC1 underwent SC2. 260 LNPCPs with complete SC2 follow-up formed the control arm from January 2012 to May 2016. Recurrence at SC2 was significantly less in the MTA arm versus controls (1/472 (0.2%) vs 9/260 (3.5%); p<0.001)).

Conclusion

LNPCPs that have undergone successful EMR with MTA and are free of recurrence at SC1 are unlikely to develop recurrence in subsequent surveillance out to 2 years. Provided the colon is cleared of synchronous neoplasia, the next surveillance can be potentially extended to 3–5 years. Such an approach would reduce costs and enhance patient compliance.
Acacetin is a Promising Drug Candidate for Cardiovascular Diseases
Authors: Wang Shu-Ya , Wang Ya-Jing , Dong Ming-Qing , Li Gui-Rong
Published: September 2024

Phytochemical flavonoids have been proven to be effective in treating various disorders, including cardiovascular diseases. Acacetin is a natural flavone with diverse pharmacological effects, uniquely including atrial-selective anti-atrial fibrillation (AF) via the inhibition of the atrial specific potassium channel currents [Formula: see text] (ultra-rapidly delayed rectifier potassium current), [Formula: see text] (acetylcholine-activated potassium current), [Formula: see text] (calcium-activated small conductance potassium current), and [Formula: see text] (transient outward potassium current). [Formula: see text] inhibition by acacetin, notably, suppresses experimental J-wave syndromes. In addition, acacetin provides extensive cardiovascular protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury, cardiomyopathies/heart failure, autoimmune myocarditis, pulmonary artery hypertension, vascular remodeling, and atherosclerosis by restoring the downregulated intracellular signaling pathway of Sirt1/AMPK/PGC-1α followed by increasing Nrf2/HO-1/SOD thereby inhibiting oxidation, inflammation, and apoptosis. This review provides an integrated insight into the capabilities of acacetin as a drug candidate for treating cardiovascular diseases, especially atrial fibrillation and cardiomyopathies/heart failure.
Anisotropic model for dark matter halo with Hernquist density profile
Authors: Ghosh Mithun
Published: September 2024

Using the observed flat galactic rotation curve feature and taking into account the presence of anisotropic dark matter with a Hernquist density profile, the space-time geometry of the halo region in galaxies is derived. The gravitational field inside the halo is attractive in nature, and the resultant space-time is flat. We find that our solution affirms the existence of stable circular orbits in the dark halo region. The expression for the equation of state parameter indicates that the matter within the dark halo is non-exotic in nature. An analysis is also conducted on several other aspects of the solution.
0.765-FJ/Bit/Search Content Addressable Memory Using Search Line Pre-Charge-Free (SLPF) Scheme
Authors: Navaneethakrishnan R. , Santhanalakshmi M.
Published: September 2024

Content Addressable Memories (CAMs) are high-speed hardware lookup tables that are crucial in routing, packet classification, search, and other fast look-up applications. Despite having the advantage of high speed, they have limitations due to their power hungriness. This paper addresses the limitations of existing CAMs with two novel modifications in the proposed Search Line Pre-Charge-Free Low-Power-Content Addressable Memory (SLPFCAM) structure. The first novelty is their gated evaluation matching circuit and the second is a match line pre-charge controller. The proposed design reduces the energy consumption and improves the speed of the CAM by eliminating the SLprecharge phase in the CAM operation. The pre-charge controller prevents the attempt of match line pre-charge when it is not required. The design has been implemented using Cadence Virtuoso in a 90-nm CMOS technology with 1-V supply, and the post-layout simulation results show that the SLPFCAM makes significant improvements with a minimum of 83% less power consumption, a 91% less search delay, and the average energy consumption being 0.765 fJ/bit/search.
A Bi-Population Competition Adaptive Interior Search Algorithm Based on Reinforcement Learning for Flexible Job Shop Scheduling Problem
Authors: Jiang Tianhua , Liu Lu
Published: September 2024

In this paper, a bi-population competition adaptive interior search algorithm (BCAISA) based on a reinforcement learning strategy is proposed for the classical flexible job shop scheduling problem (FJSP) to optimize the makespan. First, the scheduling solution is represented using a machine-job-based two-segment integer encoding method, and various heuristic rules are then applied to generate the initial population. Secondly, a bi-population mechanism is introduced to partition the population into two distinct sub-populations. These sub-populations are specifically tailored for machine assignment and operation permutation, employing different search strategies respectively, aiming to facilitate an efficient implementation of parallel search. A competition mechanism is introduced to facilitate the information exchange between the two sub-populations. Thirdly, the ISA is adapted for the discrete scheduling problem by discretizing a series of search operators, which include composition optimization, mirror search, and random walk. A Q-learning-based approach is proposed to dynamically adjust a key parameter, aiming to strike a balance between the capacity for global exploration and local exploitation. Finally, extensive experiments are conducted based on 10 well-known benchmark instances of the FJSP. The design of the experiment (DOE) method is employed to determine the algorithm’s parameters. Based on the computational results, the effectiveness of four improvement strategies is first validated. The BCAISA is then compared with fifteen published algorithms. The comparative data demonstrate that our algorithm outperforms other algorithms in 50% of benchmark instances. Additionally, according to the relative percentage deviation (RPD) from the state-of-the-art results, the BCAISA also exhibits superior performance. This highlights the effectiveness of our algorithm for solving the classical FJSP. To enhance the practical application, the scope of the ISA will be broadened in future work to more complex problems in real-world scenarios.
A further generalization of sums of higher derivatives of the Riemann zeta function
Authors: Pearce-Crump Andrew
Published: September 2024

We obtain a full asymptotic for the sum of [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] denotes the nth derivative of the Riemann zeta function, X is a positive real number, and [Formula: see text] denotes a nontrivial zero of the Riemann zeta function. The sum is over the zeros with imaginary parts up to a height T, as [Formula: see text].

We also specify what the asymptotic formula becomes when X is a positive integer, highlighting the differences in the asymptotic expansions as X changes its arithmetic nature.
Block occurrences in the binary expansion
Authors: Sobolewski Bartosz , Spiegelhofer Lukas
Published: September 2024

The binary sum-of-digits function [Formula: see text] returns the number of ones in the binary expansion of a nonnegative integer. Cusick’s Hamming weight conjecture states that for all integers [Formula: see text] the set of integers [Formula: see text] such that [Formula: see text] has asymptotic density strictly larger than [Formula: see text]. So far, the strongest results are due to Spiegelhofer and Wallner, who showed that for t having sufficiently many blocks of [Formula: see text]s in its binary expansion the conjecture holds and the difference [Formula: see text] is approximately normally distributed. In this paper, we are concerned with a related block-counting function [Formula: see text], returning the number of (overlapping) occurrences of the block [Formula: see text] in the binary expansion of n. Our main result is a similar central limit-type theorem for the difference [Formula: see text], where we give a stronger estimate of the uniform error of Gaussian approximation. As a corollary, we obtain a partial result toward an analogue of Cusick’s conjecture for [Formula: see text]: the set of n satisfying [Formula: see text] has density [Formula: see text] for t belonging to a set of density 1.
Galois deformation rings and modularity in the residually reducible case
Authors: Akers Geoffrey
Published: September 2024

We prove some residually reducible p-adic Galois representations of number fields arise from modular forms. We study the universal deformation ring arising from deformations satisfying the Fontaine–Laffaille condition at primes over p. Under certain conditions, we establish the reduced universal deformation ring is a discrete valuation ring. The method uses pseudocharacters and certain bounds on Selmer groups, where the ideal of reducibility as defined by Bellaïche and Chenevier is shown to be maximal and principal. A self-dual assumption is not needed in our argument. The main result on deformations applies to n-dimensional representations. In applications, a congruence between Hermitian modular forms due to Klosin is used with our results to prove modularity of some four-dimensional p-adic representations of the imaginary quadratic field [Formula: see text].
A relative bigness inequality and equidistribution theorem over function fields
Authors: Luo Wenbin
Published: September 2024

For any line bundle written as a subtraction of two ample line bundles, Siu’s inequality gives a criterion on its bigness. We generalize this inequality to a relative case. The arithmetic meaning behind the inequality leads to its application on algebraic dynamic systems, which is the equidistribution theorem of generic and small net of subvarieties over a function field.
Sum of the GL(3) Fourier coefficients over mixed powers
Authors: Chanana Himanshi , Singh Saurabh Kumar
Published: September 2024

Let [Formula: see text] be the [Formula: see text]th Fourier coefficient of [Formula: see text] Hecke–Maass cusp form, denoted as [Formula: see text] or the triple divisor function, denoted as [Formula: see text]. Let [Formula: see text] be an integer. In this paper, we establish an asymptotic formula for the sum [Formula: see text] where [Formula: see text] is either von Mangoldt function or identity function, and [Formula: see text] is a binary quadratic polynomial. When [Formula: see text], then [Formula: see text] can be any bounded arithmetical function.
PACMMOD Volume 2 Issue 4: Editorial
Authors: Agrawal Divyakant , Abouzied Azza , Hellerstein Joseph M.
Published: September 2024

We are pleased to present the 4th issue of Volume 2 of PACMMOD. This issue contains papers that were submitted to the SIGMOD research track in January 2024. Papers accepted in this issue have been invited for presentation in the research track of the ACM SIGMOD Conference on Management of Data 2025, to be held in Berlin, Germany. We look forward to seeing you in Berlin from the 22nd to the 27th June, 2025.
A Lovász-Simonovits Theorem for Hypergraphs with Application to Local Clustering
Authors: Kamal Raj , Bagchi Amitabha
Published: September 2024

We present the first analysis of diffusion on hypergraphs based on the Lovász-Simonovits theory. We demonstrate that an averaging-based diffusion operator is the appropriate generalization of the lazy random walk diffusion on 2-graphs because the diffusion rapidly converges to its stationary state from any initial state. By proving a Lovász-Simonovits-like theorem for this diffusion, we show that the diffusion rate depends on the hypergraph's conductance. To use averaging-based diffusion for clustering, we define a generalization of personalized page rank for hypergraphs, which we call ''Averaging-based Personalized Page Rank for Hypergraphs'' (APPRH). The fact that averaging-based diffusion is linear, unlike previous hypergraph diffusions used for clustering in the literature, allows us to use the Forward Push algorithm to compute APPRH efficiently. Using this method, we obtain theoretical bounds for the conductance of our clustering that are at least a constant times better than the best-known bounds in the literature. We compare our algorithm A-
HyperCut
against baselines on million-scale hypergraphs and find that our method is an order of magnitude faster while being competitive regarding the conductance of the local clusters produced.
A Profit-Maximizing Data Marketplace with Differentially Private Federated Learning under Price Competition
Authors: Sun Peng , Wu Liantao , Wang Zhibo , Liu Jinfei , Luo Juan , Jin Wenqiang
Published: September 2024

The proliferation of machine learning (ML) applications has given rise to a new and popular data marketplace paradigm. These marketplaces facilitate ML model requesters in obtaining data from data owners to train their desired models. To mitigate the privacy concerns of data owners, federated learning (FL) has been introduced, enabling collaborative model training without raw data trading. Furthermore, researchers have incorporated differential privacy (DP) techniques into FL, resulting in differentially private federated learning (DPFL) to enhance privacy preservation. However, existing designs of DPFL-based data marketplaces consider a
simplified but unrealistic
scenario where the model requester holds dominant market power, and data owners cannot set their own prices. In this work, we propose a novel DPFL-based data marketplace that accommodates both price-taking and price-setting data owners. We model the interactions among the model requester and these two types of data owners as a three-stage Stackelberg game, focusing on maximizing the model requester's profit. We rigorously establish that the formulated game is a convex game with a unique subgame perfect equilibrium. Moreover, we devise iterative algorithms to determine the equilibrium strategies for the model requester and price-setting data owners. Notably, our algorithms allow data owners to operate without requiring complete information about the model requester or other data owners. Numerical experiments demonstrate the superiority of our proposed three-stage framework in terms of the model requester's profitability compared to scenarios where only price-taking data owners are involved. Furthermore, we reveal that price competition among price-setting data owners reduces equilibrium market prices.
Atom: An Efficient Query Serving System for Embedding-based Knowledge Graph Reasoning with Operator-level Batching
Authors: Zhou Qihui , Yin Peiqi , Yan Xiao , Li Changji , Jiang Guanxian , Cheng James
Published: September 2024

Knowledge graph reasoning (KGR) answers logical queries over a knowledge graph (KG), and
embedding-based KGR
(EKGR) becomes popular recently, which embeds both queries and KG entities such that the vector embeddings of a query and its answer entities are similar. Compared with traditional KGR methods based on subgraph matching, EKGR produces fewer intermediate results and is more robust to missing and noisy information in the KG. However, existing systems are inefficient for serving online EKGR queries because they can only batch queries of the same type for execution (i.e.,
query-level batching
) and hence have limited batching opportunities due to the heterogeneity of queries.

To serve EKGR queries efficiently, we propose the Atom system with
operator-level batching,
which decomposes queries into operators and batches operators of the same type from different queries for execution. The insight is that the types of operators are far fewer than the types of queries, and thus different queries typically share common operators, yielding more batching opportunities. To schedule the operators, Atom adopts a
hybrid policy,
which improves system throughput and avoids starving rare operators. For efficiency, Atom incorporates system optimizations including
two-level pipeline,
opportunistic submission,
pre-allocated memory buffer,
and
tailored GPU kernels.
Experiment results show that compared with existing systems, Atom can improve query throughput by over 20x and reduce query latency by over 5x. Micro experiments suggest that the designs and optimizations are effective in improving system performance.
Efficient and Accurate PageRank Approximation on Large Graphs
Authors: Wu Siyue , Wu Dingming , Quan Junyi , Chan Tsz Nam , Lu Kezhong
Published: September 2024

PageRank is a commonly used measurement in a wide range of applications, including search engines, recommendation systems, and social networks. However, this measurement suffers from huge computational overhead, which cannot be scaled to large graphs. Although many approximate algorithms have been proposed for computing PageRank values, these algorithms are either (i) not efficient or (ii) not accurate. Worse still, some of them cannot provide estimated PageRank values for all the vertices. In this paper, we first propose the CUR-Trans algorithm, which can reduce the time complexity for computing PageRank values and has lower error bound than existing matrix approximation-based PageRank algorithms. Then, we develop the
T
2
-Approx algorithm to further reduce the time complexity for computing this measurement. Experiment results on three large-scale graphs show that both the CUR-Trans algorithm and the
T
2
-Approx algorithm achieve the lowest response time for computing PageRank values with the best accuracy (for the CUR-Trans algorithm) or the competitive accuracy (for the
T
2
-Approx algorithm). Besides, the two proposed algorithms are able to provide estimated PageRank values for all the vertices.
Enabling Adaptive Sampling for Intra-Window Join: Simultaneously Optimizing Quantity and Quality
Authors: Tang Xilin , Zhang Feng , Zhang Shuhao , Liu Yani , He Bingsheng , He Bingsheng , Du Xiaoyong , Du Xiaoyong
Published: September 2024

>Sampling is one of the most widely employed approximations in big data processing. Among various challenges in sampling design, sampling for join is particularly intriguing yet complex. This perplexing problem starts with a classical case where the join of two Bernoulli samples shrinks its output size quadratically and exhibits a strong dependency on the input data, presenting a unique challenge that necessitates adaptive sampling to guarantee both the quantity and quality of the sampled data. The community has made strides in achieving this goal by constructing offline samples and integrating support from indexes or key frequencies. However, when dealing with stream data, due to the need for real-time processing and high-quality analysis, methods developed for processing static data become unavailable. Consequently, a fundamental question arises: Is it possible to achieve adaptive sampling in stream data without relying on offline techniques?

To address this problem, we propose FreeSam, which couples hybrid sampling with intra-window join, a key stream join operator. Our focus lies on two widely used metrics: output size, ensuring quantity, and variance, ensuring quality. FreeSam enables adaptability in both the desired quantity and quality of data sampling by offering control on the two-dimensional space spanned by these metrics. Meanwhile, adjustable trade-offs between quality and performance make FreeSam practical for use. Our experiments show that, for every 1% increase in latency limitation, FreeSam can yield a 3.83% increase in the output size while maintaining the level of the estimator's variance. Additionally, we give FreeSam a multi-core implementation and ensure predictability of its latency through both an analytic model and a neural network model. The accuracy of these models is 88.05% and 96.75% respectively.
The Chiplet Revolution
Authors: Mone Gregory
Published: September 2024

Reducing demands on a single chip by using smaller chips dedicated to specific functions.
Multiple-Instance Learning from Pairwise Comparison Bags
Authors: Zhou Shengjie , Shu Senlin , Wang Haobo , Wei Hongxin , Xiang Tao , Li Beibei
Published: September 2024

Multiple-instance learning (MIL) is a significant weakly supervised learning problem, where the training data consist of bags containing multiple instances and bag-level labels. Most previous MIL research required fully labeled bags. However, collecting such data is challenging due to the labeling costs or privacy concerns. Fortunately, we can easily collect pairwise comparison information, indicating one bag is more likely to be positive than the other. Therefore, we investigate a novel MIL problem about learning a bag-level binary classifier only from pairwise comparison bags. To solve this problem, we display the data generation process and provide a baseline method to train an instance-level classifier based on unlabeled-unlabeled learning. To achieve better performance, we propose a convex formulation to train a bag-level classifier and give a generalization error bound. Comprehensive experiments show that both the baseline method and the convex formulation achieve satisfactory performance, while the convex formulation performs better.

1
Cybersecurity in Electric and Flying Vehicles: Threats, Challenges, AI Solutions & Future Directions
Authors: Alqahtani Hamed , Kumar Gulshan
Published: September 2024

Electric and Flying Vehicles (EnFVs) represent a transformative shift in transportation, promising enhanced efficiency and reduced environmental impact. However, their integration into interconnected digital ecosystems poses significant cybersecurity challenges, including cyber-physical threats, privacy vulnerabilities, and supply chain risks. This article comprehensively explores these challenges and investigates artificial intelligence (AI)-driven solutions to bolster EnFV cybersecurity. The study begins with an overview of EnFV cybersecurity issues, emphasizing the increasing complexity of threats in digital transportation systems. Methodologically, the article reviews existing literature to identify gaps and assesses recent advancements in AI for cybersecurity applications. Key methodologies include AI-powered intrusion detection, threat analysis leveraging machine learning algorithms, predictive maintenance strategies, and enhanced authentication protocols. Results underscore the effectiveness of AI technologies in mitigating EnFV cybersecurity risks, demonstrating improved threat detection and response capabilities. The study concludes by outlining future research directions, highlighting the need for continued innovation in AI, quantum computing resilience, blockchain applications, and ethical considerations. These findings contribute to a clearer understanding of EnFV cybersecurity dynamics and provide a roadmap for enhancing the security and reliability of future transportation systems.
Carbon-Efficient Neural Architecture Search
Authors: Zhao Yiyang , Guo Tian
Published: September 2024

This work presents a novel approach to neural architecture search (NAS) that aims to reduce energy costs and increase carbon efficiency during the model design process. The proposed framework, called carbon-efficient NAS (CE-NAS), consists of NAS evaluation algorithms with different energy requirements, a multi-objective optimizer, and a heuristic GPU allocation strategy. CE-NAS dynamically balances energy-efficient sampling and energy-consuming evaluation tasks based on current carbon emissions. Using a recent NAS benchmark dataset and two carbon traces, our trace-driven simulations demonstrate that CE-NAS achieves better carbon and search efficiency than the three baselines.
Reducing the Carbon Impact of Generative AI Inference (Today and in 2035)
Authors: Chien Andrew A. , Lin Liuzixuan , Nguyen Hai , Rao Varsha , Sharma Tristan , Wijayawardana Rajini
Published: September 2024

Generative AI, exemplified in ChatGPT, Dall-E 2, and Stable Diffusion, are exciting new applications consuming growing quantities of computing. We study the compute, energy, and carbon impacts of generative AI inference. Using ChatGPT as an exemplar, we create a workload model and compare request direction approaches (Local, Balance, CarbonMin), assessing their power use and carbon impacts.

Our workload model shows that for ChatGPT-like services, inference dominates emissions, in one year producing 25x the carbon-emissions of training GPT-3. The workload model characterizes user experience, and experiments show that carbon emissions-aware algorithms (CarbonMin) can both maintain user experience and reduce carbon emissions dramatically (35%). We also consider a future scenario (2035 workload and power grids), and show that CarbonMin can reduce emissions by 56%. In both cases, the key is intelligent direction of requests to locations with low-carbon power. Combined with hardware technology advances, CarbonMin can keep emissions increase to only 20% compared to 2022 levels for 55x greater workload. Finally we consider datacenter headroom to increase effectiveness of shifting. With headroom, CarbonMin reduces 2035 emissions by 71%.
Does Rate Adaptation at Daily Timescales Make Sense?
Authors: Jacob Romain , Lim Jackie , Vanbever Laurent
Published: September 2024

Today, networking hardware is not fast enough to save energy with rate adaptation. Or is it? While we are not (yet) able to turn on and off line cards in milliseconds, we can do so a couple of times per day. The question is, does it make sense to save energy?

It may: We estimate we could potentially save in the order of MWh per year with link sleeping and down-rating in a cloud provider network. Importantly, these are "easy" gains: They would come without modifying the routing state nor impacting the quality of service of the traffic; it only leverages the typically low utilization of the links. This study provides only a rough approximation of the potential savings of rate adaptation and leaves several practical questions open. More than anything else, it motivates further investigation of the approach.
Vortex-Induced Vibration of Flexible Cylinders in Cross-Flow
Authors: Huera-Huarte Francisco
Published: September 2024

This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the literature on vortex-induced vibration (VIV) of flexible circular cylinders in cross-flow. It delves into the details of the underlying physics governing the VIV dynamics of cylinders characterized by low mass damping and high aspect ratio, subject to both uniform and shear flows. It compiles decades of experimental investigations, modeling efforts, and numerical simulations and describes the fundamental findings in the field. Key focal points include but are not limited to amplitude–frequency response behavior, the relationship between the distributed loading acting on the cylinder and the trajectories and the near wake structures around the cylinder, the existence of traveling waves, the identification of power-in/power-out regions, and the modal overlapping and mode competition phenomena.
Reflecting on the Origins of Subjective Experience
Authors: Johnson Marcia K.
Published: September 2024

The capacity to change with experience infuses our perceptions, thoughts, and actions in and about the past, present, and future. The cognitive system supporting this capacity for change can be exquisitely responsive to external events and yet can influence how those external events affect us. This interplay between the external and internal has been a major theme of my lab group's research. We proposed that the fundamental ambiguity of subjective experience requires ongoing reality monitoring processes for evaluating its veridicality and proposed a source monitoring framework for exploring the encoding, activation, and evaluation of information. We further proposed a functional architecture, a multiple-entry modular memory system, that characterizes component subprocesses of cognition that give rise to remembering and other subjective phenomena (e.g., knowledge, beliefs, emotion, consciousness, self). I first discuss these approaches and some issues they address and then describe some educational and professional experiences that provided opportunities to investigate this fascinating epistemological puzzle.
Improved Subthreshold Characteristics of Epi-Silicon FinFET via Fin Surface Passivation Technologies
Authors: Peng Wang , Sang Guanqiao , Yang Kun , Yao Jiaxin , Li Lianlian , Cao Lei , Jiang Renjie , Lu YuPeng , Li QingKun , Zhang Qingzhu , Li Junfeng , Yin Huaxiang
Published: September 2024

As demand for advanced integrated circuits (ICs) continues to grow, fin field-effect transistors (FinFETs) have remained highly influential in the IC market because of their mature fabrication process and powerful driving capabilities. However, the ion bombardment that occurs during the reactive ion etching (RIE) process used to form the fin structure increases the fin’s surface roughness and results in a high interfacial state density (D

it
), which hinders further improvement in the subthreshold swing (SS) of FinFETs. To overcome this issue, this study proposes two oxidative trimming methods for use on the fin structures to improve their interface quality. It is found that conventional thermal oxidation and low-temperature oxidation processes reduced the channel D

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by 73.31% vs 71.17%, respectively. Furthermore, the corresponding SS values of the device improved to 72.76 and 71.72 mV dec−1, respectively. The technical solutions proposed in this paper represent a promising approach for performance optimization of FinFETs and other advanced devices.
Asparagine as a signal for glutamine sufficiency via asparagine synthetase: a fresh evidence-based framework in physiology and oncology
Authors: Olawuni Babatunde , Bode Barrie P.
Published: September 2024

Among the 20 proteinogenic amino acids, glutamine (GLN) and asparagine (ASN) represent a unique cohort in containing a terminal amide in their side chain, and share a direct metabolic relationship, with glutamine generating asparagine through the ATP-dependent asparagine synthetase (ASNS) reaction. Circulating glutamine levels and metabolic flux through cells and tissues greatly exceed those for asparagine, and “glutamine addiction” in cancer has likewise received considerable attention. However, historic and recent evidence collectively suggest that in spite of its modest presence, asparagine plays an outsized regulatory role in cellular function. Here, we present a unifying evidence-based hypothesis that the amides constitute a regulatory signaling circuit, with glutamine as a driver and asparagine as a second messenger that allosterically regulates key biochemical and physiological functions, particularly cell growth and survival. Specifically, it is proposed that ASNS serves as a sensor of substrate sufficiency for S-phase entry and progression in proliferating cells. ASNS-generated asparagine serves as a subsequent second messenger that modulates the activity of key regulatory proteins and promotes survival in the face of cellular stress, and serves as a feed-forward driver of S-phase progression in cell growth. We propose that this signaling pathway be termed the amide signaling circuit (ASC) in homage to the SLC1A5-encoded ASCT2 that transports both glutamine and asparagine in a bidirectional manner, and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a broad spectrum of human cancers. Support for the ASC model is provided by the recent discovery that glutamine is sensed in primary cilia via ASNS during metabolic stress.
Mitochondrial antioxidant SkQ1 attenuates C26 cancer-induced muscle wasting in males and improves muscle contractility in female tumor-bearing mice
Authors: Tsitkanou Stavroula , Morena da Silva Francielly , Cabrera Ana Regina , Schrems Eleanor R. , Muhyudin Ruqaiza , Koopmans Pieter J. , Khadgi Sabin , Lim Seongkyun , Delfinis Luca J. , Washington Tyrone A. , Murach Kevin A. , Perry Christopher G. R. , Greene Nicholas P.
Published: September 2024

Herein, we assess the efficacy of the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ1 to mitigate cancer cachexia (CC) in both biological sexes. We demonstrate that SkQ1 administration attenuates muscle wasting induced by C26 tumors in male, but not female, mice. Conversely, we identify that in females, SkQ1 improves muscle contractility. These phenotypic adaptations to SkQ1 are aligned with respective responses in muscle protein synthesis, mitochondrial respiration, and mRNA content of protein turnover, as well as mitochondrial and calcium handling-related markers.
Semi‐Active Vibration Control of the Thickening Mill Equipment Based on the MR Damper
Authors: Huang Chengbao , Yu Jian , Lin Guoshi , Liao Jianbin , Wang Fei
Published: September 2024

The thickening mill equipment installed on the second floor is damage for the structural and personal health. In this study, the vibration conditions of thickening mill equipment and its vibration isolating based on MR damper technology are investigated experimentally and simulacrum. First, the vibration test of thickening mill equipment installed on rigid foundations is operated, and the results show that while the rigid foundation can suppress equipment vibration, it also deteriorates vibration transmission to the ground, which results in vibration displacement of the ground exceeds the permissible range by 120%. Second, a MR damper utilized to form the elastic foundation is tested to acquire the force–velocity characteristics, which is described by the proposed Bingham model. The comparison results between the model predicted and measurement data delicate that can effectively describe the correlation between the dynamic properties of MR damper and the coil current/excitation conditions. Finally, an elastic foundation consisting of eight coil springs and several MR dampers is proposed to replace the rigid foundation of the thickening mill equipment. Together with the ON–OFF skyhook control algorithm, the properties of the elastic foundation to reduce the force transmission rates are tested based on the simulation model. The simulation results suggest that the designed elastic foundation can effectively reduce the vibration transmission from the thickening mill equipment to the ground, which can decrease the peak force transmission rate by 95.5%. This study provides a guide to technological transformation methodology of the thickening mill equipment to reduce structural vibration.
Enhancing Wheat Tolerance to Cadmium Stress through Moringa Leaf Extract Foliar Application
Authors: Khursheed Muhammad Hafeez ul Rehman , Shahbaz Muhammad , Ramzan Tahrim , Haider Arslan , Maqsood Muhammad Faisal , Khan Arbaz , Zulfiqar Usman , Jamil Muhammad , Hussain Sadam , Al-Ghamdi Abdullah Ahmed , Rizwana Humaira
Published: September 2024

Cadmium, a hazardous heavy metal prevalent in plants and soil, poses a significant threat to human health, particularly as approximately 60% of the global population consumes wheat, which can accumulate high levels of Cd through its roots. This uptake leads to the translocation of Cd to the shoots and grains, exacerbating the potential health risks. However, promising results have been observed with the use of moringa leaf extract (MLE) foliar spray in mitigating the adverse effects of Cd stress. The current experiment was conducted to find out the Cd stress tolerance of wheat varieties V1 = Akbar‐19 and V2 = Dilkash‐2020 under exogenous spray of MLE. The treatments of this study were T0 = 0% MLE + 0 µM Cd, T1 = 3% MLE + 0 µM Cd, T2 = 0% MLE + 400 µM Cd, and T3 = 3% MLE + 400 µM Cd. Cd stress demonstrated a significant reduction in morphological attributes as shoot and root fresh weight (22%), shoot and root dry weight (24.5%), shoot and root length (22.5%), area of leaf and number of leaves 30.5%, and photosynthetic attributes (69.8%) in comparison with control. Exposure of wheat plants to Cd toxicity cause oxidative stress, increased H2O2, and MDA up to 75% while foliar application of MLE reduced the activities of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The activity of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbic acid (AsA) increased up to 81.5% as well as organic osmolytes such as phenolics, total soluble proteins, and total soluble sugars were improved up to 77% by MLE applications under Cd stress. Higher accumulation of ionic contents root Na+ (22%) and Cd (44%) was documented in plants under Cd stress as compared to control, while uptake of root mineral ions Ca2+ and K+ was 35% more in MLE‐treated plants. In crux, Cd toxicity significantly declined the growth, photosynthetic, and biochemical parameters while 3% MLE application was found effective in alleviating the Cd toxicity by improving growth and physiological parameters while declining reactive oxygen species and root Na+ as well as Cd uptake in wheat.
The Mediation Roles of Coping Modalities on the Relationship Between Stress and Quality of Life Among Jordanian Nurses
Authors: Ta’an Wafa’a , Yasin Yasin , Al-Hammouri Mohammed M. , Aljabali Majd , Jaradat Diana , Suliman Mohammad , Albashtawy Mohammed , Oweidat Islam , Al-Hamarneh Yazid
Published: September 2024

Nurses are at the frontline, dealing with people’s most immense healthcare needs in stressful and demanding work environments. Consequently, it is essential to thoroughly examine how various coping mechanisms might affect the relationship between stress and quality of life (QOL). This study aimed to examine the mediation effect of both problem‐focused coping (PFC) and emotion‐focused coping (EFC) mechanisms on mitigating the effect of stress on the QOL among Jordanian nurses. A multisite cross‐sectional descriptive correlational design was used in this study. An online survey was completed by 203 nurses using a convenience sampling technique between October 2023 and January 2024. The study included nurses working in different Jordanian healthcare sectors including governmental, private, and university‐affiliated hospitals. Several measures were used to collect data, including questionnaires on sociodemographics, QOL, coping, and stress. Two models were hypothesized for this study. The two models were analyzed using Andrew Hayes Process Macro Model 4 for testing the mediation effects. Additionally, descriptive and correlational analyses were run prior to the main analysis. The results showed that coping significantly mediated the relationship between stress and QOL with variations between PFC and EFC. In conclusion, psychological distress symptoms were common among Jordanian nurses; psychological distress, coping, and QOL are correlating variables. Nurses’ stress levels and coping modalities can predict QOL with a superior effect of PFC compared with EFC. Strategies should be put in place to improve effective coping to improve nurses’ QOL. The results of this study have important implications for nursing education, practice, future research, and policy.