bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Features of the damaging eff ect of chronic stress on rats’ heart of different sex
Authors: Mits I. R. , Denefil O. V.
Published: October 2016

We investigated the effect of chronic prenatal, postnatal stress and their combination on changes in lipid peroxidation, Na+,K+-ATPase, AST and ALT, the morphological structure of the rats’ heart of different sex. It was revealed the increase in lipid peroxidation products, increase in the activity of sodium-potassium ATP ase in males and the imbalance of its work in females, an increase of ALT in males. Most increase of necrosis’ amount was observed at postnatal stress in the heart of the males, combined – in females.
Evaluation of resistance of the organism bazal-like patients with breast cancer
Authors: Pohorila T. Yu. , Pashchenko S. M. , Shchurov M. F.
Published: October 2016

Based on the summary of differentiated lymphocytes of peripherical blood possible to assess the resistance of the organism of patients with BLT the need for more accurate selection of individual treatment.
The state of antioxidant system and bile formation function in the organism of rats affected by hexavalent chromium compounds
Authors: Burmas N. I.
Published: October 2016

The affection of different age rats by potassium dichromate (3 mg/kg) was led to the violation of antioxidant system. It was confirmed by decrease of the catalase rate and reduced glutathione content in blood serum and liver of experimental animals. The most sensitive animals to the bile formation processes were immature and old animals, affected by K2Cr2O7.
Morphofunctional reorg anisation of intraorg an vessels of rat’s large salivary glands in the experimental diabetes mellitus
Authors: Yavorska-Skrabut I. M.
Published: October 2016

There was studied the morphofunctional reorganization of the intraorgan vessels of parotid and submandibular glands of white rats with experimental hyperglycemia duration of 1, 2 and 3 months. There was established the development of hyperglycemia and presence of adaptive changes in early terms of observation that appears with constriction of small arteries while expanding of the larger caliber vascular lumen. With increasing duration of hyperglycemia, progressing of vasoconstriction and further development and deepening of destructive and sclerotic  changes in vessels of parotid and submandibular glands were established.
The treatment of the lysozyme-containing drugs of patients with oral lichen planus together with dental pathology
Authors: Yeliseyeva O. V.
Published: October 2016

Prevalence and severity of generalized parodontitis depend especially on the course of diseases affecting theoral mucosa and those ones which are characterized by involvement of the oral mucosa. These diseases include mainly lichen planus. The common pathogenic agent of generalized parodontitis and lichen planus as well as of combination of them is inflammation, as generalized parodontitis is inflammation of parardontium tissue characterized by destruction of periodontium and dental ligamentous apparatus of the alveolar bone and lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory disease of skin and oral mucosa. The purpose is to study processes of lipid peroxidation in the saliva of patients with lichen planus of the skin along with chronic generalized parodontitis.
The ways of free radical oxidation correction in the early posttraumatic period after the combined trauma of the chest and hips
Authors: Khudobyak M. M.
Published: October 2016

The article adduces the results of the research performance of reactive oxygen in the blood and liver tissue of rats in early post-traumatic period after combined chest trauma and hips. It was established that the post-traumatic period after combined chest trauma and both hips characterizing by increasing of free oxygen radicals percentage in the blood leukocyte suspensions and liver tissue after 1 day with advanced dynamics within 3 days of the experiment. It was showed the effectiveness of the emoxipin and mexicor use in animals with combined trauma within 1 day of post-traumatic period. Comparing the data in groups of correction antihypoxants with metabolic action revealed more expressed effect of the mexicor within 3 days of the experiment, which due to the presence of succinic acid in its composition.
Impact of Proton Pump Inhibitor Use on the Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Prasugrel Versus Clopidogrel: Insights From the Treatment With Adenosine Diphosphate Receptor Inhibitors: Longitudinal Assessment of Treatment Patterns and Events After Acute Coronary Syndrome (TRANSLATE‐ACS) Study
Authors: Jackson Larry R. , Peterson Eric D. , McCoy Lisa A. , Ju Christine , Zettler Marjorie , Baker Brian A. , Messenger John C. , Faries Douglas E. , Effron Mark B. , Cohen David J. , Wang Tracy Y.
Published: October 2016

Background

Proton pump inhibitors (
PPI
s) reduce gastrointestinal bleeding events but may alter clopidogrel metabolism. We sought to understand the comparative effectiveness and safety of prasugrel versus clopidogrel in the context of proton pump inhibitor (
PPI
) use.

Methods and Results

Using data on 11 955 acute myocardial infarction (
MI
) patients treated with percutaneous coronary intervention at 233 hospitals and enrolled in the
TRANSLATE
‐
ACS
study, we compared whether discharge
PPI
use altered the association of 1‐year adjusted risks of major adverse cardiovascular events (
MACE
; death,
MI
, stroke, or unplanned revascularization) and Global Use of Strategies To Open Occluded Arteries (
GUSTO
) moderate/severe bleeding between prasugrel‐ and clopidogrel‐treated patients. Overall, 17% of prasugrel‐treated and 19% of clopidogrel‐treated patients received a
PPI
at hospital discharge. At 1 year, patients discharged on a
PPI
versus no
PPI
had higher risks of
MACE
(adjusted hazard ratio [
HR
] 1.38, 95% confidence interval [
CI
] 1.21‐1.58) and
GUSTO
moderate/severe bleeding (adjusted
HR
1.55, 95%
CI
1.15‐2.09). Risk of
MACE
was similar between prasugrel and clopidogrel regardless of
PPI
use (adjusted
HR
0.88, 95%
CI
0.62‐1.26 with
PPI
, adjusted
HR
1.07, 95%
CI
0.90‐1.28 without
PPI
, interaction
P
=0.31). Comparative bleeding risk associated with prasugrel versus clopidogrel use differed based on
PPI
use but did not reach statistical significance (adjusted
HR
0.73, 95%
CI
0.36‐1.48 with
PPI
, adjusted
HR
1.34, 95%
CI
0.79‐2.27 without
PPI
, interaction
P
=0.17).

Conclusions

PPI
s did not significantly affect the
MACE
and bleeding risk associated with prasugrel use, relative to clopidogrel.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL
:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier:
NCT
01088503.
Predictors of Cardiac Rehabilitation Utilization in England: Results From the National Audit
Authors: Sumner Jennifer , Grace Sherry L. , Doherty Patrick
Published: October 2016

Background

Cardiac rehabilitation (
CR
) is grossly underused, with major inequities in access. However, use of
CR
and predictors of initiation in England where
CR
contracting is available is unknown. The aims were (1) to investigate
CR
utilization rates in England, and (2) to determine sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with
CR
initiation including social deprivation.

Methods and Results

Data from the National Audit of
CR
, between January 2012 and November 2015, were used. Utilization rates overall and by deprivation quintile were derived. Logistic regression was performed to identify predictors of initiation among enrollees, using the Huber–White–sandwich estimator robust standard errors method to account for the nested nature of the data. Of the 234 736 (81.5%) patients referred to
CR
, 141 648 enrolled, 97 406 initiated
CR
, and of those initiating, 37.2% completed a program of ≥8 weeks duration. The significant characteristics associated with
CR
initiation were younger age (odds ratio [
OR
] 0.98, 95%
CI
0.98–0.99), having a partner (
OR
1.31, 95%
CI
1.17–1.48), not being employed (
OR
0.86, 95%
CI
0.77–0.96), not having diabetes mellitus (
OR
0.84, 95%
CI
0.77–0.92), greater anxiety (
OR
1.02, 95%
CI
1.003–1.04), not being a medically managed myocardial infarction patient (
OR
0.57, 95%
CI
0.42–0.76), and having had coronary artery bypass graft surgery (
OR
1.64, 95%
CI
1.09–2.47).

Conclusions

CR
enrollment does not meet English National Health Service targets; however it compares with that in other countries. Evidence‐based approaches increasing
CR
enrollment and initiation should be applied, focusing on the identified characteristics associated with
CR
initiation, specifically older, single, employed individuals with diabetes mellitus and those not revascularized.
Microbiota‐Dependent Metabolite Trimethylamine N‐Oxide and Coronary Artery Calcium in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study (CARDIA)
Authors: Meyer Katie A. , Benton Thomas Z. , Bennett Brian J. , Jacobs David R. , Lloyd‐Jones Donald M. , Gross Myron D. , Carr J. Jeffrey , Gordon‐Larsen Penny , Zeisel Steven H.
Published: October 2016

Background

Clinical studies implicate trimethylamine N‐oxide (
TMAO
; a gut microbiota‐dependent nutrient metabolite) in cardiovascular disease risk. There is a lack of population‐based data on the role of
TMAO
in advancing early atherosclerotic disease. We tested the prospective associations between
TMAO
and coronary artery calcium (
CAC
) and carotid intima‐media thickness (
cIMT
).

Methods and Results

Data were from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study (
CARDIA
), a biracial cohort of
US
adults recruited in 1985–1986 (n=5115). We randomly sampled 817 participants (aged 33–55 years) who attended examinations in 2000–2001, 2005–2006, and 2010–2011, at which
CAC
was measured by computed tomography and
cIMT
(2005–2006) by ultrasound.
TMAO
was quantified using liquid chromotography mass spectrometry on plasma collected in 2000–2001. Outcomes were incident
CAC
, defined as Agatston units=0 in 2000–2001 and >0 over 10‐year follow‐up,
CAC
progression (any increase over 10‐year follow‐up), and continuous
cIMT
. Over the study period, 25% (n=184) of those free of
CAC
in 2000–2001 (n=746) developed detectable
CAC
. In 2000–2001, median (interquartile range)
TMAO
was 2.6 (1.8–4.2) μmol/L. In multivariable‐adjusted models,
TMAO
was not associated with 10‐year
CAC
incidence (rate ratio=1.03; 95%
CI
: 0.71–1.52) or
CAC
progression (0.97; 0.68–1.38) in Poisson regression, or
cIMT
(beta coefficient: −0.009; −0.03 to 0.01) in linear regression, comparing the fourth to the first quartiles of TMAO.

Conclusions

In this population‐based study,
TMAO
was not associated with measures of atherosclerosis:
CAC
incidence,
CAC
progression, or
cIMT
. These data indicate that
TMAO
may not contribute significantly to advancing early atherosclerotic disease risk among healthy early‐middle‐aged adults.
Broadband Optical Properties of Milk
Authors: Stocker Sabrina , Foschum Florian , Krauter Philipp , Bergmann Florian , Hohmann Ansgar , Scalfi Happ Claudia , Kienle Alwin
Published: October 2016

Dairy products play an important role in our daily nutrition. As a turbid scattering medium with different kinds of particles and droplets, each alteration of these components changes the scattering properties of milk. The goal of this work is the determination of the amount of main scattering components, the fat droplets and the casein micelles, by understanding the light propagation in homogenized milk and in raw milk. To provide the absolute impact of these milk components, the geometrical and optical properties such as the size distribution and the refractive index (RI) of the components have to be examined. We determined the reduced scattering coefficient [Formula: see text] and the absorption coefficient [Formula: see text] from integrating sphere measurements. By use of a collimated transmission setup, the scattering coefficient [Formula: see text] was measured. Size measurements were performed to validate the influence of the fat droplet size on the results of the scattering properties; also, the RI of both components was determined by the said coefficients. These results were used to determine the absolute impact of the milk components on the scattering behavior. By fitting Mie theory calculations on scattering spectra [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] from different raw milk samples, it was possible to get reliable values for the concentrations of fat and casein and for the size of the fat droplets. By destroying the casein micelles, it was possible to separate the influence of the different scattering components on scattering behavior.
Abortion and Christian Moral Decisions: An African Ecofeminist Perspective
Authors: Kangwa Jonathan
Published: October 2016

Abortion is a controversial and complex matter that has been debated since the dawn of modernity. Current anti-abortion protests in some parts of the world are only the most recent examples of resistance against the legalisation of abortion. Anti-abortion protests continue to trigger debates on whether abortion is permissible from a Christian point of view. This article analyses the question of whether abortion is permissible from an African ecofeminist perspective. The article analyses ongoing protests against abortion, considers the question of moral rights and the Christian understanding of the sacredness of life, and discusses circumstances in life that may render abortion permissible. The article’s contention is that life is a sacred gift from God but there are situations in life when abortion should be allowed as a painful last resort.
Does fitness make the grade? The relationship between elementary students’ physical fitness and academic grades
Authors: Lorenz Kent A , Stylianou Michalis , Moore Shannon , Kulinna Pamela Hodges
Published: October 2016

Background and Objective:

Increased emphasis on academic outcomes has reduced the amount of time spent in physical education and other school physical activity opportunities in many schools in the USA. However, physical fitness is a positive predictor of academic performance on standardised tests, and students who perform better on fitness measures may earn higher grades. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between physical fitness and teacher-assigned grades in fourth-grade students and examine whether the relationship is moderated by body composition, gender or ethnic background.

Design:

Cross-sectional design. Students’ fitness levels were assessed mid-way through the spring semester, and their third-quarter grades were obtained from the schools.

Participants and setting:

Fourth-grade students ( N = 80; 38 female students; 65 non-Hispanic or Latino) from two elementary schools in the south-western USA.

Method:

Students completed physical fitness measures using standard procedures from the FITNESSGRAM protocol, and standardised teacher-assigned grades in reading, writing, mathematics, social studies and science were compiled. Linear regression and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) were performed to examine the relationship between physical fitness measures and average grades, and examine whether differences in fitness and grades existed between gender, ethnic background and body mass index (BMI) percentile rank.

Results:

Aerobic fitness, as measured by the number of 20-m Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER) laps completed, had a significant influence on reading, writing, mathematics and science grades. There were no significant interactions between aerobic fitness and ethnic background, gender or BMI percentile rank, meaning that aerobic fitness was the largest specific influence on average teacher-assigned grades.

Conclusion:

Positive associations exist between physical fitness and academic performance, suggesting activities that help children improve their physical fitness ought to be a central component of physical education and broader school physical activity programmes.
Appropriating democratic discourse in North Africa
Authors: Gorman Brandon
Published: October 2016

Political actors across the globe often use the language of democracy, but they do not all use the same language. Drawing on content analysis of 1935 speeches given between 2000 and 2010, this study examines how five North African autocrats appropriated the global discursive form of democracy by altering its content. These leaders proposed that the special circumstances of each country preclude any one-size-fits-all global definition of democracy, whose imposition in their countries, they claim, would be inappropriate, ineffective, or dangerous. Through their speeches, these rulers redefined democracy by engaging in active ideological work, weaving together discourses that combined global norms, state interests, and local values. This suggests that, in addition to being a benchmark by which to measure modes of governance, ‘democracy’ is also a language game played between actors on a global stage. By synthesizing theoretical frameworks drawn from world polity and social movement studies traditions, this study shows that peripheral actors may adapt global discourses purposefully and strategically rather than encountering them as passive participants in a purely mimetic cultural diffusion process. This has implications for a wide range of global norms that are open to appropriation by local actors drawing on domestic and external political developments and experiences.
A Critical Role for Extracellular DNA in Dental Plaque Formation
Authors: Rostami N. , Shields R.C. , Yassin S.A. , Hawkins A.R. , Bowen L. , Luo T.L. , Rickard A.H. , Holliday R. , Preshaw P.M. , Jakubovics N.S.
Published: October 2016

Extracellular DNA (eDNA) has been identified in the matrix of many different monospecies biofilms in vitro, including some of those produced by oral bacteria. In many cases, eDNA stabilizes the structure of monospecies biofilms. Here, the authors aimed to determine whether eDNA is an important component of natural, mixed-species oral biofilms, such as plaque on natural teeth or dental implants. To visualize eDNA in oral biofilms, approaches for fluorescently stained eDNA with either anti-DNA antibodies or an ultrasensitive cell-impermeant dye, YOYO-1, were first developed using Enterococcus faecalis, an organism that has previously been shown to produce extensive eDNA structures within biofilms. Oral biofilms were modelled as in vitro “microcosms” on glass coverslips inoculated with the natural microbial population of human saliva and cultured statically in artificial saliva medium. Using antibodies and YOYO-1, eDNA was found to be distributed throughout microcosm biofilms, and was particularly abundant in the immediate vicinity of cells. Similar arrangements of eDNA were detected in biofilms on crowns and overdenture abutments of dental implants that had been recovered from patients during the restorative phase of treatment, and in subgingival dental plaque of periodontitis patients, indicating that eDNA is a common component of natural oral biofilms. In model oral biofilms, treatment with a DNA-degrading enzyme, NucB from Bacillus licheniformis, strongly inhibited the accumulation of biofilms. The bacterial species diversity was significantly reduced by treatment with NucB and particularly strong reductions were observed in the abundance of anaerobic, proteolytic bacteria such as Peptostreptococcus, Porphyromonas and Prevotella. Preformed biofilms were not significantly reduced by NucB treatment, indicating that eDNA is more important or more exposed during the early stages of biofilm formation. Overall, these data demonstrate that dental plaque eDNA is potentially an important target for oral biofilm control.
Ecstatic Landscapes: The Manifestation of Psychedelic Art
Authors: Krippner Stanley
Published: October 2016

"Psychedelic art" can be defined as artwork manifested in the context of the ingestion of LSD-type drugs and related substances. There is a long history of such work dating back to ancient times (picturing mushrooms and other plants with psychedelic effects) as well as more recent anecdotal first-person accounts and various collections of psychological data resulting from experiments and interviews. One such collection includes the studies by Krippner of over 200 artists, writers, and musicians who referred to their artistic productions as “psychedelic” because they had some connection with their occasional or frequent use of these substances. Although there were no commonalities characterizing all of their paintings, films, poems, novels, songs, or other works, several frequent themes were noted following content analysis of the interview reports. The results of this group of studies, as well as those of more structured explorations, attests to the importance of this topic for humanistic psychology with its emphasis upon creativity, human potential, and exploring the wide range of human experience.
Effects of Eight-Week-Web-Based Mindfulness Training on Pain Intensity, Pain Acceptance, and Life Satisfaction in Individuals With Chronic Pain
Authors: Henriksson Jessica , Wasara Emma , Rönnlund Michael
Published: October 2016

This study examined the effects of an eight-week-web-based mindfulness program designed for individuals with chronic pain. A sample of 107 participants with chronic pain ( M = 51.0 years, SD = 9.3) were randomly assigned to a treatment group and a control group. The mindfulness program involved 20 minutes of training per day, six days a week, for eight weeks. During this period, the control group was invited to an online discussion forum involving pain-related topics. A total of 77 participants completed the postintervention assessment ( n = 36 in the treatment group, n = 41 in the control group). The group assigned to mindfulness training showed increased mindfulness skills (Cohen’s d = 1.18), reduced pain intensity ( d = 0.47–0.82), reduced pain-related interference/suffering ( d = 0.39–0.85), heightened pain acceptance ( d = 0.66), reduced affective distress ( d = 0.67), and higher ratings of life satisfaction ( d = 0.54) following the training with no or minor changes up for the control group ( d values 0.01–0.23), a pattern substantiated by significant group-by-time interactions. Despite limitations of this study, including a less than ideal control group to isolate effects of mindfulness and lack of a long-term follow-up, the results appear promising and may motivate further investigations.
Responding to ‘crisis’: Education policy research in Europe
Authors: Alexiadou Nafsika
Published: October 2016

This paper discusses the significance of international and transnational developments for education policy research, with a focus on the European Union. The rise of policy projects at the EU level since 2000, has altered the relationships between the state, EU institutions and education policy, in terms of the definition of values, purposes, and mechanisms of education change, in what is often referred to as the europeanisation of education policy and governance. In a time of financial crisis and extensive population migrations to and within the European space, the paper argues for further critical research on the EU institutions and their relationship to national education systems, as well as on the social justice dimensions and implications of considering both national and EU sites of policy for addressing young and vulnerable peoples' education and social futures.
Misrepresenting Brown: Are Ohio Schools Lost in the Free Market? General Implications for Urban Education
Authors: Beese Jane , Martin Jennifer
Published: October 2016

The privatization of public funds for education through school choice programs has fueled the expansion of virtual online charter schools. This redirection of funds contributes to the idea that virtual school success is comparable or even superior to the performance of traditional public schools. The schools most adversely affected are the schools with the highest need, those serving children living in poverty and already underserved minority student populations: urban public schools. The purpose of this article is to investigate the performance of virtual schools and the redistribution of public monies from public to online community schools in Ohio.
The Overwhelming Need: How the Unequal Political Economy Shapes Urban Teachers’ Working Conditions
Authors: Mirra Nicole , Rogers John
Published: October 2016

Although the literature on teacher working conditions often cites student- and school-level factors as contributors to teacher turnover in high-poverty urban schools, the larger context of social and economic inequality within which these factors are situated is often overlooked. This mixed-methods study draws upon a survey of nearly 800 California public high school teachers and case studies of two high-poverty urban high schools to highlight the ways that inequality structures teacher time and student learning in these schools. We highlight efforts teachers make to meet student needs and exert professional agency within the broader social ecology of inequality.
When Do Students in Low-SES Schools Perform Better-Than-Expected on a High-Stakes Test? Analyzing School, Teacher, Teaching, and Professional Development Characteristics
Authors: Fischer Christian , Fishman Barry , Levy Abigail Jurist , Eisenkraft Arthur , Dede Christopher , Lawrenz Frances , Jia Yueming , Kook Janna Fuccillo , Frumin Kim , McCoy Ayana
Published: October 2016

This empirical study analyzed data from 638 teachers and 11,800 students in low-socioeconomic status (SES) urban schools (and schools with urban characteristics) exploring associations of school, teacher, teaching, and professional development characteristics toward student performance on the revised Advanced Placement (AP) Biology and AP Chemistry examinations. The analyses indicated that districts per-student funding allocations, the days of instruction, teachers’ knowledge and experience, and some aspects of teachers’ professional development participation were significantly associated with student performance on AP science examinations that was better than predicted by students’ Preliminary Scholastic Aptitude Test (PSAT) scores.
That Smart Dude: A Qualitative Investigation of the African American Male Scholar-Baller Identity
Authors: Fuller Rhema D. , Harrison C. Keith , Bukstein Scott J. , Martin Brandon E. , Lawrence S. Malia , Gadsby Paige
Published: October 2016

The intersection of education, sport, and identity are important topics for urban education and educators. Using data collected from interviews with 27 African American male college athletes, the current study investigated the lived experiences of this demographic group as they formed ideas about “self” within the realm of higher education. Our findings revealed that their definition of masculinity was at the core of their identities. In addition, participants saw themselves as more than athletes—They were scholars and productive members of surrounding communities. Furthermore, interactions with women, teammates, and non-athletic peers influenced participants’ self-perceptions. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Is Learning in Developmental Math Associated With Community College Outcomes?
Authors: Quarles Christopher L. , Davis Mickey
Published: October 2016

Objective: Remedial mathematics courses are widely considered a barrier to student success in community college, and there has been a significant amount of work recently to reform them. Yet, there is little research that explicitly examines whether increasing learning in remedial classes improves grades or completion rates. This study examines the relationship between procedural and conceptual learning in developmental math and measures of progress toward a degree, such as grades. Method: A mathematical skills assessment was given to all intermediate algebra students at a large, urban community college, and to students in the following college-level class at the beginning of the next term. Assessment scores were compared with student characteristics, grades in intermediate algebra, grades in college-level math, and whether the student earned a credential. Results: After controlling for grades in previous classes, procedural algebra skills were not associated with higher grades in college-level math. Conceptual mathematics proficiency was associated with higher grades in general education math but not in precalculus. In developmental classes, however, learning gains were primarily procedural, which were correlated with grades. In addition, students who took at least one term off of math had significantly lower procedural skills but not conceptual skills. Contributions: The findings challenge the assumption in community college research that increased student learning in remedial mathematics will improve student outcomes. The results suggest that the type of mathematics taught in developmental classes can have an effect on student outcomes. Instruction focused on procedural skills may not be preparing students for college mathematics.
Urban Policy, Social Movements, and the Right to the City in Brazil
Authors: Friendly Abigail
Published: October 2016

Brazilian urban social movements have played a key role in bringing about change in urban policy since the 1980s and in light of the widespread protests across the country in June 2013. This insurgency and the urban reform movement of the 1980s and 1990s exemplify waves of mobilization and demobilization, signaling positive change at the level of praxis. More recent events have highlighted challenges for Brazil’s political left.

Os movimentos sociais urbanos brasileiros tem desempenhado um papel chave na mudança da política urbana desde os anos 80 e em vista dos mega-protestos espalhados pelo país de junho de 2013. Esta insurgência e o movimento de reforma urbana dos anos 80 e 90 exemplificam ondas de mobilização e desmobilização, sinalizando mudanças positivas ao nível da praxis. Eventos mais recentes têm destacado desafios para a esquerda política brasileira.
Numerical simulations for swirlmeter on flow fields and metrological performance
Authors: Chen Desheng , Cui Baoling , Zhu Zuchao
Published: October 2016

Measurements of flow rates of fluids are important in industrial applications. Swirlmeters (vortex precession meters) are widely used in the natural gas industry because of their advantage in having a large measurement range and strong output signal. In this study, using air as a working medium, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of a swirlmeter were conducted using the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) and renormalization group (RNG) k–ε turbulence models. The internal flow characteristics and the influence of the tube structure (geometric parameter of flow passage) on metrological performance were studied, with a particular focus on the meter factor. Calibration experiments were performed to validate the CFD predictions; the results show good agreement with those from simulations. From the streamline distributions, a clear vortex precession is found in the throat region. At the end of throat, the pressure fluctuation reached a maximum accompanied by the largest shift in the vortex core from the centreline. There exists a large reverse flow zone in the vortex core region in the convergent section. To mitigate the influence of reverse flow on vortex precession, a suitable length of throat is required. For a larger convergent angle, the fluid undergoes higher acceleration leading to an increase in velocity that produces more intensive pressure fluctuations. The minor diameter of the throat also produces a higher velocity and larger meter factor. Compared with both divergent angle and throat length, the convergent angle and throat diameter play a more important role in determining precession frequency.
Where There Is a (Collective) Will, There Are (Effective) Ways
Authors: Thomas Emma F. , McGarty Craig , Reese Gerhard , Berndsen Mariette , Bliuc Ana-Maria
Published: October 2016

The 21st century has borne witness to catastrophic natural and human-induced tragedies. These disasters necessitate humanitarian responses; however, the individual and collective bases of support are not well understood. Drawing on Duncan’s motivational model of collective action, we focus on how individual differences position a person to adopt group memberships and develop a “group consciousness” that provides the basis for humanitarian action. Longitudinal mediation analyses involving supporters of international humanitarian action ( N = 384) sampled annually for 3 years provided support for the hypothesized model, with some twists. The results revealed that within time point, a set of individual differences (together, the “pro-social orientation”) promoted a humanitarian group consciousness that, in turn, facilitated collective action. However, longitudinally, there was evidence that a more general pro-social orientation undermined subsequent identification with, and engagement in, the humanitarian cause. Results are discussed in terms of understanding the interplay between individual and group in collective actions.
User identification across online social networks in practice: Pitfalls and solutions
Authors: Esfandyari Azadeh , Zignani Matteo , Gaito Sabrina , Rossi Gian Paolo
Published: October 2016

To take advantage of the full range of services that online social networks (OSNs) offer, people commonly open several accounts on diverse OSNs where they leave lots of different types of profile information. The integration of these pieces of information from various sources can be achieved by identifying individuals across social networks. In this article, we address the problem of user identification by treating it as a classification task. Relying on common public attributes available through the official application programming interface (API) of social networks, we propose different methods for building negative instances that go beyond usual random selection so as to investigate the effectiveness of each method in training the classifier. Two test sets with different levels of discrimination are set up to evaluate the robustness of our different classifiers. The effectiveness of the approach is measured in real conditions by matching profiles gathered from Google+, Facebook and Twitter.
Exploring the Links between Reputation and Fame: Evidence from French Contemporary Architecture
Authors: Boutinot Amélie , Joly Iragaël , Mangematin Vincent , Ansari Shaz
Published: October 2016

Why are some organizations famous? We argue that fame results from a conjunction of several audience-specific reputations. Expert reputation (i.e. reputation among members of a knowledgeable group, such as a cultural elite or critics) acts as a mediator for achieving fame for organizations held in high esteem by their peers and clients. Based on a unique database of 103 architectural companies in France, our analysis uses structural equation modelling (SEM) combined with mediation effects to reveal that expert reputation can lead to fame by mediating peer and client reputations. We contribute to the literature by explaining why only some organizations already reputed among peers and clients are famous in society at large.
Histological Development of Male Reproductive Organs in Microminipigs
Authors: Kangawa Akihisa , Otake Masayoshi , Enya Satoko , Yoshida Toshinori , Shibata Masatoshi
Published: October 2016

Microminipigs are becoming increasingly attractive alternatives for various experimental applications, such as general toxicology studies, owing to their manageable size. However, there are limited studies on the male reproductive organs of microminipigs, particularly on the histological aspects of sexual maturity. To clarify the development of male reproductive organs, 35 male microminipigs, aged 0 to 12 months, were used in this study. Histological and histomorphological evaluation was performed based on spermatogenic development, measurement of tubular structure in testes and epididymides, and histological progress of accessory glands. In addition, spontaneous testicular changes were quantitatively assessed. Histologically, male microminipigs sexually matured around 4.5 months of age, when spermatogenesis in testes and structural development in genital organs were completed. Spontaneous testicular changes occurred in all the animals investigated. Multinucleated giant cell was most commonly observed, followed by hypospermatogenesis and tubular atrophy/hypoplasia. However, the number of affected tubules was less than 1% in testes after 4.5 months of age, suggesting that the influence of these changes on evaluation of toxicity studies may be minimal. It is preferable to use sexually mature animals in toxicology studies; therefore, the information obtained by the present study will be helpful for future toxicity evaluations in microminipigs.
The Application of Paraphenylenediamine Staining for Assessment of Phospholipidosis
Authors: Shirai Norimitsu , Geoly Frank J. , Bobrowski Walter F. , Okerberg Carlin
Published: October 2016

Drug-induced phospholipidosis is characterized by intracellular accumulation of phospholipids with lamellar bodies in cells exposed to xenobiotics. Demonstration of the lamellar bodies by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is the hallmark for a definitive diagnosis of phospholipidosis. However, the preparation of tissue samples for TEM and their ultrastructural evaluation are technically challenging and time consuming. Paraphenylenediamine (PPD) is essentially a fat stain, and the staining mechanism is based upon the osmication of unsaturated lipids. Thus, the application of PPD staining to osmicated tissue samples is considered an optimal way to identify lipids. We evaluated the potential of PPD staining to localize phospholipid accumulations on osmium-fixed semi-thin tissue sections of the lung, kidney, and liver, which were affected with phospholipidosis, under a light microscope. PPD staining revealed the presence of PPD positive dark fine granular material in the cytoplasm for all affected tissues examined, which correlated ultrastructurally with lamellar bodies as well as a light microscopic finding of cytoplasmic vacuolation. The great advantage of PPD is that it can be incorporated into the protocol for standard TEM tissue preparation and significantly improve the efficiency of TEM work. In conclusion, PPD provides a simple, sensitive, and reliable method for visualizing phospholipid accumulation on light microscopy and represents an easy tool to study drug-induced phospholipidosis.
Free vibration of a microbeam resting on Pasternak’s foundation via the Green–Naghdi thermoelasticity theory without energy dissipation
Authors: Zenkour Ashraf M
Published: October 2016

This article investigates the effect of length-to-thickness ratio and elastic foundation parameters on the natural frequencies of a thermoelastic microbeam resonator. The generalized thermoelasticity theory of Green and Naghdi without energy dissipation is used. The governing frequency equation is given for a simply supported microbeam resting on Winkler–Pasternak elastic foundations. The influences of different parameters are all demonstrated. Natural vibration frequencies are graphically illustrated and some tabulated results are presented for future comparisons.
Realizing the Beckian Vision: Cosmopolitan Cosmopolitanism and Low-Carbon China as Political Education
Authors: Tyfield David
Published: October 2016

‘Methodological cosmopolitanism’ connotes a profound transformation of the (social) sciences as forms of public reflexive social analysis on learning to live well together through building homes in the world: what may be called the ‘Beckian vision’, in memory of Ulrich Beck. This short note considers how Beck’s concept of emancipatory catastrophism may not be the most productive development of his own programme. This is precisely brought out by a methodologically cosmopolitan analysis of a key East Asian response to the global risk of climate change: innovation of low-carbon cities in China. Instead, these presumptively archetypically cosmopolitan initiatives offer something of a political education regarding the irreducibly strategic power/knowledge dynamics at work – including in ongoing contestation about the very term ‘cosmopolitan’.
Review: Barbara Cassin (ed.), Dictionary of Untranslatables: A Philosophical Lexicon
Authors: Mercier Lucie
Published: October 2016

The Dictionary of Untranslables: A Philosophical Lexicon, a translation of Vocabulaire européen des philosophies (2004), is an invaluable resource for researchers in philosophy and the humanities more generally. Gathering together the work of over 150 philosophers, this encyclopaedic project focuses on a series of philosophical terms that prove difficult to translate, disclosing their historical and linguistic intricacies. This review aims to provide a succinct analysis of its structure and rationale. It is suggested that a gap exists between the framing of the Dictionary in relation to a critical European cultural politics and the kind of philosophy it performs – a highly erudite contribution to both the history of philosophy and to philology. It is further argued that this does not get simpler with the edition of this book into English and the potential ‘globalization’ of its scope.
Interview with Julia O’Connell Davidson on Modern Slavery
Authors: Martins Angelo
Published: October 2016

In this interview for the TCS website, Angelo Martins Jr interviews Professor Julia O’Connell Davidson about her recent book, Modern Slavery: The Margins of Freedom (2015). The interview further discusses some of the most prominent (and often controversial) topics examined by O’Connell Davidson’s book, such as her understanding of modern slavery and her critique on (and consequences of) how anti-slavery movements, NGOs and right-wing and social democratic media and politicians have mistakenly appropriated and used the term. The interview further considers some of the global contemporary social, political and economic issues, such as ‘the refugee crisis’, border control, citizenship and global socio-economic inequalities.
Student entrepreneurial optimism and overconfidence across cultures
Authors: Giacomin Olivier , Janssen Frank , Shinnar Rachel S
Published: October 2016

In this article, we examine whether university students are optimistic and/or overconfident about entrepreneurship, and the impact this has on their entrepreneurial intentions. We do so in three different nations corresponding to three different cultural clusters. Findings suggest that, students are optimistic—with American students being the most optimistic in comparison to their Spanish and Indian peers—but not overconfident. In addition, we find family support to moderate the relationship between entrepreneurial optimism, entrepreneurial overconfidence and entrepreneurial intentions. However, this moderating effect is not uniform across countries.
Plasma apelin-12 levels may predict in-hospital major adverse cardiac events in ST-elevation myocardial infarction and the relationship between apelin-12 and the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in patients undergoing primary coronary intervention
Authors: Topuz Mustafa , Oz Fahrettin , Akkus Oguz , Sen Omer , Topuz Ayse Nur , Bulut Atilla , Ozbicer Suleyman , Okar Sefa , Koc Mevlut , Gur Mustafa
Published: October 2016

Objective:

We aimed to investigate the compliance of plasma apelin-12 levels to show angiographic properties and hospital MACE in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Material and Methods:

The association of apelin-12 levels with the N/L ratio on admission was assessed in 170 consecutive patients with primary STEMI undergoing primary PCI. All patient SYNTAX scores and thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow grades were also assessed. Patients were divided into two groups according to their TIMI flow grade. Patients with a TIMI 0-2 flow and TIMI 3 flow with grade 0/1 myocardial blush grade (MBG) score were defined as the no-reflow group and patients with TIMI grade 3 flow with ⩾2 MBG were considered as the normal flow group.

Results:

Baseline apelin-12 levels were significantly lower in the no-reflow group than in the normal flow group (3.3±1.81 vs 6.2±1.74, p<0.001). In-hospital events, including death, myocardial infarction (MI) and re-infarction were significantly higher in patients in the no-reflow group than normal flow group (23% vs 7%, p<0.001). Apelin-12 level was negative correlated with the N/L ratio (r= -0.352, p<0.001), Hs-Crp (r=-0.272, p=0.01) and SYNTAX score (r= -0.246, p=0.029). In the multivariate regression analysis, apelin-12, presence of no-reflow and the SYNTAX score were independent predictors of in-hospital MACE (odds ratio [OR] 1.41, 95% confidence interval (CI) [1.27 to 1.67], p=0.001 for apelin-12, OR 1.085, [0.981 to 1.203], p<0.001 for no-reflow and OR 0.201, 95% CI [0.05 to 0.47], p= 0.004 for SYNTAX score).

Conclusion:

We have shown that lower apelin-12 level on admission is associated with higher SYNTAX scores and no-reflow phenomenon and may be used as a prognostic marker for hospital MACE in patients with STEMI.
The rat cerebral vasculature exhibits time-of-day-dependent oscillations in circadian clock genes and vascular function that are attenuated following obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Durgan David J , Crossland Randy F , Bryan Robert M
Published: October 2016

Circadian clock components oscillate in cells of the cardiovascular system. Disruption of these oscillations has been observed in cardiovascular diseases. We hypothesized that obstructive sleep apnea, which is associated with cerebrovascular diseases, disrupts the cerebrovascular circadian clock and rhythms in vascular function. Apneas were produced in rats during sleep. Following two weeks of sham or obstructive sleep apnea, cerebral arteries were isolated over 24 h for mRNA and functional analysis. mRNA expression of clock genes exhibited 24-h rhythms in cerebral arteries of sham rats (p < 0.05). Interestingly, peak expression of clock genes was significantly lower following obstructive sleep apnea (p < 0.05). Obstructive sleep apnea did not alter clock genes in the heart, or rhythms in locomotor activity. Isolated posterior cerebral arteries from sham rats exhibited a diurnal rhythm in sensitivity to luminally applied ATP, being most responsive at the beginning of the active phase (p < 0.05). This rhythm was absent in arteries from obstructive sleep apnea rats (p < 0.05). Rhythms in ATP sensitivity in sham vessels were absent, and not different from obstructive sleep apnea, following treatment with L-NAME and indomethacin. We conclude that cerebral arteries possess a functional circadian clock and exhibit a diurnal rhythm in vasoreactivity to ATP. Obstructive sleep apnea attenuates these rhythms in cerebral arteries, potentially contributing to obstructive sleep apnea-associated cerebrovascular disease.
Unveiling Everyday Reflexivity Tactics in a Sustainable Community
Authors: Casey Katherine , Lichrou Maria , O’Malley Lisa
Published: October 2016

Approaches to enhancing sustainability have largely focused on altering individual consumption behaviors. However, this focus on the individual consumer has been recently critiqued because the behavior of individuals is situated within wider socio-cultural contexts. Thus, the sustainability research agenda is shifting away from individual consumers towards understanding consumption practices, social networks, material infrastructures and organisations of various forms in which consumption is problematized and consumption choices are reflected upon and negotiated. These social spaces need to be understood if change is to be truly achieved. Drawing on ethnographic research conducted in an Irish ecovillage, we examine how ecovillage members negotiate sustainable consumption at the everyday level. Analysis reveals how members of the ecovillage employ tactics that encourage reflexivity in the everyday. Specifically, these reflexive tactics work together to confront routine consumption, create alternative infrastructures that support sustainability, and foster critical engagement.