bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wpływ regulacji prawnej Karta nauczyciela na wydatki inwestycyjne gmin — na przykładzie gminy Mirsk
Authors: Zaliwski Jan
Published: March 2020

THE INFLUENCE OF LAW REGULATIONS ‘‘THE TEACHER’S CHART” ON THE SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF PARISHES — BASED ON THE EXAMPLE OF MIRSK PARISHThe following article is atrial to reflect upon the way the legal regulations — the Teacher’s Chart frames the budget of local territorial governments, in this case the parish of Mirsk, and in particular influences the dynamics of capital investments. These in turn has amajor impact on the social–economic development. In the initial considerations, Iconducted adetailed analysis of the teacher’s wages broken down accordingly to the teacher’s qualifications and main components of the pension. Ialso analyzed the origin of entitlements that derive form the above mentioned act. Next, Ipointed out the sources of financing education, both from the state budget and the local governments. Ipresented examples of schools of adifferent status than state schools together with motivating and determining factors that led the local governments to such decisions quoting the court and administrative judicial decisions. In the subsequent part of the article which is dedicated to the analysis of the budget’s incomes and expenses connected with education in Mirsk parish, in charts I enclosed detailed actual state of education in this parish.The data depicts the state of affairs both from the organizational and finical side, in 2012 and 2013. This comparison shows that the Mirsk parish in year 2013 alloted 1,375,837 zł 7,93% of the total income from its own funds, to finance the current functioning of education basic wages and several entitlements listed at the beginning of this article. This sum decreased the sum for capital investments in the infrastructure area in Mirsk parish, such as building of roads, water-supply network or the sewage system. These factors have amajor impact on the social–economic development of the parish. The following article recommends several propositions of reconstruction of school network on the parish territory together with enlisting potential savings deriving from these propositions. The summary of the article encloses the criticism of the existing normative solutions together with the final conclusion that for the last 25 years there has been aconstant lack of political possibility to actually improve and modernize this provision of the law.
Charakter i przedmiot porozumień zbiorowych z udziałem agencji pracy tymczasowej
Authors: Wilczyński Robert
Published: March 2020

NATURE AND SUBJECT OF COLLECTIVE AGREEMENTS INVOLVING THE TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT AGENCYThe article presents the view of doctrine and jurisprudence relating to collective agreements involving the temporary employment agency. The specifics of temporary employment in which there are temporary work agency and the user employer acting at employer’s side makes collective agreements conditions much more complicated against those settled in the Labour Code. Collective agreements should play an increasing role in the system of sources of labour law. In particular, in non-standard forms of employment mainly at temporary work. Collective agreements in a more perfect way are able to reconcile the protective function of labor law and the need for flexibility of employment.
The directive for general prevention in empirical approach. Author’s research
Authors: Kania Agnieszka
Published: March 2020

DYREKTYWA PREWENCJI OGÓLNEJ W UJĘCIU EMPIRYCZNYM. BADANIA WŁASNENiniejszy artykuł stanowi rezultat badań ankietowych, które przeprowadzono wśród sędziów­-karnistów, orzekających w najwyższych instancjach krajowych tj. w Izbie Karnej i Wojskowej Sądu Najwyższego oraz w sądach apelacyjnych. Zawarte w nim informacje przedstawiają poglądy wspomnianej grupy badawczej na temat racjonalizacji ogólnoprewencyjnej. Zaprezentowane w tym opracowaniu analizy pozwoliły na sformułowanie kilku wniosków. Na podstawie zebranego materiału ustalono, że sędziowski wymiar kary opiera się na racjonalizacji wielodyrektywalnej. Z udzielonych odpowiedzi wynikało również, że przy interpretacji dyrektywy ogólnoprewencyjnej uwzględnienia wymagają nie tylko elementy pozytywno-, ale również negatywnoprewencyjne. Warto też zaznaczyć, że jako czynniki determinujące treść wskazania ogólnoprewencyjnego ankietowani wskazali najczęściej własne doświadczenia życiowe oraz zawodowe, co niewątpliwie odbiegało od propozycji wykładni dyrektywy ogólnoprewencyjnej, wyrażonej w Uzasadnieniu do projektu kodeksu karnego z 1997 r. Ponadto w wypowiedziach respondentów dostrzeżono także wyraźne zdystansowanie wobec ewentualnych ingerencji nowelizacyjnych w treść art. 53 § 1 k.k. Jak można przypuszczać, tego rodzaju zachowawcza postawa odzwierciedlała najprawdopodobniej wieloletnią praktykę powoływania w uzasadnieniach wyroków dyrektywy prewencji ogólnej.Powyższe informacje stanowią tym samym materiał poznawczy, pomocny przy weryfikacji dotychczasowych wyobrażeń czy obiegowych osądów, jakie sformułowano na temat dyrektywy ogólnoprewencyjnej w doktrynie oraz w orzecznictwie.
Prawna dopuszczalność rezygnacji z wybranych dochodów własnych gmin
Authors: Kowalczyk Rafał
Published: March 2020

LEGAL ACCESSIBILITY OF GIVNIG UP SELECTED OWN INCOME OF MUNICIPALITIESLocal-governmental fees, especially those that are associated withan increase inproperty value, are and probably will continue to bean important form of a fiscal standpoint source of revenue for municipal budgets. So, current question remains at the nature charges still and entitlement of self-governed organ result from there. Hence thecontinued interest of representatives of both thescience and practiceissues are related to them.The publication raise done of the major problems associated with the assessment and collectionof fees, and for their obligatoriness. The problem is so complex that the construction standarizing these charges can be very varied, andthe legislature does not use the uniformand consistent definitions, which clearlylead to the conclusion that all revenues from the sefees are to betreated as a mandatory or their optionality may be decided by municipal body.
Jak powstawały „ustawy pożarnicze” — wspomnienia
Authors: Jaroszek Andrzej
Published: March 2020

HOW WERE “THE FIRE ACTS” CREATED — REMINISCENCEThe article outlines the historical aspect of the creation of the Act of the State Fire Service and the Act of Fire Protection. The bills were elaborated by the Social Editorial Team in 1990. The Social Editorial Team consisted of scientists from the Faculty of Law, Administration and Economics from the University of Wrocław and firefighters from Wrocław and Wałbrzych.
Psychospołeczne podstawy tworzenia ustaw o ochronie przeciwpożarowej i Państwowej Straży Pożarowej
Authors: Cenin Mieczysław
Published: March 2020

THE PSYCHOLOGICAL BASIS OF DEVELOPING LAWS CONCERNING FIRE PROTECTION AND THE NATIONAL FIRE SERVICE The article contains apresentation of the author’s academic and implementation work in the years 1986–2016 in the scope of interdisciplinary actions of the Lower Silesian Project Team featuring representatives of Lower Silesian firefighters and academic employees of the Wrocław University, whose objective was to create alegislative basis for thorough reform of the fire service in Poland. The basis for such activity were results of own academic research encompassing the topic of the effectiveness of psychological methods essential to persons performing difficult and hazardous tasks conducted under the Interkosmos program. In further sections of this article the author discusses the various functions he has held in the Project Team. He presents acharacteristic of the System of Psychological Support of Rescue Services project, put into practice to prevent and combat the effects of post-traumatic stress within the fire service, as an impetus for the practical execution of the implemented laws. Additionally, the article features acondensed, yet thorough psychological analysis of the motivational side of the firefighters’ pro-reform activity, which unveils valuable sources of the firefighters’ spirit and its causative power.
Socjologiczna analiza partycypacji Państwowej Straży Pożarnej w ochronie ludności w stanach nadzwyczajnych
Authors: Maciejewski Jan , Stochmal Małgorzata
Published: March 2020

SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE PARTICIPATION OF THE STATE FIRE SERVICE IN CIVIL PROTECTION DURING EXTRAORDINARY MEASURESThe article has atheoretical character — it is based mainly on the presentation of sociology of dispositional groups. The text represents the complexity of the system of state security and the role of actors involved in providing safety. Academic considerations are placed in a sociological orientation enabling a uniform explanation of phenomena related to the state of emergency. The essence of social dispositional groups is presented on the example of The State Fire Service.
Organizacja działań ratowniczych podczas zdarzeń drogowych
Authors: Konieczny Adam
Published: March 2020

RESCUE OPERATIONS DURING ROAD INCIDENTSThe Polish law regulations determine the rescue operations during road incidents in many aspects. These provisions relate to the obligations of the owner and manager of the road on which the incident took place. These provisions also include the obligations of the participant of the rescue action. Special regulations apply to chemical and environmental dangers.
Krajowy system ratowniczo-gaśniczy w systemie bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego państwa
Authors: Ręcławowicz Stanisław , Wrzesiński Janusz Adam
Published: March 2020

NATIONAL FIREFIGHTING AND RESCUE SYSTEM NFRS IN THE STATE INTERNAL SECURITY SYSTEMNational Firefighting and Rescue System was formed on 1 January 1995 under the Act of 24August 1991. The Act, which initiated achange in our state internal security system, changing its paramilitary character into civilian. Despite the laws of abygone era of communism the creation of the State Fire Service as aseparate formation within the Ministry of Internal Affairs allowed „the exclusion” of organizational units of the fire brigade of the Civil Defence so-called „rescue units group”.This formation was obliged to create the National Rescue and Fire Fighting, possessing the power switch to the system of other units of fire protection services, inspections, internships, institutions and entities that voluntarily on the basis of acivil contract agreed to cooperate in rescue operations.This system gives permission to the Chief Commander in the State Fire Service, Provincial and District Heads to determine respectively in the country, province or district the tasks, coordinate operation and manage it in extreme situation.The Provincial Governor and the District Head carry out their tasks with the appropriate provincial and district crisis management team, operating under the Act of 26 April 2007. Crisis Management Dz.U. Journal of Laws No. 89, item. 590, as amended. Amendment 2.The Village Head has the authority supervised by the mayor or city president, who coordinates the operation of the National Firefighting and Rescue System within the municipality to the extent determined by the Provincial Governor. In other words, the system enables the interaction of organizational units of government, local government, private entities and public benefit organizations. The relevant Governors play ameaningful role in this system. They perform tasks and powers of the State Fire Service with the help of provincial commanders of the State Fire Service in the province.
Stany nadzwyczajne stan wojenny, stan wyjątkowy, stan klęski żywiołowej w konstytucji Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej
Authors: Miemiec Marcin
Published: March 2020

EXTRAORDINARY MEASURES MARTIAL LAW, STATE OF EMERGENCY, STATE OF NATURAL DISASTERThe Constitution regulates the organisation and functioning of the most important organs of the state, the rules governing the relations between the state and citizens, as well as basic rights, freedoms and duties of citizens. The Constitution allows for restriction of these laws only by legislation, and only when it is necessary in a democratic state for its security or for the protection of public order, environmental protection, health and public morality, for the rights and freedoms of others. It is unacceptable to violate the essence of freedoms and rights. The restrictions are subject to police laws’ regulations. When the police measures are insufficient, applicable are legislations on extraordinary measures: martial law, state of emergency, state of natural disaster. The Constitution defines the following rules for the implementation of these states: uniqueness, legality, proportionality, purpose, protection of the legal system basics, protection of the representative bodies. They are the directives of interpretation of other regulations of the discussed Chapter of the Constitution and the regulations of statutes on emergency situations. A kind of competition for legislation on states of emergency may be provisions of the Act on Crisis Management.
The concept of a Union based on the Rule of Law as a legal argument before the Court of Justice of the European Union
Authors: Stępkowski Łukasz
Published: March 2020

KONCEPCJA UNII OPARTEJ NA RZĄDACH PRAWA JAKO ARGUMENT PRAWNY PRZED TRYBUNAŁEM SPRAWIEDLIWOŚCI UNII EUROPEJSKIEJNiniejsza praca ma na celu rozważenie koncepcji Unii opartej na rządach prawa, obecnej w prawie Unii Europejskiej, w ramach orzecznictwa Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej. Autor podejmuje się analizy ilościowej oraz jakościowej i oceny wskazanego zagadnienia, katalogując ponad 120 poszczególnych orzeczeń Trybunału odnoszących się do „rządów prawa” w powyższym znaczeniu w tym rozważając 95 przypadków, w których omawiane zagadnienie zostało rozważone co do istoty. W ten sposób pytanie badawcze niniejszej pracy brzmi — czy twierdzenie procesowe i argumentacja oparte na „rządach prawa” mają jakiekolwiek szczególne znaczenie dla skarżącego co do prawdopodobieństwa uzyskania korzystnego rozstrzygnięcia przed Trybunałem?
Znęcanie nad zwierzęciem w doktrynie prawa karnego i w orzecznictwie sądowym — kilka uwag tytułem wstępu do rozważań o prawnej ochronie zwierząt
Authors: Helios Joanna , Jedlecka Wioletta
Published: March 2020

BULLYING ANIMAL IN THE DOCTRINE OF CRIMINAL LAW AND THE JUDICIAL DECISIONS — AFEW REMARKS BY WAY OF INTRODUCTION TO THE DISCUSSION ON THE LEGAL PROTECTION OF ANIMALSLegal protection of animals in Poland is becoming more and more important, which is probably contributed to international regulations and, which cannot be marginalized, the EU. This text is an introduction to the legal protection of animals. Two groups of problems are separated: first — an analysis of cruelty to animals, and secondly — the problem of mistreatment of animals in court decisions.
Rola deontologii weterynaryjnej w ochronie zwierząt i ich praw
Authors: Helios Joanna
Published: March 2020

THE ROLE OF THE VETERINARY DEONTOLOGY IN THE PROTECTION OF ANIMALS AND THEIR RIGHTSDue to the fact that today the profession of a veterinary surgeon is quite popular, the ethics of the profession is becoming increasingly important. Professional ethics in veterinary medicine is similar to the ethics of the medical profession of medical sciences. Both the veterinarian and a doctor of medical sciences are committed to help the needy. If a veterinarian meets an animal in need, whose moral status and the legal situation is not entirely fixed, it is dependent on a man, and the veterinary deontology can help in securing good animal.
Michał Römer w Wilnie 1940 roku
Authors: Maaksimamaitis Mindaaugaas
Published: March 2020

MYKOLAS ROMERIS IN VILNIUS IN THE 1940ʼS1940 year was very significant in the life of Römer, because he abandoned Kaunas for Vilnius. In the same time the great lawyer ended his activity as arector of Vytautas Magnus University in Kaunas what, together with the effect of migration, limited in many areas the possibility of effective collaboration with Lithuanian government.In ancient Gediminas capital Römer not only worked at the University, but also made many efforts for coexistence Poles and Lithuanians. But after six months, after the unification of Baltic Republics with USSR, the situation seriously changed. Römer as the “socially alienated” and “pol­itically unsafe” was not avaluable person in the eyes of Soviet clerks, so he went to the “internal emigration”, but constantly taught at the University as the lecturer of objective science.
Zwrot świadczeń nienależnych w prawie ubezpieczeń społecznych — wybrane zagadnienia
Authors: Napiórkowska Anna
Published: March 2020

RECOVERY OF UNDUE BENEFITS IN THE SOCIAL INSURANCE SCHEME — SELECTED ISSUESThe article refers to the selected issues of the recovery of undue benefits in the social insurance scheme. Initially, the subject matter of the analysis is the recent modification of the art. 84 of the Act of 13 October 1998 on the social insurance system. It is argued in the article that there are not per­suasive arguments why the recent change — introducing the limit for handing down adecision for the Polish Social Insurance Institution art. 84 [7a] of the Act on the social insurance system — does not relate to the contribution payer or the other persons enumerated in the art. 84 6 of the Act on the social insurance system. Furthermore, the paper analyses the notion of the undue benefit in the social insurance scheme and the issues of the instruction. In the article there are emphasized some questions referring to the explanatory proceedings conducted by the Polish Social Insurance Insti­tution ZUS and the issues of the relations between the art. 84 1 and 6 of the Act on the social insurance system. In the conclusion the article analyses the relations between the art. 84 of the Act on the social insurance system and the special regulations, i.e. art. 138 of the Act of 17 December 1998 on pensions from the Social Insurance Fund and art. 66 of the Act of 25 June 1999 on cash social insurance benefits in respect of sickness and maternity.
Od kultury władzy do kultury uzasadniania. Doświadczenia południowoafrykańskie
Authors: Smolak Marek
Published: March 2020

FROM THE CULTURE OF AUTHORITY TO THE CULTURE OF JUSTIFICATION. SOUTH AFRICAN EXPERIENCES The article focuses on gradual shift from the culture of authority to the culture of justification in South Africa. In culture of authority, justification for action is provided mainly at the stage of assigning authority and once authority has been assigned, the authorized body needs to offer lit­tle justification for its specific decisions. In aculture of justification even after authority has been assigned, the authorized body must still provide justification for all of its decisions. The culture of justification is associated with the expansive jurisdiction for the South African Constitutional Court. If proportionality is essentially arequirement of justification it is worthy to focus on The South Afri­can Constitutional Court, which has developed original proportionality test. This article examines the application of the test in order to evaluate the progress toward asociety based on human dignity, equality, and freedom. This evaluation is needed not only for South Africa but also for those states which struggle with infringement of the rule of law.
Sprzedaż konsumencka w Konwencji wiedeńskiej o umowach międzynarodowej sprzedaży towarów i w kodeksie cywilnym
Authors: Wójtowicz Ewa
Published: March 2020

CONSUMER SALES IN THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON CONTRACTS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL SALE OF GOODS AND IN THE CIVIL CODEThe article presents the concept of consumer sales and consumer sales in the regulation of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods and the definition of consumer sales in the Polish Civil Code along with a comparison of these two regulations. It indicates some inconsistencies between Polish law and the Convention as well as their possible consequences and it proposes methods of their elimination.
Odpowiedzialność organizatora sieci franczyzowej wobec pracowników zatrudnionych przez uczestnika sieci
Authors: Bakalarz Tomasz
Published: March 2020

THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE ORGANIZER OF THE FRANCHISE NETWORK TOWARDS THE EMPLOYEES EMPLOYED BY THE NETWORK PARTICIPANTThe franchise system is based on cooperation of unrelated entities. Each franchisee has an independent employer status and is responsible for employee’s damages. In this article, the author aims to analyze this basic principle. Franchisor has a contractual right to supervise realization of franchise’s package. However, in extremal cases, this control power may be abused. Franchisor may influence franchisee’s decision in the area of employment, limiting franchisee’s independence as an employer. The author analyzes this cases and an opportunity of recognizing franchisor as employer or joint employer of franchisee’s employees. The author, fi nally, examines whether the franchisor may be held liable for damages to the employees.
Osoba fizyczna jako pracodawca
Authors: Lewandowicz-Machnikowska Monika
Published: March 2020

A NATURAL PERSON AS AN EMPLOYERThe study presents comments on the legal situation of natural persons who hire employees. Special attention was also paid to employers who hire employees to meet their personal needs or to work in a household. The necessity to limit the application of some provisions of the Labor Code to such employers was pointed out as justifi ed by the specifi city of functioning of such employers and as a possible factor in the reduction of illegal employment.
Organizacja oraz finansowanie publicznego radia i telewizji w Republice Federalnej Niemiec
Authors: Miemiec Wiesława , Miemiec Marcin
Published: March 2020

THE ORGANIZATION AND FINANCING OF A PUBLIC RADIO AND TELEVISION IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANYIn the Weimar Republic and in the Third Reich, radio broadcasting was dependent on the government. The Federal Republic of Germany, on the other hand, created a legal system that provided the mass media with legal and factual independence. The system of radio and television was influenced by the case law of the Federal Constitutional Court. The public radio and television broadcasters include national broadcasters and joint broadcasters of federal states, organized as public-law establishments with legal personality. The management of broadcasters has been implemented basing on similar principles. The radio broadcasting board is a constitutive and controlling body, the administrative board and the authorizing officer are executive organs. The national radio board consists of people delegated by the parliament, national government, circles and organizations which are significant politically, ideologically and socially, according to the statutory key. The board of Deutschlandradio, a corporation associating ARD, ZDF and national broadcasters, consists of representatives of the federal states, the federal government and social organizations. The radio board selects the majority of the members of the administrative board, selects and dismisses the authorizing officer, consents to the casting of the broadcaster’s management positions, adopts program guidelines, advises the authorizing officer in shaping the program and other basic matters, approves the economic plan, adopts the discharge resolution. The administrative board supports the broadcaster’s economic development, concludes an employment contract with the authorizing officer, settles disputes between the authorizing officer and the broadcaster, supervises the management of cases by the authorizing officer, controls the budget and annual closure drawn up by the authorizing officer, publishes the balance sheet and the annual report, takes decisions on contracts if there is no competent authorizing officer. The broadcasters are legally supervised by the competent government or minister. The internal control exercised by the radio board plays a fundamental role in the area of ensuring compliance with the law. German radio and television is financed by levies — initially from fees, and starting on 1.01.2013 from contributions levied on households. There is financial equalization in public radio and television. Such a system of financing provides the public media with independence and ensures the implementation of their statutory tasks, in particular the fulfilment of the public mission.
Związek między zasadą równości a zasadą sprawiedliwości społecznej w polskiej Konstytucji i orzecznictwie Trybunału Konstytucyjnego. Próba spojrzenia ogólnego
Authors: Blicharz Jolanta
Published: March 2020

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PRINCIPLE OF EQUALITY AND THE PRINCIPLE OF SOCIAL JUSTICE IN THE POLISH CONSTITUTION AND THE JURISPRUDENCE OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL TRIBUNAL. AN ATTEMPT OF A GENERAL ANALYSISThe definition of a justice as the obligation of specificactions in relation to other persons from the point of view of equality results from the fact that by implementing of the principles of justice, it is realised the moral imperative of solidarity with people who are worse off , especially for reasons that are not caused by them. It follows the conclusion that the principle of equality before the law not only corrects, but also concretises the more general principle of social justice.
Geneza konstrukcji nadzoru nad samorządem terytorialnym w departamencie we Francji
Authors: Jeżewski Jan
Published: March 2020

THE GENESIS OF THE SUPERVISORY STRUCTURE OF TERRITORIAL SELF-GOVERNMENT IN THE DEPARTMENT IN FRANCEThe aim of the article is to discuss the close relationship between the centralization of the state system and the maintenance of power — based on the research presented in the excellent work of Alexis de Tocqueville, The Old Regime and the Revolution. Tocqueville skilfully combined two aspects perceived in the discussion about the genesis of supervision over territorial self-government: the aspect of protection of human and civil rights and the aspect of the Revolution, that took over most of the changes that strengthened the centralism with which the monarchy built up the structure of maintaining power. The aim of the considerations discussed here is to recall the relatively rarely mentioned passages of the texts, that justify the decisive assessments with which Tocqueville closed the analysis of the systemic practice of the monarchy in various fields, showing the timeless role of centralization in strengthening absolute power. Among the several described situations, the importance of independent courts in the protection of individual rights should be emphasized. The article is closed with the summary of the phases of systemic transformation of supervision over the department’s self-government in France.
Europejskie wpływy na funkcjonowanie samorządu terytorialnego w Polsce
Authors: Korczak Jerzy
Published: March 2020

THE EUROPEAN INFLUENCE ON THE FUNCTIONING OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN POLANDThis article presents the implications of EU accession and ratifi cation of European laws for the regime and principles of functioning of local government. The analysis is carried out in selected local government activity levels and is based on the schema listings together European law and European Union and national law with simultaneous assessment of its outcome.
Kształtowanie się koncepcji związku metropolitalnego w Polsce po 1990 roku
Authors: Ofiarska Małgorzata
Published: March 2020

THE SHAPING OF THE CONCEPT OF METROPOLITAN ASSOCIATIONS IN POLAND AFTER 1990The local self-government system in Poland has been evolving since its restitution in 1990. One of the major problems discussed in recent years is the issue of the system of metropolitan areas, metropolises and agglomerations what was before referred to as large cities. The issue is complex, which is refl ected in, i.a., attempts to develop systemic solutions regarding large cities and hinterlands. The aim of the paper is to analyze draft laws put forth by various entities relating to this very issue, including their underlying assumptions. The draft laws and assumptions presented in the paper were developed mostly in response to the reality of the collaboration of large urban centers and adjacent municipalities demonstrating clearly that the solutions based on the institution of voluntary municipal unions do not yield the desired effects for large cities and metropolitan areas. In spite of the common belief that some legislative solutions regarding the system of government regulating the legal status of metropolitan areas must be adopted in Poland, the first Act on metropolitan areas was passed only in 2015, and even a single municipal association has not been established on its grounds.
Mikro, mali i średni przedsiębiorcy w zamówieniach publicznych. Kilka propozycji de lege ferenda
Authors: Kania Michał
Published: March 2020

MICRO, SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES IN PUBLIC PROCUREMENTS. SOME PROPOSALS DE LEGE FERENDAPublic procurements are one of the main methods of the state’s influence on the economy. The aims of the procurement should be the implementation of the Value for Public Money as the eff ectiveness rule, which means the exponential growth of the strategic procurements: innovative, green and social; concerning National Purchase Policy, particularly the fast growth of innovative procurements. The Polish Ministry of Development and Finance is preparing a new Public Procurement Act. This Act should replace the Act of 29 January 2004 — Public Procurement Law Journal of Laws of 2017, item 1579. The overall objective is to obtain better Value for Public Money, to deliver better outcomes for societal and other public policy objectives while increasing the efficiency of public spending. This is the very good moment for some proposals connected with the improvement of SME’s situation in public procurement.
Akty instrumentalizacji prawa i ich granice
Authors: Gromski Włodzimierz
Published: March 2020

ACTS OF INSTRUMENTALISATION OF LAW AND THEIR LIMITSThe purpose of this article is to analyse the concept of law as the instrument employed to achieve some specifi c purposes. The analysis leads to the distinction between the instrumental character of law and its instrumentalization acts of instrumentalization. Considering the character of the acts of instrumentalization of law, it is maintained that there are some limits of such acts, and one of them is the autonomy of law understood as a function of legal culture.
The derivative concept of legal interpretation in EU law
Authors: Helios Joanna , Jedlecka Wioletta
Published: March 2020

DERYWACYJNA KONCEPCJA WYKŁADNI W PRAWIE UEDerywacyjna koncepcja wykładni autorstwa Zygmunta Ziembińskiego i Macieja Zielińskiego jest jedną z dwóch, obok semantycznej intensjonalnej klaryfikacyjnej sformułowanej przez Jerzego Wróblewskiego, powstałych w powojennej polskiej teorii prawa normatywnych koncepcji wykładni. W doktrynie prezentowany jest pogląd, zgodnie z którym wykładnia dokonywana przez Trybunał Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej miałaby odpowiadać szerokiemu, walidacyjno-derywacyjnemu ujęciu wykładni, a to ze względu na charakter źródeł prawa UE oraz wyraźny w tym przypadku element walidacyjny wykluczający sytuację izomorfii. Rozważania dotyczące kwestii walidacyjnych, uwzględniające różnorodność źródeł prawa unijnego, są bardzo cenne, szczególnie wobec faktu, że źródła prawa Unii Europejskiej bardzo różnią się od źródeł prawa krajowego. Akceptacja ujęcia derywacyjnego wydaje się nie do pogodzenia z doktryną acte clair. Z drugiej strony praktyka interpretacyjna prawa Unii Europejskiej, związana z wielością podmiotów pełniących funkcje prawodawcze, wymogiem wykładni prowspólnotowej przyjaznej, jednolitej, technicyzacją większości regulacji prawa Unii Europejskiej oraz wielojęzycznością przepisów prawa unijnego stawia wyzwania przed koncepcją derywacyjną.
Reprezentacja nieznanych spadkobierców przed sądem administracyjnym — wybrane zagadnienia prawa pomocy
Authors: Talaga Robert
Published: March 2020

REPRESENTATION OF UNKNOWN HEIRS BEFORE THE ADMINISTRATIVE COURT — SELECTED ISSUES OF THE RIGHT OF ASSISTANCEThe guardian of inheritance may initiate proceedings before an administrative court when the interests of unknown heirs so require e.g. due to the need to determine the tax liability included in the estate. In the case of lodging a complaint to the administrative court by the guardian, he may apply for exemption from court costs because he has not been relieved expressis verbis from incurring them under the law. The guardian of the inheritance may also apply for the appointment of an public attorney because of the right to court, especially when a professional representative is required to draft an appeal. Not always the guardian is a professional attorney advocate, legal counselor, tax advisor who can submit such a remedy by representing the interests of unknown heirs within. In the case of submitting the application with demand of granting the right of assistance it should have been taken into account that the guardian represents the interests of the inheritance. In consequence, the application should present actual information about the inheritance.
Zbieg prawa do świadczeń opiekuńczych i świadczeń z ubezpieczenia społecznego — uwagi de lege ferenda
Authors: Lewandowicz-Machnikowska Monika
Published: March 2020

CONCURRENCE OF THE RIGHTS TO CARE BENEFITSAND SOCIAL SECURITY BENEFITS —DE LEGE FERENDA COMMENTSThe text deals with the issue of the concurrence of care benefits and social security benefits regulated in the Act on Family Benefits. Such a situation occurs when a person who already has the right to a social insurance benefit, e.g. a retirement pension, acquires the right to one of the care benefits, e.g. an attendance benefit. The regulations included in the Act on Family Benefits are discussed against the background of the general principles according to which a particular type of risk can be protected with only one benefit and social insurance benefits take precedence over care benefits. According to the author’s opinion, the solutions adopted by the legislator are unadjusted to the current situation and are increasingly provoking controversy in practice and, consequently, in the author’s opinion, require changes. The lack of action on the part of the legislator causes courts to play its role, which should not occur in a properly functioning legal system based on the rule of the tripartite division of power.
O misji inspekcji pracy w świetle unormowań Międzynarodowej Organizacji Pracy — wybrane uwagi
Authors: Góral Zbigniew , Tyc Aneta
Published: March 2020

ABOUT THE MISSION OF LABOUR INSPECTION IN THE LIGHT OF THE REGULATIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION — SELECTED REMARKSFrom the very beginning of the functioning of the International Labour Organization much attention has been paid to labour inspection. The first international regulations were passed in the interwar period. Recommendation No. 20 of 1923 was the most important act in this field. Among the acts in force, the following are of key importance: Convention No. 81 of 1947 and Convention No. 129 of 1969. They do not provide for a single unified labour inspection model. It is only required that the organization of labour inspection should embody the supervision and control of the central state authority and independence from all pressures, in particular from employers. There are three models: generalist inspectorates, specialist inspectorates and a mixed model. The scope of labour inspection tasks is also flexible. In addition to the main tasks that should be carried out by each inspection, it is allowed that additional tasks are performed, with the reservation, however, that they will not interfere with the effective performance of the main tasks and will not undermine the authority and impartiality of inspectors.
Stosowanie środków kontroli i nadzoru nad przestrzeganiem przepisów i zasad ochrony pracy w praktyce inspektorów pracy
Authors: Paroń Łukasz
Published: March 2020

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CONTROL AND SUPERVISORY MEASURES BY LABOUR INSPECTORS TO ENSURE COMPLIANCE WITH LABOUR PROTECTION PRINCIPLES AND REGULATIONSThe hereby article attempts to present the practical problems faced by national labour inspectors, which they encounter during control and supervision procedures. The significant increase in the number of tasks that the National Labour Inspectorate is responsible for, along with a simultaneous expansion of the scope and intensity of socio-economic relations, gives rise to concerns regarding such proceedings. The primary aim of this publication is to emphasize several important issues related to the control and supervision proceedings conducted by the National Labour Inspectorate. Both the course of the inspections and the legal measures applied by the labour inspectors were analyzed.
Rada Sądownictwa na Łotwie
Authors: Wygoda Krzysztof , Abu Gholeh Magdalena
Published: March 2020

THE JUDICIAL COUNCIL IN LATVIAThe Latvian Judicial Council Tieslietu padome is a central non-constitutional body of the state, functionally connected with the judiciary. It consists not only of judges but also representatives of the legal professions and representatives of other authorities i.e. the Minister of Justice tieslietu ministrs, the Prosecutor General ģenerālprokurors, the Chairman of the Parliamentary Legal Committee Saeimas Juridiskās komisijas priekšsēdētājs or their deputies. The mixed composition of the Council does not disqualify it as an independent body that can potentially eff ectively perform tasks related to the protection of the independence of the courts and the independence of the judiciary. The Latvian Judicial Council is, however, a body with a very wide spectrum of activity, which, although it does not follow directly from the constitution Satversme, allows it to freely exercise not only its applicant both in relation to Saeima and the Constitutional Tribunal and opinion-making but also decision-making functions on conceptual issues and organisational judiciary and matters related to the career path of judges. The statutory nature of competences allows for their scope to be shaped quite freely, giving the possibility of adapting the Council’s tasks to the changing needs of the state — which of course can be seen as an advantage as well as a disadvantage of the Tieslietu padome model.
Rada Sędziowska oraz Komisja Nominacyjna dla Anglii i Walii
Authors: Urbaniak Krzysztof
Published: March 2020

JUDGES’ COUNCIL AND JUDICIAL APPOINTMENT COMMISSIONThe judiciary in the United Kingdom is a phenomenon in Europe. Despite the fact that the role of judges in the common law system was significantly greater than in continental law systems, the British system lacked formal, institutional safeguards of the independence of the courts and the independence of judges. This principle was seen as a constitutional convention. The Judges’ Council, being the representation of judges, had only the status of an internal judicial body and an advisory role to the Lord Chief Justice. The reforms of the justice system introduced at the beginning of the 20th century, including the establishment of the Judicial Appointments Commission, undoubtedly influenced the strengthening of the independence of the courts against the executive and increased the influence of the judicial community on the appointment system of judicial offices in England and Wales.
Najwyższa Rada Korpusu Urzędników Sądowych we Francji
Authors: Dyjak Daniel
Published: March 2020

HIGH COUNCIL OF THE JUDICIARY IN FRANCEThe article elaborates the political position of the High Council of the Judiciary in France, as well as the number of changes that this body has undergone as a result of several amendments to the Constitution of the Fifth Republic. The High Council, established initially as a body subordinate to the executive, evolves over time towards greater independence. This results from the increasing representation of judges and prosecutors in the structure of the High Council, strengthening of its competences in the process of appointing judges, and expanding the powers related to disciplinary matters. Nevertheless, this process has not ended yet, as further changes are planned to enhance the emancipation of the High Council.
Значение внутренней формы слова при форми- ровании эмотивной оценочности русской субстандартной лексики и фразеологии
Authors: Zaynuldinov Andrey
Published: March 2020

Value of the internal form of the word in the formation of emotional evaluative Russian substandard vocabulary and phraseologyThe present work investigates the pragmatic aspect of meaning based on Russian vocabulary and phraseology with positive and negative emotional evaluation. Such kind of investigation helps to resolve various problems with lexicographical marks and to create anew improved system of expressive marks. The author thinks that emotional evaluation can be defined with quite objective characteristics. It is offered the new type of classification based on GLT lexical-thematic groups. Znaczenie wewnętrznej formy słowa w kształtowaniu emotywnej oceny rosyjskiej substandardowej leksyki i frazeologiiNiniejsza praca poświęcona jest analizie pragmatycznego aspektu znaczenia w oparciu o rosyjskie słownictwo i frazeologię z pozytywnym i negatywnym wartościowaniem. Taki rodzaj analizy pomaga w rozwiązywaniu różnych problemów natury leksykograficznej oraz tworzeniu nowego ulepszonego systemu wyznaczników ekspresywnych. Autor uważa, że wartościowanie emocjonalne może być definiowane obiektywnie.
Старость в любовном дискурсе современной польской и русской литературы Тадеуш Конвицкий, „Хроника любовных происшествий”; Виктор Астафьев, „Пастух и пастушка”
Authors: Boginskaya Anna
Published: March 2020

Old age in discourse of love in modern Polish and Russian literature Tadeusz Konvitski, A Chronicle of Amorous Accidents; Viktor Astafiev,  A Shepherdand a ShepherdessThe characters connected with old age category in the discourse of love in the Chronicle of Amorous Accidents by Tadeush Konvitski and Shepherd and Shepherdess by Viktor Astafjev were analyzed in this article. We have focused on three types of characters: 1 which are connected with the main love story, 2 which become a center of love story, 3 which are connected with the motive of memory of love. We have analyzed how the same elements, characters, situations and motives, category of old age and love were realized in works of Polish and Russian writers.Starość w dyskursie miłosnym we współczesnej literaturze polskiej i rosyjskiej Tadeusz Konwicki, Kronika wypadków miłosnych; Wiktor Astafjew, Pasterz i PasterkaArtykuł poświęcony jest postaciom związanym z kategorią starości w dyskursie miłosnym powieści Tadeusza Konwickiego Kronika wypadków miłosnych i Wiktora Astafjewa Pasterz i pasterka. Wyróżniono w nim trzy typy postaci: 1 towarzyszące fabule miłosnej, 2 tworzące fabułę miłosną, 3 związane z motywem pamięci o uczuciu miłosnym. Metoda komparatystyczna i hermeneutyczna pozwalają ocenić specyfikę kategorii starości i miłości w analizowanych powieściach.
К вопросу о типологии образов героинь „в возрасте” в современной „женской прозе”
Authors: Szewczenko Ludmiła
Published: March 2020

On the typology of ‘‘elderly female” charactersin the modern ‘‘women’s prose”The article analyzes the works of M. Metlitskaya, M. Paley, O. Slavnikova, T. Tolstaya, M. Traub, G. Scherbakova, L. Ulitskaya and other authors of modern “women’s prose” regarding the peculiarities of depicting age- anad society-defined behavioral stereotypes, social roles, finding feminine feelings of elderly women, as well as makes an attempt to categorize these images.Zagadnienie typologii obrazów bohaterek „kobiet w wieku dojrzałym” we współczesnej rosyjskiej prozie kobiecejW artykule obiektem badań były utwory takich współczesnych pisarek rosyjskich, jak: M. Mietlickaja, M. Palej, O. Sławnikowa, T. Tołstaja, M. Traub, G. Szczerbakowa, L. Ulickaja i in. W szczególności przeanalizowana została specyfika przedstawienia stereotypów zachowań zależnych od wieku i miejsca w społeczeństwie, ról społecznych, ujawnienia nastrojów kobiecych oraz uczuć bohaterek. Podjęta została próba typologizacji obrazów „kobiet w wieku dojrzałym”.
O doświadczeniu starości w kontekście współczesnych dylematów egzystencjalnych. Film „Elena” Andrieja Zwiagincewa
Authors: Waligórska-Olejniczak Beata
Published: March 2020

On the experience of old age in the context of contemporary existential dilemmas. Film Elena by Andrei ZvyagintsevThe article constitutes the attempt of looking at the problem of the old age from the point of view of Vladimir, the main male character of Andrei Zvyagintsev’s film Elena. His retired existence can be treated as the model example of the golden autumn of life. This vision can be associated with the images promoted by today’s media as the period of so called “third age”, i.e. old age full of new opportunities, with health good enough to take advantage of newly marketed products guaranteeing comfortable and worry-free life. The publication examines the quality of the family relationships, built up by the selected film character, on the basis of the interpretation of space in which he is meant to function. The analysis allows the author to come to the conclusion that the old age and life experience does not protect the characters from impulsive behavior, which is the consequence of spiritual crisis of the contemporary society and disintegration of the harmony between the individual and the community. The old age in Zvyagintsev film turns out to be the time when the opportunity of improving interpersonal relationships is wasted.Проблема старости в контексте современных экзистенциальных дилемм. Фильм Елена Андрея Звягинцева Статья представляет собой попытку взглянуть на проблему старости с точки зрения Владимира, главного мужского героя фильма Андрея Звягинцева Елена. Его пенсионное существование можем рассматривать в качестве примера модели золотой осени жизни. Такой подход связан с изображениями сегодняшних СМИ, представляющих старость как „третий возраст”, то есть период полный новых возможностей, в достаточно хорошем здоровье, чтобы воспользоваться новыми вещами, гарантирующими комфортную беззаботную жизнь. Автор рассматривает качество семейных отношений, созданных Владимиром, анализируя аспекты пространства, в котором он функционирует. Интерпретация позволяет прийти к выводу, что старость и жизненный опыт не защищают героев перед импульсивным по поведением, которое является следствием духовного кризиса современного общества и распада гармонии между индивидом и обществом. Старость в фильме Звягинцевa оказывается периодом, когда возможность повышения межличностных отношений не осуществляется.
Młodość wobec starości: szacunek czy deprecjacja? „Namir!” Lubka Deresza
Authors: Nowacki Albert
Published: March 2020

Youth to old age: respect or depreciation? Namir! by Lubko DereshThis article deals the problem of old age in the novel Namir! by Ukrainian writer Lubko Deresh. To accomplish this research task, at the beginning of the presentation problem of how the elderly was presented in culture and literature over the centuries was analyzed, and then was analyzed the novel itself. Studies have shown that in his book the author raised the question of a confrontation of youth with an old age. Our analyzes of Namir! by Deresh turned out that it repeats the patterns of mass culture, showing atendency to devaluation the elderly. During the study revealed, however, achange in approach to the problems of old age, which is visible attitude of respect for the elderly linked to equality in the face of inevitable death.Молодість перед старістю: пошана чи зневага? Намір! Любка ДерешаМетою цієї статті є спроба показати проблему старості в романі українського пись­менника Любка Дереша Намір! Щоб успішно висвітлити так окреслене завдання, на по­чатку було звернено особливу вагу на те, як питання старості представлялося культурою та літературою протягом століть, і тільки тоді було звернено увагу на саму повість. Дослі­дження показали, що в своїй книзі автор використав питання конфронтації молодого віку із старістю. Під час аналізу нами було встановлено, що Намір! повторює схеми масової куль­тури та показує виразну схильність автора до девальвації літніх людей. Наше дослідження показало, однак, певну зміну в підході до проблеми старості, а саме, що зміна зневаги на ставлення з повагою до літніх людей пов’язана із рівністю всіх людей перед обличчям не­минучої смерті.