bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strategies to Improve the Activity of Silver–loaded Calcium Titanate Crystal Photocatalyst for Photocatalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide with Water
Authors: Qiu Hongxuan , Yamamoto Akira , Yoshida Hisao
Published: February 2024

The rapid increase of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere has sparked a global enthusiasm for carbon recycling. Photocatalytic CO2 reduction with water into carbon–containing products has attracted much attention since it can convert solar energy to the chemical potential of the products and CO2 to valuable compounds at the same time. One of the main products in the photocatalytic reaction system is carbon monoxide (CO), a useful compound for the one‐carbon chemistry and related ones. The current shortage of this system is the low production efficiency, demanding us to improve the activity of the photocatalyst. In this perspective article, by taking a calcium titanate (CaTiO3, CTO) photocatalyst with silver cocatalyst (Ag/CTO) and so on as examples that can promote the selective photocatalytic CO2 reduction with water, we shortly review some strategies to improve the photocatalytic activity such as fabrication of well–structured crystal photocatalysts, development of the surface property and cocatalyst, improvement of surface CO2 adsorption, and improvement of photoabsorption. These concepts will be widely applied and contribute to further development of photocatalytic systems.
The Resorcinarene Hexameric Capsule as a Supramolecular Photoacid to Trigger Olefin Hydroarylation in Confined Space
Authors: Ferrino Giuseppina , De Rosa Margherita , Della Sala Paolo , Gaeta Carmine , Talotta Carmen , Soriente Annunziata , Cao Zhen , Maity Bholanath , Cavallo Luigi , Neri Placido
Published: February 2024

The self‐assembled resorcinarene capsule C6 shows remarkable photoacidity upon light irradiation, which is here exploited to catalyze olefin hydroarylation reactions in confined space. An experimental pKa* value range of −3.3–−2.8 was estimated for the photo‐excited hexameric capsule C6*, and consequently an increase in acidity of 8.8 log units was observed with respect to its ground state (pKa=5.5–6.0). This makes the hexameric capsule the first example of a self‐assembled supramolecular photoacid. The photoacid C6* can catalyze hydroarylation reaction of olefins with aromatic substrates inside its cavity, while no reaction occurred between them in the absence of irradiation and/or capsule. DFT calculations corroborated a mechanism in which the photoacidity of C6* plays a crucial role in the protonation step of the aromatic substrate. A further proton transfer to olefin with a concomitant C−C bond formation and a final deprotonation step lead to product releasing.
3‐Oxidopyridinium Ions Are Versatile Bioorthogonal Dipoles for Use in Cycloadditions with Cyclooctynes
Authors: Serhan Mariam , Josephson Jason D. , Masoud Shadi Sedghi , Nakajima Masaya , Pezacki John Paul
Published: February 2024

3‐oxidopyridinium ions are water stable and soluble heteroaromatic betaines that behave as latent dipoles and undergo a wide variety of cycloadditions. Research into the cycloaddition reactions of 3‐oxidopyridiniums was spearheaded by Alan R. Katritzky and collaborators from the early 1970s until the late 1980s, but they have yet to be used for bioorthogonal applications. Herein we report that 3‐oxidopyridiniums can readily react with 4‐dibenzocyclooctynol (DIBO), a common bioorthogonal handle, in a [3+2] cycloaddition. The mechanism was investigated by altering the electronics of the reaction by changing the substituent on the 5 position of the pyridinium. Electron‐donating 5‐substituents have been shown to significantly increase the rate of the reaction, with bimolecular rate constants ranging from 3.3×10−4 s−1 with 5‐trifluoromethyl‐N‐methyl‐3‐oxidopyridinium to 1.07 M−1 s−1 with 5‐amino‐N‐methyl‐3‐oxidopyridinium. 3‐oxidopyridiniums’ appreciable cycloaddition rates and compatibility with bioorthogonally relevant environments give them the potential to be used in a variety of bioconjugation applications.
Stabilization of Lantern‐Type Metal‐Organic Cages (MOCs) by Protective Control of Ligand Exchange Rates
Authors: Walker Samuel E. , Chant William , Thoonen Shannon , Tuck Kellie L. , Turner David R.
Published: February 2024

Self‐assembling systems in nature display remarkable complexity with assemblies of different sub‐units to generate functional species. Synthetic analogues of such systems are a challenge, often requiring the ability to bias distributions that are under thermodynamic assembly control. Using lantern‐type MOCs (metal‐organic cages) as a prototypical self‐assembling system, herein we explore the role that steric bulk plays in controlling the exchange rate of ligands in paddlewheel‐based assemblies, and thus the stability of cages, in competitive self‐assembling scenarios. The effective lifetime of the lantern‐type MOCs varies over an order of magnitude depending on the steric bulk proximal to the metal nodes with lifetimes of the cages ranging from tens of minutes to several hours. The bulk of the coordinating solvents likewise reduces the rate of ligand exchange, and thus yields longer‐lived species. Understanding this subtle effect has implications for controlling the stability of complex assemblies in competitive environments with implications for guest release and application.
Controlled Ring Opening of a Tetracyclic Tetraphosphane with Twofold Metallocene Bridging
Authors: Dey Subhayan , Szathmári Balázs , Franz Roman , Bruhn Clemens , Kelemen Zsolt , Pietschnig Rudolf
Published: February 2024

A direct route to a doubly ferrocene bridged tetracyclic tetraphosphane 1 was developed via reductive coupling of Fe(CpPCl2)2 (2 a), where a chlorine terminated linear P4‐compound 3 could be identified as an intermediate. Selective P−P bond activation was further achieved by reacting 1 with elemental selenium or [Cp*Al]4, where regioselective insertion of Se or Al atoms resulted in ferrocenylene bridged [P4Se] (4) or [P4Al] (7) moieties. Compound 7 can be transformed to a hydrogen terminated linear P4 species, 8, with protic solvents. Methylation of compound 1 with MeOTf, proceeds via intermediate formation of monomethylated species 5, which gradually produced Me2‐terminated dicationic 6, again containing a linear P4‐unit. Besides spectroscopic characterization, the structural details of compounds 1, 4, 6, and 8 could be determined by SC‐XRD. Moreover, DFT calculations were used to rationalize the reactivity of 1, derived compounds and intermediates. As a key feature, 1 undergoes ring opening polymerization to a linear polyphosphane 9.
N‐Aryl‐DABCO Salts as an Unprecedented Sensing Platform for the Detection of Thiols and Selenols
Authors: Ranishenka Bahdan , Lamekina Yuliya , Seviarynchyk Tatsiana , Bugaenko Dmitry , Shmanai Vadim , Karchava Alexander
Published: February 2024

Quaternary N‐aryl‐DABCO salts were introduced for the first time as a highly selective sensing platform for thiols and selenols. By employing this platform, a highly sensitive coumarin based “off‐on” fluorescent probe was designed and synthesized. The probe possesses a good solubility in water, low background fluorescence, and, most importantly, demonstrates high selectivity to aryl thiols and selenols over their aliphatic counterparts and other common nucleophiles. A dramatic increase in fluorescence intensity is achieved through the selective cleavage of the quaternized DABCO‐ring, yielding a piperazine derivatives with a high fluorescence quantum yield (~72 %). Moreover, stability of the probe to the most used reducing agents DTT and TCEP was demonstrated. The limits of detection for p‐thiocresol and phenyl selenide were evaluated to be 22 nM and 6 nM, respectively.
Total Synthesis of Laurane and Guaiane Sesquiterpenoids via Oxidative Nazarov Reaction
Authors: Chen Yuye , Chen Wenqing , Zhang Zhiting , Xu Jing
Published: February 2024

Comprehensive Summary

As one of the most common structural motifs in natural products, cyclopentenones usually can be fabricated by Nazarov cyclization using divinyl ketones or functionalized tertiary divinyl carbinols (TDCs) as substrates. However, straightforward method for transforming unfunctionalized TDCs to their corresponding cyclopentenones is currently lacking. Herein, we wish to report the total syntheses of four structurally distinct terpenoids, namely laurane‐type marine sesquiterpenoids isolaurene, debromoaplysin and aplysin, and guaiane sesquiterpenoid guaiadienone A, all using a novel synthetic method, named oxidative Nazarov cyclization, as the key step. This work demonstrated our robust method is suitable for synthesizing various highly substituted cyclopentenones.
Retrospective analysis of cytology and high‐risk HPV testing in 1067 endocervical adenocarcinomas and precursor lesions
Authors: Ye Lei , Gan Meifu , Yao Yeli , Lu Bingjian
Published: February 2024

Background

Cytology and high‐risk human papilloma virus (hrHPV) cotesting is the mainstay in the detection of cervical carcinoma.

Methods

Endocervical adenocarcinoma (EAC) is divided into HPV‐associated adenocarcinoma (HPVA) and HPV‐independent adenocarcinoma (HPVI) by the World Health Organization classification (2020). The detection effect of cotesting is suggested to be different among EAC subtypes and precursors, but has not well‐documented yet. In this study, the authors retrospectively analyzed cotesting among adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), HPVA, and HPVI. The cohort included 569 AIS and 498 EAC consisting of 371 (74.5%) HPVA, 111 (22.3%) HPVI, and 16 (3.2%) adenocarcinoma, not otherwise specified.

Results

The authors found that AIS patients were significantly younger than HPVA and HPVI (mean ± SD, years: 40.7 ± 8.6; HPVA, 44.8 ± 9.3; HPVI, 50.0 ± 11.3; p < .001) and had a higher prevalence of concurrent squamous intraepithelial lesions (75.5%, HPVA, 37.2%; HPVI, 12.6%; p < .001). The detection rate of hrHPV test or cytology was substantially higher in AIS and HPVA than in HPVI (97.7% and 90.2% vs. 16.5%, p < .001, or 71.1% and 71.9% vs. 60.7%, p = .042, respectively). Cytology and hrHPV cotesting was superior to a single test in the detection of EAC and AIS. The detection rate of cotesting amounted to 100% in AIS and 94.3% in HPVA but was substantially lower in HPVI (72.2%) (p < .001).

Conclusions

The authors conclude that cytology and hrHPV cotesting can maximize the detection effect for HPVA and AIS but is not optimal for HPVI.
Detection of effusion tumor cells under different storage and processing conditions
Authors: Libert Diane M. , Zhu Yili , Wang Aihui , Allard Grace M. , Cheng‐Yi Lowe Alarice
Published: February 2024

Background

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) shed into blood provide prognostic and/or predictive information. Previously, the authors established an assay to detect carcinoma cells from pleural fluid, termed effusion tumor cells (ETCs), by employing an immunofluorescence‐based CTC‐identification platform (RareCyte) on air‐dried unstained ThinPrep (TP) slides. To facilitate clinical integration, they evaluated different slide processing and storage conditions, hypothesizing that alternative comparable conditions for ETC detection exist.

Methods

The authors enumerated ETCs on RareCyte, using morphology and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) cutoffs of >100 arbitrary units (a.u.) for epithelial cellular adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and <100 a.u. for CD45. They analyzed malignant pleural fluid from three patients under seven processing and/or staining conditions, three patients after short‐term storage under three conditions, and seven samples following long‐term storage at –80°C. MFI values of 4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindol, cytokeratin, CD45, and EpCAM were compared.

Results

ETCs were detected in all conditions. Among the different processing conditions tested, the ethanol‐fixed, unstained TP was most similar to the previously established air‐dried, unstained TP protocol. All smears and Pap‐stained TPs had significantly different marker MFIs from the established condition. After short‐term storage, the established condition showed comparable results, but ethanol‐fixed and Pap‐stained slides showed significant differences. ETCs were detectable after long‐term storage at –80°C in comparable numbers to freshly prepared slides, but most marker MFIs were significantly different.

Conclusions

It is possible to detect ETCs under different processing and storage conditions, lending promise to the application of this method in broader settings. Because of decreased immunofluorescence‐signature distinctions between cells, morphology may need to play a larger role.
Hexylation Stabilises Twisted Backbone Configurations in the Prototypical Low‐Bandgap Copolymer PCDTBT
Authors: Stäter Sebastian , Woering Erik F. , Lombeck Florian , Sommer Michael , Hildner Richard
Published: February 2024

Conjugated donor‐acceptor copolymers hold great potential as materials for high‐performance organic photovoltaics, organic transistors and organic thermoelectric devices. Their low optical bandgap is achieved by alternation of donor and acceptor moieties along the polymer chain, leading to a pronounced charge‐transfer character of electronic excitations. However, the influence of appended side chains and of chemical defects of the backbone on their photophysical and conformational properties remains largely unexplored on the level of individual chains. Here, we employ room temperature single‐molecule photoluminescence spectroscopy on four compounds based on the prototypical copolymer PCDTBT with systematically changed chemical structure. Our results show that an increasing density of statistically added hexyl chains to the TBT comonomer distorts the molecular conformation, likely through the increase of average dihedral angles along the backbone. We find that, although the conformation becomes more twisted with high hexyl density, the side chains appear to stabilize the backbone in this twisted conformation. In addition, we demonstrate that homocoupling defects along the backbone barely influence the PL spectra of single chains, and thus intra‐chain electronic properties.
Inherent D‐A Architecture in Indoloquinoxalines with an Array of Substituents for Non‐Volatile Memory Device Applications
Authors: Swetha Senthilkumar V. , Gayathri Ramesh , Ardra Murali , Imran Predhanekar Mohamed , Nagarajan Samuthira
Published: February 2024

Donor–acceptor (D‐A)‐based architecture has been the key to increase storage capability efficiency through the enhanced charge transportation in the fabricated device. We have designed and synthesized a series of functionalized indoloquinoxalines (IQ) for non‐volatile organic memory devices. The investigation on UV‐visible spectra reveals the absorption maxima of the compounds around 420 nm, attributed to the intramolecular charge transfer between indole and quinoxaline moiety. The irreversible anodic peak in the 1.0 to 1.5 V range indicates the indole moiety‘s oxidation ability. Besides, the cathodic peak in the range of −0.5 to −1.0 V, contributed to the stability of the reduced quinoxaline unit. All the compounds exhibited uniformly covered thin film in SEM analysis, potentially facilitating the seamless charge carrier migration between adjacent molecules. The methoxyphenyl substituted compound exhibited the binary write‐once read‐many (WORM) memory behavior with the lowest threshold voltage of −0.81 V. The molecular simulations displayed the efficient intramolecular charge transfer, providing the fabricated device‘s distinctive conductive states. Except for the tert‐butylphenyl compound, which showed volatile dynamic random‐access memory (DRAM) behavior, all the other compounds exhibited non‐volatile WORM memory behavior, suggesting IQs potential as an intrinsic D–A molecule in organic memory devices on further structural refinement.
Spinning Reactors for Process Intensification of Flow Photochemistry
Authors: Soria‐Castro Silvia M. , Politano Fabrizio , Raston Colin L. , Oksdath‐Mansilla Gabriela
Published: February 2024

The design of new and more sustainable synthetic protocols to access new materials or valuable compounds will have a high impact on the broader chemistry community. In this sense, continuous‐flow photochemistry has emerged as a powerful technique which has been employed successfully in various areas such as biopharma, organic chemistry, as well as materials science. However, it is important to note that chemical processes must not only advance towards new or improved chemical transformations, but also implement new technologies that enable new process opportunities. For this reason, the design of novel photoreactors is key to advancing photochemical strategies. In this sense, the use of equipment and techniques embracing processes intensification is important in developing more sustainable protocols. Among the most recent applications, spinning continuous flow reactors, such as rotor reactors or vortex reactors, have shown promising performance as new synthetic tools. Nevertheless, there is currently no review in the literature that effectively summarizes and showcases the most recent applications of such type of photoreactors. Herein, we highlight fundamental aspects and applications of two categories of spinning reactors, the Spinning Disc Reactors (SDRs) and Thin Film Vortex reactors, critiquing the scope and limitations of these advanced processing technologies. Further, we take a view on the future of spinning reactors in flow as a synthetic toolbox to explore new photochemical transformations.
A Generative and Causal Pharmacokinetic Model for Factor VIII in Hemophilia A: A Machine Learning Framework for Continuous Model Refinement
Authors: Janssen Alexander , Smalbil Louk , Bennis Frank C. , Cnossen Marjon H. , Mathôt Ron A. A. ,   the OPTI‐CLOT study group and SYMPHONY consortium
Published: February 2024

In rare diseases, such as hemophilia A, the development of accurate population pharmacokinetic (PK) models is often hindered by the limited availability of data. Most PK models are specific to a single recombinant factor VIII (rFVIII) concentrate or measurement assay, and are generally unsuited for answering counterfactual (“what‐if”) queries. Ideally, data from multiple hemophilia treatment centers are combined but this is generally difficult as patient data are kept private. In this work, we utilize causal inference techniques to produce a hybrid machine learning (ML) PK model that corrects for differences between rFVIII concentrates and measurement assays. Next, we augment this model with a generative model that can simulate realistic virtual patients as well as impute missing data. This model can be shared instead of actual patient data, resolving privacy issues. The hybrid ML‐PK model was trained on chromogenic assay data of lonoctocog alfa and predictive performance was then evaluated on an external data set of patients who received octocog alfa with FVIII levels measured using the one‐stage assay. The model presented higher accuracy compared with three previous PK models developed on data similar to the external data set (root mean squared error = 14.6 IU/dL vs. mean of 17.7 IU/dL). Finally, we show that the generative model can be used to accurately impute missing data (< 18% error). In conclusion, the proposed approach introduces interesting new possibilities for model development. In the context of rare disease, the introduction of generative models facilitates sharing of synthetic data, enabling the iterative improvement of population PK models.
Mirror‐Image Phage Display for the Selection of D‐Amino Acid Peptide Ligands as Potential Therapeutics
Authors: Malhis Marwa , Funke Susanne Aileen
Published: February 2024

In neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD), endogenous proteins or peptides aggregate with themselves. These proteins may lose their function or aggregates and/or oligomers can obtain toxicity, causing injury or death to cells. Aggregation of two major proteins characterizes AD. Amyloid‐β peptide (Aβ) is deposited in amyloid plaques within the extracellular space of the brain and Tau in so‐called neurofibrillary tangles in neurons. Finding peptide ligands to halt protein aggregation is a promising therapeutical approach. Using mirror‐image phage display with a commercially available, randomized 12‐mer peptide library, we have selected D‐amino acid peptides, which bind to the Tau protein and modulate its aggregation in vitro. Peptides can bind specifically and selectively to a target molecule, but natural L‐amino acid peptides may have crucial disadvantages for in vivo applications, as they are sensitive to protease degradation and may elicit immune responses. One strategy to circumvent these disadvantages is the use of non‐naturally occurring D‐amino acid peptides as they exhibit increased protease resistance and generally do not activate the immune system. To perform mirror‐image phage display, the target protein needs to be synthesized as D‐amino acid version. If the target protein sequence is too long to be synthesized properly, smaller peptides derived from the full length protein can be used for the selection process. This also offers the possibility to influence the binding region of the selected D‐peptides in the full‐length target protein. Here we provide the protocols for mirror‐image phage display selection on the PHF6* peptide of Tau, based on the commercially available Ph.D.™‐12 Phage Display Peptide Library Kit, leading to D‐peptides that also bind the full length Tau protein (Tau441), next to PHF6*. In addition, we provide protocols and data for the first characterization of those D‐peptides that inhibit Tau aggregation in vitro. © 2024 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: Mirror image phage display selection against D‐PHF6* fibrils

Support Protocol 1: Single phage ELISA

Basic Protocol 2: Sequencing and D‐peptide generation

Basic Protocol 3: Thioflavin‐T (ThT) test to control inhibition of Tau aggregation

Support Protocol 2: Purification of full‐length Tau protein

Basic Protocol 4: ELISA to demonstrate the binding of the generated D‐peptides to PHF6* and full‐length Tau fibrils
In Vivo Cardiac Electrophysiology in Mice: Determination of Atrial and Ventricular Arrhythmic Substrates
Authors: Navarro‐Garcia Jose Alberto , Bruns Florian , Moore Oliver M. , Tekook Marcel A. , Dobrev Dobromir , Miyake Christina Y. , Wehrens Xander H.T.
Published: February 2024

Cardiac arrhythmias are a common cardiac condition that might lead to fatal outcomes. A better understanding of the molecular and cellular basis of arrhythmia mechanisms is necessary for the development of better treatment modalities. To aid these efforts, various mouse models have been developed for studying cardiac arrhythmias. Both genetic and surgical mouse models are commonly used to assess the incidence and mechanisms of arrhythmias. Since spontaneous arrhythmias are uncommon in healthy young mice, intracardiac programmed electrical stimulation (PES) can be performed to assess the susceptibility to pacing‐induced arrhythmias and uncover the possible presence of a proarrhythmogenic substrate. This procedure is performed by positioning an octopolar catheter inside the right atrium and ventricle of the heart through the right jugular vein. PES can provide insights into atrial and ventricular electrical activity and reveal whether atrial and/or ventricular arrhythmias are present or can be induced. Here, we explain detailed procedures used to perform this technique, possible troubleshooting scenarios, and methods to interpret the results obtained. © 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol: Programmed electrical stimulation in mice
How environmental, social, and governance implementation and structure impact sustainable development goals
Authors: Tyan Jonah , Liu Shih‐Ching , Fu Jyun‐Ying
Published: February 2024

This study investigates how environmental, social, and governance (ESG) strategy and implementation, along with governance structure, influence sustainable development goals (SDGs). In recognizing the SDG gap between intent and implementation, our study places a special focus on the mediating role of ESG implementation, the moderating role of governance structure, and the pivotal concept of embeddedness of strategy in shaping SDG impact. To test the hypotheses, we analyze firm‐level data from 552 Taiwanese listed companies. The results suggest that ESG implementation mediates the relationship between a firm's ESG strategy and SDG impact. The governance structure plays a moderating role on the relationship between ESG implementation and SDG impact. Furthermore, the embeddedness of strategy shows a positive effect on SDG impact. The empirical findings contribute substantially to the theoretical landscape of ESG studies. The findings offer practical implications for business leaders striving to elevate their firms' SDG impacts.
A multi‐objective low‐voltage ride‐through control strategy for three‐phase grid‐interfaced solar power plant during symmetrical and asymmetrical faults†
Authors: Singh Abhishek Kumar , Tiwari Dinesh Kumar , Choudhury Nalin Behari Dev , Singh Jiwanjot
Published: February 2024

This paper presents a low‐voltage ride‐through capability (LVRT) solution for the photovoltaic (PV) grid‐connected inverters compliant with the Indian grid code. The LVRT strategy ensures the uninterrupted connection of solar energy to the grid, safeguarding against system shutdown in the event of various grid faults. During this time, the inverter supplies reactive power to the utility grid, effectively utilizing converter capacity and aiding the restoration of the voltage profile at the point of common coupling (PCC). The system used in this study involves a two‐stage grid‐interfaced solar PV setup with a boost converter that tracks the maximum power point (MPP) and an inverter that maintains the DC‐link voltage. A modified dynamic braking chopper control (MDBCC) has also been implemented to minimize the DC‐link voltage oscillations during asymmetrical faults while simultaneously injecting the sinusoidal current into the grid. To improve grid synchronization in the presence of unbalanced abnormalities, a modified dual second‐order generalized integrator phase‐locked loop (DSOGI‐PLL) has been employed to track the grid voltage angle precisely. Furthermore, a new control system has been developed in conjunction with the LVRT approach. The suggested system is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink to validate the efficacy of the LVRT control method during symmetrical and asymmetrical faults using a 100‐kW two‐stage grid‐interfaced solar PV facility. Finally, for experimental validation, a real‐time test bench (RTS) OPAL‐RT 4510 is used to implement the setup with its control, and the practical results are compared with the simulation outcomes.
LRPPRC promotes glycolysis by stabilising LDHA mRNA and its knockdown plus glutamine inhibitor induces synthetic lethality via m6A modification in triple‐negative breast cancer
Authors: Yu Yuanhang , Deng Huifang , Wang Wenwen , Xiao Shihan , Zheng Renjing , Lv Lianqiu , Wang Han , Chen Jianying , Zhang Bo
Published: February 2024

Background

Targeted therapy for triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains a challenge. N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant internal mRNA modification in eukaryotes, and it regulates the homeostasis and function of modified RNA transcripts in cancer. However, the role of leucine‐rich pentatricopeptide repeat containing protein (LRPPRC) as an m6A reader in TNBC remains poorly understood.

Methods

Western blotting, reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) and immunohistochemistry were used to investigate LRPPRC expression levels. Dot blotting and colorimetric enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were employed to detect m6A levels. In vitro functional assays and in vivo xenograft mouse model were utilised to examine the role of LRPPRC in TNBC progression. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry and Seahorse assays were conducted to verify the effect of LRPPRC on glycolysis. MeRIP‐sequencing, RNA‐sequencing, MeRIP assays, RNA immunoprecipitation assays, RNA pull‐down assays and RNA stability assays were used to identify the target genes of LRPPRC. Patient‐derived xenografts and organoids were employed to substantiate the synthetic lethality induced by LRPPRC knockdown plus glutaminase inhibition.

Results

The expressions of LRPPRC and m6A RNA were elevated in TNBC, and the m6A modification site could be recognised by LRPPRC. LRPPRC promoted the proliferation, metastasis and glycolysis of TNBC cells both in vivo and in vitro. We identified lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) as a novel direct target of LRPPRC, which recognised the m6A site of LDHA mRNA and enhanced the stability of LDHA mRNA to promote glycolysis. Furthermore, while LRPPRC knockdown reduced glycolysis, glutaminolysis was enhanced. Moreover, the effect of LRPPRC on WD40 repeat domain‐containing protein 76 (WDR76) mRNA stability was impaired in an m6A‐dependent manner. Then, LRPPRC knockdown plus a glutaminase inhibition led to synthetic lethality.

Conclusions

Our study demonstrated that LRPPRC promoted TNBC progression by regulating metabolic reprogramming via m6A modification. These characteristics shed light on the novel combination targeted therapy strategies to combat TNBC.
Taylor political optimizer‐based cluster head selection in IOT‐assisted WSN networks
Authors: Chouhan Nitesh , Kumar Awanit , Kumar Naresh
Published: February 2024

IoT‐assisted WSN contains various nodes, which are placed on a huge scale that increases complications. Thus, the challenges and issues of these networks fluctuate as compared to WSNs. Hence, sensor nodes are imperative unit that runs on less energy resources. Hence, devising a robust and energy‐effective protocol for increasing network lifetime is a complex task. This paper devises a novel hybrid optimization‐driven approach for selecting cluster head (CH) in IoT‐assisted WSNs. Initially, the simulation of IoT nodes is done by configuration. Thereafter, the Cluster Head selection is done using a newly devised optimization technique, namely the Taylor‐Political optimizer (Taylor‐PO). Thus, fitness is newly developed by adapting certain attributes like energy, delay, inter and intra‐cluster distance, Link Lifetime (LLT), predicted energy, and delay. Here, the multipath routing is accomplished using Tunicate Swarm gray wolf optimization (TSGWO). Thus, the proposed Taylor‐PO is offered for effective Cluster Head selection along with multipath routing using TSGWO. The proposed Taylor‐PO offered improved performance with smallest delay of 0.006 sec, highest energy of 2.368 J, highest throughput of 494.043 kbps.
AIns (insulin) type amyloidoma of the extremity diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration
Authors: Ramani Nisha S. , Morani Rhea A. , Krishnan Bhuvaneswari
Published: February 2024

Amyloid is an extracellular deposition of Congo red positive material which shows apple green birefringence under polarized light. A cytopathologist can uncommonly encounter such cases. Among the reported cases, a fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) of amyloid is frequently misinterpreted as acellular nondiagnostic material. We report a case of amyloidoma of the right upper arm in a 68‐year‐old man with history of renal transplantation for diabetic nephropathy who presented with loss of appetite and weight loss. Physical exam showed a 7 cm hard nodular subcutaneous mass in the right upper arm. FNA yielded abundant acellular, irregular fragments of dense material, which was Congo red positive with apple green birefringence by polarized light, consistent with amyloid. Further subtyping of the amyloid by mass spectrometry, showed AIns (insulin)‐type amyloid deposition. After further questioning, the patient admitted to injecting insulin at the same site for many years. Awareness of the cytological features is important for diagnosis. This is especially important when dealing with uncommon sites and without adequate clinical information.
Virtual food exposure with positive mood induction or social support to reduce food anxiety in anorexia nervosa: A feasibility study
Authors: Natali Ludovica , Meregalli Valentina , Rowlands Katie , Di Pietro Jerome , Treasure Janet , Collantoni Enrico , Meneguzzo Paolo , Tenconi Elena , Favaro Angela , Fontana Francesca , Ceccato Enrico , Sala Alessandra , Valmaggia Lucia , Cardi Valentina
Published: February 2024

Objective

Aversive emotions toward food and the consequences of eating are at the core of anorexia nervosa. Exposure therapy is effective to reduce anxiety and avoidance toward feared stimuli. Based on the inhibitory learning framework, this study examined the feasibility to induce social support or positive mood to enhance the impact of a single session virtual food exposure on food‐related anxiety in anorexia nervosa.

Method

One hundred and forty‐five patients were randomized to: (1) virtual food exposure (i.e., baseline condition), (2) virtual food exposure plus positive mood induction (i.e., positive mood condition), or (3) virtual food exposure plus social support (i.e., social support condition). They completed self‐report assessments of anxiety toward virtual foods, general anxiety, positive mood, social support, and hunger, before and after virtual food exposure. Number of eye gazes and touches toward foods were recorded during the virtual reality exposure.

Results

Patients had lower levels of anxiety toward virtual foods in the positive mood condition, compared to the baseline condition [F(2,141) = 4.36, p = .015; medium effect size]. They also touched food items more often in the baseline condition. No other significant changes were found.

Discussion

Virtual food exposure enhanced by positive mood induction seems a feasible approach to strengthen the impact of food exposure in anorexia nervosa.

Public Significance

This research contributes to the understanding of how patients with anorexia nervosa can be supported to overcome fear and anxiety around food. Virtual reality enables patients to expose themselves to difficult situations (e.g., kitchen with foods of various calorie contents) while experiencing positive stimuli, such as a loving and kind pet or a supportive avatar.
Lower region‐specific gray matter volume in females with atypical anorexia nervosa and anorexia nervosa
Authors: Lyall Amanda E. , Breithaupt Lauren , Ji Chunni , Haidar Anastasia , Kotler Elana , Becker Kendra R. , Plessow Franziska , Slattery Meghan , Thomas Jennifer J. , Holsen Laura M. , Misra Madhusmita , Eddy Kamryn T. , Lawson Elizabeth A.
Published: February 2024

Objective

Few studies have focused on brain structure in atypical anorexia nervosa (atypical AN). This study investigates differences in gray matter volume (GMV) between females with anorexia nervosa (AN) and atypical AN, and healthy controls (HC).

Method

Structural magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired for 37 AN, 23 atypical AN, and 41 HC female participants. Freesurfer was used to extract GMV, cortical thickness, and surface area for six brain lobes and associated cortical regions of interest (ROI). Primary analyses employed linear mixed‐effects models to compare group differences in lobar GMV, followed by secondary analyses on ROIs within significant lobes. We also explored relationships between cortical gray matter and both body mass index (BMI) and symptom severity.

Results

Our primary analyses revealed significant lower GMV in frontal, temporal and parietal areas (FDR < .05) in AN and atypical AN when compared to HC. Lobar GMV comparisons were non‐significant between atypical AN and AN. The parietal lobe exhibited the greatest proportion of affected cortical ROIs in both AN versus HC and atypical AN versus HC. BMI, but not symptom severity, was found to be associated with cortical GMV in the parietal, frontal, temporal, and cingulate lobes. No significant differences were observed in cortical thickness or surface area.

Discussion

We observed lower GMV in frontal, temporal, and parietal areas, when compared to HC, but no differences between AN and atypical AN. This indicates potentially overlapping structural phenotypes between these disorders and evidence of brain changes among those who are not below the clinical underweight threshold.

Public significance

Despite individuals with atypical anorexia nervosa presenting above the clinical weight threshold, lower cortical gray matter volume was observed in partial, temporal, and frontal cortices, compared to healthy individuals. No significant differences were found in cortical gray matter volume between anorexia nervosa and atypical anorexia nervosa. This underscores the importance of continuing to assess and target weight gain in clinical care, even for those who are presenting above the low‐weight clinical criteria.
The dependence of forecasts on sampling frequency as a guide to optimizing monitoring in community ecology
Authors: Daugaard Uriah , Merkli Stefanie , Merz Ewa , Pomati Francesco , Petchey Owen L.
Published: February 2024

Facing climate change and biodiversity loss, it is critical that ecology advances so that processes, such as species interactions and dynamics, can be correctly estimated and skillfully forecasted. As different processes occur on different time scales, the sampling frequency used to record them should intuitively match these scales. Yet, the effect of data sampling frequency on ecological forecasting accuracy is understudied. Using a simple simulated dataset as a baseline and a more complex high‐frequency plankton dataset, we tested how different sampling frequencies impacted abundance forecasts of different plankton classes and the estimation of their interactions. We then investigated whether plankton growth rates and body sizes could be used to select the most appropriate sampling frequency. The simple simulated dataset showed that the optimal sampling frequency scaled positively with growth rate. This finding was not repeated in the analyses of the plankton time series, however. There, we found that a reduction in sampling frequency worsened forecasts and led us to both over‐ and underestimate plankton interactions. This suggests that forecasting can be used to determine the ideal sampling frequency in scientific and monitoring programs. A better study design will improve theoretical understanding of ecology and advance policy measures dealing with current global challenges.
Environmental DNA captures diurnal fluctuations of surface eukaryotes on a tropical coral reef
Authors: Dowell R. , Dunn N. , Head C. , Yesson C. , Williams J. , Ransome E.
Published: February 2024

Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding has been widely employed to describe biological communities in the marine environment and to compare the richness and diversity of sites across large spatial scales. However, fine‐scale temporal eDNA dynamics are poorly understood and the time of eDNA sample collection is rarely reported in publications. Here, we collected surface eDNA samples every 6 h, for 3 days, at two coral reef sites to assess fine‐scale changes in the eukaryotic communities detected. Distinct eukaryotic communities were detected at two sites within the same lagoon. Sampling time was found to have a significant effect on ESV and class richness, both peaking during the 1 p.m. sampling time at both sites. Sampling time also had a significant effect on the detection of eukaryotic taxa, with relative read frequency showing clear diurnal patterns in line with the migratory behavior of planktonic groups. Other groups of organisms showed considerable variation in read frequency, highlighting the dynamic nature of marine eukaryotic communities and potential stochasticity of eDNA detections. For eukaryotic communities, eDNA samples can provide a “snapshot” of contemporary biodiversity and provide information on short‐term community dynamics on hyperdiverse coral reefs. However, our findings add to growing evidence that sampling time should be clearly considered and reported in marine eDNA studies and that multiple samples from the same site are needed to facilitate more robust comparisons across sites.
Changes in muscle coordination patterns during 400‐m sprint: Impact of fatigue and performance decline
Authors: Kakehata G. , Saito H. , Takei N. , Yokoyama H. , Nakazawa K.
Published: February 2024

The purpose of this study was to compare the muscle synergies extracted from 14 unilateral lower‐limb and trunk muscles between the first and final parts of a 400‐m sprint in experienced sprinters to understand neuromuscular coordination of multiple muscles in the fatigued condition sprint. Nine male 400‐m sprinters (400‐m personal record: 48.11 ± 1.6 s) performed 400‐m sprints as with the real competition strategy. We defined the first part (100–150 m section) and the final part (350–400 m section), and obtained mean spatiotemporal variables (e.g., running speed, step frequency, and step length) for both parts. Electromyography (EMG) signals were obtained using wireless EMG sensors (2000 Hz) from 14 lower‐limb and trunk muscles. Non‐negative matrix factorization was performed to extract the muscle synergies for both parts. We observed significantly declined spatiotemporal variables in the final part induced by fatigue. The extracted number of synergies was 7.0 ± 0.7 (mean ± SD) for the first part and 7.2 ± 0.4 for the final part with no significant differences between parts. However, we identified specific muscle synergy, and alterations in the individual muscle weightings of several hip muscles (rectus femoris: RF, tensor fasciae latae: TFL, and glutes maximus: Gmax muscles) while there was no change in the muscle weighting of shank muscles and the temporal patterns of all muscles even following fatigue in the 400‐m sprint. Fatigue‐induced performance decline in a 400‐m sprint corresponds to alterations in muscle synergies, particularly in hip muscles, with notable shifts in RF, TFL, and Gmax activation.
Typification and nomenclatural notes on four species of Rhynchosia (Leguminosae, Phaseoleae, Cajaninae)
Authors: Mishra Ajay Kumar , Wagh Vijay V.
Published: February 2024

During revisionary work on the genus Rhynchosia Lour. in India, it was observed that four names need to be typified to stabilize their nomenclatural use. As a result, lectotypes are designated for the four names, namely, Rhynchosia cana (Willd.) DC., R. falconeri Baker, R. filipes Benth., and R. veutina Wight & Arn. The original protologs of these names along with the original herbarium material were evaluated. Nomenclatural remarks discussing the selection of type specimens are given for each name and known isolectotypes are also cited.
Impact of lipase treatment on cuticle wax structure and anthocyanin metabolism in postharvest blueberries
Authors: Ding Mingke , Zong Zihao , Han Yanchao , Wang Lishu , Kong Qi , Chen Hangjun , Xiao Shangyue , Liu Ruiling , Wu Weijie , Gao Haiyan
Published: February 2024

In this paper, we explored the influence of lipase on cuticle wax and anthocyanin metabolism in blueberries. The results demonstrated a progressive alteration in wax crystal structure, transitions from rod‐like to short rod‐like and flaky, and even disappearance of the cuticle wax. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis revealed a reduction in esters, aldehydes, long‐chain alkanes, and total wax content following lipase treatment of blueberry fruits. Additionally, ultra high performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis showed significant decreases in peonidin, petunidin, cyanidin, and delphinidin, accompanied by an increase in malvidin content due to lipase treatment. Subsequent investigations uncovered that lipase treatment inhibited the activities of key anthocyanin synthetic enzymes, namely phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL), chalcone isomerase (CHI), and dihydroflavonol reductase (DFR). Moreover, lipase treatment downregulated the expression of synthesis‐related genes, including PAL, 4‐coumarate: CoA ligase, chalcone synthase (CHS), CHI, and DFR. In summary, our findings indicate that lipase disrupts the integrity of cuticle wax structure, inhibits anthocyanin synthesis, and reduces anthocyanin content. Accordingly, our studies suggest that inhibiting lipase could offer a novel approach to preserving the freshness and anthocyanin concentration of blueberries.
A systematic review of black soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.): Nutritional composition, bioactive compounds, health benefits, and processing to application
Authors: Li Shiyu , Chen Jin , Hao Xiyu , Ji Xiaolong , Zhu Yingying , Chen Xin , Yao Yang
Published: February 2024

Owing to concerns about animal proteins, resource limitations, and population growth, there is growing interest in exploring soybeans as animal protein alternatives to fulfill consumption requirements. Black soybean (BS) has superior nutritional and health benefits, compared to yellow soybean (YS). However, BS has been explored less often than YS. While previous reviews have individually focused on the nutritional composition, bioactive compounds, or health benefits of BS, they have not delved into the intricate mechanisms underlying these interactions, especially the distinct roles of the individual components. This comprehensive review aims to bridge this gap by providing an overview of the key nutritional composition and bioactive compounds in BS associated with health benefits, as well as the possible mechanisms underlying these changes. Various processing technologies (physical, biological, and thermal) have been applied to BS. Additionally, the bioavailability, biotransformation, and safety concerns of BS were studied, as these factors are crucial for its potential application, such as natto, films, and microcapsules. However, there are some gaps in the application of BS and YS. In the future, it will be worth exploring the effects of BS protein as meat analogs, 3D printing constituents, and amyloid fibrils, as well as BS lipids as oleogels and BS seed coats as bioactive ingredients in pharmaceutical products.
The relationship between emotional eating, mindful eating, and depression in young adults
Authors: Metin Ziya Erokay , Bayrak Nursena , Mengi Çelik Özge , Akkoca Muzaffer
Published: February 2024

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between eating behavior, eating awareness, and depression in young adults. Young adults aged between 18 and 25 years were included in the study. Questionnaires and body composition measurements were made face‐to‐face by the researcher in the interview room. The demographic characteristics were questioned through the questionnaire form. Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ), Mindful Eating Questionnaire (MEQ), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were used. It was determined that the Mindful Eating Questionnaire total score and Beck Depression Inventory total score affected emotional eating. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between the Beck Depression Inventory total score and the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire sub‐scores. There was a statistically significant negative correlation Beck Depression Inventory total score and the Mindful Eating Questionnaire total score and sub‐scores of mindless eating and emotional eating. In summary, depression seems to be a factor that triggers emotional eating, and emotional eating is a factor that negatively affects mindful eating.