bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Are bryophyte communities different from higher‐plant communities? Abundance relations
Authors: Steel John B. , Wilson J. Bastow , Anderson Barbara J. , Lodge Rachael H. E. , Tangney Raymond S.
Published: February 2004

The considerable differences in biology between bryophytes and higher plants have led to speculation that their community structure might be different. Ten bryophyte communities were sampled for species biomass composition, and for comparison ten higher‐plant communities that were similar in physiognomy and in total community biomass. The rather insecure theory in the bryophyte literature was distilled into eight quantifiable predictions, which were tested. For seven, there was no sign of the predicted differences: i.e. no indication of the predicted low within‐community heterogeneity, higher species richness, more variable species richness, lower rank consistency, a poor fit for the geometric model of RAD (relative abundance distribution), better fit for the broken‐stick and general‐lognormal RAD models with general‐lognormal parameter γ deviating further from 1.0, or of a good fit for the Zipf‐Mandelbrot RAD model. However, evenness was, on average, significantly (p=0.005) less in the bryophyte communities, using any of four evenness indices. Two possible features of bryophytes are suggested that might cause this: (a) a smaller module (i.e. shoot, leaf) size, allowing species to be present with a lower threshold biomass, and (b) less efficient competitive exclusion among bryophytes because of weaker competition and a predominance of mutualism, as suggested in the literature. However, the striking conclusion from the results is that in spite of all the biological differences between the two groups of organisms, their community organisation is remarkably similar.
Hatching asynchrony as a bet‐hedging strategy – an offspring diversity hypothesis
Authors: Laaksonen Toni
Published: February 2004

Many birds begin to incubate before their clutch is full, which results in the chicks hatching at different times. I propose that hatching asynchrony could serve as an adaptive parental strategy to produce phenotypic variation in the offspring through asymmetric sibling competition. Producing diverse offspring that follow variable life history strategies might be a risk‐spreading strategy in spatially and temporally variable environments.
Do foliar endophytes affect grass litter decomposition? A microcosm approach usingLolium multiflorum
Authors: Omacini Marina , J. Chaneton Enrique , M. Ghersa Claudio , Otero Pablo
Published: February 2004

Symbiotic infection with fungal endophytes has been shown to decrease herbivory in several temperate grasses. We tested the hypothesis that foliar endophytes of grasses may also affect below‐ground processes upon their host death, by altering the litter quality for detritivores or the microenvironment for decomposition. Microcosm–litterbag experiments were used to assess decay rates for litter produced by endophyte (Neotyphodiumsp.) infected vs uninfectedLolium multiflorumplants, and to examine endophyte‐mediated effects of prior site occupants on current litter decomposition. We found that litter from endophyte‐infectedL. multiflorumdecomposed more slowly than litter from endophyte‐free conspecifics and from a naturally uninfected grass,Bromus unioloides. Furthermore, the endophyte–grass association modified the decomposition environment, so thatB. unioloideslitter decomposed faster when placed underneath a thick layer of endophyte‐freeL. multiflorumlitter. Litter decay rates increased with the amount of root debris remaining in situ from the previous season, but were not affected by the infection status of prior site occupants. The lower decomposability of litter from infectedL. multiflorumplants persisted across a range of microenvironments, as determined by different amounts of above‐ground litter and soil moisture conditions. Endophyte infection tended to reduce the N content of decaying litter; however, litter N and C/N ratio mainly accounted for interspecific differences in decomposition. Our results imply that fungal endophytes not only can affect herbivory food chains, but also soil organisms and the ecosystem processes they regulate. This study suggests a novel role for symbiotic foliar endophytes in linking above‐ground and below‐ground sub‐systems.
Death odour changes movement pattern of a Collembola
Authors: Nilsson Elna , Bengtsson Göran
Published: February 2004

We used video‐tracking of individuals of a Collembola,Protaphorura armata,on a clay surface in a petri dish to analyse their movement pattern in an environment with attractive and repellent cues. An area with dead conspecifics was repellent whilst live conspecifics made the area attractive. An area which had been occupied for 24 hours by the predatory mite,Hypoaspis aculeifer,was avoided only if the mite had preyed uponP. armatabefore it was placed in the area.P. armatalost their looping behaviour, moved faster and more straightened out (decreased turning rate) in the presence of attractive or repellent odours. The resulting net squared displacement was faster than in the control and best described as a correlated random walk. Our results emphasise the importance of considering varying movement pattern in response to environmental cues when predicting dispersal and spatial distribution of an animal.
Linking life history traits in successive phases of a complex life cycle: effects of larval biomass on early juvenile development in an estuarine crab, Chasmagnathus granulata
Authors: Giménez, Klaus Anger Luis , Torres Gabriela
Published: February 2004

In marine benthic invertebrates with complex life cycles, recruitment success, juvenile survival, and growth may be affected by variation in both maternal factors and environmental conditions prevailing during preceding embryonic or larval development. In an estuarine crab, Chasmagnathus granulata, previous investigations have shown that initial larval biomass is positively correlated with the biomass of recently extruded eggs, and it depends also on the salinity experienced during embryogenesis. Biomass at hatching has consequences for the subsequent larval development which, in this species, comprises two alternative developmental pathways with four or five zoeal instars (short or long pathway) and a megalopa. Larvae hatching with a lower than average biomass tend to develop through the long pathway and metamorphose to megalopae with higher biomass. In the present study, we show experimentally that the long pathway produces also significantly larger juveniles (crab size measured as carapace width, biomass as dry mass, carbon and nitrogen contents). Compared with juveniles originating from the short pathway, those from the long pathway showed in successive instars longer moulting cycles and larger carapace width, but lower size increments at ecdysis. In consequence, differences in size or biomass of long pathway vs short pathway crabs tended to disappear in later instars (after stage V). Furthermore, we tested in juveniles the tolerance of starvation at three salinities (5‰, 15‰, 32‰). Tolerance of starvation was significantly higher in juveniles originating from the long pathway, indicating higher energy reserves. While salinity played only a minor role for survival, it exerted significant effects on the time of moulting to the second juvenile instar, regardless of the preceding developmental pathway. The biomass of first juveniles obtained from the short pathway showed a significant positive correlation with the biomass of the freshly hatched zoea I, but not in those from the long pathway. In conclusion, the fitness of juvenile C. granulata is linked with previous developmental processes and environmental conditions during the embryonic and larval phase. Hence, a better understanding and prediction of the recruitment success of marine benthic invertebrates with a complex life cycle may require more comprehensive life‐history investigations.
Climate affects embryonic development in a viviparous snake, Vipera aspis
Authors: Lourdais Olivier , Shine Richard , Bonnet Xavier , Guillon Michaël , Naulleau Guy
Published: February 2004

Climatic conditions during embryonic development can exert profound and long‐term effects on many types of organisms, but most previous research on this topic has focussed on endothermic vertebrates (birds and mammals). Although viviparity in ectothermic taxa allows the reproducing female to buffer ambient thermal variation for her developing offspring, even an actively thermoregulating female may be unable to provide optimal incubation regimes in severe weather conditions. We examined the extent to which fluctuations in natural thermal conditions during pregnancy affect reproduction in a temperate viviparous snake, the aspic viper (Vipera aspis). Data gathered from a long term field study demonstrated that ambient thermal conditions influenced (1) female body temperatures and (2) gestation length, embryo viability, and offspring phenotypes. Interestingly, thermal conditions during each of the three months of gestation affected different aspects of reproduction. Hotter weather early in gestation (June) increased ventral scale counts (=number of body segments) of neonates; hotter weather mid‐gestation (July) hastened development and thus the date of parturition; and hotter weather late in gestation (August) reduced the incidence of stillborn neonates. The population that we studied is close to the northern limit of the species’ range, and embryonic thermal requirements may prevent Vipera aspis from extending into cooler conditions further north.
Biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning: emerging issues and their experimental test in aquatic environments
Authors: S. Giller Paul , Hillebrand Helmut , Berninger Ulrike‐G. , O. Gessner Mark , Hawkins Stephen , Inchausti Pablo , Inglis Cheryl , Leslie Heather , Malmqvist Björn , T. Monaghan Michael , J. Morin Peter , O'Mullan Gregory
Published: February 2004

Recent experiments, mainly in terrestrial environments, have provided evidence of the functional importance of biodiversity to ecosystem processes and properties. Compared to terrestrial systems, aquatic ecosystems are characterised by greater propagule and material exchange, often steeper physical and chemical gradients, more rapid biological processes and, in marine systems, higher metazoan phylogenetic diversity. These characteristics limit the potential to transfer conclusions derived from terrestrial experiments to aquatic ecosystems whilst at the same time provide opportunities for testing the general validity of hypotheses about effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning. Here, we focus on a number of unique features of aquatic experimental systems, propose an expansion to the scope of diversity facets to be considered when assessing the functional consequences of changes in biodiversity and outline a hierarchical classification scheme of ecosystem functions and their corresponding response variables. We then briefly highlight some recent controversial and newly emerging issues relating to biodiversity‐ecosystem functioning relationships. Based on lessons learnt from previous experimental and theoretical work, we finally present four novel experimental designs to address largely unresolved questions about biodiversity‐ecosystem functioning relationships. These include (1) investigating the effects of non‐random species loss through the manipulation of the order and magnitude of such loss using dilution experiments; (2) combining factorial manipulation of diversity in interconnected habitat patches to test the additivity of ecosystem functioning between habitats; (3) disentangling the impact of local processes from the effect of ecosystem openness via factorial manipulation of the rate of recruitment and biodiversity within patches and within an available propagule pool; and (4) addressing how non‐random species extinction following sequential exposure to different stressors may affect ecosystem functioning. Implementing these kinds of experimental designs in a variety of systems will, we believe, shift the focus of investigations from a species richness‐centred approach to a broader consideration of the multifarious aspects of biodiversity that may well be critical to understanding effects of biodiversity changes on overall ecosystem functioning and to identifying some of the potential underlying mechanisms involved.
Effects of species diversity on the primary productivity of ecosystems: extending our spatial and temporal scales of inference
Authors: Cardinale Bradley J. , Ives Anthony R. , Inchausti Pablo
Published: February 2004

The number of studies examining how species diversity influences the productivity of ecosystems has increased dramatically in the past decade as concern about global loss of biodiversity has intensified. Research to date has greatly improved our understanding of how, when, and why species loss alters primary production in ecosystems. However, because experiments have been performed at rather small spatial and short temporal scales, it is unclear whether conclusions can be readily extrapolated to the broader scales at which natural communities are most likely to influence ecosystem functioning. Here we develop a simple patch‐dynamics model to examine some of the scale‐dependent and independent qualities of the diversity‐productivity relationship. We first simulate a typical diversity‐productivity experiment and show that the influence of species richness on productivity is temporally dynamic, growing stronger through successional time. This holds true irrespective of whether resource partitioning or a sampling effect is the underlying mechanism. We then increase the spatial scale of the simulation from individual patches to a region consisting of many patch types. Results suggest that the diversity‐productivity relationship is not influenced by spatial scale per se, but that the mechanism producing the relationship can change from sampling effects within individual patches to resource partitioning across patch types composing the region. This change occurs even though model dynamics are the same at both scales, suggesting that sampling effects and resource partitioning can represent different descriptions of the same biological processes operating concurrently at differing scales of observation. Lastly, we incorporate regional processes of dispersal and disturbance into the model and show that these processes can amplify the effect of species richness on productivity, resulting in patterns not easily anticipated from experiments. We conclude that the relative control of community structure by local versus regional processes may be a primary determinant of the diversity‐productivity relationship in natural ecosystems. Therefore, past experiments having focused only on local processes might not reflect patterns and processes underlying diversity‐productivity relationships in communities where disturbance and dispersal regulate species biomasses.
Impacts of multiple stressors on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: the role of species co‐tolerance
Authors: D. Vinebrooke Rolf , L. Cottingham Kathryn , Norberg, Marten Scheffer Jon , I. Dodson Stanley , C. Maberly Stephen , Sommer Ulrich
Published: February 2004

Ecosystem resistance to a single stressor relies on tolerant species that can compensate for sensitive competitors and maintain ecosystem processes, such as primary production. We hypothesize that resistance to additional stressors depends increasingly on species tolerances being positively correlated (i.e. positive species co‐tolerance). Initial exposure to a stressor combined with positive species co‐tolerance should reduce the impacts of other stressors, which we term stress‐induced community tolerance. In contrast, negative species co‐tolerance is expected to result in additional stressors having pronounced additive or synergistic impacts on biologically impoverished functional groups, which we term stress‐induced community sensitivity. Therefore, the sign and strength of the correlation between species sensitivities to multiple stressors must be considered when predicting the impacts of global change on ecosystem functioning as mediated by changes in biodiversity.
Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in aquatic microbial systems: a new analysis of temporal variation and species richness‐predictability relations
Authors: J. Morin Peter , McGrady‐Steed Jill
Published: February 2004

Studies of microbial communities from aquatic ecosystems provide important insights into relations between various aspects of ecosystem functioning and changes in biodiversity. Aquatic microbial systems provide a valuable counterpoint to studies of terrestrial systems, because patterns reflect consequences of interactions occurring over many generations of community development, and are unlikely to represent artifacts of the initial conditions established in experimental communities. In this paper we re‐analyse our previously published data to separate the contributions of temporal and spatial variation to overall variation in ecosystem functioning. A new analysis based on re‐sampling confirms a negative relationship between richness and the variability of one ecosystem process, carbon dioxide flux. The negative relationship reflects high variation among communities of low species richness, rather than high temporal variation within communities of low richness. We also review the various transformations and summary statistics proposed as alternate measures of variability in ecosystem functioning, to point out that different measures are often appropriate for different kinds of data. Finally, we conclude that arguments about the cosmopolitan distribution of microbes do not preclude the existence of important relations between microbial species richness and ecosystem functioning.
Species loss and the structure and functioning of multitrophic aquatic systems
Authors: Petchey Owen L. , Downing Amy L. , Mittelbach Gary G. , Persson Lennart , Steiner Christopher F. , Warren Philip H. , Woodward Guy
Published: February 2004

Experiments and theory in single trophic level systems dominate biodiversity and ecosystem functioning research and recent debates. All natural ecosystems contain communities with multiple trophic levels, however, and this can have important effects on ecosystem structure and functioning. Furthermore, many experiments compare assembled communities, rather than examining loss of species directly. We identify three questions around which to organise an investigation of how species loss affects the structure and functioning of multitrophic systems. 1) What is the distribution of species richness among trophic levels; 2) from which trophic levels are species most often lost; and 3) does loss of species from different trophic levels influence ecosystem functioning differently? Our analyses show that: 1) Relatively few high‐quality data are available concerning the distribution of species richness among trophic levels. A new data‐set provides evidence of a decrease in species richness as trophic height increases. 2) Multiple lines of evidence indicate that species are lost from higher trophic levels more frequently than lower trophic levels. 3) A theoretical model suggests that both the structure of food webs (occurrence of omnivory and the distribution of species richness among trophic levels) and the trophic level from which species are lost determines the impact of species loss on ecosystem functioning, which can even vary in the sign of the effect. These results indicate that, at least for aquatic systems, models of single trophic level ecosystems are insufficient for understanding the functional consequences of extinctions. Knowledge is required of food web structure, which species are likely to be lost, and also whether cascading extinctions will occur.
The devil lies in details: reply to Stuart Hurlbert
Authors: Oksanen Lauri
Published: February 2004

As pointed out in Stuart Hurlbert's recent article, ecologists still at times design their experiments sloppily, creating a situation where various forms of ‘non‐demonic intrusion’ could account for the documented contrasts between treatments and controls. If such contrasts are nevertheless presented to the reader as if they were statistically demonstrated treatment effects, then pseudoreplication is not a pseudoissue and the use of a stigmatizing label of is entirely warranted, as pointed out by Hurlbert. The problems with Hurlbert's concepts start in the context of studies, where the scope of the experiment is to provoke a chain of dramatic and a priori extremely unlikely events, which a given conjecture predicts to happen as a consequence of a given manipulation. As the essence of these experiments is to trigger large dynamical responses in a biological system, they often require much space and/or special conditions, allowing for efficient isolation of the experimental system from potential sources of contamination. These constraints can be incompatible with standard designs (randomization, replication and treatment‐control interspersion). In the context of experiments, where it has been necessary to sacrifice randomization, replication or treatment‐control interspersion, the logic of inferring treatment effects is the same as used when interpreting causes of spontaneous events or events triggered by manipulations with practical purposes. The observed contrasts can be reasonably interpreted as effects of the treatment if and only if their magnitudes and the timing of their emergence makes alternative explanations utterly implausible (which is up to the reader to judge). If the logic of inference is clearly explained and no claim of statistically demonstrated treatment effect is made, the use of stigmatizing labels like ‘pseudoreplication’ is unwarranted. However, it might clarify the literature if such imperfectly designed experiments are referred to as experimental events, to be distinguished from perfectly designed experiments, where mechanical interpretation of contrasts between treatments and controls as treatment effects can be regarded as socially acceptable.
Flying Geese In Asia: The Impacts of Japanese MNCs as a Source of Industrial Learning
Authors: Hayter Roger , Edgington David W.
Published: February 2004

Pacific Asia has looked to direct foreign investment (DFI) to achieve economic growth and technological catch‐up, and Japanese multinational corporations (MNCs) have responded massively. This paper evaluates Japanese MNCs as a source of industrial learning and technological transfer in the region, drawing from a large research literature and from the authors’ own surveys of Japanese DFI in the electronics sector. Japan's historic learning‐based approach to industrialisation is captured by the flying geese metaphor of structural transformation. As an explanation of the transfer of technological know‐how from Japan to Pacific Asia, however, the flying geese model is problematical. This paper reflects on the effectiveness, problems and dilemmas of Japanese MNCs in transferring such know‐how to the region from a political economy perspective summarised as a ‘reverse product cycle model’. This model portrays DFI as a ‘bargain’ between Japanese MNCs and host countries, and which becomes more difficult to negotiate as DFI moves from low‐skilled manufacturing to more innovative activities. The bases for this hypothesis relate to the increased complexity of industrial know‐how and the conflicting motivations between MNCs and host countries in early stages of the product life cycle. In practice, however, this ‘bargain’ has developed differently among Asian countries, and we illustrate these differences by comparing the experiences of South Korea, Taiwan and Malaysia.
International Technology Transfer to Local Suppliers by Volvo Trucks in India
Authors: Ivarsson Inge , Alvstam Claes Göran
Published: February 2004

This paper present a case study of international technology transfer, where foreign transnational companies (TNCs) in developing countries provide their local suppliers with technological assistance as part of their on‐going business relationships. The analysis is set against a background of changing corporate strategies, where TNCs increasingly use ‘follow sourcing’, i.e. international suppliers set up operations close to their main established customers worldwide, leading to a situation where smaller indigenous suppliers, especially in developing countries, face difficulties in establishing business relationships with foreign TNCs that can lead to increased technological capabilities. We use unique firm‐level data collected at Volvo Trucks’ assembly plant in India and show that domestic suppliers can improve their technological capability through a transfer of both product and production technology. Our findings complement the existing empirical litterature by showing that local technology transfer can arise from new green‐field investments by TNCs focused on more simple assembly operations.
Regional Inequality in China: A Case Study of Zhejiang Province
Authors: Wei Yehua Dennis , Ye Xinyue
Published: February 2004

Most studies on regional inequality in China are based on macro regions and provinces. Studies on intraprovincial inequality remain limited, although there is a growing literature on Guangdong and Jiangsu. Zhejiang is a leading coastal province of China experiencing rapid economic growth and has been known for its Wenzhou model of development based on private enterprises. This paper uses time‐series county data to examine regional inequalities in Zhejiang from 1952 to 1998, with a focus on the reform period of 1978–98. We find that intermunicipal and intercounty inequalities in Zhejiang increased substantially, and overall inequality also increased, especially in the 1990s when more radical market reforms were implemented. While cities like Hangzhou and Ningbo have maintained their higher level of wealth, some counties, particularly coastal counties in municipalities like Wenzhou and Taizhou, have recorded dramatic growth, centred on private enterprises. However, municipalities such as Quzhou, which were favoured by Mao's industrialisation policy, recorded slower growth, as did the traditionally poorer municipalities. We have analysed the role of localities, the state, and globalisation in the changing patterns of regional development in Zhejiang, with an emphasis on local agents of development.
Glocalisation and Nature Conservation Strategies in 21st‐Century Southern Africa
Authors: Ramutsindela Maano
Published: February 2004

This paper refers to the establishment of the Great Limpopo on the South Africa‐Mozambique‐Zimbabwe border and the Kgalagadi on the South Africa‐Botswana border to illuminate the involvement of actors under conditions that cannot more appropriately be captured by analyses that place emphasis on particular scales. It reaffirms the view that the global‐local infusion involves actors at multiple levels. To that end, the paper uses the debate about global‐local connections as an interpretative framework for understanding various actors involved in the creation of transfrontier parks in southern Africa. Drawing from case study material in the Great Limpopo and Kgalagadi Transfrontier Parks, the paper shows that changing conservation philosophies, the socio‐political environment, economic imperatives and conditions in and around national parks combined to make the region favourable to the new nature conservation schemes.
Restructuring the Belgian Professional Football League: A Location‐Allocation Solution
Authors: Dejonghe Trudo
Published: February 2004

In the 1990s, and even more since the Bosman Case, professional football in Europe has been transformed from a utility maximisation to a more endogenous growth‐based profit maximisation consumer‐oriented service. In the post‐Bosman period Belgian football has declined in the European rankings and has in a more economic‐oriented climate problems in surviving. The recent transformation implies that in the long run the economic features and more specific the location of the club is becoming a very important factor. The existing heterogeneous characteristics of the different clubs made it necessary to introduce an empirically‐based modified maximum covering location model. The empirical results prove that a restructuring of Belgian professional football to 14 clubs and in some cases a relocation or merger might be a solution for the contemporary problems.
Perceptions of Urban Space in the Periphery: Potsdam's Kirchsteigfeld
Authors: Basten Ludger
Published: February 2004

As theories of postmodernism have challenged many established theoretical positions in geo‐graphy, they have also led to a reassessment of the urban periphery and its significance for an understanding of contemporary urban development. In addition, these regions have witnessed the emergence of a new type of development project where planners and urban designers have attempted to create truly urban spaces, embodying rather traditional forms and concepts of urbanism in spite of their peripheral location.

This paper investigates one such project on the outskirts of Potsdam, Germany. Drawing on theoretical ideas of postmodern urbanism it discusses a number of issues related to perceptions of this new space in the urban periphery, namely contextualisation, urban design/architecture, meaning/identity of place, and the differences of perception between creators and users of the project. Non‐standardised in‐depth interviews are analysed to investigate the experience and perception of this space and discuss some possible implications for urban design and planning.
The Power of Cross‐Border Labour Market Immobility
Authors: Henk Van Houtum  , Van Der Velde Martin
Published: February 2004

In this paper we critically address and interrogate the issue of cross‐border labour mobility in the European Union. Despite fifteen years of policy stimulation, cross‐border labour movements are still exceptions and not the dominant pattern. It is argued that it is a further understanding of the concept of immobility more than mobility that should be at the core of the research on cross‐border labour markets. It is the critical awareness of the power of immobility that may help to contextualise and understand the non‐existence of a flourishing and fluid international labour market. It is postulated that the bordering of our orientation and (id)entity is preventing the existence of a large‐scale cross‐border or transnational labour market in the European Union. The social border produces a difference in the imagination of belonging and as such it produces an attitude of indifference towards the market on what is perceived as the ‘Other side’. The avoidance of uncertainty and wish to border oneself and identify with an existing socio‐spatial category then become important motivators for non‐action. This idea runs counter to the Cartesian worldview of human action, which has found its present translation in the rational agent in mainstream economics, which still motivates European Union labour market policy‐making. What is suggested here is the inclusion of the attitude of nationally habitualised indifference that may help to explain why most workers do not even consider seeking work across the border.
Presidents, Chiefs of Staff, and White House Organizational Behavior: Survey Evidence from the Reagan and Bush Administrations
Authors: COHEN DAVID B. , KRAUSE GEORGE A.
Published: February 2004

The authors set forth a behavioral model of the White Home's organizational structure by taking into account the management styles employed by both the president and chiefs of staff, as well as how well they work together. Using survey data drawn from both Reagan and Bush administration elites, the statistical results show that these factors are important in explaining the White House's organizational structure. The authors also obtain evidence that presidential management style's effect on White House organizational structure does vary across the Reagan and Bush presidencies, but not within each administration across different chiefs of staff. Although chiefs of staff have their own unique way in shaping the organizational structure of the White House, it fails to translate into altering the effect of presidential management style on the White House's organizational structure.
The Knowles Affair: Nixon's Self‐Inflicted Wound
Authors: KOTLOWSKI DEAN J.
Published: February 2004

The Knowles affair, a forgotten chapter of the early Nixon presidency, caused quite a stir in 1969. The administration's five‐month‐long attempt to elevate John H. Knowles, a moderate Republican, to the post of assistant secretary of health, education, and welfare (HEW) for health and scientific affairs aroused opposition from the American Medical Association and Senate Minority Leader Everett McKinley Dirksen, a Republican of Illinois. The imbroglio revealed weaknesses in Nixon's decision‐making and administrative style, drew considerable criticism in the press, and helped to undermine the position of HEW Secretary Robert H. Finch, until then a presidential favorite. For students of the modern presidency, the Knowles case showed how a minor dispute can become important when stoked by ego, ambition, bungling, and press leaks.
Text and Context in the 1952 Presidential Campaign: Eisenhower's “I Shall Go to Korea” Speech
Authors: MEDHURST MARTIN J.
Published: February 2004

This article examines the textual context of Eisenhower's famous “I Shall Go to Korea” speech, delivered during the closing days of the 1952 presidential campaign. Four interlocking contexts of discourse are identified–the discourses of cold war, foreign policy, Korea, and the Eisenhower persona. By rhetorically activating each of these contexts, Eisenhower invited his listeners to understand his speech not merely as a campaign pledge but as a rhetorically, historically, psychologically, and ideologically satisfying means of making sense of the Korean War. Dramatically structured in the form of a courtroom case, with Eisenhower taking on the roles of both prosecuting attorney and witness, the “I Shall Go to Korea” speech was rhetorically tailored to take advantage of the audience's preexisting beliefs, values, and attitudes.
Conditional Partisanship and Institutional Responsibility in Presidential Decision Making
Authors: SPILIOTES CONSTANTINE J.
Published: February 2004

The interaction of political incentives and institutional structures significantly shapes the nature of presidential decision making. This interaction generates a unique effect–institutional responsibility–which substantially constrains presidential response to partisan and electoral incentives present in the policy‐making environment. After discussing institutional responsibility in the theoretical context of presidential decision making and political economy, the article illustrates this effect in the empirical context of economic policy making in the Eisenhower and Carter administrations. The article demonstrates that the interaction produces an institutionally generated incentive for responsible decision making that often works at cross‐purposes with other exogenous incentives for presidential behavior. In doing so, the article develops complementary notions of conditional partisanship and institutional responsibility.
Sex, Lies, and Presidential Leadership: Interpretations of the Office
Authors: STUCKEY MARY E. , WABSHALL SHANNON
Published: February 2004

The plethora of arguments surrounding the events of the Monica Lewinsky affair and Clinton's resulting impeachment trial provide us with valuable material through which we can begin to understand the varying definitions of what the presidency is and how it should operate. Arguments from the trial transcripts and reports in various media outlets provide perspective on the competing definitions of presidential power and the president's role in the national polity. In other words, the arguments about the immediate fate of President Clinton reveal more than political predilections. They also reveal deeply embedded definitions of presidential power, its limitations, and the proper function of the presidency in the contemporary political system.
As Far as Republican Principles Will Admit: Presidential Prerogative and Constitutional Government
Authors: THOMAS GEORGE
Published: February 2004

Scholars often try to define presidential prerogative in legal terms and thereby recognize its technical “illegality.” This article argues that prerogative cannot be seen in such simple legal terms. The author situates prerogative more explicitly in the context of Madison's constitutional framework: acceptance (or rejection) of a particular use of prerogative will hinge on the judgment of the other branches of government and not simply on the letter of the law. Prerogative cannot be neatly defined beforehand. What is accepted as a measure of prerogative at one moment may well be rejected at another. Seeing presidential prerogative in this way gives voice to Madison's dynamic constitutionalism.
The Contemporary Presidency: Managing White House‐Congressional Relations: Observations from Inside the Process
Authors: ANDRES GARY , GRIFFIN PATRICK , THURBER JAMES
Published: February 2004

This article examines the relationship between the president and Congress. Using the authors' experience working for Congress and for the Bush and Clinton White House Offices of Legislative Affairs, the article suggests several additional factors that should be added to an explanation of the relations between the president and Congress. These include the importance of reciprocity between the president and members of Congress, the dynamic nature of political trade‐offs between the two branches, and the impact of the kind of policy being considered in the strategy used by the White House and the Hill. The article is critical of assessing presidential success by simply using roll call votes, vetoes sustained, or presidential support scores. It is suggested that the president's Office of Legislative Affairs does not find these measures useful in keeping track of success and failure and often measures success by what is kept off the legislative agenda.
The Law: Litigating the War Power with Campbell v. Clinton
Authors: FISHER LOUIS
Published: February 2004

Presidential war power has expanded because of executive initiatives, congressional acquiescence, and judicial passivity. This article takes a look at the traditional role of courts in serving as an independent check on presidential war power. During the past half century, however, judges have increasingly invoked a number of doctrines to avoid deciding war power cases: standing, mootness, ripeness, political questions, and prudential considerations. This pattern culminates in Congressman Tom Campbell's challenge to President Bill Clinton's war in Yugoslavia, a case that failed on a combination of standing and political questions. The net effect of this legislative and judicial performance is that we now have unchecked presidential wars, a condition that would have astonished the framers of the Constitution.
The Polls: Public Favorability toward the First Lady, 1993‐1999
Authors: COHEN JEFFREY E.
Published: February 2004

An indicator of favorability to the First Lady from 1993 through midyear 1999 is constructed. That series is independent of similar attitudes toward the president. And although the series displays ups and downs, empirical analysis is not successful in explaining why the public likes or dislikes the First Lady. The personal nature of a likability assessment, it is argued, makes for an attitude resistant to change in the short run.
Source Material: The 1997 Published Transcripts of the JFK Cuban Missile Crisis Tapes: Too Good to Be True?
Authors: STERN SHELDON M.
Published: February 2004

Scholars now have access to audiotapes of the meetings between President Kennedy and his advisers made during the 1962 Cuban missile crisis. Since 1997, a set of transcripts edited by Ernest R. May and Philip D. Zelikow has been available from the Harvard University Press. This article, by the former Kennedy Library historian who listened to these tapes between 1981 and 1996 and recently checked selections from the published book against the recorded words, reveals that the transcripts contain many errors that significantly distort the historical record. The author discusses a representative sample of these inaccuracies, suggests how they can mislead scholars, and argues that subsequent printings and future revised editions should document and identify all changes and corrections of the original 1997 transcripts.
U.S. Presidents and the Use of Economic Sanctions
Authors: DRURY A. COOPER
Published: February 2004

What conditions lead the U. S. president to use and alter economic sanctions? Both relations with the target country and domestic politics are considered as conditions leading to the employment and later removal of economic sanctions. Using time‐series cross‐sectional data, the analysis shows that the president considers both the relations with the target country and U. S. domestic factors when deciding to impose economic sanctions, although the relations with the target have a much greater impact on the decision. Once the economic sanctions are in place and the president must decide to maintain or alter them, the domestic political influence disappears, and the president considers only the relations with the target when modifying sanction policy.
Gauging Public Opinion in the Hoover White House: Understanding the Roots of Presidential Polling
Authors: EISINGER ROBERT M.
Published: February 2004

Contemporary research often ignores early presidential attempts to measure public opinion, focusing instead on the use of polls by modern presidents. The Hoover presidency precedes the invention of modern surveys and provides a rich theoretical and empirical context for analyzing the early institutionalization of political polling. President Herbert Hoover sought to assess public opinion independent of his party and Congress, in large part because of the contentious relations these institutions shared with his administration. He did so under the guise of scientific legitimacy–quantifying newspaper editorials and undertaking a scholarly survey of American life. Although he was not the first president to use media reports to measure public opinion, Hoover's systematic quantification marks a significant change in how presidents assessed citizens' views and used those assessments to gain power and independence with respect to Congress and political parties.
Public Opinion and the Contradictions of Jimmy Carter's Foreign Policy
Authors: KATZ ANDREW Z.
Published: February 2004

President Jimmy Carter's failure to achieve popular support for his foreign policy is commonly attributed to his disregard of public opinion. The author evaluates this perception by examining the Carter administration's use of polls in the areas of human rights and U.S.‐Soviet relations. Archival material confirms that Carter did not ignore public opinion; rather, his polling operation did not provide the White House with a complete and objective portrait of public attitudes. Carter's team assumed that public opinion on foreign policy was malleable and lacked structure. Thus, no effort was made to determine whether the contradictions pollsters found on the surface were actually held together by an underlying structure. Therefore, the Carter White House had neither an accurate gauge of public attitudes nor an understanding of those attitudes sufficient to build support for its policies.
Drafting Lyndon Johnson: The President's Secret Role in the 1968 Democratic Convention
Authors: NELSON JUSTIN A.
Published: February 2004

This article argues that contrary to perceived wisdom, President Lyndon Johnson wanted to be drafted by the 1968 Democratic convention. Johnson and his aides covertly planned all aspects of the convention, from the amount of space allotted to each candidate to the speech that he would give at the convention on his birthday. Although Johnson withdrew from the race in March, he controlled the convention in order to allow himself the opportunity to run again. Ultimately, although his control of the convention enabled him to pass his platform, he was not drafted because neither the old party bosses nor the new forces emerging within the Democratic Party wanted Johnson as their nominee.
After the Missiles of October: John F. Kennedy and Cuba, November 1962 to November 1963
Authors: RABE STEPHEN G.
Published: February 2004

In analyzing U.S. relations with Cuba during the Kennedy administration, scholars have focused on the Bay of Pigs invasion, Operation Mongoose, and the Cuban missile crisis. Less attention has been given to the state of U.S.‐Cuban relations in the aftermath of the missile crisis and during the last year of President John F. Kennedy's life. Scholars have assumed, however, that Kennedy was in the process of reevaluating his hostile policies toward Cuba. This article challenges those assumptions by closely examining what Kennedy and his administration intended for Cuba. The article is based on new documentary evidence. It suggests that the Kennedy administration never renounced its policy of overthrowing Fidel Castro.
Do Primary Voters Draw from a Stacked Deck? Presidential Nominations in an Era of Candidate‐Centered Campaigns
Authors: STEGER WAYNE P.
Published: February 2004

This article assesses candidate competition in the pre‐ and post reform presidential primaries. It presents evidence that candidate competition initially expanded after the McGovern‐Frazer reforms but subsequently declined. The proliferation of candidate‐centered campaigns and front loading changed the competition in presidential nominating campaigns. Patterns of resource concentration limit the number of candidates who can compete effectively and, hence, are likely to win. Money on hand and national poll position prior to primaries are found to be significant predictors of the aggregate primary vote in the postreform era; money raised and prior television news coverage do not significantly affect the primary vote.
The Contemporary Presidency: Meeting the Freight Train Head On: Planning for the Transition to Power
Authors: KUMAR MARTHA JOYNT , EDWARDS GEORGE C. , PFIFFNER JAMES P. , SULLIVAN TERRY
Published: February 2004

In the seventy‐four days between the November 7 election and the inauguration on January 20, the next president will need to form his White House team, designate fourteen cabinet secretaries, deliver his inaugural address, present his agenda to the nation, and send to Congress a budget of around $1.8 trillion. He can only effectively do so if he has planned his transition from an early point. In interviews for the White House Interview Program, the authors identify five elements as important to getting off to a successful start: (1) focus now on people and process, (2) avoid constraining commitments in the campaign, (3) choose top White House staff first, (4) learn from predecessors, and (5) develop a strategic plan for policy proposals.
The Law: Controversy: Demise of the War Clause
Authors: MERVIN DAVID
Published: February 2004

The framers sought to make Congress preeminent in war making, an understandable and plausible intention at the end of the eighteenth century. More than two hundred years later, the situation has changed profoundly. Prodigious technological development, the expiration of U. S. isolation, and the massive information advantages that now accrue to the executive have combined to undermine the reasoning that lay behind the fashioning of the War Clause. These realities have gained credence among members of Congress, judges, and the public at large, but have yet to be widely accepted in the academic community.
Virtues of the War Clause
Authors: ADLER DAVID GRAY
Published: February 2004

Critics of the war clause contend that congressional preeminence in war making as commanded by the Constitution is no longer relevant to international politics. In a word, the constitutional arrangement for war and peace is obsolete. In spite of those criticisms, it is argued here that the values underlying the war clause–notably a deep‐seated fear of unilateral executive war making and a commitment to collective decision making in foreign affairs–are as compelling today as they were two centuries ago.