bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Diet Mediates Vaso-Occlusive Related Hospitalizations in Sickle-Cell Disease Patients
Authors: McCaskill Michael L. , Ogunsakin Olalekan , Hottor Tete , Harville Emily W. , Kruse-Jarres Rebecca
Published: October 2018

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic disorder resulting from the presence of mutated hemoglobin S (HbS). Homozygous carriers will present with early manifestations of painful vaso-occlusive crises. SCD patients have been reported to be severely deficient in vitamin D (<20 ng/mL). Four years (2010–2014) of individual de-identified Sickle Cell Clinic of Southern Louisiana (SCCSL-SCD) patient records were analyzed for vitamin D status and the level of crisis-related ER/hospital utilization. To determine the dietary, and behavioral mediators of SCD-crisis in our study population, a cohort of 102 SCCSL-SCD patients were administered a survey that evaluated sun exposure, dietary behaviors, and pain frequency and severity. Patients with circulating levels of 25(OH)D3 less than 14.1 ng/mL reported having more crisis-related hospital visits per year (10) than patients with 25(OH)D3 serum levels >34 ng/mL. The result of the dietary survey detailed a relationship between patients who reported to have “Almost Never” consumed fish or milk in their diets and more frequent hospital stays and ER visits than those who reported consuming these products on a daily basis. Those who consumed these foods in their diet several times a month also had fewer ER visits when compared to the “Almost Never” category.
A Comparison of a Pulse-Based Diet and the Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes Diet in Combination with Exercise and Health Counselling on the Cardio-Metabolic Risk Profile in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Kazemi Maryam , McBreairty Laura E. , Chizen Donna R. , Pierson Roger A. , Chilibeck Philip D. , Zello Gordon A.
Published: October 2018

We compared the effects of a low-glycemic index pulse-based diet, containing lentils, beans, split peas, and chickpeas, to the Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC) diet on cardio-metabolic measures in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Ninety-five women (18–35 years) enrolled in a 16-week intervention; 30 women in the pulse-based and 31 in the TLC groups completed the study. Women participated in aerobic exercise training (minimum 5 days/week for 45 min/day) and were counselled (monthly) about PCOS and lifestyle modification. Women underwent longitudinal follow-up post-intervention. The pulse-based group had a greater reduction in total area under the curve for insulin response to a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (mean change ± SD: −121.0 ± 229.9 vs. −27.4 ± 110.2 µIU/mL × min; p = 0.05); diastolic blood pressure (−3.6 ± 6.7 vs. −0.2 ± 6.7 mmHg, p = 0.05); triglyceride (−0.2 ± 0.6 vs. 0.0 ± 0.5 mmol/L, p = 0.04); low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (−0.2 ± 0.4 vs. −0.1 ± 0.4 mmol/L, p = 0.05); total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/HDL-C; −0.4 ± 0.4 vs. 0.1 ± 0.4, p < 0.001); and a greater increase in HDL-C (0.1 ± 0.2 vs. −0.1 ± 0.2 mmol/L, p < 0.01) than the TLC group. Decreased TC/HDL-C (p = 0.02) at six-month and increased HDL-C and decreased TC/HDL-C (p ≤ 0.02) at 12-month post-intervention were maintained in the pulse-based group. A pulse-based diet may be more effective than the TLC diet at improving cardio-metabolic disease risk factors in women with PCOS. Trial registration: CinicalTrials.gov identifier, NCT01288638.
Reduced Carotenoid and Retinoid Concentrations and Altered Lycopene Isomer Ratio in Plasma of Atopic Dermatitis Patients
Authors: Lucas Renata , Mihály Johanna , Lowe Gordon M. , Graham Daniel L. , Szklenar Monika , Szegedi Andrea , Töröcsik Daniel , Rühl Ralph
Published: October 2018

Carotenoids and retinoids are known to alter the allergic response with important physiological roles in the skin and the immune system. In the human organism various carotenoids are present, some of which are retinoid precursors. The bioactive derivatives of these retinoids are the retinoic acids, which can potently activate nuclear hormone receptors such as the retinoic acid receptor and the retinoid X receptor. In this study, we aimed to assess how plasma carotenoid and retinoid concentrations along with the ratio of their isomers are altered in atopic dermatitis (AD) patients (n = 20) compared to healthy volunteers (HV, n = 20). The study indicated that plasma levels of the carotenoids lutein (HV 198 ± 14 ng/mL, AD 158 ± 12 ng/mL, p = 0.02; all values in mean ± SEM), zeaxanthin (HV 349 ± 30 ng/mL, AD 236 ± 18 ng/mL, p ≤ 0.01), as well as the retinoids retinol (HV 216 ± 20 ng/mL, AD 167 ± 17 ng/mL, p = 0.04) and all-trans-retinoic acid (HV 1.1 ± 0.1 ng/mL, AD 0.7 ± 0.1 ng/mL, p = 0.04) were significantly lower in the AD-patients, while lycopene isomers, α-carotene, and β-carotene levels were comparable to that determined in the healthy volunteers. In addition, the ratios of 13-cis- vs. all-trans-lycopene (HV 0.31 ± 0.01, AD 0.45 ± 0.07, p = 0.03) as well as 13-cis- vs. all-trans-retinoic acid (HV 1.4 ± 0.2, AD 2.6 ± 0.6, p = 0.03) were increased in the plasma of AD-patients indicating an AD-specific 13-cis-isomerisation. A positive correlation with SCORAD was calculated with 13-cis- vs. all-trans-lycopene ratio (r = 0.40, p = 0.01), while a negative correlation was observed with zeaxanthin plasma levels (r = −0.42, p = 0.01). Based on our results, we conclude that in the plasma of AD-patients various carotenoids and retinoids are present at lower concentrations, while the ratio of selected lycopene isomers also differed in the AD-patient group. An increase in plasma isomers of both lycopene and retinoic acid may cause an altered activation of nuclear hormone receptor signaling pathways and thus may be partly responsible for the AD-phenotype.
Erythrocyte Saturated Fatty Acids and Incident Type 2 Diabetes in Chinese Men and Women: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Lin Jie-sheng , Dong Hong-li , Chen Geng-dong , Chen Zhan-yong , Dong Xiao-wei , Zheng Ju-sheng , Chen Yu-ming
Published: October 2018

The association between circulating saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and incident type 2 diabetes (T2D) is reported in Western populations with inconsistent results, while evidence from Asian populations is scarce. We aimed to examine the associations between erythrocyte SFAs and incident T2D in a Chinese population. Between 2008 and 2013, a total of 2683 participants, aged 40–75 years, free of diabetes were included in the present analyses. Incident T2D cases were ascertained during follow-up visits. Gas chromatography was used to measure erythrocyte fatty acids at baseline. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). During 13,508 person years of follow-up, 216 T2D cases were identified. Compared with the first quartile, multivariable-adjusted HRs (95% CIs) of the fourth quartile were 1.20 (0.82–1.76; p = 0.242) for myristic acid (14-carbon tail, zero double bonds; 14:0), 0.69 (0.48–0.99; p = 0.080) for palmitic acid (16:0), 1.49 (1.02–2.19; p = 0.047) for stearic acid (18:0), 1.46 (1.00–2.12; p = 0.035) for arachidic acid (20:0), 1.48 (0.99–2.22; p = 0.061) for behenic acid (22:0), and 1.08 (0.74–1.56; p = 0.913) for lignoceric acid (24:0). Our findings indicate that individual erythrocyte SFAs are associated with T2D in different directions, with 18:0 and 20:0 SFAs positively associated with the risk, whereas no convincing inverse association for 16:0 SFAs.
A Combined Dietary and Cognitive Intervention in 3–5-Year-Old Children in Indonesia: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Schneider Nora , Geiser Eveline , Gosoniu Laura M. , Wibowo Yulianti , Gentile-Rapinett Gertrude , Tedjasaputra Mayke S. , Sastroasmoro Sudigdo
Published: October 2018

Early childhood nutritional interventions typically combine nutritional and psychosocial stimulation. Such combined interventions result in long-lasting improvements of cognitive abilities in children who are malnourished. Here, we investigated potential cognitive abilities in normally developing children in Indonesia who were, however, at risk for suboptimal cognitive development due to little psychosocial stimulation in their home environment. In a randomized controlled intervention, children of the experimental group received nutritional supplementation combined with cognitive stimulation. Pre- and post-intervention measurements included cognitive development and functioning, behavior, and mother–child interaction. The experimental and control group received nutritional supplementation in the form of a fortified or unfortified milk powder, respectively. Additionally, the children and parents of the experimental group jointly engaged in daily learning activities at home and performed iPad-based tasks designed to foster cognitive abilities. The experimental group compared to the control group displayed a significantly higher increase in intelligence quotient as well as a significantly larger reduction in attentional problems after the intervention. These results indicate that low-level cognitive stimulation in combination with nutritional supplementation during early childhood can be an effective intervention that improves global cognitive functioning in healthy developing children. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02359669.
The Association between Vitamin D Deficiency and Sleep Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Gao Qi , Kou Tingyan , Zhuang Bin , Ren Yangyang , Dong Xue , Wang Qiuzhen
Published: October 2018

Epidemiology studies have investigated the association between vitamin D and the risk of sleep disorders, but the results remain controversial. Therefore, we conducted this meta-analysis with the goal of clarifying the association between vitamin D and sleep disorders risk. All relevant studies were searched using PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science from inception to January 2018. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CIs) were calculated using a fixed-effect model A total of nine studies (6 cross-sectional, 2 case-control, and 1 cohort studies) involving 9397 participants were included. By comparing the lowest verse highest levels of serum vitamin D, we found that participants with vitamin D deficiency (VDD) had a significantly increased risk of sleep disorders (OR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.31, 1.72). Subgroup analysis showed that VDD also was associated with poor sleep quality (OR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.23, 2.05), short sleep duration (OR: 1.74, 95% CI: 1.30, 2.32), and sleepiness (OR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.12, 1.65). Subgroup analyses further indicated that serum 25(OH)D <20 ng/mL could significantly increase the risk of unhealthy sleep. This meta-analysis suggest that vitamin D deficiency is associated with a higher risk of sleep disorders. More high-quality cohort studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are needed to verify this association.
What is the Validity of Questionnaires Assessing Fruit and Vegetable Consumption in Children when Compared with Blood Biomarkers? A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Collese Tatiana , Vatavuk-Serrati Gabriela , Nascimento-Ferreira Marcus , De Moraes Augusto , Carvalho Heráclito
Published: October 2018

Fruit and vegetable consumption has been associated with improved health outcomes in children. As an extensive number of questionnaires are currently used to assess fruit and vegetable consumption, we performed a systematic review of the criterion validity of questionnaires used to estimate fruit and vegetable consumption in children, considering blood biomarkers as the reference method. Five electronic databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, Scopus, PsycINFO, Web of Science) were searched from database inception to 23 July 2018. The search strategy used the following sets of descriptors: children; fruits and vegetables; dietary questionnaires; blood biomarkers; and validation coefficient. The search terms were adapted for use with other databases in combination with database-specific filters. Potentially eligible articles were selected independently by two reviewers, separately, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Two articles meeting the inclusion criteria were included. The main reason for study exclusion was the sample age range, which included adolescents. The pooled correlation coefficient was 0.32 (95% confidence interval: 0.24–0.40).This review provided insights into assessment methods of fruit and vegetable consumption in children. Although further studies are required, questionnaires for assessing fruit and vegetable consumption have fair criterion validity in children.
Implication of Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) in Disease: Potential Biomarker or New Therapeutic Target
Authors: Janeiro Manuel , Ramírez María , Milagro Fermin , Martínez J. , Solas Maite
Published: October 2018

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a molecule generated from choline, betaine, and carnitine via gut microbial metabolism. The plasma level of TMAO is determined by several factors including diet, gut microbial flora, drug administration and liver flavin monooxygenase activity. In humans, recent clinical studies evidence a positive correlation between elevated plasma levels of TMAO and an increased risk for major adverse cardiovascular events. A direct correlation between increased TMAO levels and neurological disorders has been also hypothesized. Several therapeutic strategies are being explored to reduce TMAO levels, including use of oral broad spectrum antibiotics, promoting the growth of bacteria that use TMAO as substrate and the development of target-specific molecules. Despite the accumulating evidence, it is questioned whether TMAO is the mediator of a bystander in the disease process. Thus, it is important to undertake studies to establish the role of TMAO in human health and disease. In this article, we reviewed dietary sources and metabolic pathways of TMAO, as well as screened the studies suggesting possible involvement of TMAO in the etiology of cardiovascular and neurological disorders, underlying the importance of TMAO mediating inflammatory processes. Finally, the potential utility of TMAO as therapeutic target is also analyzed.
A Water-Soluble Extract from Actinidia arguta Ameliorates Psoriasis-Like Skin Inflammation in Mice by Inhibition of Neutrophil Infiltration
Authors: Kim Hyun-keun , Bae Min Jung , Lim Seonung , Lee Wonwoo , Kim Sunyoung
Published: October 2018

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease with complex etiology involving multiple factors. Current treatment methods are highly limited and there is a strong need for the development of safer and efficacious agents. We have previously shown that a water-soluble extract derived from hardy kiwifruit Actinidia arguta, called PG102, shows potent anti-inflammatory effects. Based on its reported biological activities, the effects of PG102 were examined on imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation. Our results showed that topical application of PG102 ameliorates clinical symptoms of psoriasis, reducing skin thickness and Interleukin (IL)-17A level in draining lymph nodes without causing any adverse effects. Treatment with PG102 on cytokine-stimulated HaCaT cells suppressed hyperproliferation and downregulated the expression of various chemokines and antimicrobial peptides known to induce neutrophil infiltration. These anti-inflammatory activities of PG102 were mediated via inhibition of NF-κB and signal transducer of activation (STAT) signaling. We also found decreased neutrophil chemotaxis both in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, PG102 has potential as a safe and effective reagent for the treatment of psoriasis.
Dietary Iron Overload Abrogates Chemically-Induced Liver Cirrhosis in Rats
Authors: Atarashi Machi , Izawa Takeshi , Mori Mutsuki , Inai Yohei , Kuwamura Mitsuru , Yamate Jyoji
Published: October 2018

Chronic liver disease is an intractable disease, which can progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatic iron overload is considered to be involved in the progression of chronic liver diseases; however, the mechanism remains to be elucidated. Here we investigate the role of dietary iron overload using chemically-induced liver cirrhosis model. Rats were fed a high-iron or standard diet and were injected intraperitoneally with thioacetamide (TAA) or saline twice a week for 20 weeks. Rats with TAA treatment (TAA group) had progressive liver cirrhosis characterized by persistent hepatocellular injury, mononuclear cell inflammation and bridging fibrosis; these lesions were markedly reduced in rats with iron feeding and TAA treatment (Fe-TAA group). Rats with iron feeding alone (Fe group) had no evidence of liver injury. Hepatic expression of cleaved caspase-3, but not phospho-RIP3, was decreased in Fe-TAA group compared with that in TAA group. The number of TUNEL-positive (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling) apoptotic hepatocytes was lower in the Fe-TAA group than in the TAA group. Hepatic xenobiotic metabolism and lipid peroxidation were shown to be less related to the abrogation of liver cirrhosis. Our results suggested that dietary hepatic iron overload abrogates chemically-induced liver cirrhosis in rats, which could partly involve decreased hepatocellular apoptosis.
Effects of Whole Milk Supplementation on Gut Microbiota and Cardiometabolic Biomarkers in Subjects with and without Lactose Malabsorption
Authors: Li Xiaoqin , Yin Jiawei , Zhu Yalun , Wang Xiaoqian , Hu Xiaoli , Bao Wei , Huang Yue , Chen Liangkai , Chen Sijing , Yang Wei , Shan Zhilei , Liu Liegang
Published: October 2018

The aim of this study was to compare the impact of whole milk supplementation on gut microbiota and cardiometabolic biomarkers between lactose malabsorbers (LM) and absorbers (LA). We performed a pair-wise intervention study of 31 LM and 31 LA, 1:1 matched by age, sex, body mass index, and daily dairy intake. Subjects were required to add 250 mL/day whole milk for four weeks in their routine diet. At the beginning and the end of the intervention period, we collected data on gut microbiota and cardiometabolic biomarkers. Whole milk supplementation significantly increased Actinobacteria (P < 0.01), Bifidobacterium (P < 0.01), Anaerostipe (P < 0.01), and Blautia (P = 0.04), and decreased Megamonas (P = 0.04) in LM, but not LA. Microbial richness and diversity were not affected. The fecal levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) remained stable throughout the study. Body fat mass (P < 0.01) and body fat percentage (P < 0.01) reduced in both groups, but the changes did not differ between groups. No significant differences in other cardiometabolic markers were found between LM and LA. When compared with LA, whole milk supplementation could alter the intestinal microbiota composition in LM, without significant changes in fecal SCFAs and cardiometabolic biomarkers.
The Microbiome and Radiation Induced-Bowel Injury: Evidence for Potential Mechanistic Role in Disease Pathogenesis
Authors: Kumagai Tomoko , Rahman Farooq , Smith Andrew
Published: October 2018

Radiotherapy has played a major role in both the curative and palliative treatment of cancer patients for decades. However, its toxic effect to the surrounding normal healthy tissue remains a major drawback. In cases of intra-abdominal and/or pelvic malignancy, healthy bowel is inevitably included in the radiation field, causing undesirable consequences that subsequently manifest as radiation-induced bowel injury, which is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The pathophysiology of radiation-induced bowel injury is poorly understood, although we now know that it derives from a complex interplay of epithelial injury and alterations in the enteric immune, nervous, and vascular systems in genetically predisposed individuals. Furthermore, evidence supporting a pivotal role for the gut microbiota in the development of radiation-induced bowel injury has been growing. In this review, we aim to appraise our current understanding of radiation-induced bowel injury and the role of the microbiome in its pathogenesis as well as prevention and treatment. Greater understanding of the relationship between the disease mechanism of radiation-induced bowel injury and gut microbiome might shed light on potential future prevention and treatment strategies through the modification of a patient’s gut microbiome.
Maternal Melatonin Therapy Attenuates Methyl-Donor Diet-Induced Programmed Hypertension in Male Adult Rat Offspring
Authors: Tain You-Lin , Chan Julie , Lee Chien-Te , Hsu Chien-Ning
Published: October 2018

Although pregnant women are advised to consume methyl-donor food, some reports suggest an adverse outcome. We investigated whether maternal melatonin therapy can prevent hypertension induced by a high methyl-donor diet. Female Sprague-Dawley rats received either a normal diet, a methyl-deficient diet (L-MD), or a high methyl-donor diet (H-MD) during gestation and lactation. Male offspring were assigned to four groups (n = 7–8/group): control, L-MD, H-MD, and H-MD rats were given melatonin (100 mg/L) with their drinking water throughout the period of pregnancy and lactation (H-MD+M). At 12 weeks of age, male offspring exposed to a L-MD or a H-MD diet developed programmed hypertension. Maternal melatonin therapy attenuated high methyl-donor diet-induced programmed hypertension. A maternal L-MD diet and H-MD diet caused respectively 938 and 806 renal transcripts to be modified in adult offspring. The protective effects of melatonin against programmed hypertension relate to reduced oxidative stress, increased urinary NO2− level, and reduced renal expression of sodium transporters. A H-MD or L-MD diet may upset the balance of methylation status, leading to alterations of renal transcriptome and programmed hypertension. A better understanding of reprogramming effects of melatonin might aid in developing a therapeutic strategy for the prevention of hypertension in adult offspring exposed to an excessive maternal methyl-supplemented diet.
Towards a Food-Based Intervention to Increase Protein Intakes in Older Adults: Challenges to and Facilitators of Egg Consumption
Authors: Van den Heuvel Emmy , Murphy Jane L. , Appleton Katherine M.
Published: October 2018

Background: Dietary protein intake is important for health. Eggs, as a protein-rich food with characteristics that appeal to older adults, may provide opportunities for increasing protein intake. Interventions that focus on the challenges or facilitators that affect a large proportion of the population will be of increased impact on a population-wide scale. This work aimed to investigate the relative importance of a number of challenges to and facilitators of egg consumption in a UK population-wide sample of older adults. Methods: A cross-sectional postal questionnaire, measuring habitual egg intake, reasons for eating/not eating eggs and a range of demographic and lifestyle characteristics, was administered by post to 1082 older adults. Results: 230 questionnaires suitable for analysis were returned (110 females, ages 55–80+ years). Habitual egg intake ranged from 1–89 eggs/month, mean (standard deviation) = 18 (13) eggs/month. Reasons for eating/not eating eggs were reduced using Principal Components Analysis to 23 challenges and facilitators of egg consumption. Regression analyses revealed habitual egg intake to be associated with 10 challenges and facilitators (smallest β = 0.14, p = 0.04), and with protein consumption, age and Body Mass Index (smallest β = 0.14, p = 0.03). Discussion: Many possibilities for future intervention based on existing challenges or facilitators were found. Our results suggest that strategies to increase egg consumption in older adults should focus on: improving liking, tastiness and adding variety; promoting eggs as an everyday type of food; reducing stereotypes about who does and who does not consume eggs; and promoting eggs for people who have noticed the effects of ageing on their food intake. Strategies that highlight value-for-money may be counterproductive. Future work evaluating the value of these strategies for improving protein intake in this age group would be of value.
Anemia and Iron Deficiency in Cancer Patients: Role of Iron Replacement Therapy
Authors: Busti Fabiana , Marchi Giacomo , Ugolini Sara , Castagna Annalisa , Girelli Domenico
Published: October 2018

Anemia in cancer patients is quite common, with remarkable negative impacts on quality of life and overall prognosis. The pathogenesis is complex and typically multifactorial, with iron deficiency (ID) often being a major and potentially treatable contributor. In turn, ID in cancer patients can be due to multiple concurring mechanisms, including bleeding (e.g., in gastrointestinal cancers or after surgery), malnutrition, medications, and hepcidin-driven iron sequestration into macrophages with subsequent iron-restricted erythropoiesis. Indeed, either absolute or functional iron deficiency (AID or FID) can occur. While for absolute ID there is a general consensus regarding the laboratory definition (that is ferritin levels <100 ng/mL ± transferrin saturation (TSAT) <20%), a shared definition of functional ID is still lacking. Current therapeutic options in cancer anemia include iron replacement, erythropoietic stimulating agents (ESAs), and blood transfusions. The latter should be kept to a minimum, because of concerns regarding risks, costs, and limited resources. Iron therapy has proved to be a valid approach to enhance efficacy of ESAs and to reduce transfusion need. Available guidelines focus mainly on patients with chemotherapy-associated anemia, and generally suggest intravenous (IV) iron when AID or FID is present. However, in the case of FID, the upper limit of ferritin in association with TSAT <20% at which iron should be prescribed is a matter of controversy, ranging up to 800 ng/mL. An increasingly recognized indication to IV iron in cancer patients is represented by preoperative anemia in elective oncologic surgery. In this setting, the primary goal of treatment is to decrease the need of blood transfusions in the perioperative period, rather than improving anemia-related symptoms as in chemotherapy-associated anemia. Protocols are mainly based on experiences of Patient Blood Management (PBM) in non-oncologic surgery, but no specific guidelines are available for oncologic surgery. Here we discuss some possible approaches to the management of ID in cancer patients in different clinical settings, based on current guidelines and recommendations, emphasizing the need for further research in the field.
Altered Proteins in the Hippocampus of Patients with Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Authors: Persike Daniele Suzete , Marques-Carneiro Jose Eduardo , Stein Mariana Leão de Lima , Yacubian Elza Marcia Targas , Centeno Ricardo , Canzian Mauro , Fernandes Maria José da Silva
Published: October 2018

Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) is usually associated with drug-resistant seizures and cognitive deficits. Efforts have been made to improve the understanding of the pathophysiology of MTLE for new therapies. In this study, we used proteomics to determine the differential expression of proteins in the hippocampus of patients with MTLE compared to control samples. By using the two-dimensional electrophoresis method (2-DE), the proteins were separated into spots and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Spots that had different densitometric values for patients and controls were selected for the study. The following proteins were found to be up-regulated in patients: isoform 1 of serum albumin (ALB), proton ATPase catalytic subunit A (ATP6V1A), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 2 (DPYSL2), isoform 1 of myelin basic protein (MBP), and dihydrolipoamide S-acethyltransferase (DLAT). The protein isoform 3 of the spectrin alpha chain (SPTAN1) was down-regulated while glutathione S-transferase P (GSTP1) and protein DJ-1 (PARK7) were found only in the hippocampus of patients with MTLE. Interactome analysis of the nine proteins of interest revealed interactions with 20 other proteins, most of them involved with metabolic processes (37%), presenting catalytic activity (37%) and working as hydrolyses (25%), among others. Our results provide evidence supporting a direct link between synaptic plasticity, metabolic disturbance, oxidative stress with mitochondrial damage, the disruption of the blood–brain barrier and changes in CNS structural proteins with cell death and epileptogenesis in MTLE. Besides this, the presence of markers of cell survival indicated a compensatory mechanism. The over-expression of GSTP1 in MTLE could be related to drug-resistance.
Kinetics of the Solution-Mediated Polymorphic Transformation of the Novel l-Carnitine Orotate Polymorph, Form-II
Authors: An Ji-Hun , Youn Wonno , Kiyonga Alice Nguvoko , Lim Changjin , Park Minho , Suh Young-Ger , Ryu Hyung Chul , Kim Jae Sun , Park Chun-Woong , Jung Kiwon
Published: October 2018

Research studies related to the polymorphs of l-Carnitine orotate (CO), a medication used for the treatment and prevention of liver diseases, are insignificant or almost nonexistent. Accordingly, in the present study, l-Carnitine orotate (CO) was prepared for investigating CO polymorphs. Here, a reactive crystallization was induced by reacting 1g of l-Carn (1 equivalent) and 0.97 g of OA (1 equivalent) in methanol (MeOH); as a result, CO form-I and CO form-II polymorphs were obtained after 1 h and 16 h of stirring, respectively. The characterization of CO polymorphs was carried out utilizing Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (solid-state CP/MAS 13C-NMR). The solution-mediated polymorphic transformation (SMPT) of CO polymorphs was investigated in MeOH at controlled temperature and fixed rotational speed. The results revealed that CO form-I is a metastable polymorph while CO form-II is a stable polymorph. From the same results, it was confirmed that CO form-I was converted to CO form-II during the polymorphic phase transformation process. Moreover, it was assessed that the increase in temperature and supersaturation level significantly promotes the rate of nucleation, as well as the rate of mass transfer of CO form-II. In addition, nucleation and mass transfer equations were employed for the quantitative determination of SMPT experimental results. Lastly, it was suggested that CO form-II was more thermodynamically stable than CO form-I and that both polymorphs belong to the monotropic system.
Study on the Classification, Causality, Preventability and Severity of Adverse Drug Reaction Using Spontaneous Reporting System in Hospitalized Patients
Authors: Sundaran Siraj , Udayan Anjali , Hareendranath Keerthi , Eliyas Basil , Ganesan Babu , Hassan Ashik , Subash Rajesh , Palakkal Vishnu , Salahudeen Mohammed Saji
Published: October 2018

Hospital-based adverse drug reaction (ADR) monitoring and reporting programs intend to identify and quantify the risks associated with the use of medicines. To examine the causality, preventability and severity of ADR in a hospital setting; a prospective cohort study on spontaneous ADR reporting was conducted from December 2015 to May 2016. Incidence of ADRs, causality, type, severity and preventability were assessed using necessary assessment scales. The study included 3157 hospitalized individuals, in whom 51 ADRs were detected among 49 patients. The overall incidence of suspected ADRs was found to be 1.6%. According to the causality assessment, most of the ADRs reported were probable (n = 26, 51.0%), and type A (augmented/pharmacological) reactions (n = 39, 76%) were the most common type of ADR found. The majority of ADRs were moderate to severe (n = 35, 68.6%), of which 37.3% were found to be potentially preventable. Predictability was observed in 28 (54.9%) reported ADRs. The prescribed medicines most frequently associated with ADRs were antibiotics, antiepileptics and antihypertensives. This feasibility study was able to highlight the clinical pharmacist’s role in ADR monitoring service and create awareness about the way it could be done to promote safer medication use. Similar ADR reporting programs are necessary to educate and to improve awareness among healthcare professionals in some countries.
Effects of Conservative Tillage and Nitrogen Management on Weed Seed Bank after a Seven-Year Durum Wheat—Faba Bean Rotation
Authors: Fracchiolla Mariano , Stellacci Anna Maria , Cazzato Eugenio , Tedone Luigi , Alhajj Ali Salem , De Mastro Giuseppe
Published: October 2018

Conservative agriculture includes a range of management strategies with low energy inputs such as no-tillage, minimum tillage, and low application of fertilizers. Weed flora in arable fields is strictly affected by agronomic practices such as tillage and fertilization management. This study was conducted seven years after the beginning of a long-term—durum wheat–faba bean—rotation. It analyzes the combined effects on the soil seed bank of three different tillage systems (conservative, reduced, and conventional tillage) and two levels of nitrogen fertilization. The effects were investigated both using stepwise discriminant analysis and analysis of variance in order to find statistical differences among main factors and their interactions. The seed bank of Conyza canadensis, Papaver rhoeas, Solanum nigrum, Fallopia convolvulus, and Fumaria officinalis was higher in conservative or reduced tillage plots. The magnitude of the response to nitrogen supply varied among weed species. Conyza canadensis seemed to be favored by low nitrogen supply, whereas Sinapis arvensis by higher doses of nitrogen. Anagallis arvensis showed the lowest seed bank in conventionally tilled plots, without distinction of nitrogen supply. The results suggest that different tillage systems and, to a lesser extent, different nitrogen supply, produce changes in the seed bank size and composition, along the soil profile.
High-Efficient and Recyclable Magnetic Separable Catalyst for Catalytic Hydrogenolysis of β-O-4 Linkage in Lignin
Authors: Huang Jingtao , Zhao Chengke , Lu Fachuang
Published: October 2018

Lignin is recognized as a good sustainable material because of its great abundance and potential applications. At present, lignin hydrogenolysis is considered as a potential but challenging way to produce low-molecular-mass aromatic chemicals. The most common linkage between the structural units of lignin polymer is the β-O-4 aryl ether, which are primary or even only target chemical bonds for many degradation processes. Herein, a Pd-Fe3O4 composite was synthesized for catalytic hydrogenolysis of β-O-4 bond in lignin. The synthesized catalyst was characterized by XRD, XPS, and SEM and the lignin depolymerization products were analyzed by GC-MS. The catalyst showed good catalytic performance during the hydrogenolysis process, lignin dimer was degraded into monomers completely and a high yield of monomers was obtained by the hydrogenolysis of bagasse lignin. More importantly, the magnetic catalyst was separated conveniently by magnet after reaction and remained highly catalytically efficient after being reused for five times. This work has demonstrated an efficient & recyclable catalyst for the cleavage of the β-O-4 bond in lignin providing an alternative way to make better use of lignins.
Incorporation of Conductive Materials into Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering Applications
Authors: Min Ji Hong , Patel Madhumita , Koh Won-Gun
Published: October 2018

In the field of tissue engineering, conductive hydrogels have been the most effective biomaterials to mimic the biological and electrical properties of tissues in the human body. The main advantages of conductive hydrogels include not only their physical properties but also their adequate electrical properties, which provide electrical signals to cells efficiently. However, when introducing a conductive material into a non-conductive hydrogel, a conflicting relationship between the electrical and mechanical properties may develop. This review examines the strengths and weaknesses of the generation of conductive hydrogels using various conductive materials such as metal nanoparticles, carbons, and conductive polymers. The fabrication method of blending, coating, and in situ polymerization is also added. Furthermore, the applications of conductive hydrogel in cardiac tissue engineering, nerve tissue engineering, and bone tissue engineering and skin regeneration are discussed in detail.
Two Orders of Magnitude Variation of Diffusion-Enhanced Förster Resonance Energy Transfer in Polypeptide Chains
Authors: Jacob Maik H. , Ghosh Indrajit , D’Souza Roy N. , Nau Werner M.
Published: October 2018

A flexible peptide chain displays structural and dynamic properties that correspond to its folding and biological activity. These properties are mirrored in intrachain site-to-site distances and diffusion coefficients of mutual site-to-site motion. Both distance distribution and diffusion determine the extent of Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between two sites labeled with a FRET donor and acceptor. The relatively large Förster radii of traditional FRET methods (R0 > 20 Å) lead to a fairly low contribution of diffusion. We introduced short-distance FRET (sdFRET) where Dbo, an asparagine residue conjugated to 2,3-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, acts as acceptor paired with donors, such as naphtylalanine (NAla), tryptophan, 5-l-fluorotryptophan, or tyrosine. The Förster radii are always close to 10 Å, which makes sdFRET highly sensitive to diffusional motion. We recently found indications that the FRET enhancement caused by diffusion depends symmetrically on the product of the radiative fluorescence lifetime of the donor and the diffusion coefficient. In this study, we varied this product by two orders of magnitude, using both donors of different lifetime, NAla and FTrp, as well as a varying viscogen concentration, to corroborate this statement. We demonstrate the consequences of this relationship in evaluating the impact of viscogenic coadditives on peptide dimensions.
Biodegradable Gene Carriers Containing Rigid Aromatic Linkage with Enhanced DNA Binding and Cell Uptake
Authors: Zhang Ju-Hui , Yang Hui-Zhen , Zhang Ji , Liu Yan-Hong , He Xi , Xiao Ya-Ping , Yu Xiao-Qi
Published: October 2018

The linking and modification of low molecular weight cationic polymers (oligomers) has become an attracted strategy to construct non-viral gene carriers with good transfection efficiency and much reduced cytotoxicity. In this study, PEI 600 Da was linked by biodegradable bridges containing rigid aromatic rings. The introduction of aromatic rings enhanced the DNA-binding ability of the target polymers and also improved the stability of the formed polymer/DNA complexes. The biodegradable property and resulted DNA release were verified by enzyme stimulated gel electrophoresis experiment. These materials have lower molecular weights compared to PEI 25 kDa, but exhibited higher transfection efficiency, especially in the presence of serum. Flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy results indicate that the polymers with aromatic rings could induce higher cellular uptake. This strategy for the construction of non-viral gene vectors may be applied as an efficient and promising method for gene delivery.
Flame Retardancy of Low-Viscosity Epoxy Resins and Their Carbon Fibre Reinforced Composites via a Combined Solid and Gas Phase Mechanism
Authors: Pomázi Ákos , Szolnoki Beáta , Toldy Andrea
Published: October 2018

Low viscosity, potentially renewable aliphatic epoxy resins, appropriate for processing with injection techniques were flame retarded with the use of resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) (RDP), acting predominantly in the gas phase, ammonium polyphosphate (APP), acting in the solid phase, and their combination. Samples of gradually increasing phosphorus (P) content (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5%) and mixed formulations with 2% P from APP and 2% P from RDP were prepared. The fire retardancy of matrix and carbon fibre reinforced samples was examined by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 tests, and mass loss calorimetry. The thermal stability of the matrices was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, whereas the effect of flame retardants (FRs) on the crosslinking process and glass transition temperature was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry in matrices and by dynamic mechanical analysis in composites. According to the results, although the trifunctional glycerol -based (GER) and the tetrafunctional pentaerythritol-based (PER) epoxy resins have a similar initial LOI and horizontal burning rate, GER has an approximately 1.5 times higher peak of heat release rate (pHRR) than PER. At least 4% P content is necessary to reach a reasonable improvement in fire performance in these resin transfer molding (RTM)-compatible systems and with the same FR-content PER reaches better fire performance. RDP has an early gas phase effect at the beginning of degradation, while later on the solid phase action of APP prevails, although in composites hindered by the reinforcing carbon fibres. In PER composites, the combination of APP and RDP had a synergistic effect, leading to a pHRR of 218 kW/m2 and total heat release of 18.2 MJ/m2.
Nano-Brick Wall Architectures Account for Super Oxygen Barrier PET Film by Quadlayer Assembly of Polyelectrolytes and α-ZrP Nanoplatelets
Authors: Han Dongmei , Luo Yiqing , Ju Qing , Xiao Xujing , Xiao Min , Xiao Naiyu , Chen Shou , Peng Xiaohua , Wang Shuanjin , Meng Yuezhong
Published: October 2018

Nanobrick wall hybrid coating with super oxygen barrier properties were fabricated on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film using a quadlayer (QL) assembly of polyelectrolytes and nanoplateles. A quadlayer assembly consists of three repeat units of polyacrylic acid (PAA), poly (dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride) (PDDA) and layered α-zirconium phosphate (α-ZrP). PDDA with positive charges can assemble alternatively with both α-ZrP and PAA with negative charges to form nanobrick wall architectures on the surface of PET film via the electrostatic interaction. The lamellar structure of α-ZrP platelets and the dense QL assembly coating can greatly reduce the oxygen transmission rate (OTR) of PET film. Compared to pristine PET film, the OTR of PET (QL)19 is reduced from 57 to 0.87 cc/m2/day. Moreover, even with 19 QLs coating, PET (QL)19 composite film is still with an optical transparency higher than 90% and a haze lower than 10%. Therefore, the transparent PET (QL)n composite films with super oxygen barrier properties show great potential application in food packaging and flexible electronic packaging.
Preparation of Crystallites for Oriented Poly(Lactic Acid) Films Using a Casting Method under a Magnetic Field
Authors: Hara Shuta , Watanabe Shuto , Takahashi Kohki , Shimizu Shigeru , Ikake Hiroki
Published: October 2018

Poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) has biocompatibility and unique characteristics such as piezoelectric properties. This attracts attention not only in the environmental field but also in the biomedical and electronic materials fields. In recent years, the literature about orienting PLLA crystals has been promoting new applications for PLLA such as high strength fiberization and piezoelectric properties. This paper presents a new technique to orient the PLLA crystalline through casting under magnetic irradiation. The advantage of this technique is that it is possible to radiate the magnetic field to the PLLA crystalline in an extremely low viscosity environment. Moreover, the heat treatment condition was optimized in order to improve the low crystallinity of casting, and it succeeded in producing a PLLA film with a high degree of orientation and high crystallinity. Furthermore, PLLA/1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dibutylphosphate (bmimjdbp) composite films were prepared under the same conditions, and this also succeeded in the further improvement of crystallinity.
Laser-Textured Rubbers with Carbon Nanotube Fillers
Authors: Siciński Mariusz , Korzeniewska Ewa , Tomczyk Mariusz , Pawlak Ryszard , Bieliński Dariusz , Gozdek Tomasz , Kałuzińska Karolina , Walczak Maria
Published: October 2018

This paper describes a method of laser ablation for improving the hydrophobic properties of vulcanized rubber. The treatment was tested on acrylonitrile rubber (NBR) and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) containing carbon nanotubes and soot as fillers. The surface layer of the vulcanizates was modified using a nanosecond-pulsed laser at 1060 nm wavelength. The parameters of the ablation process were congruent, so no chemical changes in the polymeric material were observed. Evaluation of the surface condition of the laser-textured samples was performed using a Leica MZ6 stereoscopic microscope, operating with MultiScan 8.0 image analysis software. The contact angles were determined for all the samples before and after the surface modification process. Following modification of the surface morphology, with the best parameters of laser ablation, the contact angle increased, reaching 147°, which is very close to the threshold of superhydrophobicity (150°). On the basis of the results from several tests, laser ablation with a fiber-pulsed laser can be considered a very useful method for producing rubbers with superhydrophobic surfaces.
Overcoming the Limits of Flash Nanoprecipitation: Effective Loading of Hydrophilic Drug into Polymeric Nanoparticles with Controlled Structure
Authors: Massella Daniele , Celasco Edvige , Salaün Fabien , Ferri Ada , Barresi Antonello A.
Published: October 2018

Flash nanoprecipitation (FNP) is a widely used technique to prepare particulate carriers based on various polymers, and it was proven to be a promising technology for the industrial production of drug loaded nanoparticles. However, up to now, only its application to hydrophobic compounds has been deeply studied and the encapsulation of some strongly hydrophilic compounds, such as caffeine, remains a challenge. Caffeine loaded poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) nanoparticles were produced in a confined impinging jet mixer using acetone as the solvent and water as the antisolvent. Caffeine was dissolved either in acetone or in water to assess the effects of two different process conditions. Nanoparticles properties were assessed in terms of loading capacity (LC%), encapsulation efficiency (EE%), and in vitro release kinetics. Samples were further characterized by dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photo electron spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy to determine the size, morphology, and structure of nanoparticles. FNP was proved an effective technique for entrapping caffeine in PCL and to control its release behavior. The solvent used to solubilize caffeine influences the final structure of the obtained particles. It was observed that the active principle was preferentially adsorbed at the surface when using acetone, while with water, it was embedded in the matrix structure. The present research highlights the possibility of extending the range of applications of FNP to hydrophilic molecules.
New Approach to Optimize Mechanical Properties of the Immiscible Polypropylene/Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) Blend: Effect of Shish-Kebab and Core-Shell Structure
Authors: Wang Yingxiong , Mi Dashan , Delva Laurens , Cardon Ludwig , Zhang Jie , Ragaert Kim
Published: October 2018

Improving the mechanical properties of immiscible PP/PET blend is of practical significance especially in the recycling process of multi-layered plastic solid waste. In this work, a multi-flow vibration injection molding technology (MFVIM) was hired to convert the crystalline morphology of the PP matrix from spherulite into shish-kebab. POE–g–MA was added as compatibilizer, and results showed that the compatibilization effect consisted in the formation of a core-shell structure by dispersing the POE–g–MA into the PP matrix to encapsulate the PET. It was found that the joint action of shish-kebab crystals and spherical core-shell structure enabled excellent mechanical performance with a balance of strength and toughness for samples containing 10 wt % PET and 4 wt % POE–g–MA, of which the yield strength and impact strengths were 50.87 MPa and 13.71 kJ/m2, respectively. This work demonstrates a new approach to optimize mechanical properties of immiscible PP/PET blends, which is very meaningful for the effective recycling of challenging plastic wastes.