bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distributed Energy Storage Using Residential Hot Water Heaters
Authors: Gelažanskas Linas , Gamage Kelum
Published: February 2016

This paper proposes and analyses a new demand response technique for renewable energy regulation using smart hot water heaters that forecast water consumption at an individual dwelling level. Distributed thermal energy storage has many advantages, including high overall efficiency, use of existing infrastructure and a distributed nature. In addition, the use of a smart thermostatic controller enables the prediction of required water amounts and keeps temperatures at a level that minimises user discomfort while reacting to variations in the electricity network. Three cases are compared in this paper, normal operation, operation with demand response and operation following the proposed demand response mechanism that uses consumption forecasts. The results show that this technique can produce both up and down regulation, as well as increase water heater efficiency. When controlling water heaters without consumption forecast, the users experience discomfort in the form of hot water shortage, but after the full technique is applied, the shortage level drops to nearly the starting point. The amount of regulation power from a single dwelling is also discussed in this paper.
Non-Intensive Care Unit Acquired Pneumonia: A New Clinical Entity?
Authors: Di Pasquale Marta , Aliberti Stefano , Mantero Marco , Bianchini Sonia , Blasi Francesco
Published: February 2016

Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is a frequent cause of nosocomial infections, responsible for great morbidity and mortality worldwide. The majority of studies on HAP have been conducted in patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU), as mechanical ventilation represents a major risk factor for nosocomial pneumonia and specifically for ventilator-associated pneumonia. However, epidemiological data seem to be different between patients acquiring HAP in the ICU vs. general wards, suggesting the importance of identifying non ICU-acquired pneumonia (NIAP) as a clinical distinct entity in terms of both etiology and management. Early detection of NIAP, along with an individualized management, is needed to reduce antibiotic use and side effects, bacterial resistance and mortality. The present article reviews the pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of NIAP.
Global and Regional Variability and Change in Terrestrial Ecosystems Net Primary Production and NDVI: A Model-Data Comparison
Authors: Rafique Rashid , Zhao Fang , De Jong Rogier , Zeng Ning , Asrar Ghassem
Published: February 2016

The net primary productivity (NPP) is commonly used for understanding the dynamics of terrestrial ecosystems and their role in carbon cycle. We used a combination of the most recent NDVI and model-based NPP estimates (from five models of the TRENDY project) for the period 1982–2012, to study the role of terrestrial ecosystems in carbon cycle under the prevailing climate conditions. We found that 80% and 67% of the global land area showed positive NPP and NDVI values, respectively, for this period. The global NPP was estimated to be about 63 Pg C·y−1, with an increase of 0.214 Pg C·y−1·y−1. Similarly, the global mean NDVI was estimated to be 0.33, with an increasing trend of 0.00041 y−1. The spatial patterns of NPP and NDVI demonstrated substantial variability, especially at the regional level, for most part of the globe. However, on temporal scale, both global NPP and NDVI showed a corresponding pattern of increase (decrease) for the duration of this study except for few years (e.g., 1990 and 1995–1998). Generally, the Northern Hemisphere showed stronger NDVI and NPP increasing trends over time compared to the Southern Hemisphere; however, NDVI showed larger trends in Temperate regions while NPP showed larger trends in Boreal regions. Among the five models, the maximum and minimum NPP were produced by JULES (72.4 Pg C·y−1) and LPJ (53.72 Pg C·y−1) models, respectively. At latitudinal level, the NDVI and NPP ranges were ~0.035 y−1 to ~−0.016 y−1 and ~0.10 Pg C·y−1·y−1 to ~−0.047 Pg C·y−1·y−1, respectively. Overall, the results of this study suggest that the modeled NPP generally correspond to the NDVI trends in the temporal dimension. The significant variability in spatial patterns of NPP and NDVI trends points to a need for research to understand the causes of these discrepancies between molded and observed ecosystem dynamics, and the carbon cycle.
Aminomethylnaphthoquinones and HSV-1: in vitro and in silico Evaluations of Potential Antivirals
Authors: de Mello Camilly P Pires , Sardoux Nathália S , Terra Luciana , Amorim Leonardo C , Vargas Maria D , da Silva Gustavo B , Castro Helena C , Giongo Viveca A , Madeira Lucianne F , Paixão Izabel CNP
Published: February 2016

Background

Herpes simplex viruses (HSV) are leading causes of human infections which result in severe manifestations, especially in neonates, immunocompromised and/or transplanted individuals. Current HSV type-1 (HSV-1) resistance to standard antiviral agents is a therapeutic challenge, especially for treating immunocompromised patients.

Methods

Herein we describe the promising antiviral profile of three 2-aminomethyl-3-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinones against HSV-1 using Vero cells.

Results

The in silico theoretical analysis indicated that the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) and the conformational features of these molecules are important structural features for modulating their biological activity. Our in vitro results showed that these compounds have significant anti-HSV-1 activity comparable to acyclovir, the antiviral currently used clinically. Importantly two of them showed a lower cytotoxicity profile against Vero cells than acyclovir. The inhibitory mechanism analysis using a time-of-addition assay revealed that all compounds inhibit the late phase of lytic replication. Finally, the highest selectivity index of the first tested compound was almost twice as high as that of acyclovir.

Conclusions

Since resistance is still a problem for treating HSV infections, these compounds present a promising profile toward the development of new strategies for anti-HSV-1 therapy.
Twitter and Blogs in Social Movements
Authors: Vega Diego Oswaldo Camacho
Published: February 2016

The main propose of this study has been to analyze how Twitter and Blogs became important media to follow Ayotzinapa terror event. This study is based on a descriptive analysis of Twitter and blogs over the Internet, which has been the principal media to cover Ayotzinapa case. For this propose has been necessary a documental analysis of Ayotzinapa case and the use of social media analytic platforms. First, Socialmention was necessary to identify the main keywords related to Ayotzinapa word. Second, Topsy social media analytic platform allowed analysis of trends over Twitter. Last, Meltwater Icerocket analytic platform was used to determine blogging trends over Internet. Keywords analyzed were: Ayotzinapa, Iguala, and Guerrero. Results suggested blogging as an important media for spreading the news event Ayotzinapa. Meanwhile, Twitter has been an important media for turning Ayotzinapa terror incident in a media event where people have joined in activism and protest movements worldwide.
Sociological School of Bucharest's Publications and the Romanian Political Propaganda in the Interwar Period
Authors: Bucur Bogdan
Published: February 2016

This study aims to analyze the ideological orientation of two of the most important interwar Romanian publications endorsed by Academician Dimitrie Gusti and scientifically sanctioned by the Sociological School of Bucharest: Curierul Echipelor Studentesti [Student Teams Courier, issued between 1935 and 1938] and Curierul Serviciului Social [Social Service Courier, issued in 1939]. The two magazines played an important part in strengthening the personality cult of King Carol II (who ruled in Romania between 1930 and 1940) and in legitimizing his regime of monarchical authority, established in February 1938. Moreover, the abovementioned publications were used by the monarchy to support the politico-ideological actions of the Romanian youth enlisted in the mass paramilitary organizations of the time, intended as an alternative to the similar structures of the Legionary Movement (which was experiencing a significant boom in the interwar period). The paramilitary youth organizations of the 1930`s, established under Carol II's regime – mobilizing en masse young people of all ages and levels of education, at first voluntarily and later compulsorily – served as models or precursors for similar structures that would later be set up by the Communist Party, after its accession to power (March 6, 1945 – December 22, 1989) as a result of the Soviet military occupation.
The Last Historic TV Star?
Authors: Evans Martha
Published: February 2016

History and the live broadcasting of ceremonial events have been linked throughout the 20th century. Events in the 21st century, however, especially since 9/11, suggest that the study of “media events” – those mesmerising broadcasts that have the power to historicise events instantly – cannot be limited to pre-planned, hegemonic and celebratory occasions (as was the case with Dayan and Katz's 1992 book Media Events: The Live Broadcasting of History). Instead, it must be extended to include the spontaneous live broadcasting of historical tragedies. More than this, in the early years of the new millennium, critics predicted that non-integrative broadcasts (of terror, war and disaster) would upstage traditional media events. This chapter examines Nelson Mandela's funeral broadcast, and its implications for media events theory. It argues that, contrary to expectations of media events' waning fate, in the age of social media, we should not be too hasty to dismiss audience desire for shared experience and the possibilities of integrative events.
Macrophage Galactose-Type Lectin-1 Deficiency Is Associated with Increased Neutrophilia and Hyperinflammation in Gram-Negative Pneumonia
Authors: Jondle Christopher N. , Sharma Atul , Simonson Tanner J. , Larson Benjamin , Mishra Bibhuti B. , Sharma Jyotika
Published: February 2016

C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), the carbohydrate-recognizing molecules, orchestrate host immune response in homeostasis and in inflammation. In the present study we examined the function of macrophage galactose-type lectin-1 (MGL1), a mammalian CLR, in pneumonic sepsis, a deadly immune disorder frequently associated with a nonresolving hyperinflammation. In a murine model of pneumonic sepsis using pulmonary infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae, the expression of MGL1 was upregulated in the lungs of K. pneumoniae–infected mice, and the deficiency of this CLR in MGL1−/− mice resulted in significantly increased mortality to infection than in the MGL1-sufficient wild-type mice, despite a similar bacterial burden. The phagocytic cells from MGL1−/− mice did not exhibit any defects in bacterial uptake and intracellular killing and were fully competent in neutrophil extracellular trap formation, a recently identified extracellular killing modality of neutrophils. Instead, the increased susceptibility of MGL1−/− mice seemed to correlate with severe lung pathology, indicating that MGL1 is required for resolution of pulmonary inflammation. Indeed, the MGL1−/− mice exhibited a hyperinflammatory response, massive pulmonary neutrophilia, and an increase in neutrophil-associated immune mediators. Concomitantly, MGL1-deficient neutrophils exhibited an increased influx in pneumonic lungs of K. pneumoniae–infected mice. Taken together, these results show a previously undetermined role of MGL1 in controlling neutrophilia during pneumonic infection, thus playing an important role in resolution of inflammation. To our knowledge, this is the first study depicting a protective function of MGL1 in an acute pneumonic bacterial infection.
Interpreting predictive maps of disease: highlighting the pitfalls of distribution models in epidemiology
Authors: Wardrop Nicola A. , Geary Matthew , Osborne Patrick E. , Atkinson Peter M.
Published: February 2016

The application of spatial modelling to epidemiology has increased significantly over the past decade, delivering enhanced understanding of the environmental and climatic factors affecting disease distributions and providing spatially continuous representations of disease risk (predictive maps). These outputs provide significant information for disease control programmes, allowing spatial targeting and tailored interventions. However, several factors (e.g. sampling protocols or temporal disease spread) can influence predictive mapping outputs. This paper proposes a conceptual framework which defines several scenarios and their potential impact on resulting predictive outputs, using simulated data to provide an exemplar. It is vital that researchers recognise these scenarios and their influence on predictive models and their outputs, as a failure to do so may lead to inaccurate interpretation of predictive maps. As long as these considerations are kept in mind, predictive mapping will continue to contribute significantly to epidemiological research and disease control planning.
Do psychological factors help to reduce body mass in obesity or is it vice versa? Selected psychological aspects and effectiveness of the weight-loss program in the obese patients
Authors: Bąk-Sosnowska Monika , Pawlak Adam , Skrzypulec-Plinta Violetta
Published: February 2016

The aim of this study was to assess the strength and direction of the correlation between cognitive appraisal, emotional state, social functioning and the effectiveness of a weight-loss program undertaken by obese subjects. The out-patient weight-loss program encompassed 150 obese women. Assessments were carried out at four time points: at the start of the weight-loss program and then after a 5%, 10% and a 15% reduction of the initial body mass. The research tools used were: a survey, the Situation Appraisal Questionnaire (SAQ), the Emotional State Questionnaire (ESQ), and the Q-Sort Social Functioning Questionnaire. The cognitive appraisal, emotional state and social functioning of the study group changed significantly (P<0.001). Significantly more individuals with a 15% body mass reduction, as compared with individuals with no body mass reduction, had an early obesity onset, i.e. at the age of <10 years old (P<0.001). Significantly more individuals with no body mass reduction, compared with individuals with a 15% reduction, had a later obesity onset, i.e. between the ages of 20 and 30 (P<0.001) and between 50 and 60 (P<0.001). Significantly more individuals with a 15% body mass reduction, compared with individuals with no mass reduction, had previously experienced the jojo effect (P<0.001) and had successfully lost weight (P<0.001). Significantly more individuals with no body mass reduction, compared with individuals with a15% reduction, had a history of unsuccessful attempts at reducing body mass (P<0.001). We conclude that the attitude of obese patients towards a weight-loss program is not a deciding factor for its effectiveness. As body mass reduces, the attitude improves.
Attributes of Entreprenuers at an Arts Festival
Authors: Saayman M , Douglas M , De Klerk S
Published: February 2016

The purpose of this article is to determine the attributes of entrepreneurs at festivals, in this case an arts festival. The reason for choosing an arts festival is that the largest festivals (judged by number of visitors and income generated) hosted in South Africa annually are arts festivals. A literature review revealed that this type of study had not previously been conducted in South Africa. In order to generate proper data, a survey was conducted of all small businesses that were trading at one of South Africa’s largest arts festivals, namely the Aardklop National Arts Festival, held annually in the city of Potchefstroom. 222 useable questionnaires were captured and the data analysis included a factor analysis and descriptive results. The main results reveal that the most important attributes are a need for achievement, being successful, having the necessary organising skills, selfedification, being explorative, and commitment.        
Key words: entrepreneurs, arts festivals, event tourism, South Africa, attributes, Aardklop National Arts Festival
Going green: An SMME perspective
Authors: Viviers Suzette
Published: February 2016

The purpose of this research was to investigate the level of environmental awareness and engagement among local SMME owners/managers. The views of 250 SMME owners/managers in the Nelson Mandela Bay region were obtained by means of a survey questionnaire. The findings indicate that respondents are becoming more aware of the impact of their actions on the natural environment and engage in actions to reduce electricity use, recycle paper and replace hazardous materials. Most respondents, however, view environmental management as costly and consider stricter environmental legislation and enforcement, as well as tax incentives, as effective measures to promote “greener” business practices among South African businesses.

Key words and phrases: Environmental management; environmental legislation; “going green”; SMMEs; environmental tax incentives
Oscillating facets
Authors: Matusik Milena , Rybka Piotr
Published: February 2016

We study a singular one-dimensional parabolic problem with initial data in the
BV
space, i.e. the energy space, for various boundary data. We pay special attention to Dirichlet conditions, which need not be satisfied in a pointwise manner. The equation we study has two singular slopes, so that in principle solutions to the value problems may have an infinite number of oscillations, which seems surprising for a parabolic problem. We investigate this issue. We also study the facet creation process and the stopping of solutions caused by the evolution of facets. Our estimate of stopping time is based on the comparison principle for viscosity solutions. For this purpose we show that our solutions are viscosity solutions in the sense of [10].
Visualisation in Archaeology: Connecting Research and Practice.
Authors: Gibbons Garry
Published: February 2016

Visualisation in Archaeology (www.viarch.org.uk) is a three-year research project funded by English Heritage. Established in December 2007, Visualisation in Archaeology (VIA) has as its principal mission a commitment to providing a forum in which practitioners and researchers can contribute towards a critical (re)assessment of visualising data resulting from archaeological research. This paper will present an overview of the VIA’s research aims and objectives, its methodology, and its proposed future directions.
Mirador basado en la tecnología Realidad Aumentada para su ubicación en yacimientos arqueológicos
Authors: Acién Martínez Fátima , Barrios Aragón Estefanía , Ruiz Aguilar Alberto , Vázquez Fernández-Baca José Luis
Published: February 2016

The purpose of this communication is the introduction to the world of the augmented reality for its use in a practical way for conferring value to archaeological sites. In this way, we make a revision of the most significant researches that have been done in this field. Then, we propose the ViewPoint based on the Augmented or Mixed Reality technology: a specific solution for its location in strategic places on archaeological sites. Finally, we conclude showing the added value and advantages that this system provides to the field of archaeology.
Laserscanning e 3D Modelling nell’archeologia urbana: lo scavo della chiesa di Sant’Agata al Carcere a Catania (Italia)
Authors: Arcifa L. , Cali D. , Patanè A. , Stanco F. , Tanasi D. , Truppia L.
Published: February 2016

Urban archaeology undoubtedly represents the most problematic branch of archaeological research, due to the many problems of conservation and promotion of the evidence. A significant example is presented by the excavations carried out by the Superintendency for Cultural Goods of Catania in the church of “Sant’Agata al Carcere”, located in the heart of down town Catania. The most important discovery of the archaeological campaign was part of a ruined archaic wall in polygonal technique, located in the western side of the sacristy of the “Sant’Agata al Carcere” church. Furthermore, a late hellenistic votive deposit located within a pit, contained two small jars and a lidded stamnos, was discovered between the stones of the fallen wall. The excavations were performed during the restoration of the church. After the restoration, due to the special function of the building, it was necessary to quickly re-open the churches, thereby hiding the archaeological monuments from public view. In this perspective, a virtual museum project was implemented by an equipe of archaeologists and information technologists of the Archeomatica Project of Catania University, in order to display the important discoveries from the sacristy, which were covered up by the re-location of the floor in situ, applying both laser-scanner and 3D modelling techniques.
Patrimonio histórico y metaversos. Estudio de caso de la recreación interactiva de la Torre de Hércules en Second Life.
Authors: Barneche Naya Viviana , Hernández Ibáñez Luis A. , Torrente Torrente Belén
Published: February 2016

Metaverses, those virtual worlds online where users can create content, have a potential that covers very diverse fields such as culture, science, education and cultural heritage. It goes beyond acting as a generator of human connections and a host of social activities, opening the possibility of sharing the same living experience in a "virtual physical place". This paper describes the experience of the authors in the interactive virtual reconstruction of the emblematic Torre de Hercules of A Coruña in Second Life, made for educational purposes, focusing on the problems encountered and the technical solutions used for its realization.
Aplicaciones infográficas en yacimientos neolíticos y calcolíticos: Huecas (Toledo)
Authors: Benítez de Lugo Enrich Luis , Gómez Merino José Luis , Bueno Ramírez Primitiva , Barroso Bermejo Rosa , De Balbín Behrmann Rodrigo
Published: February 2016

Archaeological researches developed by the University of Alcalá de Henares in Huecas (Toledo) have provided interesting conclusions about the population sequence and socioeconomic transformations in the inner zone of Iberian Peninsula during Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods. Burial mounds, artificial caves and spectaculars archaeological materials have been recupered in succesive seasons of excavation. The construction of a collector and a puryfing plant for the village of Huecas allowed the intensification of the investigations and the drawing of several pictures to present some relevant archaeological data. This paper shows the 3D interpretation of some archaeological data from Huecas.
Uso de escáner láser 3D para el registro del estado previo a la intervención de la Fuente de los Leones de La Alhambra
Authors: Cano Pedro , Lamolda Francisco , Torres Juan Carlos , Villafranca Mª del Mar
Published: February 2016

In the process of restoration and conservation of cultural heritage it’s necessary to use all available techniques that can contribute to a suitable knowledge of the process. In this paper we present the use of the 3D laser scanner for documenting the state of the Fuente de los Leones of the Alhambra, previous to the interventions of restoration that are being carried out at the moment. First, we present the classic techniques used for the graphical registry of the activities, describing how they have been used until now. Then, we describes the new process implanted with the use of the laser scanner, and show some results obtained. Finally, we describe some of the applications for which we plan to use the obtained models.
A funcionalização como tendência evolutiva do direito internacional e sua contribuição ao regime legal do banco de dados genéticos no Brasil
Authors: Suxberger Antonio Henrique Graciano
Published: February 2016

O presente artigo analisa as tendências evolutivas de funcionalização e humanização do Direito Internacional Público. Menciona a relevância da compreensão dada pelas instâncias e organizações do Direito Internacional para a adequada compreensão de temas da legislação pátria que se referem a garantias cuja positivação interna dá-se de modo idêntico ou assemelhado ao estabelecido em Convenções internacionais. Como exemplo da relevância da funcionalização do Direito Internacional, aborda-se o tratamento legislativo dado pelo Brasil à coleta de material biológico para identificação do perfil genético, a fim de demonstrar que a compreensão das inovações legislativas observou estritamente às orientações emanadas, dentre outras fontes, da Corte Europeia de Direitos Humanos. O estudo observa revisão bibliográfica e documental da doutrina pátria sobre o tema e se vale de julgados das Cortes internacionais para concluir pela compatibilidade da Lei 12.654, de 2012, com a Constituição brasileira e também com as Convenções de Direitos Humanos sobre o tema. A importância do trabalho reside no fato de que, de modo geral, a doutrina brasileira tem sustentado a inconstitucionalidade da previsão legislativa de coleta de material para perfil genético, desconsiderando, assim, o importante papel do Direito Internacional para a construção de soluções interpretativas aos problemas do direito interno.
Por uma teoria jurídica da integração regional: a inter-relação direito interno, direito internacional público e direito da integração
Authors: Bergamaschine Jamile , Jaeger Júnior Augusto
Published: February 2016

As relações derivadas do processo de integração regional serão analisadas no presente artigo a partir da necessidade de formular uma teoria jurídica própria que possa explicar o fenômeno da integração do ponto de vista de método, objeto e fontes próprios. Neste sentido, o objetivo do presente trabalho será investigar em que medida pode-se determinar a existência de um método específico, de fontes próprias e autônomas, de um objeto pré-determinado e de destinatários também singulares que possibilitem verificar a construção e o desenvolvimento de uma teoria jurídica diferenciada dos parâmetros já estabelecidos pelo direito internacional de corte clássico, dado que a análise da integração regional não pode se subjugar aos postulados de um Direito que não explica adequadamente essas novas conformações e blocos. A metodologia utilizada ancorou-se, principalmente, no método indutivo, já que este estudo parte do exame das premissas necessárias para formular uma teoria jurídica da integração fundada na defesa de uma autonomia que o tema merece receber. Conclui-se que o direito da integração utiliza-se dos métodos tradicionais de estudo e pesquisa, bem como de interpretação, ainda que sua aplicação se configure de forma diferenciada dada a existência de fontes próprias e autônomas. O objeto próprio como elemento da teoria vinculada à presença dos atores estatais também pode ser verificado, especialmente quando analisamos a nova roupagem assumida pelos elementos constitutivos do Estado, a partir das modificações trazidas pela integração regional.
Os fundos abutres: meros participantes do cenário internacional ou sujeitos perante o direito internacional?
Authors: Schmitt Guilherme Berger
Published: February 2016

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a atuação dos chamados fundos “abutres” no cenário internacional, nomeadamente no âmbito das dívidas soberanas, perquirindo, com isso, a caracterização jurídica desses fundos perante o direito internacional público. Para tanto, primeiro apresentamos uma definição desses atores específicos, caracterizando-os a partir da sua atuação na seara internacional. Em seguida, analisamos a evolução dos institutos econômicos e jurídicos que hoje permitem o modo de operação dos fundos abutres, alinhavando breves explicações acerca da imunidade jurisdicional dos Estados e da titularização dos créditos das dívidas soberanas. Após a sua caracterização e a explicação do seu contexto de atuação, passamos à análise do papel exercido por estes fundos no âmbito internacional, demonstrando o seu papel de reguladores do mercado das dos créditos das dívidas soberanas. Finalmente discutimos a possibilidade da atribuição da personalidade jurídica desses atores perante o direito internacional público. Concluímos que que o ingresso destes fundos no âmbito das dívidas soberanas resultou diretamente dos “incentivos” jurídico-econômicos presentes na época do seu ingresso no cenário internacional, permitindo o seu modo de operação atualmente empregado. Também é possível concluir que que os fundos “abutres” podem ter, com algumas ressalvas, um papel positivo no âmbito das dívidas soberanas e, consequentemente, a possibilidade de ter a si atribuída a característica de direitos de sujeito internacional, embasando as novas teorias da quebra de paradigmas do direito internacional público atual.
Convencionalização do direito civil – a aplicação dos tratados e convenções internacionais no âmbito das relações privadas
Authors: Perazo Nunes de Carvalho Alexander
Published: February 2016

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a aplicação dos tratados e convenções internacionais no âmbito das relações de Direito Civil. Sabe-se que o artigo 5º, § 3º, da Constituição Federal de 1988, acrescentado pela Emenda Constitucional nº 45/04, passou a disciplinar que os tratados e convenções internacionais sobre direitos humanos que forem aprovados, em cada Casa do Congresso Nacional, em dois turnos, por três quintos dos votos dos respectivos membros, searão equivalentes às Emendas Constitucionais. Por outro lado, o Supremo Tribunal Federal já entendeu que os tratados e convenções internacionais sobre direitos humanos, não submetidos às formalidades constitucionais suso mencionadas, têm eficácia supralegal, situados, portanto, em uma posição imaginária entre a Constituição Federal e as leis infraconstitucionais. Não por outra razão, as normas de Direito Civil devem se submeter, além do indispensável controle de constitucionalidade, também a um controle de convencionalidade, em relação a tratados e convenções que versam sobre direitos humanos. No presente artigo, inicialmente, apresenta-se um breve panorama sobre a constitucionalização do Direito Civil e a nova hermenêutica das relações privadas. Em seguida, e por conta desse viés constitucional, analisa-se o fenômeno da horizontalização dos direitos fundamentais, com a aplicação direta dos direitos fundamentais às relações privadas, embora sem descurar de especificidade do Direito Civil. Como conclusão, analisa-se a aplicação dos tratados e convenções internacionais no âmbito das relações privadas, compreendendo o fenômeno da convencionalização do Direito Civil, , inclusive diante da redação do artigo 13 do novo Código de Processo Civil – Lei nº 13.105, de 16 de março de 2015.
Towards understanding the variability in biospheric CO2 fluxes: using FTIR spectrometry and a chemical transport model to investigate the sources and sinks of carbonyl sulfide and its link to CO2
Authors: Wang Yuting , Deutscher Nicholas M. , Palm Mathias , Warneke Thorsten , Notholt Justus , Baker Ian , Berry Joe , Suntharalingam Parvadha , Jones Nicholas , Mahieu Emmanuel , Lejeune Bernard , Hannigan James , Conway Stephanie , Mendonca Joseph , Strong Kimberly , Campbell J. Elliott , Wolf Adam , Kremser Stefanie
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Understanding carbon dioxide (CO2) biospheric processes is of great importance because the terrestrial exchange drives the seasonal and interannual variability of CO2 in the atmosphere. Atmospheric inversions based on CO2 concentration measurements alone can only determine net biosphere fluxes, but not differentiate between photosynthesis (uptake) and respiration (production). Carbonyl sulfide (OCS) could provide an important additional constraint: it is also taken up by plants during photosynthesis but not emitted during respiration, and therefore is a potential means to differentiate between these processes. Solar absorption Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectrometry allows for the retrievals of the atmospheric concentrations of both CO2 and OCS from measured solar absorption spectra. Here, we investigate co-located and quasi-simultaneous FTIR measurements of OCS and CO2 performed at five selected sites located in the Northern Hemisphere. These measurements are compared to simulations of OCS and CO2 using a chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem). The coupled biospheric fluxes of OCS and CO2 from the simple biosphere model (SiB) are used in the study. The CO2 simulation with SiB fluxes agrees with the measurements well, while the OCS simulation reproduced a weaker drawdown than FTIR measurements at selected sites, and a smaller latitudinal gradient in the Northern Hemisphere during growing season when comparing with HIPPO (HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations) data spanning both hemispheres. An offset in the timing of the seasonal cycle minimum between SiB simulation and measurements is also seen. Using OCS as a photosynthesis proxy can help to understand how the biospheric processes are reproduced in models and to further understand the carbon cycle in the real world.
Robotic observations of high wintertime carbon export in California coastal waters
Authors: Bishop J. K. B. , Fong M. B. , Wood T. J.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Biologically mediated particulate organic and inorganic carbon (POC and PIC) export from surface waters is the principal determinant of the vertical oceanic distribution of pH and dissolved inorganic carbon and thus sets the conditions for air sea exchange of CO2; exported organic matter also provides the energy fuelling communities in the mesopelagic zone. However, observations are temporally and spatially sparse. Here we report first hourly-resolved optically-quantified POC and PIC sedimentation rate time series from autonomous Lagrangian Carbon Flux Explorers (CFEs), which monitor particle flux using imaging at depths below 140 m in the Santa Cruz Basin, CA in May 2012, and in January and March 2013. Highest POC vertical flux (~100–240 mmol C m−2 d−1) occurred in January, when most settling material was mm to cm-sized aggregates, but when surface biomass was low; fluxes were ~18 and 6 mmol C m−2 d−1, respectively in March and May, under high surface biomass conditions. An unexpected discovery was that January 2013 fluxes measured by CFE were 20 times higher than simultaneously deployed surface-tethered sediment traps and which multiple lines of evidence indicate strong under sampling of aggregates larger than 1 mm. Furthermore, the Jan 2013 CFE fluxes were about 10 times higher compared to highest previous nearby multi year sediment trap observations. The strength of carbon export in biologically dynamic California coastal waters is likely underestimated by a factor of between 3 and 20.
Mapping and Assessing Variability in the Antarctic Marginal Ice Zone, the Pack Ice and Coastal Polynyas
Authors: Stroeve Julienne C. , Jenouvrier Stephanie , Campbell G. Garrett , Barbraud Christophe , Delord Karine
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Sea ice variability within the marginal ice zone (MIZ) and polynyas plays an important role for phytoplankton productivity and krill abundance. Therefore mapping their spatial extent, seasonal and interannual variability is essential for understanding how current and future changes in these biological active regions may impact the Antarctic marine ecosystem. Knowledge of the distribution of different ice types to the total Antarctic sea ice cover may also help to shed light on the factors contributing towards recent expansion of the Antarctic ice cover in some regions and contraction in others. The long-term passive microwave satellite data record provides the longest and most consistent data record for assessing different ice types. However, estimates of the amount of MIZ, consolidated pack ice and polynyas depends strongly on what sea ice algorithm is used. This study uses two popular passive microwave sea ice algorithms, the NASA Team and Bootstrap to evaluate the distribution and variability in the MIZ, the consolidated pack ice and coastal polynyas. Results reveal the NASA Team algorithm has on average twice the MIZ and half the consolidated pack ice area as the Bootstrap algorithm. Polynya area is also larger in the NASA Team algorithm, and the timing of maximum polynya area may differ by as much as 5 months between algorithms. These differences lead to different relationships between sea ice characteristics and biological processes, as illustrated here with the breeding success of an Antarctic seabird.
Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia) (I.C.J.)
Authors: Van Den Herik Larissa
Published: February 2016

On February 3, 2015, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) rendered judgment in the case between Croatia and Serbia.1 Croatia had instituted proceedings on July 2, 1999 and claimed that during the armed conflict which erupted in 1991, Serbia had violated the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Genocide Convention). In its counter-claim, Serbia alleged that rather Croatia had violated the Convention, particularly during Operation Storm in 1995. This Serbian counter-claim was unanimously rejected. Croatia’s claim was also rejected, but with Judge Cançado Trindade and Judge ad hoc Vukas dissenting. The most vigorous disagreement between the judges did not concern the merits though, but rather focused on one remaining jurisdictional issue.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 2206 on Targeted Sanctions in South Sudan
Authors: Beny Laura Nyantung
Published: February 2016

In December 2013, civil conflict erupted between the Government of the Republic of South Sudan and opposition forces due to political infighting among the country’s political and military elites. On March 3, 2015, the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) adopted Resolution 2206 pursuant to its powers under Article 41 of Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations. Resolution 2206 provides for targeted sanctions against specific individuals and entities deemed “responsible for or complicit in, or [as] having engaged in, directly or indirectly, actions or policies that threaten the peace, security or stability of South Sudan.” The stated purpose of the targeted sanctions, which consist of a travel ban and asset freeze for designated individuals and entities, is to “support the search for an inclusive and sustainable peace in South Sudan.”
The Economic Impact of the Suitcase Trade on Foreign Trade: A Regional Analysis of the Laleli Market
Authors: Aydin Kenan , Oztig Lacin Idil , Bulut Emrah
Published: February 2016

Previous studies have analyzed the suitcase trade from global, state-centric and local perspectives. While the first two categories of studies analyzed the economic impacts of the suitcase trade from global and state-centric perspectives, other studies analyzed the cultural implications of the suitcase trade. This is the first systematic study to analyze the economic impact of the emergence, increase and decrease of the suitcase trade on suitcase traders. Specifically, this study analyzes the dynamics of the suitcase trade between Turkey, the Russian Federation, the former Soviet Republics on foreign trade. Individuals from different sectors (wholesalers, retailers and manufacturers) constitute the target group of this study. Surveys and focus group interviews serve as our data. The data covers the period from 1990 to 2013. Surveys were completed by 257 people from firms which participated in the suitcase trade in the Laleli market-Turkish market place for the suitcase trade. Focus group interviews were conducted with 16 people in a conversational style. This exploratory study contributes to the body of empirical evidence by analyzing the changing dynamics of the suitcase trade. The study concludes with policy proposals to tackle local, regional and global challenges of the suitcase trade.
Interorganizational Cost Management Study on Inhibitor
Authors: Farias Rafael Araújo Sousa
Published: February 2016

Strategic cost management in supply chains is not a new concept. Coordinated actions between companies of the same chain, in order to reduce costs and end consumer price, offer opportunities for improved results. Interorganizational Cost Management (IOCM) is a structured approach with a broad vision, beyond the borders of the organization, which aims to reduce costs at the internal and external levels. Indeed, cost management is a complex issue that permeates all areas of the organization and may pose a number of difficulties to be implemented and sustained. Thus, this work has the overall goal of identifying, in the literature, the factors and conditions that inhibit the applicability of the Interorganizational Cost Management approach. To achieve these goals, an analysis was made of 35 academic research studies available in the literature that reported the difficulties faced by companies in cooperative cost management. The analysis of the studies showed the perceptions of different companies, and described the difficulties they face; therefore, the present research is qualitative and exploratory. Factors that inhibit IOMC were grouped into: (i) corporate strategy; (ii) integration of companies; (iii) people; (iv) intra- and interorganizational processes; (v) corporate training and education; (vi) disputes between companies; and (vii) lack of trust between companies.
Adapting to Financially Challenging Times
Authors: Crea Joseph F. , Beckley Thomas A.
Published: February 2016

Over the past decade, rehabilitation and replacement of water utility infrastructure have taken a back seat in the capital plans of US water utilities. Sanitary and combined sewer overflows, water resource planning, and nutrient removal are just a few of the items that dominate the top spots on our capital to‐do lists. As we wrestle to fund our growing capital needs, we are also pressed to control overall costs and keep customer rates low, which has become increasingly difficult in the face of declining per capita water sales. The inevitable result is a looming water infrastructure emergency – assets at or near the end of their useful lives, under‐funded asset management programs, and an unaware public that takes safe, reliable drinking water for granted.
The Towering Legacy of Water Hammer in St. Louis
Authors: Baldera Patrick M.
Published: February 2016

In the late 1800s in St. Louis, Mo., three massive standpipes and towers were erected to prevent pump damage and reduce main breaks. These towers became cherished monuments of the community and represent the ever‐present struggles of water professionals throughout time.
A Tool Perspective on Design of Interactive Computer Support for Skilled Workers
Authors: Ehn Pelle , Kyng Morten
Published: February 2016

This paper presents a conceptual framework, useful when designing computer support for skilled workers. We call this framework a tool perspective. It has emerged as a result of a growing dissatisfaction with the systems perspective, which tends to give an outwardly understanding, making men, machines and materials look alike and reducing work to algorithmic procedures, some of them candidates for inclusion into the edp programs.

The tool perspective takes the labour process as its origin rather than data or information flow, emphasising the development of tools to be used with skill by workers in control of the production. Development of professional education is in focus, rather than detailed analysis and description of the work.
A Feeling for Systems Development Work: - Design of the ROSA Project
Authors: Bødker Susanne , Greenbaum Joan
Published: February 2016

This article is based on the design of a research project that will look at intuition, learning processes, language and roles in the development of computer systems. The research project, called ROSA (a Danish acronym for Roles and Cooperation in Systems Development) grew out of our interest in the informal working practices among systems developers, because it is these informal working relationships that are most often overlooked in research about computer science methods and tools.

The project applies a gender perspective to look at the informal work relations of systems developers. The concept of a gender perspective means that we do not intend to look for, or prove, the existence of differences between men and women, but rather to use gender awareness to ''listen to'' and get a ''feeling for'' how systems developers work together. Our research methods are interdisciplinary and based on action-oriented, participatory methods that help system developers reflect on their own working practices.
DI-Domains as Information Systems*
Authors: Zhang Guo Qiang
Published: February 2016

This paper introduces stable information systems. Stable information systems determine DI-domains and stable approximable mappings give stable functions, and vice versa. The notation of rigid embedding is captured by a subsystem relation. Under this relation, stable information systems form a cpo. Constructions like lifting, sum, product and function space are proposed which induce continuous functions on the cpo. In this way recursive stable information systems can be defined using fixed point theory
A Denotational Semantics af Inheritance and its Correctness
Authors: Cook William , Palsberg Jens
Published: February 2016

This paper presents a denotational model of inheritance. The model is based on an inituitive motivation of the purpose of inheritance. The correctness of the model is demonstrated by proving it equivalent to an operational semantics of inheritance based upon the methodlookup algorithm of object-oriented languages. Although it was originally developed to explain inheritance in object-oriented languages, the model shows that in heritance is a general mechanism that may be applied to any form of recursive definition.
Petri Nets as Models of Linear Logic
Authors: Engberg Uffe , Winskel Glynn
Published: February 2016

The chief purpose of this paper is to appraise the feasibility of Girad's linear logic as a specification language for parallel processes. To this end we propose an interpretation of linear logic in Petri nets, with respect to which we investigate the expressive power of the logic.
Theoretical Aspects of Semantics-Based Language Implementation
Authors: Nielson Flemming
Published: February 2016

The research summarised here concerns theoretical aspects involved in the implementation of programming languages directly from a description of their semantics. This involves a study of the subtasks  abstract interpretation (a framework for program analysis),  code generation and  program transformation and the main aim has been to ensure the  correctness of these subtasks.
The Complexity of Malign Ensembles
Authors: Miltersen Peter Bro
Published: February 2016

We analyze the concept of  malignness, which is the property of probability ensembles of making the average case running time equal to the worst case running time for a class of algorithms. We derive lower and upper bounds on the complexity of malign ensembles, which are tight for exponential time algorithms, and which show that no polynomial time computable malign ensemble exists for the class of superlinear algorithms. Furthermore, we show that for no class of superlinear algorithms a polynomial time computable malign ensemble exists, unless every language in P has an expected polynomial time constructor.