bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The pathogen, clinical overview and influence of depression
Authors: Xie Wenjing
Published: December 2023

Depression is a mental health disorder that affects a significant portion of the global population. At the same time, the influence of depression on a person's physical and mental health is well established and studying the impact of depression on the outcome of a pathogen can lead to improved healthcare outcomes for individuals suffering from both. So, this article focuses on the pathogen, clinical overview and influence which mainly gathers information from different aspects to give a summary of areas of depression based on the data and results from recent studies. The research results indicate that depression is a complex disease that encompasses different causes, including genetic and biological factors. The recurrence of depression is a common phenomenon, and people with a history of depression should be more cautious, although drugs targeting recurrence have emerged. When early warning signals are detected, patients need to take action to prevent them.
From RNA world to RNA-peptide world: A review
Authors: Zheng Handi
Published: December 2023

How life starts from small molecules to RNAs and further to modern life is an unanswered question. Cyanosulfitic chemistry established the synthesis of building blocks, including 12 proteinogenic amino acids, 4 ribo- and deoxyribo-nucleosides, and phospholipids, from hydrogen cyanide and hydrogen sulfite under prebiotically plausible conditions. Later on, the non-enzymatic monomer extension of nucleotides provided a plausible pathway from mononucleotides to RNAs giving rise to the RNA world. RNA is one of the key components for the origin of life, firstly, the sequence information can be heritage by template copying reaction. Secondly, RNA is able to fold into a secondary structure which has the capability to catalyze chemical reactions. The RNA world scenario has perfectly overcome the chicken-egg problem, but it still cannot explain why peptides are involved in modern life. Most recently, with the establishment of the reaction between RNA and peptides, the trajectory to the RNA-peptide world theory has opened up a new era of the origin of life research. Here I will discuss the current results relevant to the RNA world to RNA-peptide world theory.
Vaccines for prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infection
Authors: Yu Lingjie
Published: December 2023

Respiratory syncytial virus is a virus that causes infections in lower respiratory tract among infants aged under 5 years old, older adults aged above 65 years old and populations with other potential complications. Some susceptible populations to RSV may develop pneumonia and bronchiolitis. The mechanism of RSV virus transmission is through air droplets. The burden of hospitalization causes by the infection of RSV is severe and episodic, with the prevalence mainly concentrated in winter periods. The development of vaccines against RSV virus statutes in the early 1960s, but was paused and halted due to the failure of formalin inactivated vaccine. The current study first reviewed the prevalence, structure, mechanism and development history of RSV and its vaccines, following which the present work focus on a summary of the results of clinical trials of vaccines against RSV on different groups of populations, especially those with special condition, such as older adult and pregnant women.
An overview of various benefits of exercises other than weight control in obese adolescents
Authors: Su Ruoqi
Published: December 2023

Obesity, with its increasing prevalence in adolescents, needs to be addressed with greater attention. As an effective measure to alleviate metabolic symptoms, physical activity and exercise have been widely studied in various studies, including different kinds of exercises. To study the benefits of exercise in various ways on obese adolescents, this literature review summarizes and discusses a few journals that test the effects of various exercises with the elimination of diet interventions. With the use of search engines like EBSCO, PubMed, Lancent, etc., several related research articles were selected with the key words adolescent obesity, physical activity, and exercise. In conclusion, though there is still uncertainty about the minimum effective amount and specific types of exercise that are most beneficial, as well as the underlying mechanisms, research shows exercise is beneficial for overweight youth, though limitations in sample diversity may limit the validity of some studies. Future research should continue to explore effective exercise training for obese adolescents.
Natural product target on HIF inhibition
Authors: Wang Xinrui
Published: December 2023

Lack of oxygen limits the growth of healthy cells. Surprisingly, however, 90% of solid tumors exhibit hypoxia, and this property of hypoxia is directly linked to tumor proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, energy consumption, the emergence of treatment resistance in cancer, and a worse prognosis for patients. However, as a tumor grows and oxygen levels drop, a gene called hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF1) is activated. Through its function as a transcriptional regulator, HIF1 reduces or even completely shuts down oxygen consumption processes in mitochondria, particularly oxidative phosphorylation, making glycolysis the primary source of energy for cancer cells. Given the link between cancer cells and HIF1, HIF1 is expected to be an effective pharmacological target for cancer therapy. This paper tends to introduce several inhibitors according to the characteristics of HIF1, which will provide a new idea for cancer treatment.
The pathology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and relevant treatments
Authors: Wang Meicheng
Published: December 2023

The prevalence rates of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) continue to rise globally making it an urgent health concern warranting comprehensive examination closely scrutinizing pathophysiology causes symptoms management techniques as well as anticipated methods addressing how best to prevent or cure resulting complications. We know that T2DM is characterized by defective insulin secretion and tissues not responding adequately to treatment- a condition exclusively termed Insulin Resistance - which could influence both genetic predisposition or environmental factors like obesity or sedentary lifestyles. Increased morbidity indicators ranging from myocardial infarction peripheral vascular disease and stroke alike make timely diagnosis imperative. Lifestyle modifications offer optimal intervention possibilities for both preventing onset or long-standing concerns. A concentration on bolstering insulin sensitivity while halting progressive pancreatic cell failure that common among T2DM patients is to enhance comprehensive and effective treatment plans. From the diversity of T2DM established in terms of its symptoms points to the need for targeted preventive procedures designed towards reducing cases in the future.
Comparison of neurodermatitis management based on effectiveness and safety
Authors: Li Summer Xia Tian
Published: December 2023

Neurodermatitis, also known as atopic dermatitis or atopic eczema is the long-term inflammation in the skin. There are many different kinds of therapies without clear conclusions and recommendations as to which therapy is the most effective and safest. This paper aims to compare the effectiveness and safety of four commonly used therapies: steroid therapy, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), Phototherapy, and habit reversal. The methodology used was through gathering/searching papers with keywords such as, neurodermatitis management, atopic dermatitis, habit reversal, steroid therapy, and comparing the effectiveness and safety of the varying therapies. The results showed us that studies concerning the different therapies should be explored and more therapies need data for us to come to a clear recommendation.
Application of brain computer interface in rehabilitation medicine
Authors: Yuan ChenZhan
Published: December 2023

The definition of a brain-computer interface can be thought of as a brain version of a computer, making our brains more digital. Brain computer interface involved fields artificial intelligence, rehabilitation and bioengineering, and it is of great significance to promote the development of rehabilitation medicine. This essay introduces the working principle of brain computer interface. Some key techniques of BCI design are discussed from the aspects of system design, data acquisition method and processing. Finally, some major problems and future development trends are pointed out.
Research on the symptoms, causes, and available treatments of narcolepsy
Authors: Mao Hanjun
Published: December 2023

The classic tetrad of hypnagogic hallucinations, cataplexy (sudden bilateral loss of muscle tone), excessive daytime sleepiness, and sleep paralysis characterizes narcolepsy, a chronic sleep disorder. Narcolepsy affects 0.05 percent of the population. It lowers the quality of life for those who have it and can prevent them from engaging in certain occupations and pastimes. Therefore, this paper focuses on the symptoms, causes, and available treatments of narcolepsy. Through literature reading and analysis, it can be concluded that narcolepsy with cataplexy is caused by disruptions in signals within the central nervous system and a lack of hypocretins. There is currently no known cure for narcolepsy, and medication along with lifestyle modifications is the basis of therapy. Moreover, several innovative therapies are being created and tested.
Bacteria in the cancer therapy
Authors: Miao Ningxiang
Published: December 2023

Human has been fighting with cancer for 130 years since the first tumor radical surgery in 1884. During this 130 years of cancer treatment history, there has developed mainly 4 types of treatment, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery and immunotherapy. .However all of these treatment have their own side-effect, including the harm to normal cells, high cost, long developing time. And traditional cancer treatment are often failed to eliminate all the tumor tissue so few patients can be cure completely. Developing an effective cancer treatment is still a challenge. Luckily, a special approach is developing rapidly which is called bacteriotherapy. It can be combined with traditional treatment like chemotherapy and immunotherapy, use bacteria as a vector to deliver the drug or tumor suppressing gene to the tumor. In this way, the effect of harming normal cells can be reduce and the accuracy of attacking tumor can be improved. There are also tumor-specific bacteria found living in tumor which can be effective in cancer treatment. How to use bacteria well in cancer treatment is remain a challenge. This article reviewed the advantages of using bacteria for cancer treatment and the mechanism of bacteria in cancer treatment, giving example of the use of intestinal bacteria, involving the challenge and future of bacteriotherapy.
Exploring the cooperation between rehabilitation medicine and CAR-T cell therapy for enhanced cancer treatment
Authors: Zhao Boyuan
Published: December 2023

The most common cause of death worldwide is cancer, and the sophisticated and aggressive medications used to treat it can have serious side effects and limitations. Immunotherapy known as chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy has become a viable treatment option for some cancers, notably hematologic malignancies. However, it is linked to a number of adverse effects that may have a detrimental influence on patients' quality of life and access to care. Because it focuses on recovering patients' functional abilities and enhancing their quality of life rehabilitation medicine is essential to the treatment of cancer. This literature review aims to explore the cooperation between them to achieve better cancer treatment outcomes. This literature review will analyze and evaluate the literature on side effects of CAR-T Cell Therapy, the role of rehabilitation medicine in cancer treatment, and the rationale behind combining these two approaches for improved cancer treatment.
Review of the detection of metal ions using fluorescent probes
Authors: Xu Yixing
Published: December 2023

Metal ions, essential for numerous physiological functions of the human body require accurate monitoring in order to gain precise knowledge of the health status of people. As fluorescent probes advances, the level of metal ions can be measured with high selectivity and sensitivity. Allowing the homeostasis of numerous metal ions to be maintained easily. Fluorescent probes are a hot area of research, providing a prospective tool for the detection of metal ions and to provide critical statistics in maintaining the homeostasis of the human body. This article introduces several fluorescent probes on the detection of both essential and toxic metal ions. It gives a review about the recent development in the detection of metal ions using fluorescent probes. This article explains the mechanism of recognition of each fluorescent probe and summarizes the results obtained from experiments. Outlining the advantages and shortcomings of each fluorescent probe. It includes novel fluorescent probes based on uncommon mechanisms.
Synapse formation and plasticity by cell adhesion molecules cadherin and nectin
Authors: Xiao Zhongyang
Published: December 2023

Synapses are sticky structures that physically connect neurons to one another as well as locations of cell-to-cell communication generated between the axons and dendrites of neurons. Synapse formation is hypothesized to be facilitated by a number of molecular processes, including cadherins and nectins. Calcium is necessary for the cadherin cell adhesion molecule. It has been shown that cadherins and catenins localize between axons and dendrites in neurons from the earliest stages of synaptogenesis. Cadherins affect how synapses form and change throughout time. In addition to cadherins, nectins are known to contribute to the construction and upkeep of intercellular adhesions. The brain expresses nectin-1,2 and 3. Here, the author reviews the specific effects of N-cadherin deletion on synapses and its relationship to diseases. Additionally, it has been discovered that nectin-1 and 3 play physiological roles in the development of synapses, alteration of mossy fibers' travel patterns, inter-neurite affinity, acquisition of contextual fear memory, and stress-related mental diseases. Nectin-2 has critical roles in the establishment of synapses as well as the homeostasis of astrocytes and neurons in the particular areas of the brain where it is generated. Additionally, a human NECTIN2 gene variant has been associated with Alzheimer's disease.
Role of neural oscillations modulating long term potentiation to Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Liu Yutong
Published: December 2023

Neural oscillations are key in forming long-term memory. Theta and gamma oscillations have particularly gained substantial interest over the year for their involvement in memory formation. Theta-Gamma Coupling (TGC) has proven to be critical in memory formation processes. However, the relationship between neural oscillations and molecular synaptic mechanisms, including Long Term Potentiation (LTP) and Long-Term Depression (LTD) has yet to be fully understood. Furthermore, the modulation of neural oscillations has emerged as a novel way of treating Alzheimers Disease (AD) and Mild Cognitive Impairments (MCI). Various methods have been exploited, including optogenetics and Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS). While offering promising results including enhanced memory performance and restored brain oscillations, such modulations applicability to clinical trials in human and potential side effects are still in doubt. In this review, we elucidated on the link between LTP and oscillations, assessed the various neuromodulation techniques introduced by recent studies and also provided insights into future research directions to optimize these present methods of neural modulation.
Exploring the mechanisms of cellular signal transduction pathways and their implications for diseases
Authors: Zhang Yiming
Published: December 2023

Communication between cells and their environment is facilitated by cellular signal transduction pathways, allowing cells to respond to various external stimuli. Through a literature review, this paper investigates the fundamental mechanisms underlying cellular signal transduction pathways, including intracellular signaling cascades and the functions of various signaling molecules. In addition, the paper examines the various categories of signaling pathways, including G protein-coupled receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases, and nuclear receptors. Understanding the mechanisms of cellular signal transduction pathways can have substantial implications for the development of new treatments for a variety of diseases. Numerous important signaling cascades and numerous signaling molecules are discussed in this study as they pertain to cellular signal transduction pathways in the communication between cells and their environment.
Vemurafenib treatment for melanoma: Efficacy, toxicity, and resistance
Authors: Shao Ling
Published: December 2023

Melanoma is a malignant form of melanocytes, which has abnormal genetic alternation on the MAPK signalling pathway. Vemurafenib is a targeted therapy agent of melanoma, which is approved to target BRAF V600E-mutant melanoma in the US and EU. As an analogue of PLX4720, it has a promoted efficacy but maintain the selectivity to BRAF V600E kinase. Although vemurafenib has demonstrated its strong effects in clinical, potential toxicity of cutaneous lesions is a serious side effect problem in vemurafenib treatment. To avoid such serious adverse event, refrain from sun exposure and combination therapy with vemurafenib are suggested. Reactivation of the MAPK signalling pathway is the main acquired resistance of BRAF inhibitors, combinatorial therapies are suggested but with limited effects, new small molecules are undergoing development. DNA-based diagnostic test is a priority to determine gene types and detect BRAF mutations for patient stratification.
Exploring the role of sleep stages in memory consolidation and cognitive function
Authors: Wu Ke
Published: December 2023

The biological process of sleep is crucial for maintaining both physical and mental health. There are two separate stages of sleep, which are rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. They have distinct characteristics and functions that contribute to memory consolidation or cognitive function. The role of each sleep stage in memory consolidation and cognitive function is crucial for optimizing sleep and promoting cognitive performance. This paper reviews the different sleep stages and their contribution to memory consolidation and cognitive function. The findings suggest that NREM sleep aids in transferring information from short-term to long-term memory, also plays an important role in consolidating declarative and procedural memories, and REM sleep is involved in emotional regulation and the integration of emotional information with existing memories. These conclusions highlight the significant role of sleep in memory consolidation and cognitive function.
Research on the progress of neurorehabilitation
Authors: Xiao Yao
Published: December 2023

With the intensification of global aging problems, the incidence of central nervous system diseases such as stroke is getting higher and higher. At the same time, the number of disabled people has also increased. Amputation and neurological diseases are important causes of disability, and neurorehabilitation is an important method for restoring the nervous function and autonomous movement ability of the disabled. At present, neurorehabilitation methods commonly used in clinical treatment mainly include: wearing prosthetic limbs, functional electrical stimulation (FES) therapy, rehabilitation robots, and so on. The prosthetic limb refers to an artificial device used to replace the function of a lost limb. Many advanced technologies are being used to improve the motion control of prosthetics to achieve natural movement. FES is a technique that can improve physiological function or treat diseases by stimulating nerves or tissues through current, and has become one of the important means to promote nerve regeneration and restore motor function. Rehabilitation robots are the equipment that uses mechanical devices and advanced control technology to assist rehabilitation treatment and functional recovery. This article mainly discusses the current research progresses of prosthetic limbs, EFS and rehabilitation robots, so as to promote the development of neurorehabilitation.
Current research and discussion of combined treatment programs integrated sensory training for autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Zhang Yuxi
Published: December 2023

Autism spectrum disorder is a complex psychiatric developmental disorder that poses a significant threat to early childhood development. It is characterized by a wide range of symptoms, including impaired social interaction and communication, repetitive behavior, sleep disturbances, and gastrointestinal dysfunction. The debilitating nature of these symptoms can have a profound impact on the patient's social skills and quality of life, making it essential to explore effective rehabilitation therapies for ASD. Thankfully, there are numerous treatment options available for ASD patients, including pharmacological treatment, behavioral training, motor interventions, and alternative Chinese medicine. Among these options, sensory training in motor interventions has been widely accepted in clinical practice as an effective and safe intervention for ASD patients. This paper delves into the various rehabilitation treatment options available for patients with ASD, particularly in conjunction with sensorimotor training. It compares the advantages and disadvantages of different rehabilitation treatment methods and their clinical effectiveness, providing a valuable reference for choosing medical treatment options for patients with ASD. By exploring the most effective rehabilitation treatments available, we can ensure that ASD patients receive the best possible care and support to improve their quality of life.
Research on the relationship between episodic memory and sleep in human
Authors: Song Hailun
Published: December 2023

This paper reviews and analyzes the important "memory" aspect of brain science, mainly through reading and summarizing the existing literature to explain the relationship between episodic memory and sleep. A large amount of literature on Google scholar shows that sleep plays an important role in consolidating episodic memories, and gives experiments and evidence to support this idea. The study found that slow-wave sleep is an important period for memory consolidation, and that different stages of sleep also play a part in the memory consolidation process. Various experiments have demonstrated the important link between sleep and episodic memory storage, which means that memory quality is closely related to sleep. This paper also contains two hypotheses for the process of memory Consolidation: the "Active System Consolidation Hypothesis" and the "Synaptic Homeostasis Hypothesis". In the course of research, we haven't seen much literature supporting the existence of episodic memory in animals, but they do have memories that look a lot like episodic memory, which most scientists call "episodic-like memory."
CRISPR-based genomic modification method in the treatment of hematological diseases
Authors: Tao Yicheng
Published: December 2023

Mutations in hematopoietic stem cells are the main cause of most blood diseases. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, which is the main treatment for hematopoietic stem cell disorders ,brings many negative effects according to the clinical cases, such as high toxic side effects, limited donor source, high recurrence rate, and high treatment cost .CRISPR/Cas acts as an immune system in prokaryote that grants them an ability to resist invasion by exogenous mobile genetic elements (MGE), which is a new generation of gene editing technology after the appearance of TALEN and ZFN. The immune system functions in three steps: adaptation, expression, and interference. It enables genomic modification by unwinding the double strands of DNA and inducing DNA repair processes such as homologydirected repair (HDR) and/or non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). So, this paper discusses the utilization of Crispr system in the treatment of -hemoglobinopathy, Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) , Hemophilia and summarizes the current limitations of this technology, such as the editing efficiency, potential immunogenicity of editing tools and off-target effects , while it still remains promising as to its future prospects for research. This technology is very likely to replace traditional therapies and achieve a complete cure for the blood disease.
The assessment of the social and economic impacts of public health interventions based on the statistical learning
Authors: Cui Kaiwen , Liu Bingyi , Li Xuanyi
Published: December 2023

This study explores the social and economic impacts of public health interventions against the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic. The emergence of the pandemic has highlighted the critical importance of effective public health measures in safeguarding societys well-being. With a focus on statistical learning techniques, this research examines the effects of interventions such as vaccination programs, tobacco regulations, and obesity reduction initiatives. Through a comprehensive literature review and data analysis of childhood vaccination programs in the United States, the study reveals significant benefits in terms of disease prevention, improved health outcomes, and reduced healthcare costs. The case study of San Francisco further demonstrates the success of vaccination campaigns in controlling preventable diseases. Based on these findings, policy recommendations are provided, emphasizing the integration of multiple intervention approaches, the prioritization of vulnerable populations, and the implementation of awareness campaigns and educational programs.
The application of small molecule drug in clinical trial
Authors: Ding Yike , xue Maggie
Published: December 2023

In the most recent century, small molecule drugs have become prominent in treating different illnesses and diseases. These small molecule drugs, ranging between 0.1 and 1 kDa in size, have been specifically chemically synthesized not to trigger immune responses. In addition to their nonimmunogenic nature, small molecules tend to possess a low molecular weight and a well-defined structure. They are process-independent, stable, and completely characterizable.
Research on the gene therapy and prevention of lung cancer
Authors: Liu Handa
Published: December 2023

In recent years, there have been significant advancements in molecular biology, gene therapy technology, and high-tech testing techniques. As our understanding of the pathogenesis of lung cancer continues to deepen, it has become evident that gene therapy plays a crucial role in its treatment. This article provides an overview of tumor cell development, various gene therapy techniques including suicide gene therapy, silent gene therapy, cancer suppressor genetic therapy, and antibody genetic therapy. Additionally, it analyzes the application value, treatment technology, and safety concerns associated with gene therapy. The discussion also covers the safety issues and current application status of viral and nonviral vectors in gene therapy, comparing the advantages and disadvantages of different vector types. Furthermore, the article summarizes the future directions for designing and improving gene delivery vectors, along with their clinical application prospects. Ultimately, this article offers insights into the significance and treatment approaches for early prevention of lung cancer.
Review of ER stress and unfolded protein response
Authors: Liu Ruihan
Published: December 2023

The cell is the fundamental unit of life, and all of the organelles within it perform essential tasks. Cells must meet their typical requirements for survival and development in order to contribute to the functioning of living things. Protein folding in the rough ER, the major organelle for the synthesis, folding, and modification of secreted and transmembrane proteins, is essential for their proper function in the cytoplasm. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) occurs when the protein-folding capacity of this organelle is disrupted due to various external causes or intracellular events, resulting to a buildup of misfolded or unfolded proteins. Concerns in this area are possible. Some illnesses, cell death, and metabolic abnormalities are examples. The cell's stress response mechanism is the unfolded protein response (UPR). Reduced translation, degradation of unfolded proteins to reduce damage, and increased production of cell-mate proteins all aid in the folding of nascent proteins. This research uses a literature review approach to learn about the ER, an experiment on ER Stress, the reaction mechanism of unfolded protein response (UPR), diseases induced by ER Stress, and the significance of UPR in these illnesses.
Understanding the genetic basis and clinical implications of Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome, cystic fibrosis, and sickle cell disease
Authors: Han Yuxin
Published: December 2023

This article investigates the genetic basis of diseases caused by mutations in DNA, Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS), Cystic fibrosis (CF), and Sickle cell disease (SCD). The study aims to examine the causes, symptoms, and treatments of these genetic diseases alongside the specific mutations that disrupt protein production and cellular functions. By conducting an extensive review of scientific literature and case studies, this research underscores the significant impact of genetic mutations on human health, manifesting as various symptoms and treatments. Furthermore, the essay discusses the importance of early detection, consistent monitoring, and regular medical care for individuals with genetic diseases. In conclusion, this project emphasizes the significance of raising awareness and education on genetic disorders to enhance public health while advocating for continued research to develop effective therapies and potential cures.
Application of precision medicine based on synthetic biology in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases
Authors: Su Yutong
Published: December 2023

Chronic non-communicable diseases have long been a significant factor affecting public health. If left unchecked, their protracted course and exorbitant treatment costs can inflict irreversible harm on patients' lives and finances. Chronic diseases often manifest insidiously and possess complex etiologies, posing substantial limitations to traditional treatment approaches, most of which merely provide symptomatic relief. Currently, synthetic biology has demonstrated substantial potential in the realms of chronic disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. This article focuses on the field of chronic disease prevention and treatment, using obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and inflammatory bowel disease as exemplars of typical chronic illnesses. It reviews advancements in research involving the application of synthetic biology techniques, including the construction of genetic circuits, gene control switches, and sensor systems, to provide a comprehensive overview of biologically-based methods for precise and controllable treatment of chronic diseases. The aim is to offer insights for the translation of fundamental synthetic biology research into clinical treatments for chronic diseases, thereby ushering in a new era of precision medicine guided by this principle in the field of chronic disease prevention and treatment.
Aspartame and cancer risk
Authors: Shi Yuqing
Published: December 2023

Due to the current trend towards sugar-free diets and requirements for cost reduction in the industrial production of foodstuffs, sweeteners that can replace traditional sugar are in the spotlight. However, scientists have been skeptical about the safety of aspartame, one of the sweeteners, since it was officially approved as a food additive. In 2023, the World Health Organization officially listed aspartame as a class 2B carcinogen. Based on multiple experiments conducted by scientists, it can be inferred that aspartame may be carcinogenic. Since consuming aspartame is not beneficial to the human body and has potential harm, the author suggests minimizing or avoiding consumption of foods containing aspartame or replacing this harmful artificial sweetener with natural sweeteners.
Deep learning based denoising of super-resolution images of protein aggregates
Authors: Cheng Zhongsheng
Published: December 2023

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are closely associated with the amyloid aggregation of proteins like Amyloid-, -synuclein, and tau. Understanding the pathogenesis of NDs requires studying the structures and morphological features of these aggregates, which are typically below 100 nm in size. Traditional fluorescence microscopy is limited by the diffraction limit of light (~250 nm). Single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) offers a resolution down to ~20 nm, enabling the visualization of these aggregates. However, issues such as non-specific binding (NSB) of fluorophores and background noise degrade the quality of SMLM images. This study presents a U-net-based convolutional neural network (CNN) to denoise SMLM images of protein aggregates. The training dataset includes noise-free super-resolution images of aggregates and their noisy counterparts with non-specific binding signals. Various imaging conditions are simulated to mimic real-world scenarios. The U-net's output is evaluated against ground-truth images for denoising performance. Post-processing techniques further enhance denoised images. The fine-tuned U-net model achieves a validation loss of 0.0042 and low prediction errors of 0.32% and 3.71% in the area and number of aggregates, respectively. This research offers a powerful tool for denoising SMLM images, facilitating accurate characterization of protein aggregate structures and morphological features.
Diagnosis and analysis of HIV-1 with different methods
Authors: Zhang HanZhe
Published: December 2023

Early detection and continuous monitoring of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection are crucial for effective diagnosis and treatment. To ensure successful early ART application onto patients in early stages, methods of HIV-1 detection in premature HIV accumulation stages are important to prevent the accumulation of HIV-1 viral molecules after replication. At the same time, biomarkers such as CARD8 and TAT proteins are an important the early identification and monitoring mechanism of HIV-1 infection. These biomarkers are the building blocks of a successful biosensor and they can provide key insights into disease progression and treatment efficacy. This research provides an extensive review of HIV-1 biomarkers and potential carbon-based biosensing mediums such as carbon dot sensors and carbon nanotube sensors in order to detect HIV-1 viral detection after surface modification with a focus on their implications for early detection and monitoring.
The screening and monitoring of type 2 diabetes by indirect calorimetry
Authors: Li Yang
Published: December 2023

An increasing amount of study is being dedicated to the identification of biomarkers associated with type 2 diabetes, with particular emphasis on the field of Metabonomics. To screen and prevent type 2 diabetes, indirect calorimetry measures real-time oxygen consumption (V_02) and carbon dioxide production (V_C02) and measures an individuals metabolic tendency which is the ratio of glucose and fat as energy substrate for a specific activity. A person with aberrant glucose metabolism after measurement may have type 2 diabetes. Adjusting food intake helps type 2 diabetics control blood glucose. Now, type 2 diabetes become personalized. In other words, type 2 diabetes needs to be analysed case by case. The population can be divided into different categories in terms of metabolic adjustment. After classification, indirect calorimetry can be used in clinical research whose purposes are to screen, prevent and treat type 2 diabetes. This paper uses literature reviews to summarize the genetic factors and environmental factors of type 2 diabetes, explain the necessity and limitations for screening, monitoring, preventing and curing type 2 diabetes, and the reasons for calorimetry can screen and monitor type 2 diabetes and how to calculate the percentage of energy substrates for a certain activity.
The Influence of stress factors on anxiety and depression: The mediating role of neural responses to errors and rewards
Authors: Zhang Xiaotong
Published: December 2023

This paper examines how stress impacts depression and anxiety through neural responses to mistakes and rewards. Currently, mental health problems, specifically anxiety and depression, are on the rise. This paper presents a study on how stress affects depression and anxiety. To begin with, this paper describes two neural responses: Error-Related Negative Wave (ERN) and Reward Positive (RewP). ERN could be a significant biomarker of anxiety symptoms. RewP, however, is linked to depression. Based on previous studies, this paper posits that depressed patients exhibit lower RewP amplitude indicative of reduced sensitivity to rewards. Moreover, this paper combines previous studies to demonstrate that stress could impact the amplitude of ERN and RewP. To be more precise, stress could amplify the magnitude of ERN, indicating that people's neural response to errors is heightened, thereby resulting in higher levels of anxiety. However, stress may reduce the magnitude of RewP, indicating a decrease in reward sensitivity and potentially increasing the susceptibility to depression. In summary, this article offers insights on how to articulate the connections among stress, anxiety, depression, and related factors. Furthermore, this article introduces a novel perspective on approaches to treating and preventing anxiety and depression.
CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing: A promising approach towards Huntingtons Disease
Authors: Liu I Im
Published: December 2023

Huntington's Disease (HD) is an incurable neurodegenerative condition marked by the gradual decline of motor abilities, cognitive capabilities, and emotional stability. It results from a mutation in the Huntingtin gene (HTT), which triggers the generation of a harmful variant of the Huntingtin protein known as mutant Huntingtin (mHTT). Despite significant advancements in understanding the disease's molecular basis, effective treatments to halt or reverse its progression remain elusive. Over the past few years, the groundbreaking genetic modification technique called Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) has risen as a hopeful tool in the realm of genetic investigation and treatment. CRISPR has the potential to precisely target and modify specific genes, offering new possibilities for the treatment of Huntington's Disease. This paper aims to provide an overview of Huntington's Disease, the CRISPR technology, and its potential applications in addressing the underlying genetic causes of HD. By exploring the fundamental aspects of both HD and CRISPR, this paper hopes to provide a clearer picture to the therapeutic potential of CRISPR in mitigating the effects of this neurodegenerative disorder.
Icariin stimulates myeloid Leukemic cells differentiation by increasing smad4 protein abundance leading to the inhibition of myeloid Leukemic cell growth
Authors: Cao Yixuan
Published: December 2023

As acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is still a highly frequent disease (4.3 per 100,000 patients) worldwide and produces an incredibly high incidence rate (4 per 100,000), finding a more effective treatment or new direction of treatment is essential. This research aims to find a new direction of treatment by investigating cell differentiation. Focusing on the BMP signaling pathway, especially the protein of Smad4, the potential of increasing the chance of cell differentiation was found. Icariin (ICAR) was used to target the Smad4 pathway and hopefully become a potential treatment. Therefore, the hypothesis is set as the ICAR would increase the Smad4 level, which activates cell differentiation and potentially become a new treatment for AML. The experimental proposal was concluded in this research, and the combination of imaginary results was analyzed.
Research on the bidirectional relationships between sleep and parkinsons disease
Authors: Lee Joshua
Published: December 2023

Parkinsons disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease in the world, and among its most common symptoms is sleep disruption. Due to the glymphatic systems role in removing alpha-synuclein and other substances related to PD pathogenesis, glymphatic dysfunction has been established as a risk factor for PD. Though sleep disturbance is often a symptom of PD, its role in increasing glymphatic clearance has led some researchers to believe that sleep disturbance could also be a risk factor for PD. This review will examine the scientific literature that suggests links between sleep disruption, PD pathology, or glymphatic dysfunction, as well as address some of the limitations in affirming such relationships. According to current research, sleep disruption is a common nonmotor symptom of PD but can also lead to reduced glymphatic function, which in turn reduces alpha-synuclein clearance and advances PD pathogenesis. However, PD development could also impair glymphatic clearance by depolarizing AQP4 channels or reducing sleep duration and quality.
Modeling COVID-19 spreading evidence from Canada
Authors: Jiang Dongchi
Published: December 2023

This study delves into the comprehensive examination of the COVID-19 pandemic that has been affecting the global community since late 2019. The repercussions have been ameliorated to some extent with the advent of effective vaccination campaigns, albeit the impact varies across regions and outbreaks. Beginning with an introduction to the fundamental epidemiological SIR (Susceptibility, Infection, Recovery) model, the research extrapolates it to reflect the complex dynamics of the COVID-19 scenario, employing data from Ontario, Canada, to ground the analysis in real-world observations. Several parameters and initial conditions inform the development of differential equations and ensuing line graphs within the scope of the extended VSEAIR (Vaccinated, Susceptible, Exposed, Asymptomatic Infected, Symptomatic Infected, and Recovered) model. The study scrutinizes the interplay of two pivotal aspects: the effectiveness of vaccination and the influence of governmental interventions. It offers a rigorous review of the trajectory of COVID-19 in Ontario, shedding light on potential strategies to optimize the response to the pandemic and contributing to evidence-based policymaking.
Guvacoline in betel nuts directly binds to and inhibits AChE activity, lowering ACh levels released by neurons
Authors: Zhou Dejia
Published: December 2023

This paper investigates guvacoline, a compound found in betel nut, and its activity on acetylcholine level. Betel nuts are the chewable seeds of plant used in Chinese traditional medicine. It is commonly used all over southern Asia and the east African seaboard, being the fourth most commonly used drug in the world. It is known for being carcinogenic for throat cancer. Immediate symptoms of betel nut chewing indicate activation of the parasympathetic system, in which acetylcholine and acetylcholinesterase is involved. This paper predicts that guvacoline, found in areca nuts, increases free acetylcholine levels released from neurons by allosterically binding to acetylcholinesterase inhibiting it.
Research on the effects of PM2.5 exposure on respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in an aging population
Authors: Li Haocheng
Published: December 2023

In contemporary times, there is an observable inclination towards the exacerbation of air pollution, which has emerged as a prominent global environmental issue. Among the various factors contributing to this issue, PM2.5 emerges as a key determinant. The geriatric demographic exhibits a heightened vulnerability to respiratory and cardiovascular disorders. This study offers a thorough analysis of the correlation between PM2.5 and human pathology and epidemiology. It also investigates the many pathophysiological pathways that establish a connection between exposure to PM2.5 and the development of respiratory and cardiovascular disorders. The results of this study suggest that PM2.5 has a substantial impact on the occurrence and fatality rates of several common illnesses within the senior demographic. Furthermore, this paper offers recommendations for potential public health interventions intended to alleviate the adverse effects of this avoidable determinant on the development of diseases and death rates.
Research on the neural circuits and treatment of anxiety
Authors: Cai Yunshu
Published: December 2023

Anxiety disorders are widely recognized as one of the most widespread mental health conditions worldwide, which can have detrimental impacts on individuals, their families, and the broader communities they belong to. A clearer knowledge of the brain neural circuits linked to anxiety will be beneficial for early detection of at-risk individuals and the ability to take preventative interventions. Today, more specialized and individualized therapies for anxiety disorders have been developed as a result of neuroscientific research. The neural circuitry involves key brain regions like the amygdala, prefrontal cortex (PFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), and hippocampus, unraveling complex interactions contributing to anxiety pathogenesis. Treatment modalities are categorized as medicine and non-medicine approaches. This paper emphasizes the necessity for ongoing research to optimize therapeutic approaches and advocates combining pharmacological and non-medicine interventions for comprehensive anxiety disorder management, ultimately improving the well-being of affected individuals worldwide.
Diagnosis and Treatment of a Case of Maxillary Cleft in a Cat Associated with Pulmonary Emphysema
Authors: Liu Qi
Published: December 2023

Maxillary cleft in cats often occurs due to high-altitude falls, resulting in trauma and pulmonary emphysema. Clinically, it is characterized by oral and nasal bleeding and is classified into congenital and acquired types, with its etiology being related to husbandry practices. This paper presents a case of maxillary cleft in a cat associated with pulmonary emphysema. After initial symptom observation and inquiry, a definitive diagnosis was made through clinical examination, laboratory tests, and X-ray imaging. Treatment involving medication and surgery was administered, followed by an evaluation of its effectiveness. Given the limited literature on this condition and its increasing incidence, this case contributes to the guidance of diagnosis and treatment for cats with maxillary cleft associated with pneumothorax.