bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pluriactivité agricole : l'hétérogénéité cachée
Authors: Carneiro Maria José
Published: March 2022

Pluriactivity in agriculture : hidden heterogeneity

Today the non agricultural activities performed by small farmers are known as "pluriactivity". However, this category describes different phenomena whose meanings vary according to historic and socio-economic contexts and also to several authors. Based on the analysis of the existing literature, the author argues that the notion of "pluriactivity" is full of impressions and so do not contribute to qualify the phenomena it designates. The absence of an heuristic content in this category suggests the construction of new objects no more centered on individual actions but on the conditions for social reproduction of small farmers families. The theoretical discussion is illustrated by the data of a research carried out in a small rural village in the French Alpes.
Évaluer l'efficacité d'une régulation d'agents pollueurs
Authors: Salanié François , Thomas Alban
Published: March 2022

En France, les Agences de l'eau sont chargées de la gestion des ressources en eau ; elles perçoivent des redevances assises sur la consommation et la pollution de l'eau, et incitent financièrement les collectivités locales et les industriels à investir dans l'épuration. Cet article présente une analyse de la régulation de la pollution industrielle par les agences. On montre que les problèmes d'information sont essentiels dans cette analyse, les relations contractuelles entre les Agences de l'eau et les industriels étant des instruments privilégiés de la politique de protection de l'environnement. Ceci est particulièrement vrai lorsque les taxes sur les rejets sont très faibles par rapport au niveau optimal (pigouvien). Des modèles de type «Principal-Agent» sont construits et testés sur des données individuelles, pour la période 1985-1990. La méthodologie développée pourrait être appliquée au cas des pollutions agricoles.
La demande de viandes et poissons en Espagne : une analyse micro-économique
Authors: Laajimi Abderraouf , Albisu Luis Miguel
Published: March 2022

The demand for meat and fish in Spain : a microeconomic analysis.

In this paper the evolution of meat and fish consumption in Spain during the last decade is first described. Beef, pork and chicken consumption declined whereas the other processed meat products increased. The Almost Ideal Demand System has been used to analyse the demand structure for these products with pooled household data for the October 1989 - September 1992 period, based on a microdata set from the Spanish Food Consumption Panel that is being used for the first time in empirical studies. Demographic variables have been introduced using the translation method. The likelihood ratio tests substantiate that the AIDS model with demographic variables performs well for estimating the demand relations. Based on a parametric test, separability between meat and fish has been tested. The result has showed that the purchase decision is taken together and therefore they have to be considered in the same system. Results show that demand is responsive to prices, total expenditure and demographic variables. Beef and fish consumption is higher in urban areas compared to rural areas, as a result of better distribution channels. However, lamb and chicken consumption is higher in rural areas, as a response to a more traditional consumption pattern. Calculated elasticities, based on the estimated model with both homogeneity and symmetry imposed, are more sensitive to variations of total expenditure and own prices than cross prices. The demand is inelastic, except for pork meat. Both chicken and processed meat products are revealed as necessity goods. Substitution relationships have been pointed, showing the strong competition between several types of meats. Comparison with other studies has showed the benefit from using disagregated data and demographic effects when estimating demand relations.
L'éducation est-elle rentable dans l'agriculture ? Une approche duale appliquée à la Côte-d'Ivoire
Authors: Gurgand Marc
Published: March 2022

We show that, under unrestrictive conditions and based on a non-recursive rural household model, the effect of education on both technical efficiency over all crops and allocative efficiency can be measured using a farm profit function estimate. This is applied on cross-section data from Côte d'Ivoire. Farm labor supply of farm household members is first shown to decline with education.

Second, education has no effect on farm efficiency (and sometimes a significantly negative one). This is robust to endogeneity of the education variable and is a reasonable result if general human capital, as produced by schooling, is of little use for farming in a steady environment. This is consistent with the few available works on Sub-saharan Africa.
De l'assimilation des connaissances à la capacité de gestion : les PMI agro-alimentaires de la région Rhône- Alpes
Authors: Mangematin Vincent , Hillebrand Michel
Published: March 2022

From absorptive capacity to management capacity. Small firms in agri-food sector in Rhône-Alpes.

The survey of innovation in agri-food industry describes a very active sector in which the propensity to innovate is above the average of the whole industry while R&D expenditures as well as R&D employment rate remain very low.

Such a situation seems to be paradoxical enough to justify an in-depth analysis. Are the characteristics of innovation in agri-food industry different ? Are they based on the collective research done by the whole sector (including enterprises, technical institutes, research centres, school of engineers...) rather than on a lonely firm ? Or does it mean that innovation dynamics is different from those acting in science based sectors ?

Our results are based on an in-depth study of 23 innovations cases in agrifood sector. These innovations are performed by small and medium size firms located in Rhône-Alpes. All these innovations benefit from subsidies from a public agency, ANVAR (National Agency for valorisation of research).

We show that : 1 ) agri-food small-size firms have no R&D department or even no R&D staff, they have to manage new ways of organising the R&D : in some enterprises, innovation is completely delegated to other firms (industrial designers, sub-contractors...). Based on an original idea of the firm, the design of the technical tools as well as its realisation are delegated to partners, even if they have a bigger size than the agri-food firm. In some cases, the agri-food company makes the industrial design and dedicates only the realisation to partners. The usual case in science based industry is when the firm and its partners are doing collaborative research and innovation ; 2) geographical localisation is not a criteria for the firm in choosing its partners, even if geographic proximity is correlated with the frequency of meeting during the innovation process ; 3) failures are mostly due to problems of partnership (opportunistic behaviour of the partner, asymmetry of information about its know how...) than to scientific or technical obstacles.
Donner une valeur à la biodiversité
Authors: Gauthier Caroline
Published: March 2022

On the value of biodiversity.

Biodiversity has become a major global issue. The 1992 Earth summit at Rio recommanded discussions on approaches to safeguard biodiversity and to implement national conservation strategies (CNUED, 1993). Such preservation programs generate benefits but are costly. Planners must be given quantitative elements to appreciate these benefits and costs. Economists are then in front of a classical micro-economic problematic : they have to establish the relation between the level of biodiversity and the social value of the services floivs it generates. Therefore they use a surplus analysis. This paper shoivs why such a valuation exercise is difficult for economists : the available frame for such an analysis in the context of the biodiversity preservation is not sufficient.

This insufficiency results firstly from the complexity of the ressource. The paper shows that there is no unique and precise definition of the biodiversity. The definition of the biologists and the definition of the ecologists differ. The correspondance with the economic good biodiversity is then difficult.

This insufficiency results secondly from the non-familiarity of the individuals with the good to value. Because valuation must take into account the totality of the benefits (use and non-use benefits) that biodiversity preservation may generate, data issued from hypothetical markets have to be used. On these hypothetical markets, people are directly intervieived on the value they give to biodiversity. But the non-familiarity of the individuals ivith the good to value (a program of biodiversity preservation) often implies that the obtained values are biased. Individuals are not accustomed to consider a biodiversity preservation program in their program of utility maximization.

This article proceeds by a revieiv of the existing studies. The most remarquable ones are then developed to illustrate the above aspects.
La consommation d'engrais azotés en France. Une prospective pour 2010
Authors: Taverdet-Popiolek Nathalie
Published: March 2022

The French nitrogen fertilizer consumption. Prospects for 2010.

The protection of the environment is nowadays a major goal for our society and its importance will probably get highly amplified in the near future. Farmers are pointed at because, through their use of fertilizers, they are responsible for a diffuse pollution of rivers andphreatic sheets. At the same time, these farmers are facing economic difficulties due to the steady decrease of agricultural prices in the European Community. Therefore, they try to reduce production costs by a better management of their intermediate consumptions (mostly fertilizers).

Given this context, ivhat will be in fifteen years the consumption of fertilizers in France ? The aim of this paper is to answer this question by studying several scenarii based on the evolution of the economical, political and technological context. The future Common Agriculture Policy will certainly be the factor that will most affect this evolution. We focus only on nitrogen fertilizers, which are supposed to be the main responsibles for the pollution of phreatic sheets and which use can be rationalized. Hoivever, the methodology used to determine future consumption is easily applicable to other inputs (potassic and phosphoric fertilizers, phytosanitary, seeds, energy...). The goal of this research is tivofold :

* On the one hand, we build a prospective model representing the agricultural sector and the fertilizer industries in order to estimate (by simulations) the fertilizer consumption in 2010. No existant methodology can readily be used. We propose a methodology drawing on Yves Barel's thinking (1971) and on systemic analysis, that implies the interaction of modelling, expertizing and simulations. We apply it to the agriculture sector and to the fertilizer industry but it is applicable to other sectors.

* On the other hand, in addition to punctual results, this research aims at drawing a global prospective design of the French agriculture sector in 2010.

The results of our prospective study show that, by the year 2010, the consumption of nitrogen fertilizers should clearly decrease. Such a decrease is mainly explained by a more rational use of fertilizers by farmers, due to the increased "environmentalists" pressure, ivhose lobby is represented at Bruxelles and in each French administrative region. Relevant technological innovations are spreading and should help farmers improve their fertilizing techniques.
Two-tier pricing and Agenda 2000. Consequences of EU dairy policy reform for Dutch dairy farming
Authors: Boots Maroeska , Peerlings Jack
Published: March 2022

Les conséquences de la réforme de la politique laitière de l'UE pour le secteur laitier néerlandais.

Cet article analyse les effets, pour le secteur laitier néerlandais, i) d'un système de double prix, étant donné différents niveaux des prix mondiaux, ii) d'une baisse de 15 % du prix du lait, compensée par un paiement direct et accompagnée d'une augmentation de 1,5% des quotas, au niveau national (Agenda 2000) et iii) de la suppression des quotas. Notre analyse montre qu'en présence d'un système de double prix et d'un marché libre des quotas, la production de lait de catégorie B (valorisée au prix mondial, inférieure au prix du lait sous quota A) serait positive pour un prix du marché mondial supérieur à 0,31 NG (0,14 euro) par kilogramme. Le profit des producteurs néerlandais évoluerait alors positivement du fait de l'accroissement de la production. En revanche, dans le scénario «Agenda 2000», les producteurs subissent une perte de profit résultant de la diminution de la rente liée au quota, par suite de la baisse du prix du lait. Le paiement direct par tonne de quota est en effet trop faible pour compenser l'effet négatif de la réduction de la rente du quota. Ces scénarios de réforme de la politique laitière communautaire sont simulés à l'aide d'un modèle micro-économétrique du secteur laitier néerlandais qui détermine les effets des changements de politique envisagés au niveau des producteurs individuels. Les résultats obtenus sont ensuite agrégés (au moyen d'un système de pondérations) au niveau du secteur laitier national.
Grades and standards in the context of international trade : Some ethical considerations
Authors: Thompson Paul B.
Published: March 2022

Grades and standards in the context of international trade : Some ethical considerations.

Grades and standards for both domestic and international trade are based in part on beliefs about the purpose of commerce, its contribution to the public good, and general principles on which specific exchanges should be either permitted or restricted. These beliefs form the basis for ethical arguments about grades and standards. Two general types of argument have formed a dual ethical rationale for liberalization of trade restrictions and expansion of global trade. On the one hand, libertarian arguments stress the freedom or right of individuals to dispose of legally acquired property however they see fit. Libertarian arguments rule out restrictions on personal freedom except under conditions of exit and consent. On the other hand, utilitarian arguments stress the social benefit of free trade and utilize economic analysis to demonstrate that relatively open trading systems lead toward efficient use of society's total resources. These two rationales can come into conflict over grades and standards, however. The utilitarian rationale provides a basis for standards aimed at insuring health and safety that can conflict with libertarian belief that individuals should be at liberty to choose which risks to run, and which to avoid. Standards intended to support culturally based food practices become especially controversial, especially when they are negotiated at an international level. While utilitarians may be willing to use scientific risk assessment to predict actual benefits and risks of a given standard, libertarians may regard nationally based cultural food standards as intricate systems of exit and consent. If so they will object to international standard setting based on benefit-risk calculation, and will insist on procedures that leave opportunities for exit and that involve citizens in the active procurement of consent.
Socio-economic and ecological effects of alternative direct payment regimes on different Swiss Alpine regions
Authors: Flury Christian , Gotsch Nikolaus , Rieder Peter
Published: March 2022

Effets socio-économiques et écologiques de systèmes alternatifs de paiements directs dans deux régions des Alpes suisses

D'une région à l'autre, les niveaux de productivité de la terre, les besoins en moyens et techniques de production, ainsi que les coûts à produire diffèrent, ils sont fonction des caractéristiques topographiques, climatiques, environnementales, agronomiques et structurelles de la région et conduisent à des formes d'utilisation de la terre très variées. En outre, l'utilisation des terres offre des exemples évidents d'externalités environnementales et de nouveaux indicateurs couvrant une large diversité d'attributs et d'actifs environnementaux ont dû être élaborés afin de répondre à la demande des responsables régionaux de développement rural. Un modèle spatial de programmation linéaire est présenté dans cet article. Il porte sur deux régions des Alpes suisses et permet d'analyser les effets de différentes options de paiements directs sur l'utilisation de sols, notamment leurs conséquences sur le nombre de sols mis en jachère, selon leur situation topographique. L'étude démontre également que l'efficacité écologique peut être améliorée si les aspects régionaux et spatiaux sont pris en compte lors de l'élaboration des nouvelles mesures de politique agricole, et ce à un moindre coût pour le contribuable. Il apparaît enfin que la suppression des paiements directs actuels, qui visent au maintien du revenu agricole, pourrait être à l'origine d'un effondrement de l'agriculture dans les régions des Alpes suisses.
Les systèmes productifs localisés : un bilan de la littérature
Authors: Courlet Claude
Published: March 2022

Local productive systems : a survey of the literature.

This article presents an assessment of the literature on local productive systems (LPS), emphasising the origins and development of this concept This brief review of literature allows to stress the important contribution of Alfred Marshall's theoretical developments to the most recent works dealing with LPS (involving the analysis of inductrial districts in Italy, the clusters in developing countries, the adoption of innovations in rural areas, etc.). The notion of LPS allows, first, to understand the organisation of linkages among firms located in the same area, and second, to clarify the nature of externalities generated by their proximity. A LPS can be literally defined as a cluster characterised by the proximity of productive systems (industrial and service firms, research centres, interfaces, etc.) which are interrelated at different degrees. However, LPS is not a stable concept and is subject to many different interpretations, two of which are the focus of this article.
Régulation de la sphère viticole dans la périphérie européenne : le cas du Portugal
Authors: Simões Orlando
Published: March 2022

Wine sector regulation at the periphery of Europe : the case of Portugal.

Its position at the periphery of Europe confers specific features to Portugal's economic and social attributes. Internally, the three main characteristics are : a dominant role of the State in domestic affairs, strong social solidarity mechanisms and a complex social fabric relying on informal compensatory mechanisms. Externally, emphasis is laid on Portugal's geo-strategic position at the European periphery and the implications of such a position. The present study approaches Portuguese viticulture in terms of sectorial regulation, and identifies historical periods with different forms of regulation of the viticultural industry. The major differences and similarities between Portugal and the European wine producing country par excellence, i.e. France, are highlighted.

Starting from the XVIIIth century, the first period that is identifiable in this historical analysis lasted till the first quarter of the XXth century. This period corresponds to a phase of in-stitutionalisation of two wine spheres, i.e. Port wine versus other wines. A phase of mass production then followed from the 1930s to the 60s. During this period, the Port wine trade met with difficulties on international markets and production of domestic common wine was favoured. Finally, a third period corresponds to integration into Europe. Following the development of new consumption patterns, this period is characterised by a qualitative renewal both on

Since 1861, Portugal and France have adopted the same global strategy in world-wide viticulture. Concerning the differences between the two countries, Portugal is characterised by the dominant role of the State, weak professional organisations, delayed adoption of new consumption patterns and delay in the existing relations of production and subjection to foreign economic regimes. With respect to this dependence, the importance of the integration process into the European community should be underscored for the wine sector. This integration has promoted access to more quality-demanding markets. It has been a funding resource to improve the productive and industrial levels of Portugal and has helped to develop new ways of organising and managing the wine sector. As a result, this sector has become less government-dependent and more concerned with quality. These factors have made it possible to increase the relative share of quality wines (VQPRD) in the national wine production, and have also helped reduce the traditional polarisation between Port wine and the remaining Portuguese wines. A better range of wines can now be found on the market.
De l'utilité sociale du contrôle public de la qualité minimale des vins
Authors: Jayet Pierre-Alain , Fuentes-Castro Daniel
Published: March 2022

About the social opportunity of public regulation on low quality wines

This paper deals with the endogenous choice of wine quality by two professional organisations controlled or not by a regulating body. For this purpose, we propose a model based on a continuum of consumers (characterised by a taste parameter ) and of producers (characterised by a performance parameter ). It is assumed that as quality increases, production cost expands while yield per unit of acreage declines. The market prices of the two (given) qualities are the perfectly competitive prices. Assuming perfect competition, the two professional organisations decide simultaneously the quality level in which they engage their producers. When quality is determined according to pro-ducers' profits, the equilibrium solution is zero differentiation. Quality differentiation occurs when the highest quality is provided by a public authority. Finally, we show that the socially optimal level of differentiation occurs when the regulating authority selects the level of the lowest quality. This result leads us to provide welfare estimates and guidelines to the French Institut national des appellations d'origine as an efficient public authority regulating wine qualities.
Willingness to pay for drinking water in the Sahara : the case of Douentza in Mali
Authors: Calkins Peter , Larue Bruno , Vézina Marc
Published: March 2022

Consentement à payer pour de l'eau potable au Sahara : le cas de Douentza au Mali

La présente étude compare deux méthodes de prévision du consentement à payer pour de l'eau potable dans des systèmes d'adduction en région semi-urbaine au Sahara. Les deux modèles sont estimés en fonction des caractéristiques hypothétiques de divers points d'adduction possibles. Le premier modèle, reposant sur une régression multiple, prévoit la somme d'argent qu'un ménage consentira à payer pour chaque seau d'eau potable provenant d'une source donnée. Le second modèle, employant une spécification de type logit, vise à expliquer la décision d'acheter ou non de l'eau potable. Les deux approches reposent sur le modèle de prix complets tel que proposé par la théorie de la demande. Ce modèle explique la quantité d'eau demandée en fonction des prix et du coût d'opportunité du temps affecté à la consommation. Dans nos modèles empiriques, la variable explicative qui s'avère la plus significative est la proximité de la nouvelle source prévue divisée par la distance à la meilleure source existante.
The structure of food demand in Tunisia : a differential system approach
Authors: Laajimi Abderraouf , Dhehibi Boubaker , Gil José Maria
Published: March 2022

Dans ce travail, on décrit en premier lieu l'évolution de la consommation des produits alimentaires en Tunisie. Plusieurs changements, dus à un ensemble de facteurs d'ordre économique et sociodémographique, ont affecté la structure de la demande alimentaire en Tunisie. Deux aspects principaux témoignent de ces changements : i) la diminution relative des dépenses alimentaires lorsque le revenu augmente, et ii) l'augmentation relative des produits d'origine agro-industrielle face aux produits non transformés. Pour analyser la structure de la demande, un système de demande différentiel avec des effets prix fixes (modèle CBS) a été retenu car il permet, comparé à d'autres modèles (Rotterdam, AIDS et NBR), de mieux expliquer la structure de la demande alimentaire sur la base de données de séries chronologiques pour les principaux groupes de produits alimentaires. Les résultats de l'estimation du modèle, en imposant les conditions d'homogénéité et de symétrie, indiquent plus de sensibilité face à des variations dans la dépense totale ou les prix propres que dans les prix croisés. En conclusion, certaines recommandations de stratégies et de politiques en matière d'alimentation sont proposées sur la base des résultats empiriques.
OGM et relations commerciales transatlantiques
Authors: Cadot Olivier , Suwa-Eisenmann Akiko , Traça Daniel
Published: March 2022

Trade-related issues in the regulation of genetically-modified organisms

This paper examines some of the trade-related aspects of the transatlantic conflict over agricultural biotechnology regulation. We first review the notion of "regulatory protectionism" and the difficulties arising in its definition. We also discuss its economic rationale in the light of the strategic trade policy literature. Next, we turn to an empirical assessment of the trade effects of EU biotechnology regulations, verifying the evidence in support of US claims that those regulations have hurt US agricultural exports. Preliminary econometric results at a disaggregated level seem to indicate that there was no shock on US exports of corn seeds for planting in the years 1997-2000. Evidence for soybeans points to a price effect. The paper then turns to a comparison of GMO regulation in the US and EU, assessing the importance of trade vs non-trade

issues.
Regional income effects of producer support under the CAP
Authors: Anders Sven , Harsche Johannes , Herrmann Roland , Salhofer Klaus
Published: March 2022

Effets sur le revenu régional du soutien aux producteurs distribué par la PAC

La politique agricole commune (PAC) de l’Union européenne est caractérisée par un large éventail de programmes et mesures mis en oeuvre, qui diffèrent selon la catégorie d’instruments utilisés, en fonction des produits et dans le temps. En conséquence, l’impact net de cette combinaison d’instruments en terme d’incitation par les prix pour les producteurs et les consommateurs est opaque depuis des années. Notre étude utilise un concept régionalisé de l’estimation du soutien au producteur (ESP) pour évaluer les effets de la PAC pour les producteurs au niveau désagrégé des régions de type Nuts III. Une étude de cas portant sur 26 régions de l’état de Hesse en Allemagne a été réalisée pour la période 1986-1999. Il en ressort que la PAC appliquée de manière uniforme affecte ces régions de façon très différente. De plus, dans les régions étudiées, les réformes récentes de la PAC n’ont pas conduit à une réduction significative du niveau moyen du soutien aux producteurs. La tendance à la baisse, statistiquement significative, du niveau du soutien par les prix a en effet été compensée par l’accroissement tendanciel significatif du niveau du soutien par les paiements directs. Il est intéressant à noter que les indicateurs ESP en termes absolus, d’une part, et en termes relatifs, d’autre part, ne sont pas du tout corrélés. Si le transfert vers les producteurs, via la PAC, est déterminé sur la base d’un objectif de niveau absolu de soutien, alors il pourrait en résulter une distribution interrégionale arbitraire des ESP relatives, de l’ESP en pourcentage des recettes des producteurs, par exemple.
Une industrie nouvelle en zone rurale : de la fabrique d’une main-d’oeuvre à la fabrique de destins sociaux territorialisés ?
Authors: Fournier Pierre
Published: March 2022

The setting up of a new sector plant in a rural district : beyond the construction of a new local workforce, a territorial shaping of social trajectories

The setting up of a new sector plant in a rural district automatically induces new patterns of labor categories and residential space according to the type of housing provided. If we examine these patterns over time, we can observe that they change because of the changing social properties of new generations of actors. But the way social actors perceive these patterns often doesn’t change. It seems that for them the points of reference they use to decide about action are permanent, stable and anchored in their territory. This article focuses on this perception of territory and is based on field research in a district around a new nuclear plant. We examine in detail a special family history that reveals actors’ normal – but normally invisible – attachment to reference marks anchored in territory : in this family, the intergenerational reproduction of social position was only possible because the son left the area, which was extremely painful for the parents. Their suffering was not due merely to a sence of betrayal with respect to a paternalist firm struggling to assure employment for the new generation. Nor was it a matter of deep territorial anchorage of the family, broken by economic restructuring. It seems rather that it was their sense of positive or negative social destiny, which was mediated by their ties with the territory. So we can speak about a territorial shaping of social trajectories.
Comparaison des indicateurs d'efficacité et des indicateurs économiques des navires de pêche dans le cas d'une multi-production
Authors: Le Floc’h Pascal , Mardle Simon
Published: March 2022

The measure of capacity utilisation of fishing vessels with multi-output

Overcapacity situations appear regularly in the activity of marine natural resources exploitation. Measuring capacity utilisation and efficiency for fishing vessels is then required. In this paper, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) methodology is used in the case of multi-production. Data on landings and inputs are available on a monthly basis in the case of the fishing fleet, from 1994 to 2003. Efficiency indicators for fishing units are compared in a second stage with economic performance measures, computed from bookkeeping data. It seems that fishing vessels considered as the best performers according to efficiency scores are not automatically the more profitable units. This point is mainly verified for small vessels displaying heterogeneous behaviour compared to vessels with higher potential capacity utilisation.
Quality labels and rural development: A new economic geography approach
Authors: Callois Jean-Marc
Published: March 2022

Signes officiels de qualité et développement rural : une approche par la nouvelle économie géographique

Certaines stratégies de développement rural reposent sur l’hypothèse que les signes de qualité peuvent engendrer, par effets induits, une croissance économique et l’arrivée de nouvelles populations et activités. Afin d’étudier la validité de cette hypothèse, un modèle d’économie géographique est proposé. Un bien agricole spécifique (“ label ”) est supposé être produit par des agriculteurs qui coopèrent pour fixer un prix de monopole et contrôler le nombre de producteurs. Il existe un arbitrage entre le nombre de producteurs de biens de qualité et leur revenu individuel. De plus, l’effet positif sur le développement rural dû à l’augmentation de la demande en provenance des agriculteurs est contrebalancé par un effet opposé dû à l’augmentation des salaires urbains. Un coût de transport supérieur pour le bien de qualité renforce l’effet positif sur l’industrialisation rurale, mais limite la taille du secteur agricole différencié.
The role of geographical labelling in inserting extensive cattle systems into beef marketing channels. Evidence from three Spanish case studies
Authors: Gómez Ramos Almudena , Bardají Azcaráte Isabel , Atance Muñiz Ignacio
Published: March 2022

The beef cattle sector is adapting to increasing demand-side requirements. Customers are looking for a differentiated product of constant quality in a market that is beginning to be dominated by major distribution companies. In this background, mechanisms to differentiate production are being implemented to co-ordinate both production and marketing processes and integrate livestock farmers into the commercial system. Extensive cattle systems carry an important weight in Spain because of their social and environmental values. However, their structure and level of profitability are obstacles to their adaptation to new market trends. This situation calls for instruments that are able to bring the farmer into this adaptation process and to add value to and differentiate products. These instruments can be promoted by institutions or by the private sector through quality labels based on the product’s geographical origin. This paper aims to characterise the process of adaptation of Spanish extensive cattle systems through three case studies representing three kinds of extensive farming system located in the country’s northern, central and southern mountain ranges. A logit model based on a survey of farmers was developed to identify which variables have a greater influence on the decision to participate in quality labels based on geographical origin. The study concludes that the three mechanisms, which are based on a brand linked to their geographical origin, present important differences. Some factors as the institutional or regional context explains these differences and determine the degree of acceptance of each one of these mechanisms between the livestock farmers.
Agricultural multifunctionality and trade liberalisation.
Authors: Glebe Thilo , Latacz-Lohmann Uwe
Published: March 2022

Les auteurs utilisent un modèle de commerce international en équilibre partiel pour analyser les interactions entre politiques tarifaire et environnementale en présence de bénéfices liés au caractère multifonctionnel de l’agriculture. Ils montrent que la libéralisation des échanges est sous-optimale si elle ne s’accompagne pas d’une politique environnementale efficiente encourageant la production des bénéfices liés à la multifonctionnalité. Toutefois, dans le cas d’un grand pays importateur net, la réduction des droits de douanes renforce les incitations à introduire une politique environnementale. Cette dernière incorpore une distorsion stratégique afin de compenser partiellement la baisse de droits de douane Malgré son caractère stratégique, cette politique environnementale permet d’accroître sans ambiguïté le bien-être global si elle est introduite conjointement avec une réduction des droits de douane. Les auteurs concluent que, bien que l’argument de la multifonctionnalité étaye certaines critiques de la libéralisation des échanges, il ne s’avère pas solide quand cette libéralisation induit l’introduction d’une politique environnementale.
Price-induced technical progress in Italian agriculture.
Authors: Esposti Roberto , Pierani Pierpaolo
Published: March 2022

In this paper we aim at investigating the price-induced innovation hypothesis in Italian agriculture. We generalize the framework of analysis proposed by Peeters and Surry (2000). This generalization includes a short-run specification of the dual technology as well as a quadratic spline in a time variable. We argue that the temporary equilibrium setting gives a more realistic representation of how relative prices may steer innovation and variable input bias over time. The quadratic function has desirable properties with respect to the splined variable, i.e., a more flexible treatment of exogenous technical change. Results provide evidence in favour of the price-induced innovation in Italian agriculture from 1951 to 1991.
Evaluation contingente d’aménités paysagères liées à un espace vert urbain. Une application au cas du parc Balzac de la ville d’Angers
Authors: Oueslati Walid , Madariaga Nicole , Salanié Julien
Published: March 2022

Contingent valuation of landscape amenities related to an urban green space. An application to Balzac Park in Angers

This paper proposes contingent valuation using an open-ended payment card approaches to evaluate landscape amenities related to an urban green space at Angers city (Balzac Park). Two landscape attributes are considered : opening degree and effort of fleurissement. Each attribute defines a scenario. We have evaluated the factors, which increase the probability to have a positive willingness-to-pay (WTP) for each scenario. Our results show that landscape amenities demands are varied in both scenarios.
Contractualisation et diffusion spatiale des mesures agro-environnementales herbagères
Authors: Allaire Gilles , Cahuzac Éric , Simioni Michel
Published: March 2022

Cet article propose une analyse de la contractualisation des mesures agro-environnementales herbagères par les éleveurs et de la diffusion géographique du processus de contractualisation. Les données individuelles mobilisées sont géo-référencées et concernent l'ensemble des éleveurs de bovins ou ovins/caprins français bénéficiant d'au moins une mesure PAC du premier pilier et ayant contracté ou non une telle mesure. Une base de données territorialisées de contexte (Observatoire des programmes communautaires de développement rural) est utilisée pour compléter l'information. Dans une première étape, les résultats provenant de l'estimation de modèles probit sur ces données individuelles montrent que l'introduction de variables de contexte en complément des caractéristiques individuelles permet d'obtenir une bonne prédiction des taux de contractualisation à un niveau géographique fin (infra-cantonal). Dans une deuxième étape, la localisation des individus est prise en compte au travers d'un effet de voisinage dans un modèle probit spatial. Les résultats montrent que les effets de proximité spatiale dus à la diversité géographique des systèmes de production et aux réseaux sociaux s'expriment essentiellement au niveau de la commune et de micro-zones (infra-cantonales).
Trading schemes for greenhouse gas emissions from European agriculture : A comparative analysis based on different implementation options
Authors: Pérez Dominguez Ignacio , Britz Wolfgang , Holm-Müller Karin
Published: March 2022

A rational negotiation strategy for coming multilateral negotiations regarding climate change requires knowledge about possible social, economic and environmental effects of policy instruments for the abatement of greenhouse gas emissions. With this purpose, an agricultural sector model is expanded to cover greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural sources in Europe and policy instruments for their reduction. This modelling approach concentrates on the application of a permit trade scheme for emission abatement within the Kyoto Protocol first commitment' baseline. The effects derived of three alternative schemes are described in detail : the EU 'burden sharing' agreement option defined as regional emission standards, emission trading between regions inside each Member State, and finally, emission trading between all European regions. The analysis shows the importance of selecting an adequate combination of instruments of emission abatement for the design of efficient emission reduction policies.
Un ordre sanitaire non négociable ? Les habiletés relationnelles des techniciens vétérinaires
Authors: Muller Séverin
Published: March 2022

Le modèle d'inspection des services vétérinaires en abattoir repose sur une présence en continu des agents de l'Etat dans les espaces de travail. Les leçons institutionnelles tirées de la crise de la vache folle ont conduit à orienter le système de surveillance sanitaire vers l'autocontrôlé et la responsabilisation des industriels. Les équipes vétérinaires ont accompagné la mise en place de ce système dans les entreprises, mais leur présence est actuellement disqualifiée car elle complexifie la détermination de la responsabilité juridique entre les acteurs privés et publics. L'observation de l'activité concrète des techniciens vétérinaires et d'une inspectrice dans un abattoir montre la diversité des registres de contrôle et de coopération avec le personnel, pour adapter les règles sanitaires aux réalités productives. En dépit des problèmes que pose ce mode d'inspection, il s'agit de comparer ses intérêts aux alternatives envisagées dans le cadre du «paquet hygiène».
Le régime entre santé et esthétique ? Significations, parcours et mise en oeuvre du régime alimentaire
Authors: Régnier Faustine , Masullo Ana
Published: March 2022

A partir d’un corpus de 85 entretiens semi-directifs, l’article expose une analyse du parcours, des significations et de la réception des recommandations reçues lors d’un régime visant au contrôle ou à la perte de poids. L’article met en évidence une triple opposition dans les acceptions du « régime » : en premier lieu, le régime comme hygiène de vie, intimement lié à la santé dans les catégories aisées, alors que la santé constitue rarement un but qui serait lié aux pratiques alimentaires en milieu modeste ; ensuite, le régime dans une optique préventive (chez les membres des catégories aisées) s’oppose au régime dans une optique curative (dans les catégories modestes) ; enfin, le régime expérimenté, source de la constitution d’un savoir personnel en matière d’alimentation, s’oppose au régime appliqué, où l’obsession de la perte de poids occulte toute constitution d’un savoir et toute appropriation personnelle. Les sources des régimes sont multiples – aux prescripteurs appartenant au domaine médical et aux programmes d’amaigrissement, s’ajoute l’influence des média, vecteurs privilégiés des régimes – et l’article met en évidence l’importance des relais d’information. Dans ce contexte, l’appartenance et l’intégration sociales constituent deux facteurs principaux qui conduisent les femmes à suivre un régime destiné au contrôle du poids, alors que le repli sur soi et les ruptures dans les trajectoires de vie génèrent souvent un désinvestissement dans le corps.
L’ethnicisation des luttes pour le pouvoir local en Bolivie. La conquête du monde rural dans le Nord Potosí
Authors: Le Gouill Claude
Published: March 2022

Si les victoires électorales d’Evo Morales ont confirmé la force du mouvement rural bolivien, celui-ci n’en reste pas moins divisé. Dans les Andes, l’organisation indigène des ayllus affronte l’organisation paysanne syndicale pour le contrôle du monde rural. Ce dualisme organisationnel repose, dans un premier temps, sur des processus historiques différents, structurés à partir de la réforme agraire de 1953. Il s’amplifie par la suite dans l’élaboration de discours identitaires et la construction d’une «frontière symbolique » entre les deux organisations, dont la finalité est la conquête du pouvoir politique et la gestion des projets de développement. Chacune d’elle tisse dès lors ses propres réseaux avec les organisations non gouvernementales et les partis politiques, non sans créer des tensions avec le gouvernement d’Evo Morales entre le «politique » et l’ «organique » . A partir de l’exemple de la région du Nord Potosí, ce travail permet ainsi de décrypter les processus politiques et identitaires actuels que traverse la Bolivie. Le pays est en effet entré dans un profond «processus de changement » dans lequel les organisations sociales sont moteur et s’affrontent dans la définition de ce changement.
Un parti paysan dans la ville en Bolivie : le Mouvement vers le socialisme (MAS) à La Paz (2005-2010)
Authors: Do Alto Hervé
Published: March 2022

A peasant party in a Bolivian city : The Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS) in La Paz (2005-2010)

The takeover of the Bolivian presidency by the peasant trade-unionist Evo Morales and his party, the Movement towards Socialism (MAS), in 2005 not only marked the return of the left into the national political arena, but illustrates as well the raise, begun in the mid 90s, of the peasantry as an autonomous protagonist of Bolivian politics, in a context of growing urbanisation. This article focuses on the political and social conditions prior to the electoral triumph of MAS in a supposedly hostile environment : the cities. On the basis of an ethnographic research carried out within the working-class districts of La Paz, this work aims to show how a particular partisan configuration that favours its rural membership acts as a constraint for the party’s implantation in urban areas. Nevertheless, this fact does not turn into an obstacle, mainly due to the control that MAS holds on public jobs, which plays a key role in maintaining internal discipline in the cities.
Some Ions of Hexamethylene Triperoxide Diamine - A DFT Treatment
Authors: Türker Lemi
Published: March 2022

Hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD) is one of the peroxide type organic explosive which is sensitive to various stimuli including electrical charging. In the present study, within the restrictions of density functional theory at the level of B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) some ionic forms of HMTD have been investigated. Its anionic and cationic forms considered all undergo decomposition. The monoanion form exhibited cleavage of two peroxide bonds and two C-H bonds whereas the monocation and dication forms show the rupture of O-CH2 bonds. Some quantum chemical properties and UV-VIS spectra of HMTD and the decomposed products were obtained and discussed.
THE BENEFITS OF IMPROVING THE TECHNICAL CONDITION OF A BUILDING IN THE CONTEXT OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Authors: Gołąbeska Elżbieta
Published: March 2022

This article deals with the impact of thermal upgrading measures on the energy efficiency of a building. The thesis is that improvement of the technical condition through: increasing the thermal insulation of walls, modernisation of ventilation system, regular inspections and repairs of central heating boilers, modernisation of hot water preparation systems, the introduction of alternative energy sources or using modern technologies in construction, affects the increase of energy efficiency of this building.
IMPACT OF RESIDENTIAL HEATING COSTS ON THEIR VALUE
Authors: Nalewajko Marta
Published: March 2022

This article deals with the essence of the influence of factors related to various heat sources on property valuation. The study’s main aim is to show that the applied heating system impacts the costs of maintaining and operating a building. A thesis was made that the type of heat source used to heat the property is a factor that significantly influences the value because its efficiency and general characteristics can significantly affect the amount of the building’s operating costs. For this reason, the method of heating building objects should be an attribute taken into account during the valuation carried out by a property appraiser.
STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS AND THEIR DERIVED SATISFACTION OF URBAN FORESTS IN THE MOST INDUSTRIALISED REGION OF POLAND
Authors: Sobol Agnieszka , Skubała Piotr
Published: March 2022

In the face of growing urbanised areas, the presence of forests and their appropriate shaping is a key challenge for contemporary urban planning. The importance of forests is largely identified with natural, economic and social functions in non-urban areas; however, forests are of vital value in urbanised areas. This article explores young Polish urbanites’ awareness of the role forests play, and submits diagnoses of the forests multidimensional benefits and their functions in Poland’s urban areas. Moreover, the research is based on the premise that the management of urban forests must ultimately lead to the satisfying of social needs. Based on empirical research, the perceptions of the value of urban forests as assessed by young people (students) in the Śląskie Voivodeship are presented, leading to the authors’ postulation that urban forests are underestimated resources. Furthermore, the study suggests that young Poles do not recognise the multi-beneficial aspects of urban forests; and the authors indicate feasible directions for local policy to achieve sustainable development. The final statements argue that in the face of serious threats to the functioning of Earth’s ecosystem, a campaign for the presence of forests and green spaces in cities is necessary.