bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative Evaluation of the Radiopacity of Bone Graft Materials used in Dentistry
Authors: Kursun-Çakmak Emine S , Akbulut Nihat , Öztas Dogan D
Published: December 2017

Introduction

Ample radiopacity in order to distinguish from the surrounding tissues is a desirable property of dental graft materials. A total of 15 bone graft materials’ (BGMs) opacities were analyzed in this study.

Materials and methods

Graft materials were placed in the implant cavity (5 × 10 mm) in cadaver's mandible respectively. Cavity was exposed by using periapical film and a dental X-ray machine at 70 kVp and 8 mA. The optical density of the radiographic images was measured with a transmission densitometer. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted for statistical analysis.

Results

Among the materials tested, the most radiolucent bone grafts were Grafton and Allogenix with a statistical significance of p ≥ 0.05. 4Bone and Bego Oss exhibited the highest radiopacity with a statistical significance of p ≥ 0.05. Inadequate radiopacity of the dental graft materials may lead to confusion among clinicians in the radiographical follow-up. Among 15 BGMs tested, only three had higher density than bone tissue.

Conclusion

The radiopacity of the BGM was found to be higher than bone at only three of them.

How to cite this article

Kursun-Çakmak ES, Akbulut N, Öztas DD. Comparative Evaluation of the Radiopacity of Bone Graft Materials used in Dentistry. J Contemp Dent 2017;7(3):150-155.
Comparative Evaluation of varying Photo-polymerization Time on Shear Bond Strength and Microleakage of Four Orthodontic Adhesives: An in vitro Study
Authors: Zanke Prerana N , Patni Vivek , Maskarenj Marshal
Published: December 2017

Introduction

High early bond strength, extended working time for optimal bracket placement, and easy cleanup of excess adhesive are few advantages of visible light-cure orthodontic adhesives. However, the shorter duration of polymerization may lead to polymer shrinkage and eventually microleakage.

Objective

To observe and evaluate shear bond strength (SBS) and microleakage of orthodontic brackets bonded to enamel with four commercially available orthodontic adhesives, cured only from incisal direction at various polymerization times.

Materials and methods

A total of 160 bovine incisors were randomly assigned to four groups according to adhesive used. Group I: bonded with Transbond XT (3M Unitek™, USA); group II: Enlight (Ormco, USA); group III: Light Bond (Reliance Ortho, USA); and group IV: Discover (Prime Dental, USA). Each group was further divided into four subgroups of A, B, C, and D according to the polymerization duration of 5, 10, 15, and 20 seconds respectively. The bonded teeth were immersed in dye solution. Brackets were then subjected to SBS test on a Universal testing machine. Surface microleakage was observed with the help of optical stereomicroscope.

Results

The SBS was obtained within the range of clinically accepted values, with curing time for Enlight at 5 seconds, Transbond XT and Discover at 15 seconds, and Light Bond at 20 seconds. However, Enlight was demonstrated to provide optimum SBS at least curing time: Minimum duration of 5 seconds achieved adequate SBS ~11 MPa SBS for each of Transbond XT and Enlight. The surface microleakage observed is statistically insignificant among the groups.

Conclusion

From a clinical perspective, a composite resin that needs minimum curing time without compromising on the bond strength is most advantageous. The results for SBS tests showed a better performance for Enlight as compared with the other adhesives: it reached its bond strength of optimum value at curing time of 5 seconds.

How to cite this article

Zanke PN, Patni V, Maskarenj M. Comparative Evaluation of varying Photo-polymerization Time on Shear Bond Strength and Microleakage of Four Orthodontic Adhesives: Anin vitroStudy. J Contemp Dent 2017;7(3):156-160.
Four Fourth Molars
Authors: Prasad Rajendra , S Pradeep , Choontharu Muralee M , Pandya Kalpa M
Published: December 2017

A supernumerary tooth is an additional entity to the normal series and can be seen in any of the quadrants of the jaw. Very often, they are associated with syndromes, such as Gardner syndrome and cleidocranial dysplasia. In the absence of any syndromes, occurrence of multiple supernumerary teeth is rare. Supernumerary molars can be in the form of paramolars or distomolars of which distomolars are relatively rare with a reported incidence of 2%. We present a rare nonsyndromic case of four fourth molars in addition to an impacted maxillary canine. The treatment of supernumerary teeth depends on the current and possible effects on the adjacent teeth, the position of the tooth itself, and the likelihood of the development of pathologic conditions. Very often distomolars are treated as one treats the third molars. We also suggest a possible association between macrodontia and hyperdontia.

How to cite this article

Choontharu MM, Prasad R, Pandya KM, Pradeep S. Four Fourth Molars. J Contemp Dent 2017;7(3):166-168.
Nonextraction Treatment of Class I Malocclusion having Anterior Crowding and Multiple Canine Impactions
Authors: Patni Vivek , Sirsat Chetna D , Daga Prateek , Joshi Divij
Published: December 2017

Canine impaction is a condition wherein the tooth is embedded in the alveolus and is locked in by bone, teeth, or other structures, leading to difficulty in eruption. In this study, we present a case report of a 15-year-old female patient with a straight profile, class I skeletal and dental relationship, over retained deciduous teeth, severe anterior crowding in both the arches, and impacted canine in maxillary arch on both the sides and in mandibular arch on the right side. Extraction of deciduous teeth was done prior to fixed appliance therapy. After leveling and alignment using fixed appliance, surgical exposure of impacted canines was done using open flap surgical technique. Canines were brought into occlusion using conventional orthodontic technique. In mandibular arch, space for lingually placed lateral incisor was created using nickel—titanium (NiTi) open coil spring. Results achieved after decrowding and getting impacted canines into normal occlusion are presented.

How to cite this article

Sirsat CD, Patni V, Daga P, Joshi D. Nonextraction Treatment of Class I Malocclusion having Anterior Crowding and Multiple Canine Impactions. J Contemp Dent 2017;7(3):169-173.
Postsurgical Epidermal Inclusion Cyst in the Cheek Region
Authors: Swain Niharika , Bhandarwar Amit U , Patel Shilpa , Pathak Jigna , Gandevivala Adil
Published: December 2017

Epidermal inclusion cyst (EIC) is one of the common conditions usually associated with trauma. This cyst commonly presents on the scalp, face, neck, trunk, and extremities. Epidermal inclusion cyst is believed to originate through implantation of epidermal element by either surgical or accidental trauma into deeper mesenchymal tissue and its subsequent cystic transformation. The EICs are indolent in nature, slow to progress, and remain asymptomatic unless secondarily infected. The authors report a case of EIC that occurred in a 35-year-old female after surgery of squamous cell carcinoma.

How to cite this article

Bhandarwar AU, Patel S, Pathak J, Swain N, Gandevivala A. Postsurgical Epidermal Inclusion Cyst in the Cheek Region. J Contemp Dent 2017;7(3):178-180.
Fibrolipoma of Lip in a Young Individual: A Rare Presentation
Authors: Swain Niharika , Patel Shilpa , Pathak Jigna , Punjabi Vishal H
Published: December 2017

Lipomas are tumors of mature adipose tissue. They are commonly seen in the upper extremities, neck, shoulders, and trunk region. However, oral lipomas are relatively rare. They particularly occur in the areas of fat accumulation, especially the cheek, followed by the tongue, floor of the mouth, buccal sulcus and vestibule, lip, palate, and gingiva. Lipomas can be histopathologically classified into classic lipoma and its variant forms, such as fibrolipomas, spindle cell lipomas, intramuscular lipomas, angiolipomas, salivary gland lipomas, pleomorphic lipomas, myxoid lipomas, and atypical lipomas. There have only been a few cases reported on fibrolipoma involving the lower lip in young individuals. Herein, we present a case report on oral fibrolipoma of the lower lip in a 20-year-old female.

How to cite this article

Punjabi VH, Patel S, Pathak J, Swain N. Fibrolipoma of Lip in a Young Individual: A Rare Presentation. J Contemp Dent 2017;7(3):181-184.
Diffuse Lipomatosis of Face
Authors: Swain Niharika , Patel Shilpa , Pathak Jigna , Gandevivala Adil , Mhatre Vibhuti S
Published: December 2017

Congenital infiltrating lipomatosis is a distinct clinicopathological entity. It is a type of lipomatosis that is usually found at birth or early after birth. It is designated by a collection of nonencapsulated, mature adipocytes that infiltrate local tissues, leading to craniofacial deformities. Due to its diffuse infiltration and involvement of important facial structures, a complete surgical excision is often impossible. We report a case of a 5-year-old female patient presenting with a painless swelling on the left side of her face.

How to cite this article

Mhatre VS, Pathak J, Patel S, Swain N, Gandevivala A. Diffuse Lipomatosis of Face. J Contemp Dent 2017;7(3):185-187.
Cleft Rhinoplasty: A Surgical Technique
Authors: Deshpande Gaurav , Mehrotra Vani , Natarajan Srivalli , Merchant Raj
Published: December 2017

Nasal deformity, a common occurrence in unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and cleft palate patients, is a formidable challenge for the cleft surgeon. The underlying abnormal anatomy, aggravated by tissue scarring and loss of facial planes after primary procedures, makes secondary rhinoplasty a difficult procedure for even the most experienced. Over the past years, numerous techniques for secondary cleft rhinoplasty have been described in literature. Regardless of the technique adopted, the fundamental goal of cleft rhinoplasty is to achieve a nose that would be esthetically accepted in society as well as functionally accepted by the patient. The correction of nasal deformity can be performed with a closed or an open technique. This article highlights the open technique used for secondary rhinoplasty for a challenging case of unilateral cleft lip nasal deformity in an adult patient.

How to cite this article

Mehrotra V, Natarajan S, Deshpande G, Merchant R. Cleft Rhinoplasty: A Surgical Technique. J Contemp Dent 2017;7(3):188-193.
A Cross-sectional Observational Analysis of Preoperative Blood Glucose Levels in Nondiabetic Patients presenting for Surgery
Authors: Nerurkar Aparna A , Pattajoshi Swagat , Tendolkar Bharati A
Published: December 2017

Introduction

Abnormal blood glucose levels alter the course and result of surgery. This study aims to quantify the incidence of hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia in the preoperative period and to assess the impact of duration of nil per os (NPO), age, intravenous fluids (IVFs), blood transfusion, severity of pain and anxiety, and steroid or antibiotic administration on preoperative blood glucose levels in nondiabetic patients.

Materials and methods

The NPO duration, age, IVF, blood transfusion, pain and anxiety score, steroid and antibiotic administration were noted in 1,000 nondiabetic patients presenting for both elective and emergency surgery. Blood glucose level was measured before induction of anesthesia by capillary finger-prick method. The values of blood glucose levels were analyzed for correlation with above-mentioned parameters.

Results

Overall incidence of hypoglycemia was found to be 23.3%. About 27.2% of patients including 34.95% children posted for elective surgery and 33.37% of patients including 8.73% children posted for emergency surgery group were hypoglycemic. The incidence of hyperglycemia was 1.51 and 1.08% for adults in elective and emergency category respectively. Age showed widely varied association to preoperative blood glucose levels; blood glucose levels increased with age in male patients, with patients aged between 18 and 40 years admitted for emergency surgery (p = 0.006), but decreased with age in patients older than 60 years irrespective of gender and type of surgery (p = 0.014). The preoperative blood glucose levels increased with higher preoperative pain and anxiety (p = 0.05) and administration of steroids (p = 0.00043). Similarly, with increase in duration of NPO, preoperative blood glucose levels decreased in adult females (p = 0.000) and males over 40 years (p = 0.049), both admitted for emergency surgery. Only preoperative normal saline (NS; p = 0.001), 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES; p = 0.043), Isolyte P (p = 0.000), and blood transfusion (p = 0.05) showed significant correlation.

Conclusion

Preoperative blood glucose monitoring is recommended mandatorily for all patients posted for emergency surgery. It is also recommended for elective pediatric and geriatric surgery patients, patients with high anxiety and/or pain, increased NPO duration, and preoperative administration of steroid, NS, 6% HES, or blood.

How to cite this article

Pattajoshi S, Nerurkar AA, Tendolkar BA. A Cross-sectional Observational Analysis of Preoperative Blood Glucose Levels in Nondiabetic Patients presenting for Surgery. Res Inno in Anesth 2017;2(2):29-33.
A Prospective, Randomized Study comparing the Efficacy and Safety of Adhesive Strip (Steri-Strips™) Fixation vs Subcutaneous Tunneling for securing Epidural Catheters in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Garasia Madhu , Kulkarni Ketan S , Dave Nandini M , Kulkarni Shriyam S , Shinde Shivani , Chincholi Indrani
Published: December 2017

Introduction

Effective epidural catheter fixation is a key aspect of postoperative pain management in pediatric patients. We conducted a prospective, randomized study comparing the efficacy and safety of adhesive strip (Steri-Strips™) vs subcutaneous tunneling for successful epidural catheter fixation.

Materials and methods

American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grades I and II patients between the age group of 1 day and 12 years were included in the study. The parameters studied were inward and outward migration, and dislodgment of catheter. Erythema, induration, catheter snapping, catheter obstruction, total duration of epidural infusion, and catheter tip culture were also recorded. Feedback from the operator for ease of fixation technique was noted and reviewed.

Results

This study was performed in 64 patients posted for various abdominal, thoracic, and genital surgeries, requiring postoperative epidural analgesia. The epidural catheter was successfully placed in the first attempt in 61 patients. Outward migration was seen in six patients with Steri-Strips-taped catheters and in one patient with a tunneled catheter. Accidental removal was done in five patients with tunneled catheters and one patient with strip-taped catheter. Rescue analgesics were required in these patients. No inward migration of catheter was seen in both the groups. Bleeding from tunneling site was seen in five patients.

Conclusion

In comparison with a tunneling technique for epidural catheter fixation, a simple method of applying Steri-Strips™ to epidural catheters significantly reduces the incidence of accidental removal.

How to cite this article

Kulkarni KS, Dave NM, Kulkarni SS, Nataraj G, Shinde S, Chincholi I, Garasia M. A Prospective, Randomized Study comparing the Efficacy and Safety of Adhesive Strip (Steri-Strips™) Fixation vs Subcutaneous Tunneling for securing Epidural Catheters in Pediatric Patients. Res Inno in Anesth 2017;2(2):40-44.
Monitoring of Depth of Anesthesia using Entropy Monitor during Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Authors: Dalvi Naina P , Sachan Pragya
Published: December 2017

Aim

To monitor the depth of anesthesia using entropy monitor during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) using (1) numerical indices provided by entropy monitor [response entropy (RE) and state entropy (SE), burst suppression ratio (BSR)] and (2) modified version of Brice questionnaire used after 48 hours of surgery.

Materials and methods

Design: Prospective observational study. Setting: Cardiovascular thoracic surgery (CVTS) operation theater (OT) of our hospital. Participants: 100 patients undergoing CPB surgery and willing to participate in the study. Intervention: Brain and facial muscular activity recorded using disposable sensor with three electrodes attached to patient's forehead and a sensor cable that connects the sensor to entropy module. Entropy indices were calculated and displayed in real time. All patients were then interviewed 48 hours after surgery about any recall of intraoperative awareness using the modified Brice questionnaire.

Measurements and results

Basic statistics was assessed by using MS Excel Office 2007 data analysis Tool Pack. The association between two variables was determined by Pearson chi-square test. After skin incision, mean RT and ST were found to decrease significantly till peak hypothermia. After start of rewarming, mean RT and ST were found to increase significantly till skin closure.

Conclusion

In our study, we did not find any awareness in all 100 studied subjects, leading to the conclusion that anesthesia technique used for CPB is optimal.

Clinical significance

It can be concluded that entropy monitor might aid CPB surgery in many ways. It monitors the depth of anesthesia and probably prevents intraoperative awareness, helps in reducing anesthetic dosage, and hence, reduction in cost of anesthesia.

How to cite this article

Sachan P, Dalvi NP. Monitoring of Depth of Anesthesia using Entropy Monitor during Cardiopulmonary Bypass. Res Inno in Anesth 2017;2(2):45-50.
Comparison of Ropivacaine with Fentanyl vs Bupivacaine with Fentanyl for Postoperative Epidural Analgesia in Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective, Randomized, Single-blinded Controlled Study
Authors: Potdar Meenoti P , Tomar Ajay , Kamat Laxmi
Published: December 2017

Aim

The primary aim of the study was to compare epidural ropivacaine with fentanyl and epidural bupivacaine with fentanyl for postoperative epidural analgesia after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The secondary objective was to assess the outcomes of passive and active mobilizations postoperatively, requirement of rescue analgesia, and adverse effects, such as nausea vomiting, sedation, numbness, motor weakness, hypotension, and respiratory depression.

Materials and methods

After obtaining hospital ethics committee approval and written informed consent, 100 patients were randomly allocated to two groups of 50 each. Group B received 0.125% bupivacaine with fentanyl (2 μg/mL) epidurally for postoperative pain relief. Group R received 0.2% ropivacaine with fentanyl (2 μg/mL) epidurally for postoperative pain relief. Patients of American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grades I to II of both sexes undergoing elective TKA and giving written consent were included in the study. Patients with coagulation disorders, history of spine surgery, vertebral deformities, and having contraindications for spinal analgesia were excluded from the study. All patients were preoperatively assessed and clinically evaluated thoroughly. They received conventional combined spinal epidural anesthesia followed by epidural infusion in the postoperative period of ropivacaine fentanyl or bupivacaine fentanyl as per the allocation. The postoperative epidural analgesia was supplemented with intravenous (IV) paracetamol 1 gm TDS, and rescue analgesia, if needed, was given with IV tramadol 50 mg. All patients were monitored for postoperative pain by the visual analog scale (VAS), requirement of rescue analgesia, hemodynamic parameters, sedation scores, and adverse effects.

How to cite this article

Potdar MP, Tomar A, Kamat L. Comparison of Ropivacaine with Fentanyl vs Bupivacaine with Fentanyl for Postoperative Epidural Analgesia in Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective, Randomized, Single-blinded Controlled Study. Res Inno in Anesth 2017;2(2):51-57.
Pain Perception following Administration of Propofol with 7.5 mg Ephedrine, 15 mg Ephedrine, or Lignocaine— A Comparative Study
Authors: Madan Harprit Kaur , Chincholi Indrani H , Patira Sonali D
Published: December 2017

Introduction

Propofol is the drug of choice for induction of anesthesia because of its rapid onset, easy titration, and short duration of action. However, pain on propofol injection is an unpleasant experience felt by many of our patients. Many factors have been investigated to decrease the pain on propofol injection but it is still a mystery.

Aim

To compare the effect of two doses of ephedrine (7.5 and 15 mg) and lignocaine on pain during injection of propofol and to compare their hemodynamic parameters and note for any complications.

Materials and methods

This study was a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, single-center study on 150 adult patients of both the sexes belonging to American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grades I and II for elective surgery under general anesthesia. The aim was to compare the analgesic effect of lignocaine, ephedrine 7.5 and 15 mg in ameliorating propofol injection pain. About 50 patients were allocated to each of the three groups receiving lignocaine 2% (1.5 mL), ephedrine 7.5 mg, and ephedrine 15 mg intravenously admixed with propofol. The intensity of pain at the time of propofol injection was assessed using verbal rating scale (VRS) 4-point scale before the patient lost consciousness.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was done by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0 software. The qualitative data were summarized as frequency and percentages. The Fischer exact test was used to analyze the data. The continuous data were summarized as mean and standard deviation. The group and intergroup analyses were done using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant.

Results

Median (interquartile range) of the pain score was 1 (2) in group E-7.5 mg, 0 (1) in group E-15 mg, and 0(1) in group L. Results were statistically significant.

Conclusion

Adding 15 mg ephedrine was as effective as adding lignocaine for the prevention of propofol injection pain and ephedrine had a better and stable hemodynamic profile.

How to cite this article

Chincholi IH, Madan HK, Patira SD. Pain Perception following Administration of Propofol with 7.5 mg Ephedrine, 15 mg Ephedrine, or Lignocaine—A Comparative Study. Res Inno in Anesth 2017;2(2):58-63.
Intravenous Dexamethasone and Its Effect on Blood Glucose in Adult Nondiabetic Patients undergoing General Anesthesia for Superficial Surgery
Authors: Gala Apeksha A , Bhirud Pritee H , Chellam Shrividya
Published: December 2017

Dexamethasone is commonly used for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). It also has significant postoperative analgesic benefits. In spite of these advantages, it is seen that intravenous (IV) dexamethasone may affect the blood glucose profile of the patient and healing of wounds. We have studied the effects of IV dexamethasone administered at induction on blood glucose concentrations in adult, nondiabetic patients under general anesthesia (GA) for superficial surgeries, e.g., ear surgeries, breast surgeries, and hernia surgeries.

How to cite this article

Gala AA, Bhirud PH, Chellam S. Intravenous Dexamethasone and Its Effect on Blood Glucose in Adult Nondiabetic Patients undergoing General Anesthesia for Superficial Surgery. Res Inno in Anesth 2017;2(2):64-67.
Knotted Ryle's Tube: A Rare Complication
Authors: Jha Tanya R , Potdar Meenoti P
Published: December 2017

Ryle's tube (RT) insertion is a commonly performed procedure in emergency departments, intensive care units, and operation theaters. The complications associated with RT include ulceration, bleeding, misplacement of the tube in airway, and clogging of the tube. Intragastric knotting is a rare complication of RT insertion. The removal of such knotted RT should be done cautiously so as to avoid trauma, preferably under direct laryngoscopic vision.

How to cite this article

Jha TR, Potdar MP. Knotted Ryle's Tube: A Rare Complication. Res Inno in Anesth 2017;2(2):71-72.
Anesthetic Management of Emergency Cesarean Section in a Patient with Congenital Venous Malformation
Authors: Shah Monal , Narkhede Harsha , Oak Shrikanta P , Singhal Isha , Apte Neha
Published: December 2017

Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome (BRBNS) is characterized by typical bluish, soft, and compressible lesions with rubber-like consistency present since birth. In this syndrome, venous malformation (VM) is always present since birth and is commonly found in the cheek, tongue, lip and jaw, and sometimes may be present in deep tissue, bone, or muscle. A vascular malformation is known to grow in size throughout the life of an individual with sudden enlargement in size during puberty and pregnancy due to hormonal changes. We report the successful management of a case of congenital VM of the lip and mandible posted for emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia.

How to cite this article

Narkhede H, Oak SP, Singhal I, Apte N, Shah M. Anesthetic Management of Emergency Cesarean Section in a Patient with Congenital Venous Malformation. Res Inno in Anesth 2017;2(2):73-75.
An apportionment method for the Oxydative Potential to the
atmospheric PM sources: application to a one-year study in
Chamonix, France
Authors: Weber Samuël , Gaëlle Uzu , Calas Aude , Chevrier Florie , Besombes Jean-Luc , Charron Aurélie , Salameh Dalia , Ježek Irena , Močnik Griša , Jaffrezo Jean-Luc
Published: January 2018

Abstract. The particulate matter (PM) induces cellular oxidative stress in vivo and so lead to adverse health outcome. The oxidative potential (OP) of the PM appears to be a more relevant proxy of the health impact of the aerosol rather than the total mass concentration. However, the relative contributions of the emission’s sources of aerosols to the OP are still poorly known. In order to better quantify the impact of each PM source to the air quality, we sampled aerosols in a French city for one year (year 2014, 115 samples). A coupled analysis with detailed chemical speciation (more than 100 species, including organic and carbonaceous compounds, ions, metals and aethalomether measurements) and two OP assays (ascorbic acid (AA) and dithiothreitiol (DTT)) in a simulated lung fluid (SLF) were performed in these samples. We developed in this study a new statistical model using a coupled approach with Positive Matrix Factorisation (PMF) and multiple linear regressions to attribute a redox-activity per PM sources. Our results highlight the importance of the Biomass burning and Vehicular sources to explain the observed OP for both assays. In general, we see a different contribution of the sources when considering the OP AA, OP DTT or the mass of the PM10. Moreover, some significant differences are observed between the DTT and AA tests that emphasized the chemical specificities of the two tests and the need of a standardized approach for the future studies on epidemiology or toxicology of the PM.
Rainfall events with shallow landslides in the Entella catchment (Liguria, Northern Italy)
Authors: Roccati Anna , Faccini Francesco , Luino Fabio , Turconi Laura , Guzzetti Fausto
Published: January 2018

Abstract. In the recent decades, the Entella River basin, in the Liguria Apennines, Northern Italy, was hit by numerous intense rainfall events that triggered shallow landslides, soil slips and debris flows, causing casualties and extensive damage. We analysed landslides information obtained from different sources and rainfall data recorded in the period 2002–2016 by rain gauges scattered in the catchment, to identify the event rainfall duration, D (in h), and rainfall intensity, I (in mm h−1), that presumably caused the landslide events. Rainfall-induced landslides affected all the catchment area, but were most frequent and abundant in the central part, where the three most severe events hit on 24 November 2002, 21–22 October 2013, and 10 November 2014. Examining the timing and location of the failures, we found that the rainfall-induced landslides occurred primarily at the same time or within six hours from the maximum peak rainfall intensity, and at or near the geographical location where the rainfall intensity was largest. Adopting a Frequentist approach, we define the event rainfall intensity–event duration ID, threshold for the possible initiation of shallow landslides and debris flows in the Entella River basin. The threshold is lower than most of the thresholds proposed in the literature for similar mountain catchments, local areas and single regions in Italy. Analysis of the antecedent rainfall conditions for different periods, from 3 to 15 days, revealed that the antecedent rainfall did not play a significant role in the initiation of landslides in the Entella catchment. We expect that our findings will be useful in regional to local landslides early warning systems, and for land-planning aimed at reducing landslides risk in the study area.
Basal drag of Fleming Glacier, Antarctica, Part B:
implications of evolution from 2008 to 2015
Authors: Zhao Chen , Gladstone Rupert M. , Warner Roland C. , King Matt A. , Zwinger Thomas
Published: January 2018

Abstract. The Wordie Ice Shelf-Fleming Glacier system in the southern Antarctic Peninsula has experienced a long-term retreat and disintegration of its ice shelf in the past 50 years. Upstream glacier acceleration and dynamic thinning have been observed over the past two decades, especially after 2008 when only a little constraining ice shelf remained at the Fleming Glacier front. It is important to know whether the substantial speed up and surface draw-down of the glacier since 2008 is a direct response to increasing ocean forcing or driven by the feedback within an unstable marine-based glacier system or both. To explore the mechanism underlying the changes, we use a Stokes (full stress) model to simulate the basal shear stress of the Fleming system in 2008 and 2015. Recent observational studies have suggested the 2008–2015 velocity change was due to the ungrounding of the Fleming Glacier front. Our modelling shows that the fast flowing region of the Fleming Glacier shows a very low basal shear stress in 2008 but with a band of higher basal shear stress along the ice front. It indicates that the ungrounding process might have not started in 2008, which is consistent with the height above buoyancy calculation in 2008. Comparison of our inversions for basal shear stresses for 2008 and 2015 suggests the migration of the grounding line by ~ 9 km upstream from the grounding line position in 1996, a shift which is consistent with the change in floating area deduced from the height above buoyancy in 2015. The southern branch of the Fleming Glacier and the Prospect Glacier apparently have retreated by ~ 1–3 km from 2008 to 2015. The retrograde bed underneath the Fleming Glacier has promoted migration of the grounding line, which we suggest may be triggered by subglacial drainage as a response to the increased basal water supply through greater frictional heating at the ice-bedrock interface further upstream in the fast-flowing region. Improved knowledge of bed topography near the grounding line and further transient simulation is required to predict the future grounding line movement of the Fleming Glacier system precisely and subsequently understand better the ice dynamics and the its future contribution to sea level.
Utilitarian Value Impact of E-Tail over Retail on Youth in India
Authors: Prasad Saraju
Published: December 2017

Consumers today have changed from static to dynamic as the change in environment,demands and market volatility affects the perception about retailing. In the meantimeconsumer buying process has changed from complex to simple which indirectly changebuying from traditional stores to e-commerce. This is a conscious upgradation of consumers’status from physical market place to virtual market. Consumer willingness for onlinepurchases has changed because of over accessibility to e-commerce. But customers are not somuch inclined towards online purchases as lots of risk is associated with that. The research ismostly focused on the behavior of college students towards internet purchases. The variablesconsidered for the study that influences the online purchases. A sample size of 300comprising of graduate students, engineering students and other professional students hastaken in judgment sampling procedure. The dataset collected through questionnaire areanalyzed through various statistical tools. The outcome of the study revealed that more thanhalf of the respondents prefer to buy online in an average of Rs.7, 500 per month. Factoranalysis has conducted to verify the importance each variables in online purchase and by thisfour factors generated which are reasonable, influences, accessible and serviceablerespectively which has considered by the youth during their online purchases and give greaterimportance to utilitarian value.
Are We on the Right Track? Inserting Democracy System unto Governance Mechanism for Not-For-Profit Organization
Authors: Prasetyo Aries Heru , Lo Wei , Hu Jersan
Published: December 2017

Research on good governance mechanism has been done tremendously for more than five decades but not for the not-for-profit sector. The concept is still inclusive and under theorized. Most study focus on adopting concept from commercial sector which is sometimes misleads. This paper tries to find clear evidence by inserting new variables namely democracy. The study begins by looking at the importance of stakeholder and brings in the idea of positioning the society in the organization. Using multiple case analyses in Indonesia, this paper found that types of democracy has a great influenced on how organization sets their governance mechanism. For those who are experiencing an indirect democracy system, democratic governance is the ideal form. Meanwhile for the direct system, compliance model would be the most ideal term. And finally for an active participatory system, the study suggests to use participatory governance model. Among those three, the last model shall be justified as the most ideal form of governance for the sector, thus leaving something for future agenda.
Geochemical and Geodynamic Constrain of Tholeiitic Volcanism and Related Intrusions in the Kampti Gold District, Southwest Burkina Faso: Implication for Mineral Exploration
Authors: NANEMA Mathieu , Wenmenga Urbain , Ilboudo Hermann
Published: December 2017

The Kampti serie is a volcano-plutonic complex in the south-eastern corner of the Houndé belt, closed to the border with Ivory Coast. The stratigraphy comprises initially: a thick sequence of tholeiitic and pillowed basalt followed by pyroclastic projections derivated from bimodal volcanism; and flowing mostly to the south. The volcanic sequence is cross-cut by mafic cumulate body, stocks of gabbro, diorite, subvolcanic dykes and lately intrude by granitoid. It is bordered to the west by the pelitic schist of the Bambela basin with minor intercalation of Tarkwa type sediment. volcanoclastic facies is dominantly plagioclase-phyric (albite +/- oligoclase), zoned plagioclase has a core of anorthoclase. Secondary mineral infilled (quartz, kutnahorite, ripidolite, clinozoisite) of spherulites and oolite highlight a general low grade metamorphism of greenschist facies affecting the complex. Based on trace element chemistry, the tholeiitic rocks present flat REE pattern contrasting with the felsic rocks more enriched in LREE and depleted in HREE. The style of the magmatism in the Kampti serie is compatible with an island arc model, describe elsewhere in the birimian. Gold mineralisation and base metal occurrences associated to the nature of rocks and tectonics highlight a polymetallic district.
Direct Problem-Based Learning (DPBL): A Framework for Integrating Direct Instruction and Problem-Based Learning Approach
Authors: Winarno Sri , Muthu Kalaiarasi Sonai , Ling Lew Sook
Published: December 2017

Direct instruction approach has been widely used in higher education. Many studies revealed that direct instruction improved students’ knowledge. The characteristics of direct instruction include the subject delivered through face-to-face interaction with the lecturers and materials that sequenced deliberately and taught explicitly. However, direct instruction resulted in low creative thinking and teamwork skills among students. Therefore, problem-based learning activities were adapted to reform and create an innovation of a direct instruction approach in developing the new situation.Objective: This study aimed at exploring lecturers’ and students’ perspectives towards Direct Problem-Based Learning (DPBL) activities as a new approach for activities in the classroom.Design: A quasi-experimental design was used.Participants: Third-year students (N = 276) who signed up for Computer Networks subject from Dian Nuswantoro University, Indonesia and five lecturers were involved.Findings and Results: Learning outcomes were significantly positively (Sig. p=.00). Creative thinking skills score increased 8.4%, Teamwork skills score increased 11.5%, and knowledge score increased 25.9% of DPBL approach. The majority of students have difficulties in the direct instruction approach 4.71(.472). Whereas, 1.99(.655) students have low difficulty in DPBL approach. Expert participants agreed that DPBL approach can enhance creative thinking and teamwork skills  4.70(.50).
‘Professionalism’ in Second and Foreign Language Teaching: A qualitative research synthesis
Authors: Jansem Anchalee
Published: December 2017

This qualitative research synthesis concludes and displays pictures of professionalism in second/foreign language education. Adopting Weed’s processes as the methodological framework for doing qualitative research synthesis, the researcher employed seven steps, from retrieving to selecting studies directly associated with professionalism. The findings identify the notion of professionalism in language education, external factors affecting professionalism, concerns about professionalism, and teachers as essential agents of professionalism.
Improving Junior High School Students’ Spatial Reasoning Ability Through Model Eliciting Activities with Cabri 3D
Authors: Hartatiana Hartatiana , Darhim Darhim , Nurlaelah Elah
Published: December 2017

One of students’ abilities which can facilitate them to understand geometric concepts is spatial reasoning ability. Spatial reasoning ability can be defined as an ability involving someone’s cognitive processing to present and manipulate spatial figures, relationship, and figure formations. This research aims to find out significant difference on students’ spatial reasoning ability between students who are given Model Eliciting Activities with Cabri 3D (MEAC) and those who are only given Model Eliciting Activities (MEA). Quasi experimental design is used in this research which involves 143 junior high school students as the sample. The result of this research shows that students who are given Model Eliciting Activities with Cabri 3D have better spatial reasoning ability than those who are given Model Eliciting Activities. It is suggested for Matematics teachers to implement instruction with Model Eliciting Activities with Cabri 3D.
Religious Education in Public Schools in Western Europe
Authors: Llorent-Vaquero Mercedes
Published: December 2017

Christianity is one of the cultural and ethical cornerstones of Europe. In the European Union (EU) there is no overarching policy on religious education (RE) in the school system. The authors use a comparative methodology to analyze the constitutions of Western European countries in relation to different aspects of RE. Specifically, it is focused in Germany, Austria, Belgium, France, Ireland, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. Whereas the right to religious freedom for all is clearly established in these constitutions, obvious differences are revealed in the legal provisions for and attitudes towards religious education. For example, the legal framework of this education has been included in the constitutions of all the analyzed countries, except in the case of France. Also, optional subjects are on offer in Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg, however no alternative subjects to RE are on offer in Austria. In this sense, the authors defend that it is essential to open up the academic dialogue about religious and spiritual issues.
The Effectiveness of Neurological Impress Method on Reading Fluency of Students with Learning Disabilities in Amman, Jordan
Authors: Ziadat Ayed H. , AL-Awan Mohammad Soud A.
Published: December 2017

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Neurological Impress Method (NIM) on reading fluency of students with learning disabilities in Amman, Jordan. A sample of forty students (boys and girls) between the ages 10-12 years old with learning disabilities were selected from the Fourth Amman Educational Directorate in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.Students focused groups in this research were separated into two different groups including the satisfactory controlled group. The participants were taught for one complete semester. Two hypotheses were formulated to guide this research.Statistical analysis to the gathered data revealed that the focused group of students who were trained according to the scheduled strategy to improve students reading ability or became more fluent in reading.Full analyses were applied using the T-test on all available data, indicating that students who were trained according to the scheduled strategy.The study found out that the strategy reduced the reading fluency deficiency in teens with different levels of learning disabilities. Consequently, it was recommended that the strategy can be used to improve reading fluency of students with learning disabilities.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Education Studies, Vol. 11, No. 1
Authors: Lee Chris
Published: December 2017

Reviewer acknowledgements for International Education Studies, Vol. 11, No. 1, 2018.
Rare Lung Diseases―Should We Pay More Attention?
Authors: Radzikowska Elżbieta
Published: December 2017

Rare diseases are defined as the diseases that affect less than one person in 2000 people [...]
Pulmonary Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis—Insight into the Incidence of Alfa-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency (A1ATD) Alleles
Authors: Radzikowska Elżbieta , Struniawski Radosław , Chorostowska-Wynimko Joanna , Wiatr Elżbieta , Roszkowski-Śliż Kazimierz
Published: December 2017

Introduction: The alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (A1ATD) is one of the three most common genetic disorders in Caucasians. It considerably increases the risk of progressive obstructive lung diseases, mostly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. There is no data regarding the prevalence of main, clinically most important A1ATD alleles PI*Z and PI*S in patients with pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH). PLCH is not only strongly linked to the cigarette smoking, but is also characterised by polycystic lung lesions. The goal of the study was to assess the incidence of A1ATD alleles in patients with PLCH. Material and methods: Blood samples were collected from 34 adult patients (14 women and 20 men), with histologically confirmed PLCH. AAT serum concentration was assessed by nephelometry and PI-phenotype, identified by isoelectrofocusing. The PI*S and PI*Z alleles were confirmed by genotyping using real-time PCR. Results: Deficiency alleles PI*Z and PI*S were detected in 3 patients (one woman and 2 men), in 5.88% and 2.94%. The estimated incidence of deficiency alleles was 29.4/1000 (95% CI; 10–69.5) for PI*Z and 14.7/1000 (95%CI; 13.9–43.3) for PI*S. According to our previous reports, the expected prevalence of PI*Z and PI*S alleles in the general Polish population was 13.7/1000 (95% CI 5.8–21.5), and 7.6/1000 (95% CI 1.7–13.5) respectively. Conclusions: The incidence of main A1AT deficiency alleles in patients with PLCH seems higher than in the general Polish population. The study is ongoing.
Cryobiopsy versus Forceps Biopsy in Endobronchial Lesions, Diagnostic Yield and Safety
Authors: Ehab Ahmed , El-Badrawy Mohammad , Moawad Amr , Abo-Shehata Mohammad
Published: December 2017

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the safety and diagnostic yield of CB in comparison to forceps biopsy in endobronchial lesions. Material and methods: Patients with suspected endobronchial lesions were enrolled. Two forceps biopsies and one cryobiopsy were done in the same patient with randomized sequence. The largest diameter of the samples was measured in mm by electronic caliper. Diagnostic yield of each technique and postbronchoscopy bleeding were evaluated. Results: Samples obtained by CB was significantly larger than that of the forceps biopsy (5.9 ± 2.3 vs 2.5 ± 0.8), (p = 0.001). Diagnostic yield of CB was significantly higher than forceps biopsy 74.5% versus 51.1% (p = 0.001). Mild and moderate bleeding grades were reported in both techniques with no significant difference (p = 0.063) (p = 0.5) respectively. Severe bleeding was not recorded in both techniques. Conclusions: CB represents a safe and effective tool to obtain a larger tissue samples of a good quality with higher diagnostic yield in comparison to standard forceps samples. On the other hand, bleeding occurred more frequently after CB than forceps biopsy. However, without severe adverse effects.
Histone Deacetylases Affect Transcriptional Regulation of CCL2 and CXCL8 Expression by Pulmonary Fibroblasts In Vitro
Authors: Golec Paweł , Bernatowicz Paweł , Tokajuk Grażyna , Kozłowski Mirosław , Kowal Krzysztof
Published: December 2017

Introduction: Chemokines have been shown to play an important role in tissue remodeling and fibrosis in the respiratory system. In this study we wanted to evaluate the mechanisms, which regulate the expression of selected chemokines by pulmonary fibroblasts in vitro. Material and methods: Pulmonary fibroblasts were cultured with and without bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 6 hours. In addition some of the cultures were pre-treated with histone deacetylase inhibitor Trichostatin A (TSA). Real-time PCR reaction was performed to estimate the expression of chemokines CCL2, CCL3 and CXCL8. Results: In unstimulated cultures detectable expression of CCL2 and CXCL8 was observed, while CCL3 expression could not be detected. After stimulation with LPS, TSA and both agents together CCL2 expression rose by 1.52, 1.62 and 1.8 times in comparison to control cultures respectively. CXCL8 mRNA expression levels after stimulation with LPS, TSA and LPSTSA increased by 1.53, 1.91 and 2.4 times accordingly. Conclusion: Epigenetic mechanisms related to histone acetylation affects transcriptional regulation of CCL2 and CXCL8 expression by pulmonary fibroblasts. Those mechanisms may play a role in tissue repair and pathologic remodeling.