bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polymorphism of Soluble Glutamic-Pyruvic Transaminase: A New Genetic Marker in Man
Authors: Chen Shi-Han , Giblett Eloise R.
Published: October 2006

Soluble glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) has three common phenotypes, each representing the homozygous and heterozygous expression of two alleles,
Gpt
1
and
Gpt
2
at an autosomal locus. The frequencies of these alleles vary considerably from one population to another.
Ribosome-Catalyzed Polyester Formation
Authors: Fahnestock Stephen , Rich Alexander
Published: October 2006

Deamination of phenylalanyl-transfer RNA with nitrous acid yields the α-hydroxyacyl analog, phenyllactyl-transfer RNA. When this is incubated in a protein-synthesizing system directed by polyuridylic acid, it yields an acid-precipitable, alkali-labile polyester of phenyllactic acid.
Thymine: A Possible Prebiotic Synthesis
Authors: Stephen-Sherwood E. , Oró J. , Kimball A. P.
Published: October 2006

A possible prebiotic synthesis of thymine has been achieved via the methylation of uracil with formaldehyde and hydrazine.
Bilateral Symmetry and Interneuronal Organization in the Buccal Ganglia of
Aplysia
Authors: Gardner Daniel
Published: October 2006

Principles of functional organization of the bilaterally symmetric buccal ganglia of
Aplysia
were studied in 20 identified cells used as a reference population. Four of the identified cells (two in each ganglion) are multiaction interneurons, each of which innervates six identified ipsilateral follower cells, mediating cholinergic excitation to one cell and cholinergic inhibition to five others. Bilateral coordination is effected by common inputs to all four interneurons. Ipsilateral pairs of interneurons are electrotonically coupled and produce identical synaptic actions on their common follower population. This apparent redundancy of interneuronal action leads to feed-forward summation, eliciting amplified synaptic output from each interneuron pair.
Photodecomposition of Chlorinated Dibenzo-
p
-Dioxins
Authors: Crosby D. G. , Wong A. S. , Plimmer J. R. , Woolson E. A.
Published: October 2006

The toxic herbicide impurity 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-
p
-dioxin and its homologs decomposed rapidly in alcohol solution under artificial light and natural sunlight, the rate of decomposition depending upon the degree of chlorination. However, photodecomposition was negligible in aqueous suspensions and on wet or dry soil.
Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate in Brain Areas: Microwave Irradiation as a Means of Tissue Fixation
Authors: Schmidt Michael J. , Schmidt Dennis E. , Robison G. Alan
Published: October 2006

Amounts of cyclic adenosine monophosphate in discrete regions of the brain were estimated after exposure of rats to microwave irradiation. Amounts were highest in the cerebellum and brainstem, intermediate in the hypothalamus and midbrain, and lowest in the hippocampus and cortex. Decapitation increased the concentration of cyclic adenosine monophosphate in all brain areas, although the increase in the cerebellum was three to four times greater than that in other areas. Microwave irradiation may provide a means of rapidly fixing brain tissue in situ while permitting easy dissection of the brain. In this way artifacts produced by decapitation can be eliminated, and concentrations of heat-stable compounds in the brain can be estimated under conditions which more closely approximate those in vivo.
Glycoproteins: Isolation from Cell Membranes with Lithium Diiodosalicylate
Authors: Marchesi V. T. , Andrews E. P.
Published: October 2006

A glycoprotein has been extracted in water-soluble form from human red cell membranes with lithium diiodosalicylate. After extraction of the membranes and phosphocellulose chromatography a homogeneous preparation is obtained which was 60 percent carbohydrate and 40 percent protein (by weight). The preparation contains AB and MN blood group antigens, receptors for influenza virus, and various phytohemagglutinins.
Apollo 15 Geochemical X-Ray Fluorescence Experiment: Preliminary Report
Authors: Adler I. , Trombka J. , Gerard J. , Lowman P. , Schmadebeck R. , Blodget H. , Eller E. , Yin L. , Lamothe R. , Gorenstein P. , Bjorkholm P.
Published: October 2006

Although only part of the information from the x-ray fluorescence geochemical experiment has been analyzed, it is clear that the experiment was highly successful. Significant compositional differences among and possibly within the maria and highlands have been detected. When viewed in the light of analyzed lunar rocks and soil samples, and the data from other lunar orbital experiments (in particular, the Apollo 15 gamma-ray spectroscopy experiment), the results indicate the existence of a differential lunar highland crust, probably feldspathic. This crust appears to be related to the plagioclase-rich materials previously found in the samples from Apollo 11, Apollo 12, Apollo 14, Apollo 15, and Luna 16.
The Sulfur Cycle
Authors: Kellogg W. W. , Cadle R. D. , Allen E. R. , Lazrus A. L. , Martell E. A.
Published: October 2006

Even granting our uncertainties about parts of our model of the sulfur cycle, we can draw some conclusions from it:

1) Man is now contributing about one half as much as nature to the total atmospheric burden of sulfur compounds, but by A.D. 2000 he will be contributing about as much, and in the Northern Hemisphere alone he will be more than matching nature.

2) In industrialized regions he is overwhelming natural processes, and the removal processes are slow enough (several days, at least) so that the increased concentration is marked for hundreds to thousands of kilometers downwind.

3) Our main areas of uncertainty, and ones that demand immediate attention because of their importance to the regional air pollution question, are: (i) the rates of conversion of H
2
S and SO
2
to sulfate particles in polluted as well as unpolluted atmospheres; (ii) the efficiency of removal of sulfur compounds by precipitation in polluted air. And for a better understanding of the global model we need to know: (i) the amount of biogenic H
2
S that enters the atmosphere over the continents and coastal areas; (ii) means of distinguishing man-made and biogenic contributions to excess sulfate in air and precipitation; (iii) the volcanic production of sulfur compounds, and their influence on the particle concentration in the stratosphere; (iv) the large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns that exchange air between stratosphere and troposphere (although absolute amounts of sulfate particles involved are small relative to the lower tropospheric burden); (v) the role of the oceans as sources or sinks for SO
2
.
Photolysis of Formaldehyde as a Hydrogen Atom Source in the Lower Atmosphere
Authors: Calvert Jack G. , Kerr J. Alistair , Demerjian Kenneth L. , McQuigg Robert D.
Published: October 2006

The rates of formaldehyde photodecomposition into hydrogen and formyl radicals and hydrogen and carbon monoxide molecules in sunlight-irradiated atmospheres have been estimated from extinction data and photochemical results. These data should prove useful in the development of models for the chemical changes that take place in the polluted atmosphere.
Esophageal Cancer in the Caspian Littoral of Iran: Initial Studies
Authors: Kmet Janez , Mahboubi Ezattollah
Published: October 2006

A peculiar distribution of esophageal cancer was observed in the Caspian littoral of Iran, where an ad hoc cancer registry has been in operation since 1968. A very high incidence, among the highest recorded in the world, with a higher incidence in women than in men (male: 108.8 cases per 100,000 population; female: 174.1 per 100,000), was recorded in the northeastern corner of the region; this sparsely populated, semidesert area of the central Asian type, with predominantly saline soils, was settled by Turkomans. A lower incidence with a change in the male-to-female ratio was observed in the southeastern and central parts of the region, which are located in the piedmont area of the Elburz Mountains; these areas have more abundant rainfall and nonsaline soils, and are densely populated by Iranians. A steady decline in the incidence with an increase in the preponderance of male cases was observed toward the west, reaching the lowest figures (male: 17.2 cases per 100,000 population; female: 5.5 per 100,000) in the Caspian rain belt, with its heavily leached soils and somewhat subtropical characteristics. Changes in the natural vegetation and in the agricultural practices parallel the changing features of the climate.

A multidisciplinary, multidisease, and multifactorial study is in preparation. By plotting the detailed physical, biotic, and cultural characteristics of the selected ecological regions on the intrinsic characteristics of the population groups experiencing different esophageal cancer risk, new and profitable working hypotheses as to the etiology of esophageal cancer might be produced.
Electron Microscopic Evidence for Plasmodesmata in Dicotyledonous Guard Cells
Authors: Pallas J. E. , Mollenhauer H. H.
Published: October 2006

In
Nicotianna tobaccum
and
Vicia faba
leaves, plasmodesmata were observed by electron microscopy in walls between sister guard cells and walls between guard and epidermal cells. The latter were found primarily in pit fields of anticlinal walls and showed considerable complexity as evidenced by branching. Cytologically, the plasmodesmata appear functional in operative guard cells and should be considered in the mechanism of stomatal movements.
Deuterium Oxide: Inhibition of Calcium Release in Muscle
Authors: Kaminer Benjamin , Kimura John
Published: October 2006

Calcium release, measured as luminescence of the protein aequorin, was measured simultaneously with membrane potential and isometric tension in single muscle fibers of the barnacle (
Balanus nubilus
). Deuterium oxide inhibited calcium release and isometric tension but did not affect membrane potential, a result consistent with the postulate that deuterium oxide inhibits the coupling between excitation and contraction.
Heat Flow and Convection Demonstration Experiments Aboard Apollo 14
Authors: Grodzka Philomena G. , Bannister Tommy C.
Published: October 2006

A group of experiments was conducted by Apollo 14 astronaut Stuart A. Roosa during the lunar flyback on 7 February 1971 to obtain information on heat flow and convection in gases and liquids in an environment of less than 10
-6
g
gravity. Flow observations and thermal data have shown that: (i) there are, as expected, convective motions caused by surface tension gradients in a plane liquid layer with a free upper surface; (ii) heat flow in enclosed liquids and gases occurs mainly by diffusive heat conduction; and (iii) some convective processes, whose characteristics are not fully known, add to the heat transfer.
Decremental Conduction over "Giant" Afferent Processes in an Arthropod
Authors: Paul Dorothy H.
Published: October 2006

Four "giant" mechanoreceptive cells form part of a stretch receptor organ at the base of the uropod in the sand crab,
Emerita
(Crustacea, Anomura). Injection of the fluorescent dye Procion Yellow revealed that these sensory cells are monopolar with somata located in the central nervous system. No such cells have previously been described in arthropods. These neurons are also unusual in that they do not generate propagated action potentials; rather, they mediate stretch reflexes by transmission of graded, decremental potentials.
Fission in the Evolution of a Lizard Karyotype
Authors: Webster T. Preston , Hall William P. , Williams Ernest E.
Published: October 2006

The lizard
Anolis monticola
has a diploid chromosome number of 48 (24 macrochromosomes and 24 microchromosomes). More primitive members of the genus, as determined by bone morphology, have 12 macrochromosomes and 24 microchromosomes. Since the higher chromosome number is the derived condition, this is a case of karyotypic change by centric fission.
Cyclic Changes in Insulin Needs of an Unstable Diabetic
Authors: Campbell Malcolm J. , Jones Barrie W.
Published: October 2006

The fluctuating insulin requirements of an unstable diabetic over an 8-year period have been subjected to spectral analysis. There is evidence of cyclic changes of several different period lengths in addition to red noise. The periodicities indicate that social causes play no major role but suggest that a weather-mediated effect may exist.
Spontaneous Middle Ear Muscle Activity in Man: A Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Phenomenon
Authors: Pessah Michael A. , Roffwarg Howard P.
Published: October 2006

Changes in compliance of the tympanic membrane have been detected in normal human sleep, presumably due to spontaneous contraction of the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles of the middle ear. In the waking state, these muscles generally respond to loud sound (middle ear reflex). Middle ear muscle activity typically erupts before or at the onset of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and persists throughout the REM period in a discontinuous pattern resembling that exhibited by rapid eye movements. Approximately 80 percent of all nocturnal middle ear muscle activity is contained in REM sleep. Half of the remaining 20 percent occurs in the 10-minute intervals just prior to the onset of REM sleep. Middle ear muscle activity is often associated with other phasic events such as momentary enhancement of electromyogram inhibition, apnea, and K complexes. Rapid eye movements and middle ear muscle activity, though significantly correlated in REM sleep, are not always simultaneous.
Localization of Calcium Pump Activity in Smooth Muscle
Authors: Hurwitz Leon , Fitzpatrick David F. , Debbas Gamil , Landon Erwin J.
Published: October 2006

A microsomal fraction isolated from longitudinal smooth muscle of guinea pig ileum actively sequesters calcium ion in the presence of magnesium and adenosine triphosphate in a fashion previously described for microsomes of the rabbit aorta. This activity in guinea pig ileum appears to be associated primarily with the plasma membrane as is found in the red cell. By contrast the uptake of calcium in aortic smooth muscle appears to be associated to an appreciable extent with intracellular membranes, possibly analogous to the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle.
Caste-Specific Compounds in Male Carpenter Ants
Authors: Brand J. M. , Duffield R. M. , MacConnell J. G. , Blum M. S. , Fales H. M.
Published: October 2006

Three caste-specific substances new to arthropod glandular secretions occur in the mandibular glands of male ants of five species in the genus
Camponotus
. These volatile compounds, which are not found in alate females or workers, have been identified as methyl 6-methyl salicylate, 2,4-dimethyl-2-hexenoic acid, and methyl anthranilate. The free acid has not been described previously.
Proton Beam Radiography in Tumor Detection
Authors: Steward V. W. , Koehler A. M.
Published: October 2006

Monoenergetic protons are highly sensitive to density variations and are capable of giving radiographs of very high contrast. As an initial step in exploring their diagnostic potential, protons with energies of 160 million electron volts are used in "contact radiography" on tumor-bearing human brain specimens. The proton radiographs are compared with x-radiographs taken under identical specimen conditions.
Cannabis and Alcohol: Effects on Simulated Car Driving
Authors: Rafaelsen Ole J. , Bech Per , Christiansen Johannes , Christrup Henriette , Nyboe Jørgen , Rafaelsen Lise
Published: October 2006

The effects of cannabis and alcohol on simulated car driving were studied. Cannabis resin containing 4 percent Δ
1
-tetrahydrocannabinol was administered orally in three doses equivalent to 8, 12, and 16 milligrams of that component. Alcohol was given orally in one standard dose of 70 grams. Both cannabis and alcohol increased the time required to brake and start, whereas alcohol increased while cannabis decreased the number of gear changes. An effect of dosage on response was observed with cannabis.
Pyrethroid Insecticides: Esterase Cleavage in Relation to Selective Toxicity
Authors: Abernathy Charles O. , Casida John E.
Published: October 2006

The ester group of primary alcohol chrysanthemates is cleaved by mouse hepatic microsomal esterases, more rapidly for the (+)-
trans
than for the (+)-
cis
isomers. Substrate-specificity and inhibition studies in vivo establish that these pyrethroid-hydrolyzing esterases probably contribute to the low mammalian toxicity of bioresmethrin and other (+)-
trans
chrysanthemate insecticide chemicals derived from primary alcohols.
Light Pollution
Authors: Riegel Kurt W.
Published: October 2006

There have been major qualitative and quantitative changes in outdoor lighting technology in the last decade. The level of skylight caused by outdoor lighting systems is growing at a very high rate, about 20 percent per year nationwide. In addition, the spectral distribution of man-made light pollution may change in the next decade from one containing a few mercury lines to one containing dozens of lines and a significantly increased continuum level. Light pollution is presently damaging to some astronomical programs, and it is likely to become a major factor limiting progress in the next decade. Suitable sites in the United States for new dark sky observing facilities are very difficult to find.

Some of the increase in outdoor illumination is due to the character of national growth and development. Some is due to promotional campaigns, in which questionable arguments involving public safety are presented. There are protective measures which might be adopted by the government; these would significantly aid observational astronomy, without compromising the legitimate outdoor lighting needs of society. Observatories should establish programs to routinely monitor sky brightness as a function of position, wavelength, and time. The astronomical community should establish a mechanism by which such programs can be supported and coordinated.
Ductile Superconducting Copper-Base Alloys
Authors: Tsuei C. C.
Published: October 2006

A new class of ductile superconductors has been prepared by casting and appropriate heat treatments. These alloys superconduct between 4° and 18°K and contain at least 90 atom percent copper and a superconducting phase such as Nb
3
Sn or niobium. They can be processed into wires by conventional metallurgical techniques.
Detritus in Lake Tahoe: Structural Modification by Attached Microflora
Authors: Paerl Hans W.
Published: October 2006

Readily identifiable groups of microorganisms present on nonliving particulate organic matter (detritus) in the upper waters of Lake Tahoe are attached in specific ways and appear responsible for detrital aggregation. This microflora is associated with active heterotrophic metabolism, but deeper waters possess little detrital microflora and little heterotrophic activity.
Retrograde Amnesia and the "Reminder Effect": An Alternative Interpretation
Authors: Gold Paul E. , Haycock John W. , Macri John , McGaugh James L.
Published: October 2006

Recent findings suggest that amnesic agents block the retrieval of stored information. "Reminder" treatments, such as noncontingent punishments given after the production of amnesia for avoidance learning, improve the later retention performance of an animal. The data reported suggest that noncontingent treatments provide an additional learning experience which adds to the retention performance of partially amnesic or poorly trained animals.
Glucose Naturally Labeled with Carbon-13: Use for Metabolic Studies in Man
Authors: Lacroix Marcel , Mosora Florentina , Pontus Micheline , Lefebvre Pierre , Luyckx Alfred , Lopez-Habib Gabriel
Published: October 2006

The ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12 is much higher in most commercial preparations of glucose used for oral glucose tolerance tests than it is in carbon dioxide in expired air. This recent discovery provided a novel and potentially significant means of studying glucose metabolism. The changes in the ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12 in carbon dioxide expired after oral glucose administration were determined by mass spectrometry. In six healthy male volunteers, the administration of glucose resulted in a marked, reproducible rise in the isotopic ratio in expired carbon dioxide; the ratio reached its maximum at 4 hours and then declined progressively.
Unusual Retinal Cells in the Dolphin Eye
Authors: Dawson William W. , Perez Jose M.
Published: October 2006

By comparison to the cellular constituents of the retinas of certain other diving mammals, the elements of the dolphin retina include an unusually large number of specialized cells. Both cone and rod receptors may be identified. An unusual amacrine cell may be seen which produces a process that spans the cells between the inner plexiform and outer plexiform layers. Most unusual is a layer of giant ganglion cells which appears to serve most of the central retina. The giant ganglion cells support giant dendrites and optic nerve fibers which range up to 8 micrometers in diameter.
Genetic Control of Susceptibility to Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis in Rats
Authors: Gasser David L. , Newlin Carol M. , Palm Joy , Gonatas Nicholas K.
Published: October 2006

Rats of the inbred strains Lewis and DA are highly susceptible to the induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) while Brown Norway rats are resistant to this disease. Evidence has been obtained which suggests that a single dominant gene is associated with susceptibility to EAE. The locus controlling EAE susceptibility is closely linked to the
Ag-B
histocompatibility locus but is not identical to it.
Opiate Agonists and Antagonists Discriminated by Receptor Binding in Brain
Authors: Pert Candace B. , Pasternak Gavril , Snyder Solomon H.
Published: October 2006

Receptor binding of opiate agonists and antagonists can be differentiated in vivo and in vitro. Administration of either rapidly elevates stereospecific [
3
H]dihydromorphine binding to mouse brain extracts by 40 to 100 percent, but antagonists are 10 to 1000 times more potent than agonists; as little as 0.02 milligram of naloxone per kilogram of body weight significantly enhances opiate receptor binding. Sodium enhances antagonist binding in vitro but decreases agonist binding, a qualitative difference that may be relevant to the divergent pharmacological properties of opiate agonists and antagonists.
Recognition of Self Antigens by Skin-Derived T Cells with Invariant γδ Antigen Receptors
Authors: Havran Wendy L. , Chien Yueh-Hsiu , Allison James P.
Published: October 2006

Thy-1
+
dendritic epidermal T cells (dECs) express invariant γδ antigen receptors and are found in intimate contact with keratinocytes in murine epidermis—thus raising the possibility that keratinocytes express a ligand for the antigen receptor of these T cells. Thy-1
+
dECs were stimulated to produce lymphokines by interaction with keratinocytes in vitro. This stimulation was mediated through the dEC antigen receptor and did not appear to be restricted by the major histocompatibility complex. Thus, dECs can recognize self antigens and may participate in immune surveillance for cellular damage rather than for foreign antigens.
Protons and Electrons in Jupiter's Magnetic Field: Results from the University of Chicago Experiment on Pioneer 10
Authors: Simpson J. A. , Hamilton D. , Lentz G. , McKibben R. B. , Mogro-Campero A. , Perkins M. , Pyle K. R. , Tuzzolino A. J. , O'Gallagher J. J.
Published: October 2006

Fluxes of high energy electrons and protons are found to be highly concentrated near the magnetic equatorial plane from distances of ∼ 30 to ∼ 100 Jovian radii (
R
J
). The 10-hour period of planetary rotation is observed as an intensity variation, which indicates that the equatorial zone of high particle fluxes is inclined with respect to the rotation axis of the planet. At radial distances ≲ 20
R
J
the synchrotron-radiation-producing electrons with energies ≳ 3 million electron volts rise steeply to a maximum intensity of ∼ 5 × 10
8
electrons per square centimeter per second near the periapsis at 2.8
R
J
. The flux of protons with energies ≳ 30 million electron volts reaches a maximum intensity of ∼ 4 × 10
6
protons per square centimeter per second at ∼ 3.5
R
J
with the intensity decreasing inside this radial distance. Only for radial distances ≲ 20
R
J
does the radiation behave in a manner which is similar to that at the earth. Burst of electrons with energies up to 30 million electron volts, each lasting about 2 days, were observed in interplanetary space beginning approximately 1 month before encounter. This radiation appears to have escaped from the Jovian bow shock or magnetosphere.
Inhibition of Cellular Mediated Immunity in Marihuana Smokers
Authors: Nahas Gabriel G. , Suciu-Foca Nicole , Armand Jean-Pierre , Morishima Akira
Published: October 2006

The cellular mediated immunity of 51 young chronic marihuana smokers. as evaluated by the lymphocyte response in vitro to allogeneic cells and to phytohemagglutinin, was significantly decreased and similar to that of patients in whom impairment of T (thymus derived) cell immunity is known to occur. This inhibition of blastogenesis might be related to an impairment of DNA synthesis.
Nutritional Significance of Symbiotic Bacteria in Two Species of Hemoflagellates
Authors: Chang Kwang-Poo , Trager William
Published: October 2006

Symbiote-free strains of
Blastocrithidia culicis
and
Crithidia oncopelti
, obtained by chloramphenicol treatment, were compared nutritionally with normal, symbiote-containing strains. The symbiotic bacteria spare the flagellates requirements for exogenous hemin and for other nutritional factors present in liver extract.
Partial Purification of an Opiate Receptor from Mouse Brain
Authors: Lowney Louise I. , Schulz Karin , Lowery Patricia J. , Goldstein Avram
Published: October 2006

A proteolipid isolated from a lipid extract of mouse brain demonstrates stereospecific binding properties for levorphanol. It is present only in neuronal tissue and most abundant in the rhombencephalon. One component saturates at a concentration corresponding to maximum pharmacologic effect in vivo. The estimated mass is 60,000 daltons per bound opiate molecule.
Respiration of Benthopelagic Fishes: In situ Measurements at 1230 Meters
Authors: Smith K. L. , Hessler R. R.
Published: October 2006

The respiration rate in situ of two common benthopelagic fishes,
Coryphaenoides acrolepis
and
Eptatretus deani
, was monitored at 1230 meters in the San Diego Trough. The respiration rate of
C. acrolepis
was two orders of magnitude lower and that of
E. deani
was significantly lower (P < .05) than rates in comparable shallow-water species.
Benzo[
a
]pyrene Metabolites: Efficient and Rapid Separation by High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Selkirk James K. , Croy Robert G. , Gelboin Harry V.
Published: October 2006

High-pressure liquid chromatography can separate eight metabolites of benzo
[a]
pyrene formed by rat liver microsomes. This method offers major advantages over previous techniques used for the separation of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Energy Choices That Europe Faces: A European View of Energy
Authors: Hfele Wolf
Published: October 2006

In conclusion, I feel that the energy challenge, tough as it is, does not pose unsurmountable technological problems, even in Europe. At least in principle, the necessary technology is already there. This article is meant to make that statement plausible. It is not the intention to insist on certain ideas. It is important, however, to have a consistent approach, and this means to obey the timing of the problem. Therefore the most important aspect during the transition phase probably is the buildup of a modern secondary energy system. In the long run it will be energy embedding and not the production of energy which will be the principal driving force for the development, because in principle at least there is more than one option to provide almost unlimited amounts of energy. In order to meet the demand for an appropriate embedding of energy, the concept of primary energy parks in the open sea seems to be most promising.
Pheromone-Regulated Anemotaxis in Flying Moths
Authors: Kennedy J. S. , Marsh D.
Published: October 2006

Certain male moths flying upwind toward a scent-producing female appear to be guided anemotactically by optomotor reactions to the ground pattern. Loss of the odor stimulus changes the anemotactic angle from into wind to across wind with left-right reversals.
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone in Specific Nuclei of Rat Brain
Authors: Brownstein Michael J. , Palkovits Miklos , Saavedra Juan M. , Bassiri Rabim M. , Utiger Robert D.
Published: October 2006

The regional distribution of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in rat brain was studied. The greatest concentration of TRH was found in the median eminence. High concentrations were also found in several hypothalamic nuclei. Outside the hypothalamus, relatively large amounts of TRH were found in the septal and preoptic areas.
Beveling of Fine Micropipette Electrodes by a Rapid Precision Method
Authors: Brown Kenneth T. , Flaming Dale G.
Published: October 2006

A technique has been developed for embedding alumina particles 0.05 micrometer in size in the surface of a polyurethane film laid on glass. This abrasive surface is used for rapid, precise, and reliable beveling of Pyrex micropipettes with tip diameters at least as small as 0.1 micrometer. In the snapping turtle retina the beveled electrodes give much better cell penetration and intracellular response stability than unbeveled electrodes of considerably higher electrical resistance.
Inert Gas Narcosis, the High Pressure Neurological Syndrome, and the Critical Volume Hypothesis
Authors: Miller Keith W.
Published: October 2006

The hypothesis that general anesthesia or pressure-induced convulsions occur when a hydrophobic region is expanded or compressed, respectively, by critical amounts is consistent with recent data obtained with mice. Calculations show that anesthesia occurs at an expansion of 1.1 percent and convulsions at a compression of 0.85 percent, the latter site of action being more compressible.
Chemical Messengers in Development: A Hypothesis
Authors: McMahon Daniel
Published: October 2006

The hypothesis that physiological and developmental regulatory mechanisms are similar has been presented. Well-known developmental systems chosen illustrate the capability of the model to suggest a simple mechanism underlying the effects on development of a diverse group of chemicals. This hypothesis might be applied to other systems including the induction of the lens, limb regeneration, and the induction of the head of hydra.

I have proposed this hypothesis not only because it permits consideration of a complex and varied array of experimental observations as reflections of a simple basic biochemical mechanism, but because recent technical advances in instrumentation and methods allow it to be directly tested. The fluorescent antibody method for the cytochemical measurement of cyclic nucleotides provides a means for investigating changes in the concentrations of cyclic nucleotides in developing cells and could also be used to detect neurotransmitters in developing cells. Similarly, the scanning electron microscope in the emitted x-ray mode provides a method for measuring changes in the content and distribution of cations within developing cells.

The hypothesis presented here suggests pleasing asceticism on the part of eukaryotes. It suggests that simple derivatives of metabolites, including neurotransmitters and cyclic nucleotides, are linked together as regulatory molecules throughout the eukaryotes. The neurotransmitters are suggested to have a more general role in information transmission in eukaryotes than is generally accepted. They are hypothesized to have progressed during evolution from being intracellular messengers to a role as intercellular messengers for the relatively slow communication of developmental information; and, finally, this process has culminated with their participation in the rapid intercellular communication mediated by nerves. The thought that the complex pictures of physiological regulation and of the construction of a complex multicellular organism like man might be painted with so few colors is quite satisfying.
Endorphins: Profound Behavioral Effects in Rats Suggest New Etiological Factors in Mental Illness
Authors: Bloom Floyd , Segal David , Ling Nicholas , Guillemin Roger
Published: October 2006

The endogenous morphinomimetic brain peptides Met
5
-enkephalin and α-, β-, and γ-endorphins have been evaluated in rats after intracerebrospinal fluid injection. β-Endorphin produces marked, prolonged muscular rigidity and immobility similar to a catatonic state, counteracted by the opiate antagonist naloxone; this effect occurs at molar doses 1/100 to 1/400 that at which the other peptides or morphine block the response to painful stimuli. All peptides evoked dose-related, naloxone-reversible, wet-dog shakes in rats that had not been exposed to drugs. β-Endorphin produced hypothermia, whereas γ-endorphin produced hyperthermia. Such potent and divergent responses to naturally occurring substances suggest that alterations in their homeostatic regulation could have etiological significance in mental illness.
Regulatory Role of Parasites: Impact on Host Population Shifts with Resource Availability
Authors: Washburn Jan O. , Mercer David R. , Anderson John R.
Published: October 2006

Effects of infections by the ciliate
Lambornella clarki
on larval populations of its mosquito host
Aedes sierrensis
were examined in laboratory and field studies. When host populations developed with sufficient food, mortality from parasites was additive and reduced the number of emerging mosquitoes. For food-limited populations, mortality was compensatory or depensatory; emerging adults were as or more abundant with higher average fitness than those from uninfected control populations. When nutrients were scarce, parasitic infections relaxed larval competition and increased per capita food by reducing host abundance. Food limitation altered larval feeding behavior, reducing horizontal transmission and subsequent mortality from parasitism.
Glacial and Pluvial Periods: Their Relationship Revealed by Pleistocene Sediments of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden
Authors: Deuser W. G. , Ross E. H. , Waterman L. S.
Published: October 2006

Oxygen isotope analyses of planktonic foraminifera from the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden indicate that during periods of maximum continental and polar glaciation in the late Pleistocene, the Red Sea was subject to strong evaporation. Between glacial maximums the salinity of the Red Sea was equal to or below that of the open ocean. This suggests that high-latitude glacial periods corresponded in time to interpluvial stages in the present-day desert belt of northern Africa, whereas high-latitude interglacial periods coincided with pluvial stages.
Aggression and Mating Success in Male Spider Mites
Authors: Potter Daniel A. , Wrensch Dana L. , Johnston Donald E.
Published: October 2006

Male
Tetranychus urticae
search for and defend quiescent pharate females. Intruding males may be threatened or attacked. Fights involve pushing and grappling with the forelegs, jousting with the mouthparts, and entangling the opponent with silk. In these encounters larger males usually win. Sole possession of a female at her ecdysis virtually ensures successful mating.
Viking: Mars Atmospheric Water Vapor Mapping Experiment—Preliminary Report of Results
Authors: Farmer Crofton B. , Davies Donald W. , LaPorte Daniel D.
Published: October 2006

Observations made from the Viking I orbiter show very little water vapor in the Mars atmosphere in the southern hemisphere (0 to 3 precipitable micrometers) with a gradual increase across the equator to northern latitudes. Maximum amounts between 20 and 30 micrometers have been observed in the short period covered by the observations to date. The season, northern midsummer, corresponds to the beginning of the water vapor cycle in that hemisphere. A strong repetitive diurnal cycling between the solid and vapor phases is observed at a site to the east of the Tharsis Ridge at 10° north latitude; the vapor lies close to the martian surface and is most probably in saturation equilibrium with a surface haze or fog throughout much of the day.
Drag Reduction by Formation Movement in Spiny Lobsters
Authors: Bill Robert G. , Herrnkind William F.
Published: October 2006

Movements of spiny lobsters (
Panulirus argus
) in formation reduce drag during locomotion; such movement is of particular significance during mass migration. Queues (single-file lines) of spiny lobsters sustain less drag per individual than do individual lobsters moving at the same speed. It is proposed that queuing behavior conserves energy and is a consequence of the evolutionary role of migration in this particular species.
Composition and Structure of the Martian Upper Atmosphere: Analysis of Results from Viking
Authors: McElroy M. B. , Kong T. Y. , Yung Y. L. , Nier A. O.
Published: October 2006

Densities for carbon dioxide measured by the upper atmospheric mass spectrometers on Viking 1 and Viking 2 are analyzed to yield height profiles for the temperature of the martian atmosphere between 120 and 200 kilometers. Densities for nitrogen and argon are used to derive vertical profiles for the eddy diffusion coefficient over the same height range. The upper atmosphere of Mars is surprisingly cold with average temperatures for both Viking 1 and Viking 2 of less than 200°K, and there is significant vertical structure. Model calculations are presented and shown to be in good agreement with measured concentrations of carbon monoxide, oxygen, and nitric oxide.
Transgenic Models of Tumor Development
Authors: Adams Jerry M. , Cory Suzanne
Published: October 2006

Numerous cancer-prone strains of mice have been created by the introduction of candidate tumor-promoting genes into fertilized eggs. Each transgenic strain is predisposed to develop specific types of tumors, but they usually arise stochastically because of the need for spontaneous mutation of genes that collaborate with the introduced oncogene. These mice are providing insights into the effects of individual oncogenes on cellular proliferation, differentiation, and viability, as well as on oncogene cooperativity. Their predisposed state imposes sensitivity to viral and chemical carcinogenesis, and the mice should prove valuable in tests of potential carcinogens, therapies, and preventive measures.
Sociobiology of Rape in Mallards (
Anas platyrhynchos
): Responses of the Mated Male
Authors: Barash David P.
Published: October 2006

Male mallards respond to rapes of their mate by intervening aggressively against the rapist or rapists, by attempting to force a copulation with the rape victim, or both. Aggressive intervention is more likely against a solitary male than against a group, and forced copulations are more likely immediately after a rape and especially when the rape appears to have been successful. This behavior pattern reflects, strategies consistent with maximizing individual male fitness.
Paternity and Genetic Heterogeneity in the Polygynous Bat,
Phyllostomus hastatus
Authors: McCracken Gary F. , Bradbury Jack W.
Published: October 2006

Wild colonies of greater spearnose bats were marked, censused regularly, and genotyped at three polymorphic allozyme loci. While adult composition of social units is very stable and strong polygyny results in marked changes in gene frequencies between generations, dispersal of offspring is sufficient to prevent significant genetic heterogeneities between social units. Kin selection cannot explain social cohesiveness in these highly social mammals.
Establishment of a Cell Line with Associated Epstein-Barr-Like Virus from a Leukemic Orangutan
Authors: Rasheed Suraiya , Rongey Robert W. , Bruszweski Joan , Nelson-Rees Walter A. , Rabin Harvey , Neubauer Russell H. , Esra Gerald , Gardner Murray B.
Published: October 2006

An Epstein-Barr virus like herpesvirus has been isolated from a lymphoid cell line derived from an orangutan with spontaneous myelomonocytic leukemia. Herpesvirus has not previously been isolated from this species of higher ape.
A Fluorite Isotype of SnO
2
and a New Modification of TiO
2
: Implications for the Earth's Lower Mantle
Authors: Liu Lin-Gun
Published: October 2006

The existence of a cubic fluorite-type SnO
2
and a hexagonal TiO
2
(which may be related to the fluorite structure) have been demonstrated by an in situ x-ray diffraction study in which a diamond-anvil pressure cell was used after the samples had been heated by a continuous yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser. At room temperature, the lattice parameter for SnO
2
(fluorite) is
a
= 4.925 ± 0.005 angstroms and those for TiO
2
(fluorite-related) are
a
= 9.22 ± 0.01 angstroms and
c
= 5.685 ± 0.006 angstroms at about 250 kilobars. The volume change associated with the transition from rutile to fluorite (or related structure) is about –8 percent for SnO
2
and –10.5 percent for TiO
2
at transition. Upon release of pressure, both the fluorite-type SnO
2
and the TiO
2
reverted to the α-PbO
2
structure at room temperature. The hypothesis that the earth's lower mantle is composed of oxide phases might be feasible if it were possible for SiO
2
to possess the fluorite structure or its related forms at high pressure, as shown for SnO
2
and TiO
2
in this study. The oxide hypothesis proposed here differs from that postulated by Birch in that the primary coordination of silicon is 6 for Birch's hypothesis and 8 for the hypothesis presented here.
Graphite: A Mimic for DNA and Other Biomolecules in Scanning Tunneling Microscope Studies
Authors: Clemmer Carol R. , Beebe Thomas P.
Published: October 2006

Highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) is the substrate often used in scanning tunneling microscope (STM) studies of biomolecules such as DNA. All of the images presented in this article are of freshly cleaved HOPG surfaces upon which no deposition has occurred. These images illustrate features previously thought to be due to biological molecules, such as periodicity and meandering of "molecules" over steps. These features can no longer be used to distinguish real molecules from features of the native substrate. The feasibility of the continued use of HOPG as a substrate for biological STM studies is discussed.
Homeokinetics: A Physical Science for Complex Systems
Authors: Soodak H. , Iberall A.
Published: October 2006

A physical basis for reductionism is put forth in the form of five propositions that bridge levels of organization in natural phenomena. The outlook is that complex systems and processes all have to be traced back to physical law, which applies the only general scientific constraint on reality, but that out of physical law a hierarchy of organization emerges. The basic extension of normal physics in this homeokinetic field form is to complex systems. In such systems the repetitive units of concern are internally complex and exhibit elaborate internal time-delayed processes, for example, memory.
An Immunogenic
Onchocerca volvulus
Antigen: a Specific and Early Marker of Infection
Authors: Lobos Edgar , Weiss Niklaus , Karam Marc , Taylor Hugh R. , Ottesen Eric A. , Nutman Thomas B.
Published: October 2006

Onchocerciasis (river blindness) is a serious health problem and a severe obstacle to social and economic development, especially in Africa. A complementary DNA fragment coding for an
Onchocerca volvulus
antigen (OV-16) was cloned and expressed in the plasmid vector pCG808fx. Immune responses to this
O. volvulus
-specific recombinant antigen were detectable in patients with documented onchocerciasis; the antibody response was also detectable at 3 months and at more than 1 year before infection could otherwise be detected in humans and in chimpanzees experimentally infected with
O. volvulus
third-stage larvae.
Laser Detection of Pollution
Authors: Patel C. K. N.
Published: October 2006

Spectroscopic analysis is a useful technique for identifying and quantitatively determining the presence of specific gaseous constituents. Development of high-power tunable lasers has made the spectroscopic technique for detection of trace constituents in the atmosphere very attractive for practical applications. In this article three of the currently used modes for laser detection of pollution are reviewed: (i) long-path measurements, (ii) laser Raman (differential absorption) measurements, and (iii) optoacoustic detection. Progress in the field has been extremely rapid in the last few years and very useful and reliable data on air pollution can now be obtained routinely with the techniques described.
Structural Control of the Rapids and Pools of the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon
Authors: Dolan Robert , Howard Alan , Trimble David
Published: October 2006

Most of the major rapids along the 450-kilometer course of the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon are within fracture zones that run perpendicular to the river. Steep tributaries flowing within the zones of bedrock weakness move large debris to the Colorado, forming the rapids. Accelerated flow through the rapids scours the deep pools that are located below them.
Generation of Oil-Like Pyrolyzates from Organic-Rich Shales
Authors: Lewan M. D. , Winters J. C. , McDonald J. H.
Published: October 2006

Pyrolyzates similar to natural crude oils were generated from organic-rich shales by hydrous pyrolysis. With this type of pyrolysis it is possible to make more sophisticated correlations between crude oils and their source rocks, evaluate the hydrocarbon potential of a source rock, and elucidate the variables involved in the natural oil-generating process.
Calibration of the Great American Interchange
Authors: Marshall Larry G. , Butler Robert F. , Drake Robert E. , Curtis Garniss H. , Tedford Richard H.
Published: October 2006

From radioisotopic (potassium-argon) age determinations of tuffs and magnetostratigraphy of Late Tertiary mammal-bearing beds in Catamarca Province, northwest Argentina, refined estimates have been obtained for the durations and boundaries of beds of Chasicoan (Middle Miocene) through Chapadmalalan (Pliocene) age. An age of 9.0 million years is tentatively accepted for the Chasicoan-Huayquerian boundary, 5.0 million years for the Huayquerian-Montehermosan boundary, and 3.0 million years for the Montehermosan-Chapadmalalan boundary. Procyonids (raccoons and their allies), a group of North American origin, are first recorded in South America in a level immediately below a unit dated at 6.0 million years. Cricetine rodents of the tribe Sigmodontini are first recorded in South America in beds of Montehermosan age in Argentina. Ground sloths, a group of South American origin, first appear in North America in Early Hemphillian time in beds dated between 9.5 and 9.0 million years. The Panamanian land bridge was established by 3.0 million years ago, and an interchange of the terrestrial faunas was well under way by Late Blancan time (around 2.5 million years before present) in North America and by Chapadmalalan time in South America.
Barrier Island Configuration
Authors: Dolan Robert , Hayden Bruce , Jones Conrad
Published: October 2006

The 11 Virginia barrier islands are undergoing rapid changes in shoreline configuration. If this trend continues for another 100 years, two capelike features will develop. The process responsible for this island-chain pattern may be a standing edge wave trapped between Assateague Island and Cape Charles.