bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Construction of Boundaries in the Context of the Official and Unofficial Economies
Authors: Takacs-Haynes Katalin , Ireland R. Duane
Published: October 2016

This research draws from institutional, social constructionism, and stakeholder theories to describe how the boundaries of legality and legitimacy create official and unofficial economies. The theoretical model is also used to explain how boundaries shift and are crossed. Individual business activities are the unit of analysis for this work. We envision hierarchically positioned stakeholder groups as the creators of the boundaries of legality and of social acceptability. The activities in the unofficial economy fall into either the informal (illegal but socially acceptable) or the criminal (illegal and socially unacceptable) quadrants; activities in the official economy are either in the formal (legal and socially acceptable) or the marginal (legal but socially unacceptable) quadrants. The interdependence among the four quadrants highlights the importance of theoretically specifying how boundaries around each form, shift, and are crossed, leading to changes in the size and scope of each quadrant in developed, emerging, and developing countries.
Bonnie Honig,Political Theory and the Displacement of Politics
Authors: Tampio Nicholas
Published: October 2016

In the 1980s and 1990s, a central debate in academic political theory was between liberals and communitarians, Kantians and Hegelians, Rawls and his critics. Bonnie Honig’s Political Theory and the Displacement of Politics (1993) disrupted this debate and argued that surface disagreements conceal an underlying consensus that the purpose of political theory is to answer, once and for all, the fundamental political questions. Drawing upon and transforming the work of Hannah Arendt and Friedrich Nietzsche, Honig argues that democracy requires attentiveness to the remainders of politics and a proclivity to contestation. To show the continuing relevance of Honig’s conception of agonistic democracy, I criticize Cass Sunstein’s account of the regulatory state for its displacement of politics, focusing on how his advocacy of fuel economy regulations occludes the political question of rethinking public transportation.
C. B. Macpherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke
Authors: Breakey Hugh
Published: October 2016

C. B. Macpherson’s 1962 The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke challenged the canonical interpretation of seventeenth-century English political theorists by exploring their allegiance to “possessive individualism,” the idea that man’s normative essence consists in his self-ownership. After surveying the work’s impact, this chapter analyzes Macpherson’s concept of possessive individualism and considers the inter-relations amongst its economic, ontological, and psychological postulates. The chapter argues that—while Macpherson’s exegesis erred in trying to graft the concept onto early modern political theorists like John Locke—his core idea remains significant today. Possessive individualism accurately describes an influential normative perspective increasingly pervading and facilitated by contemporary global capitalism, as exemplified in the global financial crisis of 2007–09.
Empathy and Altruism
Authors: Batson C. Daniel
Published: October 2016

Do we humans ever, in any degree, care about others for their sakes and not simply for our own? Psychology has long assumed that everything humans do, no matter how nice and noble, is motivated by self-interest. Research over the past four decades suggests this assumption is wrong. The empathy-altruism hypothesis claims that empathic concern produces altruistic motivation. Results of the over 35 experiments designed to test this hypothesis against various egoistic alternatives have proved remarkably supportive, leading to the tentative conclusion that feeling empathic concern for a person in need does indeed evoke altruistic motivation to see that need relieved. This chapter attempts to clarify what role the self plays in empathy-induced altruism.
The Hypo-egoic Component of Flow
Authors: Nakamura Jeanne , Roberts Scott
Published: October 2016

Flow is a state of deep absorption that may be experienced when engaged in activities that stretch one’s capacities. A defining feature of the flow state is a reduction in self-awareness, which has been described in the flow literature as loss of self-consciousness. This chapter specifies the senses in which awareness of the self is, and is not, lost when one is in flow. It reviews the phenomenological, psychometric, and neurophysiological literatures addressing hypo-egoism in flow, suggesting that flow activities are characterized by hypo-egoic complexity or a dialectical interplay of directed and effortless attention. Flow is seen to be both hypo-egoic and egoic, with a loss of self-awareness and yet ultimately a growth of the self. The chapter considers whether the hypo-egoism in flow extends beyond loss of self-awareness to a focus on domains larger than the individual self, and calls for more research on the hypo-egoic component of flow.
Social Aggression, Sleep, and Well-Being among Sidama Women of Rural Southwestern Ethiopia
Authors: Miller Alissa A. , Rucas Stacey L.
Published: October 2016

Many researchers have studied how social competition and aggression affect health and well-being. However, few have made significant theoretical contributions to the understanding of how competition and aggression specific to women’s same-sex social networks may alter their health and well-being. Indeed, several lines of research indicate that positive interpersonal relationships between women are correlated to improved health, and, as a corollary, stressful and competitive interpersonal relationships result in significant health costs. Using evolutionary ecological theory and supporting data from Sidama pastoralist women in rural southwestern Ethiopia, this essay proposes that sleep quality and trade-offs between time spent sleeping for more waking time may be one of the pathways through which women’s health is affected by competition and aggression with other women. Sleep is gained or lost due to ruminations and investments over immediate social situations with other women, and this in turn can affect women’s health and well-being.
Positive Youth Development
Authors: Schmid Callina Kristina , Kiely Mueller Megan , Napolitano Christopher M. , Lerner Jacqueline V. , Lerner Richard M.
Published: October 2016

Using the tripartite model introduced by Hamilton and colleagues, this chapter describes the concept of positive youth development (PYD) as a developmental process, as a philosophy emphasizing the strengths of youth, and as the set of practices of youth programs and organizations focused on fostering the healthy or positive development of youth. We provide an overview of current theory, methods, research, and applications pertinent to PYD. In reviewing the relational developmental systems metamodel, we describe the conceptual foundations of PYD. We emphasize the importance of measuring intra-individual change in studies of PYD. As an example of a prominent theory of PYD, we focus on the Lerner and Lerner Five Cs model that is the basis for several investigations of PYD. Finally, we discuss the state of research and application in PYD from childhood to early adulthood, and make recommendations for future research in the field.
Greek and Roman Slaving in Comparative Ancient Perspective
Authors: Hezser Catherine
Published: October 2016

Graeco-Roman slavery can be properly understood only when compared with slave practices in other ancient societies. This chapter shows that in ancient Israel, Egypt, and Babylonia slavery had a major impact on almost all areas of daily life. Therefore Finley’s categorical distinction between slave societies and slave-holding societies must be dismissed. The main difference between Roman and Near Eastern slaving seems to have been political: Rome at the time of the empire was an imperialist society whose conquests led to mass slavery. When conditions were similar (e.g. during conquests), similar slave practices emerged in Near Eastern societies. Other aspects of slavery may have been affected by Roman practices or developed in analogy to Roman customs. At the same time, all developments must also be understood within the context of the respective Near Eastern societies themselves.
Visual and Material Culture
Authors: Heal Bridget
Published: October 2016

This chapter considers the Protestant Reformation’s impact on visual and material culture. The evangelical reform movements that transformed European religious life during the sixteenth century have generally been associated with iconoclasm. Yet the Reformation is no longer seen as a disaster for art. In Lutheran Germany, where iconoclasm was limited in scope, a rich visual culture emerged that incorporated not only printed propaganda and the well-known paintings of Lucas Cranach and his workshop, but also preserved medieval paintings and sculptures and produced images and artifacts for domestic display and devotion. In other parts of northern Europe iconoclasm provided a stimulus to artistic creation, for both churches and homes. The chapter argues that despite its fetishization of the Word, Protestant life was shaped by images and by the visual. Europe’s Protestant visual cultures were rich and varied, and constituted important elements of confessional consciousness.
The Body in the Reformations
Authors: Roodenburg Herman
Published: October 2016

This chapter explores the physiology of Protestant inner emotion. Drawing on recent studies on the practice of piety and on rhetoric and medicine, it briefly sets out the period’s Aristotelo‒Galenic theory, its views on the faculties of the soul, and their role in literally moving the believers’ hearts when incited by the ministers’ affective art of preaching. I conclude with a tentative comparison with the Catholic art of preaching, looking at the outer sense of touch in particular. The continuities and resemblances are striking, both in terms of affective rhetoric and physiological theory. The major difference seems to relate to the period’s sensory anxiety. The Reformations queried the most proximate of the outer senses, that of touch.
History and Memory
Authors: Gordon Bruce
Published: October 2016

This chapter explores the challenges presented for marking the anniversary of the Reformation as a historical event. It considers the role of memory and commemoration in contemporary accounts of the Reformation, particularly the efforts to create public narratives. History and memory, so central to the ways in which the Reformation is understood as a seminal moment in Western culture, were also integral to the movement itself. The chapter examines the ways in which the Reformers of the sixteenth century sought to establish their claim on history in order to justify and make sense of the present. The Reformers believed that change was part of continuity with the past.
Introduction
Authors: Rublack Ulinka
Published: October 2016

This handbook provides a novel approach by treating the Protestant Reformations as a broad movement within and beyond Europe which aimed to create new knowledge, ideas, and practices in relation to what it conceived as supernatural and divine. The handbook gives voice to the distinctness of a historically situated set of beliefs and investigations into the nature of the divine and evil, formed in particular sites, through particular interpretative communities, institutions, and media of communication, rooted in interaction with symbols and the imaginary of the time. It brings to life the plurality and vitality of ideas which remained. In these ways, the handbook stresses that the Protestant Reformations in all their variety, and with their important “radical” wings, must be understood as one of the lasting long-term historical transformations which changed Europe and, subsequently, significant parts of the world. A global and connected account of the Reformations is long overdue.
Political Obedience
Authors: Burgess Glenn
Published: October 2016

The Reformation had a profound impact on European thinking about political obedience. This chapter explores the way in which the Reformation “mood” embraced theories of absolute authority, but also led to a questioning of authority. It explores the development of resistance theory and ideas of popular sovereignty, and of toleration, all of which cast significant limits on the authority of secular rulers. Reformation impulses also inspired some to genuinely revolutionary attempts to transform the social and political order, and these revolutionary ideas are explored too. The approach taken is to avoid narrative, and to explore particular moments at which the implication of Reformation ideas becomes apparent.
The Historiography of Sunni Usul al-Fiqh
Authors: Soufi Youcef
Published: October 2016

This article reviews scholarship on the history of Sunni usul al-fiqh—also known as “Islamic jurisprudence,” “legal theory,” “source law,” “legal methodology,” and “proofs of the law” (usul al-fiqh adillatuhu)—during the premodern period. It first considers the emergence of usul al-fiqh from the second AH/eighth CE to the middle of the fourth/tenth centuries, paying attention to debates about when and how jurists began to produce texts dedicated to the exposition of the genre. It highlights scholarly accounts of the gradual shift from early rudimentary discussions on legal methodology to systematic and detailed elaborations in the so-called mature texts of usul al-fiqh. It also explores the relationship between usul al-fiqh and furu‘ before turning to scholarship on usul al-fiqh sources from the late fourth/tenth up until the tenth/sixteenth century. The article concludes by assessing the relevance of the key intellectual debates over usul al-fiqh to legal practice.
Motivation and Self-Regulation in Job Search: A Theory of Planned Job Search Behavior
Authors: van Hooft Edwin
Published: October 2016

Job search is a difficult and complex process that demands prolonged motivation and self-regulation. Integrating insights from generic motivation theories and the job search literature, a Theory of Planned Job Search Behavior (TPJSB) is introduced as a framework for organizing the motivational and self-regulatory predictors and mechanisms that are important in the job search process. The chapter specifically focuses on the motivation-related concepts in the TPJSB, distinguishing between global-level, contextual, and situational predictors of job search intentions and job search behavior. After describing the theoretical underpinnings, empirical support for the associations in the model is presented and reviewed, and recommendations for future research are provided. Last, the moderating role of broader context factors on the TPJSB relations is discussed.
History of Neuropsychology in Asia
Authors: Lee Tatia M. C. , Wang Kai , Collinson Simon L.
Published: October 2016

Clinical neuropsychology in Asia has emerged from the interactions of multiple processes, including the development of psychology and its subdisciplines worldwide, the entering of psychology into Asia and ongoing intellectual influences from outside of Asia, indigenous responses to those external forces, and homegrown initiatives in studying brain-behavior relationships prior to and since the beginnings of modern neuropsychology. This chapter reviews the history of neuropsychology in China, Hong Kong, Singapore, and other Asian regions. With globalization and increasing ease of information exchange, neuropsychological practice in Asia will continue to be shaped by influence from the West interacting with the indigenization process to shape the development of neuropsychology in Asia. Rapid development of neuroscience leads to cutting-edge findings and discovery of brain-behavior relationships, which has and will continue to be one of the rich sources of information that guides and shapes neuropsychological practice in Asia and worldwide.
Ezekiel
Authors: Mein Andrew
Published: October 2016

The Book of Ezekiel is set in the tumultuous period of the early sixth century, when successive Babylonian invasions devastated Judah and Jerusalem. It introduces Ezekiel himself as one of the Judahite exiles to Babylonia of 597 B.C.E., and his prophecies act as a kind of commentary on unfolding events. With vivid and often disturbing language, the prophet reminds his hearers of YHWH’s continuing power, explains the disaster as the result of Judah’s sin, and, once the worst has come, imagines the shape of a new future. This chapter offers an introduction to scholarly views on the structure and composition of the book, then focuses on a number of significant theological themes. These include the importance of priestly tradition, the prophet’s critique of Jerusalem and ethical response to exile, and the centrality of divine sovereignty within Ezekiel’s theological vision.
Daniel and Apocalyptic Imagination
Authors: Portier-Young Anathea E.
Published: October 2016

The book of Daniel forms a bridge between Israel’s classical prophetic literature and the genre apocalypse. Daniel has often been classified among the prophets, but also stands apart. An examination of revealed knowledge and textual authority in Daniel clarifies the relationship among Daniel, earlier prophets, and Mesopotamian divinatory wisdom. Daniel’s apocalyptic imagination combines prophetic language and imagery with new visionary experience, offering readers powerful new language, symbols, and models for embodied practice. Cross-disciplinary studies of imagination suggest ways that Daniel’s prophetic and apocalyptic imagination allowed ancient readers to interact with the legacies of the Mesopotamian and Hellenistic empires while simultaneously rejecting their totalizing narratives. The book ignites a fuse in readers’ imaginations, inviting and empowering audiences to break out of the prison of imperial imaginaries and to imagine in their place an alternative structure of governance, a path to religious and national freedom, and heavenly existence beyond death.
God and Violence in the Prophets
Authors: Claassens L. Juliana
Published: October 2016

This chapter seeks to formulate a hermeneutical framework for making sense of the numerous instances of violence in the prophetic books. Six recent proposals are introduced that are helpful in constructing a hermeneutical framework for interpreting the violence that is so central in the prophetic rhetoric. For instance, recent developments in reading the prophetic literature through the lens of trauma theory help to explain the graphic occurrence of violence. Moreover, a fruitful avenue to explore is the link between violence and identity formation, according to which violence serves as a rhetorical strategy for drawing boundaries between the self and the other. In conclusion, this chapter makes some suggestions for overcoming the legacy of violence in the prophetic rhetoric, for example resisting the violent rhetoric used by the prophets by highlighting some of the alternative metaphors for God that are also found in the prophetic books.
The Prophets in the Dead Sea Scrolls
Authors: Jassen Alex P.
Published: October 2016

This chapter examines the reception of the prophets in the Dead Sea Scrolls. It begins by outlining what books of the sectarian communities of the Dead Sea Scrolls would have been considered in the corpus of ancient prophets. The chapter then analyzes growing centrality of the interpretation of prophetic texts for Jews in the Second Temple period. The Pesharim interpret the words of the ancient prophets as literary ciphers that when properly decoded reveal the origins, unfolding history, and eschatological future of the sectarian communities. Expanded prophetic narratives appropriate the voice of the ancient prophets to create new compositions that either rewrote the words of the ancient prophet or recast the prophetic identity in a new literary setting. The chapter further explores the ways in which the sectarians regarded themselves as recipients of ongoing revelation and therefore saw themselves in continuity with the prophets of old.
Rabbinic Reception of the Prophets
Authors: Gottlieb Isaac B.
Published: October 2016

The Rabbinic reception of prophets covers thousands of individual statements made by named or unnamed rabbis, recorded within a vast literature (Mishnah, Midrash, Talmud) that spans over 750 years (225–1000 C.E.). It deals with questions and issues such as the following: who is a prophet, what did prophets see, prophetic use of metaphor, the prophet as messenger, prophecy among the Gentiles, the chronology of the prophets, rebuke and consolation, criticism of the prophets, the place of repentance in prophecy, and the end of prophecy. Besides a survey of general statements, rabbinic remarks about nine out of fifteen individual prophets from Isaiah through Malachi are also cited.
Contemporary Jewish Readings of the Prophets
Authors: Sweeney Marvin A.
Published: October 2016

Contemporary Jewish critical scholars share many methodological foundations and viewpoints with their Christian counterparts, but there are nevertheless areas of distinctive concern to Jewish interpreters of the Bible in general and the prophets in particular. This chapter therefore addresses issues faced by Jewish scholars in the field., namely, the place of the prophets in the Tanak, i.e. the Jewish version of the Bible; the historical and social roles of the prophets; and treatment of exile, repentance, and restoration of the people to the Temple and the land of Israel in each of the books of the Latter Prophets, including Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and the Book of the Twelve Prophets. Examples of scholars treated include Ehud Ben Zvi, Julie Galambush, Moshe Greenberg, Tamar Kamionkowski, Shalom Paul, Dalit Rom-Shiloni, Benjamin Sommer, Emanuel Tov, and the author.
The Prophets and Ethics
Authors: West Traci C.
Published: October 2016

Christian ethicists and social justice activists regularly draw upon blistering critiques of religious and political hypocrisy and corruption found in the Hebrew Bible prophets. This chapter concentrates on distinctive methods of ethicists and activists for appropriating and engaging them. Three differing approaches are explored. Walter Rauschenbusch considered the prophets to be essential to Christian moral history. Emilie Townes constructs African American Christian communal ethics relying upon the form of lament in Joel. Finally, selected Christian political activists and leaders demonstrate embodied, lived ethics through their appropriations of prophetic language. Ethics topics such as sexual violence, abortion, racism, and LGBTQ rights are included in the chapter’s emphasis on method and cultural assumptions embedded in the Hebrew prophets and the perspectives of their interpreters.
Consumption in Latin America
Authors: Rocchi Fernando
Published: October 2016

In this article, the main debates on consumption in Latin America, a topic that has yet to receive full scholarly attention, are analyzed. Current discussions tend to limit its focus to the possession of goods and public services. Historiographical quarrels comprise different perspectives and approaches that include commodity histories and the study of imports, local development, the arrival of modernity, globalization, consumer culture, and the relationship between consumption and political activism.
Disjunctive: Social Injustice, Black Identity, and the Normality of Black People
Authors: Cross William E.
Published: October 2016

In the discourse on Black identity, the point of departure is typically psychopathology, as revealed by empirical studies on oppositional identity or theorizing about the negative effects of slavery. This chapter reviews historical and psychological research on Black identity and Black self-esteem, presenting a counter-narrative that positions Black folks as ordinary and normal to a degree not previously appreciated. Although Black people are constantly ensnarled in a multitude of Faustian dilemmas, research demonstrates they are able to maintain their sanity and have accumulated an astonishing record of compromise, acculturation, religiosity, patience, and adjustment. Explicating this disjunctive is the focus of the chapter.
Narrative Approaches within a Social Psychology of Social Justice: The Potential Utility of Narrative Evidence
Authors: Frost David M.
Published: October 2016

This chapter illustrates the utility of narrative approaches within the social psychological study of social justice. By providing an overview of narrative approaches within social psychology, the potential for narrative research to generate knowledge of interest to social justice researchers is highlighted. In efforts to further promote the utility of narrative approaches in social justice research, the concept of narrative evidence is introduced in order to encourage the translation of knowledge gained from social psychological research on social justice concerns into attempts to inform and provoke social change. An illustrative example is discussed drawn from the author’s own research. The work of translating narrative research findings into narrative evidence is an important next step within a social psychology of social justice that seeks to produce knowledge of social justice concerns and has the potential to inform and inspire social change efforts.
On the Conflict Between Liberty and Equality
Authors: Steiner Hillel
Published: October 2016

This chapter argues that, if liberty is understood strictly in its “negative” sense, that is, as the absence of obstacles to action imposed by humans, then Isaiah Berlin and Ronald Dworkin and others are mistaken in claiming that there is a conflict between the respective demands of liberty and equality. This chapter demonstrates that there is no such conflict because any gain in some person’s liberty is accompanied by a loss in liberty on the part of others, even if certain values associated with liberty and equality may sometimes conflict with them. As a result, enforced egalitarian policies can only redistribute liberty: they cannot be shown to diminish it.
Association Between Noninvasive Ventilation and Mortality Among Older Patients With Pneumonia
Authors: Valley Thomas S. , Walkey Allan J. , Lindenauer Peter K. , Wiener Renda Soylemez , Cooke Colin R.
Published: October 2016

Objective:

Despite increasing use, evidence is mixed as to the appropriate use of noninvasive ventilation in patients with pneumonia. We aimed to determine the relationship between receipt of noninvasive ventilation and outcomes for patients with pneumonia in a real-world setting.

Design, Setting, Patients:

We performed a retrospective cohort study of Medicare beneficiaries (aged > 64 yr) admitted to 2,757 acute-care hospitals in the United States with pneumonia, who received mechanical ventilation from 2010 to 2011.

Exposures:

Noninvasive ventilation versus invasive mechanical ventilation.

Measurement and Main Results:

The primary outcome was 30-day mortality with Medicare reimbursement as a secondary outcome. To account for unmeasured confounding associated with noninvasive ventilation use, an instrumental variable was used—the differential distance to a high noninvasive ventilation use hospital. All models were adjusted for patient and hospital characteristics to account for measured differences between groups. Among 65,747 Medicare beneficiaries with pneumonia who required mechanical ventilation, 12,480 (19%) received noninvasive ventilation. Patients receiving noninvasive ventilation were more likely to be older, male, white, rural-dwelling, have fewer comorbidities, and were less likely to be acutely ill as measured by organ failures. Results of the instrumental variable analysis suggested that, among marginal patients, receipt of noninvasive ventilation was not significantly associated with differences in 30-day mortality when compared with invasive mechanical ventilation (54% vs 55%; p = 0.92; 95% CI of absolute difference, –13.8 to 12.4) but was associated with significantly lower Medicare spending ($18,433 vs $27,051; p = 0.02).

Conclusions:

Among Medicare beneficiaries hospitalized with pneumonia who received mechanical ventilation, noninvasive ventilation use was not associated with a real-world mortality benefit. Given the wide CIs, however, substantial harm associated with noninvasive ventilation could not be excluded. The use of noninvasive ventilation for patients with pneumonia should be cautioned, but targeted enrollment of marginal patients with pneumonia could enrich future randomized trials.
Sun-related knowledge and attitudes of primary and secondary schoolchildren in western Switzerland
Authors: Vuadens Anne , Ackermann Simone , Levi Fabio , Bulliard Jean-Luc
Published: October 2016

Switzerland, particularly its western region, has the highest incidence of melanoma in Europe. Although the risk of melanoma increases with sun overexposure during childhood, sun-related knowledge and attitudes of Swiss children are scarcely documented. We report the first investigation of the knowledge of the danger of ultraviolet radiation, attitudes towards a suntan and parental influence of schoolchildren in western Switzerland. All fifth, eighth and eleventh graders (average ages of 9, 12 and 15, respectively) in the 18 primary (fifth grade, n=431) and secondary (eighth and eleventh grades, n=837) public schools of La Chaux-de-Fonds were surveyed during regular school classes. The response rate was 91% (1154/1268). Sun-related knowledge was high overall. Eight out of 10 children knew about the risk of skin cancer and recognized the most susceptible phototype. Knowledge increased significantly with age. Girls, older children, fair-skinned participants and those who preferred a tanned skin obtained the highest knowledge score. The main source of information on ultraviolet radiation and sun protection was their parents (76%), followed by the school (11%) and the media (9%). Multivariate logistic regression analyses identified higher sun-related knowledge, lower familial socioprofessional status and skin phototypes III–IV to be associated with a tan-seeking attitude. Parental sensitization (56%) and encouragement (61%) towards sun protection were more common among fair-skinned children and those of higher familial socioprofessional status. The high awareness of the risk of skin cancer among Swiss schoolchildren does not translate into appropriate attitudes. Community-wide intervention programmes involving parents, teachers, peers and primary care clinicians could be considered for Swiss prevention campaigns to improve children’s sun behaviour and change their current pro-tan attitude.
Quantification of 11 Therapeutic Kinase Inhibitors in Human Plasma for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Using Liquid Chromatography Coupled With Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Herbrink Maikel , de Vries Niels , Rosing Hilde , Huitema Alwin D. R. , Nuijen Bastiaan , Schellens Jan H. M. , Beijnen Jos H.
Published: October 2016

Background:

A liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry assay was developed to facilitate therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) for 10 anticancer compounds (dasatinib, erlotinib, gefitinib, imatinib, lapatinib, nilotinib, pazopanib, sorafenib, sunitinib, and vemurafenib) and the active metabolite, N-desethyl-sunitinib.

Methods:

The TDM assay is based on reversed-phase chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry in the positive ion mode using multiple reaction monitoring for analyte quantification. Stable isotopically labeled compounds were used as internal standards. The sample pretreatment consisted of protein precipitation with acetonitrile using a small plasma volume of 50 μL. The validation procedures were based on the guidelines on bioanalytical methods issued by the US Food and Drug Administration and were modified to fit the requirements of the clinical TDM environment.

Results:

The method was validated over a linear range of 5.00–100 ng/mL for dasatinib, sunitinib, and N-desethyl-sunitinib; 50.0–1000 ng/mL for gefitinib and lapatinib; 125–2500 ng/mL for erlotinib, imatinib, and nilotinib; and 500–10,000 ng/mL for pazopanib, sorafenib, and vemurafenib. The results of the validation study demonstrated good intra-assay and interassay accuracy (bias <6.0%) and precision (12.2%) for all analytes.

Conclusions:

This newly validated method met the criteria for TDM and has successfully been applied to routine TDM service for tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Pregnancy-associated Breast Cancer
Authors: CASE ASHLEY S.
Published: October 2016

Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies affecting pregnancy. Pregnancy-associated breast cancer refers to breast cancer that is diagnosed during pregnancy or within the first postpartum year. The incidence is increasing as more women delay childbearing. Breast cancer can be safely diagnosed, staged, and treated during pregnancy while protecting the fetus and mother with excellent outcomes for both. Avoiding diagnostic delays is vital to prognosis. This article provides an overview of the diagnosis, staging, management, and prognosis of pregnancy-associated breast cancer. Relevant current literature is reviewed.
SPECTRAL DOMAIN VERSUS SWEPT SOURCE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY OF THE RETINAL CAPILLARY PLEXUSES IN SICKLE CELL MACULOPATHY
Authors: Jung Jesse J. , Chen Michael H. , Frambach Caroline R. , Rofagha Soraya , Lee Scott S.
Published: October 2016

Purpose:

To compare the spectral domain and swept source optical coherence tomography angiography findings in two cases of sickle cell maculopathy.

Methods:

A 53-year-old man and a 24-year-old man both with sickle cell disease (hemoglobin SS) presented with no visual complaints; Humphrey visual field testing demonstrated asymptomatic paracentral scotomas that extended nasally in the involved eyes. Clinical examination and multimodal imaging including spectral domain and swept source optical coherence tomography, and spectral domain optical coherence tomography angiography and swept source optical coherence tomography angiography (Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc, Dublin, CA) were performed.

Results:

Fundus examination of both patients revealed subtle thinning of the macula. En-face swept source optical coherence tomography confirmed the extent of the thinning correlating with the functional paracentral scotomas on Humphrey visual field. Swept source optical coherence tomography B-scan revealed multiple confluent areas of inner nuclear thinning and significant temporal retinal atrophy. En-face 6 × 6-mm spectral domain optical coherence tomography angiography of the macula demonstrated greater loss of the deep capillary plexus compared with the superficial capillary plexus. Swept source optical coherence tomography angiography 12 × 12-mm imaging captured the same macular findings and loss of both plexuses temporally outside the macula.

Conclusion:

In these two cases of sickle cell maculopathy, deep capillary plexus ischemia is more extensive within the macula, whereas both the superficial capillary plexus and deep capillary plexus are involved outside the macula likely due to the greater oxygen demands and watershed nature of these areas. Swept source optical coherence tomography angiography clearly demonstrates the angiographic extent of the disease correlating with the Humphrey visual field scotomas and confluent areas of inner nuclear atrophy.
CONTRALATERAL ANESTHESIA IN TWO PATIENTS AFTER RETROBULBAR BLOCK
Authors: Ghadiali Quraish , Ghadiali Larissa K. , Schiff William M. , Odel Jeffrey G.
Published: October 2016

Purpose:

To report a case series of two patients with contralateral anesthesia after retrobulbar block.

Methods:

Retrospective review of two cases and review of the literature.

Results:

Two patients of one practitioner received contralateral anesthesia after retrobulbar block for posterior segment surgery. Patient 1 suffered from transient contralateral akinesia, whereas Patient 2 experienced transient contralateral amaurosis.

Conclusion:

Posterior spread of anesthetics is a rare but potentially serious complication of retrobulbar anesthesia caused by spread of anesthetics along the optic nerve sheath. Modification of injection technique can decrease the risk of this complication.
Correlations Between Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness and Axial Length, Peripapillary Retinal Tilt, Optic Disc Size, and Retinal Artery Position in Healthy Eyes
Authors: Yamashita Takehiro , Sakamoto Taiji , Yoshihara Naoya , Terasaki Hiroto , Tanaka Minoru , Kii Yuya , Nakao Kumiko
Published: October 2016

Purpose:

To determine the correlations between the retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) and the axial length, peripapillary retinal tilt (PRT), and optic disc size, and retinal artery position.

Methods:

A prospective, observational cross-sectional study of 119 healthy right eyes of 119 volunteers. All participants underwent comprehensive ophthalmologic examinations including peripapillary RNFLT imaging and measurements of the axial length. The RNFLT was determined by the TOPCON 3D OCT-1000, MARK II. The RNFLT in a 3.4 mm circular scan was divided into 12 clock-hour sectors and 4 quadrant sectors around the optic disc. The PRT was assessed using the RNFLT B-scan images. The angle between the supra-temporal and infra-temporal retinal arteries was determined in the color fundus photographs. The correlations between the sectorial RNFLTs and the axial length, PRT, optic disc size, and artery angles were determined by simple and multiple regression analyses.

Results:

Multiple regression analyses showed that the nasal and inferior quadrants and the whole RNFLT were significantly and negatively correlated with the axial length (standardized coefficient (SC)=−0.39 to −0.30, P<0.05). The PRT was significantly and positively associated with all of the quadrants and the whole RNFLT (SC=0.22 to 0.45, P<0.05). The retinal artery angle was significantly and negatively associated with the temporal RNFLT and positively associated with inferior RNFLT (SC=−0.49 to 0.31, P<0.05). The optic disc size was significantly and positively associated with the superior and nasal quadrants, and the whole RNFLT (SC=0.20 to 0.27, P<0.05).

Conclusions:

The axial length, PRT, optic disc size, retinal artery angle can affect the peripapillary RNFLT. These variables should be considered when assessing the peripapillary RNFLT.
Tissue Engineering in Ophthalmology: Implications for Eyelid Reconstruction
Authors: Sun Michelle T. , O’Connor Andrea J. , Wood John , Casson Robert , Selva Dinesh
Published: October 2016

Purpose:

Bioengineering aims to produce functional tissue replacements to repair defects and has been widely investigated over the past few decades. We aimed to review the available literature on the application of tissue engineering in ophthalmology, with a particular focus on ophthalmic plastic surgery and potential applications for eyelid reconstruction.

Methods:

A literature search was performed on the MEDLINE database using the keywords “bioengineering,” “tissue engineering,” and “ophthalmology.” Articles written in English were included.

Results:

There is a substantial body of work on tissue engineering of the cornea. Other structures in ophthalmology investigated include the conjunctiva, lacrimal gland, and orbital bone. We also discuss the potential application of tissue engineering in eyelid reconstruction.

Conclusion:

Tissue engineering represents the future of regenerative and reconstructive medicine, with significant potential applications in ophthalmic plastic surgery.
Periocular Breast Carcinoma Metastases: Predominant Origin From the Lobular Variant
Authors: Jakobiec Frederick A. , Stagner Anna M. , Homer Natalie , Yoon Michael K.
Published: October 2016

Purpose:

To further define the histopathologic features of breast carcinoma conducive to orbital metastasis.

Methods:

Ten new female patients with orbital or eyelid breast cancer metastases encountered between 2011 and 2016 had their medical records reviewed for determining their clinical characteristics. Microscopic glass slides from biopsies and immunohistochemical test results were also analyzed. Biomarkers studied included cytokeratin 7, nuclear estrogen and progesterone receptors, HER2, and E-cadherin.

Results:

All orbital metastatic lesions were lobular (nonductal) carcinomas that could arise as late as 24 years after the diagnosis of the primary breast tumors. The average age of patients at the time or orbital presentation was 64 years. Metastases were composed of small tumor cells with round, orthochromatic nuclei, and a small amount of cytoplasm. The cells were disposed in a variably fibrotic tumor-associated stroma. Two lesions were variants of lobular carcinoma—namely, alveolar and pleomorphic (the latter displaying cellular crowding, with some degree of nuclear atypia and less stroma). Three of the 9 orbital metastases presented with enophthalmos and 2 displayed euphthalmos despite variably sized orbital masses. In 2 cases, synchronous bilateral orbital metastases prevented any relative difference in globe position. Estrogen and progesterone receptors were usually detectable whereas E-cadherin could not be demonstrated.

Conclusions:

Breast pathologists no longer refer to primary breast carcinomas and their orbital metastases as “scirrhous.” It has been determined that the majority of orbital breast metastases are lobular carcinomas. This may be due to their lack of intercellular cohesiveness and the absence of E-cadherin which normally is expressed in many neoplastic cell types including ductal breast carcinomas, limiting their dispersion. In contrast, the majority of primary breast carcinomas are ductal. The ubiquitous collagenous matrix in breast metastases retracts, partially accounting for enophthalmos. The presence of euphthalmos despite an orbital mass additionally suggests some retraction of fibrous tissue (with or without fat atrophy) that suppresses relative proptosis. Metastatic lobular breast carcinoma is further implicated if there is a concomitant limitation in extraocular motility or vision decline.
Expert Views, Opinions, and Recommendations
Authors: Azima Shokoufeh
Published: October 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to understand how well and to what extent nurse practitioner (NP) graduate programs prepare students to recognize and manage dermatologic conditions in the primary care setting based on the views and opinions of expert dermatology NPs, obtained through the use of an open-ended questionnaire.

Background

Studies have shown that NPs practicing in primary care have difficulty recognizing, diagnosing, treating, and managing dermatologic conditions. Confusion exists concerning what and when to refer to a specialist. Few peer-reviewed articles exist pertaining to the dermatologic preparation of NP students and whether a lack of preparation precipitates this phenomenon.

Aim

The aim of this study was to analyze response data to identify an emergent hypothesis to be used as a basis for further research on this topic.

Methods

Eight open-ended questions were sent to 15 dermatology nurse experts, of which nine responded. They were assigned random identifiers, and their answers were interpreted using thematic analysis and emergent theory.

Results

The emergent hypothesis indicated that experts in the field of dermatology nursing recognize a need for expanded dermatology preparation for NP students in graduate programs. Several reasons were provided, and recommendations were given.

Discussion

Deficiencies in the level of dermatologic knowledge necessary to competently treat patients with skin conditions in primary care settings are not a phenomenon isolated to NP practice. Similar challenges are found in the literature relating to primary care physicians and physician assistants. NPs have an opportunity to be leaders in this area of clinical and didactic preparation for future practitioners.

Conclusion

Expanding dermatology preparation at the graduate NP level is necessary and will improve primary care patient outcomes as well as educational standards within the NP community.
The Many Presentations of Syphilis
Authors: Ingram Brooke
Published: October 2016

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by a spirochete, which if left untreated, transforms through four stages. Numerous cutaneous manifestations present from the time of the initial infection and evolve as the disease systemically progresses. Syphilis has been around for centuries, and we can attribute the rise of the specialty of dermatology to its prevalence and protean nature. Syphilis is on the rise again for the first time since the advent of penicillin, making it important for healthcare providers to have knowledge of its presentation in its various stages.
Effect of Goggle Slippage on the Video Head Impulse Test Outcome and Its Mechanisms
Authors: Suh Myung-Whan , Park Jae Hong , Kang Seong Il , Lim Jae Hyun , Park Moo Kyun , Kwon Seong Keun
Published: October 2016

Objectives:

The aim of this study was to quantitatively measure the tightness of the goggle strap during the video head impulse test (vHIT) and to identify slippage-induced artifacts according to tightness. We aimed to elucidate the mechanism of faulty gain caused by goggle slippage and explain the typical artifacts associated with it.

Subjects and Methods:

An endotracheal tube cuff manometer was coupled to the EyeSeeCam vHIT system (Interacoustics, Assens, Denmark) to monitor strap tightness. The instantaneous gain (40, 60, and 80 ms) and regression gain were compared in eight healthy subjects under the following strap tightness conditions: loose (25 cm H2O), tight (35 cm H2O), and very tight (45 cm H2O). To elucidate the mechanism of faulty gain caused by goggle slippage, a fake fixed pupil with a vestibule ocular reflex (VOR) gain of 0 was attached to the subject's eyelid. The faulty gain recording pattern was analyzed as the tightness of the strap was decreased.

Results:

The most common slippage-induced artifacts were: 1) initial backward eye movement toward the head movement, 2) acceleration bumps, 3) high gain, and 4) deceleration bumps. At 40 ms, the gain was significantly lower in the 25 cm H2O condition (0.68 ± 0.32 cm H2O) compared with the 45 cm H2O condition (0.90 ± 0.26 cm H2O). At 80 ms, the gain was higher for the 25 cm H2O condition (1.24 ± 0.27 cm H2O) compared with the 45 cm H2O condition (1.16 ± 0.30 cm H2O). These findings were progressively more obvious as the tightness of the strap decreased in a dose-dependent manner. When the fake pupil was recorded, initial backward eye movement toward the head movement (negative VOR gain) and eye tracing mimicking a small VOR (positive VOR gain) were recorded, despite the fake pupil having absolutely no movement. These artifact recordings are presumed to be related to the faulty low (40 ms) and high (80 ms) gain calculation.

Conclusions:

Slippage-induced artifacts are presumed to be because of the slingshot-like movement of the goggles during head movement in three different phases (lagging, overshooting, and bouncing of the goggles). Monitoring the pressure of the strap tightness may be a solution for minimizing this slippage. A strap tightness of at least 45 cm H2O is required for reliable vHIT recording and gain calculations.