bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differential Properties of Venom Peptides and Proteins in Solitary vs. Social Hunting Wasps
Authors: Lee Si , Baek Ji , Yoon Kyungjae
Published: January 2016

The primary functions of venoms from solitary and social wasps are different. Whereas most solitary wasps sting their prey to paralyze and preserve it, without killing, as the provisions for their progeny, social wasps usually sting to defend their colonies from vertebrate predators. Such distinctive venom properties of solitary and social wasps suggest that the main venom components are likely to be different depending on the wasps’ sociality. The present paper reviews venom components and properties of the Aculeata hunting wasps, with a particular emphasis on the comparative aspects of venom compositions and properties between solitary and social wasps. Common components in both solitary and social wasp venoms include hyaluronidase, phospholipase A2, metalloendopeptidase, etc. Although it has been expected that more diverse bioactive components with the functions of prey inactivation and physiology manipulation are present in solitary wasps, available studies on venom compositions of solitary wasps are simply too scarce to generalize this notion. Nevertheless, some neurotoxic peptides (e.g., pompilidotoxin and dendrotoxin-like peptide) and proteins (e.g., insulin-like peptide binding protein) appear to be specific to solitary wasp venom. In contrast, several proteins, such as venom allergen 5 protein, venom acid phosphatase, and various phospholipases, appear to be relatively more specific to social wasp venom. Finally, putative functions of main venom components and their application are also discussed.
Branched Lateral Tail Fiber Organization in T5-Like Bacteriophages DT57C and DT571/2 is Revealed by Genetic and Functional Analysis
Authors: Golomidova Alla , Kulikov Eugene , Prokhorov Nikolai , Guerrero-Ferreira Ricardo , Knirel Yuriy , Kostryukova Elena , Tarasyan Karina , Letarov Andrey
Published: January 2016

The T5-like siphoviruses DT57C and DT571/2, isolated from horse feces, are very closely related to each other, and most of their structural proteins are also nearly identical to T5 phage. Their LTFs (L-shaped tail fibers), however, are composed of two proteins, LtfA and LtfB, instead of the single Ltf of bacteriophage T5. In silico and mutant analysis suggests a possible branched structure of DT57C and DT571/2 LTFs, where the LtfB protein is connected to the phage tail via the LtfA protein and with both proteins carrying receptor recognition domains. Such adhesin arrangement has not been previously recognized in siphoviruses. The LtfA proteins of our phages are found to recognize different host O-antigen types: E. coli O22-like for DT57C phage and E. coli O87 for DT571/2. LtfB proteins are identical in both phages and recognize another host receptor, most probably lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of E. coli O81 type. In these two bacteriophages, LTF function is essential to penetrate the shield of the host’s O-antigens. We also demonstrate that LTF-mediated adsorption becomes superfluous when the non-specific cell protection by O-antigen is missing, allowing the phages to bind directly to their common secondary receptor, the outer membrane protein BtuB. The LTF independent adsorption was also demonstrated on an O22-like host mutant missing O-antigen O-acetylation, thus showing the biological value of this O-antigen modification for cell protection against phages.
Experimental Inoculation of Egyptian Fruit Bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) with Ebola Virus
Authors: Paweska Janusz , Storm Nadia , Grobbelaar Antoinette , Markotter Wanda , Kemp Alan , Jansen van Vuren Petrus
Published: January 2016

Colonized Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus), originating in South Africa, were inoculated subcutaneously with Ebola virus (EBOV). No overt signs of morbidity, mortality, or gross lesions were noted. Bats seroconverted by Day 10–16 post inoculation (p.i.), with the highest mean anti-EBOV IgG level on Day 28 p.i. EBOV RNA was detected in blood from one bat. In 16 other tissues tested, viral RNA distribution was limited and at very low levels. No seroconversion could be demonstrated in any of the control bats up to 28 days after in-contact exposure to subcutaneously-inoculated bats. The control bats were subsequently inoculated intraperitoneally, and intramuscularly with the same dose of EBOV. No mortality, morbidity or gross pathology was observed in these bats. Kinetics of immune response was similar to that in subcutaneously-inoculated bats. Viral RNA was more widely disseminated to multiple tissues and detectable in a higher proportion of individuals, but consistently at very low levels. Irrespective of the route of inoculation, no virus was isolated from tissues which tested positive for EBOV RNA. Viral RNA was not detected in oral, nasal, ocular, vaginal, penile and rectal swabs from any of the experimental groups.
Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Vaccines in 2015
Authors:   Vaccines Editorial Office
Published: January 2016

The editors of Vaccines would like to express their sincere gratitude to the following reviewers for assessing manuscripts in 2015. [...]
Current Advances in Virus-Like Particles as a Vaccination Approach against HIV Infection
Authors: Zhao Chongbo , Ao Zhujun , Yao Xiaojian
Published: January 2016

HIV-1 virus-like particles (VLPs) are promising vaccine candidates against HIV-1 infection. They are capable of preserving the native conformation of HIV-1 antigens and priming CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses efficiently via cross presentation by both major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II molecules. Progress has been achieved in the preclinical research of HIV-1 VLPs as prophylactic vaccines that induce broadly neutralizing antibodies and potent T cell responses. Moreover, the progress in HIV-1 dendritic cells (DC)-based immunotherapy provides us with a new vision for HIV-1 vaccine development. In this review, we describe updates from the past 5 years on the development of HIV-1 VLPs as a vaccine candidate and on the combined use of HIV particles with HIV-1 DC-based immunotherapy as efficient prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination strategies.
The Importance of Providing Multiple-Channel Sections in Dredging Activities to Improve Fish Habitat Environments
Authors: Chiu Hung-Pin , Suen Jian-Ping
Published: January 2016

After Typhoon Morakot, dredging engineering was conducted while taking the safety of humans and structures into consideration, but partial stream reaches were formed in the multiple-channel sections in Cishan Stream because of anthropogenic and natural influences. This study mainly explores the distribution of each fish species in both the multiple- and single-channel sections in the Cishan Stream. Parts of the environments did not exhibit significant differences according to a one-way ANOVA comparing the multiple- and single-channel sections, but certain areas of the multiple-channel sections had more diverse habitats. Each fish species was widely distributed by non-metric multidimensional scaling in the multiple-channel sections as compared to those in the single-channel sections. In addition, according to the principal component analysis, each fish species has a preferred environment, and all of them have a wide choice of habitat environments in the multiple-channel sections. Finally, the existence of multiple-channel sections could significantly affect the existence of the fish species under consideration in this study. However, no environmental factors were found to have an influence on fish species in the single-channel sections, with the exception of Rhinogobius nantaiensis. The results show that providing multiple-channel sections in dredging activities could improve fish habitat environments.
Aux sources de la statistique allemande
Authors: Horvath Robert
Published: January 2016

In this note, Robert Horvath poses the problem of the philosophical bases of the statistical description of states as it took shape in German universities in the 17th and 18th centuries. The Aristotelian philosophy which dominated study in Germany inhibited the bringing together of this literature with English political arithmetic and retarded the mathematization of social facts. While it opted for classification and description, it remained in the service of moral philosophy and contributed to the apology of the state.
La population du Soudan au XIXe siècle et au début du XXe siècle
Authors: J. Krotki Karol
Published: January 2016

A brief historical review surveys the ethnic composition of the populations of the Sudan, but the rarity and unreliability of the sources must be underlined. Given an original population of unknown size, a probably weak growth rate seems to lead to a peak of eight or nine million souls between 1820 and 1880. The first demographic estimates, slightly more reliable than the preceding, date from 1882, the beginning of a religious and nationalist revolt against the Anglo-Egyptian occupier. In fifteen years, the population drops to two million, according to all appearances. Evidence is présents to elucidate the mechanism of this catastrophic decline.

After the reconquest in 1900 by the Anglo-Egyptian armed forces, the population begins to climb to the figure of ten million reached at the first census in 1955-1956. The growth of the entire country and each of the nine constituent provinces is compatible with most of the measurements based on the so-called quasi-stable population theory, and with the accounts of travellers and administrators. Obviously the estimates of the first such travellers and administrators were not as far from the reality — such as it emerges from quasi-stable population estimates — as their successors, whose accounts treat the period just before the 1956 census.

By way of comparison, the available figures of the 1973 census are indicated, but they présent no new or useful elements for the study of the past of the Sudan population and its censuses. That would require a more elaborate analysis, beyond the limits of the présent contribution.
Présentation
Authors: Bideau Alain
Published: January 2016

La surmortalité féminine a été constante dans les populations européennes du XIXe siècle, et les analyses quantitatives permettent de la mesurer dès le XVIIIe siècle et jusqu'au début du XXe dans de nombreux pays. Cette surmortalité n'est due qu'en partie directement aux risques inhérents à la grossesse et à l'accouchement, et ©Ile est marquée pour les petites et les jeunes filles avant l'âge de la maternité. Les observations qui montrent une plus grande réceptivité des filles aux grandes maladies contagieuses, comme la variole et la tuberculose, conduisent à s'interroger sur les causes de cette surmortalité : causes sociales plus que biologiques, conséquence d'un mode de vie féminin qui les expose à de plus grands risques, donc d'un modèle culturel propre à la période de l'urbanisation et de l'industrialisation. A la suite des communications de MALHER, est proposé un programme de recherches, pour essayer de déterminer la part des différents facteurs explicatifs de cette situation.
La surmortalité des petites-filles en Belgique aux XIXe et XXe siècles
Authors: Poulain Michel , Tabutin Dominique
Published: January 2016

La surmortalité des petites filles est incontestable en Belgique au milieu du XIXe siècle. Dès l'âge de un an, la mortalité des filles devient supérieure à celle des garçons. Et le phénomène va en s'accentuant avec l'âge : 20 % à 5-10 ans, 51 % à 10-15 ans... pour retomber à 38 % à 15-20 ans. C'est au cours de la décennie 1840 que cette surmortalité a été maximale.

Si l'on recherche les causes, on s'aperçoit que cette surmortalité est significative pour la variole, la coqueluche, la tuberculose, la pneumonie... malgré des variations suivant les âges. L'écart le plus important concerne la tuberculose : la mortalité féminine est deux fois plus élevée à 7-15 ans.

Il faut se tourner vers des hypothèses causales de nature socio-économiques : normes culturelles, rôle de l'alimentation, de l'instruction, du travail... Il faut également affiner les analyses statistiques par milieu d'habitat et par région.
Le poids démographique des femmes seules en France (deuxième moitié du XIXe siècle)
Authors: Bourdelais Patrice
Published: January 2016

A study made of the age distribution of single women and men from 1851 to 1896 highlights regional differences of great importance. Single women were least numerous in the 35 to 44 age group, and the number increased after the age of 50 to attain 70 % of the female population ofer 70. One out of two women over 50 lived alone whereas only one out of four men did. Geographically, the Paris region was exceptional in that fewer single people lived there than elsewhere in the country ; on the other hand, Brittany, eastern France, Central France, and the western Pyrenees had especially high numbers of single women. These findings will be studied in their regional context, and the questions arising from these findings discussed in this article.
Parents de sang, parents de lait : la mise en nourrice à Florence (1300-1530)
Authors: Klapisch-Zuber Christiane
Published: January 2016

Family-books of xivth to XVIth centuries' Florence reveal that the hiring of wet-nurses had become a very common practice in high and middle-classe society of the High Renaissance. The various parameters of those practices (résidence and salary of the wet-nurse, sex and birth-ranking of the nurslings, length and modalities of the hiring, reasons for ending or interrupting the contract with nursing parents...) are then studied and lighten the parents' attitudes vs. their newborn babies. These attitudes seem highly contradictory with contemporary scientific knowledges and moral authorities' warnings, all of them favouring maternai suckling. Thus, the Florentine practice of hired wet-nursing has to be put in relation with more general cultural attitudes in urban Tuscan society, which value strongly the paternal apports in procréation and masculine patterns in the representations of kinship and filiation.
L'enfant trouvé : notes de démographie différentielle
Authors: Corsini Carlo A.
Published: January 2016

L'abandon d'enfants est une pratique de plus en plus répandue en Europe jusqu'au XIXe siècle ; il concernait même un certain nombre d'enfants légitimes. Sur le sort de ceux qui ont été confiés à l'Hôpital des Innocents de Florence, on examine ici quelques données pour les années 1762-1764 et 1809-1811. La plupart des enfants légitimes ont finalement été repris par leurs parents ; des autres, les trois quarts sont morts avant d'avoir atteint l'âge d'homme. Sur le destin des survivants, on a quelques indications : les deux tiers des garçons confiés à des nourrices paysannes restaient à la campagne, les autres étaient mis en apprentissage dès l'âge de dix ans ; par contre, presque toutes les filles étaient reprises par l'Hôpital qui s'occupait d'elles jusqu'à 35 ans, les occupait à des travaux textiles, et les aidait à trouver un époux en promettant une dot.
La famille Bertillon et la naissance d'une nouvelle science sociale
Authors: Dupâquier Michel
Published: January 2016

Cet article retrace la biographie, le vocabulaire et l'analyse démographique de la famille BertillonGuillard.

Si A. Guillard a créé le mot de démographie, son gendre Louis-Adolphe Bertillon donne à la science nouvelle toute son extension, avec le Congrès international de démographie, les Annales de démographie internationale, et les premiers cours de démographie. L'analyse du vocabulaire montre qu'A. Guillard reste un amateur, tandis que son gendre Louis-Adolphe Bertillon fait progresser l'analyse de la mortalité, dans la ligne de W. Farr. Quant à Jacques Bertillon, fils de Louis-Adolphe, très au courant des recherches internationales sur la fécondité, il publie en 1890 le premier Traité de démographie digne de ce nom, et fonde l'Alliance nationale pour l'accroissement de la population française.

Il reste surtout connu pour sa nomenclature des causes de décès, devenue internationale en 1900, qu'il a repris en grande partie du Congrès international de statistique de 1855.
Généalogies descendantes et analyse démographique
Authors: Jette René , Charbonneau Hubert
Published: January 2016

Quand elles sont complètes, les généalogies descendantes constituent des sources remarquables pour l'analyse des comportements démographiques anciens. Rares cependant sont celles qui présentent toutes les qualités requises. Outre les risques de biais liés aux petits nombres en jeu, elles comportent presque toujours des problèmes de représentativité sur le plan social. De plus, les auteurs de ce type de généalogie négligent fréquemment d'indiquer les décès d'adultes, les dates de naissances des épouses et surtout les renseignements relatifs aux enfants morts en bas âge. Mais le recours aux descendances reconstituées favorise l'analyse différentielle et permet de contourner la plupart des problèmes associés à la reconstitution des familles d'une paroisse. L'étude de la mortalité adulte et des migrations s'en trouve facilitée, pour le plus grand profit du démographe historien.
Nouvelles perspectives pour les recherches génétiques. Le fichier-réseau de la population du Saguenay
Authors: Bouchard Gérard
Published: January 2016

L'article décrit le fichier-réseau de population du Saguenay, au Canada, établi dans le cadre du projet SOREP. Après avoir brièvement présenté celui-ci, l'auteur analyse les recherches faites en matière de génétique, en particulier l'étude de trois maladies rares : la tyrosinémie héréditaire, le rachitisme vitamino-dépendant et la maladie de Steinert. On voit alors l'importance du fichier pour la génétique. La dernière partie de l'article est consacrée au projet Balsac qui étend le fichier- réseau aux régions plus anciennes — le Charlevoix et le Bas Saint-Laurent — d'où sont parties les familles pionnières du Saguenay au XIXe siècle.
Quelques éléments pour une étude des liens entre conjoncture économique et conjoncture démographique aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles
Authors: Grenier Jean-Yves
Published: January 2016

The aim of this article is to determine how economy and demography are inter-related in the XVIIth and XVIIIth centuries. Multi-level analysis is applied, ranging from the short-term to the long-term, thirty-year trend. A total lack of correlation between economy and demography is revealed for short-term and cyclical observations, whatever the method adopted, whereas a definite correlation is seen to exist between the long-term trends observed for prices and for fertility. A description of these two types of trend is undertaken in order to determine the influences mutually exerted. This reveals the fairly strongly endogenous nature of demography, which is important in explaining the long-term trend for prices.
Vieillesse et famille-souche
Authors: Chamoux Antoinette
Published: January 2016

Despite a strong population increase in the first half of the XIXth century, the population of the Baronies of the Pyrenees ages continuously up to World War I. This paper examines the position of the elderly in this region, where the stem-family, although undergoing a crisis, still predominates. Demographic transition, the Civil Code of Law, then a vast rural depopulation transform successional and family cohabitation practices. An old man may lose his authority as head of the household but remains highly respected within the family. The elderly are well looked after by their descendants or closest relatives.
"Fécondité naturelle" et fécondité contrôlée : un aperçu de l'évolution de la fécondité au Burundi et dans la région des Grands Lacs, de la fin du XIXe siècle à nos jours
Authors: Thibon Christian
Published: January 2016

En Afrique et particulièrement dans la région des Grands Lacs et au Burundi, le terme de fécondité naturelle est devenu une des composantes de l'africanité, d'un modèle africain auxquels on a accolé çà et là les qualificatifs atemporels de traditionnel ou de culturel.

Pourtant l'histoire de la fécondité et de ses variables intermédiaires (l'âge au mariage, les intervalles intergénésiques), montre bien au contraire l'importance des fluctuations, le poids des conditions historiques et du contexte démographique.

Dans le cas du Burundi, trois temps bien distincts peuvent être dégagés : un modèle familial nataliste qui imposait une "régulation sociale", qui structurait et stabilisait la société précoloniale, une période de déclin conjoncturel, circonstancié puis structurel de la fécondité durant la majeure partie de la colonisation (de 1880 à 1950), enfin des gains de fécondité qui correspondent à une compensation/recomposition des populations mais aussi à une remise en cause des normes familiales traditionnelles.

De nos jours, le haut niveau atteint par la fécondité est entretenu par des contraintes démographiques (mortalité infantile élevée) et par de nouvelles sollicitations économiques et socio-culturelles, des logiques natalistes modernes.

Au demeurant la prise en compte de la rupture démographique qui a coïncidé avec la période coloniale, est essentielle si l'on veut comprendre l'accélération actuelle.
La population de la Rioja au XVIe siècle
Authors: Lazaro Ruiz Mercedes , Gurria Garcia Pedro A. , Brumont Francis
Published: January 2016

The present study of the population of Rioja (Old Castile) is based on several different sources, essentially population counts (seven in all for this century, but of varying quality) and parish registers, which are fairly numerous after 1550. The high population density is shown, then trends are examined : both the population counts and die baptism data indicate an upward trend which stopped around 1560-1570, followed by a population decline wich accelerated in the last decade. The lack of migration data and the relatively slight impact of the 1564-1567 and 1599-1600 epidemics do not enable the real causes of the growth pattern to be determined.
L'infanticide à Londres à l'époque victorienne : essai d'approche quantitative
Authors: Chassaigne Philippe
Published: January 2016

Bien que les statistiques s'y rapportant soient difficiles à compiler, les infanticides constituent une proportion considérable des crimes de sang commis en Angleterre et à Londres (jusqu'à 40 et 60 % respectivement). Trois phases rythment leur évolution : une période ascendante jusque vers 1850, puis nous atteignons un plafond ; les dernières décennies du siècle, à partir de 1 880, sont marquées par une décrue, plus accentuée après 1890. Londres représente, au sein de l'Angleterre, le premier foyer de ce type de criminalité, et, sur le plan géographique, ce sont les paroisses du Middlesex, et surtout du Middlesex Ouest, qui arrivent en tête.
La mortalité infantile et post-infantile dans les pays nordiques avant 1900
Authors: Bengtsson Tommy , Lundh Christer
Published: January 2016

The mortality decline in the Nordic countries started at the end of the 18th century with a decrease in infant and child mortality. It was not until the middle of the 19th century that adult mortality started to fall. Recent research shows that improvements in nutrient supply, medical care, sanitation and nursing did not take place until the beginning of the 19th century, i.e. considerably later than the start of the decline in infant and child mortality. One possible explanation to the initial decline is that a change in virulence of pathogens did occur at the end of the 18th century, i.e. that the decline was caused by factors beyond human control. There is a general agreement that the decline that followed during the 19th century had multi-factoral causes. The importance of different factors is, however, still debated.

To proceed with this debate there is an obvious need to construct more data series of age-specific mortality at the macro level and to make full use of family reconstitution data. The use of advanced statistical methods, such as life event analysis, will also be of crucila importance. Equally important is the quality of the data. Since the Nordic data are said to be very good, which they generally are, too little attention has been paid to the examination of its quality. One such problem is the under-reporting of infant deaths in, the church books. It is vital to research on infant and child mortality, as well as on fertility, that those periods and parishes with good data are identified.
Rôle économique de la parenté. Introduction
Authors: Fontaine Laurence
Published: January 2016

This article presents the questions asked in the session "Entretiens de Mahler" on the economic role of kinship and, in particular, for which social groups, to what extend, and by which means does kinship play an active part in the social reproduction of the families. A synthesis of the communications presented is then proposed, looking at each social group studied -aristocracy, merchant, city inhabitant and peasant-, at the role of kinship and at its interplay with the State. Finally, the main issues raised during the session are discussed.
Partage égalitaire et destins des lignées
Authors: Pingaud Marie-Claude
Published: January 2016

In a large village in the Perche, between Beauce and Normandie, an aristocracy of merchant-farmers benefited from the partial dismantling of lordschips estates which took place in the second part of 18th. However, by the middle of the next century, partible inheritance as prescribed by customary-law long before Napoleonic Code, was to undermine considerably the position of the privileged peasant with numerous heirs, in spite of homogamous alliance and a close network of spiritual affinity. Reported by informants or recorded in the sources, principally the notarial archives, a whole lot of "social facts" has improved genealogical research concerning the lineal descendants of one of these land-owners. Equal sharing of land between heirs determines social and domestic reproduction -intermarriage within the kinship and neighbourhead group, neolocality of the new couple- and the technical and juridical conditions of production -the varying pattern and development of agricultural units, the rapid turning of domestic groups within the family from one farm to another. This situation obtained till the beginning of this century, when the settling down of one heir on the farm prevailed.
Les métis en Indochine
Authors: Guillaume Pierre
Published: January 2016

Le recensement de 1936 confirme l'importance d'une population métisse qui, en Indochine, est alors en passe de devenir majoritaire au sein du corps électoral de la colonie. Les statistiques des mariages montrent, au cours des années 30, la multiplication des unions légales entre Français et Indochinoises ou, plus rarement, entre Indochinois et Françaises, sans parler du concubinage. La présence des métis est ancienne puisque dès 1860 des institutions, d'abord religieuses, se sont préoccupées de leur sort. Ultérieurement, des associations caritatives diverses sont intervenues avant que le gouvernement général ne finisse par s'en préoccuper.

Les unions, légitimes ou non, avec des indigènes ont suscité les jugements les plus divers. Bien des témoins disent les charmes des Indochinoises, mais d'autres les présentent comme de redoutables maîtresses-femmes. Quant aux enfants nés de ces unions, ils sont aussi bien vus comme de vivantes et heureuses synthèses des deux races que comme des marginaux qui en combinent tous les vices. Ils ont peine à s'intégrer dans les sociétés tant européenne qu'annamite, alors même qu'ils sont enfants légitimes ou reconnus, et on court le risque de les voir s'affirmer comme des ennemis de la France alors que, bien traités, ils pourraient être des intermédiaires précieux.

Au nom de la pureté de la race, le régime de Vichy, notamment par la plume du docteur Martial, condamne sévèrement le métissage.
Un seuil évolutif d'âge de la vieillesse : approches comparées France-Suède
Authors: Bourdelais Patrice
Published: January 2016

La principale critique que l'on peut adresser à la notion de vieillissement de la population découle de la fixité du seuil choisi comme âge d'entrée dans la vieillesse. Or, sur le moyen terme, les réalités de l'âge de la vieillesse ont tellement changé que la catégorie "personnes de 60 ans ou plus" par exemple ne concerne plus des personnes qui ont la même place dans la succession des générations, le même rôle économique et social, la même espérance de vie ou le même état de santé. Comment comprendre et interpréter dès lors l'évolution de la proportion des personnes âgées dans une population ? Afin de sortir de l'impasse, cet article présente l'une des possibilités de détermination d'un âge évolutif - c'est l'une des conditions de la comparaison - d'entrée dans la vieillesse en fonction de l'état de santé des personnes concernées à chaque époque. Cet indicateur synthétique a été appliqué à la population française et à la population suédoise du milieu du XIXe siècle à nos jours. Les résultats soulignent l'ampleur des changements survenus, en particulier au XXe siècle, la proximité des niveaux entre les deux pays en début et en fin de période, ainsi que les différences de rythme des progrès de la mortalité masculine française et suédoise. L'indicateur proposé, certes améliorable, sort renforcé de cette approche comparée.
Fécondité des immigrants en Argentine. Les Français de Tandil, 1860-1914
Authors: Otero Hernan
Published: January 2016

Dans cet article, basé sur une reconstitution des familles des immigrants français établis à Tandil (Buenos Aires) à l'époque de l'immigration massive, on a étudié la fécondité des familles des migrants. On analyse successivement la fécondité légitime, la descendance, les intervalles proto- et intergénésiques et l'âge à la dernière maternité. Les résultats obtenus sont comparés aux données recueillies dans les régions d'origine.

Cette application de la méthode mise au point par Louis Henry permet de discuter, au niveau micro, certaines des hypothèses mettant en relation la transition démographique argentine avec l'arrivée des immigrants européens.

Les résultats les plus saillants du travail sont l'absence de contrôle volontaire des naissances chez les immigrants et leur niveau de fécondité, intermédiaire entre ceux des lieux d'origine et ceux de la population locale.
Histoire et systèmes démographiques
Authors: Le Bras Hervé
Published: January 2016

Peut-on rendre compte de l'évolution passée des populations en utilisant la notion de système ? Cet article montre que trois obstacles se présentent : la clôture disciplinaire, c'est-à-dire l'isolement artificiel des phénomènes démographiques, coupées des phénomènes politiques et économiques dont ils dépendent à l'évidence ; la clôture spatiale, c'est-à- dire la délimitation d'une aire donnée, très souvent un village ou une petite ville, ce qui exclut les rééquilibrages par migration ; et la confusion des échelles, consistant à passer d'un niveau individuel ("micro") à un niveau collectif ("macro"). De ce fait, les quelques systèmes proposés sont sévèrement limités. On en donne un exemple avec le modèle dit autorégulateur qui se dérègle lorsque la mortalité diminue. On propose in fine une vision plus modeste en termes de régimes démographiques.
Les changements de résidence à Dijon à la fin du XIVe siècle
Authors: Beck Patrice , Chareille Pascal
Published: January 2016

La population de la capitale des ducs de Bourgogne de la fin du Moyen Âge est éclairée par un ensemble particulièrement fourni de dénombrements des foyers : d'une part des comptes annuels de l'imposition des « marcs » frappant les bourgeois de Dijon, d'autre part des registres des « cherches des feux » liées aux aides extraordinaires. En 1375-1376, l'enquête sur le terrain a été doublée à quelques semaines d'intervalle et l'une des copies conservées rapporte le détail des mutations enregistrées, notamment les caractéristiques et les causes des déplacements. À partir de ce corpus, 3 148 foyers dijonnais ont été identifiés et suivis entre mars 1375 et mars 1377 : sur les 904 mobilités enregistrées, 468, soit une bonne moitié, sont des migrations intra-urbaines attestées et parfaitement renseignées ; 65 % ne franchissent pas les limites paroissiales et les 35 % restant migrent essentiellement vers un quartier limitrophe ; elles dessinent les réseaux de parenté et les intérêts socioprofessionnels, dénoncent aussi les coups du sort qui entraînent misère et errance.
Vieillir dans les ménages d'une ville industrielle : l'impact de l'âge de migration (Verriers, début du XIXe siècle)
Authors: Alter George
Published: January 2016

Although most migration takes place at young âges, mobility in old age is a significant life course transition. Population registers from Verviers, Belgium allow us to examine the timing and destination of migrants to an early center of the Industrial Révolution. In général, migrants at older âges were poorer than natives or earlier arrivais. Those who came in early old âge (55-75) tended to arrive as heads of families, but after âge 75 females and maies were increasingly different. The few very old men who migrated to the city often ended up living with non-kin. In contrast, the oldest women were mostly widows rejoining married children who had arrived before them.
Les liens familiaux, forme historique ?
Authors: Rosental Paul-André
Published: January 2016

L'histoire de la famille, en privilégiant le ménage aux dépens de la parenté, a révélé la prépondérance ancienne de la famille nucléaire dans plusieurs régions du monde. Puis l'anthropologie historique, avec son suivi des cycles de vie, des transmissions patrimoniales, des renchaînements d'alliance, a montré l'importance des liens de consanguinité, surtout en cas de partage égal de l'héritage, où la lignée prime sur la maison. L'analyse des stratégies familiales et des généalogies, puis la micro-histoire, ont compliqué la définition des structures de famille, et mis à mal l'idée de solidarités familiales « naturelles ». L'analyse matérielle (circulation du crédit dans le couple, rôle de la dot), doublée d'une analyse juridique (obligations d'entraide dérivées du Code Justinien) permet aujourd'hui de revenir sur les liens entre famille et institutions. À l'idée d'un contrôle unilatéral se substitue celle de manipulations réciproques : bien avant l'État-Providence, elles débouchaient souvent sur une individualisation des cas soumis à la protection collective.
Démographie historique et généalogie
Authors: Brunet Guy , Bideau Alain
Published: January 2016

Original analyses emanating from the rediscovery of genealogy have joined with many other new perspectives in the attempt to replenish historical demography. Based on the chosen approach (ascending, descending, or radiant), the genealogical perspective has allowed for the study of diverse and multiple issues. The use of genealogy by demographic historians allows them to join forces with other researchers whose common goal is the analysis of human population behavior : ethnologists, biologists, and population geneticists, as well as historians of society and mentalities. However, thèse interdisciplinary encounters often require readapting concepts : for example, the use of genealogical data necessitates the definition of the population under study, one based on a family foundation and not an administrative, geographical, or social one. This constitutes an unusual procedure for demographic historians.
Une tragédie dans la tragédie : la grippe espagnole en France (avril 1918-avril 1919)
Authors: Darmon Pierre
Published: January 2016

Les premières manifestations de la grippe dite « espagnole », par référence à l'influenza qui, en 1890, tua 200 000 personnes en Espagne, apparaissent dans les tranchées de Villers-sur-Coudun vers la mi-avril 1918. Une première flambée déferle sur l'Europe entre les mois de mai et de juillet. D'une relative bénignité, elle met en évidence l'extraordinaire pouvoir de diffusion du virus grippal. Mais celui-ci ouvre la voie à un pneumocoque d'une extrême virulence dont certains médecins ont observé les méfaits dès le mois de février 1916. L'explosion épidémique qui ravage le monde entre les mois de septembre 1918 et d'avril 1919 résulte de la conjonction de ces deux facteurs. Le faciès du mal est terrifiant : grippe, bronchite, pneumonie, cyanose du visage et des extrémités, complications œdémateuses, asphyxie. La mort peut survenir en l'espace de quatre jours. Aussi n'est-il pas étonnant que le mythe d'une épidémie de peste pulmonaire ait pris corps dans l'imaginaire. En France, la grippe et, dans son sillage, la sinistre pneumonie, ont tué 210 000 personnes en huit mois, autant que la guerre pour une même période !
Le déneigement des cols pyrénéens
Authors: Fornier Emile
Published: January 2016

Sur 21 grands cols pyrénéens, 8 sont encore fermés en hiver, les autres sont systématiquement déneigés. L'accès aux champs de ski, la desserte des populations isolées sont assurés, ainsi que le ramassage scolaire, la tournée postale etc. Il est néanmoins souhaitable, devant l'augmentation probable du trafic, que soient mis en vigueur des systèmes d'intervention plus complets.
Plateaux et bassins du socle du Rouergue au nord de Rieupeyroux (Aveyron) : paléogéographie et sédimentation tertiaire
Authors: Simon-Coinçon Régine
Published: January 2016

Paleogeography and Tertiary sedimentation on the basement, north of the Rieupeyroux Ridge (Aveyron, Central Massif). During Tertiary era, several sedimentary stages have succeeded one another north of Rieupeyroux Ridge. The first deposits are preserved in a tectonic fault graben directed by the Sillon houiller. They are proceeding from the erosion of kaolinite weathered mantle on the basement. Then, fluviatile spreading had taken place (Paleocene ?). At last, during Ludian, a wide zone of sedimentation in rivers, swamps and lakes spreads out.
Single pyrimidine discrimination during voltage-driven translocation of osmylated oligodeoxynucleotides via the α-hemolysin nanopore
Authors: Ding Yun , Kanavarioti Anastassia
Published: January 2016

The influence of an electric field on an isolated channel or nanopore separating two compartments filled with electrolytes produces a constant ion flux through the pore. Nucleic acids added to one compartment traverse the pore, and modulate the current in a sequence-dependent manner. While translocation is faster than detection, the α-hemolysin nanopore (α-HL) successfully senses base modifications in ssDNA immobilized within the pore. With the assistance of a processing enzyme to slow down translocation, nanopore-based DNA sequencing is now a commercially available platform. However, accurate base calling is challenging because α-HL senses a sequence, and not a single nucleotide. Osmylated DNA was recently proposed as a surrogate for nanopore-based sequencing. Osmylation is the addition of osmium tetroxide 2,2’-bipyridine (OsBp) to the C5–C6 pyrimidine double bond. The process is simple, selective for deoxythymidine (dT) over deoxycytidine (dC), unreactive towards the purines, practically 100% effective, and strikingly independent of length, sequence, and composition. Translocation of an oligodeoxynucleotide (oligo) dA10XdA9 via α-HL is relatively slow, and exhibits distinct duration as well as distinct residual current when X = dA, dT(OsBp), or dC(OsBp). The data indicate that the α-HL constriction zone/β-barrel interacts strongly with both OsBp and the base. A 23 nucleotide long oligo with four dT(OsBp) traverses 18-times slower, and the same oligo with nine (dT+dC)(OsBp) moieties traverses 84-times slower compared to dA20, suggesting an average rate of 40 or 180 μs/base, respectively. These translocation speeds are well above detection limits, may be further optimized, and clear the way for nanopore-based sequencing using osmylated DNA.
RECOVERY FROM GIANT ERUPTIONS IN VERY MASSIVE STARS
Authors: Kashi Amit , Davidson Kris , Humphreys Roberta M.
Published: January 2016

We use a hydro-and-radiative-transfer code to explore the behavior of a very massive star (VMS) after a giant eruption—i.e., following a supernova impostor event. Beginning with reasonable models for evolved VMSs with masses of 80 M
⊙ and 120 M
⊙, we simulate the change of state caused by a giant eruption via two methods that explicitly conserve total energy. (1) Synthetically removing outer layers of mass of a few M
⊙ while reducing the energy of the inner layers. (2) Synthetically transferring energy from the core to the outer layers, an operation that automatically causes mass ejection. Our focus is on the aftermath, not the poorly understood eruption itself. Then, using a radiation-hydrodynamic code in 1D with realistic opacities and convection, the interior disequilibrium state is followed for about 200 years. Typically the star develops a ∼400 km s−1 wind with a mass loss rate that begins around 0.1 M
⊙ yr−1 and gradually decreases. This outflow is driven by κ-mechanism radial pulsations. The 1D models have regular pulsations but 3D models will probably be more chaotic. In some cases a plateau in the mass-loss rate may persist about 200 years, while other cases are more like η Car which lost >10 M
⊙ and then had an abnormal mass loss rate for more than a century after its eruption. In our model, the post-eruption outflow carried more mass than the initial eruption. These simulations constitute a useful preliminary reconnaissance for 3D models which will be far more difficult.
DETECTING ECCENTRIC SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE BINARIES WITH PULSAR TIMING ARRAYS: RESOLVABLE SOURCE STRATEGIES
Authors: Taylor S. R. , Huerta E. A. , Gair J. R. , McWilliams S. T.
Published: January 2016

The couplings between supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs) and their environments within galactic nuclei have been well studied as part of the search for solutions to the final parsec problem. The scattering of stars by the binary or the interaction with a circumbinary disk may efficiently drive the system to sub-parsec separations, allowing the binary to enter a regime where the emission of gravitational waves can drive it to merger within a Hubble time. However, these interactions can also affect the orbital parameters of the binary. In particular, they may drive an increase in binary eccentricity which survives until the system’s gravitational-wave (GW) signal enters the pulsar-timing array (PTA) band. Therefore, if we can measure the eccentricity from observed signals, we can potentially deduce some of the properties of the binary environment. To this end, we build on previous techniques to present a general Bayesian pipeline with which we can detect and estimate the parameters of an eccentric SMBHB system with PTAs. Additionally, we generalize the PTA

-statistic to eccentric systems, and show that both this statistic and the Bayesian pipeline are robust when studying circular or arbitrarily eccentric systems. We explore how eccentricity influences the detection prospects of single GW sources, as well as the detection penalty incurred by employing a circular waveform template to search for eccentric signals, and conclude by identifying important avenues for future study.
AN ACCRETION DISK-OUTFLOW MODEL FOR HYSTERETIC STATE TRANSITION IN X-RAY BINARIES
Authors: Cao Xinwu
Published: January 2016

We suggest a model of the advection-dominated accretion flow (ADAF) with magnetically driven outflows to explain the hysteretic state transition observed in X-ray binaries (XRBs). The transition from a thin disk to an ADAF occurs when the mass accretion rate is below a critical value. The critical mass accretion rate for the ADAF can be estimated by equating the equilibration timescale to the accretion timescale of the ADAF, which is sensitive to its radial velocity. The radial velocity of thin disks is very small, which leads to the advection of the external field in thin disks becoming very inefficient. ADAFs are present in the low/hard states of XRBs, and their radial velocity is large compared with the thin disk. The external field can be dragged inward efficiently by the ADAF, so a strong large-scale magnetic field threading the ADAF can be formed, which may accelerate a fraction of gas in the ADAF into the outflows. Such outflows may carry away a large amount of angular momentum from the ADAF, which significantly increases the radial velocity of the ADAF. This leads to a high critical mass accretion rate, below which an ADAF with magnetic outflows can survive. Our calculations show that the critical luminosity of the ADAF with magnetic outflows can be one order of magnitude higher than that for a conventional ADAF, if the ratio of gas to magnetic pressure

in the disk. This can naturally explain the hysteretic state transition observed in XRBs.
TWO-DIMENSIONAL CORE-COLLAPSE SUPERNOVA SIMULATIONS WITH THE ISOTROPIC DIFFUSION SOURCE APPROXIMATION FOR NEUTRINO TRANSPORT
Authors: Pan (潘國全) Kuo-Chuan , Liebendörfer Matthias , Hempel Matthias , Thielemann Friedrich-Karl
Published: January 2016

The neutrino mechanism of core-collapse supernova is investigated via non-relativistic, two-dimensional (2D), neutrino radiation–hydrodynamic simulations. For the transport of electron flavor neutrinos, we use the interaction rates defined by Bruenn and the isotropic diffusion source approximation (IDSA) scheme, which decomposes the transported particles into trapped-particle and streaming-particle components. Heavy neutrinos are described by a leakage scheme. Unlike the “ray-by-ray” approach in some other multidimensional supernova models, we use cylindrical coordinates and solve the trapped-particle component in multiple dimensions, improving the proto-neutron star resolution and the neutrino transport in angular and temporal directions. We provide an IDSA verification by performing one-dimensional (1D) and 2D simulations with 15 and 20 M
⊙ progenitors from Woosley et al. and discuss the difference between our IDSA results and those existing in the literature. Additionally, we perform Newtonian 1D and 2D simulations from prebounce core collapse to several hundred milliseconds postbounce with 11, 15, 21, and 27 M
⊙ progenitors from Woosley et al. with the HS(DD2) equation of state. General-relativistic effects are neglected. We obtain robust explosions with diagnostic energies E
dia ≳ 0.1–0.5 B (1 B ≡ 1051 erg) for all considered 2D models within approximately 100–300 ms after bounce and find that explosions are mostly dominated by the neutrino-driven convection, although standing accretion shock instabilities are observed as well. We also find that the level of electron deleptonization during collapse dramatically affects the postbounce evolution, e.g., the neglect of neutrino–electron scattering during collapse will lead to a stronger explosion.
FINDING, CHARACTERIZING, AND CLASSIFYING VARIABLE SOURCES IN MULTI-EPOCH SKY SURVEYS: QSOs AND RR LYRAE IN PS1 3π DATA
Authors: Hernitschek Nina , Schlafly Edward F. , Sesar Branimir , Rix Hans-Walter , Hogg David W. , Ivezić Željko , Grebel Eva K. , Bell Eric F. , Martin Nicolas F. , Burgett W. S. , Flewelling H. , Hodapp K. W. , Kaiser N. , Magnier E. A. , Metcalfe N. , Wainscoat R. J. , Waters C.
Published: January 2016

In area and depth, the Pan-STARRS1 (PS1) 3π survey is unique among many-epoch, multi-band surveys and has enormous potential for the all-sky identification of variable sources. PS1 has observed the sky typically seven times in each of its five bands (grizy) over 3.5 years, but unlike SDSS, not simultaneously across the bands. Here we develop a new approach for quantifying statistical properties of non-simultaneous, sparse, multi-color light curves through light curve structure functions, effectively turning PS1 into a ∼35-epoch survey. We use this approach to estimate variability amplitudes and timescales (ω

r
, τ) for all point sources brighter than r
P1 = 21.5 mag in the survey. With PS1 data on SDSS Stripe 82 as “ground truth,” we use a Random Forest Classifier to identify QSOs and RR Lyrae based on their variability and their mean PS1 and WISE colors. We find that, aside from the Galactic plane, QSO and RR Lyrae samples of purity ∼75% and completeness ∼92% can be selected. On this basis we have identified a sample of ∼1,000,000 QSO candidates, as well as an unprecedentedly large and deep sample of ∼150,000 RR Lyrae candidates with distances from ∼10 to ∼120 kpc. Within the Draco dwarf spheroidal, we demonstrate a distance precision of 6% for RR Lyrae candidates. We provide a catalog of all likely variable point sources and likely QSOs in PS1, a total of 25.8 × 106 sources.