bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Polycistronic MicroRNA Cluster, miR-17-92, Is Overexpressed in Human Lung Cancers and Enhances Cell Proliferation
Authors: Hayashita Yoji , Osada Hirotaka , Tatematsu Yoshio , Yamada Hideki , Yanagisawa Kiyoshi , Tomida Shuta , Yatabe Yasushi , Kawahara Katsunobu , Sekido Yoshitaka , Takahashi Takashi
Published: November 2005

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs, thought to be involved in physiologic and developmental processes by negatively regulating expression of target genes. We have previously reported frequent down-regulation of the let-7 miRNA family in lung cancers and, in the present study, assessed alteration in a panel of 19 lung cancer cell lines. As a result, we found for the first time that the miR-17-92 cluster, which comprises seven miRNAs and resides in intron 3 of the C13orf25 gene at 13q31.3, is markedly overexpressed in lung cancers, especially with small-cell lung cancer histology. Southern blot analysis revealed the presence of increased gene copy numbers of the miRNA cluster in a fraction of lung cancer cell lines with overexpression. In addition, we were able to show predominant localization of C13orf25 transcripts within the nucleus and introduction of the expression construct of the miR-17-92 cluster, but not the putative open reading frame of C13orf25, enhancing lung cancer cell growth. These findings clearly suggest that marked overexpression of the miR-17-92 cluster with occasional gene amplification may play a role in the development of lung cancers, especially in their most aggressive form, small-cell lung cancer, and that the C13orf25 gene may well be serving as a vehicle in this regard.
Claudin Proteins in Human Cancer: Promising New Targets for Diagnosis and Therapy
Authors: Morin Patrice J.
Published: November 2005

The tight junction proteins claudins are abnormally regulated in several human cancers. In particular, claudin-3 and claudin-4 are frequently overexpressed in several neoplasias, including ovarian, breast, pancreatic, and prostate cancers. Although the exact roles of these proteins in tumorigenesis are still being uncovered, it is clear that they represent promising targets for cancer detection, diagnosis, and therapy.
The Interplay between Glottis and Vocal Tract during the Male Passaggio
Authors: Neumann Katrin , Schunda Patrick , Hoth Sebastian , Euler Harald A.
Published: November 2005

The transition between ‘chest’ and ‘head’ register is essential for male opera singers in order to reach the higher pitches. The ‘passaggio’, which is a scale passage where this transition takes place, but also a maneuver of register equalization, is typically difficult to learn. Studies on parameters for a definition of this transition are restricted to a small number of singers so far. Audio, electroglottographic, and equivalent subglottic pressure signals of 11 male opera singers were recorded while singing scales on open back vowels and passing the register transition. A spectrum analysis of the audio signal revealed that the second harmonic (H2) dominates in ‘chest’, resonated by the first formant (F1), together with the fourth harmonic (H4), supported by the second formant (F2). During the passaggio, H2 level decreases because it loses the resonance of F1, while the third harmonic (H3) gains the resonance of F2. At this point the H4 level drops because that harmonic is no longer supported by F2. The transition from ‘chest’ to ‘head’ register is marked by characteristic changes in the amplitude patterns of the partials H2, H3, and H4, and the frequency progressions of the first two formants, defining an objective distinction between the two registers.
Effects on Bone Mineral Density by Treatment of Benign Nodular Goiter with Mildly Suppressive Doses of L-Thyroxine in a Cohort Women Study
Authors: Appetecchia M.
Published: November 2005

Objectives: Thyroid diseases and their treatment may influence the osseous system. The influence that prolonged suppressive L-thyroxine (LT4) therapy may have on inducing subclinical hyperthyroidism on bone metabolism is still a matter of debate. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of chronic LT4 treatment at mildly inhibiting serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) doses on bone mineral density (BMD) and biochemical bone remodeling markers in a cohort of women with benign nodular goiter, and to verify the efficacy of the treatment on nodule size. Subjects and Study Design: A total of 200 euthyroid Caucasian women with nodular goiter (age 52.1 ± 9; 80 pre- and 120 postmenopausal) were enrolled: 96 had been treated with LT4 for at least 3 years and a matched group of 104 had untreated goiter. LT4 therapy was given at a dose sufficient to reduce TSH under the lower limit of the normal range (0.27–4.20 µIU/ml) without suppressing it below the limit of assay sensitivity (0.005 µIU/ml) and maintaining normal serum values of free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine (FT4). The adequacy of the dose was evaluated on the basis of serum TSH levels. The osteopenic effect of LT4 treatment was evaluated directly by total body and lumbar spine dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and indirectly by biochemical parameters (alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, calcium, parathyroid hormone) at the baseline and throughout the follow-up. The efficacy of LT4 schedule on thyroid nodule size was assessed on the basis of the ultrasonographic evaluation. Results: Mineralometric data showed no significant difference between BMD values for treated and untreated patients in both pre- and postmenopausal status. In all patients, serum markers of bone turnover were in the normal range, with no differences in the treated and control groups. The TSH concentrations were significantly lower in treated than in untreated patients (p < 0.0001); FT3 and FT4 were in the normal range for all patients. Evaluation of nodule size during follow-up showed a reduction of ≧30% in 32 of 96 treated patients (33.3%) versus none in those untreated, whilst nodule size remained unmodified in 60 treated patients (62.5%) versus 35 (33.6%) in those untreated, and an increase in nodule size and/or development of new nodules was found in 4 treated patients (4.2%) versus 69 of the 104 untreated patients (66.3%). Conclusions: This study suggests that at slightly suppressing TSH doses, LT4 therapy has no adverse effects on BMD in both pre- and postmenopausal women, while having an efficacy on nodule size comparable with that reported using an LT4 schedule able to maintain TSH near or below the assay sensitivity limit.
Pulmonary Neovascularity
Authors: Sheehan Ramon , Perloff Joseph K. , Fishbein Michael C. , Gjertson David , Aberle Denise R.
Published: November 2005

Background—

We sought to characterize the distinctive pulmonary vascular abnormalities seen on chest radiographs and computed tomography (CT) scans in Eisenmenger syndrome.

Methods and Results—

Thoracic CT scans, chest radiographs, and clinical data were reviewed for 24 Eisenmenger syndrome patients subdivided into those with interatrial (pretricuspid) versus interventricular or great arterial (posttricuspid) communications and in 14 acyanotic patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and no congenital heart disease. CT scans were scored blindly by 2 thoracic radiologists for the presence and severity of small, tortuous, intrapulmonary vessels, termed “neovascularity,” lobular ground-glass opacification, and systemic perihilar and intercostal vessels. Histopathologic lung sections from 5 patients with Eisenmenger syndrome and from 3 patients with acyanotic PAH were reviewed. Associations between clinical and imaging features were tested by ANOVA and χ
2
tests. Kendall’s rank-order coefficient and the Kruskal-Wallis test were used to test for significant differences in imaging features between Eisenmenger syndrome and acyanotic PAH. Neovascularity on chest radiographs was more common in Eisenmenger syndrome than acyanotic PAH, but differences were not significant. On CT, neovascularity, lobular ground-glass opacification, and hilar and intercostal systemic collaterals were more prevalent in Eisenmenger syndrome, with severity greater in posttricuspid communications. Three previously undescribed vascular lesions were identified histologically in Eisenmenger syndrome: malformed, dilated, muscular arteries within alveolar septa; congested capillaries within alveolar walls; and congested capillaries within the walls of medium-size, muscular pulmonary arteries. These lesions may correspond to the distinctive vascular abnormalities observed on chest radiographs and CT scans.

Conclusions—

Distinctive vascular lesions on chest radiographs and CT scans in Eisenmenger syndrome appear to be correlated histologically with collateral vessels that develop more extensively with posttricuspid communications.
Id1 Gene Transfer Confers Angiogenic Property on Fully Differentiated Endothelial Cells and Contributes to Therapeutic Angiogenesis
Authors: Nishiyama Koichi , Takaji Kentaro , Kataoka Keiichiro , Kurihara Yukiko , Yoshimura Michihiro , Kato Atsushi , Ogawa Hisao , Kurihara Hiroki
Published: November 2005

Background—

Transplantation of endothelial progenitor cells has been proposed as a potential strategy for therapeutic revascularization. However, the limited endogenous cell pool and the related technical difficulties constitute clinically important disadvantages to autologous transplantation. In this study we investigated whether fully differentiated endothelial cells (ECs) modified with gene transfer of Id1, a helix-loop-helix transcription factor involved in angiogenesis, have the potential to contribute to therapeutic angiogenesis.

Methods and Results—

The Id1 gene was transferred into human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs) via a Sendai virus vector. Id1 stimulated migration, proliferation, and capillary-like tube/cord formation of HUVECs. In addition, Id1 reduced serum deprivation–induced HUVEC apoptosis, as shown by FACS analysis with annexin V and TUNEL staining. Transplantation of Id1-overexpressing HUVECs accelerated recovery of blood flow as evaluated by laser-Doppler perfusion imaging, increased capillary density, and improved the rate of limb salvage compared with the transplantation of control HUVECs. Histochemical analysis revealed that the regenerated vascular networks of limbs transplanted with Id1-overexpressing HUVECs contained numerous HUVECs, some of which were in a proliferative state. Untransfected HUVECs were also incorporated with Id1-transfected HUVECs, suggesting the noncell autonomous effect of Id1. Finally, angiopoietin-1 was upregulated in Id1-overexpressing HUVECs and functionally contributed to the in vitro angiogenic effect of Id1.

Conclusions—

Id1 gene transfer conferred HUVECs with an angiogenic property, contributing to neovascularization after transplantation into ischemic lesions. Transplantation of Id1-overexpressing mature ECs may serve as a novel and useful strategy for therapeutic angiogenesis.
Right Ventricular Fibrosis and Conduction Delay in a Patient With Clinical Signs of Brugada Syndrome
Authors: Coronel Ruben , Casini Simona , Koopmann Tamara T. , Wilms-Schopman Francien J.G. , Verkerk Arie O. , de Groot Joris R. , Bhuiyan Zahurul , Bezzina Connie R. , Veldkamp Marieke W. , Linnenbank André C. , van der Wal Allard C. , Tan Hanno L. , Brugada Pedro , Wilde Arthur A.M. , de Bakker Jacques M.T.
Published: November 2005

Background—

The mechanism of ECG changes and arrhythmogenesis in Brugada syndrome (BS) patients is unknown.

Methods and Results—

A BS patient without clinically detected cardiac structural abnormalities underwent cardiac transplantation for intolerable numbers of implantable cardioverter/defibrillator discharges. The patient’s explanted heart was studied electrophysiologically and histopathologically. Whole-cell currents were measured in HEK293 cells expressing wild-type or mutated sodium channels from the patient. The right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) endocardium showed activation slowing and was the origin of ventricular fibrillation without a transmural repolarization gradient. Conduction restitution was abnormal in the RVOT but normal in the left ventricle. Right ventricular hypertrophy and fibrosis with epicardial fatty infiltration were present. HEK293 cells expressing a G1935S mutation in the gene encoding the cardiac sodium channel exhibited enhanced slow inactivation compared with wild-type channels. Computer simulations demonstrated that conduction slowing in the RVOT might have been the cause of the ECG changes.

Conclusions—

In this patient with BS, conduction slowing based on interstitial fibrosis, but not transmural repolarization differences, caused the ECG signs and was the origin of ventricular fibrillation.
Sevelamer Prevents Uremia-Enhanced Atherosclerosis Progression in Apolipoprotein E–Deficient Mice
Authors: Phan Olivier , Ivanovski Ognen , Nguyen-Khoa Thao , Mothu Nadya , Angulo Jesus , Westenfeld Ralf , Ketteler Markus , Meert Natalie , Maizel Julien , Nikolov Igor G. , Vanholder Raymond , Lacour Bernard , Drüeke Tilman B. , Massy Ziad A.
Published: November 2005

Background—

The novel phosphate binder sevelamer has been shown to prevent the progression of aortic and coronary calcification in uremic patients. Whether it also decreases the progression of atheromatous plaques is unknown. The aim of our study was to examine the effect of sevelamer administration on the development of atherosclerosis and aortic calcification in the uremic apolipoprotein E–deficient mouse as an established model of accelerated atherosclerosis.

Methods and Results—

Female mice were randomly assigned to 4 groups: 2 groups of nonuremic mice (sevelamer versus control) and 2 groups of uremic mice (sevelamer versus control). Sevelamer was given at 3% with chow. The increases in serum phosphorus concentration and calcium-phosphorus product observed in uremic control mice were prevented by sevelamer. Serum total cholesterol was increased in the 2 uremic mouse groups and remained unchanged in response to sevelamer. After 8 weeks of sevelamer treatment, uremic mice exhibited a significantly lower degree of atherosclerosis (
P
<0.001) and vascular calcification than uremic control mice. Of interest, sevelamer exerted an effect on both intima and media calcification (
P
=0.005) in uremic mice. Among possible mechanisms involved, we found no evidence for the modulation by sevelamer of inflammation or selected uremic toxins. In contrast, nitrotyrosine staining as a measure of oxidative damage was significantly decreased in response to sevelamer treatment in control and uremic mice (
P
<0.005).

Conclusions—

Sevelamer delays not only vascular calcification but also atherosclerotic lesion progression in uremic apolipoprotein E–deficient mice. It opens the possibility of a cholesterol-independent action of sevelamer on atheroma formation via effects on mineral metabolism, oxidative stress, or both.
Involvement of Thromboxane Receptor in the Proatherogenic Effect of Isoprostane F
2α
-III
Authors: Tang Myan , Cyrus Tillmann , Yao Yuemang , Vocun Luigina , Praticò Domenico
Published: November 2005

Background—

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall, where it associates with oxidative stress and formation of oxidized lipids. The lipid oxidation product isoprostane iPF
2α
-III, also known as 8-isoPGF
2α
and 15-F2t-IsoP, is elevated in patients with cardiovascular disease and present in atherosclerotic lesions. Several proatherogenic biological effects have been attributed to this isoprostane, suggesting that it could be an active factor in the pathogenesis of the disease.

Methods and Results—

In this study we show that iPF
2α
-III directly promotes atherogenesis in 2 different mouse models (ie, apolipoprotein E [apoE]– and LDL receptor–deficient mice) by activating the thromboxane receptor (TP). This effect is mediated by potent proinflammatory vascular reactions but is independent of thromboxane A
2
levels, changes in blood pressure, or lipid profile. Pharmacological antagonism of TP suppresses the vascular proatherogenic effects of iPF
2α
-III. Endothelial cells genetically lacking TP show reduced inflammatory responses when stimulated with this product of lipid oxidation but not other oxidized lipids.

Conclusions—

Our results demonstrate that in atherosclerosis iPF
2α
-III is not only a biomarker of oxidative stress but also an active mediator of its vascular phenotype. We conclude that in a clinical setting in which both thromboxane A
2
and iPF
2α
-III are elevated, suppression of the first alone would not provide the most benefit for patients because the coincidental presence of the isoprostane will still have a proatherogenic effect.
Constructing identity and participation during technological change
Authors: Symon Gillian , Clegg Chris
Published: November 2005

The organizational practice of user participation in IT system development remains problematic. Two of the major issues identified are establishing the most effective strategy and selecting the most appropriate user representatives. Opinions on these issues vary according to theoretical perspective and empirical evidence does not provide definitive solutions. Taking a social constructionist perspective, this longitudinal case study of a contested technological change process allowed the exploration of organizational talk about user participation over time. In particular, we focus on differing and changing constructions of ‘the user’ and ‘effective participation’. We argue that claims about who represented an appropriate user and what was an appropriate participative strategy varied across time and fulfilled particular political functions. We conclude that issues identified as problems in the literature on user participation may rather be manifestations of the political and socially constructed nature of organizations.
The Miller-Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test (M-Fast)
Authors: Miller Holly A.
Published: November 2005

The Miller-Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test (M-FAST) was developed to provide clinicians with a reliable and valid screen for malingered mental illness. Previous studies have demonstrated the development and initial validation of the M-FAST. The current analyses extend the M-FAST generalizability across literacy status and race and compare predictive utility with clinical opinion. Study 1 includes a sample of 280 forensic male psychiatric patients, 5 psychiatrists, and 8 psychologists. The psychiatric participants were administered the SIRS, M-FAST item pool, M Test, and MMPI-2. Study 2 includes an independent sample of 50 male forensic psychiatric participants and the 13 mental health professionals. Results provide evidence of generalizability of the M-FAST across literacy and racial groups. Results also indicate that the M-FAST produced higher classification accuracy than the M Test and clinical opinion, significantly reducing the number off alse negatives at the screening stage of malingering assessment.
Reliability and Discriminant Validity of Dynamic Reoffending Risk Indicators in Forensic Clinical Practice
Authors: Philipse Martien W. G. , Koeter Maarten W. J. , Van Der Staak Cees P.F. , Van Den Brink Wim
Published: November 2005

This study examines the psychometric properties of the 47-item Clinical Inventory of Dynamic Reoffending Risk Indicators, developed for use in forensic inpatient mental health settings. By incorporating risk factors suggested by clinicians, the instrument provides a viable alternative to the preponderance of static predictors in most risk assessment tools. Interrater and test-retest reliability and discriminant validity were evaluated in a prospective design under naturalistic clinical conditions. It was concluded that reliability levels were similar to those of a widely used comparable tool, the Historical/Clinical/Risk Management scheme. For clinical use, a multiple-rater consensus procedure is nevertheless recommended. The instrument was shown to discriminate accurately between a group of recently admitted, high-risk patients and a lower risk group about to be discharged.
Allegory and symbol - a fundamental opposition?
Authors: Crisp Peter
Published: November 2005

For the last 200 years in literary aesthetics a radical opposition has been drawn between allegory and symbol, though no opposition like this was drawn previously. Allegory has generally been regarded as inferior to symbol, supposedly being arbitrary and mechanical where symbol was motivated and imaginative. Although more recently post-structuralists have praised allegory over symbol, they have still believed that it is radically arbitrary. In fact, allegory and symbol are both large-scale expressions of conceptual metaphor and as such are both equally motivated and equally suggestive in meaning. The illusion of a radical opposition between them is to be explained by the ideological self-interest of literary and artistic intellectuals.
Public Support for Water Supply Improvements: Empirical Evidence From Unplanned Settlements of Delhi, India
Authors: Dutta Venkatesh , Chander Subhash , Srivastava Leena
Published: November 2005

The unplanned sector of India’s capital city has an enormous backlog in the provision of reliable water supplies to its population, which is further exacerbated by the growing number of informal urban settlements. In this context, contingent valuation method (CVM) is applied to evaluate a policy of providing better water supply with improved quality and reliability in unplanned settlements of Delhi. Willingness to pay (WTP) questions are used to value a specific outcome of a policy intended to assure a reliable water supply that has no health risk of contamination. The estimation from linear utility models assert that the proposed changes would provide positive net benefits to customers who are otherwise incurring considerable amounts of “coping cost” in the absence of a reliable water supply. The findings have important policy implications for gauging public support for water supply improvements in infrastructurally disadvantaged households.
Building Bridges: Binational Civil Society Cooperation and Water-Related Policy Problems
Authors: Sabet Daniel
Published: November 2005

Economic and population growth in the U.S.-Mexico border region has had a negative impact on the region’s water resources. Although water-related problems along the border are binational in nature, the presence of interdependence alone might not be sufficient to overcome the considerable obstacles to binational collaboration. This study seeks to explain the presence and absence of binational civil society collaboration to address water-related problems in the U.S.-Mexico border region. To do so, the research compares levels of binational civil society collaboration in the Tijuana-San Diego, Ambos Nogales, Paso del Norte, and Los Dos Laredos areas. The study finds that while interdependence is a powerful concept, domestic political institutions create opportunities to pursue policy concerns through domestic channels. While transnational institutions exist, only the Border 2012 program currently produces binational civil society collaboration. Successful cooperation is dependent on key network actors that can bridge differences across the border.
Fields of Obligation
Authors: Dolan Catherine S.
Published: November 2005

It was not so long ago that mangoes, papaya and snow peas evoked images of tropical climes and exotic peoples. Recently, however, the consumption of so-called luxury fruits and vegetables has elicited a different sort of imagery. Far from the lure of seductive landscapes, today’s consumer is confronted with haunting images of toxic fields, child slavery and the African poor. Such images are part of a new morality of consumption, where consumers, NGOs, trade unions and global supermarkets aspire to ‘save’ the African worker from the downside of globalization. This article explores the ways in which Kenya’s highly valuable vegetable trade has become the field on which notions of justice, economic rights and African development are played out. Based on archival research and consumer interviews, it focusses specifically on how the ethical turn of UK consumers (and the retailers’ branding of this sensibility) is rooted in an older legacy, whereby 19th-century liberal considerations of duty, morality and progress inhabited the agenda of the late colonial state. The article suggests that, in both cases, African labor is an arena in which discourses of justice are played out, as a consuming public (re)constitute the African worker as an object of their duty and obligation.
Exogenous heat shock protein 70 binds macrophage lipid raft microdomain and stimulates phagocytosis, processing, and MHC-II presentation of antigens
Authors: Wang Ruibo , Kovalchin Joseph T. , Muhlenkamp Peggy , Chandawarkar Rajiv Y.
Published: November 2005

The extracellular presence of endotoxin-free heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) enhances the rate and capacity of macrophage-mediated phagocytosis at 6 times the basal rate. It is protein-specific, dose- and time-dependent and involves the internalization of inert microspheres, Gram-positive and -negative bacteria and fungi. Structurally, exogenous HSP70 binds the macrophage plasma membrane, specifically on its lipid raft-microdomain. Disruption of lipid rafts, HSP70-LR interaction, or denaturing HSP70 abrogates the HSP-mediated increase in phagocytosis. Further, HSP70-mediated phagocytosis directly enhances the processing and presentation of internalized antigens via the endocytic MHC class-II pathway to CD4+ T lymphocytes. Modulating the HSP70-LR interaction presents an opportunity to intervene at the level of host-pathogen interface: a therapeutic tool for emerging infections, especially when conventional treatment with antibiotics is ineffective (antibiotic resistance) or unavailable (rapidly spreading, endemic). These results identify a new role for HSP70, a highly conserved molecule in stimulating phagocytosis: a primordial macrophage function, thereby influencing both innate and adaptive immune responses.
SNiPer: Improved SNP genotype calling for Affymetrix 10K GeneChip microarray data
Authors: Huentelman Matthew J , Craig David W , Shieh Albert D , Corneveaux Jason J , Hu-Lince Diane , Pearson John V , Stephan Dietrich A
Published: November 2005

Background

High throughput microarray-based single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping has revolutionized the way genome-wide linkage scans and association analyses are performed. One of the key features of the array-based GeneChip® Mapping 10K Array from Affymetrix is the automated SNP calling algorithm. The Affymetrix algorithm was trained on a database of ethnically diverse DNA samples to create SNP call zones that are used as static models to make genotype calls for experimental data. We describe here the implementation of clustering algorithms on large training datasets resulting in improved SNP call rates on the 10K GeneChip.

Results

A database of 948 individuals genotyped on the GeneChip® Mapping 10K 2.0 Array was used to identify 822 SNPs that were called consistently less than 75% of the time. These SNPs represent on average 8.25% of the total SNPs on each chromosome with chromosome 19, the most gene-rich chromosome, containing the highest proportion of poor performers (18.7%). To remedy this, we created SNiPer, a new application which uses two clustering algorithms to yield increased call rates and equivalent concordance to Affymetrix called genotypes. We include a training set for these algorithms based on individual genotypes for 705 samples. SNiPer has the capability to be retrained for lab-specific training sets. SNiPer is freely available for download at http://www.tgen.org/neurogenomics/data.

Conclusion

The correct calling of poor performing SNPs may prove to be key in future linkage studies performed on the 10K GeneChip. It would prove particularly invaluable for those diseases that map to chromosome 19, known to contain a high proportion of poorly performing SNPs. Our results illustrate that SNiPer can be used to increase call rates on the 10K GeneChip® without sacrificing accuracy, thereby increasing the amount of valid data generated.
Family history and stroke outcome in a bi-ethnic, population-based stroke surveillance study
Authors: Lisabeth Lynda D , Smith Melinda A , Brown Devin L , Uchino Ken , Morgenstern Lewis B
Published: November 2005

Background

The genetic epidemiology of ischemic stroke remains relatively unstudied, and information about the genetic epidemiology of ischemic stroke in populations with significant minority representation is currently unavailable.

Methods

The Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi project (BASIC) is a population-based stroke surveillance study conducted in the bi-ethnic community of Nueces County, Texas, USA. Completed ischemic strokes were identified among patients 45 years or older seen at hospitals in the county between January 1, 2000 – December 31, 2002. A random sample of ischemic stroke patients underwent an in-person interview and detailed medical record abstraction (n = 400). Outcomes, including initial stroke severity (NIH stroke scale), age at stroke onset, 90-day mortality and functional outcome (modified Rankin scale ≥2), were studied for their association with family history of stroke among a first degree relative using multivariable logistic and linear regression. A chi-square test was used to test the association between family history of stroke and ischemic stroke subtype.

Results

The study population was 53.0% Mexican American and 58.4% female. Median age was 73.2 years. Forty percent reported a family history of stroke among a first degree relative. Family history of stroke was borderline significantly associated with stroke subtype (p= 0.0563). Family history was associated with poor functional outcome in the multivariable model (OR = 1.87; 95% CI: 1.14–3.09). Family history was not significantly related to initial stroke severity, age at stroke onset, or 90-day mortality.

Conclusion

Family history of stroke was related to ischemic stroke subtype and to functional status at discharge. More research is needed to understand whether stroke subtype would be a useful selection criterion for genetic association studies and to hypothesize about a possible genetic link to recovery following ischemic stroke.
CEBPG transcription factor correlates with antioxidant and DNA repair genes in normal bronchial epithelial cells but not in individuals with bronchogenic carcinoma
Authors: Mullins D'Anna N , Crawford Erin L , Khuder Sadik A , Hernandez Dawn-Alita , Yoon Youngsook , Willey James C
Published: November 2005

Background

Cigarette smoking is the primary cause of bronchogenic carcinoma (BC), yet only 10–15% of heavy smokers develop BC and it is likely that this variation in risk is, in part, genetically determined. We previously reported a set of antioxidant genes for which transcript abundance was lower in normal bronchial epithelial cells (NBEC) of BC individuals compared to non-BC individuals. In unpublished studies of the same NBEC samples, transcript abundance values for several DNA repair genes were correlated with these antioxidant genes. From these data, we hypothesized that antioxidant and DNA repair genes are co-regulated by one or more transcription factors and that inter-individual variation in expression and/or function of one or more of these transcription factors is responsible for inter-individual variation in risk for BC.

Methods

The putative transcription factor recognition sites common to six of the antioxidant genes were identified through in silico DNA sequence analysis. The transcript abundance values of these transcription factors (n = 6) and an expanded group of antioxidant and DNA repair genes (n = 16) were measured simultaneously by quantitative PCR in NBEC of 24 non-BC and 25 BC individuals.

Results

CEBPG transcription factor was significantly (p < 0.01) correlated with eight of the antioxidant or DNA repair genes in non-BC individuals but not in BC individuals. In BC individuals the correlation with CEBPG was significantly (p < 0.01) lower than that of non-BC individuals for four of the genes (XRCC1, ERCC5, GSTP1, and SOD1) and the difference was nearly significant for GPX1. The only other transcription factor correlated with any of these five target genes in non-BC individuals was E2F1. E2F1 was correlated with GSTP1 among non-BC individuals, but in contrast to CEBPG, there was no significant difference in this correlation in non-BC individuals compared to BC individuals.

Conclusion

We conclude that CEBPG is the transcription factor primarily responsible for regulating transcription of key antioxidant and DNA repair genes in non-BC individuals. Further, we conclude that the heavy smokers selected for development of BC are those who have sub-optimal regulation of antioxidant and DNA repair genes by CEBPG.
Resource-oriented music therapy for psychiatric patients with low therapy motivation: Protocol for a randomised controlled trial [NCT00137189]
Authors: Gold Christian , Rolvsjord Randi , Aaro Leif Edvard , Aarre Trond , Tjemsland Lars , Stige Brynjulf
Published: November 2005

Background

Previous research has shown positive effects of music therapy for people with schizophrenia and other mental disorders. In clinical practice, music therapy is often offered to psychiatric patients with low therapy motivation, but little research exists about this population. The aim of this study is to examine whether resource-oriented music therapy helps psychiatric patients with low therapy motivation to improve negative symptoms and other health-related outcomes. An additional aim of the study is to examine the mechanisms of change through music therapy.

Methods

144 adults with a non-organic mental disorder (ICD-10: F1 to F6) who have low therapy motivation and a willingness to work with music will be randomly assigned to an experimental or a control condition. All participants will receive standard care, and the experimental group will in addition be offered biweekly sessions of music therapy over a period of three months. Outcomes will be measured by a blind assessor before and 1, 3, and 9 months after randomisation.

Discussion

The findings to be expected from this study will fill an important gap in the knowledge of treatment effects for a patient group that does not easily benefit from treatment. The study's close link to clinical practice, as well as its size and comprehensiveness, will make its results well generalisable to clinical practice.
Protocol for: Sheffield Obesity Trial (SHOT): A randomised controlled trial of exercise therapy and mental health outcomes in obese adolescents [ISRCNT83888112]
Authors: Daley Amanda J , Copeland Robert J , Wright Neil P , Wales Jerry KH
Published: November 2005

Background

While obesity is known to have many physiological consequences, the psychopathology of this condition has not featured prominently in the literature. Cross-sectional studies have indicated that obese children have increased odds of experiencing poor quality of life and mental health. However, very limited trial evidence has examined the efficacy of exercise therapy for enhancing mental health outcomes in obese children, and the Sheffield Obesity Trial (SHOT) will provide evidence of the efficacy of supervised exercise therapy in obese young people aged 11–16 years versus usual care and an attention-control intervention.

Method/design

SHOT is a randomised controlled trial where obese young people are randomised to receive; (1) exercise therapy, (2) attention-control intervention (involving body-conditioning exercises and games that do not involve aerobic activity), or (3) usual care. The exercise therapy and attention-control sessions will take place three times per week for eight weeks and a six-week home programme will follow this. Ninety adolescents aged between 11–16 years referred from a children's hospital for evaluation of obesity or via community advertisements will need to complete the study. Participants will be recruited according to the following criteria: (1) clinically obese and aged 11–16 years (Body Mass Index Centile > 98thUK standard) (2) no medical condition that would restrict ability to be active three times per week for eight weeks and (3) not diagnosed with insulin dependent diabetes or receiving oral steroids. Assessments of outcomes will take place at baseline, as well as four (intervention midpoint) and eight weeks (end of intervention) from baseline. Participants will be reassessed on outcome measures five and seven months from baseline. The primary endpoint is physical self-perceptions. Secondary outcomes include physical activity, self-perceptions, depression, affect, aerobic fitness and BMI.
Communication of bed allocation decisions in a critical care unit and accountability for reasonableness
Authors: Cooper Andrew B , Joglekar Amit S , Gibson Jennifer , Swota Alissa H , Martin Douglas K
Published: November 2005

Background

Communication may affect perceptions of fair process for intensive care unit bed allocation decisions through its impact on the publicity condition of accountability for reasonableness.

Methods

We performed a qualitative case study to describe participant perceptions of the communication of bed allocation decisions in an 18-bed university affiliated, medical-surgical critical care unit at Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Centre. Interviewed participants were 3 critical care physicians, 4 clinical fellows in critical care, 4 resource nurses, 4 "end-users" (physicians who commonly referred patients to the unit), and 3 members of the administrative staff. Median bed occupancy during the study period (Jan-April 2003) was 18/18; daily admissions and discharges (median) were 3. We evaluated our description using the ethical framework "accountability for reasonableness" (A4R) to identify opportunities for improvement.

Results

The critical care physician, resource nurse, critical care fellow and end-users (trauma team leader, surgeons, neurosurgeons, anesthesiologists) functioned independently in unofficial "parallel tracks" of bed allocation decision-making; this conflicted with the official designation of the critical care physician as the sole authority. Communication between key decision-makers was indirect and could exclude those affected by the decisions; notably, family members. Participants perceived a lack of publicity for bed allocation rationales.

Conclusion

The publicity condition should be improved for critical care bed allocation decisions. Decision-making in the "parallel tracks" we describe might be unavoidable within usual constraints of time, urgency and demand. Formal guidelines for direct communication between key participants in such circumstances would help to improve the fairness of these decisions.
A comparative study of food habits and body shape perception of university students in Japan and Korea
Authors: Sakamaki Ruka , Amamoto Rie , Mochida Yoshie , Shinfuku Naotaka , Toyama Kenji
Published: November 2005

Background

Abnormal body weight, dietary concerns, and unhealthy weight loss behaviors are increasingly being observed in young females in Japan. Our previous research has shown that the irregular lifestyles of female Japanese and Chinese students are significantly related to their desire to be thinner. In the present study, we compare the food habits and body shape preferences of female university students in South Korea and Japan to explore body shape perceptions in those populations.

Methods

A total of 265 female university students aged 19 – 25 years participated in this study. University students in Korea (n = 141) and university students in Japan (n = 124) completed a self-reported questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software. Descriptive statistics were used to identify the demographic characteristics of the students and parametric variables were analyzed using the Student's t-test. Chi-square analyses were conducted for non-parametric variables.

Results

Comparison of body mass index (BMI) distributions in Japan and Korea showed the highest value in the normal category (74%) together with a very low obesity rate (1.2%). Significant differences were observed between the two countries in terms of eating patterns, with more Japanese eating breakfast daily and with Japanese students eating meals more regularly than Korean students. A difference was also observed in frequency of meals, where Korean students reported eating meals two times per day (59%) and the majority of Japanese students reported eating meals three times per day (81%). Although most subjects belonged to the normal BMI category, their ideal BMI classification was the underweight category (BMI: 18.4 ± 3.4).

Conclusion

Few studies have compared the health related practices of Japanese and Korean university students. The present results suggest the necessity of nutrition and health promotion programs for university students, especially programs emphasizing weight management.
Asbestosis in an asbestos composite mill at Mumbai: A prevalence study
Authors: Murlidhar V , Kanhere Vijay
Published: November 2005

Background

Of an estimated 100000 workers exposed to asbestos in India, less than 30 have been compensated. The reasons for such a small number are: refusal by management sponsored studies to grant medical certifications to workers suffering from occupational diseases, lack of training for doctors in diagnosis of occupational lung diseases, deliberate misdiagnosis by doctors of asbestosis as either chronic bronchitis or tuberculosis and the inherent class bias of middle class doctors against workers. The aim of the study was to identify workers suffering from Asbestosis (parenchymal and pleural non-malignant disease) among the permanent workers of the Hindustan Composites Factory and assess their disability and medically certify them, whereupon they could avail of their basic rights to obtain compensation and proper treatment.

Methods

The study was conducted by the Occupational Health and Safety Centre and the Workers' Union. Asbestosis was diagnosed if they had an occupational history of asbestos exposure for at least 15 years and showed typical radiographic findings.

Results

Of 232 workers in the factory, 181 participated in the survey. 22% of them had asbestosis. All the asbestos affected workers had at least 20 years of exposure. 7% had rhonchi, 34% had late basal inspiratory rates, 82% had more than 80% of Forced Expiratory Volume in the first second (FEV1)/Forced Vital capacity (FVC) ratio and 66% had FVC less than 80% of the predicted value. On radiology 7% had only pleural disease, 10% had both pleural and parenchymal disease and 82% had only parenchymal disease. The association of pleural disease with chest pain was statistically significant.

Conclusion

We found the prevalence of asbestosis among exposed workers to be less than that anticipated for the number of years of exposure due to "Healthy Worker Effect". We suggest that all affected asbestos workers (including those who have been forced to leave) in India be medically certified and compensated. We also recommend better control of asbestos use in India. We also implore the management to provide all information about the work process and its hazards, conduct medical checkups as mandated by law and give the medical records to the workers.
Opportunities for using spatial property assessment data in air pollution exposure assessments
Authors: Setton Eleanor M , Hystad Perry W , Keller C Peter
Published: November 2005

Background

Many epidemiological studies examining the relationships between adverse health outcomes and exposure to air pollutants use ambient air pollution measurements as a proxy for personal exposure levels. When pollution levels vary at neighbourhood levels, using ambient pollution data from sparsely located fixed monitors may inadequately capture the spatial variation in ambient pollution. A major constraint to moving toward exposure assessments and epidemiological studies of air pollution at a neighbourhood level is the lack of readily available data at appropriate spatial resolutions. Spatial property assessment data are widely available in North America and may provide an opportunity for developing neighbourhood level air pollution exposure assessments.

Results

This paper provides a detailed description of spatial property assessment data available in the Pacific Northwest of Canada and the United States, and provides examples of potential applications of spatial property assessment data for improving air pollution exposure assessment at the neighbourhood scale, including: (1) creating variables for use in land use regression modelling of neighbourhood levels of ambient air pollution; (2) enhancing wood smoke exposure estimates by mapping fireplace locations; and (3) using data available on individual building characteristics to produce a regional air pollution infiltration model.

Conclusion

Spatial property assessment data are an extremely detailed data source at a fine spatial resolution, and therefore a source of information that could improve the quality and spatial resolution of current air pollution exposure assessments.
The Oxford hip score: the patient's perspective
Authors: Wylde Vikki , Learmonth Ian D , Cavendish Victoria J
Published: November 2005

Background

In the last 25 years, assessment of orthopaedic intervention has become patient focused, with the development of self-completion patient-centred outcome measures. The Oxford hip score (OHS) is a joint specific outcome measure tool designed to assess disability in patients undergoing total hip replacement (THR). Although the psychometric properties of the OHS have been rigorously examined, there is little research on the patient's perspective of the OHS. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess whether the OHS is an adequate disability measure from the patient's perspective using qualitative analysis of annotations written on the OHS by patients.

Methods

In total, 276 orthopaedic patients completed an OHS between April 2004 and May 2005. One hundred and fifty six pre-operative patients listed for a THR completed the OHS during a pre-admission assessment clinic, and 120 post-operative patients completed the OHS postally in the home setting. Patient's unprompted annotations in response to the questions on the OHS were recorded and grouped into thematic categories.

Results

In total, 46 (17%) patients made 52 annotations when completing the OHS. These annotations identified five main areas of difficulty that patients experienced: lack of question clarity (particularly concerning the use of aids), difficulty in reporting measurements of pain, restrictive and irrelevant questions, the influence of co-morbidities on responses, and double-barrelled questions.

Conclusion

Although the OHS is a useful short tool for the assessment of disability in patients undergoing THR, this study identified several problem areas that are applicable to patient-centred outcome tools in general. To overcome these current limitations, further work is underway to develop a more individualised patient-centred outcome measure of disability for use in patients with osteoarthritis.