bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Restructuring and the Nonmetropolitan Turnaround: The California Evidence
Authors: Warf Barney
Published: October 2014

Conceptions of nonmetropolitan growth have rarely benefited from current debates in social theory. An analytical interpretation of the literature on the "turnaround" is offered from a structuralist perspective. In this model of industrial restructuring, the routinization of the labor process via capital intensification is seen to engender the dispersal of firms to outlying areas through the internalization of linkages. Empirical evidence from California confirms this notion, as population growth is tied to labor markets in which capital-intensive production forms are extensive. Economic base analysis indicates the rapid growth of the service sector is relatively less significant in such areas.
Gabon: A Demographic Anomaly
Authors: Newman John G.
Published: October 2014

This paper investigates a number of the probable reasons for the demographic changes that have occurred in Gabon, including high incidence of venereal disease, tuberculosis and other diseases, malnutrition, alcoholism, and induced abortion in earlier years, and the social impacts of increasing affluence in more recent years. Gabon has increased not only its per capita GNP (presently it is approximately six times that of Africa as a whole), but it has also greatly increased its rate of natural increase (from 0.3 percent in the late 1960s to 1.7 percent in 1985). The conclusion is reached that, as the factors keeping population increase at a low level to the present time are progressively controlled, the adoption of effective birth control measures will become increasingly necessary if Gabon is to maintain its decade-long progress toward continued economic development.
Irrigation and Increased Precipitation in the Tulare Basin
Authors: Shelton Marlyn L.
Published: October 2014

Irrigation effects on microclimate are well-documented, but irrigation effects on mesoclimate and macroclimate are less apparent. In areas with large irrigation projects, precipitation increases attributed to irrigation have been reported. The Tulare Basin, in California, contains 1.37 million hectares of irrigated farmland. September precipitation has increased in the basin during the past 30 years compared to the period from 1878 to 1920 when irrigation was less widely practiced. Analysis of precipitation, dew point, and relative humidity data produces inconclusive statistical support for an irrigation effect. Examination of comparable data for stations outside the Tulare Basin indicates that the changes in dew point and mean precipitation are not anomalous to the Tulare Basin. The preponderance of evidence indicates that the observed increase in precipitation cannot be attributed to irrigation alone.
Development of the Grape Monoculture of Napa County
Authors: Bulman Teresa L.
Published: October 2014

Grape growing, wine making, and associated tourism now dominate the Napa County economy. This predominance of the grape is a phenomenon of the last quarter century. From the late nineteenth century through the mid-twentieth vine and wine expansion were held back by insect infestation, Prohibition, economic depression, and war. Today, a grape monoculture characterizes large areas formerly given over to a diversified agricultural landscape of pasture, hay, grains, fruits, and nuts. Viticulture has thrived due to shifting consumer tastes, changing technology, local land use decisions, and the region’s established reputation for fine wines, enhanced by federally recognized viticultural appellations.
Eurotunnel: Regional Development and Transportation Patterns
Authors: Keeling David J.
Published: October 2014

Few projects have aroused as much rhetoric and debate as the tunnel that will link Britain to continental Europe in 1994. Eurotunnel is a positive addition to the European Community’s transport network. However, unless transport infrastructure is improved between regional development areas and Eurotunnel, the project will serve only to strengthen the core area of the Community. If Eurotunnel is to provide a much needed boost to regional development, state-centered perspectives must change. The Eurotunnel hinterland should be treated as one functional and perceptual development area that transcends state boundaries.
Territorial Dimensions of Hungarian Ethnic Identity
Authors: White George W.
Published: October 2014

After the First World War, the Allies redrew the boundaries of Europe, giving particular consideration to the distribution of ethnic groups. They believed that peace and stability could be fostered if each people could control its own territory and hence destiny. Therefore, the Allies created nation-states. The Hungarians, however, were particularly dissatisfied with the boundaries of their new nation-state and they became belligerent towards their neighboring states. While providing the Hungarians with a nation-state, the Allies failed to recognize the need to include territories that were particularly important to maintaining the Hungarians’ sense of ethnic identity. Until the Hungarians are able to control the territory that they have used to define their ethnic identity, they will continue to have disputes with neighboring states.
The Social Geography of Disaster Recovery: Differential Community Response to the North Coast Earthquakes
Authors: Rovai Eugenie
Published: October 2014

Within a 24-hour period covering April 25–26, 1992, the north coast of California experienced three major earthquakes. A majority of the damage occurred in Humboldt County, notably in the small towns of Femdale, Fortuna, Petrolia, Rio Dell, and Scotia. The recovery response times for these north coast communities has varied. This paper will show that the rates of disaster responses have been affected not only by the magnitude of damage from the earthquakes but also by the predisaster community social structures of two communities.
Fragmentation of Rangeland Habitat in Coastal California
Authors: Baker Bryan D.
Published: October 2014

Fragmentation of forests in the eastern United States is strongly suspected to have led to the decline of forest bird populations. A similar trend may be occurring in the rangelands of coastal California. Rangelands have been fragmented by exurban development, with its houses, other structures, and landscaping.

A prime concern in fragmentation is the creation of edge habitat. Edges favor the activities of nest parasites and nest predators. The buildings associated with rangeland development harbor mammalian nest predators such as striped skunks, raccoons, Virginia opossums, and domestic and feral cats. The vegetation and structures also attract avian nest predators, especially American crows and scrub jays.

Analysis of historical aerial photographs of Sonoma County demonstrates the invasion of range and pasture lands by exurban residences. Sample sites show the decline of range and pasture areas, and the increase in density of residences and other buildings and associated vegetation. The trend in California is toward increasing human densities in rural landscapes. Conservation of rangeland birds may depend upon directing development to less-sensitive sites, and upon landscaping and construction that are less favorable to predators.
The Emergence of Dengue Fever in the United States and Its Public Health Implications
Authors: Manning-Gilliam Sabrina
Published: October 2014

Dengue fever has been considered a tropical disease because of specific climatic conditions necessary for the survival of its mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti , and the lack of adequate mosquito control measures it tropical regions. Owing to the high volume of international exchange of both commodities and people, however, the United States is especially vulnerable to introduced dengue. The recent addition of a second vector, Aedes albopictus , and the rising number of imported cases of dengue make U.S. health officials increasingly wary of the disease.

International trade, tourism, and immigration are prominent vehicles for dengue introduction and spread in the United States. Identifying these portals of entry for the virus and the two vectors will aid researchers in defining high-risk regions for dengue fever outbreaks. The public health implications of dengue in the United States are also addressed.
The Emergence of Cultural Geography
Authors: Leighly John , Speth William W.
Published: October 2014

Thirst for a knowledge of places (regions) characterizes the most ancient tradition of geography. Perhaps the first geographic work to mention humanity in its title was Carl Ritter’s Die Erdkunde im Verhältniss zur Natur und zur Geschichte des Menschen , in 1817. The Darwinian hypothesis, misapplied to humanity, encouraged interest in the Ritterian synthesis and left the situation of geography much in doubt. After geography became established as a university discipline, programmatic statements about its purpose abounded. In 1883, Ferdinand von Richthofen crafted a widely accepted definition that claimed regional differentiation, including humanity, as the subject matter of the field. The first volume of Friedrich Ratzel’s Anthropogeographie (1882) helped stimulate the view of environmental determinism, especially in the English-speaking countries. This doctrine did not take root in Germany, where Richthofen’s formulation was much more influential, nor in France. The term Culturgeographie first appeared in 1845 in a book by Ernst Kapp. The full definition of a self conscious cultural geography did not emerge, however, until the early years of the twentieth century. By far the most important figure in formulating this definition was Otto Schlüter. In his essay “The Goals of a Geography of Man” (1906), Schlüter proposed the elements of the landscape as geography’s objects of investigation. In the 1920s, Carl Sauer took over essentially intact the terms and ideas Schlüter had set forth much earlier.
Not a House but a Home: The Centennial Car Camp for the Homeless
Authors: Mendoza Cindy L.
Published: October 2014

To help assess the value of urban encampments as homeless shelters, this paper investigates the Centennial Car Camp for the Homeless (CCCH), in Eugene, Oregon, from the perspectives of its residents. Data were collected through participant observation, informal interviews, surveys, cognitive mapping, and self-directed photography, from May 1 to June 7, 1993. The research explores the homeless campers’ ideas of home and sense of place. It examines residents’ attempts to create a home-like environment on site. Data illustrate ways in which the camp served as a locus for identity. This paper concludes that CCCH offered a temporary sense of home to its residents. It argues that a homeless person’s idea of home can be replicated in non-traditional homeless shelters and applied to the built environment.
Concentration in Commercial Banking: The Effects of Mergers and Acquisitions
Authors: Clarke Audrey E.
Published: October 2014

Merger and acquisition activities have changed the manner in which banks spatially organize their facilities. Banks are no longer restricted to small and independent market areas; services such as multi-branching (both inter- and intrastate) and freestanding ATMs allow banks to compete in markets outside their immediate areas. In addition, the increasing merger and acquisition activity between banks has reduced the number of bank choices available to the consumer and may result in the loss of bank branches as newly merged banks adjust the number of facilities within a given area. This paper examines the spatial organization of the commercial bank industry by assessing how the consolidation of banks through the merger and acquisition processes is changing bank markets. Findings include an absolute increase in the number of mergers, a substantial loss in the number of unit banks, and a migration of merger activity from Eastern states to the Midwest and West.
Natural and Human Factors in Recent Central Valley Floods
Authors: Fridirici Roxane , Shelton M. L.
Published: October 2014

Widespread and destructive flooding occurred in 1986 and 1997 along rivers flowing into California’s Central Valley. The region is historically flood prone, but extensive flood control measures are designed to minimize damage. In recent years, land use changes and population increases have placed more people and property at risk, and the underperformance of flood control facilities exacerbate flood conditions. In 1986 and 1997, powerful subtropical storms delivered heavy rainfall over watersheds draining into the Central Valley and produced contrasting flood patterns Precipitation occurrence and intensity and snowpack melting influenced peak discharge levels, but water management and land use decisions contributed to flood losses. Flooding in 1986 was most extensive in the Sacramento River Basin, where dams, levees, weirs, and other flood control structures were only partially successful in preventing flooding. The 1997 floods were most severe in the San Joaquin River Basin, where levee failures reduced river stages downstream but allowed flood waters to inundate Valley areas seldom associated with recent flooding problems. Despite early concerns, the timing and spatial characteristics of the 1998 ENSO-related precipitation produced only modest flooding in the Central Valley.
The Towns that Coal Built: The Evolution of Landscapes and Communities in Southern Colorado
Authors: Keane John L.
Published: October 2014

Geographers have identified three alternative fates for mining towns in the United States that exhausted their primary resource during the late 1800s and early 1900s: prompt abandonment, slow stubborn decline, or post-industrial survival by repackaging and marketing their old landscapes. Lacking is a comprehensive view of the specific factors that might promote the long-term sustainability of these resource extraction communities. This paper examines a former coal-mining region in southern Colorado to see how its post-mining landscape fits into the patterns previously identified in the geographic literature. From the 1880s to the 1920s, coal extraction dominated the economy of Las Animas and Huerfano Counties, boosting population, numbers of mainly company-run mining towns, and rail connections. However, since the 1930s production has declined, and with it all but a few communities have become ghost towns. Today, little evidence of the mining past remains on the landscape, and even the surviving towns that coal built have distanced themselves from their past, rather than marketing it. Economic survival in these post-mining communities now depends on service industries and administrative functions. Several factors are identified that affected the sustainability of these former resource extraction communities.
“Bowling for Dollars”: Economic Conflicts and Challenges in Contemporary Cuba
Authors: Jackiewicz Edward L.
Published: October 2014

This paper has two primary and interrelated objectives. The first is to examine how the very nature of Cuban society has been instrumental in the fractured perseverance of socialism in Cuba. The second objective is to assess the impact of “dollarization” (the legalization of the US dollar) on social and political relations. The social relations that were fostered during the “high period” of socialism in Cuba have been challenged like never before during the “Special Period,” placing extreme pressures on the Socialist state. Oddly enough, capitalist-inspired remedies such as the hyper-development of tourism, the legalization of the dollar, and an emergent self-employment sector have dramatically altered the social landscape of the country while providing economic stability and, in turn, helping to preserve the government. In addition to providing stability, these policies have also generated new social conflicts or divides such as those between people who possess or can access dollars and those who cannot. While this paper avoids any hasty predictions about the future of Cuba, it does hope to broaden the dialogue by incorporating certain societal elements that are unique to this island nation and often absent from discussions about the future of Cuba.
Historical Evidence for the Upslope Retreat of Ponderosa Pine ( Pinus ponderosa ) Forest in California’s Gold Country
Authors: Bloom Khaled J. , Bahre Conrad J.
Published: October 2014

In the Gold Country foothills of California’s Sierra Nevada, patches of ponderosa pines ( Pinus ponderosa ) are scattered in a matrix of oak woodland and chaparral in a wide transition zone below the ponderosa pine forest of the higher slopes. A long-standing hypothesis regards these patches as relicts of a more extensive ponderosa pine forest that was destroyed by cutting, clearing, and burning after the Gold Rush of 1849. We have reviewed the historical evidence and found nothing to confirm this hypothesis. We conclude that the distribution of ponderosa pines along the west side of the Sierra Nevada has changed little, if any, since 1848.
“The light of simple veritie”: Mapping out Spenser’s Cosmography in “The Ruines of Time”
Authors: Duffy Timothy
Published: October 2014

This essay argues that Edmund Spenser’s “The Ruines of Time” is, alongside its role as elegy and complaint, a cosmographic work that engages in what I call “spiritual mapping”—a cartographic process that combines anti-worldly discourse with a trans-historical representation of space. By considering Spenser’s poem alongside William Camden’s Britannia , this essay highlights the textual act of mapping present in both works in an attempt to reveal the influence of an international community of mapmakers, including the Familists, who provided a model for cosmographic work that highlighted spiritual and irenic interests alongside the technical practice of representing space.
Perfect and Imperfect Rhyme: Romances in the abab Tradition
Authors: Jefferson Judith A. , Minkova Donka , Putter Ad
Published: October 2014

This article focuses on a group of Middle English romances composed in four-line stanzas rhyming abab . Surviving examples of this form include Thomas of Erceldoune, The Sowdone of Babylon, The Knight of Courtesy , and the fragmentary Partonope of Blois . Since these romances are from different dialect areas, the verse form appears to have been a popular one in medieval England. Examining the quality of the rhymes in the extant manuscripts, we show that both the original poets and the scribes of these romances were happy to tolerate imperfect rhyme. Two common types of imperfect rhyme, “feature rhyme” and “subsequence rhyme,” are discussed, and we provide analogues for such rhymes in medieval and modern song, from nursery rhymes to Latin hymns. We conclude by suggesting that the use of so-called “imperfect” rhyme is linked with oral performance and that it was in fact perfectly acceptable in this context.
Evaluation of left atrial size and function – from M-mode to 3D speckle-tracking echocardiography
Authors: Nemes Attila , Forster Tamás
Published: October 2014

Left atrium is not a passive heart chamber, because it has a dynamic motion respecting heart cycle and, in accordance with its stretching, it releases atrial natriuretic peptides. Since in the course of certain invasive procedures the size of left atrium may change substantially, its exact measurement and functional characterization are essential. The aim of the present review is to summarize echocardiographic methods for the assessment of left atrial size and functional parameters. Orv. Hetil., 2014. 155(41), 1624–1631.
Quaternary climate change and social behavior shaped the genetic differentiation of an endangered montane primate from the southern edge of the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Chakraborty Debapriyo , Ramakrishnan Uma , Sinha Anindya
Published: October 2014

Multiple factors, including climate change, dispersal barriers, and social behavior influence the genetic structure of natural populations. While the effects of extrinsic factors such as historical climatic change and habitat topography have been well studied, mostly in temperate habitats, the simultaneous effects of intrinsic factors such as social behavior on genetic structure have rarely been explored. Such simultaneous effect, however, may particularly be common in social mammals such as many primates. Consequently, we studied the population structure of a rare and endangered social primate, the Arunachal macaque Macaca munzala, endemic to the northeastern Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh, located on the subtropical southern edge of the Tibetan Plateau and forming part of the Eastern Himalayan biodiversity hotspot. We studied a 534 bp‐long mitochondrial DNA sequence and 22 autosomal microsatellite loci in individuals from three populations, Tawang, Upper Subansiri, and West Siang. The mtDNA data revealed three major divergence events: that between the Arunachal and bonnet macaques (ca. 1.61 mya), the founding of the West Siang population and the ancestral population of the present‐day bonnet macaques (ca. 1.32 mya), and the divergence between the Tawang and Upper Subansiri populations (ca. 0.80 mya) that coincided with the major glacial events in the region. Comparing mitochondrial DNA with autosomal microsatellites, we also found evidence for female philopatry and male‐driven long‐distance gene flow. Arunachal macaques thus appear to be characterized by groups of philopatric females separated by geographical barriers and harsh climate but with dispersing males exerting a homogenizing effect on the nuclear gene pool. Given that severe population differentiation is of major concern in species conservation, we suggest that our study populations represent significant conservation units of this rare, endangered primate but, more importantly, emphasize the complex interplay of extrinsic and intrinsic factors in shaping the population structure of a social mammalian species. Am. J. Primatol. 77:271–284, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interfacing Synthetic DNA Logic Operations with Protein Outputs
Authors: Prokup Alexander , Deiters Alexander
Published: October 2014

DNA logic gates are devices composed entirely of DNA that perform Boolean logic operations on one or more oligonucleotide inputs. Typical outputs of DNA logic gates are oligonucleotides or fluorescent signals. Direct activation of protein function has not been engineered as an output of a DNA‐based computational circuit. Explicit control of protein activation enables the immediate triggering of enzyme function and could yield DNA computation outputs that are otherwise difficult to generate. By using zinc‐finger proteins, AND, OR, and NOR logic gates were created that respond to short oligonucleotide inputs and lead to the activation or deactivation of a split‐luciferase enzyme. The gate designs are simple and modular, thus enabling integration with larger multigate circuits, and the modular structure gives flexibility in the choice of protein output. The gates were also modified with translator circuits to provide protein activation in response to microRNA inputs as potential cellular cancer markers.
Macroscopic Chirality of Supramolecular Gels Formed from Achiral Tris(ethyl cinnamate) Benzene‐1,3,5‐tricarboxamides
Authors: Shen Zhaocun , Wang Tianyu , Liu Minghua
Published: October 2014

A C3‐symmetric benzene‐1,3,5‐tricarboxamide substituted with ethyl cinnamate was found to self‐assemble into supramolecular gels with macroscopic chirality in a DMF/H2O mixture. The achiral compound simultaneously formed left‐ and right‐handed twists in an unequal number, thus resulting in the macroscopic chirality of the gels without any chiral additives. Furthermore, ester–amide exchange reactions with chiral amines enabled the control of both the handedness of the twists and the macroscopic chirality of the gels, depending on the structures of the chiral amines. These results provide new prospects for understanding and regulating symmetry breaking in assemblies of supramolecular gels formed from achiral molecular building blocks.
Self‐Assembly of a 3d–5f Trinuclear Single‐Molecule Magnet from a Pentavalent Uranyl Complex
Authors: Chatelain Lucile , Walsh James P. S. , Pécaut Jacques , Tuna Floriana , Mazzanti Marinella
Published: October 2014

Mixed‐metal uranium compounds are very attractive candidates in the design of single‐molecule magnets (SMMs), but only one 3d–5f hetero‐polymetallic SMM containing a uranium center is known. Herein, we report two trimeric heterodimetallic 3d–5f complexes self‐assembled by cation–cation interactions between a uranyl(V) complex and a TPA‐capped MII complex (M=Mn (1), Cd (2); TPA=tris(2‐pyridylmethyl)amine). The metal centers were strategically chosen to promote the formation of discrete molecules rather than extended chains. Compound 1, which contains an almost linear {MnOUOMn} core, exhibits SMM behavior with a relaxation barrier of 81±0.5 K—the highest reported for a mono‐uranium system—arising from intramolecular Mn–U exchange interactions combined with the high Ising anisotropy of the uranyl(V) moiety. Compound 1 also exhibits an open magnetic hysteresis loop at temperatures less than 3 K, with a significant coercive field of 1.9 T at 1.8 K.
The Oxidation of Thiols by Flavoprotein Oxidases: a Biocatalytic Route to Reactive Thiocarbonyls
Authors: Ewing Tom A. , Dijkman Willem P. , Vervoort Jacques M. , Fraaije Marco W. , van Berkel Willem J. H.
Published: October 2014

Flavoprotein oxidases are a diverse class of biocatalysts, most of which catalyze the oxidation of CO, CN, or CC bonds. Flavoprotein oxidases that are known to catalyze the oxidation of CS bonds are rare, being limited to enzymes that catalyze the oxidative cleavage of thioethers. Herein, we report that various flavoprotein oxidases, previously thought to solely act on alcohols, also catalyze the oxidation of thiols to thiocarbonyls. These results highlight the versatility of enzymatic catalysis and provide a potential biocatalytic route to reactive thiocarbonyl compounds, which have a variety of applications in synthetic organic chemistry.
Thermally Triggered Frame‐Guided Assembly
Authors: Zhao Zhiyong , Chen Chun , Dong Yuanchen , Yang Zhongqiang , Fan Qing‐Hua , Liu Dongsheng
Published: October 2014

We report a thermally triggered frame‐guided assembly (FGA) strategy for the preparation of vesicles. We employ thermally responsive poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) to make the leading hydrophobic groups (LHGs) thermally responsive, so that they are hydrophilic below the low critical solution temperature (LCST) and the frame forms in a homogeneous environment. When the temperature is increased above the LCST, the LHGs become hydrophobic and the assembly process is triggered, which drives DNA‐b‐PPO to assemble around the LHGs, forming vesicles. This work verified that FGA is a general strategy and can be applied to polymeric systems. The thermally triggered assembly not only provides more controllability over the FGA process but also promotes an in‐depth understanding of the FGA strategy and in a broad view, the formation mechanism and functions of cell membrane.
Manipulating Nanowire Assembly for Flexible Transparent Electrodes
Authors: Liu Jian‐Wei , Wang Jin‐Long , Wang Zhi‐Hua , Huang Wei‐Ran , Yu Shu‐Hong
Published: October 2014

Manipulating nanowire assembly could help the design of hierarchical structures with unique functionalities. Herein, we first report a facile solution‐based process under ambient conditions for co‐assembling two kinds of nanowires which have suitable composition and functionalities, such as Ag and Te nanowires, for the fabrication of flexible transparent electrodes. Then Te nanowires can be etched away easily, leaving Ag nanowire networks with controllable pitch. By manipulating the assembly of Ag and Te nanowires, we can precisely tailor and balance the optical transmittance and the conductivity of the resulting flexible transparent electrodes. The network of Ag nanowires which have tunable pitch forms a flexible transparent conducting electrode with an averaged transmission of up to 97.3 % and sheet resistances as low as 2.7 Ω/sq under optimized conditions. The work provides a new way for tailoring the properties of nanowire‐based devices.
Benchmarking the Stability of Oxygen Evolution Reaction Catalysts: The Importance of Monitoring Mass Losses
Authors: Frydendal Rasmus , Paoli Elisa A. , Knudsen Brian P. , Wickman Björn , Malacrida Paolo , Stephens Ifan E. L. , Chorkendorff Ib
Published: October 2014

Because of the rising need for energy storage, potentially facilitated by electrolyzers, improvements to the catalysis of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) become increasingly relevant. Standardized protocols have been developed for determining critical figures of merit, such as the electrochemical surface area, mass activity and specific activity. Even so, when new and more active catalysts are reported, the catalyst stability tends to play a minor role. In this work, we monitor corrosion on RuO2 and MnOx by combining the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP–MS). We show that a meaningful estimation of the stability cannot be achieved based on purely electrochemical tests. On the catalysts tested, the anodic dissolution current was four orders of magnitude lower than the total current. We propose that even if long‐term testing cannot be replaced, a useful evaluation of the stability can be achieved with short‐term tests by using EQCM or ICP–MS.
Copper‐Mediated/Catalyzed Oxyalkylation of Alkenes with Alkylnitriles
Authors: Bunescu Ala , Wang Qian , Zhu Jieping
Published: October 2014

A copper‐promoted oxyalkylation of alkenes with alkylnitriles has been developed. The protocol provides rapid access to phthalides (γ‐lactones) or isochromanones (δ‐lactones) via the formation of a C(sp3)C(sp3) and a C(sp3)O bond with the generation of up to two quaternary carbon atoms. Mechanistic studies suggest that this reaction is initiated by the formation of the C(sp3)C(sp3) bond rather than the C(sp3)O bond. Catalytic conditions were subsequently developed using carboxylic acid as an internal nucleophile.
Aurora kinase A mediates c‐Myc's oncogenic effects in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Lu Longfeng , Han Han , Tian Yuan , Li Wenjuan , Zhang Jinxiang , Feng Maohui , Li Youjun
Published: October 2014

Dysregulation of c‐Myc (Myc) has been shown to contribute to progression of hepatocellular carcinoma, however, the detailed molecular mechanism remains poorly understood. Here, we report that Myc binds to the Aurora kinase A (Aurka) promoter and induces expression of Aurka in HCC cells. Increased expression of Aurka correlates with that of Myc in HCC. Nuclear accumulation of Aurka was confirmed by subcellular protein fractionation and immunoblot experiments in HCC cells. Myc inhibition decreases the nuclear accumulation of Aurka in HCC cells. Also Aurka accumulating in the nucleus up‐regulates Myc transcription by binding the Myc promoter containing the highly conserved CCCTCCCCA in the NHE region of the CpG islands. Inhibition of Myc or Aurka diminishes the malignant phenotypes of HCC cells by down‐regulating some common target genes. Also Aurka and Myc mediates the effects of each other, at least partially, on proliferation, anchorage‐independent soft agar growth, and ATP production. Blocking Aurka in an orthotopic model significantly impairs tumor growth in mice. These results identify a Myc‐Aurka feedback loop in which Myc and Aurka regulate expression of each other at the transcriptional level and both play an important role in hepatocarcinogenesis. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A phase II study to determine the efficacy and safety of oral treosulfan in patients with advanced pre‐treated Ewing sarcoma ISRCTN11631773
Authors: Michelagnoli M. , Whelan J. , Forsyth S. ,   on behalf of the OTIS Trial Management Group, Site Investigators
Published: October 2014

We report a prospective Phase II study of efficacy and toxicity for oral treosulfan in advanced Ewing sarcoma. Twenty patients, median age 19 years (range 7–39) from five UK sites, were treated with oral treosulfan 1 g/m2 daily for 7 days in 28. Primary endpoint was objective response rate. Best response was stable disease in one patient. All patients died of progressive disease, after median 6.41 months. Median progression free survival was 1.8 months. Toxicity was minimal. No activity was demonstrated for treosulfan at this dose. Progression free survival data should be able to be used for comparison when planning future clinical trials. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:158–159. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High‐dose‐rate brachytherapy for vaginal rhabdomyosarcoma using a personalized mold in a 20‐month old patient
Authors: Hathout Lara , Cohn Jamie , Voros Laszlo , Kim Sae Hee , Heaton Todd , Wolden Suzanne
Published: October 2014

Treatment of vaginal rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) with conservative approaches is presently the standard of care. Intravaginal high‐dose rate brachytherapy is a very effective treatment while sparing the normal tissue to preserve growth, fertility and prevent organ dysfunction. In this report, we describe the management of an infant with Stage I vaginal RMS, treated with chemotherapy, maximal safe resection and intravaginal brachytherapy using a customized mold and MRI and CT‐based three‐dimensional (3D) conformal planning, followed by a critical review of the literature. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:531–532. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prenatal sodium arsenite affects early development of serotonergic neurons in the fetal rat brain
Authors: Senuma Mika , Mori Chisato , Ogawa Tetsuo , Kuwagata Makiko
Published: October 2014

Prenatal arsenite exposure has been associated with developmental disorders in children, including reduced IQ and language abnormalities. Animal experiments have also shown that exposure to arsenite during development induced developmental neurotoxicity after birth. However, the evidence is not enough, and the mechanism is poorly understood, especially on the exposure during early brain development. This study assessed effects of sodium (meta) arsenite shortly after exposure on early developing fetal rat brains.

Pregnant rats were administered 50 mg/L arsenite in their drinking water or 20 mg/kg arsenite orally using a gastric tube, on gestational days (GD) 9–15. Fetal brains were examined on GD16.

Pregnant rats administered 20 mg/kg arsenite showed reductions in maternal body weight gain and food consumption during treatment, but not with 50 mg/L arsenite. Arsenite did not affect fetal development, as determined by body weight, mortality and brain size. Arsenite also did not induce excessive cell death or affect neural cell division in any region of the fetal neuroepithelium. Thyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry revealed no difference in the distribution of catecholaminergic neurons between fetuses of arsenite treated and control rats. However, reductions in the number of serotonin positive cells in the fetal median and dorsal raphe nuclei were observed following maternal treatment with 20 mg/kg arsenite. Image analysis showed that the serotonin positive areas decreased in all fetal mid‐ and hind‐brain areas without altering distribution patterns. Maternal stress induced by arsenite toxicity did not alter fetal development. These results suggest that arsenite‐induced neurodevelopmental toxicity involves defects in the early development of the serotonin nervous system.
Afebrile seizure in toddlers – Don't forget camphor
Authors: Baheti Neeraj , Kabra Dinesh , Chandak Nitin , Lad Pravin
Published: October 2014

In country like India camphor is ubiquitous in every household and is easily available across all grocery stores. Camphor is easily accessible to kids and children and can be missed for sugar cubes. We report two children who had afebrile seizures following camphor ingestion. Both the toddlers had afebrile seizure and presented in postictal state. In the first case the child had vomiting in hospital which had camphoraceous odor. Interrogation in both case revealed consumption of camphor few minutes prior to the seizure. Both the kids improved with supportive care. Camphor fits in community go largely unrecognized and parents don't inform about potential camphor ingestion and these children are subjected to unnecessary evaluation and antiepileptic drug exposure. One should create awareness about camphor induced seizures and potential toxic effects of camphor and it should be kept away from reach of children. Parents should be discouraged from topical application of camphor containing indigenous medications in neonates and toddlers.
Generalized Pruritus as an Unusual Side Effect After Epidural Injection With Dexamethasone
Authors: El Abd Omar , Pimentel Daniel Camargo , Amadera João Eduardo Daud
Published: October 2014

A 51‐year‐old man with lumbar radiculopathy underwent a right L5 transforaminal epidural steroid injection with dexamethasone. One minute after the injection, the patient experienced severe pruritus and burning, which began in the groin and then spread throughout his body. The symptoms resolved completely after 1 minute, and the patient was discharged without any complications. Although there are a small number of publications reporting perineal pruritus after intravenous administration of dexamethasone, to our knowledge there is no report of a generalized reaction to an epidural dexamethasone injection such as the one described here.
Efficacy of Blood Flow–Restricted, Low‐Load Resistance Training in Women with Risk Factors for Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Segal Neil A. , Williams Glenn N. , Davis Maria C. , Wallace Robert B. , Mikesky Alan E.
Published: October 2014

Objective

To assess whether concurrent blood flow restriction (BFR) during low‐load resistance training is an efficacious and tolerable means of improving quadriceps strength and volume in women with risk factors for symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (OA).

Design

Randomized, double‐blinded, controlled trial.

Setting

Exercise training clinical research laboratory.

Participants

Women over age 45 years with risk factors for symptomatic knee OA.

Methods

Participants were randomized to either low‐load resistance training (30% 1RM) alone (control) or with concurrent BFR and completed 4 weeks of 3 times per week leg‐press resistance training. Those randomized to BFR wore a cuff that progressively restricted femoral blood flow over the weeks of training. Intergroup differences in outcome measures were compared using regression methods, while adjusting for BMI.

Main Outcome Measures

Isotonic bilateral leg press strength, isokinetic knee extensor strength, and quadriceps volume by magnetic resonance imaging were assessed before and after participation. Secondary measures included lower limb muscle power (leg press and stair climb). Knee pain was assessed to determine tolerance.

Results

Of 45 women who consented to study participation, 40 completed the program. There were no significant intergroup differences in baseline characteristics except that body mass index was lower in the BFR group (P = .0223). Isotonic 1RM improved significantly more in the BFR group (28.3 ± 4.8 kg) than in the control group (15.6 ± 4.5 kg) (P = .0385). Isokinetic knee extensor strength scaled to body mass increased significantly more in the BFR group (0.07 ± 0.03 nm/kg) than in the control group (−0.05 ± 0.03 nm/kg) (P = .0048). Changes in quadriceps volume, leg press power, and knee‐related pain did not significantly differ between groups.

Conclusions

Addition of BFR to a 30% 1RM resistance training program was effective in increasing leg press and knee extensor strength in women at risk for knee OA, in comparison with the same program without BFR.
Ultrasonography of Subcoracoid Bursal Impingement Syndrome
Authors: Drakes Shane , Thomas Sunil , Kim Sooyeon , Guerrero Luis , Lee Se Won
Published: October 2014

Subcoracoid impingement syndrome with bursitis is an underrecognized cause of anterior shoulder pain. It usually presents with pain around the coracoid process and a positive impingement test with shoulder adduction, forward flexion, and internal rotation. The pain is mediated by impingement of soft tissues such as the subcoracoid bursa or subscapularis tendon between the coracoid process and humerus. Ultrasonography (US) can be useful in the evaluation of subcoracoid bursal impingement syndrome because of its high resolution capacity and the use of dynamic maneuvers. In this case series, we present 3 patients with subcoracoid impingement syndrome with bursitis diagnosed with in‐office US. This case series illustrates the application of US in the evaluation of anterior shoulder pain with subcoracoid bursal impingement syndrome.
Content Analysis of CMS Healthcare Innovation Awards From a Physiatric Perspective
Authors: Smith Matthew J.
Published: October 2014

On June 15, 2012, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) announced the 107 recipients of the Healthcare Innovation Awards (HCIA). The 107 awardees received a total of $874,074,900 in funding, with a projected 3‐year savings of $1,863,119,104. A word frequency calculator was used to perform a content analysis on the document that announced the projects receiving funding in the 2012 HCIA program. Results were tabulated and categorized to look for prevailing themes and trends. The words generated by the word frequency calculator were grouped into common roots and tabulated to better understand how CMS was rewarding value. Some of the most common words were “manage,” “community,” “coordinate,” “team,” “system” and “integrate.” Additionally, the job positions that the projects propose to create were tabulated and grouped into categories. Physicians, including physiatrists, were not often mentioned, whereas nursing and nonclinical positions were frequently listed. This content analysis showed that the concepts emphasized in the HCIA projects parallel fundamental physiatric principles. The findings may help physiatrists understand how reform is unfolding, prepare for the evolving health care landscape, and recognize future opportunities.
Popular Problems and Puzzles in Mathematics
Authors: Mallik Asok Kumar
Published: October 2014

Innovative thinking backed by logical reasoning is the key to the puzzles in Popular Problems and Puzzles in Mathematics. Collected over several years by the author, more than 150 elegant, intriguing numerical challenges are presented here. The answers are easy to explain, but one would devilishly find it hard without this book. One's ability to construct a mathematical proof will be rigorously tested in these problems - even in the case of a mathematics teacher. For true maths lovers, there is even a section on historically prominent problems. Designed for high-school students and teachers with an interest in mathematical problem solving, this stimulating collection provides a new twist to familiar topics that introduce unfamiliar topics.

Key features
1. Suitable for high-school students and maths buffs
2. More than 150 problems covering different areas of elementary mathematics
3. Brainstorming problems graded as easy, moderate and difficult
4. Complete solutions included
5. Appendices showing various applications in the end
Britain's Two World Wars against Germany
Authors: Bond Brian
Published: October 2014

Britain's role and performance in the two World Wars continues to generate considerable debate but the wars are rarely considered together. Leading military historian Brian Bond here challenges the popular view of the First World War as catastrophic and futile in contrast to the Second World War as a well-conducted and victorious moral crusade. He focuses on the key issues which have caused controversy and distortion, to demonstrate how these views became deeply rooted in popular culture in the years since 1945. These issues range from policy and strategy, combat experience, the attritional strategies of naval blockade and strategic bombing to British generalship, and gains and losses in the aftermath of both wars. He also considers the learning process of the British Army in both world wars. He boldly concludes that in a number of important respects Britain was more successful in the First World War than in the Second.
The Balance of Power in International Relations
Authors: Little Richard
Published: October 2014

The balance of power has been a central concept in the theory and practice of international relations for the past five hundred years. It has also played a key role in some of the most important attempts to develop a theory of international politics in the contemporary study of international relations. In this 2007 book, Richard Little establishes a framework that treats the balance of power as a metaphor, a myth and a model. He then uses this framework to reassess four major texts that use the balance of power to promote a theoretical understanding of international relations: Hans J. Morgenthau's Politics Among Nations (1948), Hedley Bull's The Anarchical Society (1977), Kenneth N. Waltz's Theory of International Politics (1979) and John J. Mearsheimer's The Tragedy of Great Power Politics (2001). These reassessments allow the author to develop a more comprehensive model of the balance of power.
The Muslim Empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals
Authors: Dale Stephen F.
Published: October 2014

Between 1453 and 1526 Muslims founded three major states in the Mediterranean, Iran and South Asia: respectively the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires. By the early seventeenth century their descendants controlled territories that encompassed much of the Muslim world, stretching from the Balkans and North Africa to the Bay of Bengal and including a combined population of between 130 and 160 million people. This book is the first comparative study of the politics, religion, and culture of these three empires between 1300 and 1923. At the heart of the analysis is Islam, and how it impacted on the political and military structures, the economy, language, literature and religious traditions of these great empires. This original and sophisticated study provides an antidote to the modern view of Muslim societies by illustrating the complexity, humanity and vitality of these empires, empires that cannot be reduced simply to religious doctrine.
Ramaseeana
Authors: Sleeman W. H.
Published: October 2014

Thugs, or thuggees, were members of secretive gangs that robbed and sometimes murdered travellers in India; they were also said to worship the Hindu goddess Kali. The British colonial administrator William Henry Sleeman (1788–1856) took a special interest in these gangs and mounted a campaign to eradicate them. Between 1826 and 1840 thousands of Thugs were imprisoned or hanged. The outcome of the operation was due in part to Sleeman's focus on gathering intelligence about the gangs' coded communications. This substantial vocabulary, published in 1836, was compiled from conversations with informers and interrogations of prisoners. It includes words such as adhoreea, which means an intended victim who escaped being murdered, or dhurohurkurna, which is the verb 'to strangle'. The book contains much fascinating data for linguists and historians, and includes an appendix of cases and depositions that constitutes a useful source on crime in colonial India.
Taxidermy
Authors: Swainson William
Published: October 2014

First published in 1840 as a volume in the Cabinet Cyclopaedia - a series published between 1830 and 1844, intended for the self-educating middle class - this work was written by the naturalist and artist William Swainson (1789–1855). The first part is a treatise on taxidermy, showcasing methods of Victorian science that may appear gruesome to modern readers. It discusses the best ways to collect, preserve and present animals for scientific study. Swainson gives detailed advice, making allowances for naturalists working in different locations and searching for a range of species. The directions for skinning and mounting animals are not for the faint-hearted, but they offer a fascinating insight into the practices of the time. The work's second part is a zoological bibliography, with short biographies of notable authors. Zoological painters and engravers, such as Thomas Bewick (1753–1828), are also featured.