bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Langerhans cell histiocytosis presenting as a blueberry muffin rash
Authors: Alanazi Shahad F. , Jazzar Yara , Beidas Tala , Soufan Haya , Mohajer Khaled A. , Alhammad Abdulmalik
Published: August 2023

Langerhans cells, often referred to as the “macrophages of the skin”, are dendritic cells that normally reside in the epidermis and papillary dermis. Just like macrophages, they function as antigen-presenting cells that activate naive T cells. Certain mutations such as those involving the BRAF gene can cause unopposed production of Langerhans Cells, which is known as Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (LCH). LCH triggers an inflammatory immune response that causes systemic manifestations such as fever and fatigue, as well as other manifestations depending on the affected organs. The pathogenesis behind LCH remains poorly understood. It is still unknown whether it is a neoplastic process or a reactive cancer-mimicking illness. Diagnosis of LCH is confirmed by biopsy, and treatment is largely dependent on the extent and severity of the disease. Common treatments include corticosteroids, excision, radiation, and chemotherapy. We present a case of a 1-year-old Saudi male with LCH.
Rotation flap of the nose
Authors: Guasco Pisani E. , Monari P. , Calzavara-Pinton P.
Published: August 2023

A 84 years old woman came to our attention with an ulcerated lesion of the nose referred to be present for about 4 months. Clinical diagnosis of basal cell carcinoma was made, and surgical removal was scheduled.
Moon sightings and the quest for Muslim solidarities in twentieth century Natal
Authors: Vahed Goolam , Waetjen Thembisa
Published: August 2023

This article examines local contestations over Ramadan moon sightings among Muslims in twentieth century Natal, South Africa, as a window to debates about authority, identity and Muslim unification. The issue was the question of whether – in terms of the rulings in the Qur’an and the practices established by the Prophet Muhammad – the basis for determining the beginning of the lunar month should be vested in local physical sighting of the moon crescent or in astronomical calculations. While sighting the moon with the naked eye has historically been the practice of most Muslims, some have considered the project of Muslim unity served by knowledge derived from astronomy. The “moon controversy” provides a lens through which to examine the broader debate in Islamic societies around the role of science and technology in Islam, “traditionalism” versus “modernity”, authority in Islam, and Muslim unity.
An unlikely union. Exploring the possibilities of Afrikaner and black women’s organisations cooperating in the Women’s National Coalition, 1991-1994
Authors: Maritz Loraine
Published: August 2023

Die Women’s National Coalition (WNC) is in 1992 gestig om gelykberegtiging vir vroue in demokratiese Suid-Afrika te verseker. Inligting oor vroue se behoeftes en aspirasies sou ingesamel word en in ‘n Vrouehandves saamgevat word wat uiteindelik deel van die nuwe grondwet sou word. Op hierdie wyse sou vroueregte grondwetlik beskerm word. Die WNC was ‘n African National Congress Women’s League inisiatief. Vroueorganisasies dwarsoor die land is uitgenooi om die politieke arena te betree. Die gevolg was dat ongeveer 100 organisasies by die WNC aangesluit het, van hulle was ongeveer dertien Afrikanervroueorganisasies. Die grootste groepering was Afrikanervroue-kultuurorganisasies.Die verteenwoordigers van die Afrikanerkultuurorganisasies het moeilik by die WNC aangepas. Daar was talle praktiese probleme, maar dit was veral haar gebrek aan politieke vernuf, en die vyandigheid van swart vroue wat die vergaderings van die WNC domineer het, wat haar betrokkenheid in die wiele gery het. Die gedagte het ook by feitlik al die Afrikanervroue ontstaan dat die WNC ‘n politieke rookskerm was vir die ANC om sy magsbasis te versterk.Hierdie artikel ondersoek die moontlikheid of daar wel samewerking tussen Afrikanervroue en swartvroue in die WNC kon wees. Moontlike raakpunte, soos moederskap, patriargie, godsdiens, feminisme, susterskap, ens. word ondersoek. Die slotsom is dat daar nie werklike raakpunte tussen Afrikanervroue en swartvroue in die WNC was nie.
The taking of the slaver Meermin, 1766
Authors: Van der Merwe Barend
Published: August 2023

No abstract available.
“There is no hurry in Botswana”: Scholarship and stereotypes on “African time” syndrome in Botswana, 1895- 2011"
Authors: Makgala Christian J. , Thebe Phenyo C.
Published: August 2023

The lack of a strict and disciplined adherence to keeping time or punctuality has been an issue of major concern to many authorities in the African public and private sectors. Botswana is no exception, as this article will demonstrate. So pervasive is lack of punctuality among Africans in sub-Saharan Africa that a stereotypical notion of “African time” gained currency a long time ago and is still prevalent to this day. Undoubtedly, this attitude towards time negatively affects the productivity and economic performance of numerous African countries, such as Botswana, in their seemingly futile endeavour to become competitive globally and attract the much sought after foreign direct investment (FDI). In this article we try to make sense of African time from the scholarship on the African traditional socio-economic and environmental factors relating to time, as well as the popular stereotypical views of African time. This article shows that African time among the Batswana is something that frustrated the Victorian missionaries in the late nineteenth century. We also discuss how African time has translated into expression of political power by tribal and national political leaders. The problem of African time continues to be prevalent in the twenty-first century Botswana where a poor work ethic is also believed to be a major impediment to doing business in the country.
The colonial experience, indigenous leaders and the capitalization of the Swazi monarchy
Authors: Simelane Hamilton S.
Published: August 2023

Historians and other researchers have analysed different aspects of Swazi historical affairs. One of the themes that has attracted academic attention is that of continuity and change, especially under the impact of colonialism. In spite of this attention, the institution of monarchy has been scantily investigated in terms of the extent to which it was transformed through the adoption of colonial economic values. In those instances where the monarchy has been investigated along the continuum of change, debatable conclusions have been drawn. This article reveals how the Swazi monarchy was transformed as a result of adopting the economic values of capitalism that came with capitalism. The article shows how the institution of monarchy was capitalized at the expense of the majority of the citizens. The article shows that as a result of this capitalization the monarchy lost the values it possessed before colonialism, and understood by the indigenous population. The analysis of the institution of monarchy in Swaziland is historically very important because it offers an explanatory tool for the existence of economic inequalities in Swaziland, and failure to achieve meaningful economic development.
Psigedelies en groen: Die invloed van Stephen Gaskin en sy hippiebeweging op omgewingsdenke in die VSA
Authors: Du Pisani Kobus , Alberts Yolandé
Published: August 2023

This article argues that the hippy movement of the 1960’s and 1970’s, both in terms of its underlying philosophy and its practical lifestyle, made significant contributions to the environmental movement. The focus is on one specific hippy community, the followers of Stephen Gaskin, first in Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco and later on The Farm at Summertown in Tennessee. Their views concerning the natural environment and how they put these views to practice in their day-to-day lifestyle are investigated. Of particular relevance is their use of drugs as a holistic sacrament and their lifestyle close to nature as a self-sustaining community in the countryside. It is concluded that traces of the impact of their outlook and their lifestyle on environmental thinking can still be observed in contemporary society.
Collective foreign aid and development prospects for sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Van der Elst Herman
Published: August 2023

Since the end of the Second World War in 1945, the states of sub-Saharan Africa have been subjected to a seemingly irreversible spiral of poverty as well as social, political and economic unpredictability, causing continued underdevelopment. This underdevelopment occurred despite the fact that a total of $568 billion of bilateral and multilateral foreign aid have been channelled to the region during the abovementioned period. This channelling of foreign aid coincided with, and was motivated by decolonisation in the post-Second World War dispensation, the Cold War dispensation, the energy crisis of the 1970s, the post-Cold War dispensation, and the era of trade bloc formation and expansion (global developmental time frames).The most recent so-called “big push” initiative to kick start development in the region was the adoption and implementation of the (pro-poor) eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by the United Nations (UN) in 2000. This initiative was supported by the adoption of the G8, Gleneagles commitment on aid and debt relief in 2005. From a global perspective, the MDGs seem to be successful in poverty reduction efforts in specifically Asia and South America. There is, however, consensus amongst most academics and thinkers that the MDGs will not be met in sub-Saharan Africa before the target date of 2015. The reality is that the levels of underdevelopment remain high and are even escalating. In terms of relevance and scholarly contribution, this article seeks to analytically describe and explain the presumed failure of collective foreign aid, and suggests ways and means to stimulate development in sub-Saharan Africa in the years to come.
The new radicals: A generational memoir of the 1970s
Authors: Lebelo Steve
Published: August 2023

No abstract available.
Fashion and the world of the women of the VOC official elite
Authors: Coetzee Liza-Mari
Published: August 2023

During the early modern period material culture increasingly started to serve as symbols of identity and status rather than merely fulfilling a basic need. One example of such possessions that was particularly relevant for demonstrating social position was clothing. By using markers of distinction such as clothing, individuals could affirm or reaffirm their identities and could denote an association with a certain status group. At the Cape, this means of distinction was employed by the social elite that consisted of a small group of senior officials with the Governor at the head. The Governor was appointed by the VOC and in all cases but one, was not locally born. Equally, many members of the VOC elite were temporarily stationed at the Cape and would return to Europe or move to another VOC station at the end of their tenure, most often taking their wives and daughters with them. The aim of this article is to discuss women belonging to the VOC elite of Cape society and to determine whether these women maintained their status through the use of status objects (in particular clothing and other items used for personal adornment). The second aim of the article is to assess what effect this use of clothing as a symbol of status had on the social consciousness surrounding the importance or unimportance of particular objects. The article will also aim to determine how these women in the top echelons of Cape society influenced and determined what types of fashion, dress and accessories were seen as status objects.
Government schooling and teacher identity: The exertions of the first-class teacher at Worcester, Cape of Good Hope, c.1856-1873
Authors: Ludlow Helen
Published: August 2023

In 1839 the colonial administration introduced to the Cape Colony one of the first systems of state education in the British Empire. This Established System of Education staggered along for a quarter century before the Cape colonial parliament voted to bring it to an end in 1865. Ambitious in its social and academic intentions, this “very English’’ system gained some acceptance as a model that could be aspired to – though not always in the intended form – even in predominantly Dutch-speaking communities like that of Worcester. The personal role of the teacher was central and Albert Nicholas Rowan, the government teacher at Worcester from 1856, was regarded as one of the more successful pedagogues within the Established System. This article examines the attempts of Rowan to make his school a viable entity. It engages with his personal identity as an overworked but well-qualified and respectable purveyor of knowledge. It notes how the social capital he possessed in terms of connection with the local Dutch Reformed Church could be mobilized to the school’s advantage. It also traces his attempts to steer his school through the waters of religious denominationalism – a denominationalism symbolic of competing cultural and political identities. The case study locates the teacher during a time of transition from an early model of government schooling – heavily dependent on one teacher in one classroom – to a “family model” of public schooling becoming common throughout the British Empire by the 1870s. The Worcester Government School lasted longer than any other at the Cape, as Rowan took on the identity of the more bureaucratic, paternalistic head master. It made way for explicitly secular, subsidized Girls’ and Boys’ Undenominational Public Schools only in 1873, as the local inhabitants assumed more responsibility for public schooling. The teacher’s reward was promotion to a position of educational surveillance and regulation in a new colonial inspectorate.
The class of ’79
Authors: Delport P. T.
Published: August 2023

No abstract available.
A history of Zimbabwe
Authors: Moore David
Published: August 2023

No abstract available.
The Boer War
Authors: Mouton Dawid
Published: August 2023

No abstract available.
Editorial Vol 74 (2015)
Authors: Office Editorial
Published: August 2023

No abstract available.
Intrapreneurship: George Beeton’s managerial contribution to the Edgars Group, 1963-1996
Authors: Dos Santos Hanlie
Published: August 2023

George Beeton was employed by the Edgars Group, a clothing, footwear and household textiles retailer, for 33 years, starting as a Management Trainee in 1963. He entered the top management structure in 1972 when he took charge of the struggling Jet Stores chain. His success with the chain earned him promotion to Managing Director of the Edgars chain, the Group’s largest chain. In 1990, he ascended to the position of Chief Executive, which he held until February 1996 when he retired from the Group. Within the context of Edgars, as well as the broader socio-economic environment, this article considers some of the contributing factors to Beeton’s success and longevity in the Group. Furthermore, it explores the contribution he made through his leadership and management approach to the development of the chains he was involved in, as well as to the Group during his time as Chief Executive.
Informal finance for survivalist enterprise development in South Africa: A case study of Soshanguve Township
Authors: Mashigo Mariann P.
Published: August 2023

The majority of South Africans are trapped in poverty and high unemployment levels. Some, particularly the poor, resort to operating survivalist enterprises to cater for day-to-day expenses or meet basic needs. The underlying problem confronting many survivalist enterprises is lack of finance to develop and sustain their enterprises which is associated with collateral constraints. As a result, survivalist enterprises use informal sources of finance as channels to access such finance. The objective of this article is to determine how informal finance can mitigate this problem and propose strategic finance principles that can be used to improve access to finance by survivalist enterprises. The research adopted a case study approach based on informal finance and how it is used as an instrument for developing survivalist enterprises in the Soshanguve township situated in the Gauteng Province in South Africa. A sampling technique was employed to conduct interviews with survivalist enterprises which were randomly selected. The research findings reveal that informal finance appears to be successful through its traditional norms and customs embedded in the informal financial arrangements which mitigate collateral problems and improve access to finance by survivalist enterprises. Based on these findings, recommendations were therefore formulated based on informal finance which can be used as the first point of reference for developing survivalist enterprises in South Africa.
South African politics: An introduction
Authors: Van der Elst Herman
Published: August 2023

No abstract available.
Dirk Mudge: All the way to an independent Namibia
Authors: Shee Laurence
Published: August 2023

No abstract available.
Aspects of the history of the (Orange) Free State
Authors: Wessels André
Published: August 2023

No abstract available.
Die piëtistiese egoprofiel van pioniersvrou Anna Elizabeth Steenkamp (1797-1891) in twee weergawes van haar “Joernaal” uit die Transoranje
Authors: Raath Andries W.G.
Published: August 2023

Religious ego-texts of Cape Trekboers on the frontier reflect prominent traits of mystical Pietism. Similar features can also be detected in the ego-texts of both male and female believers deeper into the interior prior to and during the Great Trek. These pioneer texts reflect religious literary styles similar to the dominant pietistic literature in Germany and in the Netherlands. In addition to the influence of religious literature of German Pietism and devotional literature of Dutch Second Reformation authors, the marginalisation and isolation of believers stimulated pietistic tendencies similar to trends in seventeenth and eighteenth-century Europe. The end of the eighteenth-century witnessed the gradual demise of Pietism in Germany and supplanting of pietistic tendencies by more secular oriented chronicles, autobiographical descriptions and life adventures. In the Netherlands, however, Pietism flourished from the mid- eighteenth century and publications of pietistic ego-texts continued well into the twentieth century. The “Journal” of the Voortrekker woman Anna Steenkamp is a typical example of a family chronicle with descriptions of her life adventures during the Great Trek. Two copies of her “Journal” composed in the Transorange are analysed in order to determine her religious mentality profile as representative of Voortrekker women of the period 1838 to 1854. The first contains an attachment with religious songs and poems of a typical pietistic nature. These reflections mirror religious tendencies on the frontier at a stage when the dominant culture of similar religious texts in the Netherlands had reached its peak. The second copy contains brief reflections on her life on the frontier undergirded by typical pietistic reflections on God’s providential care. This text, composed in the Transorange, reflects a more secular inclined profile undergirded by pietistic elements from an earlier epoch in German autobiographical texts from the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century.
Identity politics and being a Free Stater during the South African War (1899-1902): A micro-history of the inhabitants of the greater Drakensberg region
Authors: Wassermann Johan
Published: August 2023

The South African War was also a conflict about identity. Prior to the conflict, English-speakers with strong Natal ties as Orange Free State (OFS) subjects, resided in Harrismith, while Afrikaners resided along the foothills of the Drakensberg on the Natal side, but migrated seasonally with livestock to the Free State. This led to a transitional existence where identity politics transcended the transitional border of the Drakensberg. The identity politics as it existed, whereby residents along both sides of the Drakensberg thought of themselves as “Free Staters” by dint of culture, blood and association, economics, state of mind or legally, were seriously disrupted by the outbreak of the South African War. The self-gradation in terms of identity politics, whereby it was constructed rationally and contextually were, as the war progressed, systematically replaced by one imposed in the region by, first, the OFS and, once they were pushed out of Natal, by the Empire and the Colony of Natal. This had serious consequences for the identity politics as practiced along the Drakensberg. In this micro-history the identity politics of the inhabitants of the greater Drakensberg region are analysed, determining how it was impacted on by the South African War.
Straatname as monumentale nalatenskap van akademici aan die Universiteit van die Oranje-Vrystaat (UOVS): Die geval van die padnetwerk in Universitas, Bloemfontein
Authors: Senekal Burgert A.
Published: August 2023

Street names represent a monument in the everyday world that commemorates the contributions of people in a particular community, and often of a particular era. The present study investigates how street names in the neighbourhood (suburb) Universitas in Bloemfontein serve as monuments to the contributions of academics at the University of the Orange Free State (UOFS), as well as its predecessors, the Grey University College (GUC) and University College of the Orange Free State (UCOFS) – currently the University of the Free State or UFS. The main streets in this neighbourhood are identified using network theory, and it is indicated that it is especially academics belonging to the two oldest faculties at this university, namely Natural Sciences and the Humanities, after which key streets are named. In addition, it is indicated that, to a large extent, the importance of streets also reflects the UFS’s past Afrikaans character as the main streets are named after academics who worked for the Department of Afrikaans and Dutch (for example DF Malherbe and H van der Merwe Scholtz), but also other leaders, such as Wynand Mouton’s outstanding contributions to the establishment of the UFS as a research university, are commemorated.
“Class D coloureds”: The establishment of Noordgesig, 1939-1948
Authors: Moore Wendell
Published: August 2023

Noordgesig Township is situated on the edge of Soweto, bordering the better known Orlando Township. This article pieces together the history of the township and its residents from the late 1930s to the beginning of the apartheid government in 1948. This is the first academic study of Noordgesig, and the first to include the township in the historical analysis of Soweto. The article is a contribution to the under-researched history of coloured townships in the Johannesburg area. It explores the heterogeneous categories of class and race that influenced government policies and propelled some urban township dwellers into a vaguely defined group termed “Class D coloureds”: those classified as “near native”, “families of mixed race as cannot be classified as either coloured or native” or “racially mixed coloureds” were considered for housing in Noordgesig and regarded as “Class D coloureds”. Furthermore, the article highlights the various class, race and skin colour distinctions used at the time the township was established to decide who could reside there. This complex politics of identification was further complicated by the then current idea that coloureds should not live close to blacks. This notion of racial proximity as a factor governing the relationship between the coloured inhabitants of Noordgesig and the black township residents of Orlando was put to the test with the construction of the township. In the article it is argued that these spurious distinctions based on class, race and skin colour were used to justify the placement of Noordgesig next to Orlando, which had lasting implications for both the state and residents. It is further contended that the perceived differences between the types of coloured people housed in Noordgesig influenced the creation of a unique identity experience among so-called “Class D coloureds” which problematises the grand narrative of coloured identity based largely on experiences from the Cape region.
“The British coloureds of Sophiatown”: The case of St. Joseph’s Home for coloured children, 1923-1998
Authors: Hlongwane Charmaine T.
Published: August 2023

During apartheid South Africa (1948-1994), black, coloured, and Indian children did not enjoy the same privileges as their peers of European descent – because of racial discrimination. However, some destitute coloured children’s lives changed positively following their admittance to St. Joseph’s Home for Coloured Children – administered by Sisters from the St. Margaret’s Order based in Sussex, England. This paper is not only the first academic study of St. Joseph’s Home for Coloured Children, but also the first to include the latter in the written history of Sophiatown. The article contributes doubly to the historiography of Sophiatown as well as the under-researched history of institutional care and orphanages in Johannesburg. The article explores how coloured children were perceived and treated at St. Joseph’s Home and how their lived experiences differed from those of the other children in Sophiatown – a racially-integrated area until the 1950s when the apartheid regime declared it an all-white area and forcibly removed black people. Furthermore, the article highlights St. Joseph’s Home’s challenges and successes during its existence as an institutional care centre, until 1998 when it was declared a monument and adopted a communal care structure. This paper is based on the Home’s administrators’ reports, interviews, and archival material. The findings of this research indicate that coloured children admitted to the Home adopted the English culture and “lived in comfort”, through the influence of the Sisters, making these children “better off” than the rest of their Sophiatown peers. The implication of the fact that these Home-based children were regarded as privileged is that they were resented by people from the older coloured generation, especially those employed at St. Joseph’s Home, for living privileged lives that were foreign to the rest of the coloured people of South Africa – during apartheid.
Cousins no more? The 1948 crisis in ties between the Netherlands and Afrikaner nationalists
Authors: Furlong Patrick
Published: August 2023

Despite historic Dutch-Afrikaner links, the Netherlands became a leading critic of South Africa’s National Party (NP) government. Many scholars agree that while differences on involvement in World War II hurt ties, the NP’s apartheid policy caused a major rift only much later. This study examines the roots of that rift in Dutch responses to the 1948 NP victory, the ensuing controversy, and that over appointing Otto du Plessis as envoy to The Hague. Afrikaner nationalists were as baffled by their cousins’ not understanding their wartime refusal to aid the Allies as most Dutch were by many Afrikaners’ wartime actions, discounting such criticism as misinformed and not understanding how much Nazi racial ideology made their apartheid platform toxic. Such different recent histories had made them strangers to each other so that, despite efforts to paper over strained relations, the eventual rupture was significantly shaped by the earlier crisis.
The Golden Republic
Authors: Wolfaardt Johan
Published: August 2023

No abstract available.
The contested idea of Zimbabwe and the violent power politics: Lessons for South Africa
Authors: Ndlovu-Gatsheni Sabelo J.
Published: August 2023

No abstract available.
A historical perspective on the prevalence, distribution and influence of African Horse Sickness in Namibia
Authors: Liebenberg Danica , Warnich Pieter , Piketh Stuart , Van Hamburg Huib
Published: August 2023

African Horse Sickness (AHS) is a devastating, non-contagious, infectious, insect-borne disease of equids. AHS is endemic to sub-Saharan Africa. Culicoides midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) act as vectors for the transmission of the causative agent, African Horse Sickness virus (AHSV). It is considered to be one of the most lethal horse diseases with mortality rates exceeding 80% in susceptible hosts. The AHS season is one of the most critical times for any horse owner in southern Africa. This dreadful disease has caused losses of great economic and emotional value for as long as horses have been on the African continent. The objective of this article is to assess the historical prevalence, distribution and influence of AHS in Namibia over the past approximately 200 years by discussing historical events that influenced the distribution of this disease. It was found that several major historical events played a role, since the introduction of horses to southern Africa with AHS influenced the outcomes of some of these events. The most important observations made during this investigation were the underreporting of AHS in Namibia, as well as the distribution across the districts. The importance of the effects of AHS on historical events is highlighted, with the limited movement of horses during the AHS seasons being an imperative historical precaution.
A tale of two graves: A biography of Lance Corporal Wijnand “Victor” Hamman, 1893-1917
Authors: Coetzee Emile C.
Published: August 2023

The biography of Lance-Corporal Wijnand “Vic” Hamman is quite unique in comparison to the stories of his peers who fought with him in the trenches during the First World War (1914-1918). This statement rests on the fact that he has two full-size graves but only rests in one of them. His remains were buried in the Browne Copse Commonwealth cemetery, outside Fampoux in France, but he has another grave in his hometown of Lichtenburg in the North-west Province, South Africa. This unique attribute inspired a research study to find out more about who he was and why he indeed has two graves after he fell in battle on the 12th of April 1917. His biography could however only be based on the limited amount of sources available about him and hence not every aspect about his life could be certified with a reliable source; resulting in several possibilities being considered to write his biography. Yet, enough was available to write the story of a young man from Lichtenburg who joined the 2nd South African Infantry Regiment to fight against the German Kaiser’s forces in France. His graves serve as reminders about the mysteries regarding his life, his family and why he was not commemorated by the community of his hometown.
JD Kestell as veldprediker 1899-1902
Authors: Strauss Piet
Published: August 2023

Reverend John Daniel (Father) Kestell (1854-1941) was a wellknown minister of religion in the Dutch Reformed Church. Through various actions he earned himself the nickname of “Father (Vader) Kestell” among his fellowmen. Although he supported the actions of the Republic of the Orange Free State and the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republic in the South African War (1899-1902), he declined to fight or take up a military rank. He in stead tried to strengthen the faith in God of the burgers and acted as a medical assistant to Boer and Briton when needed. As a chaplain he only wanted to be a minster of religion, no soldier.In this article the actions of Kestell as a Boer chaplain in the War of 1899- 1902 are investigated: His motives for supporting the two Republics, his work as a chaplain, his belief in the providence of God, his emotional conflicts in case of Boer losses and his close relations to his president, MT Steyn and his chief of army, General CR de Wet. Kestell was a tipical spiritual shepherd who had an openness to people and their needs and customs. He attracked those in need.
War and the formation of Afrikaner nationalism
Authors: Samson Anne
Published: August 2023

There is a tendency in writing histories of South Africa’s past to concentrate on the colour issue. However, doing so often leads to myths and polarisation as sources are not interrogated beyond the superficial. The publication of three books within a short space of time on Malan, Smuts and Verwoerd respectively, men influential in determining white South Africa’s identity provides an opportunity to explore the formation of Afrikaner nationalism and the impact it had on the development of South Africa as a nation. In the ninety years under discussion, South Africa was caught up in four major wars, all acting as a catalyst for change, uniting and dividing the people.
Iron in the soul: The leaders of the official parliamentary opposition in South Africa, 1910-1993
Authors: Hlongwane Charmaine T.
Published: August 2023

No abstract available.
Expectations and the issue of land in South Africa – the historical origins and current debate
Authors: Jankielsohn Roy , Duvenhage André
Published: August 2023

Land remains a contentious political issue that has the potential for further conflict in South Africa. Expectations over land are a legitimate result of a history of dispossession, displacement and deprivation during the pre-colonial, colonial and Apartheid eras. The importance of placing discussions on land within a historical context is salient. Legitimate perceptions around the slow pace of sustainable land reform since 1994 have left a vacuum for politicians to continue to use the land issue as tool for political mobilisation. However, development programmes that are meant to deliver on the expectations such as the National Development Plan (NDP) and the New Growth Path (NGP) are often undermined by the same politicians. The ideological divisions between the NDR and the NDP/NGP within the ruling African National Congress-run (ANC) government hamper progress towards achieving the land redistribution objectives outlined in these development plans and programmes. The dilemma that this creates is that factors required to mitigate this problem such as an emphasis on sustainability of redistributed land for increased food security have fallen victim to this ideological tug-of-war. The widening gap between the politically fuelled expectations trajectory on the one hand, and the inability to meet these expectations by current development programmes on the other, are sources of increasing social conflict in society.
Students must rise. Youth struggle in South Africa before and beyond Soweto 76
Authors: Heydenrych Pieter
Published: August 2023

No abstract available.
Editorial Vol 81 (2018)
Authors: Office Editorial
Published: August 2023

No abstract available.
“… in Johannesburg, baths are a necessity, not a luxury” The establishment of Johannesburg’s first municipal swimming bath, 1900s-1910s
Authors: Grundlingh Louis
Published: August 2023

Following on the commitment of the Johannesburg Town Council and an increasing demand to provide facilities for exercise and relaxation, Johannesburg’s mayor opened the Town’s first public swimming bath on the 18th of January, 1909. Unease was felt in Britain about the health of urban residents at the time. These municipalities’ efforts of improvement reflected in the psyche of members of Johannesburg’s Town Council to ensure a healthy urban environment. One of the ways was to provide a swimming bath, as many viewed swimming as an ideal way to relax and exercise, especially considering Johannesburg’s warm climate. An additional, and potent, reason for a swimming bath was the belief that it would further contribute to the prestige of the Town. Financing the swimming bath, both in terms of its construction and maintenance, was always a concern. With this in mind, the Town Council initially proposed the conversion of the Berea disused reservoir but eventually, the Town Council decided to convert the Doornfontein reservoir, on par with world standards. Despite the fact that the bath always ran at a loss, white Johannesburgers frequented the bath in their droves, proving that it successfully served its purpose of providing a public space and swimming facilities for healthy exercise.
An investigation into the historical context of graves exhumed on the farm Wemmershuis 379JT, Belfast
Authors: Van Vollenhoven Anton C.
Published: August 2023

The South African National Road Agency Limited (SANRAL) requested Archaetnos to exhume historical graves on the farm Wemmershuis 379JT in the Belfast district, Mpumalanga Province, as the upgrade to the R33 road was impacting on the graves. The human remains were reinterred on the same farm, to another part of the semi-formal graveyard. A monument commemorating the deceased was also erected.As most of the graves are unknown, an archival investigation regarding the farm was conducted to obtain information on who these people may have been. Indications were that the graves belonged to white farmers as the only legible headstones are that of Johanna Marija Magdalena de Beer and DG or DC Killian. This article, deals with findings after a survey was conducted in the Deeds Office in Pretoria, as well as the National Archives Repository in Pretoria.A mass grave containing the human remains of four people was also uncovered during the field work phase. Grave goods indicated the possibility that these were British soldiers and therefore information on the Anglo-Boer (South African) War in this area is included. The ruin of a building, said to be the remains of a coach house on the old coach route, was found a few metres northeast of the graveyard. Information in this regard is also included as it may shed light on the graves and the importance of the farm.The farm Wemmershuis was established in 1887, but it originally was a portion of another farm, Berg-en-Dal, which was established in 1862. The farm history assisted in obtaining the surnames of people who may have been buried in the graveyard. It also seems likely that the farm Wemmershuis was a stop on the route between Pretoria and the Lowveld and that people who died while traveling may also have been buried here.
Wit Terroriste: Afrikaner-saboteurs in die Ossewabrandwagjare
Authors: La Grange Anna
Published: August 2023

No abstract available.
Governance and management challenges in establishing Robben Island as a National Museum and a World Heritage Institution in post-apartheid South Africa
Authors: Davids Gregory , Blacky Nosipho
Published: August 2023

This article focuses on the governance and management challenges in establishing Robben Island as a world class National Museum and a World Heritage Site. The first democratically elected government of South Africa identified it to be established as a National Museum and World Heritage site. Robben Island conjures in the minds of South Africans, images of the hardship and suffering brought about by the apartheid system of the previous regime. Over the past twenty-seven years, RIM had been beset with governance and management challenges and received continual bad publicity. The article provides an understanding of what the major governance and managerial challenges were and makes recommendations to improve the management of the museum, based on the findings that emanated from the study.
Shadow state: The politics of state capture
Authors: Coetzee Emile C.
Published: August 2023

No abstract available.
Resistance and survival: Demolishing myths of disappearing people, minor chiefs and non-existent boundaries in the early 19th century Zuurveld of the Cape Colony
Authors: Wells Julia C.
Published: August 2023

Starting with fragments of information from the archives about a rebellious young man designated a “Ghona [Xhosa]” in 1820, the study constructed a plausible biography to be used in a dance performance. This uncovered several myths and omissions in historical writings about the western part of the historic “Zuurveld” area of today’s Eastern Cape. While many writers pronounced the Gonaqua to have disappeared from about 1750, they remained visible as a special category of versatile and innovative people at least through the 1850s. The imiDange Xhosa chiefs of this era were in the forefront of defending African interests against colonial encroachment, as occupants over a fifty-year period of the land north, south and west of the Fish River. The geographical location of the imiDange meant their fate was intimately linked to the colonial designation of the Fish River as a boundary between white and black. Their consistent role as resisters has been marginalised in historical writing, especially the strong defence they made in the Zuurberg mountains in the war of 1812. They challenged colonial practices not only militarily but also by trying to define the terms and conditions of labour relations. The disregard of boundaries reveals the complex dynamics of the contested frontier zone of encounter between Europeans and Africans prior to the defeat of the amaXhosa in late 1819. The study demonstrates the gains made by asking personal questions about marginal historic figures.
A case study of four South African War (1899-1902) Black concentration camps
Authors: Benneyworth Garth
Published: August 2023

On 11 October 1899, the South African War commenced between the British Empire and the South African Republic and Orange Free State Republic. This conflict saw the targeting of civilians by all sides throughout the conflict and a harbinger of 20th century “Total War”, when civilians and their resources were harnessed to support military objectives. Set against the prior use of concentration camps in Cuba and the Philippines, the war was followed by a genocidal campaign undertaken by Imperial Germany against the Herero people in German South West Africa in 1906.Although civilian internment in South Africa was not genocidal by design and purpose, it caused a high loss of life and lasting bitterness amongst Boer descendants. Black concentration camps, however, were far more lethal to their internees and designed along a completely different model. Their role was to coerce labour while supporting the British war effort in defeating the Republican forces. Through a work or starve policy, combined with withholding food, medical support and shelter, many perished from systemic neglect. Yet the memory of this experience of the black concentration camps has entered historical discourse only recently, in the last three decades.The area of study, examined by this article, is those black concentration camps established during 1901 to 1902, at Klip River Station, Witkop, Meyerton and Vereeniging, in the former South African Republic (ZAR). Contemporary tangible evidence of these camps remains fleeting. However, this article identifies where these camps existed and how they were integrated into the British military’s counter-guerrilla warfare strategy. This in turn enables further research into these camps that may conclusively establish their historic locations.
Cradock: How segregation and apartheid came to a South African town
Authors: Giliomee Hermann
Published: August 2023

No abstract available.
Die ossewa en sy spore [“The Oxwagon and its tracks” – Book review in English]
Authors: Wolfaardt Johan
Published: August 2023

No abstract available.
Charles Warren: Royal Engineer in the Age of Empire
Authors: Manson Andrew
Published: August 2023

No abstract available.
War party: How the ANC’s political killings are breaking South Africa
Authors: Mongale Collin O.
Published: August 2023

No abstract available.
Itraconazole and Posaconazole from Antifungal to Antiviral Drugs
Authors: AL-Khikani Falah Hasan Obayes
Published: August 2023

The extended spectrum of antifungal triazole such as posaconazole (POS) and itraconazole (ITZ) shows the active efficacy for prophylaxis and treatment of an invasive fungal infection that may cause various infections such as respiratory diseases. Active azoles' derivatives, especially POS and ITZ, with high biological efficacy and low toxicity have made new advances in azoles' compounds as antimicrobials. Recently, some studies focused on the potential antimicrobial action of POS and ITZ against some viruses such as influenza A virus, Ebola virus, and enteroviruses. In general, new treatment research is needed due to the continued expansion of viral diseases and the exponential growth in mortality rates. By discussing the most recent information about the antiviral action of POS and ITZ against certain viral infections, as well as attempting to gain a deep understanding of the major properties, mechanisms of action, immune system responses, and antimicrobial activity of POS and ITZ, this review may serve as an impetus for researchers working in the field of medical microbiology and antiviral drug design. Since the antiviral activity of POS and ITZ against various viruses by different mechanisms of actions including enveloped viral infection, besides its other unique properties such as prophylactic feature and host immunomodulatory effects, as a result of our review, it appears that POS and ITZ, as effective antifungi drugs, may offer the possibility of developing a novel therapeutic alternative or synergistic treatment for certain viruses.
DNA Binding and Cleavage Study of Novel Ruthenium (II)-Polypyridine-5-(3-pyridyl)-4H-1,2,4-Triazole-3-Thiol Complex on Escherichia Coli Genomic DNA
Authors: Santhiya Santhiya , Daniel Sheeba
Published: August 2023

Background:

Transition metal complexes especially Ruthenium-Polypyridyl complexes interact with multidentate ligands considered as a new therapeutic agent to make the possible DNA probes and conformers due to several interests owing to their potential applications. The aim of the present work is to concentrate on the binding and cleavage activity of [Ru(bpy)2(pytrzSH)2]2+ (complex 1) and [Ru(phen)2(pytrzSH)2]2+ (complex 2) (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, pytrzSH = 5-(3-pyridyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol) on Escherichia coli genomic DNA (gDNA).

Materials and Methods:

DNA binding and cleavage activity is carried out using ultraviolet-Visible spectral technique and Agarose gel electrophoresis method at three different concentrations against the standard genomic DNA isolated from E. coli bacteria.

Results:

The changes in the absorbance and wavelength upon incremental addition of the complexes on gDNA clearly depict the binding nature of complexes. The binding constant values for ligand centered and metal to ligand charge transfer transitions obtained from the Benesi Hildebrand plots are found to be 1.560 × 104 and 9.586 × 104 M−1 for complex 1 and 3.594 × 104 and 9.801 × 105 M−1 for complex 2. The results revealed that complex 2 shows better binding property than complex 1 on E. coli gDNA. The extent of DNA cleavage activity of the synthesized complexes on E. coli gDNA is determined from the band intensities, complex 2 shows full cleavage in all the three concentrations, whereas complex 1 exhibits full cleavage at 100 μg/mL. The cleaving ability depends on the nature of the ligands present in the complexes.

Conclusion:

The synthesized [Ru(bpy)2(pytrzSH)2]2+ (complex 1) and [Ru(phen)2(pytrzSH)2]2+ (complex 2) bind with the E. coli gDNA through electrostatic and intercalative modes. The [Ru(phen)2(pytrzSH)2]2+ complex 2 shows better cleavage activity than [Ru(bpy)2(pytrzSH)2]2+ complex 1.