bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of a low viscosity amphoteric polyacrylamide and its application in oilfield profile control
Authors: Pu Wanfen , Tian Kaiping , Wang Hongzhou
Published: August 2022

A low viscosity amphoteric polyacrylamide (LHPAM) was synthesized with Acrylamide and a Cationic etherifying agent. FTIR, SEM, and EDS all suggest that it successfully synthesized a new material. It can be demonstrated from TG and DSC that the temperature resistance of LHPAM is higher than that of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) and it can be found from ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer that the flocculability of LHPAM is stronger than that of HPAM. The viscosity testing shows that the viscosity of LHPAM is greater than that of HPAM at the beginning, but the viscosity of LHPAM has been ultimately lower than that of HPAM after 1d. In addition, LHPAM reacts with Cr3+ to form a gel with an interpenetrating network structure, while HPAM is a gel with a comb‐shaped system, and the gelation time of LHPAM is longer than that of HPAM. However, the final gelation strength is the same. The final flow experiment shows that the plugging rates of LHPAM and HPAM are greater than 95%, but the resistance coefficient of LHPAM is smaller than that of HPAM. This study expands the application of HPAM in profile control and water shutoff, which is of great significance for enhanced oil recovery.
Upcycling of Poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) to Valuable Chemicals by TBD‐Catalyzed Efficient Methanolysis Strategy
Authors: Dong Bingzhe , Xu Guangqiang , Yang Rulin , Wang Qinggang
Published: August 2022

As a petroleum‐derived polyester material, poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) (PCL) plays an essential role in biomedical field due to its excellent biocompatibility and non‐toxicity. With the increasing use of PCL in recent years, its waste disposal has become a significant challenge. To address this challenge, we demonstrate a high‐efficiency organocatalysis strategy for the chemical upcycling of PCL to valuable chemical. Among organocatalysts explored in this article, 1,5,7‐triazabicyclo[4,4,0]dec‐5‐ene (TBD) shows superior performance for transforming end‐of‐life poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) into highly value‐added methyl 6‐hydroxyhexanoate with quantitative conversion in a short time. The endwise unzipping depolymerization mechanism is corroborated by monitoring molecular weight during depolymerization process and 1H NMR control experiments. Furthermore, this approach is also practicable for large‐scale depolymerization for commercial PCL plastics, providing idea for promoting the sustainable development of PCL plastics.
Approximation of single‐barrier options partial differential equations using feed‐forward neural network
Authors: Umeorah Nneka , Mba Jules Clement
Published: August 2022

Artificial neural networks are generally employed in the numerical solution of differential equation problems. In this article, we propose an approach that deals with the combination of the feed‐forward neural network method and the optimization technique in solving the partial differential equation arising from the valuation of barrier options. The methodology entails transforming the extended Black–Scholes partial differential equations (PDE), which defines a barrier option, into a constrained optimization problem, and then proposing a trial solution that reduces the differential equation problem to an unconstrained one. This trial function consists of the adjustable and non‐adjustable neural network parameters. We design it to be differentiable, analytic, and satisfy the initial and boundary conditions of the corresponding option pricing PDE. We compare the corresponding option values to the Monte‐Carlo simulated values, Crank–Nicolson finite‐difference values and the exact Black–Scholes prices. Numerical results presented in this research show that neural networks can sufficiently solve PDE‐related problems with sufficient precision and accuracy. Furthermore, they can be applied in the fast and accurate valuation of financial derivatives without closed analytic forms.
Ultrathin Magnesium Metal Anode – An Essential Component for High‐Energy‐Density Magnesium Battery Materialization
Authors: Mandai Toshihiko , Somekawa Hidetoshi
Published: August 2022

Invited for this month's cover picture is the group from National Institute for Materials Science, Japan. The cover picture shows the rechargeable magnesium batteries incorporating ultrathin magnesium metal foils with the energy densities of 72 Wh kg−1 based on the weight of both cathodes and anodes. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/batt.202200153
Blinded sample size recalculation in adaptive enrichment designs
Authors: Placzek Marius , Friede Tim
Published: August 2022

In the precision medicine era, (prespecified) subgroup analyses are an integral part of clinical trials. Incorporating multiple populations and hypotheses in the design and analysis plan, adaptive designs promise flexibility and efficiency in such trials. Adaptations include (unblinded) interim analyses (IAs) or blinded sample size reviews. An IA offers the possibility to select promising subgroups and reallocate sample size in further stages. Trials with these features are known as adaptive enrichment designs. Such complex designs comprise many nuisance parameters, such as prevalences of the subgroups and variances of the outcomes in the subgroups. Additionally, a number of design options including the timepoint of the sample size review and timepoint of the IA have to be selected. Here, for normally distributed endpoints, we propose a strategy combining blinded sample size recalculation and adaptive enrichment at an IA, that is, at an early timepoint nuisance parameters are reestimated and the sample size is adjusted while subgroup selection and enrichment is performed later. We discuss implications of different scenarios concerning the variances as well as the timepoints of blinded review and IA and investigate the design characteristics in simulations. The proposed method maintains the desired power if planning assumptions were inaccurate and reduces the sample size and variability of the final sample size when an enrichment is performed. Having two separate timepoints for blinded sample size review and IA improves the timing of the latter and increases the probability to correctly enrich a subgroup.
Circular reasoning, confessions and abusive head trauma: A critical analysis of Edwards et al. (2020)
Authors: Lynøe Niels , Eriksson Anders
Published: August 2022

A major issue in current clinical research regarding shaken baby syndrome (SBS) and abusive head trauma (AHT) has been described as circular reasoning. Circular reasoning in this context means that a child protection team makes the SBS/AHT diagnosis, and that this diagnosis is also used as the reference test (gold standard) when researchers classify SBS/AHT cases as true positive cases. Circular reasoning results in a high risk of bias. In order to avoid this, videotaped, witnessed and spontaneously confessed shaking has been suggested as the currently least problematic means to avoid circular reasoning. Against this backdrop it is welcomed that Edwards et al. (2020) have conducted a systematic literature review in order to identify studies where someone has confessed to have shaken a baby with or without signs of impact. Even though Edwards et al. dismissed the risk of bias due to false confessions, false confessions can occur, e.g. if an expert witness convinces police and/or prosecutor that, in a case of isolated retino‐dural haemorrhages (i.e. without signs of impact), violent shaking is the only possible mechanism. In such cases circular reasoning can hardly be avoided. In the best world, circumstances under which confessions are provided should be documented by video recording to allow critical assessment.

Edwards et al., and Adamsbaum et al. (2010), explicitly make an important distinction between two major stated reasons for shaking a baby: a) shaking after a baby's collapse as a revival attempt, and b) shaking due to anger, frustration due to colicky crying, etc. Based on this distinction, we propose that these two major stated reasons for shaking actually should be separated, and that a caregiver who claims that he/she did shake the infant but as a revival attempt can be telling the truth. This hypothesis could be tested, e.g. by analysing the effect of AHT preventive interventions after separating the two categories of stated reason for shaking. Edwards et al. criticised the Swedish SBU report for having included only two (2) confession studies and claimed that they themselves, with their systematic literature review, ‘clearly refute the argument that there are insufficient data within the published literature to support shaking as an important cause of AHT’. The correctness and relevance of this criticism depends on the research question, the difference between ‘data’ and ‘evidence’, as well as if the inclusion criteria, the exclusion criteria and the applied quality assessment are in accordance with the accepted principles of systematic literature reviews and evidence‐based medicine.
Anchor‐based crowd formation transformation
Authors: Li Yihao , Huang Tianyu , Liu Yifan , Chang Xiaojun , Ding Gangyi
Published: August 2022

Crowd formation transformation is the process of controlling crowd movement under high constraints, which has received massive attention in recent years due to its ability to generate high‐quality visual effects. It is challenging because of the complexity and the lack of evaluation standard. This study introduces an anchor‐based crowd formation transformation control method that achieves highly controllable crowd movement by extracting anchors and optimizing a loss function based on anchor constraints. In addition, we propose a series of metrics to assist users in quantifying a segment of group motion. Some cases not considered in past work are designed to demonstrate the superiority of this method. With the help of proposed metrics, it could be found that in addition to being able to uniquely accomplish some tasks, our method also exhibits higher control over the crowd in other scenarios. Compared with methods of other research, our method has significant advantages in diversity and controllability of the generated results.
A Raman spectroscopy–compositional–structural investigation of lunar surface materials and analogues
Authors: Cloutis Edward , Turenne Nathalie , Sidhu Sahejpal , Connell Stephanie , Applin Daniel
Published: August 2022

We investigated the Raman spectroscopy of 35 rock and mineral samples of composition relevant to the lunar surface: pyroxenes, olivine, plagioclase feldspars and oxides. The Raman spectra were analysed in the context of their compositional and structural properties to develop robust correlations to enable their detection on the lunar surface by Raman spectroscopy. We developed and implemented a spectral deconvolution program to model the fluorescence background and various Raman peaks to extract their positions in wavenumber space. Relations were developed between the Raman peak positions of pyroxenes around 325, 670 and 1000 cm−1 with their compositions in terms of enstatite, ferrosilite and wollastonite components. For olivines, we verified previously determined correlations between the positions of the olivine‐related peak doublet between 800 and 880 cm−1 with forsterite content. We also discuss the main signatures detected in the Raman spectra of plagioclases and oxides. The derived relationships were examined using Raman spectra of the matrix and several inclusions of the lunar meteorite NWA12593. We were able to identify the main endmembers of the selected surface spots as pyroxenes, plagioclase feldspars and olivine. We used the previous correlations to separate orthopyroxene from clinopyroxene signatures and to propose a composition of the inclusions of the meteorite. The results of this study demonstrate the utility of Raman spectroscopy for determining the mineralogy of the lunar surface.
Oxygen Healing and CO2/H2/Anisole Dissociation on Reduced Molybdenum Oxide Surfaces Studied by Density Functional Theory
Authors: Lal Bose Abir , Agarwal Vishal
Published: August 2022

Reduced molybdenum oxides are versatile catalysts for deoxygenation and hydrodeoxygenation reactions. In this work, we have performed spin‐polarized DFT calculations to investigate oxygen healing energies on reduced molybdenum oxides (reduced α‐MoO3, γ‐Mo4O11 and MoO2). We find that Mo+4 on MoO2 (100) is the most active for abstracting an oxygen from the oxygenated compounds. We further explored CO2 adsorption and dissociation on reduced α‐MoO3 (010) and MoO2 (100). In comparison to reduced α‐MoO3 (010), CO2 adsorbs more strongly on MoO2 (100). We find that CO2 dissociates on MoO2 (100) via a two‐step process, the overall barrier for which is 0.6 eV. This barrier is 1.7 eV lower than that on reduced α‐MoO3 (010), suggesting a much higher activity for deoxygenation of CO2 to CO. As H2 dissociation is shown to be the rate‐limiting step for hydrodeoxygenation reactions, we also studied activation barriers for H2 chemisorption on MoO2 (100). We find that the chemisorption barriers are 0.7 eV lower than that reported on reduced α‐MoO3 (010). Finally, we have studied the dissociation (C−O cleavage) of anisole (a lignin‐based biofuel model compound) on MoO2 (100). We find that anisole binds very strongly on MoO2 (100) with an adsorption energy of −1.47 eV. According to Sabatier's principle, strongly adsorbing reactants poison the catalyst surface, which may explain the low activity of MoO2 observed during experiments for hydrodeoxygenation of anisole.
Aggregation Induced Emission (AIE)‐Active Poly(acrylates) for Electrofluorochromic Detection of Nitroaromatic Compounds
Authors: Chua Ming Hui , Chin Kang Le Osmund , Ang Shi Jun , Soo Xiang Yun Debbie , Png Zhuang Mao , Zhu Qiang , Xu Jianwei
Published: August 2022

Two aggregation induced emission (AIE)‐active poly(acrylates) bearing triphenylvinyl‐functionalized phenylcarbazole and triphenylamine pendants, respectively, were synthesized. Their fluorescence response to nitroaromatics and electrofluorochromic (EFC) properties were studied, whereby both the presence of nitroaromatics and applied voltages led to fluorescence quenching. In a very first attempt to perform EFC detection of nitroaromatics, it was surprisingly found that after initial fluorescence quenching, the presence of nitroaromatics unexpectedly turned on fluorescence at high applied voltages (>+1.0 V), demonstrating a promising approach for the EFC detection of nitroaromatic explosives.
Interactive effects of functional traits and rainfall event size on stemflow in a tropical montane cloud forest
Authors: González‐Martínez Teresa Margarita , Williams‐Linera Guadalupe , Holwerda Friso
Published: August 2022

This study analyses how rainfall (P) event size influences the effect of functional traits on stemflow volume of woody plants in a tropical montane cloud forest. In addition, it was investigated whether multiple regression models based on functional traits provide better predictions of stemflow volume than allometric equations using only basal area (BA). Eighteen functional traits of size, structure, bark and leaf of woody plants in the overstory, midstory and understory were analysed. Stemflow volume was determined to a greater extent by size traits, mainly basal area and crown area, with these relationships becoming stronger as P event size increased. Stemflow volume was also influenced by other traits that affect the efficiency with which individuals produced stemflow. The crown area/basal area ratio showed the strongest correlation with the stemflow production efficiency metrics (funnelling ratio and stemflow proportion). Bark traits had a negative effect on funnelling ratio and stemflow proportion, with a tendency to be stronger in smaller P events, while vascular epiphyte cover showed the opposite trend. Multiple regression models with two to three variables explained 43 to 81% of stemflow volume variation, depending on P event size. For P events <15 mm, the fit was generally better for multiple regression models than for basal area models, while for P events >15 mm, differences among models were small. Functional traits largely define stemflow at the level of individual plants, but this relationship is mediated by P event size.
Lewis Superacidic Divalent Bis(m‐terphenyl)element Cations [(2,6‐Mes2C6H3)2E]+of Group 13 Revisited and Extended (E=B, Al, Ga, In, Tl)
Authors: Duvinage Daniel , Malaspina Lorraine A. , Grabowsky Simon , Mebs Stefan , Beckmann Jens
Published: August 2022

In a combined experimental and computational study, the molecular and electronic structures of the divalent bis(m‐terphenyl)element cations [(2,6‐Mes2C6H3)2E]+of group 13 (1, E=B;2, E=Al;3, E=Ga;4, E=In;5, E=Tl) were investigated. The preparation and characterization of2,3and5were previously reported by Wehmschulte's (Organometallics2004, 23, 1965–1967;J. Am. Chem. Soc.2003,125, 1470–1471) and our groups (Organometallics2009,28, 6893–6901). The indinium ion4was prepared and fully characterized for the first time. Attempts to prepare the borinium ion1by fluoride or hydride abstraction were unsuccessful. The electronic structures of1–5and the stabilization by the bulkym‐terphenyl substituents were analyzed using quantum chemical calculations and compared to the divalent bis(m‐terphenyl)pnictogenium ions [(2,6‐Mes2C6H3)2E]+of group 15 (6, E=P;7, E=As;8, E=Sb;9, E=Bi) previously investigated by our group (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2018,57, 10080–10084). The calculated fluoride ion affinities (FIA) of1–9are higher than that of SbF5, which classifies them as Lewis superacids.
Fluorescent Probe for the Monitoring of Plasma Membrane Hydration
Authors: Flores‐Cruz Ricardo , Hernández‐Juárez Cinthia , Jiménez‐Sánchez Arturo
Published: August 2022

Subcellular microenvironment plays a crucial role in maintaining cell homeostasis being hydration an essential parameter to monitor the variations of lipid organization in biological membranes. Fluorescent microenvironment‐sensitive probes are stimuli‐responsive molecules and able to change their fluorescence profile according to the microenvironment properties (polarity, hydration, microviscosity and tension). Here we present an organic fluorescent probe, NPM‐1, as a new microenvironmental dye with selective plasma membrane localization in live cells. Using high‐resolution confocal microscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy, we explored the hydration and polarity variations during the formation of apoptotic bodies in real time. To have a clear understanding of the cell microenvironment variations, an analogue polarity probe able to localize the cytosol and nucleoli was also synthetized, CellPol‐1. Then, we were able to monitor the subcellular hydration variations during the apoptotic body dynamics.
Glucocorticoid treatment in patients with complex regional pain syndrome: A systematic review
Authors: van den Berg Corinne , de Bree Pim N. , Huygen Frank J. P. M. , Tiemensma Jitske
Published: August 2022

Background and objective

The pathophysiology of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is multifactorial, with an exaggerated inflammatory response being the most prominent. Treatment for CRPS is carried out according to the presenting pathophysiological mechanism. Anti‐inflammatory treatment with glucocorticoids is therefore an option. The aim of this study was to systematically review the efficacy of glucocorticoids in CRPS.

Databases and data treatment

Embase, Medline, Web of Science and Google Scholar were systematically searched for articles focusing on glucocorticoid treatment and CRPS. Screening based on title and abstract was followed by full‐text reading (including reference lists) to determine the final set of relevant articles. Bias was assessed using the revised Cochrane risk‐of‐bias‐tool for randomized trials (Rob2).

Results

Forty‐one studies were included, which reported on 1208 CRPS patients. A wide variety of glucocorticoid administration strategies were applied, with oral being the most frequently chosen. Additionally, researchers found great heterogeneity in outcome parameters, including clinical symptoms, pain relief and range of motion. The use of glucocorticoids caused an improvement of parameters in all but two studies. In particular, improvement in pain relief and range of motion were reported. Using glucocorticoids in CRPS of longer duration (i.e. more than 3 months) appears to be less effective.

Conclusion

Based on the present review, there is evidence to support glucocorticoid treatment in CRPS. However, the ideal administration route and dose remain unclear. We therefore recommend future research via an intervention study, as well as studies on the aetiological mechanisms and corresponding optimal treatment because CRPS pathogenesis is only partially understood.

Significance

Several studies point towards CRPS being an inflammatory response after tissue or nerve damage, with higher levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in serum, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid and artificial skin blisters. Inflammation provides a possible role for glucocorticoids in treating CRPS. This systematic review provides a structured overview of glucocorticoid treatment in patients with CRPS. Improvement in pain and range of motion is shown.

Systematic review registration number: PROSPERO‐CRD42020144671.
Cornerstones of a sustainable national quality policy: A qualitative study based on international expert opinions
Authors: Brouwers Jonas , Claessens Fien , Castro Eva Marie , Van Wilder Astrid , Eeckloo Kristof , Bruyneel Luk , De Ridder Dirk , Vanhaecht Kris
Published: August 2022

Background

National initiatives launched to improve the quality of care have grown exponentially over the last decade. Public reporting, accreditation and governmental inspection form the basis for quality in Flemish (Belgian) hospitals. Due to the lack of evidence for these national initiatives and the questions concerning their sustainability, our research aims to identify cornerstones of a sustainable national quality policy for acute‐care hospitals based on international expert opinion.

Methods

A qualitative study was conducted using in‐depth semi‐structured interviews with 12 renowned international quality and patient safety experts selected by purposive sampling. Interviews focussed on participants' perspectives and their recommendations for a future, sustainable quality policy. Inductive analysis was carried out with themes being generated from the data using the constant comparison method.

Results

Three major and five minor themes were identified and integrated into a framework as a basis for national quality policies. Quality culture, minimum requirements for quality education and quality control as well as continuous learning and improvement act as cornerstones of this framework.

Conclusions

Complementary to the current national policy, this study demonstrated the need for profound attention to quality cultures in acute‐care hospitals. Policymakers need to provide a control system and minimum requirements for quality education for all healthcare workers. A model for continuous learning and improvement with data feedback loops has to be installed in each hospital to obtain a sustainable quality system. This framework can inspire policymakers to further develop bottom‐up initiatives in co‐governance with all relevant stakeholders adapted to individual hospitals' context.
Evaluation and Management of Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Summary Statement and Guidelines from the Fifth International Workshop
Authors: Bilezikian John P. , Khan Aliya A. , Silverberg Shonni J. , Fuleihan Ghada El-Hajj , Marcocci Claudio , Minisola Salvatore , Perrier Nancy , Sitges-Serra Antonio , Thakker Rajesh V. , Guyatt Gordon , Mannstadt Michael , Potts John T. , Clarke Bart L. , Brandi Maria Luisa ,   On behalf of the International Workshop on Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Published: August 2022

The last international guidelines on the evaluation and management of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) were published in 2014. Research since that time has led to new insights into epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, measurements, genetics, outcomes, presentations, new imaging modalities, target and other organ systems, pregnancy, evaluation, and management. Advances in all these areas are demonstrated by the reference list in which the majority of listings were published after the last set of guidelines. It was thus, timely to convene an international group of over 50 experts to review these advances in our knowledge. Four Task Forces considered: 1. Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Genetics; 2. Classical and Nonclassical Features; 3. Surgical Aspects; and 4. Management. For Task Force 4 on the Management of PHPT, Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) methodology addressed surgical management of asymptomatic PHPT and non-surgical medical management of PHPT. The findings of this systematic review that applied GRADE methods to randomized trials are published as part of this series. Task Force 4 also reviewed a much larger body of new knowledge from observations studies that did not specifically fit the criteria of GRADE methodology. The full reports of these 4 Task Forces immediately follow this summary statement. Distilling the essence of all deliberations of all Task Force reports and Methodological reviews, we offer, in this summary statement, evidence-based recommendations and guidelines for the evaluation and management of PHPT. Different from the conclusions of the last workshop, these deliberations have led to revisions of renal guidelines and more evidence for the other recommendations. The accompanying papers present an in-depth discussion of topics summarized in this report. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Osteoblast Lineage Support of Hematopoiesis in Health and Disease
Authors: Kim Matthew J. , Valderrábano Rodrigo J. , Wu Joy Y.
Published: August 2022

In mammals, hematopoiesis migrates to the bone marrow during embryogenesis coincident with the appearance of mineralized bone, where hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and their progeny are maintained by the surrounding microenvironment or niche, and sustain the entirety of the hematopoietic system. Genetic manipulation of niche factors and advances in cell lineage tracing techniques have implicated cells of both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic origin as important regulators of hematopoiesis in health and disease. Among them, cells of the osteoblast lineage, from stromal skeletal stem cells to matrix-embedded osteocytes, are vital niche residents with varying capacities for hematopoietic support depending on stage of differentiation. Here, we review populations of osteoblasts at differing stages of differentiation and summarize the current understanding of the role of the osteoblast lineage in supporting hematopoiesis. © 2022 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Classical and Nonclassical Manifestations of Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: El-Hajj Fuleihan Ghada , Chakhtoura Marlene , Cipriani Cristiana , Eastell Richard , Karonova Tatiana , Liu Jian-Min , Minisola Salvatore , Mithal Ambrish , Moreira Carolina A , Peacock Munro , Schini Marian , Silva Barbara , Walker Marcella , El Zein Ola , Marcocci Claudio
Published: August 2022

This narrative review summarizes data on classical and nonclassical manifestations of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). It is based on a rigorous literature search, inclusive of a Medline search for systematic reviews from 1940 to December 2020, coupled with a targeted search for original publications, covering four databases, from January 2013–December 2020, and relevant articles from authors’ libraries. We present the most recent information, identify knowledge gaps, and suggest a research agenda. The shift in the presentation of PHPT from a predominantly symptomatic to an asymptomatic disease, with its varied manifestations, has presented several challenges. Subclinical nephrolithiasis and vertebral fractures are common in patients with asymptomatic disease. The natural history of asymptomatic PHPT with no end organ damage at diagnosis is unclear. Some observational and cross-sectional studies continue to show associations between PHPT and cardiovascular and neuropsychological abnormalities, among the different disease phenotypes. Their causal relationship is uncertain. Limited new data are available on the natural history of skeletal, renal, cardiovascular, neuropsychological, and neuromuscular manifestations and quality of life. Normocalcemic PHPT (NPHPT) is often diagnosed without the fulfillment of rigorous criteria. Randomized clinical trials have not demonstrated a consistent long-term benefit of parathyroidectomy (PTX) versus observation on nonclassical manifestations. We propose further refining the definition of asymptomatic disease, into two phenotypes: one without and one with evidence of target organ involvement, upon the standard evaluation detailed in our recommendations. Each of these phenotypes can present with or without non-classical manifestations. We propose multiple albumin-adjusted serum calcium determinations (albumin-adjusted and ionized) and exclusion of all secondary causes of high parathyroid hormone (PTH) when establishing the diagnosis of NPHPT. Refining the definition of asymptomatic disease into the phenotypes proposed will afford insights into their natural history and response to interventions. This would also pave the way for the development of evidence-based guidance and recommendations. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Bone Mineral Density Is Inversely Associated With Mortality in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Jiang Chao , Yan Chongnan , Duan Jingzhu
Published: August 2022

Low bone mineral density (BMD) is suggested to be associated with increased mortality in the general health population, but the relationship in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients is still unclear. We performed a meta-analysis to investigate the association of BMD in different sites with risk of all-cause mortality in CKD patients. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science to identify eligible cohort studies that evaluated the association between BMD at different sites and risk of all-cause mortality in CKD patients. Twelve cohort studies were identified, which included 2828 CKD patients and 1052 deaths. Compared with normal/high level of total body BMD, lower total body BMD was associated with 25% higher risk of all-cause mortality. The pooled relative risk (RR) was 1.25 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09, 1.42) with little heterogeneity across studies. Regarding BMD measured at different sites, the risk of all-cause mortality was highest for lower BMD at hip/femoral neck (pooled RR = 1.69; 95% CI 1.20, 2.40). The pooled RRs were 1.26 (95% CI 1.04, 1.53) and 1.17 (95% CI 1.00, 1.37) for lower BMD at arm and spine, respectively. Similarly, the risk of death for per SD decrease in BMD was also higher at hip/femoral neck (pooled RR = 1.43, 95% CI 1.15, 1.77) compared with arm (pooled RR = 1.03, 95% CI 1.00, 1.06) and spine (pooled RR = 1.17, 95% CI 0.98, 1.39). In conclusion, lower BMD values at hip, arm, spine, as well as the whole body are associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality in CKD patients. The excess risk is highest for patients with lower BMD at hip/femoral neck, suggesting BMD measured at hip region may be the best indicator of mortality risk in CKD patients. © 2022 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Comparison of different extractive distillation processes for chloroform/n‐hexane separation: design and control
Authors: Zeng Xingyan , Yu Jianting , Zhu Lin , Lv Liping , Zhou Qian , Zhang Chunhua
Published: August 2022

Background

When extracting total glycosides from Panax notoginseng, a waste liquid containing chloroform and n‐hexane will be produced. These waste liquids are not separated and recycled in time, which will not only waste resources but also cause environmental pollution. Chloroform and n‐hexane form an azeotrope which cannot be separated by ordinary distillation methods. This study proposes three extractive distillation processes to separate the chloroform/n‐hexane azeotrope: conventional extractive distillation (ED), side‐stream extractive distillation (SSED) and extractive dividing wall column (EDWC). The total annual cost (TAC) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of the three options were compared, and the optimal process was selected. Furthermore, this research developed dynamic control of the optimal process.

Results

Compared with ED, from the perspective of economic indicators, the SSED process showed 18.9% reduction in TAC yet the EDWC process showed 33.2% reduction in TAC. In terms of CO2 emission indicators, the EDWC process also is more advantageous. Three control structures thus were developed for EDWC: applying ±5% or ±10% feed flow disturbance, and feed composition disturbance. The results show that CS3 with temperature composition cascade control structure can perfectly control all disturbances.

Conclusion

This paper designs an economical, environmentally friendly and controllable chloroform/n‐hexane azeotropic separation process, which can provide a reference for the industrial application of chloroform/n‐hexane separation. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Caspase 3‐like protease is involved in ethylene‐induced programmed cell death during aerenchyma formation in Helianthus annuus stem
Authors: Ni Xi‐Lu , Hou Hui , Xie Qinmi , Zhang Haiying , Yan Peixuan , Lv Yingze
Published: August 2022

Previous research has reported that hypoxic conditions and ethylene treatments greatly trigger programmed cell death (PCD) occurrence and induce the formation of aerenchyma to adapt stress environment in Helianthus annuus stem. Caspase 3‐like protease (CLP) as regulatory signals, also be involved in the process of PCD to adapt the low oxygen environment. However, the relationships between ethylene and CLP have seldom been reported. Herein, To understand the regulatory role of ethylene and CLP signaling molecules in aerenchyma formation, we investigated the effects of exogenous ethephon (ET), ethylene perception inhibitor 1‐methylcyclopropene (1‐MCP), and the treatment of 1‐MCP + ET on morphological, physiological characteristics and aerenchyma formation in H. annuus stem. The results showed that lysigenous aerenchyma formation in H. annuus stem is induced by ET, and immunohistochemistry assay indicate CLP activity is raised at the formation stage of aerenchyma formation, and decreased at the expanding phase of aerenchyma formation. Western blotting illustrate the expression of CLP is also increased within 8 h after ethylene signaling inducing aerenchyma formation, and the activities of CLP are higher in ET treated seedlings than the control and 1‐MCP treated seedlings. The same phenomenon was also observed by caspase‐3 activity assay. These results revealed there is a causal and interdependent relationship between ET and CLP signaling during the process of aerenchyma formation, which regulating PCD initiation in H. annuus stem.
Differentiation Between Internal Carotid Artery Hypoplasia and Acquired Narrowing by Neurovascular Ultrasound: Case Series and Literature Review
Authors: Chen Yan‐ru , Li Wen‐qi , Liu Ji‐hong
Published: August 2022

Uniformly narrowed internal carotid artery (ICA) without proximal steno‐occlusion or parietal anomalies is often subject to misdiagnosis due to lack of awareness. We combined our experiences of 4 cases with 29 previously published cases to form a retrospective series including 18 cases of ICA hypoplasia and 15 cases of ICA acquired narrowing. The ultrasonic manifestations of ICA acquired narrowing and ICA hypoplasia are extremely similar, but narrowed ICA without intracranial occlusion or bottle‐neck‐sign highly indicates ICA hypoplasia, whereas moyamoya vessels favor ICA acquired narrowing, thus promoting the understanding of and discriminability between the two on neurovascular ultrasound.
Build a resilient team to help your office thrive
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: August 2022

Working together for about 10 years, Kris Anderson, Heather Pearson, and Heather Kretz experienced professional triumphs and failures. Within their team, there were marriages, deaths, and many other events that impacted team members in positive and negative ways.
Resource roundup: Podcasts and blogs to add to your reading (and listening) list
Authors: Talarico Donna
Published: August 2022

No matter how long we've been in our respective positions and no matter how well we do at our jobs, there's always room for learning. There's also no shortage of information out there for people who work in higher education, which means it can also be hard to sift through what's available — and what's actually valuable.
Realities of future international student mobility
Authors: Dennis Marguerite J.
Published: August 2022

In 2020, 222 million students were enrolled in colleges and universities worldwide, more than doubling the 100 million who were enrolled in 2000. Of that number, 5 million students enrolled in higher education institutions outside their home countries, generating nearly $5 billion annually.
Did court dismiss graduate student's Title IX claim?
Authors: Lyerly Eric
Published: August 2022

A University of Northern Colorado graduate student met a female student, “Ms. Doe.” Doe and the student went to a tap house and coffee shop, where they had conversations and “did a lot of dares.”
Authenticity, student support grows enrollment
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: August 2022

When Steve Robinson became Senior Associate Vice President for Enrollment Management at the University of Utah two and a half years ago, what he learned about the institution during the job search process convinced him it was a sleeping giant.
The impact of optical excitation on the binding in complexes of the cationic gold dimer: Au2+N2${\rm{Au}_{2}^{+}} {\rm{N}_{2}} $ and Au2+N2O${\rm{Au}_{2}^{+}} {\rm{N}_{2}{\rm{O}}} $
Authors: Förstel Marko , Nahvi Nima‐Noah , Pollow Kai , Studemund Taarna , Green Alice E. , Fielicke André , Mackenzie Stuart R. , Dopfer Otto
Published: August 2022

The vibrationally resolved Ã2Σ+ ←
Σ+ transitions of and are reported together with a detailed characterization of important geometric and electronic properties, enabling a deep understanding of the bonding mechanism at the molecular level. Comparison with time‐dependent density functional theory calculations reveals that the ligand stabilizes the entity in the Σ+ state by donating electron density into the half‐filled bonding orbital leading to the strengthening of the , , and bonds. This effect is reversed in the Ã2Σ+ state, where the bonding orbital is already filled and the ligand destabilizes the bond by donating into the antibonding orbitals of . The spectral detail obtained provides a deep understanding of the interplay of multiple electronic states in gas‐phase metal‐complex cations, opening the door for a systematic approach in the study of excited state reactivity in organometallic chemistry.

Key points

High‐resolution spectroscopic characterization of complexes by photodissociation of mass‐selected ions in the optical range and determination of fundamental molecular constants and ligand binding energies

Detailed insight into geometric and electronic structure of ground and excited state of catalytically relevant gold cluster cations

Effect of ligands on chemical bonding and reactivity of in ground and excited electronic state
Visualizations throughout pharmacoepidemiology study planning, implementation, and reporting
Authors: Gatto Nicolle M. , Wang Shirley V. , Murk William , Mattox Pattra , Brookhart M. Alan , Bate Andrew , Schneeweiss Sebastian , Rassen Jeremy A.
Published: August 2022

Transparency is increasingly promoted to instill trust in nonrandomized studies using real‐world data. Graphics and data visualizations support transparency by aiding communication and understanding, and can inform study design and analysis decisions. However, other than graphical representation of a study design and flow diagrams (e.g., a Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials [CONSORT] like diagram), specific standards on how to maximize validity and transparency with visualization are needed. This paper provides guidance on how to use visualizations throughout the life cycle of a pharmacoepidemiology study—from initial study design to final report—to facilitate rationalized and transparent decision‐making about study design and implementation, and clear communication of study findings. Our intent is to help researchers align their practices with current consensus statements on transparency.
Editor's Note
Authors: Mick Connie Snyder
Published: August 2022

This note from the editor provides a brief summary of the articles contained in this issue and invites readers to respond and submit their own articles.
Potential of citrus endophyte Bacillus subtilisL1‐21 in the control of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus in Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri
Authors: Li Jian , He Pengfei , He Pengbo , Li Yongmei , Wu Yixin , Lu Zhanjun , Li Xingyu , Yang Yongchao , Wang Yuehu , Guo Jun , Munir Shahzad , He Yueqiu
Published: August 2022

BACKGROUND

Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), also known as Diaphorina citri, is the natural vector of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), which is responsible for Huanglongbing (HLB), a devastating citrus disease. Previously, the pathogen was successfully excluded from diseased citrus plants by using the indigenous endophyte Bacillus subtilis L1‐21. However, the pathogen elimination and colonization potential of B. subtilis L1‐21 in the carrier vector ACP, as well as the recruitment of native microbial communities of psyllid in the presence of endophytes, are still unknown.

RESULTS

Initially, we suggested that endophyte L1‐21 reduced the CLas copies in ACP from 6.58 × 106 to 5.04 × 104 per insect after 48 h, however, the pathogen copies remained stable in the negative control. The endophyte was stable for 48 h after application. Among the bacterial genera those highlighted in ACP were Candidatus Liberibacter, Pseudomonas, Candidatus Profftella, Methylobacterium‐Methylorubrum, Pantoea, Curtobacterium, Wolbachia, Actinomycetospora, and Bacillus. Interestingly, B. subtilis L1‐21 easily colonizes the midgut of ACP but cannot be detected in eggs. When ACP with endophyte L1‐21 was allowed to feed on new citrus leaves, the highest colonization was observed. We also found that psyllids carrying endophyte L1‐21 after feeding on citrus leaves reduced the CLas copies in leaves on the 0, 3rd and 5th day from 8.18 × 10,4 2.6 × 10,3 and 0 pathogen copies/g fresh midvein, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

We propose that B. subtilis L1‐21 is a native endophyte in citrus and psyllid, which efficiently reduces the CLas pathogen in both citrus and psyllids, provides a more protective effect by increasing the number of cultivable endophytes, and successfully colonizes the midgut of ACP. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
The Piezoelectricity and Doping‐Induced Ferromagnetism of Janus XYP2 (X/Y = Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb; X ≠ Y) Monolayers
Authors: Jiang Shujuan , Zheng Guang-ping
Published: August 2022

2D materials that possess multifunctional properties are of great interest for applications in semiconducting devices. Herein, a series of novel Janus XYP2 (X/Y = Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb; X ≠ Y) monolayers with good stability, electronic, mechanical, piezoelectric properties, as well as ferromagnetic properties are predicted based on density functional theory. They are all indirect‐bandgap semiconductors with bandgaps varying from 0.56 to 2.18 eV. The monolayers exhibit in‐plane and out‐of‐plane piezoelectricity with large piezoelectric coefficients, suggesting that they are promising piezoelectric materials for nanoelectromechanical systems. In SiGeP2, GeSnP2, and SnPbP2 monolayers, hole doping is found to be an effective approach in inducing or tuning different ferromagnetic states resulting from electronic instability as reflected by van Hove singularity of band structures in the 2D systems. The results suggest that Janus XYP2 monolayers can be promising 2D materials for applications in nanoelectronic, spintronic, and nanoelectromechanical devices.
Spectroscopic and electrical characterization of oxygen microwave discharge used for downstream plasma oxidation of Si
Authors: Alkhawwam Anas , Saloum Saker , Zrir Mohammad Ali , Tootanji Muhamad
Published: August 2022

Actinometry optical emission spectroscopy (AOES), single cylindrical Langmuir, probe and electrostatic planar probe were used to characterize oxygen microwave plasma, at two distances from the plasma source (Z1 = 15 cm and Z2 = 25 cm), using three values of applied microwave power (800, 1000, and 1400 W) at a constant pressure of 70 Pa, involving different parameters, which are electron density (ne), effective electron temperature (Teff), plasma potential (Vp), floating potential (Vf), positive ion flux (Гi), negative ion ratio (α = n−/ne, n− is the negative ion density), and atomic oxygen density (AO: [O]). The electron density and the effective electron temperature were deduced from (I‐V) Langmuir probe characteristics. The atomic oxygen density was measured using actinometry method. Positive ion flux was evaluated from the positive ion saturation current (Isat) of the planar probe. The combination of both single Langmuir probe and the planar one enabled the calculation of electronegativity of the oxygen plasma. An application of this oxygen plasma is presented, which is the silicon surface oxidation. The formed SiO2 layer has been characterized by both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis.