bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Find Somebody to Love
Authors: Graham Maryemma
Published: November 2022

This chapter assesses how the excitement over her success was insufficient to mask the loneliness Margaret Walker saw on the horizon. Fame was not unwanted; she was fully prepared to embrace it and would have been disappointed had she not received such public attention. At twenty-seven, ordinarily she would have expected to be married. The provisions for single women to which she was subjected—like living in a dormitory reserved for unmarried women, most of whom gossiped too much for her—she saw as an infringement on the freedom she believed her education and achievement warranted. Walker, therefore, found herself implicated in a complex posture toward the protocols of race and womanhood not only unique to Black women in mid-twentieth century but especially to someone who believed that marriage was the fulfillment of womanhood. Whatever she did and wanted to do for the remainder of her career, Walker remained a modern “race woman,” breaking barriers, a leader and a model, someone who placed a priority on what contributions she expected to make for the benefit of her race. All personal feelings aside, Walker would have been well aware of her own history as a member of that critical mass of Black women who would be identified by that term.
Turn Loose and Sink or Swim
Authors: Graham Maryemma
Published: November 2022

This chapter highlights how the new conditions of Margaret Walker’s relationship with her husband made her comfortable enough to engage her work at Jackson State College differently. Between 1955 and 1960, she worked diligently, looking for opportunities to exercise her vision for Black education in the South. President Reddix was eager for her to take on challenging tasks, knowing that she had a unique set of skills, thought creatively, and had a penchant for perfection. Nonetheless, her public criticisms of her Black male colleagues, who were very close to him, gave Reddix reason to distrust her loyalty. She believed and did not hesitate to say that these men were inferior and threatened by her intelligence—an intelligence that she often demonstrated. Ultimately, she was beginning to formulate views that would result in important essays published in later years. Many of her ideas were intrinsic to her own education in Black and white religious institutions, and they were initially developed in the practice and teachings of her parents, who valued highly their own advancement and that of other Negroes.
Midwife to a Movement
Authors: Graham Maryemma
Published: November 2022

This chapter discusses Walker’s critical role in organizing and implementing the first major conference on Black Women Writers in 1973, a landmark event that became identified with a new “movement,” the growth of women’s writing beginning in the 1970s. Walker’s own ideas about feminism and womanism were still evolving, but she was clear that that needed to be a platform for discussing the present and future of black women’s writing in publishing, teaching, and advocacy. The Phillis Wheatley Festival represented all of that as it highlighted the importance of critical debates on making black women’s culture more visible. The event marked the beginning of Walker’s desire to claim a space for herself but its importance was in creating a community of artists who would go on to become the most important artists of our time.
The Outlaw Spirit Prevails
Authors: Graham Maryemma
Published: November 2022

This chapter details Margaret Walker'’s completion of Richard Wright'’s biography. The Wright book was her project for the 1980s. She saw herself experimenting again, this time using a genre with which she was much less familiar, biography. Driven more by vision and a desire to create a new dialogue through her creative work, she brought to biography the same compelling need to give attention to Southern Black reality in a new way. If her transition from her familiar journal prose to biographical narrative was not smooth, if she lacked the necessary comparative perspective, then it was due to the intellectual design of the book that she had carefully outlined years before she began writing it. The Wright biography was the book that took Walker the least amount of time to write, but its subject was most complicated. Jubilee had been a book waiting for her to write. Daemonic Genius was a book that she dared to write. She believed in what she was doing, and, therefore, never saw writing that book as a problem.
Intelligence and Decision Advantage in International Politics
Authors: Sims Jennifer E.
Published: November 2022

This chapter defines intelligence as competitive, purposeful learning that can be distinguished from lucky advantages arising from the distribution of uncertainty preexisting any conflict. This opening condition of relevant, relative knowledge is termed the terrain of uncertainty. The purpose of intelligence practice is to shift this terrain in a competitor’s favor. This relative awareness is termed intelligence-advantage, and competitors who engineer it will tend to have decision-advantages over opponents—that is, more options, more time for choosing, and thus better chances for securing their interests against others. A theory of intelligence is possible because the factors that lead to successful intelligence are identifiable, measurable, and buildable. By identifying and tracing winning decisions (how decision-makers knew what they knew, discounted for luck) in a variety of cases, we can discern winning and pathological intelligence practices. The cases were chosen because of their intrinsic interest as stories, their rich historical documentation, and their capacity to stress-test the theory. This theory of intelligence fits neatly within the frame of political realism, helping to explain why weaker powers sometimes win, foolish wars occur, and great powers accommodate some rising states but not others. Intelligence is thus a form of power that has shaped outcomes in international politics since long before intelligence institutions existed.
Intelligence for the Chase
Authors: Sims Jennifer E.
Published: November 2022

International politics has never been just about war and diplomacy, but also about busting international criminal networks, interdicting foreign assassins, and hunting weapons traffickers. Intelligence has special requirements for success in these kinds of contests. Secretary of War Stanton’s management of the hunt for President Abraham Lincoln’s assassin, John Wilkes Booth, offers insight into these requirements. Three lessons are learned from the federal government’s success: First, a hunt may not be what at first it seems to be, and so success may have little to do with capture. Second, even if an assassin acts alone or with limited aims, the hunter can label it war if it gains him intelligence or operational advantages. Third, complex contingencies, whether claimed as war or not, force decisions about which kind of winning (arrest, pacification, political support) matters most. Stanton knew his authorities would be strengthened if he framed the attack as an act of war; but to increase the ability of his hunters to chase Booth south, he needed the Confederacy to surrender. His choice to chase Booth using wartime authorities raised ethical and constitutional issues for intelligence and law enforcement long after Booth was caught and killed, with lasting effects on the capabilities of both.
Gaining Diplomatic Advantages before World War I
Authors: Sims Jennifer E.
Published: November 2022

Four key decisions were crucial to diplomatic outcomes before WWI: Austria-Hungary’s July Council of Ministers decision to launch a war on Serbia; Germany’s decision to provide her support; Britain’s decision at that time to look the other way; and Russia’s decision not to do so. A review of these decisions sheds light on a point often missed in the histories of this period: for three weeks or so, Austria sought to manipulate the decision-making of other great powers through policies that we would today call “information operations”; yet this effort, which initially had all the markings of an intelligence success, was not one. Austrian statesmen thought they knew what Germans were thinking when they did not, expected decision-makers in Britain to know more than they did, and wanted those in Russia to know less than they did. Any informational advantages gained were serendipitous, not engineered and, therefore, were slowly recognized and quickly lost.
What If Jones Beach Was Not Public?
Authors: Low Setha
Published: November 2022

Chapter 3. What if Jones Beach Was Not Public? Social Justice and Belonging on Long Island, New York explores social justice and belonging through an ethnographic study of Jones Beach on Long Island, New York. Visitor behavior, participant observation, and interviews portray how the components of social justice—inclusion, representation, recognition of difference, an ethic of care and contestation and resistance—are experienced and valued. It illustrates how social contact can develop into a public culture of acceptance and tolerance by findings one’s own place and a sense of belonging and sharing with others. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the Public Space and Social Justice Evaluation Framework and how it can be used to identify and design just public space.
Improvising Public Space and the Informal Economy
Authors: Low Setha
Published: November 2022

Chapter 6. Improvising Public Space and the Informal Economy: Sidewalks, Streets, and Public Markets in Buenos Aires, New York City, and Baguio City examines the central role that public space plays in the lives of informal workers. Ethnographic case studies from Latin America, Asia, Europe, and the North America depict how sidewalks, streets, and markets offer workplaces for vendors, trash pickers, nannies, and many others. When viewed from an informal economy perspective, public space offers flexible workplaces, innovative forms of work, integration of immigrants into the local economy, and social capital that can lead to better jobs and supportive relationships. Public spaces play an important role in supporting and promoting the informal economy especially in rapidly growing cities straining to provide economic opportunities and adequate employment.
From the Winter of Despair to the Summer of Euphoria
Authors: Low Setha
Published: November 2022

Chapter 9. From the Winter of Despair to the Summer of Euphoria: Public Space During COVID-19 in New York City (2020–2021) investigates the contraction and expansion of public space in New York City during the pandemic. A personal and archival account of the transformation of public spaces from March 22, 2020, through December 1, 2021, reveals the loneliness and depression of sheltering in place as well as the euphoria of resuming social interaction even while wearing masks and physically distancing. New forms of public space use including the democratization of the arts and culture in local parks and streets, and the closing of streets and parking spaces to enable a vibrant restaurant scene of sidewalk cafes and restaurants, reflect the importance of public space during the crisis. Lessons from the impact of public space openings and closings reiterate many of the findings of the previous chapters.
Water Chemistry
Authors: Brezonik Patrick L. , Arnold William A.
Published: November 2022

This book provides students with the tools necessary to understand the processes that control the chemical species present in waters of both natural and engineered systems. After providing basic information about water itself and the chemical composition of water in environmental systems, the text coves the theory (thermodynamics, activity, and kinetics) and other background material necessary to solve chemical problems. The text emphasizes that both equilibrium and kinetic processes are important in aquatic systems. The content is focused not only on inorganic constituents, but also on the organic chemicals present in water. Quantitative equilibrium and kinetic problems related to acid-base chemistry, complexation, solubility, oxidation/reduction reactions, sorption, and the fate and reactions of organic chemicals are solved using mathematical, graphical, and computational tools. These concepts are extended to photochemistry, chlorine and disinfectants, geochemical controls on chemical composition, trace metals, nutrients, and natural organic matter. Numerous in-chapter examples are provided to show the application of theory and demonstrate how problems are solved using various techniques. Additional web material provides advanced content and context.
Bad Habits on Goodreads?
Authors: English James F. , Enderle Scott , Dhakecha Rahul
Published: November 2022

This chapter presents some findings from work on the social reading site and Amazon subsidiary, Goodreads. It aims to connect the reception-oriented strains of literary studies to positive psychology and well-being studies by way of three questions. The first is methodological and concerns a basic challenge in the empirical social sciences that has made its way into literary studies via digital humanities: how to build datasets adequately representative of such a vast and varied field of practice as reading. The second is a sociological question, arising out of work that began in the 1990s: whether there has been a general shift of cultural values such that readers are encouraged to adopt open and tolerant habits of reading, replacing the ideal of narrowly “good taste” with that of eclecticism, and establishing creative curation as the basis of a genuinely happy and healthy relationship to books. The third question links the other two by asking whether digital platforms such as Goodreads, besides being rich sources of data about readers and reading, might themselves, through their ever more comprehensive algorithmic mediations, be affecting this entire scheme of values, preferences, and readerly well-being.
Chaplaincy in Greater Boston
Authors: Cadge Wendy
Published: November 2022

This chapter offers a historical overview of chaplains in greater Boston, particularly since 1965. It is based on analysis of the Boston Globe every ten years from 1915 to 2015, as well as historical materials found in religious and institutional archives in the city. People who identify as Christian, specifically Catholic, and those without religious affiliations are the largest groups in Boston today. Those calling themselves chaplains in the city have historically been white Catholics, Episcopalians, and clergy in what is today the United Church of Christ. Over time, more have been ordained than laypeople, with slow racial, religious, and gender diversification since 1980. In addition to slow diversification, this chapter shows the broad range of people—from full-time religious professionals to those with little training—who have used the term chaplain to describe their work. It also shows continuing ties between local congregational clergy—some of whom have simultaneously been chaplains with police and fire departments—and those for whom chaplaincy is a full-time job. By the end of the chapter, readers have a clear sense of how those calling themselves chaplains and the work of chaplains has changed over time in Boston and what that suggests about related changes nationally.
Claiming a Promised Inheritance
Authors: Braun Alexandra
Published: November 2022

This book examines those cases where a person is promised a future inheritance and, having acted on it, later discovers that the promise is unfulfilled. It structures its analysis around the stories of disappointed promisees and their unfulfilled expectations of a future inheritance, and how they might seek redress. It maps and compares the various, and often very diverse range of, legal responses that a promisee can utilize across different legal areas of the law (ranging from contract law to property law, employment law, enrichment law, and succession law) and in both common and civil law traditions. It asks how these responses protect the interests of promisees and whether they are sensitive to the context in which such promises are expressed. In doing so, the focus rests on the level of protection the various forms of redress grant, their scope, and the challenges promisees face when bringing a claim, but also on the values and interests that are at stake when granting relief. The book argues that due to the social and legal context within which promises of a future inheritance are normally made, promisees are often in a vulnerable position that can easily by exploited. It further argues that the law is usually more acutely attuned to the risks that the promisor incurs and that greater attention should be paid to the vulnerability of promisees.
Eudaimonism, Divinity, and Rationality in Greek Ethics
Authors: Long A. A.
Published: November 2022

This chapter is about the inter-entailment of moral virtue and happiness/eudaimonia. It argues (contra Julia Annas) that philosophical eudaimonia was thoroughly conservative in importing in its use of that term the traditional notion of ideal prosperity. The radical turn was making the rule of reason, not good fortune or material well-being insert comma after well-being the essential content of prosperity and virtue, hence postulating the happiness of morality. Crucial to eudaimonia, as construed by the philosophers, were the three connotations of daimôn—divinity, fate, and monitoring spirit—with the prefix eu of eudaimonia signifying the good functioning generated by virtue. The argument focuses on Plato and Stoic philosophers.
Platonic Souls as Persons
Authors: Long A. A.
Published: November 2022

We conventionally translate the Greek word psychê by ‘soul’, but that translation is often misleading, especially for rendering the word in its numerous occurrences in Plato’s dialogues. Drawing on modern analyses of the concept of person, this chapter argues that the Platonic psychê gives human beings the capacity for living as persons, with personhood typified by such attributes as moral agency, desire, intentionality, accountability, happiness, and misery. In contrast with Aristotle, who begins his analysis of psychê at the nutritive level, Plato, in his mature works, treats psychê teleologically from the top down. In this way he makes the ideal psychê a lover of truth and beauty.
The Explanatory Role of Reasons II
Authors: McHugh Conor , Way Jonathan
Published: November 2022

This chapter presents the second and third parts of the account of the explanatory role of reasons begun in Chapter 5. The second part explains how the weights of reasons determine the overall strength of the case for a response. The chapter defends an amended version of the simple idea that the overall strength of the case for a response is the combined weight of the reasons for that response. This involves arguing that an account of the explanatory role need not appeal to reasons against a response. The third part of the account, starting from the popular idea that you ought to do what there is the strongest case for doing, explains how the overall strength of the case for alternative responses determines the deontic status of those responses. The resulting view is defended against three objections.
Imagination
Authors: Maiden John
Published: November 2022

This chapter explores the imagination—of the charismatic renewal as it reached ‘full flow’ in translocal exchanges of texts, sounds, and people in the 1970s. Many charismatics, surveying rapidly changing landscapes of moral decay, violent conflict, economic volatility, and political corruption, and aware also of geo-political developments in Israel and the Middle East, assumed the coming of a larger eschatological climax, where the churches were called to be a light in the darkness. This reading of the times lay behind several initiatives for reconciliation, repentance, and spiritual warfare. However, despite these many widely shared priorities and the sense of a worldwide community of the Spirit, by the end of the 1970s, differences, for example over authority and ‘shepherding’, Word of Faith teaching, and denominationalism, seemed increasingly pronounced as contestations within the charismatic imaginary.
Legacy
Authors: Maiden John
Published: November 2022

This concluding chapter assesses multiple trajectories and legacies of charismatic renewal, both in the Anglo-world and beyond, since 1980. Whereas in earlier decades the renewal, underpinned by an eschatology of ‘new Pentecost’, had constituted a coherent subculture, by the end of the 1970s, many leading charismatics perceived a distinctive phase of the Spirit’s work to be ending. Charismatic Christianity, by now increasingly interconnected across a global nexus, became subject to diversification, diffusion, and organisational and network building. The chapter shows how various global ‘moments’—concerning the Anglican Communion and homosexuality, the Roman Catholic Church, and President Donald Trump—relate to earlier charismatic developments. Across the globe, Christianity has been transformed by the impacts of charismatic renewal.
Introduction
Authors: Ní Ghráinne Bríd
Published: November 2022

This brief introductory chapter sets out the monograph’s context, noting that it represents the first detailed study on the relationship between the protection of internally displaced persons (IDPs) and international refugee law. Although IDPs do not have a legal status under international law and there is no specific global treaty that deals specifically with IDP protection, there has been a gradual development of legal and institutional protection of IDPs at international level. This chapter introduces some of these developments, before setting out the central research question and key arguments addressed in the book and considering the contribution to knowledge that these make. The chapter concludes with an overview of the book structure.
Internal Displacement and the Internal Protection Alternative
Authors: Ní Ghráinne Bríd
Published: November 2022

The internal protection alternative (IPA) is based on the idea that if there is a safe place within the individual’s state of nationality or habitual residence where they can relocate, they are not a refugee. This chapter examines to what extent becoming an IDP on return is relevant to the IPA inquiry. It explains the relationship between the refugee definition and the IPA, sets out the applicable criteria in the IPA inquiry, and illustrates that even though return to a situation of internal displacement might give rise to human rights violations, the fact that an individual will probably become an IDP on return is not given particular weight in the IPA inquiry. The chapter also draws analogies between the IPA and the cessation clauses and argues that it is even more unlikely that the cessation clauses will be found to apply where there is a situation of internal displacement.
Severe obesity and global developmental delay in preschool children: Findings from a Canadian Paediatric Surveillance Program study
Authors: Gehring Nicole D , Birken Catherine S , Belanger Stacey , Bridger Tracey , Chanoine Jean-Pierre , Gibson William T , Hadjiyannakis Stasia , Haines Jess , Hamilton Jill , Haqq Andrea M , Henderson Mélanie , Ho Josephine , Irvine Brittany , Legault Laurent , Luca Paola , Maguire Jonathon , McPherson Amy C , Morrison Katherine , Wahi Gita , Weksberg Rosanna , Zwaigenbaum Lonnie , Ball Geoff D C
Published: November 2022

Background

The co-presentation of severe obesity (SO) and global developmental delay (GDD) in Canadian preschool children has not been examined. However, SO and GDD may require syndromic diagnoses and unique management considerations.

Objectives

To determine (1) minimum incidence; (2) age of onset and risk factors; and (3) health care utilization for co-presenting SO and GDD.

Methods

Through the Canadian Paediatric Surveillance Program (CPSP), a monthly form was distributed to participants from February 2018 to January 2020 asking for reports of new cases of SO and GDD among children ≤5 years of age. We performed descriptive statistics for quantitative questions and qualitative content analysis for open-ended questions.

Results

Forty-seven cases (64% male; 51% white; mean age: 3.5 ± 1.2 years) were included. Age of first weight concern was 2.5 ± 1.3 years and age of GDD diagnosis was 2.7 ± 1.4 years. Minimum incidence of SO and GDD was 3.3 cases per 100,000 for ≤5 years of age per year. Identified problems included school and/or behavioural problems (n = 17; 36%), snoring (n = 14; 30%), and asthma/recurrent wheeze (n = 10; 21%). Mothers of 32% of cases (n = 15) had obesity and 21% of cases (n = 10) received neonatal intensive care. Microarray was ordered for 57% (n = 27) of children. A variety of clinicians and services were accessed. As reported by CPSP participants, challenges faced by families and health service access were barriers to care.

Conclusion

Children with SO and GDD have multiple comorbidities, and require early identification and referral to appropriate services. These cases may also benefit from additional testing to rule out known genetic obesity syndromes.
Stochastic activation of a family of TetR type transcriptional regulators controls phenotypic heterogeneity in Acinetobacter baumannii
Authors: Pérez-Varela María , Tierney Aimee R P , Dawson Emma , Hutcheson Anna R , Tipton Kyle A , Anderson Sarah E , Haldopoulos Marina E , Song Shaina , Tomlinson Brooke R , Shaw Lindsey N , Weiss David S , Kim Minsu , Rather Philip N
Published: November 2022

Phenotypic heterogeneity is an important mechanism for regulating bacterial virulence, where a single regulatory switch is typically activated to generate virulent and avirulent subpopulations. The opportunistic pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii can transition at high frequency between virulent opaque (VIR-O) and avirulent translucent subpopulations, distinguished by cells that form opaque or translucent colonies. We demonstrate that expression of 11 TetR-type transcriptional regulators (TTTRs) can drive cells from the VIR-O opaque subpopulation to cells that form translucent colonies. Remarkably, in a subpopulation of VIR-O cells, four of these TTTRs were stochastically activated in different combinations to drive cells to the translucent state. The resulting translucent subvariants exhibited unique phenotypic differences and the majority were avirulent. Due to their functional redundancy, a quadruple mutant with all four of these TTTRs inactivated was required to observe a loss of switching from the VIR-O state. Further, we demonstrate a small RNA, SrvS, acts as a “rheostat,” where the levels of SrvS expression influences both the VIR-O to translucent switching frequency, and which TTTR is activated when VIR-O cells switch. In summary, this work has revealed a new paradigm for phenotypic switching in bacteria, where an unprecedented number of related transcriptional regulators are activated in different combinations to control virulence and generate unique translucent subvariants with distinct phenotypic properties.
Syntax, Truth, and the Fate of Sentences
Authors: Collins John
Published: November 2022

Truth appears to be a predicate of sentence-like structures. This raises the question of what a sentence is (or what it is to be sentence-like) such that it is truth-apt. A natural move is to treat sentences and truth-aptness as somehow conceptually or metaphysical coeval—made for each other. This resolution conflicts, however, with now standard approaches in syntactic theory that treat sentences as mere epiphenomena. Siding with the developments in syntax, the paper argues that truth-aptness properly belongs, not to sentences, but to clauses as structures that can be selected by verbs that specify truth-apt states. It is further argued that this arrangement is perfectly consistent with truth-conditional semantics.
The pyramid representation of the functional network using resting-state fMRI
Authors: Yang Zhipeng , Li Luying , Peng Yaxi , Qin Yuanyuan , Li Muwei
Published: November 2022

Background

Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS-fMRI) has been proved to be a useful tool to study the brain mechanism in the quest to probe the distinct pattern of inter-region interactions in the brain. As an important application of RS-fMRI, the graph-based approach characterizes the brain as a complex network. However, the network is susceptible to its scale that determines the trade-off between sensitivity and anatomical variability.

Objective

To balance sensitivity and anatomical variability, a pyramid representation of the functional network is proposed, which is composed of five individual networks reconstructed at multiple scales.

Methods

The pyramid representation of the functional network was applied to two groups of participants, including patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and normal elderly (NC) individuals, as a demonstration. Features were extracted from the multi-scale networks and were evaluated with their inter-group differences between AD and NC, as well as the discriminative power in recognizing AD. Moreover, the proposed method was also validated by another dataset from people with autism.

Results

The different features reflect the highest sensitivity to distinguish AD at different scales. In addition, the combined features have higher accuracy than any single scale-based feature. These findings highlight the potential use of multi-scale features as markers of the disrupted topological organization in AD networks.

Conclusion

We believe that multi-scale metrics could provide a more comprehensive characterization of the functional network and thus provide a promising solution for representing the underlying functional mechanism in the human brain on a multi-scale basis.
Evidence for Improvement in Local but Not Diffuse Pressure Pain Thresholds Following Physical Therapist Interventions for Tendinopathy: A Systematic Review
Authors: Alsulaimani Baraa , Perraton Luke , Stasinopoulos Dimitrios , Tavakkoli Sanam , Malliaras Peter
Published: November 2022

Objectives

The objectives of this study were to investigate whether quantitative sensory testing proxy measures for peripheral and central sensitization change following physical therapist interventions for tendinopathy and whether changes occur in parallel to changes in self-reported pain.

Methods

Four databases—Ovid EMBASE, Ovid MEDLINE, CINAHL Plus, and CENTRAL—were searched from inception to October 2021. Three reviewers extracted data for the population, tendinopathy, sample size, outcome, and physical therapist intervention. Studies that reported quantitative sensory testing proxy measures and pain at baseline and another time point following a physical therapist intervention were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration’s tools and the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist. Levels of evidence were assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation.

Results

Twenty-one studies were included and all investigated changes in pressure pain threshold (PPT) at either local and/or diffuse sites. Change in other proxy measures of peripheral and central sensitization were not investigated among any studies. Diffuse PPT did not demonstrate significant change in all trial arms that reported this outcome. Local PPT improved for 52% of trial arms, and it was more likely to change at the medium (63%) and longer (100%) compared with the immediate (36%) and short (50%) timepoints. On average, 48% of trial arms demonstrated parallel changes in either outcome. Pain improvement was more frequent than local PPT improvement at all timepoints except for the longest.

Conclusion

Local PPT may improve among people receiving physical therapist interventions for tendinopathy, but these changes appear to lag behind changes in pain. Change in diffuse PPT among people with tendinopathy has been infrequently investigated in the literature.

Impact

The findings of the review contribute to knowledge of how tendinopathy pain and PPT change with treatments.
Welfare and Output With Income Effects and Taste Shocks
Authors: Baqaee David R , Burstein Ariel
Published: November 2022

We present a unified treatment of how welfare responds to changes in budget sets or technologies with taste shocks and nonhomothetic preferences. We propose a welfare metric that ranks production possibility frontiers that differs from one that ranks budget sets and characterize it using a general equilibrium generalization of Hicksian demand. This extends Hulten’s theorem, the basis for constructing aggregate quantity indices, to environments with nonhomothetic and unstable preferences. We illustrate our results using both long- and short-run applications. In the long run, we show that if structural transformation is caused by income effects or changes in tastes, rather than substitution effects, then Baumol’s cost disease is twice as important for our preferred measure of welfare. In the short run, we show that standard chain-weighted deflators understate welfare-relevant inflation for current tastes. Finally, using the COVID-19 recession, we illustrate that chain-weighted real consumption and real GDP are unreliable metrics for measuring welfare or production when there are taste shocks.
Identification in Interaction: Racial Mirroring between Interviewers and Respondents
Authors: Pickett Robert E M , Saperstein Aliya , Penner Andrew M
Published: November 2022

Previous research has established that people shift their identities situationally and may come to subconsciously mirror one another. We explore this phenomenon among survey interviewers in the 2004-2018 General Social Survey by drawing on repeated measures of racial identification collected after each interview. We find not only that interviewers self-identify differently over time but also that their response changes cannot be fully explained by several measurement-error related expectations, either random or systematic. Rather, interviewers are significantly more likely to identify their race in ways that align with respondents’ reports. The potential for affiliative identification, even if subconscious, has a range of implications for understanding race-of-interviewer effects, the social construction of homophily, and for how we consider causality in studies of race and racial inequality more broadly.
Re-exploring the nature of dual ownership in English trusts: a Scottish law perspective
Authors: Zhang Chi
Published: November 2022

Owing to the unique social and historical background, the ownership of trust assets of English trusts is divided into two parts, namely the ownership in common law, which is held by the trustee, and the ownership in equity which is held by the beneficiary. In consideration of the unified ownership principle in civil law jurisdiction, most scholars argued that there is no theoretical compatibility between the common law trust and civil law tradition. This article aims to re-explain the legal nature and economic functions of the dual ownership structure of English trusts by re-considering the origins of the trust in medieval England and comparing the practices of quasi-trust regimes in continental and mixed jurisdictions, and finally this article argues that the success of the Scottish trust in functioning as an equivalent asset management mechanism to the English trust may have provided an answer to the above paradox.
Evaluating dry vs. wet disinfection in boot baths on detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and porcine reproductive and respiratory virus RNA
Authors: Harrison Olivia L , Houston Grace E , Blomme Allison K , Otott Haley K , Bai Jianfa , Poulsen Porter Elizabeth G , Woodworth Jason C , Paulk Chad B , Gebhardt Jordan T , Jones Cassandra K
Published: November 2022

Maintaining biosecurity between swine barns is challenging, and boot baths are an easily implementable option some utilize to limit pathogen spread. However, there are concerns regarding their efficacy, especially when comparing wet or dry disinfectants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of boot baths in reducing the quantity of detectable porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) genetic material using wet or dry disinfectants. Treatments included 1) control, 2) dry chlorine powder (Traffic C.O.P., PSP, LLC, Rainsville, AL), and 3) wet quaternary ammonium/glutaraldehyde liquid (1:256 Synergize, Neogen, Lexington, KY). Prior to disinfection, rubber boots were inoculated with 1 mL of a co-inoculants of PRRSV (1 × 105 TCID50 per mL) and PEDV (1 × 105 TCID50 per mL) and dried for 15 min. After the drying period, a researcher placed the boot on the right foot and stepped directly on a stainless steel coupon (control). Alternatively, the researcher stepped first into a boot bath containing either the wet or dry sanitizer, stood for 3 s, and then stepped onto a steel coupon. After one minute, an environmental swab was then collected and processed from each boot and steel coupon. The procedure was replicated 12 times per disinfectant treatment. Samples were analyzed using a duplex qPCR at the Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. Cycle threshold values were analyzed using SAS GLIMMIX v 9.4 (SAS, Inc., Cary, NC). There was no evidence of a disinfectant × surface × virus interaction (P > 0.10). An interaction between disinfectant × surface impacted (P < 0.05) the quantity of detectable viral RNA. As expected, the quantity of the viruses on the coupon was greatest in the control, indicating that a contaminated boot has the ability to transfer viruses from a contaminated surface to a clean surface. Comparatively, the dry disinfectant treatment resulted in no detectable viral RNA on either the boot or subsequent coupon. The wet disinfectant treatment had statistically similar (P > 0.05) viral contamination to the control on the boot, but less viral contamination compared to the control on the metal coupon. In this experiment, a boot bath with dry powder was the most efficacious in reducing the detectable viral RNA on both boots and subsequent surfaces.
Cadmium inhibits differentiation of human trophoblast stem cells into extravillous trophoblasts and disrupts epigenetic changes within the promoter region of the HLA-G gene
Authors: Ogushi Shoko , Nakanishi Tsuyoshi , Kimura Tomoki
Published: November 2022

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal widely distributed in the environment. Maternal whole-blood Cd levels during pregnancy are positively associated with the risk of early preterm birth. We hypothesized that Cd inhibits trophoblast differentiation, resulting in the development of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and a high risk of early preterm birth. Using the CT27 human trophoblast stem cell line, we found that exposing these cells to 0.1–0.4 µM Cd inhibited their differentiation into extravillous cytotrophoblasts (EVTs). Supporting this finding, we found that expression of the metal-binding protein metallothionein, which suppresses the toxicity of Cd, is low in EVTs. We also found that Cd exposure changes the methylation status of the promoter region of the HLA-G gene, which is specifically expressed in EVTs. Together, these results suggest that Cd inhibits placental formation by suppressing trophoblast differentiation into EVTs. This suppression may underlie the increased risk of gestational hypertension in women with high whole-blood Cd levels.
Clinical, Microbiological Profile and Treatment Outcomes of Infants with BCG Adenitis: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Dash Nabaneeta , Verghese Valsan Philip , Rose Winsley , Michael Joy Sarojini , Rebekah Grace , Venkatesan Manigandan , Chacko Anila
Published: November 2022

Background

Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) adenitis is an uncommon complication following BCG vaccination. In rare cases, infants can develop other complications. Controversy exists regarding the diagnosis and management of these cases. Not much information is available in literature regarding their microbiological and immunological characteristics.

Methods

Electronic medical records of children presenting to the Pediatric Infectious Diseases clinic in a tertiary care hospital from January 2011–December 2020 with a diagnosis of BCG adenitis were retrospectively reviewed. Their clinical, microbiological, treatment and follow-up data were noted and analyzed.

Findings

During the study period, 40 infants presented with a probable diagnosis of BCG adenitis with or without disseminated BCG. Median age at symptom onset was 4(2.5–5.9) months. Nine infants had disseminated disease at presentation. Fifteen infants were suspected to have underlying immune deficiency of whom 12 had proven defects in immune function. On multivariable logistic regression analysis, presence of disseminated disease was the only factor predictive of underlying immunodeficiency. Isoniazid monoresistance was seen in seven cases (32%) of the 22 samples sent for TB cultures.

Conclusions

Though BCG adenitis runs a benign course, it could rarely be the first manifestation of an underlying immune defect. There is sizable isoniazid monoresistance, hence sending tissue samples for microbiologic evaluation is necessary to guide anti-tubercular therapy.
Feasibility of bubble non-invasive positive pressure ventilation, a first-in-human study
Authors: John Stephen C , Adhikari Bikash Raj , John Anna V , Cheng Eric O , Weiner Gary M , John Sunil P
Published: November 2022

Purpose

Infant respiratory distress is  a significant cause of mortality globally. Bubble continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is a simple and effective therapy, but sicker infants may require additional support such as non-invasive positive-pressure ventilation (NIPPV). We investigated the feasibility of a simple, low-cost, non-electric bubble NIPPV device.

Methods

In this cross-over feasibility study, seven newborns with moderate respiratory distress (Downes score ≥ 3), weight > 1500 g and gestational age > 32 weeks were randomized to  4 h of treatment with bubble CPAP (5–8 cm H2O) vs. bubble NIPPV (Phigh 8–10 cm H2O/Plow 5–8 cm H2O) followed by 4 h of the alternate treatment. Treatment order (CPAP vs. NIPPV) was randomized. Outcome measures included hourly vital signs, Downes score and O2 saturation. Adverse events including pneumothorax, nasal septal necrosis, necrotizing enterocolitis and death before discharge were also recorded.

Results

It took nurses 39 (7.3) s to assemble the bubble NIPPV device. Patients had similar vital signs and Downes scores on both treatments; median (IQR) values on bubble CPAP vs. bubble NIPPV were: heart rate 140 (134.5, 144), 140 (134.5, 144); respiratory rate 70 (56, 80), 65 (58, 82), Downes score 4 (3, 5.75), 4 (3, 5), O2 96 (94, 98), 97 (96, 98). All newborns survived to discharge and there were no adverse events. 

Conclusions

A simple, low-cost, non-electric method of providing NIPPV for newborns with respiratory distress is feasible in limited resource settings. Randomized-controlled trials comparing bubble CPAP and bubble NIPPV are justified.
Electronic Wearable Device Use for Physical Activity in Older Adults: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Li Mengchi , McPhillips Miranda V , Szanton Sarah L , Wenzel Jennifer , Li Junxin
Published: November 2022

Innovative solutions to help older adults increase physical activity are critically important. In this qualitative study, we explored older adults’ acceptance, capability, and experiences of using three different types of electronic wearable devices over a period of 4–24 weeks for self-monitoring and promoting physical activity. We conducted 23 semistructured interviews with older adults who participated in three physical activity intervention studies. Two researchers analyzed the data using NVivo version 12, applying a directed content analysis that was partially guided by the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 (UTAUT2). Six themes emerged: (1) device learning, (2) hedonic motivation, (3) habit and adherence, (4) facilitating conditions, (5) effort expectancy, and (6) performance expectancy. Although most older adults (95.8%) from this study were first-time users, they reflected positive experiences and generally enjoyed using electronic wearable devices. Participants reported issues related to electronic wearable device functionalities that can be improved to better enhance user experience and motivate increased physical activity. Future research should explore the role of electronic wearable devices in older adults’ physical activity with an emphasis on behavioral change over time.
Getting Ready for the Future, Is It Worth It? A Dual Pathway Model of Age and Technology Acceptance at Work
Authors: Fasbender Ulrike , Gerpott Fabiola H , Rinker Laura
Published: November 2022

Rapid technological advancements and global workforce aging shape the future of work. Drawing on the technology acceptance model, our study aims to connect the literature on aging with the research on technology use in organizations. At its heart, the technology acceptance model suggests that the two core components, perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use, predict the attitude toward a new technology. We connect these components with two age-related processes: first, we suggest a motivational pathway via future time perspective, including one’s perceived future opportunities and remaining time at work. Second, we propose a capability pathway via cognitive constraints, including one’s perceived struggle to process new information (i.e., perceived processing speed difficulties) and the perceived struggle to organize one’s work (i.e., perceived organization difficulties). Moreover, we explore digital leadership as a potential buffer to the detrimental relations between age and technology acceptance. We preregistered our hypotheses and tested them using three-wave data from 643 employees. Our findings support our hypotheses for the motivational pathway, showing that age is negatively linked to attitude toward new technology via future time perspective and subsequent perceived usefulness as well as perceived ease of use. Digital leadership buffered the negative indirect relations between age and attitude toward new technology. For the capability pathway, the results were the opposite of what we expected. Together, our findings put the link between age and technology acceptance into a more positive light than previous research and suggest that motivational and capability-related forces are interwoven in predicting attitude toward new technology.
Isolated, Nonsyndromic Mucocutaneous Plexiform Neurofibromas: A Systematic Review of the Clinicopathologic Features
Authors: Ho Jonathan D. , Ho James A.S. , Ruddock Rodane , Spencer Sherri-Ann
Published: November 2022

Plexiform neurofibromas are benign neural tumors observed in association with neurofibromatosis. Isolated lesions exist. We conducted a systematic review of the published literature indexed in the PubMed/Medline database using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Thirty-five studies describing isolated plexiform neurofibromas were included detailing 41 tumors. Isolated lesions occur in all age groups, in both sexes and in all races. Cutaneous and mucosal lesions were reported. Asymptomatic, slowly enlarging masses were the most common clinical presentation, but lesions could be painful. Trauma-associated lesions were uncommon, but reported. Histopathologic features were similar to syndromic counterparts, but well-circumscribed/encapsulated lesions, rare association with diffuse neurofibroma, lack of reported malignant degeneration, and rare named-nerve origin were observed. Excision was curative in many cases, but recurrence could occur. Plexiform neurofibromas occur without neurofibromatosis in a subset of patients with isolated tumors.