bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Memory, Attention, and Inductive Learning
Authors: Williams John N.
Published: July 2002

Three experiments investigated the relationship between memory for input and
inductive learning of morphological rules relating to functional categories in a semiartificial form
of Italian. A verbatim memory task was used as both the vehicle for presenting sentences and as a
continuous measure of memory performance. Experiments 2 and 3 introduced increasingly
explicit manipulations of attention to form compared to Experiment 1. In all experiments there
were strong relationships between individual differences in memory for input as measured early
in the experiment and eventual learning outcomes, and in Experiments 2 and 3 learning
form-form (but not form-function) rules was related to vocabulary learning efficiency (taken as a
measure of phonological long-term memory ability). These relationships along with the lack of
an effect of feedback in Experiment 3 suggest that subjects tended to adopt a data-driven, as
opposed to conceptually driven, mode of learning. However, the fact that the introduction of
highlighting and vocabulary pretraining in Experiment 2 had a large impact on learning without
improving early memory is taken to suggest that knowledge of distributional rules does not
simply emerge out of memory encodings of the relevant forms but depends upon the appropriate
allocation of attention over relationships between input elements at the time of encoding.
LET'S MAKE UP YOUR MIND
Authors: Schwartz Bonnie D.
Published: July 2002

This essay defends the idea that language is a unique, genetically underwritten
(informationally encapsulated) “module of the mind” and considers some
consequences such a stance holds for the psycholinguistic study of nonnative language (L2)
acquisition. As is well known, language as conceived within the tradition of generative grammar
(e.g., Chomsky, 1965, 1975, 1980, 1986) is unlike other types of cognition and its basis (viz.,
Universal Grammar) is innately given; this is the position I support in this paper. Specifically, I
begin by summarizing the main arguments for this position, after which I discuss (following
Segal, 1996) four different conceptions of what a module is and then devote particular attention
to the theory developed by Fodor (1983, 1985) on the architecture of mind (his
“modularity thesis”). There follows a comparison between the distinct views held
by Chomsky and by Fodor on the conception of “the language module” and on the
structure of mind more generally. Arguing that the two views are not inherently incompatible, I
offer a speculation on how to begin to reconcile them, which leaves me well positioned to
advance three specific implications for the theoretical study of L2 acquisition within the
framework of generative grammar, couched within a theory of the modular mind.
CORPUS PROCESSING FOR LEXICAL ACQUISITION.Branimir
Boguraev and James Pustejovsky (Eds.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996. Pp. xi + 245.
$32.50 cloth.
Authors: Frawley William
Published: July 2002

This book contains 11 papers on the computational extraction of lexical structure from text
input and text search: That is what is meant here by lexical acquisition. The
introduction sets out the prospects for automatic lexical acquisition and is followed by three
papers on proper name identification and categorization. These offer different computational
solutions to the quandaries proper names pose for delimitation, classification, standardization,
and discourse reference. For example, where is the person in Federal Reserve Chairman
Alan Greenspan and how should this to be linked to Fed Chief? The advance in
these papers is their attempt to solve proper naming via text structure alone, which makes the
systems more savvy than brute look-up programs.
Tropical deforestation in the Bolivian Amazon
Authors: Steininger Marc K. , Tucker Compton J. , Townshend John R. G. , Killeen Timothy J. , Desch Arthur , Bell Vivre , Ersts Peter
Published: July 2002

The distributions of forest and deforestation throughout the tropics are poorly known despite their importance to regional biodiversity and global climate and biodiversity. Deforestation estimates based on surveys or sampling have large errors, and high-resolution, wall-to-wall mapping of tropical forests is necessary to assess the impacts of fragmentation. Landsat satellite images from the mid-1980s and early 1990s were thus used to map closed-canopy tropical forest extent and anthropogenic deforestation in an approximately 700 000 km2 area of Amazonian Bolivia with precipitation >1000 mm yr−1. Total potential forest cover extent, including tropical deciduous forest, was 448 700 km2, while the area of natural non-forest formations was 245 100 km2. The area deforested was 15 500 km2 in the mid-1980s and 24 700 km2 by the early 1990s. The rate of tropical deforestation in the forest zone of Bolivia with >1000 mm yr−1 precipitation below 1500 m elevation and north of 19° S, was 1529 km2 yr−1 from 1985–1986 to 1992–1994. Our estimates of deforestation are significantly lower than those reported by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). We document a spatially-concentrated ‘deforestation zone’ in Santa Cruz where >60% of the Bolivian deforestation has occurred. These results indicate that the rate of deforestation in Bolivia has been rapid despite a relatively small human population, and, as in Brazil, clearance has concentrated in the more deciduous forests.
A survey of ecotourism on islands in northwestern México
Authors: TERSHY B.R. , BOURILLÓN L. , METZLER L. , BARNES J.
Published: July 2002

The >150 islands in north-western México are relatively pristine, but may easily be damaged by unregulated human use. Tourists visit many of these islands, but their numbers and impact are unknown. To examine some of the costs and benefits of ecotourism we sent a questionnaire to 42 ecotourism companies that visit islands in north-western México; 29 respondents reported that tourist days on these islands had increased at >7% yr-1, from <15 000 in 1986 to about 47 000 in 1993. Neither government regulation nor cost of trips were reported to be important impediments to tourism growth. In 1993, ecotourist organizations visiting islands reported spending US$3.7 million, none of which went directly to the protection and management of the islands. We provide several management options to increase the conservation benefits of ecotourism and minimize the negative impacts.
Prevalence of salmonella in finishing swine raised in different

production systems in North Carolina, USA
Authors: DAVIES P. R. , MORROW W. E. M. , JONES F. T. , DEEN J. , FEDORKA-CRAY P. J. , HARRIS I. T.
Published: July 2002

We compared the prevalence of salmonella in faecal samples from

finishing pigs and in feed

samples from swine herds in North Carolina, USA. Farms were either

finishing sites using all-in/all-out management of buildings in

multiple-site systems (14 farms) or farrow-to-finish

systems using continuous flow management of finishing barns (15

farms). The two groups of

herds differed with respect to several management variables. Salmonella
were

isolated from 565

of 2288 (24·6%) faecal samples and from at least 1 faecal sample

on 24 of 29 (83%) farms.

Predominant serotypes were S. derby, S. typhimurium

(including copenhagen), S. heidelberg, S.

worthington and S. mbandaka. Fewer farrow-to-finish farms

were detected as positive compared

with all-in/all-out farms. Prevalence was lower for pigs raised on

slotted floors compared with

all other floor types, and was highest for pigs raised on dirt

lots. Modern methods of raising

pigs in multiple-site production systems, using all-in/all-out

management of finishing pigs,

appear to have no benefit in reducing the prevalence of salmonella

compared with conventional farrow-to-finish systems.
Needlestick and sharps injuries among health-care workers in Taiwan
Authors: GUO Y. L. , SHIAO J. , CHUANG Y.-C. , HUANG K.-Y.
Published: July 2002

Sharps injuries are a major cause of transmission of hepatitis B and C viruses and human
immunodeficiency virus in health-care workers. To determine the yearly incidence and causes of
sharps injuries in health-care workers in Taiwan, we conducted a questionnaire survey in a
total of 8645 health care workers, including physicians, nurses, laboratory technicians, and
cleaners, from teaching hospitals of various sizes. The reported incidence of needlestick and
other sharps injuries was 1·30 and 1·21 per person in the past 12 months, respectively. Of most
recent episodes of needlestick/sharps injury, 52·0% were caused by ordinary syringe needles,
usually in the patient units. The most frequently reported circumstances of needlestick were
recapping of needles, and those of sharps injuries were opening of ampoules/vials. Of needles
which stuck the health-care workers, 54·8% had been used in patients, 8·2% of whom were
known to have hepatitis B or C, syphilis, or human immunodeficiency virus infection. Sharps
injuries in health-care workers in Taiwan occur more frequently than generally thought and
risks of contracting blood-borne infectious diseases as a result are very high.
Trends in hospitalizations associated with gastroenteritis
among adults in the United States, 1979–1995
Authors: MOUNTS A. W. , HOLMAN R. C. , CLARKE M. J. , BRESEE J. S. , GLASS R. I.
Published: July 2002

Gastroenteritis (GE) is among the most common illnesses of humans but the burden of disease,
its epidemiology, and the distribution of pathogens in adults have not been fully examined.
This information is needed to plan prevention strategies particularly for high-risk groups. This
study is a retrospective analysis of data from the National Hospital Discharge Survey for the
years 1979 through 1995 which describes the disease burden and epidemiology of
hospitalizations associated with GE among adults in the United States. Diarrhoea was listed as
a diagnosis on an average of 452000 hospital discharges per year representing 1·5% of all
hospitalizations among adults. The annual number of GE hospitalizations has decreased by
20% from approximately 500000 in 1979 to 400000 in 1995. The aetiology of 78% of cases
coded as GE was undetermined. Until the aetiology of disease can be better established,
specific strategies for prevention cannot be developed.
Household members of hepatitis C virus-infected people
in Hafizabad, Pakistan: infection by injections from
health care providers
Authors: PASHA O. , LUBY S. P. , KHAN A. J. , SHAH S. A. , McCORMICK J. B. , FISHER-HOCH S. P.
Published: July 2002

Household members of people with hepatitis C are at increased risk of HCV infection. The
prevalence and routes of transmission of HCV to household members in Hafizabad, Pakistan
were investigated. Household members of 24 index cases were given a risk factor questionnaire,
tested for HCV infection, and the risk factors between the infected and uninfected were
compared. Twelve of 74 household members (16·2%) were seropositive for HCV antibody.
This was 2½ times the rate of infection in the general population (OR=2·8; P=0·01). None of
the routes of transmission studied within the household was associated with an increased risk.
Household members who received more than 4 injections per year were 11·9 times more likely
to be infected than those who had not (P=0·016). In Hafizabad, the greatest risk for HCV
infection to household members of infected people is injections given by health-care workers
rather than household contact with infected persons.
Changes in climate and in the timing of pairing of the Australian lizard, Tiliqua rugosa: a 15‐year study
Authors: Bull C. Michael , Burzacott Dale
Published: July 2002

Over 15 years (1983–97) 25 665 random encounter captures of adult sleepy lizards, Tiliqua rugosa, were made at a site near Mt Mary, in the mid‐north of South Australia. The last months of winter (July and August) became warmer and drier in the later years of the study, and the spring months when lizard activity was highest (September and October) had increased rainfall. The lizards form monogamous pairs for an average of 8 weeks before mating in late October or early November. Pairing started earlier and lasted longer in later years of the study. The time when pairing ended showed no significant temporal trend, although it was earlier in years with warmer spring temperatures. These results suggest that the timing of reproductive behaviour was influenced by climatic variation.
Construction frequency and reductive change: Diachronic
and register variation in Spanish clitic climbing
Authors: Cacoullos Rena Torres
Published: July 2002

A comparison of Old Spanish and present-day Spanish
data provides evidence that reductive change in grammaticizing
forms may be manifested not only as a diachronic process
but also as a synchronic difference between formal and
informal registers. Clitic climbing frequencies in Spanish
auxiliary + gerund sequences have increased diachronically
as part of a series of reductive changes and in tandem
with construction frequency increases. In calculating construction
frequency, both the token frequency of auxiliary + gerund
sequences and their frequency relative to lone-standing
gerunds turn out to be important. Differences between present-day
conversational and written data show that clitic position
is stylistically stratified. Register differences in clitic
climbing are found to be linked to construction frequency
as well, suggesting that frequency effects operate on a
more general synchronic level as well as on the level of
particular texts. These text-level frequency effects may
be related to parallel structure “birds of a feather”
effects.
Welfare reform, family support, and child development: Perspectives from policy analysis

and developmental psychopathology
Authors: KNITZER JANE , YOSHIKAWA HIROKAZU , CAUTHEN NANCY K. , ABER J. LAWRENCE
Published: July 2002

This article explores the implications of recent welfare-related policy change for the

well-being of children in low-income families, and for research investigating child development

processes and outcomes. It provides an overview of current welfare-related policies and explores

the implications for developmental researchers. The article also synthesizes early findings from

research, highlighting both overall impacts and the more nuanced evidence that while families are

transitioning off welfare, only a small number are transitioning out of poverty, and a subgroup of

families at risk are not faring well. It then examines, from a theoretical and methodological

framework, what developmental psychopathology might bring to the study of welfare-related

impacts on children in the context of this complex and changing policy landscape, and what

welfare researchers might bring to the field of developmental psychopathology. The article

concludes with broad recommendations for both research and policy.
The role of early experience in shaping behavioral and brain development and its implications

for social policy
Authors: DAWSON GERALDINE , ASHMAN SHARON B. , CARVER LESLIE J.
Published: July 2002

This article provides a targeted review of the scientific literature on the effects of experience

on early brain and behavioral development and later outcome as it pertains to risk for some forms

of child psychopathology. It is argued that ample evidence exists indicating that the prenatal and

early postnatal years likely represent a sensitive period with respect to the effects of stress on the

developing nervous system and behavioral outcome, and with respect to the long-term beneficial

effects of early interventions on brain and behavioral development for some genetically based

disorders, such as phenylketonuria and autism. Moreover, evidence suggests that parental mental

health during the first years of life has a significant influence on early brain activity and behavior,

and long-term behavioral outcome. It is concluded that, although prevention and early

intervention efforts should not exclusively focus on the earliest years of development, such efforts

should begin during this period. By directing such efforts toward promoting optimal prenatal and

infant–toddler development, the long-term negative consequences of factors that have their

greatest influences during early development and which set the stage for future development can

be minimized or avoided entirely. Several recommendations for public policy and future research

pertaining to the effects of early experience on child outcome are offered.
A developmental psychopathology perspective on child and adolescent treatment policy
Authors: SHIRK STEPHEN , TALMI AYELET , OLDS DAVID
Published: July 2002

This article considers the implications of theory and research in developmental

psychopathology for existing and emerging social policy concerning treatment of child and

adolescent psychopathology. Based on the concept that all psychopathology is a process, four

core principles of a developmental psychopathology perspective are discussed. In turn, each is

applied to an evaluation of policy issues with implications for intervention, including mental health

parity, treatment guidelines, mental health reimbursement, and level of intervention. It is

concluded that social policy on treatment must be based on an empirically supported theory of

developmental psychopathology and on evidence-based interventions that link treatments to

pathogenic processes.
The development of multiple role-related selves during adolescence
Authors: HARTER SUSAN , BRESNICK SHELLEY , BOUCHEY HEATHER A. , WHITESELL NANCY R.
Published: July 2002

The organization of the adolescent self-portrait is discussed within a framework that focuses

on the construction of multiple self-representations across different relational contexts.

Contradictions between self-attributes in different contexts create conflict, beginning in

midadolescence when cognitive-developmental structures allow one to detect but not resolve

opposing attributes. Conflict is greater across roles than within roles. Moreover, for certain roles

(e.g., self with mother vs. self with father) conflict is higher. Females, particularly those with a

feminine gender orientation, report greater conflict involving attributes in more public contexts.

Opposing self-attributes also raise concerns for adolescents about which attributes reflect true

versus false self-behaviors. Conflict is more frequent for opposing attributes that pit true against

false self-characteristics. False self-behavior is associated with liabilities including devaluation of

false self-attributes, low self-esteem, and depressive reactions. Perceived support across

relational contexts is highly predictive of favorable evaluations of attributes, high self-esteem,

and true self-behavior within corresponding contexts. Strategies for resolving potential

contradictions in self-attributes would appear to emerge as one moves into late adolescence and

adulthood, when multiple self-representations are perceived as both appropriate and desirable,

and the individual can achieve some degree of integration through higher level abstractions and

the narrative construction of his or her life story.
Health expectancies and current research
Authors: Robine Jean-Marie , Romieu Isabelle , Cambois Emmanuelle
Published: July 2002

In many developed and developing countries, life expectancy has greatly increased over the last two decades. However, this seemingly favourable change raises new questions concerning the quality of the years of life gained, particularly in the elderly. Do the individuals who escape death accumulate disabilities, sequelae of accidents or consequences of chronic diseases? The concept of disability-free life expectancy, and more widely that of health expectancy, has been developed in order to answer this question.
Linear types and approximation
Authors: HUTH MICHAEL , JUNG ACHIM , KEIMEL KLAUS
Published: July 2002

We study continuous lattices with maps that preserve all suprema rather than only directed
ones. We introduce the (full) subcategory of FS-lattices, which turns out to be *-autonomous,
and in fact maximal with this property. FS-lattices are studied in the presence of
distributivity and algebraicity. The theory is extremely rich with numerous connections to
classical Domain Theory, complete distributivity, Topology and models of Linear Logic.
Introduction
Authors: Péteri György
Published: July 2002

The idea underlying the present theme issue developed during the 1990s and was established as a project between 1997 and 1998. To some extent, our undertaking was prompted by the wave of new Soviet Russian and East European studies literature (especially from the region itself) emerging in the wake of the transformation of 1989–91, since when there has been a veritable revival of the totalitarian approach. Narratives were organised along the well-known dichotomies of passive victimised societies and victorious, omnipotent and relentlessly oppressive party-states. As in western scholarship in the 1950s and 1960s, historical and other studies of cultural and intellectual life under communism tended again to be coached in terms of conflicts between political rationality asserted with totalistic pretensions and idealised ‘communities’ of ‘knowledge’, ‘professionalism’, and ‘arts’, or in terms of conflicts between ideological and political legitimisation and ‘the uncompromising search for truth’ or ‘artistic experimentation’. Communist attempts politically to control knowledge and artistic production, their early efforts to secure monopolistic positions for particular epistemological and aesthetic paradigms (as in class-relativist science or socialist-realist art) have been seen and presented as a one-way imposition from above.
Ave virgo mater dei: towards a reconstruction
Authors: Wibberley Roger
Published: July 2002

Ave virgo mater dei, an English three-voice composition from around 1300, combines two structural devices typical of English music of this time: voice-exchange and hocket. Like many of its companion pieces in the so-called Worcester Fragments, only a portion of the original script (shown in Fig. 1) has survived. Recovery of this composition is aided by a number of immediate clues as to how the music (including what has been lost) must originally have been set out in the manuscript.
Techniques for sperm recovery in assisted reproduction
Authors: Girardi Sarah K , Schlegel Peter N
Published: July 2002

During the past decade, few fields in medicine have changed as dramatically as reproductive medicine and the treatment of male infertility. Whereas previously only men with obstructive azoospermia were candidates for treatment, either through surgical reconstruction or sperm aspiration, now even men with nonobstructive azoospermia are able to achieve pregnancies without having to resort to donor sperm. The extraordinary success of assisted reproduction after sperm retrieval for azoospermic men is the result of three important discoveries. First is the clinical observation that epididymal transit of sperm is not required for successful fertilization. Second is the recognition that significant heterogeneity in testicular biopsy specimens exists. Lastly is the advent of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), which has enabled fertilization regardless of the degree of sperm impairment or retrieval source as long as sperm are viable. These three discoveries have enabled fertilizations and pregnancies for men previously referred for donor insemination or adoption, and have therefore broadened the indications for sperm retrieval. This review is intended to describe in detail the available techniques for the recovery of sperm, with emphasis on the latest technique, testicular microdissection for sperm retrieval in nonobstructive azoospermia.
Are “Genetic Enhancements” Really Enhancements?
Authors: SHICKLE DARREN
Published: July 2002

The word enhancement is value laden and
potentially misleading in the context of genetics. Dictionary
definitions of enhance include “increase
in value,” “improve,” “appreciate,”
and “inflate.” The term genetic enhancement
would be better replaced with a more neutral term such
as “genetic manipulation” to reflect the fact
that the consequences of as yet largely untried technology
may be beneficial, balanced, or harmful. The aim of this
paper is to highlight some of the potential negative consequences
of the use of “enhancing technology” and hence
to challenge whether “enhancements” are actually
always enhancements. Thus it is necessary to question whether
what may appear to be a new means of enhancement may not
actually result in any significant change or is less effective
than existing means of enhancement; may actually make things
worse; or may on some measures actually make some things
better, but on other measures or in other senses make things
worse (either for the person being enhanced or for others).
Care Planning for Individuals with Chronic Mental Illness
and/or Substance Abuse Problems: Policy Implementation
for Community Mental Health Centers
Authors: Rentmeester Christy A.
Published: July 2002

In an earlier edition of Cambridge Quarterly,
in the “Networking News” section (CQ
Vol 9, No 4), Larry Gottlieb sought advice on ethics committee
assembly and policy implementation for a community mental
health center. One concern mentioned is that staff members
frequently encounter ethical issues—specifically,
questions about competency, informed consent, and treatment
refusal—regarding the care of clients whose decisionmaking
abilities are impaired by chronic mental illness and/or
substance abuse. My response offers a suggestion for policy
development and implementation, which may be integrated
into guiding staff members of community mental health centers
toward a model of care planning that is centered on clients'
experiences of their treatments and on relationship-building
among clients, community members, and mental health professionals.
The Religious Difference in Clinical Healthcare
Authors: HANSON MARK J.
Published: July 2002

When attempting to answer the question, “What
difference does religion make?” in the context of
clinical healthcare, one might be tempted to leap to either
of two rather obvious, but seemingly contradictory conclusions.
On the one hand, we might have a general impression of
religion not making much of a distinctive and clear difference,
at least in the actions and outcomes of most cases of clinical
interaction. Those of us in the bioethics world of discourse
are likely to think only of the less common cases of Christian
Scientists, Jehovah's Witnesses, Orthodox Jews, or
certain “fringe” religious groups who seem
to the majority of the population to hold especially sectarian,
if not “irrational,” beliefs about medical
matters. The so-called mainstream religious groups do not
get much attention because they largely don't cause
much trouble (at least where their religion is concerned);
they have learned to bracket their religious commitments
from at least any professional settings (if they even understand
how those commitments relate to healthcare at all); or
they don't hold views entailing consequences any different
from those of most nonbelieving, generally upright individuals.
Furthermore, although religious believers may have some
distinctive views, these views don't often noticeably
manifest themselves in distinctive or significant
“difference-making” ways.
Commentary
Authors: Seiden Dena J.
Published: July 2002

Who is this young woman that seems to have chosen
to die by default? She is in effect parentless at a labile
and vulnerable age. An attempt at a different social environment
has failed. She is depressed. Unknowns are her issues,
feelings, and concerns and whether antidepressants have
been tried, and if so, what their effect has been. Additional
data not given is whether dialysis has been tried, and
if not, why not? The known track record of adolescents
doing poorly on dialysis would be a concern, but then so
is the loss of a scarce resource.
On the Alspach Conjecture
Authors: BALISTER P. N.
Published: July 2002

It has been conjectured by Alspach [2] that given integers n and
m1, …, mt with
3 [les ] mi [les ] n and
[sum ]ti=1mi
= (n2) (n odd) or
[sum ]ti=1mi
= (n2) − n/2 (n even), then one can pack
Kn (n odd) or Kn minus a 1-factor
(n even) with cycles of lengths m1, …, mt.
In this paper we show that if the cycle lengths mi are bounded by some linear function
of n and n is sufficiently large then this conjecture is true.
A Counterexample to Kleitman's Conjecture
Concerning an Edge-Isoperimetric Problem
Authors: AHLSWEDE RUDOLF , CAI NING
Published: July 2002

Kleitman's conjecture concerning the ‘Kleitman–West problem’ is
false for 3-element subsets.
Theatrical cultures in early modern London
Authors: Boulton Jeremy
Published: July 2002

London's cultural and social life is the focus of four recent books which, with the exception of a few forays by Manley, concentrate mostly on the late sixteenth and first half of the seventeenth century.
Sperm incorporation in Xenopus laevis: characterisation of morphological events and the role of microfilaments
Authors: Boyle Judith A. , Chen Hui , Bamburg James R.
Published: July 2002

Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to determine the

morphological changes in the egg plasma membrane associated with sperm

binding, fusion and incorporation in Xenopus laevis. Sperm incorporation

in Xenopus is rapid, occurring within 3-5 min following addition of

sperm. Images have been obtained of both early sperm-egg interactions

and fertilisation bodies. Additionally, two drugs that specifically

alter F-actin dynamics, latrunculin and jasplakinolide, were used to

determine whether sperm incorporation is a microfilament-dependent

process. Jasplakinolide did not prevent sperm incorporation, cortical

granule exocytosis or cortical contraction, suggesting these events

can occur without depolymerisation of existing, stabilised

filaments. Latrunculin A, which competes with thymosin β4 in ooplasm for

binding actin monomer, did not inhibit cortical granule exocytosis, but

blocked cortical contraction in 100% of eggs at a concentration of

5 μM. Although a single penetrating sperm was found on an egg pretreated

in latrunculin, fertilisation bodies were never observed. At <5 μM

latrunculin, many eggs did undergo cortical contraction with some

exhibiting severe distortions of the plasma membrane and abnormal

accumulations of pigment granules. Preincubation of eggs in jasplakinolide

before latrunculin mitigated both these effects to some degree. However,

eggs incubated in latrunculin either prior to or after insemination never

progressed through first cleavage.
Fluorophore toxicity in mouse eggs and zygotes
Authors: Phillips Karen P. , Zhou Wen-liang , Baltz Jay M.
Published: July 2002

Ion-sensitive fluorophores are commonly used for quantitative measurements of intracellular ion concentrations. However, both the method of intracellular loading — which for many fluorophores involves endogenous esterase-mediated removal of hydrophobic groups such as acetoxymethyl esters (AM) — and fluorescence excitation of fluorophores in the cell, can produce toxic metabolites and reactive species. Techniques used to measure intracellular ion concentrations in mammalian eggs and embryos are being increasingly employed, yet little information is available about any detrimental effects of the use of fluorophores. We have therefore used in vitro fertilisation (IVF) to assess potential fluorophore toxicity in mouse eggs, and whole cell patch-clamp recordings to detect fluorophore-associated membrane damage in zygotes. Four fluorophores were examined: SNARF-1 and BCECF (pH indicators), Fura-2 (Ca2+) and MQAE (Cl−). Cleavage of AM groups alone had no effect either on the success of IVF or on membrane electrical properties of mouse zygotes. Intracellularly loaded BCECF, SNARF-1 and Fura-2 followed by fluorescence excitation were not cell-toxic under the conditions examined. In contrast, MQAE demonstrated significant toxicity both alone and in combination with fluorescence excitation.
Green accounting using imperfect, current prices
Authors: Cairns Robert D.
Published: July 2002

Especially in developing countries, natural resources and the environment are not optimally managed. Even so, it is possible for green accounts based on current prices to measure the realized contributions of the environment to net product. The prices for use in the green accounts, however, are not necessarily shadow prices as would be recommended by cost–benefit analysis: in practice, green or comprehensive NNP is an approximation of an index of welfare. The fact that a linearization of generalized national income is used implies that disaggregated, partial-equilibrium models of resources are useful.
Regional integration and the environment
Authors: PANAGARIYA ARVIND , SUTHIWART-NARUEPUT SETHAPUT
Published: July 2002

This paper explores the interaction between regional integration and the environment in a formal three-country, three-good model which incorporates pollution. Our main findings are: (1) whether preferential trading improves welfare depends critically on the level of domestic pollution charge extant and the direction of trade; (2) the introduction of preferential trading may lower welfare even when the pollution policy is chosen optimally; and (3) coordination of environmental policies only makes sense when pollution is transnational.
Stochastic food prices and slash-and-burn agriculture
Authors: BARRETT CHRISTOPHER B.
Published: July 2002

This paper explores the interrelationship between poverty, risk, and deforestation by small farmers in the low-income tropics. A nonseparable household model reveals how exogenous shocks to the mean or variance of a food price distribution might affect peasants' incentives to clear forest. The resulting links between food price policy, farmer behavior, and deforestation offer an innovative explanation of the vicious cycle of peasant immiserization and tropical deforestation. An intriguing, testable hypothesis also emerges: that market-oriented reforms that increase the mean and variance of food prices may inadvertently stimulate deforestation in economies in which a sizable proportion of farmers are net buyers.
Market based instruments for environmental policymaking in Latin America and the Caribbean: lessons from eleven countries
Authors: MOTTA RONALDO SERÔA DA , HUBER RICHARD M. , RUITENBEEK H. JACK
Published: July 2002

This article summarizes a comprehensive series of country studies in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), addressing experiences with market based instruments (MBIs) and command and control (CAC) approaches. First, MBIs can be an important means for introducing some added efficiency to existing CAC mechanisms. The scope of the MBIs must, however, match the institutional capacity to implement them. MBI approaches that introduce gradual and flexible reforms are therefore more likely to be consistent with ongoing institutional changes. Second, while the revenue collection task of MBIs is often highlighted, there is a strong need to channel revenues to local authorities to assist in building institutional capacity. Finally, international donor agencies are most prone to recommend OECD solutions with little regard to institutional issues. Moreover, most of the information flow regarding MBIs has been of a 'north-south' variety, whereas increased information sharing in a 'south-south' dialog would benefit all parties.
Letter to a twenty-five-year old electroacoustic composer
Authors: Truax Barry
Published: July 2002

So, this field we call electroacoustic music is celebrating its first half century, just as I did recently. While I cannot say that I actually grew up with this music, I discovered it in my early twenties (1969), and so I have participated in a good twenty-five years of its development. I have also heard a lot about the previous twenty-five years, often from the practitioners themselves, many of whom have unfortunately passed away in the meantime. With any luck I may still have another twenty-five years, and then you will be in my place now, and I wonder what choices you will have made, and what you will be writing to the next generation?
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy in Childhood Depression
Authors: Verduyn Chrissie
Published: July 2002

Cognitive behavioural approaches have been used in the treatment of
adult depression for many years, with much evidence of effectiveness. The
paper discusses issues in the applicability of these techniques in
interventions with depressed children and adolescents. Different models
of CBT are discussed and a typical programme described using a case
example. Work with parents, carers and other significant adults is
emphasised.
Using North American Instruments with British Samples: Norms for the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale in the UK
Authors: Mertin Peter , Dibnah Caroline , Crosbie Vivienne , Bulkeley Richard
Published: July 2002

The Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale is a widely used assessment
tool, but it is questionable whether the North American norms are
applicable to a British population. The scale was administered to 575
English children aged 8–12 years. Means were computed by age and
gender and compared to the published North American norms. English
males reported less anxiety than American males in most age groups, while
8-year-old English girls reported less anxiety than 8-year-old American
girls. The language used in the Scale caused some difficulties, suggesting
that the Scale might be better used in a structured interview rather than as
a self-completion questionnaire.
CONSISTENT EXPECTATIONS EQUILIBRIA AND COMPLEX DYNAMICS IN RENEWABLE RESOURCE MARKETS
Authors: Hommes Cars H. , Rosser, J. Barkley
Published: July 2002

Price fluctuations under adaptive learning in renewable resource markets such as fisheries are examined. Optimal fishery management with logistic fish population growth implies a backward-bending, discounted supply curve for bioeconomic equilibrium sustained yield. Higher discount rates bend supply backward more to generate multiple steady-state rational expectations equilibria. Under bounded rationality, adaptive learning of a linear forecasting rule generates steady-state, two-cycle as well as chaotic consistent expectations equilibria, which are self-fulfilling in sample average and autocorrelations. The possibility of “learning to believe in chaos” is robust and even enhanced by dynamic noise.
Processing a second language: late learners' comprehension mechanisms as revealed by event-related brain potentials
Authors: Hahne Anja , Friederici Angela D.
Published: July 2002

Sentence comprehension in second language (L2) learners was examined using event-related brain potentials (ERPs). Native Japanese speakers who had learned German as a second language after puberty listened to German sentences which were either correct, semantically incorrect, syntactically incorrect or both semantically and syntactically incorrect. Brain responses were registered while participants listened to these sentences. Grammaticality judgments required after each sentence revealed that their overall performance was not perfect but clearly above chance. When comparing the L2-learners' brain responses to those of native listeners, a variety of differences were observed. Whereas semantically incorrect sentences showed an ERP pattern similar to that of native listeners (a centro-parietal N400-effect), correct sentences elicited a greater positivity in L2-learners than in native listeners, possibly in reflection of greater difficulties in syntactic integration. For sentences containing a phrase structure violation, L2-learners did not show significant modulations of the syntax-related ERP components usually seen in native listeners (i.e. the early anterior negativity and the P600). Furthermore, sentences containing a pure semantic or a combined syntactic and semantic violation elicited a late right anterior-central negativity, an effect which has not been observed for native language processing. The topography of the effect may suggest that these additional processes are based on conceptual-semantic rather than on lexical-semantic aspects.
In search of the optimal management strategy for Arabian oryx
Authors: Treydte Anna C. , Williams Joseph B. , Bedin Eric , Ostrowski Stéphane , Seddon Phillip J. , Marschall Elizabeth A. , Waite Thomas A. , Ismail Khairy
Published: July 2002

Extirpated from the wild in 1972 by overhunting, Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx) were re‐introduced in Saudi Arabia in March 1990; 17 oryx were released into Mahazat as‐Sayd, a 2244 km2 fenced reserve in west‐central Arabia, which lies at the periphery of their historical home range. The population has increased to 346 animals. The National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development, and those that manage the herd, have recently asked, ‘What is the optimal management strategy to assure long‐term persistence of the species, given the absence of immigration and predation?’ Food resources, determinants of rates of mortality and birth, covary with unpredictable rainfall in Mahazat as‐Sayd. Using data‐driven assumptions, we developed a computer model that evaluated the probability of extinction (Pex) under various management strategies: no intervention, removing a fixed number of animals each year, removing a fixed percentage of animals each year, and removing all individuals above a threshold. In addition, we explored the probability that oryx populations would decline below two thresholds, called the probability of quasi‐extinction (Pq‐ex) under various management schemes. Our analyses suggested that, without intervention, the oryx population had a high Pex. Removing 15% of the current population provided a low Pex, but this method also produced high values for Pq‐ex and, as a by‐product, wide fluctuations in population size (N). Although it required an assessment of both N and carrying capacity (K), the most successful management plan consisted of removing all oryx above 70% of K. Adoption of this plan resulted in low Pex, low Pq‐ex, and smaller fluctuations in N. Our study may provide a useful model for evaluating management plans for a variety of threatened animal populations in desert ecosystems.
Pigmentation as a survival strategy for ancient and modern photosynthetic microbes under high ultraviolet stress on planetary surfaces
Authors: Wynn-Williams D.D. , Edwards H.G.M. , Newton E.M. , Holder J.M.
Published: July 2002

Solar radiation is the primary energy source for surface planetary life, so that pigments are fundamental components of any surface-dwelling organism. They may therefore have evolved in some form on Mars as they did on Earth. Photosynthetic microbes are major primary producers on Earth, but are concurrently vulnerable to ultraviolet (UV) damage. Using non-intrusive laser Raman spectroscopy to recognize the component parts of biomolecules, we have shown not only the abundance of microbial photosynthetic and photoprotective pigments in situ, but also their spatial distribution within their microhabitat. This essential aspect of their screening or avoidance survival strategies is lost on extraction with solvents. This precise approach is eminently suited to analysis of epilithic (surface) and endolithic (within rocks) communities in Antarctic desert habitats, which are putative analogues of early Mars. Raman spectra for key biomolecules (e.g. the UV screen parietin and the antioxidant β-carotene in epilithic lichens) enable not only the detection of organics in light-stratified habitats, but also the characterization of unknown pigments. Typical biomarkers of astrobiological relevance in our Raman spectral database include scytonemin (a UV screen), chlorophyll (primary photosynthetic pigment), phycocyanin (accessory pigment for shade adaptation) and a hopanoid extracted from 2·5 Gya microbial stromatolite from Australia. This compound dates from the same time period when a wetter Mars could have had a potentially flourishing surface microbial community of its own. Analyses with a laboratory Raman instrument have been extended to a novel miniature Raman spectrometer, operating at the same optimal excitation wavelength (1064 nm) via an In-Ga-As detector. After evaluation in Antarctica, this instrument will be space-qualified for a proposed Mars rover mission to detect biomolecules in the near-surface sediment profile of palaeolakes, using experience with Antarctic biomarkers to interpret alien spectra of fundamental components, without the need for prior knowledge of the identity of the target compounds.
The u-boot mutation identifies a Hedgehog-regulated myogenic switch for fiber-type diversification in the zebrafish embryo
Authors: Roy Sudipto , Wolff Christian , Ingham Philip W.
Published: July 2002

Developmental programs that govern the embryonic diversification of distinct kinds of muscles in vertebrates remain obscure. For instance, the most widely recognized attribute of early diversity among skeletal myoblasts is their ability to differentiate exclusively into fibers with slow or fast contractile properties. However, we know little about the developmental basis and genetic regulation of this seminal event in vertebrate myogenesis. Here we show that in the zebrafish, the u-boot gene acts as a myogenic switch that regulates the choice of myoblasts to adopt slow versus fast fiber developmental pathways. In u-boot mutant embryos, slow muscle precursors abort their developmental program, failing to activate expression of the homeobox gene prox1 and transfating into muscle cells with fast fiber properties. Using oligonucleotide-mediated translational inhibition, we have investigated the role ofprox1 in this program. We find that it functions in the terminal step of the u-boot controlled slow fiber developmental pathway in the regulation of slow myofibril assembly. Our findings provide new insight into the genetic control of slow versus fast fiber specification and differentiation and indicate that dedicated developmental pathways exist in vertebrates for the elaboration of distinct elements of embryonic muscle pattern.
Regulation of ς factor competition by the alarmone ppGpp
Authors: Jishage Miki , Kvint Kristian , Shingler Victoria , Nyström Thomas
Published: July 2002

Many regulons controlled by alternative ς factors, including ςS and ς32, are poorly induced in cells lacking the alarmone ppGpp. We show that ppGpp is not absolutely required for the activity of ςS-dependent promoters because underproduction of ς70, specific mutations inrpoD (rpoD40 and rpoD35), or overproduction of Rsd (anti-ς70) restored expression from ςS-dependent promoters in vivo in the absence of ppGpp accumulation. An in vitro transcription/competition assay with reconstituted RNA polymerase showed that addition of ppGpp reduces the ability of wild-type ς70 to compete with ς32 for core binding and the mutant ς70proteins, encoded by rpoD40 and rpoD35, compete less efficiently than wild-type ς70. Similarly, an in vivo competition assay showed that the ability of both ς32 and ςS to compete with ς70 is diminished in cells lacking ppGpp. Consistently, the fraction of ςS and ς32 bound to core was drastically reduced in ppGpp-deficient cells. Thus, the stringent response encompasses a mechanism that alters the relative competitiveness of ς factors in accordance with cellular demands during physiological stress.
Promotion of Rad51-dependent D-loop formation by yeast recombination factor Rdh54/Tid1
Authors: Petukhova Galina , Sung Patrick , Klein Hannah
Published: July 2002

The first DNA joint formed in homologous recombination processes is a D-loop. Saccharomyces cerevisiae RDH54/TID1-encoded product, a Swi2/Snf2-like factor involved in recombination, is shown here to promote D-loop formation with Rad51 recombinase. Physical interaction between Rdh54 and Rad51 is functionally important because Rdh54 does not enhance the recombinase activity of the Escherichia coliRecA protein. Robust dsDNA-activated ATPase activity in Rdh54 generates unconstrained negative and positive supercoils in DNA. Efficient D-loop formation occurs with even topologically relaxed DNA, suggesting that via specific protein–protein interactions, the negative supercoils produced by Rdh54 are used by Rad51 for making DNA joints.