bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of 13 microsatellite markers for Calochortus gunnisonii (Liliaceae) from Illumina MiSeq sequencing
Authors: Fuller Ryan S. , Frietze Seth , McGlaughlin Mitchell E.
Published: August 2015

Premise of the study:

Microsatellite primers were designed for Calochortus gunnisonii (Liliaceae), a montane lily species of the central and southern Rocky Mountains, using next‐generation DNA sequencing. The markers will be used to investigate population structure, genetic diversity, and demographic history.

Methods and Results:

Thirteen polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated from C. gunnisonii using Illumina MiSeq next‐generation DNA sequencing and bioinformatic screening. The mean number of alleles per locus ranged from 4.15 to 5.92 (avg. = 4.97). Observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.077 to 0.871 and 0.213 to 0.782, respectively. The primers were also tested for cross‐species amplification value with C. flexuosus, C. nuttallii, C. kennedyi var. kennedyi, and C. subalpinus.

Conclusions:

These primers will be useful for genetic and evolutionary studies across C. gunnisonii's range within the southern and central Rocky Mountains. Furthermore, these markers have proven valuable for cross‐species amplifications within Calochortus.
Morpho-physiolological and qualitative traits of a bread wheat collection spanning a century of breeding in Italy
Authors: Laino Paolo , Limonta Margherita , Gerna Davide , Vaccino Patrizia
Published: August 2015

Evaluation and characterization are crucial steps in the exploitation of germplasm collections. The Sant’Angelo Lodigiano unit of the Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria (CREA) maintains a broad collection of Triticum spp, including more than 4000 genotypes of T. aestivum. Such collection represents a wide source of genetic variability for many agronomic and qualitative traits, extremely useful in modern breeding programs. The collection size, however, makes very difficult its management as a whole. A reduced subset, representing the process of wheat breeding in Italy during the last hundred years, was hence identified for an in-depth characterization. The lines were cropped in two locations over two growing seasons, and analyzed using 16 morpho-agronomic and qualitative descriptors. Most of the analysed characters showed a broad variation throughout the collection, allowing to follow the plant ideotype changes across the breeding progress in Italy during the 20th century.
Llenguatge jurídic i llenguatge poètic: les gosadies del comte-bisbe Miró Bonfill
Authors: Quetglas Pere J.
Published: August 2015

[ct] En aquest treball s’estudia l’originalitat poètica del comte de Besalú i Bisbe de Girona, Miró Bonfill (segle X), en un dels documents que hom li atribueix: l’acta de confirmació de la dotació de l’església de Sant Pere de Besalú. L’anàlisi dels 27 versos identificats en aquest document posen en relleu una clara dependència de Miró Bonfill d’altres poetes com Paulí d’Aquileia o Venanci Fortunat, però també l’existència de relacions amb altres obres, anteriors, contemporànies i posteriors, circumstància que obre nous interrogants sobre les relacions literàries de Catalunya amb Europa al segle X.
Hacia una caracterización de la transmisión aristotélica en la Cataluña medieval
Authors: Escobar Ángel
Published: August 2015

Sobre la base de una transmisión textual prolongada e intensa como la que se produce en Cataluña –tanto en latín como en catalán– durante la Edad Media y los albores del Renacimiento, el aristotelismo, entendido en el sentido más amplio del término, ofrece en este ámbito una serie de vicisitudes que intentamos analizar sumariamente, atendiendo a sus hitos más definitorios. Esta síntesis, que procura valorar los datos en su contexto peninsular, constituye un pequeño esbozo de la sección que dedicamos al aristotelismo catalán, ya con carácter exhaustivo, en nuestro “Aristoteles Hispanus”. Transmisión textual y pervivencia de Aristóteles en España hasta 1600.
Innovación y tradición en el léxico de las traducciones bíblicas castellanas medievales: el uso de cultismos y voces patrimoniales en las versiones del siglo XV
Authors: Pueyo Mena F. Javier , Enrique-Arias Andrés
Published: August 2015

En este trabajo se aborda el uso de cultismos y otras innovaciones léxicas y morfológicas en los cuatro romanceamientos medievales completos de la Biblia hebrea compuestos en el siglo XV. Para ello se analiza una selección de lemas hebreos y de sus traducciones castellanas correspondientes, así como la distribución de ciertos fenómenos de morfología derivativa. El objetivo es determinar, mediante la comparación cuantitativa y cualitativa de las soluciones romances empleadas, el reparto de léxico vernáculo tradicional frente a innovaciones cultas. Nuestros resultados muestran que mientras la Biblia de Arragel y la Biblia del Marqués de Santillana se muestran inmersas en la tendencia de principios del siglo XV hacia el uso de cultismos y estructuras latinizantes, los textos más tradicionales, como la Biblia E3, no los presentan de forma apreciable. La Biblia E5/E7, por otro lado, queda a medio camino respecto del resto de las versiones, haciendo uso por lo general de opciones tradicionales en la línea de E3, pero incorporando igualmente voces cultas aunque en menor medida que las Biblias de Santillana y de Arragel.
Intangible Investment and Technical Efficiency
Authors: Fındık Derya , Tansel Aysit
Published: August 2015

This chapter analyzes the effect of intangible investment on firm efficiency with an emphasis on its software component. Stochastic production frontier approach is used to simultaneously estimate the production function and the determinants of technical efficiency in the software intensive manufacturing firms in Turkey for the period 2003-2007. Firms are classified based on the technology group. High technology and low technology firms are estimated separately in order to reveal differentials in their firm efficiency. The results show that the effect of software investment on firm efficiency is larger in high technology firms which operate in areas such as chemicals, electricity, and machinery as compared to that of the low technology firms which operate in areas such as textiles, food, paper, and unclassified manufacturing. Further, among the high technology firms, the effect of the software investment is smaller than the effect of research and development personnel expenditure. This result shows that the presence of R&D personnel is more important than the software investment for software intensive manufacturing firms in Turkey.
Expatriate Selection and Retention
Authors: Tran Ben
Published: August 2015

Many international hotel chains (IHCs) have sent their employees, their expatriates, overseas to maintain corporate standards, fill skills gaps, and transfer technology and corporate culture in their worldwide properties. The workforce is the backbone of any organization, and IHCs should pay careful attention to trends as well as published research to reduce failures that will ultimately affect its financial state as well as the organization as a whole. This chapter will be on the hotel industry in China. Hence, the focus of this chapter is on the matter that when IHCs are selecting expatriates to send to China, IHRM and IHCs need to identify and assess these expatriates' other characteristics (O). These O characteristics are: (1) desire to prematurely terminate an expatriate's assignment; (2) stable competencies; and (3) intercultural/international business communication.
Multimedia Transmission in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Costa Daniel G. , Guedes Luiz Affonso , Vasques Francisco , Portugal Paulo
Published: August 2015

Wireless sensor networks are an emerging technology that can provide valuable information for a large series of monitoring and control applications. Comprising many monitoring scenarios with different particularities, as industrial management, weather forecasting, home automation, traffic management and rescue operations, just to cite a few, wireless sensor networks bring many possibilities for innovative applications that cannot be addressed by conventional wireless network technologies. When sensors are equipped with cameras or microphones, multimedia data can be retrieved from the monitored field, enriching the perception of the target area. However, the constrained nature of wireless sensor networks imposes many challenges to multimedia transmission, fostering development of optimized protocols. In this chapter, we present the state of the art of multimedia transmission in wireless sensor networks, covering topics as routing, error control, congestion avoidance, real-time delivery, compression and QoS, potentially supporting in the development of wireless multimedia sensor networks.
Enabling Meaningful Certificates from Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs)
Authors: Vovides Yianna , Inman Sarah
Published: August 2015

At a time when higher education is under pressure to produce more college graduates to meet the demands of future workforce needs, the dropout rate in U.S. institutions is the highest it has ever been. Massive open online courses (MOOCs) provide an opportunity to expand access to postsecondary and adult education. This chapter explores access, retention, and recognition issues in relation to MOOCs. It argues that formal education models of curriculum design need to be refined to take advantage of the massive open online space. It concludes by describing a conceptual model that proposes an integrative learning analytics approach to support student retention and achievement.
Tribological Relationship for Sintered Bearing Using Taguchi Technique
Authors: Gajjal Priya Shekhar , Lathkar Geeta , Bagchi Harijan
Published: August 2015

Sintered bearing materials have been developed in order to be used as a journal bearing material without lubrication. This paper presents a study of influence of manufacturing and process parameters on friction and wear of bearing. Plan of experiments, based on Taguchi technique was used to acquire the data in a controlled way. An orthogonal array (L27) and analysis of variance were employed to investigate the influence of parameters of dry ferrous bearing. The objective is to establish a correlation between process and manufacturing parameters with friction and wear by multiple regression analysis. Finally, confirmation tests were performed to validate the relationship as suggested through experiments.
Apoptosis activation in human carious dentin. An immunohistochemical study
Authors: Loreto C. , Psaila A. , Musumeci G. , Castorina S. , Leonardi R.
Published: August 2015

The exact mechanisms and enzymes involved in caries progression are largely unclear. Apoptosis plays a key role in dentin remodelling related to damage repair; however, it is unclear whether apoptosis in decayed teeth is activated through the extrinsic or the intrinsic pathway. This ex vivo immunohistochemical study explored the localization of TRAIL, DR5, Bcl-2 and Bax, the main proteins involved in apoptosis, in teeth with advanced caries. To evaluate TRAIL, DR5, Bcl-2 and Bax immunoexpressions twelve permanent carious premolars were embedded in paraffin and processed for immunohistochemistry. The results showed that TRAIL and DR5 were overexpressed in dentin and in pulp vessels and mononuclear cells; strong Bax immunostaining was detected in dilated dentinal tubules close to the lesion, and Bcl-2 staining was weak in some dentin areas under the cavity or altogether absent. These findings suggest that both apoptosis pathways are activated in dental caries. Further studies are required to gain insights into its biomolecular mechanisms.Â
A tribute to John Carey: 09 March 1935 – 14 May 2015
Authors: Gillan Wayne D.H.
Published: August 2015

No abstract available
Exploring the function of relative sentences in New Testament Greek
Authors: Du Toit Herman C.
Published: August 2015

The traditional view of the function of relative sentences in the Greek New Testament differed markedly from that in many modern languages. This view was challenged in the mid-1980s and a number of striking correspondences with a variety of modern (and some classical) languages were pointed out, despite some differences. The purpose of this article is, amongst others, to explore functional aspects of the relative sentence against this background, and to provide further substantiation for the new view and some new perspectives in the light of recent literature. The conclusion is that the view of the functions of the relative sentence, as developed in the mid-1980s, still seems valid. The view is also supported to a large extent by recent literature, especially with respect to the relative sentence’s adjectival use, despite differences relating to nuances and terminology. However, recent New Testament grammars still distinguish so-called ‘conditional’, ‘concessive’, ‘causal’, ‘final’ and ‘resultative’ relative sentences as part of their adverbial use, despite strong evidence to the contrary. The conclusion reached is that relative sentences seem to have the following functions in New Testament Greek, which correspond to their functions in numerous modern languages: (1) Identifying a referent(s) with or without an overt nominal antecedent. (2) Providing background or additional information for a nominal or sentential antecedent in the form of a parenthesis, explanation or concession, or some combination of these. (3) Qualifying a verb with regard to time, location or manner. (4) Functioning as a conjoined sentence.
Inverted appendix: Computed tomographic colonography diagnosis in a patient and lesson learned
Authors: Bortz Joel
Published: August 2015

The role of computed tomographic colonography in the diagnosis of an inverted appendix is described in an adult woman, with Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome, who underwent a laparotomy during her childhood for severe abdominal pain. According to the patient, both a hysterectomy and an incidental appendectomy were performed.
Esophageal Cancer: Insights from Mouse Models
Authors: Tétreault Marie-Pier
Published: August 2015

Esophageal cancer is the eighth leading cause of cancer and the sixth most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Despite recent advances in the development of surgical techniques in combination with the use of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the prognosis for esophageal cancer remains poor. The cellular and molecular mechanisms that drive the pathogenesis of esophageal cancer are still poorly understood. Hence, understanding these mechanisms is crucial to improving outcomes for patients with esophageal cancer. Mouse models constitute valuable tools for modeling human cancers and for the preclinical testing of therapeutic strategies in a manner not possible in human subjects. Mice are excellent models for studying human cancers because they are similar to humans at the physiological and molecular levels and because they have a shorter gestation time and life cycle. Moreover, a wide range of well-developed technologies for introducing genetic modifications into mice are currently available. In this review, we describe how different mouse models are used to study esophageal cancer.
Metric Spaces Admitting Low-distortion Embeddings into All n-dimensional Banach Spaces
Authors: Ostrovskii Mikhail , Randrianantoanina Beata
Published: August 2015

For a fixed K > 1 and n ∈ ℕ, n ≫ 1, we study metric spaces which admit embeddings with distortion ≤ K into each n-dimensional Banach space. Classical examples include spaces embeddable into log n-dimensional Euclidean spaces, and equilateral spaces.

We prove that good embeddability properties are preserved under the operation of metric composition of metric spaces. In particular, we prove that n-point ultrametrics can be embedded with uniformly bounded distortions into arbitrary Banach spaces of dimension log n.

The main result of the paper is a new example of a family of finite metric spaces which are not metric compositions of classical examples and which do embed with uniformly bounded distortion into any Banach space of dimension n. This partially answers a question of G. Schechtman.
A questão da privacidade: um olhar sobre publicações da Ciência da Informação
Authors: Bembem Angela Halen Claro , Santana Ricardo César Gonçalves , Da Costa Santos Plácida Leopoldina Ventura Amorim
Published: August 2015

O tema da privacidade tem sido tratado nas mais diversas áreas do conhecimento, e por envolver diretamente o tema da informação e as tecnologias da informação, é essencial inclui-lo no âmbito da Ciência da Informação. A fim de verificar como essa temática tem sido abordada pela área, objetivou-se analisar as publicações recentes sobre o tema, categorizando-as segundo o dicionário de privacidade desenvolvido por Vasalou et al.(2011). Observou-se que o tema tem sido mais fortemente tratado no que diz respeito às problemáticas da violação de privacidade, e que tais publicações são predominantemente oriundas de um contexto internacional. Considera-se que a temática da privacidade ganhará maior relevância no escopo da Ciência da Informação quanto ela estiver presente nos veículos que institucionalizam tal ciência.
Extração e disponibilização on line de indicadores de desempenho e prospecção dos resultados das pesquisas em dengue com a utilização da ferramenta computacional Scriptlattes
Authors: Ferraz Renato Ribeiro Nogueira , Quoniam Luc , Pimenta Denise Nacif , Mena-Chalco Jesús Pascual , Nigro Carolina Alencar
Published: August 2015

Introdução: O Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) criou a Plataforma Lattes com o intuito de unificar o cadastro nacional de pesquisadores. O Scriptlattes é uma ferramenta computacional que baixa currículos cadastrados no CNPq, extrai informações acadêmicas e profissionais, cria relatórios de produção, gráficos de colaboração e internacionalização da pesquisa, além de mapas geográficos de investigação. Objetivo: Utilizar o Scriptlattes para disponibilizar a produção científica brasileira relacionada à dengue, uma doença negligenciada (DN) brasileira. Método: Após a criação de listas contendo os ID Lattes dos pesquisadores em dengue no país, que são um registro de 16 algarismos que dão acesso direto ao currículo do pesquisador, assim como as listas dos ID dos grupos de pesquisa em dengue cadastrados no CNPq, alimentou-se a ferramenta Scriptlattes e solicitou-se a criação dos referidos relatórios. Resultados: A ferramenta compilou indicadores de desempenho dos pesquisadores e grupos de pesquisa sobre dengue, analisando o andamento de suas produções e contribuindo para a prospecção dos resultados de pesquisas futuras, disponibilizando-os em páginas na web. Conclusão: A apresentação de dados proposta permite uma análise apurada, no âmbito da saúde coletiva, do andamento das pesquisas em dengue no país, possibilitando a criação ou reformulação de estratégias voltadas ao planejamento de pesquisas relacionadas ao diagnóstico, tratamento e prevenção de importantes condições clínicas como as DN.
Ascensão e distanciamento na trajetória social, escolar e profissional de um jovem das camadas populares
Authors: De Oliveira Luiz Fernando , Portes Écio Antônio
Published: August 2015

O presente texto traz a análise da trajetória escolar, prossifional e social de um ator social oriundo das camadas populares que ingressou em um curso superior altamente seletivo da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) e o concluiu, a saber, o curso de Engenharia Elétrica, cursou o Mestrado na mesma área e trabalha como engenheiro em uma companhia energética no estado de Minas Gerais. As reflexões levantadas neste trabalho dizem respeito, principalmente, às mudanças econômicas, culturais e sociais que foram ocorrendo na vida do referido ator no período que vai do ano de 1996, ano de seu ingresso na Universidade, até o ano de 2012, tendo como referência o papel da escola e da Educação, em sentido amplo, nesta trajetória de “sucesso”. Como técnica de coleta de dados, foram realizadas entrevistas em profundidade em dois períodos diferentes, de modo a abarcar a escolarização e a vida profissional do ator pesquisado. Os resultados das análises apontam para duas hipóteses centrais: 1) a formação escolar e o ingresso no mundo do trabalho em uma pro! ssão socialmente prestigiada não foram capazes de garantir, até aqui, a incorporação da cultura das elites pelo ator investigado, embora o mesmo tenha incorporado rapidamente a cultura profissional exigida pelo seu cargo, o que se mostrou altamente funcional; e 2) a ascensão social, econômica e cultural do ator parece ter produzido um distanciamento do mesmo em relação às suas origens, distanciamento seguido de certa carga de sofrimento.
Afetos, cultura e mediação: especificidades do desenvolvimento na criança de zero a três anos
Authors: Valderramas Gomes Cláudia Aparecida
Published: August 2015

Ao anunciar a materialidade dos processos psicológicos humanos, a psicologia histórico-cultural destaca que a cultura é a matéria-prima do desenvolvimento, ou seja, é por meio da inserção da criança, desde o seu nascimento, no universo da linguagem, dos objetos e da história dos homens que a mesma constitui sua condição humana. Esse artigo tem como objetivo apresentar algumas particularidades do desenvolvimento da criança nos primeiros três anos de vida destacando os processos afetivos e a interposição da cultura nesse processo. Utilizando como aporte teórico principal a psicologia de Vigotski e, de maneira especial, o conteúdo referido nas Obras Escolhidas, tomo IV, o artigo contribui para pensar a educação das crianças ainda na primeira infância indicando o papel que os elementos mediadores, em especial os educadores, desempenham nesse processo como forma de expressar outra atitude frente àaprendizagem e ao desenvolvimento.
Magical Musical Tour
Authors: Donnelly K.J.
Published: August 2015

The popular music industry has become completely interlinked with the film industry. The majority of mainstream films come with ready-attached songs that may or may not appear in the film but nevertheless will be used for publicity purposes and appear on a soundtrack album. In many cases, popular music in films has made for some of the most striking moments in films and the most dramatic aesthetic action in cinema, like Ben relaxing in the pool to Simon and Garfunkel’s ‘The Sound of Silence’ in The Graduate (1967), and the potter’s wheel sequence with the Righteous Brothers’ ‘Unchained Melody’ in Ghost (1990). Yet, to date, there have only been patchy attempts to deal with popular music’s relationship with film. Indeed, it is startling that there is so little written on subject that is so popular as a consumer item and thus has a significant cultural profile.

Magical Musical Tour is the first sustained and focused survey to engage the intersection of the two on both an aesthetic and industrial level. The chapters are historically-inspired reviews, discussing many films and musicians, while others will be more concentrated and detailed case studies of single films. Including an accompanying website and a timeline giving a useful snapshot around which readers can orient the book, Kevin Donnelly explores the history of the intimate bond between film and music, from the upheaval that rock‘n’roll caused in the mid-1950s to the more technical aspects regarding ‘tracking’ and ‘scoring’.
Three-dimensional dust aerosol distribution and extinction climatology over northern Africa simulated with the ALADIN numerical prediction model from 2006 to 2010
Authors: Mokhtari M. , Tulet P. , Fischer C. , Bouteloup Y. , Bouyssel F. , Brachemi O.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. The seasonal cycle and optical properties of mineral dust aerosols in northern Africa were simulated for the period from 2006 to 2010 using the numerical atmospheric model ALADIN (Aire Limitée Adaptation dynamique Développement InterNational) coupled to the surface scheme SURFEX (SURFace EXternalisée). The particularity of the simulations is that the major physical processes responsible for dust emission and transport, as well as radiative effects, are taken into account on short timescales and at mesoscale resolution. The aim of these simulations is to quantify the dust emission and deposition, locate the major areas of dust emission and establish a climatology of aerosol optical properties in northern Africa. The mean monthly aerosol optical thickness (AOT) simulated by ALADIN is compared with the AOTs derived from the standard Dark Target (DT) and Deep Blue (DB) algorithms of the Aqua-MODIS (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) products over northern Africa and with a set of sun photometer measurements located at Banizoumbou, Cinzana, Soroa, Mbour and Cape Verde. The vertical distribution of dust aerosol represented by extinction profiles is also analysed using CALIOP (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization) observations. The annual dust emission simulated by ALADIN over northern Africa is 878 Tg year−1. The Bodélé Depression appears to be the main area of dust emission in northern Africa, with an average estimate of about 21.6 Tg year−1. The simulated AOTs are in good agreement with satellite and sun photometer observations. The positions of the maxima of the modelled AOTs over northern Africa match the observed positions, and the ALADIN simulations satisfactorily reproduce the various dust events over the 2006–2010 period. The AOT climatology proposed in this paper provides a solid database of optical properties and consolidates the existing climatology over this region derived from satellites, the AERONET network and regional climate models. Moreover, the 3-D distribution of the simulated AOTs also provides information about the vertical structure of the dust aerosol extinction.
The ENSO signal in atmospheric composition fields: emission-driven versus dynamically induced changes
Authors: Inness A. , Benedetti A. , Flemming J. , Huijnen V. , Kaiser J. W. , Parrington M. , Remy S.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) not only affects meteorological fields but also has a large impact on atmospheric composition. Atmospheric composition fields from the Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate (MACC) reanalysis are used to identify the ENSO signal in tropospheric ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide and smoke aerosols, concentrating on the months October to December. During El Niño years, all of these fields have increased concentrations over maritime South East Asia in October. The MACC Composition Integrated Forecasting System (C-IFS) model is used to quantify the relative magnitude of dynamically induced and emission-driven changes in the atmospheric composition fields. While changes in tropospheric ozone are a combination of dynamically induced and emission-driven changes, the changes in carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and smoke aerosols are almost entirely emission-driven in the MACC model. The ozone changes continue into December, i.e. after the end of the Indonesian fire season while changes in the other fields are confined to the fire season.
Variability of water vapour in the Arctic stratosphere
Authors: Thölix L. , Backman L. , Kivi R. , Karpechko A.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. This study evaluates the stratospheric water vapour distribution and variability in the Arctic. A FinROSE chemistry climate model simulation covering years 1990–2013 is compared to observations (satellite and frostpoint hygrometer soundings) and the sources of stratospheric water vapour are studied. According to observations and the simulations the water vapour concentration in the Arctic stratosphere started to increase after year 2006, but around 2011 the concentration started to decrease. Model calculations suggest that the increase in water vapour during 2006–2011 (at 56 hPa) is mostly explained by transport related processes, while the photochemically produced water vapour plays a relatively smaller role. The water vapour trend in the stratosphere may have contributed to increased ICE PSC occurrence. The increase of water vapour in the precense of the low winter temperatures in the Arctic stratosphere led to more frequent occurrence of ICE PSCs in the Arctic vortex. The polar vortex was unusually cold in early 2010 and allowed large scale formation of the polar stratospheric clouds. The cold pool in the stratosphere over the Northern polar latitudes was large and stable and a large scale persistent dehydration was observed. Polar stratospheric ice clouds and dehydration were observed at Sodankylä with accurate water vapour soundings in January and February 2010 during the LAPBIAT atmospheric sounding campaign. The observed changes in water vapour were reproduced by the model. Both the observed and simulated decrease of the water vapour in the dehydration layer was up to 1.5 ppm.
Retrieval and validation of carbon dioxide, methane and water vapor for the Canary Islands IR-laser occultation experiment
Authors: Proschek V. , Kirchengast G. , Schweitzer S. , Brooke J. S. A. , Bernath P. F. , Thomas C. B. , Wang J.-G. , Tereszchuk K. A. , González Abad G. , Hargreaves R. J. , Beale C. A. , Harrison J. J. , Martin P. A. , Kasyutich V. L. , Gerbig C. , Kolle O. , Loescher A.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. The first ground-based experiment to prove the concept of a novel space-based observation technique for microwave and infrared-laser occultation between low-Earth-orbit satellites was performed in the Canary Islands between La Palma and Tenerife. For two nights from 21 to 22 July 2011 the experiment delivered the infrared-laser differential transmission principle for the measurement of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the free atmosphere. Such global and long-term stable measurements of GHGs, accompanied also by measurements of thermodynamic parameters and line-of-sight wind in a self-calibrating way, have become very important for climate change monitoring. The experiment delivered promising initial data for demonstrating the new observation concept by retrieving volume mixing ratios of GHGs along a ~144 km signal path at altitudes of ~2.4 km. Here, we present a detailed analysis of the measurements, following a recent publication that introduced the experiment's technical setup and first results for an example retrieval of CO2. We present the observational and validation data sets, the latter simultaneously measured at the transmitter and receiver sites; the measurement data handling; and the differential transmission retrieval procedure. We also determine the individual and combined uncertainties influencing the results and present the retrieval results for 12CO2, 13CO2, C18OO, H2O and CH4. The new method is found to have a reliable basis for monitoring of greenhouse gases such as CO2, CH4, and H2O in the free atmosphere.
Nonlinear wave interactions of kinetic sound waves
Authors: Brodin G. , Stenflo L.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. We reconsider the nonlinear resonant interaction between three electrostatic waves in a magnetized plasma. The general coupling coefficients derived from kinetic theory are reduced here to the low-frequency limit. The main contribution to the coupling coefficient we find in this way agrees with the coefficient recently presented in Annales Geophysicae. But we also deduce another contribution which sometimes can be important, and which qualitatively agrees with that of an even more recent paper. We have thus demonstrated how results derived from fluid theory can be improved and generalized by means of kinetic theory. Possible extensions of our results are outlined.
Multi-molecular tracers of terrestrial carbon transfer across the pan-Arctic: comparison of hydrolyzable components with plant wax lipids and lignin phenols
Authors: Feng X. , Gustafsson Ö. , Holmes R. M. , Vonk J. E. , van Dongen B. E. , Semiletov I. P. , Dudarev O. V. , Yunker M. B. , Macdonald R. W. , Montluçon D. B. , Eglinton T. I.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Hydrolyzable organic carbon (OC) comprises a significant component of sedimentary particulate matter transferred from land into oceans via rivers. Its abundance and nature are however not well studied in Arctic river systems, and yet may represent an important pool of carbon whose fate remains unclear in the context of mobilization and related processes associated with a changing climate. Here, we examine the molecular composition and source of hydrolyzable compounds isolated from sedimentary particles derived from nine rivers across the pan-Arctic. Bound fatty acids (b-FAs), hydroxy FAs, n-alkane-α,ω-dioic acids (DAs) and phenols were the major components released upon hydrolysis of these sediments. Among them, b-FAs received considerable inputs from bacterial and/or algal sources, whereas ω-hydroxy FAs, mid-chain substituted acids, DAs, and hydrolyzable phenols were mainly derived from cutin and suberin of higher plants. We further compared the distribution and fate of suberin- and cutin-derived compounds with those of other terrestrial biomarkers (plant wax lipids and lignin phenols) from the same Arctic river sedimentary particles and conducted a benchmark assessment of several biomarker-based indicators of OC source and extent of degradation. While suberin-specific biomarkers were positively correlated with plant-derived high-molecular-weight (HMW) FAs, lignin phenols were correlated with cutin-derived compounds. These correlations suggest that, similar to leaf-derived cutin, lignin was mainly derived from litter and surface soil horizons, whereas suberin and HMW FAs incorporated significant inputs from belowground sources (roots and deeper soil). This conclusion is supported by the negative correlation between lignin phenols and the ratio of suberin-to-cutin biomarkers. Furthermore, the molecular composition of investigated biomarkers differed between Eurasian and North American Arctic rivers: while lignin dominated in the terrestrial OC of Eurasian river sediments, hydrolyzable OC represented a much larger fraction in the sedimentary particles from Colville River. Hence, studies exclusively focusing on either plant wax lipids or lignin phenols will not be able to fully unravel the mobilization and fate of bound OC in Arctic rivers. More comprehensive, multi-molecular investigations are needed to better constrain the land–ocean transfer of carbon in the changing Arctic, including further research on the degradation and transfer of both free and bound components in Arctic river sediments.
Measurement and interpolation uncertainties in rainfall maps from cellular communication networks
Authors: Rios Gaona M. F. , Overeem A. , Leijnse H. , Uijlenhoet R.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Accurate measurements of rainfall are important in many hydrological and meteorological applications, for instance, flash-flood early-warning systems, hydraulic structures design, irrigation, weather forecasting, and climate modelling. Whenever possible, link networks measure and store the received power of the electromagnetic signal at regular intervals. The decrease in power can be converted to rainfall intensity, and is largely due to the attenuation by raindrops along the link paths. Such an alternative technique fulfils the continuous effort to obtain measurements of rainfall in time and space at higher resolutions, especially in places where traditional rain gauge networks are scarce or poorly maintained. Rainfall maps from microwave link networks have recently been introduced at country-wide scales. Despite their potential in rainfall estimation at high spatiotemporal resolutions, the uncertainties present in rainfall maps from link networks are not yet fully comprehended. The aim of this work is to identify and quantify the sources of uncertainty present in interpolated rainfall maps from link rainfall depths. In order to disentangle these sources of uncertainty, we classified them into two categories: (1) those associated with the individual microwave link measurements, i.e. the errors involved in link rainfall retrievals, such as wet antenna attenuation, sampling interval of measurements, wet/dry period classification, dry weather baseline attenuation, quantization of the received power, drop size distribution (DSD), and multi-path propagation; and (2) those associated with mapping, i.e. the combined effect of the interpolation methodology and the spatial density of link measurements. We computed ~ 3500 rainfall maps from real and simulated link rainfall depths for 12 days for the land surface of the Netherlands. Simulated link rainfall depths refer to path-averaged rainfall depths obtained from radar data. The ~ 3500 real and simulated rainfall maps were compared against quality-controlled gauge-adjusted radar rainfall fields (assumed to be the ground truth). Thus, we were able to not only identify and quantify the sources of uncertainty in such rainfall maps, but also test the actual and optimal performance of one commercial microwave network from one of the cellular providers in the Netherlands. Errors in microwave link measurements were found to be the source that contributes most to the overall uncertainty.
Soil storage influences climate–evapotranspiration interactions in three western United States catchments
Authors: Garcia E. S. , Tague C. L.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. In the winter-wet, summer-dry forests of the western United States, total annual evapotranspiration (ET) varies with precipitation and temperature. Geologically mediated drainage and storage properties, however, may strongly influence these relationships between climate and ET. We use a physically based process model to evaluate how soil available water capacity (AWC) and rates of drainage influence model estimates of ET-climate relationships for three snow-dominated, mountainous catchments with differing precipitation regimes. Model estimates show that total annual precipitation is a primary control on inter-annual variation in ET across all catchments and that the timing of recharge is a second order control. Low soil AWC, however, increases the sensitivity of annual ET to these climate drivers by three to five times in our two study basins with drier summers. ET–climate relationships in our Colorado basin receiving summer precipitation are more stable across subsurface drainage and storage characteristics. Climate driver-ET relationships are most sensitive to soil AWC and soil drainage parameters related to lateral redistribution in the relatively dry Sierra site that receives little summer precipitation. Our results demonstrate that uncertainty in geophysically mediated storage and drainage properties can strongly influence model estimates of watershed scale ET responses to climate variation and climate change. This sensitivity to uncertainty in geophysical properties is particularly true for sites receiving little summer precipitation. A parallel interpretation of this parameter sensitivity is that spatial variation in soil properties are likely to lead to substantial within-watershed plot scale differences in forest water use and drought stress.
Snow instability evaluation: calculating the skier-induced stress in a multi-layered snowpack
Authors: Monti F. , Gaume J. , van Herwijnen A. , Schweizer J.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. The process of dry-snow slab avalanche formation can be divided into two phases: failure initiation and crack propagation. Several approaches tried to quantify slab avalanche release probability in terms of failure initiation based on shear stress and strength. Though it is known that both the properties of the weak layer and the slab play a major role in avalanche release, most previous approaches only considered slab properties in terms of slab depth, average density and skier penetration. For example, for the skier stability index, the additional stress (e.g. due to a skier) at the depth of the weak layer is calculated by assuming that the snow cover can be considered a semi-infinite, elastic half-space. We suggest a new approach based on a simplification of the multi-layered elasticity theory in order to easily compute the additional stress due to a skier at the depth of the weak layer taking into account the layering of the snow slab and the substratum. We first tested the proposed approach on simplified snow profiles, then on manually observed snow profiles including a stability test and, finally, on simulated snow profiles. Our simple approach well reproduced the additional stress obtained by finite element simulations for the simplified profiles – except that the sequence of layering in the slab cannot be replicated. Once implemented into the classical skier stability index and applied to manually observed snow profiles classified into different stability classes, the classification accuracy improved with the new approach. Finally, we implemented the refined skier stability index into the 1-D snow cover model SNOWPACK. For the two study cases presented in this paper, this approach showed promising results even though further verification is still needed. In the future, we intend to implement the proposed approach for describing skier-induced stress within a multi-layered snowpack into more complex models which take into account not only failure initiation but also crack propagation.
Landslide inventory development in a data sparse region: spatial and temporal characteristics of landslides in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Robbins J. C. , Petterson M. G.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. In Papua New Guinea (PNG) earthquakes and rainfall events form the dominant trigger mechanisms capable of generating many landslides. Large volume and high density landsliding can result in significant socio-economic impacts, which are felt particularly strongly in the largely subsistence-orientated communities which reside in the most susceptible areas of the country. As PNG has undergone rapid development and increased external investment from mining and other companies, population and settled areas have increased, hence the potential for damage from landslides has also increased. Information on the spatial and temporal distribution of landslides, at a regional-scale, is critical for developing landslide hazard maps and for planning, sustainable development and decision making. This study describes the methods used to produce the first, country-wide landslide inventory for PNG and analyses of landslide events which occurred between 1970 and 2013. The findings illustrate that there is a strong climatic control on landslide-triggering events and that the majority (~ 61 %) of landslides in the PNG landslide inventory are initiated by rainfall related triggers. There is also large year to year variability in the annual occurrence of landslide events and this is related to the phase of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and mesoscale rainfall variability. Landslide-triggering events occur during the north-westerly monsoon season during all phases of ENSO, but less landslide-triggering events are observed during drier season months (May to October) during El Niño phases, than either La Niña or ENSO neutral periods. This analysis has identified landslide hazard hotspots and relationships between landslide occurrence and rainfall climatology and this information can prove to be very valuable in the assessment of trends and future behaviour, which can be useful for policy makers and planners.
REACTION MECHANISM OF NAH WITH THE STRUCTURAL UNIT OF BUTYL RUBBER RESEARCH THROUGH THE α-PINENE MODEL COMPOUND METHOD
Authors: Feng Ying , Su Junjie , Zhang Cuimei , Li Jingjun , Zhao Jiruo
Published: August 2015

We substituted the small molecular model compound α-pinene of butyl rubber (IIR) to simulate the reaction between sodium hydride (NaH) and the isoprene structural unit of IIR. Meanwhile, we provided reference data on the reaction mechanism and reaction degree for the modified reaction of IIR with an active carboanion-based center. In this way, possible chemically modified reaction pathways of IIR were studied. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance results showed that α-pinene and the structural unit of IIR have a very high degree of similarity. NaH can not only produce the substitution reaction in the allylic position with α-pinene, but it can also result in the double-bond addition reaction. The degree of substitution reaction was higher than that of the addition reaction. Reaction time, the amount of NaH, and different carboanion acceptors can also greatly affect the degree of the reaction. Fourier transform infrared results indicated that the maleic anhydride experienced a ring-opening reaction rather than the double-bond addition reaction. This means that the generated carboanion primarily attacked the C=O bond on the molecular structure of the maleic anhydride and introduced the polar functional groups and unsaturated double-bond functional groups to the molecular structure of α-pinene.
Pandillas en escuelas públicas de El Salvador
Authors: López Ramírez Augusto Rigoberto
Published: August 2015

Este estudio descriptivo plantea el problema de la presencia de pandillas delictivas (MS-13 y B-18) en escuelas públicas de El Salvador, y lo aborda a partir de cuatro variables, relativas a la manera en que se manifiesta en sus dimensiones de seguridad pública, a saber: causas de la penetración de pandillas en escuelas, comisión de delitos, generación de problemas sociales y control de las escuelas. Se recogieron relatos de personas involucradas, así como estadísticas oficiales e informes policiales. Se concluye dimensionando el problema por sus consecuencias para la seguridad pública, lo cual deviene en recomendaciones para que se trate el fenómeno como un asunto de seguridad.Revista Policía y Seguridad Pública 5(1) 2015: 247-298
Inserción civil, lucha política y delincuencia en la posguerra: El Frente Norte 3-80 (FN 3-80) en Nicaragua
Authors: Rueda Estrada Verónica
Published: August 2015

El presente artículo expone la manera en que nacieron y desarrollaron sus actividades los grupos armados de Nicaragua durante la posguerra (1990-1997). Se abordan principalmente de manera descriptiva y, apartir de ahí, de forma analítica tomando como caso de estudio al Frente Norte 3-80 (FN 3-80), un importante grupo recontra que tuvo su base de operaciones en Quilalí, Nueva Segovia; así mismo se analizan otros grupos armados escindidos de este. A través del seguimiento periodístico de sus actividades y con base en entrevistas a sus miembros, se caracterizan los desmovilizados que participaron en el grupo: los que se rearmaron como forma de presión negociadora para obtener beneficios para su inserción productiva; los que le dieron un uso político a las organizaciones armadas, incluso por parte de sus propios líderes; y, finalmente, los excombatientes que, al no poder insertarse civilmente, optaron por la delincuencia como forma de vida durantela posguerra. El rearme significó un grave problema social, económico y político para Nicaragua, y tiene sus raíces en las violentas políticas de estabilización implementadas por el Gobierno de Violeta Barrios; sin embargo en el presente artículo se pondera tanto el paso de la vida militar a la civil en condiciones de pobreza, como el surgimiento de grupos delincuenciales al amparo de la ineficiente inserción civil.Revista Policía y Seguridad Pública 5(1) 2015: 353-414
Barrio adentro. La solidaridad violenta de las pandillas
Authors: Vejarano Anzola Alvaro Augusto
Published: August 2015

Libro de interés histórico para conocer el perfil de las pandillas juveniles, así como su presencia e influencia en la sociedad salvadoreña. Se presenta un análisis sociológico y una caracterización psicosocial de las maras del Área Metropolitana de San Salvador.Revista Policía y Seguridad Pública 5(1) 2015: 417-422
Convenio de cooperación para el desarrollo de la formación continua en puestos de trabajo entre la Academia Nacional de Seguridad Pública y la Policía Nacional Civil
Authors: Editor El
Published: August 2015

Revista Policía y Seguridad Pública 5(1) 2015: 433-443
Libro: Maras y pandillas en Centroamérica: pandillas y capital social. Volumen II
Authors: Gutiérrez Portillo Alejandra Patricia
Published: August 2015

Revista Policía y Seguridad Pública 5(1) 2015: 449-451
Cine: Alma, hija de la violencia
Authors: Murcia Walter Vladimir
Published: August 2015

Revista Policía y Seguridad Pública 5(1) 2015: 456-457