bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Single‐Molecule Electrical Detection with Real‐Time Label‐Free Capability and Ultrasensitivity
Authors: Gu Chunhui , Jia Chuancheng , Guo Xuefeng
Published: April 2017

Single‐molecule detection based on electricity can realize direct, real‐time, and label‐free monitoring of the dynamic processes of either chemical reactions or biological functions at the single‐molecule/single‐event level. This provides a fascinating platform to probe detailed information of chemical and biological reactions, including intermediates/transient states and stochastic processes that are usually hidden in ensemble‐averaged experiments, which is of crucial importance to chemical, biological, and medical sciences. Here, the focus is on a valuable survey of the state‐of‐art progress in single‐molecule dynamics studies that are based on electrical nanocircuits formed from one‐dimensional nanoarchitectures and molecular‐tunneling junctions. Further interesting applications, useful statistical‐analysis methods, and future promising directions toward the study of chemical‐reaction dynamics and biomolecular activities are also discussed.
Predicting delivery of a small‐for‐gestational‐age infant and adverse perinatal outcome in women with suspected pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Griffin M. , Seed P. T. , Duckworth S. , North R. , Myers J. , Mackillop L. , Simpson N. , Waugh J. , Anumba D. , Kenny L. C. , Redman C. W. G. , Shennan A. H. , Chappell L. C.
Published: April 2017

Objective

To evaluate the test performance of 47 biomarkers and ultrasound parameters for the prediction of delivery of a small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) infant and adverse perinatal outcome in women presenting with suspected pre‐eclampsia.

Methods

This was a prospective, multicenter observational study in which 47 biomarkers and ultrasound parameters were measured in 397 women with a singleton pregnancy presenting with suspected preterm pre‐eclampsia between 20 + 0 and 36 + 6 weeks' gestation, with the objective of evaluating them as predictors of subsequent delivery of a SGA infant and adverse perinatal outcome. Women with confirmed pre‐eclampsia at enrollment were excluded. Factor analysis and stepwise logistic regression were performed in two prespecified groups stratified according to gestational age at enrollment. The primary outcome was delivery of a SGA infant with a birth weight < 3rd customized centile (SGA‐3), and secondary outcomes were a SGA infant with a birth weight < 10th customized centile and adverse perinatal outcome.

Results

In 274 women presenting at 20 + 0 to 34 + 6 weeks' gestation, 96 (35%) delivered a SGA‐3 infant. For prediction of SGA‐3, low maternal placental growth factor (PlGF) concentration had a sensitivity of 93% (95% CI, 84–98%) and negative predictive value (NPV) of 90% (95% CI, 76–97%) compared with a sensitivity of 71% (95% CI, 58–82%) and a NPV of 79% (95% CI, 68–87%) for ultrasound parameters (estimated fetal weight or abdominal circumference < 10th centile). No individual biomarker evaluated had a better performance than did PlGF, and marker combinations made only small improvements to the test performance. Similar results were found in 123 women presenting between 35 + 0 and 36 + 6 weeks' gestation.

Conclusion

In women presenting with suspected preterm pre‐eclampsia, measurement of PlGF offers a useful adjunct for identifying those at high risk of delivering a SGA infant, allowing appropriate surveillance and timely intervention. © 2017 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Curing characteristics, tear, fatigue, and aging properties of bentonite‐filled ethylene‐propylene‐diene (EPDM) rubber composites
Authors: Ismail Hanafi , Che Mat Nurus Sakinah , Othman Nadras
Published: April 2017

This article investigates how the presence of bentonite clay in ethylene‐propylene‐diene (EPDM) composite affects curing characteristics, tear strength, fatigue, and aging properties. The process of compounding of EPDM/Bt composite was carried out by two‐roll mills and the compound was compressed into sheets at 150°C. Monsanto Disc Rheometer was used to determine the curing characteristics, whereas its tear strength was measured by Instron machine. The aging of EPDM/Bt composite was carried out by putting the samples into a 100°C oven for 48 h. Meanwhile, the fatigue strength of the EPDM/Bt composite was measured through Fatigue To Failure Test machine. Results indicate that the curing time (t90) and minimum torque (ML) of EPDM/Bt composite increases with every increase in Bt loading. The scorch time (ts2) increases only after 30 phr was added in EPDM/Bt composite and it continue to rise until 90 phr Bt. Meanwhile, maximum torque (MH) increases with Bt loading and decreases after 90 phr of Bt was added. Tear properties of EPDM/Bt composite have found to be increased with Bt up to 90 phr. The resistance of EPDM/Bt composite toward aging also increases but up to 70 phr of Bt and this can be seen in the increased percentage of retention in EPDM/Bt composite. Fatigue life, however, decreases with increases in Bt loading. Morphological study carried out through scanning electron microscope suggests that there is a buildup of agglomeration when excessive amount of Bt is added into EPDM/Bt composite. This addition leads to the poor properties of EPDM/Bt composites. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 24:E77–E84, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
Cover Image, Volume 4, Issue 3
Authors: Oestigaard Terje
Published: April 2017

The cover image, by Terje Oestigaard, is based on Overview Holy water: the works of water in defining and understanding holiness, DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1205.

image
A projection‐based time‐splitting algorithm for approximating nematic liquid crystal flows with stretching
Authors: Cabrales Roberto C. , Guillén‐González Francisco , Gutiérrez‐Santacreu Juan Vicente
Published: April 2017

A numerical method is developed for solving a system of partial differential equations modeling the flow of a nematic liquid crystal fluid with stretching effect, which takes into account the geometrical shape of its molecules. This system couples the velocity vector, the scalar pressure and the director vector representing the direction along which the molecules are oriented. The scheme is designed by using finite elements in space and a time‐splitting algorithm to uncouple the calculation of the variables: the velocity and pressure are computed by using a projection‐based algorithm and the director is computed jointly to an auxiliary variable. Moreover, the computation of this auxiliary variable can be avoided at the discrete level by using piecewise constant finite elements in its approximation. Finally, we use a pressure stabilization technique allowing a stable equal‐order interpolation for the velocity and the pressure. Numerical experiments concerning annihilation of singularities are presented to show the stability and efficiency of the scheme.
Surgical Technique: Treatment of Distal Humerus Nonunions
Authors: Donders Johanna C. E. , Lorich Dean G. , Helfet David L. , Kloen Peter
Published: April 2017

Background

Open reduction and internal fixation of distal humerus fractures is standard of care with good to excellent outcome for most patients. However, nonunions of the distal humerus still occur. These are severely disabling problems for the patient and a challenge for the treating physician. Fortunately, a combination of standard nonunion techniques with new plate designs and fixation methods allow even the most challenging distal humeral nonunion to be treated successfully.

Questions/Purposes

The purpose of this manuscript is to describe our current technique in treating distal humeral nonunion as it has evolved over the last four decades. We have now follow-up on 62 treated patients.

Methods

A few key steps are essential to obtain bone healing while regaining or preserving elbow motion. These include careful planning, extensile exposure, release of the ulnar nerve, capsular release and mobilization of the distal fragment, debridement, and finally stable fixation after alignment with application of bone graft.

Results

The vast majority of distal humeral nonunions can be treated successfully with open reduction and internal fixation.

Conclusion

Important components of the treatment plan are careful preoperative planning, extensile approach, debridement, and solid fixation with—locking—plates and liberal use of bone graft.
Acute Fasting Induces Expression of Acylglycerophosphate Acyltransferase (AGPAT) Enzymes in Murine Liver, Heart, and Brain
Authors: Bradley Ryan M. , Mardian Emily B. , Moes Katherine A. , Duncan Robin E.
Published: April 2017

During fasting, cells increase uptake of non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and esterify excess into phosphatidic acid (PtdOH), the common precursor of both triacylglycerols and phospholipids, using acylglycerophosphate acyltransferases/lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferases (AGPAT/LPAAT). Knowledge of the regulation of AGPAT enzymes is important for understanding fasting adaptations. Total RNA was isolated from liver, heart, and whole brain tissue of C57BL/6J mice fed ad libitum, or fasted for 16 h. Following fasting, induction of Agpat2, 3, 4, and 5 was observed in the liver, Agpat2 and 3 in heart tissue, and Agpat1, 2, and 3 in whole brain tissue. As a result, the relative abundance profile of the individual homologues within specific tissues was found to be significantly altered depending on the nutritive state of the animal. These data demonstrate tissue‐specific effects of fasting on the regulation of different Agpat that are implicated in supporting unique downstream glycerolipid synthesis pathways.
Manot 1 calvaria and Recent Modern Human Evolution: an Anthropological Perspective
Authors: Hershkovitz I. , Latimer B. , Barzilai O. , Marder O.
Published: April 2017

The time range between 60 ka and 50 ka is one of the most dramatic phases in human biological evolution. In this period, the western part of Eurasia (Europe and the Near East) was populated by Neanderthals, whereas the eastern part (Central Asia and Siberia) was populated by Denisovans. However, by 30 ka, these two populations were replaced by anatomically modern humans (AMH). When did these newcomers arrive and from where? There is accumulating archaeological and genetic evidence suggesting that this demographic shift occurred at the end of MIS 4 [1–3]. Moreover, it is quite clear that a major dispersal of AMH out of Africa was the source of the new populations [4–7]. In this study, we examined specific morphological characteristics of Manot 1 (e.g., suprainiac fossa), and assessed their similarities to the corresponding traits found among Neanderthals. We will show that although the terminology is similar, the traits in each hominin group are of different entities. We also show that Manot 1 and Early Upper Palaeolithic skulls of Europe have many traits in common (e.g., suprainiac fossa, bunning), although Manot 1 is much more gracile. Finally, some of the archaic traits (e.g., suprainiac fossa) seen in Manot 1 can be traced to the Late Pleistocene Aduma skull (~79–105 ka) from Ethiopia or even Eyasi 1 (~200–400 ka) from Tanzania.
The use of theatre in medical education in the emergency cases school: an appealing and widely accessible way of learning
Authors: Keskinis Christodoulos , Bafitis Vasileios , Karailidou Panagiota , Pagonidou Christina , Pantelidis Panteleimon , Rampotas Alexandros , Sideris Michail , Tsoulfas Georgios , Stakos Dimitrios
Published: April 2017

Introduction Theatre models in medical education have been used worldwide in order to train medical students and graduates in managing various situations. However, the literature reports little regarding its appeal to trainees. We conducted a medical seminar, entitled Emergency Cases School, which employed such techniques. Actors simulated the actions of doctors and patients involved in various emergency cases, in front of a large audience, in a specially modified theatre hall which resembled the emergency room environment.

Methods A total of 303 undergraduate medical students participated in the seminar. The audience evaluated the course with the DREEM questionnaire, along with two extra questions: Q1. ‘Do you think that the course will prove itself beneficial to your clinical skills?’ and Q2. ‘Would you suggest the course to another student?’, in a 0–4 scoring scale. Of the attendees, 281 (92.7%) answered the questionnaire.

Results The overall DREEM score was 140.32 (±23.39) out of 150, which is interpreted as ‘More positive than negative’. The results of Q1 and Q2 were 3.07 (±0.78) and 3.65 (±0.61), respectively.

Discussion The Emergency Cases School received positive feedback as a theatre educational tool, targeted to a large audience. With the advantage of the realistic setting of an emergency room, along with its low-budget needs, this course model could function as a creative alternative of the more traditional lecturing teaching techniques.
The Actual and Ideal Sexual Self Concept in the Context of Genital Pain Using Implicit and Explicit Measures
Authors: Dewitte Marieke , De Schryver Maarten , Heider Niclas , De Houwer Jan
Published: April 2017

Background

The experience of pain during sexual intercourse generates significant distress and sexual impairments, which is likely to affect sexual identity and become a threat to the sense of self.

Aim

To explore the role of the concept of the sexual self in the context of genital pain by measuring different states of self (ie, actual vs ideal) at different levels of responding (ie, explicit vs implicit) and examine their associations with sexual, emotional, and pain-related variables.

Methods and Main Outcomes

Thirty young women who identified with genital pain and 29 women without pain completed (i) two versions of the Relational Responding Task as a measurement of implicit actual and ideal sexual self; (ii) explicit ratings of the actual and the ideal sexual self; and (iii) measurements of sexual self-esteem, global self-esteem, depression, sexual satisfaction, sexual distress or depression, sexual frequency, and pain experiences.

Results

Women with genital pain scored lower on the explicit and implicit actual-self measurements than women without pain but did not differ in their ideal self. Furthermore, the pain group reported higher ideal- than actual-self scores at the explicit level. Actual- and ideal-self measurements had differential effects on sexual, emotional, and behavioral outcome variables. In general, rating the ideal self higher than the actual self was related to more negative outcomes. Pain-related variables were predicted only by the implicit measurements, showing that the high pain group reported more pain, fear of pain, and a stronger tendency to continue with sex despite the pain when perceiving themselves as sexually less competent and when this perception did not match their ideal self.

Clinical Implications

Therapeutic interventions might benefit from discussing women's internal guides for self, decreasing potential discrepancies, and developing identity-related motivational treatments that target the emotional discomfort and maladaptive behavioral strategies that result from trying to conform with their guides of self. Setting idealistically high sexual standards, feeling pressure to perform as a sexual partner, and fearing to be sexually unqualified could be key factors in developing, maintaining, and exacerbating sexual dysfunctions.

Strengths and Limitations

This is the first study to systematically examine different components of the concept of the sexual self in the context of genital pain. Despite the small sample and the use of a non-clinical group of women, we found a theoretically and clinically interesting pattern of results.

Conclusions

Differentiating between different components of the sexual self is relevant to explain sexual, emotional, and pain-related responses.
Rasgos de personalidad en alumnos de reciente ingreso a la carrera de medicina
Authors: Torres Valenzuela Alejandro , Velázquez Hernández Gloria Yolanda , Martínez Luna Ariam Andrea , García García Jonatan , Gómez Rodríguez Magaly , Jasso Jiménez Luis Alejandro , Ortiz Valdivia Dulcelina
Published: April 2017

Introducción: La personalidad se refiere a características dinámicas de la persona que son un patrón de sentimientos, emociones y pensamientos ligados al comportamiento a lo largo del tiempo frente a situaciones diversas, dando independencia y diferencia al individuo, marcando una identidad y por ende distinguirlo de los demás. Conocer los rasgos de personalidad en alumnos de medicina permitirá planear acciones pedagógicas que favorezcan la formación de un mejor médico.

Objetivo: Identificar, para los alumnos de reciente ingreso a la carrera de medicina, atributos que describan las diferencias individuales, ordenar sus rasgos y clasificarlos en dimensiones básicas a través del cuestionario de 16 factores de personalidad de Cattell.

Método: Se llevó a cabo un estudio de encuesta transversal en alumnos de reciente ingreso a la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, en el que se utilizó el cuestionario de 16 factores de personalidad de Cattel.

Resultados: Se estudiaron 163 alumnos, con una edad de 19.4±0.95 a˜nos; el 58.3% fueron del género femenino. En orden decreciente, los valores más altos fueron: I (sensibilidad), F (impetuosidad), Q4 (tensión), Q2 (individualismo) y B (solución de problemas), mientras que los que tuvieron valores menores (media menos desviación estándar), en orden de menor a mayor, fueron: Q1 (rebeldía), N (diplomacia), M (imaginación), O (seguridad), G (responsabilidad) y C (estabilidad emocional).

Conclusiones: El perfil encontrado en los alumnos de medicina es que son conservadores, ingenuos, tensos, despreocupados y sensibles, mientras que son muy poco escrupulosos, imaginativos, realistas y experimentadores; en especial estos puntos son oportunidades de generar estrategias educativas que favorezcan su desarrollo.
Frontiers and Mobilities: The Frontiers of the Roman Empire and Europe
Authors: Hingley Richard
Published: April 2017

This article addresses questions relating to the ‘Frontiers of the Roman Empire World Heritage Site’ and seeks to introduce into this initiative some concepts derived from recent writings on contemporary mobilities and bordering, exploring the possibility of creating greater engagement between the two academic fields of ‘border studies’ and ‘Roman Frontier Studies’. By examining the relationship between the Roman Frontiers initiative and the European Union's stated aims of integration and the dissolution of borders, it argues in favour of crossing intellectual borders between the study of the present and the past to promote the value of the Roman frontiers as a means of reflecting on contemporary problems facing Europe. This article considers the potential roles of Roman Frontier Studies in this debate by emphasizing frontiers as places of encounter and transformation.
INTRODUCTION TO THE PEKING UNIVERSITY HAN BAMBOO STRIPS: ON THE AUTHENTICATION AND STUDY OF PURCHASED MANUSCRIPTS
Authors: Foster Christopher J.
Published: April 2017

Over the past two decades, remarkable collections of Warring States, Qin, and Han manuscripts have been purchased on the behalf of major academic institutions in China. This article introduces one of the latest acquisitions, the Han bamboo strips donated to Peking University in January 2009. Although the Peking University Han strips offer exciting new materials that promise to significantly advance the study of early China, research on them has been encumbered by the fact that they were not archaeologically excavated. This has invited concerns not only over the manuscripts’ authenticity, but also about the role our scholarship plays in fostering a market for looted artifacts. The article reviews current debates over the authentication of purchased bamboo strips, and discusses how the Peking University Han manuscripts were authenticated in particular. A refutation is given to recent arguments that the Peking UniversityLaoziis a forgery. A methodology is then proposed to positively authenticate purchased manuscripts, taking the Peking UniversityCang Jie pianas a case study and establishing its antiquity. The article concludes by addressing the professional ethics of scholars working with looted manuscripts, giving voice to the “rescue archaeology” position largely adopted in Chinese scholarship.
Native Grass Establishment following Application of Pyridine Herbicides
Authors: Lym Rodney G. , Becker Roger L. , Moechnig Michael J. , Halstvedt Mary B. , Peterson Vanelle F.
Published: April 2017

Invasive species management is often more successful if desirable species are seeded after the target weed is controlled. However, control of invasive plants must be maintained following reseeding or the seeded species may fail to establish. A regional study conducted in Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota evaluated the effect of aminopyralid, clopyralid, or picloram applied in the fall prior to fall-dormant seeding or seeding the following spring on cool- and warm-season native grass species establishment. Herbicides were applied at standard rates used to control invasive broadleaf weeds in the upper midwestern tallgrass prairie region of the United States. Cool-season species included Canada wildrye, green needlegrass, and intermediate wheatgrass. Warm-season species included big bluestem, little bluestem, sideoats grama, switchgrass, and Indiangrass. Aminopyralid did not reduce seedling establishment in either fall or spring seeding. Grasses generally were not affected by a pretreatment of the pyridine standards clopyralid or picloram either, with the exception of a slight reduction in fall-seeded establishment of intermediate wheatgrass. Picloram also slightly reduced fall-seeded establishment of Canada wildrye. Application of aminopyralid can safely be used to control susceptible invasive species preceding grass species establishment, with a safety margin similar to or slightly better than that with the pyridine standards clopyralid or picloram.
A Manifesto, in 140 Characters or Fewer: Social Media as a Tool of Rebel Diplomacy
Authors: Jones Benjamin T. , Mattiacci Eleonora
Published: April 2017

Can rebel organizations in a civil conflict use social media to garner international support? This article argues that the use of social media is a unique form of public diplomacy through which rebels project a favorable image to gain that support. It analyzes the Libyan civil war, during which rebels invested considerable resources in diplomatic efforts to gain US support. The study entails collecting original data, and finds that rebel public diplomacy via Twitter increases co-operation with the rebels when their message (1) clarifies the type of regime they intend to create and (2) emphasizes the atrocities perpetrated by the government. Providing rebels with an important tool of image projection, social media can affect dynamics in an ever more connected international arena.
Commentary: Science, Politics, and Risk: Catastrophic Asia from the Perspective of a Brazilianist Anthropologist
Authors: Goldstein Donna M.
Published: April 2017

The four articles in this “Catastrophic Asia” collection, while showcasing distinct disciplinary approaches to the subject of what anthropologist George E. Marcus (1994) might identify as “technopolitical” catastrophes, are united in the attempt to uncover the sociopolitical resonances of “manmade” damage in what we take to be regional Asia. In his bookTechnoscientific Imaginaries, Marcus recognizes that science is deeply political and already embedded in events. In this special section ofJAS, anthropologists join with scholars in the physical and natural sciences to apply this idea to catastrophic phenomena, continuing a transdisciplinary conversation that began in April 2014 at the Catastrophic Asia Symposium at the University of Colorado. Here, I contribute to this transdisciplinary enthusiasm by sharing with readers of an Asia-focused journal my own perspectives on catastrophe as a scholar of Brazil and a cultural anthropologist interested in medical anthropology and critical science studies. Specifically, I consider how experts working on issues related to the Angra dos Reis nuclear energy plant in Brazil—the site of my current research—viewed and discussed the Fukushima nuclear plant meltdown of 2011. By reading the current articles through the lens of my own research, I seek to situate catastrophe within a broader anthropological literature on environmental toxicity.
Kinetic inhibition of magnetohydrodynamics shocks in the vicinity of a parallel magnetic field
Authors: Bret Antoine , Pe’er Asaf , Sironi Lorenzo , Sa̧dowski Aleksander , Narayan Ramesh
Published: April 2017

According to magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), the encounter of two collisional magnetized plasmas at high velocity gives rise to shock waves. Investigations conducted so far have found that the same conclusion still holds in the case of collisionless plasmas. For the case of a flow-aligned field, MHD stipulates that the field and the fluid are disconnected, so that the shock produced is independent of the field. We present a violation of this MHD prediction when considering the encounter of two cold pair plasmas along a flow-aligned magnetic field. As the guiding magnetic field grows, isotropization is progressively suppressed, resulting in a strong influence of the field on the resulting structure. A micro-physics analysis allows us to understand the mechanisms at work. Particle-in-cell simulations also support our conclusions and show that the results are not restricted to a strictly parallel field.
Confucian Humanitarian Intervention? Toward Democratic Theory
Authors: Kim Sungmoon
Published: April 2017

It is widely claimed that Mencius's account of punitive expedition can be understood as a Confucian justification of humanitarian intervention and thus has the potential to play the role of constraining China's imperial ventures abroad. This paper challenges this optimism, by drawing attention to internal and external obstacles—the problem of virtue's self-indulgence and the problem of justification to non-Confucians—that prevent Mencius's virtue-based political theory of punitive expedition from developing into a modern theory of humanitarian intervention. It argues that for the Mencian theory to be relevant in the modern world marked most notably by moral pluralism, it must be transformed into a democratic theory, at the center of which is the stipulation that humanitarian intervention be morally justified internally, that is, to the people of the intervening state, as well as externally, first to the people to be intervened state, and second to international society.
Making meaning around experiences in interventions: identifying meaningfulness in a group-based occupational therapy intervention targeting older people
Authors: NILSSON INGEBORG , LUNDGREN ANNA SOFIA
Published: April 2017

There is a need to understand the underlying mechanisms at work within health promotion and occupational therapy interventions. The aim of this article was, therefore, to explore and describe how the participants of a group-based occupational therapy intervention with positive health outcomes created meaning of and around their experiences of the intervention. The studied intervention was part of the evaluation of a single-blinded, exploratory randomised controlled trial of three different interventions. A total of 19 participants between 77 and 82 years of age with experiences from the group-based intervention were interviewed, and the transcribed interviews were analysed from a constructivist approach. The results showed five different perspectives of meaning, including enjoyment, usefulness, togetherness, respect for individuality and self-reflection. Based on our findings, we argue that the possibility of getting information, sharing with others and having fun, and the ability to adjust the activities in the intervention so that they met the individual's needs, created meaning for the participants. Moreover, meeting with others supported the participants’ perspectives of themselves. The results are discussed in relation to the pervasive discourse of successful ageing, including how it was present but also challenged within the participants’ accounts of the intervention.
Older workers and employer-provided training in the Netherlands: a vignette study
Authors: FLEISCHMANN MARIA , KOSTER FERRY
Published: April 2017

Older workers throughout Europe are increasingly expected to participate longer in the labour market. While training appears to increase workers’ employability, prior research indicates that employers are less prone to provide training with increasing age of the workers. In this study, we aim to provide a better understanding of what affects employers’ considerations. We conduct a vignette experiment among Dutch employers to investigate how the government and workers themselves can exert influence on employers’ willingness to provide training. Our analyses show that employers’ provision of training declines with workers’ age, and additionally reveal two mitigating mechanisms. First, government reimbursements appear to work as a buffer: when reimbursements are offered, the decline in employers’ willingness to offer training is less pronounced throughout workers’ careers. Second, workers’ interest in training has a delaying effect: when workers are interested in training, employers’ willingness to provide training remains rather stable until workers are aged about 55, and decreases only afterwards. This contrasts the constant decline with age when workers had no interest in training. Our findings emphasise that employers’ considerations cannot be understood without taking the context into account, because governments and workers can affect employers’ decisions through cost reduction and social exchange relations, respectively. More research is needed to disentangle other possible underlying mechanisms.
Two-frequency undulator usage in compact self-amplified spontaneous emission free electron laser in Roentgen range
Authors: Zhukovsky K. , Potapov I.
Published: April 2017

The generation of harmonics in two-frequency undulator in a self-amplified spontaneous emission free electron laser (SASE FEL) is studied in order to produce Roentgen radiation in a relatively compact sized installation. The dynamics of SASE FEL is analyzed with the help of the phenomenological model to obtain the maximum of the X-ray high-harmonic power. The model accounts for the properties of the undulator magnetic field and of the electron beam and includes the major sources of losses, such as the electron energy spread, etc. It is compared and calibrated with the existing data on a FEL experiment. The advantages of the two-frequency undulator for Roentgen SASE FEL are demonstrated and the possibility to generate powerful mild Roentgen radiation at already ~25 m length is shown. The evolution of the bunching coefficients for high harmonics is studied together with the evolution of the FEL-induced energy spread. The linear and non-linear regimes are explored for common and for two-frequency undulators The usage of the two-frequency undulator for cascade SASE FEL with high X-ray harmonic power and high-harmonic bunching coefficients with low-induced energy spread is proposed.
Footstep adaptation strategy for reactive omnidirectional walking in humanoid robots
Authors: Zhang Jiwen , Xia Zeyang , Liu Li , Chen Ken
Published: April 2017

Stability, high response quality and rapidity are required for reactive omnidirectional walking in humanoids. Early schemes focused on generating gaits for predefined footstep locations and suffered from the risk of falling over because they lacked the ability to suitably adapt foot placement. Later methods combining stride adaptation and center of mass (COM) trajectory modification experienced difficulties related to increasing computing loads and an unwanted bias from the desired commands. In this paper, a hierarchical planning framework is proposed in which the footstep adaption task is separated from that of COM trajectory generation. A novel omnidirectional vehicle model and the inequalities deduced therefrom are adopted to describe the inter-pace connection relationship. A constrained nonlinear optimization problem is formulated and solved based on these inequalities to generate the optimal strides. A black-box optimization problem is then constructed and solved to determine the model constants using a surrogate-model-based approach. A simulation-based verification of the method and its implementation on a physical robot with a strictly limited computing capacity are reported. The proposed method is found to offer improved response quality while maintaining rapidity and stability, to reduce the online computing load required for reactive walking and to eliminate unnecessary bias from walking intentions.
The Absurdity of Denial: Staging the American Way of Death
Authors: Curtin Adrian
Published: April 2017

Death denial is a psychological impulse and a cultural attitude that banishes thoughts about death and disavows the reality of personal mortality. In theatre, death denial can function as an unexamined philosophy and conditioning element unless it is foregrounded and challenged. In this article, Adrian Curtin looks at two examples of American experimental theatre that did just that: a 1975 production of Dino Buzzati's 1953 play Un Caso Clinico (A Clinical Case) and Terminal (1969–1971), a collectively created work by the Open Theatre. Buzzati's play is little known, especially in English-language scholarship. This article pairs an obscure work with a canonical work in order to offer new insight into American experimental theatre of the early 1970s, indicating how both productions contributed to the contemporaneous ‘death awareness’ movement, which opened up matters relating to death and dying. These productions highlighted the illogicality and absurdity of death denial, exposing the delusional basis of this attitude and its potentially damaging effects on the individual and society. Adrian Curtin lectures in the Drama Department at the University of Exeter. He is the author of Avant-Garde Theatre Sound: Staging Sonic Modernity (Palgrave, 2014) and multiple essays on theatre sound, musical performance, and modernism. He is the 2015 winner of the Early Career Research Prize, awarded by the Theatre and Performance Research Association.
Tragedy Plus Time: Transforming Life Experience into Stand-Up Comedy
Authors: Double Oliver
Published: April 2017

In this article, Oliver Double examines the process of turning traumatic personal experience into viable stand-up comedy material by offering a detailed account of the creative process behind his 2015 show Break a Leg. Drawing on Bergson, Brecht, and Noël Carroll, he explores the origins of comic ideas in personal observation, and argues for a two-stage process of joke creation. This is fleshed out in a detailed examination of a particular routine, in which he uses Koestler's concept of bisociation to show how an initial observation was shaped into a series of punchlines. He also discusses authenticating strategies which comedians employ to demonstrate that they are recalling their actual experiences, and ways in which the dialogic qualities of stand-up affect empathy and intimacy. Oliver Double is a former professional comedian who is now a Reader in Drama at the University of Kent. He is the author of Stand-Up! On Being a Comedian (1997), Britain Had Talent: a History of Variety Theatre (2012), and Getting the Joke: the Inner Workings of Stand-Up Comedy (2nd edition, 2014). A film of Break a Leg is available on YouTube, and the related podcast Breaking a Leg is accessible via iTunes.
Corporeal Disintegration as Last-Gasp Vocal Act: the Final Works of Murobushi, Artaud, and Chéreau
Authors: Barber Stephen
Published: April 2017

In this article Stephen Barber investigates performances that take the form of last works by their performers and specifically utilize the distinctive medium of last-gasp monologues which intimate imminent death or unconsciousness. He assesses three such final performances, across theatre and dance – by Ko Murobushi, Antonin Artaud, and Patrice Chéreau – arguing that such performances often engage in a combative manner with processes of representation, and are able to articulate strong currents of memory and anger, often in fragmentary form. These performances also appear prescient for theatrical works today which deal with the vocal evocation of forthcoming calamities, whether corporeal or ecological. Stephen Barber is a Research Professor in Visual Culture at the Faculty of Art, Design, and Architecture, Kingston University. He is the author of several books on the work of Antonin Artaud, including Antonin Artaud: Blows and Bombs (1993), and most recently Muybridge: the Eye in Motion (2012), Performance Projections (2014), and Berlin Bodies (forthcoming, 2017).
A reappraisal of the role of humans in the biotic disturbance of islands
Authors: DELGADO JUAN D. , RIERA RODRIGO , RODRÍGUEZ RICARDO A. , GONZÁLEZ-MORENO PABLO , FERNÁNDEZ-PALACIOS JOSÉ MARÍA
Published: April 2017

Traditionally, islands have been used as ecological and biogeographical models because of their assumed ecological simplicity, reduced ecosystem size and isolation. The vast number of Earth's oceanic islands play a key role in maintaining global biodiversity and serve as a rich source of evolutionary novelty. Research into the factors determining diversity patterns on islands must disentangle natural phenomena from anthropogenic causes of habitat transformation, interruption and enhancement of biological fluxes and species losses and gains in these geographically and ecologically limited environments. The anthropogenic ecological forcing of communication through global transport has profound implications regarding island–continent links. Anthropogenic disturbances along continental margins and insular coasts contribute to shaping island biotas in ecological time, but also have evolutionary consequences of global resonance. Patterns of human landscape and resource use (geographical space and ecological communities and species), as well as increasing ecological connectivity of oceanic islands and mainland, are chief driving forces in island biogeography that should be reappraised. Global indirect effects of human activities (i.e. climate change) may also affect islands and interact with these processes. We review the implications of direct and indirect anthropogenic disturbances on island biotic patterns, focusing on island size, isolation and introduced exotic species, as well as the unsettled issue of oceanic island ecological vulnerability.
Characterization of nanograined powder samples using the Rietveld method applied to electron diffraction ring patterns
Authors: Serafini A. , Lutterotti L. , Gross S. , Gialanella S.
Published: April 2017

A full-pattern fitting procedure based on the Rietveld method was applied to electron diffraction ring patterns of a two-phase system, exhibiting the co-presence of zinc sulfide (sphalerite) and zinc oxide (Wurtzite). Bright and dark field (DF) images reveal the presence of micrometric aggregates, composed of quasi-spherical nanosized crystallites. These conventional transmission electron microscopy imaging methods provide a general morphological characterization of the specimens although, in the present case, they are not suitable for a detailed characterization of the microstructural features of the analyzed samples. Owing to the overlap and broadening of the diffraction rings of the two phases, DF images cannot provide a satisfactory picture of the individual crystallites of each single phase. To overcome this limit, the mentioned Rietveld approach was applied to model the electron diffraction data. The crystalline domain size and relevant shapes for both phases were successfully evaluated using the proposed methodological approach. The excellent results obtained in the microstructural characterization of the nanostructured multiphase samples demonstrate the capability of this technique, that may represents a fully quantitative method for the routine characterization of crystalline nanomaterials.
Attachment states of mind and inferred childhood experiences in maltreated and comparison adolescents from low-income families
Authors: Roisman Glenn I. , Rogosch Fred A. , Cicchetti Dante , Groh Ashley M. , Haltigan John D. , Haydon Katherine C. , Holland Ashley S. , Steele Ryan D.
Published: April 2017

This paper reports the first large-sample investigation of the maltreatment-related correlates of low-income adolescents’ narratives about their childhood experiences with primary caregivers, as assessed with a modified version of the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) and based on official reports of abuse and neglect (maltreatedn= 214, nonmaltreatedn= 140;Mage = 16.7 years). Drawing on factor-analytic and taxometric evidence indicating that AAI narratives vary along two state of mind (i.e., dismissing and preoccupied) and two inferred childhood experience (i.e., maternal and paternal) dimensions, here we demonstrate that the experience of maltreatment, particularly when chronic, is associated with increased risk for dismissing and preoccupied states of mind and more negative inferred childhood experiences. Although such maltreatment-related associations were generally not specific to any of the four AAI dimensions, the experience of physical and/or sexual abuse was uniquely associated with preoccupied states of mind and negative inferred paternal experiences even after controlling for the other AAI dimensions. More extensive paternal perpetration of maltreatment also was uniquely related to more negative inferred paternal experiences.
Attachment in young children with incarcerated fathers
Authors: Poehlmann-Tynan Julie , Burnson Cynthia , Runion Hilary , Weymouth Lindsay A.
Published: April 2017

The present study examined young children's attachment behaviors during paternal incarceration and reported on initial validity of a new measure used to rate children's attachment-related behaviors and emotions during visits in a corrections setting. Seventy-seven children, age 2 to 6 years, and their jailed fathers and current caregivers participated in the home visit portion of the study, whereas 28 of these children participated in the jail visit. The results indicated that 27% of children witnessed the father's crime and 22% of children witnessed the father's arrest, with most children who witnessed these events exhibiting extreme distress; children who witnessed these events were more likely to have insecure attachments to their caregivers. Consistent with attachment theory and research, caregivers who exhibited more sensitivity and responsivity during interactions with children and those who provided more stimulating, responsive, learning-oriented home environments had children who were more likely to have secure attachments (measured with the Attachment Q-Sort). We also found preliminary evidence for the validity of our new measure, the Jail Prison Observation Checklist, in that children's attachment-related behaviors and emotions during the jail visit correlated with their attachment security observed in the home. Our observations indicate that, in certain contexts, noncontact visits with incarcerated parents can be stressful for children and that children's caregivers may play a significant role during these visits.
Atypical dimensions of caregiver–adolescent interaction in an economically disadvantaged sample
Authors: Kobak Roger , Zajac Kristyn , Abbott Caroline , Zisk Abby , Bounoua Nadia
Published: April 2017

The Goal-Corrected Partnership Adolescent Coding System (GPACS) has shown promise in assessing a secure as well as three atypical patterns of parent–adolescent interaction during a conflict discussion. The current study of 186 economically disadvantaged families examines the degree to which four GPACS patterns: secure/collaborative, hostile/punitive, role confused, and disoriented, prospectively predict adolescents’ social competence and maladaptive behavior (internalizing, externalizing, and risk behaviors) at age 15 years after controlling for these social behaviors at age 13 years and contemporaneous GPACS scores. Adolescents from secure/collaborative dyads at age 13 were more likely to have a secure state of mind in the Adult Attachment Interview at age 15 and showed higher levels of teachers’ ratings of empathy and lower levels of teachers’ ratings of externalizing behaviors at age 15 years. Adolescents in disoriented dyads showed higher levels of teacher-rated internalizing problems, while male adolescents in role confused dyads reported higher levels of involvement in risk behaviors, including unprotected sexual activity and substance use problems.
A process model of the implications of spillover from coparenting conflicts into the parent–child attachment relationship in adolescence
Authors: Martin Meredith J. , Sturge-Apple Melissa L. , Davies Patrick T. , Romero Christine V. , Buckholz Abigail
Published: April 2017

Drawing on a two-wave, multimethod, multi-informant design, this study provides the first test of a process model of spillover specifying why and how disruptions in the coparenting relationship influence the parent–adolescent attachment relationship. One hundred ninety-four families with an adolescent aged 12–14 (M age = 12.4) were followed for 1 year. Mothers and adolescents participated in two experimental tasks designed to elicit behavioral expressions of parent and adolescent functioning within the attachment relationship. Using a novel observational approach, maternal safe haven, secure base, and harshness (i.e., hostility and control) were compared as potential unique mediators of the association between conflict in the coparenting relationship and adolescent problems. Path models indicated that, although coparenting conflicts were broadly associated with maternal parenting difficulties, only secure base explained the link to adolescent adjustment. Adding further specificity to the process model, maternal secure base support was uniquely associated with adolescent adjustment through deficits in adolescents' secure exploration. Results support the hypothesis that coparenting disagreements undermine adolescent adjustment in multiple domains specifically by disrupting mothers' ability to provide a caregiving environment that supports adolescent exploration during a developmental period in which developing autonomy is a crucial stage-salient task.
New insight on intergenerational attachment from a relationship-based analysis
Authors: Bailey Heidi N. , Tarabulsy George M. , Moran Greg , Pederson David R. , Bento Sandi
Published: April 2017

Research on attachment transmission has focused on variable-centered analyses, where hypotheses are tested by examining linear associations between variables. The purpose of this study was to apply a relationship-centered approach to data analysis, where adult states of mind, maternal sensitivity, and infant attachment were conceived as being three components of a single, intergenerational relationship. These variables were assessed in 90 adolescent and 99 adult mother–infant dyads when infants were 12 months old. Initial variable-centered analyses replicated the frequently observed associations between these three core attachment variables. Relationship-based, latent class analyses then revealed that the most common pattern among young mother dyads featured maternal unresolved trauma, insensitive interactive behavior, and disorganized infant attachment (61%), whereas the most prevalent adult mother dyad relationship pattern involved maternal autonomy, sensitive maternal behavior, and secure infant attachment (59%). Three less prevalent relationship patterns were also observed. Moderation analyses revealed that the adolescent–adult mother distinction differentiated between secure and disorganized intergenerational relationship patterns, whereas experience of traumatic events distinguished between disorganized and avoidant patterns. Finally, socioeconomic status distinguished between avoidant and secure patterns. Results emphasize the value of a relationship-based approach, adding an angle of understanding to the study of attachment transmission.