bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DRIED WHOLE EGG POWDER: VII. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE ON THE BACTERIAL CONTENT OF LIQUID AND DRIED EGG
Authors: Gibbons N. E. , Fulton C. O.
Published: April 2011

The bacterial content of liquid egg increased rapidly after about six hours at 20 °C., 12 hr. at 15.6 °C., 25 hr. at 11.1 °C., and two to three days at 7.2 °C. At 3.3 °C. there was little change for five to six days, followed by a very gradual increase.The bacterial content of dried egg powder was influenced by the number of bacteria in the melange, the drying temperature, the rate of cooling, the storage temperature, and the moisture content. Low drying temperature and rapid cooling of the powder favoured survival. On storage the bacterial mortality increased with increasing time and temperature. At temperatures above 30 °C. the death rate seemed to be proportional to changes in temperature. At 7.2 °C. and lower the majority of organisms survived eight months' storage. Up to 8.6%, moisture content had little effect on bacterial survival. At moisture levels above 5% there was an increase in the number of moulds, particularly at 23.9° and 32.2 °C.
DRIED WHOLE EGG POWDER: VIII. AN IMPROVED FLUORESCENCE METHOD AND SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE MEASUREMENT
Authors: Pearce J. A. , Thistle M. W. , Reid Margaret
Published: April 2011

An improved method avoided prolonged nitration periods and effected a material saving in chemicals, but the results do not differ from those obtained by the original method. The improved method is as follows: 2.5 gm. of egg powder is defatted with three 25 ml. portions of chloroform; 1 gm. of the defatted powder is shaken for 30 min. with 100 ml. of 10% sodium chloride, filtered, and the fluorescence of 15 ml. of the filtrate determined in a photofluorometer.Increase in temperature raised the values obtained by 0.65 photofluorometer units per Centigrade degree. Although decrease in the pH of the protein extracts was associated with increase in fluorescence values, variations in the pH of the protein solvent from 4.6 to 8.9 caused no significant change in fluorescence values.
INVESTIGATIONS ON THE USE OF IRISH MOSS IN CANNING OF MEAT
Authors: Reedman E. J. , Buckby Leonard
Published: April 2011

In an attempt to develop a suitable substitute for the agar used in large quantities by the canning industry, gelose preparations were made from bleached and unbleached Irish moss. About 30 to 60% of the total moss solids, depending on the type of moss used, were extracted in one-half hour by hot water. Suspended solids were removed by filtration with diatomaceous earth, and the extracts purified with activated charcoal. Extracts were dried successfully on a laboratory model double-drum drier, an experimental spray drier, an experimental tunnel drier, and by air-drying the concentrated extract at room temperature. All methods of drying yielded products capable of forming good jellies.Although agar jellies were definitely stronger than those from equivalent concentrations of Irish moss, the addition of 0.2% potassium chloride produced jellies from Irish moss that were stronger than those from agar. On the basis of consumer taste panel tests on canned chicken, no statistically significant difference could be demonstrated between the acceptability of agar and Irish moss jellies.
DRIED WHOLE EGG POWDER: IX. EFFECT OF DRYING CONDITIONS ON QUALITY
Authors: Woodcock A. H. , Reid Margaret
Published: April 2011

Liquid whole egg was spray dried in a small, laboratory drier at various flow rates of liquid egg and at different inlet and exhaust air temperatures. Quality of the powder, as assessed by chemical methods, palatability, and baking tests, was progressively improved as the exhaust air temperature was lowered. Inlet air temperatures above 107 °C. (225° F.) had a deleterious effect. Lowering the drying temperature, however, had an adverse effect on the rate of production.
SEDIMENTATION VOLUMES AND RIGIDITY IN SUSPENSIONS OF SODIUM SOAPS IN MINERAL OILS
Authors: Gallay Wilfred , Puddington Ira E.
Published: April 2011

The equilibrium sedimentation volumes of sodium soaps in suspension in mineral oils have been measured. The sedimentation volume increases greatly with decrease in viscosity index of the oil. Flow–pressure relations, determined with a torsional viscosimeter, show that suspensions with large sedimentation volumes possess rigidity, whereas the flow is Newtonian in suspensions having small sedimentation volumes. Variation in sedimentation volume is therefore caused by difference in the tendency toward agglomeration or attraction between particles, leading to the formation of branched chains and scaffolding structures, with consequently greater sedimentation volumes.
THE ALKALOIDS OF LYCOPODIUM SPECIES: V. LYCOPODIUM OBSCURUM L.
Authors: Manske Richard H. F. , Marion Léo
Published: April 2011

Lycopodium obscurum var. dendroideum (Michx.) D.C. Eaton has yielded two apparently new alkaloids in addition to the known lycopodine and obscurine and to alkaloid L13 also found in L. tristachyum. One of these, alkaloid L16, is isomeric with lycopodine and with alkaloid L13, while the second, alkaloid L17, is best represented by C18H27O3N. Nicotine is not present in tangible quantities.
SOME DERIVATIVES OF DIALKOXY-PHTHALIDES
Authors: Manske Richard H. F. , Ledingham Archie E.
Published: April 2011

Treatment of certain dialkoxy-benzoic acids was found to yield dialkoxy-phthalides containing a chloromethyl group. The constitutions of a number of these compounds have been elucidated by unambiguous syntheses. Inter alia, it was observed that the Fries rearrangement of 4-acetoxy-3-methoxy-toluene yielded exclusively a m-hydroxy-acetophenone. This appears to be the only recorded case of an exclusive meta-rearrangement. Several intermediate aldehydes and some compounds derived from them are described.
THE SEPARATION OF THE OXYGEN ISOTOPES BY THE DISTILLATION OF WATER
Authors: Thode H. G. , Smith S. R. , Walkling F. D.
Published: April 2011

Three 25 ft. columns packed with "Haydite" aggregate, a cheap efficient packing material, have been operated in cascade for 120 days to concentrate the oxygen isotopes by the distillation of water. In this time 23 gm. of O18 in excess of normal were produced. This includes 150 ml. of water enriched 6.5-fold in O18 and 2.7-fold in O17. The results indicate that these columns can be expanded to several feet in diameter for large scale production of O18 without much loss in efficiency. Cohen's theory for the operation of packed fractionating columns explains satisfactorily the effect of rate of flow on the equilibrium fractionation and gives a production rate in agreement with our data. The vapour pressure of H2O17 has been calculated and found to be equal, within the limits of our experiments, to the algebraic or geometric mean of the vapour pressures of H2O16 and H2O18.
THE ALKALOIDS OF LYCOPODIUM SPECIES: VI. LYCOPODIUM CLAVATUM L.
Authors: Marion Léo , Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

Lycopodium clavatum L. of American origin has yielded nicotine, lycopodine, alkaloid L13, and two new, as yet uncharacterized alkaloids, referred to as alkaloids L18 and L19. The alkaloids, clavatine and clavatoxine, found in L. clavatum of European origin were absent and it is suggested that the two plants are specifically or varietally distinct.
STUDIES WITH BACILLUS POLYMYXA: I. SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE FERMENTATION OF WHEAT BY BACILLUS POLYMYXA
Authors: Katznelson H.
Published: April 2011

Factors affecting the fermentation of 15% wheat mashes by strains of Bacillus polymyxa, under laboratory conditions, were studied with a view of obtaining maximum yields of 2,3 butanediol, a compound that can be converted to butadiene, an essential precursor of synthetic rubber. Neither the nature of the inoculating medium nor the age of the inoculum affected the fermentation but small amounts (0.5%) of the inoculum lowered the yield. Increasing the surface of the fermentation mixture resulted in improved yields of the diol as did the addition of yeast extract. Different strains varied markedly in fermentative ability; of 82 strains tested, 10 gave excellent results (over 3% diol). Combinations of two strains (phage-susceptible and phage-resistant) also gave satisfactory yields but mixtures of 5 or 10 caused a sharp drop in diol production. Low-grade, low-quality wheat samples were as satisfactory as samples of high-grade wheat in diol yield capacity. Elevator screenings were capable of being fermented by A. polymyxa although low yields were obtained, owing, undoubtedly, to the low starch content of these materials. However, since screenings command a low price on the market, it may be economically practical to consider their utilization for butanediol production.
NOTE ON DISPERSING AGENTS FOR GLUTEN
Authors: Grace N. H.
Published: April 2011

Approximately neutral sodium salt solutions of the group of chemicals comprising synthetic plant growth stimulants have been found to disperse undenatured gluten. Marked dispersing effects were noted with salts of naphthylacetic, naphthylbutyric, naphthylhexoic, indolylacetic, indolylbutyric, and phenylacetic acids. Salts of other substances, i.e., anthranilic and sulphanilic acids also had some effect. Percentages of nitrogen in gluten dispersed by salts of the following acids were 97 for naphthylacetic, 86 for phenylacetic, 85 for anthranilic, and 67 for sulphanilic; the controls, 1% sodium hydroxide and 10% sodium salicylate effected dispersions of 94 and 96% of total nitrogen, respectively.
ADULT PLANT RESISTANCE OF SOME OAT VARIETIES TO PHYSIOLOGIC RACES OF CROWN RUST
Authors: Peturson B.
Published: April 2011

The reactions of five varieties of oats in the seedling and adult plant stages to seven physiologic races of crown rust, Puccinia coronata Corda var. Avenae Erikss. & Henn. were determined.All five varieties were completely susceptible in the seedling stage to all the races. Two varieties, Erban and Ajax, were resistant in the adult plant stage to some of the races and susceptible or moderately susceptible to others. Two other varieties, R.L. No. 1370 and R.L. No. 1510 were resistant in the adult plant stage to all the races used in this test, and apparently possess a generalized type of adult plant resistance to crown rust.
A SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF THE MAIN ARTERIES IN THE REGION OF THE HEART—AVES XXIII: PASSERIFORMES (COMPSOTHLYPIDAE)
Authors: Glenny Fred H.
Published: April 2011

Ten species of the Compsothlypidae were dissected and diagrams of the arterial arrangement in the neck and thorax prepared. The basic family arrangement-pattern was found to be characteristic for all of the species studied. The ligamentum aortae was present and somewhat reduced, while the right ligamentum botalli was completely atrophied. The intercostal arteries arose near the base of the coracoid major arteries.
EFFECTS OF CONDITIONS OF STORAGE ON THE STABILITY OF ASCORBIC ACID IN VARIOUS CARRIERS
Authors: Marshall J. B. , Hopkins J. W. , Young G. A.
Published: April 2011

Fortified chewing gum, hard candy, jam to which ascorbic acid had been added after processing, ascorbic acid tablets, and a natural orange concentrate were stored under controlled conditions for periods up to one year. The data show that 70 to 80% of the ascorbic acid remained stable for protracted periods if the carriers were protected from moist conditions and not subject to temperatures in excess of 23.9 °C. When exposed to conditions of high relative humidity and temperature the products became objectionable from the standpoint of physical appearance before the ascorbic acid losses became excessive. Fortified jams retained 75% of the added ascorbic acid after six months at 23.9 °C.
DRIED WHOLE EGG POWDER: XI. OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF SALMONELLA ORGANISMS IN CANADIAN POWDER
Authors: Gibbons N. E. , Moore R. L.
Published: April 2011

Salmonella organisms have been isolated from 28 of 380 samples of Canadian dried egg powder. Nine types were found: S. bareilly, S. pullorum, S. oranienburg, S. typhi-murium, S. thompson, S. minnesota, S. newport, S. manhattan, and S. potsdam. In the first grade powder Salmonella organisms were found more frequently during the warm months. A greater percentage of second grade powder was contaminated than of first grade. The number of organisms was usually small. Of 21 samples on which Salmonella counts were made, 13 contained less than one organism per gram, seven between one and 10, and one, 54 per gram. In two carlots the distribution of Salmonella organisms was irregular.
DRIED WHOLE EGG POWDER: XII. THE EFFECT OF DRYING, STORAGE, AND COOKING ON THE SALMONELLA CONTENT
Authors: Gibbons N. E. , Moore R. L.
Published: April 2011

Over 99% of the Salmonella organisms in liquid egg were killed on drying in an experimental spray dryer. Since comparable results are obtained in the experimental and commercial units with other organisms, and powders of similar quality are produced, it is deduced that most of the Salmonella organisms would also be destroyed in commercial dryers. On storage the organisms survive longer the lower the temperature. Even at 7.2 °C. there was a 97% reduction in eight weeks and at −1.1 °C. a 75% reduction in three months. Massive inoculations of Salmonella organisms in reconstituted egg were destroyed when cooked as scrambled egg, omelets, and in sponge cakes, custards, and muffins.
THE AIR JET METHOD OF DEHULLING SEEDS
Authors: Fraser C. R.
Published: April 2011

Violent agitation of barley, oat, and sunflower seeds in a special container, by means of a jet of compressed air, dehulled the seeds effectively in much less time than the usual dehulling methods and with equal accuracy.
FLAVOUR REVERSION IN HYDROGENATED LINSEED OIL: I. THE PRODUCTION OF AN ISOMER OF LINOLEIC ACID FROM LINOLENIC ACID
Authors: Lemon H. W.
Published: April 2011

Linseed oil that has been hydrogenated to a plastic consistency is subject to a type of deterioration termed "flavour reversion" when heated to temperatures used in baking or frying. Investigation of the course of hydrogenation of linseed oil by the spectral method of Mitchell, Kraybill, and Zscheile (11) has indicated that linolenic acid is converted to an isomeric linoleic acid; this acid differs from naturally occurring linoleic acid in that the double bonds are in such positions that diene conjugation is not produced by high-temperature saponification. In a typical hydrogenation, the concentration of the isomeric acid increased to a maximum, at about iodine number 120, of 18% of the total fatty acids, and at iodine number 80, at which point the plasticity was similar to that of a commercial shortening, the concentration of the isomer was 13%. Evidence is presented that the isomeric linoleic acid in partially hydrogenated linseed oil is responsible for the unpleasant flavour that develops when the oil is heated.
FLOW OF GAS THROUGH A TUBE OF CONSTANT CROSS-SECTION WITH HEAT EXCHANGE THROUGH THE TUBE WALLS
Authors: Szczeniowski B.
Published: April 2011

The influence of the exchange of heat between a gas flowing through a tube and the outside atmosphere on the pressure in the gas stream is usually overlooked. Theoretical investigations show, however, that this influence is marked in the case of large stream velocities, approximating the velocity of sound. In addition, the theory permits us to state that the heat exchange is possible only when the stream velocity is maintained beyond certain limits. For stream velocities within these limits, heat exchange is not possible.The conclusion is reached that the velocity of flow in the tube, if the tube is heated or cooled, shows a natural and permanent tendency to reach the velocity of sound, after which the heat exchange is no longer possible.Finally, this theoretical investigation shows that the present view that the heat conductance coefficient increases continually with the stream velocity is wrong. This coefficient will be equal to zero when the stream velocity reaches the velocity of sound. This means that it will reach a certain maximum value corresponding to a value of stream velocity which is not exactly known but which will be less than that of sound.
PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2, 3-BUTANEDIOL: III. STUDIES ON THE BIOCHEMISTRY OF CARBOHYDRATE FERMENTATION BYAEROBACILLUS POLYMYXA
Authors: Adams G. A. , Stanier R. Y.
Published: April 2011

Carbon balances have been obtained for the fermentation of glucose, xylose, pyruvic acid, and mannitol by Aerobacillus polymyxa. The chief products from glucose are 2,3-butanediol, ethanol, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen; in addition small amounts of acetic acid and acetoin are formed. In glucose fermentations under the conditions used the butanediol: ethanol ratio is about 1:1. The products of xylose fermentation are very similar, although the butanediol: ethanol ratio is shifted in favour of ethanol. From pyruvic acid the chief end-products are acetoin, acetic acid, carbon dioxide and hydrogen with almost no butanediol and ethanol production. In the fermentation of mannitol a large amount of lactic acid is produced, while butanediol production is markedly decreased, the butanediol: ethanol ratio being 1:7.
PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: IV. PURITY OF THE LEVOROTATORY 2,3-BUTANEDIOL PRODUCED BY AEROBACILLUS POLYMYXA
Authors: Neish Arthur C.
Published: April 2011

The levorotatory 2,3-butanediol produced by Aerobacillus polymyxa was shown to be a pure isomer, with [Formula: see text], by fractional distillation through a Stedman column and fractional crystallization of the mono-acid d-camphorate and mono-acid phthalate. The methods used were shown to be sensitive enough to detect 1 to 2% of the meso- or dextro-isomers dissolved in the levo-isomer.
KINETICS OF THE CATALYTIC DEHYDROGENATION OF ALCOHOLS AND GLYCOLS IN THE GASEOUS STATE
Authors: Neish Arthur C.
Published: April 2011

The catalytic dehydrogenation of several alcohols and glycols, in the gaseous state, was found to be a first order process obeying the Arrhenius relation for variation of rate with temperature. Hence a large body of experimental data can be expressed by two constants that enable a ready comparison of different catalysts. A porous copper catalyst was found to be the most satisfactory. The fallacy of calculating the energy of activation from the temperature coefficient in this type of reaction is pointed out. Primary alcohols are dehydrogenated more slowly than secondary because the resulting aldehydes reversibly depress the activity of the catalyst, while methyl ketones have no measurable effect. Diacetyl acts as an aldehyde in this respect. The α-glycols form α-hydroxy aldehydes and ketones that depress the activity of the catalyst to a low but constant level. Rapid poisoning of the catalyst at constant temperature is a first order process. A regular relation exists between the temperature of reduction and the activity of the catalyst.Acetoin and diacetyl can be produced in almost quantitative yields by dehydrogenation of 2,3-butanediol vapour.
LE DOSAGE POLAROGRAPHIQUE DE L'OXYGÈNE DISSOUS DANS L'EAU DE MER
Authors: Giguère Paul A. , Lauzier Louis
Published: April 2011

not available
α-CYANO-β-ARYLACRYLIC ACIDS
Authors: Hopkins C. Y. , Chisholm Mary , Michael Ruth
Published: April 2011

α-Cyano-β-arylacrylic acids have been prepared by condensing the following aldehydes with sodium cyanoacetate: 1-naphthaldehyde, 2,3-dimethoxybenzaldehyde, 3,4-diethoxybenzaldehyde, 6-chloropiperonal, 4-isopropylbenzaldehyde, 2-acetoxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde, 2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde. The last-named gave α-cyano-β (2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) acrylic acid, which was readily converted to 8-methoxycoumarin-3-carboxylic acid.
SOME DERIVATIVES OF VICINAL TRIALKOXY-BENZENE
Authors: Manske Richard H. F. , Ledingham A. E. , Holmes H. L.
Published: April 2011

During the course of some preliminary work leading to the synthesis of possible degradation products of capaurine a number of derivatives of vicinal trialkoxy-benzene were prepared. Those found to have a direct relation to the structure of the alkaloid have already been described. The present manuscript details the preparation of a number of such derivatives that did not prove to be germane to the main problem.
ANALYSE POLAROMÉTRIQUE DE L'OXYGÈNE DISSOUS AVEC UNE MICROÉLECTRODE DE PLATINE
Authors: Giguère Paul A. , Lauzier Louis
Published: April 2011

not available
DETERMINATION OF FLUORIDES IN WATER BY MEANS OF A PHOTOELECTRIC COLORIMETER
Authors: Walker Osman James , Gainer Gordon Clements
Published: April 2011

A method has been developed for the determination of small amounts of fluorides by means of a photoelectric colorimeter. The method is based on the bleaching of the lake formed from a zirconyl salt and sodium alizarin sulphonate by the action of fluoride ion. The photoelectric colorimeter used is of the direct reading type based on that developed by Evelyn but differs in that the light passes vertically through a long absorption cell rather than horizontally through an absorption cell consisting of a large test-tube. By calibrating the galvanometer scale against solutions containing known amounts of fluoride, the number of parts per million of fluorides in water can be determined. A comparison of the results obtained in the photoelectric colorimeter with those from the corresponding visual method show that the two sets of data are in agreement with each other.
DISSIMILATION OF GLUCOSE BYBACILLUS SUBTILIS(FORD'S STRAIN)
Authors: Neish A. C. , Blackwood A. C. , Ledingham G. A.
Published: April 2011

Ford's strain of Bacillus subtilis (N.C.T.C. 2586) dissimilated glucose mainly to 2,3-butanediol and glycerol under anaerobic conditions at pH 6.2 to 6.8. For each 100 moles of glucose fermented, 57 moles of 2,3-butanediol, 40 moles of glycerol, 20 moles of lactic acid, 13 moles of ethanol, and 5 moles of formic acid were produced. Aerobic conditions favoured formation of 2,3-butanediol and acetoin, oxidation of the substrate, and formation of acetic and butyric acids, but greatly depressed the amount of glycerol and lactic acid formed. In alkaline media (pH 7.5), acids were formed at the expense of the diol and glycerol.
THE CAUSE OF INCOMPATIBILITY BETWEEN BARLEY AND RYE
Authors: Thompson W. P. , Johnston Dorothy
Published: April 2011

When common barley is pollinated by common rye fertilization takes place normally but no viable seeds are produced. The immediate cause of the failure is abnormal development of the hybrid endosperm and particularly of the endospermic nuclei, which from an early stage are of immense size and are always few in number. No cells are ever formed in the endosperm. It collapses on the fifth or sixth day after pollination and disintegrates. The hybrid embryo, on the other hand, although it grows more slowly than the pure barley embryo from the third day, remains normal and healthy in appearance long after the endosperm has become very abnormal or has completely collapsed. The behaviour of the maternal tissues of crossed material is similar to that of selfed material, and rules out the theory of somatoplastic incompatibility. The behaviour of the antipodal cells of the embryo sac is not sufficiently different from normal to be of significance.
NOTES ON SEED-BORNE FUNGI: III. CURVULARIA
Authors: Groves J. W. , Skolko A. T.
Published: April 2011

In the examination of agricultural seeds for the presence of seed-borne fungi, five species of Curvularia have been isolated. Three species, C. geniculata (Tr. & Earle) Boedijn, C. inaequalis (Shear) Boed., and C. Trifolii (Kauffm.) Boed., have been identified by comparison with types. Two species, C. lunata (Wakker) Boed., and C. pallescens Boed., have been provisionally identified from the literature. The types of four North American species, C. geniculata (Tr. & Earle) Boed. (Helminthosporium geniculatum Tr. & Earle), C. inaequalis (Shear) Boed. (H. inaequalis Shear), C. Trifolii (Kauffm.) Boed. (Brachysporium Trifolii Kauffm.), and C. falcata (Tehon) Boed. (Acrothecium falcatum Tehon), have been examined. Helminthosporium Cymbopogi C. W. Dodge belongs to this genus and is transferred here as Curvularia Cymbopogi (C. W. Dodge) n. comb. The species isolated from seeds do not appear to be of serious pathological significance.
TETRAPLOIDTARAXACUM KOK-SAGHYZ: I. CHARACTERS OF THE LEAVES AND INFLORESCENCES IN THE PARENTAL COLCHICINE-INDUCED GENERATION
Authors: Bannan M. W.
Published: April 2011

Seedlings at different stages of development were treated with colchicine. Successive selections on the aspect of the seedlings soon after treatment, on size of the guard cells at the time of repotting, and finally, after overwintering, on counts of the chromosomes in the pollen mother cells yielded a few hundred plants with tetraploid crowns. These plants bore fewer, broader leaves and fewer, bigger inflorescences with larger achenes than did selected large-celled diploids given the same treatment, but in general the plants were no bigger. A few of the tetraploids were self-fertile (if not apomictic) early in the spring, but later all tested plants proved self-sterile.
THE BIRDS OF THE CARIBOO PARKLANDS, BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Munro J. A.
Published: April 2011

The interior plateau of British Columbia between the 51st and 53rd parallels of latitude and the 120th and 126th degrees of west longitude constitute a definite biotic area designated as the Cariboo Parklands. Composite forests of lodgepole pine and aspen, grasslands, and shallow valleys containing numerous lakes, ponds, and marshes of various types are the principal physiographical features. Ten vertebrate habitats, each with a characteristic biota, are recognized. The region is an important migration route for waterfowl and constitutes the principal, and for some species the most northerly, nesting ground in the province. Nesting grounds are in units that vary greatly in size, in type of cover, and in their food potentials. They are subject to contraction in space, and consequent reduction in productivity, because of periodic seasons of drought. The biota is in rapid process of modification as a result of various human activities. Agricultural developments permanently impaired waterfowl habitat in some places but in other places, where the outlets of ponds have been dammed in order to store water for irrigation purposes, nesting grounds have been improved. The summer land bird population is derived mainly from the south and it includes several species that here reach the northern periphery of their range. The population also contains species of eastern origin that are not known to nest further south in the province. A total of 212 species and subspecies of birds are recorded for the region. Observations of the life history and behaviour of certain species are presented in detail.
APPLICATION AND CONTROL OF ETHYL-ETHER–WATER INTERFACE EFFECTS TO THE SEPARATION OF RICKETTSIAE FROM YOLK SAC SUSPENSIONS
Authors: Craigie James
Published: April 2011

Purified suspensions of rickettsiae may be obtained by shaking impure suspensions with ethyl ether. When such mixtures separate, tissue particles remain at the interface and the organisms are found in the underlying aqueous fraction. If crude yolk sac preparations of rickettsiae, grown by the method of Cox (4), are shaken with ethyl ether, a complex physical system is created, and the results obtained may be variable. In order that ether treatment may yield sufficiently consistent results to be of practical value, it is necessary to control certain physical factors during emulsion formation and subsequent separation of the aqueous phase. The result obtained depends mainly on the initial hydrogen ion concentration of the suspension, although other factors may also be involved. Studies of some of these factors have been undertaken and two methods of purifying rickettsiae have been developed. In Method A, the material is centrifuged and the sediment of rickettsiae, tissue debris, and yolk granules is suspended in saline buffered with phosphate at pH 7.0. This partially purified suspension of rickettsiae is then emulsified with ethyl ether, and the rickettsiae are recovered in the aqueous fraction that separates as the unstable emulsion breaks down.Preliminary centrifugation is dispensed with in Method B. The separation of the aqueous fraction, with maximum yield of rickettsiae, is controlled by the addition of a suitable proportion of acetate buffer to the crude yolk sac suspension. The optimum proportion of acetate buffer is determined in a preliminary titration with small samples of the yolk sac suspension.
AN IMPROVED PROCEDURE FOR THE BIO-ASSAY OF PITUITARY EXTRACT (POSTERIOR LOBE)
Authors: Bachinski W. M. , Allmark M. G. , Morrell C. A.
Published: April 2011

A more efficient design, based on a graded response technique, for the bioassay of pituitary extract (posterior lobe) is presented. Eight longitudinal strips of uterine muscle from one virgin guinea pig are employed. Two dosage levels are used, differing by a fixed percentage, for both the standard and the unknown preparations. Doses are added to the bath in a random order. Factorial analysis of the responses gives the most probable potency of the unknown preparation, and the standard error of this observed potency is found by means of the analysis of variance. The method has the advantages of speed and accuracy. As many as four unknown extracts have been assayed in one day. For 23 unknown solutions the mean actual error was 7.7%, and the mean standard error was 3.8%.
METHODS OF ASSAYING MOTION SICKNESS PREVENTIVES ON DOGS
Authors: Noble R. L.
Published: April 2011

The details of assay methods used since 1942 to test the effectiveness of motion sickness preventives in dogs are described.Animals first were classified according to their susceptibility to motion. Over a three year period dogs of moderate or marked susceptibility show little variation in the response to swinging or to treatment. Dogs of low susceptibility may become adapted to motion and be effectively treated by reduced dosage when used repeatedly.All dogs were treated using V-12 ethyl-β-methylallylthiobarbituric acid as a standard. Complete protection followed oral doses ranging from 1.25 to 30 mgm./kgm. and no untoward side effects were produced. Dogs of lowest susceptibility were most readily protected—by doses up to 5 mgm./kgm. Moderately susceptible animals required up to 15 mgm./kgm. and markedly susceptible ones more than this dose.Comparative assays with two other barbiturates showed that the results were not consistent when tests were made on groups of dogs of different susceptibility. V-12 was relatively more effective when tested on dogs of greatest susceptibility. Assays on dogs of low susceptibility that are readily treated are probably of questionable accuracy.Reducing the degree of swinging by one-half allowed the dogs to be effectively treated by one-fourth of the former dosage. The relative difference in potency between V-12 and another barbiturate was reduced by the change in magnitude of the swinging.The size and amplitude of the swing has a marked influence on quantitative assays. The smaller the degree of motion, the greater the apparent potency of a drug. Individual susceptibility to motion of the dogs is also a factor in obtaining comparable results. The greater the susceptibility, the more accurate the determination and comparison. Such factors will markedly limit comparisons of results obtained by different workers.
PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: II. STRAINS OF AEROBACILLUS POLYMYXA IN RELATION TO FILTERABILITY AND BUTANEDIOL PRODUCTION
Authors: Stanier R. Y. , Adams G. A. , Ledingham G. A.
Published: April 2011

Under laboratory conditions it has been found that most strains of Aerobacillus polymyxa split off variants that differ substantially in: colony formation; appearance of wheat mashes after fermentation; filterability of these mashes; and their ability to produce 2,3-butanediol and ethanol. It has been impossible to demonstrate a close correlation between particular colony types and their usefulness for commercial 2,3-butanediol production. By selection it has been possible to obtain strains that are excellent both from the standpoint of mash filterability and product yield. Preservation of cultures in lyophile tubes prevents further variation during storage.
REDUCTION OF SPATIAL TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS IN AIR-COOLED COLD STORAGE ROOMS. I.
Authors: Steeves T. A. , Cook W. H.
Published: April 2011

The presence of boxes was found to increase the spatial temperature variations in a refrigerated room. By forcing the air to pass through the stack, e.g., by blocking the aisles, such variations were reduced to approximately the value prevailing in the empty room. Dunnage spacing also reduced temperature variations, but no significant difference was found between spacings varied from 5/16 in. to 2 in.
RATION BISCUITS: III. EFFECT OF MOISTURE CONTENT ON KEEPING QUALITY
Authors: Marshall J. B. , Grant G. A. , White W. Harold
Published: April 2011

Ground biscuits made with two types of shortening were adjusted to moisture contents of approximately 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18% and stored at 43.3 °C. (110° F.) for 56 wk. Keeping quality was assessed by flavour tests, peroxide oxygen, pH, and fluorescence measurements. Although the behaviour of the biscuits was similar, and variations in moisture content had small effect on flavour scores, Biscuit A, made with the more stable shortening, gave differentially higher scores at moisture levels below 6%. The evidence from the objective measurements indicated also that a moisture content of about 6% was most suitable for storage. Changes in the fat component as measured by peroxide oxygen were inhibited as the moisture content was increased over the range studied. The formation of fluorescing substances reached a maximum at a moisture content of 12% and decreased somewhat at higher levels.
A NEW CRITERION FOR MEASURING THE SPEED OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHIC EMULSIONS
Authors: Howlett L. E.
Published: April 2011

Arguments are advanced to support a proposal that the speed of photographic emulsions intended for aerial photography be determined by the use of a resolving power criterion. A statistical summary of experimental results is given to show that on such a basis speed determinations can be made with sufficient reliability by different observers. The relation between speed and gamma is given for Aero Super XX.
PHOTOGRAPHIC RESOLVING POWER
Authors: Howlett L. E.
Published: April 2011

The nature of photographic resolving power is discussed and attention called to the widespread misconception of it that exists at the present time. Most of the detailed discussion applies specifically to photographic objectives intended for use in aerial photography but the general approach to their photographic resolving power is applicable to studies of the photographic performance of all types of optical systems. An annulus type of target is proposed as more suitable than line targets. A method is given for the selection of the photographic focal plane when the essential requirement of the photographic use is the acquisition of maximum information. General remarks are made on the proper trend to be followed in the future design of photographic objectives. Results are presented on a study of a number of well known types of photographic objectives used for aerial photography.
PERMEABILITY STUDIES: I. SURFACE AREA MEASUREMENTS USING A MODIFIED KOZENY EQUATION
Authors: Arnell J. C.
Published: April 2011

The Kozeny equation for the determination of surface areas by the gas-permeability method has been modified by the introduction of a second term, which takes the form of the Knudsen flow equation. This modified equation gives consistent results for the specific surface of a granular bed of fine particles with mean pressures of the flowing gas ranging from 2.6 cm. to almost atmospheric pressure. The results obtained from experimental data are in agreement with those calculated by direct visual and electron microscope counting.
α-CYANO-β-PHENYLGLYCERIC ACID
Authors: Hopkins C. Y. , Chisholm M. J.
Published: April 2011

α-Cyano-β-phenylglyceric acid has been prepared by the action of aqueous sodium hypochlorite on α-cyano-β-phenylacrylic acid. It is somewhat unstable and decomposes slowly on standing.When heated alone, it yields phenylacetic acid. Mild hydrolysis with mineral acid also gives phenylacetic acid. Hydrolysis under special conditions gives phenylpyruvic acid. The mechanism of these changes is discussed.
THE EFFECT OF A FOREIGN SUBSTANCE ON THE TRANSITION: NH4NO3IVNH4NO3 III
Authors: Campbell Alan N. , Campbell A. Jean R.
Published: April 2011

It is shown that the above transition can be repressed (metastably) by using in place of pure ammonium nitrate a solid solution of potassium nitrate in ammonium nitrate. With such a solid solution containing 8 to 10% potassium nitrate, the temperature of the transition III → IV is depressed to about −20 °C. Such solid solutions can be prepared either by fusing the components together or by crystallizing from a mixed aqueous solution.
THE INFLUENCE OF MEMBRANE PREPARATION ON THE OSMOTIC PRESSURE OF POLYVINYL ACETATE IN ACETONE
Authors: Robertson R. E. , McIntosh R. , Grummitt W. E.
Published: April 2011

A full account of the experimental procedures used to determine the number average molecular weights of a series of polyvinyl acetates is given. Adsorption of polyvinyl acetate on a cellophane membrane is demonstrated. The importance of this phenomenon is increased when cells of large ratio of membrane surface to cell volume are used. The presence of small amounts of sodium hydroxide in the membrane eliminates detectable adsorption and alters the osmotic pressure values. This change does not appear to be due to imperfect semipermeability of the membranes, and no adequate explanation of the phenomenon has been as yet discovered.
LIQUID–VAPOUR EQUILIBRIUM FOR THE SYSTEM ETHANOL–ACETONE
Authors: Gordon A. R. , Hines W. G.
Published: April 2011

Vapour pressures and equilibrium liquid–vapour mole fractions have been determined for the solvent system ethanol–acetone at 32°, 40°, and 48 °C. in a modified form of the apparatus developed by Ferguson and Funnell. It is shown that the data are consistent with the Gibbs Duhem equation if it be assumed that deviations from ideality in the vapours may be computed from the principle of Corresponding States. It is also shown that the variation of the activities of the components in the liquid with temperature is in moderate agreement with the heat of mixing data for the system.
LIQUID–VAPOUR EQUILIBRIUM FOR THE SYSTEM ETHANOL–DIETHYL-ETHER
Authors: Gordon A. R. , Hornibrook W. J.
Published: April 2011

Vapour pressures and equilibrium liquid–vapour mole fractions for the system ethanol–ethyl-ether have been determined at 25 °C. in the apparatus previously employed for the system ethanol–acetone. The measured vapour pressures deviate from those reported in the literature by more than the apparent precision of the measurements. The type of equation of state for the vapour that must be assumed in order to make the data consistent with the Gibbs–Duhem equation is discussed.
PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: XVI. DENSITY, OPTICAL ROTATORY POWER, AND REFRACTION OF AQUEOUS 2,3-BUTANEDIOL SOLUTIONS
Authors: Clendenning K. A.
Published: April 2011

Addition of water to the levo- and meso-isomers of 2,3-butanediol increases the specific gravity to a maximum at 50 to 60% diol, beyond which it is gradually reduced. Contraction on mixing is strongly influenced by temperature and is slightly greater with the levo- than with the meso-isomer. The coefficient of thermal expansion for the levo-isomer is higher than that of the meso-form. Water exerts a pronounced influence on the specific rotation value of the levo-isomer, reducing it from − 13° (anhydrous) to approximately − 9° for solutions containing 40 to 70% water; on further dilution, the specific rotation value rises. With increase in temperature, the optical rotatory power of the anhydrous levo-isomer is reduced, whereas that of 30 to 90% aqueous solutions is increased. Refractive index data are provided for aqueous meso-2,3-butanediol solutions at 25 °C. and for aqueous levo-2,3-butanediol solutions at 20°, 25°, 30°, and 35 °C. From several lines of evidence it is concluded that the hydration tendencies of the two isomers are approximately equivalent.
THE DETECTION OF ETHYLBIS(β-CHLOROETHYL)AMINE
Authors: Graham R. P. , Burke K. A.
Published: April 2011

Aqueous solutions of ethylbis(β-chloroethyl)amine and Reinecke salt react to yield a pink crystalline precipitate. The sensitivity of the test depends on a number of factors, but, under suitable conditions, Reinecke salt will detect less than 5 p.p.m. of this amine in aqueous solution.
INVESTIGATIONS ON RUBBER-BEARING PLANTS: IV. CYTOGENETIC STUDIES IN ASCLEPIAS (TOURN.) L.
Authors: Moore Raymond J.
Published: April 2011

The chromosome number of eight species and varieties of Asclepias (A. syriaca, A. incarnata and variety pulchra and forma albiflora, A. Sullivantii, A. tuberosa, A. curassavica, A. speciosa) was found to be 2n = 22.Various interspecific pollinations were attempted without success. A cross of A. incarnata with forma albiflora was successful.Possible natural hybrids between A. syriaca and A. speciosa and between A. incarnata and var. pulchra and forma albiflora are described. Two unusual chimaeral plants of A. incarnata that produced several stems of forma albiflora are described.
COLIFORM CONTAMINATION OF EGGS
Authors: Garrard E. H.
Published: April 2011

Bacteriological examination of 1080 eggs from pullorum infected hens showed 78 (7.2%) to be contaminated with coliform organisms, which were classified into various types. No coliform organisms were isolated from 1000 eggs laid by hens free from pullorum disease.
CULTURAL AND TAXONOMIC STUDIES ON CERTAIN FUSARIA: II. THE TAXONOMIC PROBLEM IN FUSARIUM WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO SECTION ELEGANS
Authors: Miller J. J.
Published: April 2011

The conclusions that the 'normal culture' stage described by certain specialists in Fusarium taxonomy represents the dominance of the original or wild type by a mutant, and that the 'sporodochia' that appear in laboratory cultures of Fusarium are actually patch mutants are shown to have an important bearing on the taxonomy of the genus. The indication is that the species descriptions of many Fusaria are based to a large extent on cultural variants of the types found in nature. It is emphasized that in order to avoid confusion, care should be taken to base species descriptions on the characters of the wild types. Further, while morphological separation of wild types may be found extremely difficult within certain groups of Fusaria owing to the close similarity of the components, the effort should not be abandoned because of the wide range of variation displayed by these organisms in artificial culture. Species should be merged only when morphological separation is extremely difficult or where variability in nature makes consistent diagnosis uncertain.
HYBRIDIZATION TECHNIQUE FOR FOREST TREES
Authors: Johnson L. P. V. , Bradley E. C.
Published: April 2011

The relative merits of different materials as coverings to protect receptive female flowers against chance pollination were studied, and a combination of glassine (inner) and kraft (outer) bags was adopted. Pollination was effected as follows: the kraft bag was removed and the glassine bag punctured with the point of a specially designed pollen gun; the pollen was then driven into the bag by squeezing the bulb of the gun; finally, the puncture was sealed with an adhesive patch and the kraft bag replaced. The pollen gun attaches to pollen containers (small Erlenmeyer flasks) that can be stored over calcium chloride.
THE EXPRESSION AND INTERACTION OF HEREDITARY FACTORS AFFECTING HAIR GROWTH IN MICE: EXTERNAL OBSERVATIONS
Authors: Steinberg Arthur G. , Fraser F. Clarke
Published: April 2011

Macroscopic observations on the expression of two mutant alleles ("hairless" and "rhino") in the house mouse, and on their interaction with one another and with a third mutation ("Naked") producing hypotrichosis of a different type, have been described. In hairless mice the juvenile pelage falls out and the skin shows little wrinkling; rhino mice lose their hair in a similar way but subsequently develop an intense wrinkling of the skin. Naked mice lose their hair by a breaking-off rather than a falling out, and show a pattern of alternate depilation and regeneration of the hair coat.Hairless/rhino hybrids lose their hair according to the hairless pattern, but later manifest a characteristic wrinkling like, but not as extreme as, that of the rhino mutant, "rhino" is therefore not completely recessive to "hairless."There are thus three basic grades of wrinkling—hr/hr, hr/hrrh, hrrh/hrrh—determined by the factors present at the Hr locus. The presence of the heterozygous Naked factor in any of these types causes an intensification of its degree of wrinkling. This intensification is even more pronounced when the Naked factor is homozygous. Moreover, the "Naked" characteristics are themselves exaggerated in these compounds, the intensification being proportional to the degree of wrinkling.These results will be interpreted in the light of histological findings to be presented in the following paper.
THE Rh TYPES IN CANADIANS OF JAPANESE RACE
Authors: Chown B. , Okamura Y. , Peterson R. F.
Published: April 2011

The theory of multiple allelic genes accounting for the inheritance of the Rh reactions is well established. Fisher's hypothesis of eight genes, six pairs of allelic antigens, and six specific antibodies is the most comprehensive offered.The blood of 606 Canadians of Japanese race was tested with the four available antisera. Since this sample included entire families, gene analysis was based on a subsample of 217 unrelated individuals. The resulting analysis, based on Fisher's hypothesis, is given, and the probable reason for a discrepancy in the findings presented and further tested. Estimates of gene frequencies in per cent were as follows:[Formula: see text]These results are compared with previous studies on Japanese, and examined in relation to Fisher's hypothesis of three linked loci, and Fisher and Race's hypothesis of crossing over of elementary antigens.
PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: IX. THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS NUTRIENT MATERIALS ON THE FERMENTATION OF STARCH BY AEROBACILLUS POLYMYXA
Authors: Fratkin Sybil B. , Adams G. A.
Published: April 2011

Wheat starch is a poor medium for fermentation by Aerobacillus polymyxa. The solubles recovered from the separation of starch and gluten in patent flour enhance the fermentation but not as effectively as the similar fraction from whole wheat flour. Addition of supplements is necessary for a satisfactory yield of products in a reasonable length of time. Wheat gluten has no stimulatory effect but bran and shorts are both effective, the latter being slightly superior. An 8% starch medium fortified with the solubles from whole wheat required a 2.5% supplement of shorts to bring fermentation by A. polymyxa to 90% completeness in 72 hr.Of the various supplements tested, a 1% addition of malt sprouts proved to be the most effective, fermentation being 90% complete in 72 hr. Shorts, bran, Cerogras (dehydrated young oats), alfalfa, soya beans, yeast extract, and corn-steep liquor follow in order of decreasing effectiveness.The solubles from whole wheat when ashed have no beneficial effects on the fermentation of starch by A. polymyxa.
THE THIAMIN CONTENT OF MEAT
Authors: Campbell Rita , Hiltz Mary C. , Robinson Allen D.
Published: April 2011

Meats purchased in Winnipeg retail stores contained less thiamin than is reported in the literature for the same meats from other places. The values for pork compare with the ones reported in the literature, but those for other meats are distinctly lower. Arranged in descending order of thiamin content, the meats studied were: pork, variety meats, fowl, lamb, veal, and beef. Losses in cooking are quite high for fowl and some variety meats. Stewing and parboiling cause greater losses than roasting or frying.