bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nordic Earner–Carer Models – Why Stability and Instability?
Authors: ELLINGSÆTER ANNE LISE
Published: April 2014

Earner–carer policy models aiming at the engagement of mothers and fathers in both paid and unpaid work are a hallmark of the Nordic welfare states. But they have not become uncontested policy equilibriums. Examining family policy development through the theoretical lenses of party competition and incremental change helps uncover underlying tensions and ongoing struggles. In contrast to convergence and stability in regard to moderately long parental leave at high replacement rates and in the provision of universal publicly-funded childcare services, daddy quotas, i.e., earmarked leave for fathers, and cash-for-care benefits are contested and in flux. Policy stability is associated with layering of policy elements that satisfy multiple policy rationales, elements that are also vital in working parents’ organisation of everyday life. By contrast, the main source of instability, including policy displacement, is party competition over values of ‘equal parenthood’ versus ‘parental choice’, largely following a left–right divide.
Framing Privatisation in the English National Health Service
Authors: POWELL MARTIN , MILLER ROBIN
Published: April 2014

The debate on privatisation is central to social policy, yet it tends to generate more heat than light as definitions and operationalisations of ‘privatisation’ are often implicit, unclear and conflicting. This paper aims to explore the extent of privatisation in the NHS over three periods of government through the lens of three approaches of Mixed Economy of Welfare, Wheels of Welfare and Publicness. All have two dimensions of provision and finance in common, but Mixed Economy of Welfare and Publicness stress the third dimension, that of regulation, while Wheels of Welfare stresses decision. All three approaches agree that some policies in the NHS constitute privatisation, but there is some disagreement largely stemming from their differential stress on regulation or decision. It is important to introduce a degree of transparency in the debate which provides clear definitions and rationales. However, all approaches require further development which focuses on the important but neglected point of how different types of privatisation lead to different impacts on patients.
Cultural Crossings in Prague, 1900: Scenes from Late Imperial Austria
Authors: Cohen Gary B.
Published: April 2014

Scenes of deep national division, competition, and conflictdominate standard historical narratives about the Austro-Hungarian monarchy during the late nineteenth century and most of its successor states in the 1920s and 1930s. Nationalist political movements flourished in this multicultural environment as capitalist agricultural and industrial development encouraged popular social ambitions and resentments over inequalities, while the advance of modern civil society and constitutional government provided public space for political movements. After the 1860s, political parties committed to nationalist interests increasingly dominated middle-class politics, and by 1900 national loyalties created growing fissures even in the ostensibly international Social Democratic movement. Some of the most intense nationalist social and political competition developed in the Crownlands of Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia between Czech and German national interests. The Bohemian capital, Prague, became the stage for repeated mass nationalist demonstrations and rioting in the 1890s and after 1900 (see Figure 1).
A Hungarian Josephinist, Orientalist, and Bibliophile: Count Karl Reviczky, 1737–1793
Authors: O'Sullivan Michael
Published: April 2014

Amid the preparations for the abortiveRusso-Ottoman peace talksat Fokschan in April 1772, Anton Wenzel Kaunitz instructed the AustrianInternuntiusin Istanbul, Franz Maria Thugut, to elect a colleague to accompany him to the congress. Kaunitz, eager to maintain Austria's unique relationship with both belligerent parties, suggested two young orientalists, Bernhard von Jenisch and the Hungarian noble Karl Reviczky as suitable companions. In character with many thirty-somethings in the Habsburg bureaucracy in the 1770s, Thugut, Jenisch, and Reviczky were fluent in Arabic, Persian, and Ottoman Turkish and possessed an exceptional knowledge of Ottoman affairs. As members of the Austrian embassy to the Ottoman Porte, they had each spent long sojourns in Istanbul. The recruitment and education of such men had been one of Kaunitz's priorities since the 1750s. Thugut knew both candidates well, especially Jenisch, an old chum since their student days at the Oriental Academy in Vienna. Despite Reviczky's recent successes as a translator of an Ottoman treatise on government and someghazalsby the Persian poet Hafez, Thugut did not share Kaunitz's esteem for the young noble, explaining that Reviczky “is as ingenious as he is faint-hearted; he turns pale at the mere mention of plague and would take objection to travel over the channel with sharp winds.”
“... in order to Keep German Soil German”: Austrian Burschenschaften, Nationalist Ethnopolitics and the South Tirol Conflict after 1945
Authors: Weidinger Bernhard
Published: April 2014

Burschenschaften, as a particular type of German-nationalist (völkisch) student fraternity, have partaken in shaping Austrian politics in numerous ways since the nineteenth century. Acting as the standard-bearers of German nationalism in Austria after 1945 and being strongly represented in the ranks of the Freedomite Party of Austria (Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs/FPÖ), they have been able to maintain a degree of political relevance up until the present day—their intimate ideological, personal, and institutional entanglement with the National Socialist regime notwithstanding. Nonetheless, their history has so far almost exclusively been written by fraternity members themselves, and mostly in an affirmative, if not apologetic fashion; critical assessments for the post-1945 era in particular are limited to a small number of articles that, for the most part, are based on secondary literature rather than on primary sources.
Teacher educators’ visions of pedagogical training within instrumental higher music education. A case in Finland
Authors: Juntunen Marja-Leena
Published: April 2014

The purpose of this study was to examine the visions of teacher educators of instrumental pedagogy (n = 12) in higher music education regarding ‘good’ teaching and instrumental student teacher preparation. The theoretical basis for the study was research on teachers’ visions (Hammerness, 2006): teachers’ own conceptions of ideal teaching practices. The data were gathered through semi-structured interviews and analysed by qualitative content analysis. The interviewed teachers’ visions of good teaching of instrumental pedagogy were closely related to their visions of good teaching of instrumental or vocal music, which they attempted to communicate to their student teachers. The process of teacher development was primarily understood as acquiring a package of skills and knowledge that are partly instrument specific, partly generic, and strongly influenced by the labour market. Teaching practice was considered essential, and was perceived as building connections between theory and practical application. The findings support prior research within Nordic teacher education (Hammerness, 2012), in that faculty members’ visions related to teaching are individual and only partly negotiated with their colleagues.
Affordance of Braille music as a mediational means: significance and limitations
Authors: Park Hyu-Yong , Kim Mi-Jung
Published: April 2014

Affordance refers to the properties or designs of a thing that offer the function of the thing. This paper discusses the affordance of Braille music in terms of three notions: mediational means, mastery and appropriation, and focuses on answering the following three questions: (i) How do musicians with visual impairments (MVI) perceive Braille music and what does it reveal about the characteristics and limitations of Braille music? (ii) What are the traits influencing the affordance of Braille music and how does it fit the needs of MVI? (iii) What are the conditions that make Braille music more affordable? To qualitatively investigate these topics, we interviewed nine music teachers and their seven students with visual impairment at a school for the blind in Korea. We found that learning and mastering Braille music is not an easy task, and that blind musicians tend to depend more on auditory input and memorisation. These findings suggest that the current level of development, diffusion and employment of Braille music is not satisfactory in Korea. In order to promote the affordance of Braille music, the adaptability, learnability/usability and availability of Braille music must be enhanced.
McShane's identity in rank one symmetric spaces
Authors: KIM INKANG , KIM JOONHYUNG , TAN SER PEOW
Published: April 2014

We study McShane's identity in real and complex hyperbolic spaces and obtain various generalizations of the identity for representations of surface groups into the isometry groups of rank one symmetric spaces. Our methods unify most of the existing methods used in the existing literature for proving this class of identities.
Redundant Crimes of Blasphemy in Scotland
Authors: Falsone Angelo
Published: April 2014

The problem of sectarianism has attracted increasing attention in recent years, particularly as a feature of hate crimes in Scotland today. The current law on sectarianism is based on the common law crime of breach of the peace and on new statutory offences which cover some categories of behaviour that have been prosecuted as breach of the peace. However, ‘the Crown frequently prosecutes a wide range of behaviours as breach of the peace when there is an (arguably more apposite) statutory offence’. The regulation regarding sectarianism might also require a reappraisal of the common view that blasphemy is no longer an offence in Scottish law.
Defining the Divine
Authors: Sandberg Russell
Published: April 2014

At first glance, it appeared to be a technical and dry decision about the operation of the Places of Worship Registration Act 1855, yet the Supreme Court judgment inR (on the Application of Hodkin) v Registrar General of Births, Deaths and Marriageswas actually one of the most significant decisions related to law and religion in 2013. The Justices of the Supreme Court held that a church within the Church of Scientology could be a ‘place of meeting for religious worship’ within section 2 of the 1855 Act. In so doing, the Supreme Court overruled one of the most well-known decisions in English religion law,R v Registrar General, ex parte Segerdal. InSegerdal, although the Court of Appeal had held that a chapel within the Church of Scientology could not be registered under the Act, the reasoning of their Lordships differed: Buckley LJ and Winn LJ focused on what they perceived to be the lack of ‘worship’, refusing to define the ‘chameleon word’ religion, while Lord Denning emphasised the phrase ‘religious worship’, holding that this required ‘reverence or veneration of God or a Supreme Being’ and that this was not met in the case of the Church of Scientology, which was ‘more a philosophy on the existence of man or of life than a religion’. All of these statements have been questioned by the bold Supreme Court judgment inHodkin, which provides guidance on how the terms ‘religion’ and ‘religious worship’ are to be understood by English law in the twenty-first century.
The United Kingdom and the Fiscal Compact: Past and Future
Authors: Gordon Michael
Published: April 2014

United Kingdom perspective on the Fiscal Compact - December 2011 Brussels summit veto - European Union Act 2011 - Legal obstacles to accession to Fiscal Compact - Legal obstacles to incorporation into EU Treaties - Relevance of legal conditions and political motivations - Legal obstacles to implementation of balanced budget rule - Interpretation of Article 3(2) - Parliamentary Sovereignty - Challenges to United Kingdom's political constitution
The Early Warning System and the Monti II Regulation: The Case for a Political Interpretation
Authors: Goldoni Marco
Published: April 2014

Human rights protection - Proportionality - Deference - Procedural rationality - Process-review - Interplay national courts and Strasbourg court
The Roots of Autism and ADHD Twin Study in Sweden (RATSS)
Authors: Bölte Sven , Willfors Charlotte , Berggren Steve , Norberg Joakim , Poltrago Lina , Mevel Katell , Coco Christina , Fransson Peter , Borg Jacqueline , Sitnikov Rouslan , Toro Roberto , Tammimies Kristiina , Anderlid Britt-Marie , Nordgren Ann , Falk Anna , Meyer Urs , Kere Juha , Landén Mikael , Dalman Christina , Ronald Angelica , Anckarsäter Henrik , Lichtenstein Paul
Published: April 2014

Neurodevelopmental disorders affect a substantial minority of the general population. Their origins are still largely unknown, but a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors causing disturbances of the central nervous system's maturation and a variety of higher cognitive skills is presumed. Only limited research of rather small sample size and narrow scope has been conducted in neurodevelopmental disorders using a twin-differences design. The Roots of Autism and ADHD Twin Study in Sweden (RATSS) is an ongoing project targeting monozygotic twins discordant for categorical or dimensional autistic and inattentive/hyperactive-impulsive phenotypes as well as other neurodevelopmental disorders, and typically developing twin controls. Included pairs are 9 years of age or older, and comprehensively assessed for psychopathology, medical history, neuropsychology, and dysmorphology, as well as structural, functional, and molecular brain imaging. Specimens are collected for induced pluripotent (iPS) and neuroepithelial stem cells, genetic, gut bacteria, protein-/monoamine, and electron microscopy analyses. RATSS's objective is to generate a launch pad for novel surveys to understand the complexity of genotype-environment-phenotype interactions in autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). By October 2013, RATSS had collected data from 55 twin pairs, among them 10 monozygotic pairs discordant for autism spectrum disorder, seven for ADHD, and four for other neurodevelopmental disorders. This article describes the design, recruitment, data collection, measures, collected pairs’ characteristics, as well as ongoing and planned analyses in RATSS. Potential gains of the study comprise the identification of environmentally mediated biomarkers, the emergence of candidates for drug development, translational modeling, and new leads for prevention of incapacitating outcomes.
Impact of lung surfactant on wettability and cytotoxicity of nanoparticles
Authors: Ratoi Monica , Hoet Peter H. M. , Crossley Alison , Dobson Peter
Published: April 2014

The establishment of relevant nanoparticle characterization parameters and testing strategies, which facilitate the replication of the lung surfactantin vivoaction, are essential to reaching consensus in nanotoxicity research results.
Fluorescence spectroscopy of individual semiconductor nanoparticles in different ethylene glycols
Authors: Flessau Sandra , Wolter Christopher , Pöselt Elmar , Kröger Elvira , Mews Alf , Kipp Tobias
Published: April 2014

Measuring the fluorescence intensities, spectra, blinking dynamics, and lifetimes of the very same individual CdSe-based nanoparticles in different glycol matrices.
Stereoselective intramolecular cyclopropanation of α-diazoacetates via Co(ii)-based metalloradical catalysis
Authors: Ruppel Joshua V. , Cui Xin , Xu Xue , Zhang X. Peter
Published: April 2014

Co(ii) complexes of D2-symmetric chiral porphyrins have been proven to be effective metalloradical catalysts for the asymmetric intramolecular cyclopropanation of allyl α-diazoacetates.
Flow injection online solid phase extraction system using Amberlite XAD-16 functionalized with 8-hydroxyquinoline for copper and zinc determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry
Authors: Saxena Reena , Meena Prem Lata
Published: April 2014

A newly functionalized resin has been applied in an on-line preconcentration system for copper and zinc determination.
Conjugated anthracene dendrimers with monomer-like fluorescence
Authors: Börjesson Karl , Gilbert Mélina , Dzebo Damir , Albinsson Bo , Moth-Poulsen Kasper
Published: April 2014

A series of highly fluorescent conjugated anthracene dendrimers having monomeric emission profile, but still exhibiting fast exciton depolarisation, are here presented.
Design and synthesis of multifunctional traceable dendrimers for visualizing drug delivery
Authors: Sharma Anjali , Mejía Diana , Maysinger Dusica , Kakkar Ashok
Published: April 2014

Multifunctional dendrimers with fluorescent molecules at the core light up cell compartments upon uptake.
Processing and characterization of cobalt silicide nanoparticle-containing silicon carbide fibers through a colloidal method and their underlying mechanism
Authors: Anhua Liu , Jianming Chen , Shaonan Ding , Yanbo Yao , Ling Liu , Fengping Li , Lifu Chen
Published: April 2014

Cobalt-containing silicon carbide (Co–SiC) fibers were synthesized through a colloidal method.
Optically and electrically tunable graphene quantum dot–polyaniline composite films
Authors: Luk C. M. , Chen B. L. , Teng K. S. , Tang L. B. , Lau S. P.
Published: April 2014

The tunable photoluminescence and transport properties of PANI–GQD composite can be realized by adjusting the sizes of the GQDs and the amounts of PANI.
Paper type classification based on a new 3D surface texture measure
Authors: Malekmohamadi H. , Emrith K. , Pollard S. , Adams G. , Smith M. , Simske S.
Published: April 2014

A novel three‐dimensional (3D) surface texture measure (3DSTM) is presented based on the micro‐geometry of paper surfaces to classify different paper substrates. This is useful to automatically determine whether a document is printed on the correct paper substrate to help identify fraud. We use a 4‐light source photometric stereo (PS) method to recover the dense 3D geometry of paper surfaces captured using a high‐resolution sensing device. We derive a unique 3DSTM for each paper type based on the shape index (SI) map generated from the surface normals of the 3D data. We show that the proposed 3DSTM can robustly and accurately classify paper substrates with different physical properties and different surface textures. The accuracy of the proposed method is validated over a dataset comprising of 21 printed and 22 non‐printed paper types and a measure of success over 92% is achieved.
InAs nanowire MOSFET differential active mixer on Si‐substrate
Authors: Persson K.‐M. , Berg M. , Sjöland H. , Lind E. , Wernersson L.‐E.
Published: April 2014

An active single balanced down‐conversion mixer is implemented using InAs nanowire metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) as both active devices and passive resistive loads. Circuits with 6 dB low‐frequency voltage gain and a 3 dB bandwidth of 2 GHz are measured for a DC power consumption of 3.8 mW from a 1.5 V supply. The circuits are fabricated using contacts made with 12 μm‐line‐width optical lithography.
Detection bandwidth of fibre‐optic current sensors based on Faraday effect
Authors: Chen G.Y. , Newson T.P.
Published: April 2014

Current sensing based on the Faraday effect in optical fibres is a well‐established area in the landscape of sensor technologies. However, the optical behaviour that sets an upper limit on the detection bandwidth is often overlooked. The underlying mechanisms are explored in this reported analysis to raise awareness about their impact on the measurement results. The findings show that the Faraday effect cancellation and pulse broadening grow with increasing signal frequency, which result in suppression and distortion of the optical response. A correction factor is proposed for alternating and pulsed signals when using the simplified equation, to maintain an accurate measure of the peak current.
Surface plasmon resonance properties of DC magnetron sputtered Ag nanoislands on ITO‐glass and In2O3‐PET substrates
Authors: Tong Fei , Chung Yoonsung , Goswami J. , Davis V. , Hamilton M. , Kim Dong‐Joo , Koo Halen , K. Lee Kyeong , Park Minseo
Published: April 2014

Films of Ag nanoislands (NIs) were successfully grown on two different transparent conducting oxide coated substrates (indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass and indium oxide (In2O3) coated polyethylene terephthalate (PET) flexible film) by direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering. The morphology of the Ag NIs was studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Both SEM and TEM confirm the formation of silver NIs. To amplify the localised surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect, post‐deposition annealing was performed at 200°C for 30 minutes in a nitrogen atmosphere, resulting in tuning the shape and size of the NIs. Optical transmission spectroscopy was performed in the ultraviolet–visible–near‐infrared spectral region to examine the SPR characteristics of the Ag NIs deposited on ITO‐glass and In2O3‐PET. Post‐deposition annealing is found to tune the SPR wavelength and results in strong enhancement of the SPR of the Ag NIs on both ITO‐glass and In2O3‐PET. DC magnetron sputtering and the post‐deposition annealing technique can be applied for the growth of size‐controlled Ag NIs. The result can be applied to the enhancement of the efficiency of organic light emitting diodes and solar cells.
Designing a novel demand side regulation algorithm to participate in frequency control using iterated mappings
Authors: Dehghanpour Kaveh , Afsharnia Saeed
Published: April 2014

This study proposes a local and decentralised load management procedure to provide frequency control support in power systems, without a complex communication network. In this context, the authors aim is to design and develop a new and innovative control algorithm using iterated mappings. Iterated mappings are obtained by local frequency measurements and are proved to be strong tools in dynamical deterministic systems’ analysis. The proposed algorithm is capable of assigning relevant operational states to power system during power contingencies; control action will then be exerted on that basis, with a simple and easy to implement data processing procedure. Efficiency of the control method is then verified by simulations in MATLAB environment.
Remote monitoring of partial discharge data from insulated power cables
Authors: Mohamed Faisal Peer , Siew Wah Hoon , Soraghan John J. , Strachan Scott Munro , McWilliam Jamie
Published: April 2014

Partial discharge (PD) diagnostics is one of the most widely used tool to assess the insulation condition of insulated power cables and which facilitates informed maintenance planning leading to the extension of the service life of such ageing assets. PD occurs with varying intensity due to circuit loading and weather conditions. Proven systems based on off‐line PD diagnostics find limited application, since this method requires a circuit outage. In this study, remote controlled PC based PD monitoring system using client server technology is proposed. Continuous monitoring of cable network using the proposed system can capture sudden or gradual changes in PD activity which is often difficult in conventional PD monitoring systems which are based on spot measurement. In this system, the remote control capability using internet has been implemented to reduce the frequency of site visits which in turn reduces the cost of manpower. Relational database management system is used as a back‐end server for data storage, data analysis and data management. This would help the utility to maintain insulation integrity history database which can be used for cable renewal program in the longer term. System design, testing, implementation and field measurements are discussed.
Relaxation transition in glass-forming polybutadiene as revealed by nuclear resonance X-ray scattering
Authors: Kanaya Toshiji , Inoue Rintaro , Saito Makina , Seto Makoto , Yoda Yoshitaka
Published: April 2014

We investigated the arrest mechanism of molecular motions in a glass forming polybutadiene near the glass transition using a new nuclear resonance synchrotron X-ray scattering technique to cover a wide time range (10−9 to 10−5 s) and a scattering vector Q range (9.6–40 nm−1), which have never been accessed by other methods. Owing to the wide time and Q ranges it was found for the first time that a transition of the α-process to the slow β-process (or the Johari-Goldstein process) was observed in a Q range higher than the first peak in the structure factor S(Q) at the critical temperature Tc in the mode coupling theory. The results suggest the important roles of hopping motions below Tc, which was predicted by the recent extended mode coupling theory and the cooperative motions due to the strong correlation at the first peak in S(Q) in the arrest mechanism.
A broadband transformation-optics metasurface lens
Authors: Wan Xiang , Xiang Jiang Wei , Feng Ma Hui , Jun Cui Tie
Published: April 2014

We present a transformational metasurface Luneburg lens based on the quasi-conformal mapping method, which has weakly anisotropic constitutive parameters. We design the metasurface lens using inhomogeneous artificial structures to realize the required surface refractive indexes. The transformational metasurface Luneburg lens is fabricated and the measurement results demonstrate very good performance in controlling the radiated surface waves.
Anomalous epitaxial stability of (001) interfaces in ZrN/SiNx multilayers
Authors: Ghafoor Naureen , Lind Hans , Tasnádi Ferenc , Abrikosov Igor A. , Odén Magnus
Published: April 2014

Isostructural stability of B1-NaCl type SiN on (001) and (111) oriented ZrN surfaces is studied theoretically and experimentally. The ZrN/SiNx/ZrN superlattices with modulation wavelength of 3.76 nm (dSiNx∼0.4 nm) were grown by dc-magnetron sputtering on MgO(001) and MgO(111). The results indicate that 0.4 nm thin SiNx layers utterly influence the preferred orientation of epitaxial growth: on MgO(001) cube-on-cube epitaxy of ZrN/SiNx superlattices were realized whereas multilayers on MgO(111) surface exhibited an unexpected 002 texture with a complex fourfold 90°-rotated in-plane preferred orientation. Density functional theory calculations confirm stability of a (001) interface with respect to a (111) which explains the anomaly.
Measurement method for roll angular displacement with a high resolution by using diffraction gratings and a heterodyne interferometer
Authors: Tang Shanzhi , Wang Zhao , Gao Jianmin , Guo Junjie
Published: April 2014

The roll angle measurement is difficult to be achieved directly using a typical commercial interferometer due to its low sensitivity in axial direction, where the axial direction is orthogonal to the plane of the roll angular displacement. A roll angle measurement method combined diffraction gratings with a laser heterodyne interferometer is discussed in this paper. The diffraction grating placed in the plane of a roll angular displacement and the interferometer arranged in the plane's orthogonal direction, constitute the measurement pattern for the roll angle with high resolution. The roll angular displacement, considered as the linear, can be tested precisely when the corresponding angle is very small. Using the proposed method, the angle roll measurement obtains the high resolution of 0.002″. Experiment has proved its feasibility and practicability.
Realization of dual-heterojunction solar cells on ultra-thin ∼25 μm, flexible silicon substrates
Authors: Onyegam Emmanuel U. , Sarkar Dabraj , Hilali Mohamed M. , Saha Sayan , Mathew Leo , Rao Rajesh A. , Smith Ryan S. , Xu Dewei , Jawarani Dharmesh , Garcia Ricardo , Ainom Moses , Banerjee Sanjay K.
Published: April 2014

Silicon heterojunction (HJ) solar cells with different rear passivation and contact designs were fabricated on ∼25 μm semiconductor-on-metal (SOM) exfoliated substrates. It was found that the performance of these cells is limited by recombination at the rear-surface. Employing the dual-HJ architecture resulted in the improvement of open-circuit voltage (Voc) from 605 mV (single-HJ) to 645 mV with no front side intrinsic amorphous silicon (i-layer) passivation. Addition of un-optimized front side i-layer passivation resulted in further enhancement in Voc to 662 mV. Pathways to achieving further improvement in the performance of HJ solar cells on ultra-thin SOM substrates are discussed.
The Local Construction of Social Enterprise Markets: An Evaluation of Jens Beckert's Field Approach
Authors: Sunley Peter , Pinch Steven
Published: April 2014

Despite the rapid growth of interest in social enterprises (SEs) and the intense controversies over their merits in addressing pressing social and economic issues, there has been surprisingly little attention given to explicit theorization of how the markets for their goods and services are constructed and maintained. Towards this end this paper examines the conceptualization of market fields formulated by Jens Beckert. His approach conceptualizes firms as engaged in a constant struggle to defend or improve their position in relation to other firms by either protecting existing structures or changing them to realize new opportunities. This framework is used to analyze the reciprocal interactions between forces of institutions, networks, and cognitive frameworks as they serve to construct opportunities for SE. These relationships are exemplified with evidence from respondents in SEs in four cities in England—Liverpool, Birmingham, Southampton, and the London Borough of Newham. The analysis suggests that Beckert's approach helps to move beyond a singular notion of a single ‘market logic’ and allows us to unpack some of the hybrid character of SE markets. However, because of the way in the field perspective has been designed to explain agency in orthodox capitalist markets, it struggles to incorporate the motivations that drive agency in these markets.
Creativity, Cities, and Innovation
Authors: Lee Neil , Rodríguez-Pose Andrés
Published: April 2014

The creative industries have long been seen as an innovative sector. More recent research posits that creative occupations are also a fundamental, but overlooked, driver of innovation. Theory also suggests cities are important for both creative industries and occupations, with urban environments helping firms innovate. Yet little empirical work has considered the links between creative industries, occupations, cities, and innovation at the firm level. This paper addresses this gap using a sample of over 9000 UK SMEs. Our results stress that creative industries firms are more likely to introduce original product innovations, but not those learnt from elsewhere. Creative occupations, however, appear a more robust general driver of innovation. We find no support for the hypothesis that urban creative industries firms are particularly innovative. However, creative occupations are used in cities to introduce product innovations learnt elsewhere. The results suggest that future work needs to seriously consider the importance of occupations in empirical studies of innovation.
An Explanation of Firms' Internationalisation Modes, Blending Firm Heterogeneity and Spatial Agglomeration: Microevidence from Italy
Authors: Cainelli Giulio , Di Maria Eleonora , Ganau Roberto
Published: April 2014

This paper uses a large sample of Italian manufacturing firms over the period 2004–06, to investigate whether different types of agglomeration economies affect firms' internationalisation choices. The main novelty of the work consists in linking the hypothesis of firm heterogeneity to the literature on agglomeration economies to explain firms' approaches and forms of internationalisation. We analyse two types of agglomeration economies: localisation economies and related variety. Our analyses show that the higher the firm's productivity level, the higher the probability it will engage in more complex modes of internationalisation and that localisation economies and related variety positively affect export but not the firm's multinational strategy. We check the robustness of our results using a two-stage instrumental-variable multinomial logit model in order to control for potential endogeneity of agglomeration variables.
Social Influence and Proenvironmental Behavior: The Reflexive Layers of Influence Framework
Authors: Axsen Jonn , Kurani Kenneth S
Published: April 2014

Social influence can be an important factor in the adoption of proenvironmental behaviors and technologies. Processes of social influence can be varied and complex yet are often represented or discussed in a simplified, aggregated manner. To facilitate more nuanced study of social influence, we draw from a literature review and empirical observation to propose a conceptual behavioral framework that integrates three processes of interpersonal influence; we call this the reflexive layers of influence (RLI) framework. RLI proposes three generally successive and iterative ‘layers’ of the consumer's relation to a new technology (or practice): awareness, assessment, and alignment with self-concept. These layers are antecedents to, and potentially consequences of, adoption and use of proenvironmental technology. Social influence follows different processes at each layer. Awareness is influenced by the diffusion of simple, functional information. The consumer forms an assessment, at least in part, through translating the technology's attributes into specific benefits (or disbenefits). Through reflexivity, the translated assessment of the technology is framed in terms of maintaining, developing, or altering self-concept according to perceptions of others' behaviors and values. We illustrate RLI through application to three case studies of households participating in a multiweek trial of a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle—demonstrating that the consumer's self-concept, perceptions, and behavior can change substantially according to the social processes represented by RLI. We conclude with policy implications and discuss future hypotheses and priorities for research.
‘Measure Twice, Cut Once’—Revisiting the Strength and Impact of Local Planning Regulation of Housing Development in England
Authors: Bramley Glen , Watkins David
Published: April 2014

There has been growing interest in the impact of land-use regulation and planning on housing development and markets, and a consequent search for quantified measures of their extent and efficacy. Nevertheless, despite the UK having a long-established and comprehensive planning system, this kind of quantitative analysis of system performance has been limited. This paper assembles and reports on a set of local-level measures for England for the late 2000s and assesses their effectiveness in predicting the key flow-of-consents measure and actual housing development. The pattern of restrictiveness is assessed against broad sustainability criteria including urban settlement structure, economic growth potential, and housing affordability and need. We also assess recent changes and the potential impact of a major system change towards more localised planning decision making.
Upper Visual Field Advantage in Localizing a Target among Distractors
Authors: Feng Jing , Spence Ian
Published: April 2014

Biases exist in many perceptual and cognitive functions. Since visual attention plays an important role in a wide range of perceptual and cognitive processes, any bias in the spatial distribution of attention is likely to be a significant source of perceptual and cognitive asymmetries. An attentional visual field task (AVF) requiring localization of a target among distractors was used to assess possible asymmetries in attentional processing in the vertical meridian. The results showed a bias favoring the upper visual field, suggesting a potentially important role of attention in perceptual and cognitive asymmetries.
Nitrogen fixation and symbiosis-induced accumulation of mineral nutrients by cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.)
Authors: Belane Alphonsus K. , Pule-Meulenberg Flora , Makhubedu Thabo I. , Dakora Felix D.
Published: April 2014

Little information currently exists on the relationship between rhizobial symbiosis and mineral accumulation in nodulated legumes. The aim of this study was to measure fixed nitrogen (N) in whole plants and in young fully expanded trifoliate leaves of cowpea genotypes, and to relate this to mineral accumulation in the leaves. The data revealed marked differences between high and low N2-fixing genotypes, with the former consistently showing greater %N, plant or leaf total N, and amount of N fixed compared with the latter. There was a 2.0–3.8-fold difference in amount of N fixed at whole-plant level between high- and low-fixing cowpea genotypes at Taung, South Africa, and 2.4–4.0-fold at Manga, Ghana. Furthermore, the genotypes with high N2 fixation consistently exhibited greater concentration and content of minerals (e.g. P, K, Mg, S, Na, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn and B) in their trifoliate leaves, whereas those that recorded low N2 fixation accumulated lesser amounts of mineral nutrients in leaves. In a nodulation assay, we found that rhizobial isolates TUT53b2vu and TUT33b4vu, which exhibited higher symbiotic efficiency (measured here as nodule number, nodule fresh weight, and plant dry matter yield), also elicited greater mineral accumulation in cowpea shoots, while strains with low N2-fixing ability induced limited mineral accumulation. These results, together with a correlation analysis, show that, at least in nodulated cowpea, there is a strong relationship between N2-fixing efficiency and mineral accumulation, two traits that could be exploited in breeding programs for improved human nutrition and health.
Abrupt increases in Amazonian tree mortality due to drought–fire interactions
Authors: Brando Paulo Monteiro , Balch Jennifer K. , Nepstad Daniel C. , Morton Douglas C. , Putz Francis E. , Coe Michael T. , Silvério Divino , Macedo Marcia N. , Davidson Eric A. , Nóbrega Caroline C. , Alencar Ane , Soares-Filho Britaldo S.
Published: April 2014

Significance

Climate change alone is unlikely to drive severe tropical forest degradation in the next few decades, but an alternative process associated with severe weather and forest fires is already operating in southeastern Amazonia. Recent droughts caused greatly elevated fire-induced tree mortality in a fire experiment and widespread regional forest fires that burned 5–12% of southeastern Amazon forests. These results suggest that feedbacks between fires and extreme climatic conditions could increase the likelihood of an Amazon forest “dieback” in the near-term. To secure the integrity of seasonally dry Amazon forests, efforts to end deforestation must be accompanied by initiatives that reduce the accidental spread of land management fires into neighboring forest reserves and effectively suppress forest fires when they start.
Selective inhibition of the function of tyrosine-phosphorylated STAT3 with a phosphorylation site-specific intrabody
Authors: Koo Mi Young , Park Jiyoung , Lim Jung Mi , Joo Sei Yoon , Shin Seung-Pil , Shim Hyun Bo , Chung Junho , Kang Dongmin , Woo Hyun Ae , Rhee Sue Goo
Published: April 2014

Significance

In response to a variety of extracellular stimuli, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is phosphorylated on Tyr705 (pYSTAT3) or Ser727 (pSSTAT3), and signal transmission by those stimuli depend on pYSTAT3 as well as pSSTAT3 and unphosphorylated protein (USTAT3). Here we prepared an intrabody (an antibody that is expressed within the cell) that binds specifically to the tyrosine-phosphorylated site of pYSTAT3 and demonstrated that the engineered intrabody is able to block selectively the downstream effects of pYSTAT3 without influencing those of pSSTAT3 and USTAT3 in cultured cells as well as mouse liver. Our results demonstrate the potential of intrabodies as tools to dissect the cellular functions of specific modified forms of proteins that exist as multiple species.
Initial steps of inactivation at the K
+
channel selectivity filter
Authors: Thomson Andrew S. , Heer Florian T. , Smith Frank J. , Hendron Eunan , Bernèche Simon , Rothberg Brad S.
Published: April 2014

Significance

C-type inactivation represents a key process that governs cellular K
+
channel activity. Although C-type inactivation seems to be inextricably linked with dissociation of K
+
from the channel’s pore, the structural connection between K
+
dissociation and initiation of C-type inactivation has been unclear. Here, we combine electrophysiology and molecular simulation of MthK, a prototypical K
+
channel of known structure, to determine relations between K
+
dissociation and entry into the inactivated state. We find that Ca
2+
can bind to a site in the pore favored by outward movement of K
+
. K
+
subsequently dissociates, favoring a conformational change to the inactivated state. This study, thus, establishes a direct link between K
+
dissociation and initiation of C-type inactivation.
Structure of the Toll-Spätzle complex, a molecular hub in
Drosophila
development and innate immunity
Authors: Parthier Christoph , Stelter Marco , Ursel Christian , Fandrich Uwe , Lilie Hauke , Breithaupt Constanze , Stubbs Milton T.
Published: April 2014

Significance

During the earliest stages of fruit fly development, differentiation of the embryo into dorsal and ventral sections commences following the localized initiation of a proteolytic cascade that culminates in cleavage and activation of the human nerve growth factor-like cystine knot protein Spätzle. In turn, this activated ligand activates the Toll receptor, instigating an intracellular signal cascade that leads to location-specific cell differentiation. Both Toll and Spätzle are also integral to pathogen recognition in adult flies, where a similar proteolytic cascade results in triggering of the innate immune response. Despite functional similarities to the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) of mammalian innate immunity, the structure of the Toll-Spätzle complex described here exhibits a number of features that have not been observed in TLRs.
Endemism and functional convergence across the North American soil mycobiome
Authors: Talbot Jennifer M. , Bruns Thomas D. , Taylor John W. , Smith Dylan P. , Branco Sara , Glassman Sydney I. , Erlandson Sonya , Vilgalys Rytas , Liao Hui-Ling , Smith Matthew E. , Peay Kabir G.
Published: April 2014

Significance

Microbes control vital ecosystem processes like carbon storage and nutrient recycling. Although megadiversity is a hallmark of microbial communities in nature, we still do not know how microbial diversity determines ecosystem function. We addressed this issue by isolating different geographic and local processes hypothesized to shape fungal community composition and activity in pine forests across the continental United States. Although soil enzyme activity varied across soils according to resource availability, enzyme activity was similar across different fungal communities. These observations indicate that much of fungal diversity plays an equal role in soil biogeochemical cycles. However, soil fungal communities vary dramatically in space, indicating that individual species are endemic to bioregions within the North American continent.
Dialogic voices
Authors: Jakaza Ernest , Visser Marianna
Published: April 2014

This chapter critically examines Mugabe’s two speeches. The one he delivered at the United Nations (UN) climate change summit that was held in Copenhagen in 2009 and the other one he delivered at the 2008 Zimbabwean independence celebrations. The chapter argues that not only conversations with explicit participants can be regarded as argumentative (van Eemeren, 2010). Thus, to achieve the purpose, the pragma-dialectic theory of argumentation is employed. The analysis of the speeches show how Mugabe utilised the podium to dialogically interact with the audience, both outside and inside, persuasively inviting them to align with him (speaker) and disalign with the ‘negative’ voices. The analysis also confirms that stance taking and value positioning is a factor in argumentative discourse.
Entropa
Authors: Just Sine Nørholm , Berg Kristine M.
Published: April 2014

Entropa, the controversial installation for the 2009 Czech EU-presidency, may be seen as a hoax and a provocation, but how are we to evaluate its potential for creating public debate in and about the EU? And what may this case indicate about the deliberative potential of hoaxes and similar provocative tools more generally?
In exploring these issues we argue that Entropa performs ambiguous functions. It is parody and protest, official utterance and oppositional comment, support for and critique of the EU. This ambiguity creates fruitful, but also wavering discussion. Černý’s own explanation of Entropa points to what is at stake: “We wanted to find out if Europe is able to laugh at itself.” The results of this experiment remain unclear.
What guides children’s acquisition  of #sC clusters?
Authors: Yavaş Mehmet
Published: April 2014

This chapter is an overview of the cross-linguistic patterns in the acquisition of two-member s-clusters. Results of several studies on three Germanic languages (English, Dutch, and Norwegian) and three non-Germanic languages (Hebrew, Croatian, and Polish) were evaluated. Productions from typically developing children as well as children with phonological disorders were looked at with respect to cluster reductions and correct productions. While the examination of the former revealed a common behavior among all six languages, the latter point to language-specific effects.
The role of phonological context in children’s overt marking of ‘-s’ in two dialects  of American English
Authors: Barlow Jessica A. , Pruitt-Lord Sonja
Published: April 2014

We consider the role of preceding and following phonological context in the variable marking of monosegmental English plural and 3rd-person singular morphemes by African-American English speaking children (Study 1), and by younger children speaking a more mainstream variety of American English (Study 2). Results of both studies show that overt marking was favored in utterance-final contexts and with plurals, consistent with prior research findings. However, preceding consonant contexts favored the overt marking of the morphemes, contrary to prior research findings. We discuss these findings in terms of syllable organization and morphophonological complexity, and offer suggestions for future research to further delineate the specific contributions of phonological context to the overt marking of morphemes in child language.