bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The HDA9‐HY5 module epigenetically regulates flowering time in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Chu Liutian , Yang Chao , Zhuang Feng , Gao Yingmiao , Luo Ming
Published: May 2022

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) play important roles in the repression of gene expression. Our previous study revealed that HISTONE DEACETYLASE 9 (HDA9) interacts with ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5) and is involved in regulating plant autophagy in response to the light‐to‐dark transition and nitrogen starvation. In this study, we observed that the hda9‐1 and hy5‐215 single mutants flowered earlier compared with the wild‐type Col‐0; in addition, the hda9‐1 hy5‐215 double mutant flowered earlier than each single mutant. The expression of several positive flowering time genes was upregulated in the hda9‐1, hy5‐215, and hda9‐1 hy5‐215 mutants. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated that HDA9 and HY5 bound directly to the promoter regions of PHYTOCHROME‐INTERACTING FACTOR 4 (PIF4) and CONSTANS‐LIKE 5 (COL5) and repressed their expression through H3K9 and H3K27 deacetylation. Taken together, our results reveal the epigenetic mechanism explaining how the HDA9‐HY5 module functions in controlling flowering time.
The influence of event‐time (vs. clock‐time) scheduling style on satiation
Authors: Tang Yangyi (Eric) , Huang Zhongqiang (Tak) , Su Lei
Published: May 2022

Consumers often need to schedule different activities. While consumers who adopt a clock‐time scheduling style decide when to transition from one activity to the next according to external temporal cues (e.g., clock), those who adopt an event‐time scheduling style tend to perform each activity until they feel internally that it is completed. This research showed that consumers' scheduling style (clock‐time vs. event‐time) could influence their satiation with repeated consumption. Four studies involving actual consumption across various domains (e.g., music, artwork, food) demonstrated that an event‐time scheduling style leads to more rapid satiation with repeated consumption than a clock‐time scheduling style because event‐timers (vs. clock‐timers) have higher private self‐focus. The results further revealed that the satiation effect of scheduling style is mitigated when consumers are distracted from their private self or informed of additional sensitization cues in the consumption stimuli.
Programmed cell death might involve in progress of wounding induced agarwood formation in stems of Aquilaria sinensis
Authors: Liu Peiwei , Zhang Yuxiu , Yang Yun , Lv Feifei , Wei Jianhe
Published: May 2022

Agarwood, a non‐timber fragrant wood, is derived from wounded Aquilaria trees (Thymelaeaceae) and is widely used in traditional medicine, incense and perfume. Agarwood‐like substances and programmed cell death (PCD) can be induced by wounding signals in the suspension cells and aerial roots of Aquilaria sinensis. In this study, the dynamic process of wound‐induced agarwood formation in stems of A. sinensis was observed, and the occurrence of PCD was synchronously detected using techniques such as 4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole and dUTP nick‐end labeling staining. The results showed that the wounding was a induce signal for agarwood resin formation, meanwhile might induce PCD. Interxylary phloem and xylem ray were the main sites of agarwood resin formation and PCD occurrence. There might be a relationship between the spatiotemporal pattern of PCD and agarwood resin formation: more severe PCD corresponded to a higher rate of resin formation but a shorter resin formation time; conversely, slower PCD progression corresponded to a lower rate of resin formation but a longer resin formation time. Our findings are the first to demonstrate that PCD might occur in the process of wound‐induced agarwood formation at the tree level, and the spatiotemporal pattern is closely related to the formation of agarwood resin. This study provides valuable insight for further studies on the relationship between PCD and agarwood formation.

Highlights

Programmed cell death (PCD) might occur in the process of wound‐induced agarwood formation at the tree level.

Interxylary phloem and xylem ray were the main sites of agarwood resin formation and PCD occurrence.

Spatiotemporal pattern of PCD might have a strong impact on agarwood resin formation.
Linear mixed model analysis to evaluate correlations between remdesivir adverse effects with age and gender of patients with mild Covid‐19 pneumonia
Authors: Sedighi Mohsen , Amanollahi Alireza , Moradi Moghaddam Omid , Basir Ghafouri Hamed , Hoseini Seyede Elham , Tavakoli Nader
Published: May 2022

We aimed to assess longitudinal changes in clinical indexes of corona disease 2019 (Covid‐19) patients with mild pulmonary infection during 5 days of remdesivir therapy and determine the effect of age and gender on remdesivir adverse effects (AE). Patients' clinical data including inflammatory markers, liver and renal function tests, and heart rate (HR) were extracted from medical records. Linear mixed model (LMM) was used to analyze longitudinal changes in patients' clinical indexes. Gender and age were inserted in LMM as covariates to find their correlation with AE and clinical indexes. Of 84 patients, 35 patients met our criteria for the study. There were significant increases in mean levels of white blood cell (WBC; p = 0.005), alanine aminotransferase (ALT; p = 0.001), aspartate aminotransferase (p = 0.001), blood urea nitrogen (BUN; p = 0.001), and creatinine (p = 0.006), whereas mean levels of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (p = 0.005), C‐reactive protein (p = 0.001), alkaline phosphatase (p = 0.001), and potassium (p = 0.003) decreased significantly. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (p = 0.001) and HR (p = 0.001) showed a notable decline over the course of treatment. LMM analysis showed that mean changes in WBC (β = 0.94, p = 0.029), creatinine (β = 0.12, p = 0.020), and HR (β = 6.47, p = 0.008) were greater in males than in females. Also, age of patients had a significant effect on the mean changes of WBC (β = −0.02, p = 0.023), sodium (β = −0.06, p = 0.010), BUN (β = 0.23, p = 0.001), and HR (β = −0.29, p = 0.001). Despite no renal and liver dysfunction, Covid‐19 patients with mild pulmonary infection may develop some remdesivir AE and attributed side effects might be affected by gender and age of patients.
Influence of water table dynamics on spatial and temporal patterns of hydroclimate extremes over Lake Victoria Basin, East Africa: Comparison of wet and dry years
Authors: Anyah Richard , Xia Sun , Semazzi Fredrick
Published: May 2022

WRF model coupled to water table dynamics has been adapted to investigate the spatial and temporal evolution of wet and dry conditions over Lake Victoria Basin. Two 2‐year long simulations were conducted using coupled model with water table and the uncoupled (without water table) for wet and dry periods. Influence of water table on land–atmosphere coupling and interconnections among precipitation, soil moisture, evapotranspiration, and surface energy fluxes were examined. Overall, the coupled model simulated significantly higher monthly rainfall amounts during both the short (March‐May) and long (October‐December) rains of the wet year, which was more consistent with observations particularly over the lake surface and immediate hinterlands. Simulated monthly rainfall differences between coupled and uncoupled were pronounced during the peak of long rains, exceeding 100mm over the lake surface. Toward the end of the rainfall season (May) the difference was minimal. During the short rains significant differences occurred mostly in November, especially over the eastern shores. But during the relatively dry year minimal differences were generally witnessed throughout the year except in May, east of Lake Victoria. The coupled model simulated stronger matching among rainfall, soil moisture, and evapotranspiration over areas with shallow water table, for example in Kisumu to the east and Bukoba to the west. In these areas coupled model simulated higher soil moisture corresponding to higher evapotranspiration and precipitation. These interconnections were more pronounced during short and long rains in 1997 (wet) compared to 2010 (dry). Wet conditions over the gulf of Kisumu corresponded with rise in water table especially during October–December 1997 consistent with ENSO‐related flooding over the area. Hence, our study demonstrated that incorporating water table resulted in realistic interconnections between precipitation, soil moisture, ET, and surface energy fluxes, and could improve simulation and prediction of spatial‐temporal evolution of wet and dry conditions over Lake Victoria Basin.
How morning soil moisture conditions influence afternoon precipitation events in South America
Authors: Giles Julián Alberto , Menéndez Claudio Guillermo
Published: May 2022

The land–atmosphere interactions play an important role in the South American climate system. Previous studies have explored the coupling between soil moisture (SM), surface heat fluxes and atmospheric variables such as temperature and precipitation; however, the SM–precipitation feedback is still debated, especially at the diurnal scale. We computed three diurnal local coupling diagnostics between spatial, temporal and heterogeneity morning SM anomalies and the occurrence of afternoon precipitation events. We analyse South America in the period October–March 1983–2012 with the ERA5 reanalysis and the RCA4 regional climate model. Two 30‐year climate simulations are performed: a control and an uncoupled simulation where the SM is prescribed with daily climatological values, limiting the SM–atmosphere interaction. Comparing both simulations we isolate the effect of SM variability, allowing us to confirm that the diagnostics are indeed showing the contribution of the SM–precipitation coupling. We test different methods of calculating the morning SM anomalies and observe that all diagnostics show some methodological sensitivity, especially the spatial and temporal diagnostics. Despite the differences, in eastern Brazil we find a preference for afternoon precipitation to develop when the soil is wetter and heterogeneous, over points that are wetter than their surroundings. Towards southeastern South America, there is a spatial and temporal preference for drier or average conditions, depending on the method, with heterogeneity preference, and the same is observed in southwestern Amazonia in RCA4. Ultimately, it is important that future studies disentangle the spatiotemporal coupling mechanisms that may act simultaneously into its distinct components to avoid erroneous assumptions and contradictory results.
FAM172A supervises ER (endoplasmic reticulum) stress‐triggered autophagy in the epidural fibrosis process
Authors: Zheng Yufeng , Zhang Dianzhong , Su Le , Wen Yanhua , Wang Yucai
Published: May 2022

Backgrounds

Lumbar laminectomy is usually utilized for lumbar disc herniation (LDH), but also causes epidural fibrosis (EF) process associated with abnormal proliferation of fibroblasts. FAM172A is associated with ER stress and cell proliferation, but its mechanism was unclear, especially in the process of EF.

Methods

Therefore, the regulation of FAM172A on the calcium flux and autophagy in fibroblasts were investigated by inducing ER stress with tunicamycin and upexpression or downexpression of FAM172A. The calcium flux was determined using Fluo‐3, and autophagy was examined with immunofluorescence or western blot for LC3, Beclin‐1, ATG‐5, and p62. Moreover, the apoptotic protein of Bax and Bcl‐2 was detected, too. Furthermore, the laminectomy model was constructed and then dealt with overexpression of FAM172A.

Results

Tunicamycin‐induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagy process in fibroblasts were associated with the calcium flux regulated by FAM172A, especially in EF cells. Besides, tunicamycin induced autophagy and suppressed cell apoptosis of fibroblasts. Furthermore, FAM72A repressed the proliferation of fibroblasts and the process of EF in the laminectomy model through the mediation of the autophagy process.

Conclusions

Tunicamycin‐induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in fibroblasts was associated with calcium flux mediated by FAM172A. FAM72A participated in the autophagy regulation of fibroblasts and maybe the key interaction regulator of apoptosis and autophagy in fibroblasts, especially for epidural scar cells.
Insights into the oxidation behavior of Ni–25Cr–10Fe–xSi (x = 1, 2, 3, 4 wt%) alloys at 1000°C in ambient air
Authors: Jia Guodong , Xu Wanjian , Pan Jie , Li Jun , Wang Huichao , Wang Longbao , Xiao Xueshan
Published: May 2022

The isothermal oxidation behavior of Ni–25Cr–10Fe–xSi (x = 1, 2, 3, 4 wt%) alloys at 1000°C in ambient air was investigated. The thermodynamics and kinetics of the oxidation behavior were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and the Thermo‐Calc software with the TTNI8 database. The weight gain per unit area of the four alloys showed a parabolic relationship with the oxidation time. The weight gain of the oxides decreased with the addition of larger amounts of Si from 1 to 3 wt%; however, this trend was lost when excessive addition of Si (4 wt% Si) was added. A sufficient amount of discontinuously distributed SiO2 precipitates resulted in better oxidation resistance and adhesion properties than continuous SiO2 layers. The spallation resistance of the oxide scales is believed to be mainly dependent on the distribution of the SiO2 layer rather than the content of SiO2; 3 wt% is a reasonable reference value for Si addition for improving the oxidation resistance of Ni–25Cr–10Fe alloys.
Spatially inhomogeneous bifurcating periodic solutions induced by nonlocal competition in a predator–prey system with additional food
Authors: Yang Ruizhi , Wang Fatao , Jin Dan
Published: May 2022

The nonlocal competition in prey is incorporated into a diffusive predator–prey model with additional food in predator and time delay. The local stability of the coexisting equilibrium is studied by analyzing the eigenvalue spectrum. Time delay inducing Hopf bifurcation is also investigated by using time delay as bifurcation parameter. Some conditions for determining the bifurcation direction and the stability of the bifurcating periodic solutions are given by utilizing the normal form method and center manifold theorem. Our results suggest that nonlocal competition together with time delay can induce spatially inhomogeneous bifurcating periodic solutions in the diffusive predator–prey model.
Cystic fibrosis‐related liver disease is an independent risk factor for mortality and increased health care resource utilization in hospitalized pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Thavamani Aravind , Umapathi Krishna K. , Kutney Katherine , Sferra Thomas J. , Sankararaman Senthilkumar
Published: May 2022

Background

Cystic fibrosis‐related liver disease (CFLD) is more prevalent in recent decades due to the increasing life expectancy of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). There is paucity of population‐level data on the impact of CFLD on hospital outcomes.

Methods

We interrogated nonoverlapping years (2003–2016) of the National Inpatient Sample and Kids' Inpatient Database to include all hospitalized patients <21 years of age with a primary diagnosis of CF within the United States. A concomitant diagnosis of cirrhosis, liver fibrosis, chronic liver disease, portal hypertension, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, hypersplenism, and liver transplant status was considered as surrogates for the diagnosis of CFLD and was compared with CF‐related hospitalizations without these diagnoses (controls) for demographics, comorbid conditions, in‐hospital mortality, length‐of‐stay, and hospital charges.

Results

We evaluated 94,374 CF‐related hospitalizations. The prevalence of CFLD was 5.8%. The prevalence increased from 3.1% (2003) to a peak of 7.3% (2014) with an overall increasing trend, p < 0.001. Hospitalizations with CFLD had an increased prevalence of significant comorbidities: respiratory failure,lung transplant, pulmonary hypertension, diabetes mellitus, malnutrition, Clostridioides difficile infection, cholelithiasis, anemia, and need for parenteral nutrition, p < 0.001. Multivariate regression models showed CFLD as independently associated with 2.1 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.5 to 2.8) times increased risk of inpatient mortality, contributed to 1.1 (95% CI: 0.89 to 1.37) additional days of hospitalization, and incurring $14,852 (95% CI: 12,204 to 17,501) excess hospital charges, p < 0.001.

Conclusion

CFLD is associated with multiple comorbidities and is independently associated with increased risk of mortality and increased health care resource utilization in pediatric CF‐related hospitalizations.
Emerging trends of edible vaccine therapy for combating human diseases especiallyCOVID‐19: Pros, cons, and future challenges
Authors: Khalid Fatima , Tahir Reema , Ellahi Manahil , Amir Nilofer , Rizvi Syed Faheem Askari , Hasnain Ammarah
Published: May 2022

The researchers are still doing efforts to develop an effective, reliable, and easily accessible vaccine candidate to protect against COVID‐19. As of the August 2020, nearly 30 conventional vaccines have been emerged in clinical trials, and more than 200 vaccines are in various development stages. Nowadays, plants are also considered as a potential source for the production of monoclonal antibodies, vaccines, drugs, immunomodulatory proteins, as well as used as bioreactors or factories for their bulk production. The scientific evidences enlighten that plants are the rich source of oral vaccines, which can be given either by eating the edible parts of plants and/or by oral administration of highly refined proteins. The use of plant‐based edible vaccines is an emerging trend as it possesses minimum or no side effects compared with synthetic vaccines. This review article gives insights into different types of vaccines, the use of edible vaccines, advantages of edible vaccines over conventional vaccines, and mechanism of action of edible vaccines. This review article also focuses on the applications of edible vaccines in wide‐range of human diseases especially against COVID‐19 with emphasis on future perspectives of the use of edible vaccines.
Mediastinal tuberculosis following descending necrotizing mediastinitis: A case report
Authors: Matsumoto Akira , Soma Toshihiko , Shoji Tsuyoshi , Katakura Hiromichi
Published: May 2022

Tuberculosis is a disease that causes latent infection and is sometimes activated by a variety of factors. Descending necrotizing mediastinitis (DNM) is a serious disease caused by spreading oropharyngeal infection. We present a case of mediastinal tuberculosis following mediastinal dissection and antibiotic therapy for DNM. A 62‐year‐old man was admitted to the hospital with an increasing mass in the right mediastinum during outpatient follow‐up after surgical drainage and antibiotic treatment for idiopathic cervical abscess and left DNM caused by oral bacteria. The patient underwent right mediastinal abscess dissection 4 months after the last surgery. As a result of culture tests, no general bacteria but Mycobacterium tuberculosis was detected. Anti‐tuberculosis treatment was continued for 9 months, and the patient has progressed without any recurrence of infection. The possibility of relapse of tuberculosis should always be considered in patients with unexplained masses.
Fixed‐effects inference and tests of correlation for longitudinal functional data
Authors: Li Ruonan , Xiao Luo , Smirnova Ekaterina , Cui Erjia , Leroux Andrew , Crainiceanu Ciprian M.
Published: May 2022

We propose an inferential framework for fixed effects in longitudinal functional models and introduce tests for the correlation structures induced by the longitudinal sampling procedure. The framework provides a natural extension of standard longitudinal correlation models for scalar observations to functional observations. Using simulation studies, we compare fixed effects estimation under correctly and incorrectly specified correlation structures and also test the longitudinal correlation structure. Finally, we apply the proposed methods to a longitudinal functional dataset on physical activity. The computer code for the proposed method is available athttps://github.com/rli20ST758/FILF.
Constructing Hydrophobic Interface with Close‐Packed Coordination Supramolecular Network for Long‐Cycling and Dendrite‐Free Zn‐Metal Batteries
Authors: Tao Zengren , Zhu Yuanfei , Zhou Zekun , Wang Anding , Tan Yuanming , Chen Zhao , Yu Minghao , Yang Yangyi
Published: May 2022

Commercialization of aqueous zinc‐metal batteries remains unrealistic due to the substantial dendrite growth and side reaction issues on the zinc anodes. It is highly demanded to develop easy‐to‐handle approaches for constructing stable, dense, as well as homogeneous solid anode/electrolyte interfaces. Herein, the authors construct the zinc anode interface with a close‐packed Zn‐TSA (TSA = thiosalicylate) coordination supramolecular network through the facile and up‐scalable wet‐chemical method. The hydrophobic Zn‐TSA network can block solvated water and establish a solid‐state diffusion barrier to well‐distribute the interfacial Zn2+, thus inhibiting hydrogen evolution and zinc dendrite growth on the anode. Meanwhile, the Zn‐TSA network induces the formation of a uniform and stable solid electrolyte interphase composed of multiple inorganic‐organic compounds. This denser structure can accommodate and self‐heal the crack/degradation of the anode interphase associated with the repeated volume changes, and suppress the generation of detrimental by‐product, Znx(OTF‐)y(OH)2x−y·nH2O. Such a rationally fabricated anode/electrolyte interface further endows the assembled symmetric cells with superior plating/stripping stability for over 2000 h without dendrite formation (at 1 mA cm‐2 and 1 mAh cm‐2). Furthermore, this zinc anode has practical application in the Zn‐MoS2 and Zn‐V2O5 full cells. This study provides a new train of thought for constructing the dense interface of zinc‐metal anode.
Ultraflexible and Stretchable Intrafascicular Peripheral Nerve Recording Device with Axon‐Dimension, Cuff‐Less Microneedle Electrode Array
Authors: Yan Dongxiao , Jiman Ahmad A. , Bottorff Elizabeth C. , Patel Paras R. , Meli Dilara , Welle Elissa J. , Ratze David C. , Havton Leif A. , Chestek Cynthia A. , Kemp Stephen W. P. , Bruns Tim M. , Yoon Euisik , Seymour John P.
Published: May 2022

Peripheral nerve mapping tools with higher spatial resolution are needed to advance systems neuroscience, and potentially provide a closed‐loop biomarker in neuromodulation applications. Two critical challenges of microscale neural interfaces are 1) how to apply them to small peripheral nerves, and 2) how to minimize chronic reactivity. A flexible microneedle nerve array (MINA) is developed, which is the first high‐density penetrating electrode array made with axon‐sized silicon microneedles embedded in low‐modulus thin silicone. The design, fabrication, acute recording, and chronic reactivity to an implanted MINA, are presented. Distinctive units are identified in the rat peroneal nerve. The authors also demonstrate a long‐term, cuff‐free, and suture‐free fixation manner using rose bengal as a light‐activated adhesive for two time‐points. The tissue response is investigated at 1‐week and 6‐week time‐points, including two sham groups and two MINA‐implanted groups. These conditions are quantified in the left vagus nerve of rats using histomorphometry. Micro computed tomography (micro‐CT) is added to visualize and quantify tissue encapsulation around the implant. MINA demonstrates a reduction in encapsulation thickness over previously quantified interfascicular methods. Future challenges include techniques for precise insertion of the microneedle electrodes and demonstrating long‐term recording.
Activating the Electrocatalysis of MoS2 Basal Plane for Hydrogen Evolution via Atomic Defect Configurations
Authors: Liu Xiao , Jiang Xingxing , Shao Gonglei , Xiang Haiyan , Li Zhiwei , Jin Yuanyuan , Chen Yang , Jiang Huili , Li Huimin , Shui Jianglan , Feng Yexin , Liu Song
Published: May 2022

Point defects of heteroatoms and vacancies can activate the inert basal plane of molybdenum sulfide (MoS2) to improve its performance on catalyzing the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, the synergy between heteroatoms and vacancies is still unclear. Here, a chemical vapor deposition‐assisted in situ vanadium (V) doping method is used to synthesize monolayer MoS2 with abundant and tunable vacancies and V‐dopants in the lattice. Ten delicate defect configurations are prepared to provide a complex system for the relationship investigation between microstructure and catalytic performance. The combination of on‐chip electrochemical tests and theoretical calculations indicates that the HER performance greatly depends on the type and amount of defect configurations. The optimal configuration is that three V atoms are aggregated and accompanied by abundant sulfur vacancies, in which, H atoms directly interact with Mo and V atoms to form the most stable metal‐bridge structure. The on‐chip measurements also confirm that the sample with high concentrations of this type of defect configuration exhibits the best catalytic performance, indicating the efficient synergy in the optimal configuration. The revealed effects of defect configurations are expected to inspire the design and regulation of high‐efficiency 2D catalysts.
A Pyrolysis‐Free Method Toward Large‐Scale Synthesis of Ultra‐Highly Efficient Bifunctional Oxygen Electrocatalyst for Zinc‐Air Flow Batteries
Authors: Li Xueli , Liu Di , Liu Qingbin , Xiang Zhonghua
Published: May 2022

The transition‐metal nitrogen‐carbon (M‐N‐C) catalysts, as one of the optimal bifunctional oxygen catalysts, are vital for cathodic oxygen electrode of Zn‐based air flow batteries (ZAFBs). However, chemical complexity of M‐N‐C catalysts prepared via the traditional pyrolytic process increases the difficulties of precise control toward configuration and repeatability, especially in large‐scale synthesis. Herein, a bifunctional oxygen catalyst via a pyrolysis‐free approach based on closed π‐conjugated covalent organic polymers (COPs, microwave synthesis) is developed, which inherits the advantage of the well‐defined configuration in an atomic manner. Profited from distinct catalytic centers and strong electronic coupling at the interface between COP and layered double hydroxides, the as‐synthesized catalyst not only more easily permits large quantity production (>1 kg per batch), but also maintains an ultrahigh bifunctional activity and a long cycle stability even after scale synthesis (ΔE [Ej10 – E1/2] = 591 mV; energy efficiency drops by only 2.02% after 1200 cycles), which overwhelmingly exceeds the benchmark Pt/C+IrO2 and the state‐of‐the‐art pyrolytic bifunctional M‐N‐C oxygen catalysts.
Dual‐Colored Janus Microspheres with Photonic and Plasmonic Faces
Authors: Kim Jong Bin , Kim Ji‐Won , Kim Minjung , Kim Shin‐Hyun
Published: May 2022

Photonic and plasmonic colors, stemming from nanostructures of dielectric materials and metals, are promising for pigment‐free coloration. In particular, nanostructures with structural colors have been employed in stimuli‐responsive Janus microparticles to provide active color pixels. Here, the authors report a simple strategy to produce electro‐responsive Janus microspheres composed of photonic and plasmonic faces for active color change. The photonic microspheres are first prepared by self‐assembly of silica particles in emulsion droplets of photocurable resin. The silica particles form 3D crystalline arrays in the interior and 2D hexagonal arrays on the interface. The emulsion droplets are photocured and the silica particles are selectively removed to make porous photonic microspheres with hexagonal arrays of dimples on the surface. Directional deposition of gold or aluminum on the photonic microsphere develops plasmonic color on the top hemisphere while maintaining photonic color on the bottom hemisphere. Moreover, the metal deposited on one side renders the Janus microspheres electro‐responsive. Therefore, the photonic and plasmonic colors are switchable by the orientation control of the Janus microspheres with an external electric field. The photonic and plasmonic colors are independently adjustable by employing two different sizes of silica particles in core–shell emulsion drops.
Synthesis of NiSe2/Fe3O4 Nanotubes with Heteroepitaxy Configuration as a High‐Efficient Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalyst
Authors: Jiang Xin , Xie Qifan , Lu Gongxun , Wang Yao , Liu Tiefeng , Liu Yujing , Tao Xinyong , Nai Jianwei
Published: May 2022

The rational design of high‐efficient non‐noble metal electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reactions (OER) is of significance in electrochemical energy conversion. However, such low‐cost but highly active electrocatalysts remain poorly developed because of the daunting synthetic challenge. Here, the synthesis of NiSe2/Fe3O4 nanotubes via a facile self‐templating strategy, which manifests unique tetragonal morphology, asymmetric hollow interior, and unusual but adaptable heteroepitaxy structure, is reported. Benefiting from sufficient active sites and their improved activity around the heterointerface, accompanied by the good conductivity, the NiSe2/Fe3O4 nanotubes exhibit as a superior OER electrocatalyst, which affords the current density of 10 mA cm−2 at a very small overpotential of 199 mV, high attainable current density beyond 200 mA cm−2, and mass activity of 984.5 A g−1, as well as excellent stability for 100 h in the alkaline media. This work provides a unique synthetic pathway to fabricate superior OER electrocatalysts by optimizing their composition and architecture.
Parametric nonstationary covariance functions on spheres
Authors: Blake Lewis R. , Porcu Emilio , Hammerling Dorit M.
Published: May 2022

Gaussian Processes are powerful tools for modelling spatial data. In this context, a significant amount of modelling focus is placed on specifying the covariance function, which is required to be symmetric and positive definite. Covariance functions have classically been defined and used in Euclidean space. However, as data collected from the globe becomes more prevalent, accounting for Earth's geometry becomes increasingly important. Using Euclidean distance can be suboptimal for these data. We survey the literature for recent developments related to construction of nonstationary covariance functions on spheres, which historically has been a challenging area. We present contributions in this effort by providing three general forms for families of parametric nonstationary covariance functions.
From Megamexico to the Amazon: Phylogeny, systematics and macroevolution of Clowesia (Orchidaceae: Catasetinae)
Authors: Tamayo‐Cen Iván , Carnevali Germán , Ramírez‐Morillo Ivón M. , Cetzal‐Ix William , Romero‐González Gustavo A.
Published: May 2022

Clowesia is a relatively small Neotropical genus of Orchidaceae sister to the much larger Catasetum. A hypothesis of internal relationships was proposed in the 1990s, based solely on morphological and life history characters, which so far has not been robustly tested, which is done herein. The genus encompasses seven formally described species; here, we synonymize one species, describe Clowesia arevaloi as a new species endemic to Ecuador, propose the new combination Clowesia scurra and designate lectotypes for C. dodsoniana and C. thylaciochila. Furthermore, we propose an epitype for C. glaucoglossa, and a type for Warsewitschia. We also propose a lectotype and establish the correct authorship for Warsewitschia, a hitherto ignored synonym of Clowesia. We present a phylogenetic analysis of combined molecular evidence (ITS, ETS, matK‐trnK, trnS‐G, yfc1), evaluate the evolution of reproductive characters and explore the biogeography of the genus. Our main results are: Clowesia, as well as its composing clades hypothesized in the 1990s, is monophyletic, and the relationships between species feature a divergence pattern associated with their reproductive strategies, the most important of all being the place where the pollinarium is positioned on the bee's body. Likewise, we estimate the origin of the genus in Megamexico in the Miocene; the divergence and diversification of the main clades within appears to be associated with the expansion and contraction of vegetation types, as well as the closing of the isthmus of Panama, which eventually allowed the return to the Amazon, the area where currently most species of Catasetinae are found.
Beyond diagnostic yield: use of exome sequencing in prenatal diagnosis
Authors: Pan M. , Li D.‐Z.
Published: May 2022

Linked article: This Correspondence comments on Kucińska‐Chahwan et al. Click here to view the article.
Emerging roles of BET proteins in transcription and co‐transcriptional RNA processing
Authors: Eischer Nicole , Arnold Mirjam , Mayer Andreas
Published: May 2022

Transcription by RNA polymerase II (Pol II) gives rise to all nuclear protein‐coding and a large set of non‐coding RNAs, and is strictly regulated and coordinated with RNA processing. Bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) family proteins including BRD2, BRD3, and BRD4 have been implicated in the regulation of Pol II transcription in mammalian cells. However, only recent technological advances have allowed the analysis of direct functions of individual BET proteins with high precision in cells. These studies shed new light on the molecular mechanisms of transcription control by BET proteins challenging previous longstanding views. The most studied BET protein, BRD4, emerges as a master regulator of transcription elongation with roles also in coupling nascent transcription with RNA processing. In contrast, BRD2 is globally required for the formation of transcriptional boundaries to restrict enhancer activity to nearby genes. Although these recent findings suggest non‐redundant functions of BRD4 and BRD2 in Pol II transcription, more research is needed for further clarification. Little is known about the roles of BRD3. Here, we illuminate experimental work that has initially linked BET proteins to Pol II transcription in mammalian cells, outline main methodological breakthroughs that have strongly advanced the understanding of BET protein functions, and discuss emerging roles of individual BET proteins in transcription and transcription‐coupled RNA processing. Finally, we propose an updated model for the function of BRD4 in transcription and co‐transcriptional RNA maturation.

This article is categorized under:

RNA Processing > 3′ End Processing

RNA Processing > Splicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing
Symmetry relationships between the crystal structures of chalcopyrite and its derivatives – a systematic approach to inform XRD analysis of Cu−Fe−S phases
Authors: Frenzel Ninett , Frisch Gero
Published: May 2022

Chalcopyrite is the most important mineral for copper production and a detailed understanding regarding its chemical behaviour is essential for the development of Cu‐winning processes. However, previous literature describing chalcopyrite synthesis and phase behaviour are inconsistent and sometimes contradictive. Here, we discuss the symmetry relationships between chalcopyrite and other phases in the Cu−Fe−S system, namely isocubanite, talnakhite, mooihoekite, haycockite, and the so‐called intermediate solid solution. We show how these closely related crystal structures result in similar X‐ray diffraction patterns, which can easily result in false conclusions when studying chalcopyrite synthesis and phase behaviour. By discussing previous literature results in light of our findings, we hope to resolve key contradictions and uncertainties in this field and inform future research into the chemical behaviour of this technologically important mineral.
Backpropagating Hybrid Monte Carlo algorithm for fast Lefschetz thimble calculations
Authors: Fujisawa Genki , Nishimura Jun , Sakai Katsuta , Yosprakob Atis
Published: May 2022

Abstract

The Picard-Lefschetz theory has been attracting much attention as a tool to evaluate a multi-variable integral with a complex weight, which appears in various important problems in theoretical physics. The idea is to deform the integration contour based on Cauchy’s theorem using the so-called gradient flow equation. In this paper, we propose a fast Hybrid Monte Carlo algorithm for evaluating the integral, where we “backpropagate” the force of the fictitious Hamilton dynamics on the deformed contour to that on the original contour, thereby reducing the required computational cost by a factor of the system size. Our algorithm can be readily extended to the case in which one integrates over the flow time in order to solve not only the sign problem but also the ergodicity problem that occurs when there are more than one thimbles contributing to the integral. This enables, in particular, efficient identification of all the dominant saddle points and the associated thimbles. We test our algorithm by calculating the real-time evolution of the wave function using the path integral formalism.
Atomic Technologies and Nuclear Safety Practices in Spain During the 1960s
Authors: Romero de Pablos Ana
Published: May 2022

The acquisition of a nuclear power reactor from the North American company Westinghouse in 1964 not only brought atomic practices and knowledge to Spain but also introduced new methods of industrial organization and management, as well as regulations created by organizations such as the US Atomic Energy Commission (US AEC) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). This article analyzes the history of the knowledge, regulations and experimental practices relating to radiation safety and protection that traveled with this reactor to an industrial space: the Zorita nuclear power plant. Within this space, the appropriation, use, and coproduction of knowledge and practices were conditioned by political, economic, industrial and social factors, and by the engineers, researchers and other professionals who contributed expert knowledge. Material held in the Tecnatom Historical Archive—the engineering company that coordinated construction of the plant—is the main source for this work, which delves into the history of knowledge and atomic technologies and adds to the historiography of radiological protection in Spain.
Whole breast radiotherapy in cN0 early breast cancer patients with pathological sentinel lymph nodes (pN1mic, pN1a) without axillary dissection: preliminary results of the observational LISEN trial
Authors: Ursini Lucia Anna , Nuzzo Marianna , Rosa Consuelo , Borgia Marzia , Caravatta Luciana , Di Tommaso Monica , Trignani Marianna , Di Guglielmo Fiorella Cristina , Ausili Cefaro Giampiero , Angelucci Domenico , Muzi Marzia , Martino Gianluigi , Cianchetti Ettore , Grossi Simona , Tavoletta Saveria , Brocco Davide , Grassadonia Antonino , Tinari Nicola , Gildetti Simona , D’Ostilio Nicola , Stuppia Liborio , Porreca Annamaria , Di Nicola Marta , Genovesi Domenico
Published: May 2022

Purpose

Axillary management remains unclear when sentinel lymph node (SLN) results are positive in cN0 patients with breast cancer (BC). The trial ACOSOG Z0011 represented a revolution with axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) omission in SLN+ patients, despite critiques regarding non-uniformity of radiation fields. We conducted an observational study (LISEN) where whole breast radiotherapy (WBRT) was planned with tangential fields without nodal irradiation in patients eligible for the Z0011 trial.

Methods

Inclusion criteria were female patients with histologically proven BC, cT1-2cN0, planned conservative surgery, no neoadjuvant therapy. Patients were stratified into two groups: micrometastatic (pN1mic, group 1) and macrometastatic (pN1a, group 2) lymph nodes. Tangential field WBRT was mandatory. Clinical outcomes were analysed, measured from surgery until the first event.

Results

In all, 199 patients underwent conservative surgery and SLN biopsy; 133 patients meeting criteria were analysed: 41 patients (30.8%) pN1mic and 92 (69.2%) pN1a. The 5‑year disease-free survival (DFS) was 95.0% (85.9–100%) in group 1 and 93.0% (86.3–100.0%) in group 2 (p = 0.78). Overall survival (OS) was 100% (100–100%) in group 1 and 97.4% (92.4–100%) in group 2 (p = 0.74). For the whole cohort DFS and OS were 93.6% (88.2–99.4%) and 96.9% (91.5–100.0%), respectively. For groups 1 and 2, the 5‑year outcomes were 5.0% (0.0–14.4%) and 2.3% (0.0–6.1%) for local recurrence (p = 0.51), and 6.2% (0.0–17.4%) and 7.0% (0.0–13.7%) for distant metastasis (p = 0.61), respectively. In group 1, regional recurrence (RR) and local regional recurrence (LRR) were 5.0% (0.0–14.1%; p = 0.13). In group 2, RR and LRR were 0.0% (0.0–0.0%).

Conclusion

Our results showed good regional control in patients who met the Z0011 trial criteria. WBRT, without nodal surgery or RT, avoiding axillary morbidity, seems to be a good choice.
Diagnosing Hip Microinstability: an international consensus study using the Delphi methodology
Authors: Khanduja Vikas , Darby Nicholas , O’Donnell John , Bonin Nicolas , Safran Marc R. ,   The International Microinstability Expert Panel, Andrade A. J. , Krych Aaron , Malviya Ajay , Stubbs Allston J , Takla Amir , Papavasiliou Athanasios , Lund Bent , McBryde Callum , Nawabi Danyal , Kohlrieser Dave , Belzile Etienne L. , Witt Johan , Sunil Kumar Karadi Hari , Enseki Keelan R , Diamond Laura , Ejnisman Leandro , Bankes Marcus , Wilson Matt , Mohtadi Nicholas , Marin-Pena Oliver , Ayeni Olufemi , Christofilopoulos Panayiotis , Singh Parminder , Field Richard , Uchida Soshi , Løken Sverre
Published: May 2022

Purpose

Hip microinstability is a relatively new diagnosis which is increasingly being discussed in the literature and yet there are no clear guidelines for making a diagnosis. Microinstability has generally been defined as persistent excessive hip motion that has become symptomatic especially with pain. This aim of this Delphi study was to seek expert opinion to formulate a diagnostic criteria for hip microinstability.

Methods

A Delphi methodology was used for this consensus study. A literature search was conducted on PubMed up to March 2019 using the keywords ((hip) and (microinstability)) to identify relevant articles on this topic. All relevant criteria used for diagnosing hip microinstability were collated to create a questionnaire and further criterion suggested by the experts were included as well. Four rounds of questionnaires were delivered via an online survey platform. Between each round the authors acted as administrating intermediaries, providing the experts with a summary of results and synthesising the next questionnaire. The expert panel was comprised of 27 members: 24 (89%) orthopaedic surgeons and 3 (11%) physiotherapists from around the world.

Results

Expert panel participation in rounds 1–4 was: 27 (100%), 20 (74%), 21 (78%) and 26 (96%) respectively. A literature review by the authors identified 32 diagnostic criteria to populate the first questionnaire. Experts suggested amending three criteria and creating five new criteria. The panel converged on ranking 3 (8%) of criteria as “Not important”, 20 (54%) as “Minor Factors” and 14 (38%) as “Major Factors”. No criteria was ranked as “Essential”. Criteria were subcategorised into patient history, examination and imaging. Experts voted for a minimum requirement of four criteria in each subcategory, including at least six “Major factors”. The final diagnostic tool was approved by 20 (77%) of the final round panel.

Conclusion

This study describes the first known expert consensus on diagnosing hip microinstability. The relative complexity of the final diagnostic tool is illustrative of the difficulty clinicians’ face when making this diagnosis.

Level of evidence

V.
Sample preparation techniques for extraction of vitamin D metabolites from non-conventional biological sample matrices prior to LC–MS/MS analysis
Authors: Alexandridou Anastasia , Volmer Dietrich A.
Published: May 2022

The determination of vitamin D metabolites as status marker or for diagnostic purposes is almost entirely conducted from blood serum or plasma. Other biological matrices, however, have also interested researchers, for two main reasons: (1) alternative matrices may allow non-invasive sampling, permit easier sample transfer and require less demanding storage conditions; and (2) the levels of vitamin D metabolites in other body compartments may further aid the understanding of vitamin D metabolism and function. Thus, the development of reliable and efficient sample preparation protocols for sample matrices other than serum/plasma, which will remove potential interferences and selectively extract the targeted metabolites, is of great importance. This review summarizes sample preparation methods for measurement of vitamin D metabolites using liquid chromatography-(tandem)mass spectrometry in more than ten different human tissues, including hair, saliva, adipose tissue, brain and others.

Graphical abstract
MRI detection of suspected nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Gorolay Vineet Vijay , Niles Naomi Natasha , Huo Ya Ruth , Ahmadi Navid , Hanneman Kate , Thompson Elizabeth , Chan Michael Vinchill
Published: May 2022

Purpose

Endoscopic biopsy is recommended for diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). A proportion of lesions are hidden from endoscopic view but detected with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the diagnostic performance of MRI for detection of NPC.

Methods

An electronic search of twelve databases and registries was performed. Studies were included if they compared the diagnostic accuracy of MRI to a reference standard (histopathology) in patients suspected of having NPC. The primary outcome was accuracy for detection of NPC. Random-effects models were used to pool outcomes for sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratio (LR). Bias and applicability were assessed using the modified QUADAS-2 tool.

Results

Nine studies were included involving 1736 patients of whom 337 were diagnosed with NPC. MRI demonstrated a pooled sensitivity of 98.1% (95% CI 95.2–99.3%), specificity of 91.7% (95% CI 88.3–94.2%), negative LR of 0.02 (95% CI 0.01–0.05), and positive LR of 11.9 (95% CI 8.35–16.81) for detection of NPC. Most studies were performed in regions where NPC is endemic, and there was a risk of selection bias due to inclusion of retrospective studies and one case–control study. There was limited reporting of study randomization strategy.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that MRI has a high pooled sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive value for detection of NPC. MRI may be useful for lesion detection prior to endoscopic biopsy and aid the decision to avoid biopsy in patients with a low post-test probability of disease.