bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PENGARUH PENDEKATAN BERMAIN TERHADAP AKTIVITAS GERAK SISWA DALAM MENGIKUTI MATA PELAJARAN PENDIDIKAN JASMANI (Studi pada Siswa Kelas VII SMP Negeri 3 Trienggadeng)
Authors: Diah Muhammad
Published: September 2020

Physical education is basically an important part of the education system as a whole. Therefore the implementation of physical education must be directed at achieving that goal. In the process of learning physical education the teacher must be able to teach various basic skills, so that teachers are required to be more creative in providing physical education subjects. A teacher must be able to create something new or modify existing ones to be presented as attractive as possible so that students feel happy when attending physical education lessons. In carrying out the process of physical education learning, giving learning modifications through a play approach is one of the efforts that can be done. In the study studied the influence of the play approach on increasing student motion activity in class VII students of SMP Negeri 3 Trienggadeng. The purpose of this study were: (1) To find out whether through the play approach can improve students' movement activities in attending physical education learning in class VII SMP Negeri 3 Trienggadeng (2) To find out how much the increase in motion activity of students in participating in physical education learning through the approach of playing on class VII students of SMP Negeri 3 Trienggadeng. The type of research used in this study is quasi-experimental research using a quantitative approach. In this study there are two variables which consist of independent variables namely motion activity and the dependent variable namely the play approach. The research instrument used in the study used a pedometer. The population in this study were students of SMP Negeri 3 Trienggadeng, samples were taken using cluster random sampling techniques as many as 33 students of class VII. Data analysis using t-test for similar samples. Based on the results of the study, it can be seen the average value and standard deviation of the learning outcomes of the motion activity between the pre-test and post-test. The average learning outcomes of students' motion activities in the pre-test were 840.94 with a standard deviation of 58.778. Post-test obtained the average learning outcomes of student motion activities is 1456.67 with a standard deviation of 168.353. The mean value of the difference between the pre-test and post-test is 615,727 with a standard deviation of 182,971. Based on the results of statistical tests obtained a value of 0,000, it can be concluded that there is a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test amounting to 73.2%. So the play approach has a significant influence on increasing student motion activity in class VII students of SMP Negeri 3 Trienggadeng.

Keywords: game approach, learning outcomes and physical activity
PENINGKATAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS DAN LOGIS MATEMATIK SISWA SMK NEGERI 1 SIGLI MELALUI MODEL KOOPERATIF TIPE STAD BERBANTUAN MAPLE
Authors: Laila Qadriah Maryanti
Published: September 2020

Kemampuan berpikir kritis matematik dan berpikir logis matematik sangat penting dalam pembelajaran matematika, sebagimana yang telah diuraikan dalam buku kurikulum 2013 yang saat ini sedang berlangsung. Namun kemampuan ini sering terabaikan dalam pembelajaran matematika yang masih menganut paradigma lama yaitu pembelajaran yang kurang melibatkan siswa dalam berpikir aktif sehingga siswa tidak terbiasa memberdayakan fungsi kognitifnya dalam berpikir. Salah satu upaya untuk mengembangkan siswa berpikir aktif khususnya pada materi eksponen dibutuhkan suatu strategi pembelajaran yang inovatif yaitu model pembelajaran STAD berbantuan Maple. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peningkatan kemampuan berpikir kritis dan logis matematik siswa yang mendapat pembelajaran matematika melalui model kooperatif tipe STAD berbantuan Maple. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen dengan desain penelitian pretest-posttest control grup desain. populasi adalah seluruh siswa kelas X SMK Negeri 1 Sigli dengan mengambil dua kelas sebagai sampel yaitu kelas eksperimen dan kelas kontrol, melalui teknik random sampling dari tiga kelas paralel yang tersedia. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan instrumen tes yang meliputi tes kemampuan berpikir kritis dan logis. Untuk melihat adanya perbedaan kemampuan siswa antara kelompok Student Team Achievement Division dengan kelompok konvensional digunakan uji-t pada taraf signifikansi 0,05 setelah prasyarat pengujian terpenuhi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, diketahui bahwa: 1) Peningkatan kemampuan berpikir kritis matematik siswa yang mendapat pembelajaran matematika melalui model kooperatif tipe STAD berbantuan Maple lebih baik dari pada siswa yang mendapat pembelajaran konvensional, ditinjau dari: (a) keseluruhan, dan (b) subkelompok (tinggi, sedang, rendah); 2) Peningkatan kemampuan berpikir logis matematik siswa yang mendapat pembelajaran matematika melalui model kooperatif tipe STAD berbantuan Maple lebih baik dari pada siswa yang mendapat pembelajaran konvensional, ditinjau dari: (a) keseluruhan, dan (b) subkelompok (tinggi, sedang, rendah).

Kata Kunci: STAD, Berpikir Kritis, Berpikir Logis, Maple.
PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KETERAMPILAN MENULIS CERPEN
Authors: Lindawati Lindawati
Published: September 2020

Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan keterampilan menulis cerpen berdasarkan pengalaman pribadi bagi siswa kelas IX-E di SMP Negeri 1 Muara Tiga Kabupaten Pidie.. Pelaksanaan (PTK) ini menggunakan dua siklus dengan melalui 3 tahapan yaitu, (1) Briefing, yaitu tahap proses pengarahan pada individu atau kelompok sebelum melakukan pembelajaran, (2) Activity, yaitu tahap dimana individu atau kelompok melaksankan kegiatan sesuai dengan briefing yang telah diberikan, dan (3) Mereview, adalah tahap dimana siswa dibantu pengajar melihat dan memandang secara kritis dampak dari kegiatan, lalu menarik kesimpulan dari pengalaman atau kegiatan tersebut. Hasil analisis data yang diperoleh dari hasil pengamatan dan tes siswa diperoleh dari dokumen penilaian proses pembelajaran dan secara individu menunjukkan bahwa dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran Experiential Learning, dapat meningkatkan keterampilan siswa menulis cerpen. Hasil rata-rata tes menulis cerpen pada siklus I diperoleh hasil rata-rata sebesar 65 kemudian pada siklus II diperoleh hasil rata-rata sebesar 77 dengan ketuntasan klasikal 85,7%. Berdasarkan hal tersebut diharapkan guru dapat menerapkan Model Pembelajaran Experential Learning dengan perencanaan dan pelaksanaan yang baik agar kemampuan keterampilan menulis cerpen siswa dapat meningkat.

Kata Kunci: Model Pembelajaran Experiential Learning, Keterampilan Menulis, Cerpen
Politik Identitas dan Mitos Pemilih Rasional
Authors: Muhtadi Burhanuddin
Published: September 2020

Perilaku memilih merupakan gejala yang kompleks. Keputusan memilih ditentukan oleh banyak faktor. Seorang calon yang berasal dari kelompok identitas primordial tertentu belum tentu dapat menarik suara mayoritas di kelompoknya sendiri. Hal ini bisa terjadi karena, selain faktor identitas, pemilih juga mempertimbangkan faktor-faktor lain, terutama kualitas personal calon. Intinya, dinamika politik lokal seringkali membuka ruang mobilisasi politik identitas. Secara umum, penelitian ini telah menemukan bukti empiris bahwa agama dan etnis yang menjadi bahan bakar politik identitas merupakan faktor yang penting dalam pemilihan kepala daerah.
Muhammadiyah Memperkuat Moderasi Islam Memutus Radikalisme
Authors: Qodir Zuly
Published: September 2020

Tulisan ini menjelaskan bahwa Muhammadiyah sebagai organisasi sosial keagamaan, tetap berijtihad untuk menyemaikan gagasan Moderasi Islam di Indonesia. Ijtihad ini memiliki konsekuensi logis Muhammadiyah tidak akan berada pada posisi liberal atau ultra liberal maupun fasisme kiri yang juga ada komunisme di sana. Muhammadiyah mendorong moderasi dalam berislam karena Indonesia memiliki kultur Islam yang tidak sama dengan Islam di Timur Tengah. Islam Indonesia lebih berkarakteristik washatiyah-tengahan, tidak ke kanan atau pun ke kiri. Dalam memperjuangkan gagasan Islam Moderat ini, Muhammadiyah mengembangkan pelbagai aktivitas yang dikenal sebagai amal usaha dalam bidang pendidikan, rumah sakit, panti asuhan dan belakangan pemberdayaan kaum mustadhafin. Gagasan ini, sekalipun tidak serta merta mengatakan Kami Indonesia, Kami Pancasila dan NKRI Harga Mati, buat Muhammadiyah keindonesiaan harus terus dijaga dan tidak boleh dirobohkan oleh kelompok manapun sebab negara ini merupakan negara kesepakatan banyak elemen bangsa yang telah bersusah payah merebutnya dari kolonialisme-penjajahan.
Dynamic Spectra of Small-Mass Meteors
Authors: Mirizio Emma R. , Michell Robert G. , Samara Marilia
Published: September 2020

Abstract. We present dynamic (22 frames per second) observations of optical spectra of small-mass (2–200 mg) meteors observed with an EMCCD imager equipped with a diffraction grating. This observational campaign occurred at Arecibo, Puerto Rico during May 2012, resulting in eight hours of clear data over four nights. We detected 22 meteors with this setup and their spectra showed varying compositions, including evidence of Na, Mg, Fe, and Ca. Spectral lines persisting over multiple frames (up to 23 frames) with sufficient signal, showed evidence for differential ablation. Brighter, more massive meteors had stronger and varied spectral signals, which showed that the temporal and spectral resolution of the faintest meteors approached the noise level of the camera system. Optical and spectral detections of these small-mass meteors provide a greater understanding of the composition of the milligram-sized population of meteors.
“Yes, but…” Yes, and…” - A Sympathetic Challenge (and Reframing) of Matusov’s “The Right for Freedom of Education.”
Authors: Currie-Knight Kevin
Published: September 2020

In this response to Matusov's "Right for Freedom in Education," I will offer two “yes, but…” concerns about crucial complexities of this freedom that I think Matusov leaves unaddressed, and a “yes, and…” alternative pragmatic justification of this freedom that differs from, but I think is more compelling than, Matusov’s.
Semblanza de dos mujeres legendarias, Doña Marina y la india Catalina, en la vida de los conquistadores Hernán Cortés y Pedro de Heredia desde la lectura multimedia de dos series televisivas de ficción histórica
Authors: López Yepes José
Published: September 2020

Estudio comparativo de dos mujeres indias históricas y legendarias: Doña Marina (Malinche), que acompañó a Hernán Cortés en la colonización de México y la india Catalina asimismo pareja de Pedro de Heredia, colonizador de la provincia y fundador de la ciudad de Cartagena de Indias. Ambas han generado numerosos documentos en todos los soportes: texto, audio, iconografía, literatura, video, etc. En este artículo se presentan las acciones sobre su rapto y paso a la condición de esclavas y, a continuación, al estudio de su papel como colaboradoras y consejeras de ambos conquistadores en el establecimiento de la paz con las tribus indígenas y de su contribución como propagadoras de la fe católica. Además, explicamos cómo se forjaron las relaciones sentimentales de ambas con los dos conquistadores, la actuación de Heredia como fundador y gobernador de la ciudad de Cartagena de Indias; junto a las circunstancias de su muerte y el papel de Catalina y Marina como partícipes en la fundación de la citada ciudad y de la segunda Veracruz.  Creemos que nuestro artículo, en el ámbito de lo que entendemos por lectura crítica, ofrece muchas posibilidades para el conocimiento de los personajes y de los contextos históricos y legendarios de los mismos así como un instrumento de aprendizaje en la investigación para los estudiantes universitarios. La base de reflexión es dos series televisivas de ficción histórica
Stable C, O, and S Isotope Record of Magmatic-Hydrothermal Interactions Between the Falémé Fe Skarn and the Loulo Au Systems in Western Mali
Authors: Lambert-Smith James S. , Allibone Andrew , Treloar Peter J. , Lawrence David M. , Boyce Adrian J. , Fanning Mark
Published: September 2020

The Gara, Yalea, and Gounkoto Au deposits of the >17 Moz Loulo mining district, largely hosted by the Kofi series metasediments, are located several kilometers to the east of the 650-Mt Fe skarn deposits in the adjacent Falémé batholith. The Au deposits are interpreted to have formed through phase separation of an aqueous-carbonic fluid, which locally mixed with a hypersaline brine of metaevaporite origin. Recognition of an intrusive relationship between the Falémé batholith and Kofi series opens the possibility that the Fe skarns and Au deposits are part of the same mineral system. In this paper, we combine new δ13C, δ18O, and δ34S data from the Karakaene Ndi skarn, Au occurrences along the western margin of the Kofi series, and zircons within plutonic rocks of the Falémé batholith. We combine these with existing data from the Loulo Au deposits to model the contribution of magmatic volatiles to Au mineralization.

C and O isotope compositions of auriferous carbonate-quartz-sulfide veins from the Loulo Au deposits have wide ranges (δ13C: –21.7 to –4.5‰ and δ18O: 11.8 to 23.2‰), whereas values from carbonate veins in Kofi series Au prospects close to the Falémé batholith and the Karakaene Ndi Fe skarn deposit have more restricted ranges (δ13C: –16.8 to –3.7‰, δ18O: 11.4 to 17.2‰, and δ13C: –3.0 ± 1‰, δ18O: 12.6 ± 1‰, respectively). Kofi series dolostones have generally higher isotopic values (δ13C: –3.1 to 1.3‰ and δ18O: 19.1 to 23.3‰). Pyrite from Kofi series Au prospects adjacent to the Falémé batholith have a wide range of δ34S values (–4.6 to 14.2‰), similar to pyrite from the Karakaene Ndi skarn (2.8 to 11.9‰), whereas δ34S values of pyrite and arsenopyrite from the Loulo deposits are consistently >6‰.

Comparison of the C and O isotope data with water-rock reaction models indicates the Loulo Au deposits formed primarily through unmixing of an aqueous carbonic fluid derived from the devolatilization of sedimentary rocks with an organic carbon component. Isotopic data are permissive of the hypersaline brine that enhanced this phase separation including components derived from both Kofi series evaporite horizons interlayered with the dolostones and a magmatic-hydrothermal brine. This magmatic-hydrothermal component is particularly apparent in O, C, and S isotope data from the Gara deposit and Au prospects immediately adjacent to the Falémé batholith.
Incorporating Adult Learning Principles in High-Risk Equipment Operations Training
Authors: Skiba Richard
Published: September 2020

This paper, primarily based on a literature review, considers the utilization of adult learning principles in training learners to operate high risk equipment. Vocational Education and Training sectors throughout the world are traditionally responsible for training delivery in these areas where generally andragogical principles as defined by Knowles (1970), are applied with, in some cases, application of a heutagogical approach, as outlined by Hase and Kenyon (2000). Aside from considering these approaches, a new approach is proposed, referred to as authology, with a basis of including notions of responsibility and duty of care in adult learning.

There are numerous training programs in vocational education and training, such as those related to high risk equipment and plant operation, for which development of learner responsibility is a critical component in the training given the potential to cause harm, injury or fatality.
Effect of VAT Adoption on Manufacturing Firms in Ethiopia
Authors: Sow Soule , Gebresilasse Mesay
Published: September 2020

To remedy their low fiscal capacity problem, many developing countries adopted value-added taxation because they believe it will raise tax revenue and improve the production efficiency of firms. In this paper, we study the impact of the adoption of the value-added tax (VAT) on firms by analyzing the introduction of VAT in Ethiopia in 2003 using panel data of manufacturing firms (1996-2009). By law, a firm is required to register for VAT if it is big (its revenue is higher than 500,000 Birr); otherwise, the firm is small and faces a much lower turnover tax rate. Using a difference in differences strategy with big firms as a treatment and small firms as control, and excluding firms that might potentially bunch around the threshold, we find taxes paid, reported revenue, taxes paid out of revenue, value-added, and raw materials use increase for big firms. However, the share of inputs in revenue fell suggesting VAT increased revenue efficiency by not production efficiency.
Effects of mycorrhizas on growth of pine seedlings
Authors: B Gantuya , O Burenjargal
Published: September 2020

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) is an economically important source of timber in Mongolia and has been widely used in reforestation programs. In this study, we investigated the effects of mycorrhizas on the growth of pine (Pinus sylvestris) seedlings. Inoculation with ectomycorrhizas and endomycorrhizas increased the height, root length, and root collar diameter of the pine seedlings compared to the non-inoculated seedlings. Furthermore, the results of the study showed that the percentage survival rate is higher in mycorrhizal inoculated pine seedlings than control seedlings. These results demonstrated that inoculation could effectively form ectomycorrhizas with pine seedlings and promote its growth, which can be used to restore Mongolian forest.

Нарсны тарьцын ургалтанд микоризын үзүүлэх нөлөө

Эгэл нарс (Pinus sylvestris) нь Монгол орны хувьд эдийн засгийн чухал ач холбогдолтой мод бөгөөдойжуулалтанд өргөн ашигладаг. Бид энэхүү судалгаагаараа эгэл нарсны (Pinus sylvestris) тарьцныургалтанд микоризaхэрхэн нөлөөлж буйг судлав. Эктомикоризa (Pisolithus tinctorius, Lactarius laccata)болон эндомикоризийн (Glomus mosseae, Glomus spurcum хх) бэлдмэл ашиглан тарьсан тарьцын өндөр,үндэсний хүзүүвчийн диаметр болон үндэсний урт нь микоризын бэлдмэл ашиглаагүй тарьцуудтайхарьцуулахад илүү байв. Түүнчлэн микоризын бэлдмэл ашигласан тарьцуудын амьдралтын хувийнүзүүлэлт хяналтын тарьцуудаас өндөр байгааг уг судалгааны үр дүн харуулав. Дээрх үр дүнгээрмикоризын бэлдмэл нь нарсны суулгацын үндсэнд микориза болон хэлбэржиж, түүний өсөлтийгдэмжиж байгааг илрүүлсэн бөгөөд уг бэлдмэлийг ойг нөхөн сэргээхэд ашиглах боломжтой юм.Түлхүүр үг: Нарс, өндөр, үндэсний урт, диаметр
Drought resistance of spring wheat varieties
Authors: B Ganbaatar , S Batbold
Published: September 2020

Selection for drought tolerance typically involves evaluating genotypes for either high yield potential or stable performance under drought stress. In order to select drought tolerant varieties of bread wheat an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two replications during the growing season 2014-2018. Eight drought tolerance indices including stress tolerance index (STI), geometric mean productivity (GMP), mean productivity index (MP), stress susceptibility index (SSI), tolerance index (TOL), yield index (YI), yield stability index (YSI) and drought resistance index (DI) were calculated and adjusted based on grain yield under drought years (Ys) and favorable years (Yp). Result of study showed significant positive correlation between grain yield in the stress condition (Ys) with indicators STI, GMP, TOL, MP, and DI, accordingly they are discriminating drought tolerant genotypes at the same manner. Wheat varieties Darkhan-172, Darkhan-72, Altaiskaya-325, Altaiskaya-70, Darkhan-181 has a high yield potential. Genotypes Darkhan-160, Arvin, Darkhan-144 most droughts tolerant and can be use in wheat breeding for improving drought resistance.

Зусах зөөлөн буудайн сортуудыг ган тэсвэрийнүнэлэмжээр үнэлсэн дүнгээс

Судалгаагаар манай оронд өргөн тариалагдаж байгаа өөрийн орны селекцээр гаргасан болон гадаадын нийт 20 сортонд ган тэсвэрийн индекс:стресс тэсвэрийн индекс (SТI), тэсвэрийн индекс (TOL),стресс мэдрэмжийн индекс (SSI), ган тэсвэрийн индекс (DI)-ээрүнэлгээ өгсөн. Зусах зөөлөн буудайн ургац ба ган тэсвэрийн индексүүдийн хооронд эерэг нягт хамааралыг тогтоосон. Чийгийн хангамж сайтай жилд потенциаль ургацаар буудайн эртийн болцтой Дархан-172, дунд-эртийн болцтой Дархан-72, Алтайская-325, Алтайская-70, дунд оройн болцтой Дархан-181 сортууд шалгарсан ба эдгээр сортуудыг селекцид хагас эрчимжсэн сорт гаргахад ашиглаж болно. Ган тэсвэр өндөртэй сортыг бий болгоходселекцид эртийн болцтой Дархан-160, дунд-эртийн болцтой Арвин, дунд оройн болцтой Дархан-144 сортуудыг эх материалаар ашиглаж болно. Зусах буудайн Дархан-144 сорт нь гадаад орчны нөхцөлд дасан зохицох чадвар сайтай сортоор шалгарав. Түлхүүр үг: болц,сорт, ургац, стресс, индекс
CareLoc: Uma Aplicação de Localização de Pacientes usando Beacons em Ambiente Domiciliar
Authors: Rodrigues Matheus S. , Carvalho Sérgio T.
Published: September 2020

Uma consequência do aumento da população idosa no Brasil e da demanda de cuidados específicos com esse grupo etário é a criação de aplicações de monitoramento remoto de pacientes. Essa classe de aplicações tem o potencial de monitorar informações importantes para o cuidado do paciente em ambiente domiciliar, como seus dados fisiológicos e sua localização. Este artigo descreve os resultados de uma pesquisa de iniciação científica conduzida a fim de identificar os métodos de localização interna (indoor) existentes e apresenta uma aplicação móvel criada para lidar com o monitoramento e o estabelecimento da posição do usuário por meio da utilização de beacons Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE).
Foot-and-Mouth Disease in India: Past, Present and Future Outlook - A Review
Authors: Audarya S.D.
Published: September 2020

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) affects domestic livestock population of India causing heavy economic losses to the animal owners. Clinical form of the disease is readily noticed in susceptible livestock population mainly cattle, buffalo and pigs but saliently maintained in carrier animals. Foot-and-mouth disease control programme (FMDCP) is run in India by adopting series of measures from clinical diagnosis of the disease in the field, to sending clinical samples for laboratory diagnosis and till selection of vaccine candidates. Vaccines are used to cover all the susceptible livestock population. This is expected to minimise economic losses to the livestock owners due to the disease. The Government of India has been carrying out intensive FMDCP in a phase wise manner since 2003–2004 and subsequently by 2017–2018; it has covered all the districts of the country. The FMDCP is intending to vaccinate all the susceptible livestock population of the country such as cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats and pigs. That exercise was adopted to make the country free of the disease till 2025–2030. Directorate on FMD is functioning untiringly in this regard and International center on FMD has been set up to serve the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) region. In the present chapter merits and shortfalls in the Foot-and-mouth disease prevention and control strategy will be discussed.
Late Neo-Proterozoic Tectono-Sedimentary Evolution of the Tarim Block, NW China
Authors: Shi Kaibo , Liu Bo , Jiang Weimin , Yu Jinxing , Kong Yue , Li Tong , Li Changhai
Published: September 2020

The study of the late Neo-Proterozoic tectono-sedimentary evolution of the Tarim Basin is a key to unravel the tectonic setting, the intracontinental rift formation mechanism, and the sedimentary filling processes of this basin. Since in the Tarim Basin, the late Neo-Proterozoic to early Cambrian sedimentary successions were preserved, this basin represents an excellent site in order to study the Precambrian geology. Based on the outcrop data collected in the peripheral areas of the Tarim Basin, coupled with the intra-basinal drill sites and seismic data previously published, the late Neo-proterozoic tectono-sedimentary evolution of the Tarim Basin has been investigated. These data show that there were two individual blocks before the Cryogenian Period, namely, the north Tarim Block and the south Tarim Block. In the early Neo-Proterozoic (ca. 800 Ma), the amalgamation of two blocks resulted in the formation of the unified basement. During the late Neo-Proterozoic, the Tarim Block was in an extensional setting as a result of the Rodinia supercontinent breakup and then evolved into an intracontinental rift basin. The tectono-sedimentary evolution of the basin may be divided into three stages: the rifting stage (780–700 Ma), the rifting to depression transitional stage (660–600 Ma), and the post-rift depression stage (580–540 Ma). In the rifting stage, intracontinental rifts (i.e., the Awati Rift, the North Manjar Rift, and the South Manjar Rift) were formed, in which coarse-grained clastic sediments were deposited, generally accompanied by a massive volcanic activity due to an intensive stretching. In the rifting-depression transitional stage and in the post-rift depression stage, the paleogeography was characterized by uplifts to the south and depressions to the north. Three types of depositional association (i.e., clastic depositional association, clastic-carbonate mixed depositional association, and carbonate depositional association) were formed. The distribution of the lower Cambrian source rock was genetically related to the tectono-sedimentary evolution during the late Neo-Proterozoic. The lower Cambrian source rock was a stable deposit in the northern Tarim Basin, where the late Ediacaran carbonate was deposited, thinning out toward the central uplift. It was distributed throughout the entire Mangar region in the east and may be missing in the Magaiti and the southwestern Tarim Basin.
Self-Healing of Concrete through Ceramic Nanocontainers Loaded with Corrosion Inhibitors and Microorganisms
Authors: Kordas George
Published: September 2020

Self-healing was considered for repairing of destruction of reinforced concrete on bridges, houses, etc., that comes from corrosion of reinforcement metals as well as cracking in cement. The work was accomplished at producing and assessing through incorporate ceramic nanocontainers loaded with microorganisms. We produced various types of organic and inorganic nanocontainers that were incorporated into the cement that can act as carriers for the transport of bacteria. The microorganisms used in the work are Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Precipitation of CaCO3 was observed by both bacteria. As microspheres do not affect the submersion of the mineral by the microorganism, additional studies were carried out to assess the interaction between transmission microsystems and bacterium. The mechanism of self-healing of building materials in this work was based on CaCO3 precipitation, through the ureolytic action of bacteria. When a crack appears in the cement, then the bacterium trapped in a nanocontainers is released and comes into contact with the water. In this way, the microorganism begins to metabolize and precipitate the mineral, in a way that eventually observes healing of the crack. CaCO3 microbial precipitation was based on the breakdown of urea (CO (NH2)2) into CO32− and NH3. Due to the high pK value of the NH3/NH4+ system (pKa = 9.2), the breakdown reaction led to an increase in pH, favoring the release of carbonated ions (CO32−), and in an environment rich in calcium ions (Ca2+), CaCO3 precipitation took place.
Salt Stress in Plants and Amelioration Strategies: A Critical Review
Authors: Roy Sajal , Chowdhury Nasrin
Published: September 2020

High salt concentration in soil is a major abiotic stress, which adversely influences the growth, overall development, and productivity of crops. More than 20% of the land of the world used for crop production is adversely affected by high salt concentration. The problem of salt stress becomes a major concern when previously fertile, productive agricultural lands are salinized more profoundly as a result of anthropogenic activities along with natural causes. Therefore, this review is focused on various aspects of salt-affected soils (SAS), their effects on plants, and different approaches for reclamation of SAS to enhance the potentiality for crop production. Salt-affected soils are categorized into saline, saline-sodic, and sodic soils based on the amount of total soluble salts as expressed by electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), and soil pH. The inhibition of plant growth in saline soils is mainly induced by osmotic stress; reduced uptake of essential macro- and micronutrients, including nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu); and specific toxicities of sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl). Sodic soils adversely affect the plant through high soil pH and poor physical condition resulting from an excessive amount of exchangeable Na. Different plants respond to salt stress in different extents. Salt-affected soils must be reclaimed to restore their productivity for increasing food production. The approaches for the management of SAS include leaching, incorporation of different organic and inorganic amendments, mulching, and development of salt-tolerant crops. The suitability of approaches depends on several considerations such as cost of reclamation, the time required, the extent of the salt stress, soil properties, availability of technology, and other environmental factors. Among different strategies, the incorporation of organic amendments is beneficial, cost-effective, environment friendly, and sustainable for amelioration of salt stress and enhancement of crop production due to the extensive roles of organic amendments in improving the soil’s physical (structural stability, porosity, and permeability), chemical [pH, EC, ESP, organic matter, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and Na leaching], and biological and/or biochemical (microbial abundance, microbial activity, biomass carbon, and enzymatic activities) properties.
Biomarkers Progress and Therapeutic Implications in Malignant Mesothelioma
Authors: Feinstein Jordyn , Kittaneh Muaiad
Published: September 2020

We are witnessing enormous efforts to identify prognostic and predictive biomarkers to inform treatment decisions in malignant mesothelioma. In this chapter, we will review and discuss the current literature and supportive evidence for the progress in development and use of biomarkers in malignant mesothelioma. There are currently several clinical trials evaluating treatment options in mesothelioma, and this will be an up-to-date review of these trials from published literature.
State Capitalism in Belarus: Behind Economic Anemia
Authors: Rudy Kiryl
Published: September 2020

Belarus’ economic model looked rather successful in the late 1990s and in the 2000s with its economic growth above 7% per year. But during the last decade, Belarusian annual economic growth has fallen at the average level around 1% per year. This chapter reveals the rarely known case of state capitalism in this post-Soviet country with its specific indicators, and instruments behind economic anemia. It also outlines several traps on the way of Belarusian economic growth: “debt trap,” “middle-income trap,” “social burden trap,” “resource curse trap,” “conflict neighbors trap,” and “forceful pressure trap.” These pitfalls lead to the long-term economic slowdown in the Republic of Belarus. The consequences of such economic anemia bring to another discussion about the role of public values in support of state capitalism in Belarus.
Defining ‘Better’ Better
Authors: Flinn Bill
Published: September 2020

This paper explores the importance of house and home for survivors of natural disaster: it protects from hazards and contributes to health, well-being and economic security. It examines the reconstruction of homes after a disaster as an opportunity to Build Back Better, re-defining ‘better’ as an holistic and people-centred improvement in housing. It questions the humanitarian shelter sector’s emphasis on structural safety while poor sanitation, inadequate vector control and smoke inhalation are responsible for many more deaths worldwide than earthquakes and storms. The paper extends this discussion by arguing that promoting ‘safer’ for a substantial number of families is better than insisting on ‘safe’ for fewer. The overall benefit in terms of lives saved, injuries avoided and reduced economic loss is greater when safer is prioritised over safe, and it frees resources for wider consideration of a ‘good home’ and the pursuance of ‘self-recovery’. The paper is informed by field research conducted in 2017 and 2018. Finally, implications for humanitarian shelter practice are outlined, with particular reference to self-recovery. It highlights a need for adaptive programming, knowledge exchange and close accompaniment so that families and communities can make informed choices with respect to their own recovery pathways.
Myths of Violence
Authors: Evans Brad
Published: September 2020

This essay critically addresses ten prevailing assumptions about violence: (1) violence is natural; (2) violence comes easily to humans; (3) violence attacks a juridical life; (4) violence is the result of underdevelopment; (5) violence is the result of difference; (6) violence is a sign of absolute power; (7) violence is associated with some death drive; (8) violence can be intelligent through a mastery of technology; (9) the opposite of violence is a just peace; and (10) violence is an assault on the sacred meaning of life. In doing so, it opens up a conversation on the meaning of political violence and makes an impassioned call to free ourselves from sacred myths that bind us to a problem that still appears insurmountable.
An evaluation of the impact of shot and receiver lines spacing on seismic data quality – the Wierzbica 3D AGH seismic experiment
Authors: Barmuta Jan , Korbecka Monika , Hadro Piotr , Pieniądz Krzysztof , Stefaniuk Michał , Dzwinel Krzysztof , Buniak Arkadiusz
Published: September 2020

An attempt was made to describe the quality of the stacked seismic data semi-quantitatively with respect to the spacing of shot and receiver lines. The methods used included: signal-to-noise ratio calculation, seismic-to-well tie accuracy, wavelet extraction effectiveness and reliability of semi-automated interpretation of seismic attributes. This study was focused on the Ordovician-Silurian interval of the Lublin Basin, Poland, as it was considered as a main target for the exploration of unconventional hydrocarbon deposits. Our results reconfirm the obvious dependency between the density of the acquisition parameters and data quality. However, we also discovered that the seismic data quality is less affected by the shot line spacing than by comparable receiver line spacing. We attributed this issue to the fact of the higher irregularity of the shot points than receiver points, imposed by the terrain accessibility. We have also proven that the regularity of receiver and shot point distributionis crucial for the reliable interpretation of structural seismic attributes, since these were found to be highly sensitive to the acquisition geometry.
Phytochemical, Nutritional, Antioxidant Activity and Sensorial Characteristics of Amala (Phyllanthus emblica L.) Chutney
Authors: KC Yadav , Rayamajhi Samikshya , Dangal Anish , Shiwakoti Lila Devi
Published: September 2020

This study was aimed to prepare amala (Phyllanthus emblica L.) chutney and to determine its phytochemicals and nutritional compositions, antioxidant activity and sensorial properties. The amala pulp and sugar were mixed separately at the proportion of 70:30, 60:40, 50:50, 40:60 and 30:70 and labeled as samples A, B, C, D and E respectively. Sample A exhibited highest tannins, total polyphenols, flavonoids content and percent DPPH inhibition (198.9 mg GAE/g, 606 mg GAE/g, 153.47 mg QE/g and 61.67% respectively), and sample B exhibited highest ascorbic acid content (325.4 mg/100g) among the chutney samples. The crude proteins, crude fat, crude fiber, total ash and moisture content were higher (2.1%, 0.328%, 5.03%, 1.73% and 51.17% respectively) in sample A. The carbohydrate content and energy value were higher (66.16% and 267.9 Kcal/100 g respectively) in sample E. Total sugar, TSS and pH (75.93%, 60.3 °Bx and 4.56 respectively) was higher in sample E while acidity (1.21% as citric acid) was high in sample A. Most of the sensory attributes were significantly higher (P
Bonylip Barb Fish Fingerlings Cultivation (Osteochilus hasselti C.V.) in a Growing Round Container
Authors: Ahmad Santika , Bangkit Ibnu , Iskandara . , Apriliani Izza Mahdiana
Published: September 2020

This research was purposed is to find the optimum current for growth and growth of Bonylip Barb fingerlings (Osteochilus hasselti C.V). Method used in this research is compelitely Randomized Design (CRD), consists of three treatments and four replications. The treatments are : A (without current or (control), B (with 0.1 ms-1 water current) and C. (0.1 ms-1 water current cabined with venture aeration). Bonylip Barb of 4 – 6 cm size are kept as many as 15 fish / x Liters and the amount of feed given is adjusted to the feeding rate (FR) of 10 % of Bonylip Barb biomass carried out every three times a day and adjusted for growth every ten days. Water quality during maintenance (40 days) was observed once every 10  days while survival, absolute weight growth, daily growth rate, feed conversion ratio and feed efficiency were observed every ten days. After 40 days of maintenance,  the best result showed 0.1 ms-1, with 100% survival rate , 6.09 g absolute growth, 3.13% specific growth rate , 3.48% feed conversion ratio was , and  30.04%. feed efficiency.
Assessment of Toxic and Essential Trace Metals in Unwana Borehole Water in Afikpo North, Ebonyi State
Authors: Ndukwe M. K. , Igara C. E. , Idara A. E.
Published: September 2020

Water samples labeled A, B, C, D and E from five different boreholes in Unwana were analyzed to assess the level of toxicity and essential trace elements present. The results obtained showed slight variation in temperature for all the samples, having sample B, recording the highest values of 28oC. As for pH, sample B recorded a pH of 6.58 which lies within the limits recommended by WHO. For the trace metals, Cd(II), Pb(II), Ni(II), Cr(III) and Zn(II) were present in all the five samples. Cd(II), Pb(II) and Cr(III) concentrations in mg.L-1 exceeded  the WHO maximum allowed contaminant limit in all the five samples except for Zn (II) that recorded values in all the five samples that were  within the maximum allowed contaminant limit proposed by WHO. From the results obtained therefore, it is evident that some toxic trace elements were present beyond acceptable limits making the borehole water unfit for human consumption and hence will require treatments.
Dynamics Simulation of Radial Flow Water in Aerial Roots of Corn by Deposit of Dew in Atmosphere Aerial Roots Continuum
Authors: Yessoufou Odjounchi Raoufou , Médéhouénou Alexis Enagnon , N’gobi Gabin Koto , Kounouhéwa Basile Bruno
Published: September 2020

Maize plants have different aerial roots from those that serve as an anchor and develop on the stem and live in the atmosphere. Much literature has reported that aerial roots are able to absorb moisture from the air, and even reduce water loss. But very little is known about the exchange of condensed atmospheric water between the aerial roots and the surrounding air. The main purpose of this article is to simulate the absorption of condensed atmospheric moisture by the aerial roots of corn plants. The evaluation of the amount of dew deposited on the roots and the radial water flow through the root is made using the Penman-Monteith equation and the Fick’s law correlated with the Ohm’s law respectively. The various simulations prove that the aerial roots condense atmospheric humidity and that the latter have expressed the transpiration function for certain angles of inclination with a particularity for the inclination of 30° which, from a certain amount of dew expressed the function of dew absorption. On the other hand, for other inclinations, the roots expressed the function of the absorption of humidity with an optimization for the inclination of 60 °. The absorption and transpiration mechanism needs further studies in the future about the characteristics of the radial conductivity through the parameters which influence the coefficient of radial conductivity in the terminal parts of the root than in the lateral parts. In addition, the comparative study of the Priestley-Taylor and Penman-Monteith models is necessary to better understanding of the specific parameters.
Growth and Development of Rare Tree Species Sterculia villosa Linn. in Districts, Meerut and Bulandshahr, U.P., India
Authors: Rai Yashwant , Kumar Prashant , Rajput Shikha , Paliwal Poonam
Published: September 2020

The present study was carried out in Districts Meerut and Bulandshahr from May 2014 to September 2019. The mature, dried and healthy seeds of Sterculia villosa were collected from Katarniaghat wildlife sanctuary, District Bahraich, Uttar Pradesh. A total of 100 seeds were sown in 10 pots containing mixture of soil: manure 3:1 ratio. The germination started seven days after sowing in the month of May. The total germination percentages were observed 80% within 21 days. 12 Months, old saplings were transplanting into the areas of Meerut and Bulandshahr. The results indicate that the status of germination, saplings growth and development of all stages of Sterculia villosa is fairly rapid. I had recorded 6 years old growth of Sterculia villosa 249 cm. in botanical garden of C.C.S. university Meerut. It is concluded that the aim of the present study is to spread awareness towards the conservation and established of the rare beautiful tree species Sterculia villosa in Meerut and Bulandshahr districts. The study benefited to biodiversity and silviculture in those areas, where the species is now not found.
Impact of Drifts Resulting from Pesticide Application on Soil Microorganisms around Waste Receptacles in Port Harcourt City, Nigeria
Authors: Momoh D. , Eze C. L. , Ogbonna D. N.
Published: September 2020

Pesticides are toxic substance used to reduce or kill pests but the deposits on soil environment can remain there for long period of time causing adverse effects on soil microorganisms which are responsible for soil health conditions. This study was carried out to determine the impact of pesticide drifts on soil microorganisms in a waste receptacle around Port Harcourt city. Soil samples were obtained from various depths around waste receptacles with hand auger using standard analytical procedures. Microbial analysis was done according to prescribed standard methods. Characterization and identification of the isolates were based on their cultural, morphological, and cellular characteristics. Results obtained showed that the bacterial isolates were identified as Staphylococus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Pseudomonas sp and Micrococcus sp while fungal isolates include Aspergillus niger, Penicillium sp, Fusarium siculi, and Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus nidulas, Microsporium canis and Yeast. The results of the microbial counts revealed that Total Heterotrophic Bacteria (THB) had 2.08 ×109 cfu/g at a depth of 30-45 cm while Total Heterotrophic Fungi (THF) had 6.0×106 cfu/g before application with a mean value of 1.02×109   and    2.8 × 106 cfu/g respectively while after application THB had 4.1 × 108 and 4.6 × 108 cfu/g for 0-15 and 30-45 cm respectively while the THF recorded 1.0 × 106 and 0.6 × 106 cfu/g for 0-15 cm and 30-45 cm respectively. However there was a drastic decrease in the number of microbes in the soils after pesticide application especially at the surface soil depth of 0-15 cm. This shows that the pesticides application affected microbial population by reducing their numbers in the soil and this may in turn affect soil health and physiological status of their habitat. It is therefore recommended that proper surveillance during pesticide application should be considered to avoid drift to non-target organisms and that concentrations of pesticides to be used should be taken into account to avoid reduction in the number of microorganisms in soils because of the vital roles they play in maintaining soil health.
Variable Effects of Silicon on Salt Tolerant Indices in Rice Genotypes at Seedling Stage
Authors: Swain Rinny , Panda Surabhika , Rout Gyana Ranjan
Published: September 2020

Silicon (Si) is known to improve salt tolerance in rice. However, the correlation of silicon with different physiological and biochemical indices of salt tolerance is not properly understood. Two rice genotypes with different silicon accumulation ability were evaluated along with two standard checks in response to 10 dS/m salinity stress (NaCl) and external Si source (1mM) during their seedling stage. All evaluated genotypes showed an evident decrease in biomass and chlorophyll content under salinity stress, while reporting an enhances in Si accumulation, Na+/K+ ratio, proline, electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide, and antioxidant activities. The external Si supplementation significantly improved rice tolerance to salinity through increased Si content, low Na+/K+ ratio, better osmolyte production, reduced membrane permeability, and improved antioxidant enzyme activities. Multivariate factor analysis with principal component factor statistically correlates and visualizes silicon accumulation with salt tolerance indices. The Hierarchical clustering in rice obtained based on the study of salt tolerance indices, distinguishes genotypes with different treatments into three clusters. In conclusion, the clustering grouped salt-tolerant Var.Lunishree and salt stress high silicon accumulating Var.Swarna together validates silicon mitigating effect on salinity in rice.
Characterization of Leachate from Municipal Open Solid Waste in Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria
Authors: James D. Nanev, , Ishaq S. Eneji, , Raymond A. Wuana, , Ishaq S. Eneji, , Anthony U. Itodo,
Published: September 2020

The increase in the growth of population and urbanization in most state capitals has resulted in generation of large volumes of solid waste. Municipal solid waste is generated daily with an average of 0.5-1.5 Kg/daily per household. Municipal solid waste has become a health hazard in Nigeria, which is yet to be tackled properly by the government and local authority. The methods used for the analysis of leachate samples were adopted from American public health association (APHA, 2012). This study characterizes the physico-chemical properties of leachate from municipal open solid waste in Makurdi, Benue state, Nigeria. The results showed that the colour and smell were light brown and malodourous respectively while the mean pH, temperature, Total solids, Total volatile solids, Suspended solids, Total dissolved solids, COD, BOD5, BOD5/COD ratio, Pb, Ni, Co, Cr and Cd were 7.79±0.02, 35.28, 5993.0±33.0 mg/L, 228.0±8.5 mg/L, 887.0±6.5 mg/L, 12168.0±22.1 mg/L, 868.00±0.12 mg O2/L, 373.000±0.002 mg O2/L, 0.46, 0.461.000±0.0010, 0.0845.000±0.0004, 0.2045.000±0.0009, 0.5211.000±0.0011 and 0.1565.000±0.0010 respectively. The leachate sample contain high concentration of organic and inorganic constituents including toxic metal content higher than the NESREA standards limit for drinking water.