bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anniversary Address
Authors: The Earl of Crawford and Balcarres
Published: January 2012

Looking back seven centuries towards the foundation of Ancient Rome, Livy explained that the interest of the early period was meagre, and that the traditions handed down to his day, though enriched by legendary and even poetic features, lacked reliable proof. He did not feel called upon to question their accuracy, still less to elucidate the origin of the city. He accordingly began his history with the advent of Eneas, and it is only in our day that the vision of history has penetrated far beyond the conventional boundaries which so long satisfied the world. It is the sense of archaeology which leads us to pierce the veil, and our anxiety to reach the most remote civilization is so keen that we may perhaps tend to disregard intervening ages. In my valedictory address to the Society of Antiquaries let me refer to this marked extension of our aspirations and to the notable developments in various directions now taking place here and elsewhere. Reference to our early proceedings will show how much our objectives have changed. Apart from the duty ‘to explode what rested only on the vanity of the inventors and propagators’ (Archaeologia, i, 1770, p. 1), the ‘study of antiquity and history was paramount’ (ibid., p. 2). This still remains our principal aim, though differently interpreted. Antiquity carried a narrower sense than it commands to-day. Robert Vaughan's British Antiquities Revived of 1662 is purely genealogical, and relates to the precedence of early kings of North and South Wales. Hearne's Antiquities embraces shires, parliaments, arms, heraldry, and jurisprudence. Moreover, there was a certain insistence on the national aspects of the past. It was the function of our Society to ‘give attention to discoveries however trifling which may tend to illustrate any point of English history’ (Archaeologia, ix, 1787, p. 1), and for the last twenty-five years of the eighteenth century the preponderance of effort was devoted to English studies. To this the chief exception was philology. From the Renaissance onwards learned societies and individuals had looked upon the rescue and publication of early texts as a supreme privilege, and in one form or another linguistic studies remained the fundamental and universally acknowledged basis of scholarship. Our Society did not concern itself with the collection or collation of classical texts, and nobody was charged with the duty of studying the English language in the sense that the French Academy was directed to lay down a code of law for the French tongue, destined at once to be eloquent, untainted, and adapted to the requirements of science and the arts.
Bronze Forepart of an Ibex
Authors: Hall H. R.
Published: January 2012

The bronze forepart of an ibex (pls. xv, xvi), now in the collection of our Fellow Mr. Oscar Raphael, was previously in the Paytel collection. M. Paytel originally bought it in Cairo about thirty years ago, and it is known to have been ultimately obtained from a man who had brought it from Mesopotamia. This history may be regarded as reliable, and an Egyptian provenance is thereby rendered unlikely.
The Roman Road, Rowhook (Sussex) to Farley Heath (Surrey)
Authors: Winbolt S. E.
Published: January 2012

A stretch of about four yards of the Roman Stane Street, or rather the core of it, which I have recently laid bare at Alfoldean, near Slinfold, Sussex, was made up of two layers of biggish slabs of local stone set in sand on top of the local clay. The surface of the Roman road had been used in the make-up of the modern road (1810), but plenty of it is scattered about in the fields, and i t is quite obvious that it was composed of three elements: chert from the lower greensand at Petworth and Fittleworth, flints from the South Downs, and sea-pebbles from the south coast, probably Shoreham. This definite datum, and the knowledge that near Rowhook on the line of the Rowhook-Farley Heath road, as marked on the Ordnance map, was a field traditionally called ‘Stone Field’, prompted me to test the line for road-metal, after having obtained permission from Mr. Lee Steere, of Ockley, and a series of friendly landowners and farmers.
A New Great Seal of Henry V
Authors: Jenkinson Hilary
Published: January 2012

Only about ninety Great Seals of England are known for the period from the Conquest to the present day; and the addition of a new one to the series is a matter of some importance.

In a paper read to the Society not long ago I commented on Wyon's statement that the style of Henry V was changed during the last years of his reign as a result of the treaty of Troyes in 1420. Wyon had cited an order of the King to the Chancellor of the Exchequer for the alteration of a seal in his custody, but had found no impression of a seal so altered. Actually the treaty did not specifically provide that the English King should use the title in question—Heres Regni Francie—but that the French King, his father-in-law, should during his own life refer to Henry in public documents in that way; and the seal in custody of the Chancellor was presumably that of the Exchequer. I was able, however, to show in illustration fragments of two Irish seals bearing, though they came to us from later reigns, the word heres in their legend; which could only date from this period. It seemed unreasonable in these circumstances to suppose that the most important of all the Royal Seals, the Great Seal of England, should not have been similarly modified; and I ventured to hope that an example from the last two years of the reign would presently be discovered and prove my case. That example has now been produced by Mr. Chitty from the Muniment Room at Winchester College (pl.LXXV).
A Priest's Sceptre from the Romano-Celtic Temple at Farley Heath, Surrey
Authors: Goodchild R. G.
Published: January 2012

The Romano-Celtic temples of Britain, unlike those of Gaul, rarely provide evidence of their dedications and the nature of the cults practised within them. At Silchester (Insula XXXV) and also at Worth, Kent, fragments of statuary found within the temple cella have been suggestive, although not conclusive. The remaining examples yet excavated in Britain (some eighteen in all) have been far less communicative: not one has yielded an inscription or votive object which would leave no doubt as to the identity of the god whose worshippers frequented it.

Since our knowledge of the local cults popular in the civilian areas of Roman Britain is so limited, an object which, though found ninety years ago at Farley Heath in Surrey, has hitherto escaped publication deserves belated recognition not only for its own sake, because it displays very curious features, but also for the light that it may throw on the subject.
Two Mesolithic ‘floors’ in the Ebbsfleet Valley of the Lower Thames
Authors: Burchell J. P. T.
Published: January 2012

In view of the stimulating discoveries made by Messrs. Schwantes and Rust in the districts of Hamburg and Kiel, I am prompted to write a preliminary note on two Mesolithic ‘floors’ recently discovered in the Ebbsfleet Valley, west of Northfleet, on the right bank of the Lower Thames. The horizons in question are located in a stoneless calcareous silt containing shells of both land and freshwater types. Subsequent erosion phases have considerably denuded the silt, which, at the present time, is overlain by some 6 ft. of alluvial deposits. The marked differences between the implements of the lower and upper ‘floors’ are best summarized as under:

1. The artifacts from the lower ‘floor’ are invariably patinated blue or white, whilst those from the upper ‘floor’ are always in an unaltered condition.

2. The blades from the lower ‘floor’ are much longer and broader than are those from the upper ‘floor’; some of the former attain 7½ in. in length (figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5).

3. Core-scrapers are not present in the lower ‘floor’ though of common occurrence in the upper ‘floor’.

4. The gravers from the lower ‘floor’ (figs. 6 and 7) approximate more closely to those of Upper Palaeolithic times than do the examples from the upper ‘floor’ (fig. 8).

5. Though none has so far been recovered from the lower ‘floor’, the upper ‘floor’ has yielded shouldered points (figs. 9 and 10), a characteristic form in the Hamburg culture.
Scythian Antiquities in Central Europe
Authors: Sulimirski T.
Published: January 2012

Among the archaeological remains of central Europe there are some of quite distinct Scythian character. They testify the presence of the Scythian nomads on that territory in the period about 500 B.C. Besides, the fact that the dating of those remains is quite well established should provide a basis for the proper dating of those central European cultures which came into contact with the Scythians.

The Scythian remains in central Europe are divided into two groups. To the first group belong the remains found in limited areas, with Scythian graves among them; those remains enable us to establish local groups of Scythian culture. The other group occurs among the remains of other, non-Scythian, cultures where they arrived either by way of peaceable trade exchange or were brought there by the Scythians themselves during their invasions or inroads into those territories.

In this short article I do not intend to give any detailed description of the Scythian remains in central Europe or to give an appreciation of their artistic value. They do interest me, but only as evidence of certain historical happenings, and I refer to the works of Professor E. H. Minns, Professor M. Rostovtzeff, Dr. N. Fettich, and others for their dating.
An Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Westbere, Kent
Authors: Jessup R. F.
Published: January 2012

The purpose of this paper is to record as far as is now possible the relics from a small but interesting Saxon cemetery which was found in 1931 during the working of a gravel pit in the parish of Westbere, some 3½ miles north-east of Canterbury.
Building by King Henry III and Edward, Son of Odo. Part II
Authors: Noppen J. G.
Published: January 2012

Soon after King Henry III undertook the rebuilding of Westminster Abbey Church he founded a new Exchequer ostensibly for the one purpose of handling the funds assigned thereto. In this affair Edward the son of Odo, later known as Edward of Westminster, played the chief part, and some account of his career must preface the discussion of it.
A Promontory Fort on the Shore of Ramsey Bay, Isle of Man
Authors: Bersu Gerhard
Published: January 2012

The small fort of the promontory type with which this report deals lies in the parish of Lezayre, on the shore of Ramsey Bay on the brooghs which form the eastern edge of the undulating Andreas plateau towards the sea. Here, in the northern part of the bay, the cliffs are built up by warped stratified sands with reddish sandy and loamy bands. Where springs caused or initiated erosion the straight north–south line of the broogh is intersected by short valleys with steep slopes and marshy bottoms. Where, as occasionally happens, two of such valleys lie near to each other, the gullies create small peninsulas with level surfaces connected only by a narrow neck with the plateau. Ideal sites for habitation above the broad sandy beach are formed by natural agencies, sites which need only a small amount of adjustment to make them easily defensible. A certain disadvantage arises from the fact that both the platform of the promontory and the surface of the plateau lie in the same level, in the present case 60 ft. above the high-water mark.
Two early linch-pins, from Kings Langley, Herts., and from Tiddington, Stratford-on-Avon
Authors: Perkins J. B. Ward
Published: January 2012

Of the two linch-pins which form the subject of this article, one was found at King's Langley, Herts., in 1937, and has recently been acquired by the British Museum. The second was found in 1938 at Tiddington, near Stratford-on-Avon. It was exhibited at the Exhibition of Recent Archaeological Research, 1933–8, at the Institute of Archaeology, Regents Park, and is now in the New Place Museum at Stratford-on-Avon. To the authorities of both museums I am indebted for permission to publish this article. I have also to thank the curators of the Musée Nationale de St. Germain, of the Musée Municipale d'Évreux, and of the Maidstone Museum respectively for allowing me to illustrate the linch-pins from Nanterre, from Évreux, and from Bigbury. I had hoped to include the specimens from Cirencester and from Chedworth, but circumstances have not permitted. Mr. C. F. C. Hawkes and Mr. M. R. Hull have very kindly put the as yet unpublished material from Colchester at my disposal. Mr. H. N. Savory called my attention to the linch-pin from Merlin's Cave, and Mr. R. R. Clarke to those in the Santon Downham hoard.
An Iron-Age Site near Radley, Berks.
Authors: Leeds E. Thurlow
Published: January 2012

In 1928 by courteous permission of Mr. Badcock, the owner, the Oxford University Archaeological Society, under the supervision of Mr. R. T. Lattey, was able to examine a site in a field bounded on the west by the road leading from Radley village to Abingdon and on the south by a second road leading eastwards towards Radley station. There, on the wall of a disused gravelpit, holes filled with earth had produced evidence of human occupation. Exploration of some of these resulted in the discovery of a series of trenches, the relation of which to one another could not be exactly determined owing to the limited area available for investigation. One piece of trench ran with a somewhat north-easterly trend up to the northern edge of the field, with a recessed pit about 4½ ft. across at one point, while a second longer stretch, after running in a north-westerly direction for a few yards, turned almost at right angles towards the south-west, and some distance farther on, at the point where the excavations had to cease, appeared to be bending southwards.
London and the Grim's Ditches
Authors: Wheeler R. E. M.
Published: January 2012

In considering the question whether London did or did not survive as a substantially intact administrative unit throughout the Pagan Saxon period, Sir Laurence Gomme and others have laid stress upon the supposedly Roman origin of the wide territorial rights of the medieval Londoners. These rights, it has been claimed, take us ‘behind the Norman conquest, and behind the Anglo-Saxon rule also, for there is nothing in Anglo-Saxon institutions to which [they] can be referred’: they represent the old ‘territorium ’ of Roman London and are good evidence, therefore, of an unbroken civic tradition from Roman times. The doubtful details with which enthusiasm or fantasy have tended to enrich this theory do not necessarily deprive it of essential validity; and I venture to think that it is in fact rather more securely founded than Gomme's own statement of it would lead us to infer.
John Cooqūs, Silversmith
Authors: Phillips Philip A. S.
Published: January 2012

Peter Cunningham's book, The Story of Nell Gwyn and the Sayings of Charles II, first published about 1854, contains an interesting account of work done by one John Cooquus, silversmith, for Nell Gwyn, when she was living in Pall Mall as the king's mistress.

Cooquus is briefly referred to in the various popular lives of Nell Gwyn, and by Mr. E. Alfred Jones in his books on old silver, but beyond the mention of his name in connexion with that of Nell Gwyn, no particulars of his personal history have so far been disclosed. I have therefore attempted to place together some facts recording events in his life which may fill the gap.
A Roman Fortified Villa at Norton Disney, Lincs.
Authors: Oswald Adrian
Published: January 2012

Villas are so uniform in character that they arouse comparatively little interest compared with the military problems of Roman Britain. But a villa surrounded by ditches, whether for defensive purposes or not, can be immediately classed as a rarity. A list of such examples of domestic fortification in the Roman period includes the houses at Castle Dykes, near Ripon, at Cwmbrwyn in Carmarthenshire, at Bartlow in Cambridgeshire, at Langton in Yorkshire, and at Ely near Cardiff. Of these only the two last have been scientifically excavated, and only the house at Ely has fortifications which conform to the building. In these circumstances the discovery of a villa surrounded by five ditches and occupied, through five periods of construction and reconstruction, from the latter half of the first to the middle of the fourth century is of particular interest.

The villa in question is situated some 200 yards east of the Fosseway, at a point 9 miles south of Lincoln and a mile and a half north of Brough (Crococolana). The site is marked on the Ordnance Survey and known locally as Potter Hill. It comprises a long ridge of land some hundred feet higher than the plain in which Crococolana is placed. Stukeley in his Itinerary says, ‘and journeying to the space of about 12 Roman miles, I found Collingham on my right hand: there is a high barrow or tumulus called Potters Hill, where they say was a Roman pottery: it stands upon an eminence commanding a prospect both ways upon the road. Half a mile further is Brough.’

Nevertheless the presence of a Roman building was not suspected until the discovery in 1933 by the farmer, Mr. E. Taylor, of a mosaic pavement.
The law and practice of Treasure Trove
Authors: Hill G. F.
Published: January 2012

I do not propose on this occasion to make any contribution to the exceedingly obscure and difficult question of the origin of the law of treasure trove. The writer who has most recently discussed the subject, Mr. Cecil S. Emden, states the object of his article as being ‘to emphasize that, the law of treasure trove being indefinite, the practical difficulties in its administration which may arise are due not so much to the complexity attaching to particular cases as to the haze in which the origin of the law rests, and to the casual manner in which the rules have taken shape’. Where many better qualified writers have too often, like the celebrated ‘Mr. Parker, made the case darker, which was dark enough before’, further discussion by one who has no legal qualification is hardly to be encouraged. I shall confine myself therefore to a consideration of the definition of the subject, of the rules governing the administration in recent times, with especial reference to this country, and to the bearing of these rules on the interests of archaeology. Such references to older law and usage as cannot be avoided are made without any claim to original research.
Seven Charters of Henry II at Lincoln Cathedral
Authors: Galbraith V. H.
Published: January 2012

The question discussed in this paper arose in the course of a review of the first volume of the Registrum Antiquissimum, a work which has given a fresh impetus to medieval studies. For the first time in England the attempt is being made to print in full the whole archives of a medieval cathedral. The greater part of volume i is taken up with the fine collection of royal charters to the year 1189, the texts of the originals (where they survive) being in each case collated with those in the cartulary. Most if not all of the original charters were printed more than twenty years ago by the Rev. H. E. Salter, who pointed out that seven of those granted by Henry II between 1155 and 1165 must all have been written by the same scribe. These seven charters are not interconnected (save perhaps two of them): they grant, or confirm the grant of, various rights and of separate properties; they were issued at different times and from places as far apart as Windsor and Rouen. Nothing is common to them all but the script in which they are written.
A Round Barrow on Stockbridge Down, Hampshire
Authors: Stone J. F. S. , Hill N. Gray
Published: January 2012

In a recent report (Proc. Prehist. Soc. iv, 1938, 249) we described the contents of a pit situated on Stockbridge Down on the ridge that runs south-west from Woolbury Ring Camp. This pit, the site of which is marked as X on the sketch-map which accompanies the present paper (fig. 1), contained an occupation or refuse layer of Middle Bronze Age date, the rarity of which warranted in our opinion examination of anything in the immediate vicinity that might have a bearing upon it.

At least seven round barrows can be identified upon the down, but no record appears to exist of their having been examined. Their relative positions are also recorded on fig. 1, which is based partly upon the aerial photograph of the site published and described by O. G. S. Crawford and A. Keiller (Wessex from the Air, 1928, pl. xxv), and partly upon field work.

The present paper describes the structure and contents of the round barrow that lies some 300 ft. south-west of the pit above mentioned. This barrow, which we have numbered no. 1 on fig. 1, is small and relatively insignificant, being only 25 ft. in diameter and about 18 in. in height. It had been constructed on ground that slopes gently to the south, and lies upon that area of the down that appears from both ground and aerial observation never to have been cultivated.
Excavations at Hollingbury Camp, Sussex
Authors: Curwen E. Cecil
Published: January 2012

The examination of the prehistoric hill-fort known as Hollingbury was undertaken during March and April, 1931, by the Brighton and Hove Archaeological Club, with the permission of the Brighton Corporation and with the sanction of Mr. B. H. Maclaren, Superintendent of Parks and Gardens. We also have to express our great gratitude to those Societies and individuals whose generous contributions made the undertaking possible, and to others who rendered valuable help by their own labour.
The Brass of Bishop Yong at New College, Oxford
Authors: Griffin Ralph
Published: January 2012

On the north side of the ante-chapel of New College, Oxford, lies a brass for John Yong, Warden of the College, who was titular bishop of Callipolis in Thrace. The date of his death, the 25th March, 1526, has not been filled in in the inscription, so it is to be inferred that the brass was put down in his lifetime, say c. 1525.
John Cooqūs: a Note to Mr. Phillips's Paper
Authors: Jones E. Alfred
Published: January 2012

May I be permitted to make a few supplementary observations upon the late Mr. P. A. S. Phillips's valuable contribution to the history of the Goldsmiths' Art in England by his article on John Cooqūs, goldsmith to Charles II, in Antiq. Journ. for July 1934?

‘The most humble petition of John Cassen & John Cooqus Silversmiths, & Foreigners’, printed on p. 286, is interesting for several reasons: that they had practised the art and mystery of the silversmith in England since 1664; that their method of working, presumably their style of decoration, was different from that of the English silversmiths; that they were forced to employ foreigners as their journeymen; and that the Goldsmiths' Company of London refused to recognize their work, so far as to refuse to accept it for assaying and touching, i.e. hall-marking.
Two Helmets in St. Botolph's Church, Lullingstone, Kent
Authors: Mann J. G.
Published: January 2012

The majority of the helmets suspended over monuments in English churches are of mediocre quality, and were probably supplied by the undertaker for the funeral. Their interest lies in their being relics of a once widespread custom. But among them are a few specimens of great value as examples of the armourer's craft.
Bishop Henry Marshall's Tomb in Exeter Cathedral
Authors: Bishop H. E. , Radford C. A. Ralegh
Published: January 2012

It has long been recognized that the effigy of Bishop Henry Marshall (ob. 1206) in the choir of Exeter Cathedral is set on a tomb chest of later date, and their dimensions and style show that the two did not originally belong to the same monument. The discovery here recorded provides evidence for a reconstruction of the original tomb chest belonging to the effigy of Bishop Marshall.
A Roman Villa at Newport, Isle of Wight
Authors: Stone Percy G.
Published: January 2012

In March 1926, workmen engaged on the erection of a garage for Mr. S. Cooper in Cypress Road, Shide, a suburb of Newport, Isle of Wight, exposed a portion of tessellated pavement. Advised of this find, as local secretary, I visited the site and with the consent of the owner stopped further operations pending decision as to future development. Without delay a committee of investigation was formed, excavation was decided on, and I was asked to undertake the supervision of the work.
Ancient Bridges in Herefordshire and their preservation
Authors: Jack G. H.
Published: January 2012

The phenomenal progress made during the last twenty years in road-making and maintenance is common knowledge. In no other sphere of the country's public activities has so great an advance been made in such a short time. The rapid progress is due largely to the wise and active co-operation of the Ministry of Transport and the considerable financial help derived from the taxation of motor vehicles.
A Dated Medieval Bell from Minchinhampton, Gloucs.
Authors: Walters H. B.
Published: January 2012

In his history of the parishes of Minchinhampton and Avening, Gloucestershire, published in 1915, the late Mr. A. T. Playne gave a description and illustration of a medieval bell which had for some time been in the possession of his family, but which was quite unknown to campanologists, in spite of its exceptional interest. My curiosity was roused, as dated medieval bells are very rare, and I took the first opportunity that offered of visiting Minchinhampton in order to examine the bell personally. Previous to my visit in August 1923, Mr. Playne had died, and the bell had been given by his representatives to the parish church, where it has been conveniently placed in the south transept.
The Willow Moor Bronze Hoard, Little Wenlock, Shropshire
Authors: Chitty Lily F.
Published: January 2012

On 15th May 1924 Mr. Harold J. E. Peake, F.S.A., read to the Society of Antiquaries a short paper announcing certain new facts regarding this Late Bronze Age hoard that had come to light mainly through research in, or connected with, the Bronze Implements Card Index of the British Association.

Two approximately contemporary accounts of the discovery exist, but these contain so many divergences that it was uncertain whether two distinct hoards were referred to, and Sir John Evans, in his Ancient Bronze Implements (1881), numbers and treats of them separately, with a query as to their identity. Our fresh evidence demonstrates that the two descriptions refer to the same group of bronze implements.
A Seal of Strongbow in the Huntington Library
Authors: Wagner Anthony R.
Published: January 2012

In 1939, having failed after much searching to locate any extant seal of Strongbow, I gave in Historic Heraldry of Britain (Oxford, 1939, pp. 36–7) such particulars as I could of two which have perished, one known by a drawing, the other by a photograph and description. Soon after the book's appearance a letter from Captain R. B. Haselden informed me that what I had been seeking existed in the Huntington Library, namely, a complete and almost perfect seal of Strongbow attached to a charter formerly at Stowe. To the historian, the sigillographer, and the herald alike, this seal is of exceptional interest: to the historian, because it is the only known seal extant of an important historical figure; to the sigillographer, because of the unique design of the counterseal; and to the herald, for its bearing on the early history of one of the two or three oldest heraldic devices.
Archaeological Investigations in Northern Ireland. A Summary of Recent Work
Authors: Evans E. Estyn
Published: January 2012

The general expansion of interest in prehistoric archaeology has in recent years taken effect in Northern Ireland, where many rich fields await intensive exploration. A new phase of activity both among archaeological societies and independent workers has resulted in much promising research work. For the earliest periods held to be represented in the region Mr. C. Blake Whelan is contributing a series of papers to the Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy on the results of his researches on Mesolithic questions, and several key sites were investigated in 1934 by the Harvard Archaeological Mission, working under Mr. H. L. Movius.
Mixed motives over k[t]/(tm+1)
Authors: Krishna Amalendu , Park Jinhyun
Published: January 2012

For a perfect field k, we use the techniques of Bondal-Kapranov and Hanamura to construct a tensor triangulated category of mixed motives over the truncated polynomial ring k[t]/(tm+1). The extension groups in this category are given by Bloch's higher Chow groups and the additive higher Chow groups. The main new ingredient is the moving lemma for additive higher Chow groups by the authors and its refinements.
Meeting Preview: Microscopy & Microanalysis 2012 in Phoenix, Arizona
Authors: Brewer Luke N.
Published: January 2012

Microscopy & Microanalysis 2012 will celebrate our past achievements, present our current research, and inspire us about the future of our field. The meeting will be held in Phoenix, Arizona from July 29–August 2, 2012.
Transmission Electron Microscopy Imaging of Structural Transformation Dynamics in a Single Nanocrystal
Authors: Zheng Haimei
Published: January 2012

Over the last decade, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has advanced remarkably. With the development of aberration-corrected optics, improved recording systems, high brightness guns, and so on, imaging with single-atom sensitivity across the periodic table has become a reality. Atomic resolution imaging with rapid acquisition and with greater signal collection efficiency opens many opportunities in the study of dynamic processes of materials.
Urine as an alternative fertilizer in agriculture: Effects in amaranths (Amaranthus caudatus) production
Authors: AdeOluwa O.O. , Cofie O.
Published: January 2012

Crop production in most developing countries is faced with a dearth of resources for optimum production of which fertilizer is one. The use of human urine as well as its mixture with compost are potential solutions to this problem. Thus, this report investigated the influence of human urine and its combination with compost on yield and soil quality of land under green amaranths (Amaranthus caudatus). This study involved a field experiment to determine the response of green amaranths to the application of 100% urine, 2/3 urine N + 1/3 compost N, 100% compost N, NPK (15:15:15) at the rate of 100 kg N ha−1 and control with no fertilizer treatment using farmers’ participatory approach. The vegetables produced from the experimental treatments were analyzed in the laboratory for pathogenic microbial risk as well as effects of the fertilizer on nutrient status of the experimental soils (before and after planting). Perception of farmers and consumers in the study area regarding use of urine as fertilizer for vegetable production was investigated with the aid of a structured questionnaire. The result of this investigation revealed that 100% urine resulted in 58.17 t ha−1 total plant yield, while NPK 15:15:15 gave 34.34 t ha−1 total plant yield in the two plantings. Microbial analysis of edible portion of vegetable from plot fertilized with urine did not reveal any significantly different pathological contamination compared to other fertilizer treatments used in this investigation. Urine treatment improved soil nutrient exchangeable cations and acidity. The perception study revealed that respondents perceived urine to be a good agricultural input that could be used as a fertilizer in vegetable crop production and there was no strong cultural norm that would prevent them using it for crop production. Vegetable consumers would also buy vegetable crops grown with urine if they are well informed about its safety for crop production. Since the use of urine as fertilizer for crop production improved amaranth's yield and did not show any negative implication on soil environment, human urine seems to have good potential both in crop yield and acceptability by farmers and consumers.
Estimating the electron energy distribution during ionospheric modification from spectrographic airglow measurements
Authors: Hysell D. L. , Varney R. H. , Vlasov M. N. , Nossa E. , Watkins B. , Pedersen T. , Huba J. D.
Published: January 2012

The electron energy distribution during an Fregion ionospheric modification experiment at the HAARP facility near Gakona, Alaska, is inferred from spectrographic airglow emission data. Emission lines at 630.0, 557.7, and 844.6 nm are considered along with the absence of detectable emissions at 427.8 nm. Estimating the electron energy distribution function from the airglow data is a problem in classical linear inverse theory. We describe an augmented version of the method of Backus and Gilbert which we use to invert the data. The method optimizes the model resolution, the precision of the mapping between the actual electron energy distribution and its estimate. Here, the method has also been augmented so as to limit the model prediction error. Model estimates of the suprathermal electron energy distribution versus energy and altitude are incorporated in the inverse problem formulation as representer functions. Our methodology indicates a heater‐induced electron energy distribution with a broad peak near 5 eV that decreases approximately exponentially by 30 dB between 5–50 eV.
Simulating the dynamics and intensification of cyclonic Loop Current Frontal Eddies in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Le Hénaff Matthieu , Kourafalou Vassiliki H. , Morel Yves , Srinivasan Ashwanth
Published: January 2012

The dynamics associated with the Loop Current (LC) variability in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) are studied using a 5‐year, free‐running numerical simulation with the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM). The dynamics of major GoM circulation features are represented: the extension of the LC and the associated anticyclonic, warm core Loop Current Eddies (LCEs) and cyclonic Loop Current Frontal Eddies (LCFEs). The study focuses on the dynamics of the LCFEs and their role during the LCEs shedding, which dramatically affects the GoM circulation. We analyze several characteristics of the LC frontal dynamics. Modeled LCFEs have a coherent vertical structure, which extends to the deep layers of the GoM. They may split in two separate upper and lower layer eddies. Deep and surface remnants from different frontal eddies are able to align to form new, coherent structures. LCFEs intensify along the extended LC northern edge when flowing over the deep northern GoM shelf slope that forms the Mississippi Fan, through a “promontory effect” in which the incoming cyclone aggregates positive potential vorticity anomalies in lower layers, leading to the intensification of the whole vortex structure. LCFEs may also expand further along the LC path by horizontal vortex merging, when they are blocked between the LC and the northeast corner of the continental shelf in the GoM. The intensification and merging due to topographic effects explain the enlarged frontal eddies observed on the eastern side of the Loop Current. These larger eddies further migrate along the LC front and may play a role in the shedding sequence.
Seasonal variability of water mass distribution in the southeastern Beaufort Sea determined by total alkalinity and δ18O
Authors: Lansard Bruno , Mucci Alfonso , Miller Lisa A. , Macdonald Robie W. , Gratton Yves
Published: January 2012

We examined the seasonal variability of water mass distributions in the southeastern Beaufort Sea from data collected between September 2003 and August 2004. Salinity, total alkalinity (TA) and isotopic composition (δ18O) of seawater were used together as tracers of freshwater input, i.e., meteoric water and sea ice meltwater. We used an optimum multiparameter analysis to identify the different water masses, including the Mackenzie River, sea ice melt (SIM), winter polar mixed layer (PML), upper halocline water (UHW) with core salinity of 33.1 psu (Pacific origin) and Atlantic Water. Computed values of CO2 fugacity in seawater (fCO2‐sw) show that the surface mixed layer (SML) remains mostly undersaturated (328 ± 55μatm, n = 552) with respect to the average atmospheric CO2 concentration (380 ± 5 μatm) over the study period. The influence of the Mackenzie River (fCO2‐SW > 500 μatm) was relatively small in the southeastern Beaufort Sea, and significant fractions were only observed on the inner Mackenzie Shelf. The contribution of sea ice melt (fCO2‐SW < 300 μatm) to the SML could reach 30% beyond the shelf break and close to the ice pack in autumn. The density of the PML increased through the winter due to cooling and brine rejection. The winter PML reached a maximum depth of 70 m in late April. The UHW (fCO2‐SW > 600 μatm) was usually located between 120 and 180 m depth, but could contribute to the SML during wind‐driven upwelling events, in summer and autumn, and during brine‐driven eddies, in winter.
Atlantic hurricane activity following two major volcanic eruptions
Authors: Evan Amato T.
Published: January 2012

In 1982 and 1991, two major volcanic eruptions loaded the stratosphere with long‐lived sulfate aerosols, altering the global climate by redistributing longwave and shortwave radiation at the surface and throughout the atmosphere, cooling the surface and subsurface waters of the tropical oceans. Theory and observations demonstrate, through direct and indirect mechanisms, a causal relationship between tropical North Atlantic sea surface temperatures and seasonal Atlantic hurricane frequency, duration, and intensity. Therefore, it is plausible that hurricane activity in the seasons immediately following these eruptions is diminished. However, to date, such a theory remains untested. Here I use observations, reanalysis data, and output from a numerical model to suggest that the number, duration, and intensity of hurricanes in the years following the eruptions of El Chichón (1982) and Mount Pinatubo (1991) decreased via the aerosol direct effect. Determining the effects of each eruption on seasonal cyclone activity is complicated by simultaneous positive ENSO events; thus further study of the relationship between Atlantic tropical cyclones and major volcanic eruptions is warranted.
Evaluation of Polar WRF forecasts on the Arctic System Reanalysis Domain: 2. Atmospheric hydrologic cycle
Authors: Wilson Aaron B. , Bromwich David H. , Hines Keith M.
Published: January 2012

The forecast atmospheric hydrologic cycle of the Polar version 3.1.1 of the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) is examined for December 2006 – November 2007. The domain is similar to the Arctic System Reanalysis (ASR), an assimilation of model fields and Arctic observations being conducted partly by the Byrd Polar Research Center. Simulations are performed in 48 h increments initialized daily at 0000 UTC, with the first 24 h discarded for model spin‐up of the hydrologic cycle and boundary layer processes. Precipitation analysis reveals a negative annual mean bias (−9.4%) in the polar region, with particularly dry station biases reflected in the Canadian Archipelago. Annual mean bias for the midlatitudes is small and positive (4.6%), attributed to excessive precipitation during spring and summer when convective precipitation is dominant. An examination of precipitation within four major Arctic river basins shows large positive biases due to excessive convective precipitation in summer as well, but highlights the Arctic climate's strong dependence on midlatitude precipitation. Nudging the model's boundary layer moisture toward drier conditions decreases convective precipitation improving the prediction. Cloud fraction analysis shows too little cloud cover, supported by an excess in incident shortwave radiation and a deficit in downwelling longwave radiation throughout the domain. The longwave bias is present regardless of the amount of cloud water or cloud ice, demonstrating a need to improve cloud effects on radiation in Polar WRF. This examination provides a benchmark of the forecast atmospheric hydrological cycle of Polar WRF and its use as ASR's primary model.
Monitoring groundwater storage changes in the highly seasonal humid tropics: Validation of GRACE measurements in the Bengal Basin
Authors: Shamsudduha M. , Taylor R. G. , Longuevergne L.
Published: January 2012

Satellite monitoring of changes in terrestrial water storage provides invaluable information regarding the basin‐scale dynamics of hydrological systems where ground‐based records are limited. In the Bengal Basin of Bangladesh, we test the ability of satellite measurements under the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) to trace both the seasonality and trend in groundwater storage associated with intensive groundwater abstraction for dry‐season irrigation and wet‐season (monsoonal) recharge. We show that GRACE (CSR, GRGS) datasets of recent (2003 to 2007) groundwater storage changes (ΔGWS) correlate well (r = 0.77 to 0.93, p value < 0.0001) with in situ borehole records from a network of 236 monitoring stations and account for 44% of the total variation in terrestrial water storage (ΔTWS); highest correlation (r = 0.93, p value < 0.0001) and lowest root‐mean‐square error (<4 cm) are realized using a spherical harmonic product of CSR. Changes in surface water storage estimated from a network of 298 river gauging stations and soil‐moisture derived from Land Surface Models explain 22% and 33% of ΔTWS, respectively. Groundwater depletion estimated from borehole hydrographs (−0.52 ± 0.30 km3 yr−1) is within the range of satellite‐derived estimates (−0.44 to −2.04 km3 yr−1) that result from uncertainty associated with the simulation of soil moisture (CLM, NOAH, VIC) and GRACE signal‐processing techniques. Recent (2003 to 2007) estimates of groundwater depletion are substantially greater than long‐term (1985 to 2007) mean (−0.21 ± 0.03 km3 yr−1) and are explained primarily by substantial increases in groundwater abstraction for the dry‐season irrigation and public water supplies over the last two decades.
Interannual variability of snowmelt in the Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains, United States: Examples from two alpine watersheds
Authors: Jepsen Steven M. , Molotch Noah P. , Williams Mark W. , Rittger Karl E. , Sickman James O.
Published: January 2012

The distribution of snow and the energy flux components of snowmelt are intrinsic characteristics of the alpine water cycle controlling the location of source waters and the effect of climate on streamflow. Interannual variability of these characteristics is relevant to the effect of climate change on alpine hydrology. Our objective is to characterize the interannual variability in the spatial distribution of snow and energy fluxes of snowmelt in watersheds of a maritime setting, Tokopah Basin (TOK) in California's southern Sierra Nevada, and a continental setting, Green Lake 4 Valley (GLV4) in Colorado's Front Range, using a 12 year database (1996–2007) of hydrometeorological observations and satellite‐derived snow cover. Snowpacks observed in GLV4 exhibit substantially greater spatial variability than in TOK (0.75 versus 0.28 spatial coefficient of variation). In addition, modeling results indicate that the net turbulent energy flux contribution to snowmelt in GLV4 is, on average, 3 times greater in magnitude (mean 29% versus 10%) and interannual variability (standard deviation 17% versus 6%) than in TOK. These energy flux values exhibit strong seasonality, increasing as the melt season progresses to times later in the year (R2 = 0.54–0.77). This seasonality of energy flux appears to be associated with snowmelt rates that generally increase with onset date of melt (0.02 cm d−2). This seasonality in snowmelt rate, coupled to differences in hydrogeology, may account for the observed differences in correspondence between the timing of snowmelt and timing of streamflow in these watersheds.
Catalytic residues and a predicted structure of tetrahydrobiopterin-dependent alkylglycerol mono-oxygenase
Authors: Watschinger Katrin , Fuchs Julian E. , Yarov-Yarovoy Vladimir , Keller Markus A. , Golderer Georg , Hermetter Albin , Werner-Felmayer Gabriele , Hulo Nicolas , Werner Ernst R.
Published: January 2012

Alkylglycerol mono-oxygenase (EC 1.14.16.5) forms a third, distinct, class among tetrahydrobiopterin-dependent enzymes in addition to aromatic amino acid hydroxylases and nitric oxide synthases. Its protein sequence contains the fatty acid hydroxylase motif, a signature indicative of a di-iron centre, which contains eight conserved histidine residues. Membrane enzymes containing this motif, including alkylglycerol mono-oxygenase, are especially labile and so far have not been purified to homogeneity in active form. To obtain a first insight into structure–function relationships of this enzyme, we performed site-directed mutagenesis of 26 selected amino acid residues and expressed wild-type and mutant proteins containing a C-terminal Myc tag together with fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase in Chinese-hamster ovary cells. Among all of the acidic residues within the eight-histidine motif, only mutation of Glu137 to alanine led to an 18-fold increase in the Michaelis–Menten constant for tetrahydrobiopterin, suggesting a role in tetrahydrobiopterin interaction. A ninth additional histidine residue essential for activity was also identified. Nine membrane domains were predicted by four programs: ESKW, TMHMM, MEMSAT and Phobius. Prediction of a part of the structure using the Rosetta membrane ab initio method led to a plausible suggestion for a structure of the catalytic site of alkylglycerol mono-oxygenase.
Intermittent features of inertial particle distributions in turbulent premixed flames
Authors: Battista F. , Picano F. , Troiani G. , Casciola C. M.
Published: January 2012

Clustering is widely observed in many turbulent flows, where it results from the inability of finite inertia particles to comply with the different time scales, which characterize a turbulent field. Depending on their inertia, particles are found to be instantaneously organized in clusters, whose size depends on the Kolmogorov-Stokes number and which presumably form as a consequence of particle ejection from persistent vortical structures. In reacting flows, the abrupt acceleration of the fluid across the thin flame front due to combustion adds new and unexpected features. The particles follow such acceleration with a certain time lag which, coupled with the flame front fluctuations, gives rise to an entirely different mechanism of cluster formation. As suggested in previous studies, a possible indicator of this preferential localization is the so-called clustering index, quantifying the departure of the actual particle arrangement from the Poissonian distribution. Most of the clustering is found in the flame brush region, where it cannot be explained by the standard arguments used in cold flows. Actually, the effect is significant also for very light particles, where the simple model we propose, based on the Bray-Moss-Libby formalism, is able to account for most of the deviation from the Poissonian. When the particle inertia increases, the effect becomes larger and it is found to persist well within the region of the burned gases. The observed clustering is confirmed by a more precise analysis in terms of a generalization of the radial distribution function to inhomogeneous, anisotropic flows. The results taken from a direct numerical simulation with single step kinetics favorably compare with experiments on a premixed Bunsen turbulent flame. The present findings are expected to be of some relevance for the plenty of applications dealing with particles in presence of combustion, e.g., liquid droplet swarms for combustion temperature control, soot dynamics, or combustion-oriented particle image velocimetry.