bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Design of a Meter to Measure the Mass Flow-Specific Heat Product of a Heat Transfer Fluid
Authors: Proctor D.
Published: January 2010

This paper describes the design and calibration of a device for measuring the mass flow-specific heat (m˙Cp) product of a heat transfer fluid in situ in a closed loop system. Accuracy of the meter is ±0.07 percent to ±0.12 percent over its operating range of 18 to kW K−1, depending on the calibration procedure which has to be adopted.
Analysis of Boiling Flat-Plate Collectors
Authors: Price H. W. , Klein S. A. , Beckman W. A.
Published: January 2010

A detailed model for use with TRNSYS, capable of modelling a wide range of boiling collector types, was used to analyze boiling flat-plate collector systems. This model can account for a subcooled liquid entering the collector, heat losses in the vapor and the liquid return line, pressure drops due to friction in the collector and piping, and pressure drops due to the hydrostatic head of the fluid. The model has been used to determine the yearly performance of boiling flat-plate solar collector systems. A simplified approach was also developed which can be used with the f-Chart method to predict yearly performance of boiling flat-plate collector systems.
Simplified Calculation of Solar Cell Temperatures in Terrestrial Photovoltaic Arrays
Authors: Ingersoll J. G.
Published: January 2010

A simplified algorithm to predict the average steady-state temperature of the solar cells in a photovoltaic array has been developed. The methodology can be applied to arrays on the roof (or walls) of buildings as well as on the ground. It is intended primarily for residential buildings, although it can be used for any type of building, and considers all four-array mounting systems (rack, stand-off, direct, and integral). Input parameters in this development include weather (insolation, ambient temperature, wind speed, humidity, and sky cloud cover), as well as building construction and operation characteristics. The photovoltaic array’s geometrical, optical, and thermal properties are used in the analysis as well. Natural or forced convection under the solar panels and/or in the building attic below can also be accounted for by this model. The model has been partially verified against limited measured data and found to be in very good agreement for wind speeds of 1 m/s or more.
Cascade Connection of Solar Collectors for Effective Energy Gain
Authors: Suzuki A.
Published: January 2010

The theoretical analysis and optimization of two different types of solar collectors connected in series are presented. The energetical approach to the cascade system with two types of collectors has revealed the importance of the product of the collector efficiency factor and the optical efficiency. If the value of the first collector is larger than that of the succeeding one, then the cascade system is found to be more effective than using either one of the collectors alone. Furthermore, the optimum operating conditions for the system including the determination of the suitable area ratio can be uniquely obtained from the consideration of the maximum exergy gain.
Analysis and Optimization of a Multi-Stage Solar Collector System
Authors: Gordon J. M. , Saltiel C.
Published: January 2010

We present an analytic method for predicting the long-term performance of solar energy systems with more than one collector brand (“multi-stage” systems). This procedure enables the designer to determine the most cost-effective method of combining different collector brands for a given load. Although our derivations pertain to solar systems for constant load applications and/or near constant collector operating threshold, they can also be used for conventional multi-pass designs. The problems of excess energy delivery, and of various collector on/off control strategies, are taken into account. Our results are simple closed-form expressions whose evaluation requires readily-available average climatic data, and load and collector characteristics. The analytic method is illustrated by a solved example which shows that significant savings can be realized by combining different collector brands for a given application (multi-staging).
Effect of the Cycling Rate on Energy Collection for Bang-Bang Controllers
Authors: Kahwaji G. , Winn C. B.
Published: January 2010

Allowing a solar system that is governed by Bang-Bang controllers to cycle is shown to have an effect on the overall energy collection. An analytical method to evaluate the relative increase in collected energy (RICE) is developed and a design procedure for the selection of the set point ΔTON of the controller is presented. The performance of several case studies is analyzed and the preference of using the duration of cycles rather than the number of cycles, N, in judging the effect of cycling is discussed.
A Vortex Lifting Line Method for the Analysis of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines
Authors: Afjeh A. A. , Keith T. G.
Published: January 2010

The present paper utilizes an earlier analytical wake model, which essentially applies to helicopter load analysis, to determine the performance of horizontal axis wind turbines. The advantage of this method is that it makes use of an integrated version of the Biot-Savart law for each part of the wake and thereby avoids some of the numerical difficulties present in the Biot-Savart law. Numerical computations were performed for a number of two-bladed rotor geometries and operating conditions. Results were compared with experimental data as well as with predictions of a full free wake method. Good overall agreement with both was observed.
Comparison of Transient Models for Flat-Plates and Trough Concentrators
Authors: Smith J. G.
Published: January 2010

In the field of solar energy, collector models have been employed to study the effects of system configuration, pump control strategies, fluctuating insolation, collector design, etc. [1–4]. In many studies the investigators feel it is necessary to have a transient collector model if meaningful results are to be obtained. The amount of detail included in the transient models varies from study to study, however. The intent of this paper is to demonstrate the impact of several of the simplifying assumptions commonly employed in transient collector models. To accomplish this, simulated flat-plate and trough concentrator responses based on four types of models are compared.
Punishers Benefit From Third-Party Punishment in Fish
Authors: Raihani Nichola J. , Grutter Alexandra S. , Bshary Redouan
Published: January 2010

In cleaner fish, punishment of foraging partners who cheat a client benefits punishers by increasing future cooperation.
Gaps in Moth Logic
Authors: Chen Ingfei
Published: January 2010

Nearly 3 years after the Australian light brown apple moth was first identified in Berkeley, California, major crop damage has yet to materialize. Some entomologists believe that the state's farmers can control the exotic invader without having to eradicate it.
Next Wave of Metamaterials Hopes to Fuel the Revolution
Authors: Service Robert F.
Published: January 2010

Designing invisibility cloaks may be fun. But for more practical applications of metamaterials, scientists need to find ways to have less of the light absorbed.
Immunogenicity of a Live RecombinantSalmonellaentericaSerovar Typhimurium Vaccine ExpressingpspAin Neonates and Infant Mice Born from Naïve and Immunized Mothers
Authors: Shi Huoying , Wang Shifeng , Roland Kenneth L. , Gunn Bronwyn M. , Curtiss Roy
Published: January 2010

We are developing aSalmonellavectored vaccine to prevent infant pneumonia and other diseases caused byStreptococcus pneumoniae. One prerequisite for achieving this goal is to construct and evaluate new recombinant attenuatedSalmonellavaccine (RASV) strains suitable for use in neonates and infants.Salmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium strain χ9558(pYA4088) specifies delivery of the pneumococcal protective antigen PspA and can protect adult mice from challenge withS. pneumoniae. This strain is completely safe for oral delivery to day-old and infant mice. Here we assess the colonizing ability, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy of χ9558(pYA4088) in neonatal mice. Colonization was assessed in mice 0, 2, 4, or 7 days of age after oral inoculation. In the presence of maternal antibodies, the colonization of lymphoid tissues was delayed, but the immune responses were enhanced in mice born to immunized mothers. Both oral and intranasal routes were used to assess immunogenicity. All orally or intranasally immunized neonatal and infant mice born to either immunized or naïve mothers developed PspA-specific mucosal and systemic immune responses. Mice born to immunized mothers produced higher titers of PspA-specific antibodies in the blood and mucosa and greater numbers of PspA-specific interleukin-4 (IL-4)-secreting cells than mice born to naïve mothers. More importantly, mice born to immune mothers showed a significant increase in protection againstS. pneumoniaechallenge. These results suggest that strain χ9558(pYA4088) can circumvent some of the limitations of the immature immune system in neonatal and infant mice, generating enhanced protective immune responses in the presence of maternal antibodies.
Evaluation of Multiplex Type-Specific Real-Time PCR Assays Using the LightCycler and Joint Biological Agent Identification and Diagnostic System Platforms for Detection and Quantitation of Adult Human Respiratory Adenoviruses
Authors: Metzgar David , Gibbins Carl , Hudson N. Ryan , Jones Morris S.
Published: January 2010

Every year, thousands of basic military trainees in each service of the U.S. Armed Forces experience acute respiratory disease. The majority of this disease burden results from infection with human adenoviruses. We designed single- and multiplex assays that detect and discriminate adenovirus types B3, E4, B7, B11, B14, and B21. A total of 116 oropharyngeal swab specimens obtained from patients at the Naval Health Research Center were used to validate the new assays. Type-specific singleplex assays were designed and used independently to successfully identify 94 representative patient specimens. The lower limits of detection for our singleplex real-time PCR assays were calculated to be 50, 500, 500, 50, 50, and 50 genomic copies per reaction for human adenovirus type B3 (HAdV-B3), HAdV-E4, HAdV-B7, HAdV-B11, HAdV-B14, and HAdV-B21, respectively. These were then multiplexed to increase efficiency and tested against singleplex assays using titrated controls. The HAdV-B3/B11 and HAdV-E4/B7 multiplex assays were as sensitive and specific as they were individually. The HAdV-B14/B21 multiplex assay was not as efficient at detecting HAdV-B14 as the singleplex assay. Interestingly, a statistically significant difference was found between the viral loads of HAdV-B14 and those of HAdV-B3, -E4, -B7, and -B21 (
P
< 0.001). The assays did not cross-react with other adenoviruses, influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, or respiratory disease-causing bacteria. These assays have the potential to be useful as clinical diagnostic tools for the detection of HAdV infection in adult populations.
Multiplex Real-Time PCR Assay for Simultaneous Quantification of BK Polyomavirus, JC Polyomavirus, and Adenovirus DNA
Authors: Funahashi Yasuhito , Iwata Seiko , Ito Yoshinori , Kojima Seiji , Yoshikawa Tetsushi , Hattori Ryohei , Gotoh Momokazu , Nishiyama Yukihiro , Kimura Hiroshi
Published: January 2010

In recent years, virus-induced nephropathy caused mainly by BK polyomavirus (BKPyV), JC polyomavirus (JCPyV), and adenovirus has emerged as a problem in renal transplant patients. In the present study, we developed a multiplex real-time PCR assay to quantify the viral load of BKPyV, JCPyV, and adenovirus simultaneously. The dynamic range covered at least 6 orders of magnitude. This system was specific and reproducible, even in the presence of large amounts of DNA of other viruses. To validate this assay, urine samples from 124 renal transplant patients and serum samples from 18 hemorrhagic cystitis patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation were examined. In the urine samples from renal transplant patients, BKPyV was detected in 28 patients (22.6%), JCPyV was detected in 51 patients (41.1%), and adenovirus was detected in 2 patients (1.6%). The maximum amounts of each virus detected were 2.7 × 10
9
, 8.7 × 10
8
, and 1.2 × 10
2
copies/ml, respectively. Decoy cells were observed in 31 patients. The quantities of both BKPyV and JCPyV DNA were greater in samples with decoy cells. Two patients whose BKPyV viral loads exceeded 10
8
copies/ml had elevated serum creatinine levels and were diagnosed with BKPyV nephropathy based on graft biopsies. In serum samples from hemorrhagic cystitis patients, BKPyV, JCPyV, and adenovirus was detected in six, two, and three patients, respectively. Strong correlations were observed between the viral DNA copy numbers determined in the multiplex assays and those determined in single assays. Since this new assay is rapid, sensitive, and specific, it can be used for quantitative analyses of viruses in urine and serum samples after transplantation.
Characterization of a Single-Cycle Rabies Virus-Based Vaccine Vector
Authors: Gomme Emily A. , Faul Elizabeth J. , Flomenberg Phyllis , McGettigan James P. , Schnell Matthias J.
Published: January 2010

Recombinant rabies virus (RV)-based vectors have demonstrated their efficacy in generating long-term, antigen-specific immune responses in murine and monkey models. However, replication-competent viral vectors pose significant safety concerns due to vector pathogenicity. RV pathogenicity is largely attributed to its glycoprotein (RV-G), which facilitates the attachment and entry of RV into host cells. We have developed a live, single-cycle RV by deletion of the G gene from an RV vaccine vector expressing HIV-1 Gag (SPBN-ΔG-Gag). Passage of SPBN-ΔG-Gag on cells stably expressing RV-G allowed efficient propagation of the G-deleted RV. Thein vivoimmunogenicity data comparing single-cycle RV to a replication-competent control (BNSP-Gag) showed lower RV-specific antibodies; however, the overall isotype profiles (IgG2a/IgG1) were similar for the two vaccine vectors. Despite this difference, mice immunized with SPBN-ΔG-Gag and BNSP-Gag mounted similar levels of Gag-specific CD8+T-cell responses as measured by major histocompatibility complex class I Gag-tetramer staining, gamma interferon-enzyme-linked immunospot assay, and cytotoxic T-cell assay. Moreover, these cellular responses were maintained equally at immunization titers as low as 103focus-forming units for both RV vaccine vectors. CD8+T-cell responses were significantly enhanced by a boost with a single-cycle RV complemented with a heterologous vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein. These findings demonstrate that single-cycle RV is an effective alternative to replication-competent RV vectors for future development of vaccines for HIV-1 and other infectious diseases.
The Hepatitis B Virus X Protein Modulates Hepatocyte Proliferation Pathways To Stimulate Viral Replication
Authors: Gearhart Tricia L. , Bouchard Michael J.
Published: January 2010

Worldwide, there are over 350 million people who are chronically infected with the human hepatitis B virus (HBV); chronic HBV infections are associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The results of various studies suggest that the HBV X protein (HBx) has a role in the development of HBV-associated HCC. HBx can regulate numerous cellular signal transduction pathways, including those that modulate cell proliferation. Many previous studies that analyzed the impact of HBx on cell proliferation pathways were conducted using established or immortalized cell lines, and when HBx was expressed in the absence of HBV replication, and the precise effect of HBx on these pathways has often differed depending on experimental conditions. We have studied the effect of HBx on cell proliferation in cultured primary rat hepatocytes, a biologically relevant system. We demonstrate that HBx, both by itself and in the context of HBV replication, affected the levels and activities of various cell cycle-regulatory proteins to induce normally quiescent hepatocytes to enter the G1phase of the cell cycle but not to proceed to S phase. We linked HBx regulation of cell proliferation to cytosolic calcium signaling and HBx stimulation of HBV replication. Cumulatively, our studies suggest that HBx induces normally quiescent hepatocytes to enter the G1phase of the cell cycle and that this calcium-dependent HBx activity is required for HBV replication. These studies identify an essential function of HBx during HBV replication and a mechanism that may connect HBV infections to the development of HCC.
Involvement of Ceramide in the Propagation of Japanese Encephalitis Virus
Authors: Tani Hideki , Shiokawa Mai , Kaname Yuuki , Kambara Hiroto , Mori Yoshio , Abe Takayuki , Moriishi Kohji , Matsuura Yoshiharu
Published: January 2010

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne RNA virus and one of the most important flaviviruses in the medical and veterinary fields. Although cholesterol has been shown to participate in both the entry and replication steps of JEV, the mechanisms of infection, including the cellular receptors of JEV, remain largely unknown. To clarify the infection mechanisms of JEV, we generated pseudotype (JEVpv) and recombinant (JEVrv) vesicular stomatitis viruses bearing the JEV envelope protein. Both JEVpv and JEVrv exhibited high infectivity for the target cells, and JEVrv was able to propagate and form foci as did authentic JEV. Anti-JEV envelope antibodies neutralized infection of the viruses. Treatment of cells with inhibitors for vacuolar ATPase and clathrin-mediated endocytosis reduced the infectivity of JEVpv, suggesting that JEVpv enters cells via pH- and clathrin-dependent endocytic pathways. Although treatment of the particles of JEVpv, JEVrv, and JEV with cholesterol drastically reduced the infectivity as previously reported, depletion of cholesterol from the particles by treatment with methyl β-cyclodextrin enhanced infectivity. Furthermore, treatment of cells with sphingomyelinase (SMase), which hydrolyzes membrane-bound sphingomyelin to ceramide, drastically enhanced infection with JEVpv and propagation of JEVrv, and these enhancements were inhibited by treatment with an SMase inhibitor or C
6
-ceramide. These results suggest that ceramide plays crucial roles in not only entry but also egress processes of JEV, and they should assist in the clarification of JEV propagation and the development of novel therapeutics against diseases caused by infection with flaviviruses.
Characteristics of moose (Alces alces) winter yards on different exposures and slopes in southern Quebec
Authors: Proulx Gilbert
Published: January 2010

Forty-two moose (Alces alces) wintering yards were located in February 1970 in southern Quebec. The yards were established without preference for a particular exposure, and no significant difference (p > 0.05) in mean areas existed between yards with southern and northern exposures. However, yards with greater slopes tended to be smaller. The average winter yard slope (12.9 ± 8.8%) was significantly (p < 0.05) smaller than that of control blocks (18.2 ± 9.6%). Fifty percent of the yards were located on slopes ≤10%. The number of winter yards with gentle (0–≤10%), intermediate (>10–≤20%) and steep (>20%) slopes was significantly (p < 0.005) different from that of control blocks. Independent of exposure and slope classes, moose winter yards were mosaics of mature and young coniferous, deciduous, and mixed stands.
Observations sur la pigmentation et la physiologie chromatique de Periclimenes amethysteus (Crustacea, Caridea)
Authors: Noël Pierre Y.
Published: January 2010

The Mediterranean prawn Periclimenes amethysteus bears various characteristic color patches that fluctuate according to age, adults being more colorful than juveniles. Several pigments are present: a white yellowish one located in the chromatophores, a violet pigment diffuse in the epidermis, and a rare red–garnet one. Pink patches seem to result partly from the mixture of the white and violet pigments. There is no physiological chromatic adaptation to background color. However, the white pigment is completely dispersed during the day and retracted at night; the violet pigment vanishes at night. Thus the animal that is brightly colored in daylight becomes almost transparent at night. Eyestalk ablation produces retraction of the white pigment, a slight enhancement of violet pigmentation and a dispersion of the red pigment. Erythrophores and leucophores do not present direct photosensibility and seem to be only hormonally controlled. Color changes in this species are very different from those previously described in other Palaemonidae.
Exclusive adjoining ranges in individually identified minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) in Washington state
Authors: Dorsey Eleanor M.
Published: January 2010

Free-ranging minke whales in the inland marine waters of Washington, U.S.A., were found to be individually identifiable from photographs of naturally occurring distinctive features. Sixteen individuals were recognized and observed from small boats 66 times over 3.5 months in 1980, and four of these whales were also recognized from photographs taken in 1977 and 1978. Three exclusive adjoining ranges were found in about 600 km2, each one shared by up to at least seven minke whales, with only two instances of crossover between areas in 70 sightings. Feeding was observed in all three areas, and the whales within each area appeared most of the time to be acting independently of one another. No calves were seen, and no overt acts of territorial defense were observed. This is the first known report in baleen whales of nonoverlapping ranges on a very small scale.
The follicle population in the ovaries of two wild mice, Apodemus flavicollis and Apodemus sylvaticus
Authors: Eriksson Margareta
Published: January 2010

The follicle population of Apodemus flavicollis and that of A. sylvaticus were investigated throughout the year in the ovaries of three groups of females: females without corpora lutea, nonpregnant females with corpora lutea, and pregnant females. In all groups the healthy follicles without antra were the dominating type. Ripe follicles, as well as all stages of antral follicles, were most numerous in the pregnant females. Ripe follicles were also found in the other two groups of females, although in A. sylvaticus without corpora lutea females with ripe follicles were only few. Atretic follicles were found both with and without antra, although in antral follicles the atresia was most often advanced. Multiovular follicles were found in both species, and most often in pregnant females. The number of follicles showed no seasonal variation. The numbers of antral follicles were increased in the pregnant females, but no other correlation could be found between reproductive state and number of follicles.
Color attraction and perception in Macrosiphon euphorbae
Authors: Burrows Peter M. , Barnett O. W. , Zimmerman Maria T.
Published: January 2010

Color attractions for Macrosiphon euphorbae were investigated by observing apterous aphids in an arena containing competitions between pairs of 16 distinct commercial paints. Relative attractiveness of these paints was found to be transitive in this population of aphids and attractiveness coefficients were assigned via a version of the Bradley–Terry model for paired comparisons. Reflected energy spectra, adjusted for illumination at the arena floor, were determined for the same paints. Alternative monostimulus, distimulus, and tristimulus explanations for relationships between attractiveness and spectral features were examined. The existence of two receptors in the visible spectrum, one sensitive to light at 590–595 nm and one at 425–460 nm, is inferred. A distimulus ratio of energies reflected at 595 nm and at 425 nm is found to be an effective predictor of attractiveness in this sample of paints.
Effect of low pH on the chemical composition of aquatic invertebrates from tundra ponds at the Smoking Hills, N.W.T., Canada
Authors: Havas Magda , Hutchinson T. C.
Published: January 2010

Experiments were conducted to compare the relative sensitivity and chemical composition of aquatic invertebrates (insects and crustaceans) exposed to low pH. Test organisms were collected from tundra ponds at the Smoking Hills, N.W.T. One of the ponds was alkaline (pH 8.2), the other was acidified (pH 2.8) as a result of natural SO2 fumigations. Based on mortality rates, crustaceans were considerably more sensitive to low pH than insect larvae. Sensitive species (Crustacea: Daphnia middendorffiana, Diaptomus arcticus, Branchinecta paludosa, Lepidurus arcticus; and Diptera: Orthocladius consobrinus) were unable to maintain high internal levels of Na and Cl. K concentrations were also lower in dead and dying Daphnia but not in the more tolerant Diptera larvae (O. consobrinus and Chironomus riparius). There was a net loss of Ca at low pH, but this did not correlate with mortality. Daphnia middendorffiana recovered following brief exposure to pH4.0. During recovery Na and Cl concentrations returned to their original levels. Acid-exposed Daphnia became infected by pathogenic fungi. No evidence of fungal infection was observed in any of the other treatments. Water chemistry also altered the chemical composition of aquatic invertebrates. All of the crustaceans as well as the trichopteran Limnephilus pallens had lower body Na, Cl, and Ca concentrations in the acidified pond water than in the alkaline pond water adjusted to pH 4.5. Part of this difference in their chemical composition may be due to elevated Al concentrations in the acidified pond water.
Differences in male courtship in freshwater and marine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus)
Authors: McPhail J. D. , Hay D. E.
Published: January 2010

Earlier studies indicated that the freshwater and marine forms of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) in the Little Campbell River are genetically differentiated and that they do not mate randomly. In this study, we examine the possible contribution of male courtship to this positive assortative mating. Marine and freshwater sticklebacks were obtained from the Little Campbell River, southwestern British Columbia. Males were allowed to build nests in large aquaria and court females. The following courtship behaviours were recorded: zigzag bouts per minute, bites per minute, fanning bouts per minute, glueing, creeping through, and the male's first response. Freshwater males zigzag more, bite less, and glue more than marine males. The intensity of courtship in freshwater males depends on the form of female courted, whereas marine males do not alter their courtship with different forms of females. Freshwater males typically zigzag on first contact with a female, and marine males usually bite. This difference in male first response is independent of the type of female courted. Differences in male courtship provide a basis for positive assortative mating between the two forms of sticklebacks. We argue that selection should favour a male first response that signals genotype.
Examination of possible taxonomic differences within Lake Erie rainbow smelt, Osmerus mordax (Mitchill)
Authors: MacCrimmon Hugh R. , Gots Barra L. , Claytor Ross R.
Published: January 2010

Random samples of rainbow smelt, Osmerus mordax, from commercial summer trawl harvests in the Central and Eastern basins of Lake Erie are examined. Analysis of the meristic, morphometric, and electrophoretic data indicates no statistical evidence of genetic differences between basin populations. However, significant differences in size and growth data between basin populations occur and are attributed to differences in limnological conditions between basins which affect the time of spawning, length of growing season, and growth rate. Thus, these differences indicate an ecophenotypic distinction between the Central and Eastern Basin populations because of between-basin limnological dissimilarities.
Examination of the area of effect of snap-trap transects in Idaho desert
Authors: Johnson William C. , Keller Barry L.
Published: January 2010

Animals residing on replicate 3.9-ha grid systems surrounding a central snap-trap transect were live trapped in southeastern Idaho desert to assess the effect of a snap-trap transect line on marked rodent populations. Information was sought on the distance travelled from the point of live-trap capture to snap-trap capture, time of capture, and the actual size of area of effect. Of 514 rodents marked over seven consecutive live-trapping periods, only 40.7% were subsequently captured in snap traps during an 18-day snap-trap period. Fewer marked females were recovered than males. Assessment lines established perpendicular to the transect line yielded both marked and unmarked rodents. The experiment established that all marked individuals were not equally susceptible to capture in a central snap-trap transect line and that no clear area of removal could be defined for any species enumerated.
La cinétique de la vacuole contractile chez Amoeba proteus: effets de la lumière panchromatique
Authors: Forget Jocelyn , Couillard Pierre
Published: January 2010

The effects of panchromatic illumination at 0.8, 6.7, 122, 436, and 835 W/m2 on the contractile vacuole of Amoeba proteus were measured. At a level as low as 122 W/m2, a gradual deterioration of vacuolar performance is noted: extended cycles, slow or partial systole, plateaux, inhibition of coalescence, etc. Pseudosystole, observed for the first time, supports our hypothesis that osmotic losses oppose vacuolar growth.
Reproduction du Grand Cormoran (Phalacrocorax carbo) et du Cormoran à aigrettes (P. auritus) aux îles de la Madeleine, Québec
Authors: Pilon Christian , Burton Jean , McNeil Raymond
Published: January 2010

The Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) and the Double-crested Cormorant (P. auritus) on the Magdalen Islands (Québec) nest in different types of habitat; all Great Cormorants nest on the ground either on cliff ledges or on the flat tops of rocky islands, while all Double-crested Cormorants nest in coniferous trees. No mixed colonies were seen in 1977 and 1978. Most Great Cormorants laid their eggs some 10 days before the Double-crested Cormorants. The mean clutch size was 4.4 for the Great Cormorant in 1978 and 3.2 and 3.6 for the Double-crested Cormorant in 1977 and 1978. The hatching success was similar for both species, 69.2% for the Great Cormorant in 1978 and 74.5 and 71.8% for the Double-crested Cormorant in 1977 and 1978. Great Cormorant chicks had a higher mortality rate mainly during their first 2 weeks of like. This resulted in a similar ratio of young fledged for both species of cormorant, about 2.0 fledglings per clutch for the Great Cormorant and 2.1 and 2.4 fledglings per clutch for the Double-crested Cormorant in 1977 and 1978. The greater mortality rate of young Great Cormorants reflects differences in nesting sites' conditions.
Variations du taux des ecdystéroïdes hémolymphatiques chez le mâle de Ligia oceanica (L.), (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscoidea) en fonction du cycle de mue et des modifications structurales de l'organe Y
Authors: Girard P. , Maissiat R.
Published: January 2010

Increase in ecdysteroid level of the haemolymph and intensification of cellular activity in the Y organ are closely synchronized with apolysis in the dactyl (C2′) and with the generalized apolysis (D0) of Ligia oceanica (L.) (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscoidea). The role of the molt hormone in starting apolysis is discussed.
In vitro study of hepatic iodothyronine deiodination in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri
Authors: Pimlott N. J. , Eales J. G.
Published: January 2010

A rapid method involving radioiodide separation by miniature G-25 Sephadex columns was used for in vitro assay of outer-ring deiodination of labeled thyroxine ([125I]T4) and 3,5,3′-triiodo-L-thyronine ([125I]T3) by liver homogenates of rainbow trout acclimated at 12 °C. T4 deiodination depended on time, enzyme (protein) level, substrate (T4) level, and pH (optimum, 6.8–7.4). Boiling eliminated deiodination. Over the range 12–20 °C incubation temperature modified both Km and Vmax values but did not alter the pH optimum. Deiodination was accompanied by [125I]T3 production, but 125I-labeled reverse T3 was not detected. T4 deiodination was unaltered by addition of carrier T3 or T3 removal by immunosequestration. T3 itself underwent no outer-ring deiodination at 12 °C and weak deiodination at 20 °C (pH optimum 6.8–7.4). In conclusion, trout liver posseses a T4 5′-monodeiodinase with several properties similar to those of its mammalian counterpart but with little tendency to deiodinate T3.
Demographic and life cycle characteristics of montane deer mice
Authors: Millar John S. , Innes Duncan G. L.
Published: January 2010

Demographic and life cycle characteristics of Peromyscus maniculatus borealis were documented in the wild and in the laboratory. Field studies in the Kananaskis Valley, Alberta, indicated that no mice matured in the summer of their birth, overwintered females produced a maximum of 3 litters each season (average, 1.9), nestling survival was variable (0 to 100%), summer survival of weaned young (average, 0.81/2 weeks) was similar to that of summer adults (average, 0.80/2 weeks), dispersal rates were low, and winter survival (average, 0.98/semimonthly period) was relatively high. These demographic characteristics are similar to those of other populations in which opportunities for reproduction are limited. Laboratory studies indicated that basic life cycle characteristics such as adult size (20.3 g), litter size (5.2), neonate weights (1.70 g), nestling growth rates (0.34 g/day), age at weaning (24.9 days), weight at weaning (9.9 g), and food consumption during lactation (220% of nonbreeding consumption) were not all the same as previously reported for northern P. m. borealis or other Peromyscus. These differences may be related to specific aspects of the annual cycle.
The life history of Dicosmoecus atripes (Hagen) (Limnephilidae: Trichoptera) in a Rocky Mountain stream of Alberta, Canada
Authors: Gotceitas Vytenis , Clifford Hugh F.
Published: January 2010

Dicosmoecus atripes (Hagen) has a 2-year life cycle in Dyson Creek, Alberta, a second order foothills stream of the eastern Canadian Rockies. Emergence and oviposition occur from August to mid-October. The first winter is spent as first instar larvae, the second as inactive fifth (final) instars in a form of diapause. No growth was observed in overwintering first instar larvae, and a significant (P < 0.05) weight loss was recorded in overwintering fifth instar larvae. Temperature seems to be the most important factor responsible for the 2-year life cycle. Annual production was estimated at 91.4 mg∙m−2∙year−1, with an annual production and biomass turnover (P/B) ratio of 4.97. Larval diet and microhabitat changed between instars. The proportion of diatoms in the diet of early instar larvae was significantly (P < 0.001) greater than that of third and later instars. Early instar larvae inhabit stream margins, while larvae of third and later instars were mainly found in midstream reaches. Larvae of all instars preferred pools to riffles. Abiotic factors important in microhabitat selection seemed to differ between larval instars.
The effect of Ca2+ levels on in vitro prolactin release from the rostral pars distalis of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)
Authors: MacDonald D. J. , McKeown B. A.
Published: January 2010

The effect of varying media Ca2+ levels on prolactin synthesis and release was investigated in vitro using the rostral pars distalis of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). It was found that media Ca2+ is required for release and that maximum release occurred near physiological levels for plasma-ionized Ca2+ in salmonids. Both higher and lower levels of media Ca2+ were found to release less prolactin.
The role of setae in the behaviour of larval Phryganea cinerea Walker (Trichoptera: Phryganeidae)
Authors: Sakhuja Minnie , Williams D. Dudley , Williams Nancy E.
Published: January 2010

Phryganea cinerea Walker is a member of one of the most primitive families of the tube-case-building caddisflies. The larva is well supplied with setae. The poor eyesight of caddisfly larvae is one indication that setae could play a significant role in their behaviour. This study records the responses of P. cinerea larvae to mechanical stimulation of individual setae located on the dorsal surface of the body. The most sensitive setae are located on the most anterior or most posterior segments of the body. While stimulation of setae on the labium, head, thorax, or legs generally produced responses towards the stimulus, stimulation of setae on the last three abdominal segments, including the anal prolegs, generally produced responses away from the stimulus. These responses are related to observations of larval interactions and feeding behaviour. Variations in intensity and quality of response indicate a difference in function of setae in different regions. Preliminary comparative observations on Nemotaulius hostilis (Hagen), another case-building species, showed responses similar to those of P. cinerea upon stimulation, although responses were generally milder. Observations on Rhyacophila fuscula (Walker), a free-living species, showed intense responses to stimulation at the anterior end but very weak responses to stimulation of posterior setae.
Diurnal activity budgets of Black Ducks during their annual cycle in Prince Edward Island
Authors: Hickey T. Earle , Titman Rodger D.
Published: January 2010

Scan sampling (N = 68 193 observations) and continuous observation (N = 659 h) of Black Ducks (Anas rubripes) in Prince Edward Island between 19 April 1976 and 1 September 1977 were used to estimate their seasonal activity budgets. Percent of time spent resting increased with increasing wind chill during fall (47.9–63.5%) and winter (76.9–85.5%). Ducks fed less and rested more with increasing tide level during all seasons. Females spent more time feeding than their mates during late winter (9.7%) and the breeding season (15.1%). Behavior of pairs varied depending on the habitat occupied. Feeding was the major activity of Black Duck pairs and of brood hens and ducklings. Resting dominated fall and winter behavior although some sites were more important for foraging during winter. Behavioral changes between seasons apparently reflect different strategies employed by Black Ducks within their yearly cycle.
Morphological correlates of subaerial existence in leptodactylid tadpoles associated with flowing water
Authors: Wassersug Richard J. , Heyer W. Ronald
Published: January 2010

Tadpoles of the Brazilian leptodactylid frog genera Cycloramphus and Thoropa are characterized by having extremely depressed bodies and elongated, nearly finless tails. In this paper we describe internal oral features of Cycloramphus duseni, Thoropa miliaris, and Thoropa petropolitana larvae. These tadpoles are similar internally. Although they are considered "stream adapted" by some authors, they are found on steep, wet, rocky surfaces often near, but not directly in, streams. Internally they differ from typical stream larvae in having less buccal papillation, having an exposed glottis, and lacking secretory ridges on the branchial food traps. These are features that they share with other subaerial tadpoles, be they semiterrestrial or arboreal. Elongated tadpoles associated with streams appear more adapted for avoiding currents than living within them. Extreme elongation in tadpoles characterizes a fossorial way of life.
Growth dynamics in Sphaerium rhomboideum (Bivalvia: Pisidiidae)
Authors: Mackie G. L. , Flippance L. A.
Published: January 2010

Analyses of growth in shell dimensions and weight of Sphaerium rhomboideum from two permanent ponds showed that width has a positive allometric relationship with length and height of the shell. This results in an increase in interior shell volume that is significantly correlated with the increase in space required by developing larvae. The ovoviviparous habit of S. rhomboideum also explains most of the curvilinear relationships between clam length and total dry weight and between clam calcium content and length and weight of adults. An iteroparous reproductive strategy is shown to be dependent upon both a positive allometric relationship between larval and parent shell lengths and birth of the cohort during or immediately before an active growing period. If birth of the cohort occurs immediately before a dormant period, semelparity will occur no matter what type of allometric relationship is obtained between larval and adult shell lengths.
Morphological variation within populations of Peromyscus maniculatus from different geographic areas
Authors: Lightbody Jill P. , Millar John S.
Published: January 2010

To examine patterns of morphological variation among and within populations of Peromyscus maniculatus, we collected samples from four different geographic areas in western Canada. There was no difference among populations in the coefficient of variation (CV) for any of the measurements of either sex. We did, however, find a difference between males and females in all areas. Females were more often the more variable sex (p < 0.05). We suggest this may be due to differences in habitat use.
Description of Εubothrium tulipai sp. n. (Pseudophyllidea: Amphicotylidae) from northern squawfish in British Columbia
Authors: Ching Hilda Lei , Andersen Karin
Published: January 2010

A new species of Eubothrium is described from northern squawfish from lakes in northern British Columbia. Morphologically, Eubothrium tulipai differs from other Eubothrium species in the shapes of the scolex, ovary, and cirrus sac. The new species differs from E. rugosum and E. salvelini, the two other freshwater species located in the Fraser drainage system, in the protuberant, powerful bothria, small, round apical disk, and constricted cirrus sac. Biologically it differs further from the two species in parasitizing a cyprinid host and is probably specific to cyprinid fish in British Columbia.
Thyroid iodine and serum thyroid hormone levels in wild white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from central Michigan
Authors: Watkins B. E. , Ullrey D. E.
Published: January 2010

Three wild, female white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) collected in Missaukee County, Michigan, during February and March 1979 had lower (P < 0.01) serum total thyroxine (T4), free T4 (FT4), and triiodothyronine (T3) levels, thyroid iodine (I) concentration, and body weights than 17 captive does fed a complete diet. Thyroid weight per metabolic body weight (body weight (kilograms)0.75) was greater (P < 0.01) in the wild deer. These data indicate malnutrition and incipient I deficiency in the wild deer.
Synonymization of Gyrodactylus labradorius Hanek and Threlfall, 1970 with G. bairdi Wood and Mizelle, 1957 (Monogenea)
Authors: Cone D. K. , Wiles M.
Published: January 2010

This study compares Gyrodactylus bairdi Wood and Mizelle, 1957 from Cottus bairdi Girard in Indiana and C. cognatus Richardson in the Yukon Territory to G. labradorius Hanek and Threlfall, 1970 from C. bairdi in Labrador. The marginal hooklet sickles in the two species are identical in shape and size. The hamuli are similarly shaped and slight differences in overall size of the haptoral sclerites can be attributed to intraspecific variation. It is concluded that G. labradorius is a synonym of G. bairdi, and that G. bairdi, so consolidated, is distributed throughout most of the geographical range of freshwater cottids in North America.
Effet maternel et effet de la vigueur hybride sur la viabilité de la drosophile (Drosophila melanogaster) aux différents stades du développement pré-imaginal
Authors: Cadieu Nicole
Published: January 2010

When larval competition in Drosophila melanogaster is prevented, survival up to imaginal emergence in two inbred strains and their reciprocal hybrids seems to depend on (i) a maternal influence (possibly due to cytoplasmic factors), (ii) the state of inbreeding or outbreeding of the progeny. The study of the death rate during development demonstrates that the maternal effect can be detected at every stage of the preimaginal life (embryo, larva, and pupa). On the other hand heterosis is superimposed on the maternal effect mainly during larval life, the viability for the hybrid larvae being higher than the average of the two parental strains.
Plate morphs in freshwater samples of Gasterosteus aculeatus from Arctic and Atlantic Canada: Complementary comments on a recent contribution
Authors: Coad Brian W.
Published: January 2010

Additional analyses of museum samples for plate morphs in the freshwater threespine stickleback from Arctic and Atlantic Canada confirm the scarcity of the low morph in mainland Atlantic Canada as shown by Hagen and Moodie (D. W. Hagen and G. E. E. Moodie. 1982. Can. J. Zool. 60: 1032–1042). Insular Newfoundland samples show evidence that populations containing the low morph are not uncommon and this agrees well with Hagen and Moodie's climatic explanation for plate morph distribution. This climatic explanation does not, however, account for the high frequencies of low morph populations shown here to occur in Arctic Canada. Two populations are identified which may be monomorphic for the low morph, and a monomorphic partial population is reported from an inland stream. Both these types of populations are rare in eastern North America.
Sarcocystis peromysci n. sp. and S. idahoensis in deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) in Montana
Authors: Dubey J. P.
Published: January 2010

Two structurally distinct sarcocysts with thin and thick walls were found in 25 of 98 deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) in Montana. Thin-walled S. idahoensis sarcocysts were seen in 11 mice. Thick-walled sarcocysts were seen in 13 mice. A new name, S. peromysci, is proposed for the thick-walled sarcocysts. Sarcocystis peromysci sarcocysts were up to 1875 × 81 μm and contained 11.2 × 3.1 μm bradyzoites with prominent granules. The sarcocyst wall was 2–5.5 μm thick and had hairlike protrusions on its wall.
Sterility of hybrids of two subspecies of the varying lemming Dicrostonyx groenlandicus bred in captivity
Authors: Scott Grace Workman , Fisher Kenneth C.
Published: January 2010

The progeny of crosses between individuals of two subspecies of Dicrostonyx groenlandicus, D. g. richardsoni, and D. g. groenlandicus were sterile, although both subspecies had previously been successfully bred in captivity. This laboratory experience may be of importance in the extreme changes in population of lemmings, in their classification as subspecies, and in procedures adopted when breeding in captivity.
Bumblebee foraging and floral scent dimorphism: Bombus kirbyellus Curtis (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and Polemonium viscosum Nutt. (Polemoniaceae)
Authors: Galen Candace , Kevan Peter G.
Published: January 2010

Plants of Polemonium viscosum have either sweet- or skunky-scented flowers. In this paper we examine the relationship between floral scent and visitation by the principal pollinator, Bombus kirbyellus. Field observations of nectar collecting bumblebee queens showed that bees visited plants with sweet-scented flowers significantly more often than those with skunky scent and tended to visit more flowers per inflorescence of sweet than of skunky scent. These observations agree with results from preference tests with captive bees foraging under controlled conditions on enclosed arrays of the two scent morphs. In experimental trials, bee orientation on the initial visit to the array and on visits between plants within the array favored sweet-scented inflorescences. Bees moved on the grid in such a way that skunky-scented nearest neighbors were undervisited, while sweet-scented flowers were visited more often than expected. In one set of trials, sucrose solution was added to flowers in order to compensate for natural standing crop variation. This treatment did not reduce bumblebee preference for the sweet scent morph nor alter the movement patterns of bees on the grid. Hence, in this system, floral visitation pattern appears to be influenced more strongly by scent than by nectar level.