bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring the Role of Collocation in Creative Writing among Pakistani Learners at Secondary Level: A Corpus-based Study
Authors: Akhter Shamim , Mohd Nordin Nur Rasyidah
Published: March 2022

Research works on the usage of lexical collocations for enhancing the creative writing of foreign language learners is considerably lacking. To examine the impact of collocation on reading, speaking and writing skills have been the focus of the researchers. It was observed that the writing skill of EFL learners was weak and they faced difficulties in English writing. Pakistani EFL learners are facing problems while writing English creatively especially at secondary level. Their writing is weak due to lack of adequate combinations of words according to the context. The undertaken research endeavours to explore the impact of English collocations on the creative writing skill and the effect of English Newspaper corpus to improve the collocation knowledge among the EFL learners at Secondary level in Punjab, Pakistan. Quasi experimental research design is adopted for the present study. Two groups of English language learners participate in this research. SPSS, version 23.00 is used to analyse the collected data statistically. The research employs a mixed method. Quantitative data is collected through pre and post-tests, writing task. Qualitative data is collected through semi-structured interviews. Sinclair’ (1991), Ying and Hendrick (2003)’s models are utilized to analyse the data. The results of the study reveal that the participants of the two groups possess inadequate knowledge of collocation. The corpus-based collocation intervention proves significantly effective and it assists the students in experimental group to develop their collocation knowledge and creative writing. The results also reveal that collocation approach contributes a lot to creative writing. Therefore, the results of the study demonstrate that the corpus-based collocation intervention has a significant effect on the participant’s performance in expressing their knowledge in a creative way. This study implies that the collocation knowledge plays a significant role in enhancing EFL secondary learner’s creative writing.
Assessment of Postoperative Outcomes of Spine Fusion Patients With History of Cardiac Disease
Authors: Ahmad Waleed , Fernandez Laviel , Bell Joshua , Krol Oscar , Kummer Nicholas , Passfall Lara , Naessig Sara , Pierce Katherine , Tretiakov Peter , Moattari Kevin , Joujon-Roche Rachel , Williamson Tyler K. , Imbo Bailey , Vira Shaleen , Lafage Virginie , Paulino Carl , Schoenfeld Andrew J. , Diebo Bassel , Hassanzadeh Hamid , Passias Peter
Published: March 2022

Introduction:

There is paucity on the effect of different cardiac diagnoses on outcomes in elective spine fusion patients.

Methods:

Patients undergoing elective spine fusion surgery were isolated in the PearlDiver database. Patients were stratified by having a previous history of coronary artery disease (CAD), congestive heart failure (CHF), valve disorder (valve), dysrhythmia, and no heart disease (control). Means comparison tests (chi-squared and independent samples t-tests, as appropriate) compared differences in demographics, diagnoses, comorbidities, procedural characteristics, length of stay, complication outcomes, and total hospital charges among the cohort.

Results:

In total, 537,252 elective spine fusion patients were stratified into five groups: CAD, CHF, valve, dysrhythmia, and control. Among the cohort, patients with CHF had significantly higher rates of morbid obesity, peripheral vascular disease, and chronic kidney disease (P < 0.001 for all). Patients with CAD had significantly higher rates of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia (all P < 0.001). Comparing postoperative outcomes for CAD and control subjects, CAD was associated with higher odds of myocardial infarction (odds ratio [OR]: 1.64 [1.27 to 2.11]) (P < 0.05). Assessing postoperative outcomes for CHF versus control subjects, patients with CHF had higher rates of pneumonia, cerebrovascular accident (CVA), myocardial infarction, sepsis, and death (P < 0.001). Compared with control subjects, CHF was a significant predictor of death in spine fusion patients (OR: 2.0 [1.1 to 3.5], P = 0.022). Patients with valve disorder compared with control displayed significantly higher rates of 30-day readmission (P < 0.05) and 1.38× greater odds of CVA by 90 days postoperatively (OR: 1.4 [1.1 to 1.7], P = 0.007). Patients with dysrhythmia were associated with significantly higher odds of CVA (OR: 1.8 [1.4 to 2.3], P < 0.001) by 30 days postoperatively.

Conclusion:

Heart disease presents an additional challenge to spine fusion patients who are undergoing a challenging and risky procedure. Before surgical intervention, a proper understanding of cardiac diagnoses could give insight into the potential risks for each patient based on their heart condition and preventive measures showing benefit in minimizing perioperative complications after elective spine fusion.
Controling dalam Perspektif Al Qur'an dan Al Hadits
Authors: Wicahyaningtyas Maharani
Published: March 2022

Monitoring the process or ar-riqobah in every form of leadership is something that must exist and must be implemented. The accentuation of this activity is to research and check whether the implementation of planning tasks is really being carried out or not. This is also to find out whether there are deviations, abuses, and deficiencies in its implementation. If there is, then it needs to be revised. The function of supervision or control is one of the activities to make improvements, not activities to find faults. To be able to carry out supervision properly, the planning concept must exist and be clear. Without planning it is difficult to detect deviations and without knowledge of deviations, the control function will be very blurry. This paper aims to examine the concept of control, the term Controlling in the Qur'an and hadith, the function and purpose of Controlling, controlling requirements, steps in the process of supervision, implementation of controlling in Islamic educational institutions.
HUBUNGAN ANTARA SENSATIONAL SEEKING DENGAN RISK TAKING BEHAVIOR PADA PENGEMUDI MOBIL YANG MELAKUKAN BALAPAN LIAR DI KOTA MAKASSAR
Authors: Muh Nur Ikhsan Andi , Asri Asmulyani , Firdaus Faradillah
Published: March 2022

Individu dengan sensation seeking yang tinggi akan membutuhkan stimulus lebih sehingga berpotensi melakukan perilaku yang berisiko dan mencari pengalaman baru, tantangan, sensasi, serta variasi lain yang tinggi dalam hidupnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara sensation seeking dengan risk taking behavior individu pada pengemudi mobil yang melakukan balapan liar di Makassar. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kuantitatif korelasional dengan jumlah subjek sebanyak 116 orang yang bergabung dalam komunitas mobil. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Spearman Rank Correlation. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan sensational seeking dengan risk taking behavior (p=0,037 & r=0,194). Artinya terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara sensational seeking dengan risk taking behavior pada pengemudi mobil yang melakukan balapan liar di kota Makassar. Hasil Penelitian ini ditujukan kepada pengemudi mobil di kota Makassar sebagai informasi mengenai dampak buruk dari perilaku mengambil risiko balap liar agar meminimalisir angka kecelakan lalu lintas.
1768-1774 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı Ortasında Kırım Pazarlığı: Fokşan Barış Müzakereleri
Authors: YILDIZ Hakan
Published: March 2022

Osmanlı Devleti ile Rusya arasında 1768 yılından 1774 yılına kadar altı yıl devam eden uzun savaş sürecinde barış sağlamak için yapılan iki girişimden ilki, Eflak ile Boğdan sınırındaki Fokşan kasabası yakınlarında yapılan müzakerelerdir. Fokşan görüşmelerinin önemi, ilk kez Osmanlı Müslüman mülkü olan Kırım’ın bağımsızlığının Osmanlı hilafeti ile birlikte devletlerarası bir müzakerede gündeme gelmesidir. Dolayısıyla söz konusu görüşmeler, siyasî bir meselenin dinî nitelikleriyle birlikte tartışıldığı diplomatik bir süreç olarak da ilgi çekicidir. Müzakerelerde Kırım’ın bağımsızlığı, Rus tarafınca ön şart olarak öne sürüldüğü, Osmanlı tarafınca ise İslâm dinine ve hilafete aykırılığı gerekçesiyle reddedildiği için diğer maddelere geçilememiş ve görüşmeler anlaşmazlıkla sonuçlanmıştır. Bu makale, daha önce XVIII. yüzyıl Osmanlı-Rus ilişkilerine dair yapılan çalışmalarda kısaca değinilen Fokşan barış müzakerelerini, ilk kez müstakil bir başlık altında ve Osmanlı-Rus müzakerecilerin şahsî, siyasî performansları çerçevesinde ayrıntılı olarak incelemeyi ve değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Böylece, diplomatik girişimlerin Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı’nın sürecine etkisi ve savaşın sonucundaki kayıpların ve kazançların her iki devletin siyasî geleceğini nasıl şekillendireceğine dair bazı öngörülere ulaşmak mümkün olabilecektir. Araştırmada konu ile ilgili basılı eserler ve bazı resmî belgelerin yanında, olaylara şahit olan kişilerin kaleme aldığı bütün kroniklerden yararlanılmaya çalışılmıştır.
Hunnenzeitliche Gräber in Budakalász und Páty
Authors: Ottományi Katalin
Published: March 2022

Bei den im Komitat Pest durchgeführten Ausgrabungen der letzten Jahre wurden zwei neue, in das zweite Drittel des 5. Jahrhunderts datierbare Bestattungsorte freigelegt. In Budakalász kam eine kleine Grabgruppe und in Páty-Verdung ein Frauengrab zum Vorschein. Für die Gräber ist der Beinkamm mit halbkreisförmigem Griff als Beilage kennzeichnend. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden diese Bestattungen bekannt gemacht, im Vergleich zu den anderen im Komitat Pest freigelegten, überwiegend Beinkämme beinhaltenden Gräbern.
Középkori falfestmények töredékei a Margit-szigeti királyi kastélyból
Authors: Harsányi Eszter
Published: March 2022

A Margitszigeti domonkos apácakolostorhoz kapcsolódó, Irásné Melis Katalin által feltárt királyi kastély 1. helyiségéből számos festett vakolatdarab került elő. A helyszínen is dolgozó szerző cikkében ismerteti és rekonstruálja az 1. helyiség keleti fala lábazatának 15. századi díszítőfestészetét.
Archäologische Angaben zur mittleren und späten La Tène- Zeit in Südosttransdanubien
Authors: Maráz Borbála
Published: March 2022

Die Studie veröffentlicht in kurzer Form die Fundorte der mittleren und späten LT-Zeit in Südosttransdanubien (die in die Periode LT C2/D und LT D einzureihenden sowie die LT D - frühkaiserzeitlichen) und ihr Fundmaterial. Auf Grund ihrer chronologischen Einteilung und der Bestimmung ihrer Beziehungen wirft sie einige Fragen hinsichtlich der Geschichte des Gebietes im 2.-1. Jahrhundert v. Chr. und im 1. Jahrhundert n. Chr. auf.
A Budapest-tabáni késő kelta lelőhely archaeobotanikai vizsgálata
Authors: Gyulai Ferenc
Published: March 2022

A hazai kelta kor archaeobotanikai maradványairól meglehetősen gyér információval rendelkezünk, pedig segítségükkel fontos következtetéseket vonhatnánk le a növénytermesztésre és földművelésre, növényismeretre, eszközhasználatra vonatkozóan. Összehasonlíthatóvá válnának a régóta és alaposan kutatott nyugat-európai kelta települési hálózat gazdálkodása és növényhasználata a hazánk területén élt kelta törzsekével. Ezért is jelentős a Maráz Borbála által 2005-2006-ban feltárt Budapest 1. kerület, Hadnagy utca 8-10. (Rácfürdő) késő kelta lelőhely alább bemutatásra kerülő archaeobotanikai leletanyaga.
A szabadi kelta temető állatcsontanyaga
Authors: Bartosiewicz László
Published: March 2022

A temető két sírjába sertés és házityúk darabjait tették feltehetőleg étel-mellékletként. A csontok fiatal egyedekből származnak, főzésre utalóan kilúgozott külleműek. A csirkecsontok húsos testrészekből, de igen kicsi, fiatal, „rántanivaló” állatokból valók. A 11. sír „három állata” egyazon süldődisznó több része. A sertésfejek hús-, illetve szimbolikus értéke e kevés lelet alapján nehezen magyarázható.
A hajdúnánási avar temető embertani leletei
Authors: Hajdu Tamás , Guba Zsuzsanna , Pap Ildikó
Published: March 2022

A tanulmány a Hajdúnánás-Fürj halom járás lelőhelyen feltárt 18 avar kori (6 férfi, 8 nő és 4 subadultus korú) egyén antropológiai és paleopatológiai vizsgálatainak eredményeit közli. A koponyák metrikus adatai alapján a népesség heterogén volt. A becsült testmagasság szerint az avar kori összesített, valamint a vizsgált régióban jellemző értékeknél a férfiak valamivel, a nők jelentősen alacsonyabbak voltak. A taxonómiai vizsgálatok eredményei alapján a népességben az europid jellegeken túl a mongolid nagyrasszra jellemző bélyegek is megfigyelhetők. A koponyaindexek összehasonlítása alapján a vizsgált népesség a Tiszavasvári-Petőfi utcai avar kori temető népességgel mutat hasonlóságot. A szériában több, jelentős fizikai megterhelésre és vérképzöszervi megbetegedésre utaló csontelváltozást, egy egyén esetén perimortem sérüléseket, valamint egy esetben szándékos koponyatorzítást figyeltünk meg. A vizsgált szériából két férfi maradványain végeztünk DNS vizsgálatokat. Ennek során az aDNS J'elsokszorozása az alkalmazott kísérleti beállításokkal nem járt sikerrel.
16. századi kályhacsempék az ónodi vár ásatásából II...
Authors: Tomka Gábor
Published: March 2022

A közlemény az ónodi vár (Északkelet-Magyarország) 1985-1991 közötti feltárása során előkerült kályhacsempe-leletanyagból mutat be két csoportot. A III. sz. csoport többnyire színes mázas csempéit 11, részben a 16. század első feléből eredő, részben későbbi eredetű típusba lehetett sorolni. A IV. sz. csoport zöld mázas 10 típusát 1550-1570 között, illetve a század utolsó harmadában legalább 4 műhely készítette. A bemutatott típusok dokumentálják a mai Északkelet-Magyaroszág mezővárosaiban és végváraiban a kályhás mesterség termékeinek fokozódó elterjedését a 16. század második felében.
16-19. századi kerámiatípusok Pápán
Authors: Kolláth Ágnes
Published: March 2022

A tanulmány a Pápa (Veszprém megye) Fő terén 2011-ben végzett feltárások során előkerült kora újkori és újkori kerámiaanyaggal kapcsolatos első eredményeket mutatja be, különös tekintettel a keltező értékű kerámiatípusokra, a helyi gyártás bizonyítékaira és a máshonnan érkező, import áruk elkülönítésére.
Méri István kapcsolata a magyar ősrégészeti kutatással. Korai évek a Magyar Nemzeti Múzeumban
Authors: Szathmári Ildikó
Published: March 2022

A Régészeti osztály kerámia restaurátori műhelyének működése 1932 nyarán, Méri István munkába lépésével kezdődött. Új restaurálási módszereit főként az őskori kerámiák kiegészítésében alkalmazta. Jó gyakorlati érzékének, precíz rajzoló tehetségének köszönhetően számos ásatáson vett részt. Először 1933-ban Tompa Ferenc vitte magával a füzesabonyi bronzkori telep feltárására, ahol 1933 és 1937 között aktívan közreműködött a munkákban. Méri István első tanulmányai az őskorkutatáshoz, elsősorban az őskori edények készítéstechnikájának vizsgálatához kapcsolódnak.
Településszerkezeti megfigyelések nagykunsági késő középkori falvakban és a kiskunsági Szentkirályon
Authors: Pálóczi Horváth András
Published: March 2022

A szerző terepbejárásokat végzett a Méri István által kutatott Túrkeve-mórici későközépkori falutelepülésen, ahol újabb jobbágyportákat és lakóházakat fedezett fel. Hasonló terepbejárásokkal vizsgálta meg a Karcag és Kisújszállás határában lévő kun szállásfalvak helyét s ezek tanulságait egybevetette az általa feltárt szentkirályi településsel.
The Roman Army along the Amber Road between Poetovio and Carnuntum in the 1st Century A.D. - Archaeological evidence. A preliminary research report
Authors: Mráv Zsolt
Published: March 2022

The purpose o f my study is to shed light on the 1st Century Roman occupation o f NW-Pannonia by discussing the military sites along the 270 km long section of the Amber Road between two legionary fortresses, the Augustan Poetovio and the late Tiberio-Claudian Carnuntum. I will also examine the Roman occupation system of its two main branch roads, the Savaria-Brigetio and Scarbantia- Vindobona roads. Besides literary sources, my analysis is based on the archaeologically investigated and proved military buildings and fortifications of the period, the early import goods and inscriptions and, above all, the military equipment and horse gear finds which have long been regarded as characteristics of sites of military nature. The early history o f the Amber Road region is much more nuanced than scholars have hitherto realized, since the recently accumulated and tallied sources, primarily militaria finds, throw new light on the characteristic features of the Roman occupation system of this region.
Roman period jet beaded armlet from the site of Bátaszék-Lajvér
Authors: Gelencsér Ákos , Larsson Nicklas , Majerik Vera
Published: March 2022

The assemblages of a young female grave (~3rd–4th century AD), at the cemetery next to the limes mutatio at Bátaszék-Lajvér, Hungary, included an armlet made of 22 pieces of flat, elliptical and decorated jet beads. This article presents a detailed description of the armlet and a discussion of the results of a material analysis – petrological and vitrinite reflectance – performed on samples of the beads.
Kora vaskori teleprészlet Balatonboglár-Berekre-dűlőből
Authors: Jáky András
Published: March 2022

Az M7-es autópálya építését megelőzően 1994–1995-ben illetve 2001–2003-ban zajlott, nagyfelületű feltárások során egy nagy kiterjedésű kora vaskori település részlete látott napvilágot Balatonboglár-Berekredűlő lelőhelyén. Az anyag mennyisége miatt először egy 60 objektumot magába foglaló teleprészlet került feldolgozásra, amelybe egy kihagyott teret körülvevő építmények, gödrök és tüzelőhelyek egy része esik. A feldolgozott terület fémanyagban igen szegény, a leletanyag többségét kerámiatöredékek teszik ki, valamint agyag-, kő- és csonteszközök, amelyek alapján a telep jól beilleszthető a dunántúli Ha C2–D1 korú telepek sorába. Az edények kapcsolatrendszere a Dunántúl kora vaskori lelőhelyei, valamint Kelet-Ausztria és a délkelet-alpi vidék felé mutat. A lelőhely méretével egyelőre kitűnik a Dél-Dunántúl kora vaskori lelőhelyei közül.
Vessels with planta pedis stamp in the area of Aquincum
Authors: Nagy Alexandra
Published: March 2022

This study is an amended version of an earlier communication (Nagy A.–Beszédes 2009).1 In the meantime we had the opportunity to analyse further finds and now we are able to outline the form variations and the main characteristics of the pottery group. In the case of some types we found direct links to the potter Resatus. The Aquincum Museum’s collection houses tens of thousands of so-called Pannonische Glanztonware (PGW) vessels and fragments, of which more than 5,000 pieces had stamped motifs. On the co-occurrence of different motifs, decorative styles and forms these stamped vessels could be assigned to larger groups. Therefore, it does not seem to be practical to publish this huge amount of material by sites, but by groups where motifs and their combinations are put into a system. As this is the first article on the subject of the stamped vessels found in Aquincum, the aim of the present study is the presentation of the vessels with planta pedis stamps, their forms, quality characteristics, dating and workshops.
The Grave of the “Lady of Borjád” – a Late Neolithic Woman of High Status From Baranya County (Hungary)
Authors: Bertók Gábor , Gáti Csilla
Published: March 2022

The paper publishes a recently excavated grave and the possible remains of an adjacent, but destroyed grave, both dated to the Late Neolithic Lengyel Culture. The graves were found in 2010 during a rescue excavation near the village of Borjád (Baranya County, southwestern Hungary). The intact grave (and most probably the destroyed one, too) belongs to a recently discovered type of high-status burial within a large rectangular burial pit with hollowed corners. Many of these graves are richly endowed with grave goods. Though hundreds of Lengyel Culture graves have been published so far from Baranya, the intact Borjád grave is the first of the type from the county, and second outside the site (Alsónyék-Bátaszék, Tolna County) where the type was discovered.
Iron Age Venetian Horse of Sopron-Krautacker (NW Hungary)
Authors: Bárány Annamária , Vörös István
Published: March 2022

In 1982, a Late Iron Age horse burial was excavated in a large pit at the Iron Age settlement-complex of Sopron-Krautacker. A brief discussion about the horse and its ritual and cultural contexts was published in 1998 by Erzsébet Jerem. A more detailed description of the horse (pit 228) and the sacrificial ritual are the subject of this study. Based on the characteristics of the skull and the postcranial parts, the horse can be classified into a prehistoric type occurring in areas of the Central and Eastern Mediterranean. The nearest comparative horse type is found in the Northern Italian Veneto. Large stature (1.4–1.5 m) Iron Age horses are known at only a few sites in Hungary. According to our present knowledge, large Iron Age horses rarely occur in East-Central-Europe, and are imported from the Eastern-Balkan or the coastal regions of the Eastern Mediterranean.
Avar temető Tolna-Mözs határában
Authors: Kiss Csaba Kálmán
Published: March 2022

Tolna-Mözs, Községi Csádés földek (TO-02) lelőhely feltárására az M6-os számú autópálya építése során, 2008–2009-ben került sor. A feltárás során réz-, bronzkori, kelta, avar és Árpád-kori jelenségek kerültek elő, a tanulmány az avar korszakra keltezhető (összesen 23) sírt mutatja be. A lelőhelyet ÉNY-ról és DK-ről egy-egy kisebb ér határolja. A szórt rendszerű csoportokba rendeződő avar sírok egy kis temetkezési helyet alkotnak. A temető újabb adatokkal járul hozzá a Kelet-Dunántúl, illetve a Mezőföld „közép avar kori” betelepülésének megismeréséhez.
„Ókályhákbúl rakatván…” – fűtés Csábrág várában a 18. században
Authors: Rakonczay Rita
Published: March 2022

Csábrág (Čabraď, SK) vára a 13. századtól egészen 1812-ig fennállt, így az előkerült leletanyag jelentős része tehető a vár életének legutolsó időszakára is. Az ide sorolható csempék nagyrészt egyszerű, reliefes díszítést egyáltalán nem mutató kályhákhoz tartoztak, amelyeknél leginkább a mázakkal vagy az építészeti elemeket imitáló párkány-, illetve sarokelemekkel variáltak. E kései kályhacsempék kutatása igencsak elhanyagolt, pedig ebben a korszakban már sokkal több forrás áll a rendelkezésünkre, amelyek segítségével pontosabb képet kaphatunk a vár utolsó tüzelőberendezéseiről.
Halomsíros kocsimodell töredéke Mesterházáról (Nyugat-Magyarország, Vas megye)
Authors: Ilon Gábor
Published: March 2022

Jelen tanulmányomban egy magántulajdonban lévő kocsimodell töredékét mutatom be. Ez egy, a Halomsíros kultúra kezdetére keltezhető (BB1), de erőteljes Věteřov kerámiaművességi hagyományokat mutató, a központi nyilvántartásban nem szereplő településről származik. Ugyanúgy szórvány, mint az ott felszedett bronz balta és tű. Mindezek a tárgyak tovább színesítik azt a kulturális (Gáta-Wieselburg, Věteřov, Litzen, Halomsíros) keveredést, amelyet az utóbbi két évtizedben egyre inkább rögzített a magyar kutatás is a Dunántúl nyugati részén.
Privatization of German and Other European Air Navigation Service Providers and the Single European Sky Regulations
Authors: Plingen Christian , Hobe Stephan , Irmen Katharina
Published: March 2022

For a number of years there has been a tendency towards the privatization of Air Navigation Service Providers (ANSPs), particularly in Europe. In this article a definition of the term ‘privatization’ will be outlined. Furthermore, the authors provide a review of the history of the English, French and German ANSPs in order to illustrate the differences in the development of European ANSPs. Thereafter, arguments for and against privatization will be summarized. During the last decade the European Union has strengthened its efforts in air law, as demonstrated by the issuance of the Single European Sky Regulations. Therefore, it is necessary to review the status of existing European ANSPs and their compliance with EU laws. Subsequently, the authors demonstrate that there is a trend towards commercialization, even though no mandatory rules are prescribed for the privatization of the core functions of ANSPs.
Passengers with Reduced Mobility in the EU, Canada and the US
Authors: Ephraimson Hans , Konert Anna
Published: March 2022

Over the last few years the protection of the rights of passengers with reduced mobility have attracted ever increasing attention of the international community.

Two years ago Constance O’Keefe has already discussed in two articles the ongoing proposed Rule Making process in the United States. This article will address now the European Community.

Regulation 1107/2006 as well as the recent decision of the Canadian Transportation Agency determining the rights and obligations of the handicapped public travelling by air as well as those of the carriers, airports and third–party providers.
The European Commission’s Airport Package
Authors: Peeters Maarten
Published: March 2022

Congestion is the main problem in European aviation today. Whereas plenty of regulatory and financial effort has been devoted to airspace congestion, the capacity crunch at airports has only recently taken its rightful place in the regulatory spotlights. The European Commission’s Airport Package is the most recent example of European aviation regulation’s continuously expanding scope. This article discusses all three parts of the Airport Package: the Communication on airport capacity, efficiency and safety in Europe, the proposal for a Directive on airport charges and the report on the implementation of the Ground Handling Directive. Since the Package for a large part announces future regulation, the current state of affairs in the regulatory proceedings is included in this overview.
Language Proficiency in Aeronautical Communications: Some Recent Developments
Authors: Abeyratne Ruwantissa
Published: March 2022

Consequent upon the mid–air collision over India in 1996 which resulted in the death of 349 persons, and particularly since 1998, ICAO has made consistent efforts to standardize language proficiency for pilots and air traffic controllers. The issue has reached critical proportions in recent times due to the exponential growth in air traffic which involves longer flights operated by ultra long–range aircraft crossing several territorial boundaries within a given flight. Such conditions could cause fatigue among air crew, leading them to misunderstand instructions, particularly if they are unfamiliar with the language of communication with the tower.

Failures in communication bring to bear the compelling need for a standardized aviation language that all those who are involved in the technical operation of a flight could speak and understand. Recent measures by ICAO to strengthen and standardize global regulation in language proficiency include Resolution A 36–11, which, inter alia, recognizes the need for work in introducing language provisions to ensure that air traffic personnel and pilots are proficient in conducting and comprehending radiotelephony communications in the English language. It also acknowledges that the language provisions reinforce the requirement to use ICAO standardized phraseology in all situations for which it has been specified. Based on these observations the Resolution specifies several requirements that ICAO Member States should meet.

This article traces regulatory measures taken and inquires into the legalities of such measures and the obligation of States.
The New EC Regulation on Computer Reservation Systems
Authors: Peeters Maarten
Published: March 2022

This article discusses the new Regulation on computer reservation systems (CRSs) in the European Union (EU). In November 2007, the European Commission issued a proposal for a revision of the regulation of CRSs, which dated back to 1989. This article briefly explains the rationale for regulation and subsequent deregulation in the EU. Then the author critically discusses the changes introduced by the new Regulation. By way of conclusion, the extent of deregulation in the EU is assessed and contrasted with the deregulation of CRSs in the United States.
Flight Accidents and Criminal Responsibility in China
Authors: Yang Hui
Published: March 2022

Flight accidents arising from aviation activities are often due to various factors. Most of the accidents do not trigger criminal responsibility. In China, only when an act constitutes an offence for causing a serious flight accident will the criminal responsibility be imposed. Crime for causing a serious flight accident refers to an act by an airman who, by violating the rules and regulations, has caused a serious accident resulting in grave consequences. To determine whether this offence has been committed, it is essential that the subject of crime, the object of crime, the subjective aspects of crime (mens rea), and the objective aspects of crime (actus reus) all exist to meet the criteria stipulated by the provisions of the Criminal Code. Because of the peculiarity of the aviation industry, utmost care should be taken in practice to make a clear distinction between a criminal and noncriminal act. To ensure appropriate judicial operation, it is suggested to amend the provisions in the current criminal law relating to this crime.
The NW 253 Flight and the Global Framework of Aviation Security
Authors: Abeyratne Ruwantissa
Published: March 2022

The attempted bombing of Northwest Airlines flight 253 on Christmas day of 2009 has once again issued the ominous reminder that aviation is vulnerable and that there is a compelling need for a global security culture that recognizes and applies uniform global security standards. The first step toward achieving this objective is the realization by the aviation community of new and emerging threats to aviation and the need to share information. Since the event, several countries have imposed stringent security standards at airports and initiated inter-governmental meetings to discuss closer cooperation among States in the hope that such measures will effectively respond to the threat. Both International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and International Air Transport Association (IATA) took immediate measures after the event in issuing statements and called for a closer look by States at their security measures and a re-assessment of available responses to threats posed to aviation.

It is now abundantly clear that collection and sharing of information, improvement of technology, and strengthening of security standards are critical in addressing the problem of unlawful interference with civil aviation. Other aspects such as curbing the financing of terrorism, taking a closer look at the responsibility of States, and increasing vigilance on a global scale are also significant considerations. This article takes a critical look at the issues at hand and makes some suggestions.
Outcome of the 37th Session of the ICAO Assembly
Authors: Abeyratne Ruwantissa
Published: March 2022

The 37th Session of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Assembly, held from 28 September to 8 October 2010 in Montreal and attended by a record 1,588 participants from 176 Member States and forty international organizations involved in civil aviation, achieved important advancements in aviation safety and aviation security assuring even greater safety performance in the already safest and most secure mode of mass transport in the world.

Reaffirming ICAO’s leadership role, the meeting adopted a comprehensive resolution to reduce the impact of aviation emissions on climate change. The agreement provides a roadmap for action through 2050 for the 190 Member States of the organization. Solidifying its global influence, the organization signed numerous international agreements, including cooperation agreements with regional civil aviation organizations and bodies from all regions of the world.

The Assembly endorsed a proactive safety strategy based on the sharing of critical safety information among governments and industry stakeholders. It also endorsed ICAO’s plan to establish a multidisciplinary approach to address the critical issue of runway safety. This will bring together representatives from airlines, airports, air navigation service providers, and regulatory authorities. Following a successful diplomatic Conference in Beijing in August 2010, the Assembly built on this achievement by recognizing the need to strengthen aviation security worldwide. In a Declaration, unanimously adopted by participants, international commitment was reaffirmed to enhance aviation security collaboratively and proactively through screening technologies to detect prohibited articles, strengthening international standards, improving security information sharing, and providing capacity building assistance to States in need. The Assembly also put its full support behind a comprehensive, new ICAO aviation security strategy.

The Resolution adopted by the Assembly on climate change makes ICAO the first United Nations Agency to lead a sector in the establishment of a globally harmonized agreement for addressing its CO2 emissions. The resolution was adopted with some States expressing reservations and calling upon the ICAO Council to continue its work on specific aspects of the agreement. This remarkable accomplishment came only two months before negotiations were again undertaken by these very same States at the 16th Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) meeting scheduled in December 2010 in Mexico.
ICAO Assembly’s Resolution on Climate Change: A ‘Historic’ Agreement?
Authors: Adam Michel
Published: March 2022

The 37th session of the Assembly of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) culminated with the adoption of a resolution on climate change. News releases depict the resolution as a historic agreement, stressing that no other industry sector has ‘a similar globally agreed framework for managing its response to climate change’. However, the achievement may not be as meritorious as news releases imply.

This note will review the resolution adopted at the 37th session of the Assembly and outline the main areas that require further work by ICAO and its Member States, paying particular attention to the dissensions between developed and developing countries.
Satellite Financing through Hosted Payloads: Benefits and Challenges
Authors: Buzdugan Maria
Published: March 2022

Financing satellite projects has always been a challenging endeavour for companies given the high costs of procuring, launching, and operating satellites and high risks associated with space activities. Especially in challenging economic environments, non-traditional structures allowing cost- and risk-sharing are bound to raise the interest of the satellite industry as well as government entities looking for timely access to key satellite capacity. The 'hosted payload' concept appears to make a compelling business case for all participants involved. Commercial partners are attracted by the prospect of reducing their capital expenditures and increasing their revenue, while governments can benefit from significant cost savings, shorter planning and implementation cycles, and timely delivery of services. This article presents an overview of how the concept of hosted payloads is currently implemented in the satellite industry, including via private-public arrangements, discusses the role hosted payload arrangements can play in satellite financing, and analyses several key elements of typical hosted payload agreements from a bankability perspective.
EU Competition Law Developments in the Aviation Sector 15 April 2011 to 31 December 2011
Authors: Semper Kelly-Ann
Published: March 2022

The latter part of the year 2011 has been notable for the progress finally made in resolving the Siberian overflight dispute between the European Commission (hereinafter 'Commission') and EU Member States in relation to their respective bilateral air service agreements (ASA) with Russia. On the mergers and investigations front, things have remained relatively quiet during this period, with most of the current Commission investigations still ongoing and very little in the way of Commission decisions under the European Merger Regulation (EUMR) in the aviation sector.

This article first summarizes any judgments of the European Courts1 as well as any decisions and ongoing investigations by the Commission that occurred during the period under review. It then considers in further detail some of the more significant cases and important themes arising therefrom and, in particular, the resolution of the Siberian overflight dispute.
EL-ALs Liability for Claims Related to Security Services in the Israeli Context: Between Exclusivity and Domestic Policy
Authors: Palkovitz Neta
Published: March 2022

The geopolitical situation of Israel exposes it to security threats related to international air transport. One of the measures employed to deal with such threats is pre-flight security checks, which include 'profiling'. EL-AL, the biggest Israeli air carrier, is therefore exposed to passengers' lawsuits pertaining to discriminatory treatment in security checks, pursuant to the profiling method. In addition, as the former national carrier, EL-AL is the authorized entity to perform pre-flight security checks for all Israeli air carriers' flights into the country. This situation exposes EL-AL to lawsuits originating from its conduct as a security services provider, for its own flights and for flights performed by its Israeli competitors. This article examines three cases brought before Israeli Domestic Courts. In all the cases, the claimants are Arab-Israeli passengers suing for compensations due to the discriminatory nature of the security checks they underwent. EL-AL is the respondent in all cases; however, it is sued for its different functions: once as the carrier, once as the security services provider and, in an additional case, as both. The examination shows that only in one case did the Israeli court make a reference to the provisions of the Warsaw Convention 1929, which does not allow compensations for pure emotional injuries in general, and a sense of discrimination in particular. In the other cases, the Courts did not refer to the Convention and granted compensations pursuant to Israeli domestic law, contradicting the principle of exclusivity under the Convention. Indeed, these cases reflect the possible contradictions between the Warsaw Convention and domestic laws and policies. Finally, it is argued that there is a need to mitigate the said contradiction, for the benefit of all parties involved, in a post-9/11 world.
Summary of MC99 Judicial Decisions 2012
Authors: Tompkins Jr George N.
Published: March 2022

This is the fifth in a series of articles summarizing significant judicial decisions interpreting and applying the liability rules of the 1999 Montreal Convention (MC99). This article includes judicial decisions from Australia, Belgium, Canada, China, France, Israel and Spain, as well as the United States.
How Many Engines on a Boeing 737? An Analysis of Accession Rules in Relation to Aircraft Engines
Authors: Crans Berend
Published: March 2022

Accession rules based on or similar to Article XVI of the 1948 Geneva Convention still affect the position of aircraft engine lessors and financiers. There is further uncertainty caused by the different conflict of laws rules in relation to aircraft, i.e. the lex situs, the lex registri and the lex actus. The outcome of a dispute regarding the title to an aircraft engine may depend on the rules of private international law of the lex fora. The status of an aircraft engine will be assessed differently if the dispute is brought before an English court (applying the lex situs), a US court (applying the lex actus) or a Dutch court (applying the lex registri). In addition, the different treatment of aircraft engines under the 1948 Geneva Convention and the Cape Town Convention (CTC) respectively underlines the potential problems for engine lessors and financiers. In this publication, the author examines and analyses accession rules, the main conflict of laws rules and the undesirable implications of the absence of a uniform body of rules regarding the property regime for aircraft.
Antitrust Immunity for Trans-Pacific Airline Alliances Agreements: Singapore and China as Beyond Markets
Authors: Khee-Jin Tan Alan
Published: March 2022

In recent years, the Competition Commission of Singapore (CCS) has had the opportunity to consider the anti-competitive impact of inter-airline cooperation agreements among leading players in the trans-Pacific market. The Singapore competition authority's approach typifies a pragmatic regulatory stance that tends toward favouring such agreements. This is particularly so when the regulator considers broadly-defined economic benefits for the overall economy. The likelihood of approval is also enhanced when there are significant competitors in the relevant markets that promise to discipline the co-operating airlines. Of course, the competition or antitrust regimes in different countries remain distinct and cannot be easily generalized. Yet, the Singapore approach may be instructive for other 'beyond' or 'extension' markets in Asia, with interesting implications for predicting the inclination of regulators in countries such as China.
The Cape Town Convention and Its Implementation in Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
Authors: Eberg Artur , Weber Ludwig
Published: March 2022

The ability of creditors to establish and enforce claims against a debtor is crucial for the financing of highly valuable moveable assets such as modern aircraft. There is a direct correlation between the length of time from default of the operator to repossession of the aircraft and the acceleration of the risks of exposure of the creditor. The legal framework of the Cape Town Convention and Aviation Protocol attempts to introduce a legally certain and speedy enforcement system. But a manifestly common law approach is reflected in the Cape Town Convention, and a number of common law concepts, familiar to common law traditions but new to civil law traditions in Russia, Kazakhstan and Ukraine, were in fact implanted into the laws of these countries. Notwithstanding the conclusions of the Aviation Working Group regarding the effective implementation of Convention remedies into the national laws of the three States of review, aircraft repossessions are still exceptional there and may pose unexpected practical difficulties, mostly in Russia and Ukraine. Thus, further efforts of the national rule makers are necessary for the achievement of the fulfilment of one of the main principles of the Cape Town System - the prompt enforcement principle.
Legal Considerations about the Missing Malaysia Airlines Flight MH 370
Authors: Kaiser Stefan A.
Published: March 2022

The missing Malaysia Airlines flight MH 370 of 8 May 2014 is not only a technical mystery, but demonstrates several weaknesses of the current technical, regulatory and organizational infrastructure of international civil aviation. Safety critical communication connectivity is not global and as seamless as generally perceived, neither are air traffic services. The disappearance of MH 370 was an event that did not fit the regulatory pattern of search and rescue and therefore put a strain on international cooperation of States, from the political to the working levels. This article discusses the difficulties of managing search and rescue, accident investigation, civil-military cooperation and CNS-ATM shortcomings within the international legal framework.
Regulatory Developments at the European Union (EU) and World Trade Organization (WTO) Levels
Authors: Haanappel Peter P.C.
Published: March 2022

This brief contribution is designed to pay tribute to Or's legacy in aviation law and policy. It examines the role of KLM, the airline he served for so long, in a changing, that is, liberalizing Europe, and what happened after his active involvement with the development of air transport in Europe. Or's contribution to bilateralism, both in practice and in academic publications, and to multilateralism in academic writings will also be highlighted. It is concluded that Or's inclination towards European integration was slightly ambiguous as real liberalization has been produced by low cost carriers rather than by regulators and policymakers.
Global, Regional and National Air Passenger
Authors: Rouissi Noura , Correia Vincent
Published: March 2022

This article examines the proliferation of specific consumer legislation in air travel and its consequences; in particular regarding assistance and compensation in cases of denied boarding, flight delay and cancellation. Drawing on international, European Union (Regulation (EC) No 261/2004), and national law sources, this article presents some specific aspects of airline consumer protection regimes across the world. Developments in this area have given rise to issues and challenges, including the overlapping of legal and geographical scopes of different passenger protection instruments. In view of these developments, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is getting more involved, and has been mandated to establish a set of high level, non-binding, non-prescriptive core principles on consumer protection in aviation.
2014 Summary of MC99 Court Decisions
Authors: Tompkins Jr George N.
Published: March 2022

This is the seventh in a series of articles summarizing significant judicial decisions interpreting and applying the liability rules of the 1999 Montreal Convention [MC99]. This summary includes decisions from Canada, France and the USA.
EU Competition Law Developments in the Aviation Sector: July to December 2014
Authors: Deasy Geoffrey
Published: March 2022

The second half of 2014 has seen a dramatic increase in competition law activity in all areas, from mergers, to State aid as well as private enforcement.

The European Commission ('Commission'), in particular, wrapped up no less than eighteen aviation related State aid investigations, perhaps reflecting the desire of the outgoing Commissioner's desire to clear the backlog of cases, but also probably relating to the Commission's adoption of the new Aviation Guidelines published in February this year and supplemented with new guidelines for rescue and restructuring aid to non-financial undertakings. Only four of the eighteen cases related solely to State aid granted to airlines and fourteen cases related to aid granted to airports with some cases also considering the potential State aid grated to one or more carriers operating at the airport.

With an increase in the number of follow-on damages actions (taken by those affected by allegedly anti-competitive activity) there has also been an increase in the number of judgments handed down and still awaited clarifying specific points of law, particularly at the moment surrounding the complainant's access to the Commission's decision and documents on its file. The Commission's airfreight decision is notable insofar as there are now follow-on damages actions being taken in Germany, The Netherlands, Norway and the UK, as well as in the US.

In the context of mergers, the Commission was notified of at least nine aviation related mergers, of which two related to airlines (Alitalia and CSA Czech Airways), two related to airports (in Croatia and the UK), four related to ancillary services (fuel, IT, pilot training and aircraft leasing) and final merger related to space launchers, satellite subsystems and missile propulsion.