bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immunogenicity of ribosomal preparations from Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Authors: Cooper M D , Tewari R P , Bowser D V
Published: January 2020

Protection against gonococcal infection was obtained by immunization with ribosomal preparations from Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Ribosomes were isolated from disrupted cells by differential ultracentrifugation and treatment of the microsomal fraction with 0.25% sodium dodecyl sulfate. The isolated ribosomal preparations contained 55% ribonucleic acid, 39% protein, and 0.35% carbohydrate. The ribosomal preparations contained small amounts of endotoxin as determined by thiobarbituric acid- and lead acetate-sensitized mice assays. Guinea pigs immunized subcutaneously with ribosomal preparations were challenged intrachamberially with 10(7) colony-forming units of N. gonorrhoeae, and protection was assessed by clearance of the organism from subcutaneous chambers. The ribosomal preparations elicited significant protection, which was enhanced by incoporation of the immunogen into adjuvant. This protection was comparable to that obtained with whole cells. Treatment with proteolytic enzymes destroyed the protective effect of the ribosomal preparations, but ribonuclease had no measurable effect. Passive hemagglutination and immunodiffusion tests with sera from immunized animals demonstrated the presence of antibody to the ribosomal antigens. Results of adsorption of antiribosomal sera with enzyme-treated ribosomal preparations also indicated the protein nature of the immunogen. These results indicate that protein associated with the gonococcal ribosomal preparation is the major protective immunogen. The role of endotoxin contamination in the immunogenicity of gonococcal ribosomal preparations warrants further investigation.
In vitro activation of feline complement by feline leukemia virus
Authors: Kobilinsky L , Hardy W D , Ellis R , Witkin S S , Day N K
Published: January 2020

Incubation of normal feline serum with purified feline leukemia virus (FeLV) at 37 degrees C for 30 min resulted in the activation of the complement system via the classical pathway as demonstrated by consumption of the C1, C4, C2, C3, and, to a lesser extent, the later C components. A similar finding was observed when normal human serum was substituted for normal cat serum. In contrast, complement-dependent lysis of FeLV with normal feline serum as assayed by the release of ribonucleic acid-dependent deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase was one-third that of complement-dependent FeLV lysis with normal human serum. The levels of total hemolytic complement and neutralizing antibody in individual feline sera were also not proportional to the degree of virolytic activity. These observations indicate that the inefficient virolysis of FeLV by normal cat serum may be one of the factors contributing to the high incidence of leukemia observed in cats.
Protective immunity and delayed-type hypersensitivity in C57BL mice after immunization with live Mycobacterium lepraemurium and sonicated bacilli
Authors: Closs O , Løvik M
Published: January 2020

The immunizing effects of live Mycobacterium lepraemurium (MLM) and bacillary sonic extract (MLMSon) were compared in C57BL mice. MLMSon-immunized mice developed a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction when tested in the footpad with diluted MLMSon. The ability to develop a DTH reaction was transferable with immune cells but not with serum. Footpad testing with live MLM and MLMSon indicated that the specificity of the DTH response induced by MLMSon was different from that induced by infection with live bacilli. Two weeks after footpad inoculation with live MLM, MLMSon-immunized mice developed a strong local reaction to the bacilli. No local reaction developed in these mice after injection of the same number of heat-killed MLM. Studies of bacillary growth after inoculation with live MLM indicated that the bacilli did not multiply in micr previously inoculated with live MLM, but that they multiplied for about 2 weeks in LMLSon-immunized mice versus 4 weeks in the controls. The results suggest that immunization with MLMSon does not by itself induce a protective immune response, but creates a state in which the development of protective immunity is accelerated.
Physical map of the conjugal plasmid of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Authors: Tenover F C , Mayer L W , Young F E
Published: January 2020

The 24.5-megadalton plasmid of Neisseria gonorrhoeae is required for transfer of R-factors and possibly chromosomal markers during conjugal matings between gonococcal strains. We constructed a physical map of one such plasmid, pLE2451, using EcoRI, BglII, and HincII site-specific restriction endonucleases. The patterns of deoxyribonucleic acid digestion obtained with this plasmid were identical to those obtained with three other plasmids of similar size.
In Vitro Expression of Immunoglobulin M and G Subclasses by Murine B Lymphocytes in Response to a Polyclonal Activator from
Actinomyces
Authors: Clagett James , Engel David , Chi Emil
Published: January 2020

A cell wall extract from the gram-positive bacterium
Actinomyces viscosus
contains the mitogen AVIS, a potent polyclonal B-cell activator for murine B lymphocytes. Cultures of splenocytes from heterozygous nude mice in the presence of an optimal concentration of AVIS responded by a deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis response, and proliferaction reached maximal levels after 3 to 4 days. There was no requirement for T cells in the deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis, proliferactive, immunoglobulin M (IgM), or IgG responses. Significant numbers of IgM-producing cells were present as early as day 2 of culture, whereas later in the culture periods (days 3 to 6) IgG-producing plasmablasts and plasma cell were observed. In cultures of splenocytes from nude mice stimulated with AVIS for 4 to 5 days, 20 to 25% of the recoverable cells synthesized IgM, and 10% contained only IgG2 or IgG3; 5 to 8% of the cells stained for both IgM and IgG2 or both IgM and IgG3. Fine-structure analysis of AVIS-stimulated splenocytes from heterozygous nude mice after 3 days of culture demonstrated that 20 to 25% of the cells were activated to various degrees. Of most importance, all of the activated cells had the characteristic of B lymphoblasts, plasmablasts, or plasma cells. This is the first demonstration of a polyclonal B-cell activator other than lipopolysaccharide which induces IgG3 synthesis. We suggest that AVIS may be a useful probe for the exploration of the functional activities of subpopulations of B cells.
Cotransformation of a serum resistance phenotype with genes for arginine biosynthesis in Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Authors: Spratt S K , Jones F , Shockley T E , Jackson J H
Published: January 2020

Two genes (arg-3 and arp-6) marked by arginine auxotrophy and a gene (sac-2) marked by resistance to serum killing were found to be linked by cotransformation. Evidence derived from the linkage of these markers to spc (spectinomycin resistance) suggests that sac-2 may be genetically distinct from a sac gene previously described.
Activation of the alternative pathway of complement by mycobacteria and cord factor
Authors: Ramanathan V D , Curtis J , Turk J L
Published: January 2020

The ability of a number of mycobacteria and some of their components to activate complement was examined. Mycobacterium bovis BCG (Glaxo strain), Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium lepraemurium, and cord factor activated the alternative pathway of complement in normal human serum and normal and C4-deficient guinea pig sera and generated biologically active products. BCG (Pasteur strain) and muramyl dipeptide did not activate complement. The relevance of activation of complement by mycobacteria to their induction of granulomas is discussed.
Expression of antibacterial resistance at the site of a delayed hypersensitivity reaction
Authors: Patel P J
Published: January 2020

The site of a delayed hypersensitivity reaction to tuberculin or bovine serum ablumin was shown to contain mechanisms that expressed increased antibacterial activity, as evidenced by restricted growth of a local inoculum of Listeria monocytogenes. As was the case with a delayed hypersensitivity reaction, the local generation of antibacterial activity was antigen specific and T-cell dependent. Antibacterial resistance was always expressed at the site of injection of specific antigen in sensitized mice, even though under certain circumstances there was no measurable increase in footpad thickness at this site. It thus appears that nonspecific antibacterial resistance represents a sensitive and quantitative method for measuring delayed hypersensitivity. More importantly, this study serves to provide a functional meaning for the delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction in that it demonstrates that such a reaction causes the focusing of mechanisms that can restrict the growth of bacteria at a site which may represent a source of microbial invasion.
Arthritis-inducing ability of a synthetic adjuvant, N-acetylmuramyl peptides, and bacterial disaccharide peptides related to different oil vehicles and their composition
Authors: Kohashi O , Tanaka A , Kotani S , Shiba T , Kusumoto S , Yokogawa K , Kawata S , Ozawa A
Published: January 2020

A synthetic adjuvant, N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP), failed to produce polyarthritis with a wide dose range in a water-in-oil emulsion of mineral oil such as liquid paraffin, Drakeol, or heavy mineral oil. MDP, however, produced moderate to severe arthritis with almost 100% incidence in a water-in-oil emulsion made up of Difco incomplete adjuvant, which consists of Bavol F as an oil vehicle and Arlacel A as an emulsifier. N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-L-isoglutamine did not produce arthritis, whereas 4,6-diacetyl-MDP produced the disease. Bacterial peptidoglycans, such as disaccharide peptides which were N-acetylglucosaminyl-N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl-meso-diaminopimelyl-D-alanine and N-acetylglucosaminyl-6,o-acetyl-N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl-meso-diaminopimelyl-D-alanine, also produced polyarthritis with low incidence in Difco oil but not in the other mineral oils described above. MDP and bacterial disaccharide peptides were able to produce the disease even in the latter mineral oil only when the concentration of Arlacel A was increased from 15% to 20 to 30% in the oil. We concluded that one of the minimal essential structures responsible for development of this disease is MDP, although the role of the oil vehicle remained uncertain, and there is no direct correlation between granulona formation and arthritogenicity of MDP.
Role of Bacterial Interactions in the Colonization of Oral Surfaces by
Actinomyces viscosus
Authors: Kuramitsu Howard K. , Paul Anette
Published: January 2020

The effects of several microbial residents of human oral cavities on the attachment of
Actinomyces viscosus
T14V to tooth surfaces were assessed by using the saliva-coated hydroxyapatite (sHA) in vitro system. Attachment to sHA by
A. viscosus
T14V was not inhibited in the presence of
Streptococcus mutans
GS5, either in the presence or absence of sucrose. Precoating sHA beads with
S. mutans
in the presence of sucrose also did not retard strain T14V attachment. However, the presence of
Streptococcus sanguis
M5 during strain T14V attachment markedly inhibited the interaction of
A. viscosus
T14V with sHA, whereas another
S. sanguis
strain, strain G9B, produced relatively weak inhibition. The inhibitory effect of
S. sanguis
M5 appeared to result from the direct interaction of this organism with
A. viscosus
T14V. Conversely, the presence of strain T14V markedly increased the attachment of
S. sanguis
M5 to sHA while partially inhibiting the attachment of
S. sanguis
G9B. Moreover, sHA beads precoated with
A. viscosus
T14V bound much higher levels of
S. sanguis
M5 relative to uncoated sHA, whereas
S. sanguis
G9B attachment was only weakly inhibited. It was also observed that sHA beads precoated with either
S. sanguis
M5 or G9B inhibited subsequent attachment by strain T14V. These results suggest the possibility that the attachment sites for both
S. sanguis
strains partially overlap those for
A. viscosus
T14V.
Streptococcus mitis
weakly inhibited attachment of strain T14V to sHA, and both
Streptococcus salivarius
and
Lactobacillus casei
had little effect on attachment. In addition, both a radioisotope attachment assay and fluorescent microscopy demonstrated no significant attachment of
A. viscosus
T14V to human epithelial cells.
Occurrence of Protein A in Staphylococcal Strains: Quantitative Aspects and Correlation to Antigenic and Bacteriophage Types
Authors: Kronvall Göran , Dossett John H. , Quie Paul G. , Williams Ralph C.
Published: January 2020

Protein A of
Staphylococcus aureus
can be detected on cell walls of intact bacteria by use of radioactively labeled myeloma globulin. Of 156 strains of
S. aureus
, 141 (90%) contained protein A. None of 47
S. epidermidis
strains was positive for protein A. The production of protein A was influenced by incubation temperature but not by differences in incubation time or inoculum size. A medium containing a high concentration of NaCl suppressed the production of protein A by 90%. Formalin treatment of protein A-containing strains caused a decrease in the amount detected, but no further decrease was detected after storage at 4 C. No correlation was found between absence or presence of protein A and phage type or phage group. Sixteen
S. aureus
strains were studied extensively. There was no correlation between protein A and any of the 26 antigenic characteristics which have been previously described in these strains.
Host defenses in murine malaria: analysis of plasmodial infection-caused defects in macrophage microbicidal capacities
Authors: Murphy J R
Published: January 2020

Macrophage-dependent killing of facultative intracellular bacteria was markedly impaired by overt erythrocytic Plasmodium yoelii or Plasmodium berghei infection of mice. P. yoelii infection was capable of ablating not only the macrophage microbicidal capacity of "normal" animals but also the bactericidal capacities of "activated" macrophages. The uptake by spleen and liver of an intravenous challenge of Listeria monocytogenes was not altered by plasmodial infection, but within hours of injection markedly enhanced bacterial growth was found in tissues of malarious mice. The evidence gives credence to the view that the uptake of bacteria by macrophages of malarious mice was normal but that malarious mice, unlike normal mice, were unable to kill the bacteria. The plasmodial infection-caused defect in macrophage microbicidal capacity could be partially mimicked by the intravenous injection of large numbers of nonreplicating heterologous particles (i.e., killed bacteria, sheep erythrocytes). This result suggests that the uptake of particles generated during overt erythrocytic malaria may be responsible for the malaria-associated defects in macrophage bactericidal capacity.
Traveler's diarrhea associated with rotavirus infection: analysis of virus-specific immunoglobulin classes
Authors: Sheridan J F , Aurelian L , Barbour G , Santosham M , Sack R B , Ryder R W
Published: January 2020

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of rotavirus-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM, and IgA antibodies was used in a serological study of Traveler's diarrhea. The antigenically related simian rotavirus (SA-11) was used as antigen in this study. Serum was obtained from two groups of volunteers before travel (pre-travel) and at various times after arrival at their destination (post-travel). One group consisted of 47 American Peace Corps volunteers who traveled to Honduras, and the second group consisted of 66 Panamanian travelers who visited Mexico. An association between rotavirus and Traveler's diarrhea was found in each group with 36% of American Peace Corps volunteers and 30% of Panamanians with diarrhea demonstrating a greater than or equal to 4-fold increase in rotavirus antibody titers in the post- as compared to the pre-travel specimens. While no rotavirus-specific IgM antibody was detected in any serum tested, increases in specific antibody were found in both the IgG and IgA immunoglobulin classes.
Crystallization of pertussigen from Bordetella pertussis
Authors: Arai H , Munoz J J
Published: January 2020

A method is described for crystallizing pertussigen from Bordetella pertussis. The crystalline material induced histamine hypersensitivity in mice at a dose of 0.5 ng of protein and leukocytosis at a dose of 100 ng and was toxic at a dose of 429 microgram. The histamine-sensitizing activity and the toxicity were as high as ever reported.
Model of intraabdominal abscess in mice
Authors: McConville J H , Snyder M J , Calia F M , Hornick R B
Published: January 2020

Intraperitoneal inoculation of sterile mouse feces into mice produced intraabdominal abscesses. The addition of Bacteroides fragilis increased the incidence and the number of abscesses.
Regression by active specific immunotherapy of established dermal tumor transplants and lymph node metastases in guinea pigs
Authors: Yarkoni E , Rapp H J
Published: January 2020

Guinea pigs, each with an established, syngeneic dermal tumor (line-10) and microscopic lymph node metastasis, were treated by intradermal inoculation of living line-10 tumor cells admixed with emulsified heat-killed Mycobacterium bovis BCG cells. This treatment caused complete regression of established dermal tumors (about 10 mm in diameter) and prevented the growth of microscopic lymph node metastases in 25 of 39 treated animals (64%). All control animals treated by intradermal inoculation with heat-killed M. bovis BCG cells attached to oil droplets died with progressive dermal and lymphatic tumor growth.
Effects of muramyl dipeptide treatment on resistance to infection with Toxoplasma gondii in mice
Authors: Krahenbuhl J L , Sharma S D , Ferraresi R W , Remington J S
Published: January 2020

Studies were carried out to determine whether treatment of mice with the synthetic adjuvant muramyl dipeptide afforded any resistance to infection with the obligate intracellular protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. Marked resistance to lethal challenge infection was observed in CBA but not C57BL/6 mice pretreated with muramyl dipeptide. In CBA mice, a single muramyl dipeptide treatment administered 14, 7, or 4 days before Toxoplasma challenge did not afford protection, whereas mice treated at -1 day were highly resistant. Additional studies carried out to investigate the mechanisms underlying the enhanced resistance to Toxoplasma in muramyl dipeptide-treated mice failed to reveal either enhanced cytolytic antibodies to the parasite or evidence that peritoneal macrophages from treated mice were activated as determined in vitro by their microbicidal capacity for Toxoplasma or cytotoxic capacity for tumor target cells.
Hydrophobic interaction chromatography of Staphylococcus aureus delta-toxin
Authors: Nolte F S , Kapral F A
Published: January 2020

Staphylococcus aureus delta-toxin bound avidly to agarose gels containing phenyl, octyl, or decyl ligands, but less so to agarose with hexyl groups. Agarose with ethyl or butyl moieties did not bind any more toxin than did agarose without attached ligands. About 10% of the applied toxin preparation did not bind to gels and eluted with the starting buffer. The nonadsorbed material was not hemolytic, did not react with anti-delta-toxin immunoglobulin G, and did not appear to be a peptide. Toxin bound to phenyl-Sepharose was not eluted with water, solutions containing chaotropic ions or ethylene glycol, or by increasing the pH, but was eluted with 50% ethanol. The ethanol-eluted delta-toxin (EEDT) was soluble in water, ethanol, 10% sucrose, or 6 M urea, but was poorly soluble in aqueous salt solutions at neutral pH. Regardless of whether the soluble or insoluble form of delta-toxin was applied to the gel, the resultant EEDT fraction was water soluble. The hemolytic activity of EEDT was markedly reduced when assayed in saline, but was the same as that of the original toxin preparation when assayed in isotonic sucrose. A significant portion of EEDT, when rechromatographed on phenyl-Sepharose, did not bind to the gel. This unbound fraction may represent toxin aggregates in which the hydrophobic regions of the toxin monomers are interiorized within the aggregates.
Experimental Chagas' disease: kinetics of lymphocyte responses and immunological control of the transition from acute to chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection
Authors: Hayes M M , Kierszenbaum F
Published: January 2020

The responses of spleen cells from mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi to stimulation with T (concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin) or B (lipopolysaccharide) cell-specific mitogens were monitored during the acute, transition, and chronic states of the disease. A marked reduction in the responses of infected mouse cells with respect to those of uninfected animals was observed during the acute stage, regardless of whether or not the infective dose was lethal. Reduced or absent responses were recorded with suboptimal, optimal, and supraoptimal concentrations of the mitogens. Normal levels of responsiveness to concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin, and lipopolysaccharide were observed during the chronic stage of the disease. The trend of return to normal responses was initiated around day 40 after infection with 25 parasites. At this time, a marked decline in parasitemia levels, cessation of mortality, and disappearance of visible signs of disease began to be observed defining the transition stage that precedes establishment of chronicity. T cell levels of the spleen were markedly reduced during the acute period and returned during the chronic phase. Instead, absolute levels of B cells were significantly increased during the acute period but also normalize in the chronic phase. Immunosuppression of chronically infected mice with cyclophosphamide led to a temporary return to acute infection-type conditions, even in animals with undetectable levels of parasitemia before treatment. These results suggest that reduced T cell responses during acute experimental Chagas' disease might in part to be due to depletion of the T cell compartment. Decreased B cell responses in the presence of significant numbers of B lymphocytes implies a suppressive phenomenon, B cell alteration, or a combination of both possibilities. Recrudescence of the disease after immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide suggests that immunological mechanisms play an important role, not only in the gain of control over T. cruzi infected by the host but also in the maintenance of the chronic status.
Enhancement of delayed-type hypersensitivity to Trypanosoma cruzi in mice treated with Mycobacterium bovis BCG and cyclophosphamide
Authors: Abrahamsohn I A , Blotta M H , Curotto M A
Published: January 2020

C57BL/10J mice treated with Mycobacterium bovis BCG and cyclophosphamide were immunized with disrupted epimastigotes or with living blood trypomastigotes from Trypanosoma cruzi and assayed for delayed hypersensitivity by footpad testing with epimastigote antigens. Enhanced and lasting reactions were observed in mice pretreated with BCG or cyclophosphamide or both and immunized with epimastigotes. Whereas BCG pretreatment clearly reduced the mortality rates of mice immunized with living blood forms, no enhancement of the delayed hypersensitivity responses was observed in animals treated with BCG or cyclophosphamide or both before infection. The production of high levels of delayed hypersensitivity in the absence of infection and its adoptive transfer with cells could help to evaluate the participation of cell-mediated immunity in the protection against T. cruzi.
Detection and characterization of hemolysin production in Streptococcus mutans
Authors: Woltjes J , Legdeur-Velthuis H , de Graaff J
Published: January 2020

Beta-hemolytic strains of Streptococcus mutans were identified and physiological reactions and hemolysin production were studied. Strict anaerobic conditions were shown to be indispensable for the expression of beta-hemolysis on blood agar plates; hemolysis was only observed after growth in an atmosphere with an oxygen content of 10 ppm or lower. The occurrence of beta-hemolytic strains was found not to be restricted to one biotype of S. mutans. Two hemolytic activities were detected in liquid cultures. Oxygen-labile activity was detected in prereduced broth cultures and was shown to be unstable and indetectable in supernatants. Solubilization of oxygen-labile hemolysin was achieved by the addition of Tween 80 to the cultures. Oxygen-stable activity was detected in supernatants of cell suspensions in the presence of maltose, Casamino Acids, and Tween 80. In contrast to oxygen-labile activity, oxygen-stable activity was not detected in broth cultures.
Receptors for fibrinogen and aggregated beta 2-microglobulin detected in strains of group B streptococci
Authors: Schönbeck C , Björck L , Kronvall G
Published: January 2020

Binding of radiolabeled human fibrinogen and aggregated beta-microglobulin was measured in 60 strains of beta-hemolytic group B streptococci. Positive fibrinogen binding was detected in seven of the strains. Six of the group B strains showed an uptake of aggregated beta 2-microglobulin. Four individual strains carried both receptors, indicating a positive correlation between their occurrence. Inhibition studies showed that fibrinogen competed sterically with beta 2-microglobulin binding. Receptors for both proteins were trypsin sensitive. The presence of receptors did not correlate with the serological type of the 49 group B strains tested. However, all seven type II strains were negative. No uptake of fibrinogen was noted in any of 40 group D strains tested. Binding structures for fibrinogen and aggregated beta 2-microglobulin detected in group B streptococci were similar to receptors for the same proteins in group A, C, and G streptococci in terms of mutual correlation and steric interference of binding. The occasional occurrence of these receptors also in group B strains might reflect a common origin of some types of surface proteins in gram-positive cocci.
Ecology and nature of immunoglobulin A1 protease-producing streptococci in the human oral cavity and pharynx
Authors: Kilian M , Holmgren K
Published: January 2020

The identity and proportional distribution of immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1) protease-producing streptococci in the oral and pharyngeal microflora were studied. A collection of 459 streptococcal strains, including reference strains of Streptococcus species, and fresh isolates from human dental plaque and buccal and pharyngeal mucosa were identified by biochemical means and were examined for IgA1 protease production. IgA1 protease production was demonstrated in some, but not all, strains of Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus mitior and in a group of strains of uncertain taxonomic affiliation. The property was not associated with particular biotypes within the two species. Strains of S. sanguis and S. mitior isolated from Macaca fascicularis also cleaved human IgA1. A significantly different proportion of streptococcal populations in different ecosystems produced IgA1 protease. The enzyme was released by 62.7% of streptococcal isolates from buccal mucosa in contrast to only 7.8% from pharyngeal mucosa. In samples from initial and mature dental plaque 38 to 40% of streptococcal isolates produced IgA1 protease. This difference was largely a result of the frequency by which IgA1 protease activity was present in S. mitior, the predominant streptococcal species in all samples. Among otherwise identical isolates of S. mitior, 67.8% from buccal mucosa in contrast to only 5.9% from pharyngeal mucosa produced IgA1 protease. The results indicate that IgA1 protease may confer an ecological advantage to streptococci colonizing surfaces exposed to a secretory IgA-mediated selection pressure.
Immune responses to labial infection of BALB/c mice with herpes simplex virus type 1
Authors: Morahan P S , Thomson T A , Kohl S , Murray B K
Published: January 2020

The kinetics of appearance of five humoral antibody responses (micro-neutralization assay [NT], complement fixation [CF], enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA], radioimmunoassay [RIA], antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity [ADCC]), were compared during labial infection of BALB/c mice with herpes simplex virus type 1 strain Patton. The ELISA/RIA antibody responses were present in most mice by day 5 after infection, at the beginning of the herpetic lip lesions; antibody effective in ADCC showed identical early kinetics. In contrast, NT/CF antibodies were not detected in most mice until day 10, at the time of resolution of the herpetic lip lesions. The humoral immune responses persisted for at least 6 months after infection. The NT and CF responses were closely correlated in time of appearance and titers (r = 0.9), as were the ELISA and RIA responses (r = 0.99). However, there was little correlation between NT/CF and ELISA/RIA responses (r = 0.02). The kinetics of the delayed type hypersensitivity response showed similar kinetics of appearance to the ELISA/RIA/ADCC humoral responses, and peaked similarly, but waned gradually over 2 months. The importance of antibody in protection against labial herpes simplex virus type 1 infection was demonstrated by the ability of passively transferred convalescent serum (that produced a minimum NT titer of 10 in recipient mice) to protect against development of herpetic lesions and death.
Elicitation of natural killer cells in beige mice by infection with vesicular stomatitis virus
Authors: McKinnon K P , Hale A H , Ruebush M J
Published: January 2020

Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection of beige (bg/bg) mice induced levels of natural killer cytolytic activity comparable to that of uninfected normal bg/+ controls, but considerably less than natural killer activity in VSV-infected bg/+ mice. In contrast, VSV-infected bg/bg and bg/+ mice had essentially equivalent amounts of anti-VSV cytotoxic T-lymphocyte and antibody activity. VSV infection induced comparable levels of interferon in both bg/bg and bg/+ mice. Therefore, the decreased natural killer activity in bg/bg mice could not be attributed to an inability to produce interferon.
Antigenic Modification, Rosette-Forming Cells, and
Salmonella typhimurium
Resistance in Outbred and Inbred Mice
Authors: Bigley Nancy J. , Kreps David P. , Smith Randall A. , Esa Ahmed
Published: January 2020

To assess the separate contributions of host T cells and the physical state of the antigen in the development of effective.
Salmonella
resistance, glutaraldehyde-treated and untreated protein- and ribonucleic acid-rich extracts (E-RNA extracts) of virulent
Salmonella typhimurium
SR-11 or attenuated
S. typhimurium
RIA were used to immunize
Salmonella
-resistant
Salmonella
-susceptible strains of mice for the purpose of determining whether antigen-specific T-cell or B-cell responses were formed and, if so, which responses predominated. The resistance imparted to each mouse strain after vaccination with
S. typhimurium
RIA was used as the standard for comparison. The inbred mouse strains C57BL/6 and DBA/2 and their F
1
hybrid (strain BDF
1
), outbred ICR Swiss mice, and endotoxin-resistant C3H/HeJ mice were examined for the capacity to develop resistance to lethal
Salmonella
infections, as well as the ability to generate antigen-reactive T cells. Only the BDF
1
, C3H/HeJ, and ICR Swiss mice were able to develop resistance to challenge infections mediated by the virulent SR-11 strain of
S. typhimurium
after vaccination with the living, attenuated RIA strain of
S. typhimurium
or immunization with E-RNA extracts. We developed an assay to identify the antigen-reactive rosette-forming lymphocytes present in lymph nodes and spleens of immunized mice. Levels of 0.2% or higher of theta antigen-bearing, antigen-reactive rosette-forming cells were found in the lymph nodes or spleens or both of only the BDF
1
, C3H/HeJ, and ICR Swiss mice (i.e., in the “
Salmonella
responder” strains). Mouse strains C57BL/6 and DBA/2, which failed to develop resistance to lethal infections after immunization with the
S. typhimurium
RIA vaccine or with the E-RNA extracts, lacked effective numbers of antitheta antigen-sensitive rosette-forming cells. Modification of the effective E-RNA extracts by polymerization with glutaraldehyde resulted in a marked diminution in their abilities to induce resistance to salmonellosis in the two responder mouse strains tested (BDF
1
and ICR Swiss), even though detectable levels of antibody were induced.
Propagation of human hepatitis A virus in African green monkey kidney cell culture: primary isolation and serial passage
Authors: Daemer R J , Feinstone S M , Gust I D , Purcell R H
Published: January 2020

Human hepatitis A virus (HAV) was propagated in primary African Green Monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) kidney (AGMK) cell cultures. Three strains of HAV were used: MS-1, SD-11, and HM-175. Cells were inoculated with marmoset-passaged material or human clinical specimens and were stained by direct immunofluorescence to establish the identity of the virus. Both clinical samples and marmoset-passaged material produced immunofluorescence. HAV antigen was found scattered throughout the cytoplasm of inoculated cultures. The HM-175 strain produced the most intense immunofluorescence. This strain of HAV had been serially passaged in cell culture seven times. Blocking experiments with paired human sera from naturally acquired HAV infections and hyperimmune chimpanzee serum from an experimentally infected animal established that the immunofluorescence was specific. The viral antigen was found to be exclusively intracellular. The interval to maximum HAV antigen expression was decreased by serial passage. The HAV strain described herein, which was recovered directly from the stool specimen of a patient with HAV in primary AGMK cell culture, may prove useful as a source of antigen for serological tests and as a candidate vaccine strain.
Role of adenosine deaminase in activation of macrophages
Authors: Yagawa K , Okamura J
Published: January 2020

The intracellular adenosine deaminase activity of induced macrophages was twice that of resident cells. Coformycin, a specific inhibitor of adenosine deaminase, inhibited the activation of macrophages, as measured by superoxide generation.
Deficient cerebrospinal fluid opsonization in experimental Escherichia coli meningitis
Authors: Bernhardt L L , Simberkoff M S , Rahal J J
Published: January 2020

Infected cerebrospinal fluid from rabbits with Escherichia coli meningitis failed to opsonize the infecting organism. Cerebrospinal fluid from rabbits with Staphylococcus aureus meningitis did opsinize E. coli.
Immunization of chimpanzees with hepatitis B virus-derived polypeptides
Authors: Dreesman G R , Hollinger F B , Sanchez Y , Oefinger P , Melnick J L
Published: January 2020

Previous studies established that the purified polypeptides derived from the 22-nm particles associated with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) produce both humoral and cellular immunity against HBsAg in guinea pigs. Therefore, the two major polypeptides with molecular weights of 22,000 and 25,000 (P22 and P25, respectively) were isolated, adsorbed to an alum adjuvant, and used to immunize four nonimmune chimpanzees. A vigorous anti-HBs response was observed in all four animals after one inoculation of an alum-adsorbed polypeptide vaccine containing 40 micrograms of protein. After one to two booster inoculations, anti-HBs switched from being predominantly immunoglobulin M to the immunoglobin G class, indicating the establishment of immunological memory. Challenge of the vaccinated chimpanzees with 30,000 chimpanzee infectious doses of hepatitis B virus provided evidence for the efficacy of this vaccine. None of the four animals developed serological markers associated with an active hepatitis B infection, and no biochemical or histopathological changes of hepatitis were observed. A nonvaccinated control chimpanzee that was inoculated with the same hepatitis B virus material developed hepatitis B infection, confirming infectivity of the challenge inoculum.
Broadly active inhibitor of viruses spontaneously produced by many cell types in culture
Authors: Baron S , McKerlie L
Published: January 2020

A broadly active inhibitor of viruses (vaccinia, polio 1, and vesicular stomatitis) was found in the culture fluid from many types of normal human and mouse cells in culture. Virus plaque-inhibiting activity appeared in culture fluids within a few hour after incubation of cultures with fresh medium. Peak inhibitory activity occurred within 24 h. Blockade of cellular ribonucleic acid or protein synthesis decreased appearance of the inhibitor, thereby substantiating that it is a cell-produced viral inhibitor. Inhibition of virus required the simultaneous presence of inhibitor, virus, and cells (due to the reversible nature of the inhibition of virus attachment and penetration, as shown in the accompanying paper [T. K. Hughes et al., Infect Immun. 32:454-457, 1981]). The degree of inhibitory activity depended on the animal species of origin of the inhibitor, the cell type used for assay, and the virus type used for challenge. No cell species barrier against inhibitor action was found. Strong inhibition of multicycle yields of vesicular stomatitis virus and Sindbis virus was caused by low doses of inhibitor. These specific characteristics of the present inhibitor separate it from commonly recognized inhibitors. Possible biological significance of the inhibitor is discussed.
Cell-produced viral inhibitor: possible mechanism of action and chemical composition
Authors: Hughes T K , Blalock J E , McKerlie M L , Baron S
Published: January 2020

A newly recognized cell-produced viral inhibitor appeared to be spontaneously released from most cells in tissue culture. It strongly inhibited the replication of a variety of viruses but did not exhibit species specificity as does interferon. These studies on the inhibitor's mechanism of action indicated that it inhibited attachment and penetration of virus by a readily reversible reaction requiring the presence of both virus and cells. Studies of inactivation by specific enzymes or chemicals indicated that for activity the inhibitor required intact protein but not lipid, carbohydrate, deoxyribonucleic acid, or ribonucleic acid.
Elicitation of Anti-Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes by Using Purified Viral and Cellular Antigens Incorporated into Phospholipid Vesicles
Authors: Ruebush Mary J. , Hale Arthur H. , Harris David T.
Published: January 2020

We evaluated the minimal molecular and cellular requirements for elicitation of anti-vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). The results indicated that lipid vesicles containing the purified major surface glyco-protein of VSV (G protein) and purified

H-2K
k

glycoproteins elicited specific

H-2K
k

-restricted anti-VSV CTL. These antiviral CTL were shown to be Ly 1
−
,2
+
. However, both Ly 1
+
,2
−
and Ly1
−
,2
+
T-cell subpopulations were shown to be required for elicitation of these CTL.
Level of complement activity and components C1, C4, C2, and C3 in complement response to bacterial challenge in malnourished rats
Authors: Sakamoto M , Ishii S , Nishioka K , Shimada K
Published: January 2020

In experimentally induced malnutrition in rats, there was no significant difference between the measured level of complement activity of the classical pathway (50% hemolytic complement [CH50]) and that of the alternative pathway (ACH50), although the levels of complement components C1, C4, C2, and C3 were depressed significantly. The complement activity showed a temporary elevation with a peak at 2 or 3 days after bacterial challenge with Staphylococcus aureus in rats, and we call this the complement response. After 3 days, CH50 and C3 in the malnourished rats and ACH50, CH50, and C3 in the well-nourished rats showed a significant increase, and C1, C4, and C2 in both groups tended to elevate. On the basis of these observations, the significance of the elevation of C3 in the complement response to bacterial infection showed a strong influence by enhancing the activation of both the classical and the alternative pathways, since C3 is known to be the junction of both complement pathways. In this way, C3 responded to an earlier stage than did the other components and may contribute to maintaining the body defense system against infection.
Isolation and characterization of Streptococcus mutans mutants defective in adherence and aggregation
Authors: Murchison H , Larrimore S , Curtiss R
Published: January 2020

A method was developed which enriched for mutants of Streptococcus mutans that exhibit defects in adherence to glass, aggregation, or both. Mutants were isolated from derivatives of strains PS14 (serotype c) and 6715 (serotype g) after mutagenesis with either ethyl methane sulfonate or nitrous acid. Cell survival after mutagenesis was kept above 1 to 2% to enhance the probability that mutants resulted from single mutational events. A total of 117 mutants were isolated; they also displayed non-wild-type colony morphology on mitis salivarius agar. These mutants were examined for (i) adherence and aggregation after overnight growth in sucrose-containing medium, (ii) aggregation of nongrowing cells in the presence of 200 microgram of sucrose per ml or 20 microgram of dextran per ml, and (iii) dextranase production on blue dextran agar plates. Although we isolated mutants which exhibited a variation from the parent strain in only one of the traits tested, the majority of mutants exhibited defects in two or more characteristics. Thirty-eight stable mutants of independent origin were categorized into 13 separate phenotypic groups.
Multiple biological activities of homogeneous human alpha interferon
Authors: Attallah A M , Zoon K , Folks T , Huntington J , Yeatman T J
Published: January 2020

To identify the active molecule in human alpha interferon preparations, we performed several studies, using both partially purified interferon and homogeneous interferon. Our results indicated that there is little difference between the partially purified and the homogeneous interferon preparations in terms of antiviral activity, inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in human neoplastic cells, and enhancement of human natural killer cell activity.
Serum resistance and hemagglutination ability of marine vibrios pathogenic for fish
Authors: Trust T J , Courtice I D , Khouri A G , Crosa J H , Schiewe M H
Published: January 2020

Representative strains of marine vibrios pathogenic for fish were shown to be resistant to the bactericidal activity of normal (nonimmmune) rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) serum, and loss of this resistance coincided with a marked reduction in virulence. Thermal lability and a requirement for Mg2+, but not for Ca2+, suggested that a mechanism for serum killing was the alternative complement pathway. In the case of Vibrio anguillarum, serum resistance was not coded for by the virulence plasmid pJM1. Additional testing showed that these pathogenic vibrios were able to agglutinate a variety of eucaryotic cells and that selected strains agglutinated trout erythrocytes; however, a correlation between strain virulence and the ability to agglutinate fish erythrocytes was not apparent. Moreover, whereas mannose was found to inhibit the agglutinating activity of several strains, two of the high-virulence strains displayed a transient, mannose-resistant hemagglutinating activity. No relationship between the carriage of pJM1 by the V. anguillarum strains and hemagglutinating activity was demonstrable.
Experimental Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus faecalis pyelonephritis in diabetic rats
Authors: Raffel L , Pitsakis P , Levison S P , Levison M E
Published: January 2020

Pyelonephritis was studied after an intravenous injection of Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, or enterococcus in alloxan-diabetic rats and in water-diuresing or non-diuresing nondiabetic rats. The renal microbial populations of C. albicans or S. aureus were found to be greater than 10(5) colony-forming units per g for up to 42 days in diabetic rats, whereas the kidneys tended to become sterile in nondiabetic rats. No significant difference was found in the course of enterococcal pyelonephritis in diabetic versus control rats. The difference in the 50% infective dose for each microorganism between diabetic and control rats was less than or equal to log10. Neither duration of diabetes nor weight loss contributed to the greater and more sustained renal populations of C. albicans and S. aureus in diabetic rats. The inflammatory reaction in kidneys infected with S. aureus or C. albicans was greater in diabetic rats. Fungus balls associated with ureteral obstruction and gross multiple renal abscesses occurred in diabetic, but not in nondiabetic, rats infected with Candida. Growth of C. albicans and S. aureus in vitro in urine from diabetic rats was significantly greater than it was in urine from control rats. Addition of water or glucose to the urine of non-diuresing, nondiabetic rats significantly increased in vitro growth of S. aureus and C. albicans. These studies demonstrate greater severity of infection in the diabetic kidney due to S. aureus and C. albicans, which can be partially explained by decreased inhibitory activity of urine for these organisms in diabetic rats.
Reactivity with rabbit immunoglobulin G of cold agglutinins isolated from group C streptococcal antisera
Authors: Colling R G , Brown J C
Published: January 2020

Cold agglutinin antibodies were isolated from group C streptococcal antisera by thermal elution from rabbit erythrocytes. These antibodies reacted with bovine submaxillary mucin, fetuin, immunoglobulin G, and the Fc fragment of immunoglobulin G in hemolytic inhibition assays. Further, in radioimmunoassay these antibodies reacted with the major glycopeptide fragment of rabbit immunoglobulin G. Affinity-purified group carbohydrate-specific antibodies reacted weakly with glycopeptide. These data suggest that certain populations of antibody in group C streptococcal antisera may participate in tissue reactivity via interaction with cell surface glycoproteins, including immunoglobulin G.
Effects of metabolic inhibitors on extracellular fructosyltransferase production in Actinomyces viscosus
Authors: Chak W , Kuramitsu H K
Published: January 2020

Extracellular fructosyltransferase (levansucrase; EC 2.4.1.10) production in Actinomyces viscosus T14AV was demonstrated to occur concomitantly with cellular growth. The inhibition of both cellular ribonucleic acid and protein synthesis resulted in no further accumulation of enzyme activity. The antibiotic sodium clofibrate differentially inhibited the production of fructosyltransferase by strain T14AV. Furthermore, the antibiotic preferentially inhibited [14C]acetate incorporation into cellular lipid, but did not affect protein synthesis. In addition, no inhibition of fructosyltransferase production was observed upon the addition of the fatty acid acid synthesis inhibitor cerulenin. On the other hand, extracellular fructosyltransferase production was apparently stimulated in the presence of the cell wall synthesis inhibitors penicillin, amphomycin, and tunicamycin. These results are discussed in terms of the mechanism of extracellular protein production in A. viscosus.
Epithelioid granuloma induced by muramyl dipeptide in immunologically deficient rats
Authors: Nagao S , Ota F , Emori K , Inoue K , Tanaka A
Published: January 2020

When WKA rats were either neonatally thymectomized or injected with anti-rat thymocyte sera, their T-cell functions were effectively suppressed. When neonatally thymectomized plus anti-rat thymocyte serum-treated rats were injected with non-immunogenic muramyl dipeptide in water-in-oil emulsion, they produced massive epithelioid granulomas. Essentially, no morphological difference was noticed between granulomas induced in untreated rats and in thymectomized plus anti-rat thymocyte serum-treated rats. These findings strongly suggest that muramyl dipeptide-induced epithelioid granulomas required no T cells for their formation. In contrast, the induction of adjuvant arthritis appeared to depend on the presence of T cells.