bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Family Transfers Involving Three Generations
Authors: Arrondel Luc , Masson Andre
Published: March 2003

Most models of family transfers consider only two generations and focus on two motives: altruism and exchange. They also assume perfect substitution between inter‐vivos downward transfers and bequests. Based on French evidence, we show that parent‐to‐child transfers belong to three distinct categories (investment in child's education, financial assistance, wealth transmission), and advocate a three‐generation framework. Thus, transfer behavior of parents toward their children is strongly influenced by the behavior of their own parents. There is also some evidence of the Cox and Stark demonstration effect: parents help their own parents, expecting to receive comparable support from their children. Such behavior can be regarded as indirect reciprocity: the beneficiary does not give back to the initial giver but to a third person of another generation.

JEL classification: D10; D31; D63; D64
How Much is Transfer and How Much is Insurance in a Pay‐as‐you‐go System? The German Case
Authors: Borsch‐Supan Axel , Reil‐Held Anette
Published: March 2003

Pay‐as‐you‐go pension systems provide insurance against longevity‐related old‐age poverty and related risks. They are commonly also used as instruments for redistribution. This paper provides several estimates of the insurance and transfer share of the German public pension system. Estimating these shares is important because they are indicative of taxation‐related deadweight losses and influence public acceptance of the pension system. We also disentangle intragenerational from intergenerational transfers. Although our estimate of intragenerational transfers is smaller than recent semi‐official estimations, such transfers create substantial deadweight losses. Intergenerational transfers are much larger, thereby contributing to strong negative participation incentives for the younger generation.

JEL classification: H55; J26
Distributional Effects of Fiscal Consolidation
Authors: Jensen Svend E. Hougaard , Rutherford Thomas F.
Published: March 2003

If public goods and transfers are relatively more valuable to the poor, the elderly poor stand to lose from public debt reduction achieved through spending cuts. When long–term surpluses produced by debt reduction are recycled into higher provision of public goods and transfers, future generations of poor could gain. If future surpluses are recycled through lower labour taxes, working households in the future would be positively affected. The impact of debt reduction on vertical equity is ambiguous, yet inter– rather than intragenerational equity is likely to pose the greatest obstacle to fiscal consolidation. Based on majority voting by self–interested households, debt reduction is unlikely to occur.

JEL classification: D91; E62; H23; H63
Content and predictors of the ethnic identity of Russian‐speaking immigrant adolescents in Finland
Authors: Jasinskaja‐Lahti Inga , Liebkind Karmela
Published: March 2003

The content and predictors of the ethnic identity of Russian‐speaking immigrant adolescents (N=170) in Finland were investigated. The ethnic identity of immigrants was found to be composed of two dimensions, one reflecting the cognitive, evaluative and emotional components of their Russian identity and the other reflecting those of their Finnish identity. The ethnic and linguistic self‐identifications of adolescents were strongly related to the extent of and the value given to the Russian and Finnish identity, but neither to the frequency of using nor to their proficiency in the respective languages. The immigrants’ perceptions of the relationships with parents were strongly related to their Russian identity. This association was, however, very different for girls and boys. In addition, the Russian contact orientation and Russian language use were strong predictors of the adolescents’ Russian identity, whereas their Finnish contact orientation and Finnish language use strongly predicted their Finnish identity.
Hazards mean luck: Counterfactual thinking in reports of dangerous situations and careless behavior
Authors: Teigen Karl Halvor
Published: March 2003

It has been shown (Teigen, 1995) that experiences of “luck” in daily life are dependent upon the existence a worse and close hypothetical (counterfactual) outcome, rather than upon a positive evaluation of what actually happened. The present investigation focuses on the inverse relationship, namely whether a situation with a negative outcome close at hand will be perceived as lucky. To test this hypothesis, students were asked to describe dangerous situations (Experiment 1) and examples of careless behavior (Experiment 3) from their own lives, which subsequently were rated by the actors and by peer groups for good and bad luck, attractiveness, and for closeness and attractiveness of the counterfactual outcome. Dangerous situations and episodes involving careless behavior were generally regarded as more lucky than unlucky. Furthermore, degree of good luck was positively correlated with degree of dangerousness and with degree of carelessness. Luck was related to closeness, aversiveness, and (in Experiment 2) to estimated probability of the counterfactual outcome. It is concluded that luck is primarily determined by negative outcomes that did not happen, and thus a frequent by‐product of risk taking and risk exposure.
Measuring the negative mood component of stress experiences: Description and psychometric properties of a short adjective check–list of stress responses
Authors: Scott Berit , Brandberg Mats , OÖhman Arne
Published: March 2003

Negative Mood (NM) is a 19–items adjective check–list developed to assess negative mood and stress responses. The items of the scale reflect dimensions such as depressed mood, anxiety, anger and time urgency. The data were collected from four different samples, two random population samples and two smaller selective samples.

The psychometric properties of the NM showed high internal consistency (Cronbach’s Alpha). When analysed with principal components analysis, three factors emerged, anxiety/depression, time pressure, and anger. The factors emerged in all four samples, within samples and between gender. The NM factors were tested for convergent and discriminative validity by correlating them with other more established measures of different aspects of negative mood. The results showed high convergent and discriminative validity for two of the NM factors, i.e., anxiety/depression, and anger, whereas the results for the third factor, time pressure, were more ambiguous. This scale has proven to be useful in capturing some vital dimensions of negative affect across different kinds of populations.
Dimensionality of psychosocial responses to marital disruption
Authors: Theun Frode , Rise Jostein
Published: March 2003

The purpose of the study was to assess whether psychosocial responses to marital disruption were best arranged along one single dimension ranging from maximum positive to maximum negative responses, or whether positive and negative responses constituted two separate and distinct dimensions. Participants were 658 recently divorced individuals. A confirmatory factor analysis revealed that a two–factor model provided a better fit to the data than a one–factor model. Moreover, a number of external variables differentiated between positive and negative responses, indicating that such responses reflect two separate domains. Thus, the findings support the notion that psychosocial responses after marital disruption comprise a bidimensional rather than a unidimensional pattern. The findings are discussed within the general framework of positive–negative asymmetry and the idea that positive and negative evaluations belong to different psychological system.
Consumer satisfaction and attributions of improvement among fully recovered schizophrenics
Authors: TorgalsbØen Anne–Kari
Published: March 2003

As people with serious mental illness are viewed as consumers rather than patients, their views and needs are increasingly seen as essential to the treatment process. The aim of the present study is to add valuable knowledge about how to help patients by reporting what fully recovered schizophrenics, as consumers, had found helpful in their treatment as well as which factors contributed to their recovery. In addition to a semi–structured interview, two instruments were used: the “UCLA Social Attainment Survey Premorbid Adjustment Scale” (SASPAS) to measure patients’ premorbid adjustment and the “Global Assessment Scale” (GAS) to obtain an assessment of the present general functioning of the subjects.

The results showed that a majority of the recovered subjects emphasized their own will–power and the human qualities in their therapists as helpful to them in the process towards recovery. The therapeutic relationships were characterized by the kindling and sustaining of hope in the clients.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation as a tool for cognitive studies
Authors: Bailey Christopher J. , Karhu Jari , Ilmoniemi Risto J.
Published: March 2003

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a tool for the non‐invasive stimulation of the human brain. It allows the activation of arbitrary sites of the superficial cortex and, combined with other brain‐imaging techniques such as EEG, PET, and fMRI, it can be used to evaluate cortical excitability and connectivity. This is of major importance in, for example, the study of cognitive processes such as language, learning, memory and self‐representation, which are thought to be represented in multiple brain areas. The mechanisms of action of TMS are known on a basic level, but its effect on the activation state of brain tissue is still poorly understood. Clinical applications of TMS have also been proposed and guidelines for its safe use drafted.
Net effect of memory collaboration: How is collaboration affected by factors such as friendship, gender and age?
Authors: Andersson Jan
Published: March 2003

The purpose of the study was to investigate explicit spatial and verbal collaborative memory performance. Factors such as friendship, age and gender were chosen for ecological and theoretical reasons. In Experiment 1 friendship and age were studied. The task was to retrieve the location of 25 pictures, which were presented in a 5 × 5‐matrix grid. All participants retrieved once individually and once dyadically. Dyads were compared to the predicted base line, i.e., the pooled score from two participants working on their own (the same participants as in the dyad). Based on cognitive development aspects and collaboration data, it was predicted that the young collaborating dyads would not be able to reduce the net negative effects of collaboration to the same extent as older dyads. The findings revealed that, (1) dyadic collaboration affected spatial memory performance negatively, i.e., net negative effects of collaboration; (2) older (15‐years‐old), as opposed to young (7‐years‐old) dyads, reduced the net negative effects of collaboration and; (3) friend dyads, regardless of age, were able to reduce the net negative effect. In experiment 2, gender differences were studied in two explicit memory tasks. The purpose was to investigate if earlier findings of collaboration can be generalised to another ecological aspect of group composition, i.e., gender. Gender differences were studied at individual and group level. The results suggest that gender related memory differences exist on an individual and dyadic level in terms of absolute scores. Women remember explicit memory tasks to a greater degree than men. No main effect was found for gender in collaboration, i.e., both genders suffered compared to predicted potential.
When readingis "readn" or somthn. Distinctness of phonological representations of lexical items in normal and disabled readers
Authors: Elbr Carste
Published: March 2003

This paper specifies nothing less than an underlying cause of dyslexia. It is a cause which may be responsible for lacking responsiveness to both the teaching of phoneme awareness and to initial reading instruction. Can a single phonological factor explain many of the phonological deficits related to dyslexia? In this paper it is suggested that the answer may be affirmative and that indistinct phonological representations of lexical items in long term memory may be such a unifying factor. Results are summarised from a correlational study of adults and from a longitudinal and intervention study of at‐risk children.
Is there a Scandinavian psychology? A bibliometric note on the publication profiles of Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden
Authors: Olsson Henrik
Published: March 2003

This note presents a quantitative bibliometric analysis based on information obtained from the PsycINFO database concerning publication patterns in different subfields of Scandinavian psychology for the years 1984 to 1997. A cluster analysis shows that the publication profiles of the Scandinavian countries are more similar to each other than to both the profile of the USA and a norm profile based on all countries except the USA and Scandinavia. The main differences are that the relative proportions of articles dealing with psychological disorders are higher and the relative proportions of articles dealing with educational psychology are lower for Scandinavia than for the rest of the world. Within the Scandinavian countries, Finland and Sweden form one cluster with higher relative proportions of psychophysiological articles, and Denmark and Norway form one cluster with higher relative proportions of articles dealing with psychological disorders.
Logspline Deconvolution in Besov Space
Authors: Koo Ja‐Yong
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT. In this paper we consider logspline density estimation for random variables which are contaminated with random noise. In the logspline density estimation for data without noise, the logarithm of an unknown density function is estimated by a polynomial spline, the unknown parameters of which are given by maximum likelihood. When noise is present, B‐splines and the Fourier inversion formula are used to construct the logspline density estimator of the unknown density function. Rates of convergence are established when the log‐density function is assumed to be in a Besov space. It is shown that convergence rates depend on the smoothness of the density function and the decay rate of the characteristic function of the noise. Simulated data are used to show the finite‐sample performance of inference based on the logspline density estimation.
Semiparametric Likelihood Estimation in the Clayton–Oakes Failure Time Model
Authors: Glidden D. V. , Self S. G.
Published: March 2003

Multivariate failure time data arise when the sample consists of clusters and each cluster contains several possibly dependent failure times. The Clayton–Oakes model (Clayton, 1978; Oakes, 1982) for multivariate failure times characterizes the intracluster dependence parametrically but allows arbitrary specification of the marginal distributions. In this paper, we discuss estimation in the Clayton–Oakes model when the marginal distributions are modeled to follow the Cox (1972) proportional hazards regression model. Parameter estimation is based on an approximate generalized maximum likelihood estimator. We illustrate the model's application with example datasets.
Estimating the Prediction Mean Squared Error in Gaussian Stochastic Processes with Exponential Correlation Structure
Authors: Abt Markus
Published: March 2003

Given one or more realizations from the finite dimensional marginal distribution of a stochastic process, we consider the problem of estimating the squared prediction error when predicting the process at unobserved locations. An approximation taking into account the additional variability due to estimating parameters involved in the correlation structure was developed by Kackar & Harville (1984) and was revisited by Harville & Jeske (1992) as well as Zimmerman & Cressie (1992). The present paper discusses an extension of these methods. The approaches will be compared via an extensive simulation study for models with and without random error term. Effects due to the designs used for prediction and for model fitting as well as due to the strength of the correlation between neighbouring observations of the stochastic process are investigated. The results show that considering the additional variability in the predictor due to estimating the covariance structure is of great importance and should not be neglected in practical applications.
Shrinkage Structure of Partial Least Squares
Authors: Lingjaerde O. C. , Christophersen Nils
Published: March 2003

Partial least squares regression (PLS) is one method to estimate parameters in a linear model when predictor variables are nearly collinear. One way to characterize PLS is in terms of the scaling (shrinkage or expansion) along each eigenvector of the predictor correlation matrix. This characterization is useful in providing a link between PLS and other shrinkage estimators, such as principal components regression (PCR) and ridge regression (RR), thus facilitating a direct comparison of PLS with these methods. This paper gives a detailed analysis of the shrinkage structure of PLS, and several new results are presented regarding the nature and extent of shrinkage.
Graphical models for skew‐normal variates
Authors: CAPITANIO A. , AZZALINI A. , STANGHELLINI E.
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the usefulness of the multivariate skew‐normal distribution in the context of graphical models. A slight extension of the family recently discussed byAzzalini & Dalla Valle (1996) andAzzalini & Capitanio (1999) is described, the main motivation being the additional property of closure under conditioning. After considerations of the main probabilistic features, the focus of the paper is on the construction of conditional independence graphs for skew‐normal variables. Necessary and sufficient conditions for conditional independence are stated, and the admissible structures of a graph under restriction on univariate marginal distribution are studied. Finally, parameter estimation is considered. It is shown how the factorization of the likelihood function according to a graph can be rearranged in order to obtain a parameter based factorization.
On an Asymptotic Theory of Conditional and Unconditional Coverage Probabilities of Empirical Bayes Confidence Intervals
Authors: DATTA GAURI SANKAR , GHOSH MALAY , SMITH DAVID DANIEL , LAHIRI PARTHASARATHI
Published: March 2003

Empirical Bayes (EB) methodology is now widely used in statistics. However, construction of EB confidence intervals is still very limited. FollowingCox (1975),Hill (1990) andCarlin & Gelfand (1990,1991), we consider EB confidence intervals, which are adjusted so that the actual coverage probabilities asymptotically meet the target coverage probabilities up to the second order. We consider both unconditional and conditional coverage, conditioning being done with respect to an ancillary statistic.
‘Designer families’: A discourse study of fact and accountability
Authors: MacMillan Katie , Edwards Derek
Published: March 2003

Relations between event reports, explanations, and the reporter’s own credibility and involvement, are studied as discursively handled matters. A series of newspaper reports and commentaries is examined, concerning the controversial abortion of one of a pair of healthy twin foetuses. For two weeks the newspapers reported events, discussed issues, corrected errors, quoted sources, and in various ways handled issues of fact and responsibility concerning those events, including their own reporting of them. The approach taken is to analyse fact and accountability as the business being handled and managed in the texts themselves, rather than issues that the analysis attempts to resolve. This enables a study of how various descriptive and accounting categories are selected and deployed, including the reliability of sources, actors’ and informants’ intentions and motives, narrative uses of tense, journalistic categories such as the distinction between ‘news’ and ‘features’, and a wide variety of specific, rhetorically potent descriptions.
Representing sociolinguistics?
Authors: Cameron Deborah
Published: March 2003

Florian Coulmas (ed.). The Handbook of Sociolinguistics (Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics, 4). Oxford: Blackwell. 1997. x + 532 pp.Cloth (0–631–19339–1) £70.00.
Another chapter in the story of /r/: ‘Labiodental’ variants in British English
Authors: Foulkes Paul , Docherty Gerard J.
Published: March 2003

In this article we trace the history of [bnu;]‐like variants of British English /r/. Although [bnu;] has generally been dismissed as an infantilism, or indicative of affected or disordered speech, it seems to have become established as an accent feature of non‐standard south‐eastern accents. We present tentative evidence to suggest this may be related to the presence of similar variants in the London East End Jewish community. After summarising previous discussions of [bnu;], we concentrate on a sociophonetic study of /r/ variants used by speakers from Derby and Newcastle. [bnu;] is found in both cities, with a higher incidence in Derby. Acoustic evidence suggests that the spreading variants are qualitatively different from [?]. We conclude that the spread of [bnu;] is part of a general and widespread process of accent levelling.
The Sociolinguistic Distribution of and Attitudes Toward Focuser like and Quotative like
Authors: Dailey‐O'Cain Jennifer
Published: March 2003

This paper accomplishes three tasks: it considers the actual age and gender distribution of like in a corpus of informal U.S. English, compares the findings of that study with the perceived age and gender distribution as determined by a questionnaire study and a matched‐guise study, and analyzes specific sociolinguistic stereotypes associated with this usage. It is found that younger people use both kinds of like more often than older people do, and that men and women use it approximately equally often. The perceived age and gender distribution is quite different, however; young women are perceived as using like most often. Additionally, informants guess the age of like guises as younger than they do the age of non‐like guises in a matched‐guise study, and also rate like guises more positively in terms of solidarity‐based criteria, but less positively in terms of status‐based criteria.
Estimating the Mean‐reverting Component in Stock Prices: A Cross‐country comparison
Authors: Gallagher Liam A. , Sarno Lucio , Taylor Mark P.
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates the mean‐reverting component in real stock prices for sixteen countries using a Kalman filter maximum likelihood estimation procedure to measure the transitory, permanent and seasonal components. Evidence is provided supporting the mean‐reversion hypothesis that stock prices are not pure random walks: a statistically significant mean reverting component is found in each country's stock prices. Nevertheless, for twelve of the sixteen countries the transitory component does not explain more than 5% of the variation in stock prices.
The Structure of Financial Markets and the ‘First Principles’ of Monetary Economics
Authors: Dow Sheila C. , Smithin John
Published: March 2003

There has been a significant degree of financial restructuring over the last few decades, which has prompted a rethinking of the first principles of monetary economics. The focus here is on how four specifications of these principles address such issues as the need for central banks and the potential for separation of the monetary functions. The case is made for one approach, which suggests that the need to establish trustworthy credit relations, in an environment subject to fundamental uncertainty, is at the heart of monetary systems. It is argued that monetary history demonstrates that monetary standards and central banking have indeed tended to be the outcome of the competitive process in the financial sector.
Testing Equilibrium Models of Regional Disparities
Authors: Carlsen Fredrik
Published: March 2003

The large and persistent regional disparities of most European economies have been explained as a disequilibrium phenomenon; convergence between backward and successful regions is slow because the equilibrating forces are weak. Recently, two models have emerged where regional disparities are seen as an equilibrium phenomenon; the amenity model, which assumes that high unemployment and low wages reflect favourable living conditions, and the matching model, which views high unemployment as the result of labour market congestion in declining regions. The paper derives some key empirical implications of the models and examines whether the regional pattern of migration, unemployment and wages in Norway conforms with these implications. The results are supportive of the matching model but not of the amenity model.
The Single Currency and Labour Market Flexibility: a Necessary Partnership?
Authors: Hughes Hallett A. J. , Ma Yue , Demertzis Maria
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the macroeconomic consequences of rigidities in the European labour markets, and shows that attempts to impose a single monetary regime on economies with different structures can lead to a breakdown in co‐ordination. Such breakdowns can occur when expenditure‐switching effects are dominated by the income effects of greater policy discipline. Market flexibility should therefore be given greater importance than the process of policy formulation in the ‘New Europe’
Non‐pecuniary Advantages Versus Pecuniary Disadvantages; Job Satisfaction Among Male And Female Academics In Scottish Universities
Authors: Ward Melanie E. , Sloane Peter J.
Published: March 2003

This paper considers job satisfaction in the academic labour market drawing upon a particularly detailed data set of 900 academics from five traditional Scottish Universities. Recent studies have revealed that in the labour force as a whole women generally express themselves as more satisfied with their jobs than men. Our results show that reports of overall job satisfaction do not vary widely by gender. This result is explained through the nature of our dataset, limited as it is to a highly educated workforce, in which female workers are likely to have job expectations comparable to their male counterparts. Ordered probit analysis is used to analyse the determinants of an academic’s overall satisfaction at work as well as satisfaction with promotion prospects, job security and salary. Comparison salary is found to be an important influence on academics’ overall job satisfaction although evidence suggests that academics place a lower emphasis on pecuniary relative to non pecuniary aspects of work than other sectors of the workforce.
Diminishing Returns and the Limit of Athletic Performance
Authors: Scully Gerald W.
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this paper is to estimate athletic performance profiles over time, to establish that diminishing returns is a characteristic of performance functions, to measure the rate of the marginal decline, and to measure the upper (lower) bound or limit of performance. The empirical results yield estimates of the limiting value of athletic performance and the frontier maximum (minimum) record. Since lower bounds in the running events have been shown to be sensitive to choice of the nonlinear model, logistic and an exponential model for the men's running and distance events are estimated as a cross‐check on my differential equation model. The issue of the gender gap (whether women will ever catch men) in athletic performance is also explored.
The Impact of Financial Participation and Employee Involvement on Financial Performance: a Re‐estimation Using the 1998 Wers
Authors: Addison John T. , Belfield Clive R.
Published: March 2003

This note re‐iterates McNabb and Whitfield’s (1998) empirical investigation of the relationship between workplace performance and various indicators of employee involvement. McNabb and Whitfield used the 1990 WIRS, whereas our re‐estimation is for the 1998 WERS. Our results differ sharply from theirs; in particular, we discern no significant association between downward communication and firm performance, nor do we find that employee share ownership and profit related pay are substitutes. More generally, our findings underscore the difficulty of specifying the relationship between firm performance and employee involvement that is amply reflected in the diversity of findings in the wider literature.
The Impact of Economic Sanctions on South African Exports
Authors: Evenett Simon J.
Published: March 2003

In the mid‐1980s many nations imposed sanctions on South African exports, most of which were subsequently removed during 1991–3. I estimate the effect of eight industrialized economies’ sanctions on their imports from South Africa. Outliers are found to strongly influence the parameter estimates. Failure to take account of them leads to the conclusion that sanctions by the (then) European Communities most adversely affected South African exports. In fact, robustness checks reveal that the United States’ Comprehensive Anti‐Apartheid Act played the largest role, reducing bilateral imports by a third. The broader implications of these findings for estimating gravity equations are discussed.
Causes and Effects of Coastal Sand Mining in Ghana
Authors: Mensah John Victor
Published: March 2003

Sand mining is a type of open‐cast mining that provides material for the construction sector in Ghana. The construction sector in the coastal areas of Ghana relies heavily on coastal sand and pebbles in the building of houses, bridges and roads. Its contribution to Ghana’s industrial output has increased from 17.4 per cent in 1986 to 20.8 per cent in 1993. However, the process of sand mining has accelerated coastal environmental degradation to an alarming rate in many areas. As a result the government has been compelled to spend millions of dollars to combat sea erosion. This paper examines the causes and effects of coastal sand mining in three communities in the Ahanta West District of Ghana. It argues that coastal sand needs to be exploited to satisfy human demands but this requires efficient and effective resource management to ensure sustainable development. It also calls for a concerted effort by policy makers, sand contractors, engineers, traditional rulers and local residents to find a solution to the coastal environmental crisis.
Micro‐Basins on Slopes in Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia: Characteristics and Development
Authors: Riley S.J. , Rippon G.D. , Evans K.G. , Selkirk J. , Saynor M.J.
Published: March 2003

The development of micro‐basins on quartzite ridges in Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia, is presented. It is suggested that micro‐basin development depends on the complex interaction of tree growth and decay, rock fabric and termite activity. The micro‐basins have a role in the morphological development of slopes on the quartzite.
Agents of Eviction: The Squatter Control and Clearance Division of Hong Kong’s Housing Department
Authors: Smart Alan
Published: March 2003

More is known about the policies that produce forced evictions and their consequences than about the agencies whose responsibility it is to conduct them. Understanding the nature of forced evictions requires greater comprehension of responsible agencies since the ways in which they implement policies may be a crucial intervening variable influencing the outcomes. In this paper, I use documentary and ethnographic research to describe the Squatter Control and Clearance Division of the Hong Kong Housing Department. Responsible both for evicting squatters and for controlling squatter areas that are permitted to remain for the time being, officers must respond to the conflicts and challenges of their twin, partially conflicting, mandates. Examination of changes in squatter control and clearance practices since 1954 is followed by a brief case study of the most recent squatter clearance that occurred in July 2001.
Attachment and Social Functioning: A Longitudinal Study from Infancy to Middle Childhood
Authors: Bohlin Gunilla , Hagekull Berit , Rydell Ann‐Margret
Published: March 2003

A longitudinal sample of 96 children was followed from 15 months of age to 8–9 years. Attachment relationships were studied in infancy with the Strange Situation and at school age with the Separation Anxiety Test. Social functioning was studied at school age through mother and teacher ratings, observations at school, and in children’s self‐reports. Predictive results showed that infants who had been secure as infants were more socially active, positive and popular at school age, and tended to report less social anxiety than children who had been insecure. Outcomes did not differentiate between children who had been anxious‐avoidant and anxious‐ambivalent. In spite of nonsignificant continuity between attachment security at infancy and school age, the associations to social functioning were similar.
Gender‐Differentiated Experience in the Peer Culture: Links to Intimacy in Preadolescence
Authors: Zarbatany Lynne , McDougall Patricia , Hymel Shelley
Published: March 2003

This study tested claims that gender differences in intimacy are attributable to gender‐differentiated experiences in the peer culture (i.e., male and female ‘worlds’). Participants were 188 Canadian preadolescents (10–12 years, 106 girls) who completed questionnaires regarding the intimacy of their same‐sex best friendship, intimate support received from peers, and two dimensions of culture–gender composition of the friendship network and participation in communal (i.e., intimacy‐promoting) and agentic (intimacy‐repressing) activities. Consistent with the ‘two worlds’ explanation (a) communal activity participation related positively and team sports negatively to same‐sex friendship intimacy, but the latter only for boys, and (b) having other‐sex friends predicted same‐sex friendship intimacy for boys but not girls. The two worlds explanation, though supported, requires revision to accommodate findings that male and female preadolescents’ activity participation overlapped considerably, intimate friendships were not limited to intimate contexts, agentic activities potentiated both agentic and communal goals, and peer cultural variables predicted intimacy better for boys than girls.
Differential Knowledge of Display Rules for Positive and Negative Emotions: Influences from Parents, Influences on Peers
Authors: McDowell David J. , Parke Ross D.
Published: March 2003

The current study examined different types of display rule knowledge and their relation to parental control of children’s emotional expression and children’s social competence. A sample of 61 third‐grade children (50% Euro‐American, 40% Latino, and 10% African‐American, Asian‐American or other) participated in the current study. Children’s knowledge of display rules for positive and negative emotions was explored, as were the different reasons for endorsing the use of display rules. Parental level of control of children’s emotions was also examined. Findings indicate that children who endorsed the use of display rules for both positive and negative emotions were rated as more competent by both teachers and peers. Parental control of children’s expression of emotion was negatively related to children’s knowledge of display rules and better social outcomes.
Measuring Young Children's Perceptions of Support, Control, and Maintenance in Their Own Social Networks
Authors: Boosman Kitty , Meulen Matty van der , Geert Paul van , Jackson Sandy
Published: March 2003

Thirty‐eight children (aged 3;7–7;6) and one of their parents took part in a study concerning children's perceptions of their social networks. The study made use of a newly developed instrument—the Support, Control and Maintenance Pictures Interview (SCAMPI). The SCAMPI offers an individualized testing environment, employing computer presentation of questions based on photographs of significant persons familiar to the child. SCAMPI is designed to allow data analysis to be carried out with the aid of built‐in statistical procedures based on permutation and bootstrap techniques that are optimally adapted to the requirements of individualized testing. The study examines the differentiations young children make between persons in their social networks and the functions they fulfil, the level of agreement between children and their parents and the stability of the children's responses.
The Relation Between Emotion Production Behavior and Preschool Social Behavior: In the Eye of the Beholder
Authors: Barth Joan M. , Archibald Andrea
Published: March 2003

Two questions were examined with a sample of preschool children: (a) What is the relation between emotion production behavior and classroom social behavior?; and (b) Does familiarity with a child affect the perception of emotion expressions and the relations between emotion expressions and social behavior? Two theoretical perspectives on the ‘eye of the beholder’ (familiarity) were evaluated: reputation bias and generalized effects. Sixty‐eight (55% female) children were photographed posing emotion expressions (e.g., happy, sad, and angry). Expressions were rated by classmates, peer strangers, and adults. Classmates and teachers evaluated social behavior. Analyses indicated that children who were more negative and dependent had angry production biases and were likely to display happy expressions instead of sad. Results support the reputation bias and generalized familiarity theories.
Pre‐Sentence Reports: Does Quality Matter?
Authors: Downing Kevin , Lynch Richard
Published: March 2003

In recent years much attention has been paid to research into the value and effectiveness of pre‐sentence reports and this has contributed to the emergence of the concept of “quality assurance”. This encompasses the practice of monitoring reports for “quality” and “effectiveness” and the assumption that there is a positive association between these two factors. In other words, higher quality will normally be associated with a higher level of agreement or concordance between report recommendation and sentencing outcome. Using evidence gained from a sample of pre‐sentence reports from a busy magistrates' court in the south‐west of England, the authors' three main findings show that this is not the case. First, contrary to expectation, there was little or no relationship between quality of report and concordance rate for the whole sample of pre‐sentence reports. Second, whilst there was some relationship between quality of report and concordance for those reports which proposed community sentences, this was not significant. Finally, whilst report writers were generally in favour of quality assurance systems, they did not have any universal definition of “quality” in relation to pre‐sentence reports. As a result of these findings the authors question existing practice and make several suggestions for improvement, including the replacement of pre‐sentence reports with a new personal social enquiry report and an alternative model of quality assurance based on models from social science. Finally, several key recommendations are identified as essential in order to safeguard the crucial role of the Probation Service as adviser to sentencers.
The Future Organization of Community Health Councils
Authors: Pickard Susan
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the ways in which Community Health Councils (CHCs) might organize themselves in the light of the changes arising out of the purchaser–provider split. These changes have meant that they are only one among several agencies claiming to represent the interests of the user, with most fundamentally the Health Authorities themselves being entrusted with the duty of championing the people. Other means of consulting the public, which bypass the CHCs altogether, are also becoming increasingly popular. Taking as its starting‐point EL(95)142, “Guidance on the changes in establishing arrangements”, this paper looks at practical ways in which CHCs might best organize themselves to face the future. It does this by considering, in turn, membership issues, staffing, resources and accommodation, and the roles and relationships of CHCs with regard to other agencies. It also, more radically, considers their continued viability and relevance in the context of other means of tapping into or representing the public's views in the NHS of the future.
Anti‐racism and the Limits of Equal Opportunities Policy in the Criminal Justice System
Authors: Denney David
Published: March 2003

In this paper some of the evidence relating to the incidence of racial discrimination in the criminal justice system will be critically examined. It will be argued that equal opportunities policies have been adopted in the British case with the stated aim of tackling the exclusionary effects of racial discrimination. The notion of equal opportunities has been contested not least by those who have advocated anti‐racist approaches towards discrimination. Anti‐racism has been represented by some of its advocates as reflecting a critique of the authentic source of racism which is loosely defined in terms of social structure and capitalist social relations. The case for reconstituting anti‐racism in such a way as to make it relevant to the lives of black offenders will be made. Finally, a framework for developing policies based upon the implementation of specific and clearly stated rights will be made.
The End of the Welfare State?
Authors: Powell Martin , Hewitt Martin
Published: March 2003

This paper critically examines claims of a new consensus on welfare and the end of the welfare state. We first review the concept of welfare consensus, concentrating on the idea of welfare pluralism, in particular the relatively neglected distinction between national minimum (base) and extension ladder (superstructure). We then examine these concepts in the 1990s under Conservative and New Labour governments. Important changes to welfare pluralism are noted. There have been changes in the character of means‐tests, with the national minimum replaced by a series of residual minima, which represent fundamental changes to structural incentives governing the social division of welfare and work. The line between state and non‐state provision has been blurred and there have been moves to achieve universalism in the private sector. It is possible to tentatively classify Labour’s principles and fledgling policies into three categories: essential continuity with the Conservatives, reversing Conservative policies and extending Conservative policies. However, it is difficult to detect the degree of consensus because a new flexible language is beginning to pervade social policy, with the result that the welfare state is being redefined, notably in areas of full employment, citizenship and conditionality. It is possible to detect, in our terms, moves towards turning Beveridge inside out and from the “Marshall” towards the “Beveridge” welfare state. It is clear that the welfare state is being redefined, but reports of its death have been much exaggerated.
Cash versus Child Care Services in Finland
Authors: Sipilä Jorma , Korpinen Johanna
Published: March 2003

In 1985 the Finnish Parliament passed a law which stipulated that all children under age three were to be guaranteed a day care place as from the beginning of the 1990s. The law was made possible by a political compromise in which the agrarian Centre Party won the backing it needed to push through a system of state subsidies for the home care of children. As an alternative to a day care place, parents were now given the option of taking a child home care allowance and using that allowance either for purposes of looking after their child themselves or for paying for a private place. Measured in terms of the number of users, the child home care allowance was a hugely successful innovation. Most parents of small children have used the allowance for at least some period of time. This was due above all to the size of the allowance compared with other social benefits. However, following cutbacks in allowance expenditure of more than 20 per cent from 1995, the use of home care allowances declined at almost the same rate as the allowances were reduced. This brought significant short‐term savings to the Government and to local authorities, but in the longer term other costs have been rising. There has even been a sharp, unexpected decline in the birth rate. The case of Finland goes to show that, even in a country where wage‐earning motherhood has become firmly established, income transfers through family policy can have a very significant influence on the numbers opting temporarily for homemaking.
Analysing Structural Interests in Primary Care Groups
Authors: North Nancy , Peckham Stephen
Published: March 2003

Alford’s theory of structural interests in health care has been used as a heuristic device both in the USA and the UK. Despite concerns about its heuristic power it provides a lucid analytical framework and is helpful in exposing the structural interests that underpin political processes in health systems. To date its application in the UK has been primarily in relation to an NHS dominated by health authorities and hospital providers. Recent reforms in the UK have created a new context dominated by primary care organizations. In this paper we identify the key players in English primary care groups as they relate to Alford’s structural interest groups: the professional monopolizers, corporate rationalizers and community. The paper outlines the context of the involvement of the key groups and then analyses the relationships between them. In doing so it raises concerns about the structure and purpose of primary care groups and the probability that key tensions between general practitioners who adopt a corporate rationalizer role and those who retain a professional monopolizer role will be damaging to the progress and development of PCGs. Our analysis also highlights the continuing weakness of the community as an interest group despite the emphasis on involving patients and the public. Importantly, we would suggest that the professional monopolizers among GPs will retain a powerful voice, countering the new corporate rationalizers and continuing to claim that they represent the community’s interests.
Lone‐parent Families in Europe: A Variety of Economic and Social Circumstances
Authors: Chambaz Christine
Published: March 2003

The third wave of the European Community Household Panel Survey (ECHP) shows that 12 per cent of European families were lone‐parent families in 1996. Nine single parents out of ten are women, usually divorced or separated. The proportion of lone parents under 30 varies from 3 per cent in Italy to 20 per cent in the United Kingdom. Most lone parents are in work, and very often occupy a full‐time job, but the employment rate ranges from only 40 per cent in Ireland and the United Kingdom to 75 per cent in France and Denmark. Lone‐parent families benefit from social transfers more often than other families, and for higher amounts, but poverty is more common than in other households, except in Denmark, Greece and Portugal. The housing circumstances of lone‐parent families vary widely from country to country. In the south of Europe, 25 to 40 per cent are lodging in a larger household, suggesting solidarity within the extended families. This paper classifies the nations of Europe into five groups in terms of the overall circumstances of lone‐parent families. Anglo‐Saxon countries have the highest proportion of lone parents, with the least labour market participation and lower incomes. In contrast, lone parents in Scandinavian countries are more often at work and no more affected by poverty than other types of households.