bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Antibiotics Upon the Immune Response
Authors: Stevens Kingsley M. , Lichter Raymond J.
Published: January 2023

The rate of loss of labelled antigen (I131 bovine gamma globulin) from blood has been used as a measure of the primary immune response in rabbits.

Using this method, standard curves have been set up for normal rabbits and for rabbits in which the immune response has been eliminated by prior x-irradiation. The results agreed with those published by other workers.

Rabbits were given daily injections of one of the following antibiotics: crystalline penicillin G (28,000 units/kg), dihydrostreptomycin (50 mg/kg), aureomycin (30 mg/kg), terramycin (29 mg/kg). The loss of I*BGG from the blood of these animals was followed.

The mean values for the control vs. the experimental groups were subjected to statistical analysis, using the “F” test. All antibiotics tested produced a depression. For aureomycin, this depression was significant at the 98% confidence level, for dihydrostreptomycin at the 99% level, for terramycin at the 99.8 % level, and for penicillin at the 99.9% level.

All rabbits were not affected: some showed no depression, some showed partial depression, while others were completely depressed.
The Ability of Trypsin to Restore Specific Agglutinating Capacity of Erythrocytes Treated with Periodate
Authors: Coffin S. Farnum , Pickles Margaret M.
Published: January 2023

Treatment of human erythrocytes—group O, CD (Rh) positive, or group O, S positive—with dilute saline solutions of periodic acid at varying concentrations and pH, for varying periods of time, will diminish or abolish the capacity of these cells to agglutinate in the presence of the specific anti-serum (saline-agglutinating anti-D or anti-S). Subsequent exposure of aliquots of these periodate-treated cells to buffered solutions of crystalline trypsin restores this specific agglutinating ability. If cells are first trypsinated and then periodated, the loss of agglutinating properties is somewhat slower and less marked than when previously untreated cells are periodated. The specificity of these changes is shown by the lack of agglutination of negative control cells, similarly treated, and by the results of the absorption tests. This restoration of agglutination is presumed to occur by the action of trypsin in unmasking previously unavailable erythrocyte antigen sites.
Protective Effect of Sera from Animals Treated with Different Brucella Antigens upon Brucella Infection in Mice
Authors: Live I. , Giuliani L. A.
Published: January 2023

Sera from adult cattle injected with ether-killed Brucella abortus combined with Falba and mineral oil showed a much higher protective action against lethal Brucella infection in mice than sera from cattle injected with live strain 19 vaccine of Br. abortus. The agglutinin titers of the 2 groups of animals were very similar at the time of the in-vivo test in mice.

A small percentage of sera from heifers injected with live strain 19 vaccine within 2 years of the time of the test protected mice against lethal Brucella infection, while none of the sera from animals immunized at longer intervals before the time of testing protected all treated mice.

Sera from guinea pigs injected with ether-killed Br. abortus combined with Falba and mineral oil conferred considerable protection on mice in all 4 tests carried out in the course of the 6½ months. Sera from guinea pigs injected with the same dose of ether-killed Br. abortus suspended in saline, on the other hand, showed only slight protection in the first test, and in the subsequent tests none of the sera protected all mice.

Sera from guinea pigs infected with virulent Br. abortus showed protective activity which fluctuated in the various tests. Variation in clinical symptoms of brucellosis may possibly be related to such changes in the concentration of humoral protective substance.

The various sera protected mice against the lethal effect of a large infecting dose, but did not suppress chronic infection.
The Effect of X-Irradiation on the Immunity of Mosquitoes to Malarial Infection
Authors: Terzian Levon A.
Published: January 2023

It has been shown that the mosquito Aedes aegypti, in common with other insects, is extremely resistant to high doses of X-irradiation. Thus, the mortality did not reach 100% in the groups exposed to 40,000 r and 30,000 r until the twelfth and twenty-first post-irradiation days respectively, while in the groups exposed to 20,000 r the mortality was 95% on the thirtieth day. In the groups exposed to 10,000 r and 5,000 r the mortality was 28% and 18% respectively at the end of thirty days. It is to be noted that in non-irradiated, control colonies the mortality is 10% at the end of thirty days, and that the average life span of these laboratory mosquitoes is approximately forty-five days. It has been demonstrated that X-irradiation in doses ranging from 5,000 r to 30,000 r produces a significant increase in the innate resistance of A. aegypti to infection with the malarial parasite Plasmodium gallinaceum, and that this effect is quantitatively increased with increasing doses of X-irradiation. Finally, it has been shown that penicillin, and sulfadiazine, when administered to X-irradiated mosquitoes prior to infection, are capable of reversing the effects on host immunity produced by exposure to X-irradiation and reestablishing what would appear to be a normal host-parasite equilibrium.
Influenza Virus Multiplication in Homologously Transplanted Mouse Fetal Tissues
Authors: Wagner Robert R.
Published: January 2023

The susceptibility of embryonic mouse tissues to infection with various strains of human influenza virus has been tested by transplantation of virus-treated tissues to the subcutaneous space of homologous adult hosts. The technique is relatively simple and gives readily reproducible results. When infection with the virus occurred it was localized to the transplanted donor tissue and the draining axillary and inguinal lymph nodes of the recipient host. No characteristic cytologic changes due to virus proliferation were noted.

The capacity of different strains of influenza virus to multiply in transplanted fetal mouse lung varied with the degree of infectivity of the individual strain for adult mouse lung. The purely egg-adapted A′ strain, A/England/1/51, showed no increase in virus titer in the 1st fetal lung generation but acquired proliferative capacity after a single fetal or adult lung passage.

Non-neurotropic strains of influenza virus did not multiply in fetal tissues other than lung. An encephalitogenic variant of the WS strain of influenza A (NWS) was infective for mouse fetal lung, intestine, kidney, heart, bladder and spleen but not for skin.
Anaphylactic Shock in the Mouse Vaccinated with Hemophilus Pertussis
Authors: Malkiel Saul , Hargis Betty J. , Feinberg Samuel M.
Published: January 2023

Bovine serum and crystalline egg albumin (Ea) when mixed with Hemophilus pertussis phase I organisms and inoculated intraperitoneally proved to be strong antigens in that a high percentage of female albino mice thus injected were fatally shocked by challenge with the homologous antigen. Bovine plasma albumin and diphtheria toxoid were also effective in enhancing sensitization, although the manifestations thereof were to a lesser degree. Neither precipitating nor non-precipitating or univalent antibodies were detected in mouse anti-Ea serum. It is suggested that tissue or sessile antibodies may be responsible for the heightened sensitivity. Passive transfer could not be effected with homologous “antisera” in either control or pertussis inoculated mice. Some degree of transfer was found possible with rabbit antiserum in pertussis inoculated mice. The enhancement of antigenicity is probably not mediated by virtue of the adjuvant or “schlepper” effect of the pertussis cells. Pertussis admixture was found to be much more effective than Freund's adjuvant. Admixture is not necessarily a requirement but both the antigen and the pertussis organisms seem to be administered necessarily on the same day. Various fractions of the pertussis organisms were found to possess this capacity, i.e. sonically disintegrated supernatant, alcohol precipitate, saline extract, etc. The acetic acid-insoluble (nucleoprotein?) fraction of the latter is also markedly effective. No explanation is offered at the moment to explain this phenomenon.
Deposition of Beef Serum Gamma-Globulin in Rabbit Organs and Subcellular Fractions
Authors: Crampton Charles F. , Reller Herbert H. , Haurowitz Felix
Published: January 2023

Rabbits injected with beef serum γ-globulin, which had been coupled with very small amounts of diazotized S35-sulfanilic acid, were sacrificed at intervals of time from 15 minutes to 93 days, and their organs assayed for residual trichloroacetic acid precipitable radioactivity. The distribution of radioactivity among the subcellular fractions isolated by differential centrifugation from spleen and liver homogenates was also determined.

A high concentration of the labeled globulin persisted in the blood until 4–5 days after injection, when there was an abrupt decline due to the onset of antibody formation.

After 7.5 days, the levels of globulin in all the organs investigated, except heart, were much higher than the blood level. By the 93rd day, most of the organ levels had fallen only to about a third of the high levels at 7.5 days. Evidently, antibody formation is initiated and continues in the presence of deposited antigen.

The beef globulin undergoes a brief initial deposition in the microsomal fraction of the liver, but soon becomes nearly evenly distributed among all fractions of the perfused liver. With the abrupt fall in the blood level of antigen accompanying antibody formation, there is a decrease in the relative activity of the supernatant fraction, and an increase in the relative concentration of antigen in the mitochondrial fraction of both liver and spleen, suggesting that the components of this subcellular fraction may be involved in the process of antibody formation.
Studies on the Role of Ca++ and Mg++ in Complement Fixation and Immune Hemolysis
Authors: Levine Lawrence , Cowan Keith M. , Osler Abraham G. , Mayer Manfred M.
Published: January 2023

The role of Ca++ in C′ fixation has been studied by two methods: 1) With a system depleted of divalent cations by passage through a resin, Ca++, but not Mg++, caused a marked enhancement in C′ fixation; 2) With a system containing EDTA as an inhibitory chelating agent, Ca++, but not Mg++, Sr++, or Ba++, restores C′ fixation. Therefore Ca++ is specifically required in C′ fixation.
Quantitative Studies on Anaphylaxis, Deallergization, and Desensitization
Authors: Baserga Renato , Bergamini Fernanda
Published: January 2023

Quantitative changes in the antibody content of the serum of actively sensitized and desensitized guinea pigs have been studied. Detectable amounts of antibodies were produced by means of the “adjuvants” technique. The results are not in favor of the quantitative theory of desensitization.
The Quantitative Precipitin Reaction of Equine Diphtheria Antitoxin
Authors: Bowen Harry E. , Polley Barbara A. , Huang Jane
Published: January 2023

Pappenheimer and Robinson (1) studied the quantitative reaction between diphtheria antitoxin (equine) and toxin. Their curves showed inhibition of precipitation in excess antibody and excess antigen and a wide zone of equivalence as determined by the rabbit intracutaneous test. The points in the equivalence zone defined a straight line whose slope they interpreted as a measure of specifically precipitable antigen nitrogen (N) and whose intercept measured specifically precipitable antitoxin N. They concluded that co-precipitation of non-toxin material did not occur in appreciable amounts.

This interpretation has been seriously criticized by Pope and his co-workers (2), who have been unable, in general, to reproduce the curve as originally described by Pappenheimer and Robinson. Pope concludes, after extensive experimentation, that co-precipitation of other antigen-antibody complexes definitely contributes to the total N. Indeed, he suggests that co-precipitates may actually represent a major part of the total precipitate with the true toxin-antitoxin complex precipitating, quite incidentally, simultaneously with other immunologic complexes present in the mixture.
Production of Pulmonary Lesions by Influenza Viruses in Immunized Mice
Authors: Ginsberg Harold
Published: January 2023

Influenza viruses produced severe pulmonary lesions in mice immunized by intraperitoneal injections of the homologous agent. With inocula of 108.3 E.I.D. of CAM virus, pneumonia resulted which was as severe as in control mice. Immunized mice challenged with only 107.5 E.I.D. of influenza A or B virus initially developed lesions to the same extent as control animals, but maximum consolidation did not result. Although some viral multiplication probably occurred, it was postulated that it was the original quantity of virus inoculated which caused the lesions in immunized mice.
Purification Studies on Lansing Poliomyelitis Virus
Authors: Bachrach H. L. , Schwerdt C. E.
Published: January 2023

Purified concentrates of the Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus have been prepared from cotton rat CNS with specific infectivities increased 20,000 times, on the average, above that of the original infected tissue. The fraction of total virus infectivity recovered in the purified concentrates averaged 40 to 50%.

The virus in the concentrates of high specific infectivity has been identified by analytical electron microscopy to be a spherical particle 28 mμ in diameter. This identification was made through correlative experiments relating particle counts to infectivity and is discussed in detail. The concentration of the virus in CNS tissue of paralytic cotton rats is calculated to be about 0.2 μg per gram of tissue. It is shown that about 21,000 virus particles or 3.0 × 10-13 g of virus are consistently present in one LD50 inoculum for cotton rats, but it is not known whether all or a constant fraction of these particles are infectious. The electron microscopic evidence shows that the virus is highly uniform in size and shape.
Studies on Chick-Embryo-Adapted Rabies Virus
Authors: Koprowski Hilary , Black Jack
Published: January 2023

Guinea-pigs injected with living egg-adapted Flury strain of rabies virus become resistant to challenge inoculation with street virus within 12 days after vaccination. This resistance is accompanied by the development of homologous neutralizing antibodies.

Results of comparative immunization of dogs and guinea pigs indicate that the latter species may be used successfully to control potency of canine vaccines. The proposed potency control test is described in detail.
Serum Neutralization Tests in Mice and in Tissue Culture Against Three Types of Poliomyelitis Virus
Authors: Li C. P. , Schaeffer Morris
Published: January 2023

A method of effective utilization of the three types of mouse adapted poliomyelitis viruses in serum neutralization tests is described. With this technic, 110 human sera were tested and age-antibody distribution curves generally following previously established patterns were demonstrated for all three types of the virus. The results with individual sera were obtained with rapidity and regularity.

The results of mouse neutralization tests were compared with those obtained by a tissue culture neutralization method and they were found to be in close correlation.

When individual sera were compared by both methods, about 90% were in complete agreement and 10% at variance. However, these discrepancies occurred principally among the sera which gave orderline neutralization results by the mouse test. Such sera were shown to have a low titer, while sera which were definitely positive by both methods had a relatively high titer.

Further studies with view toward standardization of technics and establishment of criteria for the choice of neutralization test systems are desirable.
The Relation of Circulating Antibody Concentration to Localization of Labeled (S35) Antigen
Authors: Garvey Justine S. , Campbell Dan H.
Published: January 2023

The foregoing experiments show that significant differences in tissue localization of antigen occurred in rabbits when the titer of circulating antibody was greater than 0.1 mg N. The increased uptake of antigen by the lungs of immune animals may be largely attributed to hypersensitive reaction of this tissue whereas the greater localization in the liver represents complexing of antigen with circulating antibody. A method of acid-salt dissociation was found useful in isolating the antigen and antibody from the immune complexes obtained as insoluble material in a perfusate from liver tissue. There was no apparent redistribution of antigen when the usual 6 hour test period for localization was extended to 72 hours.
Studies on the Transfer of Lymph Node Cells
Authors: Harris T. N. , Harris Susanna , Farber Miriam B.
Published: January 2023

Cells were teased from various lymph nodes and the spleens of rabbits which had been given injections of Shigella paradysenteriae into the hind foot pads. These cells were transferred to fresh rabbits, and thereafter agglutinins to the Shigella were measured in the sera of the latter. It was found that such agglutinins appeared regularly in the sera of the rabbits receiving cells of the popliteal lymph nodes, and only occasionally, to much lower titer, in recipients of splenic cells. If the same dose of antigen was injected intravenously into the donors it was found after cell-transfer that agglutinins to dysentery bacilli appeared regularly in the sera of recipients of splenic cells and occasionally, in much lower titer, in the recipients of cells of the popliteal lymph nodes. In neither case did agglutinins appear in the recipients of cells of the mesenteric lymph nodes of the donor animals.

Repeated injections of Shigella paradysenteriae into the foot pads of donors resulted in regional lymph nodes which were larger and yielded more cells than that found after a single injection. Following the transfer of such cells the agglutinin titers of the recipients' sera were usually similar to, and occasionally lower than, those observed in the case of a single injection of antigen.

When dysentery bacilli were injected into the hind foot pads of rabbits together with 3 other antigens, antibodies to all 4 antigens were found in sera of the recipients of cells of the regional lymph nodes, and the titers of anti-Shigella agglutinins in these animals were similar to those found in the recipients of cells from lymph nodes draining the site of injection of dysentery bacilli alone.

The effects of administration of cortisone were also studied in this system. Such treatment of donor rabbits resulted in lymph nodes which were smaller and yielded approximately one-sixth the number of cells of control donors, but the cells so derived were usually as effective, or, in some cases, slightly less so, than in the case of non-hormone treated controls. Popliteal lymph node cells derived from normal donors 4 days after their injection with dysentery organisms were as effective in cortisone-treated recipients as in control animals. However, when the cells were obtained 2 days after the injection of the donors with antigen, and transferred to cortisone treated recipients and to controls, the agglutinin titers of the former were in some instances lower than those of the non-hormone treated animals.
Immunology and Serology of Some Parasitic Protozoan Flagellates
Authors: Menolasino Nicholas J. , Hartman Ernest
Published: January 2023

For Trichomonas vaginalis and Trichomonas foetus the following findings are reported: a specific, high titer somatic agglutinina specific posterior flagellar agglutinin of moderate titeran antibody, or possibly a complex of antibodies, capable of causing the rounding, granulation, and ultimate fragmentation of these organisms, after inactivation of the antiserum at 56°C for 30 minutes.an antibody, or possibly a complex of antibodies, of high titer, capable of causing the immobilization and subsequent lysis of the anterior flagella, after inactivation of the antiserumthe antigenic similarity of Trichomonas vaginalis and Trichomonas foetus.the immunologic and serologic techniques applied to bacteria are not applicable to the study of this type of organism.
Primary and Specific Anamnestic Antibody Responses of Rabbits to Heterologous Serum Protein Antigens
Authors: Dixon Frank J. , Maurer Paul H. , Deichmiller Maria P.
Published: January 2023

In the primary and anamnestic antibody responses to heterologous serum protein antigens rapid antibody synthesis ceases with or shortly after the disappearance of detectable antigen. In the primary response there was no conclusive evidence of continued antibody production after the disappearance of antigen. In the anamnestic responses, however, antibody continued to be produced at a low level for more than 6 months after antigen could no longer be detected.
Heterohemoantibodies in Inbred Strains of Mice
Authors: Davidsohn Israel , Stern Kurt
Published: January 2023

Titers of immune hemoantibodies in mice of 10 inbred strains revealed characteristic patterns for each strain, with considerable variations between strains. The possible role of genetic, metabolic, and hormonal factors in relation to this difference in response of mice to immunization with hemoantigens was discussed. Among 11 strains tested, all five low-tumor strains showed a high immune response, whereas of six high-tumor or high-leukemia strains, five exhibited a low immune response. A possible interpretation of these findings was presented.
Studies on the Removal of the Encephalitogenic Factor from Rabies Vaccine
Authors: Hottle G. A. , Peers J. H.
Published: January 2023

By means of centrifugation at approximately 1000 G of a suspension of 5% brain tissue in distilled water, it was possible to remove a large part of the encephalitogenic factor from rabies vaccine and retain most of the mouse protective antigen in the supernatant fluid.
Studies on Immunity in Anthrax
Authors: Wright George G. , Hedberg Mary A. , Slein Janet B.
Published: January 2023

Elaboration of the protective antigen of Bacillus anthracis was obtained in a chemically-defined, non-protein medium composed of 17 amino acids, inorganic salts, adenine, guanine, uracil, thiamine, glutamine, glucose, and sodium bicarbonate. Sterile filtrates of static 20-hour cultures of a non-proteolytic mutant strain of B. anthracis, when injected in divided doses totaling 1 ml., were capable of immunizing rabbits so that they survived intracutaneous challenge with 10,000 spores of virulent B. anthracis, representing at least 100 lethal doses. The preparations immunized guinea pigs against a challenge of 1000 spores and, when precipitated with alum, produced detectable immunity in mice. A preliminary experiment suggested that the antigen also produced effective immunity in monkeys. Tentative indications as to some of the critical constituents and cultural conditions for production of antigen were obtained. Protective antigen activity of the crude culture filtrate was relatively unstable; the protective antigen could, however, be concentrated and stabilized by lyophilization or by alum precipitation. The meaning of the results is discussed.
Infectivity Titrations of the Viruses of Western Equine Encephalomyelitis and Newcastle Disease by Tissue Culture Methods
Authors: Fastier Lyle B.
Published: January 2023

The cytopathogenic changes which occur in tissue cultures infected with the viruses of Western equine encephalomyelitis or of Newcastle disease have been utilized for infectivity titrations of these agents.

The reproducibility and degree of accuracy exhibited by suspended tissue culture titrations compare favourably with those obtained by conventional animal inoculation methods.
Kinetic Studies on Immune Hemolysis
Authors: Mayer Manfred M. , Levine Lawrence
Published: January 2023

The hemolytic action of complement is arrested much more promptly by ethylene diamine tetra acetate as well as by an unrelated specific precipitate when hemolytic antibody rather than complement is the limiting factor. This suggests that the rate of reaction in the limited antibody system is controlled by the Ca++ step while in the limited complement system the Mg++ step is the pace-making reaction. The Mg++ step may be blocked promptly and effectively by dilution and chilling. On this basis a sampling procedure for kinetic analysis has been devised by which the rate of the Mg++ step may be measured. Kinetic reaction curves are presented which show that the velocity of the Mg++ step and of the terminal transformation reaction are identical. The average time required for a cell to go through the terminal reaction is about 2 minutes. Sensitized erythrocytes may be taken through the Ca++ step in the cold. Upon addition of Mg++ and an appropriate fraction of complement at 37°C the Mg++ step proceeds with little or no lag.
The Number of Elementary Bodies Per 50% Lethal Dose of Meningo-Pneumonitis Virus as Determined by Electron Microscopic Counting
Authors: Crocker T. Timothy
Published: January 2023

Counting of elementary bodies of meningo-pneumonitis virus in dialysed allantoic fluid by electron microscopy is described. Dialysis against distilled water for 18 to 24 hours at 5°C did not alter the lethal potency of the fluid for chick embryos inoculated via the yolk sac. Morphologic features of the elementary bodies in allantoic fluid, although altered slightly by dialysis, remained distinctive. The number of elementary bodies per LD50 in 4 experiments was found to be 200 to 1000, and the number per ID50 in a single experiment was 43. Factors influencing the numbers of elementary bodies per 50% lethal or infectious unit are discussed.
Electrophoretic Mobility in Paper of Isoagglutinins
Authors: Payne Rose , Deming Q. B.
Published: January 2023

The electrophoretic mobility of the isoagglutinins has not been extensively studied. Two publications bear on this subject; both, however, depend partially on chemical methods and both used pooled rather than individual sera.

Enders (1) in 1944, using fractions prepared by the methods of Cohn et al. found most of the isohemagglutinin and typhoid ‘O’ agglutinin activity in Fraction III-1 while he found most bacterial and viral antibodies and a lesser amount of isoagglutinin in Fraction II. Fraction II is 95% γ-globulin. Fraction III-1, with the bulk of the isoagglutinin, is 25% γ-globulin, 70% β-globulin and 3% α-globulin. In this work, Enders was not primarily interested in the electrophoretic mobility of the isoagglutinins but he did report the electrophoretic patterns of the fractions. He pointed out that these data did not establish whether the isoagglutinins were in the α-, β- or γ-globulin fraction but suggested that if they were associated with γ-globulins, these were probably different from the γ-globulins of Fraction II which contain many exogenously stimulated antibodies.
Serological Properties of Polyglycyl Bovine Serum Albumin
Authors: Makinodan Takashi , Becker Robert R. , Wolfe Harold R. , Stahmann Mark A.
Published: January 2023

Preliminary interfacial tests showed no significant difference in the titers of antibovine serum albumin and antipolyglycyl bovine albumin sera against the homologous or heterologous antigens. Polyglycyl bovine serum albumin (PGBSA) can elicit as good an antibody response in chickens as bovine serum albumin (BSA). Antisera produced against BSA and PGBSA are readily precipitated by the heterologous antigens. In cross reactions involving anti-BSA and PGBSA only a slight decrease in total precipitate is found in the antibody excess region in contrast to that found in the antigen excess region. In cross reactions involving anti-PGBSA a decrease in precipitate resulted in both the antibody and antigen excess regions. No serological difference was evident between normal bovine serum albumin and lyophilized bovine serum albumin as prepared for these studies.
An Unidentified Antibody in Anti-Egg Albumin Sera Revealed by the Agar Diffusion Technic
Authors: Vaughan John H. , Kabat Elvin A.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

A previously unidentified antibody in anti-egg albumin sera, designated anti-EWx, has been shown to give a characteristic precipitin curve. Data are presented to suggest that its specific antigen, EWx, constitutes less than 1% of the total protein of egg white. The presence of the antibody in anti-egg white sera and its absence in anti-conalbumin sera has been demonstrated.

The significance of examining sera for antibody to impurity by multiple methods is illustrated and the limitations of such methods when used singly are discussed.
A Receptor-Destroying Enzyme in Human Saliva and Its Possible Relation to Poliomyelitis Infection
Authors: Hofman Bartheld
Published: January 2023

The presence of a receptor-destroying enzyme in human saliva, previously described by Jungeblut, Horvath and Knox, is confirmed. The enzyme appeared to be closely related to, if not identical with, the receptor-destroying enzyme (RDE) obtained from cultures of Vibrio cholerae. When individuals were tested over a period of several consecutive days, consistently negative samples were obtained from some persons while others had varying amounts of the enzyme in their saliva which fluctuated irregularly from day to day. Saliva samples were collected from 64 poliomyelitis patients and from a control group of 47 persons, including healthy individuals and patients ill with other diseases, each person donating at least 6 specimens. It was found that the poliomyelitis patients secreted the enzyme more frequently than the controls. The observed difference between the two groups of persons is discussed in its possible relation to the mechanism of poliomyelitic infection.
Studies of the Complement Fixation Reaction in Virus Systems
Authors: Rice Christine E. , McKercher P. D.
Published: January 2023

Sera collected from horses, swine, and cattle before inoculation with either the New Jersey or Indiana types of vesicular stomatitis virus and at periodic intervals thereafter, were tested by complement-fixation methods with antigens prepared from chick embryo tissues infected with these respective viruses. Convalescent sera from the three species differed in their behaviour in these tests.

In horses as in guinea pigs, complement-fixing activity with homologous VS antigen appeared in about six to eight days after infection, reached a maximum titer in ten days to two weeks, remained relatively constant for seven to ten days then began to decline. No cross fixation between types was recorded.

None of the cattle sera at any time exhibited any fixation in direct complement-fixation tests with homologous antigen. To demonstrate non-complement-fixing antibody in these convalescent bovine sera it was necessary to employ an indirect complement-fixation method using hyperimmune guinea pig or convalescent horse serum to detect residual antigen. The time of antibody development as indicated by the appearance of inhibitory activity in these indirect tests coincided with that demonstrated in horses by direct complement-fixing tests.

The convalescent pig sera showed marked prozones effects (increased hemolysis) in lower serum dilutions. This increased hemolysis was traceable to certain substances present in normal as well as in convalescent swine serum and not to non-complement-fixing antibodies corresponding to those in convalescent bovine sera. Natural hemolysins for sheep red cells, third component of complement, and possibly other constituents, notably lipids, apparently contribute to this augmented hemolysis or reduced fixation of complement.
Properties and Antigenic Relationships of Hemagglutinins Associated with the Dengue Viruses
Authors: Sweet Benjamin H. , Sabin Albert B.
Published: January 2023

Hemagglutinins for chick erythrocytes were recovered from the brains of suckling mice infected with the 7th or 118th mouse passages of the Type 1, Hawaii strain or with the 19th mouse passage of the Type 2, New Guinea “C” strain. The 2 antigenically distinct, but related dengue hemagglutinins can be distinguished by the pH requirements for reaction and for maximum titers of hemagglutination. Immediately after extraction of the brains with pH 9 borate buffer, the Type 2 hernagglutinin was demonstrable when the erythrocytes were allowed to sediment at 4 C (only at pH 6.5–6.7) but not at 20–25 C, while the Type 1 hemagglutinin, regardless of mouse passage levels, was demonstrable at both temperatures in a broader pH zone (6.2–7.5 with maximum titers in the range of 6.7). Both hemagglutinins rapidly deteriorated at pH 6.7 at 4, 25, and 37 C, and paradoxically inactivation seemed to occur faster at 4 C than at 25 C. At pH 7.0–7.9 there was marked stability at 4 C and 25 C with all preparations, regardless of mouse passage level, while at 37 C the 19th mouse passage Type 2 and 7th mouse passage Type 1 preparations remained stable for at least 18 hours, while the 118th mouse passage Type 1 hemagglutinin lost almost all its potency in 1 hour. The hemagglutinins remained stable at pH 7.9 at 4 C for at least 4 months, while freezing at about -80 C and thawing completely destroyed their activity.

Specific hemagglutination-inhibition (H-I) antibody was readily separated from normal inhibitor in human, monkey and rabbit sera by precipitation with acetone. Higher H-I titers were obtained when antibody and hemagglutinin at pH 7.7 were incubated for 2 hours at 22 C, prior to the addition of the erythrocytes (suspended in buffer pH 5.6 to bring the mixture to pH 6.7 which was optimum for hemagglutination). Dengue antisera which were strictly homotypic by the neutralization test reacted to varying titers with the heterotypic dengue hemagglutinin. By means of the H-I tests the dengue viruses were shown to be antigenically related to the St. Louis, Japanese B, West Nile and yellow fever viruses but not to those of sandfly fever, Rift Valley fever, or Western equine encephalitis.
Monolayer Tissue Cultures
Authors: Youngner J. S.
Published: January 2023

The influence of the composition of the medium employed and the time of fluid change on the number of cells comprising the cell monolayer have been investigated and growth curves for poliomyelitis virus in this culture system have been determined. The results presented indicate that the use of trypsin-dispersed monkey kidney cell suspensions yielded fluids with infectivity titers of 107.3 to 108.2 ID50 doses per ml.
The J Substance of Cattle
Authors: Stone W. H. , Irwin M. R.
Published: January 2023

The J substance of cattle appears to be a constituent of the serum, from which it may be acquired by the cells so that the cells are lysed by anti-J serum. The J substance of the serum will inhibit the interaction between cells carrying J and anti-J sera. The amount of J substance present on the cells or in the serum of an individual is remarkably constant, and the cellular reactivity presumably depends on the concentration of soluble J in the serum. Cattle blood may be divided into three groups: (1) JCB, those with J substance on the cells and in the serum; (2) Js, those with J substance only in the serum, and (3) ja, those without J substance but whose sera may contain anti-J. The inheritance of these three classes may be explained by assuming a triple allelic series of causative genes—Jcz, Js and ja, of descending order of dominance.

The J substance is present in the serum of the newborn calf in the same, or nearly the same, concentration that will obtain in later life. It is not detectable on the red cells of the newborn calf, but is gradually taken up by the cells during the first weeks of life. Calves with the J substance in their sera which have ingested colostrum with anti-J have exhibited no untoward effects. Seemingly, the antibodies to J which are received by the calf are bound to the J substance of the serum, since anti-J can not be detected in the serum of these calves. Other evidence suggesting strongly that the antibodies to J are bound to the J substance of the serum before combining with the red cells is indicated by the lack of adverse reaction when transfusions are made between animals of class Jcs and those possessing anti-J.
Adaptation of Influenza Virus to Mice
Authors: Briody B. A. , Cassel William A.
Published: January 2023

Adaptation of the Seerey Type A prime strain of influenza virus to mice is accompanied by changes in the growth curve of the virus. The acquisition of an accelerated growth curve occurs concomitantly with the ability to produce extensive pulmonary consolidation in 4 days. Following 1 or 2 additional serial passages in mice the virus acquires an ability to produce a marked lethal effect.
The Influence of Cortisone on Experimental Viral Infection
Authors: Kilbourne Edwin D.
Published: January 2023

Administration of cortisone may shorten or prolong survival of chick embryos infected with influenza B virus, depending on the timing of its injection. Injection of cortisone 24–42 hours after infection results in suppression of inflammation and prolongation of survival of virus-infected chick embryos. The ameliorating effects of cortisone in this situation are explicable on the basis of its anti-inflammatory action in the chorioallantoic membrane.
Serological Relationships Between Fungi and Bacteria
Authors: Neill James M. , Castillo Carlos G. , Pinkes Alexander H.
Published: January 2023

The paper reported the occurrence of reciprocal cross reactions between Sporotrichum schenckii and types 32, 31, 23, 22, and 10 pneumococci. The cross reactions of the pneumococcal antiserums were demonstrated by agglutination of Sporotrichum cells and by precipitation of soluble antigens obtained from broth cultures of the fungus. The cross reactions of the Sporotrichum antiserums were demonstrated by agglutination of the pneumococci and by precipitation of purified S substances. The crossagglutination reactions of both the pneumococcal and the Sporotrichum antiserums were inhibited specifically by the purified pneumococcal S substances but not by any of the non-type-specific pneumococcal substances that were tested. The entire data presented good evidence that the specific capsular polysaccharide (S) and the corresponding type-specific anti-S represented the pneumococcal antigen and antibody involved in the reciprocal cross-reactions.

The 5 pneumococcal types differed in their relative degree of cross-reactivity with Sporotrichum antiserums; type 32 was the most reactive and type 10 was the least reactive; types 31, 23, and 22 were intermediate, their order varying in antiserums from different rabbits.
Immunologic Activity of Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Fixed in the Tissues of the Mouse
Authors: Dixon Frank J. , Maurer Paul H. , Weigle William O.
Published: January 2023

Tracing of I131 labelled rabbit anti-S III in mice, some of which had previous injections of S III, showed that tissue-fixed S III was capable of combining with antibody and that the antibody was promptly catabolized following its combination with the S III.
An Agglutination Test for Bovine Q Fever Performed on Milk Samples
Authors: Luoto Lauri , Mason Donald M.
Published: January 2023

A method of testing bovine milk samples for antibody against Coxiella burnetii by the capillary tube agglutination technic is described. The results obtained are compared with results of capillary tests performed on serums from the same cows. Nonspecific reactions did not occur in tests performed on milk from normal cows or from cows infected with other disease agents. A high degree of reproducibility of screen and titration results was obtained with the test. Sensitivity of the milk test for detecting the presence and amount of antibody in cows is equal to that of the capillary test performed on serums. The capillary milk test is as reliable as that with serum, and the complement-fixation test, for detecting cows that are infected and shedding the agent in their milk. Preliminary data suggests the desirability of additional testing of pooled milk of entire herds to evaluate the usefulness of the test for the rapid detection of herds containing infected animals.
Blood Group Factors in the Rabbit
Authors: Cohen Carl
Published: January 2023

Six blood-group factors in the rabbit have been identified by using isoimmune sera. An animal may have from none to all six of the factors. The role of these factors in isoimmunization and their relationship to previously reported blood-group factors are discussed.
Studies on the O Antigen of Salmonella Typhosa
Authors: Webster Marion E. , Sagin Jerome F. , Landy Maurice , Johnson Arthur G.
Published: January 2023

A method has been described for the further purification of the somatic antigen of S. typhosa. By this procedure, it was possible to isolate a phosphorylated lipopolysaccharide essentially devoid of the protein component initially present. This purified antigen, in its specific precipitative activity, stimulation of antibody production, and pyrogenic activity, equalled or exceeded preparations containing 5 to 20% protein. Chemical analyses of the purified O antigen showed that its principal components are polysaccharide, 60 to 70%; lipid 20 to 30%; and hexosamine, 3.5 to 4.5%.
A Study of Antigens Active in the Middlebrook-Dubos Hemagglutination Test Present in Filtrates of Culture of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Authors: Sorkin Ernst , Boyden Stephen V.
Published: January 2023

A number of different fractions from heated and unheated culture filtrates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis have been studied in the Middle-brook-Dubos test, using rabbit antiserum. Cross inhibition tests provide no evidence for the presence in the various heated fractions of more than one important sensitizing substance. Cross inhibition tests with unheated fractions reveal the presence of at least two different sensitizing substances. One possesses the same specificity as that found in the heated preparations. The other is completely precipitable with saturated ammonium sulphate, while much of the heat-stable substance remains in the supernatant.
Prevention of Virus Interference by 2,5-Dimethylbenzimidazole
Authors: Tyrrell David A. J. , Tamm Igor
Published: January 2023

Interference among homologous and heterologous strains of influenza A and B viruses has been demonstrated in chorioallantoic membrane cultures in vitro. The preparation of inactivated influenza A or B viruses for interference experiments by heating at low temperatures (22° or 37°C) preserved more of the interfering activity of the untreated virus than heating at 56°C, although infectivity was effectively eliminated in all instances. 2,5-Dimethylbenzimidazole, at a concentration of 2.6 × 10-3 M, prevented, to a varying extent, the induction of interference by inactivated influenza A (WS strain) or influenza B (Lee strain). Holding membrane cultures at 4°C in the absence of the compound had a similar effect.
Resistance of Mice with Experimental Histoplasmosis to Infection with Rickettsia Typhi
Authors: Salvin S. B. , Bell E. J.
Published: January 2023

Discussion and Summary

Evidence is presented that Histoplasma capsulatum exerted a striking modifying effect upon the course of infection with Rickettsia typhi in mice. This antagonistic action of one agent upon another apparently was not due to specific antibodies since immune serum from guinea pigs with experimental histoplasmosis failed to show any neutralizing effect in the mouse toxin neutralization test, or any fixation of complement in the presence of typhus antigen. Also antityphus guinea pig sera did not show complement-fixing, precipitating, or neutralizing antibodies against H. capsulatum (10).

Of particular interest was the fact that the modifying effect occurred only when both agents were injected by the intraperitoneal route. Intravenous, intracerebral, or subcutaneous injection of either one or both agents resulted in slight, if any, inhibitory effect on the course of typhus infection. The necessity for administering both agents via the intraperitoneal route was also indicated in the experiments with R. typhi toxin. This importance of the inoculation route was also emphasized by Horsfall and McCarty (5) who noted that the modifying effect of a non-hemolytic streptococcus on the pneumonia virus of mice (PVM virus) occurred only when both agents were administered by the intranasal route.

The time and dose relationships between H. capsulatum and R. typhi were of importance in demonstrating the inhibitory effect. Inhibition occurred only when the interval between injections was sufficient to permit propagation of the fungus to a necessary level. This interval could be shortened or lengthened according to the number of fungus cells in the initial injection. With doses of 109 cells of the fungus, maximum resistance occurred after a 2-day interval. Were doses of H. capsulatum higher than 109 employed, a blocking effect following simultaneous injection of the agents might have occurred.

The modifying effect of H. capsulatum on R. typhi infections was not exhibited by six other fungi tested. On the other hand, H. capsulatum was capable of modifying infection not only by R. typhi but also by R. tsutsugamushi.

Inhibition of typhus infection was not dependent on active growth of H. capsulatum, since a definite modifying action was produced by killed fungus cells. However, the latter effect was not as great as that following injection of living cells.
Studies on Organ Specificity
Authors: Witebsky Ernest , Rose Noel R. , Shulman Sidney
Published: January 2023

Saline extracts of hog thyroid glands and other hog organs were prepared in as gentle a manner as possible in order to avoid denaturation of proteins and were used for immunization of rabbits. Thyroid-specific antibodies of high potency, as demonstrated by complement-fixation and precipitation techniques, could be produced by two principal methods of immunization. One method consisted of one or several courses of intravenous injection of increasing amounts of organ extract. The second method was the intradermal injection into the footpads of very small amounts of mixtures of organ extracts and Freund adjuvants. The intradermal-adjuvant method excelled the intravenous route by the amazingly small amount of extract needed for immunization and by the lack of anaphylactic or other reactions which are frequently encountered with intravenous injections. Thyroid-specific antibodies could be detected as early as two weeks after the intradermal-adjuvant injections. In addition to the antibodies against hog thyroid extract, antibodies against hog serum appeared, but were usually considerably weaker than the thyroid antibodies. Antisera obtained by the intradermal-adjuvant method frequently revealed a zone of inhibition in the area of antigen surplus, whereas antisera obtained by the intravenous route failed in most instances to show this zone. The zone of inhibition manifested itself in complement-fixation but not in precipitation tests. When tested by means of complement fixation, the tissue-specific characteristic of antisera became apparent as soon as the antigen and antiserum controls had completely cleared. However, extracts of many other organs, such as kidney, liver, heart, spleen, and others, as well as hog serum, frequently gave definite reactions. The cross-reactions disappeared on further incubation at 37°C, whereas the reaction with the homologous thyroid antigen diminished only slightly, if at all. In precipitation tests, precipitates were obtained after a short incubation time almost exclusively with the homologous antigen, while precipitation with heterologous extracts appeared only after longer standing of the extract-antiserum mixtures. The evaluation of thyroid-specific antibody functions was made by comparing antisera obtained in the same manner against the saline extracts of different hog organs or hog serum. By comparing a variety of antisera against various organ extracts the specific pattern of thyroid antisera could be established. A further way of demonstrating tissue-specific antibodies in sera obtained by immunization with hog organ extracts consisted of the removal of species-specific antibodies by absorption with hog serum. Antisera deprived of the species-specific antibodies in this manner still contained potent thyroid-specific antibodies.