bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FAMILIA EPHEDRACEAE
Authors:   Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Centro Regional del Bajío, Carranza Eleazar
Published: June 2022

Familia con un solo género, distribuida en zonas áridas y semiáridas del mundo, principalmente Norteamérica, Asia, Europa y África.
FAMILIA CYATHEACEAE
Authors:   Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Centro Regional del Bajío, Grajales-Tam Karina Magdalena
Published: June 2022

La familia está constituida por cinco géneros y aproximadamente 600 especies. Las Cyatheaceae se consideran relacionadas con Lophosoriaceae, Dicksoniaceae y Thelypteridaceae. Se distribuye en América caliente y en el paleotrópico. En México se encuentran tres géneros, Alsophila, Cyathea y Sphaeropteris, de los cuales uno está representado en la zona de estudio.
FAMILIA COMPOSITAE: TRIBU LIABEAE
Authors:   Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Biología, Redonda-Martínez Rosario
Published: June 2022

La tribu Liabeae es un conjunto monofilético relacionado con las Vernonieae, Mutisieae, Cardueae, Lactuceae y Arctoteae. Junto con la tribu Barnadesieae constituyen el único grupo de compuestas de distribución neotropical, con un importante centro de diversificación en los Andes. Liabeae está contituida por 18 géneros y 165 especies a nivel mundial, en México el número de géneros varía de 2 a 5 dependiendo de la opinión taxonómica que se tome en cuenta, en este tratamiento se considera el criterio de Turner (2007) y se reconocen dos géneros y alrededor de 30 especies. Para el área de estudio se registra un género con tres especies y dos variedades.
FAMILIA SCROPHULARIACEAE
Authors:   Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Centro Regional del Bajío, Pérez-Calix Emmanuel
Published: June 2022

La familia Scrophulariaceae, como se delimita en la actualidad, está conformada por ca. 65 géneros y alrededor de 1700 especies. Aunque su distribución es casi cosmopolita, es más diversa en las regiones templadas y en las montañas intertropicales. En la región bajo estudio se han encontrado cinco géneros, 13 especies y una variedad.
FAMILIA CELASTRACEAE
Authors:   Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Centro Regional del Bajío, Molina-Paniagua María Eugenia , Lorea-Hernández Francisco G. ,   Instituto de Ecología, A.C.
Published: June 2022

De acuerdo con diferentes criterios, la familia varía entre 55 géneros con 855 especies, hasta 98 géneros y 1211 especies; tiene una distribución subcosmopolita, se encuentra en las regiones tropicales y templadas del mundo y está ausente en las árticas; está dividida en cuatro subfamilias: Celastroideae, Hippocrateoideae, Stackhousioideae y Salacioideae. Para México se conocen 25 géneros y 116 especies, excluyendo a Perrottetia e incluyendo a Hippocrateaceae, de los cuales respectivamente 11 y 13 se encuentran en la zona de estudio.
FAMILIA OXALIDACEAE
Authors:   Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Centro Regional del Bajío, Pérez-Calix Emmanuel
Published: June 2022

A esta familia se asignan entre 5 y 7 géneros con cerca de 900 especies distribuidas ampliamente en regiones templadas y tropicales de ambos hemisferios. En el Bajío y regiones adyacentes está representada por el género Oxalis.
FAMILIA HELICONIACEAE
Authors:   Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Centro Regional del Bajío, Calderón de Rzedowski Graciela
Published: June 2022

Familia constituida por un solo género distribuido casi exclusivamente en América intertropical, con una especie conocida de las islas del Océano Pacífico.
FAMILIA TILIACEAE
Authors:   Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Centro Regional del Bajío, Pérez-Calix Emmanuel
Published: June 2022

A esta familia se le adjudican alrededor de 50 géneros y 450 especies, está bien representada en regiones tropicales y subtropicales del mundo, siendo menos diversa en climas templados. Actualmente algunos autores proponen que Tiliaceae, junto con Malvaceae, Bombacaceae y Sterculiaceae conforman una sola familia; sin embargo, en la Flora del Bajío y de regiones adyacentes se les ha dado un tratamiento independiente.
The third Generation of Human Rights and the Issue of Legal Protection of the Russian-Speaking Population of Ukraine
Authors:   Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation, Mikhailov Vadim V.
Published: June 2022

Relevance. The attitude to the violation of the rights of the Russian-speaking population in Ukraine is one of the most relevant examples of the policy of double standards of the international human rights field for the modern Russian Federation, which requires a theoretical and practical response from both the Russian and international human rights communities. The purpose is to investigate the contradictions in the modern theory and practice of international legal protection of the Russian-speaking population in Ukraine and possible ways to resolve the conflict based on the implementation of legal protection of group rights (third generation of human rights) of the Russian-speaking population. Objectives: to show the contradictions in modern theory and problems in international practice of protecting the linguistic and cultural rights of the Russian-speaking population in the post-Soviet space; to consider the moral and legal aspects of protecting the Russian-speaking minority in Ukraine in the context of the concept of group (collective) rights; to point out the possibility of using methods based on the theory of the third generation of human rights to protect the Russian-speaking population in Ukraine and to overcome a long non-international military conflict in the region. The research methodology includes the general principles of scientific cognition: objectivity, consistency, his-toricity, as well as private research methods in the field of the science of law. The results of the study consist in proposals for more active implementation of the policy of legal protection of the Russian-speaking population within the framework of the theory of the third generation of human rights (group rights). Conclusions. As a result of the study, it is shown that theoretical justifications of group (collective) rights or rights of the third generation can and should become the basis for a more objective and broad field of application of legal reme-dies, including the Russian-speaking population in Ukraine and in the post-Soviet space and abroad as a whole.
Features of Using Coercive Medical Measures, Combined with Punishments Without Isolation from Society
Authors:   Saratov State Law Academy, Efremova Irina A.
Published: June 2022

Relevance. Medical measures are currently not applied to persons who have committed a criminal offense, along with criminal penalties that are not related to isolation from society, due to the lack of clear legislative regulation of legal norms, as well as the contradictions of criminal and penal enforcement legislation in this part. The purpose it consists in identifying the features of the use of medical measures combined with punishments without isolation from society and in developing relevant proposals for improving the current legislation in this part. Objectives: to study the Russian legislation in terms of regulating the features of the use of medical measures, combined with punishments without isolation from society; to develop relevant proposals for improving the legislation in this part. Methodology. The work uses a set of traditional research methods. The methodology is based on the universal dialectical cognitive method. Besides, the authors used general scientific research methods: logical method, analysis and synthesis, which together ensures compliance with the universal principles of scientific knowledge. Results. The features of PMMX connected with punishments without isolation from society are investigated, gaps, contradictions of the criminal and criminal – executive legislation of the Russian state are revealed, on the basis of which actual proposals for improving the legislation in this part are developed. Conclusion. The use of PMMX along with criminal punishment, in law enforcement activities, causes a number of problems, especially this is associated with criminal penalties that are not related to isolation from society, which is why there is no law enforcement practice for the application of PMMX to convicted persons along with criminal penalties that are not related to isolation from society. In this connection, there is a need to improve the criminal and penal enforcement legislation.
Legal Relations Arising when Concluding a Preliminary Agreement
Authors:   Sevastopol State University, Semenukha Tatiana B.
Published: June 2022

Relevance. Despite the widespread use in civil circulation of the civil law structure of the preliminary contract and the attention to it from the scientific community, in law enforcement practice there are many controversial issues related to the application of this structure. The article presents the results of a study of the complex of legal relations that emerge upon the conclusion of a preliminary contract. The author qualifies these legal relationships as organizational obligations, reveals in their content mutual subjective civil rights and obligations. The fulfillment of these obligations is due to demand, but the new provisions of the legislation governing the conditional performance of obligations turned out to be worked out to a lesser extent than the conditional performance of obligations based on the preliminary agreement. The purpose of the study is an attempt to formulate new scientific provisions based on an in-depth analysis of the provisions of the current legislation concerning the conclusion and execution of a preliminary contract. Objectives: identify and study the specifics of legal relations that develop in the process of concluding a prelim-inary contract, give them scientific qualifications, analyze the norms of the current legislation and determine the direc-tions of its development. Methodology. In the study there were used the dialectical-materialistic method, the system method, the methods of analysis and synthesis, and the formal-legal method. The results the research is of a theoretical and applied nature and is aimed at improving the quality of law en-forcement practice and improving legislation. Conclusions. The author, on the basis of the analysis, comes to the conclusion that as a result of the conclusion of a preliminary contract, an obligation arises with conditional performance, the conclusion of a preliminary contract regarding a real contract does not contradict the current legislation, although it has features in terms of the con-sequences of failure to fulfill the main obligation.
On the Question of the Specifics of the Mechanism for the Implementation of Rights to Digital Currencies
Authors:   Ulyanovsk State University, Tueshova Еkaterina S.
Published: June 2022

Relevance. This article discusses the current issues of the transformation of the mechanism for the implemen-tation of rights in relation to digital currencies. It is noted that the digital transformation of all spheres of public life makes it necessary to develop a more flexible concept of mechanisms for the implementation of rights, which differs depending on the object of their application. The purpose of the article is to identify the key features inherent in the mechanism of exercising rights in relation to digital currency. The objectives of the research are the analysis of the mechanism of realization of rights in relation to digital currency, as well as the disclosure of the main problematic issues related to the understanding of the essence and development of legal means that ensure the process of adapting legislative regulation to the features and properties of digital currency as a relatively new object of civil law. Methodology. The dialectical and comparative legal methods were used as the methodological basis of the study. The methods of analysis and synthesis allowed us to consider the aspects of the concept and content of the mechanism for the implementation of rights. The results of the study allowed us to draw certain conclusions regarding the features of the mechanism for the implementation of rights to digital currencies, including a different ratio of legal means and a special place in it of extra-legal elements. Conclusion. Based on the results of the study, conclusions were formulated regarding the need to develop a more flexible concept of legal mechanisms. The author's vision was proposed regarding the correlation of the constituent elements of the mechanism for the implementation of rights in relation to digital currencies as a result of the decline in the role and importance of the latter positive law, and the predominant role of public relations, acting as the main, rather than auxiliary, means within such a mechanism. It is noted that this mechanism is of a transitional nature, which leads to the discovery of contradictions between the classical legal concepts of "legal personality", freedom of will, the corre-spondence of the will to the expression of will, and those formalized requirements imposed by the system of distributed access to the actions of the subject.
The Role of the Corporate Agreement in the Regulation of Issues Related to the Disposal of Exclusive Rights to the Results of Intellectual Activity
Authors:   Southwest State University, Marasanov Valerii M.
Published: June 2022

Relevance. In the corporate agreement that participants of a business company have the most accurate reflection of their agreed decisions on issues related to the order and conditions of disposal of the most valuable assets of the company, including exclusive rights to the results of intellectual activity, which belong to the company or will appear to it in the future taking into account the dynamics of civil legal relations, including those associated with the creation and use of such results. The purpose of the study is to develop theoretical provisions capable of improving the legal regulation of issues related to the conclusion and execution of corporate agreements by participants of business companies, strengthening the ability of participants to monitor compliance with the agreed parties to corporate relations order and conditions of decision-making on the management of the economic society, as well as the company's property and intangible assets, including exclusive rights to works and other results of intellectual activity, belonging to the economic society. Objectives: identify the problems associated with the features of legal regulation of corporate agreements in domestic law, including with regard to the right of control over the disposal of property and intangible assets owned by such companies; to determine the directions of further development of legal regulation of the issues under consideration. Methodology. The dialectical-materialistic method, systematic method, methods of analysis and synthesis, formal-legal method were used. The results of the research are theoretical and applied character and are aimed at improving the quality of legal regulation of civil relations. The conclusions made in the article are of a discussion nature, aimed at continuing research in the framework of the stated topic, the development of basic principles that allow a uniform way to solve problems associated with the conclusion and execution of corporate contracts, including issues related to the use 6of works and other objects of intellectual rights. The article is a continuation of scientific research of the author on the issues addressed in it.
The History of the Formation of Consumer Protection Legislation in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Authors:   Southwest State University, Ngoc Ha Thi
Published: June 2022

Relevance. In this work, the author examines the history of the formation of consumer protection legislation in accordance with the socio-economic circumstances in Vietnam in general and civil circulation in particular. Consumers are involved in civil circulation as subjects of civil law, however, they are considered a "weaker side" in relation to the counterparty. Consequently, the formation of a special legal mechanism is extremely necessary to protect the legitimate rights and interests of consumers. The aim of this work is to study the genesis and development of the legal institution for consumer protection in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The objectives of the study are to analyze important innovations in the 2010 Consumer Protection Act compared to the previous 1999 Consumer Protection Ordinance; define the concept of "consumer" under the laws of Vietnam and other countries, thereby establishing the most complete and clear definition of "consumer". Methodology. In the process of research, the author used general scientific methods of cognition (analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction) and special methods (comparative legal, descriptive, historical method, etc.). Results. Vietnamese consumer protection legislation establishes the relatively complete legal status of these participants in civil law relations, including their fundamental rights in accordance with UN guidelines, manufacturer's liability for violation of consumer rights and measures to ensure a legal mechanism for resolving disputes with con-sumers. Conclusion. Consumer protection is currently a fairly important institution in Vietnam, which is strictly regulated by regulatory legal acts and guaranteed by the state and its competent authorities. However, the concept of "consumer" should be clearly defined and consistent with the development of consumer relations in the modern market.
Protection of the Rights of Participants in Mortgage Legal Relations in the Law of Germany
Authors:   Department of Legal Support of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ponka Viktor F.
Published: June 2022

Relevance. For many years in the Russian Federation there has been a steady growth in mortgage lending, which makes it especially important to find ways to improve the legal regulation of mortgage legal relations on the basis of analysis of domestic and foreign experience in this area. Mortgage lending is the most important source of funds for purchasing real estate by citizens of the Russian Federation and foreign countries. In this connection, legal regulation of relations connected with such lending requires continuous development based on a balanced consideration of the interests of debtors and creditors as participants in mortgage legal relations. The analysis of foreign experience in the regulation of mortgage legal relations, including the experience accumulated and fixed in the German legislation, is most important for the solution of this problem. The purpose of the study is to develop theoretical provisions aimed at improving the legal regulation of mortgage legal relations in order to protect the rights of their participants. Objectives: to reveal features of legal regulation of relations connected with granting mortgage loans and pro-tection of rights of their recipients in German legislation; to investigate features of providing balance of interests of mortgage debtors and creditors in German legislation; to determine directions of further development of legal regulation of the considered questions. Methodology. The author relied on the dialectical-materialistic method, the systematic method, methods of analysis and synthesis, the formal-legal method. The results of the research are are of theoretical and applied nature and are aimed at improving the quality of legal regulation of civil relations. Conclusions. The conclusions made in the article are of debatable character, directed to the continuation of researches within the framework of the declared subject, directed to the development of the basic principles allowing uniformly to solve the problems connected with development of legal regulation of questions of mortgage crediting in the Russian Federation taking into account foreign experience. The article is a continuation of the author's research on the issues related to the legal regulation of mortgage lending in the Russian Federation and abroad.
uso de psicodélicos como acesso à consciência primária e sua relação com a teoria dos arquétipos
Authors: Silva Gonçalves Guilherme
Published: June 2022

O objetivo deste artigo foi o de estabelecer relações entre a teoria dos arquétipos de Jung e os resultados de pesquisas com o uso de substâncias psicodélicas, uma das formas de se retornar a um estado de consciência ancestral, também chamada de consciência primária. O artigo explorou e comparou o conceito de arquétipo junguiano com a ideia de uma consciência primária, baseada na Entropic Brain Theory. Na psicologia analítica, um dos principais temas arquetípicos trata da morte por dissolução e renascimento do herói, interpretado como a representação simbólica de uma reorganização psicológica. Paralelamente, em um estado de consciência primária, a pessoa pode vivenciar temas arquetípicos historicamente associados a experiências místicas – como a dissolução do eu e o sentimento de união com o todo – e, em muitos casos, pode vivenciar ainda mudanças psicológicas positivas.
Effect of hypnobreastfeeding on the success of exclusive breastfeeding in pregnant women trimester III in Puskesmas Bungursari Tasikmalaya
Authors: Sundari Sri Wahyuni , Imaniar Melsa Sagita
Published: June 2022

Background: Prevalence of stunting in Indonesia as much as 35.6%, government efforts in stunting prevention with the First 1000 Days of Life (HPK). The age of infants 0-6 months is one of the hpk period with nutritional needs is Exclusive breast milk. Mothers who have difficulties at the beginning of breastfeeding such as fatigue, feeling a little breast milk, putting milk blisters, nighttime sleep disorders, can be a source of stress of the mother, so it can interfere with the lactation process. Hypnobreastfeeding is able to bring a sense of relaxing, comfortable and calm during breastfeeding thus that the whole system in the body will run much more perfectly so that the process of breastfeeding becomes a meaningful and pleasant process for mothers and babies, Hypnobreastfeeding can meet the needs of breast milk so that the mother succeeds in lactation.

Objectives: This study aims to find out how the effect of hypnobreastfeeding is done in pregnant women trimester III and seen how successful exclusive breastfeeding.

Methods: This study uses quasi experiment method, sampling technique non randomised clinical trial in pregnant women trimester 3 with the number of research 30 people consists of 15 treatment groups and 15 control groups. Univariate and bivariate analysis using chi-square and multivariate statistical tests using logistic regression.

Results : The results of the study obtained hypnobreastfeeding has a meaning with a value of p<0.05 ddan the effect caused by 13.00 times greater than health education with a value of OR 13.00 95% CI and coefficient determinants showed that hypnobreastfeeding predicted to affect the success of exclusive breastfeeding,
Conclusions : Hypnobreastfeeding conclusion positively influenced the success of exclusive breastfeeding.
The effect of oxytocin massage during postpartum on baby weight
Authors: Lestari Prasetya , Fatimah Fatimah , Ayuningrum Lia Dian
Published: June 2022

Background:The low coverage of exclusive breastfeeding in Indonesia and the world can have a negative impact on mothers, babies, families, and even the country. Research by Rawat, et al (2018) states that one of the causes of failure of the breastfeeding process in primiparous and in the first week of delivery is that the mother finds it difficult to attach when breastfeeding and feels that breast milk is not enough. Another study conducted by Jacobs, et al (2013) also proved that the majority of respondents felt that breast milk production was scant, so they decided to provide formula milk. Meanwhile, research conducted by Madhavi and Manikyamba (2016) found that the reason for not giving exclusive breastfeeding was difficulty in the breastfeeding process. Therefore it is necessary to have a method to stimulate milk production at the beginning of postpartum, one of which is oxytocin massage.

Objectives:The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the oxytocin massage and baby weight.

Materials and methods:this study was a pre-experimental research using posttest only design and true-experiment using posttest only control group design. The research locations were in the Mother and Child Health (KIA) Clinic and Midwives Independent Practice (PMB) in Bantul, Sleman, and Gunung Kidul Yogyakarta areas. Implementation from April until September 2020. The population of this study was all the families of postpartum mothers from the first to the third day and after 1 week an evaluation of breastfeeding. The sampling technique uses total sampling was 80 postpartum mothers on the first-third day of childbirth followed until the baby was 2 months old. The research instruments were the oxytocin massage checklist and baby weight observation note sheet. Test analysis using paired t-test.

Results: The results of this study were that the majority of respondents performed oxytocin massage with a frequency of 2-3 times (85%) and the majority of baby's weight at the age of 2 months was according to age (98.8%). In the results of the bivariate analysis, there was an effect of oxytocin massage education on the family of postpartum mothers with baby body weight (p = 0.009).

Conclusions: Oxytocin massage education on the family of postpartum mothers there was significant with baby weight.
Noninvasive Screening Tool for Hyperkalemia Using a Single-Lead Electrocardiogram and Deep Learning: Development and Usability Study
Authors: Urtnasan Erdenebayar , Lee Jung Hun , Moon Byungjin , Lee Hee Young , Lee Kyuhee , Youk Hyun
Published: June 2022

Background

Hyperkalemia monitoring is very important in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in emergency medicine. Currently, blood testing is regarded as the standard way to diagnose hyperkalemia (ie, using serum potassium levels). Therefore, an alternative and noninvasive method is required for real-time monitoring of hyperkalemia in the emergency medicine department.

Objective

This study aimed to propose a novel method for noninvasive screening of hyperkalemia using a single-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) based on a deep learning model.

Methods

For this study, 2958 patients with hyperkalemia events from July 2009 to June 2019 were enrolled at 1 regional emergency center, of which 1790 were diagnosed with chronic renal failure before hyperkalemic events. Patients who did not have biochemical electrolyte tests corresponding to the original 12-lead ECG signal were excluded. We used data from 855 patients (555 patients with CKD, and 300 patients without CKD). The 12-lead ECG signal was collected at the time of the hyperkalemic event, prior to the event, and after the event for each patient. All 12-lead ECG signals were matched with an electrolyte test within 2 hours of each ECG to form a data set. We then analyzed the ECG signals with a duration of 2 seconds and a segment composed of 1400 samples. The data set was randomly divided into the training set, validation set, and test set according to the ratio of 6:2:2 percent. The proposed noninvasive screening tool used a deep learning model that can express the complex and cyclic rhythm of cardiac activity. The deep learning model consists of convolutional and pooling layers for noninvasive screening of the serum potassium level from an ECG signal. To extract an optimal single-lead ECG, we evaluated the performances of the proposed deep learning model for each lead including lead I, II, and V1-V6.

Results

The proposed noninvasive screening tool using a single-lead ECG shows high performances with F1 scores of 100%, 96%, and 95% for the training set, validation set, and test set, respectively. The lead II signal was shown to have the highest performance among the ECG leads.

Conclusions

We developed a novel method for noninvasive screening of hyperkalemia using a single-lead ECG signal, and it can be used as a helpful tool in emergency medicine.
Proximal Risk for Suicide: Protocol for an Ecological Momentary Assessment Study
Authors: Sharma Pravesh , Peck Robert , Sinicrope Anthony R , Pavey Thomas , Muehlenkamp Jennifer J
Published: June 2022

Background

Suicide is a prevalent public health concern in the United States across all age groups. Research has emphasized the need to identify risk markers that prevent suicide along shorter timeframes, such as days to weeks. Furthermore, little has been done to explore the relative significance of factors that can predict short-term suicide risk or to evaluate how daily variability in these factors impacts suicidal ideation or behavior. This proposed project aims to identify risk factors that best predict near-time changes in suicidal ideation and examine potential interactions between these factors to predict transitions into suicidal thinking or behaviors.

Objective

The aim of this proposed study is threefold: (1) To identify which psychological risk factors are most strongly associated with proximal changes in suicide risk across days and weeks. (2) To evaluate theoretical assumptions of the Integrative-Motivational-Volitional Theory of Suicide. (3) To determine how disruptions in physiological arousal interact with theoretical mechanisms of risk to predict concurrent and short-term prospective increase in suicidal thoughts and behaviors.

Methods

A daily diary or ecological momentary assessment design will be utilized with 200 participants. Participants will complete 2 in-person visits separated by 3 weeks during which they will complete 3 brief daily assessments within their natural environments using the ilumivu research app on a smart device. Research will occur at the Mayo Clinic Health System (MCHS) Eau Claire site. Participants will be recruited through chart review and standard care delivery assessment.

Results

This manuscript outlines the protocol that will guide the conduct of the forthcoming study.

Conclusions

The proposed project aims to lead efforts using technological advances to capture microchanges in suicidal thinking/behavior over shorter timeframes and thereby guide future clinical assessment and management of suicidal patients. Results of this study will generate robust evidence to evaluate which risk factors predict proximal changes in suicidal ideation and behaviors. They will also provide the ability to examine potential interactions with multiple theoretically derived risk factors to predict proximal transitions into worsening suicidal thinking or behaviors. Such information will provide new targets for intervention that could ultimately reduce suicide-related morbidity and mortality.

International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)

PRR1-10.2196/37583
Deep Denoising of Raw Biomedical Knowledge Graph From COVID-19 Literature, LitCovid, and Pubtator: Framework Development and Validation
Authors: Jiang Chao , Ngo Victoria , Chapman Richard , Yu Yue , Liu Hongfang , Jiang Guoqian , Zong Nansu
Published: June 2022

Background

Multiple types of biomedical associations of knowledge graphs, including COVID-19–related ones, are constructed based on co-occurring biomedical entities retrieved from recent literature. However, the applications derived from these raw graphs (eg, association predictions among genes, drugs, and diseases) have a high probability of false-positive predictions as co-occurrences in the literature do not always mean there is a true biomedical association between two entities.

Objective

Data quality plays an important role in training deep neural network models; however, most of the current work in this area has been focused on improving a model’s performance with the assumption that the preprocessed data are clean. Here, we studied how to remove noise from raw knowledge graphs with limited labeled information.

Methods

The proposed framework used generative-based deep neural networks to generate a graph that can distinguish the unknown associations in the raw training graph. Two generative adversarial network models, NetGAN and Cross-Entropy Low-rank Logits (CELL), were adopted for the edge classification (ie, link prediction), leveraging unlabeled link information based on a real knowledge graph built from LitCovid and Pubtator.

Results

The performance of link prediction, especially in the extreme case of training data versus test data at a ratio of 1:9, demonstrated that the proposed method still achieved favorable results (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve >0.8 for the synthetic data set and 0.7 for the real data set), despite the limited amount of testing data available.

Conclusions

Our preliminary findings showed the proposed framework achieved promising results for removing noise during data preprocessing of the biomedical knowledge graph, potentially improving the performance of downstream applications by providing cleaner data.
Rural Land Policy of China: Investigation and Speculation
Authors: Hu Xiangming , Dong Qi
Published: June 2022

The transformation of land policy, or land system reform, has been the key issue in rural economic reform in China. Based on a practical investigation, this essay proposes to analyze the system orientation and performance diversities of the types of land-use systems under the new rural policies in China: the household responsibility contract system (with remuneration linked to output), the two-fieid system, the operation of scale management, the auction of the Four Sorts of Wasted Land tenure, and the cooperative shareholding system. The essay brings forward specifically the two points of policy design in the current land policy in China: (a) building up fanners’ expected briefs in land use and (b) appropriate collocation of land resources. which are significant in advancing the reform of the land property rights system and cultivating the land property rights market.
An Informal Institutional Analysis of Policy Implementation Hindrances in China
Authors: Ding Huang
Published: June 2022

As the lever by which public authorities regulate social affairs, public policy must function through its implementation. The effectiveness of policy-implementation is affected by many factors, but it fundamentally depends on the institution. For people's behaviors are governed by institutions, and public policy is implemented by people. According to the theory of New Institutional ism, institutions consist of both formal and informal institutions. Based on the theory's explanation of the constraints placed on people's behavior by informal institutions, this paper will explore how informal institutional factors prevent public policies from effective implementation in China, specifically interpersonal relations and the consideration of faces. We must eliminate the negative impacts of informal institutional factors on policy implementation through enforcing hearings, coordinating policies, publicizing policies, strengthening supervision and bettering ideologies.
How Business Influences Government Policy in China
Authors: Gao Yongqiang , Tian Zhilong
Published: June 2022

Although the Chinese corporate sector is deeply involved in the political process, there has been very little research on the topic so far. This article tries to identify the approaches by which Chinese firms influence government policy decision-making, in order to maintain a favorable business environment. Our analysis indicates that, due to the differences in culture and political and economic systems, there are correspondingly great differences in approaches to political participation in China and the west. For China, the participation of business in the policy process has led to corruption and other serious problems.
Morality Policy and Unintended Consequences: China's “One-Child” Policy
Authors: Legge Jerome S. , Zhao Zhirong
Published: June 2022

The ability of government to change human behavior by altering policy has severe limitations. Nowhere are these limitations more evident than in the area of fertility policy and sexual behavior. This paper considers the impacts of China's restrictive population policy with regard to two dependent variables. First, we attempt to explain the impact of the “one child” policy on population growth. Secondly, we examine the effect of the policy on an unintended consequence: the sex ratio, or the imbalance between males and women in Chinese society. We utilize a time series, cross-sectional (TSCS) research design for 31 Chinese provinces and municipalities for the years 1996–1999.

We consider the Chinese experience within the theoretical framework of morality policy and argue that, while China has been remarkably successful in lowering the growth rate of its still escalating population, the policy has had the unanticipated and harmful effect of an increasingly unbalanced sex ratio. While many Chinese have become convinced of the advantages of smaller families, their preference for sons has created a gender imbalance in the marriage market which potentially may have severe consequences for the future of Chinese society. We discuss these implications and argue that given the strong Chinese preference for sons, especially in rural areas of China, the government is now facing a new challenge in its effort to achieve a gender-balanced society.
Educating and Training Japanese Government Officials: Current Trends and Policy Study Aspects
Authors: Oyama Tatsuo
Published: June 2022

We explain the recruiting and promoting system for high-level Japanese government officials showing the trend of numbers of applicants for the recruitment examination, those who passed the examination, and also those who were employed by some ministries in the last 17 years. We describe the major characteristics of the promotion system for Japanese government officials.

Educating and training Japanese government officials in the area of policy studies have been conducted in both university schools, governmental training centers, governmental schools and colleges. An education and training system for government officials needs to be developed so that each government official is equipped with a certain specialty and expertise. A formal system for evaluating individuals and programs has not been common in Japan, especially for evaluating individual work and contribution. We need to “invent” an evaluation system that will make the government officials’ decision-making system work more efficiently. Public and private universities, in particular, have been very active in creating many policy-related schools and departments in the last 20 years. Policy studies, which have been conducted in various schools in the university and government research institutes, are described in detail with their objectives, curriculums, and requirements.
Mutually Reinforcing Cycles of Public Service Delivery and Poverty Reduction Program: Lesson from the Implementation of Social Safety Net Program in Indonesia
Authors: Santoso Djonet
Published: June 2022

What people do with their lives and those of their family affects their health more than anything the government can do. But what they can do is determined, to a great extent, by their income and knowledge – factors that are not completely within their control. Policies that accelerate income growth and reduce poverty make it possible for people to afford better diets, healthier living conditions, and better health care. Policies to improve people's income, assists their welfare, expands educational opportunities, and policies that work to ensure effective and accessible health services for all aim to reduce poverty. At the same time, to make the commitment work, there must also be many policies in place to improve the capacity of the administrator and the quality of public service delivery. When these policies are combined, they create a virtuous cycle in which reduction of poverty and public service delivery reinforces each other. Because people's ability to improve their own health depends so much on income and education, the policy conclusions are clear: government should work to boost economic growth, reduce poverty, and develop human resources through expanded job opportunities, increased public health spending and education. The question is: have these economic policies taken into account the strategy to deliver the service for the poor? To protect the most vulnerable members of society, it is appropriate for governments to ensure that transfers and other special arrangements are effective.
Rural Poverty Alleviation in India: An Assessment of Public Programs
Authors: Ghuman B.S. , Chima Gurpinder
Published: June 2022

India adopted a centralized development strategy after independence. The development strategy focusing on high growth postulated that the benefits of such growth would percolate down and would mitigate problems of income inequality, unemployment and poverty. Empirical evidence of the 1950s and 1960s, however, did not lend support to this ‘trickle down’ hypothesis. As a consequence social justice (i.e. equity) was added as another principal concern to the development strategy. In the 1970's, ‘Garibi Hatao’ (i.e. removal of poverty) was the buzzword among policy makers. With a view to solve the problems of unemployment and poverty, both the central and the state governments initiated a series of programs. The growing significance of poverty alleviation programs in planning evinced interest among scholars for poverty studies.

The objective of the paper is to make an assessment of public programs for alleviating rural poverty.

The paper is organized into five sections. In Section I, data and methodology used in the study have been explained. Public programs for rural poverty alleviation programs have been described in Section II. Section III deals with the extent of rural poverty across the states. In Section IV assessment of public programs for rural poverty has been made. Section V includes conclusions and policy recommendations.
A Study of Healthcare Reform in China in Light of the USA and Canadian Systems
Authors: Chen Greg
Published: June 2022

This article describes and examines the newly implemented basic medical insurance system for urban employees in China. The insurance system was built on two distinct concepts, individual providence and social insurance, and was characterized by national government mandates, local government administration, and employer/employee contributions. The study found that the Chinese basic medical insurance program for urban employees was implemented in all major urban areas. About 130 million people were covered under the scheme as of May 2005. The program benefits are limitedwith relatively low ceilings on reimbursable expenses and high cost sharing from the insured. The procedure for reimbursement is complicated and time consuming. China can learn from the U.S. and Canadian systems in both financing and providing healthcare. The U.S. system arguably supplies the best medical services in terms of quality and accessibility for those who are insured and those who can pay out of pocket. But the huge costs may not work well with China at present. The Canadian system, which is relatively effective, efficient, and equitable, although not as accessible, may fit China better. The study also suggests that the U.S. employer-based healthcare insurance system requires a major overhaul. It puts U.S. companies at a disadvantaged position in the increasingly competitive global marketplace.
Gender-Responsive Budgeting: Moving Women in China Further along the Road to Full Equality
Authors: Rubin Marilyn Marks
Published: June 2022

Over the past 25 years, the progress toward gender equity has gained momentum in most parts of the world, and has been galvanized by significant actions taken by the international community of nations. There has also been a growing worldwide awareness that governments' budget decisions relating to both revenues and expenditures can be critical in promoting gender equity. For example, on the expenditure side of the budget, a government's reduction of agricultural subsidies could impact heavily on women who generally comprise the bulk of farm workers, especially in developing countries. Restoring, or even increasing, the subsidies could increase household incomes, raise agricultural production and improve the quality of life for all villagers. On the revenue side, an income tax rate reduction would primarily benefit men whose incomes are generally greater than those of women. Changing the structure of the tax reduction to, perhaps, a tax credit could result in a more equitable gender distribution of the benefits of lower taxes. Several terms including “women's budgets,” “gender budgets,” “gender-sensitive budgets,” and “gender-responsive budgets” have been used to describe government budgets that incorporate a gender perspective. In my paper, I use the term “gender-responsive budget” (GRB) to define a government budget that explicitly integrates gender into any or all parts of the decision-making process regarding expenditures and/or revenues. I use the term “GRB initiative ” to include: (1) the actual integration of a gender perspective into any or all aspects of budget decisions; and (2) an organized movement to influence government to incorporate a gender perspective into its budget decisions. Thus defined, GRB initiatives have been undertaken in more than 60 countries at the national and/or subnational levels of government. The purpose of my paper is to show how the lessons learned in these GRB initiatives can be applied in the People's Republic of China (PRC) where the equal treatment of women is a goal that has yet to be fully realized along most dimensions, including education, health, economic prosperity and political involvement.
Improving Public Service Delivery in Qingdao Municipality of Shandong Province
Authors: Jing Cui
Published: June 2022

This paper will assess the effectiveness of the reform of improving public service delivery and identify the factors responsible for the improvements in public service delivery in Qingdao municipality of Shandong province in the People's Republic of China. This paper begins with a description of the policy context and discusses how the policy context affects the improvement of public service delivery in Qingdao municipality. It then discusses the efforts of improving the delivery of public service through enhancing human service delivery, reforming the administrative approval system and increasing government transparency and public participation in Qingdao municipality. Finally, this paper will identify the factors affecting the improvement of public service delivery in Qingdao municipality in terms of the decentralization of economic management, tax profit sharing with the local government, political control, the delegation of law-making and the local leadership.
Mapping of Changes in the Utilization of Marine Resources in the Small-Scale Fisheries Subsector in Indonesia (2008-2017)
Authors: Kurniawan Fuat Edi , Aini Yulinda Nurul
Published: June 2022

More than 80% of national fishery production is produced by small-scale fishers, who generally have low levels of education and live in small communities, making them vulnerable to global changes. Fishers in small-scale fisheries use simple technology to limit the search for target commodities and new land. Fishing technology and variability of fish commodities are spatial components that reflect the productivity of fish commodities. In this study, cluster analysis was used to identify shifts in the distribution of marine resource use in 2008-2017 in 34 provinces of Indonesia. By understanding the spatial distribution of small-scale fisheries, changes in coastal marine ecosystems can be identified to avoid overexploitation of marine products. The study results show that motorized and outboard motorboats have increased while non-motorized boats have decreased. Skipjack tuna, snapper fish, and crab commodities are a significant production volume. Clustering analysis resulted in three groups with different characteristics. Cluster 3, which consists of Banten, West Java, and North Sumatra, experienced significantly increased fisheries productivity. Therefore, a priority scale program is needed by growing small-scale fisheries' role, such as budget allocations, to improve the economic scale of business actors in these areas.