bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Meta‐analysis of the use of seaweeds and their extracts as immunostimulants for fish: a systematic review
Authors: Thépot Valentin , Campbell Alexandra H. , Rimmer Michael A , Paul Nicholas A
Published: September 2020

Disease is an enduring threat to aquaculture, with direct costs from outbreaks of more than US$6 billion a year. Efforts to reduce antibiotic use in aquaculture have resulted in a recent shift towards the use of immunostimulants that boost fish immune systems. Seaweeds are a potential source of unique immunostimulants because of their diverse taxonomy (11,353 species) and diverse bioactives, but there has been no synthesis of their effects on fish. A systematic review and meta‐analysis of 142 peer‐reviewed studies was conducted to evaluate the effects of seaweed on the innate immunity, resistance (to stress and pathogens) and growth of farmed fish. Overall, our review indicated that dietary supplementation with seaweeds or their extracts had substantial positive impacts on the health and growth of fish compared with control groups and were comparable to currently utilised immunostimulants. Dramatic effects on survival of fish during challenge experiments were detected, with an average of 33% higher survival of fish fed diets that included seaweeds or their extracts. This study provides broad evidence for the benefits of supplementing fish feed with the reviewed seaweeds or their bioactive extracts, including potential synergistic effects of supplements. However, the meta‐analysis also highlighted considerable variation among studies, and between fish and seaweed species, making it difficult to extrapolate results beyond individual experiments. Future studies should focus on developing synergistic combinations of ingredients and elucidating the mode of action through isolation of seaweed bioactives, together with standardisation of experimental conditions, to fast‐track the benefits of seaweed supplements for aquaculture.
Trainer‐exerciser relationship: The congruency effect on exerciser psychological needs using response surface analysis
Authors: Rodrigues Filipe , Pelletier Luc G. , Rocchi Meredith , Neiva Henrique P. , Teixeira Diogo S. , Cid Luis , Silva Luis , Monteiro Diogo
Published: September 2020

Perceptions of fitness trainers' need‐supportive and need‐thwarting behaviors have been shown to impact exercisers' psychological need satisfaction and frustration. Currently, it is unknown whether an agreement or disagreement between exercisers' and fitness trainers' reported perceptions of these behaviors leads to the satisfaction and/or frustration of psychological needs. Based on self‐determination theory, the present study examined the effect of congruency between fitness trainers' and exercisers' perceptions of need‐supportive and need‐thwarting interpersonal behaviors on basic psychological need satisfaction and frustration. A sample of 130 fitness trainers (43 females; Mage = 31.58 ± 7.65) and a total of 640 gym exercisers (350 females; Mage = 34.23 ± 11.59) participated in this study. Findings suggested that the majority of fitness trainers tended to over‐report their use of need‐supportive behavior and under‐report their need‐thwarting behaviors. Results showed that when there was congruency between fitness trainers' reported use and exercisers' perception of interpersonal behaviors, basic need satisfaction tended to increase. This effect was greater for exercisers that rated their respective fitness trainer high on relatedness support. Fitness trainers should be self‐aware of their interpersonal behaviors when engaging with exercisers and interventions based on self‐determination theory could serve as a promising avenue to improve the quality of exercisers' experience.
Impact of RHD genotyping on transfusion practice in Denmark and the United States and identification of novel RHD alleles
Authors: Vege Sunitha , Sprogøe Ulrik , Lomas‐Francis Christine , Jakobsen Marianne A. , Antonsen Berit , Aeschlimann Judith , Yazer Mark , Westhoff Connie M.
Published: September 2020

Background

Reduced D antigen on red blood cells (RBCs) may be due to “partial” D phenotypes associated with loss of epitope(s) and risk for alloimmunization or “weak” D phenotypes that do not lack major epitopes with absence of clinical complications. Genotyping of samples with weak and discrepant D typing is recommended to guide transfusion and RhIG prophylaxis. The goal was to compare the impact of RHD genotyping on transfusion practice in two centers serving different populations.

Study Design and Methods

Fifty‐seven samples from Denmark and 353 from the United States with weak or discrepant D typing were genotyped. RBC typing was by multiple methods and reagents. DNA isolated from white blood cells was tested with RBC‐Ready Gene D weak or CDE in Denmark or RHD BeadChip in the United States. RHD was sequenced for those unresolved.

Results

Of Caucasian samples from Denmark, 90% (n = 51) had weak D types 1, 2, or 3; two had other weak D, two partial D, and two new alleles. In diverse ethnic U.S. samples, 44% (n = 155) had weak D types 1, 2, or 3 and 56% (n = 198) had other alleles: uncommon weak D (n = 13), weak 4.0 (n = 62), partial D (n = 107), no RHD (n = 9), and new alleles (n = 7).

Conclusion

Most samples with weak or variable D typing from Denmark had alleles without risk for anti‐D. In U.S. samples, 48% could safely be treated as D+, 18% may require consideration if pregnancy possible, and 34% could potentially benefit from being treated as D–. Black and multiracial ethnicities were overrepresented relative to population.
Trade, structural transformation and growth
Authors: Choi Seung Mo , Kim Hwagyun , Ma Xiaohan
Published: September 2020

This paper analyses a simple model of a small economy with agricultural and non‐agricultural sectors to study how opening to international trade affects structural transformation and output growth. In particular, we ask whether effects from accelerated structural transformation after opening to trade is large enough to account for the explosive growth patterns observed in newly industrialised economies. A simulation result suggests that the model‐generated magnitude of growth is comparable to ‘growth miracles’ experienced in newly industrialised economies. Trade policies, relative productivity between agriculture and non‐agriculture, and the persistence of structural transformation process jointly affect the growth dynamics after opening.
Detection and Inhibition of IgE for cross‐reactive carbohydrate determinants evident in an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for detection of allergen‐specific IgE in the sera of dogs and cats
Authors: Lee Kenneth W. , McKinney Brennan H. , Blankenship Karen D. , Morris Daniel O.
Published: September 2020

Background

It has been demonstrated recently that immunoglobulin (Ig)E specific for cross‐reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCD) is present in the serum of allergen‐sensitized dogs and cats, and that these CCD‐specific antibodies might confound serological testing.

Hypothesis/Objective

The objective was to document the prevalence of CCD detectable in a monoclonal cocktail‐based enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay designed for the detection of allergen‐specific IgE in the sera of dogs and cats, and to define a means for successful inhibition of these CCD.

Methods and materials

The incidence of reactivity to bromelain and a commercially available inhibitor of carbohydrate‐specific antibodies (RIDA‐CCD) was evaluated in 100 dog sera samples before and after inhibition with RIDA‐CCD and a proprietary inhibitor containing carbohydrates derived from bromelain (BROM‐CCD). Subsequently, sera from 600 dogs and 600 cats were evaluated using a serum diluent with and without BROM‐CCD.

Results

Both the RIDA‐CCD and BROM‐CCD inhibitors demonstrated successful reduction of CCD reactivity, although a more efficient profile of inhibition was evident with BROM‐CCD. Mite reactivity in dog and cat sera was largely unaffected; however, substantial inhibition for pollen allergens (trees, grasses and weeds) was shown. After BROM‐CCD inhibition, 1% of canine samples and 13% of feline samples were rendered completely negative for allergen reactivity.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

The results demonstrate that BROM‐CCD is effective in reducing reactions with irrelevant carbohydrates, and that inhibition of CCD reactivity might substantially alter the outcome of the in vitro reactivity profile used for selection of allergens to be included in an immunotherapeutic regime.
Quality of life following mechanical ventilation in dogs and cats
Authors: Donaldson Rebekah E. , Barfield Dominic
Published: September 2020

Background

Mechanical ventilation is frequently performed in small animal critical care medicine with well‐documented survival data; quality of life in these patients following discharge from hospital is unknown.

Key findings

Owners of patients surviving to discharge following mechanical ventilation were surveyed with an open ended and ranking score questionnaire. Response rate was 57% (27/47). All respondents rated their pet's quality of life prior to the illness necessitating ventilation as good to excellent (8/10–10/10). Perceived recovery periods ranged from 0 days to 6 months (the most common response being 2–3 weeks). Fourteen owners stated that their pets’ quality of life was as good or better than previously. Patients with persistent quality of life concerns (n = 3) had been ventilated for neurological disease. Four owners reported changed behaviors such as startling easily or being excessively responsive to noise. One cat became deaf and at time of survey had not regained hearing. Commonly reported problems included decreased exercise tolerance (n = 3). All respondents stated that they would ventilate their pet again.

Significance

Cats and dogs that are mechanically ventilated appear to recover with minimal adverse effect on their quality of life. Patients ventilated for neurological conditions may be more likely to experience quality of life limitations.
Nine Degree-of-Freedom Kinematic Modeling of the Upper-Limb Complex for Constrained Workspace Evaluation
Authors: DeBoon Brayden , Foley Ryan C. A. , Nokleby Scott , La Delfa Nicholas J. , Rossa Carlos
Published: September 2020

The design of rehabilitation devices for patients experiencing musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) requires a great deal of attention. This article aims to develop a comprehensive model of the upper-limb complex to guide the design of robotic rehabilitation devices that prioritize patient safety, while targeting effective rehabilitative treatment. A 9 degree-of-freedom kinematic model of the upper-limb complex is derived to assess the workspace of a constrained arm as an evaluation method of such devices. Through a novel differential inverse kinematic method accounting for constraints on all joints1820, the model determines the workspaces in which a patient is able to perform rehabilitative tasks and those regions where the patient needs assistance due to joint range limitations resulting from an MSD. Constraints are imposed on each joint by mapping the joint angles to saturation functions, whose joint-space derivative near the physical limitation angles approaches zero. The model Jacobian is reevaluated based on the nonlinearly mapped joint angles, providing a means of compensating for redundancy while guaranteeing feasible inverse kinematic solutions. The method is validated in three scenarios with different constraints on the elbow and palm orientations. By measuring the lengths of arm segments and the range of motion for each joint, the total workspace of a patient experiencing an upper-limb MSD can be compared to a preinjured state. This method determines the locations in which a rehabilitation device must provide assistance to facilitate movement within reachable space that is limited by any joint restrictions resulting from MSDs.
Assessment of Models for Extracting Thermal Conductivity From Frequency Domain Thermoreflectance Experiments
Authors: Saurav Siddharth , Mazumder Sandip
Published: September 2020

The Fourier heat conduction and the hyperbolic heat conduction equations were solved numerically to simulate a frequency-domain thermoreflectance (FDTR) experimental setup. Numerical solutions enable use of realistic boundary conditions, such as convective cooling from the various surfaces of the substrate and transducer. The equations were solved in time domain and the phase lag between the temperature at the center of the transducer and the modulated pump laser signal were computed for a modulation frequency range of 200 kHz to 200 MHz. It was found that the numerical predictions fit the experimentally measured phase lag better than analytical frequency-domain solutions of the Fourier heat equation based on Hankel transforms. The effects of boundary conditions were investigated and it was found that if the substrate (computational domain) is sufficiently large, the far-field boundary conditions have no effect on the computed phase lag. The interface conductance between the transducer and the substrate was also treated as a parameter, and was found to have some effect on the predicted thermal conductivity, but only in certain regimes. The hyperbolic heat conduction equation yielded identical results as the Fourier heat conduction equation for the particular case studied. The thermal conductivity value (best fit) for the silicon substrate considered in this study was found to be 108 W/m/K, which is slightly different from previously reported values for the same experimental data.
Temperature Dependence of the Contact Angle of Water on a Hydrophobic Surface at Pressurized Condition
Authors: Song Jia-Wen , Ma Meng-Chen , Fan Li-Wu
Published: September 2020

It is of both practical and scientific significance to study the temperature dependence of contact angles, towards development of surface wettability manipulation techniques for enhanced phase change heat transfer as well as the theoretical estimation of solid interfacial energy. However, the variations of surface wettability of a hydrophobic solid with altering temperature remain unclear. In this work, in situ characterizations of the contact angle of water on Teflon (PTFE) surfaces as well as the surface tension of water over a temperature spectrum from ∼25 °C to 160 °C at pressurized condition (2 MPa) were conducted by employing the sessile drop and pendant drop methods, respectively. A nearly invariant trend of the contact angle of water was observed over the entire temperature range. Moreover, it was shown that the surface tension of water linearly declines with raising the temperature. Based on the theory of surface thermodynamics, the effects of temperature on the contact angles were analyzed with the variations of interfacial tensions.
Enhanced Pool Boiling Heat Transfer During Quenching on Micro/Nanostructured Wicking Surface: Effects of Submicron-Scale Substructures
Authors: Zhang Jia-Yi , Li Jia-Qi , Fan Li-Wu
Published: September 2020

Micro/nanostructured wicking surfaces with different submicron-scale substructures were fabricated by using electrochemical deposition and chemical etching methods on stainless steel spheres. Quenching experiments were carried out on these surfaces in saturated water to reveal the effect of submicron-scale substructures on the boiling heat transfer enhanced by wickability. The results indicated that, as compared to the knife-like submicron-scale substructure, the needle-like substructure improved the wickability of wicking surface, but has a weaker boiling heat transfer enhancement. The difference in wicking/spreading performance between two wicking surfaces with different submicron-scale substructures could not be enough to significantly affect the boiling heat transfer during quenching. However, the knife-like substructure might have a larger specific surface area, resulting in a greater boiling heat transfer enhancement. Besides, liquid spreading distance measured at room temperature might not be suitable for the wickability characterization.
Enhanced Steam Condensation Heat Transfer on a Honeycomb-Like Microporous Superhydrophobic Surface Under Different Condensing Pressures
Authors: Zhang Tian-Yu , Mou Lin-Wei , Li Jia-Qi , Fan Li-Wu
Published: September 2020

Steam condensation heat transfer was studied over a honeycomb-like microporous superhydrophobic surface under various pressures, in order to elucidate the effects of pressure on the jumping-droplet condensation behaviors. The condensing pressure was varied from 4 kPa to 13 kPa, based on the typical operating conditions of condensers in power plants. Stable coalescence-induced droplet jumping was realized on the honeycomb-like superhydrophobic surface over this range of pressure, leading to a great enhancement on the condensation heat transfer as compared to that on the common hydrophobic surface, especially at small degrees of subcooling (e.g., < 10 K). The frequency and number of jumping droplets were observed to decrease at lower pressures because of the less amount of condensate produced, and at higher degrees of subcooling due to the occurrence of surface flooding. The increasing condensing pressure was found to lead to a later onset of surface flooding. The results indicated that the honeycomb-like superhydrophobic surface has a great potential for industrial condensation equipment operating at multiple pressures owing to its superior performance and facile fabrication.
Thermal Analysis of Phase Change Material Based Heat Transfer Fluid in Solar Thermal Collector
Authors: O’Neil Tyler J. E. , Lim Celine S. L. , Sobhansarbandi Sarvenaz
Published: September 2020

Phase change materials (PCMs) are commonly used as energy storage mediums in solar thermal systems. This paper investigates the mixture of PCM doped with nanoparticles to be used as HTFs directly integrated in a U-pipe ETC to be applied in solar thermal collectors. The selected type of PCM-HTF in this study is erythritol (C4H10O4), with high specific heat capacity in liquid form, as well as its unique sub-cooling behavior. In order to overcome the low thermal conductivity of erythritol and further enhance specific heat capacity, a weight concentration of 1% multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) is added. Additionally, to insure even distribution of MWCNT and consistent properties of the HTF, triethanolamine (TEA) is proposed to be incorporated as a dispersant. The samples were each tested in a Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) to analyze their thermal properties. The results from the DSC tests show 12.4% enhancement of specific heat capacity of the proposed HTF mixture as well as nearly 5° C depression of freezing onset temperature. This study allows for the optimization of the operating temperature range of the collector when integrated with these materials, where direct heat gain can be obtained in the collector.
The Effect of Turbulence Promoters on Vacuum Membrane Distillation Module Performance
Authors: Krysko Robert , Alasiri Abdulaziz M. , Alqsair Umar , Cosman Sertac , Oztekin Alparslan
Published: September 2020

Computational fluid dynamic simulations are conducted to compare the performance of three proposed VMD module designs. Key parameters, including concentration polarization coefficient (CPC), temperature polarization coefficient (TPC), mass flux, and module pressure drop, are evaluated to analyze flux performance and membrane wetting implications. The CFD simulations are conducted on a three-dimensional domain for each design with representative membrane properties. The Reynolds numbers evaluated are 500 and 1500. Contour plots are provided to gain insight into the flow-field characteristics. Stream-wise profiles and average values are provided as a means to compare the design performance. The results indicate that adding either net-type spacers or membrane corrugation to the feed channel provides performance enhancement over an empty channel design. It is found that both the net-type spacer concept and the corrugated membrane offer better flux performance over the baseline design (49%–60% for the net-type spacers and 62%–67% flux enhancement for the corrugated membrane), reduced concentration polarization coefficient (51% for the Re = 500 case and 45% for the Re = 1500 case for spacers and 58% for the Re = 500 case and 49% for the Re = 1500 case for corrugation), increased TPC (2%–3% higher), and increased wall shear stress over the baseline design. The most significant finding is that the corrugated membrane design accomplishes the listed performance improvement while yielding five times less pressure drop increase than the net-type spacer design.
Optimization of Mixed Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Surfaces Under Laminar Flow Conditions
Authors: Frymyer Brian , Oztekin Alparslan
Published: September 2020

When condensation first forms on a surface, it starts as tiny droplets. As the surface continues to collect condensation, the droplets grow together and form a film. The film increases the thermal resistance of the system. It is possible to remove the fluid from the condensing surface before it develops into a film. Dropwise condensation has the capability of providing up to an order of magnitude higher heat transfer than film condensation.

A hydrophobic surface is capable of sustaining dropwise condensation but creates a high energy barrier that restricts nucleation. A hydrophilic surface has a low energy barrier for nucleation but retains the water quickly transitioning to film condensation. A hydrophilic and hydrophobic patterned surface creates a surface with a low nucleation energy barrier and is capable of sustaining dropwise condensation.

Surface patterns are evaluated under laminar flow conditions to maximize mass collection. The surfaces are evaluated using a thermal model, which includes an equivalent thermal resistance for diffusion. Laminar flow rates are evaluated using Reynolds numbers from 1,218 to 4 × 105. Hydrophilic nodules sizes are evaluated from 0.1 mm to 3.7 mm. Under natural convection flow, mass collection can be increased by 20% with respect to film heat transfer.
Effects of Material on the Heat Transfer of R410A During Condensation and Evaporation
Authors: Tang Weiyu , Zheng Boren , Li Wei
Published: September 2020

An Experimental investigation was conducted to demonstrate the effect of material on the heat transfer characteristics of R410A during evaporation inside two horizontal plain tubes with the same inner diameter of 6mm, and they are made of aluminum and stainless, respectively. The variation of vapor quality for test section were kept at 0.2–0.9, and mass velocities varied from 100 kg m−2s−1 to 400 kg m−2s−1. A series of single-phase and repetitive experiments was conducted to verify the accuracy and reliability of the test rig firstly. Various flow patterns including stratified, slug, and annular flow even dry-out may exist during the flow boiling experiments, while both ΔT-dependent and ΔT-independent flow are included for the test conditions of condensation. The results for evaporation have shown that the plain aluminum tube performs the best for all tested mass velocities. Several different correlations were employed to predict the present data and their predictive ability were compared. The results indicate that the Liu and Winterton can predict all the data points in an acceptable error band, and the slightly worse thermal performance of the stainless-steel tube may be attributed to the relatively low thermal conductivity. For condensation, little difference was found between two tested tubes, which means that the material and roughness may have little effect on the heat transfer performance during condensation.
Retracted: “A Numerical Study on the Shell-Side Thermal-Hydraulic Performance of a Hybrid Smooth and Spirally Corrugated Tube” [ASME 2020 Heat Transfer Summer Conference, Virtual, Online, July 13–15, 2020, Conference Sponsors: Heat Transfer Division, ISBN: 978-0-7918-8370-9, Copyright © 2020 by ASME. Paper No. HT2020-8996, pp. V001T09A010; 7 pages; doi: 10.1115/HT2020-8996]
Authors: ASME
Published: September 2020

This paper was removed from publication at the author’s request. October 2, 2020.

Copyright © 2020 by ASME
Experimental Study on Condensation in the Outer Annular Region Outside Horizontal Enhanced Tubes
Authors: Dong Zeguan , Zhang Jianghui , Li Zhen , He Yan , Kukulka David J. , Lei Wei
Published: September 2020

Single-phase and flow condensation experiments were performed using refrigerant R410A in the outer annular region of horizontal enhanced tube with different enhanced surfaces at a saturation temperature of 45°C in the range of mass flux 44.43–102.23kg/(m2s). The vapor quality ranges from 0.8 to 0.2. The outer diameters of the tubes are all 19.05mm, but the inner diameters are slightly different due to different surface structures. The surface structures of the three enhanced tubes are fins(EHT1 tube), toothed structures (EHT2 tube) and fine cavities(EHT3 tube) of different sizes and densities. Among them, the EHT3 tube has internal threads. Wilson diagram method was used to determine the enhancement ratio of the water side heat transfer coefficient of EHT3 tube. It was found that the pressure drop increased with the increase of mass flux, while the heat transfer coefficient showed different trends, and the smooth tube was always the lowest of the four tubes. A comprehensive evaluation factor α combining heat transfer enhancement factor (EF) and pressure drop penalty factor (PF) was defined, in which EHT2 tube (1.38–1.75) was the largest, with strong heat transfer capacity and small pressure drop, so the condensing heat transfer capacity of EHT2 tube was the best.
Comparison of Different Liquid Cooling Configurations for Effective Thermal Management of Li-Ion Pouch Cell for Automotive Applications
Authors: Bakhshi Shashwat , Dubey Prahit , Srouji A. K. , Wu Zenan
Published: September 2020

An effective cooling mechanism is the backbone of a good automotive battery thermal management system (BTMS). In addition to prevention of extreme events such as thermal runaway, an automotive BTMS must be able to efficiently tackle aggressive environmental temperatures, and/or discharge and charge conditions during electric vehicle operation. Moreover, electrical performance and cycle life of the battery modules and packs are closely tied to the battery temperatures and thermal gradients, which increase with increase in C-Rates. In order to keep the battery temperatures to be under the operational temperature limit, it is crucial that the selected cooling mechanism provides efficient transport of the heat generated by the battery modules and packs to the cooling media under all discharge and charge conditions. Owing to its efficient thermal performance, liquid cooling is preferred by most electric vehicle manufacturers for battery thermal management. This usually incorporates battery modules exchanging heat with a flowing coolant via cold plate or cooling channels during operation. The current work aims to investigate different liquid cooling configurations and compare their relative thermal performance during operation of a high energy density Pouch Cell. The four configurations selected for this comparison are (1) Face cooling, (2) Single-Sided cooling, (3) Double-Sided cooling, and (4) a Hybrid cooling configuration. Test setups comprising of a commercially available 9 A-h NMC Pouch cell, cold plates, pump, heat exchanger, refrigeration cooling unit, and thermal sensors are built for the above four cooling configurations. During the tests, the selected cell is discharged at different discharge rates (C-Rates), i.e., 3C, 4C, and 5C. The overall cell temperatures and thermal gradient across the cell are measured using T-type thermocouples for the four cooling configurations. In order to capture the thermal gradient across the Pouch cell accurately, several thermocouples on the face of the cell are installed using a thermal interface material. Results show the superiority of Face cooling configuration in terms of overall thermal performance under all considered test conditions. Lowest cell temperatures and thermal gradients across the cell are observed for the Face cooling configuration, while highest temperatures and thermal gradients are observed for the Single-Sided cooling configuration. Much improved thermal performance is also observed in the case of the Hybrid cooling configuration as compared to the Single and Double-Sided cooling configurations. As implementation of the Face cooling configuration at the battery pack level may result in higher weight and cost of the battery pack, owing to its good thermal performance and straightforward scaling to battery pack level, the proposed hybrid liquid cooling mechanism provides a viable alternative to Face cooling for battery thermal management.
3D Printed Architected Heat Sinks Cooling Performance in Free and Forced Convection Environments
Authors: Ali Mohamed I. Hassan , Al-Ketan Oraib , Khalil Mohamad , Baobaid Nada , Khan Kamran , Abu Al-Rub Rashid K.
Published: September 2020

In this work, we extend our heat transfer performance study on our proposed new and novel 3D printable architected heat sinks with geometrically complex structures based on triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS). Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling is used to assess the effect of porosity distribution, heat load, and isothermal boundary condition on the performance of the proposed TPMS-based heat sinks in active cooling using natural and forced convection heat transfer environments. The convection heat transfer coefficient, surface temperature, pressure drop are predicted using CFD method. The CFD model is validated using experimental results for the pressure drop and is verified by standard analytical results. Three TPMS structures are investigated in different orientations. Dimensionless heat transfer groups are developed to globalize the heat transfer performance of the proposed heat sinks.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Ultra-Fast Phase Transition in Water Nanofilms
Authors: Porterfield Malcolm , Borca-Tasciuc Diana
Published: September 2020

Molecular dynamics simulations are used to explore explosive boiling of thin water films on a gold substrate. In particular, water films of 2.5, 1.6 and 0.7 nanometer thickness were examined. Three different surface wettabilities with contact angles of 11, 47 and 110 degrees were simulated along with substrate temperatures of 400K, 600K, 800K and 1000K. The 11 degree contact angle was obtained using a Morse interaction potential between the water film and the gold substrate while the 47 and 110 degree contact angles were obtained via a Lennard-Jones potential. Evaporation was the first mode of phase change observed in all cases and explosive boiling did not occur until the substrate reached a temperature of 800K. When explosive boiling was present for all three contact angles, it was consistently shown to occur first for the surface with a 47 degree contact angle, contrary to the expectation that it would occur first on the substrate with an 11 degree contact angle. These results suggest that explosive boiling onset is strongly dependent on the particularities of the interaction potential. For instance, the Morse potential used to model the surface described by an 11 degree contact angle, is a softer potential as compared with Lennard-Jones, but has more interaction sites per molecule — two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom vs one oxygen atom. Thus, although the water film reaches a higher temperature with the Morse potential, explosive boiling onset is delayed as more interaction sites have to be disrupted. These results suggest that both the interaction strength and the number of atoms interacting at the interface must be considered when investigating trends of explosive boiling with surface wettability.
Measuring Heat Transfer From Firebrands to Surfaces
Authors: Bearinger Elias , Lattimer Brian , Hodges Jonathan , Rippe Christian
Published: September 2020

Firebrands are an important mechanism of fire spread and one of the primary ways in which wildland fires ignite structures. Inverse heat transfer using thin steel plates has been shown to be an effective method for measuring heat transfer distributions from firebrands. To fully understand the dynamic process of heat transfer from firebrands to surfaces; however, it is necessary to view the underside of the firebrands, which is not possible through a steel plate.

This work develops a method of inverse heat transfer using a visually transparent quartz plate and a long-wave (7.5–14.0 μm) infrared camera to facilitate visual access to the firebrands from all angles. The heat flux measurements using a quartz plate were compared with heat flux measurements using a steel plate and finite element heat transfer simulations for radiation-dominant tests using heater panels. Additionally, heat transfer measurements using cuboidal oak firebrands were conducted using both the quartz and steel plates. A corrective factor was developed based on the ratio of the effective emissivity of the quartz and stainless-steel plates at typical firebrand temperatures. The measured heat fluxes were within 1–6% after correcting for radiant energy transmitted through the quartz which was absorbed by the stainless-steel plate.
On-Machine Measuring Instrument of Workpiece Compliance Using Laser Interferometer
Authors: Furusawa Masataka , Kono Daisuke
Published: September 2020

Workpiece vibration is a crucial issue in machining of thin-walled workpieces because of their large compliance. The workpiece compliance should be considered in setting machining conditions to suppress the vibration. However, the conventional impact test is laborious, and its result depends on the operator’s skill. In this study, an on-machine measurement instrument was developed to measure the compliance of thin-walled workpieces. The developed measuring instrument can be attached to the machine tool spindle for automatic compliance measurement. The workpiece compliance measured by a swept sine excitation using the developed instrument was comparable to the compliance by the conventional impact test.
Machining Performance Evaluation of Robot Type Machine Tool Based on Forward Kinematics Model
Authors: Hayashi Akio , Ueki Masato , Nagao Keisuke , Tanaka Hiroto , Morimoto Yoshitaka , Fujiki Nobuaki , Yamaoka Hidetaka
Published: September 2020

Robot type machine tools with parallel link mechanism are characterized by the performance to change tool posture and machine wider range than conventional machine tools. It is realized by simultaneous multi-axis control of parallel link mechanism. However, there are some problems, it is difficult to identify and adjust alignment error. In addition, the machining performance is unidentified due to the rigidity is different from conventional machine tools.

In this research, a geometric model is described and the forward kinematics model is derived based on the geometric model. Then, the machining tests were carried out to evaluate the machining accuracy by measured machined surface and the simulated motion of tool cutting edge based on proposed forward kinematics model.
Kinematic Calibration and Data-Based Error Compensation of a Parallel Robot-Based Incremental Sheet Forming Machine
Authors: Liao Shuheng , Ehmann Kornel , Cao Jian
Published: September 2020

Incremental sheet forming is a state-of-the-art manufacturing process for the rapid manufacture of sheet metal components without the use of geometry-specific dies. In this paper, a novel ISF machine, based on a unique overconstrained parallel robot called the Tri-pyramid robot, is introduced. The inverse and forward kinematics of the machine are first analyzed and calibrated based on experimental measurements. In turn, to compensate the kinematic and compliance errors of the machine, a linear encoder system, developed to directly measure the end-effector positions, in conjunction with a neural network, trained to map encoder readings and spatial end-effector positions, is used. A feedback control law is then implemented to compensate the errors in real-time. Experimental results demonstrate that after calibration and error compensation the accuracy of the machine is improved tenfold, making it adequate for incremental forming applications.
Identifying the Cyber-Incidents in Additive Manufacturing Systems via Multimedia Signals
Authors: Yang Wei , Chen Jialei , Paynabar Kamran , Zhang Chuck
Published: September 2020

Additive Manufacturing (AM) is an emerging manufacturing technology that plays a growing role in both industrial and consumer settings. However, security concerns of the AM have been raised among researchers. In this paper, we present an online detection mechanism for the malicious attempts on AM system, which taps into both audios and videos collected during the actual printing process. For audio signals, we propose to monitor the characteristics or patterns in the spectrogram via the Wasserstain metric. For video signals, we present a path reconstruction method which effectively monitors the motion of the printer extruder. We then show the effectiveness of our methods in a case study using Ender 3D printer, where the cyber-incidence of modifying the internal fill density can be easily identified in an online manner.
Combining Motion Primitives and Image-Based Visual Servo Control
Authors: Rotithor Ghananeel , Dani Ashwin P.
Published: September 2020

Combining perception feedback control with learning-based open-loop motion generation for the robot’s end-effector control is an attractive solution for many robotic manufacturing tasks. For instance, while performing a peg-in-the-hole or an insertion task when the hole or the recipient part is not visible in the eye-in-the-hand camera, an open-loop learning-based motion primitive method can be used to generate end-effector path. Once the recipient part is in the field of view (FOV), visual servo control can be used to control the motion of the robot. Inspired by such applications, this paper presents a control scheme that switches between Dynamic Movement Primitives (DMPs) and Image-based Visual Servo (IBVS) control combining end-effector control with perception-based feedback control. A simulation result is performed that switches the controller between DMP and IBVS to verify the performance of the proposed control methodology.
Frequency division using a soliton-injected semiconductor gain-switched frequency comb
Authors: Weng Wenle , Kaszubowska-Anandarajah Aleksandra , Liu Junqiu , Anandarajah Prince M. , Kippenberg Tobias J.
Published: September 2020

Semiconductor gain-switched lasers and microresonator solitons work together to synthesize optical and microwave frequencies.
An implantable blood clot–based immune niche for enhanced cancer vaccination
Authors: Fan Qin , Ma Qingle , Bai Jingyu , Xu Jialu , Fei Ziying , Dong Ziliang , Maruyama Atsushi , Leong Kam W. , Liu Zhuang , Wang Chao
Published: September 2020

An implantable blood clot–based cancer vaccine is developed for enhanced cancer immunotherapy.
Aquaporin-like water transport in nanoporous crystalline layered carbon nitride
Authors: Foglia Fabrizia , Clancy Adam J. , Berry-Gair Jasper , Lisowska Karolina , Wilding Martin C. , Suter Theo M. , Miller Thomas S. , Smith Keenan , Demmel Franz , Appel Markus , Sakai Victoria García , Sella Andrea , Howard Christopher A. , Tyagi Madhusudan , Corà Furio , McMillan Paul F.
Published: September 2020

Water transport through aligned nanopores in layered carbon nitride is choreographed by H bonding similar to aquaporin channels.
Dopamine and beta-band oscillations differentially link to striatal value and motor control
Authors: Schwerdt H. N. , Amemori K. , Gibson D. J. , Stanwicks L. L. , Yoshida T. , Bichot N. P. , Amemori S. , Desimone R. , Langer R. , Cima M. J. , Graybiel A. M.
Published: September 2020

The inverse relationship of dopamine and beta depends on their relative timing and site of origin, and on motivational parameters.
Three-dimensional printing of functionally graded liquid crystal elastomer
Authors: Wang Zijun , Wang Zhijian , Zheng Yue , He Qiguang , Wang Yang , Cai Shengqiang
Published: September 2020

A 3D printing strategy to fabricate functionally graded liquid crystal elastomer is developed.
Programmable low-cost DNA-based platform for viral RNA detection
Authors: Zhou Lifeng , Chandrasekaran Arun Richard , Punnoose Jibin Abraham , Bonenfant Gaston , Charles Stephon , Levchenko Oksana , Badu Pheonah , Cavaliere Cassandra , Pager Cara T. , Halvorsen Ken
Published: September 2020

A DNA nanotechnology approach enables low-cost and programmable viral detection.
Low-Level Rifampin Resistance and
rpoB
Mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: an Analysis of Whole-Genome Sequencing and Drug Susceptibility Test Data in New York
Authors: Shea Joseph , Halse Tanya A. , Kohlerschmidt Donna , Lapierre Pascal , Modestil Herns A. , Kearns Cheryl H. , Dworkin Felicia F. , Rakeman Jennifer L. , Escuyer Vincent , Musser Kimberlee A.
Published: September 2020

Rapid and reliable detection of rifampin (RIF) resistance is critical for the diagnosis and treatment of drug-resistant and multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis. Discordant RIF phenotype/genotype susceptibility results remain a challenge due to the presence of
rpoB
mutations that do not confer high levels of RIF resistance, as have been exhibited in strains with mutations such as Ser450Leu.
Amino Acid Substitutions Associated with Treatment Failure for Hepatitis C Virus Infection
Authors: Soria María Eugenia , García-Crespo Carlos , Martínez-González Brenda , Vázquez-Sirvent Lucía , Lobo-Vega Rebeca , de Ávila Ana Isabel , Gallego Isabel , Chen Qian , García-Cehic Damir , Llorens-Revull Meritxell , Briones Carlos , Gómez Jordi , Ferrer-Orta Cristina , Verdaguer Nuria , Gregori Josep , Rodríguez-Frías Francisco , Buti María , Esteban Juan Ignacio , Domingo Esteban , Quer Josep , Perales Celia
Published: September 2020

Despite the high virological response rates achieved with current directly acting antiviral agents (DAAs) against hepatitis C virus (HCV), around 2% to 5% of treated patients do not achieve a sustained viral response. The identification of amino acid substitutions associated with treatment failure requires analytical designs, such as subtype-specific ultradeep sequencing (UDS) methods, for HCV characterization and patient management. Using this procedure, we have identified six highly represented amino acid substitutions (HRSs) in NS5A and NS5B of HCV, which are not bona fide resistance-associated substitutions (RAS), from 220 patients who failed therapy.
Assessing the effect of empathy-enhancing interventions in health education and training: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Winter Rachel , Issa Eyad , Roberts Nia , Norman Robert I , Howick Jeremy
Published: September 2020

Objective

To estimate the effect of empathy interventions in health education and training from randomised controlled trials (RCTs).

Methods

MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE, CINAHL and Cochrane databases were searched from inception to June 2019 for RCTs investigating the effect of empathy-enhancing interventions in medical and healthcare students and professionals. Studies measuring any aspect of ‘clinical empathy’ as a primary or secondary outcome were included. Two reviewers extracted data and assessed the risk of bias of eligible studies using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. Random effects meta-analyses of the impact of empathy training on participants’ empathy levels were performed.

Results

Twenty-six trials were included, with 22 providing adequate data for meta-analysis. An overall moderate effect on participant empathy postintervention (standardised mean difference 0.52, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.67) was found. Heterogeneity across trial results was substantial (I2=63%). Data on sustainability of effect was provided by 11 trials and found a moderate effect size for improved empathy up until 12 weeks (0.69, 95% CI 0.23 to 1.15), and a small but statistically significant effect size for sustainability at 12 weeks and beyond (standardised mean difference 0.34, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.57). In total, 15 studies were considered to be either unclear or high risk of bias. The quality of evidence of included studies was low.

Conclusion

Findings suggest that empathy-enhancing interventions can be effective at cultivating and sustaining empathy with intervention specifics contributing to effectiveness. This review focuses on an important, growing area of medical education and provides guidance to those looking to develop effective interventions to enhance empathy in the healthcare setting. Further high-quality trials are needed that include patient-led outcome assessments and further evaluate the long-term sustainability of empathy training.

Protocol registration number

PROSPERO (CRD42019126843).
Efficacy of acupuncture versus sham acupuncture or waitlist control for patients with chronic plantar fasciitis: study protocol for a two-centre randomised controlled trial
Authors: Wang Weiming , Liu Sixing , Liu Yan , Zang Zhiwei , Zhang Weina , Li Liang , Liu Zhishun
Published: September 2020

Introduction

Plantar fasciitis (PF) is reported to be the most common cause of plantar heel pain. Acupuncture has been used for patients experiencing PF, but evidence of the efficacy of acupuncture on PF is limited. The primary objective of this trial is to compare combined acupuncture and sham acupuncture (SA) versus waitlist control for improving the level of pain experienced by patients suffering from chronic PF.

Methods and analysis

This will be a two-centre, parallel-group, sham and no-treatment controlled, assessor-blinded randomised trial. We will randomly allocate 120 participants with chronic PF to acupuncture, SA and waitlist control groups at a ratio of 2:1:1. Participants in the acupuncture and SA groups will receive a 30 min acupuncture or SA treatment for a total of 12 sessions over 4 weeks, with a 12-week follow-up. Participants in the waitlist control group will not undergo treatment for a period of 16 weeks but instead will have the option of 4 weeks (12 sessions) of acupuncture free of charge at the end of the follow-up period. The primary outcome will be the treatment response rate 4 weeks after randomisation, assessed as a minimum of 50% improvement in the worst pain intensity during the first steps in the morning compared with the baseline. All analyses will be performed with a two-sided p value of <0.05 considered significant following the intention-to-treat principle.

Ethics and dissemination

The study has been approved by the Ethical Committee of the Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences (approval no. 2019-210-KY). The results will be disseminated through presentation at a peer-reviewed medical journal, the relevant conferences and scientific meetings.

Trial registration

NCT04185259.