bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE ROLE OF DISTANCE LEARNING DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Authors: Stankić Rade , Zečević Aleksandra
Published: June 2021

The primary objective of this paper is to present the analysis of the functioning of distance learning in the educational system in Serbia during Covid-19 pandemic, and to draw conclusions on the readiness of the system for such and similar situations. More specific, the objective is to consider the role of distance learning in these circumstances, bearing in mind the fact that only in primary and secondary schools nearly 750,000 students and some 80,000 teachers were forced to use one or the other distance learning method. COVID-19 pandemics has affected educational systems in Serbia and worldwide alike, posing unimaginable logistic and technological challenges, forcing teachers to teach in new and unfamiliar ways. The paper first provides an overview of the most commonly used distance learning platforms and applications, in general and especially during a pandemic. In particular, research was conducted on students' attitudes about distance learning during the pandemic. The data obtained from a survey conducted at the Faculty of Economics, University of Belgrade is also analysed. The paper points out that the impact of the pandemic will clearly be far-reaching and widespread, raising the issue of its possible long-term significance for the education in general, and the educational system in Serbia in particular. The paper also points to the need of generation of new ICT skills in education. Technology has taken roots in education and will continue to play the key role in educating generations to come. With knowledge just a click away, the role of teachers will inevitably change.
STRATEGY FOR MANAGING BANKING SYSTEMS IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE COUNTRIES UNDER GLOBALIZATION
Authors: Radaković Milan , Dragosavac Miloš
Published: June 2021

The financial crisis has adversely affected all the countries of the world in the conditions of globalization with different intensity, no matter if it is higher or lower level of development and different economic structures. In the context of globalization in the countries in transition, the banking system was reformed, thus creating a new financial market. The International Monetary Fund has taken an active part in the transition process of Eastern European countries by providing advice and approving financial arrangements. Developed countries of the world have implemented measures of non-standard monetary policy to overcome the global financial crisis. In some parts of Central and Eastern Europe, in addition to the general corporate identity (bank name, abbreviated name, trademark and slogan of the bank), the countries also applied qualitative features of the bank's corporate identity (image, reputation and goodwill). As they enter the 21st century, banks in developed countries are increasingly emphasizing the corporate culture and style of business of the bank. In the practice of banks, the following performances are most often present: financial, marketing, performance management, employee performance, business philosophy, reputation and the image of the bank. The banks' performance analysis included 13 Central and Eastern European countries divided into three groups. Performance over the period 2008-2018 is analyzed, related to: share of total assets in GDP, share of total loans in GDP, share of total deposit in GDP and level of capital adequacy of Central and Eastern European countries. The analysis shows that the central banks of the countries of Central Europe are dominant, and that in certain performances they are approached by the banks of the countries of Eastern Europe (members of the European Union and the Western Balkans).
APPLICATION OF CROWDFUNDING AS AN ALTERNATIVE SOURCE OF PROJECT FINANCING IN EU COUNTRIES - ASSUMPTIONS OF ITS DEVELOPMENT IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA AND CROATIA
Authors: Stevanović Suzana
Published: June 2021

A new economic trend in the financing of projects, start-ups, innovative projects and many other projects from various fields (music, film, games) is widespread today and its called crowdfunding or group financing. With the development of new technologies, and thus social networks around the world, it creates the possibility and potential advantage of associating around the world in raising funds in an alternative way. Crowdfunding can be organized in several forms or models. The basic division is the one that is carried out by the European Commission: Reward-based crowdfunding, Donation-based crowdfunding, Share-based crowdfunding and Investment-based crowdfunding. The crowdfunding market is constantly growing. As conditions for traditional funding become more stringent, crowdfunding could be a potential key to success. Prospects for the development of crowdfunding in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia are reflected in the legal regulation of this method of financing, which would facilitate administrative work, reduce handling costs and create legal certainty. Following the established regulations, intensive attention should be dedicated to the promotion of crowdfunding and "raising awareness" of citizens, pointing out the possible benefits and advantages that it offers. This will take some time, so that in the foreseeable future, alternative financing of crowdfunding will gain in importance in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia.
GROWTH LIMITS AND EUROPEAN FIDUCIARY MONEY
Authors: Mirović Ivan
Published: June 2021

Тhis paper considers the phenomenon of global growth, emphasizing the slowdown and (limits) of the Western GDP growth. By comparing the United States as the most mature economy in the world, China as the new hegemon, the OECD countries, the BRICS countries, and the rest of the world, we show the growth and unequal development of the five "regional futures" of the global world. In addition to the imminent economic reasons for the backwardness of Western economies and societies, the crisis of the structure and functioning of the democratic capitalist system, and the ecological limits of sustainability, we emphasize two non-economic moments: the end of liberalism as a fundamental ideology of the Western world, and the loss of trust, which is a fundamental moral category. According to futurist forecasts, the West has slowed down, the financial system has been damaged, and the recovery is slow and uncertain. The following subjects are being considered: the growth paradigm, the belief in lasting progress, the end of liberalism and the loss of confidence, the recovery of Western economies, some monetary policy measures, and European fiduciary money and the slowdown of the growth in the Eurozone. The monetary economy of the euro as an agreed single currency has caused strong changes in the Eurozone and has “trapped” the European Union. The euro economy, among other things, is responsible for the sharp division of the Eurozone member states into surplus and deficit countries, and the Eurozone crisis, stagnation, and slowdown in economic (non- economic) growth.
УЛОГА УЧЕЊА НА ДАЉИНУ ТОКОМ ПАНДЕМИЈЕ COVID-19
Authors: Станкић Раде , Зечевић Александра
Published: June 2021

Основни циљ овог рада јесте да прикаже анализу функционисања учења на даљину у образовном систему Србије за време пандемије Covid-19, као и да представи закључке о спремности образовног система за ову и сличне ванредне ситуације. Имајући у виду чињеницу да је само у основном и средњем образовању Србије 750 000 ученика и 80 000 наставника било принуђено да користи неку форму учења на даљину, посебно је важно да се сагледа значај учења на даљину у оваквим околностима. Пандемија Covid-19 је утицала на образовни систем Србије, као уосталом и на образовне системе у целом свету, тиме што је проузроковала значајне логистичке и технолошке проблеме, и наметнула наставном особљу потребу да пређу на нове начине подучавања. У раду су прво представљене најчешће коришћене платформе и апликације учења на даљину за време пандемије. Затим су представљени резултати истраживања о ставу студената према учењу на даљину, које је обављено на Економском факултету, Универзитета у Београду. Посебно је наглашено да ће утицај пандемије бити далекосежан и да ће се значајно одразити на образовне системе у свету, као и на образовни систем Србије. Имајући у виду да се разна технолошка решења већ користе у образовању и да ће наставити и даље да имају кључну улогу у образовању генерација које долазе, у раду се указује на потребу сагледавања потреба за новим ИКТ вештинама у образовању. У окружењу где се знању може приступити са једним click-ом, јасно је да ће у будућности улога предавача претрпети значајне промене.
STRATEGIJA UPRAVLJANJA BANKARSKIM SISTEMIMA U ZEMLJAMA CENTRALNE I ISTOČNE EVROPE U USLOVIMA GLOBALIZACIJE
Authors: Radaković Milan , Dragosavac Miloš
Published: June 2021

Finansijska kriza je negativno uticala na sve zemlje sveta u uslovima globalizacije sa različitim intezitetom, bez razlike da li se radi o višem ili nižem nivou razvijenosti i različitim privrednim strukturama. U uslovima globalizacije u zemljama u tranziciji izvršena je reforma bankarskog sistema i na taj način je započeto stvaranje novog finansijskog tržišta. MeĎunarodni monetarni fond uzeo je aktivno učešće u procesu tranzicije zemalja istočne Evrope pružanjem saveta i odobravanjem finansijskih aranžmana. Razvijene zemlje sveta su radi prevazilaženja svetske finansijske krize primenile mere nestandardne monetarne politike.Zemlje centralne i istočne Evrope su u odreĎenom delu pored opšteg korporativnog identiteta (naziv banke, skraćenog imena, zaštitnog znaka i slogana banke) primenjivale i kvalitativna obeležja korporativnog identiteta (imidž, reputacije i gudvila) banke. Ulaskom u 21. vek banke razvijenih zemalja sve više stavljaju naglasak na korporativnu kulturu i stil poslovanja banke. U praksi banaka najčešće su prisutne sledeće performanse: finansijske, marketing, menadžment performanse, performanse zaposlenih, poslovne filozofije, ugleda, reputacije i imidža banke. Analiza performansi banaka obuhvatila je 13 zemalja centralne i istočne Evrope podeljenih u tri grupe. Analizirane su performanse u vremenskom periodu od 2008-2018. godine koje se odnose na: učešće ukupne aktive u BDP-u, učešće ukupnih kredita u BDP-u, učešće ukupnog depozita u BDP-u i nivo adekvatnosti kapitala zemalja centralne i istočne Evrope. Analiza pokazuje da su dominantne banke zemalja centralne Evrope, a da se njima u odreĎenim performansama približavaju banke zemalja istočne Evrope (članice Evropske Unije i zapadnog Balkana).
PRIMENA CROWDFUNDING-A KAO ALTERNATIVNOG IZVORA FINANSIRANJA PROJEKATA U ZEMLJAMA EU - PRETPOSTAVKE NJEGOVOG RAZVOJA U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI I HRVATSKOJ
Authors: Stevanović Suzana
Published: June 2021

Novi ekonomski trend u finansiranju projekata, start-up preduzeća, inovativnih projekata i mnogih drugih projekata iz raznih oblasti (muzika, film, igrice) je danas širom sveta rasprostranjen i naziva se Crowdfunding ili grupno finansiranje. Razvojem novih tehnologija, a time i društvenih mreža širom sveta stvara mogućnost i potencijalnu prednost udruživanja širom sveta u prikupljanju sredstava na alternativni način. Crowdfunding može biti organizovan u više oblika, odnosno modela. Baznična podela je ona koju je izvršila Evropska komisija: Crowdfunding zasnovan na nagradama, Crowdfunding zasnovan na donacijama, Crowdfunding zasnovan na udelima i Crowdfunding zasnovan na investiranju. Tržište Crowdfunding-a je u stalnom porastu. Kako se uslovi kod tradicionalnih načina finansiranja sve više zaoštravaju, Crowdfunding bi mogao biti potencijalni ključ uspeha. Perspektive razvoja Crowdfunding-a u Bosni i Hercegovini i Hrvatskoj se ogledaju u zakonskom regulisanju ovog načina finansiranja, čime bi se olakašali administrativni poslovi, snizili manipulativni troškovi i stvorila pravna sigurnost. Nakon utvrĎene regulative bi se trebalo intezivno posevetiti promociji Crowdfunding-a i „buĎenja svesti“ graĎana, ukazivajući na moguće pogodnosti i prednosti koje on nudi. Za ovo je potrebno izvesno vreme, tako da će u doglednoj budućnosti alternativni način finansiranja Crowdfunding dobiti na značaju i u Bosni i Hercegovini i Hrvatskoj.
GRANICE RASTA I EVROPSKI FIDUCIJARNI NOVAC
Authors: Mirović Ivan
Published: June 2021

U ovom radu razmatramo fenomen rasta na globalnom nivou, apostrofirajući usporavanje i (granice) rasta BDP Zapada. Komparacijom SAD kao najzrelije ekonomije na svijetu, Kine kao novog hegemona, zemalja OECD-a, zatim zemalja BRICS-a, te ostatka svijeta, predočava se rast i nejednaki razvoj pet ,,regionalnih budućnosti,” globalnog svijeta. Pored imanentnih ekonomskih razloga zaostajanja zapadnih ekonomija i društava, krize strukture i funkcionisanja demokratskog kapitalističkog sistema, i ekološke granice održivosti, ističemo i dva neekonomska momenta, kraj liberalizma kao fundamentalne ideologije zapadnog svijeta i gubitak povjerenja kao temeljne moralne kategorije. Prema prognozama futurista, Zapad je posustao, finansijski sistem je oštećen, oporavak je spor i neizvjestan. Predmet razmatranja su: paradigma rasta, vjera u trajni napredak, kraj liberalizma i gubitak povjerenja, oporavak zapadnih ekonomija, neke mjere monetarne politike, te Evropski prekarni novac i usporavanje rasta evrozone. Monetarna ekonomija evra kao dogovorene jedinstvene valute izazvala je snažne promjene u evrozoni i Evropskoj uniji uhvaćenoj u ,,zamku.” Ekonomija evra, izmeĎu ostalog, odgovorna je za oštru podjelu zemalja članica evrozone na zemlje suficita i zemlje deficita, te krizu evrozone, stagnaciju i usporavanja (neekonomskog) rasta.
Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Technology for Modifying Polymers to Enhance Adhesion: A Critical Review
Authors: Baniya Hom Bahadur , Guragain Rajesh Prakash , Subedi Deepak Prasad
Published: June 2021

This review summarizes the results of cold atmospheric pressure plasma technology application in polymers surface treatment. Attention is given to results of changes in the hydrophilic property of polymer surfaces by incorporation of polar functional groups when exposed to atmospheric
pressure plasma, depending on the time of treatment, applied voltage, gas flow rate, and distance from the surface. We have successfully developed a plasma device that is able to generate cold atmospheric pressure argon plasma of low temperature (20 – 26) ° C downstream using a high-voltage
power source which can be widely used in materials processing. Therefore, a cost-effective system of generating a plasma jet at atmospheric pressure with potential applications has been developed. Cold atmospheric pressure plasma jet (CAPPJ) has shown a lot of applications in recent years
such as in materials processing, surface modification, and biomedical materials processing. CAPPJ has been generated by a high voltage (0-20 kV) and high frequency (20-30 kHz) power supply.
 The discharge has been characterized by optical and electrical methods. In order to characterize
cold atmospheric pressure argon plasma jet, its electron density, electron temperature, rotational temperature, and vibration temperature have been determined using the power balance method, intensity ratio method, Stark broadening method, and Boltzmann plot method, respectively. The improvement
in hydrophilicity of the cold plasma-treated polymer samples was characterized by contact angle measurements, surface free energy analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Contact angle analysis showed that the discharge was effective
in improving the wettability of polymers after the treatment. Furthermore, atmospheric plasma can be effectively used to remove surface contamination and to chemically modify different polymer surfaces. The chemical changes, especially oxidation and cross-linking, enhance the surface properties
of the polymers.
Wood Adhesives Based on Natural Resources: A Critical Review: Part IV. Special Topics
Authors: Dunky Manfred
Published: June 2021

Various naturally-based chemicals can be used directly as wood adhesives or are precursors for the synthesis of adhesive resins. Liquefaction and pyrolysis of wood yield various smaller chemicals derived from the different wood components, which then are used in the preparation of adhesives
by replacing mainly phenol as raw material. The possible replacement of formaldehyde in aminoplastic and phenolic resins would solve the question of the subsequent formaldehyde emission.
 The multiple unsaturations of the triglycerides in vegetable oils enable polymerization for
the direct synthesis of thermosets, as well as bases for polyfunctionalization and crosslinking.
 Natural polymers, such as poly(lactic acid)s (PLAs), natural rubber, or poly(hyhydroxyalkanoate)s (PHAs) are thermoplastics and can be used for various special applications in wood bonding,
in case they can also be crosslinked. For other thermoplastic wood adhesives, such as PUR or PA, chemicals based on natural resources can at least replace a part or even all synthetic raw materials (monomers); these monomers derive from targeted decomposition of the wood material in biorefineries.

Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) can be used as as sole adhesives or as components of adhesives. Hydrogen bonding has a key function in binder applications related to adhesion between cellulose nanoparticles and other materials. CNFs are able to establish strong bonding between wood particles/fibres
through flexible and strong films by a simple drying process.
 Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) is a by-product of the cashew nut processing with cardanol (CD) as main component. CD-formaldehyde resins show improved flexibility compared to phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins; CD can replace
up to 40% of the phenol.
Independent Economic Regulators in Belgium: Contextualising Local Resistance to a Global Trend in the Light of the Belgian Economic Constitution
Authors: Slautsky Emmanuel
Published: June 2021

Inspired by the American experience, the European Union has made it compulsory for Member States since the 1990s to entrust certain regulatory powers to national authorities independent from the government in several sectors of the economy. Such a development is part of a larger trend
that has taken place at the global level since the 1980s. The choice for independent regulators with wide powers must ensure credible and effective regulation of the economy, away from the shortterm thinking that plagues politicians. Yet, the creation of independent regulators of the economy
does not fit well with the constitutional, political and economic traditions of several European states, such as Belgium. In Belgium, the creation of independent economic regulators has faced resistance. Using Belgium as a case-study, this paper seeks to contextualise this resistance and argues
that it should be understood in the light of the mismatch between the (neo-liberal) view regarding the respective roles of 'experts', politicians and economic actors in the regulation of the economy that is behind the creation of independent economic regulators and the Belgian economic constitution.
Proportionality in English Administrative Law: Resistance and Strategy in Relational Dynamics
Authors: Boyron Sophie , Marique Yseult
Published: June 2021

Proportionality is at the centre of heated debates in English administrative law. It has been adopted for matters pertaining to European law and the European Convention on Human Rights, but its use in other areas parts of English administrative law is highly contentious. While some
arguments in favour or against applying proportionality in England are similar to those exchanged in relation to other legal systems (such as tensions between increased objectivity in judicial control over administrative action vs. the desirability of more limited control), other arguments
are more specific to English administrative law. To understand the challenges encountered by proportionality in English administrative law, this paper adopts a contextual analysis, putting the emphasis on the relational dynamics framing the interactions between the main actors involved in
the proportionality test. Paradoxically, this perspective rehabilitates the analysis of the legal techniques behind transplants such as proportionality: indeed, transplants are vehicles for legal changes in ways that go beyond the circulation of ideas across the world. Instead of being merely
superficial and rhetorical, transplants engage deeply with the whole gamut of institutions and actors in a legal system, calling on them to rearticulate their implied and explicit relationships.
The Case of Legal Certainty, an Uncertain Transplant Process in France
Authors: Chevalier Emilie
Published: June 2021

The reception of the fundamental principle of legal certainty in France shows how the characteristics of the French administrative system have consequences for the development and consideration of this principle. An analysis of the transplantation process reveals that it has been largely
prepared, knowingly or unknowingly, to allow the principle of legal certainty to find at least a partial place in the French administrative system. It also shows the central role of the administrative judge in this process which led to the adaptation of the principle of legal certainty to
the French legal order, and vice versa.
The Failure of Leniency as a Regulatory Transplant in Hungary
Authors: Láncos Petra Lea , Horváth; Írisz. E. , Szemesi Sándor
Published: June 2021

While leniency has become the main pillar of EU cartel enforcement, its expediency can be questioned, particularly if we consider that the vast majority of leniency applications arrive after the first dawn raids or failed cartels. Leniency can be criticized not only for uncovering only
cartels that are already doomed, but also for its cartel-inducing effect, where periodic whistle blowing or the mutual threat of disclosure stabilizes anti-competitive agreements. The effectiveness of leniency policy is strongly influenced by the regulatory mix of incentives (immunity from
or reduction in fines, anonymity), sanctions (criminal sentences, disqualification from public procurement), and compensatory measures (private enforcement) introduced in the given jurisdiction. However, certain extra-legal factors may also play a key role: the success of leniency policies
differs across company size, whistle-blowing cultures, and awareness of leniency throughout the Member States. In our paper, we analyse Hungarian leniency policy as a legal transplant, describing its design and comparing it to the ECN Model Leniency Programme. We arrive at the conclusion that
its failure in Hungary can be explained by extra-legal factors, such as market structure, leniency awareness, company culture, and ingrained attitudes towards competitors and the state.
Judicial Protection and Competitive Award Procedures in Germany
Authors: Stelkens Ulrich
Published: June 2021

The history of German public procurement law is a history of attempts by the German legislator to implement the EU public procurement directives on judicial protection, namely Directive 89/665/EEC of 21 December 1989, as minimally as possible. Paradoxically, the history of German procurement
law is also the history of an increased spreading of the model of judicial review in 'competitive award procedures' underlying Directive 89/665/EEC to other administrative procedures. Here, one can discern mutual fertilization of the discussions on the minimal standards for judicial protection
foreseen in Directive 89/665/EEC, as well as a parallel discussion on minimal standards (directly derived from the German constitution) for judicial review in competitive award procedures concerning the recruitment of public officials. On this basis, one may discern trends in German case law,
administrative practice, and scholarship towards developing judicial review systems in competitive award procedures for public procurement beyond the thresholds set by the EU directives. This is relevant for privatizations, gambling licences, and procedures to grant the right to use public
spaces, to name only a few. However, these trends encounter difficulties because the German General Administrative Court Procedure Act and other relevant legislation are not tailored to competitive award procedures. This article will analyse these different trends and suggest explanations
for them.
Procedural Rights in Lithuanian Administrative Law – Resistance Fuelled by the Past?
Authors: Andrijauskaito Agno
Published: June 2021

Despite the prevailing trend towards the codification of administrative procedures on the European plane – both on supranational and domestic levels –, the Lithuanian legal system stays immune to it. The purpose of this article is, hence, to explore the underlying reasons
for the said resistance towards a clear enunciation of procedural rights on statutory level as well as its more practical implications in Lithuania. Namely, the main focus lies on the analysis of the said deficiencies as reflected by the administrative case law. In order to reach this goal,
firstly, the (somewhat limited) notion of administrative procedure found in the legal framework of Lithuania is dissected and compared to respective notions found in few other legal systems of EU Member States boasting more comprehensive codifications of administrative procedure. Secondly,
the relevant administrative case law in which the paradigmatic examples of procedural rights (such as the right to be heard and access to one's file) can be found is analysed. In the end, the reasons of the said resistance towards codification of procedural rights in the Lithuanian legal system
are offered together with a reflection on whether that can still be justified in view of the results revealed by the case law analysis, or whether the time to innovate has come and the more coherent and logically-organized system of administrative procedure is needed.
The Romanian Ombudsman – A Legal Transplant Moulded by the Domestic Legal Culture
Authors: Dragos Dacian C.
Published: June 2021

Romanian administrative law has undergone transitory challenges, both following the changing of the political regime in 1989 and following the EU accession in 2007. The transplanting of international models of legal institutions has been strenuous at times has been strenuous. This paper
showcases the trials and tribulations of a novel institution for the Romanian system: the Ombudsman. The Ombudsman was meant to mediate between the administration and citizens, to issue recommendations, and to foster good administrative practices. Over time, however, its role has been diverted
to that of a constitutional mediator between the powers of the state.
The Google Ireland Case and the Legal Battle over Digital Taxes in the European Union
Authors: Allevato Giulio , Pastor-Merchante Fernando
Published: June 2021

The preliminary ruling of the Court of Justice of the European Union in the Google Ireland case turned on the compatibility with the rules on free movement of some of the administrative arrangements put in place by Hungary in order to administer its controversial advertisement tax (namely,
the obligation to register and the penalties attached to the failure to comply with that obligation). The preliminary ruling offers some interesting insights on the way in which the Court assesses the compatibility with the freedom to provide services of national administrative arrangements
aimed at ensuring the effective collection of taxes. This is a topical issue in the context of the recent efforts made by Member States to tax the digital economy more effectively.
Accuracy of 3D Curvilinear Measurements on Digital Models Generated by Light Emitting Diode Scanned Impressions: ACross-sectional Study
Authors: Nayani Ismatfatema Mohsin , Agrawal Manish Suresh , Agrawal Jiwanasha Manish , Shetti Shradhha , Bhalekar Bhakti , Agarwal Akash
Published: June 2021

Introduction: The advantages of digital models include customisation of appliances such as retainers, expanders, and indirect bracket setups for which measurements made along a curved line (curvilinear), would offer clinically more relevant information as opposed to linear measurements. Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the accuracy of 3 Dimensional (3D) curvilinear measurements on Digital models generated from Light Emitting Diode (LED) scanned impressions, with manual measurements on study models. Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional study consisted of maxillary arch rubber based impressions of eight patients selected on inclusion criteria of intact dentition having complete set of teeth with erupted second molar. These impressions were scanned with LED scanner (Medit Identica) and converted to Stereolithography (STL) files to generate 3D models. With the help of Ansys software curvilinear measurements were obtained from these models. These impressions were poured in dental stone to prepare study models and manual measurements were directly carried out on it with the help of brass wire and digital caliper. Measurements were made on different locations on the dental arch in various directions as the labial and palatal surface of central incisors and canine on left side along the long axis of the tooth from the cusp tip to the gingival margin and the buccal and palatal surface between the two interdental contact points of 2nd premolars. Unpaired t test was used to check the significant difference in means of different parameters. Results: No significant differences were found between central incisors labial surface (p=0.845) and palatal surface (p=0.722) and the canine measurements labial surface (p=0.721) and palatal surface (p=0.544) on digital models compared to study models, whereas significant difference was observed in premolar measurements (p-value≤0.05). Conclusion: STL files obtained by LED scanning the impressions did not exhibit significant deformation or loss of information while curvilinear measurements were evaluated, and higher accuracy was seen in the premolar measurement on palatal surface with digital models.
Trends, Awareness, and Attitudes of Patients Towards Replacement of Missing Teeth in the Western Region of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Shetty Karunakar Bhoja , Alshaqa Elaf Mohammed , Koosa Abrar Bakri , Jambi Sara Faiz , Jamal Nouran Omar
Published: June 2021

Introduction: These days, individuals seem to have more expectations regarding their dental health compared to the past. There are various treatment options available for the replacement of missing teeth and associated structures, which include removable prosthesis, fixed prosthesis, and implant supported prosthesis. Most of the patients require aesthetics and functional comforts with prosthodontic treatment and it can be easily achieved with dental implants and tooth coloured restorations and prostheses. Aim: To assess the trends, awareness, and attitude of patients towards replacement of missing teeth in western region of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: A cross‑sectional study was conducted among the 20‑60 years aged population of Western region of Saudi Arabia from 1st December 2018 to 1st March 2019. A questionnaire consisting of 11 close ended, pre‑tested questions was developed to determine patients’ attitude and need with regard to their dental prosthesis. The data were tabulated and analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. Chi‑square test was used to assess the attitude and awareness among the patients towards replacement of missing teeth. The p‑value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The study included 350 patients; 162 males (46.3%) and 188 females (53.7%). Among the participants, 233 (66.60%) of them desired fixed treatment and 115 (33.40%) of them desired removable treatment. Treatment options explained by clinicians were as follows: 67 (19.1%) were suitable for Fixed Partial Denture (FPD)/dental Implant, 11 (3.1%) suitable for FPD, Removable Partial Denture (RPD) and dental Implant and 272(77.7%) of them suitable for RPD and dental Implant. A total of 67 (19.1%) of them opted for FPD, 115 (32.9%) of them opted for RPD and 168 (48.0%) of them opted for dental Implant. Conclusion: Awareness and attitude of the participants towards prosthodontics treatment were mostly high. Majority of the participants wanted to replace missing teeth for mastication and aesthetics and had favourable knowledge and attitude towards implant as a mode of treatment for replacement of missing teeth. Participants preferred fixed treatment over removable.
Concepts and Perception of Restoring Endodontically Treated Teeth among Dental Practitioners in Western Region of Saudi Arabia- A Questionnaire Based Study
Authors: Shetty Karunakar , Shugair Sara Abdulrhman , Alshohaib Ghada Saad , Abulhamayel Riham Zamil , Alshawa Sara Taleb , Alturki Nowf Nawaf
Published: June 2021

Introduction: Endodontically Treated Teeth (ETT) are most likely to get fractured, if it is left unrestored compared with the vital teeth due to the loss of tooth structure and reduced modulus of elasticity. Aim: To gain insight into the rationale for choice of endodontic posts and the different endodontic post systems currently used by dental practitioners in western region of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: For this survey-based study, a questionnaire was designed consisting of eight questions to assess the details of why, when and how general practitioners restore ETT and to determine contemporary use of endodontic post from 1st of November 2018 till the end of January 2019. This questionnaire was sent online to 250 private dental practitioners in western region of Saudi Arabia, out of which 202 participants responded. Data was entered in the excel sheet. Descriptive statistics like frequency and proportion was calculated for qualitative data. Results: This study included 202 participants with the mean age group of 25-50 years, out of which 108 (53.4%) male participants and 94 (46.5%) female participants. 120 (59%) of the study sample were general practitioners and 82 (41%) of them were specialists. A total of 60 (29.70) of the study sample were into general practice, reported restoring ETT with post and core followed by the crown, whereas, 30 (14.85%) of them did the crown without post, 15 (7.42%) of them completed restoration with composite and 15 (7.42%) of them did build-up with post and core. An 82 (40.59%) of the study sample who were specialists, reported restoring ETT with post and core build-up and then proceed with crowns. An 80 (39.60%) of the study sample were into general practice, reported using prefabricated fiber post whereas, 23 (11.38%) of them using cast post and 17(8.41%) of them using prefabricated metal posts. 72 (35.64%) of the study sample were specialists reported using prefabricated fiber posts and 10 (4.95%) of them used cast metal post. Conclusion: Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that majority of the participants practiced reinforcement of ETT by using fiber posts with resin cements followed by crowns.
The Use of Computer Guided Tall andTilted Pin Hole Immediately Loaded Implants(TTPHIL) Technique for Severe Atrophic Maxilla Rehabilitation: A One Year Follow-Up
Authors: Puppala Venkata Ratna Nag , Puppala Sarika , Daniel Smitha
Published: June 2021

For successful placement of dental implants, the clinician needs adequate bone in three dimensions around endo-osseous implants to enhance Bone Implant Contact (BIC) area and primary stability. The absence of optimum bone calls for complex procedures such as sinus lifts, bone augmentations using grafts that aggravates patient morbidity, dramatically higher costs and limited patient satisfaction. To overcome disadvantages of grafting, graft-less solution used in combination or alone, such as tilted implants, use of long, narrow implants, bi-cortical implants, all-on-4 techniques have enhanced patient acceptance and clinical ease. All-on-4 protocol is one such combination treatment concept whose success has been demonstrated mainly in ideal/moderate osseous structures. Further, it accommodates 10-12 teeth per arch, mostly without second molars compromising chewing efficiency and creating cantilevers especially in rehabilitations opposing complete set of natural teeth. Additionally, optimal number of implants required to support full arch prosthesis remains unclear. Therefore, to circumvent the limitations of all-on-4 technique, 6 long (16-25 mm) and tilted implants have been used to restore 14 teeth in severely atrophic maxillary arch of a healthy 75-year-old female in the following case report. Tall implants engage basal cortical bone aiding in immediate fixation and increase in surface area of osseo-integration. All implants were placed using minimally invasive flapless technique and immediately loaded within 3 days with a screw-retained multiunit DMLS prosthesis. The pterygoid cortex engagement of distal implants does not have any deleterious biomechanical effect eliminating the distal cantilever.
Crystal structure of the cofactor‐free form of thioredoxin reductase from Acinetobacter baumannii
Authors: Chun Hye Lin , Chang Ye Ji , Park Hyun Ho
Published: June 2021

Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) is a central component in the thioredoxin system by involving in catalyzing the reduction of thioredoxin, which is critical for organism survival. Because this system is essential, it is a promising target for novel antimicrobial agents. Herein, we solved the 1.9 Å high‐resolution structure of TrxR from Acinetobacter baumannii Thioredoxin reductase (AbTrxR), which is a Gram‐negative, pathogenic bacterium and a drug‐resistant superbug. AbTrxR was cofactor‐free and formed a dimer in solution. AbTrxR contained a longer dimerization loop2 and a shorter β7‐β8 connecting loop than other TrxRs. AbTrxR cofactor‐free form exhibited a flavin‐oxidizing (FO) conformation, whose NADPH domain was located close to the dimeric interface. This structural information might be helpful for development of new antibiotic agents targeting superbugs.
Conventional Free Radical Polymerization ofN‐VinylPyrrolidone Homopolymers
Authors: Tallon Michael A. , Musa Osama M.
Published: June 2021

This chapter focuses on the synthesis of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) in a variety of forms, and describes methodologies to produce soluble, branched, and crosslinked versions. It explains critical factors involved in the conventional free‐radical polymerization processes employing thermal initiators to manufacture PVP. PVP is soluble in water and polar solvents, insoluble in esters, ethers, and hydrocarbons. There are generally two types of free‐radical initiator used commercially. These are peroxide‐based, or azo‐based. Molecular weight control over the polyvinyl pyrrolidone polymer is affected by both the initiator concentration as well as the monomer concentration. The use of a water soluble azo‐initiator in the polymerization of N‐vinyl pyrrolidone was performed using Vazo‐50 initiator. Azo‐mediated N‐vinyl pyrrolidone homopolymerization in water can be initiated by sparingly soluble to freely‐soluble azo‐initiators. A number of different approaches to reduce residual monomer levels have been applied in the production of free‐radical polymers.
Conventional Free Radical Polymerization ofN‐VinylCaprolactam Homopolymers
Authors: Tallon Michael A. , Musa Osama M.
Published: June 2021

This chapter focuses on the various production routes to manufacture soluble and crosslinked versions of polyvinyl caprolactam (PVCL) by free‐radical polymerization, and how each route can affect the polymer's final properties. It discusses that the methodologies include solution polymerization, emulsion polymerization, and dispersion polymerization routes. N‐VCL is a seven‐membered cyclic amide that is a structural relative to N‐vinyl pyrrolidone. Homopolymerization of N‐VCL using t‐butyl peroxide was only initiated at 100 °C to achieve a decent polymerization level. Several studies have investigated the effect of chain‐transfer agents's on the polymerization kinetics of a N‐VCL polymerization. The chapter shows that many factors influence the free‐radical polymerization rate; from solvent, temperature, initiator‐type, monomer reactivity, additives, and polymerization‐type such as solution, emulsion, or precipitation. PVCL forms clear films with a semigloss appearance that exhibits both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. Synthetic approaches have included solution polymerization employing conventional free‐radical polymerization; bulk polymerization, emulsion, precipitation, or suspension polymerization.
Polymerization of N‐Vinyl Lactam with (Meth)Acrylate Based Comonomers
Authors: Tallon Michael A. , Musa Osama M.
Published: June 2021

This chapter focuses on N‐vinyl pyrrolidone and/or N‐vinyl caprolactam‐based copolymers by conventional free‐radical chemistry with acrylate‐based comonomers. It describes the void on information of different copolymers of N‐vinyl pyrrolidone or N‐vinyl caprolactam with many acrylate‐based monomers. The chapter discusses some fundamentals in conventional free‐radical copolymerization, and the resultant copolymer formed. The effect of adding alkyl‐groups onto to the pendant amide is evaluated from dimethyl acrylamide to isopropyl acrylamide with N‐vinyl pyrrolidone. The first copolymerizations were performed in organic solvents like dimethylformamide and toluene. One route to copolymerize vinylpyrrolidone (VP) copolymers with acidic comonomers without hydrolysis is to use a precipitation copolymerization process. Vinylcaprolactam can be copolymerized with acidic monomers like that of VP with acrylic or methacrylic acid monomers just discussed. High molecular weight water‐soluble copolymers based on methacrylamide with VP have been difficult to synthesize by free‐radical polymerization.
Synthesis of N‐Vinyl Lactam Copolymers by Controlled Radical Polymerizations
Authors: Li Zheng , Sarkar Sounak , Li Yejia , Tallon Michael A. , Musa Osama M.
Published: June 2021

Free radical polymerization is one of the most versatile techniques for commercial and labscale production of high molecular weight polymers. This chapter discusses recent advances made in the synthesis of polyvinyl pyrrolidone or polyvinyl caprolactam and their copolymers with other monomers using Controlled Radical Polymerization (CRP) techniques like Nitroxide Mediated Polymerization (NMP), Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP), Organometallic‐Mediated Radical Polymerization, and Reversible Addition Fragmentation Chain‐Transfer (RAFT) Polymerization. In NMP, nitroxides or alkoxyamines are used to direct the reactions to achieve polymerization control. ATRP is among the most effective and widely used methods of CRP. Controlled polymerization of unconjugated monomers is inherently difficult with both ATRP and NMP. RAFT utilizes a chain transfer agent to control the molecular weight and polydispersity of the resultant polymer by reversible addition and fragmentation events with the endcapped polymer containing the RAFT agent.
Medicare for SUD: No parity, no pay for intermediate levels of care
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: June 2021

The Legal Action Center (LAC) presentation at this year's American Association for the Treatment of Opioid Dependence (AATOD) conference (held virtually in April) focused on barriers to Medicare coverage for treatment for substance use disorders (SUDs). Coming on the heels of the approval by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) of treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) with methadone (see “What's happening with OTPs: Report from AATOD,” Dec. 23, 2019; https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adaw.32576), many people may be surprised that long‐existing barriers to other kinds of SUD treatment still exist for people with Medicare.
Samidorphan, recently Schedule II, approved as psychiatric combo
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: June 2021

This month, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved samidorphan and olanzapine, a new combination medication, for the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The medication sponsor is Alkermes, and the medication is called Lybalvi.
Mobile vans for buprenorphine, HIV treatment and more
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: June 2021

Last week, the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) announced a clinical trial to look at the effectiveness of mobile vans in distributing buprenorphine, naloxone, syringe services, HIV testing, HIV treatment using antiretroviral therapy, PrEP for HIV prevention, and testing for hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections. The vans will also deliver primary care.
Injectable Mesenchymal Stem Cell‐Laden Matrigel Microspheres for Endometrium Repair and Regeneration
Authors: Xu Bing , Cao Yuanxiong , Zheng Zheng , Galan Edgar A. , Hu Zhiwei , Ge Jun , Xing Xinhui , Ma Shaohua
Published: June 2021

Endometrial injury and intrauterine adhesions are increasingly reported in recent years; however, treatment options remain limited. Intravenous injection of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for endometrium regeneration has limited effectiveness as the retention rate of transplanted cells is low. Hydrogel‐based tissue‐engineered solutions, such as MSC‐seeded bioscaffolds, are reported to increase retention rates; however, a less invasive alternative is still desirable. 560‐µm homogeneous Matrigel microspheres are fabricated, loading them with about 1500 MSCs and injecting them into the injured endometria of rats’ uteri. This minimally invasive procedure is proved to significantly increase endometrium thickness by over onefold after 21 d (p < 0.0001) and fertility rates from 25% to 75% in impaired and repaired uteri (p < 0.001), respectively. This study provides a minimally invasive alternative to endometrium repair with the promise to establish a broad‐spectrum technique for MSC transplantation.
Manipulating the Coordination Chemistry of RuN(O)C Moieties for Fast Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution Kinetics
Authors: Lao Mengmeng , Zhao Guoqiang , Li Peng , Ma Tianyi , Jiang Yinzhu , Pan Hongge , Dou Shi Xue , Sun Wenping
Published: June 2021

The coordination chemistry of the metal‐support interface largely determines the electrocatalytic performance of heterostructured electrocatalysts. However, it remains a great challenge to effectively manipulate the interface chemistry of heterostructures at the atomic level. Herein, functionalized carbon‐supported Ru heterostructured electrocatalysts are designed that contain abundant RuN(O)C moieties with a view towards fast hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The coordination chemistry of the RuN(O)C moieties, and hence, the geometric and electronic structures of the Ru species can be precisely modulated via an appropriate annealing treatment. Specifically, the optimal heterostructured electrocatalyst delivers the highest specific activity by far among reported Ru‐based electrocatalysts, and the turnover frequency value reaches 32 s−1 at the overpotential (η) of 100 mV, which also surpasses the state‐of‐the‐art Pt/C catalyst in alkaline media. The interface engineering of the heterostructured electrocatalyst not only facilitates H2O adsorption and dissociation with help from the RuN(O)C moieties, but also further optimizes the adsorption behavior of H on the metallic Ru species, thereby inducing accelerated hydrogen evolution kinetics in both alkaline and acidic media. The present results demonstrate the successful atomic‐level interface engineering of carbon‐supported Ru‐based heterostructures and shed new light on the development of advanced electrocatalysts for fast hydrogen evolution, and beyond.