bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early growth performance of Bos taurus x Bos indicus cattle crosses in Ethiopia: Evaluation of different crossbreeding models
Authors: Demeke S. , Neser F. W. C. , Schoeman S. J.
Published: March 2003

Five genetic models were evaluated for goodness‐of‐fit and estimation of crossbreeding parameters using 41 genotypes produced from crossing three Bos taurus (Friesian, Jersey and Simmental) with three Bos indicus (Boran, Barca and Horro) breeds. The traits used for testing of the models were birth weight, weaning weight, pre‐weaning‐average daily gain and yearling weight. These models were: (1) Dominance model, (2) Dickerson's model (recombination loss) (3) Additive × dominance interaction model, (4) Dominance × dominance interaction model and (5) Kinghorn's model (x). Models 2–5 are epistatic models that included all effects in model one plus one type of epistatic interaction based on a two‐locus gene model. All five models tested, provided high levels of fit, with adjusted R2 values averaging 93% over traits. All the epistatic models fit the data significantly (p < 0.05) better than the dominance model for all the traits. Among the epistatic models, Dickerson's model (M2) gave significantly (p < 0.05) higher R2 values compared with the other epistatic models. Crossbreeding parameters estimated from this model have relatively lower sampling correlations and correspondingly lower standard errors. This model could, therefore, be considered the most appropriate model for parameter estimation and prediction‐of performance of untested genotypes for future breeding decision for breeds involved in this study.
The effect of stress conditions on exocrine pancreatic secretion in growing pigs
Authors: Botermans J. A. M. , Svendsen J. , Weström B. R. , Pierzynowski S. G.
Published: March 2003

Introduction  Competition and aggression in pigs is known to reduce daily weight gain (DWG) (R
undGREN and L&
ouml;
fqvist 1989; H
yun et al. 1998; L
und et al. 1998), and to impair feed conversion ratio (W
alker 1991; L
und et al. 1998). The exact biological mechanisms behind these effects are not fully understood. Aggression and competition activate a cascade of reactions of biological relevance, such as inhibition of the parasympathetic nervous system, stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, including the adrenal medulla (A
xelrod et al. 1970; D
alin et al. 1993a, 1993b), and activation of the hypothalamo‐hypophyseal‐adrenal (HHA) axis resulting in higher adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and higher cortisol concentrations in the plasma (D
alin et al. 1993b; O
lsson and S
vendsen 1997). These responses as well as muscular activity increase metabolic losses (S
chrama et al. 1993).

Hyper‐physiological treatment with glucocorticoids stimulates pancreatic amylase activities in piglets (B aintner and N
emeth 1982; C
happle et al. 1989a, 1989b, 1989c), but no observations in growing pigs have been published. Inhibition of the parasympathetic nervous system (C
hey et al. 1979) and stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system (C
hey 1991) reduce exocrine pancreatic secretion. So, there might be some conflicting physiological responses of the exocrine pancreas to stress conditions. In order to increase our understanding of the animal’s physiological responses to conditions of stress, we tested the hypothesis that conditions associated with stress (mixing with unfamiliar pigs, frustration and ACTH treatment) reduce exocrine pancreatic secretion. In addition, we tested the effect of treatment with Amperozide (a neurolepticum which reduces aggression and the effects of stress in pigs) on exocrine pancreatic secretion.
Comparative response to citrus foliage and citrus fruit odour by wild and mass‐reared sterile Mediterranean fruit fly males of a genetic sexing strain
Authors: Katsoyannos B. I. , Papadopoulos N. T. , Hendrichs J. , Wornoayporn V.
Published: March 2003

In greenhouse behavioural assessments conducted at Seibersdorf, Austria that allowed flies the choice of different types of potted host trees and plants, it was found that mature laboratory mass‐reared Mediterranean fruit fly males, Ceratitis capitata (Wied), (Dipt. Tephritidae), strain Vienna‐42 (temperature‐sensitive lethal genetic sexing strain) showed the same preference for orange foliage, over other plants types and parts, as wild males. They aggregated in leks, released pheromone, and courted approaching females almost exclusively on orange foliage. Even though a number of other trees and plants were available to Vienna‐42 males, less than 1% of these sexual activities occurred on the foliage or other plant parts of non‐Citrus trees and not a single mating occurred there. In choice tests carried out in Chios, Greece in large field cages housing naturally planted orange trees, it was determined that mature and sterile Mediterranean fruit fly males of the same sexing strain responded to the odour emanating from the flavedo (due to superficial cuts made in the fruit peel containing the oil glands) of ripening sweet, sour oranges and lemons, in a similar intensity, order of fruit preference and time of day as did mature males of the local wild population. Males of both strains were frequently observed contacting with their mouth parts the oils exuding from the cuts made in the flavedo of the orange peel, or exhibiting homosexual activity on, or near the cuts. The results show that mass‐reared, sterile males of the Vienna‐42, genetic sexing strain behave in a comparable way to wild males in an important component of habitat location (odour of host foliage and host fruit) and hence are competitive with them in these respects. None of the standard international quality control tests for sterile Mediterranean fruit flies evaluates this important habitat location behaviour, which is a prerequisite for the successful encounter of the sexes in a sterile release programme.
Host plant preference for oviposition by the spiny bollworm Earias insulana Boisd. (Lep., Noctuidae)
Authors: Saini R. K. , Singh Ram
Published: March 2003

Abstract: Laboratory studies on the ovipositional preference of Earias insulana Boisd. females indicated that the insect preferred Gossypium hirsutum to the other test plants. An overall comparison between the plant parts revealed that a significantly (P < 0.05) greater number of eggs were laid on fruit followed by squares and leaves. Maximum oviposition occurred on Abutilon indicum fruit, followed by G. hirsutum and Dombeya spectabilis leaves, G. hirsutum squares and leaf petioles and Thespesia populnea terminal buds. Increased oviposition on these parts was attributed to the presence of trichomes, and in some cases grooves, together with the favourable food factors.
Distribution et échantillonnage des populations de Amblyseius manihoti Moraes (Acari, Phytoseiidae) sur manioc au Brésil
Authors: Bonato O. , Da S. Noronha A. C. , De Moraes G.
Published: March 2003

Distribution of Amblyseius manihoti (Acari, Phytoseiidae) on manioc and development of sampling plan

Sampling plans were developed for Amblyseius manihoti, a predator of the cassava green mite Mononychellus progresivus Doreste (Acari, Tetranychidae). Analysis of intra‐plant distribution showed a more stable and constant distribution of A. manihoti on the leaves 9–12 (numbering starting from the first fully developed leaf), hence leaves belonging to this stratum were chosen as the sampling unit. Within this unit, A. manihoti displayed aggregated distributions between plants. The proposed binomial and the enumerative sampling procedures permitted reliable estimates of A. manihoti densities. For population monitoring, 100 sample units per field were sufficient to provide satisfactory estimates of densities.
The role of sulphur compounds for breeding success of Ips typographus L. (Col., Scolytidae) on Norway Spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.)
Authors: Mattanovich J. , Ehrenhöfer M. , Schafellner C. , Tausz M. , Führer E.
Published: March 2003

Bark beetles, especially Ips typographus L. represent a severe biotic threat for spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) at low altitudes in Europe. We compared sulphur (total S, SO42−, glutathione, cysteine, methionine), nitrogen (total N, NO3−, total protein, free amino acids), carbon, total phosphorus and PO43−, tree vigour index (TVI) and water content of the phloem after felling, and their dependent changes (tdc) with the breeding success of I. typographus. Twenty trees were classified according to age (34/90 years) and crown density (high/intermediate/low). Water content was higher in young trees than in old trees, higher in the crown than at breast height, and decreased significantly within the 8‐week study period. In old trees, breeding success, length of mother galleries and SO42− were significantly higher, while total protein, NO3− and water content were significantly lower than in young trees. Trees with intermediate crown density provided the best breeding success for I. typographus and had significantly higher arginine content and C/N ratio as well as low amounts of phosphate and glutamine. During the period of bark beetle breeding, total sulphur, glutathione, protein, NO3−, aspartate, glutamine, glutamate, arginine and γ‐aminobutyrate decreased significantly. The results support previous investigations that I. typographus develops best in physiologically weakened trees.
The influence of greenhouse chrysanthemum on the interaction between the beet armyworm,Spodoptera exigua, and the baculovirus SeMNPV: parameter quantification for a process‐based simulation model
Authors: Bianchi F. J. J. A. , Joosten N. N. , Vlak J. M. , Van Der Werf W.
Published: March 2003

During the building of a process‐based simulation model for the epidemiology of the multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus ofS. exigua(SeMNPV) in populations ofSpodoptera exigua(Hübner) in greenhouse chrysanthemum, it was found that the effect of host plants had been under‐rated. ‘Missing links’ included (i) the ‘natural’ background mortality of larvae ofS. exiguain practical cropping conditions; (ii) the developmental rate of larvae ofS. exiguaon plant substrate in a glasshouse as compared to artificial medium in the laboratory; (iii) the validity of the results of dose‐mortality and time‐mortality bioassays conducted on artificial medium as compared to natural plant substrate; (iv) the distribution of inoculum released from deceased caterpillars over chrysanthemum leaves; and (v) the leaf visit rate of healthy caterpillars (as it affects horizontal transmission). Experiments were carried out to quantify these processes. Developmental rates ofS. exigualarvae on greenhouse chrysanthemum were 36% lower than on an artificial diet. The fraction survival during the first, second, third and fourth instarS. exigualarvae in greenhouse chrysanthemum was 0.60, 0.80, 0.88 and 0.95, respectively. Forty percent of the first instar larvae reached the fifth larval stage. Second instarS. exigualarvae reared on chrysanthemum were significantly more susceptible to SeMNPV than larvae reared on an artificial diet. The food source had no effect on the time to killS. exigualarvae. Cadavers of second, third and fourth instarS. exigualarvae contaminated on average 1.4, 2.5 and 3.3 chrysanthemum leaves. Second to fourth instarS. exigualarvae visited 2–3 leaves per day and spent 15–55% of the time on the underside of leaves. The above information is of critical importance for a trustworthy simulation of the epidemiology of SeMNPV in chrysanthemum.
Response of beech (Fagus sylvatica) to elevated CO2 and N: Influence on larval performance of the gypsy moth Lymantria dispar (Lep., Lymantriidae)
Authors: Henn M. W. , Schopf R.
Published: March 2003

Two‐year‐old beech seedlings were kept from germination to bioassays with Lymantriadispar under the following conditions: ambient CO2/low N, elevated CO2/low N, ambient CO2/elevated N, and elevated CO2/elevated N. The effect of these growing conditions of the trees on the performance of the defoliator L. dispar was studied 2 years after initiating the tree cultivation. The developmental success of third‐instar larvae of L. dispar was characterized by the weight gained, percentage of weight gain, relative growth rate (RGR), relative consumption rate (RCR), and efficiency of conversion of ingested food into body substance (ECI). Contrary to our expectations, additional N‐fertilization did not increase and elevated CO2 did not delay larval growth rate. However, the environmental treatments of the beech seedlings were found to affect the larval performance. Larvae consumed significantly higher amounts of foliage (RCR) on beech trees under controlled conditions (ambient CO2 and low N) compared to those under elevated CO2 and enhanced N. The opposite was true for ECI. The lowest efficacy to convert consumed food to body substance was observed under control conditions and the highest when the larvae were kept on beech trees grown under elevated CO2 and additional N‐fertilization. These opposite effects resulted in the weight gain‐based parameters (absolute growth, percentage of growth, and RGR) of the gypsy moth larvae remaining unaffected. The results indicate that the gypsy moth larvae are able to change their ECI and RCR to obtain a specific growth rate. This is discussed as an adaptation to specific food qualities.
Natural resistance of Populus deltoides clones selection to defoliator Clostera cupreata (Lep., Notodontidae) in northern India: relative pupal weight as an easier criteria for accurate evaluation
Authors: Singh A. P. , Pandey R.
Published: March 2003

Abstract: The relative natural resistance/susceptibility of 45 Populus deltoides clones (source mainly from USA and India) was evaluated against its potential insect defoliator, Clostera cupreata, in northern India. The evaluation was carried out on the basis of the differences in the mean pupal fresh weight of both sexes of this pest which varied significantly (P < 0.05) and correlated negatively (r = −0.5031; P = 0.000) with their percentage surface leaf area eaten and positively (r = 0.3664; P = 0.013) with the length of larval period, measured on these clones. The clones were thus ranked in decreasing order of resistance as estimated by pupal weight. Seven American clones (D‐171 > 82‐42‐5 > 3167 > 3324 > S7C13 > D‐273 > S7C4) lying among the first 12 clones at the ‘resistant end’ were identified as promising clones based on their superior growth performance and survival in the field plantations, and can be recommended for plantation in defoliator‐prone areas. Owing to its resistance against C. cupreata, large‐scale planting of American clone S7C4 by farmers and companies, and its inclusion in improvement programmes, may be a correct decision.
Lygid bug damage as a pod access mechanism for Dasineura brassicae (Dipt., Cecidomyiidae) oviposition
Authors: Hughes J. M. , Evans K. A.
Published: March 2003

Abstract: In a no‐choice laboratory experiment, damage to Brassica napus pods created by Lygus feeding showed equivalent levels of Dasineura brassicae oviposition as both Ceutorhynchus assimilis damage and artificial injury (P > 0.05). No oviposition was recorded on undamaged controls (P < 0.01). Although Lygus damage provided equal pod access in the laboratory, lygid species are unlikely to be as efficacious a field vector as C. assimilis, primarily due to their less synchronous phenology.
Population dynamics ofLucilia eximia(Dipt., Calliphoridae)
Authors: Silva I. C. R. , Mancera P. F. A. , Godoy W. A. C.
Published: March 2003

Abstract: The theoretical dynamics of experimental populations ofLucilia eximiawas investigated as an attempt to understand its population biology. Specifically the population dynamics ofL. eximiawas analysed by means of a mathematical model that incorporates fecundity and survival as density‐dependent demographic parameters in discrete time. The sensitivity of these parameters to changes in the magnitude was also investigated. The mathematical model applied to experimental populations ofL. eximiapredicts a theoretical one‐point equilibrium for immatures. The population dynamics ofL. eximiais compared to the dynamics ofChrysomyaspecies andCochliomyia macellaria.
Impact of competition from wheat and below‐ground herbivory on growth and reproduction of scentless chamomile, Tripleurospermum perforatum (Mérat) Laínz
Authors: Hinz H. L. , Schroeder D.
Published: March 2003

Abstract: This study investigated the effect of competition from wheat and below ground herbivory on the growth and reproduction of scentless chamomile, Tripleurospermum perforatum (Mérat) Laínz (Asteraceae), a target plant for classical biological control. Field cages, in which scentless chamomile was planted, were established in 1994 near Neuenburg (Rhine Valley, Germany), and two weevil species, Diplapion confluens Kirby and Coryssomerus capucinus (Beck), were released alone (40 adults each) or together in a substitutive design (20 adults each). Wheat was sown alone or in combination with both herbivores as an additional stress factor. To test the cage effect on plant growth, an uncaged control was set up. At the end of the experiment, caged control plants were about 20 cm (18%) higher, and allocated more biomass to shoots and less to roots and seeds than uncaged plants. Competition from wheat reduced the number of shoots per T. perforatum plant from 7.6 to 3.2. As a consequence, the biomass of scentless chamomile plants that competed with wheat was reduced by 39% and reproductive output by 49%, compared with plants that were grown without competition. At the end of the experiment, 70–80% of T. perforatum plants had been attacked by an average of two to three D. confluens and 60–70% of plants by one to two C. capucinus. At these densities that were lower than expected, the two herbivores alone or in combination had no significant effect on any of the plant parameters measured. However, in the presence of wheat, herbivory further reduced the number of shoots per plant. We conclude that control of scentless chamomile using insect biocontrol agents will be more likely to be successful if agent densities are high, and agents are released in habitats where scentless chamomile is competing with other plant species.
Pathogenic Variability in Mycosphaerella brassicicola, the Causal Agent of the Ringspot Disease of Crucifers
Authors: Silué D. , Launay V. , Tirilly Y.
Published: March 2003

Twenty monoascosporic isolates of Mycosphaerella brassicicola from diverse origins were inoculated to 13 different accessions of cauliflower. No hypersensitive response was noticed and the isolates exhibited variable pathogenicity. Three isolates from cauliflower were isolated from the same lesion and had variable pathogenicity. This result suggests that different infection units e.g. ascospores contribute to the development of a single lesion. Furthermore, this finding also indicates that one should work with monoascosporic isolates. Pathogenicity results of this study showed that European isolates from cabbages had reduced pathogenicity compared to French cauliflower ones. Variable levels of pathogenicity were found in French cauliflower isolates. This group had also the most aggressive isolates. Our results suggest that Brittany may be a diversification area for the pathogen. In fact, the climate is mild and humid and crucifers (e.g. cauliflower and broccoli) are continuously grown over the year in this region. Pathotypes found in other growing areas may have moved from Brittany. All these findings supported by other studies suggest that resistance sources available in other countries may not be effective in Brittany. Consequently, screening for resistance sources should be done with cauliflower isolates from Brittany. No accession tested was susceptible or resistant to all isolates tested.
The Effect of Seed‐Borne Pathogens on Emergence of Globe Amaranth, Calendula and Tagetes and the Methods of Control
Authors: Wu W.‐S. , Chou H.‐H. , Lin S.‐M. , Wu H.‐C.
Published: March 2003

Nimbya gomphrenae, Stemphylium vesicarium and Alternaria tagetica were isolated for the first time from seeds of diseased globe amaranth (Gomphrena globosa), pot marigold (Calendula officinalis) and marigold (Tagetes erecta), respectively, in Taiwan. The amount of seed‐borne N. gomphrenae or Colletotrichum dematium was positively correlated (P=0.05) with the amount of the abnormal seedling and unemergent seed of globe amaranth. Similarly, the amount of seed‐borne Alternaria alternata or S. vesicarium was negatively correlated (P=0.05) with the emergent rate of pot marigold. Treating the fungi‐contaminated globe amaranth seeds with Bacillus megaterium [1.3 × 109colony‐forming units (CFU)/ml] or 1% NaOCl significantly (P=0.05) increased seed emergence over control whereas 10 p.p.m. pyrifenox could control N. gomphrenae on globe amaranth. Stemphylium‐contaminated pot marigold seeds responded to 200 p.p.m. iprodione treatment by increasing significantly (P=0.05) in seed emergence over untreated control. For seed‐borne A. tagetica, treating marigold seeds with Bacillus azotoformanis (1 × 109CFU/ml) was found effective and mancozeb highly effective.
Trichothecene Content of Rye and Wheat Genotypes Inoculated with a Deoxynivalenol‐ and a Nivalenol‐producing Isolate of Fusarium culmorum
Authors: Miedaner  , Reinbrecht
Published: March 2003

Head blight caused by Fusarium culmorum may lead to yield reduction and the contamination of cereal grain with the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON), 3‐acetyl deoxynivalenol (3‐ADON), nivalenol (NIV), fusarenone‐X (FUS), and others. In this study, the covariation between DON and NIV accumulation of 12 rye and eight wheat genotypes that differed in resistance were analysed by inoculating them with a DON‐and a NIV‐producing isolate, respectively, in three locations. The resistance traits head blight rating and plot yield relative to the uninoculated plots of the same genotype were assessed and the contents of DON, 3‐ADON, NIV, and FUS in the grain were analysed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. The NIV‐producing isolate was significantly (P=0.05) less aggressive and led to a considerably lower mean NIV content in the grain compared with the aggressiveness and mean DON content of the DON‐producing isolate (19.5 mg NIV/kg grain versus 48.4 mg DON/kg). Wheat and rye genotypes significantly differed in their DON and NIV accumulation. All genotypes reacted in a similar manner to both chemotypes of F. culmorum for the resistance traits and the respective mycotoxin contents with the exception of one wheat variety, that caused a change in rank order for mycotoxin content. In conclusion, resistance to head blight and tolerance to mycotoxin accumulation seems to be most likely the same for DON‐ and NIV‐producing isolates of F. culmorum.
Survival Studies with the Fire Blight Pathogen Erwinia amylovora in Soil and in a Soil‐inhabiting Insect
Authors: Hildebrand M. , Tebbe C. C. , Geider K.
Published: March 2003

The survival of Erwinia amylovora in soil and in the soil‐inhabiting insect Folsomia candida was investigated. Although E. amylovora is an air‐borne pathogen, it may reach the soil with rain and other dissemination events. The pathogen was selected on agar plates with two antibiotics and identified by its characteristic colony morphology on minimal agar with copper ions and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction assays. Rates of bacterial decline were much higher in non‐sterile than in sterile soil, where the number of living bacteria was stable over 11 weeks. It declined rapidly in untreated soil from a field, and the pathogen was no longer detected 5 weeks after inoculation. Soil‐living microarthropods such as F. candida (Collembola) contain large amounts of bacteria in their gut. When fed with gfp‐labelled E. amylovora, the pathogen was digested in the gut within a few days, contributing to the decrease of the bacterial population in the soil and thus preventing bacterial distribution by insects.
Rapid Screening Method of Cassava Cultivars for Resistance to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f.sp. manihotis
Authors: FOKUNANG C. N. , DIXON A. G. O. , IKOTUN T. , AKEM C. N. , TEMBE E. A.
Published: March 2003

An in vitro method for assessing cassava anthracnose disease (CAD) resistance was developed as a preliminary screen to a CAD‐resistant breeding programme. Potato dextrose agar (PDA) media was amended by extracts from the stem cortex of 10 cassava cultivars (30001; 30572, 30211, 88/02549, 88/00695, 88/01336, 91/00344, 91/00313, 91/00684 and 91/00475), and assayed for efficacy of inhibition of the growth of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. manihotis isolates (05FCN, 10FCN, 12FCN, and 18FCN). Morphological and physiological data indicated that there was a significant difference (P ≤ 0.05), in mycelial growth, spore germination and sporulation among the four isolates on PDA amended with cassava stem extracts. Extracts from cassava cultivars 30211, 91/00684 and 91/00313 showed higher inhibition of germ tube development, mycelial growth and sporulation of the fungal isolates, whereas cultivars 88/02549 and 88/01336 showed the least inhibition. The 10 cultivars were further tested in both greenhouse and field conditions, under disease pressure for two planting seasons, to corroborate resistance to the fungus as observed in vitro. Greenhouse and field trials with the 10 cassava cultivars showed a significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) in CAD resistance. Cultivars 88/02549 and 88/01336 were highly CAD‐susceptible, as shown in the in vitro assays and confirmed in the greenhouse and field tests. The other eight cultivars were either resistant (30211, 91/00684), or moderately resistant (30572, 88/00695, 91/00475, 91/00344, 30001 and 91/00313) to CAD. The study shows that an in vitro screening assay of cassava for resistance to CAD could serve as a convenient preliminary screening technique to discriminate CAD‐resistant from CAD‐susceptible cassava cultivars. The in vitro screening method considerably reduces time and labour in comparison with the current screening techniques of cassava, which involve field planting, inoculation and evaluation.
Immunodetection of Botrytis‐specific Invertase in Infected Grapes
Authors: RUIZ E. , RUFFNER H. P.
Published: March 2003

Invertase (β‐fructofuranosidase, EC 3.2.1.26) activity was shown to be stimulated in grape berries after infection with Botrytis cinerea. By using organism‐specific extraction methods, evidence was found proving that both partners contribute to the increase in activity. Qualitative analysis of the extracts by SDS–PAGE showed a new invertase species in the botrytised material, with a molecular weight similar to that of Botrytis invertase (BIT). A method allowing the preparative isolation of homogeneous invertase from liquid cultures of B. cinerea in only three steps (ethanol precipitation, DEAE anion exchange and hydroxyapatite chromatography) with 50% recovery was developed. BIT appeared to be strongly glycosylated; interestingly, the amount of glycan seemed to vary and had a remarkable influence on the chromatographic behaviour of the enzyme. After chemical deglycosylation with TFMS, the BIT peptide was used for the production of polyclonal antibodies in chickens (anti‐BIT‐IgY). The antibodies recognised glycosylated as well as deglycosylated BIT, a partial denaturation of the protein being necessary for reaction. This indicates that the deglycosylation procedure had been successful and that the antibodies were in fact directed to the peptide moiety. However, after a short incubation at 70°C, native BIT was detectable by anti‐BIT‐IgY, while still active. Western blotting with extracts of diseased berries confirmed the fungal origin of the new invertase form. The anti‐BIT‐IgY proved highly specific, although some cross‐reaction with a protein in Monilia laxa extracts occurred. The importance of careful immunogen preparation in the production of specific antibodies, and the potential of BIT as a target molecule for the immunological detection of B. cinerea are discussed.
Interactions between Foliar Pathogens and the Saprophytic Microflora of the Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Phylloplane
Authors: PERELLÓ A. , SIMÓN M. R. , ARAMBARRI A. M.
Published: March 2003

Hyphal interference between 10 saprophytic micro‐organisms isolated from wheat phylloplane against four target pathogens (Septoria tritici, Alternaria triticimaculans, Bipolaris sorokiniana and Drechslera tritici‐repentis) were studied microscopically. Antagonism was measured as the ability of the saprophytic micro‐organisms to induce morphological changes of hyphae and spores of the pathogens and to reduce conidial germination. Typical reactions included formation of chlamydospores, encircled hyphae, plasmolysis, vacuolation and granulation of hyphae. Ungerminated malformed conidia, lysis, and the formation of inflated germ tubes on germinating conidia were also observed. Paecilomyces lilacinus and Bacillus sp. possessed the greatest capacity for interference. Fusarium moniliforme var. anthophilum, Epicoccum nigrum and Chaetomium globosum were next in order of the range and severity of interference. Spore germination of S. tritici was significantly reduced in the presence of P. lilacinus, F. moniliforme var. anthophilum, E. nigrum, Bacillus sp., Cryptococcus sp. and Nigrospora sphaerica, with levels of inhibition of up to 69%. Paecilomyces lilacinus, Cryptococcus sp., F. moniliforme var. anthophilum and N. sphaerica caused a reduction of spore germination of 47–60% with the greatest effect being against B. sorokiniana. Chaetomium globosum, P. lilacinus, Rhodotorula rubra and Bacillus sp. significantly reduced spore germination of A. triticimaculans. E. nigrum, F. moniliforme var anthophilum, Stemphylium sp., P. lilacinus and Bacillus sp. caused the greatest reduction in D. tritici‐repentis. Greenhouse experiments on pathogen–antagonist interactions on the wheat phylloplane showed the potential value of some of the antagonists for controlling the pathogens. If parasitism occurs in nature, the native micro‐organisms might be useful for biological control by competing with the pathogens and so regulating their colonization of wheat leaves.
Detection of Heterobasidion annosum s. l. [(Fr.) Bref.] in Norway Spruce by Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: Bahnweg G. , Möller E. M. , Anegg S. , Langebartels C. , Wienhaus O. , Sandermann H.
Published: March 2003

Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of the rDNA repeat unit of Heterobasidion annosum were used to design specific primers for the detection and quantification of this important forest pathogen by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Specificity of detection was cross‐checked against a variety of other fungi (saprophytes, root pathogens, mycorrhizal fungi) which may occur in the same environment. As little as 1 pg fungal DNA (equiv. to 10–40 genomes) could be detected in 200 ng spruce root DNA (from 1 mg fresh spruce root). The Heterobasidion‐specific primers allowed simultaneous detection of Armillaria spp. in multiplex PCR. The method was successfully applied to increment cores of Norway spruce from the forest region Tharandter Wald (Saxonia, Germany), Oberbärenburg (East Ore Mountains, Saxonia) and Oberschleissheim (north of Munich, Bavaria).
Characterization and Differentiation of Irish Erwinia amylovora Isolates
Authors: Brennan J. M. , Doohan F. M. , Egan D. , Scanlan H. , Hayes D.
Published: March 2003

Between 1986 and 1998, isolates of Erwinia amylovora were obtained from rosaceous plant species throughout Ireland. Sixty five of these isolates have been compared with 10 E. amylovora isolates from Bulgaria, the Czech Republic and Greece, seven other Erwinia isolates and one Pseudomonas isolate (83 isolates in total). Their identity was confirmed by the pear test and by chromosome and plasmid‐specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used to study the genetic variability of the 65 Irish isolates. Six random primers (CUGEA 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6) were used for random amplified RAPD analysis; the degree of amplification differed with the primers, but all produced at least 13 (CUGEA 1) and at most 27 (CUGEA 5) different RAPD profiles. Phylogenetic analysis of the RAPD profiles showed that 44 of the 65 Irish isolates showed genetic homogenicity (s≥0.92), but the remaining 21 isolates were more genetically diverse than the other Irish isolates and the foreign E. amylovora isolates. There was no significant relationship between the genetic variability of the Irish E. amylovora isolates (based on RAPD analysis) and the host species, year of isolation or their geographical origin.
Ultrastructure of Necrotic Lesions in Nicotiana glutinosa Leaves Locally Infected with a Variant of Cucumber mosaic virus
Authors: Ishihara T. , Takahashi H. , Hase S. , Sato T. , Ikegami M. , Ehara Y.
Published: March 2003

CMV(Y/GM2)tr is a variant of Cucumber mosaic virus strain Y [CMV(Y)] which infects Nicotiana species, including N. glutinosa, to induce necrotic local lesions (NLLs) in inoculated leaves, although all other CMV strains including CMV(Y) systemically infect Nicotiana species. To investigate the morphological features of this unique host response in N. glutinosa leaves infected with CMV(Y/GM2)tr, the ultrastructure of cells surrounding completely collapsed NLLs in virus‐inoculated N. glutinosa leaves was compared with that of normal cells of mock‐inoculated N. glutinosa leaves. The changes, which have been reported in other several virus–host plant systems showing the hypersensitive response (HR), were frequently observed in cells surrounding the NLLs. Furthermore, clumping of the nuclear matrix within the nuclei, which is a feature of programmed cell death, also occurred in these cells. These results indicated that the HR‐like host response occurred at the fine structural level in the cells of N. glutinosa plants infected with CMV(Y/GM2)tr.
RAPD Analysis of Colletotrichum Species Isolated from Strawberry and the Design of Specific Primers for the Identification of C. fragariae
Authors: Martinez‐Culebras P. V. , Barrio E. , Suarez‐Fernandez M. B. , Garcia‐Lopez M. D. , Querol A.
Published: March 2003

Strains of Colletotrichum species isolated from diseased strawberry plants from different countries were studied by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Grouping and variability shown by RAPD supported the results of previous molecular studies made of Colletotrichum species. The variability was larger with C. acutatum, in which 15 different RAPD patterns were observed. Cluster analysis (UPGMA) was used to divide the C. acutatum strains into two major groups that correlated with other molecular markers previously used. Strains belonging to the first group showed a high level of similarity despite their diverse geographical origins, which probably correspond to a clonal population that resulted from a rapid and wide expansion of the strawberry trade. On the contrary, strains belonging to the second group showed a high level of genetic diversity that could indicate that they belong to lineages of older origins and/or to sexual reproducing lines. Within C. fragariae and C. gloeosporioides, two morphologically indistinguishable species, less genetic variability was observed, but both species were differentiated by RAPD patterns. A C. fragariae associated RAPD band was cloned, sequenced and used to design specific primers for this species. A PCR product of 580 bp was obtained only when DNA from C. fragariae strains was used, and this is proposed as a method for quickly and easily identifying C. fragariae strains.
Effects of Subarachnoid Xylazine and Medetomidine on Haemodynamics and ECG in Goats
Authors: Kinjavdekar P. , Singh G. R. , Amarpal . , Pawde A. M. , Aithal H. P.
Published: March 2003

The effects of subarachnoid administration of the α2‐agonists xylazine and medetomidine on haemodynamic parameters in six adult goats were evaluated. Xylazine (0.05 mg/kg body wt) or medetomidine (0.01 mg/kg body wt) was administrated in the lumbosacral subarachnoid space. Mean arterial blood pressure and central venous pressure and electrocardiograms were monitored up to 120 min post‐injection.

Xylazine and medetomidine produced significant and comparable decreases in mean arterial blood pressure in the post‐injection period. However, mean central venous pressure increased during this period. The ECG changes produced by these drugs were bradycardia and increased PR and QT intervals. The study suggested that both α2‐agonists depress haemodynamic parameters and produce comparable effects after subarachnoid administration.
Epidural Analgesia with a Combination of Bupivacaine and Buprenorphine in Rats
Authors: Morimoto K. , Nishimura R. , Matsunaga S. , Mochizuki M. , Sasaki N.
Published: March 2003

We determined the analgesic effects of epidural administration of either bupivacaine at 62.5, 125, 250, and 500 μg/kg; buprenorphine at 5 and 10 μg/kg; and the combination of bupivacaine at 125 μg/kg and buprenorphine at 5 or 10 μg/kg, using the tail flick (TF) and colorectal distension (CD) tests in rats and compared the results with those obtained using morphine at 100 μg/kg. In both the TF and CD tests, all doses of bupivacaine alone produced potent anti‐nociceptive effects, although the effect rapidly diminished after 20–30 min of administration. The administration of buprenorphine at 10 and 5 μg/kg produced mild to moderate anti‐nociceptive effects in both the TF and CD tests, and the effects were relatively constant throughout the 2‐h experimental period. Combinations of 5 or 10 μg/kg of buprenorphine with 125 mg/kg of bupivacaine produced a significantly higher percentage of maximum possible analgesic effect (%MPE) than that of the calculated additive effect of each drug alone in the TF and CD tests. The analgesic effect of this combination was similar to that of morphine. Minimal ataxia was observed in rats administered this combination.
Prediction of the Oocyte Recovery Rate in the Bitch
Authors: Ström Holst B. , Larsson B. , Rodriguez‐Martinez H. , Lagerstedt A.‐S. , Linde‐Forsberg C.
Published: March 2003

In order to investigate the possibility of predicting the recovery rate of oocytes for use in a sperm–zona pellucida binding assay, ovaries were obtained from 67 bitches of 37 different breeds, and cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) were recovered by mincing the ovaries with a scalpel. The mean number of COCs recovered was 37.2 ± 34.1 (range 0–145) per ovary. Age significantly affected COC recovery rates. From bitches 1–6 years old, 54.2 ± 35.1 COCs/ovary were recovered, compared to 26.4 ± 29.0 from bitches 7–13 years old (P=0.003). The morphology of the uterus or the presence or absence of ovarian structures had no significant effect on COC recovery rates, although there was a tendency for more COCs to be recovered from ovaries with only follicles visible on the surface. There were no significant correlations between body weight or ovarian weight and COC recovery rates. There was a high correlation in the COC recovery rate between the two ovaries of a bitch, enabling an approximate estimation of the COC recovery rate from the second ovary when the COCs from the first ovary have been recovered. The large variation in COC recovery rates between bitches stresses the need for storage of canine oocytes in order to secure a high enough number of oocytes for a homologous sperm–zona pellucida binding assay in the dog.
The Effect of Salinomycin on Certain Blood Parameters and Milk Quality of Lactating Sows
Authors: Kyriakis S. C. , Giannakopoulos C. G. , Alexopoulos C. , Boscos C. , Spais A. , Saoulidis K.
Published: March 2003

Twenty‐five gilts and sows, after pregnancy confirmation using the ultrasonic method, were randomly divided and allocated to the following five experimental groups: SAL0=negative controls, SAL20=20 mg salinomycin per kg of feed, SAL40=40 mg salinomycin per kg of feed, SAL60=60 mg salinomycin per kg of feed and SAL80=80 mg salinomycin per kg of feed. All animals remained under treatment for two consecutive breeding cycles. The sows were fed a home‐mixed balanced feed during gestations and lactations. At the third, tenth and eighteenth day of each lactation, blood and milk samples were collected. Blood samples were analysed for cholesterol and total lipids and milk samples were analysed for the determination of the fat, lactose, protein, ash and totals solids concentrations. In all treated groups, cholesterol concentrations were significantly higher (P < 0.05) compared with the controls. Total lipid concentrations were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in SAL40 and SAL60 groups in comparison with SAL0 and SAL20 groups, during both cycles. Milk fat concentrations were higher (P < 0.05) in treated groups than in the control group; the highest concentrations were observed at SAL40 and SAL60 groups. In all treated groups, concentrations of milk lactose were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those observed in the negative control group. Milk protein concentrations were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in SAL40 and SAL60 groups compared with the SAL0 group, but there was no significant difference in SAL20 and SAL80 groups in comparison with the SAL0 group. No significant differences were observed concerning milk ash concentrations between all groups. In all treated groups, concentrations of total solids were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in comparison with the control group; the highest concentrations were observed in the SAL40 and SAL60 groups. It is concluded that the use of salinomycin in sow diet, increases concentrations of blood triglycerides and cholesterol and improves the quality of milk, thus reflecting on higher weight gain and survival rate of suckling piglets.
In Vitro Studies of a Photo‐oxidized Bovine Articular Cartilage
Authors: AKENS M. K. , VON RECHENBERG B. , BITTMANN P. , NADLER D. , ZLINSZKY K. , AUER J. A.
Published: March 2003

Bovine articular cartilage was photo‐oxidized and cultured with native articular bovine cartilage and synovial membrane to study the interaction between these tissues mimicking the physiological situation in the joint. The photo‐oxidation was applied as a pretreatment of cartilage for future use in cartilage resurfacing procedures in joints. Properties of the transplant were assessed by testing the production of local mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and neutral metalloproteinase activities under normal conditions and after stimulation with various stimulants representative of inflammatory changes in pathophysiological conditions. Unlike normal cartilage photo‐oxidized cartilage did not release significant amounts of NO and PGE2 and showed less gelatinolytic and caseinolytic activity compared to native bovine articular cartilage. Enzyme activity of the combined cultures was at a level intermediate between that of photo‐oxidized cartilage and native cartilage cultures alone. In contrast to normal cartilage, living chondrocytes were not visible in photo‐oxidized cartilage using live/dead staining. These results indicate, that the photo‐oxidized cartilage may have a beneficial effect on adjacent native host cartilage and therefore be a suitable transplant for use in in vivo experiments.
Necrotizing Cerebellitis due toNeospora caninumInfection in an Old Dog
Authors: CANTILE C. , ARISPICI M.
Published: March 2003

A severe, necrotizing, non‐suppurative inflammation of the cerebellum associated withNeospora caninuminfection was identified in a 14‐year‐old male Labrador Retriever. On presentation, clinical signs included mild depression and head tremor, marked ataxia of both thoracic and pelvic limbs, and abnormal postural reactions. In the central nervous system, inflammatory lesions were mainly restricted to the cerebellar leptomeninges and cerebellar cortex, which appeared necrotic and atrophic. Protozoal organisms were positively stained with an anti‐N. caninumantibody in an immunohistochemical procedure.
A Spontaneous Uterine Sarcoma in a Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: PLESKER R. , COULIBALY C. , HETZEL U.
Published: March 2003

In primates, little has been reported about malignant mesenchymal uterine tumours. A case of a spontaneous metastasising uterine sarcoma in a 17‐year‐old rhesus monkey is presented. Clinically, transient abdominal pain, spasms, nausea, anaemia, a firm uterus and bloody vaginal discharge were noted. In a diagnostic laparoscopy, both massive adhesions in the lesser pelvis and 10 ml of ascites fluid were detected. In necropsy, in addition to peritonitis with massive adhesions, a cauliflower‐shaped, irregular, tough, greyish‐white uterine tumour was seen. Two cherry‐sized tumour metastases were noticed in the greater omentum. In histology, both in the uterus and the metastases, a sarcoma with a low amount of connective tissue and well‐differentiated cell nuclei was identified.
Classification of Abomasal Displacement in Cows According to Histopathology of the Liver and Clinical Chemistry
Authors: Komatsu Y. , Itoh N. , Taniyama H. , Kitazawa T. , Yokota H. , Koiwa M. , Ohtsuka H. , Terasaki N. , Maeno K. , Mizoguchi M. , Takeuchi Y. , Tanigawa M. , Nakamura T. , Watanabe H. , Matsuguchi Y. , Kukino T. , Honma A.
Published: March 2003

Histopathological features of livers and blood chemical values in cows with abomasal displacement were investigated. Liver biopsy samples were collected during redressment operations in 92 cows with abomasal displacement, and the samples were stained with haematoxylin and eosin or periodic acid Schiff (PAS). Blood was collected for chemical tests. Livers were histopathologically divided into the following four types: normal histology cases (21%), fatty degeneration cases (36%), cloudy swelling cases (19%) and fatty degeneration cases with cloudy swelling (24%). The number of PAS‐positive samples was significantly higher in the normal histology group and significantly lower in the severe fatty degeneration group and severe cloudy swelling group. Cows with fatty degeneration had significantly higher levels of serum 3‐hydroxybutyric acid, non‐esterified fatty acid and aspartate aminotransferase than did those with cloudy swelling or normal histology. The results indicate that the morbid conditions of cows with abomasal displacement can be classified into four types.
Evaluation of the Pathology, Pathogenesis and Aetiology of Auricular Elephantiasis in Slaughter Pigs
Authors: Kvist P. H. , Jensen E. S. , Aalbaek B. , Jensen H. E.
Published: March 2003

Ears from slaughter pigs with auricular elephantiasis (n=24) and the corresponding lymph nodes (lnn.) (n=26) were grossly, histopathologically and microbiologically examined. Immunostaining for IgM, IgG, Cd3ɛ and bacterial antigens of Arcanobacterium pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus was performed by indirect enzyme‐based techniques. Ears were variably thickened depending on the sampled area (basis, centre and apex). However, at all locations the thickness, the length from basis to apex and the weigh of whole ears with elephantiasis were significantly increased (P < 0.01). The corresponding lnn., that is, ln. parotideus superficialis and profundus, had also increased significantly (P < 0.01) in volume. Histopathologically, lesions of the ears and the corresponding lnn. revealed changes characterized by diffuse fibrosis intermingled with multiple pyogranulomatous foci containing asteroid bodies. In the majority of lesions, four distinct zones due to different cellular infiltrates encircled the central core of the asteroid bodies. In several lesions, the pyogranulomatous foci were contained within the lymph vessels. Immunohistochemically, only the bacterial antigen of S. aureus was detected within the cytoplasm of the macrophages and/or in the asteroid bodies of the ears (41.5%) and in the regional lnn. (30.8%). An abundant number of IgM, IgG and CD3ɛ‐positive cells were present in all the pyogranulomatous lesions, whereas a positive IgG‐staining was observed only in a single asteroid body. Thus, porcine auricular elephantiasis is a chronic pyogranulomatous inflammation that is frequently positive for S. aureus and is lymphogenically spread. Therefore, the lesions of the ears with auricular elephantiasis and the corresponding lnn. should be termed auricular botryomycosis and botryomycotic lymphadenitis, respectively. Moreover, as the disease is observed frequently in slaughter pigs it must also be considered according to the welfare of the animals and in relation to post‐mortem meat inspection.