bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Voices from Arizona's Classrooms: Teaching Dilemmas in Visual Arts Education
Authors: GALBRAITH LYNN
Published: June 2007

This paper reports on a round‐table dialogue that took place in 1993 in Tucson, Arizona. The participants ‐ eight educators involved in teaching the visual arts and acting as representatives of voices from Arizona's classrooms ‐ were asked to identify and discuss problematic and practical teaching issues and dilemmas which surfaced in their diverse and multicultural classrooms during the past school year. The specific aims of the paper are two‐fold: first, to present the reader with a series of themes, voiced in the form of questions, generated by the teachers themselves as they described their dilemmas and reasons for concern; secondly, to analyse the teachers' comments further, in relation to research with reference to research in the field. This work was supported by a research grant from The Arizona Arts Education Research Institute for 1992–93.
A Comparative Study of Further Education Staff Attitudes to Multi‐cultural and Racist Reforms in Art and Design Education
Authors: PARSONS KATE
Published: June 2007

My initial interest in multi‐cultural art education coupled with a wish to promote more cultural equality was inspired by my two years teaching experience in Kenya, Africa. The contrast of cultures gave me an objective view of my own culture on my return home and I found that I had not only changed as a person as a result, but wanted to continue that change, which gave me the motivation to become a research student, whilst lecturing. As a lecturer in and around the Bristol area it came to my notice through informal conversations with my colleagues at work that they held quite racist views. This I felt was a very insular way of viewing the world when global communications were very efficient and wide spread. In view of this, I chose to investigate to what extent Further Education staff in art and design were racist, and to consider how that might affect students' performance in terms of self‐esteem, achievement and assessment. I took a psychodynamic approach to the interview schedule which was based on my experience and training as an art therapist, as well as an artist‐sculptor and lecturer, and used Race Awareness Training (RAT), and specific criteria to base and analyse the data collected during the research. An interpretative paradigm was used in the final analysis and evaluation of this small scale study. The qualitative methodology used was felt to be more applicable to a personal approach because it gained clearer and more honest information in this sensitive field.
Art in Primary Education: Aspects of Generalist Art Teaching
Authors: HOLT DAVID
Published: June 2007

This paper considers the practice of generalist teaching in primary schools, but with specific regard to the teaching of art. It argues that, despite recent criticism of such methods, there is very little reason to suppose that primary schools will move to a pattern of wholesale specialist delivery of the curriculum within the foreseeable future. As a result, it suggests that the phenomenon of generalist art teaching is likely to remain a widespread aspect of primary education, and that art educators would therefore do well to consider whether the approach might not have something positive to offer the teaching of the subject. Accordingly, the paper provides an account of three significant advantages which it believes this method of teaching can offer to the teaching of art within the primary school. These are set against a range of evidence which both identifies the problematical nature of much past practice, but which also demonstrates the possibility of achieving quality in generalist art teaching. Finally, the relationship between previous problems in this area and the structure of teacher education is explored, and it is suggested that recent new requirements for such courses may offer the prospect of liberating the potential that has been identified.
Assessment of Art Education in Hungary: Historical Problems in Contemporary Perspective
Authors: KÁRPÁTI ANDREA
Published: June 2007

Although art teachers are mostly unwilling to undertake assessment procedures or examinations, the history of art education suggests that even the earliest art programmes ended in rather rigid trials of draughtsmanship. A group of researchers including the author of this paper was commissioned to develop new methods for final examinations and, after surveying the existing methods and work done during the 1980s when art became one of the electives at the school‐leaving examinations of the secondary grammar school, we were struck by the similarity between current tasks and solutions and 19th century works and models. Changing the methods of examinations in our case will certainly involve the reinterpretation of the academic heritage that at the same time elevates and cripples Hungarian art education at the secondary school level. This paper illustrates and interprets the philosophy of the examinations and art concourses from important periods of Hungarian educational history and outlines the passage of the Hungarian art teacher from the supposedly ‘eternal’ world of the Academia to the ‘banal’, ‘transitional’, ‘vulgar’ realms of contemporary visual communication.
The Knowing Body: Art as an Integrative System of Knowledge
Authors: DANVERS JOHN
Published: June 2007

Drawing upon research in a number of fields (particularly in ecology, ‘systems’ approaches to perception, the philosophy of science, and the phenomenology of Merleau‐Ponty and his interpreters) this paper raises issues and questions about the relationships between knowledge, art and science. It suggests a way of thinking about art as an integrative system of knowledge based upon the recognition of three important factors: our fundamental participation in the world as knowing bodies; the perspectival nature of our interpretations of the world; and the particular ways in which we achieve coherence and integration through the making of art. The paper also traces some of the changes in the ways in which knowledge is described and formulated within Modernist and Post‐Modernist paradigms, and suggests how these changes support a revision of our views about the cognitive implications of art.
Conference Review Art & Fact, Rotterdam
Authors: HUGHES ARTHUR
Published: June 2007

The Conference Art & Fact ‐ The Learning Effects of Arts Education, was organised by LOKV, Nederlands Instituut voor Kunsteducatie, Beurs, and held at The World Trade Centre, Rotterdam on the 27th and 28th of March, 1995.
Photography in Schools: Current Trends in Theory and Practice
Authors: NEWBURY DARREN
Published: June 2007

This paper reviews the place of photography in formal education. It is argued that as a specific subject of study photography remains marginal within primary and secondary education, and is viewed predominantly as a leisure activity or as a vocational subject more appropriate to further education. Despite this however, it is argued that photography can make a unique contribution to general education, and that it is particularly well placed for teachers seeking to develop innovative and cross‐curricular work. Two contexts for photography in education are considered in detail: GCSE and ‘A’ level photography; and the National Curriculum for Art, and GCSE art and design examinations. In conclusion I look at the potential photography offers for developing cross‐curricular work in formal education.
What's Happening to Photography?
Authors: ROGERS ANGELA , ALLEN DAVE
Published: June 2007

This is the first public output of the joint Arts Council/University of Portsmouth research project into photography teaching in GNVQ Art and Design and Media Communications and Production. It reports principally from various contacts and interviews in the first six months of the project and from the results of a questionnaire survey of art and design lecturers involved in GNVQ.

The paper suggests that the increasing significance of photography in artistic cultural and social practices is not adequately reflected in formal education. It describes a variety of aims and practices in those institutions involved in GNYQ, although we have found little collaboration between art and design and media courses. In some art and design courses, photography functions mainly as an aid to research and preparatory work, elsewhere we found lecturers willing to describe it as ‘an art form in its own right’ or as a ‘fundamental part’ of the art and design curriculum.

We report on the resource implications of offering substantial photography courses. some preliminary findings about the kinds of students studying art and design GNVQ, and the perceived value of official publications. The question of choosing ‘A’ level or GNVQ is raised, as is the issue of progression. We have found expectations that GNVQs will become a regular route into HE although their currency is not yet clear.

Although we report difficulties with GNVQs in art and design, and more specifically with photography, we also record comments which indicate some reasons for optimism.
Photography and the Politics of Engagement
Authors: STANLEY NICK
Published: June 2007

In this piece I want to consider what I feel is a weakness inherent in the development of photography in education ‐ and principally in art and design education in the era of the National Curriculum. I seek the reasons for this potential problem and the cul‐de‐sac to which photography in education could be heading. I go on to suggest how a sense of historical questioning may help generate a reflexive practice in photography in education. I then consider the implications of new technology on the delivery of photography in education projects before drawing together my proposals for an engaged practice.
Institutions, Individuals and Talk: The Construction of Identity in Fine Art
Authors: MITCHELL SALLY E.
Published: June 2007

This paper is based on research in a university department of Fine Art. It is an exploration of the ways in which learning takes place ‐ or fails to ‐ in the spoken interchanges between tutors and students known as ‘cross‐section crits’. The discussion draws on Harre's model of social and personal development and on a notion of argument to understand the place of shared knowledge and discourse, as well as conflict, in the construction of distinctive personal identity. Three examples of ‘crits’ are examined. These suggest insights into the culture of the fine art institution and offer implications for the role and conduct of talk and language in the teaching and learning process.
The Meaning of Artistic Tradition in a Multicultural Society
Authors: CLARKE ROBERT
Published: June 2007

Teaching art in a multicultural society requires teachers to develop an understanding of the nature of artistic knowledge with regard to the cultural backgrounds of all children, so that the validity of art relates to the ethnic structure of contemporary society and takes full account of its historical origins. This requires a sound basis for interpretation of other cultures so that children can see the interrelated connections between what they are shown and know, and how this is always contingent upon historical antecedents of society and societies.

No longer can artistic traditions be isolated or prioritised in hierarchies that alienate or marginalise the cultural roots of those children who happen to come from ethnic minorities. Therefore, to better teach the requirements of the National Curriculum in Art, with particular regard to Attainment Target 2, teachers need to be aware of their responsibilities in interpreting the traditions of non‐indigenous cultures.

This paper draws on experience of teaching art in a largely homogenised minority of Scottish Gaeldom, where historical perceptions of what constituted its tradition were profoundly significant to the aims of educating its young. And where, the teacher happens to come from outside that tradition, the importance of understanding the formation and interpretation of tradition[s] is a paramount consideration in deciding what and how to teach art. This paper focuses on the central issues and draws upon relevant literature to support the case that art must be taught with commitment to the context and artistic future of a multicultural society.
The Influence of an Intense Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor Modification Program
Authors: Aldana Steven G. , Greenlaw Roger , Thomas Dean , Salberg Audrey , DeMordaunt Tawnya , Fellingham Gill W. , Avins Andrew L.
Published: June 2007

In an effort to make intensive lifestyle modification programs more accessible to patients with cardiovascular disease, the Ornish Program was offered at eight independent medical centers located across the United States. The purpose of this study was to determine if one of these independent sites was able to replicate outcomes produced by the original Ornish Program. Fifty program participants from six different cohorts provided baseline, 3‐ and 12‐month data consisting of blood lipids, body fat, blood pressure, anginal pain, quality of life, stress, depression, social support, and hostility. A pooled analysis showed significant reductions in almost all physiological and psychosocial variables with most reductions persisting for at least 12 months. These findings suggest that cardiovascular disease patients who choose to participate in an independent, intensive lifestyle modification program can experience significant improvements in both physiological and psychosocial cardiovascular disease risk factors.
The Double‐Edged Sword of Public‐Resource Dependence: The Impact of Public Resources on Autonomy and Legitimacy in Korean Cultural Nonprofit Organizations
Authors: Jung Kwangho , Moon M. Jae
Published: June 2007

As governments and nonprofit organizations build close partnerships for the provision of public services, they become interdependent in many ways. In particular, nonprofits' public‐resource dependence has significant implications for their behavior and decisions. By examining Korean cultural nonprofit organizations (CNPOs), this article posits a theoretical framework for the impact of public‐resource dependence on nonprofits' organizational autonomy and legitimacy. The empirical results of national survey data of Korean cultural nonprofits suggest that public‐resource dependence has a dual effect, reducing managerial autonomy while enhancing institutional legitimacy. Korean CNPOs seem to be constrained by public funding granted by both local governments and the central government, particularly in goal setting, resource allocations, and program choices. However, public funding also helps nonprofits earn institutional legitimacy through its reputation and recognition effects.
Access to Health Care
Authors: Gulzar Laila
Published: June 2007

Purpose:To describe and analyze conceptual and operational definitions of health care access for future nursing theory, practice, and policy. Access to health care is a major health policy concern. However, the elements of access to care are not well understood. As a result, how access is addressed is often inconsistent and unclear.

Organizing construct:Walker and Avant's framework for concept analysis.

Sources:Published literature in nursing and health services from the 1960s to the 1990s. The analysis was done in 1997 for this integrative review of nursing and nonnursing literature.

Methods:Integrative literature review in 1997.

Findings:Access is a complex idea defined in many ways. One of the most comprehensive definitions of access is by the World Health Organization (WHO). Multidementional barriers and facilitators to access vary by community and country.

Conclusions:Societies may define access differently at different stages of development. Scales to measure some dimensions of access are available; however, newer and better measures are needed and are being developed and tested. Data on each of the dimensions are needed for comprehensive assessment of access to health care in all countries at all stages of development.
Potential for Abusive Parenting by Rural Mothers With Low‐Birth‐Weight Children
Authors: Sachs Barbara , Hall Lynne A. , Lutenbacher Melanie , Rayens Mary Kay
Published: June 2007

Purpose:To describe factors influencing the potential for abusive parenting by rural mothers of low‐birth‐weight children (<2,500 gm). Low‐birth‐weight (LBW) children are at risk for child abuse. However, little is known about the added risks created for these children by rural residency.

Design:Data for this descriptive and exploratory study were collected using a cross‐sectional design. A convenience sample of 48 rural mothers delivering LBW children participated in 1994.

Methods:In‐home interviews were conducted using structured questionnaires to assess mothers' everyday stressors, depressive symptoms, social resources, and child abuse potential.

Findings:The prevalence of high depressive symptoms among the mothers was 54%. Higher everyday stressors and less functional social support predicted greater depressive symptoms. Everyday stressors had a direct effect on the mothers' potential for child abuse and an indirect effect via maternal depressive symptoms.

Conclusions:Rural mothers of LBW children are at risk for abusive parenting. Health care providers should pay particular attention to the mental health of mothers living in rural, isolated areas. Assistance with mobilization of community resources, including social support and child care, may provide needed help for these mothers to improve parenting and thus child health outcomes.
Questioning the Quality of Maternal Caregiving During Home Visiting
Authors: Byrd Mary E.
Published: June 2007

Purpose: To formulate theory that will provide a meaningful framework for practice and for studies examining the efficacy of maternal‐child home visits.

Design: Field research, over a period of 8 months, 1995–1996, conducted with one nurse employed by a visiting nurse association in rural New England. A total of 53 home visits were observed; documents and records were reviewed.

Methods: Data collection, field‐note recording, and analysis were simultaneous. Informal interviewing and observation of the key nurse participant throughout the day focused on her intentions, actions, and meanings as she anticipated, enacted, or reflected on her visits. Client‐nurse interaction and client characteristics were described and interpreted. Analysis focused on the nurse's home visits and the consequences of these visits.

Findings: The nurse conducted a specific type of home visit, identified as “child‐focused,” in three patterns: single, short‐, and long‐term. The short‐term pattern, labeled “questioning the quality of maternal caregiving,” is described in this article. The nurse minimally questioned and then confirmed the quality of maternal caregiving during some visits, while she seriously questioned and then continuously doubted the quality of caregiving in others. The categories of potential consequences of these visits were maternal, child, interactive, and environmental.

Conclusions: Future research should address the most effective processes for working with families when nurses doubt the quality of maternal caregiving. Field research was helpful in developing a beginning typology of maternal‐child home visits, in understanding practice, and as a basis for further research examining the efficacy of maternal‐child home visits.
Defining and Measuring Fatigue
Authors: Aaronson Lauren S. , Teel Cynthia S. , Cassmeyer Virginia , Neuberger Geri B. , Pallikkathayil Leonie , Pierce Janet , Press Allan N. , Williams Phoebe D. , Wingate Anita
Published: June 2007

In response to a long history of problems with defining and measuring fatigue, the University of Kansas School of Nursing established a Center for Biobehavioral Studies of Fatigue Management to facilitate the study of fatigue in diverse populations. The purpose of this article is to review past efforts to define and measure fatigue and the conceptual problems relevant to currently used measures of fatigue. Several distinct characteristics and corresponding measures of fatigue are identified and a definition and framework for the study of fatigue are discussed. Future research on fatigue must attend to the conceptual distinctions among various measures and the measures of fatigue most appropriate to the goals of a study.
Report of a State‐of‐the‐Knowledge Conference on U.S. Nursing Certification ONCC Research Committee and Executive Staff
Authors:   ONCC Research Committee and Executive Staff
Published: June 2007

Purpose: To describe the problems discussed, consensus established, and recommendations made during a “State of the Knowledge” conference on nursing certification hosted by the Oncology Nursing Certification Corporation (ONCC), April 1996. ONCC planned the conference after finding little empiric data in the literature to support the value of nursing certification and after recognizing that consensus was lacking regarding several critical questions related to certification.

Sources: Representatives of 24 specialty nursing certification organizations participated in the 3‐day conference.

Methods: Through formal presentations and small groups, participants identified unresolved issues and areas of consensus, then strategized ways to address questions and problems.

Results: This historic conference identified problems that require proactive responses and solutions by organizations involved in nursing certification. Unresolved issues included the lack of standardization of basic certification procedures, the means of evaluating continued competency, and questions regarding the relationship between certification and patient outcomes. Development of a nursing multispecialty research council was proposed and has since been established under the leadership of the American Nurses Credentialing Center.

Conclusions: The conference was a successful way to unite specialties in nursing. Of high priority is the need to validate that certification positively affects patient outcomes. Until this can be shown, it will be difficult to persuade employers and payers that nursing certification should be a workplace requirement.
Nursing Practice Theory of Exercise as Self‐Care
Authors: Ulbrich Sherri L.
Published: June 2007

Exercise reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and promotes health. Most people in the United States do not exercise regularly. Nurses can promote exercise using the proposed theory as a guide. This theory of exercise was developed through triangulation ofOrem's self‐care deficit theory of nursing, the transtheoretical model of exercise behavior, and characteristics of a population at risk for CVD. Practice theory and use of individual constructs were reviewed, revised, and validated by experts familiar with the organizing constructs. Future testing and evaluation of practice theory as a guide for promoting exercise is planned.
Experiencing Control in Caregiving
Authors: Szabo Vivian , Strang Vicki R.
Published: June 2007

Purpose: To describe the experience of control as perceived by family caregivers who care for relatives with dementia to determine how caregivers manage care at home. The ability to manage care effectively at home is important because of the rise in the number of family caregivers.

Design: Descriptive using secondary analysis of qualitative data. The sample was 21 family caregivers of relatives with dementia, 4 men and 17 women, from one medium‐sized city in Canada.

Methods: Grounded‐theory methods were used for the secondary analysis of data completed in 1997 from a previous 1995 study of caregivers.

Results: The experience of control was related to how caregivers managed or coped with their caregiving situations. The dimensions of control were characterized as either “maintaining control” or as “lacking control” with each dimension relating to caregivers' beliefs about caregiving.

Conclusions: Results of this study can help nurses intervene more effectively with family caregivers by recognizing how caregivers manage and whether they need assistance to continue to provide care. The proposed model is a starting point for further research on control and coping; it also provides direction for practice.
Mothers' Responses to Care Given by Male Nursing Students during and after Birth
Authors: Morin Karen H. , Patterson Barbara J. , Kurtz Barbara , Brzowski Barbara
Published: June 2007

Purpose: To describe the rationale maternity patients use in determining whether to accept care by a male student nurse. Information about the activities that women are comfortable having male nursing students perform is inconsistent and the reasons for women's comfort or discomfort are unclear. Furthermore, little is known about what factors patients consider when assigned a male nursing student. Yet, knowledge of such factors can enhance understanding and guide the selection of students in maternity units.

Design: Focused ethnography using a purposive convenience sample of 32 women, aged 20 to 40 years, who spoke English, and who had given birth to normal newborns in one small community hospital in the mid‐Atlantic region of the United States. Patients were excluded if they or their infants were in an unstable physical or mental condition. The study was conducted in 1995.

Methods: The women were interviewed using a semi‐structured format.

Findings: Data from participants pertained to personal and contextual factors. Personal factors were perception of postpartum self and personal feelings. Contextual factors were student characteristics, establishment of relationships, nursing care activities, and partner viewpoint.

Conclusions: Women during and after giving birth have definite thoughts about male student nurses caring for them. Nurse educators should consider these when assigning men. Educators should encourage professionalism and competence in their students.
Maintaining Client Safety and Scientific Integrity in Research with Battered Women
Authors: Lutz Kristin F.
Published: June 2007

Purpose: To increase awareness of considerations of privacy and safety as well as the potential for scientific misconduct in research with battered women and other groups especially vulnerable to these concerns. Research with such vulnerable populations demands consideration of privacy and safety of participants in order to limit any potentially negative consequences while also ensuring scientific integrity.

Organizing Framework: Maintaining scientific integrity and protecting vulnerable groups are important but potentially contradictory. Battered women are the examples to illustrate instances of conflict in which protecting participants may undermine scientific integrity.

Sources: Literature on scientific integrity and misconduct, battered women, and vulnerable populations, and socially sensitive topics from nursing, other biomedical and social sciences, and the U.S. Public Health Service, 1978–1998.

Method: Integrative literature review.

Findings: Conducting research with battered women in an ethically responsible manner that maintains scientific integrity without compromising advocacy or safety is possible when scientists are aware of potential conflicts and methods to ensure integrity.

Conclusions: Nurses frequently do research with vulnerable groups such as battered women. Being proactive can help promote scientific integrity, avoid scientific misconduct, and decrease negative outcomes.
Adults Seeking Presymptomatic Gene Testing for Huntington Disease
Authors: Williams Janet K. , Schutte Debra L. , Evers Catherine A. , Forcucci Chris
Published: June 2007

Purpose:

To describe the expectations of those seeking presymptomatic gene testing for Huntington disease (HD). Identification of the gene for HD makes it possible to conduct testing to determine if a healthy person with a family history of HD has a mutation in this gene. Presymptomatic gene testing reveals the likelihood that a person will develop an inherited disease in the future. Understanding expectations allows for more complete assessment and counseling before presymptomatic gene testing for genetic diseases.

Design:

Descriptive qualitative. The population was people with a family history of HD. The sample was 17 asymptomatic adults with a positive family history of HD who requested presymptomatic gene identification atone tertiary genetic counseling program, 1995 to 1996.

Methods:

Semi‐structured interviews concerning expectations of adults seeking presymptomatic genetic testing were conducted by telephone. Interviews occurred after the individuals had requested presymptomatic gene identification but before results were reported. Content analysis was used to identify the expectations and questions of those who had decided to seek presymptomatic testing.

Findings:

Common expectations included anticipating relief from uncertainty, hoping to plan for their future health care and life decisions, wanting to know if their children were at risk of developing HD, anticipating loss of family support from relatives, expecting relief from self monitoring, venturing into the unknown, and planning for disclosure. Participants attempted to avoid their loss of genetic privacy by withholding the decision to seek testing from their primary care providers.

Conclusions:

Participants seeking presymptomatic HD gene testing consider the effect of gene identification on themselves and their families. A desire to limit insurance or employment discrimination contributes to subjects not seeking input from health care providers in their decision making.
Effects of Home Care on Caregivers' Psychosocial Status
Authors: Jepson Christopher , McCorkle Ruth , Adler Diane , Nuamah Isaac , Lusk Edward
Published: June 2007

Purpose:

To examine changes in the psychosocial status of caregivers of post‐surgical patients with cancer, and how their status was affected by (a) whether caregivers had physical problems of their own, and (b) whether the patient received a home care intervention. Many studies in this area to date have not included sufficient measurement points to identify fluctuations in psychosocial status over time. In addition, many have used caregiver health as an outcome rather than a predictor.

Design:

Longitudinal, randomized trial using a sample of 161 caregivers of cancer patients being treated at one large university hospital in the northeastern United States, 1993‐1996. Half the patients were randomly assigned to receive a standardized home‐care nursing intervention. The population of interest was caregivers of patients who were (a) diagnosed with a solid‐tumor cancer within the past 2 months, (b) age 60 or older, (c) hospitalized for surgical treatment of the cancer and expected to live at least 6 months, and (d) had a complex problem at hospital discharge. All caregivers were living with the patient at time of discharge.

Methods:

Data were collected in structured interviews administered at the time of the patients' discharge and approximately 3 and 6 months later. Psychosocial status was measured using the Caregiver Reaction Assessment and the CES‐Depression scale. A repeated‐measures analysis of variance was performed for each psychosocial measure, using as factors Time (i.e., interview 1, 2, or 3), Group (treatment and control), and Caregiver Physical Problem.

Findings:

Overall, psychosocial status improved from baseline to 3 months, and was about the same at 6 months. Among caregivers with physical problems, the psychosocial status of those in the treatment group declined compared to those in the control groups in the 3 months after discharge; an opposite pattern was observed in the following 3 months.

Conclusions:

People who are caregivers for cancer patients and have physical problems of their own are at risk for psychologic morbidity, which may have a delayed onset. This delay may reflect the replacement of an initial optimism with discouragement as the reality of long‐term illness sets in. Home care may create a situation in which caregivers are required to confront the realities of long‐term caregiving quickly, cutting short their initial optimism, but also preparing them for what is to come.
Ethnomethodologic Analysis of Accounts of Feeding Demented Residents in Long‐Term Care
Authors: Pierson Charon
Published: June 2007

Purpose:

To describe the self‐organizing activities and the unspoken knowledge that nursing assistants employ in performing the work of feeding as a routine part of their activities. In U.S. long‐term care facilities, activities related to medical and nursing care are frequently based on the ability of nursing assistants to successfully accomplish the work of feeding. Nurses are not always aware of the difficulties involved in feeding nor the means by which food is offered and intake calculated.

Design:

Qualitative phenomenologic.

Methods:

Observations were conducted during 12 weekday mealtimes, October and November 1994. Data were collected using participant observation of mealtimes in the congregate dining room of one licensed long‐term care facility. Data were analyzed using the framework of ethnomethodology to indicate the methods nursing assistants used to make sense of their interactions with demented residents.

Findings:

Nursing assistants used several common behaviors: grouping the “difficult feeders” together; “marking the borders” by maintaining a tidy tray; and “loading the spoon” to maximize the amount of food given at one time. Estimations of the quantity of intake varied according to ideas about the nutritional content of various foods.

Conclusions:

Unsuccessful feeding interactions have implications for the quality of life for the demented. When inadequate intake leads to significant weight loss, medical and nursing interventions should be implemented.
A Model for Cognitive‐Behavioral Interventions in Cancer Pain Management
Authors: Kwekkeboom Kristine L.
Published: June 2007

Purpose:

To propose a model for predicting success with cognitive‐behavioral interventions in cancer pain management. Practice guidelines are useful, however nurses currently have little theoretic or empiric basis for choosing one particular strategy over another. Moreover, nurses have no way of knowing if a particular intervention is likely to work.

Organizing construct:

The model indicates characteristics of a person in relation to interventions including skill and ability, outcome expectancies, perceived credibility, history of use, preferred coping style, and pain outcomes.

Sources:

The model was developed using sources identified through a literature search of relevant topics in MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Psychlit (1996‐1997), as well as through clinical experience.

Conclusions:

Continued empiric testing of the model is necessary to confirm proposed relationships and to assess accuracy of the model's predictions with various cognitive‐behavioral interventions. With this testing, the model can help nurses select appropriate interventions for individual patients.
Non‐Pharmacologic Pain Management for Postoperative Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Patients
Authors: Van Kooten Marlene E.
Published: June 2007

Some patients are dissatisfied with the pain relief they receive in the immediate postoperative period (Donovan, 1990). Some researchers believe that non‐pharmacologic nursing interventions, used in combination with analgesics, can help decrease pain. The purpose of this study was to document how frequently non‐pharmacologic methods are being implemented and who is responsible for encouraging patients to use these methods.
Proliferation of Non‐Physician Providers as Reported in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), 1998
Authors: Catlin Anita J. , McAuliffe Maura
Published: June 2007

Recently in JAMA, a series of articles (Cooper, Henderson, & Dietrich, 1998; Cooper, Laud, & Dietrich, 1998; Grumbach & Coffman, 1998) was published about the growing trend of non‐physician health care providers, such as nurse practitioners, nurse anesthetists, clinical nurse specialists, and certified nurse midwives. In an article by a physician‐led interdisciplinary team R.A. Cooper and colleagues wrote about the growth in numbers, scope, prescriptive authority, and independent practice of nurses.
A Model of Chronic Dyspnea
Authors: McCarley Cynthia
Published: June 2007

Purpose:

To present an overview of dyspnea, differentiate chronic dyspnea from acute dyspnea, critique models of dyspnea found in the nursing literature, and propose a new model of chronic dyspnea to guide the care and evaluation of chronic dyspnea in patients living with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Dyspnea is the major symptom that impairs quality of life for nearly 16 million Americans who have COPD.

Methods and Sources:

Review of scholarly literature on dyspnea by searching CINAHL and MEDLINE (1980‐1998) using dyspnea and chronic obstructive lung disease as key words. The search produced studies conducted by a variety of health care professions including those in nursing, medicine, exercise physiology, and respiratory therapy.

Findings:

The existing models fail to differentiate between acute and chronic dyspnea. These models were found to be inadequate for guiding interventions to decrease the long‐term adverse consequences of chronic dyspnea.

Conclusions:

A useful model of chronic dyspnea defines chronic dyspnea as distress with varying levels of intensity and long‐term physical, psychologic, and sociocultural consequences. The proposed model has implications for both research and clinical practice by identifying the consequences of chronic dyspnea as outcome measures of the effectiveness of treatment.
Testing a Model of Avoiding Environmental Tobacco Smoke in Young Adults
Authors: Martinelli Angela Maria
Published: June 2007

Purpose:

To test an explanatory model of gender, self‐efficacy, situational influences, and other health‐promoting behaviors on the avoidance of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in young adults. ETS is a cause of lung cancer, pulmonary disease, and cardiovascular disease. Although young adults are at increased risk for ETS exposure, there are few behavioral studies of ETS exposure and no reported studies of ETS exposure in young adults. Although college students are often exposed to ETS, the college environment offers a setting in which the opportunities for change are substantial.

Design:

Model‐testing. Data are reported on a convenience sample of 136 nonsmoking 18‐ to 25‐year old students in one mid‐atlantic U.S. university. This sample of nonsmokers was drawn from a larger sample of 241 smokers and nonsmokers in 1995. Model constructs were based on Pender's health promotion model (HPM).

Methods:

The General Self‐efficacy Scale, Health Promotion Lifestyle Profile, and ETS Avoidance Scale were used along with items measuring ETS‐avoidance efficacy and Living with Smoke. Path analysis was used to test the model.

Findings:

The trimmed explanatory model showed that 26% of the variance in avoiding ETS was accounted for by gender, having self‐efficacy, and ETS‐avoidance efficacy, not living with people who smoke, and performing other healthy behaviors. Being female and general self‐efficacy indirectly influenced ETS avoidance through their effects on related health promoting behaviors.

Conclusions:

The explanatory model of ETS avoidance can provide useful information for the development of interventions to prevent exposure to passive smoke. Given the occurrence of ETS exposure in young adults, longitudinal research using this explanatory model is yielding promising results. Enhancing the self‐efficacy of young adults and encouraging healthy lifestyle behaviors may be an important factor in their avoidance of ETS.
Adolescent Resilience
Authors: Hunter Anita J. , Chandler Genevieve E.
Published: June 2007

Purpose:

To explore what resilience means to adolescents and whether the Resiliency Scale can accurately measure resilience. Researchers have identified that resilience in children and adolescents may lead to psychosocial maladaption and psychopathology in adulthood. Further research is necessary in order to understand what resilience is in adolescence and to identify those at risk for psychosocial problems.

Design:

A triangulated research design was used to explore the concept of resilience in adolescents. This small pilot study, conducted in 1997, had a purposive sample of 51 10th‐grade and 11th‐grade volunteers from one inner‐city, vocational high school in New England.

Methods:

A researcher‐developed demographic tool was used to explore the environment of adversities to which students were exposed. Wagnild and Young's Resiliency Scale was used to measure adolescents' perceptions of their resilience. Focus groups, structured and unstructured interviews, and written stories were used to gather phenomenologic data.

Findings:

Despite the traumatic and violent world in which participants lived, the adolescents ranked themselves as “resilient.” These adolescents believed that being resilient was to be (a) disconnected from others because they could not trust, (b) isolated because they had inadequate or no support systems, and (c) insulated because the emotional pain was too much to bear.

Conclusions:

This study of resilience in adolescence shows the need for further research; the investigators question whether resilience is really a healthy state, and wonder if similar interventions are necessary for both “resilient” and “vulnerable” adolescents.
Reachable Moment
Authors: Beddoe Suzanne S.
Published: June 2007

If thou art one to whom petition is made, be calm as thou listenest to the petitioner's speech. Do not rebuff him before he has swept out his body or before he has said that for which he came. A petitioner likes attention to his words better than the fulfilling of that for which he came… It is not [necessary] that everything about which he has petitioned should come to pass, [but] a good hearing is a soothing of the heart. Vizier Ptah‐Hotep, ca. 2450 B.C.E. (Before the Common Era, as cited in Ceresko, 1992, p. 275).
Developing a Regional Nursing Research Website
Authors: Ailinger Rita L. , Neal Leslie Jean
Published: June 2007

Do you know if there are any nurse researchers in the area who are doing research with women who are HIV positive? This question was asked by a doctoral student in a research class. The faculty member responded that she was aware of one researcher who worked with HIV‐infected men but that she was not aware of any other ongoing, unpublished work of a nurse researcher in the locality. It became apparent there had to be a way to keep informed and share expertise among regional nurse researchers. Thus, the Washington Area Nursing Research Resources (WANRR) website was conceived in the Fall of 1997.
Ethics and Health Policy—Introduction
Authors: Brown Carolyn L.
Published: June 2007

Stories of nurses who provide direct patient care were the impetus for this health policy feature. Nurses talk poignantly about value conflicts as they try to practice in today's health care environment. They believe economics rather than patient care needs drives decisions about the care patients receive. They say they provide the bare minimum of care, often leaving the workplace knowing they have left much undone. Their pleasure in being able to give nursing care as they wish diminishes daily, while their fatigue and stress increase. When asked to rank their values and the values of the health care institution where they work, they report economic and organizational survival to be the highest value in their workplace and quality of care the highest personal value (Brown, 1997).
Ethics, Policy, and Practice: Interview with Emily Friedman
Authors: Brown Carolyn L.
Published: June 2007

Emily Friedman, a writer, lecturer, and health policy and ethics analyst, is a contributing writer for the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), and a contributing editor of the Health Forum Journal, Hospitals and Health Networks, and the American Journal of Medicine. She also contributes to Health Progress. Friedman is most noted for her work in health policy, the social ethics of health care, including the relationship of die public and communities with the health care system, ethics and policy issues associated with managed care, and health care for the underserved. She analyzes health care systems, health policy history, health services research, and demographics.
Physicians' Neonatal Resuscitation of Extremely Low‐Birth‐Weight Preterm Infants
Authors: Catlin Anita Joy
Published: June 2007

Purpose:

To examine the perceptions of physicians who make delivery room decisions to resuscitate extremely low‐birth‐weight (ELBW) neonates at marginal viability. Nurses, parents, economists, and ethicists have questioned resuscitation of ELBW neonates, many of whom experience high levels of morbidity and mortality. Yet no systematic studies were found that addressed physicians' perceptions and delivery room decisions.

Design:

Descriptive, using naturalistic inquiry. A national U.S. convenience sample was obtained in 1996‐1997 of 54 physicians in five perinatal subspecialties who resuscitated ELBW neonates.

Methods:

Tape‐recorded and transcribed interviews were analyzed using NUD* IST software and line‐by‐line constant comparison.

Findings:

Despite awareness of the high morbidity and mortality, 96% of the physicians offered resuscitation to all ELBW neonates in the delivery room. The main factors affecting their decisions were “the role of physician;” having been “trained to save lives;” the belief that “if called, I resuscitate;” the inability to determine gestational age; requests from parents to “do everything;” and the need to move from a “chaotic” delivery room to a controlled neonatal intensive care unit. Six major themes were: role expectation, uncertainty, awareness, internal and external forces, burden, and continuing quandaries. Physicians were burdened by the devastated and dying babies, by their inability to predict which neonates had a chance for intact survival, and by conflicts with colleagues about viability. Statistical probability of survival, legal constraints, and cost of care did not appear to affect greatly their decisions. Physicians asked that society and national policy makers set parameters for resuscitation.

Conclusions:

The American Academy of Pediatrics' Neonatal Resuscitation Protocol needs revision to delineate the ethical criteria for resuscitation. Early prenatal education for families which clearly teaches the margins of viability and outcomes of early deliveries is also recommended. Physicians must be supported in changing the recessitation paradigm.
Lucian Leape on the Causes and Prevention of Errors and Adverse Events in Health Care
Authors: Buerhaus Peter I.
Published: June 2007

In December 1998, I interviewed Lucian L. Leape, MD, a health policy analyst at the Harvard School of Public Health whose research has been focused on identifying and preventing errors in health care. As one of the major contributors to the application of scientific methods to identify and analyze errors, few are better suited to offer insights on a topic that is beginning to have a profound effect on improving health care.
Language Plus for International Graduate Students in Nursing
Authors: Julian Mary Ann , Keane Anne , Davidson Kristin
Published: June 2007

Purpose:

To provide information about an English‐language support program that focuses on the needs of international graduate nursing students. The growing presence of these students coincides with the increasing numbers of universities committed to world health. Crucial social and language competence affect the success and progress of international students in graduate nursing programs.

Design:

Reviewed literature was 1980 to 1998, in nursing and applied linguistic research including second‐language acquisition, phonology, discourse analysis, and language pragmatics to identify social and language phenomena.

Findings:

Investigators suggest essential elements such as conventions of academic writing, reading comprehension, vocabulary, and pronunciation skills be included in the supportive Language Plus program.

Conclusions:

Ongoing development of the Language Plus program can promote collaboration between nurses and linguists and increase the success of international graduate nursing students.