bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Market Structure of Professional Sports and the Implications for Stadium Construction and Team Movements
Authors: Baade Robert A.
Published: February 2013

This article explores the character of the commercial sports market, and how that unique structure affects the financing of sports facilities and the movement of teams. It also examines the extent to which individual team and league interests conflict, and the implications of such incompatibilities for league policy as it relates to the questions of facility financing and team relocation. Then, it argues that league policy as it relates to team movement and facility construction can be better understood through the application of game theory. New or significantly renovated playing facilities have substantially increased team revenues, and have provided impetus for franchise relocations from cities unwilling to subsidize the construction of the new generation of stadiums to communities that will. The structure of the professional sports industry has played a substantial role in determining the extent of stadium construction/renovation and team relocation.
The Compulsive-Impulsive Spectrum and Behavioral Addictions
Authors: Stein Dan J. , Harvey Brian A.
Published: February 2013

Several models of psychopathology place constructs of compulsivity and impulsivity in diametric opposition. There are, however, a number of other models for conceptualizing the relationship between compulsive and impulsive psychopathology. Here we discuss some of the symptomatic overlap and distinctions between compulsive and impulsive disorders (addressing also the notion of behavioral addiction), review some of the underlying psychobiological mechanisms that may account for these overlaps and distinctions, and briefly consider the implications of this phenomenological and psychobiological work for management. Understanding the overlaps and distinctions between the compulsive and impulsive disorders may be useful for both research and clinical purposes. A range of other approaches to impulsivity may, however, also be useful. Both compulsivity and impulsivity are multidimensional constructs; further work is needed to delineate fully the nature of these dimensions and their underlying psychobiology.
Impulsivity and Co-occurring Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Hirschtritt Matthew E. , Potenza Marc N. , Mayes Linda C.
Published: February 2013

Dual diagnosis, the co-occurrence of substance abuse and another psychiatric disorder, is common. There is evidence to suggest that impulsivity may serve as a common substrate for these comorbidities, despite behavioral and biochemical differences between disorders. This chapter describes common neurobiological and behavioral findings between individuals with high impulsivity and those with dual diagnosis. Specifically, we focus on the co-occurrence of substance abuse with schizophrenia, eating disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, antisocial and borderline personality disorders, and bipolar disorder. For each type of dual diagnosis, we review literature that provides empirical evidence for the presence of impulsivity and treatment recommendations. In this context, we propose a “bottom-up” conceptualization, in which clusters of co-occurring phenotypes are used to formulate diagnostic and clinical plans; such an approach may produce more homogeneous diagnostic groups than exist in the current system. Further, a bottom-up approach may reveal that dual-diagnosis disorders represent distinct groups that share a common factor of impulsivity.
Epidemiology and Phenomenology of Pathological Gambling
Authors: Clark Luke
Published: February 2013

Pathological gambling is an impulse control disorder (ICD) characterized by loss of control over gambling behavior. This chapter will describe the illness profile of pathological gambling. As well as summarizing the epidemiological data on the prevalence of pathological gambling and its associated comorbidities, I will also consider (1) the classificatory overlap between pathological gambling, the substance use disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorder; (2) the emerging evidence for dimensional rather than categorical models of disordered gambling; and (3) some of the sources of hererogeneity among pathological gamblers, including the differences between common games. In the second part of the chapter, I will review several sets of psychological and neurobiological factors that are implicated in the etiology of pathological gambling, including the role of physiological arousal (“excitement”), conditioning influences, cognitive distortions, personality trait variables, and neuropsychological and neuroimaging markers. These mechanisms are often complementary, and a biopsychosocial theory of gambling will incorporate multiple levels of explanation.
The Phenomenology and Epidemiology of Intermittent Explosive Disorder
Authors: Kessler Ronald C. , Coccaro Emil F. , Fava Maurizio , McLaughlin Katie
Published: February 2013

Intermittent explosive disorder (IED) is characterized by recurrent episodes of impulsive, uncontrollable aggression out of proportion to the severity of provoking agents. Few epidemiological studies have been carried out on the prevalence and correlates of IED. Data are reported here from the most recent and largest of these studies: the U.S. National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) and the World Health Organization World Mental Health (WMH) surveys. These studies show that IED is a commonly occurring disorder that typically has an early age of onset, a persistent course, and strong comorbidity with a number of other usually secondary mental disorders. This disorder is almost twice as common among men as women. It is often associated with substantial distress and impairment. However, only a minority of people with IED obtain treatment for their uncontrollable anger. This combination of features makes IED an ideal target for early detection and intervention aimed at secondary prevention of anger attacks as well as primary prevention of secondary disorders.
Impulsivity and Drug Addiction: A Neurobiological Perspective
Authors: Robbins Trevor
Published: February 2013

A conceptual analysis of the impulsivity construct in behavioral and neurobiological terms is followed by an analysis of its causal role in certain forms of drug addiction in both human and animal studies. The main focus of this chapter is on a rat model of impulsivity based on premature responding in the five-choice serial reaction time task and a more detailed characterization of this phenotype in neurobehavioral, neurochemical, and genetic terms. Evidence is surveyed that high impulsivity on this task is associated with the escalation subsequently of cocaine self-administration behavior and also with a tendency toward compulsive cocaine seeking. Novelty reactivity, by contrast, is associated with the enhanced acquisition of self-administration, but not with the escalation of intravenous self-administration of cocaine or the development of compulsive behavior associated with cocaine seeking. These results indicate that the vulnerability to stimulant addiction may depend on different factors, as expressed through distinct presumed endophenotypes. These observations help us further to dissociate various aspects of the impulsivity construct in neural as well as behavioral terms.
Impulsivity and Affective Regulation
Authors: Swann Alan C.
Published: February 2013

Impulsivity and affect share important neurobehavioral mechanisms. Impulsivity is a pattern of responses to stimuli without the ability to conform the responses to their context, usually representing either inability to adequately evaluate a stimulus before responding to it or inability to delay the response for a reward. Mechanisms underlying impulsivity overlap substantially with constructs like arousal, attention, motivation, and reward, which are also prominent in regulation of affect. Both impulsivity and affect share relationships with regulation of monoaminergic and amino acid transmitter function. For example, activity of the locus coeruleus is sensitive to unexpected, intense, noxious, or stress-related stimuli. Impulsivity and affective dysregulation are increased by exaggerated or poorly modulated responses in this system. The course of the illness interacts with context-dependent effects on behavior via behavioral sensitization. Repeated exposure to stressors, drugs of abuse, or endogenous norepinephrine release in affective episodes leads to behavioral sensitization with increased impulsivity, affective dysregulation, and substance use. Impulsivity predisposes to, and is increased by, behavioral sensitization. In this context, we discuss impulsivity in depressive, manic, anxious, and mixed states, including suicidal behavior and characteristics of the course of illness that are related to behavioral sensitization.
Assessment and Treatment of Compulsive Buying
Authors: Mueller Astrid , Mitchell James E. , Peterson Lisa A.
Published: February 2013

Compulsive buying disorder (CBD) affects a significant percentage of those in the general population. However, CBD has not received as much attention with regard to research and training providers in its assessment and treatment as other psychiatric disorders. Formal diagnostic criteria have been put forth, and there are a variety of assessment instruments for evaluating buying behavior using both questionnaire and interview formats. Based on the literature to date, it appears that disorder-specific cognitive-behavioral therapy has been most successful in treating those with CBD. Treatment providers should also be aware that mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and compulsive hoarding often accompany CBD and complicate its treatment, and these disorders should be addressed within the treatment paradigm. Further research is needed to define barriers to motivation for change and treatment compliance among individuals with CBD, as well as factors associated with both positive and negative treatment outcomes.
Impulse Control Disorders in Neurological Settings
Authors: Bechara Antoine
Published: February 2013

This chapter will argue that impulse control disorders, including addiction, are the product of an imbalance between two separate but interacting neural systems: (1) an impulsive amygdala-striatum–dependent neural system that promotes automatic and habitual behaviors and (2) a reflective prefrontal cortex–dependent neural system for decision making, forecasting the future consequences of a behavior, and inhibitory control. The reflective system controls the impulsive system via several mechanisms. However, this control is not absolute; hyperactivity within the impulsive system can override the reflective system. While most prior research has focused on the impulsive system (especially the ventral striatum and its mesolimbic dopamine projection) in promoting the motivation and drive to seek drugs, or on the reflective system (prefrontal cortex) and its mechanisms for decision making and impulse control, more recent evidence suggests that a largely overlooked structure, namely the insula, plays a key role in maintaining poor impulse control, including addiction. This review highlights the potential functional role the insula plays in addiction. We propose that the insula translates bottom-up, interoceptive signals into what subjectively may be experienced as an urge or craving, which in turn potentiates the activity of the impulsive system and/or weakens or hijacks the goal-driven cognitive resources that are needed for the normal operation of the reflective system.
Impulsivity in Adolescents
Authors: Reynolds Elizabeth K. , Mayes Linda C.
Published: February 2013

Adolescence is the time between the beginning of sexual maturation and adulthood, typically bounded by the ages of 13 to 19 years. One construct that holds a central place in many theories of development and psychopathology is impulsivity. Impulsivity has been considered to play an important role in normal behavior as well as linked to several problematic behaviors that are present or arise during adolescence. Impulsivity, considered to be a multidimensional construct, has been defined and measured in a variety of ways. This chapter will discuss the definitions of impulsivity, measurement (including self-report and behavioral tasks), developmental course, behaviors and disorders in which it is implicated, and future directions.
Religious Norms, Human Capital, and Money Lending in Jewish European History
Authors: Botticini Maristella , Eckstein Zvi
Published: February 2013

Circa 1000, the main occupations of the large Jewish community in Muslim Spain and of the small Jewish communities in southern Italy, France, and Germany were local trade and long-distance commerce, as well as handicrafts. A common view states that the usury ban on Christians segregated European Jews into money lending. A similar view contends that the Jews were forced to become money lenders because they were not permitted to own land, and therefore, they were banned from farming. This article offers an alternative argument which is consistent with the main features that mark the history of the Jews: the Jews in medieval Europe voluntarily selected themselves into money lending because they had the key assets for being successful players in credit markets. After providing an overview of Jewish history during 70–1492, it discusses religious norms and human capital in Jewish European history, Jews in the Talmud era, the massive transition of the Jews from farming to crafts and trade, the golden age of the Jewish diaspora (ca. 800–ca. 1250), and the legacy of Judaism.
The Effects of the Protestant Reformation on Human Capital
Authors: Becker Sascha O. , Woessmann Ludger
Published: February 2013

Max Weber's (1904) thesis that the Protestant Reformation was instrumental in facilitating industrial capitalism in Western Europe is generally viewed as the “most famous link between culture and economic development.” Weber suggested that Protestants had a specific work ethic that made them work harder and save more. In recent work, an alternative explanation has been proposed that receives strong empirical support: Protestants had higher human capital, which made them more productive and therefore increased their economic prosperity. This article explores the recent advancements in the economics of religion that assign a leading role to human capital in understanding the economic effects of the Reformation. It first provides a brief sketch of the underlying theory and then presents extensive evidence on the effects of the Reformation on human capital using data from nineteenth-century Prussia. The article also discusses consequences beyond education, covering effects on economic development as well as on the fertility decline. Evidence from outside Prussia, both across and within countries, is also presented.
On the Socioeconomic Consequences of Religious Strife and Coexistence
Authors: Iyigun Murat
Published: February 2013

The economics of religion, whose beginnings are traced to the mid-1970s, gathered momentum in the 1990s and is now recognized by social scientists as a legitimate approach to the study of religion. Thanks to the spate of research it has spawned, we now have a better understanding of the determinants of religious adherence within societies, how religious sects sustain membership loyalty, which countries are more likely to have state-sponsored religions, and how religiosity might impinge on economic growth and development. What has been conspicuous by its absence until recently, however, is an attempt to evaluate the historical role of religion in conjunction with its commensurate effects on conflict and cooperation. This article examines recent empirical work that began to cover this niche, and explores the long-term sociopolitical and economic ramifications of religious strife, rivalries, and cooperation. After discussing the link between religious conflict and socioeconomic change, it focuses on the role of religious identity and religious cooperation on sociopolitical and economic progress.
Funding the Faiths
Authors: Iannaccone Laurence R. , Bose Feler
Published: February 2013

Of all the things that sustain formal religious institutions, none is more essential than material support. Without adequate income, congregations fold, denominations fail, and the faithful flock to greener pastures. Nor is any facet of religious commitment more concrete and quantifiable. Faced with skepticism about the accuracy and consistency of attendance and membership rates reported by individuals or institutions, the obvious alternative is to follow the money. Strange as it may seem, the economics of religion has yet to pay much attention to financial matters. The basic argument of this article, which suggests some first steps toward a general theory of religious finance, rests on a series of observations concerning the impact of government, production, religious beliefs, and religious competition. The article also applies the outlined principles across many different times, places, and traditions, including modern Europe, nineteenth-century Christian America, American Judaism, Buddhism, paganism, and Hinduism.
International Religious Demography
Authors: Johnson Todd M. , Grim Brian J.
Published: February 2013

The academic field of religious demography is in the early stages of development. Although there are thousands of sources for international religious demography, ranging from censuses and demographic surveys to statistics collected and reported by religious groups themselves, little has been done by scholars in religion, sociology, or other disciplines to collect, collate, and analyze these data over the past decades. Secondary sources for religious demography, such as Wikipedia or the CIA Factbook, are woefully inadequate and riddled with contradictions and errors. Despite these problems in handling and interpreting religious data, international religious demography is a growing field of study. In the past twenty-five years, an enormous amount of data has been collected and analyzed. New sources of information include government censuses, surveys and polls, records kept by religious communities, scholarly monographs, and Roman Catholic Church and religion yearbooks and handbooks. This article, which looks at sources and methodology related to international religious demography, also discusses the evolution of the World Christian Database and the World Religion Database.
Archaeology and Indigenous Peoples
Authors: Parks Shoshaunna , McAnany Patricia A.
Published: February 2013

This article examines the present relationship between indigenous people and archaeology in Mesoamerica, with an emphasis on the Maya region. It provides a brief analysis of the historical and political conditions that have contributed to the disenfranchisement of indigenous peoples from the ancient past. It also looks at recent interactions among stakeholders in the investigation, interpretation, and management of Mesoamerican archaeological heritage.
The Origins of Food Production in Mesoamerica
Authors: Piperno Dolores R. , Smith Bruce D.
Published: February 2013

Mexico, along with the remainder of Mesoamerica in smaller part, formed one of the world's great centers for the independent development of agriculture. Dozens of crop plants were brought under cultivation and domesticated there in the prehistoric era. They include the most famous crop of the Americas, maize ( Zea mays); two species of squash ( Cucurbita pepo and C. argyrosperma); the common bean and small-seeded (sieva) lima bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris and P. lunatus [sieva type]); the pseudocereals Amaranthus and Chenopodium; avocados ( Persea Americana); at least one species of chile pepper ( Capsicum annuum); and a number of important tree crops, including Leucaena spp. (the guajes) and Spondias purpurea (the hog plum). Plant cultivation and domestication in both the highlands and tropical lowlands emerged during the early Holocene period. This article discusses the available information in more detail.
Cultural Evolution in the Southern Highlands of Mexico
Authors: Elson Christina
Published: February 2013

Oaxaca formed the core of a distinct zone within Mesoamerica often called the southern highlands. Covering some 2,000 square kilometers, the Oaxaca Valley is the geographic center of and largest open area in the southern highlands. At the valley's center sits Monte Albán, one of Mesoamerica's earliest urban settlements. North and west of the Oaxaca Valley lies the Mixteca Alta, a region dotted with numerous small valleys that measure in the low hundreds of square kilometers. A third region of importance is Lower Río Verde. The Río Verde River valley on the Pacific Coast is created by the confluence of the Verde and Atoyac rivers that drain the Mixteca Alta and Oaxaca Valley. This article summarizes research in these three regions and describes the emergence of ranked societies and the formation of states.
Agricultural Land Use and Intensification
Authors: Scarborough Vernon L.
Published: February 2013

Agricultural intensification is the process whereby land-use activity is heightened through an increase in production on a plot. Production can be stimulated by an increase in the amount or kind of labor invested, the incorporation of crops that yield more food or fiber, or the use of a novel technology. In Mesoamerica, few “technological breakthroughs” precipitated change, rather the developmental trajectory for intensification was based on labor allocation and slow advances in the amount of food potentially harvested by an evolving process of plant domestication—principally maize. This article discusses agricultural intensification in West Mexico, Central Highland Mexico, the Valley of Oaxaca, and the Maya lowlands.
Colonial Documents
Authors: Douglas Eduardo de Jesús
Published: February 2013

This article discusses colonial Mesoamerican documents. After 1521, the indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica became subjects of the Spanish king, thereby coming into contact with European cultural, economic, political, social, and technological practices. New forms of writing and record keeping as well as types of mundane and literary texts entered the Mesoamerican repertoire, eventually displacing the traditions of iconic script (“picture writing”) inherited from the prehispanic past, which indigenous painter-scribes sustained and transformed throughout the first colonial century. Colonial Mesoamerican documents may be broadly but not categorically defined as private or public and nonofficial or official. The study and publication of Mesoamerican colonial documents began in the nineteenth century, as scholars combed archives, libraries, and private collections for primary sources relating to the history of Spanish America.
Landscape Change in the Maya Region, 1450–1910 ad
Authors: Alexander Rani T.
Published: February 2013

Landscape transformations are at the heart of archaeological debate over whether native cultural practices in the Maya region survived the Spanish invasion. This article examines landscape change in the Maya region using the theoretical lens of historical ecology. It compares two trajectories of change: the period from 1450 to 1750, marked by the upheavals of conquest, demographic decline, and economic contraction; and the period from 1750 to 1910, marked by the transition from colonial to postcolonial political regimes, demographic growth, and economic expansion. The archaeological record reveals shifts in political-economic structures, agrarian ecology, the production of commodities for the world market, and negotiations of native cultural autonomy for communities and regions rarely mentioned in the documentary record.
The Four Types of Capitalism, Innovation, and Economic Growth
Authors: Baumol William J. , Litan Robert E. , Schramm Carl J.
Published: February 2013

This article emphasizes capitalist economies' main contribution to the general welfare: economic growth far exceeding that achieved by any other economic system throughout history. It classifies capitalist economies into four categories: oligarchic capitalism, state-guided capitalism, big-firm capitalism, and entrepreneurial capitalism. It argues that all but the first category play a significant role in the growth process. State guidance has been successful in releasing economies initially mired in stagnancy and in a number of dramatic cases has managed to inaugurate a process of substantial growth. In several instances, economies dominated by large and actively innovative firms have stimulated remarkable economic performances by the countries in which they are based. The same can be said of economies in which entrepreneurial activity plays a key role.
Contracts
Authors: Goldberg Victor P.
Published: February 2013

This article focuses on the general problems confronting parties designing a contractual relationship. Contracts concern the future, which is both uncertain and influenced by the behavior of the parties. This presents the parties with a number of problems, the solutions for which are imperfect. Contract doctrine can facilitate their efforts, but it can also be an impediment. Contract design and contract law are discussed.
Introduction
Authors: Cumming Douglas
Published: February 2013

This article introduces the concept of private equity, which typically refers to the asset class of companies' equity securities that are not publicly traded on a stock exchange. It studies the private equity industry and the number of private equity investments. The rest of this article provides a summary of work that provides more information on the various features of private equity, such as its role in private acquisitions and the private equity contract. Several graphs on the private equity investments made in the United States, capital overhang for private equity funds, and the holding period from buyout to exit are also included.
Leveraged Buyouts and Public-to-Private Transactions
Authors: Renneboog Luc
Published: February 2013

This article analyzes leveraged buyouts and public-to-private (PTP) transactions. It studies the literature and data on announcement returns for public-to-private transactions and considers their motives. It lists the types of firms that go private, as well as the determinants of takeover premiums in leveraged buyout transactions. It also studies posttransaction value creation and the duration of private status, and views the shift to a private firm as a form of shock therapy that is used to restructure firms that create both strong short- and long-term returns. This article also addresses the questions of whether PTP transactions lead to superior organization forms compared to public firms or not.
The Costs of Issuing Private Versus Public Equity for Entrepreneurial Ventures
Authors: Carpentier Cécile , L'Her Jean-François , Suret Jean-Marc
Published: February 2013

This article discusses the way small Canadian listed firms discriminate between competing selling devices to lessen their issuance costs. It studies the choice between private placements (PPs) and public seasoned equity offerings (SEOs) for entrepreneurial firms that can decide between these two types of financing. It also examines the institutional setting in the Canadian context and notes its differences from the one that is described in most private investment in public equity (PIPE) studies. One section identifies the two primary constituents of the costs of private and public equity issues and the factors that potentially influence them. This article also provides data and descriptive statistics that are related to Canadian equity issuers.
Listed Private Equity: A Genuine Alternative for an Alternative Asset Class
Authors: Huss Matthias , Zimmermann Heinz
Published: February 2013

This article takes a look at the development of listed private equity funds and the empirical data that shows the performance of the asset class. It shows that while the idea of listed private equity is not new, it is still relatively unfamiliar to academics and investors alike. It identifies some of the challenges posed by traditional private equity, and then demonstrates how listed private equity deals with—and somehow resolves—some limitations. This article also discusses asset allocation, investment activities in listed private equity, and private equity indices.
Introduction
Authors: Cumming Douglas
Published: February 2013

This article begins with definitions of the terms “venture capital” and “private equity.” It then sets out the purpose of the book, which is to provide a comprehensive picture of all of the issues dealing with the structure, governance, and performance of venture capital. It presents data to Q3 2010 from Pitchbook that shows the current state of the venture capital industry in the United States, in order to demonstrate the massive boom and bust in recent times.
Corporate Venture Capital in the Twenty-First Century: an Integral Part of Firms' Innovation Toolkit
Authors: Dushnitsky Gary
Published: February 2013

This article reviews the academic literature on corporate venture capital (CVC), that is, minority equity investments by established corporations in privately held entrepreneurial ventures. The article is organized as follow. It starts with a detailed definition of corporate venture capital, its historical background, and an extensive review of investment patterns. Next it discusses the corporate venture capital literature, with an emphasis on rigorous empirical studies published in leading academic journals. It reviews firms' objectives through the governance of their CVC programs and the relationships with the portfolio companies, and examines the interactions between CVC investment and other firm activities (e.g., alliances and M&A) as well as other entities (e.g., independent venture capital funds). The performance of the parent corporations, entrepreneurial ventures, and CVC programs is summarized next. The article concludes with directions for future research.
The Development of Venture Capital: Macroeconomic, Political, and Legal Determinants
Authors: Bonini Stefano
Published: February 2013

There is compelling evidence that financial activity is closely entangled with institutional setting and that this relationship is a major determinant of cross-country differences. This evidence holds particularly true for venture capital (VC) investments and portfolio companies' management, where investment outcomes are a delicate alchemy of effective investment selection, careful investment oversight, and timely exits. Such alchemy is profoundly influenced by differences in legal environments and macroeconomic and sociopolitical conditions (MPL) across countries. This article provides a framework for theoretically identifying these variables and presents empirical evidence for their impact on VC investment activity. For each factor, it discusses the critical issues associated with its measurement for econometric analyses. It then surveys the existing evidence with regard to the effects of MPL and the rule of law on the development of VC investments, the management of companies, and exits from investments.
A Comparative Analysis of Venture Capital Investment In the United States and Europe
Authors: Kräussl Roman , Krause Stefan , Manigart Sophie
Published: February 2013

This article examines venture capital (VC) investments and exits in the United States and the EU-15 countries throughout the period 1985–2008, while further classifying firms into six distinct industries. It considers the asymmetry in VC success when separately analyzing investment in seed and start-up versus more mature firms. It also seeks to understand the institutional features and the legal environment associated with successful VC financing in the United States and in Europe. The results suggest that, inasmuch as some of the differences in performance can be explained by country-specific factors (in particular, when considering start-up/seed and early-stage firms), there are also important idiosyncratic differences across industries. Important differences across industries also emerge when considering infant versus mature firms, and their preferred exit.
The Role of Government, Venture Capital, and Banks in Closing Liquidity Gaps in the SME Sector of an Emerging Market
Authors: Klonowski Darek
Published: February 2013

This article provides an evaluation of the government's policy instruments for the small and medium-size enterprise (SME) sector in an emerging market, as exemplified by the case of Poland. Poland represents a good evaluation platform because it is one of the fastest growing emerging economies; the local government has decided to extend public intervention and has already unveiled numerous capital assistance programs aimed at the sector; and the European Union has directed significant capital and human resources to helping the Polish SME sector. The article is organized as follows. First, it focuses on methodological issues and outlines the project design and two hypotheses related to the financial gap and the effectiveness of government assistance programs. Then it discusses the results of the study and summarizes informal discussions with respondents from the SME sector and Polish commercial banks.
The Logic of Developmental Psychoneuroimmunology
Authors: Coe Christopher L. , Lubach Gabriele R.
Published: February 2013

Research on young animals and children has demonstrated that the prenatal and early rearing environments can leave an indelible mark on the immature immune system. During normal development, these environmental influences can have beneficial consequences including the promotion of immune tolerance during pregnancy, help in the programming of regulatory set points in the fetus, and prime immune responses during childhood. Thus, this aspect of immunity in the young host can be viewed as a “learning system,” very amenable to change, and often in a favorable manner. However, this same flexibility may result in a vulnerability to physical and psychological insults, including to a poor diet, pathogen exposure, or parental loss and maltreatment. The take- home message of developmental psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is that the environmental context can promote resilience and immune vigor, as well as be the reason for lacunae and impairments that persist into adulthood, accounting for individual differences in morbidity and longevity.
Emotional Expression and Disclosure
Authors: Booth Roger J.
Published: February 2013

Writing or talking about past emotionally laden events in our lives has been found to result in a variety of psychological, social, and physiological changes that often lead to improvements in health for those who participate in the disclosure process in particular ways. This chapter will review the range of effects reported using emotional expression and disclosure as an experimental or therapeutic tool, highlighting illnesses and patient groups for which it has been effective. It will discuss the factors required for effectiveness and consider the likely importance of such psychological theories as disinhibition, cognitive processing, self-regulation, social integration, and exposure as explanations of the process. The findings of several recent meta-analyses will also be summarized. Finally, the neuroimmune changes identified in disclosure research will be considered, and a possible psychoneuroimmune mechanism to explain this intriguing field of research will be presented.
Temperament/Animal Personality
Authors: Michael Kerry C. , Cavigelli Sonia A.
Published: February 2013

In humans, the relationship between personality and immunity is an important area of inquiry to better understand mechanisms underlying the diversity of human health and illness trajectories (Segerstrom, 2000; Cohen, this volume). A recent complement to our understanding of human behavior/personality and immune function has been the study of animal immune function as it relates to individual behavioral traits (temperament, personality; Koolhaas et al., 1999; Cavigelli, 2005; Korte, Koolhaas, Wingfield, & McEwen, 2005; Capitanio, 2008). With ample evidence that reliable and stable individual behavioral differences exist in animals and that these differences seem to mimic certain human behavioral traits, we are suddenly afforded a variety of organisms in which to study universal relationships between personality and immune function. The use of animal models additionally allows for a range and depth of evolutionary, developmental, functional and mechanistic investigations that are not possible with humans. We review the utility of animal models in understanding the relationship between personality and immune function.
The Association Between Measures of Inflammation and Psychological Factors Associated with an Increased Risk of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: Hostility, Anger and Depressed Mood and Symptoms
Authors: Suarez Edward C.
Published: February 2013

Inflammation is acknowledged as a risk factor for the onset and development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This has led some to hypothesize that inflammation is a possible mechanism that may mediate, in part, the relation of CVD to factors associated with increased CVD risk—hostility, anger, and depression. This chapter reviews the empirical evidence of the associations between biomarkers of inflammation and hostility, anger and depression, alone and in combination. Before doing so, I present a brief description and review of the role of inflammation in disease development and the methods used to measure inflammation at point-of-care and in research laboratories. Lastly, I review preliminary data suggesting that gender and adiposity may potentially mediate and moderate the relationship between depression and inflammation.
Looking into the Future: Conclusion to the Oxford Handbook of Psychoneuroimmunology
Authors: Segerstrom Suzanne C.
Published: February 2013

All authors in this volume forecast the most important work to be done in their areas, and synthesizing these forecasts reveals some old and new themes for the future of psychoneuroimmunology research. The desire to understand mechanisms of PNI relationships is a long-standing one, but new methods will advance progress toward satisfaction of this desire. The desire to understand causality and to effect meaningful clinical change underlies the calls for intervention research. This research will be advanced when more kinds of intervention become available. Good, longitudinal methodology and large samples will be required to demonstrate that immune changes mediate between psychological factors and health. Finally, forward-looking research will be examining how the many intraindividual, interpersonal, social, and developmental factors influencing immunity interact with each other.
¡Si Podemos! (Yes We Can!)
Authors: Flores Lisa Y. , Garriott Patton O.
Published: February 2013

Abstract A significant educational achievement gap exists between Latinas and their White, African American, and Asian American women counterparts (US Census Bureau, 2009 ). Sixty-three percent of Latinas over 25 years of age have graduated from high school, and only 14% have completed college. Mexican Americans are less likely than members of other Latino subgroups to graduate from high school and college, making Mexican American girls a student group that is at risk of failing to achieve their educational aspirations . In this chapter, we identify nine critical factors in promoting the educational attainment of Mexican American girls based on our review of the literature. In addition, we highlight prevention programs that were designed to improve students’ academic achievement. These programs are evaluated for their focus on the nine critical ingredients. Finally, we provide recommendations for future intervention efforts in research and practice to advance Mexican American girls’ educational attainment.
Forecasting with Mixed-Frequency Data
Authors: Andreou Elena , Ghysels Eric , Kourtellos Andros
Published: February 2013

This article, which presents a regression framework that relates the quarterly macro variable (such as GDP growth) to higher-frequency variables in a relatively simple, parsimonious way, is organized as follows. Section 2 covers mixed data sampling (MIDAS) regressions. Section 3 covers so-called nowcasting, and the Kalman filter and its relationship with MIDAS regressions. The final section discusses volatility models using mixed frequencies.
A Century of Innovation
Authors: Nelson Cary
Published: February 2013

American poetry of roughly the first half of the twentieth century is remarkable in its richness, inventiveness, and diversity. The variety of poetry written and published in the United States in the last century represents a great period that was marked by an explosion of literary creativity. Its range of forms, styles, and preoccupations are in a fundamental sense uncontainable. They exceed any single story we might try to tell about them. An overview of the book is presented. The article also provides biographical information about some of the poets who are discussed in this book; biography does matter, despite a sometimes programmatic New Critical determination to exclude it from consideration.
The Tranquillized Fifties
Authors: Thurston Michael
Published: February 2013

This article attempts to recover some of the cultural work of the more tightly constructed traditional stanzas and forms in which Robert Lowell himself had written his earlier poems. It sketches the career of closed form on the political Left during the tranquilized 1950s. Where much of the formal verse of the decade let the lyric's dream work release social tensions in managed and manageable ways, a good deal of poetry aimed at once to name and to arouse the will to change the causes of social stress. The article focuses on one exemplary Periodical—the communist magazine Masses & Mainstream—and on the work of four poets who published in the magazine and produced avowedly political poetry in conventional meters and stanzas, poetry that sought not to tranquilize but to awaken. These are Edwin Rolfe, Eve Merriam, Walter Lowenfels, and Aaron Kramer.
Perspectives on the Situation
Authors: Reis Harry T. , Holmes John G.
Published: February 2013

This chapter reviews major theoretical positions on the influence of situations and personality in social psychology. We review the history and current status of this debate and we describe in some detail two recent theories that seem particularly amenable toward resolving it. Broadly considered, our position is that personality and situations must be considered interacting factors, but in a theoretically specific way. The concept of affordance—that situations provide opportunities for the expression of certain personality traits—is central to our analysis. We also discuss several issues that social psychologists might profitably consider to provide better grounding for theories and research about the impact of situations on behavior.
Five New Ideas About Emotion and Their Implications for Social-Personality Psychology
Authors: Clore Gerald L. , Robinson Michael D.
Published: February 2013

Emotions are important to personality and social psychology and to the relationship between them. In this chapter, we contrast traditional views of emotion with more recent social-personality views and then contrast these with emerging new perspectives. We consider five questions and conclude that: (1) the components of emotion are not sufficiently correlated to implicate underlying affective programs for specific emotions in the brain; (2) an iterative processing view of emotion elicitation can accommodate both subcortical, unconscious affect and cognitively rich, conscious emotion; (3) emotions influence perceptions in a manner consistent with a resource-based view of both; (4) rather than triggering behavior directly, emotional experience appears to serve a self-teaching function; (5) positive and negative emotions affect thinking styles by promoting or inhibiting the cognitive orientations that are dominant in particular situations. The chapter is thus both historical and modern, emphasizing new developments and their implications for social and personality psychology.
Person-by-Situation Perspectives on Close Relationships
Authors: Simpson Jeffry A. , Winterheld Heike A.
Published: February 2013

In this chapter, we review theories and research that have adopted interactional (person-by-situation) approaches to the study of relationships. We first discuss interactional thinking within social and personality psychology, highlighting the fundamental ways in which individuals and situations intersect. We then review three major theoretical models that are exemplars of person-by-situation frameworks and have important implications for interpersonal processes: the cognitive-affective processing system (CAPS) model (Mischel & Shoda, 1995), interdependence theory (Kelley & Thibaut, 1978), and attachment theory (Bowlby, 1969, 1973, 1980). Following this, we explain how and why different person-by-situation approaches have expanded our understanding of individuals within relationships, focusing on romantic relationships. We spotlight programs of research on self-esteem and dependency/risk regulation, promotion versus prevention orientations, and diathesis-stress models based in attachment theory. These lines of inquiry have documented that certain types of situations elicit unique reactions in people who have specific dispositional strengths (e.g., high self-esteem, greater attachment security) or vulnerabilities (e.g., low self-esteem, greater attachment insecurity). Collectively, this research confirms that one cannot predict or understand how individuals think, feel, or behave in relationships without knowing the relational context in which they are embedded. We conclude by identifying new directions in which interactional-based thinking might head, focusing on how functional strategies can further our understanding of person-by-situation effects.
Forensic Personality and Social Psychology
Authors: Kassin Saul , Bull Kovera Margaret
Published: February 2013

Forensic psychology is a term used to describe a broad range of research topics and applications that address human behavior in the legal system. Personality and social psychologists are among those who have contributed to our understanding of individual differences in performance (e.g., among liars and lie detectors, crime suspects, witnesses, and jurors) and situational influences (e.g., effects of training on lie detection, the false evidence ploy on false confessions, police feedback on eyewitnesses, and inadmissible testimony on jurors) as well as the role that psychologists have played within the legal system. In this chapter, we discuss how individual difference and situational variables contribute to the reliability of different types of evidence (e.g., confessions, eyewitnesses, alibis) introduced in court as well as how jurors make decisions about the evidence presented at trial.
Social Policy
Authors: Omoto Allen M.
Published: February 2013

This chapter explores some of the historical linkages between personality, social psychology, and social policy, and especially as exemplified in the action research tradition. It does not review specific policies or case examples, but instead focuses on conceptual issues in integrating personality and social psychology for social policy research, program development, and evaluation. The chapter describes general orientations in personality and social psychology and how they may produce different understandings and solutions for social problems. Some of the differences in orientation are proposed as hindering the integration of personality and social psychology, whereas others are framed as complementary and likely to enhance policy work. Illustrative examples are offered of ways to integrate personality and social psychology in policy-relevant research, and other possible levels and contexts for personality and social psychologists to engage in policy work are also noted. The chapter concludes by outlining several systemic influences on policy involvement by personality and social psychologists, with a call for training programs to “rediscover” emphases on social policy, and by encouraging personality and social psychology to more highly value and actively participate in social policy research and work of all types.