bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Roundabout 1 exists predominantly as a basal dimeric complex and this is unaffected by binding of the ligand Slit2
Authors: Zakrys Linas , Ward Richard J. , Pediani John D. , Godin Antoine G. , Graham Gerard J. , Milligan Graeme
Published: March 2014

Robo (Roundabout) receptors and their Slit polypeptide ligands are known to play key roles in neuronal development and have been implicated in both angiogenesis and cancer. Like the other family members, Robo1 is a large single transmembrane domain polypeptide containing a series of well-defined extracellular elements. However, the intracellular domain lacks structural definition and little is known about the quaternary structure of Robo receptors or how binding of a Slit might affect this. To address these questions combinations of both autofluorescent protein-based FRET imaging and time-resolved FRET were employed. Both approaches identified oligomeric organization of Robo1 that did not require the presence of the intracellular domain. SpIDA (spatial intensity distribution analysis) of eGFP-tagged forms of Robo1 indicated that for a C-terminally deleted version approximately two-thirds of the receptor was present as a dimer and one-third as a monomer. By contrast, full-length Robo1 was present almost exclusively as a dimer. In each case this was unaffected by the addition of Slit2, although parallel studies demonstrated the biological activity of Slit2 and its interaction with Robo1. Deletion of both the immunoglobulin and fibronectin type III extracellular repeats prevented dimer formation, with the immunoglobulin repeats providing the bulk of the protein–protein interaction affinity.
Performance of large electron energy filter in large volume plasma device
Authors: Singh S. K. , Srivastava P. K. , Awasthi L. M. , Mattoo S. K. , Sanyasi A. K. , Singh R. , Kaw P. K.
Published: March 2014

This paper describes an in-house designed large Electron Energy Filter (EEF) utilized in the Large Volume Plasma Device (LVPD) [S. K. Mattoo, V. P. Anita, L. M. Awasthi, and G. Ravi, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 72, 3864 (2001)] to secure objectives of (a) removing the presence of remnant primary ionizing energetic electrons and the non-thermal electrons, (b) introducing a radial gradient in plasma electron temperature without greatly affecting the radial profile of plasma density, and (c) providing a control on the scale length of gradient in electron temperature. A set of 19 independent coils of EEF make a variable aspect ratio, rectangular solenoid producing a magnetic field (Bx) of 100 G along its axis and transverse to the ambient axial field (Bz ∼ 6.2 G) of LVPD, when all its coils are used. Outside the EEF, magnetic field reduces rapidly to 1 G at a distance of 20 cm from the center of the solenoid on either side of target and source plasma. The EEF divides LVPD plasma into three distinct regions of source, EEF and target plasma. We report that the target plasma (ne ∼ 2 × 1011 cm−3 and Te ∼ 2 eV) has no detectable energetic electrons and the radial gradients in its electron temperature can be established with scale length between 50 and 600 cm by controlling EEF magnetic field. Our observations reveal that the role of the EEF magnetic field is manifested by the energy dependence of transverse electron transport and enhanced transport caused by the plasma turbulence in the EEF plasma.
Adaptive two-regime method: Application to front propagation
Authors: Robinson Martin , Flegg Mark , Erban Radek
Published: March 2014

The Adaptive Two-Regime Method (ATRM) is developed for hybrid (multiscale) stochastic simulation of reaction-diffusion problems. It efficiently couples detailed Brownian dynamics simulations with coarser lattice-based models. The ATRM is a generalization of the previously developed Two-Regime Method [Flegg et al., J. R. Soc., Interface 9, 859 (2012)] to multiscale problems which require a dynamic selection of regions where detailed Brownian dynamics simulation is used. Typical applications include a front propagation or spatio-temporal oscillations. In this paper, the ATRM is used for an in-depth study of front propagation in a stochastic reaction-diffusion system which has its mean-field model given in terms of the Fisher equation [R. Fisher, Ann. Eugen. 7, 355 (1937)]. It exhibits a travelling reaction front which is sensitive to stochastic fluctuations at the leading edge of the wavefront. Previous studies into stochastic effects on the Fisher wave propagation speed have focused on lattice-based models, but there has been limited progress using off-lattice (Brownian dynamics) models, which suffer due to their high computational cost, particularly at the high molecular numbers that are necessary to approach the Fisher mean-field model. By modelling only the wavefront itself with the off-lattice model, it is shown that the ATRM leads to the same Fisher wave results as purely off-lattice models, but at a fraction of the computational cost. The error analysis of the ATRM is also presented for a morphogen gradient model.
Zero-footprint Ethernet transformers using circuit-board embedded ferrites
Authors: Bowen David , Lee Andrew , Krafft Charles , Mayergoyz Isaak D.
Published: March 2014

Ethernet transformers are mass produced broadband signal coupling transformers, used for interfacing copper twisted-pair networking cable to Ethernet devices. In this paper, we present a process for fabricating Ethernet transformers by embedding ferrite core materials within printed circuit board, and then fabricating the windings around the embedded core. Sample transformers were fabricated with different winding configurations and core materials. It is then possible to clad the board with copper and fabricate routes or mount components to the board faces, making the transformer a zero-footprint component. The sample transformer's performance is experimentally evaluated, and the results are presented in this paper. All transformers were found to successfully couple up to 1000Base-T Ethernet.
Mechano-chemical coupling in Belousov-Zhabotinskii reactions
Authors: Klika Václav , Grmela Miroslav
Published: March 2014

Mechano-chemical coupling has been recently recognised as an important effect in various systems as chemical reactivity can be controlled through an applied mechanical loading. Namely, Belousov-Zhabotinskii reactions in polymer gels exhibit self-sustained oscillations and have been identified to be reasonably controllable and definable to the extent that they can be harnessed to perform mechanical work at specific locations. In this paper, we use our theoretical work of nonlinear mechano-chemical coupling and investigate the possibility of providing an explanation of phenomena found in experimental research by means of this theory. We show that mechanotransduction occurs as a response to both static and dynamic mechanical stimulation, e.g., volume change and its rate, as observed experimentally and discuss the difference of their effects on oscillations. Plausible values of the quasi-stoichiometric parameter f of Oregonator model are estimated together with its dependence on mechanical stimulation. An increase in static loading, e.g., pressure, is predicted to have stimulatory effect whereas dynamic loading, e.g., rate of volume change, is predicted to be stimulatory only up to a certain threshold. Further, we offer a physically consistent explanation of the observed phenomena why some Belousov-Zhabotinskii gels require an additional mechanical stimulation to show emergence of oscillation or why “revival” of oscillations in Belousov-Zhabotinskii reactions is possible together with indications for further experimental setups.
Doping effects on thermoelectric properties of the off-stoichiometric Heusler compounds Fe2−xV1+xAl
Authors: Nishino Y. , Tamada Y.
Published: March 2014

The thermoelectric properties of Heusler-type Fe2−xV1+xAl1−ySiy and Fe2−xV1+x−yTiyAl alloys have been investigated to clarify which off-stoichiometric alloy, i.e., V-rich (x > 0) or V-poor (x < 0), is more effective in enhancing the Seebeck coefficient when doped by Si and Ti, while retaining a low electrical resistivity. Large Seebeck coefficients of −182 μV/K and 110 μV/K at 300 K are obtained for n-type Fe1.95V1.05Al0.97Si0.03 and p-type Fe2.04V0.93Ti0.03Al, respectively. When the Seebeck coefficient is plotted as a function of valence electron concentration (VEC), the VEC dependence for the doped off-stoichiometric alloys falls on characteristic curves depending on the off-stoichiometric composition x. It is concluded that a larger Seebeck coefficient with a negative sign can be obtained for the V-rich alloys rather than the V-poor alloys, whilst good p-type materials are always derived from the V-poor alloys. Substantial enhancements in the Seebeck coefficient for the off-stoichiometric alloys could be achieved by a favorable modification in the electronic structure around the Fermi level through the antisite V or Fe defect formation.
Soliton self-frequency shift and dispersive wave in a hybrid four-hole AsSe2-As2S5 microstructured optical fiber
Authors: Cheng Tonglei , Kanou Yasuhire , Asano Koji , Deng Dinghuan , Liao Meisong , Matsumoto Morio , Misumi Takashi , Suzuki Takenobu , Ohishi Yasutake
Published: March 2014

A hybrid four-hole AsSe2-As2S5 microstructured optical fiber (MOF) is fabricated by the rod-in-tube drawing technique. The core is made of AsSe2 glass and the cladding is made of As2S5 glass. The material refractive indices of the core and the cladding are ∼2.832 and ∼2.219 at the wavelength of ∼2.8 μm, respectively. The calculated zero-dispersion wavelength of the AsSe2-As2S5 MOF is 2.759 μm. Soliton self-frequency shift with a soliton central wavelength from 2.986 to 3.419 μm is observed when the AsSe2-As2S5 MOF is pumped by an optical parametric oscillator at the pump wavelength of ∼2.8 μm. At the same time a blue-shift dispersive wave is emitted by the soliton.
Realization of small intrinsic hysteresis with large magnetic entropy change in La0.8Pr0.2(Fe0.88Si0.10Al0.02)13 by controlling itinerant-electron characteristics
Authors: Fujita A. , Matsunami D. , Yako H.
Published: March 2014

Tuning of phase-transition characteristics in La(FexSi1−x)13 was conducted in view of the correlation between microscopic itinerant electron natures and macroscopic thermodynamic (magnetocaloric) quantities. To realize a small hysteresis loss QH accompanied by a large magnetic entropy change ΔSM in La(FexSi1−x)13, two types of modulation based on itinerant electron characteristics, namely, the Fermi-level shift and the magnetovolume effect were combined by complex partial substitution of Al and Pr. Ab-initio calculations predict the reduction of a transition hysteresis owing to the Fermi-level shift after partial substitution of Al. On the other hand, the chemical pressure arisen from partial substitution of Pr enhances ΔSM through magnetovolume effect. The selective enhancement of ΔSM apart from QH by the magnetovolume effect is well explained by the phenomenological Landau model. Consequently, ΔSM of La0.8Pr0.2(Fe0.88Si0.10Al0.02)13 is −18 J/kg K under a magnetic field change of 0–1.2 T, while the maximum value of QH becomes 1/6 of that for La(Fe0.88Si0.12)13.
Liveability and Urban Architectures: Mol(ecul)ar Biopower and the ‘becoming Lively’ of Sustainable Communities
Authors: Kraftl Peter
Published: March 2014

Contemporary analyses of biopolitics and the governance of ‘life itself’ have concentrated on molecular processes in domains such as medicine and neuroscience. In this paper, I turn an analytical lens on urban architectures, with a focus upon a particular programme of large-scale housebuilding in the UK: the Sustainable Communities agenda. I argue first that Sustainable Communities constitutes a resonant but qualitatively different attempt to plan for and govern life itself, particularly encapsulated by the term ‘liveability’. Significantly, according to policy and technical documentation, Sustainable Communities appears to address the future at both molar and molecular levels, and through a focus on obduracy in ordinary, banal, everyday spaces (rather than in exceptional or border architectures). My analysis is, however, interwoven with attention to the ‘becoming lively’ of urban architectures. Drawing on a large, ethnographic research project, this paper offers three navigational aids to understanding how professionalised deployments of ‘liveability’ become co-opted into, resisted by, or creatively reinterpreted through, practices of inhabitation by residents of sustainable communities.
Whole-grain feeding for chicken-meat production: possible mechanisms driving enhanced energy utilisation and feed conversion
Authors: Liu Sonia Yun , Truong Ha H. , Selle Peter H.
Published: March 2014

The practice of offering some whole grain to broiler chickens alongside a balancing concentrate is meeting increasing acceptance in certain regions, including Europe, Canada and Australia. Whole-grain feeding (WGF) regimes provide economic advantages by effectively reducing feed costs but, to varying extents, WGF regimes also generate improvements in energy utilisation and feed conversion efficiency. However, the context in which these improvements are best realised has yet to be defined adequately. The outstanding response to WGF is the development of heavier relative gizzard weights; however, the causative factors and biophysical and biochemical consequences of heavier, and presumably more functional, gizzards have not been properly investigated. It follows that heavier gizzards would enhance the initiation of protein digestion by pepsin and hydrochloric acid and facilitate amylase-induced starch digestion in the small intestine by the prior physical disruption of starch granules. However, it appears that improvements realised by WGF in energy utilisation and feed efficiency cannot be attributed entirely to heavier gizzards. One alternative or additional possibility is that WGF may influence starch digestive dynamics and provide more gradually or slowly digestible starch, which would benefit energy utilisation and feed efficiency. However, if this is the case, the genesis of this provision is not clear, although it may be associated with larger grain particle sizes and/or increased episodes of reverse peristalsis, but not retarded gut passage rates. The present paper reviews the essentially positive impacts of WGF on energy utilisation and feed conversion efficiency and considers the contexts in which these responses may be best realised and the possible mechanisms driving better performance under WGF regimes for chicken-meat production.
Sumoylation differentially regulates Sp1 to control cell differentiation
Authors: Gong Lili , Ji Wei-Ke , Hu Xiao-Hui , Hu Wen-Feng , Tang Xiang-Cheng , Huang Zhao-Xia , Li Ling , Liu Mugen , Xiang Shi-Hua , Wu Erxi , Woodward Zachary , Liu Yi-Zhi , Nguyen Quan Dong , Li David Wan-Cheng
Published: March 2014

Significance

The mammalian small ubiquitin-like modifiers (SUMOs) are actively involved in regulating differentiation of different cell types. However, the exact functions of SUMO1 and SUMO2/3 have not been defined. Here, we demonstrate for the first time, to our knowledge, that SUMO1 promotes cell differentiation whereas SUMO2/3 inhibits cell differentiation. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that specificity protein 1 is the major target activated by SUMO1 conjugation but is repressed by SUMO2/3-mediated sumoylation via our newly identified K683 residue, as well as the known K16 site.
Dynamic gene expression by putative hair-cell progenitors during regeneration in the zebrafish lateral line
Authors: Steiner Aaron B. , Kim Taeryn , Cabot Victoria , Hudspeth A. J.
Published: March 2014

Significance

Hearing impairment is most frequently caused by the loss of sensory hair cells in the cochlea. One potential means of alleviating hearing loss is to restore these cells, which do not naturally regenerate in mammals. The zebrafish lateral line serves as a useful model for studying hair-cell regeneration because in this system there exist progenitors, mantle cells, from which hair-cell precursors originate. We have produced zebrafish with fluorescently labeled mantle cells, isolated those cells by flow cytometry, and analyzed the transcripts that they express. We have also defined the temporal window during which mantle cells respond to hair-cell death. This approach has identified genes representing unexpected signaling pathways that may contribute to the development of treatments for hearing loss.
The origin of methanethiol in midocean ridge hydrothermal fluids
Authors: Reeves Eoghan P. , McDermott Jill M. , Seewald Jeffrey S.
Published: March 2014

Significance

Simple alkyl thiols such as methanethiol are widely speculated to spontaneously form in seafloor hot spring fluids and are implicated in facilitating the emergence of protometabolism and microbial life in early Earth hydrothermal systems, the complexation of hydrothermally derived metals, and as fuels for microbial ecosystems. Existing models suggest that methanethiol forms by nonbiological reduction of hydrothermal inorganic carbon (CO
2
or CO). We demonstrate that methanethiol is actively produced in low-temperature mixing zones of hydrothermal systems, but our data suggest it is the thermal destruction of preexisting organic matter (likely subsurface microbial biomass) that is responsible. Formation of organosulfur compounds and other degradation products during subseafloor mixing may influence the biogeochemistry of low-temperature hydrothermal fluids inhabited by microbial life.
Pivotal role of RNA-binding E3 ubiquitin ligase MEX3C in RIG-I–mediated antiviral innate immunity
Authors: Kuniyoshi Kanako , Takeuchi Osamu , Pandey Surya , Satoh Takashi , Iwasaki Hidenori , Akira Shizuo , Kawai Taro
Published: March 2014

Significance

Upon virus infection, host cells detect viral nucleic acids and induce antiviral innate immune responses by producing cytokines. The retinoic acid inducible gene-1 (RIG-I)-like receptors are cytoplasmic sensors for RNA viruses that mediate antiviral innate immunity. In this study, we identify K homology (KH) domain- and really interesting new gene (RING)-finger domain-containing MEX3C as a molecule that regulates RIG-I function. MEX3C preferentially colocalizes with viral RNA and RIG-I in cytoplasmic granules in infected cells and mediates K63-linked ubiquitination of RIG-I, which is important for activation of downstream signaling. We show that MEX3C is required for cytokine production after infection with RNA viruses that are detected by RIG-I by generating MEXC-deficient mice. Our study demonstrates a critical role of MEX3C in induction of RIGI-mediated antiviral innate immune responses.
Implicit beliefs of ability, approach‐avoidance goals and cognitive anxiety among team sport athletes
Authors: Stenling Andreas , Hassmén Peter , Holmström Stefan
Published: March 2014

People's implicit beliefs of ability have been suggested as an antecedent of achievement goal adoption, which has in turn been associated with behavioural, cognitive and affective outcomes. This study examined a conditional process model with team sport athletes' approach‐avoidance achievement goals as mediators between their implicit beliefs of sport ability and sport‐related cognitive anxiety. We expected gender to moderate the paths from implicit beliefs of ability to approach‐avoidance goals and from approach‐avoidance goals to cognitive anxiety. Team sport athletes with a mean age of 20 years (163 females and 152 males) responded to questionnaires about their implicit beliefs of sport ability, approach‐avoidance goals and sport‐related cognitive anxiety. Incremental beliefs, gender and the interaction between them predicted mastery‐approach goals. Gender also predicted mastery‐avoidance goals, with females reporting higher levels than males. Mastery‐avoidance goals, gender and the interaction between them predicted cognitive anxiety, with females reporting higher levels of anxiety than males. Entity beliefs positively predicted performance‐avoidance goals and the interaction between performance‐approach and gender predicted anxiety. The indirect effects also showed gender differences in relation to performance‐approach goals. Taken together, our results suggest that coaches trying to create a facilitating climate for their male and female athletes may be wise to consider their athletes' anxiety and achievement goal patterns as these may affect both the athletes' well‐being and performance.
Dense plasma dispersion of fast radio bursts
Authors: Tuntsov Artem V.
Published: March 2014

Stellar coronae have been invoked to explain the apparently extragalactic dispersion measures observed in fast radio bursts. This paper demonstrates that the suggested plasma densities would lead to deviations from the standard dispersion curve that are inconsistent with the data. The problem is then turned around and higher order dispersion terms are connected to the moments of the density distribution along the line of sight. The deviations quantified in three observed bursts are analysed and a lower limit on the maximum electron density is obtained in one case, although with considerable uncertainty. Selection effects are then discussed and shown to be non-restrictive in relation to plasma density, except at the lowest frequencies and highest temperatures.
Study of the Chemical Changes and Evolution of Microbiota During Sourdoughlike Fermentation of Wheat Bran
Authors: Manini Federica , Brasca Milena , Plumed‐Ferrer Carme , Morandi Stefano , Erba Daniela , Casiraghi Maria Cristina
Published: March 2014

Several studies have emphasized the possibility of enhancing nutritional properties of cereal by‐products through biotechnological processes. Bran fermentation positively affects the bioavailability of several functional compounds. Moreover, bran fermentation could increase water‐extractable arabinoxylans (WEAX), compounds with positive effects on glucose metabolism and prebiotic properties. This study was aimed at increasing the amount of bran bioactive compounds through a sourdoughlike fermentation process. Wheat bran fermentations were conducted through continuous propagation by back‐slopping of fermented bran (10% inoculum) until a stable microbiota was established, reaching high counts of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts (109 and 107 CFU/g, respectively). At each refreshment step, bacterial strains were isolated, clustered, molecularly analyzed by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA, and identified at the species level by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus curvatus, Lactobacillus sakei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus pentosaceus, and Pichia fermentans dominated the stable sourdough ecosystem. After fermentation, levels of soluble fiber increased (+30%), and WEAX and free ferulic acid were respectively fourfold and tenfold higher than in raw bran, results probably related to microbial xylan‐degrading activity, whereas phytic acid was completely degraded. These preliminary data suggest that fermented bran could be considered an interesting functional ingredient for nutritional enhancement.
Thaxtomin A Production and Virulence Are Controlled by Several bld Gene Global Regulators in Streptomyces scabies
Authors: Bignell Dawn R. D. , Francis Isolde M. , Fyans Joanna K. , Loria Rosemary
Published: March 2014

Streptomyces scabies is the main causative agent of common scab disease, which leads to significant annual losses to potato growers worldwide. The main virulence factor produced by S. scabies is a phytotoxic secondary metabolite called thaxtomin A, which functions as a cellulose synthesis inhibitor. Thaxtomin A production is controlled by the cluster-situated regulator TxtR, which activates expression of the thaxtomin biosynthetic genes in response to cello-oligosaccharides. Here, we demonstrate that at least five additional regulatory genes are required for wild-type levels of thaxtomin A production and plant pathogenicity in S. scabies. These regulatory genes belong to the bld gene family of global regulators that control secondary metabolism or morphological differentiation in Streptomyces spp. Quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction showed that expression of the thaxtomin biosynthetic genes was significantly downregulated in all five bld mutants and, in four of these mutants, this downregulation was attributed to the reduction in expression of txtR. Furthermore, all of the mutants displayed reduced expression of other known or predicted virulence genes, suggesting that the bld genes may function as global regulators of virulence gene expression in S. scabies.
Transcriptome Sequencing Uncovers the Avr5 Avirulence Gene of the Tomato Leaf Mold Pathogen Cladosporium fulvum
Authors: Mesarich Carl H. , Griffiths Scott A. , van der Burgt Ate , Ökmen Bilal , Beenen Henriek G. , Etalo Desalegn W. , Joosten Matthieu H. A. J. , de Wit Pierre J. G. M.
Published: March 2014

The Cf-5 gene of tomato confers resistance to strains of the fungal pathogen Cladosporium fulvum carrying the avirulence gene Avr5. Although Cf-5 has been cloned, Avr5 has remained elusive. We report the cloning of Avr5 using a combined bioinformatic and transcriptome sequencing approach. RNA-Seq was performed on the sequenced race 0 strain (0WU; carrying Avr5), as well as a race 5 strain (IPO 1979; lacking a functional Avr5 gene) during infection of susceptible tomato. Forty-four in planta–induced C. fulvum candidate effector (CfCE) genes of 0WU were identified that putatively encode a secreted, small cysteine-rich protein. An expressed transcript sequence comparison between strains revealed two polymorphic CfCE genes in IPO 1979. One of these conferred avirulence to IPO 1979 on Cf-5 tomato following complementation with the corresponding 0WU allele, confirming identification of Avr5. Complementation also led to increased fungal biomass during infection of susceptible tomato, signifying a role for Avr5 in virulence. Seven of eight race 5 strains investigated escape Cf-5-mediated resistance through deletion of the Avr5 gene. Avr5 is heavily flanked by repetitive elements, suggesting that repeat instability, in combination with Cf-5-mediated selection pressure, has led to the emergence of race 5 strains deleted for the Avr5 gene.
First Report of Fusarium Wilt in Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) Caused by Fusarium oxysporum in China
Authors: Liu Y. H. , Lin T. , Ye C. S. , Zhang C. Q.
Published: March 2014

Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) production is developing quickly in China with about 20,000 ha presently cultivated. In 2010 in Lin'an, Zhejiang Province, plants developed an apparently new disease of blueberry (cv. Duke) with symptoms consisting of wilting of foliage, stunting of plants, and reduced fruit yields. Internal vascular and cortical tissues of plant crowns showed a brown to orange discoloration. Approximately 3% of the plants in the commercial plantings were affected and eventually died after 50 to 60 days. Infected plant samples (stems and roots) collected from different fields were surface sterilized with 1.5% sodium hypochlorite for 2 min, rinsed in water, plated on 2% potato dextrose agar (PDA), and incubated at 25°C in the dark for 1 week. Single conidium cultures were consistently isolated and cultured on acidified PDA (APDA) for morphological characterization (1,2). Colonies were light with purple mycelia, and beige or orange reverse colony colors developed after 7 days incubation at 25°C. Colonies producing abundant microconidia and macroconidia. Microconidia were hyaline and oval-ellipsoid to cylindrical (3.9 to 9.6 × 1.1 to 3.4 μm). Macroconidia were 3 to 5 septate and fusoid-subulate with a pedicellate base (28.6 to 37.5 × 3.3 to 4.2 μm). Morphology and development of macroconidia and microconida were consistent with a description of Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl (1,2). The ribosomal internal transcribed spacers ITS1 and ITS2 of eight isolates were amplified using primers ITS1/ITS4 on DNA extracted from mycelium and nucleotide sequences showed 100% similarity to that of F. oxysporum. To confirm pathogenicity, 20 blueberry plants (cv. Duke) were inoculated by dipping the roots into a conidial suspension (107 conidia per ml) for 30 min. The inoculated plants were transplanted into pots containing sterilized peat and maintained at 25°C and 100% relative humidity in a growth chamber with a daily 12-h photoperiod of fluorescent light. The pathogenicity test was conducted twice. Within 40 days, all inoculated plants developed wilt symptoms similar to that observed in the field. No symptoms were observed on plants dipped into distilled water. The fungus was successfully re-isolated from crowns and roots cultured on APDA, exhibiting morphological characteristics identical to F. oxysporum (1,2), confirming Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of blueberry wilt caused by Fusarium.

References: (1) P. M. Kirk et al. The Dictionary of the Fungi, 10th edition, page 159. CABI Bioscience, Wallingford, UK, 2008. (2) W. C. Snyder and H. N. Hansen. Am. J. Bot. 27:64, 1940.
Genetic Analysis of Resistance to Leaf Rust and Stripe Rust in Wheat Cultivar Francolin#1
Authors: Lan C. X. , Singh R. P. , Huerta-Espino J. , Calvo-Salazar V. , Herrera-Foessel S. A.
Published: March 2014

Leaf rust and stripe rust are important diseases of wheat and can be controlled by growing resistant varieties. We investigated the genetic basis of resistance to both rusts in 198 F5 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between ‘Avocet’ and ‘Francolin#1’. The population was phenotyped in greenhouse and field, and genotyped with known gene-associated molecular markers. Seedling resistance of Francolin#1 to leaf and stripe rusts was attributed to the loosely linked genes Lr16 and YrF, respectively, with a recombination frequency of 0.36. Field segregation indicated that adult plant resistance (APR) to leaf and stripe rusts was conferred by three and five additive genes, respectively. Among them, Lr46/Yr29 was associated with resistance to both rusts in Francolin#1, Lr16 reduced field leaf rust severity by 8 to 9%, and YrF contributed to 10 to 25% reductions in stripe rust severity. The Lr16 region was also associated with a 5 to 16% reduction in stripe rust severity, which is likely due to its linkage with YrF or another unidentified stripe rust APR gene. Significant additive effects on stripe rust were detected between YrF and Yr29. We conclude that APR in Francolin#1 to leaf and stripe rusts involves a combination of seedling and APR genes.
Epidural Catheter Design
Authors: Toledano Roulhac D. , Tsen Lawrence C.
Published: March 2014

Epidural catheters have evolved during the past several decades, as clinicians and manufacturers have sought to influence the quality of analgesia and anesthesia and reduce the incidence of catheter-related complications. This evolution has allowed a transformation from single-shot to continuous-infusion techniques and resulted in easier passage into the epidural space, more extensive medication distribution, and ultimately, improved patient satisfaction. Particular catheter features, including the materials used, tip design, and orifice number and arrangement, have been associated with specific outcomes and provide direction for future development.
Non-Cell-Autonomous Regulation of Root Hair Patterning Genes byWRKY75in Arabidopsis
Authors: Rishmawi Louai , Pesch Martina , Juengst Christian , Schauss Astrid C. , Schrader Andrea , Hülskamp Martin
Published: March 2014

In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), root hairs are formed in cell files over the cleft of underlying cortex cells. This pattern is established by a well-known gene regulatory network of transcription factors. In this study, we show that WRKY75 suppresses root hair development in nonroot hair files and that it represses the expression of TRIPTYCHON and CAPRICE. The WRKY75 protein binds to the CAPRICE promoter in a yeast one-hybrid assay. Binding to the promoter fragment requires an intact WRKY protein-binding motif, the W box. A comparison of the spatial expression of WRKY75 and the localization of the WRKY75 protein revealed that WRKY75 is expressed in the pericycle and vascular tissue and that the WRKY75 RNA or protein moves into the epidermis.
Plastid Osmotic Stress Activates Cellular Stress Responses in Arabidopsis
Authors: Wilson Margaret E. , Basu Meera R. , Bhaskara Govinal Badiger , Verslues Paul E. , Haswell Elizabeth S.
Published: March 2014

Little is known about cytoplasmic osmoregulatory mechanisms in plants, and even less is understood about how the osmotic properties of the cytoplasm and organelles are coordinately regulated. We have previously shown that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants lacking functional versions of the plastid-localized mechanosensitive ion channels Mechanosensitive Channel of Small Conductance-Like2 (MSL2) and MSL3 contain leaf epidermal plastids under hypoosmotic stress, even during normal growth and development. Here, we use the msl2 msl3 mutant as a model to investigate the cellular response to constitutive plastid osmotic stress. Under unstressed conditions, msl2 msl3 seedlings exhibited several hallmarks of drought or environmental osmotic stress, including solute accumulation, elevated levels of the compatible osmolyte proline (Pro), and accumulation of the stress hormone abscisic acid (ABA). Furthermore, msl2 msl3 mutants expressed Pro and ABA metabolism genes in a pattern normally seen under drought or osmotic stress. Pro accumulation in the msl2 msl3 mutant was suppressed by conditions that reduce plastid osmotic stress or inhibition of ABA biosynthesis. Finally, treatment of unstressed msl2 msl3 plants with exogenous ABA elicited a much greater Pro accumulation response than in the wild type, similar to that observed in plants under drought or osmotic stress. These results suggest that osmotic imbalance across the plastid envelope can elicit a response similar to that elicited by osmotic imbalance across the plasma membrane and provide evidence for the integration of the osmotic state of an organelle into that of the cell in which it resides.
Evolutionary Convergence of Cell-Specific Gene Expression in Independent Lineages of C4 Grasses
Authors: John Christopher R. , Smith-Unna Richard D. , Woodfield Helen , Covshoff Sarah , Hibberd Julian M.
Published: March 2014

Leaves of almost all C4 lineages separate the reactions of photosynthesis into the mesophyll (M) and bundle sheath (BS). The extent to which messenger RNA profiles of M and BS cells from independent C4 lineages resemble each other is not known. To address this, we conducted deep sequencing of RNA isolated from the M and BS of Setaria viridis and compared these data with publicly available information from maize (Zea mays). This revealed a high correlation (r = 0.89) between the relative abundance of transcripts encoding proteins of the core C4 pathway in M and BS cells in these species, indicating significant convergence in transcript accumulation in these evolutionarily independent C4 lineages. We also found that the vast majority of genes encoding proteins of the C4 cycle in S. viridis are syntenic to homologs used by maize. In both lineages, 122 and 212 homologous transcription factors were preferentially expressed in the M and BS, respectively. Sixteen shared regulators of chloroplast biogenesis were identified, 14 of which were syntenic homologs in maize and S. viridis. In sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), a third C4 grass, we found that 82% of these trans-factors were also differentially expressed in either M or BS cells. Taken together, these data provide, to our knowledge, the first quantification of convergence in transcript abundance in the M and BS cells from independent lineages of C4 grasses. Furthermore, the repeated recruitment of syntenic homologs from large gene families strongly implies that parallel evolution of both structural genes and trans-factors underpins the polyphyletic evolution of this highly complex trait in the monocotyledons.
2-Chloro-N-(2-chlorobenzoyl)-N-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-3-yl)benzamide
Authors: Bakare Oladapo , Thompson Candice , Brandy Yakini , Butcher Ray J.
Published: March 2014

In the title compound, C24H17Cl2N3O3, the quinazolinone ring system is close to planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.0132 Å), with the imide unit almost perpendicular to it, subtending a dihedral angle of 89.1 (1)°. However, the imide unit itself is not planar, the dihedral angle between the two O=C—N components being 34.6 (1)°. The dihedral angle between the two chlorobenzene rings is 40.50 (7)°, while the angles between these rings and the imide moiety are 54.6 (1) and 58.2 (1)°, respectively. The dihedral angles between the 2-chlorophenyl rings and the quinazolinone ring system are 48.77 (5) and 32.92 (7)° for ringsAandB, respectively. In the crystal, weak C—H...O interactions link the molecules into a three-dimensional array.
3-(Diphenylamino)isobenzofuran-1(3H)-one
Authors: Moreno-Fuquen Rodolfo , Castillo Juan C. , Abonia Rodrigo , Ellena Javier , Tenorio Juan C.
Published: March 2014

In the title isobenzofuranone derivative, C20H15NO2, the planar fused-ring system (r.m.s. deviation for the 10 fitted atoms = 0.031 Å) forms dihedral angles of 63.58 (6) and 63.17 (8)° with the N-bound phenyl rings; the dihedral angle between the planes of these phenyl rings is 85.92 (7)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked by weak C—H...O interactions, involving both O atoms, forming helical supramolecular chains along [001].
{2-[(1H-Indol-3-ylmethylidene)amino]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-3-yl}(phenyl)methanone
Authors: Kaur Manpreet , Jasinski Jerry P. , Yamuna Thammarse S. , Yathirajan H. S. , Byrappa K.
Published: March 2014

The title compound, C24H20N2OS, crystallizes with two independent molecules (AandB) in the asymmetric unit, in each of which the cyclohexene rings adopt half-chair conformations. The mean plane of the indole ring is twisted from those of the phenyl and thiophene rings by 69.0 (7) and 8.3 (5)°, respectively, in moleculeAand by 65.4 (9) and 6.7 (5)°, respectively, in moleculeB. The dihedral angles between the mean planes of the phenyl and thiophene rings are 63.0 (4) and 58.8 (9)° in moleculesAandB, respectively. In the crystal, N—H...O hydrogen bonds lead to the formation of an infinite chain along [101]. In addition, π–π stacking interactions are observed involving the thiophene and pyrrole rings of the two molecules, with a shortest intercentroid distance of 3.468 (2) Å.
Chloridobis(1,10-phenanthroline-κ2N,N′)copper(II) chlorido(1,10-phenanthroline-κ2N,N′)(pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylato-κ3O2,N,O6)manganate(II) methanol monosolvate
Authors: Buvailo Halyna I. , Rusanova Julia A. , Makhankova Valeriya G. , Kokozay Vladimir N. , Zubatyuk Roman I.
Published: March 2014

The title complex, [CuCl(C12H8N2)2][Mn(C7H3NO4)Cl(C12H8N2)]·CH3OH, consists of discrete [CuCl(phen)2]+cations (phen is 1,10-phenanthroline), [MnCl(pydc)(phen)]−anions (H2pydc is 2,6-pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid) and one methanol solvent molecule of crystallization per asymmetric unit. It should be noted, that a solvent-masking procedure as implemented inOLEX2[Dolomanovet al.(2009).J. Appl. Cryst.42, 339–341] was used to remove the electronic contribution from one disordered solvent molecule, presumably methanol. Only the atoms used in the refined model are reported in chemical formula and related values. The CuIIion is five-coordinated by two phenanthroline ligands and one chloride ion in a distorted trigonal–bipyramidal geometry. The dihedral angle between the phen ligands is 65.21 (5)°. The MnIIion is six-coordinated by one Cl atom, two N atoms from a phen ligand, as well one N atom and two O atoms from pydc in a distorted octahedral coordination geometry, withcisangles ranging from 72.00 (8) to 122.07 (8)° andtransangles ranging from 143.98 (8) to 163.15 (6)°. In the crystal, C—H...O, O—H...O and C—H...Cl hydrogen bonds, cation–anion π–π interactions between the phen ring systems with centroid–centroid distances in the range 3.881 (34)–4.123 (36) Å, as well as cation–cation, anion–anion π–π interactions between the phen rings with centroid–centroid distances in the range 3.763 (4)–3.99 (5) Å and pydc rings with centroid–centroid distances 3.52 (5) Å link the various components.
1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5(4H)-one
Authors: Kattimani Pramod P. , Kamble Ravindra R. , Kumbar Mahadev N. , Arunkashi H. K. , Devarajegowda H. C.
Published: March 2014

In the title compound, C8H6ClN3O, the dihedral angle between the 1,2,4-triazole and benzene rings is 4.60 (9)° and an intramolecular C—H...O interaction closes anS(6) ring. In the crystal, inversion dimers linked by pairs of N—H...O hydrogen bonds generateR22(8) loops and C—H...O interactions link the dimers into [100] chains. Weak π–π stacking interactions [centroid–centroid distance = 3.644 (1) Å] are also observed.
12-{[4-(4-Bromophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]methyl}-9α-hydroxy-4,8-dimethyl-3,14-dioxatricyclo[9.3.0.02,4]tetradec-7-en-13-one
Authors: Loubidi Mohamed , Benharref Ahmed , El Ammari Lahcen , Saadi Mohamed , Berraho Moha
Published: March 2014

The title compound, C25H33BrN2O4, was synthesized from 9α-hydroxyparthenolide (9α-hydroxy-4,8-dimethyl-12-methylen-3,14-dioxa-tricyclo[9.3.0.02,4]tetradec-7-en-13-one), which was isolated from the chloroform extract of the aerial parts ofAnvillea radiata. The molecule is built up from two fused five- and ten-membered rings with an additional epoxy ring system and a bromophenylpiperazine group as a substituent. The ten-membered ring adopts an approximate chair–chair–chair conformation, while the piperazine ring displays a chair conformation and the five-membered ring shows an envelope conformation with the C atom closest to the hydroxy group forming the flap. An intramolecular O—H...N hydrogen bond stabilizes the molecular conformation. The crystal packing features C—H...O hydrogen bonds, which link the molecules into zigzag chains running along theb-axis direction.
1-Hydroxyisoquinolin-2-ium hydrogen succinate
Authors: Ambalatharasu S. , Sankar A. , Peramaiyan G. , Chakkaravarthi G. , Kanagadurai R.
Published: March 2014

In the title salt, C9H8NO+·C4H5O4−, the isoquinolinium ring system is approximately planar [r.m.s deviation = 0.011 (2) Å]. In the crystal, adjacent cations and anions are linked by O—H...O and N—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming columns along thebaxis. The columns are connected by weak C—H...O interactions into a three-dimensional network.
1-(Furan-2-yl)-2-(2H-indazol-2-yl)ethanone
Authors: Özel Güven Özden , Türk Gökhan , Adler Philip D. F. , Coles Simon J. , Hökelek Tuncer
Published: March 2014

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C13H10N2O2, contains two crystallographically independent molecules (AandB). The indazole ring systems are approximately planar [maximum deviations = 0.0037 (15) and −0.0198 (15) Å], and their mean planes are oriented at 80.10 (5) and 65.97 (4)° with respect to the furan rings in moleculesAandB, respectively. In the crystal, pairs of C—H...N hydrogen bonds link theBmolecules, forming inversion dimers. These dimers are bridged by theAmoleculesviaC—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming sheets parallel to (011). There are also C—H...π interactions present, and π–π interactions between neighbouring furan and the indazole rings [centroid–centroid distance = 3.8708 (9) Å] of inversion-related molecules, forming a three-dimensional structure.
Mechanisms, kinetics, impurities and defects: consequences in macromolecular crystallization
Authors: McPherson Alexander , Kuznetsov Yurii G.
Published: March 2014

The nucleation and growth of protein, nucleic acid and virus crystals from solution are functions of underlying kinetic and thermodynamic parameters that govern the process, and these are all supersaturation-dependent. While the mechanisms of macromolecular crystal growth are essentially the same as for conventional crystals, the underlying parameters are vastly different, in some cases orders of magnitude lower, and this produces very different crystallization processes. Numerous physical features of macromolecular crystals are of serious interest to X-ray diffractionists; the resolution limit and mosaicity, for example, reflect the degree of molecular and lattice order. The defect structure of crystals has an impact on their response to flash-cooling, and terminal crystal size is dependent on impurity absorption and incorporation. The variety and extent of these issues are further unique to crystals of biological macromolecules. All of these features are amenable to study using atomic force microscopy, which provides direct images at the nanoscale level. Some of those images are presented here.
The Interest of Reason Is to Go Without God. Jacobi's Polemic Against Philosophical Theology
Authors: Jonkers Peter
Published: March 2014

Jacobi's polemics against philosophical theology is meant to show that neither Spinoza, nor Kant, nor Fichte nor Schelling have been able to think God as a person, that is as a free, intelligent being. In order to elucidate Jacobi's position I focus on two less well‐known texts of his, viz., A Few Comments Concerning Pious Fraud (1788) and Of Divine Things and Their Revelation (1811). In the second section I situate two key philosophical theological concepts — deism and theism — against the broader context of modern philosophy. The third section analyses Jacobi's polemic against deism, followed by an examination of his positive attitude towards theism and an explanation of the reasons why he, at the end of his life, came to identify theism with deism and extended the negative meaning of the latter term to the former. In the final section, I give an outline of Jacobi's alternative idea of philosophical theology.
The Colonial Religion of the Anglican Clergy: Western Australia 1830 to c. 1870
Authors: Strong Rowan
Published: March 2014

This article sets out to remedy an historiographical oversight in Australian history by identifying the principal characteristics of the religious culture of Anglican clergy in the colony of Western Australia between 1830 and about 1870. Using sources, both personal from clergy or clergy wives, and official correspondence with the colonial governments, and clergy correspondence to mission societies and their bishop, a number of features of clergy religion are delineated. They enable a comparison to be made between metropolitan and colonial Anglican clergy cultures. These include anxieties about status and income; the involvement of the clergy in charity, education, church building, and public worship; isolation and religious competition. While many of these were familiar to English clergy, they took on new aspects in the colonial context, which required the clergy there to become conscious that the colony was a new land, however much they attempted to remake it in their own ecclesiastical image.
The Deep History of Ritual and Mythology: New Terrain in the Study of Religion
Authors: Tsonis Jack
Published: March 2014

Over the last two decades new forms of macrohistory have emerged that unite broad scientific timescales with the shorter timescales of human history. But although we have witnessed major strides in “big history” alongside a slew of works on the evolution of human culture, up to now there has been little sustained integration of the new paradigms with traditional fields of humanistic scholarship. This is particularly the case with “evolutionary” treatments of religion. However, a connection has finally been established, and the two provocative books reviewed in this article have opened up new terrain in the study of religion. The review is largely descriptive but closes by noting several reservations about both works.