bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selection of pairs for intervarietal crossing of root chicory
Authors: Vyutnova O. M. , Smirnova I. V. , Evseeva E. A. , Polyanina T. Yu. , Ratnikova N. A. , Novikova I. A.
Published: March 2021

Relevance. Modern agricultural production requires the creation of varieties that combine high productivity, quality, and adaptability. Taking into account the development trends of modern agriculture towards multiplicity, it is necessary to improve and expand the assortment, helping to meet the needs of both large and small producers of agricultural products. Due to the lack of material and human resources in the agricultural sector, there is a clear need for varieties and hybrids adapted to industrial cultivation and storage technologies. Existing zoned varieties of root chicory have a root crop length of 40 cm or more, and the soils of the area of cycoroseeding are mainly heavy in mechanical composition, where the use of digging devices to such a depth is impossible. Production requires varieties with a short root crop, which has the main mass concentrated in the upper part.

Methods. The purpose of this work is to identify valuable genotypes in the soil and climate conditions of the non-Chernozem zone of the Russian Federation among the variety of varieties of chicory root of different ecological and geographical origin for use in the creation of the source material of selection by inter-port crosses.

Results. When creating the source material for the selection of root chicory by the method of intervarietal crosses, one of the parents should choose local intrazonal varieties adapted to the soil and climatic conditions of the zone (Yaroslavsky, Gavrilov-Yamsky), and the second – off-zonal varieties with economically valuable qualities (short root crop, high yields and chemical-technological indicators, resistance to root rot) and donors of these traits (Kharpachi, Sleszka, BilogorkaOS-2, BilogorkaOS-3, Rexor, Wixor, Luxor).
Influence of agricultural cultivation techniques on the quality of milk thistle fruits
Authors: Kilyanova T. V. , Nemtsev S. N.
Published: March 2021

Relevance. The research is aimed at developing elements of technology for cultivating milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.). Such elements as the timing and methods of sowing, the seeding rate, and weed control measures are presented here. The research was carried out on leached Chernozem soils of the Middle Volga region in a temperate continental climate.

Results. The effectiveness of early spring ordinary crops, allowing to increase the content of oil– up to 33%, protein – up to 16%, was established. The methods used allow to increase the oil harvest from 1 ha by an average of 14%, in comparison with wide-row sowing, which is a significant indicator in the cultivation of the crop. The use of agrotechnical methods of weed control provided an increase in the yield of milk thistle seeds by an average of 0.16 t/ha, in comparison with the control.
The Meaning of Accelerated Motion
Authors: Li Qing
Published: March 2021

Abstract Unlike accelerated motion or curvalinear motion,a nonlinear motion state(non-inertial system) can be described by differential equations or the other algebric equations in axiom 2, the accelerated motion in axiom 3 can be considered to be described by using the equation of the linear and curvilinear process of the continuum extending to infinitely distance.Further, this linear and curvilinear process of the continuum is a quantitative continuum in essence as a unity of infinitely quantities and infinitely dimensions at infinite distance (infinity) relative to all orientations in which we exist. These indicates that an accelerated motion accumulates continuously started from a finite quantities, leaping to transit from finite to infinite quantities by an infinitely great accelerating force.
The Role of Self-Regulated Learning on Students' English Achievement
Authors: Nadhif Ahmad , Rohmatika Indah
Published: March 2021

The objective of this study is to measure whether there is a significant influence of self-regulated learning (based on the theory of Barry J Zimmerman and Timothy Cleary) on the English achievement of the students in the first grade of MA Al-Islam Joresan Mlarak Ponorogo in Academic Year 2018/2019. This research applies an ex-post facto design, which uses questionnaires and documentation as the data collection technique. The data were analyzed through a simple linear regression formula by using SPSS 23.00 for windows. The finding showsa significant influence on self-regulated learning on the students' English learning achievement. The value of the F-test proved it was higher than F-table. F-test 41.615 >F-table 3.19. The significance value was 0.000, which was lower than 0.05, and the equational regression model was Y=81.551 + 0.145X.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur apakah ada pengaruh yang signifikan dari self-regulated learning (berdasarkan teori Barry J Zimmerman and Timothy  Cleary) terhadap prestasi Bahasa Inggris siswa MA Al-Islam Joresan Mlarak Ponorogo Tahun Pelajaran 2018/2019. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah ex-post facto, dengan populasi seluruh siswa kelas 1, dan sample sebanyak 148 siswa. Teknik sampling yang digunakan adalah Proportion-version Cochran. Data dikumpulkan dengan cara menyebar kuisioner dan mengumpulkan dokumentasi nailai raport, yang kemudian dianalisa dengan rumus regresi linear menggunakan SPSS 23.00 windows. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan dari self-regulated learning terhadap prestasi Bahasa Inggris siswa. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan nilai F-test 41.615, yang lebih tinggi daripada F-table 3.19. Nilai signifikansinya adalah 0.000, yaitu lebih rendah dari 0.05; dan persamaan model regresinya adalah Y=81.551 + 0.145X.
Development and Validation of A Nomogram for Predicting the Overall Survival of Patients with Testicular Cancer
Authors: Yu Haohui , Feng Bin , Zhang Yunrui , Lyu Jun
Published: March 2021

Background

The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a nomogram containing multiple predictors for the survival of testicular cancer patients.
Methods

Testicular cancer patients diagnosed between 2004 and 2015 from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database were selected for this study. A random sampling method was used to divide patients into training and validation cohorts, which accounted for 30% and 70% of the total sample, respectively. The nomogram was developed using the training cohort and evaluated using the C index, calibration chart, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). The same method was applied to the validation cohort to verify the nomogram.
Results

Seven risk factors that affect the survival of testicular cancer patients (AJCC stage, marital status, age at diagnosis, race, SEER historic stage A, surgery status, and origin) were identified using Cox proportional hazard regression analysis. The training cohort was used to construct a nomogram. The nomogram has a higher C index (0.897) and AUC when compared with the AJCC staging system. The validation cohort was used to verify the nomogram, which has a higher C index and AUC when compared with the AJCC staging system. The results of the calibration chart of the nomogram show that the predicted survival of testicular cancer patients at 3, 5, and 10 years after diagnosis is very close to their actual survival.
Conclusions

We developed and validated a nomogram for predicting the survival rate of testicular cancer patients at 3, 5, and 10 years after diagnosis. This nomogram has better discrimination, calibration, and clinical validity than the AJCC staging system. This indicates that the nomogram can be used to predict the survival of testicular cancer patients effectively, and provide a reference for patient treatment strategies.
The Relationship Between Spiritual Well-Being and Perceived Social Support in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: nazari Fatemeh , Shaygannejad Vahid
Published: March 2021

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common neurological disease with disabling consequences. Social support is an important aspect of performance among patients and attention to perceived social support as a factor influencing health promotion is essential. Therefore, this study was performed with the aim to determine the relationship between spiritual well-being and perceived social support in patients with MS.Methods: This cross-sectional and correlational study was conducted on 120 patients with MS. The participants were over 18 years of age and referred to the MS Clinic of Kashani Hospital, Isfahan‎, Iran. The subjects were selected using convenience sampling. Data were collected using questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS software. P-values of less than 0.05 were considered significant.Results: The mean (SD) disease duration and age of participants were 8.1 (5.9) and 33.67 (8.7) years, respectively. Moreover, 75.9% of the participants were women and 76.1% were married. The mean score of spiritual well-being was 87.08. The mean score of perceived social support was 61.52 (14.9). Pearson correlation test indicated a direct relationship between spiritual well-being and the total score of perceived social support (r = 0.415, P < 0.001) and the emotional (r = 0.328, P = 0.004) and informational (r = 0.311, P = 0.006) dimensions, but not the instrumental dimension (r = 0.197, P = 0.081). Multiple linear regression analysis showed a significant correlation between spiritual health and social support in the emotional dimension (P < 0.05)Conclusion: This study confirmed the relation between perceived social support and spiritual well-being of people with MS. Thus, it is necessary that perceived social support, as a strong predictor of spiritual health status, is considered in the designing of health promotion interventions for patients with MS.
Monitoring of molecular profiling of regulatory T cell biomarkers by using non- invasive strategies to predict outcome in renal transplantation
Authors: Canossi Angelica , Iesari Samuele , Lai Quirino , Ciavatta Simone , Beato Tiziana Del , Panarese Alessandra , Binda Barbara , Tessitore Alessandra , Papola Franco , Pisani Francesco
Published: March 2021

Background. T-cell mediated acute rejection (aTCMR) is still an issue in kidney transplantation for it is associated with chronic rejection, graft loss, and overall worse outcomes. For these reasons, a standard non-invasive molecular tool to detect is desirable to offer a simpler monitoring of kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). The purpose of our study was to examine, in peripheral blood before and after transplantation, the expression patterns of regulatory T cell (Treg)-related genes: the forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) and the two CTLA-4 isoforms (full-length and soluble) to predict aTCMR onset, de novo donor-specific antibodies (DSA) development and renal dysfunction one year after transplantation. Methods. We profiled by using a relative quantification analysis (qRT-PCR 2-∆∆CT) the circulating mRNA levels of these biomarkers in peripheral blood of 89 KTRs within the first post-transplant year (at baseline and 15, 60, 365 days after transplantation and when possible at acute rejection) and compared the results with 24 healthy controls. Results. The three mRNA levels drastically reduced 15 days after transplantation and gradually recovered at one year in comparison with baseline, with very low levels by the time of aTCMR for FOXP3 (RQ=0.445, IQR=0.086-1.264, p=0.040). Healthy controls exhibited higher FOXP3 levels than patients at baseline (median RQ: 2.132, IQR=1.664-2.895 vs. p=0.005). Noteworthy, solCTLA-4 displayed a dual profile: on the one hand, at multivariate analysis solCTLA-4 transcripts at 15 days were associated with an increased risk of aTCMR over time (HR=3.905, 95%CI: 0.958-15.916, p=0.050), and graft dysfunction at one year (AOR=3.683, 95%CI=1.165-12.079, p=0.027); on the other hand, pre-transplant levels showed a protective association with de novo DSAs development (HR=0.189, 95%CI=0.078-0.459, p<0.001). Conclusions. Peripheral blood mRNA levels of Treg-associated molecules might help shape immunosuppression, tailor monitoring and achieve a better long-term clinical course of kidney transplantation in the wake of “precision medicine”. While the potential of these molecules as a therapeutic target needs further investigation, we found out preliminary evidence that solCTLA-4 can qualify as a candidate non-invasive biomarker of cellular and humoral alloreactivity in clinical transplantation.
Molecular Evolution of APP family proteins: Rapid Evolution of the Mammalian APLP1 as a Synaptic Adhesion Molecule
Authors: Onodera Wataru , Asahi Toru , Sawamura Naoya
Published: March 2021

Amyloid precursor protein (APP) family members are involved in essential neuronal activities, and dysfunction of APP family members leads to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease. Among the APP gene family members, amyloid precursor-like protein 1 (APLP1) is selectively expressed in neurons and has specialized functions during synaptogenesis. Although a potential role for APLP1 in neuronal evolution has been indicated, its precise evolutionary and functional contributions are unknown. This study shows the molecular evolution of the vertebrate APP family based on phylogenetic analysis, while contrasting the evolutionary differences within the APP family. Phylogenetic analysis showed 15 times higher substitution rate that is driven by positive selection at the stem branch of the mammalian APLP1, resulting in dissimilar protein sequences compared to APP/APLP2. Docking simulation identified one positively selected site in APLP1 that alters the heparin-binding site, which could affect its function, and dimerization rate. Furthermore, the evolutionary rate covariation between the mammalian APP family and synaptic adhesion molecules (SAMs) was confirmed, indicating that only APLP1 has evolved to gain synaptic adhesion property. Overall, our results suggest that the enhanced synaptogenesis property of APLP1 as one of the SAMs may have played a role in mammalian brain evolution.
Intrusion Detection System Combined Enhanced Random Forest With Smote Algorithm
Authors: Tao Wu , Honghui Fan , HongJin Zhu , CongZhe You , HongYan Zhou , XianZhen Huang
Published: March 2021

Network security is subject to malicious attacks from multiple sources, and intrusion detection systems (IDS) play a key role in maintaining network security. During the training of intrusion detection models, the detection results generally have relatively large false detection rates due to the shortage of training data caused by data imbalance. To address the existing sample imbalance problem, this paper proposed a network intrusion detection algorithm based on enhanced random forest and Synthetic Minority Over-Sampling Technique (SMOTE) algorithm. Firstly, the method used a hybrid algorithm combining the K-means clustering algorithm with the SMOTE sampling algorithm to increase the number of minor samples and thus achieved a balanced data set, by which the sample features of minor samples could be learned more effectively. Secondly, preliminary prediction result was obtained by using enhanced random forest, and then the similarity matrix of network attacks was used to correct the prediction results of voting processing by the analysis of the type of network attacks. In this paper, the performance was tested using the NSL-KDD dataset with a classification accuracy of 99.72% on the training set and 78.47% on the test set. Compared with other related papers, our method has some improvement in the classification accuracy of detection.
Exploring the Relationship of Competency, Management Best Practices, and Employee Performance in a Palm Oil Mill Company
Authors: Evianisa Hermailinda , Sukmawati Anggraini , Setiawan Slamet Alim
Published: March 2021

In managing human resources, management is required to find appropriate competency development. The employees need to know what competency indicators they have and should have. It needs to be done to encourage the best practices provided by management to improve employee performance. The research aimed to identify the competency of human resources and management best practices related to advancing employee performance in a palm oil mill company. The research used a quantitative approach. The studied company was Talopino palm oil mill unit in Seluma Regency, Bengkulu owned by PT Perkebunan Nusantara VII Lampung (PTPN VII Lampung). The research was conducted from July to November 2019. The used data were primary and secondary data. Primary data were obtained by interviews and questionnaires with 76 employees in the company. The indicators were adapted from several previous researchers. The research analyzed the data using the Likert scale and Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The result shows several implications. First, competency affects employee performance in the palm oil mill company. Second, competency has an insignificant result on management best practices. Third, management best practices affect employee performance. The research can provide information to companies in enhancing the employees’ competency with strategic steps in the era of globalization.
2-Substituted-mercapto-quinazolin-4(3H)-ones as DHFR Inhibitors
Authors: El-Subbagh Hussein I. , Sabry Mohamed A.
Published: March 2021

Antifolates are a class of drugs used as antibacterial, antiparasitic, and anticancer agents.
This review focuses on 2-substituted-mercapto-quinazolin-4(3H)-one analogues as dihydrofolatereductase
(DHFR) inhibitors. Several research work have concluded a structural model for this class
of 2-thio-quinazoline derivatives to get compounds with remarkable biological activity. The pattern
and orientation of the p-system substitutions with regard to the quinazoline nucleus manipulate the
activity. The application of the obtained model criteria produced compounds 18, 20 and 21, which
proved to be 4-8 times more active than the reference drug methotrexate (MTX, 1).
Social Media and Health Care, Part I: Literature Review of Social Media Use by Health Care Providers
Authors: Farsi Deema
Published: March 2021

Background

As the world continues to advance technologically, social media (SM) is becoming an essential part of billions of people’s lives worldwide and is affecting almost every industry imaginable. As the world is becoming more digitally oriented, the health care industry is increasingly visualizing SM as an important channel for health care promotion, employment, recruiting new patients, marketing for health care providers (HCPs), building a better brand name, etc. HCPs are bound to ethical principles toward their colleagues, patients, and the public in the digital world as much as in the real world.

Objective

This review aims to shed light on SM use worldwide and to discuss how it has been used as an essential tool in the health care industry from the perspective of HCPs.

Methods

A literature review was conducted between March and April 2020 using MEDLINE, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science for all English-language medical studies that were published since 2007 and discussed SM use in any form for health care. Studies that were not in English, whose full text was not accessible, or that investigated patients’ perspectives were excluded from this part, as were reviews pertaining to ethical and legal considerations in SM use.

Results

The initial search yielded 83 studies. More studies were included from article references, and a total of 158 studies were reviewed. SM uses were best categorized as health promotion, career development or practice promotion, recruitment, professional networking or destressing, medical education, telemedicine, scientific research, influencing health behavior, and public health care issues.

Conclusions

Multidimensional health care, including the pairing of health care with SM and other forms of communication, has been shown to be very successful. Striking the right balance between digital and traditional health care is important.
Benefits of Morinda citrifolia L. Fruit Extract on Methotrexate Induced Mitochondrial Toxicity – An In Vivo Study in Rat Liver Mitochondria.
Authors: Bhakti Mhatre , Thankamani Marar
Published: March 2021

Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the etiology of many drug-induced toxicities. Methotrexate (MTX), an antimetabolite and one of the folic acid antagonists, has widely been used to treat a variety of disorders such as cancer and several autoimmune disorders. It induces oxidative stress which results in many of its ill effects on different target and non-target organs, altering different metabolic pathways and interfering mitochondrial bioenergetics. Here, in our study, we have assessed the toxicity of methotrexate on rat liver mitochondria and its modulation by Morinda citrifolia L. (Noni) fruit extract. MTX significantly affects mitochondrial function, and activity of important mitochondrial enzymes such as Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and NADH dehydrogenase. Reduced Cytochrome C – oxidase activity and Reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in MTX treated group (p<0.001) was also observed. An increase in the activity of calcium dependent ATPase (Ca2+ dependent ATPase) was observed along with increase in lipid peroxidation (lpx), and significant decrease in mitochondrial protein in MTX treated groups. Liver mitochondria of animals administered with Noni extract did not show any toxicity and combination of aqueous Noni fruit extract and methotrexate showed amelioration of toxicity as compared to methotrexate alone. Our study suggests that Noni can have significant protective effect on liver injury induced by MTX. Nutraceutical supplement like antioxidants found in edible plants such as Noni may be a safe and effective way of alleviating the liver toxicity. Hence, we propose that combination of Noni and methotrexate can be potentially safer combination in cancer therapy.
Livestock grazing-induced large-scale biotic homogenization in arid Mediterranean steppe rangelands
Authors: Saifi Merdas , Kouba Yacine , Mostephaoui Tewfik , Farhi Yassine , Chenchouni Haroun
Published: March 2021

Despite many studies explored the effect of livestock grazing on plant
communities the response of species composition and diversity to
livestock grazing in arid rangelands remain ambiguous. This study
examined the effects of livestock grazing vs grazing exclusion on plant
communities in arid steppe rangelands of North Africa. Plant diversity
of annual species perennial species and all species combined was
measured and compared between grazed and grazing-excluded areas. We also
verified whether the difference in plant community composition between
the two management types was due to species spatial turnover or
community nestedness. Besides the effects of livestock grazing on beta
diversity at local among transects and landscape among sites scales were
examined using the multiplicative diversity partitioning. Results
revealed that livestock grazing significantly decreased the alpha
diversity of all species combined and the diversity of annual plants.
Livestock grazing induced a shift in plant community composition where
the most of species composition variation ~74% was due
to infrequent species replacement between the two management types
rather than community sub setting ~26%. The analysis of
beta diversity at different spatial scales revealed that livestock
grazing significantly increased beta diversity at the local scale but
decreased it at the landscape scale. Our findings suggest that livestock
grazing in arid steppe rangelands increases the variation of plant
composition at local spatial scale and engenders vegetation homogeneity
at coarse spatial scale. Therefore, the implementation of appropriate
management practices such as short-term grazing exclusion is mandatory
to prevent these ecosystems from large scale biotic homogenization.
Parametric optimization of friction stir welding of Al-Mg-Si alloy: A case study
Authors: Khan Nasir , Rathee Sandeep , Srivastav Manu
Published: March 2021

Al-Mg-Si alloys have wide applications in industries such as aerospace, marine, automobile, construction. In this work, newly developed friction stir welding (FSW) was utilized for joining of AA6082-T6 alloy. The effect of major FSW process variables like rotational speed, traverse speed, and shoulder diameter of tool is studied over microstructural and mechanical characteristics of friction stir welded (FSWed) joints. Experimental design was done using Taguchi method (L9 orthogonal array). Three factors viz. rotational speed, welding speed, and diameter of tool shoulder were taken at three levels each. Mathematical modelling was developed in order to optimize the tensile strength of weld joints. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was utilized to determine the percentage contribution of input variables. The results of present study exhibits that shoulder diameter, rotation, and welding speed of tool significantly affect the mechanical strength of FSWed joints.
Pengembangan Lembar Kegiatan Peserta Didik (LKPD) Berbasis Model Pembelajaran Discovery Learning Dalam Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Ekonomi
Authors: Putri Icha Okta Herdiana , Sholikhah Ni’matush
Published: March 2021

Teaching material is supporting factor for students in learning, however irrelevance of teaching material used will result not achieving the learning objectives. The purpose of worksheet developer research based on discovery learning for describe the feasibility, practicality, and effectivenes of worksheet. The method used R&D. The development model used the 4D development model from Thiagarajan included define, design, develop, and disseminate. But in the step disseminate was not conducted in this study. The trial design used was Pre-Experiment Design form of One Group Pretest-Posttest. For data collection techniques using validation sheets, student questionnaire responses, and sheets of pretest and posttest. The Results showed that: 1) the result of the validation of the material experts get a percentage of 84.8%, learning experts by 75%, graphic experts by 77.14%, and evaluation experts by 99.73%. The average validation results get a percentage of 84.16% included in the very feasible criteria; 2) student responses get a percentage of 89.71% included in the very feasible criteria; 3) student learning outcomes get an n-gain of 0.72 included in the high criteria. Based on the results it can be concluded that worksheet developed is feasible, effective, and practically used as theaching material.
Teachers' and Students' Perceptions of Teaching Games for Understanding Approach in Physical Education Lessons
Authors: CRUZ Alberto
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The purpose of this study was to investigate teachers' and students' perceptions toward the implementation of teaching games for understanding (TGFU) approach to teaching team handball lessons. The paper is intended to help serving teachers decide whether to adopt this approach in their teaching. The participants were five secondary physical education teachers and their secondary one to three students. The teachers were briefed the principles of the TGFU approach and instructed to teach with an eight-lesson team handball unit lesson plans in TGFU approach. A post-teaching interview on their views of using the new approach was conducted with the teachers. Views of students on their perceptions toward the effectiveness of the instructional approach were obtained through the use of a questionnaire at the end of the unit. Results revealed that all teachers held positive views on TGFU approach. They were willing to adopt this approach in future as the students were more active and had more fun in the lessons. The students expressed they had learnt well by understanding more about the tactics and the rules of the games. The positive responses of teachers and students to TGFU have great implications for teacher education and development.本研究目的是探討體育敎師和中學生對領會敎學法敎授手球課的觀感。研究員希望本文能協助在職老師審視利用領會敎學法敎學的可行性。五位中學體育老師及其初中學生參與是次研究。研究員首先向體育老師介紹領會敎學法的敎學原則，其後他們參照領會敎學法手球單元敎案敎授八節手球課。老師在授課後接受研究員訪問，探究他們對實施領會敎學法的意見。研究員亦利用問卷收集學生對此敎學法的效能觀感。結果顯示老師對領會敎學法持正面評債及樂於使用此敎學策略。學生亦表示透過此敎學法使他們更認識球例及戰術運用。此等正面回饋給予敎師發展及培訓多方面的啟示。
Evaluation and Recommendations of Hong Kong Health Promotion
Authors: Patrick W. C. Patrick W. C. , WAI Dora P. Y.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.

The present study investigates the evolution of Hong Kong's health promotion policies between July 1997 and now. The objective of the study is to evaluate the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) Government's performance in health promotion. International experiences have been drawn to provide objective benchmarks for the assessment. The findings proposed that the Government should conduct a comprehensive review of the present system to consider formulating a policy with a clear direction and long-term strategies for promoting public health, and establishing an independent agency responsible for all health promotion-related matters. To achieve sustained success, the Government should also adopt an integrated and holistic approach in health promotion, with emphasis on policy development, organizational structure, intersectoral collaboration, community participation, promotion of healthy populations, healthy lifestyles and healthy settings, advocacy for health and related education, as well as capacity building for individuals. Apart from proactive efforts by the Government, active participation by all sectors in the community is of utmost importance in achieving success in health promotion.

本文主要探討由一九九七年七月至今，香港之健康推廣發展。目的在於檢討香港特區政府在健康推廣的表現。同時，會以國際經驗作為參考準則作出評估。結果顯示，港府應對現時制度實施廣泛檢討，考慮制定明確方向及長遠政策，建立獨立機關專門負責全港公共健康推廣事宜。為使之持之以恆，港府亦應採用綜合及全面的方針，強調策略性發展、組織架構、各部門之間的合作、社區參與、健康生活模式及環境、健康教育、以及個人責任。除了政府的積極性，社區團體的主動參與亦是健康推廣的成功關鍵。
Gross Motor Skills of Hong Kong Preschool Children
Authors: CHOW Bik Chu , CHAN Lily
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.

The purpose of this study was to determine the gender difference in gross motor performance of Hong Kong preschool children. The secondary purposes were to determine whether there was a relationship between body mass index and motor performance as well as to determine the influence of preschool types (large play area vs. small play area) on the motor performance of preschool children. A total of 239 children (121 boys, 118 girls) aged 3 to 6 years from two types of preschools was assessed on locomotor and object control skills of the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-2, Ulrich, 2000). Results showed that there was no gender difference in children’s gross motor skills when adjusted by the age effect. There was also no relationship between body mass index and motor performance of preschool children. When partial out age effect, children from preschools with larger play area performed better locomotor skills than those from preschools with smaller play area, however, children from preschools with larger play area had worse object control skills than those from preschools with smaller play area.

本研究目的是調查幼兒學童之肌動技能表現，此研究樣本包括二百三十九名年齡介乎三至六歲來自四間幼稚園的香港學童(男 童=121，女童=118)，測試項目共有六項身體移動、六項物件操控及身高、體重。結果顯示研究分析若分離年齡的影響，幼兒之肌動技能表現是沒有性別差異。而體質指數亦與幼兒之肌動技能表現沒有顯著相關。另外，學童就讀於較大活動埸地的幼兒園於身體移動技能上，較那些就讀較小活動埸地的幼兒園為佳，反之，前者於物件操控技能上較後者為差。
Assessing Pre-Service Teachers’ Offensive Basketball Game Performance: A Validation Study
Authors: CHEN Weiyun , HENDRICKS Kristin
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
The purpose of this study was to design and validate the Basketball Offensive Game Performance Instrument (BOGPI) that assessed an individual player’s offensive game performance competency in basketball while watching a videotaped game play. Twelve physical education teacher education (PETE) students playing two 10-minute, 3 vs. 3 basketball games were videotaped at end of a basketball unit in a secondary methods course. Two investigators independently coded each player’s offensive game behaviors with the BOGPI. The results of the experts’ judgment, the independent t-tests, and the inter-rater reliability indicated that the BOGPI was a valid and reliable instrument for assessing the pre-service teachers’ basketball offensive game ability.
本研究目的旨在制定“籃球進攻技戰術能力測評表”並對其信度與效度進行檢驗。通過觀看比賽錄影，利用測評表對每位隊員的籃球進攻能力進行測評。在教法課籃球單元結束之時，研究人員對12名教學專業生參加2場3打3教學比賽錄了相。然後，兩名研究人員用該測評表對每位隊員的進攻比賽能力做了測評。專家鑒定，t-檢驗，及測評人員之間信度的結果表明該測評表具備可信性及有效性。
Effects of Technology on Physical Education Classroom
Authors: Myrum Robyn , DEUTSCH Joe , Christiansen Paul
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.

The obesity pandemic is sweeping the world at an alarming rate. Poor food choices and lack of activity in children are helping providing the building blocks for this issue. With the increase of video games and computers, it is important to identify ways to incorporate these into physical activity. The purpose of this study was to find out what differences and similarities exist in students’ attitudes, motivation, and heart rate levels when participating in the use of Dance Dance Revolution (DDR) versus traditional dance. Although not statistically significant, results indicated that students had a higher overall self-rated perception of enjoyment, work effort, motivation, and performance during the DDR activities than during the traditional dance. With a Physical Education focus of attaining as much physical activity by our students as possible, outside of school, it is important to identify activities they enjoy significantly.

學童肥胖的問題愈來愈嚴重。本研究旨在探討採用科技遊戲來提升學生的運動量，結果顯示學生對活動的興趣是重要的。
Effects of Ten Weeks Table Tennis Training on Dynamic Visual Acuity
Authors: LIN Kun Yung , LEE Alex, J. Y. , LIN Wei Hsiu , LIU Ya Chen
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of ten weeks table tennis training on dynamic visual acuity (DVA) on general population. Fourteen collegiate students were volunteered and ransom assigned equally as training group or control group. Training group underwent a ten weeks table tennis training program with 500 balls twice a week, but control group did not received any kind of exercise training during this period. DVA was measured with commercial software Athlevision to evaluate in four directions: right, left, up, and down, and calculated as horizontal (DVA-H), vertical, and total (DVA-T) abilities. Results reveal that training group showed significant improved DVA abilities in DVA-L (2.29±0.49 vs. 3.14±0.69, F = 7.09, p < .05), DVA-H (4.71±0.76 vs. 6.29±1.25, F = 9.64, p < .05), and DVA-T (9.57±0.98 vs. 11.29±1.60, F = 6.17, p < .05) after ten weeks table tennis training. The finding suggested that ten weeks regular table tennis training can improve the DVA ability on general population. It is possible that during this training, participants have to continual focusing/tracking the moving ball, and correctly predict the distance/space between the line, net, and the direction of coming ball, therefore, improved the rapid senses of fovea and the control of oculomotor system.
本研究目的在於探討十週規律桌球運動訓練對人體動體視力的影響。14位大學生自願參與並隨機分為桌球訓練組與一般組， 桌球訓練組需進行連續10週，每週2次，每次500球之桌球訓練，一般組則無接受任何運動訓練，兩組皆於訓練前後以Athlevision測試軟體評估其動體視力的變化。結果發現訓練後桌球組向左 (2.29±0.49 等級 vs.3.14±0.69 等級, F=7.09, p<.05)、水平 (4.71±0.76 等 級 vs.6.29±1.25 等級, F=9.64, p<.05) 與整體 (9.57±0.98等級 vs.11.29±1.60 等級, t=6.17, p<.05) 等動體視力表現有顯著改善。結論：規律桌球訓練可改善人體的動體視力表現，其機轉應與桌球訓練時需以視覺持續注視或追蹤高速旋轉移動的球體，且要正確判斷持拍與來球之間的距離、邊端線、網子與對方的位置，因而提升眼球中央小窩快速移動球體知覺與眼球控制能力。
Effects of Tennis Match-induced Fatigue on Serve Performance in College Tennis Team Players
Authors: LI Chunxiao , SAM Kalam , CHEN Shihui
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
The aim of this study was to determine whether fatigue induced by a match-like protocol could impose a negative impact on tennis service accuracy and speed. Participants (N=8) served balls in both rested and after match-like protocol conditions. The result indicated that the match-like protocol did not influence both the service accuracy (.785, p<.05) and speed (-.487, p<.05). It was concluded that the match inducted fatigue may not influence the speed and accuracy of the tennis serve, at least on the male college team players. Further study should be conducted by including more participants with varying tennis playing levels or experiences. Female tennis players should be included in future studies to explore if fatigue affects gender differently.
本文的目的在於探索模擬比賽情境下所引發的運動疲勞是否會對網球運動員的發球準度和速度產生影響。8名高校網球校隊隊員在熱身後，和真實比賽環境后進行了發球測試。結果發現模擬比賽環境下所引發的運動疲勞並未對發球的准(p=.785)和速度(p=-.487)產生影響。未來的相關研究有必要招募不同水平的網球運動員來探索比賽情境下引發的運動疲勞是否會對發球表現造成影響。另外，性別差異也是一個值得關注的研究內容。
Physical Activity Profiles of Hong Kong Secondary School Children
Authors: NG IP Kit Wan Judy
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract in Chinese only.本文目的是探討香港中學生的活動概況。這項研究利用問卷調查了二百一十七名年齡由十一至十 八歲的中學生（其中一百零九名為男生，一百零八名為女生）。資料的分析方法是採用「等級排列」。 所有學生被分為三組，分組方法與中學初、中、高級的年齡分組相若。研究結果顯示很多學生都沒有參與比賽性質運動而只參與康樂性質活動。在比賽性質運動的等級排列，很大比數的學生都是參加籃球比賽。至於康樂性質活動，觀看電視是最常見的活動。基於抽樣方法的限制，本研究顯示出大部分香港中學生都是很少參與體育活動的。
Field Tests of Upper Body Strength and Endurance
Authors: CHOW Bik C.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract in Chinese only.上肢肌力與肌耐力是健康體適能的主要元素，一般對肌力與肌耐力的測試多注重其可信度和效度。本文目的是探討不同類型的上肢肌力與肌耐力的測試，綜合分析其特點，以提供更有效及可靠的測試方法。
High School Physical Education and its Effect on Fitness Facility Participation After Graduation: A Case Study
Authors: BARNEY David , KAHAIALII Nathan
Published: March 2021

For those that send off their child into the world, it is hoped they will recall what was taught to them. This applies to high school (HS) physical education (PE) teachers and their students that graduate from HS. The purpose of this case study was to assess current HS PE effect in fitness facility participation by interviewing HS PE teachers, fitness facility personnel, current fitness facility participants and current HS students. Participants from these four groups were interviewed to help better understand the preparation of graduated HS students participating in a fitness facility. From this case study three of the four groups felt they had and were being prepared to be successful in health clubs and those activities that are found in health clubs. This study sheds light on the fact that HS PE is the last opportunity of a student to be involved in an organized class that has real world application.
A Study on the Body-Building Values of Daoyin Illustration in Light of Neurophysiology
Authors: HUANG Ruixin , ZHUANG Jie , HU Qichen , SOONG Xianxaing
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.Daoyin Illustration, with 44 Daoyin postures unearthed from the Western Han Dynasty Tomb III at Mawangdui in Hunan Province, China, is the earliest body-building Illustration found by Chinese archaeologists. Other ancient Chinese sports of DaoyinShu, such as Wuqinxi, Baduanjin, Yijinjing and Taijiquan, were the results of evolution and development of Daoyin Illustration according to their dates of appearance and movements. The people in ancient times practised them, combining the movements of body and limbs with breathing and therapeutic treatment with keeping fit and motion with tranquility in order to keep the harmony between Yin and Yan. From the viewpoint of neurophysiology, the central nervous system (CNS) receives the inputs from all of the organs and tissues, which bring the information of changes in the external and internal environments. The information from contractions and stretches of muscles and tendons inputted by thicker afferent fibers can inhibit and adjust the activities of internal organs controlled by thinner nervous fibers. All inputs interact with the changes in external and internal environments and be in harmony with them. This is the process of the central integration. The value of Daoyin Illustration in building up health is to maintain the internal homeostasis through moderate movements of the body and limbs to affect the activities of the internal organs.馬王堆漢墓是我國考古發現中時代最早的健身圖譜，共有四十四個術勢。從出現年代和動作結構分析，它的導引術如五禽戲、八段錦、易筋經、太極拳等是從繼承和演化而來。古人操練這些動作是通過肢體運動與呼吸結合，治療與健身結合，動靜相結合以求陰陽平衡。從神經生理學觀點來看，中樞神經系統接受來自所有組織與器官發來的衝動，這些衝動帶來了關於外環境變化和自體機能狀態即內環境變化的信息。體表下軟組織(特別是肌肉與肌腱的收縮和牽張所引起的)由較粗神經纖維的傳入電衝動，對於較細神經纖維所支配的內臟器官的活動有某種抑制與調節作用。各種信息在中樞神經系統內相互作用，相互制約，以確定最後的反射活動，使有機體適應體內外所發生的變化，以維持有機體與環境的平衡，這就是中樞整合過程。馬王堆漢墓所體現的健身價値就在於通過適當的肢體運動以影響內臟活動，調理機體內環境的穩定平衡。
The Winner's Events in the Bangkok Asian Games: The Sponsorship Analysis of Samsung Electronics
Authors: CHENG Shao Tung
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.The purpose of this paper is to analyze the successful sport sponsorship strategy applied by Samsung Electronics, the first official partner of the 13th Bangkok Asian Games, in 1998. By introducing the integration of sports and corporations, the win-win sponsorship can be discussed and learned by both parties for the long-term development in the next millennium.本文目的旨在探討1998年第13屆曼谷亞運贊助商韓國三星電子集團之成功贊助策略。欲藉對運動與企業合作契機的認識，解析其雙贏互利的贊助關係，做爲彼此未來永續經營之參考借鏡。
Repeated Sprint Performances among Girls and Women
Authors: CHIA Michael
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The aim of the study was to compare between girls and women, the recovery of Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) power after two prior sprints of 15-seconds' duration with a short active recovery interval in-between the sprints. Participants with written informed consent were 19 girls (age: 13.6±1.0yrs; body mass: 51.2±7.6kg & stature: 1.59±0.06m) and 21 women (age: 25.1±2.7yrs; body mass: 57.9±7.7kg & stature: 1.61±0.05m). Lower limb muscle mass was determined using a Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometric (DXA) procedure. Following a standardized warm-up, each participant completed a series of three 15-second WAnTs, with each test separated by a 45-second active recovery interval. WAnT power variables were computed over 1-second time periods and were corrected for the inertia of the cycle ergometer (Monark 834E). Whole blood lactate concentrations (BL) were obtained immediately post warm-up and at three minutes after the completion of the third WAnT. Peak power (PP), expressed in watts per lower limb muscle mass (W. kg -1LLMM) were significantly greater in women than in girls in the first 15s WAnT (46.1±10.9 vs 37.4±2.3W.kg -1LLMM, p0.05). Girls were better able to replicate their power achieved in the first WAnT, in the third WAnT than women (mean of the differences ± standard deviation of the differences for PP: 84±47W vs 174±84W; MP: 81±45W vs 161+65W, p0.05), and at three minutes post exercise (9.2±1.2 vs. 8.4±1.3 mM.L-1, p >0.05) were not significantly different in girls and women.本文以溫蓋特無氧功率試驗(Wingate Anaerobic Test, WAnT)為研究方法，重複測定了少女和婦女15秒的無氧功率，旨在比較少女與婦女之間的無氧能力極其恢復。受試對象為19名少女(年齡：13.6±1.0歲；體重：51.2±7.6公斤；身高：1.59±0.06米）和21名婦女（年齡:25.1±2.7歲；體重：57.9±7.7公斤；身高：1.61±0.05米）。以雙光能X光吸收儀(DXA)測定受試者下肢的瘦體重。在標準化的準備活動之後，受試者在自行車測功儀(Monark 834E)上完成3次15秒最快速度的踏車運動，各次運動之間以45秒的活動性休息為間隔。在準備活動後即刻和第三次運動試驗后3分鐘采血測定血乳酸濃度。在首次15秒WAnT測試中，婦女組的最高功率(46.1±10.9瓦．公斤下肢瘦體重-1)明顯高于少女組(37.4±2.3瓦．公升-1肢瘦體重-1，p0.05)。第三次15秒運動試驗中，少女組的無氧功率明顯地較婦女組接近第一次WAnT測試中所達到的功率(p0.05)，分別為2.5±0.5毫克分子．升-1與1.9±0.5毫克分子．升-1及9.2±1.2毫克分子．升-1與8.4±1.3毫克分子．升-1。
Prediction of Leisure Exercise Behaviors A Study on University Students of Hong Kong
Authors: NG Judy K. , CUDDIHY Tom , FUNG Lena
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The purpose of this study is to examine the theoretical relationships among the variables of leisure exercise efficacy, leisure exercise motives, leisure exercise barriers, and leisure exercise behaviors of university students using the social cognitive theory as a framework. The Model of University Students' Leisure Exercise Behaviors (MUSLEB) was hypothesized before data collection to investigate the theoretical relationships among the variables. Initially, a total of 331 university students were recruited for this study. Data were collected on two occasions using measuring instruments that included the Leisure Exercise Efficacy Scale, the Motivation for Physical Activities Measure-Revised, the Leisure Exercise Barrier Questionnaire, and the Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire. Participants were classified into Physical Education and Non Physical Education groups to examine their differences in leisure exercise behaviors. As no significant difference was found on the leisure exercise behaviors between the two groups at the end of the semester, all the participants were pooled to test the hypothesized model (n=172). The hypothesized model was found to be acceptable with x2 / df = 1.85, CFI = .98 and RMSEA= .07. However, in an attempt to test a more parsimonious model, all non-significant paths were removed from the model and a re-specified MUSLEB was analyzed again. The re-specified model provided evidences (x2 / df = 1.39，CFI = .98 and RMSEA = .05) that this was tenable and more parsimonious than the hypothesized model. Path analysis results showed that leisure exercise efficacy was found to be a significant and direct predictor of leisure exercise behaviors 3 months after the commencement of the semester. As hypothesized, positive and significant relationships were found between leisure exercise efficacy and leisure exercise motives. However, contrary to expectation, a positive significant effect between post 3-month leisure exercise efficacy and post 3-month leisure exercise barriers was observed. The investigators suggested the evidence gave support for the theoretical model hypothesizing possible external environmental cause on this phenomenon. Limitations and recommendations for the study are discussed.本文以「社會認知理論」為架構，研究大學生的"休閒運動信心"，"休閒運動動機"，"休閒運動障礙"，和"休閒運動行為"的理論關係。作者假設了一個"大學生休間運動行為模式"去測試它們的關係。結果顯示"休閒運動信心"能夠成功地預測三個月後的"休閒運動行為"。而"休閒運動信心"和"休間運動動機"亦有顯著的正相關。不過三個月後的"休閒運動信心"和"休閒運動障礙 "卻出乎意料地有顯著正關係。此結果揭示了外在環境因素具潛在影響這個模式的可能性，作者還提出了此文的限制和建議。
Difference in Psychological Disturbances Between Gifted and Normal Athletes
Authors: YEH Suh Ruu
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.According to the "guidance measures in the school of gifted athletes at the middle-school level or above", it can provide excellent students many development channels and opportunities after entering the university. However, these gifted athletes usually can not take care of training and studying at same time due to the fact that they do not do well on their plans and preparations, as the result, they will be forced to drop out regardless willingness. The purpose of this study was to explore the difference in psychological disturbances between gifted athlete and normal athlete. The subjects were four different colleges/universities with department of physical education of four hundred and two student-athletes, including one hundred and ninety-nine gifted athletes and two hundred and three normal athlete. Based on Student-athletes' Psychological Disturbance Scale by Chin-Ju Huang, descriptive statistics and independent sample t-test can conclude in following three points. First, gifted athletes feel the most pressure is future problems, following by training problems, academic problems, competitive pressure, and life problems. Second, normal athletes feel the most pressure is when the competition occurred, then following by training problems, future problems, life problems, and academic problems. Third, it shows no difference (p>.05) between gifted athletes and normal athlete in training problem, competition pressure, academic problem, and life problem, however, it shows significant difference in future problem (p