bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Divergent leaf phenology trends between boreal and temperate species in the Acadian Forest Region
Authors: Spafford Lynsay , MacDougall Andrew H. , Steenberg James
Published: February 2023

The Acadian Forest Region is a temperate-boreal transitional zone in eastern North America. Therein, both forest types are vulnerable to environmental changes due to their proximity to biogeographical range limits. Using four growing seasons of phenocam-derived leaf phenology observations for the species Acer rubrum, Betula papyrifera, and Abies balsamea from across the Acadian Phenocam Network as well as multiple growing season observations from the North American PhenoCam Network we parameterized eight leaf emergence and six leaf senescence models for each species which together span a range in process and driver representation. With climate models from the Fifth Phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) we simulated future patterns in leaf emergence, senescence, and season length (senescence minus emergence) for these species at sites within the Acadian Phenocam Network. Model performances were similar across models. By the late 21st century, leaf emergence could be about two to three weeks earlier for both boreal and temperate species. The timing of leaf senescence may become continuously delayed for boreal species like Betula papyrifera and Abies balsamea, though remain relatively constant for temperate species like Acer rubrum. This has important implications for carbon uptake, nutrient resorption, ecology, and ecotourism for the Acadian Forest Region. Phenocams have the potential to rapidly advance process-based model development and predictions of leaf phenology in the context of climate change.
Cross Domain Interoperability in Science Project 9 of EOSC Future WP6.3
Authors: Orten Hilde , Agasøster Bodil
Published: February 2023

The goal of Science Project 9 of EOSC Future WP6.3 is to demonstrate that relevant environmental data and data on citizens' values, attitudes, behavior and involvement can be combined for social, political and scientific analysis.This project includes an upgrade of an application developed internally at Sikt, with the aim to support integration of climate data with the ESS data and the regional contextual data already supported by the tool. Data will also be available via the EOSC Platform.The upcoming work product of the DDI Alliance, the DDI-Cross Domain Integration metadata standard will be used to bridge between data from the different research domains and of different structures. We will also explore how standards may be used together.This presentation will give an introduction to the project, report on work performed so far with focus on methods and challenges, and will provide ideas for the future.
Turbulent magnetic reconnection in the solar wind
Authors: Wang Rongsheng , Li Xinmin , Wang Shimou , Lu Quanming , Lu San , Gonzalez Walter
Published: February 2023

Turbulent magnetic reconnection was observed in the magnetotail and the magnetopause. In turbulent magnetic reconnection, the diffusion region is filled with a number of filamentary currents primarily carried by the electrons and some flux ropes. These dynamic filamentary currents constitute a kind of three-dimensional network in the diffusion region and lead the reconnection into turbulence. The electrons are trapped and sufficiently accelerated inside such a complicated current network.According to the previous observations, magnetic reconnection generally displays a quasi-steady state in the solar wind, where the energy is dissipated via slow-mode shocks. It is elusive why the reconnection in the solar wind is quasi-steady. Here we present a direct observation of bursty and turbulent magnetic reconnection in the solar wind, with its associated exhausts bounded by a pair of slow-mode shocks. We infer that the plasma is more efficiently heated in the magnetic reconnection diffusion region than across the shocks and that the flow enhancement is much higher in the exhausts than in the area around the diffusion region. We detected 75 other, similar diffusion-region events in solar wind data between October 2017 and May 2019, suggesting that bursty reconnection in the solar wind is more common than previously thought and actively contributes to solar wind acceleration and heating.
Greenhouse gas emissions drive global dryland expansion but not spatial patterns of change in aridification
Authors: Shuyun Feng , Xihui Gu
Published: February 2023

Drylands play an essential role in Earth’s environment and human systems. Although dryland expansion has been widely investigated in previous studies, there is a lack of quantitative evidence supporting human-induced changes in dryland extent. Here, using multiple observational datasets and model simulations from phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, we employ both correlation-based and optimal fingerprinting approaches to conduct quantitative detection and attribution of dryland expansion. Our results show that spatial changes in atmospheric aridity (i.e., the aridity index defined by the ratio of precipitation to potential evapotranspiration) between the recent period 1990–2014 and the past period 1950–74 are unlikely to have been caused by greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, it is very likely (at least 95% confidence level) that dryland expansion at the global scale was driven principally by GHG emissions. Over the period 1950–2014, global drylands expanded by 3.67% according to observations, and the dryland expansion attributed to GHG emissions is estimated as ∼4.5%. Drylands are projected to continue expanding, and their populations to increase until global warming reaches ∼3.5℃ above preindustrial temperature under the middle- and high emission scenarios. If warming exceeds ∼3.5℃, a reduction in population density would drive a decrease in dryland population. Our results for the first time provide quantitative evidence for the dominant effects of GHG emissions on global dryland expansion, which is helpful for anthropogenic climate change adaptation in drylands.
Statistical investigation of SKR caterpillar emissions
Authors: Fischer Georg , Taubenschuss Ulrich , Pisa David , Lamy Laurent , Wu Siyuan , Ye Sheng-yi , Jackman Caitriona , O'Dwyer Elizabeth
Published: February 2023

The radio emissions nicknamed "caterpillars" are believed to be a special form of Saturn kilometric radiation (SKR) at low to very low frequencies. They are coarse spectral structures lasting for several hours mostly below 40 kHz, and their constant central frequency with a typical bandwidth of 10-15 kHz makes them look like caterpillars in a time-frequency spectrogram. We found almost 600 caterpillar emissions with the RPWS (Radio and Plasma Wave Science) instrument throughout Cassini's tour around Saturn. We present a statistical investigation of their occurrence with respect to the position of Cassini, their duration, central frequency, bandwidth, polarization, intensity, and connection to SKR at higher frequencies. We also compare their occurrence with the occurrence of SKR low frequency extensions (LFEs) as many of them are found during so-called long LFEs. We will discuss and investigate the reasons for the loss of total polarization of caterpillars, which could be due to wave reflections at the magnetosheath or due to an incoherent superposition of X-mode with O-mode SKR.
Ecological Instream Flow in the Yangtze River Basin under the Hydrological Change: Changes, Impacts, and Attributions
Authors: he yanan , gu xihui
Published: February 2023

Climate change and human activities may cause change points in hydrological processes, which have serious impacts on the stability of watershed hydrological ecosystems. The Pettitt test method was used to identify the change point of discharge in the Yangtze River basin, and ecological water demand was estimated based on generalized extreme value distribution. The results show that: (1) the ecological water demand guarantee rate of the Yangtze River basin increased from a viewpoint of the whole basin during the past decades, especially in dry seasons. Due to the regulation of reservoirs and dams in the Yangtze River Basin, the ecological surplus (ecological deficit) tends to increase (decrease) in the dry season of the Yangtze River Basin, while it tends to reverse in the wet season. (2) The degree of hydrological alterations in the trunk stream of the Yangtze River Basin is the highest (D0 reaches 50% or more), and the river hydrological situation and ecosystem are under high risks (the total DHRAM score is more than 10 points), and the biodiversity shows a significant downward trend. (3) Climate change and human activities have the opposite impact on ecological streamflow of the Yangtze River Basin, that is, climate change increases ecological surplus and decreases ecological surplus. Overall, climate change is the leading factor affecting ecological surplus (the contribution is more than 50%).
Response of benthic foraminiferal assemblages off NW Africa to climate change during the past 27.000 years
Authors: Barragán-Montilla Sofía , Mulitza Stefan , Johnstone Heather J. , Pälike Heiko
Published: February 2023

Benthic foraminifera (BF) typically constitute around 50% of the eukaryotic biomass of seafloor environments and are excellent recorders of bottom water environmental and geochemical changes in the past. In the last 27.000 years, major climatic oscillations including the Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1), Bølling–Allerød (B-A) and Younger Dryas (YD) shaped the climate of a big part of the northern hemisphere. Although the response of the ocean surface to these events is well documented, information about the response of benthic ecosystems is still limited.To better understand how BF responded to major climatic shifts in the last 27.000 years, we analyzed the benthic foraminifera content from core GeoB9512-5 (15°29.90'N/17°56.88'W, 793 m water depth) off NW Africa. Our high-resolution sediment record covers the last 27.000 years of the eastern North Atlantic, including the Heinrich Stadial 2 (HS2), Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), HS1, B-A and YD.Taxonomic and quantitative analyses were used to reconstruct changes in bottom water oxygenation and organic matter fluxes and show that BF assemblages shifted in coincidence with the major climatic periods documented for the North Atlantic. After the LGM, Bottom water salinity, oxygenation and quantity/quality of organic matter played a major role in BF distribution and are linked to transient changes in BF diversity in the last 27.000 years.The LGM showed no major diversity changes for thousands of years, while BF distribution shifted rapidly during HS1, B-A and YD. Low-diversity intervals during the HS1, B-A and the last 6.000 years are typically dominated by stress species in times of oxygen decrease and high organic matter content at bottom waters. These short intervals (typically lasting 500-1300 years) are commonly intercalated by low-duration high-diversity periods, associated with higher bottom water oxygenation and relatively lower organic matter content. Additionally, relatively abundant porcelaneous BF during HS1, LGM and HS1 indicate relatively higher salinity than the observed in the last 14.000 years.Our results show that BF at intermediate depths at the NE Atlantic off NW Africa are strongly influenced by changes in bottom water paleoenvironmental conditions potentially linked to major climatic events. Bottom water oxygenation played a major role in BF diversity, observed by alternating low-diversity periods in times of low oxic conditions and high-diversity intervals in high oxic bottom waters. At the same time, bottom water salinity favored porcelaneous BF distribution during LGM and HS1 times and increasing hyaline-calcareous BF show decreased salinity in this part of the NE Atlantic after the end of the HS1.
One to many seismogenic sources: from single earthquakes to seismic sequences
Authors: Zaccagnino Davide , Telesca Luciano , Doglioni Carlo
Published: February 2023

One of the major challenges in seismology is the lack of a unified view of earthquake dynamics embracing all the spatial and temporal scales at which it takes place: while several models describe successfully how single seismic events develop and statistical laws have been set up to characterize the distribution of seismicity in magnitude, space and time, at least as a consequence of mainshocks, such dichotomic information is rarely put into communication to better understand how seismogenesis occurs. Although a comprehensive, cross-scale theory is intrinsically impossible because of the different levels of physical complexity involved in the seismological processes, it is possible to derive several well-known links, as well as interesting new ones, between coseismic properties and long-term statistical patterns. We introduce a simple model based on optimization criteria to explain such mathematical relationships. Given an initial energy perturbation localised on a fault segment, the interface breaks down if the perturbation increases its energy beyond the breakdown level. The slip occurs and the fracture spreads rapidly. Not only that (which is not enough to explain how the fault system will behave at large scales), since the fault zone is in an unstable and frustrated state, i.e., a configuration forced by tectonic stress: meanwhile the fracture propagates, the adjoining interfaces and volumes move towards a more stable energy level, amplifying energy release by a certain amount. Then, the latter can be interpreted as a measure of the triggering power of fracture and applied to connect local and collective dynamics. We focus on the role of tectonic setting and the differences between in-fault and off-fault seismicity. Our model can reproduce several features of seismicity, such as the dependence of the b-value of the Gutenberg-Richter law on the tectonic setting, the correlation between b- and p-value of the Omori-Utsu law, the fractal dimension of hypocentral time series, duration of seismic sequences and the efficiency of the seismogenic process. We utilise the same framework to analyse the composition of moment tensor solutions of global and regional shallow seismicity in terms of double-couple vs non-double-couple contributions. We find that thrust events are characterized by higher double-couples with respect to normal and strike-slip fault earthquakes. Our results are also coherent with the broadly studied stress dependence of the scaling exponent b-value of the Gutenberg-Richter law, which turns out to be anticorrelated to the double-couple contribution. Our work suggests that the structural and tectonic complexity of the seismogenic source marked by the roughness of faults and the width of the dislocation zones has a significant impact on coseismic dynamics, which should be considered in the routinely applied observational procedures to avoid systematic biases in the estimation of the parameters of the seismic source, e.g., the seismic moment.
A typology of hydraulic barriers to salmon migration in a bedrock river
Authors: Wright Morgan , Hurson Max , Patterson David , Robinson Kendra , Baerg Jake , Venditti Jeremy
Published: February 2023

Each year a variable portion of adult Pacific salmon in the Fraser River, British Columbia, Canada die trying to retrace and ascend the river network to their natal spawning grounds. A major factor in migration failure is the severe hydraulic conditions experienced in the Fraser Canyon where encounter velocities can exceed upstream swim speeds of adult salmon, creating a migration barrier. Hydraulic barriers are defined as reaches of river where upstream fish migration is delayed due to high water velocity. A few barriers have been identified along the river and have structures in place designed to help facilitate fish passage. We explore other locations in the Fraser River that are apt to be hydraulic barriers to fish migration based on measured centerline velocity. We classify the barriers as either 1) plunging flows in canyons where the channel is deep and the fastest velocities are observed deep in the water column, 2) rapids where flow is fast and shallow over one or more bedrock steps, or 3) overfalls where fast flow occurs over a step with a substantial drop in elevation. We used drone footage at various discharges and Large-Scale Particle Image Velocimetry (LSPIV) to examine flow structure at typical plunging flows, rapids and overfalls. Surface velocities for the discharges when salmon species are known to be migrating upstream were then compared with published salmon swimming capabilities to determine which locations are likely to create the greatest barriers to salmon migration. We find that there are twenty-two sites, sixteen measured and six suspected high velocity locations, that are potential hydraulic barriers. Overfalls present the greatest barrier to salmon migration, creating vertical barriers in addition to high velocity across the entire width of the channel in narrow laterally constricted reaches. Rapids have high velocity in the segments of the water column where salmon typically swim, but often have back eddies along the banks for fish to rest. Plunging flows in canyons have high depth-averaged velocities, and higher bank velocities as a result of turbulent upwelling along the walls, but typically lower surface velocities than the overfalls and rapids. Pacific salmon populations are already threatened by external factors – such as climate change, habitat degradation, fishing, and disease – and cannot afford to have these impacts amplified by additional barriers to migration. Our observations provide important information for salmon conservation and can be used to better understand salmon migration which in turn helps to inform future mitigation efforts to improve salmon survival rates.
Denitrification in dry soils: Unexpected N emissions under environmental extremes
Authors: Homyak Peter
Published: February 2023

Moisture is a key factor governing soil nitrogen (N) biogeochemistry; it controls microbial activity and, therefore, the cycling of N. Ongoing climate change is altering precipitation regimes, increasing the frequency and intensity of droughts with implications for ecosystem N retention and loss. In particular, wetting dry soils can produce large emission pulses of nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas, but the mechanisms governing the N losses remain elusive. Especially because denitrification, arguably the most important process producing N2O, is thermodynamically unfavorable in dry soils. Disentangling how drought can alter the balance between ecosystem N retention and loss is further challenged by the multiple biotic and abiotic processes that interact to control N availability and emissions, requiring multiple analytical approaches. To advance understanding of N cycling in dry soils, we studied drylands in southern California that can experience >6 months without rain and whose contrasting soils developing under shrub canopies (soils known as “islands of fertility”), or in the bare interspaces between shrubs, allow us to interrogate biotic–abiotic interactions. Using isotopologues of N2O coupled with chloroform fumigations to slow microbial activity, we found that N retention and loss trade off as dry conditions intensify. In particular, N2O emissions were undetectable from soils in the interspaces between plants, but exceeded 1000 ng N-N2O m-1 s-1 in islands of fertility, rivaling emissions observed in global hotspots like tropical forests and temperate agroecosystems. Despite the hot and dry conditions, isotope tracers and natural abundance isotopologues of N2O indicated NO3- was reduced to N2O within 15 minutes of wetting dry desert soils, and that both denitrification and N2O reduction to N2 contributed to the observed patterns, with δ15NSP-N2O values averaging 12.8 ± 3.9 ‰. Consistent with isotope values, fumigating soils in the lab with chloroform decreased NO3--derived N2O emissions by 59%, suggesting denitrifiers were able to reduce NO3- immediately after wetting these summer-dry desert soils. In contrast to NO3-, the 15N-NH4+ tracer was not found in N2O, suggesting nitrification is not an important pathway governing N2O emissions in these systems. Despite the hot and dry conditions known to make denitrification thermodynamically unfavorable in many drylands, denitrifiers can endure through hot and dry summers and are key to producing the surprisingly large N2O emissions when dry desert soils wet up.
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Toward Flood Volunteerism in Bangladesh: A Gender-based Analysis with Policy Implications
Authors: Chisty Musabber Ali
Published: February 2023

The main purpose of this study was to assess the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of flood-affected communities toward volunteerism. The study focused on a gender perspective to show the level of differences. The study followed a quantitative approach to collect, analyze, and present the data. A total of 410 samples were randomly selected for the study. A structured questionnaire with bivariate and multivariate indicators was used to collect data. Chi-square test, t-test, central tendency analysis, and variance analysis were performed to assess the differences between female and male responses. Results showed that there is a significant difference between female and male community members in terms of knowledge and attitude toward flood volunteerism. Female members were more aware of flood-related impacts (p<0.05) and were more knowledgeable of the importance of flood volunteers (p<0.05). On the other hand, male members were more interested to become flood volunteers (p<0.05) and had skills to share with others (p<0.001). The study didn’t find any significant differences in practices related to flood volunteerism between men and women. The study is conducted to show the importance of communities in flood risk management. A community with a higher level of knowledge, attitude, and practice toward flood volunteerism can be a great resource. The research indicated some policy-level implications which are implementable and attainable for ensuring a resilient country. 
Deciphering the (Near-)Surface of Planets with Nadir-pointing Radar Statistics
Authors: Grima Cyril
Published: February 2023

The production of knowledge on how planetary worlds work is still mainly driven by remote observations that offer fragmented insights at the surface processes at meters scales and a hollowed vision on the near-surface structure down to few decameters deep. The latter statement also holds for remote polar environments on Earth where in-situ investigations do not necessarily sample exhaustively the vast extents of the cryosphere.Yet, those superficial portions of planetary bodies hold signatures of outstanding processes related to the regional depositional and erosional history. They also host structures relevant to future in-situ exploration such as surface roughness and porosity for landing site reconnaissance, snow deposits, buried ice lenses and putative accessible aquifers.Because of its meter-scale wavelengths, the surface echo strength recorded by air- and space-born radar sounders convolves many information on the (near-)surface structure and composition. The Radar Statistical Reconnaissance (RSR) is a technique developed over the last decade to disentangle those signatures, essentially extending the capability of a nadir radar sounder to be used as both a surface reflectometer and scatterometer. We review some recent application strategies of the RSR in the Terrestrial cryosphere and in the solar system. Future advancements and targets will also be presented to highlight the interplanetary development and challenges of this technique.
A multi-modal representation of El-Niño Southern Oscillation Diversity
Authors: Schlör Jakob , Capotondi Antonietta , Goswami Bedartha
Published: February 2023

Sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) associated with the El-Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) show strong event-to-event variability, known as ENSO diversity. El Niño and La Niña events are typically divided into Eastern Pacific (EP) and Central Pacific (CP) types based on the zonal location of peak SSTA. The separation of these types is usually based on temperature differences between pairs of predefined indices, such as averages over boxes in the Eastern and Central Pacific or the two leading Principal Components of tropical SSTA. Using results from unsupervised learning of SSTA data, we argue that ENSO diversity is not well described by distinctly separate classes but rather forms a continuum with events grouping into "soft'' clusters. We apply a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) to a low-dimensional projection of tropical SSTA to describe the multi-modal distribution of ENSO events. We find that El-Niño events are best described by three overlapping clusters while La-Niña events only show two "soft'' clusters. The three El-Niño clusters are described by i) maximum SSTA in the CP, ii) maximum SSTA in the EP, and iii) strong basin-wide warming of SSTA which we refer to as the "super El-Niño'' cluster. The "soft'' clusters of La-Niña correspond to i) anomalous cool SST in the CP and ii) anomalously cool SST in the EP. We estimate the probability that a given ENSO event belongs to a chosen cluster and use these probabilities as weights for estimating averages of atmospheric variables corresponding to each cluster. These weighted composites show qualitatively similar patterns to the typically used averages over EP and CP events. However, the weighted composites show a higher signal-to-noise ratio in the mid-latitudes for the "super El-Niño'' events. We further apply our approach to CESM2 model data and discuss the potential of GMM clustering for evaluating how well ENSO diversity is captured in Global Circulation models.
Contrasting Deep and Shallow Arctic Warming Events on the Intraseasonal Time Scale in Boreal Winter
Authors: Li Juncong , Chen Xiaodan , Guo Yuanyuan , Wen Zhiping
Published: February 2023

The vertical structure of Arctic warming is of great importance and attracts increasing attention. This study defines two types of Arctic warming events (viz., deep versus shallow) according to their temperature profiles averaged over the Barents-Kara Seas (BKS), and thereupon compares their characteristics and examines their difference in generation through thermodynamic diagnoses. The deep Arctic warming event—characterized by significant bottom-heavy warming extending from the surface into the middle-to-upper troposphere—emanates from the east of Greenland and then moves downstream towards the BKS primarily through zonal temperature advection. The peak day of deep warming event lags that of the precipitation and resultant diabatic heating over Southeast Greenland by about four days, suggesting that the middle-to-high tropospheric BKS warming is likely triggered by the enhanced upstream convection at the North Atlantic high latitudes. In contrast, the shallow warming event—manifested by warming confined within the lower troposphere—is preceded by the meridional advection of warm air from inland Eurasia. These anomalous southerlies over Eurasian lands during shallow warming events are related to the eastward extension of deepened Icelandic Low. Whereas during deep warming events, the in-situ reinforcement of Icelandic Low favors abundant moisture transport interplaying with the Southeast Greenland terrain, leading to intense precipitation and latent heat release there. Both deep and shallow warming events are accompanied by Eurasian cooling, but the corresponding cooling of deep warming event is profoundly stronger. Further, intraseasonal deep Arctic warming events could explain nearly half of the winter-mean change in warm Arctic-cold Eurasia anomaly.
How do we cope with extreme wind incurred by buildings along shoreline in typhoon prone region ?
Authors: Lee Sungsu , Ham Hee Jung
Published: February 2023

Recent urbanization around globe shows tendency of high-rise buildings along the shoreline for many reasons, and South Korea is no exception. In spite of socio-economical gains from these development, the downside is so-called building wind, in particular, during the extreme wind in typhoon season, which often threats the livelihood during The realization of hazard has been damage to the structural integrity of the buildings, the threats to the pedestrian safety, and even higher risk due to the wind-borne debris. Another serious impacts are imposed on the existing and aged structures surrounding the newly developed region. Because those structures were built without consideration of additional building wind, they are seriously vulnerable to the newly emerged hazard. Since the urbanization near shoreline will be further accelerating, the problems at hand will be even worse in the future considering climate change. As a proactive measure to reduce and cope with the risk incurred by the building winds, it is important to improve the wind environment in the urban area by evaluating the local climate around buildings. One of recent development of the measures is the utilization of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method to evaluate wind environment around buildings. With these computational approach, it would be possible to produce the engineered solution to the problems in the future. This research was supported by a grant (RS-2022-00155691) of Disaster-Safety Industry Technology Commercialization R&D Program, funded by Ministry of Interior and Safety (MOIS, Korea).
Multiple dates in millimetres; diffusion as an explanation for Rb-Sr age discrepancies in biotite
Authors: Rohrer Riley , Clark Chris , Kirkland Chris , Johnson Tim
Published: February 2023

In situ analysis of the Rb–Sr isotopic composition of biotite via triple quadropole LA–ICPMS is an increasingly popular method for constraining the time through the Sr closure temperature in rocks. Although interpreting the radiogenic product can be complicated by various factors that can affect diffusion of Rb and Sr, the role of the different minerals that may be in contact with biotite in regard to local diffusion gradients is poorly understood. In this study, we show the importance of analysing Rb–Sr isotopic data in the context of detailed petrographic observations, which reveals that the ratios obtained are affected by various diffusion pathways between like material and minerals that preferentially incorporate Sr. The studied samples are metapelites from the Fraser Zone (Western Australia) that have peak metamorphic conditions of about 850 °C and 9 kbar and a history of cryptic biotite Ar-Ar ages of ~1205 Ma, which on face value could imply exhumation rates that are some of the fastest recorded in Earth’s history. However, new biotite data from in-situ Rb-Sr analysis highlights differences in Sr retentivity. While calculated isochrons may at first yield large errors, sorting based on the location of the grains in terms of surrounding minerals yields a possible solution for varying Sr values skewing the ages in the sample. This results in an average age of 1205 Ma for biotite and sillimanite surrounded grains and 1107 Ma, from biotite and sillimanite surrounded grains and quartz and K-feldspar surrounded grains. This shows that the diffusive properties of Sr between biotite and the surrounding minerals creating variable re-equilibration between the different domains surrounding biotite. The complexities of Sr diffusion within between the various phases are still unknown, but the apparent effect between the surrounding material on the biotite and the measured initial Sr values does play a key factor in the final calculated ages and the interpretations they represent.
Submarine groundwater discharge strengthens acidification in the coastal areas
Authors: Liu Yi , Song Yurong , Jiao Jiu Jimmy
Published: February 2023

Coastal ocean acidification is a worldwide marine problem. In this study, a close relationship between submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) and coastal ocean acidification rate in Hong Kong’s coastal waters is discovered. We for the first time evaluated the direct influence of SGD on seawater pH decline. Results show that SGD can contribute to up to 45% of seawater pH decline through direct input of carbonate species. Local air-sea CO2 exchange has negligible influences on the seawater pH, but the uptake of air CO2 can alter open ocean pH and indirectly alter coastal seawater pH by bay-open ocean water exchange. Aerobic respiration is the major contributor to the seawater pH decline in most coastal waters, in which SGD plays a significant role as the major nutrient source. The findings highlight the importance of the investigation and management of groundwater to alleviate the fast coastal ocean acidification.
Causes and predictability of the 2022 mega-flash drought over the Yangtze River basin
Authors: Yuan Xing , Wang Yumiao
Published: February 2023

A mega drought occurred in the summer of 2022 over the Yangtze River basin in southern China, and affected 2.85 million hectares of crops and water supply for 4.73 million people. With the strongest rainfall deficit and hottest temperature since 1961, the drought developed from less than 20% of the basin at the beginning of July to more than 80% of the basin in the mid-August, which is an unprecedent flash drought in the Yangtze River basin. Here, we investigate multi-scale causes of the mega-flash drought including the land-atmospheric dry coupling at sub-seasonal time scale, the link with La Niña and PDO at interannual to decadal scales, and the effect of anthropogenic climate change. The subseasonal-to-seasonal (S2S) climate forecast models and the NMME seasonal prediction models will be used to assess the forecast skill of the drought onset, and a copula-based method will be implemented to predict the probability of drought recovery. Lastly, the future risk of the mega-flash drought will also be investigated by using CMIP6 models.
Climate and ocean literacy: Cultural dimensions
Authors: Promduangsri Pimnutcha , Promduangsri Pariphat , Alvarez de la Campa Stacey , Bolouri Farhad , Gökçekuş Hüseyin
Published: February 2023

Climate and culture influence each other.  On the one hand, climate change (CC) and ocean degradation (OD) have an impact on culture (with a small c).  According to UNESCO (2021), the negative impacts of CC on culture include loss of cultural heritage, local knowledge and language.  CC also reduces access by communities to their culture.On the other hand, culture plays an essential role in helping communities to fight against, adapt to and mitigate CC and OD (UNESCO, 2021).  Culture includes knowledge, know-how and local practices in combating climate and OD.  Culture is informally and formally transmitted through society and education.  UNESCO (2021) illustrates the role of culture in fighting against CC:Culture is a powerful resource for addressing climate change impacts.  …  Intangible cultural heritage practices have proven to be highly effective tools for helping communities prepare for, respond to and recover from climate change-related impacts and emergencies.CC and ocean literacy methods encourage and embody cultural diversity.  This presentation will provide examples of the cultural dimensions of climate and ocean literacy.  These includes:The views of indigenous communities about climate and ocean literacy (Barbados);
EN-ROADS (international and Iran), an online participatory simulation, often includes people from several cultures, especially in online workshops;
IOCS (intercultural and France), an online participatory simulation, specifically includes an intercultural dimension and encourages people from different cultures to participate. 
----------------------------------------------------------------------ReferenceUNESCO. (2021).  Culture & climate change, Question & answers.  Paris, UNESCO.  https://en.unesco.org/sites/default/files/info_sheet_climate_change.pdf
CASSIOPE - Swarm Echo as a Fourth Element of the Swarm Constellation: Scientific Synergies and the Next Chapter
Authors: Yau Andrew , Howarth Andrew
Published: February 2023

The Enhanced Polar Outflow Probe (e-POP) was launched as part of the Canadian CASSIOPE small satellite into an elliptic polar orbit in September 2013. It then joined the ESA Swarm mision under ESA's Third Party Mission Programme in 2018, as a Fourth Element of the Swarm constellation of satellites, to take advantage of the highly complementary and synergistic instrumentation and orbital coverage between CASSIOPE/e-POP and the three Swarm satellites. This scientific synergy has made possible a new, high-resolution multipoint data set of magnetic field, GPS, and related optical, radio wave, and plasma composition observations, as an addition to the Swarm mission data system and the basis for a number of new scientific investigations. We will review examples of 'scientific success stories' from such investigations. We will also present examples of new investigations in the next chapter of Swarm Echo: these investigations were not planned previously but have become feasible after the recent partial failure of the spacecraft attitude control system, which necessitated a change to a new spacecraft attitude configuration that will serendipitously provide the necessary observing geometry for such innovative investigations
Modeling stream heat budget with HFLUX in a subtropical alpine intermittent river
Authors: Lee Tsung-Yu , Pan Yen-Wei , Chiu Yung-Chia
Published: February 2023

Surface water and groundwater interactions between the stream and the hyporheic zone profoundly affect river intermittency and biogeochemical processes, yet they are rarely quantified. As an excellent natural tracer, temperature was used to quantify unknown patterns of hydrologic fluxes and to understand their impact on heat budget over time and space. The Yousheng Creek (a first-order upstream of Chichiawan Creek in Taiwan) is one of the crucial habitats for the endangered species of Formosan land-locked salmon. In recent years, stream disconnection seriously limited the expansion of the salmon habitat, hampering the rehabilitation work. This study takes heat as a tracer to examine exchange processes in the intermittent reach of Yousheng Creek, with the application of fiber-optic distributed temperature sensor (FO-DTS). The combined use of FO-DTS, stream heat budget model (the HFLUX computer program), drone imagery, meteorological measurements, and field surveys allowed for identifying, quantifying, and mapping groundwater inputs beneath the 1924 meters reach. Analysis of the temperature traces measured from June 23rd to June 25th, 2019, have identified several active hyporheic zones and groundwater discharge points, providing significant cooling in the study section. HFLUX successfully modeled the river temperature through time and space with a normalized root mean square error of 3.12%. Inference from the model indicates a series of high infiltration zones at midstream whereas primary groundwater discharge from the downstream. The results suggest that different groundwater contributions along the Yousheng Creek significantly impact river temperatures. These insights of groundwater-surface water interactions can be applied to improve the knowledge of hydrology processes and energy budgets in headwaters
Toward a renewed data processing of the Engineering Strong Motion (ESM) database
Authors: Mascandola Claudia , D'Amico Maria , Russo Emiliano , Luzi Lucia , Lanzano Giovanni , Felicetta Chiara , Pacor Francesca , Sgobba Sara
Published: February 2023

Strong-motion records and open access to strong-motion data repositories are fundamental to seismology, earthquake engineering and practice. The main archive to disseminate high quality processed waveforms for the European-Mediterranean region is the Engineering Strong-Motion Database (ESM, https://esm-db.eu). ESM is developed under the general coordination of the ORFEUS Strong-Motion Management Committee (Observatories and Research facilities for European Seismology; http://orfeus-eu.org/), with the aim to provide users daily access to updated strong-motion waveforms of earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4, mainly recorded in the Pan-European regions. ESM is fully compatible with the European Integrated Data Archive (EIDA; http://orfeus-eu.org/data/eida/) and disseminates waveforms and related metadata according to the Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks (FDSN, https://www.fdsn.org/networks/).The strategy of ESM is to disseminate only manually processed data to ensure the highest quality. However, the rapid increase in the number of waveforms, due to the increment of seismic stations, leads to the need of automatic procedures for data processing and data quality control.In this work, we present ESMpro, a modular Python software for a renewed processing framework of ESM. The ESM data processing  is improved with:(1) automated data quality-check that speeds up the processing time through the rejection of poor-quality records;(2)  advancement  of the automatic settings for waveform trimming and filtering;(3) introduction of different algorithms for data processing (Paolucci et al., 2011; Schiappapietra et al., 2021);(4) modular and flexible software structure that allows the addition of new algorithms and custom workflows.The accuracy of the updated automatic processing is evaluated by comparison with the waveforms processed by expert analysts, used as benchmarks (Mascandola et al., 2022).ESMpro is distributed in a stand-alone Beta version available on GitLab (D’Amico et al., 2022; https://shake.mi.ingv.it/esmpro/), following the Open Science principles to promote collaborations and contributions from the scientific community. In the next future, a renewed ESM web-processing frontend will be developed to include the ESMpro improvements, as well as new functionalities to process stand-alone data (i.e., not stored in the ESM database) and to allow different input seismic data formats.
Releasing Climate-Sensitive Critical Infrastructure Power Reserves to Improve Grid Resilience
Authors: Fallon James , Brayshaw David , Methven John , Jensen Kjeld , Krug Louise
Published: February 2023

Reserve power systems are widely used to provide power to critical infrastructure systems in the event of power outages. The reserve power system may be subject to regulation, typically focussing on operational time, but the energy required for ensuring the supply of reserve power may be highly variable. The energy required may be strongly influenced by prevailing weather conditions and seasonality, for example, heating and cooling requirements have strong temperature sensitivities. Reserve infrastructure can therefore offer potential benefits and services back to the wider electricity system when not in use, supporting a transition to low-carbon technologies such as wind and solar power.Drawing on the Great Britain (GB) telecommunications systems as an example, we present a methodology and case studies demonstrating that historic meteorological reanalyses can be used to evaluate the capacity of reserve required to maintain the regulated target of 5-days operations. Across three case-study regions with diverse weather-sensitivities, it is shown that infrastructure with cooling-driven electricity demand leads to a peak in the energy consumption during the summer, thus determining both the overall capacity of the reserve required and the availability of 'surplus' capacity (with the surplus appearing during other periods of the year when demand is lower).Both the total capacity and surplus are further shown to depend strongly on risk preference, with lower risk tolerance leading to substantial cost increase (in terms of capacity required) but also enhanced opportunities for the use of surplus capacity. It is also shown that meteorological forecast information enables greater volumes of surplus capacity to be accessed for a given reserve capacity and risk tolerance.The availability of surplus capacity is compared to a measure of supply-stress (so-called demand-net-wind) on the wider GB energy network. For infrastructure with cooling-driven demand (typical of most UK telecommunication assets), it is shown that surplus availability peaks during periods of supply-stress, offering greatest potential benefit to the national electricity grid.
The role of spatial dependence in global-scale coastal flood risk assessment
Authors: Li Huazhi , Haer Toon , Enríquez Alejandra , Ward Philip
Published: February 2023

Coastal flooding is among the world’s deadliest and costliest natural hazards. The impacts caused by coastal flooding can be particularly high when an event affects a large spatial area, as witnessed during Hurricane Katrina and Cyclone Xaver. Current large-scale flood risk studies assume that the probabilities of water levels during such events do not vary in space. This failure to capture flood spatial dependence can lead to large misestimates of the hazard and risk at large spatial scales, and therefore potentially misinform the risk management community. In this contribution, we assess the effects of spatial dependence on coastal flood risk estimation at the global scale. To this end, we compare the assessments using two spatial dependence scenarios: i) complete dependence and ii) modelled dependence of water level return periods. For the complete dependence scenario, we use the existing risk information calculated by the GLOFRIS global risk modelling framework. To estimate the spatially-dependent risks, we use an event-based multivariate statistical approach and consider 10,000-year extreme coastal flood events derived from the global synthetic dataset of spatially-dependent extreme sea levels. The associated spatially coherent return periods of each event are then combined with the GLOFRIS spatially-constant inundation layers to create the spatially-dependent inundation map. These hazard maps, overlaid with exposure layers and vulnerability information, are further used to assess the coastal flood impacts. The flood risk is estimated using Weibull’s plotting formula and presented in terms of expected annual population and expected annual damage. This study will improve our understanding of flood spatial dependence and will provide improved risk estimation at the global scale. Such reliable estimates could lead to improved large-scale flood risk management through better wide-area planning decisions, more accurate insurance coverage, and better emergency response. 
Future Arctic Ocean atmosphere-ice-ocean momentum transfer and impacts on ocean circulation
Authors: Muilwijk Morven , Hattermann Tore , Lind Sigrid , Granskog Mats
Published: February 2023

Over the last few decades, the Arctic has experienced surface warming at more than twice the global rate and extensive sea ice loss. The reduced sea ice cover affects the mechanical and thermodynamical coupling between the atmosphere and the ocean. A commonly repeated hypothesis is that a thinner and more mobile sea ice cover will increase momentum transfer, resulting in a spin-up of upper Arctic Ocean circulation and enhanced vertical mixing. In general, sea ice protects the ocean from interaction with the atmosphere, and a thinning and shrinking sea ice cover implies a more direct transfer of momentum and heat. For example, several observational studies show a more energetic ocean after strong wind events over open water than wind events over ice-covered water. However, previous modeling studies show that seasonality is very important and that the total momentum transfer can decrease with more open water because the ice surface provides greater drag than the open water surface. We here present numerical simulations of future scenarios with the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM) and show how the momentum transfer is projected to change with changing sea ice and wind conditions in various regions of the Arctic Ocean. We then compare our results with output from other CMIP6 models and present how different wind conditions and the diminishing ice cover impacts the upper ocean circulation. 