bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Snap-Happy Tourist
Authors: Gillet Sarah , Schmitz Paulina , Mitas Ondrej
Published: June 2013

Are tourists who take more photos happier? Our study investigates the relationship between tourists’ photographing and happiness based on two proposed theories: photographing as a behavior that society expects from tourists, and photographing as a mechanism for social interaction. Questionnaires measuring photographic behavior and components of happiness such as positive emotions and life satisfaction were collected from 417 tourists at three destinations in the Netherlands. Additionally, we carried out participant observation to explore the potential roles of fulfilling cultural expectations and social interactions. We found a positive relationship between photography and tourists’ levels of happiness. People who take more pictures on holiday and rate photographing to be important experience more positive emotions and a higher life satisfaction, respectively. The participant observation data reveal that this relationship is strengthened when photography is used to build relationships, but weakened when people photograph to fulfill cultural expectations.
Homogeneous charge compression ignition with nondilute stoichiometric methane–air at extreme compression ratios
Authors: Svrcek Matt N , Edwards Chris F
Published: June 2013

This article reports continuing research into operating a free-piston internal combustion engine at extremely high compression ratios. In particular, the use of a homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion strategy with a premixed, stoichiometric methane–air mixture is investigated. A stoichiometric mixture was chosen to correspond with potential use of a three-way catalyst for meeting emissions regulations. To achieve correct autoignition phasing at very high compression ratios, methods for cooling rather than heating the intake charge are discussed, including intercooling and water injection. Results of a set of experiments designed to represent an intercooling approach are reported for effective compression ratios up to 80:1. Ignition phasing slightly after the minimum volume point was achieved for all cases. Indicated efficiency approached 53%. CO, NOx, and hydrocarbon emissions are also reported for equivalence ratios in the range of 0.96–1.04. The measured emissions profiles were suitable for use with a three-way catalyst. Results are reported from a second set of experiments in which the injection of water during compression is used to evaporatively cool the gas. The desired ignition phasing was achieved for compression ratios up to 60:1; however, the amount of water required was far greater than predicted. A dramatic reduction in pressure ringing resulting from combustion was noted with the water injection as compared to the experiments without water injection.
Diagnosing early Barrett’s neoplasia and oesophageal squamous cell neoplasia by bioimpedance spectroscopy in human tissue
Authors: Knabe Mate , Kurz Christian , Knoll Thorsten , Velten Thomas , Vieth Michael , Manner Hendrik , Ell Christian , Pech Oliver
Published: June 2013

Background

Detection of early oesophageal cancer in surrounding normal tissue can be challenging, but detection is essential to determine the subsequent treatment. Dysplastic tissue can be detected by using electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).

Objective

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility and value of EIS in the diagnosis of oesophageal neoplasia.

Methods

This prospective ex‐vivo study included 23 patients with early oesophageal cancer (17 with Barrett’s cancer and six with early squamous cell cancer). Immediately after endoscopic resection, the electrical properties of the resected specimens were investigated using a pencil probe (5 mm in diameter, frequency range from 100 Hz to 1 MHz). Punch biopsies were taken from the measured site in order to compare the results of EIS with histology.

Results

EIS was able to detect dysplastic oesophageal mucosa with a high rate of accuracy (82% in Barrett’s oesophagus and 100% in squamous oesophagus) A total of 54 different sites in 26 tumours were evaluated.

Conclusions

EIS was able to differentiate reliably between non‐neoplastic and neoplastic oesophageal mucosa. Using EIS, it might be possible to use it for targeted biopsies and to avoid unnecessary biopsies during cancer surveillance in future.
The development of a patient-reported outcome measure for assessing nighttime symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Hareendran Asha , Palsgrove Andrew C , Mocarski Michelle , Schaefer Michael L , Setyawan Juliana , Carson Robyn , Make Barry
Published: June 2013

Background

The assessment of symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is important for monitoring and managing the disease and for evaluating outcomes of interventions. COPD patients experience symptoms during the day and night, and symptoms experienced at night often disturb sleep. The aim of this paper is to describe methods used to develop a patient-reported outcome (PRO) instrument for evaluating nighttime symptoms of COPD, and to document evidence for the content validity of the instrument.

Methods

Literature review and clinician interviews were conducted to inform discussion guides to explore patients’ nighttime COPD symptom experience. Data from focus groups with COPD patients was used to develop a conceptual framework and the content of a new PRO instrument. Patient understanding of the new instrument was assessed via cognitive interviews with COPD patients.

Results

The literature review confirmed that there is no instrument with evidence of content validity currently available to assess nighttime symptoms of COPD. Additionally, the literature review and clinician interviews suggested the need to understand patients’ experience of specific symptoms in order to evaluate nighttime symptoms of COPD. Analyses of patient focus group data (N = 27) supported saturation of concepts and aided in development of a conceptual framework. Items were generated using patients’ terminology to collect data on concepts in the framework including the occurrence and severity of COPD symptoms, use of rescue medication at night, and nocturnal awakening. Response options were chosen to reflect concepts that were salient to patients. Subsequent cognitive interviewing with ten COPD patients demonstrated that the items, response options, recall period, and instructions were understandable, relevant, and interpreted as intended.

Conclusions

A new PRO instrument, the Nighttime Symptoms of COPD Instrument (NiSCI), was developed with documented evidence of content validity. The NiSCI is ready for empirical testing, including item reduction and evaluation of psychometric properties.
Gold nanoarray deposited using alternating current for emission rate-manipulating nanoantenna
Authors: Xue Jiancai , Zhu Qiangzhong , Liu Jiaming , Li Yinyin , Zhou Zhang-Kai , Lin Zhaoyong , Yan Jiahao , Li Juntao , Wang Xue-Hua
Published: June 2013

We have proposed an easy and controllable method to prepare highly ordered Au nanoarray by pulse alternating current deposition in anodic aluminum oxide template. Using the ultraviolet–visible-near-infrared region spectrophotometer, finite difference time domain, and Green function method, we experimentally and theoretically investigated the surface plasmon resonance, electric field distribution, and local density of states enhancement of the uniform Au nanoarray system. The time-resolved photoluminescence spectra of quantum dots show that the emission rate increased from 0.0429 to 0.5 ns−1 (10.7 times larger) by the existence of the Au nanoarray. Our findings not only suggest a convenient method for ordered nanoarray growth but also prove the utilization of the Au nanoarray for light emission-manipulating antennas, which can help build various functional plasmonic nanodevices.

PACS

82.45.Yz, 78.47.jd, 62.23.Pq
Existence and exponential stability of periodic solutions for a class of Hamiltonian systems on time scales
Authors: Yang Li , Liao Yongzhi , Li Yongkun
Published: June 2013

In this paper, by using a fixed point theorem and the theory of calculus on time scales, we obtain some sufficient conditions for the existence and exponential stability of periodic solutions for a class of Hamiltonian systems on time scales. We also present numerical examples to show the feasibility of our results. The results of this paper are completely new and complementary to the previously known results even if the time scale

T
=
R

or ℤ.
Intensity-modulated radiotherapy versus three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for stage I-II natural killer/T-cell lymphoma nasal type: dosimetric and clinical results
Authors: Shen Qianwen , Ma Xuejun , Hu Weigang , Chen Lanfei , Huang Juan , Guo Ye
Published: June 2013

Background

This study was to compare radiotherapy treatment planning and treatment outcomes following three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in stage I-II natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma.

Methods

The cases of 94 patients with stage I-II NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type in the upper aerodigestive tract who treated between May 2005 and Dec 2008 were reviewed. These patients received radiotherapy with or without induction chemotherapy. Definitive radiotherapy was conducted using 3DCRT in 47 patients and IMRT in the other 47 patients with a regional field and a total dose of 50 Gy. Dosimetric pmeters of radiation treatment plans, local control probability (LCP), overall survival (OS), and toxicities were analyzed and compared between 3DCRT and IMRT.

Results

From the dosimetric analysis, IMRT demonstrated significantly better dose coverage and homogeneity than 3DCRT. However, after a median follow-up of 46 months, IMRT was not associated with improvements in 4y-OS (80.9% for 3DCRT vs. 82.7% for IMRT, p=0.87) or 4y-LCP (86.3% for 3DCRT vs. 88.9% for IMR p=0.85). Of the 18 patients who received cervical lymph node irradiation, those in the IMRT group received a lower mean parotid dose. Furthermore, at-risk organs were strictly kept within the safe dose range in both groups, and no severe late toxicity was observed.

Conclusions

IMRT provided better dose coverage than 3DCRT, although it failed to provide LCP and OS benefits. Definitive radiotherapy with a regional field and a total dose of 50 Gy is efficient and safe for NK/T-cell lymphoma using either IMRT or 3DCRT. However, IMRT may have the potential to reduce parotid gland hypofunction following cervical irradiation.
Deficits in Physical Function Among Young Childhood Cancer Survivors
Authors: Hoffman Megan C. , Mulrooney Daniel A. , Steinberger Julia , Lee Jill , Baker K. Scott , Ness Kirsten K.
Published: June 2013

Purpose

Childhood cancer survivors (CCSs) are at risk for physical disability. The aim of this investigation was to characterize and compare physical performance among CCSs and a group of siblings age < 18 years and determine if diagnosis, treatment, and physical activity levels were associated with lower performance scores.

Methods

CCSs ≥ 5 years from diagnosis and a sibling comparison group were recruited and evaluated for strength, mobility, and fitness. Physical performance measures were compared in regression models between survivors and siblings by diagnosis and among survivors by treatment exposures and physical activity levels.

Results

CCSs (n = 183; mean age ± standard deviation [SD], 13.5 ± 2.5 years; 53% male) scored lower than siblings (n = 147; mean age ± SD, 13.4 ± 2.4 years; 50% male) on lower-extremity strength testing, the timed up-and-go (TUG) test, and the 6-minute walk (6MW) test, despite reporting similar levels and types of habitual physical activity. The lowest scores were prevalent among survivors of CNS tumors and bone and soft tissue sarcomas on strength testing (score ± SD: CNS tumors, 76.5 ± 4.7; sarcoma 67.1 ± 7.2 v siblings, 87.3 ± 2.4 Newton-meters quadricep strength at 90° per second; P = .04 and .01, respectively) and among CNS tumor survivors on the TUG (score ± SD: 5.1 ± 0.1 v siblings, 4.4 ± 0.1 seconds; P < .001) and 6MW tests (score ± SD: 533.3 ± 15.6 v siblings, 594.1 ± 8.3 m; P < .001).

Conclusion

CCSs may have underlying physiologic deficits that interfere with function that cannot be completely overcome by participation in regular physical activity. These survivors may need referral for specialized exercise interventions in addition to usual counseling to remain physically active.
MiR-133a Modulates Osteogenic Differentiation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Liao Xiao-Bo , Zhang Zhi-Yuan , Yuan Ke , Liu Yuan , Feng Xiang , Cui Rong-Rong , Hu Ye-Rong , Yuan Zhao-Shun , Gu Lu , Li Shi-Jun , Mao Ding-An , Lu Qiong , Zhou Xin-Ming , de Jesus Perez Vinicio A. , Yuan Ling-Qing
Published: June 2013

Arterial calcification is a key pathologic component of vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and peripheral vascular disease. A hallmark of this pathological process is the phenotypic transition of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) to osteoblast-like cells. Several studies have demonstrated that microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate osteoblast differentiation, but it is unclear whether miRNAs also regulate VSMC-mediated arterial calcification. In the present study, we sought to characterize the role of miR-133a in regulating VSMC-mediated arterial calcification. Northern blotting analysis of VSMCs treated with β-glycerophosphate demonstrated that miR-133a was significantly decreased during osteogenic differentiation. Overexpression of miR-133a inhibited VSMC transdifferentiation into osteoblast-like cells as evidenced by a decrease in alkaline phosphatase activity, osteocalcin secretion, Runx2 expression, and mineralized nodule formation. Conversely, the knockdown of miR-133a using an miR-133a inhibitor promoted osteogenic differentiation of VSMCs by increasing alkaline phosphatase activity, osteocalcin secretion, and Runx2 expression. Runx2 was identified as a direct target of miR-133a by a cotransfection experiment in VSMCs with luciferase reporter plasmids containing wild-type or mutant 3′-untranslated region sequences of Runx2. Furthermore, the pro-osteogenic effects of miR-133a inhibitor were abrogated in Runx2-knockdown cells, and the inhibition of osteogenic differentiation by pre–miR-133a was reversed by overexpression of Runx2, providing functional evidence that the effects of miR-133a in osteogenic differentiation were mediated by targeting Runx2. These results demonstrate that miR-133a is a key negative regulator of the osteogenic differentiation of VSMCs.
Insights into the Protective Mechanisms of Tamoxifen in Radiotherapy-Induced Ovarian Follicular Loss: Impact on Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1
Authors: Mahran Yasmen F. , El-Demerdash Ebtehal , Nada Ahmed S. , Ali Azza A. , Abdel-Naim Ashraf B.
Published: June 2013

Radiotherapy is one of the most common and effective cancer treatments. However, it has a profound impact on ovarian function, leading to premature ovarian failure. With the hope of preserving fertility in cancer survivors, the need for an effective radioprotective therapy is evident. The present study investigated the mechanism of the potential radioprotective effect of tamoxifen (TAM) on γ-irradiation-induced ovarian failure on experimental rats and the impact of the IGF-1 in the underlying protective mechanisms. Female Sprague Dawley rats were either exposed to single whole-body irradiation (3.2 Gy; lethal dose [LD20]) and/or treated with TAM (1 mg/kg). γ-Irradiation caused an array of ovarian dysfunction that was evident by assessment of hormonal changes, follicular development, proliferation marker (proliferating cell nuclear antigen), and oxidative stress as well as apoptotic markers. In addition, IGF-1/IGF-1 receptor axis expression was assessed using real-time RT-PCR and immunolocalization techniques. Furthermore, fertility assessment was performed. TAM significantly enhanced follicular development and restored the anti-Mullerian hormone level. Moreover, it ameliorated the deleterious effects of irradiation on oxidative stress, proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression, and apoptosis. Interestingly, TAM was shown to enhance the ovarian IGF-1 but not IGF-1 receptor, a property that contributed significantly to its radioprotective mechanisms. Finally, TAM regained the fertility that was lost after irradiation. In conclusion, TAM showed a radioprotective effect and saved the ovarian reserve and fertility through increasing anti-Mullerian hormone and the local IGF-1 level and counteracting the oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis.
Crystal structure of Schmallenberg orthobunyavirus nucleoprotein–RNA complex reveals a novel RNA sequestration mechanism
Authors: Dong Haohao , Li Ping , Böttcher Bettina , Elliott Richard M. , Dong Changjiang
Published: June 2013

Schmallenberg virus (SBV) is a newly emerged orthobunyavirus (familyBunyaviridae) that has caused severe disease in the offspring of farm animals across Europe. Like all orthobunyaviruses, SBV contains a tripartite negative-sense RNA genome that is encapsidated by the viral nucleocapsid (N) protein in the form of a ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP). We recently reported the three-dimensional structure of SBV N that revealed a novel fold. Here we report the crystal structure of the SBV N protein in complex with a 42-nt-long RNA to 2.16 Å resolution. The complex comprises a tetramer of N that encapsidates the RNA as a cross-shape inside the protein ring structure, with each protomer bound to 11 ribonucleotides. Eight bases are bound in the positively charged cleft between the N- and C-terminal domains of N, and three bases are shielded by the extended N-terminal arm. SBV N appears to sequester RNA using a different mechanism compared with the nucleoproteins of other negative-sense RNA viruses. Furthermore, the structure suggests that RNA binding results in conformational changes of some residues in the RNA-binding cleft and the N- and C-terminal arms. Our results provide new insights into the novel mechanism of RNA encapsidation by orthobunyaviruses.
Endovenous Laser Application
Authors: Hemmerich M. , Pongratz T. , Siegrist K. , Brons J. , Linden S. , Meier R. , Schmedt C.-G. , Sroka R.
Published: June 2013

Introduction: Endovenous laser ablation is becoming a common procedure in clinical routine. Although technical improvements and certain laser parameters are available there is demand to improve the situation by developing feedback-systems, thus getting online information for the clinical outcome and preventing for under- and over-treatment.

Methods: By means of Monte Carlo simulation the potential of detecting signals due to heat induced shrinkage of the vessel was investigated. Remission spectra of native and coagulated vein tissue were compared to identify potential parameters for signalling the physiological change of the tissue due to the heating process. A miniaturized temperature sensor was developed for intraluminal measurements during laser energy application.

Results: Monte Carlo simulation shows that the detection of remitted light from the vessels wall is possible for small vessel calibres of less than 6 mm in diameter. Remission spectra of native compared to coagulated vein tissue differ. While native tissue relates more to the content of deoxy-hemoglobin, the spectra of coagulated tissue relates more to the oxy-hemoglobin state. Based on the principle of temperature dependent fluorescence emission a miniaturized sensor was developed which can be used in the light field of radial emitting fibres.

Conclusion: Several optical changes for online-monitoring of signals during endovenous laser ablation showed potential to serve as feedback mechanism. Up to now, only the measurement of the endoluminal temperature could be realized. Further investigations are needed to find suitable technical realization to prevent for under- or overheating during endovenous laser ablation.
Klinische Studien zu neuen direkten oralen Antikoagulanzien
Authors: Weiss C. , Marx S. , Zolfaghari S. , Harenberg J.
Published: June 2013

Um die Wirksamkeit und Verträglichkeit neuer direkter oraler Antikoagulanzien (DOAK) zu vergleichen, müssten idealerweise eine direkte Gegenüberstellung der Substanzen in klinischen Studien durchgeführt werden. Auf Grund des logistischen und finanziellen Aufwandes wird dies aber in absehbarer Zeit nicht geschehen. Indirekte Vergleiche, auch Netzwerkanalysen (NMA) genannt, lassen sich mit den vorliegenden Studien zwischen den DOAKs vornehmen. In der postoperativen Phase nach Knie- und Hüftgelenkersatz und bei Patienten mit Vorhofflimmern sind derzeit diese Vergleich möglich. Indirekte Vergleiche sind jedoch auch mit Einschränkungen behaftet.

Diese Arbeit gibt eine Übersicht der aktuell vorliegenden NMAs und versucht, deren Ergebnisse mit der Pharmakologie der DOAKs und den methodischen Problemen von NMAs zu beleuchten.
Immersed spheres of finite total curvature into manifolds
Authors: Mondino Andrea , Rivière Tristan
Published: June 2013

We prove that a sequence of possibly branched, weak immersions of the 2-sphere 𝕊2 into an arbitrary compact
Riemannian manifold

(

M
m

,
h
)

${(M^m,h)}$

with uniformly bounded area and uniformly bounded L2
-norm of the second fundamental form either collapse
to a point or weakly converges as current, modulo extraction of a subsequence, to a Lipschitz mapping of 𝕊2
and whose image is made of a connected union of finitely many, possibly branched, weak immersions of 𝕊2 with finite total curvature. We prove moreover that if the sequence belongs to a class γ of

π
2

(

M
m

)

${\pi _2(M^m)}$

, the limiting Lipschitz mapping of 𝕊2 realizes this class as well.
The impact of hyperandrogenism in female obesity and cardiometabolic diseases associated with polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Barber Thomas M. , Vojtechova Petra , Franks Stephen
Published: June 2013

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common condition characterized by reproductive and hyperandrogenic features and is often associated with obesity and metabolic dysfunction. Overall, women with PCOS have a substantially greater prevalence of metabolic syndrome than women from the general population. Furthermore, PCOS per se (independent of its frequent association with obesity) often confers cardiometabolic risk (including insulin resistance), and its concurrence with obesity often represents a metabolic “double-whammy” from the adverse effects of PCOS and obesity. The introduction of the Rotterdam diagnostic criteria for PCOS in 2003 has broadened the scope of this condition. The Rotterdam diagnostic criteria have also introduced two new phenotypic subgroups (including normoandrogenemic women with PCOS) that have provided novel insights into a potential role for hyperandrogenism in the development of adverse cardiometabolic risk in women with PCOS. Based on evidence from cross-sectional and interventional studies, hyperandrogenism, obesity, and cardiometabolic risk in women appear to be linked through complex and multidirectional pathways. Furthermore, data from obese women without a formal diagnosis of PCOS also suggest that these interrelationships often exist in female obesity per se (in milder forms than occurs in PCOS). Data from female-to-male transsexuals are particularly informative because these show direct effects of hyperandrogenism (induced through exogenous use of androgenic therapies) on fat distribution and cardiometabolic risk in women. A challenge for the future will be to disentangle and improve our understanding of this complex pathogenic web, thereby facilitating novel and targeted therapies for the hyperandrogenic and adverse cardiometabolic manifestations of PCOS.
Metal oxide and bimetallic nanoparticles in ionic liquids: synthesis and application in multiphase catalysis
Authors: Prechtl Martin H.G. , Campbell Paul S.
Published: June 2013

Ionic liquids (ILs) are well established as solvents and stabilizing agents for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) in general. The physicochemical properties of ILs and the supramolecular organization in the liquid state are capable of directing the growth of transition metal NPs generated in situ and to subsequently protect and stabilize them. Until now, many different NPs have been successfully synthesized within these media; however, the synthesis of metal oxide and bimetallic alloy or core-shell NPs in ILs is still relatively rare. Herein, we summarize the current state-of-the-art of the synthetic methods for these materials and their application in the broad field of catalysis, including multiphase systems, hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, functionalization, as well as defunctionalization reactions.
Peel and Shear Test Comparison and Geosynthetic Clay Liner Shear Strength Correlation
Authors: von Maubeuge Kent P. , Ehrenberg Henning
Published: June 2013

Multi-component geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) are a new variation of GCLs and are fast growing in the current sealing applications. During the manufacturing process the “classic” geosynthetic clay liners are combined with either an attached film, coating, or membrane that can decrease the hydraulic conductivity of the product but can also add other features. ASTM D 6496 and EN ISO test methods give some guidance for testing the peel strength of GCLs. However, in the past multi-component GCLs were not tested according to ASTM or EN ISO test methods. To be able to suggest modifications on these test methods it is necessary to investigate the methods with current multi-component GCLs. Therefore this paper will present results on peel and shear data under varying conditions. Findings in how to separate the coating or adhered film and how they can be used in current test apparatus will be discussed. In the past, correlation data between shear and peel were published and will be updated with multi-component GCLs. The results of peel and internal shear testing will be evaluated, compared, and presented in this paper. Furthermore external shear test with different multi-component geosynthetic clay liners against different soil types will be presented and discussed in this paper. This basic work will be further discussed with ASTM for the development of a Standard test method for peel testing for multi-component geosynthetic clay liners.
Variation in Definitions of Urinary Tract Infections in Spina Bifida Patients: A Systematic Review
Authors: Madden-Fuentes Ramiro Jose , McNamara Erin Rebekah , Lloyd Jessica Catherine , Wiener John Samuel , Routh Jonathan Charles , Seed Patrick Casey , Ross Sherry Sedberry
Published: June 2013

OBJECTIVE:

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common source of morbidity among children with spina bifida (SB) and are a frequently reported outcome in studies of this patient population. However, the criteria for a diagnosis of UTI are often not stated. We evaluated the literature on SB patients for the criteria that authors use to define parameters in reporting UTI outcomes.

METHODS:

Embase and Medline were queried with the medical subject heading terms “spinal dysraphism,” “myelomeningocele,” “infection,” and “urinary tract infection.” A second search with the exploded term “spina bifida” and “urinary tract infection” was performed. Original research studies reporting a UTI outcome in SB patients were included and evaluated by 2 independent reviewers for the presence of a UTI definition and diagnostic criteria.

RESULTS:

We identified 872 publications, of which 124 met inclusion criteria. Forty-five of 124 (36.3%) studies reporting UTI as an outcome provided a definition of UTI. Of 124 studies, 28 (22.6%) were published in pediatric journals and 69 (55.6%) in urology journals. A definition of UTI was provided in 11 (39.3%) and 26 (37.7%) studies, respectively. “Fever, culture, and symptoms” defined a UTI in 17 of 45 studies. Journal category and presence of UTI definitions did not correlate (P = .71).

CONCLUSIONS:

Explicit definitions for UTI are heterogeneous and infrequently applied in studies of SB patients, limiting study reliability and estimates of true UTI rates in this population. Future studies will benefit from the development and application of a standard definition for UTI in this population.
Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Bacterial Sinusitis in Children Aged 1 to 18 Years
Authors: Wald Ellen R. , Applegate Kimberly E. , Bordley Clay , Darrow David H. , Glode Mary P. , Marcy S. Michael , Nelson Carrie E. , Rosenfeld Richard M. , Shaikh Nader , Smith Michael J. , Williams Paul V. , Weinberg Stuart T.
Published: June 2013

OBJECTIVE:

To update the American Academy of Pediatrics clinical practice guideline regarding the diagnosis and management of acute bacterial sinusitis in children and adolescents.

METHODS:

Analysis of the medical literature published since the last version of the guideline (2001).

RESULTS:

The diagnosis of acute bacterial sinusitis is made when a child with an acute upper respiratory tract infection (URI) presents with (1) persistent illness (nasal discharge [of any quality] or daytime cough or both lasting more than 10 days without improvement), (2) a worsening course (worsening or new onset of nasal discharge, daytime cough, or fever after initial improvement), or (3) severe onset (concurrent fever [temperature ≥39°C/102.2°F] and purulent nasal discharge for at least 3 consecutive days). Clinicians should not obtain imaging studies of any kind to distinguish acute bacterial sinusitis from viral URI, because they do not contribute to the diagnosis; however, a contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan of the paranasal sinuses should be obtained whenever a child is suspected of having orbital or central nervous system complications. The clinician should prescribe antibiotic therapy for acute bacterial sinusitis in children with severe onset or worsening course. The clinician should either prescribe antibiotic therapy or offer additional observation for 3 days to children with persistent illness. Amoxicillin with or without clavulanate is the first-line treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis. Clinicians should reassess initial management if there is either a caregiver report of worsening (progression of initial signs/symptoms or appearance of new signs/symptoms) or failure to improve within 72 hours of initial management. If the diagnosis of acute bacterial sinusitis is confirmed in a child with worsening symptoms or failure to improve, then clinicians may change the antibiotic therapy for the child initially managed with antibiotic or initiate antibiotic treatment of the child initially managed with observation.

CONCLUSIONS:

Changes in this revision include the addition of a clinical presentation designated as “worsening course,” an option to treat immediately or observe children with persistent symptoms for 3 days before treating, and a review of evidence indicating that imaging is not necessary in children with uncomplicated acute bacterial sinusitis.
Office-Based Care for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Questioning Youth
Authors:   COMMITTEE ON ADOLESCENCE, Levine David A. , Braverman Paula K. , Adelman William P. , Breuner Cora C. , Levine David A. , Marcell Arik V. , Murray Pamela J. , O’Brien Rebecca F.
Published: June 2013

This Policy Statement was reaffirmed April 2021.

The American Academy of Pediatrics issued its last statement on homosexuality and adolescents in 2004. Although most lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning (LGBTQ) youth are quite resilient and emerge from adolescence as healthy adults, the effects of homophobia and heterosexism can contribute to health disparities in mental health with higher rates of depression and suicidal ideation, higher rates of substance abuse, and more sexually transmitted and HIV infections. Pediatricians should have offices that are teen-friendly and welcoming to sexual minority youth. Obtaining a comprehensive, confidential, developmentally appropriate adolescent psychosocial history allows for the discovery of strengths and assets as well as risks. Referrals for mental health or substance abuse may be warranted. Sexually active LGBTQ youth should have sexually transmitted infection/HIV testing according to recommendations of the Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention based on sexual behaviors. With appropriate assistance and care, sexual minority youth should live healthy, productive lives while transitioning through adolescence and young adulthood.
Light Management Using Periodic Textures for Enhancing Photocurrent and Conversion Efficiency in Thin-Film Silicon Solar Cells
Authors: Sai Hitoshi , Matsui Takuya , Bidiville Adrien , Koida Takashi , Yoshida Yuji , Saito Kimihiko , Kondo Michio
Published: June 2013

Periodically textured back reflectors with hexagonal dimple arrays are applied to thin-film microcrystalline silicon (μc-Si:H) solar cells for enhancing light trapping. The period and aspect ratio of the honeycomb textures have a big impact on the photovoltaic performance. When the textures have a moderate aspect ratio, the optimum period for obtaining a high short circuit current density (JSC) is found to be equal to or slightly larger than the cell thickness. If the cell thickness exceeds the texture period, the cell surface tends to be flattened and texture-induced defects are generated, which constrain the improvement in JSC. Based on these findings, we have fabricated optimized μc-Si:H cells achieving a high active-area efficiency exceeding 11% and a JSC of 30 mA/cm2.
Improvement of seed layer smoothness for epitaxial growth on porous silicon
Authors: Martini R. , Sivaramakrishnan Radhakrishnan H. , Depauw V. , Van Nieuwenhuysen K. , Gordon I. , Gonzalez M. , Poortmans J.
Published: June 2013

In the last decades many techniques have been proposed to manufacture thin (<50µm) silicon solar cells. The main issues in manufacturing thin solar cells are the unavailability of a reliable method to produce thin silicon foils with contained material losses (kerf-losses) and the difficulties in handling and processing such fragile foils. A way to solve both issues is to grow an epitaxial foil on top of a weak sintered porous silicon layer. The porous silicon layer is formed by electrochemical etching on a thick silicon substrate and then annealed to close the top surface. This surface is employed as seed layer for the epitaxial growth of a silicon layer which can be partially processed while attached on the substrate that provides mechanical support. Afterward, the foil can be bonded on glass, detached and further processed at module level. The efficiency of the final solar cell will depend on the quality of the epitaxial layer which, in turn, depends on the seed layer smoothness.

Several parameters can be adjusted to change the morphology and, hence, the properties of the porous layer, both in the porous silicon formation and the succeeding thermal treatment. This work focuses on the effect of the parameters that control the porous silicon formation on the structure of the porous silicon layer after annealing and, more specifically, on the roughness of the top surface. The reported analysis shows how the roughness of the seed layer can be reduced to improve the quality of the epitaxial growth.
A Vertical PN Junction Utilizing the Impurity Photovoltaic Effect for the Enhancement of Ultra-thin Film Silicon Solar Cells
Authors: Paez D. J. , Huante-Ceron E. , Knights A. P.
Published: June 2013

We report a preliminary study on the influence of indium doping on ultra-thin film silicon solar cells. The design of the cell reported here is such that it should elucidate the impact of the indium dopant, which is concentrated in the thin film. Indium, a deep level in silicon (0.157 eV above the valence band), acts as a p-type dopant and a sensitizer. Absorption through sub-bandgap transitions is expected based on the previously reported Impurity PhotoVoltaic (IPV) Effect [1]. It is proposed that the implementation of a novel vertical PN junction configuration together with the IPV effect enhances the efficiency of ultra-thin solar cells. The most efficient cell fabricated to date, in our research group, has a conversion efficiency of 4.3 % (active silicon thickness of 2.5 μm), a short-circuit current density of 14.9 mA/cm2 and an open-circuit voltage of 0.51 V under 1 sun illumination. The cell has not been optimized with any type of light trapping technique and 11.24 % of the cell surface is covered by the metal contacts. Numerical simulation indicates that for the geometry used, the maximum efficiency that may be expected is 9.8 % (compared to the 4.3 % measured).
Application of an optimal predictive controller for a small water distribution network in Luxembourg
Authors: Fiorelli David , Schutz Georges , Metla Nataliya , Meyers Joel
Published: June 2013

This paper deals with predictive control applied to the management of water storage in a small water distribution network. This online optimisation-based strategy is computed iteratively by solving a set of mathematical equations which describe the operative goals, in a given time horizon, and uses a representative model for the network dynamics as well as a demand forecast. The approach has been tested on a simulator developed for a four-reservoir water network of a commune of Luxembourg. Mathematical optimisation of the water distribution network is defined to account for all the requirements put forward by the authorities (both the commune and the regional drinking water provider as well as the national water agency), without ignoring the operating and physical constraints of the network. Based on realistic consumption scenarios, the starting situation (tanks always completely filled) and different control strategies (proportional integral derivative or PID level regulation or global predictive control) have been compared and the results are discussed. Moreover, the question of whether to integrate natural ventilation has been explored. Global predictive control leads to improved management in comparison to PID and mechanical control. Further work is needed to evaluate performance when goals, such as tank aeration, are to be met.
Flood analysis of urban drainage systems: Probabilistic dependence structure of rainfall characteristics and fuzzy model parameters
Authors: Fu Guangtao , Kapelan Zoran
Published: June 2013

Flood analysis of urban drainage systems plays a crucial role for flood risk management in urban areas. Rainfall characteristics, including the dependence between rainfall variables, have a significant influence on flood frequency. This paper considers the use of copulas to represent the probabilistic dependence structure between rainfall depth and duration in the synthetic rainfall generation process, and the Gumbel copula is fitted for the rainfall data in a case study of sewer networks. The probabilistic representation of rainfall uncertainty is combined with fuzzy representation of model parameters in a unified framework based on Dempster–Shafer theory of evidence. The Monte Carlo simulation method is used for uncertainty propagation to calculate the exceedance probabilities of flood quantities (depth and volume) of the case study sewer network. This study demonstrates the suitability of the Gumbel copula in simulating the dependence of rainfall depth and duration, and also shows that the unified framework can effectively integrate the copula-based probabilistic representation of random variables and fuzzy representation of model parameters for flood analysis.
Formulation of a fast 2D urban pluvial flood model using a cellular automata approach
Authors: Ghimire Bidur , Chen Albert S. , Guidolin Michele , Keedwell Edward C. , Djordjević Slobodan , Savić Dragan A.
Published: June 2013

With the increase in frequency and severity of flash flood events in major cities around the world, the infrastructure and people living in those urban areas are exposed continuously to high risk levels of pluvial flooding. The situation is likely to be exacerbated by the potential impact of future climate change. A fast flood model could be very useful for flood risk analysis. One-dimensional (1D) models provide limited information about the flow dynamics whereas two-dimensional (2D) models require substantial computational time and cost, a factor that limits their use. This paper presents an alternative approach using cellular automata (CA) for 2D modelling. The model uses regular grid cells as a discrete space for the CA setup and applies generic rules to local neighbourhood cells to simulate the spatio-temporal evolution of pluvial flooding. The proposed CA model is applied to a hypothetical terrain and a real urban area. The synchronous state updating rule and inherent nature of the proposed model contributes to a great reduction in computational time. The results are compared with a hydraulic model and good agreement is found between the two models.
Online simplification of water distribution network models for optimal scheduling
Authors: Paluszczyszyn Daniel , Skworcow Piotr , Ulanicki Bogumil
Published: June 2013

This paper presents an implementation of an extended simplification algorithm of water distribution network models for the purpose of inclusion in the online optimisation strategy for energy and leakage management in water distribution systems. Whereas the previously proposed reduced model represented accurately the original hydraulic water network characteristics, the energy distribution in the simplified model was not preserved. This could cause a situation where the pump speed required to satisfy specified minimum pressure constraints is different for the reduced model and the original model. This problem has been identified, and an appropriate modification to the simplification algorithm has been introduced. The idea comprises introduction of the energy audit of the water network and the calculation of new minimum service pressure constraints for the simplified model. The approach allows the preservation of both hydraulic and energetic characteristics of the original water network and therefore meets the requirements of the online optimisation strategy. Suitability of the proposed approach is evaluated via a case study. The modern parallel programming implementation allowed water network models consisting of several thousand elements to be reduced within 2 min with an average relative accuracy of less than 2% in terms of tanks flows.
Geostatistical techniques for approximate location of pipe burst events in water distribution systems
Authors: Romano Michele , Kapelan Zoran , Savić Dragan A.
Published: June 2013

This paper focusses on the customisation and further enhancement of the recently developed data-driven methodology for the automated near real-time detection of pipe bursts and other (e.g. sensor faults) events at the district metered area (DMA) level. Assuming the availability of pressure/flow data from an increased number of sensors deployed in a DMA, the aim is to: (i) overcome the limitations of the probabilistic inference engine when dealing with the increased data availability; and (ii) exploit the event information resulting from the analysis of the larger number of DMA signals for determining the approximate location of the pipe burst events within the DMA. This is achieved by making use of a multivariate Gaussian mixtures-based graphical model and geostatistical techniques. The novel detection and location methodology is demonstrated and tested on a series of simulated pipe burst events that were performed by opening hydrants in a real-life DMA in the UK. The results obtained illustrate that the new methodology can successfully determine the approximate location of pipe bursts within a DMA (in addition to detecting them in a fast and reliable manner). The performance comparison of several geostatistical techniques shows that the Ordinary Cokriging technique outperforms all other techniques tested.
An improved numerical scheme for the approximate solution of the Parabolic Wave model
Authors: Cimorelli Luigi , Cozzolino Luca , Morte Renata Della , Pianese Domenico
Published: June 2013

In this paper, the main features and performances of a new numerical scheme, ILILPM (Improved Locally and Instantaneously Linearized Parabolic Model) are described. ILILPM is an improved version of the Parabolic and Backwater (PAB) and Linearized Parabolic Model (LPM) schemes, proposed in literature for the approximate solution of the Parabolic Wave model. The algorithm presented is able to take into account transcritical flow regime and transitions from free-surface to pressurized flow in tree-like channel networks. Due to its unconditional stability, the model allows large computational time steps, leading to very fast simulations during transients for a class of flow conditions larger than those solved by the parent schemes. The model is demonstrated by comparing its results with experimental observations and with the results provided by the numerical solution of the full De Saint-Venant equations.
Wavelets-based non-linear model for real-time daily flow forecasting in Krishna River
Authors: Maheswaran R. , Khosa Rakesh
Published: June 2013

In this study, a multi-scale non-linear model based on coupling a discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and the second-order Volterra model, i.e. the wavelet Volterra coupled (WVC) model, is applied for daily inflow forecasting at Krishna Agraharam, Krishna River, India. The relative performance of the WVC model was compared with regular artificial neural networks (ANN), wavelet-artificial neural networks (WA-ANN) models and other baseline models such as auto-regressive moving average with exogenous variables (ARMAX) for lead times of 1–5 days. The models were applied for the forecasting of daily streamflow at Krishna Agraharam Station at Krishna River. The WVC performed very well, especially when compared with the WA-ANN model for lead times of 4 and 5 days. The results indicate that the WVC model is a promising alternative to the other traditional models for short-term flow forecasting.
A Comparison of Active and Passive Procrastination in Relation to Academic Motivation
Authors: Seo Eun Hee
Published: June 2013

In this study I examined whether or not the relationship between active procrastination and academic motivation is distinct from the relationship between passive procrastination and academic motivation in order to distinguish between 2 types of procrastination within a self-determination
theoretical framework. Data were collected from 278 Korean undergraduates. The findings indicated that high identification and low external regulation increased active procrastination and high external regulation and low intrinsic motivation increased passive procrastination. The findings
also showed that active procrastination was inversely proportional to passive procrastination. These findings support the idea that, compared to passive procrastination, active procrastination might be related to relatively autonomous forms of motivation, and might be a form of delay distinct
from passive procrastination.
Development of a Model Connecting Self-directive Value and Satisfaction of Sociability Needs in Sport Spectators
Authors: Gau Li-Shiue
Published: June 2013

I developed a model for spectators of team sporting events in a collectivistic society to explain the relationships among self-directive value, team identification, social capital, and a sense of belonging in the context of being a member of a fan group. I distributed a survey in central
Taiwan to 890 people who watched a sporting event for at least 30 minutes per week. The results showed that the model I had developed was supported except that my hypothesis that there would be a relationship between self-directive value and the fans' social capital was only partly supported.
Team identification played a fully mediating role and spectator attitudes played a moderating role, in the relationship between self-directive value and fans' social capital. The model accounted for 59% of the variance in sense of belonging, and indicated the possibility, in the collectivist
society of Taiwan, of balancing being self-directive and having social needs satisfied as a member of a fan group for a sports team.