bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Agua, horticultura y urbanismo en una ciudad americana. Santiago de Chile en la época virreinal
Authors: Sánchez-Rodríguez Martín
Published: September 2015

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo principal estudiar los usos sociales del agua en Santiago de Chile a partir del uso de la cartografía antigua para así mostrar otros elementos presentes en el urbanismo americano y que van más allá de la planta en damero o la ubicación de edificios y espacios emblemáticos. Se trata de la red de acequias existentes en Santiago y en un número de poblaciones americanas aún no determinado, que marcaron su desarrollo urbano y fueron parte importante en la producción de alimentos a partir de la práctica de la horticultura.La base de la presente contribución está compuesta por 24 documentos cartográficos impresos o dibujados entre 1713 y 1841, algunos de los cuales se reproducen aquí. Se trata de diez planos generales de Santiago y otros catorce planos parciales de la misma ciudad. Todos estos documentos fueron seleccionados al ofrecer información relativa a la ubicación y trayectoria de la red de canales y, en menor medida, a la práctica de la horticultura. Para reforzar ambos aspectos del trabajo, nos basaremos en las descripciones hechas por cronistas y viajeros de la época.
El proceso de transferencia a partir de la Ley de Aguas de 1992 en México: el caso de la Junta de Aguas del río Temoaya y su transformación en Unidades de Riego (1934-2013)
Authors: Castillo-Nonato Jesús
Published: September 2015

La existencia de una Junta de Aguas de Temoaya modifica su estructura organizativa a partir del programa de Transferencia de 1995. Dicho programa implicó que esta se transformara en Temoaya en múltiples Unidades de Riego. A estas Unidades de Riego, la Comisión Nacional del Agua, como organismo administrador, les solicitó realizar los trámites pertinentes para que los avalara como propietarios del agua del río Temoaya y les entregara el volumen de agua correspondiente.El proceso de transferencia a partir de la Ley de Aguas de 1992, a diferencia de otros Distritos, Unidades de Riego y concesionadas, no vino a romper con la estructura organizativa anterior. Por el contrario, los usuarios en términos administrativos se reorganizaron, haciendo más eficaz la distribución del agua, pues ahora cada ejido cuenta con un Comité de Riego y posee un título de concesión. A partir de este antecedente el artículo tiene como objetivo documentar y describir la administración y operación de la Junta de Aguas y su transformación en Unidades de Riego a partir del proceso de transferencia documentado con datos de trabajo de campo y de archivo.
Agua y tierra: Organización y reordenamiento de las tierras ganadas y actividades emergentes en el Lago de Chapala, México (1904-2014)
Authors: Hernández-García Adriana , Sandoval-Moreno Adriana
Published: September 2015

El lago de Chapala y su cuenca lo comparten los estados de Michoacán y Jalisco, México. Debido a su riqueza biológica, abundante agua y tierras fértiles, se establecieron diversas culturas indígenas. Posteriormente, a la llegada de europeos, se ocuparon las ciénagas al constituirse nuevos ordenamientos territoriales que derivaron en las encomiendas y haciendas. Fue a finales del siglo XIX y a lo largo del siglo XX que se plantearon proyectos económicos y técnicos de desecación del lago y utilización de sus suelos para actividades agrícolas y ganaderas. Estos cambios implicaron transformaciones y conflictos en las dinámicas productivas locales, en el paisaje natural y en los modos de apropiación, ocupación y organización de las tierras ganadas al lago de Chapala. El objetivo de este trabajo es dar cuenta de las dinámicas de cambio en el territorio ribereño, desde principios del siglo XX hasta la actualidad, como un proceso conflictivo, complejo y promotor de desigualdades sociales a lo largo de los diez municipios ribereños, así como las tendencias emergentes de reordenamiento territorial.
Een glas-in-lood plafond? ‘De Vrouw 1813-1913’ en andere verbeeldingen van vrouwen, religie en emancipatie
Authors: Derks Marjet
Published: September 2015

A Leaded-Glass Ceiling?: ‘Women 1813-1913’ and Other Visions of Women, Religion and EmancipationThe exhibition ‘Women 1813-1913’ was a key moment in the visibility of women’s religiosity in the public realm. However, it was so because it accentuated the feminist framework of women’s formal rights and projected it on the ecclesiastical domain. This one-sided representation, which excluded Catholic women among others, has remained unacknowledged in historiography. Focusing on motivations and aims of female subjects, this article addresses Catholic women’s attempts to gain an authoritative position and have a public voice in the religious realm, despite opposition. It analyses both their resentment of the formal rights discourse and their appropriations. By doing so, the article emphasises the historical diversity of female religious agency and the experience of empowerment, as well as the importance of religion as a category for identity. The last is typified as a source of difference rather than a unifying factor among women, both in 1813 and 1913 and in the twenty-first century. This article is part of the special issue 'De Vrouw 1813-1913'. De tentoonstelling ‘De Vrouw 1813-1913’ was een scharnierpunt in dezichtbaarmaking van de religiositeit van vrouwen in de publieke sfeer, maar accentueerde het feministische denkkader van ‘formele rechten’ van vrouwen in de kerken. De geschiedschrijving heeft het eenzijdige karakter van deze representatie, die onder meer katholieke vrouwen uitsloot, niet onderkend.  Vertrekkend vanuit de denkkaders van de vrouwelijke subjecten zélf, hun doelstellingen en motivatie, belicht deze bijdrage de pogingen van katholieke vrouwen (religieuze bewegingen, politica’s en feministisch theologen) in de jaren ná 1913 om religieuze spreekposities in te nemen en de weerstanden die ze ontmoetten. Soms stonden de pogingenhaaks op het rechtendiscours, soms eigenden vrouwen zich dat toe. De bijdrage benadrukt de historische diversiteit van vrouwelijke religieuze agency en ervaringen van empowerment, alsmede het belang van religie voor identiteit. Religie komt erin naar voren als bron van verschil tussen vrouwen, zowel in 1813 en 1913 als een eeuw later. Dit artikel maakt deel uit van het themanummer 'De Vrouw 1813-1913'.
Gentle Knights: Masculinity, Teetotalism and Aid for Alcohol Abuse c. 1900
Authors: Blok Gemma
Published: September 2015

Since 1830 there have been Dutch organisations that were concerned with fighting alcohol abuse. The Drink Law of 1881, the result of their lobby, limited the sale of drink and made the punishment of public drunkenness obligatory. Around 1900 there was renewed fervour in the Dutch Temperance Movement: teetotallers came to dominate the movement and created a system for the care of drunkards. This change from a repressive approach to a focus on treatment was accompanied by two differing variants on ‘chivalrous’ masculinity. Nineteenth century campaigners put their idea of masculinity – controlled, militant, protective of women and children – in the service of state politics. The chivalry of the teetotallers was more personal. They showed their solidarity with problematic drinkers by completely abstaining from alcohol and attempted to save drunkards by setting a good example. The battle against King Alcohol became a fight, man to man, in civil society. This article is part of the special issue 'Low Countries Histories of Masculinity'.
Historisch? Twee opstellen over de aard van de geschiedkennis
Authors: Ankersmit F.R.
Published: September 2015

E.E.G. Vermeulen, Historisch? Twee opstellen over de aard van de geschiedkennis
Plaatsbepaling in de strijd
Authors: Offringa C.
Published: September 2015

H.A. Diederiks, M.A. Wes, Veranderingen in de geschiedwetenschap
Dekolonisatie in documenten
Authors: Baljé Chr.L.
Published: September 2015

S.L. van der Wal, Officiële bescheiden betreffende de Nederlands-Indonesische betrekkingen 1945-1950, I, 10 augustus-8 november 1945S.L. van der Wal, Officiële bescheiden betreffende de Nederlands-Indonesische betrekkingen 1945-1950, II, 9 november- 31 december 1945S.L. van der Wal, Officiële bescheiden betreffende de Nederlands-Indonesische betrekkingen 1945-1950, III, 1 januari- 30 maart 1946S.L. van der Wal, Officiële bescheiden betreffende de Nederlands-Indonesische betrekkingen 1945-1950, IV, 31 maart-16 juli 1946S.L. van der Wal, Officiële bescheiden betreffende de Nederlands-Indonesische betrekkingen 1945-1950, V, 16 juli-28 oktober 1946
Aantekeningen naar aanleiding van L. de Jong, Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog
Authors: Riel H. van
Published: September 2015

L. de Jong, Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog (boek I tot/met VIII)
Een Fundgrube voor de historische wetenschap. De Althusius-bibliografie
Authors: Veen Th.J.
Published: September 2015

H.U. Scupin, U. Scheuner, Althusius-Bibliographie. Bibliographie zur politischen Ideengeschichte und Staatslehre, zum Staatsrecht und zur Verfassungsgeschichte des 16. bis 18. Jahrhunderts, 2 delen
Enkele kanttekeningen bij de eerste industrialisatienota's van J. R. M. van den Brink [Hierbij: Repliek]
Authors: Griffiths R.T.
Published: September 2015

J.R.M. van den Brink, Zoeken naar een 'heilstaat'. Opbouw, neergang en perspectief van de Nederlandse welvaartsstaat
Twee oraties over de bezettingstijd
Authors: Cohen A.E.
Published: September 2015

J. Bank, Oorlogsverleden in Nederland
J.C.H. Blom, In de ban van goed en fout? Wetenschappelijke geschiedschrijving over de bezettingstijd in Nederland
De nieuwe 'Memorialen Rosa'
Authors: Verkerk C.L.
Published: September 2015

R.W.G. Lombart, Memorialen van het Hof (den raad) van Holland, Zeeland en West-Friesland, van den secretaris Jan Rosa, IV, V, VI, VII, IX, X
Eender of anders? Nieuwe literatuur over de geschiedenis van de Nederlandse Cariben
Authors: Emmer P.C.
Published: September 2015

R. Price, To slay the hydra. Dutch colonial perspectives on the Saramaka wars
F.H.R. Oedayrajsingh Varma, Suriname, een apartheidsexperiment met de allergruwelijkste vormen van Indianen- en negerslavernij
C.Ch. Goslinga, The Dutch in the Caribbean and the Guianas 1680-1791
Woeringen 1288-1988. Brabantse overwinning, maar Keulse triomf
Authors: Uytven R. van
Published: September 2015

W. Schäfke, Der Name der Freiheit 1288-1988. Aspekte Kölner Geschichte von Worringen bis Heute
W. Janssen, H. Stehkämper, Der Tag bei Worringen: 5. Juni 1288
1787. De Nederlandse revolutie?
Authors: Huussen jr. A.H.
Published: September 2015

R.P.L. Arpots, W. Otterspeer, Johannes le Francq van Berkheij (1729-1813). Catalogus van de tentoonstelling gehouden in het Academisch Historisch Museum te Leiden van 22 oktober tot 11 december 1987
A. van den Berg, De papieren oorlog tussen patriotten en prinsgezinden. 'Het Geldersche Zwyn'
J.J.M. Bos, Rijklof Michael van Goens (1748-1810). Literator - politicus - piëtist
H. Bots, W.W. Mijnhardt, De droom van de revolutie. Nieuwe benaderingen van het patriottisme
J.D. van der Capellen, H.L. Zwitzer, Aan het Volk van Nederland. Het patriottisch program uit 1781. H. L. Zwitzer, ed.
L. de Gou, Biografische bijdragen over achttiende eeuwers. Fragmenten van jaarredes gehouden in de algemene vergadering van de Hollandse Maatschappij der Wetenschappen, 1979-1985
F. Grijzenhout, Voor vadeland en vrijheid. De revolutie van de patriotten
F. Grijzenhout, N.C.F. van Sas, Voor vaderland en vrijheid. Revolutie in Nederland 1780-1787
F.L. van Holthoon, Patriots and Orangists. Revolutionary pamphlets and caricatures in the Netherlands 1780-1800
P.C. Jansen, De physique existentie dezes lands. Jan Blanken inspecteur-generaal van de waterstaat. (1755-1838)
J.G. Kikkert, Gespannen stilte. De patriotten en het einde van de Republiek 1780-1795
W.E. Meiboom, Willem V en de patriotten in Holland. Catalogus van de tentoonstelling in het Algemeen Rijksarchief te Den Haag
G. Rooijakkers, Voor 'Brabants vryheyd'. Patriotten in Staats-Brabant
P. Schonewille, H. Tupan, Oude grieven, nieuwe idealen. Patriotten in Drenthe, 1780-1787
Van Weegluis tot Pruis. De patriottentijd in Den Haag, 1780-1787
A. Wiechmann, L.C. Palm, Een elektriserend geleerde. Martinus van Marum 1750-1837
H.A. van Wijnen, 'Vorst Willem, het is alles uw schuld!'. Oranje en de ondergang van de Republiek bij de omwentelingen 1787-1795
Th.S.M. van der Zee, 1787. De Nederlandse Revolutie?
W. Bergsma, For uwz lân, wyv en bern. De patriottentijd in Friesland
R.A.M. ter Bogt, De aanhouding van prinses Wilhelmina van Pruisen
A. Brouwer, I. Vellekoop, Maassluis in oorlog en beroerte (1780-1789)
A. Brouwer, Vlaardingen in patriottentijd
R. de Bruin, Revolutie in Utrecht. Studenten, burgers en regenten in de patriottentijd 1780-1787
J.D.R. van Dijk, W.R. Foorthuis, Drentse portretten uit de patriottentijd
W.A. Knoops, F.Ch. Meijer, Goejanverwellesluis. De aanhouding van de prinses van Oranje op 28 juni 1787 door het vrijkorps van Gouda
G.J. Onrust, De West-Zaandamse revolutie. Een onderzoek naar de rol van de schutterijen in West-Zaandam in het revolutiejaar 1787
J.J.M. Bos, Inventaris van het archief van Rijklof Michael van Goens (1748-1810)
Vrouwengeschiedenis kritisch bekeken
Authors: Schwegman M.
Published: September 2015

E. Kloek, Wie hij zij, man of wijf. Vrouwengeschiedenis en de vroegmoderne tijd
Historici, ingenieurs en techniek. Over de relatie tussen techniekgeschiedenis en algemene geschiedenis
Authors: Davids C.A.
Published: September 2015

H.W. Lintsen, Geschiedenis van de techniek in Nederland. De wording van een moderne samenleving 1800-1890, I, Techniek en modernisering, landbouw en voeding
H.W. Lintsen, Geschiedenis van de techniek in Nederland. De wording van een moderne samenleving 1800-1890, II, Gezondheid en openbare hygiëne, waterstaat en infrastructuur, papier, druk en communicatie
H.W. Lintsen, Geschiedenis van de techniek in Nederland. De wording van een moderne samenleving 1800-1890, III, Textiel, gas, licht en elektriciteit, bouw
H.W. Lintsen, Geschiedenis van de techniek in Nederland. De wording van een moderne samenleving 1800-1890, IV, Delfstoffen, machine- en scheepsbouw, stoom, chemie, telegrafie en telefonie
H.W. Lintsen, Geschiedenis van de techniek in Nederland. De wording van een moderne samenleving 1800-1890, VI, Techniek en samenleving
H.W. Lintsen, Geschiedenis van de techniek in Nederland. De wording van een moderne samenleving 1800-1890, V, Techniek, beroep en praktijk
De Nieuwe encyclopedie van de Vlaamse Beweging. Enkele bedenkingen
Authors: Art J.
Published: September 2015

R. de Schryver, Nieuwe encyclopedie van de Vlaamse Beweging
Adel en nobiliteringsprocessen in het laatmiddeleeuwse Vlaanderen: een status quaestionis
Authors: Dumolyn J. , Tricht F. van
Published: September 2015

Nobility and processes of ennoblement in Late Mediaeval Flanders: a state of the artIn the county of Flanders, the later Middle Ages should not be considered simply as a period of general crisis for the nobility as an evolving class. Instead, we might call it a time of intensive renewal, accelerated mobility and diversification. The background of these developments was a threefold dialectic: the late mediaeval crisis of feudalism (which brought about a sharp deterioration of noble rent income), social and economic urban development in Flanders and, last but not least, the Flemish-Burgundian state formation process. Specifically, the latter factor has been taken into account in this article as a creative force in the renovation of the nobility. This process was accompanied by a concentration of surplus extraction on the 'state' level, resulting in what we might call ‘state feudalism’. For the traditional nobles, obtaining a political position in the county was now only possible through princely service. On the other hand, political functions and offices offered urban and rural, non-noble, political elites opportunities for gradual ennoblement. Of course, other factors too were involved: the acquisition of seigniorial power, noble alliances and ‘living like a nobleman’. Consequently, these two aristocracies (traditional nobles and political elites of the Burgundian State) merged to a certain extent, eventually resulting in a 'new' noble class, anticipating the ‘noblesse de robe’ of the modern period. For a particular family, this process of ennoblement could take several generations. In a European perspective, the redefinition and revitalisation of this ‘nobility’ as a traditional ruling class in feudal society is hardly surprising. Nevertheless, the high degree of urbanisation in Flanders gave this process a distinct character.
De Guldensporenslag van fait-divers tot ankerpunt van de Vlaamse identiteit (1302-1838): de natievormende functionaliteit van historiografische mythen
Authors: Lambert V.
Published: September 2015

The Battle of the Spurs — from fait divers to linchpin of Flemish identity (1302-1838): the nation forming function of historiographic mythsOn 11 July 1302, the Battle of the Spurs was fought on the Groeningekouter near Courtrai. This was only one of many military confrontations in the war between the Count of Flanders and his liege lord, the King of France. The victory of the Flemish army was totally unexpected, though very soon all Flemish people were proud of it. The Battle of the Spurs was not a battle between two 'nations', nor were the 'Flemish' fighting for their country, their fatherland. In fact, the confrontation at Courtrai was between two groups that were socially, culturally, economically and nationally heterogeneous. Nevertheless, in 1973 the 'Cultuurraad van de Nederlandse Cultuurgemeenschap' chose 11 July as the feastday of the Flemish Community, thereby officially promoting the Battle of the Spurs as a symbol of Flemish identity. This article traces how mediaeval, humanist and romantic historians have endowed the battle with a specific Flemish national quality and have moulded it into part of the Flemish collective memory. It shows why and how historiographers have been able to elevate fiction to the status of historical fact and illustrates the function of historiographical myths in the nation forming process. It also tries to explain why the 'cult' of the Battle of the Spurs started very soon after the event had taken place and is still being celebrated today.
'Die koren onthoudt, wordt gevloekt onder het volk...'. De zwarte markt in voedingswaren 1940-1948
Authors: Klemann H.A.M.
Published: September 2015

The Black Market in Food Stuffs (1940-1948)In this article on the black market during the German occupation of the Netherlands and the first few years following it, it becomes clear that market production only started in 1941 and accounted for approximately 20% of annual agrarian production from 1942 until 1948. The big exception was 1944 and 1945, when famine swept over the area of the country that was still occupied. During this time, black market production was not only up to 40% but the nature of the production also changed. Until 1943, luxury products had been sold. In 1944 and 1945 this changed to potatoes, corn and even sugar beet. When one reconstructs the series of tables on the cost of living at the time, including black market prices and the real wages that resulted from these, it becomes apparent that up to 1943 the real income of wage earners dropped dramatically by 40% compared to 1939, however in 1944 and 1945 the index number (1939 = 100) dropped even further to as little as 32 and 24. It was only by exchanging shoes, clothing, jewellery and furniture that the starving population of the urbanised western part of the country was able to survive. Farmers, on the other hand, earned a lot from it.
'Geen Fries spot met zijn land'. Nationalisme, ironie en het Oera Linda-boek
Authors: Jensma G.
Published: September 2015

Irony, nationalism, and the Oera Linda bookThe Oera Linda book is a curious enigma which came to light in the Dutch town of Den Helder in 1867. It is an ambiguous literary text which can be read in two different ways: On the one hand as a nonsensical parody on the tradition of Friesian fantastic historiography, and on the other as a much more serious allegory of the nineteenth-century conflict between liberal theological modernism and orthodoxy. The attribution of this anonymous text to the Minister/ Poet François HaverSchmidt (1835-1894) subsequently shows how an ironic style of thinking and writing can be a by-product of modernisation. In the case of HaverSchmidt and his Oera Linda book, this irony is working in two spheres, viz. that of regional identity and that of religion. In both cases, HaverSchmidt's irony is the result of a strongly felt tension between tradition and modernity, between the desire to believe in a fantastic, non-critical nationalist historiography or in the existence of a wonder-working God on the one hand, and on the other a commitment to the knowledge that such things can no longer exist in a modern world.
Hoe cultureel mag cultuurgeschiedenis zijn? Rond het IJkpunt 1650
Authors: Frijhoff W. , Spies M.
Published: September 2015

In their rejoinder, the authors of 1650: Bevochten eendracht discuss the main criticisms brought forward by those taking part in the debate at the final conference on the Vantage-points Programme. Basically, they reject two claims as inappropriate with regard to their book and its intentions. Firstly, there can be no question of a political, let alone a holistic framework for this study which is meant to be an interpretation of Dutch culture in the specific language of cultural history. Secondly, they stand up against the reproach that their book would be purely subservient to present-day political questions about identity, Dutchness, and national consensus. Instead, they show that the key terms which they used to describe and explain the specific quality of Dutch culture at its 17th-century zenith (pluriformity, discussion culture, burgher participation, ecumenism of everyday life, etc.) are used in this cross-section of Dutch society as analytical, descriptive terms, without any teleological view towards future developments. Finally, they explain the sense in which the European context should be understood and where the limits of European comparison lie at the moment with regard to 17th-century culture. This response is part of the discussion forum IJkpunt 1650.
Een blauwdruk van blauwdrukken
Authors: Ankersmit F.R.
Published: September 2015

In this essay I express my greatest admiration for Mijnhardt's and Kloek's Blauwdrukken. Not only does the book discuss with an unparalleled richness of historical detail a period in Dutch history that was often dismissed as not being worthy of our interest, but it also proposes a most original and fruitful approach to the major problems of Dutch culture at the end of the eighteenth century. Nevertheless, the authors of this marvelous book could be criticized for not having been sufficiently aware of what one might call 'the cognitive dissonance' between late eighteenth century Dutch culture, on the one hand, and what happened in the world of culture at the same time in England, Germany and France, on the other. A tentative suggestion is made for how a greater awareness of this cultural gap might have altered the picture presented in this impressive and most valuable study. This review is part of the discussion forum IJkpunt 1800.
1900: Een pak van Sjaalman of een nieuwe synthese?
Authors: Haan I. de
Published: September 2015

Bank and Van Buuren erroneously state that 1900 was the year in which bourgeois culture reached its peak in the Netherlands. They overlook the antibourgeois movement that sprang up after 1880. These oversights coincide with an interpretation of cultural history that views culture as a separate entity rather than as part of the symbolization and meaning that permeates every aspect of community life. Based on this last viewpoint, it is apparent that bourgeois culture reached a crisis point around 1900 due to a shift in the relationship between culture, politics and economics. This review is part of the discussion forum IJkpunt 1900.
Het Staatse leger en de militaire revolutie van de vroegmoderne tijd
Authors: Nimwegen O. van
Published: September 2015

Olaf van Nimwegen, The Dutch army and the early modern military revolutionSince the 1950s, all studies into warfare during the early modern period have been dominated by the idea of a military revolution. The Dutch army plays a pivotal role in this debate. The reforms introduced by Maurice of Orange and his cousin, William Louis of Nassau, are hailed as the beginning of the modern army. In this contribution, the author endorses the importance of the Nassaus' tactical reforms, but challenges the assumption that they also ushered in army reform. As long as the government wanted to keep its involvement with the army as indirect as possible, army growth was limited and the knowledge and expertise gained in wartime was quickly lost in peacetime. It was only after the 1670s that the armed forces of the Dutch Republic were transformed into a standing army made up of professional troops. It was following an attack by the French in 1672, whose forces were far superior, both in terms of sheer numbers and organizational prowess, that the Dutch were forced to restructure their army. With this, the Nassau tactical revolution became embedded into a much farther reaching organizational revolution. This article is part of the special issue 'Legerorganisatie en oorlogvoering in de Lage Landen tijdens de zestiende en zeventiende eeuw'.
De dominante staat. De Gentse opstand (1449-1453) in de negentiende en twintigste-eeuwse historiografie
Authors: Haemers J.
Published: September 2015

The dominant state. The Gent revolt (1449-1453) in nineteenth and twentieth century historiographyIn this survey of the historiography of the Gent revolt (1449-1453), the author argues that the position adopted by historians in the nineteenth and twentieth century was largely determined by their own views about government. The romanticists, in their historical accounts, reflected their own time, namely the legitimate resistance of Dutch freedom-fighters against a Francophone oppressor. While nationalistic positivists regarded revolts as a threat to the mediaeval state they adored. In the face of tumultuous events, post-war historians identified undemocratic values in the contemporary constitution and subsequently abandoned the legitimizing discourse of the ‘modern state’. As a result of the tendency in twentieth-century politics towards more consultation and more spectacle, late-mediaeval street violence was assessed in a more positive light. Ritual violence was seen as a social action. The author concludes that the historians’ opinion about the violence executed by the government as well as the collective action of the subjects was dominated by their view of the state under which they themselves were living.
Het interieurjaar 2001
Authors: Vries B. de
Published: September 2015

R. Baarsen, Rococo in Nederland
F. van Burkom, Leven in toen. Vier eeuwen Nederlands interieur in beeld
H.C.M. Kleijn, Interieurs belicht: M. Westermann, C.W. Fock, E.J. Sluijter, H.P. Chapman, Art and home. Dutch interiors in the age of Rembrandt
C.W. Fock, Het Nederlandse interieur in beeld 1600-1900
'Wordt Nederland verdedigd?' De discussie over de hoofdverdedigingslinie van de NAVO in het begin van de jaren vijftig
Authors: Hoffenaar J.
Published: September 2015

‘Will the Netherlands be defended?’ The debate about NATO’s main lines of defence at the beginning of the 1950sAt the beginning of the 1950s, the Netherlands would not have been able to defend itself in the event of a Soviet attack. Despite the fact that NATO, under the leadership of the Supreme Allied Commander Europe, General Eisenhower, and later General Ridgway, was in the process of rapidly building up its defences, it was still incapable of conducting a forward defence. The pivotal political and military issue in the short term centred on one question: Which areas in Western Europe could and should be kept and which not? Answers to this question exposed conflicting national interests and points of view, particularly those of the Dutch and the French. As it was taking a considerably long time to build up the Netherlands’ defences, the Dutch government had very few trump cards to add weight to its demands. Indeed, in the summer of 1952, when Parliament asked to be given a precise account of how the Dutch defences were progressing, the government was practically boxed into a corner.
Economie en totale oorlog
Authors: Klemann H.A.M.
Published: September 2015

J. Meihuizen, Noodzakelijk kwaad. De bestraffing van economische collaboratie in Nederland na de Tweede WereldoorlogThe economy and full-scale warMeihuizen concludes that the interests of the reconstruction had to take precedence over those of an honourable judicial process, as a result of which cases of economic collaboration seldom reached the courts. This essay argues that Dutch firms could not avoid manufacturing goods for the occupying forces because they were often relatively small-scale in nature and organised along the lines of a family business. If this type of firm refused to fulfil a German order and its competitor was willing to accept it, then it ran the risk of being squeezed out by the competition. This is why, in the Netherlands and elsewhere, as soon as a firm made the transition from a smallscale to a medium-sized family business it was inclined to work all-out for the occupying forces. This had nothing to do with free choice, but rather the will to survive. In addition to this, non-military production, even that which was geared towards keeping the people at home alive and healthy, supported the German war effort. In an economy where all military production is systematically maximized and manufacturing geared towards producing civilian goods is pushed back to a level where it can just about survive, all manufacturing becomes economic collaboration, thereby making the notion redundant. Consequently, the question that should have resounded throughout this study ought to have been whether a legal case could have been made against economic collaboration at all or whether this was doomed to fail from the start. Onderdeel van het discussiedossier Noodzakelijk kwaad.
Rechtspraak en totale oorlog
Authors: Faber S.
Published: September 2015

J. Meihuizen, Noodzakelijk kwaad. De bestraffing van economische collaboratie in Nederland na de Tweede WereldoorlogA successful failure?Melhuizen’s powerful dissertation focuses on one section of the Special Judicial Procedure: settling cases of economic collaboration, particularly the more serious ones. He also examines the Special Judicial Procedure as a whole. First of all with figures, which are less reliable than suggested as is argued in this contribution. Secondly, he used these figures to bolster up his conclusion that we have failed to punish economic collaboration. This is questionable, because the element of punishment was more important in those days than can be deducted from Melhuizen’s views. Onderdeel van het discussiedossier Noodzakelijk kwaad.
Van staatsgezind tot liberaal. De beeldvorming over Johan de Witt in de revolutietijd (1757-1840)
Authors: Haan J. de
Published: September 2015

From republican to liberal. The image of Johan de Witt during the years of revolution (1757-1840)In the fateful year of 1672, Johan and Cornelis de Witt were brutally murdered by an angry mob in The Hague that had sympathies with the House of Orange. The question is raised: was it the case, one hundred years later in the eighteenth century, that the underlying political motive behind the death of the de Witt brothers led to them being used by a disparate group of political admirers, from republicans to patriots and Bataven, in their own struggle against the ancien régime and stadholder of the time? The answer is simple but clear: no it wasn’t. The republicans defended Johan de Witt against orangeist attacks, but the patriots in the late 1780s were unimpressed with the Grand Pensionary and his brother because of their aristocratic background. During the French occupation of the Netherlands opinions about the de Witt brothers changed and they were suddenly held in great esteem by both patriots and liberals alike. The massacres committed by ordinary citizens during the revolution in France greatly influenced public opinion about Johan and Cornelis. From that time onwards, they were regarded as victims of the angry masses and their fate came to symbolise the dangers of direct democracy.
De techniek van de Nederlandse samenleving
Authors: Vanpaemel G.
Published: September 2015

Technology in Dutch societyTIN-20 takes the traditional history of technology one step further and transforms it into a contextual history of technical artefacts. In this way, technology (and the technical genius behind it) is reduced to little more than a plaything between social actors. The author argues that more attention should be given to the particular features of technological (and scientific) genius and to an archaeology of this genius in the material, and particularly spiritual, evolution of Dutch society. This review is part of the discussion forum 'Techniek in Nederland in de twintigste eeuw' (J. Schot, H. Lintsen, A. Rip, A. Albert de la Bruhèze).
Macht, machinaties en musea. Jan van der Hoeven, Hermann Schlegel en hun strijd om het Rijksmuseum van natuurlijke historie te Leiden
Authors: Jonge H.L. de
Published: September 2015

Might, machinations and museums. Jan van der Hoeven, Hermann Schlegel and their battle over the National Museum for Natural History in LeidenMuseums had a central place in nineteenth-century natural history. Aside from being important places for carrying out research into nature, they were also powerful vehicles for transmitting and communicating scientific knowledge. That is why, in the nineteenth century, natural history museums were frequently battlegrounds for rival scientists. Often, clashes over scientific matters were at the same time conflicts about power and space. After all, the naturalist who could get control over a museum’s collection and decide how the specimens should be classified and exhibited ultimately had the power to dictate which scientific knowledge was communicated; which story was told by a collection of specimens. This article is about the power struggle over the directorate of the National Museum of Natural History in Leiden that broke out between Jan van der Hoeven, Professor of Natural History and Comparative Anatomy at Leiden and Herman Schlegel, the museum’s chief curator. Both were rooted in very different natural historical traditions and had completely different views on the role of the museum and how the collection should be arranged and exhibited. In this article, we follow the two scientists in their attempts to gain support for their nominations. In this way, we also get a picture of nineteenth century Dutch political culture and the role scientists could play in it.
Parlementen in de Nederlanden
Authors: Velde H. te
Published: September 2015

Parliaments in the NetherlandsParliamentary history was originally the domain of liberal members of parliaments, who were also interested in the meaning of parliamentary representation. It was only after the Second World War that it turned into a professional genre, concentrating on institutions that had become self-evident. The ‘linguistic turn’ and ‘cultural turn’ have recently brought the issue of representation back onto the historical agenda and a new interest in parliamentary representation has been developing. The contributions to this issue show, that this has also stimulated research into pre-1800 forms of representation, and the continuities and discontinuities involved. Examples from abroad are also drawn upon: parliaments are not exclusively ‘national’ institutions. They all discuss the nature of parliamentary representation, and show that empirical study of parliaments and theoretical study of representation can reinforce each other.
Het ontstaan van het Nederlandse Statenbewind. Monarchomachistische import of product van eigen bodem?
Authors: Postma F.
Published: September 2015

The establishment of a government by the States. An original Dutch idea or the fruit of Monarchomachist inspiration?Dutch historians generally take it for granted that, after Leicester’s departure from the Netherlands, Oldenbarnevelt and his fellow-regents decided in 1587 to commit the government of the rebellious provinces to the assembly of the States-General. In their view, this solution was the natural outcome of a long, historical process. I oppose this view. If Balthazar Gerard’s attempt on the 10th of July 1584 upon William of Orange’s life — just three weeks before the prince’s inauguration as Count of Holland — had failed, then Dutch history would have taken a different turn. The inauguration would have inevitably led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy in the rebellious provinces. The answer to the question why Oldenbarnevelt and his friends decided to settle the constitutional issue along republican lines three years later is, as I see it, primarily due to the fact that between 1572 and 1587 they adopted the monarchomachist view of kings as the natural oppressors of the people. The tyrannical propensity of kings could only be kept in check by them as members of the assemblies of the lower magistrates, the meetings of States-Generals and Parliaments. This fact alone greatly enhanced the Dutch regents’ already exalted view of representative institutions and themselves as the guardians of the Dutch political order. It was their duty to protect society against the tyranny of kings from above and the chaos of democracy from below. Democracy had become especially dangerous in the great towns of Flanders and Brabant and, by 1587, also in Utrecht where the gullible common man had become an easy target for the radical Calvinist ministers and their theocratic ideas. This situation differed greatly from the one that prevailed in the decades preceding the Revolt. Then the States-General of the Netherlands lived in great fear for its existence which led to bouts of obstructionism when Charles V and Philip II needed their support in their ongoing struggle with the king of France, which again widened the gulf between them and their rulers. However, in 1587, armed with the aristocratic ideology of monarchomachism, the regents around Oldenbarnevelt were able to envisage the republican alternative as the best solution for the political and military problems which the rebellious provinces had to deal with. This article is part of the special issue 'Parlementen in de Nederlanden'.
De vergadering van de Staten-Generaal in de Republiek voor 1795 en de publiciteit
Authors: Koopmans J.W.
Published: September 2015

The Assembly of the States-General in the Dutch Republic before 1795 and the information that it released to the general publicThis paper examines the transparency of the meetings of the Dutch States-General during the early modern period. These meetings were held behind closed doors and were only accessible to the political elite. Despite this, some information did leak out to the citizens of the Republic. The key question is which procedures and rites did the general public know about and which aspects of the meetings remained obscure. Following the description of an incident in 1787, in which a fight almost broke out between two deputies — something that was almost unheard of in the history of the States-General — a number of familiar aspects are discussed, such as the frequency of the meetings, the number of deputies present, their agenda and conference table, and the customs that were followed when receiving foreign guests. The paper goes on to discuss some other aspects of the confidential nature of the States-General’s meetings, such as the obligation to secrecy. This confidentiality resulted in an aloof press that only reported harmless facts together with information that was deemedimportant for the prestige of the political elite. This article is part of the special issue 'Parlementen in de Nederlanden'.
Op eieren lopen. Canonvorming met een slecht geweten
Authors: Jonker E.
Published: September 2015

Ed Jonker, Treading carefully. Writing official history with an uneasy conscience The recent debate on cultural and political identity has placed historians in an awkward position. On the one hand they are aware that the track record of  official histories, expressed in historical canons, is upsetting. Historical canons, especially nationalist icones, have obviously done a lot of damage. On the otherhand, many historians understand the current need for historical identity. Confronted with this dilemma they try to solve it by setting themselves standards for writing decent canons. Ideally, these combine critical enquiry, political utility and moral principles. How have Dutch historians fared in trying to square this circle? A first inspection of recently published literature on Dutch identity yields mixed results.   This article is part of the forum 'Debat over de zin of onzin van een nationale canon'.
Goed is fout en fout is goed. In Groningen is alles anders
Authors: Zondergeld G.R.
Published: September 2015

G. R. Zondergeld, ‘In Groningen everything is the other way around: it is right to be on the wrong side, and wrong to be on the right side’In his book about the university in Groningen (1930-1950), Van Berkel wishes to treat the history of the university during that period as an autonomous process completely isolated from the economic crisis and the German occupation that were going on at the time. In his opinion, the idea of a civitas academica was utterly utopian and false, yet he himself creates a sort of civitas academica by isolating the history of the university from the general political developments as seen by the average Dutchman. In this way, he is able to defend the choice made by staff members and students to collaborate with the Germans as a realistic one, but is unable to show any understanding for those students who refused to sign the declaration of loyalty towards the Germans as he refuses to see this in the context of the Dutch resistance against the German occupation. This review is part of the discussion forum 'Academische illusies' (K. van Berkel).
Landschap, natuur en nationale identiteit. Ter inleiding
Authors: Berkel Klaas van
Published: September 2015

K. van Berkel, Landscape, nature and national identity. An introductory noteIt was one hundred years ago, in 1905, that a group of schoolteachers, biologists, merchants and members of the nobility founded the Dutch Society for the Preservation of Natural Monuments (Vereeniging tot behoud van Natuurmonumenten), heralding the start of the Dutch movement for nature conservation. This inspired the KNHG to organize a conference on the history of nature conservation in the Low Countries during the course of the nineteenth and twentieth century. The way in which people perceived naturein the nineteenth century was strongly influenced by their sense of history; a point which is reflected in the introduction to this special issue of the BMGN/ LCHR. During this period, nature was seen as the backdrop to, and physical manifestation of, the history of the Dutch nation and landscape therefore became an expression of national identity. This is illustrated in the discussions on the works of writers such as David Jacob van Lennep, Jacobus Craandijk and Frederik van Eeden, Sr.
Op weg naar een nationaal landschap: botanische wandelingen in het 'Album der Natuur' (1861-1909)
Authors: Dresen L.
Published: September 2015

Leen Dresen, Towards a national landscape: botanical walks in the journal Album der Natuur (1861-1909)This article traces developments within the 'botanical walks' that were featured in the successful Dutch popular science journal Album der Natuur, and proposes to interpret these developments as an indication of changing cultural attitudes towards the national landscape in the Netherlands. The first botanical walks in the 1860s were aimed at collecting as many different plants as possible, without paying much attention to any kind of 'national' character of the vegetation. However, during the 1870s and 1880s, identifying the national character of the vegetation became the main focus of the walks. Nationality was seen to express itself in vegetation and in humans, as a native and historical essence of the local climate. Around 1900, a new generation of authors adopted a new approach by no longer focussing on the historical character of the landscape. Instead, the reader was now taken for imaginary walks along new stereotypes of the Dutch natural landscape, which were formulated in biological and didactic terms: like the forest, the dunes and the polder. This new style of botanical description concurred with the rise of the nature conservation movement in the Netherlands, which displayed the same progress-oriented outlook towards the Dutch natural landscape. This article is part of the special issue 'Landschap, natuur en nationale identiteit'.
Opdrachten horen tussengangen te zijn, geen hoofdgerechten. De Arena. Geschiedschrijving in opdracht
Authors: Dunk H.W. von der
Published: September 2015

Commissioned research should be seen as an appetizer, not the main course.There is no reason why a historian should not carry out commissioned research and in so doing, like so many other professionals, make his or her expertise available to the rest of society, provided that certain conditions are met, namely: that the research can be conducted independently without outside interference, that the historian has unrestricted access to all the relevant archives, and that the individual or organisation commissioning the research cooperates fully in providing all the necessary means and additional information that is required. The historian should always have the final word concerning the research. In ambiguous cases where the historian may have doubts, the commissioned research should be refused. This is because the historian is perpetually at risk of being manipulated for the sake of political, propagandist or other objectives. Moreover, commissioned research should always be the exception to the rule or an additional sideline because of its inherently limited horizon and scope which generally precludes groundbreaking or original research. The present trend of scientific project-based research (a modern variation of commissioned research) with its strong and coherent focus on market orientation also poses a threat to free, original historiography. This article is part of the forum 'Geschiedschrijving in opdracht'.
Lumumba. De Complotten? De moord. Onderzoeksrapport of historische studie?
Authors: Ceuppens B.
Published: September 2015

Lumumba. The conspiracies? The murder. Research report or historical study?Written by four historians, ’Lumumba. The conspiracies? The murder’ is based upon the official report of the Belgian parliamentary commission of inquiry in which they participated.  The commission of inquiry was set up to investigate whether the then Belgian government bore any responsibility for the murder of Patrice Lumumba, the first democratically elected Prime Minister of the Congo after the country gained independence from Belgium. The official report concluded that the Belgian government of that time bore a moral responsibility for the assassination. The fact that the federal Belgian parliament deemed it necessary to set up a commission of inquiry to establish the official truth suggests that the country has still not come to terms with its colonial past. The book adds little to the report, largely because the authors behaved more like judges intent on passing a verdict of guilty or innocent than independent historians who are obliged to analyse and interpret the facts without necessarily appropriating blame.