bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Controlled pesticide release from biodegradable polymers
Authors: Roy Anamika , Singh Sunil , Bajpai Jaya , Bajpai Anil
Published: January 2014

Polymers have been widely used in agriculture for applications including controlled release of pesticides and other active ingredients. The ability to predict their delivery helps avoid environmental hazards. Macromolecular matrices used as carriers in controlled release of agricultural active agents, especially pesticides, are reviewed. The review focuses on the advantages and mechanisms of controlled release. It includes biodegradable polymers in agriculture, their manufacturing methods, and their degradation mechanisms and kinetics. The article also presents a critical account of recent release studies and considers upcoming challenges.
The Rise of Danish Agrarian Liberalism
Authors: Nevers Jeppe
Published: January 2014

In the literature on European history, World War I and the interwar years are often portrayed as the end of the age of liberalism. The crisis of liberalism dates back to the nineteenth century, but a er the Great War, criticism of liberalism intensified. But the interwar period also saw a number of attempts to redefine the concept. This article focuses on the Danish case of this European phenomenon. It shows how a profound crisis of bourgeois liberalism in the late nineteenth century le the concept of liberalism almost deserted in the first decades of the twentieth century, and how strong state regulation of the Danish economy during World War I was crucial for an ideologization of the rural population and their subsequent orientation toward the concept of liberalism.
Cone penetration testing (CPT) in Antarctic firn: an introduction to interpretation
Authors: McCallum Adrian
Published: January 2014

Commercial cone penetration testing (CPT) equipment was adapted to allow penetrative testing in hard polar firn to depths of 10 m. The apparatus is hydraulically driven, rate-controllable and able to penetrate firn with a resistance of 10 MPa. It can be mounted on many types of typical polar vehicles, requiring connection to only hydraulics and 12 V electricity. Data recorded include both cone tip resistance and sleeve friction, a parameter not previously examined through such testing. This paper describes the development and calibration of the equipment and examines factors including snow density, penetration rate and cone size and shape that are shown to affect CPT interpretation. CPT can be used efficiently in polar environments to potentially provide estimates of physical parameters in hard firn to substantial depth.
Pollen morphology of Rhododendron L. and related genera and its taxonomic significance
Authors: Sarwar A.K.M. Golam , Takahashi Hideki
Published: January 2014

Pollen grains of 40 taxa of Rhododendron L. and its closely related genera, Therorhodion L. and Menziesia Sm., were examined by means of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), or SEM alone. Pollen tetrads of R. japonicum, R. schlippenbachii, R. tsusiophyllum and M. pentandra were examined also withtransmission electron microscopy. In all the genera studied, 3-colporate, oblate tosuboblate pollen grains are arranged in tetrahedral tetrads. The apocolpial pollen wall is composed of the exine - well developed tectum, columellae, foot layer and endexine, and the intine. On the contrary, the septal exine is composed of fragmentary tectum, and the two foot layers of adjacent grains are sometimes connected by columellae and endexine. Among different infrageneric taxa only the subsect. Ledum (sect. & subgen. Rhododendron) was characterized by small sized pollen tetrads, higher 2f/D value and rugulate exine sculpture. The pollen morphological characteristics overlapped each other in all other taxa. Thus palynological features showed little usefulness in the infrageneric classification of Rhododendron, however, they gave additional support to the individualgeneric status of Menziesia and Tsusiophyllum, and the sister relationship between Rhododendron and Therorhodion.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v20i2.17393Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 20(2): 185-199, 2013
New lichen records from Turkey
Authors: Yazici Kenan , Aslan Ali , Aptroot André
Published: January 2014

Three lichen species, namely Cladonia grayi G. Merr. ex Sandst., Pertusaria subventosa Malme var. subventosa, and Parmelia squarrosa Hale are reported as new to Turkey as a result of a lichenological survey in the Burdur region of the country. Descriptions are presented, including geographic distribution, substrate, chemistry, and comparisons with morphologically similar taxa.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v20i2.17395Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon.  20(2): 207-211, 2013
The Role and Clinical Relevance of Disseminated Tumor Cells in Breast Cancer
Authors: Banys Malgorzata , Krawczyk Natalia , Fehm Tanja
Published: January 2014

Tumor cell dissemination is a common phenomenon observed in most cancers of epithelial origin. One-third of breast cancer patients present with disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) in bone marrow at time of diagnosis; these patients, as well as patients with persistent DTCs, have significantly worse clinical outcome than DTC-negative patients. Since DTC phenotype may differ from the primary tumor with regard to ER and HER2 status, reevaluation of predictive markers on DTCs may optimize treatment choices. In the present review, we report on the clinical relevance of DTC detection in breast cancer.
Selectivity of Chemoresistive Sensors Made of Chemically Functionalized Carbon Nanotube Random Networks for Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)
Authors: Feller Jean-François , Gatt Nicolas , Kumar Bijandra , Castro Mickaël
Published: January 2014

Different grades of chemically functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNT) have been processed by spraying layer-by-layer (sLbL) to obtain an array of chemoresistive transducers for volatile organic compound (VOC) detection. The sLbL process led to random networks of CNT less conductive, but more sensitive to vapors than filtration under vacuum (bucky papers). Shorter CNT were also found to be more sensitive due to the less entangled and more easily disconnectable conducting networks they are making. Chemical functionalization of the CNT’ surface is changing their selectivity towards VOC, which makes it possible to easily discriminate methanol, chloroform and tetrahydrofuran (THF) from toluene vapors after the assembly of CNT transducers into an array to make an e-nose. Interestingly, the amplitude of the CNT transducers’ responses can be enhanced by a factor of five (methanol) to 100 (chloroform) by dispersing them into a polymer matrix, such as poly(styrene) (PS), poly(carbonate) (PC) or poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). COOH functionalization of CNT was found to penalize their dispersion in polymers and to decrease the sensors’ sensitivity. The resulting conductive polymer nanocomposites (CPCs) not only allow for a more easy tuning of the sensors’ selectivity by changing the chemical nature of the matrix, but they also allow them to adjust their sensitivity by changing the average gap between CNT (acting on quantum tunneling in the CNT network). Quantum resistive sensors (QRSs) appear promising for environmental monitoring and anticipated disease diagnostics that are both based on VOC analysis.
The Function and Catalysis of 2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Oxygenases Involved in Plant Flavonoid Biosynthesis
Authors: Cheng Ai-Xia , Han Xiao-Juan , Wu Yi-Feng , Lou Hong-Xiang
Published: January 2014

Flavonoids are secondary metabolites derived from phenylalanine and acetate metabolism. They fulfil a variety of functions in plants and have health benefits for humans. During the synthesis of the tricyclic flavonoid natural products in plants, oxidative modifications to the central C ring are catalyzed by four of FeII and 2-oxoglutarate dependent (2-ODD) oxygenases, namely flavone synthase I (FNS I), flavonol synthase (FLS), anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) and flavanone 3β-hydroxylase (FHT). FNS I, FLS and ANS are involved in desaturation of C2–C3 of flavonoids and FHT in hydroxylation of C3. FNS I, which is restricted to the Apiaceae species and in rice, is predicted to have evolved from FHT by duplication. Due to their sequence similarity and substrate specificity, FLS and ANS, which interact with the α surface of the substrate, belong to a group of dioxygenases having a broad substrate specificity, while FNS I and FHT are more selective, and interact with the naringenin β surface. Here, we summarize recent findings regarding the function of the four 2-ODD oxygenases and the relationship between their catalytic activity, their polypeptide sequence and their tertiary structure.
Synthesis and Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Activity of Some Novel Benzo-Heterocyclic Amine Compounds
Authors: Zhang Da-Jun , Sun Wen-Fang , Zhong Zhao-Jin , Gao Rong-Mei , Yi Hong , Li Yu-Huan , Peng Zong-Gen , Li Zhuo-Rong
Published: January 2014

A series of novel unsaturated five-membered benzo-heterocyclic amine derivatives were synthesized and assayed to determine their in vitro broad-spectrum antiviral activities. The biological results showed that most of our synthesized compounds exhibited potent broad-spectrum antiviral activity. Notably, compounds 3f (IC50 = 3.21–5.06 μM) and 3g (IC50 = 0.71–34.87 μM) showed potent activity towards both RNA viruses (influenza A, HCV and Cox B3 virus) and a DNA virus (HBV) at low micromolar concentrations. An SAR study showed that electron-withdrawing substituents located on the aromatic or heteroaromatic ring favored antiviral activity towards RNA viruses.
Preparation of 2'-13C-L-Histidine Starting from 13C-Thiocyanate: Synthetic Access to Any Site-Directed Stable Isotope Enriched L-Histidine
Authors: Talab Sarra , Taha Kamal , Lugtenburg Johan
Published: January 2014

1-Benzyl-2-(methylthio)-imidazole-5-ketone is obtained in a few simple steps starting from thiocyanate and glycine amide (glycin). Subsequent treatment with diethyl phosphorocyanidate and functional group manipulations gives 1-benzyl-5-chloromethyl-imidazolium chloride. This compound is converted under mild O’Donnell conditions into the corresponding L-histidine derivative. After deprotection L-histidine is obtained in good yield and 99% enantiomeric excess. 2'-13C-L-Histidine has been obtained via this new scheme with high (99%) 13C incorporation starting with commercially available 13C- thiocyanate. This synthetic scheme allows access to any isotopomer of L-histidine and many other biologically important imidazole derivatives.
Autonomous Oscillation of Polymer Chains Induced by the Belousov–Zhabotinsky Reaction
Authors: Hara Yusuke , Takenaka Yoshiko
Published: January 2014

We investigated the self-oscillating behaviors of two types of polymer chains induced by the Belousov–Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction. One consisted of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) and the Ru catalyst of the BZ reaction, and the other consisted of NIPAAm, the Ru catalyst, and acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS) with a negatively charged domain as a solubility control site. A comparison of the two types of self-oscillation systems showed that the anionic AMPS portion of the polymer chain significantly affected the self-oscillating behavior under strongly acidic condition. The periods of self-oscillation for the two types of self-oscillating polymer chains were investigated by changing the initial concentrations of the three BZ substrates and the temperature. As a result, it was demonstrated that the period of self-oscillation could be controlled by the concentration of the BZ substrates and the temperature. Furthermore, the activation energies of the two types of the self-oscillating polymer chains gave similar values as normal BZ reactions, i.e., not including the self-oscillating polymer system with a Ru moiety. In addition, it was clarified the activation energy was hardly affected by the initial concentration of the three BZ substrates.
Zero prevalence of primary drug resistance-associated mutations to protease inhibitors in HIV-1 drug-naive patients in and around Aligarh, India
Authors: Azam Mohd , Malik Abida , Rizvi Meher , Rai Arvind
Published: January 2014

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of resistance mutations in the protease gene of HIV-1 strains isolated from north Indian antiretroviral (ARV) treatment-naive patients and to assess the phylogenetic relatedness of these strains with known HIV-1 strains. Methodology: Fifty-four HIV-1 strains isolated from treatment-naive patients (n = 54) were included in this study. Resistance genotyping for the protease gene was performed using semi-nested PCR and DNA sequencing. The sequences were aligned (ClustalW) and a phylogenetic tree was built (MEGA 4 software). Drug resistance (DR) pattern was analyzed using the Stanford HIV-DR database and the IAS-USA mutation list. For subtyping purposes, all the nucleotide sequences were submitted to the REGA HIV-1 subtyping tool version 2.0l. Results: All the strains (100%) were found to belong to the C subtype and to harbor at least two secondary mutations in the protease gene. The most frequent mutations were H69K and I93L (52 of 52 strains), followed by I15V (80.7%), L19I (69.2%), M36I (67.3%), R41K (94.2%), L63P (61.5%), and L89M (82.7%). Conclusion: This study confirms that HIV-1 subtype C predominates in northern India. Protease secondary mutations associated with drug resistance to protease inhibitors (PIs) were present with high frequency in the HIV-1 C subtype strains isolated from north Indian ARV treatment-naive patients, but no primary resistance mutations were found in this region. We suggest that resistance testing in HIV-1 infected patients should ideally be performed before the initiation of therapy to tailor the treatment for the individual to achieve the optimal therapeutic outcome
Prevalence of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus among health care workers of intensive care units in Ecuador
Authors: Ruiz Alejandra , Mora Marcelo , Zurita Camilo , Larco Danny , Toapanta Yadira , Zurita Jeannete
Published: January 2014

Introduction: Colonization of health care workers with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been an important route of dispersion and infection of MRSA and has been implicated in epidemic outbreaks. The objective of the present study was to assess prevalence of MRSA colonization in the anterior nares of health care personnel at the intensive care unit (ICUs) of three hospital facilities in Quito, Ecuador. Methodology: The prevalence of MRSA in specimens from all ICU health care workers of three hospitals was measured by using a real-time PCR assay and CHROMagar MRSA. Results: The prevalence of MRSA among the three health care facilities was 2.4%. Conclusion: The prevalence of MRSA colonization was relatively low compared to other studies and showed no differences between hospital facilities.
First description of a Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O103:H2 strain isolated from sheep in Brazil
Authors: Martins Fernando H. , Guth Beatriz E.C. , Piazza Roxane M.F. , Blanco Jorge , Pelayo Jacinta Sanchez
Published: January 2014

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Hepatitis G virus in Saudi blood donors and chronic hepatitis B and C patients
Authors: Alhetheel Abdulkarim , El-Hazmi Malak Mohsen
Published: January 2014

Introduction: Screening blood donors for blood-borne pathogens is very critical for the recipient’s safety. Similar to hepatitis B and C infections, hepatitis G infection is transmitted through contaminated blood and causes acute and chronic hepatitis. Previous reports have shown that the prevalence of hepatitis G virus (HGV) RNA among healthy Saudi donors was 1%-2%. However, the exposure rate of this virus has never been studied. We hypothesized that the prevalence of HGV infection may have changed overtime due to socio-economic and environmental factors. Since hepatitis B and C infections are endemic in Saudi Arabia, we investigated the exposure rate of HGV infection in healthy donors and chronically infected hepatitis B and C patients. Methodology: A prospective study was done on healthy donors and patients with chronic HBV and HCV infections. Hepatitis B and C viral loads were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction. HGV exposure rate was evaluated by detection of HGV antibodies. Results: Analysis of samples from healthy donors (n = 210), chronic HBV+ patients (n = 169), and chronic HCV+ patients (n = 105) showed that nine samples (4.3%), seven samples (4.1%), and four samples (3.8%) were positive for HGV antibodies, respectively. The non-significant difference in the exposure rates of HGV between the study groups may indicate that HGV infection occurs independent of HBV or HCV infections. Conclusions: We showed for the first time that the exposure rate of HGV infection among the Saudi population is 4.3%, and we recommend HGV screening for all blood donors.
Pre-earthquake non-epidemic Vibrio cholerae in Haiti
Authors: Liu Jie , Winstead-Derlega Christopher , Houpt Eric , Heidkamp Rebecca , Pape Jean , Dillingham Rebecca
Published: January 2014

Introduction: To our knowledge, there was no record of Vibrio cholerae in Haiti until the 2010 post earthquake outbreak. Methodology: This study describes the analysis of 301 stool samples from 117 infants in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, who participated in a pediatric nutrition study between July 2008 and October 2009. Results: Nine samples were identified positive with both SYBR Green and Taqman-MGB probe based molecular assays targeting V. cholerae hlyA and toxR, respectively (Ct = 33 – 40), but none were O1 or O139. Conclusions: Our results from multiple molecular assays demonstrate the presence of non-O1/O139 V. cholerae DNA in stools collected from nine asymptomatic Haitian infants two years prior to the 2010 earthquake.
The Microanatomic Basis of Finger Clubbing — A High-resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
Authors: Nakamura Junichi , Halliday Nicola Ann , Fukuba Eiji , Radjenovic Aleksandra , Tanner Steven F. , Emery Paul , McGonagle Dennis , Tan Ai Lyn
Published: January 2014

Objective.

Hypervascularization in finger clubbing is recognized, but its microanatomical basis remains unclear. This pilot descriptive study used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to explore this further.

Methods.

High-resolution MRI acquired with contrast agent was carried out in 4 patients with finger clubbing and 4 healthy volunteers. The anatomy of the nail bed, capsular structures, and bony changes were described.

Results.

Marked nail bed thickening and contrast enhancement was noted in all clubbed fingers, with bone edema in 3 of the 4 patients. None of the healthy subjects had similar abnormalities.

Conclusion.

This confirms that hypervascularization of the nail bed observed in the microanatomy on high-resolution MRI is associated with clubbed appearances of the nails.
Une résistance silencieuse : la Délégation française auprès de la Commission italienne d'armistice avec la France (Turin, 27 juin 1940 – 8 septembre 1943)
Authors: Rainero Romain H.
Published: January 2014

Dans l’histoire récente des relations entre la France et l’Italie, il existe un aspect qui a été presque gommé, surtout de la part des historiens français, c’est-à-dire la phase intermède de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale qui a été au cœur des activités de la Commission Italienne d’Armistice avec la France. Aucune publication officielle française n’a été faite sur les activités de la Délégation Française auprès de cette Commission à Turin. Et il y a à souligner, à cet égard, la différence dont l’autre Commission d’Armistice, celle avec l’Allemagne, a joui car, sur ses activités, le gouvernement français a publié, dès 1947, cinq volumes qui illustrent, d’une manière efficace, l’entière période de son existence et fournissent à tous les chercheurs les éléments indispensables à leurs analyses. Rien, n’a fait écho à la longue période de la présence française à Turin du 27 juin 1940 au 8 septembre 1943, et surtout à son principal acteur, l’amiral Émile André Henri Duplat. Et donc, l’action des délégués français, qui a été une longue bataille en défense des intérêts de la France, et non certes, d’obéissance permanente aux requêtes de Rome, a été oubliée. Duplat proteste, ne se soumet point et, très souvent, obtient gain de cause. En effet, d’après les documents émanant, soit des délégués italiens, soit de ceux français, il apparaît évident que cette présidence française a eu une importance capitale, durant les mois qui ont suivi la ‘victoire’ de l’Italie, dans une action qui a épargné à la France beaucoup de conséquences négatives.
Teaching Sustainability via Smartphone-Enhanced Experiential Learning in a Botanical Garden
Authors: Meishar Tal Hagit , Gross Michal
Published: January 2014

This paper presents findings from an evaluation study of a project aimed at using smartphones for experiential learning in the botanical garden by pre-service teachers. The evaluation of the project focused on four main aspects: the teaching students' and the instructor's general satisfaction with the project, the students' perception of the contribution of the project to their learning, the students' perception of the contribution of the smartphone to the learning process, and the quality of their learning outcomes, e.g., the Smartphone-enhanced experiential learning activities that they designed. This initial attempt to integrate experiential learning and smartphones elicited many important conclusions about how the smartphone may be integrated into experiential learning
Removable Partial Denture with Bar or Plate: How should We Decide?
Authors: Gorzo Istvan
Published: January 2014

Aim

Although there is evidence that covering teeth by parts of a denture may damage teeth and the periodontium, the lingual plate is still common in clinical practice in many countries. The aim of this study was to compare the lingual plate and lingual bar type major connectors in the lower jaw as reflected in the literature.

Materials and methods

A literature search was carried out in PubMed for articles focusing on the possible effects of lingual plate major connector on the oral environment. Case and technical reports were excluded.

Results

The lingual plate which covers the soft tissues of the periodontium and the hard tissues of teeth results in increased plaque accumulation, development of caries and gingivitis, which in turn results in periodontal breakdown. The lingual plate functions as a barrier to saliva circulation, decreasing selfcleaning of teeth on the covered surfaces. Wearing a linguoplate denture increases the likelihood of halitosis, corrosion and metallic taste. Patients have to wear a large volume of metal, which may cause difficulties in speech and may impair touch and form perception. The lingual plate may not satisfy the patient's esthetic expectations either. These issues are uncharacteristic for the use of lingual bar connector for removable partial denture.

Conclusion

A lingual bar should always be used in the lower removable partial denture, thus providing a hygienic denture design, comfort and esthetic appearance.

How to cite this article

Radnai M, Saini R, Gorzo I. Removable Partial Denture with Bar or Plate: How should We Decide? Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2013;2(2):104-109.
Platelet Concentrates: A New Alternative to Bone Regeneration
Authors: Chhabra Naveen , Chhabra Shruti , Vaid Puja
Published: January 2014

Platelets significantly promote soft and hard tissue healing owing to the abundance of growth factors present in them. These growth factors enhance the rate of wound healing by aiding in cell proliferation, differentiation, chemotaxis and angiogenesis. Thus using platelet concentrates is a simple way of enriching a natural blood clot with growth factors. The objective of this review article is to discuss the evolution of different platelet concentrates and their clinical implications.

How to cite this article

Chhabra S, Chhabra N, Vaid P. Platelet Concentrates: A New Alternative to Bone Regeneration. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2013;2(2):118-121.
ISW for the Treatment of Adult Facial Asymmetry and Tooth Crowding
Authors: YU Jian-hong , Chang Yuan-Chieh , Tsai Ya-Yu , YU Chien-Chih
Published: January 2014

Improved superelastic Ti-Ni alloy wire (ISW) was used for the management of a 24-year-old patient presenting with facial asymmetry and maxillary and mandibular anterior dental crowding. After the extraction of teeth #14, #24, #34, #45, ISW leveling was performed to relieve upper and lower anterior crowding. Elastic chain and intermaxillary elastics (IME) were then used to correct the mandibular shift. The correction of facial asymmetry was successfully achieved within 31 months. The outcome was the accomplishment of an esthetic smiling arc that achieved patient satisfaction after the completion of orthodontic treatment.

How to cite this article

Yuan-Chieh C, Jian-Hong YU, Ya-Yu T, Chien-Chih YU. ISW for the Treatment of Adult Facial Asymmetry and Tooth Crowding. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2013;2(2):134-138.
Evaluating the dominant components of warming in Pliocene climate simulations
Authors: Hill D. J. , Haywood A. M. , Lunt D. J. , Hunter S. J. , Bragg F. J. , Contoux C. , Stepanek C. , Sohl L. , Rosenbloom N. A. , Chan W.-L. , Kamae Y. , Zhang Z. , Abe-Ouchi A. , Chandler M. A. , Jost A. , Lohmann G. , Otto-Bliesner B. L. , Ramstein G. , Ueda H.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. The Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project (PlioMIP) is the first coordinated climate model comparison for a warmer palaeoclimate with atmospheric CO2 significantly higher than pre-industrial concentrations. The simulations of the mid-Pliocene warm period show global warming of between 1.8 and 3.6 °C above pre-industrial surface air temperatures, with significant polar amplification. Here we perform energy balance calculations on all eight of the coupled ocean–atmosphere simulations within PlioMIP Experiment 2 to evaluate the causes of the increased temperatures and differences between the models. In the tropics simulated warming is dominated by greenhouse gas increases, with the cloud component of planetary albedo enhancing the warming in most of the models, but by widely varying amounts. The responses to mid-Pliocene climate forcing in the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes are substantially different between the climate models, with the only consistent response being a warming due to increased greenhouse gases. In the high latitudes all the energy balance components become important, but the dominant warming influence comes from the clear sky albedo, only partially offset by the increases in the cooling impact of cloud albedo. This demonstrates the importance of specified ice sheet and high latitude vegetation boundary conditions and simulated sea ice and snow albedo feedbacks. The largest components in the overall uncertainty are associated with clouds in the tropics and polar clear sky albedo, particularly in sea ice regions. These simulations show that albedo feedbacks, particularly those of sea ice and ice sheets, provide the most significant enhancements to high latitude warming in the Pliocene.
New ferromagnetic core shapes for induction sensors
Authors: Coillot C. , Moutoussamy J. , Boda M. , Leroy P.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Induction sensors are used in a wide range of scientific and industrial applications. One way to improve these is rigorous modelling of the sensor combined with a low voltage and current input noise preamplifier aiming to optimize the whole induction magnetometer. In this paper, we explore another way, which consists in the use of original ferromagnetic core shapes of induction sensors, which bring substantial improvements. These new configurations are the cubic, orthogonal and coiled-core induction sensors. For each of them we give modelling elements and discuss their benefits and drawbacks with respect to a given noise-equivalent magnetic induction goal. Our discussion is supported by experimental results for the cubic and orthogonal configurations, while the coiled-core configuration remains open to experimental validation. The transposition of these induction sensor configurations to other magnetic sensors (fluxgate and giant magneto-impedance) is an exciting prospect of this work.
Book Review: The Future University: Ideas and Possibilities
Authors: Gottlieb Esther E.
Published: January 2014

Not applicable.
J. Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur's Niagara:
Authors: Myers James P.
Published: January 2014

Working from Crèvecoeur's two accounts of visits to the Niagara peninsula, together with the two maps accompanying those narratives, this essay argues that Crèvecoeur never visited the area during the years he claims, 1785 and 1789. Although the narratives thus reflect the centuries-old convention of the traveler/explorer as liar, more significantly they reveal Crèvecoeur's substantial reworking of the received eighteenth-century response to the natural sublime. Both the 1785 Letter to his son and the longer retelling of his supposed 1789 visit in A Journey into Northern Pennsylvania and the State of New York predictably record an initial, expected reaction to the Falls as involving astonishment, horror, and fear of annihilation, but each subsequently carries the experiencing subject beyond this to a rather different conclusion. Anticipating the Romantic period's transformation of the terrifying sublime into a transcendent experience of the beautiful, both the Letter and the Journey transport the subject to a higher state of perception wherein “our feelings are harmonized into placid contemplation.”
George Washington's Venango to Fort Le Boeuf Route, December 1753—Reexamined
Authors: Cranmer Bob
Published: January 2014

Current beliefs about the route George Washington and Christopher Gist took in 1753 from Fort Machault at Venango—where they delivered an ultimatum to a French garrison to evacuate British territory—to Fort Le Boeuf are erroneous. They are based on second-hand testimony, whereas Washington's own map traces the most direct and plausible route based on the ease of using existing Indian trails and paths already established by the French military. A careful examination of the area, as outlined in this article, shows it to be the only sensible way he would have traversed this difficult terrain.
Buying Prosperity
Authors: Tronrud Thorold J.
Published: January 2014

Though Fort William and Port Arthur (now Thunder Bay) used the full gamut of promotional tools to attract industry in the three decades before 1914, they relied most heavily on bonusing. Together they granted more money in bonuses to manufacturers than perhaps any other community in Canada. Such a policy occasioned much debate locally over the usefulness and propriety of using tax dollars to subsidize industry. This article examines both the extent and effects of bonusing at the Lakehead and the debate it raised. It concludes that while bonuses could, in the short run, greatly affect the rate of industrial growth, the long-term survival of manufacturing depended on favourable geography and a supportive economic environment.
The End of Imperial Town Planning in Upper Canada
Authors: Reid Richard
Published: January 2014

Abstract In the years following the War of 1812 imperial officials, for reasons of strategic and domestic concern, founded a series of towns along the route from Kingston to the Ottawa River. Three of the "military settlements", Perth, Richmond and Lanark, reflected aspects of an earlier town planning tradition in Upper Canada and enjoyed a limited success as the nuclei for a certain type of society A fourth town, By town, was founded with less planning but quickly became the major urban centre in the Ottawa Valley Conflicting aims of the military planners and the towns civilians made By town's experience very different from the other three towns.
The Montreal Militia as a Social Institution Before World War I
Authors: Miller Carman
Published: January 2014

In the years before World War 1, the proliferation of military statues (especially after the South African War), the construction of large and well appointed armouries, the presence of uniformed men and military bands at social and ceremonial occasions, the prominence of military men in organized sports, and the appearance of weekly military columns in most large Canadian urban daily newspapers,1 made the militia a visible and audible feature of Canadian urban life. For all the contemporary prominence of the militia it has been a social and cultural institution too long neglected by urban historians.
Belleville and Environs
Authors: Widdis Randy William
Published: January 2014

This article suggests that while the economic, political and social context provided by the development of capitalism is the framework for the study of the absorption of semi-autarchic economies and local cultures into increasingly broader regional, national and international systems during the nineteenth century, the concepts of modernization and metropolitanism are spatially over-generalized. While it is true that rural communities and small towns in Upper Canada were integrated right from the beginning into these larger systems of production, they on their own played an essential role in satisfying the need for continuity and community, however defined. Smaller urban centres experiencing stagnation or decline during the period of the "Great Transformation" were not all incipient metropolises; some of these centres continued to depend on the export of staples and developed regional specialization in the development and marketing of these products. This examination of Belleville and its relationship with its hinterland supports the case for a contextual approach to the study of the transformation of rural society with the growth of industrial capitalism.
A Living Memorial
Authors: Bacher John
Published: January 2014

Situated like an oasis in the concrete corridors that characterizes much of Toronto's waterfront, is Metropolitan Toronto's Coronation Park, a 6 acre island of green between Strachan Avenue and HMCS York. Its remarkable stand of mature trees is perhaps the only such grove that has been planted by humanity in Toronto's two century old obsession of pushing the shoreline outwards into Lake Ontario. The park's achievement moreover is a notable testimony to the efforts of conservationists and war veterans who created and protected it.
The Trolley Takes Command, 1892 to 1894
Authors: Fleming R. B.
Published: January 2014

Canadian historians of electric street railways have focussed on a variety of issues: patronage, corruption and Sunday cars (Meen, Armstrong and Nelles); financial investment (Armstrong and Nelles, Bliss, McDowall and Hall); competition from jitneys (Armstrong and Nelles, Doucet, Linteau and Davis); traction methods (Nelles and Armstrong and Due); civic populism and the municipalization of transit (Nelles and Armstrong and Frisken); costs of electricity and fluctuations in demand (Spry); company strategy, political lobbying, the expansion question and urban reform (Nelles and Armstrong, Davis, Doucet, Roy, Weaver and Rutherford); factors shaping street car networks (Selwood); radial railways (Salmon, Wickson and Due); workers and strikes (Nelles and Armstrong, Piva and Kealey and Palmer); and survey histories (Pursley, Filey, Blake and Baker). American and British street railways have been dealt with in similar ways by historians including Warner, Cheape, Ward, McKay, Taylor and Smerk.
"Reform" as a Chaotic Concept: The Case of Toronto
Authors: Caulfield Jon
Published: January 2014

Contemporary "reformism" in Canadian cities is frequently treated, explicitly or implicitly, as a coherent urban political movement and as a movement that has been oriented to "anti-developmentism. "In the case of Toronto neither characterization is accurate: "reform" has been neither a coherent movement nor "anti-development "
The Toronto Harbour Commission Archives
Authors: Moir Michael
Published: January 2014

The development and management of Toronto's waterfront are issues that have challenged the city's administrators and citizens since the late 18th century. The sheltered waters of Toronto Bay, protected to the south by a narrow peninsula of slowly shifting sand, was one of the principal features that attracted Simcoe to the area, and the harbour continued to dominate the growth of the city until the middle of the next century. As Sandford Fleming remarked before the Canadian Institute in June 1850, "To the unequalled excellence of this harbour..., the most facile outlet for the productions of the back country, is principally due the rapid and uninterrupted progress in commerce and in wealth of the western capital."1 This role was soon largely usurped by the burgeoning network of railways that spread out from Toronto, but the harbour remained an important thoroughfare for certain types of cargo, especially those involved in resource extraction, and recreational use. Its efficient management provided competition for the railways as well as opportunities for diversified industrial expansion, but it was a resource that could not be taken for granted. Natural forces and years of human neglect would lead to its steady deterioration. Fleming continued his address before the Canadian Institute by noting that the maintenance and improvement of the harbour, "so as to ensure a continuance of prosperity, becomes, therefore, of the utmost importance," and, although the shape and character of the waterfront have changed considerably, its development has remained an important issue in Toronto.
Historical Research and the Canadian Parks Service
Authors: De Jonge James
Published: January 2014

The Canadian Parks Service (CPS) of Environment Canada is the leading federal agency responsible for identifying, protecting and commemorating nationally significant examples of Canada's cultural heritage. Among its activities are the operation of a system of national parks, national historic parks, a program of erecting historic plaques, and a national cost-sharing program with various agencies and organizations to acquire and preserve sites of outstanding national importance. These initiatives have resulted in the commemoration of persons, places, and events across the country that represent a variety of historical themes. National historic parks include the remains of a Viking settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland, Les Forges du Saint-Maurice in Quebec, the Hudson's Bay Company post at Lower Fort Garry in Manitoba, and the Klondike National Historic Sites in Dawson City, all recognized as major accomplishments in heritage preservation and interpretation in Canada.
Urban Scholars and City Slickers: New Views from Old Presses
Authors: Daniels Bruce C.
Published: January 2014

Thirty years ago we knew what to expect from a university press: an academic tome written by a professor that was laden with footnotes, leaden in prose, bereft of pictures, and having the sex/sales appeal of what one's grandmother called a "sensible" pair of shoes. These solid, stolid, scholarly books were sensible indeed: the subjects bespoke importance, the research vouchsafed dependability, and the absence of glitter guaranteed that only the sober-minded would read them. A university imprint conveyed a warning to the frivolous or to the would-be decorator of a coffee-table — caution, contents may be hazardous to your health.
Most Assuredly Perpetual Motion
Authors: McCulloch Michael
Published: January 2014

This paper examines the evolution of the structure and function of Quebec City's police force. Originally conceived as an instrument of British authority, it was remodelled along Utilitarian lines. Provincial and municipal authorities disputed its control; both levels of government, however, shared the same professional and disciplined model of a force detathced from the people. This ideal did not become a reality. The structure of Quebec society and the limitations of municipal power ensured that the police force was more concerned with routine 'service' functions than with social control. The conditions in the city played a larger role in shaping the force than the theories of police reformers.
To Love, Honour and Obey
Authors: Harvey Kathryn
Published: January 2014

Abstract This paper aims to reconstruct some of the causes and the context of wife-battering in Montreal between the years 1869-1879. It seeks to determine what the immediate causes were as well as the underlying factors that shaped these conflicts. It also describes how the individuals involved responded, what the role of neighbours was and how this problem was viewed by the society at large. At a broader level, this research seeks to insert one largely ignored aspect of women's lived experience into the historical record while furthering our knowledge of relationships between men and women and working-class family life in general in the mid nineteenth century.
Gerber, David A. The Making of an American Pluralism: Buffalo, New York, 1825-60 Emmons, David M. The Butte Irish: Class and Ethnicity in an American Mining Town, 1875-1925 Miller, Randall M. and George E. Pozzetta, eds. Shades of the Sunbelt: Essays on Ethnicity, Race and the Urban South. Ward, David. Poverty, Ethnicity, and the American City, 1840-1925: Changing Conceptions of the Slum and Ghetto.
Authors: Goldberg Barry
Published: January 2014

America's ethnic discourse thrives on familiar but increasingly slippery metaphors of identity such as "melting pot" and "mosaic," as well as related ideologically weighted descriptions of urban space: "slum," "ghetto," and "inner city." Since the 1930s, historians have participated in this highly political and often confusing conversation. Having vanquished the Anglo-Teutonic nativists who had dominated the profession with their longing for the alleged cultural homogeneity of the past, two generations of scholars reared in and committed to understanding the ethnic complexity of the nation's immigrant-derived cities have redefined America's past. In recent years, social historians have stressed the persistence of ethnic identities, the distinctive power of the culture of racism, and immigrant workers' strategies "under capitalism." We no longer have a unified (and unifying) immigrant history, but a variety of American ethnic histories. As the four books I will be discussing reveal, social historians have formulated increasingly sophisticated understandings of the varied experiences of European migrants. They are also somewhat aware that the recent migrations which are reshaping our cityscapes may call for reconceptualizing "the immigrant experience." But there remains a great deal of uncertainty over whether (and how) our reading of the many ethnic pasts can (or should) provide a vision capable of informing public discourse in our ethnic present.
The Neighbourhood Improvement Plan
Authors: Filion Pierre
Published: January 2014

During the late 1960s and early 1970s the Canadian government effected a turnabout in its urban renewal policy, which culminated in the launching of the Neighbourhood Improvement Program in 1973. This program differed from prior forms of renewal by emphasizing the preservation of the built environment and citizen participation in neighbourhood planning. This article is concerned with examining the difference in the attitudes the city administrations of Montreal and Toronto took toward the federal program, and the impact of this difference on the results in the two cities. It appears that Toronto's mode of implementation was in the spirit of the federal policy revision while Montreal endeavoured to pursue traditional urban renewal objectives through its use of the program. These two approaches to the Neighbourhood Improvement Program are depicted respectively as expressions of a participatory and a centralized mode of policy making at the local level.
Studying Cities in their Context
Authors: de Vries Jan
Published: January 2014

Abstract Urban historians have not transcended a fascination with specific places. Consequently, this field of historical inquiry has a relative lack of theoretical statements concerning sets of cities. Meanwhile, social scientists clearly have advanced many valuable theories and methods for the study of groups of cities; however, they largely have been concerned with projects of rationalization and models of modernization which truncate the past. This article suggests how definitions of urbanization, a few fundamentals of urban demography and geography, and theoretical analysis of urban functions and culture can help to define sets of cities while retaining the historian's sense of changes over time.
"Said to be a very honest Jew"
Authors: Tulchinsky Gerald
Published: January 2014

Abstract "Said to be a very honest Jew:" The R. G. Dun Credit Reports and Jewish Business Activity in M id-19 th Century Montreal Gerald Tulchinsky This paper examines the participation of members of Montreal's tiny Jewish community in the city's economic development between the 1840's and the 1870's. Based largely on the R. G. Dun & Co. credit reports, this study reveals that Jews concentrated mainly in the retailing of jewellery and fancy goods, tobacco and dry goods and in clothing manufacturing. Most were petty traders; they were often transitory figures who succumbed to the vagaries of business fluctuations, or were incompetent, poorly financed or dishonest. Although his Jewishness was always taken note of, a businessman's creditworthiness was apparently assessed as objectively as that of a non-Jew: there is no evidence that antisemitism - of which there is plenty in these reports - by itself adversely affected Jewish business mobility or success to any significant extent. In this period Jewish businessmen tended to keep to trades or businesses with which they were familiar before immigrating; they often brought inventory with them, relied on family credit and kept largely to themselves. Most achieved a modest living while a few successful tobacco and clothing manufactures emerged.
"Reckless Walking Must Be Discouraged"
Authors: Davies Stephen
Published: January 2014

Stephen Davies The introduction of the automobile at the turn of the century revolutionized all aspects of Canadian life from sound and smell, to housing design, to street patterns and congestion. In addition to the physical changes brought about by its presence, the automobile radically altered established rural-urban relationships, and its proliferation also necessitated an increasing regulation of society as a whole. Thus, given the wide range of changes created by the automobile, few Canadians remained unaffected by its introduction in the first decades of the 20th century.
Keeping Warm and Dry: The Policy Response to the Struggle for Shelter Among Canada's Homeless, 1900-1960
Authors: Bacher John C. , Hulchanski J. David
Published: January 2014

Pendant les six premières décennies du 20e siècle, le filet protecteur de la sécurité sociale mis en place pour protéger les Canadiens de l'indigence avait de nombreux trous. Malgré le fait que l'ampleur de la misère ait été bien connue, les attitudes conservatrices affichant des préjugés à l'endroit des pauvres ont, tout au cours de ces années, empêché le développement d'une solution collective efficace aux problèmes de pauvreté et de conditions de logement inadéquates. Ce texte étudie l'évolution de VÉtat-providence au cours de trois périodes. Il permet de constater que, même si un système de sécurité sociale, de pensions de vieillesse, d'allocations familiales et d'assurance chômage était apparu à la fin de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, sa création résultait de calculs politiques opportunistes plutôt que d'un effort bienveillant pour réduire le nombre de sans-abri.