bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phosphorylation of the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv2.1 by AMP-activated protein kinase regulates membrane excitability
Authors: Ikematsu Naoko , Dallas Mark L. , Ross Fiona A. , Lewis Ryan W. , Rafferty J. Nicole , David Jonathan A. , Suman Rakesh , Peers Chris , Hardie D. Grahame , Evans A. Mark
Published: October 2011

Firing of action potentials in excitable cells accelerates ATP turnover. The voltage-gated potassium channel Kv2.1 regulates action potential frequency in central neurons, whereas the ubiquitous cellular energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is activated by ATP depletion and protects cells by switching off energy-consuming processes. We show that treatment of HEK293 cells expressing Kv2.1 with the AMPK activator A-769662 caused hyperpolarizing shifts in the current–voltage relationship for channel activation and inactivation. We identified two sites (S440 and S537) directly phosphorylated on Kv2.1 by AMPK and, using phosphospecific antibodies and quantitative mass spectrometry, show that phosphorylation of both sites increased in A-769662–treated cells. Effects of A-769662 were abolished in cells expressing Kv2.1 with S440A but not with S537A substitutions, suggesting that phosphorylation of S440 was responsible for these effects. Identical shifts in voltage gating were observed after introducing into cells, via the patch pipette, recombinant AMPK rendered active but phosphatase-resistant by thiophosphorylation. Ionomycin caused changes in Kv2.1 gating very similar to those caused by A-769662 but acted via a different mechanism involving Kv2.1 dephosphorylation. In cultured rat hippocampal neurons, A-769662 caused hyperpolarizing shifts in voltage gating similar to those in HEK293 cells, effects that were abolished by intracellular dialysis with Kv2.1 antibodies. When active thiophosphorylated AMPK was introduced into cultured neurons via the patch pipette, a progressive, time-dependent decrease in the frequency of evoked action potentials was observed. Our results suggest that activation of AMPK in neurons during conditions of metabolic stress exerts a protective role by reducing neuronal excitability and thus conserving energy.
Essential PcsB putative peptidoglycan hydrolase interacts with the essential FtsX

Spn

cell division protein in
Streptococcus pneumoniae
D39
Authors: Sham Lok-To , Barendt Skye M. , Kopecky Kimberly E. , Winkler Malcolm E.
Published: October 2011

The connection between peptidoglycan remodeling and cell division is poorly understood in ellipsoid-shaped ovococcus bacteria, such as the human respiratory pathogen
Streptococcus pneumoniae
. In
S. pneumoniae
, peptidoglycan homeostasis and stress are regulated by the WalRK (VicRK) two-component regulatory system, which positively regulates expression of the essential PcsB cysteine- and histidine-dependent aminohydrolases/peptidases (CHAP)-domain protein. CHAP-domain proteins usually act as peptidoglycan hydrolases, but purified PcsB lacks detectable enzymatic activity. To explore the functions of PcsB, its subcellular localization was determined. Fractionation experiments showed that cell-bound PcsB was located through hydrophobic interactions on the external membrane surface of pneumococcal cells. Immunofluorescent microscopy localized PcsB mainly to the septa and equators of dividing cells. Chemical cross-linking combined with immunoprecipitation showed that PcsB interacts with the cell division complex formed by membrane-bound FtsX

Spn

and cytoplasmic FtsE

Spn

ATPase, which structurally resemble an ABC transporter. Far Western blotting showed that this interaction was likely through the large extracellular loop of FtsX

Spn

and the amino terminal coiled-coil domain of PcsB. Unlike in
Bacillus subtilis
and
Escherichia coli
, we show that FtsX

Spn

and FtsE

Spn

are essential in
S. pneumoniae
. Consistent with an interaction between PcsB and FtsX

Spn

, cells depleted of PcsB or FtsX

Spn

had strikingly similar defects in cell division, and depletion of FtsX

Spn

caused mislocalization of PcsB but not the FtsZ

Spn

early-division protein. A model is presented in which the interaction of the FtsEX

Spn

complex with PcsB activates its peptidoglycan hydrolysis activity and couples peptidoglycan remodeling to pneumococcal cell division.
Fast accretion of the Earth with a late Moon-forming giant impact
Authors: Yu Gang , Jacobsen Stein B.
Published: October 2011

Constraints on the formation history of the Earth are critical for understanding of planet formation processes.
182
Hf-
182
W chronometry of terrestrial rocks points to accretion of Earth in approximately 30 Myr after the formation of the solar system, immediately followed by the Moon-forming giant impact (MGI). Nevertheless, some N-body simulations and
182
Hf-
182
W and
87
Rb-
87
Sr chronology of some lunar rocks have been used to argue for a later formation of the Moon at 52 to > 100 Myr. This discrepancy is often explained by metal-silicate disequilibrium during giant impacts. Here we describe a model of the
182
W isotopic evolution of the accreting Earth, including constraints from partitioning of refractory siderophile elements (Ni, Co, W, V, and Nb) during core formation, which can explain the discrepancy. Our modeling shows that the concentrations of the siderophile elements of the mantle are consistent with high-pressure metal-silicate equilibration in a terrestrial magma ocean. Our analysis shows that the timing of the MGI is inversely correlated with the time scale of the main accretion stage of the Earth. Specifically, the earliest time the MGI could have taken place right at approximately 30 Myr, corresponds to the end of main-stage accretion at approximately 30 Myr. A late MGI (> 52 Myr) requires the main stage of the Earth’s accretion to be completed rapidly in < 10.7 ± 2.5 Myr. These are the two end member solutions and a continuum of solutions exists in between these extremes.
Neuropeptides regulate swimming depth of
Platynereis
larvae
Authors: Conzelmann Markus , Offenburger Sarah-Lena , Asadulina Albina , Keller Timea , Münch Thomas A. , Jékely Gáspár
Published: October 2011

Cilia-based locomotion is the major form of locomotion for microscopic planktonic organisms in the ocean. Given their negative buoyancy, these organisms must control ciliary activity to maintain an appropriate depth. The neuronal bases of depth regulation in ciliary swimmers are unknown. To gain insights into depth regulation we studied ciliary locomotor control in the planktonic larva of the marine annelid,
Platynereis
. We found several neuropeptides expressed in distinct sensory neurons that innervate locomotor cilia. Neuropeptides altered ciliary beat frequency and the rate of calcium-evoked ciliary arrests. These changes influenced larval orientation, vertical swimming, and sinking, resulting in upward or downward shifts in the steady-state vertical distribution of larvae. Our findings indicate that
Platynereis
larvae have depth-regulating peptidergic neurons that directly translate sensory inputs into locomotor output on effector cilia. We propose that the simple circuitry found in these ciliated larvae represents an ancestral state in nervous system evolution.
Molecular dynamics simulations of the Cx26 hemichannel: Evaluation of structural models with Brownian dynamics
Authors: Kwon Taekyung , Harris Andrew L. , Rossi Angelo , Bargiello Thaddeus A.
Published: October 2011

The recently published crystal structure of the Cx26 gap junction channel provides a unique opportunity for elucidation of the structure of the conductive connexin pore and the molecular determinants of its ion permeation properties (conductance, current–voltage [I-V] relations, and charge selectivity). However, the crystal structure was incomplete, most notably lacking the coordinates of the N-terminal methionine residue, which resides within the pore, and also lacking two cytosolic domains. To allow computational studies for comparison with the known channel properties, we completed the structure. Grand canonical Monte Carlo Brownian dynamics (GCMC/BD) simulations of the completed and the published Cx26 hemichannel crystal structure indicate that the pore is too narrow to permit significant ion flux. The GCMC/BD simulations predict marked inward current rectification and almost perfect anion selectivity, both inconsistent with known channel properties. The completed structure was refined by all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations (220 ns total) in an explicit solvent and POPC membrane system. These MD simulations produced an equilibrated structure with a larger minimal pore diameter, which decreased the height of the permeation barrier formed by the N terminus. GCMC/BD simulations of the MD-equilibrated structure yielded more appropriate single-channel conductance and less anion/cation selectivity. However, the simulations much more closely matched experimentally determined I-V relations when the charge effects of specific co- and posttranslational modifications of Cx26 previously identified by mass spectrometry were incorporated. We conclude that the average equilibrated structure obtained after MD simulations more closely represents the open Cx26 hemichannel structure than does the crystal structure, and that co- and posttranslational modifications of Cx26 hemichannels are likely to play an important physiological role by defining the conductance and ion selectivity of Cx26 channels. Furthermore, the simulations and data suggest that experimentally observed heterogeneity in Cx26 I-V relations can be accounted for by variation in co- and posttranslational modifications.
Photoluminescent Si/SiOx nanoparticle network by near atmospheric plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition
Authors: Yang Q Y , Wang D X , Guo Y , Ding K , Xu J Z , Shi J J , Zhang J
Published: October 2011

A very fast and simple near atmospheric plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition method modulated by a pulsed negative bias voltage is newly developed to yield a Si/SiO
x
nanoparticle-linked network structure, which emitted enhanced 410 nm photoluminescence (PL) at room temperature. Hydrogen dissociation, oxidation and polarization of the silane plasma-generated active particles could be tuned by the magnitude of bias voltage. The porosity and oxidation of this network structure and the intensity of its PL spectrum at 410 nm were observed to increase with the bias voltage. The large surface area of the Si/SiO
x
nanoparticle-linked network intensified the radiative recombination centre effect and caused the PL emission enhancement.
Semi-algebraic partition and basis of Borel-Moore homology of hyperplane arrangements
Authors: Ito Ko-Ki , Yoshinaga Masahiko
Published: October 2011

We describe an explicit semi-algebraic partition for the complement of a real hyperplane arrangement such that each piece is contractible and so that the pieces form a basis of Borel-Moore homology. We also give an explicit correspondence between the de Rham cohomology and the Borel-Moore homology.
Orchard Factors Associated with Resistance and Cross Resistance to Sterol Demethylation Inhibitor Fungicides in Populations of Venturia inaequalis from Pennsylvania
Authors: Pfeufer Emily E. , Ngugi Henry K.
Published: October 2011

Orchard management practices, such as destroying of overwintered inoculum and limiting the number of fungicide applications, are often recommended as tactics for slowing the development of resistance to sterol demethylation-inhibitor (DMI) fungicides in populations of Venturia inaequalis. However, there is little quantitative evidence relating the use of such practices to levels of resistance in orchards. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity of V. inaequalis isolates from Pennsylvania to DMI fungicides, and to identify orchard management factors related to the incidence of resistant isolates. In total, 644 single-spore V. inaequalis cultures obtained from 20 apple orchards in 2008 or 2009 were tested for sensitivity to myclobutanil, fenbuconazole, or difenoconazole. Growers provided management history of the sampled plots. Widespread shifts toward resistance to the three fungicides were noted, with mean effective concentration for 50% inhibition (EC50) values of 2.136, 0.786, and 0.187 μg/ml for myclobutanil, fenbuconazole, and difenoconazole, respectively. Cross resistance to the three fungicides was documented in high correlation (Spearman's r > 0.6) between mean EC50 values for 14 orchards. Based on a 0.5-μg/ml threshold, 66 and 26% of isolates were resistant to myclobutanil and fenbuconazole, respectively, and 22% were cross resistant to the two fungicides. A significant between-year shift toward increased resistance was noted in two of three orchards surveyed in both years. Failure to use dormant copper sprays, older trees, larger orchards, orchards with ≤10 cultivars, and application of >4 DMI sprays were positively correlated (0.0001 < P < 0.05) with the incidence of resistant isolates. Isolates from orchards with >4 DMI sprays were four times as likely to be resistant to fenbuconazole (odds ratio = 4.57; P = 0.015). Isolates from orchards without dormant copper sprays were twice as likely to be cross-shifted toward resistance to all three fungicides (odds ratio = 1.76; P = 0.048). Results identify management practices that can reduce the risk of V. inaequalis developing resistance to DMI fungicides.
Glutathione Deficiency of the Arabidopsis Mutant pad2-1 Affects Oxidative Stress-Related Events, Defense Gene Expression, and the Hypersensitive Response
Authors: Dubreuil-Maurizi Carole , Vitecek Jan , Marty Laurent , Branciard Lorelise , Frettinger Patrick , Wendehenne David , Meyer Andreas J. , Mauch Felix , Poinssot Benoît
Published: October 2011

The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) phytoalexin-deficient mutant pad2-1 displays enhanced susceptibility to a broad range of pathogens and herbivorous insects that correlates with deficiencies in the production of camalexin, indole glucosinolates, and salicylic acid (SA). The pad2-1 mutation is localized in the GLUTAMATE-CYSTEINE LIGASE (GCL) gene encoding the first enzyme of glutathione biosynthesis. While pad2-1 glutathione deficiency is not caused by a decrease in GCL transcripts, analysis of GCL protein level revealed that pad2-1 plants contained only 48% of the wild-type protein amount. In contrast to the wild type, the oxidized form of GCL was dominant in pad2-1, suggesting a distinct redox environment. This finding was corroborated by the expression of GRX1-roGFP2, showing that the cytosolic glutathione redox potential was significantly less negative in pad2-1. Analysis of oxidative stress-related gene expression showed a higher transcript accumulation in pad2-1 of GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE, GLUTATHIONE-S-TRANSFERASE, and RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOG D in response to the oomycete Phytophthora brassicae. Interestingly, oligogalacturonide elicitation in pad2-1 revealed a lower plasma membrane depolarization that was found to act upstream of an impaired hydrogen peroxide production. This impaired hydrogen peroxide production was also observed during pathogen infection and correlated with a reduced hypersensitive response in pad2-1. In addition, a lack of pathogen-triggered expression of the ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE1 gene, coding for the SA-biosynthetic enzyme isochorismate synthase, was identified as the cause of the SA deficiency in pad2-1. Together, our results indicate that the pad2-1 mutation is related to a decrease in GCL protein and that the resulting glutathione deficiency negatively affects important processes of disease resistance.
Seasonal home ranges of elephants (Loxodonta africana) and their movements between Sabi Sand Reserve and Kruger National Park
Authors: Thomas Bindi , Holland John D. , Minot Edward O.
Published: October 2011

We studied the seasonal home ranges and space use of three breeding herds of elephants (Loxodonta africana) for 3–5 years in an area comprising South Africa’s Sabi Sand Reserve (SSR) and Kruger National Park (KNP). Global Positioning System (GPS) transmitters were attached to the matriarchs of three herds and set to transmit a single daily location. Each herd was located in SSR 31%, 60% and 84% of the time. During the wet summer months, the herds walked longer distances and occupied larger seasonal home ranges than during the corresponding dry winter period. Core areas were centred on riverine habitats within both parks, with all three herds exhibiting closer distances to rivers and artificial water holes than would be expected if they were moving randomly. Home ranges within SSR overlapped much of the park. However, in KNP they occupied discrete areas with little overlap. Much of the movement between the two parks occurred along well‐defined corridors. This study shows that elephant herds depended upon the resources of both parks, providing an insight into their within‐ and between‐seasonal movements. This highlights the importance of ongoing co‐operation between wildlife managers from both parks when forming policy.
Systems thinking perspectives applied to healthcare transition for youth with disabilities: a paradigm shift for practice, policy and research
Authors: Hamdani Y. , Jetha A. , Norman C.
Published: October 2011

Background  Healthcare transition (HCT) for youth with disabilities is a complex phenomenon influenced by multiple interacting factors, including health, personal and environmental factors. Current research on the transition to adulthood for disabled youth has primarily focused on identifying these multilevel factors to guide the development of interventions to improve the HCT process. However, little is known about how this complex array of factors interacts and contributes to successful HCT. Systems thinking provides a theoretically informed perspective that accounts for complexity and can contribute to enhanced understanding of the interactions among HCT factors. The objective of this paper is to introduce general concepts of systems thinking as applied to HCT practice and research.

Methods  Several systems thinking concepts and principles are introduced and a discussion of HCT as a complex system is provided. Systems dynamics methodology is described as one systems method for conceptualizing HCT. A preliminary systems dynamics model is presented to facilitate discourse on the application of systems thinking principles to HCT practice, policy and research.

Conclusions  An understanding of the complex interactions and patterns of relationships in HCT can assist health policy makers and practitioners in determining key areas of intervention, the impact of these interventions on the system and the potential intended and unintended consequences of change. This paper provides initial examination of applying systems thinking to inform future research and practice on HCT.
Healthcare transitions for adolescents with chronic life‐threatening conditions using a Delphi method to identify research priorities for clinicians and academics in Canada
Authors: Fletcher‐Johnston M. , Marshall S. K. , Straatman L.
Published: October 2011

Purpose  Research has only begun to examine the complexity of transition to adulthood under illness conditions. A Delphi method may be utilized to identify pertinent research priorities for academics and clinicians in adolescent healthcare transitions and prioritize a framework for an ongoing programme of research.

Methods  Through a comprehensive recruitment strategy throughout Canada, 114 clinicians and academics were invited to participate in this national study. Three phases were conducted until consensus could be achieved for the five most pressing research priorities.

Results  Thirty‐eight respondents completed at least one of the three phases of the process. All responses were analysed, and five questions in phase 3 achieving a level of consensus ranging 64–80% were identified as the top five research priorities. These questions included: skills and knowledge adolescents require for the transition process, how to measure success, the factors that influence a successful transition and whether good transitions improve health outcomes.

Conclusions  The results of this study can inform and prioritize a framework for an ongoing programme of research in Canada. The inclusion of clinicians and academics ensures that the research agenda incorporates perspectives from the front‐line work of individuals providing care to this population as well as individuals from the academic community with important knowledge and skills related to research approaches and methods.
No detectable beneficial systemic immunomodulatory effects of a specific synbiotic mixture in infants with atopic dermatitis
Authors: van der Aa L. B. , Lutter R. , Heymans H. S. A. , Smids B. S. , Dekker T. , van Aalderen W. M. C. , Sillevis Smitt J. H. , Knippels L. M. J. , Garssen J. , Nauta A. J. , Sprikkelman A. B. ,   the Synbad Study Group
Published: October 2011

Background

In a murine model of allergic inflammation, Bifidobacterium breve M‐16V has been shown to reduce IL‐4 and IgE by inducing IL‐10 and IFN‐γ. However, it remains unknown whether this strain has the same effect in humans with allergic disease.

Objective

To determine the effects of Bifidobacterium breve M‐16V combined with a prebiotic oligosaccharide mixture (synbiotic) on atopic markers, ex vivo cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and circulating regulatory T cell percentage in infants with atopic dermatitis.

Methods

In a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled multi‐centre trial, 90 infants with atopic dermatitis, age <7 months, were randomized to receive an infant formula with Bifidobacterium breve M‐16V and a mixture of short chain galactooligosaccharides and long chain fructooligosaccharides (Immunofortis®), or the same formula without synbiotics during 12 weeks. At week 0 and 12, plasma levels of IL‐5, IgG1, IgG4, CTACK and TARC, ex vivo cytokine responses by PBMCs and percentage of regulatory T cells, were determined.

Results

There were no significant differences between the synbiotic and the placebo group in IL‐5, IgG1, IgG4, CTACK and TARC levels and ex vivo cytokine production by anti‐CD3/anti‐CD28‐stimulated PBMCs. With allergen‐specific stimuli, we found a decreased IL‐12p40/70 and IL‐12p70 production in response to egg allergen (P = 0.04 and P = 0.01, respectively) and decreased IL‐12p70 production in response to peanut allergen (P = 0.003) in the synbiotic compared with the placebo group. Circulating regulatory T cell percentage did not significantly differ between the groups.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

This synbiotic mixture has no detectable effect on plasma levels of the analysed atopic disease markers, ex vivo cytokine production and circulating regulatory T cell percentage in infants with atopic dermatitis, besides down‐regulation of IL‐12 production in egg‐ and peanut‐stimulated PBMCs. These results do not support the use of this synbiotic in clinical practice.
Yolk sac tumours revisited. A review of their many faces and names
Authors: Nogales Francisco F , Preda Ovidiu , Nicolae Alina
Published: October 2011

Nogales FF, Preda O & Nicolae A  (2012) Histopathology 60, 1023–1033

Yolk sac tumours revisited. A review of their many faces and names

We review the current knowledge on human yolk sac tumours (YSTs) 50 years after their initial description. Their complex nomenclature and histogenesis stress the fact that they are not a discrete entity, but represent a multifaceted group of neoplasms, for which the term primitive endodermal tumours would be more appropriate, accounting for their capacity to differentiate into various extraembryonal and somatic cell types. Different histological patterns of human YSTs correlate with the developmental potential of primitive endoderm and mesenchyme, but they are also similar to some murine experimental tumours. Exceptionally, YSTs replicate the tubular structures of the human yolk sac and allantois. Endodermal somatic differentiation reproduces pulmonary, intestinal and hepatic tissues and are identical with some, embryonal‐type endodermal, gastric and lung carcinomas, which are indistinguishable from YSTs. YSTs may show an overgrowth of their mesenchymal (sarcomatous) and epithelial components (such as mucinous carcinoma or carcinoid) and also be a source of haematological malignancies. YSTs associated with non‐germ cell tumours probably originate from malignant pluripotent somatic stem cells. Only AFP and glypican‐3 are characteristic immunohistochemical markers. Pluripotent antibodies (SALL4, Lin28, IMP‐3) help in differential diagnoses, while some differentiation markers (CDX2, TTF‐1, HepPar1) facilitate recognition of unusual variants of YSTs.
Midwives and oral health care during pregnancy: perceptions of pregnant women in south‐western Sydney, Australia
Authors: George Ajesh , Johnson Maree , Duff Margaret , Ajwani Shilpi , Bhole Sameer , Blinkhorn Anthony , Ellis Sharon
Published: October 2011

Aims and objective.  This study sought to explore the perceptions of pregnant women in Australia towards oral health care during pregnancy and their views regarding midwives providing oral health education, assessment and referrals as part of antenatal care.

Background.  Maintaining oral health during pregnancy is important. Yet, many pregnant women do not access dental services during this time. Antenatal care providers are now recommended to promote maternal oral health, and various countries have adopted this strategy. However, in Australia, a lack of emphasis is placed on maternal oral health especially by antenatal care providers. Currently, a preventive programme is being developed to promote maternal oral health with the help of midwives in Australia. Very little is known about the perceptions of such an approach from pregnant women.

Design.  Qualitative approach.

Method.  Data were collected via semi‐structured telephone interviews with 10 pregnant women residing in south‐western Sydney.

Results.  Thematic analyses of the data suggest a high prevalence of poor oral health among pregnant women, especially those socioeconomically disadvantaged. The findings also highlight various barriers deterring these women from seeking dental care the most significant being lack of dental awareness, high treatment costs and misconceptions about dental treatment during pregnancy. The absence of affordable dental care remains a major barrier in Australia. The proposed preventive programme was well received by women although issues such as education for midwives and referral pathways were highlighted.

Conclusions.  The findings suggest that a tailored midwifery‐initiated oral health programme has potential in Australia, especially for low‐income families as it addresses many existing barriers to dental care.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Antenatal care providers in Australia should provide more information about oral health. These health professionals should be adequately educated to promote oral health. Health services should also consider offering pregnant women affordable and accessible dental services.
A systematic review of qualitative studies: patients’ experiences of preoperative communication
Authors: Chan Zenobia , Kan Carmen , Lee Patrick , Chan Isabel , Lam Joyce
Published: October 2011

Aim. This article reports on a systematic review of qualitative studies on patients’ experiences of preoperative communication with healthcare professionals.

Background. Communication is critical for providing efficient care to patients. It is especially important for patients waiting for surgery, as they experience a variety of unknowns before the procedure. Through communication with healthcare professionals, patients gain a better understanding of the surgery and the issues related to their life after the surgery. Thus, the preoperative communication between healthcare professionals and patients is a significant topic for review.

Design. Systematic review.

Methods. Six electronic databases (CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Embase, Medline, PsycINFO and PUBMED) were systematically searched. Qualitative studies of patients’ experiences before surgery were purposely selected for synthesis. Key themes and concepts were extracted and synthesised.

Results. Eleven studies on patients’ experiences before surgery were identified. Four main themes relating to patients’ experiences of preoperative communication with healthcare professionals were identified from all 11 articles. These themes were as follows: need for information, involving relatives, need for control and healthcare professionalism.

Conclusions. Patients’ experience of preoperative communication with healthcare professionals showed different needs and feelings for communication. Healthcare professionals need to have adequate knowledge, skills and positive attitudes to help patients through the journey of this critical life event.

Relevance to clinical practice. Patients’ sensitivity and their different needs for communication may contribute to future advances in the training of healthcare professionals with regard to their communication knowledge and skills. They may also affect the allocation of resources for patients waiting for surgery and educating related professionals about their knowledge and skills of communication and their attitudes. Adequate space for meeting simultaneously with patients and their relatives and extra human resources and tools for the assessment of individuals’ need for communication are also required.
Endothelin‐Mediated Calcium Responses in Supraoptic Nucleus Astrocytes Influence Magnocellular Neurosecretory Firing Activity
Authors: Filosa J. A. , Naskar K. , Perfume G. , Iddings J. A. , Biancardi V. C. , Vatta M. S. , Stern J. E.
Published: October 2011

In addition to their peripheral vasoactive effects, accumulating evidence supports an important role for endothelins (ETs) in the regulation of the hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory system, which produces and releases the neurohormones vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT). Still, the precise cellular substrates, loci and mechanisms underlying the actions of ETs on the magnocellular system are poorly understood. In the present study, we combined patch‐clamp electrophysiology, confocal Ca2+ imaging and immunohistochemistry to study the actions of ETs on supraoptic nucleus (SON) magnocellular neurosecretory neurones and astrocytes. Our studies show that ET‐1 evoked rises in [Ca2+]i levels in SON astrocytes (but not neurones), an effect largely mediated by the activation of ETB receptors and mobilisation of thapsigargin‐sensitive Ca2+ stores. The presence of ETB receptors in SON astrocytes was also verified immunohistochemically. ETB receptor activation either increased (75%) or decreased (25%) SON firing activity, both in VP and putative OT neurones, and these effects were prevented when slices were preincubated in glutamate receptor blockers or nitric oxide synthase blockers, respectively. Moreover, ETB‐mediated effects in SON neurones were also prevented by a gliotoxin compound, and when changes in [Ca2+]i were prevented with bath‐applied BAPTA‐AM or thapsigargin. Conversely, intracellular Ca2+ chelation in the recorded SON neurones failed to block ETB‐mediated effects. In summary, our results indicate that ETB receptor activation in SON astrocytes induces the mobilisation of [Ca2+]i, likely resulting in the activation of glutamate and nitric oxide signalling pathways, evoking in turn excitatory and inhibitory SON neuronal responses, respectively. Taken together, our study supports an important role for astrocytes in mediating the actions of ETs on the magnocellular neurosecretory system.
The cost of outpatient pneumonia in children <5 years of age in Fiji
Authors: Temple Beth , Griffiths Ulla Kou , Mulholland Edward Kim , Ratu Felisita Tupou , Tikoduadua Lisi , Russell Fiona Mary
Published: October 2011

Objectives  Pneumonia is the most common reason for visiting an outpatient facility among children <5 years old in Fiji. The objective of this study is to describe for the first time the costs associated with an episode of outpatient pneumonia in Fiji, in terms of cost both to the government health sector and to the household.

Methods  Costs were estimated for 400 clinically diagnosed pneumonia cases from two outpatient facilities, one in the capital, Suva, and one in a peri‐urban and rural area, Nausori. Household expenses relating to transport costs, treatment costs and indirect costs were determined primarily through structured interview with the caregiver. Unit costs were collected from a variety of sources. Patient‐specific costs were summarised as average costs per facility.

Results  The overall average societal cost associated with an episode of outpatient pneumonia was $18.98, ranging from $14.33 in Nausori to $23.67 in Suva. Household expenses represent a significant proportion of the societal cost (29% in Nausori and 45% in Suva), with transport costs the most important household cost item. Health sector expenses were dominated by personnel costs at both sites. Both the average total household expenses and the average total health sector expenses were significantly greater in Suva than Nausori.

Conclusions  A single episode of outpatient pneumonia represents a significant cost both to the government health sector and to affected households. Given the high incidence of this disease in Fiji, this places a considerable burden on society.
Pink papules on the dorsum of the finger
Authors: Nogueira Ana , Cruz Maria João , Magina Sofia , Azevedo Filomena
Published: October 2011

What is your diagnosis?
Investigation ofPropionibacterium acnesin progressive macular hypomelanosis using real‐time PCR and culture
Authors: de Morais Cavalcanti Silvana Maria , de França Emmanuel Rodrigues , Lins Ana Kelly , Magalhães Marcelo , de Alencar Eliane Ruth Barbosa , Magalhães Vera
Published: October 2011

Background Progressive macular hypomelanosis (PMH) is a dermatosis of unknown etiology. It has been concluded that it involves the presence ofPropionibacterium acnes, a saprophyte of the pilosebaceous follicles. In our study, we investigated the presence ofP. acnesin lesional and non‐lesional skin of patients with PMH through quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and bacterial culture from a skin fragment.

Materials and methods An observational, exploratory study, with laboratory comparison of lesional (study group) and non‐lesional skin (comparison group), in patients with PMH, was carried out with 36 patients, seen in the dermatology outpatient setting at the Oswaldo Cruz University Hospital (OCUH), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil, between March and May 2008. All patients were submitted to a Wood’s lamp examination, mycological research, and biopsies of lesional and non‐lesional skin from the back. Skin fragments were submitted to a histopathology test, bacterial culture, and a quantitative real‐time PCR test. The program Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 12.0, was employed for relationship analysis with the Wilcoxon and McNemar tests.

Results There was a significant predominance ofP. acneson lesional skin, in comparison to non‐lesional skin (P < 0.001), as demonstrated by culture and quantitative real‐time PCR.

Conclusion AlthoughP. acnesis a saprophyte, the hypothesis may be raised that this microorganism participates in the development of PMH.
Psychodermatological disorders: recognition and treatment
Authors: Shenefelt Philip D.
Published: October 2011

Many dermatological disorders have a psychosomatic or behavioral aspect. Skin and brain continually interact through psychoneuroimmunoendocrine mechanisms and through behaviors that can strongly affect the initiation or flaring of skin disorders. It is important to consider these mind‐body interactions when planning treatments for specific skin disorders in individual patients. Mind‐influencing therapeutic options that can enhance treatment of skin disorders include standard psychotropic drugs, alternative herbs and supplements, the placebo effect, suggestion, cognitive‐behavioral methods, biofeedback, and hypnosis. When individual measures do not produce the desired results, combinations of drugs or addition of non‐drug therapies may be more successful. Psychophysiological skin disorders may respond well to non‐drug and drug therapies that counteract stress. Treatment of primary psychiatric disorders often results in improvement of associated skin disorders. Psychiatric disorders secondary to skin disorders may also require treatment. Therapeutic options for each of these are discussed.
Universal perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis is not necessary in kidney transplantation
Authors: Laftavi Mark R. , Rostami Rezvan , Patel Sunil , Kohli Romesh , Laftavi Helia , Feng Lin , Said Meriem , Dayton Merril , Pankewycz Oleh
Published: October 2011

Laftavi MR, Rostami R, Patel S, Kohli R, Laftavi H, Feng L, Said M, Dayton M, Pankewycz O. Universal perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis is not necessary in kidney transplantation.  Clin Transplant 2011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399‐0012.2011.01531.x.  © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  Despite significant improvements in renal transplantation, certain basic issues remain unresolved such as the routine use of perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis (AMP). To address the need for AMP, we retrospectively evaluated the clinical course of 442 consecutive renal transplant recipients (RTRs) who did not receive any AMP except for trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Three hundred and forty RTRs received induction therapy with low‐dose rabbit anti‐thymocyte globulin, while the other 102 patients were treated with basiliximab. All RTRs received tacrolimus, mycophenolic acid, and prednisone. Nine patients (2%) developed surgical site infection (SSI). SSIs were more common in obese and older patients. All SSIs were superficial and responded well to wound drainage and outpatient antibiotic therapy. No patient or graft was lost owing to SSI. Our study shows that despite many predisposing factors, SSIs are rare following renal transplantation even in the absence of AMP. Therefore, to avoid the emergence of antibiotic‐resistant pathogens, excessive costs, and antibiotic‐related adverse events, we suggest that AMP should be used only in selected circumstances such as in recipients older than 65 yr or when the body mass index (BMI) is >35.
Rhomboid proteases in plants – still in square one?
Authors: Knopf Ronit Rimon , Adam Zach
Published: October 2011

Rhomboids are ubiquitous intramembrane serine proteases the sequences of which are found in nearly all sequenced genomes, including those of plants. They were molecularly characterized in a number of organisms, and were found to play a role in a variety of biological functions including signaling, development, apoptosis, mitochondrial integrity, parasite invasion and more. Although rhomboid sequences are found in plants, very little is known about their function. Here, we present the current knowledge in the rhomboids field in general, and in plant rhomboids in particular. In addition, we discuss possible physiological roles of different plant rhomboids.
The downy mildew resistance locus Pp523 is located on chromosome C8 of Brassica oleracea L.
Authors: Carlier Jorge D. , Alabaça Claudia A. , Coelho Paula S. , Monteiro António A. , Leitão José M.
Published: October 2011

With 2 figures and 1 table

We have previously constructed a genetic map of Brassica oleracea L. containing the Pp523 locus that confers downy mildew resistance to adult plants. In this work, 44 SSR markers of reference for the Brassica C genome chromosomes were added to the map, allowing the nine major linkage groups to be assigned to the nine chromosomes of B. oleracea. Locus Pp523 was located on chromosome C8, and a locus determining flower colour was mapped to chromosome C3. In comparison with the first version of the map, the new map is denser and more compact. The available genomic information on B. oleracea was enriched with the chromosome location of two phenotypic traits and 421 DNA markers (RAPD, ISSR, AFLP, SCAR, BAC‐end derived STS, SSR and other PCR markers). Conversely, the genomic information on B. oleracea chromosome C8 is being used as an additional tool for the map‐based cloning of Pp523, the first gene for adult plant resistance to downy mildew precisely located to a specific chromosome of this crop species.
Timing of collision of the Kohistan–Ladakh Arc with India and Asia: Debate
Authors: REHMAN HAFIZ UR , SENO TETSUZO , YAMAMOTO HIROSHI , KHAN TAHSEENULLAH
Published: October 2011

The Kohistan–Ladakh Arc in the Himalaya–Karakoram region represents a complete section of an oceanic arc where the rocks from mantle to upper crustal levels are exposed. Generally this arc was regarded as of Jurassic–Cretaceous age and was welded to Asia and India by Northern and Southern Sutures respectively. Formation of this arc, timings of its collisions with Asia and India, and position of collision boundaries have always been controversial. Most authors consider that the arc collided with Asia first during 102–75 Ma and then with India during 55–50 Ma, whereas others suggest that the arc collided with India first at or before 61 Ma, and then the India–arc block collided with Asia ca 50 Ma. Recently published models of the later group leave several geological difficulties such as an extremely rapid drifting rate of the Indian Plate (30 ± 5 cm/year) northwards between 61–50 Ma, absence of a large ophiolite sequence and accretionary wedge along the Northern Suture, obduction of ophiolites and blueschists along the Southern Suture, and the occurrence of a marine depositional environment older than 52 Ma in the Indian Plate rocks south of the Southern Suture. We present a review based on geochemical, stratigraphic, structural, and paleomagnetic data to show that collision of the arc with Asia happened first and with India later.
Cerebral blood flow changes in very‐late‐onset schizophrenia‐like psychosis with catatonia before and after successful treatment
Authors: Tsujino Naohisa , Nemoto Takahiro , Yamaguchi Taiju , Katagiri Naoyuki , Tohgi Nao , Ikeda Ryu , Shiraga Nobuyuki , Mizumura Sunao , Mizuno Masafumi
Published: October 2011

The purpose of the present study was to investigate regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) changes in a patient with very‐late‐onset schizophrenia‐like psychosis (VLOS) with catatonia. A 64‐year‐old woman developed catatonia after experiencing persecutory delusions. The patient's rCBF was examined using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with easy Z‐score imaging system. Before treatment, hypoperfusion was observed in the striatum and the thalamus, whereas hyperperfusion was observed in the left lateral frontal cortex and the left temporal cortex. After treatment, the disproportions in rCBF disappeared, and hyperperfusion was observed in the motor cortex. Sequential SPECT findings suggest that rCBF abnormalities may be correlated with the symptomatology of catatonia in patients with VLOS.
Changes in communication skills of clinical residents through psychiatric training
Authors: Yutani Motoki , Takahashi Megumi , Miyaoka Hitoshi
Published: October 2011

Aim:  The objective of this study was to clarify whether the communication skills (CS) of clinical residents change before and after psychiatric training and, if so, what factors are related to the change.

Methods:  The 44 clinical residents who agreed to participate in this study were provided with an originally developed self‐accomplished questionnaire survey on CS (communication skills questionnaire [CSQ]) and a generally used questionnaire on self‐esteem, anxiety, and depressive mood considered to be related to CS at the start and end of a 2‐month psychiatric training session. Statistical analysis was conducted for the 34 residents who completed both questionnaires.

Results:  The CSQ score (t[32]: −2.17, P < 0.05) and assertive CS score, a subfactor of the CSQ (t[32]: −2.74, P < 0.01), were improved after the training. The cooperative CS score also tended to increase after the training. The amounts of change in total CS score and cooperative CS score, which increased after the training, correlated positively with self‐esteem and negatively with anxiety and depressive tendency. The amount of change in assertive CS score showed a weakly positive correlation with self‐esteem.

Conclusions:  The results suggested that CS, including assertive CS and cooperative CS, were improved by the psychiatric training. Increasing self‐esteem and reducing the tendency toward depression and anxiety are considered to be useful for further improving CS.
Possible effectiveness of intervention using a self‐teaching workbook in adolescent drug abusers detained in a juvenile classification home
Authors: Matsumoto Toshihiko , Chiba Yasuhiko , Imamura Fumi , Kobayashi Ohji , Wada Kiyoshi
Published: October 2011

Aims:  The purpose of the present study was to examine whether the possible effectiveness of the juvenile version of the Serigaya Methamphetamine Relapse Prevention Program (SMARPP‐Jr.) self‐teaching workbook we developed for relapse prevention of drug abuse depends on the severity of the subject's drug‐related problems.

Methods:  Subjects were 85 adolescent drug abusers who were detained in a juvenile classification home. We compared changes between the subjects' scores on rating scales administered both before and after interventions with the self‐teaching workbook, and we examined associations between the effectiveness of the intervention and the severity of the subjects' drug‐related problems.

Results:  Regardless of the severity of their drug‐related problems, the subjects' rating scale scores were significantly different after the intervention, which suggests that use of the workbook increased their awareness of the problems caused by drug dependence and their motivation to obtain treatment. However, use of the workbook did not significantly change their confidence in their capacity to resist drug craving.

Conclusion:  Although the self‐teaching workbook is a convenient intervention tool that can increase subject awareness and motivation for treatment, it is likely that continuous community‐based support systems are required to prevent relapse.
Biomass fuels and lung cancer
Authors: LIM WEI‐YEN , SEOW ADELINE
Published: October 2011

It is estimated that about 2.4 billion people around the world, or about 40% of the world's population, depend on biomass fuels (wood, charcoal, dung, crop residue) to meet their energy needs for cooking and heating. The burden is especially high in Asia. Studies suggest that levels of pollutants including particulate matter <10 µm and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons indoors in homes where biomass fuels are used far exceed levels recommended as safe. While in vitro and in vivo studies in animal models suggest that wood smoke emission extracts are mutagenic and carcinogenic, epidemiologic studies have been inconsistent. In this review, we discuss possible carcinogenic mechanisms of action of biomass fuel emissions, summarize the biological evidence for carcinogenesis, and review the epidemiologic evidence in humans of biomass fuel emissions as a risk factor for lung cancer. Finally, we highlight some issues relevant for interpreting the epidemiologic evidence for the relationship between biomass fuel exposure and lung cancer: these include methodologic considerations and recognition of possible effect modification by genetic susceptibility, smoking status, age of exposure and histologic type.
High‐grade invasive urothelial carcinoma with focal plasmacytoid differentiation successfully treated by transurethral resection followed by chemoradiotherapy
Authors: Kawahara Takashi , Oshiro Hisashi , Sekiguchi Zenkichi , Ito Hiroki , Makiyama Kazuhide , Uemura Hiroji , Kubota Yoshinobu
Published: October 2011

We report a case of high‐grade invasive urothelial carcinoma with plasmacytoid differentiation of the urinary bladder. A 75‐year‐old woman was referred to our hospital because of macroscopic hematuria. Cystoscopy detected a solid pedunculated bladder tumor, and a transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TUR‐Bt) and the image findings showed pT1N0M0 bladder cancer. The histopathological examination revealed the coexistence of a large component of high‐grade invasive urothelial carcinoma and a small component of plasmacytoid carcinoma. Following the TUR‐Bt, external beam radiotherapy and chemotherapy with gemcitabine and nedaplatin were carried out. The bladder tumor has not recurred for 2 years after the TUR‐Bt.