bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Upper mantle Q and thermal structure beneath Tanzania, East Africa from teleseismic P wave spectra
Authors: Venkataraman Anupama , Nyblade Andrew A. , Ritsema Jeroen
Published: August 2004

We measure P wave spectral amplitude ratios from deep‐focus earthquakes recorded at broadband seismic stations of the Tanzania network to estimate regional variation of sublithospheric mantle attenuation beneath the Tanzania craton and the eastern branch of the East African Rift. One‐dimensional profiles of QP adequately explain the systematic variation of P wave attenuation in the sublithospheric upper mantle: QP ∼ 175 beneath the cratonic lithosphere, while it is ∼ 80 beneath the rifted lithosphere. By combining the QP values and a model of P wave velocity perturbations, we estimate that the temperature beneath the rifted lithosphere (100–400 km depth) is 140–280 K higher than ambient mantle temperatures, consistent with the observation that the 410 km discontinuity in this region is depressed by 30–40 km.
Space‐based measurements of sheet‐flow characteristics in the Everglades wetland, Florida
Authors: Wdowinski Shimon , Amelung Falk , Miralles‐Wilhelm Fernando , Dixon Timothy H. , Carande Richard
Published: August 2004

New space‐based observations of South Florida with interferometric SAR (InSAR) reveal spatially detailed, quantitative images of water levels in the Everglades. The new data capture dynamic water level topography, providing the first detailed picture of wetland sheet flow. We observe localized radial sheet flow in addition to well‐known southward unidirectional sheet flow, modelled as a linear diffusive flow. We obtain quantitative estimates of flow diffusivity (23–91 m2/s), the first space‐based estimates of such hydrologic parameter for the Everglades. Space‐based hydrologic observations can provide critical information for monitoring, understanding and managing wetland sheet flow, and contribute to wetland restoration.
A spatial analysis of pan evaporation trends in China, 1955–2000
Authors: Liu Binhui , Xu Ming , Henderson Mark , Gong Weiguang
Published: August 2004

Pan evaporation, an indicator of potential evaporation, has decreased during the last several decades in many parts of the world. This trend is contrary to the expectation that global warming will be accompanied by an increase in terrestrial evaporation, known as the pan evaporation paradox. In this paper we present an analysis of changes in the spatial patterns of pan evaporation in China based on data from 85 weather stations from 1955 to 2000. We found that pan evaporation decreased in China from 1955 to 2000. The decrease was statistically significant in all of China's eight climatic regions except northeast China. We also found that the decrease in solar irradiance was most likely the driving force for the reduced pan evaporation in China. However, unlike in other areas of the world, in China the decrease in solar irradiance was not always accompanied by an increase in cloud cover and precipitation. Therefore we speculate that aerosols may play a critical role in the decrease of solar irradiance in China. By subdividing China into eight climatic regions, we found that the rate of decrease in pan evaporation was highest in the northwest and lowest in the southwest. Although changes in solar irradiance are the main cause of decreasing pan evaporation, water conditions influence the sensitivity of pan evaporation to the change in solar irradiance in comparing the eight climatic regions. Thus the spatial trends of pan evaporation differ from those of solar irradiance among these regions.
Three‐dimensional structure and evolution of stratospheric HNO3 based on UARS Microwave Limb Sounder measurements
Authors: Santee M. L. , Manney G. L. , Livesey N. J. , Read W. G.
Published: August 2004

The Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) measured the global distribution of stratospheric HNO3 through more than seven complete annual cycles in both hemispheres. Here we present an overview of the seasonal, interhemispheric, and interannual variations in the distribution of HNO3 throughout the lower and middle stratosphere from 420 to 960 K potential temperature based on the UARS MLS version 6 HNO3 measurements. The version 6 MLS data have much better precision and a larger vertical range than previous MLS HNO3 data sets and have also been corrected to account for an oversight in the retrieval algorithms that led earlier versions to overestimate HNO3 abundances by as much as 35% at some levels in the stratosphere. HNO3 exhibits little vertical, seasonal, or interannual variability in the tropics. For the first ∼1.5 years of the mission, however, a persistent enhancement is seen at low and middle latitudes that we attribute to perturbations in reactive nitrogen chemistry under conditions of high aerosol loading from the eruption of Mount Pinatubo. The signature of Pinatubo‐induced HNO3 enhancement is considerably weaker at 420 and 465 K than it is at higher altitudes, and it is also considerably weaker at northern middle and high latitudes than it is in the Southern Hemisphere. HNO3 abundances increase toward the pole in both hemispheres at all levels and in all seasons, with the exception of the severely denitrified region inside the Antarctic vortex. A pronounced seasonal cycle is present at middle and high latitudes up to at least 960 K (∼34 km), with a winter maximum and a summer minimum. Large interannual variability in the timing, magnitude, and duration of enhanced wintertime HNO3 abundances is seen in both hemispheres. Even in the coldest Arctic winters, HNO3 depletion is modest and limited in both horizontal and vertical extent. In contrast, virtually complete removal of gas‐phase HNO3 occurs at the highest southern latitudes by July in every year throughout the lower stratosphere. Indications of denitrification are present up to at least 740 K, well above the highest altitude at which dehydration is observed, providing further evidence that denitrification can proceed in the absence of dehydration.
Use of probability distribution functions for discriminating between cloud and aerosol in lidar backscatter data
Authors: Liu Zhaoyan , Vaughan Mark A. , Winker David M. , Hostetler Chris A. , Poole Lamont R. , Hlavka Dennis , Hart William , McGill Matthew
Published: August 2004

In this paper, we describe the algorithm that will be used during the upcoming Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) mission for discriminating between clouds and aerosols detected in two‐wavelength backscatter lidar profiles. We first analyze single‐test and multiple‐test classification approaches based on one‐dimensional (1‐D) and multidimensional probability distribution functions (PDFs) in the context of a two‐class feature identification scheme. From these studies we derive an operational algorithm. This algorithm is a 3‐D approach utilizing the layer mean attenuated backscatter at 532 nm, the layer‐integrated 1064‐nm to 532‐nm volume color ratio, and the midlayer altitude. A data set acquired by the Cloud Physics Lidar (CPL) is used to test the algorithm. Comparisons are conducted between the 3‐D CALIPSO algorithm results and those derived from an existing 2‐D algorithm. The results obtained show generally good agreement between the two methods. However, of a total of 228,264 layers analyzed, ∼5.7% are classified as different types by the two algorithms. This disparity is shown to be due largely to the misclassification of optically thin clouds as aerosols by the 2‐D algorithm. The use of 3‐D PDFs in the CALIPSO algorithm is found to significantly reduce this type of error because the separation between cloud and aerosol clusters is more complete in this 3‐D space. Dust presents a special case. Because the intrinsic scattering properties of dust layers can be very similar to those of clouds, additional algorithm testing was performed using an optically dense layer of Saharan dust measured during the Lidar In‐space Technology Experiment (LITE). In general, the method is shown to distinguish reliably between dust layers and clouds. The relatively few erroneous classifications that occurred most often in the analysis of the LITE data occurred, in those regions of the Saharan dust layer where the optical thickness was the highest.
Saving Venice by seawater
Authors: Comerlati Andrea , Ferronato Massimiliano , Gambolati Giuseppe , Putti Mario , Teatini Pietro
Published: August 2004

The frequency of flooding in Venice has drastically increased over the last 50 years as a major consequence of natural and anthropogenic land subsidence, mean sea level rise, and a more active lagoon hydrodynamics induced partly by deepening of the largest navigation channels. Subsurface fluid injection is a well‐established technology that is currently used either to enhance oil recovery from oil fields or to reduce land settlement due to hydrocarbon production. To help mitigate the inundation events in Venice, a numerical study of seawater injection into a 600–800 m deep geologic formation is performed with the aid of advanced numerical fluid dynamic and geomechanical models. A number of parametric scenarios are addressed, consistent with the basic geological configuration derived from the lithostratigraphy of nearby areas in the northern Adriatic basin. Preliminary quite encouraging results show that a set of 12 vertical injection wells, strategically located within the lagoon, may raise Venice from 11 to up to 40 cm over a 10 year period, thus offsetting or mitigating the vast majority of the high tides that occasionally plague the city. Further ad hoc geological and geophysical investigations of the lagoon subsurface are required before the present prefeasibility study can be turned into a design project of anthropogenic Venice uplift.
Simulation of drying phenomena associated with vegetation change caused by invasion of alder (Alnus japonica) in Kushiro Mire
Authors: Nakayama Tadanobu , Watanabe Masataka
Published: August 2004

A new process‐based distributed model, the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) integrated catchment‐based ecohydrology (NICE) model, was developed. The model includes surface‐unsaturated‐saturated water processes and assimilates land‐surface processes describing the variation in phenology with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite data. The model was applied to the Kushiro River catchment (northern Japan, area of 2204.7 km2) with a resolution of 500 m and 8 days averaged vegetation changes. Excellent agreement between simulated and measured values was obtained for soil temperature, soil moisture, groundwater level, and river flow discharge during the 6 month snow‐free period, achieved by taking into account vegetation phenology, soil properties, and geological structure. The model explains water cycle change and drying phenomena in the Kushiro Mire associated with vegetation change caused by the increased sediment load due to river channelization and consequently the invasion of alder (Alnus japonica) into the mire.
Optionen des Debridements in der Therapie chronischer Wunden
Authors: Dissemond Joachim , Goos Manfred
Published: August 2004

Das Debridement ist definiert als Entfernung von nicht‐vitalem Gewebe aus einer Wunde. In chronischen Wunden wird mit dem Debridement die Elimination von Nekrosen, aber auch die Abtragung von Verbandresten, Fremdkörpern oder anderen avitalen Bestandteilen bezeichnet. Das sachgerechte Debridement stellt eine grundlegende Voraussetzung für den Ablauf eines nicht verzögerten Wundheilungsprozesses dar. Eingebunden in Überlegungen zur Therapie der zugrunde liegenden Ursachen einer verzögerten Wundheilung sollte das Debridement den ersten Schritt in einer adäquaten Phasen‐adaptierten Wundgrund‐Konditionierung chronischer Wunden darstellen.

Dieser Beitrag soll eine Übersicht über die unterschiedlichen Optionen der Durchführung eines Debridements in der Therapie chronischer Wunden bieten. Für die Durchführung eines Debridements chronischer Wunden eignen sich als therapeutische Maßnahmen Chirurgie, Biochirurgie, Laser, Ultraschall, Hydrotherapien, Naß‐zu‐trocken‐Methode, Autolyse, proteolytische Enzyme, osmotisches‐ oder chemisches‐Debridement.

Das einzig richtige Debridement gibt es nicht! So individuell die Patienten und die Ursachen der zugrunde liegenden Wundheilungsstörungen sind, so unterschiedlich sinnvoll kann auch der Einsatz der verschiedenen Methoden der Durchführung eines Debridements sein. Für welche therapeutische Option man sich entscheidet, wird durch eine Vielzahl von Faktoren bestimmt. Darüber hinaus kann auch die sukzessive Verwendung unterschiedlicher Methoden je nach Zusammensetzung des Wundmilieus sinnvoll sein.
Is there a vasospasmolytic effect of acupuncture in patients with secondary Raynaud phenomenon?
Authors: Hahn Martin , Steins Anke , Möhrle Matthias , Blum Andreas , Jünger Michael
Published: August 2004

Background: Raynaud phenomenon (RP) is a vasospastic disorder of the digital arteries. Severe forms are found in patients with connective tissue diseases. Vasospasmolytic therapies are often limited by side effects such as orthostatic hypotension.

Patients/Methods: We investigated therefore the effect of acupuncture in a double blind, placebo‐controlled, randomized trial in patients with secondary RP. The study was performed during the winter season by licensed acupuncturists weekly for 8 weeks (points chosen for the verum group: L.I.4, S.J.5, St.36, P.6, Du.20, Ex.28).

Results: An improvement was detected in both groups but there was no significant effect on clinical symptoms – based on patient diaries (average number of attacks before and after treatment: verum 1.9 ± 2.0 vs. 1.4 ± 1.7 attacks/day and placebo 2.8 ± 1.8 vs. 1.9 ± 1.1; duration of attacks: verum 15 ± 12 vs. 12 ± 9 min. and placebo 31 ± 17 vs. 16 ± 6; n. s.) or on skin microcirculation, measured by local cold testing.

Conclusions: A specific vasospasmolytic effect of acupuncture could not be proven. This may be due to minor morphologic changes of supplying arteries or a severe local defect in endothelial function rather than a neurological disturbance which might be influenced by acupuncture. Much larger studies would be needed to identify the possible small benefit from acupuncture. If long‐term relief is not obtained, it is unlikely to be cost‐effective.
On the initial boundary value problem for a shallow water equation
Authors: Ma Shixiang , Ding Shijin
Published: August 2004

In this paper, we obtain the existence and uniqueness of the local strong solutions to the initial boundary problem for a one-dimensional shallow-water equation (Camassa–Holm equation) on the half-space {x>0} with initial data uo∈H2(R+)∩H01(R+). The solution is obtained as a limit of the solutions for a class of approximation problems. We also establish the global result of the corresponding solution, provided that the initial data u0 satisfies certain positivity condition.
Cycling chaotic attractors in two models for dynamics with invariant subspaces
Authors: Ashwin Peter , Rucklidge Alastair M. , Sturman Rob
Published: August 2004

Nonergodic attractors can robustly appear in symmetric systems as structurally stable cycles between saddle-type invariant sets. These saddles may be chaotic giving rise to “cycling chaos.” The robustness of such attractors appears by virtue of the fact that the connections are robust within some invariant subspace. We consider two previously studied examples and examine these in detail for a number of effects: (i) presence of internal symmetries within the chaotic saddles, (ii) phase-resetting, where only a limited set of connecting trajectories between saddles are possible, and (iii) multistability of periodic orbits near bifurcation to cycling attractors. The first model consists of three cyclically coupled Lorenz equations and was investigated first by Dellnitz et al. [Int. J. Bifurcation Chaos Appl. Sci. Eng. 5, 1243–1247 (1995)]. We show that one can find a “false phase-resetting” effect here due to the presence of a skew product structure for the dynamics in an invariant subspace; we verify this by considering a more general bi-directional coupling. The presence of internal symmetries of the chaotic saddles means that the set of connections can never be clean in this system, that is, there will always be transversely repelling orbits within the saddles that are transversely attracting on average. Nonetheless we argue that “anomalous connections” are rare. The second model we consider is an approximate return mapping near the stable manifold of a saddle in a cycling attractor from a magnetoconvection problem previously investigated by two of the authors. Near resonance, we show that the model genuinely is phase-resetting, and there are indeed stable periodic orbits of arbitrarily long period close to resonance, as previously conjectured. We examine the set of nearby periodic orbits in both parameter and phase space and show that their structure appears to be much more complicated than previously suspected. In particular, the basins of attraction of the periodic orbits appear to be pseudo-riddled in the terminology of Lai [Physica D 150, 1–13 (2001)].
Asymptotic analysis of field commutators for Einstein–Rosen gravitational waves
Authors: Barbero G. J. Fernando , Mena Marugán Guillermo A. , Villaseñor Eduardo J. S.
Published: August 2004

We give a detailed study of the asymptotic behavior of field commutators for linearly polarized, cylindrically symmetric gravitational waves in different physically relevant regimes. We also discuss the necessary mathematical tools to carry out our analysis. Field commutators are used here to analyze microcausality, in particular the smearing of light cones owing to quantum effects. We discuss in detail several issues related to the semiclassical limit of quantum gravity, in the simplified setting of the cylindrical symmetry reduction considered here. We show, for example, that the small G behavior is not uniform in the sense that its functional form depends on the causal relationship between space–time points. We consider several physical issues relevant for this type of models such as the emergence of large gravitational effects.
Relativistic quasilinear diffusion in axisymmetric magnetic geometry for arbitrary-frequency electromagnetic fluctuations
Authors: Brizard Alain J. , Chan Anthony A.
Published: August 2004

A relativistic bounce-averaged quasilinear diffusion equation is derived to describe stochastic particle transport associated with arbitrary-frequency electromagnetic fluctuations in a nonuniform magnetized plasma. Expressions for the elements of a relativistic quasilinear diffusion tensor are calculated explicitly for magnetically trapped particle distributions in axisymmetric magnetic geometry in terms of gyro-drift-bounce wave-particle resonances. The resonances can destroy any one of the three invariants of the unperturbed guiding-center Hamiltonian dynamics.
Stabilization of line tied resistive wall kink modes with rotating walls
Authors: Hegna C. C.
Published: August 2004

A method suggested by Gimblett [ C. G. Gimblett, Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion, 31 2183 (1989) ] for stabilizing resistive wall modes by using a rotating double wall configuration is applied to a line tied screw pinch equilibrium. The line tied boundary conditions provide an additional stabilizing mechanism relative to instabilities present in periodic cylinders that limits ideal kink instability to only be present when qa<1 for m=1 modes. With differentially rotating walls, resistive wall modes can be stabilized with qa values less than unity. For a given equilibrium, there exists an optimal spacing between a stationary and a rotating wall that minimizes the critical wall rotation frequency for stabilization.
Asymptotic freeze-out of the perturbations generated inside a corrugated rarefaction wave
Authors: Wouchuk J. G. , Serrano Rodrigo A. D.
Published: August 2004

Based on previous work [J. G. Wouchuk and R. Carretero, Phys. Plasmas 10, 4237 (2003)], the conditions of asymptotic freeze-out of the ripples at the tail of a corrugated rarefaction wave are analyzed. The precise location of the freezing-out regions in the space of preshock parameters is tried, and an efficient algorithm for their determination is given. It is seen that asymptotic freeze-out can only happen for gases that have an isentropic exponent γ<γcr≈2.2913…. It is shown that the late time freeze-out of the ripple perturbations is correlated to the initial tangential velocity profile (at t=0+) inside the expansion fan.
The canonical perfect Bose gas in Casimir boxes
Authors: Pulé Joseph V. , Zagrebnov Valentin A.
Published: August 2004

We study the problem of Bose–Einstein condensation in the perfect Bose gas in the canonical ensemble, in anisotropically dilated rectangular parallelepipeds (Casimir boxes). We prove that in the canonical ensemble for these anisotropic boxes there is the same type of generalized Bose–Einstein condensation as in the grand-canonical ensemble for the equivalent geometry. However the amount of condensate in the individual states is different in some cases and so are the fluctuations.
Evaluation of phase-modulated lattice sums
Authors: Stremler Mark A.
Published: August 2004

An exact evaluation of two-dimensional phase-modulated lattice sums of the form ∑′exp(iG⋅x)|G|−2 is presented in terms of the Jacobian theta functions. The result generalizes the identity derived by M. L. Glasser [J. Math. Phys. 15, 188 (1974)] to allow for evaluation on nonrectangular lattices. The generalized identity is also applied to a problem in vortex dynamics.
Reduction of the classical MICZ-Kepler problem to a two-dimensional linear isotropic harmonic oscillator
Authors: Leach P. G. L. , Nucci M. C.
Published: August 2004

The classical MICZ-Kepler problem is shown to be reducible to an isotropic two-dimensional system of linear harmonic oscillators and a conservation law in terms of new variables related to the Ermanno–Bernoulli constants and the components of the Poincaré vector. An algorithmic route to linearization is shown based on Lie symmetry analysis and the reduction method [ Nucci, J. Math. Phys. 37, 1772 (1996) ]. First integrals are also obtained by symmetry analysis and the reduction method [ Marcelli and Nucci,J. Math. Phys. 44, 2111 (2002) ].
Genetic variation within and between populations of two endangered endemic species of the laurel forest from the Canary Islands, Myrica rivas-martinezii (Myricaceae) and Sideritis discolor (Lamiaceae)
Authors: Batista F. , Bouza N. , González-Pérez M. A. , Caujapé-Castells J. , Sosa P. A.
Published: August 2004

Myrica rivas-martinezii A.Santos and Sideritis discolor Bolle, two endangered endemic species of the laurel forest from the Canary Islands, were studied by using RAPD markers with the goal of assessing their within- and among-population apportionment of genetic variability. Ten- and 11-oligonucleotide primers assayed in three populations of each of M. rivas-martinezii and S. discolor resulted in 32 molecular markers in the former species and 49 in the latter (90.6% and 100% polymorphic, respectively). The value of the coefficient of genetic differentiation among populations was very high for M. rivas-martinezii (FST = 0.487) but only moderate for S.�discolor (FST = 0.149). These results suggest that gene flow among populations is extremely low in M.�rivas-martinezii and quite substantial in S. discolor. The UPGMA cluster obtained from Dice's coefficient mixed individuals from different populations in S. discolor but not in M. rivas-martinezii, where they were grouped by their island of occurrence. On the basis of these results and the vulnerability of these two species, we suggest protection of all natural populations. However, if habitat conservation is not possible, our results suggest that for S.�discolor, the La Virgen population would make a good donor population because of geographical and genetic factors. The high genetic differentiation detected among populations of M. rivas-martinezii suggests that each island should be considered as a distinct management unit. However, considering the situation of this species on La Palma Island with only two isolated individuals, reintroductions of germoplasma from El Hierro may be a viable way to guarantee the existence of M. rivas-martinezii in that island.
Corrigendum to: Improved germination of the Australian natives: Hibbertia commutata, Hibbertia amplexicaulis (Dilleniaceae), Chamaescilla corymbosa (Liliaceae), and Leucopogon nutans (Epacridaceae)
Authors: Allan Sally M. , Adkins Steve W. , Preston Christine A. , Bellairs Sean M.
Published: August 2004

Hibbertia commutata Steudel, H. amplexicaulis Steudel, Chamaescilla corymbosa (R.Br.) F.Muell. Ex Benth. and Leucopogon nutans E.Pritzel are four Australian species that are difficult to germinate during mine-site rehabilitation. Laboratory germination trails were conducted to identify dormancy mechanisms and to improve germination response. Treatments applied to all species included scarification and scarification followed by soaking seeds in smoke water (1, 5 or 10%) or gibberellic acid solution (50, 200 or 1000 μM). Additional treatments with kinetin solution (50, 200 or 1000 μM) and smoke water (50 or 100%) were applied to scarified or unscarified seeds of C. corymbosa. Thermal-shock treatment was applied to L. nutans fruit, some of which were subsequently scarified and subjected to both smoke water (10%) and gibberellic-acid solution (1000 μM). Significant germination increases were obtained by using dormancy-breaking treatments on H. commutata (12.8 to 76.0%), H. amplexicaulis (6.8 to 55.1%) and C. corymbosa (48.5 to 86.4%). Scarification alone increased germination of both Hibbertia species, suggesting that these species display a physical seed coat-imposed dormancy mechanism. Germination of H. amplexicaulis was further increased by the application of gibberellic-acid solution, indicating a possible embryo-imposed dormancy mechanism. Scarification followed by the application of smoke water produced the highest germination response for C. corymbosa seeds. Scarification alone did not significantly increase germination, inferring the existence of a smoke-responsive embryo dormancy mechanism. Seeds of L.�nutans, although viable, failed to germinate and are thought to display complex seed coat- and embryo-imposed dormancy mechanisms.
Effects of grazing management and environmental factors on native grassland and grassy woodland, Northern Midlands, Tasmania
Authors: Leonard Steven W. J. , Kirkpatrick J. B.
Published: August 2004

Most remnants of lowland grassland and grassy woodland in Tasmania are grazed by sheep. In some instances, grazed remnants have high conservation value, indicating that grazing and biodiversity conservation are not necessarily conflicting management goals. However, few data exist on the management practices most conducive to maintaining conservation values. The present study examined native grassland and grassy woodland subject to seven different sheep-grazing regimes in the Northern Midlands bioregion of Tasmania and sought to identify the effects of management and environmental factors on vegetation structure and composition. Structural and compositional differences between grassland and woodland, and herbivore scat counts, suggested that grazing disturbance was more intense in grassland than in woodland. Floristic differences within the vegetation appeared to be related to differences in grazing regime. Occurrence of species not commonly observed in grassy vegetation was associated with the resting of pastures in spring, while more intensely grazed sites contained assemblages of species typical of disturbed areas. Exotic invasion was greatest at sites that were not rested and/or had higher stocking rates, and at more eroded sites. Thus, resting and/or low stocking rates were associated with good condition in the grassland and grassy woodland. The nature of differences in vegetation attributes between woodland and grassland suggests that grazer habitat preference increases the differences between these vegetation types. Relatively minor variation in grazing regime was found to have resulted in distinct floristic outcomes, suggesting that the maintenance of a range of management regimes may be conducive to the maintenance of plant species diversity at a landscape scale.
Phylogeographical analysis of cpDNA variation in Eucalyptus loxophleba (Myrtaceae)
Authors: Byrne M. , Hines B.
Published: August 2004

Comparative phylogeography can reveal significant historical events that have had common influences on species with similar distributions. Phylogeographic analyses of eucalypts should provide insight into the influence of historical processes, since eucalypts are a dominant component of the Australian flora. However, use of chloroplast DNA in eucalypts is complicated by sharing of haplotypes among species, which has been attributed to hybridisation and introgression, although these patterns could also be accounted for by incomplete lineage sorting of ancestral polymorphism. Phylogeographic patterns in the cp genome of E. loxophleba Benth., a widespread species throughout southern Western Australia, were investigated by using RFLP analysis. The chloroplast diversity was structured into two geographically distinct lineages and nested clade analysis inferred historical fragmentation as the major influence on the phylogeographic pattern. The divergence between the lineages and their geographic distributions were similar to geographically discrete divergent lineages that have been identified in two other unrelated species from different families in southern Western Australia. Congruence of phylogeographic patterns in the three species provides evidence to support the hypothesis of significant influence of climatic instability during the Pleistocene caused by cyclic contraction and expansion of the mesic and arid zones.
Hydraulic architecture and water relations of several species at diverse sites around Sydney
Authors: McClenahan Kate , Macinnis-Ng Catriona , Eamus Derek
Published: August 2004

Seasonal comparisons of leaf water potential, root biomass, hydraulic architecture, xylem embolism and xylem dimensions were made for eight woody species in four diverse habitats (mangroves, coastal heathland, ridge-top woodland and river-flat woodland). In most comparisons, pre-dawn and minimum leaf water potentials were lower in winter than in summer, a result attributed to lower rainfall and a smaller root biomass in winter than in summer. Branch hydraulic conductivities (per unit transverse area, sapwood area or leaf area) were generally larger in summer than in winter across all species in all habitats. An inverse relationship between Huber value and conductivity was observed across all four habitats. Increased solar radiation and evaporative demand in the summer was associated with an increased percentage loss of xylem conductance arising from embolism, compared with winter. These results are discussed in the context of patterns and relationships among water relations, microclimate and hydraulic architecture.
The origin and structure of adventitious roots in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)
Authors: Belehu T. , Hammes P. S. , Robbertse P. J.
Published: August 2004

Morphological and anatomical studies demonstrated the root formation characteristics of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.). In this study, the presence and importance of preformed root primordia is recorded for the first time. On the vines, preformed root primordia are present in sets of 4–10 adjacent to the leaf bases, even those of young leaves. Macroscopically, the root tips of preformed root primordia protruding through the cortex and epidermis of the stems are prominent. These root primordia originate from the procambium on both sides of the leaf gap and produce adventitious roots, with pentarch, hexarch or septarch steles. Under normal conditions, storage roots will only develop from thick roots originating from undamaged preformed root primordia on the nodes of cuttings or nodes of newly formed vines, or from wound roots originating from the cut ends of stem or leaf cuttings. Terminal vine cuttings produce more tubers as a result of fewer damaged root primordia. Lateral roots originating from damaged preformed root primordia, or directly from the adventitious roots, exhibit tetrarch steles and develop into fibrous roots without the potential to develop into storage roots. This understanding of the origin, anatomy and morphology of sweet potato roots and the use of terminal vine cuttings with a higher percentage of undamaged root primordia, should improve production practices, which will contribute to improved crop establishment and increased yield.
Genetic structure of populations of Fusarium proliferatum in soils associated with Livistona mariae palms in Little Palm Creek, Northern Territory, Australia
Authors: Neumann M. J. , Backhouse D. , Carter D. A. , Summerell B. A. , Burgess L. W.
Published: August 2004

Fusarium proliferatum (Matsushima) Nirenberg (teleomorph = Gibberella intermedia) is a member of a group of closely related and agriculturally important fungal plant pathogens known as the 'Gibberella fujikuroi species complex'. The genetic structure of populations of F. proliferatum in non-agricultural soils collected from Finke Gorge National Park, Northern Territory, Australia, was investigated. F. proliferatum was isolated from soils from the root zone of Livistona mariae palms. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis of 77 isolates distinguished 73 unique haplotypes with an overall genetic similarity of 0.94. Cluster and bootstrap analysis indicated the population was composed of two well supported groups, possibly of clonal origin. Statistical analysis of the distribution of genotypes in the study area showed there were clear spatial subdivisions of genotypic diversity (P < 0.001) indicating limited mixing of genotypes.
The influence of land-use history on roadside conservation values in an Australian agricultural landscape
Authors: Spooner Peter G. , Lunt Ian D.
Published: August 2004

We investigated the influence of land-use history on roadside conservation values in a typical agricultural landscape of southern New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Historical information on the development of rural road reserves was collated from recently digitised 19th and 20th century pastoral and parish maps, such as road-reserve age and original survey width, as well as data relating to locations of old fence lines, county or parish boundaries, previous reserves, stock routes and road re-alignments. Ordinal regression statistics showed that road-reserve age and road width were significant predictors of roadside conservation values. Importantly, analyses showed that the first roads surveyed during the pastoral era (1840–1860s) were often of lower conservation value than roads surveyed in the 1870s, when major clearing of these landscapes commenced. Most roads were surveyed at one-chain width (20.12 m); however, pre-1870s historic roads, traveling stock routes (TSRs) and county or parish boundaries were significantly wider, decisions that have indirectly led to higher present-day conservation values. In separate analyses, historical data also formed a useful model to predict the absence of short-lived shrub species. These results highlight the influence and prevailing imprint of historical land-use on current roadside conservation values.
Leaf properties and construction costs of common, co-occurring plant species of disturbed heath forest in Borneo
Authors: Osunkoya Olusegun O. , Bujang Dahliayana , Moksin Huzaimi , Wimmer Franz L. , Holige Thippeswamy M.
Published: August 2004

The leaf properties and construction costs (CC) are reported for eight indigenous heath (kerangas)-forest species and three invasive (exotic) species of Acacia. Both groups of species co-occur and colonise disturbed lowland tropical heath-rainforest habitats in Brunei, Borneo Island. Across species, CC mass-based increased with nitrogen (N) and heat of combustion (HC), and decreased with ash content. CC area-based showed similar trends (although weaker in strength) in addition to significant positive correlation with leaf mass per unit area (LMA). Within the native species, the CCs of the shrub and small tree species were lower and significantly different from those of medium-sized tree species. Given the invasive success of the three acacias, it is hypothesised that these species may require less energy for biomass construction than do the native species. Within similar life growth form, no difference in CC mass-based was detected between the native trees and the invasive acacias. For CC area-based, the invasive Acacia species had a higher value. These findings failed to uphold our hypothesis. LMA and leaf N and phosphorus (P), but not potassium (K), were higher in the invasive acacias. The higher N and LMA could have been the cause of higher CC area-based in the invasive acacias. From the ordination of 11 species on the basis of leaf properties, the invasive and native species are more likely to be found in different groupings—although some native species seem more affiliated with the invasive than with their own guild, especially Alphitonia and Macaranga.
Taxonomic Revision of the Australian Cicindelidae (Coleoptera), excluding Species of Cicindela
Authors: McCairns Ruth Frances , Freitag Richard , Rose H. A. , McDonald F. J. D.
Published: August 2004

Australian tiger beetles of the tribes Collyrini, Megacephalini and
Cicindelini and taxa of the genera Tricondyla,
Megacephala, Distipsideraand
Nickerleaare distinguished in identification keys.
Diagnoses on the basis of adult characters, including the female and male
genitalia for most species, are provided for one species of Tricondyla, two
subgenera and 24 species of Megacephala, 12 species of
Distipsidera, one species of
Rhysopleura and two species of
Nickerlea. Species sections consist of nomenclature,
synonyms and types, description, remarks on recognition and relationships,
habitat and period of activity, geographical distribution, lists of localities
and examined specimens, distribution map and figures illustrating
taxonomically important structures. Phylogenetic and zoogeographic aspects of
the studied taxa are discussed.
Phylogenetic Relationships of Xyroscelis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)
Authors: Bellamy C. L.
Published: August 2004

The phylogenetic relationships of the endemic and bitypic Australian buprestid
genus Xyroscelis Saunders are discussed. The genus is
returned to its own subtribe, Xyroscelina Cobos, of the tribe Thrincopygini,
and resurrected from synonymy under Nothomorphina Cobos. Reference to recent
cladistic analyses and brief discussion of diagnostic character states and
biological data support this classification.
Review of the Phreodrilidae (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Tubificida) of Australia
Authors: Pinder A. M. , Brinkhurst R. O.
Published: August 2004

In this review of Australian phreodrilid oligochaetes, several descriptions
are amended, some species are reclassified and additional distribution data
are provided for most species. One new genus
(Nesodrilus) and 11 new species
(Phreodrilus diemenensis,
Phreodrilus melaleucensis,
Phreodrilus mitodes,
Antarctodrilus acanthaseta,
Antarctodrilus micros,
Antarctodrilus horwitzi,
Nesodrilus southwellensis,
Insulodrilus parviseta,
Insulodrilus unisetoides,
Insulodrilus bifidus and
Astacopsidrilus myothyros) are described from Australia.
Insulodrilus lacustris (Benham, 1903) is recorded in
Australia for the first time, while
Phreodrilus mauienensis Brinkhurst, 1971, and
Astacopsidrilus campbellianus (Benham, 1909), comb.
nov., are removed from the Australian species list. The latter is the first
phreodrilid to be recorded on Macquarie Island. One new species,
Insulodrilus novaezelandiae, is described from New
Zealand and three new species, Antarctodrilus spinosus,
Nesodrilus isochaeta and
Astacopsidrilus beckettae, are described from Campbell
Island. Aspects of phreodrilid zoogeography and anatomy are discussed.
Taxonomy and Distribution of the coracina Group of Scaptodrosophila Duda (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in Australia
Authors: Klinken Rieks Dekker van
Published: August 2004

The coracina group ofScaptodrosophila Duda is largely endemic to Australia.With the four new species (S. precaria,S. garumga, S. claytoni andS. evanescens) described in this paper, 14 species arenow recognised in the group. Other species included in thecoracina group are S. cancellata(Mather), S. coracina (Kikkawa & Peng),S. ellenae (Bock), S. enigma(Malloch), S. howensis (Parsons & Bock),S. lativittata (Malloch),S. nitidithorax (Malloch),S. novamaculosa (Mather),S. specensis (Bock)andS. subnitida (Malloch). In the past there has beensome confusion in the taxonomy of several species; these problems areaddressed. Taxonomic changes, and a large amount of additional material, hasresulted in a better understanding of the distribution of the group. Mostspecies are widely distributed along the east coast of Australia, with twofoci of diversity, one centred on south-eastern Queensland (11 species) andthe other in the region around Cairns (8 species).
Revision of the tropical fruit flies (Diptera : Tephritidae : Dacinae) of South-east Asia. II. Dacus Fabricius
Authors: Drew R. A. I. , Hancock D. L. , White I. M.
Published: August 2004

A total of 44 species are placed in the genus Dacus inSouth-east Asia and divided amongst four subgenera, viz.Callantra Walker, Dacus Fabricius,DidacusCollart and LeptoxydaMacquart. In all, 27 species are revised and the following 17 new speciesdescribed: Dacus (Callantra)ambonensis, D.(C.) atrimarginatus,D. (C.)calirayae, D.(C.)feijeni,D. (C.)insulosus, D.(C.) lagunae,D. (C.)leongi, D.(C.) maculipterus,D. (C.)murphyi, D.(C.) nanggalae,D. (C.)ooii, D.(C.) ramanii,D.(C.)siamensis,D. (C.)tenebrosus, D.(C.) vijaysegarani,D. (C.)wallacei, Dacus(Dacus) santongae. A key tospecies within the genus Dacus is presented based oncharacters that bypass subgeneric groupings, because of the presentuncertainty of subgeneric limits. Information is given on location of typespecimens, host plants, attractant records and geographic distributions.Lectotypes are designated for D. conopsoides de Meijere, D. esakii (Shiraki),D. icariiformis Enderlein andD. persicus Hendel. Thirteen new synonymies withinDacus are established:Callantra ihai Shiraki [ofDacus esakii (Shiraki)];Callantra smieroides Walker,Mellesis destillatoria Bezzi,Mellesis eumenoides Bezzi,Mellesis bioculata Bezzi,Callantra unifasciatus Hardy,Callantra variegata Wang (all ofDacus longicornis Wiedemann);Mellesis apicalis Shiraki [ofDacus nummularius(Bezzi)];Callantra munroi Zaka-ur-Rab,Callantra nepalensis Hardy,Callantra quadristriata Munro [all ofDacus polistiformis (Senior-White)];Callantra ziae Wang [ofDacus satanas (Hering)];Dacus cocciniae Premlata & Awtar Singh (ofDacus ciliatus Loew).Dacus persicus Hendel is removed from synonymy withD. longistylus Wiedemann.Sinodacus fuscans Wang is placed as a new synonym ofBactrocera brachycera(Bezzi).
The Purus group, a newly recognised natural species-group in the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), including species from Australia, New Guinea and Sulawesi
Authors: Dyce Alan L. , Wirth the late Willis W.
Published: August 2004

The Purus group is a newly recognised aggregate of closely related species inthe genus Culicoides, including species from Australia(4 species), New Guinea (1) and the Indonesian island of Sulawesi (1).Redescription of the nominate species, C. purus Lee & Reye, is presented together with original descriptions ofC. eupurus,C. elizabethae,C. capricorniae,C. queenslandaeand C. dubiosum. Akey to species is included and the geographic origin and systematicrelationships of the group are discussed.
Skeleto-muscular morphology of the pterothorax and male genitalia of Synemon plana Walker (Castniidae) and Brachodes appendiculata (Esper) (Brachodidae), with notes on phylogenetic relationships of tortricoid-grade moth families (Lepidoptera)
Authors: Kozlov Mikhail V. , Kuznetzov Vladimir I. , Stekolnikov Anatoly A.
Published: August 2004

The skeleton and musculature of the meso- and metathorax as well as of the
male genitalia of Synemon planaWalker (Castniidae) and
Brachodes appendiculata (Esper) (Brachodidae) are
described, illustrated and compared with corresponding structures earlier
described from the Cossidae, Choreutidae, Zygaenidae, Limacodidae and
Sesiidae. Cladistic analyses of the muscle data, both separately and in
combination with those of other characters, were performed to reveal
relationships among these families. Our findings supported the monophyly of a
group composed of three families (Brachodidae, Sesiidae and Castniidae)
constituting the superfamily Sesioidea sensu Minet, and
hence indicated that the Choreutidae are not closely related to the Sesioidea.
The character set comprised no synapomorphies of the Limacodidae and
Zygaenidae, currently united in the superfamily Zygaenoidea sensu Minet. A
sister-group relationship between the Cossoidea and most if not all other
superfamilies of Apoditrysia is suggested.
Fenestulipora, gen. nov., an unusual Cyclostome Bryozoan from New Zealand and Indonesia
Authors: Taylor Paul D. , Gordon Dennis P.
Published: August 2004

The distinctive cyclostome bryozoan
Tubulipora cassiformis Harmer, 1915, is revised and made
the type species of the new monospecific genus
Fenestulipora. The characteristic reticulate colonies of
F. cassiformis form planar filtration meshworks
comprising primary branches, with biserially arranged feeding zooids opening
on one side of the meshwork, linked by lateral kenozooidal dissepiments. This
colonial morphology is reminiscent of the diverse but distantly related
Palaeozoic bryozoan Fenestellawith which the new genus
is compared and contrasted. The geographical distribution of
Fenestulipora cassiformis is unusual, comprising two
tropical records from Indonesia and three temperate records from New Zealand,
all in deep or moderately deep water.
Revision of Australian Rheotanytarsus Thienemann & Bause (Diptera: Chironomidae), with emphasis on immature stages
Authors: Cranston Peter S.
Published: August 2004

The immature stages of the genus RheotanytarsusThienemann & Bause (Diptera : Chironomidae) are abundant, diverse andecologically significant components of Australian flowing waters. The immaturestages (fourth-instar larvae and pupae) of the previously described speciesR. christinae Glover,R. flabellatus Glover, R. juliaeGlover, R. trivittatus (Johannsen) (a new senior synonymof R. johnstoni Glover) andR. underwoodi Glover are described for the first time.Four species are described as new: R. barrengarryensis,sp. nov.,R. gloveri, sp.nov.,R. oss, sp. nov., andR. petropholeter, sp. nov. (the last based on thedistinctive pupal stage alone). Illustrated identification keys are providedto all known adult males, pupae and larvae.Two species previously allocated to Rheotanytarsus onthe basis of the female adult alone, R. ogilbyi (Skuse)and R. annulatus Glover, are transferred to thegenusTanytarsus Kieffer following detailed examinationof their genitalia. Both taxa remain unrecognised in any other life-historystage.Adults of Australian Rheotanytarsus species emerge overextended periods (perhaps throughout the year), showing seasonal and diurnalvariation in time of day of emergence. They tolerate a range of aquaticpollutants, and utilise a wider range of low flow conditions than previously reported.