bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accessibility of Web‐based library databases: the vendors’ perspectives
Authors: Byerley Suzanne L. , Beth Chambers Mary
Published: October 2003

Accessibility, as defined by the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990, pertains to accessibility of online environments as well as physical environments for persons with disabilities. Web‐based resources are prevalent in libraries today, but are they accessible? An e‐mail survey was used to examine accessibility of Web‐based abstracting and indexing services from product providers’ perspectives. Company representatives were asked to address overall product accessibility, company compliance with Section 508 Standards, and product usability for persons with disabilities. Findings indicate that the ADA and Section 508 are raising database company awareness of accessibility issues. Still, companies can do more to assure product accessibility.
A proposed model of the descriptors of service process
Authors: Mayer Karl J. , Bowen John T. , Moulton Margaret R.
Published: October 2003

This paper presents a two‐dimensional model of service process that is linked to customer encounter satisfaction and is modified by a customer’s perceptual filters, including brand image and customer mood. The first dimension is comprised of fixed (structural) descriptors, while the second dimension consists of variable (situational) descriptors. The proposed model delineates eight descriptors in each dimension. Their origin in the services marketing literature is explained. The model suggests that service process and a customer’s perceptual filters both have a direct influence on encounter satisfaction. The utility and limitations of the proposed model are discussed.
EOQ models for postponed payment of stored commodities
Authors: Halskau Øyvind
Published: October 2003

In inventory theory the inventory holding cost per unit plays an important part. In most transactions concerning selling and buying a certain postponement of payment is offered or accepted by the seller. This should have some consequences for the order size and can be regarded as a kind of discount. Traditionally, when average costs (AC) are used, these kinds of effects are not explicitly incorporated in the classical formulas for economic order quantities (EOQs). On the other hand, such effects have been treated to a certain degree in the literature when a present value criterion (PVC) is used to estimate the inventory holding costs over a certain time interval. However, in these models one does not differentiate between the holding costs incurred by the capital tied up in the inventory and other costs incurred by storing an item. Approaches this problem in an AC manner, but, opposed to the PVC, splits the inventory holding costs into two parts. Offers an EOQ formula for the simple case of a single item stored; enhances this formula for a situation where a family of items are ordered in a co‐ordinated way, and into a situation with stochastic demand for a single item. Finally, interprets the postponed payment in terms of an all unit discount.
Aligning corporate strategy, procurement strategy and e‐procurement tools
Authors: Knudsen Daniel
Published: October 2003

This paper presents a framework for assessing alignment between corporate strategy, procurement strategy and purchasing tools. The framework is built on generation of rents as its common denominator for assessing alignment between the levels. Three types of rents are identified: monopoly rents; Ricardian rents and entrepreneurial rents. The framework is then used for assessing the strategic origin of the following e‐procurement applications: e‐sourcing, e‐tendering, e‐informing, e‐reversed auctions, e‐MRO, Web‐based enterprise resource planning and e‐collaboration. The results indicate that the e‐procurement tools are fully viable for creating monopoly rents, moderately viable for creating Ricardian rents and only somewhat viable for creating entrepreneurial rents. Therefore, it is necessary to first understand how the firm generates rents before procurement strategy and e‐procurement tools are implemented in order to avoid misalignment.
An Integrated Theory of Linguistic Descriptions [1964]
Authors: Heitner Reese
Published: October 2003

Book reviewed:

Jerrold J. Katz and Paul M. Postal, An Integrated Theory of Linguistic Descriptions
Semantic Theory [1972]: Is the Semantic Theory of Semantic Theory a Scientific Theory?
Authors: Hetherington Eric
Published: October 2003

Book reviewed:

Jerrold J. Katz, Semantic Theory
Cogitations [1986]: In Language We Trust: J. J. Katz's Anatomy of the Cartesian Cogito
Authors: Roy Bernard
Published: October 2003

Book reviewed:

Jerrold J. Katz, Cogitations: A Study of the Cogito in Relation to the Philosophy of Language and a Study of It in Relation to the Cogito
Realistic Rationalism [1998]: Can We Know That Platonism is True?
Authors: Balaguer Mark
Published: October 2003

Book reviewed:

Jerrold J. Katz, Realistic Rationalism
Augustine and Descartes: an Overlooked Chapter in the Story of Modern Origins
Authors: Hanby Michael
Published: October 2003

This essay is intended as a corrective to contemporary accounts of the Cartesian origins of modernity and Augustine's relationship to them. The essay examines the relationship between Augustine's trinitarian theology and his doctrine of grace in order to situate his understanding of the self and the will within the context of the trinitarian beauty manifest in Christ. Then tracing the development of an alternative tradition, from the Pelagian controversy through some features of Christian asceticism, the essay contends that Descartes’res cogitans derives fundamentally not from Augustinian interiority, but from a Stoicism, derived from this tradition and from the Neo‐stoic revival of the Renaissance, which Augustine had once opposed in the name of Christ and the Trinity.
Theology as Conversational Event: Karl Barth, the Ending of “Dialogue” and the Beginning of “Conversation”
Authors: McDowell John C.
Published: October 2003

This essay deals with a commonly voiced concern with Barth's theology as expressed in the form that his theology illegitimately secures itself from critique, polices its narrow location assiduously and only lets in a few carefully vetted others when convinced that they can be useful. In contrast, through exploring John Milbank's distinction between dialogue and conversation it becomes possible to critique James Barr's and Clark Pinnock's understandings of “conversation” in a way that serves to hear Barth, and what it entails for theology to be “conversational”, significantly differently. Indeed, it will be maintained that “conversation” is an appropriate metaphor to apply to what Barth was doing with his theology.
When is the median voter paradigm a reasonable guide for policy choices in a representative democracy?
Authors: Cukierman Alex , Spiegel Yossi
Published: October 2003

The median voter paradigm (MVP) has been widely used to study the interactions between economic and political behavior. While this approach is easy to work with, it abstracts from institutional detail. This paper explores whether the MVP leads on average to the same policies that would be chosen in a two‐party representative democracy (RD). When it does not, the paper fully characterizes the size and magnitude of the average divergence (or bias) between policy choices in MVP and in RD in terms of the degree of polarization between the parties, their relative electoral prospects, and the distribution of electoral uncertainty. The results are then applied to the influential Meltzer and Richard (1981) theory of the size of government.
The Musical Object Revisited
Authors: BUTTERFIELD MATTHEW
Published: October 2003

A piece of music presupposes, even before the attempt to create a shape in time, a step back, away from the stuff, so that its substance is clearly distinguished from my own mood, phantasy, feeling, activity. The ultimate problem of the musical work of art lies toward the negative side of autonomy, toward distance and isolation. It is not so much to free music from words, representation, or function, as to free it from ourselves, to externalize it. The musical object must not only be made whole, but also given body, located at a distance and kept there. It must be ‘spatialized’, so to speak. The problem of musical form conceived as a piece is the making of the musical thing. (Patricia Carpenter, ‘The Musical Object’, 1967)
Social Security in Rwanda: Overcoming Indifference
Authors: Ngarambe François‐Xavier
Published: October 2003

The current social security system in Rwanda, set up in 1962, has until recently been viewed with indifference by most Rwandans. This is because employees in the formal sense, who are the ones concerned by the pension and occupational risk branches, represent only a tiny minority of the population, attempts to provide medical cover for the population are still in their infancy, and in a context where unemployment is the rule and work the exception, the risk of unemployment is uninsurable. Faced with this situation the first challenge was to increase people's awareness of the problem by launching a debate in which social security was seen as part of efforts to combat poverty and underdevelopment. The greater awareness which this produced has enabled us to introduce a plan which we hope, on the basis of the first results, will lead to better things in future. Fundamental changes have just been made to the pension scheme, the management institution has been restructured and modernized, and efforts in the field of healthcare are producing their first fruits. Perhaps now, at long last, after years of indifference and inertia, a new day is dawning for social security in Rwanda!
Governance of social security regimes: Trends in Senegal
Authors: Diop Ahmadou Yéri
Published: October 2003

The main aim of this article is to analyse the Senegalese experience in the management of social security institutions. The keyword which occurs and reoccurs is autonomy. Except for Côte d'Ivoire, which has experimented with the same system since 2000, the Senegalese experience is unique in French‐speaking sub‐Saharan Africa. The article reviews the institutional pluralism which is another unique feature of the Senegalese situation, the genuine autonomy of management which exists and its results, illustrated by the example of the Social Security Fund. The results obtained in terms of financial stability, better quality of service and the installation of an efficient information system prove that this is the way of the future. Finally, the paper highlights the distribution of powers between the various bodies of the Fund.
Trends in Social Security in East Africa: Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda
Authors: Dau Ramadhani K.
Published: October 2003

As elsewhere in the world and in Africa in particular, social security in the member countries of the East African Community (Kenya, United Republic of Tanzania, and Uganda) has long been provided through voluntary assistance under the traditional extended family system. Later, and more specifically after independence in the early 1960s, when the region had a major increase in the number of employees in the formal sector — both public and private — who were mainly located in urban centres, formal social security schemes started to gain recognition among employed workers. Thus over the years, the urban population became increasingly detached from rural communities where the traditional extended family system was most effective. In addition, their general standards of living rose to such levels that if they ceased to earn employment income for one reason or another their livelihood could not be sustained through the extended family system. The above social security development trends have resulted even today in societies examining and determining ways to improve social protection beyond the formal sector so as to ensure arrangements are put in place for a large part of the working population to be provided with social security insurance during their working life and after retirement.
Informal Economic and Social Security in Sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Maes An
Published: October 2003

Most people think that there is no social security in sub‐Saharan Africa, whereas a theoretical statutory social security is foreseen in quite a few African States. Since the 1960s, the first formal social security provision in French‐speaking sub‐Saharan Africa was established mainly in the field of health services. Nevertheless, the situation is different in reality. The coverage rate is less than 10 per cent of the workforce. The majority of the population are excluded because they work in the informal sector. Formal social security systems are usually based on a labour‐centred view, which is founded on formal employment and thus employment contracts. Legal restrictions, such as the exclusion of several categories of employees, and administrative and financial problems are primarily responsible for the low coverage rate. This situation has induced informal sector workers to create their own “safety nets”. The integration of these existing informal social security schemes in a broader, pluralist approach to sub‐Saharan social security seems necessary.
Work Accident Insurance and Prevention in Southern Africa: The Case of Zimbabwe
Authors: Kaseke Edwin , Ncube Matthew
Published: October 2003

The paper uses Zimbabwe as a case study to depict the situation in southern Africa with respect to work accident insurance and prevention, provided by workers' compensation schemes which are among the earliest forms of social security to be introduced in the region. There has been an unfortunate tendency to concentrate on compensation issues at the expense of prevention initiatives. Zimbabwe, however, has attempted to integrate the two, notwithstanding the fact that the coverage of the scheme is narrow and the benefits inadequate.
Old Age Pensions in South Africa
Authors: Van Zyl Elize
Published: October 2003

This article briefly describes the old age pension system in South Africa, with a special focus on its strengths and the challenges it faces. The article shows that the most pertinent concerns are the level of exclusion from the contributory pension funds, the extent of reliance on the social assistance programme and the lack of institutional capacity to deliver the social assistance programme effectively. The proposed reforms are aimed at achieving a better integrated pension system where contributions are mandatory for all formal sector workers and where contributions are preserved for retirement. The underlying objectives are to limit the growing dependence on social assistance from the State, and at the same time to increase the effectiveness of the social assistance scheme for the target population.
On Primary Matters, Because Primary Matters
Authors: Ford Raywen
Published: October 2003

The list of achievements of NSEAD is significant, but this paper suggests that the lack of primary membership, standing at 4% at the time of writing, is a loss to both the Society, and the primary sector. In order to meets its objects as written in the constitution, the Society needs to represent art, craft and design education in all sectors. The paper underlines the value of education in art and design in the primary sector, and suggests that misunderstandings that exist about the nature of and importance on the activity of young children, particularly in relation to play, are indeed misunderstandings and need to be addressed.
Positively Different: Art and Design in Special Education
Authors: Hermon Alison , Prentice Roy
Published: October 2003

This article explores issues of ‘difference’ in terms of identity for disabled pupils, including those with special educational needs in the context of art and design education. By focusing on body image and fashion, positive and negative views of those with a different identity, in relation to inclusion and visibility, in society and formal schooling are addressed. Inclusive values for those in a special school are identified and promoted with reference to a particular project in art and design.
Exploring the Designed World: Some Aspects of Course Development in the Greek Context
Authors: Yagou Artemis
Published: October 2003

This paper presents student projects realised as parts of design history and theory courses which have been under development in new, design‐related university departments in Greece. An outline of the state of design and design education in Greece is first provided. In this context, the ideas behind the projects' brief are explained and some of the outcomes are discussed. Open‐ended, self‐defined student projects are proposed as a way to approach the multiplicity of meanings afforded by industrially produced objects. Some of the resulting student work is discussed and evaluated. It appears that the project‐based approach described has great potential, especially in terms of broadening the scope of design history and theory education, as well as in forging numerous interdisciplinary links.
Connectivity for Showing and Saying Across Differences in Art Education
Authors: Cunliffe Leslie
Published: October 2003

This paper attempts to redress the current preoccupation with the idea of difference for structuring art curricula by reclaiming connectivity for realising value and strategic intelligence in art. In doing so, it makes use of the diverse role narrative plays in culture to establish a rationale for future art curricula, so that myth and mythic artistic methods that reconcile us to the world are given priority over the more recent preference for art to be subversive, like parable. This more complex analysis of the way story informs cultural activity is used to contrast with Efland, Freedman and Stuhr's oversimplified use of narrative that neglects the importance of myth and its equivalent in procedural knowledge for understanding and making durable art. An alternative approach to structuring the art curriculum is mapped out that gives priority to connectivity (myth) over difference (parable) by drawing on meta‐narratives over‐looked in postmodern thought.
Drawing on the Wrong Side of the Brain: an Art Teacher's Case for Recognising NLD
Authors: Warren Richard
Published: October 2003

Secondary art teachers sometimes agonise over students who struggle, but are frustrated by the general failure of the special educational needs system to recognise such problems as worthy of intervention or as more widely significant. Until recently, any analyses of such learning difficulties have found no support in educational psychology. This paper argues for the usefulness of the profile of ‘non‐verbal learning disorders’ (NLD), which recognises visual‐spatial problems associated with the right brain hemisphere. This diagnosis remains controversial and is unrecognised in the UK. The paper looks at examples of work by a student of high academic ability that seem to bear out this profile, discusses them in relation to ‘right brain’ approaches to drawing, and briefly examines some of the positive and far‐reaching implications for art teachers of the growing recognition of NLD.
The Trouble with Ruskin…
Authors: Hardy Tom
Published: October 2003

Art teaching is a uniquely satisfying job. More than anyone else in education, we in Britain remain, for the most part, the authors of our own syllabuses in spite of occasional skirmishes with the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (QCA) and those who would box us in. Our mystique remains unassailable. Yet, within these ramparts, is a profession riven by a philosophical chasm which is peculiar to this country and occasionally manifests itself with disagreement, rancour, entrenched opinion and self‐righteousness. Central to this divide is an unhealthy retrospection which has skewed the debate about art and art education in Britain for the better part of a century and a half. The contention of this essay is that this malaise can be traced back to John Ruskin, the polemics of his Two Paths diatribe and his ‘predilection to admit a moral element into the assessment of artistic values [1].’
Malnutrition and Mental Development: Is There a Sensitive Period? A Nested Case‐control Study
Authors: Drewett Robert , Wolke Dieter , Asefa Makonnen , Kaba Mirgissa , Tessema Fasil
Published: October 2003

To examine the possibility that there is an early sensitive period for the effects of malnutrition on cognitive development, three groups of children (N= 197) were recruited from a birth cohort with known growth characteristics in south‐west Ethiopia (N= 1563). All had initial weights ≥ 2500 g. Early growth falterers dropped in weight below the third centile (z < ‐1.88) of the NCHS/WHO reference population in the first 4 months. Late growth falterers were children not in the first group whose weights were below the third centile at 10 and 12 months. Controls were a stratified random sample with weights above the third centile throughout the first year. All children were tested blind at 2 years using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, adapted for use in Ethiopia. Mean (SD) scores on the psychomotor scale were 10.2 (3.7) in the controls, 6.6 (4.2) in the early growth falterers, and 8.5 (4.3) in the late growth falterers. For the mental scale they were 28.9 (5.8), 22.6 (6.2), and 26.6 (6.1) respectively. Both overall differences were statistically significant at p < .001, and planned comparisons between the control and the combined growth faltering groups, and between the early and later growth faltering groups, showed that each difference was statistically significant for both scales. However, early weight faltering was associated with weight at the time of testing (r= .33), which was associated with scores both on the psychomotor (r= .53) and the mental scale (r= .49). After taking weight at the time of testing into account there was no additional effect attributable to the timing of growth faltering. In this population, therefore, early malnutrition does not have specific adverse effect beyond the contribution that it makes to enduring malnutrition over the first 2 years.
A Study of Memory Functioning in Individuals with Autism
Authors: Mottron Laurent , Morasse Karine , Belleville Sylvie
Published: October 2003

Memory tasks were administered to 14 high‐functioning individuals with autism and 14 typically developing individuals matched on chronological age and verbal intelligence. The tasks consisted of free and cued recall of 15 semantically unrelated words in 3 encoding conditions: phonological encoding, semantic encoding, and a no encoding orientation. In both groups, semantic orientation led to better free recall than did orientation toward syllabic encoding or absence of orientation. In contrast, semantic cues at retrieval led to better cued recall than phonological cues in typically developing individuals, whereas both types of cue had the same effect in prompting cued recall for individuals with autism. These findings are incompatible with the hypothesis of an amnesic deficit and do not support the notion of executive or semantic deficits in the memory problems of autistic individuals, at least for those with a high level of functioning. It is proposed that these findings can be accounted for by enhanced phonological processing in autism. This interpretation is consistent with other findings of enhanced processing of low‐level perceptual information in the visual and auditory modality in autism.
Annotation: Conceptions of Intelligence
Authors: Anderson Mike
Published: October 2003

This paper argues for the scientific utility of the concept “intelligence”. In the first section three common arguments against the validity of general intelligence are discussed and dismissed. The second section presents the evidence in favour of the proposition that individual differences in IQ may be based on differences in speed of information processing. However, the third section shows that executive functions, particularly inhibitory processes, represent a more likely basis for the, development of intelligence. The theory of the minimal cognitive architecture underlying intelligence and development (Anderson, 1992a) shows how speed and executive functioning might represent two dimensions to, g—one an individual differences (within age) dimension based on speed and the other a developmental dimension based on changing executive functioning. In the fourth section this theory is used to generate new insights on the nature of intellectual disability and specific cognitive deficits and to make practical suggestions for educational intervention for low‐IQ children.
Disparities in Adolescent Health and Health Care: Does Socioeconomic Status Matter?
Authors: Newacheck Paul W. , Hung Yun Yi , Jane Park M. , Brindis Claire D. , Irwin Charles E.
Published: October 2003

Data Collection/Extraction Methods. National household survey.

Data Sources/Study Setting. We analyzed data on 12,434 adolescents (10 through 18 years old) included in the 1999 and 2000 editions of the National Health Interview Survey.

Study Design. We assessed the presence of income gradients using four income groups. Outcome variables included health status, health insurance coverage, access to and satisfaction with care, utilization, and unmet health needs.

Principal Findings. After adjustment for confounding variables using multivariate analysis, statistically significant disparities were found between poor adolescents and their counterparts in middle‐ and higher‐income families for three of four health status measures, six of eight measures of access to and satisfaction with care, and for six of nine indicators of access to and use of medical care, dental care, and mental health care.

Conclusion. Our analyses indicate adolescents in low‐income families remain at a disadvantage despite expansions of the Medicaid program and the comparatively new State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP). Additional efforts are needed to ensure eligible adolescents are enrolled in these programs. Nonfinancial barriers to care must also be addressed to reduce inequities.
Methods for Using Medicare Data to Compare Procedure Rates among Asians, Blacks, Hispanics, Native Americans, and Whites
Authors: Escarce José J. , McGuire Thomas G.
Published: October 2003

Objective. Small sample sizes in Asian, Hispanic, and Native American groups and misreporting of race/ethnicity across all groups (including blacks and whites) limit the usefulness of racial/ethnic comparisons based on Medicare data. The objective of this paper is to compare procedure rates for these groups using Medicare data, to assess how small sample size and misreporting affect the validity of comparisons, and to compare rates after correcting for misreporting.

Data. We use 1997 physician claims data for a 5 percent sample of Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 and older to study cardiac procedures and tests.

Study Design. We calculate age and sex‐adjusted rates and confidence intervals by race/ethnicity. Confidence intervals are compared among the groups. Out‐of‐sample data on misreporting of race/ethnicity are used to assess potential bias due to misreporting, and to correct for the bias.

Principal Findings. Sample sizes are sufficient to find significant ethnic and racial differences for most procedures studied. Blacks' rates tend to be lower than whites. Asian and Hispanic rates also tend to be lower than whites', and about the same as blacks'. Sample sizes for Native Americans are very small (about .1 percent of the data); nonetheless, some significant differences from whites can still be identified. Biases in rates due to misreporting are small (less than 10 percent) for blacks, Hispanics, and whites. Biases in rates for Asians and Native Americans are greater, and exceed 20 percent for some procedures.

Conclusions. Sample sizes for Asians, blacks, and Hispanics are generally adequate to permit meaningful comparisons with whites. Implementing a correction for misreporting makes Medicare data useful for all ethnic groups. Misreporting race/ethnicity and small sample sizes do not materially limit the usefulness of Medicare data for comparing rates among racial and ethnic groups.
Case‐Mix Adjusting Performance Measures in a Veteran Population: Pharmacy‐ and Diagnosis‐Based Approaches
Authors: Liu Chuan‐Fen , Sales Anne E. , Sharp Nancy D. , Fishman Paul , Sloan Kevin L. , Todd‐Stenberg Jeff , Paul Nichol W. , Rosen Amy K. , Loveland Susan
Published: October 2003

Objective. To compare the rankings for health care utilization performance measures at the facility level in a Veterans Health Administration (VHA) health care delivery network using pharmacy‐ and diagnosis‐based case‐mix adjustment measures.

Data Sources/Study Setting. The study included veterans who used inpatient or outpatient services in Veterans Integrated Service Network (VISN) 20 during fiscal year 1998 (October 1997 to September 1998; N=126,076). Utilization and pharmacy data were extracted from VHA national databases and the VISN 20 data warehouse.

Study Design. We estimated concurrent regression models using pharmacy or diagnosis information in the base year (FY1998) to predict health service utilization in the same year. Utilization measures included bed days of care for inpatient care and provider visits for outpatient care.

Principal Findings. Rankings of predicted utilization measures across facilities vary by case‐mix adjustment measure. There is greater consistency within the diagnosis‐based models than between the diagnosis‐ and pharmacy‐based models. The eight facilities were ranked differently by the diagnosis‐ and pharmacy‐based models.

Conclusions. Choice of case‐mix adjustment measure affects rankings of facilities on performance measures, raising concerns about the validity of profiling practices. Differences in rankings may reflect differences in comparability of data capture across facilities between pharmacy and diagnosis data sources, and unstable estimates due to small numbers of patients in a facility.
Integrating R&D and Marketing: A Review and Analysis of the Literature
Authors: Griffin Abbie , Hauser John R.
Published: October 2003

During the past 20 years, numerous studies have explored the R&D—marketing interface and its role in the new product development (NPD) process. Academics and practitioners (including a PDMA task force) have examined commonly used measures of success, the underlying reasons for the success or failure of NPD projects, and the effects of R&D—marketing integration on both project‐ and company‐level success. Does this mean we have all the answers when it comes to ensuring the necessary level of cooperation and interaction between R&D and marketing? Of course not.

Abbie Griffin and John R. Hauser note that prior research on R&D—marketing integration is being reassessed in light of the movement toward flatter organizational structures and cross‐functional teams. To facilitate that reassessment, and to help guide future research in this area, they review recent research on the methods employed for integrating R&D and marketing, and they propose several hypotheses regarding those methods. They present their review and hypotheses within the framework of a causal map they have developed for studying functional integration.

The causal map links cooperation to NPD success along situational dimensions, structural and process dimensions, and outcome dimensions. The desired outcome in any NPD effort is the timely commercialization of a profitable product. The situational dimensions address the amount and types of integration needed in a project, which depend on such factors as the project phase and the level of project uncertainty. The structural and process dimensions focus on the actions taken to achieve functional integration. These include relocation and physical facilities design, personnel movement, informal social systems, organizational structures, incentives and rewards, and formal integrative management processes.

The proposed hypotheses focus on the methods for achieving functional integration—that is, the structural and process dimensions of the causal map. At first glance, these hypotheses seem to state the obvious. For example, few would challenge the notion that quality function deployment eliminates barriers to functional integration and improves information sharing between functions. However, achieving those benefits requires the presence of other factors such as senior management involvement. Rather than examine these hypotheses separately, researchers should explore the relative merits of the methods for achieving functional integration. In other words, future research must consider both the situational and the structural and process dimensions of this framework.
A Preliminary Investigation into the Effects of the Federal Override of State Usury Ceilings on the Supply of Mortgage Funds by FSLIC‐Insured S&Ls in New York and New Jersey
Authors: Epstein Ira , Dittenhafer Brian
Published: October 2003

Examined is the economic theory that restrictive usury ceilings reduce the supply of residential mortgage funds and tighten terms of the mortgage instrument. Studied are the mortgage policies adopted by New York and New Jersey FSLIC‐insured S&Ls during periods when there were restrictive usury ceilings and when these usury ceilings were removed. The results clearly confirm the theory that effective elimination of usury ceilings increases the supply of mortgage funds and also liberalizes the terms of the mortgage instrument.
Real Estate Education: Past, Present and Future—The Search for a Discipline
Authors: Dasso Jerome , Woodward Lynn
Published: October 2003

We are making headway, with difficulty, in our understanding and teaching of real estate subject matter. Until about 1960, heavy emphasis was on license preparation, salesmanship and professional development. The Gordon‐Howell and Pierson reports led to a complete rethinking of real estate instruction at the university level. A problem solving approach is currently the key to respectability. Two versions of this approach are the (1) multidisciplinary and (2) financial management. Highest and best use promises to provide an acceptable social ethic for real estate education and implies the need for efficient real estate markets for optimum allocation of resources.
Accelerated Depreciation and Income Growth
Authors: Beranek William , Selby Edward B.
Published: October 2003

This paper challenges the belief that accelerated depreciation methods are always superior to the straight‐line method—especially for low‐tax bracket owners of highly leveraged investments who have prospects for income growth. The root of the problem is our highly progressive income tax structure and the nature of loan amortization schedules which increase a debtor's taxable income while decreasing his net cash flows. When the entire personal and corporate tax schedules are used to test alternative depreciation methods, our simulation results demonstrate that the much maligned straight‐line method is optimal for suitably low discount rates.
Excess Depreciation and the Maximum Tax*
Authors: Hite Gailen L. , Sanders Anthony B.
Published: October 2003

The advantages of using an accelerated form of depreciation are significantly reduced for investors with substantial wage incomes. Excess depreciation is treated as a tax preference item under current tax rules which has the effect of imposing significant tax penalties on the high wage income individual who invests in rental property and who qualifies for the maximum tax on personal service income. Under certain circumstances accelerated depreciation methods may be inferior to the straight‐line method. The explanation for this phenomenon lies in the interaction between tax preference income and the maximum tax.
Federal Income Taxes, Inflation and Holding Periods for Income‐Producing Property
Authors: Brueggeman William B. , Fisher Jeffrey D. , Stern Jerrold J.
Published: October 2003

This paper investigates the question of tax‐induced holding periods for income‐producing property, and whether such periods are influenced by selection of depreciation methods and inflation. Also, given that selection of depreciation methods are a function of holding periods, the magnitudes of benefits associated with selection of depreciation methods are examined. These issues are considered for investors affected by the regular minimum tax and the maximum tax as well as those unaffected by such provisions.
Bidding for Land Development
Authors: Whitaker David
Published: October 2003

This paper is concerned with applying an optimum bidding procedure, originally proposed by Friedman, to the purchase of development land. It is assumed that the vendor sells the land to the highest bidder in a sealed bid auction without any consideration of the design of the proposed development. Friedman's model for optimal bidding is introduced, and a case study is presented to demonstrate its applicability.
An Analysis of Market Segmentation in Mortgage Lending Between a Commercial Bank and a Mutual Savings Bank*
Authors: Black Harold A. , Schweitzer Robert L.
Published: October 2003

This paper is concerned with determining whether commercial banks and mutual savings banks serve separable clienteles in the mortgage market. In order to test the hypothesis, determinants of mortgage lending terms at a major commercial bank and a large mutual savings bank were analyzed. The results indicate that market segmentation does exist. However, some variable signs were other than anticipated. Nevertheless, the significance level of the summary statistic shows that the overall population was separable for the two institutions. Thus, the results of this paper are preliminary. To draw general conclusions, additional data from a larger sample must be obtained.
The Impact on Housing Costs of the California Coastal Zone Conservation Act1
Authors: Case Fred E. , Gale Jeffrey
Published: October 2003

Evaluating the impact of California's Coastal Commissions' actions on housing costs provide challenges to economists and political scientists for which they lack both adequate theory and data to reach decisive conclusions. At best evaluation of eight years of Commissions' actions indicate that their actions have saved some scarce coastal resources most in need of protection. However, these achievements created some types of excessive costs and market dislocations which promise to affect adversely housing costs in major populous urban areas. Unfortunately the full range of public and private costs remains undefined and current judgments about Commissions' actions must remain tentative.
Land Development Regulation: A Case Study of Dallas and Houston, Texas
Authors: Peiser Richard B.
Published: October 2003

This paper compares the approaches to land development regulation in Dallas and Houston and attempts to measure the impact of regulation on lot prices in the two cities. Land development in Dallas appears to be subject to a greater degree of regulation than in Houston, especially with respect to zoning and the provision of utilities. In Houston, utilities are provided by Municipal Utility Districts which give developers greater flexibility in subdivision site selection. Other regulations concerning land use, platting, road financing and environment are examined for their impact on development costs in the two cities. The paper closes with a “full” lot cost comparison for selected subdivisions in Dallas and Houston. Lot prices are found to be lower in Houston. The difference is largely explained by differences in regulation and a transfer of cost from the private to the public sector.
An Empirical Evaluation of the CPI Home Purchase Index, 1973–1978
Authors: Greenlees John S.
Published: October 2003

This paper examines the accuracy of the home purchase component of the Consumer Price Index. Alternative monthly index series are simulated over the period 1973–1978 using FHA Master Statistical File data. Hedonic indexes derived from monthly regressions are compared to series constructed by the current CPI index method, which utilizes only age and size of house in correcting for intertemporal quality change. Of particular interest is the BLS practice of “linking out” price changes occurring when FHA raises its ceiling on the size of insurable mortgages. This procedure may have led to a significant downward bias in the official index.
Capital Asset Pricing and Real Estate Valuation*
Authors: Draper Dennis W. , Findlay M. Chapman
Published: October 2003

This paper examines the Capital Asset Pricing Model with respect to its implications for real estate investment analysis and appraisal. The derivation of the CAPM, and theoretical problems with it, are discussed, along with its empirical validation. The similarities and differences between real estate and securities markets are evaluated. Alternative models to the CAPM are presented, followed by the conclusions.
The 1981 Tax Act: Cost Recovery Choices for Real Property
Authors: Hite Gailen L. , Krasniewski Raymond J.
Published: October 2003

This paper examines changes in cost recovery (i.e., depreciation) patterns for realty resulting from the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981. While the Act provides for much shorter write‐offs than were previously available, it also imposes more severe recapture penalties for commercial property that has been depreciated according to the new Accelerated Cost Recovery System. An analysis of discounted cash flows is used to predict investor selection of the most advantageous cost recovery method. Although the accelerated system is generally preferable for residential realty, there are many situations where a taxpayer owning commercial property will elect the optional fifteen‐year straight‐line method.
Pricing Mortgage Originations
Authors: Smith Clifford W.
Published: October 2003

The general structure of observed mortgage loan contracts and the structure of firms in the industry can be explained in terms of competitive markets and rational expectations. It is not necessary to invoke disequilibrium, credit‐rationing theories. Collateralization, covenants, downpayments, and other noninterest rate provisions in loan contracts are efficient mechanisms to control the conflict of interest between the borrower and lender. Finally, there are constraints lenders place on the range of contractual provisions offered because of interdependencies in payoffs across contracts and the costs they face associated with insolvency.
Costs and Pricing of Home Brokerage Services
Authors: Carney Michael
Published: October 2003

This paper explores a simple economic search model, and various brokerage cost assumptions, to derive brokerage pricing implications for three dimensions of the home transaction: (1) level of home price, (2) new relative to existing home sales, and (3) co‐op relative to non‐co‐op sales. The model incorporates time‐on‐market (the price‐time tradeoff) as an important element in home brokerage (search)

It is argued that relative search cost differences imply that commission rates will be lower (1) on sales of higher‐priced homes, (2) on sales of new relative to existing homes and (3) on non‐co‐op relative to co‐op sales. A main contribution of the paper is the presentation of considerable supporting evidence showing variation in actual home brokerage commission rates according to these three variables.
Housing and the Economy: Popular Myths
Authors: Buckley Robert M. , Van Order Robert A.
Published: October 2003

This paper identifies and tries to clarify the effects of a number of changes in the system of delivering mortgage credit and housing subsidies. First, we examine the trends in housing and mortgage market data and policy. This review highlights the perceived relationships of these sectors to the rest of the economy. We then focus on and develop the relationship between four issues that have been fundamental stumbling blocks to the development of effective policy. The issues are: (1) homeownership affordability, (2) measures of housing needs, (3) the costs of cycles in housing production, and (4) the effects of federal mortgage credit programs.
The Effects on Mortgage Repayments of Restrictions on the Enforcement of Due‐on‐Sale Clauses: The California Experience
Authors: Meador Mark
Published: October 2003

Unexpected increases in the cost of mortgage funds have imposed substantial losses on mortgage lenders. The losses are compounded by the decline in mortgage repayments as homeowners hang on to their low‐rate mortgages. The enforcement of due‐on‐sale clauses is one option lenders have had to inhibit reductions in the turnover of low‐rate mortgages. Recently a California Supreme Court ruling restricted the use of due‐on‐sale clauses. As a result, California state‐chartered associations can no longer use due‐on‐sale clauses to raise mortgage rates. At the same time, most federally chartered associations in California continued the unrestricted enforcement of due‐on‐sale clauses. This paper examines the behavior of repayment rates at restricted state and unrestricted federal associations in California. The results suggest that for each percentage point new mortgage interest rates exceeded rates on existing mortgages, repayment rates at federal associations declined by 1.532 percentage points. The inability to prevent mortgage assumptions caused repayment rates at state‐chartered associations to fall 0.406 percentage points more than federal association repayment rates. The additional decline has added substantial income losses to California state associations.
The Performance of Annual Housing Survey Quality Measures in Explaining Dwelling Rentals in 20 Metropolitan Areas
Authors: Wieand Kenneth F.
Published: October 2003

Articles concerned with the Hedonic Estimation of the Price of Housing Services have often employed the concept of housing “quality.” Quality measurement is best defined as employment of distinct variables to classify dwelling attributes which are for some reason not decomposed into their unidimensional components. The Annual Housing Survey reports a series of variables which, describing the performance of housing attributes, may be classified as quality variables. Past studies have not properly identified the stochastic nature of the performance measure‐quality relationships. This paper defines that relationship and devises a procedure to measure the rent performance relationship for twenty cities in the survey. Empirical results confirm the usefulness of the measures explaining housing quality within and among metropolitan areas.
Home Equity Conversion Instruments with Fixed Term to Maturity: Alternatives to End of Term Pay‐Off
Authors: Weinrobe Maurice D.
Published: October 2003

Standard reverse annuity mortgages obligate the lender to take on the risk that an elderly homeowner will desire to remain in a residence after the RAM has reached maturity. In this case, the best the lender can hope for is that the property will have appreciated sufficiently that the loan can be carried at interest only. There is a possibility for lender loss but not gain over contracted return.

Alternatives to the standard RAM are explored in this paper with most attention devoted to shared appreciation and shared equity RAMs. These alternative instruments appear to solve the problem of maturity risk.