bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three‐step tumescent local anesthesia technique for inguinal hernia repair
Authors: Koyama Ryota , Maeda Yoshiaki , Minagawa Nozomi , Shinohara Toshiki
Published: August 2020

The optimal method of anesthesia for inguinal hernia repair is still controversial. We have developed “three‐step tumescent local anesthesia (TLA) technique” for inguinal hernia repair, and recently showed that this technique is acceptable in view of short‐ and long‐term clinical outcomes. Our study included 273 consecutive cases (290 sides) of elective inguinal hernia repair performed under the newly developed technique between September 2003 and May 2019, and overall clinical outcomes were considered to be safe and feasible. Herein, we report the surgical procedure of “three‐step TLA technique.” Briefly, we rapidly inject the diluted solution of local anesthetic and epinephrine step‐by‐step into the three following closed tissue space. Initially, 80 mL injection into the subcutaneous tissue before skin incision (Step 1). After the external oblique fascia is exposed, injection of 20 mL into the inguinal canal before the external oblique fascia is incised and opened (Step 2). The hernia sac and spermatic cord are then dissected, and the blunt dissection of the preperitoneal space is made by injecting 20 mL under the internal inguinal ring (Step 3), followed by placing a gauze into the preperitoneal space, creating the space for mesh placement. We consider that the most important point of this technique is achieved through the rapid injection of TLA solution into each closed tissue space, which makes for easier dissection, hemostasis, and good pain control.
Myelodysplastic syndromes: 2021 update on diagnosis, risk stratification and management
Authors: Garcia‐Manero Guillermo , Chien Kelly S. , Montalban‐Bravo Guillermo
Published: August 2020

Disease overview

The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a very heterogeneous group of myeloid disorders characterized by peripheral blood cytopenias and increased risk of transformation to acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Myelodysplastic syndromes occur more frequently in older males and in individuals with prior exposure to cytotoxic therapy.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of MDS is based on morphological evidence of dysplasia upon visual examination of a bone marrow aspirate and biopsy. Information obtained from additional studies such as karyotype, flow cytometry and molecular genetics is usually complementary and may help refine diagnosis.

Risk‐stratification

Prognosis of patients with MDS can be calculated using a number of scoring systems. In general, all these scoring systems include analysis of peripheral cytopenias, percentage of blasts in the bone marrow and cytogenetic characteristics. The most commonly accepted system is the Revised International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS‐R). Somatic mutations can help define prognosis and therapy.

Risk‐adapted therapy

Therapy is selected based on risk, transfusion needs, percent of bone marrow blasts, cytogenetic and mutational profiles, comorbidities, potential for allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) and prior exposure to hypomethylating agents (HMA). Goals of therapy are different in lower‐risk patients than in higher‐risk individuals and in those with HMA failure. In lower‐risk MDS, the goal is to decrease transfusion needs and transformation to higher risk disease or AML, as well as to improve survival. In higher‐risk disease, the goal is to prolong survival. In 2020, we witnessed an explosion of new agents and investigational approaches. Current available therapies include growth factor support, lenalidomide, HMAs, intensive chemotherapy and alloSCT. Novel therapeutics approved in 2020 are luspatercept and the oral HMA ASTX727. At the present time, there are no approved interventions for patients with progressive or refractory disease particularly after HMA‐based therapy. Options include participation in a clinical trial, cytarabine‐based therapy or alloSCT.
Commercial anti‐CD19 CAR T cell therapy for patients with relapsed/refractory aggressive B cell lymphoma in a European center
Authors: Sesques Pierre , Ferrant Emmanuelle , Safar Violaine , Wallet Florent , Tordo Jérémie , Dhomps Anthony , Karlin Lionel , Brisou Gabriel , Vercasson Marlène , Hospital‐Gustem Carole , Schwiertz Vérane , Ranchon Florence , Rioufol Catherine , Choquet Marion , Sujobert Pierre , Ghergus Dana , Bouafia Fadhela , Golfier Camille , Lequeu Helène , Lazareth Anne , Novelli Silvana , Devic Perrine , Traverse Glehen Alexandra , Viel Sébastien , Venet Fabienne , Mialou Valérie , Hequet Olivier , Chauchet Adrien , Arkam Yazid , Nicolas‐Virelizier Emmanuelle , Peyrade Frederic , Cavalieri Doriane , Ader Florence , Ghesquières Hervé , Salles Gilles , Bachy Emmanuel
Published: August 2020

Two autologous anti‐CD19 chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) T cells (axicabtagene ciloleucel [axi‐cel] and tisagenlecleucel [tisa‐cel]) are commercially approved in Europe for relapsed/refractory (R/R) diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). We performed a retrospective study to evaluate patterns of use, efficacy and safety for axi‐cel and tisa‐cel. Data from 70 patients who underwent apheresis for commercial CAR T cells between January 2018 and November 2019 in our institution were retrospectively collected. Sixty‐one patients were infused. The median age at infusion was 59 years old (range 27‐75 years). The median number of prior therapies was 3 (range, 2‐6). The overall response rates (ORRs) at 1 month and 3 months were 63% and 45%, respectively, with 48% and 39% achieving a complete response (CR), respectively. After a median follow‐up after infusion of 5.7 months, the median progression‐free survival (PFS) was 3.0 months (95% CI, 2.8‐8.8 months), and the median overall survival (OS) was 11.8 months (95% CI, 6.0‐12.6 months). In multivariate analysis, factors associated with poor PFS were the number of previous lines of treatment before CAR T cells (≥4) (P = .010) and a C reactive protein (CRP) value >30 mg/L at the time of lymphodepletion (P < .001). Likewise, the only factor associated with a shorter OS was CRP >30 mg/L (P = .009). Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) of any grade occurred in 85% of patients, including 8% of patients with CRS of grade 3 or higher. Immune cell‐associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) of any grade occurred in 28% of patients, including 10% of patients with ICANS of grade 3 or higher. Regarding efficacy and safety, no significant difference was found between axi‐cel and tisa‐cel. This analysis describes one of the largest real‐life cohorts of patients treated with axi‐cel and tisa‐cel for R/R aggressive B cell lymphoma in Europe.
Redox‐Neutral Nickel(II) Catalysis: Hydroarylation of Unactivated Alkenes with Arylboronic Acids
Authors: Wang Dao‐Ming , Feng Wang , Wu Yichen , Liu Tao , Wang Peng
Published: August 2020

Reported here is the discovery of a redox‐neutral NiII/NiII catalytic cycle which is capable of the linear‐selective hydroarylation of unactivated alkenes with arylboronic acids for the first time. This novel catalytic cycle, enabled by the use of an electron‐rich diimine ligand, features broad substrate scope, and excellent functional‐group and heterocycle compatibility under mild reaction conditions in the absence of additional oxidants and reductants. Mechanistic investigations using kinetic analysis and deuterium‐labelling experiments revealed the protonation to be the rate‐determining step in this redox‐neutral catalysis, and the reversible chain‐walking nature of the newly developed diimine‐Ni catalyst.
Rocuronium priming for tracheal intubation in COVID‐19 patients
Authors: Hoshijima H. , Nagasaka H. , Ozaki M. , Komiyama K. , Mieda T. , Nakamura C. , Doi K.
Published: August 2020

Priming doses of non‐depolarising neuromuscular blocking drugs given before administration of anaesthetic agents have been used to hasten the onset of neuromuscular blockade. In the settings of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), this could be used to reduce the apnoeic, and potentially aerosol‐generating, window. To our knowledge, we report the first cases of tracheal intubation with rocuronium for COVID‐19 using the priming principle. Both patients needed their tracheas intubated for severe hypoxia using a rapid sequence induction technique with a priming dose of rocuronium. Despite adequate pre‐oxygenation a sudden, unexpected fall in arterial oxygen saturations was observed in both patients after administration of a priming dose of 2 mg of rocuronium. Clinicians should consider this possible risk associated with priming doses of neuromuscular blocking drugs in the management of patients with respiratory failure due to COVID‐19.
Guanidine complex of copper supported on boehmite nanoparticles as practical, recyclable, chemo and homoselective organic–inorganic hybrid nanocatalyst for organic reactions
Authors: Jafari Fariba , Ghorbani‐Choghamarani Arash , Hasanzadeh Neda
Published: August 2020

Boehmite (BO) nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared via the injection of aqueous NaOH solution to aqueous aluminum nitrate solution at room temperature. Afterwards, a new complex of copper was immobilized on BO‐NPs (Cu‐Guanidine@BO‐NPs). This heterogeneous nanocatalyst was used as a practical, recyclable, chemo and homoselective nanocatalyst in the organic processes, i.e. the preparation of tetrazole five‐membered heterocycles and chemoselective sulfoxidation of sulfides using H2O2 as oxidant. In this sense, the prepared nanocatalyst was characterized by AAS, N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms, WDX, EDS, SEM, and TGA techniques. The reusability of this catalyst was investigated in the described organic reactions for several runs without notable loss of its catalytic activity. Moreover, all of the tetrazole and sulfoxide derivatives were isolated in high Turn Over Number (TON) and Turn Over Frequency (TOF) numbers indicating the high activity and selectivity of Cu‐Guanidine@BO‐NPs in the described reactions.
Coastal geomorphology and oceanographic features shape subtidal benthic communities in management areas of central Chile
Authors: Hernández Aldo , Tapia Fabián J. , Saldías Gonzalo S. , Quiñones Renato A.
Published: August 2020

The spatial variation in community structure among 30 areas for the management and exploitation of benthic resources (AMEBRs) in central Chile was assessed from surveys conducted during the same spring–summer season. One hundred taxa identified in the subtidal surveys were grouped into 10 functional groups.

The influence and relative importance of external factors over benthic associations were assessed through nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and path analysis. Three main categories of external factors were considered: ‘terrain traits’ (e.g. coastline exposure), ‘surface‐ocean conditions’ (e.g. sea surface temperature, SST), and ‘fishery‐related variables’ (e.g. cumulative landings).

The NMDS revealed a strong association between benthic community structure and both terrain and surface‐ocean conditions (42% of variance explained by permutational multivariate analysis of variance), but not with fishery‐related variables. Assemblages typical of rocky substrates were associated with larger seasonal fluctuations in SST and surface chlorophyll a. The presence of soft‐bottom functional groups was associated with higher levels of surface fluorescence and larger seasonal fluctuations in a satellite‐derived proxy for river‐plume influence (nLw645).

A path analysis model for hard‐bottom communities reached a 49% goodness of fit (GOF), with the presence of epifaunal filter‐feeders, grazers, predators, and scavengers being significantly correlated with leathery and corticated foliose algae, which in turn depend on the fraction of rocky substrate in the AMEBR; the fraction of rocky substrate is positively correlated with coastline exposure.

The model for soft‐bottom communities reached a 52% GOF with the presence of infaunal filter‐feeders and epifaunal detritivores depending directly on SST and surface chlorophyll a. The fishery‐related variables considered in the model had no apparent effect on the structure of either type of subtidal community.

These results provide a hierarchy of physical–biological associations determining the functional composition of subtidal benthic communities in management areas along central Chile. This knowledge may improve future assessments of ecosystem response to changes in environmental conditions and management strategies.
A flexible template generation and matching method with applications for publication reference metadata extraction
Authors: Yang Ting‐Hao , Hsieh Yu‐Lun , Liu Shih‐Hung , Chang Yung‐Chun , Hsu Wen‐Lian
Published: August 2020

Conventional rule‐based approaches use exact template matching to capture linguistic information and necessarily need to enumerate all variations. We propose a novel flexible template generation and matching scheme called the principle‐based approach (PBA) based on sequence alignment, and employ it for reference metadata extraction (RME) to demonstrate its effectiveness. The main contributions of this research are threefold. First, we propose an automatic template generation that can capture prominent patterns using the dominating set algorithm. Second, we devise an alignment‐based template‐matching technique that uses a logistic regression model, which makes it more general and flexible than pure rule‐based approaches. Last, we apply PBA to RME on extensive cross‐domain corpora and demonstrate its robustness and generality. Experiments reveal that the same set of templates produced by the PBA framework not only deliver consistent performance on various unseen domains, but also surpass hand‐crafted knowledge (templates). We use four independent journal style test sets and one conference style test set in the experiments. When compared to renowned machine learning methods, such as conditional random fields (CRF), as well as recent deep learning methods (i.e., bi‐directional long short‐term memory with a CRF layer, Bi‐LSTM‐CRF), PBA has the best performance for all datasets.
Toward improving impact of sustainable ventures in developing countries: A structuration view
Authors: Sarason Yolanda , Yuthas Kristi , Aziz Asad
Published: August 2020

Evidence shows that low‐income and developing countries disproportionately bear the negative impacts of unsustainable business practice and are the least able to withstand these impacts. There is an urgent need to address these problems as prospects for economic development are inexorably linked to the consequences of environmental degradation and negative social impact. As global awareness of this phenomenon has risen, the attractiveness of firms that take a balanced approach between pecuniary outcomes and sustainable practices has increased. Firms are under pressure to reduce the negative externalities they generate and increase positive externalities. An approach that increases the attractiveness and effectiveness of sustainable ventures can help firms get closer to this goal. We use structuration theory to develop strategy recommendations toward this goal. Structuration theory recognizes the duality of agency and structure, and provides a framework for understanding social phenomena at a meso‐level of analysis. The theory describes three structural configurations that have varying levels of influence in social settings. We build upon this theory to argue that the success of sustainable ventures is affected by the degree to which their actions cohere with the strongest social structures operating in their regions. We illustrate our theoretical argument by describing how three sustainable tourism ventures in Central America and three organic foods ventures in Southeast Asia are co‐creating social structures that result in positive externalities.
Orthogonal Test Design for Optimization of the Extraction of Polysaccharides from Inonotus cuticularis and Their Antioxidant Activities
Authors: Guo Lei , Ma Jia‐Yu , Ma Yan‐Zhen , Zhang Tian‐Li , Mao Sheng‐Liu , Kong De‐Xian , Hua Yan
Published: August 2020

Medical fungi polysaccharides belong to a very important species of biological macromolecules, which are the basic substances that effectively maintain and ensure the normal operation of biological life activities. However, research on extraction and biological activity of Inonotus cuticularis polysaccharides has never been reported. In this study, the optimum yield of Inonotus cuticularis polysaccharides was determined by the orthogonal experimental design. The highest yield of 3.10±0.06 % was obtained with extraction temperature of 80 °C, extraction time of 150 min, and water to raw material ratio of 30 mL/g and repeated twice. After deproteinization for 5 times, the protein removal rate reached 70.10±1.75 %, and the content of polysaccharides and protein were 46.64 and 0.42 %. Infrared spectrometer indicated that Inonotus cuticularis polysaccharides are typical β‐pyranose with characteristic peaks of polysaccharides. Subsequently, the activities of scavenging free radicals for the deproteinated polysaccharides were studied. When the concentration of Inonotus cuticularis polysaccharides was 0.3 mg/mL, the scavenging activities of the sample on DPPH., .OH, ABTS.+ and O2.− reached 83.67±0.27, 65.21±4.82, 43.45±1.36 and 80.28±2.30 %, respectively, and the reducing power reached 0.46±0.01. The IC50 values scavenging DPPH., .OH, ABTS.+ and O2.− were 0.139±0.13, 0.162±0.14, 0.317±0.30 and 0.121±0.10 mg/mL, respectively. Results showed that Inonotus cuticularis polysaccharides present potential stronger antioxidant activities, especially .OH scavenging activity and reducing power. Experimental results could provide research basis of Inonotus cuticularis polysaccharides for further exploitation and utilization.
Lignans, Monoterpenes and γ‐Pyrone Derivatives from Patrinia scabiosifolia with Cytotoxic Activity against HCT‐116 Cells
Authors: Zhang Xuan , Rui Meng‐Jue , Xu Hong‐Tao , Chou Gui‐Xin
Published: August 2020

One new dihydrobenzofuran neolignan, patrinianeolignan I, two new monoterpenes, 6,7‐dehydrodissectol A and patriniaol A, and a new γ‐pyrone derivative, hydroxymaltol 3‐O‐(6′‐O‐trans‐caffeoyl)‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside, along with fifteen known lignans, eight known monoterpenes, and two known γ‐pyrone derivatives, were isolated from the whole plant of Patrinia scabiosifolia. Their structures were elucidated by 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR and HR‐ESI‐MS analysis. The absolute configuration of patrinianeolignan I was confirmed by circular dichroism (CD) spectrum. All compounds were evaluated in vitro for their cytotoxic activity against HCT‐116 cells. The results showed that compounds patriniaol A and eudesmin exhibited moderate cytotoxicity against HCT‐116 cells with IC50 values of 42.23 μM and 41.92 μM, respectively.
Crystallization Schemes in the Sugar Industry
Authors: Frenzel Stefan
Published: August 2020

The crystallization scheme in the sugar industry helps controlling the technological work in such a way that white sugar of the highest possible quality is obtained with the lowest possible energy input and the molasses produced is exhausted to the maximum. The yields achievable in the individual crystallization stages have a decisive influence on the design of the crystallization schemes. Other factors include the quality of the raw materials and the product requirements as well as the equipment and the chosen crystallization process. Selected examples are used to illustrate the latitude but also the practical limitations that arise in this area of conflict between quality requirements, yield, productivity, and energy requirements for a sugar factory.
Transradial access in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock: Stratified analysis by shock severity
Authors: Tehrani Behnam N. , Damluji Abdulla A. , Sherwood Matthew W. , Rosner Carolyn , Truesdell Alexander G. , Epps Kelly C. , Howard Edward , Barnett Scott D. , Raja Anika , deFilippi Christopher R. , Murphy Charles E. , O'Connor Christopher M. , Batchelor Wayne B.
Published: August 2020

Background

Transradial access (TRA) is associated with improved survival and reduced vascular complications in acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Limited data exist regarding TRA utilization and outcomes for AMI complicated by cardiogenic shock (CS). We sought to assess the safety, feasibility, and clinical outcomes of TRA in AMI‐CS.

Methods

One‐hundred and fifty‐three patients with AMI‐CS were stratified into tertiles of disease severity using the CardShock score. The primary endpoint was successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), defined as Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction III flow with survival to 30 days.

Results

Mean age was 66 years, 72% were men, and 47% had diabetes. TRA was the preferred access site in patients with low and intermediate disease severity. Overall, 50 (32%) patients experienced major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events; most events (78%) occurred in patients undergoing transfemoral access (TFA) in the intermediate‐high tertiles of CS severity. Of the 41 (27%) total bleeding events, 32% occurred at the coronary angiography access site, of which 92% were in the TFA group. The use of ultrasound (US) guidance for TFA resulted in reduced coronary access‐site bleeding (8.5 vs. 33.0%, p = .01). In a hierarchical logistic regression model, utilizing TRA did not result in lower odds of successful PCI (Odds ratio [OR]: 1.36; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.54–3.40).

Conclusion

This study suggests that TRA is feasible across the entire spectrum of AMI‐CS and is associated with reduced coronary access‐site bleeding. In addition, US‐guided TFA is associated with reductions in access‐site bleeding and vascular complications. Concerted efforts should be made to incorporate vascular access protocols into existing CS algorithms in dedicated shock care centers.
The Behavior of Carbonized Polymer Dots at the Nano‐Bio Interface and Their Luminescent Mechanism: A Physical Chemistry Perspective
Authors: Xu Ziqiang , Liu Yi
Published: August 2020

Carbonized polymer dots (CPDs) have been widely applied in biomedical fields, such as imaging, diagnosis and drug delivery. Since the complex, non‐equilibrated and dynamic nature of biological systems inevitably affect the predesigned properties of CPDs, then efficiency and ultimate outcome of CPDs in biological identity will be transformed by the ubiquitous nano‐bio interactions. Herein, our recent progress about elucidating the behavior of CPDs at nano‐bio interface from the perspective of physical chemistry has been summarized in the review, mainly at the bio‐macromolecular, cellular membrane and cellular levels, which is crucial for characterize their relative cytotoxicity and clinical transformation. Moreover, we mainly focused on the quantitative relationship of nano‐bio interactions between CPDs with biological identity and related thermodynamics parameters during this process is also obtained from advanced isothermal titration calorimetry technique. Finally, our recent study about the photoluminescence origin is also included in this review, which favors modulating the photoluminescence of CPDs.

What is the most favorite and original chemistry developed in your research group?

Chemical thermodynamic nature of chemical and biological process.

How do you get into this specific field? Could you please share some experiences with our readers?

In 2003, several articles from Science, Nature and Nature Biotechnology discussed the potential side effects of nanomaterials on the human health and environment. At the same time, Prof. Daiwen Pang developed QDs for biolabling, and I (Prof. Yi Liu) began to pay attention to the effect of QDs on living things. In 2006, we obtained the Innovation Research Groups of NSFC (20621502), and in this project, I was responsible for the biological effect of nanoprobe.

How do you keep balance between research and family?

90% of my time for research work, and 10% of my time for family things.

How do you supervise your students?

First, according to the students’ interests, I will give them some new and important papers to read, and then discuss with them about their research field. We will discuss the research progress at any time, and we have seminar every week.

What is the most important personality for scientific research?

Curiosity, power of understanding.

What's your hobbies? What's your favorite book(s)?

My hobbies are reading and badminton. My favorite books are Physical Chemistry (Edited by Xiancai Fu) and Organic Chemistry (4th Edited by David Klein).
Synthesis of Novel Nitroxoline Analogs with Potent Cathepsin B Exopeptidase Inhibitory Activity
Authors: Van de Walle Tim , Briand Marina , Mitrović Ana , Sosič Izidor , Gobec Stanislav , Kos Janko , Persoons Leentje , Daelemans Dirk , De Jonghe Steven , Ubiparip Zorica , Desmet Tom , Van Hecke Kristof , Mangelinckx Sven , D'hooghe Matthias
Published: August 2020

Nitroxoline, a well‐known antimicrobial agent, has been identified in several independent studies, and on different molecular targets, as a promising candidate to be repurposed for cancer treatment. One specific target of interest concerns cathepsin B, a lysosomal peptidase involved in the degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM), leading to tumor invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis. However, dedicated optimization of the nitroxoline core is needed to actually deliver a nitroxoline‐based antitumor drug candidate. Within that context, 34 novel nitroxoline analogs were synthesized and evaluated for their relative cathepsin B inhibitory activity, their antiproliferative properties and their antimicrobial activity. More than twenty analogs were shown to exert a similar or even slightly higher cathepsin B inhibitory activity compared to nitroxoline. The implemented modifications of the nitroxoline scaffold and the resulting SAR information can form an eligible basis for further optimization toward more potent cathepsin B inhibitors in the quest for a clinical nitroxoline‐based antitumor agent.
Recent Progress in Vibropolaritonic Chemistry
Authors: Hirai Kenji , Hutchison James A. , Uji‐i Hiroshi
Published: August 2020

Vibrational polaritonic chemistry is emerging as an exciting new sub‐field of chemistry, one in which strong interactions with optical cavity vacuum fields are another degree of freedom alongside temperature, solvent, catalyst, and so on to modify thermochemical reactivity. The field stands at a fascinating juncture with experimental works on a variety of organic reactions continuing to blossom, just as many theoretical works appear which diverge significantly in their predictions compared to experiments. The outlook for the field is no doubt an exciting one as it seeks to unify the observed novel optical cavity‐induced chemical phenomena with satisfying accompanying physical theory. In this minireview we highlight experimental works on vibrational polaritonic chemistry that have appeared most recently, focusing on the chemistry of the rate‐limiting steps to provide mechanistic insight. We hope this review will encourage synthetic chemists to enter the field and we discuss the opportunities and challenges that lie ahead as polaritonic chemistry grows into the future.
Deriving Keratinocyte Progenitor Cells and Keratinocytes from Human‐Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Ibrahim Michel R. , Medhat Walid , El‐Fakahany Hasan , Abdel‐Raouf Hamza , Snyder Evan Y.
Published: August 2020

Skin or hair loss (alopecia) may occur due to a wide variety of causes ranging from trauma to pathological processes including acquired or congenital causes. It would be ideal to replace them with immunologically compatible cells to avoid potentially exacerbating the condition. Deriving the replacement cells from human‐induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) allows for sufficient scale up and using hiPSCs as the choice of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) will ensure immunocompatibility. Here we offer a protocol for differentiating hiPSCs into keratinocyte progenitor cells (KPC) and keratinocytes employing all‐trans retinoic acid (ATRA) andL‐ascorbic acid, (L‐AA), bone morphogenic protein‐4 (BMP4), and epidermal growth factor (EGF). We observed that the hiPSC‐derived KPCs express the same panel of markers as primary hair follicle bulge stem cells (HFBSCs), including CD200, integrin α‐6 (ITGA6), integrin β‐1 (ITGB1), the transcription factor P63, keratin 15 (KRT15), and keratin 19 (KRT19). If permitted to differentiate further, the hiPSC‐derived KPC lose CD200 expression and rather come to express keratin 14 (KRT14) indicating emergence of more mature terminally‐differentiated keratinocytes. The HFBSCs are transplantable for hair follicle (HF) restoration, and the keratinocytes may be transplantable for therapy for large burns or ulcers. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: Reprogramming of normal human skin fibroblasts into normal hiPSCs using episomal DNA cocktail

Basic Protocol 2: Differentiation of hiPSCs into KPCs and keratinocytes

Alternate Protocol 2: EBS formation protocol using AggreWell™ plates (Antonchuk, 2013)

Support Protocol 1: Passage hiPSC‐KPC

Support Protocol 2: Immunocytochemistry (ICC)

Support Protocol 3: Immunofluorescence staining of cells for flow cytometry (FC)
Sink selection and clustering using fuzzy‐based controller for wireless sensor networks
Authors: Shahidinejad Ali , Barshandeh Saeid
Published: August 2020

Applying multiple sink nodes in a large‐scale wireless sensor networks (WSN) can increase the scalability and lifetime of the network. The current sink selection mechanisms assume an unlimited amount of buffer and bandwidth for the sink nodes. This can be problematic in real‐world applications, especially when many cluster heads select a specific sink node and send their data to the sink at the same time. In this situation, the sink node may not have enough buffer to receive and process data; consequently, some packets are dropped. To mitigate these occasions, a fuzzy‐based controller with reduced rules is proposed for sink selection by considering the capacity of the sink nodes. The capacity of the sink nodes is estimated using the long short‐term memory (LSTM) technique. Then another fuzzy‐based controller with reduced rules is designed to select the cluster head. The fuzzy rules are reduced by employing R‐implications method. Reducing the number of fuzzy rules decreases the complexity of the fuzzy controllers. The results show the efficiency of the proposed sink selection and clustering techniques in terms of consumed energy, remaining energy, first node dead (FND), half nodes dead (HND), last node dead (LND), packet loss, and delay.
Internet‐of‐Things‐Infrastructure‐as‐a‐Service: The democratization of access to public Internet‐of‐Things Infrastructure
Authors: Ilyas Muhammad Usman , Ahmad Muneeb , Saleem Sajid
Published: August 2020

We propose a new cloud service model called Internet‐of‐Things (IoT)‐Infrastructure‐as‐a‐Service (IoT‐IaaS). Under an IoT‐IaaS, an IaaS cloud service provider can go beyond offering IoT data streams and offer access to IoT infrastructure to users, the same way data center infrastructure is shared in the IaaS model. We developed a reference design for the proposed IoT‐IaaS cloud service model, built from open source components. We demonstrate the proposed reference design in the form of a virtualized‐IoT (vIoT) testbed. The vIoT testbed uses the OpenStack cloud management system and Raspberry Pi embedded computers (standing in for IoT devices) configured as Nova‐compute nodes and LXD containers. We also developed a simple mechanism for shared access to high data rate sensors (a camera) and low data rate sensors (temperature‐humidity) by multiple tenants. We tested the performance of container launch times, memory access (with and without ZRAM optimization kernel module enabled), CPU, and file I/O for applications running inside Linux containers and compared it with the same performance when running on the Raspberry Pi's host OS. We conclude that there is no significant performance penalty for executing the edge component of an IoT application inside a Linux container, rather than directly on the device's host OS.
Beam‐aware energy harvesting discontinuous reception in machine‐to‐machine millimeter‐wave 5G communications
Authors: Philip Ninu Rachel , Balakrishnan Malarkodi
Published: August 2020

Machine‐to‐machine (M2M) communication interconnects a large number of machines to exchange information in a network. These battery operated devices exhaust their energy after continuous usage for a long period of time. Discontinuous reception (DRX) standardized by the third generation partnership project (3GPP) is an efficient power saving protocol used in wireless networks. The power saving achieved by the DRX mechanism is often compromised with the ensuing buffering delay suffered by the packets. DRX mechanism with energy harvesting improves the performance of the M2M devices by exploiting the extra sleep cycles yielded by the harvested energy. However, the operation of the energy harvesting‐DRX (EH‐DRX) in the fifth generation (5G) millimeter‐wave (mm‐wave) systems with beamforming results in poor performance metrics. Beamforming is used in 5G mm‐wave networks for a base station to communicate with a group of devices situated in a particular direction. In this paper, an analytical model is devised by merging a beam‐aware mechanism with the EH‐DRX in the M2M mm‐wave 5G networks to improve the energy efficiency. As a result, the power saving at the user equipment (UE)/M2M device is enhanced by 16% by the proposed method compared with the original EH‐DRX mechanism.
High risk of malignancy in cases with atypia of undetermined significance on fine needle aspiration of thyroid nodules even after exclusion of NIFTP
Authors: Özkara Sevgiye Kaçar , Bayrak Büşra Yaprak , Turan Gupse
Published: August 2020

Background

Fine needle aspiration cytopathology (FNAC) is the most reliable tool for evaluating thyroid nodules. However, diagnosing Bethesda category III, atypia/follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS), is a major limitation.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk of malignancy (RoM) in AUS/FLUS nodules. A systematic review was also carried out analyzing the largest series.

Methods

Totally 1750 cases (9%) diagnosed with AUS/FLUS were evaluated retrospectively out of 19 392 cases within last 13 years. All patients undergoing surgery for AUS/FLUS were included into the study. Histopathology results were correlated; the impact of noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary‐like nuclear features (NIFTP) diagnosis on RoM is evaluated.

Results

Of the 280 patients (16%) undergoing surgery, neoplasia were detected in 177 (RoN:63.2%) and malignancy in 119 (RoM:42.5%) of these neoplasia. Follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC) was the commonest malignancy (55.5%). Additional 58 (20.7%) nodules were neoplastic, of which 26 (9.3%) were encapsulated follicular tumors with unknown malignancy potential (FT‐UMP) and 32 (11.4%) were follicular adenomas. The remaining 103 patients (36.8%) had non‐neoplastic nodules. After reevaluation of the encapsulated FVPTC cases, 20 of them were NIFTP and RoM dropped to 35.4% with a relative decrease of 16.7% and an absolute decrease of 7.1%.

Conclusion

In our series, 42.5% of nodules with AUS/FLUS were malignant; 63.2% of them were neoplastic. The RoM and RoN for AUS/FLUS nodules are still much higher than the revised expected RoM of international guidelines even after NIFTP cases excluded. Therefore, current recommendations should be reevaluated periodically in view of detailed clinicopathologic studies.
Host nutrition mediates interactions between plant viruses, altering transmission and predicted disease spread
Authors: Kendig Amy E. , Borer Elizabeth T. , Boak Emily N. , Picard Tashina C. , Seabloom Eric W.
Published: August 2020

Interactions among co‐infecting pathogens are common across host taxa and can affect infectious disease dynamics. Host nutrition can mediate these among‐pathogen interactions, altering the establishment and growth of pathogens within hosts. It is unclear, however, how nutrition‐mediated among‐pathogen interactions affect transmission and the spread of disease through populations. We manipulated the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) supplies to oat plants in growth chambers and evaluated interactions between two aphid‐vectored Barley and Cereal Yellow Dwarf Viruses: PAV and RPV. We quantified the effect of each virus on the other’s establishment, within‐plant density, and transmission. Co‐inoculation significantly increased PAV density when N and P supplies were low and tended to increase RPV density when N supply was high. Co‐infection increased PAV transmission when N and P supplies were low and tended to increase RPV transmission when N supply was high. Despite the parallels between the effects of among‐pathogen interactions on density and transmission, changes in virus density only partially explained changes in transmission, suggesting that virus density‐independent processes contribute to transmission. A mathematical model describing the spread of two viruses through a plant population, parameterized with empirically derived transmission values, demonstrated that nutrition‐mediated among‐pathogen interactions could affect disease spread. Interactions that altered transmission through virus density‐independent processes determined overall disease dynamics. Our work suggests that host nutrition alters disease spread through among‐pathogen interactions that modify transmission.
Continuous Flow Synthesis of Quinolines via a Scalable Tandem Photoisomerization‐Cyclization Process
Authors: Di Filippo Mara , Baumann Marcus
Published: August 2020

A continuous photochemical process is presented that renders a series of quinoline products via an alkene isomerization and cyclocondensation cascade. It is demonstrated that a high‐power LED lamp generates the desired targets with higher productivity and efficiency than a medium‐pressure Hg‐lamp. The scope of this tandem process is established and allows for the generation of various substituted quinolines in high yields and with throughputs of greater than one gram per hour. Finally, this effective flow process is coupled with a telescoped hydrogenation reaction to render a series of tetrahydroquinolines including the antimalarial natural product galipinine.
Erosion, transport and deposition of a sediment replenishment under flood conditions
Authors: Stähly Severin , Franca Mário J. , Robinson Christopher T. , Schleiss Anton J.
Published: August 2020

River reaches downstream of dams with constant residual discharge often lack sediment supply and periodic high flows due to dam sediment retention and flow regulation, respectively. To test a novel multi‐deposit methodology for defining environmental flows for activating the dynamics of the river morphology downstream of dams, a flood was released from Rossens Dam in Switzerland. This event was combined for the first time with a multi‐deposit configuration of sediment replenishment consisting of four artificial deposits allocated as alternate bars along the riverbanks as a restoration measure. To validate the sediment transport behaviour observed in laboratory tests, stones were equipped with radiofrequency identification (RFID) passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags, a fixed antenna was installed at the river bed and a mobile antenna was used to enable the investigation of the erosion, transport and deposition of replenished sediments. The duration of the erosion period was determined for the tracked stones, and average transport velocities were found to be on the order of 10–3 m/s. To estimate the erosion efficiency of the flood, defined as the eroded tagged stones compared with the released water volume, the hydrograph was divided into different periods: rising limb, constant peak discharge, decreasing limb. During the rising limb of the flood, which lasted for 20% of the total flood duration, more than 40% of the PIT tags were transported. The defined erosion efficiency is a measure to support the hydrographic design of artificial flood releases from dams. The deposition of tagged stones resulted in a repeating cluster formation, as expected from previous laboratory experiments, creating an increase in hydraulic habitat diversity. Comparison of the results obtained in the field and from laboratory experiments confirmed the robustness of the multi‐deposit sediment replenishment method. Combined with the knowledge gained on the erosion efficiency, these results could motivate further applications and research into multi‐deposit sediment replenishment techniques as a habitat‐oriented river restoration measure. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intelligent intrusion detection system in smart grid using computational intelligence and machine learning
Authors: Khan Suleman , Kifayat Kashif , Kashif Bashir Ali , Gurtov Andrei , Hassan Mehdi
Published: August 2020

Smart grid systems enhanced the capability of traditional power networks while being vulnerable to different types of cyber‐attacks. These vulnerabilities could cause attackers to crash into the network breaching the integrity and confidentiality of the smart grid systems. Therefore, an intrusion detection system (IDS) becomes an important way to provide a secure and reliable services in a smart grid environment. This article proposes a feature‐based IDS for smart grid systems. The proposed system performance is evaluated in terms of accuracy, intrusion detection rate (DR), and false alarm rate (FAR). The obtained results show that the random forest and neural network classifiers have outperformed other classifiers. We have achieved a 0.5% FAR on KDD99 dataset and a 0.08% FAR on the NSLKDD dataset. The DR and the testing accuracy on average are 99% for both datasets.
Mid- and High-Engagement Programs to Develop Future Fisheries Management Professionals’ Skills
Authors: Triezenberg Heather A , Doberneck Diane , Campa Henry , Taylor William W
Published: August 2020

Aquatic science and fisheries degree granting institutions prepare graduates for science, policy, management, and Extension positions across the nation. Increasingly, new graduates are asked to translate their research for diverse audiences but often have received little preparation about outreach, engagement, or science communications during their graduate education. We describe two professional development programs designed to prepare future professionals to integrate technical and scientific expertise with the professional skills necessary for effective public engagement. Both programs addressed competencies in community partnerships, engagement with diverse stakeholders, facilitative leadership, collaboration techniques, communication skills, and career pathway exploration. Evaluation revealed an increase in Self-reported awareness and competencies, career interests in outreach, Extension, engagement, and communications alongside research interests, and intention to list the programs on their résumé/curriculum vitae. Enhancing skills in public engagement benefits society and scientists by preparing them for the range of roles and people they will interact with throughout their career.
Plant‐based proteinaceous snacks: Effect of fermentation and ultrasonication on end‐product characteristics
Authors: Gunasekaran Yasaswini Kooniambedu , Lele Vita , Sakiene Vytaute , Zavistanaviciute Paulina , Zokaityte Egle , Klupsaite Dovile , Bartkevics Vadims , Guiné Raquel P. F. , Bartkiene Elena
Published: August 2020

The study aimed at the development of a sufficient technology to improve sensory, textural, physical, and microbiological properties of peas snacks (Ps) using solid‐state fermentation (SSF) and submerged fermentation (SMF) with two different lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains (Lactobacillus casei LUHS210 and Lactobacillus uvarum LUHS245) for 24 hr and ultrasonication (10, 20, and 30 min). To ensure safety of the used technologies, microbiological characteristics and biogenic amines (BAs) content in treated Ps were analyzed. Additionally, a different salt content (3.6 and 1.0 g/100 g) was used for snacks preparation. The obtained results revealed that used treatments reduced enterobacteria in Ps, while in fermented Ps, yeast/moulds were not found. Ps with the lower salt content were more acidic and harder (0.90 mJ), and there was a significant effect (p < .05) due to the fermentation method, LAB strains, and ultrasonication on the texture of final product. Different salt content significantly affected the color coordinates of the Ps tested (p < .05). The predominant biogenic amines in Ps were phenylethylamine and spermidine. However, the reduction of some BAs after samples fermentation was observed. To conclude, acceptable formulations of Ps can be obtained with 1.0 g/100 g salt, and by using fermentation, as the end‐product is more attractive to consumers than those prepared with 3.6 g/100 g salt and using ultrasonication.
45% Cell Efficiency in DMFCs via Process Engineering
Authors: Glüsen A. , Müller M. , Stolten D.
Published: August 2020

Methanol is a convenient liquid fuel for fuel cells, but is not converted as efficiently into electrical energy as hydrogen. This is due to the slower reaction of methanol at the anode as well as to methanol permeation.

When optimizing the direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) process, methanol concentration and flow rate, current density and air flow rate must also be taken into account. A high methanol concentration facilitates dynamic operation up to high current densities, but also leads to high methanol permeation. The air flow rate must be adjusted so that the cooling effect of evaporating water is balanced by the heat produced in the cell. Therefore, a cell with low permeation must be operated at low air flow rates to achieve autothermal operation at elevated temperatures, which can in turn reduce cell performance. For each current density, there is an optimum amount of methanol feed.

In this paper, we show how these effects have to be balanced using air‐flow rates calculated to ensure thermal equilibrium. It is possible to achieve electrical cell efficiencies of up to 44% in a self‐heating DMFC. Another small increase in efficiency can be achieved by using humidified air at the cathode.