bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE RAILWAY NETWORK AND THE PROCESS OF POPULATION CONCENTRATION IN SPAIN, 1900-2001
Authors: Franch-Auladell Xavier , Morillas-Torné Mateu , Martí-Henneberg Jordi
Published: January 2015

This paper proposes a methodology for quantifying the territorial impact on population distribution of the railway. The central hypothesis is that access to railway services provides the best-connected areas with a long-term comparative advantage over others that are less accessible. Carrying out a historical analysis and providing comparable data at the municipal level allows us to determine the extent to which the railway has fostered the concentration of population within its immediate surroundings. The case study presented here is that of Spain between 1900 and 2001, but the same methodology could equally be applied to any other country for which the required data are available. In this case, key data included a Geographic Information System with information about both the development of the railway network and census data relating to total population at the municipal level. The results obtained suggest the relevance of this methodology, which makes it possible to identify the periods and areas in which this influence was most significant.
Subsidizing Tibet: An Interprovincial Comparison of Western China up to the End of the Hu–Wen Administration
Authors: Fischer Andrew M.
Published: January 2015

This study estimates the extent of subsidization in the ten provinces of western China from 1990 to 2012 with the aim of highlighting the exceptionality of the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) leading up to and following the widespread Tibetan protests that swept through four Chinese provinces in 2008. Although the Tibet development model was criticized by many Chinese economists in the 1980s and 1990s for being highly subsidy-dependent and inefficient, these aspects of dependence and inefficiency were exacerbated even further under the Hu–Wen administration, particularly following the 2008 protests. While subsidies and investment also increased in other western provinces, the exceptionality of the TAR stands out in terms of the levels of subsidization attained, the sheer disassociation of these subsidies from changes in the local productive economy, and the degree to which ownership in the local economy has come to be dominated by external interests. The recent phase of intensive subsidization has thereby exacerbated the dependence of local Tibetan livelihoods on these state strategies, while at the same time intensified the state-led economic integration of the region into the rest of China through externalized patterns of ownership and consolidated state control. Arguments that the resultant inefficiencies and social tensions are owing to a marketization of social relations or to cultural insensitivity and lack of adaptation to local circumstances de-emphasize the central role of the state in shaping the deeply structural character of these transformations.
Tuberculosis-related stigma leading to an incomplete contact investigation in a low-incidence country
Authors: FACCINI M. , CANTONI S. , CICONALI G. , FILIPPONI M. T. , MAINARDI G. , MARINO A. F. , SENATORE S. , CODECASA L. R. , FERRARESE M. , GESU G. , MAZZOLA E. , FILIA A.
Published: January 2015

A contact investigation following a case of infectious tuberculosis (TB) reported in a call centre in Milan (Italy) led to the identification of three additional cases that had occurred in employees of the same workplace during the previous 5 years, one of whom was the probable source case. Thirty-three latent infections were also identified. At the time of diagnosis, the source case, because of fear of stigma related to TB, claimed to be unemployed and a contact investigation was not performed in the workplace. Cases were linked through genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB stigma has been described frequently, mainly in high-incidence settings, and is known to influence health-seeking behaviours and treatment adherence. The findings in this report highlight that TB-associated stigma may also lead to incomplete contact investigations. Little is known about the causes and impact of TB-related stigma in low-incidence countries and this warrants further exploration. Research is also needed to evaluate the effectiveness of specific interviewing techniques and training interventions for staff in reducing feelings of stigma in TB patients. Finally, the outbreak emphasizes the importance of integrating routine contact investigations with genotyping.
On a diffuse interface model of tumour growth
Authors: FRIGERI SERGIO , GRASSELLI MAURIZIO , ROCCA ELISABETTA
Published: January 2015

We consider a diffuse interface model of tumour growth proposed by A. Hawkins-Daruudet al.((2013)J. Math. Biol.671457–1485). This model consists of the Cahn–Hilliard equation for the tumour cell fraction ϕ nonlinearly coupled with a reaction–diffusion equation for ψ, which represents the nutrient-rich extracellular water volume fraction. The coupling is expressed through a suitable proliferation functionp(ϕ) multiplied by the differences of the chemical potentials for ϕ and ψ. The system is equipped with no-flux boundary conditions which give the conservation of the total mass, that is, the spatial average of ϕ + ψ. Here, we prove the existence of a weak solution to the associated Cauchy problem, provided that the potentialFandpsatisfy sufficiently general conditions. Then we show that the weak solution is unique and continuously depends on the initial data, provided thatpsatisfies slightly stronger growth restrictions. Also, we demonstrate the existence of a strong solution and that any weak solution regularizes in finite time. Finally, we prove the existence of the global attractor in a phase space characterized by ana prioribounded energy.
Partial Shadows of Set Systems
Authors: BOLLOBÁS BÉLA , ECCLES TOM
Published: January 2015

Theshadowof a system of sets is all sets which can be obtained by taking a set in the original system, and removing a single element. The Kruskal-Katona theorem tells us the minimum possible size of the shadow of$\mathcal A$, if$\mathcal A$consists ofm r-element sets.

In this paper, we ask questions and make conjectures about the minimum possible size of apartial shadowfor$\mathcal A$, which contains most sets in the shadow of$\mathcal A$. For example, if$\mathcal B$is a family of sets containing all but one set in the shadow of each set of$\mathcal A$, how large must$\mathcal B$be?
Radiofrequency energy ablation in a child with an implanted vagus nerve stimulator
Authors: Radolec Mackenzy M. , Beerman Lee B. , Arora Gaurav
Published: January 2015

An 8-year-old girl with supraventricular tachycardia and an implanted vagus nerve stimulator underwent radiofrequency ablation of her supraventricular tachycardia substrate. No known literature exists addressing the potential interaction of these two technologies, although there are reported cases of interaction between radiofrequency and other implanted stimulating devices such as pacemakers. The procedure was performed successfully without observed interaction, and the patient’s family reported no significant change in frequency of seizure control.
The role of cognitive aptitudes for explicit language learning in the relative effects of explicit and implicit feedback
Authors: YILMAZ YUCEL , GRANENA GISELA
Published: January 2015

This study investigated the extent to which cognitive abilities that involve explicit cognitive processes (i.e., explicit language aptitude) are related to second language (L2) learning outcomes under two corrective feedback conditions. The study followed a pretest-posttest-delayed posttest experimental design. Forty-eight L2 learners of English carried out three oral production tasks, in which their errors on the indefinite article were treated according to their group assignment (i.e., explicit, implicit, and no-feedback). A set of controlled oral production tests was administered as pretest and posttest. Explicit language aptitude was measured using three subtests from the LLAMA Language Aptitude Test battery (Meara, 2005). Results showed that explicit language aptitude predicted immediate posttest performance only under the explicit feedback condition, suggesting that this type of feedback requires mental processes that are facilitated by explicit cognitive abilities and that its short-term effectiveness is not the same for learners with different aptitude levels.
THREE-LAYER FLUID FLOW OVER A SMALL OBSTRUCTION ON THE BOTTOM OF A CHANNEL
Authors: PANDA SRIKUMAR , MARTHA S. C. , CHAKRABARTI A.
Published: January 2015

Many boundary value problems occur in a natural way while studying fluid flow problems in a channel. The solutions of two such boundary value problems are obtained and analysed in the context of flow problems involving three layers of fluids of different constant densities in a channel, associated with an impermeable bottom that has a small undulation. The top surface of the channel is either bounded by a rigid lid or free to the atmosphere. The fluid in each layer is assumed to be inviscid and incompressible, and the flow is irrotational and two-dimensional. Only waves that are stationary with respect to the bottom profile are considered in this paper. The effect of surface tension is neglected. In the process of obtaining solutions for both the problems, regular perturbation analysis along with a Fourier transform technique is employed to derive the first-order corrections of some important physical quantities. Two types of bottom topography, such as concave and convex, are considered to derive the profiles of the interfaces. We observe that the profiles are oscillatory in nature, representing waves of variable amplitude with distinct wave numbers propagating downstream and with no wave upstream. The observations are presented in tabular and graphical forms.
Unlikely Friends of the Authoritarian and Atheist Ruler: Religious Groups and Collective Contention in Rural China
Authors: Tao Yu
Published: January 2015

This article examines the roles played by rural religious groups in China's local contentious politics. More specifically, it aims to explore whether religious groups stimulate or reduce collective contention when the ruler is both authoritarian and atheist. Drawing on national survey data and comparative case studies, this article finds that collective contention is less likely to occur in villages with religious groups that simultaneously overlap with secular social organizations and local authorities, and are hence more likely to serve as credible communication channels between local states and discontented citizens. This finding highlights two important issues that are often side-lined, if not outright neglected, in the existing literature. First, the relationship between religious groups and collective contention is diverse rather than uniform. Second, this relationship is shaped not only by religious groups but also by other important players in the local political arena.
Recent radiation in a marine and freshwater dinoflagellate species flock
Authors: Annenkova Nataliia V , Hansen Gert , Moestrup Øjvind , Rengefors Karin
Published: January 2015

Processes of rapid radiation among unicellular eukaryotes are much less studied than among multicellular organisms. We have investigated a lineage of cold-water microeukaryotes (protists) that appear to have diverged recently. This lineage stands in stark contrast to known examples of phylogenetically closely related protists, in which genetic difference is typically larger than morphological differences. We found that the group not only consists of the marine-brackish dinoflagellate species Scrippsiella hangoei and the freshwater species Peridinium aciculiferum as discovered previously but also of a whole species flock. The additional species include Peridinium euryceps and Peridinium baicalense, which are restricted to a few lakes, in particular to the ancient Lake Baikal, Russia, and freshwater S. hangoei from Lake Baikal. These species are characterized by relatively large conspicuous morphological differences, which have given rise to the different species descriptions. However, our scanning electron microscopic studies indicate that they belong to a single genus according to traditional morphological characterization of dinoflagellates (thecal plate patterns). Moreover, we found that they have identical SSU (small subunit) rDNA fragments and distinct but very small differences in the DNA markers LSU (large subunit) rDNA, ITS2 (internal transcribed spacer 2) and COB (cytochrome b) gene, which are used to delineate dinoflagellates species. As some of the species co-occur, and all four have small but species–specific sequence differences, we suggest that these taxa are not a case of phenotypic plasticity but originated via recent adaptive radiation. We propose that this is the first clear example among free-living microeukaryotes of recent rapid diversification into several species followed by dispersion to environments with different ecological conditions.
A vlincRNA participates in senescence maintenance by relieving H2AZ-mediated repression at the INK4 locus
Authors: Lazorthes Sandra , Vallot Céline , Briois Sébastien , Aguirrebengoa Marion , Thuret Jean-Yves , Laurent Georges St. , Rougeulle Claire , Kapranov Philipp , Mann Carl , Trouche Didier , Nicolas Estelle
Published: January 2015

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play major roles in proper chromatin organization and function. Senescence, a strong anti-proliferative process and a major anticancer barrier, is associated with dramatic chromatin reorganization in heterochromatin foci. Here we analyze strand-specific transcriptome changes during oncogene-induced human senescence. Strikingly, while differentially expressed RNAs are mostly repressed during senescence, ncRNAs belonging to the recently described vlincRNA (very long intergenic ncRNA) class are mainly activated. We show that VAD, a novel antisense vlincRNA strongly induced during senescence, is required for the maintenance of senescence features. VAD modulates chromatin structure in cis and activates gene expression in trans at the INK4 locus, which encodes cell cycle inhibitors important for senescence-associated cell proliferation arrest. Importantly, VAD inhibits the incorporation of the repressive histone variant H2A.Z at INK4 gene promoters in senescent cells. Our data underline the importance of vlincRNAs as sensors of cellular environment changes and as mediators of the correct transcriptional response.
Cancer systems biology of TCGA SKCM: Efficient detection of genomic drivers in melanoma
Authors: Guan Jian , Gupta Rohit , Filipp Fabian V.
Published: January 2015

We characterized the mutational landscape of human skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) using data obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project. We analyzed next-generation sequencing data of somatic copy number alterations and somatic mutations in 303 metastatic melanomas. We were able to confirm preeminent drivers of melanoma as well as identify new melanoma genes. The TCGA SKCM study confirmed a dominance of somatic BRAF mutations in 50% of patients. The mutational burden of melanoma patients is an order of magnitude higher than of other TCGA cohorts. A multi-step filter enriched somatic mutations while accounting for recurrence, conservation and basal rate. Thus, this filter can serve as a paradigm for analysis of genome-wide next-generation sequencing data of large cohorts with a high mutational burden. Analysis of TCGA melanoma data using such a multi-step filter discovered novel and statistically significant potential melanoma driver genes. In the context of the Pan-Cancer study we report a detailed analysis of the mutational landscape of BRAF and other drivers across cancer tissues. Integrated analysis of somatic mutations, somatic copy number alterations, low pass copy numbers and gene expression of the melanogenesis pathway shows coordination of proliferative events by Gs-protein and cyclin signaling at a systems level.
Identification of heavy metal-contaminated Tegillarca granosa using infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Chen Xiaojing , Liu Ke , Cai Jingbo , Zhu Dehua , Chen Huiling
Published: January 2015

This study explored the feasibility of using infrared spectroscopy for the rapid detection of heavy metal contamination in Tegillarca granosa.
Differentiation of two morphologically similar Amazonian Aniba species by mass spectrometry leaf fingerprinting
Authors: Galaverna R. S. , Sampaio P. T. B. , Barata L. E. S. , Eberlin M. N. , Fidelis C. H. V.
Published: January 2015

Leaves from the morphologically similar Aniba rosaeodora and Aniba parviflora were used to obtain ESI and VL-EASI-MS fingerprinting spectra. The method differentiated rapidly and unequivocally the two species.
Photo-induced surface encoding of gold nanoparticles
Authors: Stolzer Lukas , Quick Alexander S. , Abt Doris , Welle Alexander , Naumenko Denys , Lazzarino Marco , Wegener Martin , Barner-Kowollik Christopher , Fruk Ljiljana
Published: January 2015

Writing with gold: a photolithographic approach for the spatially resolved surface encoding of photoreactive gold nanoparticles is shown to enable the generation of highly defined gold surface patterns.
The synthesis of new double-donor chromophores with excellent electro-optic activity by introducing modified bridges
Authors: Yang Yuhui , Wang Haoran , Liu Fenggang , Yang Dan , Bo Shuhui , Qiu Ling , Zhen Zhen , Liu Xinhou
Published: January 2015

New double-donor chromophores were synthesized and large hyperpolarizability can be effectively translated into large electro-optic coefficients.
Photo-induced reduction of CO2using a magnetically separable Ru-CoPc@TiO2@SiO2@Fe3O4catalyst under visible light irradiation
Authors: Kumar Pawan , Chauhan R. K. , Sain Bir , Jain Suman L.
Published: January 2015

An efficient photo-induced reduction of CO2using magnetically separable Ru-CoPc@TiO2@SiO2@Fe3O4as a heterogeneous catalyst in which CoPc and Ru(bpy)2phene complexes were attached to a solid supportviacovalent attachment under visible light is described.
New AMD3100 derivatives for CXCR4 chemokine receptor targeted molecular imaging studies: synthesis, anti-HIV-1 evaluation and binding affinities
Authors: Poty Sophie , Désogère Pauline , Goze Christine , Boschetti Frédéric , D‘huys Thomas , Schols Dominique , Cawthorne Christopher , Archibald Stephen J. , Maëcke Helmut R. , Denat Franck
Published: January 2015

Biscyclam derivatives containing either a BODIPY moiety or a precursor for18F radiolabelling have been prepared for CXCR4 imaging.
One-pot extraction combined with metal-free photochemical aerobic oxidative desulfurization in deep eutectic solvent
Authors: Zhu Wenshuai , Wang Chao , Li Hongping , Wu Peiwen , Xun Suhang , Jiang Wei , Chen Zhigang , Zhao Zhen , Li Huaming
Published: January 2015

One-pot extraction combined with the metal-free photochemical aerobic oxidative deep-desulfurization of fuels in deep eutectic solvents was successfully achieved.
Tunable doping of graphene nanoribbon arrays by chemical functionalization
Authors: Solís-Fernández Pablo , Bissett Mark A. , Tsuji Masaharu , Ago Hiroki
Published: January 2015

The electronic properties of graphene nanoribbons are tuned by chemical functionalization. Doping levels and carrier type of the nanoribbons are studied by Raman spectroscopy and carrier transport measurements.
Selective cleavage of the Cα–Cβ linkage in lignin model compounds via Baeyer–Villiger oxidation
Authors: Patil Nikhil D. , Yao Soledad G. , Meier Mark S. , Mobley Justin K. , Crocker Mark
Published: January 2015

Selective, catalytic oxidation of benzylic –OH groups followed by Baeyer–Villiger oxidation cleaves the β-O-4 linkage in lignin model compounds.
A novel methionine/palladium nanoparticle modified carbon paste electrode for simultaneous determination of three antiparkinson drugs
Authors: Salama Nahla N. , Azab Shereen M. , Mohamed Mona A. , Fekry Amany M.
Published: January 2015

A simple and novel method for the simultaneous determination of entacapone (EN), levodopa (LD) and carbidopa (CD) based on a methionine/palladium nanoparticle modified carbon paste electrode is described.
Thermally induced release from polymeric microparticles with liquid core: the mechanism
Authors: Latnikova Alexandra , Yildirim Arda
Published: January 2015

Herein we demonstrate how the volatility of a liquid can be manipulated by enclosing microdroplets of the liquid into thin polymeric shells.
A sensitive impedimetric DNA biosensor for the determination of the HIV gene based on electrochemically reduced graphene oxide
Authors: Gong Qiaojuan , Yang Haiying , Dong Yanyun , Zhang Wenchan
Published: January 2015

A sensitive impedimetric DNA biosensor for the determination of the HIV gene was developed by employing electrochemically reduced graphene oxide as a sensing platform.
Nanocrystal superlattices that exhibit improved order on heating: an example of inverse melting?
Authors: Yu Yixuan , Jain Avni , Guillaussier Adrien , Voggu Vikas Reddy , Truskett Thomas M. , Smilgies Detlef-M. , Korgel Brian A.
Published: January 2015

Grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) measurements reveal that superlattices of 1.7 nm diameter, gold (Au) nanocrystals capped with octadecanethiol become significantly more ordered when heated to moderate temperatures (50–60 °C). This enhancement in order is reversible and the superlattice returns to its initially disordered structure when cooled back to room temperature. Disorder–order transition temperatures were estimated from the GISAXS data using the Hansen–Verlet criterion. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements of the superlattices exhibited exotherms (associated with disordering during cooling) and endotherms (associated with ordering during heating) near the transition temperatures. The superlattice transition temperatures also correspond approximately to the melting and solidification points of octadecanethiol. Therefore, it appears that a change in capping ligand packing that occurs upon ligand melting underlies the structural transition of the superlattices. We liken the heat-induced ordering of the superlattices to an inverse melting transition.
Multichannel non‐negative matrix factorisation based on alternating least squares for audio source separation system
Authors: Lee Seokjin , Pang Hee‐Suk
Published: January 2015

A multichannel blind source separation algorithm based on the multichannel non‐negative matrix factorisation (NMF) model and an alternating least squares (ALS) method is developed. To develop the proposed algorithm, the multichannel NMF (MC‐NMF) model is modified with stacked matrix notation. In the model, all parameters – frequency basis, time basis and mixing matrix – are estimated using the ALS method. The proposed MC‐NMF algorithm is evaluated using an ‘underdetermined speech and music mixture’ dataset from the International Signal Separation Evaluation Campaign 2013 (SiSEC 2013). Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the conventional NMF algorithms.
Modelling robustness for a flexible grid‐tied photovoltaic generation system
Authors: Li Peng , Yin Ziheng , Zhang Jing , Xu Duo
Published: January 2015

Robustness to modelling inaccuracy is a vital characteristic of a controller, because no matter how accurate a model is, modelling inaccuracies always exist. However, it is difficult to achieve satisfactory nominal and robust performance of a grid‐tied photovoltaic (PV) generation system at the same time, using traditional controller design methods. To solve this problem, a μ‐synthesis control method combined with the application of linear fraction transformation (LFT) is proposed in this study. The proposed method is designed with object transforming and implemented with DK iteration. The μ‐analysis and simulation results prove that the objective can be achieved under various microgrid conditions, determined by factors such as grid connection point voltage, load conditions and component parameter perturbations. Compared with traditional controller design methods, the grid‐tied PV generation system under μ‐synthesis control exhibits comparatively large perturbation margin for nominal performance and robust stability, and simultaneously is capable of guaranteeing the preset perturbation range for robust performance.
Interior point algorithm‐based power flow optimisation of a combined AC and DC multi‐terminal grid
Authors: Beg Farhan
Published: January 2015

The high cost of power electronic equipment, lower reliability and poor power handling capacity of the semiconductor devices had stalled the deployment of systems based on DC (multi‐terminal direct current system (MTDC)) networks. The introduction of voltage source converters (VSCs) for transmission has renewed the interest in the development of large interconnected grids based on both alternate current (AC) and DC transmission networks. Such a grid platform also realises the added advantage of integrating the renewable energy sources into the grid. Thus a grid based on DC MTDC network is a possible solution to improve energy security and check the increasing supply demand gap. An optimal power solution for combined AC and DC grids obtained by the solution of the interior point algorithm is proposed in this study. Multi‐terminal HVDC grids lie at the heart of various suggested transmission capacity increases. A significant difference is observed when MTDC grids are solved for power flows in place of conventional AC grids. This study deals with the power flow problem of a combined MTDC and an AC grid. The AC side is modelled with the full power flow equations and the VSCs are modelled using a connecting line, two generators and an AC node. The VSC and the DC losses are also considered. The optimisation focuses on several different goals. Three different scenarios are presented in an arbitrary grid network with ten AC nodes and five converter stations.
Indirect effect of environmental factors on interactions between microbial and classical food webs in freshwater ecosystems
Authors: Adamczuk Małgorzata , Mieczan Tomasz , Nawrot Dorota , Rechulicz Jacek
Published: January 2015

The role of environmental factors in aquatic ecosystems results from basic lake characteristics, human disturbances (‘cultural eutrophication’) and climate-related trends in the physical and chemical components of lakes. Although the influence of environmental factors on the abundance of aquatic animals is fairly well documented, less has been done to research their influence on food web interactions. The aim of the study was to evaluate microbial and classical food webs in lakes, with special emphasis placed on the role of environmental factors as influencing strengths. Variation partitioning, based on redundancy analysis, revealed that environmental factors played the most important role in structuring aquatic communities by accounting for 87.5% of their variation. Among all the factors measured, total solids (TS), transparency (Secchi disc) and temperature were most closely related to the variation in trophic communities. The analyses of food web interactions under low and high levels of those factors revealed that they differently influenced strengths among food web components. The strongest relations among distinct trophic levels were found under conditions of low TS, the lowest number of relations was found under conditions of low temperature. Only in low TS did bacteria correlate significantly with biogenes. Under high TS, bacteria positively influenced plenty of higher trophic levels. Top-down control was observed under conditions of high temperature. Conditions of low and high transparency did not diversify food web interactions. The obtained results can broaden our knowledge of the response of food webs to environmental factors in advanced stages of global eutrophication of water bodies and in the early stage of projected trends of global climate change.
Conditions and Edges for the Photochemical Generation of Short-Lived Aryl Cations: A Computational Approach
Authors: Raviola Carlotta , Ravelli Davide , Protti Stefano , Albini Angelo , Fagnoni Maurizio
Published: January 2015

A DFT investigation on the conditions required for the photochemical generation of triplet aryl cations from differently para-substituted aryl halides has been carried out. The results showed a correlation between the energy change associated with the Ar–X bond heterolytic cleavage and the substituent Hammett–Brown constant (σp
+). The method provides a means to predict the viability of the ArSN1 photosubstitution reaction.
Hemostasis and Thrombosis in Trauma Patients
Authors: Gando Satoshi
Published: January 2015

Hemostasis and thrombosis in trauma patients consist of physiological hemostasis for wound healing and the pathological reaction of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Whole body trauma, isolated brain injury, and fat embolism syndrome, if extremely severe, can cause DIC and affect a patient's prognosis. Shock-induced hyperfibrinolysis causes DIC with the fibrinolytic phenotype, contributing to oozing-type severe bleeding. If uncontrolled, this phenotype progresses to thrombotic phenotype at the late stage of trauma, followed by microvascular thrombosis, leading to organ dysfunction. Another type of pathological hemostatic change is acute coagulopathy of trauma shock (ACOTS), which gives rise to activated protein C–mediated systemic hypocoagulation, resulting in bleeding. ACOTS occurs only in trauma associated with shock-induced hypoperfusion and there is nothing to suggest DIC in this phenomenon. This review will provide information about the recent advances in hemostasis and thrombosis in trauma and will clarify the pathogeneses of the pathological processes observed in trauma patients.
Two-parameter quantum affine algebra of type G2(1), Drinfeld realization and vertex representation
Authors: Gao Yun , Hu Naihong , Zhang Honglian
Published: January 2015

In this paper, we define the two-parameter quantum affine algebra for type G2(1) and give the (r, s)-Drinfeld realization of Ur,s(G2(1)), as well as establish and prove its Drinfeld isomorphism. We construct and verify explicitly the level-one vertex representation of two-parameter quantum affine algebra Ur,s(G2(1)), which also supports an evidence in nontwisted type G2(1) for the uniform defining approach via the two-parameter τ-invariant generating functions proposed in Hu and Zhang [Generating functions with τ-invariance and vertex representations of two-parameter quantum affine algebras Ur,s(ĝ): Simply laced cases e-print arXiv:1401.4925]
Position specific differences in the anthropometric characteristics of elite European Super League rugby players
Authors: Morehen James C. , Routledge Harry E. , Twist Craig , Morton James P. , Close Graeme L.
Published: January 2015

Rugby league is a collision sport which traditionally adopts a large emphasis on lean muscle mass. Currently there is limited research on the anthropometry of European Super League players. The aim of this study was to assess body composition using Dual Energy X‐ray Absorptiometry (DXA) scans to identify the typical profile of elite rugby league players. One hundred and twelve players from five different clubs competing in the European Super League were recruited for the study. DXA scans were performed and the total mass, lean mass, fat mass and percentage body fat were reported for each positional group. For the Fullback and Wingers, Centres, Half Backs, Hookers, Props and Back Row Forwards the mean (SD) body fat percentage was 13 (2.1), 13 (2.4), 12 (3.4), 15 (3.9), 16 (4.3) and 15 (2.1)%, respectively, and total mass was 86 (8.2), 91 (6.6), 81 (8), 84 (9.5) 102 (8.5) and 93 (5.5) kg, respectively. Despite small to very large inter positional differences in all anthropometric variables (effect sizes = −0.08 to 2.56), particularly between the Prop and the other playing positions, there was large intra‐position variation in body fat, lean mass and total mass making a standardised position specific profile difficult to establish. When used with other key performance indicators, these data provide the first multi‐team anthropometric profile of elite Super League players that can be used to guide individualised training and nutrition practices for current and aspiring athletes.
drexplorer: A tool to explore dose–response relationships and drug–drug interactions
Authors: Tong Pan , Coombes Kevin R. , Johnson Faye M. , Byers Lauren A. , Diao Lixia , Liu Diane D. , Lee J. Jack , Heymach John V. , Wang Jing
Published: January 2015

Motivation: Nonlinear dose–response models are primary tools for estimating the potency [e.g. half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC) known as IC50] of anti-cancer drugs. We present drexplorer software, which enables biologists to evaluate replicate reproducibility, detect outlier data points, fit different models, select the best model, estimate IC values at different percentiles and assess drug–drug interactions. drexplorer serves as a computation engine within the R environment and a graphical interface for users who do not have programming backgrounds.

Availability and implementation: The drexplorer R package is freely available from GitHub at https://github.com/nickytong/drexplorer. A graphical user interface is shipped with the package.

Contact:  jingwang@mdanderson.org

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Treatments for Dementia
Authors: Tune Larry
Published: January 2015

Dementia refers to a large number of disorders characterized by global cognitive deficits, including impairments of recent memory, and one or more of the following: aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, and disturbance of executive functioning. The most common dementias are Alzheimer’s disease (AD), vascular dementia, dementia due to general medical conditions (including HIV dementia), head trauma, Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease, Pick’s disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, substance-induced persisting dementia, and multiple etiologies. Alzheimer’s disease, alone or in combination with other conditions (e.g., stroke), is easily the most common. With the exception of dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease, the remaining syndromes are either so rare or heterogeneous that it is difficult to find well-controlled studies that would meet diagnostic and clinical design criteria for standards defined for this book. The focus of this chapter is on therapeutic interventions for Alzheimer’s disease. Innumerable articles investigating patient populations defined as “geropsychiatric” or “gerontopsychiatric” have been excluded. Following this discussion, there is a brief review of therapeutic interventions for Parkinson’s disease.
Psychosocial Treatments for Schizophrenia
Authors: Kopelowicz Alex , Liberman Robert Paul , Zaratem Roberto
Published: January 2015

Data from hundreds of intervention research studies validate a biopsychosocial view of treatment for schizophrenia that combines pharmacotherapy with psychosocial treatments and social support. Based on the stress-vulnerability-protective factors model, these treatments work by strengthening biological, personal, and environmental factors that protect against relapse while mitigating the stressors that adversely affect the course of schizophrenia. Psychiatric treatment and rehabilitation must be integrated in a seamless approach aimed at restoring persons with schizophrenia to their best possible level of functioning and quality of life.
Pharmacological Treatments for Unipolar Depression
Authors: Nemeroff Charles B. , Schatzberg Alan F.
Published: January 2015

The treatment of unipolar major depression with antidepressant medication is well established on the basis of scores of randomized placebo-controlled trials involving thousands of patients. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) were the first to be studied extensively; meta-analyses of placebo-controlled trials show them to be consistently and significantly more efficacious than a placebo. Because of a narrow safety margin and significant drug-induced adverse side effect problems, TCAs have now largely been replaced as the first-line treatment of depression by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)—fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine, citalopram, and escitalopram; serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)—venlafaxine and duloxetine; as well as other compounds, including, for example, bupropion and mirtazapine. Each of these agents has been shown to be superior to a placebo and as effective as comparator TCAs or SSRIs in controlled trials. Clinical trials consistently show them to be better tolerated than TCAs, and they clearly have a wider margin of safety. However, there is a controversy concerning whether TCAs are more effective than SSRIs for the treatment of the most severely ill depressed patients. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), while also more effective than placebo, have generally been reserved for treatment-refractory patients; however, a recently released transdermally delivered selegiline may be used in less refractory patients. It is now generally recognized that patients with recurrent major depression benefit from continued antidepressant treatment, and there is evidence that TCAs, SSRIs, SNRIs, and so forth are all effective for the long-term management of recurrent major depression. An important issue in evaluating the antidepressant literature is to distinguish between response rated as a reduction in the level of symptoms on a rating scale and response rated as true remission from illness.
Pharmacological Treatments for Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Keck Paul E. , McElroy Susan L.
Published: January 2015

The vast majority of clinical trials in patients with bipolar disorders have been conducted in groups with bipolar I illness, although a few trials have recently emerged specifically in patients with bipolar II disorder. The pharmacological management of bipolar disorder involves the treatment of acute manic, hypomanic, mixed, and depressive episodes, as well as the prevention of further episodes and subsyndromal symptoms. Lithium, divalproex, carbamazepine, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, ziprasidone, and aripiprazole have demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of acute mania in randomized, controlled (Type 1) trials. Although the pharmacological treatment of acute bipolar depression remains understudied, data from randomized, controlled trials indicate that lithium, olanzapine, olanzapine-fluoxetine, quetiapine, lamotrigine, tricyclics, MAOIs, fluoxetine, and pramipexole have efficacy in this phase of the illness. The optimal duration of antidepressant treatment, in combination with mood stabilizers, is still unknown. Lithium, lamotrigine, olanzapine, and aripiprazole have been shown to have efficacy in relapse prevention. Less extensive data suggest that divalproex and carbamazepine are also efficacious as preventative treatments.
Pharmacological Treatments for Panic Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Specific Phobia, and Social Anxiety Disorder
Authors: Roy-Byrne Peter P. , Cowley Deborah S.
Published: January 2015

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are now considered by most experts to be the first-line pharmacological treatment for panic disorder based on their low rate of side effects, lack of dietary restrictions, and absence of tolerance and withdrawal symptoms. Similarly, SSRIs are an attractive first-line treatment for social anxiety disorder. The pharmacological treatments of choice for generalized anxiety disorder are buspirone and antidepressants, including SSRIs and venlafaxine. Both buspirone and antidepressants provide a promising alternative to benzodiazepines. Benzodiazepines, although effective for all these disorders, carry with them the risk of physiological dependence and withdrawal symptoms and ineffectiveness for comorbid depression. Their greatest utility at present seems to be as an initial or adjunctive medication for patients with disabling symptoms requiring rapid relief and for those unable to tolerate other medications. Chronic treatment with benzodiazepines is generally safe and effective but should probably be reserved for patients who are nonresponsive or intolerant to other agents. Controlled trials are necessary to determine whether patients with specific phobias respond to pharmacological agents, particularly serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
Cognitive Behavioral Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Franklin Martin E. , Foa Edna B.
Published: January 2015

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) involving exposure and ritual prevention (EX/RP) is a well-established treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in adults. Support for its efficacy is derived from many Type 1 and Type 2 studies; more recently the literature on more cognitively based treatments for OCD has provided further empirical support for this approach as well. Combined treatment studies examining EX/RP plus serotonin reuptake inhibitors or clomipramine have provided some advantages for the combined regimen over the monotherapies, but equivocal findings have emerged as well. In recent years there has been increased attention paid to the treatment of pediatric OCD using CBT, and now there are several Type 1 studies documenting the efficacy of this approach for youth with OCD. Further research is needed to examine predictors of outcome and to examine the effectiveness of CBT for OCD in a variety of clinical settings.
Pharmacological Treatments for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Dougherty Darin D. , Rauch Scott L. , Jenike Michael A.
Published: January 2015

There is overwhelming evidence of the most rigorous type supporting the efficacy of serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Along with SRIs, behavior therapy must be considered a viable first-line therapy. The best available data suggest that behavior therapy, and perhaps cognitive therapy, is at least as effective as medication in some instances, and may be superior with respect to risks, costs, and enduring benefits. A variety of second-line medication treatments for OCD have been studied in a controlled or systematic fashion. Augmentation of SRIs with clonazepam or buspirone, and with high-potency neuroleptics in cases of a comorbid tic disorder are all provisionally recommended based on the marginal available data. Other augmentation strategies find very limited support at present.
Pharmacological Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Golier Julia A. , Legge Juliana , Yehuda Rachel
Published: January 2015

There have been rapid advances made in the pharmacological treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the last decade. Based on numerous controlled clinical trials, antidepressants are the first-line pharmacological treatment for this disorder. Multiple studies suggest the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (fluoxetine, sertraline, and paroxetine) are efficacious in reducing PTSD-specific symptoms and improving global outcome; tricyclic anti-depressants (imipramine) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (phenelzine) have also been found to be efficacious. For those who are resistant or refractory to antidepressant treatment, prazosin is emerging as a beneficial adjunctive agent in treating PTSD-related sleep disturbances and nightmares, and atypical antipsychotics (risperidone, olanzapine) appear to be efficacious against a broad range of symptoms, though their potential for causing metabolic side effects may limit their use. Controlled clinical trials are needed to assess whether anticonvulsants, cortisol, and sympatholytics are efficacious, and how and when pharmacotherapy can supplement or enhance psychotherapy outcomes. The pace of advances in recent years suggests that the promise of even more effective pharmacological treatments for PTSD is likely to be realized in the coming years.
Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy for Sexual Dysfunctions
Authors: Duterte Emmanuelle , Segraves Taylor , Althof Stanley
Published: January 2015

Well-controlled (Type 1 and Type 2) investigations have demonstrated the efficacy of psychological interventions for erectile dysfunctions. However, when the oral agent sildenafil was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 1998, its introduction was nothing short of dramatic. Sildenafil is a phosphodiesterase Type 5 inhibitor (PDE 5) that enhances the man’s ability to achieve a natural erection given adequate psychic and physical stimulation. Unlike other interventions, such as self-injection, transurethral, or vacuum therapy, sildenafil does not induce erection irrespective of the man’s degree of arousal. Although myths abound, sildenafil does not improve libido, promote spontaneous erections, or increase the size of the penis. The efficacy of sildenafil has been demonstrated in Type 1 multiple double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter studies. A large number of placebo-controlled, double-blind studies have demonstrated that fluoxetine, sertraline, clomipramine, and paroxetine can be used to delay ejaculatory latency in men with rapid ejaculation. Since the early 1970s, an array of individual, conjoint, and group therapy approaches employing behavioral strategies such as stop-start or squeeze techniques have evolved as the psychological treatments of choice for rapid ejaculation, although the impressive initial posttreatment success rates, ranging from 60 to 95%, are not necessarily sustainable; three years after treatment, success rates dwindle to 25%.
Treatments for Insomnia and Restless Legs Syndrome
Authors: Moul Douglas E. , Morin Charles M. , Buysse Daniel J. , Reynolds Charles F. , Kupfer David J.
Published: January 2015

Treating a chief complaint of inability to sleep is a core problem in psychiatric practice, together with treating other comorbid physical or mental disorders. The treatments for insomnia and restless legs syndrome (RLS) are well within the scope of psychiatric practice. Treatments for insomnia have been controversial over the past several decades, with practice patterns being driven partly by nonmedical influences operating in the setting of limited data. In recent years, the need to consider both cognitive-behavioral and pharmacological approaches together has become more apparent, with less insistence on strict either-or approaches. Clinical trial data clearly point to the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral approaches such as stimulus control, bed restriction, and related approaches. The literature on the short-term efficacy of benzodiazepine receptor agonists (BZRAs) as hypnotics has strengthened. There is a great amount of use of non-BZRAs as hypnotics, even though there are limited studies supporting their use. For RLS, the use of low-dose dopamine agonists has been substantially supported in Type 1 clinical trials. For iron-deficiency-induced RLS, iron replacement is strongly encouraged. Approaches such as using benzodiazepines are second-line treatments. Limited support for the use of gabapentin and carbamazepine is available, but the centuries-old approach of using opiates for the treatment of RLS remains a third-line approach.