bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risks to Democracy
Authors: Dixon Rosalind
Published: February 2023

This chapter explores the inevitable limits to a court’s actual and perceived legitimacy, and the risks this can pose to a constitutional system’s overall democratic responsiveness. It explores the idea of reverse burdens of inertia, democratic backlash, and democratic debilitation as relevant forms of risk, and illustrates each by reference to examples found in earlier chapters. It notes the differences as well as similarities between these different risks to judicial review, and the degree to which they depend on reasonable versus unreasonable disagreement, and involve courts predicting the impact of their decisions on their own institutional position versus broader electoral outcomes.
Genres of Emergency
Authors: Ben-Yishai Ayelet
Published: February 2023

Genres of Emergency offers literary genre as a way to understand and negotiate the varied states of emergency and crisis that have become a fixture of our contemporary world. Building on a critical study of the literature written during and about the State of Emergency declared by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in India (1975–7), the book establishes emergency and its genres as an important interpretative site: an exceptionally violent episode marked as a one-off crisis, which also functions as a locus for an ongoing renegotiation of a modern polity and culture. Reading a wide-ranging archive of English-language texts—from prison memoir to popular magazine, from high-brow literary fiction to boilerplate thriller, from the unrelentingly realistic to the mythically allegorical—Genres of Emergency traces the tension between crisis and continuity that these genres mediate. In addressing this tension, the authors of Emergency fiction take seriously the genres in which they write and use them to mobilize literary conventions as political interventions. More specifically, these novels use the conventions of realism, epic, allegory, and the thriller to reach back in time and across cultures and languages, invoking past iterations of these genres and histories and anticipating those to come. Combining literary criticism with cultural history, Genres of Emergency thus has implications for the study of literary genre, for the historical events that these genres recount, and for understanding the politics of literary form.
Thriller
Authors: Ben-Yishai Ayelet
Published: February 2023

Manohar Malgonkar’s The Garland Keepers (1980), a little-known, fast-paced, and highly entertaining political spy thriller, provides an entry point to show how the crisis of the Emergency—which conventional literary wisdom has led us to believe demands a similar crisis in form—elicits here a derivative reification of crisis, in the form of boilerplate genre fiction. Situating the novel within its multiple historical and literary contexts, including the various genealogies of the spy thriller in India, the chapter argues that genre fiction counter-intuitively clues us in to the tense negotiations between crisis and continuity, critiquing both the one-off Emergency, and the iterative emergency of ongoing corruption.
Prehistory
Authors: Lützen Jesper
Published: February 2023

While the history of impossibility theorems begins properly with the ancient Greeks, the Babylonians and the Egyptians encountered impossible problems more than a millennium earlier. That cautioned them to formulate their mathematical problems, such that they could be solved. The Babylonians, in particular, discovered that they could not always divide two numbers exactly using their sexagesimal number system.
Diorisms
Authors: Lützen Jesper
Published: February 2023

Some problems have solutions if and only if a certain condition is fulfilled. Such a condition is called a diorism. The Greek mathematicians often formulated such diorisms and proved that if they were not satisfied, the problem was impossible to solve. After the presentation of a few examples, we address the following question: Why did the Greeks prove impossibility theorems in connection with their diorisms but failed to contemplate proving the impossibility of solving the classical problems with ruler and compass? The Medieval Arabs gave a great deal of thought to the question of possible and impossible problems and discovered some remarkable diorisms, e.g., in connection with the solution of the cubic equation.
Circle Quadrature in the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Lützen Jesper
Published: February 2023

During the seventeenth century the quadrature of a circle was a controversial problem. Some mathematicians claimed that they had solved it, and others like Descartes declared it to be impossible. The mathematicians involved in the debates did not agree about what constituted a proper solution, and they did not agree what the problem was: was it the quadrature of a whole circle (the definite circle quadrature) or the quadrature of any sector of a circle (the indefinite circle quadrature)? Some mathematicians like Gregory and Wallis claimed that they had proved the impossibility of the problem. Their solutions were rightly criticized by Huygens. Toward the end of the century Leibniz and Newton both came up with arguments to show that it is impossible to find an algebraic formula expressing the area of any sector of a circle as a function of its radius and chord. Although Newton’s and Leibniz’s arguments were not entirely rigorous, they went a long way toward proving that the trigonometric functions are transcendental.
2 (Syriac Apocalypse of) Baruch
Authors: VanderKam James C.
Published: February 2023

The chapter describes 2 (Syriac Apocalypse of) Baruch and traces the history of scholarship on it, from the publication of the only full copy of it in the 1860s–70s by Antonio Maria Ceriani until Charles’s examination of it. It then describes the book that Charles wrote about it, including the complicated editorial history he believed was evident in the surviving text, its relation to 4 Ezra, the date he proposed for it, and the language in which the author wrote. For the book there is consideration of the contemporary reviews of Charles’s work and of how his work continues to impact study of 2 Baruch today, a book for which there have been no new manuscript discoveries.
Return to Priestly Service
Authors: VanderKam James C.
Published: February 2023

The chapter deals with his appointment as canon of Westminster, Westminster Abbey and its history, and the role of a canon in it. It then turns to Charles’s early days as a canon, the difficulties he faced in changing from an academic to an ecclesiastical post, and his determined effort to improve as a preacher. This is followed by some testimonies from those who were familiar with his preaching. Next comes a listing of the four volumes of sermons he published and the three books he wrote on topical matters, two of which were on divorce and one on gambling. There is also a study of the theological perspective embraced by Canon Charles—the perspective of English Modernism, whose most public figure was Henry Major. The chapter offers a survey of Charles’s preaching at Westminster by exemplifying their traits and their themes. It concludes with an overview of Charles’s other activities at Westminster as they can be followed in the pages of The Times of London and with the awarding of two honorary degrees to him—Doctor of Laws, Queens’s University, Belfast, and Doctor of Divinity, University of Oxford.
Sentencing Powers
Authors: Jeff HHJ , Reed Darren
Published: February 2023

This chapter summarizes the principles of sentencing in Service Courts, the powers of punishment in the summary process and the various sentence available in the Court Martial. It has a comprehensive section on sentencing guidelines applicable to Service Courts and includes guidance on sentencing civilians subject to Service discipline.
The Armed Forces Act 2021
Authors: Jeff HHJ , Reed Darren
Published: February 2023

This is a new chapter which covers the Armed Forces Act 2021. Many sections of the Act are not yet in force but this chapter guides the practitioner through the changes which are expected to be introduced over the next few years. It cross-references the current law in the rest of the book so that practitioners will be able to research the current and future law.
A Metaphysics of Membership
Authors: Collins Stephanie
Published: February 2023

This chapter builds on the proceeding one, addressing the question: if members are mereological parts of organizations, what criteria should we use to pick out the members? The chapter argues that an organization’s members are those entities that meet three conditions: a member has committed to abide by the organization’s decisions; a member has inputs into the organization’s decisions; and a member has the ability to enact at least some of the organization’s decisions. Any entity that meets all three of these conditions is a ‘member’ of an organization, for the purposes of treating that organization as an agent capable of wrongdoing. The chapter then applies this account of membership to two kinds of organization: corporations and liberal-democratic states. The result is that directors, shareholders, and many non-management employees are members of corporations; while the executive, legislature, judiciary, and (almost all) voters are members of liberal-democratic states.
Apportioning Members’ Burdens
Authors: Collins Stephanie
Published: February 2023

When organizations do wrong, the correct response is often the imposition of burdens. This chapter addresses the implications such burdens have for members. The chapter begins by outlining a view on which organizations are liable to cost on the basis of varied ‘sources,’ including causing harm, having the capacity to bring about good, benefitting from harm, being in an associative relationship, and so on. The chapter argues that the apportioning of costs among members should, insofar as possible, track the source of the organization’s liability to cost. Shortfalls may result, when an organization’s liability is sourced in a cost that no member instantiates, such as when the organization’s liability is sourced in its historically distant wrongdoing. In these cases, other cost-sources should be used to ‘top-up’ the shortfall.
Conclusions
Authors: Collins Stephanie
Published: February 2023

This short concluding chapter provides a summary and overview of the book’s conclusions. It then points to some directions for future research. It explains that the book has developed an approach according to which organizations are material objects with humans as material parts; on which organizations can be blameworthy for their volitions, attitudes, and character traits; on which organizations are capable of moral self-awareness; on which members can be implicated in organizations’ wrongdoing in various ways; and on which the costs of organizations’ wrongdoing should be distributed to members in proportion to their level of implication in the organization’s wrongdoing.
Conclusions
Authors: Oldfield Paul
Published: February 2023

This final chapter offers the key conclusions and also synthesizes the evidence by focusing briefly on the multiple competing and interweaving ‘histories’ that were simultaneously being produced in three key Pugliese urban centres: Bari, Brindisi, and Troia. By using documents, filling the absences left by traditional historical writing within Puglia, it becomes palpably evident that individuals and communities were constantly mobilizing the past, in response to the present, and mindful of the future. The conclusion also considers the wider relevance of the book’s findings for studies of regions beyond the kingdom of Sicily.
Hobbes's Philosophy of Religion
Authors: Holden Thomas
Published: February 2023

This book presents a new interpretation of the seventeenth-century philosopher Thomas Hobbes’s philosophy of religion. I argue that the key to Hobbes’s treatment of religion is his theory of religious language. On that theory, the proper function of religious speech is not to affirm truths, state facts, or describe anything, but only to express non-descriptive attitudes of honor, reverence, and humility before God, the incomprehensible great cause of nature. The traditional vocabulary of theism, natural religion, and even scriptural religion is preserved intact, but only as a system of natural and conventional signs of honor, as we laud the ‘infinite,’ ‘wise,’ and ‘good’ cause of nature, and speak of it in conventionally-approved scriptural terms—not in an attempt to describe it, but only as a way of expressing our veneration. The proposed reading undercuts the most influential alternative interpretations, revealing that Hobbes is neither an atheist, nor a literal-minded theist with a realist conception of the traditional divine attributes. At the same time, understanding Hobbes’s non-descriptivist approach to religious discourse helps us to see why so many have found either an atheistic or a realist-minded theistic interpretation attractive. The book advances a comprehensive analysis of Hobbes’s highly original philosophy of religion, including both his treatment of natural religion and his treatment of revealed religion and scripture. It also connects his philosophy of mind and language, epistemology, and theory of human nature to his engagé religious politics, including his views on religious toleration, sectarianism, religious education, ecclesiology, and the religious function of the civil state.
Introduction
Authors: Holden Thomas
Published: February 2023

This chapter summarizes the main lines of interpretation regarding Hobbes’s philosophy of religion, and reviews the leading puzzles presented in his writings on this topic. It introduces my own alternative reading, which emphasizes Hobbes’s transvaluation of religious language as the key to his treatment of religion. This chapter also sets the agenda for the remaining chapters, and makes some brief remarks about method.
The Language of Natural Religion
Authors: Holden Thomas
Published: February 2023

In this chapter I make the case for my expressivist interpretation of Hobbes on the language of natural religion. I argue that Hobbes’s expressivist approach constitutes a new development in philosophical theology, and that it differs in important ways both from negative theology and from the doctrine of analogical predication. I also consider the charge that in emptying talk about the great cause’s attributes and actions of descriptive content, Hobbes’s treatment of religious language amounts to a kind of atheism by implication. Hobbes at least did not accept the purported implication, and mounts a provocative defense of the merits of theological expressivism as against the descriptivism and realism of his critics. I consider how we might best categorize Hobbes’s religious position, given that his expressivist treatment of religious discourse tends to destabilize the traditional classificatory distinctions between theism, atheism, and deism.
Small-deformation theory
Authors: Steigmann David J.
Published: February 2023

The small-deformation theory of elastic-plastic response, due to Prandtl and Reuss, is the basis of most analytical treatments of elastic-plastic behavior. This model is examined from a modern perspective. The shifter concept is combined with the convected coordinate formalism to cast the theory in a manner that ensures its invariance under a change of frame, in contrast to conventional expositions of the small-deformation theories of elasticity and elasto-plastic response
Strain hardening, rate sensitivity, and gradient plasticity
Authors: Steigmann David J.
Published: February 2023

Models of strain hardening and rate sensitivity are described. The classical model of isotropic hardening, applicable to any kind of material symmetry, is discussed, together with the modeling of the elastic-viscoplastic response of isotropic and crystalline materials. Scale-dependent yielding is modeled by including kinematic descriptors of plastic strain incompatibility in the yield function, and an original model of the Bauschinger effect is proposed in the context of recent developments in the field of gradient plasticity for crystalline solids
The Meaning of Life
Authors: Bowler Peter
Published: February 2023

This chapter looks at the ways in which scientific thinkers have developed new theories and new ways of investigating the origins of life during the past two centuries. It draws on Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein as a starting point for a discussion of how new, materialist perspectives on the origins of life became more prevalent at the beginning of the nineteenth century. It charts the ways in which new explanations of mental and nervous phenomena were developed, drawing on ideas about electricity, for example. It shows how evolutionary ideas came to the fore in debates about the origins of life during the course of the nineteenth century, and discusses the emergence of genetics during the early twentieth century.
Two Steps Forward, One Step Back
Authors: Adhikari Krishna P. , Gellner David N.
Published: February 2023

As ‘untouchables’, Nepali Dalits were effectively banned from engaging in reading and writing and thereby almost entirely excluded from senior positions in both public and private sectors, until the system of reservations was introduced a decade ago. Today Dalits still face multiple forms of everyday exclusion, ‘hidden’ or ‘unseen’ discrimination, even though overt discrimination is now legally sanctioned. While there exists an increasing body of research on school education and exclusion, very limited work has been done to explore and account for the responses and experiences of Dalits themselves, and how these are changing longitudinally. These experiences encompass, on the one hand, much greater Dalit involvement in schooling than ever before, and a much greater sharing of experiences between Dalits and non-Dalits. On the other hand, traditional skills and knowledge systems are very much on the decline. Combining ethnography and qualitative interviews with a range of people, including parents, teachers, students, and activists, with a quantitative survey, this chapter explores Dalit responses to modern education and show how their experiences of school have changed over time. Our study shows that while both the response (in terms of enrolment and commitment) and experiences of exclusion and discrimination in schools are changing for the better, more needs to be done to translate these changes into improved educational and occupational achievements. At the same time, there is a tension between improving Dalit participation in modern educational institutions and preserving traditional skills and knowledge.
Getting to Good Friday
Authors: Richtarik Marilynn
Published: February 2023

Getting to Good Friday intertwines literary analysis and narrative history in an accessible account of the shifts in thinking and talking about Northern Ireland’s divided society that brought thirty years of political violence to a close with the 1998 Belfast/Good Friday Agreement. Drawing on decades of reading, researching, and teaching Northern Irish literature and talking and corresponding with Northern Irish writers, Marilynn Richtarik describes literary reactions and contributions to the peace process during the fifteen years preceding the Agreement and in the immediate post-conflict era. Political progress in this period hinged on negotiators’ ability to revise the terms used to discuss the conflict, and literary writers and critics are expert in texts that require interpretation and support divergent readings. Examining selected literary works by Brian Friel, Seamus Heaney, Michael Longley, Deirdre Madden, Seamus Deane, Bernard MacLaverty, Colum McCann, and David Park within a detailed historical frame, Richtarik demonstrates the extent to which authors were motivated by a desire both to comment on and to intervene in unfolding political situations. Getting to Good Friday suggests that literature as literature—that is, in its formal properties in addition to anything it might have to ‘say’ about a given subject—can enrich readers’ historical understanding. Through Richtarik’s engaging narrative, creative writing emerges as both the medium of and a metaphor for the peace process itself.
Drafting
Authors: Richtarik Marilynn
Published: February 2023

Chapter Five (‘Drafting’) describes the political negotiations that resulted in the Belfast Agreement signed on Good Friday 1998. Colum McCann’s novel TransAtlantic (2013), which includes American mediator George Mitchell among its characters, highlights the role of writing as both the medium of and a metaphor for the peace process. This literary insight is confirmed in autobiographical accounts by participants in the talks, as well as in histories and scholarly analyses of the negotiations. The chapter traces the evolution of the Agreement through multi-party negotiations in 1997 and the first months of 1998, with particular attention to the contributions made by women to the drafting process. While celebrating what the negotiators achieved, this chapter also indicates issues left unresolved by the Agreement.
Conclusion
Authors: Richtarik Marilynn
Published: February 2023

The conclusion (‘Truth-Seeking’) discusses Northern Ireland’s immediate post-conflict milieu and the lingering effects of the Troubles through a close examination of David Park’s novel The Truth Commissioner (2008). The novel employs five distinct points of view and a limited third-person narration to emphasize the difference perspective makes to any individual’s experience and assessment of Northern Ireland’s late-twentieth-century history. During the decade following the approval of the Belfast/Good Friday Agreement, there was considerable public speculation about the possibility of Northern Ireland implementing a comprehensive truth-recovery process along the lines of South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission. The Truth Commissioner presents Park’s ambivalent vision of how such a body might function in practice. The conclusion suggests that a novel may be more effective than a truth commission in reaching certain kinds of truth and promoting social understanding. The Belfast/Good Friday Agreement accomplished the remarkable feat of establishing peace in Northern Ireland, but it should be seen as the beginning rather than the end of the challenging task of imagining a shared Northern Irish identity. Getting to Good Friday argues that, in this endeavour, the contributions of artists will be at least as important as initiatives by politicians.
Law, Space, and Place
Authors: Ray Reeju
Published: February 2023

This chapter introduces colonial law’s location and travels in the north-east frontier of the British Empire in India. It introduces the theoretical and methodological concepts used in this book including the ‘where of law’, production of space, and place-making. It shows the mechanisms that made law central in the production of a frontier space in British India between the late eighteenth and early twentieth centuries. The chapter describes the manifestations of law through contracts, jurisdiction, knowledge, and customary authority. The introductory chapter also engages with recent and relevant literature on frontier histories, colonial law, legal geography, and theories of space and place. It provides a groundwork for readers not acquainted with the concepts or the region described in the book. For specialists it provides an overview of what unfolds in the rest of the book.
‘Their syphilisation you mean’
Authors: Houston Lloyd (Meadhbh)
Published: February 2023

Chapter 3 examines how figurations of venereal disease, accounts of its aetiology, and campaigns for its regulation were used by politicians, activists, and authors to construct models of Irish identity in the first decades of the twentieth century. To do so, it traces how references to venereal disease were employed in the anti-enlisting campaigns of the Irish Transvaal Committee, Inghinidhe na hÉireann, and Sinn Féin to offer a statistical index of British ‘immorality’ and an explanatory metaphor for the malign impact of British imperial rule in Ireland. Through close readings of Joyce’s Dubliners (1914) and Ulysses (1922), and Oliver Gogarty’s Blight (1917), this chapter explores how Irish writers echoed these positions, using the impact of venereal disease on the Irish to critique British militarism, while, at the same time, exploring how Joyce distanced himself from the more chauvinistic deployments of this rhetoric, particularly where they concerned Ireland’s Jewish population.
Queer Disappearance in Modern and Contemporary Fiction
Authors: Bateman Benjamin
Published: February 2023

Queer Disappearance in Modern and Contemporary Fiction breaks with appearance-based models of queer performativity and argues for the experiential richness and political potentials of recessive tendencies in twentieth- and twenty-first-century queer literary production. The book theorizes a “perish-performative” that allows for agency in practices of abeyance and discovers within queerness’s ample archive of vanishing acts an environmental ethos antithetical to inflationary versions of the human. Tying modernist classics by E.M. Forster and Willa Cather to Andrew Holleran’s gay classic Dancer from the Dance, and then moving to the contemporary ecogothic of Lydia Millet’s How the Dead Dream and the trans decadence of Shola von Reinhold’s Lote, the book refuses the common wisdom that queerness becomes louder and prouder over time, delineating instead a minimalist and daydreaming subjectivity wherein queerness finds escape, respite, and varied opportunities for imaginative reverie. This precarious subjectivity, necessitated but not defined by oppression and obstacle, rewards and restores the queer self; it also contests the logics of development, acquisition, and productivity that wreak havoc on the planet and entrench social disparities of race, class, and ability. To our present moment of lockdowns and social distancing, Queer Disappearance in Modern and Contemporary Fiction supplies multiple accounts of the collective and personal pleasures, possibilities, and perils to be found in pulling away, going missing, and taking a break.
Introduction
Authors: Bateman Benjamin
Published: February 2023

Bringing together queer theory and the environmental humanities, and offering an extended reading of the first gay novel published in English, Alan Dale’s A Marriage Below Zero, the Introduction meditates on a long social, literary, and political history to queer practices of retreat and recession. Arguing that dominant models of queer subjectivity and performativity tend to overlook and underappreciate these retractive movements—or regard them as simplistic symptoms of internalized homophobia—the Introduction uncovers instead an ecological sensibility within queer disappearance that makes it uniquely suited to the exigencies and emergencies of the Anthropocene. The Introduction uses critical work in gender and sexuality studies by Eve Sedgwick, Judith Butler, and José Muñoz to theorize a “perish-performative” through which queerness exclaims and disclaims itself in the same gesture, illuminating vital alternatives to the steroidal self of modern capitalism.
Avian, Anal, Outlaw
Authors: Bateman Benjamin
Published: February 2023

This chapter argues that E.M. Forster’s only explicitly gay novel, Maurice, adumbrates a critical ecology in which queerness takes shape through entanglements with birds, pollen, bacteria, and other environmental agencies. Where most readings of the novel treat it as a conventional coming-out narrative with an unrealistically happy ending, this chapter reads it as a sensitive meditation on queerness’s environmental and political responsibilities both local and global. Connecting the titular character’s sexual awakening to his fixation on a particular bird, the resplendent quetzal, and to his growing awareness of his corporeal penetrability by creatures great and small, the chapter discloses a queerness synonymous with ecological humility and diminished presence.
Cather’s Cancel Culture
Authors: Bateman Benjamin
Published: February 2023

This chapter argues that Willa Cather’s My Ántonia advances an ethos of obliteration via an unnamed woman narrator who recedes from Jim Burden’s main narrative but nags it with a diminished presence that works to highlight the various ways in which privileged Jim diminishes the women, indigenous populations, and nonhuman agents with whom she shares the Nebraska Plains. Revisiting classic critical work by Judith Butler on the matter of names and naming in Cather’s famous novel, the chapter probes a powerful negativity, or antonymity, within Ántonia’s identity and comportment that accretes across the various oral tales contained within Jim’s “master” narrative, qualifying their authority and insinuating, sometimes violently, the unraveling of heteropatriarchal prerogative.
Disappearing Flesh in Shola von Reinhold’s Lote
Authors: Bateman Benjamin
Published: February 2023

Drawing on Black queer, trans, and feminist theories of flesh and fugitivity, this chapter argues that Shola von Reinhold’s experimental novel Lote connects practices of recession, escape, and dissociation to the conjuring of suppressed histories, aspirations, and artistic accomplishments. By means of drugs, dreams, and daydreams, the novel’s main character, Mathilda, fuses imaginatively with a Black modernist poet, Hermia Druitt, glimpsed only fleetingly and fragmentedly in the historical record. Summoning Druitt back to life through Mathilda’s decadent swoons and spells while simultaneously, at the level of form, keeping key details about Druitt unrevealed and out of Mathilda’s grasp, the novel enacts an archival practice capable of revelation but also sensitive to the desire to disappear.
An Ideal Life for a Child?
Authors: Soares Claudia
Published: February 2023

In almost all of its manifestations, life within an institution has been understood to be rigid, uniform, and miserable. Monotony has been consistently associated with institutional life, where inmates wear the same clothing, are encouraged to act or behave in a prescribed way, and the same tasks are repeated day after day. But in 1874, Jane Nassau Senior’s report on the care of pauper girls criticized many larger institutions, which were unable to provide the ‘cherishing care and individual attention’ that so many children needed in order to produce well-rounded and socialized individuals. Senior called for institutional staff to ensure that inmates spent time outside the institution, through vacations and regular outings, and that children received individual care, treats, and rewards—all elements associated with mothering and fathering children, which were promoted as beneficial to children’s adequate social and emotional development. This chapter looks specifically at key moments of institutional life where identity, individuality, nurture, and pleasure were fostered. It explores ideas of the ‘treat’, ‘nurture’, and ‘family time’—mechanisms through which children and staff spent time together. The chapter also assesses how children and staff gave meaning to different activities, and how they inhabited personal, private, and shared spaces in the institution. Inclusion in ‘family time’ activities could be didactic in transmitting specific values about domesticity and family, and teaching children about responsibility, self-sufficiency, and their place in the world. But in addition to socializing children, these practices were imbued with other affective and intimate meanings, helping to reinforce a sense of belonging, identity, friendship, and attachment.
Awakening the Moral Imagination
Authors: Guroian Vigen
Published: February 2023

This chapter showcases how fairy tales and children’s fantasy stories could effectively evoke moral imagination. Moral living refers to being responsive and responsible toward other people in line with virtues that enable them to use their freedom in morally responsible ways. Moral and immoral behavior go hand in hand with freedom enacted for good or ill. Fairy tales and children’s fantasy stories attractively narrate character and virtue under the pretense of goodness and truth. For example, “Beauty and the Beast” depicts the mystery of virtue, showing how the magic of moral life often coincides with surprising results from the most unexpected persons and places.
Evil and Redemption in “The Snow Queen” and The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe
Authors: Guroian Vigen
Published: February 2023

This chapter covers the themes of evil and redemption addressed in Hans Christian Andersen’s “The Snow Queen” and C. S. Lewis’s The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. Both writers look at how the heart could allegedly become dark when confronted with evilness. They also illustrate through fiction how to achieve redemption through experiencing active goodness and love. In “The Snow Queen,” goodness and immortality are correlated to the communion in love between man and woman. The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe explores the human heart’s struggles with good and evil and the redemption that included the conversion of the mind and rescue of the heart.
Heroines of Faith and Courage
Authors: Guroian Vigen
Published: February 2023

This chapter discusses the portrayal of faithful and courageous heroines by examining Princess Irene in The Princess and the Goblin and Lucy in Prince Caspian. Through The Princess and the Goblin, George MacDonald tries to invent a modern genre of fairy tale that challenges mystic fortitude, positivism, and twisted puritanism. MacDonald’s religious imagination is put to work in line with the limits of his moral imagination. C. S. Lewis also tackles the themes of moral and spiritual maturation through the help of faith and courage fulfilled in a vision of God. Remembering is the prominent theme in Prince Caspian, which also looks at biblical religion as it relates to faith’s power to apprehend and perceive.
Obedience and the Path to Perfection in George MacDonald’s The Wise Woman
Authors: Guroian Vigen
Published: February 2023

This chapter focuses on The Wise Woman, written by George MacDonald, and considers the concepts of obedience and the path to perfection. Since The Wise Woman is a parable, it is a story of the path to blessedness and inheritance of heaven. The meaning and themes of The Wise Woman range between wisdom, obedience, and biblical connotations. The parable defines the differences between God’s justice and worldly justice. The affirmation of human freedom and the efficacy of grace is at the heart of MacDonald’s moral and religious vision. MacDonald also introduced the concept of conversion in The Wise Woman without using the term itself.
Drugs and the Technology of Agency
Authors: Gabriel Rami
Published: February 2023

This chapter explores the consequences of adopting a biomedical model of mind for notions of agency and discourse. The biomedical model of mind is the consequence of positivist, pragmatist, and mechanical uses of empirical psychology. The pharmacological use of psychology is elaborated through a description of the various uses of drugs as technological tools for pathology and recreation. These are contrasted with the therapeutic spiritual use of entheogens. The second part of the chapter is an illustrative example of the author’s positive project of applying sociocultural constraints to empirical psychology. Drawing from the interdisciplinary field of Neuropsychoanalysis, this analysis of alcohol addiction is an attempt to integrate biomedical and psychodynamic models.
Conclusion
Authors: Gabriel Rami
Published: February 2023

This chapter summarizes the book’s depiction of three uses of psychology: (a) empirical, i.e., positivist, pragmatist and mechanical, (b) discursive modes of expressive individualism, and (c) reflexive creative practices. The critical project of the book brings together a compendium of the methodological and epistemological issues in empirical psychology as constraints on what we can know about the mind through positivist and pragmatist methods. The positive project of articulating a humanistic interdisciplinary multilevel psychology which takes into account history, ethics, and context is presented. This chapter reinforces the thesis from the interlude that psychology is a superstitious science by arguing that the concept of mind and our need for explanation are flexible and susceptible. The uses of psychology thus articulate our visions of human nature in the prevailing languages of mastery.
The Family Story: The Ottomans before Süleyman
Authors: Şahin Kaya
Published: February 2023

Süleyman’s ancestors, Turkish-speaking Muslim nomads, entered Anatolia around the mid-thirteenth century. They settled in a frontier zone between regional powers. Osman, after whom the Ottoman dynasty is named, emerged as a charismatic chieftain at the end of the thirteenth century. He recruited both Muslims and Christians to fight under his leadership. He used gaza, Holy War, to give a sense of mission to his followers. By the late fifteenth century, Osman’s descendants had established a powerful dynastic kingdom in the Balkans and Anatolia, largely due to the institutions they established and sustained. The Ottomans gave revenue assignments in return for military service, they created offices that helped manage the realm and enrich the dynasty, they used the Islamic institution of slavery to create a standing army and a body of servants for the rulers, and they developed a practice of succession that helped preserve the unity of the realm. This was the historical and institutional legacy Süleyman inherited.
Apprenticeship: Service as District Governor, 1509–20
Authors: Şahin Kaya
Published: February 2023

Süleyman, like other Ottoman princes, was eligible for service as district governor. Following a tense negotiation between his father and the palace, he was appointed to Caffa. His father Selim subsequently used Caffa as a launching pad to replace the ruling sultan Bayezid II. After becoming sultan, Selim killed his brothers and nephews, defeated the Safavids in 1514, and occupied the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt in 1516–17. Süleyman inherited from his father both a much-enlarged realm and a strong anti-Safavid political and religious stance. After his father came to the throne in 1512, he served as district governor in western Anatolia, presided over a crowded household, and acted as his father’s substitute while Selim was in campaign. On a domestic level, this is the time when he started having children. He also started writing poetry. He thus began stepping into the limelight of Ottoman political and cultural life.
Iudicium ex Machinae
Authors: Thomsen Frej Klem
Published: February 2023

Automated decision-making for sentencing is the use of a software algorithm to analyze a convicted offender’s case and deliver a sentence. This chapter reviews the moral arguments for and against employing automated decision-making for sentencing. Specifically, it argues that well-designed automated decision-making for sentencing will better approximate the just sentence than human sentencers. Moreover, it dismisses common concerns about transparency, privacy, and bias as unpersuasive or inapplicable. The chapter also notes that moral disagreement about theories of just sentencing are plausibly resolved by applying the principle of maximizing expected moral choice worthiness, and that automated decision-making is better suited to the resulting ensemble model. Finally, the chapter considers the challenge posed by penal populism. The dispiriting conclusion is that although it is in theory morally desirable to use automated decision-making for criminal sentencing, it may well be the case that we ought not to try.
Music Theory and Sight-Reading Sequence for Level 1 Choirs
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip
Published: February 2023

This chapter aims to delineate a pedagogy that develops students’ ability to think in sound. This ability directly impacts students’ part-hearing and part-singing skills as well as their ability to sight-read music confidently. It offers a process for teaching music theory using the performance-to-notation model, also referred to as the sound-to-symbol approach, for beginning choirs. Students first actively explore music’s sounds before being introduced to music symbols and music theory knowledge. Students learn how to listen to and internalize music, describe music with rhythm or solfège syllables without reference to notation, notate music, and finally, apply their knowledge of music to sight-singing, performing on a keyboard, composing, and improvising music. The chapter provides two levels for use in the middle school: Level 1A for use with sixth-grade or first-year participants and Level 1B for seventh and eighth grade. Level 1A begins with introducing phrase and form and continues through the notes of the major diatonic scale. Level 1B begins with a review of Level 1A concepts but includes the more intensive practice of intervals and reading in different keys signatures. Level 1B also introduces diatonic minor tonalities and beginning harmony.
An Organic Approach to Teaching Sight-Reading in the Choral Rehearsal
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip
Published: February 2023

Finding ways to develop the ability to sight-read should be one of the choral director's primary goals. We are convinced that teaching sight-reading should be an organic process; it is also multi-dimensional; it needs to be approached sequentially and thoughtfully. The goal of this chapter is to: •   Identify the necessary skills that support effective sight-reading. •   Provide an overview of how to develop these skills during the choral rehearsal.
Evaluation and Assessment in the Choral Rehearsal
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip
Published: February 2023

This chapter aims to provide choral directors with various forms of assessment that they can adopt to assess the progress of their choirs. Administrators often do not have the information necessary to assess the work of a music instructor tasked with directing a choral program. To be a successful choral director, you should continuously self-reflect about your progress as a director and the success of your students. Choral directors who choose to use the Kodály Concept to shape their curriculum should be excellent musicians with the skills to develop successful curriculums, evaluate both a choral rehearsal plan and a rehearsal, and evaluate the development of musicianship skills of their students. This chapter provides rubrics for evaluating choral directors in terms of both planning and teaching. The assessments and rubrics in this chapter can be shared with administrators and used to keep them informed about the breadth and depth of your choral program.
Orientation to the Pentatonic Scale
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip
Published: February 2023

This unit introduces the m-r-d subset of the pentatonic scale. This unit is written to help students develop knowledge of both musical notation and performance. German solfège syllables are introduced, and exercises and assessment forms are provided.
Orientation to Minor Scales
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip
Published: February 2023

This unit introduces minor tonality by familiarizing the student using smaller five- and six-note scale structures. Examples are given in a variety of keys, and assessment tools are included.
The Minor Scale
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip
Published: February 2023

This unit addresses the natural minor scale. Examples are given in a variety of keys, and assessment tools are included.
Baroque-Style Compositions
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip
Published: February 2023

This unit presents Baroque literature for sight-reading.
Introduction
Authors: Donovan Ryan
Published: February 2023

Broadway’s body politics play out in the casting process, an inherently political set of decisions and actions that displays whose bodies are most valued in the Broadway economy. Casting is the site where fat phobia, homophobia, and disability stigma come into play. The introduction to Broadway Bodies addresses the labor concerns tied to the casting process of Broadway musicals. It charts the historical context from the late nineteenth century to the early twenty-first century of the identities discussed in the chapters that follow. Questions of gender, race, and ethnicity are already woven into understandings of ability, sexuality, and size and are never far from the surface of this book’s inquiries.
Democracy
Authors: Brennan Jason
Published: February 2023

This chapter introduces the main topics for the book. It explains that there are multiple kinds of reasons people might value or disvalue democracy. It explains how the concept of “democracy” has changed over time from a pejorative term for mob rule to an umbrella term for any form of popular government. It articulates five distinct kinds of values that theorists have, throughout history, been concerned about when arguing for and against democracy. These include (1) peace and stability; (2) the virtue of citizens; (3) the wisdom and quality of political decisions; (4) freedom; and (5) equality. The chapter also offers a basic intuitive model of how democracy works, but then notes that whether democracy follows this model is itself a controversy the book will investigate.
Against Stability
Authors: Brennan Jason
Published: February 2023

This chapter summarizes the historically significant arguments against the claim that democracy enhances stability and peace. Plato argued that democracy induced disdain and disregard for law and authority. Hobbes thought democracy would lead to divided sovereignty, which would simply continue the war of all against all through other means. Edmund Burke argued that stability and peace depend upon traditions that are poorly understood, and that democracies tend to override tradition without understanding the value of traditional rules. Marx argued that liberal capitalist democracy would eventually induce workers to overthrow the system. The chapter ends by examining contemporary empirical work on group polarization and democratic backsliding.
For Virtue
Authors: Brennan Jason
Published: February 2023

This chapter explains how historically, theorists took it for granted that the purpose of government is in part to make us good, virtuous people, not merely to provide for us. Aristotle argued that creating virtue is the final end of the state and that constitutional polities best enhanced citizens’ intellectual and moral virtues. Spinoza similarly argued that rationality is the distinctive human perfection and that democracy would enhance our rationality. Tocqueville thought that while citizens were irrational inside politics, a democratic polity would nevertheless enhance virtue by making citizens actively try to solve problems within civil society, outside politics. John Stuart Mill argued that democracy would tend to enlighten and educate citizens. Contemporary deliberative democrats say the same.
For Wisdom
Authors: Brennan Jason
Published: February 2023

This chapter reviews and considers arguments and evidence that democracies tend to make wise choices and good political decisions. Aristotle argues that in many cases, many less competent decision makers outperform having fewer competent decision makers. Condorcet offers a formal proof that under certain circumstances, as groups become larger, the probability they will make the right decision approaches 1. (But, if group members are unreliable, the chance approaches 0.) Madison argues that proper constitutional design slows down decision-making to ensure that governments do not make stupid decisions in the heat of passion. Bentham and James Mill argue that democracy makes smart decisions because it is an extension of the market—citizens know their own interests and choose wisely for themselves. The chapter ends by considering contemporary arguments in political science that hold that the crowd as a whole has wisdom even when individuals within that crowd do not.