bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Melatonin ameliorates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in type 1 diabetic rats by preserving mitochondrial function: role of AMPK-PGC-1α-SIRT3 signaling
Authors: Yu Liming , Gong Bing , Duan Weixun , Fan Chongxi , Zhang Jian , Li Zhi , Xue Xiaodong , Xu Yinli , Meng Dandan , Li Buying , Zhang Meng , Bin Zhang  , Jin Zhenxiao , Yu Shiqiang , Yang Yang , Wang Huishan
Published: January 2017

Enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis and reducing mitochondrial oxidative stress have emerged as crucial therapeutic strategies to ameliorate diabetic myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury. Melatonin has been reported to be a safe and potent cardioprotective agent. However, its role on mitochondrial biogenesis or reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in type 1 diabetic myocardium and the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. We hypothesize that melatonin ameliorates MI/R injury in type 1 diabetic rats by preserving mitochondrial function via AMPK-PGC-1α-SIRT3 signaling pathway. Both our in vivo and in vitro data showed that melatonin reduced MI/R injury by improving cardiac function, enhancing mitochondrial SOD activity, ATP production and oxidative phosphorylation complex (II, III and IV), reducing myocardial apoptosis and mitochondrial MDA, H2O2 generation. Importantly, melatonin also activated AMPK-PGC-1α-SIRT3 signaling and increased SOD2, NRF1 and TFAM expressions. However, these effects were abolished by Compound C (a specific AMPK signaling blocker) administration. Additionally, our cellular experiment showed that SIRT3 siRNA inhibited the cytoprotective effect of melatonin without affecting p-AMPK/AMPK ratio and PGC-1α expression. Taken together, we concluded that melatonin preserves mitochondrial function by reducing mitochondrial oxidative stress and enhancing its biogenesis, thus ameliorating MI/R injury in type 1 diabetic state. AMPK-PGC1α-SIRT3 axis plays an essential role in this process.
Analysis of alternative splicing events for cancer diagnosis using a multiplexing nanophotonic biosensor
Authors: Huertas César S. , Domínguez-Zotes Santos , Lechuga Laura M.
Published: January 2017

Personalized medicine is a promising tool not only for prevention, screening and development of more efficient treatment strategies, but also for diminishing the side effects caused by current therapies. Deciphering gene regulation pathways provides a reliable prognostic analysis to elucidate the origin of grave diseases and facilitate the selection of the most adequate treatment for each individual. Alternative splicing of mRNA precursors is one of these gene regulation pathways and enables cells to generate different protein outputs from the same gene depending on their developmental or homeostatic status. Its deregulation is strongly linked to disease onset and progression constituting a relevant and innovative class of biomarker. Herein we report a highly selective and sensitive nanophotonic biosensor based on the direct monitoring of the aberrant alternative splicing of Fas gene. Unlike conventional methods, the nanobiosensor performs a real-time detection of the specific isoforms in the fM-pM range without any cDNA synthesis or PCR amplification requirements. The nanobiosensor has been proven isoform-specific with no crosshybridization, greatly minimizing detection biases. The demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity make our nanobiosensor ideal for examining significant tumor-associated expression shifts of alternatively spliced isoforms for the early and accurate theranostics of cancer.
Electronic perturbation of supramolecular conjugates of porphyrins and phthalocyanines
Authors: Mihara Nozomi , Yamada Yasuyuki , Akine Shigehisa , Sugimoto Kunihisa , Tanaka Kentaro
Published: January 2017

The redox potential of a supramolecular porphyrin–phthalocyanine heterodimer was perturbed by the stacking of an extra metalloporphyrin to the phthalocyanine.
Controlling and tuning the dynamic nature of supramolecular polymers in aqueous solutions
Authors: Hendrikse Simone I. S. , Wijnands Sjors P. W. , Lafleur René P. M. , Pouderoijen Maarten J. , Janssen Henk M. , Dankers Patricia Y. W. , Meijer E. W.
Published: January 2017

Structural and kinetic exchange properties of supramolecular polymers composed of mono- and bivalent ureidopyrimidinone-based monomers are investigated in aqueous solutions.
Density functional theory studies on the conversion of hydroxyheme to iron-verdoheme in the presence of dioxygen
Authors: Gheidi Mahin , Safari Nasser , Zahedi Mansour
Published: January 2017

Detailed insight into the second step of heme degradation by heme oxygenase, oxophlorin to verdoheme and biliverdin, is presented.
Designing new iridium(iii) arene complexes of naphthoquinone derivatives as anticancer agents: a structure–activity relationship study
Authors: Tabrizi Leila , Chiniforoshan Hossein
Published: January 2017

A series of iridium(iii) arene complexes of naphthoquinone derivatives have been synthesized and investigated for their suitability as potential anticancer drugs.
Diastereoselective silylene transfer reactions to chiral enantiopure alkenes: effects of ligand size and substrate bias
Authors: Rotsides Christina Z. , Woerpel K. A.
Published: January 2017

When silylene transfer reactions are irreversible, the steric hinderance of the alkene and ligands on the metal catalyst does not influence stereoselectivity, but when the reaction is reversible (above), silyene transfer reactions can be diastereoselective.
Classical hydrogen bonding and stacking of chelate rings in new copper(ii) complexes
Authors: Singh Yogendra Pratap , Patel Ram N. , Singh Yogendra , Choquesillo-Lazarte Duane , Butcher R. J.
Published: January 2017

Three new copper(ii) complexes, viz., [Cu(L)(NO3)(H2O)]H2O 1, [Cu(L)(H2O)2]NO32 and [Cu2(L)2(pyrazine)](ClO4)2·4H2O 3, were prepared using a biomimetic synthesis strategy [HL = 4-chloro-2-{(E)-[2-(pyridin-2-yl)hydrazinylidene]methyl}phenol]. In complex 3, stacking of chelates rings was observed.
From LCST to UCST: the phase separation behaviour of thermo-responsive polysiloxanes with the solubility parameters of solvents
Authors: Li Shusheng , Feng Linglong , Lu Hang , Feng Shengyu
Published: January 2017

Thermo-responsive polysiloxanes with tunable LCST- and UCST-type phase separation in mixed solvents were synthesised via a facile, highly efficient, catalyst-free aza-Michael addition of poly(aminopropylmethylsiloxane) to N-isopropylacrylamide.
A V2O5 nanorod decorated graphene/polypyrrole hybrid electrode: a potential candidate for supercapacitors
Authors: De Adhikari Amrita , Oraon Ramesh , Tiwari Santosh Kumar , Lee Joong Hee , Kim Nam Hoon , Nayak Ganesh Chandra
Published: January 2017

Electron hopping conduction of V2O5 nanorod draped graphene/polypyrrole hybrid electrode materials for supercapacitor applications.
Synthesis of aminopyrazoles from sydnones and ynamides
Authors: Wezeman T. , Comas-Barceló J. , Nieger M. , Harrity J. P. A. , Bräse S.
Published: January 2017

Both copper-catalyzed and strain-mediated cycloadditions between ynamides and sydnones allow for a novel synthetic access to aminopyrazoles.
An unexpected behavior of H3PMo12O40heteropolyacid catalyst on the biphasic hydrolysis of vegetable oils
Authors: Da Silva M. J. , Teixeira M. G.
Published: January 2017

Fatty acids (FA) are key ingredients in formulating numerous high-value chemicals.
Thermoresponsive polyamic acid-conjugated gold nanocarrier for enhanced light-triggered 5-fluorouracil release
Authors: Hsiao Pa Fan , Anbazhagan Rajeshkumar , Hsiao-Ying Chou , Vadivelmurugan Adhishankar , Tsai Hsieh-Chih
Published: January 2017

In this study, a light-responsive 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) drug carrier system was developed by combining gold nanoparticles with thermosensitive hydrophilic polyamic acid.
Hybrid silicon–carbon nanostructures for broadband optical absorption
Authors: Yang Wen-Hua , Lu Wen-Cai , Ho K. M. , Wang C. Z.
Published: January 2017

Superposition of the optical spectra of the assemble of Sim@C2nwhich exhibit a broadband optical absorption and the spectrum of solar radiation.
Integration of nanosized ZIF-8 particles onto mesoporous TiO2 nanobeads for enhanced photocatalytic activity
Authors: Liu Qi , Zhou Beibei , Xu Miao , Mao Guobing
Published: January 2017

Hybrid TiO2/ZIF-8 nanobeads have been prepared by decorating the surface of mesoporous TiO2 spheres with ZIF-8 nanoparticles and enhanced photocatalytic activity of Cr(vi) reduction than pristine TiO2 beads due to their hybrid nanostructures.
Pyridine C3-arylation of nicotinic acids accessible via a multicomponent reaction: an entry to all-substituted-3,4-diarylated pyridines
Authors: Guchhait Sankar K. , Hura Neha , Sinha Kanchan , Panda Dulal
Published: January 2017

An efficient route for the synthesis of all-substituted/functionalized pyridines has been developed. Several of the synthesized compounds exhibited significant anti-proliferative properties.
Advanced reactor engineering with 3D printing for the continuous-flow synthesis of silver nanoparticles
Authors: Okafor Obinna , Weilhard Andreas , Fernandes Jesum A. , Karjalainen Erno , Goodridge Ruth , Sans Victor
Published: January 2017

3D printing has been employed to manufacture advanced reactor geometries based on miniaturised continuous-flow oscillatory baffled reactors (mCOBRs) and they have been applied for the fouling free continuous-flow synthesis of silver nanoparticles with optimal size control.
On the benchmarking of multi-junction photoelectrochemical fuel generating devices
Authors: May Matthias M. , Lackner David , Ohlmann Jens , Dimroth Frank , van de Krol Roel , Hannappel Thomas , Schwarzburg Klaus
Published: January 2017

We discuss benchmarking considerations for multi-junction solar fuel absorbers and investigate the effects of spectral shaping by catalyst nanoparticles on design criteria.
Efficient wide band gap double cation – double halide perovskite solar cells
Authors: Forgács Dávid , Pérez-del-Rey Daniel , Ávila Jorge , Momblona Cristina , Gil-Escrig Lidón , Dänekamp Benedikt , Sessolo Michele , Bolink Henk J.
Published: January 2017

We study the properties of the series of compounds Cs0.15FA0.85Pb(BrxI1−x)3, aiming to develop an efficient complementary absorber for MAPbI3 in all-perovskite tandems. A bromide content of 0.7 leads to a band gap of 2 eV and a maximum PCE of 11.5% in solar cells, among the highest reported for band gaps wider than 1.8 eV.
Stress-memory polymeric filaments for advanced compression therapy
Authors: Narayana Harishkumar , Hu Jinlian , Kumar Bipin , Shang Songmin , Han Jianping , Liu Pengqing , Lin Tan , Ji FengLong , Zhu Yong
Published: January 2017

Revelation of stress-memory behavior in smart polymeric filaments and its implications for compression stockings for advanced compression management.
Building block magneto-luminescent nanomaterials of iron-oxide/ZnS@LaF3:Ce3+,Gd3+,Tb3+ with green emission
Authors: Shrivastava Navadeep , Khan L. U. , Khan Z. U. , Vargas J. M. , Moscoso-Londoño O. , Ospina Carlos , Brito H. F. , Javed Yasir , Felinto M. C. F. C. , Menezes A. S. , Knobel Marcelo , Sharma S. K.
Published: January 2017

The bifunctional nanocomposite showing strong green emission of Tb3+ ions under a UV lamp (λ = 254 nm), with and without external magnetic field.
Targeted tumor detection: guidelines for developing biotinylated diagnostics
Authors: Jang Joo Hee , Kim Woo Ri , Sharma Amit , Cho Suk Hee , James Tony D. , Kang Chulhun , Kim Jong Seung
Published: January 2017

We highlight the prominent role of hydrophilicity in the preferential cellular uptake process of biotinylated fluorescent probes.
Polyyne bridged AIE luminogens with red emission: design, synthesis, properties and applications
Authors: Zhao Zheng , Su Huifang , Zhang Pengfei , Cai Yuanjing , Kwok Ryan T. K. , Chen Yuncong , He Zikai , Gu Xinggui , He Xuewen , Sung Herman H. Y. , Willimas Ian D. , Lam Jacky W. Y. , Zhang Zhenfeng , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: January 2017

Construction of a donor–acceptor (D–A) structure and extension of π-conjugation are the commonly used strategies to shift the emission of luminophores to the red region.
Automated detection of heart ailments from 12‐lead ECG using complex wavelet sub‐band bi‐spectrum features
Authors: Tripathy Rajesh Kumar , Dandapat Samarendra
Published: January 2017

The complex wavelet sub‐band bi‐spectrum (CWSB) features are proposed for detection and classification of myocardial infarction (MI), heart muscle disease (HMD) and bundle branch block (BBB) from 12‐lead ECG. The dual tree CW transform of 12‐lead ECG produces CW coefficients at different sub‐bands. The higher‐order CW analysis is used for evaluation of CWSB. The mean of the absolute value of CWSB, and the number of negative phase angle and the number of positive phase angle features from the phase of CWSB of 12‐lead ECG are evaluated. Extreme learning machine and support vector machine (SVM) classifiers are used to evaluate the performance of CWSB features. Experimental results show that the proposed CWSB features of 12‐lead ECG and the SVM classifier are successful for classification of various heart pathologies. The individual accuracy values for MI, HMD and BBB classes are obtained as 98.37, 97.39 and 96.40%, respectively, using SVM classifier and radial basis function kernel function. A comparison has also been made with existing 12‐lead ECG‐based cardiac disease detection techniques.
Carbon
dioxide versus room air insufflation during balloon-assisted enteroscopy: A
systematic review with meta-analysis
Authors: Shiani Ashok , Lipka Seth , Lai Andrew , Rodriguez Andrea , Andrade Christian , Kumar Ambuj , Brady Patrick
Published: January 2017

Background and study aims Carbon dioxide (CO2) insufflation has
been suggested to be an ideal alternative to room air insufflation to reduce
trapped air within the bowel lumen after balloon assisted enteroscopy (BAE). We
performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the safety and
efficacy of utilizing CO2 insufflation as compared to room air during
BAE.

Patients and methods The primary outcome is mean change in visual analog
scale (VAS; 10 cm) at 1, 3, and 6 hours to assess pain. Secondary outcomes
include insertion depth (anterograde or retrograde), adverse events, total
enteroscopy rate, diagnostic yield, mean anesthetic dosage, and PaCO2
at procedure completion. We searched MEDLINE and the Cochrane Central Register
of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) from inception until May 2015. Multiple
independent extractions were performed, the process was executed as per the
standards of the Cochrane collaboration.

Results Four randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in the
meta-analysis. VAS at 6 hours favored CO2 over room air (MD 0.13;
95 % CI 0.01, 0.25; p = 0.03). Anterograde insertion depth (cm) was improved in
the CO2 group (MD, 58.2; 95 % CI 17.17, 99.23; p = 0.005), with an
improvement in total enteroscopy rate in the CO2 group (RR 1.91; 95 %
CI 1.20, 3.06; p = 0.007). Mean dose of propofol (mg) favored CO2
compared to air (MD, – 70.53; 95 % CI – 115.07, – 25.98; P = 0.002).
There were no differences in adverse events in either group.

Conclusions Despite the ability of CO2 to improve insertion
depth and decrease amount of anesthesia required, further randomized control
trials are needed to determine the agent of choice for insufflation in balloon
assisted enteroscopy.
Evaluation of the severity of ulcerative colitis using endoscopic dual red imaging targeting deep vessels
Authors: Naganuma Makoto , Yahagi Naohisa , Bessho Rieko , Ohno Keiko , Arai Mari , Mutaguchi Makoto , Mizuno Shinta , Fujimoto Ai , Uraoka Toshio , Shimoda Masayuki , Hosoe Naoki , Ogata Haruhiko , Kanai Takanori
Published: January 2017

Background and study aims Colonoscopies can predict long-term prognoses in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). Recently, a new imaging technology has been developed that uses 3 types of illumination with center wavelengths of 540 nm, 600 nm, and 630 nm. The use of both the 600-nm and 630-nm lights (Dual red imaging; DRI) is critical for identifying blood vessels in deeper tissue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of DRI for assessing the severity of inflammation in patients with UC.

Patients and methods A total of 43 UC patients were retrospectively enrolled to evaluate the endoscopic severity of 112 colon segments, and Mayo endoscopic scores, DRI scores and the severity of inflammation on a visual analogue scale (VAS) were compared. The Mayo endoscopic scores, DRI scores, and histologic scores were evaluated, and the interobserver agreement on DRI scores among 5 investigators was also assessed. The usefulness of DRI scores for predicting prognoses was also assessed in patients with clinical remission.

Results The DRI scores were closely correlated with the VAS for the severity of colonic inflammation (r = 0.96) and the histologic scores (r = 0.72 – 0.8). The DRI scores had a higher rate of interobserver agreement (κ values = 0.63 – 0.88) than the Mayo endoscopic scores (κ values = 0.44 – 0.59). Inter-observer agreement between 4 non-experts was also excellent (mean κ value = 0.76, range 0.63 – 0.82). The expected time until recurrence was significantly longer in patients with lower DRI scores (P < 0.01).

Conclusion DRI can be used in patients with mild to moderate endoscopic severity because it targets the deep vascular pattern. The prognosis of UC can be predicted by assessing deep vessels using DRI.
Multi-channel, fiber-based seed pulse distribution system for femtosecond-level synchronized chirped pulse amplifiers
Authors: Horáček Martin , Indra Lukáš , Green Jonathan T. , Naylon Jack A. , Tykalewicz Boguslaw , Novák Jakub , Batysta František , Mazanec Tomáš , Horáček Jakub , Antipenkov Roman , Hubka Zbyněk , Boge Robert , Bakule Pavel , Rus Bedřich
Published: January 2017

We report on the design and performance of a fiber-based, multi-channel laser amplifier seed pulse distribution system. The device is designed to condition and distribute low energy laser pulses from a mode-locked oscillator to multiple, highly synchronized, high energy amplifiers integrated into a laser beamline. Critical functions such as temporal pulse stretching well beyond 100 ps/nm, pulse picking, and fine control over the pulse delay up to 300 ps are all performed in fiber eliminating the need for bulky and expensive grating stretchers, Pockels cells, and delay lines. These functions are characterized and the system as a whole is demonstrated by seeding two high energy amplifiers in the laser beamline. The design of this system allows for complete computer control of all functions, including tuning of dispersion, and is entirely hands-free. The performance of this device and its subsystems will be relevant to those developing lasers where reliability, size, and cost are key concerns in addition to performance; this includes those developing large-scale laser systems similar to ours and also those developing table-top experiments and commercial systems.
Efficient continuous-wave nonlinear frequency conversion in high-Q gallium nitride photonic crystal cavities on silicon
Authors: Mohamed Mohamed Sabry , Simbula Angelica , Carlin Jean-François , Minkov Momchil , Gerace Dario , Savona Vincenzo , Grandjean Nicolas , Galli Matteo , Houdré Romuald
Published: January 2017

We report on nonlinear frequency conversion from the telecom range via second harmonic generation (SHG) and third harmonic generation (THG) in suspended gallium nitride slab photonic crystal (PhC) cavities on silicon, under continuous-wave resonant excitation. Optimized two-dimensional PhC cavities with augmented far-field coupling have been characterized with quality factors as high as 4.4 × 104, approaching the computed theoretical values. The strong enhancement in light confinement has enabled efficient SHG, achieving a normalized conversion efficiency of 2.4 × 10−3 W−1, as well as simultaneous THG. SHG emission power of up to 0.74 nW has been detected without saturation. The results herein validate the suitability of gallium nitride for integrated nonlinear optical processing.
Double threshold behavior in a resonance-controlled ZnO random laser
Authors: Niyuki Ryo , Fujiwara Hideki , Nakamura Toshihiro , Ishikawa Yoshie , Koshizaki Naoto , Tsuji Takeshi , Sasaki Keiji
Published: January 2017

We observed unusual lasing characteristics, such as double thresholds and blue-shift of lasing peak, in a resonance-controlled ZnO random laser. From the analysis of lasing threshold carrier density, we found that the lasing at 1st and 2nd thresholds possibly arises from different mechanisms; the lasing at 1st threshold involves exciton recombination, whereas the lasing at 2nd threshold is caused by electron-hole plasma recombination, which is the typical origin of conventional random lasers. These phenomena are very similar to the transition from polariton lasing to photon lasing observed in a well-defined cavity laser.
Research Update: Ionotronics for long-term data storage devices
Authors: Unutulmazsoy Y. , Merkle R. , Rastegar I. , Maier J. , Mannhart J.
Published: January 2017

Data storage materials suffer from limited lifetime. Thus, there is a necessity for new data storage systems for archiving purposes. Systems based on chemical reactions such as the oxidation of corrosion-resistant metals are attractive candidates because they offer in principle very long-term stability. We have therefore investigated oxidation kinetics of Cr, Al, Ti, V, Zn, Ni, and Co. Here we present the results and discuss in detail fundamental issues of thin film oxidation, the limits of diffusion controlled oxidation, and possible ways to increase the oxidation rate constants. Co showed the highest oxidation rate constant (kp = 2.5 × 10−9 cm2/s at 540 °C) and is therefore considered as a promising candidate for data archiving.
Microfluidic engineering of neural stem cell niches for fate determination
Authors: Wang Yachen , Ma Jingyun , Li Na , Wang Liang , Shen Liming , Sun Yu , Wang Yajun , Zhao Jingyuan , Wei Wenjuan , Ren Yan , Liu Jing
Published: January 2017

Neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation has great therapeutic potential for neurodegenerative diseases and central nervous system injuries. Successful NSC replacement therapy requires precise control over the cellular behaviors. However, the regulation of NSC fate is largely unclear, which severely restricts the potential clinical applications. To develop an effective model, we designed an assembled microfluidic system to engineer NSC niches and assessed the effects of various culture conditions on NSC fate determination. Five types of NSC microenvironments, including two-dimensional (2D) cellular monolayer culture, 2D cellular monolayer culture on the extracellular matrix (ECM), dispersed cells in the ECM, three-dimensional (3D) spheroid aggregates, and 3D spheroids cultured in the ECM, were constructed within an integrated microfluidic chip simultaneously. In addition, we evaluated the influence of static and perfusion culture on NSCs. The efficiency of this approach was evaluated comprehensively by characterization of NSC viability, self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation into neurons, astrocytes, or oligodendrocytes. Differences in the status and fate of NSCs governed by the culture modes and micro-niches were analyzed. NSCs in the microfluidic device demonstrated good viability, the 3D culture in the ECM facilitated NSC self-renewal and proliferation, and 2D culture in the static state and spheroid culture under perfusion conditions benefited NSC differentiation. Regulation of NSC self-renewal and differentiation on this microfluidic device could provide NSC-based medicinal products and references for distinct nerve disease therapy.
Quantitative magnetic-moment mapping of a permanent-magnet material by X-ray magnetic circular dichroism nano-spectroscopy
Authors: Ueno Tetsuro , Hashimoto Ai , Takeichi Yasuo , Ono Kanta
Published: January 2017

We demonstrate the quantitative mapping of magnetic moments in a permanent-magnet material by X-ray magnetic circular dichroism nano-spectroscopy. An SmCo5 specimen was prepared from the bulk material by using a micro-fabrication technique. Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy images were obtained around the Sm M4,5 absorption edges. By applying the magneto-optical sum rules to these images, we obtained quantitative maps of the orbital and spin magnetic moments as well as their ratio. We found that the magnitudes of the orbital and spin magnetic moments and their ratio do not depend on thickness of the specimen.
Precise position control of a helical magnetic robot in pulsatile flow using the rotating frequency of the external magnetic field
Authors: Kim Jongyul , Nam Jaekwang , Lee Wonseo , Jang Bongjun , Jang Gunhee
Published: January 2017

We propose a position control method for a helical magnetic robot (HMR) that uses the rotating frequency of the external rotating magnetic field (ERMF) to minimize the position fluctuation of the HMR caused by pulsatile flow in human blood vessels. We prototyped the HMR and conducted several experiments in pseudo blood vessel environments with a peristaltic pump. We experimentally obtained the relation between the flow rate and the rotating frequency of the ERMF required to make the HMR stationary in a given pulsatile flow. Then we approximated the pulsatile flow by Fourier series and applied the required ERMF rotating frequency to the HMR in real time. Our proposed position control method drastically reduced the position fluctuation of the HMR under pulsatile flow.
Low Bycatch Rates Add Up to Big Numbers for a Genus of Small Fishes
Authors: Lawson Julia M. , Foster Sarah J. , Vincent Amanda C. J.
Published: January 2017

Nonselective fishing gears extract a great many small marine species, with limited documentation or assessment of their impacts. Among those species, seahorses (genus Hippocampus) are unusual because this genus has been the focus of scientific surveys and international trade regulation. Our review of published and unpublished data sources analyzed data on seahorse bycatch for five gear-type categories and 22 countries. The median catch per unit effort of seahorse bycatch across all five gear types was 0.96 seahorses per vessel−1 day−1. Nonetheless, fleet sizes were so large that annual catches were estimated at approximately 37 million seahorses across our sampled countries. Fisher interviews suggested that seahorse catches were declining (although information on changes in effort over time were not available). Furthermore, international export data did not capture the magnitude of seahorses in bycatch. Our work emphasizes the importance of evaluating bycatch, even for taxa where reported daily catch rates are low.
Influence of processing factors on the stability of model mayonnaise with whole egg during long-term storage
Authors: Ariizumi Masahiro , Kubo Megumi , Handa Akihiro , Hayakawa Takashi , Matsumiya Kentaro , Matsumura Yasuki
Published: January 2017

Mayonnaise-like oil-in-water emulsions with different stabilities—evaluated from the degree of macroscopic defects, e.g., syneresis—were prepared by different formulations and processing conditions (egg yolk weight, homogenizer speed, and vegetable oil temperature). Emulsions prepared with lower egg yolk content were destabilized for shorter periods. The long-term stability of emulsions was weakly related to initial properties, e.g., oil droplet distribution and protein coverage at the interface. Protein aggregation between oil droplets was observed and would be responsible for the instability of emulsions exhibited by the appearance defects. SDS-PAGE results for adsorbed and unadsorbed proteins at the O/W interface suggested that predominant constituents adsorbed onto the interface were egg white proteins as compared with egg yolk components when the amount of added egg yolk was low. In present condition, egg white proteins adsorbed at the O/W interface could be a bridge of neighboring oil droplets thereby causing flocculation in emulsions.
Assessment of subcutaneous adipose tissue using ultrasound in highly trained junior rowers
Authors: Kelso Anne , Trájer Emese , Machus Katja , Treff Gunnar , Müller Wolfram , Steinacker Jürgen M.
Published: January 2017

Introduction: There is a large variety of body fat (BF) measurements, which differ in validity and reliability. The aim of this study was to measure subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) using ultrasound (US) in highly trained junior rowers in a field setting, establish fat patterning profiles, and compare the profiles between male and female athletes. Skinfold thickness (SKF) measurements were also taken and compared to US measurements. Methods: Sixteen athletes participated. US measurements were taken at eight sites and reported as a sum of SAT (D): D Excl (without embedded structures) and D Incl (including embedded structures). SKF was measured at three sites and reported as a sum of adipose tissue thickness (SUMSKF). Results: Mean SAT thickness (D Incl) was 27.6 ± 12.4 mm for males and 65.5 ± 11.8 mm for females. Females had significantly more embedded structures than males (P = .016). Significant correlations were found (P < .001, r = 0.92) comparing SUMSKF to D Incl and between SKF and US measurements at the thigh site (P < .001, r = 0.86). Conclusion: US is a suitable tool to measure BF in the field testing of athletes and enables measurements of SAT with an accuracy and reliability not reached before. The sum of thicknesses (D Incl or D Excl) can be used to represent subcutaneous fat based on accurate measurements of uncompressed SAT thicknesses.
Post-Soviet small businesses in Azerbaijan: the legacies of the Soviet second economy
Authors: Sayfutdinova Leyla
Published: January 2017

This article explores the legacies of Soviet second economy among entrepreneurs in Azerbaijan. Although many scholars have linked postsocialist informality with the practices of the Soviet second economy, the extent of the continuity between Soviet and post- Soviet informality is rarely examined empirically. Drawing on a number of in-depth interviews, two case studies – of one successful and one failed small enterprise – are used to illustrate the continued influence of second economy practices in the post-Soviet period. The dependence of the post-Soviet private sector on the state bureaucracy and the mechanisms of this engagement show many similarities with Soviet second economy practices. It is further argued that the operations of Soviet second economy can be helpful in understanding post-Soviet informality.
Vps13 and Cdc31/centrin: Puzzling partners in membrane traffic
Authors: Myers Margaret D. , Payne Gregory S.
Published: January 2017

Yeast Vps13 is a member of a conserved protein family that includes human homologues associated with neurodegenerative and developmental disorders. In this issue, De et al. (2017. J. Cell Biol. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201606078) establish direct roles for Vps13 and its surprising binding partner, the calcium-binding centrin Cdc31, in trans-Golgi network (TGN) to endosome traffic and TGN homotypic fusion.
The Politics of Scientific Knowledge
Authors: Suhay Elizabeth
Published: January 2017

This article discusses the various ways in which political concerns among government officials, scientists, journalists, and the public influence the production, communication, and reception of scientific knowledge. In so doing, the article covers a wide variety of topics, mainly with a focus on the U.S. context. The article begins by defining key terms under discussion and explaining why science is so susceptible to political influence. The article then proceeds to discuss: the government’s current and historical role as a funder, manager, and consumer of scientific knowledge; how the personal interests and ideologies of scientists can influence their research; the susceptibility of scientific communication to politicization and the concomitant political impact on audiences; the role of the public’s political values, identities, and interests in their understanding of science; and, finally, the role of the public, mainly through interest groups and think tanks, in shaping the production and public discussion of scientific knowledge. While the article’s primary goal is to provide an empirical description of these influences, a secondary, normative, goal is to clarify when political values and interests are or are not appropriate influences on the creation and dissemination of scientific knowledge in a democratic context.
Race, Gender, Class, and Sexuality
Authors: Parker Patricia S. , Jiang Jing , McCluney Courtney L. , Rabelo Verónica Caridad
Published: January 2017

Difference in human experience can be parsed in a variety of ways and it is this parsing that provides the entry point to our discussion of “race,” “gender,” “class,” and “sexuality” as foci of study in the field of organizational communication. Social sorting of difference has material consequences, such as whether individuals, groups, organizations, communities, and nations have equal and equitable access to civil/participative liberties, food, clean water, health, housing, education, and meaningful work. Communication perspectives enable researchers to examine how difference is produced, sustained, and transformed through symbolic means. That is, communication organizes difference. In the field of organizational communication the communicative organizing of race, gender, class, and sexuality is examined in everyday social arrangements, such as corporate and not-for-profit organizations, communities, and other institutional contexts locally and globally. Topics of central concern in organizational communication difference studies are those related to work and the political economy of work, such as labor, conflicts between public and private domains, empowerment, and agency.

Research on race, gender, class, and sexuality as communicatively structured difference has progressed in the field of organizational communication from early top-down functionalist approaches, to bottom-up and emergent interpretive/critical/materialist methods, to poststructuralist approaches that deconstruct the very notion of “categories” of difference. More complex intersectional approaches, including queer theory and postcolonial/decolonial theory, are currently gaining traction in the field of organizational communication. These advances signal that difference studies have matured over the last decades as the field moved toward questioning and deconstructing past approaches to knowledge production while finding commensurability across diverse theoretical and research perspectives. These moves open up more possibilities to respond to societal imperatives for understanding difference.
Public Relations in Health and Risk Communication
Authors: Lynch John
Published: January 2017

Research on public relations (PR) in health and risk message design and processing is a small but persistent area of publication within the broader fields of science/health journalism, health communication, and public understanding of science. PR scholars define their field as the creation of two-way communication that emphasizes understanding of the organization’s position among stakeholders like journalists or the general public. In health, medicine, and science, PR is understood to be a bridge between scientists or scientific organizations and journalists, who tell scientific stories to the public. Most studies of science-related PR emphasize that it encourages a positive perception of science in general and scientists or scientific organizations in particular. This emphasis on a positive image for the scientific organization leads to mistrust of PR professionals by journalists.

PR in health, medicine, and science consists of two areas. The first involves crisis PR, where the PR professional works to either prevent or respond to an emergency situation. This begins with environmental scanning and then creating plans to anticipate potential crises by considering ongoing political, social, environmental, and technological developments. The second area consists of science popularization, where the PR office provides journalists with story ideas and information that they can use to write their stories. Much of this information is provided in the form of press releases. Research has shown that press releases increase the amount of coverage of scientific and medical findings, and scholars are examining the ways in which press releases contribute to journalistic reportage and the situations in which the efforts of PR offices are frustrated.
Transtheoretical Model and Stages of Change in Health and Risk Messaging
Authors: Noar Seth M.
Published: January 2017

The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) is an integrative health behavior change theory that describes the process of how people change their behavior. The central organizing construct in the theory is stages of change, which are five distinct stages of readiness to change behavior, ranging from not ready to change (precontemplation), thinking about change (contemplation), preparing to change (preparation), changing (action), and maintaining the change (maintenance). Movement through the stages may be nonlinear, and cycling and recycling through the stages is viewed as a natural part of the change process. Other model constructs explain what drives individuals forward through the stages of change. Decisional balance involves a weighing of pros and cons of changing behavior, while self-efficacy involves situation-specific confidence that one can change. Increases in pros, deceases in cons, and increases in self-efficacy propel people forward through the stages of change. The processes of change are experiential and behavioral strategies that people use to change their behavior. In early stages of change, people use experiential strategies while they use behaviorally oriented strategies in later stages of change. The TTM holds significant implications for message design. Most notably, messages should be targeted and tailored to stages of change, and where possible, to other model variables as well. Studies indicate that the TTM has been successfully applied to health communication campaigns, and to a larger extent, to computer-tailored interventions to change health behavior. Meta-analyses indicate that scores of computer-tailored interventions have been efficacious, including many based upon the TTM and stages of change. New applications of the model include a focus on novel health behaviors, multiple behavior change, and advancing an understanding of message design in the context of the TTM in combination with other theoretical approaches.
Discrimination
Authors: Thomsen Frej Klem
Published: January 2017

The conceptualization and moral analysis of discrimination constitutes a burgeoning theoretical field, with a number of open problems and a rapidly developing literature. A central problem is how to define discrimination, both in its most basic direct sense and in the most prominent variations. A plausible definition of the basic sense of the word understands discrimination as disadvantageous differential treatment of two groups that is in some respect caused by the properties that distinguish the groups, but open questions remain on whether discrimination should be restricted to concern only particular groups, as well as on whether it is best conceived as a descriptive or a moralized concept. Furthermore, since this understanding limits direct discrimination to cases of differential treatment, it requires that we be able to draw a clear distinction between equal and differential treatment, a task that is less simple than it may appear, but that is helpful in clarifying indirect discrimination and statistical discrimination. The second major problem in theorizing discrimination is explaining what makes discrimination morally wrong. On this issue, there are four dominant contemporary answers: the valuational and expressive disrespect accounts, which hold that discrimination is wrong when and if the discriminator misestimates or expresses a misestimate of the moral status of the discriminatee; the unfairness account, which holds that discrimination is wrong when and if the discriminator unfairly increases inequality of opportunity; and the harm account, which holds that discrimination is wrong when and if the discriminator harms the discriminatee. Each of these accounts, however, faces important challenges in simultaneously providing a persuasive theoretical account and matching our intuitions about cases of impermissible discrimination.
Predatory Government and the Feasibility of Rebellion: A Micro Logic of the Capitalist Peace
Authors: de Soysa Indra
Published: January 2017

The idea that civil war has to be feasible to occur, and that feasibility is largely a function of the availability of lootable income has gained wide acceptance in the specialized literature on civil war. A parallel debate exists on whether or not liberal, capitalist economies produce a lower risk of domestic conflict. A micro logic for why capitalist economies are less likely to break down in armed conflict is offered to bridge these two literatures. It argues that autarchic economic policies often associated with predatory states drive investment in the shadows for capturing rents from market-constraining policies. The survivability of groups is based on infrastructures of violence and escape rather than simply the availability of lootable income. Free-market economies are far less likely to generate investment in this form of rebellion-specific capital that ultimately facilitates an open challenge of predatory states. Such a view of conflict is able to reconcile why internal conflicts last long, how narratives of greed and grievance coexist in conflict zones, why dominant state forces fail to stamp out insurgency, and why autarchic states are highly militarized. Any theory focused on grabbing to explain the onset of conflict should endogenize the causes of survivability, which ultimately determines how many battle deaths get generated to meet the threshold for becoming a civil war.
Race, Ethnicity, and Political Behavior
Authors: Just Aida
Published: January 2017

Whether as a consequence of colonialism or more recent international migration, ethnic diversity has become a prominent feature of many contemporary democracies. Given the importance of ethnicity in structuring people’s identities, scholars have sought to incorporate ethnicity in their models of people’s political behavior. Studies focusing on individual support for group interests among ethnic minority members find that higher socioeconomic status generally leads to a reduced emphasis on ethnicity in forming individual political opinions. However, this relationship is often considerably weaker among ethnic minorities with frequent experiences of discrimination, pessimistic assessments of equal opportunities in a country, and social pressures from group members to comply with group norms. Research also shows that in comparison to majority populations, members of ethnic minorities are generally less active in politics, more likely to use contentious forms of political action, and support left-wing political parties that promote minority interests. Key explanations of differences between ethnic minorities and majorities in Western democracies focus on the importance of individual and group resources as well as political empowerment via representation in policymaking institutions, usually enabled by higher shares of minority populations within electoral districts.
War in Political Philosophy
Authors: Frowe Helen
Published: January 2017

We can distinguish between three moral approaches to war: pacifism, realism, and just war theory. There are various theoretical approaches to war within the just war tradition. One of the central disputes between these approaches concerns whether war is morally exceptional (as held by exceptionalists) or morally continuous with ordinary life (as held by reductivists). There are also significant debates concerning key substantive issues in the ethics of war, such as reductivist challenges to the thesis that combatants fighting an unjust war are the moral equals of those fighting a just war, and the challenge to reductivism that it undermines the principle of noncombatant immunity. There are also changing attitudes toward wars of humanitarian intervention. One underexplored challenge to the permissibility of such wars lies in the better outcomes of alternative ways of alleviating suffering. The notion of unconventional warfare has also recently come to prominence, not least with respect to the moral status of human shields.
Justice in Teams
Authors: Martínez-Tur Vincente , Moliner Carolina
Published: January 2017

Traditionally, justice in teams refers to a specific climate—called justice climate—describing shared perceptions about how the team as a whole is treated. Justice at the individual level has been a successful model from which to build the concept of justice in teams. Accordingly, there is a parallelism between the individual and team levels in the investigation of justice, where scholars’ concerns and responses have been very similar, despite studying different levels of construct. However, the specific particularities of teams are increasingly considered in research. There are three concepts (faultlines, subgrouping, and intergroup justice) that contribute to knowledge by focusing on particularities of teams that are not present at the individual level. The shift toward team-based structures provides an opportunity to observe the existence of dividing lines that may split a team into subgroups (faultlines) and the difficulty, in many cases, of conceiving of the team members as part of a single group. This perspective about teams also stimulates the study of the subgroup as a source of justice and the focus on intergroup justice within the team. In sum, the organizational context facilitates shared experiences and perceptions of justice beyond individual differences but also can result in potential conflicts and discrepancies among subgroups within the team in their interpretation of fairness.