bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding the process of entrenchment
Authors: Schmid Hans-Jörg
Published: February 2020

This chapter deals with the cognitive process of entrenchment, beginning with a discussion of its psychological underpinnings in learning, memory consolidation, and automatization. Next, forces that effect entrenchment are introduced, among others frequency of repetition, embodiment, salience, and iconicity. These factors facilitate or impede entrenchment by virtue of their potential to influence the psychological processes behind it. The final section of this chapter argues against the received view that routinization and schematization are two different entrenchment processes producing different effects: token routinization and type schematization, conducive to pattern formation and productivity. It is claimed that the two processes are just two sides of one coin and differ only with regard to the variability of what becomes routinized. Routinization is always the key mechanism, while schematization comes to the fore to the extent to which what becomes routinized varies.
The routinization of syntagmatic associations
Authors: Schmid Hans-Jörg
Published: February 2020

This chapter looks at the routinization of syntagmatic associations and their cooperation with paradigmatic associations. It begins by formulating the syntagmatic-strengthening principle, which states that as syntagmatic associations between sequentially arranged elements are strengthened by repetition, the symbolic, paradigmatic, and pragmatic associations of the whole sequence are strengthened, while those of the component parts are weakened. This principle explains effects such as the phraseological tendency, collocation, lexical and lexico-grammatical chunking, idiomatization, and the emergence of complex grammatical constructions on the individual level. The remainder of the chapter deals with the whole range from small and simple (words, compounds) to large and complex utterance types (complex schematic constructions) in order to demonstrate that the routinization of syntagmatic and paradigmatic associations provides the foundation for two major principles of structure, i.e. linearity and opposition. A case study on individual differences demonstrates the effects of syntagmatic strengthening.
The Revolution in Time
Authors: Claydon Tony
Published: February 2020

This book explores the idea that people in Western Europe changed the way they thought about time over the early modern period; and it does so by examining their reactions to the 1688–9 revolution in England. It examines how those who lived through the extraordinary collapse of James II’s regime perceived this event as it unfolded and how they set it within their understanding of history. It questions whether a new understanding of chronology—one which allowed fundamental and human-directed change—had been widely adopted by this point in the past; and whether this might have allowed witnesses of the revolution to see it as the start of a new era or as an opportunity to shape a novel, ‘modern’, future for England. It argues that, with important exceptions, the people of the era rejected dynamic views of time to retain a ‘static’ chronology that failed to fully conceptualize evolution in history. Bewildered by the rapid events of the revolution itself, people forced these into familiar scripts. Interpreting 1688–9 later, they saw it as a reiteration of timeless principles of politics, or as a stage in an eternal and predetermined struggle for true religion. Only slowly did they see come to see it as part of an evolving and modernizing process—and then mainly in response to opponents of the revolution, who had theorized change in order to oppose it. The book thus argues for a far more complex and ambiguous model of changes in chronological conception than many accounts have suggested and questions whether 1688–9 could be the leap toward modernity that recent interpretations have argued.
Time and the Constitutional Legitimacy of the Revolution
Authors: Claydon Tony
Published: February 2020

Chapter two examines the legal and constitutional arguments around the revolution. It argues that contemporaries who defended William’s coming to power—although using a variety of arguments, broadly divided into ‘Whig’ and ‘Tory’—were united in developing a ‘static chronology’ that effectively denied fundamentals of politics could change, and so were happy to cite precedents from long-distance periods as binding. The chapter considers the version of the ‘ancient constitution’ used after 1688–9, showing that it was more resistant to the possibilities of historical development than versions of the concept that had been used earlier in the seventeenth century.
Time and History in Opposition Rhetoric
Authors: Claydon Tony
Published: February 2020

Chapter four first traces the chronological perceptions of the Jacobites who refused to accept the revolution and continued to support the claims of James II to be king. It demonstrates that whilst they used precedent, and so static chronology, to some extent, the core of their case was a theory of degeneration since 1688–9: an argument that created a dynamic and human-driven sense of time, quite unlike their Williamite opponents. The chapter then shows how these ideas were taken up by the country-Tory opposition of the late 1690s, particularly in the standing army debates, and the convocation controversy. It stresses the paradox of dynamic chronologies emerging most strongly among the most conservative forces in late Stuart England
Introduction
Authors: James Scott , Quaglia Lucia
Published: February 2020

This chapter outlines the theoretical and empirical puzzles that inform the book, its objectives, overall argument, and structure. It sets out to explain the changing preferences and influence of the UK in shaping multi-level financial regulation. In particular, the book addresses two empirical questions. Why has the UK favoured increasingly stringent regulation in certain financial sectors since the crisis, but not in others? Why has the UK led international and EU-level regulatory reforms in some areas, but has resisted these initiatives in other areas? The chapter also outlines the book’s ambition to undertake a preliminary assessment of the impact of Brexit on the future of UK financial regulation, focused on two questions. Why has the UK decided to withdraw from the EU single market in services, including finance? How is Brexit likely to impact on the UK’s regulatory preferences and ability to shape multi-level financial regulation?
Controversies Over Clearing: Regulation of Derivatives
Authors: James Scott , Quaglia Lucia
Published: February 2020

UK regulators supported more stringent rules regarding the clearing of over-the-counter derivatives through Central Counterparties (CCPs) on financial stability grounds. Minimal resistance to this came either from elected officials, who paid little attention to the issue, or from the derivatives industry, as many viewed reform as desirable. UK regulators were therefore able to pursue the trading-up of OTCD rules and greater harmonization to manage the cross-border externalities generated by derivatives clearing. At the international level, UK regulators acted as pace-setters to secure more prescriptive standards, leveraging their significant market power and regulatory capacity, based on London’s prominent position. But at the EU level, UK negotiators pursued a strategy of foot-dragging in opposition to European Markets Infrastructure Regulation (EMIR) provisions on the scope, access, and location of CCPs. The UK also used legal challenges to block attempts to relocate the clearing of euro-denominated derivatives to the euro area.
Brexit and the Future UK–EU Relationship
Authors: James Scott , Quaglia Lucia
Published: February 2020

This chapter uses the domestic political economy framework to consider the implications of Brexit for UK financial regulation. It outlines the likely future UK–EU relationship by analysing the preferences, role, and influence of key domestic groups on Brexit, and by assessing the EU’s framework for managing relations with third countries. We argue that elected officials pursued a ‘hard’ Brexit position in response to parliamentary constraints and pressure from financial regulators to avoid becoming rule-takers. The City of London authorities pushed strongly for a bespoke deal based on mutual recognition, although this masked significant intra-industry divisions. The EU’s insistence that the future relationship be based on the existing third-country regime reflected a desire to defend the single market, but also Franco-German incentives to compete for post-Brexit business. However, the coverage of third-country equivalence rules in finance, and the inclusion of financial services in trade agreements, remains limited.
Discourse on Metaphysics
Authors: Rodriguez-Pereyra Gonzalo
Published: February 2020

This is a critical commentary, section by section, of Leibniz’s Discourse. The purpose of the commentary is not to explain Leibniz’s philosophy in general, nor is it to relate the Discourse to the rest of his philosophy, but to elucidate and explain how Leibniz is arguing in the Discourse. The commentary does refer to what Leibniz says in other places, but only in order to help illuminate and elucidate the Discourse. The commentary is not organised thematically; instead, each section of the Discourse gets its own commentary. This organisation makes intelligible how Leibniz was arguing in the Discourse and the different positions he adopted therein. Because each section of the Discourse bears on many others, many topics are discussed in several sections of the commentary.
Introduction
Authors: Staffel Julia
Published: February 2020

The Introduction motivates the main theme of the book: that proponents of theories of ideal rationality must give an account of why, on their views, it is beneficial for non-ideal thinkers to approximate ideal rationality. These theories need to explain what it means to be more or less irrational, and also why reducing irrationality is epistemically valuable. A survey of the content of each chapter is provided, as well as an overview of basic assumptions and modeling choices. A Bayesian theory of epistemic rationality is presupposed, and credences are represented as precise numbers between 0 and 1. Yet, the main arguments also extend to other frameworks and modeling choices.
De-Idealizing Bayesianism
Authors: Staffel Julia
Published: February 2020

Chapter 2 is concerned with the question of how we should develop a comprehensive normative theory of the epistemic rationality of credences. Its aim is twofold: (i) to familiarize readers with the basics of the Bayesian framework that are essential for understanding the arguments in subsequent chapters, and (ii) to offer an interpretation of the goals and methods of the Bayesian framework that reveals its shortcomings when applied to non-ideal thinkers. It is argued that the Bayesian view of ideal norms that is currently being developed lacks the capacity to distinguish between better and worse ways of being imperfectly epistemically rational. Moreover, it lacks the resources to substantiate a central Bayesian claim, namely that ideal epistemic norms apply to the beliefs of non-ideal thinkers as aims that should be approximated.
Why Approximate Coherence?
Authors: Staffel Julia
Published: February 2020

Chapter 5 continues to answer the question of how Bayesians can justify the claim that approximating probabilistic coherence is beneficial for non-ideal thinkers. Another popular argument for why coherence is rationally required is the accuracy dominance argument for probabilism. If we use an appropriate measure of distance to coherence, reducing incoherence leads to improved accuracy in every possible world. We can show, moreover, that for any incoherent credence function, it is always possible to measure distance from coherence in such a way that there is a series of less incoherent credence functions that are both more accurate in every possible world and less Dutch book-vulnerable.
Village Life in Roman Egypt
Authors: Langellotti Micaela
Published: February 2020

This book is the first detailed study of a village in the Roman Empire, Tebtunis, in Egypt, in the first century AD. It is based on the evidence of the archive of the local notarial office (grapheion), which was run by a man named Kronion for most of the mid-first century. The archive as a whole, unparallelled in antiquity, includes over 200 documents written on papyrus and attests to a wide range of transactions made by the villagers over well-defined periods of time, in particular the years AD 42 and 45–7 during the reign of the emperor Claudius. This evidence gives us a unique insight into various aspects of village life, such as the level of participation in the written contractual economy; the socio-economic stratification of the village, including the position of women, slaves, and priests, and the role of the elite; the functions of associations; the types and importance of agriculture and non-agricultural activities. This book argues for a highly diversified village economy, wide involvement in written transactions among all strata of the population, and a rural society that generally lived above subsistence level. It provides a model of village society that can be used for understanding the large majority of the population within the Roman empire who lived outside cities in the Mediterranean, particularly in the other eastern and more Hellenized provinces.
Conclusions
Authors: Langellotti Micaela
Published: February 2020

The Conclusions provide a summary of the main findings of the study on village life in early Roman Tebtunis as they have emerged in the previous chapters and discuss the significance of its formal and informal village institutions within the wider context of Roman Egypt. In the light of the evidence from other periods in Egypt (Pharaonic, Ptolemaic, and post-Roman) and from other parts of the eastern Roman Empire (e.g. Asia Minor and Syria), a discussion follows as to what extent this village study can be used as a model of village economy and society in the Roman world more generally, and for wider comparison with villages in the medieval and later periods.
Doubtful Readers
Authors: McCarthy Erin A.
Published: February 2020

Doubtful Readers: Print, Poetry, and the Reading Public in Early Modern England focuses on early modern publishers’ efforts to identify and accommodate new readers of verse that had previously been restricted to particular social networks in manuscript. Focusing on the period between the maturing of the market for printed English literature in the 1590s and the emergence of the professional poet following the Restoration, this study shows that poetry was shaped by—and itself shaped—strong print publication traditions. By reading printed editions of poems by William Shakespeare, Aemilia Lanyer, John Donne, and others, this book shows how publishers negotiated genre, gender, social access, reputation, literary knowledge, and the value of English literature itself. It uses literary, historical, bibliographical, and quantitative evidence to show how publishers’ strategies changed over time. Ultimately, Doubtful Readers argues that although—or perhaps because—publishers’ interpretive and editorial efforts are often elided in studies of early modern poetry, their interventions have had an enduring impact on our canons, texts, and literary histories.
Reading Printed Poetry in Early Modern England
Authors: McCarthy Erin A.
Published: February 2020

This chapter traces poetry’s reach in early modern England by introducing the imagined reading public and the documented audience for printed poetry books. It surveys poets’ and publishers’ speculations about the reading public for early modern poetry and their efforts to accommodate readers as described in paratexts, treatises on vernacular poetics, and metapoetic works. Quantitative studies of the print publication of poetry understate its cultural importance; while some genres moved to print or stayed in manuscript, poetry continued to be circulated in both manuscript and print. Printed poetry books reached audiences who did not leave traces in the books they read, as well as readers whom we can identify using evidence of book ownership in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Authors, printers, and publishers involved in the publication of poetry developed a set of conventions to appeal to new readers, even as the cultural status of poetry remained in flux.
A Commerce of Knowledge
Authors: Mills Simon
Published: February 2020

A Commerce of Knowledge: Trade, Religion, and Scholarship between England and the Ottoman Empire, c.1600–1760 tells the story of three generations of Church of England chaplains who served the English Levant Company in Aleppo, Syria, during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The book reconstructs the careers of its protagonists in the cosmopolitan city of Ottoman Aleppo, and brings to light the links between English commercial and diplomatic expansion and English scholarly and missionary interests: the study of Middle-Eastern languages; the exploration of biblical and Greco-Roman antiquities; and the early dissemination of Protestant literature in Arabic. Early modern Orientalism is usually conceived as an episode in the history of scholarship. By shifting the focus to Aleppo, A Commerce of Knowledge draws attention to connections between the seemingly aloof world of the early modern university and spheres of commercial and diplomatic life, tracing the emergence of new kinds of philological and archaeological enquiry in England back to a series of real-world encounters between the chaplains and the scribes, booksellers, priests, rabbis, and sheikhs whom they encountered in the Ottoman Empire. Setting the careers of its protagonists against a background of broader developments across Protestant and Catholic Europe, the book shows how the institutionalization of English scholarship, and the later English attempt to influence the Eastern Christian churches, were bound up with the international struggle to establish a commercial foothold in the Levant. It then argues that these connections would endure until the shift of British commercial and imperial interests to the Indian subcontinent in the second half of the eighteenth century fostered new currents of intellectual life at home.
‘A Rich Treasure of Manuscripts’: Robert Huntington in Syria
Authors: Mills Simon
Published: February 2020

Chapter 3 follows Robert Huntington during the decade he spent in Syria (1671–81), piecing together one of the most extensive collections of oriental manuscripts to come into Europe before the nineteenth century. It describes the changed circumstances in Aleppo since Edward Pococke’s years in the city: the more extensive presence of European (particularly French) collectors. It then surveys Huntington’s work on behalf of a community of English scholars, reconstructing a network of correspondents – from Syria, to Cyprus, to Iraq – which Huntington exploited in his quest for books. This section develops the theme of the working relationships between European collectors and local scholars, charting Huntington’s epistolary exchanges with the Maronite patriarch of Antioch, Isṭifān al-Duwayhī, and the Samaritan scribe, Marhib ben Jacob. It also points to English scholars’ reliance on the longer-established Roman Catholic missions, here exemplified by Huntington’s attempts to secure books and information on the Mandaeans through Carmelite missionaries in Basra. Following Huntington and his books back to England, a concluding discussion describes the sale of Huntington’s library and Huntington’s own career prospects after ten years’ service to English scholarship in Syria. It ends with an assessment of English collectors’ achievements by the end of the seventeenth century.
Information Markets
Authors: Zhang Yi-Cheng
Published: February 2020

Chapter 6 extends market theory to markets of information and content. Although information exchanges are not monetary, the motivations of providers and seekers are important for information intermediaries in designing better platforms. Just as with previous markets there is the similar challenge of determining the quality of information or content. This chapter shows that information consumption models can be divided into three categories: searching, farming, and feeding. Some are more efficient and some are more diversifying, and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Many signs show that the farming model is beginning to challenge the dominant searching model, but the concepts behind farming can also help searching.
From Markets to the Economy
Authors: Zhang Yi-Cheng
Published: February 2020

Chapter 7 summarizes market theory and compares Natural Selection in biology with the new mechanism: informational selection. Besides many similarities, informational selection is generally weaker than Natural Selection, but it can be improved in various ways, and institutions are the most effective in helping individuals to deal with its challenges. It also has unique strength, in that agents can have the foresight to skip many steps in economic evolution. Informational selection is therefore the combined result of foresight and selection. Prior to selection, agents choose among alternatives (flexibility); post selection, they can commit to the choice even though it may not be the best.
My Neighbor’s Honour, 1921–1939
Authors: Harper Tobias
Published: February 2020

This chapter examines the aftermath of the expansion of the imperial honours system through the experiences of those social groups who had been newly included in the system: especially the broad, insecure middle classes. Groups who continued to be marginalized by the system, such as professional women, clamored for increased recognition or argued that the system was rotten to the core and needed to be removed. In the empire critiques of honours crystallized around nationalist causes, while elites who were willing to exchange loyalty for status enjoyed the greater variety of honours available to them, doubling down on their commitment to the empire-wide system of hierarchy and distinction that defined them against nationalists. Official honours policy and the behavior of those who had been included in the “democratization” of 1917–1921 sought to defend a status quo rather than continue the inclusion of the years at the end of the war. The Treasury retrenched, reducing the number of honours distributed throughout the empire, and narrowed the range of people who could receive them, focusing on honouring state servants rather than the wider public in Britain. At the same time, recipients of the Order also sought to defend its honour against people in lower ranks of society by policing in minute detail the use of the privileges of holding honours. The honours system thus defined a form of proximity to social and political elites within and outside Britain. This definition prioritized state service, thus creating a connection between hierarchy and state expansion that would continue through the century.
Drawing Together? 1945–1979
Authors: Harper Tobias
Published: February 2020

This chapter explores how the honours system in Britain adjusted to post-war challenges to the legitimacy of established institutions in British social and cultural life in a slow and difficult process that was in certain ways made possible by the divorce of the imperial and domestic honours systems discussed in Chapter 4. It charts attempts at reform and reorientation of the honours system in the 1960s and 1970s that were only partly successful in moving it away from its focus on direct state service as the most worthy service. Harold Wilson, in particular, sought to modify honours to be more populist and socially broad but was hindered at every turn by civil and royal servants. At the same time, the honours system continued to broaden in that it recognized state service—especially in medicine and education—beyond Whitehall to a much greater extent in the 1950s through to the 1970s. A wider range of professions became accustomed to and invested in being included in honours lists and, therefore, in the hierarchies that honours lists enacted.
Conclusion
Authors: Harper Tobias
Published: February 2020

The conclusion discusses two recent cases of people who have been stripped (or who people tried to strip) of their honour: Fred Goodwin and Jimmy Savile. Using them and other examples, it poses questions about the successes and failures of the honours system to adapt to rapid social changes at the end of the century, and to the legacy of empire in Britain. In contemporary politics, the honours system continues to raise tensions between ideological positions about the relative public worth of different forms of service, the meaning of citizenship in Britain and the former British Empire, and the interactions between social and economic hierarchies. In a globalized, rapidly-changing Britain, honours may seem incongruous or obsolete with their pseudo-medieval imagery; however, they are as important in the twenty-first century as in the twentieth because they reinforce hierarchies, and provide a means of debating these tensions.
The Anglo-Irish Agreement, 1985
Authors: Coakley John , Todd Jennifer
Published: February 2020

The decisive collapse of the Sunningdale initiative delivered a severe blow to the prospects for settlement in Northern Ireland, setting the negotiation process back for almost a decade. The stand-off between the parties was accompanied by continuing violence. Efforts to relaunch a political initiative began in the early 1980s, this time centred on a direct government-to-government axis. The outcome was the Anglo-Irish Agreement of 1985, which established machinery for involving the Irish government in the management of Northern Ireland. This chapter examines the perspective of officials on the two sides in arriving at an accommodation. In particular, it illustrates the manner in which civil servants sought to redefine the character of the new institutional architecture, designed to withstand unionist efforts to bring it down. The witness seminar at the core of the chapter provides a fascinating insight into the effective working relationship between civil servants at the highest levels within the two states, and their success in facilitating accommodation between their political leaders.
Introduction
Authors: Ortino Federico
Published: February 2020

This section sets out the overall aim, structure and main arguments of the present study. It also identifies the scope of the research, which will focus on both the broader context at the time when the first modern investment treaty was concluded (the origin) and the many decisions of arbitral tribunals that, in the past twenty years, have been called upon to apply these treaties as well as some of the recent investment treaties that have attempted to clarify and/or reform the content and scope of investment protection guarantees (the evolution). This section also puts forward the book’s two underlying arguments.
Ensuring Reasonableness in the Conduct of Host States
Authors: Ortino Federico
Published: February 2020

The aim of the chapter is twofold. First, it investigates the extent to which investment treaties include a guarantee of ‘substantive reasonableness’ as one of the key protections granted to foreign investments. Second, it attempts to identify the standard of review that have been employed by investment tribunals in assessing the lawfulness of host States’ conduct. The analysis focuses on the following treaty provisions: (a) full protection and security; (b) non-impairment through arbitrary or unjustifiable measures; and (iii) fair and equitable treatment. This chapter also examines the application by investment tribunals of the ‘police powers’ doctrine in defining an indirect expropriation. One key finding stems from the present analysis. While investment treaty tribunals have (at least for the most part) applied these open-ended standards as reasonableness-based provisions, tribunals have crucially differed with regard to the specific reasonableness test employed in order to review the lawfulness of the host State conduct.
The Invaluable Civilian Risk Mitigation Contribution of Recognizing the Value of Precautionary Measures
Authors: Corn Geoffrey
Published: February 2020

The chapter emphasizes the value of precautionary measures for the effective protection of civilians from an IHL perspective. The author specifies the contents of the obligation to take precautions by providing details on the measures to be taken at the planning stage as well as the impact on soldiers’ training. He argues for the importance of strong and coherent processes that implement precautionary measures and illustrates that precautions need to be taken long before an actual attack is planned or executed. These long-term precautions and the processes with which they are implemented, it is argued, are as important as the more specific precautions that need to be taken in relation to each and every attack.
Human Rights Obligations of Armed Groups
Authors: Th Müller Andreas
Published: February 2020

One of the asymmetries faced by military missions in areas of limited statehood are diverging legal obligations of state and non-state actors, in particular in relation to human rights duties. From a perspective of states bound by human rights treaties, there is a certain danger that armed groups opposing them might abuse the obligations incumbent upon state actors. Against this perception, the potential application of human rights law to armed groups is not only relevant as a tool for protecting civilians but also from a reciprocity perspective in view of the fluidity of armed conflicts and with a view to convergence of standards. The chapter assesses how international law and international legal practice in relation to armed groups have evolved over the past decade. It takes stock of recent developments and analyses the degree to which human rights obligations apply to armed groups.
Telling Tales with Words
Authors: Macintosh Fiona , McConnell Justine
Published: February 2020

Chapter 3 explores the twenty-first-century turn to orality exemplified in the works of poets such as Kate Tempest, Titilope Sonuga, and Alice Oswald. Engaging with Graeco-Roman epic in their work, these poets do so via a mode of performance that bears similarities with that of the Homeric bard. But this is not the composition-in-performance that Milman Parry and Albert Lord posited as the mode of Homeric performance; rather, these poets compose what John Miles Foley termed ‘Voiced Texts’. Such works hold the written and the spoken word in tension, denying primacy to the written even in our literacy-obsessed age, and making space for a new kind of orality that meets the demands of the contemporary era, while retaining the composite role of composer/performer that is a hallmark of oral traditions. Key to the popularity of this approach is the capacity of oral poetry to merge myth and history (as Jack Goody and Ian Watt argued), and to constantly rewrite its stories, even those that have been staunchly canonized, as the Graeco-Roman epics have been. The chapter concludes by exploring the ways that narrative podcasts, such as Serial and S-Town, evoke epic and mark another route along which the performance of epic is now being developed.
Bodies
Authors: Watson Nicola J.
Published: February 2020

Chapter 2 considers alternative evocations of the author’s body, focusing on how and why animal-bodies in the form of taxidermied remains are deployed as surrogates for the figure of the author within the writer’s house museum. It tours Arqua, Olney, London, Philadelphia, Coxwold, and Amherst in pursuit of the stories and fantasies old and new that lie behind the celebrity of Petrarch’s cat, Cowper’s hares, Poe’s raven, Sterne’s starling, and Dickinson’s hummingbirds. It argues that these animals serve to describe the doubled body of the author, at once dead and alive, mortal and immortal, body and voice, corpse and textual corpus.
Enchanted ground
Authors: Watson Nicola J.
Published: February 2020

Chapter 8 explores the ways that nineteenth-century writers constructed houses as ‘enchanted ground’ to display their own mythos as national writers. It argues that these houses initiate and model the very concept of the writer’s house as museum, modelling how the writer’s physical and imaginative life work in mysterious symbiosis and amalgamation. It argues further that such houses—and their ‘enchanted grounds’—dramatized the way the writer’s imagination has saved and reanimated the hitherto mute detritus of the nation’s past. It focuses on Walter Scott’s self-dramatization at Abbotsford and the transatlantic portability of that model in Washington Irving’s Sunnyside, and concludes by looking at a modern reiteration of some of these ideas in the redevelopment of Shakespeare’s New Place for the 400th anniversary of his death in 2016.
The Promotion of Unification
Authors: Gaukroger Stephen
Published: February 2020

The nineteenth-century cultural elevation of science puts it in some respects in an analogous position to that previously occupied by religion in marking out Western civilization. Beginning in the nineteenth century in Germany, France, and Britain, there developed a comprehensive cultural investment in the idea of the unity of science, which played a crucial role in taking over this task from religion. In this chapter the political, social, and ideological motivations behind the nineteenth-century advocacy of the unity of science are explored. At the same time, it examines the formative moves in the establishment of the unity of science, particularly the attempts of the British Association for the Advancement of Science to regiment the sciences, that is, to decide what to include and what to exclude from the rubric of science, and to order and rank those that it included.
The Autonomy of the Material Sciences
Authors: Gaukroger Stephen
Published: February 2020

This chapter looks at the history of chemistry in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The experimental nature of nineteenth-century chemistry is explored. The kinds of considerations that concerned chemists are distinguished from those that concerned physicists, at the theoretical and experimental levels, but also in terms of the models deployed. The chapter shows the impossibility of unifying physics and chemistry. By examining the case of the establishment of atomism in the first decade of the twentieth century, it demonstrates that it is a mistake to consider this to be a case of unification of physics and chemistry. In the final part of the chapter, it is shown that particle physics offers no more prospects for the reduction of chemistry to physics than did nineteenth-century developments.
The Unity of the Life Sciences
Authors: Gaukroger Stephen
Published: February 2020

This chapter deals with the historical path in the life sciences, exploring attempts to unify evolutionary theory with other developments in the life sciences. The development of the life sciences in the nineteenth century not only involved the meeting of trajectories along two distinct and seemingly autonomous paths, the physiological and the historical, but the latter involved at least three distinct forms of enquiry which came to align themselves with one another, in a process of qualified mutual reinforcement rather than assimilation. The central argument is that the life sciences remain irreducibly pluralistic, despite the attempts at unification pursued by advocates of the ‘New Synthesis’, and in this capacity can act as a model for the sciences more generally.
Science For and By the Public
Authors: Gaukroger Stephen
Published: February 2020

As scientific values became embedded in those of civilization, a new set of demands was made on science. The association of science and civilization, crucial to the standing of science in the modern era, would not be possible without popular science because science doesn’t have the resources to effect this association in its own right. To meet the expectations of the vastly expanded role that it had assumed from the end of the eighteenth century, one in which it was displacing religion as the key to understanding our place in the world, it was crucial that science be able to engage with the world in terms of desires, expectations, anxieties, fears, hopes, goals, raw beliefs, etc. Only popular science could achieve this, for it was not science as a model of truth that placed it at the centre of modern culture, but science as a model for the future.
Science and the Shaping of Modernity
Authors: Gaukroger Stephen
Published: February 2020

This chapter provides an overview of all four volumes of the Science and the Shaping of Modernity series, by drawing together key themes that run through the volumes. It explores some of the main historiographical questions—particularly the difference between the emergence of science and the consolidation of a scientific culture—and looks at the relations between science and religion, science and technology, and science and civilization.
The Old Fashioned Flapper
Authors: Mendelman Lisa
Published: February 2020

Chapter 2 examines the politics of emotion and corporeality in Anita Loos’s 1925 satire of Jazz Age femininity, Gentlemen Prefer Blondes. Blondes is both a satire of a nineteenth-century sentimental novel and a sentimental novel in its own right. The chapter argues that such indeterminacy undergirds Loos’s send-up of the flapper as a figure whose interiority and exteriority are vitally opaque. Loos’s “more old fashioned girl” performs the flapper’s conflicted sexuality and exposes the gendered contradictions of Freudian psychoanalysis and the modernist language experiments exemplified by Gertrude Stein. The chapter connects the novel to contemporary legal debates about minimum wage and prostitution. It therefore argues that Blondes can also be seen as a mock manifesto, a companion piece to other period texts that tread an unclear line between irony and sincerity as they engage politicized discourse about women’s bodies.
Free Love and Hard-Boiled Sentiment
Authors: Mendelman Lisa
Published: February 2020

Chapter 3 examines Frances Newman’s neglected avant-garde novel The Hard-Boiled Virgin (1926), as the book elaborates the exchanges between the sentimental tradition, the evolving free love movement, and the nascent concept of hard-boiled fiction. The chapter details how these developing cultural ideals reconfigure sentimental narratives of emotion and the body and doom their female versions to inevitable failure. The chapter further analyzes Newman’s synthesis of sentimental and modernist style to register these circumstances. Newman’s trenchant irony and elaborate prose experiments dovetail with writings by free love advocates like Emma Goldman and Margaret Sanger, particularly in their treatment of gendered corporeal concerns like birth control and abortion. Like the disillusioned free lover whose experience the novel relates, Virgin’s negative aesthetic of feminine emotion affirms sentimental ideals.
Modern Sentimentalism and the New Negro
Authors: Mendelman Lisa
Published: February 2020

Chapter 4 focuses on Jessie Redmon Fauset’s acerbic use of sentimentalism to diagnose the tensions inherent in New Negro femininity and artistic production, as exemplified by her novel Plum Bun: A Novel Without A Moral (1929). Fauset’s anti-didactic Künstlerroman highlights the conflicted demands of Harlem Renaissance/New Negro ideology and the particularly fraught position of the black female writer. The chapter extends recent scholarship on racial feeling and the gendering of double consciousness to theorize Fauset’s sentimentalism as an ironic and melancholic mode that registers the New Negro woman’s unique form of self-estrangement. Plum Bun ultimately proposes racial laughter as an apt response to the position of a black female artist in late 1920s America: a mode that is at once an adaptive gift of internal distance and a creative prison of the same.
Radical Interpretation and the Referential Stability of Wrongness
Authors: Williams J. Robert G.
Published: February 2020

This chapter is one of three that draws out the consequences of Radical Interpretation for how concepts represent the world. This chapter introduces a famous ‘moral twin earth’ puzzle about the normative concept wrongness. It appears to have a distinctive referential stability: individuals or whole communities can be very mistaken in what they think makes an act morally right or wrong, but somehow they remain locked onto the moral subject matter. This chapter derives this stability as a prediction of Radical Interpretation. Radical Interpretation predicts the result when combined with first-order normative premises and premises about the conceptual role of the concept of wrongness.
The Basis of Radical Interpretation
Authors: Williams J. Robert G.
Published: February 2020

The metaphysics of linguistic representation is built atop mental representation, and the metaphysics of mental representation is built atop facts about action and perception. This chapter turns to the final, foundational elements of this account. This chapter argues that these are themselves representational facts; trying to do things in terms of raw sensation or behaviour won’t work. Within a broadly Bayesian account of the rationalization of belief-change and choice, it identifies some representational facts that would do the job, to do with facts about what action-guiding states the agent is in, and what experiences they are undergoing. Not all action-guiding states are the objects of choice, nor are all experiences the content of evidence, but functional role allows us to pick out those that are.
Plato on Why Human Beauty is Good for the Soul
Authors: Lear Gabriel R.
Published: February 2020

This essay examines Socrates’ Palinode in the Phaedrus in order to understand why the experience of another person’s beauty plays such a central role in Plato’s account of moral development. I argue that the answer depends in part on his account of the human soul as having a nature in common with, but also falling short of, divine soul. This anthropology allows for a conception of moral progress as a matter of becoming more perfectly what one in some sense already is. The answer also depends on Plato’s conception of beauty as being, in general, the manifestation or appearing of goodness, and of human beauty in particular—both beauty of soul and beauty of body—as the splendid manifestation of godlikeness. When the lover is struck by the sight of the beloved’s beauty, he is therefore reminded of who he is and what he should aspire to become.
Confronting the China–Japan History Problem in Northeast Asia
Authors: Buzan Barry , Goh Evelyn
Published: February 2020

Chapter 2 looks at the general nature of the history problem in Northeast Asia, and sets up the analytical framework used to put the problem into a wider context. This framework takes the form of a historical accounting that puts NEA’s history since 1840 into a world historical perspective, seeing it not only as a collective encounter with the West, but also as a dual encounter. From the nineteenth century, China, Japan, and Korea faced not just overwhelming Western power, but also had to deal with the existential challenge to their social orders posed by the nineteenth-century revolutions of modernity that underpinned Western power. These twin challenges took much the same form for both China and Japan, and the starting positions from which they had to make their responses shared many similarities. This perspective exposes two layers of history problem: a global one between NEA and the West, and a regional one within NEA. Focusing on the narrowness and selectivity of the history problem discourse between China and Japan, the chapter sets out the case for constructing a much broader, more globally situated, story of their relationship. The local histories are the main focus of the history problem, and are understandably imbued with intense emotion, both personal and national. The collective global history is colder and more remote, and has largely been left out of the history problem discourse. The two sides of this equation need to be put back together.
Unpacking the Contemporary Strategic Problem in Northeast Asia
Authors: Buzan Barry , Goh Evelyn
Published: February 2020

Chapter 4 begins in present-day NEA, and unpacks its core strategic problem of uncertainty associated with an apparent power transition, relating it squarely to the enforced alienation between the two indigenous great powers, China and Japan. It argues that neither a purely power-political understanding nor one that overly emphasizes nationalism and domestic impediments has been especially helpful to advancing our understanding of how Sino-Japanese alienation serves to constrain the development of East Asia’s post-Cold War order. Instead, one should understand the contemporary problem as resulting from the disintegration of the region’s post-Second World War settlement that centred on the United States acting as a ring-holder between China and Japan. Introducing the great power bargain framework, it shows how we might usefully distinguish between the constitutive and regulative aspects of such bargains. It then employs this framework to analyse Sino-Japanese alienation after the long nineteenth century, examining how efforts to create a partial new bargain between 1945 and 1989 were eventually undermined by the two countries’ changing characters and politics after the Cold War.
Conclusions to the Book
Authors: Buzan Barry , Goh Evelyn
Published: February 2020

This concluding chapter to the whole volume returns to the overarching purpose of trying to stimulate rethinking of Sino-Japanese alienation. It pulls together the three Parts of the book, showing how the first two Parts provide a wider base of empirical evidence for rethinking how the history problem in Northeast Asia is currently understood and pursued, and how the third Part unpacks the ‘history problem’ variable in its broader geopolitical/historical order contexts. This chapter explains how the book provides ways to conceptually, politically, and normatively debate and reconceive the Northeast Asian history problem and Japan and China’s vital roles in the regional order.
Arbitrage Theory in Continuous Time
Authors: Björk Tomas
Published: February 2020

The fourth edition of this textbook on pricing and hedging of financial derivatives, now also including dynamic equilibrium theory, continues to combine sound mathematical principles with economic applications. Concentrating on the probabilistic theory of continuous time arbitrage pricing of financial derivatives, including stochastic optimal control theory and optimal stopping theory, the book is designed for graduate students in economics and mathematics, and combines the necessary mathematical background with a solid economic focus. It includes a solved example for every new technique presented, contains numerous exercises, and suggests further reading in each chapter. All concepts and ideas are discussed, not only from a mathematics point of view, but the mathematical theory is also always supplemented with lots of intuitive economic arguments. In the substantially extended fourth edition Tomas Björk has added completely new chapters on incomplete markets, treating such topics as the Esscher transform, the minimal martingale measure, f-divergences, optimal investment theory for incomplete markets, and good deal bounds. There is also an entirely new part of the book presenting dynamic equilibrium theory. This includes several chapters on unit net supply endowments models, and the Cox–Ingersoll–Ross equilibrium factor model (including the CIR equilibrium interest rate model). Providing two full treatments of arbitrage theory—the classical delta hedging approach and the modern martingale approach—the book is written in such a way that these approaches can be studied independently of each other, thus providing the less mathematically oriented reader with a self-contained introduction to arbitrage theory and equilibrium theory, while at the same time allowing the more advanced student to see the full theory in action.