bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why we need a Citizen's Basic Income
Authors: Torry Malcolm
Published: January 2019

In the five years since Money for Everyone was published, the idea of a Citizen's Basic Income has rocketed in interest to an idea whose time has come. In moving the debate from the desirability of a basic income, this fully updated and revised edition now includes comprehensive discussions on feasibility and implementation. Using the consultation undertaken by the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales as a basis, the book examines a number of implementation methods for Citizen's Basic Income and considers the cost implications. Including real-life examples from the UK, and data from case studies and pilots in Alaska, Namibia, India, Iran and elsewhere, this is the essential research-based introduction to the Citizen's Basic Income.
The Politics of Compassion
Authors: Sirriyeh Ala
Published: January 2019

Whether addressing questions of loss, (be)longing, fears of an immigration ‘invasion’ or perceived injustices in immigration policies, immigration debates are infused with strong emotions. Emotion is often presented as a factor that complicates and hinders rational discussion. This book explores how emotion is, in fact, central to understanding how and why we have the immigration policies we do, and what kinds of policies may be beneficial for various groups of people in society. The author looks beyond the ‘negative’ emotions of fear and hostility to examine the politics of compassion and empathy. Using case studies from Australia, Europe and the United States, the book offers a new and original analysis of immigration policy and immigration debates.
Colon. Hyphen. Closed parenthesis. Formal causes of figure and ground in punctuation and writing
Authors: Lindia Matthew S.
Published: January 2019

The question of causality in the invention of the alphabet has long eluded the theories of media scholars and linguists alike. In spite of the attention to the effects of the alphabet and literacy within the tradition of media ecology, not much work exists tracing the effects back to the causes and explaining why the alphabet emerged in the first place. By applying the principles of McLuhan’s understanding of Aristotle’s notion of formal cause, the author approaches the invention of the alphabet as a grammatical step in the evolution of written language. Most simply, this article proposes that the development of alphabetic writing was required as an unintended consequence of writing via inscription on clay and stone tablets (as opposed to writing via application on paper, papyrus or bamboo). The author then situates this claim within the broader context of the evolution of grammar and punctuation, demonstrating that the figure of writing and grammar has shifted and evolved notably with every transition of a new medium on which words are fixed, even up through the electric and digital ages. Finally, this article situates the evolution of emoji within the context of grammatical evolution, and not, as some have asserted, as the return to pictographic language.
Where is my attention? A lesson in listening
Authors: Beth Levenson Robin
Published: January 2019

This exercise, evolved from practices of philosopher George Gurdjief and theatre director Constantin Stanislavsky, asks students to use open dialogues to test listening skills and explore the nature of interpersonal communication, both verbally and non-verbally. It explores issues of effective listening and observation, language and paralanguage, use of critical thinking-in-action and pathos. It also involves the notions of proxemics and chronemics, which are among the most important concepts in fields of both communication and media.
Calls of the wild? ‘Fake’ sound effects and cinematic realism in BBC David Attenborough nature documentaries
Authors: Collins Karen
Published: January 2019

The BBC’s Planet Earth II represented a landmark in natural history documentary television, using the latest technologies to capture nature in ways never before seen or heard. But the series was mired in accusations of ‘fakery’ and ‘trickery’ when it came to the sound, due to its entirely post-production soundtrack. This article explores these accusations in the context of the history of Attenborough documentaries and contemporary practice.
Synthesis of Zinc Nanoparticles Using Plant Extract for Broiler’s Feed Additive
Authors: Hidayat Cecep
Published: January 2019

Nanotechnology has been developed in various fields, included animal nutrition. Nanotechnology made the feed ingredient feed aditive and supplement in nano size, to expand the surface of the material, hence, its biological function in metabolic processes will be enhanced in the animal body. This paper will discuss the production of nanoparticle Zinc (Zn) by green synthesis method using phytogenic compounds from plant extracts as bioreductor and biostabilizer. The nano-Zn product is added into poultry diet as feed additive. The nanoparticle of Zn increased Zn bioavailability in broiler diet. Its utilization in lower doses is more efficient compared to conventional forms. The use of nanoparticle Zn has positive effect in improving growth performance and immunity status. The doses of nano Zn is 20-90 mg/kg, lower than the dose of non-nanoparticle form of Zn (40-120 mg/kg). Low doses will reduce production costs and decrease the amount of excreted Zn, which will reduce pollution to the environment. Zn nanoparticles are also reported to have antibacterial and antioxidant functions which will improve health performance of broilers.
TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma in combination with primary hypothyroidism in the outcome of Hashimoto’s disease: diagnostic difficulties
Authors: Tkachuk Arina V. , Grebennikova Tatiana A. , Lapshina Anastasiya M. , Vladimirova Victoria P. , Belaya Zhanna E. , Melnichenko Galina A.
Published: January 2019

Despite the fact that pituitary adenomas are among the most frequent brain tumours, TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas (thyrotropinomas) are less than 1% of all adenomas. Due to the increase in the free fractions of thyroid hormones at normal or elevated TSH levels, the majority of patients with these pituitary adenomas have a long anamnesis of thyrotoxicosis which requires a differential diagnosis with thyroid pathology (Graves’ disease, toxic adenoma, autonomously functioning thyroid nodules). The diagnosis of the thyrotropinoma is quite challenging for clinicians. This article describes the case of a combination of the thyrotropinoma with primary hypothyroidism as a result of the Hashimoto’s disease. A feature of this article is the absence of a typical clinical picture of thyrotoxicosis in combination with an evaluated level of TSH on the background of constantly increasing substitution therapy for primary hypothyroidism. The picture of space-occupying lesion according to MRI of the brain allowed to suspect hormone-active pituitary adenoma (macroadenoma). As a result of surgical treatment (endonasal transsphenoidal adenomectomy), the level of TSH and free thyroid hormone levels were normalized in the postoperative period. The diagnosis of TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma was confirmed by histological and immunohistochemical analysis of postoperative material.
Polskie badania nad myślą pedagogiczną w latach 1900-1939. Parerga, oprać. Sławomir Sztobryn i Małgorzata Switka, Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne, Gdańsk 2006, ss. 502
Authors: Jamrożek Wiesław
Published: January 2019

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The mediating effect of English usage on Facebook on the relationship between shyness and English as a foreign language achievement in university students
Authors: Kao Po-Chi
Published: January 2019

The purpose of this study is to examine a conceptualized three-dimensional construct to test whether English usage on Facebook plays a mediating role in the relationships between shyness and English as a foreign language (EFL) achievement. A total of 174 Taiwanese university students who were enrolled in EFL courses participated in this study. When examining the role of English usage on Facebook as a mediator in the relationship between shyness and EFL achievement, I found that English usage on Facebook was negatively associated with shyness, but positively associated with EFL achievement. The results indicated that English usage on Facebook partially mediated the relationship between shyness and EFL achievement. The strength of the mediating effect suggested that English usage on Facebook explained part of the negative relationship between shyness and EFL achievement. The findings may provide valuable and useful information for linguistic and psychological research in pedagogical contexts.
Voluntary Mobility of Employees for Better Job Opportunities Given a Temporary Contract: Insights Regarding an Age-Varying Association Between the Two Events
Authors: Mussida Chiara , Zanin Luca
Published: January 2019

What mechanisms govern the mobility of employees who voluntarily switch employers for better opportunities, given a temporary contract (TC)? We attempt to answer this question by exploring this issue in Southern and Central European countries. We use cross-sectional data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions survey for the 2005–2016 period. We estimate a flexible simultaneous equation model for binary responses by assuming the presence of an age-varying association between voluntary mobility and having a TC. After accounting for several socio-demographic and economic variables, we find a nonlinear decreasing relation between age and the outcomes, while we detect heterogeneous nonlinear patterns in the association between voluntary mobility and having a TC across countries. These insights can support policy-makers aiming to promote initiatives that facilitate the professional mobility of employees given a TC for an efficient allocation of human capital in the production system.
Dynamic Analysis of a Composite Structure under Random Excitation Based on the Spectral Element Method
Authors: Machado M. R. , Khalij L. , Fabro A. T.
Published: January 2019

The application of the composite materials in the aeronautical and aerospace industries has been increasing over the last several decades. Compared to conventional metallic materials, they present better strength to weight and stiffness to weight ratio. However, they can also present a high level of uncertainty, mainly associated with the manufacturing processes. Besides the uncertainty in the composite material parameters, which can play a role in the structural dynamic response, randomness can also be associated with boundary condition and external excitation sources. This paper treats the dynamic analysis of a composite beam under random excitation and uncertainties in the boundary condition. The beam is modelled by the spectral element method, a wave propagation technique. Some numerical examples are used to study the influence of random source on the dynamic behaviour of the composite structure.
Higher-order theorem proving and its applications
Authors: Steen Alexander
Published: January 2019

Automated theorem proving systems validate or refute whether a conjecture is a logical consequence of a given set of assumptions. Higher-order provers have been successfully applied in academic and industrial applications, such as planning, software and hardware verification, or knowledge-based systems. Recent studies moreover suggest that automation of higher-order logic, in particular, yields effective means for reasoning within expressive non-classical logics, enabling a whole new range of applications, including computer-assisted formal analysis of arguments in metaphysics. My work focuses on the theoretical foundations, effective implementation and practical application of higher-order theorem proving systems.

This article briefly introduces higher-order reasoning in general and presents an overview of the design and implementation of the higher-order theorem prover Leo-III. In the second part, some example applications of Leo-III are discussed.
The stochastic model for Global Navigation Satellite Systems and terrestrial laser scanning observations: A proposal to account for correlations in least squares adjustment
Authors: Kermarrec Gael , Neumann Ingo , Alkhatib Hamza , Schön Steffen
Published: January 2019

The best unbiased estimates of unknown parameters in linear models have the smallest expected mean-squared errors as long as the residuals are weighted with their true variance–covariance matrix. As this condition is rarely met in real applications, the least-squares (LS) estimator is less trustworthy and the parameter precision is often overoptimistic, particularly when correlations are neglected. A careful description of the physical and mathematical relationships between the observations is, thus, necessary to reach a realistic solution and unbiased test statistics. Global Navigation Satellite Systems and terrestrial laser scanners (TLS) measurements show similarities and can be both processed in LS adjustments, either for positioning or deformation analysis. Thus, a parallel between stochastic models for Global Navigation Satellite Systems observations proposed previously in the case of correlations and functions for TLS range measurements based on intensity values can be drawn. This comparison paves the way for a simplified way to account for correlations for a use in LS adjustment.
Trans Kids
Authors: Meadow Tey
Published: January 2019

In the first comprehensive academic treatment of the emerging social, medical, and psychological category of the transgender child, ethnographer Tey Meadow introduces readers to a generation of parents who actively facilitate gender nonconformity in their children. Whereas previous generations of parents sent such children for psychiatric treatment aimed at a cure, these families call their children new names, allow them to wear whatever clothing they choose, and even approach the state to alter their legal gender. Drawing from sociology, philosophy, psychology, and sexuality studies, Meadow depicts the intricate social processes that shape gender acquisition. Whereas once atypical gender expression was considered a failure of gender, now it is a form of gender. It is a form that underscores both the centrality of ever more particular configurations of gender in psychic life and the increasing embeddedness of personal identities in social institutions.
“Leaving the Horrible for the Not-So-Horrible”
Authors: Miller Susan L.
Published: January 2019

Chapter 3 situates the women in their former abusive relationships, asking them to think retrospectively about the dynamics that contributed to their relationships termination. It explores women’s strategies of resistance and how these efforts facilitated long-term growth. It exposes the multiple and complex ways that women resisted the abuse and moved forward, despite the continuation of economic abuse, crises of faith, worry over children, and other obstacles.
Meaning Making and Post-traumatic Growth
Authors: Miller Susan L.
Published: January 2019

Chapter 4 explores the ways long-term survivors construct meaning from their experiences and how adversity promoted growth. It describes how women exhibit individual and collective efficacy when moving forward from abusive relationships and exert their own agency to structure long-term peace.
The Chosen Ones
Authors: Jones Nikki
Published: January 2019

In The Chosen Ones, sociologist and feminist scholar Nikki Jones shares the compelling story of a group of Black men living in San Francisco's historically Black neighborhood, the Fillmore. Against all odds, these men work to atone for past crimes by reaching out to other Black men, young and old, with the hope of guiding them towards a better life. Yet despite their genuine efforts, they struggle to find a new place in their old neighborhood. With a poignant yet hopeful voice, Jones illustrates how neighborhood politics, everyday interactions with the police, and conservative Black gender ideologies shape the men’s ability to make good and forgive themselves—and how the double-edged sword of community shapes the work of redemption.
In the Image of Origen
Authors: Satran David
Published: January 2019

This study offers a close reading of the Thanksgiving Address to Origen, a document written by a student (traditionally identified as Gregory Thaumaturgus) on the occasion of the departure from his teacher at the conclusion of an extended period of study in Caesarea Maritima in third-century Roman Palestine. The Thanksgiving Address is a highly stylized but also emotionally charged account of the young man’s tutelage under the most prominent Christian theologian and exegete of the early church and provides one of the very few personal accounts by a Christian author to have survived from the period before Constantine. Through the investigation of the address, this volume explores varied aspects of the content and structure of advanced philosophical education in the late imperial period as well as of the very special atmosphere that surrounded the relationship between teacher and student. The educational process described in the address places prime importance on the emotional and ethical formation of the student, and the author’s description of his experience gives vivid expression to the presence of the erotic and coercive aspects of this process. This investigation emphasizes the close relationship between these central facets of the address and key elements in the Alexandrian theological tradition, particularly in the writings of Origen himself.
Security and Terror
Authors: Jelly-Schapiro Eli
Published: January 2019

When in 1492 Christopher Columbus set out for Asia but instead happened on the Bahamas, Cuba, and Hispaniola, his error inaugurated a specifically colonial modernity. This is, Security and Terror contends, the colonial modernity within which we still live. And its enduring features are especially vivid in the current American century, a moment marked by a permanent War on Terror and pervasive capitalist dispossession. Resisting the assumption that September 11, 2001, constituted a historical rupture, Eli Jelly-Schapiro traces the political and philosophic genealogies of security and terror—from the settler-colonial conquest of the New World to the wars in Afghanistan, Iraq, and beyond. A history of the present crisis, Security and Terror also examines how that history is registered and reckoned with in significant works of fiction and theory. In critical dialogue with novels by Teju Cole, Mohsin Hamid, Junot Díaz, and Roberto Bolaño, and the theoretical interventions of Jean Baudrillard, Giorgio Agamben, Judith Butler, Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, and others, Jelly-Schapiro reveals how the erasure of colonial history enables the perpetual reproduction of colonial culture.
The Doctor Faustus Dossier
Authors: Daub Adrian
Published: January 2019

Arnold Schoenberg and Thomas Mann, two towering figures of twentieth-century music and literature, both found refuge in the German-exile community in Los Angeles during the Nazi era. This complete edition of their correspondence provides a glimpse inside their private and public lives and culminates in the famous dispute over Mann's novel Doctor Faustus. In the thick of the controversy was Theodor Adorno, then a budding philosopher, whose contribution to the Faustus affair would make him an enemy of both families. Gathered here for the first time in English, the letters are complemented by diary entries, related articles, and other primary source materials, as well as an introduction that contextualizes the impact that these two great artists had on twentieth-century thought and culture.
Addicted to Christ
Authors: Hansen Helena
Published: January 2019

How are spiritual power and self-transformation cultivated in street ministries? This book provides an in-depth analysis of Pentecostal ministries in Puerto Rico that were founded and run by self-identified “ex-addicts,” ministries that are also widespread in poor Black and Latino neighborhoods in the U.S. mainland. The book melds cultural anthropology and psychiatry. Through the stories of ministry converts, the book examines key elements of Pentecostalism: mysticism, ascetic practice, and the idea of other-worldliness. It then reconstructs the ministries' strategies of spiritual victory over addiction: transformation techniques to build spiritual strength and authority through pain and discipline; cultivation of alternative masculinities based on male converts' reclamation of domestic space; and radical rupture from a post-industrial “culture of disposability.” By contrasting the ministries' logic of addiction with that of biomedicine, the book rethinks roads to recovery, discovering unexpected convergences with biomedicine while revealing the allure of street corner ministries.
Between Families and Frankenstein
Authors: Heidt-Forsythe Erin
Published: January 2019

In this book, I undertake the first comprehensive theoretical and empirical analysis of the politics of the “wild west” of egg donation in the United States. If egg donation is so publicly recognizable and evokes such social interest, why does the U.S. system fail to regulate it? This book challenges conventional thinking around egg donation politics, exploring answers to how egg donation is defined, debated, and regulated in the United States, as well as exploring the logic of why the U.S. system of politics is organized the way it is around egg donation. Building upon theories of normative femininity in reproduction and scientific research, this book examines the relationships between subnational politics and policy in contemporary egg donation. I use three interdisciplinary areas of inquiry—policy framing, body politics and morality politics, and representation by gender and political party to answer long-standing questions about egg donation and politics in the fields of women’s and gender studies, political science and policy studies, and bioethics. Employing case studies, qualitative narrative analysis, and quantitative public-policy analyses of an original data set of over eight hundred state-level public policies around egg donation, this book clarifies the ways that gender, race, and class, as well as political institutions and actors, create systems of egg donation politics and regulation, particularly at the subnational level.
Aging in Twentieth-Century Britain
Authors: Greenhalgh Charlotte
Published: January 2019

As the baby boom generation reaches retirement and old age, bringing unprecedented challenges, this study of aging could not be more timely. Historian Charlotte Greenhalgh examines ignored testimony to urge us to hear the voices of elderly people in Britain throughout the twentieth century. To do so, she probes the work of Peter Townsend, one of Britain’s most celebrated social scientists, and reveals the significant contributions that elderly Britons have made to social research since 1900. The study is the first to unite the public and private histories of old age and to investigate what their connections reveal about attitudes towards old age. This book helps us to understand the experience of growing old — what has changed and what stays the same across time.
Talking with Peter Townsend
Authors: Greenhalgh Charlotte
Published: January 2019

The family lives of elderly people attracted fresh concern in the postwar years when more old people lived alone and used welfare services. Sociologist Peter Townsend spent many hours speaking with each of 203 interviewees when he researched the topic in East London in 1954–1955. Townsend highlighted ignored contributions of older people to family life. He showed that families, not the state, did the real work of aged care. During interviews, older people told life stories that illustrated their hard work and stoicism, and that challenged sociological theories. Most did not fear death, but only the suffering of loved ones. While a few could not find the words, the majority were confident storytellers: this chapter explores their unpublished stories.
The Politics of Welfare Inclusion: Explaining State Variation in Legal Immigrants' Welfare Rights
Authors: Reese Ellen , Ramirez Elvia , Estrada-Correa Vanesa
Published: January 2019

This article examines the relationship between the immigrant and racial context and whether or not U.S. states replaced public assistance benefits to legal immigrants after those benefits were denied at the federal level in 1996. Consistent with the “power in numbers” and “contact hypothesis,” logistic and Poisson regression results show a significant and positive relationship between benefit replacements and the percentage of the total population that was foreign-born and the growth of the foreign-born and Latino populations between 1980 and 1990. The results also reveal a significant and negative relationship between benefit replacements and states' poverty rates. Results from some models also suggest that these policies were shaped by political and fiscal conditions.
PENGARUH KOMUNIKASI INTERPERSONAL, PEMANFAATAN TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI, BUDAYA ORGANISASI, DAN GAYA KEPEMIMPINAN TRANSFORMASIONAL TERHADAP KUALITAS PELAYANAN
Authors: Ruffiah Ruffiah , Muhsin Muhsin
Published: January 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adakah pengaruh komunikasi interpersonal, pemanfaatan teknologi informasi, budaya organisasi, dan gaya kepemimpinan transformasional, secara simultan dan parsial terhadap kualitas pelayanaan di Kantor Kecamatan Lasem Kabupaten Rembang. Populasi dalam penelitian ini tidak diketahui dan jumlah sampel 115 orang yang dihitung dengan rumus iterasi. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan sampling incidental dan mempunyai kriteria frekuensi kedatangan minimal dua kali dalam melakukan pelayanan. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan observasi, wawancara, kuesioner, dan dokumentasi. Metode analisis data penelitian ini menggunakan analisis regresi berganda dan deskriptif persentase. Hasil penelitian data diperoleh persamaaan regresi berganda yang selanjutnya disingkat dengan KP = -0,384 + 0,306KI + 0,400PTI+ 0,029BO + 0,793GKT + e. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa secara simultan variabel komunikasi interpersonal, pemanfaatan teknologi informasi, budaya organisasi, dan gaya kepemimpinan transformasional, berpengaruh positif terhadap kualitas pelayanaan. Variabel budaya organisasi secara parsial tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kualitas pelayanan. Simpulan dari penelitian ini adalah peningkatan kualitas pelayanan dapat dicapai dengan meningkatkan komunikasi interpersonal, pemanfaatan teknologi informasi, dan gaya kepemimpinan transformasional pada kantor kecamatan.

 

This study aims to determine whether the influence of interpersonal communication, utilization of information technology, organizational culture, and transformational leadership style, simultaneously and partially to the quality of service in Lasem District Office of Rembang. The population in this study was unknown and the sample was 115 people calculated by the iteration formula. The sampling technique uses incidental sampling and has a minimum of arrival frequency criteria in service. The methods of data collection was done by observation, interview, questionnaire, and documentation. The methods of data analysis of this study using multiple regression analysis and descriptive percentage. The results of this research obtained multiple regression equations, hereinafter abbreviated as KP = -0,384 + 0,306KI + 0,400PTI+ 0,029BO + 0,793GKT + e. The results of this study indicate that simultaneously interpersonal communication variables, utilization of information technology, organizational culture and transformational leadership style have a positive effect on service quality. Organizational culture variable partially has no significant effect on service quality.The conclusion of this research is the improvement of service quality can be achieved by improving interpersonal communication, utilization of information technology, and transformational leadership style at sub-district office.
Propiedades psicométricas y baremación de la prueba ENFEN en zonas rurales y urbanas de Tunja (Colombia)
Authors: Rodríguez Barreto Lucía Carlota , Parra Pulido Javier Humberto , Chinome Torres Julián David , Fonseca Estupiñán Gina Paola
Published: January 2019

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar las propiedades psicométricas y la baremación de la prueba Evaluación Neuropsicológica de las Funciones Ejecutivas (ENFEN). Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo descriptivo de tipo psicométrico. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 367 participantes (171 niños 46,6 %; 196 niñas 53,4 %) del área rural y urbana, con edades comprendidas entre los 6 y los 12 años (M = 8,99 años; DE = 1,88). Para los resultados se utilizó el método de análisis factorial exploratorio por componentes principales para la validez de constructo y la validez de criterio con la escala de funciones ejecutivas de la prueba ENI. El análisis factorial exploratorio arrojó un solo factor en la prueba que explicó el  58,86 % de la varianza. Se presentan correlaciones entre las pruebas ENI y ENFEN, entre todas las variables. La prueba ENFEN es una prueba válida para evaluar las funciones ejecutivas en niños del área urbana y rural la cual puede ser utilizada en el ámbito clínico e investigativo.
Exploración del concepto naturaleza a partir de redes semánticas naturales en estudiantes de educación básica
Authors: Fraijo Sing Blanca Silvia , Barrera Hernández Laura Fernanda , Tapia Fonllem Cesar Octavio , Ortiz Valdez Anaís
Published: January 2019

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue describir la concepción de la palabra naturaleza desde la perspectiva de niños que estudian educación básica, así como analizar las similitudes y diferencias según el grado escolar. Participaron 272 alumnos de educación básica (172 mujeres y 94 hombres). Como resultado general, se obtuvo tamaño de red (TR) de 203 palabras definidoras de Naturaleza y se incluyeron en el núcleo de red 21 palabras. Aquellas con mayor peso semántico fueron: árboles, plantas, cuidar, sol, agua, flores, tierra, entre otras. Por otra parte, se analizaron redes por grado escolar, donde destacan las palabras que se presentan en todos los núcleos (conjunto SAM) de las redes semánticas: árboles, animales, agua y sol. Asimismo, se observó un aumento en el tamaño de las redes semánticas en función del grado escolar, excluyendo la red de primero grado de primaria que incluía palabras no pertinentes al estímulo.
VALSTYBININKAS: PRETENZIJA Į SĄVOKOS ANALIZĘ
Authors: Jokubaitis Alvydas , Lopata Raimundas
Published: January 2019

The term statesman has got a positive connotation in Western political vocabularies. The situation in Lithuania is different. Peculiarities of politicalprocess lead to devaluation of the term. During the interwar period in Lithuania the term statesman was more often used by right-wing politicians as a reference designating qualitative evaluation of politicians and other stateagents. Statesman got broader meaning and was used more often by Lithuanian emigrants in the USA. The Renaissance of the term was influenced by Anglo-Saxon political and cultural environment, nostalgia of lost statehood and striving to maintain political identity. In Post-Communist Lithuania thanks to historians the term statesman became one of the instruments in political vocabulary. For some political parties this concept is a tool to achieve political power.There are three conceptions of the term statesman – idealistic, realistand administrative-bureaucratic. Proponents of idealistic conception thinkthat statesman has to establish important political principles for future generations, he has to see further and deeper than other political agents, bevirtuous, just and capable of defending the liberal state. Proponents of thisview think that statesman has to be moral authority. Realist conception ofstatesman is based on different understanding of the relationship betweenmorality and politics. Realists are not advocates of immoral politics, but theythink that some circumstances of political life make it necessary to raise therequirements of the state higher than those of morality. Nicollò Machiavelliformulated the idea that state has got its own autonomous foundations ofexistence which are different from those of morality and religion. He formedthe idea that when there is an exceptional situation, statesman has to look to the interests of state and not those of morality. Henry Taylor is the creatorof administrative-bureaucratic conception of statesman. He is of the opinionthat a man who has mastered the art of implementation of political functionscan make a righteous claim to the title of statesman.
DISERTACIJA APIE BALTARUSIJOS IR UKRAINOS TAPATYBES FORMUOJANČIUS VEIKSNIUS
Authors: Jakniūnaitė DOVILĖ
Published: January 2019

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TERORIZMAS IR PARTIZANINIS KARAS – DVI SUKILIMO FORMOS
Authors: Gailiūnas Egidijus
Published: January 2019

This article deals with the phenomenon of political violence. The concept of “armed resistance” (Lithuanian: ginkluotas pasipriešinimas) is introduced to describe politi­cal violence perpetrated by non-state actors or subnational groups. The Lithuanian concept of “armed resistance” in general corresponds to the English concept of “in­surgency”.Many problems related to the definitions of concepts of “insurgency”, “guer­rilla warfare” and “terrorism” are pointed out. The article states that the identified concepts are often used incorrectly in foreign and Lithuanian academic publications. Very often these concepts of “insurgent”, “guerrilla fighter”, and “terrorist” are used as synonyms. One of the main reasons for misuse of the mentioned concepts is the lack of related academic literature. Misuse of the terms insurgents, guerrillas and ter­rorists by official governmental institutions is also underlined.It is argued in the article that proper understanding of the armed resistance is needed. To get such an understanding one needs to distinguish political violence and non-political or apolitical violence. Violence used by armed resistance groups (guer­rilla and terrorist groups) is inevitably political in its aims and motives. That is why it is called political violence. Criminals and pathological murders also use violence but their aims and motives are different. Criminal groups use violence to obtain money or to acquire material goods. Pathological murders see violence as an end in itself. Usually they are not interested in politics, profit or material goods.The main idea of this article is that, because of the numerous recent researches made in the field of political violence (insurgency, terrorism, and guerrilla warfare), different strategies of armed resistance may be more or less clearly defined. Guerrilla warfare and terrorism are different strategies or different strategic approaches used by various non-state actors. The author argues that guerrillas and terrorists should be distinguished according to four criteria: 1) targets; 2) identification signs; 3) control of territory; 4) size of operational units. Terrorists’ targets are mostly civilian ones. Guerrillas’ targets are mostly military. Terrorists do not use uniforms or other signs to identify them as combatants. Guerrillas usually have some sort of identification signs. Terrorists are not interested in control of the territory. Guerrillas want to seize or hold on territory. Terrorists usually operate in units ranging from lone assassin to five-member teams. Guerrillas mostly wage their war in platoon or company size units.The distinction between terrorism and guerrilla warfare is of crucial importance because it helps to better understand the nature of armed resistance. It should be pointed out that on the understanding and clear definitions of terrorism and guerrilla warfare depends the quality of an academic research. In addition, the distinction of guerrilla warfare and terrorism is important for the success of counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism campaigns.
POLITIKA IR MISTIKA
Authors: Jokubaitis Alvydas
Published: January 2019

The article is based on an idea that there are four different modes of understanding reality – practice, science, art and mysticism. Political liberalism demands separa­tion of public and private beliefs. However, mystical understanding of reality is not a system of propositions and beliefs. This is why one can speak of a conflict be­tween liberalism and mystical understanding of reality. Political liberalism imposes a certain understanding of reality on believers. Liberals propose to remove religious convictions from public life and not to treat them as a basis of politics. They forget that mystics have the biggest trouble namely with convictions. To turn the reality of God into words for them is always the hardest task. Mystics find God before words, concepts and discourses. Liberals reduce religion to convictions and demand from mystics to comprehend that, which in their opinion is not comprehensible. There is a tension between liberalism and people who have mystical experiences. Liberals narrow down religious experience to convictions. However, mystical experience is a much broader subject. Behind it stands an understanding of world that has its own standards of reality.
PERMĄSTANT KAPITALIZMO ĮVAIROVĘ
Authors: Kuokštis Vytautas
Published: January 2019

„[...] viskas juda ir niekas nesilaiko vietoje [...]“Heraklitas
KAIP TIRTI TARPTAUTINIUSSANTYKIUS KONSTRUKTYVISTIŠKAI: FILOSOFINIŲ PRIELAIDŲ IRTEORINIŲ NUOSTATŲ ANALIZĖ
Authors: Jakniūnaitė Dovilė , Nekrašas Evaldas
Published: January 2019

One of the biggest critiques for the constructivism in international relations discipline is the accusations of abstractiveness and having little substantive to say when talking about world politics. The article asserts that constructivism is not the typical theory of international relations or foreign policy analysis. Constructivism in the discipline is what every constructivist researcher makes of it, using a few fundamental state­ments about the analysis of social reality. In order to show how the constructivist international relations researchers apply the fundamental principles of the construc­tivist analysis of social reality to form their models of analysis, firstly, the article explains the metatheoretical assumptions of constructivism and the main problems that emerge trying to apply them in empirical research. The word constructivism is used on many different levels of thought, so the classification provided by Jorgensen is used. He talks about philosophical, metethe­oretical, theoretical and empirical constructivisms. Using Ze’ev’s categorization of philosophical positions on epistemological and ontological questions, it was shown that mostly constructivist researchers tend to go under the label of constructivist idealism, according to which the actor has both the epistemological and ontological influence on the world. Metatheoretical constructivism is best represented by Berger and Luckmann’s book The Social Construction of Reality and its main thesis that the society is the constant process of externalisation, objectivisation and internalisation. Secondly, through three fundamental statements of metatheoretical constructivism (on intersubjective construction of meanings, relationship of ideas and materiality, and mutual constitutive relation of structure and agency) it is demonstrated how they are transformed and applied in more particular theoretical and empirical works of international relation discipline. The analysis of social construction of meaning is presented through the research on the representations of US national interests during the Cold war. The securitization theory demonstrates how the analysis of the formula­tion of the security problems allows combining the ideal and the material factors of the state agency into one theoretical model. The mutuality of structure and agency is demonstrated through the international norm research. In the end several recommendation are provided on the main principles of con­structivist research in international relations. It is recommended, first, not to be afraid of methodological and theoretical experiments, second, to realize that the construc­tivist methodological positions is best defined as methodological pluralism, third, to remember that the constructivist research design is inseparable from the researched problem and the understanding of the social world.
AIŠKINANT RADIKALIOS DEŠINĖS SĖKMĘ: KONSENSUSO PAIEŠKOS
Authors: Jastramskis Mažvydas
Published: January 2019

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LIETUVOS POLITINĖ RAIDA: ANTROJO POKOMUNISTINIO DEŠIMTMEČIO LYGINAMOJI ANALIZĖ
Authors: Norkus Zenonas
Published: January 2019

The goal of paper is to put into focus and explain essential features of the political development in Lithuania during second post-communist decade by means of its comparison with the analoguos processes in other Baltic States (Latvia and Estonia) and in those Central European countries with political systems which resemble most closely Lithuanian case (Poland and Hungary). In all these countries, second post-communist decade witnessed the rise of the new successful populist parties. The author argues that this populist rise is the proper context for the understanding of Rolandas Paksas’ impeachment in Lithuania in 2003–2004. His Order and Justice party has to be classified together with the brothers Kaczynski’s Law and Justice party and its even more radical allies in Poland, Viktor Orbán’s Fidesz and Gábor Vona’s Jobbik in Hungary, Juhan Part’s Res Publica in Estonia and Einars Repše’s New Era in Latvia. They were all right-wing populist parties, proclaiming in their anti-establishment rhetoric the war on corruption of the (ex-communist) elite and the coming of “new politics”. While the rise of right-wing populism did not change the political system in the former bureaucratic authoritarian countries Estonia and Latvia, in Hungary and Poland the outcome was the breakup of the implicit ex-communist and anti-communist elite pact which was the foundation of the political stability in these former countries of national communism. The Kaczynski twins founded Rzecz Pospolita IV (4th Republic of Poland), grounded in the thorough and comprehensive lustration of the ex-communist cadres. Fidesz leader Victor Orban used the two thirds majority in the Hungarian parliament to promulgate a new constitution. Lithuania is unique in that the ex-communist and anti-communist elite pact was not abolished, but preserved and consolidated due to the collaboration of all, by this time, “established” and Left-of-centre populist parties during the impeachment proceedings. The impeachment of Paksas can be considered as the stress test of the young Lithuanian liberal democracy, just on the eve of the accession of Lithuania to the EU and NATO. An unhappy peculiarity of the stress tests is that they sometimes break or damage the items tested. As far as the success in impeaching R.Paksas prevented the transformation of liberal post-communism into populist post-communism in Lithuania, the test was a success. However, against the expectation of many observers of impeachment events, it did not enhance the quality of democracy of Lithuania. The legacy of impeachment are disequilibrium of the balance of power between government branches in favour of the Constitutional Court, strengthening of the Left-of-Centre populist political forces and the interference of secret services into Lithuanian politics with the self-assumed mission to safeguard Lithuanian democracy from the perils of populism.
PIRMOJI TEPSA PASKAITA VU TSPMI – ADRIAAN SCHOUT: „AR EUROPA TAMPA TARPVYRIAUSYBIŠKESNĖ?“
Authors: TRAKELYTĖ ŽYMANTĖ , VAŠČENKAITĖ GALINA
Published: January 2019

Chronicle
IR RUSIJĄ GALIMA TYRINĖTI: RUSIJOS STUDIJOS VU TSPMI
Authors: JAKNIŪNAITĖ DOVILĖ
Published: January 2019

Chronicle
POLITINIS REALIZMAS TARPTAUTINIUOSE SANTYKIUOSE: SAMPRATA IR NESUSIPRATIMAI PO ŠALTOJO KARO
Authors: PETRAITIS JAUNIUS
Published: January 2019

Political realism is the major theoretic tradition in IR. But in contrast to the ever-gro­wing variety of realist theories, one meets growing difficulties while trying to define the realistic approach to international politics. Contemporary theorizing in the name of “realism” marks the retreat from the basic assumptions inherent to the original tra­dition. This process has its immanent logic and important implications, and therefore must be analysed on its own terms.The task of this paper is to reveal the relation between the core principles of the original tradition of realism and new theories of realism after the Cold War. In the first part, the works of historically most influential classical realists are examined. Careful analysis of the main descriptive and prescriptive elements in the theories of Thucydi­des, Machiavelli and Hobbes enables to reveal three common descriptive principles: (I) the object of realism is politics – the never-ending and diversiform struggle for power, rooted in man’s will to power. (II) Political agents behave under Athenian thesis: power boosts their necessity to dominate. (III) Political outcomes are hardly predictable and eventually develop under the scenario of tragedy. The principles of pure realism deny the worth of abstract prescriptive reasoning. In the XXth century, these same principles were perfectly reflected in theories of Carr and Morgenthau. They both restored the old tradition and made it relevant in the age of “total” wars and nuclear weapons.In the second part, misconceptions of realism after the Cold War are analysed. It is shown that the shifts in content of contemporary realist theories are path-dependent and rooted in “Waltz paradox”. The paradox led to three different modes of realist enterprise: (i) conservative reaction; (ii) “middle way”; and (iii) radical reaction. These stages purport the gradually increasing deviation from the original descriptive principles of realism. Conservative reaction is based on a false assumption that states can follow rational winning strategies. Middle-way “realists” (mis)treat the political struggle for power only as an outgrowth of specific circumstances. More and more of them follow the liberal agenda, trying to find and neutralise the “irrational factors”, and thereby secure the rational (universally acceptable) political outcomes. Finally, radical reaction means reconstruction of realism as an entirely prescriptive discourse and moral guidelines for peaceful accommodation and liberal political order. The implications of these theoretical changes are exemplitied by discussing stan­dard “realistic” explanations of US foreign policy after the Cold War. It is shown that none of today’s “realist” approaches is realistic enough to grasp the operation of the principles once known to realism. The findings of this research challenge the false truths about the relation between political realism, scientific IR enterprise and political practice.
DISERTACIJA APIE VIDINĖS ES INTEGRACIJOS POVEIKĮ IŠORINEI EUROPEIZACIJAI
Authors: INFORMACIJA REDAKCIJOS
Published: January 2019

Chronicle
GEROVĖS VALSTYBĖS KŪRIMAS LIETUVOJE: MITAS AR REALYBĖ?
Authors: KACEVIČIUS ROMUALDAS
Published: January 2019

Review
UŽVERSTI KNYGAS
Authors: STRUPINSKIENĖ LINA
Published: January 2019

Review