bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SMASH and SENSE: Experimental and numerical comparisons
Authors: Madore Bruno , Pelc Norbert J.
Published: August 2002

Three parallel‐imaging methods were implemented and compared in terms of artifact and noise content: original SMASH, Cartesian SENSE, and an extremely simple method called here the “scissors method.” These methods represent very different approaches to the parallel‐imaging problem. The experimental and numerical comparisons presented here aim at shedding light on the whole spectrum of parallel‐imaging methods, not just the three methods actually implemented. In our results, SMASH images had an artifact level significantly higher than SENSE images for all acceleration factors. The SNR in SENSE images was nearly optimal at low acceleration factors. As acceleration was increased, the noise content in SENSE images eventually sharply departed from optimal values, while the artifact content remained low. Magn Reson Med 45:1103–1111, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
External standard method for the in vivo quantification of choline‐containing compounds in breast tumors by proton MR spectroscopy at 1.5 Tesla
Authors: Bakken Inger J. , Gribbestad Ingrid S. , Singstad Trond E. , Kvistad Kjell A.
Published: August 2002

Quantification of choline‐containing compounds observed with 1H MRS of breast tumors is of interest since such compounds have been linked to malignancy. Experiments were performed at 1.5 T with an external standard containing phosphocholine for calibration. In phantom studies, good precision was achieved after correction for T1/T2 effects. T2 values for choline were estimated for two breast cancer patients. A choline concentration of 2.0 mM was calculated for a third patient, a result comparable to in vitro findings. Magn Reson Med 46:189–192, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modulations of soleus H‐reflex excitability during gait initiation: Central versus peripheral influences
Authors: Trimble Mark H. , Brunt Denis , Jeon Hye‐Seon , Kim Hyeong‐Dong
Published: August 2002

Soleus and tibialis anterior electromyogram (EMG) and soleus H‐reflexes were recorded from the stance limb of an individual who suffered a traumatic peroneal nerve injury and of four nonimpaired individuals during gait initiation. The control subjects also initiated walking after swaying forward (sway‐gait initiation), which eliminated the initial tibialis anterior activation. During the initial period of gait initiation, H‐reflexes were depressed to 43% of standing values during normal‐gait initiation and 86% during sway‐gait initiation in the nonimpaired subjects. H‐reflexes of the nerve‐injured subject were depressed to 37%, even though no tibialis anterior EMG was observed. The findings support the view that reciprocal inhibition of the soleus during a task, which normally involves tibialis anterior activation, is due to a centrally mediated process. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve 24: 1371–1379, 2001
Normal values for phrenic nerve latency in children
Authors: Russell Robert I. Ross , Helps Barbara‐Anne , Helms Peter J.
Published: August 2002

Data derived from detailed studies of normal phrenic nerve latency in a large group of children are presented. They highlight the major differences between the three previously published studies of normal children. Phrenic nerve latency shows a curvilinear relationship with age, averaging 6.0 ms at 0–6 months, falling to 4.8 ms between 1 and 2 years, then rising to 6.3 ms between 10 and 18 years of age. These data represent the largest published study on normal phrenic nerve latency in children. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve 24: 1548–1550, 2001
Action potential shape of rabbit masseter motor units and jaw angle
Authors: Turkawski Stan J.J. , van Eijden Theo M.G.J.
Published: August 2002

Action potentials of rabbit masseter motor units (n = 42) were registered at different jaw angles to examine whether the shape of the action potential is related to length of muscle fibers in motor units and depends on the intramuscular location of the motor unit. Twitches were elicited by stimulating motoneurons in the trigeminal motor nucleus. During jaw opening (0–21°), the duration of the action potentials increased by about 10%. Anteriorly located motor units showed an increase in duration larger than that of more posteriorly located units, which was probably due to a larger stretching of the more anteriorly located units. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve 24: 1551–1553, 2001
Interruption of a relay of corticospinal excitation by a spinal lesion at C6–C7
Authors: Marchand‐Pauvert Véronique , Mazevet Dominique , Pradat‐Diehl Pascale , Alstermark Bror , Pierrot‐Deseilligny Emmanuel
Published: August 2002

In a patient with a limited lesion of the spinal cord at the C6–C7 junction, ulnar and superficial radial‐induced modulations of the motor evoked potentials (MEP) and of ongoing electromyographic (EMG) activity were observed in the biceps (above the lesion) but not in the triceps (below the lesion). This suggests an interruption of the axons of cervical propriospinal neurons. This relay transmits an indirect (disynaptic) component of corticospinal excitation to human upper limb motoneurons. Changes in it might be involved in compensatory mechanisms following central motor disorders. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve 24: 1554–1561, 2001
A hybrid approach to flow net generation
Authors: Jones Norman L. , Lemon Alan M. , Tracy Fred T.
Published: August 2002

By following a simple set of rules, a flow net can be manually constructed to obtain a graphical solution to the Laplace equation for simple two‐dimensional (2‐D) flow problems. With the advent of numerical solutions such as the finite difference and finite element methods, it is more common to generate a flow net automatically using the nodal head and flow values output by the computer program. Two methods have been published for automatically generating flow nets from finite element solutions: the stream‐function method and the particle‐tracking method. The stream‐function method works well for many cases, but it does not work for problems with holes in the mesh or internal sources or sinks. The particle‐tracking method works for all cases, but previously published algorithms that utilize this method do not result in the properly sized flow channels. A new approach is presented in this paper that is a hybrid of the stream‐function and particle‐tracking approaches. This method works for all cases and generates the properly sized flow channels. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cerebral electrical response on urinary bladder filling: First experimental findings*
Authors: Bross Stephan , Schumacher Stefan , Scheepe Jeroen R. , Braun Peter M. , Alken Peter , Jünemann Klaus P.
Published: August 2002

Micturition disorders in neurologic diseases are often combined with reduced bladder sensation. Bladder sensation is important to time the void appropriately and to prevent bladder overdistension. We attempted to evaluate cerebral evoked potentials by bladder distension to objectively determine bladder sensation. In six rabbits, cerebral evoked potentials were evaluated by averaging cerebral responses to bladder distension. We stimulated the bladder with a computerized air pump system, resulting in repeated filling and emptying of the bladder. The number of stimulations, stimulation intensity, and different electroencephalograph electrode positions (both mastoids and frontal) were investigated. In all rabbits, cerebral evoked potentials were observed after 500 stimulations when stimulation pressure exceeded a certain threshold. Optimum response was observed after 1,000 stimulations. The latency of response of the frontal electrode position was observed after the mastoidal response with a significant delay of approximately 0.8 seconds. The latencies were significantly different when using different stimulation intensities. At lower intensity (mean pressure, 16.6 mm Hg), the response was observed after 4.531 ± 0.909 seconds. At higher intensity (mean pressure, 19.0 mm Hg), cerebral response was observed after a latency of 3.971 ± 0.735 seconds. We conclude that recording of cerebral evoked potentials by bladder distension is possible, resulting in an objective evaluation of afferent pathways from the bladder. In combination with subjective perception of bladder fullness, this finding may be a conceivable basis for a biofeedback training program to recover bladder sensation in patients with reduced bladder sensation. Neurourol. Urodynam. 21:214–224, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
NK2 tachykinin receptors mediate contraction of the pig intravesical ureter: Tachykinin‐induced enhancement of non‐adrenergic non‐cholinergic excitatory neurotransmission
Authors: Bustamante Salvador , Orensanz Luis M. , Barahona María Victoria , García‐Sacristán Albino , Hernández Medardo
Published: August 2002

The current study was designed to characterize the functionally active tachykinin receptors involved in tachykinin‐elicited contractions in the pig intravesical ureter, and to investigate the possible modulation exerted by the natural tachykinins substance P (SP) and neurokinin A (NKA) on the non‐adrenergic non‐cholinergic (NANC) excitatory ureteral neurotransmission. In pig intravesical ureteral strips pretreated with phosphoramidon (10−5 mol/L) to block the endopeptidase activities, isometric force recordings showed that SP, NKA, and the NK2 receptor selective agonist [β‐Ala8]‐NKA (4–10), all three induced contractions, with the following potency order: NKA > [β‐Ala8 ]‐NKA (4–10) >  SP. [Sar9, Met(O2)11]‐SP and senktide, selective agonists of the NK1 and NK3 receptors, respectively, failed to modify the ureteral tone. Urothelium removal and incubation with tetrodotoxin (10−6 mol/L), phentolamine (10−7 mol/L), propranolol (3 × 10−6 mol/L), atropine (10−7 mol/L) and indomethacin (3  ×  10−6 mol/L), did not alter the contraction induced by a submaximal (10−7 mol/L) dose of [β‐Ala8]‐NKA (4–10). MEN 10,376 (10−8–10−7 mol/L), a NK2 receptor antagonist, reduced the contraction to 3  ×  10−8 mol/L NKA. GR 82334 (10−6 –10−5 mol/L) and SR 142801 (10−8–10−7 mol/L), selective antagonists of the NK1 and NK3 receptors, respectively, did not modify that contraction. In pig intravesical ureteral strips in NANC conditions, SP and NKA induced a potentiation of the contractions to electrical field stimulation (EFS) and to exogenous ATP. The results suggest that the tachykinins evoke a direct contraction of pig intravesical ureteral strips through NK2 receptors located in the smooth muscle. SP and NKA exert an enhancement of the NANC excitatory neurotransmission of the pig intravesical ureter. Neurourol. Urodynam. 20:297–308, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Non‐invasive, quantitative assessment of the anatomical phenotype of corticotropin‐releasing factor‐overexpressing mice by MRI
Authors: Beckmann N. , Gentsch C. , Baumann D. , Bruttel K. , Vassout A. , Schoeffter P. , Loetscher E. , Bobadilla M. , Perentes E. , Rudin M.
Published: August 2002

High resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was applied to quantify alterations in thymus and adrenal volumes, as well as body fat in genetically engineered corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF)‐overexpressing mice. When compared to the organs in age‐matched wild‐type animals, the adrenals in CRF‐overexpressing male mice were significantly enlarged and the thymus volume in females was significantly smaller. The fat content was significantly larger in CRF‐overexpressing mice. The anatomical alterations observed in the MRI studies were in perfect line with post‐mortem data (weights of organs). Furthermore, the observed interstrain differences are in agreement with recently published data on (i) the effect of continuous, intraventricular infusion of CRF in rats and (ii) the presence of atrophic adrenals in CRF‐knockout mice. The present studies demonstrate that MRI can provide reliable measures of relatively small structures such as the adrenal glands and the thymus in mice. This makes MRI an attractive, non‐terminal tool to monitor in laboratory animals, including transgenic mice, the consequence of continuous stress on relevant organs. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Abbreviations used:

ACTH

adrenocorticotropin

CRF

corticotropin‐releasing factor

CT

computed tomography

FOV

field‐of‐view

HPA

hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal

i.d.

internal diameter

PCR

polymerase chain reaction

tg

transgenic

TE

echo time

TR

repetition time

wt

wild‐type
The importance of modal bandwidth in Gigabit Ethernet systems
Authors: Koon David N.
Published: August 2002

This article deals with the evaluation of bandwidth measurements in Gigabit Ethernet Systems using an empirical data model. It concentrates on the use of multimode fibers due to the advent of Vertical Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL) technology that improves the performance of multimode fiber optics. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Worst‐case incremental analysis for a class of p‐facility location problems
Authors: Francis R. L. , Lowe T. J. , Tamir A.
Published: August 2002

We consider a rather large class of p‐facility location models including the p‐median, p‐center, and other related and more general models. For any such model of interest with p new facilities, let v(p) denote the minimal objective function value and let n be the number of demand points. Given 1 ≤ p < q ≤ n, we find easily computed positive constants k(p, q), where v(q)/v(p) ≤ k(p, q) ≤ 1. These resulting inequalities relating v(p) and v(q) are worst case, since they are attained as equalities for a class of “hub‐and‐spoke” trees. Our results also provide insight into some demand point aggregation problems, where a graph of the function v(q) can provide an upper bound on aggregation error. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Balanced network flows. IV. Duality and structure theory
Authors: Fremuth‐Paeger Christian , Jungnickel Dieter
Published: August 2002

In this paper, we present a theory for generalized graph factor problems which is basically equivalent to Chapter 10 in Lovasz/Plummer [8] but considerably more intuitive since it uses the language of balanced network flows. The highlights are extensions of the Gallai—Edmonds decomposition and an intuitive development of Lovasz's factor theorem. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Lanczos, Householder transformations, and implicit deflation for fast and reliable dominant singular subspace computation
Authors: Fierro Ricardo D.
Published: August 2002

Many applications, such as subspace‐based models in information retrieval and signal processing, require the computation of singular subspaces associated with the k dominant, or largest, singular values of an m×n data matrix A, where k≪min(m,n). Frequently, A is sparse or structured, which usually means matrix–vector multiplications involving A and its transpose can be done with much less than 𝒪(mn) flops, and A and its transpose can be stored with much less than 𝒪(mn) storage locations. Many Lanczos‐based algorithms have been proposed through the years because the underlying Lanczos method only accesses A and its transpose through matrix–vector multiplications. We implement a new algorithm, called KSVD, in the Matlab environment for computing approximations to the singular subspaces associated with the k dominant singular values of a real or complex matrix A. KSVD is based upon the Lanczos tridiagonalization method, the WY representation for storing products of Householder transformations, implicit deflation, and the QR factorization. Our Matlab simulations suggest it is a fast and reliable strategy for handling troublesome singular‐value spectra. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An implicit algorithm using explicit correctors for the kinematic hardening model with multiple back stresses
Authors: Sawyer J. P. G. , Wang C. H. , Jones R.
Published: August 2002

This paper presents an efficient mathematical algorithm for a class of non‐linear kinematic hardening models with multiple back stresses, as an extension of the implicit integration algorithm for a single back stress hardening model. Explicit formulations for general three‐dimensional stress states as well as plane stress and plane strain are given. The new formulation is implemented in a general‐purpose finite element code, ABAQUS, and is verified by comparison with the existing formulation for the single back‐stress constitutive model. Comparison is also made with the experimental results obtained from a plate containing a circular hole subjected to cyclic loading, demonstrating the validity of new method. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improvement of semi‐analytical design sensitivities of non‐linear structures using equilibrium relations
Authors: Parente E. , Vaz L. E.
Published: August 2002

The accuracy problem of the semi‐analytical method for shape design sensitivity analysis has been reported for linear and non‐linear structures. The source of error is the numerical differentiation of the element internal force vector, which is inherent to the semi‐analytical approach. Such errors occur for structures whose displacement field is characterized by large rigid body rotations of individual elements. This paper presents a method for the improvement of semi‐analytical sensitivities. The method is based on the element free body equilibrium conditions, and on the exact differentiation of the rigid body modes. The method is efficient, simple to code, and can be applied to linear and non‐linear structures. The numerical examples show that this approach eliminates the abnormal errors that occur in the conventional semi‐analytical method. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization algorithms for physically non‐linear structures
Authors: Selyugin Sergei V.
Published: August 2002

A family of numerical methods and algorithms targeted to the optimization of physically non‐linear structures is proposed. The structures are described using finite element approach, they are supposed to be loaded by single static loading. It is assumed that various types of finite elements are used for the description. Buckling effects are neglected. Sizing design variables with prescribed lower limits are considered. The numerical approach is based on the use of physically non‐linear hyperelastic (PNH) model for the description of active loading process for the physically non‐linear structures. Three optimization sub‐problems for the PNH structures are considered. Variational principles for the structures as well as optimality conditions and particular solutions of the sub‐problems are used for the development of algorithms intended for numerical solution of the sub‐problems. Geometrical interpretation of the algorithms is presented. Monotonicity properties of the algorithms are proved under some assumptions. It is indicated how the algorithms may be used for the general case of optimization of physically non‐linear structure under single loading. Numerical examples are presented. Monotonicity of the algorithms is demonstrated. It is noted that no numerical problems arise when some structural members degenerate during numerical process. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A generalized complex eigenvector method for dynamic analysis of heterogeneous viscoelastic structures
Authors: Mokeyev Vladimir V.
Published: August 2002

A generalized complex eigenvector method which can be used to a linear dynamic analysis of viscoelastic structures is described. Here dynamic analysis is understood as transient analysis and frequency response analysis. The generalized complex eigenvector method is based on finite element discretization of structure, approximation of viscoelastic properties by differential operators and mode superposition technique. Coefficients of differential operator are defined from the condition of best coincidence of complex characteristic of viscoelastic material and complex characteristic of differential operator in preset frequency range. Advantage of this method is that it allows to take into account the real changes of the viscoelastic property in frequency range. Also, the generalized complex eigenvector method permit to describe a viscoelastic properties by two functions (complex Young's modulus, complex Poisson's ratio). The method is verified with the help of comparing with solutions obtained by complex modulus method. An influence of viscoelastic Poisson's ratio on transient and frequency responses of structure is demonstrated. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inverse design of directional solidification processes in the presence of a strong external magnetic field
Authors: Sampath Rajiv , Zabaras Nicholas
Published: August 2002

A computational method for the design of directional alloy solidification processes is addressed such that a desired growth velocity νf under stable growth conditions is achieved. An externally imposed magnetic field is introduced to facilitate the design process and to reduce macrosegregation by the damping of melt flow. The design problem is posed as a functional optimization problem. The unknowns of the design problem are the thermal boundary conditions. The cost functional is taken as the square of the L2 norm of an expression representing the deviation of the freezing interface thermal conditions from the conditions corresponding to local thermodynamic equilibrium. The adjoint method for the inverse design of continuum processes is adopted in this work. A continuum adjoint system is derived to calculate the adjoint temperature, concentration, velocity and electric potential fields such that the gradient of the L2 cost functional can be expressed analytically. The cost functional minimization process is realized by the conjugate gradient method via the FE solutions of the continuum direct, sensitivity and adjoint problems. The developed formulation is demonstrated with an example of designing the boundary thermal fluxes for the directional growth of a germanium melt with dopant impurities in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field. The design is shown to achieve a stable interface growth at a prescribed desired growth rate. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dispersion analysis of stabilized finite element methods for acoustic fluid interaction with Reissner–Mindlin plates
Authors: Thompson Lonny L. , Sankar Sridhar
Published: August 2002

The application of stabilized finite element methods to model the vibration of elastic plates coupled with an acoustic fluid medium is considered. A complex‐wavenumber dispersion analysis of acoustic fluid interaction with Reissner–Mindlin plates is performed to quantify the accuracy of stabilized finite element methods for fluid‐loaded plates. Results demonstrate the improved accuracy of a recently developed hybrid least‐squares (HLS) plate element based on a modified Hellinger–Reissner functional, consistently combined with residual‐based methods for the acoustic fluid, compared to standard Galerkin and Galerkin gradient least‐squares plate elements. The technique of complex wavenumber dispersion analysis is used to examine the accuracy of the discretized system in the representation of free waves for fluid‐loaded plates. The influence of fluid and coupling matrices resulting from consistent implementation of pressure loading in the residual for the plate equation is examined and clarified for the different finite element approximations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A non‐linear inverse vibration problem of estimating the time‐dependent stiffness coefficients by conjugate gradient method
Authors: Huang Cheng‐Hung
Published: August 2002

An iterative regularization method, i.e. the conjugate gradient method (CGM) is applied to an inverse non‐linear force vibration problem to estimate the unknown time‐dependent stiffness coefficients (or spring constants) in a damped system by using the measured system displacement. It is assumed that no prior information is available on the functional form of the unknown stiffness coefficients in the present study, thus, it is classified as the function estimation in inverse calculation. The accuracy of the inverse analysis is examined by using the simulated exact and inexact displacement measurements. The numerical simulations are performed to test the validity of the present algorithm by using different types of stiffness coefficients and measurement errors. Results show that an excellent estimation on the time‐dependent spring constants can be obtained with any arbitrary initial guesses within a couple of seconds of CPU time at Pentium III‐500 MHz PC. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Learning from history: Leveraging experience and context to improve organizational excellence
Authors: Cortada James W.
Published: August 2002

The perspectives of history are usually seen to be of value in politics, but the same approach can equally well
serve businesses. Learning from the past—of the company, of the industry, of the market—can help point
the way to future success. Consider what a historian could do for your company. © 2002 Wiley
Periodicals, Inc.
More Powerful Communication: From the Language of Prizes and Praising to the Language of Ongoing Regard
Authors: Kegan Robert , Lahey Lisa Laskow
Published: August 2002

The management literature is replete with exhortations to managers to praise good workers. And, while praise may well beat the no‐news‐is‐good‐news management style, there is a more effective level of communication. The authors explain and illustrate here the way direct, specific, and nonattributive communications empower both the receiver and the giver. © 2001 by the authors. Reprinted by permission of Jossey‐Bass, Inc., a subsidiary of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Currents: Articles in Brief
Authors: Green Rachael
Published: August 2002

When an Employee's Crisis Becomes HR's Problem

Refocusing Job Descriptions

Retaining Key Employees

Getting 360 Degree Feedback Right

Today's Lesson: Strategic Planning

How To Foster Creativity At Work

Building Morale, Motivating, and Empowering Employees
How Culture Helped Dow AgroSciences Succeed in Achieving Business Objectives of an Acquisition
Authors: Head Henry W.
Published: August 2002

When Mycogen Seeds, a subsidiary of Dow AgroSciences (DAS), purchased Cargill Hybrid Seeds, there
were good business reasons to do so. But DAS knew that achieving the promising business synergies depended upon
successfully blending not just the businesses, but the culture in which the critical people would work. So they
established a cross‐functional integration team whose efforts both embodied a culture of respect for each
individual and built as smooth a path as possible to achieve the underlying business objectives. ©
2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Setting Priorities: Organizational Change at a Federal Civil Rights Agency
Authors: Igasaki Paul M.
Published: August 2002

In 1995, the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) was drowning in an ever rising tide
of aging charges of discrimination, and its litigation program was treading water in a sea of relatively
insignificant lawsuits. The agency's stakeholders—employers and the civil rights
community—normally have diametrically opposed positions on most issues, but they were in full agreement
about one thing: The EEOC's credibility as a law enforcement agency was crippled. The agency took far too
long to investigate charges, and very few of the lawsuits it filed involved matters of public importance. As a
result, the agency had little deterrent effect on discriminatory behavior. Some of this was a result of budget and
staffing shortages, and some was caused by Commission policies. Whatever the causes, the Commission has made
dramatic reforms since 1995, though much work remains to be done to fulfill its mission. © 2001 John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Royal Dutch Shell Quantifies the Benefits of Leadership Development
Authors: Niemes Jim
Published: August 2002

Leadership development often seems like a fuzzy concept, even though it also intuitively seems crucial to
optimizing organizational effectiveness. But there are ways to inject rigor into the process, ensuring that it
permeates all levels of the organization and produces measurable results. Royal Dutch Shell has implemented such a
rigorous process, reaping a variety of tangible results. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons,
Inc.
Three Keys for Translating Strategy into Action
Authors: Cascella Victor
Published: August 2002

Business strategies that fail often do so, not because of anything wrong with the ideas, but rather because
the organization is not coherently focused on achieving them. A useful tactical approach is to examine
processes, measurement systems, and accountability—all to see how they best can support the strategies.
© 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Currents: Books in Brief
Authors: Lawton LaRoi
Published: August 2002

Gaming the System: Stop Playing the Organizational Game

Winning the Talent Wars: How to Manage and Compete in the High‐Tech, High Speed,
Knowledge‐Based Superfluid Economy

Guide to Global Compensation and Benefits

Acquiring, Processing, and Deploying Voice of the Customer

Business Process Orientation: Gaining the E‐Business Competitive Advantage

Judo Strategy: Turning Your Competitors' Strength to Your Advantage

The Forward‐Focused Organization: Visionary Thinking and Breakthrough Leadership to Create Your
Company's Future

Place to Space: Migrating to e‐Business Models

Profit from the Core: Growth Strategy in an Era of Turbulence

The Attention Economy: Understanding the New Currency of Business

The 108 Skills of Natural Born Leaders

The Nature of Organizational Leadership: Understanding the Performance Imperatives Confronting Today's
Leaders

Strategic Interviewing: How to Hire Good People
Local pentoxifylline administration decreases the formalin induced Fos expression in rat spinal cord
Authors: Rodella Luigi , Borsani Elisa , Rezzani Rita , Lanzi Roberto , Bianchi Rossella
Published: August 2002

Pro‐inflammatory cytokines play a key role in the inflammatory response and contributing to producing local hyperalgesia. It is known that pentoxifylline inhibits inflammatory cytokine production. Therefore, the aim of this study was to find out, using a behavioural test and neuronal Fos expression, if this drug had some antinociceptive effect decreasing nociresponsive neuron activation in the spinal cord after nociceptive inflammation (injection of formalin in the hind paw). Our data showed that formalin induced a great number of Fos‐positive neurons in the dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord mainly in the ipsilateral I and II laminae. The local pre‐treatment with pentoxifylline before the formalin injection, decreased the nociceptive response in the formalin test and the number of Fos positive neurons in the spinal cord. This finding suggests that pentoxifylline is involved in decreasing the activation of nociceptive neurons in the spinal cord playing a role in local anti‐nociception.
Simultaneous activation and inactivation profiles of p38 MAP kinase and ATF‐2 in rat DRG neurons after axotomy
Authors: Nakata Takahiro , Yorifuji Hiroshi
Published: August 2002

The axon of the neuron can sprout, elongate and regenerate towards their target following axotomy in the peripheral nervous system.

To elucidate the mechanism of the axotomy signal, we investigated the phosphorylation state of several MAPK molecules using phospho‐specific antibodies. The c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) /c‐Jun signal transduction system was activated soon after axotomy and maintained over a lengthy period. On the other hand, the p38/ATF‐2 system was transiently activated at one or two days after the axotomy, and deactivated at 4 days or 8 days, accompanied by a decrease in the total ATF‐2 protein expression. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed the up‐regulation of p38 phosphorylation mainly in small diameter neurons in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). The synergistic induction of p38 and ATF‐2 phosphorylation suggests that the p38/ATF‐2 pathway plays a role in the signal mechanism of peripheral nerve regeneration.
Effects of nitrobenzylthioinosine on adenosine levels and neuronal injury in rat forebrain ischemia
Authors: Zhang YiWei , Shepel P. Nicholas , Peeling James , Geiger Jonathan D. , Parkinson Fiona E.
Published: August 2002

Nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBMPR) can potentiate the actions of adenosine through inhibition of adenosine influx mediated by the equilibrative nucleoside transporter subtype 1 (ENT1). As adenosine can decrease ischemic neuronal injury, we tested the hypothesis that peripheral administration of the pro‐drug NBMPR‐phosphate (NBMPR‐P) can increase brain adenosine levels and reduce ischemia‐induced loss of hippocampal CA1 neurons. Pre‐ischemic, but not post‐ischemic, peripheral administration of NBMPR‐P significantly (P = 0.03) increased neuronal survival. Mechanistically, NBMPR‐induced neuroprotection was associated with significant (P = 0.03) increases in adenosine levels relative to saline‐treated controls. Hypothermia was tested for but did not account for the beneficial effects of NBMPR. Together, these data suggest that selective inhibition of ENT1 adenosine transporters can increase post‐ischemic levels of adenosine and reduce ischemic neuronal death.
Potassium, M3 muscarinic receptors, and dopamine release
Authors: Hoffmann I.S. , Guevara B.H. , Cubeddu L.X.
Published: August 2002

The factors determining dopamine (DA) release induced by muscarinic receptor stimulation were investigated. Carbachol facilitated DA release elicited by electrical stimulation (1Hz, 2 min). In addition, carbachol per se induced DA release (direct action); an effect dependent of potassium levels. Increasing potassium from 4.8 to 12.5 mM produced a 10‐fold increase in carbachol‐induced DA release (P<0.001). DA release induced by electrical stimulation was not dependent on potassium levels. Low extracellular calcium (0.65 mM) reduced 44 ± 7 and 2 ± 1% the release evoked by electrical stimulation and carbachol, respectively (P<0.001). Tetrodotoxin (0.33 μM) inhibited the electrically‐evoked release by ≥ 90% and carbachol‐induced release by only 20% (P<0.001). Nomifensine (3 μM) and sulpiride (1 μM) enhanced carbachol‐induced DA release. The following order of potency: 4‐DAMP > pirenzepine > tropicamide > AF‐DX 116, was obtained for inhibiting carbachol‐induced DA release. In conclusion, carbachol acting through M3‐like (M1 possibly) muscarinic receptors induces the release of DA which is strongly dependent on extracellular potassium. This release seems of exocytotic nature, it is not dependent on the generation of action potentials and partly relies on intracellular calcium. Potassium level is a critical determinant of DA release mediated by M3 muscarinic receptor stimulation.
Correlations between the clustering patterns of the pathological changes in sporadic Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease
Authors: Armstrong R.A. , Lantos P.L. , Cairns N.J.
Published: August 2002

Correlations between the clustering patterns of the vacuolation ('spongiform change'), prion protein (PrP) deposits, and surviving neurons were studied in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum in 11 cases of sporadic Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease (sCJD). Differences in the sizes of the clusters of vacuoles were observed between brain regions and in the cerebral cortex, between the upper and lower laminae. With the exception of the parietal cortex, mean cluster size of the vacuoles was similar to that of the PrP deposits in each brain area. Clusters of the vacuoles were spatially correlated with the density of surviving neurons and with the clusters of PrP deposits in 47% and 53% of cortical areas analysed respectively but there were few spatial correlation between the PrP deposits and the density of surviving neurons. The data suggest that the pathology of sCJD may spread through the brain via specific anatomical pathways. Development of the clusters of vacuoles is spatially related to surviving neurons while the appearance of clusters of PrP deposits is related to the development of the vacuolation.
Prenatal PTZ exposure alters the susceptibility to PTZ‐induced and nonconvulsive epilepsy in rats
Authors: Klioueva I.A. , van Luijtelaar E.L.J.M. , Chepurnov S.A. , Coenen A.M.L.
Published: August 2002

The effects of prenatal PTZ treatment on convulsive threshold for PTZ and spontaneously occurring spike‐wave discharages (SWD) were studied in WAG/Rij rats. Pregnant females were either repeatedly injected with PTZ (40 mg/kg i.p.) or saline. The offspring were divided into four groups that were challenged with PTZ at one of the following postnatal days (PD): 40‐th, 70‐th, 100‐th and 130‐th. The PTZ pre‐treated group had a higher PTZ seizure threshold than the control at PD 40, 100 and 130, not at PD 70: than the control group had a higher threshold. Next there was an age‐dependent decrease in seizure threshold and latency.

EEG monitoring at the age of 110–140 days showed a lower number of SWD for WAG/Rij rats prenatally treated with PTZ than for the control group. These results demonstrate that prenatal PTZ treatment protects rats against PTZ‐induced seizures and SWD.
An optimization‐based domain decomposition method for the Boussinesq equations
Authors: Lee Hyesuk Kwon
Published: August 2002

We study an optimization based domain decomposition method for the Boussinesq equations governing natural convection problems. Domain decomposition is cast into a constrained minimization problem for which the objective functional measures the jump in the dependent variables across the interface between solid and fluid subdomains. We showthat solutions of the minimization problem exist and derive an optimality system from which these solutions may be determined. Finite element approximations of the solutions of the optimality system are examined. The domain decomposition method is also reformulated as a nonlinear least‐squares problem and the results of some numerical experiments are given. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 18: 1–25, 2002
A mixed‐FEM formulation for nonlinear incompressible elasticity in the plane
Authors: Gatica Gabriel N. , Stephan Ernst P.
Published: August 2002

This article deals with an expanded mixed finite element formulation, based on the Hu‐Washizu principle, for a nonlinear incompressible material in the plane. We follow our related previous works and introduce both the stress and the strain tensors as further unknowns, which yields a two‐fold saddle point operator equation as the corresponding variational formulation. A slight generalization of the classical Babuška‐Brezzi's theory is applied to prove unique solvability of the continuous and discrete formulations, and to derive the corresponding a priori error analysis. An extension of the well‐known PEERS space is used to define an stable associated Galerkin scheme. Finally, we provide an a posteriori error analysis based on the classical Bank‐Weiser approach. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 18: 105–128, 2002
The use of size–frequency diagrams to characterize prehistoric fish catches and to assess human impact on inshore fisheries
Authors: Leach Foss , Davidson Janet
Published: August 2002

Archaeological collections of fish bones from previously excavated sites in New Zealand are being re‐examined and selected bones measured in order to estimate original fish size, reconstruct prehistoric fish catches and assess human impact on the fishery over the course of about 800 years of New Zealand prehistory. Several problems hamper this research, such as small sample sizes, lack of significant stratigraphy at many sites, inconsistent field collection strategies and failure to retain all of the material after initial analysis.

Although some common fish species show a significant decline in mean size between pre‐European and early historic samples on the one hand, and modern populations on the other, we have found little support for the common belief that there was a decline in mean fish size during the pre‐European period. We have observed increases over time in the mean size of snapper (Pagrus auratus), blue cod (Parapercis colias) and undifferentiated species of Labridae from several sites scattered throughout New Zealand. Distinguishing between changes in fish population structures owing to natural processes, such as surface sea water changes, and those which are the result of human over‐fishing is not simple, because both processes can operate simultaneously. We draw on modern fish quota management models to separate these processes. Important factors for each species are inshore biomass and the recruitment rate at different temperature regimes. In the case of blue cod, we find that there are signs in the catch diagrams of changes in fishing technology, and that 30–80% of catches are undersized fish in terms of modern management criteria. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Palaeopathological evidence of infectious disease in skeletal populations from later medieval Serbia
Authors: Djurić‐Srejić Marija , Roberts Charlotte
Published: August 2002

Published data on palaeopathology are limited from the area of Serbia. This paper provides evidence for infectious disease in 1617 skeletons from eight Medieval Serbian cemeteries. Two hundred and three individuals were analysed by the first author and data on the remaining skeletons were derived from previous published work. A total of 23 adult individuals, and no non‐adults, had evidence of infectious disease. Historical data on infectious disease at that time are considered, particularly leprosy, treponemal disease, and infections affecting only the soft tissues, such as the plague, dysentery, smallpox and rabies, and the results of the analyses compared, with discussions on the limitations of the study. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tortuosity or aneurysm? The palaeopathology of some abnormalities of the vertebral artery
Authors: Waldron Tony , Antoine Daniel
Published: August 2002

The anatomy of the vertebral artery (VA) and two pathological conditions which affect it—tortuosity and aneurysm—are described. The changes which these lesions produce in the cervical vertebrae are also described and we present two cases in which these changes have been found. One case is of a female aged at least 45 years at the time of death from a 15th century medieval cemetery site in Britain with what we consider to be tortuosity of the VA. The second case is of a male aged between 25 and 35 years at the time of death from a Coffin period site in Japan, dating to ca 1600 years BP. The changes in this skeleton are considered to be more in keeping with a diagnosis of aneurysm of the VA. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lingual cortical mandibular defects (Stafne's defect): an anthropological approach based on prehistoric skeletons from the Canary Islands
Authors: Lukacs John R. , RodrÍguez MartÍn Conrado
Published: August 2002

While posterior lingual mandibular depressions (Stafne's defect) are often discussed in clinical reports, they are rarely the subject of anthropological research. This situation is paradoxical since osteologists and skeletal biologists are in a position to enhance understanding of the trait's aetiology by systematically recording the trait in recent and prehistoric skeletal collections. This report reviews anthropological studies of cortical defects of the mandible, recommends a protocol for recording observations in trait variation, and presents new data for the prevalence of Stafne's defect—lingual cortical defects of the mandibular corpus. Among the Guanches of Tenerife in the Canary Islands (Spain), the prevalence of lingual cortical defects is 3.32% (15/452), males are more frequently affected than females, and there is a tendency for individuals with antemortem tooth loss to display larger lesions than individuals without antemortem loss of teeth. Defects of the left side are somewhat more variable in position than defects located on the right. In comparative perspective, prevalence of lingual cortical defects among the Guanches is high, given the overall 1.07% prevalence reported for archaeological series (Finnegan & Marcsik,1980), but is similar to figures reported for the Avar period sample from Hungary 3.73%. Prospects for the use of lingual cortical defects as non‐metric traits of value in population distance studies remain uncertain since variation in trait expression may have a high environmental component. However, if human osteologists routinely include observations of lingual mandibular cortical defects in their analysis of skeletal collections, the data required to elucidate factors responsible for the trait's cultural, ecological, temporal and geographical patterning will more rapidly become established. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The resource profile approach: a Kosovo case study
Authors: Saltmarshe Douglas
Published: August 2002

This article describes the resource profile approach and illustrates its value in understanding the social, economic and political context within which livelihoods are constructed. The article provides a rationale for the use of the approach and a description of resources used in this methodology. Its analysis of resources provides qualitative and quantitative information which permits a definition of poverty relevant to the grouping being studied. It describes routes to and from impoverishment and on the nature and function of formal and informal institutions. The case study shows how the methodology was applied in Kosovo. The evidence from the research identified a number of development needs, principal amongst which was the need to develop institutions close to the people they were intended to serve. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dielectric relaxation studies on a three component fully aromatic copolyester
Authors: Collins T. L. D. , Davies G. R. , Ward I. M.
Published: August 2002

The family of aromatic copolyesters based on the hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA) unit has been studied extensively by a number of groups. In particular the copolyesters of HBA and 2,6‐hydroxynaphthoic acid (HNA) have received much of attention due to their superior physical properties. This paper, however, describes some detailed dielectric studies on a related fully aromatic copolyester, poly(p‐oxybenzoate‐co‐p‐phenylene isophthalate), known simply as HIQ.

This polymer is of particular interest because it can be solvent cast in an amorphous form, with no apparent crystallinity or frozen liquid crystalline texture and subsequently annealed, to increase the amount of crystalline and frozen liquid crystalline material. Dielectric measurements were therefore made on tape and film samples with differing morphologies produced by different processing histories. Measurements were made from 1 Hz to 10 kHz over the temperature range −100 °C to 150 °C.

A low temperature γ relaxation is observed which appears to be similar in nature to that which is observed in copolymers of HBA and HNA. An intermediate temperature β process is seen in isotropic samples which has a much higher activation energy than that found in HBA/HNA polyesters for example. The intensity of this process, which is not seen in mechanical measurements on highly oriented samples, increases on annealing and it is therefore suggested that the process is the glass transition of the liquid crystalline phase, though why the process is not seen in mechanical measurements on oriented samples is unclear. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.