bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Pharmacol ogic Agents on Immune‐Complex‐induced Redistribution of B‐Lymphocyte Fc Receptors
Authors: KLINGENSTEIN R. J. , DICKLER H. B.
Published: June 2006

The effects of pharmacologic agents on the immune‐complex‐induced redistribution of B‐lymphocyte Fc receptors (and, as a control, the anti‐Ig induced redistribution of surface Ig) were examined. Immune‐complex‐induced capping of B‐cell Fc receptors was moderately to markedly inhibited by the combination of colchicine and cytochalasin B, the Ca ++ ionophore A23187, and the local anaesthetic lidocaine but was only slightly inhibited by cytochalasin B alone and was not inhibited by colchicine alone. Inhibition of capping was not due to the inhibition of binding of immune complexes to the B‐lymphocytes or to decreased cell viability since these effects were absent. Preformed immune complex‐Fc receptor caps were disrupted by A23187. lidocaine, and the combination of colchicine and cytochalasin B, but not by either colchicine or cytochalasin B alone. The effects of the pharmacologic agents were similar for Fc receptors and surface Ig in all cases. These results suggest that ligand bound Fc receptors are affected by cytoskeletal structures and that the ligand‐induced redistribution of two distinct B lymphocyte surface receptors (Fc receptors and surface Ig) occurs by similar or identical mechanisms.
Mouse Erythrocyte Rosette Formation by Human Lymphoid Cell Lines
Authors: BERTOGLIO J. , LALDJIM B. , DORÉ J. F.
Published: June 2006

Lymphoid cell lines have been studied with respect to mouse erythrocyte rosette formation, a marker for B cells. Celts from six B‐cell lines out of fifteen tested were able to form mouse erythrocyte rosettes. When this capacity was studied after neuraminidase pretreatment of the cells, it defined three groups of B lymphoid cell lines according to their reactivity. However, these groups could not he correlated to any of the other B‐cell markers, and especially mouse erythrocyte rosette formation appeared unrelated to the class of the immunoglobulin present on the cell surface. Non B‐cell lines were never found to form such rosettes. The capacity of B‐Cell Lines to form mouse erythrocyte rosettes was further demonstrated to be relatively insensitive to trypsin treatment, and results are presented suggesting some degree of cell cycle dependency of the expression of this marker.
Reduced in Vitro Response of CSF Lymphocytes to Mitogen Stimulation in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: KAM‐HANSEN S. , LINK H. , FRYDEN A. , MOLLER E.
Published: June 2006

By means of a microculture technique and calculation of incorporation of 14C‐thymidine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lymphocytes from multiple sclerosis (MS) patients showed low or absent proliferation when stimulated with phytohaemaggiutinin, concanavalin A, or pokeweed mitogen. in contrast to peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) obtained simultaneously and investigated in parallel. A lower proliferation of CSF lymphocytes compared with PBL was also found in acute aseptic meningitis, although it has been reported that CSF lymphocytes show greater proliferation than PBL when specifically stimulated. The low proliferation of MS CSF lymphocytes on mitogen stimulation may be a consequence of prolonged sensitization to an as yet unidentified antigen. The proliferation of MS CSF lymphocytes was not improved by adding irradiated PBL, making helper cell insufiiciency less likely. MS CSF had no inhibitory effect on proliferation of PBL. arguing against an inhibitory effect of soluble factors in the CSF as an explanation for the depressed response of CSF lymphocytes.
Suppressor Cells Induced by Purified Protein Derivative of Tuberculin (PPD): the Suppression is Mediated by Cells that Proliferate in Response to Stimulation with PPD
Authors: SÖRÉN L.
Published: June 2006

Lymphocytes stimulated with purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) were found to inhibit the PPD stimulation of fresh, autologous lymphocytes. This suppressor effect was exerted after preincubation with both high and low concentrations of PPD. Optimal suppression occurred after preincubation with PPD in concentrations of 5 μg/ml and higher, the same concentrations that gave optimal stimulation of DNA synthesis in primary cultures. The suppressor effect was abolished completely by‘hot pulse’treatment and partly by treatment with colchicine during PPd preincubation, showing that the PPD‐induced suppressor cells are generated by cell division. When fresh lymphocytes were incubated together with PPD‐pretreated cells cultures that were not stimulated with PPd, the PPd‐stimulated lymphocytes exerted a stimulatory effect on the fresh lymphocytes. This effect was maximal for cells preincubated for 1 h with PPD, decreasing with increasing duration of preincubation with PPD. Possible explanations of this observation are discussed.
Concanavalin‐A‐binding Proteins on the Surface of Human Malignant and Normal Lymphocytes
Authors: NILSSON S. F. , EDELSON R. , MANN D. , GREEN I. , WAXDAL M. J.
Published: June 2006

The concanavalin‐A‐binding cell surface glycoproteins from normal and certain leukaemic human lymphocytes were radiolabelled and then solubilized with detergent, isolated by affinity chromatography on Con A insolubilized on agarose beads, and subsequently analysed by SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Leukaemic T cells from patients with Sezary syndrome were found to express major concanavalin‐A‐binding glycoproteins on their outer surface similar to those of normal T lymphocytes. Leukaemic B cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia expressed C on‐A‐binding proteins similar to those of B‐cell lines. HLA antigens were predominant among the major Con‐A‐binding proteins on the surface of the normal and the malignant T cells studied. Human la‐like antigens, HLA antigens, and the cell surface immunoglobulins IgD and IgM represented the major Con‐A‐binding proteins on the B cells studied. β2‐microglobulin was found associated with HLA antigens on both leukaemic and non‐leukaemic T and B cells. The presence of additional Con‐A‐binding proteins expressed on the surface of the different cell types studied is discussed along with some physical characteristics of the human la‐like antigens isolated.
Secondary MLC Responses of Primed Lymphocytes after Selective Sensitization to Non‐HLA‐D Determinants
Authors: WANK R. , SCHENDEL D. J. , BLANCO M. E. , DUPONT B.
Published: June 2006

Two HLA‐B, D‐identical siblings, who differed only for the HLA‐A region because of a maternal recombinational event, were studied in primary (10) and secondary (2°) mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). The HLA‐A:B recombinant child did not respond to its HLA‐B, D‐identical sibling in either 1° or 2° MLC. In the reciprocal combination the non‐recombinant child responded only weakly in 1° MLC but responded significantly in 2° MLC to the HLA‐A:B recombinant child. Thus, it was possible to selectively prime to a non‐HLA‐D determinant, which is controlled by a gene located distal to HLA‐B. Because this determinant was not present on T‐cells, it could be distinguished from the serologically defined antigen controlled by the HLA‐A locus. Such primed lymphocytes, as well as lymphocytes primed between HLA‐identical siblings, revealed high autologous control responses which were not observed when using lymphocytes primed in conventional one‐haplotype combinations. The significant 2° MLC response to autologous cells after sensitization to allogeneic cells may reflect recognition of self antigens and raises the question to what extent genetic similarity between responding and stimulating cells is required in the priming phase to elicit a 2° response to autologous cells.
Human Leucocyte Interferon: Analysis of Effect on MLC and Effector Cell Generation
Authors: HERON I. , BERG K.
Published: June 2006

Mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) showed decreased thymidine incorporation when interferon (IF) had been added to the culture medium. The cell‐mediated lympholysis (CML) potential generated in mixed lymphocyte cultures grown in the presence of IF was substantially augmented at a certain concentration range. Highly purified leucocyte IF also had this effect, whereas mock preparations did not. The CML‐augmenting property was found in the antiviral fraction after separation of semipurified leucocyte IF (by the method of Daht & Degree). The possibility that the effects were due lo a shift in kinetics after culturing in the presence of IF has been excluded. The killer‐enhancing properties of IF did not seem to be due to an enhanced expression of histocompatibility antigens, the selective inhibition of CML suppressor cells, or a change in the specificity of recognized target cells. The results of secondary in vitro MLC‐CML experiments, in which primary MLC had been carried out in the presence or absence of IF, indicated that the compound acts (in vitro) through preferential selection of cells that are less sensitive lo inhibition by IF and more likely to kill.
Effect of Normal Human Serum on the Binding of Specific Antibodies and Platelet‐unrelated Immune Complexes to Human Platelets
Authors: KEKOMÄKI R. , MYLLYLÄ G.
Published: June 2006

Radiolabelled staphylococcal protein A was used to quantitate the binding of IgG on stored human platelets from human sera containing specific antibodies reactive with platelets and rabbit serum containing immune complexes (IC), Normal human serum (NHS) inhibited the binding of IC onto platelets and to various extents also the binding of specific antibodies. The attachment of inhibitors to platelets seemed to be reversible. The considerable difference in the inhibitory capacities of IgG‐deficient sera and monomeric IgG indicates that IgG is the major inhibitory component of NHS. The binding of IgG from NHS onto platelets evidently hampers the detection of weak platelet antibodies even with the most sensitive tests. Purified Clq, known to modify the reactions of IC with fresh platelets did not alter the binding of IC onto stored platelets. A monoclonal, antiglobulin‐active rheumatoid factor of IgM class displayed only moderate inhibition. Therefore, the application of RF or Clq for the differentiation of the binding induced by IC or antibodies is not useful in this assay system. The heterogeneity of immunologic receptors of platelets provides an explanation of the inhibitory inefficiency of Clq.
Detection of Fc Receptor‐bearing Lymphocytes by Using IgG‐coated Latex Particles
Authors: SJÖBERG O. , INGANÄS M.
Published: June 2006

Latex particles coated with human IgG can be used to detect lymphocytes capable of binding to the Fc portion of IgG, Optimal conditions are described. The method is as sensitive as techniques using antibody‐coated erythrocytes, is easy to perform, and has good reproducibility, A small proportion of T cells and the majority of B cells can be shown to carry receptors for Fc (IgG).
Clonotype Patterns of Antibodies Released by Single Lymph Nodes
Authors: FROST H. , BRAUN D. G.
Published: June 2006

Experimental primary, secondary and teritiary stimulation with streptococcal vaccine of isolated lymph nodes in vivo in the sheep model induces largely persistence of anti‐group polysaccharide antibody clonotype patterns with the rure occurrence of additional clonotypes demonstrable after secondary stimulation persisting during the tertiary stimulus. It is not clear whether these additional clonotypes are the products of mutants or whether they pre‐existed and were demonstrable only after a secondary stimulus, because of threshold concentrations required for identification. Further, isolated contralateral popliteal and prescapular lymph nodes of individual sheep share completely overlapping clonotype patterns during experimental primary anti‐polysaccharide antibody responses indicating an identical repertoire of specific clonotypes under this condition of responsiveness.
Characterization of Human Lymphocyte Surface Receptors for Mitogenic and Non‐mitogenic Substances
Authors: SKOOG V. T. , NILSSON S. F. , WEBER T. H.
Published: June 2006

To compare the receptor patterns for mitogenic and non‐mitogenic substances, surface glycoproteins of human lymphocytes were labelled with the lactoperioxidase‐catalysed iodination technique and with a galactose oxidase‐tritiated sodium borohydride technique. Labelled cells were detergent‐solubilized, and the lysates were allowed to react with insolubilized purified mitogenic lectins, phytohaemagglutinin, leucoagglutinin and an insolubilized non‐mitogenic lectin, oxidized leucoagglutinin. Lectin‐reactive protein were eluted with sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) buffer. Cell membrane components reactive with anti‐lymphocyte globulin (ALG) were retrieved by indirect immunoprecipitation with protein‐A‐bearing staphylococcus Cowan I strain (SaCI). Lectin‐and ALG‐reactive proteins were analysed by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Iodinated glycoproteins regularly showed four major components with molecular weight of 120,000, 70,000 60,000 and 43,000 daltons, respectively, on 7% gels. An additional broad peak in the molecular weight range 20,000–35,000 daltons found on 10% gels. Tritiated glycoproteins also showed four major components with MW 120,000, 70,000, 60,000 and 42,000, respectively, which reacted with lectin and ALG. In addition, ALG reacted with some glycoproteins with MW between 150,000 and 230,000 daltons. On 10% gels additional lectin and ALG‐binding glycoproteins with MW around 30,000 daltons were found. The similarity in structures bound by mitogenic and non‐mitogenic substances indicated that lymphocyte activation may depend on some properly conferred by the mitogen.
Studies on Human Epidermal Langerhans Cells
Authors: BRAATHEN L. R. , THORSBY E.
Published: June 2006

Human epidermis was separated from dermis by means of a suction blister device and dissociated with trypsin. The epidermal cell suspensions obtained contained 3–5% Langerhans cells as judged by immunofluorescence staining of the cells with a rabbit anti‐DR antiserum. The epidermal cells were co‐cultured with purified allogeneic T cells and with autologous T cells with or without PPD of tuberculin. A strong T‐cell response to allogeneic epidermal cells was obtained, as was a strong T‐cell response to PPD, provided autologous epidermal cells were also present. Pre‐treatment of the epidermal cells with anti‐DR antiserum plus complement abolished both these responses. These data indicate that epidermal cells are able to substitute for macrophages both in the allo‐activating and in the antigen‐presenting function. Since the responsible cells were DR‐positive, it is highly probable that the cells responsible for these functions are the Langerhans cells.
Antibody Response of the Lactating Sow to Oral Immunization with Escherichia coli
Authors: EVANS P. A. , NEWBY T. J. , STOKES C. R. , PATEL D. , BOURNE F. J.
Published: June 2006

Oral immunization of the lactating sow with live Escherichia coli (O8:K88)‐stimulated an IgA anti‐K88 antibody response in mammary Secretions and significantly enhanced the capacity of whey to inhibit adhesion of the inoculum E. coli strain to isolated pig enterocytes. An increase in agglutinating anti‐08 activity was also evident in milk and was associated with both the IgA and IgM immunoglobulin classes These mulls are consistent with the conceal of a gut mammary link, although measurement of specific antibody in the intestinal secretion of these animals suggested that there may be a difference in response duration at the two secretory sites. Prolonged oral administration of heat‐killed organisms also stimulated specific antibody synthesis within the mammary gland, although the response, particularly to the O antigen, was both reduced and delayed in its appearance.
Idiotype‐bearing Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes in Human Multiple Myeloma and Waldenström's Macroglobulinaemia
Authors: SCHEDEL I. , PEEST D. , STÜNKEL K. , FRICKE M. , ECKERT G. , DEICHER H.
Published: June 2006

Antisera raised against idiotypic determinants (ID) of myeloma proteins and macroglobulins have been used to differentiate peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) populations from individual patients. ID‐positive lymphocytes not resembling plasma cells have been regularly found in peripheral blood in these diseases. For further chraracterization ID‐positive lymphocytes were enriched from the peripheral blood by affinity chromatography using heterologous anti‐idiotypic sera. Two patients with IgG myeloma, one patient with Waldenström's macroglobulinaemia and two persons with benign monoclonal hyperglobulinaemia (BMH) were examined by this technique. The ID‐positive PBL population was shown to be heterogeneous with respect to non‐tumour‐specific surface markers, such as sheep erythrocytes (SRBC), Fc and C receptors. Tumour‐specific idiotypic determinants will thus allow a more correct recognition of the total tumour cell compartment in these diseases.
Excessive Suppressor T‐cell Activity of the Rheumatoid Synovial Tissue in X‐linked Hypogammaglobulinaemia
Authors: CHATTOPADHYAY C. , NATVIG J. B. , CHATTOPADHYAY H.
Published: June 2006

Patient K.L. with X‐linked hypogammaglobulinaemia showed excessive suppressor T‐cell activity both in the lymphocytes from the rheumatoid synovial tissue and in the peripheral blood lymphocyte compartment. This was in marked contrast to the findings in the lymphocytes from synovial tissue of patients with classical rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which were clearly deficient in suppressor T‐cell activity. These findings further support the existence of distinctly different pathogenetic mechanisms in the two types of rheumatoid inflammation. It also demonstrates that patients with X‐linked hypogammaglobulinaemia may have excessive suppressor T‐cell activity not only in their peripheral blood lymphocytes but also in local chronic inflammatory tissue such as the rheumatoid joint inflammation.
Isolation and Partial Characterization of a Murine Cell Surface Glycoprotein with Affinity for Exogenously Added β2‐Microglobulin
Authors: SEGE K. , PETERSON P. A.
Published: June 2006

Exogenously added β2microglobulin (β2m) binds to a variety or murine cell types. The ‘receptor’ for β2m has been isolated. The purified ‘receptor’ comprised a 48,000‐dalton chain and occasionally a 25,000‐dalton component. Direct crosslinking of β2m to the receptor on intact cells gave rise to a single 60,000‐dalton β2m‐‘receptor’ complex. The molecular characteristics of the ‘receptor’ were considerably changed on binding β2m. The size of the β2m‐‘receptor’ complex was increased partly due to enhanced binding of deoxycholate. The ‘receptor’ was less easily degraded by proteases when β2m was bound then when free. The solubilized ‘receptor’ reacted with a heteroantiserum raised against H‐2K and D antigens but did not exhibit any alloantigenic determinants shared with H‐2 K, D or Ia antigens.
Studies of Anti‐Lymphocyte Antibody in Patients with Active SLE
Authors: MORIMOTO C. , ABE T. , TOGUCHI T. , KIYOTAKI M. , HOMMA M.
Published: June 2006

The effect of anti‐lymphocyte antibodies of active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) on the immune regulation of autoantibody production was studied. The present study demonstrated that there were native DNA (nDNA)‐sensitized T lymphocytes even in inactive SLE and no or few nDNA‐sensitized T lymphocytes in normal individuals, and that in the inactive stages of SLE suppressor T lymphocytes might inhibit the activation of nDNA‐sensitized T lymphocytes eliciting the production of anti‐DNA antibodies by B lymphocytes. In the active stage of SLE, the anti‐lymphocyte antibodies could eliminate the suppressor function of T lymphocytes or a subset of cells capable of either regulating their appearance or differentiating into them, which inhibited such responses. The different suppression of DNA and extractable nuclear antigen (ENA)‐stimulated blastogenic response is further discussed.
The Complete Purification of Human Leucocyte Interferon
Authors: BERG K. , HERON I.
Published: June 2006

Human leucocyte interferon (HuLeIF) has now for The first time been purified by a series of techniques involving precipitation, get filtration, and affinity chromatography wiih Cu‐chelate, blue dextran, and antibody. The two major species of HuLelF were idenlified as two clearly separable and stainable proteins representing 85% of the biological activity with molecular weights of 18,400 and 20,180 daltons. Three more subspecies of HuLeIFwere demonstrated with moleculur weights of 19,500, 20,900 and 22,130 daltons, representing 15% of the biological activity. Specific activity of pure interferon is 2–10° interferon units/mg protein. Recovery was about 50%, and the purification factor exceeded 350,000.
An Inherited Restriction in the Idiotypic Variability as a Possible Explanation of a Genetic Predisposition for a Monoclonal Component
Authors: OCKHUIZEN TH. , DEENEN G. J. , VAN BALEN I. M. , MANDEMA E. , MARRINK J.
Published: June 2006

Genetic factors have been proposed to play a role in the actiology of a monoclonal proliferation of H lymphocytes. As an additional genetic factor we postulate that a restriction in the idiotypic variability of an indivisual contributes to a genetic predisposition to monoclonal gammopathy. To support our hypothesis, we have examined three families with multiple occurrence of M‐components for sharing of idiotypic antigenicity between the related M‐components and between the M‐components and the sera of unaffected relatives. Idiotypic antisera against five isolated M‐components were raised in guinea‐pigs and used in a radiobinding inhibition assay. In none of the three families was idiotypic cross‐reactivity observed between the familial M‐components. However, in a family with three members with an M‐component, sera of first‐degree relatives showed a higher inhibitory capacity than sera of non‐related individuals when an idiotypic antiserum, raised against the M‐component of proposita, was employed. Within this particular family the observed restriction in the idiotypic variability could have contributed to the multiple occurrence of M‐components.
The Accessory Cell Effects of Liver Macrophages in Concanavalin A Stimulation of Rat Spleen Lymphocytes
Authors: MUNTHE‐KAAS A. C.
Published: June 2006

Liver and peritoneal macrophages under similar test conditions behaved in an identical manner with regard to accessory cell effects in the lymphocyte response to concanavalin A. When present in low concentrations (≤3.3%) they stimulate lymphocytes, and when present in high concentration (≥10%) they inhibit lymphocyte proliferation. These two effects are, however, mediated through totally different mechanisms. Stimulation was an early effect, required viable cells, was not affected by enzymatic treatment of macrophages, and was similar to the effect of 2‐mercaptoethanol, allogeneic macrophages, and even non‐macrophages. Inhibition occurred at a later stage of lymphocyte transformation, was sensitive to collagenase and pronase treatment of macrophages, was more specifically due to macrophages, was reduced with allogeneic macrophages. and persisted after freeze‐thawing of macrophages. Removal of Fe receptors or related segments of the surface of macrophages greatly reduced their inhibitory capacity, whereas removal of foreign surface receptors apparently had no consequence.
Degradation of Protein SAA to an AA‐like Fragment by Enzymes of Monocytic Origin
Authors: SKOGEN B. , THORSTEINSSON L. , NATVIG J. B.
Published: June 2006

On incubation in cultures of blood mononuclear leucocytes from normal individuals, protein SAA is gradually degraded and yields an intermediate fragment with the same molecular weight as that of protein AA. This protein fragment has the same antigenic properties as protein AA, as judged from double‐immunodiffusion analysis. Cell fractionation studies attribute the degrading capacity to the monocytes. Evidence was also found that the proteolytically active substance was released to the medium by cells in culture. The proteolytic substance, which also degraded protein AA, could be inhibited by diisopropylfluorophosphate and phenylmethyl sulfonylfluoride. This suggested that the enzyme might be a scrine protease.
An Unusually Large (83 Amino Acid Residues) Amyloid Fibril Protein AA from a Patient with Waldenström's Macroglobulinaemia and Amyloidosis
Authors: MØYNER K. , SLETTEN K. , HUSBY G. , NATVIG J. B.
Published: June 2006

The amino acid sequence studies of a human amyloid fibril protein AA derived from a patient with Waldenström's macroglobulinaemia revealed 83 residues. This protein AA was larger than but otherwise very similar to other human AA proteins studied by complete sequencing. Two amino acids were found both in position 52 (Val/Ala) and in position 53 (Trp/Arg), strongly suggesting a polymorphism of AA proteins. Immunologic studies showed the antigenic determinant(s) reacting with antiprotein AA to be located between positions 25 and 76 of the third cyanogen bromide cleavage fragment of the protein.
Structure, Function, and Biosynthesis of the Major Human Histocompatibility Antigens (HLA‐A and HLA‐B)
Authors: Krangel M. S. , Orr H. T. , Strominger J. L.
Published: June 2006

Summary

In summary, the complete primary structure of one HLA antigen (HLA‐B7) has now been determined, and sufficient information is available about other HLA‐A and ‐B and H‐2 molecules to begin to assess the location of the variable regions within these molecules. It is these regions of the molecules which have evolved to give rise to the extensive polymorphism in human populations, and they most likely define functionally important regions of the molecule. Thus, this information may help us to elucidate the natural biological function of these molecules, as, for example, in the recognition of allogeneic or virally infected syngeneic cells by cytotoxic T cells. Some functional studies, using purified HLA‐A and ‐B antigens inserted in liposomes, have been initiated, and studies of the biosynthesis of these antigens are of great interest in their own right. Further, using cDNA probes, they are being extended to permit us ultimately to underScand the organization of the genes on the sixth human chromosome which encode HLA‐A and ‐B antigens. Finally, such probes may permit the rapid accumulation of sequence information, which would allow us to underScand more completely the structure of these extremely important cell surface molecules.
Characterization of the Monoclonal Blood and Bone Marrow B Lymphocytes in Waldenström's Macroglobulinaemia
Authors: PETTERSSON D. , MELLSTEDT H. , HOLM G.
Published: June 2006

Blood lymphocytes were studied in sixteen patients with Waldenström's macroglobulinaemia. In four of them bone marrow lymphocytes were studied simultaneously. In all four a monoclonal lymphocyte plasma cell fraction carrying the light chain isotype of the serum M‐component was identified by direct immunofluorescence. The cell‐bound immunoglobulins had idiotypic structures in common with the serum M‐component. The monoclonal cell component was pleomorphic, varying from small lymphocytes carrying surface IgM/IgD or IgM only to plasma‐cytoid cells with both surface and cytoplasmic IgM to mature plasma cells with only cytoplasmic IgM. A differentiating B‐cell clone was further suggested by the sequential loss of complement and Fc receptors during maturation to plasma cells. In nine patients monoclonal lymphocytes were increased also in blood. However, the monoclonal fraction was small in all except two patients with advanced disease. The results support the assumption that a clone of B lymphocytes differentiates into immunoglobulin‐secreting cells in Waldenström's macroglobulinaemia. The pattern of cell differentiation in bone marrow was the same in patients with and without a monoclonal blood cell fraction. Progression of the disease is probably the main factor determining the appearance of large numbers of tumour cells in blood.
Cooperation of Murine F1, T and Parental B Lymphocytes in Rejection of a Xenogeneic Tumour: Adaptive Differentiation of B Lymphocytes?
Authors: MARUŠSIĆ M. , PERKINS E. H.
Published: June 2006

The primary humoral immune response to rat Yoshida ascites sarcoma (YAS) grown in mice was used to study thymus‐dependent (T) and bone marrow‐derived (B) lymphocyte cooperation. It was shown that B6D2F1 T lymphocytes that do not cooperate with parental B lymphocytes enabled parental B lymphocytes from B6→B6D2F1 radiation chimaeras to reject the tumour. However, when the bone marrow cells from B6→B6D2F1 chimaeras were used to reconstitute parental B6 mice, these B6→B6D2F1→B6 mice lost their tolerance to D2 transplantation antigens, and their B lymphocytes were not able to cooperate with B6D2F1 T lymphocytes. In our search for the reasons for the failure of F1 T cells to be effective in parental and P→F1→P TIR mice, rejection of F1 T cells was excluded because: (i) immune reactivity in TIR mice was found to he either absent or minimal; (ii) parental TIR mice did not produce any detectable cytotoxic antibodies after an intravenous injection of F1 splenic T cells; and (iii) YAS rejection was not induced at very high doses of F1 T cells. However, in a cell transfer system we were able to demonstrate that injection of spleen cells from parental TIR mice could thwart the successful cooperation of transferred F1 T cells with host B cells. Collectively, these data suggest that the changes of the collaborative potential of parental B cells as achieved in the F1 environment could be ascribed to ‘adaptive’ differentiation of B lymphocytes. It appears that the differentiation process that has rendered nonsyngeneic chimaeric cells able to cooperate was independent of the exogenous antigen.
Antibodies in Secondary Syphilis against Five of Forty Reiter Treponeme Antigens
Authors: PEDERSEN N. STRANDBERG , AXELSEN N. H. , JØRGENSEN B. B. , PETERSEN C SAND
Published: June 2006

More than forty water‐soluble antigens were found in the Reiter treponeme by crossed immunoelectrophoresis, using isolated and concentrated Ig from immunized rabbits. Five antigens reacted with antibodies in sera from selected patients with secondary syphilis, all having strong reactions in traditional tests for syphilis. No antibodies were found in selected healthy controls non‐reactive in traditional syphilis tests. The live antigens represent available and potentially valuable antigens for development of new diagnostic syphilis tests. One of the antigens probably represents the axial filament. The findings open new possibilities for precise immunochemical studies of treponemes and of the immunology of syphilis.
Idiotypic Lymphocytes in the Rabbit: Occurrence and Nature of Idiotypic Lymphocytes in Normal and Hyperimmunized Rabbits
Authors: BAST E. J. E. G. , WIKLER M. , MANTEN‐SLINGERLAND R. , SCHUURMAN H. J. , BALLIEUX R. E.
Published: June 2006

Rabbits were hyperimmunized with Micrococcus Pysodeiticus, leading to homogeneous antibody responses. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were taken from the rabbits before and monthly (during 3 months) after the start of the immunization. The cells were stored frozen. Lymphocytes were tested with anti‐idiotypic conjugates for the presence of surface idiotypic structures. The nature of the idiotype‐positive cells was determined with respect to the presence of IgM or T‐cell antigenic determinants on their surface. A sharp rise and fall in the percentage of idiotypic lymphocytes was found, ranging between 1/40,000 and 1/1,000. Initially almost all idiotypic lymphocytes were IgM‐positive. In the blood taken 2 months after the start of the immunization 20% of the idiotypic cells belonged to the T‐cell population and 10% were negative for both IgM and T‐cell antigenic determinants.
Effect of Hyaluronic Acid on Phagocytosis of Opsonized Latex Particles
Authors: HÅKANSSON L. , HÄLLGREN R. , VENGE P.
Published: June 2006

In an in vitro model system using isolated human granulocytes high molecular weight hyaluronic acid stimulated the initial rate of phagocytosis of complement‐opsonized latex particles. This specific quality was dependent on the molecular size and occurred at low concentrations (1–10 mg/1 of hyaluronic acid. However, at high concentrations (> 100 mg/1) hyaluronic acid inhibited the initial rate of phagocytosis of both IgC‐ and complement‐opsonized particles. The latter effect was shared with chrondoitin sulphate, heparan sulphate and heparin. The results suggest that hyaluronic acid may be instrumental in controlling inflammatory processes.
Effects of Methylprednisolone on the in Vitro Induction and Function of Suppressor Cells in Man
Authors: HIRSCHBERG T. , RANDAZZO B. , HIRSCHBERG H.
Published: June 2006

The effects of the steroid Methylprednisolone on the induction of suppressor lymphocytes in human mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) have been examined. Concentrations of methylprednisolone (MP) sufficient to inhibit both the cellular proliferation and the generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes in MLC appeared in enhance the induction of suppressor cells in these cultures. Maximum enhancement of suppressor cell induction occurred at an MP concentration of approximately 1 μg/ml. Moreover, the presence of low concentrations of methylprednisolone, not sufficient to inhibit proliferation in MLC significantly potentiated the inhibiting effect of suppressor cells on cellular proliferation. The inhibition observed by the combined effect of MP and suppressor cells was equivalent to that seen using five times as many suppressor cells alone.
Kinetics of the Different Susceptibilities of the Four Human Immunoglobulin G Subclasses to Proteolysis by Human Lysosomal Elastase
Authors: BAICI A. , KNÖPFEL M. , FEHR K. , SKVARIL F. , BÖNI A.
Published: June 2006

Human lysosomal clastase cleaves human monoclonal IgG into components that closely resemble the fragments produced by papain digestion IgG1 produced Fab, Fe and Fab‐Fc fragments; cleavage of IgG2 produced Fab‐Fc, Fab and Fc fragments: IgG3 gave rise to almost pure Fab und Fch (Fc covalently Joined to the extended hinge region polypetide of IgG3). and from IgG4, F(ab)2, Fab and Fc fragments were recovered. The relative susceptibilities of the four human IgG subclasses to proteolytic attack by elastase were studied kinetically and showed the following decrease order of susceptibility: IgG3 >IgG1 >IgG2 >IgG4. The Fab fragment from papain digestion of IgG1 and the corresponding fragment from clastase digestion showed indistinguishable molecular weights and immunochemical identity
Lymphocyte Transformation in Nickel Allergy: Amplification of T‐lymphocyte Responses to Nickel Sulphate by Macrophages in Vitro
Authors: SILVENNOINEN‐KASSINEN S.
Published: June 2006

The cell‐mediated immunity of thirty‐four nickel contact dermatitis patients was evaluated by performing lymphocyte stimulations with NiSO4 (1.25 and 6.25 μg/ml) and tuberculin (PPD), phytohaemagglutinin‐P, pokeweed mitogen, and concanavalin A. Twenty‐six of the patients were nonatopic and eight atopic. Forty‐nine healthy subjects served us controls. Nickel sulphate stimulation was significantly increased (P<0.005) In the allergic subjects, whereas stimulation was decreased (P=0.01). The responses to the other mitogens did not differ significantly between the control subjects and the patients. The lymphocyte transformation reaction to nickel sulphate was shown to occur in T cells and to be enhanced by the helper function of macrophages.
Complement (C3) Conversion by Rat Intestinal Glycoprotein and its Degradation Products
Authors: WINSNES R.
Published: June 2006

Several fragments obtained from alkaline borohydride degradation of a rat intestinal glycoprotein fraction have been tested for anti‐complementary activity. Oligosaccharide alditols with a molecular weight of les than about 1 ± 103 daltons showed no activity, whereas reduced oligosaccharides in the molecular weight range of about 1 ± 103 to 3 ± 103 daltons exerted a minor conversion of C3 by the alternative pathway. The low molecular weight fragments tested did not influence C3 conversion induced by the intact intestinal glycoprotein fraction. Of the fragments a peptide fraction, with an ‘avenge’ molecular weight of 2 ± 103 daltons, and peptide‐containing glycoconjugates exerted activation of C3 by both th classical and alternative pathways. Classical pathway activation by the intestinal glycoproteins depended on antibody, whereas alternative pathway activation did not. Alternative pathway activation appeared to require Factor B in that the intestinal glycoprotein induced no C3 conversion in serum heated to 50°C for 20 min. The rat intestinal glycoproteins had no protease activity on casein and no stimulating effect on human lymphocytes in vitro. Branching of oligosaccharide chains was not indicated by the methylation analyses carried out.
HLA‐DR‐like Antigens in the Epithelium of the Human Small Intestine
Authors: SCOTT H. , SOLHEIM B. G. , BRANDTZAEG P. , THORSBY E.
Published: June 2006

Sections of ethanol‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue specimens from different parts of the human gastrointestinal tract were stained by an indirect immunofluorescence method with a rabbit antiserum to HLA‐DR‐antigens from B lymphocytes. A specific staining reaction was seen in a patchy pattern apically in the columnar cells of the normal small intestine, decreasing in intensity from the top of the villi towards the crypts. No HLA‐DR‐like antigens could he detected in colon or stomach epithelium, whereas cellS with the morphology of lymphocytes and histiocytes in the lamina propria and also capillary walls were specifically stained throughout the gastrointestinal tract.
Detection of Squamous Epithelial Intercellular Substance Antigen(s) in Hassal's Corpuscles of Human and Animal Thymus
Authors: BELETSKAYA L. V. , GNESDITSKAYA E. V.
Published: June 2006

Using pemphigus sera containing high titres (1:1000) of non‐species‐specific: antibodies to tissue‐specific intercellular substance (ICS) antigen(s) of cover stratified epithelia (skin, oesophagus, vagina and so forth), we detected analogous antigen(s) by immunofluorescence in the ICS of the epithelium of Hassall's corpuscles of human and animal thymus. The results obtained, together with well‐known data from histological and embryological studies, confirm the histogentic relationship of the epithelium of thymus corpuscles and cover epithelia of ectodermal origin. ICS antigen (s) is related to the series of hetero‐organic antigens, which probably take part in the natural immunological tolerance formation to the antigens of the organism's own tissues.
Characterization of Active T Cells in CSF and Blood in Multiple Sclerosis Patients and Controls
Authors: KAM‐HANSEN S.
Published: June 2006

In thirty‐two patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), significantly lower percentages of active T cells—that is, lymphocytes which have been incubated at 37°C for 1 h before 5 min rosetting with sheep erythrocytes—were found in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) than in blood, whereas the reverse was observed in twenty of twenty‐two patients with other neurological diseases (OND). No significant difference was found between percentages of active T cells in blood in MS, OND, and healthy controls. Lymphocytes from MS CSF are extensively temperature‐labile when examined under different test conditions; without incubation at 37°C for 1 h. active T cell percentages in CSF of both patients with MS and OND were, in fact, higher than in peripheral blood. The mitogen response patterns of enriched active T cells and unseparated lymphocytes from peripheral blood did not discriminate between patients with MS and healthy controls. Although active T cell values have been shown to correlate with cell‐mediated immunocompetence, they have not yet been defined functionally. One of the explanations for the present findings could be that lymphocytes themselves in MS patients’ CSF are at least partly virus‐infected.
Concanavalin A‐mediated in Vitro Activation of a Secondary Cytotoxic T‐Cell Response in Virus‐primed Splenocytes
Authors: THOMSEN A. RANDRUP , JENSEN B. LØKKE
Published: June 2006

In a recent report it was shown that what appeared to be secondary cytotoxic T cells could be obtained from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)‐primed splenocytes after stimulation in vitro with the non‐specific T cell mitogen concanavalin A (Con A). The present experiments attempt to characterize further these effector cells and, in particular, to establish whether the Con A‐activated cytotoxic effectors are qualitatively different from the secondary cytotoxic T cells induced by restimulation with the homologous antigen. It was found that: (1) in vitro activation with Con A could be obtained with populations harvested between 13 days (the earliest tested) and at least 300 days after priming: (2) cytotoxicity was independent of the presence of carried‐over Con A in the cytotoxicity assay; (3) cytotoxicity was dependent on close association between activated T cells and target cells, since no evidence was found to indicate a role for other cell types or soluble (cytotoxic or arming) factors; (4) cytotoxicity was specific with regard to both virus and ‘self’. By comparison with previous data on LCMV‐induced cytotoxic T cells, it is concluded that Con A induces the generation of cytotoxic T cells from LCMV‐primed splenocytes, which, by the criteria used, are indistinguishable from virus‐induced secondary cytotoxic T cells. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Some Functional Properties of the RNP Nucleoplasmic Antigen
Authors: JONSSON J. , NORBERG R.
Published: June 2006

The effect of nuclear stimulators and inhibitors on the nuclear contents or nucleoplasmic antigens (ENA) was studied by the indirect immunofluorescence technique. Human autoimmune sera, one reacting with RNase‐A‐sensitive and one with RNase‐A‐resistant components of ENA in the passive haemagglutination test, were used as indicators of the RNP and Sm antigens, respectively. Phytohaemagglultinin and concanavalin A both caused an accumlation of these antigens in normal blood lymphocytes. With pokeweed mitogen, staphylococcal protein A, or purified protein derivative the accumulation was apparently restricted to B cells. α‐amanitine, 10μg/ml, prevented the mitogen‐induced accumulation of RNP in normal human blood lymphocytes and reduced the contents of this antigen in several lymphoblastoid cell lines and in HeLa cells but did not significantly affect the contents of Sm antigen in in any of these cell types. The experimental results suggest that the RNP and Sm nucleoplasmic antigens are normal rapid‐phase reactants integrated in physiological nuclear mechanisms rather than inert structural constituents of the nuclear matrix or the products of a latent virus.
Production of DTH in the Mouse to Influenza Virus: Comparison with Conditions for Stimulation of Cytotoxic T Cells
Authors: LEUNG K. N. , ADA G. L.
Published: June 2006

The kinetics of sensitization and elicitation of delayed‐type hypersensitivity in mice to both infectious and non‐infectious preparations of influenza virus was found to be similar to that of some protein antigens and to other viruses. Sensitization was achieved without added adjuvant. Maximum DTH was elicited in the footpad 6 days after sensitization. Adoptive transfer experiments showed that the effector cells were in the Ig‐negative fraction of the spleen and were sensitive to anti‐θ and complement. A comparison was made of conditions for the generation of DTH activity with cytotoxic T cells. The route of inoculation was important. With a high dose (103 HAU) of virus, subcutaneous inoculation was the most efficient and intravenous injection the least efficient for sensitizing for DTH, whereas the reverse was found for cytotoxic T‐cell generation. Second, treatment of mice with cyclophosphamide (Cy) had differential effects. Preinjection of a large dose (200 mg/kg) into mice 2 days before sensitization with virus resulted in an increase In the DTK response and a 90% reduction in cytotoxic T‐cell activity in the spleens of the treated mice. The Cy‐injected mice had reduced (70%) anti‐haemagglutinin levels compared with the controls. This may be the explanation for the enhanced DTH response, since transfer of specific antibody to sensitized mice before injection of the eliciting virus substantially reduced the DTH response. Pretreatment with Cy did not affect the generation of DTH effector cells, since spleen cells from these and control mice had similar levels of activity.
TCGF Production for Cloning and Growth of Functional Human T Lymphocytes
Authors: INOUYE H. , HANK J. A. , ALTER B. J. , BACH F. H.
Published: June 2006

In an effort to increase the potency of T cell growth factor (TCGF), several variables were examined for their effects on the production of TCGF. The following manipulations enhanced the potency of TCGF: first, the removal of adherent cells and addition of indomethacin to the producing cultures; second, irradiation with 1000 rads of the cells used to produce TCGF; and, third, the addition of Epstein‐Barr virus transformed lymphoblastoid (LCL) cells. It was also noted that the addition of irradiated feeder cells increased the efficiency of limiting dilution cloning.
Priming against Stimulator‐derived Alloantigens Bound onto MLC‐activated Blasts
Authors: GÄNSBACHER B. , ZIER K. , ALBERT E. D.
Published: June 2006

Several investigators have reported that antigen transfer between stimulator and responder cells occurs. We investigated whether it was possible to prime against such stimulator‐derived alloantigens bound onto mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC)‐activated blasts. For this purpose we generated blasts bearing bound stimulator‐derived alloantigens in a primary MLC. Subsequently we primed a new family member against these blasts and after 10 days restimulated with all family members. Our results showed that it was indeed possible to sensitize against this transferred antigen and to obtain specific restimulation. Moreover we demonstrated that it was possible to abolish this specific response by treating these blast cells with trypsin
Effector Cell Potential of Two Human T‐Cell Subpopulations with Different Affinities to Sheep Erythrocytes
Authors: HOKLAND P. , HERON I.
Published: June 2006

Two human T lymphocyte Subpopulations were purified on the basis of their different affinities to sheep erythrocytes and compared with unseparated and non‐T lymphocytes as effectors in cell‐mediated lymphoksis (CML.) after mixed lymphocyte culture (MCL), in antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against the mouse mastocytoma line P 815, and in spontaneous cell‐mediated cytotoxicity (SCMC) against the human myeloid leukaemia line K 562 and the Burkitt lymphoma line RAJI. The low‐avidity T cells (T1) had developed into more potent effectors than the high‐avidity (Te) when assessed in CML. In ADCC and SCMC both subsets exhibited low but Consistent lysis with no demonstrable differences. Addition of human leucocyte interferon to the ADCC and SCMC cultures resulted in enhanced SCMC, most notable and to an equal extent with the T cell subsets. In contrast, ADCC of unseparated cells, non‐T cells, and the two T sunsets was found to be unchanged after interferon addition. These data are discussed in relation to findings with human T‐tell subpopulations purified by other methods.