bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Frontal sinus fractures — their suppurative complications and surgical management
Authors: Larrabee Wayne F. , Travis Lawrence W. , Tabb Harold G.
Published: October 2006

A series of 54 patients treated for frontal sinus fractures at Charity Hospital, New Orleans, from 1967‐77 is presented. There were a large number of suppurative complications related to the various medical and surgical managements.

Initial treatments included: observation (15), exploration and open reduction (22), obliteration (16), and ablation (1). Four patients with open fractures were not explored and developed recurrent frontal sinusitis; one progressed to an osteomyelitis. Two with posterior table fractures were not explored and developed meningitis (one was then obliterated and developed an epidural abscess). Three patients developed frontal sinus abscesses after obliterations for anterior wall fractures. Fat gave fewer complications than the other commonly used materials.

Exploration is advocated for most frontal sinus fractures. Obliteration should be avoided when possible. Fat is the material of choice when obliteration is required.
Cartilagenous tumors of the larynx: A review of literature and two case experiences
Authors: Singh J. , Black M. J. , Fried I.
Published: October 2006

Cartilagenous tumors of the larynx are uncommon. A review of the experience from four major hospitals affiliated with McGill University, Montreal, from 1960‐1977 revealed only two cases. The treatment and follow‐up of these cases is discussed. A thorough review of English literature from 1816 revealed 177 reported cases.

Management of benign and malignant cartilagenous tumors of the larynx is discussed and literature is compared.
Office myringotomy for acute otitis media: Its value in preventing middle ear effusion
Authors: Schwartz Richard H. , Rodriguez William J. , Schwartz Daniel M.
Published: October 2006

Middle ear effusion (MEE) as a residual of treated acute otitis media was found in 49% of 776 children studied. No antibiotic, singly or in combination, demonstrated superiority in reducing the incidence of MEE. Simple myringotomy, as a therapeutic modality in 415 children who presented with an acutely bulging painful eardrum, did not facilitate adequate drainage as 51% of such children, treated with simple myringotomy in addition to antibiotics, had MEE detected 10 days later. The incidence of MEE also occurred independently of the middle ear pathogen. Within six weeks, spontaneous resolution of the effusion occurred in 85% of the 382 children with MEE that was detected 10 days after acute otitis media.
Vocal symptomatology of postoperative dysphonia
Authors: Wolfe Virginia I. , Ratusnik David L.
Published: October 2006

Vocal symptomatology of 24 patients was assessed following the removal of polyps (12 cases) and polypoid degeneration (12 cases). In addition to fundamental frequency, hoarseness type was measured using the spectrographic system developed by Yanagihara which assesses harmonic structure of phonemes relative to noise components. Mean vocal frequency (155Hz) for the polypoid degeneration group was significantly lower than mean vocal frequency for the polyp group (186Hz). There was no difference between the two groups in mean spectrographic hoarseness type.

Analysis of data suggested two subgroups of postoperative dysphonia based upon vocal symptomatology: Type A — little or no hoarseness and Type B — severe hoarseness. Neither preoperative nor postoperative conditions of the vocal cords were related to the severity of hoarseness demonstrated by Type B dysphonics. Illustrative cases are presented. One possible explanation for severe postoperative dysphonia is developed.
Chronic mucormycosis
Authors: Finn Douglas G. , Farmer Joseph C.
Published: October 2006

Chronic rhinocerebral mucormycosis, as distinct from the acute fulminating form, has been previously unreported in the otolaryngology literature. We have observed two cases of chronic rhinocerebral mycormycosis with osteomyelitis and bony sequestration at 8 months and 2 years after apparent control of initial infection. In addition to the accepted management of early diagnosis, surgical debridement, an appropriate medical therapy, patients who have been successfully treated for acute and fulminating mucormycosis need long‐term, close follow‐up with further debridement should any chronic infection become evident.
Head and neck skin cancer: Preplanned pathologically controlled excision and reconstruction
Authors: Bray David A.
Published: October 2006

Over a seven year period, 168 basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck area were treated. These were excised under rigid pathological control. Immediate repair was performed using preplanned geometrically designed closures. A broad overview of the literature that prompted the beginning of this seven year prospective study has been given. The treatment procedures have been described in detail. The accuracy of rapid frozen sections is proven and the results of preplanned pathologically controlled resection are given. No recurrences were seen in 168 cases. The reconstructive procedures were based on the preplanned geometry and the cosmetic results are successful in most cases (94%).
Complementary use of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in assessing skull base lesions
Authors: Kraus Dennis H. , Lanzieri Charles E. , Wanamaker John R. , Little John R. , Lavertu Pierre
Published: October 2006

Twenty‐six patients underwent computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of skull base lesions at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation. CT provided improved bone detail, documenting invasion of the lamina papyracea, orbital floor, fovea ethmoidalis, cribriform plate, pterygoid plates, hard palate, and skull base. MRI defined invasion of the orbit, dura, brain, and cavernous sinus. Improved soft‐tissue‐tumor interface was evident on MRI. MRI was superior to CT in determining carotid artery involvement. MRI distinguished between tumor and retained secretions in the paranasal sinuses. Combining radiographic tumor staging reliably predicted surgical findings; however, MRI consistently yielded sufficient diagnostic information and the additional expense of performing two imaging procedures may not be justified.
Concomitant chemoradiotherapy with cisplatin, 5‐fluorouracil and hydroxyurea in poor‐prognosis head and neck cancer
Authors: Haraf Daniel J. , Vokes Everett E. , Weichselbaum Ralph R. , Panje William R.
Published: October 2006

Based on encouraging results with 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU), hydroxyurea, and concomitant radiotherapy in patients with advanced or recurrent head and neck cancer, an attempt was made to modulate the regimen by the addition of cisplatin as a third active agent. A cohort of 26 patients with head and neck cancer of all histologies were entered into a broad phase I study investigating simultaneous radiation therapy, 5‐FU (with or without leucovorin), HU, and infusional cisplatin administered on an alternate‐week schedule. Eleven patients (group 1) had failed prior curative local therapy and 15 patients (group 2) were considered to have a poor prognosis with standard therapy. The median follow‐up was 30 months. The response rate for all evaluable patients was 82% (14/17), and the complete response rate was 65% (11/17). Patients in group 1 demonstrated a high failure rate (9/11), while few group 2 patients failed after treatment (2/15). The median time to progression was 4.4 months in group 1 and has not been reached in group 2. Patients in group 1 failed locally (7/11), while no local failures were observed in group 2. Acute and cumulative hematologic toxicity was encountered at all dose levels and schedules tested and prevented escalation of the cisplatin dose beyond the desired level of 100 mg/m2 per month. Mucositis was a second significant toxicity in patients with head and neck cancer and was more pronounced during cycles containing leucovorin. A detailed analysis of survival, time to progression, and site of failure is presented.
The early stages of polyp formation
Authors: Larsen P. L. , Tos M. , Kuijpers W. , Van Der Beek J. M. H.
Published: October 2006

The purpose of this study is to describe polyp formation in the mucosa of the middle ear as a possible model for the pathogenesis of nasal polyps.

In 65 Wistar rats, the eustachian tube was occluded on the left side for up to 20 months; 60 right‐sided, nonoccluded ears served as controls. Following occlusion, the middle ear mucosa was examined for signs of polyps. Signs of polyp formation or fully developed polyps were seen in 14 (22%) of the middle ears, and were only seen in middle ears with signs of actual or previous infection. It was established that the first stages of polyp formation include epithelial rupture, proliferation of fibrous tissue through the epithelial defect, and epithelialization of the prolapsed fibrous tissue by proliferation and migration of epithelial cells from the surrounding epithelium until there is full epithelial covering of the polyp.

This report discusses whether the described middle ear model may form basis for the explanation of the pathogenesis of nasal polyps.
Drill‐generated sensorineural hearing loss following mastoid surgery
Authors: Urquhart A. C. , Mcintosh W. A. , Bodenstein N. P.
Published: October 2006

Drilling during mastoid surgery may result in temporary noise‐induced hearing loss. This has practical implications for both the patient and surgeon. In a prospective study of 40 patients, audiometric testing was done both preoperatively and postoperatively to try to detect any significant hearing loss in the immediate postoperative period. The data were analyzed using the Student's paired t test. No statistically significant difference was found. A sensorineural hearing loss soon after mastoid surgery is not due to the noise generated by the drill. In the event of any hearing loss during this period, other causes should be sought.
Tracheoesophageal complications of thyroid disease
Authors: Dankle S. K. , Kidder T. M. , Findling J. W.
Published: October 2006

Fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy in thyroid diagnosis has significantly reduced the need for diagnostic thyroidectomy. The relative proportion of therapeutic thyroid surgery is therefore increasing and, since a significant number of therapeutic procedures are indicated to alleviate tracheoesophageal complications, surgeons are likely to be confronted with an increasing percentage of potentially challenging cases in the face of declining thyroidectomy caseloads. All thyroidectomies done at the authors' institution from 1987 through 1990 were studied in order to assess the potential impact of FNA on thyroid surgery and to specifically analyze the management of those cases accompanied by tracheoesophageal complications. It is concluded that 18% of the 87 thyroidectomies in this series could possibly have been avoided had FNA been obtained routinely. The clinical manifestations and surgical management of those cases associated with tracheoesophageal complications are presented. General therapeutic strategies for such cases are also summarized.
Hearing preservation in acoustic neuroma surgery: A continuing study
Authors: Atlas Marcus D. , Harvey Catherine , Fagan Paul A.
Published: October 2006

Hearing preservation in acoustic neuroma surgery is possible in a limited number of cases. Although there have been many articles published about hearing preservation, there have been few studies of long‐term hearing results, nor is it known if there is an increased rate of tumor recurrence when hearing preservation is attempted. Twenty‐two patients who underwent a hearing preservation procedure via the retrosigmoid approach were selected from 80 consecutive patients with cerebellopontine angle tumors operated on from February 1984 to November 1987. Useful hearing was retained in 11 cases as reported in a previously published study. Seven patients continue to have useful hearing after 3 to 5 years; 3 have shown a gradual but slight decline. There has been no tumor recurrence in these patients, but 2 patients, operated on early in the series and who had lost hearing, had recurrent tumor.
Study of the performance of four prelinguistically or perilinguistically deaf patients with a multi‐electrode, intracochlear implant
Authors: Skinner Margaret W. , Binzer Susan M. , Fears Beverly T. , Holden Timothy A. , Jenison Virginia W. , Nettles Elizabeth J.
Published: October 2006

Individuals who are born deaf or become deaf in early childhood and are implanted as adults (or in late adolescence) with a multi‐electrode, intracochlear implant often cannot understand speech by audition alone. Test results of four implanted patients were analyzed to determine 1. if there was a difference in performance between patients; 2. if there was a relation between performance and history of auditory stimulation; and 3. which tests revealed performance differences. On audition‐only and audition‐plus‐vision tests, overall performance was rank‐ordered from lowest to highest for patients 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Patient 4 recognized a few words audition‐only. Patients 1 and 2 had long periods of no auditory stimulation; patients 3 and 4 had long periods of auditory stimulation with hearing aids prior to implantation. Tests not revealing differences in performance were identified.
Gross morphologic and functional effects of postoperative radiation on free jejunal autografts
Authors: Biel Merrill A. , Maisel Robert H.
Published: October 2006

Twenty adult mongrel dogs underwent free jejunal transplants to the neck; 10 either died of or had to be sacrificed as a result of postoperative complications, 5 received a 55‐Gy'equivalent dose of radiation after 3 weeks, and 5 were followed as controls. Serial manometric and endoscopic evaluations were performed over a 9‐month period. Progressive deterioration of the quality and amplitude of peristalsis of the jejunal autografts was observed only in the radiated group. In addition, all dogs in the radiated group developed severe jejunal circumferential constriction and stricture formation. These delayed effects of irradiation on revascularized jejunal autografts should be considered in planning the method of pharyngoesophageal reconstruction as well as the timing of adjuvant radiotherapy.
T1 squamous cell carcinoma of the arytenoid
Authors: Laccourreye Ollivier , Weinstein Gregory , Chabardes Eric , Housset Martin , Laccourreye Henri , Brasnu Daniel
Published: October 2006

Twenty'two cases of early squamous cell carcinoma of the arytenoid cartilage staged as T1 according to the 1983 American Joint Committee for Cancer Staging Classification system were reviewed. Eighteen percent of the patients showed no symptoms. In the remaining 82%, the main presenting symptom was pain in the form of sore throat, odynophagia, or otalgia. Radiotherapy and partial laryngeal surgery were the options retained for the treatment of the larynx. A “watch and wait” policy or preventive treatment of the ipsilateral jugulocarotid lymph nodes were the treatment options retained for the neck. Significant differences were noted in terms of local and nodal recurrence between the two programs. Results indicate that partial laryngeal surgery with total arytenoidectomy and preventive treatment of the neck appear to be advisable for this particular type of primary lesion.
Treatment of recurrent head and neck cancer with cisplatin and 5‐fluorouracil vs. the same plus bleomycin and methotrexate
Authors: Amrein Philip C. , Fabian Richard L.
Published: October 2006

A prospective randomized trial of 62 patients with recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck was conducted to compare the effectiveness of our standard chemotherapy program with that of our test regimen. The standard chemotherapy regimen consisted of cisplatin 80 mg/M2 on day 1 followed by 5‐fluorouracil 800 mg/M2 days 2 through 6. Our test regimen consisted of the same two drugs plus 15 U bleomycin on day 1 and methotrexate 100 mg/M2 on day 16 followed in 24 hours with 15 mg leucovorin every 6 hours for six doses. One patient in each arm of the study was not evaluated. Among 29 patients receiving the two'drug regimen, there was 1 complete response and 10 partial responses (38% response rate). Among 31 patients receiving the four'drug regimen, there were 3 complete responses and 16 partial responses (61% response rate; two vs. four'drug regimen, P = .06). The failure'free survival in the fourdrug group was better than the two'drug group, median 4.5 vs. 2.3 months (P = .02). The overall survival for both groups was the same (median of 7.8 months). A detailed analysis of toxicity did not reveal any important differences between the two regimens. The addition of bleomycin and methotrexate to our cisplatin and 5‐fluorouracil regimen resulted in an increase in effectiveness without adding toxicity.
Free‐Floating endolymph particles: A new operative finding during posterior semicircular canal occlusion
Authors: Parnes Lome S. , Mcclure Joseph A.
Published: October 2006

Most clinicians accept cupulolithiasis as the pathophysiological mechanism underlying benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV.) According to this theory, a cupular deposit induces a gravitational effect on the posterior canal crista. Posterior semicircular canal occlusion is a new operative procedure for treating incapacitating BPPV. It is postulated that canal occlusion abolishes endolymph movement within the canal, effectively fixing the cupula and rendering it unresponsive to both angular and linear acceleration (gravity). During two recent canal occlusions, abundant “free‐floating particles” were identified within the posterior canal endolymph. When changing the position of the canal in the earth vertical plane, these free‐floating particles would move under the influence of gravity. The hydrodynamic drag of the particles would induce endolymph movement with cupular displacement leading to the typical response. This finding supports an alternate explanation to cupulolithiasis as the pathophysiological mechanism underlying BPPV.
Auditory performance of children with cochlear ossification and partial implant insertion
Authors: Kemink John L. , Zimmerman‐Phillips Susan , Kileny Paul R. , Firszt Jill B. , Novak Michael A.
Published: October 2006

The management of the profoundly deaf child with a cochlear implant poses a special challenge, particularly when total ossification of the cochlea is present. In this setting, insertion of an electrode array into a child's cochlea is often difficult. Our experience supports the feasibility of partial insertion of a multichannel implant into the basal turn of an ossified cochlea. Five children with ossified cochleae who had undergone partial implantation of a multichannel electrode were compared with the performance of matched controls who had full insertion of multichannel implants. No dramatic differences were detected during a 6‐ to 18‐month follow‐up period on selected test measures. These preliminary results suggest that active electrode number may exert a limited effect on performance with a cochlear implant. Drilling out the basal turn of an ossified cochlea in conjunction with partial insertion of a multichannel implant appears to be an acceptable surgical and rehabilitational alternative for placement of a cochlear implant prosthesis in children with complete cochlear ossification.
Treatment of hemangiomas of the head and neck
Authors: Waner M. , Suen J. Y. , Dinehart S.
Published: October 2006

Hemangiomas are a group of pediatric tumors that present at or soon after birth. Rapid proliferation is seen in the neonatal period, and may continue for the first year of life. Involution follows, and may last as long as 12 years. Since hemangiomas invariably involute, the vast majority have been left untreated. At least 10% to 20% of cases, however, will need active intervention, traditionally in the form of oral Prednisone. The frequent occurrence of life‐threatening complications, permanent deformities, and irreversible psychosocial damage in spite of adequate steroid therapy necessitated a fresh look at the management of these lesions. Using recently developed laser technology alone or in combination with surgical excision, the authors have developed guidelines for safe intervention in all stages of the hemangioma cycle. Safe, active intervention in accordance with these guidelines offers an alternative to the more conservative approach previously advocated.
Polysialylated Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule Is Involved in Induction of Long-Term Potentiation and Memory Acquisition and Consolidation in a Fear-Conditioning Paradigm
Authors: Senkov Oleg , Sun Mu , Weinhold Birgit , Gerardy-Schahn Rita , Schachner Melitta , Dityatev Alexander
Published: October 2006

Polysialic acid (PSA) regulates functions of the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) during development and in neuroplasticity in the adult; the underlying mechanisms at different phases of learning and memory consolidation are, however, unknown. To investigate the contributions of PSA versus the extracellular domain of the NCAM glycoprotein backbone to synaptic plasticity, we applied NCAM, PSA-NCAM, and PSA to acute slices of the hippocampal CA1 region of NCAM-deficient mice and measured their effects on long-term potentiation (LTP). Remarkably, only PSA and PSA-NCAM, but not NCAM restored normal LTP. Application of these molecules to the dorsal hippocampus of wild-type mice showed that PSA-NCAM and PSA, but not NCAM, injected before fear conditioning, impaired formation of hippocampus-dependent contextual memory. Consolidation of contextual memory was affected by PSA-NCAM only when injected during its late, but not early phases. None of the tested compounds disturbed extrahippocampal-cued memory. Mice lacking the polysialyltransferase (ST8SialV/PST) responsible for attachment of PSA to NCAM in adulthood showed a mild deficit only in hippocampal contextual learning, when compared with NCAM-deficient mice that were disturbed in both contextual and cued memories. Contextual and tone memory in NCAM-deficient mice could be partially restored by injection of PSA-NCAM, but not of NCAM, into the hippocampus, suggesting that the impact of PSA-NCAM in synaptic plasticity and learning is not mediated by modulation of NCAM–NCAM homophilic interactions. In conclusion, our data support the view that polysialylated NCAM is involved in both formation and late consolidation of contextual memory.
Trigeminal Neuropathic Pain Alters Responses in CNS Circuits to Mechanical (Brush) and Thermal (Cold and Heat) Stimuli
Authors: Becerra Lino , Morris Susie , Bazes Shelly , Gostic Richard , Sherman Seth , Gostic Julie , Pendse Gautam , Moulton Eric , Scrivani Steven , Keith David , Chizh Boris , Borsook David
Published: October 2006

Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to study patients with chronic neuropathic pain involving the maxillary region (V2) of the trigeminal nerve in patients with spontaneous pain and evoked pain to brush (allodynia). Patients underwent two functional scans (2–3 months apart) with mechanical and thermal stimuli applied to the affected region of V2 and to the mirror site in the unaffected contralateral V2 region, as well as bilaterally to the mandibular (V3) division. Patients were stimulated with brush, noxious cold, and noxious heat. Significant changes were observed in regions within and outside the primary trigeminal sensory pathway. Stimulation to the affected (neuropathic) side resulted in predominantly frontal region and basal ganglia activation compared with the control side. The differences were consistent with the allodynia to brush and cold. A region of interest-based analysis of the trigeminal sensory pathway revealed patterns of activation that differentiated between the affected and unaffected sides and that were particular to each stimulus. Activation in the spinal trigeminal nucleus was constant in location for all pain stimuli. Activation in other brainstem nuclei also showed differences in the blood oxygenation level-dependent signal for the affected versus the unaffected side. Thus, sensory processing in patients with trigeminal neuropathic pain is associated with distinct activation patterns consistent with sensitization within and outside of the primary sensory pathway.
Good Grief: Bouncing Back from a Spouse's Death in Later Life
Authors: Carr Deborah
Published: October 2006

Why are some older adults devastated when their partners die, while others enjoy improved psychological health and social relations? The experience of loss differs for men and women, and also depends on how one's spouse died and how the couple related during their marriage.
Picturing The Self: My Mother's Family Photo Albums
Authors: Zussman Robert
Published: October 2006

Photo albums don't simply represent but celebrate, in an idealized form, individuals in their relationships with family and friends.
Violent Fatalities in Child Care
Authors: Wrigley Julia , Dreby Joanna
Published: October 2006

Where are our children most at risk? Surprisingly, considering its bad reputation, bureaucracy helps protect them.
William Bullock and the Mexican Connection
Authors: Costeloe Michael P.
Published: October 2006

William Bullock was one of the first British travelers to visit Mexico after independence in 1821. Accompanied by his son, he spent six months there in 1823, and, on his return to Britain, he published an account of his experiences. He also staged in 1824 the first exhibition in Britain of Mexican artifacts and natural fauna. A year later, he liquidated all his business interests and took his family back to Mexico, where he hoped to make a fortune in silver mining. This article examines Bullock's Mexican ventures in London and in Mexico. It also provides much new biographical data on Bullock himself and on his family connections with Mexico that continued throughout the nineteenth century.

William Bullock fue uno de los primeros viajeros británicos en visitar México después de la independencia en 1821. Acompañado de su hijo, pasó seis meses allí en 1823, y al regresar a la Gran Bretaña, publicó una crónica de sus experiencias. También presentó en 1824 la primera exhibición en Inglaterra de artefactos y fauna natural de México. Un año después, liquidó todos sus intereses comerciales y se llevó a su familia a México donde él esperaba hacer una fortuna en la minería de plata. Este artículo examina las empresas de Bullock en Londres y en México. También proporciona muchos nuevos datos biográficos de Bullock mismo y de sus conexiones familiares con México que siguieron a lo largo del siglo diecinueve.
Creating the Harry S. Truman Library: The First Fifty Years
Authors: GESELBRACHT RAYMOND H.
Published: October 2006

Abstract: This essay relates the fifty-year long history of the Harry S. Truman Library and speculates about what some of the themes that emerge from that history suggest for the future of presidential libraries. Specifically, the library's history reveals a vagueness of purpose derived from the circumstances of its founding; a tendency to grow always larger, more elaborate, more expensive; an increasing reliance on its private partner, the Harry S. Truman Library Institute for National and International Affairs; and a reluctance on the part of the former president to provide the free and open access to his papers that he himself led people to expect. The essay argues implicitly throughout that “creation” is the correct word to use to define a history such as that of the Truman Library, which has been filled with fascinating instances of indeterminacy and opportunity, and with people who must have been surprised at what they accomplished.
Managing projects: the role of a project support office
Authors: Hamilton A.
Published: October 2006

The management of project work is an increasing challenge to most organisations. Projects are becoming the fundamental internal building blocks that organisation and business entities use to satisfy their missions, strategies and outputs. Project management, as a management discipline, is not generally understood nor is it commonly practised at strategic level by public sector organisations that commonly handle a mix of project work and non-project work. This paper explains the increasing recognition of projects as vehicles for creating internal change alongside, in the public sector, the provision of new products to satisfy social need. The paper also introduces the concept of the project support office. This type of support facility offers a visible entity for organisational reform and a means to establish a balanced working ethos between project work and, the often predominant, non-project work. Although project support facilities have been established in some organisations, their benefits are anecdotal and little information has been published that would clearly confirm the advantages. Launching a research programme that would investigate project delivery performance by organisations with such facilities is thus a matter of great importance and urgency.
Evaluating the financial health of construction contractors
Authors: Singh D. , Tiong R. L. K.
Published: October 2006

Economic slowdown and fierce competition in the construction industry in recent years has led many construction companies to pull out of projects due to deep financial and cash flow problems. As a result the risks of project failure in terms of time and cost overruns as well as poor quality products have increased. The reduction of such risks demands a closer examination of the financial soundness of candidate contractors before awarding a contract. This paper proposes a quantitative method using financial ratios to evaluate changes in the financial health of contractors and to enable a comparison of financial soundness during a tender evaluation process to be made. The concept of the entropy method was employed to calculate the objective weights of financial ratios and a multi-criteria decision-making method was used to produce overall performance scores of contractors. An empirical study of real company case data in Singapore was carried out to illustrate application of the method. The results show that the approach can be used to assist construction clients in assessing the financial capability of contractors.
TEMPORAL STABILITY OF THE FRANCIS SCALE OF ATTITUDE TOWARD CHRISTIANITY AMONG 9- TO 11-YEAR-OLD ENGLISH CHILDREN: TEST-RETEST DATA OVER SIX WEEKS
Authors: Lewis Christopher Alan , Cruise Sharon Mary , Guckin Conor Mc , Francis Leslie J.
Published: October 2006

Recently two studies have reported on the test-retest reliability of the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity; however, these studies were limited to samples of university students. This study examined the temporal stability of both the 24- and 7-item versions of the junior
version of the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity (Francis, 1978; Francis, Greer, & Gibson, 1991) over a six-week period among a sample of 58 English children aged between 9 and 11 years old. Data demonstrated that stability across the two administrations was very high for both
the 24- (r=.74) and 7-item (r=.67) versions, and there was no significant change between Time 1 and Time 2 for either version. These data support the short-term test-retest reliability of both the 24- and 7-item versions of the junior version of the Francis Scale of Attitude
toward Christianity among children.
THE EFFECT OF THE INTERACTIVE SMALL GROUP STUDY METHOD ON DEMOCRATIC ATTITUDES AND SELF-EXPRESSION ABILITY
Authors: Taşpinar Mehmet
Published: October 2006

This study compared the Interactive Small Group Study Method (ISGS) with the Traditional Small Group Study Method (TSGS) from the viewpoint of the student's democratic attitude in the classroom and self-expression ability. Students at Fırat University, Turkey, were divided
into an experimental group and a control group each consisting of 30 members. ISGS was applied to the experimental group, TSGS was applied to the control group. The Democratic Attitude Related to Classroom Climate and Self-Expression Ability Scale (AS; Taşpinar, 2001) was given pretest
and posttest to both groups. Results showed a significant difference between the pretest and posttest scores of the two groups. The experimental group had a more positive attitude than the control group in the subdivision“Presentation” according to posttest scores. There was no
significant difference for the other subdivisions. The ISGS method was found to be more effective than the CSGS method for both democratic attitudes and self-expression ability.
Prüfung der Elimination von Etofenamat in die Milch
Authors: Dell Hans‐Dieter , Fiedler Järgen
Published: October 2006

Die Elimination von Etofenamat in die Milch von Ziegen wurde nach i.m.‐ und p.o.‐Verabreichung und in der Brustmilch von Wöchnerinnen nach p.o.‐Applikation des Wirkstoffes geprüft. Nach der sehr hohen Dosis von 65 mg Etofenamat/kg Ziege wurden 20‐60 μg Etofenamat plus ein Etofenamat‐Metabolit/1 Milch eliminiert. Stillende Mütter scheiden nach Applikation von 300 mg Etofenamat insgesamt 1–14 μg Flufenaminsäure mit der Milch aus. Diese minimale Elimination in die Milch hat keine praktische Bedeutung. Etofenamat kann daher bei stillenden Müttern angewendet werden.
Einfache Synthese von 3‐Methyl‐5,6‐dihydro‐2H‐pyran‐2‐onen und 3‐Methylcumarinen unter milden Bedingungen
Authors: Falsone Gioacchino , Spur Bernd , Wingen H. Peter
Published: October 2006

Es wird die Synthese der 3‐Methyl‐5,6‐dihydro‐2H‐pyran‐2‐one 3,5 und der 3‐Methylcumarine 7a—e aus den β‐Hydroxy‐oxo‐Verbindungen 1, 4, 6a—c und der Phosphonopropionsäure 2 unter Wittig‐Horner Bedingungen beschrieben.
Elektronenstoßinduzierter Verlust der Substituenten an C‐5 und C‐8 bei 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydroisochinolinen, 1. Mitt. Synthese eines 4‐Acetyl‐pyrrolo[1,2‐b]isochinolins
Authors: Knefeli Frank , Mayer Klaus K. , Poettinger Theodor , Stöber Georg , Wiegrebe Wolfgang
Published: October 2006

Die Herstellung des 4‐Acetyl‐pyrrolo[1,2‐b]isochinolins 3 wird beschrieben.
Partialsynthese neuer Ergolinderivate aus Clavinalkaloiden, 3. Mitt.1) O‐Acyl‐ und O‐Alkyl‐1,6‐dimethyl‐8‐hydroxymethyl‐ergol‐9‐ene
Authors: Eich Eckart
Published: October 2006

Elymoclavin (1), Lysergol (2) und O‐Acyl‐lysergole werden in flüssigem Ammoniak mit Kalium und Methyliodid zunächst am Indolstickstoff methyliert. Durch Variation der Versuchsbedingungen werden 1 und 2 sekundär auch an der Hydroxylgruppe methyliert. Aus 1‐Methyl‐lysergol (3) sind daher nach der gleichen Methode mit verschiedenen Alkyliodiden 1‐Methyl‐lysergol‐ether darstellbar. Dagegen gelingt die Ethersynthese nach Williamson aus 17‐Halogen‐ergolenen nicht.
Elektronenstoßinduzierter Verlust der Substituenten an C‐5 und C‐8 bei 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydroisochinolinen, 2. Mitt.1) Synthese C‐8‐substituierter 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydroisochinoline
Authors: Mayer Klaus K. , Stöber Georg , Wiegrebe Wolfgang
Published: October 2006

Die Herstellung verschiedener C‐8‐substituierter 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydroisochinoline wird beschrieben.
Crystal and Molecular Structure of N,N′‐Bis(1‐hydroxy‐2‐butyl)ethylenediamine Dihydrochloride
Authors: Hämäläinen Reijo , Lehtinen Maire , Ahlgrén Markku
Published: October 2006

The structure of N,N′‐bis(1‐hydroxy‐2‐butyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride was determined by X‐ray analysis.
Thiocyanato‐Chrom(III)‐Komplexe in der chemischen Analyse, 39. Mitt. Bestimmung des 1,4‐Dihydrazinophthalazins mit Reineckesalzanaloga
Authors: Gǎnescu Ion , Várhelyi Csaba , Brînzan Gheorge
Published: October 2006

12 Neue Komplexsalze des 1,4‐Dihydrazinophthalazins (C8H10N6 : DHF) mit Tetrathiocyanatodiamin‐chromaten: (DHF) · H·[Cr(NCS)4 (Amin)2] und [M(DHF)] [Cr(NCS)4(Amin)2] (Amin = aromatische und heterocyclische Amine, M = Cu, Co, Ni, Zn) wurden erhalten. Die schwerlöslichen Salze wurden zur volumetrischen und spektrophotometrischen Bestimmung dieses Hydrazinderivates in Arzneipräparaten verwendet.
Thiophen als Strukturelement physiologisch aktiver Substanzen, 12. Mitt. Thiophenanaloga antiviraler Chalkone
Authors: Binder Dieter , Noe Christian R. , Holzer Wolfgang , Rosenwirth Brigitte
Published: October 2006

Die Herstellung einer Reihe substituierter 1‐(Hydroxythienyl)‐3‐phenyl‐2‐propenone durch Friedel‐Crafts Acylierung und anschließende selektive Etherspaltung wird beschrieben. Eine dieser Verbindungen, welche das Thiophenanalogon eines antiviral hochwirksamen Chalkons ist, erwies sich als biologisch nur schwach aktiv. Weitere Derivate, deren Substitutionsmuster dem des Dichlorflavans ähneln, waren inaktiv.
Wechselwirkungen zwischen Acetylsalicylsäure und Lysin in Lösung
Authors: Moll Friedrich , Stauff Ditmar
Published: October 2006

Der pH‐abhängige Einfluß von Lysin auf die Hydrolyse von Acetylsalicylsäure zu Salicylsäure und auf die Bildung von Lysinderivaten der Acetylsalicylsäure wurde durch HPLC‐Untersuchungen geklärt. Die Bildung von ε‐N‐Acetyl‐lysin, α‐N‐Acetyl‐lysin und wenig Diacetyl‐lysin erfolgt rasch bei pH‐Werten der Lösung von 6 und höher, sehr langsam jedoch bei dem für gebräuchliche Injektionslösungen eingestellten pH‐Wert 5. Das Auftreten des postulierten Salicyloyllysins in Acetylsalicylsäure‐Lysin‐Lösungen wurde durch Vergleich mit der unabhängig synthetisierten Verbindung ausgeschlossen.
Synthese von 5‐Aminopyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidin‐7(4H)‐onen
Authors: Klein Hans Jürgen , Troschütz Reinhard , Roth Hermann Josef
Published: October 2006

3(5)‐Aminopyrazol und Derivate reagieren mit dem bifunktionellen Imidsäureester 2 zu 5‐Amino‐pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidin‐7(4H)‐onen 7. 13C‐Daten der Titelverbindungen werden angegeben.
Inhaltsstoffe von Boraginaceae, 6. Mitt. Anchusosid‐4, ein neues Triterpensaponin aus Anchusa officinalis L.
Authors: Romussi Giovanni , Falsone Gioacchino
Published: October 2006

Aus Anchusa officinalis L. wurde das neue pentacyclische Triterpensaponin Anchusosid‐4 (1) isoliert. Auf der Basis der IR‐, 1H‐NMR‐, 13C‐NMR‐ und MS‐Daten sowie chemischer Derivatisierung wird 1 die Struktur der 21‐O‐β‐D‐Glucopyranosyl‐3β‐,21β,23‐trihydroxy‐12‐oleanen‐28‐carbonsäure zugeordnet.
Thiophen als Strukturelement physiologisch aktiver Substanzen, 15. Mitt. Das Thiophenanalogon eines anxiolytisch wirksamen 1,2,4‐Triazolo[4,3‐b]pyridazins
Authors: Binder Dieter , Noe Christian R. , Baumann Karl , Wildburger Josef M. F.
Published: October 2006

Ausgehend von Trifluoressigsäure (2) wird der Trifluormethyl‐substituierte Thiophenaldehyd 12 synthetisiert. Aus diesem wird das gewünschte Produkt 1 hergestellt.
Regioselektive und stereoselektive Addition von Formaldehyd an Monoterpenone
Authors: Brieskorn Carl Heinz , Ryu Chung‐Kyu
Published: October 2006

Die Hydroxymethylderivate des Isopinocamphons, des Isocaranons, des Carvomenthons und des Menthons werden mit Formaldehyd unter alkalischer Katalyse hergestellt. Die bevorzugte Angriffsstelle des Formaldehyds ist das stärker alkylverzweigte C‐Atom des Enolats. Bei den beiden bicyclischen Monoterpenonen verläuft die Addition regio‐ und stereoselektiv, bei den beiden monocyclischen nur regioselektiv.
Homolytic Substitution and Carbenoidic Reactions in the Preparation of Benzimidazole Derivatives of Pharmaceutical Interest: Synthesis and Properties of (2‐Cycloalkyl‐1‐benzimidazolyl)‐N,N‐diethylacetamides
Authors: Pellicciari Roberto , Fringuelli Renata , Natalini Benedetto , Brucato Leonardo , Contessa Anna Rita
Published: October 2006

The preparation and preliminary biological evaluation of the (2‐cycloalkyl‐1‐benzimidazolyl)‐N,N‐diethylacetamides 7a–e are described. Key steps for the preparation of the compounds 7a–d are (i) the homolytic cycloalkylation of benzimidazole, in which the silver‐catalyzed oxidative decarboxylation of the cycloalkanecarboxylic acids 1a–d by peroxydisulfate is used as a source of alkyl radicals, and (ii) the N‐alkylation of benzimidazole by the ethoxycarbonylcarbenoid generated by the copper bronze‐catalyzed decomposition of ethyl diazoacetate.
Synthese und antihypertensive Aktivität einiger Chinazolinon‐Derivate
Authors: Liu Kang‐Chien , Hsu Ling‐Yih
Published: October 2006

Die kondensierten 4(3H)‐Chinazolinon‐Derivate 4a–e wurden aus 2‐Thioxo‐1H,3H‐chinazolin‐4‐on (1) durch Behandlung mit den Halogeniden 2a–e dargestellt. Eine vorläufige pharmakologische Prüfung zeigte, daß die Verbindungen 4b–4d nach i. v. Zufuhr von 5–10 mg/kg an anästhesierte Ratten sehr gute antihypertensive Aktivität aufweisen.
Ein Bindungsstellenmodell für H2‐Antagonisten vom 4‐Pyrimidinon‐Typ
Authors: Höltje Hans‐Dieter , Baranowski Petra , Spengler Jan‐Peter , Schunack Walter
Published: October 2006

In einer Reihe von 17 Histamin‐H2‐antagonistisch wirksamen 5‐substituierten 4‐Pyrimidinonen wird durch Berechnung von Wechselwirkungsenergien ein Modell für die Rezeptorbindungsstelle des Substituenten am C‐5 des Pyrimidinons vorgeschlagen. Als Bindungsstelle fungiert die Aminosäure Arginin.
1.3‐Dipolare Addition von C,N‐Diphenylnitrilimin an cyclische Imine
Authors: Dannhardt Gerd , Sommer Irene
Published: October 2006

C,N‐Diphenylnitrilimin reagiert mit cyclischen Iminen im Sinne einer 1.3‐dipolaren Cycloaddition zu 1.2.4‐Triazolin‐Derivaten. Das Addukt 2a wurde auf seine entzündungshemmende Aktivität untersucht.
Untersuchungen an 1,3‐Thiazinen, 25. Mitt. Transacylierende N‐Acyl‐tetrahydro‐ und N‐Acyl‐dihydro‐1,3‐thiazin‐derivate
Authors: Hanefeld Wolfgang , Bercin Erdogan
Published: October 2006

Durch Acylierung der N‐unsubstituierten 1,3‐Thiazinderivate 3 und 6 mit Säurechloriden werden die neuartigen N‐Acyl‐2‐thioxo‐3,4‐dihydro‐1,3‐thiazin‐4‐one 4 bzw. die N‐Acyl‐tetrahydro‐1,3‐thiazin‐2,4‐dione 7 dargestellt. Ihre Eigenschaften werden mit denen bereits bekannter N‐Acylthiazinderivate verglichen.
Synthese schwefelhaltiger Carbamazepin‐Derivate
Authors: Scholl Thomas , Roth Hermann J.
Published: October 2006

Es wird ein Syntheseweg zur Darstellung von 10‐Alkylthio‐5H‐dibenzo‐[b,f]azepin‐5‐carboxamid‐bzw. 10‐Alkylthio‐10,11‐dihydro‐5H‐dibenzo [b,f]azepin‐5‐carboxamid‐Derivaten vorgestellt.
Zur Aminolyse von Phthaliden
Authors: Südkamp Brigitte , Meise Werner
Published: October 2006

Aus den Aminen 1a bzw. 1b und den Phthaliden 2c–2i werden die N‐substituierten 2‐Hydroxymethyl‐benzamide 3 hergestellt; die Abhängigkeit dieser Aminolyse vom Substitutionsmuster der Phthalide wird untersucht.
Reaktionsfähigkeit von Glaucin gegenüber einigen halogenierenden Reagenzien
Authors: Philipov Stefan
Published: October 2006

Glaucin (1) wurde mit Chloramin T oder PCl5 in 3‐Chlorglaucin (2) umgewandelt. Die Reaktion von Glaucin · HCl mit H2O2 führt zu 2. Bei der Chlorierung von 1 mit AlCl3 und H2O2 erhält man ein Gemisch aus 2, 3,8‐Dichlorglaucin (3) und 3,8,11‐Trichlorglaucin (4). 4 entsteht auch bei der Reaktion von 1 mit SO2Cl2. Beim Erwärmen von 1 mit PCl5 wird ein Gemisch aus 2, 4 und 3,7‐Dichlordehydroglaucin (5) gebildet. 3‐Bromglaucin (6) entsteht aus Glaucin · HBr und H2O2. Die Reaktion von 1 mit N‐Bromsuccinimid verläuft unter Bildung eines Gemisches aus Dehydroglaucin (7) und 7‐Bromdehydroglaucin (8).
Chirale 3‐Aminopropanole, 2. Mitt. N‐Alkylierungsprodukte
Authors: Knabe Joachim , Buchheit Wolfgang
Published: October 2006

Aus den racem. und optisch aktiven 3‐Aminopropanolen 1a‐1d werden über die Urethane 2 die N‐Monomethylverbindungen 3, durch Eschweiler‐Clarke‐Methylierung oder durch Umsetzung mit Formaldehyd/NaBH3CN die N‐Dimethylverbindungen 4 und mit Aceton/NaBH4 die N‐Isopropyl‐verbindungen 6 hergestellt.
Hydroxyalkoxyflavonoide, 1. Mitt. Regioselektive O‐Hydroxyethylierung von Quercetin
Authors: Wurm Gotthard , Rehn Dieter
Published: October 2006

Neben Ethylenchlorhydrin eignet sich besonders Ethylencarbonat zur effektiven quantitativen und partiellen O‐Hydroxyethylierung des Quercetins (1, R'=H). Hierbei wurden Pentahydroxyethyl‐(4), 3,3′, 4′,7‐Tetrahydroxyethyl‐(3) und 4′,7‐Dihydroxyethylquercetin (7) als Hauptprodukte und 8 sowie 9 und 10 ‐ neuartige Flavonoidtypen ‐ als Nebenprodukte isoliert und charakterisiert. Die Übertragung der Reaktionen auf Propylencarbonat als Alkylierungsreagens mißlang, es konnten lediglich unbedeutende Mengen eines schwer trennbaren Gemischs von 11 und 12 gewonnen werden.
Zur Umsetzung von Phthalaldehyd mit Aminen, 3. Mitt. Synthese von 5,7‐Dihydropyrido[2′,3′:4,5]pyrimido[2,1‐a]isoindolen
Authors: Troschütz Reinhard , Troschütz Jutta , Söllhuber‐Kretzer Monica
Published: October 2006

Phthalaldehyd (7) und 3,4‐Dimethoxyphthalaldehyd (8) reagieren im sauren Milieu mit den Pyridindiaminen 6a und 6b zu den Titelverbindungen. Pyrido[3′,2′:5,6]pyrimido[2,1‐a]isoindolone entstehen aus 7 bzw. 8 und dem 2‐Aminonicotinsäureamid 15.
Oxidations‐ und Reduktionsprodukte einiger (Hydroxymethyl)‐monoterpenone
Authors: Brieskorn Carl Heinz , Ryu Chung‐Kyu
Published: October 2006

Die alkoholische Gruppe der Hydroxymethylderivate von Thujan‐3‐on, Pinan‐3‐on, Caran‐4‐on, p‐Menthan‐2‐on und p‐Menthan‐3‐on wird zur Carboxyl‐ bzw. Methylgruppe sowie einigen Zwischenprodukten oxidiert bzw. reduziert. Auf dabei sich ergebende Unterschiede im Verhalten bicyclischer und monocyclischer Monoterpenone wird hingewiesen.
Trichomonazide Wirkstoffe, 2. Mitt. Verzweigtkettig 4,6‐disubstituierte 2‐Cyanaminopyrimidine
Authors: Kreutzberger Alfred , Sellheim Michael
Published: October 2006

Aus der Umsetzung von Dicyandiamid (1) mit den β‐Diketonen 2a–b gehen die 4,6‐verzweigtkettig disubstituierten 2‐Cyanaminopyrimidine 3a–b hervor. Für Strukturtyp 3 läßt sich aus den spektroskopischen Daten, speziell aus den 1H‐ und 13C‐NMR‐Werten, das Vorliegen eines Gleichgewichts zwischen den tautomeren 2‐Cyanamino‐ und 2‐Cyaniminopyrimidinformen ableiten. 3 zeichnet sich durch trichomonazide, antivirale und antimykotische Wirkung aus.
Synthese von γ,γ'‐Dihydroxysulfonen und γ‐Hydroxy‐γ'‐ketosulfonen
Authors: Messinger Paul , Vietinghoff‐Scheel Rudolf V.
Published: October 2006

γ,γ'‐Diketosulfone 1 lassen sich mit Dimethylaminboran über γ‐Hydroxy‐γ'‐ketosulfone 2 als Zwischenprodukte zu γ,γ'‐Dihydroxysulfonen 3 reduzieren. Der Einfluß von Substituenten auf das Verhältnis der Ausbeuten an 2 und 3 wird untersucht.
Cyanolyse von γ‐Hydroxy‐γ'‐ketosulfonen: ein neuer Weg zur Darstellung von γ‐Sultinen
Authors: Messinger Paul , Vietinghoff‐Scheel Rudolf V.
Published: October 2006

γ‐Hydroxy‐γ'‐ketosulfone 3 lassen sich mit Cyanid zu γ‐Ketonitrilen 4 und γ‐Hydroxysulfinsäuren 5 spalten. 5 cyclisieren zu γ‐Sultinen 6.
Nifenazon, Biotransformation beim Menschen
Authors: Beyer Karl‐Heinz , Friese Jutta
Published: October 2006

Die Biotransformation des Nifenazon beim Menschen wurde nach peroraler Gabe untersucht. Aus dem Urin wurden neben unverändertem Nifenazon vier noch nicht beschriebene Metabolite chromatographisch angereichert und isoliert. 4′‐OH‐Nifenazon, Nifenazon‐N‐oxid und Nor‐Nifenazon wurden durch 1H‐NMR, IR und MS identifiziert, Nor‐Nifenazon‐N‐oxid durch MS und Nor‐Nifenazon‐Glucuronid als TMS‐Derivat charakterisiert. Das Vorkommen von 4‐Aminophenazon als Metabolit konnte nicht bestätigt werden.
3‐Hydroxy‐1,3‐oxazinan‐4‐one und 1,4,2‐Dioxazole aus 3‐Hydroxycarbohydroxamsäuren und Carbonylverbindungen
Authors: Geffken Detlef
Published: October 2006

3‐Hydroxycarbohydroxamsäuren 4 reagieren säurekatalysiert mit Benzaldehyd‐dimethylacetal oder Paraformaldehyd zu 3‐Hydroxy‐1,3‐oxazinan‐4‐onen 5 und 7. Aus der entsprechenden Reaktion von 4 mit Cyclohexanon resultieren in Abhängigkeit von der Substitution entweder die 1,3‐Oxazinan‐4‐one 8 oder die 1,4,2‐Dioxazolabkömmlinge 9.
Xanthone Analogue of Geiparvarin
Authors: Valenti Piero , Recanatini Maurizio , Re Paolo Da , Galimbeni Wilma , Avanzi Nilla , Filippeschi Stefania
Published: October 2006

The synthesis and the pharmacological properties of the xanthone analogue of geiparvarin, a naturally occurring antitumor coumarin, are described.
Studien auf dem Gebiet der Naturstoffchemie, 93. Mitt. Der Nachweis von 1‐O‐Alkylglycerinen im Lipidextrakt eines adulten menschlichen Thymus
Authors: Reisch Johannes , El‐Sharaky Ahmed S.
Published: October 2006

Im Lipidextrakt aus dem Thymus eines 40‐jährigen Mannes konnten mit Hilfe der Liquid‐Gel‐Chromatographie kombiniert mit der GC/MS‐Spektroskopie 1‐O‐Dodecyl‐, 1‐O‐Tetradecyl‐ und 1‐O‐Hexadecylglycerine nachgewiesen werden.