bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PENGARUH SIMPANAN POKOK DAN SIMPANAN WAJIB TERHADAP SISA HASIL USAHA PADA KOPERASI SAWIT USAHA MANUNGGAL INDRAGIRI HULU
Authors: Yaspita Hasanah
Published: September 2019

Abstrak

Penelitian ini dilakukan di Koperasi Sawit Usaha Manunggal Indragiri Hulu yang berlangsung lebih kurang 4 bulan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis simpanan pokok dan simpanan wajib berpengaruh terhadap sisa hasil usaha pada Koperasi Sawit Usaha Manunggal Indragiri Hulu. Metode pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kuantitatif. Dengan Analisis data untuk diolah dengan program SPSS Version 21. Adapun tahap-tahap analisis data yang digunakan adalah uji asumsi klasik yaitu uji normalitas, uji autokorelasi dan uji multikolonieritas. Analisis regresi linier berganda yaitu analisis koefisien korelasi, koefisien determinasi (R2) dan hasil pengujian hipotesis, uji signifikansi simultan (uji statistik F), Uji t (t-test). Hasil penelitian ini diperoleh persamaan yaitu Y = 1030,54 + 1779,89 X1 + 0,31 X2. Artinya, jika nilai koefisien Simpanan pokok (X1) dan Koefisien Simpanan wajib (X2) sama dengan 0 maka nilai variabel Sisa hasil usaha (Y) adalah sebesar 1030,54 poin. Jika nilai koefisien Simpanan pokok (X1) mengalami kenaikan/peningkatan 1 satuan sedangkan variabel independent lainnya tetap, maka Sisa hasil usaha (Y) akan meningkat sebesar 1779,89 poin dan jika nilai koefisien Simpanan wajib (X2) mengalami kenaikan/peningkatan 1 satuan sedangkan variabel independent lainnya tetap, maka sisa hasil usaha (Y) akan meningkat sebesar 0,31 poin. Dari hasil pengujian hipotesis, dapat diketahui bahwa F hitung < F tabel yaitu 0,801 < 19,00. Sehingga kedua variabel bebas yaitu Simpanan pokok dan Simpanan wajib secara bersama-sama bersama-sama tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap variabel terikat yaitu sisa hasil usaha pada Koperasi Sawit Usaha Manunggal Indragiri Hulu. Hasil koefisien korelasi berganda (R) yaitu 0,667 .Hal ini menunjukkan tingkat hubungan antara seluruh variabel independent terhadap variabel dependent dalam penelitian ini berada dalam kriteria keeratan hubungan sedang atau pengaruh sedang. Nilai R Squarea (R2) adalah 0,445 artinya variabel sisa hasil usaha dapat dijelaskan oleh variabel simpanan pokok dan simpanan wajib sebesar 44,5%, sedangkan sisanya sebesar 55,5% dijelaskan oleh variabel-variabel bebas lainnya yang tidak diteliti.
Vers une économie de l'ordre : l'influence rationaliste sur la criminalisation et la dépénalisation des conduites sexuelles en Angleterre
Authors: Voize-Valayre Roland
Published: September 2019

From the mid-nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth century, English penal policy was characterized by a double trend. While criminal law moved into and occupied areas it had previously ignored, punishment was alleviated for a large number of offences. The rationale for this simultaneous movement of criminalization and depenalization can be traced back to the rationalist theory of supremacy. This essay posits government by contract and political virtue as the two tenets of the rationalist theory of obligation. From there, it arguably links the rationalist paradigm to process-oriented penology and, ultimately, to penal efficiency.
Le sexe et la liberté d'en parler : aspects du discours victorien sur la sexualité
Authors: Barret-Ducrocq Françoise
Published: September 2019

Les scènes de débauche décrites complaisamment dans la Pall Mall Gazette ont été lues par des dizaines de milliers de Victoriens ; elles ont valu à leur auteur W.S. Stead d'être porté en triomphe par les foules londoniennes. Cet exemple, parmi d'autres, nous incite à reconsidérer la représentation sommaire qui tient la sexualité pour taboue au XIXe siècle en Angleterre. Y compris pendant la période victorienne, les incitations à parler de la sexualité de manière explicité sont con¬ substantielles au propos de réforme des mœurs.
"Le Couple interdit". La communauté juive anglaise face aux mariages mixtes : tentative d'évaluation et interprétation
Authors: Germain Lucienne
Published: September 2019

La première partie de l'article sur "le couple interdit" retrace brièvement l'évolution de la législation britannique en matière de mariages mixtes (juif/non-juif) et les étapes qui ont abouti à la disparition des obstacles juridiques. Après avoir rappelé les interdits religieux dans le judaïsme cette étude s'attache à analyser l'attitude la Communauté juive britannique face à l'exogamie. Une évolution se dessine-t-elle ? Est-elle susceptible d'amener à plus de tolérance ou au contraire d'accentuer le rejet ?
Émergence de l’auteur américain : Mark Twain dépose en 1906 devant la commission du copyright
Authors: Gilreath James
Published: September 2019

The emergence of the american author : Mark Twain at the 1906 copyright hearings.

Mark Twain's testimony at the 1906 copyright hearings, which recommended extending the term of copyright protection for an additional fourteen years, was a pivotal point in the history of American copyright history and authorship. Twain was at the time a unique figure on the American literary scene, one that prefigured a new twentieth century author. At the hearings Twain was a crucial public force because of his ability to straddle popular audiences and critical approval. From his career emerged the concept of art as mass market entertainment and cultural economic commodity.
Profits and Publishing
Authors: Schiffrin André
Published: September 2019

L’édition et l’argent.

Dans l'édition américaine, le souci du marché a remplacé le traditionnel souci de qualité. Tandis qu’autrefois les éditeurs visaient l’expansion plus que le bénéfice immédiat, les conglomérats d'aujourd’hui (qui ont racheté les vieilles entreprises familiales) exigent des taux de bénéfice très précis et élevés pour chaque type de livre et même sur les titres pris séparément. Du coup, le manuscrit dont on n’escompte pas vendre au moins 20.000 exemplaires la première année ne sera pas publié. Les résultats de cette politique ont conduit, dans le cas de Pantheon, à des démissions collectives et à la tentative de création d’une maison d’édition sans but lucratif qui fonctionnerait selon d’autres critères. L’ expérience, lancée en janvier 1992, repose entre autres sur un réexamen des besoins des lecteurs américains.
Reading Upscale : Mass Circulation Magazines and the New Middle Class in the 1890s
Authors: Ohmann Richard Malin
Published: September 2019

The mass circulation magazines that quickly emerged in the 1890s placed readers in a new social relationship ; journalism and fiction brought their attention where it could be sold to advertisers. The new middle class was the main readership organized now as consumers of household products more than of texts. The reading they did in magazines, as well as the reordering of their lives around brand-name commodities, helped them understand themselves as a class, defined by a certain level of taste and a privileged relation to modernity.
Lire et écrire : le savoir détérioré
Authors: Dickstein Morris
Published: September 2019

L’article explore quelques-uns des paradoxes de la "lecture" en Amérique aujourd’hui : d'une part le déclin si souvent déploré de la lecture et du savoir lire et écrire, d'autre part l'omniprésence de la métaphore de la lecture ainsi que le raffinement sans cesse croissant des lecteurs professionnels, en particulier des critiques littéraires. La critique est devenue une "herméneutique du soupçon", une approche belliqueuse de l'écriture, une expression de la volonté de pouvoir de l'exégète sur le texte. Sa résistance à l'art trouve son pendant dans l'hostilité ou l’indifférence de la société en général. Le but premier de la critique doit être de recouvrer sa place dans ce que Habermas a appelé "la sphère publique", où le discours culturel rencontrerait le discours politique et civique, et où la critique pourrait toucher un public plus large grâce à un vocabulaire partagé par toute la communauté, et non réservé aux seuls professionnels.
Les avatars de la lecture savante ou le lector sans fabula
Authors: Bettinotti Julia , Bleton Paul
Published: September 2019

THE AVATARS OF SCHOLARLY READING OR THE LECTOR WITH NO FABULA

By analyzing a number of critical texts about The Name of the Rose this paper shows how American scholars “read” the best-selling novel of one of their most distinguished colleagues, Umberto Eco. Completely baffled by the world-wide success of his unlikely best-seller, American (and also French) academics get entangled in a web of scholarly interpretations, disregarding and missing altogether the “mystery novel” side of Eco's work.
Garrison Keillor et ses publics
Authors: Bruyère Claire
Published: September 2019

Le succès inattendu de Lake Wobegon Days soulève des questions d’ordre sociologique et d’ordre littéraire. Il s’agit des raisons pour lesquelles divers publics se rejoignent ou restent distincts. Au cœur du problème, le rapport possible entre un médium un peu archaïque et la lecture, les interactions entre la voix et l’écriture, l’expression et la perception de l’ironie dans le récit oral et dans le texte écrit, la place de la petite ville dans l'imaginaire américain. Ce livre est aussi intéressant par la façon dont il défie les catégories en créant un objet assez nouveau pour troubler ceux qui opposent facilement le “roman à succès” à l’œuvre “de qualité” .
Canon Questions
Authors: Atherton John
Published: September 2019

In the context of a more general (critical) interest in what is happening in American universities, the canon has become the subject of virulent debate. That debate (in particular as it applies to American literature ) should be examined against the background of two contemporary trends : interest in the process of text production and interest in literature as an agent of cultural formation. The Heath anthology of American literature (1991) can be taken as an illustration of new developments. The broad choice of texts, the thematic juxtapositions, and the evocation of a wide variety of communities of experience are innovations ; yet in other respects the anthology maintains a traditional American Studies approach to literature as a source of traditional national identity and in so doing tends to downplay experimental writing.
Une nouvelle Tour de Babel ? Pluralisme culturel et enjeux linguistiques en Californie
Authors: Savin Ada
Published: September 2019

A New Tower of Babel ? Cultural Pluralism and the English-Only Debate in California

The recent demographic explosion of the different Hispanic groups in the US. has triggered off a debate over the necessity to officialize the English language, both at the federal and at the state levels. The rise of the nationalist discourse of the “English Only” movement is examined against the backdrop of the increased cultural visibility of the Spanish-speaking groups. The article argues that the nature of this debate is ideological, the real issues at stake being immigration, public education and the cultural identity of the American society as a whole.
Lire et écrire en yiddish aux États-Unis de la fin du XIXe siècle à la seconde guerre mondiale
Authors: Ksiazenicer-Matheron Carole
Published: September 2019

Cet article présente les problèmes de l’écriture et de la publication de textes yiddish aux États-Unis entre la fin du XIXe siècle et la seconde guerre mondiale. L’auteur y voit trois périodes distinctes. Les “années pionnières”, commencent avec l’immigration de masse et s’achèvent avec la première guerre mondiale, présentant des titres de journaux souvent éphémères, mais qui jettent les bases pour le développement ultérieur. “L’âge d’or”, de la fin de la première guerre mondiale à la fin des années vingt, voit l’éclosion en nombre et en qualité des périodiques et des ouvrages. Il correspond au mouvement moderniste dans la littérature yiddish et se marque par une importante circulation des textes entre l’Ancien et le Nouveau mondes. Le déclin commence avec les années trente, dû à des facteurs multiples internes et externes, dont certains sont analysés dans cet article.
"Ethnic Identity" and "Individualism" : Richard Rodriguez’s Autobiographical Writing
Authors: Sollors Werner
Published: September 2019

“Ethnic Identity” and “Individualism” in Richard Rodriguez's Autobiographical Writing.

This essay explores the contradictions of a society which foregrounds individualism while establishing categories defined by descent. It imposes collective identities which limit individual self-realization. The resulting tensions are often stressed in “ethnic” literature ; some writers have challenged the constraints of ethnicity and claimed more flexible and multiple identities. Focusing his analysis on the writings of Richard Rodriguez, Sollors shows the dysfunctions of a literary criticism in which everything is gauged by the yardstick of ethnicity.
An American in the Making de Marcus Ravage, ou l'homme en devenir perpétuel
Authors: Buelens Gert
Published: September 2019

Marcus Ravage’s An American in the Making : The Making and Remaking of Man

In his autobiography An American in the Making : The Life Story of an Immigrant (1917), Marcus Ravage has created a protagonist who possesses a modern, rounded character and is constantly making and remaking himself The text presents assimilation not as the necessary adjustment of the immigrant to new social circumstances but as his complete transformation from Eastern European to American. Distinct identities are thus mingled and superimposed on one another. The character we find in the end is not unified ; rather, it is a heterogeneous collection of attitudes.
Un roman-spectacle : Tripmaster Monkey de Maxine Kingston
Authors: Feith Michel
Published: September 2019

A Theatrical Novel : Tripmaster Monkey, by Maxine Hong Kingston

Tripmaster Monkey tells the story of a theatrical production, presumably the first Asian-American production in postwar history. More than just a representation of the theater, the style itself becomes theatrical, the locus of “the staged word”. By following the protagonist -Wittman Ah Sing- through his private struggle, we will try to show the importance of theater for the Asian-American community. It allows it to counter stereotypes, air grievances, claim its own forgotten participation in American history, and assert its presence and will to survive. The theater is a community medium, both in China and America : it mirrors and creates communal identity. By inserting the theater in the novel ; Kingston produces a multi-cultural, multi-media artwork based on strategies of distanciation and dialogism between dominant and minority cultures. The final aim of this art poétique of Asian-American theater, as we see it, is to topple all boundaries, generic and ethnic.
Entre un du sens et un des sens (le cas de M. "J.")
Authors: Veken Cyril
Published: September 2019

Nonsense and linguistic laws

Our claim is that the linguistic basis for the nonsense prevailing in the text we chose to examine is due to a strict observance of the rules and meanings in the abstract grammar and lexis of the language (la langue) as opposed to the more flexible categories at work in the actual use of language (la parole). This in turn can be interpreted as revealing that the subject is missing, an appalling thought that we tend to avoid by filling in as much meaning as we possibly can. What about the risk, then, to face but our own constructions when we think we “understand” what was meant ?
De la signification au sens dans le travail analytique et les rêves
Authors: Despinoy Maurice
Published: September 2019

From signification to meaning in psychoanalysis and dreams

The mutations we observe during psychotherapy and after some dreams may be considered as thought processes leading from signification to meaning . According to D. Meltzer, signification is a form of representation devoid of affective and sensorial basis. Meaning is the result of the process of alpha function which begins with affects and sensations. Child psychopathology shows that experience may produce signification without meaning. During psycho-analysis, with the help of an external, transferential object, these defences are modified and affect may be taken into account. During dreams, conflicts are re-enacted, and affects linked with drives threaten the defences. This mental progress towards meaning may also be found in the creative work of poets.
Le don des mots
Authors: Tran Van Khai Michelle
Published: September 2019

The Gift of Words

In this short paper concerning the translation of poetry, I deliberately chose to adopt a non-technical approach, leaving aside all grammatical, linguistic or stylistic considerations. My purpose is to address the question of the complex, partly unconscious relationship with the mother-tongue AND the foreign tongue. By first seeking in the foreign tongue a new mother tongue, / can finally, in the best of cases, give words -names -to the reader, opening to him a boundless space of reunion with the “forgotten”, magical time when words created his or her universe.
L’un et l’autre : Hopkins en français
Authors: Jacquin Danielle
Published: September 2019

The one and the other : Hopkins in French

Translating poetry is no easy matter, and translating Hopkins into French sounds preposterous. How will the translator cope with ‘sprung rhythm’, the contrasting Saxon and Latin features of the language, the concision of a syntax benefiting from the use of monosyllabic words, the poetical English tradition which provides counterpoints to the poet’s personal choices ?

Our analysis of three poems translated or rather re-created by P. Leyris and J. Mambrino proposes to highlight the interrelation of the constitutive elements of a text, the role of equivalence in the process of translation, and pays homage to the translators who do not turn gold into lead.
Traductologie et poésie : Emily Dickinson entre la dérive des règles et les règles de la dérive
Authors: Davoust André
Published: September 2019

Traductology and Poetry : How to Address Emily Dickinson’s Rule-breaking Rules

Poetry is a vantage point from which to probe the various parameters at stake in translation, particularly when poems are short and considered as part of a whole.

If due regard is paid to what has been called in French the “significance” of the original poem, the new poem that emerges often appears as the upshot of a double awakening. On the one hand, the target tongue has opened up through awareness of its limits, and on the other, the source-poem has been born anew through re-activation of its “Still -Volcano-Life”.

If there ever was a poet requiring a translation strategy, a sort of listening-in, Emily Dickinson is that one.
Time’s Arrow ou le récit palindrome
Authors: Morel Michel
Published: September 2019

Time's Arrow est un récit rétrogressif qui narre la vie d’un héros appelé tour à tour Tod Friendly, John Young et Odilo Unverdorben, de sa mort aux États-Unis à son “retour” et à sa naissance en Allemagne, le point crucial de ce voyage inversé étant son “passage” à Auschwitz où nous assistons à la “résurrection” des victimes du nazisme. Il s’agit donc d’un palindrome narratif qui inverse tous nos réflexes acquis de lecture. Derrière l’intrigue supposée, le lecteur est contraint de reconstruire l’histoire véritable en liaison avec les faits historiques avérés. La rétrogression concerne essentiellement le déroulement temporel, mais parfois aussi les conversations et même exceptionnellement les paroles des protagonistes. La réversion narrative modifie par ailleurs l’ensemble des marquages linguistiques, en particulier la temporalité et les déictiques. Le blocage sémantique qui en résulte prolonge à chaque moment de décryptage du texte le scandale thématique premier et nous impose de façon répétée une épreuve interprétative paradoxale qui rend explicite en les dénonçant les effets cachés du récit ordinaire.
Du bon usage du picaresque et du panoptique : Nights at the Circus d’Angela Carter
Authors: Grieve Ann
Published: September 2019

Le propos de cet article est d’examiner le rapport de Nights at the Circus d’Angela Carter avec certaines traditions du passé, en particulier celles du 18e siècle. Le picaresque avec ses épisodes burlesques et hétéroclites, ses récits enchâssés et ses discussions philosophiques, permet à l’auteur d’exprimer son goût profond pour la liberté. Tout au long du voyage, les protagonistes échappent sans cesse à des menaces successives d’enfermement, et l’épisode de la prison panoptique en Sibérie avec ses références à Jeremy Bentham - et à Michel Foucault - sert d’illustration emblématique de ce thème central du roman. L’auteur introduit la subversion de l’humour et du féminisme dans la terrible utopie carcérale, y apportant ainsi sa marque personnelle.
The Memoirs of a Survivor de Doris Lessing. Le récit passe-muraille
Authors: Murat Jean-Christophe
Published: September 2019

Doris Lessing’s The Memoirs of a Survivor : through the Walls of Representation

This paper aims at defining the nature of Memoirs of a Survivor as a fictional narrative. Through its formal structure and mode of writing, Lessing’s novel encroaches upon a certain number of literary traditions and conventions of discourse. The title (“ through the walls of representation”) refers to the plot of the book of course, but also (and to a greater extent ) to the notion of hybridization, as well as to that of threshold. Playing upon its very title, Memoirs of a Survivor places itself on the borderline between novelistic narrative and historical chronicle, thus questioning the validity, or at least the “scientificity” of some historiographical devices. Secondly, the particular relationship between the two rival universes of the novel calls for a development on the concept of heterotopia. This concept seems to constitute both the basis and the “ ideological ” outcome of the book : the somewhat unexpected combination of a religious stance (millenarianism and experience of the sublime - which Lyotard might see as a “postmodern” occurrence) and of a typically postmodernist practice (derepresentation).
Rites de passage dans The Child in Time de Ian McEwan
Authors: Reynier Christine
Published: September 2019

Rites of Passage in Ian McEwan’s The Child in Time

In The Child in Time, Stephen experiences death in life when his daughter is kidnapped. This article attempts to read his ordeal as a rite of passage. Indeed, after the experience of loss come a long period of mourning, a regression and a symbolic death, all of which are necessary preambles to a progression and rebirth of the character. Furthermore, Stephen’s experience as a father is matched by his experience as a writer. And as a counterpoint to Stephen’s grief, the author depicts Charles Darke’s experience. Two plots, which are apparently loosely connected, read as inverted images of each other. In this novel, McEwan deals with the themes of childhood and time in a way which is both reminiscent of his former works and new - so much so that the novel can be regarded as a rite of passage for the writer himself.
Les paradoxes du narrateur
Authors: Audigier Jean-Pierre
Published: September 2019

The Paradoxical Narrator

The explicit narrator is commonly held as a straightforward strategy, which only a limited number of particularly weird authors strive to render dysfunctional. The ensuing pages wish to make it clear that any explicit narrator is dysfunctional. His is a paradoxical nature, which stems from the specific kind of speech act the explicit narrator is involved in. Although the theory of pragmatics underlies such a view, the lesson is mainly drawn from a reading of the texts themselves. The average contemporary novel (as seen through works of Ronan, Carey, Thubron, Banville or Ishiguro) actually and consistently tells the fateful story of the narrator.
A tout prix : roman contemporain et prix littéraires en Grande-Bretagne
Authors: Cachin Marie-Françoise
Published: September 2019

Au cours des 25 dernières années, les prix littéraires se sont multipliés en Grande-Bretagne et leur importance est aujourd’hui considérable.

Après avoir brièvement retracé leur histoire, cet article montre en quoi leur fonctionnement est sensiblement différent de celui des prix littéraires français et pourquoi le Booker Prize for Fiction, créé en 1969, est devenu l’événement médiatique de la saison littéraire.

La délicate question de l’influence des prix littéraires sur la création romanesque britannique est ensuite abordée, en faisant appel aux témoignages des écrivains eux-mêmes et à la critique pour aboutir à la conclusion que les prix littéraires en Grande-Bretagne ont indéniablement contribué à promouvoir de jeunes et remarquables romanciers anglais ou originaires des pays du Commonwealth.
Les vestiges du jour : du roman de Kashuo Ishiguro au film de James Ivory
Authors: Gilbert Bernard
Published: September 2019

The Remains of the Day : from Kazuo Ishiguro's novel to James Ivory's film

In the unavoidable choices of the script, legitimate qualifications can be made. The narrative, by unduly shortening the time frame, induces a certain number of arguable consequences : History is dramatised and melodrama prevails upon the book’s elliptic allusions, the tempo is accelerated at the expense of psychological and historical truth, the balance is broken that existed between the Pre War Paradise Lost and the Post War Time Regained. Above all Stevens is deprived of his narrator’s monopoly, he must share with a full-size feminine partner. Finally one could object to an overriding aestheticism, visualising for the spectator what the reader felt free to create for himself.

But Ivory’s vulgarisation is never vulgar. At the service of a desire to harmonize distanciation and identification, the choice of the cast -by its intrinsic value and intertextual subtlety -proposes a seductive transfiguration. Sophisticated and elegant The Remains of the Day makes the spectator eager to read Ishiguro and discover for himself the loving relationship of Ivory with this very pregnant book.
Délimitation et modulation qualitative dans quelques emplois de of
Authors: Gauthier André
Published: September 2019

L’étude d’exemples en contexte montre qu’en tant qu’opérateur de repérage lié à la copule, of permet d’ériger en pivot énonciatif tantôt l’un tantôt l’autre des items qu’il associe. Le propos de cet article est de s’interroger sur le rôle de la préposition of lorsqu’elle apparaît entre deux noms. C’est en termes de relations primitives, de relations prédicatives et de jeu sur le domaine notionnel qu’est posé le problème du passage du quantitatif au qualitatif, dans un cadre théorique culiolien. L’un des traits caractéristiques de of est de maintenir distinctes les unités qu’il rapproche dans un contexte donné. Il subsiste toujours un hiatus. En tant qu’étapes intermédiaires dans l’établissement d’une stabilité référentielle, les constructions en of restent compatibles avec des interprétations multiples.
Des adjectifs en (Nom + ed) en anglais
Authors: Charreyre Claude
Published: September 2019

Of (Noun + ed) adjectives in English.

The aspectual <-ed> morpheme can be used in English to form denominal attributive or predicative adjectives. These can be single words or compounds with various kinds of elements in initial position. Adopting the claims of a. Culioli’s Théorie des Opérations Enonciatives applied to a corpus of contemporary examples, this article will argue that this type of qualification is governed by rules based on the énonciateur’ s perception of the object represented. The existence of this percept accounts for the unacceptability of certain forms, and for the use of an initial <-ly> adverb instead of an adjective. When measurable quantity is referred to in initial position <-ed> may be deleted in attributive constructions as quantity then implies “ shared knowledge” rather than an individual act of perception. The part played by context is also explored, as context too may lead to anaphoric use of ø instead of <-ed> in attributive position.
Les rues de Londres, “salon des misérables”
Authors: Barret-Ducrocq Françoise
Published: September 2019

London streets , or "the Poor's Living Room”

The expression was coined by Jules Vallès, who was struck by the sight of such a large city as London during the second half of the 19th century -in the full swing of the phenomenon of urbanisation. The process emphasizes the contrast between rich and poor districts. At a time when a new sense of decency assigns to privacy most of the natural functions of human life on ethical and hygienic grounds, the street remains the scene of wildly swarming life, in the destitute urban areas ; this hurts the sensibility of the wealthy who try to evade its disorder, its hubbub, and its pollutions.But for the poor the street nevertheless remains a well-charted and familiar place - ideal for exchanges, encounters, work, and amusement.
La rue dans la conception américaine du cadre de vie : les idéologies du XIXe siècle
Authors: Ghorra-Gobin Cynthia
Published: September 2019

The Street in the American Conception of the City The XIXth century ideologies

As Americans were trying to cope with industrialization, immigration and urbanization, they also became increasingly aware that they were an ethnically and culturally diverse people. The street was then perceived as a mirror of their social diversity and many intellectuals believed that if everyone shared the values embodied in the "home", specific political, economic and social problems would resolve themselves. This analysis has as an objective to explain the contrast between the street in a suburban environment and the street in an ethnic neighborhood.
The Streets in Recent Latino Testimonial Writing
Authors: Bruce-Novoa Juan
Published: September 2019

Les rues des barrios dans quelques écrits testimoniaux latino

Depuis une dizaine d'années, les écrits testimoniaux ont pris une importance considérable dans la littérature chicano. Parmi les mémoires récemment publiés on peut citer Always Running, La Vida Loca, Gang Days in L.A. de Luis Rodriguez, Hoyt Street, une autobiographie de Mary Helen Ponce, Days of Obligation de Richard Rodriguez et Memory Fever de Ray Gonzalez. Dans chacun de ces récits, une représentation explicite ou implicite de l'espace public permet à l'auteur de mettre en scène sa configuration. Chaque auteur choisit pour situer son action des lieux spécifiques. Pourtant la question se pose de savoir si dans les textes étudiés ces particularisations permettent de dégager les caractéristiques plus générales de la vie dans les barrios.
L’imaginaire féminin à la croisée des rues
Authors: Datchi Corinne C.
Published: September 2019

The Feminine Imagination at the Crossroads

Only a minute examination of Latina literature enables us to dig up images of the streets and the barrios. This observation incites us to reflect on the scarce representation of urban landscapes in feminine writing. One must read between the lines to catch a glimpse of the semiotic and symbolic networks that relate the indoor and outdoor worlds. The social and cultural dynamics of these spaces respond to laws which sometimes affect the construction of identities in a prejudicial way. The goal of feminine writing is to prepare women's entry onto the urban scene. The presence of the latter in the street is not immediately necessary ; Latina writers prefer working in the "borderlands" between the private and public realms, from where they can modify topological plans and identities.
Nonoalco-Tlatelolco : images d’un quartier détruit dans l’œuvre de Fernando del Paso
Authors: Plâa Monique
Published: September 2019

Images of a Destroyed Neighborhood in Fernando del Paso’s Work

Most of the action of del Paso’s novel José Trigo (1966) takes place in the Nonoalco-Tlatelolco neighborhood. This old part of the center of Mexico City was entirely renovated in the early 1960s. This is where between the end of 1958 and the beginning of I960 railroad men organized a powerful strike which was crushed by the use of force. The novel is thus firmly rooted in reality. However del Paso’s writing goes beyond the technique of conventional realism, as its focus is rather on the concepts of Mexican space and time. The paper attempts to show how the history of this vanished neighborhood becomes a symbolic place for the emergence of an art of writing which from the first novel marks Fernando del Paso's entire work.
Les relations entre l'exécutif et les partis politiques en France et en Grande-Bretagne
Authors: Machin Howard
Published: September 2019

The relationships between the executive and political parties in France and Great Britain

Although the French Constitution of 1958 was explicitly inspired from the British example, the relationship between government and parties in France is clearly different from what it is in the United Kingdom. The French situation, as it has emerged from the provisions in the Constitution and from their initial implementation under General de Gaulle's presidency, must have borne the marks of the latter's old prevention against political parties, but the Constitution has survived the departure and death of the founder of the Fifth Republic. It has even revealed unexpected aspects of its resilience during two periods of «cohabitation». Viewed from across the Channel, the coexistence of two French executives may seem strange. The comparison with British practice casts new light on the working of both French and British political institutions.
Les archives, traces de vie, source d’histoire : l’exemple des dossiers de l’Hôpital des Enfants-Trouvés à Londres
Authors: Barret-Ducrocq Françoise
Published: September 2019

Archives as traces of life and sources of history : the case of the London foundling Hospital

Only a short time ago the representation of the Victorians' code of sexual mores proposed by specialists was the result of ignorance and of more or less voluntary transformations of the past. For a long time there was no access to genuine evidence coming from the popular classes of the time. The opening to researchers of the Coram Foundation archives has radically upset the situation and brought a new quality in social research. This Foundation has kept all the petitions for admission introduced by single women since the XVIIIth century. The files include each woman’s personal testimony together with the results of the systematic inquiries conducted by the Foundling Hospital's administration which help to corroborate the verisimilitude of individual narratives. The historian still had to transform the document into an element of observation fit to «serve memory».
Access to Archives in the United Kingdom
Authors: Forde Helen
Published: September 2019

L’accès aux archives en Grande-Bretagne.

La qualité et la quantité des archives détenues dans les îles Britanniques n'a pas d'équivalent au monde, à l'exception du Vatican. La collecte et le stockage des archives ne se sont jamais interrompus depuis le Domesday Book de 1086. Le Public Record Office est l'agence centrale principale pour la collecte d'archives et elle entretient des liens avec les autres bureaux d'archives. L'existence de plusieurs lieux de stockage publics et privés a nécessité la création de plusieurs outils de recherche et d'accès comme le National Register of Archives ou le Guide to Archive Resources in the United Kingdom. Les archives du Public Record Office sont accessibles à tous sous réserve de pouvoir justifier de son identité. La seule limitation d'accès est la règle des trente ans qui a été adoptée partout dans le monde. Avec plus de 165 000 visiteurs par an dans leurs salles de lecture et la communication de plus de 635 000 pièces d'archives, les archives britanniques ne donnent aucun signe de mettre bientôt la clé sous la porte.
L’accès aux archives en France
Authors: Duchein Michel
Published: September 2019

Access to archives in France.

Access to archives obeys several principles which are sometimes difficult to reconcile : freedom of access, gratuity, equality of all citizens concerning the communication of records. Numerous restrictions, and notably a fifty year delay, were introduced in the XIXth century. The law of 17 July 1978 has enacted the communication of all administrative documents to every person on demand. A thirty year delay was introduced by the law of 3 January 1979 for all documents with the exception of a few precisely defined categories. Notwithstanding these precautions, it’s sometimes difficult to set the limits of privacy that are much more frequently quoted than the superior interest of national defence or of public security. Access to French archives is easy but it is necessary to obtain a special permission in the case of certain categories of documents to which law does not grant free access. This permission is most of the time granted to scholars. In France public archives represent some 1,200 km and grow by 50 km every year.
Preservation and Conservation in Libraries and Archives : a Librarian’s Point of View
Authors: Foot Mirjam Michaela
Published: September 2019

The preservation and conservation of books and other documents are the responsibility of both libraries and archives. The two notions are not identical and must be defined. Decisions must also be reached concerning the retention of original formats and the production of surrogates. Compromises will often have to be made. Storage conditions and preservation planning are eventually closely linked to access to and use of the collection. There have been major shifts of preservation philosophy and there is a much larger choice of techniques and methods, but much more investment is needed globally, financial but also intellectual with a better training of conservators and conservation administrators.
L’enseignement secondaire en France et en Grande-Bretagne : deux traditions distinctes
Authors: Barret-Ducrocq Françoise
Published: September 2019

Secondary education in France and in England : Two distinct traditions.

The French and the English systems of secondary education are deeply different from each other in almost every respect. Their organisation, as well as the spirit of the education given to the children, reflect fundamental differences in the national historical and cultural heritages which the two systems contribute to comfort. The French system is characterized by the preponderance, both in terms of numbers and of quality, of the public sector over the private sector, and by complete centralization. On the contrary, the English system gives precedence to a small number of private institutions that are in charge of the training of most elites and it is extremely decentralized. The current trend towards some degree of decentralization in France, and the setting up of an English «national curriculum» have somewhat gone towards a slight reduction of the differences between two systems which are both facing the dramatic consequences of mass education against the current social and demographic background.
Educational Reform in England since 1979 : Plusses and Minuses
Authors: Newman Peter
Published: September 2019

When in 1979 the Conservatives came into power the debate about education had been going on for long. In 1976, future Education Secretary Sir Keith Joseph already declared : «The blind unplanned, uncoordinated wisdom of the market is overwhelmingly superior to the rational, well-researched, systematic, well-meaning, co-operative, science based, forward-looking, statistically respectable plans of government.» Since 1979, the Conservative governments have been looking at education as a market in operation. The shift was perceived to move from the producer —the teaching staff— to the consumer —the parents, the future employers. Fourteen legislative measures were successively enacted to bring the market into actual operation. Some progress has been made despite the effects of centralization and the diffidence of professionals.
Le défi de l’innovation dans l’enseignement secondaire français
Authors: Laderriere Pierre
Published: September 2019

The challenge for innovation in French secondary education.

Innovation policy consists in the permanent adaptation capability of the educational system and of its various components to the shifting needs of the individual and of society. The necessary harmonization between initial and continued training demands more flexibility in the contents, methods and structures. France is suffering from the lack of coordination between its assessment organisations and from the near total absence of an innovation policy. The budget for education research is ridiculous. For want of intermediate structures, such as managerial teams specialized in a given subject or working on interdepartmental approaches, there is no real follow up of the teachers ’ individual pedagogical work. The nature and structure of the French teaching staff, its civil service status, the definition of work obligations, the refusal to teach two subjects, all these aspects represent at best a brake, at worst an obstacle for innovation. The solution is therefore more in the shape of an exercise in political science than in didactics.
Mémoire nostalgique d’une sociabilité harmonieuse : les Indiens Cri du Lac Lubicon
Authors: Le Puloch Marine
Published: September 2019

Nous envisageons dans le présent travail l’étude de la société Cri du lac Lubicon habitant le nord de l’Alberta, pour qui la mémoire de la vie traditionnelle est synonyme d’une vie heureuse. Jusqu’à la fin des années 1970, les Lubicon vivaient en autarcie ; mais depuis 1980, l’exploitation à grande échelle des ressources pétrolières et forestières a pratiquement anéanti la société Lubicon. Les témoignages des Anciens, recueillis en 1982, reflètent l’image qu’ils ont de la tradition, ainsi que leur impuissance face au développement intensif de leur territoire.
Heurs et malheurs dans la Virginie coloniale
Authors: Marienstras Élise
Published: September 2019

Fortunes and Misfortunes in Colonial Virginia.

As soon as colonization and History were introduced into the New World, Virginia (or in other words America) ceased to be viewed as the Land of Canaan which owed its promise of universal happiness to Nature or to God. The private writings of colonial and early planters exhibit a wide variety of events and feelings, wherein pleasure and hardship, public or private, are intertwined and unequally distributed. In contrast to the earlier holistic dream, America soon became the seat of a hierarchical society, where the public and private spheres promptly separated. With the creation of the republic, it fell to political institutions, as mediators between the two spheres, to take charge of "public good", which was more and more conceived as the sum of the private interests. The nation was then responsible for guaranteeing the citizens’ right to the pursuit of happiness.
La femme cheyenne au XIXe siècle
Authors: Pepin Véronique
Published: September 2019

The Cheyenne Woman in the Nineteenth Century.

The Cheyennes were a hunting and gathering nomadic people, who moved from the Great Lakes region to the Northern Great Plains, where they became equestrian bujfalo hunters at the end of the XVIIIth century. Their social organization was strictly divided between the men, hunting and protecting the tribe, and the women, in charge of the welfare of the household. Even after they turned to the buffalo culture, the Cheyennes remained a matrilineal and matrilocal tribe, which held women in high regard for they were the mothers of the people. That status was degraded when the Whites introduced new goods, and therefore new needs, to the Cheyennes : the demand for industrial items grew so much during the XIXth century that the women worked most of their time producing goods for trade, becoming therefore more and more considered as a labor force. The wars with the US Army also influenced tribal organization through the growing influence of the warriors. But the process which was transforming a uterine society into an agnatic one was stopped by the surrender of the tribe and the reservation system.
Helen Hardin : l’aliénation d’une mixed blood
Authors: Baldit Catherine
Published: September 2019

Helen Hardin : Alienation of a Mixed-Blood Artist.

In the realm of American Indian art in the United States, Helen Hardin (1943-1984), a painter of Pueblo and Anglo ancestry, holds an important place. Her acrylics on hard board convey her desire to be acknowledged as an Indian although she was rejected by the Santa Clara community all her life. Torn between two languages and two cultures, she struggled to define her identity.

Art being her only refuge, she intertwined imaginary kachinas, ancient Pueblo pottery motifs, and geometric forms in her paintings in order to create a spiritual world of her own, thus securing a link with the cultural heritage that she was excluded from.

This article explains the causes of her exclusion by the Pueblo community and shows that her art helped her finally to reach a certain serenity as a mixed-blood Indian.
De l’enfermement solitaire au lien social retrouvé : Winter in the Blood de James Welch
Authors: Pellerin Simone
Published: September 2019

Estranged no More : The Journey Out of the Cold in James Welch's Winter in the Blood

This article traces the thawing of the unnamed Indian narrator in Winter in the Blood, from emotional isolation haunted by memories of death back into touch with his own past, the life around him and tribal belonging. The reconciliation is shown to be articulated chiefly through Welch ’s treatment of the opening and closing scenes, and through a series of key episodes in which animals are charged with intense mediating power.
Le pronominal, les rôles actanciels et la diathèse
Authors: Rivière Nicole
Published: September 2019

La pronominalisation en se est traditionnellement traitée soit exclusivement comme une dérivation à partir d’un verbe transitif (laver / se laver), soit comme trait distinctif d’une classe de verbes (s’exclamer). Le but de cet article est de montrer que la construction en se est liée à la transitivité sémantique et syntaxique de l’ensemble de la prédication. Deux niveaux de transitivité sont distingués : le niveau du verbe (acception traditionnelle), qui se confond partiellement avec celui de la prédication, et le niveau des schémas actanciels. Les différentes significations de la construction en se proviennent alors de l’agencement syntaxique des éléments. La présence de se serait la trace de l’association d’au moins deux prédications, de telle sorte que les rôles de déclencheur et de Bénéficiaire sont assignés. On montrera qu’il est justifié d’analyser cette construction comme diathétiquement marquée.
An Aspectual Constraint on the Dative Alternation in English
Authors: Yaguello Marina
Published: September 2019

It has been claimed by various authors (e.g. Grimshaw 1985, Pinker 1989, Levin 1993) that dative movement in the ditransitive constructions of English is restricted to verbs that have germanic rather than latinate stems. The so-called “latinate constraint ” is supposed to account for the ungrammaticality of *John donated the library a book.

There are, however, enough embarrassing exceptions (i.e . latinate verbs that allow the alternation and native ones that don 't) to raise the question of the legitimacy of this constraint.

On the other hand, aspectual constraints are extremely common in English .

This paper explores the incompatibility of double objects with aspectual particles, drawing a parallel with semantically similar "latinate" verbs which are inherently perfective.
Parfait, prétérit et transitivité
Authors: Chesnel Noëlle
Published: September 2019

Cette étude porte sur la différenciation parfait / prétérit dans quelques catégories d’énoncés transitifs.

Elle est réalisée à partir d’un corpus extrait de la bande dessinée pour enfants et l’observation de ces énoncés montre que l’emploi de l’une ou l’autre forme verbale dépend essentiellement du degré de détermination énonciative de l’objet. Il est en effet particulièrement évident que le parfait ne peut être employé que pour rendre compte d’événements pour lesquels il existe un certain degré d’indétermination, et qui peuvent par conséquent être considérés comme renvoyant à une matière toujours ouverte.