bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect Of Financing In Sharia Business Units On Profitability And Financing Risk Management
Authors: Halim Sofyan
Published: June 2020

Financing is one of the main functions of the operations of sharia banks, including those carried out by the Syari'ah Business Unit. Funds disbursed to the Syari'ah Business Unit are carried out by means of buying and selling, namely Murabaha contracts, greetings, and istisna agreements, then by investing in mudharabah contracts and musyarakah contracts and performing rental services with ijarah contracts. Syarai'ah Banking by carrying out the financing benefits from buying and selling, obtaining profit sharing from investing and obtaining rental opinions from the ijarah contract. Thus, the three types of income will produce and affect the level of profitability depending on the financial services carried out by PerbangkanSyari'ah, including those carried out by the Syari'ah Business Unit. In carrying out the financing there is an element of risk that needs to be managed properly and professionally, so that the risk can be minimized in the sense that the amount of financing that is categorized as non-current does not negatively affect profitability, as well as risk management such as non-perfomed financing with various contracts, can be minimized along with the level of collectibility for the financing that has been channeled. The researcher will also carry out various statistical tests in this study so that in this study the results of the conclusions are positive and can be useful for anyone who has an interest in this research. The study was conducted with a quantitative method, with the conclusion that there was a positive relationship between financing with murabaha, mudharabah, musyarakah and ijarah contracts towards profitability and in general also negatively affected the NPF with the understanding that even though there was an increase in financing distribution with contracts, however, risk control over the possibility of NPF occurring can be overcome except for financing with Murabaha contracts.This research is expected to be useful for stakeholders related to this research and for future researchers to be able to improve further research.
ASSESSMENT OF GOLD AND/OR CRUDE OIL AS INVESTMENTS FOR PORTFOLIO DIVERSIFICATION. A WARSAW STOCK EXCHANGE CASE STUDY
Authors: Potrykus Marcin
Published: June 2020

The purpose of the study is to assess whether the inclusion of investments in gold and/or crude oil improves an investment portfolio consisting of shares of enterprises included in the WIG20 index (traditional investments). All possible combinations of investment portfolios with minimal risk and maximum efficiency were tested. The portfolios were determined based on Markowitz’s portfolio theory. All results were compared with a naive strategy. In total, nearly 55,000 investment portfolios consisting of three, four or five investments were constructed. The study showed that the application of portfolio theory contributes to obtaining better results than a naive strategy. The minimum risk portfolios that included gold and crude oil showed a risk reduction of 0.39 p.p. on average and a maximum cumulative loss of 7.85 p.p. on average. Portfolios with maximum efficiency achieved an average increase in the rate of return of the investment portfolio of 0.024 p.p. and an average increase in efficiency of 0.0256.
IMPACT OF THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN FORMAL AND INFORMAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND INDEPENDENCE OF AUDIT FIRMS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CEECS
Authors: Godlewska Małgorzata
Published: June 2020

The central point of this paper is to present the results of comparative meta-analysis concerning the impact of the interplay between formal and informal institutions in the corporate governance and independence of audit firms of Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs). The paper focuses on the values of the national Financial Audit Law and national auditors’ code of ethics of CEECs, as well as on independence, professional scepticism, non-audit services, audit fees, mandatory audit firm rotation and joint carrying out of statutory financial audit. The main subject of interest concerns two research areas: the character of the relationship between formal and informal institutions, as well as whether the interplay between them is relevant to corporate governance and independence of audit firms of CEECs.
THE IMPACT OF HEALTH PERCEPTION AND HEALTH-RELATED DETERMINANTS ON HEALTHY FOOD CONSUMPTION IN OLDER PEOPLE IN SLOVAKIA
Authors: Lesakova Dagmar
Published: June 2020

The main objective of the paper is to explore the impact of health perception and health-related determinants on achieving healthy food consumption among the elderly and to indicate how possession and importance of different determinants influence the eating behaviour of the elderly population. In our research 18 specific determinants and their manifestation in healthy food consumption were explored. The purpose of the exploration of health perception is to identify seniors’ beliefs about food and health-related aspects. Empirical research was conducted on a sample of 400 elderly participants aged above 65 years and living in their own flats. The relationship between health perceptions, health-related determinants and healthy eating behaviour was confirmed by employing correlation analysis. These findings can be used also in other areas such as food choice motives, where behaviour can be investigated by exploring the contribution of various determinants.
Laser marking and coloration of Ti-6Al-4V with ultrashort pulses
Authors: Ackerl Norbert , Gugger Pascal , Wegener Konrad
Published: June 2020

A routine for color marking using oxide layers and laser-induced periodic surface structures is presented. Titanium and alloys thereof are marked with pixelated graphics at a high resolution with tempering colors. A computational approach for the laser path calculation enables a fast-forward marking of complex designs. The color map attained from a laser parameter studies enables vivid coloration. The minimal color pixel size is given by the optical setup and laser wavelength at near-infrared and green radiation to the focal spot size. A pixel size of 35 and 20μm was reached within this study, and no cross talk and distinctness between adjacent colors were observed. The oxide layer growth is sensitive on the applied laser strategy and parameter setting; however, a set of stable coloration conditions is conceived. Hitherto, fine color nuances in blue unravel the unique potential of this approach by oxidizing the substrate leading to a defined oxide layer thickness at a high repetition rate below the threshold fluence. Additionally, ultrashort pulsed laser pulses below 10ps enable the generation of laser-induced periodic surface structures. In the low spatial frequency regime, these structures are correlated with the polarization direction of the laser light. Afterward, diffraction gratings with rotated spatial periodicity are manufactured using a half-wave plate. This allows forgery-proof marking strategies, where both mechanisms could be superimposed to increase the information density and complicating counterfeit product labeling.
Innledning: Bosnia-Hercegovina 25 år etter Srebrenica
Authors: Brekke Torkel
Published: June 2020

Artikkelen er en kort innledning til et temanummer om den politiske situasjonen i Bosnia-Hercegovina. Anledningen for temanummeret er at det i juli 2020 er 25 år siden den bosnisk-serbiske hæren inntok Srebrenica og massakrerte 8000 bosnjaker.
Abstract in English: Introduction: Bosnia and Herzegovina 25 Years after Srebrenica
This article is a brief introduction to a thematic issue about the political situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The occasion for the issue is that in July 2020 it is 25 years since the Bosnian-Serb army took Srebrenica and massacred 8,000 Bosniaks.
ANALISIS KADAR TIMBAL (Pb) PADA AIR SUMUR GALI DI KAWASAN TEMPAT PEMBUANGAN AKHIR SAMPAH BANJAR SUWUNG BATAN KENDAL DENPASAR SELATAN
Authors: Handriyani Kadek Ayu Tia Surya , Habibah Nur , Dhyanaputri I Gusti Ayu Sri
Published: June 2020

AbstractFinal Waste Disposal Area at Suwung, Denpasar is one of the final waste disposal area that uses an open dumping system for the waste management techniques. These waste management techniques cause the lack of the groundwater quality. On the other hand, this groundwater is still being used as a main water source by the residents around the final waste disposal area. The aim of the study was to determine of the lead concentration in the well water at the Suwung Waste Disposal Area. This research uses descriptive method with observational approach while the analysis of lead was conducted by using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Based on the results, it is proved that there is 1 sample contains of the lead concentration more than maximum allowable of lead according to the Minister of Health of Indonesia No. 416/MENKES/PER/IX/1990. The excess of lead concentration in the water samples may influenced by the distance of the dug wells from waste disposal area which does not meet the requirements, so the pollution occur easily.Keywords: Final waste disposal area, lead determination, atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS)
Resistências urbanas e sua conjunção em rede
Authors: Carvalho Liliane Katita , Imbrunito Maria Isabel
Published: June 2020

Este artigo busca reconhecer as ações coletivas de caráter tático desenvolvidas no Distrito de São Mateus, localizado na periferia leste do município de São Paulo, entendendo-as como resistências urbanas. Busca-se identificar suas articulações, seu processo de organização em rede, além do impacto promovido na gestão territorial da área analisada. Objetiva-se relacionar a ação tática e sua convergência organizacional junto a aspectos estruturais das chamadas redes complexas. Para isso, realizou-se o mapeamento dos coletivos que desenvolveram ações entre 2016 e 2018, identificando suas perspectivas e expressões no território. As ações desenvolvidas foram acompanhadas e registradas a fim de se obter dados para a produção de mapeamentos e análise do grau de intervenção no espaço urbano.  Observou-se o desenvolvimento do que denominou-se neste artigo como “rede tática”, considerando os aspectos das ações desenvolvidas no distrito e seu fortalecimento a partir da estruturação em rede. Desse modo, demonstra-se o potencial das ações táticas na transformação do território e, por consequência, na construção de novas formas de gestão e planejamento urbano.
Motricidade, experiência do sagrado e as modulações de sentidos
Authors: Santos Sérgio Oliveira dos
Published: June 2020

O corpo em ato intencional, pela capacidade de doar sentido ao movimento, visa a transcendência e a plenitude de realização co-implicada. Essa orientação epistemológica conduz a proposta deste ensaio em torno das perguntas: como manifestação da motricidade, qual é a essência da experiência do sagrado com relação a espaço/temporalidade e em que se diferencia das experiências do jogo e da arte? As análises fenomenológico-hermenêuticas mostram que a percepção da espaço/temporalidade nas experiências do sagrado sugerem um modo particular de ação, cuja presencialidade é preenchida por modulações de sentidos que orienta o ato de fé.
Discurso religioso e produção de subjetividades em uma prisão feminina: um controle de almas?
Authors: Silva Clara Luisa Oliveira , Saraiva Luiz Alex Silva
Published: June 2020

Objetiva-se analisar as relações entre discurso religioso e produção de subjetividades em uma prisão feminina, o que foi feito por meio de um estudo de caso qualitativo, realizado na unidade feminina de um dos centros de ressocialização da Associação de Proteção aos Condenados (APAC). Foram realizadas 26 entrevistas com recuperandas e quatro entrevistas com dirigentes, corpus interpretado por meio da análise estruturalista do discurso. Os principais resultados sugerem que as relações que o sujeito estabelece com o espiritual são objeto de regulação no espaço social da APAC, o que se insere em um contexto de estratégia biopolítica na medida em que é garantida por uma razão governamental que permite a assistência religiosa na prisão ao mesmo tempo em que se confunde com os efeitos de um poder pastoral.
Religiosidade protestante diante da união dos negros do Amapá: a experiência do afro-protestantismo
Authors: Custódio Elivaldo Serrão
Published: June 2020

O presente texto objetiva discutir sobre a religiosidade protestante diante da união dos negros do Amapá: a experiência do afro-protestantismo, isto é, a experiência híbrida de cunho religioso afro com o protestantismo histórico e pentecostal de um quilombo localizado no município de Macapá-AP. Quilombo este de origem africana que surgiu em 1954, mas que, a partir de 1968, optou pela religiosidade protestante. O presente trabalho é parte integrante de um estudo etnográfico de natureza qualitativa que adotou a pesquisa bibliográfica, a análise documental, a entrevista semiestruturada no âmbito da tese de doutorado em teologia defendida em 2017 pela Faculdades EST, em São Leopoldo-RS. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam que a “nova identidade quilombola” da CRQMP é o resultado de uma junção de elementos ligados às raízes de sua ancestralidade com elementos e símbolos de doutrinas protestantes, ou seja, há um hibridismo cultural-religioso. Além disso, os resultados da pesquisa demonstram que, embora não haja essência de uma identidade negra pura e/ou autêntica, os traços de cultura negra estão presentes em seu cotidiano, nas formas de criar, saber e fazer, como pudemos perceber em suas celebrações religiosas afro-protestantes.
Em “certos dias santos” numa “dança sem fim”: o movimento dos corpos dos escravizados em suas experiências religiosas no Brasil Colonial (Pernambuco, século XVII)
Authors: Daibert Jr. Robert
Published: June 2020

Este artigo tem como objetivo principal analisar o significado do corpo na experiência religiosa de alguns escravizados de origem centro-africana que viveram em Pernambuco nos anos 30 do século XVII, a partir da análise de dois textos produzidos, neste período, por Zacharias Wagener, um viajante europeu que morou na região. Procura-se demonstrar que o movimento de seus corpos, descrito nestes relatos, estava ligado à sua capacidade de transcendência, superação do sofrimento e construção de sentido por meio da releitura de alguns elementos das tradições religiosas centro--africanas transplantadas para o Brasil, que contribuíam para a sobrevivência e ressignificação, neste território colonial, das heranças religiosas de seu continente de origem.
Esticando para Jesus: yoga cristã, corporeidade e transcendência
Authors: Dantas Renan
Published: June 2020

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar, sob um ponto de vista fenomenológico-antropológico, as linhas de vida, as modulações do corpo, das sensibilidades e da percepção envolvidas na invenção e na prática da yoga cristã, modalidade de yoga criada pelo sacerdote jesuíta Haroldo J. Rahm. Para tanto, seguimos como ancoragem empírica fontes etnográficas e histórico-literárias referentes às práticas, retiros e livros sobre yoga cristã e seus exercícios psicossomáticos, visando: 1º) desenhar suas linhas de vida e 2º) acompanhá-las sob o ponto de vista da corporeidade.
Transcendence in the Kinanthropology of Manuel Sérgio
Authors: Palma Alexandre Coutinho Lopes de Brito
Published: June 2020

This article seeks to analyze the contribution of Portuguese philosopher Manuel Sérgio to Religious Studies. The author dedicated his long academic life to the study of sports, but with a peculiar humanistic perspective. Instead of focusing on performance, the author focuses on the Human being who moves. This is what he defines as “Kinanthropology”. Transcendence is a major element in this proposal. In this article, after presenting Sérgio’s fundamental anthropological framework and his understanding of “human kinetics”, three of his possible theoretical contributions to Religious Studies are explored: 1. in the way he sees the relation between transcendence and religion; 2. in the way he opens corporeity to transcendence; and 3. in the way he seems to rehabilitate motion as a topic for religious and theological discourse.
Patterns of first marriage in Finland and Hungary: a comparative study
Authors: Csernák Magdolna
Published: June 2020

The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the nature and background of the difference between the nuptiality pattern in Finland and Hungary and to contribute to better understanding of the demographic behavior. The emphasis is on the first marriage. Historically, Finland belongs to the countries characterized by the European pattern while Hungary followed the so called Eastern European pattern. Even if the both patterns have come closer to each other there are still differences between them which is seen, especially, in the age at marriage and the total First marriage rate. The author presents the marriage trends by using both period and cohort measures. In order to analyze the changes in the age structure and the intensity of the first marriage, the classical life table method was applied to cohorts born between 1945 and 1970. The birth cohorts are supposed to be closed, not influenced by migration or mortality. For Finland projective probabilities are computed on the bases of cohort first marriage rates, for Hungary conventional probabilities are used.
Long range population prospects of Finland in the European context
Authors: Lutz Wolfgang , Prinz Christopher
Published: June 2020

The population of Finland is projected along eleven different scenarios assuming widely diverging alternative trends in fertility, mortality and migration up to the year 2100. The definitions of these scenarios follow those of a recent study (Lutz, 1991) on Europe and North America. They range from constant rates to assuming replacement fertility versus a Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of 1.1, mortality stagnation versus a strong increase in life expectancy, and no immigration versus 30,000 migrants per year. The results show that no matter what scenario is chosen, the next 30 years will bring an enormous increase of the population over age 65. The proportion in working age will be relatively stable up to the year 2010 and then strongly decline under all conditions, which is a consequence of the Finnish baby boom of the late 1940s. Projected total population sizes in 2050 will range from 3.5 million in the fertility decline scenario to 6.6 million in the high immigration scenario.
Convergence of lifestyles and trends in the sex ratio among the middle-aged in Finland
Authors: Koskinen Seppo , Martikainen Pekka , Martelin Tuija , Valkonen Tapani
Published: June 2020

Male excess mortality has increased rapidly during this century. A hypothesis has been brought forth, however, that the growing equality of the sexes and the concomitantly increasing similarity of lifestyles, result in a convergence of female and male mortality. In addition, it can be assumed that this process is most evident in those »modern» population groups which can be considered forerunners in adopting new behavior patterns, e.g. among the young with higher education or living in the capital region. This article examines the plausibility of these hypotheses among the Finnish middle-aged population during the period 1971-85.
Consanguineous marriages in Finland and their implication for genetic disease
Authors: Ignatius Jaakko
Published: June 2020

The frequency of marriages contracted between individuals with close consanguinity has traditionally been low in Finland. In the 19th and early 20th centuries only 0.1-0.3% of all marriages were contracted between first-cousins (average kinship coefficient 0.0001-0.0002). In genealogical search, however, a remote consanguinity (often beyond 3rd cousins) is frequently found especially in the rural areas and the true level of inbreeding is higher. In Finland, several autosomal recessive diseases are known to be enriched in the population. This unique spectrum of genetic diseases is sometimes called »the Finnish Disease Heritage». To study the implication of close consanguinity for these disorders, information on consanguineous marriages closer than second-cousins was collected from 808 families representing 24 different »Finnish» autosomal recessive disorders. The mean rate of first-cousin marriages was 1.6% (0-20%). Consanguinity (parents second-cousins or closer) was found in 4.2% of the families. For comparison, in 160 families representing three »non-Finnish» autosomal disorders the corresponding figures were 1.9% and 2.5%, respectively. Although these figures are high when compared to the general Finnish population, it can be concluded that close consanguinity is not a significant factor of Finnish genetic diseases.
Bringing the family back in? Attitudes towards the role of the family in caring for the elderly and children
Authors: Ervasti Heikki
Published: June 2020

In the last few years, demands for replacing the welfare state with family responsibility for the care of children and the elderly have become more and more insistent. Using data from a recent postal survey (N = 1,737), the article’s aim is to estimate the caring possibilities and caring potential of the family. The results show that compared to outside-home care and especially publicly provided outside-home care, family care is not supported by public opinion. However, the results provide no evidence of a decline in the caregiving potential of the family. Thus, the introduction of new family care-oriented policies and cuts in the public welfare services aimed at increasing family responsibility for the care of dependants could even be counterproductive, as families would soon be overloaded with caring tasks.
Social and biological issues in infant survivorship among Danish cohorts born between 1982 and 1990
Authors: Hansen Hans O.
Published: June 2020

The purpose of this project is to identify possible differentials in the infant survivorship of the Danish cohorts bom between 1982 and 1990. The principal characteristics to be considered are gender and birth weight. Our data consist of official records of live births and infant deaths linked at the individual level. We report some rather detailed measurements of the survivorship impact of sex and birth weight in the framework of logistic regression and loglinear modeling. This paper gives strong support to sex and birth weight as major determinants of infant survivorship. Falling infant mortality is closely associated with increasing expected birth weight over the birth cohorts considered. The present paper should be seen as an appetizer for addressing the more general question of birth weight as an intermediate variable for survivorship impacts of biosocial factors related to the parents and to intrauterine gestation.
The social patterning of mortality in a cohort of elderly Swedes
Authors: Lundberg Olle , Kåreholt Ingemar
Published: June 2020

Social class differences in mortality among the elderly have received only limited interest. In this paper we analyze the impact of social class on mortality from mid-life onwards. In 1968 1,860 persons born between 1892 and 1915 were interviewed and followed in the national cause of death registry for the period 1968-1991. In addition. 537 of the 563 survivors were fe-interviewed in 1992. We employ proportional hazard regressions to analyze the impact of social class on death risks over time. There are fairly small class differences in the probability of reaching old age. However, it appears that mortality differentials were steeper before retirement age than after. Still, the size of class differences in mortality seem smaller than expected on the basis of other studies. At the same time steep class gradients in illness and functional abilities exist among survivors. Some possible explanations for these somewhat contradictory findings are discussed.
International migration, fertility, lifestyles, and social structure
Authors: Hjarno Jan
Published: June 2020

This paper has two aims. First, it calls attention to the neoracists, who exploit the results of demographic research for their evil propaganda. Second, it raises the question whether the subject matter of demography, is the appropriate category to work with if demographers really want to make a substantial contribution to an understanding of social development. The presentation starts with neoracism and presents an example of how one Danish demographer has published strange research most pleasing to the neoracist way of thinking. Then a model for structural lifestyle analysis is presented. This model, which is still in the developmental stage, may enable demographers to study groups of real people according to their social identities/lifestyles. Finally, the model for structural lifestyle analysis will be applied to a set of empirical data on three groups of immigrants to demonstrate how we may gain new insight into the importance of certain lifestyles in economic development. In addition, we will see how specific lifestyles and rates of fertility may be related and cause the high rates of fertility in some of the new ethnic minorities, rates which the neoracists view as something very threatening, but which may be very positive for the future development of our society.
Some patterns and social impacts of external migration on a below-replacement population: Denmark by the turn of the millennium
Authors: Hansen Hans O , Maxim Paul S.
Published: June 2020

As with many other nations in Europe, Denmark has experienced below-replacement fertility over the past three decades. The impact on population growth of the recent fertility decline to a large extent has been offset by a positive net balance of external migration. To provide a factual basis for a wide range of policy issues and social and cultural impacts we start by studying external migration, differential fertility, naturalization of foreign nationals, and population growth in the framework of multidimensional life models. Migrants and naturalized citizens tend to have reproductive behavior and sex/age profiles that differ significantly from those of the remaining population. To study some concerted demographic and social impacts of such differentials, we construct a number of midterm projections based on existing and expected development of fertility, mortality, and migration.
Attitudes of Finnish students towards immigrants
Authors: Söderling Ismo
Published: June 2020

Traditionally Finland has been the losing party in migration. During the last hundred years about 600.000 Finns have emigrated permanently. Since the late 1980s the migration balance has been positive to Finland due to decreased emigration and increased migration, especially from the former Soviet Union area. The aim of the paper was to give answers to the following questions: What are the attitudes towards immigrants and demographic internationalism among the students in Finland? What are the main factors explaining the differences? How do the students fit into Berry’s acculturation model (his model consists of four acculturation groups: integrated, assimilated, segregated, and marginalized groups)? The material was collected in May 1994.The population of the study consisted of all the students who started their studies between 1990-1993 at the University of Turku. The sample was 300 and 187 students returned the questionnaire (62.3%). Using factor analysis and sum-variables four different attitude groups were created: ethnocen- trics (35%), hesitants (21%), egoists (13%), and globalists (31%). The results of the study indicated that Berry’s model is also useful when categorizing the attitudes of the people of the host country: more than 92% of the globalists had an integrative opinion about immigration. As few as 4% of the globalists were marginalists (against immigration), while the corresponding figure among ethnocen- trics was 14%.
Elderly people at village level in Botswana
Authors: Ingstad Benedicte , Brunborg Helge , Bruun Frank J.
Published: June 2020

The paper presents demographic and social data from an in-depth study of the situation of elderly people in a village in Botswana. Botswana is undergoing rapid economic and social change and this change also affects the elderly part of the population. While younger people  migrate to urban areas, the elderly are to a large extent left behind in the villages, often with responsibility for caring tor small grandchildren. We found that the majority of elderly people in the study village are women. The educational level of the elderly people of both sexes is low but the majority have undergone the traditional initiation schools, Bojale and Bogwera. All households are influenced by modernization in that they need cash for survival. They depend to a large extent on the support of their grandchildren for survival, a support which is not always given.
An evolutionary perspective on population growth
Authors: Kelly Robert
Published: June 2020

Tis article is a preliminary attempt to evaluate the effect that evolution has on fertility. First, the conditions necessary for an evolutionary effect are discussed, the most important condition being the existence of fertility-enhancing traits (not necessarily genetic) which can be passed from parent to child. Next, two mathem tical models are discussed which give insight into the relation between evolution and fertility. The models yield a crude approximation relating the correlation (r) between number of siblings and number of children born to women in a given population to a subsequent evolution-related rise in fertility in the same population over one generation. The approximation is evaluated using the value of r as determined from a 1981 study sample of Swedish-born women. Finally, the possibilities of long-term fertility predictions and control of population growth are discussed.
Long-term fertility development in Baltoscandia
Authors: Katus Kalev
Published: June 2020

The article is a short overview of some principal fertility trends in Estonia. Finland. Latvia, Lithuania, and Sweden. Those countries, from the historical perspective, have been characterized by relatively early start of demographic transition. Also, in period of fertility transition, these countries have demonstrated rather similar developments and formed one of the most homogenous subregions in Europe in this respect. However, post-transitional fertility development has been rather desynchronized between the named countries: not only the Baltic-Scandinavian differences but also the difference between Estonia-Latvia and Lithuania as well as between Sweden and Finland has become important. The noticeable part of this heterogeneity is explained by the relatively stable cohort fertility in Estonia and Latvia while in Finland. Lithuania, and Sweden the birth cohorts have had rather divergent outcomes of their fertility careers. Currently the Baltic countries are characterized by sharp fertility decrease, accompanied by the deep structural transformation of the fertility pattern. The intense aging of fertility, particularly because of postponement of the first child, is in contrast to much smoother development of the same kind in Finland and Sweden.
Ethnic and social determinants of East-West migratory trends in the Baltic Sea Area transition economies
Authors: Karppi Ilari , Rantala Heikki
Published: June 2020

The article concentrates on social and ethnic background factors in the Baltic Sea area transition economies with special reference to Estonian-Russian relations in Estonia. The general framework of the study deals with the transition to a market economy and the effects this transition has on east-west migration. The data for the study was collected in 1996 from four major city regions in four transition countries, this article being based on findings from Tallinn and St. Petersburg. A specific aspect discussed here is the connection between ethnically-based relative deprivation and willingness to emigrate. Indeed, the Tallinn Russians with the most notable tendency towards deprivation do indicate the highest propensity to emigrate. However, as remarked in the final section, the connections between the willingness to emigrate and factors underlying it are far more complex.
Ethnic remigration from the former Soviet Union to Finland - patterns of ethic identity and acculturation among the Ingrian Finns
Authors: Kyntäjä Eve
Published: June 2020

The aim of this paper is to examine the patterns of psychological acculturation and ethnic identity of Ingrian Finns - the remigrants from the former Soviet Union - in Finland. The article is based on a study that focused on finding out the relationship between objective criteria of ethnic identity (language, nationality, citizenship, religion) and subjective ethnic identity (self-identification, commitment) in a certain social context. The relationship between acculturation attitudes and psychological well-being was also studied. The approach of the study was qualitative, the methods used were in-depth interviews, and participant observation. The sample consisted of 40 adult Ingrian Finns living in Finland and 10 leaders of the Ingrian Association in St. Petersburg and the Ingrian Church. The results suggest that different age groups have different ethnic self-perceptions. Younger remigrants identify themselves mostly as Russians or Estonians depending on which linguistic and social environment they have lived in. Middle-aged Ingrian Finns are dealing with identity conflict: they have problems in identifying themselves ethnically and also difficulties in integrating into the Finnish society.
Divorce by family composition and socioeconomic status in Finnish first marriages
Authors: Jalovaara Marika
Published: June 2020

This is the first report of a research project that focuses on the impact of socioeconomic factors on divorce risk in the context of other determinants. In this paper; divorce risk differentials are examined by two measures of family composition and various indicators of spouses' socioeconomic status. Divorce risk differentials are described also by two temporal variables; which are used as control variables in the other analyses. This is a register-based follow-up study, covering Finnish first marriages which were intact at the end of 1990 and judicial divorces between l 991 and l 993. A piecewise exponential hazards model is used. When the temporal factors were recontrolled for; divorce risk increased with increasing age of the youngest child, and divorce risk decreased with increasing numbers of children in the family in every age group of the youngest child. Also, when the temporal factors were held constant, socioeconomic status was inversely related to divorce risk, when socioeconomic status was measured by either of the spouses' education, occupational class or economic activity, husbands income or housing tenure.
The connection between migration and regional structure in Finland around 1990 - a GIS viewpoint
Authors: Kauppinen Jarkko , Heikkilä Elli , Rusanen Jarmo , Naukkarinen Arvo , Muilu Toivo
Published: June 2020

The connection between migration and regional structure in Finland in the early 19905 is discussed on the basis of Geographic Irformation Systems (GIS) data from Statistics Finland, compiled for map coordinate grid cells of 1 x 1 km. The results indicate that data of this kind enable a more detailed typology to be drawn up for migration. At the regional level, this allows the defining of places of "passing through '' which gain population from other local government districts but lose population through migration within their own district. The connection between migration and regional structure is manifested in the fact that flows both between and within local government districts mainly involve the more urbanised population centres and areas with: high levels of unemployment.
Computer assistance and the evolution of qualitative data analysis
Authors: Pekka Räsänen
Published: June 2020

The aim of the paper is to examine the emergence of computer assistance in qualitativeresearch and to describe its impact on research practices. The use of data analysisprograms is approached from methodological frameworks ofbasic and structured qualitativeapproaches. Computer use is also examined from the viewpoint of concreteoperations of data analysis. Particularly the new features, which software packages areclaimed to have brought to data analysis, are discussed in the paper.It is argued that computer assisted techniques provide possibilities fr developing theoften impressionistic qualitative data analysis procedures into something more integrated,explicit and systematic. However, it is also emphasised that analysis programsthemselves do not represent any methodological approaches. By offering a special toolkitfr data processing, computer assistance should be understood only as an attempt toenhance analytic practices in qualitative research.
Socioeconomic position in childhood and adult cardiovascular mortality in 1971-98 in Finland - register-based follow-up study of a large sample from the 1950 census
Authors: Veijo Notkola , Tuija Martelin , Seppo Koskinen
Published: June 2020

The purpose of the study was to analyse the relative importance of socioeconomic conditions in childhood and adulthood as predictors of cardiovascular mortality in adulthood. The study is based on a 10% sample of the 1950 Finnish census, linked individually to information from the censuses of 1970-95 and to deaths during 1971-98. Subjects aged 7-13 years living with their parents in 1950 were included. Parents occupational class in 1950 and the subjects own occupational class in 1970 were used as measures of socioeconomic position in childhood and adulthood. The main statistical method used was the Cox proportional hazards model. Socioeconomic conditions in childhood and adulthood were independent predictors of adult cardiovascular mortality in both sexes and of non-cardiovascular mortality among men. The effect of parents occupational class on mortality was systematic and graded. The results suggest that the impact of living conditions in childhood on adult mortality is not restricted to the effects of absolute poverty and undernutrition.
Perceived health and cause-specific mortality among Finnish men and women aged 30 and over
Authors: Pekka Martikainen , Arpo Aromaa , Eero Lahelma , Markku Heliövaara , Timo Klaukka
Published: June 2020

Perceived health is strongly associated with subsequent mortality, but the causes of this association are not known. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the association between perceived health and mortality after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, and to estimate whether the association varies by cause ofdeath. The study analyzed data from the Mini-Finland Health Survey, a nationally representative sample of 7,217 adults aged 30 and over in 1978-1980. A 12-year mortality follow-up was established by record linkage to death certificates at Statistics Finland. The study showed that perceived health was very strongly associated with mortality after sociodemographic adjustments; men reporting fairly poor or poor health had a 2.41 (95% confidence interval 1.96-2.96) times higher adjusted mortality than men reporting fairly good or good health. Among women, the corresponding relative risk was 1.71 (95% confidence interval 1.37-2.15). The strength of the association varied by cause of death. Future attempts to better understand the association between perceived health and mortality should begin at the cause-specific level. The explanations for the association are likely to vary for different diseases and causes of death.
Changes and Differentials in the Prevalence of Activity Limitations among Finns Aged 65-74: Comparison of the Mini-Finland Health Examination Survey (1978-80) and the FINRISK-97 Senior Survey (1997)
Authors: Tuija Martelin , Seppo Koskinen , Anna Kattainen , Päivi Sainio , Antti Reunanen
Published: June 2020

This study analyses time trends in the prevalence of activity limitations andconsequent need for help according to gender, education and marital status amongFinns aged 65-74 years. The study is based on the Mini-Finland Health ExaminationStudy carried out in 1978-80 and the FINRISK-97 Senior Survey collected in 1997.During the past 20 years, functional capacity of the elderly at ages 65 to 74 hasimproved markedly. Women, more often than men, have limitations in severalactivities, but the reverse is true in some activities. Persons with higher than basiceducation have less activity limitations than others. Married or cohabiting men reportfewer difficulties in several activities than other men, but among women differencesaccording to marital status are small. A continuation of the observed decline infunctional limitations would significantly attenuate the increasing trend in the burdenof disability that is to be expected because of the ageing of the population.
Why Analyze Immigrants? Ethical and Empirical Aspects
Authors: Lars Østby
Published: June 2020

The Norwegian pattern of international migration changed profoundly in thelast part of the previous century. Norway is now an immigration country, with asignificant immigration surplus from all parts of the world. This is a comparativelynew phenomenon in Norwegian society. In accordance with Norwegian traditions,it called for research. During the last 10-15 years, the amount of statistics andanalyses on immigration and immigrants has been growing, inside and outsideStatistics Norway. Ethical aspects should be important, as this a very sensitive field.Questions have been raised as to the use of immigrant as a permanent classificationin analyses, comprising even persons who never immigrated themselves. Thebasic idea of this article is that as long as the concept of immigrant is useful inrevealing discriminatory practices, we have to carry out the analysis. Withoutknowledge of discrimination we cannot work effectively against it.
Farm Deaths in North Karelia
Authors: Mikko A. Salo , Juha M. Alho
Published: June 2020

This study examined the effect of farm size on the mortality and survival of EasternFinnish farms in the late 1990s. Three different dimensions of farm size (i.e. hectaresoperated, number of milk cows, and hectares of forest) were compared. Data wereextracted from administrative records and covered all 4,527 active farms in NorthKarelia from 1995 to 1998. Results did not support the disappearing middle sizehypothesis presented by Weiss (1999). Farm size distributions were not bimodal.No empirical evidence was found of a process of polarisation into two centres ofattraction. As a whole, the analysis provides some support for the conclusion thatthe size of forest holding as measured by hectares of forest owned by farm does nothave an independent effect on the likelihood of survival. Its contribution dependson the other variables in the model.
TFR Predictions Based on Brownian Motion Theory
Authors: Nico Keilman
Published: June 2020

In stochastic population forecasts, the predictive distribution of the TFR is of centralconcern. Common time series models can be used to predict the TFR and itsmoments on the short run (up to 10 or 20 years), but on the long run (40-50 years)they result in excessively wide prediction intervals. The aim of this study is toanalyse and apply a time series model for the TFR, which restricts the predictedvalues to a certain pre-specified interval.I will model the time series of log TFR-values as a Brownian motion with absorbingupper barrier. I will give and analyse expressions for the predictive distribution of the log of the TFR assuming itfollows a Brownian motion with absorbing ceiling; expressions for the first and second moments of the predictive distribution ofthe log of the TFR.When the log of the TFR follows a random walk with absorbing ceiling, I find thatthe second moment of the predictive distribution for the long-run TFR in Norwayis insensitive for ceiling levels beyond a threshold of approximately 3.4 childrenper woman. This conclusion holds for a fairly broad range of innovation variances.If the log of the TFR follows a random walk, sample paths that exceed approximately3.4 children per woman may be rejected when simulating future fertility in Westerncountries. This will not have any major effect on the width of the long-termpredictive distribution.
Why is Mortality Low among the Swedish-Speaking Minority in Finland?
Authors: Koskinen Seppo , Martelin Tuija
Published: June 2020

Life expectancy has been substantially longer among the Swedish-speaking Finnsthan in the rest of the population. The relative mortality difference appears to beparticularly marked among the middle-aged. This study examines the possible reasonsfor this mortality difference.The mortality advantage of the Swedish-speaking Finns is connected with their morefavorable geographic location and socioeconomic position. For women these factorsexplain all of the mortality difference but among men two-thirds of the original difference,a 20% excess mortality of the Finnish-speaking majority, persists after adjustingfor the structural differences. In men, the main part of the mortality differenceresults from factors responsible for excess mortality of the Finnish-speaking populationfrom cardiovascular diseases and non-natural causes of death. A similar mortalitycontrast is seen in women as well, but it is compensated by other causes of deathwhich are more common among Swedish-speaking than among Finnish-speakingwomen.
Insiders or Outsiders Within? Immigrants in the Finnish Labor Market
Authors: Forsander Annika
Published: June 2020

This article focuses on the position of immigrants on the Finnish labor marketin thecontext of recent migration history and the disintegration of the traditional paid-worksociety. Finland is a so-called late immigration country, where a positive trend inmigratory movements did not begin until the beginning of the l 990s and where thelabor migration phase after WWII was experienced not as an immigration countrybut as ane of emigration. One outcome of this is that immigrants are treated in societyas a social burden rather than a labor resource. Results of an empirical study concerningimmigrants in the Finnish labor market indicate that more than a half ofimmigrants who have been residing in Finland for several years have an unstablelabor market career, and almost one-third of them are in the margins of the Finnishlabor market. It seems that in Finland, as in the labor markets in many other postindustrialsocieties, immigrants are acting as a buffer against upswings and downswingsin the economy.
The Swedish-Speaking Population on the Finnish Labor Market
Authors: Finnäs Fjalar
Published: June 2020

The Swedish-speaking population in Finland constitutes a linguistic minority in numbers,but has equal constitutional rights with the Finnish-speaking majority. In theJ 9th century, Swedish was the dominant language af government, business and culture.At present, though, the two language groups have almost the same distributionsby industry and socioeconomic position at the national level. Generally, the differencesbetween regions are wider than between the two language groups. The laborforce participation rate is also very much the same. The unemployment rate, however,is clearly lower among Swedish speakers and retirement at an early age (i.e. disabilitypension) less common. These disparities remain also after a great number ofbackgroundvariables have been controlled for.