bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneous expression of the adhesion receptor CD226 on murine NK and T cells and its function in NK-mediated killing of immature dendritic cells
Authors: Seth Sebastian , Georgoudaki Anna-Maria , Chambers Benedict J , Qiu Quan , Kremmer Elisabeth , Maier Michael K , Czeloth Niklas , Ravens Inga , Foerster Reinhold , Bernhardt Günter
Published: April 2009

Newly generated monoclonal antibodies directed against murine CD226 define CD226/CD155-interaction in NK-mediated killing of immature dendritic cells.

The adhesion receptor CD226 (DNAM-1) is a member of the Ig superfamily possessing two extracellular V-like domains. In humans, CD226 was shown to be expressed by NK as well as T cells. During T cell priming, CD226-mediated costimulatory signals may skew the subsequent differentiation into the Th1 pathway. In addition, CD226 expressed on NK and cytotoxic T cells is engaged by its counter-receptor CD155, present on target cells, thereby triggering their elimination. We established mAb specifically recognizing mCD226, demonstrating that CD226 is expressed by precursor and mature but not developing T cells. In contrast, NK cells are distinguished by a rather heterogeneous CD226 expression profile. In addition, expression of CD226 appears coupled to that of other NK cell receptors, as high expression of CD226 was found to correlate with decreased proportions of Ly49D and H positive NK cells. Upon injection into mice, the anti-CD226 antibodies caused selective depletion of CD8+ T cells. Moreover, these antibodies as well as a naturally occurring CD226 splice variant lacking the outermost V-like domain were instrumental in determining that CD226 adheres to CD155 via its first domain. In addition, antibodies were identified as capable of blocking the CD226/CD155 interaction and to prevent NK-driven killing of immature DC. CD226 is thus the first mNK receptor identified to be essential for the elimination of this particular cell type.
Prognostic Factors in Adult Patients up to 60 Years Old With Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Translocations of Chromosome Band 11q23: Individual Patient Data–Based Meta-Analysis of the German Acute Myeloid Leukemia Intergroup
Authors: Krauter Jürgen , Wagner Katharina , Schäfer Irina , Marschalek Rolf , Meyer Claus , Heil Gerhard , Schaich Markus , Ehninger Gerhard , Niederwieser Dietger , Krahl Rainer , Büchner Thomas , Sauerland Cristina , Schlegelberger Brigitte , Döhner Konstanze , Döhner Hartmut , Schlenk Richard F. , Ganser Arnold
Published: April 2009

Purpose

To identify risk factors for induction success and overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS) and to evaluate the impact of allogeneic stem-cell transplantation (alloSCT) in adult patients up to 60 years old with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and reciprocal translocations involving chromosome band 11q23 [t(11q23)].

Patients and Methods

An individual patient data-based meta-analysis was performed on 180 adult patients with AML and t(11q23). These patients were identified by cytogenetics and/or molecular techniques and treated within eight prospective multicenter trials of the German AML Intergroup. The median follow-up time was 53 months.

Results

Complete remission rate was 71%. Favorable factors for induction success were the presence of a t(9;11), t(11q23) as a sole aberration, and de novo leukemia. OS rate at 4 years was 29%. Translocations other than t(9;11), platelets less than the median, secondary leukemia, and peripheral blasts greater than the median were adverse risk factors for OS. RFS rate at 4 years was 29%. The presence of a t(6;11) and peripheral blasts greater than the median had a negative impact on RFS. Three risk groups for OS and RFS could be defined by the combination of these factors with 4-year OS rates of 50%, 28%, and 5% and 4-year RFS rates of 37%, 26%, and 5%. An alloSCT from matched related or unrelated donors in first complete remission was beneficial, especially in t(6;11)-negative patients.

Conclusion

Risk stratification of AML patients with reciprocal translocations of chromosome band 11q23 is feasible based on the translocation partner and clinical parameters.
Ki67 Expression and Docetaxel Efficacy in Patients With Estrogen Receptor–Positive Breast Cancer
Authors: Penault-Llorca Frédérique , André Fabrice , Sagan Christine , Lacroix-Triki Magali , Denoux Yves , Verriele Veronique , Jacquemier Jocelyne , Baranzelli Marie Christine , Bibeau Frederic , Antoine Martine , Lagarde Nicole , Martin Anne-Laure , Asselain Bernard , Roché Henri
Published: April 2009

Purpose

The indications of adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with estrogen receptor (ER) –positive breast cancer are controversial. We analyzed the predictive value of Ki67, HER2, and progesterone receptor (PR) expression for the efficacy of docetaxel in patients with ER-positive, node-positive breast cancer.

Patients and Methods

Expression of Ki67, HER2, and PR was measured by immunohistochemistry in tumor samples from 798 patients with ER-positive breast cancer who participated in PACS01, a randomized trial that evaluated the efficacy of docetaxel. Risk reduction was evaluated using a Cox model adjusted for age, tumor size, nodal involvement, treatment arm, and biomarkers. The predictive value of biomarkers was assessed by an interaction test. Disease-free survival (DFS) was the primary end point.

Results

Ki67, HER2, and PR were expressed in 21%, 9%, and 62% of samples, respectively. Hazard ratios for relapse associated with docetaxel were 0.51 (95% CI, 0.26 to 1.01) in ER-positive/Ki67-positive tumors and 1.03 (95% CI, 0.69 to 1.55) in ER-positive/Ki67-negative tumors (ratio for interaction: 0.53; 95% CI, 0.24 to 1.16; P = .11). Five-year DFS rates were 81% (95% CI, 76% to 86%) and 84% (95% CI, 75% to 93%) in patients with ER-positive/Ki67-negative and ER-positive/Ki67-positive tumors treated with docetaxel and 81% (95% CI, 76% to 86%) and 62% (95% CI, 52% to 72%) in patients with ER-positive/Ki67-negative and ER-positive/Ki67-positive tumors treated with fluorouracil, epirubicin, and cisplatin. No trend for interaction was observed between docetaxel and HER2 (ratio for interaction: 0.83; 95% CI, 0.35 to 1.94; P = .66), nor between docetaxel and PR (ratio for interaction: 0.89; 95% CI, 0.47 to 1.66; P = .71).

Conclusion

Ki67 expression identifies a subset of patients with ER-positive breast cancer who could be sensitive to docetaxel treatment in the adjuvant setting.
Endocrine Effects of Adjuvant Letrozole Compared With Tamoxifen in Hormone-Responsive Postmenopausal Patients With Early Breast Cancer: The HOBOE Trial
Authors: Rossi Emanuela , Morabito Alessandro , Di Rella Francesca , Esposito Giuseppe , Gravina Adriano , Labonia Vincenzo , Landi Gabriella , Nuzzo Francesco , Pacilio Carmen , De Maio Ermelinda , Di Maio Massimo , Piccirillo Maria Carmela , De Feo Gianfranco , D'Aiuto Giuseppe , Botti Gerardo , Chiodini Paolo , Gallo Ciro , Perrone Francesco , de Matteis Andrea
Published: April 2009

Purpose

We compared the endocrine effects of 6 and 12 months of adjuvant letrozole versus tamoxifen in postmenopausal patients with hormone-responsive early breast cancer within an ongoing phase III trial.

Patients and Methods

Patients were randomly assigned to receive tamoxifen, letrozole, or letrozole plus zoledronic acid. Serum values of estradiol, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate (DHEA-S), progesterone, and cortisol were measured at baseline and after 6 and 12 months of treatment. For each hormone, changes from baseline at 6 and 12 months were compared between treatment groups, and differences over time for each group were analyzed.

Results

Hormonal data were available for 139 postmenopausal patients with a median age of 62 years, with 43 patients assigned to tamoxifen and 96 patients assigned to letrozole alone or combined with zoledronic acid. Baseline values were similar between the two groups for all hormones. Many significant changes were observed between drugs and for each drug over time. Namely, three hormones seemed significantly affected by one drug only: estradiol that decreased and progesterone that increased with letrozole and cortisol that increased with tamoxifen. Both drugs affected FSH (decreasing with tamoxifen and slightly increasing with letrozole), LH (decreasing more with tamoxifen than with letrozole), testosterone (slightly increasing with letrozole but not enough to differ from tamoxifen), and DHEA-S (increasing with both drugs but not differently between them). Zoledronic acid did not have significant impact on hormonal levels.

Conclusion

Adjuvant letrozole and tamoxifen result in significantly distinct endocrine effects. Such differences can explain the higher efficacy of letrozole as compared with tamoxifen.
Phase II Randomized Study of Neoadjuvant Everolimus Plus Letrozole Compared With Placebo Plus Letrozole in Patients With Estrogen Receptor–Positive Breast Cancer
Authors: Baselga José , Semiglazov Vladimir , van Dam Peter , Manikhas Alexey , Bellet Meritxell , Mayordomo José , Campone Mario , Kubista Ernst , Greil Richard , Bianchi Giulia , Steinseifer Jutta , Molloy Betty , Tokaji Erika , Gardner Humphrey , Phillips Penny , Stumm Michael , Lane Heidi A. , Dixon J. Michael , Jonat Walter , Rugo Hope S.
Published: April 2009

Purpose

Cross-talk between the estrogen receptor (ER) and the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways is a mechanism of resistance to endocrine therapy, and blockade of both pathways enhances antitumor activity in preclinical models. This study explored whether sensitivity to letrozole was enhanced with the oral mTOR inhibitor, everolimus (RAD001).

Patients and Methods

Two hundred seventy postmenopausal women with operable ER-positive breast cancer were randomly assigned to receive 4 months of neoadjuvant treatment with letrozole (2.5 mg/day) and either everolimus (10 mg/day) or placebo. The primary end point was clinical response by palpation. Mandatory biopsies were obtained at baseline and after 2 weeks of treatment (ie, day 15). Samples were assessed for PI3K mutation status (PIK3CA) and for pharmacodynamic changes of Ki67, phospho-S6, cyclin D1, and progesterone receptor (PgR) by immunohistochemistry.

Results

Response rate by clinical palpation in the everolimus arm was higher than that with letrozole alone (ie, placebo; 68.1% v 59.1%), which was statistically significant at the preplanned, one-sided, α = 0.1 level (P = .062). Marked reductions in progesterone receptor and cyclin D1 expression occurred in both treatment arms, and dramatic downregulation of phospho-S6 occurred only in the everolimus arm. An antiproliferative response, as defined by a reduction in Ki67 expression to natural logarithm of percentage positive Ki67 of less than 1 at day 15, occurred in 52 (57%) of 91 patients in the everolimus arm and in 25 (30%) of 82 patients in the placebo arm (P < .01). The safety profile was consistent with historical results of everolimus monotherapy; grades 3 to 4 adverse events occurred in 22.6% of patients who received everolimus and in 3.8% of patients who received placebo.

Conclusion

Everolimus significantly increased letrozole efficacy in neoadjuvant therapy of patients with ER-positive breast cancer.
Progression-Free Survival as a Predictor of Overall Survival in Men With Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Authors: Halabi Susan , Vogelzang Nicholas J. , Ou San-San , Owzar Kouros , Archer Laura , Small Eric J.
Published: April 2009

Purpose

To explore whether progression-free survival (PFS) or biochemical PFS can be used as a predictor of overall survival (OS) and to investigate the dependence between PFS and OS in men with castrate-resistant prostate cancer.

Patients and Methods

Data from nine Cancer and Leukemia Group B trials that enrolled 1,296 men from 1991 to 2004 were pooled. Men were eligible if they had prostate cancer that had progressed during androgen deprivation therapy and did not receive prior treatment with chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or other nonhormonal therapy. Landmark analyses of PFS at 3 and 6 months from randomization/registration were performed to minimize lead time bias. The proportional hazards model was used to assess the significance effect of PFS rate at 3 and at 6 months in predicting OS. In addition, biochemical progression using the definitions of Prostate-Specific Antigen Working Group (PSAW) Criteria PSAWG1 and PSAWG2 were analyzed as time-dependent covariates in predicting OS.

Results

The median survival time among men who experienced progression at 3 months was 9.2 months (95% CI, 8.0 to 10.0 months) compared with 17.8 months in men who did not experience progression at 3 months (95% CI, 16.2 to 20.4 months; P < .0001). Compared with men who did not progress at 3 and at 6 months, the adjusted hazard ratios for death were 2.0 (95% CI, 1.7 to 2.4; P < .001) and 1.9 (95% CI, 1.6 to 2.4; P < .001) for men who experienced progression at 3 and 6 months, respectively. In addition, biochemical progression at 3 months predicted OS. The association between PFS and OS was 0.30 (95% confidence limits = 0.26, 0.32).

Conclusion

PFS at 3 and 6 months and biochemical progression at 3 months predict OS. These observations require prospective validation.
Oxidative Stress, Obesity, and Breast Cancer Risk: Results From the Shanghai Women's Health Study
Authors: Dai Qi , Gao Yu-Tang , Shu Xiao-Ou , Yang Gong , Milne Ginger , Cai Qiuyin , Wen Wanqing , Rothman Nathaniel , Cai Hui , Li Honglan , Xiang Yongbing , Chow Wong-Ho , Zheng Wei
Published: April 2009

Purpose

Increased reactive oxygen species may exhaust the antioxidant capability of human defense systems, leading to oxidative stress and cancer development. Urinary F2-isoprostanes, secondary end products of lipid peroxidation, are more accurate markers of oxidative stress than other available biomarkers. No prospective study has investigated whether levels of 15-F2t-isoprostane (15-F2t-IsoP) and its metabolite 2,3-dinor-5,6-dihydro-15-F2t-IsoP (15-F2t-IsoPM) are related to breast cancer risk.

Patients and Methods

We conducted a nested case-control study within the Shanghai Women's Health Study, a population-based cohort study of 74,942 Chinese women between 40 and 70 years of age. Prediagnostic urinary 15-F2t-IsoP and 15-F2t-IsoPM were measured by gas chromatography mass spectrometry for 436 breast cancer cases and 852 individually matched controls.

Results

Urinary excretion of isoprostanes was not significantly different between cases and controls. However, among overweight women, levels of isoprostanes were positively associated with breast cancer risk, which became stronger with increasing body mass index (BMI). Among women with a BMI ≥ 29, the odds ratio (OR) increased to 10.27 (95% CI, 2.41 to 43.80) for the highest compared with the lowest tertile of 15-F2t-IsoPM (P for trend = .003; P for interaction = .0004). In contrast, 15-F2t-IsoP and 15-F2t-IsoPM were inversely associated with breast cancer risk among nonoverweight women. Among women with a BMI ≤ 23, breast cancer risk was reduced with increasing 15-F2t-IsoP levels in a dose-response manner (P for trend = .006), with an OR of 0.46 (95% CI, 0.26 to 0.80) for the highest tertile versus the lowest (P for interaction = .006).

Conclusion

Our results suggest that the role of oxidative stress in breast cancer development may depend on adiposity.
Prostate-Specific Antigen Progression Predicts Overall Survival in Patients With Metastatic Prostate Cancer: Data from Southwest Oncology Group Trials 9346 (Intergroup Study 0162) and 9916
Authors: Hussain Maha , Goldman Bryan , Tangen Cathy , Higano Celestia S. , Petrylak Daniel P. , Wilding George , Akdas Atif M. , Small Eric J. , Donnelly Bryan J. , Sundram Subramanian Kanaga , Burch Patrick A. , DiPaola Robert S. , Crawford E. David
Published: April 2009

Purpose

Prostate-specific antigen progression (PSA-P) is an indicator of progression in hormone-sensitive (HS) and castration-resistant (CR) prostate cancer (PC). We evaluated different definitions of PSA-P as predictors of overall survival (OS).

Patients and Methods

A total of 1,078 patients with HSPC who were on hormones (Southwest Oncology Group [SWOG] trial 9346 [S9346]) and 597 patients with CRPC who were treated with chemotherapy (SWOG trial 9916 [S9916]) were eligible for this analysis. PSA-P definitions tested included the following: PSA Working Group, Prostate Cancer Working Group (PCWG 2008), and other definitions. A time-varying approach analyzed associations between PSA-P at any time and OS. A landmark analysis examined the relationship between PSA-P status at 7 months for S9346, or 3 months for S9916, and subsequent OS.

Results

In the time-varying analysis, both working groups definitions were strongly associated with OS (P < .001) in both study settings. In patients enrolled onto S9346, both definitions predicted a 2.4-fold increased risk of death (ROD) and a greater than four-fold increased ROD if PSA-P occurred in the first 7 months. In S9916, they predicted a 40% increase in ROD and a two-fold increase in ROD if PSA-P occurred at 3 months. In landmark analyses of patients on S9346 by using the PCWG 2008 definition of PSA-P, median subsequent OS was 10 months versus 44 months in patients who did or did not have PSA-P by 7 months, respectively; in S9916, data were 11 months versus 18 months for patients who did or did not have PSA-P by 3 months, respectively.

Conclusion

PSA-P, defined as an increase of ≥ 25% greater than the nadir and an absolute increase of at least 2 or 5 ng/mL, predicts OS in HSPC and CRPC and may be a suitable end point for phase II studies in these settings.
Phase III Noninferiority Trial Comparing Irinotecan With Oxaliplatin, Fluorouracil, and Leucovorin in Patients With Advanced Colorectal Carcinoma Previously Treated With Fluorouracil: N9841
Authors: Kim George P. , Sargent Daniel J. , Mahoney Michelle R. , Rowland Kendrith M. , Philip Philip A. , Mitchell Edith , Mathews Abraham P. , Fitch Tom R. , Goldberg Richard M. , Alberts Steven R. , Pitot Henry C.
Published: April 2009

Purpose

The primary goal of this multicenter phase III trial was to determine whether overall survival (OS) of fluorouracil (FU) -refractory patients was noninferior when treated with second-line infusional fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX4; arm B) versus irinotecan (arm A). Cross-over to the other treatment on disease progression was mandated.

Patients and Methods

Patients who experienced treatment failure with one prior FU-based therapy and had not received prior irinotecan or oxaliplatin, either for metastatic disease or within 6 months of adjuvant FU therapy, were randomly assigned to arm A (irinotecan 350 or 300 mg/m2 every 3 weeks) or arm B (FOLFOX4).

Results

A total of 491 patients were randomly assigned (arm A, n = 245; arm B, n = 246); 288 (59%) had experienced treatment failure with FU for metastatic colorectal cancer. Two hundred twenty-seven patients (46%) received protocol-mandated third-line therapy (arm A, 43%; arm B, 57%). Median survival was 13.8 months (95% CI, 12.2 to 15.0 months) for initial treatment with FOLFOX4 and 14.3 months (95% CI, 12.0 to 15.9 months) for irinotecan (P = .38; hazard ratio = 0.92; 95% CI, 0.8 to 1.1). Response rates (RR; 28% v 15.5%; P = .0009) and time to progression (TTP; 6.2 v 4.4 months; P = .0009) were significantly superior with FOLFOX4. In the nonrandom subset of patients who crossed over, RR and TTP improvements with FOLFOX4 continued into third-line treatment. Irinotecan therapy was associated with more grade 3 nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and febrile neutropenia; FOLFOX4 was associated with more neutropenia and paresthesias.

Conclusion

In patients who experienced treatment failure with front-line FU therapy, OS does not significantly differ whether second-line therapy begins with irinotecan or FOLFOX4. FOLFOX4 produces higher RR and longer TTP. Both arms had notable OS in patients who experienced treatment failure with first-line FU therapy.
Primary Care Physicians' Views of Routine Follow-Up Care of Cancer Survivors
Authors: Del Giudice M. Elisabeth , Grunfeld Eva , Harvey Bart J. , Piliotis Eugenia , Verma Sunil
Published: April 2009

Purpose

Routine follow-up of adult cancer survivors is an important clinical and health service issue. Because of a lack of evidence supporting advantages of long-term follow-up care in oncology clinics, there is increasing interest for the locus of this care to be provided by primary care physicians (PCPs). However, current Canadian PCP views on this issue have been largely unknown.

Methods

A mail survey of a random sample of PCPs across Canada, stratified by region and proximity to urban centers, was conducted. Views on routine follow-up of adult cancer survivors and modalities to facilitate PCPs in providing this care were determined.

Results

A total of 330 PCPs responded (adjusted response rate, 51.7%). After completion of active treatment, PCPs were willing to assume exclusive responsibility for routine follow-up care after 2.4 ± 2.3 years had elapsed for prostate cancer, 2.6 ± 2.6 years for colorectal cancer, 2.8 ± 2.5 years for breast cancer, and 3.2 ± 2.7 years for lymphoma. PCPs already providing this care were willing to provide exclusive care sooner. The most useful modalities PCPs felt would assist them in assuming exclusive responsibility for follow-up cancer care were (1) a patient-specific letter from the specialist, (2) printed guidelines, (3) expedited routes of rereferral, and (4) expedited access to investigations for suspected recurrence.

Conclusion

With appropriate information and support in place, PCPs reported being willing to assume exclusive responsibility for the follow-up care of adult cancer survivors. Insights gained from this survey may ultimately help guide strategies in providing optimal care to these patients.
Scan statistics of Lévy noises and marked empirical processes
Authors: Kabluchko Zakhar , Spodarev Evgeny
Published: April 2009

Let n points be chosen independently and uniformly in the unit cube [0,1]d, and suppose that each point is supplied with a mark, the marks being independent and identically distributed random variables independent of the location of the points. To each cube R contained in [0,1]d we associate its score defined as the sum of marks of all points contained in R. The scan statistic is defined as the maximum of taken over all cubes R contained in [0,1]d. We show that if the marks are nonlattice random variables with finite exponential moments, having negative mean and assuming positive values with nonzero probability, then the appropriately normalized distribution of the scan statistic converges as n → ∞ to the Gumbel distribution. We also prove a corresponding result for the scan statistic of a Lévy noise with negative mean. The more elementary cases of zero and positive mean are also considered.
Nearest-neighbor graphs on the cantor set
Authors: Shank Nathan
Published: April 2009

Letbe a collection ofnuniform, independent, and identically distributed points on the Cantor ternary set. We consider the asymptotics for the expected total edge length of the directed and undirected nearest-neighbor graph onWe prove convergence to a constant of the rescaled expected total edge length of this random graph. The rescaling factor is a function of the fractal dimension and has a log-periodic, nonconstant behavior.
Monte Carlo methods for backward equations in nonlinear filtering
Authors: Milstein G. N. , Tretyakov M. V.
Published: April 2009

We consider Monte Carlo methods for the classical nonlinear filtering problem. The first method is based on a backward pathwise filtering equation and the second method is related to a backward linear stochastic partial differential equation. We study convergence of the proposed numerical algorithms. The considered methods have such advantages as a capability in principle to solve filtering problems of large dimensionality, reliable error control, and recurrency. Their efficiency is achieved due to the numerical procedures which use effective numerical schemes and variance reduction techniques. The results obtained are supported by numerical experiments.
Study of the Crystallization of Nanoporous Mixed Metal Oxide Phases
Authors: Theocharis Charis R. , Attipa Christothea , Hapeshi Evroula , Tillirou Aphrodite , Kokkinofta Rebecca
Published: April 2009

A systematic study of the synthesis and characterization of pristine ceria and of mixed cerium/metal oxides has been undertaken. Various synthetic routes were explored, with the crystallization process being examined via thermal analysis, XRD and electron microscopy. It was shown that even when multiple phases were generated upon heat treatment, mixed phases were also generated. However, the presence of organic molecules during the syntheses, as matrices, solvents or precipitating bases, had a profound effect upon the surface texture of the samples prepared.
Molecularly-Imprinted Calcium Phosphate/Calcium Alginate Composite Microspheres by Surface Imprinting via Silane Crosslinking
Authors: Zhao Kongyin , Gao Ning , Liu Chao , Cheng Guoxiang
Published: April 2009

This paper describes the development of a new type of molecularly-imprinted composite microspheres. Composite microspheres of calcium phosphate/calcium alginate (CP/CA CMs) were prepared from calcium phosphate and sodium alginate through the use of calcium chloride (CaCl2) as a gelling agent in an inverse suspension. Molecularly-imprinted calcium phosphate/calcium alginate composite microspheres (CP/CA MICMs) were then prepared by surface imprinting using CP/CA CMs as the supporting matrix, ethylene tri(β-methoxy)ethoxysilane (A-172) and γ-amidopropyltriethoxysilane (KH-550) as the functional monomers and crosslinking agents, respectively, and Methyl Orange as the template in aqueous solution.

The CP/CA MICMs and non-imprinted composite microspheres (NICMs) were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and optical microscopy. The adsorption behaviour of the CP/CA MICMs and NICMs were determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The results indicated that molecular imprinting occurs via the crosslinking of silanes on the surface of the CP/CA CMs, and that CP/CA MICMs possess an adsorption capacity which exhibits greater selectivity. A schematic representation of the imprinting and recognition process of CA/CP MICMs by surface imprinting via silane crosslinking was presented.
Application of Some Starch Hydrogels for the Removal of Mercury(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Hashem A. , Ahmad F. , Fahad R.
Published: April 2009

Three types of starch hydrogels were prepared via the graft polymerization of acrylonitrile, AN, onto maize starch using ceric ammonium nitrate, CAN, as the initiator, followed by saponification with sodium hydroxide. The prepared hydrogel samples were characterized by estimating their nitrogen and carboxy group contents, and by the application of FT-IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM); in addition, their water retention values, WRVs, were also determined. The feasibility of using these hydrogels to remove Hg(II) ions from aqueous solutions was examined. Factors affecting the adsorption of Hg(II) ions onto the starch hydrogels were studied, including the pH value of the solution, the contact time and the concentrations of the adsorbent and adsorbate. The present study has shown that the prepared hydrogels could be used effectively for the adsorption of Hg(II) ions from aqueous solutions. The adsorption data obtained obeyed the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The adsorption of Hg(II) ions onto the starch hydrogels followed second-order kinetics. An examination was made of the mechanism for the adsorption of Hg(II) ions onto the starch hydrogels.
Experimental Study of the Co-Adsorption of Cadmium and Citrate Ions onto a TiO2 (Anatase)/Electrolyte Solution Interface
Authors: Janusz Wladyslaw , Sędłak Anita , Matysek-Nawrocka Marlena
Published: April 2009

A study of the co-adsorption of cadmium and citrate ions onto the mono-dispersed TiO2 (anatase)/NaClO4 aqueous solution interface is presented. The influence of ionic strength and pH on the adsorption of cadmium and citrate ions in this system was investigated. The surface charge density, the ζ-potential and adsorption-edge (or envelope) parameters such as pH50% and ΔpH10–90% were also determined for different concentrations of adsorbed ions. The presence of citrate anions increased the adsorption of Cd(II) ions at low pH values but led to a corresponding decrease at high pH values. The influence of pH on the shapes of the corresponding adsorption isotherms for citrate anions was characteristic of that for anion adsorption onto metal oxides; this is referred to as the “adsorption envelope”.
Robust Optimization for Empty Repositioning Problems
Authors: Erera Alan L. , Morales Juan C. , Savelsbergh Martin
Published: April 2009

We develop a robust optimization framework for dynamic empty repositioning problems modeled using time-space networks. In such problems, uncertainty arises primarily from forecasts of future supplies and demands for assets at different time epochs. The proposed approach models such uncertainty using intervals about nominal forecast values and a limit on the systemwide scaled deviation from the nominal forecast values. A robust repositioning plan is defined as one in which the typical flow balance constraints and flow bounds are satisfied for the nominal forecast values, and the plan is recoverable under a limited set of recovery actions. A plan is recoverable when feasibility can be reestablished for any outcome in a defined uncertainty set. We develop necessary and sufficient conditions for flows to be robust under this definition for three types of allowable recovery actions. When recovery actions allow only flow changes on inventory arcs, we show that the resulting problem is polynomially solvable. When recovery actions allow limited reactive repositioning flows, we develop feasibility conditions that are independent of the size of the uncertainty set. A computational study establishes the practical viability of the proposed framework.
Glossary of terms related to pharmaceutics (IUPAC Recommendations 2009)
Authors: Breuer Eli , Chorghade Mukund Shankar , Fischer János , Golomb Gershon
Published: April 2009

This Glossary of Terms in Pharmaceutics is needed by practitioners in the field of pharmaceutics as this field fulfills an important and crucial role, different from the roles of other scientific disciplines involved in the drug-making process. The glossary contains 168 definitions used in pharmaceutics. These are related to various aspects of this discipline such as: (1) physicochemical characterization of pharmaceutical preparations and the active ingredients they contain; (2) unit operations used in the practice of pharmaceutics; (3) terms related to the various dosage forms; (4) terms related to the various modes and routes of drug delivery; (5) terms used in pharmacokinetics and biopharmaceutics in general, and additional miscellaneous terms. The field of pharmaceutics itself is of a multidisciplinary nature as its practitioners come from a variety of disciplines, such as chemistry or various biological sciences, thus a glossary containing authoritative definitions would be useful for them. The terms used in pharmaceutics are rarely covered by existing glossaries, and in the cases they are, their definitions are often inappropriate for the field of pharmaceutics and require new or modified definitions to better fit the new context.
Glossary of terms used in ecotoxicology (IUPAC Recommendations 2009)
Authors: Nordberg Monica , Templeton Douglas M. , Andersen Ole , Duffus John Henderson
Published: April 2009

The objective of the "Glossary of Terms Used in Ecotoxicology" is to give clear definitions for those who contribute to studies relevant to ecotoxicology but are not themselves ecotoxicologists. This applies especially to chemists who need to understand the ecotoxicological literature without recourse to a multiplicity of dictionaries. The Glossary includes terms related to chemical speciation in the environment, sampling, monitoring and environmental analysis, as well as to adverse ecological effects of chemicals, ecological biomarkers, and the environmental distribution of chemicals. The dictionary consists of about 1139 terms. The authors hope that among the groups who will find this glossary helpful, in addition to chemists, are pharmacologists, toxicologists, ecotoxicologists, risk assessors, regulators, medical practitioners, and regulatory authorities. In particular, the glossary should facilitate the use of chemistry in relation to environmental risk assessment.
Self-Determination Skills and Opportunities of Adolescents With Severe Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Carter Erik W. , Owens Laura , Trainor Audrey A. , Sun Ye , Swedeen Beth
Published: April 2009

We asked teachers and parents to assess the self-determination prospects of 135 youth with severe intellectual and developmental disabilities. Teachers typically reported that youth evidenced limited knowledge about self-determined behavior, ability to perform these behaviors, and confidence regarding the efficacy of their self-determination efforts. Parents and teachers diverged in their evaluations of the self-determination capacities of youth but agreed that opportunities to engage in self-determined behavior were available both at school and home. Although social skill and problem behavior ratings both were significant predictors of teachers' ratings of students' self-determination capacity, opportunities at school, opportunities at home, and problem behaviors were negatively correlated with ratings of students' self-determination capacities and opportunities.
Finite Element Method Numerical Simulation of the Carburizing Process
Authors: Li Huiping , Zhao Guoqun , He Lianfang
Published: April 2009

Mathematical models of computing carbon content are given in this paper. To improve the computation accuracy of carbon content, lumped parameters and mesh refinement are used in the simulation process. Finite element method (FEM) software for simulating carbon content is developed using four-node quadrilateral isoparametric elements. For a circular gear and the cylinder, FEM simulation results of carburization are contrasted with those of the experiments and the comparisons show that the simulation results are consistent with the experimental results. The carburization depth, the relationship between carburization depth and carburizing time, and the influence of the geometrical shape of the part with respect to the carbon content were studied using FEM software.
Investigation of Beltline Welding Seam of the Greifswald WWER-440 Unit 1 Reactor Pressure Vessel
Authors: Viehrig Hans-Werner , Schuhknecht Jan , Rindelhardt Udo , Weiss Frank-Peter
Published: April 2009

The investigation of reactor pressure vessel (RPV) materials from decommissioned nuclear power plants (NPP) offers the unique opportunity to scrutinize the irradiation behavior under real conditions. The paper describes the investigation of trepans taken from the decommissioned WWER-440 RPVs of the Greifswald NPP. The key part of the testing is aimed at the determination of the reference temperature T0 following the ASTM Test Standard E1921 to determine the fracture toughness of the RPV steel in different thickness locations. In a first step, the trepan taken from the RPV Greifswald Unit 1 containing the multilayer welding seam located in the beltline region was investigated. This welding seam represents the irradiated, recovery annealed, and reirradiated condition. It is shown that the Master Curve approach as adopted in ASTM E1921 is applicable to the investigated original WWER-440 weld metal. The evaluated T0 varies through the thickness of the welding seam. After an initial increase of T0 from 10°C at the inner surface to 49°C at 22 mm distance from it, T0 decreases to −32°C at a distance of 70 mm, finally increasing again to 61°C near the outer RPV wall. The lowest T0 value was measured in the root region of the welding seam representing a uniform fine grain ferritic structure. The highest T0 of the weld seam was not measured at the inner wall surface. This is important for the assessment of ductile-to-brittle temperatures measured on subsize Charpy specimens made of weld metal compact samples removed from the inner RPV wall. Our findings imply that these samples do not represent the most conservative condition. Nevertheless, the Charpy transition temperature, TT41J, estimated with results of subsize specimens after the recovery annealing, was confirmed by the testing of standard Charpy V-notch specimens.
Heat Release Testing of Consumer Products
Authors: Hirschler Marcelo M.
Published: April 2009

Many consumer products exhibit very poor fire performance (based on general principles of fire hazard), particularly when fire safety requirements for such products do not exist. They include television sets, upholstered furniture, mattresses, personal automobiles, garbage cans, and playground structures for children. This work indicates that the best way to ensure a consumer product exhibits fire performance associated with appropriately low fire hazard is to conduct full-scale heat release tests where all the interactions between the various components can be brought out. The most critical property to be measured is the heat release in those tests. However, full-scale heat release tests are unlikely to be regulatory in nature for most products. In that case, small heat release tests, such as the cone calorimeter, can be used to provide the proper predictability. The aircraft industry has long been using data from another small-scale heat release test (the Ohio State University calorimeter) for regulation, with great success. In this article, several series of full scale heat release tests will be presented. Such tests were conducted on: (a) mattresses (both residential and institutional), (b) residential upholstered furniture, (c) wall coverings, (d) typical plastic garbage cans, (e) Christmas trees, and (e) a children’s playground structure. In the article there will also be a discussion of some small-scale heat release tests. All the full-scale heat release fire tests on mattresses, upholstered furniture, wall coverings, and playground structure were conducted indoors, usually in standard rooms (such as the ASTM room), and heat release (by oxygen consumption calorimetry) as well as smoke release was measured, while also making various other measurements and visual observations. The garbage can test was conducted in the same standard room, but only heat release was measured. The small-scale tests were conducted using standard fire test equipment such as the cone calorimeter. Tests conducted by NIST on mattresses, a passenger minivan and a garbage can were conducted indoors under a hood. The other full scale tests on passenger road vehicles were conducted outdoors. The results indicate that regulations permit the use of some consumer products in present use even though they are unsafe and that improved fire safety alternatives exist. Recommendations are presented. Reference is also made to predictive work.
Acute hyperinsulinemia decreases plasma osteoprotegerin with diminished effect in type 2 diabetes and obesity
Authors: Jørgensen Gitte Maria , Vind Birgitte , Nybo Mads , Rasmussen Lars Melholt , Højlund Kurt
Published: April 2009

Objective

Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a soluble tumour necrosis factor-receptor-like molecule present in connective tissues, especially bone and vasculature. It is known to accumulate in the arterial wall in diabetes. As its synthesis in vascular cells is decreased by insulin, we wanted to elucidate the acute effects of insulin on plasma OPG concentrations in individuals with type 2 diabetes and obese individuals compared with lean controls.

Design

The study population consisted of ten type 2 diabetic, ten obese subjects, and ten lean subjects with no family history of diabetes.

Methods

All subjects underwent a 4-h euglycemic–hyperinsulinemic clamp. Plasma OPG, insulin, lactate, HbA1c, cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids (FFA), and glucose disposal rate were measured before and at the end of the clamp.

Results

Baseline OPG concentrations did not differ significantly between groups. Insulin infusion decreased plasma OPG concentrations in all groups (P<0.01); however, the fall in OPG was 50% less in obese and type 2 diabetic individuals (P=0.007). Baseline OPG correlated with fasting insulin, baseline lactate, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol in the diabetic group, and with baseline FFA in the lean group. The relative change of OPG in response to insulin correlated inversely with HbA1c and baseline FFA in the lean group.

Conclusions

Acute hyperinsulinemia decreases plasma OPG, but with diminished effect in individuals with type 2 diabetes and obesity. Increased levels of OPG in arteries and plasma in diabetes together with the capability of plasma OPG as a cardiovascular risk predictor may be related to the described effects of insulin.
Expression and possible role of fibroblast growth factor family members in porcine antral follicles during final maturation
Authors: Schams Dieter , Steinberg Vera , Steffl Martin , Meyer Heinrich H D , Berisha Bajram
Published: April 2009

The aim of this study was to investigate the possible participation of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family members (FGF1, FGF2 and FGF7 and their receptors) in porcine follicles (polyovulatory species) under special consideration for FGF2 during final growth. A classification of follicles was done by size and follicular fluid content of oestradiol-17β, progesterone and prostaglandin F2α. The mRNA expression of examined factors was analysed by real-time PCR. The hormone concentration was estimated by enzyme immunoassay, protein characterisation by western blotting and localisation by immunohistochemistry. Follicle tissue separated in theca interna and granulosa cells was extracted and tested for mRNA of FGF1, FGF2, FGF7 and receptors (FGFR1IIIc, FGFRIIIb and FGFR2IIIc). Additionally, the mRNA expression of FSHR, LHR and aromatase cytochrome P450 for further characterisation of follicles was analysed. Significantly, higher FGF2 protein levels were measured in stroma when compared with total follicle or corpus luteum tissue. This result was confirmed by western blot with two strong bands. Immunological localisation of FGF2 only in stroma (fibroblasts) confirms the protein measurements. The results show a clear difference for FGF2 protein expression during final growth of follicles if monovulatory (bovine) and polyovulatory (porcine) species are compared. FGF2 protein in porcine ovary may be (due to localisation and concentration in stroma) important for support of angiogenesis of more follicles (polyovulatory species) and not of a single follicle like in cows.
Implementation of a Respiratory Therapist-Driven Protocol for Neonatal Ventilation: Impact on the Premature Population
Authors: Hermeto Fernanda , Bottino Marcela Nosralla , Vaillancourt Kelly , Sant'Anna Guilherme Mendes
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the impact of the implementation of a ventilation protocol driven by registered respiratory therapists on respiratory outcomes of premature infants with birth weight ≤1250 g.

METHODS. A ventilation protocol driven by a registered respiratory therapist was developed by a multidisciplinary group and implemented in our unit in July 2004. A retrospective review of 301 inborn infants with birth weight ≤1250 g who were mechanically ventilated was performed. Ninety-three infants were ventilated before the ventilation protocol (before), 109 in the first year (after 1) and 99 during the second year (after 2) after the ventilation protocol implementation. Data were collected with a predefined form.

RESULTS. The baseline characteristics of the population were similar among the 3 groups, except for a significant smaller number of male infants in the first year after the protocol implementation. The significant differences among the 3 periods were as follows: (1) time of first extubation attempt; (2) duration of mechanical ventilation; and (3) rate of extubation failure (40%, 26%, and 20%). There was no difference in the rate of air leaks, patent ductus arteriosus ligation, necrotizing enterocolitis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, or death. There was a significant decrease in the combined rates of intraventricular hemorrhage grades III to IV and/or periventricular leukomalacia (31%, 18%, and 4%) after the protocol implementation.

CONCLUSIONS. In this study, we were able to demonstrate for the first time a significant improvement on the weaning time and duration of mechanical ventilation with the implementation of a ventilation protocol driven by a registered respiratory therapist in the premature population. Based on our experience, other institutions can customize ventilation protocols to their local practice. However, a prospective, randomized, controlled study should be planned to evaluate long-term outcomes such as BPD and neurodevelopment.
Effects Through 24 Months of an HIV/AIDS Prevention Intervention Program Based on Protection Motivation Theory Among Preadolescents in the Bahamas
Authors: Gong Jie , Stanton Bonita , Lunn Sonja , Deveaux Lynette , Li Xiaoming , Marshall Sharon , Brathwaite Nanika V. , Cottrell Leslie , Harris Carole , Chen Xinguang
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVES. The purpose of this work was to report the intervention effects of Focus on Youth in the Caribbean (youth HIV intervention), an HIV prevention intervention based on protection motivation theory, through 24 months of follow-up on sexual risk and protection knowledge, perceptions, intentions, and behavior among Bahamian sixth-grade youth.

METHODS. We randomly assigned 1360 sixth-grade youth (and their parents) attending 15 government elementary schools in the Bahamas to 1 of 3 conditions: (1) youth HIV intervention plus a parental monitoring/communication/HIV education intervention; (2) youth HIV intervention plus a parental goal-setting intervention; or (3) an environmental protection intervention plus the parental goal-setting intervention. Baseline and 4 follow-up surveys at 6-month intervals were conducted. Intervention effects were assessed using the mixed model for continuous outcome variables and the generalized linear mixed model for dichotomous outcome variables.

RESULTS. Through 24 months of follow-up, youth HIV intervention, in combination with the parent interventions, significantly increased youths’ HIV/AIDS knowledge, perceptions of their ability to use condoms, perception of the effectiveness of condoms and abstinence, and condom use intention and significantly lowered perceived costs to remaining abstinent. There was a trend for higher condom use among youth in the Focus on Youth in the Caribbean groups at each follow-up interval.

CONCLUSIONS. Focus on Youth in the Caribbean, in combination with 1 of 2 parent interventions administered to preadolescents and their parents in the Bahamas, resulted in and sustained protective changes on HIV/AIDS knowledge, sexual perceptions, and condom use intention. Although rates of sexual experience remained low, the consistent trend at all of the follow-up periods for higher condom use among youth who received youth intervention reached marginal significance at 24 months. Additional follow-up is necessary to determine whether the apparent protective effect is statistically significant as more youth initiate sex and whether it endures over time.