bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evidence for the differential co-localization of neurokinin-1 receptors with 5-HT receptor subtypes in rat forebrain
Authors: Hafizi Sepehr , Serres Florence , Pei Qi , Totterdell Susan , Sharp Trevor
Published: November 2011

Studies suggest that like selective 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin) reuptake inhibitors, antagonists at neurokinin-1 receptors (NK1Rs) may have antidepressant and anxiolytic properties. NK1Rs are present in 5-HT innervated forebrain regions which may provide a common point of interaction between these two transmitter systems. This study aimed to investigate for cellular co-localization between NK1Rs and 5-HT receptor subtypes in mood-related brain regions in the rat forebrain. With experiments using fluorescence immunocytochemistry, double-labelling methods demonstrated a high degree of co-localization between NK1Rs and 5-HT1A receptors in most regions examined. Co-localization was highest in the medial septum (88% NK1R expressing cells were 5-HT1A receptor-positive) and hippocampal regions (e.g. dentate gyrus, 65%), followed by the lateral/basolateral amygdala (35%) and medial prefrontal cortex (31%). In contrast, co-localization between NK1Rs and 5-HT2A receptors was infrequent (< 8%) in most areas examined except for the hippocampus (e.g. CA3, 43%). Overall co-localization between NK1Rs and 5-HT1A receptors was much greater than that between NK1Rs and 5-HT2A receptors. Thus, these experiments demonstrate a high degree of co-localization between NK1Rs and 5-HT1A receptors in cortical and limbic regions of the rat forebrain. These findings suggest a novel site of interaction between NK1R antagonists and the 5-HT system.
Clinical Outcome of Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation for Failed Microfracture Treatment of Full-Thickness Cartilage Defects of the Knee Joint
Authors: Pestka Jan M. , Bode Gerrit , Salzmann Gian , Südkamp Norbert P. , Niemeyer Philipp
Published: November 2011

Background: Although various factors have been identified that influence outcome after autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI), the relevance of prior treatment of the cartilage defect and its effect concerning the outcome of second-line ACI have not been evaluated to a full extent.

Hypothesis: Autologous chondrocyte implantation used as a second-line treatment after failed arthroscopic microfracturing is associated with a higher failure rate and inferior clinical results compared with ACI as a first-line treatment.

Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods: A total of 28 patients with isolated cartilage defects at the knee joint were treated with ACI after microfracture as a first-line treatment had failed (failure defined as the necessity of reintervention). These patients were assigned to group A and compared with a matched-pair cohort of patients of identical age, defect size, and defect location (group B) in which ACI was used as a first-line treatment. Failure rates in both groups were assessed. Postoperative knee status was evaluated with the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score and Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), and sporting activity was assessed by use of the Activity Rating Scale. Mean follow-up times were 48.0 months (range, 15.1-75.1 months) in group A and 41.4 months (range, 15.4-83.6 months) in group B. Differences between groups A and B were analyzed by Student t test.

Results: Group A had significantly greater failure rates (7 of 28 patients) in comparison with group B (1 of 28 patients; P = .0241). Mean (SD) postoperative IKDC scores revealed 58.4 (22.4) points in group A with a trend toward higher score results (69.0 [19.1] points) for patients in group B ( P = .0583). Significantly different results were obtained for KOOS pain and activity of daily living subscales, whereas the remaining KOOS subscales did not show significant differences. Despite the significantly higher failure rate observed in group A, those patients did not participate in fewer activities or perform physical activity less frequently or at a lower intensity.

Conclusion: Autologous chondrocyte implantation after failed microfracturing appears to be associated with a significantly higher failure rate and inferior clinical outcome when compared with ACI as a first-line treatment.
Guanine Triphosphate–Cyclohydrolase 1–Deficient Dopa-Responsive Dystonia Presenting as Frequent Falling in 2 Children
Authors: Tsao Chang-Yong
Published: November 2011

Guanine triphosphate (GTP)–cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH1)–deficient dopa-responsive dystonia is caused by GCH1 gene mutation. Two children presenting with frequent daily falling are reported with GCH1 gene mutations with persistent response to low-dose levodopa/carbidopa. Typical and atypical clinical features associated with GCH1 mutations are also reviewed.
From Longevity of Firms to Transgenerational Entrepreneurship of Families
Authors: Zellweger Thomas Markus , Nason Robert S. , Nordqvist Mattias
Published: November 2011

Whereas existing research on the longevity of family firms has focused on the survival of firms, this article investigates transgenerational entrepreneurship of families. By building on the transgenerational entrepreneurship research framework, the authors argue that by shifting from firm to family level of analysis, one gains a deeper understanding of family firms’ ability to create value across generations. The authors find evidence for their argument in that such a level shift reveals extended entrepreneurial activity, which is missed when focusing exclusively on the firm level. The study introduces and empirically explores the construct of family entrepreneurial orientation, which may serve as an antecedent to transgenerational value creation by families.
Incidence of Isolated Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia and Risk of Thrombosis by IgG-Specific Anti-PF4/Heparin ELISA
Authors: Radaideh Sofyan M. , Frenkel Eugene P. , Dowell Jonathan E. , Sarode Ravindra , Shen Yu-Min
Published: November 2011

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) antibodies are screened by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Polyspecific ELISA detects anti-PF4/heparin IgG, IgA, and IgM. Recently, anti-PF4/heparin IgG ELISA has been shown to be more specific. However, the impact of using the IgG-ELISA on the incidence of isolated HIT (thrombocytopenia alone without clinically evident thrombosis) and the risk of developing subsequent thrombosis are still unknown. Methods: A total of 492 consecutive patients with clinically suspected HIT at The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and affiliated hospitals were retrospectively reviewed from December 2008 to May 2010. RESULTS: 29 patients (6%) were diagnosed with HIT based on clinical findings and positive ELISA. 19 of the 29 patients (65%) had thrombosis at the time of diagnosis; whereas 10 of the 29 (35%) had only isolated HIT. The ten patients with isolated HIT had serial follow up for at least 3 months. 3 of 10 were treated with direct thrombin inhibitors and 5 of 10 were treated with Warfarin for at least 1 month upon discharge. None of them developed symptoms or signs of thrombosis during 3 months of follow up. Conclusion: The incidence of isolated HIT in this study was 35%, which is significantly lower than previously reported in the literature. It is possible that some patients previously thought to have HIT by the poly-specific ELISA assay had false positive results. The improved specificity of the IgG- ELISA appears to reduce the incidence of isolated HIT which may have lower risk of subsequent thrombosis.
Deep Venous Thrombosis in Acute Stroke Patients
Authors: Bembenek Jan P. , Karlinski Michał , Kobayashi Adam , Czlonkowska Anna
Published: November 2011

Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is a complication of stroke. Our aim was to determine the frequency of DVT in patients with acute stroke, risk factors for its development, and its influence on the 3-month outcome. A total of 323 consecutive patients with acute stroke were enrolled. We performed ultrasound imaging within 7 days after stroke. Deep venous thrombosis was found in 8.7% of patients, only in those with ischemic stroke. Patients with DVT were more frequently female (71.4% vs 49.5%), had prestroke Modified Rankin scale (mRS) 3 to 5 (42.9% vs 15.3%), elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) serum level (65.4% vs 32.5%), and a trend toward elevated serum fibrinogen level (85.7% vs 70.1%; P = .08). In a multivariate analysis, elevated CRP (odds ratio [OR] 3.15) and prestroke disability (OR 2.89) were independent risk factors for DVT. Deep venous thrombosis occurs in <10% of patients with acute stroke and does not significantly affect the 3-month outcome. Prestroke dependency and elevated CRP level at baseline are independent risk factors for DVT.
The Chi-Square Test
Authors: Franke Todd Michael , Ho Timothy , Christie Christina A.
Published: November 2011

The examination of cross-classified category data is common in evaluation and research, with Karl Pearson's family of chi-square tests representing one of the most utilized statistical analyses for answering questions about the association or difference between categorical variables. Unfortunately, these tests are also among the more commonly misinterpreted statistical tests in the field. The problem is not that researchers and evaluators misapply the results of chi-square tests, but rather they tend to over interpret or incorrectly interpret the results, leading to statements that may have limited or no statistical support based on the analyses preformed.

This paper attempts to clarify any confusion about the uses and interpretations of the family of chi-square tests developed by Pearson, focusing primarily on the chi-square tests of independence and homogeneity of variance (identity of distributions). A brief survey of the recent evaluation literature is presented to illustrate the prevalence of the chi-square test and to offer examples of how these tests are misinterpreted. While the omnibus form of all three tests in the Karl Pearson family of chi-square tests—independence, homogeneity, and goodness-of-fit,—use essentially the same formula, each of these three tests is, in fact, distinct with specific hypotheses, sampling approaches, interpretations, and options following rejection of the null hypothesis. Finally, a little known option, the use and interpretation of post hoc comparisons based on Goodman's procedure ( Goodman, 1963 ) following the rejection of the chi-square test of homogeneity, is described in detail.
Mobile@game cultures: The place of urban mobile gaming
Authors: Hjorth Larissa
Published: November 2011

As we look over the last decade, the obvious shifts that can be gleaned are the erosions of once distinct categories such as ‘hardcore’ versus ‘casual’ gamer. Instead, we have witnessed an inversion whereby mobile games, once categorized as ‘casual’, became ‘serious’ and now casual again. With the ubiquity of Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and location aware services along with the transformation of the mobile phone into the multi-mode mobile media, the capacity for mobile location-aware games to teach us new types of experience of place and sketch new cartographies for place has burgeoned. By traversing the online and offline simultaneously through haptic (touch) screens, the possibilities for mobile gaming to teach us new ways of experiencing place upon various levels — that is, not just as a physical geography but technologically, emotionally, psychologically — is endless. In this article I explore the various forms of urban mobile gaming, especially around the experiential and experimental types such as location-based mobile gaming. I focus upon a case study of the Korean mobile game group, Dotplay, in order to flesh out some of the ways in which place reflects, and is inflected by, mobile gaming.
Location, location, location: Collecting space and place in mobile media
Authors: Gazzard Alison
Published: November 2011

Finding our way between places, through spaces, has been documented using various techniques of mapping. Maps are often thought of as products that allow us to find our way between places. However, they have various other uses and meanings, existing as both scientific and cultural artefacts. Mobile phone technologies have evolved, allowing for the integration of global positioning systems (GPS). The inclusion of GPS in ‘smart phones’ such as the iPhone now allows users to view the spaces they are moving through in new ways. This article examines how we are now remapping places through mobile technologies, which poses the question of how our relationship with local spaces may be changing. It focuses on Foursquare, the Layar AR browser and the iPhone game Argh as examples of how our sense of place and mapping are evolving through user-generated input.
Cultural System or norm circles? An exchange
Authors: Archer Margaret S. , Elder-Vass Dave
Published: November 2011

This article takes the form of a debate between the two authors on the social ontology of propositional culture. Archer applies the morphogenetic approach, analysing culture as a cycle of interaction between the Cultural System and Socio-Cultural Interaction. In this model, the Cultural System is comprised of the objective content of intelligibilia, as theorized by Karl Popper with his concept of objective World 3 knowledge. Elder-Vass agrees that culture works through an interplay between subjective belief and an external objective moment, but argues that the external moment cannot take the form of ‘objective knowledge’ as this is understood by Popper. Instead, the external moment of culture takes the form of normative pressures exerted by groups of people: norm circles. Ultimately both authors share a commitment to a similar critical realist ontological framework, while offering alternative accounts of the nature of culture within that framework.
Horticultural lighting – present and future challenges
Authors: Pinho P , Jokinen K , Halonen L
Published: November 2011

There is an urgent need to find environmentally sustainable technologies that help to address the challenges related to increasing global demand for energy and food. Horticultural lighting allows for year-round cultivation of vegetable crops independent of weather conditions or season of the year. However, high energy prices, environmental impact and market competition are threatening this industry. Although understanding the principles and processes behind human responses to light and lighting is important, the investigation of similar aspects for plants deserves more attention from the lighting research community. This paper provides an overview of the present and future challenges facing horticultural lighting and food production in the context of a food- and fuel-hungry world.
Validation of a multi-marker model for the prediction of incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: Combined results of the Inter99 and Botnia studies
Authors: Lyssenko Valeria , Jørgensen Torben , Gerwien Robert W , Hansen Torben , Rowe Michael W , McKenna Michael P , Kolberg Janice , Pedersen Oluf , Borch-Johnsen Knut , Groop Leif
Published: November 2011

Purpose: To assess performance of a biomarker-based score that predicts the five-year risk of diabetes (Diabetes Risk Score, DRS) in an independent cohort that included 15-year follow-up.

Method: DRS was developed on the Inter99 cohort, and validated on the Botnia cohort. Performance was benchmarked against other risk-assessment tools comparing calibration, time to event analysis, and net reclassification.

Results: The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.84 for the Inter99 cohort and 0.78 for the Botnia cohort. In the Botnia cohort, DRS provided better discrimination than fasting plasma glucose (FPG), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, oral glucose tolerance test or risk scores derived from Framingham or San Antonio Study cohorts. Overall reclassification with DRS was significantly better than using FPG and glucose tolerance status ( p < 0.0001). In time to event analysis, rates of conversion to diabetes in low, moderate, and high DRS groups were significantly different ( p < 0.001).

Conclusion: This study validates DRS performance in an independent population, and provides a more accurate assessment of T2DM risk than other methods.
Association of diabetes with increased all-cause mortality following primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in the contemporary era
Authors: Kahn Matthew B , Cubbon Richard M , Mercer Ben , Wheatcroft Alison CG , Gherardi Guy , Aziz Amir , Baliga Vivek , Blaxill Jonathan M , McLenachan Jim M , Blackman Daniel J , Greenwood John P , Wheatcroft Stephen B
Published: November 2011

Background: We investigated the association between diabetes mellitus (DM) and all-cause mortality in a large cohort of consecutive patients treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) in the contemporary era.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of a single-centre registry of patients undergoing PPCI for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) at a large regional PCI centre between 2005 and 2009. All-cause mortality in relation to patient and procedural characteristics was compared between patients with and without DM.

Results: Of 2586 patients undergoing PPCI, 310 (12%) had DM. Patients with DM had a higher prevalence of multi-vessel coronary disease ( p<0.001) and prior myocardial infarction ( p<0.001). Patients with DM were less commonly admitted directly to the interventional centre ( p=0.002). Symptom-to-balloon ( p<0.001) and door-to-balloon time ( p=0.002) were longer in patients with DM. Final infarct-related-artery TIMI-flow grade was lower in patients with DM ( p=0.031). All-cause mortality at 30 days ( p=0.0025) and 1 year ( p<0.0001) was higher in patients with DM. DM was independently associated with increased mortality after multivariate adjustment for potential confounders.

Conclusions: Mortality remains substantially higher in patients with DM following reperfusion for STEMI in comparison with those without diabetes, despite contemporary management with PPCI. Greater co-morbidity, delayed presentation, longer times-to-reperfusion, and less optimal reperfusion may contribute to adverse outcomes.
The effects of rosiglitazone on myocardial triglyceride content in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomised, placebo-controlled trial
Authors: McGavock Jonathan , Szczepaniak Lidia S , Ayers Colby R , Abdullah Shuaib M , See Raphael , Gore M Odette , Drazner Mark H , de Lemos James A , McGuire Darren K
Published: November 2011

This was a nested sub-study of a randomised placebo-controlled trial of the effect of 6 months of treatment with rosiglitazone added to existing therapy on myocardial triglyceride (mTG) content in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and prevalent cardiovascular disease (CVD) or at least one additional risk factor. The primary endpoint, mTG content, was measured with cardiac 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Of the 99 randomised participants selected for the imaging sub-study, 49 (48%) had complete and interpretable spectroscopy data (age = 58 years, duration of T2D = 9.5 years; 57% women and 69% non-white). There was no significant change in mTG in either group (−0.1 ± 0.6% and −0.05 ± 0.8% respectively) and the changes in mTG were not associated with changes in left ventricular structure or function. Compared with placebo, treatment with rosiglitazone for 6 months had no discernible effect on mTG or left ventricular function in this population with long-standing diabetes and CVD.
A comparison of the effect of glitazones on serum sialic acid in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: ur Rahman Inayat , Idrees Muhammad , Salman Mohammad , Khan Rooh Ullah , Khan MI , Amin Fazli , Jan Naeem Ullah
Published: November 2011

Although management of hyperglycaemia represents one of the principal treatment goals of diabetes therapy, the high incidence of cardiovascular (CV) complications in diabetes also needs effective management. Therefore, the present study was designed to determine and compare the effect of glitazones on serum sialic acid (SSA), a known risk marker for CV disease, along with fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycohaemoglobin (HbA1-c) and blood lipids, in overweight, previously only diet-treated patients with type 2 diabetes ( n=60). The study was conducted for a period of 12 months. Significant improvement in FPG and HbA1-c were shown by both rosiglitazone ( p<0.003 and p<0.001, respectively) and pioglitazone ( p<0.005 and p<0.001, respectively), compared with baseline, and pioglitazone showed greater beneficial effects on other parameters monitored, significantly reducing total cholesterol (TC) ( p≤0.05). Both the drugs showed a decrease in SSA and no significant differences were observed between the groups. However, the decrease was significant only in the pioglitazone-treated group at month 12 ( p≤0.05), compared with baseline. A significant decrease in SSA by pioglitazone indicates its greater cardioprotective effect compared with rosiglitazone.
Rationale, challenges, and participants in a Phase II trial of a botanical product for chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Reddy K Rajender , Belle Steven H , Fried Michael W , Afdhal Nezam , Navarro Victor J , Hawke Roy L , Wahed Abdus S , Doo Edward , Meyers Catherine M ,   for the SyNCH Study Group
Published: November 2011

Background Chronic hepatitis C is associated with significant morbidity and mortality as a consequence of progression to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver failure. Current treatment for chronic hepatitis C with pegylated interferon (IFN) and ribavirin is associated with suboptimal responses and numerous adverse effects. A number of botanical products have been used to treat hepatic disorders. Silymarin, extracted from the milk thistle plant, Silybum marianum (L) Gaertn. (Asteraceae), has been most widely used for various liver disorders, including chronic hepatitis C, B, and alcoholic liver disease. However, the safety and efficacy of silymarin have not been studied systematically in chronic hepatitis C.

Purpose We describe our strategy for a phased approach for studying the impact of silymarin in hepatitis C, in the context of the unique challenges of botanical product clinical trials and the development of specific and curative antiviral therapy.

Methods This multicenter, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial was conducted with four clinical centers and a data-coordinating center in the United States, to assess the impact of silymarin therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C who failed conventional antiviral therapy.

Results Key aspects relevant to performing clinical trials of botanical products include early identification of an appropriate product with standard product chemistry, acquisition of pharmacokinetic and dosing information, selection of the appropriate study group, and choosing rigorous outcome variables.

Potential limitations Trial participants were chronic hepatitis C patients who were nonsustained virologic responders to IFN-based therapy; therefore, the findings are not generalizable to all hepatitis C populations. Further, alanine aminotransferase, a biochemical liver test, rather than hepatitis viral RNA or liver histology was the primary end point.

Conclusions The challenges identified and addressed during development of this United States multicenter Phase II trial to evaluate silymarin for treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C infection who had failed to respond successfully to previous IFN-based therapy are common and must be addressed to conduct rigorous trials of botanical products.
Mycobacterium bovis bacilli Calmette-Guerin regulates leukocyte recruitment by modulating alveolar inflammatory responses
Authors: Andersson Märta , Lutay Nataliya , Hallgren Oscar , Westergren-Thorsson Gunilla , Svensson Majlis , Godaly Gabriela
Published: November 2011

Leukocyte migration into the epithelial compartment is an important feature in the active phase of mycobacterial infections. In this study, we used the Transwell model to investigate the mechanisms behind mycobacteria-induced leukocyte recruitment and investigated the role of TLR2 and TLR4 in this process. Infection of epithelial cells resulted in significantly increased secretion of the neutrophil chemotactic CXCL8 and IL-6, but no secretion of monocyte chemotactic CCL2 or TNF-α was observed. In contrast to epithelial response, mycobacteria-infected neutrophils and monocytes secreted all these cytokines. Corresponding with epithelial cytokine response, mycobacterial infection of the epithelial cells increased neutrophil diapedesis, but decreased monocyte recruitment. However, monocyte recruitment towards mycobacteria infected epithelial cells significantly increased following addition of neutrophil pre-conditioned medium. Mycobacterial infection also increases alveolar epithelial expression of TLR2, but not TLR4, as analyzed by flow cytometry, Western blotting and visualized by confocal microscopy. Blocking of TLR2 inhibited neutrophil recruitment and cytokine secretion, while blocking of TLR4 had a lesser effect. To summarize, we found that primary alveolar epithelial cells produced a selective TLR2-dependent cytokine secretion upon mycobacterial infection. Furthermore, we found that cooperation between cells of the innate immunity is required in mounting proper antimicrobial defence.
To Whom Can I Turn? Maintenance of Positive Intergroup Relations in the Face of Intergroup Conflict
Authors: Page-Gould Elizabeth
Published: November 2011

Intergroup conflict is a salient aspect of our social world, yet relatively little is known about the way intergroup conflicts affect subsequent intergroup interactions. The present research employed a daily diary methodology to examine how cross-group friendship affects intergroup approach and avoidance after intergroup conflict. After assessing the diversity and quality of participants’ social networks, the daily social interactions of 60 participants were tracked for 10 days. Among individuals with low-quality or no cross-group friends, intergroup conflict on a preceding day predicted reductions in self-initiated intergroup interactions on the following day. However, individuals with close cross-group friends did not avoid intergroup interactions after intergroup conflict. This effect was mediated by the degree to which people with close cross-group friends sought social support from out-group members in the social interactions that followed intergroup conflict. The implications of these findings for maintenance of positive intergroup relations are discussed.
The repertoire of λ light chains causing predominant amyloid heart involvement and identification of a preferentially involved germline gene, IGLV1-44
Authors: Perfetti Vittorio , Palladini Giovanni , Casarini Simona , Navazza Valentina , Rognoni Paola , Obici Laura , Invernizzi Rosangela , Perlini Stefano , Klersy Catherine , Merlini Giampaolo
Published: November 2011

Monoclonal Ig light chains (LC) can be responsible for pathologic conditions in humans, as in systemic amyloid light amyloidosis. Protean clinical manifestations characterize this disorder with the most varied combination of symptoms generated by different degrees of diverse organ involvement. Kidney and heart are most frequently interested, with major heart involvement as the most relevant prognostic factor. The identification of the underlying mechanism involved in organ targeting is of major relevance for the pathobiology of this disorder. To this aim, we characterized the repertoire of variable region germline genes of λ LC preferentially targeting the heart and compared it with the repertoire of LC that do not in a case-control study. We found that the repertoires were highly restricted, showing preferential use of the same few germline genes but with a different frequency pattern. A single gene, IGVL1-44, was found associated with a 5-fold increase in the odds of dominant heart involvement (after adjusting for confounders in a multivariable logistic model). These results support an involvement of LC genetics in the determination of organ targeting. Study of the characteristics of IGVL1-44-LC with, and of the minority without, heart involvement might lead to identification of LC/tissue interactions.
IL-15 administered by continuous infusion to rhesus macaques induces massive expansion of CD8+ T effector memory population in peripheral blood
Authors: Sneller Michael C. , Kopp William C. , Engelke Kory J. , Yovandich Jason L. , Creekmore Stephen P. , Waldmann Thomas A. , Lane H. Clifford
Published: November 2011

IL-15 promotes activation and maintenance of natural killer (NK) and CD8+ T effector memory (TEM) cells, making it a potential immunotherapeutic agent for the treatment of cancer and immunodeficiency states. Here we report the immunologic effects of 3 different IL-15 dosing strategies in Rhesus macaques. IL-15 at a dose of 20 μg/kg/d administered by continuous intravenous infusion for 10 days resulted in a massive (100-fold) expansion of CD8+ TEM cells in the peripheral blood. In contrast, the administration of 20-40 μg/kg/d of IL-15 by subcutaneous injection resulted in a more modest (10-fold) expansion of CD8+ TEM cells. NK expansion was similar in both the continuous intravenous and daily subcutaneous treatment groups. The observation that IL-15 administered by continuous intravenous infusion is able to induce markedly greater expansions of CD8+ TEM cells than the same dose administered by other routes may have important implications for clinical development of this cytokine.
The existence of solutions to the nonhomogeneous "Equation missing" -harmonic equation
Authors: Li Guanfeng , Wang Yong , Bao Gejun
Published: November 2011

In this paper, we introduce the obstacle problem about the nonhomogeneous

A

-harmonic equation. Then, we prove the existence and uniqueness of solutions to the nonhomogeneous

A

-harmonic equation and the obstacle problem.
Loss of interest, depressed mood and impact on the quality of life: Cross-sectional survey
Authors: Guajardo Valeri D , Souza Bruno PF , Henriques Sérgio G , Lucia Mara CS , Menezes Paulo R , Martins Milton A , Tardivo Leila SLPC , Gattaz Wagner F , Fráguas Renério
Published: November 2011

Background

Depressive symptoms and chronic disease have adverse effects on patients' health-related quality of life (H-RQOL). However, little is known about this effect on H-RQOL when only the two core depressive symptoms - loss of interest and depressed mood - are considered. The objective of this study is to investigate H-RQOL in the presence of loss of interest and depressed mood at a general medical outpatient unit.

Methods

We evaluated 553 patients at their first attendance at a general medical outpatient unit of a teaching hospital. H-RQOL was assessed with the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). Depressed mood and loss of interest were assessed by the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD)-Patient Questionnaire. A physician performed the diagnosis of chronic diseases by clinical judgment and classified them in 13 possible pre-defined categories. We used multiple linear regression to investigate associations between each domain of H-RQOL and our two core depression symptoms. The presence of chronic diseases and demographic variables were included in the models as covariates.

Results

Among the 553 patients, 70.5% were women with a mean age of 41.0 years (range 18-85, SD ± 15.4). Loss of interest was reported by 54.6%, and depressed mood by 59.7% of the patients. At least one chronic disease was diagnosed in 59.5% of patients; cardiovascular disease was the most prevalent, affecting 20.6% of our patients. Loss of interest and depressed mood was significantly associated with decreased scores in all domains of H-RQOL after adjustment for possible confounders. The presence of any chronic disease was associated with a decrease in the domain of vitality. The analysis of each individual chronic disease category revealed that no category was associated with a decrease in more than one domain of H-RQOL.

Conclusion

Loss of interest and depressed mood were associated with significant decreases in H-RQOL. We recommend these simple tests for screening in general practice.
Graphitic carbon growth on crystalline and amorphous oxide substrates using molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Jerng Sahng-Kyoon , Seong Yu Dong , Hong Lee Jae , Kim Christine , Yoon Seokhyun , Chun Seung-Hyun
Published: November 2011

We report graphitic carbon growth on crystalline and amorphous oxide substrates by using carbon molecular beam epitaxy. The films are characterized by Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The formations of nanocrystalline graphite are observed on silicon dioxide and glass, while mainly sp
2
amorphous carbons are formed on strontium titanate and yttria-stabilized zirconia. Interestingly, flat carbon layers with high degree of graphitization are formed even on amorphous oxides. Our results provide a progress toward direct graphene growth on oxide materials.

PACS: 81.05.uf; 81.15.Hi; 78.30.Ly.
Genomic phenotyping of the essential and non-essential yeast genome detects novel pathways for alkylation resistance
Authors: Svensson J Peter , Pesudo Laia Quirós , Fry Rebecca C , Adeleye Yeyejide A , Carmichael Paul , Samson Leona D
Published: November 2011

Background

A myriad of new chemicals has been introduced into our environment and exposure to these agents can damage cells and induce cytotoxicity through different mechanisms, including damaging DNA directly. Analysis of global transcriptional and phenotypic responses in the yeast S. cerevisiae provides means to identify pathways of damage recovery upon toxic exposure.

Results

Here we present a phenotypic screen of S. cerevisiae in liquid culture in a microtiter format. Detailed growth measurements were analyzed to reveal effects on ~5,500 different haploid strains that have either non-essential genes deleted or essential genes modified to generate unstable transcripts. The pattern of yeast mutants that are growth-inhibited (compared to WT cells) reveals the mechanisms ordinarily used to recover after damage. In addition to identifying previously-described DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoint deficient strains, we also identified new functional groups that profoundly affect MMS sensitivity, including RNA processing and telomere maintenance.

Conclusions

We present here a data-driven method to reveal modes of toxicity of different agents that impair cellular growth. The results from this study complement previous genomic phenotyping studies as we have expanded the data to include essential genes and to provide detailed mutant growth analysis for each individual strain. This eukaryotic testing system could potentially be used to screen compounds for toxicity, to identify mechanisms of toxicity, and to reduce the need for animal testing.
π-Conjugated Polymers, (Th(R)–CH=CH–Th(R))n (Th(R) = 3-Alkylthiophene-2,5-diyl; R = Octyl, Decyl, and Dodecyl): Preparation of Dibromo Monomers and the Polymers
Authors: Yamamoto Takakazu , Kumagai Akira , Kokubo Hisashi , Nakamura Yoshiyuki
Published: November 2011

π-Conjugated polymers, (Th(R)–CH=CH–Th(R))n (Th(R) = 3-alkylthiophene-2,5-diyl; R = octyl, decyl, and dodecyl), and their dibromo monomers have been prepared. The polymers show a tendency to self-assemble in solutions and in the solid state. X-ray diffraction data suggest that the polymers assume an interdigitation packing in the solid state.
Tailoring the Surface Chemistry of Activated Carbon by Nitric Acid: Study Using Response Surface Method
Authors: Houshmand Amirhossein , Daud Wan Mohd Ashri Wan , Shafeeyan Mohammad Saleh
Published: November 2011

Tailoring the surface chemistry of adsorbents, especially activated carbons, make them suitable to specific applications. Many times oxidation is the first step and greatly affects the next steps of tailoring. We modified the surface chemistry of a microporous activated carbon (AC) by nitric acid solutions at different conditions of acid concentration, time, and oxidation temperature. The oxidized AC samples were inspected with the aid of physical adsorption–desorption of nitrogen at 77 °C and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). It was shown that oxidation by nitric acid lowers surface area of the studied AC even at mild severity. Moreover, different instrumental analysis pointed out creation of a considerable amount of oxygen-containing functional groups, especially acidic ones on the surface. Central composite design (CCD) was applied to evaluate the individual and interactive effects of oxidation parameters and to provide a compromise between the amount of oxygen groups and BET surface area as two of studied responses. The significant factors and interactions on each response were recognized by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). A linear model and a two factor interaction (2FI) model were developed to correlate the oxidation conditions to BET surface area and the amount of oxygen surface groups. In addition, optimized oxidation conditions were established.
Shape-Selective Isopropylation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons over H-Mordenite in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Medium
Authors: Laha Subhash Chandra , Naiki Hiroaki , Komura Kenichi , Sugi Yoshihiro
Published: November 2011

The isopropylation of aromatic hydrocarbons isobutylbenzene (IBB), naphthalene (NP), and biphenyl (BP) was examined over H-mordenite (MOR), H-β (BEA), and H-Y (FAU) zeolites in supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-CO2) medium. MOR was only selective for the formation of the least bulky 4-isobutylcumene (4-IBC) in the isopropylation of IBB. In particular, the catalytic activity and selectivity for 4-IBC were enhanced by the dealumination of MOR; MOR with 110 of SiO2/Al2O3 ratio rendered the highest performance; however, the catalytic activity was decreased by further dealumination. Thermogravimetric analyses confirmed the reduction of coke formation on the catalysts in sc-CO2 medium, preventing the deactivation of MOR. Shape-selective formation of the least bulky isomers, 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene (2,6-DIPN) and 4,4′-diisopropylbiphenyl (4,4′-DIPB), was also observed in the isopropylation of NP and BP over MOR in sc-CO2. sc-CO2 works as an efficient medium to access and/or replace substrates and their products to/from acidic sites in the MOR channels. In particular, the removal of coke precursors from acidic sites on the zeolite is enhanced by the sc-CO2 medium, resulting in decreased coke formation.
Seasonal pseudohyperkalaemia: no longer an issue?
Authors: Turner Helen E , Peake Roy W A , Allison James J
Published: November 2011

Background

Spurious hyperkalaemia is a well-recognized problem when reporting potassium results in samples originating from Primary Care. This is particularly relevant in laboratories serving large geographical areas where sample transport can cause significant delays in sample centrifugation. We have carried out a retrospective audit comparing serum potassium results on samples centrifuged at the general practice (GP) with those centrifuged on arrival at the clinical laboratory.

Methods

Potassium results were reviewed on serum samples received from 87 GPs in the Grampian region between August 2010 and March 2011. Potassium results were compared between samples centrifuged at the practice versus those centrifuged on arrival at the clinical laboratory.

Results

In the period between November 2010 and February 2011, median monthly serum potassium results were significantly different between samples centrifuged at practices and those centrifuged on arrival at the laboratory. Median potassium concentrations were 10.2% higher in January 2011 (4.8 mmol/L; interquartile range [IQR]: 4.5–5.1) compared with August 2010 (4.3 mmol/L; IQR: 4.0–4.6). A similar trend in monthly median potassium concentrations was not evident in samples centrifuged at source over the same period.

Conclusions

The introduction of centrifuges into all GPs across NHS Grampian has significantly reduced the effect of seasonal variation in serum potassium results. There has also been a concurrent reduction in the number of cases of spurious hyperkalaemia. This exercise has significantly improved the overall quality of potassium results reported to Primary Care.
Mean displacement map of spine and spinal cord disorders using high b-value q-space imaging-feasibility study
Authors: Hori Masaaki , Motosug Utaroh , Fatima Zareen , Ishigame Keiichi , Araki Tsutomu
Published: November 2011

Background

Q-space analysis is a new metric that uses multiple, high b-value, diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) data. This technique shows promising results as a tool to provide information complementary to that of other imaging techniques used on biological tissue in vivo.

Purpose

To investigate the use of a mean displacement (MDP) map of high b-value, q-space imaging (QSI) to characterize spinal and spinal cord lesions in vivo.

Material and Methods

Eight patients with spine or spinal cord disorders (two neurinomas, one myeloma, three cases of syringohydromyelia, and two cases of cervical spondylosis) were included. The MR imaging protocol consisted of conventional MR sequences, conventional diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI; b = 1000), and high b-value QSI with a maximum q value of 836.9 cm−1. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps of conventional DWI and MDP maps of QSI data were obtained and region-of-interest analyses for the lesions were performed.

Results

MDP values of normal spinal cord, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and tumor parenchyma were 6.57 ± 0.52, 17.6 ± 2.75, and 8.49 ± 2.09, respectively (µm, mean ± standard deviation). In general, MDP maps were not well correlated with the corresponding ADC maps at the pathologic lesions. Spondylotic lesions tended to have higher MDP values than normal spinal cord, whereas syringohydromyelia produced MDP values slightly lower than those of CSF.

Conclusion

The heterogeneous MDP values were probably due to differences in tissues and pathologic structures. This technique has potential to provide additional clinical information to that obtained with conventional MR imaging.
Diagnosis of Whole-Body Vibration Related Health Problems in Occupational Medicine
Authors: Johanning Eckardt
Published: November 2011

Occupational whole-body vibration (WBV) exposed workers may report nonspecific health complaints or debilitating physical disorders. Health care providers and safety professionals may not recognize such occupational injuries and be unfamiliar with appropriate exposure assessment.

Method: Review of peer-reviewed clinical studies and publications, medical evidence, differential diagnostic evaluation protocols, surveillance programs, national and international standards, and intervention recommendations regarding WBV.

Results: There are well-designed epidemiological studies showing that prolonged and increasing exposures to WBV can primarily result in musculoskeletal or neurological disorders of the spine. Less frequent and weaker evidence exist for organ damage that include intestinal organs, vascular system and other body parts. In some countries spinal injury caused by long-term occupational WBV exposure is compensable. Many physicians and occupational safety experts seem to be unfamiliar with the wide spectrum of health complaints and the proper evaluation of WBV-exposed patients following expert reviews and international guidelines/standards. Detailed protective regulations and provisions exist primarily in highly industrialized countries with good occupational health systems. The causal diagnosis should be based on medical findings, a differential diagnostic methodology and adequate work exposure assessment and documentation of WBV. Conclusion: A proper WBV-related injury diagnosis includes a critical review of the work history, exposure data assessment and the clinical differential diagnostic evaluation. Many health care providers receive little or no training in the recognition of WBV-related injuries and case management. WBV health surveillance should assess the health status of WBV-exposed workers and address preventive measures for employers and employees.
Study of the Influence of the Nature of the Support on the Properties of Ferric Oxide in Relation to its Activity in the Decomposition of N2O
Authors: Gervasini Antonella , Marzo Matteo
Published: November 2011

Ferric oxide catalysts dispersed on silica and acidic silicas modified by the introduction of Al (SiO2–Al2O3), Nb (SiO2–Nb2O5) and Zr (SiO2–ZrO2) (ca. 30 mass%) were prepared by wet impregnation from ferric acetylacetonate. The structural (by XRD studies), morphological (by nitrogen adsorption/desorption studies) and electronic (by DRS/UV–vis) properties of both the fresh and used catalysts after their employment in the decomposition of N2O were studied. Ferric oxide species with different nuclearity, and in different relative proportions, were observed on the surface of each support, viz. isolated Fe(III) species, 2d FeOx dimer/oligomer aggregates and 3d Fe2O3 nanoparticles. Isolated Fe(III) species were most abundant on silica and silica–alumina, while 2d FeOx oligomers and 3d Fe2O3 predominated on silica–niobia and silica–zirconia. The nature of the support considerably influenced the speciation of iron, thereby affecting the activity of the catalyst and its stability in the N2O decomposition reaction. The introduction of Al2O3 into silica had a positive effect on the course of the reaction but the catalytic activity was not maintained, whilst the presence of Nb2O5 substantially limited the course of the reaction.
Implementation of Coir Fiber as Acoustic Absorber Material
Authors: Fouladi Mohammad Hosseini , Ghassem Masomeh , Ayub Md. , Jailani Mohd , Nor Mohd
Published: November 2011

Coir fiber is one of the natural fibers that can be easily found in tropical countries like Malaysia. This study illuminates the acoustical absorption of coir fiber throughout the frequency spectrum. The empirical Delany-Bazley method together with Allard elastic model were the two analytical approaches implemented in this research. Outputs of analytical techniques were validated by impedance tube measurements. Both methods were able to show the general pattern but existing frame resonance/resonances could only be predicted by Allard model as Delany-Bazley method does not take modulus of elasticity into consideration. Absorption of fresh coir fiber was satisfactory; more than 70% at f>600 Hz for a 30 mm thickness sample with resonance peak center frequency at 1 kHz. The industrial prepared coir fiber is mixed with binder; has higher stiffness and contains less amount of moisture compared to fresh samples. Therefore the absorption of industrial prepared fibers with the same thickness were generally less than 70% except for a small region around its resonance peak which also happened at higher frequency of 2.6 kHz. It is suggested that absorption of the industrial samples should be improved further in order to be used in real world applications.