bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding Personality and Person-Specific Predictors of Cyber-Based Insider Threat
Authors: Pang Joyce S.
Published: April 2016

The chapter aims to provide an opinion on major challenges for ongoing personality research on cyber security, especially in the area of insider threat. While research on the prevention and perpetuation of insider threat activity within cyberspace has grown substantially in the recent decade, there remain many unanswered challenges and unchartered territories of knowledge in the field. Specifically, compared to the amount of work done on algorithmic modelling approaches, much of the psychological data is scant and focuses on correlations between the so-called Big Five personality traits (i.e., extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, emotional stability, conscientiousness) or demographic variables (e.g., gender, age) with insider threat activity. Thus, the focus of this article is to articulate the major challenges for understanding insider threat in the context of cyber security, particularly from a personality and person-specific perspective that emphasises internal characteristics of the individual actor as explanations of actions and events.
Framing the Challenges of Online Violent Extremism
Authors: Dean Geoff
Published: April 2016

This chapter argues that ‘framing' the challenges posed by radicalised individuals ‘online' where the path to violent extremism is just a click away, is as much about getting the framing right as it is about getting the operational plans right. A general framework based on 4 P's (Policing-Public-Policies-Politics) is proposed as the conceptual ‘frame' for combating violent extremism. The metaphor of a compass is used to examine this 4P's framework from the perspective of knowledge management. The key notions of ‘violent extremism', ‘radicalisation' and ‘digital era' are deconstructed before presenting a neurocognitive-based model of ‘self-indoctrination' by those who ‘inspire' a violently extreme narrative through social media technologies using the ‘dark net' of cyberspace. Law enforcement's use of communication interception technologies and data retention laws is critically examined. The chapter concludes with operational implications for Policing the Public with Policy tools in the context of Political realities.
Detecting Linguistic Markers of Violent Extremism in Online Environments
Authors: Johansson Fredrik , Kaati Lisa , Sahlgren Magnus
Published: April 2016

The ability to disseminate information instantaneously over vast geographical regions makes the Internet a key facilitator in the radicalisation process and preparations for terrorist attacks. This can be both an asset and a challenge for security agencies. One of the main challenges for security agencies is the sheer amount of information available on the Internet. It is impossible for human analysts to read through everything that is written online. In this chapter we will discuss the possibility of detecting violent extremism by identifying signs of warning behaviours in written text – what we call linguistic markers – using computers, or more specifically, natural language processing.
Cyberterrorism
Authors: Dillon Leevia
Published: April 2016

The cyber threat landscape has continued to evolve with time and enhanced technology. With the advent of new breeds of terrorists and cybercriminals, the cyberterrorism debate has again wielded global attention. In this chapter, the author will attempt to delve deeper into the concept of cyberterrorism. Firstly, it will discuss the related issues which include the definition consensus, perception, and media abuse problems. The next section draws on parallels from research on cyber threats and terrorism based on six themes (i.e., modus operandi, domain, targets, impact, antagonists and motivations) to formulate a cyberterrorism conceptual framework. The third section will provide a hypothetical four-step cyberterrorism attack sequence and suggestions for countering cyberterrorism. This chapter will then conclude by highlighting several implications of interest.
Unnoticed Unethical Behavior when Gradually Escalated
Authors: Murata Atsuo , Morinaga Tomoya
Published: April 2016

The authors paid attention to an unethical behavior motivated by the economic incentive or the pursuit of efficiency. When facing a situation under which one must weigh the ethics of safety rule and the efficiency (economic aspect) in the balance, it is difficult to recognize the unethical behavior when it was corroded gradually than when it was corroded abruptly. More concretely, it was explored how the change of actual amount of money and estimate (gradual change, or abrupt change), the reward of approval of the estimate, the revelation probability of dishonesty and the amount of punishment affected the dishonesty (unethical behavior) under the conflict of interest. The participants were less likely to criticize the actions of others, and tended to approve the estimate and receive the reward when their behavior eroded gradually over time than when their behavior changed abruptly. The authors could identify the combined effect of both large amount of punishment (reward of 10% of the estimated value) and low revelation probability (1%) for the contribution of increased percentage approval of the gradual change. In other words, the percentage approval under the gradual change condition was significantly larger than that under the abrupt change condition when the reward and the probability of revelation was 10% and 1%, respectively.
Behavioural Intention to Use Mobile Entertainment Services among Bangladeshi Students
Authors: Ghyas Qazi Mahdia , Kondo Fumiyo N.
Published: April 2016

This study aims to understand why the usage of mobile entertainment services (MES) among young Bangladeshis is negligible. The authors propose a modification of combined technology acceptance model (TAM) and the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) model with additional factors. Questionnaire surveys were conducted in Bangladesh among young adult mobile users. The authors analysed the data of 251 valid responses via four TAM–TPB models. The study model, based on a modified TAM–TPB framework, fits generally well for mobile entertainment services in Bangladesh. The three factors of perceived behaviour control, perceived value, and attitude are important determinants for intention to use mobile entertainment services, and perceived behavioural control has the strongest direct effect on attitude and indirect effect on behavioural intention. The results suggest that mobile companies need to strengthen their organizational and technical support systems and improve service quality and affordability to encourage young consumers to use MES.
Strategic Project Management in Nigerian Public Research Organisations
Authors: Ugonna Charity Udodirim , Ochieng Edward Godfrey
Published: April 2016

The aim of this study was to assess the application of strategic project management (SPM) in Nigerian public research organisations. A case study approach involving four R and D organisations in Nigeria was used. A total of 213 questionnaires were retrieved and these were analysed using quantitative research software, SPSS version 21. The results revealed that 95 per cent of respondents acknowledged that projects executed by public research organisations were planned, but the conventional project management practices were used instead of strategic project management (SPM) principles. In addition, it was found that the level of implementation of the project management practices were also inadequately implemented as such affected the organisation's performance adversely. As established in this study, the concept of strategy is changing and to address the factors that affect research and development project implementation, senior project practitioners need to pay more attention to strategic, operational and project risks.
Improving Efficiency of K-Means Algorithm for Large Datasets
Authors: Swapna Ch. Swetha , Kumar V. Vijaya , Murthy J.V.R
Published: April 2016

Clustering is a process of grouping objects into different classes based on their similarities. K-means is a widely studied partitional based algorithm. It is reported to work efficiently for small datasets; however the performance is not very appreciable in terms of time of computation for large datasets. Several modifications have been made by researchers to address this issue. This paper proposes a novel way of handling the large datasets using K-means in a distributed manner to obtain efficiency. The concept of parallel processing is exploited by dividing the datasets to a number of baskets and then applying K-means in parallel manner to each such basket. The proposed BasketK-means provides a very competitive performance with considerably less computation time. The simulation results on various real datasets and synthetic datasets presented in the work clearly emphasize the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Performance Comparison of Cuckoo Search Algorithm to Solve the Hybrid Flow Shop Scheduling Benchmark Problems with Makespan Criterion
Authors: Marichelvam M.K. , Tosun Ömür
Published: April 2016

In this work, the performance of cuckoo search algorithm (CSA) is measured solving the multistage hybrid flow shop (HFS) scheduling problems with parallel machines. The objective is the minimization of makespan. The HFS scheduling problems are proved to be strongly non-deterministic polynomial time-hard (NP-hard). Proposed CSA algorithm has been tested on benchmark problems addressed in the literature against other well-known algorithms. The results are presented in terms of percentage deviation (PD) of the solution from the lower bound. The results indicate that the proposed CSA algorithm is quite effective in reducing makespan because average PD is observed as 1.531, whereas the next best algorithm has result of average PD of 2.295 which is in general nearly 50% worse and other algorithms start from 3.833.
The Influence of the Reaction Time in the Micro-Arc Oxidation Process on the Microstructure of the Coatings Deposited on Ti6Al7Nb Alloy
Authors: Karbowniczek Joanna , Metwally Sara , Cempura Grzegorz , Czyrska-Filemonowicz Aleksandra
Published: April 2016

Surface modifications of titanium based biomaterials are of great importance in medical field. In case of permanent implant coatings with bioactive properties are claimed to improve bone-implant connection stability. In the present study the micro-arc oxidation (MAO) is proposed as a method to modify the Ti6Al7Nb alloy surface by depositing porous and rough titanium dioxides layers with incorporated calcium phosphates. The effect of the reaction time on the microstructure of the formed coatings was investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM and SEM-EDS, respectively). The change in coatings thickness was observed, from initial 4-6 μm after 30 seconds of MAO treatment to final 38-44 μm after 10 minutes surface processing. By application of the electrolyte containing calcium and phosphorous ions it was possible to prepare coatings with the outer layer consisted mainly from calcium phosphates. Such phase composition together with rough and porous structure provides the perspective surface for cells attachment and ingrowth to create strong connection between implant and bone tissue.
Porous Titanium Materials Produced Using the HIP Method
Authors: Leśniewski Wojciech , Wawrylak Marek , Wieliczko Piotr , Boroń Łukasz , Krzak Izabela
Published: April 2016

Biocompatible porous materials may find use in the manufacture of bone implant components to facilitate bonding of prostheses with bone tissues. The paper presentsa relatively simple method of producing a porous material from the Ti6Al4V alloy by high pressure hot isostatic pressing (HIP). The process was carried out in capsules made of superplastic alloy. The capsules were filled with a mixture of powdered titanium and a carefully selected salt crystals. The mixing ratios had been calculated from the crystal geometry of the components. The experimental verification of the calculation results defined the mixture component ratios, and the processing program was defined, including the temperature and pressure values for the processing stages. Following the HIP process the capsules were opened and the produced material was cleared of salt and examined to determine porosity, size and geometry of voids, and compressive strength.
The Influence of Type and Design of Denture Attachment on its Efficiency of Operation in Model Tests
Authors: Jałbrzykowski Marek
Published: April 2016

This paper presents the issue of computer modelling of selected anchors for overdentures and their impact on functionality and efficiency of operation of dentures. As the construction material for anchors, the traditional Ti6Al4V titanium alloy was used. Attention was paid to the varied force transfer during modelled mastication. A verification of anchors and actions: external load – dentures – retention elements – edging socket (e.g. mandible bone, maxilla bone, mucous membrane) was performed by means of MES. The performed simulation tests made it possible to choose the most optimal design of anchoring construction for overdentures in a given case.
The Application of Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) of Titanium Alloy Powder in Fabricating Components of Aircraft Structures
Authors: Śliwa Romana Ewa , Bernaczek Jacek , Budzik Grzegorz
Published: April 2016

This study presents detailed characteristics of the DMLS method as used for titanium alloy powder with reference to a possible intended use in aeronautics applications.In the present study test models were made, designed for trials in which the model material properties are to be determined and which specify the basic features of the RP/DMLS technique. In order to evaluate the ultimate use of the DMLS technique in fabricating titanium alloy parts, the following procedures were conducted: tensile and upsetting tests for Ti6Al4V alloy samples (a comparative analysis for DMLS models and models fabricated, respectively, from titanium sheet and bar was carried out), an SEM analysis of the microstructure of the fragments of the surface of polished and etched samples, a Vickers hardness test and an analysis of the accuracy of the reproduction of the shape and roughness of the model fabricated in the DMLS procedure. A detailed analysis of the DMLS method significantly supplements the existing body of knowledge on innovative rapid prototyping techniques [1–4], and the results allow us to specify a group of aircraft structure components which may be fabricated using this method. Excellent strength properties of DMLS models and the possibility of improving surface quality by mechanical working enable the fabrication of advanced aircraft structure components operated in target conditions (under load).
Dynamic Recrystallization in Titanium Alloys
Authors: Krawczyk Janusz , Tokarski Tomasz , Łukaszek-Sołek Aneta , Dąbrowski Robert , Śleboda Tomasz , Lypchanskyi Oleksandr
Published: April 2016

The results of the investigations on five different titanium alloys were presented in this paper. Two two-phase α+β alloys (Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo) as well as two β alloys (Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al and Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr) were studied. Moreover, Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb intermetallic alloy (γ alloy) was also investigated. All investigated alloys were tested in compression on Gleeble thermomechanical simulator under various strain rate and temperature conditions. Metallographic observations of the microstructure of tested samples allowed determining thermomechanical conditions under which dynamic recrystallization or recovery processes occurred in the investigated alloys. The obtained results also showed the importance of the influence of strong exothermic effect resulting from deformation process on recovery and recrystallization processes in these alloys. The methodology of distinguishing subgrains formed during recovery process from the grains resulting from recrystallization was also presented in this study.
Corrosion Resistance of Ti6Al4V Alloy in Modified SBF Environments
Authors: Szewczenko Janusz , Grygiel-Pradelok Magdalena , Walke Witold , Nowińska Katarzyna , Granieczny Jonasz , Kaczmarek Marcin , Marciniak Jan
Published: April 2016

The paper presents results of influence of modified artificial plasma on corrosion resistance of Ti6Al4V ELI alloy. The samples were subjected to grinding, anodic oxidation and steam sterilization. After 28-day exposure to Ringer’s solution as well as Tas - SBF and R - SBF fluids, studies of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, corrosion resistance and the amount of metal ions released into the solutions were carried out. The obtained results were compared to the results obtained for the samples in the initial state. It was found that the highest reactivity in contact with the Ti6Al4V ELI alloy was observed for the Tas - SBF containing TRIS whereas the lowest reactivity was observed for the Ringer's solution. The obtained results indicate the possible use of the modified physiological solutions, in order to carry out a more rigorous test of corrosion resistance of metal materials.
Protection of Orthorhombic Alloy by AlCrN Coating
Authors: Małecka Joanna
Published: April 2016

The oxidation behavior of AlCrN coating deposited on Ti-25Al-12.5Nb-6Mo-0.48V alloy was investigated at 700 °C and 800 °C in static air. Oxidation in air indicated that the uncoated alloy exhibited poor oxidation resistance due to the formation of TiO2 scale, but the major oxide in the oxidized coating was chromia and alumina and the TiN layers were also observed beneath the coating. No sign of degradation and no scaling of the coating was observed after oxidation.
NK Cells Help Induce Anti–Hepatitis B Virus CD8+ T Cell Immunity in Mice
Authors: Zheng Meijuan , Sun Rui , Wei Haiming , Tian Zhigang
Published: April 2016

Although recent clinical studies demonstrate that NK cell function is impaired in hepatitis B virus (HBV)–persistent patients, whether or how NK cells play a role in anti-HBV adaptive immunity remains to be explored. Using a mouse model mimicking acute HBV infection by hydrodynamic injection of an HBV plasmid, we observed that although serum hepatitis B surface Ag and hepatitis B envelope Ag were eliminated within 3 to 4 wk, HBV might persist for >8 wk in CD8−/− mice and that adoptive transfer of anti-HBV CD8+ T cells restored the ability to clear HBV in HBV-carrier Rag1−/− mice. These results indicate that CD8+ T cells are critical in HBV elimination. Furthermore, NK cells increased IFN-γ production after HBV plasmid injection, and NK cell depletion led to significantly increased HBV persistence along with reduced frequency of hepatitis B core Ag–specific CD8+ T cells. Adoptive transfer of IFN-γ–sufficient NK cells restored donor CD8+ T cell function, indicating that NK cells positively regulated CD8+ T cells via secreting IFN-γ. We also observed that NK cell depletion correlated with decreased effector memory CD8+ T cell frequencies. Importantly, adoptive transfer experiments showed that NK cells were involved in anti-HBV CD8+ T cell recall responses. Moreover, DX5+CD49a− conventional, but not DX5−CD49a+ liver-resident, NK cells were involved in improving CD8+ T cell responses against HBV. Overall, the current study reveals that NK cells, especially DX5+CD49a− conventional NK cells, promote the antiviral activity of CD8+ T cell responses via secreting IFN-γ in a mouse model mimicking acute HBV infection.
Cancer incidence in Priolo, Sicily: a spatial approach for estimation of industrial air pollution impact
Authors: Fazzo Lucia , Carere Mario , Tisano Francesco , Bruno Caterina , Cernigliaro Achille , Cicero Maria Rita , Comba Pietro , Contrino Maria Luisa , De Santis Marco , Falleni Fabrizio , Ingallinella Vincenzo , Madeddu Anselmo , Marcello Ida , Regalbuto Carlo , Sciacca Giovanna , Soggiu Maria Eleonora , Zona Amerigo
Published: April 2016

The territory around the industrial Sicilian area of Priolo, Italy, has been defined as a contaminated site (CS) of national priority for remediation because of diffuse environmental contamination caused by large industrial settlements. The present study investigates the spatial distribution of cancer into the CS territory (period 1999-2006). Different geographical methods used for the evaluation of the impact of industrial air pollutants were adopted. Using the database of Syracuse Province Cancer Registry, gender-specific standardised incidence ratios were calculated for 35 tumour sites for the CS overall and for each municipality included in the CS. A cluster analysis for 17 selected neoplasms was performed at micro-geographical level. The identification of the priority index contaminants (PICs) present in environmental matrices and a review of their carcinogenicity have been performed and applied in the interpretation of the findings. The area has a higher cancer incidence with respect to the provincial population, in particular excess is registered among both genders of lung, bladder and breast cancers as well as skin melanoma and pleural mesothelioma and there is an a priori evidence of association with the exposure to PICs. The study highlights the need to provide different approaches in CSs where several exposure pathways might be relevant for the population. The presence of potential sources of asbestos exposure deserves specific concern.
Geostatistical integration and uncertainty in pollutant concentration surface under preferential sampling
Authors: Grisotto Laura , Consonni Dario , Cecconi Lorenzo , Catelan Dolores , Lagazio Corrado , Bertazzi Pier Alberto , Baccini Michela , Biggeri Annibale
Published: April 2016

In this paper the focus is on environmental statistics, with the aim of estimating the concentration surface and related uncertainty of an air pollutant. We used air quality data recorded by a network of monitoring stations within a Bayesian framework to overcome difficulties in accounting for prediction uncertainty and to integrate information provided by deterministic models based on emissions meteorology and chemico-physical characteristics of the atmosphere. Several authors have proposed such integration, but all the proposed approaches rely on representativeness and completeness of existing air pollution monitoring networks. We considered the situation in which the spatial process of interest and the sampling locations are not independent. This is known in the literature as the preferential sampling problem, which if ignored in the analysis, can bias geostatistical inferences. We developed a Bayesian geostatistical model to account for preferential sampling with the main interest in statistical integration and uncertainty. We used PM10 data arising from the air quality network of the Environmental Protection Agency of Lombardy Region (Italy) and numerical outputs from the deterministic model. We specified an inhomogeneous Poisson process for the sampling locations intensities and a shared spatial random component model for the dependence between the spatial location of monitors and the pollution surface. We found greater predicted standard deviation differences in areas not properly covered by the air quality network. In conclusion, in this context inferences on prediction uncertainty may be misleading when geostatistical modelling does not take into account preferential sampling.
The diagnostic approach to central adrenocortical insufficiency (CAI) in thalassemia
Authors: De Sanctis Vincenzo , Elsedfy Heba , Soliman Ashraf T
Published: April 2016

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Knowledge and practices related to diabetes mellitus among adults with diabetes in the Mopani District, Limpopo Province, South Africa
Authors: Mabaso Raymond G. , Oduntan Olalekan A.
Published: April 2016

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) among black South Africans is on the increase because of population ageing, unhealthy lifestyles, and obesity. Knowledge about DM and appropriate practices related to DM are keys to its proper management.Aim: To assess the knowledge and practices related to DM among black South Africans aged 40 years and older with DM.Setting: The study was conducted in seven government health care facilities in the Mopani District.Method: This was a health facility-based cross-sectional quantitative study. Structured interviews were used to obtain information which included socio-demographic profiles as well as knowledge about DM and its ocular complications.Results: Participants (N = 225) included 161 (71.6%) women and 64 (28.4%) men aged 40–90 years (mean and standard deviation of 61.5 ± 10.49 years). Many (68.3%) did not know the types of DM and only 32.4% knew the type of DM they had. Many knew about the importance of special diet (84.5%) and physical activity (64.4%) in DM management; however, only 52% knew about the importance of losing weight. Many (71.5%) followed a special diet as advised, only 29.1% always tried to lose weight, and 48.3% engaged in physical activity. Many (82.6%) knew that DM could cause vision problems, but only 49.3% have had their eyes examined. Most (99.5%) of those on oral medication and those on insulin (93.1%) reported using their treatment as prescribed.Conclusion: The knowledge and practices related to DM among the participants were good in certain aspects but poor in others, suggesting the need for programmes on DM awareness in this population.Keywords: Knowledge; practices; diabetes mellitus; Mopani District; South Africa
Advanced Atherogenic Index for the Assessment of Consolidated Lipid Risk in Premature Coronary Artery Disease Patients in India
Authors: Bansal Sanjiv Kumar , Agarwal Sarita , Daga Mridul Kumar
Published: April 2016

Introduction: The high prevalence, severity, and prematurity of coronary artery disease (CAD) in the Indian population cannot be completely explained by the conventional lipid parameters and the existing lipid indices.

Aims and Objectives: To calculate newly defined advanced atherogenic index (AAI) in premature CAD patients and compare it between cases and controls and Correlate its values with the existing indices.

Material and Methods: One hundred and twenty premature CAD patients and an equal number of age and sex matched healthy individuals were included in this study. Lipid profile and nonconventional lipid parameters like oxidized Low density lipoprotein (OX LDL), small dense LDL (SD LDL), lipoprotein (a) apolipoprotein B (Apo B), and apolipoprotein A1 (Apo A1) were estimated and their values were used to define AAI and existing lipid indices like AI, lipid tetrad index (LTI) and lipid pentad index (LPI).

Results: The mean age of cases and controls was 37.29 + 4.50 and 36.13 + 3.53 years, respectively. The value of AAI was highly significant in cases (3461.22 ± 45.20) as compared to controls (305.84 ± 21.80). AAI has shown better statistical significance and correlation (P < 0.0001, r = 0.737) as compared to the earlier indices such as AI (P < 0.01, r = 0.52), LTI (P < 0.001, r = 0.677) and LPI (P < 0.001, r = 0.622) in premature CAD. Kolmogorov D statistic and cumulative distribution function plot has shown that AAI can discriminate cases and controls more accurately as compared to the earlier indices.

Conclusion: Statistically AAI appears to be a better marker of consolidated lipid risk in premature CAD patients as compared to the earlier indices.
Chikungunya Fever Among Patients with Acute Febrile Illness Attending a Tertiary Care Hospital in Mumbai
Authors: Galate Lata Baswanna , Agrawal Sachee R , Shastri Jayanthi S , Londhey Vikram
Published: April 2016

Background: Chikungunya fever (CHIK) is an arboviral disease. Dengue fever (DENG) and CHIK are indistinguishable clinically and need to be differentiated by laboratory investigations.

Purpose: This study aimed at estimating the seroprevalence of CHIK mono-infection and CHIK and DENG dual infection in suspected patients. We also analyzed the age, sex distribution, joint involvement, and relation of joint movement restriction with visual analog scale (VAS).

Materials and Methods: Two hundred patients clinically suspected with DENG and CHIK were enrolled from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Mumbai from April 2012 to October 2013. The detailed history and examination findings were recorded. Serum samples were subjected to DENG and CHIK immunoglobulin G (IgM) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results: The seroprevalence of CHIK was 12.5%. Mono-infection of CHIK was 3%, and CHIK and DENG dual infection was 9.5%. Most affected age group in CHIK cases was 46–60 years wherein female preponderance was seen. All 6 patients with CHIK mono-infection had fever and joint involvement; knee and elbow were the most commonly affected joints. All CHIK patients had VAS score of 6–10 with restricted joint movement. Of the patients with dual infection, the majorities were from 31 to 45 years with male preponderance; all had fever and joint pain mainly affecting knee and elbow. Of patients who had VAS score 6–10 in patients with dual infection, only 5.26% had restricted joint movement.

Conclusion: IgM ELISA for Chikungunya infection should be included in the routine laboratory tests for acute febrile illness.
Induced Sputum Nitrite Levels Correlate with Clinical Asthma Parameters in Children Aged 7–18 Years with Mild to Moderate Persistent Asthma
Authors: Nandan Devki , Kansal Prachi , Patharia Neha , Goyal Parul
Published: April 2016

Purpose: The objective of this study is to measure levels of nitrites in induced sputum in children with asthma and correlate it with clinical asthma parameters.

Method: This prospective observational study was done in PGIMER, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, on 91 children aged 7-18 years with mild and moderate persistent asthma. Patients were specifically evaluated for five clinical parameters of asthma (i.e. Days of acute exacerbations, use of salbutamol as rescue medication, emergency visits, nights with cough, days of school absence) and induced sputum nitrite levels was done at the time of enrollment and 3 months after treatment with inhaled budesonide.

Results: The mean age of subjects was 10.79 ± 2.563yrs. Six (6.59%) patients were not able to perform induced sputum, eighty five (93.41%) patients were suitable for data analysis. There was significant reduction in sputum nitrite levels from 33.42 ± 22.04nmol/ml at enrollment to 11.72 ± 5.61 nmol/ml (P < 0.0005) after 3 months of inhaled budesonide therapy. Significant positive correlation was found between reduction in sputum nitrite level and control of asthma symptoms: Days of acute exacerbations(r value = 0.548, P value = 0.0001), Days of salbutamol use as rescue medication (r value = 0.431, P value =< 0.0001), Number of emergency visits(r value = 0.414, P value = 0.0001), Nights with cough (r value = 0.259, P value = 0.0169), Days of school absence(r value = 0.411, P value = 0.0001). Sputum nitrite levels were significantly higher in moderate persistent asthmatics as compared to mild at the time of enrollment (P < 0.0005), which shows that induced sputum nitrite levels correlate with asthma severity.

Conclusions: This study confirms that nitrites in induced sputum correlate well with clinical asthma parameters and asthma severity in children and is a simple, non invasive, and cheap method which can be used as a parameter for monitoring of asthma.
Is There a Tendency for Thrombosis in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus?
Authors: Gorar Suheyla , Alioglu Bulent , Ademoglu Esranur , Uyar Seyit , Bekdemir Handan , Candan Zehra , Saglam Beylan , Koc Gonul , Culha Cavit , Aral Yalcin
Published: April 2016

Context: Impact of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on the coagulation system, dynamics involved at a pathophysiological level and the exact mechanism remain unclear.

Aims: To evaluate the association between diabetes-related parameters and hemostatic factors to search for a tendency of thrombosis in GDM.

Settings and Design: Nineteen pregnant women who had GDM, 16 healthy pregnant and 13 healthy nonpregnant controls admitted to the Endocrinology outpatient clinics were enrolled in the study.

Subjects and Methods: Fasting and postprandial glucose, hemoglobin A1c and insulin levels, and insulin resistance; fructosamine, thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI), tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), plasminogen activator inhibitor Type-1 (PAI-1), tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), fibrinogen, plasminogen and hemoglobin levels, platelet counts, prothrombin time (PT), and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) were studied.

Statistical Analysis Used: One-way analysis of variance, Kruskal–Wallis, and post hoc Tukey honestly significant difference or Conover’s nonparametric multiple comparison tests for comparison of the study groups.

Results: PT and aPTT were significantly lower in GDM patients compared to controls (P < 0.05), whereas fibrinogen and plasminogen levels were significantly higher in this group compared to both nonpregnant and healthy pregnant controls (P < 0.05 for each). TAFI, TFPI, PAI-1, and tissue t-PA levels were not significantly different among groups.

Conclusions: Our findings indicate tendency to develop thrombosis in GDM similar to diabetes mellitus; but more comprehensive studies with larger sample size are needed to determine the relationship between GDM and hemostasis.
Comparison of Microwave Versus Conventional Decalcification of Teeth Using Three Different Decalcifying Solutions
Authors: Srinivasyaiah Archana , Nitin Priyanka , Hegde Usha
Published: April 2016

Background: In routine histopathology, decalcification of teeth is an essential and important step during tissue processing. The present study was attempted to decalcify teeth using microwave method and to compare it with conventional decalcification method.

Aim: To compare microwave decalcification with conventional decalcification method with respect to the speed of decalcification, preservation of tissue structure, and efficacy of staining.

Materials and Methods: A total of 72 single-rooted premolars were used for both conventional and microwave decalcification methods. Three different types of decalcifying agents at 5% and 7% were used. Decalcifying agents included nitric acid, formic acid, and trichloroacetic acid, each at 5% and 7%. About 6 teeth were included in each category and were decalcified by both conventional and microwave method. After decalcification, all the teeth were examined macroscopically and microscopically. Cramer’s V-test was used to determine the statistical significance.

Results: The results have shown that microwave method using 5% and 7% nitric acid were the fastest. Structural details and good staining characteristics were better in teeth decalcified by 5% nitric acid and 5% trichloroacetic acid by both the methods.

Conclusions: 5% nitric acid by microwave method proved to be the best decalcifying agent as it was fast and gave good structural details and staining characteristics.
Hemoglobin E Hemoglobinopathy in an Adult from Assam with Unusual Presentation: A Diagnostic Dilemma
Authors: Kiran Sunitha S , Aithal Saraswathy , Belagavi Charalingappa S
Published: April 2016

Hemoglobin E (HbE) is estimated to affect at least one million people around the world. Carrier frequency of hemoglobin E/β-thalassemia (HbE/β-thalassemia) is highest in Southeast Asia, reaching as high as 60% in parts of Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia. In the Indian subcontinent, highest frequency is observed in The Northeast regions, but relatively rare in rest of the country. Increasing migration of population from highly affected areas is resulting in rising prevalence in The South and other parts of India. HbE/β-thalassemia is characterized by marked clinical diversity, phenotypic instability, and age-related changes in adaptation to anemia. This paper reports a case of HbE disease in an adult immigrant from Assam and documents the difficulties encountered in the definitive subtyping of HbE hemoglobinopathy. Distinguishing between homozygous HbE disease and HbE/β-thalassemia is a challenge to hematopathologist as both are clinically and hematologically similar.
Disseminated Histoplasmosis: A Fatal Opportunistic Infection in Disguise
Authors: Tyagi Ruchita , Kaur Arshdeep , Selhi Pavneet Kaur , Puri Harpreet Kaur , Sood Neena
Published: April 2016

Histoplasma capsulatum is no longer confined to certain geographic areas and should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of lymphadenopathy and organomegaly in HIV-positive patients. We present an unusual case of a 20-year-old immunocompromised male of African origin presenting with fever, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, and retroperitoneal and cervical lymphadenopathy. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) smears from the cervical lymph node revealed numerous yeast forms of histoplasma in macrophages. The patient succumbed to the fulminant infection. Postmortem liver biopsy also revealed infiltration by histoplasma, confirming the diagnosis of disseminated histoplasmosis. This case highlights the variable nature of the clinical presentation of disseminated histoplasmosis which can mimic tuberculosis, leishmaniasis, or lymphoma. FNA cytology is a rapid, cost-effective, and reliable diagnostic tool for early detection and prompt management of histoplasmosis.
Microsurgical management of benign lesions interior to the cavernous sinus: A case series
Authors: Chowdhury Forhad , Haque Mohammod
Published: April 2016

Background: Benign lesion interior to the cavernous sinus (CS) is very rare. Objective: In this series we found nonneoplastic lymphatic aggregation and osteoclastoma inside the CS which is very rare and probably not reported in literature. One interesting postoperative complaint of feeling of tickling down of warm water under the skin forehead was found in the patient of inflammatory disease of CS which is not reported in literature. Here we also describe our experiences of microsurgical management of series of benign lesions inside the CS. Materials and Methods: Benign mass originated from the content of CS or inner side of walls of CS, confirmed peroperatively were included in this series. Prospectively recorded data of microsurgical management was retrogradely studied. Results: Total number of patient was 12. Patient's age range was 30–60 years. Follow-up range was 60 months to 19 months. Three was nonneoplastic lesion (tuberculosis, inflammatory and nonneoplastic lymphoid infiltration). Among the 9 neoplastic lesions, two hemangiomas, two meningiomas, three 6th nerve schwannomas, one osteoclastoma and one epidermoid tumor. Middle cranial fossa-subtemporal extradural approach was used in 9 cases and in two cases extended middle fossa zygomatic approach. New postoperative 3rd nerve palsy developed in 5 cases all recovered completely except one. In seven patients 6th nerve palsy developed after operation; only one recovered. Postoperatively simultaneous 3rd, 4th and 6th nerve palsy developed in four cases. One interesting postoperative complaint of feeling of tickling down of warm water under the skin of left sided forehead was found in the patient of inflammatory disease of CS. Mortality was nil. Total resection was done in 9 cases. There was no recurrence till last follow-up. Conclusion: Though decision for microsurgical removal of such lesions is not straight forward. Probably microsurgery is the best option in treating such benign lesions though it may associate with some permanent cranial nerve palsy.
Surgical treatment of large and giant cavernous carotid aneurysms
Authors: Sriamornrattanakul Kitiporn , Sakarunchai Ittichai , Yamashiro Kei , Yamada Yasuhiro , Suyama Daisuke , Kawase Tsukasa , Kato Yoko
Published: April 2016

Cavernous carotid aneurysms (CCAs) are uncommon pathologic entities. Extradural place and the skull base location make this type of an aneurysm different in clinical features and treatment techniques. Direct aneurysm clipping is technically difficult and results in a significant postoperative neurological deficit. Therefore, several techniques of indirect surgical treatment were developed with different surgical outcomes, such as proximal occlusion of internal carotid artery (ICA) or trapping with or without bypass (superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery bypass or high-flow bypass). High-flow bypass with proximal ICA occlusion seems to be the most appropriate surgical treatment for CCA because of the high rate of symptom improvement, aneurysm thrombosis, and minimal postoperative complications. However, in cases of CCA presented with direct carotid-cavernous fistula, the appropriate surgical treatment is high-flow bypass with aneurysm trapping, which the fistula can be obliterated immediately after surgery.
The minipterional approach for ruptured and unruptured anterior circulation aneurysms: Our initial experience
Authors: Alkhalili Kenan , Hannallah Jack , Alshyal Gasser , Nageeb Mohab , Abdel Aziz Khaled
Published: April 2016

Objective: To report our experience with the minipterional (MPT) craniotomy approach for anterior circulation aneurysms and to discuss the clinical outcomes as well as to evaluate the advantages of this unique approach. Materials and Methods: Single-center retrospective review of 57 cases involving anterior circulation aneurysms both ruptured and unruptured aneurysms treated with the MPT. We analyzed the clinical and patient demographic data, aneurysm characteristics, surgical outcomes, and complications in these individuals. Results: Between July 2008 and March 2014, of the 57 patients reviewed: 45 had middle cerebral artery (MCA), 6 had internal carotid artery terminus, and 7 had posterior communicating artery aneurysms. 20 of the 57 patients presented with a ruptured aneurysm. The average aneurysm size was 5.8 mm. The length of hospitalization for unruptured aneurysm cases ranged between 3 and 5 days. The average follow-up for all cases was 21.5 months. Successful clipping of the aneurysms was obtained in all patients. None of the cases required additional skin incisions or craniotomy extensions. The overall surgical outcomes were favorable. There was no postoperative facial nerve damage, temporalis muscle wasting, or symptoms of paresthesias around the incision line. Two patients developed a postoperative stroke manifested as symptoms of unilateral arm and facial weakness, receptive aphasia, and dysarthria. Conclusion: The MPT provides a reliable and less invasive alternative to the standard pterional craniotomy. Furthermore, ruptured and unruptured anterior circulation aneurysms can safely and effectively be treated with limited bone removal which provides better cosmetic outcomes and excellent postoperative temporalis muscle function.
A study of partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide and end-tidal carbon dioxide correlation in intraoperative and postoperative period in neurosurgical patients
Authors: Gaur Pallavi , Harde Minal , Gujjar Pinakin , Deosarkar Devanand , Bhadade Rakesh
Published: April 2016

Background and Aim: Monitoring carbon dioxide (CO2) is of utmost importance in neurosurgical patients. It is measured by partial pressure of arterial CO2 (PaCO2) and end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2). We aimed to study the correlation between PaCO2and ETCO2in neurosurgical patients in the intraoperative and postoperative period on mechanical ventilation in Postanesthesia Care Unit (PACU). Methodology: This was prospective observational study done at tertiary care teaching public hospital over a period of 1 year. We studied 30 patients undergoing elective craniotomy intraoperatively and in the postoperative period on mechanical ventilation for 24 h. Serial measurement of ETCO2and PaCO2at baseline, hourly intraoperatively and every 6 hourly in the PACU were studied. Data analysis was done using SPSS software version 20. Results: The mean PaCO2–ETCO2gradient intraoperatively over 4 h is 3.331 ± 2.856 and postoperatively over 24 h is 2.779 ± 2.932 and lies in 95% confidence interval. There was statistically significant correlation between PaCO2and ETCO2intraoperatively baseline, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, and 4 h with Pearson's correlation coefficients of 0.799, 0.522, 0582, 0.439, and 0.547, respectively (P < 0.05). In PACU at baseline, 6 h, 12 h, 18 h, and 24 h Pearson's correlation coefficients were. 534, −0.032, 0.522, 0.242, 0.592, and 0.547, respectively, which are highly significant at three instances (P < 0.01). Conclusion: ETCO2correlates PaCO2with acceptable accuracy in neurosurgical patients in the intraoperative and postoperative period on mechanical ventilation in Intensive Care Unit. Thus, continuous and noninvasive ETCO2can be used as a reliable guide to estimate arterial PCO2during neurosurgical procedures and in PACU.
Role of routine repeat computed tomography of brain in patients with mild and moderate traumatic brain injury: A prospective study
Authors: Shah Jayun , Shah Kairav , Kumar Jinendra , Sundaram Ponraj
Published: April 2016

Background: Computed tomography (CT) has become the primary investigative modality for traumatic brain injury (TBI) and there are established guidelines for the initial CT (CT-1). There are no specific guidelines for scheduling repeat CT in TBI. This study was carried out to compare the usefulness of unscheduled repeat CT (UCT-2) with scheduled repeat CT (SCT-2) in the presence or absence of neurological deterioration and to identify risk factors associated with radiological worsening (RW). Methods: This prospective study comprised admitted patients with mild and moderate TBI between February and May, 2014 and all patients were subjected to repeat CT brain. Patients with penetrating brain injuries and surgical conditions after CT-1, and age < 5 years were excluded. Positive yield after the second CT (SCT-2 and UCT-2) leading to modification of management were compared between the two groups. Results: In this study, 214 patients (214/222) underwent SCT-2 and 8 underwent UCT-2 (8/222). Surgery was required in 2 (0.9%) from the first group and 7 (87.5%) in the latter. UCT-2 was more likely to show RW warranting surgery as compared to SCT-2 (P < 0.05). In the SCT-2 group, CT-1 had been done within 2 h after trauma in 30 patients and 8 (8/30; 26.7%) showed RW and; after 2 h in the remaining 184 (184/214) with RW seen in 23 (23/184; 12.5%). RW was more common when the CT-1 was within 2 h from trauma (P < 0.05). In our study, the age of the patient and admission Glasgow Coma Scores did not significantly affect the findings in repeat CT. Conclusion: Repeating CT brain is costly besides needing significant logistical support to shift an injured and often unstable patient. SCT-2 is more likely to show RW when CT-1 is done within 2 h after trauma. UCT-2 is more likely to show RW and findings warranting surgery as compared to SCT-2. Hence, a repeat CT may be preferred only in the presence of clinical worsening and when CT-1 is done within 2 h after trauma.
Proyecto, conservación, innovación
Authors: Torsello B. Paolo
Published: April 2016

Torsello es uno de los más calificados representantes del panorama actual de la restauración arquitectónica en Italia. En el artículo que sigue expone de manera muy persuasiva las contradicciones inherentes a las interpretaciones proyectivas sobre el patrimonio que aspiran a convertirse en definitivas. Frente a la expresión “conocer para conservar” propone adjuntar la de “conservar para conocer”, abogando por técnicas como la estratigrafía muraria como vía de conocimiento.
Tapias y tapiales
Authors: López Martínez Francisco Javier
Published: April 2016

El conocimiento de las técnicas constructivas históricas es necesario para entender los edificios, lo cual supone uno de los puntos de partida para la restauración de aquéllos. Aunque les llamemos "técnicas históricas" -dice el autor- no dejan de ser  al fin y al cabo, por tanto, su estudio puede proporcionarnos una lección útil no sólo para restaurar, sino también para construir en general. En el artículo que presentamos**, Francisco Javier López Martínez, apoyado en una rica experiencia, explica de una manera muy didáctica los conceptos de tapia y tapial describiendo sus elementos característicos.