bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In Spaces of Marginalization: Dispossession, Incorporation, and Resistance in Bolivia
Authors: Kaup Brent Z.
Published: September 2015

Recent scholarship conceptualizing primitive accumulation as an ongoing process in global capitalism has noted the difficulties faced in bringing struggles against exploitation and dispossession together. While some scholars suggest that an 'organic link" exists between these conflicts. they have yet to clearly specify the conditions and mechanisms through which such a link can form. Examining cases in Bolivia at the turn of the twenty-first century. I argue that struggles against exploitation and dispossession do not merely converge when facing a common oppressor. but also as the changing forms and geographies of exploitation and dispossession bring people together in more proximate locations. I illustrate that the changing means through which Bolivia was incorporated into the global economy enhanced levels of marginalization and subsequently resulted in patterns of migration that led to a convergence of peasant and proletarian struggles. As both segments of Bolivian society were excluded from the country's major economic sectors. they migrated to the places where they thought they could best satisfy their livelihood needs. But as people continually struggled to meet these needs, these places became spaces of marginalization, and eventually, spaces of resistance.
Janet Abu-Lughod and the World System: The History of World System Development and the Development of World System History
Authors: Gills Barry K. , Sassen Saskia , Wallerstein Immanuel
Published: September 2015

see text
Confronting Postcolonial Theory: A Response to Critics
Authors: Chibber Vivek
Published: September 2015

Review Symposium Commentary
Global Production Networks and International Inequality: Making a Case for a Meso-Level Turn in Macro-Comparative Sociology
Authors: Mahutga Mathew C.
Published: September 2015

In this article, I extend recent macro-comparative empirical research on the developmental implications of global production networks. I draw from theories of commodity/value chains, global production networks and economic sociology to identify three contending theoretical perspectives for exactly how the developmental returns to network participants should be distributed-cooperation, exploitation and differential gains-and derive testable hypotheses for each. Adding to recent empirical advances for measuring the average network position of firms at the country level, I evaluate these hypotheses by way of dynamic panel regression models of hourly wage rates in the garment and transportation equipment industries. The results suggest that macro-sociological theories linking underdevelopment to the structure of the world-economy, as well as theories of the distribution of the gains from network participation, miss important variation at the industry level. Cooperation provides a poor account of the distribution of the gains from network participation. Instead, both industries appear to distribute the gains from network participation differentially across network participants. However, the extent of this inequality increases, and the garment industry transitions to exploitation, when global production networks become entrenched organizational logics. Variation in the distribution of the returns to network participation is explicable only by accounting for production-network governance as it varies across industries and over time. I conclude by highlighting the analytical utility to macro-comparative sociology of a turn toward the mesa-level of global industries.
Spaces, Trajectories, Maps: Towards a World-Systems Biography of Immanuel Wallerstein
Authors: Derluguian Georgi
Published: September 2015

World-systems analysis, although itself a macrohistorical perspective, eminently allows for writing individual biographies because these are structurally conditioned and historically contingent trajectories developing in specific time and space. The biographical genre seems particularly useful in intellectual popularization and in exploring how macro-level concepts behave in observed empirical situations. This article offers and demonstrates specific recommendations and methodological warnings in application to the personal trajectory of Immanuel Wallerstein, the founder of world-systems analysis as an intellectual movement.
Austerity and Anti-Systemic Protest: Bringing Hardships Back In
Authors: Shefner Jon , Rowland Aaron , Pasdirtz George
Published: September 2015

This article explores the relationship between hardships and protest in the world-system. Despite the history of discussion of anti-systemic protest, there has been little work that differentiates world-systems contributions to social movement research from others who examine social movements. We contribute to a theory of anti-systemic protest by re-introducing hardships as a crucial element that defines inequalities in the world-system; one consistent source of those hardships are austerity policies imposed in response to debt negotiations. In addition to our path analyses which demonstrate the clear link of hardships and protest, our case studies provide further historical analysis on when globalization, political openings, and long-term hardships also help explain the occasion of protest.
Five Points on Sociology, PEWS and Climate Change
Authors: Jorgenson Andrew K.
Published: September 2015

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Neoliberal Forms of Capital and The Rise of Social Movement Partyism in Central America
Authors: Almeida Paul
Published: September 2015

Historical shifts in global economic formations shape the strategies of resistance movements in the global South. Neoliberal forms of economic development over the past thirty years in Central America have weakened traditional actors sponsoring popular mobilization such as labor unions and rural cooperatives. At the same time, the free market reforms produced new threats to economic livelihood and well-being throughout the region. The neoliberal measures that have generated the greatest levels of mass discontent include rising prices, privatization, labor flexibility laws, mining projects, and free trade. This article analyzes the role of emerging anti-neoliberal political parties in alliance with popular movements in Central America. Countries with already existing strong anti-systemic parties in the initial phases of the global turn to neoliberalism in the late twentieth century resulted in more efficacious manifestations of social movement partyism in the twenty-first century resisting free market globalization.
Contesting Corporate Transgenic Crops in a Semi Peripheral Context: The Case of the Anti-GM movement in India
Authors: Roy Devparna
Published: September 2015

Market penetration by the hegemonic core state's agricultural biotechnology firms has been preceded and accompanied by a vigorous anti-genetically modified seeds (anti-GM) movement in semi-peripheral India. To understand the extent of anti-imperialism and anti-capitalism exhibited by the Indian state, it is useful to investigate the character of democratizing forces-such as the anti-GM movement-which interact with and shape the state. I use primary and secondary data sources to analyze the anti-GM movement in India and argue that the movement is anti-corporate without being anti-capitalist. Further, it is counter-hegemonic but not anti-systemic. These four traits reflect the strengths and weaknesses of exemplary coalition-building between right-wing nationalists, centrists, and left activists. The Indian anti-GM movement suffered an early failure when the Indian state commercialized Bt cotton seeds in 2002, following the entry of unauthorized Bt cotton seeds and lobbying by farmers' groups for legalization of Bt cotton seeds. However, an effective coalition between the right-wing, centrist, and left elements was built by about 2006. This was followed by a most significant victory for the anti-GM movement in February 2010, when the Indian state placed an indefinite moratorium on the commercialization of Bt brinjal seeds. A second, more qualified, victory was achieved by the anti-GM movement when the Indian state placed a hold on field trials of GM crops in July 2014. The anti-GM coalition has been successful in pressing ideologically different political parties to take steps against the multinational seed firms based in core states. Further, it has enabled the Indian state to move from a sub-imperialist to an anti-imperialist role regarding GM seeds. But until the anti-GM coalition in India resolves its inner contradictions and becomes resolutely anti-capitalist and anti-systemic, it will not be able to effectively challenge the anti-imperialist Indian state's pro-capitalist stance regarding GM seeds and industrial agriculture.
Post-Colonial Africa and the World Economy: The Long Waves of Uneven Development
Authors: Makki Fouad
Published: September 2015

The aim of this article is to examine the interactive dynamics of "Africa" and the "world economy" over the past half century. By relating the overarching developmental trajectory of the continent to the long-wave rhythms of the world economy, the article identifies three relatively articulated periods in the political economy of postcolonial Africa. The first, from circa 1960 to the late 1970s, was a period of state-led developmentalism enabled by the long postwar boom in the world economy and the embedded liberalism of the Bretton Woods system. A second period from circa 1980 to the turn of the new century was conditioned by the long downturn in the world-economy and a neo-li beral regime of accumulation that sought to re-structure and re-integrate Africa into a deregulated world market. The turn of the new millennium constitutes a new period in which neither the deep structural springs of the long downturn nor the neo-liberal project as such have been overcome; but their impact on Africa has been relativized by the emergence of East Asia as the new center of accumulation in the world economy. The resulting de-synchronization of the long-wave rhythms of the world economy has permitted a modest economic expansion in Africa within a largely extractive regime of accumulation and a wave of new enclosures that are profoundly reconstituting the social universe of Africa's primary producers.
Aristocratic Rebellion: Ruben Darío and the Creation of Artistic Freedom in the World-System
Authors: Ortiz Roberto José
Published: September 2015

The late 19th struggle for artistic freedom in the capitalist world-system put the artist in a contradictory position. This contradiction is particularly relevant for writers of the periphery. Freedom or autonomy to pursue purely intellectual projects required a certain aristocratic defense of the value of art. At the same time, however, artists and intellectuals did confront structural subordination: they belonged, as Pierre Bourdieu explained, to the dominated fractions of the dominant class, subordinated both to the state and the bourgeoisie. The life of Nicaraguan Ruben Darío (1867–1916), probably the most well-known poet in Latin American history, provides a paradigmatic instance of this dilemma. Moreover, it sheds light into a dilemma particular to the peripheral intellectual. Peripheral writers, in the 19th century and still today, are subject to world-systemic hierarchies, even cultural ones. This double subordination is clear in the case of Ruben Darío. He was in a subordinated position not only vis-à-vis the national state and the bourgeoisie. Darío was also in a subordinated position, even if symbolic, in relation to those same intellectuals that Bourdieu celebrated as creators of the autonomy of culture in France. One can account for this complex of hierarchies only through a 'world-systems biography' approach. World-systems biographies clearly examine the dialectic of personal, national and global levels of social life. Moreover, it can uncover the core-periphery dialectic in the realm of artistic production. Thus, this world-systems biography approach is shown to be a useful framework through a brief analysis of Darío's life and work.
Guangxiao Temple (Guangzhou) and its Multi Roles in the Development of Asia-Pacific Buddhism
Authors: Li Xican
Published: September 2015

Guangxiao Temple is located in Guangzhou (a coastal city in Southern China), and has a long history. The present study conducted an onsite investigation of Guangxiao’s precious Buddhist relics, and combined this with a textual analysis of Annals of Guangxiao Temple, to discuss its history and multi-roles in Asia-Pacific Buddhism. It is argued that Guangxiao’s 1,700-year history can be seen as a microcosm of Chinese Buddhist history. As the special geographical position, Guangxiao Temple often acted as a stopover point for Asian missionary monks in the past. It also played a central role in propagating various elements of Buddhism, including precepts school, Chan (Zen), esoteric (Shingon) Buddhism, and Pure Land. Particulary, Huineng, the sixth Chinese patriarch of Chan Buddhism, made his first public Chan lecture and was tonsured in Guangxiao Temple; Esoteric Buddhist master Amoghavajra’s first teaching of esoteric Buddhism is thought to have been in Guangxiao Temple. It was also a translation center in Southern China, where Buddhist scriptures were translated by Yijing and the Shurangama-sūtra was translated by Paramitiin ­– these texts served to promote the establishment of Mahāyāna Buddhism as the mainstream philosophy of Chinese (even Asia-Pacific) Buddhism. With the development of globalization, Guangxiao Temple is now exerting even more positive effects on the propagation of Buddhism via international communications and Buddhist tourism. Our onsite investigation also identificated the words in the mantra pillar (826 B.C). This significant finding suggests the popularity of esoteric Buddhism in Sourthern China, and will be helpful for Buddhist study in the future.
Effective Dose Radon 222 of the Tap Water in Children and Adults People; Minab City, Iran
Authors: Fakhri Yadolah , Kargosha Morteza , Langarizadeh Ghazaleh , Zandsalimi Yahya , Rasouli Amirhajeloo Leila , Moradi Mahboobeh , Moradi Bigard , Mirzaei Maryam
Published: September 2015

222Rn is a radioactive, odorless, and colorless element which has a half-life of 3.83 days. One of 222Rn main resources are Groundwater (wells, springs, etc.). Hence, the use of groundwater with high concentration of 222Rn can increase the risk of lung and stomach cancers. Concentration of 222Rn in tap water of Minab city in two temperatures 5 and 15 ºC was measured by radon meter model RTM1668-2. The effective dose was calculated by equations proposed by UNSCEAR. Geometric mean concentration of 222Rn in drinking water was found to be 0.78±0.06 and 0.46±0.04 Bq/l at 5 and 15  ̊C (p value<0.05), respectively. The effective doses were 0.006 and 0.003 mSv/y for adults, and 0.011 and 0.007 mSv/y for the children, respectively (p value<0.05). Besides, the effective dose for adult through inhaling 222Rn at 5 and 15  ̊C were estimated 0.0021 and 0.0012mSv/y, respectively. Geometric mean concentration in 222Rn drinking water and effective dose received from drinking water and inhalation of 222Rn is lower than WHO and EPA standard limits. Increasing temperature of drinking water will decrease the effective dose received. Annual Effective dose received from inhalation and consumption of 222Rn in drinking water in children is more than adults.
Psychometric Testing of the Greek Version of the Clinical Learning Environment-Teacher (CLES+T)
Authors: Papastavrou Evridiki , Dimitriadou Maria , Tsangari Haritini
Published: September 2015

Clinical practice is an important part of nursing education, and robust instruments are required to evaluate the effectiveness of the hospital setting as a learning environment. The study aim is the psychometric test of the Clinical Learning Environment+Teacher (CLES+T) scale-Greek version. 463 students practicing in acute care hospitals participated in the study. The reliability of the instrument was estimated with Cronbach’s alpha coefficients. The construct validity was evaluated using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with Varimax rotation. Convergent validity was examined by measuring the bivariate correlations between the scale/subscales. Content, validity and semantic equivalence were examined through reviews by a panel of experts. The total scale showed high internal consistency (α=0.95). EFA was identical to the original scale, had eigen values larger than one and explained a total of 67.4% of the variance. The factor with the highest eigen value and the largest percentage of variance explained was “supervisory relationship”, with an original eigenvalue of 13.1 (6.8 after Varimax rotation) and an explanation of around 38% of the variance (or 20% after rotation). Convergent validity was examined by measuring the bivariate correlations between the scale and a question that measured the general satisfaction. The Greek version of the CLES+T is a valid and reliable instrument that can be used to examine students’ perceptions of the clinical learning environment.
Factors Associated With Marital Satisfaction in Infertile Couple: A Comprehensive Literature Review
Authors: Samadaee Gelehkolaee Keshvar , Mccarthy Barry W , Khalilian Alireza , Hamzehgardeshi Zeinab , Peyvandi Sepideh , Elyasi Forouza , Shahidi Maryam
Published: September 2015

BACKGROUND: Many factors impact on marital satisfaction. Related factors include demographic factors, assisted reproductive techniques, psychological health, quality of life, psychological, socioeconomic and family support, and sexual function.

METHODS: This study is a literature review of research studies conducted on factors associated with marital satisfaction in infertile couples. The current literature review search was undertaken using multiple databases selected from articles pertinent to the study. The selection of subjects was undertaken from1990 through 2015. The methodological quality was analyzed based on a checklist adopted from a systematic review. Quality assessment of full text studies was finally carried out by two reviewers.

RESULTS: The initial search yielded a list of 445 papers, and then reviewers studied titles and abstracts. Thereafter, 69 papers were incorporated, and researchers reviewed summaries of all of the searched articles. Finally, the researchers utilized the data gained from 64 full articles so as to compile this review paper. Reviewing the studies conducted on marital satisfaction, they classified related findings into 6 categories: demographic factors, using fertility assisting methods, psychological health, life quality, economic, social, and family support, and sexual function.

CONCLUSION: The results of this review article depicted that various factors play role in creating marriage life satisfaction in an infertile couple, so that paying attention to them can play an important role in continuing their treatment. Thus, to identify such factors is considered essential in their treatment protocol highly based on culture. Of the drawbacks of this research is that it has tried at best to employ the studies belonging to diverse countries with different cultures. Also, the number of the papers was considerably limited.
Alianças nacionais e internacionais e capacidades relacionais de gestão: o caso da Angelus produtos odontológicos
Authors: Rossetto Maria Helena , Segatto Andréa Paula
Published: September 2015

O objetivo deste estudo é identificar como se diferem as capacidades relacionais na gestão de alianças internacionais em empresas brasileiras do setor farmacêutico. Para tanto, busca-se conhecer o processo de internacionalização de uma empresa representativa do setor, a fim de identificar a consolidação de alianças estratégicas; analisar as parcerias estratégicas constituídas por ela para atuação no mercado interno e no mercado externo, em termos de suas características principais e de gestão; e identificar as capacidades relacionais de gestão desenvolvidas (tecnológicas, humanas, baseadas em sistemas de gestão e culturais), por meio de rotinas específicas (coordenação, aprendizagem, proatividade e transformação). A pesquisa classifica-se como qualitativa, com estudo de caso único, sendo caracterizada como pesquisa de campo, documental, ex post facto. Como resultado, observou-se a supremacia dos contratos formais, assim como das rotinas de coordenação e de transformação, indicando algumas particularidades das alianças nacionais em relação às internacionais. O trabalho inicia-se com uma breve contextualização do ambiente e do setor escolhido para o estudo, seguido do levantamento teórico em que se abordam as Alianças Estratégicas e a Gestão das. Em seguida, apresentam-se os dados levantados no estudo e, por fim, as Considerações Finais, onde se apresenta a análise completa.
Características e competências empreendedoras de gestores das agências e operadoras de turismo em Caruaru-PE
Authors: Vieira Maria das Graças , Sousa Jessica Rani Ferreira de , Costa Marconi Freitas da , Almeida Fernanda Matos de Moura
Published: September 2015

Vários estudos tentaram identificar as principais características e competências dos empreendedores de sucesso. Não há, contudo, conformidade na identificação de um perfil exato que defina o empreendedor. No que se refere à fase de identificação e avaliação de oportunidades do processo de empreender, nota-se o turismo como oportunidade de mercado em evidência. As definições mais atuais sobre empreendedorismo ressaltam o conceito de inovação. Além disso, o processo de empreender envolve a análise e o reconhecimento de oportunidades. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi de identificar as características e competências empreendedoras dos gestores das agências e operadoras de turismo no município de Caruaru. A pesquisa é qualitativa de caráter exploratório-descritivo, que constrói uma relação entre turismo e empreendedorismo. O artigo abordou o Processo de Destruição Criativa descrito por Shumpeter e a natureza do empreendedorismo, os conceitos a ele associados e algumas de suas respectivas definições, além da relação entre empreendedorismo e desenvolvimento econômico, bem como aos entraves ainda encontrados para a iniciativa empreendedora no Brasil. Foi utilizado a análise de discurso e de conteúdo para o tratamento dos dados, tentando enquadrar os gestores em perfil empreendedor baseado na definição da necessidade de realização proposta por McClelland. Também foram utilizadas várias dimensões de diferenciação entre gestão e empreendedorismo com a finalidade de apontar as características e competências empreendedoras presentes nos gestores entrevistados. Concluímos que o turismo é uma das áreas ainda pouco exploradas que podem oferecer alto nível de escalabilidade. Além disso, gestores que se interessem pela área e enquadram-se no perfil empreendedor aqui analisado provavelmente terão recompensas imateriais capazes de garantir alto nível de motivação e satisfação no trabalho.
Diagnóstico das pesquisas sobre transparência de informações do setor público brasileiro
Authors: Pinto Francisco Chaves , Silveira Denis Silva da , Cavalcanti André Marques
Published: September 2015

Apesar das evoluções ocorridas nas últimas décadas referentes às pesquisas qualitativas nas ciências sociais aplicadas, seus modelos e métodos ainda estão em corrente processo de evolução. Nas pesquisas da área pública não é diferente. O desenvolvimento de pesquisas qualitativas tem tomado amplo espaço, principalmente quando se trata de assuntos voltados a transparência pública. Este artigo tem como objetivo desenvolver um diagnóstico sobre as pesquisa relacionadas à transparência no âmbito da administração pública. Correlacionando os mesmos com os princípios da metodologia qualitativa, seus vieses, paradigmas, tradições metodológicas, método de coleta, análise de dados e validação das pesquisas, visando assim, classificar as técnicas mais utilizadas da metodologia qualitativa. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que a maior parte dos artigos analisados possui o estudo de caso como tradição metodológica característica, o construtivismo como paradigma predominante, a união de duas ou três técnicas de coleta e validação, e uma única técnica qualitativa de análise de dados. Por fim, influi na visão crítica da possibilidade da utilização de outras técnicas para desenvolvimento de trabalhos correlatos.
Diálogo interparadigmático e competências comunicativas: o uso de metáforas e os novos paradigmas da gestão
Authors: Oliveira Elaine Ribeiro de , Furlani Rosa Maria , Serralvo Francisco Antônio
Published: September 2015

O texto contempla uma reflexão sobre as metáforas da comunicação na gestão e os paradigmas existentes no interior das organizações e atuantes no atual cenário competitivo. Vários autores da teoria organizacional e da teoria crítica aplicada aos estudos organizacionais estabelecem contrapontos entre ambas as correntes. Neste prisma objetiva-se entender os principais entraves da linguagem ente os atores e analisar mudanças que viabilizem um canal de comunicação interativo entre os indivíduos. Um ponto que destaca-se no texto é o da metáfora da voz, pois permite perceber ações imediatas das práticas comunicativas e oportunas por intermédio do diálogo com os funcionários e os gerentes, além de possibilitar abertura para negociações e conversações. É possível observar nas organizações tradicionais que funcionários que atuam nos níveis operacionais têm pouco acesso à comunicação, ou quase nenhum acesso à voz para reivindicarem algo e até mesmo permissão à própria comunicação. Conclui-se o trabalho com uma breve comparação entre propostas de gestão e destaca-se a necessidade da humanização do sujeito, como ator principal das articulações das transações realizadas interna e externamente na organização em um processo decisório. A metodologia utilizada na elaboração deste ensaio foi uma análise documental, baseada na revisão literária de autores considerados relevantes meio acadêmico.
MHD simulations using average solar wind conditions for substorms observed under northward IMF conditions
Authors: Park K. S. , Lee D.‐Y. , Ogino T. , Lee D. H.
Published: September 2015

Substorms are known to sometimes occur even under northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions. In this paper, we perform three‐dimensional global magnetohydrodynamic simulations to examine dayside reconnection, tail, and ionospheric signatures for two cases of substorm observations under prolonged northward and dawnward IMF conditions: (1) a strongly northward/dawnward IMF case with BIMF = (0, −20, 20) nT; (2) a weakly northward/dawnward IMF case with BIMF = (0, −2, 2) nT. Throughout the simulations, we used the constant solar wind conditions to reflect the prolonged solar wind conditions around the substorm times. We found that, in both cases, the tail reconnection occurred after the usual high‐latitude reconnection on the dayside, providing a possible energy source for later triggered substorm observations under northward IMF conditions. The presence of an equal amount of IMF By allows the high‐latitude reconnected magnetic field lines to transport to the tail lobe, eventually leading to the tail reconnection. The simulation results also revealed the following major differences between the two cases: First, the reconnection onset (both on dayside and in the tail) occurs earlier in the strongly northward IMF case than in the weakly northward IMF case. Second, the polar cap size, which is finite in both cases despite the northward IMF conditions and thus supports the lobe energy buildup needed for the substorm occurrences, is larger in the strongly northward IMF case. Accordingly, the polar cap potential is far larger in the strongly northward IMF case (hundreds of kilovolt) than in the weakly northward IMF case (tens of kilovolt). Third, in the strongly northward IMF case, the strong earthward tail plasma flow appears to be caused by the enhanced convection (so enhanced duskward Ey) due to the tail reconnection. In contrast, in the weakly northward IMF case, the earthward tail plasma flow increases gradually in association with a modestly increased duskward electric field. In addition, the inner plasma pressure and the cross tail current near the reconnection site increase significantly in the strongly northward IMF case but less significantly in the weakly northward IMF case after the onset of the tail reconnection. In conclusion, the simulation results support observations of the substorms under northward IMF conditions in the presence of an equal amount of IMF By by demonstrating the energy input via dayside reconnection and the subsequent occurrence of the tail reconnection.
Relativistic electron response to the combined magnetospheric impact of a coronal mass ejection overlapping with a high‐speed stream: Van Allen Probes observations
Authors: Kanekal S. G. , Baker D. N. , Henderson M. G. , Li W. , Fennell J. F. , Zheng Y. , Richardson I. G. , Jones A. , Ali A. F. , Elkington S. R. , Jaynes A. , Li X. , Blake J. B. , Reeves G. D. , Spence H. E. , Kletzing C. A.
Published: September 2015

During early November 2013, the magnetosphere experienced concurrent driving by a coronal mass ejection (CME) during an ongoing high‐speed stream (HSS) event. The relativistic electron response to these two kinds of drivers, i.e., HSS and CME, is typically different, with the former often leading to a slower buildup of electrons at larger radial distances, while the latter energizing electrons rapidly with flux enhancements occurring closer to the Earth. We present a detailed analysis of the relativistic electron response including radial profiles of phase space density as observed by both Magnetic Electron and Ion Sensor (MagEIS) and Relativistic Electron Proton Telescope instruments on the Van Allen Probes mission. Data from the MagEIS instrument establish the behavior of lower energy (<1 MeV) electrons which span both intermediary and seed populations during electron energization. Measurements characterizing the plasma waves and magnetospheric electric and magnetic fields during this period are obtained by the Electric and Magnetic Field Instrument Suite and Integrated Science instrument on board Van Allen Probes, Search Coil Magnetometer and Flux Gate Magnetometer instruments on board Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms, and the low‐altitude Polar‐orbiting Operational Environmental Satellites. These observations suggest that during this time period, both radial transport and local in situ processes are involved in the energization of electrons. The energization attributable to radial diffusion is most clearly evident for the lower energy (<1 MeV) electrons, while the effects of in situ energization by interaction of chorus waves are prominent in the higher‐energy electrons.
Blending of satellite and tide gauge sea level observations and its assimilation in a storm surge model of the North Sea and Baltic Sea
Authors: Madsen Kristine S. , Høyer Jacob L. , Fu Weiwei , Donlon Craig
Published: September 2015

Coastal storm surge forecasts are typically derived from dedicated hydrodynamic model systems, relying on Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) inputs. Uncertainty in the NWP wind field affects both the preconditioning and the forecast of sea level. Traditionally, tide gauge data have been used to limit preconditioning errors, providing point information. Here we utilize coastal satellite altimetry sea level observations. Careful processing techniques allow data to be retrieved up to 3 km from the coast, combining 1 Hz and 20 Hz data. The use of satellite altimetry directly is limited to times when the satellite passes over the area of interest. Instead, we use a stationary blending method developed by Madsen et al. (2007) to relate the coastal satellite altimetry with corresponding tide gauge measurements, allowing generation of sea level maps whenever tide gauge data are available. We apply the method in the North Sea and Baltic Sea, including the coastal zone, and test it for operational nowcasting and hindcasting of the sea level. The feasibility to assimilate the blended product into a hydrodynamic model is assessed, using the ensemble optimal interpolation method. A 2 year test simulation shows decreased sea level root mean square error of 7–43% and improved correlation by 1–23% in all modeled areas, when validated against independent tide gauges, indicating the feasibility to limit preconditioning errors for storm surge forecasting, using a relatively cost effective assimilation scheme.
Dynamics of sediment storage and release on aeolian dune slip faces: A field study in Jericoacoara, Brazil
Authors: Pelletier Jon D. , Sherman Douglas J. , Ellis Jean T. , Farrell Eugene J. , Jackson Nancy L. , Li Bailiang , Nordstrom Karl F. , Maia Luis Parente , Omidyeganeh Mohammad
Published: September 2015

Sediment transport on the lee sides of aeolian dunes involves a combination of grain‐fall deposition on the upper portion of the slip face until a critical angle is exceeded, transport of a portion of those sediments down the slip face by grain flows and, finally, deposition at an angle of repose. We measured the mean critical and repose angles and the rate of slip‐face avalanching using terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) on two barchans of different size in Jericoacoara, Brazil. Wind speeds and sand fluxes were measured simultaneously at the dune crests. We found that the mean critical angle decreased with increasing wind speed. We attribute this effect to turbulent shear stresses, the magnitude of which we quantified using 3‐D large eddy simulation modeling, that randomly act down the slip face (i.e., in the direction of gravity) to trigger grain flows at lower angles than would be possible with gravity stresses alone. We developed and tested a new predictive model for the frequency of avalanching that depends on both the sediment flux delivered to the slip face and changes in the critical angle with time. In this model, increasing turbulent shear stresses drive avalanching even in the absence of sand flux delivered to the slip face if the critical angle decreases below the slope angle. We also document that the mean critical angle decreases slightly with increasing slip‐face height. These results have important implications for aeolian dune evolution, interpretations of aeolian stratigraphy, and granular mechanics.
Hydraulics are a first‐order control on CO2 efflux from fluvial systems
Authors: Long Hazel , Vihermaa Leena , Waldron Susan , Hoey Trevor , Quemin Simon , Newton Jason
Published: September 2015

Evasion of carbon dioxide (CO2) from fluvial systems is now recognized as a significant component of the global carbon cycle. However, the magnitude of, and controls on, this flux remains uncertain, and improved understanding of both is required to refine global estimates of fluvial CO2 efflux. CO2 efflux data show no pattern with latitude suggesting that catchment biological productivity is not a primary control and that an alternative explanation for intersite variability is required. It has been suggested that increased flow velocity and turbulence enhance CO2 efflux, but this is not confirmed. Here using contemporaneous measurements of efflux (range: 0.07–107 µmol CO2 m−2 s−1), flow hydraulics (mean velocity range: 0.03–1.39 m s−1), and pCO2 (range: 174–10712 µatm) at six sites, we find that flow intensity is a primary control on efflux across two climatically different locations (where pH is not a limiting factor) and that the relationship is refined by incorporating the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) of the water. A remaining challenge is how to upscale from point to reach or river basin level. Remote imaging or river surface may be worth exploring if subjectivity in interpreting surface state can be overcome.
Computational Design and Automotive Material Gestalt: Cross‐disciplinary Design Research by the Mercedes‐Benz Center of Advanced Design and the Institute for Computational Design (ICD), University of Stuttgart
Authors: Baudy Bastian , Koehl Steffen , Menges Achim , Reichert Steffen
Published: September 2015

Architecture and automotive design have developed as creative domains that are similar yet at the same time profoundly different ‐ a condition from which a long lineage of mutual stimulation has originated. Through one of their collaborative projects, Bastian Baudy and Steffen Koehl, designer and Director, respectively, of the Mercedes‐Benz Center of Advanced Design, Guest‐Editor Achim Menges and Steffen Reichert, research associate at the Institute for Computational Design (ICD) at the University of Stuttgart, explain how material‐oriented, evolutionary computation could bring a new perspective to automotive design.
Polymer Surface Interacts with Calcium in Aqueous Media to Induce Stem Cell Assembly
Authors: Hung Kun‐Che , Hsu Shan‐hui
Published: September 2015

Bioinspired surface with functional group rearrangement abilities are highly desirable for designing functional materials. Calcium ion (Ca2+) is a pivotal life element and the ion transport is tightly regulated through calcium channels. It is demonstrated here that Ca2+can be transported by polymer surface to induce cell assembly. A series of polyurethane materials is synthesized with different abilities to rearrange the surface functional groups in response to aqueous environment. It is observed that surface recruitment of carboxyl and amino groups from the bulk material can interact with Ca2+and facilitate its translocation from aqueous media into cells. The surface rearrangement of functional group triggers the calcium trafficking and turns on signals involving cell merging and assembly. This observation provides an insight on adjusting material‐calcium interaction to design nature‐inspired smart interfaces to induce cell organization and tissue regeneration.
Tuning of Collagen Scaffold Properties Modulates Embedded Endothelial Cell Regulatory Phenotype in Repair of Vascular Injuries In Vivo
Authors: Unterman Shimon , Freiman Alina , Beckerman Margarita , Abraham Eytan , Stanley James R. L. , Levy Ela , Artzi Natalie , Edelman Elazer
Published: September 2015

Perivascularly implanted matrix embedded endothelial cells (MEECs) are potent regulators of inflammation and intimal hyperplasia following vascular injuries. Endothelial cells (ECs) in collagen scaffolds adopt a reparative phenotype with significant therapeutic potential. Although the biology of MEECs is increasingly understood, tuning of scaffold properties to control cell–substrate interactions is less well‐studied. It is hypothesized that modulating scaffold degradation would change EC phenotype. Scaffolds with differential degradation are prepared by cross‐linking and predegradation. Vascular injury increases degradation and the presence of MEECs retards injury‐mediated degradation. MEECs respond to differential scaffold properties with altered viability in vivo, suppressed smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation in vitro, and altered interleukin‐6 and matrix metalloproteinase‐9 expression. When implanted perivascularly to a murine carotid wire injury, tuned scaffolds change MEEC effects on vascular repair and inflammation. Live animal imaging enables real‐time tracking of cell viability, inflammation, and scaffold degradation, affording an unprecedented understanding of interactions between cells, substrate, and tissue. MEEC‐treated injuries improve endothelialization and reduce SMC hyperplasia over 14 d. These data demonstrate the potent role material design plays in tuning MEEC efficacy in vivo, with implications for the design of clinical therapies.
Ultrasmall Co3O4 Nanocrystals Strongly Enhance Solar Water Splitting on Mesoporous Hematite
Authors: Feckl Johann M. , Dunn Halina K. , Zehetmaier Peter M. , Müller Alexander , Pendlebury Stephanie R. , Zeller Patrick , Fominykh Ksenia , Kondofersky Ilina , Döblinger Markus , Durrant James R. , Scheu Christina , Peter Laurence , Fattakhova‐Rohlfing Dina , Bein Thomas
Published: September 2015

The synthesis of crystalline, nonagglomerated, and perfectly dispersible Co3O4 nanoparticles with an average size of 3–7 nm using a solvothermal reaction in tert‐butanol is reported. The very small size and high dispersibility of the Co3O4 nanoparticles allow for their homogeneous deposition on mesoporous hematite layers serving as the photoactive absorber in the light‐driven water splitting reaction. This surface treatment leads to a striking photocurrent increase. While the enhancement of hematite photoanode performance by cobalt oxides is known, the preformation and subsequent application of well‐defined cobalt oxide nanoparticles are novel and allow for the treatment of arbitrarily complex hematite morphologies. Photoelectrochemical and transient absorption spectroscopy studies show that this enhanced performance is due to the suppression of surface electron–hole recombination on time scales of milliseconds to seconds.
POEMS syndrome: Update on diagnosis, risk‐stratification, and management
Authors: Dispenzieri Angela
Published: September 2015

Disease overview: POEMS syndrome is a paraneoplastic syndrome due to an underlying plasma cell neoplasm. The major criteria for the syndrome are polyradiculoneuropathy, clonal plasma cell disorder (PCD), sclerotic bone lesions, elevated vascular endothelial growth factor, and the presence of Castleman disease. Minor features include organomegaly, endocrinopathy, characteristic skin changes, papilledema, extravascular volume overload, and thrombocytosis. Diagnoses are often delayed because the syndrome is rare and can be mistaken for other neurologic disorders, most commonly chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. POEMS syndrome should be distinguished from the Castleman disease variant of POEMS syndrome, which has no clonal PCD and typically little to no peripheral neuropathy but has several of the minor diagnostic criteria for POEMS syndrome.

Diagnosis: The diagnosis of POEMS syndrome is made with three of the major criteria, two of which must include polyradiculoneuropathy and clonal plasma cell disorder, and at least one of the minor criteria.

Risk stratification: Because the pathogenesis of the syndrome is not well understood, risk stratification is limited to clinical phenotype rather than specific molecular markers. The number of clinical criteria is not prognostic, but the extent of the plasma cell disorder is. Those patients with an iliac crest bone marrow biopsy that does not reveal a plasma cell clone are candidates for local radiation therapy; those with a more extensive or disseminated clone will be candidates for systemic therapy.

Risk‐adapted therapy: For those patients with a dominant sclerotic plasmacytoma, first line therapy is irradiation. Patients with diffuse sclerotic lesions or disseminated bone marrow involvement and for those who have progression of their disease 3–6 months after completing radiation therapy should receive systemic therapy. Corticosteroids are temporizing, but alkylators are the mainstay of treatment, either in the form of low dose conventional therapy or high dose with stem cell transplantation. Lenalidomide shows promise with manageable toxicity. Thalidomide and bortezomib also have activity, but their benefit needs to be weighed against their risk of exacerbating the peripheral neuropathy. The benefit of anti‐VEGF antibodies is conflicting. Prompt recognition and institution of both supportive care measures and therapy directed against the plasma cell result in the best outcomes. Am. J. Hematol. 90:951–962, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bendamustine, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone (BRD) is highly effective with durable responses in relapsed multiple myeloma
Authors: Kumar Shaji K , Krishnan Amrita , LaPlant Betsy , Laumann Kristina , Roy Vivek , Zimmerman Todd , Gertz Morie A , Buadi Francis K , Stockerl Goldstein Keith , Birgin Ann , Fiala Mark , Duarte Lupe , Maharaj Michelle , Levy Joan , Vij Ravi
Published: September 2015

Bendamustine is a multifunctional alkylating agent with single agent activity in myeloma. We designed the current phase 1/2 trial to determine the maximum tolerated doses (MTD) of bendamustine that can be safely combined with lenalidomide and dexamethasone and to assess the safety and efficacy of the combination. Patients with relapsed MM following at least 1 prior therapy, but no more than four lines of prior therapy and with measurable disease were enrolled. Bendamustine 75 mg/m2 given on days 1 and 2, lenalidomide 25 mg given days 1–21 and dexamethasone 40 mg on days 1, 8, 15, and 22, was the recommended Phase 2 dose. Seventy‐one patients were accrued: 21 on Phase 1 and 50 on Phase 2. The median age was 62.3 years; patients had a median of three prior lines of therapy (range 1–4), with over 70% of the patients having received prior lenalidomide, bortezomib, and/or peripheral blood stem cell transplant. Thirty‐four of 70 (49%) patients had a confirmed partial response or better, including 20 patients (29%) with a very good partial response or better. An additional 4 patients had a minor response, translating to an overall 55% clinical benefit rate. Grade 3 or higher toxicity was seen in 96% of patients, with ≥grade 3 hematologic in 94% and nonhematologic in 50%. The median progression free survival was 11.8 months and the median duration of response was 23 months. The combination of bendamustine, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone is very effective in relapsed multiple myeloma with high response rates and durable responses Am. J. Hematol. 90:1106–1110, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Expression of leukotriene and its receptors in eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps
Authors: Wu Xingmei , Hong Haiyu , Zuo Kejun , Han Miaomiao , Li Jian , Wen Weiping , Xu Geng , Miao Beiping , Li Huabin
Published: September 2015

Background

Cysteinyl leukotriene (LT) has been proposed in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). This study sought to examine the expression of the LT receptor (LTR) in CRSwNP patients and evaluate the potential role of LTR antagonist (LTRA) in the management of eosinophilic CRSwNP (ECRS) patients.

Methods

Nasal polyps and uncinate process tissues were collected from 18 ECRS patients, 13 non‐eosinophilic CRSwNP (non‐ECRS) patients, and 16 control subjects. The messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression of LTR (cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 [CysLT1R] and cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2 [CysLT2R]) was examined using quantitative reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR), immunohistochemistry, and Western blot analysis. Moreover, the effects of LTRA and steroids on total nasal symptom scores (TNSS) of uncontrolled ECRS patients were evaluated.

Results

The mRNA and protein expression of CysLT1R and CysLT2R was significantly increased in polyp tissues compared with healthy controls (p < 0.05). Compared with the non‐ECRS subset, the ECRS subset showed significantly increased expression of CysLT1R and CysLT2R, as well as leukotriene C4 (LTC4) and leukotriene D4 (LTC4) levels (p < 0.05). Moreover, combined LTRA and steroids significantly decreased TNSS more than steroids alone in uncontrolled ECRS patients (p < 0.01).

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that LTR was differentially expressed between ECRS and non‐ECRS patients, and that LTRA may be used as an additional therapy for ECRS patients.
Functionalization of Styrenes by Copper‐Catalyzed Borylation/ ortho‐Cyanation and Silver‐Catalyzed Annulation Processes
Authors: Zhao Wanxiang , Montgomery John
Published: September 2015

An efficient two‐step method for the assembly of indanone derivatives starting from a simple vinyl arene has been developed. The sequence first involves addition of bis(pinacolato)diboron (B2pin2) and N‐cyano‐N‐phenyl‐p‐methylbenzenesulfonamide (NCTS) to a broad range of styrenes by utilizing IMesCuCl as catalyst. This step simultaneously accomplishes hydroboration of the alkene and ortho cyanation of the benzene unit. The products thus obtained are further functionalized by a AgNO3/Selectfluor‐mediated coupling of the BPin and cyano functionalities to annulate a new five‐membered ring. This combined two‐step sequence provides a versatile method for the site‐selective derivatization of a broad range of vinyl arene substrates.