bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Petrology of cordierite + gedrite-bearing sodic granulite from the Grenvillian Long Range Inlier, Newfoundland
Authors: Owen J.V. , Greenough J.D.
Published: January 2011

Sodium-rich, potassium-poor granulite in the Long Range Inlier contains Ab + Qtz + Crd + Bt + Opx + Ilm and either gedrite or garnet, but rarely both. The distribution of garnet in the sodic gneiss was influenced by bulk compositional controls (e.g., higher Al2O3/SiO2). Textural evidence indicates that gedrite was metastable with respect to Crd + Opx during granulite-grade metamorphism. Peak metamorphic conditions are estimated to have been ~700 °C at 600 MPa; the metamorphic fluid was CO2 rich. The preservation of pelitic (Sil + Crd + Bt + Grt + Qtz + Mc + And) layers in which K2O > Na2O suggests a sedimentary precursor for the sodic gneiss, but the granulites are more sodic and less magnesian than primary sediments recently identified as possible precursors to cordierite–orthoamphibole rocks (e.g., ultramafic-derived greywackes; evaporitic mudstones). Leucosomes tend to be more sodic (mean Na2O/K2O = 23.5) than mesosomes (mean Na2O/K2O = 17.8 m garnet-free gneiss and 1.4 m garnetiferous gneiss), so, unless migmatitic melts were fractionated, the unusual composition of the sodic gneiss cannot be attributed solely to partial melting processes. The gneiss is interpreted to be derived from a weathered greywacke.
The eight classical Monteregian hills at depth and the mechanism of their intrusion
Authors: Feininger Tomas , Goodacre Alan K.
Published: January 2011

The eight classical Monteregian hills are monadnocks on the St. Lawrence Lowlands and adjacent Appalachian foothills in a swath that sweeps 80 km eastward from Montréal. Gravity anomalies suggest the presence of about 200 km3 of mafic and ultramafic Monteregian rocks at depth. Mounts Royal, Saint-Bruno, and Rougemont are interpreted to be pluglike intrusions atop large laccoliths that were fed by magma that spread laterally along the buried Precambrian–Paleozoic unconformity. Mounts Saint-Hilaire, Saint-Grégoire, and Yamaska lie at higher stratigraphic levels in flat-lying sedimentary host rocks. These six intrusions filled the lower parts of breccia pipes formed by the explosive upward escape of volatiles. Late-stage settling of the cooling intrusions dragged downward an encircling collar of baked host rocks. The two easternmost hills (Brome and Shefford) are interpreted to be thin intrusive sheets emplaced along Appalachian thrusts. Stepwise emplacement of magma in the thick cover rocks in the east promoted contamination and may account for the presence of quartz-bearing felsic rocks. Igneous rocks along the deeply buried unconformity in the east and felsic rocks, all undetectable by gravity, could add substantially to the total volume of the Monteregians. The absence of Monteregian intrusives west of Montréal (apart from Oka) is explained by the removal through erosion of Paleozoic cover rocks. The Monteregian intrusives developed only in cover rocks; feeders in the Precambrian basement are possibly small and may be covered by Quaternary deposits. Monteregian magmatism was a major event, out of all proportion to the small intrusions presently exposed, and may have emplaced as much as 1000 km3 of igneous rock.
Dates and rates in ancient lakes: 40Ar–39Ar evidence for an Early Cretaceous age for the Jehol Group, northeast China
Authors: Smith Patrick E. , Evensen Norman M. , York Derek , Chang Mee-Mann , Jin Fan , Li Jin-Ling , Cumbaa Stephen , Russell Dale
Published: January 2011

The correlation of freshwater sediments in small, fault-bound basins in Liaoning Province, northeast China, known as the Jehol (or Rehe) Group, has been a subject of debate for many years, with biochronological estimates ranging from Late Jurassic to the Cretaceous periods. We have applied the laser 40Ar–39Ar technique to volcanic intercalations and lacustrine sediments from the Yixian Formation at the base of the Jehol Group. Minerals and whole-rock chips from the upper parts of the Yixian Formation give concordant ages with a mean of 121.1 ± 0.2 Ma (1σ). Ages for samples near the base of the Yixian Formation give 121.4 ± 0.6 and 122.9 ± 0.3 Ma, and appear to be synchronous or only slightly older than the top of the formation. Integrated ages of 122 Ma for glaucony from the lacustrine sediments lying stratigraphically between the upper and lower parts of the Yixian are in very good agreement with the absolute age framework provided by the volcanic units. Such disseminated facies of this clay show promise for directly dating lacustrine sediments. All of the above 40Ar–39Ar dates provide an absolute calibration of the Yixian Formation, and show that the whole formation was deposited entirely within Early Cretaceous time over an interval of no more than 2–3 Ma.
Secondary K-feldspar at the Precambrian–Paleozoic unconformity, southwestern Ontario
Authors: Harper David A. , Longstaffe Fred J. , Wadleigh Moire A. , McNutt Robert H.
Published: January 2011

The Precambrian–Paleozoic boundary in the subsurface of southwestern Ontario commonly is characterized by secondary K-feldspar. In the weathered and altered Precambrian granitoid gneisses at the unconformity, secondary K-feldspar has replaced preexisting minerals, and also occurs as discrete crystals of adularia, overgrowths on altered minerals, and microcrystalline veinlets. The K-feldspar is chemically pure (Or99–100) and has high δ18O values (+18.9 to +21.4‰ Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water), features that indicate crystallization at low temperatures. Secondary K-feldspar also occurs in Cambro-Ordovician clastic and carbonate rocks that immediately overlie the Precambrian basement. K/Ar (453 ± 9 to 412 ± 8 Ma) and Rb/Sr (440 ± 50 Ma) dates obtained for secondary K-feldspar from the Precambrian host rocks suggest that its crystallization is unrelated to Precambrian weathering or early diagenesis of the immediately overlying Cambro-Ordovician strata. Estimated crystallization temperatures for the secondary K-feldspar (≥100 °C) exceed presumed burial temperatures for the Precambrian–Paleozoic boundary in southwestern Ontario during Late Ordovician–Silurian time. We infer that secondary K-feldspar formed from a hot brine that moved preferentially along the Precambrian–Paleozoic unconformity. The wide distribution of secondary K-feldspar of Late Ordovician–Silurian age throughout mid-continental North America at the Precambrian–Paleozoic boundary records the regional extent of this process. Some Cambro-Ordovician rocks elsewhere in the mid-continent also contain secondary K-feldspar and illitic clay of Late Pennsylvanian–Early Permian age, suggesting more than one episode of fluid movement. Major pulses of orogenic activity may have initiated brine migration. We speculate that the brine originated as connate (sea) water trapped in lower Paleozoic strata, and was modified by rock–water interaction at elevated temperatures, and by mixing with meteoric water.
Role of Toll-Like Receptors and Their Downstream Molecules in the Development of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Authors: Miura Kouichi , Seki Ekihiro , Ohnishi Hirohide , Brenner David A.
Published: January 2011

Activation of innate immunity is associated with the development of liver disease, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In the innate immune system, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are sensors that recognize bacterial and viral components such as lipopolysaccharide, bacterial DNA, and peptidoglycan. Recent data have demonstrated that the liver is exposed to a high load of TLR ligands due to bacterial overgrowth and increased intestinal permeability in NAFLD. Upon stimulation by these TLR ligands, hepatic immune cells produce various mediators that are involved in host defense. On the other hand, these mediators alter lipid metabolism, insulin signaling, and cell survival. Indeed, some TLR-deficient mice demonstrate lesser degrees of NAFLD even though TLR ligands are increased. This paper will highlight the recent progress on the study of TLR signaling and their downstream molecules in the development of NAFLD.
A New Adaptive Kalman Estimator for Detection and Isolation of Multiple Faults Integrated in a Fault Tolerant Control
Authors: Jamouli H. , Sauter D.
Published: January 2011

For sequential jumps detection, isolation, and estimation in discrete-time stochastic linear systems, Willsky and Jones (1976) have developed the Generalized Likelihood Ratio (GLR) test. After each detection and isolation of one jump, the treatment of another possible jump is obtained by a direct state estimate and covariance incrementation of the Kalman filter originally designed on the jump-free system. This paper proposes to extend this approach from a state estimator designed on a reference model directly sensitive to system changes. We will show that the obtained passive GLR test can be easily integrated in a Fault Tolerant Control System (FTCS) via a control law designed in order to asymptotically reject the effect of sequential jumps.
Glucocorticoid Receptor Expression on Human B Cells in Response to Acute Heavy Resistance Exercise
Authors: Fragala Maren S. , Kraemer William J. , Mastro Andrea M. , Denegar Craig R. , Volek Jeff S. , Kupchak Brian R. , Häkkinen Keijo , Anderson Jeffrey M. , Maresh Carl M.
Published: January 2011

Objective: To examine glucocorticoid receptor (GCR) expression on B lymphocytes in response to an acute bout of resistance exercise. Methods: Using a within-subject design, resistance-trained women (n = 7; age: 22.13 ± 3.09 years; height: 1.69 ± 0.084 m; body weight: 65.60 ± 10.01 kg; body mass index: 22.63 ± 2.03 kg/m2; means ± SD) and men (n = 8; age: 23.28 ± 4.26 years; height: 1.73 ± 0.086 m; body weight: 73.93 ± 12.71 kg; body mass index: 24.51 ± 2.61 kg/m2; means ± SD) performed an acute resistance exercise protocol (6 sets of 5 repetition maximum heavy squats) and a control test in a balanced, randomized order. Blood samples were obtained before, during, and immediately after exercise, and after 1, 6, and 24 h of recovery. GCR expression on circulating B lymphocytes was evaluated with flow cytometry, and circulating cortisol was assayed. Results: Resting GCR expression on B lymphocytes was similar between men and women. GCR expression was elevated in anticipation of exercise (p = 0.047), decreased during exercise (p = 0.049), and increased during recovery (p = 0.05 and p = 0.03 after 1 and 6 h of recovery, respectively). Trends for gender differences were apparent before and during exercise, and after 6 h of recovery. Men had significantly higher cortisol responses during (p = 0.002) and after exercise (p = 0.094) compared to before exercise. In women, however, circulating cortisol concentrations did not significantly increase in response to the squat exercise protocol. Conclusions: GCR expression on B lymphocytes decreased during resistance exercise and increased during recovery. Circulating cortisol increased during exercise in men only. Responses were attenuated in women compared to men. Our data provide insights into the temporal interactions between the endocrine and immune systems in response to acute heavy resistance exercise in men and women.
Satisfaction and Quality of Life in Laryngectomees after Voice Prosthesis Rehabilitation
Authors: Giordano Leone , Toma Salvatore , Teggi Roberto , Palonta Francesca , Ferrario Fabrizio , Bondi Stefano , Bussi Mario
Published: January 2011

Objective/Hypothesis: The purpose of the study was to assess the satisfaction and quality of life in laryngectomees after vocal rehabilitation using voice prostheses. We evaluated the impact on quality of life between laryngectomees with voice prostheses, laryngectomees without them and healthy controls. Methods: This was a prospective study on a sample of laryngectomees in an Italian university hospital. Our study population was composed of 42 patients who had previously undergone a total laryngectomy; in 24 of them, voice rehabilitation was obtained with a voice prosthesis device (group A), while 18 of them learned oesophageal voice (group B). The results were compared with a group of 25 healthy controls (group C). In order to investigate the quality of life, we administered the Short Form 36-Item Health Survey (SF-36) to the 3 groups. Moreover, self-satisfaction of the subjects in group A was assessed by single questions regarding their use of the voice prosthesis. Results: A statistical difference in the SF-36 was detected for social functioning (SF) between groups A and B. Role physical, SF and role emotional were significantly better in group C than in group A. Group A stated they were very satisfied with voice quality while there were still some problems regarding prosthesis lifetime and communication at the telephone or in noisy environments. Conclusions: Voice prosthesis implantation in laryngectomees showed positive effects on patients’ quality of life; however, there are still some negative aspects. At present, an early diagnosis of larynx cancer with a partial laryngectomy in order to preserve phonatory function is the gold standard.
Randomized Trial of Targeted Performance Feedback to Facilitate Quality Improvement in Acute Myocardial Infarction Care
Authors: Alexander Karen P. , Wang Tracy Y. , Li Shuang , Lytle Barbara L. , Slattery Lara E. , Calhoun Sarah , Poteat Jennifer , Roe Matthew T. , Rumsfeld John S. , Cannon Christopher P. , Peterson Eric D.
Published: January 2011

Background—

Efforts to improve quality of care for patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are a national priority. To date, there have been few studies that have prospectively evaluated hospital quality improvement (QI) interventions.

Methods and Results—

Using hospitals in the National Cardiovascular Data Registry (NCDR) ACTION Registry–GWTG, a cluster randomized trial of the effectiveness of targeted performance feedback to facilitate process improvement for AMI care will be conducted. ACTION Registry–GWTG hospitals with a minimum of 50 AMI patients per 2 quarters are eligible for randomization. The control arm receives standard performance feedback reports, and the intervention arm receives standard performance feedback reports in addition to a supplemental report on the “top 3” centrally identified, hospital-specific performance gaps. The primary outcome will be improvement in a composite of all metrics, and the secondary outcome will be improvement in the targeted metrics. At study inception in January 2009, 149 sites were randomized: 76 to the intervention arm, and 73 to the control arm. Intervention and control sites were well balanced in terms of baseline performance, center characteristics, and AMI volume (≈70 patients per quarter). The intervention phase will continue for 5 feedback cycles, each containing 2 quarters of data feedback over 18 months. A final trial outcome report will follow.

Conclusions—

This randomized trial will evaluate a novel hospital-level QI intervention of targeted performance feedback for AMI, thereby demonstrating the effective use of national registries for QI and furthering our understanding of effective QI methods.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00952250.
Distinct Effects of Leukocyte and Cardiac Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase γ Activity in Pressure Overload–Induced Cardiac Failure
Authors: Damilano Federico , Franco Irene , Perrino Cinzia , Schaefer Katrin , Azzolino Ornella , Carnevale Daniela , Cifelli Giuseppe , Carullo Pierluigi , Ragona Riccardo , Ghigo Alessandra , Perino Alessia , Lembo Giuseppe , Hirsch Emilio
Published: January 2011

Background—

Signaling from phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ (PI3Kγ) is crucial for leukocyte recruitment and inflammation but also contributes to cardiac maladaptive remodeling. To better understand the translational potential of these findings, this study investigates the role of PI3Kγ activity in pressure overload–induced heart failure, addressing the distinct contributions of bone marrow–derived and cardiac cells.

Methods and Results—

After transverse aortic constriction, mice knock-in for a catalytically inactive PI3Kγ (PI3Kγ KD) showed reduced fibrosis and normalized cardiac function up to 16 weeks. Accordingly, treatment with a selective PI3Kγ inhibitor prevented transverse aortic constriction–induced fibrosis. To define the cell types involved in this protection, bone marrow chimeras, lacking kinase activity in the immune system or the heart, were studied after transverse aortic constriction. Bone marrow–derived cells from PI3Kγ KD mice were not recruited to wild-type hearts, thus preventing fibrosis and preserving diastolic function. After prolonged pressure overload, chimeras with PI3Kγ KD bone marrow–derived cells showed slower development of left ventricular dilation and higher fractional shortening than controls. Conversely, in the presence of a wild-type immune system, KD hearts displayed bone marrow–derived cell infiltration and fibrosis at early stages but reduced left ventricular dilation and preserved contractile function at later time points.

Conclusions—

Together, these data demonstrate that, in response to transverse aortic constriction, PI3Kγ contributes to maladaptive remodeling at multiple levels by modulating both cardiac and immune cell functions.
Composition, Concentration and Deprivation
Authors: Bécares Laia , Stafford Mai , Laurence James , Nazroo James
Published: January 2011

Although studies in the US have shown an association between the ethnic residential composition of an area and reports of decreased social cohesion among its residents, this association is not clear in the UK, and particularly for ethnic minority groups. The current study analyses a merged dataset from the 2005 and 2007 Citizenship Survey to assess the evidence for an association between social cohesion and ethnic residential concentration, composition and area deprivation across different ethnic groups in the UK. Results of the multilevel regression models show that, after adjusting for area deprivation, increased levels of social cohesion are found in areas of greater ethnic residential heterogeneity. Although different patterns emerge across ethnic groups and the measure of social cohesion used, findings consistently show that it is area deprivation, and not ethnic residential heterogeneity, which erodes social cohesion in the UK.
Moya `Tipimsook(“The People Who Aren't Their Own Bosses”): Racialization and the Misrecognition of “Métis” In Upper Great Lakes Ethnohistory
Authors: Andersen Chris
Published: January 2011

Scholars have long noted the central place of racialization in the last five centuries of colonial rule and likewise the crossracial encounters and eventual colonial intimacies regulated in its shadow. In the conceptual terrain posted by these demarcations, this article explores how, in the absence of extensive documentation on historical self-ascriptions, contemporary ethnohistorians examining upper Great Lakes fur trade settlements have attempted to come to terms with the historical social ontologies that long preceded official attempts to regulate them. Specifically, we examine the racialized logics governing the retrofitting of these settlements as “métis” and “Métis” and, secondarily, the recent creep of juridical logics into ethnohistorical conversations. Rather than challenging ethnohistorical conclusions that these settlements were/are Métis, this article challenges how they are ethnohistorically imagined as such, and in doing so it appeals for a Métis “counter-ethnohistory” alternatively anchored in an analytics of peoplehood.
New samarium diiodide-induced cyclizations
Authors: Beemelmanns Christine , Reissig Hans-Ulrich
Published: January 2011

Samarium diiodide (SmI2) smoothly promotes the cyclizations of suitably substituted carbonyl compounds with styrene subunits leading to benzannulated cyclooctenes. The intramolecular samarium ketyl addition to arene or hetarene moieties enables a new, efficient, and highly stereoselective entry to dearomatized products such as hexahydronaphthalenes, steroid-like tetra- or pentacyclic compounds, or dihydroindole derivatives. The usefulness of the developed SmI2-induced cyclization method was demonstrated by the shortest formal total synthesis of the alkaloid strychnine.
Maternal Methadone Dose, Placental Methadone Concentrations, and Neonatal Outcomes
Authors: de Castro Ana , Jones Hendreé E , Johnson Rolley E , Gray Teresa R , Shakleya Diaa M , Huestis Marilyn A
Published: January 2011

BACKGROUND

Few investigations have used placenta as an alternative matrix to detect in utero drug exposure, despite its availability at the time of birth and the large amount of sample. Methadone-maintained opioid-dependent pregnant women provide a unique opportunity to examine the placental disposition of methadone and metabolite [2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP)], to explore their correlations with maternal methadone dose and neonatal outcomes, and to test the ability to detect in utero exposure to illicit drugs.

METHODS

We calculated the correlations of placental methadone and EDDP concentrations and their correlations with maternal methadone doses and neonatal outcomes. Cocaine- and opiate-positive placenta results were compared with the results for meconium samples and for urine samples collected throughout gestation.

RESULTS

Positive correlations were found between placental methadone and EDDP concentrations (r = 0.685), and between methadone concentration and methadone dose at delivery (r = 0.542), mean daily dose (r = 0.554), mean third-trimester dose (r = 0.591), and cumulative daily dose (r = 0.639). The EDDP/methadone concentration ratio was negatively correlated with cumulative daily dose (r = −0.541) and positively correlated with peak neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) score (r = 0.513). Placental EDDP concentration was negatively correlated with newborn head circumference (r = −0.579). Cocaine and opiate use was detected in far fewer placenta samples than in thrice-weekly urine and meconium samples, a result suggesting a short detection window for placenta.

CONCLUSIONS

Quantitative methadone and EDDP measurement may predict NAS severity. The placenta reflects in utero drug exposure for a shorter time than meconium but may be useful when meconium is unavailable or if documentation of recent exposure is needed.
Some counterexamples for your calculus course
Authors: Appell Jürgen
Published: January 2011

We discuss some examples and counterexamples that are used in first-year calculus courses to illustrate the interconnections between various function classes. Particular emphasis is put on the two-parameter family of functions (1.1) which provides an unexhaustable source of counterexamples.
Some topics related to universality of L-functions with an Euler product
Authors: Nakamura Takashi
Published: January 2011

In this paper, we show the joint universality of the set of the Steuding class L-functions {L(s+i
δ

l

τ)}
l=1

m
for almost all (δ
1,…,δ

m
)∈R
m
. From this property, we obtain the result that {L(s+i
δ

l

τ)}
l=j,k
, where δ

j
and δ

k
are two of the above, has a kind of generalized strong recurrence. Roughly speaking, this means that L(s+i
δ

j

τ) can be uniformly approximated by L(s+i
δ

k

τ) in the sense of universality. Moreover, we consider the relation between the generalized strong recurrence and zeros of the Selberg and Steuding class L-functions L(s). Finally, we obtain the upper bound for the density of universality for the Steuding class L-functions.
Andreas Pfitzmann 1958—2010
Authors: Federrath Hannes , Hansen Marit , Waidner Michael
Published: January 2011

On September 23rd 2010, Prof. Dr. Andreas Pfitzmann died at the age 52 after a short but serious illness. The focus of his reasoning had been the individual and with him the society, in which he lives. During his life as a researcher Andreas Pfitzmann contributed decisively and groundbreakingly to the technical implementation of the constitutional right to informational self-determination.
From “VZ 1983” to the 2011 Census
Authors: Brunnstein Klaus
Published: January 2011

Dealing with the case of German census law 1983, the German Federal Constitutional Court derived the constitutional right of each German citizen for “informational self-determination”. The Census 2011, applicable in all countries of the European Union, must comply with this right. The German census law 2011 requires the collection of more data about each citizen than the previous census in 1983. Moreover, recent developments such as the unique tax number, given for any German citizen, and the new digital identity card would permit easier re-identification than before.
Privacy 3.0 := Data Minimization + User Control + Contextual Integrity
Authors: Borcea-Pfitzmann Katrin , Pfitzmann Andreas , Berg Manuela
Published: January 2011

Over the last two decades, privacy has been fading away. Some people have even stated: You have zero privacy — get over it! As privacy researchers, we are not willing to accept this statement. Therefore, we analyze the causes for this fading away of privacy, and develop a set of approaches to preserve or even regain privacy. We argue that Privacy 3.0 should be a combination of (1) Data minimization, (2) User control of personal information disclosure, and (3) Contextual integrity. Data minimization is one of the main motivations for the development of privacy-enhancing technologies, which aim to limit collection and processing of personal data by data controllers. User control of personal information disclosure supports users in deciding which personal information is released to whom and in which situation. Contextual integrity provides a new quality of privacy by making the original context in which particular personal data have been generated easily accessible to all entities that are aware of that particular personal data.
New Features in Electroless Deposition of Ternary Coatings on the Base of Ni-P and Co-P
Authors: Armyanov Stephan Atanassov , Valova Eugenia , Georgieva Jenia
Published: January 2011

The new features in the electroless (autocatalytic) deposition, structure and properties of Ni-Cu-P, Ni-Sn-P, Ni-Zn-P, Ni-W-P, Co-W-P, and Co-Re-P as well as the quaternary coatings Ni-Sn-Cu-P, Ni-W-Re-P, and Co-Re-Ni-P established in the Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (IPC BAS) are reviewed. The role of disproportionation reactions of Cu(I), Sn(II) and Re(VI) during electroless deposition of Ni-Cu-P, Ni-Sn-P and Co-Re-P is considered. The data about the localization and chemical state of Zn, W and Re are presented. The influence of Cu and Sn added to high P (> 10 wt. %) Ni-P coatings on the thermal stability of their amorphous state is illustrated. A comparison of the corrosion resistance of Ni-Cu-P and Ni-Sn-P with that of Ni-P with the same quantity of phosphorus is given. The application of Ni-Cu-P in a hybrid multilayer with TiN is demonstrated.
Electrochemical Growth of Eosin Y/Manganese Doped ZnO as Hybrid Films and Nanowires
Authors: Sima Mariana , Visan Teodor , Matei Elena , Ungureanu Florica , Enculescu Ionut , Sima Marian
Published: January 2011

The electrodeposition process of Eosin Y/ZnO: Mn as films and nanowires performed using a solution containing zinc and manganese nitrates + lactic acid mixture was studied by linear voltammetry. The films and wires grown by polarization at −1.1 V/SCE electrode potential were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Additionally, the Eosin Y presence was evidenced by optical measurements as absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The manganese content in films depends on the nature of support electrode used. On the other hand, the presence of Eosin Y species in the deposition bath increased significantly the manganese concentration in the ZnO: Mn nanowires electrodeposited at −1.1 V/SCE.
Nonurgent Emergency-Department Care: Analysis of Parent and Primary Physician Perspectives
Authors: Brousseau David C. , Nimmer Mark R. , Yunk Nichole L. , Nattinger Ann B. , Greer Ann
Published: January 2011

OBJECTIVE:

To better understand parental decisions to seek care for their children and physician perceptions of parents' decisions to seek nonurgent emergency-department care.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

In-depth interviews of 26 parents of children and 20 primary care physicians of the same children presenting for nonurgent care at a children's hospital emergency department were completed. Parent accounts of events that preceded the emergency-department visit were coded and qualitatively analyzed for themes. Physician evaluations of the accounts of events and parental decisions were ascertained through interviews with primary care physicians, who also described their practice characteristics. The parent/physician analyses allowed for an investigation of all aspects of the child's care and were designed to reveal differences between parent and physician beliefs.

RESULTS:

Parents believed that they acted appropriately, and physicians approved of parents' decisions. Four main themes emerged: (1) immediate reassurance that their children are safe from harm is critical to parents' decisions; (2) primary care offices lack specific tests and treatments that parents and physicians believe may be necessary, regardless of whether they are actually needed; (3) discrepancies exist between physician and parent perceptions of adequate communication and access; and (4) nonurgent emergency-department visits are not perceived as a significant enough breach in continuity of care by physicians and parents to warrant any concern.

CONCLUSIONS:

When individual interviews were evaluated, neither parents nor primary care physicians saw nonurgent emergency-department visits as a significant enough problem to warrant any change in physician care practices or parent care-seeking behavior.
Improving Care for Children With Sickle Cell Disease/Acute Chest Syndrome
Authors: Crabtree Elizabeth A. , Mariscalco M. Michele , Hesselgrave Joy , Iniguez Suzanne F. , Hilliard Tanya J. , Katkin Julie P. , McCarthy Kathy , Velasquez Mireya Paulina , Airewele Gladstone , Hockenberry Marilyn J.
Published: January 2011

BACKGROUND:

Acute chest syndrome (ACS) is a leading cause of hospitalization and death of children with sickle cell disease (SCD). An evidence-based ACS/SCD guideline was established to standardize care throughout the institution in February 2008. However, by the summer of 2009 use of the guideline was inconsistent, and did not seem to have an impact on length of stay. As a result, an implementation program was developed.

OBJECTIVE:

This quality-improvement project evaluated the influence of the development and implementation of a clinical practice guideline for children with SCD with ACS or at risk for ACS on clinical outcomes.

METHODS:

Clinical outcomes of 139 patients with SCD were evaluated before and after the development of the implementation program. Outcomes included average length of stay, number of exchange transfusions, average cost per SCD admission, and documentation of the clinical respiratory score and pulmonary interventions.

RESULTS:

Average length of stay decreased from 5.8 days before implementation of the guideline to 4.1 days after implementation (P = .033). No patients required an exchange transfusion. Average cost per SCD admission decreased from $30 359 before guideline implementation to $22 368. Documentation of the clinical respiratory score increased from 31.0% before implementation to 75.5%, which is an improvement of 44.5% (P < .001). Documentation of incentive spirometry and positive expiratory pressure increased from 23.3% before implementation to 50.4%, which is an improvement of 27.1% (P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS:

Implementation of a guideline for children with SCD with ACS or at risk for ACS improved outcomes for patients with SCD.
Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty: One-year follow-up
Authors: Nikolic Ljubisa , Jovanovic Vesna
Published: January 2011

Introduction. Sutureless transplantation of endothelium on a thin stromal
carrier was introduced under the name of Descemet stripping endothelial
keratoplasty (DSEK) in 2004. It has become the treatment of choice of corneal
oedema due to endothelial dysfunction. Objective. To investigate posterior
lamellar graft attachment, central corneal thickness (CCT), astigmatism, and
best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) during one-year follow-up. Methods.
Surgery was performed on one eye of 11 patients with pseudophakic bullous
keratopathy and Fuchs? dystrophy. The graft thick 150-200 ?m and 8.0 mm in
diameter was detached manually. The carrier of the recipient cornea was
created by DSEK. The graft was folded in half, introduced into the anterior
orbital chamber through a 5.0 mm cut on the limbus and attached by air bubble
along the internal side of the recipient cornea. CCT and astigmatism were
evaluated by corneal topography, and graft attachment by biomicroscopy.
Results. One year after surgery, all grafts remained attached. Primary graft
failure occurred in three eyes, probably due to the crushing effect of the
forceps. BCVA was 20/30 (2 eyes), and 20/40 (6 eyes), CCT 643-728 ?m, and
astigmatism 1.1 D to 2.9 D. The peak values were reached three months after
surgery, and did not change much afterwards. Conclusion. This is the first
report on the long-term results of DSEK in our literature. The results are
similar to those obtained by more experienced DSEK surgeons, and suggest that
this procedure is safe and successful.
Systematic struggle to eradicate developmental displacement of the hip in newborns in the regions of Kula and Vrbas
Authors: Pajic Milos , Vukasinovic Zoran , Sokic Sladjana , Seslija Igor , Zivkovic Zorica
Published: January 2011

Introduction. Successful treatment of developmental displacement of the hip
(DDH) depends on early diagnosis. Clinical screening of all newborns is a
useful tool and should be encouraged in everyday practice, because DDH has a
high prevalence and significant morbidity. Clinical exam is an important part
of early diagnosis, but insufficient. Ultrasound exam is more sensitive in
early diagnosis of DDH. Objective. Systematic struggle against DDH by means
of early detection and treatment begins in neonatology units, and continues
in primary healthcare centres. Methods. Methodology consists of personal
history, clinical exam, ultrasonography and radiography. After these
procedures, treatment is advised if necessary. Basically, DDH treatment is
atraumatic involving abduction pillow, Von Rosen abduction device, Pavlik
harnesses. Results. During 2007 and 2008, screening examination was performed
in 769 boys (51.47%) and 725 girls (58.52%), born at the Medical Center
?Veljko Vlahovic? in Vrbas. A total of 1,494 neonates or 2,988 hips were
examined. Ultrasonographically, a normal type Ia was found in 406 hips
(13.60%), intermediate type Ib in 2,014 hips (67.40%), immature type IIa+ in
374 hips (12.50%), unstable type IIg in 39 hips (1.30%), decentering IId in
52 hips (1.70%), and eccentric types III and IV in 35 hips (1.20%). Of 2988
examined hips, normal finding was detected in 2794 (93.50%) and pathological
finding (DDH) was found in 194 (6.50%). Ultrasonographical findings were
determined according to Graph classification. Conclusion. The frequency of
DDH in the regions of Vrbas and Kula above 5% (6.50%) presents a social and
medical problem in children of these locations. Eradication, early detection
and treatment involve systematic examinations (clinical, sonographical and
radiographical) in the first year of life. Treatment has to be initiated in a
neonatal unit by atraumatic means. The team work including a gynaecologist,
neonatologist and paediatric orthopaedic surgeon is crucial.
From Higher Education to Work: Public and Professional Sector Employment in Germany and Britain
Authors: Leuze Kathrin
Published: January 2011

Comparative analysis of the transition from higher education to work often focuses on cross-national variations of higher education systems to explain country-specific mobility patterns of higher education graduates. The structure of graduate labour markets, however, has received less attention, despite differences across countries. Variations in the structure of public services and the professions are particularly pronounced. This article, therefore, analyses graduate employment patterns in professional and public sector jobs. It develops an explanatory framework based on the concept of internal labour markets and asks whether country-specific degrees of social closure in the public and professional sector influence individual transitions from higher education to work. To answer this question, the study looks at two countries that vary strongly in their institutional organisation of public and professional services – namely, Britain and Germany. Empirically, the transition to public and professional sector employment is studied, as well as between-sector career mobility of higher education graduates. Results indicate that public and professional sector employment is more common in Germany, while further career mobility between these sectors is higher in Britain.
Influences on the Decision to Enter Higher Education in Cyprus: A Comparison of Students' and Teachers' Perspectives
Authors: Menon Maria Eliophotou
Published: January 2011

This article examines the main influences on the decision of secondary school graduates to select higher education over labour-market entry. It reports the views of prospective higher education students and secondary school teachers regarding the main influences on the students' intention to pursue higher studies. Survey research was used to collect information from 611 students and 215 secondary school teachers in the Republic of Cyprus. Respondents were asked to rate factors commonly considered to influence the choice of higher education, including the economic and career benefits of a university degree, and reference individuals such as teachers and parents. According to the findings, there were both similarities and differences in the importance students and teachers assigned to different factors. Both students and teachers acknowledged the importance of personal, economic and occupational considerations in the choice of higher education. However, secondary school teachers tended to overestimate their own influence on the decisions of their students. The article discusses the implications of the findings for education policy, especially in relation to measures required to address the needs and wants of prospective university students.
Lymphocytic Gastritis in Pediatric Celiac Disease
Authors: Bhatti Tricia R. , Jatla Muraldihar , Verma Ritu , Bierly Patricia , Russo Pierre A. , Ruchelli Eduardo D.
Published: January 2011

An increase in gastric intraepithelial lymphocytes has been observed in some patients with the typical small intestinal changes of celiac disease. To date, no clinical parameters have been described that identify the subset of patients more likely to have gastric involvement. In this study we compared the clinical features of celiac disease patients with and without lymphocytic gastritis to determine if the presence of gastric involvement at diagnosis portends a more severe form of celiac disease. We reviewed the pathology reports and hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides of 304 patients with biopsy-proven celiac disease diagnosed over an 11-year period. Thirty-nine of these patients had lymphocytic gastritis. Compared to patients without gastric involvement, those with lymphocytic gastritis were statistically more likely to be diagnosed at an earlier age and present with more profound laboratory findings and duodenal mucosal damage compared to patients with celiac disease without gastric involvement. These findings indicate that in the pediatric population, the presence of lymphocytic gastritis in celiac disease defines a unique group of patients with more severe disease (by clinical and laboratory measures) at the time of diagnosis.
Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infections by Adenovirus in Children: Histopathologic Findings in 18 Fatal Cases
Authors: Siminovich Mónica , Murtagh Patricia
Published: January 2011

Adenoviruses (Ads) are the 2nd-most common cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections of viral etiology in immunocompetent children who require hospitalization in Argentina. A new pathogenic genomic variant, Ad7h, has been identified and was associated with severe sequelae and a high mortality rate. A retrospective observational study was conducted in hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory tract infections between March 1988 and May 2005. Nasopharyngeal or tracheal aspirates, bacteriological analysis on blood samples and pleural fluids, and histopathologic studies on autopsies were performed. A total of 415 children were included in the study. Sixty-two patients died in the acute stage of illness (1–8 weeks), and postmortem examination was performed on 18 of them. Mean age was 8.25 months. The male to female ratio was 1.3:1. The Ad was genome typed in 9% of all children, of whom 29 corresponded to the Ad7h variant. This genome type was diagnosed in 7 of the autopsies performed. Necrotizing bronchitis and bronchiolitis with abundant typical adenoviral inclusion nuclear cells and diffuse alveolar damage were the most important findings. Superimposed bacterial infection occurred in 11 cases, and cytomegalovirus was found in 1. In our population, Ad respiratory infection was found to have a severe course with sequelae or death. No differences were observed between lesions caused by other previously described genome types and those found in cases in which Ad7h was identified.
Polarisation dependent Raman study of single-crystal nickel oxide
Authors: Mironova-Ulmane Nina , Kuzmin Alexei , Sildos Ilmo , Pärs Martti
Published: January 2011

The magnetic domain structure and Raman scattering have been studied in NiO single-crystals with three different (100), (110) and (111) orientations. Twin-domain structure was observed in NiO(100) and NiO(110) single-crystals using cross-polarized optical microscopy. We found that the ratio of the two-magnon (at 1500 cm−1) to the two-phonon (2LO, at 1100 cm−1) Raman bands intensity is sensitive in a particular way to the type of the twin-domain pattern.
Seeing through the lizard’s trick: do avian predators avoid autotomous tails?
Authors: Vervust Bart , Loy Hans , Damme Raoul
Published: January 2011

Counter-adaptations of predators towards their prey are a far less investigated phenomenon in predator-prey interactions. Caudal autotomy is generally considered an effective last-resort mechanism for evading predators. However, in victim-exploiter relationships, the efficacy of a strategy will obviously depend on the antagonist’s ability to counter it. In the logic of the predator-prey arms race, one would expect predators to develop attack strategies that minimize the chance of autotomy of the prey and damage on the predator. We tested whether avian predators preferred grasping lizards by their head. We constructed plasticine models of the Italian wall lizard (Podarcis sicula) and placed them in natural habitat of the species. Judging from counts of beak marks on the models, birds preferentially attack the head and might also avoid the tail and limb regions. While a preference for the head might not necessarily demonstrate tail and limb avoidance, this topic needs further exploration because it suggests that even unspecialised avian predators may see through the lizard’s trick-of-the-tail. This result may have implications for our understanding of the evolution of this peculiar defensive system and the loss or decreased tendency to shed the tail on island systems with the absence of terrestrial predators.
MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF CROTON BONPLANDIANUM BAILL. TO AIR POLLUTION
Authors: Saquib M. , Ahmad A. , Ansari K.
Published: January 2011

The air pollution stress around the thermal power plant lead to the significant reduction in size and biomass of root and shoot, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration, photosynthetic pigments and photosynthetic area of  Croton bonplandianum. The resulting stresses of air pollution and reduced foliage further affected the over all morphology and physiology of the plant. Root biomass and chlorophyll a showed maximum reduction than any other selected parameters studied in the stressed area. Chlorophyll a was found to be four and half times more sensitive to air pollutants than carotenoids. Key words:  Air pollution; Thermal power plant; Morphology and physiology; C. bonplandianumDOI: 10.3126/eco.v17i0.4103Ecoprint An International Journal of Ecology Vol. 17, 2010 Page: 35-41 Uploaded date: 29 December, 2010
IMPACTS OF URBANIZATION ON CARNIVORE MAMMALS IN JAMMU AND KASHMIR, INDIA
Authors: Kait Rahul , Sahi D. N.
Published: January 2011

During present study, from 2004 to 2006 in Jammu district and 2006 to 2009 in Trikuta hills, the impact of urbanization on carnivores was studied. Order Carnivora is represented by 5 species. Their local and national/global status was also determined. It was also found that urbanization is taking place by leaps and bounds which has affected wildlife of the area most by habitat destruction, habitat fragmentation and noise. It has been found that the most effected order in the mammals is carnivora, because of the requirement of the larger habitat for fulfilling their needs. Key words: Trikuta hills; Carnivore; Urbanization; Shivaliks; Habitat fragmentationDOI: 10.3126/eco.v17i0.4104Ecoprint An International Journal of Ecology Vol. 17, 2010 Page: 43-46 Uploaded date: 29 December, 2010
ESTIMATING BACTERIAL POPULATION ON THE PHYLLOSPHERE BY SERIAL DILUTION PLATING AND LEAF IMPRINT METHODS
Authors: Yadav Ram Kailash P. , Kakamanoli Katerina , Vokou Despoina
Published: January 2011

The plant phyllosphere constitute a habitat for variety of microorganisms; bacteria are the most common ones. In this study, we assessed the ability of serial dilution plating and leaf imprint methods to elucidate population abundance on the phyllosphere of eight plant species co-occurring in the same area in mediterranean ecosystem (northern Greece).  The serial dilution plating method outweighed the leaf imprint method in determining the total epiphytic bacterial population and the estimates were significantly higher. However, the ability to detect presence of bacterial colony on leaf surface is higher for the leaf imprints, suggesting specific use of this method for practical purposes. Key words:  Phyllosphere; Bacterial population; Serial dilution plating; Leaf imprintDOI: 10.3126/eco.v17i0.4105Ecoprint An International Journal of Ecology Vol. 17, 2010 Page: 47-52 Uploaded date: 29 December, 2010
Structures of Reverse Transcriptase Pre- and Post-Excision Complexes Shed New Light on HIV-1 AZT Resistance
Authors: Scott Walter A.
Published: January 2011

HIV-1 resistance to 3'-azido-2',3'-deoxythymidine (AZT, zidovudine) results from mutations in reverse transcriptase that increase the ability of the enzyme to excise AZT-monophosphate after it has been incorporated. Crystal structures of complexes of wild type and mutant reverse transcriptase with double-stranded DNA with or without the excision product, AZT adenosine dinucleoside tetraphosphate (AZTppppA), have recently been reported [1]. The excision-enhancing mutations dramatically change the way the enzyme interacts with the excision product.
Synoptic Byzantine chronologies of the Councils
Authors: Munitiz Joseph
Published: January 2011

REB 36 1978 France p. 193-218

J. Munitiz, Synoptic Byzantine chronologies of the Councils. — The author examines the information to be found in the text or margins of many synoptic accounts of the first seven Councils concerning the intervals between these events. One system (n° 5) is particularly common, but there are signs of an earlier system and of other attempts to fix the time span between the Councils. Despite palaeographic errors, regular patterns can be recognized, e.g. the change from the use of the Alexandrine to the Byzantine era, and the uncertainties concerning the dates of the Councils of Ephesus and Constantinople II. The Dossier at the end lists the manuscripts giving the different computations.