bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Howley Jessica
Published: August 2024

This Conclusion summarises the potential for overlapping individual and interstate claims to arise, where both individuals and States are prima facie able to invoke the responsibility of the same respondent State for violations of international law arising in the same circumstances. It also summarises the findings made regarding the rules and principles of international law that may limit the bringing of such overlapping claims, and thereby offset the concerns to which such overlap gives rise. It highlights to what extent the application of those rules and principles appears to strike an appropriate balance between the interests of applicant and respondent States, and the individuals concerned, in view of the complex policy considerations at stake. With the present law seeming to allow States significant leeway in impeding individual claims, it proposes that human rights law provides the foundation for a fitting counterbalance and should be the prism through which the appropriateness of State action is judged.
The Early Care and Education of Deaf Children in Ghana
Authors: Swanwick Ruth , Fobi Daniel , Offei Yaw , Oppong Alexander
Published: August 2024

Early childhood care and education is a growing area for international research and policy development. However, young deaf children and their caregivers in Africa and other southern, low-income contexts have been ignored in research debates and international and local policy development. The Early Care and Education of Deaf Children in Ghana examines how understanding social-cultural and resource dynamics can support early education to help young deaf children progress through early childhood in terms of language, communication, and learning. Section one introduces local and global issues in early childhood care and education, critically discusses the academic context of this work, and sets the scene and approach of the Ghana research project described in section two. Traditional and contemporary perspectives of local caregivers and scholars associated with educating and caring for young deaf children are focused on the challenges of early childhood deaf education. The rest of the book describes the focus and impact of the Ghana research project. The authors share findings in relation to the experience of caregivers, the multilingual context for development, multi-professional working, deaf participation, and leadership in early childhood care and education. Ways in indigenous knowledge can inform early education programming to reach beyond the Western lens and sensibilities are discussed. Developing the book involved collaboration between UK and Ghana scholars and practitioners to produce a text that goes beyond the translation of Western concepts and allows for authentic voices from the African context to be projected so little known, indigenous knowledge on early childhood care practices and conceptions of deafness can inform the field.
African Childhoods
Authors: Mills Oppong Alexander , Appau Obed
Published: August 2024

This chapter prepares the ground for thinking through issues of early support by disc using understanding of childhood and caregiving as they relate to the African context. The chapter reviews theories of childhood that are pertinent to the Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) context and that can inform thinking around what contextually sensitive support for deaf children and their caregivers might look like. We describe ways in which child rearing is conceptualized in SSA and some of the cultural beliefs and values about parenting that influence parenting styles. We focus on early interaction that is a central objective of early support programming for deaf children and consider in particular the early development environment and the role and expectations of the different actors therein. This involves attention to cultural constructions of ‘family’ and the interaction between family and community. Finally, we examine cultural responses to deafness and disability more widely that influence approaches to caregiving and child rearing practices.
The Multilingual Context of ECCE for Deaf Children and their Families in Ghana
Authors: Swanwick Ruth , Fobi Joyce
Published: August 2024

This chapter examines the meaning-making strategies deployed among deaf children and their families to illuminate the multilingual repertoires, communication strategies, and language development opportunities available in young deaf children’s lives in Ghana. The chapter begins with an overview of multilingualism in Ghana and describes how different indigenous and non-indigenous languages co-exist and interact, and the roles that they play in society. The status and use of Ghanaian Sign Language in this multilingual context is explained. Drawing on four case studies from the project data, the authors extrapolate the specific language issues around the early support of children and their families and discuss the role of different professionals and the potential of community-based support. They also share reflections from three of the deaf project team members about their lives growing up in a multilingual context. The conclusion reflects on the relevance of the Ghanaian context for other multilingual (particularly African) contexts where there are parallel issues of caregiver agency and autonomy, stigma around deafness and the use of sign language, and insufficient resourcing that results in the cultural and linguistic minoritization of deaf children and their families.
The Role of Professionals
Authors: Nyadu Offei Yaw , Amanvida Gibbah Linda
Published: August 2024

In this chapter, the authors discuss the role of education and health professionals in delivering support services for deaf children and their caregivers in Ghana. They draw on case study work undertaken in Ghana and report on the interviews that were conducted with 24 health and education professionals focusing on the experience of hearing health clinicians in the early identification context. Descriptions are given of their working context, the objectives and drivers for their working practices and the support that they offer for children and their families. Deaf project team members share their perspectives based on their lived experience of growing up as deaf children in Ghana and current experience of supporting children and families. A review is provided of the extent of training and resources available to professionals and opportunities for collaboration. The chapter identifies the improvements needed to meet the Early Hearing Detection and Intervention 1-3-6 guidelines, increase multi-professional collaboration, and ensure the quality of early support for deaf children and their caregivers.
Deaf Adult Participation and Leadership in ECCE
Authors: Fobi Daniel , Asomaning Derrick , Doku Richard
Published: August 2024

This chapter will explore the potential of deaf leadership in supporting the early childhood care and education of young deaf children. The chapter examines the historical context of deaf leaderships and highlight strategies and programmes that have successfully leveraged the strengths of deaf leadership to promote positive outcomes for the deaf community. We report on the research that we undertook on deaf leadership in early childhood care and education (ECCE) as part of our project work. We interviewed seventeen deaf leaders to solicit their opinions on ECCE for young deaf children and their caregivers in Ghana. Based on this data, we highlight the roles deaf leaders play in supporting the language and communication of young deaf children and their caregivers in ECCE programmes. The chapter discusses the ECCE infrastructure available in supporting the children and their families. The chapter concludes on the need for deaf adults to collaborate with other practitioners to support the ECCE of young deaf children and their families.
Introduction
Authors: Bangha Imre , Stasik Danuta
Published: August 2024

The Introduction addresses the main issues taken up by the authors of individual chapters in the volume, referring to the understanding of the concepts underlying the whole book, with particular reference to early modernity in north India, and methodological tools used in the analysis of source texts. It also provides a historical overview of the tradition of research on early modern vernacular literary cultures, which has experienced momentous changes brought about by the 1979 Leuven Conference. It was the starting point that developed into a series of triennial conferences known as ICEMLNI—International Conferences on Early Modern Literatures in North India—the result of which is this volume.
Kahai Kamāl Kabīr kā
Authors: Zhang Minyu
Published: August 2024

julāhā Sant Kabīr has attracted academic interests for centuries, what happened to Kamāl, the son and possible heir of the historical Kabīr? This chapter investigates a selection of hitherto unstudied manuscripts found in Rajasthan that feature poems attributed to Kamāl, which mainly focus on yogic practices. Studying them along with texts related to Kamāl which were produced by Vaishnavas, Dharmadāsī Kabīr-panthīs, and Sufis, this chapter explores how the images of Kamāl evolved in different circumstances from the seventeenth to the early twentieth century. Despite their easily recognizable distinctions that associate Kamāl with various orthodoxies, these images are all but products of continuous (re)contextualization of Kamāl. Similar to Kabīrian textual tradition, the tradition related to Kamāl is also a living and growing one.
We Are Trump’s Digital Army!
Authors: Barnard Stephen R.
Published: August 2024

Focusing on The_Donald, an alternative media forum popular with members of Donald Trump’s “digital army,” this chapter uncovers some ways activists discuss and deploy practices of media manipulation to attract and shape attention. Following an introduction to the forum and a brief discussion of scholarship on digital activism, the chapter considers some agenda-setting tactics popularized by alt-right activists. After summarizing the case study’s methodological approach, it presents findings from a detailed analysis of online discourse spanning over two years (August 2020 to 2022). In addition to addressing how the structure and culture of The_Donald afford manipulative practices, the analysis shows how the content generated and shared on the forum exudes a variety of problematic themes and practices discussed in previous chapters. The chapter concludes by demonstrating and reflecting on how users leverage the affordances of The_Donald and other media to generate and exert networked media capital to spread deceptive information.
Campus DREAMers
Authors: Young Michael P.
Published: August 2024

Chapter 2 traces the organizing of undocumented students on college campuses across the nation. Drawing on interviews with the founders of prominent student organizations in Texas, Florida, and California, it presents three case studies of the formation of DREAMer student organizations. The chapter explores the relationship between these student organizations and prominent nonprofit organizations in the immigration field. The chapter describes the development of these local DREAMer organizations to the point when they become involved in the United We Dream national network. It also documents the impact of state-level DREAM Acts in California and Texas on this early phase of organizing by undocumented students.
2012 and 2013
Authors: Young Michael P.
Published: August 2024

During the NIYA escalation of protests, its leaders hit on the idea that they could organize inside immigrant detention centers and across national borders. Chapter 7 explains the logic and planning behind these final creative steps in their choreography of protest. It tracks NIYA protests from 2012 through 2013, chronicling the infiltration of immigrant detention centers and the border crossing actions of The Bring Them Home campaign. The chapter documents the organization’s ultimate demise in the devastating emotional wake of the border crossing protests. It also analyses the influence of NIYA protests on a newly energized and radicalized movement for migrant rights spreading across the United States.
Conclusion
Authors: Young Michael P.
Published: August 2024

The concluding chapter theorizes the significance of the history of DREAMer protests for the study of social movements. It reviews how movement reification and radicalization interacted repeatedly in the choreography of DREAMer protests. The first defiant protests organized by undocumented youth emerged as they broke the spell of the fetishized image of the good DREAMer and of the reification of the immigration reform movement. These radicals did not, however, dispense with the reified image of the DREAMer as they turned to increasingly contentious forms of action. Instead, they exploited this reification as a tool to carve audacious lines of protest giving shape to a radical movement for migrant rights. The reification of social movements—treating them as unitary collective actors or social facts—is typically viewed by sociologists as bad social science. But it frequently proves elemental to the dynamics of the social protests that shape social movements.
Reason in an Uncertain World
Authors: Keating Malcolm
Published: August 2024

A group of premodern Indian philosophers, known as “Naiyāyikas,” had an influential account of epistemology and reasoning that they took to be crucial to living a good life. Reason in an Uncertain World introduces readers unfamiliar with Indian Nyāya philosophy to what is distinctive in Nyāya approaches to knowledge and debate, explaining their ideas in relationship to ordinary examples readers can understand. What are the limits of our reasoning? What counts as good evidence for our beliefs? How do we know if someone is a trustworthy source of information? What do we do when we are gripped by doubt? When is a debate with someone worth our time, and how can we discuss contentious topics? This book argues that answers to these questions are as relevant today as they were in ancient India and were the focus of Nyāya philosophy, one of the most influential traditions of Indian philosophy.
Sanskrit, Sūtras, and Systems
Authors: Keating Malcolm
Published: August 2024

Nyāya philosophers are interested in questions such as how can we acquire knowledge, how can we have a useful discussion about conflicting views, and what is the goal of human existence? Their answers were written in a premodern context in India in which debate between Brahmanical and Buddhist philosophers informed philosophical reflection on the relationship between reasoning and living well. The chapter situates four early Nyāya philosophers in their historical context, introducing their key texts and ideas. These philosophers are Vātsyāyana, Uddyotakara, Vācaspati Miśra, and Jayanta Bhaṭṭa. The chapter also introduces the concept of suffering (duḥkha) and how Nyāya philosophers think knowledge helps remove it.
Nitpicky Literal-Mindedness and Other Fallacies
Authors: Keating Malcolm
Published: August 2024

Among the irrational and sophistical ways to reason—broadly called “fallacies”—that Nyāya philosophers exclude from truth-seeking debate are equivocations and misleading objections. There are three kinds of equivocation: equivocation with words, equivocation through generalization, and equivocation by implication. This chapter explains and illustrates all three kinds of equivocations and selective misleading objections. The examples draw on modern debates, although the chapter also makes connections with Nyāya philosophy. It explores the underlying principles of the equivocations, paying special attention to how they come about, how to recognize them, and how to respond to them.
Points of Defeat
Authors: Keating Malcolm
Published: August 2024

In a debate where one party is judged a victor, rather than a debate where the goal for both parties is to determine what is true, Nyāya philosophers identified twenty-two points of defeat, ways that a debater could lose. This chapter explains and illustrates all twenty-two points of defeat and shows how they are related to the fallacies treated earlier: counterfeit reasons, equivocations, and misleading objections. The chapter frames the analysis along the lines of Uddyotakara’s analysis of points of defeat in terms of partial misunderstanding or failure to understand something entirely.
Of Logic in General
Authors: Franz Timothy
Published: August 2024

Chapter 1 faces a problem Maimon thinks Kant should have better addressed in the Critique of Pure Reason and suggests a solution. The problem is that the critical philosophy must justify, de novo, the laws and rules of formal logic as the a priori science of the form of all possible rational cognition. However, this involves a problematic circle. While logic is defined as the science of rational thought, rational thought is defined as evaluable by logic. Maimon proposes reflection as the proper response to this circularity. He argues that all cognition must involve five elements (a subject who thinks, an object it thinks, acts of thought, and thoughts which the subject produces). Thus, in the New Logic he will reflect on the laws or principles of valid cognition of objects, determine those principles, and then base formal logic on them as the science of the form of cognition.
Of Thinking in General
Authors: Franz Timothy
Published: August 2024

Chapter 2 performs the reflection Chapter 1 demands. Because Maimon asks how cognition can be valid of its object, he defines thought as the generation of cognition by the synthetic connection of subject- and predicate-terms in judgments. This is his version of Kant’s synthetic unity of apperception. He inquires specifically about the principles that govern the connection of subject- and predicate-terms in judgments, so that cognition can be valid of objects. The reflection discovers an integrated set of principles, the chief of which is Maimon’s “principle of determinability,” which means that the subject-term independently refers to object, while the predicate term does not, and must join with its subject-term so the synthesis refers to the same object determined in a new way. The reflection results in a systematic of the terms of thought, according to which all terms can be related systematically in concepts, judgments, and inferences.
[Of Cognition]
Authors: Franz Timothy
Published: August 2024

Chapter 8 starts the second half of the book, in which Maimon uses the very same reflection on thought from Chapters 1–2 to obtain the principles, not of the relation between subject- and predicate-terms, but of the relation of thought to its given object. This relation should characterize our possible cognition of the world. Thus, whereas Maimon grounded Kant’s formal logic on the reflection, he will now ground Kant’s transcendental logic of the categories and schematism on it, too. But Chapter 8 poses a problem: formal logic is the science of rational thought. But how can rational thought be rational, i.e., objective, about the world? For if objects are materially given to us, it seems we can only have subjective or a posteriori cognition. However, although empirical objects are simply given to us, reflective thought also projects the form of mathematical cognition on them. This sets up a solution.
[The Transcendental Deduction]
Authors: Franz Timothy
Published: August 2024

Chapter 11 is Maimon’s transcendental deduction of the categories. It resembles yet differs significantly from Kant’s. Kant’s transcendental deduction concluded that we could not judge, or bring cognitions to objectivity, if we did not experience universally via the categories. Therefore, the categories are objectively valid. Maimon agrees. But his deduction comes after the schematized system of objective cognition. This is because his system affirms that objects are always given to cognition as problems from outside it. But this is a problem: how are the categories predicates of objects, if objects are not conceptually structured? Chapter 11 argues that we do not apply concepts directly to objects but to the spatiotemporal relations that mediate between thought and beings. It also argues that the reflection on the conditions of cognition could not have gotten off the ground without presupposing the objective validity of the categories. Maimon also seems to raise skeptical possibilities.
The Transcendental Dialectic
Authors: Franz Timothy
Published: August 2024

In Chapter 13, Maimon responds to Kant’s Transcendental Dialectic, i.e., the Paralogisms and Transcendental Antinomies that culminate in the Transcendental Ideal of God. He concludes by suggesting his own post-Kantian metaphysics. Maimon agrees with Kant’s Paralogisms, which teach that we cannot infer to the soul as a simple substance. For his reflection has already ruled this out. But Maimon disagrees with Kant’s Cosmological Antinomies. For he takes each argument to confuse absolute and indefinite infinities. Thus, the eight metaphysical possibilities Kant rules out remain possible. The reader must reconstruct Maimon’s metaphysics, which teaches that the contingently existing (but absolutely cognizing) transcendental subject and the world in which it exists demand a unifying ground that transcends them. This must be the God who exists in harmony with the world just as philosophy exists in harmony with the sciences which Maimon presented enigmatically in the Preface.
The Advent of War
Authors: Balserak Jon
Published: August 2024

This chapter picks up the story with the French Huguenots and French Catholics going to war in April 1562. It examines the character of the support given to the Huguenot war effort by Calvin and the Genevans. In examining this, it considers Calvin’s sermons on 2 Samuel in which he sets out his belief that the church of God must always fight, sometimes with arguments and sometimes with weapons. The second half of the chapter looks at the immersion of Calvin, Beza, and their colleagues in the war effort. They do not take up arms (something which Calvin and Beza both believed was inappropriate for a minister to do), but they strategize, liaise with Huguenot generals, and discuss God’s providence as regards the war. The potential Lutheran influence on France occupies an enormous amount of their time and energy. In Geneva itself, they insist on support for the Huguenots, regarding ambivalence or neutrality as a betrayal of God.
Blooming in the Ruins
Authors: Sánchez Carlos Alberto
Published: August 2024

This book introduces readers to central concepts and ideas in Mexican philosophy. Couched in stories and anecdotes from the author’s life, the book offers these concepts and ideas as orientations, recommendations, and exhortations for navigating today’s world. The structure and the style of the book aim at making these accessible to both specialists and nonspecialists, and indeed to anyone who may have had some experience with contemporary forms of marginalization, alienation, objectification, or any of the various forms of dread and accidentality familiar to modern life. This, the author thinks, includes most of us. Narrowing down the scope of the tradition, the author draws from the history of Mexican philosophy in the twentieth century, the era when Mexican philosophy comes into its own. The book begins with two short introductions: one to philosophy in Mexico, the other to Mexican philosophy. Here readers are introduced to Alfonso de la Veracruz, who offered the first philosophy course in the Americas in 1540 in the monastery of a small town in Michoacán. This is followed by the positing of four main themes that recur in the literature of Mexican philosophy. The remainder of the book serves as a guide for living a better, more fulfilling life. The main characters in what the author considers an uncontroversial survey of Mexican philosophy are Antonio Caso, Samuel Ramos, Emilio Uranga, Leopoldo Zea, Jorge Portilla, Rosario Castellanos, and Elsa Cecilia Frost—along with significant figures from the author’s own life.
“In the Beginning . . .”
Authors: Sánchez Carlos Alberto
Published: August 2024

This is the first of two chapters dealing with the history of Mexican philosophy. We begin by recalling that the first course in philosophy ever taught in the Americas was offered in the small town of Tiripetío in Michoacán, Mexico, not far from where my parents grew up. This allows us to suggest that the appearance of Mexican philosophy on your bookshelves should not be surprising, since philosophy in Mexico has a long and distinguished history. But why haven’t we heard about it? The answer must point to colonialism and certain existing prejudices, perhaps especially potent in the realm of serious intellectual endeavors such as philosophy.
Be Late to Parties
Authors: Sánchez Carlos Alberto
Published: August 2024

This chapter is devoted to my third orientation, exhortation, or recommendation. Here we focus on Jorge Portilla’s notion of punctuality. We begin by making some generalizations from my own experience. The gist is that in many cultures there is something oddly suspicious about being on time. In my own family (including my wife’s Filipino family), people plan events with lateness as the rule and not the exception. This raises the question as to why “being on time” is such an obsession. Jorge Portilla believes that punctuality is an “ideal” value, something that we could aspire to but perhaps shouldn’t. According to Portilla, we will achieve it when we’re dead, but needn’t when we’re alive. In this chapter we explore what it means to be on time, and what it doesn’t mean.
There Is Hope in Zozobra
Authors: Sánchez Carlos Alberto
Published: August 2024

Zozobra is the uncomfortable feeling of being stuck in between multiple possibilities of existence. It is similar to anxiety but not synonymous; here we discuss the differences. Luis Villoro associates zozobra with being “transfixed by nothingness.” Emilio Uranga argues that it is, in fact, a natural state of human existence and suggests that to believe otherwise is to exist in a fantasy. Rather than run away from the feelings of indeterminacy and ungroundedness that accompany zozobra, Uranga urges us to lean into it, to forge ourselves as zozobra. Here we think about what this means and how knowing our zozobra can guide us to a better, more hopeful life.
Engage in a Bit of Relajo
Authors: Sánchez Carlos Alberto
Published: August 2024

In this chapter we consider Jorge Portilla’s notion of relajo, or the “suspension of seriousness.” We begin with an example of what a relajo situation looks like. We then describe the person who suspends seriousness, who Portilla calls a relajiento—the kind of person who “suspends” seriousness by inverting values at any opportunity. The briefly anarchic effect of relajo when deployed under the right circumstances can be healthy, or feel liberating. However, this chapter exhorts its readers not to be relajientos, since in suspending seriousness one also suspends the possibilities of doing anything constructive. Repeated relajo disruptions can thereby encourage one’s audience to truly “waste one’s time.”
Practice Irony, But Be Socratic about It
Authors: Sánchez Carlos Alberto
Published: August 2024

In this chapter I consider “Socratic irony,” which is a way of relating to values and is different than relajo or fanticism (the way of being belonging to apretados). Unlike relajientos, who treat values lackadaisically or with disdain, and unlike apretados who seek obsessively to embody them, Socratic ironist take a more moderate, and critical, approach to values, and to life itself. To begin with, I consider my mother’s ironic attitude, one she often used as a way to cut through dogmatic or uncritical claims to knowledge, and which exemplifies the Socratic kind of irony. The use of Socratic irony as a critical stance—neither dogmatic or apathetic—is also illustrated in two contemporary scenarios: one involving anti-immigration rhetoric and the other Critical Race Theory. Following Jorge Portilla, we offer the recommendation or exhortation that the good life requires the use of a healthy sense this kind of irony, one that questions without devaluing.
It’s Okay to Be Choosy about Your Inheritance
Authors: Sánchez Carlos Alberto
Published: August 2024

This chapter exhorts readers to question their cultural, social, and familial inheritances as they relate to gender roles. Framing my discussion around María Elvira Bermúdez’s writings on the Mexican family, I discuss how my own familial/cultural inheritance manifested itself as patriarchy and violence in my childhood home. Bermúdez’s analysis of the failings of machismo also discusses hembrismo, in its older sense, designating the willing collusion of women in perpetuating male dominance. Her distinction between valentía and valor in males identifies the latter as the less ostentatious but more virtuous quality. I suggest that cultural inheritances that perpetuate cycles of oppression, patriarchy, and violence need to be overcome for the sake of our children and their children.
You Really Don’t Have to Join a Cult
Authors: Sánchez Carlos Alberto
Published: August 2024

According to Jorge Portilla, the most pernicious of the various crises diagnosed by Mexican philosophy midway through the twentieth century is what he calls “the state of sub-integration” found in certain sectors of Mexican society. Sub-integrated individuals lose their sense of belonging and suffer from “a species of social malnutrition” in which, alienated from their own native communities, they no longer feel nourished by existing social or communal relations. At the other extreme is super-integration. Super-integrated individuals, similarly alienated, instead join exclusive, closed communities resembling cults or sects. The chapter ends with recommendations about how to avoid both these states.
My Abuelo’s Favorite Dicho
Authors: Sánchez Carlos Alberto
Published: August 2024

This chapter reflects on the first of two dichos, or maxims, popular in my family. This dicho states that “Respect for the rights of others is peace,” and is credited to the nineteenth-century Mexican president Benito Juárez. The gist of the saying is that peace is only achieved when our individual right to become who we are meant to be is respected and protected. We consider what this maxim instructs and how it has entered Mexican culture. I also recall how my grandfather lived by this dicho and how, during his final battle with Alzheimer’s, it was one of the last things he would not forget.
My Abuela’s Favorite Dicho
Authors: Sánchez Carlos Alberto
Published: August 2024

This chapter reflects on the second of the two dichos popular in my family. My abuela was able to declare her experience in a dicho that said, “The old devil knows more for being old than for being the devil.” What she meant, or what we understood, was that her authority was a result of her old age rather than the fact that she was our grandmother. What the dicho emphasizes is the value of experience, something of a common thread in Mexican philosophy itself. We consider how this dicho represents a source of moral instruction.
An Orientation to Growing Songwriting
Authors: Randles Clint
Published: August 2024

This chapter lays the groundwork for terminology that is used throughout the book. A growth metaphor is applied to help frame the reader’s thinking around the pedagogical impact of lesson seeds, water, and sunlight to assist growth of each student’s songwriting skills. Object writing, song maps, melody, lyrics, word associations, and hype are discussed among a host of other topics to help readers with concepts that will be used throughout the book. The importance of working in groups to song write based on the professional landscape in Sweden is discussed, as is the importance of making daily use of a songwriting journal. Songwriting workgroups are suggested here as a way of employing teams of students in the songwriting process.
Beginner Middle Ground Seeds
Authors: Randles Clint
Published: August 2024

This chapter contains example lesson plan seeds for beginner Middle Ground lessons. It leverages concepts from across the chapters of the book. It centers on the creative practices and processes of professional songwriters, performing musicians, recording musicians, and scholars of songwriting. It provides the reader with resources for further growth and exploration. It leverages the musicianship that can be developed in small student-centered ensembles where the teacher functions like a music producer in the classroom. Lesson seeds include sections on lesson time, modifications for special learners, formal and informal assessment strategies and rubrics, and learning outcomes. The reader is urged to start thinking of ways of developing their own ideas for seeds.
Intermediate Middle Ground Seeds
Authors: Randles Clint
Published: August 2024

This chapter contains example lesson plan seeds for intermediate Middle Ground lessons. It leverages concepts from across the chapters of the book. It centers on the creative practices and processes of professional songwriters, performing musicians, recording musicians, and scholars of songwriting. It provides the reader with resources for further growth and exploration. It leverages the musicianship that can be developed in small student-centered ensembles where the teacher functions like a music producer in the classroom. Lesson seeds include sections on lesson time, modifications for special learners, formal and informal assessment strategies and rubrics, and learning outcomes. The reader is urged to start thinking of ways of developing their own ideas for seeds.
Intermediate Songwriting Seeds
Authors: Randles Clint
Published: August 2024

This chapter contains example lesson plan seeds for intermediate songwriting lessons. It leverages concepts from across the chapters of the book. It centers on the creative practices and processes of professional songwriters, performing musicians, recording musicians, and scholars of songwriting. It provides the reader with resources for further growth and exploration. It leverages the musicianship that can be developed in small student-centered ensembles where the teacher functions like a music producer in the classroom. Lesson seeds include sections on lesson time, modifications for special learners, formal and informal assessment strategies and rubrics, and learning outcomes. The reader is urged to start thinking of ways of developing their own ideas for seeds.
A Whole New World of Original Songs
Authors: Randles Clint
Published: August 2024

This chapter ties together the main points that were used throughout the book. A growth metaphor is applied to help frame the reader’s thinking around the pedagogical impact of lesson seeds, water, and sunlight to assist growth of each student’s songwriting skills. Object writing, song maps, melody, lyrics, word associations, and hype are discussed among a host of other topics to help readers with concepts that were used throughout the book. Practical examples are given along with reference to existing literature on this topic inside and outside of music and music education. This chapter provides readers with a conclusion of this work with suggestions for what to do next.
How Conscious Thoughts Cause Behavior
Authors: Baumeister Roy F.
Published: August 2024

Inspecting the evidence on how conscious thoughts cause behavior reveals some clear limitations. There is no proof that action begins with conscious thoughts, nor that conscious thoughts have immediate or direct influence on moving the muscles. Conscious thinking occurs in between input (information reaching the brain) and output (moving the body). Conscious thoughts are especially useful in translating broad, abstract goals into specific plans and actions. They operate best in situations defined by multiple alternative possibilities, such as difficult decisions. They enable one’s actions to be influenced by other people and indeed by the culture. They integrate past, present, and future. They help the automatic mind learn to function better, such as by forming good habits and practicing skills. Sometimes conscious thoughts involve reconsidering and overriding automatic responses and impulses.
Free Will Gone Rogue
Authors: Baumeister Roy F.
Published: August 2024

Free will presumably evolved to enable people to improve their lives, reflected in benefits for survival and reproduction. But sometimes people do self-destructive things. Contrary to the Freudian view of innate self-destructive tendencies, there is scant evidence that normal people ever seek harm or failure for themselves. They do however make self-destructive trade-offs, typically seeking a positive immediate reward that happens to come with a serious but delayed cost. Another pathway into self-defeat is that faulty knowledge about self and world causes people to pursue good outcomes in ways that backfire and thwart their efforts. Self-defeating actions occur in connection with threats to reputation, emotional distress, and failures of self-control. Free will is generally used to bring benefits to the self, but sometimes people go about this in ways that end up hurting themselves.
Whether People Believe in Free Will or Not
Authors: Baumeister Roy F.
Published: August 2024

Most people believe in free will to some degree, but some believe more firmly than others. Moreover, many supposed experts have enjoyed telling the public that there is no such thing as free will. In general, greater belief in free will is linked to behaving more prosocially: being more helpful and less aggressive, being more honest, learning from one’s mistakes, forgiving relationship partners (but punishing strangers for misdeeds), and being more grateful. People’s belief in free will increases when they read about other people doing bad things, presumably to support holding those people responsible. All the findings fit the view that free will evolved to enable people to participate constructively in society with culture.
How Free Will Operates, in Practice
Authors: Baumeister Roy F.
Published: August 2024

Future work can elaborate how free will, as a mental system that guides human action, operates. For now, multiple types of practices can be outlined, based on lists of phenomena from executive function and ego depletion research. Self-control involves overriding one response to make an alternative action possible, and it often is used for stifling immediate impulses in order to do what is best in the long run. Rational thought applies logic and general principles to calculate the best course of action. Planning involves anticipating future crossroads and deciding in advance what series of steps will successfully bring one to goals. Initiative means responding actively to the situation instead of passively going along and letting things happen. Switching tasks and flexible execution enable the person to pursue multiple goals across time. Time management helps impose systematic organization on events and ensure that tasks can be completed on time.
Desire to Have or Use Free Will?
Authors: Baumeister Roy F.
Published: August 2024

While this book has focused on how free will functions, a related question is whether people have a possibly instinctual desire to exercise free will. This idea has been a centerpiece of self-determination theory, positing an inner need for autonomy. The question is not fully resolved, and this chapter considers evidence for and against. People (and animals) like to have options and often object when their freedom or options are restricted. They show less enthusiasm for making difficult choices. The benefits of having choice are confounded by being able to get better outcomes, but there is some evidence of a pure desire for choice independent of its benefits. It may have evolved in simpler animals and would therefore not be specific to free will.
Positive Psychology and Free Will
Authors: Baumeister Roy F.
Published: August 2024

Befitting the focus of the book series, this chapter highlights some key roles of free will theory within positive psychology. Free will is among the most advanced capabilities of the human mind and is integral to most forms of flourishing. Indeed, contrary to widespread impressions that creativity is something purely in the unconscious mind, experiments have shown that conscious thinking and reflection are vital to the creative process. Proper exercise of free will increases happiness, and indeed people who believe more in free will also report higher happiness and higher meaningfulness in life.
Summing Up and Looking Ahead
Authors: Baumeister Roy F.
Published: August 2024

The final chapter surveys and summarizes what has been said. It provides a longish as well as a capsule summary of the book’s main ideas. The human mind was designed by nature (evolution) to function in culture, and free will is a key part of that. Freedom is in the situation, and the human mind recognizes options so as to make advantageous choices and actions. Freedom is not absolute but on a continuum. Human action is sometimes guided by meaningful, even abstract ideas and by conscious thinking (including mental simulations of the possible future). The moral agent, the economic agent, and the information agent all indicate how the human mind evolved to benefit from cultural systems. Free will is limited by energy constraints (willpower) and is only used sometimes. It also addresses some areas needing further research, such as child development, brain processes, and occasional reluctance to use one’s free will. Links to political activity are discussed: Many political movements have explicitly sought increases in personal freedom.
Introduction
Authors: Pharao Hansen Magnus
Published: August 2024

This chapter is the Introduction, which describes the topic and the approach and explains the various concepts and theoretical perspectives of the book. It describes how the Nahuatl language first became increasingly important during the first part of the colony, before it then began to decline in importance, causing a process of language shift and endangerment, and how it is now enjoying a period of increased significance and resurgence. It introduces the concepts of publics and counter-publics to describe the status of linguistically distinct Indigenous communities embedded within the Mexican national community. It also provides an overview of the author’s methods and theoretical approaches. It includes a summary of the main argument and a chapter road map for the rest of the book.
Land, Language, and Higher Learning in the Zongolica Highlands
Authors: Pharao Hansen Magnus
Published: August 2024

This chapter describes how the changing Indigenous politics have affected the sphere of education. Since 2001, a series of intercultural universities have been opened with the joint mission of providing more education options to rural, predominantly Indigenous populations, and of promoting intercultural education, which includes improving the presence of Indigenous languages and cultures in the education system. One of these intercultural universities is located in the Nahuatl-speaking region of Zongolica in central Veracruz state. This chapter describes the way this institution works and how it interacts with and influences political processes involving Indigenous people in the region. It argues that in spite of the constraints of its institutional framework, intercultural education does open up spaces in which Nahuatl speakers can imagine their world, and creates new possibilities for other kinds of lives as they do so.
Conclusions
Authors: Pharao Hansen Magnus
Published: August 2024

This is a short concluding chapter that rounds off the book by drawing general conclusions about the relations between language and politics. It centers on the concept of semiotic sovereignty, and how it can be used to analyze the relations between semiotic resources and political communities. It concludes by noting how Nahua people are themselves engaged in strengthening their semiotics sovereignty in various ways, from producing literature to developing education at different levels, and to teaching the language to their children.
Mind the Science
Authors: Stea Jonathan N.
Published: August 2024

Mind the Science is the self-defense shield that we direly need to protect us against the onslaught of bogus mental health treatments and products that have increasingly flooded social media, popular media, and the business of health care itself. It provides a takedown of mental health misinformation and pseudoscience to educate and embolden those who wish to make informed decisions about their mental health. The first section equips readers with the necessary background. They’ll learn about the nature, evolution, and seduction of pseudoscience, and ultimately how to become science and mental health literate. Readers will come to understand how mental health misinformation can be traced back through history right up to the present collision of the anti-psychiatry movement and the wellness industry. The second section teaches how to spot misinformation and propaganda. It shines a light on various pseudoscientific practices, shows the psychological reasons that leave us vulnerable to believing misinformation, and helps readers to develop a keen eye for the tactics and tropes that are used to push propaganda in the wellness and alternative medicine communities. The third section offers solutions, showing the concepts and science behind evidence-based ways to improve mental health, and teaches what to look for when seeking real professional help. In the end, readers will be better positioned to identify mental health misinformation, to steer clear of misguided and predatory practices, and to understand what mental health really means.
Introduction
Authors: Stea Jonathan N.
Published: August 2024

The Introduction describes the idea that mental health is priceless, yet for sale in the wellness industry. It differentiates between mental health misinformation and propaganda and describes how the author has cultivated social media to battle both, ultimately leading to the birth of the book. It foreshadows the various sections of the book and invites readers to mind the science when it comes to their mental health. Readers learn that the book rests on the premise that the scientific method is the best tool people have to guide decisions about their mental health needs. It warns that people ignore mental health–related science at their peril.
Canaries in the Coal Mine
Authors: Stea Jonathan N.
Published: August 2024

This chapter takes a deep dive into the nature of pseudoscience and how it manifests under the guise of alternative medicine. It further popularizes the work of psychologist Scott Lilienfeld by helping readers to learn how to distinguish science from pseudoscience in mental health. A cluster of pseudoscientific warning signs are illustrated for readers. The ideology of alternative medicine is laid bare, as its various tropes and propaganda tactics are revealed. Readers learn about the ways in which alternative medicine is a source of deception and a marketing ploy for pseudoscience. Armed with these tools to find and name the fraud, they become better equipped to learn more in the next chapter about the psychological and social influences on our thinking and mental health decisions.
Falling for Fake Science News
Authors: Stea Jonathan N.
Published: August 2024

This chapter tells the story about how smart people can fall for misinformation, steering their decisions about mental health. The tragic death of Kirby Brown and her peers at James Arthur Ray’s wellness retreat is one cautionary tale discussed that horrifically illustrates the damage caused by wellness grift. Readers learn about how people fall for fake scientific claims beyond poor science and mental health literacy skills, including many interacting reasons at the individual (e.g., ideological blindness, personality), group (e.g., echo chambers), and societal (e.g., structure of social networks, bad actors) levels of analyses. With a focus on the individual, readers learn how people are all susceptible to misinformation in part because their minds are wired for mental shortcuts, motivated reasoning, cognitive biases, and logical fallacies. The chapter helps readers understand how the scientific method, intellectual humility, self-understanding, and critical thinking are antidotes against misinformation and the influence of our biases.