bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On Love
Authors: Dumler-Winckler Emily
Published: August 2022

Wollstonecraft’s call for a revolution in female manners entails a revolution of loves, earthly and divine. That such a revolution is inherently political has been denied or ignored by many, a source of anxiety for others. From premoderns like Plato, Aristotle, and Augustine to late moderns like Hannah Arendt, James Baldwin, Stanley Hauerwas, Martha Nussbaum, Alexander Nehamas, and Danielle Allen the political perils of love, friendship, and religion have been a matter of ongoing dispute. Wollstonecraft is keenly aware of the dangers of disordered loves. Oppressive relations of every kind require a revolution, a reordering of loves, desires, and relations as well as of laws, social norms, and institutions. The political virtues of friendship, generosity, and charity or love supplement the virtues of justice by perfecting all manner of loves—love of self, family, spouse, friends, strangers, enemies, country, nature, and God. Such virtues simply are common goods.
Kant, Liberalism, and the Meaning of Life
Authors: Church Jeffrey
Published: August 2022

This book is the first extended treatment of Kant’s understanding of the meaning of life. It focuses on his largely neglected early lectures on anthropology from the 1760s and 1770s in the crucial years leading up to his Critique of Pure Reason. These lectures feature Kant at his least metaphysical, abstract, and legalistic. Instead, in these lectures, Kant adopts a naturalistic perspective, examining the purpose of the human being as an embodied, needy creature. This book argues that for the early Kant, human nature has two conflicting ends—that of wholeness and perfection—a conflict that justifies humanity in giving itself its own moral purpose to bring harmony to our nature and meaning to our lives. It then argues that Kant’s early view of the meaning of life has important implications for understanding his political theory. Kantian liberalism has in recent years been virtually synonymous with John Rawls’ liberalism, which has been criticized for abstracting from concerns about meaning in life and from debate and contestation in democratic politics. This book argues that Kant’s liberalism involves a more dynamic and contestatory politics than Rawls’ liberalism, because of the tensions in our nature as revealed by Kant’s anthropology. In addition, Kant’s anthropology points to a perfectionist dimension in Kantian liberalism, that politics on Kant’s view is not only a framework for pursuing our own view of the good, but also a partnership that fosters a meaningful life.
The Worthlessness of Natural Human Life
Authors: Church Jeffrey
Published: August 2022

This chapter argues that for Kant, the development of the civilized state increasingly destroys the possibility of the simultaneous satisfaction of our two basic human ends, perfection and wholeness. For this reason, Kant challenges two major views of the meaning of life based on these two ends, contemplation and happiness. Kant conceives of the contemplative philosophical life as a heritage of the ancient aspiration for human perfection. He conceives of happiness as a modern democratic end, one that aims to satisfy our natural drive for wholeness. Both views of the meaning of life turn out to be self-defeating on their own terms, since they aim to satisfy one of the aims of our natures at the expense of the other. Ultimately, then, the conflict in our natures calls into question the very value of human existence.
Kant’s Genealogy of Morality
Authors: Church Jeffrey
Published: August 2022

The questioning of the value of our existence, possible because of the freedom given to us by nature, also makes possible the transcendence of our divided nature and the unification of our two ends through the realization of our freedom in our moral conscience, establishing a moral constitutional order to end the state of nature that is our natural vocation. Nature’s irrationality licenses humanity to use its freedom to transcend nature and give itself its own purpose and hence value. This chapter argues that we give ourselves a moral vocation, such that individuals and the species as a whole gain worth in contributing to this purpose, because this vocation satisfies our distinctively human need for freedom, while also bringing harmony to our divided nature.
Kant’s View of the Meaning of Life
Authors: Church Jeffrey
Published: August 2022

This chapter argues that Kant provides us with a persuasive account of the relationship among the questions of the purpose, value, and meaning of existence. The purpose and value of existence are perennial questions facing humanity, but the meaning of life is new, emerging only in the 19th century. Though Kant never uses the phrase “the meaning of life,” his philosophy creates the logical space for that question, as humanity’s self-given purpose requires extended historical progress in order to achieve. The meaning of life, on Kant’s view, involves contributing to the progress of human emancipation, which can be realized in many different ways, especially through advancing the ends of culture, civilization, and moral community. Chapter 5 concludes by responding to an important criticism of Kant’s anthropology, namely, that it is racist and Eurocentric.
The Purposes of Politics (2)
Authors: Church Jeffrey
Published: August 2022

For Kant, civilization is that form of community—comprising the norms of politeness and honor—that reduces conflict and ensures order and stability in society. This chapter argues that for Kant politics may take as its end the advancement of the norms of civilization insofar as those norms are necessary to the protection of our rights. The chapter focuses in particular on Kant’s mostly ignored passages on the police power of the state, which, he argues, licenses liberal governments to control smells, loud noises, prostitution, and other threats to our sense of public “decorum.” In these and other passages, Kant recognizes that politics may maintain and transmit civilization from one generation to another so long as these norms provide the condition for the possibility of a system of right.
The Purposes of Politics (3)
Authors: Church Jeffrey
Published: August 2022

Most commentators on Kant emphasize the parallels between morality and right. After all, both involve formal principles legislated by pure practical reason. However, this chapter argues, for Kant, right differs from the moral law in that its content is radically indeterminate without positive, empirical legislation. The rule of right itself needs to be “laid down” by a sovereign. As such, the sovereign is accorded a distinctive form of freedom: an empirical agent has the capacity to make determinate a pure practical law. Political autonomy is thereby a significant and meaningful human activity, even if carried out by self-interested agents. With this understanding of the noble, even sacred purpose of sovereignty, we can make sense of some of Kant’s more puzzling doctrines, such as his condemnation of the right to revolution and strong retributivism in his view of punishment.
Kant’s Perfectionist Liberalism
Authors: Church Jeffrey
Published: August 2022

This chapter argues that perfectionist liberalism is vulnerable to the criticism of paternalism, that liberal perfectionist theories infantilize members by choosing their ends for them. The author’s Kantian form of perfectionism improves on these theories by adopting a single goal as its end, namely, independence, thereby not infantilizing members, but encouraging their self-mastery. At the same time, Kantian liberal government can still advance the ends cherished by contemporary perfectionists—friendship, art, excellence—by reconceiving them as essential instruments for the cultivation of independence. In addition, Kantian liberal perfectionism improves on contemporary perfectionism by focusing on the meaning of life as central to governments’ efforts, rather than the good life. As this chapter argues, the good life tends to focus perfectionist governments’ attention on the present, fostering temporary goods enjoyed by individuals here and now. They fail to address, then, enduring, communal goods which will outlast all human beings living now on earth.
Kant’s Political Liberalism
Authors: Church Jeffrey
Published: August 2022

This chapter argues that the author’s form of Kantian liberalism can be reasonably expected to command a wider overlapping consensus than Rawls’ liberalism. It can include more disagreement, the chapter argues, because of its thin account of liberalism’s end, namely, the single principle of independence. As Thomas Pogge has argued, the simplicity of Kant’s political theory—in its appeal to the single principle of external freedom—allows it to be affirmed from a Hobbesian or Millean view, or indeed from many religious views. At the same time, Kant’s distinction between legality and morality means that citizens need not abide by the law for moral reasons. They can obey for any reason, so long as they obey.
Uncovering Meaning and Practice in Regional Diplomacy
Authors: Glas Aarie
Published: August 2022

This chapter takes a second step in accounting for the conflictual regional peace of both Southeast Asia and South America by outlining the interpretive and practice-oriented methodologies and methods of the book. The first section offers one approach to uncover the existence of habitual dispositions. It outlines a particular approach to interviewing to uncover what officials—like those at ASEAN and the OAS—think from rather than about, and to contrast the given thinking and rather automatic behaviors of one community of practice with those of another that overlaps it. The second section offers a two-part approach to examine the effects of habitual dispositions. This includes exploring the robustness of these qualities of regional relations—that officials assume they work, and work effectively—and tracing their role within particular cases of regional conflict management.
Comparisons, Contributions, and Conclusions
Authors: Glas Aarie
Published: August 2022

This chapter concludes the book over three sections. First, the chapter brings the habitual dispositions of conflict management and regionalism in Southeast Asia and South America into direct comparison. As the preceding chapters suggest, there are similarities and differences in the processes and content of the habitual dispositions of each regional diplomatic community. While the processes and content differ, officials in each understand the necessity of their particular brand of diplomacy, assume it is uniquely effective, and practice it as a matter of course. The second section highlights the book’s three major contributions. These include the substantive finding that practices of peace vary across regions of the Global South, the methodological value of interpretive interviews with overlapping communities of practice to unearth habitual and dispositional qualities of relations, and the theoretical contribution of highlighting and documenting the often overlooked interrelationship between norms and practices. The third section concludes.
Introducing an idea
Authors: Baras Dan
Published: August 2022

This chapter introduces the topic of the book: the idea that some facts call for explanation. It presents arguments premised on this view and clarifies its content. The chapter ends by presenting the naïve picture, which will remain the focus of the book until Chapter 6. According to the naïve picture, there is (1) a property that some facts have to different degrees—strikingness—that serves as a reason to expect (2) a special kind of explanation for those facts. When inferring from such striking facts that there are special explanations, one is applying (3) an epistemic principle: the striking principle.
Inference to the best explanation, Bayesianism, and their relationship with the striking principle
Authors: Baras Dan
Published: August 2022

This chapter examines the relationship between the striking principle and two other philosophical approaches: inference to the best explanation and Bayesianism. It begins by introducing some concepts that will be needed for the analysis, including good epistemic principles and privileged epistemic principles. This will help the reader locate the subject of this book in larger contexts. In addition, it makes more precise theoretical possibilities that lie in the background of the work of previous authors. Finally, this chapter paves the way for the view developed in Chapter 5, that the striking principle, while in some ways good, is not a privileged epistemic principle.
What is strikingness?
Authors: Baras Dan
Published: August 2022

When facts call for explanation, why do they do so? According to the naïve picture presented in Chapter 1, there is a property that some facts have, strikingness, in virtue of which they call for explanation. Accordingly, there have been attempts by philosophers to provide an account for this property. This chapter lays out desiderata for a successful account of strikingness. It then examines ten different proposals and argues that none of them succeed. The repeated failure of attempts to find a unified account of strikingness suggests that there may be no such account to be found. The conclusion of the chapter is that there is no unified property shared by all facts that call for explanation.
Reparations for Slavery in International Law
Authors: Schwarz Katarina
Published: August 2022

Reparations for Slavery in International Law examines the case for contemporary redress for the harms and legacies of transatlantic enslavement from a legal perspective. It critically evaluates the history of transatlantic enslavement and the evolutions in international law that justified and perpetuated the exploitation of African people and people of African descent. It unpacks the requirements of state responsibility, assessing the impact of time on claims for redress for historic injustices. It presents a new theory of reparatory justice, responsive to both the underpinning principles and the modalities of redress in international law. This book considers the emerging practice of reparations in transitional justice and the relevance of these frameworks in cases of widespread historic injustice, while upending orthodox understandings of the international legal frameworks relevant to case for reparations. In so doing, it opens new space for the reconsideration not only of the international legal claim for reparations for slavery but also the moral and political case.
The Self as Agent, the Self as Observer
Authors: Maibom Heidi L.
Published: August 2022

This chapter introduces two different ways of thinking about the world, as someone who acts in it and as someone who merely observes it. I use psychological research—on interpersonal understanding, autobiographical memory, and biased thinking—to pinpoint the exact differences between thinking of a situation from inside someone who acts and thinking about the same situation from the outside as an observer. It turns out that there are a great number of structural differences between these two ways of thinking about a situation. These lead to differences in what features of the situation are considered and how they are related to the thinker. For instance, our experience is of sensing the world directly, whereas we regard others as relating to it in a more subjective way.
Victims and Perpetrators
Authors: Maibom Heidi L.
Published: August 2022

There are different ways of conceiving of the situation one is in as a function of one’s relationship to other actors in that situation. The most obvious discrepancy arises when one thinks of oneself as a perpetrator of wrong or as a victim of it. Perpetrators tend to think of the event as an accident or as something that couldn’t be helped and that wasn’t that serious, whereas victims tend to think of it as being very serious and the result of an intentional act on the part of the perpetrator. Because these differences are structural or formal—that is, have to do with one’s position in a web of relationships—they can be captured when we imagine being in a certain position, and thus form the basis of perspective taking.
Perspective Taking
Authors: Maibom Heidi L.
Published: August 2022

This chapter returns to perspective taking. It starts with a couple of common examples of perspective taking and shows how what we have learned about perspectives makes it clear what we can do by taking another perspective and why it works. It then moves on to argue that emotional empathy—feeling sad because someone else is sad—is a form of perspective taking. It is, in fact, one of the simpler and more effective ways of putting oneself in another’s shoes. This is due to the fact that emotions are not just feelings; they are ways of regarding the world and being motivated to act in it. Emotions affect what we pay attention to and the way we think. By feeling what others are feeling, therefore, we enter into an affective and cognitive space very similar to that of the other person, and this yields a great deal of interpersonal understanding.
Knowing Me
Authors: Maibom Heidi L.
Published: August 2022

Perspective taking doesn’t just give us deeper understanding of other people; it is also key to understanding ourselves. The fact is that we are often blind to facts about ourselves that are glaringly obvious to other people. We fail to understand how others understand what we do and the kinds of characters we have. We do so because we tend to view our actions in a self-interested and highly charitable way. We see this both in philosophical and psychological research, but also in many factual cases of problematic behaviors. It is therefore important that we balance this tendency with a view of ourselves “from the outside.” In other words, we must take an observer perspective on ourselves. The ability to take such a view on oneself is, this chapter argues, essentially tied to responsibility. The fact that we fail to take such a perspective and therefore ignore important aspects of what we do does not absolve us of responsibility.
The Empathy Trap
Authors: Maibom Heidi L.
Published: August 2022

Perspective taking, the author has argued, is a powerful tool. This chapter shows that its power can sometimes be used against us. If we easily and uncritically take on the perspective of others on ourselves, we become vulnerable to abuse and self-denial. This is sometimes known as gaslighting, but is in reality a basic human existential condition. When faced with others, we are invariably faced with different points of view that may not simply add to our knowledge, but might contradict it. The danger of gaslighting highlights the fact that taking another person’s perspective is rarely the endpoint of the process of understanding that person, because once we have taken another’s perspective, we must return to our own. We must reach a synthesis of their view and our own. To do so, we must compare and contrast our own perspective, that of another person, and sometimes also that of an uninvolved observer. The chapter illustrates the idea in terms familiar from existentialist thought and Hegelian synthesis.
Introduction
Authors: McGinnis Reginald , Smyth John Vignaux
Published: August 2022

The book begins with a scandal reported in February 2019 involving French journalists, the League of LOL, who had for several years been engaged in online harassment and were regarded by several commentators as illustrating the return of archaic mocking practices in the digital age. The introduction highlights examples of mock ritual discussed by anthropologist James George Frazer, where the ritual killing of the king was replaced by mocking him, for instance, or by a mock execution instead of a real one. Anticipating the book’s contents, the introduction also outlines some key elements of Enlightenment mockery, especially the mockery of ritual, in Diderot and d’Alembert’s Encyclopedia and other examples, and raises the question of the extent to which such supposedly rational ridicule can itself still be considered ritualistic. The introduction finally considers, via Konrad Lorenz and René Girard, the origins of the ambivalent relation between laughter, aggression, and ritualized behavior more generally.
Mock Ritual in Diderot and d’Alembert’s Encyclopedia
Authors: McGinnis Reginald , Smyth John Vignaux
Published: August 2022

Following the comparison of pre-Revolutionary France with the late twentieth century in chapter 1, this chapter is devoted to one of the great works of the French Enlightenment, Diderot and d’Alembert’s Encyclopedia. Several articles in this work are identified as related to mock ritual, for instance, on French customs of the Middle Ages, seen by the authors as “farcical” and “grotesque,” or on seafaring. Judging from these examples, such rituals appear remote from the world of the encyclopedists and alien to eighteenth-century thought. The feast of fools, for instance, is relegated to a distant past, and there is the suggestion in the article on the “baptism of the tropic or of the line” that this ceremony should also be abolished. Expanding this inquiry to articles on coteries, immolation, meanness, and ridicule, however, reveals within the Encyclopedia a more intimate, and more disturbing, connection between mock ritual and Enlightenment reason itself.
Mocking Priests in Tristram Shandy and Jacques le fataliste
Authors: McGinnis Reginald , Smyth John Vignaux
Published: August 2022

Because he presented himself as a champion of amiable English humor of the kind praised at the end of Leconte’s Ridicule, this chapter considers Laurence Sterne and foregrounds the mock ritual death of Parson Yorick in Tristram Shandy as a consequence of his jokes. Yorick’s death appears as a reversal of the pattern encountered earlier, since the joker is the laughing sacrificial victim instead of the sort of persecutor dramatized in Ridicule. This discussion prepares a return to Diderot and particularly to a scene from Jacques le fataliste, influenced by Sterne, in which an ugly vicar is the object of mock ritualistic violence or charivari. These passages are exemplary since the fiction in each case not only treats mock ritual, but effectively is one. Diderot’s vicar’s objection to public copulation is hardly prudish by modern secular standards, while Yorick’s mock death recalls the biblical Isaac, whose name means “laughs.”
Mock Ritual and Medicine in Flaubert’s Dictionary of Received Ideas
Authors: McGinnis Reginald , Smyth John Vignaux
Published: August 2022

Having considered in the previous chapter how Madame Bovary deploys mock ritualistic connections between its major themes of ridicule, religion, medicine, education, erotic love, and art itself, this chapter uses Flaubert’s Dictionary of Received Ideas, as well as Bouvard and Pécuchet, to further develop their implications, particularly for modern medicine. Medicine is often portrayed as ridiculous in its purgative pretensions, but ridicule, including Flaubert’s own, is often described as purgative or medicinal. The chapter also highlights how sacrificial religion can sometimes give way to a secular medicine (e.g., bleeding and circumcision) even less “rational” than its religious analogues. The reciprocal sexualization of medicine and medicalization of sex is especially emphasized, alongside Flaubert’s “medical” treatment of sexual swearing, as are medical interpretations of religious taboo (e.g., concerning pork). Flaubert also anticipates what are now called placebo and nocebo effects, whereby the Christian dictum that “the Word is made flesh” appears reincarnated in medical science.
The Duel as Privatized Mock Ritual
Authors: McGinnis Reginald , Smyth John Vignaux
Published: August 2022

Dueling bloodletting has been described as no less “magical” than medical bleeding, and “ritual” and “ritualized combat” are terms applied to dueling by historians and novelists alike. Because the secular duel was an unofficial and generally illegal derivative of “trial by combat,” it provides an exemplary illustration of a mutation from official ritual to what the authors call “privatized mock ritual,” all the more interesting because it concerns the relation between public and private “egalitarian” justice. Octave Mirbeau called dueling “of all human absurdities, the most absurdly absurd absurdity,” but it was nevertheless more or less ubiquitous between the Enlightenment and World War I. This chapter focuses particularly on how the codification of dueling rules made the practice increasingly akin to an arbitrary sacrificial lottery. Though emphasizing history rather than fiction, the chapter concludes by returning to patterns of dueling reciprocity in Jacques le fataliste, and briefly considers contemporary suicide-murders.
Summation
Authors: McGinnis Reginald , Smyth John Vignaux
Published: August 2022

This chapter summarizes the trajectory of the book, situating it in relation to contemporary anthropology and sociology. Having suggested that the evolution of ritual appears as a process of displacement and mutation in which mockery is alternately a means of eliminating and the substance of ritual, and that derision has a striking tendency to repeat the very patterns it derides, the authors place their post-Enlightenment materials in historical and cultural perspective by calling attention to the ambivalent role of laughter in sacred premodernity. Referring to the prescription of laughter in a number of rites—such as the “sardonic” laughter associated with Sardinians’ killing of their old people, and the “dance of derision” that purified Maori cannibals—as well as to the apparent efficacy of rituals known by their participants to be “fake,” the chapter also discusses Georges Bataille’s “philosophy of laughter,” and even self-described “professional laugher,” the Dalai Lama.
The Global Refugee Solutions
Authors: Androff David K.
Published: August 2022

This chapter sets the historical and policy context for the book. The three durable solutions are introduced, and their history is traced from inception to evolution through the Cold War and the War on Terror, through to the present day. Key dimensions and policies of the refugee regime are identified, such as the 1951 Refugee Convention and the 2018 Global Compact on Refugees. The historical trajectory of the durable solutions reveals the influence of the political preferences of donor states. This chapter provides the historical background that has led to this moment and identifies the policy arrangements that underlie the current system. It shows how most refugees do not have access to the durable solutions. It reviews the human rights of refugees that are detailed in existing international agreements. This historical and policy groundwork sets the stage for the in-depth analysis of each durable solution presented in the following chapters.
The Case of Somali Voluntary Repatriation
Authors: Androff David K.
Published: August 2022

This chapter analyzes a current voluntary repatriation program. It reviews regional repatriation in the Horn of Africa, the Somali refugee crisis, and Kenyan refugee policy. It shows how the international community and the Kenyan government compromised on a policy of encampment rather than a durable solution for the bulk of Somali refugees, and the consequences of this decades later. The Somali voluntary repatriation program is presented, from the 2013 Tripartite Agreement to its ongoing implementation. It shows who is eligible for repatriation, what they are provided, how it is delivered, and the financing mechanisms and costs. It is argued that the Somali voluntary repatriation program is a mixed success. The concluding section details implications for reforming voluntary repatriation, including more assisted returns under safe and just conditions, coupled with reintegration programs that offer sufficient assistance for returnees and that emphasize peace and reconciliation.
Refugee Solutions Reconsidered
Authors: Androff David K.
Published: August 2022

This chapter concludes the book with final thoughts on reforming the durable solutions and identifying new directions. Having examined each durable solution separately and in depth, this chapter presents reforms for the overall refugee system. It discusses implications for strengthening global refugee policy towards human rights, integration, and sustainable development. Key strategies for improving refugee solutions overall include strengthening asylum and nonrefoulement, prioritizing integration, facilitating international cooperation, and increasing funding. The international community should seek to prevent forced displacements and link refugee solutions to migration policy. Human rights-based approaches with refugees are presented, including how to incorporate the principles of human dignity, nondiscrimination, participation, transparency, and accountability into refugee solutions. The role of climate change in forced displacement and the Sustainable Development Goals are discussed. Current trends are reviewed including the global coronavirus pandemic. The chapter concludes on a note of hope and optimism for the future.
Rousseau Sets the Tone
Authors: Finley Emily B.
Published: August 2022

Jean-Jacques Rousseau is a paradigmatic figure for democratism. His Social Contract outlines many of the elements that have become the thoroughgoing ideology of democratism. Specifically, his concept of the General Will captures the modern, bifurcated understanding of the popular will that has become hegemonic in normative theories of democracy. Like Rousseau, many democratic theorists conceive of democracy as an ideal or a potentiality rather than a historical reality. These democratists promise to bring about “true” or “genuine” democracy through various social engineering schemes and educational programs. Consciously or otherwise, these theorists adopt the paradigm for democracy that Rousseau outlines in The Social Contract.
Toward a Definition of Democratism
Authors: Finley Emily B.
Published: August 2022

Democratism is an ideology that purports to welcome unmediated popular rule, but in practice it accomplishes the opposite, forms of dictatorial “democracy” that find popular consent in theory rather than in actual practice. Democratism in practice is rule by a minority of experts or elites. Proponents of democratism claim to be the real arbiters of democracy as they put forth elaborate plans for bringing into existence their particular interpretations of democracy. Their schemes often entail social engineering and more or less subtle forms of coercion. Because democratists frame their arguments using the language of democracy, they often escape notice as perpetuators not of democracy proper but of an oligarchic pseudo-democracy.
Jacques Maritain
Authors: Finley Emily B.
Published: August 2022

Careful analysis of Jacques Maritain’s mature political work Man and the State (1951) finds that he is a major contributor to the development of a secular political ideology that bears the mark of democratism. The dénouement of Man and the State is a vision of global democracy conducted by a senate of elites who, not unlike the citizens in the Social Contract, must renounce nationality and citizenship in order to embrace a universal general will. Explaining the rise of democracy through an ostensibly Christian genealogy, Maritain reveals the element of millenarian thinking within the democratist philosophy of history. That other Catholics, especially popes such as John XXIII, Paul VI, and Francis, have followed Maritain’s understanding of democracy and Christianity suggests that democratism has transformed even Catholic thinking, something traditionally resistant to Rousseau’s philosophical anthropology and philosophy of democracy.
Introduction
Authors: Graham S. Scott
Published: August 2022

This chapter provides a general introduction to The Doctor and the Algorithm. It explores recent advances in health artificial intelligence (AI), the promotional language used to promulgate these new technologies, and emerging research demonstrating how new AI technology often produces inequitable outcomes for already marginalized communities. In recent years there has been a proliferation of health AI focused on diagnosis, prognosis, healthcare systems management, drug discovery, disease modeling, and more. The promises of deep medicine are scintillating, and there is great potential for improved health outcomes, but the many cautionary tales of AI encourage wariness. The question of how to separate the hype of AI from the reality is the goal of this book. The chapter closes with an outline of subsequent chapters.
Assessing the Harms of Crime
Authors: Greenfield Victoria , Paoli Letizia
Published: August 2022

The central aim of “Assessing the Harms of Crime” is to provide a firm analytical foundation for making normative decisions about criminal and related policy, taking harm—and its reduction—as a conceptual starting point and supplying the means for systematic, empirical analysis in a harm assessment framework. By exploring harm’s place in legal history and theory, criminology, and related fields and by considering the relevance of harm and its reduction for both criminal policy and the governance of security, the book demonstrates the centrality of harm, including its reduction, to crime, policy, and governance. It also highlights a substantial gap in methods available to the policy community to take on harm and the challenges of developing them. Working to fill that gap, the book presents the authors’ “Harm Assessment Framework,” consisting of tools and a process to identify, evaluate, and rank harms and to carefully distinguish harms that result directly from activities from those that are remote or driven at least partially by policy. The book also presents applications to complex crimes, primarily involving coca and cocaine, that show the framework’s value with new, actionable insight to harm and policy. On this basis, the book argues that criminology would benefit from expanding its mission to include harm and target harm reduction and from positioning harm assessment as a core task. Lastly, it posits that systematic, empirical harm-based policy analysis can contribute positively to decisions about criminal policy and the governance of security and to advancing justice.
Introduction
Authors: Greenfield Victoria A. , Paoli Letizia
Published: August 2022

This chapter sets out the central aim of this book, which is to provide a firm analytical foundation for making normative decisions about criminal and related policy, by taking harm—and its reduction—as a conceptual starting point and introducing tools and a process for systematic, empirical analysis in a harm assessment framework. It also sets the stage for a deeper discussion of harm’s role in crime, criminal policy, and the governance of security as it concerns crime and the framework’s value; describes the genesis of the authors’ approach to harm; and includes a roadmap and guide for readers. To begin the discussion, the chapter points to “harm” and its reduction in legal texts and contemporary policy on crime and the governance of security. It also highlights a substantial gap in the methods available to the policy community to implement harm as an empirical construct, showing the need for the framework.
What is coordination?
Authors: Altshuler Daniel , Truswell Robert
Published: August 2022

This chapter surveys models of the syntax and semantics of coordination. Coordination is neither a semantically nor a morphosyntactically uniform phenomenon: coordinate structures of most categories can be modeled in terms of propositional connectives, but coordinated noun phrases allow a ‘group-forming’ interpretation which cannot be modeled in these terms. Moreover, many languages have different conjunctions for signaling coordination of clauses, verb phrases, and noun phrases. This book is primarily concerned with coordination of clauses and verb phrases. Several models of the syntax of coordination are considered, and a major distinction identified between symmetrical and asymmetrical syntactic structures. However, no morphosyntactic hallmark of coordination is identified, and syntactic and semantic diagnostics do not conclusively favor one specific structure.
The Birth of Heresiology
Authors: Boulluec Alain Le
Published: August 2022

Justin Martyr marks a decisive shift in the history of heresiography. Although Clement of Rome and Ignatius of Antioch had criticized dissension in Christian circles in the early second century, Justin adopts and transforms the Greek habit of designating sects as αἱρέσεις. He argues that such sects, which he deems something other than Christian, are not merely the result of private choice, but rather stem from teachings that have demonic origins and are passed down in lines of human succession. Hegesippus, who must have known Justin’s Syntagma, as is evident from the similarity of their lists of heresies, argues in contrast to Justin that Christian heresies derive from Jewish heresies. We find that Justin Martyr is effectively the inventor of heresiological discourse, but that its forms and arguments shift already within the first few years after Justin writes.
Country and Court
Authors: Dutton Richard
Published: August 2022

This chapter reviews the provisions for regulating drama in the reigns of Edward VI and Mary, and at the beginning of Elizabeth I’s reign. It notes how An Act for the Punishment of Vagabonds (1572) restricted the patronage of players—necessary for them to travel around the country—to the elite circle of the aristocracy. From 1576, the construction of open-air playhouses for adult players and indoor ‘private houses’ for boy choristers, all on the fringes of London, made the capital increasingly the centre of playing. The London authorities sought to resist or control this; Elizabeth’s Privy Council nominated a privileged group of companies whose playing must be ensured to make them available to entertain the Queen, especially during the Revels season from Christmas to Ash Wednesday. Masters of the Revels had long supervised entertainment at court; they were now increasingly involved in the supervision of professional actors.
Tilney, Patronage, and Profit, 1579–1589
Authors: Dutton Richard
Published: August 2022

Edmund Tilney became Master of the Revels in 1579, charged with reducing entertainment costs at court. Greater reliance on professional players was key to his success. In 1581, he was given a Special Commission, giving him power over the players to help him in this; in 1583 he put together the Queen’s Men, made up of leading players from other groups. They dominated at court and in the country for the rest of the decade; only the boy players rivalled them. The chapter reviews the literary qualifications of the Masters of the Revels. It also examines plays by Robert Wilson as typical of adult playing at the time, and of John Lyly who wrote for the boys. They suggest that Tilney applied a ‘court standard’ of what was acceptable anywhere, allowing a broad range of comment and suggestion as long as it would not offend particular constituencies. The chapter questions whether powerful individuals sponsored plays behind the scenes.
1592–1602
Authors: Dutton Richard
Published: August 2022

Strange’s Men are the first to play year-round in London; the Queen’s Men are in decline. By accident or design, the Chamberlain’s and Admiral’s Men emerge from plague in 1594 as dominant companies at court and in London. By c.1596, playing in the City inns is phased out and restricted to the peripheries. The Chamberlain’s Men are prevented from using the new Blackfriars playhouse, perhaps prompting Shakespeare’s ‘Falstaff’. Pembroke’s Men challenge the dominant companies, but are severely dealt with for a play, The Isle of Dogs (part-written by Jonson). An order is issued for all playhouses to be torn down. In 1598, the Privy Council acknowledge the Chamberlain’s and Admiral’s Men as privileged companies, restricted to nominated playhouses, and answerable to Tilney, whose key role is confirmed. An examination of his income from licensing. The censorship of Shakespeare’s Richard II and of Sir Thomas More in the context of an unsettled succession. The chapter reflects on Jonson’s antipathy to the emerging status quo and his brushes with authority.
Sir George Buc, 1610–1622, and Topical Readings
Authors: Dutton Richard
Published: August 2022

Buc left two play manuscripts with clear marks of his censorship, The Second Maiden’s Tragedy (1611) and Sir John Van Olden Barnavelt (1619). Both give clear indications of his concerns, in the former shielding the (supposedly fictional) court from adverse comment, in the latter being careful about the Prince of Orange who, though not strictly a king, was head of a friendly foreign country. Barnavelt is also notable for an intervention by the Bishop of London, probably concerned about the play’s depiction of Arminianism. Buc’s term of office is marked by a shift in royal policy. When Queen Anne died there was no royal patron for her company, which nevertheless continued to perform as the Revels Company, under Buc’s specific supervision. He was increasingly a manager of London playing rather than simply its licenser.
From Astley to Herbert
Authors: Dutton Richard
Published: August 2022

Buc went mad early in 1622 and was succeeded by Sir John Astley. This chapter considers why Astley should have sold his post as Master of the Revels the following year to Sir Henry Herbert for an annual £150. He may simply have settled for the easy option. But it is notable that there was strong competition at this date for reversions to the post of Master, and Herbert was taking a gamble; had Astley died, the post would have gone to the holder of the next reversion—Ben Jonson. It is also possible that Astley was not comfortable serving under his immediate superior, the Lord Chamberlain, the third Earl of Pembroke. Herbert, by contrast, was from a cadet branch of Pembroke’s family. The chapter considers relations between Master and Lord Chamberlain in the context of the unprecedented power acquired by James’s greatest favourite, the Duke of Buckingham.
1623–1642
Authors: Dutton Richard
Published: August 2022

This chapter offers a chronological analysis of Sir Henry Herbert’s office-book, concentrating on his licensing of plays, his dealing with recalcitrant players, his making money, and his negotiating of the difficult waters of late Jacobean and mid-Caroline politics. His non-censorship of A Game at Chess is considered in light of the anti-Spanish policies adopted by Prince Charles and Buckingham. The Duchess of Suffolk is censored for ‘dangerous matter’ but soon licensed for print with no censorship apparent: the political waters had turned. He temporarily blocks a revival of The Tamer Tamed: the dominance of the play’s heroine, Maria, may be seen as commentary on Queen Henrietta Maria’s hold over Charles I. Her Catholicism and Archbishop Laud’s church reform are both matters to be handled delicately, as in Herbert’s censoring of the manuscript of The Launching of the Mary. Herbert’s practices allow us to see the licensing and censorship of the whole period in context, often condoning apparent insolence but drawing the line at anything ‘too insolent’, treating the players as licensed fools.
A Digital Economy
Authors: Mariniello Mario
Published: August 2022

Throughout history, economies and societies have always been deeply affected by technology. Radical technological innovations, such as steam-power, electricity or electronics, prompted the first, second, and third industrial revolutions. Now, countries worldwide are experiencing a fourth, equally disruptive, industrial revolution, thanks to the Internet and powerful emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence. As society becomes more and more reliant on digital applications, action by public policy is required to correct markets where they fail to deliver optimal outcomes, namely: creating significant value and ensuring that everyone can enjoy it. The job is not easy, and digital policy needs to address complex challenges: it needs to balance dynamism and stability, to address regulatory fragmentation in a highly fluid, fast-changing, environment; to solve novel economic puzzles and to answer profound philosophical dilemmas. Nations around the world are deploying digital policy strategies in an attempt to secure an overarching consistent public approach to emerging issues.
Disinformation in the Digital Age
Authors: Mariniello Mario
Published: August 2022

Disinformation is an ancient phenomenon that digitization boosted. It is impossible to say whether the average quality of information is higher or lower online than what it was before, when news could only circulate through print, radio, or TV. Today, however, the game has changed: it is far easier to generate and spread information to reach wide audiences in the Internet age. And the predominant online business model, highly dependent on web traffic and advertisement, undoubtedly generates high incentives to maximize audience, possibly by eliciting emotional engagement in users and arousing them to share false stories on social media. Markets seem unable to curb disinformation by themselves. Thus, public policy is needed to reduce the spread of false information online and defuse its potentially harmful effects. Measures include fact-checking and enabling access to high-quality media, forcing platforms to become more transparent and forthcoming, for example, allowing researchers to access their data. Furthermore, promising actions include empowering users with educational tools to overcome their “behavioural biases” and increase their wariness towards what they read or view online.
The Oxford Linear Algebra for Scientists
Authors: Lukas Andre
Published: August 2022

This book provides a introduction into linear algebra which covers the mathematical set-up as well as applications to science. After the introductory material on sets, functions, groups and fields, the basic features of vector spaces are developed, including linear independence, bases, dimension, vector subspaces and linear maps. Practical methods for calculating with dot, cross and triple products are introduced early on. The theory of linear maps and their relation to matrices is developed in detail, culminating in the rank theorem. Algorithmic methods bases on row reduction and determinants are discussed an applied to computing the rank and the inverse of matrices and to solve systems of linear equations. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors and the application to diagonalising linear maps, as well as scalar products and unitary linear maps are covered in detail. Advanced topics included are the Jordon normal form, normal linear maps, the singular value decomposition, bi-linear and sesqui-linear forms, duality and tensors. The book also included short expositions of diverse scientific applications of linear algebra, including to internet search, classical mechanics, graph theory, cryptography, coding theory, data compression, special relativity, quantum mechanics and quantum computing.
The Cosmic Oasis
Authors: Williams Mark , Zalasiewicz Jan , Milon Anne-Sophie
Published: August 2022

This title explores the abundance and complexity of life on Earth, which—as we discover more of other planets—appears as a true oasis in the cosmos. Despite its diversity, life forms little more than a veneer on the planet, albeit one that has hugely influenced its climate and environment. Earth and its biosphere have profoundly changed through more than four billion years of time, undergoing a succession of transformations. Now, we are living through the latest of these, in which humans have become extraordinarily numerous at the expense of other living creatures, not least our kindred ape species that are in severe decline. A critical development is the technology upon which advanced human societies utterly depend, from which has emerged a technosphere that now rivals the biosphere in scale and power, and that is evolving with terrific speed. Among its unwanted side-effects are enormous and ongoing changes to the atmosphere, climate, land, and cycling of key elements for life. The biosphere is on the cusp of another transformation, and this book concludes by exploring ways in which we can influence this process for the better.