bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE ALKALOIDS OF FUMARACEOUS PLANTS: II. DICENTRA CUCULLARIA (L.) BERNH.
Authors: Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

A preliminary investigation of Dicentra cucullaria has confirmed the presence of protopine and disclosed the presence of at least three other alkaloids which have been obtained in crystalline form. The isolation of cryptopine is of interest since it had previously been obtained only from opium.Two other bases, referred to as (α) and (β) are perhaps new but their naming is deferred until more is known concerning their nature.The investigation is being actively pursued along the lines of the constitutional analysis of base (α) and of base (β), as well as a search for other bases in a larger quantity of plant material.Attention is called to the high content (24.8% or more) of sucrose present in the dried tubers.
SPECIFIC HEAT AND DISSOCIATION OF SIMPLE HYDROCARBONS
Authors: Ruedy R.
Published: April 2011

The specific heat at constant volume of methane, ethylene and acetylene has been computed from the vibrational frequencies involved in Raman effect and infra-red bands, and is found to agree with experiments of recent date. From the overtones of the infra-red methane band of 3022 cm−1 a heat of dissociation into probably CH3 and H of 101 cal. per mole may be deduced. The number of collisions in which the energy could be transferred from molecule to molecule is too small, however, even at 1,000 °C., to account for the splitting up of methane into CH3 and H in quartz tubes where in the initial stage catalytic effects are small. It is likely that the slower and the symmetrical vibrations lead to a lower level of dissociation into CH2 and H2, and that the finite time during which the molecule remains in these vibrational states influences the results. The need for studying the velocity of ultrasound in gases in order to gain a better knowledge of thermal decomposition processes is pointed out.
IS THE DOOR OF UTRICULARIA AN IRRITABLE MECHANISM?
Authors: Lloyd Francis E.
Published: April 2011

The present paper deals with the question whether the door mechanism in Utricularia is an irritable one (as e.g., Mimosa is irritable) or is mechanical, and in the opening paragraphs the two views are set forth together with mention of the protagonists and their factual contributions. In particular the recently published views of Kruck have been examined and found to be inadequate.(a) The evidence for the conclusions herein presented have been drawn from a study of the posture of the door, and its exact positional relations to the threshold. The correlated anatomical facts have been studied and set forth, and it has been shown that the physical properties of the door do not change during action and that its action depends wholly on the pressure of the external medium (water) induced by the out-pumping capacity of the walls of the trap, first observed by Brocher, on the water-tightness of the door procured by the velum, as shown by Lloyd, and upon the actuation of a tripping mechanism also earlier described by the same author. There are no changes in turgor in the door cells and no reception or transmission of stimuli by the bristles, which are simply a part of the tripping mechanism.(b) Evidence has also been obtained from a study of the flexures and movements of the door, and it is shown that such could not occur if there were changes in turgor. It is further shown that the histology of the door and threshold are correlated with the position, degree and direction of the flexures.(c) It has been shown that during the flexures and movements of the door, there is no change in the position or form of the air contained in the intercellular spaces of the door, such as have been said to occur as a result of the movement of sap into these intercellular spaces.(d) Killing of the bristles does not prevent the action of the door, although it has been postulated that the bristles receive and transmit stimuli to the tissues of the door.(e) The rate of movement of the door during action is so rapid that, while it does not preclude the interpretation that it is an irritable response, it at least exposes it to grave doubt. Since the action can be repeated as rapidly and as often as the experimental conditions permit there can be no period of recovery. The action is so rapid that, if the mechanism is an irritable one, the latent period, or the period of transmission, must be very much shorter than any other case in the plant kingdom.The conclusion is therefore reached that the mechanism of the door is purely mechanical, though this is not to say that the trap is purely passive, since the physiological activity of the walls has to play its part in exhausting water from the interior, as a reduced water pressure within is necessary for the action of the door.A comparative study of 75 species of Utricularia supports this conclusion.
A MATHEMATICAL THEORY OF THE GROWTH OF POPULATIONS OF THE FLOUR BEETLE, TRIBOLIUM CONFUSUM, DUV.: II. THE DISTRIBUTION BY AGES IN THE EARLY STAGES OF POPULATION GROWTH
Authors: Stanley John
Published: April 2011

In a previous paper (2) a mathematical theory of the growth of populations of the flour beetle, T. confusum Duv., was developed, and a function θ(T) descriptive of the rate at which eggs are arriving at hatching age at a time, T, was described in a cursory manner. This function has now been written θ(T, γ) giving the number of eggs of age γ at time T, where t0 = 0 < T < t3, t3 being the time at which the first egg hatches.θ(T, γ) has been developed, and its characteristics have been described by means of a study of its partial derivatives, whence it has been possible to plot a frequency-distribution surface for the numbers of eggs of various ages during this early stage of population growth.
PREPARATION OF THE ETHERS OF VINYL ALCOHOL
Authors: Chalmers William
Published: April 2011

The simple vinyl alkyl ethers are readily prepared from the β-bromo-ethyl ethers by the action of solid sodium hydroxide. Besides the vinyl ethers, the dialkyl ethers of diethylene glycol are formed in these reactions. β-Bromo-ethers are obtainable from the mono-ethers of ethylene glycol through the use of phosphorus tribromide. The constants of several vinyl ethers are given for the first time. The preparation of vinyl methyl ether, a gas at room temperature, and of vinyl n-butyl ether, b.p. 93.3 °C., is described.
RAMAN EFFECTS WITH LIQUID AND SOLID CARBON DIOXIDE
Authors: McLennan F.R.S. J. C. , Smith M.A. H. D.
Published: April 2011

This paper describes in detail methods of obtaining clear liquid carbon dioxide and clear solid carbon dioxide in tubes suitable for light-scattering experiments. A description is given of the new type of mercury arc employed as a source of incident light.For the first time, Raman spectra of carbon dioxide in the liquid and solid states are obtained, and compared with the known Raman spectrum of the substance in the gaseous state.Carbon dioxide is the first substance for which Raman spectra have been obtained for all three states.
ON THE MECHANISM OF COMPLEMENT FIXATION
Authors: Hambleton A.
Published: April 2011

As previously described, a falsely positive or non-specific complement fixation reaction can be produced with certain tuberculo-antigens; the mechanism of the reaction is described in the present article. Examination of the antigen in the non-specific reaction shows that it can assume the same complement fixing power, cohesiveness and oil-wettability as antigen sensitized by immune serum. This indicates that fixation of complement is not a specific immune reaction, but only a secondary effect due to the surface properties of suitably modified antigens.
STUDIES ON REACTIONS RELATING TO CARBOHYDRATES AND POLYSACCHARIDES: XLIII. CYCLIC ACETAL AND KETAL FORMATION FROM α-PHENYL GLYCEROL AS FURTHER EXAMPLES OF THE "RING PARTITION PRINCIPLE"
Authors: Platt Muriel E. , Hibbert Harold
Published: April 2011

The work represents an extension of the "Hibbert-Michael ring partition theory" to the interaction of α-phenyl glycerol with acetone and p-nitrobenzaldehyde respectively. The α-phenyl glycerol was prepared in the form of a pure crystalline product from cinnamyl alcohol and on condensation with acetone yielded the two expected, isomeric, five-membered (dioxolane) ring compounds. These two isopropylidene derivatives were isolated and their structures definitely determined by the usual hydrolysis and methylation technique. In this manner the corresponding α- and γ-methyl ethers of α-phenyl glycerol were isolated, the identity of which had been previously settled by direct synthesis employing well-established reactions.The β-methyl ether of α-phenyl glycerol was obtained by methylating crystalline 1:3 p-nitrobenzylidene α-phenyl glycerol and then hydrolyzing the ether.Condensation of p-nitrobenzaldehyde with α-phenyl glycerol should yield, according to the "ring partition principle", one six- and two five-membered cyclic acetals.The crystalline isomer separating from the crude condensation product was shown to be the six-membered cyclic acetal. Removal of this left a viscous oil containing the five-membered acetals which, on methylation, and subsequent hydrolysis, yielded a small amount of the γ-methyl ether of α-phenyl glycerol, thus indicating the presence of some 1:2 p-nitrobenzylidene glycerol in the original reaction product. Due to the large number of theoretically possible five-membered rings it was not found possible to isolate, or prove the presence of, both five-membered acetals in the oil left after removal of the crystalline six-membered acetal. Presumably both of the structural five-membered acetals were formed, but due to their mutual solubility relations it was not possible to bring about a separation of crystalline forms.
THE SPECIFIC HEAT OF MONEL METAL BETWEEN − 183° AND 25 °C.
Authors: Hampton W. F. , Mennie J. H.
Published: April 2011

The heat capacity of Monel metal over the range − 183° to 25 °C. has been measured in an adiabatic calorimeter. By differentiation of the equation representing the heat capacity curve, an equation for the specific heat over this range is obtained and values at various temperatures calculated. The specific heat at 20 °C. is found to be 0.0997.
AN IMPROVED SLOW-COMBUSTION GAS PIPETTE
Authors: Bayley C. H.
Published: April 2011

A new type of slow-combustion gas pipette is described in which the combustible gas is admitted through a platinum jet and impinges directly on to the platinum spiral, thereby ensuring complete combustion and eliminating the danger of explosion.
THE CONDENSATION OF CERTAIN γ-KETONIC ESTERS WITH AROMATIC ALDEHYDES. II
Authors: Allen C. F. H. , Frame G. F. , Normington J. B. , Wilson C. V.
Published: April 2011

The condensation of benzaldehyde with methyl and ethyl α-aryl-β-benzoyl propionates in the presence of sodium methylate, followed by acidification, gave unsaturated ketonic acids. This result was unexpected in view of the previously described similar work in which lactols were formed; the only difference in the molecules is the absence of a substituent group in the benzoyl radical of the ester.The structure of the acids was carefully determined. On being heated they lost carbon dioxide, forming α, β-unsaturated ketones. One of the latter added hydrogen chloride to give two stereoisomeric saturated chloroketones, which were also synthesized by an independent method.
PYOCYANINE AND GROWTH POTENTIAL CHANGES OF PS. PYOCYANEUS
Authors: Reed G. B. , Boyd E. M.
Published: April 2011

The pigment pyocyanine, produced by Ps. pyocyaneus, together with its leuco form has been shown by Friedheim and Michaelis to constitute a reversible oxidation-reduction system. Friedheim has shown that under certain circumstances the pigment may act as a respiratory enzyme. In this paper it is shown that two ordinary types of culture media, when sterile and freely exposed to the air, exhibit potentials more positive than that of pyocyanine. With the growth of Ps. pyocyaneus the potential, in the depths of the fluids, falls to a more negative value than that of the leuco form of this pigment. The surface layer exposed to air remains more positive than the potential of pyocyanine. The surface layer of the cultures therefore becomes colored; the deeper layers remain colorless.These changes in potential in the culture fluid make ideal conditions for the functioning of pyocyanine as a respiratory catalyst—at the surface of the medium it is oxidized, in the depths reduced. The observation that a non pyocyanine-producing strain gives approximately the same growth-oxidation-reduction curves apparently indicates that the potential changes are not dependent on the pigment.
THE CHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CRYSTALLINE OESTROGENIC HORMONES
Authors: Browne J. S. L.
Published: April 2011

A crystalline oestrogenic hormone has been isolated from human placenta. This substance shows a melting point of 274 °C. (uncorrected). The carbon-hydrogen analysis gives: carbon, 74.8%; hydrogen, 8.8%. The mixed melting point with theelol shows no lowering. The substance differs physiologically from previously isolated female sex hormones. It is relatively inactive on the adult ovariectomized albino rat. The dose required is 16 γ as compared with 1.5 γ for theelol. It is, however, effective on the immature intact rat, 21 days old, in a dose of 1.2 γ. This is the same as theelol. On the immature castrate, the dose of the placental crystals is 10 γ, that for theelol is 3 γ. The presence of the ovary is believed to be the factor in the dosage ratio between adult spayed and normal intact animals. Transplantation of immature ovaries into immature or adult castrates, even though it does not render them cyclic, causes the weight of the placental crystals needed for an effect to fall to the immature intact dose.
STUDIES ON REACTIONS RELATING TO CARBOHYDRATES AND POLYSACCHARIDES.: XLV. THE POLYMERIZATION, UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF HEAT, OF CERTAIN COMPOUNDS CONTAINING THE ETHYLENE OXIDE RING
Authors: Jahn Edwin C. , Hibbert Harold
Published: April 2011

The tendency of certain glycidol and glycoloside derivatives to polymerize under the influence of heat has been investigated. Phenyl glycidol, methyl glycidol, and 2:3, 6:7-di-epoxy-4, 5-dihydroxy octane all undergo polymerization. With phenyl glycidol acetate the tendency is much less pronounced, while polymerization does not occur with phenyl glycidol methyl ether. Apparently the phenomenon is associated with the presence of a hydrogen atom capable of migration. Polymerized phenyl glycidol was found to have an open-chain structure containing one ethylene oxide ring. 2-Methoxy ethyl glycoloside was obtained as a stable dimer, which appears to have a dioxane structure.
THE STRUCTURE AND BEHAVIOR OF UTRICULARIA PURPUREA
Authors: Lloyd Francis E.
Published: April 2011

This paper presents an account of the more important structural features of a representative of a New World group of species within the generally accepted genus Utricularia, namely, U. purpurea. These species have been relegated to the genus Vesiculina by Barnhart, and the evidence here presented supports his views.A general description is given of the habit and habitat of the plant, in which also the particular points of its form and structure are set forth. The important features of the internal anatomy are given.The structure and behavior of the trap are described. It is shown that, while the mechanical working of the trap is in some respects strikingly different from that of the other species outside Vesiculina, the same fundamental plan of structure is adhered to. A detailed account of the structure of the door and of the threshold and their manner of action is given.
TETRAMERES CRAMI SP. NOV., A NEMATODE PARASITIZING THE PROVENTRICULUS OF A DOMESTIC DUCK IN CANADA
Authors: Swales W. E.
Published: April 2011

A duck obtained from a farm near Ottawa, Canada, was found on post-mortem examination to be parasitized by a hitherto unreported nematode. No males were discovered but an examination of the nine females obtained revealed certain characteristics which appeared to justify the formation of a new species, for which the name Tetrameres crami is proposed.
THE ALKALOIDS OF FUMARACEOUS PLANTS: VII. Dicentra eximia (KER) TORR.
Authors: Manske R. H. F.
Published: April 2011

A chemical examination of Dicentra eximia has resulted in the isolation of six alkaloids. Protopine and dicentrine together constitute the greater portion of the total bases while d-glaucine was obtained in minute amounts. Two of the three other alkaloids, all of which appear to be new, resemble corydine and isocorydine and have been named eximine and eximidine respectively. They are isomeric and are best represented by the formula, C17H13N (OMe)3(OH). The sixth base was obtained in traces only and until further characterized will be referred to as alkaloid (δ). The yields of purified alkaloids obtained were as follows: dicentrine, 0∙41; glaucine, 0∙03; eximine, 0∙30; eximidine, 0∙04; protopine, 0∙45; alkaloid (δ), 0∙01%: total, 1∙24%.The alkaloid isolated by Eggleston, Black and Kelly from D. eximia and named eximine by them is identical with dicentrine.
THE BIOLOGY OF PODISUS SERIEVENTRIS UHLER, IN CAPE BRETON, NOVA SCOTIA
Authors: Prebble M. L.
Published: April 2011

The biology of Podisus serieventris Uhler, and its role in an outbreak of the black-headed budworm, Peronea variana Fernald, in Cape Breton, N.S., are described from studies carried on in 1930 and 1931. There is but one complete generation of Podisus a year, and adults of both sexes hibernate. The eggs are laid in late June, July and early August, the incubation period ranging between 10 and 15 days. There are five nymphal stages, requiring about 45 days, on the average, for the attainment of the adult condition. In these respects particularly, the life history of Podisus serieventris in Cape Breton differs from its life history in Massachusetts, where four nymphal stages and three annual generations and the hibernation of females only, have been reported.The species conforms satisfactorily to Dyar's Law, the average growth ratio of individuals studied in 1931 being about 1.28. The first-stage nymphs feed on unhatched eggs of their own species, and upon the juices of coniferous and deciduous foliage, but were not induced to feed upon small caterpillars. Nymphs were able to complete the first instar on a purely vegetable diet, but died before the second moult when the same diet was continued. Older nymphs, fed for some time on animal food, were not able to attain the adult condition when supplied with plant food alone. This indicates the dependence of the species upon animal food; the food consumption of the various stages is briefly summarized. Evidence is presented which suggests the utilization, by Podisus, of a toxic secretion in overcoming their prey.The rather limited value of Podisus as a control factor in the outbreak of Peronea variana in 1930 and 1931 is described. The decline of the Peronea population in 1931 caused a corresponding mortality in the Podisus population, by starvation.
THE ACTION OF SULPHURIC ACID ON CERTAIN DERIVATIVES OF CYCLOPROPANE
Authors: Allen Charles F. H. , Boyer Raymond
Published: April 2011

A considerable variety of ketocyclopropanes has been submitted to the action of sulphuric acid, alone or in acetic acid. In general, the mode of reaction was similar to, though less drastic than, that of hydrogen bromide; this indicated a similar mechanism. When the cyclopropane ring was attacked, the product isolated was apparently formed by the addition of a molecule of water or acetic acid, or was the result of a secondary reaction dependent on a primary product so formed. The nitriles were hydrolyzed to amides without opening of the ring. A mechanism is suggested to account for the ring scission of cyclopropyl alcohols, which takes place in a different manner from most cyclopropane derivatives.
THE DISCONTINUITY IN THE ADSORPTION OF GASES, VAPORS, AND LIQUIDS ON SOLID SURFACES AT THE CRITICAL TEMPERATURE UNDER CRITICAL PRESSURE: SYSTEM PROPYLENE-ALUMINA
Authors: Morris H. E. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

An apparatus and a technique for studying the adsorption of gases, vapors and liquids on solid surfaces are described. The arrangement permits investigations in the region of the critical temperature and the critical pressure. Results with the system propylene and alumina are given. Adsorption from the gas and vapor phases indicates the formation of a surface complex which is unstable at low pressure and high temperature. The density of the adsorbed phase is greater than that of the bulk phase. There is no discontinuity in adsorption processes with a change from vapor state to gaseous state. No evidence was obtained of an increase in critical temperature on the surface of the solid. Adsorption does not occur from the liquid state, and there is a marked discontinuity in the adsorption curve with a change from liquid state to gaseous state. This is probably due to a change in the forces of attraction between liquid molecules and the solid as compared with the attraction between gaseous or vapor molecules and the solid surface. If this is the case it is further evidence for the discontinuity in the region of the critical temperature, which has been previously observed in other experiments in this laboratory.
THE EFFECT OF WINTER EXPOSURE IN THE STOOK ON QUALITY OF WHEAT
Authors: Larmour R. K. , Malloch J. G. , Geddes W. F.
Published: April 2011

Samples of wheat were exposed in the stook over winter and threshed in the spring in two seasons. These spring-threshed samples were compared with check samples from the same lots that had been threshed in the fall. The exposed samples lost grade in 50% of the cases, and decreased in weight per bushel in practically all cases. The flour yield was generally increased slightly as a result of the winter exposure. In respect to baking quality 22% showed improvement and 40% showed damage. The changes in grade and bushel weight do not correspond very closely with changes in baking behavior.
THE DENSITIES AND PARACHORS OF VINYL ACETATE AND ITS LIQUID POLYMERS
Authors: Green Charles , Marsden James , Cuthbertson A. C.
Published: April 2011

The density of monomeric vinyl acetate has been determined over a range of temperature. The parachor and Ramsay and Shield's constant have been obtained for the monomer and some liquid polymers. On the assumption that a liquid polymer may be considered as a solution of a dimer in the monomer, parachors were calculated from the mixture law.If Staudinger's formula be assumed for the dimer the calculated and observed parachors agree to within 1%.
STUDIES ON HOMOGENEOUS FIRST ORDER GAS REACTIONS: IV. THE DECOMPOSITION OF PARA-n-BUTYRALDEHYDE AND PARA-ISOBUTYRALDEHYDE
Authors: Coffin C. C.
Published: April 2011

The gaseous decompositions of para-n-butyraldehyde and para-isobutyraldehyde to n-butyraldehyde and isobutyraldehyde respectively are homogeneous and first order over the pressure and temperature range investigated (1.3 to 55 cm. of mercury; 215 to 261 °C). Under these conditions the reactions go to completion at a measurable rate without complications. Within experimental error the activation energies of these reactions are equal and are approximately the same as that of the paracetaldehyde decomposition. This value is between 42,000 and 44,000 calories per mole. The rates of decomposition of the two parabutyraldehydes are very nearly the same at any temperature. At 500° abs. the velocity constant of the iso-compound is about 15% greater than that of the normal and about 100% greater than that of paracetaldehyde. The velocity constants at any temperature are given by the equations: para-n-butyraldehyde, [Formula: see text]; para-isobutyraldehyde, [Formula: see text]. The data are consistent with the idea that, for a series of reactions with the same energy of activation, an increase in the number of contributory internal degrees of freedom of a molecule will increase the probability of reaction.
DENSITY DISCONTINUITIES AT THE CRITICAL TEMPERATURE
Authors: Winkler C. A. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

A technique for measuring densities in various parts of a one- or two-component system, raised above its critical temperature, is described. Considerable improvements over a method for this purpose recently described by one of the writers consist in greater flexibility of manipulation and in making possible a variation in the volume of space confining the medium during the experiment. Propylene and methyl-ether were the two media examined. From the results the following generalizations regarding aberrations from the continuity of state were found to hold for both.When either liquid was heated above the temperature at which the visible meniscus disappeared, the density below this point of disappearance was found to be greater than that above. The density was uniform throughout each portion, undergoing a relatively sharp change in the small region where the meniscus was last seen. After one hour of temperature equilibrium, the difference in density between top and bottom became constant and remained unaltered for six hours. Constant stirring or temperature fluctuations of the order of 0.02 °C. do not alter this density difference. A decrease in the volume available for the medium increases the density difference between the top and bottom, a continuous relation existing between available space and density difference. With decrease in available space, the densities of both upper and lower portions of the medium increase, the density of the lower more rapidly than that of the upper. These results were reproducible quantitatively in the experiments carried out to date. The density difference for a fixed available space decreases with rise in temperature and is measurable up to at least 10 °C. above the critical temperature. A number of miscellaneous experiments are described which form the basis of work now being carried out. The theoretical significance of aberrations from the continuity of state is discussed to the extent warranted by the present stage of the experimental investigations, and tentative conclusions are drawn.
STUDIES ON FOOT AND ROOT ROT OF WHEAT: III. EFFECT OF CROP ROTATION AND CULTURAL PRACTICE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOOT ROT OF WHEAT
Authors: Broadfoot W. C.
Published: April 2011

The following conclusions are drawn from a uniform, co-operative, crop sequence study at seven stations in western Canada, viz., Morden, Indian Head, Swift Current, Scott, Lethbridge, Olds and Vermilion, from 1928 to 1932, inclusive (a total of 28 station-years). Foot-rot damage of wheat is significantly reduced where wheat alternates with summerfallow in a two-year rotation, where it follows summerfallow in other rotations, alternates with oats in a two-year rotation, follows oats in a three-year rotation, follows sweet clover in a three-year rotation, or where wheat is sown late. It is increased where wheat follows wheat, barley, or western rye grass.
EXPERIMENTAL DRYING EQUIPMENT FOR ALIMENTARY PASTES
Authors: Binnington D. S. , Geddes W. F.
Published: April 2011

An apparatus is described whereby the experimental drying of alimentary pastes may be conducted automatically under a pre-determined program of temperature, time and humidity relations.The air employed for drying is continuously recirculated, dehumidification being obtained by by-passing an increasing proportion over refrigerating coils through the medium of an especially designed valve, operated electromagnetically and timed by an electric clock.Complete control of the time-humidity relation is obtained by a regulated steam input from a water resistance boiler controlled by the action of the wet bulb recording pen in conjunction with a conducting strip placed on the recorder chart.While specifically designed for drying alimentary pastes, the apparatus should be well adapted to other classes of drying studies and may also be employed to maintain constant conditions of temperature and humidity.
BACTERIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE RED DISCOLORATION OF SALTED HIDES
Authors: Lochhead A. G.
Published: April 2011

A study was made of organisms concerned with the red discoloration of salted hides, also termed "red heat", which defect may occasion loss in the leather industry through spotting and weakening of the fibre. Red halophilic sarcinae were isolated from Argentine hide. From Canadian hides showing red discoloration, two species of pleomorphic rods were isolated as active agents. One of these, occurring on salted cowhides, was found to be similar to Serratia salinaria (Harrison and Kennedy) Bergey et al., a source of reddening of cured codfish in eastern Canada. The other organism causing discoloration, isolated from buffalo hide, was regarded as a new species and designated Serratia cutirubra n.sp. Both of these halophilic organisms, owing to their proteolytic action, are considered capable of greater damage to hides than the red sarcinal types which are non-liquefying, and which may also be present on Canadian hides. Non-chromogenic halophilic bacteria were also isolated from discolored hides. These develop at a lower salt concentration range than the red organisms and are probably less active in causing injury to fibre in well salted hides.
TESTS FOR MESOTHORIUM IN RADIUM FROM LABINE POINT, GREAT BEAR LAKE
Authors: Friend F. B. , Laurence G. C.
Published: April 2011

A sample containing 50 mgm. of radium bromide, prepared from ore obtained from the Echo Bay deposits in Canada, was tested for mesothorium impurity by the gamma ray absorption method. The material was found to be free from mesothorium within the limits of the experimental error, 0.2% radiation equivalent.As a confirmatory test a number of samples of the ore were analyzed for thorium in the National Research Laboratories, Ottawa. Quantities of thorium up to 0.07% of the uranium content were found, indicating a possible mesothorium impurity in the finished radium of 0.021% radiation equivalent.
IN SITU CULTURES OF DERMATOPHYTES
Authors: Davidson A. M. , Gregory P. H.
Published: April 2011

Studies were undertaken to correlate structure with life cycle in four common species of fungi causing skin disease in man. Hairs naturally infected by Microsporon audouini, M. felineum, and Trichophyton gypseum and scutula of Achorion schoenleini were placed, without any nutrient medium, in van Tieghem cells at various humidities controlled by osmotic solutions of known vapor pressure. These fungi, which while parasitizing the animal body produce hyphae and thallospores only, were then found to undergo a second period of growth on the detached infected host tissue in moist atmospheres. During this phase they produced all the highly differentiated spore forms previously known only on various media. The aerial hyphae, aleuriospores, fuseaux and spirals produced by such in situ cultures are described in some detail. It is suggested that in nature the saprophytic phase is initiated when the infected tissues fall from the animal body in a moist situation, and that this phase may have significance in the epidemiology of the disease.
FLUKE DISEASE IN NORTHERN MANITOBA SLEDGE DOGS
Authors: Allen J. A. , Wardle R. A.
Published: April 2011

An opisthorchiid Trematode, Parametorchis manitobensis n.sp. is recorded from the livers of sledge dogs from northern Manitoba. A key is given to the known species of Parametorchis. Infection with the trematode produces chronic cirrhosis and anemia, followed by muscular weakness and death. Infection is believed to be contracted by ingestion of metacercariae in Catostomus commersonii and prophylaxis would consist of the thorough boiling of such fish before use as dog food.
ALBERTA BITUMEN: I. THE COMPOSITION OF BLOWN ALBERTA BITUMEN
Authors: Katz Morris
Published: April 2011

The relation between the physical consistency and chemical composition of a series of blown asphalts from Alberta bitumen has been studied. The amounts of asphaltous acids and anhydrides decrease on blowing, with rise in fusing point of the bitumen. The amounts of oily constituents and resins also decrease but the asphaltene content increases. The molecular weights of the resins increase from 733 to 1012 during blowing. The asphaltenes also show a pronounced increase in molecular weight from 2219 to 4690 Only traces of oxygen are found in the products blown for 6 to 8. 5 hr. at 270 °C; the amount however increases in the later stages of blowing to a maximum of 1.88%. The oily constituents do not contain oxygen, which is distributed mainly in the resin fractions, with smaller amounts occurring in the asphaltene fractions. The sulphur and nitrogen in the bitumen are distributed principally among the resins and asphaltenes. The essential process in blowing bitumen with air is one of condensation by removal of some hydrogen to form water, followed by polymerization, assisted by the sulphur in the bitumen, to products of higher molecular weight. Products similar in composition and physical properties to commercial grades of mineral rubber have been prepared from Alberta bitumen by blowing.
SKRJABINEMA OREAMNI SP. NOV., A NEMATODE PARASITE OF OREAMNOS AMERICANUS AND RANGIFER SP. IN CANADA
Authors: Swales W. E.
Published: April 2011

An oxyurid nematode of the genus Skrjabinema Wereschtschagin, 1926 is recorded from the Columbian mountain goat and mountain caribou in Canada. This parasite is the first Canadian and second North American record for the genus and is described as a new species. A key to the species of Skrjabinema is included.
COLOR CHANGES IN SNOWSHOE HARES
Authors: Hadwen S.
Published: April 2011

Observations on the color changes in Lepus americanus virginianus in Ontario are recorded. The production of pigment may be influenced by the fact that the hares can have more than one litter per season. The skin is thicker in the unprime condition than in the prime. From a study of melanin formation in the hair roots it was found that there are produced in succession several kinds of pigments which form the color pattern in the full grown hair. The structure, percentages, and types of hair are discussed. Kempy fibres are recorded. A different type of hair on the soles of the feet is described. This hair apparently grows independently of the hair on other parts of the body. Reasons are given for the erectness of winter fur as opposed to flat lying young summer fur. Hares were clipped on one side of the body. In two cases the regrowth of fur produced bands of color and then whitened above; the hairs were identified by the cut ends. Dyeing experiments showed that when brown hair whitened it lost part of its own natural pigment and the dye as well. In two cases where the tips of the hairs had been cut, the dye ran inside and permanently marked them.
ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS ON SOME UTRICULARIACEAE
Authors: Lloyd Francis E.
Published: April 2011

In previous papers by the author several types of traps of Utricularia have been described; in the present the trap of Biovularia (very closely akin to Utricularia) is described and found to be a distinct type, combining in itself characters of the two previously known, described traps of the types vulgaris and purpurea. In the species U. tubulata v. Muel., which is a freely floating form not suspected previously of having a trap of structure other than that of U. vulgaris, it is shown that it conforms with that of the Australasian "land" species U. manziesii, dichotoma, etc. U. tubulata is an inhabitant of N. Queensland also.In place of the rather easily accepted idea, expressed even by Goebel (1) that the floating forms are all alike, we now know of three distinct types, represented by the species, as types of their groups, U. vulgaris, U. purpurea and V. tubulata.
THE THERMAL DEHYDRATION OR DECOMPOSITION OF CERTAIN MINERALS AND SALTS
Authors: Gill A. F.
Published: April 2011

A description is given of a thermal decomposition apparatus in use for some years in the author's laboratory. This consists of an improved form of the familiar combination of calcining furnace and weighing balance, which allows continuous weight determinations to be made of samples undergoing thermal decomposition. The accuracy of the results is enhanced by the provision of a thermocouple suspended directly in the charge and supported by the balance, the necessary connecting leads being as fine as possible without adding significantly to the resistance of the pyrometer circuit.Thermal decomposition data are given for a number of minerals and salts which undergo loss of water or other constituents, and concerning which practical data of a reasonable degree of accuracy have from time to time been desired. These include, magnesite, hydromagnesite, magnesitic dolomite, dolomite, serpentine, asbestos, calcium and magnesium hydroxides, gypsum, hydrous magnesium sulphate, hydrous aluminium chloride, pyrite and certain samples of coal of high "volatile" content.
NON-BASIC CONSTITUENTS OF THE LEAVES AND ROOTS OF ADLUMIA FUNGOSA, GREENE
Authors: Marion Léo
Published: April 2011

An investigation of the water-insoluble constituents of this plant has disclosed the presence of an unidentified substance, C28H56O2(?), of adlumiasterol which forms a monoacetate, of a phenolic substance occurring with a mixture of fatty acids, and a red pigment, m.p. 286 °C. Fumaric acid and a sterolin also occur together with 3:4–methylenedioxyphthalide which is obtainable as well by hydrolysis of adlumine.Small quantities of the four alkaloids protopine, adlumine, adlumidine and bicuculline were also present.
THE ALKALOIDS OF FUMARIACEOUS PLANTS: X. DICENTRA OREGANA, Eastwood
Authors: Manske R. H. F.
Published: April 2011

The examination of the alkaloids of D. oregana has yielded seven bases, one of which appears to be identical with alkaloid δ previously found in two other Dicentra spp. A second base has not been adequately characterized because of paucity of material and is referred to as alkaloid ε. The remaining five alkaloids which are well known are dicentrine, glaucine, corydine, protopine, and α-allo-cryptopine. The isolation of the last from a species of Dicentra is the first on record. Attention is called to the ratio of glaucine to dicentrine and its significance is discussed. The total yield of purified alkaloids was unusually high (over 3.0%).
THE RELATION BETWEEN YIELD AND PROTEIN CONTENT OF WHEAT
Authors: Malloch J. G. , Newton R.
Published: April 2011

A significant inverse relation was found between yield and protein content, more pronounced in 1930 than in 1931. Reduction of yield by removing tillers or heads increased the protein content in both these years and the weight per 1000 kernels in 1930. Grade and kernel texture were unaffected by this pruning.
STUDIES ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF MOLYBDENUM IN BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL: I. A SPECTROGRAPHIC STUDY OF THE OCCURRENCE OF MOLYBDENUM IN PLANTS GROWN IN THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC
Authors: Dingwall Andrew , McKibbin R. R. , Beans H. T.
Published: April 2011

Molybdenum, identified spectrographically by the lines 3902.9Å, 3864.1Å, 3798.3Å, 3193.9Å, 3170.3Å, 3158.1Å and 3132.6Å, was found to be present in vetch, alfalfa, alsike, red clover, timothy, goldenrod, reed canary grass, field corn stalks, Canada thistle, ragweed, celery, beets and carrots grown on a farm in Jacques Cartier county, Quebec. Molybdenum could not be detected in the soil on which the plants grew.Molybdenum was not found in vetch plants grown on several farms in Brome, Compton and Sherbrooke counties; nor in timothy, alsike clover or red clover grown on a farm in Brome county; nor in lettuce, celery, cabbage, beets and carrots grown on two different muck soils of the St. Lawrence River valley, in Huntingdon county.The farm in Jacques Carder county lies in the Ottawa River valley drainage basin, the other farms do not. Known deposits of molybdenum occur in the Ottawa River valley.
ON THE ACOUSTIC RADIATION FIELD OF THE PIEZO-ELECTRIC OSCILLATOR AND THE EFFECT OF VISCOSITY ON TRANSMISSION
Authors: King Louis V.
Published: April 2011

The radiation field due to a circular disc oscillating with uniform amplitude in a closely fitting circular aperture surrounded by an infinite rigid flange has been studied in detail, the velocity potential being expressed as an infinite integral involving cylindrical co-ordinates. The procedure adopted may be used to study the effect of viscosity on the characteristics of the radiation field. While having little effect on the field in the neighborhood of an oscillator generating waves in water, the viscosity has a marked effect on the range of distant transmission, which in consequence is appreciably affected by temperature. Of considerable practical importance is the existence of an optimum wave-length for constant output and a given distance of transmission. By means of a simple chart, it is possible to determine the optimum wave-length for a given transmitter when the level of reception for a given range is stated.
TETRAPHENYLCYCLOPENTADIENONE IN THE DIENE SYNTHESIS
Authors: Allen C. F. H. , Sheps L. J.
Published: April 2011

In continuation of the authors' earlier work on substances having a carbonyl bridge, it has been found that tetraphenylcyclopentadienone can be used as one of the components in the diene synthesis. Products are described resulting from the addition of maleic anhydride, maleic, fumaric, and acetylene dicarboxylic esters, and benzoyl phenylacetylene. In some instances the primary addition products containing a carbonyl bridge could be isolated. Tetraphenylbenzene derivatives result from secondary reactions. Benzalacetophenone, dibenzoyl-ethylene and diphenylketene did not add to tetraphenylcyclopentadienone.In the previously described reaction between maleic anhydride and anhydroacetonebenzil, certain intermediates have been isolated, confirming the mechanism suggested to account for the formation of a dianhydride.
STUDIES ON HOMOGENEOUS FIRST ORDER GAS REACTIONS: V. THE DECOMPOSITION OF PARACETALDEHYDE AT HIGH PRESSURES
Authors: Geddes A. L. , Coffin C. C.
Published: April 2011

The homogeneous first order gaseous decomposition of paraldehyde to acetaldehyde has been studied at temperatures from 230 to 254 °C. up to pressures at which the liquid phase makes its appearance, i.e., 12 atm. at 230° and 18 atm. at 254 °C. Over-all velocity constants for the homogeneous reaction in the heterogeneous liquid-vapor system have been determined from these pressures up to the critical point. The data confirm results already published. It is found that in the purely gaseous system increase of pressure tends to diminish the reaction velocity. That the specific reaction velocity in the liquid phase is greater than that in the vapor phase is shown by the fact that the velocity constants of the heterogeneous systems increase progressively with the liquid-vapor ratio. Extrapolation to 100% of liquid gives velocity constants about five times as great as those characteristic of the vapor phase. Peculiarities in the behavior of the system at the critical point and preliminary measurements of the velocity of the trimolecular reverse reaction are described.
A KARYOSYSTEMATIC INVESTIGATION IN THE GRAMINEAE
Authors: Hunter A. W. S.
Published: April 2011

The history and the present state of the classification of the Gramineae are briefly reviewed and a number of the different characteristics on which phylogenetic systems have been based are considered. The subjects of chromosome morphology and the application of idiograms and karyotypes to taxonomic studies are discussed. Avdulov's recently reported findings on the phylogeny of the grasses are summarized and compared with the results of other workers and those obtained in the present investigation. Three species of bamboos were studied for the first time and evidence secured to indicate that the basic number of the tribe is probably not 12 as has been elsewhere reported. In the Festuceae the chromosome number of Phragmites communis Trin. was definitely ascertained, confirming Avdulov's supposition that the basic number for the genus is 12. The other three species investigated agreed with the arrangement as proposed by Avdulov. The tribe Chlorideae, with the exception of the genus Beckmannia, has been reported to be almost entirely Panicoid with respect to chromosome morphology. This was confirmed in the four species examined. Avdulov's rearrangement of the tribe Hordeae was somewhat altered and a confusion m the nomenclature of the genus Lepturus was corrected. An anomalous situation was cleared up in the tribe Agrostideae by the establishment of the chromosome number of Sporobolus tennuissinus Kuntz as 40. The specimen of Anthoxanthum odoratum L. (tribe Phalarideae) examined provided a very interesting example of secondary splitting in somatic chromosomes. One species was examined in the tribe Melinideae and six in the tribe Paniceae. In the latter tribe no difference could be detected between the several subdivisions of the genus Panicum. The same condition held for the large genus Andropogon in the tribe Andropogoneae. In the tribe Maydeae the chromosome number of Tripsacum dactyloides L. was found to be 9, and the suggestion was made that it may be a link, along with the genus Coix, between the Andropogoneae and the Maydeae. The other four species examined all had a basic number of 10.
THE CANADIAN SPECIES OF THE TORTRICID GENUS PERONEA
Authors: McDunnough J.
Published: April 2011

Forty-three species of the Tortricid genus Peronea are dealt with, comprising all the species known to occur in Canada at the present time and including practically all of the North American ones. Characters found in both the male and female genital organs have been used as a means of specific differentiation and there are eight sets of figures illustrating these organs. The range of variation in color and pattern of the individual species is briefly discussed and records of distribution and larval food-plants are given as far as present knowledge permits. Seven species new to science are described.
STUDIES ON THE NATURE OF DISEASE RESISTANCE IN CEREALS: I. THE REACTIONS TO RUST OF MATURE AND IMMATURE TISSUES
Authors: Newton Margaret , Brown A. M.
Published: April 2011

A study has been made of the reactions of mature and immature tissues of wheat, oats, barley and rye to different cereal rusts. For a short time before cereal plants come into head, there are parts in the upper half of the culm, e.g., the basal portion of the peduncle and of the flag-leaf sheath, that are growing and elongating very rapidly and are thus composed of soft succulent tissue. Growth in the remainder of the culm is proceeding at a much slower rate and hence in these parts most of the tissue is relatively firm and mature. In varieties and strains of wheat, oats and barley which, when inoculated in the seedling stage in the usual way with Puccinia graminis, produce a "1" type of pustule, it has been found that, if the different parts of the culm are inoculated by injection with a suspension of urediospores shortly before the plants come into head, the young, rapidly growing parts are very susceptible while the older, more mature parts are highly resistant. A similar result is obtained with plants possessing mature plant resistance. Both resistant and susceptible tissues are therefore present in the same plant at the same time. The young, rapidly growing parts are also susceptible to a number of rusts which are not natural parasites of the particular cereal: P. graminis tritici will attack oats and rye, and P. graminis avenae and P. triticina will attack barley. As the susceptible parts grow older they become as resistant as the rest of the plant. During their susceptible period they are generally quite effectively protected from infection by plant parts that are resistant.