bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Continuous epileptiform discharges during sleep as an evolutionary pattern in patients with congenital Zika virus syndrome
Authors: van der Linden Hélio , van der Linden Vanessa , Pessoa André , D. Valente Kette
Published: August 2020

Congenital Zika virus syndrome (CZVS) is associated with severe neurological deficits. Clinical characteristics of epilepsy and the electroencephalographic (EEG) pattern in CZVS were documented in infancy. In this study, we aimed to describe the EEG findings observed during the follow‐up of children with CZVS. Seventy‐six EEGs of 55 children (60% female; mean age = 50 months) with confirmed CZVS were analyzed, considering the background, interictal, and ictal epileptiform discharges. Continuous (or almost continuous) epileptiform discharges during non–rapid eye movement sleep were identified in 22 (40%) patients. In 20 (90.1%) patients, the pattern was symmetrical, with an anterior predominance of the epileptiform activity. All patients with this pattern had epilepsy, which was severe in 15 (68.2%) and demanded polytherapy in 19 (86.4%). Subcortical calcifications (77.3%) and multifocal EEGs (72.8%) in earlier ages occurred more often in patients with this pattern. Other unspecific interictal EEG patterns were focal epileptiform discharges in 23 (41.8%) and multifocal activity in six (10.9%). In CZVS, continuous (or almost continuous) epileptiform discharges during sleep emerge as a pattern after the second year of life. This was associated with severe and drug‐resistant epilepsy, but not necessarily with an apparent regression. Subcortical calcifications and multifocal epileptiform discharges in infancy are associated with this pattern.
Adapting to climate‐driven distribution shifts using model‐based indices and age composition from multiple surveys in the walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) stock assessment
Authors: O’Leary Cecilia A. , Thorson James T. , Ianelli James N. , Kotwicki Stan
Published: August 2020

The northern Bering Sea is transitioning from an Arctic to subarctic fish community as climate warms. Scientists and managers aim to understand how these changing conditions are influencing fish biomass and spatial distribution in this region, as both are used to inform stock assessments and fisheries management advice. Here, we use a spatio‐temporal model for walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) to provide two inputs to its stock assessment model: (a) an alternative model‐based biomass index and (b) alternative model‐based age compositions. Both inputs were derived from multiple fishery‐independent data that span different regions of space and time. We developed an assessment model that utilizes both the standard and model‐based inputs from multiple surveys despite inconsistencies in spatial and temporal coverage, and we found that using these data provide an improved spatial and temporal scope of total pollock biomass. Age composition information indicated that pollock density is increasing and moving farther north, particularly for older pollock. We found that including an index of cold pool extent could be used to extrapolate pollock densities in the northern Bering Sea in unsampled years. Stock assessment parameter estimates were similar for standard and model‐based input. This study demonstrates that spatio‐temporal model‐based estimates of a biomass index and age composition can facilitate rapid changes in stock assessment structure in response to climate‐driven shifts in spatial distribution. We conclude that assimilating data from regions neighboring standard survey areas, such as the Chukchi Sea and western Bering Sea, would improve understanding and management efforts as fish distributions change under a warming climate.
Comparison of embolic effect between water‐in‐oil emulsion and microspheres in transarterial embolization for rat hepatocellular carcinoma model
Authors: Minamiguchi Kiyoyuki , Tanaka Toshihiro , Nishiofuku Hideyuki , Fukuoka Yasushi , Taiji Ryosuke , Matsumoto Takeshi , Saito Natsuhiko , Taguchi Hidehiko , Marugami Nagaaki , Hirai Toshiko , Kichikawa Kimihiko
Published: August 2020

Aim

To compare two different embolic materials, water‐in‐oil (W/O) emulsion followed by gelatin particles and microspheres in transarterial embolization (TAE), using a rat hepatocellular carcinoma model.

Methods

Twenty rats bearing N1S1 cells were divided into the W/O emulsion group and Microsphere group. Water‐in‐oil emulsion was created by a glass membrane emulsification device. The tumor vascularity was measured by contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography 24 h before and 10 min and 48 h after TAE. Tumor necrosis, hepatic infarction ratio surrounding the tumor, and locations of the embolic materials 48 h after TAE were assessed. The changes of serum liver enzymes were also evaluated. Statistical significance was determined by using either the Mann–Whitney U‐test or Fisher's exact test.

Results

The tumor vascularity 48 h after TAE was significantly higher in the Microsphere group (20.1 vs. 3.76%, P = 0.016). The overflow of Lipiodol into the portal veins surrounding the tumor was seen, whereas microspheres were seen only in the artery. The percentage of necrotic area and complete response ratio in the W/O emulsion group was significantly higher (99.9 vs. 87.6%, P = 0.029 and 87.5 vs. 28.6%, P = 0.041, respectively). Serum aspartate aminotransferase and serum alanine aminotransferase levels 48 h after TAE were significantly higher in the W/O emulsion group (P < 0.01).

Conclusions

The embolization using W/O emulsion followed by gelatin particles showed stronger antitumor effects with the occlusion of both the tumor feeding artery and the portal vein compared with microspheres, which occluded only the arteries.
Pricing strategies for O2O business model considering service spillover and power structures
Authors: Chai Limeng , Duan Yongrui , Huo Jiazhen
Published: August 2020

In contradistinction to the traditional dual‐channel retail model, the online and offline channels are two business units of a single retailer in an online to offline (O2O) business model. The service‐related effort of the offline channel has a spillover effect on the online channel. This paper establishes three game‐theoretic models to analyze how service spillover and power structures affect supply chain members’ performance in the O2O business model. The main results are as follows. First, a service spillover effect is always beneficial to the manufacturer's profit due to the increasing wholesale price and total demand in all three scenarios. Second, unlike the traditional dual‐channel model, service spillover does not inevitably cause price competition in the O2O dual‐channel model. Under different power structure conditions, the spillover intensity has a significant effect on the retailer's profit and service strategy. When the manufacturer is a Stackelberg leader, the effects of spillover on a retailer's profit depend on online channel acceptance level and service level. A service differentiation strategy can help the retailer increase profit margins under certain situations. When the manufacturer and retailer have the same power, retailer's profit increases with spillover intensity, and a service consistency strategy can be implemented. When the retailer is a Stackelberg leader, the retailer's profit decreases first and then increases, and a service mixed strategy will reduce the loss of retailer's profit. Finally, the switch in dominant power between manufacturer and retailer has no impact on retail prices and demand. The total supply chain profit in two Stackelberg models is also equivalent, but lower than that in the Nash model.
Development of a prognostic gene signature based on an immunogenomic infiltration analysis of osteosarcoma
Authors: Yu Yiyang , Zhang Hongliang , Ren Tingting , Huang Yi , Liang Xin , Wang Wei , Niu Jianfang , Han Yu , Guo Wei
Published: August 2020

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumour predominantly occurring in children and adolescents with a high tendency of local invasion and early metastases. Currently, tumour immune microenvironment (TME) is becoming the focus of studying of malignant tumours.. However, no sound evidence shows a specific immune molecular target in osteosarcoma. We downloaded the gene expression profile and clinical data of osteosarcoma from the TARGET portal, and extracted and normalized via R software. Then, the immune cell infiltration assessed by CIBERSORT and ESTIMATE algorithms. Three survival‐related immune cells and immune score were obtained via Kaplan‐Meier survival analysis, and 232 immune‐related genes were obtained as candidate genes. Enrichment and protein‐protein interaction co‐expression analyses were performed to identify 13 hub genes. Lastly, a seven gene prognostic signature was identified by univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. More importantly, our validations and TIMER algorithm suggested this immune‐related prognostic signature a good predictive tool. Our findings have provided novel insights that could demonstrate new targets of immunotherapy in osteosarcoma.
The Fight to Globalize Labor: Understanding the Role of Activists in the Spread of International Norms
Authors: Wolf Andrew B.
Published: August 2020

International relations scholars have traditionally focused on state-centered accounts of international legal norm development between nations while sociolegal scholars have focused on Weberian notions of occupational authority. This study advances a constructivist sociolegal approach emphasizing activist action as playing a unique role in shaping international norms. Specifically, this study investigates labor activists' intervention in U.S. bilateral and multilateral free trade agreements (FTAs) to examine why labor activists chose to initiate FTA disputes as a social movement tactic and how strategic interaction with international legal systems has helped them institutionalize and proliferate the International Labor Organizations' core labor standards. Through semi-structured interviews with legal, union, and government officials, alongside a content analysis of cases filed under the U.S. FTA system, this study shows the role activists played in advancing “globalized” standards in international law. This study finds that activists spread norms through a gradual mechanism of accretion, which focuses on the creation of standards and international legal standing over the individual outcomes of any given case.
Nursing facility residents’ cardiopulmonary resuscitation decisions
Authors: Myers Anne L. , Matthias Marianne S.
Published: August 2020

Context

As many as one‐quarter of all residents in nursing facilities have cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) as a documented choice in the medical record, despite the likelihood of limited medical benefit in this setting.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to understand the perspectives of healthcare providers and nursing facility residents regarding CPR decisions.

Methods

We used qualitative interviews to examine the perspectives of residents with a documented decision for CPR in the medical record. We then compared residents’ views with those of healthcare providers who routinely conduct advance care planning (ACP) conversations in the nursing facility setting.

Results

Five themes emerged from the interviews: (a) Resident versus Provider Concerns, (b) Offering Information versus Avoidance, (c) Lack of Understanding of CPR, (d) Lack of Awareness, and (e) ‘Don't Keep Me on Machines'. Residents held misconceptions about CPR and/or exhibited an overall poor understanding of the relationship between their own health status and the likelihood of a successful CPR attempt. Although healthcare providers offer information and health education in an attempt to address knowledge gaps, these efforts are not always successful or even accepted by residents. Resident viewpoints and priorities differed from healthcare providers in ways that affected communication about CPR.

Conclusions

Unrecognised differences in perceptions between providers and residents affect key aspects of ACP communication that can impact CPR decision‐making. The concerns and priorities of institutionalized older adults may differ from those of healthcare providers, creating challenges for engaging some residents in ACP.

Implications for Practice

ACP communication models and training should be designed not only to explore nursing facility residents' goals, values, and preferences, but also to elicit any underlying differences in perceptions that may affect communication. Healthcare providers can identifying the primary concerns of residents and assist them with integrating or reframing these issues as a part of ACP discussions.
Grating Visual Acuity in phakic, aphakic, and pseudophakic Poodles
Authors: Safatle Angélica M. V. , de Moraes Tatiana A. , Eyherabide Ana R. , Fernandes Arthur G. , Jorge Juliana S. , Carvalho Laysa M. C. R. , Rodriguez Emily A. K. , Otsuki Denise , Bolzan Aline A. , Sacai Paula Y.
Published: August 2020

Objective

To compare the grating visual acuity (VA) measured by visual evoked potentials (VEP) in phakic, aphakic, and pseudophakic Poodles.

Animals studied

Thirty‐six Poodle dogs aged from 4 to 14 years.

Procedures

Animals were allocated into three different groups according to their lens status: phakic group (n = 12), aphakic group (n = 12), and pseudophakic group (n = 12). Grating VA was measured in cycles/degree (cpd) in all animals using the electrodiagnosis system Roland RETIport®in a dark room without using any mydriatic, sedative, or anesthetic drugs.

Results

The mean grating VA in the phakic, aphakic, and pseudophakic groups was 5.9 ± 1.0 cpd (20/102—Snellen equivalent), 2.6 ± 0.7 cpd (20/231), and 5.2 ± 1.1 cpd (20/116), respectively. The VA from aphakic eyes was significantly lower when compared to the phakic and pseudophakic eyes (P < .05). There was no significant difference in VA between phakic and pseudophakic eyes.

Conclusions

The VEP is a useful tool for the evaluation of grating visual acuity in canines. The study showed that IOL implantation following phacoemulsification results in improved VA as measured by VEP compared to that of the aphakic eye and resulted in VA that was similar to that of the normal eye.
Geotecnologias Aplicadas ao Zoneamento Sazonal da Umidade de Equilíbrio da Madeira em Rondônia, Brasil
Authors: Mascarenhas Adriano Reis Prazeres , Ghilardi Denise Schineider , Melo Rafael Rodolfo de
Published: August 2020

A interação com ar atmosférico resulta na adsorção ou perda de umidade espontânea pela madeira até que se tenha pressão de saturação de vapor de água no ar sob determinada temperatura, esta condição denomina-se Umidade de Equilíbrio da Madeira (UEM), que depende das condições climatológicas de cada região e/ou época do ano. Com isso, as oscilações de temperatura e umidade ocasionam alterações dimensionais e defeitos no material. Sendo assim, o zoneamento e sazonalidade da UEM são fundamentais no processamento e aplicação da madeira, nesse contexto inserem-se as geotecnologias, que facilitam a obtenção destes parâmetros com considerável precisão, principalmente em locais com carência na obtenção de dados climatológicos, onde a madeira tem elevada importância econômica, como é o caso do Estado de Rondônia. Objetivou-se realizar o zoneamento sazonal da UEM em 8 municípios do Estado de Rondônia (3 ao norte, 1 ao sul, 2 a leste e 2 a oeste). O clima da região caracteriza-se por apresentar temperatura média anual de 25 °C, umidade relativa do ar acima de 70%, precipitação anual de 2500 mm e estação seca de junho a setembro. A partir da Rede de Estações Meteorológicas Automáticas da Secretaria Estadual de Desenvolvimento Ambiental de Rondônia e Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia obteve-se dados meteorológicos entre 2002 e 2018. A UEM foi estimada pelo método de Simpson diariamente, com posterior obtenção das médias mensais para pelo menos cinco anos analisados. Em seguida os dados de UEM foram georreferenciados e interpolados por meio de krigagem ordinária, utilizando-se o inverso do quadrado da distância (IDW), gerando-se mapas de zoneamento para todos os meses do ano. A UEM oscilou entre 10% e 21% no ano, na estação seca a variação foi entre 10,83% a 15,55%, com os menores valores em agosto. Nos meses mais úmidos a UEM variou entre 16,61% a 21,58%, com a maior média observada em janeiro. As condições ambientais durante o período seco (julho a setembro) favorecem a secagem natural da madeira serrada, por condicionarem uma secagem mais rápida. O uso de geotecnologias proporcionou o estudo da UEM em Rondônia de forma prática e dinâmica.
Resíduo da Mineração de Calcário Laminado na Correção da Acidez do Solo e na Nutrição do Feijoeiro
Authors: Vasques Victor Viana , Blum Julius , Magini Christiano , Marinho Larissa Matos
Published: August 2020

O calcário laminado pertencente ao Membro Crato da Formação Santana, que compõe a estratigrafia da Bacia do Araripe, é comercialmente conhecido por Pedra Cariri e é explorado há mais de 70 anos como rocha ornamental. Em Nova Olinda - CE, a sua exploração vem causando uma série de impactos ambientais por conta da elevada geração e estoque de resíduos na localidade. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi avaliar uma possibilidade de destinação para esses resíduos, através da utilização do pó do resíduo da Pedra Cariri na correção da acidez do solo, para isso, foram avaliados os efeitos da calagem na fertilidade do solo, nutrição e produtividade de feijão-caupi. O delineamento experimental foi blocos ao acaso, com 4 tratamento e 5 repetições. Os tratamentos (T) consistiram de: controle sem aplicação de calcário (T1); 50 % (T2), 100 % (T3) e 200 % (T4) da dose recomendada, para elevar a saturação por bases do solo para 60 %. O resíduo finamente moído foi incorporado até a profundidade de 0,2 m e o feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp), variedade crioula, foi cultivado após a reação do resíduo no solo. O resíduo da Pedra Cariri foi eficiente na correção da acidez do solo, elevando o pH a níveis satisfatórios e reduzindo os teores acidez trocável, acidez potencial e percentagem de saturação por alumínio. Ocasionou variações significativas nos teores potássio, magnésio, enxofre, ferro e manganês no tecido vegetal dos feijoeiros. Não foi observado nenhum sintoma de toxidez ou deficiência de nutrientes nas plantas. Não houve variação significativa na produtividade, porém os valores obtidos foram superiores a trabalhos realizados com o mesmo cultivar.
Filling Materials in Brittle Structures as Indicator of Cenozoic Tectonic Events in Southeastern Brazil
Authors: Calegari Salomão Silva , Aiolfi Thaís Ruy , Neves Mirna Aparecida , Soares Caroline Cibele Vieira , Marques Rodson De Abreu , Caxito Fabrício De Andrade
Published: August 2020

The filling materials in brittle structures can provide useful information about the Cenozoic evolution developed over proterozoic terrains. When these materials are affected by faults, they record deformation phases that can be determined chronologically and, in the occurrence of lateritic materials, it is possible to infer the paleoenvironmental conditions during the mineral formation. This work aimed to identify crystalline phases of brittle structure filling materials and to propose evolutionary interpretations for Cenozoic tectonic reactivation based on literature data. The study area is located in the Southern part of the Espírito Santo State, near the Brazilian Southeastern Continental Margin, where proterozoic geological structures have been reactivated since the mesozoic rift phase, up to the Holocene. The mineral assemblage found in the filling materials includes primary minerals such as quartz, muscovite, microcline, rutile, titanite, and bannisterite; and the weathering minerals such as kaolinite, illite, hematite, goethite, hydrobiotite, lithiophorite and, birnessite. The mineralogical association found in the filling materials denotes the action of fluid phases with mineral precipitation at the brittle discontinuities during the weathering processes that occurred during the Cenozoic, probably between the Miocene and the Pleistocene. The faults, which striations are marked on the filling materials, originated after (in the case of the manganese oxides) or during (in the case of the illite) the mineral formation, indicating that the maximum age of these faults is in the Miocene. The origin of the brittle structures that affected the filling materials studied here is linked to the uplifting of the Continental Brazilian Margin, when ancient geological structures were reactivated as normal faults due to the local action of an extensional regime.
Análise da Qualidade dos dados SRTM ao Longo de Todo o Território Brasileiro
Authors: Orlando Francisco Cristiano , Bias Edilson De Souza
Published: August 2020

No Brasil, diversos estudos já foram realizados visando analisar diferentes Modelos Digitais de Elevação (MDE), como os dados oriundos do Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER), entre outros, usando diferentes técnicas, sem contudo, avaliar as diferenças topográficas existentes em um país continental como é o Brasil e, estabelecendo escalas que podem ser utilizadas regionalmente e globalmente. Desta forma o objetivo principal do presente estudo é avaliar a qualidade dos dados SRTM para todo o território brasileiro, tendo como base as diferenças topográficas e, consequentemente as declividades, onde o resultado do Padrão de Exatidão Cartográfica (PEC) em áreas piloto compartimentadas em classes de declividade distintas, são extrapolados para todo o território brasileiro a partir do mapa de declividade do Brasil, além de testar e apresentar novos MDEs com a melhor qualidade possível, a partir do dado SRTM, por meio da aplicação de diversos métodos de interpolação. Neste estudo, foram utilizados para análise os dados SRTM de 30 metros de resolução espacial, disponibilizado pela National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) a partir de 2013. Para a avaliação do mesmo, foram utilizados como verdade de campo (referência), dados altimétricos medidos em campo por meio do sistema de posicionamento por satélite Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) pós processado. Os resultados apresentados neste estudo mostram que a qualidade do SRTM é compatível com o PEC A (Analógico) e PEC B (Digital) para a escala de 1/50.000 nas regiões norte, nordeste e centro-oeste, já para as demais regiões, sul e sudeste, a qualidade é compatível com o PEC B (Analógico) e PEC C (Digital) para a mesma escala, e que não foi possível melhorar a qualidade do SRTM após processo de interpolação para as áreas com declividade até 45% e ainda que apenas os métodos de interpolação (topo to raster) e (krigagem) foram capazes de melhorar a qualidade do SRTM nas áreas com declividade acima de 45%.
Avaliação do Sentinel-2, NDVI e MLME para Mapeamento do Uso e Cobertura da Terra
Authors: Diniz Juliana Maria Ferreira de Souza , Maciel Daniel Andrade , Gama Fabio Furlan , Marcos Adami Marcos Adami
Published: August 2020

A floresta amazônica é considerada um dos maiores reservatórios de carbono da Terra. No entanto, mudanças antrópicas indiscriminadas no uso e cobertura da terra, como a conversão da floresta em áreas agrícolas e pastagens, provocam grandes impactos ambientais na floresta. A utilização de técnicas que auxiliam o mapeamento do uso e cobertura da terra se torna cada vez mais necessária. Índices como o NDVI (Índice de Vegetação por Diferença Normalizada) e MLME (Modelo Linear de Mistura Espectral) são amplamente utilizados para estudos da vegetação, por permitirem analisar e realçar parâmetros e feições em imagens de sensoriamento remoto. Desse modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho do mapeamento do uso e cobertura da terra (LULC), utilizando dados do satélite Sentinel-2B, adicionado com o índice de vegetação NDVI e com o MLME, utilizando o classificador Random Forest (RF). Para a realização deste estudo, foram utilizadas imagens do sensor MSI do Sentinel-2B e calculados os índices NDVI e MLME, derivados da imagem Sentinel-2B. A partir da segmentação da imagem, foi realizada a extração de atributos para cada segmento. A classificação foi realizada pelo método RF e a validação foi realizada através da simulação de Monte Carlo observando-se os valores de índice Kappa e Acurácia Global (AG). Para avaliar a diferença obtida com a adição das variáveis NDVI e MLME, quatro cenários de classificação foram realizados. Notou-se que os cenários apresentaram resultados semelhantes de índice Kappa e AG, não apresentando diferença significativa entre eles. A utilização das faixas espectrais do Sentinel-2B/MSI se mostrou uma boa alternativa para realizar o mapeamento do uso e cobertura da terra, facilitando as etapas de processamento. No entanto, a inclusão do MLME para a separação da classe Floresta Degradada (FD), se mostrou significativa. Além disso, observou-se que a utilização do classificador RF apresenta bons resultados para o mapeamento do uso e cobertura da terra.
Avaliação do Método de Assimilação de Dados En4DVar Implementado no Modelo WRF
Authors: Feitosa Otavio Medeiros , Härter Fabrício Pereira , Calvetti Leonardo
Published: August 2020

Métodos Híbridos baseados em previsão por conjuntos e cálculo variacional quadri-dimensional (En4DVAR) representam o estado da arte em métodos de assimilação de dados aplicados às ciências atmosféricas. Esta técnica permite a atualização da matriz de covariância de erros de previsão, sem o cálculo explícito destes erros, conforme a derivação teórica do filtro de Kalman ou suas aplicações operacionais; e também evita o calculo do trabalhoso e custoso modelo adjunto e tangente linear, como no 4DVAR. Neste trabalho, avalia-se o método En4DVAR implementado no Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF), quanto a sua precisão nas primeiras 48 horas de previsão na região sul do Brasil no período de 09/04/2018 à 15/05/2018 dias. Utiliza-se como verdade terrestre dados das estações do Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET). Os resultados obtidos pelas métricas estatísticas Viés e Raiz do Erro Quadrático Médio, mostram que a o WRF-En4DVAR segue as mesmas tendências do WRF, com a particularidade de reduzir significativamente os erros. Entretanto, as variáveis Pressão à Superfície e Temperatura à 2m, apresentam melhor previsibilidade, tanto com como sem assimilação, ao passo que Umidade Relativa e Vento à 10 apresentam menor precisão tanto com o WRF como com o WRF-En4DVAR.
Caracterização Mineralógica e Gemológica das Opalas de Buriti dos Montes – Piauí
Authors: Machado Daniela Vasconcelos , Schnellrath Jurgen , Queiroz Joedy Patricia Cruz
Published: August 2020

A opala é um mineral polimorfo de sílica, onde o teor de água pode chegar até 20% em sua composição. Na gemologia, se destaca pela sua variedade de cores e pelo fenômeno de jogo de cores. A estrutura das opalas pode variar desde amorfa (opala -A), baixa cristalinidade (opala -CT) até alta cristalinidade (opala -C). Dada a importância da opala na gemologia e na região de Buriti dos Montes - Piauí, a pesquisa tem o objetivo de contribuir com uma caracterização gemológica e mineralógica das opalas das regiões de Tranqueira e Riacho do Meio. Foram analisadas opalas brancas e opalas laranjas a avermelhadas, também conhecidas como opala de fogo na gemologia. A caracterização de onze amostras foi baseada nas determinações da cor, densidade (d) e índice de refração (IR), análises de Espectroscopia Raman, Fluorescência de Raio-X (FRX) e Difração de Raio-X (DRX), realizada nos laboratórios do Centro de Tecnologia Mineral (CETEM). Através dos resultados obtidos, as opalas de Buriti dos Montes foram classificadas como do tipo -CT (cristobalita-tridimita), de cristalização incipiente não totalmente amorfa. Destaca-se a amostra BM9, que apresentou na espectroscopia Raman picos não definidos e na análise de DRX a presença de caulinita em sua formação. Tais resultados sugerem que a opala encontra-se em estágio inicial de formação associada à caulinita, com características amorfas. A técnica de espectroscopia Raman foi aqui empregada com a finalidade de corroborar com o entendimento sobre o grau de cristalinidade das opalas de fogo, sendo tal técnica não utilizada em trabalhos anteriormente realizados na região.
Análise de Eventos de Vírgula do Buraco de Ozônio no Hemisfério sul e Interação com a Troposfera pelos Dados de Reanálise do ERA Interim
Authors: Schmalfuss Laís S. M. , Mendes David , Gonçalves Weber
Published: August 2020

A formação do ozônio (O3) ocorre na baixa estratosfera, camada essa acima da troposfera, o mesmo possui uma grande concentração de energia, o que interfere no perfil de temperatura em praticamente toda estratosfera. A partir da década de 80, foram identificados valores muito baixos de ozônio estratosférico sobre o Continente Antártico, principalmente nos meses de setembro e outubro. Essa diminuição foi denominada de “buraco de ozônio Antártico”, que estava diretamente ligado a ação dos cloro-fluor-carbonetos (CFCs), que quebram as ligações de ozônio. Desta forma, este trabalho tem como finalidade estudar a presença desta anomalia na concentração de ozônio estratosférico, quando o “buraco” se estende até a América do Sul (AS) e possui um formato de “vírgula”, bem como sua implicação nas condições troposféricas. Utilizamos 38 anos de dados entre os meses de agosto e novembro, onde identificamos 122 eventos de baixo ozônio sobre o sul da América do Sul, sendo que, tais eventos apresentavam um formato de “vírgula” sobre a AS. A temperatura em 100 hPa (ainda dentro da troposfera) mostrou uma diminuição durante os eventos de “vírgula”, assim como os campos de vento zonal em 100 hPa. Observou-se através do vento zonal em 200 hPa que o Jato Subtropical sofre um enfraquecimento durante os eventos, que refletem em maiores amplitudes das ondas de Rossby. A vorticidade potencial apresenta um dipolo sobre o Atlântico, na região das quebras de onda de Rossby, levando a concluir que os eventos de vírgula tem relação direta com as trocas estratosfera-troposfera, pois ocorre a ruptura da tropopausa.
Van der Waals-like State Equation for Atmosphere
Authors: Medeiros Deusdedit Monteiro , Silva Isamara De Mendonça , Silva Douglas Do Nascimento , Mendes David
Published: August 2020

In this paper, we first analyze the atmosphere as a gas mixture per unit mass, which is governed by Van der Waals equation, considering the main components of the air and their respective critical properties (critical temperature TC and critical pressure pC ). After adjusting the corresponding constants and calling them I and D, we find Van der Waals state equation for the atmosphere in this context. Next, we analyze the order of magnitude of the terms in that equation and propose a Van der Waals-like form state equation depending only on D, which we call WD state equation. Additionally, we consider a physical approach for Van der Waals equation for the atmosphere, studying the pressure terms concerning intermolecular forces of repulsion and attraction in the air, and once again we find the previous WD state equation. With this new proposal, we verify that the potential temperature and the equivalent potential temperature hold for the same expressions as those set forth in atmospheric thermodynamics under the analysis of the ideal gas law. However, we discover corrections that depend on D in both the alternative form of the first law of thermodynamics and the virtual temperature.
Caracterização de Suscetibilidade ao Colapso por Análise Estrutural e Geofísica em Área Cárstica no Município de Sete Lagoas - MG
Authors: Oliveira Débora Vasconcelos de , Bacellar Luis De Almeida Prado , Aranha Paulo Roberto Antunes
Published: August 2020

Problemas geotécnicos, como colapsos, são comuns em ambientes cársticos e na cidade de Sete Lagoas (MG) inúmeros casos foram registrados nos últimos anos. Em consequência, estudos têm sido desenvolvidos com o intuito de delimitar áreas de maior suscetibilidade a este fenômeno, que está geralmente vinculado a presença de condutos ou cavidades subterrâneas, de desenvolvimento controlado pela estrutural. Entre os diversos métodos de caracterização de cavidades, um dos mais eficazes é a geofísica de superfície, em especial a eletrorresistividade, com a técnica de caminhamento. Uma técnica alternativa, menos conhecida, mas tida como eficiente para a detecção de direções de fraturas subverticais, é a aquisição elétrica azimutal, que consiste em rotacionar algum arranjo (e.g. Wenner, Dipolo Equatorial, Quadrático) em torno de um ponto. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi definir a suscetibilidade ao colapso de uma área adjacente a uma lagoa no município de Sete Lagoas/MG por análise estrutural e eletrorresistividade. Objetivou-se, secundariamente, averiguar a eficácia da técnica de aquisição azimutal na detecção de fraturas verticais. Foram traçados lineamentos estruturais em imagens de sensores remotos, além de medidas em campo as atitudes do acamamento e das fraturas. O levantamento geofísico consistiu de linhas de caminhamento elétrico com arranjo dipolo-dipolo e de levantamentos azimutais com diversos arranjos e espaçamentos interletrodos. Foi possível identificar um antiforme vazado na área e uma cavidade ampla e rasa, conectada à lagoa. Além de fraturas paralelas ao acamamento, foram reconhecidas quatro famílias de fraturas subverticais, N20E (F1), E-W (F2), N50-70E (F3) e N30-50W (F4). A família F2 é a mais frequente e a F4 mais aberta, classificada como cavernosa. Com estas informações concluiu-se que o terreno estudado apresenta alta suscetibilidade ao colapso. A técnica azimutal se apresentou útil como complemento para identificar fraturas subverticais, uma vez que os resultados obtidos foram coerentes com os dados estruturais.
Molecular and cellular responses to long-term sound exposure in peled (Coregonus peled)
Authors: Sapozhnikova Yulia P. , Koroleva Anastasia G. , Yakhnenko Vera M. , Tyagun Marina L. , Glyzina Olga Yu. , Coffin Allison B. , Makarov Mikhail M. , Shagun Artem N. , Kulikov Viktor A. , Gasarov Polikarp V. , Kirilchik Sergey V. , Klimenkov Igor V. , Sudakov Nikolay P. , Anoshko Pavel N. , Kurashova Nadezhda A. , Sukhanova Lyubov V.
Published: August 2020

This research examined the impacts of acoustic stress in peled (Coregonus peled Gmelin, 1788), a species commonly cultivated in Russia. This study presents a comparative analysis of the macula sacculi and otoliths, as well as primary hematological and secondary telomere stress responses, in control and sound-exposed peled. The authors measured the effects of long-term (up to 18 days) exposure to a 300 Hz tone at mean sound pressure levels of 176–186 dB re 1 μPa (SPLpk–pk); the frequency and intensity were selected to approximate loud acoustic environments associated with cleaning equipment in aquaculture settings. Acoustic exposure resulted in ultrastructure changes to otoliths, morphological damage to sensory hair cells of the macula sacculi, and a gradual decrease in the number of functionally active mitochondria in the red blood cells but no changes to telomeres. Changes were apparent following at least ten days of acoustic exposure. These data suggest that acoustic exposure found in some aquaculture settings could cause stress responses and auditory damage to peled and, potentially, other commercially important species. Reducing sound levels in fish rearing facilities could contribute to the formation of effective aquaculture practices that mitigate noise-induced stress in fishes.
Effect of level on spectral-ripple detection threshold for listeners with normal hearing and hearing loss
Authors: Jorgensen Erik J. , McCreery Ryan W. , Kirby Benjamin J. , Brennan Marc
Published: August 2020

This study investigated the effect of presentation level on spectral-ripple detection for listeners with and without sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Participants were 25 listeners with normal hearing and 25 listeners with SNHL. Spectral-ripple detection thresholds (SRDTs) were estimated at three spectral densities (0.5, 2, and 4 ripples per octave, RPO) and three to four sensation levels (SLs) (10, 20, 40, and, when possible, 60 dB SL). Each participant was also tested at 90 dB sound pressure level (SPL). Results indicate that level affected SRDTs. However, the effect of level depended on ripple density and hearing status. For all listeners and all RPO conditions, SRDTs improved from 10 to 40 dB SL. In the 2- and 4-RPO conditions, SRDTs became poorer from the 40 dB SL to the 90 dB SPL condition. The results suggest that audibility likely controls spectral-ripple detection at low SLs for all ripple densities, whereas spectral resolution likely controls spectral-ripple detection at high SLs and ripple densities. For optimal ripple detection across all listeners, clinicians and researchers should use a SL of 40 dB SL. To avoid absolute-level confounds, a presentation level of 80 dB SPL can also be used.
Supplemental Material: First-cycle sand supply and the evolution of the eastern Canadian continental margin: Insights from Pb isotopes in the Mesozoic Scotian Basin
Authors: Blowick Aoife , al. et
Published: August 2020

S1: Statistical Analysis of Pb isotopes in K-feldspar; S2: Pb isotopic compositions of K-feldspars; S3: Thorogenic Pb Plots.
Social determinants of deaths from pneumonia and tuberculosis in children in Brazil: an ecological study
Authors: Berra Thaís Zamboni , Assis Ivaneliza Simionato de , Arroyo Luiz Henrique , Arcoverde Marcos Augusto Moraes , Alves Josilene Dália , Campoy Laura Terenciani , Alves Luana Seles , Crispim Juliane de Almeida , Bruce Alexandre Tadashi Inomata , Alves Yan Mathias , Lima dos Santos Felipe , da Costa Uchôa Severina Alice , Fiorati Regina Celia , Lapão Luis , Arcêncio Ricardo Alexandre
Published: August 2020

Objective

To identify the risk areas of deaths due to unspecified pneumonia and tuberculosis (TB) in children, and to identify if there is a relationship between these events with higher TB incidence and social determinants.

Methods

Ecological study carried out in Brazil. All cases of TB or unspecified pneumonia deaths in children under 5 years of age reported between 2006 and 2016 were included and collected through Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System (Brazil’s electronic database). The Spatial Scan Statistics was used to identify areas at higher risk of dying from this event. The spatial association was verified through the Getis-Ord techniques. The Bivariate Moran Global Index was used to verify the spatial autocorrelation between the two events. To identify the association of TB and pneumonia deaths with endemic areas of pulmonary TB and social determinants, four explanatory statistical models were identified.

Results

A total of 21 391 cases of pneumonia and 238 cases of TB were identified. Spatial scanning analysis enabled the detection of four clusters of risk for TB (relative risk, RR, between 3.30 and 18.18) and 22 clusters for pneumonia (RR between 1.38 and 5.24). The spatial association of the events was confirmed (z-score 3.74 and 64.34) and spatial autocorrelation between events (Moran Index:0.031 (p=0.001)). The zero-inflated negative binomial distribution was chosen, and an association for both events was identified with the TB incidence rate (OR 5.3, 95% CI 2.85 to 9.84; OR 6.63, 95% CI 5.62 to 7.81), with the Gini Index (OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.12 to 2.82; OR 4.22, 95% CI 3.63 to4.92). Primary care coverage showed an inverse association for both events (OR 0.10, 95% CI 0.67 to 0.17; OR 0.18, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.21) for pneumonia). Finally, a family that benefited from the Bolsa Família Programme had an inverse association for deaths from pneumonia (OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.52 to 1.25).

Conclusions

The results do not just contribute to reduce mortality in children, but mainly contribute to prevent premature deaths through identification of critical areas in Brazil, which is crucial to qualify health surveillance services.
mHealth app using machine learning to increase physical activity in diabetes and depression: clinical trial protocol for the DIAMANTE Study
Authors: Aguilera Adrian , Figueroa Caroline A , Hernandez-Ramos Rosa , Sarkar Urmimala , Cemballi Anupama , Gomez-Pathak Laura , Miramontes Jose , Yom-Tov Elad , Chakraborty Bibhas , Yan Xiaoxi , Xu Jing , Modiri Arghavan , Aggarwal Jai , Jay Williams Joseph , Lyles Courtney R
Published: August 2020

Introduction

Depression and diabetes are highly disabling diseases with a high prevalence and high rate of comorbidity, particularly in low-income ethnic minority patients. Though comorbidity increases the risk of adverse outcomes and mortality, most clinical interventions target these diseases separately. Increasing physical activity might be effective to simultaneously lower depressive symptoms and improve glycaemic control. Self-management apps are a cost-effective, scalable and easy access treatment to increase physical activity. However, cutting-edge technological applications often do not reach vulnerable populations and are not tailored to an individual’s behaviour and characteristics. Tailoring of interventions using machine learning methods likely increases the effectiveness of the intervention.

Methods and analysis

In a three-arm randomised controlled trial, we will examine the effect of a text-messaging smartphone application to encourage physical activity in low-income ethnic minority patients with comorbid diabetes and depression. The adaptive intervention group receives messages chosen from different messaging banks by a reinforcement learning algorithm. The uniform random intervention group receives the same messages, but chosen from the messaging banks with equal probabilities. The control group receives a weekly mood message. We aim to recruit 276 adults from primary care clinics aged 18–75 years who have been diagnosed with current diabetes and show elevated depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire depression scale-8 (PHQ-8) >5). We will compare passively collected daily step counts, self-report PHQ-8 and most recent haemoglobin A1c from medical records at baseline and at intervention completion at 6-month follow-up.

Ethics and dissemination

The Institutional Review Board at the University of California San Francisco approved this study (IRB: 17-22608). We plan to submit manuscripts describing our user-designed methods and testing of the adaptive learning algorithm and will submit the results of the trial for publication in peer-reviewed journals and presentations at (inter)-national scientific meetings.

Trial registration number

NCT03490253; pre-results.
Effect of subsidies on healthful consumption: a protocol for a systematic review update
Authors: Pearson Fiona , Huangfu Peijue , Abu-Hijleh Farah M , Awad Susanne F , Abu-Raddad Laith J , Critchley Julia A
Published: August 2020

Introduction

The prevalence of diet-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are rapidly increasing in most parts of the world. In order to ameliorate the related public health burden, evidence-informed policies to improve diet need to be implemented. Financial subsidies that promote healthful consumption patterns have the potential to reduce NCD risk and may also reduce inequality if targeted at those of low socio-economic position. This protocol is for an updated systematic review of such evidence.

Methods and analysis

A systematic search strategy will be used to identify publications on fiscal intervention studies indexed in Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, EconLit and PubMed in between January 2013 to February 2019. Two reviewers will independently sift identified citations using prespecified inclusion and exclusion criteria to inform full-text review. The outcomes of interest are: consumption patterns (% change in targeted items and in overall dietary patterns), purchasing patterns (% change) or body mass index. Pretested data capture forms will be used for double data extraction. Any inconsistencies in citation sifting or data extraction will be resolved by a third investigator and study authors will be contacted if needed. Systematic searches will be supplemented by reference checking of key articles. Study quality will be assessed and a narrative summary of findings will be produced. Meta-analyses and exploration of heterogeneity will be completed if appropriate.

Ethics and dissemination

The review aims to strengthen findings of the primary studies it incorporates. It will synthesise existing published aggregated patient data and only present further aggregate data. Given this, no concerns are held relating to confidentiality and informed consent due to re-use of patient data.

If publications or data with ethical concerns are identified, they will be excluded from the review.

Results of the systematic review will be published in full and authors will engage directly with research audiences and key stakeholders to share findings.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42019125013
Fertility among women living with HIV in western Ethiopia and its implications for prevention of vertical transmission: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Feyissa Tesfaye Regassa , Harris Melissa L. , Forder Peta M. , Loxton Deborah
Published: August 2020

Objective

This study aimed to examine fertility (live births) in the last 3 years and its associated factors among women living with HIV (WLHIV) in western Ethiopia .

Design

Participants were recruited into a cross-sectional survey using systematic sampling.

Settings

Four healthcare facilities in western Ethiopia were included.

Participants

Eligible participants were WLHIV of reproductive age (15–49 years) from western Ethiopia who found out about their HIV-positive status more than 3 years ago (N=866).

Primary outcome measures

The fertility (live births) of HIV-positive women in the last 3 years was surveyed using face-to-face interviews (March–June 2018). Logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine factors influencing fertility in the last 3 years.

Results

A total of 108 (12.5%) HIV-positive women gave birth to 121 live children in the last 3 years. Of these births, 18.2% were reported as mistimed at conception, while 26.4% were reported as unwanted. Of the live births, 8.3% ended in death. Of the 76 (62.8%) children with known HIV status born to HIV-positive women in the last 3 years, 7.9% were HIV-positive. In terms of predictors of fertility, women aged 15–24 years (adjusted OR (AOR) 2.72; 95% CI 1.14 to 6.49) and 25–34 years (AOR 4.34; 95% CI 2.61 to 7.21) had increased odds of fertility compared with women aged 35–49 years. Women using antiretroviral therapy (ART) for less than 5 years were more likely to have given birth in the last 3 years compared with those using ART for 10 years or more (AOR 2.96; 95% CI 1.19 to 7.36), even after controlling for age.

Conclusions

WLHIV in Ethiopia are having children and so it is imperative that safe conception strategies are readily available as well as support to reduce HIV-related risks for children born to these mothers. Strengthening reproductive health services for HIV-positive women in order to achieve their family planning goals is therefore important.