bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nation-Building
Authors: Gest Justin
Published: March 2022

Chapter 11 considers the effect of strategic “messages” and different messengers on public opinion about migration and demographic change. Using nationally representative surveys across nineteen European countries, the chapter explores how public attitudes liberalize when citizens are presented with information that frames demographic change—not as a threat to the nation but as a tool for national survival. Are people more resistant to cultural threat frames once they understand the way immigration allows their nation to maintain current population levels? The second part of the chapter reports the results of an experiment testing the extent to which white Republicans in the United States update their attitudes on immigration policy when exposed to messages from in-group (white Republican) elites who provide counter-stereotypical cues on immigration by advocating a moderate perspective.
Borderline White
Authors: Gest Justin
Published: March 2022

Chapter 12 examines the way that debates over national identity are often played out at the level of individual identity choices. The Majority Minority milestone of the nineteenth-century United States was co-opted when the federal government admitted European-origin ethnic minorities into the American concept of whiteness. This chapter reports the results of survey research that evaluates the likelihood that this might happen again. Indeed, a century later, American society is becoming more ethnically mixed than it has ever been and today’s population trends reflect the growing embrace of identity choice, fluidity, and multiplicity. Does a rhetorical environment that excludes people of foreign origins or minority backgrounds deter borderline white Americans from adopting multiple identities that bridge different groups or pressure them to “drift” toward whiteness?
Reimagined Communities
Authors: Gest Justin
Published: March 2022

Chapter 13 clarifies the goal of any multiethnic society confronting swift demographic change: expand the sense of who “we” are. This goes far beyond who holds citizenship; it is a matter of reimagining the boundaries of the nation—the people with whom we perceive we share a common experience, such that we may identify them as an extension of ourselves, that we may empathize with their plight, and that we may expect them to listen to our own. This chapter argues that this reimagining and unification of disparate groups must become a criterion for governance—a multidecade endeavor, the greatest social challenge of our times.
Authorial Personality and the Making of Renaissance Texts
Authors: Pfeiffer Douglas S.
Published: March 2022

How did we first come to believe in a correspondence between writers’ lives and their works? When did the person of the author—both as context and target of textual interpretation—come to matter so much to the way we read? This book traces the development of author centrism back to the scholarship of early Renaissance humanists. Working against allegoresis and other traditions of non-historicizing textual reception, they discovered the power of engaging ancient works through the speculative reconstruction of writers’ personalities and artistic motives. To trace the multi-lingual and eventually cross-cultural rise of reading for the author, this book presents four case studies of resolutely experimental texts by and about writers of high ambition in their respective generations: Lorenzo Valla on the forger of the Donation of Constantine, Erasmus on Saint Jerome, the poet George Gascoigne on himself, and Fulke Greville on Sir Philip Sidney. An opening methodological chapter and exhortative conclusion frame these four studies with accounts of the central lexicon—character, intention, ethos, persona—and the range of genre evidence that contemporaries used to discern and articulate authorial character and purpose. As constellated throughout with examples from the works of major contemporaries including John Aubrey, John Hayward, Galileo, Machiavelli, and Shakespeare, The Force of Character resurrects a vibrant culture of biographism continuous with modern popular practice and yet radically more nuanced in its strategic reliance on the explanatory power of probabilism and historical conjecture—the discursive middle ground now obscured from view by the post-Enlightenment binaries of truth and fiction, history and story, fact and fable.
Fulke Greville Speaks to the Dead in A Dedication to Sir Philip Sidney (1614)
Authors: Pfeiffer Douglas S.
Published: March 2022

When Greville makes the unconventional choice to dedicate his literary collection to a dead poet—Philip Sidney—he radically casts into question received conventions of speaking for and about other authors. While maintaining in the Dedication his lifelong Calvinist distrust of human agency, Greville also authorizes his account of Sidney’s deeds and words by claiming to know the truth about his friend’s “motives” and “intents.” It is an interpretive conundrum exacerbated by his commitment to write in the literary plain style with its artful pose of artless familiaritas. This chapter shows how the compound ambivalence of the Dedication on the topic of literary tradition—the question of how Greville’s reception of Sidney will be received in turn by Greville’s own imagined readers—exemplifies a broader cultural tension between the growing trust in the force of authorial character on reader understanding and yet a new skepticism about the very possibility of intersubjective communication.
An Integrative Guide to Consumer Neuroscience
Authors: Braeutigam Sven , Kenning Peter
Published: March 2022

This book provides an integrative guide to the modern, highly interdisciplinary, and complex field of consumer neuroscience. The aim is to provide a robust overview of the many theoretical and experimental domains involved, thereby balancing depth and breadth of presentation. The material is loosely structured in three, not explicitly delineated parts. The first three chapters discuss the scope of consumer neuroscience, relevant psychological phenomena, and the human brain. The following three chapters cover the relevant mathematics, scanner technologies, and data analyses. The next five chapters discuss concepts and applications of consumer neuroscience, some of which are rather well established, and some reflect cutting-edge research. Specifically, issues of individual, social, and commercial consumer neuroscience are addressed in addition to aspects related to gender differences, abnormal consumer behaviour, ageing, and organizational behaviour. The final two chapters discuss research ethics and future directions, respectively.
Translational Consumer Neuroscience
Authors: Braeutigam Sven , Kenning Peter
Published: March 2022

This chapter on translational consumer neuroscience discusses some emergent and largely independent topics, such as cultural neuroscience, psychiatric conditions, age and consumer behaviour, and organizational neuroscience. These application domains do not necessarily derive from consumer neuroscience, although they are founded on the same methodologies and similar theoretical approaches in general. The goal of this chapter is to provide an overview of the different research domains and outline how models and methodologies found in consumer neuroscience have been influenced by, and have influenced, a larger body of research into mechanisms and processes far beyond normal consumption of goods. A recurrent topic throughout the chapter is the degree to which consumer neuroscience might inform but also can gain valuable insight from other areas of research aimed at unravelling real-life behaviour relevant at the organizational level as well as the societal level.
The Possibility of Spiritual Perception
Authors: Greco John
Published: March 2022

This chapter identifies three common objections to the possibility of spiritual perception and argues that all three are misguided from the point of view of contemporary cognitive science of perception. The objections are: (a) that there is no good inference from religious experience to divine reality; (b) that all religious experience is theoretically loaded; and (c) that God’s properties fall outside the scope of perception proper. The chapter considers three issues in the cognitive science of perception: (a) in what sense does perception involve inference or reasoning?; (b) to what degree is perception ‘cognitively penetrated’ by higher-level mental states of the perceiver?; and (c) what is the proper object of perception? While all three issues do involve substantive disagreements in the science of perception, consensus positions there regarding the nature and functioning of perception show that all three lines of objection are without force.
Value Perception and Spiritual Perception in Max Scheler
Authors: Spencer Mark K.
Published: March 2022

This chapter uses Max Scheler’s phenomenology of value perception to devise a framework for describing spiritual perception. I first present Scheler’s account of persons, of how, through feeling, we perceive values, and of how these feelings guide actions, sense perceptions, and reasoning. I use this framework to describe two kinds of spiritual perception, which I call sacramental and personal perception. In the former, one perceives God through creatures; in the latter, one experiences oneself acting along with God. Finally, I outline some ways in which Scheler’s account of value, and my theory of spiritual perception based on it, should be expanded to more closely match actual experience. For example, Scheler’s value-hierarchy should be revised, more attention should be paid to the bodily and communal factors that affect spiritual perception, and an account should be given of how we can directly perceive God as person, rather than just acting along with God.
Scripture as Signpost
Authors: Yadav Sameer
Published: March 2022

A dominant paradigm for our engagements with scripture is that of interpretation: biblical texts are objects for reflective deliberation and their divine revelatory content must be puzzled out by our interpretive activities as readers or hearers. But we can also find evidence within scripture of a perceptual paradigm, wherein the revelatory import of the text is available to its readers or hearers immediately and without any active reasoning on their part. In this essay I defend the idea that the meanings and revelatory functions of biblical texts can be discerned perceptually rather than interpretively. I develop this claim by appealing to the ordinary perceptual relationships we bear to a kind of non-scriptural text that likewise purports to direct and guide us—namely, signposts. On analogy with perceptually discerning the direction conveyed by a signpost, I argue that we can likewise perceptually discern the divine direction conveyed to us by way of scripture.
Spiritual Perception and Liturgy
Authors: Pickstock Catherine
Published: March 2022

The notion that speculative metaphysics must be performed as well as theorized is applied to a discussion of liturgical enactment, especially with regards to its links with integrated, ‘synaesthetic’ bodily sensation and spiritual formation. Truth is presented as an all-encompassing witness and realization, in accordance with a specifically Christian patristic and medieval realization of the inherently sensing character of thought itself. This chapter explores the heuristic nature of the sacraments; the sensorial nature of liturgical enactment as itself part of the work of saving mystery; the redemptive intensification of the senses; and the liturgical transformation of the human body into transparent image. Features of liturgy of particular interest in this chapter are the realising of an aspiration to the redeemed unification of the several senses, through common sensing synaesthesia, spiritual sensing, and the gestural, chanted fusion of sensory attentiveness with ecstatic verbal utterance.
Healed and Whole Forever
Authors: Christie Douglas E.
Published: March 2022

What does it mean to perceive the whole? And to live ethically in response to the whole? These questions are surfacing with growing urgency at the dawn of the twenty-first century, especially in relation to the deepening fragmentation of natural world. Pope Francis’s encyclical Laudato Si’ articulates these concerns in terms of an ‘integral ecology’, an ethical-spiritual vision of the world that invites serious reflection about our relationship to and responsibility for all living beings—the whole fabric of life. At the heart of this vision is a particular way of perceiving the world, as vital, whole and infinitely precious: utterly worthy of our attention. But how can we recover our capacity for this kind of spiritual perception of the living world? This chapter considers how the practice of ‘mindful naturalism’, can help us rekindle a capacity to perceive the world as spiritually vital and worthy of our deepest respect.
Sharing Territories
Authors: Nine Cara
Published: March 2022

Territorial rights are shared between overlapping political units, not exclusively held by states. This book takes this claim to be both an empirical observation and a philosophical goal. A theory of territorial rights should be able to inform the normative relationship between overlapping territorial units. In order to do this, Nine’s view defends a river model of territorial rights. On a river model, political units are assumed to be interdependent and overlapping. This model stands in contrast to the prevailing desert island model, where political units are assumed to be independent and distinct from each other. Drawing on Pufendorf’s natural law philosophy and feminist theory, Nine’s view argues for the establishment of foundational territories around geographical areas like rivers. Usually lower-scale political entities, foundational territories overlap with and serve as grounding blocks of larger territorial units. Examples of foundational territories include not just river catchment areas but also urban areas, drawn around individuals who hold obligations to collectively manage their surroundings together. Foundational territorial authorities manage spatially integrated areas where agents are interconnected by dense and scaffolded physical circumstances. In these areas, individuals cannot fulfil their natural obligations to each other without the help of collective rules. Because foundational territories overlap the territories of other political units, this book frames a theory of nested and shared territorial rights.
Natural Law, Methods, and Basic Needs
Authors: Nine Cara
Published: March 2022

Chapter 2 introduces and defends the normative framework used to ground arguments throughout the book. Nine’s theory grows from modern natural law, especially borrowed from Samuel Pufendorf. Chapter 2 defends the adoption of Pufendorf’s claim that the fundamental principle of natural law is to be sociable, to live in peaceful coexistence with others under conditions that respect the natural equality of persons. This chapter elaborates upon how this fundamental principle of natural law relates to specific rules of natural law. It applies a rule-utilitarian method and derives the natural right to secure access to the objects of our basic needs from the principle of sociability.
Resource Domains
Authors: Nine Cara
Published: March 2022

Nine’s theory of use-rights focuses on the physical act of incorporation. Multiple agents can claim use-rights to the same resource domain/system when the resources are physically incorporated into the way agents pursue plans or interests. Examples include using rivers for irrigation and the Antarctic ice sheet to regulate worldwide meteorological systems. The “enough and as good” proviso holds that legitimate acquisition of exclusive claims to resources requires compensating users who will no longer be able to use the required resources. Where circumstances make this difficult or impossible, property rights can only be legitimate where users and property rights holders share a legitimate political jurisdiction. This version of the sustainability proviso is derived from the principle of sociability. A system of rights over resources must ensure sustainable management of ecosystems and resources to support the capacity of current or future generations to live together sociably in the area.
Self-Determination and Overlapping Territories
Authors: Nine Cara
Published: March 2022

Chapter 7 identifies two problems with prevailing theories of self-determination and territorial rights. First, they fail to represent the political standing of small-scale groups in their overall account. Second, they face a boundary problem. The set of legitimate residents of territories and the set of persons who have a justified obligation to obey the territorial rule of law need to match. Unfortunately, these sets often do not match, and this throws up practical and normative obstacles. The chapter draws three conclusions. First, theories should vary the justification for political obligations according to scale. Second, theories should develop a place-based account of political obligations. And third, theories ought to break down the right of collective self-determination into its component parts to analyse how political units at various scales may share the component rights.
Place, Self-Determination, and Foundational Territories
Authors: Nine Cara
Published: March 2022

Chapter 8 defends the theory of foundational territories. It draws attention to the way that physical proximity often entails a kind of mutual obstruction. Residents in places of spatial integration—that entail entrenched and scaffolded mutual coordination—automatically become members of a political association tasked with coordinating local behaviour, just because of their location. This political obligation is necessary to meet the conditions of natural law. Because sharing space and resources in a place prohibits the fulfilment of obligations, people in that place must abide by collective rules to (a) justify their actions that prevent others from fulfilling obligations, and (b) establish peaceful relations. River catchment areas and cities are archetypes of foundational territories. Chapter 8 also distinguishes three clusters of rights and obligations of self-determination. Foundational territories sit at the ground level. They constitute jurisdictional domains that cannot be divided, diminished, or extinguished by fiat.
Vertical Institutional Structures
Authors: Nine Cara
Published: March 2022

Chapter 10 defends the narrow principle of subsidiarity applied to foundational territories embedded within higher-scale governments. It argues that both lower-scale foundational units and higher-scale political units like states or federal systems share metajurisdictional authority to determine which issues should fall under whose jurisdictional authority. In addition, foundational territorial units hold pre-emptive rights to control the jurisdictional issues and competencies over local issues that serve to protect the natural rights and obligations of their members. When mediation and negotiation between metajurisdictional rights-holders are needed, it should be guided by narrow principles of subsidiarity and the logic of achievement.
Resource Rights
Authors: Nine Cara
Published: March 2022

This chapter demonstrates how resource rights can be shared by overlapping groups with territorial rights. The allocation of resource rights between groups will follow roughly the same principles as the allocation of jurisdictional rights and competencies argued for in Chapters 9 and 10. The allocation of resource rights between units should, first, support the functional autonomy of each unit, relative to its jurisdictional remit and competencies. Second, the allocation of resource rights between units should follow the narrow principle of subsidiarity and the logic of achievement. The second half of the chapter argues that groups can legitimately acquire use-rights and property rights over resources, uniquely limited by the sustainability proviso. The final section introduces a warning against greedy takings that can be found in both Pufendorf’s and Locke’s work.
The Global Commons
Authors: Nine Cara
Published: March 2022

This chapter applies the book’s theory of use-rights to resource domains that are sometimes argued to be part of the “global commons”. It resists the claim that any resource—regardless of its legal status—of vital global importance ought to be under global control. In addition, it contends that the designation of a resource domain as a global commons does not morally prohibit its private acquisition. The chapter concludes that parts of Antarctica can be legitimately acquired and that forest carbon sinks should not be brought under global control. Finally, it argues that territory and property rights to the Antarctic ice and to forest carbon sinks are constrained by the basic needs and sustainability provisos. In the case of forest carbon sinks, humanity must, where they can, compensate the territorial rights-holders for the costs of complying with this use-right to provide for humanity’s basic needs.
From Brainwashing to Neuromarketing
Authors: de Bruin Boudewijn
Published: March 2022

This chapter explores the link between freedom and knowledge or information. I start by considering a number of cases that scholars such as Ian Carter and Matthew Kramer have developed to argue that a lack of knowledge can constitute a decrease of one’s freedom. I offer an alternative analysis of these cases in which epistemic elements and freedom elements are distinguished. I develop a conception of ‘epistemic freedom’ according to which an agent is epistemically free to the extent that they can (i) adopt the appropriate doxastic attitude (belief, disbelief), on the basis of (ii) performing investigative actions, which (iii) justify the adopted doxastic attitude. I show that this alternative analysis is better positioned to deal with such diverse notions as science denial, brainwashing, oxytocin (the love hormone, or liquid trust), doxastic voluntarism, contextual framing in news shows, the Kuleshov effect, and neuromarketing.
From the Value of Knowledge to Skills and Stereotypes
Authors: de Bruin Boudewijn
Published: March 2022

This chapter develops the normative ideal of known freedom. You possess known freedom to the extent that you possess knowledge about your opportunity set—that is, about available actions, their consequences, and the likelihood with which they arise. I first discuss an objection to such an ideal based on Isaiah Berlin’s notion of the ‘retreat to the inner citadel’. I critically examine recent work on the value of knowledge (the ‘Meno problem’) undertaken by Timothy Williamson and John Hawthorne, as well Duncan Pritchard’s case of the ‘ravine jumper’ purportedly illustrating the value of false beliefs. Using insights on belief revision, I argue that this body of research does not affect the value of known freedom. On the basis of theoretical and empirical work on skills, I then argue for a view of skills as known freedom and show how stereotype threats as studied by psychologists negatively affect the ideal of known freedom.
From Common Knowledge to the Ethics of Communication
Authors: de Bruin Boudewijn
Published: March 2022

This chapter develops the normative ideal of acknowledged freedom. I begin with an investigation of strategic interaction, coordination, and cooperation, using insights from game theory on common knowledge. Something is common knowledge among us if we know it, we know that we know it, and so on—that is, whenever it is entirely transparent among us. Using consumer behaviour as an example, I show how common knowledge facilitates coordination and collaboration, and offers protection to freedom. In that context, I discuss the no-trade theorem from economics, the idea of perspective change from the literature on privacy, as well as the role of common knowledge in Philip Pettit’s republicanism. I apply these insights to questions about stakeholder informed consent, the ethics of communication, as well as recent legislation offering consumer protection in finance such as the 2008 EU Consumer Credit Directive.
Sustainable Finance and Responsible Investors
Authors: de Bruin Boudewijn
Published: March 2022

This chapter considers socially responsible investment (SRI). I first consider the strategies that SRI investors employ, such as shareholder democracy, activism, negative and positive screens, and relative selection. I quickly review the literature on the effects of SRI. I then zoom in on the alcohol industry, arguably the first industry to get a negative screen. I distinguish two arguments that SRI investors proffer in favour of their investment strategies—namely, the argument from common goods (as presented by Steven Lydenberg, among others) and the argument from religious values. I show that they fail to offer a full-blown justification of SRI on the basis of effectiveness and democratic legitimacy. Instead, I propose an argument from ethical issues. I apply this to the example of the marketing of ‘alcopops’, flavoured alcoholic beverages, and conclude with an excursion into SRI and climate-related financial disclosures.
Liberal Privacy and Legal Protection
Authors: de Bruin Boudewijn
Published: March 2022

This chapter presents an argument for the value of privacy that is based on known freedom: privacy invasions may decrease a person’s freedom as well as a person’s knowledge about their freedom. This concerns not only invasions that lead to actual interference, but also invasions that lead to potential interference, such as in cases of identity theft. I criticize the reliance of courts on a principle of ‘no harm, no foul’ in data-breach cases. I start with an overview of various classic arguments for privacy, based on perspective change, relationships, dignity, and autonomy. I then consider case law involving privacy invasions and introduce and defend a freedom-based account of privacy.
Aftermath
Authors: Covington Sarah
Published: March 2022

This chapter will explore the larger question of how social memories and acts of forgetting take shape in an unsettled state of formation, in this case during the immediate decades after Cromwell’s death. On the one hand, Cromwell’s reputation already preceded his 1649 invasion, as he was demonized in the pamphlet literature of the English civil wars, in a trope that crossed over and would become central to many memorializations of the man in Ireland. At the same time, writers during the Restoration years and beyond also were noticeably silent about Cromwell and “his men,” though that silence was significant in its own right. This chapter will engage with petitions and legal claims as well as the work of Irish poets, playwrights, historians, and memoirists to uncover the earliest sources that set the template for future memorializations not only of Cromwell but, relatedly, of his “henchmen” who came to be known as the Cromwellians.
Political Cromwell
Authors: Covington Sarah
Published: March 2022

Cromwell was either an uncomfortable memory or an effective weapon to wield in political polemics from the seventeenth through nineteenth centuries. It will be argued here that his use across political rhetoric would not have been possible were it not for the persistence of his name as a live memory and a powerful one. This chapter will begin with late seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century republicans such as Robert Molesworth and John Toland, and the accusations against them as Cromwellian “rabble” and “descendents of Cromwell’”; it will also explore the allusions to and memorializations of Cromwell through the Jacobites, Charles Lucas and his movement, the United Irishmen and the beginnings of the Orange Order. All kept alive in some way a steady if flickering political memory of Cromwell; while the memorializing evocation of Cromwell’s name exploded in the nineteenth century, supercharged as it was by nationalism and Unionism, those movements did not invent but exploited and repurposed a new ogre (or hero) for the age.
Migrated Cromwell
Authors: Covington Sarah
Published: March 2022

Working from recent studies on the migratory memory, this chapter will explore the manner in which memories of Cromwell lived on beyond Ireland, using Irish immigrants in America as a case study. Beginning with the memories of early colonial American families, this chapter continues through the Revolutionary War years and beyond, touching on important figures such as Matthew Carey and his own contribution to perpetuating remembrance, however minor, of Cromwell. A theme of this chapter is the way in which bitter memories of Cromwell collided in the new country with more positive estimations of the man, evident among Puritans or those such as John Brown who embraced Thomas Carlyle’s epic mythification of the man. Another important aspect that will be covered centers on the dissemination of memory, through Irish-American newspapers, lecture tours, and popular literature, not to mention prominent Irish figures who constantly traveled back and forth from Ireland to America. Equally important was the presence of those who would later become known as the Scots-Irish, and the Cromwellian remembrances that they in turn drew upon in forging social identities in America.
Conclusion
Authors: Covington Sarah
Published: March 2022

Memories of Cromwell persisted into the twentieth century, attaching themselves to the new and distinct historical contexts of the time. This chapter will survey some of those remembrances in historiography and the poetry of Yeats and Brendan Kennelly, just as it will touch upon the ways in which he was evoked by various political actors from Éamon de Valera through Ian Paisley, and in the famous mural of Cromwell in Belfast. The treatment of Cromwell in Protestant and Catholic educational programs will also be discussed, in addition to his deployment in contemporary popular culture, media, and folklore. The mythmaking that accrued around Cromwell was not a phenomenon unique to Ireland, however. Countries such as Hungary, France, or Russia had their own ways of using and embellishing historical figures toward particular ends, which renders Ireland only one among many countries that utilized such figures in the defining of national identities.
Sentence structure
Authors: Lovestrand Joseph
Published: March 2022

This chapter provides a phrase structure analysis of the simple clause in Barayin, as well as several types of complex sentences. The clause is analyzed as a relatively flat exocentric structure, and and other analyses of the clause (headed by a functional category, or further dissected into binary constituents) are considered and rejected. Three complex sentence types are analyzed as structures headed by a functional head of the category C: subordinating conjunctions, quotatives and the background marker. A marked sentence-initial position is analyzed as a left-adjunction to the clause. At the end of the chapter, the XLE implementation of the clause analysis is introduced.
Serial verb constructions
Authors: Lovestrand Joseph
Published: March 2022

This chapter provides an analysis of the c-structure, f-structure and s-structure of serial verb constructions (SVCs) in Barayin. SVCs can be distinguished from other multiverb constructions by a number of morphosyntactic patterns revealing their monoclausal status. There are four types of SVCs: Deictic, Manner, Stand, Take. All types are analyzed as non-projecting verbs left-adjoined to the main verb. These verbs do not have a semantic form, and do not have any impact on the f-structure of the main verb. At the level of s-structure, serial verbs add information about a subevent, such as a path or manner of motion. A linking equation identifies one of the arguments of this subevent with an argument of the main verb. At the end of the chapter, the XLE implementation of the serial verb construction analysis is introduced.
Introduction to Constitutions
Authors: Barber N. W.
Published: March 2022

The nature and purpose of constitutions is considered, in particular the relationship between written constitutions, the formal document presented as the constitutional foundation of the state, and constitutions, taken as a set of rules that constitute the state. It is argued that would be costs as well as benefits if the UK were to adopt a written constitution. Some of the ambiguities created by the UK’s unwritten constitution permit multiple visions of the constitution to coexist, and may allow people with different constitutional ideologies to accept the structures of the state. Perhaps counter-intuitively, it is not always desirable for the constitution to give definitive answers to disputes.
The Legal Constitution: Legal Orders
Authors: Barber N. W.
Published: March 2022

The United Kingdom constitution contains multiple legal orders, and so contains multiple sets of constitutional laws. The chapter considers the nature of a legal order and identifies the differing legal orders that co-exist within the UK and examines their relationships. The existence and autonomy of the English and Scots legal orders is discussed, and the extent to which Wales and Northern Ireland can be considered to have distinct legal orders is also surveyed. The processes through which these regions became parts of the United Kingdom shaped, and continues to shape, their legal identities. The potential for further regional legal autonomy is considered.
The Political Constitution: Constitutional Conventions
Authors: Barber N. W.
Published: March 2022

Many of the most important rules of the UK constitution are conventions, non-legal rules, and many of the most important constitutional relationships within the UK constitution are largely determined by these conventions. This chapter examines the nature of conventions, how they emerge, why they bind, how they should be interpreted, and how they relate to law. It is argued that conventions can be as binding and as clear as laws, but that their political nature distinguishes them from their legal counterparts. This division is a soft one, however, and conventions can gain legal characteristics over time and can, on occasion, affect the content and creation of legal rights.
Courts
Authors: Barber N. W.
Published: March 2022

The chapter examines the structure, operation, and personnel of the courts. It explains how the structures, skills, and powers of the courts connect, and looks at the threats faced by courts—both from other parts of the constitution and from within. The chapter considers the ways in which the structure of the courts, both in terms of the courts as a system and in the internal construction of the court, shapes their roles as a dispute-resolving and law-making forum. It also considers how the tasks of the court affect the office of the judge, in terms of the processes of judicial appointment, the importance of diversity within the judiciary, and in the constitutional protections given to holders of that office.
Legislatures
Authors: Barber N. W.
Published: March 2022

The chapter examines the structure, operation, and personnel of the legislature. The legislature enacts laws, scrutinizes the executive, and is responsible for the appointment and support of the government. These purposes should inform the selection of its members and determine its relationship to the executive branch; the chapter examines the extent to which the present structures of the constitution meet these challenges. The vital role of political parties in enabling the operation of the legislature is considered, and the role of parties in establishing connections between voters and the legislature, facilitating the production of coherent legislation, and enabling the democratic control of the executive branch is examined.
Introduction to the Regionalisation of Power
Authors: Barber N. W.
Published: March 2022

States can be divided into unitary and federal forms. This chapter considers these forms, and the relationship between them. The reasons for regionalising power, primarily the constitutional recognition of national groups and the principle of subsidiarity, are examined. Whilst the UK is often presented as the paradigm of a unitary state, this presentation requires two qualifications. First, the UK consists of constituent territories, regions which have their own constitutional identities and, arguably, possess the right of exit. Second, whilst the legal form of the UK constitution may be unitary, the political balance between central government and the devolved regions may have federal aspects. Finally, the chapter identifies some of the pressures that threaten the territorial integrity of the UK.
Wales
Authors: Barber N. W.
Published: March 2022

Wales’ constitutional position in the United Kingdom is examined. The process by which it became part of that state is surveyed, the devolution settlement is considered, and the chapter concludes by reflecting on the capacity of Wales to exit the Union. The chapter argues that Wales’ incorporation into the Union was undertaken through conquest rather than consent. Aspects of Wales’ constitutional and national identity, in particular the Welsh language and Welsh laws, were suppressed. Following devolution, both the Welsh language and the idea of a Welsh legal order have experienced a rival, and the constitutional identity of Wales has been reinforced. The chapter concludes by considering the capacity of Wales to exit the Union.
Scotland
Authors: Barber N. W.
Published: March 2022

Scotland’s constitutional position in the United Kingdom is examined. The process by which it became part of that state is surveyed, the devolution settlement is considered, and the chapter concludes by reflecting on the capacity of Scotland to exit the Union. It is argued that Scotland’s entry into the Union was, at least by the standards of the eighteenth century, consensual, and, moreover, that consent was reaffirmed in the 2014 referendum. The processes through which Scotland became part of the UK have enabled it to retain a distinct constitutional identity, an identity that continues to shape Scotland’s position in the Union.
England and Elsewhere
Authors: Barber N. W.
Published: March 2022

The consequences of devolution for England are considered, and the parliamentary devices that mitigate the lack of English representation examined. England was not included in the 1998 devolution settlement, and, since 1998, various attempts have been made to bring some of the constitutional autonomy experienced by the other regions of the UK to the English. However, the enthusiasm for devolution in England has remained muted. The asymmetries of the devolution settlement create problems of democratic representation – the ‘West Lothain Question’ – caused by England’s governance by the UK Parliament. The chapter considers the implications and possible answers to this challenge. The chapter concludes by examining the role of subsidiarity beyond the devolution settlement.
Introduction to States and People
Authors: Barber N. W.
Published: March 2022

Three concepts that address the relationships between states and their people are introduced: liberty, rights, and citizenship. Under the Old Constitution, liberty was at the forefront of this relationship, whilst in the New Constitution, liberty has been supplemented by ideas of rights and citizenship. The chapter examines the nature of these concepts and some of the disagreements over their constitutional significance are surveyed. The move from the Old to the New Constitution has brought with it a radical shift in the ways in which the relationship between the individual and the state has been conceptualized, and in the role of the courts in establishing this relationship.
Rights
Authors: Barber N. W.
Published: March 2022

In recent years, constitutional discourse in the UK has increasingly been couched in the language of rights. This chapter examines the rise of rights, in particular the Human Rights Act and common law rights. The operation and case law of the Human Rights Act is examined, and the changes this has brought to the relationships between the UK’s constitutional institutions are considered. It is argued that the principle of the separation of powers illuminates judgments on the operation of the Human Rights Act. The chapter concludes by considering the constitutional position of that statute: whilst the Human Rights Act could be altered by ordinary legislation, the constitutional culture from which that statute emanated will continue to shape the law.
Host defences of invertebrates to non-communicable diseases
Authors: Coates Christopher J.
Published: March 2022

Most often, disease is considered the outcome of a collision between a pathogenic agent and a susceptible host. Cellular and tissue degradation are pathognomonic of microbial proliferation—but the aetiology of non-communicable disease or stress is difficult to outline and has received much less coverage. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are those that are not transmissible between hosts. Secondary and opportunistic infections linked to a primary abiotic disruptor can be misdiagnosed as the causative agent. Moreover, stress from fluctuating environmental parameters and pollutants, and injury from predators/conspecifics can compromise the health of an invertebrate, paving the way for opportunistic infections. In addition to pathogens and parasites, terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates must also contend with a myriad of xenobiotic contaminants, such as hydrocarbons, heavy metals, pesticides, plastics, pharmaceuticals, and toxins. These contaminants can be found in the environments they reside in (air, water, and soil), the foods they eat due to bioaccumulation, and across trophic levels due to biomagnification. In this unique chapter, invertebrate defences toward ‘sterile’ diseases (e.g. neoplasia) and stress are discussed, with a particular emphasis placed on the ‘chemical defensome’, which is made up of REDOX enzymes, detoxicants, antioxidants, ATP-dependent efflux transporters, and the factors that regulate and maintain the detoxification machinery.
Diseases of sponges
Authors: Luter Heidi M. , Webster Nicole S.
Published: March 2022

Marine sponges are functionally important components of benthic environments, however surprisingly little is known about the etiological origins of sponge disease. Sponge disease epidemics have had significant long‐term effects on some species, with the combined effects of commercial sponge harvesting and disease taking numerous sponge populations to the brink of extinction. Importantly, sponges are known to host stable and diverse communities of microbial symbionts which can account for up to 35% of total biomass and which likely carry out functions that support their host’s health and ecology, such as the transformation of carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur, as well as providing essential vitamins and amino acids to the host. Understanding whether disease symptoms are due to novel infectious agents or environmentally induced dysbiosis of the symbiotic microbiome has been the topic of considerable research. To date, only a single study has unequivocally assigned a collagenolytic pathogen as the causative agent of sponge disease, whilst many other studies have shown that symptoms of disease are concomitant with a shift in the composition of the native microbiome. Further work is required to understand the cause:effect pathway for disease onset, including the relatively unexplored role of viruses and protozoa in sponge disease. In parallel, studies should elucidate the role of the host immune response in disease development and identify environmental drivers of disease onset.
Diseases of annelids
Authors: Stroud Jacqueline L.
Published: March 2022

Annelids are soft bodied, segmented worms that inhabit terrestrial, freshwater, and marine habitats. There is no body of research on annelid diseases under laboratory or field conditions. This chapter explores the immunocompetence of annelids, host-parasite interactions, and environmental pollutants that induce fitness costs. The inflicted pathology ranges from minor metabolic changes to major tissue damage resulting in mortality. Minor changes can compromise survival through reducing resilience to stress or impairing mobility. Annelid health research is urgently needed because they are an important food source, which can lead to the trophic transfer of pollutants, and spread of parasitic diseases in wildlife, pets, fowl, swine, fish, and shrimp farming. The absence of annelid health research highlights two completely overlooked risks in environmental management: the assumption that earthworm abundance is indicative of ecosystem health, and the unregulated transport of potentially diseased individuals and vectors around globe through the bait industry.
Viral diseases of insects
Authors: Ros Vera I.D. , Panziera Delphine , Nalcacioglu Remziye , Petersen Jirka Manuel , Ryabov Eugene , van Oers Monique M.
Published: March 2022

This chapter focuses on key virus families that affect wild and cultured insect species and describes current knowledge on the molecular and ecological aspects of these viruses. Insects can be infected by a variety of viruses each with distinct properties and pathologies. Depending on the taxonomic order to which the insects belong, infections with viruses of certain families are more prominent and strong co-evolutionary relationships between insects and particular virus types are often observed. Viral infections may cause diseases that are often lethal, but viruses can also remain in a persistent or latent stage and only cause a disease outbreak under certain circumstances. We illustrate the impact viruses have on particular groups of insects by providing examples of viral infections in insects in their natural environments, the application of insect viruses in biocontrol programmes, and the effect these viruses have on pollinators. Apart from viruses affecting free-living insects, we also include what is known about virus outbreaks in insects reared on an industrial scale. Furthermore, we include a brief viral disease management section for apiculture and mass rearing of other insects. We conclude this chapter with suggestions on how to obtain the necessary knowledge and tools to better control viral diseases in insects in the future.
Diseases of tunicates and cephalochordates
Authors: Rowley Andrew F. , Kitamura Shin-Ichi
Published: March 2022

The phylum Chordata consists of two invertebrate groups: the cephalochordates and tunicates (also known as urochordates), together with the vertebrates. Little is known about the diseases of tunicates apart from soft tunic syndrome found in sea pineapples, Halocynthia roretzi, in ascidian farms in Korea and Japan. This condition is caused by the kinetoplastid, Azumiobodo hoyamushi. Tunicates may also host gregarines and copepods but their effect on the host is often unclear. There are no reports of diseases in wild caught cephalochordates but vibriosis has been observed in aquarium-maintained amphioxus.
Regress and Explanation
Authors: Cameron Ross P.
Published: March 2022

Chapter 3 starts out with some bad news for views that yield an infinite regress of ontological dependence. It is argued that such views leave us with an inherent explanatory gap: it is impossible to fully explain the nature of every dependent entity on the infinitely descending chain. Only Metaphysical Foundationalism can explain all dependent phenomena. However, it is further argued that this is no reductio of Metaphysical Infinitism, because we ought to pull apart the notions of ontological dependence and grounding from the notion of metaphysical explanation. An account of metaphysical explanation is defended whereby we can explain a phenomenon by saying what it is for that phenomenon to obtain in more tractable terms. This lets us say that grounding and ontological dependence are objective, context-independent phenomena, while acknowledging the pragmatic, interest-relative nature of explanation.