bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trees of Love, Trees of Knowledge: Toward the Definition of a Cross-Confessional Current in Late Medieval Iberian Spirituality
Authors: Robinson Cynthia
Published: December 2006

This essay seeks to define and explore the significance of trees as a cross-cultural devotional topos in late medieval Iberian spirituality. Through an examination of both visual and literary material from Christian, Islamic, and Jewish contexts, much of which is published here for the first time, trees are demonstrated to be at the center of both polemics and devotions, often—in a Christian context—serving as a stand-in for the crucified body of Christ.
THE ROLE OF THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE IN THE NATIONAL BIOMEDICAL LIBRARY NETWORK
Authors: Cummings Martin M.
Published: December 2006

Summary

The scientfic revolution of the twentieth century must be accompanied by technological improvement in information science which will make knowledge generated by research readily available to all who need to apply it for the ultimate benefit of mankind.

The concepts of organization of existing library resources augmented and linked by new technologies we believe represent the most economic approach to improvement of biomedical communications. We recognize that more sophisticated information systems will emerge and that ultimately the medical library network must fit into the structure of a national information system.

The on‐going cybernetic revolution affects language, information, and society broadly. As a strong nation requires a healthy scientific base, so does a strong science require excellent communications. As an instrument invented by society, the library will be governed to a large degree by scientific and technological developments. We believe that libraries now have the proper attitude and interest to utilize and capitalize upon the important contributions of mathematics to medicine. Communications technology is now fairly well developed. Where we are lacking is in resources and performance.
ISOZYMES OF HUMAN RED CELL GLUCOSE‐6‐PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE*
Authors: Kirkman Henry N. , Hanna John E.
Published: December 2006

Summary

With most gel electrophoretic techniques used for genetic studies of human G‐6‐PD, the activity from hemolysates of males migrates predominantly as a single band. Under two conditions of starch gel electrophoresis, however, dual bands of red cell G‐6‐PD may be seen. These exceptions are: (a) two prominent bands of G‐6‐PD that appear after starch‐gel electrophoresis in a discontinuous‐borate buffer system, and (b) a minor band of red cell G‐6‐PD that moves about 80 percent as fast as the major band in a number of buffer and gel systems. The faster band of (a) was found to be absent or less prominent in samples that had been incubated under conditions previously shown to cause aggregation of G‐6‐PD subunits. Electrophoresis in starch gel of various concentrations revealed that the slower component of (a) is of larger molecular size than the faster component. In contrast, the minor component of (b) was found to be similar in molecular size to the major component. The isolated minor component had the electrophoretic mobility of the major band after treatment with β‐mercaptoethanol. Reappearance of a minor band was obtained by incubation of major band G‐6‐PD with another protein fraction from normal red cells, in the absence of β‐mercaptoethanol. It is proposed that bands of (a) represent simply the aggregated and disaggregated form of G‐6‐PD. The minor band of (b) appears to be a complex of a subunit of G‐6‐PD and another protein.
MICROVASCULAR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF BURNED TISSUE*
Authors: Brånemark P‐I , Breine U. , Joshi† M. , Urbaschek B.
Published: December 2006

Local microvascular disturbances in the injured tissue, as well as systemic circulatory changes, are described on the basis of studies in animals and in man, using vital microscopy, electron microscopy and microangiography. The structural and functional analysis covers intravascular shape and behaviour of blood cells, plasma rheology, endothelia1 and periendothelial ceilular changes immediately after trauma, as well as the later phase of repair and regeneration.

The use of infrared thermography is described for diagnostic evaluation of the extent and degree of severe burns, even in large numbers of patients, and for follow‐up of the effect of local therapeutic measures.
THE EFFECTS OF HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE ON THE METABOLIC BALANCE AND ENERGY UTILIZATION FOLLOWING BURNS*
Authors: Rozin Roland R. , Soroff Harry S. , Mooty Joyce , Ramirez Alfredo T. , Raben Maurice S.
Published: December 2006

Summary

1. The metabolic effects of human growth hormone were studied in six patients who sustained moderate to severe burns averaging 30% of the body surface area.

2. Two normal controls were also studied.

3. The patients and the controls were placed on a constant intake of 9.0 gm of nitrogen/m2 of body surface and 1500 cal/m2 and complete balance studies of nitrogen, potassium, sodium and chloride were carried out for 16 days.

4. When growth hormone was given, increased storage of nitrogen, potassium, sodium and chloride and weight gain occurred, but with marked variability from patient to patient and even in the same patient at various times post‐burn.

5. The administration of growth hormone was associated with an increase in oxygen utilization which, however, did not show a quantitative relationship with the degree of nitrogen storage.

6. Fat mobilization was indicated by a sustained increase in serum nonesterified fatty acid levels with growth hormone administration.

7. The most striking nitrogen retention occurred in the early anabolic phase and not during the height of the catabolic phase.
STUDIES OF INSENSIBLE WATER LOSS FROM BURNS TREATED WITH PARA‐AMINOMETHYL BENZENE SULFONAMIDE (SULFAMYLON*)†
Authors: Rozin R. , Skornik W. , Dressler D. P. , Ramirez A. T. , Soroff H. S.
Published: December 2006

Summary

The average insensible water loss of a group of unburned rats was compared to that of three groups of rats subjected to 20 percent burns.

The average daily insensible water loss of the burned rats (25.7 gm was significantly greater than that of the unburned controls (10.3 gm).

The application of 3 to 5 gm of Sulfamylon to the eschar did not reduce the average daily insensible water loss of the burned rats (29.9 gm).

Excision of the eschar two hr after burning followed by the application of an impermeable prosthetic skin reduced the average daily insensible water loss to 12.7 gm.

Sulfamylon acetate at room temperature loses approximately 37 percent of its weight in 48 hr.

Sulfamylon acetate at body temperature loses about 47 percent of its weight in four hr.

Sulfamylon acetate did not reduce the insensible water loss or oxygen consumption of a normal volunteer or of a patient who sustained a 25 percent, second degree burn.
HUMAN “BURN TOXIN” AND IN‐VITRO‐PRODUCED “ANTITOXIN”
Authors: Rosenthal Sol Roy , Thadhani Kaloo C. , Crouse George , Spurrier Wilma
Published: December 2006

Summary

A “burn toxin” has been isolated from normal human skin burned in vitro.

The “burn toxin” is solubilized in normal human or rabbit serum and in various fractions of bovine serum.

The lethal effects of the “burn toxin” are not due to thromboplastin since it has no detectable prothrombin activity, is not effected by heparin, is heat‐stable and its activity was not destroyed by refluxing in 70 percent alcohol.

The lethality of the crude “burn toxin” is destroyed by trypsin.

An “antitoxin” has been produced in vitro from the crude “burn toxin.”

The “antitoxin” protected mice against the lethal effect of the “burn toxin” when given before, with, or shortly after the “urn toxin.” The term competitin is proposed for “antitoxin” produced in vitro.
STUDY OF BURN TOXINS
Authors: Allgöwer M. , Burri C. , Cueni L. , Engley F. , Fleisch H. , Gruber U. F. , Harder F. , Russell R. G. G.
Published: December 2006

Summary

A review has been presented of our studies on burn toxins from mouse skin. Sterile homogenates of mouse skin burned in vitro at 250°C rapidly induce neurological disturbances and eventually cause death when injected into normal mice. Such phenomena are not observed with homogenates of unburned skin.

The toxic properties of burned mouse skin are apparently unrelated to bacterial factors and may be attributed to heat induced changes in components of normal skin.

Preliminary studies on the isolation and characterization of the toxic material have been carried out. It is suggested that the toxic material contains protein and lipid components essential for its activity.
SALINE SOLUTIONS AND DEXTRAN SOLUTIONS IN THE TREATMENT OF BURN SHOCK
Authors: Sørensen Bent
Published: December 2006

Summary

Two methods of treating burn shock are analyzed. The two principles are as different as we could find. The saline therapy was performed with saline solutions alone, without using colloids, and according to a formula which is based only on the patient's body weight. The dextran therapy, using dextran in saline solution, in a formula which administers considerably less fluid and sodium, is determined only by the extent of the burn.

Both treatments can maintain a satisfactory urinary output and prevent anuria. The saline therapy can prevent hemoconcentration in patients with burns up to 40%, dextran in patients with burns up to 50%, but this formula has its ceiling at 50%.

Pulmonary complications are difficult to evaluate. In both series practically all patients with signs of lung burns died, but the saline‐treated patients died earlier and, unlike the dextran‐treated patients, they showed typical post‐mortem findings.

With both methods, the mortality rate was kept considerably below that reported by Bull and Fisher.

In times of peace we recommend treatment with dextran. The patients are more comfortable, the treatment requires less medical surveillance and gives rise to far less edema than does saline therapy.

In time of war, or mass disaster, and particularly for hydrogen bomb attacks, saline therapy is the only possible treatment. We have demonstrated that 80% of our patients with burns of less than 40% are able to manage their anti‐shock therapy by drinking, if they get the fluid they want and take the salt in tablet form. The population might receive the following simple instructions: “uring the first 48 hr after the burn has been sustained, you should drink, per 24 hr, fluid corresponding to 15% of your body weight. For each liter of fluid that you drink take 5 gm (1 teaspoonful) salt.“
RESULTS OF THE TREATMENT OF BURNS WITH SILVER NITRATE
Authors: Ziffren Sidney E.
Published: December 2006

A review of 20 months’ utilization of silver nitrate therapy for the treatment of burns has been carried out. These results have been compared with figures utilizing previous standard methods of therapy.

This preliminary study with silver nitrate indicates the length of time necessary for hospitalization of burn patients to complete epithelization has been markedly shortened. The mortality rate has been reduced. The complication rate has also been reduced.
THE AMOEBICIDAL, TRICHOMONICIDAL, AND ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTS OF NIRIDAZOLE IN LABORATORY ANIMALS
Authors: Kradolfer F. , Jarumilinta R. , Sackmann W.
Published: December 2006

As reported in the literature, there is a potentially wide spectrum of antiparasitic and antibacterial activity in the chemical group of nitroheterocyclic compounds. The schistosomicide Ambilhar (niridazole) is an example of a single compound exhibiting anthelminthic, antiprotozoal, and antibacterial properties. A description is given of some of these properties, as revealed in laboratory experiments.

The antiamoebic activity of Ambilhar is superior to that of emetine and chloroquine. This statement applies not only to its curative effect against amoebic liver infection, but also to its amoebicidal activity in the rat intestine. With regard to trichomonicidal activity, reference is made to metronidazole as the chemotherapy of choice in trichomoniasis. When mice are used as test models, however, Ambilhar proves active at the same dosage level as metronidazole. In mice, Ambilhar also displays a distinctive spectrum of antibacterial activity; its effect on various types of Enterobacteriaceae, including Salmonella and Shigella species, is of particular interest.
MORPHOLOGY OF LEUKOCYTIC HYPERGRANULATION IN BATTEN'S DISEASE*
Authors: Donahue Sheila , Watanabe Itaru , Zeman Wolfgang
Published: December 2006

Summary

Histochemical and electron microscopic studies on the nature of the azurophilic hypergranulations of leukocytes in Batten's disease are reported. The exact nature of the phenomenon could not be elucidated, but it appears that the abnormal granulation is due to the prevalence of an intermediate granule in the polymorphonuclear cells. In electron microscopic preparations, the leukocyte granules from patients with Batten's disease are bounded by a unilaminar membrane, in contrast to the trilaminar membrane of the granules in controls. The possibility that this finding may represent a molecular lesion is discussed.
PERCEIVING AND THINKING: THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIP AND ORGANISMIC ORGANIZATION*
Authors: Boernstein Walter S.
Published: December 2006

“The problems which would be raised here are old enough; there is no immediate danger of their solution.”1
DEMONSTRATION OF FACTOR XIII IN HUMAN MEGAKARYOCYTES BY A FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE*
Authors: Kiesselbach Theodore H. , Wagner Robert H.
Published: December 2006

This work presents direct evidence for the cytoplasmic location of clotting Factor XI11 in human bone marrow megakaryocytes. This indicates that blood platelets derive Factor XI11 through de novo synthesis rather than through plasmatic transport across the platelet membranes. Evidence from plasma Factor XI11 assays of thrombocytopenic patients indicates that a major source of plasma Factor XI11 can be outside the platelet or megakaryocyte. The possible role of platelet Factor XI11 in the hemostatic process is discussed.
Kinematics—More Ethereal Than Elementary
Authors: NORTH JOHN D.
Published: December 2006

Moreover, rotatory motion is prior to rectilinear, because it is simpler and more complete Aristotle, Physics, VIII.9.

The number of [planetary] movements can be determined only by that mathematical science which is most akin to philosophy, that is, astronomy, which alone deals with substance that is perceptible but eternal, whereas the others—arithmetic and geometry—do not treat of substance at all. That the motions are more numerous than the bodies in motion is obvious to anyone who has given even moderate attention to the matter. Aristotle, Metaphysics, A. 8.
FAST COMPUTATIONS IN VOLTAGE GRAPH THEORY
Authors: Gross Jonathan L. , Tucker Thomas W.
Published: December 2006

Summary

This paper introduces convenient algorithms to determine two properties of the covering space derived from a voltage assignment on an imbedded graph. One algorithm is to count the number of components of the covering. The other is to decide when the covering surface is orientable. The computational advantages of these algorithms are realized mainly when the base graph has more than one vertex or when the voltage group is described by a presentation rather than an explicit specification. The key principle is to consider the voltage values on a cycle basis.
GRAPH CONTRACTIONS AND A GENERALIZED MÖBIUS INVERSION
Authors: Kennedy John W. , Gordon Manfred
Published: December 2006

Summary

This work presents a generalization of Möbius inversion by constructing, on partially ordered sets, pairs of “contracted” matrices which are inverses of each other. We commence by defining some nonstandard matrix operations, for which a number of results are derived, culminating in a theorem that furnishes conditions under which matrix contraction will commute with matrix multiplication. One consequence of mapping these results into graph theoretical operations on partial ordering graphs (transitive, antisymmetric digraphs) is to suggest a novel class of functions defined thereon which generalize the Riemann and Möbius functions in a way that may lead to new algorithms for matrix inversion. The usefulness of these functions in physical science is illustrated with two examples which in recent publications made implicit use of graph contraction. The work suggests a number of tantalizing (as yet unsolved) problems; our paper concludes with a summary of these.
The Potential of Systematic Collections for Archaeological Research
Authors: BROWN JAMES A.
Published: December 2006

The potential usefulness of archaeological collections is immeasurable, but like any organization a collection is as good as its integrity. The degree of integrity of old museum collections is often underestimated, with unfortunate consequences to their usefulness as curation becomes lax or the materials are dispersed. The systematic feature of collections is their greatest asset no matter how old or limited they are. This integrity is fragile and rarely retrievable, although there are circumstances in which fragments of objects scattered in many holdings can be brought together to restore an important collection. A case study of artifacts from a unique prehistoric site of Spiro in eastern Oklahoma illustrates the effect that varying degrees of systematic collection have on the information useful to modern scientific analysis. At the same time it shows how a unique artwork in marine shell can be restored through the rejoining of fragments scattered among many collections.
EPITOPE‐SPECIFIC REGULATION OF MEMORY B‐CELL EXPRESSION*
Authors: Herzenberg Leonore A.
Published: December 2006

IgG antibody responses to individual epitopes on complex antigens can fail despite the presence of fully competent populations of memory B‐cells, ample carrier‐specific help and the normal production of IgG antibody responses to other epitopes on the same antigen. These response failures reveal the existence of an “epitope‐specific” regulatory system that selectively controls the expression of memory B‐cells in antibody responses to hapten‐carrier conjugates and other complex antigens.

Our earlier B‐cell studies describe successive stages in memory B‐cell development and consider the potential role(s) that IgD receptors on “early” memory B‐cells play in determining in situ primary and anamnestic response characteristics.1‐5 Our more recent work, however, shows that an Igh‐restricted regulatory system also plays a major role in defining such response characteristics.6‐12 This previously unrecognized system, which controls memory B‐cell expression (rather than development), selectively regulates IgG antibody production to each of the individual epitopes on T‐dependent antigens such as DNP‐KLH and DNP‐CGG (the DNP hapten on keyhole limpet hemocyanin and chicken gamma globulin, respectively)

We have shown that this system can be induced to specifically suppress IgG2a anti‐DNP responses to DNP‐KLH without interfering with primary or secondary antibody responses to the KLH epitopes on the same molecule. Furthermore, it can be induced to specifically suppress IgH‐1b allotype responses to all DNPKLH epitopes without interfering either with other allotype and isotype responses to DNP‐KLH or with Igh‐1b responses to other antigens in the same animal. Thus, under conditions where memory development is optimal, this highly versatile regulatory mechanism is key to determining the amount, specificity, affinity and Igh isotype/allotype representation of IgG antibody responses.

Since we have recently published a full description of this Igh‐restricted “epitope‐specific” system, we have chosen to briefly outline its properties here using a somewhat extended version of the “summary slides” prepared for the meeting. Many of the findings summarized in this outline are illustrated by evidence and presented at the meeting (and included here); however, this evidence was presented to underscore the importance of epitope‐specific regulation for studies of in situ and adoptive memory responses and consequently does not fully document the findings discussed. [For such documentation, we refer the reader to our published work.6‐12
ON A DUSTY GAS SHOCK TUBE*
Authors: Glass I. I. , Miura H.
Published: December 2006

Analytical and numerical methods were used to investigate the flow induced by a shock wave in a shock tube channel containing air laden with suspended small solid particles. Exact results are given for the frozen and equilibrium shock wave properties as a function of the diaphragm‐pressure ratio and shock wave Mach numbers. The driver contained air at high pressure. A modified random choice method, together with an operator‐splitting technique, shows clearly the decay both of a discontinuous frozen shock wave and of a contact discontinuity and the formation both of a stationary shock structure and of an effective contact front of finite thickness. The effects of particle diameter, particle‐number density, and diaphragm‐pressure ratio on the transitional behavior of the flow are investigated in detail. The alteration of the flow properties owing to the presence of particles is discussed thoroughly and compared with classical shock tube flows.
Maternal Age: A Major Factor Affecting the Prospects and Outcome of Pregnancya
Authors: GOSDEN ROGER G.
Published: December 2006

Among physiological systems, that of reproduction in females probably shows greater variation in functional activity during life than any other. In our own species, the reproductive lifespan begins at menarche and ends at menopause, a span averaging 36 years in Western countries.1 Reproductive potential reaches a peak value after a short period of postpubertal maturation, but steadily declines during the fourth and fifth decades of life2,3 and is lost irretrievably when ovarian cycles cease at about age 50.4 The effects of maternal age on fecundity and fertility are complex and multifactorial, involving a progressive depletion of the ovarian follicular store, production of defective oocytes, and reduced competence of the organs and systems required to sustain gestation successfully. Inbred rodents have been studied extensively to assess the relative weight of these factors because they are inexpensive, have a lifespan of only 2–3.5 years, and offer opportunities to identify hierarchical responsibility in aging by heterochronic organ transplantation. In the following sections the effects of aging on three variables affecting reproduction at late ages are described. The CBA mouse has been chosen as the principal model since reproductive life in this animal is completed within a year of age.
Extragenomic Regulation and Autonomous Expression of a Developmental Program in the Early Mammalian Embryoa
Authors: VAN BLERKOM JONATHAN
Published: December 2006

The early development of the mammal appears to be directed by an intrinsically programmed and autonomously regulated series of molecular and cellular changes. The notion that an autonomous program directs early mammalian development implies that the information for and orchestration of early ontogeny is contained within the oocyte and early embryo. The expression of an intrinsic program can be envisaged to function in the progressive acquisition of “developmental states of readiness.” During oogenesis these states include competence to reinitiate arrested meiosis in the fully grown oocyte and fertilizability resulting from preovulatory maturation. In the preimplantation stages, such a program would be expected first to specify cell potentials (labile developmental options such as generation of a population of inside and outside cells in space and time1) and subsequently to limit the expression of developmental options by commitment to specific and stable cell form, fate, or function. The state of readiness attained at the blastocyst stage represents the ability of the embryo to initiate implantation as a consequence of delineation of inner cell mass and trophectoderm. This paper examines the nature of an intrinsic developmental program and addresses the question of the extent to which expression is regulated at the genomic or extragenomic level.
Proto‐oncogene fos: Factors Affecting Expression and Covalent Modification of the Gene Product
Authors: BARBER J. R. , SASSONE‐CORSI P. , VERMA I. M.
Published: December 2006

Expression of proto‐oncogene fos is induced in response to a variety of growth factors and differentiation‐specific agents. However, the induction of fos gene expression is not influenced by inhibition of protein synthesis. We, therefore, entertained the notion that expression of the fos gene may be governed by posttranslational modification of cellular transcriptional factors. We report here that transcription of the human c‐fos gene is modulated by negatively and positively acting cellular factors.

The nuclear protein products of the resident oncogene of the FBJ‐murine osteosar‐coma virus (v‐fos) and its corresponding cellular proto‐oncogene (c‐fos) are stoichiometrically phosphorylated on serine and threonine residues. The c‐fos protein is more highly phosphorylated than the v‐fos protein due to the phosphorylation of unique sites tentatively localized to the c‐terminal 20 amino acid residues. The protein kinase C agonist, TPA, stimulates phosphorylation of the c‐fos, but not the v‐fos protein.
c‐myc Gene Effects on Cell Growth and Transformation
Authors: SORRENTINO VINCENZO , DROZDOFF VLADIMIR , ZEITZ LOUIS , FLEISSNER ERWIN
Published: December 2006

Epidemiological surveys of occurrence of human neoplastic disease as well as in‐vitro and in‐vivo experimental models indicate that tumorigenesis is a multistep process involving independent genetic events.1‐3 In particular, studies with retroviruses and cloned oncogenes demonstrate that cooperation between oncogenes is required for full transformation of primary embryo cells in culture.4–8

Differences in response to growth factors can be observed between normal cells, which are capable of limited replication and are poorly transformable, and established cell lines, which can be more easily transformed by transfer of cloned oncogenes or exposure to carcinogens.9 Recent reports have provided evidence for effects of some oncogenes at specific points along biochemical pathways that regulate mitosis.10–13 For example, altered expression of the myc gene has been implicated in stimulation of cell growth in response to competence‐inducing growth factors in normal cells and deregulation of cell growth in some neoplastic cells.14–16

Mouse C3H10T1/2 cells have been widely used in in‐vitro transformation studies with chemicals and radiation.17,18 Several lines of evidence are suggestive of more than a single genetic event occurring before cells become able to overgrow the normal monolayer. 19–22 After carcinogenic treatment the appearance of foci of transformed cells is dependent upon proliferation of the initiated cell population, suggesting the requirement for a stochastic event in progression toward a transformed phenotype.23,24

Here we discuss results obtained by introducing the c‐myc coding region via a murine retroviral vector into mouse C3H10T1/2 and rat F2408 cells. We observe that constitutive c‐myc expression promotes growth in semisolid media and enhances responsiveness to PDGF, EGF, FGF, and TGF‐β. Introduction of an exogenous c‐myc gene into C3H10T1/2 does not result in cells that are tumorigenic. However, the expression of an exogenous myc gene increases the tumorigenicity of C3H cells carrying a mutated ras oncogene.

We also observed that C3H10T1/2 cells expressing an exogenous myc gene are more efficiently transformed upon radiation or chemical carcinogen treatment.
Changes in Calcium Homeostasis during Aging and Alzheimer's Diseasea
Authors: PETERSON CHRISTINE , RATAN RATIV , SHELANSKI MICHAEL , GOLDMAN JAMES
Published: December 2006

Several observations indirectly suggest that intracellular calcium regulation may be altered by aging and Alzheimer's disease. Thus, calcium homeostasis was examined directly in skin fibroblasts from Alzheimer's patients and compared to cells from normal young and elderly controls. Alterations in both bound and free calcium were noted; cells from Alzheimer's donors have higher levels of bound calcium but lower concentrations of free intracellular calcium when compared to cells from young and normal aged donors. These changes in calcium homeostasis may be physiologically significant, since processes that require transient elevations of intracellular free calcium, such as cell spreading, decline in the Alzheimer's cells. In summary, cultured skin fibroblasts from normal aged and Alzheimer's patients demonstrate deficits in calcium homeostasis and other metabolic processes when compared to cells from young donors.
The Moral Arguments and the Traditions of Religious Ethics
Authors: SHINN ROGER L.
Published: December 2006

What have religious traditions to do with military research and action? The relation is both important and problematic. To ignore it is foolish. For many people, ethics is an integral part of religious belief. Even the nonreligious or irreligious must recognize that some people and societies, probably a majority of people around the world, understand their ethics as part of their religion. A glance at the world today quickly shows the importance of religious traditions, for better and worse, in international conflicts. But the problems in the relationship are immense. Both the significance and the confusions of the relationship rise out of the nature of religious ethics.

Religious morality involves claims with a transcendent dimension. The transcendent dimension is conceptualized in many ways. It may refer to a God, who is creator and judge of humankind. It may affirm a spiritual realm that infuses the natural. It may describe a universal loyalty that encompasses particularistic loyalties of individuals, tribes, or nations. In one way or another, a religious morality completes and often overrides common, prudential considerations.

That transcendent reference is frequently corrupted by the claim of transcendent and universal justification for partisan demands. Rather than subordinate such demands to a higher judgment, individuals or groups often identify their own interests with transcendent norms. This habit is known in the biblical tradition as idolatry.
Reflections on the Moral Debate over the Strategic Defense Initiative
Authors: LEE STEVEN
Published: December 2006

The moral debate over the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) has run its course in a surprisingly short period of time. The debate began less than six years ago when President Reagan initiated the SDI by setting forth a noble moral vision for the role of strategic defenses. The end of the debate has been signaled by the recent news report that the Pentagon is now promoting the SDI for its capacity to destroy Soviet satellites.1 This concludes the moral debate on an unfortunate note. The history of the SDI is a tale of moral decline. Because the debate, if not the program itself, is at an end, this is an appropriate time to reflect on what it has taught us. There are three lessons to be drawn from the moral debate. The first is the somewhat surprising lesson that morality counts in the area of military policy. The second lesson is less surprising. It is that the fundamental moral problem posed by nuclear weapons remains intractable. The third lesson is that, despite claims to the contrary, there is nothing morally special about the SDI defenses in comparison with other strategic weapons systems.
Genetic Basis of Disease Specificity of Nondefective Friend Murine
Authors: Virus Leukemia , HOPKINS NANCY
Published: December 2006

I met Charlotte Friend just once. Sometimes it's intimidating to finally meet a scientist one has respected greatly from afar. Perhaps it's the fear that such a person will have no interest in you, or, worse, that he or she will turn out not to be as impressive as the work one has so long admired. Neither was the case with Dr. Friend. In the course of our meeting it was a pleasure to see so clearly and so quickly that Dr. Friend's revolutionary discoveries were no accident but the work of a brilliant and imaginative mind. On the personal level I had no doubt that we would become close colleagues and friends. Here I was wrong. Not long after our meeting I read of Dr. Friend's death in the New York Times. I still regret the loss of the friendship I had anticipated and also the missed opportunity to tell Charlotte Friend how much her courageous and independent life has meant to me.
Perspectives on Research and Diseases of the Tropics: An Asian View
Authors: RAMALINGASWAMI V.
Published: December 2006

In Asia, we are dealing with a region in the developing world which is inhabited by more than 2.5 billion people—more than half of the total population of this planet of ours. In the world of geographical convention, we are used to a flat, distorted projection of our spherical planet, the so‐called Mercator projection. Today's geographers depict the world as a global village and give for each country a size, not based on the number of square kilometers it occupies, but on one or another of its socio‐economic variables. In such depictions, national boundaries and sizes will change and we get a view of the fate of our planet, impressionistic rather than statistic. I have selected five pictures of the world in this format (Figs. 1–5) to convey a sense of Asian and global reality of health and disease. The countries are colored from light yellow, which depicts an advantageous situation, through yellow, orange, red, and finally to dark brown, which depicts the opposite—an extremely disadvantageous situation.1
Antigenic Variation in Relation to Vaccinesa
Authors: AGABIAN NINA
Published: December 2006

Like those who have preceded me I wish to say that I am delighted to be here on the occasion of the presentation of the Frohlich Award to Dr. Kenneth Warren. For me the venue, as well as the occasion, is special: about nine years ago I came to this auditorium to attend the first meeting of the Rockefeller Great Neglected Diseases (GND) network and with the specific objective of introducing myself to Ken Warren. I was an Assistant Professor and a molecular biologist who wanted to work on parasites; by the end of that year I had been adopted into the GND family and it was really Ken's encouragement and support that sustained my initial commitment to this field during the ensuing years of developing a program in this arena. Through the development of the GND family, Ken drew persons like myself into a community of scientists who together raised each others' expectations and standards. The dramatic progress in the field of parasitology that is reflected in the program of the symposium owes much to Ken and to his untiring effort and spirit. It has been a very exciting part of my life and I am grateful for the opportunity to have been part of that effort.
Strategies for the Development of Vaccines for Typhoid Fever, Shigellosis, and Cholera
Authors: MILLER SAMUEL I. , MEKALANOS JOHN J.
Published: December 2006

Enteric fevers and diarrheal diseases are major causes of morbidity and mortality throughout the developing world.1 Traditional approaches to the development of vaccines for bacterial diseases include the parenteral injection of purified components or killed organisms.2 These methods require technologically advanced preparation and are relatively expensive despite their proven benefits. Live oral vaccine strains have several advantages over parenteral vaccines: low cost, ease of administration, and simple preparation.

The development of live vaccines has been limited by lack of understanding of the pathogenesis of disease on a molecular level. Candidate live vaccine strains require nonrevertable genetic alterations that affect the virulence of the organism, but not its induction of an immune response. Work defining the mechanisms of toxigenesis of Vibrio cholerae has made it possible to create live vaccine strains based on deletion of the toxin genes.3,4 We will discuss below recent studies that have begun to define the molecular basis of Salmonella typhimurium macrophage survival and virulence. This may lead to the development of a live oral Salmonella typhi vaccine that can be used as a carrier for heterologous antigens. This approach has the advantage that immunity to multiple diseases could be generated with a single vaccine strain. Attenuated Salmonella typhi would deliver heterologous antigens directly to the immune effector cell, the macrophage, and generate cell‐mediated as well as humoral immune response.5
The Search for the t‐Quark and Prospects for Precision W‐Z Measurement in the UA1 Experiment
Authors: CLINE DAVID B.
Published: December 2006

The existence of the t‐quark is well established from the absence of flavor‐changing weak neutral current decay processes like
Role of Peptidergic Sensory Neurons in Gastric Mucosal Blood Flow and Protectiona
Authors: HOLZER P. , LIPPE I. TH. , RAYBOULD H. E. , PABST M. A. , LIVINGSTON E. H. , AMANN R. , PESKAR B. M. , PESKAR B. A. , TACHE Y. , GUMP P. H.
Published: December 2006

The present findings have revealed a new aspect of how mechanisms of gastric mucosal resistance to injury are called into effect and are coordinated by the nervous system. Capsaicin‐sensitive sensory neurons in the stomach play a physiological role in monitoring acid influx into the superficial mucosa. Once activated, they strengthen gastric mucosal defense against deep injury, with a key process in this respect being an increase in blood flow through the gastric mucosa. This concept opens up completely new perspectives in the physiology and pathophysiology of the gastric mucosa if we consider that the long‐term integrity of the gastric mucosa may be under the subtle control of acid‐sensitive sensory neurons and that, vice versa, improper functioning of these neural control mechanisms may predispose to gastric ulcer disease.

The present observations also indicate that some of the peptides contained in gastric sensory nerve endings might fulfill a transmitter or mediator role in controlling gastric mucosal blood flow and integrity. Whereas substance P and neurokinin A are unlikely to play a role in the regulation of gastric mucosal blood flow, there is severalfold evidence that CGRP is very important in this respect. This peptide, which in the rat gastric mucosa originates exclusively from spinal sensory neurons,2,4,27 is released upon stimulation of sensory nerve endings and is extremely potent in facilitating gastric mucosal blood flow and in protecting the mucosa from injurious factors. Selective ablation of spinal sensory neurons containing CGRP weakens the resistance of the gastric mucosa against acid injury, which is most likely due to inhibition of protective vasodilator reflexes. We now aim at providing direct pharmacological evidence that antagonism of endogenously released CGRP results in similar pathophysiological consequences as ablation of capsaicin‐sensitive sensory neurons.
Theorems from Measure Axioms, Counterexamples from ◊++
Authors: FLEISSNER WILLIAM
Published: December 2006

Daniel's proof that after adding supercompact many random reals, normal k'‐ spaces are collectionwise normal is simplified. Examples of how to use ◊++ to construct spaces are given. Question 36 of Watson is answered.
Hyperactivation of Signal Transduction Systems in Alzheimer's Diseasea
Authors: SAITOH TSUNAO , HORSBURGH KAREN , MASLIAH ELIEZER
Published: December 2006

A compromise or deregulation in signal transduction cascades could adversely affect cellular functions and possibly contribute to cell death. In recent years, it has become increasingly apparent that pronounced activation of neuronal signal transduction systems is a characteristic of AD brain. There is evidence that signal transduction systems play a role in the formation or development of these pathological features of AD. Aberrant activity and localization of components of signaling mechanisms (growth factors, their receptors, protein kinases, phosphoprotein phosphatases, and phosphoproteins) are closely associated with the intracellular accumulation of PHF, the extracellular deposition of amyloid, and the formation of neuritic plaques in AD brain. In particular, immunohistochemical studies reveal increased levels of neuronal staining for APP, possibly an important growth factor in AD, both in frontal cortex and hippocampus. Anti‐APP immunostaining is also associated with the neuritic component of plaques. Additionally, PKC(βII) immunostaining is increased in the neuronal cell body and neuropil of AD samples, particularly in association with plaques, suggesting a postsynaptic involvement of this enzyme. On the other hand, PKC(βI) immunostaining is associated with axonal staining particularly in the sprouting neurites of plaques. Sprouting neuritic components of plaques are immunopositive with other growth‐associated proteins, such as GAP43, MARCKS, and spectrin. Immunoreactivity of other members of signal transduction systems such as Fos and stathmin are all increased in AD hippocampal neurons. On the other hand, several protein kinases and phosphoproteins were immunolocalized to tangles. Thus, the hyperactivation and dysfunction of signal transduction systems could be involved in the pathogenesis of AD.
NMDA Receptor Status in Elderly Normal Individuals and Those with Alzheimer's Diseasea
Authors: PORTER R. H. P. , ROBERTS P. J. , BRIGGS R. S. J.
Published: December 2006

The status of NMDA receptors in the brains of normal aged individuals and those with Alzheimer's disease was investigated. The binding of [3H]3‐((±)‐2‐carboxypiperazin‐4‐yl)propyl phosphonic acid ([3H]CPP) to NMDA antagonist‐preferring sites on frontal and temporal cortical synaptic membranes was assessed. Binding could be resolved into two components, one of high and the other of low affinity. Pharmacologically, the two sites were qualitatively similar. Considerable intersubject variation in binding parameters was detected, but no significant differences were found between the mean values for the control and Alzheimer's disease groups. This study indicates that, when changes in receptor integrity occur in individual patients, these may be occluded because of the large variations between individuals.
The C‐Terminus of the β Protein is Critical in Amyloidogenesisa
Authors: JARRETT JOSEPH T. , BERGER ELIZABETH P. , LANSBURY PETER T.
Published: December 2006

The β amyloid protein found in extracellular deposits in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is heterogeneous at its C‐terminus; proteins ending at residues 40, 42, and 43 have been identified in neuritic deposits, while protein in vascular amyloid appears to end at residue 39 or 40. Studies of synthetic β proteins (β1–39, β1–40, β1–42), and model peptides (β26–39, β26–40, β26–42, β26–43) demonstrate that amyloid formation is a nucleation‐dependent phenomenon. Peptides ending at residues 39 or 40 were kinetically soluble for hours to days, while peptides ending at residues 42 or 43 aggregated immediately; all eventually reached similar thermodynamic solubility. The kinetically soluble variants could be seeded with the kinetically insoluble variants. The secondary structure of β26–39 fibrils was different from that of β26–42 fibrils, however, seeding β26–39 with β26–42 produces mixed fibrils with structure similar to β26–42. These results suggest that neuritic plaques may be seeded by their minor component; this may determine the structure and properties of amyloid in AD.
β‐Amyloid Precursor Protein Mismetabolism and Loss of Calcium Homeostasis in Alzheimer's Diseasea
Authors: BARGER S. W. , SMITH‐SWINTOSKY V. L. , RYDEL R. E. , MATTSON M. P.
Published: December 2006

The suspected involvement of the β‐amyloid precursor protein (βAPP) in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been strengthened by recent genetic evidence, but pursuit of the mechanisms involved will initially require basic cell biology approaches. Several studies have concentrated on toxic activities of β‐amyloid peptide (βAP) itself, illuminating its contributions to excitotoxicity and calcium‐mediated degeneration in general. We now know that generation of βAP from βAPP also compromises the production of an important set of trophic factors: the secreted forms of βAPP (APPS), which may act—ironically—by conferring protection from calcium‐mediated insults. Therefore, conditions which contribute to the formation of βAP (possibly including ischemia) not only produce an agent which exacerbates calcium‐mediated cell death, but also reduce the levels of one of the few factors able to rescue calcium homeostasis. The implications of these postulates and their relationship to the process of aging are discussed.
Microtubule‐associated Protein Tau, Paired Helical Filaments, and Phosphorylationa
Authors: MANDELKOW E.‐M. , BIERNAT J. , DREWES G. , STEINER B. , LICHTENBERG‐KRAAG B. , WILLE H. , GUSTKE N. , MANDELKOW E.
Published: December 2006

This paper summarizes our recent studies on microtubule‐associated protein tau and its pathological state resembling that of the paired helical filaments of Alzheimer's disease. The Alzheimer‐like state of tau protein can be identified and analyzed in terms of certain phosphorylation sites and phosphorylation‐dependent antibody epitopes. It can be induced by protein kinases which tend to phosphorylate serine or threonine residues followed by a proline; this includes mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) and glycogen‐synthase kinase 3 (GSK‐3). Both of these are tightly associated with microtubules as well as with paired helical filaments. Structurally, tau appears as a rod‐like molecule; it tends to self‐associate into dimers whose monomers are antiparallel. Constructs of truncated tau made up of antiparallel dimers of the microtubule binding domain can be assembled into paired helical filaments in vitro.
Age‐related Increase in Galanin‐binding Sites in the Rat Brain: Correlation with Behavioral Impairmenta
Authors: KRZYWKOWSKI P. , LAGNY I. , JAZAT F. , LAMOUR Y. , EPELBAUM J.
Published: December 2006

The regional distribution of 125I‐galanin specific binding sites was determined by radioautography on brain sections in young (3‐ to 4‐month‐old) and aged (26‐ to 27‐month‐old) male Sprague‐Dawley rats, previously tested for their performances in the Morris water maze task. In aged rats, a significant increase in specific binding was observed in piriform, perirhinal and entorhinal cortex, the CA1 field of the ventral hippocampus, ventral subiculum, and dorsal dentate gyrus, whereas no significant change was observed in the ventral dentate gyms, the dorsal subiculum, the CA3 field of the hippocampus, the amygdala or the septal area. The area‐specific regional increase in specific binding density in aged rats was significantly correlated with the impairment of their behavioral performances in the Morris water maze task. The change in 125I‐galanin specific binding in the aged rats was a result of an increase in the number of galanin‐binding sites, without change in affinity.
Neural Stem Cells for CNS Transplantation
Authors: BAETGE E. EDWARD
Published: December 2006

Neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and Huntington's disease are becoming ever more prominent in our society. A direct approach towards therapeutic treatment of these diseases is through replacement therapy where normal tissue is transplanted back to the nervous system. Recently, significant progress has been achieved with transplants in Parkinson's disease, but the process is heavily dependent on an unstable and problematic source of fetal tissue. Neural stem cells may become the tissue/cell source necessary for developing the therapeutic potential of neural transplantation. Stem cells are self‐renewing, multipotent and could provide a well‐characterized and clean source of transplantable material. A number of new in vitro approaches have led to the development of continuously propagated stem cells that are potential candidates for nervous system transplantation. These include oncogene‐induced immortalization and growth‐factor stimulation of naturally occurring central and peripheral nervous system stem cells. The nature of these cells and their suitability for transplantation into the CNS will be evaluated.