bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polypharmazie im Alter – klug entscheiden mit dem
FORTA-Prinzip
Authors: Throm Christina , Wehling Martin
Published: September 2015

Multimorbidität und Polypharmazie sind Gefahren für ältere Patienten; die
Verbesserung der Arzneimitteltherapiequalität ist wichtig und eine neue
Herangehensweise – die FORTA [Fit fOR The Aged]-Liste – soll dieses Vorhaben in
der klinischen Praxis unterstützen. In dieser Übersicht sollen
anwendungsbezogene Details für einen erfolgreichen Gebrauch von FORTA
beschrieben werden. Die Liste kategorisiert Medikamente abhängig von der Evidenz
für Sicherheit, Wirksamkeit und allgemeiner Alterstauglichkeit in vier Gruppen:
A (unentbehrlich), B (nützlich), C (bedenklich) und D (zu vermeiden). Als
implizite Methode ist sie nur anwendbar, wenn medizinische Details zum Patienten
bekannt sind. Der Prozess beginnt mit Anamnese und diagnostischem Assessment,
inklusive Schweregradeinteilung der Erkrankungen. Das ist die Basis für die
FORTA-unterstützte Auswahl von Medikamenten um Übertherapie (Medikament nicht
nötig), Untertherapie (Zustand nicht, oder nicht ausreichend mit positiv
bewerteten Medikamenten behandelt) oder Fehltherapie (Medikament indiziert, aber
negatives, anstatt positiv bewertetem Medikament ausgewählt) zu vermeiden. Der
Auswahl folgen sekundäre Analysen, beispielsweise bezüglich der Dosierung oder
Kontraindikationen. Das Medikationsschema wird dann aufgrund der beobachteten
erwünschten klinischen Effekte und Nebenwirkungen angepasst.
Difference in chemical reactions in bulk plasma and sheath regions during surface modification of graphene oxide film using capacitively coupled NH3 plasma
Authors: Lee Sung-Youp , Kim Chan , Kim Hong Tak
Published: September 2015

Reduced graphene oxide (r-GO) films were obtained from capacitively coupled NH3 plasma treatment of spin-coated graphene oxide (GO) films at room temperature. Variations were evaluated according to the two plasma treatment regions: the bulk plasma region (Rbulk) and the sheath region (Rsheath). Reduction and nitridation of the GO films began as soon as the NH3 plasma was exposed to both regions. However, with the increase in treatment time, the reduction and nitridation reactions differed in each region. In the Rbulk, NH3 plasma ions reacted chemically with oxygen functional groups on the GO films, which was highly effective for reduction and nitridation. While in the Rsheath, physical reactions by ion bombardment were dominant because plasma ions were accelerated by the strong electrical field. The accelerated plasma ions reacted not only with the oxygen functional groups but also with the broken carbon chains, which caused the removal of the GO films by the formation of hydrocarbon gas species. These results showed that reduction and nitridation in the Rbulk using capacitively coupled NH3 plasma were very effective for modifying the properties of r-GO films for application as transparent conductive films.
Vasubandhu on the Conditioning Factors and the Buddha’s Use of Language
Authors: Gold Jonathan C.
Published: September 2015

The great Indian Buddhist philosopher Vasubandhu (fourth/fifth century) critiqued his contemporaries for their profuse ontologies, which he felt they had developed out of a naïvely reificationist reading of Buddhist scripture. The present essay is a study of the section from Vasubandhu’s Commentary on the Treasury of Abhidharma (Abhidharma-kośa-bhāṣya) in which he explains, and argues against, Vaibhāṣika realism about the four qualities of conditioned things: birth, stability, ageing, and impermanence. Throughout this section, Vasubandhu argues against the conditioning factors while at the same time showing how it is often necessary to read the Buddha’s words as referring to unreal objects. These views entail one another, and together display how the doctrines and interpretive methods of the Vaibhāṣika are mistaken and non-Buddhist.
Jayatīrtha and the Problem of Perceptual Illusion
Authors: Williams Michael
Published: September 2015

In this chapter I discuss the treatment of perceptual illusions found in the works of Jayatīrtha (fl. 1370). Jayatīrtha belonged to a school of theistic realists known as the “Mādhvas.” His arguments about illusion begin from the critical encounter with his tradition’s arch-enemies: the nonrealist Advaita Vedāntins. According to the Advaitins, perceptual illusions are simply inexplicable and undermine the realist assumption of a determinate ontology. In his Nectar of Reasoning, Jayatīrtha responded to the Advaitins by giving one of the most extensive critical accounts of perceptual illusion in the history of Indian philosophy. The theory he elaborated is essentially a version of the “misidentification” approach to illusions, which had previously been defended by the realist Nyāya school. Following Mādhva, Jayatīrtha argued that the object of the misidentification involved in illusions is simply nonexistent, a unique position among Indian realist philosophies.
Coercion, Invalidation, and Risk for Self-Injury and Borderline Personality Traits
Authors: Crowell Sheila E. , Yaptangco Mona , Turner Sara L.
Published: September 2015

Self-inflicted injury (SII) is defined as a deliberate act in which a person seeks to cause bodily harm or death. The etiology and developmental course of SII are unclear. Converging evidence suggests coercive family processes may heighten risk for SII and related clinical problems among vulnerable youth. This chapter outlines a developmental theory of SII with particular attention to contextual risk factors. It proposes that risk for SII is highest when vulnerable youth are exposed repeatedly to coercive and invalidating family environments. Evidence in support of this theory is drawn from longitudinal studies of SII and borderline personality traits. The chapter also reviews data involving conflict discussion tasks with self-injuring and depressed adolescents and their mothers. Accumulating evidence suggests that coercive processes are a leading contextual mechanism that shapes behavioral and physiological dysregulation, ultimately heightening risk for self-injury and borderline personality disorder.
Race and Racialization
Authors: Isoke Zenzele
Published: September 2015

Racialization involves the production and justification of hierarchies of difference through appeals to notions of superiority and inferiority. This chapter considers multiple views of racialization, ranging from accounts of racial formation, intersectionality, matrices of domination, and assemblages to analyses of colonialism, enslavement, and capitalist accumulation by dispossession. In contrast to discredited biological notions of race, it draws attention to processes of racialization that are orchestrated through state policies and practices that subordinate, marginalize, and exclude particular groups while securing the dominance of other groups. The final section of the chapter examines violent racialization in the form of abusive and lethal policing practices, which are best understood as state terror that establishes the parameters of permissible hate.
Transnational
Authors: Briggs Laura
Published: September 2015

This chapter argues that the emergence of the subfield transnational feminism (especially but not exclusively in the United States) after 2000 represented the convergence of many strands of thought and activism: postcolonial feminist thought; critical analysis of globalization; and feminist activists’ coming together around decolonization politics, UN conferences, and local and regional encuentros (encounters), tribunals, and other autonomous spaces. The word transnational, however, was also favored by global capitalism, and feminism was extraordinarily productive for new kinds of exploitation and forms of globalization, for example, the mostly female workforces in export processing zones, microcredit loans, and military efforts to “save” women (as in Afghanistan), and this, too, is an inheritance of transnational feminism. The chapter explores this central contradiction of transnational feminist scholarship and activism, as well as contributions from queer and sexuality studies, feminist disability studies, Native feminism, and other substantive areas of feminism.
Three Pillars of False Memory Prevention
Authors: Gallo David A. , Lampinen James M.
Published: September 2015

Conscious recollections of past experiences are prone to distortion, but retrieval monitoring processes help control memory accuracy and avoid false memories. This chapter overviews the metacognitive aspects of three retrieval processes that are fundamental for determining whether or not a questionable event had occurred in one’s past: (1) selectively searching memory for evidence of the questionable event (orientation), (2) diagnosing the validity of retrieved evidence by comparing it to one’s expectations about the questionable event’s memorability (evaluation), and (3) using various kinds of collateral information to converge upon the truth (corroboration). Such collateral information could include recollections of surrounding events that confirm or disqualify the questionable event’s occurrence, as well as other kinds of knowledge pertaining to the questionable event’s likelihood or plausibility. The chapter discusses laboratory research on each of these processes and considers how these processes recursively interact when remembering the more complex autobiographical events of our lives.
Empiricism and After
Authors: Bogen James
Published: September 2015

Familiar versions of empiricism overemphasize and misconstrue the importance of perceptual experience as a source of scientific knowledge. This chapter discusses their main descriptive and normative shortcomings and sketches an alternative framework for thinking about the contributions of human sensory systems and experimental equipment to scientific knowledge. Rather than assuming that all scientific claims are developed, tested, and modified or rejected in the same way, this chapter suggests that philosophers would do better to look case by case at the epistemic pathways that link the credibility of different scientific claims to different epistemically significant factors.
Scientific Realism
Authors: Lyons Timothy D.
Published: September 2015

This article endeavors to identify the strongest versions of the two primary arguments against epistemic scientific realism: the historical argument—generally dubbed “the pessimistic meta-induction”—and the argument from underdetermination. It is shown that, contrary to the literature, both can be understood as historically informed but logically valid modus tollens arguments. After specifying the question relevant to underdetermination and showing why empirical equivalence is unnecessary, two types of competitors to contemporary scientific theories are identified, both of which are informed by science itself. With the content and structure of the two nonrealist arguments clarified, novel relations between them are uncovered, revealing the severity of their collective threat against epistemic realism and its “no-miracles” argument. The final section proposes, however, that the realist’s axiological tenet “science seeks truth” is not blocked. An attempt is made to indicate the promise for a nonepistemic, purely axiological scientific realism—here dubbed “Socratic scientific realism.”
Antebellum Puzzle
Authors: Craig Lee A.
Published: September 2015

Since the late 18th century the long-run trend in economic growth—conventionally measured by real gross domestic product, income, and wages—has been positive in the United States and throughout Europe. However, in the 19th century, many Western countries, including the United States, experienced stagnation and even cyclical downturns in the biological standard of living—as measured by, for example, the expectation of life and adult stature—thus creating the “antebellum puzzle,” so named because the downturn began in the decades before the US Civil War. This puzzle suggests that industrialization and modern economic growth were accompanied by an increase in inequality and a decrease in the consumption of net nutrients.
Health, Body Weight, and Obesity
Authors: Lakdawalla Darius N. , Reif Julian
Published: September 2015

The rise in obesity has generated enormous concern among policy makers and the general public. Economists have focused on explaining the causes of this rise, along with the attendant implications for public policy. This chapter summarizes the economic literature on the theory of weight determination, including the optimal determination of food intake and exercise, and the influence of prices and peer effects. In addition, the chapter reviews the empirical literature that tests a range of explanations for the rise in obesity, such as declining food prices, increasing price of exercise, rising income, peer effects, and the decline in cigarette consumption.
Adult Weight and Height of Native Populations
Authors: Rosinger Asher , Godoy Ricardo
Published: September 2015

Weight and height are critical indicators of short- and long-term human nutrition and health. This chapter reviews secular trends of weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) from studies that relied on primary data of living adults in small-scale, native populations in rural areas of developing nations. Most studies reviewed found trends of increases in weight and BMI over an average study period of 20 years. Women gained an average of 8.8 kg and 3.1 kg/m2, and men gained an average of 5.1 kg and 2.1 kg/m2 over this time span. Additionally, 10 of 13 native populations reviewed had a recent overweight and obesity prevalence of at least 10 percentage points lower than the national averages for men and women combined. In contrast to weight, 12 out of 21 studies found no change (n = 8) or a decline (n = 4) in secular trends of height.
East Asia on the Rise
Authors: Schwekendiek Daniel Jong
Published: September 2015

Body mass index, weight, and stature are reliable indicators of biological living standards. Although most studies in anthropometric history focus on Western nations, East Asian countries are of great interest as well because one-fifth of the world’s population lives in this region. This chapter reviews studies that focus on the anthropometric history of China, Japan, and Korea. Although the anthropometric measurements of contemporary urban Chinese equal those of Japan and South Korea, its rural population lags far behind. However, their anthropometric status is superior to that of North Korea, which has the worst economic performance in East Asia. Differences between the two Koreas cannot be explained by genetic predispositions alone. Japan’s anthropometrics have not matched its increasing economic power, but the quantity and quality of food intake in Japan differs from that of the rest of East Asia, suggesting that differences in food culture may account for these variations.
Music Therapy for Children and Adolescents Diagnosed with Cancer
Authors: Reid Philippa
Published: September 2015

Receiving a cancer diagnosis and undergoing the subsequent treatment challenges coping and equilibrium for children and adolescents and their families. This chapter describes how music therapists work with children, adolescents, and family members in cancer care contexts. A range of musical experiences can provide adjunct support to medical treatments to support coping, reduce distress, and provide comfort. The music therapist works as a member of the interdisciplinary team to provide opportunities fornormaland fun musical experiences to support the experience of hospitalization, as well as offering comfort and support for children in pain or distress. Research evidence supports the role of the music therapist in providing effective services with children and adolescents in cancer care.
Capital, Labor, and State
Authors: Hanieh Adam
Published: September 2015

The Middle East’s pivotal position in a hydrocarbon-based global capitalism carries enormous ramifications for the region and the Gulf Arab states in particular. This chapter aims to present key debates associated with this transformation. It begins with an overview of the Rentier State Theory (RST). RST theorists foreground the impact of oil rents on Gulf states, drawing causal relationships between these rents and the characteristics of the Gulf’s political economy. The chapter turns to a critique of some of its core assumptions, notably its theorization of state and class. It argues that a more satisfactory understanding of the political economy of oil in the Gulf can be found through a return to the categories of class and capitalism, and a deeper appreciation of the ways in which the Gulf is located in the wider dynamics of accumulation in the world market.
Dodging the Peril of Peace
Authors: Raz Avi
Published: September 2015

This chapter presents a historical analysis of Israel’s policy and practice in the aftermath of the 1967 War in which Israel occupied Jordan’s West Bank, Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula, Syria’s Golan Heights, and the Gaza Strip. It argues that Israel deliberately squandered every opportunity for a peaceful accommodation with its Arab adversaries. It demonstrates that Israel’s main foreign policy priority was to deceive the US into believing that Israel was seeking a peaceful settlement with either Jordan’s King Hussein or the West Bank Palestinian leadership. The aim was to deflect American and international pressure to withdraw from the occupied territories while creating facts on the ground such as illegal settlements. Drawing on official records from Israeli and American archives as well as large variety of secondary sources, this chapter fills a lacuna in the existing literature and dispels several myths, particularly the Israeli claim that “there was no Arab partner for peace.”
Archaeology of a Piece of Gondwanaland
Authors: Sand Christophe
Published: September 2015

New Caledonia is the southern-most archipelago of Melanesia. Its unique geological diversity, as part of the old Gondwana plate, has led to specific pedological and floral environments that have, since first human settlement, influenced the ways Pacific Islanders have occupied and used the landscape. This essay presents some of the key periods of the nearly 3,000 years of pre-colonial human settlement. After having presented a short history of archaeological research in New Caledonia, the essay focuses first on the Lapita foundation, which raises questions of long-term contacts and cultural change. The second part details the unique specificities developed during the “Traditional Kanak Cultural Complex,” during the millennium predating first European contact, as well as highlighting the massive changes brought by the introduction of new diseases, in the decades before the colonial settlement era. This leads to questions about archaeological history and the role of archaeology in the present decolonizing context.
Rural and Agricultural Crime
Authors: Barclay Elaine , Weisheit Ralph A. , Donnermeyer Joseph F.
Published: September 2015

Much of the theory, research, and policy analysis in criminology has been devoted to urban locations. Yet crime is not exclusively an urban phenomenon. Rural crime involves theft from farms, illegal dumping, and illegal hunting and fishing, as well as familiar issues, such as drug use and production. Crime in rural areas raises important questions concerning the seasonality of activity, characteristics of offenders and victims, and the meaning of rural poverty. It requires thinking through responses from law enforcement and courts and the appropriateness of crime prevention initiatives. As well, rural criminology compels rethinking about criminological theories and their generalizability to a world whose population until recently was majority rural. This chapter reviews five key areas of rural criminology: criminology theory and rural criminology; rural community and crime; rural police; agricultural, environmental, and wildlife crime; and drug use and trafficking.
Animating the Bible’s Animals
Authors: Stone Ken
Published: September 2015

This chapter discusses the potential relevance of interdisciplinary animal studies for biblical interpretation. The story of Jacob and his family in Genesis 25–32 is examined from the perspective of a “critical animal hermeneutics.” Three features of such a hermeneutics, characteristic of contemporary animal studies, are emphasized: (1) the constitutive importance of “companion species,” emphasized by Donna Haraway, including in Israel’s case goats and sheep; (2) the instability of the human/animal binary, emphasized by Jacques Derrida and other thinkers; and (3) ubiquitous associations between species difference and differences among humans, particularly, in the case of biblical literature, gender and ethnic differences. Each of these features is used to read the story of Jacob and several related biblical texts.
“Trying to Get a Grip”: Language Competence and Self-Reported Satisfaction With Social Relationships Three Decades Post-Childhood Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Atay Christina , Ryan Sarah J. , Lewis Fiona M.
Published: September 2015

Objective:

(1) To investigate outcomes in language competence and self-reported satisfaction with social relationships in long-term survivors of childhood traumatic brain injury (TBI); and (2) to establish whether language competence contributes to self-reported satisfaction with social relationships decades after sustaining childhood TBI.

Participants:

Twelve females and 8 males aged 30 to 55 (mean = 39.80, standard deviation = 7.54) years who sustained a TBI during childhood and were on average 31 years postinjury (standard deviation = 9.69). An additional 20 participants matched for age, sex, handedness, years of education, and socioeconomic status constituted a control group.

Main Measures:

Test of Language Competence—Expanded Edition and the Quality of Life in Brain Injury questionnaire.

Results:

Individuals with a history of childhood TBI performed significantly poorer than their non-injured peers on 2 (Ambiguous Sentences and Oral Expression: Recreating Sentences) out of the 4 Test of Language Competence—Expanded Edition subtests used and on the Quality of Life in Brain Injury subscale assessing satisfaction with social relationships. In the TBI group, scores obtained on the Ambiguous Sentences subtest were found to be a significant predictor of satisfaction with social relationships, explaining 25% of the variance observed.

Conclusions:

The implication of high-level language skills to self-reported satisfaction with social relationships many decades post-childhood TBI suggests that ongoing monitoring of emerging language skills and support throughout the school years and into adulthood may be warranted if adult survivors of childhood TBI are to experience satisfying social relationships.
Eyelid Contour Following Conjunctival Müllerectomy With or Without Tarsectomy Blepharoptosis Repair
Authors: Choudhary Maria M. , Chundury Rao , McNutt Stephen A. , Perry Julian D.
Published: September 2015

Purpose:

To quantitatively determine how accurately conjunctival Müllerectomy with or without tarsectomy (CM ± T) blepharoptosis repair restores eyelid contour.

Methods:

The charts of all patients undergoing unilateral CM ± T blepharoptosis repair at the Cole Eye Institute between June 2012 and September 2014 were reviewed. Preoperative and postoperative digital images were used for eyelid contour analysis. Eyelid contour was measured according to a previously described technique measuring 13 radial mid-pupil eyelid distances (MPLDs) in pixels at 15° intervals from 0° to 180°. Eyelid contour was computed taking the ratio of the corresponding radial MPLD on either side of margin reflex distance (105/75, 120/60, 135/45, 150/30, 165/15, and 180/0) using ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD). Ratios were compared between the preoperative and postoperative images using paired t test with statistical significance set at p < 0.05.

Results:

One hundred and six cases of unilateral CM ± T were performed during the study period and 20 cases met inclusion criteria. In the ptotic eyelid, the postoperative eyelid and the unoperated eyelid groups, the average temporal-to-nasal MPLD ratios at corresponding angles from the midline were closer to 1 from 45° to 135°. Then, further from the midline, at more obtuse angles, the temporal MPLD was greater than the nasal MPLD (i.e., the ratio was greater than 1) in all 3 groups.

Conclusions:

There was no significant difference in any corresponding MPLD or temporal/nasal MPLD ratio between the postoperative eyelid and the postoperative control eyelid. This technique for CM ± T blepharoptosis repair adequately restores eyelid contour.
The Locking Y Lateral Canthopexy With Osseous Integration: Clinical Experience and Surgical Technique
Authors: Kossler Andrea L. , Erickson Benjamin P. , Shriver Erin M. , Tse David T.
Published: September 2015

Purpose:

To describe a surgical technique to correct lateral canthal tendon disinsertion with a strabismus surgery-inspired locking capture of the tendon complex and osseous integration via drill holes.

Methods:

Retrospective interventional case series including all patients with lateral canthal tendon disinsertion who underwent locking Y lateral canthopexy with drill hole reinforcement by 1 surgeon (D.T.T.) between 2006 and 2011. Outcome measures included resolution of presenting ocular symptoms, improved blink dynamics and lid closure, correction of lagophthalmos and exposure keratopathy, and need for further surgery.

Results:

A total of 53 lateral canthopexies with osseous integration were performed in 42 patients who fulfilled clinical criteria for lateral canthal tendon disinsertion. The population was biased toward treatment failures; 81% of eyes (43/53) had a history of prior lateral canthal tightening, and of these 30.2% (16/53) had undergone 3 or more procedures. Postoperatively, all eyes demonstrated improved eyelid position and blink mechanics, and 83% (44/53) had subjective resolution of epiphora and ocular irritation. Lagophthalmos was fully corrected in 95% (19/20) of cases, and corneal staining resolved in 88% (14/16). With a mean follow-up period of 24 months, 3.7% of eyes (2/53) required additional lateral canthal tightening.

Conclusions:

The locking Y lateral canthopexy is an effective and durable method for repositioning the lateral canthal tendon complex to improve blink dynamics, eyelid closure, and cosmesis. Even in a population heavily biased toward treatment failure, clinical results are excellent and the reoperation rate is low.
Heart Rate As a Biomarker in Heart Failure: Role of Heart Rate Lowering Agents
Authors: Shaaya Ghazwan , Al-Khazaali Ali , Arora Rohit
Published: September 2015

Heart failure (HF) is a common clinical condition affecting more than 5.8 million people in the United States, it remains the leading cause of death in the United States and worldwide. Ongoing challenges for biomarker identification include the need for objective assessment, measurement precision, and meaningful replication. Biomarkers not only serve as traditional predictors of prognosis, they can also help to identify high-risk patients who need closer monitoring and more aggressive therapy; therefore, we reviewed the use of heart rate (HR) as a biomarker in HF both of diagnostic and prognostic values, in addition, to being easily detected. HR is a determinant of myocardial oxygen demand, coronary blood flow, and myocardial performance and is central to the adaptation of cardiac output to metabolic needs. Increased HR is known to predict adverse outcome in the general population and in patients with chronic HF. Part of the ability of HR to predict risk is related to the forces driving it, namely, neurohormonal activation. We reviewed therapies, which slow the HR like β-blockers and ivabradine (a drug that is a pure HR-reducing agent), and all the clinical studies suggest the benefit of these drugs in the management of HF, and increasing evidence suggests HR as a biomarker of both diagnostic and prognostic values in HF.
Role of self-efficacy and family supportive organizational perceptions in teachers’ organizational citizenship behaviour
Authors: Mangadu Paramasivam Ganesh
Published: September 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to understand the role of self-efficacy and family supportive organizational perceptions (FSOP) on organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB) among engineering college teachers.

Design/methodology/approach

– Teachers (n=183) from public and private engineering colleges in the southern part of India were selected using purposive sampling technique. Survey method was used to collect data using the following scales: new general self-efficacy scale, teacher OCB scale and FSOP scale. Hierarchical regression analyses was used to test the hypotheses.

Findings

– Regression analyses showed general self-efficacy having a significant positive effect on all the sub-dimensions of teacher OCB and as well as on the overall OCB score. On the other hand, FSOP had a significant positive impact only on teachers’ OCB towards the institution. In terms of moderation effect, FSOP moderated the relationship between self-efficacy and teachers’ OCB towards the institution.

Research limitations/implications

– One of the major limitations of this study is its relatively small and region-specific sample. The sample is also limited to engineering college teachers only.

Practical implications

– The findings from the study reiterate the need to nurture a positive organizational culture towards work-life balance issues in academic institutions. The study also shows that FSOP can be a powerful motivating factor to encourage teachers to participate in institute-level activities.

Originality/value

– Most of the earlier studies on teacher OCB are in the context of schools but the present study focuses on the role of internal attributes and organizational-level factors in teacher OCB.
On three modernisation narratives in Poland after 1989
Authors: Anioł Wlodzimierz
Published: September 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to look at the process of socio-economic modernization experienced by Poland in the period following the fall of communism in 1989 through the lens of three major narratives in domestic public discourse: the neoliberal, the conservative and the social democratic. Each of them distributes differently the accents, not only as regards preferred values and directions of change but also the modality, methods and pace of their introduction.

Design/methodology/approach

– The reflections are inspired by a constructivist approach, stressing the large impact of ideas, narrative and discourse on social change. Moreover the author proposes in the analysis his own identification of three types of modernization: from below, from above and from beyond.

Findings

– At least two conclusions follow from the paper. The first asserts that across the entire 25-year period from 1989 to 2014, the most powerful presence in the discourse has been marked by the neoliberal modernization narrative, although the popularity of conservative narrative has been important too. The other conclusion can be expressed in a nutshell as a thesis that impacts “from beyond” have had greatly shaped not only particular narratives but also the very systemic transformation of Poland. Those impacts have assumed forms of various transfers (ideological, institutional, financial and policy), with important roles being played by western governments, epistemic communities and integration structures of the western world.

Originality/value

– The following analysis of the public discourse about the modernization of Poland in the recent 25 years is an attempt to develop an original approach to the said issue from the perspective of the three narratives identified by the author. The emphasis on international factors in explaining the nature of Polish transformations after 1989 appears to be another asset of the paper.
Tree ring ecological signal is consistent with floristic composition and plant indicator values in Mediterranean Fagus sylvatica forests
Authors: Filibeck Goffredo , Adams Jonathan , Brunetti Michele , Di Filippo Alfredo , Rosati Leonardo , Scoppola Anna , Piovesan Gianluca
Published: September 2015

We compared the multivariate patterns of tree ring chronologies with those of floristic composition (and of its associated Ellenberg indicator values – EIVs) across the whole elevation gradient of Fagus sylvatica forests in Central Italy (from 300 to 1900 m a.s.l.). Both data sets were also compared with bioclimatic parameters obtained from reconstructed, site‐representative meteorological data.

Procrustes analysis showed that the patterns of tree ring chronologies and floristic assemblages were significantly correlated. The two main bio‐climatic belts obtained from tree ring analysis showed significantly different floristic composition and significantly different distribution of EIVs.

Constrained ordination with meteorological data as covariates showed that in both data sets, most of the variation was explained by mean summer temperature, while precipitation parameters had only minor explanatory power.

Ellenberg indicator values for temperature showed a strong correlation with mean summer temperature obtained from the meteorological data. EIVs for continentality were weakly correlated with annual temperature range. No correlation emerged between the EIVs for moisture and the precipitation parameters. Constrained ordination of the tree ring data set with the floras' mean EIVs as covariates found that the most explanatory variables were the EIVs for temperature followed by the EIVs for light. This latter finding is probably a consequence of temperature control (via summer drought) on canopy Leaf Area Index.

Synthesis. Ecological classification of beech forest stands through either tree ring chronologies or floristic composition yields very similar results. Both bio‐indication methods point to the predominant role of growing‐season temperatures in controlling patterns and processes of forest ecosystems across wide elevation gradients. Thus, similarities in tree ring chronologies of the past between sites could be used to infer analogies in past floristic assemblages. Moreover, temperature indicator values obtained from floras show excellent accordance with meteorological data, allowing reliable usage of diachronic floristic data for climate change monitoring at detailed spatial scale.
Detection of mutations in JAK2 exons 12–15 by Sanger sequencing
Authors: Alghasham N. , Alnouri Y. , Abalkhail H. , Khalil S.
Published: September 2015

Introduction

The Janus kinase (JAK)2 p.V617F gain‐of‐function mutation is a hallmark of BCR‐ABL1‐negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). This study analyzed JAK2 mutations in 1811 patients tested between 2010 and 2013.

Methods

Exons 12–15 of JAK2 were sequenced in 1706 samples, and patients harboring mutations were clinically evaluated.

Results

Of 271 patients (16%) with JAK2 mutations, 148 (54.6%) were female and 123 (45.4%) were male; 103 (38%) were local and 168 (62%) were referred; and 13 (5%) had additional genetic abnormalities. The median patient age was 54 years, and there was only one pediatric patient. In agreement with previous reports, 262 patients (96.7%) were positive for the JAK2 p.V617F mutation. Non‐p.V617F JAK2 mutations were detected in the remaining nine (3.3%) patients: five (1.8%) had a p.G571S mutation, and one (0.3%) each had p.E543_D544del, p.Y570Y silent, p.R541_E543delinsK, and p.I540_N542delinsM mutations. Diagnosis of 103 (38%) in‐house cases revealed a predominance of MPN patients (87 cases, or 84.4%).

Conclusion

JAK2 p.V617F was the most prevalent mutation detected among patients in this study. Non‐p.V617F JAK2 mutations were identified in exons 12 and 13 corresponding to recently reported mutations, except for the novel p.I540_N542delinsM.
Temperature Distribution in Metallic Powder Particles During Initial Stage of Field‐Activated Sintering
Authors: Trapp Johannes , Kieback Bernd
Published: September 2015

The temperature distribution in copper and martensitic steel spheres has been investigated for the initial stage of field‐activated sintering (FAST)/spark plasma sintering (SPS) using capacitor discharges (CD) with applied voltages from one to 15 V as model experiments. At first, the evolution of the contact resistance between the spheres has been studied. The results show the reduction in the contact resistance after discharge with increasing electrical load, yet no significant dependence on the length or number of the discharge pulses. Thereby the initial resistance is only decreased distinctly if at least a certain minimal voltage was applied. Subsequently, the melting of thin coatings of different metals on copper spheres has been studied and the occurrence of molten phase and its melting point were assigned to the corresponding discharge current. Extrapolation from the currents necessary to melt the coating layers in the CD experiments to lower values typical for FAST was used to estimate the contact overtemperature in the latter case. Resulting values for copper range from 0.05 K for normal heating with 100 K/min to 5 K for maximum current output.
Draft Genome Sequences of 19 Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium [4,5:i:−] Strains Resistant to Nalidixic Acid from a Long-Term Outbreak in Italy
Authors: Orsini Massimiliano , Mangone Iolanda , DiPasquale Adriano , Perticara Samuel , Sacchini Lorena , Cito Francesca , Iannetti Simona , Marcacci Maurilia , Ancora Massimo , Calistri Paolo , Di Giannatale Elisabetta , Cammà Cesare
Published: September 2015

Here, we present the draft genome sequences of 19
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium monophasic variant [4,5:i:−] strains involved in a long-term salmonellosis outbreak that occurred in central Italy in 2013 to 2014.
Draft Genome Sequence of Kerstersia gyiorum CG1, Isolated from a Leg Ulcer
Authors: Greninger Alexander L. , Kozyreva Varvara , Truong Chau-Linda , Longoria Rose , Chaturvedi Vishnu
Published: September 2015

We report the first draft genome sequence of
Kerstersia gyiorum
from a leg ulcer of a patient with diabetes and osteomyelitis. The 3.94-Mb genome assembly included 3,428 annotated coding sequences with an
N
50
of 223,310 bp and a plasmid encoding a type IV secretion system gene and two antitoxin genes.
Draft Genome Sequence of Type Strain Lysinibacillus xylanilyticus DSM 23493
T
Authors: Liu Guo-hong , Liu Bo , Wang Jie-ping , Che Jian-Mei , Zheng Xue-fang , Chen Qian-Qian , Ge Ci-bin
Published: September 2015

Lysinibacillus xylanilyticus
DSM 23493
T
is a Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium. Here, we report the 5.22-Mb genome sequence of
Lysinibacillus xylanilyticus
DSM 23493
T
, which will accelerate the application of degrading xylan and provide useful information for genomic taxonomy and phylogenomics of
Bacillus
-like bacteria.
Apgar-score in children prenatally exposed to antiepileptic drugs: a population-based cohort study
Authors: Christensen Jakob , Pedersen Henrik Søndergaard , Kjaersgaard Maiken Ina Siegismund , Parner Erik Thorlund , Vestergaard Mogens , Sørensen Merete Juul , Olsen Jørn , Bech Bodil Hammer , Pedersen Lars Henning
Published: September 2015

Objectives

It is unknown if prenatal exposure to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) increases the risk of low Apgar score in offspring.

Setting

Population-based study using health registers in Denmark.

Participants

We identified all 677 021 singletons born in Denmark from 1997 to 2008 and linked the Apgar score from the Medical Birth Register with information on the women's prescriptions for AEDs during pregnancy from the Danish Register of Medicinal Product Statistics. We used the Danish National Hospital Registry to identify mothers diagnosed with epilepsy before birth of the child. Results were adjusted for smoking and maternal age.

Results

Among 2906 children exposed to AEDs, 55 (1.9%) were born with an Apgar score ≤7 as compared with 8797 (1.3%) children among 674 115 pregnancies unexposed to AEDs (adjusted relative risk (aRR)=1.41 (95% CI 1.07 to 1.85). When analyses were restricted to the 2215 children born of mothers with epilepsy, the aRR of having a low Apgar score associated with AED exposure was 1.34 (95% CI 0.90 to 2.01) When assessing individual AEDs, we found increased, unadjusted RR for exposure to carbamazepine (RR=1.86 (95% CI 1.01 to 3.42)), valproic acid (RR=1.85 (95% CI 1.04 to 3.30)) and topiramate (RR=2.97 (95% CI 1.26 to 7.01)) when compared to unexposed children.

Conclusions

Prenatal exposure to AEDs was associated with increased risk of being born with a low Apgar score, but the absolute risk of a low Apgar score was <2%. Risk associated with individual AEDs indicate that the increased risk is not a class effect, but that there may be particularly high risks of a low Apgar score associated with certain AEDs.
Toward a Social Psychology of Race and Race Relations for the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Richeson Jennifer A. , Sommers Samuel R.
Published: September 2015

The United States, like many nations, continues to experience rapid growth in its racial minority population and is projected to attain so-called majority-minority status by 2050. Along with these demographic changes, staggering racial disparities persist in health, wealth, and overall well-being. In this article, we review the social psychological literature on race and race relations, beginning with the seemingly simple question: What is race? Drawing on research from different fields, we forward a model of race as dynamic, malleable, and socially constructed, shifting across time, place, perceiver, and target. We then use classic theoretical perspectives on intergroup relations to frame and then consider new questions regarding contemporary racial dynamics. We next consider research on racial diversity, focusing on its effects during interpersonal encounters and for groups. We close by highlighting emerging topics that should top the research agenda for the social psychology of race and race relations in the twenty-first century.
Autophagy Plays a Protective Role in Advanced Glycation End Product-Induced Apoptosis in Cardiomyocytes
Authors: Hu Pengfei , Zhou Hui , Lu Ming , Dou Liping , Bo Gang , Wu Jiale , Huang Shuwei
Published: September 2015

Background/Aims: To investigate the effect of advanced glycation endproduct-induced autophagy in rat cardiomyocytes and to identify the role of autophagy in advanced glycation end product-induced cell apoptosis. Methods: After cultured rat cardiomyocytes were treated with advanced glycation end products (AGEs), protein expression was detected by western blotting, autophagosomes were observed by electron microscopy, the cell apoptotic rate was determined by flow cytometry, and cell variability was quantified by the MTT assay. Results: After cultured cardiomyocytes were treated with AGEs, the level of autophagy-associated protein LC3-II was up-regulated and SQSTM1/p62 was down-regulated; the number of autophagosomes was increased. Compared with the control group, the apoptotic rate of cardiomyocytes increased, and the cardiomyocyte viability was decreased in the AGE-treated group. Furthermore, pretreating cells with3-MA, an autophagy inhibitor, could enhance these effects. Treatment with AGEs activated phospho-ERK, phospho-JNK, and phospho-p38/MAPK but inhibited phospho-Akt and phospho-mTOR. Pretreatment with an ERK inhibitor and an Akt activator could inhibit AGE-induced autophagy, demonstrating that AGEs induce autophagy in cardiomyocytes through the ERK and Akt signalling pathways. Conclusion: AGEs can induce autophagy through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and ERK signalling pathways and induce apoptosis through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and p38/MAPK signalling pathways in rat cardiomyocytes. Autophagy plays a protective role in AGE-induced apoptosis in cardiomyocytes.
Roberto Gomes e as tentativas de modernização do teatro brasileiro: convergências e desencontros com a dramaturgia da (in)ação de Maurice Maeterlinck
Authors: Borges Júnior Eli
Published: September 2015

O artigo analisa alguns elementos fundamentais da dramaturgia simbolista de Maurice Maeterlinck e seus reflexos na obra do dramaturgo brasileiro Roberto Gomes. A partir de uma investigação breve, que se debruça principalmente sobre as características do silêncio e do esvaziamento da ação, busca-se catalisar a discussão sobre a ideia de modernização do teatro brasileiro, além de refletir sobre alguns aspectos inovadores que se desdobrariam nas novas formas artísticas da encenação contemporânea. 
Ensaiadores na cena brasileira dos séculos XIX e XX
Authors: Azevedo Elisabeth R.
Published: September 2015

O artigo procura refletir, ainda que rapidamente, sobre a importância do estudo das atividades dos ensaiadores do teatro brasileiro do século XIX, procurando apresentar a trajetória de três profissionais que estiveram presentes nos palcos nacionais: Emile Doux, Enrico Cuneo e Eduardo Victorino. 
Response to Patrick Hart
Authors: Owen Suzanne
Published: September 2015

This paper is a response to Patrick Hart’s article ‘Theory, method, and madness in religious studies’ and further interrogates the terms “theory” and “method,” the relationship between them, and their application to the study of religion, particularly at a pedagogical level, where there is some confusion about what is referred to by these terms. This paper argues that theory and method should be included explicitly in religious studies programs and research to show how scholarship has been produced.
Whom Should We Enhance? The Problem of Altering Potential
Authors: Gordon-Solmon Kerah
Published: September 2015

Suppose a woman can carry to term only one of two viable embryos. One has the genetic potential to become a normal child. The other has a gene that gives it the potential for both the artistic genius and the severe manic-depression of the painter Vincent Van Gogh. I think it would be permissible to select either embryo. But I also believe that it would be impermissible to intervene to turn an embryo that has the potential to be normal into a potential Van Gogh, and vice versa. The paper aims to resolve the tension between these beliefs.
Autonomy and Orthonomy
Authors: O’Shea Tom
Published: September 2015

The ideal of personal autonomy faces a challenge from advocates of orthonomy, who think good government should displace self-government. These critics claim that autonomy is an arbitrary kind of psychological harmony and that we should instead concentrate on ensuring our motivations and deliberations are responsive to reasons. This paper recasts these objections as part of an intramural debate between approaches to autonomy that accept or reject the requirement for robust rational capacities. It argues that autonomy depends upon such responsiveness to reasons, countering objections that ‘externalist’ rationalist criteria strip the self from self-government.
Handguns, Moral Rights, and Physical Security
Authors: DeGrazia David
Published: September 2015

Guns occupy a major—sometimes terrible—place in contemporary American life. Do Americans have not only a legal right, but also a moral right, to own handguns? After introducing the topic, this paper examines what a moral right to private handgun ownership would amount to. It then elucidates the logical structure of the strongest argument in favor of such a right, an argument that appeals to physical security, before assessing its cogency and identifying two questionable assumptions. In light of persisting reasonable disagreement about the argument’s soundness, the paper identifies two gun control measures—demonstrated need for a gun as a condition of eligibility and the requirement to pass a rigorous gun safety course—that reasonable disputants on both sides of the issue have principled reasons to accept. The paper also advances the thesis that, if anyone has an undefeated moral right to own handguns, it is precisely those individuals who have a special need and demonstrate the relevant safety-related competence.