bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear dynamic response of tall buildings considering structure–soil–structure effects
Authors: Nateghi‐A Fariborz , Rezaei‐Tabrizi Ali
Published: December 2011

Numerous studies have shown that the interaction between adjacent buildings can result in changes in nonlinear dynamic response of structures, damage, and performance level, depending on the dynamic specifications of structures involved and the frequency content of the input motion.

To study these effects, finite element method is used for the analytical investigations, and total soil–foundation–structure system is modeled all together. For modeling purposes and in order to realize the effects of the adjacent buildings on the dynamic response, two buildings, namely, 15‐story and 30‐story tall buildings, which were separated by distances of 1/4 and 1/8 of the width of the foundation and were located on hard and soft soil profiles, were considered.

It was concluded that in the case where the soil and structure's periods were near to each other, the interaction of adjacent structures on increasing nonlinear responses (displacement and interstory drift) and structural damage indexes was noticeable and therefore was not negligible. Whereas in the case where periods are distant from each other, the interaction of adjacent buildings has a decreasing effect on damage indexes and nonlinear responses and therefore was negligible. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heterometallic Polynuclear Complexes of Macrocyclic ­Oxamide with Pyrazine‐2, 3‐dicarboxylic Acid: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Sun Ya‐Qiu , Wu Lin , Fan Lan‐Lan , Zhang Guo‐Ying , Xu Yan‐Yan , Gao Dong‐Zhao
Published: December 2011

Three novel complexes, namely [Zn(CuL)(pzdc)]2·5H2O (1), [Zn(NiL)(pzdc)]2·5H2O (2), and [Gd2(pzdc)2(NiL)6](ClO4)2·6H2O (3) (CuL and NiL, H2L = 2, 3‐dioxo‐5, 6, 14, 15‐dibenzo‐1, 4, 8, 12‐tetraazacyclo‐pentadeca‐7, 13‐dien and H2pzdc = pyrazine‐2, 3‐dicarboxylic acid) were synthesized and structurally determined. Complexes 1 and 2 are tetranuclear [ZnII2MII2] (M = Ni (1), Cu (2), respectively) molecules including both oxamide and pzdc2– bridges. The structure of compound 3 consists of pyrazine‐2, 3‐dicarboxylate and oxamido‐bridged, and is arranged in different butterfly‐like octanuclear molecules. The magnetic susceptibility data of 3 were analyzed.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Thermostability of Four Novel Cadmium(II) Coordination Polymers with Mixed Ligands
Authors: Li Ming‐Tian , Wang Cheng‐Gang , Yu Lan‐Ying , Yang Rui‐Song
Published: December 2011

Four novel mixed‐ligand complexes were obtained from the reaction of maleic acid, diimine chelating ligands and Cd(OH)2 or CdO in a mixed solvent of water and methanol. The complexes were characterized by IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The results show that all the four complexes are coordination polymers. [Cd(phen)(H2O)(male)]n·2nH2O (1) and [Cd(bipy)(H2O)(male)]n·2nH2O (2) (male = maleate; phen = 1, 10‐phenanthroline, bipy = 2, 2′‐bipyridine) are isomorphic, and the asymmetric unit is constructed by one CdII atom, a maleate group, a diimine ligand and two crystal water molecules. Each maleate group links two CdII atoms in a bis(bidentate) chelating mode, resulting in a 1D helical chain. Within [Cd(phen)(H2O)2(male)]n·2nH2O (3), the maleate group bridges two CdII atoms in a bis(monodentate) chelating mode into a 1D helical chain along the [100] direction. The helical chain is decorated by phen groups alternatively at the two sides, and each phen plane of one chain is inserted in the void space between two adjacent phen ligands from an adjacent chain, resulting in a double zipper‐like chain. The asymmetric unit of [Cd2(phen)2(male)2]n (4) contains a CdII cation, one phen molecule, and a maleate group, and one bridging maleate group links three CdII atoms resulting in a 2D layer extending in [011] plane. The 2D networks are constructed by four kinds of rings formed by the central metal atom and maleate dianion. The thermostabilities of the four complexes were investigated.
Newborn screening for lysosomal storage diseases: an ethical and policy analysis
Authors: Ross Lainie Friedman
Published: December 2011

The traditional focus of newborn screening (NBS) is testing infants for medical conditions like phenylketonuria (PKU) that may cause significant morbidity or mortality unless treatment is initiated early. Although the Wilson and Jungner criteria were not designed specifically for NBS, the public health screening criteria have been used, with some modifications, to justify what conditions are included in a universal NBS panel. These criteria are being challenged by platform technologies like tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) that allow for the identification of numerous conditions on a single sample because they identify many conditions and variants simultaneously, some of which meet and others which fail to meet the criteria. In this manuscript, I evaluate three lysosomal storage diseases included in this multiplex screening test—Pompe disease, Fabry disease, and Krabbe disease. I show that they fail to meet some of the critical Wilson and Jungner criteria and thus are not ready for inclusion in universal NBS panels. Rather, screening for these conditions should only be performed in the research context with institutional review board approval and parental permission.
What is a “Balanced” Description? Insight from Parents of Individuals with Down Syndrome
Authors: Hippman Catriona , Inglis Angela , Austin Jehannine
Published: December 2011

Genetic counselors and parents of individuals with Down syndrome (DS) agree that descriptions of DS in prenatal settings should be “balanced.” However, there is no consensus regarding what constitutes a balanced description of DS. A survey was designed in collaboration with, and sent to the membership of, the British Columbia based Lower Mainland Down Syndrome Society (N = 260). Respondents were asked how they would describe DS to a couple who have just received a prenatal diagnosis of the condition. We rated the descriptions provided for positivity/negativity. Completed surveys were returned by 101 members, the majority of whom were Caucasian (87%) and female (79%). Participants’ descriptions of DS ranged from entirely positive (n = 5; 10%) to entirely negative (n = 4; 7%) in nature. Deriving a description of DS that would broadly be perceived as “balanced” may be impossible. Instead, it may be more important to explore the range of possibilities regarding the family experience of raising a child with DS using nonjudgmental terminology, and to help families evaluate these possibilities in the context of their own values, coping strategies, and support networks.
Differences in psychological symptoms and self‐competencies in non‐suicidal self‐injurious Flemish adolescents
Authors: Baetens Imke , Claes Laurence , Muehlenkamp Jennifer , Grietens Hans , Onghena Patrick
Published: December 2011

The aim of the present study was to examine differences in psychological symptoms and sense of self‐competence between adolescents with and without non‐suicidal self‐injurious behavior. We collected data in a sample of 281 Flemish adolescents. Psychological symptoms and self‐competencies were assessed by means of the Youth Self‐Report (YSR) and NSSI was assessed using the Self‐Harm Inventory (SHI‐22). Results showed significant differences between adolescents with and without NSSI on all psychopathological subscales. Furthermore, adolescents engaging in NSSI reported significantly lower scores on social competence, but equal levels on other competencies. Results revealed that externalizing problems and attention/thought/social problems are significantly associated with NSSI. Results also showed that having a higher score on aggressive behavior or thought problems increases the chance of belonging to the NSSI group; whereas a higher score on the social competence scale decreases the chance of belonging to the NSSI group. Clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
Variable sequence of events during the past seven terminations in two deep-sea cores from the Southern Ocean
Authors: Schneider Mor Aya , Yam Ruth , Bianchi Cristina , Kunz-Pirrung Martina , Gersonde Rainer , Shemesh Aldo
Published: December 2011

The relationships among internally consistent records of summer sea-surface temperature (SSST), winter sea ice (WSI), and diatomaceous stable isotopes were studied across seven terminations over the last 660 ka in sedimentary cores from ODP sites 1093 and 1094. The sequence of events at both sites indicates that SSST and WSI changes led the carbon and nitrogen isotopic changes in three Terminations (TI, TII and TVI) and followed them in the other four Terminations (TIII, TIV, TV and TVII). In both TIII and TIV, the leads and lags between the proxies were related to weak glacial mode, while in TV and TVII they were due to the influence of the mid-Pleistocene transition. We show that the sequence of events is not unique and does not follow the same pattern across terminations, implying that the processes that initiated climate change in the Southern Ocean has varied through time.
Numerical study of rotational diffusion in sheared semidilute fibre suspension
Authors: Salahuddin Asif , Wu Jingshu , Aidun C. K.
Published: December 2011

Fibre-level computer simulation is carried out to study the rotational diffusion and structural evolution of semidilute suspensions of non-Brownian, rigid-rod-like fibres under shear flow in a Newtonian fluid. The analyses use a hybrid approach where the lattice-Boltzmann method is coupled with the external boundary force method. The probability distribution of the orbit constant,$p({C}_{b} )$, in the semidilute regime is predicted with this method. The paper emphasizes assessment of the characteristics of a rotary diffusion model – anisotropic in nature (Koch,Phys. Fluids, vol. 7, 1995, pp. 2086–2088) – when used in suspensions with fibres of different aspect ratios (ranging from${r}_{p} = 16$to$72$) and with different volume concentrations (ranging from${c}_{v} = 7. 58\ensuremath{\times} 1{0}^{\ensuremath{-} 3} $to$6. 14\ensuremath{\times} 1{0}^{\ensuremath{-} 2} $). A measure of the scalar Folgar–Tucker constant,${C}_{I} $, is extracted from the anisotropic diffusivity tensor,$ \mathbisf{C} $. The scalar${C}_{I} $is mostly$O(1{0}^{\ensuremath{-} 4} )$in the semidilute regime and compares very well with the experimental observations of Stover (PhD thesis, School of Chemical Engineering, Cornell University, 1991) and Stover, Koch & Cohen (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 238, 1992, pp. 277–296). The${C}_{I} $values provide substantial numerical evidence that the range of${C}_{I} $(0.0038–0.0165) obtained by Folgar & Tucker (J. Rein. Plast. Compos., vol. 3, 1984, pp. 98–119) in the semidilute regime is actually overly diffusive. The paper also branches out to incorporate anisotropic diffusion (through the use of the Koch model) in the second-order evolution equation for$ \mathbisf{A} $(a second-order orientation tensor). The solution of the evolution equation with the Koch model demonstrates unphysical behaviour at low concentrations. The most plausible explanation for this behaviour is error in the closure approximation; and the use of the Koch model in a spherical harmonics-based method (Montgomery-Smith, Jack & Smith,Compos.A:Appl. Sci. Manuf., vol. 41, 2010, pp. 827–835) to solve for the orientation moments corroborates this claim.
Sources of uncertainty in the IPCC Tier 2 Canadian livestock model
Authors: KARIMI-ZINDASHTY Y. , MACDONALD J. D. , DESJARDINS R. L. , WORTH D. E. , HUTCHINSON J. J. , VERGÉ X. P. C.
Published: December 2011

Estimates of uncertainties are essential when comparing the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from a variety of sources. Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) was applied to estimate the uncertainties in methane emissions and the methane emission intensities from livestock in Canada, calculated using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodology. National methane emissions from enteric fermentation and manure management in 2008 were 21·2 and 4·3 Teragram CO2 equivalents (Tg CO2e) with uncertainties of 38 and 73%, respectively. The methane emission intensities (kg of CO2e per kg of live animal weight) were 5·9, 0·9 and 4·9 from Canadian beef, swine and lamb, respectively, with overall uncertainties of 44, 99 and 101%, defined as the 95% confidence interval relative to the mean. A sensitivity analysis demonstrated that IPCC default parameters such as the methane conversion rate (Ym), the coefficient for calculating net energy for maintenance (Cfi) and the methane conversion factor (MCF) were the greatest sources of uncertainty. Canadian agricultural methane emissions are usually calculated by province and by animal subcategories. However, the IPCC default parameters can be assumed to be correlated among regions and animal subcategories; therefore values are assigned at the national scale for the main cattle categories (dairy and non-dairy cattle). When it was assumed that these parameters were uncorrelated at the regional scale, the overall uncertainties were reduced to 20 and 48% for enteric fermentation and manure management, respectively, and assuming that parameters were uncorrelated at the animal subcategory scale reduced uncertainties to 13 and 41% for enteric fermentation and manure management, respectively. When the uncertainty is assigned at the most disaggregated level, even doubling the uncertainty of key parameters such as Ym and Cfi, only increased the national uncertainties to 22 and 52% for enteric fermentation and manure management, respectively. The current analysis demonstrated the importance of obtaining parameters specific to regions and animal subcategories in order to estimate GHG emissions more accurately and to reduce the uncertainties in agricultural GHG inventories. It also showed that assumptions made in the calculation of uncertainties can have a large influence on the uncertainty estimates.
Renaissance treatises on ‘successful ageing’
Authors: GILLEARD CHRIS
Published: December 2011

Numerous treatises on ‘successful ageing’ were published during the late Renaissance. Zerbi'sGerontocomiaand Cornaro'sTrattato della Vita Sobria, in particular, have been considered as early precursors of modern gerontology. In this paper I revisit these two treatises, outline their content and common themes, and set them in the context of other literature written about ageing in this period. The rise of civic humanism, increased access to classical texts on health and hygiene, and the emergence of environmental and public health concerns, particularly in the Italian city states, are some of the factors that influenced this writing. The powerful yet insecure position of older men in the upper ranks of Italian society gave the topic of ‘seniority’ added relevance. While their roots in the scholastic tradition prevent them from serving as forerunners of scientific gerontology, their humanist concern with ‘lifestyle’ succeeds in making them the prototypes of the ‘do-it-yourself’ manuals for successful ageing that now proliferate in our late modernity.
Density, frequency and the expressive phonology of children with phonological delay
Authors: GIERUT JUDITH A. , MORRISETTE MICHELE L.
Published: December 2011

The effect of word-level variables on expressive phonology has not been widely studied, although the properties of words likely bear on the emergence of sound structure (Stoel-Gammon, 2011). Eight preschoolers, diagnosed with phonological delay, were assigned to treatment to experimentally induce gains in expressive phonology. Erred sounds were taught using stimulus words that varied orthogonally in neighborhood density and word frequency as the independent variables. Generalization was the dependent variable, defined as production accuracy of treated and untreated (erred) sounds. Blocked comparisons showed that dense neighborhoods triggered greater generalization, but frequency did not have a clear differential effect. Orthogonal comparisons revealed graded effects, with frequent words from dense neighborhoods being optimal for generalization. The results contrast with prior literature, which has reported a sparse neighborhood advantage for children with phonological delay. There is a suggestion that children with phonological delay require greater than usual cue redundancy and convergence to prompt expressive phonological learning.
Detecting cohomology classes for the proper LS category. The case of semistable 3-manifolds
Authors: CÁRDENAS MANUEL , LASHERAS FRANCISCO F. , QUINTERO ANTONIO
Published: December 2011

We give sufficient conditions for the existence of detecting elements for the Lusternik–Schnirelmann category in proper homotopy. As an application we determine the proper LS category of some semistable one-ended open 3-manifolds.
The spatial distribution of illegal logging in the Anavilhanas archipelago (Central Amazonia) and logging impacts on species
Authors: SCABIN ANDRESSA BÁRBARA , COSTA FLÁVIA REGINA CAPELLOTTO , SCHÖNGART JOCHEN
Published: December 2011

Amazonia is one of the world's leading suppliers of timber and the Amazonian timber industry is an important source of regional income, however the economic benefits of this market are associated with environmental damage, mainly when the wood is removed illegally. The Anavilhanas National Park, located in the Brazilian state of Amazonas, has been subjected to illegal logging and elaboration of control programmes requires knowledge of the distribution of timber species and the intensity of logging. This study examines the density and growth rate of the five most harvested tree species in the Park, the spatial distribution of illegal logging operations and their effects on population structure. In total, 2332 trees with diameter at breast height greater than 10 cm, as well as stumps of cut trees, were sampled, and dendrochronology was used to estimate growth rates. Some size classes ofVirola surinamensistrees and species within the family Lauraceae decreased in abundance as harvesting intensity increased. Growth rates of the most abundant species of Lauraceae,Ocotea cymbarum, were high, indicating stands may recover quickly when harvesting stops. The population structure ofCalophyllum brasilienseshowed no negative effects due to logging, but its low growth rate and stand distribution suggest that continued exploitation may endanger these populations. Logging had no detectable negative effects on the size structure of populations ofMacrolobium acaciifoliumorHeveaspp., and their high growth rates suggest that they will not be threatened by current logging rates. Overall growth rates in the Anavilhanas archipelago are higher than those recorded in other black-water floodplain forest (igapó). Logging of most species (except Lauraceae spp., which have the highest market value) is concentrated in the southern region of the Park, which has more human settlements close by. There was no general relationship between harvesting intensity and geographic distance to human settlements, but there was a tendency for harvesting to be higher in sites with concentrations of trees of high market value. Potential strategies to control illegal logging activities in the Anavilhanas archipelago include encouragement of sustainable logging in Park buffer zones and stimulation of ecotourism initiatives in the southern region of the Park. Ecotourism development can provide an economic alternative to illegal logging for local communities and inhibit logging by increasing vigilance.
Outcomes of interventional electrophysiology in children under 2 years of age
Authors: Turner Christian J. , Lau Kai C. , Sholler Gary F.
Published: December 2011

Background

Despite the increasing utilisation of interventional electrophysiology in adults and older children with arrhythmias, there are few data reflecting the safety and efficacy of this procedure in the age group under 2 years.

Aim

We describe our experience in assessing the efficacy and safety with this group of children.

Methods

We undertook a retrospective review of all infants under 2 years of age who underwent an interventional electrophysiology procedure between 1995 and 2009 to determine indications, procedural details, short- and long-term success, and complication rate.

Results

A total of 23 interventional electrophysiology procedures were performed in 17 patients initially under 2 years of age. Of these, three patients had congenital heart disease. The most common indication was arrhythmia resistant to pharmacological agents (59%), with the remaining cases being arrhythmia complicated by cardiovascular instability (41%). There was initial success in 15 patients after the first procedure, with early recurrence in four. Following six repeat procedures, there was long-term success in 15 patients (88%), with three repeat procedures being performed after 2 years of age. There was one non-procedural death related to persisting arrhythmia. There were three minor complications. In one patient, cryotherapy was used successfully.

Conclusions

The interventional electrophysiology procedure is a viable therapeutic option in infants under 2 years with arrhythmia resistant to other conventional medical management.
Interventional treatment of critical coarctation of the aorta in an extremely low birth weight preterm neonate
Authors: Dryzek Pawel , Goreczny Sebastian , Kopala Marek
Published: December 2011

The authors describe successful balloon angioplasty of aortic coarctation in a preterm neonate weighing 670 grams. The intervention was performed in an open incubator to ensure stable temperature comfort and to minimise the risk of hypothermia during the procedure of obtaining surgical vessel access, performing balloon angioplasty, and closure of the wound.
Using Contextual Analyses to Examine the Meaning of Neuropsychological Variables Across Samples of English-Speaking and Spanish-Speaking Older Adults
Authors: Siedlecki Karen L. , Rundek Tatjana , Elkind Mitchell S.V. , Sacco Ralph L. , Stern Yaakov , Wright Clinton B.
Published: December 2011

The meanings of several target neuropsychological variables, including measures of executive functioning, were examined using contextual analysis across a sample of English-speakers and a sample of Spanish-speakers. Results of the contextual analysis, which examined the contributions of the latent constructs of memory, psychomotor speed, visual spatial ability, and knowledge and comprehension, to the target neuropsychological variables indicate that each of the target variables likely reflects the unique contribution of several reference abilities. These findings provide evidence that the neuropsychological variables are multi-dimensional. The patterns of relations were similar across the samples of English and Spanish speakers. (JINS, 2012, 18, 223–233)
Organic no-tillage system effects on soybean, corn and irrigated tomato production and economic performance in Iowa, USA
Authors: Delate Kathleen , Cwach Daniel , Chase Craig
Published: December 2011

Novel technologies to reduce tillage in organic systems include a no-tillage roller/crimper for terminating cover crops prior to commercial crop planting. The objective of this experiment was to compare: (1) weed management and yield effects of organic tilled and no-tillage systems for corn (Zea maysL.), soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] and irrigated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentumMill.), using a roller/crimper and two cover crop combinations [hairy vetch/rye (Vicia villosaRoth/Secale cerealeL.) and winter wheat/Austrian winter pea (Triticum vulgareL./Pisum sativumL. ssp.arvense(L.) Poir.)]; and (2) the economic performance of each system. Weed management ranged from fair to excellent in the organic no-tillage system for soybean and tomato crops, with the rye/hairy vetch mulch generally providing the most weed suppression. Corn suffered from low rainfall, competition from weeds and hairy vetch re-growth and, potentially, low soil nitrogen (N) from lack of supplemental fertilization and N immobilization during cover crop decomposition. No-tillage corn yields averaged 5618 and 634 kg ha−1in 2006 and 2007, respectively, which was 42–92% lower than tilled corn. No-tillage soybeans in 2007 averaged 2793 kg ha−1compared to 3170 kg ha−1for tilled soybeans, although no-tillage yields were 48% of tilled yields in the dry year of 2006. Irrigated tomato yields averaged 40 t ha−1in 2006 and 63 t ha−1in 2007, with no statistical differences among tillage treatments. Economic analysis for the three crops revealed additional cover crop seed and management costs in the no-tillage system. Average organic corn returns to management were US$1028 and US$2466 ha−1greater in the tilled system compared to the no-tillage system in 2006 and 2007, respectively, which resulted mainly from the dramatically lower no-tillage yields. No-tillage soybean returns to management were negative in 2006, averaging US$ −14 ha−1, compared to US$742 ha−1for tilled soybeans. However, in 2007, no-tillage soybean returns averaged US$1096 ha−1. The 2007 no-tillage irrigated tomato returns to management averaged US$53,515 compared to US$55,515 in the tilled system. Overall, the organic no-tillage soybean and irrigated tomato system demonstrated some promise for reducing tillage in organic systems, but until economic benefits from soil carbon enhancement can be included for no-tillage systems, soil improvements probably cannot offset the economic losses in no-tillage systems. Irrigation could improve the performance of the no-tillage system in dry years, especially if grain crops are rotated with a high-value irrigated tomato crop.
Interferometric Studies of Low-Mass Protostars
Authors: Jørgensen Jes K.
Published: December 2011

With the advances in high angular resolution (sub)millimeter observations of low-mass protostars, windows of opportunities are opening up for very detailed studies of the molecular structure of star forming regions on wide range of spatial scales. Deeply embedded protostars provide an important laboratory to study the chemistry of star formation – providing the link between dense regions in molecular clouds from which stars are formed, i.e., the initial conditions and the end product in terms of, e.g., disk and planet formation. High angular resolution observations at (sub)millimeter wavelengths provide an important tool for studying the chemical composition of such low-mass protostars. They for example constrain the spatial molecular abundance variations – and can thereby identify which species are useful tracers of different components of the protostars at different evolutionary stages. In this review I discuss the possibilities and limitations of using high angular resolution (sub)millimeter interferometric observations for studying the chemical evolution of low-mass protostars – with a particular keen eye toward near-future ALMA observations.
Chemical History of Molecules in Circumstellar Disks
Authors: Visser Ruud , van Dishoeck Ewine F. , Doty Steven D.
Published: December 2011

The chemical composition of a protoplanetary disk is determined not only by in situ chemical processes during the disk phase, but also by the history of the gas and dust before it accreted from the natal envelope. In order to understand the disk's chemical composition at the time of planet formation, especially in the midplane, one has to go back in time and retrace the chemistry to the molecular cloud that collapsed to form the disk and the central star. Here we present a new astrochemical model that aims to do just that. The model follows the core collapse and disk formation in two dimensions, which turns out to be a critical upgrade over older collapse models. We predict chemical stratification in the disk due to different physical conditions encountered along different streamlines. We argue that the disk-envelope accretion shock does not play a significant role for the material in the disk at the end of the collapse phase. Finally, our model suggests that complex organic species are formed on the grain surfaces at temperatures of 20 to 40 K, rather than in the gas phase in the T > 100 K hot corino.
Komorbide Belastungen bei Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen mit ADHS
Authors: Schmidt Sören , Brähler Elmar , Petermann Franz , Koglin Ute
Published: December 2011

Zusammenfassung.ADHS ist eine Lebensspannenerkrankung, die zu erheblichen Beeinträchtigungen im Alltag des Betroffenen führt und häufig mit komorbiden Störungen einhergeht. Die Ausprägung der Symptome variiert altersgruppenspezifisch und gerade der Übergang vom Jugend- in das Erwachsenenalter gilt als besonders sensible Phase. Um das Ausmaß komorbider Störungen bei ADHS zu untersuchen, wurden, basierend auf einer bevölkerungsrepräsentativen Stichprobe, N = 328 Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene in drei unterschiedliche Altersgruppen (14–17 Jahre; 18–21 Jahre; 22–25 Jahre) eingeteilt. Mittels zweifaktorieller multivariater Ko-Varianzanalysen wurde der Einfluss von Altersgruppenzugehörigkeit und ADHS-Ausprägung auf das Ausmaß psychischer Belastung ermittelt. Es tritt ein signifikanter Haupteffekt für den Faktor ADHS auf, nicht aber für Altersgruppe oder die Interaktion beider Faktoren auf. Auf Skalenebene wird deutlich, dass ADHS einen stabilen negativen Einfluss auf die psychische Befindlichkeit in allen Altersgruppen ausübt und eine Interaktion zwischen dem Alter und ADHS, bezogen auf soziale Unterstützung und der Lebenszufriedenheit, besteht. Die Ergebnisse weisen auf eine altersinvariante stabile Beeinträchtigung durch ADHS hin. Dabei lässt sich zwar feststellen, dass sich die Ausprägungen für soziale Unterstützung und Lebenszufriedenheit im Gruppenvergleich annähern, die ADHS-Betroffenen aber eine deutlich höhere Belastung angeben als Nicht-Betroffene. Dies hat Einfluss auf die therapeutische Unterstützung und unterstreicht die Notwendigkeit, den Fokus – neben der symptomatologischen Behandlung – auch auf weitere psychische Belastungsfaktoren zu legen.
Name-Letter Preferences for New Last Name and Abandoned Birth Name Initials in the Context of Name-Change via Marriage
Authors: Stieger Stefan , LeBel Etienne P.
Published: December 2011

Although the name-letter task is one of the most frequently used measures of implicit self-esteem, no research has examined whether the name-letter effect emerges for new last name initials and abandoned birth name initials in the context of marriage. Additionally, no systematic investigation has examined the robustness of the name-letter effect across age cohorts. In a large heterogeneous sample (N = 1,380), reliable letter preferences were found for new last name initials and for abandoned birth name initials, even after 20 years of marriage. In addition, robust name-letter effects emerged across all assessed age cohorts. Implications for the implicit self-esteem literature regarding the robustness of the name-letter task for married and nonmarried individuals of all post-pubescent ages are discussed.
What do U.S. students know about climate change?
Authors: Theissen Kevin M.
Published: December 2011

Ask introductory‐level undergraduate students about climate change science, and you are likely to get some eyebrow‐raising responses. For example, you may hear, “The greenhouse effect is caused by the hole in the ozone layer, which allows in more sunlight,” “The melting of floating sea ice will result in catastrophic flooding of our coastal areas,” or “Humans are not the main cause of climate change.” While students are clearly concerned about climate change (83% of students polled by Theissen [2008] were), recent work suggests that many have significant misconceptions about the fundamental science behind it. Considering the urgent nature of the issue and the important role that students will play as informed citizens and decision makers, geoscientists and educators may want to consider using strategies that better ensure students' climate literacy.
A 500,000‐year‐long sediment archive drilled in eastern Anatolia
Authors: Litt Thomas , Anselmetti Flavio S. , Cagatay M. Namik , Kipfer Rolf , Krastel Sebastian , Schmincke Hans‐Ulrich , Sturm Michael
Published: December 2011

Sedimentary archives host a wealth of information that can be used to reconstruct paleoclimate as well as the tectonic and volcanic histories of specific regions. Long and continuous archives from the oceans have been collected in thousands of locations by scientific ocean drilling programs over the past 40 years. In contrast, suitable continental archives are rare because terrestrial environments are generally nondepositional and/or subject to erosion. Lake sediments provide ideal drilling targets to overcome this limitation if suitable lakes at key locations have existed continuously for a long time.
Mars Opportunity rover finds gypsum veins
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: December 2011

Bright linear features about the width of a human thumb that were found on Mars by NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity appear to be gypsum veins deposited by groundwater, a team of scientists announced at a 7 December news briefing at the AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco, Calif. “To me, this is the single most powerful piece of evidence for liquid water on Mars that has been discovered by the Opportunity rover,” said Steve Squyres, a geoscientist at Cornell University in Ithaca, N. Y., and principal investigator for NASA Mars Exploration Rovers Opportunity and Spirit. “We have found sulfates before. Those sulfates were formed somewhere; we don't know where. They have been moved around by the wind, they've been mixed with other materials. It's a big, jumbled, fascinating mess. This stuff was formed right here. There was a fracture in the rock, water flowed through it, gypsum was precipitated from the water. End of story. Okay, there is no ambiguity about this. This is what makes it so cool.”
NOAA administrator reviews agency progress and challenges
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: December 2011

The approach of the new year is a traditional time to tally up successes, failures, and the path ahead. Jane Lubchenco, administrator of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), examined some agency advances and significant challenges during the 7 December Union Agency Lecture at the AGU Fall Meeting, during a press briefing, and in an interview with Eos. Lubchenco focused on several key areas including the concern about monitoring, mitigating, and managing extreme events; budgetary pressures the agency faces in current fiscal year (FY) 2012 and in FY 2013, with President Barack Obama on 18 November having signed into law a bill, HR 2112, following congressional agreement on a budget legislation conference report; and NOAA's newly released scientific integrity policy (see “NOAA issues scientific integrity policy,” Eos Trans. AGU, 92(50), 467, doi:10.1029/2011EO500004, 2011).
Could a megaquake occur in the Himalayas?
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: December 2011

GPS measurements of crustal deformation are showing that a magnitude 9 earthquake could occur in the Himalayas. Roger Bilham of the University of Colorado at Boulder reported at the AGU Fall Meeting that the region, known to be seismically active, could produce a much larger earthquake than previously thought. Bilham and colleagues used GPS to monitor rates of crustal deformation in the Himalayas. They found that the potential rupture zone is larger than scientists had believed—the region where strain is building is twice as wide as expected. Previous estimates, which were based on the historical earthquake record, suggested that the largest earthquake that would occur in the region would have a magnitude in the low 8s. Such an earthquake could be devastating—the Kashmir valley region alone is home to 6 million people.
Mountain glaciers caught on camera
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: December 2011

Many glaciers around the world are melting, and new research is showing some of the dramatic details. Ulyana Horodyskyj, a graduate student at the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado at Boulder, set up cameras to take time‐lapse photographs of three lakes on a glacier in Nepal. This allowed her and her colleagues to see the supraglacial lake drain in real time for the first time, making it possible to estimate how much water was involved and how long it took for the lake to drain and refill. Horodyskyj said in a press conference at the AGU Fall Meeting that such observations of supraglacial lakes are valuable because in a warming climate, melting glaciers can lead to formation of supraglacial lakes.
Postfire debris flows occur quickly after rainfall starts
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: December 2011

Areas damaged by forest fires can be vulnerable to debris flows because vegetation is no longer holding dirt and rocks in place, and debris flows in burned areas can be triggered by much less rainfall than would be needed to trigger a debris flow in an unburned area. Such debris flows are common in burned steep terrain in Southern California and sometimes cause significant damage to property and even loss of life—for instance, 16 people died in debris flows above San Bernardino on 25 December 2003. To better understand the conditions that lead to debris flows, Kean et al. measured properties including rainfall, channel bed pore fluid pressure, and hillslope soil water content for 24 debris flow events that occurred in five different watersheds that burned in the 2009 Station and Jesusita fires in the San Gabriel and Santa Ynez mountains. They looked at the timing of rainfall and debris flow events.
New map of surface water isotope variation
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: December 2011

The isotopic composition of hydrogen and oxygen in water varies in waters of different sources, and isotopic composition changes through mixing of water masses and through processes such as evaporation. For instance, the isotope composition in surface water is often different from the isotope composition in precipitation and groundwater. This isotopic variation can be useful in a variety of hydrological, ecological, and climate science studies. Bowen et al. developed a model based on geographic information system data to predict long‐term annual average surface water isotope ratios across the United States. They validated their model with data from a water monitoring program and showed that their map reproduced the observed pattern of isotopic variation across the United States.
Frost flowers growing in the Arctic ocean‐atmosphere–sea ice–snow interface: 2. Mercury exchange between the atmosphere, snow, and frost flowers
Authors: Sherman Laura S. , Blum Joel D. , Douglas Thomas A. , Steffen Alexandra
Published: December 2011

Frost flowers are ice crystals that grow on refreezing sea ice leads in Polar Regions by wicking brine from the sea ice surface and accumulating vapor phase condensate. These crystals contain high concentrations of mercury (Hg) and are believed to be a source of reactive halogens, but their role in Hg cycling and impact on the fate of Hg deposited during atmospheric mercury depletion events (AMDEs) are not well understood. We collected frost flowers growing on refreezing sea ice near Barrow, Alaska (U.S.A.) during an AMDE in March 2009 and measured Hg concentrations and Hg stable isotope ratios in these samples to determine the origin of Hg associated with the crystals. We observed decreasing Δ199Hg values in the crystals as they grew from new wet frost flowers (mean Δ199Hg = 0.77 ± 0.13‰, 1 s.d.) to older dry frost flowers (mean Δ199Hg = 0.10 ± 0.05‰, 1 s.d.). Over the same time period, mean Hg concentrations in these samples increased from 131 ± 6 ng/L (1 s.d.) to 180 ± 28 ng/L (1 s.d.). Coupled with a previous study of Hg isotopic fractionation during AMDEs, these results suggest that Hg initially deposited to the local snowpack was subsequently reemitted during photochemical reduction reactions and ultimately accumulated on the frost flowers. As a result of this process, frost flowers may lead to enhanced local retention of Hg deposited during AMDEs and may increase Hg loading to the Arctic Ocean.
The preconditioning of major sudden stratospheric warmings
Authors: Bancalá S. , Krüger K. , Giorgetta M.
Published: December 2011

The preconditioning of major sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) is investigated with two long time series using reanalysis (ERA‐40) and model (MAECHAM5/MPI‐OM) data. Applying planetary wave analysis, we distinguish between wavenumber‐1 and wavenumber‐2 major SSWs based on the wave activity of zonal wavenumbers 1 and 2 during the prewarming phase. For this analysis an objective criterion to identify and classify the preconditioning of major SSWs is developed. Major SSWs are found to occur with a frequency of six and seven events per decade in the reanalysis and in the model, respectively, thus highlighting the ability of MAECHAM5/MPI‐OM to simulate the frequency of major SSWs realistically. However, from these events only one quarter are wavenumber‐2 major warmings, representing a low (∼0.25) wavenumber‐2 to wavenumber‐1 major SSW ratio. Composite analyses for both data sets reveal that the two warming types have different dynamics; while wavenumber‐1 major warmings are preceded only by an enhanced activity of the zonal wavenumber‐1, wavenumber‐2 events are either characterized by only the amplification of zonal wavenumber‐2 or by both zonal wavenumber‐1 and zonal wavenumber‐2, albeit at different time intervals. The role of tropospheric blocking events influencing these two categories of major SSWs is evaluated in the next step. Here, the composite analyses of both reanalysis and model data reveal that blocking events in the Euro‐Atlantic sector mostly lead to the development of wavenumber‐1 major warmings. The blocking–wavenumber‐2 major warming connection can only be statistical reliable analyzed with the model time series, demonstrating that blocking events in the Pacific region mostly precede wavenumber‐2 major SSWs.
The effect of the Caloris impact on the mantle dynamics and volcanism of Mercury
Authors: Roberts James H. , Barnouin Olivier S.
Published: December 2011

The MESSENGER spacecraft has imaged more than 95% of the surface of Mercury. Images of the Caloris impact basins, along with several smaller impact structures, reveal evidence for volcanic plains within and exterior to the basin that are younger than the basin rim and might be associated with the long‐term aftermath of Caloris's formation. The broad influence of Caloris on the surface of Mercury indicates that it might also affect heat flow within the mantle and thereby the core dynamics. Here we investigate possible links between the Caloris impact on Mercury, thermochemical evolution of the mantle, and the volcanism within and surrounding the basins. A finite element model of thermochemical convection in a spherical shell is used to explore the consequences of the formation of large impacts in the Mercurian mantle. While the impact cannot have formed the younger melts directly, the thermal impulse from such a large impact can alter the underlying mantle dynamics, producing subsequent volcanism far from the impact site. We further find that despite the relatively thin Mercurian mantle, the expected heating from the Caloris impact cannot penetrate to the core and should thus have minimal effects on a dynamo. This is largely due to the high expected velocity of impactors at Mercury and thus relatively small size of the Caloris‐forming impactor.
The yeast vacuolar Rab GTPase Ypt7p has an activity beyond membrane recruitment of the homotypic fusion and protein sorting–Class C Vps complex
Authors: Stroupe Christopher
Published: December 2011

A previous report described lipid mixing of reconstituted proteoliposomes made using lipid mixtures that mimic the composition of yeast vacuoles. This lipid mixing required SNARE {SNAP [soluble NSF (N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor)-attachment protein] receptor} proteins, Sec18p and Sec17p (yeast NSF and α-SNAP) and the HOPS (homotypic fusion and protein sorting)–Class C Vps (vacuole protein sorting) complex, but not the vacuolar Rab GTPase Ypt7p. The present study investigates the activity of Ypt7p in proteoliposome lipid mixing. Ypt7p is required for the lipid mixing of proteoliposomes lacking cardiolipin [1,3-bis-(sn-3′-phosphatidyl)-sn-glycerol]. Omission of other lipids with negatively charged and/or small head groups does not cause Ypt7p dependence for lipid mixing. Yeast vacuoles made from strains disrupted for CRD1 (cardiolipin synthase) fuse to the same extent as vacuoles from strains with functional CRD1. Disruption of CRD1 does not alter dependence on Rab GTPases for vacuole fusion. It has been proposed that the recruitment of the HOPS complex to membranes is the main function of Ypt7p. However, Ypt7p is still required for lipid mixing even when the concentration of HOPS complex in lipid-mixing reactions is adjusted such that cardiolipin-free proteoliposomes with or without Ypt7p bind to equal amounts of HOPS. Ypt7p therefore must stimulate membrane fusion by a mechanism that is in addition to recruitment of HOPS to the membrane. This is the first demonstration of such a stimulatory activity–that is, beyond bulk effector recruitment–for a Rab GTPase.
Inhomogeneous fluids of colloidal hard dumbbells: Fundamental measure theory and Monte Carlo simulations
Authors: Marechal Matthieu , Goetzke Hanns Hagen , Härtel Andreas , Löwen Hartmut
Published: December 2011

Recently, a density functional theory for hard particles with shape anisotropy was developed, the extended deconvolution fundamental measure theory (edFMT). We apply edFMT to hard dumbbells, arguably the simplest non-convex shape and readily available experimentally in the form of colloids. We obtain good agreement between edFMT and Monte Carlo simulations for fluids of dumbbells in a slit and for the same system under gravity. This indicates that edFMT can be successfully applied to nearly all colloidal shapes, not just for the convex shapes for which edFMT was originally derived. A theory, such as edFMT, that allows a fast and general way of mapping the phase behavior of anisotropic colloids, can act as a useful guide for the design of colloidal shapes for various applications.
Transmission loss of membrane-type acoustic metamaterials with coaxial ring masses
Authors: Naify Christina J. , Chang Chia-Ming , McKnight Geoffrey , Nutt Steven
Published: December 2011

Transmission loss (TL) of membrane-type locally resonant acoustic metamaterials (LRAMs) with added ring masses was analyzed using both finite element analysis and experimental techniques. LRAM structures traditionally display high TL (over 40 db) over a narrow frequency band. TL peak frequency in membrane-type LRAMs is tuned by variations in mass and membrane properties, with the objective of increasing the breadth of the TL peak. The addition of a ring mass to the structure either increased the bandwidth of the TL peak or introduced multiple peaks, depending on the number of rings, the distribution of mass between the center and ring masses, and radii of the rings. The addition of ring mass increased the TL frequency bandwidth by up to 360% (at a sound level 30 dB) compared to a structure of equivalent overall weight with only a central mass. Finite element analysis was used to predict TL behavior of several ring configurations, and TL for these configurations was measured to validate the model predictions. Finally, finite element analysis was used to predict the mode shapes of the structure under single-frequency excitation to understand the mechanisms responsible for the TL peaks.
Performance of diamond-like carbon-protected rubber under cyclic friction. I. Influence of substrate viscoelasticity on the depth evolution
Authors: Martinez-Martinez D. , van der Pal J. P. , Pei Y. T. , De Hosson J. Th. M.
Published: December 2011

In this paper, the influence of the viscoelastic properties of rubber substrate on the tribological behavior of DLC film-coated alkyl acrylate rubber is studied. The mechanical behavior of the rubber was first characterized by creep experiments using spherical indentations. The results were adjusted using a delayed elasticity model, and a numerical simulation of the indentation of the sliding counterpart ball during the tribotest was carried out. The results show a progressive increase of the contact depth, which is in agreement with the experimental observations.