bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Etnografia e Pesquisa Educacional a partir de Antropologia Interpretativa
Authors: Oliveira Amurabi
Published: October 2019

Em período recente tem havido uma intensa profusão de pesquisas qualitativas em educação no Brasil, ganhando um destaque crescente o uso da etnografia, entretanto, tem ocorrido também um intenso debate sobre os usos e possibilidades da etnografia em educação, incluindo críticas à forma como ela tem sido incorporada na pesquisa educacional. Neste artigo, num amplo diálogo entre antropologia e educação, busco elucidar algumas questões sobre o uso da etnografia, porém partindo de uma concepção particular de etnografia, desenvolvida no que se denomina de antropologia interpretativa, assentada principalmente na obra do antropólogo americano Clifford Geertz (1926-2006).
Análise do Comportamento Aplicada à Educação: aprendendo com as escolas CABAS e Morningside
Authors: Guimarães Luisa Schivek , Luna Sergio Vasconcelos de
Published: October 2019

O presente texto apresenta os fundamentos e as principais características de dois modelos de escola que se desenvolvem segundo princípios analítico-comportamentais, baseados em métodos científicos e que possuem sua efetividade comprovada: o Comprehensive Application of Behavior Analysis to Schooling - CABAS (Aplicação Abrangente da Análise do Comportamento à Escolarização) e o Morningside Model of Genarative Instruction (Modelo Morningside de Instrução Generativa). As informações apresentadas aqui são produto da leitura de material produzido pelos proponentes de tais modelos e principalmente da experiência de um dos autores de um mês de visita às escolas que os aplicam, tendo observado as salas de aula de cada modelo por duas semanas. São destacadas as características que cada proposta apresenta para possibilitar uma instrução que atenda às necessidades individuais dos alunos, tais como a divisão em grupos homogêneos, a avaliação do repertório inicial dos alunos e o progresso de acordo com o ritmo dos mesmos. São apresentadas a forma como se dão o planejamento e a condução do ensino e a consequenciação dos comportamentos dos alunos, com reforçamento positivo e evitação de controle coercitivo. Por fim, são feitas análises e comparações entre as escolas que apresentam mais similaridades do que diferenças (dada a mesma afiliação teórica e ao seguimento dos princípios para a programação do ensino), mas que também possuem peculiaridades com implicações para a aprendizagem, considerando o foco na alta taxa de respostas dos alunos nas escolas CABAS e o foco no desenvolvimento de habilidades mais complexas e na aplicação destas habilidades em novos contextos na Morningside. É levantado o interesse dos proponentes dos modelos na sua disseminação para o Brasil e são traçadas considerações acerca das possibilidades de aplicação em nosso país; dentre elas, a de que, apesar das diferentes condições das escolas, os modelos podem oferecer elementos para a inspiração de novas práticas que favoreçam um ensino que atenda de modo mais efetivo às necessidades individuais dos alunos.
Alunos dotados de escolas com diferentes índices de desenvolvimento da educação básica (IDEB)
Authors: Oliveira Roseli Figueiredo Correa de , Rangni Rosemeire de Araújo
Published: October 2019

A identificação de estudantes com dotação significa o primeiro passo para que eles recebam o atendimento educacional especializado (AEE). A legislação brasileira expressa que todos os estudantes têm direito a esse atendimento, entretanto, há indicações de um número baixo de matrículas de alunos dotados no censo escolar e, ainda, escassez de formação inicial e continuada de professores para a temática de dotação para viabilizar o atendimento especializado dos estudantes. O objetivo geral do estudo foi o de verificar se havia indicação de alunos dotados no terceiro e quarto anos do Ensino Fundamental I em duas escolas municipais. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, na qual se fez uso dos instrumentos Guia de Observação Direta em Sala de Aula, Lista de Verificação de Identificação de Indicadores de Altas Habilidades/Superdotação na área Artística e Corporal Cinestésica e um questionário para caracterizar os professores participantes e seu conhecimento sobre a temática. Como resultados, na Escola A, com Índice de Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica (IDEB) abaixo, cinco alunos foram indicados e na Escola B, com IDEB acima, houve nove indicações de alunos dotados.  Os instrumentos pareceram eficazes para apontar os alunos com dotação, independente do IDEB apresentado pelas escolas. Também, um número significativo de professores desconhecia a temática de dotação.
Estudo acerca da adoção e implementação da política de cotas étnico-raciais na Universidade Estadual de Campinas
Authors: Cristofoletti Evandro Coggo , Cruz Dayana Morais da , Dibbern Thais Aparecida , Serafim Milena Pavan
Published: October 2019

O artigo tem como objetivo analisar a adoção e implementação da política de cotas étnico-raciais na Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp). Para isso, buscou-se descrever os processos e disputas políticas e acadêmicas que culminaram na adoção desta ação afirmativa. Metodologicamente, utilizamos como guia a abordagem dos “contextos de políticas educacionais”, dividindo os caminhos pelos quais o debate das cotas perpassou à universidade: contexto de influência ao debate sobre cotas (externa e interna); contexto de produção de texto (política elaborada); e o contexto de prática (efetivação). De forma geral, percebeu-se alguns conflitos nos três contextos, sobretudo pela discussão acerca da efetividade dos mecanismos de inclusão já implementados pela universidade em detrimento das cotas. A questão do mérito na academia foi amplamente combatida pelos movimentos estudantis e sociais, bem como pelos docentes favoráveis às cotas, ressaltando o atraso da Unicamp em sua implementação em relação à consolidação de ações afirmativas em outras universidades brasileiras. Assim, as aprovações, referentes às deliberações de criação e de aprovação do relatório do GT-Ingresso, puderam ser realizadas por conta do contexto de influência (com forte apoio dos movimentos estudantis e sociais e das legislações vigentes), que deu a tônica ao contexto da produção de texto, com a inserção das premissas, e também, devido à janela de oportunidades seja do cenário nacional, com experiências importantes, seja pela entrada de uma nova gestão na Unicamp.
The functional state of the thyroid system of children exposed in utero as a result of the Chernobyl disaster
Authors: Sychik S. I. , Stozharov A. N. , Voronetskiy B. K.
Published: October 2019

A cohort of children exposed in utero after the Chernobyl accident is formed (n=422). Individual absorbed dose (AD) for the fetal thyroid was estimated from direct measurements of dose power for the maternal thyroid and was 0.01-4.5 Gy. The mean AD for the thyroid of pregnant women was 24.09+1.17 sGy, that of prenatally exposed children 44.74+2.58 sGy. Thyroid status of 195 exposed children and 220 controls is examined. Thyroid hormones were radioimmunoassayed and measured by enzyme immunoassay using standard diagnostic kits. Serum triiodothyronine concentrations were significantly increased in prenatally exposed children of both sexes (p<0.05 for boys and p<0.01 for girls). Serum thyroxin and thyroxin-binding globulin (TBG) levels were decreased in exposed boys in comparison with the control (p<0.05). In exposed girls thyroxin levels were virtually normal, but there was a tendency to an increase of thyroglobulin (t=1.6) and to a decrease of TBG (t= 1.7) in comparison with the control. The mean TBG concentration in the serum was below the norm in both groups. The results can be indicative of thyroid dysfunction in remote periods after prenatal exposure to radioactive iodine.
Encyclopedia of clinical laboratory tests. Ed. prof. N. W. Titsa. - M .: Labinform, 1997 (translation, edited by V.V. Menshikov)
Authors: Melnichenko G. A.
Published: October 2019

The intensive development of biology and its branches, their active interaction with chemistry, physics, and also with the technical sciences in the second half of the 20th century led to a significant enrichment of the field of medicine called laboratory. Both in the diagnosis of most diseases and in monitoring their course, laboratory studies have firmly taken the place of a very extensive source of valuable information about the patient’s body condition. They play a role in preventive examinations and during follow-up, and in monitoring the condition in critical situations. The research results help the doctor to verify their diagnostic assumptions or turn to a new hypothesis. Despite the fact that not every case of the disease can be finally recognized on the basis of laboratory data, the vast majority of hospitalized patients and a significant proportion of outpatients undergo one or another laboratory study. For 1 patient in Russian hospitals in 1996, an average of 32.7 analyzes were made, and for 1 visit to the clinic - 0.88 analyzes.
Strategy of liquidation of iodine deficiency diseases in the Russian Federation
Authors: Dedov I. I. , Sviridenko N. Yu.
Published: October 2019

There are actually по territories in Russia without risk of iodine deficiency diseases (IDD) for the population. Iodine deficit in nutrition is observed in all heretofore examined areas of the country, from central regions to Sakhalin. Actual mean daily consumption of iodine by a resident of Russia is 40-80 pg (1995-1999), which is 2-3-fold below the recommended norm. Iodine deficiency is particularly pronounced in the rural residents and population with low income. Iodine deficiency of extreme severity was detected in the Republic of Tuva. A threatening tendency to increase in the incidence and prevalence of IDD and unfavorable socioeconomic changes which tell on the nutrition of population make the problem of IDD one of priority problems of public health and necessitate urgent measures aimed at liquidation of conditions for development of these diseases. Today the problem of IDD liquidation in Russia acquired state significance. The Government of the Russian Federation adopted on October 5, 1999, a Decision signed by V. V. Putin "On Measures for Prevention of Iodine Deficiency Diseases". Minister of Health of the Russian Federation, Chief State Sanitary Physician, organs of legislative and administrative power in the Federation determined by their order and decisions the strategic trends in prevention of IDD. The most efficient strategy of liquidation of iodine deficit in Russia is overall iodination of table salt. WHO and UNISEF recommend total salt iodination as a universal highly economic method for global liquidation of IDD. Individual and group iodine prevention should be carried out with drugs containing physiological dose of iodine in accordance with age requirements. The efficiency of various methods of iodine deficiency compensation by different methods (making use of iodinated salt, iodinated bread, and treatment with iodine preparations, such as potassium iodide and lipiodol) was evaluated at Endocrinology Research Center of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. A method of bread iodination is developed and introduced. Among the priority problems of IDD control are introduction of a system of biological monitoring of iodine supply, epidemiological studies at the population level, drug supply, improvement of higher and vocational medical training and upgrading of physicians with special emphasis on diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of IDD, and education of the population with instructions on measures of iodine deficiency prevention.
Impact of anxiogenic stress on glucocorticoid sensitivity, glucose tolerance, and alloxan resistance in rats
Authors: Volchegorsky I. A. , Tseilikman V. E. , Ship S. A. , Bubnov N. V. , Sinitsky A. I.
Published: October 2019

Four episodes of immobilization stress caused anxiogenic behavioral disorders accompanied by a decrease in sensitivity to glucocorticoid hormones, by an increase in the activity of monoaminooxidase (MAO-B) in the brain tissue, an enhancement in glucose load tolerance, and a reduction in acute hypoxia tolerance in rats. Alloxan-induced diabetes was also associated with a reduction of rat behavioral activity in the open field along with an increase in the cerebral activity of MAO-B. Prior anxiogenic stress potentiated an alloxan-induced increase in cerebral MAO- B activity, enhanced concomitant behavioral disorders in rats, and increased the hyperglycemic effect of alloxan.
The degree of reliability of ultrasound and palpation diagnostics of endemic goiter
Authors: Dreval A. V. , Kamynina T. S. , Nechaev O. A. , Streltsova A. V. , Tishenin R. S. , Anashkina G. A.
Published: October 2019

A population of adult residents of the Stupino district in the Moscow region is examined. Urinary iodine excretion was measured, the thyroid examined by the ultrasonic method and by palpation, and serum TTH measured. Moderate decrease of iodine excretion with the urine (median iodine level in the urine was 91.7%) \ig/liter) indicates a slight iodine deficiency. Palpation revealed enlargement of the thyroid, which was confirmed by ultrasonic examination only in 25%) cases. The highest percentage of disagreements was observed only in first-degree enlargement, the least in third-degree enlargement according to О. V. Nikolaev ’s classification. As for the types of ultrasonic structure of the gland determined by the ratio of its linear parameters (flat, triangular, and cone-like), the highest percentage of disagreements was observed in cases with the flat structure, which is the most incident (77.3%)). Subclinical hypothyrosis was detected in 3%o subjects with iodine deficiency. Only 26%) residents of the examined region regularly consume iodinated salt with food.
Endothelial hemostatic properties in diffuse toxic goiter
Authors: Vasina L. V. , Mitreikin V. F. , Petrishchev N. N.
Published: October 2019

Changes in endothelial functional activity and lesion were studied in 38patients with diffuse toxic goiter (DTG) in the presence of thyrotoxicosis. There was an increase in CD4/CD8 ratios and the count of cells carrying CD+ and HLA-DRA. The blood levels of tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) and IL-8 were also significantly higher in thyrotoxicosis than those at remission. There was a significant correlation between the blood levels of thyroid hormones and the higher blood concentration of PAI-1 and a negative correlation with the content of PAI-1, which is indicative of an increase in the blood fibrinolytic potential. There was a considerable rise in the count of circulating endotheliocytes in hyperthyroidism, which was associated with enhanced endothe- liocytic lesion due to the development of immunopathological changes and to the higher blood levels of thyroid hormones. The changes in the blood levels of t-PA, PAI-1, and circulating endotheliocytes may be used as markers of the severity of endothelial lesion, in characterizing the activity of an immunopathological process, and in predicting the development of vascular diseases in DTG.
The ability to diagnose autoimmune thyroiditis with an X-ray fluorescence method to determine the level of stable intrathyroid iodine
Authors: Tomashevsky I. O.
Published: October 2019

The concentration of intrathyroid stable iodine (ISI) is measured using a Russian commercial reference specimen for noninvasive x-ray fluorescent analysis in 74 women with autoimmune thyroiditis (verified cytomorphologically) aged 36-55 years, residents of Moscow, and in 36 women without a history of thyroid diseases, with normal thyroid status confirmed by clinical and laboratory data and /SI level of at least 200 pg/g, which is considered as the critical (control). Noninvasive x-ray fluorescent method for detecting ISI deficiency permits the recognition of autoimmune thyroiditis with sensitivity and accuracy of at least 9% but with low specificity, which recommends it for screening diagnosis.
Immunogenetic characteristics of diabetic microangiopathies
Authors: Rasovsky B. L. , Severina T. I. , Akhmedyanova L. G.
Published: October 2019

lmmunogenetic studies were carried out in 103 diabetics with type I condition (40 men and 63 women aged 37.1+3.2 years) with disease standing of 7.6±2>3 years. Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy was detected in 78 (75.7%)) and staring diabetic nephropathy in 88(85.4%)). The incidence of DR4, DR8, and DQ2 antigens is increased and that of Cw6 and DQ1 antigens decreased in diabetic retinopathy. В16, DR3, DR4, and DQ3 antigens predominated in diabetic nephropathy, while Cw6 and DQ7antigens were rarely detected. DR4 and DQ3 were the most incident in the patients with a combination of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic nephropathy (67.2%o of all cases). There were no notable differences in the spectrum of HLA antigens in the groups with diabetic retinopathy and diabetic nephropathy, which agrees with the reno-retinal syndrome concept. Afunctional status-metric model of individual recognition of the diabetic reno-retinal syndrome is created. A special register of patients with type I diabetes carrying immunogenetic markers of diabetic microangiopathies is proposed to be created for more stringent metabolic control and early preventive measures aimed at delay of microvascular complications.
Prediction of Compression and Swelling Index Parameters of Quaternary Sediments from Index Tests at Mersin District
Authors: Alptekin Aydın , Taga Hidayet
Published: October 2019

Compression and swelling index parameters, obtained from consolidation test, are used to calculate settlement for normally and over-consolidated soils respectively. When the conditions are not suitable to perform that test, various alternative methods are investigated to get those parameters without carrying out the consolidation test. In this study, a data set including 18 marine and 40 terrestrial undisturbed Quaternary sediments was taken from southern parts of Mersin City, Turkey. Parameters obtained from consolidation test and index tests were correlated by applying simple and multiple regression analyses. The initial void ratio is the main determiner for estimating both the compression and swelling index parameters. Although attempts have been made to correlate parameters with wide distribution of samples, there is no study done with narrow range. The database was divided to subgroups according to the Plasticity chart to obtain more reliable equations. To test the significance of regression analyses, T and F-tests were done. With this study, statistically significant new equations with very high correlation coefficients are proposed.
Foreword
Authors: Berger Barry
Published: October 2019

Foreword to Volume 8, Issue 1.
Persistent Enhancement of Hippocampal Network Connectivity by Parietal rTMS Is Reproducible
Authors: Freedberg Michael , Reeves Jack A. , Toader Andrew C. , Hermiller Molly S. , Voss Joel L. , Wassermann Eric M.
Published: October 2019

Wang et al. (2014) found that that five daily sessions of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) significantly increased functional connectivity (FC) in a network centered on the hippocampus, and caused a correlated increase in memory performance. However, this finding has not been reproduced independently and the requirement for five sessions has not been validated. We aimed to reproduce the imaging results of this experiment, focusing on hippocampal FC changes and using fewer days of rTMS. We measured resting state FC before and after three (N= 9) or four (N= 6) consecutive daily PPC rTMS sessions, using similar delivery parameter settings as Wang et al. (2014). Eight subjects received 3 d of rTMS delivered to the vertex as a control. We employed whole-brain and hypothesis-based statistical approaches to test for hippocampal FC changes. Additionally, we calculated FC in 17 brain networks to determine whether the topographic pattern of FC change was similar between studies. We did not include behavioral testing in this study. PPC, but not vertex, rTMS caused significant changes in hippocampal FC to the same regions as in the previous study. Brain-wide changes in hippocampal FC significantly exceeded changes in global connectedness, indicating that the effect of PPC rTMS was specific to the hippocampal network. Baseline hippocampal FC, measured before receiving stimulation, predicted the degree of rTMS-induced hippocampal FC as in the previous study. These findings reproduce the imaging findings of Wang et al. (2014) and show that FC enhancement can occur after only three to four sessions of PPC rTMS.
Insular Cortex Projections to Nucleus Accumbens Core Mediate Social Approach to Stressed Juvenile Rats
Authors: Rogers-Carter Morgan M. , Djerdjaj Anthony , Gribbons K. Bates , Varela Juan A. , Christianson John P.
Published: October 2019

Social interactions are shaped by features of the interactants, including age, emotion, sex, and familiarity. Age-specific responses to social affect are evident when an adult male rat is presented with a pair of unfamiliar male conspecifics, one of which is stressed via two foot shocks and the other naive to treatment. Adult test rats prefer to interact with stressed juvenile (postnatal day 30, PN30) conspecifics but avoid stressed adult (PN50) conspecifics. This pattern depends upon the insular cortex (IC), which is anatomically connected to the nucleus accumbens core (NAc). The goal of this work was to test the necessity of IC projections to NAc during social affective behavior. Here, bilateral pharmacological inhibition of the NAc with tetrodotoxin (1 μm; 0.5 μl/side) abolished the preference for stressed PN30, but did not alter interactions with PN50 conspecifics. Using a combination of retrograding tracing and c-Fos immunohistochemistry, we report that social interactions with stressed PN30 conspecifics elicit greater Fos immunoreactivity in IC → NAc neurons than interactions with naive PN30 conspecifics. Chemogenetic stimulation of IC terminals in the NAc increased social exploration with juvenile, but not adult, conspecifics, whereas chemogenetic inhibition of this tract blocked the preference to investigate stressed PN30 conspecifics, which expands upon our previous finding that optogenetic inhibition of IC projection neurons mediated approach and avoidance. These new findings suggest that outputs of IC to the NAc modulate social approach, which provides new insight to the neural circuitry underlying social decision-making.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSocial decision-making underlies an animal's behavioral response to others in a range of social contexts. Previous findings indicate the insular cortex (IC) and the nucleus accumbens (NAc) play important roles in social behaviors, and human neuroimaging implicates both IC and NAc in autism and other psychiatric disorders characterized by aberrant social cognition. To test whether IC projections to the NAc are involved in social decision-making, circuit-specific chemogenetic manipulations demonstrated that the IC → NAc pathway mediates social approach toward distressed juvenile, but not adult, conspecifics. This finding is the first to implicate this circuit in rodent socioemotional behaviors and may be a neuroanatomical substrate for integration of emotion with social reward.
Biallelic Mutations inTSC2Lead to Abnormalities Associated with Cortical Tubers in Human iPSC-Derived Neurons
Authors: Winden Kellen D. , Sundberg Maria , Yang Cindy , Wafa Syed M.A. , Dwyer Sean , Chen Pin-Fang , Buttermore Elizabeth D. , Sahin Mustafa
Published: October 2019

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic disorder caused by mutations inTSC1orTSC2. Patients frequently have epilepsy, autism spectrum disorder, and/or intellectual disability, as well as other systemic manifestations. In this study, we differentiated human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from a female patient with TSC with one or two mutations inTSC2into neurons using induced expression of NGN2 to examine neuronal dysregulation associated with the neurological symptoms in TSC. Using this method, neuronal differentiation was comparable between the three genotypes of iPSCs. We observed thatTSC2+/−neurons show mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) hyperactivation and associated increased cell body size and process outgrowth, as well as exacerbation of the abnormalities by loss of the second allele ofTSC2inTSC2−/−neurons. Interestingly, iPSC-derived neurons with either a single or biallelic mutation inTSC2demonstrated hypersynchrony and downregulation of FMRP targets. However, only neurons with biallelic mutations ofTSC2demonstrated hyperactivity and transcriptional dysregulation observed in cortical tubers. These data demonstrate that loss of one allele ofTSC2is sufficient to cause some morphological and physiological changes in human neurons but that biallelic mutations inTSC2are necessary to induce gene expression dysregulation present in cortical tubers. Finally, we found that treatment of iPSC-derived neurons with rapamycin reduced neuronal activity and partially reversed gene expression abnormalities, demonstrating that mTOR dysregulation contributes to both phenotypes. Therefore, biallelic mutations inTSC2and associated molecular dysfunction, including mTOR hyperactivation, may play a role in the development of cortical tubers.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn this study, we examined neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells with two, one, or no functionalTSC2(tuberous sclerosis complex 2) alleles and found that loss of one or both alleles ofTSC2results in mTORC1 hyperactivation and specific neuronal abnormalities. However, only biallelic mutations inTSC2resulted in elevated neuronal activity and upregulation of cell adhesion genes that is also observed in cortical tubers. These data suggest that loss of heterozygosity ofTSC1orTSC2may play an important role in the development of cortical tubers, and potentially epilepsy, in patients with TSC.
MİKROORGANİZMALARDA ÇOĞUNLUĞU ALGILAMA VE ÇOĞUNLUĞU ALGILAMA MEKANİZMASININ ENGELLENMESİ
Authors: VAR Prof. Dr. İşıl , ÇELİK Çağrı
Published: October 2019

Hücreler arası iletişim ya da çoğunluğu algılama olarak
bilinen Quorum Sensing (QS) mekanizması ile gıda kaynaklı patojenler biyofilm,
antibiyotik direnci ve virülans gibi etkileri oluşturarak halk sağlığını tehdit
etmektedir. QS bakteriler, küfler ve mayalar gibi çeşitli mikroorganizmalarda
görülmektedir. QS mekanizmasında hücreler arası iletişimde kullanılan iletişim
molekülü olarak otoindükleyiciler görev almaktadır ve bu moleküllerin
mikroorganizmalara göre çeşitlilik göstermesi QS mekanizmasının kontrolünü
güçleştirmektedir. QS engelleme mekanizması olarak bilinen Quorum Quenching
(QQ) konusunda ise son yıllarda birçok çalışma yapılmaktadır. QQ mekanizması
enzimatik ve kimayasal olarak doğada bulunabilmekte ve bunun yanı sıra bitkisel
gıdaların ekstraktları da QS mekanizması sinyallerine kimyasal olarak
benzediğinden bu amaçla kullanılmakta ve onları inhibe etmektedir. Bu derlemede
halk sağlığı için birçok disiplinde olduğu gibi gıda sektöründe de çok ciddi
tehlikelere sebep olan mikroorganizmalardaki QS mekanizması ve bu mekanizmanın
zararlı etkilerinin önlenmesini konu alan QQ mekanizması ele alınmıştır.
Deep Eutectic Solvents for Purification of Waste Animal Fats and Crude Biodiesel
Authors: Petračić Ana , Parlov Vuković Jelena , Šimičević Albina , Furač Dora , Ćurić Marija , Sander Aleksandra
Published: October 2019

U ovom je radu istražena mogućnost primjene niskotemperaturnih eutektičkih otapala za ekstrakcijsku deacidifikaciju otpadnih životinjskih masti te uklanjanje glicerola i glicerida iz sirovog biodizela. Istraživanje je uključilo odabir povoljnog katalizatora te masenog omjera katalizatora, metanola i masti koji bi rezultirali najvećom konverzijom triglicerida u metilne estere masnih kiselina. Definirano je potrebno vrijeme pročišćavanja sirovog biodizela te optimalan maseni omjer otapala i sirovog biodizela. Ekstrakcijskom deacidifikacijom pomoću niskotemperaturnog eutektičkog otapala na bazi kalijeva karbonata uspješno je reducirana kiselost sirovine uz relativno mali utrošak otapala (maseni omjer otapala i masti: 0,25 : 1,00) i kratko vrijeme trajanja procesa (30 min). Kalijev hidroksid pokazao se kao učinkovitiji katalizator. Udio katalizatora u reakcijskoj smjesi utječe više na konverziju masti od udjela metanola. Udio glicerola i glicerida reduciran je ekstrakcijom pomoću niskotemperaturnog eutektičkog otapala na bazi kolin klorida na vrijednosti manje od standardom propisane vrijednosti (EN 14214:2019). Odabrano se otapalo pokazalo selektivnim zbog toga što nije došlo do redukcije udjela metilnih estera. Pri masenom omjeru otapala i biodizela 1 : 1 i 90 min trajanja ekstrakcije postignuti su najbolji rezultati. Pročišćeni biodizel također zadovoljava standard kvalitete s obzirom na udio estera, gustoću i viskoznost.
Određivanje zabranjene zone poluvodiča metodom UV-Vis difuzne refleksijske spektroskopije
Authors: Kurajica Stanislav , Munda Ivana Katarina , Mužina Katarina , Tkalčević Marija , Mandić Vilko
Published: October 2019

U radu je dan pregled pojmova i jednadžbi vezanih uz određivanje zabranjene zone metodom difuzne refleksijske spektroskopije i uporabu Taucova grafičkog prikaza. Kako bi se demonstrirao postupak i vrednovala sama metoda, primjenom metode određena je zabranjena zona komercijalnih uzoraka anatasa, rutila, cinkita i hematita. Na temelju eksperimentalno dobivenih vrijednosti širine zabranjene zone komentirana je točnost metode te osjetljivost pri razlikovanju poluvodiča s direktnim i indirektnim prijelazima. Pokazano je da Taucova metoda nije besprijekorna niti u pogledu točnosti niti razlikovanja indirektnih i direktnih elektronskih prijelaza u poluvodičkim materijalima, ali je vrlo praktičan način određivanja širine zabranjene zone poluvodiča budući da ne zahtijeva pretjerano skupu instrumentaciju a obrada eksperimentalnih podataka relativno je jednostavna.
Imaging of brain glucose uptake by PET in obesity and cognitive dysfunction: life-course perspective
Authors: Iozzo Patricia , Guzzardi Maria Angela
Published: October 2019

The prevalence of obesity has reached epidemic proportions and keeps growing. Obesity seems implicated in the pathogenesis of cognitive dysfunction, Alzheimer’s disease and dementia, and vice versa. Growing scientific efforts are being devoted to the identification of central mechanisms underlying the frequent association between obesity and cognitive dysfunction. Glucose brain handling undergoes dynamic changes during the life-course, suggesting that its alterations might precede and contribute to degenerative changes or signaling abnormalities. Imaging of the glucose analog 18F-labeled fluorodeoxyglucose (18FDG) by positron emission tomography (PET) is the gold-standard for the assessment of cerebral glucose metabolism in vivo. This review summarizes the current literature addressing brain glucose uptake measured by PET imaging, and the effect of insulin on brain metabolism, trying to embrace a life-course vision in the identification of patterns that may explain (and contribute to) the frequent association between obesity and cognitive dysfunction. The current evidence supports that brain hypermetabolism and brain insulin resistance occur in selected high-risk conditions as a transient phenomenon, eventually evolving toward normal or low values during life or disease progression. Associative studies suggest that brain hypermetabolism predicts low BDNF levels, hepatic and whole body insulin resistance, food desire and an unfavorable balance between anticipated reward from food and cognitive inhibitory control. Emerging mechanistic links involve the microbiota and the metabolome, which correlate with brain metabolism and cognition, deserving attention as potential future prevention targets.
3D angle-independent Doppler and speckle tracking for the myocardium and blood flow
Authors: McDicken Norman , Thomson Adrian , White Audrey , Toor Iqbal , Gray Gillian , Moran Carmel , Watson Robin J , Anderson Tom
Published: October 2019

A technology based on velocity ratio indices is described for application in the myocardium. Angle-independent Doppler indices, such as the pulsatility index, which employ velocity ratios, can be measured even if the ultrasound beam vector at the moving target and the motion vector are not in a known plane. The unknown plane situation is often encountered when an ultrasound beam interrogates sites in the myocardium. The velocities employed in an index calculation must be close to the same or opposite directions. The Doppler velocity ratio indices are independent of angle in 3D space as are ratio indices based on 1D strain and 1D speckle tracking. Angle-independent results with spectral Doppler methods are discussed. Possible future imaging techniques based on velocity ratios are presented. By using indices that involve ratios, several other sources of error cancel in addition to that of angular dependence for example errors due to less than optimum gain settings and beam distortion. This makes the indices reliable as research or clinical tools. Ratio techniques can be readily implemented with current commercial blood flow pulsed wave duplex Doppler equipment or with pulsed wave tissue Doppler equipment. In 70 patients where the quality of the real-time B-mode looked suitable for the Doppler velocity ratio technique, there was only one case where clear spectra could not be obtained for both the LV wall and the septum. A reproducibility study of spectra from the septum of the heart shows a 12% difference in velocity ratios in the repeat measurements.
A bélendometriosis miatt végzett műtétek hatása a fertilitásra
Authors: Brubel Réka , Dobó Noémi , Csibi Noémi , Kövesdi Annamária , Máté Szabolcs , Ács Nándor , Lukovich Péter , Murber Ákos , Bokor Attila
Published: October 2019

Abstract:

Introduction: Bowel endometriosis is when endometrial-like tissue penetrates the bowel serosa, or it reaches the subserous neurovascular plexus. The effect of surgery for colorectal endometriosis on infertility and pregnancy is not fully proven. Aim: The aim of the present study was to analyse the pregnancy outcome and mode of delivery of patients who underwent ’nerve sparing’ anterior resection of the colon. Method: Between 2009 and 2017, we operated 121 patients with bowel endometriosis, and built up a prospective database where we assessed their wish of pregnancy, the way of the conception, pathologies during pregnancy and mode of delivery. Statistical analysis: The relationship between endometriosis and pregnancy pathologies was tested by a χ2 probe and Fisher’s exact test, additionally the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were determined. For p<0.05, the result was considered significant. Results: Out of 121 bowel endometriosis patients, 48 (39.6%) women got pregnant, 37 (30.5%) of them with in vitro fertilisation. The control group was built from patients who underwent in vitro fertilisation because of andrological factors. We found that women with endometriosis have a significantly higher risk for praeeclampsia (p = 0.023) and placenta praevia (p = 0.045) during pregnancy. Conclusions: Our study is a unique description of pregnancy outcome and mode of delivery after surgery for bowel endometriosis, which, despite the small number of cases, has yielded similar results to the previous multicentric studies. Orv Hetil. 2019; 160(41): 1633–1638.
Középfül-haemangioma endoszkópos műtéti megoldása és irodalmi áttekintése
Authors: Hirschberg Andor , Pozsgay Erzsébet , Erős Mónika , Liktor Balázs
Published: October 2019

Abstract:

The endoscopic middle ear surgery as a new technique has been introduced during the past few years in our country and it is available in only a few hospitals. Beyond the lack of external incision, endoscopic transcanal approach provides wide field of view to previously hidden middle ear spaces compared to the traditional microscopic technique. In this case report, we present an endoscopic surgery of middle ear capillary haemangioma that is a rare entity in tympanic cavity, therefore little has been published in the literature. Generally, these kind of vascular tumours occur in the internal auditory canal or in the perigeniculate ganglion area while this lesion originated from the inner surface of the inferior part of the bony tympanic ring. We discuss the difficulties in differential diagnosis and imaging tests then the treatment options. Orv Hetil. 2019; 160(41): 1639–1643.
A hüvelyi CO2-lézer-kezelés rövid távú hatásai a menopausalis genitourinalis szindróma tüneteire
Authors: Kozma Bence , Póka Róbert , Sipos Attila , Ács Nándor , Takács Péter
Published: October 2019

Abstract:

Introduction: Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) affects up to 40–57% of postmenopausal women. Intravaginal microablative fractional CO2 laser is a new proposal for the management of GSM, although the evidence of safety and efficacy of the procedure appears to be insufficient. Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy of fractional CO2 laser for the treatment of GSM at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the University of Debrecen. Method: Postmenopausal women with symptoms of GSM underwent three sessions of microablative fractional rejuvenation CO2 laser therapy at 4–6 weeks intervals. Vaginal health index (VHI) scores were completed before each treatment and at 6 weeks follow-up as an objective measurement and visual analog scale was used to assess subjective complaints. Statistical analysis included Student’s paired two-sampling t-test for the measure of statistical significance using the standard cutoff for significance p<0.05. Results: 51 women participated (mean age 57.0 ± 9.9 y). Average VHI score was 14.0 ± 4.9 before treatment, 15.0 ± 4.7 after the first session, 18.2 ± 4.6 after the second treatment and 19.5 ± 4.9 at follow-up. The improvement of VHI score was statistically significant between all sessions. Average VAS score was 15.6 ± 14.1 before treatment, 9.0 ± 10.8 after the first session, 5.9 ± 9.2 after the second treatment and 3.4 ± 7.5 at follow-up. The improvement of VAS score was statistically also significant between all sessions. Conclusions: Our study suggests that the fractional CO2 laser is an effective and safe treatment of symptoms associated with GSM. Orv Hetil. 2019; 160(41): 1617–1622.
Gamification as a Field Landmark in Educational Research
Authors: Raitskaya Lilia , Tikhonova Elena
Published: October 2019

In their editorial review, the JLE editors consider the concept of gamification, its spread in higher education research, and relevance at present. The authors analyse the current Scopus statistics to prove the prominence of the theme for researchers. The JLE scope can be further enriched via more studies on gamification in higher education and games in learning at large. The editorial may prompt the potential authors to proceed with more profound research in gamification learning techniques applicable to education.
The Impact of Vocabulary Knowledge on the Reading Comprehension of Saudi EFL Learners
Authors: Al-Khasawneh Fadi
Published: October 2019

Vocabulary knowledge is the building block of learning a second language and the degree of success for learning any language depends on the amount of vocabulary a learner possesses. Vocabulary knowledge contributes to mastering language skills (reading, listening, writing, and speaking). Therefore, the present study aims at determining the role of vocabulary size in reading comprehension among Saudi EFL learners. The participants of this study included 64 male students who studied at the first level in the academic year 2018/2019 at King Khalid University. Both the Vocabulary Size Test developed by (Schmitt et al.) and reading comprehension test taken from the TOEFL preparation manual were used to collect the necessary data for the study. The results of the study revealed that the overall vocabulary size of Saudi EFL learners was 2025 word families. This amount helps students to comprehend 90% of written texts as pointed out by many researchers in this field. The results also showed a significant relationship between vocabulary size and reading comprehension. Vocabulary knowledge is an important predictor for comprehending written texts. The study provides some implications for educational stakeholders such as putting more emphasis on teaching vocabulary and using different teaching strategies that assist in the acquisition of vocabulary in general and academic vocabulary in particular.

Keywords: vocabulary knowledge; vocabulary depth; vocabulary breadth; reading comprehension; Saudi EFL learners.
The Medium of Instruction Policy in Nepal: Towards Critical Engagement on the Ideological and Pedagogical Debate
Authors: Poudel Prem Prasad
Published: October 2019

Although there were attempts to develop multilingual and multicultural education in Nepal, changes have remained more discursive than pragmatic at the working level. Problems discussed have remained unsolved. The issues of protection and promotion of the historically residing linguistic diversity have been addressed through the current constitution (Constitution of Nepal-2015) which provides an appropriate legal framework for substantive legal protection for the national indigenous languages as MOIs. However, the successful implementation of this provision is further complicated due to the global political economy, interdependence, and the ‘sandwiched’ geopolitical status of Nepal. It has been noted that education policymaking is highly centralised and implementation is top-down (Edwards, 2011) in many countries such as Nepal, the current trend of English-medium instruction supported by parents, communities, and the private sector from the bottom up will further weaken the attempts for mother tongue MOI in Nepalese schools. Moreover, the social capitalisation of English from the bottom up will have grave consequences for language policymaking in education, which are obviously dismal but essential nonetheless. Despite the research findings revealing that multilingual education offers the best possibilities for preparing the coming generation to participate in constructing more equitable and democratic societies in the globalised world, the translation of such findings into real-life practice is telescopic. This article emphasises the need for the critical engagement of scholars, educators, investors, and policymakers in order to develop contextually realistic, sustainable, and efficient MOI policymaking that justifies the use of mother tongues, national language, and the global language in an integrated framework sufficient for future generations to compete both locally and globally.
The Effectiveness of Insular Penal Systems: Why Sakhalin did not Become the Russian Australia
Authors: Smirnov Aleksandr V. , Shestakov Dmitrii A. , Minenok Miknail G. , Teplyashin Ivan V.
Published: October 2019

This paper is focused on social effectiveness of open penal systems of the insular type in a broad sense, which implies the achievement not only of legal, but also economic and political goals. Two historical penal systems of the 18th and 19th centuries are compared — those of Australia and Sakhalin. The paper uses the method of PEST‑analysis complemented by SWOT‑analysis. The authors make the conclusion that insular penal systems associated with the development of new territories can only be socially effective when they create the necessary stimuli for convicts both to get there and stay in the same region after release. This finding can be applied to improve penal systems as well as to develop the uninhabited territories of various countries, including Russia
Dynamics of Krasnoyarsk Urban Space in the Early 21st Century
Authors: Avdeeva Yuliya N. , Degtyarenko Kseniya A. , Metlyaeva Svetlana V. , Pchelkina Daria S. , Fil’ko Antonina I. , Koptseva Natalia P. , Shpak Anna A.
Published: October 2019

The results of analysis of urban space symbols that facilitated the change and formation of Krasnoyarsk urban environment in the early 21st century are presented in this article. The purpose of this analysis was to determine the transformation of material, behavioral and iconographic symbols of urban environment as characteristics of the rationally organized territory of Krasnoyarsk in the period from 2000 to 2019. The method of urban symbolic ecology, which allows to consider the properties of the iconic objects of urban environment in a comprehensive manner was chosen for the analytical review of the urban environment. Based on the conducted research, conclusions about urban space transformation connected with the new development of the previous iconic symbols and appearance of new material and behavioral ones were made. The study results indicate of the appearance of the increasing number of objects and events aimed at the development of leisure activities in Krasnoyarsk. The data obtained can be applied for further comprehensive analysis of Krasnoyarsk, as well as other Russian cities’ urban environment
Christian Theology, Extraterrestrial Intelligence and a Hypothesis of Multiple Incarnations
Authors: Nesteruk Alexei V. , Soldatov Alexander V.
Published: October 2019

This paper addresses the recently renewed discussions of the possibility of multiple species-specific incarnations of God in the societies of extraterrestrial beings (if they exist) on exoplanets. It gives a scientific, philosophical and theological assessment of some of its claims, arguing that the problem of extraterrestrial intelligence contributes to the hermeneutics of the human condition on Earth. The authors formulate their negative position on the hypothesis of multiple incarnations in the context of modern cosmology and Orthodox theology
Current Condition and Prospects of the Spatial Development of the Northern Areas of The Krasnoyarsk Territory
Authors: Shishatsky Nikolai G. , Bryukhanova Elena A.
Published: October 2019

The article studies the peculiarities of spatial peculiarities of the northern areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, using three approaches: latitudinal (north-south), longitudinal (west-east) and the development type (intensive, extensive or nature preserving). Each of the approaches characterizes certain aspects of the regional policy aimed at the northern territories. The analysis reveals the main tendencies and trends in the prospective development of the northern areas, and facilitates formulation of the issues that require a regulatory-legal and organizational-administerial consideration. It is concluded that there is a need for a differentiated regional policy concerning separate zones of the northern territories and also on expediency of consideration of the northern macroregion as an independent strategic planning subject at the regional level