bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamic Control of Phase Composition and Crystallization of Metal‐Modified Silicon Oxycarbides
Authors: Ionescu E. , Terzioglu C. , Linck C. , Kaspar J. , Navrotsky A. , Riedel R.
Published: April 2013

Silicon oxycarbides modified with main group or transition metals (SiMOC) are usually synthesized via pyrolysis of sol‐gel precursors from suitable metal‐modified orthosilicates or polysiloxanes. In this study, the phase composition of different SiMOC systems (M = Sn, Fe, Mn, V, and Lu) was investigated. Depending on the metal, different ceramic phases formed. For M = Mn and Lu, MOx/SiOC ceramic nanocomposites were formed, whereas other compositions revealed the formation of M/SiOC (M = Sn), MSix/SiOC (M = Fe) or MCx/SiOC (M = V) upon pyrolysis. The different phase compositions of the SiMOC materials are rationalized by a simple thermodynamic approach which generally correctly predicts which type of ceramic nanocomposite is expected upon ceramization of the metal‐modified precursors. Calculations show that the thermodynamic stability of the MOx phase with respect to that of the C–O system is the most important factor to predict phase formation in polymer‐derived SiMOC ceramic systems. A secondary factor is the relative stability of metal oxides, silicates, carbides, and silicides.
Localized Temperature Stability in Low‐Temperature Cofired Ceramics
Authors: Dai Steve X
Published: April 2013

Low‐temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) is a multilayer 3D packaging, interconnection, and integration technology. For LTCC modules targeting radio and microwave frequency (RF and MW) applications, a low or near 0 ppm/°C temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τf) ensures temperature stability of embedded resonator and filter functions. The base dielectrics of most commercial LTCC systems have a τf in the range −50 to −80 ppm/°C. This study explored a method to achieve a zero τf on stripline (SL) resonators by locally cofiring, in a multilayer LTCC structure, compensating dielectrics (CD) with an opposite τf to that of the host dielectric. The formulation, synthesis, dielectric properties, and microstructure of SrTiO3 (STO)‐based low‐fire τf CD are presented. Chemical interactions and physical compatibility between the compensating and the host LTCC dielectrics are investigated for cofireability. The dependence of τf compensation on the wt% of STO, the printed thickness, and the location of the CD in multilayer LTCC are discussed. The most effective τf compensation is achieved by integrating CD next to the resonator lines, and can be explained by the concentration of electromagnetic energy via total internal reflection of electromagnetic waves inside the CD layer.
Naked Amoebae in Biofilms Collected from a Temperate Freshwater Pond
Authors: Anderson O. Roger
Published: April 2013

Biofilms collected on Plexiglass substrates, from a freshwater pond in northern New York State, were examined microscopically for naked amoebae densities, sizes, diversity, and estimated C‐biomass. Five samples were obtained during summer 2006 and 2007. The densities ranged from 109 to 136/cm2 biofilm surface and 285 to 550/mg biofilm dry weight. Sizes ranged from 13 to 200 μm. Diversities ranged from 4.23 to 4.55. C‐biomass ranged from 64 to 543 ng C/cm2 and 125 to 1,700 μg C/g dry weight. Thirty morphospecies were identified among the five samples, including very large amoebae in the range of 100–200 μm. Large amoebae (≥ 50 μm) accounted for the largest proportion of the C‐biomass.
The association of dietary phytochemical index and cardiometabolic risk factors in adults: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study
Authors: Bahadoran Z. , Golzarand M. , Mirmiran P. , Saadati N. , Azizi F.
Published: April 2013

Background

Phytochemicals are natural non‐nutritive bioactive compounds found in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts and legumes, as well as other plant foods. In the present study, we assessed the dietary phytochemical index (PI) in relation to cardiometabolic risk factors among Iranian adults.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study was conducted within the framework of third phase of Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study 2006–2008. For the present study, 2567 subjects aged 19–70 years (1129 men and 1438 women) were selected randomly. Dietary data were collected using a validated semi‐quantitative food frequency questionnaire with 168 food items. The PI was calculated based on daily energy derived from phytochemical‐rich foods. The odds ratios of abdominal obesity, impaired fasting glucose, hypertriglyceridaemia, low high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol and hypertension were assessed across PI quartile categories.

Results

The mean (SD) age of participants was 39.4 (13.2) years. Participants in the upper quartile of PI were older, and had a lower weight and waist circumference. The mean (SD) of the PI was 17.3 (5.6), 25.5 (6.4), 32.7 (8.3) and 42.8 (10.5) in the first, second, third and fourth quartiles, respectively. Compared with those in the lower quartile of PI, participants in the upper quartiles had a 66% lower risk of abdominal obesity [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.23–0.51] and a 36% lower risk of hypertriglyceridaemia (95% CI, 0.47–0.86), after adjustment for potential confounders.

Conclusions

Higher intakes of phytochemical‐rich foods are associated with a lower risk of abdominal obesity and hypertriglyceridaemia as the main cardiometabolic risk factors.
Petrogenesis and implications of jadeite‐bearing kyanite eclogite from the Sanbagawa belt (SW Japan)
Authors: Endo S. , Tsuboi M.
Published: April 2013

Jadeite‐bearing kyanite eclogite has been discovered in the Iratsu body of the Sanbagawa belt, SW Japan. The jadeite + kyanite assemblage is stable at higher pressure–temperature (P–T) conditions or lower H2O activity [a(H2O)] than paragonite, although paragonite‐bearing eclogite is common in the Sanbagawa belt. The newly discovered eclogite is a massive metagabbro with the peak‐P assemblage garnet + omphacite + jadeite + kyanite + phengite + quartz + rutile. Impure jadeite is exclusively present as inclusions in garnet. The compositional gap between the coexisting omphacite (P2/n) and impure jadeite (C2/c) suggests relatively low metamorphic temperatures of 510–620 °C. Multi‐equilibrium thermobarometry for the assemblage garnet + omphacite + kyanite + phengite + quartz gives peak‐P conditions of ~2.5 GPa, 570 °C. Crystallization of jadeite in the metagabbro is attributed to Na‐ and Al‐rich effective bulk composition due to the persistence of relict Ca‐rich clinopyroxene at the peak‐P stage. By subtracting relict clinopyroxene from the whole‐rock composition, pseudosection modelling satisfactorily reproduces the observed jadeite‐bearing assemblage and mineral compositions at ~2.4–2.5 GPa, 570–610 °C and a(H2O) >0.6. The relatively high pressure conditions derived from the jadeite‐bearing kyanite eclogite are further supported by high residual pressures of quartz inclusions in garnet. The maximum depth of exhumation in the Sanbagawa belt (~80 km) suggests decoupling of the slab–mantle wedge interface at this depth.
The Paralyzing Instant
Authors: Malesic Jonathan
Published: April 2013

Kierkegaard in Fear and Trembling presents a reductio ad absurdum regarding the time‐spans subject to moral evaluation. The text's classic dilemma depends on assuming that we only evaluate discrete, contextless instants. The pseudonymous author constantly seeks the single instant or moral “photograph” that indicates Abraham's status. Doing so, however, extracts scripture's moral legislation out from narrative, resulting in theological paralysis and thereby requiring an alternative temporal vocabulary for evaluating Abraham. Fear and Trembling contains an under‐explored alternative that sets Abraham within the covenantal narrative's temporality. The paper explores the consequences of shifting from evaluating instants to evaluating narrative durations, showing that while Genesis 22 remains a challenging episode, it also offers a model of imaginative faith, fidelity to promises, and hope in the face of trauma that focusing on moral instants overlooks.
Formative and Transformative
Authors: Hogan Linda
Published: April 2013

This review essay discusses the significance ofCharlesCurran's contribution to the field ofCatholic theological ethics. I suggest thatCurran's theological voice is a distinct and important one, that his preoccupations mirror major concerns in moral theology, and that his approach has been shaped through his long‐standing ecumenical and interdisciplinary commitments. I consider four recent monographs and analyzeCurran's impact under the headings of (1) the nature of moral theology; (2) the ecclesial shape of moral theology; (3) the (historical) contexts of moral theology; and (4) the (social) character of moral theology. I note thatCurran's primary concern has been to honor the richness of theCatholic moral tradition, and that the range and depth of his work is unrivalled in contemporaryCatholic moral theology. I conclude by suggesting thatCurran's contribution to the discipline of moral theology has been both formative and transformative.
Engineering three‐dimensional constructs of the periodontal ligament in hyaluronan–gelatin hydrogel films and a mechanically active environment
Authors: Saminathan A. , Vinoth K. J. , Low H. H. , Cao T. , Meikle M. C.
Published: April 2013

Background and Objective

Periodontal ligament (PDL) cells in stationary two‐dimensional culture systems are in a double default state. Our aim therefore was to engineer and characterize three‐dimensional constructs, by seeding PDL cells into hyaluronan–gelatin hydrogel films (80–100 μm) in a format capable of being mechanically deformed.

Material and Methods

Human PDL constructs were cultured with and without connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)‐2 in (i) stationary cultures, and (ii) mechanically active cultures subjected to cyclic strains of 12% at 0.2 Hz each min, 6 h/d, in a Flexercell FX‐4000 Strain Unit. The following parameters were measured: cell number and viability by laser scanning confocal microscopy; cell proliferation with the MTS assay; the expression of a panel of 18 genes using real‐time RT‐PCR; matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 1–3, TIMP‐1, CTGF and FGF‐2 protein levels in supernatants from mechanically activated cultures with Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. Constructs from stationary cultures were also examined by scanning electron microscopy and immunostained for actin and vinculin.

Results

Although initially randomly distributed, the cells became organized into a bilayer by day 7; apoptotic cells remained constant at approximately 5% of the total. CTGF/FGF‐2 stimulated cell proliferation in stationary cultures, but relative quantity values suggested modest effects on gene expression. Two transcription factors (RUNX2 and PPARG), two collagens (COL1A1, COL3A1), four MMPs (MMP‐1–3, TIMP‐1), TGFB1, RANKL, OPG and P4HB were detected by gel electrophoresis and Ct values < 35. In mechanically active cultures, with the exception of P4HB, TGFB1 and RANKL, each was upregulated at some point in the time scale, as was the synthesis of MMPs and TIMP‐1. SOX9, MYOD, SP7, BMP2, BGLAP or COL2A1 were not detected in either stationary or mechanically active cultures.

Conclusion

Three‐dimensional tissue constructs provide additional complexity to monolayer culture systems, and suggest some of the assumptions regarding cell growth, differentiation and matrix turnover based on two‐dimensional cultures may not apply to cells in three‐dimensional matrices. Primarily developed as a transitional in vitro model for studying cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions in tooth support, the system is also suitable for investigating the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases, and importantly from the clinical point of view, in a mechanically active environment.
Anti‐Atomism about Color Representation
Authors: Morrison John
Published: April 2013

According to anti‐atomism, we represent color properties (e.g.,red) in virtue of representing color relations (e.g.,redder than). I motivate anti‐atomism with a puzzle involving a series of pairwise indistinguishable chips. I then develop two versions of anti‐atomism.
Early anther ablation triggers parthenocarpic fruit development in tomato
Authors: Medina Mónica , Roque Edelín , Pineda Benito , Cañas Luis , Rodriguez‐Concepción Manuel , Beltrán José Pío , Gómez‐Mena Concepción
Published: April 2013

Fruit set and fruit development in tomato is largely affected by changes in environmental conditions, therefore autonomous fruit set independent of fertilization is a highly desirable trait in tomato. Here, we report the production and characterization of male‐sterile transgenic plants that produce parthenocarpic fruits in two tomato cultivars (Micro‐Tom and Moneymaker). We generated male‐sterility using the cytotoxic gene barnase targeted to the anthers with the PsEND1 anther‐specific promoter. The ovaries of these plants grew in the absence of fertilization producing seedless, parthenocarpic fruits. Early anther ablation is essential to trigger the developing of the transgenic ovaries into fruits, in the absence of the signals usually generated during pollination and fertilization. Ovaries are fully functional and can be manually pollinated to obtain seeds. The transgenic plants obtained in the commercial cultivar Moneymaker show that the parthenocarpic development of the fruit does not have negative consequences in fruit quality. Throughout metabolomic analyses of the tomato fruits, we have identified two elite lines which showed increased levels of several health promoting metabolites and volatile compounds. Thus, early anther ablation can be considered a useful tool to promote fruit set and to obtain seedless and good quality fruits in tomato plants. These plants are also useful parental lines to be used in hybrid breeding approaches.
Anxiety disorders and drug dependence: Evidence on sequence and specificity among adults
Authors: Goodwin Renee D. , Stein Dan J.
Published: April 2013

Aim

The goal of this study was to investigate the relation between specific anxiety disorders and substance dependence, adjusting for potentially confounding demographic factors (e.g. sex) and comorbidity (e.g. alcohol dependence, major depression), among adults in the USA.

Methods

Data were drawn from the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS), a nationally representative population sample of the US adult population aged 15–54. The temporal sequence of onset of anxiety and substance dependence disorders was examined.

Results

Substance dependence temporally precedes several anxiety disorders, particularly panic disorder. Specifically, a history of past substance dependence predicts current panic disorder (odds ratio [OR] = 2.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.29, 5.32), social phobia (OR = 1.7, 95%CI = 1.12, 2.41), and agoraphobia (OR = 1.78, 95%CI = 1.08, 2.94). Conversely, in more than 50% of substance abuse disorder cases, in nearly 40% of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) cases, and in nearly 30% of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) cases, the anxiety disorder has first onset. Similarly, a lifetime history of social phobia, PTSD, or GAD significantly predicts lifetime substance dependence (OR = 1.51 for social phobia, 2.06 for PTSD, 1.45 for GAD).

Conclusion

For any particular anxiety disorder, a diagnosis of substance abuse can occur prior to or subsequent to an anxiety disorder. Nevertheless, there is also evidence for the specificity of some associations between anxiety and substance dependence disorders; these are independent of the effects of sex and other comorbid disorders, may be causal in nature, and deserve particular attention in clinical settings. The possibility that within a particular anxiety disorder there are a variety of mechanisms of association with various substances should be addressed in future work.
Month of birth and mood seasonality: A comparison between countries in the northern and southern hemispheres
Authors: Tonetti Lorenzo , Milfont Taciano L. , Tilyard Benjamin A. , Natale Vincenzo
Published: April 2013

Aims

A previous study has reported a significant month‐of‐birth effect on mood seasonality in the northern hemisphere. Higher mood seasonality was observed for university students born during spring or summer months (long photoperiod) compared to those born during autumn or winter months (short photoperiod). The aim of this study was to test the hypothesized photoperiod effect by comparing the correlation between month of birth and mood seasonality in two countries located at the opposite poles of the terrestrial globe: Italy (northern hemisphere) and New Zealand (southern hemisphere). On the basis of the photoperiod‐at‐birth hypothesis, we expected to find higher mood seasonality among individuals born in months with longer photoperiods in both countries.

Methods

The Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire was administered to 1514 young adults (1088 women, 426 men; 1027 Italians, 487 New Zealanders), with ages ranging from 18 to 34 years. The Global Seasonality Score, which is a measure of mood seasonality, was calculated from the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire.

Results

A significant overall month‐of‐birth effect was observed on the Global Seasonality Score, but only for men. Men born in April and August (corresponding in Italy to a long photoperiod, in New Zealand to a short photoperiod) had higher mood seasonality than those born in February, regardless of country.

Conclusions

A significant month‐of‐birth effect was found on mood seasonality, but results do not support the hypothesis based on the photoperiod effect.
Platelet and serum calcium and magnesium concentration in suicidal and non‐suicidal schizophrenic patients
Authors: Ruljancic Nedjeljka , Mihanovic Mate , Cepelak Ivana , Bakliza Ana
Published: April 2013

Aim

The main processes modulated by Ca and involved in the cause of schizophrenia are alteration in the dopamine and glutamate neurotransmitter system. Intracellular effects of Mg‐ions are opposite to Ca‐ions in competition at K‐ion channels, in Na/K‐ATP‐ase activity, cAMP/cGMP concentration and Ca‐ion currents in pre‐ and postsynaptic membranes. We conducted this research due to the incongruent results on Ca and Mg concentration that have been published until now and to determine platelet Mg concentration in suicidal and non‐suicidal schizophrenic patients.

Methods

A group of schizophrenic patients consisted of 23 patients with attempted suicide (S‐SCH) and 48 patients without suicidal behavior (K‐SCH) diagnosed according to ICD‐10 diagnosis (F20.0) with or without intentional self‐harm (X60–X84). The control group (K) included 99 healthy voluntary blood donors. The Mg and Ca concentration in platelets and serum was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry on the AAnalyst 200.

Results

Using one‐way anova test and manifold application of the Student–Newman–Keuls post‐hoc test we established that there were higher concentrations of platelet Mg (μmol/109 platelets) (P = 0.009, F = 4.89) and lower concentrations of serum Ca (mmol/L) (P < 0.001, F = 19.18) in the S‐SCH group of patients and higher concentrations of platelet Ca/Mg ratio in the K‐SCH group of patients (P = 0.006, F = 5.37).

Conclusion

A higher Ca/Mg ratio in the platelets of non‐suicidal patients confirms indirect higher Ca concentration. Higher Mg concentration in the platelets of suicidal patients, considered a Ca antagonist, may represent a compensatory attempt to restrain Ca activity.
ECLS for children with late (post‐discharge) rejection after heart transplantation
Authors: Lammers Astrid E. , Burch Michael , Brown Katherine L. , Hoschtitzky Johan A. , Lunnon‐Wood Tracey , Wray Jo , van Doorn Carin , Goldman Allan P. , Hoskote Aparna
Published: April 2013

Rejection with acute hemodynamic compromise after OHT is rare in children, and is associated with poor survival. We retrospectively reviewed the management, course and outcome of recipients with late (following initial hospital discharge) rejection with acute hemodynamic compromise who were supported on ECLS. Of 197 consecutive children undergoing OHT (84 male; mean [SD] age 8.3 [5.7] [range 0.1–18.8 yr]) between 2/2002 and 10/2012, 187 children survived and were discharged from hospital. Mean (SD) follow‐up was 5.0 (3.1) (range 0.1–10.6) yr. During follow‐up, seven presented with severe hemodynamic compromise after transplantation (of whom one patient had been transplanted elsewhere). All seven children, who presented in hemodynamic collapse with poor cardiac function refractory to inotropic support, were placed on ECLS—two following in‐hospital cardiac arrest. The median duration of ECLS was 6 (range 5–15) days. All survived to decannulation, with one death from overwhelming sepsis 20 days after presentation. The median (range) duration (in days) of inotropic requirement post ECLS was 11 (5–27), the median ventilation time was 8 (7–30), median ICU length of stay was 14 (10–54), and median hospitalization was 24 (19–118). In all, ventricular function normalized (FS >28%) within 10 (7–22) days. There was significant short‐term morbidity; however, over a median follow‐up of 5.9 (range 0.7–9.2) yr, all survivors have good functional status with no significant apparent neurological sequelae. ECLS thus appears to be a good rescue therapy for children with severe acute rejection post OHT, refractory to conventional treatment, leading to good medium‐term outcome.
Successful fludarabine‐based hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in a pediatric patient with idiopathic CD4+ lymphocytopenia
Authors: Hamidieh Amir Ali , Pourpak Zahra , Hamdi Amir , Nabavi Mohammad , Ghavamzadeh Ardeshir
Published: April 2013

Idiopathic CD4+ lymphocytopenia (ICL) is a rare immunodeficiency disease with severe CD4 T‐cell depletion, leading to serious opportunistic infections. The optimal treatment of ICL has not been determined, especially in severe form of the disease. Here, we report an eight‐yr‐old girl with ICL who was successfully treated with fludarabine‐based conditioning HSCT. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first pediatric ICL case that was treated by HSCT. Allogeneic HSCT with a reduced intensity condition (RIC) regimen may be a feasible and curative treatment option in ICL patients with recurrent life‐threatening complications.
Factors Associated with Health Promotion in Megachurches: Implications for Prevention
Authors: Bopp Melissa , Webb Benjamin
Published: April 2013

Objective

Megachurches (churches with 2,000 + attendance) represent a community institution with extensive reach within the United States population, although little is known about their health and wellness programming (HWP). The purpose of this study was to examine factors associated with HWP in megachurches.

Design and Sample

Staff at megachurches were recruited to take an online survey.

Measures

Questions addressed HWP, church demographics, health promotion‐related beliefs, barriers, existing resources, and leader involvement (response rate 15.4%). Univariate and multiple regression analyses were used to examine influences on HWP. Results: Respondents (n = 110 churches) indicated that churches were primarily Baptist (23.6%) or Nondenominational (21.1%), had 2,500–4,999 congregation members (44.5%), primarily White congregation members (83.5%), and 31–60 employees (45.4%). More positive leader, advisory board, and church member perceptions of health and wellness, a supportive church doctrine for health, leader involvement in HWP, and the number of health‐related and physical activity resources were positively associated with HWP (p < .05). Reporting fewer barriers was positively associated with HWP. The full regression model explained 56% of the variance in HWP, with number of health resources and church size as positive influences.

Conclusions

Targeting the social environment for health, implementing health‐related policies and environmental changes could result in successful interventions for preventing chronic disease.
Protection Strategies of Cosmarium strains (Zygnematophyceae, Streptophyta) Isolated from Various Geographic Regions Against Excessive Photosynthetically Active Radiation
Authors: Stamenković Marija , Hanelt Dieter
Published: April 2013

Numerous in vitro investigations have suggested that macroalgae exhibit regular geographic and depth distribution patterns in accordance with the light and temperature predominance at their habitats; however, there have been only a few similar studies concerning microalgae. We examined the potential influence of irradiance on patterns of distribution of four Cosmarium strains isolated from various climatic zones and cultured long term (>15 years) under a constant temperature–light regime. All the Cosmarium strains demonstrated physiological responses that were consistent with the light intensity prevailing at their source location, confirming that these responses are genetically preserved, as concluded from chlorophyll fluorescence and oxygen evolution rates measurements. Addition of inhibitors of chloroplast‐encoded protein synthesis (chloramphenicol and streptomycin) and violaxanthin de‐epoxidase (dithiothreitol) indicated that the Cosmarium strains developed “sun‐ or shade‐plant” protection strategies, in accordance with the climate at their sampling sites. The polar Cosmarium strains exhibited a “shade‐plant strategy”—to suffer some photoinhibition, but acquire increasing protection from photoinhibited PSII centers, whereas the tropical strains displayed a “sun‐plant strategy”—to counteract photoinhibition of PSII by a high rate of repair of photoinhibited PSII reaction centers and a high xanthophyll cycle turnover.
Nep1‐like protein from Moniliophthora perniciosa induces a rapid proteome and metabolome reprogramming in cells of Nicotiana benthamiana
Authors: Villela‐Dias Cristiano , Camillo Luciana R. , de Oliveira Guilherme A. P. , Sena Jamilly A. L. , Santiago André S. , de Sousa Sanderson T. P. , Mendes Juliano S. , Pirovani Carlos P. , Alvim Fátima C. , Costa Marcio G. C.
Published: April 2013

NEP1 (necrosis‐ and ethylene‐inducing peptide 1)‐like proteins (NLPs) have been identified in a variety of taxonomically unrelated plant pathogens and share a common characteristic of inducing responses of plant defense and cell death in dicotyledonous plants. Even though some aspects of NLP action have been well characterized, nothing is known about the global range of modifications in proteome and metabolome of NLP‐treated plant cells. Here, using both proteomic and metabolomic approaches we were able to identify the global molecular and biochemical changes in cells of Nicotiana benthamiana elicited by short‐term treatment with MpNEP2, a NLP of Moniliophthora perniciosa, the basidiomycete responsible for the witches' broom disease on cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.). Approximately 100 protein spots were collected from 2‐DE gels in each proteome, with one‐third showing more than twofold differences in the expression values. Fifty‐three such proteins were identified by mass spectrometry (MS)/MS and mapped into specific metabolic pathways and cellular processes. Most MpNEP2 upregulated proteins are involved in nucleotide‐binding function and oxidoreductase activity, whereas the downregulated proteins are mostly involved in glycolysis, response to stress and protein folding. Thirty metabolites were detected by gas spectrometry (GC)/MS and semi‐quantified, of which eleven showed significant differences between the treatments, including proline, alanine, myo‐inositol, ethylene, threonine and hydroxylamine. The global changes described affect the reduction‐oxidation reactions, ATP biosynthesis and key signaling molecules as calcium and hydrogen peroxide. These findings will help creating a broader understanding of NLP‐mediated cell death signaling in plants.
The Effect of Diasporic Business Networks on International Trade Flows
Authors: Sangita Seema
Published: April 2013

International migration flows increase bilateral trade flows between countries through different channels, including creation of diasporic networks that transmit information. These networks have the potential to reduce information barriers and search costs in international trade. This paper quantifies the information effect of diaspora networks, using a panel data set of bilateral migration stocks and bilateral trade data that has been classified into intermediate and final goods. It shows that the migrants' role in exchange of information through business networks does lead to a significant increase in trade among countries. Moreover, the paper finds that this effect is greatest in the case of differentiated goods and that the highly educated migrants are most effective in business networking. Also, this paper addresses the issue of direction of causality between international migration and trade by creating a unique instrumental variable based on citizenship laws of the countries of destination.
Does Contracting Make Farmers Happy? Evidence from Senegal
Authors: Dedehouanou Senakpon F. A. , Swinnen Johan , Maertens Miet
Published: April 2013

In this paper we use a subjective well‐being approach to evaluate the welfare impact of contract‐farming. We analyze the impact of contract‐farming on self‐reported happiness using original panel data from a farm‐household survey in the Niayes region in Senegal. We use different econometric techniques and show that, when correcting for time invariant unobserved heterogeneity, contract‐farming has a positive effect on subjective well‐being. We find diverging effects for different types of contracts, suggesting that contract‐farming contributes more to farmers’ subjective well‐being under certain conditions and contract design. Our main finding corroborates earlier findings from empirical studies using cross‐sectional data and income‐based measures of welfare. In line with earlier results from the subjective well‐being literature, we find that absolute income has a positive but decreasing effect on subjective well‐being while comparison income has a negative effect. Also household demographic characteristics, their land and livestock assets, and housing indicators affect subjective well‐being.
Hand Ischemia Associated With Dialysis Vascular Access: An Individualized Access Flow‐based Approach to Therapy
Authors: Beathard Gerald A. , Spergel Lawrence M.
Published: April 2013

With the rise in the median age of hemodialysis patients, the increasing numbers of patients with multiple risk factors for vascular disease, and the efforts being made to increase the creation of autogenous arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs), dialysis access‐related steal syndrome (DASS) has become a growing problem. This syndrome, caused by arterial insufficiency distal to the arteriovenous access due to diversion of blood into the access, is a potentially devastating complication. It is crucial that physicians who manage hemodialysis patients and perform vascular access procedures have a comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnostic maneuvers, and treatment options for DASS. The goals of management must be twofold—relieve the ischemia and preserve the access. The choice of any intervention, if such is necessary, should be based upon the clinical features presented by that individual patient; the clinical condition and prognosis of the patient, stage of the disease, location of the arterial anastomosis, and the level of blood flow within the access. This review presents information that supports an individualized, physiologic approach to this condition.
Developmental transcriptional profiling reveals key insights into Triticeae reproductive development
Authors: Tran Frances , Penniket Carolyn , Patel Rohan V. , Provart Nicholas J. , Laroche André , Rowland Owen , Robert Laurian S.
Published: April 2013

Despite their importance, there remains a paucity of large‐scale gene expression‐based studies of reproductive development in species belonging to the Triticeae. As a first step to address this deficiency, a gene expression atlas of triticale reproductive development was generated using the 55K Affymetrix GeneChip® wheat genome array. The global transcriptional profiles of the anther/pollen, ovary and stigma were analyzed at concurrent developmental stages, and co‐expressed as well as preferentially expressed genes were identified. Data analysis revealed both novel and conserved regulatory factors underlying Triticeae floral development and function. This comprehensive resource rests upon detailed gene annotations, and the expression profiles are readily accessible via a web browser.
Rejuvenation of ATP during storage does not reverse effects of the hypothermic storage lesion
Authors: Tchir Jayme D.R. , Acker Jason P. , Holovati Jelena L.
Published: April 2013

Background

Hypothermic storage (HS) of red blood cells (RBCs) leads to a progressive deterioration of cell quality. Mitigating these deleterious changes could allow maintenance or even an improvement of RBC in vitro quality. The aim was to determine the effect of a cold rejuvenation treatment of RBCs and in particular to assess the connection between ATP levels, RBC deformability, and morphology during RBC storage.

Study Design and Methods

A pool‐and‐split design of leukoreduced CPD–saline‐adenine‐glucose‐mannitol–packed RBC units was used to generate three groups: untreated controls, sham‐treated units, and units treated with a cold (1‐6°C) rejuvenation solution on Day 28, 35, or 42 of cold storage. Units were followed until Day 49 of storage and assessed for ATP concentration, morphology, deformability, and other in vitro quality variables including hemolysis, pH, and supernatant potassium levels.

Results

At every treatment time, rejuvenation was associated with a significant increase in intracellular ATP (p < 0.01). On Day 28, rejuvenation was accompanied by a significant decrease in deformability 1 week after treatment (p < 0.01). Rejuvenation on Day 28, but not Day 35 or 42, was also associated with a significant change in morphology (p < 0.01). Of the in vitro quality variables measured, most changed during cold storage, but differences among treatment groups were not observed.

Conclusion

The results of our study demonstrate a cold rejuvenation of RBCs during HS increases intracellular ATP, but that this change does not ameliorate, or exacerbate, the metabolic or biochemical symptoms of the storage lesion.
Emily Cooley lecture 2012
Authors: Reid Marion E.
Published: April 2013

Emily Cooley was a well‐respected medical technologist and morphologist with a remarkable skill set. She was highly regarded both professionally and personally. The “Emily Cooley Lectureship and Award” was established to honor her in particular and medical technologists in general. This article first reviews the history of the Emily Cooley award and provides some of the reasons why it carries her name. Then, using two blood group systems, DO and JR, it illustrates how many discoveries regarding blood groups were dependent on access to techniques.
Numerical study of ultra‐low field nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry utilizing a single axis magnetometer for signal detection
Authors: Vogel Michael W. , Vegh Viktor , Reutens David C.
Published: April 2013

Purpose:

This paper investigates optimal placement of a localized single‐axis magnetometer for ultralow field (ULF) relaxometry in view of various sample shapes and sizes.

Methods:

The authors used finite element method for the numerical analysis to determine the sample magnetic field environment and evaluate the optimal location of the single‐axis magnetometer.

Results:

Given the different samples, the authors analysed the magnetic field distribution around the sample and determined the optimal orientation and possible positions of the sensor to maximize signal strength, that is, the power of the free induction decay. The authors demonstrate that a glass vial with flat bottom and 10 ml volume is the best structure to achieve the highest signal out of samples studied.

Conclusions:

This paper demonstrates the importance of taking into account the combined effects of sensor configuration and sample parameters for signal generation prior to designing and constructing ULF systems with a single‐axis magnetometer. Through numerical simulations the authors were able to optimize structural parameters, such as sample shape and size, sensor orientation and location, to maximize the measured signal in ultralow field relaxometry.
ALBIRA: A small animal PET/SPECT/CT imaging system
Authors: Sánchez F. , Orero A. , Soriano A. , Correcher C. , Conde P. , González A. , Hernández L. , Moliner L. , Rodríguez‐Alvarez M. J. , Vidal L. F. , Benlloch J. M. , Chapman S. E. , Leevy W. M.
Published: April 2013

Purpose:

The authors have developed a trimodal PET/SPECT/CT scanner for small animal imaging. The gamma ray subsystems are based on monolithic crystals coupled to multianode photomultiplier tubes (MA‐PMTs), while computed tomography (CT) comprises a commercially available microfocus x‐ray tube and a CsI scintillator 2D pixelated flat panel x‐ray detector. In this study the authors will report on the design and performance evaluation of the multimodal system.

Methods:

X‐ray transmission measurements are performed based on cone‐beam geometry. Individual projections were acquired by rotating the x‐ray tube and the 2D flat panel detector, thus making possible a transaxial field of view (FOV) of roughly 80 mm in diameter and an axial FOV of 65 mm for the CT system. The single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) component has a dual head detector geometry mounted on a rotating gantry. The distance between the SPECT module detectors can be varied in order to optimize specific user requirements, including variable FOV. The positron emission tomography (PET) system is made up of eight compact modules forming an octagon with an axial FOV of 40 mm and a transaxial FOV of 80 mm in diameter. The main CT image quality parameters (spatial resolution and uniformity) have been determined. In the case of the SPECT, the tomographic spatial resolution and system sensitivity have been evaluated with a99mTc solution using single‐pinhole and multi‐pinhole collimators. PET and SPECT images were reconstructed using three‐dimensional (3D) maximum likelihood and ordered subset expectation maximization (MLEM and OSEM) algorithms developed by the authors, whereas the CT images were obtained using a 3D based FBP algorithm.

Results:

CT spatial resolution was 85μm while a uniformity of 2.7% was obtained for a water filled phantom at 45 kV. The SPECT spatial resolution was better than 0.8 mm measured with a Derenzo‐like phantom for a FOV of 20 mm using a 1‐mm pinhole aperture collimator. The full width at half‐maximum PET radial spatial resolution at the center of the field of view was 1.55 mm. The SPECT system sensitivity for a FOV of 20 mm and 15% energy window was 700 cps/MBq (7.8 × 10−2%) using a multi‐pinhole equipped with five apertures 1 mm in diameter, whereas the PET absolute sensitivity was 2% for a 350–650 keV energy window and a 5 ns timing window. Several animal images are also presented.

Conclusions:

The new small animal PET/SPECT/CT proposed here exhibits high performance, producing high‐quality images suitable for studies with small animals. Monolithic design for PET and SPECT scintillator crystals reduces cost and complexity without significant performance degradation.
Modifying the normalized covariance metric measure to account for nonlinear distortions introduced by noise-reduction algorithms
Authors: Chen Fei , Hu Yi
Published: April 2013

In this study, two methods are proposed to modify the normalized covariance metric (NCM) measure to reduce the effects of gain-induced nonlinear distortions introduced by most noise-suppression algorithms. Considering that the gain-induced distortions behave differently dependent on the signal-to-noise ratio between the noise-reduced speech and the noise, the first approach introduces a penalty factor involving this ratio in the modified NCM measure. The second approach deemphasizes segments marked with amplification distortions that contribute less to intelligibility via adaptive thresholding. Significantly higher correlations with intelligibility scores were obtained from the modified NCM measures compared with the original NCM measures.
Beneficial synergistic effects of concurrent treatment with theanine and caffeine against cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury in rats
Authors: Sun Lingyan , Tian Xia , Gou Lingshan , Ling Xin , Wang Ling , Feng Yan , Yin Xiaoxing , Liu Yi
Published: April 2013

Theanine and caffeine, 2 naturally occurring components in tea, have repeatedly been shown to deliver unique cognitive benefits when consumed in combination. In this study, we assessed the beneficial synergistic effects of concurrent treatment with theanine and caffeine against cerebral damage in rats. Theanine and caffeine had no effect on physiological variables, including pH, partial pressures of oxygen (PaO2) and carbon dioxide (PaCO2), mean arterial blood pressure, plasma glucose, or regional cerebral blood flow. Treatment with theanine (1 mg/kg body mass, intraperitoneal injection) alone significantly reduced cerebral infarction induced by cerebral ischemia–reperfusion, but caffeine (10 mg/kg, intravenous administration) alone only had a marginal effect. However, the combination of theanine plus caffeine resulted in a significant reduction of cerebral infarction and brain edema compared with theanine monotherapy. Meanwhile, increased malondialdehyde levels as well as decreased superoxide dismutase activity, glutathione peroxidase activity, and glutathione levels observed in the cerebral cortex after cerebral ischemia–reperfusion were significantly ameliorated by the combination therapy. Furthermore, the elevated inflammatory response levels observed in the cortex after cerebral ischemia–reperfusion were markedly attenuated by the combined treatment. Thus, it is suggested that the neuroprotective potential of a combination therapy with theanine and caffeine against cerebral ischemia–reperfusion is partly ascribed to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
KEYWORD SPOTTING FROM ONLINE CHINESE HANDWRITTEN DOCUMENTS USING ONE-VERSUS-ALL CHARACTER CLASSIFICATION MODEL
Authors: ZHANG HENG , WANG DA-HAN , LIU CHENG-LIN , BUNKE HORST
Published: April 2013

In this paper, we propose a method for text-query-based keyword spotting from online Chinese handwritten documents using character classification model. The similarity between the query word and handwriting is obtained by combining the character classification scores. The classifier is trained by one-versus-all strategy so that it gives high similarity to the target class and low scores to the others. Using character classification-based word similarity also helps overcome the out-of-vocabulary (OOV) problem. We use a character-synchronous dynamic search algorithm to efficiently spot the query word in large database. The retrieval performance is further improved by using competing character confusion and writer-adaptive thresholds. Our experimental results on a large handwriting database CASIA-OLHWDB justify the superiority of one-versus-all trained classifiers and the benefits of confidence transformation, character confusion and adaptive thresholds. Particularly, a one-versus-all trained prototype classifier performs as well as a linear support vector machine (SVM) classifier, but consumes much less storage of index file. The experimental comparison with keyword spotting based on handwritten text recognition also demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method.
A STUDY OF THE STRUCTURES AND VIBRATIONAL SPECTRA OF THE N2O⋯(HX)2 AND ON2⋯(HX)2 WITH X = F, Cl, Br AND CN
Authors: LIMA NATHÁLIA B. D. , BELARMINO MÁRCIA K. D. L.
Published: April 2013

Theoretical calculations 6-311++G(d,p) have been performed in order to obtain binding energies and molecular properties of complexes involving nitrous oxide ( N2O ) and two HX (X = F, Cl, Br and CN ) molecules. Our calculations have revealed the existence of eleven stable structures. The vibrational changes which take place in the HX acid after complexation follow the usual behavior: the HX stretching frequency is shifted downward whereas its IR intensity is much enhanced. The new vibrational modes arising upon H-bond formation, were verified, especially, those associated with the out-of-plane and in-plane HX bending modes, which are pure rotations in the HX isolated molecule.
Resonance Raman and absorption infrared with density functional theory studies ofFe(III)/Fe(II) andNi(II) complexes of modified 21-oxaporphyrins
Authors: Fościak Mateusz , Proniewicz Edyta , Zborowski Krzysztof , Kim Younkyoo , Proniewicz Leonard M.
Published: April 2013

This work presents a complete vibrational analysis of iron [ Fe (II) and Fe (III)] and nickel [ Ni (II)] complexes with 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl-21-oxaporphyrin [OTPPH] and 5,20-bis(p-tolyl)-10,15-diphenyl-21-oxaporphyrin [ODTDPPH]. In these porphyrins, a furan ring replaces one of the pyrrole rings. The six-coordinate (OTPP) FeIIICl2and (ODTDPP) FeIIICl2as well as the five-coordinate (OTPP) FeIICl and (OTPP) NiIICl complexes were investigated using experimental and theoretical methods. The experimental part of this work involved Fourier-transform absorption infrared (FT-IR), resonance Raman (RR), and electron absorption (UV-vis) measurements for all of the investigated complexes. In the theoretical section, optimized geometries and vibrational frequencies for model compounds are provided. The theoretical calculations were performed at the B3LYP level with the LANL2DZ basis set. Good agreement was achieved between the experimental and theoretical vibrational spectra. In addition, charge distributions (GAPT) and geometrical aromaticity indices (Bird's I5and HOMA) were calculated and discussed.
Dissociation of imino proton(s) of a highly water-soluble metal-free phthalocyanine and determination of its pKa value in water
Authors: Isago Hiroaki , Fujita Harumi
Published: April 2013

Dissociation of imino proton(s) in the cavity of the macrocycle of a highly water-soluble, metal-free phthalocyanine ( H 2( H 4 tsppc ); where H 4 tsppc denotes tetrakis{(2′,6′-dimethyl-4′-sulfonic acid)phenoxy}phthalocyaninate) in ethanolic and aqueous solutions has spectrophotometrically been investigated. The spectral changes associated with reaction with NaOH have been found to involve one-proton transfer process in aqueous media while two-protons process in ethanolic media. The acid-dissociation constant of the first imino proton in water (in the presence of Triton X-100) has been determined to be 12.5 ± 0.2 (as pKa) at 25 °C. The doubly deprotonated species in EtOH has been easily converted to its corresponding cobalt(II) derivative by thermal reaction with anhydrous CoCl 2.
PUBLISHING STATISTICAL DATA ON THE WEB
Authors: SALAS PERCY E. RIVERA , DA MOTA FERNANDO MAIA , BREITMAN KARIN K. , CASANOVA MARCO A. , MARTIN MICHAEL , AUER SÖREN
Published: April 2013

Statistical data is one of the most important sources of information, relevant for large numbers of stakeholders in the governmental, scientific and business domains alike. In this article, we overview how statistical data can be managed on the Web. With OLAP2DataCube and CSV2DataCube we present two complementary approaches on how to extract and publish statistical data. We also discuss the linking, repair and the visualization of statistical data. As a comprehensive use case, we report on the extraction and publishing on the Web of statistical data describing 10 years of life in Brazil.