bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Study on Invitro to Measure the Shear Bond Strength of Glass Ionomer Cement Bound to Mineral Trioxide Aggregate
Authors: Roseka Dr , Mittal L , Gupta YK , Anamika Dr
Published: February 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjdre.v4i1.18007Bangladesh Journal of Dental Research & Education Vol.4(1) 2014; 1-3
Emergency Medical Service (EMS) Management in a Tertiary Level Hospital in Dhaka City
Authors: Ferdouse S , Zaman MH , Mahbub S
Published: February 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjdre.v4i1.18009 Bangladesh Journal of Dental Research & Education Vol.4(1) 2014: 8-11
Comparison of Craniofacial Profiles Evaluation of Bangladeshi Adults by Lateral Cephalometry with Down's Analysis
Authors: Hasan MN , Hassan GS , Rafique T , Taleb A
Published: February 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjdre.v4i1.18010 Bangladesh Journal of Dental Research & Education Vol.4(1) 2014: 12-15
Current Status of Service Centers Serving Autism Spectrum Disorder in Dhaka City
Authors: Chowdhury KN , Rahman MM , Haque S
Published: February 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjdre.v4i1.18011 Bangladesh Journal of Dental Research & Education Vol.4(1) 2014: 16-20
Mercury Allergy and Toxicity: A possible Occupational Hazard of Dentistry
Authors: Mahmud SZ , Uddin MM , Rahman A , Samad MA , Nomann NA
Published: February 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjdre.v4i1.18013 Bangladesh Journal of Dental Research & Education Vol.4(1) 2014: 26-30
Effectiveness of Extraction of Four First Premolars in the Treatment of Severe Bimaxillary Protrusion: Report of a Clinical Experiences
Authors: Mustafa MT
Published: February 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjdre.v4i1.18015 Bangladesh Journal of Dental Research & Education Vol.4(1) 2014: 31-38
Osteoma of the Mandible: A Case Report
Authors: Vibhakar P , Vibhakar P , Yeolekar A , Pal S
Published: February 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjdre.v4i1.18016 Bangladesh Journal of Dental Research & Education Vol.4(1) 2014: 39-41
Obstructive Sleep Apnea- Dentists has the major role to play.
Authors: Hasan Md Nazmul , Islam Syed MS
Published: February 2014

Abstract not available DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/updcj.v3i1.17976 Update Dent. Coll. j: 2013; 3 (1): 01-02
Prescribing patterns of a garment medical centre in Bangladesh
Authors: Afsan Mohammad , Alam Muhammad Mahbubul , Noor Nushrat , Ahmed AH Hamid
Published: February 2014

Objectives: The aim of the study was to audit the prescription and dispensing pattern in a garment medical center to observe the rational use of drug. Irrational use of medicine is a global problem. Polypharmacy, injudicial use of antibiotics, unnecessary use of vitamins are commonly seen in Bangladesh. To find out the current status of the prescribing and dispensing practices and identify factors underlying irrational prescription writing in a Garment medical center for factory workers in Gajipur and to sensitize the future prescribers about the rational prescriptions, this study was carried out. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out to analyze the patterns of prescriptions by using World Health Organization , WHO/INRUD- core drug prescribing indicators and some additional indices. Place and period of study: A total of 300 prescriptions of the patients (garment workers) who had attended in Hannan Textile and Garment Medical Centre, Board Bazar, Dhaka, Bangladesh in between January and November2008 were considered for analysis. Results: The average number of drugs per prescription was 3.1 and no single drug was prescribed by generic name. Use of antibiotic (50% of encounters) was frequent. Only 50.75% drugs were prescribed from national essential drug list (EDL). Percentage of encounters with an antiulcerant, a NSAID and a multivitamin & multimineral prescribed were 41.67%, 46.67% and 23.67% respectively. Conclusion: This study revealed some of irrational practices like poly pharmacy, overuse of antibiotics and vitamins, no use of generic names, and less prescribed from essential drug list. It is suggested that the periodic evaluation of prescribing practices at the healthcare facilities should be done by proper involvement of physician, nurse and pharmacist for the rational use of medicine. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/updcj.v3i1.17978 Update Dent. Coll. j: 2013; 3 (1): 07-11
Microscopic study on the total number of follicles of ovary in Bangladeshi female cadavers
Authors: Qasim Rubina , Naushaba Humaira , Ullah Md Enayet , Hena Hasna , Khan Laila Farzana
Published: February 2014

Context: The ovaries are paired female reproductive and endocrine glands. It is an unique organ in the female body. It undergoes various changes under the influence of hormones which started from prepubertal period and continue up to post menopausal period. Reproductive life span is determined by the histological changes of ovarian follicles. The study was carried out to counting the total number of follicles in relation to age. Study design: Cross sectional, descriptive type of study. Place and period of study: Department of Anatomy, Sir Salimullah Medical College (SSMC), Dhaka from July 2010 to June 2011. Materials: 65 ovaries of Bangladeshi female cadavers age ranging from 5 years to 65 years. Methods: The samples were divided into four different age groups. They were group A or prepubertal group (5-12years), group B or reproductive group (13-45 years), group C or perimenopausal group (46-51years) and group D or postmenopausal group (52-65years). Histological studies were carried out only in right ovary on 24 fresh samples, 6 samples from each group. RESULTS: The mean (±SD) total number of the follicles in the right ovaries were 82.67±2.07, 43.33±8.17, 10.00± 5.47 and 1.17±1.94 per square millimeter in group A, B, C & D respectively. The differences of the mean (±SD) number of the follicles were highly significant (P<0.001) among the all age groups and was significant (P<0.01) when compared between group C with group D. CONCLUSION: Age related changes were observed in the total number of follicles of the ovary. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/updcj.v3i1.17979 Update Dent. Coll. j: 2013; 3 (1): 12-17
Comparison of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate and Calcium Hydroxide as pulpotomy agents in Primary Molars
Authors: Uddin Md Farid , Alam Md Shamsul , Moral Ali Asgor , Howlader Md Mujibur Rahman , Hossain Md Ismail
Published: February 2014

Background: The greatest threats to developing teeth are dental caries and traumatic injury. If pulpal exposure occurs, then a pulpotomy procedure aims to preserve pulp vitality to allow for normal root development. Historically, calcium hydroxide has been the material of choice for pulpotomy procedures. Recently, an alternative material called mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) has demonstrated the ability to induce hard-tissue formation in pulpal tissue. Objectives: This prospective study was conducted to observe the clinical and radiological findings of pulpotomies done with Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) &Calcium Hydroxide{Ca(OH)2} and to evaluate success rate of MTA in maintaining pulpal health in teeth with carious lesion. Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial study, 40 primary molars were treated by a conventional pulpotomy technique. They all fulfill the inclusion criteria and gave consent regarding this study. All selected teeth were evenly divided into 2 test groups. In group 1, the MTA pulpotomy (experimental) was performed, whereas in group 2, the conventional Ca(OH)2 pulpotomy (control) was done. The teeth of both groups were finally restored by Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC). The children were recalled for clinical and radiographic evaluations after 3, 6, and 12 months. Result: The follow-up evaluations revealed failure due to pain and swelling detected at 6 and 12 months postoperative evaluations in only 3 teeth treated with Ca(OH)2 and one treated with MTA. The remaining 36 teeth appeared to be clinically and radiographically successful 12 months postoperatively. Calcific metamorphosis was a radiographic finding in 4 teeth treated with MTA and 2 teeth treated with Ca(OH)2. Conclusion: Based on this clinical and radiographical evaluation study of 3, 6, and 12 months follow-up, MTA could be used as a safe material for pulpotomy in cariously and mechanically exposed primary molars and seems to be a suitable alternative to calcium hydroxide. Further research, however, is required to clarify this conclusion. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/updcj.v3i1.17981 Update Dent. Coll. j: 2013; 3 (1): 24-31
Drug Rehabilitation Center based Survey on Drug Dependence in Dhaka City
Authors: Hasana Morshed , Shahin ASM
Published: February 2014

Background The study was conducted to know the socio-economic and demographic background of the drug addicts. The study also explored to identify the nature of drug used by the drug addicts and causes of drug addiction. Methods It was a descriptive cross sectional study conducted in a tertiary drug rehabilitation center in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Purposive sampling strategy was followed and a closed ended questionnaire was utilized for face to face interview with the respondents. The data are analyzed through simple statistical calculation such as frequencies and percentages. Results A total 30 participants agreed to participate in the study. The highest concentration of drug addicts was between the age of 20 and 25 years (43.34%). However, near about half of the respondents (46.67%) took drug at the age of 16-20 years. It is quite alarming that 6.67% respondents took their first drug before the age of 10 and 16.67% took before the age of 15. Most of the addicts were students (40%) and over two thirds of the respondents (63.33%) had no knowledge on harmful impact on drug addictions. The most common type of drug used by the sample addicts were heroine (23.33) followed by Yaba (16.67%) and Phensedyl (16.67%). Familial problem was the main reason (40%) for getting involved with drug addiction followed by frustration of the respondents due to different reasons. Discussion The most important element of the drug demand reduction is the prevention which holds the key to success in the entire fight against drugs. Nationwide concerted action is needed to reduce the illicit demand for drugs. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/updcj.v3i1.17982 Update Dent. Coll. j: 2013; 3 (1): 32-36
Management of a Subgingivally Fractured Central Incisor by Re-attachment Using a Fiber Post
Authors: Islam Mohammad Aminul , Wakia Tasnim , Alam Md Shamsul , Howlader Md Mujibur Rahman , Afroz Shamima
Published: February 2014

Reattachment of a fractured fragment to the remaining tooth is challenging but one of the best treatment protocol in regards to aesthetics, function as well as patients acceptance. This case report presents a 20 years old male with an oblique complicated crown fracture of maxillary left central incisor tooth. The procedure used to repair the fracture regarding this case included flap surgery with endodontic treatment. The root canal was filled with a root canal sealer and gutta-percha. After root canal obturation, fragments were reattached with duel cure composite resin using a glass fibre post. After 12 months evaluation, clinical and radiographic examinations showed a stable re-attachment, good aesthetics and healthy periodontium. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/updcj.v3i1.17983 Update Dent. Coll. j: 2013; 3 (1): 37-40
Orthodontic camouflage management of a class II malocclusion with excessive overjet- A case report
Authors: Sultana Naznin , Hasan Md Nazmul , Hassan Gazi Shamim , Naim Mir Abu , Akther Nasrin
Published: February 2014

In orthodontic practice various treatment modalities have been presented for the treatment for the class II, div 1malocclusions. Recently a large number of young adults have been seeking shorter, cost effective and a non surgical correction of Class II malocclusions and they accept dental camouflage as a treatment option to mask the skeletal discrepancy .This case report presents one such case, a 15years old growing male who has Class II div I malocclusion with sever maxillary incisor proclination, convex profile ,high mandibular plane angle, incompetent lips, increased overjet& overbite, over retained upper left deciduous canine ,impacted upper left canine and a supernumerary tooth in canine region. We considered the camouflage treatment by extracting the upper right first premolar, left impacted canine, deciduous canine and supernumerary tooth. Following the treatment, a satisfactory result was achieved with an ideal, static and a functional occlusion, facial profile, acceptable smile, competent lip and stable treatment results. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/updcj.v3i1.17984 Update Dent. Coll. j: 2013; 3 (1): 41-45
A Rare Case of Ewings Sarcoma affecting Mandible of a Child
Authors: Sadat SM Anwar , Afroz Jerin , Rita Sufia Nasrin
Published: February 2014

Summary: Ewings Sarcoma of the body of the mandible is rare and can be mistaken as inflammation of dental origin.Here we presented a case of Ewings Sarcoma of afemale child of 2years and 3months old.After histological and immunohistochemical confirmation, patient was treatedby VAC and IE therapy alternatively.The reported case describes the clinical, radiological and histopathological findings of Oral Ewings Sarcoma with difficulties in management with initial response of treatment. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/updcj.v3i1.17985 Update Dent. Coll. j: 2013; 3 (1): 46-48
Mandibular incisor extraction for management of class I malocclusion- A case report.
Authors: Hasan Md Nazmul , Sultana Naznin , Hassan Gazi Shamim , Shamsuzzaman Mohammad
Published: February 2014

Extraction of premolar teeth to manage class I malocclusion is conventionally the management approach of choices. However class I malocclusion with tooth tissue discrepancy could be manage with the extraction of a lower incisor tooth with a more acceptable aesthetic outcome. This article describe a cases of class I malocclusion mange with extracting a mandibular lower incisor tooth. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/updcj.v3i1.17987 Update Dent. Coll. j: 2013; 3 (1): 54-57
Bionic dentist  Is this the future of dentistry?
Authors: Hasan Md Nazmul , Islam Syed MS
Published: February 2014

Abstract not available DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/updcj.v3i2.17990 Update Dent. Coll. j: 2013; 3 (2): 01-02
Evaluation of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate for Root end Closure of Nonvital Permanent Teeth with Open Apices
Authors: Wakia Tasnim , Islam Mohammad Aminul , Naser Mohammad , Alam Md Shamsul , Hossain Md Ismail
Published: February 2014

Objective: To evaluate the clinical and radiological outcome of MTA in nonvital teeth with open apices. Methods: Twenty-five non-vital teeth with open apices were treated with MTA apexification procedure. Standard endodontic procedures were followed and an apical plug of at least 5 mm was created by using MTA after a calcium hydroxide intra-canal dressing for at least 1 week. Final obturation was done after 24 hours by vertical compaction technique using gutta percha. Patients were recalled at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months interval. Clinical outcome was evaluated by assessing pain, tenderness, mobility and sinus tract. Blind to the treatment record, two examiners assessed the pre-treatment and post-treatment radiographs. Each radiograph was scored with the Periapical Index (PAI) and the size of the apical lesion was measured. The presence of an apical bridge over MTA was also noted. Results: Clinically 92% success rate was found whereas radiologically absolute success rate was 84%. Before treatment the mean PAI was 3.6 and mean size of the lesion was 3.24 mm. But, after 12 months follow up, the mean PAI was 1.36 and the mean lesion size was 0.68 mm. An apical barrier over MTA was distinguishable in 5 cases. Conclusion: Apexification using MTA can be considered as a predictable treatment option than calcium hydroxide apexification. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/updcj.v3i2.17994 Update Dent. Coll. j: 2013; 3 (2): 13-19
Cone-Beam Computed Tomography for managing impacted canine in orthodontics.
Authors: Hasan Md Nazmul , Chowdhury Shirin Sultana , Quader SM Abdul
Published: February 2014

Radiographic interpretation and diagnosis of dental impactions have always posed a great challenge to the orthodontist to manage such case. This could largely be attributed to the limitations posed by the conventional two-dimensional (2D) imaging modalities. Dental impactions, which can position into various underlying locations, can be evaluated accurately using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) three-dimensional (3D) imaging, rather than conventional 2D radio-imaging. This article report a case of orthodontic management of impacted canine of a 13 years old boy where conventional 2D radio-imaging diagnosis are modified by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/updcj.v3i2.18002 Update Dent. Coll. j: 2013; 3 (2): 61-64
Structure and Function of the Bi-Directional Bacterial Flagellar Motor
Authors: Morimoto Yusuke , Minamino Tohru
Published: February 2014

The bacterial flagellum is a locomotive organelle that propels the bacterial cell body in liquid environments. The flagellum is a supramolecular complex composed of about 30 different proteins and consists of at least three parts: a rotary motor, a universal joint, and a helical filament. The flagellar motor of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica is powered by an inward-directed electrochemical potential difference of protons across the cytoplasmic membrane. The flagellar motor consists of a rotor made of FliF, FliG, FliM and FliN and a dozen stators consisting of MotA and MotB. FliG, FliM and FliN also act as a molecular switch, enabling the motor to spin in both counterclockwise and clockwise directions. Each stator is anchored to the peptidoglycan layer through the C-terminal periplasmic domain of MotB and acts as a proton channel to couple the proton flow through the channel with torque generation. Highly conserved charged residues at the rotor–stator interface are required not only for torque generation but also for stator assembly around the rotor. In this review, we will summarize our current understanding of the structure and function of the proton-driven bacterial flagellar motor.
The Influence of Loading Rate and Variable Temperatures on Microbial Communities in Anaerobic Digesters
Authors: Ciotola Richard , Martin Jay , Tamkin Abigail , Castańo Juan , Rosenblum James , Bisesi Michael , Lee Jiyoung
Published: February 2014

The relationship between seasonal temperatures, organic loading rate (OLR) and the structure of archaeal communities in anaerobic digesters was investigated. Previous studies have often assessed archaeal community structure at fixed temperatures and constant OLRs, or at variable temperatures not characteristic of temperate climates. The goal of this study was to determine the maximum OLR that would maintain a balanced microbial ecosystem during operation in a variable temperature range expected in a temperate climate (27–10 °C). Four-liter laboratory digesters were operated in a semi-continuous mode using dairy cow manure as the feedstock. At OLRs of 1.8 and 0.8 kg VS/m3·day the digesters soured (pH < 6.5) as a result of a decrease in temperature. The structure of the archaeal community in the sour digesters became increasingly similar to the manure feedstock with gains in the relative abundance of hydrogenotrophic methanogens. At an OLR of 0.3 kg VS/m3·day the digesters did not sour, but the archaeal community was primarily hydrogenotrophic methanogens. Recommendations for operating an ambient temperature digester year round in a temperate climate are to reduce the OLR to at least 0.3 kg VS/m3·day in colder temperatures to prevent a shift to the microbial community associated with the sour digesters.
Effect of Different Disinfection Protocols on Microbial and Biofilm Contamination of Dental Unit Waterlines in Community Dental Practices
Authors: Dallolio Laura , Scuderi Amalia , Rini Maria , Valente Sabrina , Farruggia Patrizia , Sabattini Maria , Pasquinelli Gianandrea , Acacci Anna , Roncarati Greta , Leoni Erica
Published: February 2014

Output water from dental unit waterlines (DUWLs) may be a potential source of infection for both dental healthcare staff and patients. This study compared the efficacy of different disinfection methods with regard to the water quality and the presence of biofilm in DUWLs. Five dental units operating in a public dental health care setting were selected. The control dental unit had no disinfection system; two were disinfected intermittently with peracetic acid/hydrogen peroxide 0.26% and two underwent continuous disinfection with hydrogen peroxide/silver ions (0.02%) and stabilized chlorine dioxide (0.22%), respectively. After three months of applying the disinfection protocols, continuous disinfection systems were more effective than intermittent systems in reducing the microbial contamination of the water, allowing compliance with the CDC guidelines and the European Council regulatory thresholds for drinking water. P. aeruginosa, Legionella spp, sulphite-reducing Clostridium spores, S. aureus and β-haemolytic streptococci were also absent from units treated with continuous disinfection. The biofilm covering the DUWLs was more extensive, thicker and more friable in the intermittent disinfection dental units than in those with continuous disinfection. Overall, the findings showed that the products used for continuous disinfection of dental unit waterlines showed statistically better results than the intermittent treatment products under the study conditions.
ScChi, Encoding an Acidic Class III Chitinase of Sugarcane, Confers Positive Responses to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses in Sugarcane
Authors: Su Yachun , Xu Liping , Fu Zhiwei , Yang Yuting , Guo Jinlong , Wang Shanshan , Que Youxiong
Published: February 2014

Chitinases (EC 3.2.2.14), expressed during the plant-pathogen interaction, are associated with plant defense against pathogens. In the present study, a positive correlation between chitinase activity and sugarcane smut resistance was found. ScChi (GenBank accession no. KF664180), a Class III chitinase gene, encoded a 31.37 kDa polypeptide, was cloned and identified. Subcellular localization revealed ScChi targeting to the nucleus, cytoplasm and the plasma membrane. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) results showed that ScChi was highly expressed in leaf and stem epidermal tissues. The ScChi transcript was both higher and maintained longer in the resistance cultivar during challenge with Sporisorium scitamineum. The ScChi also showed an obvious induction of transcription after treatment with SA (salicylic acid), H2O2, MeJA (methyl jasmonate), ABA (abscisic acid), NaCl, CuCl2, PEG (polyethylene glycol) and low temperature (4 °C). The expression levels of ScChi and six immunity associated marker genes were upregulated by the transient overexpression of ScChi. Besides, histochemical assay of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves overexpressing pCAMBIA 1301-ScChi exhibited deep DAB (3,3'-diaminobenzidinesolution) staining color and high conductivity, indicating the high level of H2O2 accumulation. These results suggest a close relationship between the expression of ScChi and plant immunity. In conclusion, the positive responses of ScChi to the biotic and abiotic stimuli reveal that this gene is a stress-related gene of sugarcane.
Dual Agent Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles Enhanced Antitumor Activity in a Multidrug-Resistant Breast Tumor Xenograft Model
Authors: Chen Yan , Zheng Xue-Lian , Fang Dai-Long , Yang Yang , Zhang Jin-Kun , Li Hui-Li , Xu Bei , Lei Yi , Ren Ke , Song Xiang-Rong
Published: February 2014

Multidrug-resistant breast cancers have limited and ineffective clinical treatment options. This study aimed to develop PLGA nanoparticles containing a synergistic combination of vincristine and verapamil to achieve less toxicity and enhanced efficacy on multidrug-resistant breast cancers. The 1:250 molar ratio of VCR/VRP showed strong synergism with the reversal index of approximately 130 in the multidrug-resistant MCF-7/ADR cells compared to drug-sensitive MCF-7 cells. The lyophilized nanoparticles could get dispersed quickly with the similar size distribution, zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency to the pre-lyophilized nanoparticles suspension, and maintain the synergistic in vitro release ratio of drugs. The co-encapsulated nanoparticle formulation had lower toxicity than free vincristine/verapamil combinations according to the acute-toxicity test. Furthermore, the most effective tumor growth inhibition in the MCF-7/ADR human breast tumor xenograft was observed in the co-delivery nanoparticle formulation group in comparison with saline control, free vincristine, free vincristine/verapamil combinations and single-drug nanoparticle combinations. All the data demonstrated that PLGANPs simultaneously loaded with chemotherapeutic drug and chemosensitizer might be one of the most potential formulations in the treatment of multidrug-resistant breast cancer in clinic.
Bacterial Cellular Engineering by Genome Editing and Gene Silencing
Authors: Nakashima Nobutaka , Miyazaki Kentaro
Published: February 2014

Genome editing is an important technology for bacterial cellular engineering, which is commonly conducted by homologous recombination-based procedures, including gene knockout (disruption), knock-in (insertion), and allelic exchange. In addition, some new recombination-independent approaches have emerged that utilize catalytic RNAs, artificial nucleases, nucleic acid analogs, and peptide nucleic acids. Apart from these methods, which directly modify the genomic structure, an alternative approach is to conditionally modify the gene expression profile at the posttranscriptional level without altering the genomes. This is performed by expressing antisense RNAs to knock down (silence) target mRNAs in vivo. This review describes the features and recent advances on methods used in genomic engineering and silencing technologies that are advantageously used for bacterial cellular engineering.
Comparison and Sensitivity Investigations of a CALM and SALM Type Mooring System for Wave Energy Converters
Authors: Pecher Arthur , Foglia Aligi , Kofoed Jens
Published: February 2014

A quasi-static analysis and sensitivity investigation of two different mooring configurations—a single anchor leg mooring (SALM) and a three-legged catenary anchor leg system (CALM)—is presented. The analysis aims to indicate what can be expected in terms of requirements for the mooring system size and stiffness. The two mooring systems were designed for the same reference load case, corresponding to a horizontal design load at the wave energy converter (WEC) of 2000 kN and a water depth of 30 m. This reference scenario seems to be representative for large WECs operating in intermediate water depths, such as Weptos, Wave Dragon and many others, including reasonable design safety factors. Around this reference scenario, the main influential parameters were modified in order to investigate their impact on the specifications of the mooring system, e.g. the water depth, the horizontal design load, and a mooring design parameter.
The Suppressive Activities of Six Sources of Medicinal Ferns Known as Gusuibu on Heat-Labile Enterotoxin-Induced Diarrhea
Authors: Chang Hung-Chi , Chen Jaw-Chyun , Yang Jiun-Long , Tsay Hsin-Sheng , Hsiang Chien-Yun , Ho Tin-Yun
Published: February 2014

Diarrheal disease is one of the most important worldwide health problems. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the most frequently isolated enteropathogen in diarrheal diseases. In developing countries, a very large number of people, especially children, suffer from diarrhea. To combat this problem, World Health Organization has constituted the Diarrhea Diseases Control Program which guides studies on traditional medicinal practices and preventive measures. Gusuibu, a traditional folk medicine, has been claimed to heal certain types of diarrhea. However, so far no scientific study has been carried out on the anti-diarrheal mechanism of Gusiubu. The present study was performed to examine the suppressive activities of ethanol extracts of six sources of folk medicinal ferns used as Gusuibu on heat-labile enterotoxin (LT)-induced diarrhea. Inhibitory effects of six sources were evaluated on the ETEC LT subunit B (LTB) and monosialotetrahexosylganglioside (GMI) interaction by GM1-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and patent mouse gut assay. Our results indicated that Drynaria fortunei had no anti-diarrheal effect, while, among the remaining five folk medicinal ferns, four belonging to family Davalliaceae had significant abilities on both the blocking of LTB and GM1 interaction and the inhibition of LT-induced diarrhea. In conclusion, these findings suggested the potential application of Gusuibu as an anti-diarrheal remedy.
Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Structure-Activity Relationships of New Quinoxaline Derivatives as Anti-Plasmodium falciparum Agents
Authors: Gil Ana , Pabón Adriana , Galiano Silvia , Burguete Asunción , Pérez-Silanes Silvia , Deharo Eric , Monge Antonio , Aldana Ignacio
Published: February 2014

We report the synthesis and antimalarial activities of eighteen quinoxaline and quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide derivatives, eight of which are completely novel. Compounds 1a and 2a were the most active against Plasmodium falciparum strains. Structure-activity relationships demonstrated the importance of an enone moiety linked to the quinoxaline ring.
An Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Moringa oleifera Lam. Inhibits Human Macrophage Cytokine Production Induced by Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Kooltheat Nateelak , Sranujit Rungnapa , Chumark Pilaipark , Potup Pachuen , Laytragoon-Lewin Nongnit , Usuwanthim Kanchana
Published: February 2014

Moringa oleifera Lam. (MO) has been reported to harbor anti-oxidation and anti-inflammatory activity and useful in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. However, despite these findings there has been little work done on the effects of MO on immune cellular function. Since macrophages, TNF and related cytokines play an important pathophysiologic role in lung damage induced by cigarette smoke, we examined the effects of MO on cigarette smoke extract (CSE)—induced cytokine production by human macrophages. An ethyl acetate fraction of MO (MOEF) was prepared from fresh leaves extract of Moringa and shown to consist of high levels of phenolic and antioxidant activities. Human monocyte derived macrophages (MDM) pre-treated with varying concentrations of MOEF showed decreased production of TNF, IL-6 and IL-8 in response to both LPS and CSE. The decrease was evident at both cytokine protein and mRNA levels. Furthermore, the extract inhibited the expression of RelA, a gene implicated in the NF-κB p65 signaling in inflammation. The findings highlight the ability of MOEF to inhibit cytokines (IL-8) which promote the infiltration of neutrophils into the lungs and others (TNF, IL-6) which mediate tissue disease and damage.
A Nine-Year Climatology of Arctic Sea Ice Lead Orientation and Frequency from AMSR-E
Authors: Bröhan David , Kaleschke Lars
Published: February 2014

We infer the fractional coverage of sea ice leads (as concentration) in the Arctic from Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (EOS) (AMSR-E) brightness temperatures. The lead concentration resolves leads of at least 3 km in width. We introduce a new algorithm based on the progressive probabilistic Hough transform to automatically infer lead positions and orientations from daily AMSR-E satellite observations. Because the progressive probabilistic Hough transform often detects an identical lead several times the algorithm clusters neighboring leads that belong to one lead position. A first comparison of automatically detected lead positions and orientations with manually detected lead positions and orientations reveals that 57% of the reference leads are correctly determined. Around 11% of automatically detected leads are located where no reference lead occurs. The automatically detected lead orientations are distributed slightly differently from the reference lead orientations. A second comparison of automatically detected leads in the Fram Strait to leads in a wide swath mode Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar scene shows a good agreement. We provide an Arctic-wide time series of lead orientations for winters from 2002 to 2011. For example, while a lead orientation of 110° with respect to the Greenwich meridian prevails in the Fram Strait, lead orientations in the Beaufort Sea are more isotropically distributed. We find significant preferred lead orientations almost everywhere in the Arctic Ocean when averaged over the entire AMSR-E time series.
Smart Materials Based on DNA Aptamers: Taking Aptasensing to the Next Level
Authors: Mastronardi Emily , Foster Amanda , Zhang Xueru , DeRosa Maria
Published: February 2014

“Smart” materials are an emerging category of multifunctional materials with physical or chemical properties that can be controllably altered in response to an external stimulus. By combining the standard properties of the advanced material with the unique ability to recognize and adapt in response to a change in their environment, these materials are finding applications in areas such as sensing and drug delivery. While the majority of these materials are responsive to physical or chemical changes, a particularly exciting area of research seeks to develop smart materials that are sensitive to specific molecular or biomolecular stimuli. These systems require the integration of a molecular recognition probe specific to the target molecule of interest. The ease of synthesis and labeling, low cost, and stability of DNA aptamers make them uniquely suited to effectively serve as molecular recognition probes in novel smart material systems. This review will highlight current work in the area of aptamer-based smart materials and prospects for their future applications.
Ultrasonic Multiple-Access Ranging System Using Spread Spectrum and MEMS Technology for Indoor Localization
Authors: Segers Laurent , Tiete Jelmer , Braeken An , Touhafi Abdellah
Published: February 2014

Indoor localization of persons and objects poses a great engineering challenge. Previously developed localization systems demonstrate the use of wideband techniques in ultrasound ranging systems. Direct sequence and frequency hopping spread spectrum ultrasound signals have been proven to achieve a high level of accuracy. A novel ranging method using the frequency hopping spread spectrum with finite impulse response filtering will be investigated and compared against the direct sequence spread spectrum. In the first setup, distances are estimated in a single-access environment, while in the second setup, two senders and one receiver are used. During the experiments, the micro-electromechanical systems are used as ultrasonic sensors, while the senders were implemented using field programmable gate arrays. Results show that in a single-access environment, the direct sequence spread spectrum method offers slightly better accuracy and precision performance compared to the frequency hopping spread spectrum. When two senders are used, measurements point out that the frequency hopping spread spectrum is more robust to near-far effects than the direct sequence spread spectrum.
Mapping and Evaluating the Urbanization Process in Northeast China Using DMSP/OLS Nighttime Light Data
Authors: Yi Kunpeng , Tani Hiroshi , Li Qiang , Zhang Jiquan , Guo Meng , Bao Yulong , Wang Xiufeng , Li Jing
Published: February 2014

In this paper, an Urban Light Index (ULI) is constructed to facilitate analysis and quantitative evaluation of the process of urbanization and expansion rate by using DMSP/OLS Nighttime Light Data during the years from 1992 to 2010. A unit circle urbanization evaluation model is established to perform a comprehensive analysis of the urbanization process of 34 prefecture-level cities in Northeast China. Furthermore, the concept of urban light space is put forward. In this study, urban light space is divided into four types: the core urban area, the transition zone between urban and suburban areas, suburban area and fluorescent space. Proceeding from the temporal and spatial variation of the four types of light space, the pattern of morphologic change and space-time evolution of the four principal cities in Northeast China (Harbin, Changchun, Shenyang, Dalian) is analyzed and given particular attention. Through a correlation analysis between ULI and the traditional urbanization indexes (urban population, proportion of the secondary and tertiary industries in the regional GDP and the built-up area), the advantages and disadvantages as well as the feasibility of using the ULI in the study of urbanization are evaluated. The research results show that ULI has a strong correlation with urban built-up area (R2 ＝ 0.8277). The morphologic change and history of the evolving urban light space can truly reflect the characteristics of urban sprawl. The results also indicate that DMSP/OLS Nighttime Light Data is applicable for extracting urban space information and has strong potential to urbanization research.
The Tetraspanin CD151 in Papillomavirus Infection
Authors: Scheffer Konstanze , Berditchevski Fedor , Florin Luise
Published: February 2014

Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are non-enveloped DNA tumor viruses that infect skin and mucosa. The most oncogenic subtype, HPV16, causes various types of cancer, including cervical, anal, and head and neck cancers. During the multistep process of infection, numerous host proteins are required for the delivery of virus genetic information into the nucleus of target cells. Over the last two decades, many host-cell proteins such as heparan sulfate proteoglycans, integrins, growth factor receptors, actin and the tetraspanin CD151 have been described to be involved in the process of infectious entry of HPV16. Tetraspanins have the ability to organize membrane microdomains and to directly influence the function of associated molecules, including binding of receptors to their ligands, receptor oligomerization and signal transduction. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on CD151, and CD151-associated partners during HPV infection and discuss the underlying mechanisms.
Real Time Estimation of the Calgary Floods Using Limited Remote Sensing Data
Authors: Schnebele Emily , Cervone Guido , Kumar Shamanth , Waters Nigel
Published: February 2014

Every year, flood disasters are responsible for widespread destruction and loss of human life. Remote sensing data are capable of providing valuable, synoptic coverage of flood events but are not always available because of satellite revisit limitations, obstructions from cloud cover or vegetation canopy, or expense. In addition, knowledge of road accessibility is imperative during all phases of a flood event. In June 2013, the City of Calgary experienced sudden and extensive flooding but lacked comprehensive remote sensing coverage. Using this event as a case study, this work illustrates how data from non-authoritative sources are used to augment traditional data and methods to estimate flood extent and identify affected roads during a flood disaster. The application of these data, which may have varying resolutions and uncertainities, provide an estimation of flood extent when traditional data and methods are lacking or incomplete. When flooding occurs over multiple days, it is possible to construct an estimate of the advancement and recession of the flood event. Non-authoritative sources also provide flood information at the micro-level, which can be difficult to capture from remote sensing data; however, the distibution and quantity of data collected from these sources will affect the quality of the flood estimations.
Impact of Darunavir, Atazanavir and Lopinavir Boosted with Ritonavir on Cultured Human Endothelial Cells: Beneficial Effect of Pravastatin
Authors: Auclair Martine , Afonso Pauline , Capel Emilie , Caron-Debarle Martine , Capeau Jacqueline
Published: February 2014

Background

HIV-infected patients administered long-term ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors (PIs) are at a greater risk for developing cardiovascular diseases. Endothelial dysfunction is an initiating event in HIV-associated atherosclerosis. Cultured endothelial cells can be used as a model to compare the endothelial toxicity of different PIs.

Methods

We compared the effect of darunavir (DRV), darunavir/ritonavir (DRV/r), lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) and atazanavir/ritonavir (ATV/r), used at clinically relevant concentrations, on human coronary artery endothelial cell vascular function, oxidative stress, inflammation and senescence, and studied the effect of pravastatin on PI-induced alterations.

Results

Vascular endothelial cell function, evaluated by the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and the production of nitric oxide and endothelin-1, was unaffected by DRV or DRV/r, but altered by LPV/r or ATV/r. DRV or DRV/r did not alter, or mildly induced oxidative stress and inflammation (phosphorylation of p65/RelA-NFκB, secretion of IL-6 and IL-8), while ATV/r and LPV/r induced a marked increase. Secretion of sICAM or sVCAM, indicative of altered cell integrity, was not or weakly altered by DRV or DRV/r, but increased by 2–3-fold by LPV/r or ATV/r. Similar results were observed regarding senescence markers: SA-β-galactosidase activation and overexpression of phospho-p53, p16ink4, p21WAF-1 and prelamin A. Pravastatin could, in part, reverse PI-induced adverse effects.

Conclusions

Ritonavir-boosted PIs differentially induced vascular endothelial cell dysfunction, reactive oxygen species production, inflammation and senescence with no effect or a mild effect of DRV/r, an intermediate effect of ATV/r, and a stronger effect of LPV/r. Statins could, in part, protect the cells from PI-induced endothelial dysfunction.
Sur les origines de la revendication proportionnelle
Authors: Ihl Olivier
Published: February 2014

Cet article s’efforce de montrer ce que peut apporter une lecture centrée sur la carrière des revendications proportionnalistes depuis le xix e siècle. L’idée est de faire droit aux processus concrets par lesquels la question du vote proportionnalisé est parvenu à devenir une représentation sociale puis une ingénierie de gouvernement. Ce qui est notamment une manière plus réaliste de rendre compte de la notion d’« influence » en matière de procédé électif. Au final, l’entrée en jeu de chaque nouvelle régulation électorale peut être étudiée par elle-même comme les réseaux et supports de diffusion, penseurs et écrits mobilisateurs, qui ont servi à construire la légitimité de chaque réforme électorale.
Efficacy of Bifidobacterium breve NCC2950 against DSS-induced colitis is dependent on bacterial preparation and timing of administration
Authors: Hayes C.L. , Natividad J.M.M. , Jury J. , Martin R. , Langella P. , Verdu E.F.
Published: February 2014

Probiotics have been proposed as a therapy for inflammatory bowel disease, but variations in strains, formulations, and protocols used in clinical trials have hindered the creation of guidelines for their use. Thus, preclinical insight into the mechanisms of specific probiotic strains and mode of administration would be useful to guide future clinical trial design. In this study, live, heat inactivated (HI), and spent culture medium preparations of the probiotic Bifidobacterium breve NCC2950 were administered to specific pathogen free C57BL/6 mice before or during colitis, as well as before colitis reactivation. Five days of 3.5% dextran sulphate sodium in drinking water was used to induce colitis. Pretreatment with live B. breve reduced disease severity, myeloperoxidase activity, microscopic damage, cytokine production, interleukin (IL)-12/IL-10 ratio, and lymphocyte infiltration in the colon. B. breve did not attenuate on-going colitis. After acute colitis, disease symptoms were normalised sooner with live and HI B. breve treatment; however, reactivation of colitis was not prevented. These findings indicate that the efficacy of a probiotic to modulate intestinal inflammation is dependent on the formulation as well as state of inflammation when administered. Overall, live B. breve was most efficacious in preventing acute colitis. Live and HI B. breve also promoted recovery from diarrhoea and colon bleeding after a bout of acute colitis.
Microbiota and epigenetic regulation of inflammatory mediators in type 2 diabetes and obesity
Authors: Remely M. , Aumueller E. , Jahn D. , Hippe B. , Brath H. , Haslberger A.G.
Published: February 2014

Metabolic syndrome is associated with alterations in the structure of the gut microbiota leading to low-grade inflammatory responses. An increased penetration of the impaired gut membrane by bacterial components is believed to induce this inflammation, possibly involving epigenetic alteration of inflammatory molecules such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs). We evaluated changes of the gut microbiota and epigenetic DNA methylation of TLR2 and TLR4 in three groups of subjects: type 2 diabetics under glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist therapy, obese individuals without established insulin resistance, and a lean control group. Clostridium cluster IV, Clostridium cluster XIVa, lactic acid bacteria, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Bacteroidetes abundances were analysed by PCR and 454 high-throughput sequencing. The epigenetic methylation in the regulatory region of TLR4 and TLR2 was analysed using bisulfite conversion and pyrosequencing. We observed a significantly higher ratio of Firmicutes/ Bacteroidetes in type 2 diabetics compared to lean controls and obese. Major differences were shown in lactic acid bacteria, with the highest abundance in type 2 diabetics, followed by obese and lean participants. In comparison, F. prausnitzii was least abundant in type 2 diabetics, and most abundant in lean controls. Methylation analysis of four CpGs in the first exon of TLR4 showed significantly lower methylation in obese individuals, but no significant difference between type 2 diabetics and lean controls. Methylation of seven CpGs in the promoter region of TLR2 was significantly lower in type 2 diabetics compared to obese subjects and lean controls. The methylation levels of both TLRs were significantly correlated with body mass index. Our data suggest that changes in gut microbiota and thus cell wall components are involved in the epigenetic regulation of inflammatory reactions. An improved diet targeted to induce gut microbial balance and in the following even epigenetic changes of pro-inflammatory genes may be effective in the prevention of metabolic syndrome.
A Nationwide Survey of Nurses’ Attitudes Toward Music Therapy and Their Need for Education in Its Application
Authors: Li Yin-Ming , Huang Chiung-Yu , Lai Hui-Ling , Hsieh Yuan-Mei
Published: February 2014

Background:

Music therapy is increasingly used to help heal patients. However, there is a significant gap in the literature about nurses’ attitudes toward and need for education in music therapy for nursing practice. This cross-sectional study was conducted to describe nurses’ attitudes toward music therapy and determine their need for education in music therapy.

Methods:

Participants included 1,197 nurses who were recruited from hospitals in different regions of Taiwan.

Results:

Participants expressed positive attitudes toward music therapy. Most participants were willing to learn about music therapy. “Skill in using musical instruments” was the most frequently identified educational need. Further study of the discrepancy between the attitudes toward “performing music therapy” and “learning music therapy” is needed to clarify why nurses expected that they would receive no support for attending music therapy education.

Conclusion:

Given participants’ attitudes toward music therapy and their motivation for learning, nursing administrators and educators may consider developing policies to further the advancement of music therapy in educational programs and practice.

J Contin Educ Nurs.
2013;44(12):544–552.
The Flipped Classroom for Professional Development: Part II. Making Podcasts and Videos
Authors: Smith Charlene M. , McDonald Katie
Published: February 2014

As described in Part I, podcasts and videos are educational technologies used to flip the classroom. This column describes the technology options for creating podcasts and videos and offers tips on developing podcasts and videos.

J Contin Educ Nurs
2013;44(11):486–487.