bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Circadian oscillators in eukaryotes
Authors: Jolma Ingunn W. , Laerum Ole Didrik , Lillo Cathrine , Ruoff Peter
Published: February 2010

The biological clock, present in nearly all eukaryotes, has evolved such that organisms can adapt to our planet's rotation in order to anticipate the coming day or night as well as unfavorable seasons. As all modern high‐precision chronometers, the biological clock uses oscillation as a timekeeping element. In this review, we describe briefly the discovery, historical development, and general properties of circadian oscillators. The issue of temperature compensation (TC) is discussed, and our present understanding of the underlying genetic and biochemical mechanisms in circadian oscillators are described with special emphasis on Neurospora crassa, mammals, and plants. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

This article is categorized under:

Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Cellular Models
Synthesis of a One‐dimensional Coordination Polymer Based on Copper(II) Nitrate and 1,2‐Bis(5‐monomethylhydrazinyl‐1H‐tetrazolyl)ethane
Authors: Kovacevic Luka S. , Klapötke Thomas M. , Sproll Stefan M.
Published: February 2010

A one‐dimensional coordination polymer based on copper(II) nitrate and 1,2‐bis(5‐monomethylhydrazinyl‐1H‐tetrazolyl)ethane as ligand was prepared. The thermal and physical stability was determined by differential scanning calorimetry and BAM methods. The polymer was investigated by vibrational spectroscopy and single X‐ray diffraction. Moreover, the ligand itself and the 1,2‐bis(1H‐tetrazolyl)ethane were characterized as energetic material by bomb calorimetric measurements along with calculations using the EXPLO5 software. Both compounds have moderate energetic properties along with a high thermal and physical stability. These findings render these compounds into promising environment friendly gas generating agents.
A New Polynuclear Copper‐Complex‐Substituted Tungstoarsenate(V)
Authors: Tong Ruizhan , Liu Bin , Xue Ganglin , Hu Huaiming , Fu Feng , Wang Jiwu
Published: February 2010

A new polynuclear copper‐complex‐substituted dimeric tungstoarsenate(V), H2[{Cu(2,2′‐bpy)}8(H2O)2(AsW9O34)2]·12H2O (1) (2,2′‐bpy = 2,2′‐bipydine), was synthesized hydrothermally and its structure was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The title compound has Ci symmetry and consists of two trilacunary Keggin anions [α‐AsW9O34]9– supported by eight copper complex cations. The compound was also characterized by IR and fluorescence spectroscopy, TG analysis, and magnetic measurements. The emission spectrum of the compound in solid‐state exhibits a redshift relative to those of Na8[A‐HAsW9O34]·11H2O and the free ligand 2,2′‐bpy. Magnetic measurements of the compound indicate competing ferro‐ and antiferromagnetic intramolecular coupling among the CuII atoms in the cluster anion.
Tetra(N,N′‐tetramethylharnstoff)‐Beryllium‐Triiodid, [Be(TMH)4](I3)2
Authors: Neumüller Bernhard , Dehnicke Kurt
Published: February 2010

Tetra(N,N′‐tetramethylurea)‐beryllium‐triiodide, [Be(TMU)4](I3)2 (1) was prepared from beryllium powder and iodine in N,N′‐tetramethylurea to give orange crystals, which were characterized by X‐ray diffraction and IR spectroscopy. Compound 1 crystallizes monoclinically in the space group C2/c with four formula units per unit cell. Lattice dimensions at 100(2) K: a = 1906.6(1), b = 1185.7(1), c = 1895.0(1) pm, β = 113.60(1) °, R1 = 0.0291. The structure of 1 consists of distorted tetrahedral cations [Be(TMU)4]2+ with Be–O bond lengths of 162.5(5) and 160.8(5) pm and triiodide ions without site symmetry.
Complex Borides RERu4B4 (RE = Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm) – Bonding Peculiarities and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Mishra Trinath , Eul Matthias , Matar Samir F. , Pöttgen Rainer
Published: February 2010

The rare earth borides RERu4B4 (RE = Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm) were synthesized from the elements by arc‐melting and their crystal structures were studied on the basis of X‐ray powder and single‐crystal diffraction: LuRu4B4 type, I41/acd, a = 747.47(8), c = 1506.4(3) pm, wR2 = 0.0579, 362 F2 values for CeRu4B4, a = 751.3(2), c = 1507.1(5) pm, wR2 = 0.0724, 471 F2 values for PrRu4B4, a = 751.0(2), c = 1506.9(6) pm, wR2 = 0.0598, 384 F2 values for NdRu4B4, and a = 749.1(1), c = 1506.0(3) pm, wR2 = 0.0759, 413 F2 values for SmRu4B4, with 18 variables per refinement. Striking structural motifs of the RERu4B4 structures are Ru4 tetrahedra and B2 dumbbells with Ru–Ru and B–B distances of 271 and 180 pm in CeRu4B4. The intermediate valence of cerium leads to shorter Ce–Ru distances of 292 pm. CeRu4B4 behaves like a Pauli paramagnet with a small room temperature susceptibility of 1.5 × 10–4 emu·mol–1. Chemical bonding analyses shows substantial Ru–B and B–B bonding within the [Ru4B4] substructure.
Unnecessary Gastric Decompression in Distal Elective Bowel Anastomoses in Children: A Randomized Study
Authors: Davila‐Perez Roberto , Bracho‐Blanchet Eduardo , Tovilla‐Mercado Jose Manuel , Hernandez‐Plata Jose Alejandro , Reyes‐Lopez Alfonso , Nieto‐Zermeño Jaime
Published: February 2010

Background

The goal of this study was to investigate the role of nasogastric drainage in preventing postoperative complications in children with distal elective bowel anastomosis. Nasogastric drainage has been used as a routine measure after gastrointestinal surgery in children and adults to hasten bowel function, prevent postoperative complications, and shorten hospital stay. However, there has been no study that shows in a scientific manner the benefit of nasogastric drainage in children.

Methods

We performed a clinical, controlled, randomized trial comprising 60 children who underwent distal elective bowel anastomoses and compared postoperative complications between a group with nasogastric tube in place (n = 29) and one without it (n = 31).

Results

Demographic data and diagnoses were comparable in both groups (P = NS). No anastomotic leaks or enterocutaneous fistulae were found in any patient. There were no significant differences between the two groups with respect to abdominal distension, infection, or hospital stay. Only one patient in the experimental group required placement of the nasogastric tube due to persistent abdominal distension (3.2%).

Conclusions

The routine use of nasogastric drainage after distal elective intestinal surgery in children can be eliminated. Its use should depend on the individual patient’s situation.
Physicochemical Properties of Lipase‐Catalyzed Interesterified Fat Containing α‐Linolenic Acid
Authors: Shin Jung‐Ah , Akoh C. C. , Lee Ki‐Teak
Published: February 2010

Two substrate blends (8:6:6 and 6:6:9, by weight) of anhydrous butterfat (ABF), palm stearin (PS), and flaxseed oil (FSO) were interesterified by immobilized lipases. The reaction was carried out in the absence of solvent at 60 °C for 24 h in a 1‐L tank stirred‐batch type reactor. In terms of equivalent carbon number (ECN) of triacylglycerol (TAG), the areas of ECN 36‐38 (from FSO) and ECN 48‐50 (from PS) decreased during the interesterification while ECN 42–46 increased with increasing reaction time. As interesterification time increased, the decreased enthalpy (ΔH), peak temperature (TP) and transition range were observed. After short path distillation, interesterified fat (IF) was produced in which α‐linolenic acid contents (ALn, mol%) of the 8:6:6 and 6:6:9 IF were 15.7 and 21.7%, respectively. Tocopherol, cholesterol and phytosterol contents in each IF were significantly reduced after short path distillation. In this study, hardness of 6:6:9 IF and 8:6:6 IF were 217 and 800 g/cm2, respectively. After interesterification, short spacing at 4.6 Å disappeared or weakened, indicating that the predominant polymorphic form had changed from the β form to the desirable crystalline structure of the β′ form.
Plasma Protein Biomarkers Correlated with the Development of Diet-Induced Type 2 Diabetes in Mice
Authors: Okada Shigeru , List Edward O. , Sankaran Sudha , Kopchick John J.
Published: February 2010

Introduction

Early detection, assessment of disease progression, and application of an appropriate therapeutic intervention are all important for the care of patients with type 2 diabetes. Currently, however, there is no simple test for early detection of type 2 diabetes. Established diagnostic tests for the disease including oral glucose tolerance, fasting blood glucose, and hemoglobin A1c are relatively late markers where the disease has already progressed. Since blood is in direct contact with many tissues, we hypothesized that pathological tissue changes are likely to be reflected in proteomic profiles of plasma.

Methods

Mice were reared either on regular chow or a high-fat diet at weaning and several physiological responses (i.e., weight, fasting plasma glucose and insulin, and glucose tolerance) were monitored at regular time intervals. Plasma was collected at regular intervals for proteomic analysis by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and subsequent mass spectrometry.

Results

Onset of hyperinsulinemia with corresponding glucose intolerance was observed in 2 weeks and fasting blood glucose levels rose significantly after 4 weeks on the high-fat diet. Many proteins were found to exist in multiple forms (isoforms). Levels of some isoforms including plasma retinol binding protein, transthyretin, Apolipoprotein A1, and kininogen showed significant changes as early as 4 weeks which coincided with the very early development of glucose intolerance.

Conclusions

These results show that a proteomic approach to study the development of type 2 diabetes may uncover unknown early post-translationally modified diagnostic and/or therapeutic protein targets.
BS69 cooperates with TRAF3 in the regulation of Epstein–Barr virus‐derived LMP1/CTAR1‐induced NF‐κB activation
Authors: Ikeda Osamu , Miyasaka Yuto , Yoshida Ryuji , Mizushima Akihiro , Oritani Kenji , Sekine Yuichi , Kuroda Makoto , Yasui Teruhito , Fujimuro Masahiro , Muromoto Ryuta , Nanbo Asuka , Matsuda Tadashi
Published: February 2010

MINT‐7556622: TRAF2 (uniprotkb:Q12933) physically interacts (MI:0915) with BS69 (uniprotkb:Q15326) by anti tag coimmunoprecipitation (MI:0007)
Current knowledge of the pre‐autophagosomal structure (PAS)
Authors: Suzuki Kuninori , Ohsumi Yoshinori
Published: February 2010

Autophagy is a system for degradation of bulk cellular components in lytic compartments, vacuoles, or lysosomes when eukaryotic cells face with nutrient starvation. In this review, we focus on the pre‐autophagosomal structure (PAS), a functional entity responsible for autophagosome formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and discuss its relevance to autophagy in mammalian cells.
Origen: Contra Celsum
Authors: Origen
Published: February 2010

Few works of the early Church are as interesting to the modern reader or as important to the historian as Origen's reply to the attack on Christianity made by the pagan Celsus. The Contra Celsum is the culmination of the great apologetic movement of the second and third centuries AD, and is for the Greek Church what St Augustine's City of God is for Western Christendom. It is also one of the chief monuments of the coming together of ancient Greek culture and the new faith of the expanding Christian society. Thus Origen's work is of interest not only to the historian and theologian, but also to the hellenist. Professor Chadwick's English translation is preceded by a substantial introduction which includes discussion on Celsus' date, identity and theological outlook, as well as an account of Origen's philosophical background and method. The notes elucidate the many obscure allusions of a difficult text.
Philosophy and Biblical Interpretation
Authors: Addinall Peter
Published: February 2010

This study explores the nature of the conflict between science and religion. It shows through a detailed examination of this conflict as it was manifested in nineteenth-century Britain that religion and science, properly understood, cannot co-exist in mutual harmony. The legacy of their conflict in the last century has been passed on to the twentieth century, greatly to the detriment of religious belief. It is the author's contention that a return to the essentials of Kant's critical philosophy would lay bare the profound differences between religious and scientific approaches to the world, and the nature of the choice to be made between them. In its effort to demarcate the outlines of a genuine biblical theology (and to articulate the proper procedures for producing one) the book casts light on important questions of biblical interpretation, and demands a radical reassessment of the meaning of science for society.
Miguel Angel Asturias's Archeology of Return
Authors: Prieto Reni
Published: February 2010

Miguel Angel Asturias (1899–1974) is one of the notable literary figures in Latin America who in the 1920s contrived both to explore and to define Latin literature within the mainstream of Western history. He managed to be poetic, political and mythological at the same time, and with a degree of synthesis rarely achieved then or since. As is the case with many Latin American writers, his work is inextricably linked with politics, and he lived in exile for many years. He was influenced by Indian mythology, fantasy and Surrealism and was the first Latin American novelist to understand the implications of anthropology and structural linguistics for culture and for fiction. René Prieto examines how Miguel Angel Asturias turns to the cultural traditions of the ancient Maya and combines them with the rhetoric of surrealism in order to produce three highly complex and widely misunderstood masterpieces; the Leyendas de Guatemala (1930), Hombres de maiz (1949) and Mulata de tal (1963). Asturias is the first American author to succeed in portraying an indigenous world vision that is blatantly non-Western.
Human Territorial Functioning
Authors: Taylor Ralph B.
Published: February 2010

'Territorial functioning' refers to an interlocked system of sentiments, cognitions, and behaviors that are highly place-specific, and socially and culturally determined and maintaining. In this book, Ralph Taylor explores the consequences of human territorial functioning for individuals, small groups, and the ecological systems in which they operate. His exploration is illuminated by his evolutionary perspective, and grounded in empirical studies by social scientists and in theoretical work on the evolution of social and spatial behaviors. He systematically reviews the related research and theory, and indicates the importance of territorial functioning to current social and environmental problems. Contrary to popular wisdom, he argues that territorial functioning is relevant only to limited locations, such as street blocks, and not to neighborhoods or nation states, and that it reduces conflicts and helps maintain settings and groups. His theoretically focused examination of all that has been discovered about human territorial functioning will interest a wide variety of environmental psychologists and designers, urban sociologists, social psychologists, planners, and ethologists, and their students.
Routes to Child Language
Authors: Blake Joanna
Published: February 2010

A remarkable case study based on a detailed comparison of non-human primates and human infants brings together key abilities that provide the foundation for language. This link makes the case for phylogenetic continuity across species and ontogenetic continuity from infancy to childhood. Examined here are the fundamental aspects of language acquisition, such as vocalizations, mapping of meaning on to sound, use of gestures to communicate and to symbolize, tool use, object concept and memory. This volume goes a step further to analyse the similarities and differences across species, and how these influence the evolution of language. The author provides evidence linking abilities associated with language acquisition and describes fascinating hypotheses about the origins of language.
Principles of Cost-Benefit Analysis for Developing Countries
Authors: Dinwiddy Caroline L. , Teal Francis J.
Published: February 2010

In this distinctive 1996 book the authors combine an introduction to welfare economics, a discussion of project appraisal principles in developing countries and a survey of the cost-benefit problems raised by externalities, risk and the environment. There are references throughout to contemporary research work in developing economics, and a number of important development policy issues, such as trade reform, commodity price stabilization and the rate of exploitation of natural resources, are considered within a unified cost-benefit framework. A particular feature is the use at an elementary level of general equilibrium models which extend the analysis beyond the limits of the well known partial measures of producer and consumer surplus. The book is primarily intended for courses in development economics, but will also be of interest to students of public policy, both in teaching and administration.
The Politics of Social Solidarity
Authors: Baldwin Peter
Published: February 2010

This book examines the social bases of the European welfare state, and the interests developed in or against social policy by various classes of society, during the period 1875–1975 in Britain, France, Germany, Denmark and Sweden. By analysing the competing concerns of different social factors that lie behind the evolution of social policy, it explains why some nations have had an easy time in developing a generous and solidaristic welfare state while others fought long and entrenched battles. In particular, the book examines the period after the Second World War and looks in detail at the stake developed by the bourgeoisie in welfare policies. By casting its net across five nations and virtually a whole century, the book attempts to establish a broad logic of interest behind the welfare state on the basis of a very extensive range of archival material.
Rediscoveries and Reformulations
Authors: Alker Hayward R.
Published: February 2010

This book provides a distinctive and rich conception of methodology within international studies. From a rereading of the works of leading Western thinkers about international studies, Hayward Alker rediscovers a 'neo-Classical' conception of international relations which is both humanistic and scientific. He draws on the work of classical authors such as Aristotle and Thucydides; modern writers like Machiavelli, Vico, Marx, Weber, Deutsch and Bull; and post-modern writers like Havel, Connolly and Toulmin. The central challenge addressed is how to integrate 'positivist' or 'falsificationist' research styles within humanistic or interpretive ones. The author argues that appropriate, philosophically informed reformulations of conventional statistical and game-theoretic analyses are possible, and describes a number of humanistic methodologies for international relations, including argumentation analysis, narrative modeling, computational models of political understanding and reconstructive analysis.
Noisy Information and Computational Complexity
Authors: Plaskota Leszek
Published: February 2010

In this volume, which was originally published in 1996, noisy information is studied in the context of computational complexity; in other words the text deals with the computational complexity of mathematical problems for which information is partial, noisy and priced. The author develops a general theory of computational complexity of continuous problems with noisy information and gives a number of applications; deterministic as well as stochastic noise is considered. He presents optimal algorithms, optimal information, and complexity bounds in different settings: worst case, average case, mixed worst-average and average-worst, and asymptotic. The book integrates the work of researchers in such areas as computational complexity, approximation theory and statistics, and includes many fresh results as well. About two hundred exercises are supplied with a view to increasing the reader's understanding of the subject. The text will be of interest to professional computer scientists, statisticians, applied mathematicians, engineers, control theorists, and economists.
Hegel, Literature, and the Problem of Agency
Authors: Speight Allen
Published: February 2010

Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit has attracted much attention recently from philosophers, but none of the existing English-language books on the text addresses one of the most difficult questions the book raises: Why does the Phenomenology make such rich and provocative use of literary works and genres? Allen Speight's bold contribution to the debate on the work of Hegel argues that behind Hegel's extraordinary appeal to literature in the Phenomenology lies a philosophical project concerned with understanding human agency in the modern world. It shows that Hegel looked to three literary genres - tragedy, comedy, and the Romantic novel - as offering privileged access to three moments of human agency: retrospectivity, theatricality, and forgiveness. Taking full account of the authors whom Hegel himself refers to (Sophocles, Diderot, Schlegel, Jacobi), Allen Speight has written a book with a broad appeal to both philosophers and literary theorists.
Religion, Theology and the Human Sciences
Authors: Roberts Richard H.
Published: February 2010

Religion, Theology and the Human Sciences explores the religious consequences of the so-called 'end of history' and 'triumph of capitalism' as they have impinged upon key institutions of social reproduction in recent times. The book explores the imposition of managerial modernity upon successive sectors of society and shows why many people today feel themselves to be oppressed by systems of management that seem to leave them no option but to conform. This culture has spread through education, health and social services and has been welcomed by the churches. Richard Roberts seeks to challenge and outflank such seamless, oppressive modernity, through reconfiguration of the religious and spiritual field. This volume will be of use to a range of students in humanities and social sciences (particularly theology and the sociology of religion) and should become standard reading for those concerned with the practical application of contemporary theology in a postmodern world.
The Mind of the Master Class
Authors: Fox-Genovese Elizabeth , Genovese Eugene D.
Published: February 2010

The Mind of the Master Class tells of America's greatest historical tragedy. It presents the slaveholders as men and women, a great many of whom were intelligent, honorable, and pious. It asks how people who were admirable in so many ways could have presided over a social system that proved itself an enormity and inflicted horrors on their slaves. The South had formidable proslavery intellectuals who participated fully in transatlantic debates and boldly challenged an ascendant capitalist ('free-labor') society. Blending classical and Christian traditions, they forged a moral and political philosophy designed to sustain conservative principles in history, political economy, social theory, and theology, while translating them into political action. Even those who judge their way of life most harshly have much to learn from their probing moral and political reflections on their times - and ours - beginning with the virtues and failings of their own society and culture.
MCQ Companion to Applied Radiological Anatomy
Authors: Doss Arockia , Bull Matthew J. , Sprigg Alan , Griffiths Paul D.
Published: February 2010

This revision aid will be of great practical benefit to all radiology trainees studying for their professional examinations. The carefully structured questions and answers will enable trainees to undertake a systematic assessment of their knowledge, as well as highlighting areas where additional revision is required. Developed to complement its highly illustrated parent text, Applied Radiological Anatomy, both books can be used together or independently of one another. The choice of questions are relevant and useful for radiology trainees world-wide.
Introduction to Computer-Intensive Methods of Data Analysis in Biology
Authors: Roff Derek A.
Published: February 2010

This 2006 guide to the contemporary toolbox of methods for data analysis will serve graduate students and researchers across the biological sciences. Modern computational tools, such as Maximum Likelihood, Monte Carlo and Bayesian methods, mean that data analysis no longer depends on elaborate assumptions designed to make analytical approaches tractable. These new 'computer-intensive' methods are currently not consistently available in statistical software packages and often require more detailed instructions. The purpose of this book therefore is to introduce some of the most common of these methods by providing a relatively simple description of the techniques. Examples of their application are provided throughout, using real data taken from a wide range of biological research. A series of software instructions for the statistical software package S-PLUS are provided along with problems and solutions for each chapter.
Resource Allocation for Wireless Networks
Authors: Han Zhu , Liu K. J. Ray
Published: February 2010

Do you need to improve wireless system performance? Learn how to maximise the efficient use of resources with this systematic and authoritative account of wireless resource management. Basic concepts, optimization tools and techniques, and application examples, are thoroughly described and analysed, providing a unified framework for cross-layer optimization of wireless networks. State-of-the-art research topics and emerging applications, including dynamic resource allocation, cooperative networks, ad hoc/personal area networks, UWB, and antenna array processing, are examined in depth. If you are involved in the design and development of wireless networks, as a researcher, graduate student or professional engineer, this is a must-have guide to getting the best possible performance from your network.
Verdi: Requiem
Authors: Rosen David
Published: February 2010

Verdi's Messa da Requiem is one of the most frequently performed works of the choral repertoire, and one of Verdi's most important non-operatic works. This new handbook offers an up-to-date account of the work's genesis, its performance history, and issues regarding performing practice. The central chapters provide a descriptive analysis of the work, while exploring some of the critical issues raised by individual sections, such as Verdi's interpretation of the text, his reactions to previous Requiems by Mozart and Berlioz, as well as the reception of his Requiem by critics. Subsequent chapters discuss some of the most important changes and revisions Verdi made in fashioning the Requiem. The author's final discussions investigate two critical issues: the work's unità musicale, and the central issue in its reception history, its generic status and the extent to which the Requiem is operatic.
The Quantum Theory of Motion
Authors: Holland Peter R.
Published: February 2010

This book presents the first, comprehensive exposition of the interpretation of quantum mechanics pioneered by Louis de Broglie and David Bohm. The purpose is to explain how quantum processes may be visualized without ambiguity or confusion, in terms of a simple physical model. Developing the theme that a material system, such as an electron, is a particle guided by a surrounding quantum wave, an examination of the classic phenomena of quantum theory is presented to show how the spacetime orbits of an ensemble of particles can reproduce the statistical quantum predictions. The mathematical and conceptual aspects of this theory are developed carefully from first principles. The book thus provides a comprehensive overview of an approach which brings clarity to a subject notorious for its conceptual difficulties. It will, therefore, appeal to all physicists with an interest in the foundations of their subject.
The Science of Crystallization
Authors: Tiller William A.
Published: February 2010

This book, together with its companion volume The Science of Crystallization: Microscopic Interfacial Phenomena, make up a complete course that will teach an advanced student how to understand and analyse scientifically any of the phenomena that are observed during natural or technological crystallization from any medium and via any technique. It is an advanced text that goes into considerable detail concerning the many elements of knowledge needed to understand both quantitatively and qualitatively a crystallization event. Both the present book and its companion volume are sufficiently broad to provide the scientific basis necessary to address any area of application. The book and its companion can be used independently of each other, and together they provide the basis for advanced courses on crystallization in departments of materials science, metallurgy, electrical engineering, geology, chemistry, chemical engineering and physics. In addition the books will be invaluable to scientists and engineers in the solid state electronics, optoelectronics, metallurgical and chemical industries involved in any form of crystallization and thin film formation.
The Psychology of Associative Learning
Authors: Shanks David R.
Published: February 2010

It is hard to think of any significant aspect of our lives that is not influenced by what we have learned in the past. Of fundamental importance is our ability to learn the ways in which events are related to one another, called associative learning. This book provides a fresh look at associative learning theory and reviews extensively the advances made over the last twenty years. The Psychology of Associative Learning begins by establishing that the human associative learning system is rational in the sense that it accurately represents event relationships. David Shanks goes on to consider the informational basis of learning, in terms of the memorisation of instances, and discusses at length the application of connectionist models to human learning. The book concludes with an evaluation of the role of rule induction in associative learning. This will be essential reading for graduate students and final year undergraduates of psychology.
The New Anthropomorphism
Authors: Kennedy John S.
Published: February 2010

In this 1992 book, John Kennedy's point is that explicit anthropomorphism was well-nigh killed by fierce criticism from the radical Behaviourists, but that we have to recognize that today there is a new anthropomorphism which is much harder to avoid because it is unintended and largely unconscious. For that reason even those who if they were asked would firmly reject anthropomorphism nevertheless unwittingly slip into it from time to time. This book contains nineteen essays on behavioural concepts which have seldom been identified as anthropomorphic but in fact bear that connotation and lead to mistakes. Some of these, such as search images in birds and the learning of grammatical language by apes, have been seen through as errors after a time. A greater number, such as efference copy, goal-directedness, cognition and suffering in animals, are still current though not yet regarded as erroneous. The final chapter outlines things we can do to minimise the damage it does to the causal analysis of animal behaviour.
Representations and Cohomology
Authors: Benson D. J.
Published: February 2010

This is the first of two volumes which will provide an introduction to modern developments in the representation theory of finite groups and associative algebras. The subject is viewed from the perspective of homological algebra and the theory of representations of finite dimensional algebras; the author emphasises modular representations and the homological algebra associated with their categories. This volume is self-contained and independent of its successor, being primarily concerned with the exposition of the necessary background material. The heart of the book is a lengthy introduction to the (Auslander–Reiten) representation theory of finite dimensional algebras, in which the techniques of quivers with relations and almost split sequences are discussed in detail.
Much of the material presented here has never appeared in book form. Consequently students and research workers studying group theory and indeed algebra in general will be grateful to Dr Benson for supplying an exposition of a good deal of the essential results of modern representation theory.
Moral Realism and the Foundations of Ethics
Authors: Brink David Owen
Published: February 2010

This book is a systematic and constructive treatment of a number of traditional issues at the foundation of ethics, the possibility and nature of moral knowledge, the relationship between the moral point of view and a scientific or naturalistic world view, the nature of moral value and obligation, and the role of morality in a person's rational life plan. In striking contrast to many traditional authors and to other recent writers in the field, David Brink offers an integrated defense of the objectivity of ethics.
The First-Person Perspective and Other Essays
Authors: Shoemaker Sydney
Published: February 2010

Sydney Shoemaker is one of the most influential philosophers currently writing on philosophy of mind and metaphysics. The essays in this collection deal with the way in which we know our own minds, and with the nature of those mental states of which we have our most direct conscious awareness. Professor Shoemaker opposes the 'inner sense' conception of introspective self-knowledge. He defends the view that perceptual and sensory states have non-representational features - 'qualia' - that determine what it is like to have them. Amongst the other topics covered are the unity of consciousness, and the idea that the 'first-person perspective' gives a privileged route to philosophical understanding of the nature of mind. This major collection is sure to prove invaluable to all advanced students of the philosophy of mind and cognitive science.
Hegel's Social Philosophy
Authors: Hardimon Michael O.
Published: February 2010

This book provides an authoritative account of Hegel's social philosophy at a level that presupposes no specialised knowledge of the subject. Hegel's social theory is designed to reconcile the individual with the modern social world. Michael Hardimon explores the concept of reconciliation in detail and discusses Hegel's views on the relationship between individuality and social membership, and on the family, civil society, and the state. The book is an important addition to the string of major studies of Hegel published by Cambridge. It will interest a broad swathe of readers in philosophy, (both students and specialists), and could be used in courses on political and social theory.
Design with Energy
Authors: Littler John , Thomas Randall
Published: February 2010

Originating from their work at Cambridge University on the design of energy efficient homes in Northern Europe, the authors consider the site constructions, building designs, available renewable energy sources, and servicing systems in different types of low energy houses.
Language and the Declining World in Chaucer, Dante, and Jean de Meun
Authors: Fyler John M.
Published: February 2010

Medieval commentaries on the origin and history of language used biblical history, from Creation to the Tower of Babel, as their starting-point, and described the progressive impairment of an originally perfect language. Biblical and classical sources raised questions for both medieval poets and commentators about the nature of language, its participation in the Fall, and its possible redemption. John M. Fyler focuses on how three major poets - Chaucer, Dante, and Jean de Meun - participated in these debates about language. He offers fresh analyses of how the history of language is described and debated in the Divine Comedy, the Canterbury Tales and the Roman de la Rose. While Dante follows the Augustinian idea of the Fall and subsequent redemption of language, Jean de Meun and Chaucer are skeptical about the possibilities for linguistic redemption and resign themselves, at least half-comically, to the linguistic implications of the Fall and the declining world.
Exact Space-Times in Einstein's General Relativity
Authors: Griffiths Jerry B. , Podolský Jiří
Published: February 2010

Einstein's theory of general relativity is a theory of gravity and, as in the earlier Newtonian theory, much can be learnt about the character of gravitation and its effects by investigating particular idealised examples. This book describes the basic solutions of Einstein's equations with a particular emphasis on what they mean, both geometrically and physically. Concepts such as big bang and big crunch-types of singularities, different kinds of horizons and gravitational waves, are described in the context of the particular space-times in which they naturally arise. These notions are initially introduced using the most simple and symmetric cases. Various important coordinate forms of each solution are presented, thus enabling the global structure of the corresponding space-time and its other properties to be analysed. The book is an invaluable resource both for graduate students and academic researchers working in gravitational physics.
Second Language Listening
Authors: Flowerdew John , Miller Lindsay
Published: February 2010

This book combines up-to-date listening theory with case studies of actual pedagogical practice.

The paperback edition combines up-to-date listening theory with case studies of actual pedagogical practice. As an essential part of communicative competence, listening is a skill, which deserves equal treatment with the other basic skills of speaking, reading, and writing. The authors describe current models of listening theory and exemplify each with a textbook task. They address the role of technology in teaching listening, questioning techniques, and testing. This text is designed for use with both pre-service and in-service teachers who are involved in the teaching of listening or the design of pedagogic materials for listening.
Bimonads and Hopf monads on categories
Authors: Mesablishvili Bachuki , Wisbauer Robert
Published: February 2010

The purpose of this paper is to develop a theory of bimonads and Hopf monads on arbitrary categories thus providing the possibility to transfer the essentials of the theory of Hopf algebras in vector spaces to more general settings. There are several extensions of this theory to monoidal categories which in a certain sense follow the classical trace. Here we do not pose any conditions on our base category but we do refer to the monoidal structure of the category of endofunctors on any category and by this we retain some of the combinatorial complexity which makes the theory so interesting. As a basic tool we use distributive laws between monads and comonads (entwinings) on : we define a bimonad on as an endofunctor B which is a monad and a comonad with an entwining λ : BB → BB satisfying certain conditions. This λ is also employed to define the category of (mixed) B-bimodules. In the classical situation, an entwining λ is derived from the twist map for vector spaces. Here this need not be the case but there may exist special distributive laws τ : BB → BB satisfying the Yang-Baxter equation (local prebraidings) which induce an entwining λ and lead to an extension of the theory of braided Hopf algebras.

An antipode is defined as a natural transformation S : B → B with special properties. For categories with limits or colimits and bimonads B preserving them, the existence of an antipode is equivalent to B inducing an equivalence between and the category of B-bimodules. This is a general form of the Fundamental Theorem of Hopf algebras.

Finally we observe a nice symmetry: If B is an endofunctor with a right adjoint R, then B is a (Hopf) bimonad if and only if R is a (Hopf) bimonad. Thus a k-vector space H is a Hopf algebra if and only if Homk(H,−) is a Hopf bimonad. This provides a rich source for Hopf monads not defined by tensor products and generalises the well-known fact that a finite dimensional k-vector space H is a Hopf algebra if and only if its dual H* = Homk(H,k) is a Hopf algebra. Moreover, we obtain that any set G is a group if and only if the functor Map(G,−) is a Hopf monad on the category of sets.
Electron diffraction chez Thomson: early responses to quantum physics in Britain
Authors: NAVARRO JAUME
Published: February 2010

In 1927, George Paget Thomson, professor at the University of Aberdeen, obtained photographs that he interpreted as evidence for electron diffraction. These photographs were in total agreement with de Broglie's principle of wave–particle duality, a basic tenet of the new quantum wave mechanics. His experiments were an initially unforeseen spin-off from a project he had started in Cambridge with his father, Joseph John Thomson, on the study of positive rays. This paper addresses the scientific relationship between the Thomsons, father and son, as well as the influence that the institutional milieu of Cambridge had on the early work of the latter. Both Thomsons were trained in the pedagogical tradition of classical physics in the Cambridge Mathematical Tripos, and this certainly influenced their understanding of quantum physics and early quantum mechanics. In this paper, I analyse the responses of both father and son to the photographs of electron diffraction: a confirmation of the existence of the ether in the former, and a partial embrace of some ideas of the new quantum mechanics in the latter.
Mathematical modelling of energy expenditure during tissue deposition
Authors: Hall Kevin D.
Published: February 2010

Predicting the magnitude and rate of weight gain for a given increase of energy intake requires a model of whole-body energy expenditure that includes the energy cost of tissue deposition. Here, I introduce a mathematical framework for modelling energy expenditure that elucidates conceptual problems with the classical Kielanowski method for estimating the efficiencies of body fat and protein deposition. An alternative approach uses the theoretical biochemical efficiencies for protein and fat synthesis in combination with models of energy expenditure that include body fat and protein turnover costs. I illustrate this alternative approach using a simple mathematical model applied to previously published data from growing rats and human infants and compare the simple model results with the classical Kielanowski model. While both models fit the data reasonably well (R2>0·87 in rats and R2>0·67 in infants), the Kielanowski method resulted in parameter estimates that varied widely across experiments, had poor precision, and occasionally produced efficiency estimates greater than 1. In contrast, the new method provided precise parameter values and revealed consistencies across different experiments. The proposed mathematical framework has implications for interpreting studies of animal nutrition as well as providing a roadmap for future modelling efforts.
Muriel Rukeyser, America, and the “Melville Revival”
Authors: GANDER CATHERINE
Published: February 2010

Whilst Muriel Rukeyser's poetic affinity with Walt Whitman is generally acknowledged, the close relation of her work and poetic sensibility to the thought and writing of Herman Melville has somehow gone relatively unnoticed, and almost wholly unexamined. In 1918, Van Wyck Brooks called for the creation of a usable past that would energize America by recasting its cultural tradition. His plea addressed the need to rebuild a national heritage via the rediscovery of culturally “great” figures. By the late 1930s, many scholars and writers had answered the call, and the new discipline of American studies was beginning to take shape, aided by a reclamation of one of the country's greatest, most neglected, writers – Herman Melville. This was also the period in which Rukeyser “came of age”; a time when political and international conflicts and economic crises generated both the stark, documentary representation of present social realities and the drive to retrieve or reconstruct a more golden age that might mobilize a dislocated nation. The following article examines the importance of Melville to Rukeyser's work, and situates her within the “Melville revival” as an important figure in the movement throughout the first half of the twentieth century to reconstruct an American cultural character.
‘Who are we to judge?’ – On the Proportionment of Happiness to Virtue
Authors: Williams Garrath
Published: February 2010

The claim that happiness and virtue ought to be proportionate to one another has often been expressed in the idea of a future world of divine justice, despite many moral difficulties with this idea. This paper argues that human efforts to enact such a proportionment are, ironically, justified by the same reasons that make the idea of divine justice seem so problematic. Moralists have often regarded our frailty and fallibility as reasons for abstaining from the judgment of others; and doubts about our deserving some proportionment of happiness or unhappiness often arise insofar as virtue and vice may be explained on a causal basis. This paper argues that our fallibility and our susceptibility to social influence render judgment and response indispensable, because – given these characteristics – our actions and responses decide the morality that we actually share with one another. In this situation, to ‘judge not’ is to abandon the field to those with no such scruples.
Can Theoretical Underdetermination support the Indeterminacy of Translation? Revisiting Quine's ‘Real Ground’
Authors: Allen Sophie R.
Published: February 2010

It is commonly believed that Quine's principal argument for the Indeterminacy of Translation requires an untenably strong account of the underdetermination of theories by evidence, namely that that two theories may be compatible with all possible evidence for them and yet incompatible with each other. In this article, I argue that Quine's conclusion that translation is indeterminate can be based upon the weaker, uncontroversial conception of theoretical underdetermination, in conjunction with a weak reading of the ‘Gavagai’ argument which establishes the underdetermination of the sense and reference of subsentential terms. If underdetermination is considered to be a widespread phenomenon in science, or in inductive reasoning more generally, then the Indeterminacy of Translation will be widespread too. Finally, I briefly consider two issues concerning the scope of this conclusion about the Indeterminacy of Translation: first, whether the argument presupposes behaviourism; and second, whether indeterminacy is restricted to the case of radical translation. I argue that the answer to both these questions is negative, and thus that the thesis of semantic indeterminacy remains relevant to those who disagree with Quine about some issues concerning the nature of mind and language.