bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regions With Low Rates of Bystander Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) Have Lower Rates of CPR Training in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Bray Janet E. , Straney Lahn , Smith Karen , Cartledge Susie , Case Rosalind , Bernard Stephen , Finn Judith
Published: June 2017

Background

Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (
CPR
) more than doubles the chance of surviving an out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest. Recent data have shown considerable regional variation in bystander
CPR
rates across the Australian state of Victoria. This study aims to determine whether there is associated regional variation in rates of
CPR
training and willingness to perform
CPR
in these communities.

Methods and Results

We categorized each Victorian postcode as either a low or high bystander
CPR
region using data on adult, bystander‐witnessed, out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrests of presumed cardiac etiology (n=7175) from the Victorian Ambulance Cardiac Arrest Registry. We then surveyed adult Victorians (n=404) and compared
CPR
training data of the respondents from low and high bystander CPR regions. Of the 404 adults surveyed, 223 (55%) resided in regions with low bystander
CPR
. Compared with respondents from high bystander
CPR
regions, respondents residing in regions with low bystander
CPR
had lower rates of
CPR
training (62% versus 75%,
P
=0.009) and lower self‐ratings for their overall knowledge of
CPR
(76% versus 84%,
P
=0.04). There were no differences between the regions in their reasons for not having undergone
CPR
training or in their willingness to perform
CPR
. Rates of survival for bystander‐witnessed, out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrests were significantly lower in low bystander
CPR
regions (15.7% versus 17.0%,
P
<0.001).

Conclusions

This study found lower rates of
CPR
training and lower survival in regions with lower rates of bystander
CPR
in Victoria, Australia. Targeting these regions with
CPR
training programs may improve bystander
CPR
rates and out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest outcomes.
Place-Based Labels in Agricultural Value Chains
Authors: Nizam Derya
Published: June 2017

This study aims to contribute to the literature of place-based labels (implies a special quality, reputation or characteristic that can be attributed to its geographical origin) by developing a conceptual framework identifying both the specific governance mechanisms that strengthen individual cases, and the general governance mechanism that produces different levels of potential for different product groups. For this aim, this article introduces the concept of policy rents and resource rents to understand and analyze how differences between characteristics of the place-based labeling process (the options that local actors negotiated in label design) and differences between crop characteristics (the unique features of agro-commodities different from others) affect efforts to develop and benefit from a place-based label.
Ethnic Relations in Northeast China
Authors: Park Jeongwon Bourdais
Published: June 2017

This article discusses the dynamic changes in ethnic relations that have taken place in the Joseonjok (Chaoxianju) community comprising minority Koreans residing in and around Yanbian, an autonomous prefecture in northeastern China, and discusses the implications of those changes for the region. The main focus is on how the tension between China’s fluctuating ethnicity-related politics and this diaspora group’s continual struggle for a collective identity has been managed and internalised. Contrary to existing studies on the Joseonjok, the paper argues that the group has experienced de-ethnicisation, both as a top-down (government policy) and bottom-up (diaspora’s reaction) process, rather than ethnic revival. The puzzling question is how and why de-ethnicisation occurs despite the commonly accepted conditions of ethnonationalism and, more recently, with trans-nationalism, heavily influenced by their Korean motherlands. Based primarily on ethnographical research and using a multiculturalism approach, this paper argues that the recent policy failure in dealing with multiculturality in China, together with the changing geopolitics of the region, has accelerated the process of de-ethnicisation. Joseonjok society’s particular way of resisting political pressures and coping with ethnic tension in fact reflects a diaspora’s common struggle to achieve integration with mainstream society while ensuring recognition of its own distinctive characteristics.
Revitalising Indonesia’s Manufacturing
Authors: Tadjoeddin Mohammad Zulfan , Auwalin Ilmiawan , Chowdhury Anis
Published: June 2017

In light of the continuing importance, but declining dynamism, of the manufacturing sector, this paper investigates trends in productivity at firm levels. It finds that labour productivity has been either stagnant or falling in labour-intensive manufacturing. The paper uses firm level cross-sectional and time series data and employs GMM techniques to estimate determinants of productivity. It finds that real wage is the most important variable that influences firm level productivity, followed by capital intensity. Contrary to the common perception, foreign ownership and export orientation are not found to have statistically significant influence on firm level productivity. This finding is consistent for firms of all sizes—large, medium, small and micro. This implies that Indonesia can use wages policy, as Singapore did during the late 1970s to mid-1980s, to upgrade its manufacturing to higher value-added activities.
Economic Policy and Developmental Regulation in South Korea
Authors: Attar Saeed , Kazemi Hojjat
Published: June 2017

This paper analyses the importance of a developmental regulation system in the economic policy path of Korea since the 1960s. This system has three dimensions: proscriptive (i.e. determining the type of activity or the price of a commodity and creating state-owned companies), prescriptive (i.e. policy recommendations) and liberalising (i.e. setting up some regulations to protect competition and prevent monopolies). The main emphasis was proscriptive and prescriptive during the first phase (1962–1993) and moved to liberalisation during the second phase (1993–2003). The third phase (2003–present) has been focused on a balanced combination of all three dimensions. This paper shows how the Korean state has implemented a system of developmental regulation to strengthen public and private enterprises, to promote direct and indirect management of these firms, and to move towards long-term economic policy effectiveness in order to serve national industrialisation and sustainable growth.
Maritime Confidence-building Measures for Navigation in the South China Sea
Authors: Kraska James
Published: June 2017

This article considers the development and efficacy of maritime confidence-building measures (cbms) to ensure safe and secure navigation in the region, and to reduce tension and prevent conflict. The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (losc) and the 1972 International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (colreg) are multilateral agreements that set forth legally binding obligations of all states. The 2014 Code for Unplanned Encounters at Sea (cues) provides greater fidelity for duties of safe interaction at sea, but it is nonbinding. The two major powers signed in 2014 and 2015 a legally nonbinding Memorandum of Understanding (mou) on the Rules of Behaviour for Safety of Air and Maritime Encounters. This article concludes that the nonbinding instruments are unlikely to enhance navigational safety or security, and in some respects, may even undermine it.
On the Problem of Syriac “Influence” in the Transmission of Greek Science to the Arabs: The Cases of Astronomy, Philosophy, and Medicine
Authors: Bhayro Siam
Published: June 2017

The answer to the question of why the role of Syriac in transmitting Greek science into Arabic is negligible in astronomy but important in philosophy and medicine lies in the history of Syriac science. There was little imperative to transmit Greek astronomy into Syriac because Babylonian astronomy was dominant and received in Syriac. Conversely, there was an imperative to transmit Greek philosophy, due to the lack of anything comparable in Syriac and a need that arose in the late fifth century. Medicine is an in-between case—there was a well-established Mesopotamian medical system, yet Greek sources were translated and integrated with it. This integration was rejected by Arab translators, the effects of which impacted modern scholarship. This analysis explains why influence varies by field and highlights how the modern study of the Syriac sciences has neglected their Mesopotamian background and focussed on how they received and transmitted Greek sources.
The Perils of Accommodation: Jesuit Missionary Strategies in the Early Modern World
Authors: Prieto Andrés I.
Published: June 2017

The notion of accommodation, or the adaptation of one’s message to one’s audience, has been regarded as a central feature of the Jesuit way of proceeding at least since the seventeenth century. In recent years, scholars have come to understand accommodation as a rhetorical principle, which—while rooted in the rules of classical oratory—permeated all the works and ministries performed by the Jesuits of the Old Society. By comparing the theoretical notions about accommodation and the advantages and risks of adapting both the Christian message to native cultures and vice versa, this paper shows how and under what conditions the Jesuit missionaries were able to translate this rhetorical principle into a proselytizing praxis. By focusing on the examples of José de Acosta in Peru, Matteo Ricci in China, and of those Jesuits working in the missions in Paraguay and Chile, this essay will show how the needs in the missionary field superseded and overruled the theoretical requirements set beforehand. They revealed the ways in which the political and cultural context in which the missionaries operated determined the negotiations needed in order to achieve a common ground with their would-be converts if their mission was going to happen at all.
60-Minute Conversations with Jesuit History Series
Authors: Padberg John W.
Published: June 2017

In October 2016, the Institute for Advanced Jesuit Studies at Boston College awarded John W. Padberg, S.J., the George E. Ganss, S.J., Award, which recognizes a person’s significant scholarly contributions to the field of Jesuit Studies. At the occasion, Robert A. Maryks, the associate director of iajs and the successor of Padberg as the editor of the Institute of Jesuit Sources interviewed John about his scholarly career as a prominent Jesuit historian and editor. This is the first of a series of 60-Minute Conversations with Jesuit History. What follows is an edited transcription of the interview that was videotaped at Boston College in October 2016 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Illd6--DBis).
Two new Australian fungus-feeding thrips in two new Plectrothripini genera (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripinae)
Authors: MOUND LAURENCE A. , TREE DESLEY J.
Published: June 2017

Two new genera are erected of plectrothripine Phlaeothripidae from northern Australia, each based on a single species. One has a long stout projection ventrally on the second antennal segment, the other has a unique arrangement of the dorsal facets of the compound eyes. In both of them the thoracic ventral sclerites are extensively eroded.
Taxonomic revision of the speckled crabs, genus Arenaeus Dana, 1851 (Brachyura: Portunidae) based on morphological and molecular data
Authors: ZUPOLINI LUCAS L. , MAGALHÃES TATIANA , PILEGGI LEONARDO G. , MANTELATTO FERNANDO L.
Published: June 2017

The family Portunidae Rafinesque, 1815 presents a series of taxonomic problems such as paraphyletic groups, synonymizations, and unresolved complexes of cryptic species. Arenaeus Dana, 1851, encompasses only two species with mirrored distributions along the coasts of the Americas. Despite of comprising two widespread species, there is a scarcity of information on their biology and ecology and on the relationships with other genera in the family. Because of the lack of studies comprising both species and the imprecise or erroneous taxonomic descriptions for the species of Arenaeus, we conducted a thorough taxonomic revision of the genus and used data from fragments of the 16S rRNA and the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) genes to investigate the validity of Arenaeus cribrarius (Lamarck, 1818) and Arenaeus mexicanus                 (Gerstaecker, 1856). A range of easily discernible and objective characteristics distinguish the species, including the number of rostral teeth, the number of carpal spines, and the presence of a spine on the epistome region. This last feature, although never properly addressed in the literature, was diagnostic in discriminating the taxa. Results of molecular analyses also supported the separate identity of the two species. Assemblages generated in COI analyses reflected no geographic pattern or geographic partitioning, suggesting that dispersion and gene flow could be sufficiently high to hinder genetic differentiation through the extensive distribution range of the Atlantic species, A. cribrarius. Furthermore, molecular results and morphological analyses may indicate a closer relationship among particular groups of portunids and Arenaeus. Morphology of the carapace and of the first male gonopods may be the most prominent characteristics supporting such view. We have shed light on the status of the genus Arenaeus and its members, clarified some taxonomical issues, and provide an identification key for the species.
Four new species of terrestrial-breeding frogs of the genus Phrynopus (Anura: Terrarana: Craugastoridae) from Río Abiseo National Park, Peru
Authors: RODRIGUEZ LILY O. , CATENAZZI ALESSANDRO
Published: June 2017

We describe four new species of terrestrial-breeding frogs belonging to the genus Phrynopus from specimens collected on the eastern slopes of the Cordillera Oriental (2800–3850 m) near and within Río Abiseo National Park, Provincia Mariscal Cáceres, Departments of San Martín and La Libertad, northeastern Peru. All four species lack a visible tympanum and inhabit the upper ridges and slopes within or adjacent to the Park. Phrynopus anancites sp. nov. and P. capitalis sp. nov. inhabit the wet montane grasslands on the upper ridges and valleys from 3600 to 3850 m. Phrynopus anancites (SVL = 25.3 mm) has coarsely aerolated skin and olive green coloration and has small vomerine teeth, while P. capitalis (female SVL = 35.6 mm) is characterized by a large head, short limbs, and distinctive dorsal pattern. Phrynopus dumicola sp. nov. (female SVL = 25.3 mm) has a short head and dark colored body with granular skin on the flanks, and is known only from forest patches along the treeline from 3225 to 3550 m, whereas P. personatus sp. nov. (female SVL = 28.2 mm) has a dark facemask and bright yellow groin spots (possibly aposematic), and inhabits a narrow band of continuous tropical montane rain forest from 2890 to 3110 m. We report infection with Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis from one specimen of P. dumicola collected in July of 1988. With the addition of these four new species, Phrynopus now includes 32 nominal species.
Description of unknown sexes in two Pireneitega species from Tajikistan (Araneae: Agelenidae, Coelotinae)
Authors: MARUSIK YURI M.
Published: June 2017

Pireneitega Kishida, 1955, with 35 species, is the second largest genus of Coelotinae (WSC 2017). The genus was recently revised in Tajikistan (Zhang & Marusik 2016). Among the six species found in the region, only one is known by both sexes. After the revision was published, Sergei Zonstein sent me a material containing the unknown female of Pireneitega kovblyuki Zhang et Marusik, 2016 and the unknown male of P. tyurai Zhang et Marusik, 2016. Both samples were collected in type localities. The goal of this paper is to provide illustrated description of unknown sexes of abovementioned species.
Brother, Can You Paradigm? Toward a Theory of Pedagogical Content Knowledge in Social Studies
Authors: Powell Dave
Published: June 2017

Although research on pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) has accelerated in recent years, social studies educators have not generally been part of the conversation. This article explores why a theory of PCK for social studies has been so difficult to elaborate, focusing on the field’s inability to come to consensus on its aims and purposes and on a pervasive distrust of traditional academic disciplines and scholarship they produce. These factors have helped make the effective preparation of social studies teachers, something researchers studying PCK hope to improve, exceptionally difficult. This article proposes that if the field can resolve its relationship to the disciplines, a more coherent conceptualization of teacher education in social studies could come into focus. Such a reconceptualization could help position social studies teacher educators to contribute to the knowledge base on PCK, particularly with regard to the transformation of disciplinary content into school curriculum.
Evaluating the Use of Electronic Health Records for Type 2 Diabetes Surveillance in 2 California Counties, 2010-2014
Authors: Richardson Maxwell J. , Van Den Eeden Stephen K. , Roberts Eric , Ferrara Assiamira , Paulukonis Susan , English Paul
Published: June 2017

Objectives:

Electronic health records (EHRs) and electronic laboratory records (ELRs) are increasingly seen as a rich source of data for performing public health surveillance activities and monitoring community health status. Their potential for surveillance of chronic illness, however, may be underused. Our objectives were to (1) evaluate the use of EHRs and ELRs for diabetes surveillance in 2 California counties and (2) examine disparities in diabetes prevalence by geography, income, and race/ethnicity.

Methods:

We obtained data on a clinical diagnosis of diabetes and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test results for adult members of Kaiser Permanente Northern California living in Contra Costa County or Solano County at any time during 2010-2014. We evaluated the validity of using HbA1c test results to determine diabetes prevalence, using clinical diagnoses as a gold standard. We estimated disparities in diabetes prevalence by combining HbA1c test results with US Census data on income, race, and ethnicity.

Results:

When compared with a clinical diagnosis of diabetes, data on a patient’s 5-year maximum HbA1c value ≥6.5% yielded the best combination of sensitivity (87.4%) and specificity (99.2%). The prevalence of 5-year maximum HbA1c ≥6.5% decreased with increasing median family income and increased with greater proportions of residents who were either non-Hispanic black or Hispanic.

Conclusions:

Timely diabetes surveillance data from ELRs can be used to document disparities, target interventions, and evaluate changes in population health. ELR data may be easier to access than a patient’s entire EHR, but outcome metric validation with diabetes diagnoses would need to be ongoing. Future research should validate ELR and EHR data across multiple providers.
Geometric modeling of 3D woven preforms in composite T-joints
Authors: Yan Shibo , Zeng Xuesen , Brown Louise , Long Andrew
Published: June 2017

A common method to fabricate net-shaped three-dimensional (3D) woven preforms for composite T-joints is to weave flat 3D preforms via a standard weaving machine with variation in binder yarn path and then separate the preform in the form of a bifurcation. Folding introduces fiber architecture deformation at the 3D woven bifurcation area. In this paper, a geometric modeling approach is proposed to represent the realistic fiber architecture, as a preprocessor for finite element analyses to predict composite structural performance. Supported by X-ray micro-computed tomography (µCT), three important deformation mechanisms are observed including yarn stack shifting, cross-section bending, and cross-section flattening resulting from the folding process. Furthermore, a set of mathematical formulae for simulation of the deformations in the junction region are developed and satisfactory agreement is observed when compared with μCT scan results.
Validation of rating processes within an argument-based framework
Authors: Knoch Ute , Chapelle Carol A.
Published: June 2017

Argument-based validation requires test developers and researchers to specify what is entailed in test interpretation and use. Doing so has been shown to yield advantages (Chapelle, Enright, & Jamieson, 2010), but it also requires an analysis of how the concerns of language testers can be conceptualized in the terms used to construct a validity argument. This article presents one such analysis by examining how issues associated with the rating of test takers’ linguistic performance can be included in a validity argument. Through a manual search of published language testing research, we gathered examples of research studies investigating the quality of rating processes and products. We then analyzed them in terms of how the research could be framed within a validity argument. Drawing on Kane’s (2001, 2006, 2013) conceptualization of inferences, warrants, and assumptions, we show that the relevance of research about the rating of test performances extends beyond one or two inferences about rater reliability. Such research results, for example, provide backing for assumptions about the correspondence of the rating scale to the test construct (explanation inference) and the context of extrapolation as well as the decisions made based on the ratings and their consequences. Our analysis reveals a picture of the extensive reach of the rating process into many aspects of test score meaning as well as concrete suggestions for integrating rating issues into future argument-based validation studies.
Increased astroglial activity and reduced neuronal function across brain in AβPP-PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Patel Anant B , Tiwari Vivek , Veeraiah Pandichelvam , Saba Kamal
Published: June 2017

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease associated with progressive loss of cognitive function, personality, and behavior. The present study evaluates neuronal and astroglial metabolic activity, and neurotransmitter cycle fluxes in AβPP-PS1 mouse model of AD by using 1H-[13C]-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy together with an infusion of either [1,6-13C2]glucose or [2-13C]acetate. The levels of N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) and glutamate were found to be decreased in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus in AβPP-PS1 mice, when compared with wild type controls. The cerebral metabolic rate of acetate oxidation was increased in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of AβPP-PS1 mice suggesting enhanced astroglial activity in AD. AβPP-PS1 mice exhibit severe reduction in glutamatergic and gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)ergic neuronal metabolic activity and neurotransmitter cycling fluxes in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and striatum as compared with controls. These data suggest that metabolic activity of excitatory and inhibitory neurons is compromised across brain in AβPP-PS1 mouse model of AD.
Basal Autophagy Is Altered in Lagotto Romagnolo Dogs with an ATG4D Mutation
Authors: Syrjä Pernilla , Anwar Tahira , Jokinen Tarja , Kyöstilä Kaisa , Jäderlund Karin Hultin , Cozzi Francesca , Rohdin Cecilia , Hahn Kerstin , Wohlsein Peter , Baumgärtner Wolfgang , Henke Diana , Oevermann Anna , Sukura Antti , Leeb Tosso , Lohi Hannes , Eskelinen Eeva-Liisa
Published: June 2017

A missense variant in the autophagy-related ATG4D-gene has been associated with a progressive degenerative neurological disease in Lagotto Romagnolo (LR) dogs. In addition to neural lesions, affected dogs show an extraneural histopathological phenotype characterized by severe cytoplasmic vacuolization, a finding not previously linked with disturbed autophagy in animals. Here we aimed at testing the hypothesis that autophagy is altered in the affected dogs, at reporting the histopathology of extraneural tissues and at excluding lysosomal storage diseases. Basal and starvation-induced autophagy were monitored by Western blotting and immunofluorescence of microtubule associated protein 1A/B light chain3 (LC3) in fibroblasts from 2 affected dogs. The extraneural findings of 9 euthanized LRs and skin biopsies from 4 living affected LRs were examined by light microscopy, electron microscopy, and immunohistochemistry (IHC), using antibodies against autophagosomal membranes (LC3), autophagic cargo (p62), and lysosomal membranes (LAMP2). Biochemical screening of urine and fibroblasts of 2 affected dogs was performed. Under basal conditions, the affected fibroblasts contained significantly more LC3-II and LC3-positive vesicles than did the controls. Morphologically, several cells, including serous secretory epithelium, endothelial cells, pericytes, plasma cells, and macrophages, contained cytoplasmic vacuoles with an ultrastructure resembling enlarged amphisomes, endosomes, or multivesicular bodies. IHC showed strong membranous LAMP2 positivity only in sweat glands. The results show that basal but not induced autophagy is altered in affected fibroblasts. The ultrastructure of affected cells is compatible with altered autophagic and endo-lysosomal vesicular traffic. The findings in this spontaneous disease provide insight into possible tissue-specific roles of basal autophagy.
Challenges to Creating Vibrant Media Education in Young Democracies: Accreditation for Media Schools in Georgia
Authors: Gersamia Mariam , Freedman Eric
Published: June 2017

Since achieving independence in 1991, the Republic of Georgia has made significant progress with democratization and now has what is considered the freest, most independent, and most diverse press among the ex-Soviet Caucasus and Central Asian countries. Improvements have been made in the quality of journalism education as part of a national process of educational reform, but curricula remain hampered by Soviet-era legacies in content and pedagogy. This essay compares a leading university’s curriculum with the UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization) model curricula for journalism education, discusses the purposes and standards of accreditation for journalism and mass communication programs, and concludes that the current accreditation process in Georgia needs improvement.
A review of CD19-targeted immunotherapies for relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: DasGupta Ryan K , Marini Bernard L , Rudoni Joslyn , Perissinotti Anthony J
Published: June 2017

Aim

Novel immunotherapies have generated high response rates and unique adverse effects among patients with relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Therapies engaging endogenous T-cells against acute lymphoblastic leukemia are emerging for children and adults with various poor prognostic factors, thus accurate knowledge of immunotherapies is necessary for their effective implementation in the future. In this review, we evaluate clinical trial data regarding chimeric antigen receptor T-cells and blinatumomab, for the treatment of relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

In the relapsed or refractory setting, response rates rapidly diminish after subsequent lines of chemotherapy and cumulative toxicities may cause significant patient harm. Immunotherapies provide an approach to improve response rates and minimize traditional toxicities via novel mechanisms of action. Two therapies targeting CD19 antigens expressed on B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia lineages, chimeric antigen receptor T-cells, and blinatumomab have induced complete remissions among high-risk patient populations, especially those refractory to multiple therapies. Adverse effects such as cytokine release syndrome and neurologic sequelae remain serious precautions of each therapy.

Conclusion

Knowledge of immunotherapy mechanisms and clinical outcomes associated with immunotherapies is critical for the optimization of treating patients with relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Future use of chimeric antigen receptor T-cells and blinatumomab demands proper assessment of a patient’s disease and treatment history in addition to unique monitoring and supportive care interventions.
Agreement analysis comparing iPad LCVA and Sloan testing in multiple sclerosis patients
Authors: Sattarnezhad Neda , Farrow Samantha , Kimbrough Dorlan , Glanz Bonnie , Healy Brian , Chitnis Tanuja
Published: June 2017

Background:

Visual symptoms are common in multiple sclerosis (MS). Low-contrast visual acuity (LCVA) testing using Sloan charts has demonstrated increased sensitivity for visual deficits compared to high-contrast acuity testing. Computerized testing of visual acuity may facilitate use in the clinic setting.

Objectives:

To evaluate the agreement between an iPad-based and Sloan testing of LCVA in a cohort of MS patients.

Methods:

A total of 38 patients with relapsing-remitting MS were enrolled after providing informed written consent at Partners MS Center, Brigham and Women’s hospital. Monocular LCVA was measured using retroilluminated Sloan chart and iPad-based LogMAR chart. Number of correct letters and agreement between two measurements were assessed for each eye using Bland–Altman analysis and paired t-test.

Results:

For both eyes, there was no significant difference in number correct between the two measurements using a paired t-test, and there was high correlation between two measurements (oculus dextrus (OD) r = 0.89, p < 0.001; oculus sinister (OS) r = 0.78, p < 0.001). The limits of agreement were −7.9 to +8.5 letters for the right eye and −10.9 to +11.2 letters for the left eye.

Conclusion:

An iPad-based LCVA test shows good agreement with Sloan testing in MS patients.
Max Weber’s ideal versus material interest distinction revisited
Authors: Lizardo Omar , Stoltz Dustin S
Published: June 2017

While Weber’s distinction between ‘ideal’ and ‘material’ interests is one of the most enduring aspects of his theoretical legacy, it has been subjected to little critical commentary. In this article, we revisit the theoretical legacy of interest-based explanation in social theory, with an eye to clarifying Weber’s place in this tradition. We then reconsider extant critical commentary on the ideal/material interest distinction, noting the primarily Parsonian rendering of Weber and the unproductive allegiance to ‘generic need’ readings of Weber’s action theory. We reconstruct the basis of the ideal/material interest distinction in the work of Rudolph von Ihering and provide a sounder basis for its analytic role in Weber’s ‘grand’ project.
Adverse Childhood Environment: Relationship With Sexual Risk Behaviors and Marital Status in a Large American Sample
Authors: Anderson Kermyt G.
Published: June 2017

A substantial theoretical and empirical literature suggests that stressful events in childhood influence the timing and patterning of subsequent sexual and reproductive behaviors. Stressful childhood environments have been predicted to produce a life history strategy in which adults are oriented more toward short-term mating behaviors and less toward behaviors consistent with longevity. This article tests the hypothesis that adverse childhood environment will predict adult outcomes in two areas: risky sexual behavior (engagement in sexual risk behavior or having taken an HIV test) and marital status (currently married vs. never married, divorced, or a member of an unmarried couple). Data come from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. The sample contains 17,530 men and 23,978 women aged 18–54 years living in 13 U.S. states plus the District of Columbia. Adverse childhood environment is assessed through 11 retrospective measures of childhood environment, including having grown up with someone who was depressed or mentally ill, who was an alcoholic, who used or abused drugs, or who served time in prison; whether one’s parents divorced in childhood; and two scales measuring childhood exposure to violence and to sexual trauma. The results indicate that adverse childhood environment is associated with increased likelihood of engaging in sexual risk behaviors or taking an HIV test, and increased likelihood of being in an unmarried couple or divorced/separated, for both men and women. The predictions are supported by the data, lending further support to the hypothesis that childhood environments influence adult reproductive strategy.
Your Cheatin’ Voice Will Tell on You: Detection of Past Infidelity from Voice
Authors: Hughes Susan M. , Harrison Marissa A.
Published: June 2017

Evidence suggests that many physical, behavioral, and trait qualities can be detected solely from the sound of a person’s voice, irrespective of the semantic information conveyed through speech. This study examined whether raters could accurately assess the likelihood that a person has cheated on committed, romantic partners simply by hearing the speaker’s voice. Independent raters heard voice samples of individuals who self-reported that they either cheated or had never cheated on their romantic partners. To control for aspects that may clue a listener to the speaker’s mate value, we used voice samples that did not differ between these groups for voice attractiveness, age, voice pitch, and other acoustic measures. We found that participants indeed rated the voices of those who had a history of cheating as more likely to cheat. Male speakers were given higher ratings for cheating, while female raters were more likely to ascribe the likelihood to cheat to speakers. Additionally, we manipulated the pitch of the voice samples, and for both sexes, the lower pitched versions were consistently rated to be from those who were more likely to have cheated. Regardless of the pitch manipulation, speakers were able to assess actual history of infidelity; the one exception was that men’s accuracy decreased when judging women whose voices were lowered. These findings expand upon the idea that the human voice may be of value as a cheater detection tool and very thin slices of vocal information are all that is needed to make certain assessments about others.
The age of crime: A cognitive-linguistic critical discourse study of media representations and semantic framings of youth offenders in the Uruguayan media
Authors: Julios-Costa Maria
Published: June 2017

This study integrates corpus-assisted text analysis with frame semantics to study a social problem. Taking a cognitive-linguistic approach to critical discourse studies (CDS), in this article I examine the linguistic construction of minors (i.e. people aged 13–18) in a corpus of 489 articles from the Uruguayan newspaper El País in the context of the so-called ‘Criminal Imputability Referendum’. Throughout, I focus on the construal operation of framing and identify a host of discursive patterns via which minors and adolescents are recurrently placed within the semantic frame CRIME, and within this, they profile the frame elements (as per the mappings in the database FrameNet) of perpetrators of violent crimes rather than victims (e.g. of abuse and domestic violence). I argue that, in the context of the referendum, these discursive strategies run the risk of facilitating the consolidation of a strong conceptual link whereby youth become readily associated with criminality (ignoring other aspects of children’s situation in Uruguay, such as their waning access to education, child poverty, child protection laws and health issues), and are subservient to the political views of groups supporting a lower cut-off age for criminal responsibility and more stringent punishments. The observations arrived at in this instance set the foundations for a future experimental study testing whether the discursive patterns unearthed here have an effect on how readers conceptualize minors outside the texts.
Anticonvulsant Effects of Aerial Parts of Verbena officinalis Extract in Mice: Involvement of Benzodiazepine and Opioid Receptors
Authors: Rashidian Amir , Kazemi Fatemeh , Mehrzadi Saeed , Dehpour Ahmad Reza , Mehr Shahram Ejtemai , Rezayat Seyed Mahdi
Published: June 2017

To evaluate the anticonvulsant activity of the aerial parts of Verbena officinalis used traditionally by local Iranians for the treatment of convulsion. The anticonvulsant activity of the extract was assessed in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and maximal electroshock (MES) induced seizures in mice. Diazepam was used as reference drug. In addition, for investigating the mechanism of V officinalis in PTZ model, flumazenil and naloxone were injected before V officinalis. The extract showed no toxicity and significantly increased the period taken before the onset and decreased the duration of the seizures induced by PTZ. In the MES test, V officinalis displayed significant reduction in hind limb tonic extension duration in a dose-dependent manner. The results propose that V officinalis ethanolic extract has anticonvulsant activity against seizure. It seems that these effects may be related to potentiating of GABAergic system. Moreover, this study supports the use of this plant by local Iranians in order to treat convulsion.
Reformulation of Traditional Chamomile Oil: Quality Controls and Fingerprint Presentation Based on Cluster Analysis of Attenuated Total Reflectance–Infrared Spectral Data
Authors: Zargaran Arman , Sakhteman Amirhossein , Faridi Pouya , Daneshamouz Saeid , Akbarizadeh Amin Reza , Borhani-Haghighi Afshin , Mohagheghzadeh Abdolali
Published: June 2017

Herbal oils have been widely used in Iran as medicinal compounds dating back to thousands of years in Iran. Chamomile oil is widely used as an example of traditional oil. We remade chamomile oils and tried to modify it with current knowledge and facilities. Six types of oil (traditional and modified) were prepared. Microbial limit tests and physicochemical tests were performed on them. Also, principal component analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis, and partial least squares discriminant analysis were done on the spectral data of attenuated total reflectance–infrared in order to obtain insight based on classification pattern of the samples. The results show that we can use modified versions of the chamomile oils (modified Clevenger-type apparatus method and microwave method) with the same content of traditional ones and with less microbial contaminations and better physicochemical properties.
The Relationship Between Family Communication Patterns and the Self-Efficacy of Student-Athletes
Authors: Erdner Sara M. , Wright Courtney N.
Published: June 2017

The coach–athlete relationship and coach communication have received significant attention, as they relate to athlete performance variables; however, the coach alone does not shape an athlete’s experiences. Research has indicated the importance of the parent/guardian’s role in athlete development and suggests parent/guardian communication may also have implications for athlete performance outcomes. Of such performance variables, self-efficacy has been demonstrated to have a consistent positive and moderate relationship with sport performance. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of parent/guardian communication on student-athlete self-efficacy. Student-athlete participants ( n = 290) provided self-reports of self-efficacy, family communication patterns, and the frequency-of-use and effectiveness of the efficacy-enhancing techniques employed by parent(s)/guardian(s). Results revealed a significant negative relationship between conformity-oriented communication and student-athlete self-efficacy. Regarding efficacy-enhancing techniques, the most frequently used and effective were reported as encouraging positive talk, parent/guardian acting confident themselves, and helping the student-athlete imagine optimal sport performance. Practical implications for parent(s)/guardian(s) are provided that can help inform parenting education efforts to better clarify the role of the parent/guardian in optimal student-athlete development and performance. The study’s limitation and directions for future research are discussed.
Bilateral Uveitis Following Typhoid Fever: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Levinson Joshua D. , Garfinkel Richard A. , Lai Michael M.
Published: June 2017

Purpose:

To report a case of presumed immune-mediated bilateral uveitis following infection with typhoid fever.

Methods:

Retrospective case report.

Results:

A 70-year-old Caucasian man developed typhoid fever while on vacation in Jamaica which was successfully treated with antibiotic therapy. Three weeks after onset of fever, he developed bilateral blurred vision and floaters. Clinical examination demonstrated anterior chamber cell, 1 to 2+ vitritis, and cotton wool spots bilaterally. The patient was diagnosed with postinfectious uveitis and started on prednisone 80 mg/d (1 mg/kg) which was slowly tapered by 10 mg/d/wk. By week 4 of steroid therapy, visual symptoms and evidence of intraocular inflammation had resolved. The patient successfully completed the steroid taper without recurrence of inflammation.

Conclusion:

Immune-mediated uveitis may occur 3 to 6 weeks following acute infection with typhoid fever. Post-typhoid uveitis is responsive to high-dose systemic steroids. Patients presenting with new-onset uveitis should be questioned for recent febrile illness or travel history.
Alcohol-induced miR-155 and HDAC11 inhibit negative regulators of the TLR4 pathway and lead to increased LPS responsiveness of Kupffer cells in alcoholic liver disease
Authors: Bala Shashi , Csak Timea , Kodys Karen , Catalano Donna , Ambade Aditya , Furi Istvan , Lowe Patrick , Cho Yeonhee , Iracheta-Vellve Arvin , Szabo Gyongyi
Published: June 2017

Inflammation promotes the progression of alcoholic liver disease. Alcohol sensitizes KCs to gut-derived endotoxin (LPS); however, signaling pathways that perpetuate inflammation in alcoholic liver disease are only partially understood. We found that chronic alcohol feeding in mice induced miR-155, an inflammatory miRNA in isolated KCs. We hypothesized that miR-155 might increase the responsiveness of KCs to LPS via targeting the negative regulators of LPS signaling. Our results revealed that KCs that were isolated from alcohol-fed mice showed a decrease in IRAK-M, SHIP1, and PU.1, and an increase in TNF-α levels. This was specific to KCs, as no significant differences were observed in these genes in hepatocytes. We found a causal effect of miR-155 deficiency on LPS responsiveness, as KCs that were isolated from miR-155 KO mice showed a greater induction of IRAK-M, SHIP1, and suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 after LPS treatment. C/EBPβ, a validated miR-155 target, stimulates IL-10 transcription. We found a higher induction of C/EBPβ and IL-10 in KCs that were isolated from miR-155 KO mice after LPS treatment. Gain- and loss-of-function studies affirmed that alcohol-induced miR-155 directly regulates IRAK-M, SHIP1, suppressor of cytokine signaling 1, and C/EBPβ, as miR-155 inhibition increased and miR-155 overexpression decreased these genes in LPS or alcohol-pretreated wild-type KCs. HDAC11, a regulator of IL-10, was significantly increased and IL-10 was decreased in KCs that were isolated from alcohol-fed mice. Functionally, knockdown of HDAC11 with small interfering RNA resulted in an IL-10 increase in LPS or alcohol-pretreated Mϕ. We found that acetaldehyde and NF-κB pathways regulate HDAC11 levels. Collectively, our results indicate that the alcohol-induced responsiveness of KCs to LPS, in part, is governed by miR-155 and HDAC11.
ARHGAP42 is activated by Src-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation to promote cell motility
Authors: Luo Weifeng , Janoštiak Radoslav , Tolde Ondřej , Ryzhova Larisa M. , Koudelková Lenka , Dibus Michal , Brábek Jan , Hanks Steven K. , Rosel Daniel
Published: June 2017

The tyrosine kinase Src acts as a key regulator of cell motility by phosphorylating multiple protein substrates that control cytoskeletal and adhesion dynamics. In an earlier phosphotyrosine proteomics study, we identified a novel Rho-GTPase activating protein, now known as ARHGAP42, as a likely biologically relevant Src substrate. ARHGAP42 is a member of a family of RhoGAPs distinguished by tandem BAR-PH domains lying N-terminal to the GAP domain. Like other family members, ARHGAP42 acts preferentially as a GAP for RhoA. We show that Src principally phosphorylates ARHGAP42 on tyrosine 376 (Tyr-376) in the short linker between the BAR-PH and GAP domains. The expression of ARHGAP42 variants in mammalian cells was used to elucidate its regulation. We found that the BAR domain is inhibitory toward the GAP activity of ARHGAP42, such that BAR domain deletion resulted in decreased active GTP-bound RhoA and increased cell motility. With the BAR domain intact, ARHGAP42 GAP activity could be activated by phosphorylation of Tyr-376 to promote motile cell behavior. Thus, phosphorylation of ARHGAP42 Tyr-376 is revealed as a novel regulatory event by which Src can affect actin dynamics through RhoA inhibition.
Arf6 and Rab22 mediate T cell conjugate formation by regulating clathrin-independent endosomal membrane trafficking
Authors: Johnson Debra L. , Wayt Jessica , Wilson Jean M. , Donaldson Julie G.
Published: June 2017

Endosomal trafficking can influence the composition of the plasma membrane and the ability of cells to polarize their membranes. Here, we examined whether trafficking through clathrin-independent endocytosis (CIE) affects the ability of T cells to form a cell–cell conjugate with antigen-presenting cells (APCs). We show that CIE occurs in both the Jurkat T cell line and primary human T cells. In Jurkat cells, the activities of two guanine nucleotide binding proteins, Arf6 and Rab22 (also known as Rab22a), influence CIE and conjugate formation. Expression of the constitutively active form of Arf6, Arf6Q67L, inhibits CIE and conjugate formation, and results in the accumulation of vacuoles containing lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) and CD4, molecules important for T cell interaction with the APC. Moreover, expression of the GTP-binding defective mutant of Rab22, Rab22S19N, inhibits CIE and conjugate formation, suggesting that Rab22 function is required for these activities. Furthermore, Jurkat cells expressing Rab22S19N were impaired in spreading onto coverslips coated with T cell receptor-activating antibodies. These observations support a role for CIE, Arf6 and Rab22 in conjugate formation between T cells and APCs.
Review of Climbing Mount Laurel: The Struggle for Affordable Housing and Social Mobility in an American Suburb by Douglas S. Massey et al.
Authors: Ioannides Yannis M.
Published: June 2017

Climbing Mount Laurel, authored by a group of sociologists led by Douglas S. Massey, is about the efforts by Mount Laurel Township, NJ, residents to have affordable housing built in their community. From when it was first proposed in 1969 and until the first units were completed in 2000, the project faced extraordinary political opposition, caused a number of landmark court decisions, and motivated affordable-housing legislation by other US states. This review evaluates, from an economics perspective, the lessons learned, as argued by Massey et al., about the impact of affordable housing within the host community and on surrounding communities. (JEL J15, R21, R23, R31, R38, Z13)
The Decentralized Central Bank: A Review Essay on The Power and Independence of the Federal Reserve by Peter Conti-Brown
Authors: Kocherlakota Narayana R.
Published: June 2017

This essay discusses the structure and governance of the Federal Reserve System in light of the many changes in its activities over the past thirty years. Based on this analysis, it argues in favor of four specific reforms: clarification of Congressional expectations for the system; enhanced Federal Reserve Board of Governors transparency with respect to its oversight of the Reserve Banks; stripping monetary-policy votes from the President of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and the Boards of Directors of the Reserve Banks; and the initiation of a public conversation about redesigning the Federal Reserve as a unified public entity. (JEL D72, E44, E52, E58, G21, G28)