bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Things held in common: Memory, space and the reconstitution of community life
Authors: DiGregorio Michael
Published: October 2007

This article presents the hard work, and eventual failure, of the elder branch of the main lineage within a village of steel producers to reaffirm local identity through the recreation of a common ritual space dedicated to the spirit of the village's founder, original artisan, and their ancestor. It presents this process as a struggle over the meanings and representations of community and space in a time of rapid social and economic transformation. The ultimate failure of this struggle, which only becomes evident after 15 years, has affirmed something else: the spaces of practice associated with the village's public administration and family-based commercial interests.
Praying for profit: The cult of the Lady of the Treasury (Bè Chúa Kho)
Authors: Lý Lê Hồng
Published: October 2007

Since the 1990s, the Temple of the Lady of the Treasury of Bắc Ninh province has become a religious destination for local people as well as thousands of pilgrims from around the country. The resurgence of this cult is one of the most visible manifestations of the Đổi Mới (Renovation) revival of religious practices after decades of discouragement and suppression. It also illustrates some of the profound socio-economic changes that have taken place since the advent of Đổi Mới in 1986.
‘Seats for spirits to sit upon’: Becoming a spirit medium in contemporary Vietnam
Authors: Thị Hiền Nguyễn
Published: October 2007

This article will examine the motivations for being spirit mediums, practitioners of the lên đồng rituals associated with the Mother Goddess (Đạo Mẫu) religion, which is unique to the ethnic Vietnamese. Drawing on the life stories of mediums interviewed in northern Vietnam, I will show that these people practise the rituals primarily because they themselves view this role as their destiny and because they expect it to bring them good health and auspiciousness.
The emperor's new clothes: Re-fashioning ritual in the Huế Festival
Authors: Salemink Oscar
Published: October 2007

This essay focuses on the political dimensions of the Festival Huế, which is claimed to be significant as a celebration of the nation. Although socialist state rituals have lost their relevance in the Đổi Mới era, the revival and re-invention of ritualised tradition create fertile ground for new ritualised events that legitimate and lend significance to the current regime. I argue that despite the unfamiliarity of many spectators with the symbolic contents of these new forms, they are effective because of their aesthetic resemblance to, and association with, familiar rituals.
Threats to kill: a follow-up study
Authors: Warren L. J. , Mullen P. E. , Thomas S. D. M. , Ogloff J. R. P. , Burgess P. M.
Published: October 2007

Background

Mental health clinicians are frequently asked to assess the risks presented by patients making threats to kill, but there are almost no data to guide such an evaluation.

Method

This data linkage study examined serious violence following making threats to kill and the potential role of mental disorder. A total of 613 individuals convicted of threats to kill had their prior contact with public mental health services established at the time of the index offence. The group's subsequent criminal convictions were established 10 years later using the police database. Death from suicidal or homicidal violence was also established.

Results

Within 10 years, 44% of threateners were convicted of further violent offending, including 19 (3%) homicides. Those with histories of psychiatric contact (40%) had a higher rate (58%) of subsequent violence. The highest risks were in substance misusers, mentally disordered, young, and those without prior criminal convictions. Homicidal violence was most frequent among threateners with a schizophrenic illness. Sixteen threateners (2.6%) killed themselves, and three were murdered.

Conclusions

In contrast to the claims in the literature that threats are not predictive of subsequent violence, this study revealed high rates of assault and even homicide following threats to kill. The mentally disordered were over-represented among threat offenders and among those at high risk of subsequent violence. The mentally disordered threateners at highest risk of violence were young, substance abusing, but not necessarily with prior convictions. Those who threaten others were also found to be at greater risk of killing themselves or being killed.
Minerals, Metal, Colours and Landscape: Exmoor's Roman Lode in the Early Bronze Age
Authors: Juleff Gill , Bray Lee
Published: October 2007

Outcrops of metallic mineralization were potentially prominent locations in past landscapes, the characteristics of their constituent minerals granting them distinctive appearances and properties. To date, most treatments have cast humans as exploiters whose prime motivation for engagement with the mineral world was the acquisition of metals. This article examines new evidence for Early Bronze Age activity at Roman Lode, a predominantly iron-rich ore deposit on Exmoor in southwest Britain. In addition to assessing whether this represents metal exploitation, other interpretive avenues are explored including the potential role of the site as a provider of other resources such as pigments and quartz and as an element in a wider conceptual and physical landscape. A layered approach to the interpretation of such sites is advocated. Only by combining a cognitive interpretation with materialist perspectives will we arrive at a more insightful understanding of the past significance of minerals, mining and landscape.
Skiing on the Rocks: the Experiential Art of Fisher-gatherer-hunters in Prehistoric Northern Russia
Authors: Janik Liliana , Roughley Corinne , Szczȩsna Katarzyna
Published: October 2007

The interpretation of images in relation to their particular setting on rock surfaces has been highlighted in recent studies into the location of depictions in the natural landscape and shamanistic beliefs and practices. The significance of the approach in this article, however, lies in studying the morphology of the rock surface as an integral part of the visual imagery of the rock art, notably how the physical dimensions of the rock surface were used in recreating the physical landscape familiar to the prehistoric artists. We use experiential and cognitive approaches to visual perception to combine an appreciation of artistic endeavour of rock art with an enhanced understanding of the human capacity for creating such images. The results of this approach to rock art contribute to a better understanding of the creative and cognitive aspects of prehistoric fisher-gatherer-hunter art. A detailed example is discussed showing how the physical landscape was re-created in the morphology of the rock surface by using the motion of skiing to illustrate one of the visual narratives at the site of Zalavruga in northern Russia.
Middle Palaeolithic Scraper Morphology, Flaking Mechanics and Imposed Form: Revisitng Bisson's ‘Interview with a Neanderthal’
Authors: Monnier Gilliane F.
Published: October 2007

Bisson (2001) proposes that imposition of form in Middle Palaeolithic scrapers can be recognized when the rules for scraper manufacture, which are based upon functional considerations, are known. He derives these ‘scraper production rules’ on the basis of experiments with novice flintknappers, and finds that they apply to Neanderthal-manufactured Mousterian scrapers. He interprets the violation of these rules in scrapers from Skhul Cave as evidence that anatomically modern humans imposed form on their stone tools, and therefore had mental templates. This study provides evidence that the ‘scraper production rules’ are not, in fact, the rules according to which Neanderthals made their tools. Instead, they reflect flaking mechanics and elements of Bisson's experimental design rather than any functional considerations taken into account during scraper manufacture. Furthermore, methodological flaws in Bisson's analysis of Middle Palaeolithic artefacts undermine his arguments that archaeological scrapers either follow or violate the rules. These problems render untenable his conclusion that Neanderthals did not have mental templates and that they lacked flexibility and innovation in stone-tool making.
The impact, and surgical implications, of isolated anomalous connection of one pulmonary vein
Authors: Koh Masahiro , Uemura Hideki , Kagisaki Koji
Published: October 2007

Partially anomalous pulmonary venous connection of a solitary pulmonary vein in the setting of an intact atrial septum is often subclinical, and the indications for surgical repair are controversial. Here we describe a patient who developed a significant shunt over a period of 10-years. Flow through the anomalously connected pulmonary segment depends on the difference of pressure between the right and left atrium, and may increase with age.
2008 and Beyond: The Future of Election Reform in the
States—Editor's Introduction
Authors: Tolbert Caroline
Published: October 2007

This forum is a unique opportunity to bring social science research
to bear on public policy and the practical effects of election
reforms in the American states. It is also an opportunity to study
America's election system, building on the research of some of the
leading scholars working in this area. The American states offer a
natural laboratory (a “laboratory of democracy”), with significant
variation in the rules, institutions, and procedures governing
elections. This forum empirically evaluates what we have learned
about the effects of various election reforms in the 50 states. The
papers included in this forum were originally presented at a
conference hosted by Kent State University's department of political
science and which had a title similar to that of this symposium. The
theme is now shared by the conference and this symposium: that the
2008 presidential election will be crucial for American democracy,
especially in light of the apparently related phenomena of
decreasing (or flattening) voter participation rates, low trust in
government and political efficacy, alleged procedural irregularities
in recent elections, uncompetitive congressional elections or
uncontested state legislative elections, and lapses in ethical
judgment by politicians in the past decade.
Reform Studies: Political Science on the Firing
Line
Authors: Cain Bruce E.
Published: October 2007

Political science has a long tradition of research into topics such
as campaign finance and redistricting, but these separate efforts
have only recently merged into something resembling a recognizable
sub-field of political reform. One impetus for this new-found
coherence has been the emergence of recent reform concerns regarding
such matters as U.S. election administration, primary election
procedures, conflict of interest situations, ballot restrictions on
minor party candidates, and the need for transparency. The addition
of the new on top of the still-unresolved, ongoing problems has
yielded plenty of grist for the political science mill.
Early Voting and Turnout
Authors: Gronke Paul , Galanes-Rosenbaum Eva , Miller Peter A.
Published: October 2007

Early or convenience voting—understood in this context to be relaxed
administrative rules and procedures by which citizens can cast a
ballot at a time and place other than the precinct on Election
Day—is a popular candidate for election reformers. Typically,
reformers argue that maximization of turnout is a primary goal, and
reducing barriers between voters and the polls is an important
method for achieving higher turnout. Arguments in favor of voting by
mail, early in-person voting, and relaxed absentee requirements
share this characteristic. While there are good theoretical reasons,
drawn primarily from the rational choice tradition, to believe that
early voting reforms should increase turnout, the empirical
literature has found decidedly mixed results. While one prominent
study suggests that voting by mail is associated with a 10% increase
in turnout, other studies find smaller—but still statistically
significant—increases in turnout associated with other convenience
voting methods. This work is supported
by the Carnegie Corporation of New York, the AEI/Brookings
Election Reform Project, and the Charles McKinley Fund of Reed
College. Thanks to Caroline Tolbert and Daniel Smith for sharing
data with us, and to David Magleby for comments on an earlier
version of this paper. All responsibility for interpretations
lay with the authors.
Ballot Regulations and Multiparty Politics in the States
Authors: Burden Barry C.
Published: October 2007

American politics is dominated by two major parties and has been for a century. The duopoly enjoyed by the Democrats and Republicans is largely the result of Duverger's Law: the tendency of a single-member district system to produce two-party competition (Duverger 1963). Minor parties ultimately fail in a single-member district system because (1) the winner-take-all approach does not reward candidates who finish third and (2) citizens vote strategically to avoid “wasting” their votes on hopeless candidates and spoiling the election (Cox 1997; Riker 1982). Because the U.S. two-party system is so dependent on its majoritarian electoral rules, one might suspect that other election regulations would have little effect on the number of parties. A longer version of this paper was presented at the conference, “2008 and Beyond: The Future of Election and Ethics Reform in the States,” Columbus, OH, January 16–17, 2007. I thank Richard Winger ofBallot Access Newsfor comments and information.
Regulating Redistricting
Authors: McDonald Michael P.
Published: October 2007

As 2010 nears, state governments are preparing for the decennial political ritual of equalizing legislative district population as revealed by the new census. If the past is a guide, legislatures will grind to a standstill as legislators wrestle with the politically charged task of redistricting. But where legislators, party leaders, staff, consultants, and lawyers spend considerable time, effort, and money on their obsession with district boundaries, political scientists come to mixed conclusions about redistricting's effect on electoral politics. About the only consensus reached is on the electoral effects of racial gerrymandering, where debate has shifted to its normative implications.
Incorporating Spain into the Comparative Democratization
Syllabus
Authors: Field Bonnie N.
Published: October 2007

On June 15, 2007, Spain celebrated 30 years since the 1977 elections
inaugurated the current democratic political system. These were the
first democratic elections in 40 years—the last were held during
Spain's first experience with mass democracy during the Second
Republic (1931–1936). This essay explores why and how to incorporate
the Spanish case into syllabi on comparative democratization. I
suggest a few interesting topics to explore and more fully develop
how the Spanish case can be used to illustrate explanations of
democratization, namely modernization theory and elite pact
making.
What Can Students Learn from the Spanish Case in Comparative Politics Courses?
Authors: Hamann Kerstin
Published: October 2007

What can undergraduate students of comparative politics learn from studying Spain? Clearly, many professors do not see any good reasons to integrate Spain in introductory courses on comparative politics or European politics. Spain is often considered as a country on the periphery of western Europe—geographically, economically, and politically—and thus not worth spending time discussing in introductory courses on comparative politics or even western European politics. Given the time constraints of short semesters, instructors have to make choices about which topics and countries to cover when choosing European case studies for their syllabus, and often settle for a mix of the “classic” cases such as the United Kingdom, Germany, and France, and “newer” cases, such as new democracies in eastern and central Europe. Spain fits neither the established, advanced industrialized democracies category nor is it of much obvious interest for studying the latest developments in EU expansion. Spain re-democratized in the latter half of the 1970s and is currently celebrating 30 years of electoral democracy. The country joined the EU, then the European Communities, in 1986, together with Portugal and Greece. Thus, the newness of Spanish democracy and its EU membership has long since passed as a point of interest for college instruction, giving way to the new democracies in central and eastern Europe and the more recent waves of EU expansion. At the same time, Spanish democracy is too young to present a classic case of advanced industrialized democracies. In short, Spain does not appear to have much inherent appeal for undergraduate comparative politics courses. I gratefully acknowledge research assistance from Wendy Whitman in collecting information on textbooks and syllabi.
The Chicago School That Never Was
Authors: Heaney Michael T.
Published: October 2007

Acentral problem in the development of political science has long
been how to emulate the objectivity and rigor of natural science
while simultaneously retaining relevance for conducting public
affairs. For some observers, however, the very notion of a
natural-scientific orientation to the study of politics is
antithetical to its relevance to practical politics. Woodrow Wilson
(1911, 10) struck at the heart of the
matter when he proclaimed that “I do not like the term political
science” in his 1910 APSA Presidential Address. “Human relationships
… are not in any proper sense the subject matter of science. They
are the stuff of insight and sympathy and spiritual comprehension”
(10–1; see also Ubertaccio and Cook 2006). This research
received financial support from the Institution for Social and
Policy Studies at Yale University and the department of
political science at the University of Florida. For helpful
suggestions, I am grateful to Michael Bloom, John Mark Hansen,
Daniel Meyer, and Stephen Yoder.
Faculty Training in Political Science: Results from a
Survey of Department Chairs
Authors: Rothgeb John M. , Spadafore Annemarie , Burger Betsy
Published: October 2007

In recent years, increased attention has focused on how doctoral
programs prepare graduate students to become faculty members at
colleges and universities. One reflection of this interest is the
development of such training programs as Preparing Future Faculty
(PFF), which the Association of American Colleges and Universities
and the Council of Graduate Schools founded in 1993. With financial
support from the Pew Charitable Trusts, the National Science
Foundation, and the Atlantic Philanthropies, and with the
participation of several professional associations, including the
American Political Science Association, PFF has grown to include
nearly 300 colleges and universities nationwide. In the recent past,
21 doctoral departments, including four from political science, have
received funding for PFF. In addition to formal PFF programs, the
literature on graduate education suggests that many doctoral
departments have established their own training routines to assist
graduate students as they prepare to teach and/or to assume faculty
responsibilities.
APSA Treasurer's Report 2007: Another Year of Growth and
Innovation in APSA's Financial Operations
Authors: Affigne Tony , Smith Robin
Published: October 2007

Once again, I am pleased to report that our Association's financial
condition remains healthy, providing a resource base sufficient to
continue current operations, while expanding the Association's
activities in new directions as needed. Since my last annual report,
we have seen our endowment and real estate holdings grow in value to
about $30 million (as of August 2007), against which we are carrying
just $1.6 million in mortgage debt. For the fiscal year that ended
June 30, 2007, we estimate that total operating income ($4.7
million) was slightly above budget, with expenditures slightly
below. Our broad membership base continues to be the most important
reason for our healthy financial condition, while the Annual Meeting
and APSA publications also provide substantial income. In short, we
are in the enviable position of enjoying stable membership, while
holding substantial income- and growth-producing assets with minimal
long-term liabilities. All of these factors combine to produce an
operating budget which hews closely to anticipated income and
expenses, year after year.
Beyond foraging: behavioral science and the future of institutional economics
Authors: FIELD ALEXANDER J.
Published: October 2007

Institutions affect economic outcomes, but variation in them cannot be directly linked to environmental factors such as geography, climate, or technological availabilities. Game theoretic approaches, based as they typically are on foraging only assumptions, do not provide an adequate foundation for understanding the intervening role of politics and ideology; nor does the view that culture and institutions are entirely socially constructed. Understanding what institutions are and how they influence behavior requires an approach that is in part biological, focusing on cognitive and behavioral adaptations for social interaction favored in the past by group selection. These adaptations, along with their effects on canalizing social learning, help to explain uniformities in political and social order, and are the bedrock upon which we build cultural and institutional variability.
The division of labor in the firm: Agency, near-decomposability and the Babbage principle
Authors: REINSTALLER ANDREAS
Published: October 2007

This paper devises a simulation model that combines insights from the evolutionary perspective on the division of labor with ideas from the labor process literature. It characterizes technical change and the development of a near-decomposable production process as the outcome of technological search and of organizational problem solving, where the conflict between workers and firms over the organization of work plays a central role. It is argued that a near-decomposable organization of the production process also allows management to tighten its control over workers. Consequently, more extensive divisions of labor within a firm develop where the power of workers to oppose decisions by the management is low. In these scenarios the performance of firms is also highest. The model is used to interpret historical evidence about different development paths in technical change in the UK and the US at the beginning of the twentieth century.
Zum therapeutischen Umgang mit Patienten, die an einer chronischen Krankheit mit unklarem Verlauf leiden – das Beispiel eines Patienten mit Lupus erythematodes
Authors: Geiger  , Langewitz
Published: October 2007

Systemischer Lupus erythematodes (SLE) als Autoimmunerkrankung stellt die Betroffenen unter anderem wegen ihres unklaren Verlaufs hinsichtlich der Krankheitsverarbeitung vor eine große Herausforderung. Es reicht nicht, Patienten Informationen über die Erkrankung zu vermitteln, da diese einen unvorhergesehenen Verlauf nimmt. Obwohl es manualisierte Patientenschulungsprogramme für SLE-Patienten gibt, legt der schlecht vorhersehbare Verlauf der Erkrankung eigentlich nahe, in einem an das Individuum angepassten Einzel-Setting zu arbeiten. Über solche Interventionen ist allerdings nur wenig bekannt. Im Folgenden wird die begrenzte psychotherapeutische Behandlung eines 29-jährigen SLE-Patienten vorgestellt, bei dem SLE- induzierte kognitive Defizite, und der Umgang mit der Krankheit thematisiert wurden. Im Zentrum der Auseinandersetzung stand ein eigentlicher durch die Krankheit induzierter Identitätskonflikt. Es konnte mit wenig Stunden eine Besserung der psychischen Problematik erreicht werden.
Influence of Infection/Inflammation, Thalassemia and Nutritional Status on Iron Absorption
Authors: Lynch
Published: October 2007

Iron balance in human beings is maintained by the control of absorption. Recent observations have demonstrated that a peptide hormone, hepcidin, is the principal regulator of iron homeostasis. It is produced in the liver in response to increasing iron stores. It is also induced by interleukin-6 (IL-6) in infectious and inflammatory diseases. Hepcidin restricts both iron absorption and iron release from stores. Disorders that affect the duodenum or stomach directly, particularly gluten enteropathy and H. pylori infections, also impair iron absorption by damaging enterocytes or reducing gastric acid output. Hepcidin secretion is suppressed by accelerated erythropoiesis even when iron stores are increased. This appears to account for the contribution that excessive absorption makes to the iron overload seen in patients with iron-loading anemias such as thalassemia major. There is some evidence suggesting that two nutritional deficiency disorders (deficiencies of vitamin A and riboflavin) lead to impaired iron absorption or utilization, but further research is needed to reconcile conflicting experimental observations.
Parameterization for the relative humidity dependence of light extinction: Organic‐ammonium sulfate aerosol
Authors: Garland Rebecca M. , Ravishankara A. R. , Lovejoy Edward R. , Tolbert Margaret A. , Baynard Tahllee
Published: October 2007

Atmospheric particles are a complex mixture of inorganic and organic compounds. This study uses laboratory generated particles to examine the connection between aerosol light extinction, chemical composition, and hygroscopicity for particles composed of internal mixtures of ammonium sulfate and water‐soluble organic compounds. The extinction coefficient (σep) at 532 nm was measured for size‐selected particles at <10% RH and 80% RH. The ratio of the extinction coefficients at 80% RH to <10% RH is reported as fRHext(80% RH, dry). The fRHext(80% RH, dry) values were similar for particles composed of various water‐soluble organic compounds and different functional groups. In addition, fRHext(80% RH, dry) values were relatively insensitive to the composition of the organic fraction for internal mixtures of ammonium sulfate with sugars, dicarboxylic acids and complex mixtures of water‐soluble organic compounds. Finally, fRHext(80% RH, dry) was found to vary linearly with the organic/inorganic content, allowing for simple incorporation of organic properties into atmospheric models. We derived a generalization of fRHext(80% RH, dry) = 2.90 – 0.015(wt% organic species) for a particle size distribution with a dry mean optical diameter of 0.35 μm. This parameterization for ammonium sulfate/water‐soluble organic aerosol is applicable to the fine particle mode fraction of atmospheric aerosol. Information necessary to incorporate the variation in the size distribution is also included. This work suggests that neglecting the water uptake by the organic fraction of atmospheric particles could lead to significant underestimation of the cooling at the Earth's surface due to light scattering by aerosol.
A weather generator for hydrological, ecological, and agricultural applications
Authors: Ivanov Valeriy Y. , Bras Rafael L. , Curtis David C.
Published: October 2007

This paper presents a weather generator that allows simulation of hydrometeorological variables representative of a given geographic location: precipitation, total cloud cover, incoming shortwave radiation, air temperature, humidity, and wind speed. The approach captures the essential relationships among the quantities of interest, while modeling the diurnal variation of weather conditions at the hourly scale. Precipitation is considered to be the key driver of simulated hydrometeorological conditions, which leads to a consistent covariation of the weather variables. The generator was calibrated and validated with data from three meteorological stations located in New Mexico, Arizona, and Oklahoma. The set of variables reproduced by the weather generator can serve as input to a number of models of environmental systems, involving hydrological, ecological, water resources, and agricultural applications. The model is also suitable for creating scenarios of climate regimes (e.g., dry versus wet climates) useful in sensitivity studies. The source codes of the weather generator, manual, and test applications are publicly available.
Measurements of 220Rn and 222Rn and CO2 emissions in soil and fumarole gases on Mt. Etna volcano (Italy): Implications for gas transport and shallow ground fracture
Authors: Giammanco S. , Sims K. W. W. , Neri M.
Published: October 2007

Measurements of 220Rn and 222Rn activity and of CO2 flux in soil and fumaroles were carried out on Mount Etna volcano in 2005–2006, both in its summit area and along active faults on its flanks. We observe an empirical relationship between (220Rn/222Rn) and CO2 efflux. The higher the flux of CO2, the lower the ratio between 220Rn and 222Rn. Deep sources of gas are characterized by high 222Rn activity and high CO2 efflux, whereas shallow sources are indicated by high 220Rn activity and relatively low CO2 efflux. Excess 220Rn highlights sites of ongoing shallow rock fracturing that could be affected by collapse, as in the case of the rim of an active vent. Depletion both in 220Rn and in CO2 seems to be representative of residual degassing along recently active eruptive vents.
Long term fate of anthropogenic carbon
Authors: Montenegro Alvaro , Brovkin Victor , Eby Michael , Archer David , Weaver Andrew J.
Published: October 2007

Two earth‐system models of intermediate complexity are used to study the long term response to an input of 5000 Pg of carbon into the atmosphere. About 75% of CO2 emissions have an average perturbation lifetime of 1800 years and 25% have lifetimes much longer than 5000 years. In the simulations, higher levels of atmospheric CO2 remain in the atmosphere than predicted by previous experiments and the average perturbation lifetime of atmospheric CO2 for this level of emissions is much longer than the 300–400 years proposed by other studies. At year 6800, CO2 concentrations between about 960 to 1440 ppmv result in global surface temperature increases between 6 and 8°C. There is also significant surface ocean acidification, with pH decreasing from 8.16 to 7.46 units between years 2000 and 2300.
Eulerian and Lagrangian eddy statistics of the Tasman Sea and southwest Pacific Ocean
Authors: Chiswell Stephen M. , Rickard Graham J. , Bowen Melissa M.
Published: October 2007

Ocean eddy variability dominates many important processes in the ocean at a range of length and timescales. We describe the eddy statistics in the Tasman Sea–New Zealand region using drifter data from the Global Drifter Program (GDP) to derive Lagrangian statistics and TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) satellite data to derive Eulerian statistics. The ratio η of the Lagrangian to Eulerian timescales is also a measure of length scales in the ocean; when η is high, Lagrangian length scales are short compared with Eulerian length scales and vice versa. We compute η both in the time domain from temporal autocorrelations of drifter and satellite data, and in the frequency domain from drifter and satellite velocity spectra. The zonal component of this ratio appears to be constant in the Tasman Sea, whereas the meridional component shows a latitudinal dependence. We argue that if η is known, all Eulerian and Lagrangian timescales can be determined from relatively easy measurements of the Eulerian timescale and eddy kinetic velocity.
Refraction and reflection of infragravity waves near submarine canyons
Authors: Thomson Jim , Elgar Steve , Herbers T. H. C. , Raubenheimer Britt , Guza R. T.
Published: October 2007

The propagation of infragravity waves (ocean surface waves with periods from 20 to 200 s) over complex inner shelf (water depths from about 3 to 50 m) bathymetry is investigated with field observations from the southern California coast. A wave‐ray‐path‐based model is used to describe radiation from adjacent beaches, refraction over slopes (smooth changes in bathymetry), and partial reflection from submarine canyons (sharp changes in bathymetry). In both the field observations and the model simulations the importance of the canyons depends on the directional spectrum of the infragravity wave field radiating from the shoreline and on the distance from the canyons. Averaged over the wide range of conditions observed, a refraction‐only model has reduced skill near the abrupt bathymetry, whereas a combined refraction and reflection model accurately describes the distribution of infragravity wave energy on the inner shelf, including the localized effects of steep‐walled submarine canyons.
Transmissivity upscaling in numerical models of steady aquifer flow: Conditional statistics
Authors: Dagan G. , Lessoff S. C.
Published: October 2007

Numerical solution of regional scale aquifer flow requires discretizing the transmissivity T. For spatially varying T and by the stochastic approach, T is modeled as a random field. Typically, both the numerical element scale R and the log transmissivity integral scale I are of order of hundreds to thousands meters. Consequently, the upscaled block transmissivity is random and its statistical moments depend on those of the fine scale T, on flow conditions, and on R/I. Modeling Y = ln T as a two‐dimensional normally distributed stationary random field, we have derived [Dagan and Lessoff, Water Resources Research, 43, W05431, doi:10.1029/2006WR005235 2007] the unconditional statistics of the upscaled = ln , accurate to the first‐order in σY2, the log transmissivity variance. Both cases of mean uniform flow [solved previously by Indelman and Dagan, Transport in Porous Media, 12, 161‐183, 1993] and of strongly nonuniform flow in a circular block of radius R centered at a well of radius rw, were considered. Such upscaling applies either to elements in regions of natural gradient flow or those surrounding a projected well, respectively, which are sufficiently far from points of measurement of T. The present article extends the analysis to account for the presence of a measurement removed in the center of the element (e.g., result of a pumping test). The fine scale conditional log transmissivity Yc is modeled as multi‐Gaussian, of nonstationary mean and of two point covariance which depend on the measured value and distance from the measurement location. Upscaling in mean uniform flow is related, for instance, to the case of a pumping well which is not operative, but served to determine T while natural gradient flow conditions prevail in the area. It was found that upscaling has a significant effect upon the mean upscaled log transmissivity that changes from the measured value for R/I ≪ 1 to the effective one 〈Y〉 = ln TG for R/I > 6. Similarly, the conditional log transmissivity variance is greatly reduced compared to the unconditional case. It tends to zero for R/I → 0 or R/I → ∞, and it reaches a maximal value of around 0.15 σY2 for R/I ≃ 1. The second case, of upscaling in well flow, applies to an element with an operative well at its center, which was used to determine the transmissivity Tw. Unlike mean uniform flow, it is found that upscaling has a very small effect for the realistic values of rw/I = 0(10−3) and R/I < 5. In this case the upscaled transmissivity is practically deterministic and equal to the given Tw. A summary of the two articles, (Dagan and Lessoff, 2007) and the present one concludes the paper.
How Britain became an island
Authors: Gibbard Philip
Published: October 2007

Island Britain is separated from the European continent by the English Channel and the North Sea. But it was not always so. The floor of the Channel provides evidence for two catastrophic floods arising from the drainage of huge glacial lakes in the area of the southern North Sea. These megafloods carved the Dover Strait to make Britain the island it is today.
Upstream Stimulatory Factor (USF) and CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein δ (C/EBPδ) Compete for overlapping Sites in the Negative Regulatory Region of the HIV-1 LTR
Authors: Ayoubi Torik , Meulemans Sandra , Van de Ven Wim
Published: October 2007

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is a human retrovirus and the causative agent of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Genetic analysis has revealed that the HIV-1 LTR contains a potential negative regulatory element (NRE) with an E box, the recognition sequence for the helix-loop-helix (HLH) family of transcription factors. Furthermore, the upstream stimulatory factor (USF) has been implicated as a negative regulator of HIV-1 expression. Here, we report that the NRE is a composite element and that both C/EBPδ and USF can specifically bind to the NRE. The recognition sequence for C/EBPδ overlaps with the E box in the NRE of HIV-1. Competition experiments showed that either USF or C/EBPδ binds to this NRE but not both together.
Cell Culture of Bovine Luteal Cells in a Continuous Bioreactor
Authors: Giese C , Sernetz M , Hoffmann B
Published: October 2007

Contents

For long‐term culture of primary bovine luteal cells a continuous bioreactor using hollow‐fibre and fluidized‐bed modules was developed. Luteal cells were successfully cultured in continuous bioreactors over 21 days and their progesterone production in vitro was traced and quantified under stimulation by hCG and inhibition by PGF2α. Considerable progesterone production rates of about 102–103 molecules progesterone per cell and hour could be estimated.
Maximising Generic Utilisation: The Power of Pharmacy Benefit Management
Authors: Snow David B.
Published: October 2007

Over a seven-year period (2006-2012), a US$77bn market in brand-name drugs will open to generic competition in the United States, dramatically expanding the opportunities to lower the costs of pharmaceutical care. To capitalise on this emerging market, benefit plans will need highly effective strategies for increasing the use of generics in day-to-day clinical practice — including financial incentives for plan members, expanded use of mail-order pharmacy, and vigorous efforts to communicate cost-savings opportunities to members and their physicians. Online cost comparison tools are an especially powerful vehicle for informing members about their options and motivating them to switch to lower-cost alternatives. At an industry level, maximising the generic market opportunity will require a more favourable regulatory framework and a realignment of incentives for new drug development.
Modulation of electron transfer kinetics by protein conformational fluctuations during early-stage photosynthesis
Authors: Chaudhury Srabanti , Cherayil Binny J.
Published: October 2007

The kinetics of electron transfer during the early stages of the photosynthetic reaction cycle has recently been shown in transient absorption experiments carried out by Wang et al. [Science 316, 747 (2007)] to be strongly influenced by fluctuations in the conformation of the surrounding protein. A model of electron transfer rates in polar solvents developed by Sumi and Marcus using a reaction-diffusion formalism [J. Chem. Phys. 84, 4894 (1986)] was found to be successful in fitting the experimental absorption curves over a roughly 200ps time interval. The fits were achieved using an empirically determined time-dependent function that described protein conformational relaxation. In the present paper, a microscopic model of this function is suggested, and it is shown that the function can be identified with the dynamic autocorrelation function of intersegment distance fluctuations that occur in a harmonic potential of mean force under the action of fractional Gaussian noise.
Wide-band acousto-optic deflectors with high efficiency for visible range fringe pattern projector
Authors: Dupont S. , Kastelik J. C. , Causa F.
Published: October 2007

A laser fringe projection system based on a pair of identical acousto-optic TeO2 deflectors operated at the same frequency and using tangential phase matching anisotropic interaction is demonstrated, achieving large bandwidth and high efficiency. A 40MHz bandwidth and an acousto-optic efficiency higher than 60% have been measured at wavelength of 514nm. The specific pris-matic configuration of the in-house developed deflectors greatly facilitates optical alignment of the instrument. The spatial period of the interference fringes can be dynamically controlled over almost one decade by tuning the frequency of the acoustic carriers.
Dynamic magnetoelectric coupling in “electronic ferroelectric” LuFe2O4
Authors: Park Ji Yong , Park Jung Hwan , Jeong Young Kyu , Jang Hyun M.
Published: October 2007

Magnetoelectric (ME) coupling characteristics of LuFe2O4 were examined by monitoring the electrical voltage induced by an oscillating magnetic field under a static bias field (H0). Interestingly, the room-temperature dynamic ME output exhibited a constant plateau behavior up to a certain static-field strength but showed a sudden drop above this critical value. In addition, two evidences of the intrinsic ME coupling were obtained by monitoring the pyroelectric response near the ferrimagnetic ordering temperature (∼250K) and by examining the temperature-dependent magnetization near the ferroelectric transition point (∼345K) between the two-dimensional charge-density-wave (CDW) state and the three-dimensional CDW state.
Electrospinning of Nanofibres: Towards New Techniques, Functions, and Applications
Authors: Dersch Roland , Graeser Martin , Greiner Andreas , Wendorff Joachim H.
Published: October 2007

Nanofibres, core–shell nanofibres, as well as hollow nanofibres and nanotubes based on polymers, serve as a platform for a broad range of applications as filters, textiles, in photonics, sensors, catalysis, or in medicine and pharmacy. Such nanoobjects become available by techniques such as the well-known electrospinning and the more recently developed co-electrospinning of nanofibres. Electrospinning takes place in the latter case by two or more concentrically arranged dies that yield core–shell fibres or fibres with droplet-like inclusions arranged along the centre of the fibres, where the inclusions are composed of polymers, low-molar-mass synthetic functional units, or molecules of biological origins such as proteins. Furthermore, template methods have been developed using electrospun nanofibres or a porous substrate, which yield core–shell fibres of complex architectures, with or without gradient structures or hollow nanofibres and nanotubes. These techniques are not restricted to polymers of synthetic and natural origin, but are able – based on precursor substances – to deliver nanofibres and nanotubes also composed of metals, glasses, and ceramics. Furthermore, these preparation techniques allow the direct introduction into these nanostructures of specific functional compounds such as semiconductor or catalytic nanoparticles and chromophores, in addition to enzymes, proteins, microorganisms, etc. during the preparation process in a very gentle way. Of particular interest are such nanostructures in medicine and pharmacy, for instance, as scaffolds for tissue engineering or as drug-delivery systems for tumour therapy.
Effects of Nanoscale Confinement and Interfaces on the Glass Transition Temperatures of a Series of Poly(n-methacrylate) Films
Authors: Priestley Rodney D. , Mundra Manish K. , Barnett Nina J. , Broadbelt Linda J. , Torkelson John M.
Published: October 2007

We use fluorescence from dye-labelled polymer to measure the glass transition temperatures (Tgs) across single-layer films and near surfaces and silica interfaces in bilayer films for a series of poly(n-methacrylate)s. With nanoscale confinement, the average Tg across a film supported on silica increases for poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), decreases for poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA) and poly(propyl methacrylate), and is nearly invariant for poly(iso-butyl methacrylate) (PIBMA). These trends are consistent with the relative strengths of local perturbations to Tg caused by surfaces and substrates as measured in bilayer films. The substrate effect, which increases Tg via hydrogen-bonding interactions between the polymer and hydroxyl groups on the silica surface, is stronger than the free-surface effect in PMMA. The free-surface effect, which reduces Tg via a reduction in the required cooperativity of the glass transition dynamics, is stronger than the substrate effect in PEMA. The substrate and free-surface effects have similar strengths in perturbing the local Tg in PIBMA, resulting in a net cancellation of effects when measurements are made across single-layer films.
Spontaneous knotting of an agitated string
Authors: Raymer Dorian M. , Smith Douglas E.
Published: October 2007

It is well known that a jostled string tends to become knotted; yet the factors governing the “spontaneous” formation of various knots are unclear. We performed experiments in which a string was tumbled inside a box and found that complex knots often form within seconds. We used mathematical knot theory to analyze the knots. Above a critical string length, the probability
P
of knotting at first increased sharply with length but then saturated below 100%. This behavior differs from that of mathematical self-avoiding random walks, where
P
has been proven to approach 100%. Finite agitation time and jamming of the string due to its stiffness result in lower probability, but
P
approaches 100% with long, flexible strings. We analyzed the knots by calculating their Jones polynomials via computer analysis of digital photos of the string. Remarkably, almost all were identified as prime knots: 120 different types, having minimum crossing numbers up to 11, were observed in 3,415 trials. All prime knots with up to seven crossings were observed. The relative probability of forming a knot decreased exponentially with minimum crossing number and Möbius energy, mathematical measures of knot complexity. Based on the observation that long, stiff strings tend to form a coiled structure when confined, we propose a simple model to describe the knot formation based on random “braid moves” of the string end. Our model can qualitatively account for the observed distribution of knots and dependence on agitation time and string length.
The coordination of cyclic microtubule association/dissociation and tail swing of cytoplasmic dynein
Authors: Imamula Kenji , Kon Takahide , Ohkura Reiko , Sutoh Kazuo
Published: October 2007

The dynein motor domain is composed of a tail, head, and stalk and is thought to generate a force to microtubules by swinging the tail against the head during its ATPase cycle. For this “power stroke,” dynein has to coordinate the tail swing with microtubule association/dissociation at the tip of the stalk. Although a detailed picture of the former process is emerging, the latter process remains to be elucidated. By using the single-headed recombinant motor domain of
Dictyostelium
cytoplasmic dynein, we address the questions of how the interaction of the motor domain with a microtubule is modulated by ATPase steps, how the two mechanical cycles (the microtubule association/dissociation and tail swing) are coordinated, and which ATPase site among the multiple sites in the motor domain regulates the coordination. Based on steady-state and pre-steady-state measurements, we demonstrate that the two mechanical cycles proceed synchronously at most of the intermediate states in the ATPase cycle: the motor domain in the poststroke state binds strongly to the microtubule with a
K
d
of ≈0.2 μM, whereas most of the motor domains in the prestroke state bind weakly to the microtubule with a
K
d
of >10 μM. However, our results suggest that the timings of the microtubule affinity change and tail swing are staggered at the recovery stroke step in which the tail swings from the poststroke to the prestroke position. The ATPase site in the AAA1 module of the motor domain was found to be responsible for the coordination of these two mechanical processes.