bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Retrospective methodology to estimate daily infections from deaths (REMEDID) in COVID-19: the Spain case study
Authors: García-García David , Vigo María Isabel , Fonfría Eva S. , Herrador Zaida , Navarro Miriam , Bordehore Cesar
Published: May 2021

The number of new daily infections is one of the main parameters to understand the dynamics of an epidemic. During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, however, such information has been underestimated. Here, we propose a retrospective methodology to estimate daily infections from daily deaths, because those are usually more accurately documented. Given the incubation period, the time from illness onset to death, and the case fatality ratio, the date of death can be estimated from the date of infection. We apply this idea conversely to estimate infections from deaths. This methodology is applied to Spain and its 19 administrative regions. Our results showed that probable daily infections during the first wave were between 35 and 42 times more than those officially documented on 14 March, when the national government decreed a national lockdown and 9 times more than those documented by the updated version of the official data. The national lockdown had a strong effect on the growth rate of virus transmission, which began to decrease immediately. Finally, the first inferred infection in Spain is about 43 days before the official data were available during the first wave. The current official data show delays of 15–30 days in the first infection relative to the inferred infections in 63% of the regions. In summary, we propose a methodology that allows reinterpretation of official daily infections, improving data accuracy in infection magnitude and dates because it assimilates valuable information from the National Seroprevalence Studies.
Prevalence of and factors associated with dilated choroidal vessels beneath the retinal pigment epithelium among the Japanese
Authors: Ito Yasuki , Ito Mari , Iwase Takeshi , Kataoka Keiko , Yamada Kazuhisa , Yasuda Sayuri , Ito Hiroki , Takeuchi Jun , Nakano Yuyako , Fujita Ai , Horiguchi Etsuyo , Taki Yosuke , Yatsuya Hiroshi , Terasaki Hiroko
Published: May 2021

Pachyvessels are pathologically dilated large choroidal vessels and are associated with the pathogenesis of several pachychoroid-related disorders, including central serous chorioretinopathy. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of and risk factors for pachyvessels in the Japanese population. We included 316 participants (aged ≥ 40 years) with normal right eyes. The presence of pachyvessels (vertical diameter > 300 µm, distance to the retinal pigment epithelium < 50 µm) was determined using 6 × 6 mm macular swept-source optical coherence tomography images, and associated risk factors were investigated. Subfoveal choroidal thickness was measured, and its associated risk factors investigated. The overall prevalence of pachychoroids was 9.5%. Regression analysis showed that a younger age, shorter axial length, male sex, and smoking were significantly associated with the presence of pachyvessels (p = 0.047; odds ratio [OR] 0.96 per year, p = 0.021; OR 0.61 per 1 mm, p = 0.012; OR 3.08 vs. female, and p = 0.011; OR 3.15 vs. non-smoker, respectively) and greater choroidal thickness (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.003, and p < 0.017, respectively). The results were consistent with other research findings which showed that pachychoroid-related disorders such as central serous chorioretinopathy were associated with younger age, male sex, shorter axial length, and smoking. Smoking may be associated with choroidal circulatory disturbance in the Japanese population.
Novel Bloch wave excitation platform based on few-layer photonic crystal deposited on D-shaped optical fiber
Authors: Gonzalez-Valencia Esteban , Villar Ignacio Del , Torres Pedro
Published: May 2021

With the goal of ultimate control over the light propagation, photonic crystals currently represent the primary building blocks for novel nanophotonic devices. Bloch surface waves (BSWs) in periodic dielectric multilayer structures with a surface defect is a well-known phenomenon, which implies new opportunities for controlling the light propagation and has many applications in the physical and biological science. However, most of the reported structures based on BSWs require depositing a large number of alternating layers or exploiting a large refractive index (RI) contrast between the materials constituting the multilayer structure, thereby increasing the complexity and costs of manufacturing. The combination of fiber–optic-based platforms with nanotechnology is opening the opportunity for the development of high-performance photonic devices that enhance the light-matter interaction in a strong way compared to other optical platforms. Here, we report a BSW-supporting platform that uses geometrically modified commercial optical fibers such as D-shaped optical fibers, where a few-layer structure is deposited on its flat surface using metal oxides with a moderate difference in RI. In this novel fiber optic platform, BSWs are excited through the evanescent field of the core-guided fundamental mode, which indicates that the structure proposed here can be used as a sensing probe, along with other intrinsic properties of fiber optic sensors, as lightness, multiplexing capacity and easiness of integration in an optical network. As a demonstration, fiber optic BSW excitation is shown to be suitable for measuring RI variations. The designed structure is easy to manufacture and could be adapted to a wide range of applications in the fields of telecommunications, environment, health, and material characterization.
Impact of a tropical forest blowdown on aboveground carbon balance
Authors: Cushman K. C. , Burley John T. , Imbach Benedikt , Saatchi Sassan S. , Silva Carlos E. , Vargas Orlando , Zgraggen Carlo , Kellner James R.
Published: May 2021

Field measurements demonstrate a carbon sink in the Amazon and Congo basins, but the cause of this sink is uncertain. One possibility is that forest landscapes are experiencing transient recovery from previous disturbance. Attributing the carbon sink to transient recovery or other processes is challenging because we do not understand the sensitivity of conventional remote sensing methods to changes in aboveground carbon density (ACD) caused by disturbance events. Here we use ultra-high-density drone lidar to quantify the impact of a blowdown disturbance on ACD in a lowland rain forest in Costa Rica. We show that the blowdown decreased ACD by at least 17.6%, increased the number of canopy gaps, and altered the gap size-frequency distribution. Analyses of a canopy-height transition matrix indicate departure from steady-state conditions. This event will initiate a transient sink requiring an estimated 24–49 years to recover pre-disturbance ACD. Our results suggest that blowdowns of this magnitude and extent can remain undetected by conventional satellite optical imagery but are likely to alter ACD decades after they occur.
The relation between acute changes in the systemic inflammatory response and circulating thiamine and magnesium concentrations after elective knee arthroplasty
Authors: Maguire Donogh , Catchpole Anthony , Sheerins Owen , Talwar Dinesh , Burns Alana , Blyth Mark , Shaw Andrew , Jones Bryn , Drury Colin , Harten Johann , Smith Innes , McMillan Donald C.
Published: May 2021

Thiamine diphosphate (TDP) and magnesium are co-factors for key enzymes in human intermediary metabolism. However, their role in the systemic inflammatory response (SIR) is not clear. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the relation between acute changes in the SIR and thiamine and magnesium dependent enzyme activity in patients undergoing elective knee arthroplasty (a standard reproducible surgical injury in apparently healthy individuals). Patients (n = 35) who underwent elective total knee arthroplasty had venous blood samples collected pre- and post-operatively for 3 days, for measurement of whole blood TDP, serum and erythrocyte magnesium, erythrocyte transketolase activity (ETKA), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose and lactate concentrations. Pre-operatively, TDP concentrations, erythrocyte magnesium concentrations, ETKA and plasma glucose were within normal limits for all patients. In contrast, 5 patients (14%) had low serum magnesium concentrations (< 0.75 mmol/L). On post-operative day1, both TDP concentrations (p < 0.001) and basal ETKA (p < 0.05) increased and serum magnesium concentrations decreased (p < 0.001). Erythrocyte magnesium concentrations correlated with serum magnesium concentrations (rs = 0.338, p < 0.05) and remained constant during SIR. Post-operatively 14 patients (40%) had low serum magnesium concentrations. On day1 serum magnesium concentrations were directly associated with LDH (p < 0.05), WCC (p < 0.05) and neutrophils (p < 0.01). Whole blood TDP and basal ETKA increased while serum magnesium concentrations decreased, indicating increased requirement for thiamine and magnesium dependent enzyme activity during SIR. Therefore, thiamine and magnesium represent potentially modifiable therapeutic targets that may modulate the host inflammatory response. Erythrocyte magnesium concentrations are likely to be reliable measures of status, whereas serum magnesium concentrations and whole blood TDP may not.

ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03554668.
Organ-specific transcriptome analysis reveals differential gene expression in different castes under natural conditions in Apis cerana
Authors: Kang Igojo , Kim Woojin , Lim Jae Yun , Lee Yun , Shin Chanseok
Published: May 2021

Honeybees are one of the most environmentally important insects, as their pollination of various plant species contributes to the balance among different ecosystems. It has been studied extensively for their unique attribute of forming a caste society. Unlike other insects, honeybees communicate socially by secreting pheromones or by exhibiting specific patterns of motion. In the honeybee industry, the Asian honeybees (Apis cerana) and the Western honeybees (Apis mellifera) are dominant species. However, molecular research on the transcriptomes of A. cerana has not been studied as extensively as those of A. mellifera. Therefore, in this study, caste-specific transcriptional differences were analyzed, which provides a comprehensive analysis of A. cerana. In our dataset, we analyzed gene expression profiles using organs from worker, drone, and queen bees. This gene-expression profile helped us obtain more detailed information related to organ-specific genes, immune response, detoxification mechanisms, venom-specific genes, and ovary development. From our result, we found 4096 transcripts representing different gene-expression pattern in each organ. Our results suggest that caste-specific transcripts of each organ were expressed differently even under natural conditions. These transcriptome-wide analyses provide new insights into A. cerana and that promote honeybee research and conservation.
Effects of integrase inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapy on brain outcomes according to time since acquisition of HIV-1 infection
Authors: Prats Anna , Martínez-Zalacaín Ignacio , Mothe Beatriz , Negredo Eugènia , Pérez-Álvarez Núria , Garolera Maite , Domènech-Puigcerver Sira , Coll Pep , Meulbroek Michael , Chamorro Anna , Fumaz Carmina R. , Ferrer Maria J. , Clotet Bonaventura , Soriano-Mas Carles , Muñoz-Moreno Jose A.
Published: May 2021

Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTI) are a main component of the current antiretroviral regimens recommended for treatment of HIV infection. However, little is known about the impact of INSTI on neurocognition and neuroimaging. We developed a prospective observational trial to evaluate the effects of INSTI-based antiretroviral therapy on comprehensive brain outcomes (cognitive, functional, and imaging) according to the time since HIV-1 acquisition. We recruited men living with HIV who initiated antiretroviral therapy with INSTI < 3 months since the estimated date of HIV-1 acquisition (n = 12) and > 6 months since estimated date of HIV-1 acquisition (n = 15). We also recruited a group of matched seronegative individuals (n = 15). Assessments were performed at baseline (before initiation of therapy in HIV arms) and at weeks 4 and 48. Baseline cognitive functioning was comparable between the arms. At week 48, we did not find cognitive differences between starting therapy with INSTI earlier than 3 months or later than 6 months after acquisition of HIV-1 infection. Functional status was poorer in individuals diagnosed earlier. This effect recovered 48 weeks after initiation of therapy. Regarding brain imaging, we found that men living with HIV initiating antiretroviral therapy later experienced a greater decrease in medial orbitofrontal cortex over time, with expected negative repercussions for decision-making tasks.
Berberine modulates hyper-inflammation in mouse macrophages stimulated with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid via calcium-CHOP/STAT pathway
Authors: Kim Hyun-Ju , Kim Young-Jin , Park Wansu
Published: May 2021

Berberine is a well-known quaternary ammonium salt that is usually found in the roots of such plants as Phellodendron amurense and Coptis chinensis. However, the effects of berberine on double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-induced macrophages have not been fully reported. In this study, we examined the anti-inflammatory effects of berberine on dsRNA [polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid; poly I:C]-induced macrophages. Levels of nitric oxide (NO), Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), first apoptosis signal receptor (Fas; CD95), cytokines, intracellular calcium, phosphorylated I-kappa-B-alpha (IkB-α), phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphorylated ERK1/2, phosphorylated signal transducer and activated transcription 3 (STAT3), and mRNA expression of inflammatory genes in poly I:C-induced RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages were evaluated. Berberine significantly inhibited the production of NO, PGE2, Fas, GM-CSF, LIF, LIX, RANTES, and MIP-2 as well as calcium release in poly I:C-induced RAW 264.7 cells at concentrations of up to 50 μM. Berberine also significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, IkB-α, and STAT3 in poly I:C-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Additionally, berberine significantly decreased the mRNA expressions of Chop (GADD153), Stat1, Stat3, and Fas in poly I:C-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Taken together, berberine has anti-inflammatory properties related to its inhibition of NO, PGE2, Fas, GM-CSF, LIF, LIX, RANTES, and MIP-2 in dsRNA-induced macrophages via the endoplasmic reticulum stress-related calcium-CHOP/STAT pathway.
Trace compounds in Early Medieval Egyptian blue carry information on provenance, manufacture, application, and ageing
Authors: Dariz Petra , Schmid Thomas
Published: May 2021

Only a few scientific evidences for the use of Egyptian blue in Early Medieval wall paintings in Central and Southern Europe have been reported so far. The monochrome blue fragment discussed here belongs to the second church building of St. Peter above Gratsch (South Tyrol, Northern Italy, fifth/sixth century A.D.). Beyond cuprorivaite and carbon black (underpainting), 26 accessory minerals down to trace levels were detected by means of Raman microspectroscopy, providing unprecedented insights into the raw materials blend and conversion reactions during preparation, application, and ageing of the pigment. In conjunction with archaeological evidences for the manufacture of Egyptian blue in Cumae and Liternum and the concordant statements of the antique Roman writers Vitruvius and Pliny the Elder, natural impurities of the quartz sand speak for a pigment produced at the northern Phlegrean Fields (Campania, Southern Italy). Chalcocite (and chalcopyrite) suggest the use of a sulphidic copper ore, and water-insoluble salts a mixed-alkaline flux in the form of plant ash. Not fully reacted quartz crystals partly intergrown with cuprorivaite and only minimal traces of silicate glass portend solid-state reactions predominating the chemical reactions during synthesis, while the melting of the raw materials into glass most likely played a negligible role.
Molecular profiling of the intestinal mucosa and immune cells of the colon by multi-parametric histological techniques
Authors: Zadka Łukasz , Chrabaszcz Karolina , Buzalewicz Igor , Wiercigroch Ewelina , Glatzel-Plucińska Natalia , Szleszkowski Łukasz , Gomułkiewicz Agnieszka , Piotrowska Aleksandra , Kurnol Krzysztof , Dzięgiel Piotr , Jurek Tomasz , Malek Kamilla
Published: May 2021

The impact of the post-mortem interval (PMI) on the optical molecular characteristics of the colonic mucosa and the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) were examined by multi-parametric measurements techniques. Inflammatory cells were identified by immunohistochemical staining. Molecular parameters were estimated using the Raman spectroscopy (RS) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic imaging. The 3D refractive index (3D-RI) distributions of samples were determined using the digital holographic tomography. The distribution of immune cells between post-mortem (PM) and normal controls did show significant differences for CD4 (P = 0.0016) or CD8 (P < 0.0001), whose expression level was decreased in PM cases. No association was found between individual PMI values and inflammatory cell distribution. However, there was a tendency for a negative correlation between CD4+ cells and PMI (r = − 0.542, P = 0.032). The alterations ongoing in post-mortem tissue may suggest that PMI has a suppressive effect on the effector properties of the cell-mediated immunity. Moreover, it was confirmed that spectroscopic and digital holotomographic histology are also a useful technique for characterization of the differences in inflammation of varying intensity and in GALT imaging in a solid tissue. Anatomical location of immune cells and methods of tissue fixation determine the molecular and optical parameters of the examined cases.
Rapid brain structure and tumour margin detection on whole frozen tissue sections by fast multiphotometric mid-infrared scanning
Authors: Kümmel Tim , van Marwick Björn , Rittel Miriam , Ramallo Guevara Carina , Wühler Felix , Teumer Tobias , Wängler Björn , Hopf Carsten , Rädle Matthias
Published: May 2021

Frozen section analysis is a frequently used method for examination of tissue samples, especially for tumour detection. In the majority of cases, the aim is to identify characteristic tissue morphologies or tumour margins. Depending on the type of tissue, a high number of misdiagnoses are associated with this process. In this work, a fast spectroscopic measurement device and workflow was developed that significantly improves the speed of whole frozen tissue section analyses and provides sufficient information to visualize tissue structures and tumour margins, dependent on their lipid and protein molecular vibrations. That optical and non-destructive method is based on selected wavenumbers in the mid-infrared (MIR) range. We present a measuring system that substantially outperforms a commercially available Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Imaging system, since it enables acquisition of reduced spectral information at a scan field of 1 cm2 in 3 s, with a spatial resolution of 20 µm. This allows fast visualization of segmented structure areas with little computational effort. For the first time, this multiphotometric MIR system is applied to biomedical tissue sections. We are referencing our novel MIR scanner on cryopreserved murine sagittal and coronal brain sections, especially focusing on the hippocampus, and show its usability for rapid identification of primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in mouse liver.
Environmental factors, winter respiratory infections and the seasonal variation in heart failure admissions
Authors: Aronson Doron
Published: May 2021

Seasonal cycles of AHF are causally attributed to the seasonal pattern of respiratory tract infections. However, this assumption has never been formally validated. We aimed to determine whether the increase in winter admissions for acute heart failure (AHF) can be explained by seasonal infectious diseases. We studied 12,147 patients admitted for AHF over a period of 11 years (2005–2015). Detailed virology and bacteriology data were collected on each patient. Meteorological information including daily temperature and relative humidity was obtained for the same period. The peak-to-low ratio, indicating the intensity of seasonality, was calculated using negative binomial regression-derived incidence rate ratios (IRR). AHF admissions occurred with a striking annual periodicity, peaking in winter (December-February) and were lowest in summer (June–August), with a seasonal amplitude (January vs. August) of 2.00 ([95% CI 1.79–2.24]. Occurrence of confirmed influenza infections was low (1.59%). Clinical diagnoses of respiratory infections, confirmed influenza infections, and influenza-like infections also followed a strong seasonal pattern (P < 0.0001; Peak/low ratio 2.42 [95% CI 1.394–3.03]). However, after exclusion of all respiratory infections, the seasonal variation in AHF remained robust (Peak/low ratio January vs. August, 1.81 [95% CI 1.60–2.05]; P < 0.0001). There was a strong inverse association between AHF admissions and average monthly temperature (IRR 0.95 per 1℃ increase; 95% CI 0.94 to 0.96). In conclusion, these is a dominant seasonal modulation of AHF admissions which is only partly explained by the incidence of winter respiratory infections. Environmental factors modify the susceptibility of heart failure patients to decompensation.
Cortical proteins may provide motor resilience in older adults
Authors: Buchman Aron S. , Yu Lei , Oveisgharan Shahram , Petyuk Vladislav A. , Tasaki Shinya , Gaiteri Chris , Wilson Robert S. , Grodstein Francine , Schneider Julie A. , Klein Hans-Ulrich , De Jager Philip L. , Bennett David A.
Published: May 2021

Motor resilience proteins may be a high value therapeutic target that offset the negative effects of pathologies on motor function. This study sought to identify cortical proteins associated with motor decline unexplained by brain pathologies that provide motor resilience. We studied 1226 older decedents with annual motor testing, postmortem brain pathologies and quantified 226 proteotypic peptides in prefrontal cortex. Twenty peptides remained associated with motor decline in models controlling for ten brain pathologies (FDR < 0.05). Higher levels of nine peptides and lower levels of eleven peptides were related to slower decline. A higher motor resilience protein score based on averaging the levels of all 20 peptides was related to slower motor decline, less severe parkinsonism and lower odds of mobility disability before death. Cortical proteins may provide motor resilience. Targeting these proteins in further drug discovery may yield novel interventions to maintain motor function in old age.
Interrelationship between daily COVID-19 cases and average temperature as well as relative humidity in Germany
Authors: Ganegoda Naleen Chaminda , Wijaya Karunia Putra , Amadi Miracle , Erandi K. K. W. Hasitha , Aldila Dipo
Published: May 2021

COVID-19 pandemic continues to obstruct social lives and the world economy other than questioning the healthcare capacity of many countries. Weather components recently came to notice as the northern hemisphere was hit by escalated incidence in winter. This study investigated the association between COVID-19 cases and two components, average temperature and relative humidity, in the 16 states of Germany. Three main approaches were carried out in this study, namely temporal correlation, spatial auto-correlation, and clustering-integrated panel regression. It is claimed that the daily COVID-19 cases correlate negatively with the average temperature and positively with the average relative humidity. To extract the spatial auto-correlation, both global Moran’s $${\mathscr {I}}$$
I
and global Geary’s $${\mathscr {C}}$$
C
were used whereby no significant difference in the results was observed. It is evident that randomness overwhelms the spatial pattern in all the states for most of the observations, except in recent observations where either local clusters or dispersion occurred. This is further supported by Moran’s scatter plot, where states’ dynamics to and fro cold and hot spots are identified, rendering a traveling-related early warning system. A random-effects model was used in the sense of case-weather regression including incidence clustering. Our task is to perceive which ranges of the incidence that are well predicted by the existing weather components rather than seeing which ranges of the weather components predicting the incidence. The proposed clustering-integrated model associated with optimal barriers articulates the data well whereby weather components outperform lag incidence cases in the prediction. Practical implications based on marginal effects follow posterior to model diagnostics.
1H NMR based metabolic profiling distinguishes the differential impact of capture techniques on wild bighorn sheep
Authors: O’Shea-Stone Galen , Lambert Rachelle , Tripet Brian , Berardinelli James , Thomson Jennifer , Copié Valerie , Garrott Robert
Published: May 2021

Environmental metabolomics has the potential to facilitate the establishment of a new suite of tools for assessing the physiological status of important wildlife species. A first step in developing such tools is to evaluate the impacts of various capture techniques on metabolic profiles as capture is necessary to obtain the biological samples required for assays. This study employed 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolite profiling of 562 blood serum samples from wild bighorn sheep to identify characteristic molecular serum makers of three capture techniques (dart, dropnet, and helicopter-based captures) to inform future sampling protocols for metabolomics studies, and to provide insights into the physiological impacts of capture. We found that different capture techniques induce distinct changes in amino acid serum profiles, the urea cycle, and glycolysis, and attribute the differences in metabolic patterns to differences in physical activity and stress caused by the different capture methods. These results suggest that when designing experiments involving the capture of wild animals, it may be prudent to employ a single capture technique to reduce confounding factors. Our results also supports administration of tranquilizers as soon as animals are restrained to mitigate short-term physiological and metabolic responses when using pursuit and physical restraint capture techniques.
A single resistance factor to solve vineyard degeneration due to grapevine fanleaf virus
Authors: Djennane Samia , Prado Emilce , Dumas Vincent , Demangeat Gérard , Gersch Sophie , Alais Anne , Gertz Claude , Beuve Monique , Lemaire Olivier , Merdinoglu Didier
Published: May 2021

Grapevine fanleaf disease, caused by grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), transmitted by the soil-borne nematode Xiphinema index, provokes severe symptoms and economic losses, threatening vineyards worldwide. As no effective solution exists so far to control grapevine fanleaf disease in an environmentally friendly way, we investigated the presence of resistance to GFLV in grapevine genetic resources. We discovered that the Riesling variety displays resistance to GFLV, although it is susceptible to X. index. This resistance is determined by a single recessive factor located on grapevine chromosome 1, which we have named rgflv1. The discovery of rgflv1 paves the way for the first effective and environmentally friendly solution to control grapevine fanleaf disease through the development of new GFLV-resistant grapevine rootstocks, which was hitherto an unthinkable prospect. Moreover, rgflv1 is putatively distinct from the virus susceptibility factors already described in plants.
Antiviral surfaces and coatings and their mechanisms of action
Authors: Rakowska Paulina D. , Tiddia Mariavitalia , Faruqui Nilofar , Bankier Claire , Pei Yiwen , Pollard Andrew J. , Zhang Junting , Gilmore Ian S.
Published: May 2021

Viral infections are a serious health challenge, and the COVID-19 pandemic has increased the demand for antiviral measures and treatments for clean surfaces, especially in public places. Here, we review a range of natural and synthetic surface materials and coatings with antiviral properties, including metals, polymers and biopolymers, graphene and antimicrobial peptides, and their underpinning antiviral mechanisms. We also discuss the physico-chemical properties of surfaces which influence virus attachment and persistence on surfaces. Finally, an overview is given of the current practices and applications of antiviral and virucidal materials and coatings in consumer products, personal protective equipment, healthcare and public settings.
Establishment of a 3D model of tumor-driven angiogenesis to study the effects of anti-angiogenic drugs on pericyte recruitment
Authors: Qiu Yaqi , Wang Ning , Guo Tingting , Liu Shoupei , Tang Xianglian , Zhong Zhiyong , Chen Qicong , Wu Haibin , Li Xiajing , Wang Jue , Zhang Shuai , Ou Yimeng , Wang Bailin , Ma Keqiang , Gu Weili , Cao Jie , Chen Honglin , Duan Yuyou
Published: May 2021

A 3D tumor-driven angiogenesis model incorporating endothelial cells and pericytes was established to investigate the effects of anti-angiogenic agents on pericyte recruitment in a rapid and reproducible way.
An ionic covalent organic framework for rapid extraction of polar organic acids from environmental waters
Authors: Sun Jing , Xue Fang , Gao Cui-Ling , Li Lei , Jiang Hai-Long , Zhao Ru-Song , Lin Jin-Ming
Published: May 2021

An ionic covalent organic framework (Fe3O4@EB-TFB-iCOF) as a polar adsorbent was synthesized and characterized.
Deciphering the substrate recognition mechanisms of the heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferase-3
Authors: Wander Rylee , Kaminski Andrea M. , Xu Yongmei , Pagadala Vijayakanth , Krahn Juno M. , Pham Truong Quang , Liu Jian , Pedersen Lars C.
Published: May 2021

Co-crystallization and biochemical analyses with structurally defined oligosaccharides show the low reactivity of HS 3-OST-3 toward 6-O-sulfated substrates is due to inhibition of enzyme activity by 6-O-sulfated oligosaccharides.
Study on the solubilization of telmisartan by forming cocrystals with aromatic carboxylic acids
Authors: Yu Guojia , Chen Xinjian , He Lichao , Li Xiangrong , Zhou Zhiyong , Ren Zhongqi
Published: May 2021

The solubility of insoluble telmisartan could be greatly improved by forming cocrystals with aromatic carboxylic acids.
Mechanism of the selective catalytic reduction of NOx with CH4 on In/H-beta
Authors: Zhao Jiuhu , Li Zhi , Zhu Rongshu , Zhang Jingwen , Ding Ran , Wen Zhengzhong , Zhu Yongji , Zhang Gaige , Chen Baiyang
Published: May 2021

Firstly, CH4 would be activated to CH3OH, subsequently, CH3OH and O* reacted to generate HCOO−. Finally, the HCOO− further reacted with NO3− which was completely converted to CO2, H2O and N2.
Supertetrahedral anions in the phosphidosilicates Na1.25Ba0.875Si3P5 and Na31Ba5Si52P83
Authors: Haffner Arthur , Zeman Otto E. O. , Bräuniger Thomas , Johrendt Dirk
Published: May 2021

New phosphidosilicates form complex supertetrahedral structures with channels for sodium ion conduction.
A low proportion n-6/n-3 PUFA diet supplemented with Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) oil protects against osteoarthritis by attenuating inflammation in ovariectomized mice
Authors: Dai Yufeng , Zhang Lei , Yan Ziyi , Li Zhuo , Fu Meng , Xue Changhu , Wang Jingfeng
Published: May 2021

The low proportion n-6/n-3 PUFA diets, particularly with AKO, alleviated inflammation and inhibited articular cartilage degeneration in ovariectomized mice.
Carvacrol-loaded liposome suspension: optimization, characterization and incorporation into poly(vinyl alcohol) films
Authors: Tavares Adassa Gama , Andrade Johana , Silva Rafael Resende Assis , Marques Clara Suprani , Silva José Osvaldo Ramos da , Vanetti Maria Cristina Dantas , Melo Nathália Ramos de , Soares Nilda de Fátima Ferreira
Published: May 2021

Carvacrol was efficiently entrapped in liposomes, reduced the aggregation and increased the thermal stability of the system. Moreover, carvacrol maintained its antibacterial effect after its incorporation into liposomes.
Physico-chemical properties of selenium–tellurium alloys across the scales
Authors: Geoffrion Luke D. , Guisbiers Grégory
Published: May 2021

Selenium and tellurium are both energy critical elements as defined by the American Physical Society and the Materials Research Society.
Determination of sitagliptin in human plasma using a smart electrochemical sensor based on electroactive molecularly imprinted nanoparticles
Authors: Haq Isma , Alanazi Kaseb , Czulak Joanna , Di Masi Sabrina , Piletska Elena , Mujahid Adnan , Hussain Tajamal , Piletsky Sergey A. , Garcia-Cruz Alvaro
Published: May 2021

Electrochemical sensors were fabricated using electroactive molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles combining both recognition and reporting functions. This capability avoids cross reactivity or false positives in biological samples.
Redirecting natural killer cells to potentiate adoptive immunotherapy in solid tumors through stabilized Y-type bispecific aptamer
Authors: Zheng Youshi , Zhang Cuilin , Lai Zisen , Zeng Yongyi , Li Juan , Zhang Da , Liu Xiaolong
Published: May 2021

Herein, we design a thermodynamically stable Y-type bi-specific aptamer to enhance the NK cell based adoptive immunotherapy in HCC solid tumors.
Review of emerging nanotechnology in bone regeneration: progress, challenges, and perspectives
Authors: Hajiali Hadi , Ouyang Liliang , Llopis-Hernandez Virginia , Dobre Oana , Rose Felicity R. A. J.
Published: May 2021

The impact of nanotechnology in biomaterials development for bone regeneration are summarised with a focus on three key areas; mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and osteoinductivity. Current challenges and future directions are also discussed.
Temperature dependence of the local field effect in YAG:Ce3+ nanocomposites
Authors: Huang Anjun , Pukhov Konstantin K. , Wong Ka-Leung , Tanner Peter A.
Published: May 2021

A comprehensive test of the local field model was achieved by immersing YAG:Ce nanoparticles in different alcohols at different temperatures.
Metal-free bifunctional graphene oxide-based carbocatalysts toward reforming biomass from glucose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural
Authors: Park Minju , Lee Joonhee , Kim Byeong-Su
Published: May 2021

Chemical modification of graphene as a green and sustainable carbocatalyst for reforming biomass to produce value-added chemicals.
Chalcogenide-based, all-dielectric, ultrathin metamaterials with perfect, incidence-angle sensitive, mid-infrared absorption: inverse design, analysis, and applications
Authors: Avrahamy Roy , Milgrom Benny , Zohar Moshe , Auslender Mark
Published: May 2021

Chalcogenide-based ultrathin all-dielectric metamaterials with multifunctional polarized/unpolarized wide/narrow-band perfect mid-infrared absorption spectrally tunable with the azimuthal angle of incidence.
Control of crystal size tailors the electrochemical performance of α-V2O5 as a Mg2+ intercalation host
Authors: Johnson Ian D. , Stapleton Natalie , Nolis Gene , Bauer Dustin , Parajuli Prakash , Yoo Hyun Deog , Yin Liang , Ingram Brian J. , Klie Robert F. , Lapidus Saul , Darr Jawwad A. , Cabana Jordi
Published: May 2021

Nanosizing α-V2O5 inhibits delamination during cycling in Mg electrolytes, reducing the voltage hysteresis and energy loss on the first cycle. This observation indicates that other factors, not just Mg diffusion, contribute to this energy loss.
A joint method for the screening of pharmacological chaperones for phenylalanine hydroxylase
Authors: Zhang Zhilei , Ma Dingyuan , Wang Xin , Wang Yanyun , Li Yahong , Yang Peiyin , Sun Yun , Jiang Tao , Xu Zhengfeng
Published: May 2021

In this study, we established a joint method for the drug screening of PAH patients by combining magnetic beads-based immune-affinity capturing, VS, and MS/MS analysis which is cost-effective, labor-saving, time-saving and high reliability.
Oxazoline-methacrylate graft-copolymers with upper critical solution temperature behaviour in Yubase oil
Authors: Concilio Matilde , Nguyen Nga , Becer C. Remzi
Published: May 2021

Thermoresponsive behaviour of 2-oxazoline based graft copolymers has been studied in non-aqueous solutions.
Mussel-inspired in situ fabrication of a photothermal composite hydrogel for MR-guided localized tumor ablation
Authors: Xu Lixia , Qin Ronghua , Zhang Jingjing , Liu Jinjin , Liu Suwan , Li Feng , Gong Aihua , Hanliang Qian , Du Fengyi , Zhang Miaomiao
Published: May 2021

A mussel-inspired photothermal polymeric hydrogel (PPH) was synthesized has been successfully used in tumor ablation in situ.
Electrosynthesis of electrochemically reduced graphene oxide/polyaniline nanowire/silver nanoflower nanocomposite for development of a highly sensitive electrochemical DNA sensor
Authors: Tran Luyen Thi , Tran Hoang Vinh , Dang Hue Thi Minh , Nguyen Anh Van , Tran Thuy Hong , Huynh Chinh Dang
Published: May 2021

A novel nanostructured material based on ERGO/PANi NWs/AgNFs was electrosynthesized on a Pt microelectrode and was used for the first time to develop an electrochemical DNA sensor.
Enhanced PEMFC durability with graphitized carbon black cathode catalyst supports under accelerated stress testing
Authors: Xue Qiong , Huang Jian-biao , Yang Dai-jun , Li Bing , Zhang Cun-man
Published: May 2021

The enhanced anti-corrosion properties of graphitized carbon substrates are evaluated via accelerated stress tests (ASTs). The graphitized surface properties of carbon are responsible for alleviating the coarsening and agglomeration of Pt particles.
Magnetic solid-phase extraction of caffeine from surface water samples with a micro–meso porous activated carbon/Fe3O4 nanocomposite prior to its determination by GC-MS
Authors: Manousi Natalia , Deliyanni Eleni A. , Rosenberg Erwin , Zachariadis George A.
Published: May 2021

A novel magnetic solid phase material based on a micro–meso porous activated carbon/Fe3O4 nanocomposite was used to extract caffeine from surface water samples. The method is efficient and rapid, and has minimum solvent consumption.
Oxide-based catalysis: tailoring surface structuresviaorganic ligands and related interfacial charge carrier for environmental remediation
Authors: Harish S. , Athithya S. , Shivani V. , Ponnusamy S. , Shimomura M. , Archana J. , Navaneethan M.
Published: May 2021

Hierarchical nanostructures of ZnO/CuO and the effects of amine ligands on their structure, formation and photocatalytic applications were investigated.
Rapid, facile synthesis of InSb twinning superlattice nanowires with a high-frequency photoconductivity response
Authors: Qian Yinyin , Xu Kaijia , Cheng Lanjun , Li Cunxin , Wang Xingchen
Published: May 2021

We present a self-seeded solution–liquid–solid (SLS) synthesis route for InSb nanowires (NWs) using commercially available precursors at a relatively low temperature of about 175 °C, which takes only 1 min upon the injection of reductant.
A “one pot” mass spectrometry technique for characterizing solution- and gas-phase photochemical reactions by electrospray mass spectrometry
Authors: Cercola Rosaria , Wong Natalie G. K. , Rhodes Chris , Olijnyk Lorna , Mistry Neetisha S. , Hall Lewis M. , Berenbeim Jacob A. , Lynam Jason M. , Dessent Caroline E. H.
Published: May 2021

The solution and gas-phase dissociative photochemistry of two ruthenium half-sandwich complexes are analysed with electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry in a novel instrument.
Aminations and arylations by direct C–O activation for the design of 7,8-dihydro-6H-5,8-ethanopyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidines
Authors: Laurent Mazarine , Bostyn Stéphane , Marchivie Mathieu , Robin Yves , Routier Sylvain , Buron Frédéric
Published: May 2021

A convenient design of 7,8-dihydro-6H-5,8-ethanopyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidines is reported from quinuclidinone, which afforded versatile platforms that were then used to access a variety of original heterocycles.
3D printed chitosan/polycaprolactone scaffold for lung tissue engineering: hope to be useful for COVID-19 studies
Authors: Rezaei Farnoush Sadat , Khorshidian Ayeh , Beram Farzaneh Mahmoudi , Derakhshani Atefeh , Esmaeili Javad , Barati Aboulfazl
Published: May 2021

The aim of this study was to provide a biologically and mechanically suitable 3D printed scaffold using chitosan/polycaprolactone bioink for lung tissue engineering.
A visible-light mediated ring opening reaction of alkylidenecyclopropanes for the generation of homopropargyl radicals
Authors: Zhang Xiao-Yu , Ning Chao , Mao Ben , Wei Yin , Shi Min
Published: May 2021

A non-classical ring opening radical clock reaction using the innovative NHPI esters bearing alkylidenecyclopropanes upon photoredox catalysis has been demonstrated, providing a brand-new synthetic approach to access a variety of alkynyl derivatives.
Triggering the phase transition and capacity enhancement of Nb2O5 for fast-charging lithium-ion storage
Authors: Shen Fei , Sun Zhongti , Zhao Liang , Xia Yuanhua , Shao Yanyan , Cai Jingsheng , Li Shuo , Lu Chen , Tong Xiaoling , Zhao Yu , Sun Jingyu , Shao Yuanlong
Published: May 2021

Mo atom doping triggered Nb2O5 phase transition from bronze-phase T to crystallographic shear-phase H, which was accompanied by charge storage mechanism conversion from a two lithium-ion intercalation to four lithium-ion electrochemistry process.
A data-driven and DFT assisted theoretic guide for membrane design in flow batteries
Authors: Li Tianyu , Lu Wenjing , Yuan Zhizhang , Zhang Huamin , Li Xianfeng
Published: May 2021

Machine learning combined with DFT calculations was reported to screen suitable solvents to regulate the structure of porous PBI membranes.
Recent advances in electrocatalytic chloride oxidation for chlorine gas production
Authors: Wang Yihan , Liu Yangyang , Wiley Dianne , Zhao Shenlong , Tang Zhiyong
Published: May 2021

This review provides a critical overview of chlorine evolution reaction (CER) including a fundamental understanding of reaction mechanisms, recent advances in developing CER catalysts, and future opportunities in this field.
Toward all aerosol printing of high-efficiency organic solar cells using environmentally friendly solvents in ambient air
Authors: Yang Ping , Zhai Tianqi , Yu Boyang , Du Gengxin , Mi Baoxiu , Zhao Xinyan , Deng Weiwei
Published: May 2021

Aerosol-printed organic solar cells based on PTQ10:Y6-BO achieve a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.65%. Three functional layers are printed continuously on a convey belt, and the all-aerosol-printed cells reach a PCE up to 14.78%.
A thermally activated delayed fluorescence photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy of oral squamous cell carcinoma under low laser intensity
Authors: Hu Shiqi , Huang Bin , Pu Yumei , Xia Chengwan , Zhang Qian , Guo Sulong , Wang Yuxin , Huang Xiaofeng
Published: May 2021

A novel thermally activated delayed fluorescence photosensitizer was designed for oral squamous cell carcinoma treatment, which effectively inhibited tumor growth under low intensity light with minimal damage to normal tissues.
Superoxide dismutase nanozymes: an emerging star for anti-oxidation
Authors: Zhao Hanqing , Zhang Ruofei , Yan Xiyun , Fan Kelong
Published: May 2021

This review summarizes catalytic mechanisms, regulatory factors, measurement methods and various applications of SOD-like nanozymes, as well as proposes the current challenges and prospects in the development of SOD-like nanozymes.
Effect of molecular geometry and extended conjugation on the performance of hydrogen-bonded semiconductors in organic thin-film field-effect transistors
Authors: Gómez Paula , Cerdá Jesús , Más-Montoya Miriam , Georgakopoulos Stamatis , da Silva Iván , García Antonio , Ortí Enrique , Aragó Juan , Curiel David
Published: May 2021

Hydrogen bonding has been used to direct the solid state packing of four polyheteroaromatic molecules. The correlation between structure and charge mobility has been evaluated in OFETs.
Tuning the architectures and luminescence properties of Cu(i) compounds of phenyl and carboranyl pyrazoles: the impact of 2D versus 3D aromatic moieties in the ligand backbone
Authors: Soldevila-Sanmartín Joan , Ruiz Eliseo , Choquesillo-Lazarte Duane , Light Mark E. , Viñas Clara , Teixidor Francesc , Núñez Rosario , Pons Josefina , G. Planas José
Published: May 2021

Structural modification of the aromatic fragment significantly affects the Cu(i) coordination compounds’ architectures and photophysical properties.
Enabling efficient ambipolar charge carrier mobility in a H-bonded heptazine–triphenylene system forming segregated donor–acceptor columnar assemblies
Authors: Bala Indu , De Joydip , Gupta Santosh Prasad , Pandey Upendra Kumar , Pal Santanu Kumar
Published: May 2021

Heptazine based hydrogen-bonded discotics showed the formation of segregated donor–acceptor self-assembly and displayed excellent ambipolar charge-transport with a high hole-mobility.
Deciphering the photocurrent polarity of Bi2O2Se heterojunction phototransistors to enhance detection performance
Authors: Han Jiayue , Han Xingwei , Zhang Chaoyi , Peng Silu , Han Chao , Zhang Xingchao , Liu Xianchao , Du Xiaoyang , Gou Jun , Wang Jun
Published: May 2021

By incorporating C60into graphene/Bi2O2Se, graphene/C60/Bi2O2Se and show good performance at communication band (1310 and 1550 nm) with four different type power dependent polarity photocurrents.
Aberrant environment and PS-binding to calnuc C-terminal tail drives exosomal packaging and its metastatic ability
Authors: Vignesh Ravichandran , Sjölander Anita , Venkatraman Ganesh , Rayala Suresh Kumar , Aradhyam Gopala Krishna
Published: May 2021

The characteristic features of cancer cells are aberrant (acidic) intracellular pH and elevated levels of phosphatidylserine. The primary focus of cancer research is concentrated on the discovery of biomarkers directed towards early diagnosis and therapy. It has been observed that azoxymethane-treated mice demonstrate an increased expression of calnuc (a multi-domain, Ca2+- and DNA-binding protein) in their colon, suggesting it to be a good biomarker of carcinogenesis. We show that culture supernatants from tumor cells have significantly higher amounts of secreted calnuc compared to non-tumor cells, selectively packaged into exosomes. Exosomal calnuc is causal for epithelial–mesenchymal transition and atypical migration in non-tumor cells, which are key events in tumorigenesis and metastasis. In vitro studies reveal a significant affinity for calnuc towards phosphatidylserine, specifically to its C-terminal region, leading to the formation of ‘molten globule’ conformation. Similar structural changes are observed at acidic pH (pH 4), which demonstrates the role of the acidic microenvironment in causing the molten globule conformation and membrane interaction. On a precise note, we propose that the molten globule structure of calnuc caused by aberrant conditions in cancer cells to be the causative mechanism underlying its exosome-mediated secretion, thereby driving metastasis.
Reaching for the pulse of the planet and its population
Authors: Domoney Claire
Published: May 2021

Seeds provide humans and farm animals with a rich supply of dietary proteins, fibre, carbohydrates and micronutrients. Natural variation, mutagenesis and advances in genetics and genomics support the development of plant variants which provide better nutrient bioavailability, promote health in consumers and provide advantages to industry. As we consider the adoption of more healthy and sustainable plant-based diets, there is a renewed focus on legume crops which also provide benefits as an essential component of a sustainable agriculture. This article discusses significant compounds that are deposited in the seeds of a major legume crop, pea (Pisum sativum), and the possibilities for changing these using genetic variation.