bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative experimental subcutaneous glanders and melioidosis in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Nelson Michelle , Salguero Francisco J. , Dean Rachel E. , Ngugi Sarah A. , Smither Sophie J. , Atkins Timothy P. , Lever Mark S.
Published: December 2014

Glanders and melioidosis are caused by two distinct Burkholderia species and have generally been considered to have similar disease progression. While both of these pathogens are HHS/CDC Tier 1 agents, natural infection with both these pathogens is primarily through skin inoculation. The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) was used to compare disease following experimental subcutaneous challenge. Acute, lethal disease was observed in marmosets following challenge with between 26 and 1.2 × 108 cfu Burkholderia pseudomallei within 22–85 h. The reproducibility and progression of the disease were assessed following a challenge of 1 × 102 cfu of B. pseudomallei. Melioidosis was characterised by high levels of bacteraemia, focal microgranuloma progressing to non‐necrotic multifocal solid lesions in the livers and spleens and multi‐organ failure. Lethal disease was observed in 93% of animals challenged with Burkholderia mallei, occurring between 5 and 10.6 days. Following challenge with 1 × 102 cfu of B. mallei, glanders was characterised with lymphatic spread of the bacteria and non‐necrotic, multifocal solid lesions progressing to a multifocal lesion with severe necrosis and pneumonia. The experimental results confirmed that the disease pathology and presentation is strikingly different between the two pathogens. The marmoset provides a model of the human syndrome for both diseases facilitating the development of medical countermeasures.
Culturing of respiratory viruses in well‐differentiated pseudostratified human airway epithelium as a tool to detect unknown viruses
Authors: Jazaeri Farsani Seyed Mohammad , Deijs Martin , Dijkman Ronald , Molenkamp Richard , Jeeninga Rienk E. , Ieven Margareta , Goossens Herman , van der Hoek Lia
Published: December 2014

Background

Currently, virus discovery is mainly based on molecular techniques. Here, we propose a method that relies on virus culturing combined with state‐of‐the‐art sequencing techniques. The most natural ex vivo culture system was used to enable replication of respiratory viruses.

Method

Three respiratory clinical samples were tested on well‐differentiated pseudostratified tracheobronchial human airway epithelial (HAE) cultures grown at an air–liquid interface, which resemble the airway epithelium. Cells were stained with convalescent serum of the patients to identify infected cells and apical washes were analyzed by VIDISCA‐454, a next‐generation sequencing virus discovery technique.

Results

Infected cells were observed for all three samples. Sequencing subsequently indicated that the cells were infected by either human coronavirus OC43, influenzavirus B, or influenzavirus A. The sequence reads covered a large part of the genome (52%, 82%, and 57%, respectively).

Conclusion

We present here a new method for virus discovery that requires a virus culture on primary cells and an antibody detection. The virus in the harvest can be used to characterize the viral genome sequence and cell tropism, but also provides progeny virus to initiate experiments to fulfill the Koch's postulates.
The conservation of rare Armenian vipers Montivipera raddei and Pelias spp
Authors: Ettling J. A. , Aghasyan A. L. , Aghasyan L. A.
Published: December 2014

The Caucasus is classified as one of the world's 35 ‘Biodiversity Hotspots’, owing to the high level of endemism. Armenia is situated in the middle of the Caucasus hotspot and its reptilian fauna is considered to be one of the most interesting in the region. There are four species of viper occurring in Armenia: Blunt‐nosed viper Macrovipera lebetina obtusa, Armenian viper Montivipera raddei, Darevsky's viper Pelias darevskii and Armenian Steppe viper Pelias eriwanensis. The latter three species are classified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List as Near Threatened, Critically Endangered and Vulnerable, respectively. This paper provides insight into the factors that are threatening the existence of these vipers and describes what has been learned about their biology, and outlines the conservation actions that are being taken to secure their future.
Using simulation learning through academic‐practice partnership to promote transition to clinical practice: a qualitative evaluation
Authors: Liaw Sok Ying , Palham Sabrina , Chan Sally Wai‐Chi , Wong Lai Fun , Lim Fui Ping
Published: December 2014

Aim

To explore the effect of an innovative simulation education programme on nursing students' transition‐to‐practice experiences.

Background

Academic‐practice partnership is emerging as an important vehicle for improving nursing students' transition‐to‐practice. Using existing university resources, academic educators and alumni developed an innovative simulation educational programme known as the Simulated Professional Learning Environment (SIMPLE) to align the educational process with the realities of nursing practice. Educators and alumni collaborated to create and facilitate 15 hours of simulation sessions that comprised the learning platform for theSIMPLEprogramme.

Design

This was a descriptive qualitative study.

Method

Focus groups were conducted in 2012 with 22 final‐year nursing students completing their transition‐to‐practice clinical practicum. The interview transcripts were analysed using content analysis.

Results

Three themes were identified from the analysis: ‘experiencing the role of staff nurse’; ‘knowing how to’; and ‘learning from the ‘seniors’. Experiencing the role of staff nurse in the programme showed the nursing students what to expect and how to prepare for their roles. Knowing how to focus on holistic patient care, manage ‘difficult’ clients and communicate with other healthcare professionals were the learning outcomes gained from the programme. Learning from the ‘seniors’ about hospital work processes positively influenced the nurses' transition‐to‐practice experiences.

Conclusion

This study provides support for introducing the simulation education programme as an enhancement during nursing students' final year to improve their transition‐to‐practice experiences. A stronger collaborative relationship between academic educators and practising nurses could be further fostered by expanding this learning platform.
‘I thought it would keep them all quiet’. Women's experiences of breastfeeding as illusions of compliance: an interpretive phenomenological study
Authors: Spencer Rachael L. , Greatrex‐White Sheila , Fraser Diane M.
Published: December 2014

Aims

To explore the experiences of breastfeeding women.

Background

There is a plethora of data demonstrating that human breast milk provides complete nutrition for human infants. While the rate of initiation of breastfeeding in the United Kingdom has shown a steady increase in the last 25 years, rates of exclusive breastfeeding in the early weeks and months over the same time period have shown only marginal increases. This study was designed to extend current knowledge around breastfeeding experiences, decisions and behaviours.

Design

Qualitative, interpretive phenomenological approach.

Methods

Data were collected between July 2009–January 2010 through in‐depth interviews with 22 women from a city in the East Midlands where the prevalence of breastfeeding has showed a decreasing trend. Data were collected between 3–6 months after the birth of their youngest baby.

Findings

Analysis of data uncovered a key theme: illusions of compliance. The findings revealed that women's breastfeeding behaviours were socially mediated. They adopted a good mother image by conforming to the moral obligation to breastfeed immediately after their babies were born. Those women who struggled to establish breastfeeding tried to hide their difficulties rather than admit that they were not coping.

Conclusion

This study provides insights into women's infant feeding decisions and behaviours, building on understandings of ‘good mothering’ in the wider literature. Importantly we highlight some of the previously unknown strategies that women employed to portray themselves as calm, coping and in control when in reality they were struggling and not enjoying breastfeeding.
A diverse alpine species pool drives a ‘reversed’ plant species richness–elevation relationship in interior Alaska
Authors: Roland Carl A. , Schmidt Joshua H.
Published: December 2014

Aim

We evaluate whether vascular plant species richness in interior Alaska is highest in the alpine zone. We test the proposition that historical dynamics have influenced the sizes of species pools inhabiting different segments of the landscape by quantifying the contrasting responses of five phytogeographical elements within the flora to changes in elevation and topography.

Location

Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska, USA.

Methods

We developed Bayesian hierarchical models for total plant species richness and the richness of five phytogeographical elements with data from a systematic‐grid sample containing 1022 plots. We also used rarefaction and extrapolation techniques on these data to estimate species richness for more extensive landscape segments, including across seven elevation bands in the study area.

Results

Plot‐level species richness had a unimodal response to elevation, reaching its peak in the alpine zone. Overall plant species richness across more extensive areas was also higher in the alpine zone, even though this zone occupies less area overall in interior Alaska. Species richness of Alaska endemic and amphi‐Beringian phytogeographical elements showed particularly strong positive responses to elevation, whereas that of the North American and incompletely circumpolar elements declined with elevation.

Main conclusions

Our results document a unique pattern in the study of variation in species‐pool sizes with elevation, revealing that sparsely vegetated alpine areas contained a larger species pool than adjacent extensive lowlands. This pattern was driven by pronounced increases in phytogeographical elements whose distribution patterns suggest that they evolved or persisted in the region during full‐glacial intervals. The persistence of tundra and/or similar open, treeless vegetation in interior Alaska contrasts with the simultaneous periodical elimination of boreal lowland ecosystems in the region. We posit that this has resulted in a regional species pool relatively enriched in alpine species and impoverished in boreal lowland taxa, causing a ‘reversed’ relationship between species richness and elevation. Increased habitat heterogeneity in high‐relief areas of the mountainous landscape are also likely to have contributed to the reported patterns.
Clinical Outcomes and Healthcare Costs in Hypertensive Patients Treated With a Fixed‐Dose Combination of Amlodipine/Valsartan
Authors: Tung Ying‐Chang , Lin Yu‐Sheng , Wu Lung‐Sheng , Chang Chee‐Jen , Chu Pao‐Hsien
Published: December 2014

This retrospective claims database analysis compared two strategies of hypertension treatment in outpatient, emergency, and inpatient departments: a fixed‐dose combination (FDC) of amlodipine/valsartan vs free combinations of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and calcium channel blockers (CCBs) (ARB+CCB group). After a mean follow‐up of 15.2 months, the FDC group had significantly lower total healthcare costs (US $1844 vs US $2158; P<.001) and hospitalization rates (14.57% vs 18.43%; P<.001), a higher proportion of days covered (80.35% vs 72.57%; P<.001), and better persistence (266 vs 225 days; P<.001) compared with the ARB+CCB group. The FDC group also had a better major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE)–free survival (hazard ratio, 0.83; 95% confidence interval, 0.73–0.94; P=.003) and decreased rates of heart failure (2.12% vs 3.26%; P<.001), malignant dysrhythmia (0.18% vs 0.42%; P=.021), and percutaneous coronary intervention (0.76% vs 1.26%; P=.015). Compared with free combinations of ARB+CCB, an FDC of amlodipine/valsartan improved MACE‐free survival and medication compliance and decreased total healthcare costs and hospitalization rates in hypertensive patients.
Effects of host plants on the fitness of Athetis lepigone (Möschler)
Authors: Liu Y.‐J. , Zhang T.‐T. , Bai S.‐X. , He K.‐L. , Wang Z.‐Y.
Published: December 2014

Athetis lepigone (Möschler) is a new insect pest that feeds on corn seedlings in summer corn region of China. It is an omnivorous insect, which not only infests corn, soya bean, peanut and other crops, but also feeds on fallen and decaying leaves of some crops and weeds. Effects of host plants, corn, cotton, peanut, wheat and soya bean, on larval and pupal development and survival, and the fecundity of adults of A. lepigone were studied under laboratory conditions. The developmental time from egg to adult was the shortest (30.78 days) on germinating wheat kernels and the longest (40.13 days) on corn leaves. Larval survival was the highest (80%) on germinating wheat kernels and lowest (55%) on soya bean leaves. Hatching rate was the highest (92.98%) where eggs were oviposited by the females developed from larvae that were fed on germinating wheat kernels. Similarly, fecundity was the greatest on germinating wheat kernels (337), while the lowest fecundity (145) was observed on cotton leaves. The highest intrinsic rate of increase (0.22) and net reproduction rate (181.39) were found on germinating wheat kernels. Germinating wheat kernels were recognized as the most suitable host plant for A. lepigone because of the shortest developmental period, highest survival and highest fecundity. The results correspond with the field habits of A. lepigone and clearly show differences in development and adaptability on the five tested host plants. The findings will serve as baseline information to better understand the biology of the pest, which can be utilized in an effective management programme.
Field and laboratory selection of brassicaceous plants that differentially affect infestation levels by Delia radicum
Authors: Kergunteuil A. , Cortesero A. M. , Chaminade V. , Dourlot S. , Paty C. , Le Ralec A. , Dugravot S.
Published: December 2014

Several plant traits control plant–insect interactions and shape host range of herbivorous insects according to their degree of dietary specialization. Understanding how plant species diversity influences herbivore infestations is of interest for the development of alternative crop protection strategies. In a pest management context, an appropriate selection of plants can modify pest distribution at the field scale. To develop a ‘push–pull’ strategy against the cabbage root fly, Delia radicum, we conducted a field study to both determine which plants exhibit contrasted pest infestation levels and to evaluate their influence on egg predation activity. Our field experiment reveals that infestation levels of brassicaceous plants by the cabbage root fly in the field can vary considerably according to plant genotype and species, while the number of predated eggs is only slightly affected by plant species. Olfactometry studies carried out under laboratory conditions revealed that plants harbouring the highest number of eggs in the field were also highly attractive, suggesting that olfactory stimuli are responsible, at least partially, for the differential infestation levels observed in the field. In a ‘push–pull’ context, this study demonstrates that different brassicaceous plants could be used to redistribute cabbage root flies in broccoli crops without compromising herbivore control by natural enemies. In addition, the importance of plant volatiles for infestation levels suggests a potential for developing a semiochemically assisted ‘push–pull’ system in which trap plants would be enhanced by synthetic release of attractive compounds.
Awareness of memory task impairment versus everyday memory difficulties in dementia
Authors: Morris Robin G. , Nelis Sharon M. , Martyr Anthony , Markova Ivana , Roth Ilona , Woods Robert T. , Whitaker Christopher J. , Clare Linda
Published: December 2014

The study investigated different types of awareness of memory dysfunction in dementia, specifically judgements concerning memory task performance or appraisal of everyday memory functioning and also exploring the neuropsychological correlates of such awareness. This was investigated in 76 people with dementia, comprising 46 patients withAlzheimer's disease (AD) and 30 patients with vascular dementia (VaD). The Memory Awareness Rating Scale (Clareet al., 2002,Neuropsychol Rehabil, 12, 341–362) was used, which includes an Objective‐Judgement Discrepancy (OJD) technique involving comparison of subjective evaluation of performance on specific memory tasks with actual performance, and a Subjective Rating Discrepancy (SRD) technique, which compares self versus informant judgement of everyday memory function. TheADand VaD groups showed lower awareness than a normal control group for both types of measures, theADgroup showing less awareness than the VaD group on theOJDmeasure. Regression analyses supported associations for both groups between memory impairment and theOJDmeasure and between naming impairment and theSRDmeasure. The findings are discussed in terms of neurocognitive theories accounting for loss of awareness in dementia.
Novel and Emerging Strategies for Longitudinal Data Collection
Authors: Udtha Malini , Nomie Krystle , Yu Erica , Sanner Jennifer
Published: December 2014

Purpose

To describe novel and emerging strategies practiced globally in research to improve longitudinal data collection.

Organizing Construct

In research studies, numerous strategies such as telephone interviews, postal mailing, online questionnaires, and electronic mail are traditionally utilized in longitudinal data collection. However, due to technological advances, novel and emerging strategies have been applied to longitudinal data collection, such as two‐way short message service, smartphone applications (or “apps”), retrieval capabilities applied to the electronic medical record, and an adapted cloud interface. In this review, traditional longitudinal data collection strategies are briefly described, emerging and novel strategies are detailed and explored, and information regarding the impact of novel methods on participant response rates, the timeliness of participant responses, and cost is provided. We further discuss how these novel and emerging strategies affect longitudinal data collection and advance research, specifically nursing research.

Conclusions

Evidence suggests that the novel and emerging longitudinal data collection strategies discussed in this review are valuable approaches to consider. These strategies facilitate collecting longitudinal research data to better understand a variety of health‐related conditions. Future studies, including nursing research, should consider using novel and emerging strategies to advance longitudinal data collection.

Clinical Relevance

A better understanding of novel and emerging longitudinal data collection strategies will ultimately improve longitudinal data collection as well as foster research efforts. Nurse researchers, along with all researchers, must be aware of and consider implementing novel and emerging strategies to ensure future healthcare research success.
Factors of caregiver burden and family functioning among Taiwanese family caregivers living with schizophrenia
Authors: Hsiao Chiu‐Yueh , Tsai Yun‐Fang
Published: December 2014

Aims and objectives

To assess the degree of caregiver burden and family functioning among Taiwanese primary family caregivers of people with schizophrenia and to test its association with demographic characteristics, family demands, sense of coherence and family hardiness.

Background

Family caregiving is a great concern in mental illness. Yet, the correlates of caregiver burden and family functioning in primary family caregivers of individuals with schizophrenia still remain unclear.

Design

A cross‐sectional descriptive study.

Methods

A convenience sample of 137 primary family caregivers was recruited from two psychiatric outpatient clinics in Taiwan. Measures included a demographic information sheet and the Chinese versions of the Family Stressors Index, Family Strains Index, 13‐item Sense of Coherence Scale, 18‐item Caregiver Burden Scale, Family Hardiness Index and Family Adaptability, Partnership, Growth, Affection, and Resolve Index. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, Pearson's product‐moment correlation coefficients, t‐test, one‐way analysis of variance and a stepwise multiple linear regression.3

Results

Female caregivers, additional dependent relatives, increased family demands and decreased sense of coherence significantly increased caregiver burden, whereas siblings as caregivers reported lower degrees of burden than parental caregivers. Family caregivers with lower family demands, increased family hardiness and higher educational level had significantly enhanced family functioning. Sense of coherence was significantly correlated with family hardiness.

Conclusions

Our findings highlighted the importance of sense of coherence and family hardiness in individual and family adaptation. Special attention needs to focus on therapeutic interventions that enhance sense of coherence and family hardiness, thereby improving the perception of burden of care and family functioning.

Relevance to clinical practice

Given the nature of family caregiving in schizophrenia, understanding of correlates of caregiver burden and family functioning would help provide useful avenues for the development of family‐focused intervention in psychiatric mental health nursing practice.
Exploring Perceptions of Designers and Medical Staff in South Korea about Design Elements for the Elder–Friendly Hospital
Authors: Kim Daejin , Lee Jae Hwa , Ha Mikyoung
Published: December 2014

The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions of design elements for elder–friendly hospitals through a mail survey presented to 191 experts who work in the medical and design field in South Korea. To create applicable design dimensions based on a reliable interdisciplinary consensus, the respondents were asked to rate the importance of 33 design elements stemming from peer–reviewed journal papers related to the healthcare environment for older adults. Independent t–test and factor analysis were used for data analysis, and seven extracted factors were labeled “fall prevention,” “privacy,” “familiarity,” “wayfinding,” “social support,” “nature distraction,” and “infection prevention.” The significant finding is that both the medical and design groups considered patients’ safety, such as preventing falls and infection, as a primary design concern. However, the results also show statistically significant different design perceptions between the medical and design groups in every factor category. The medical group tended to focus more on patients’ physical health, while the design professionals placed greater importance on psychological and social health. Designers tended to focus more on design elements that have an indirect effect on patients’ health, such as views of nature, privacy space, lighting, color, and wayfinding. Meanwhile, the medical group emphasized safety–related design attributes such as handrails, safety bars, visual connection between staff and patients, and disinfecting procedures (i.e., hand–washing). Analysis of these results can contribute to creating design guidelines for elder–friendly hospitals and provide new knowledge for designers, planners, and facility managers to make practical decisions for design projects.
Lipoprotein(a) levels are associated with aortic valve calcification in asymptomatic patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia
Authors: Vongpromek R. , Bos S. , ten Kate G.‐J. R. , Yahya R. , Verhoeven A. J. M. , de Feyter P. J. , Kronenberg F. , Roeters van Lennep J. E. , Sijbrands E. J. G. , Mulder M. T.
Published: December 2014

Objectives

Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is an independent risk factor for aortic valve stenosis and aortic valve calcification (AVC) in the general population. In this study, we determined the association between AVC and both plasma Lp(a) levels and apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)] kringle IV repeat polymorphisms in asymptomatic statin‐treated patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH).

Methods

A total of 129 asymptomatic heterozygous FH patients (age 40–69 years) were included in this study. AVC was detected using computed tomography scanning. Lp(a) concentration and apo(a) kringle IV repeat number were measured using immunoturbidimetry and immunoblotting, respectively. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to assess the association between Lp(a) concentration and the presence of AVC.

Results

Aortic valve calcification was present in 38.2% of patients, including three with extensive AVC (>400 Agatston units). Lp(a) concentration was significantly correlated with gender, number of apo(a) kringle IV repeats and the presence and severity of AVC, but not with coronary artery calcification (CAC). AVC was significantly associated with plasma Lp(a) level, age, body mass index, blood pressure, duration of statin use, cholesterol‐year score and CAC score. After adjustment for all significant covariables, plasma Lp(a) concentration remained a significant predictor of AVC, with an odds ratio per 10‐mg dL−1 increase in Lp(a) concentration of 1.11 (95% confidence interval 1.01–1.20, P = 0.03).

Conclusion

In asymptomatic statin‐treated FH patients, plasma Lp(a) concentration is an independent risk indicator for AVC.
The dynamic microstructure of organizational commitment
Authors: Solinger Omar N. , Hofmans Joeri , van Olffen Woody
Published: December 2014

In this study, we examine how the classic elements of affect, cognition, and behaviour combine to form within‐person trajectories of organizational commitment. We test several key features of this ‘dynamic microstructure’ of commitment in an experience sampling setting (25 weekly measurements) among 72 organizational entrants and 23 exiters. We find support for the idea that within‐person change in affect is slower than within‐person change in cognition and behaviour. We find no support for the notion that affect would influence cognition and behaviour at the within‐person level. In fact, we have strong indications that the episodes of committing (organizational entry) and uncommitting (organizational exit) are mainly cognition driven. We discuss the implications of our study for tripartite attitude theory and commitment theory.

Practitioner points

Organizational commitment can generally best be fostered via rational appeals. If a long‐term investment and sustained commitment is called for, emotional appeals work best.

Alumni officers may suffice with focusing purely on emotive appeals in upholding residual commitments of their alumni.
People with chronic facial pain perform worse than controls at a facial emotion recognition task, but it is not all about the emotion
Authors: von Piekartz H. , Wallwork S. B. , Mohr G. , Butler D. S. , Moseley G. L.
Published: December 2014

Alexithymia, or a lack of emotional awareness, is prevalent in some chronic pain conditions and has been linked to poor recognition of others' emotions. Recognising others' emotions from their facial expression involves both emotional and motor processing, but the possible contribution of motor disruption has not been considered. It is possible that poor performance on emotional recognition tasks could reflect problems with emotional processing, motor processing or both. We hypothesised that people with chronic facial pain would be less accurate in recognising others' emotions from facial expressions, would be less accurate in a motor imagery task involving the face, and that performance on both tasks would be positively related. A convenience sample of 19 people (15 females) with chronic facial pain and 19 gender‐matched controls participated. They undertook two tasks; in the first task, they identified the facial emotion presented in a photograph. In the second, they identified whether the person in the image had a facial feature pointed towards their left or right side, a well‐recognised paradigm to induce implicit motor imagery. People with chronic facial pain performed worse than controls at both tasks (Facially Expressed Emotion Labelling (FEEL) task P < 0·001; left/right judgment task P < 0·001). Participants who were more accurate at one task were also more accurate at the other, regardless of group (P < 0·001, r2 = 0·523). Participants with chronic facial pain were worse than controls at both the FEEL emotion recognition task and the left/right facial expression task and performance covaried within participants. We propose that disrupted motor processing may underpin or at least contribute to the difficulty that facial pain patients have in emotion recognition and that further research that tests this proposal is warranted.
Overexpression of c‐fos promotes cell invasion and migration via CD44 pathway in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Dong Cong , Ye Dong‐Xia , Zhang Wen‐Bin , Pan Hong‐Ya , Zhang Zhi‐Yuan , Zhang Lei
Published: December 2014

Background

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most deadly malignant tumors with high invasive potential and frequently cervical lymph node metastasis. AP‐1 plays a critical role in tumor invasion and metastasis, but there are few reports on the role of c‐Fos in OSCC carcinogenesis and metastasis.

Methods

Investigate c‐Fos expression in clinical samples from 58 primary patients with OSCC by immunohistochemistry. c‐Fos knockdown stable cell lines were established by lentiviral infection and transwell cell invasion assay to detect the effects of c‐Fos knockdown on tumor cell invasion.

Results

Nuclear and cytoplasmic c‐Fos protein were both overexpression in cancerous tissues compared with adjacent non‐malignant epithelia (nuclear: P < 0.001, cytoplasmic: P = 0.005). Higher level nuclear c‐Fos expression was found in the tumor samples of patients with lymph node metastasis than those without lymph node metastasis (4.85 ± 1.43 vs. 3.61 ± 1.28, P = 0.002). Higher level of c‐Fos expression was also found in tumor invasive front margin than tumor center and high nuclear expression of c‐Fos indicated poor survival. Knockdown of c‐Fos greatly suppressed tumor cell proliferation and invasion and downregulated CD44 and CyclinD1 expression in HN6 and SCC9 cells. However, CyclinD3, c‐myc, and Erk1/2 were found no changes to c‐Fos depletion.

Conclusions

c‐Fos promoted cell invasion and migration via CD44 pathway in OSCC. c‐Fos could be used as a potential therapeutic target gene and an additional marker for evaluation of lymph node metastasis.
Driving Under the Influence of Risky Peers: An Experimental Study of Adolescent Risk Taking
Authors: Centifanti Luna C. Muñoz , Modecki Kathryn L. , MacLellan Susanne , Gowling Helen
Published: December 2014

Both passive and active social influences may affect adolescents' dangerous driving. In this study, we used an experimental paradigm to delineate these two influences with actual peers. Adolescents completed a simulated driving task, and we measured risk preferences of each member of the peer group. We used hierarchical linear modeling to partition variance in risky decisions. Adolescents experienced many more crashes when they had “passengers” present who reported a strong preference for risk taking and who actively provided decision‐making guidance. Although youth in the passive peer condition were also influenced by the riskiness of their peers, this relation was less strong relative to the active condition. We discuss the need for interventions focussing on active and passive peer influence.
VALIDATION OF A DIETARY INTAKE TOOL FOR AFRICAN‐AMERICAN DIALYSIS PATIENTS WITH LOW LITERACY
Authors: Duffrin Christopher , Carraway‐Stage Virginia G. , Briley Alexis , Christiano Cynthia
Published: December 2014

Background

This study analysed the validity and reliability of a food frequency questionnaire designed for African‐American patients with low literacy. This instrument was designed specifically to meet the need for a tool that was short, easy to understand, and met clinical reliability and validity standards.

Objectives

Assessing patient nutritional status and dietary intake is crucial to the care of patients in end stage kidney disease. The development of a quick and reliable nutritional assessment tool for patients with low literacy could increase nutritional counselling effectiveness and improve patient outcomes.

Design

The renal food frequency questionnaire (RFF) and a standard 24‐hour recall were administered to a general population of African‐American patients undergoing dialysis. Registered Dieticians and statistical analyses were used to validate the content and structural validity and reliability of the RFF to adequately measure dietary intake.

Participants

The study sample consisted of 30 African‐American patients who received dialysis treatment at a regional teaching hospital facility.

Results

The RFF was found to be a simple, easy to understand instrument with low reading complexity (grade level 4.4). Inter‐rater reliability was found to be high (.81–1.00), and statistical analysis determined a high level of clinical validity.

Conclusion

The RFF was found to be a valid dietary recall tool that is appropriate for patients with limited literacy. It was found to have acceptable reliability and validity when compared with a standard 24‐hour recall and has potential for use as a dietary intake and monitoring tool in patients undergoing dialysis.
Do You Say Something When It's Your Boss? The Role of Perpetrator Power in Prejudice Confrontation
Authors: Ashburn‐Nardo Leslie , Blanchar John C. , Petersson Jessica , Morris Kathryn A. , Goodwin Stephanie A.
Published: December 2014

Two experiments examined the role of perpetrator power in witnesses’ decision to confront a prejudicial remark. In Experiment 1, participants who witnessed a sexist remark by a higher‐power (vs. an equal‐power) perpetrator were significantly less likely to express confrontation intentions, despite finding the remark highly biased and inappropriate. In Experiment 2, participants read scenarios involving a sexist versus racist remark perpetrated by someone higher vs. lower vs. equal in power, and they reported their confrontation intentions. Perpetrator power again inhibited direct confrontation intentions, and this effect was mediated by perceptions of responsibility for intervening, perceived ability to decide how to respond, and perceived costs versus benefits of confronting. Findings were not qualified by discrimination type (racism vs. sexism) or by individual differences in participant prejudice. Consistent with power‐as‐approach theory, feeling powerless increased sensitivity to confrontation obstacles and thereby inhibited confrontation intentions.
Allies against Sexism: The Role of Men in Confronting Sexism
Authors: Drury Benjamin J. , Kaiser Cheryl R.
Published: December 2014

This article reviews the small but emerging literature on men who become allies against sexism. Although men are less likely than women­ to recognize sexism, male allies possess psychological belief systems that allow them to overcome barriers to seeing sexism and thus recognize the unfair treatment of women. We review research demonstrating that relative to women who confront sexism, men who act as allies are evaluated more positively, while their confrontations are taken as more serious and legitimate efforts to combat sexism. We discuss the implications of this research, including a discussion of how individuals and organizations can encourage men to become allies. We also identify how women can take advantage of the insights gleaned from men's confrontations to become more effective when they confront sexism.
A Review of Organizational Strategies for Reducing Sexual Harassment: Insights from the U. S. Military
Authors: Buchanan NiCole T. , Settles Isis H. , Hall Angela T. , O'Connor Rachel C.
Published: December 2014

Sexual harassment is a form of sexual victimization with its roots in sexism. Despite efforts to reduce its prevalence, it continues to be one of the most common forms of workplace mistreatment. This article examined best practices in system‐level interventions to reduce sexual harassment in the workplace and presents data from the U.S. Armed Forces to demonstrate the roles of organizational leadership, and sexual harassment policies and training, on reducing sexual harassment and improving outcomes when it does occur. We assert that a clear and consistent antiharassment message from organizational leaders is essential. This is communicated via a written, widely disseminated policy on sexual harassment; regular educational training for all members of the organization; formal and informal reporting, investigation, and remediation procedures. Finally, we suggest that organizations conduct regular self‐assessments of sexual harassment and perceptions of the organizational climate as proactive efforts to effectively intervene and eliminate its occurrence.
Using Experiential Learning to Increase the Recognition of Everyday Sexism as Harmful: The WAGES Intervention
Authors: Cundiff Jessica L. , Zawadzki Matthew J. , Danube Cinnamon L. , Shields Stephanie A.
Published: December 2014

The harms of subtle sexism tend to be minimized despite negative cumulative effects, thus people may be less motivated to address subtle sexism. We tested the effectiveness of an experiential learning intervention, WAGES‐Academic (Workshop Activity for Gender Equity Simulation‐Academic), to educate about the harms of subtle sexism in the academic workplace. Across two studies, WAGES increased the recognition of everyday sexism as harmful and promoted behavioral intentions to discuss and seek information about gender inequity compared to a control condition that provided identical information as WAGES but without experiential learning. These effects were due to WAGES limiting reactance and promoting self‐efficacy. Moreover, WAGES did not differ in reactance or self‐efficacy compared to a control condition that provided no gender inequity information. This suggests that WAGES buffers the potential negative effects of simply presenting gender inequity information. Results suggest that WAGES, and experiential learning more broadly, has the potential to change attitudes and behaviors about everyday sexism.
Reflecting on Heterosexual and Male Privilege: Interventions to Raise Awareness
Authors: Case Kim A. , Hensley Rachel , Anderson Amber
Published: December 2014

Gender‐focused college courses seek to increase understanding of the systematic advantages associated with dominant group membership. These courses attempt to reduce prejudice and raise awareness of male and heterosexual privilege. Inclusion of privilege content within gender‐focused courses has increased, but research to test interventions to increase privilege awareness and reduce prejudice remains sparse. The current studies provide experimental information about awareness of heterosexual privilege (Study 1) and male privilege (Study 2) and specific interventions for use in education, professional development, and community settings. Study 1 found the video intervention was effective in increasing heterosexual privilege awareness and internal motivation to respond without prejudice. Study 2 found that male privilege awareness was significantly increased and modern sexism was reduced by the video intervention. Findings provide information for applied practices such as pedagogical strategies when designing diversity courses and training workshops.
From Sex to Gender: A University Intervention to Reduce Sexism in Argentina, Spain, and El Salvador
Authors: de Lemus Soledad , Navarro Laura , J. Velásquez Marta , Ryan Estrella , Megías Jesús L.
Published: December 2014

We present an intervention to reduce gender prejudice in future professionals of social sciences in three samples from Argentina (N = 28), Spain (N = 83), and El Salvador (N = 67), with slight differences across countries. The program was based on scientific research on sexism and gender‐based power aimed at: (1) increasing awareness of gender inequalities; (2) reducing sexism in men and women; (3) providing participants with resources to implement social interventions. First the intervention is described, and then empirical evidence of its efficacy is provided. Results showed a reduction of benevolent sexism (BS), hostile sexism (HS), and essentialist views, and higher support for collective actions in Argentina (Study 1). HS and system‐justifying beliefs were reduced and support for collective action increased in Spain (Study 2). In El Salvador, HS, BS (marginally), system‐justifying, and homophobic beliefs were reduced (Study 3). Implications for interventions and policy making are discussed.
Evaluation of Inhibitory Effect of Organic and Inorganic Salts Against Ilyonectria liriodendri, The Causal Agent of Root Rot Disease of Kiwifruit
Authors: Türkkan Muharrem
Published: December 2014

This study evaluated efficacy of 42 organic and inorganic salts as possible alternatives to synthetic fungicides for the control of Ilyonectria root rot of kiwifruit. Preliminary in vitro tests showed that ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate, potassium benzoate, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate and sodium metabisulphite at 2% completely inhibited mycelial growth of the fungus. No significant differences were observed among these salts and disodium EDTA (P ≤ 0.05). However, the ED50, minimum inhibition concentration (MIC), and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values indicated that sodium metabisulphite was more toxic to Ilyonectria liriodendri than these other six salts. Soil bioassays showed that sodium metabisulphite, sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate at 0.25% completely inhibited mycelial growth of the fungus, whereas potassium benzoate reduced the mycelial growth of fungus by 90.30%; however, the differences in inhibitory effects were statistically insignificant (P ≤ 0.05). Moreover, there was no significant difference between 0.1% sodium metabisulphite and 0.5% ammonium carbonate, 0.75% ammonium bicarbonate and 1.5–2.0% disodium EDTA (P ≤ 0.05). Unlike disodium EDTA, complete inhibitory was observed with ammonium carbonate and ammonium bicarbonate at higher concentrations. However, in root bioassays, applications of 2% ammonium bicarbonate, 1.5% ammonium carbonate and 2% disodium EDTA were phytotoxic to kiwifruit seedlings, but 0.25% four other salts were neither phytotoxic to kiwifruit seedlings nor did it adversely affect root length, root fresh weight and root dry weight of seedling. This study also showed I. liriodendri to be capable of growth in both acidic and basic environments. However, while the fungus showed uninhibited growth at pH values of 5–11, growth decreased significantly at both higher and lower pH values (P ≤ 0.05) and was completely inhibited at pH 12.
Effects of physical exercise programme on happiness among older people
Authors: Khazaee‐pool M. , Sadeghi R. , Majlessi F. , Rahimi Foroushani A.
Published: December 2014

Accessible summary

This randomized‐controlled trial investigated the effect of physical exercise programme (PEP) on happiness among older adults in Nowshahr, Iran.

Results of this study on 120 male and female volunteers showed that an 8‐week group physical exercise programme was significantly effective in older adults' happiness.

Findings showed that physical exercise programme is so beneficial for increasing older adults' happiness.

Physical activity is associated with well‐being and happiness. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of an 8‐week long physical exercise programme (PEP) on happiness among older adults in Nowshahr, Iran. This was a randomized control trial study. The participants consisted of a group of 120 male and female volunteers (mean ± SD age: 71 ± 5.86 years) in a convenience sampling among older adults in public parks in Nowshahr, Iran. We randomly allocated them into experimental (n = 60) and control (n = 60) groups. A validated instrument was used to measure well‐being and happiness [Oxford Happiness Inventory (OHI)]. Respondents were asked to complete the OHI before and 2 months after implementing PEP. The 8‐week PEP was implemented with the intervention group. The statistical analysis of the data was conducted using paired t‐test, Fisher's exact test and χ2. Before the intervention, there was no significant difference in the happiness mean score between the case and control groups; however, after implementing PEP, happiness significantly improved among the experimental group (P = 0.001) and did not improve within the control group (P = 0.79). It can be concluded that PEP had positive effects on happiness among older adults. Planning and implementing of physical activity is so important for older happiness.
Bacterial invasion and persistence: critical events in the pathogenesis of periodontitis?
Authors: Ji S. , Choi Y. S. , Choi Y.
Published: December 2014

Periodontitis is chronic inflammation of the periodontium caused by the host's inflammatory response to plaque biofilm, which destroys tooth‐supporting soft and hard tissues. Periodontitis is a complex disease that involves interactions among three main features – microbial challenge, the host immune response, and environmental and genetic risk factors – in its pathogenesis. Although periodontitis has been regarded as the result of hyperimmune or hyperinflammatory responses to plaque bacteria, recent studies indicate that periodontal pathogens are rather poor activators and/or suppressors of the host immune response. This raises the question of how periodontal pathogens cause inflammation. To resolve this issue, in the present review we propose that bacterial invasion into gingival tissue is a key event in the initiation of periodontitis and that the persistence of these bacteria within host tissue results in chronic inflammation. In support of this hypothesis, we present the ways in which microbial, environmental and genetic risk factors contribute to bacterial invasion. It is hoped that the current model will instigate active discussion and new research to complete the puzzle of this complex disease process.
The diagnostic utility of lymph node cytology samples in dogs and cats
Authors: Amores‐Fuster I. , Cripps P. , Graham P. , Marrington A. M. , Blackwood L.
Published: December 2014

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to determine common reasons for lymph node fine needle aspirates, cytological diagnoses reported and the frequency and reasons for non‐diagnostic samples from dogs and cats.

METHODS

Retrospective study of computerised records of fine needle aspirate samples submitted to NationWide Laboratories (UK) between April 2009 and May 2011 to identify lymph node samples. Reason for sampling, sample quality, diagnosis achieved and reason for non‐diagnostic samples were assessed.

RESULTS

A total of 1473 records were available for review. Of 1274 canine samples, 928 (72 · 8%) were diagnostic and 346 (27 · 2%) were non‐diagnostic. Of 199 feline samples, 171 (85 · 9%) samples were diagnostic and 28 (14 · 1%) were non‐diagnostic. The most common reasons for sample submission in both species were investigation of lymphadenopathy (alone or in combination with other clinical signs) or tumour staging. In dogs, the most common diagnosis was lymphoma (351, 27 · 5%), and in cats, reactive hyperplasia (63, 31 · 6%). Absence of cells, cell disruption and low yield were the most common causes of non‐diagnostic samples. Submission of the history did not affect the probability of reaching a cytological diagnosis.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Lymph node cytology is a useful diagnostic procedure but educating veterinarians to improve sampling and smearing may increase diagnostic yield.