bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Populism and Hegemony
Authors: Stavrakakis Yannis
Published: November 2017

How can theories of hegemony advance our understanding of populism? Against the background of Gramsci’s work, this chapter draws on Laclau, Mouffe, and other theoretical resources in order to illuminate what shapes and animates populist discourse, what overdetermines its hegemonic potential. We focus on populist articulatory practices as political interventions operating within a broader socio-symbolic as well as psycho-social terrain that both facilitates their formation and—at the same time—limits their scope. The chapter highlights thus the need to take into account the broader terrain of populism/anti-populism antagonisms in order to effectively identify and inquire into the political performance and hegemonic effects of populist movements. Finally, a series of empirical examples are used to illustrate the argument.
Populism and Praxis
Authors: Frank Jason
Published: November 2017

This chapter argues that contemporary democratic theory’s approach to populism has been unduly influenced by Carl Schmitt’s theory of political identification. Both liberal critics and radical democratic admirers of populism have focused attention on the question of who the people are (“the boundary problem”) while neglecting the related question of how the people act (“the enactment problem”). This framework obscures the central importance of populism’s experimentation with different forms of egalitarian praxis, and how these forms come to shape political subjectivity. The formative praxis of populism is clearly indicated in the nineteenth-century American case.
Populism
Authors: Ostiguy Pierre
Published: November 2017

This chapter introduces a novel approach to understanding populism in both a theoretically sophisticated and cross-regionally pertinent way. Focusing on ways of being and doing politics, and from there on appeals, populism is defined as the antagonistic, mobilizational “flaunting of ‘the low’.” The “low,” or cruder, personalistic, culturally “nativist,” and overall “less sublimated” way of being and doing politics, has thus three inter-related components, mirrored by those of its opposite, on the “high.” The high-low axis is fully orthogonal to the widespread and well-known left-right axis; together, they give rise to a two-dimensional political space. Furthermore, taking the two dimensions composing left and right and the two dimensions composing high and low, a novel “wheel” of axes of political polarization is introduced, useful for comparative analysis of regionally diverse populist/anti-populist divides, with different left-right polarities.
Populism
Authors: Kaltwasser Cristóbal Rovira , Taggart Paul , Espejo Paulina Ochoa , Ostiguy Pierre
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents the state of the art of the scholarship on populism. It offers a concise history of populism and the current scholarship on the topic. It argues that the substantial body of work that now exists has entered the mainstream of the political science discipline. However, this work has too often been fragmented and regionally specific. The chapter then offers an empirical analysis of the development of the scholarship since the 1990s by examining the work on populism in political science journals. We lay out the organization and rationale for the chapters in the Handbook and conclude with some reflections on the future research agenda on populism.
Populism in Africa
Authors: Resnick Danielle
Published: November 2017

The populist modifier has been applied frequently in Africa to refer to very distinct phenomena. At the same time, Africa represents an especially challenging case for delineating populism due to the predominance of personalistic leaders and the lack of policy ideology underlying many political parties. Therefore, this chapter argues that a cumulative conceptual approach provides the most analytical leverage in discerning African cases of populism. A cumulative approach aggregates attributes commonly associated with a concept, and the more attributes that exist, the closer an example fits the conceptual ideal. Consequently, the chapter suggests that populism is present only when it manifests as a political strategy bolstered by ideological discourse and socio-cultural performances. The chapter then reviews the utility of this cumulative conceptualism by comparing episodes of populism in Africa over time and delineating attributes that have persisted despite different country contexts and political regimes.
Populism in Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Stanley Ben
Published: November 2017

This chapter provides an overview of the ideological character and electoral strengths of populist parties in post-communist Central and Eastern Europe. It argues that the circumstances of democratic transition gave rise both to radical and to centrist populist parties, and that both subtypes have remained distinct and enduring features of the party systems of these countries. However, while populists have played important roles in defining ideological choices, their electoral strengths and role in government should not be overstated. No general rise in populism has occurred over the period of democratic consolidation; instead, we can observe significant country-level variation in the nature and strength of these parties.
Promoting Hope in Children
Authors: Marques Susana C. , Lopez Shane J.
Published: November 2017

This chapter provides an overview of the literature base supporting hope theory and examines milestones in the promotion of hope. Accordingly, it describes the tenets of hope theory and development and provides a review of the hope system and the instruments that can be used with young children and adolescents. Brief illustrations on how hope can be detected are provided. Moreover, the chapter summarizes the hope research conducted over the past 25 years with children and adolescents and emphasizes how to help them capitalize on their strengths and build hope, along with its implications for use by parents and schools professionals.
Hope Therapy
Authors: Cheavens Jennifer S. , Guter Madison M.
Published: November 2017

The strong association between hope and optimal psychological functioning has been empirically demonstrated repeatedly over the past two decades. In an effort to capitalize on these associations, researchers have developed and tested hope interventions aimed to increase hopeful thinking and optimal psychological functioning. Results are promising, suggesting that hope is malleable and that hope therapy reduces symptoms of distress and increases in well-being. Further, hope has been examined as a predictor of treatment success and data suggest that those with higher hope may do better in various treatments than their low-hope counterparts and that changes in hope across the course of therapy are associated with simultaneous improvements in psychological functioning. In future research, it will be important to identify specific therapeutic interventions that predict increases in hope and to determine whether or not hopeful thought is a mechanism of change in psychotherapy interventions.
Promoting Hope in Older Adults
Authors: Gum Amber M.
Published: November 2017

As evidenced by 15 years of research, hopeful older adults reject negative stereotypes of aging; envision themselves as aging successfully; plan for later life; cope with stressors; apply wisdom; and perceive good physical, mental, and social well-being. Hopeful older adults even live longer than less hopeful older adults. Preliminary research indicates that older adults participating in individual- and small-group interventions can learn and apply strategies to improve hope, goal pursuits, and distress. The larger social and physical environments create barriers to pursuing goals in later life, including ageism and physical barriers. Thus broader social and environmental interventions may provide additional pathways to foster older adults’ hope and goal pursuits, as well as to help younger generations develop more positive views of aging and prepare for successful aging.
Hope and Adolescent Mental Health
Authors: Jiang Xu , Otis Kristin L. , Weber Marco , Huebner E. Scott
Published: November 2017

This chapter begins with a description of the tenets of hope theory and then addresses the importance of hope during adolescence from a developmental perspective. Next, two accompanying instruments for measuring hope in adults and adolescents, the Adult Hope Scale and the Children’s Hope Scale, are described. Then the chapter summarizes the research findings on the relations between hope and adolescent mental health, focusing on the findings related to emotional, psychological, and social well-being, respectively. In addition, the Making Hope Happen intervention is introduced. Finally, the chapter explores future directions in adolescent hope research, along with implications for use by mental health professionals.
In Search of a Way
Authors: Murray Paul D.
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores ecumenical methodology. It is organized in six sections. The first reflects on ecumenism as a ‘method’, a ‘way’, variously understood, about which there is a second-order methodological discourse concerning how it is best pursued. The second reflects on the variant approaches of ‘Life and Work’ ecumenism and ‘Faith and Order’ ecumenism. The third assesses some of the strategies which have hitherto been important in bilateral dialogue and identifies the need now for an ecumenical gear-change. The fourth section pursues this idea by focusing on a strategy which has come to be referred to as ‘receptive ecumenism’. Following an exploration of the methodological implications of this strategy in relation to bilateral dialogues in the fifth section, the sixth section finally explores its implications at the level of the local church.
Polysynthesis and Head Marking
Authors: Nichols Johanna
Published: November 2017

Polysynthetic languages are mostly head-marking. But the great majority of polysynthetic languages come from what I will call the Greater Pacific Rim (GPR) population, where the head-marking type is extremely common compared to the rest of the world. Is head marking a genuine distinctive property of polysynthetic languages, or a conspicuous accident of geography that is equally common in non-polysynthetic languages of the GPR? A typological survey shows that polysynthesis entails open head marking: either verbal slots and/or their fillers are not a closed set. Polysynthesis is conditioned by grammar (head marking), not geography. It is an inevitable development in a population of mostly head-marking languages, but the geographical distribution of head marking is the result of historical contingency.
Polysynthesis in New Guinea
Authors: Foley William
Published: November 2017

The New Guinea region is linguistically the most complex on earth: as many languages as in the Americas are spoken there. The typological diversity of Papuan languages is also great, though underestimated because of a tendency to survey data from languages of the Trans New Guinea family, the largest and most widespread. Its languages have provided a misleading picture of a ‘typical’ Papuan language, including the typological category of polysynthesis. Due to the generally low to moderately agglutinating structure of Trans New Guinea languages, the degree and range of polysynthesis in New Guinea has been under-recognized. By taking four parameters, head marking, verbal pronominal agreement affixes (polypersonalism), incorporation, and clause linkage by parataxis as diagnostic of polysynthesis, this chapter explores its range and degree across several Papuan language families. It argues that polysynthesis is a cluster of features a language can have to a greater or lesser degree.
Language Obsolescence in Polysynthetic Languages
Authors: Vakhtin Nikolai , Gruzdeva Ekaterina
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes what happens at the structural level to polysynthetic languages during language obsolescence, attrition, and loss. The changes that take place in decaying polysynthetic languages should be distinguished from (a) those occurring in all obsolescent languages regardless of their type, and (b) changes in “healthy” polysynthetic languages. It is shown that the consequences of polysynthetic language decay are primarily manifested in the collapse of morphological complexity, involving the loss of morphological ‘slots’, the reduction in the number of bound morphemes and their substitution by free ones, the ‘fossilization’ of markers and their reanalysis, the deprivation of word formation productivity, the destruction of noun incorporation, and reduction of allomorphy.
Central Alaskan Yupik (Eskimo-Aleut)
Authors: Woodbury Anthony
Published: November 2017

This is a sketch of polysynthesis in Central Alaskan Yupik (CAY) based on the Cup’ik dialect of Chevak, Alaska. CAY has well-defined words whose content is often holophrastic and whose parts are often word-like. Holophrasis is achieved by a combination of rich inflectional suffixation and by a derivational morphology in which several hundred productive suffixes bearing different lexical and grammatical meanings and functions may be added, recursively, to a lexical base. Each suffix selects the category of its base, over which it normally has scope, and determines the category of the resultant base. This simple but prolific suffixation-based system, termed ‘morphological orthodoxy’, yields long, polysynthetic words. Three cases are then discussed where suffixal elements govern constructions that in one way or another stretch CAY’s orthodox morphology, motivating them by showing parallel constructions governed by elements with similar grammatical and semantic content in languages with more heterodox morphology and syntax.
The Polysynthetic Nature of Salish
Authors: Watanabe Honoré
Published: November 2017

The Salishan languages, spoken (or formally spoken) on the Northwest Coast of North America, are usually characterized as polysynthetic. Salish certainly shows many of the usual characteristics that cluster together in polysynthetic languages: it is head marking and agglutinating in word formation; and predicate morphology is rich and includes markers of aspect/tense, transitivity and valency alternating suffixes (including applicatives), pronominals, lexical affixes, and still others. However, the number of morphemes within a (morphological) word does not get as high as, for example, the Eskimoan languages. Nevertheless, it is argued that the following three traits observed justify characterizing Salish as polysynthetic: first, word forms are flexible; second, speakers can manipulate what goes into a predicate; and third, non-core arguments, that is, peripheral concepts, can be expressed in the predicate by means of lexical suffixes and applicatives.
Mapudungun
Authors: Zúñiga Fernando
Published: November 2017

Mapudungun, an unclassified language of southern Chile and south-central Argentina spoken by a somewhat uncertain but sizeable number of speakers, has word-formation phenomena that deserve to be called polysynthetic according to most of the (sometimes mutually exclusive) definitions of this term found in the descriptive and typological literature. Polypersonalism, productive nominal incorporation, a limited amount of lexical affixation, alongside significant grammatical affixation, and especially root-serializing/compounding processes lead to long and complex templatically structured verbal predicates that markedly contrast, not only with rather simple nouns in the same language, but also with predicates in many other languages of the region. This chapter describes the major word-formation processes of Mapudungun paying special attention to the typologies of polysynthesis that have been proposed in previous studies on the subject.
Polysynthesis in Ket
Authors: Vajda Edward J.
Published: November 2017

The Ket language isolate of Central Siberia differs morphologically from the surrounding languages in having a strongly prefixing polysynthetic verb. Grammatical markers are interdigitated between lexical morphemes, creating a discontinuous stem based on a template of eight prefixal positions, a base position and a single suffix position expressing plural agreement with animate-class subjects. Finite verb forms distinguish past from non-past indicative, as well as an imperative form. Verbs are strictly transitive or intransitive and express person, number, and noun class agreement with the subject and direct object. Although the language has accusative alignment, with subjects marked differently than objects, much of the verb’s linear complexity derives from lexically conditioned agreement strategies. There are three productive transitive configurations of agreement markers, and five productive intransitive configurations. Noun incorporation is productive for only a small number of stems. Some Ket verbs incorporate their object, others their instrument, and others their unaccusative subject.
The ‘Word’ in Polysynthetic Languages
Authors: Bickel Balthasar , Zúñiga Fernando
Published: November 2017

Polysynthesis presupposes the existence of ‘words’, a domain or unit of phonology and syntax that is extremely variable within and across languages: what behaves as a ‘word’ with respect to one phonological or syntactic rule or constraint may not behave as such with respect to other rules or constraints. Here we develop a system of variables that allows cataloguing all verb-based domains in a language in a bottom-up fashion and then determining any potential convergence of domains in an empirical way. We apply the system to case studies of Mapudungun and Chintang. These confirm earlier observations that polysynthetic languages do not operate with unified units of type ‘word’ in either phonology or syntax.
Phraseology and Polysynthesis
Authors: Rice Sally
Published: November 2017

Polysynthetic languages are overwhelmingly oral. Oral languages are typically associated with small speaker groups describable as local and inward-oriented, a sociolinguistic context which is claimed to have structural effects on the language. The recent corpus revolution in linguistics has caused a renewed focus on spoken varieties of languages, even languages with thick and deep written records. Corpus analyses come with a concomitant realization that languages may be less productive and compositional than we thought, with speakers opting for a smallish set of lexically frozen and semantically opaque (though pragmatically rich) collocations. In this contribution, it is shown that collocations from spoken varieties of English can be characterized in terms similar to those classically used to describe polysynthetic languages: holophrastic, highly compressed, and idiomatic. At the same time, the compressed structures we associate with polysynthetic languages are considered as artefacts of their speakers’ socio-cultural contexts, contexts which revolve around subjective, face-to-face conversation.
The Subjectivity of the Notion of Polysynthesis
Authors: Sadock Jerrold
Published: November 2017

It is argued that no quantitative measures, nor any simple structural distinctions, can accurately separate languages that we would impressionistically count as polysynthetic from those that we would not. Rather, our intuitions are influenced by the type of morphology a language presents, by the phonological and lexical facts associated with its morphology, and by the degree to which its morphology does the work of syntax. Disregarding such features, it can be argued that biblical Hebrew is more synthetic than the Inuit language Kalaallisut, a conclusion that I, and perhaps most typologists would reject. I conclude that a thorough description of the morphology of language and its relation to the other components of grammar is superior to any method of placing that language on a scale of syntheticity.
The Lexicon in Polysynthetic Languages
Authors: Dorais Louis-Jacques
Published: November 2017

This chapter shows Eastern Canadian Arctic Inuktitut words are formed and used in the context of polysynthesis. It starts with a very basic classification of word-types along distributional lines: how various categories of morphemes combine or don’t combine with the same or other categories, in order to generate various types of words. On the basis of a number of examples, it will be shown that the lexicalization of morphemic groupings lies at the core of the Inuktitut lexicon. In contemporary language usage, this process of lexicalization may be either covert or overt. When covert, the combined meaning conveyed by the addition of each original morpheme in a word is mostly imperceptible to modern speakers, the only semantic function of the lexicalized word being to signify its new denotatum. When overt, however, it can serve as a powerful tool for creating new words apt at describing a world in constant change.
Enterprise Form, Participation, and Performance in Mutuals and Co-operatives
Authors: Adams Zoe , Deakin Simon
Published: November 2017

Mutuals and co-operatives have a distinct legal form which sets them apart from commercial companies. This chapter reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on the governance and performance effects of these differences, showing that it may be misleading to think of workers and customers as the owners of mutual enterprises, and that a more precise focus on the content of voice, income, and control rights in particular organizations is needed in order to assess the implications of different legal structures for economic performance. Empirical evidence suggests that, on average, worker and customer mutuals are more risk-averse and less profitable, but more sustainable, than commercial entities structured as companies limited by share capital. However, the mutual form does not guarantee that the firm is run in a more democratic and participative way. Mutualization, therefore, while useful in some contexts, should not be explored at the cost of wider corporate governance reforms.
Entrepreneurial Pluralism
Authors: Ferri Giovanni , Leogrande Angelo
Published: November 2017

Economic manuals and the policy debate are generally permeated by the assumption that there is an archetypical form of enterprise: the private limited company, often viewed as a public company. Instead, enterprise forms differing from the archetype are viewed as anomalous, possibly the result of unstable constructions waiting to evolve into public companies. However, reality tells us that entrepreneurial pluralism is the norm rather than the exception, and that those non-archetype enterprises do not disappear, and often thrive. Furthermore, progress in the theories of industrial organization, corporate governance, stakeholder inclusion, and the common goods all seem to suggest that entrepreneurial pluralism may be welfare enhancing. Against this background, we draw on the literature with the purpose of shedding light on the potential causes and effects of entrepreneurial pluralism. Specifically, we focus on mutual producer/consumer associations, social enterprises, co-operative enterprises, and family firms.
Co-operatives: A Development Strategy?
Authors: Dossa Zahir
Published: November 2017

The examination of the life cycle, institutional structure, and governance and policy environment of co-operatives in the argan oil sector, in south-west Morocco, outlines the successes and setbacks of the co-operative model as a suitable tool for economic and social development in rural areas. Despite the positive development outcomes argan oil co-operatives attained, they strayed from four basic co-operative tenets: democratic decision-making, equitable profit distribution, open membership, and member education on co-operatives. Starting from this analysis, this chapter argues that the success of argan oil co-operatives is to be attributed to their abandonment of the basic co-operative principles. Furthermore, it seeks to understand the conditions that make co-operatives feasible and effective in particular environments and how co-operatives, or employee-centric firms, can be adapted to their environments, or vice versa, through e-commerce and financial transparency in order to generate economic and social development.
Periodicity and Scope
Authors: Johnson William A. , Richter Daniel S.
Published: November 2017

This chapter starts with an interrogation of periodization as such, followed by an analysis of the ways in which the notion of a “Second Sophistic” is or is not fruitful in the context of trying to understand the Greco-Roman world of the second century ce. The chapter argues that traits often said to be characteristic of the Second Sophistic—nostalgia for an idealized classical past; archaism and purity of language; sophistic performance and contest and display; paideia and erudition; anxieties over self-definition and identity—can be good to “think with” if these points of focus are explored with nuance, sophistication, and sufficient granularity, and with close attention to tensions, ambiguity, and ambivalence. Illustrative examples of such treatments are taken from the Handbook volume itself.
Professionals of Paideia?
Authors: Schmitz Thomas A.
Published: November 2017

This chapter analyzes to what extent public speaking as a sophist can be defined as a profession. While a number of aspects seem to point in this direction (the importance of hard work and good craftsmanship, the acceptance of wages, and the establishment of endowed chairs of rhetoric), other aspects show that sophists were not professionals in our modern sense of the term: their performances were, above all, a public demonstration of social status; recognition by their peers was a key feature of their encounters with each other. The interpretation of an anecdote about the sophist Hippodromus, his encounter with his colleague Megistias, and his physiognomy in Philostratus’s Lives of the Sophists demonstrates that the sophistic performance of status was seen as an expression of natural superiority and should be understood as a typical example of self-presentation by the Greek elite in the Roman Empire.
Athletes and Trainers
Authors: König Jason
Published: November 2017

Athletic activity was a major preoccupation of the Greek elite in the imperial period. This chapter looks at the relationship between athletic and intellectual activity, focusing especially on the way in which athletic skill could in itself be presented as a form of paideia. It looks first at day-to-day training in the gymnasium, focusing particularly on the use of athletics in the education of young men of the Greek elite and on the expertise of the athletic trainers. It then turns to the athletic contests which flourished at festivals across the Mediterranean world. Finally, it looks at a series of attempts by imperial Greek authors to redefine athletic training in line with their own intellectual priorities, using Plutarch’s Precepts of Healthcare as a case study for that wider phenomenon.
Greece
Authors: Whitmarsh Tim
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers the periodization of the “Second Sophistic.” Borrowing and adapting an analogy from quantum physics, it argues that we can understand the Second Sophistic both in “particulate” terms—as something with clearly defined boundaries in time and space—and as a “wave function” that ripples across space and time. In particular, the literary production of the Hellenistic near east shows striking similarities in certain respects: a concern with fictionality, self-consciousness of self-presentation, a problematization of personal identity. As in the quantum analogy, it is the configuration of the “laboratory equipment” that we use for our experiments that determines the outcome of the experiment itself.
Miscellanies
Authors: Oikonomopoulou Katerina
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses miscellanies, a type of Second Sophistic writing whose distinguishing features are variety of subject matter and loose organization. The chapter starts out by acknowledging the difficulty of grasping “the miscellany” as a genre: as it argues, socio-cultural approaches to genre are more appropriate than formalistic ones, if we seek to address the question of these works’ readership and appeal. Accordingly, the chapter links miscellanies with imperial Greco-Roman reading culture, by investigating the aesthetic and cognitive advantages of variety (variatio/poikilia). Further, it demonstrates that miscellanies actively engage with key ideals and concerns of Second Sophistic culture, such as paideia and identity, by constructing differing models of polymathy, and by exploring different facets of identity (class, cultural, or gender).
Philostratus
Authors: Miles Graeme
Published: November 2017

The variety of topics in the surviving works of Philostratus makes generalizations about the corpus as a whole difficult. Two biographical works take contrary approaches. The Lives of the Sophists (in which he coined the term “Second Sophistic”) constructs a partial history of Greek rhetorical culture, while the Life of Apollonius of Tyana transforms the portrait of a philosopher into a condensation of Hellenic tradition. In the Heroicus the foundational text of Homeric epic is reimagined through hero cult and Homeric correction, and in the Imagines the mythic past is reconstituted in ekphrasis of artworks. The defining trait of these works is a profound and creative engagement with the Hellenic past, in which readers are shown interpretive approaches to the traditions of Greek art, literature, and religion, and allowed the opportunity to hone their own hermeneutic skills.
Historiography
Authors: Asirvatham Sulo
Published: November 2017

The historiographical writings of Arrian, Appian, Herodian, and Cassius Dio pose interesting challenges to how we characterize Second Sophistic literature. With its ostensible goal of telling the truth about the past, imperial Greek historiography seems incompatible with the large bulk of imperial Greek writing that is more obviously inspired by declamation and whose main goal is the virtuosic display of erudition, or paideia. Furthermore, inasmuch as this historiography focuses primarily on Roman history, it hardly fulfills the stereotype of Second Sophistic literature as thematically Hellenocentric, even if it is similarly characterized by linguistic Atticism. This chapter therefore argues for an expanded definition of the Second Sophistic that can meaningfully accommodate the peculiarly hybrid nature of historiography on the levels of both genre and cultural politics—as “earnest” history somewhat dominated by rhetoric, and as work better described as “Greco-Roman” than as essentially “Greek.”
Dio Chrysostom
Authors: Jackson Claire Rachel
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the Greek imperial writer Dio Chrysostom’s biography, works, and place within the Second Sophistic. Dio’s corpus is broad and eclectic, including advice to emperors, discussions of local politics, literary criticism, philosophical treatises, and fictionalized myths. Moreover, the stories told about his life both in his own works and in those of later interpreters raise questions about just how literally to understand Dio’s autobiography. This chapter tackles these questions surrounding the relationship between Dio’s life and corpus through close readings from selected speeches, focusing particularly on Dio’s rhetorical personas, self-positioning between Greece and Rome, and the contrast between his more political and more literary-critical speeches. As such, this chapter offers models both for understanding these contrasting facets of Dio’s life and corpus and for reading Dio holistically within a Second Sophistic context.
Epicureanism Writ Large
Authors: Gordon Pamela
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the cultural contexts of the second-century ce Epicurean inscription of Diogenes of Oenoanda (discovered in a small city in Lycia). More than a handbook on Epicureanism, this Greek epigraphical text (6000 words of which survive) offers original expositions of Epicurean thought and includes a collection of Principal Doctrines that differs from the collection preserved by Diogenes Laertius. The inscription attests to the existence of a vibrant Epicurean community that was eager to share its outlook with newcomers, including non-Greeks and women. Strong indications of Diogenes’s engagement with the urban cultural phenomena of the first centuries of the Roman Empire include the monumentality of the inscription and its apparent competition with contemporary euergetism, and Diogenes’s critiques of dream interpretation and oracular prophecy.
An Eco-Socio-Legal Perspective on Property Rights in Natural Resources
Authors: Lange Bettina
Published: November 2017

This article sets out two key dimensions of an eco-socio-legal perspective for understanding property rights in natural resources: first, an analysis of how relationships between geographical place, law, and society shape the content and application of property rights in natural resources; second, an eco-socio-legal perspective foregrounds an analysis of how those who hold property rights to natural resources and third parties actually understand these rights, and thus how their meaning-making practices contribute to defining these rights. The first dimension of this eco-socio-legal perspective is fleshed out through a critical review of existing academic literature in the main Section 2 of this article. The second dimension is illustrated through a qualitative empirical case study of English farmers’ understanding of their economic rights to water in Section 3 of this article.
Watsuji Tetsurō
Authors: McCarthy Erin
Published: November 2017

Watsuji Tetsurō (1889–1960) was a contemporary of the Kyoto School of Japanese philosophy’s founder Nishida Kitarō (1870–1945). In his first major philosophical work, Fūdo or Climate and Culture, written partly in response to Heidegger’s Being and Time, Watsuji develops the idea of fūdo or milieu (often translated into English as “climate”). This lays the groundwork for his concept of ethics and self as ningen, the focus of his later work. Watsuji encourages us to think about our place in the network of relationships comprising our world. This chapter argues that this network of interdependence is stressed throughout Watsuji’s philosophy. It discusses his suggestion that we are all embedded in a network of relationships from the moment we are born—not just human relationships, but also relationships with our planet. It also demonstrates how Watsuji’s philosophy of what he calls “betweenness” (aidagara) is relevant today for thinking about environmental ethics.
“You’re Not Trying to Save Somebody From Death”: Learning as “Becoming” in Palliative Care
Authors: Kilbertus Frances , Ajjawi Rola , Archibald Douglas B.
Published: November 2017

Purpose

Learning can be conceptualized as a process of “becoming,” considering individuals, workplace participation, and professional identity formation. How postgraduate trainees learn palliative care, encompassing technical competence, compassion, and empathy, is not well understood or explained by common conceptualizations of learning as “acquisition” and “participation.” Learning palliative care, a practice that has been described as a cultural shift in medicine challenging the traditional role of curing and healing, provided the context to explore learning as “becoming.”

Method

The authors undertook a qualitative narrative study, interviewing 14 residents from the University of Ottawa Family Medicine Residency Program eliciting narratives of memorable learning (NMLs) for palliative care. Forty-five NMLs were analyzed thematically. To illuminate the interplay among themes, an in-depth analysis of the NMLs was done that considered themes and linguistic and paralinguistic features of the narratives.

Results

Forty-five NMLs were analyzed. The context of NMLs was predominantly a variety of clinical workplaces during postgraduate training. Themes clustered around the concept of palliative care and how it contrasted with other clinical experiences, the emotional impact on narrators, and how learning happened in the workplace. Participants had expectations about their identities as doctors that were challenged within their NMLs for palliative care.

Conclusions

NMLs for palliative care were a complex entanglement of individual experience and social and workplace cultures highlighting the limitations of the “acquisition” and “participation” metaphors of learning. By conceptualizing learning as “becoming,” what occurs during memorable learning can be made accessible to those supporting learners and their professional identity formation.
Treatment Outcome of Combined Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration and Hemoperfusion in Acute Paraquat Poisoning: A Prospective Controlled Trial
Authors: Li Changbin , Hu Dayong , Xue Wen , Li Xinhua , Wang Zhen , Ai Zisheng , Song Yaxiang , Liu Xinying , Cheng Jiafeng , Fan Shuling , Zhao Limin , Wang Liya , Mohan Chandra , Peng Ai
Published: November 2017

Objectives:

To investigate whether combined continuous venovenous hemofiltration and hemoperfusion among paraquat-poisoned patients would improve survival.

Design:

Prospective, controlled interventional study over 4 years.

Setting:

Single, tertiary, academic medical center.

Patients:

We recruited patients admitted to Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital within 48 hours after paraquat ingestion. Exclusions were under 14 years old, ingestion of paraquat with other toxicants, pregnant, a history of chronic pulmonary disease, psychosis, hyperthyroidism, or diabetes with impaired liver or renal function.

Interventions:

All patients were assigned to receive continuous venovenous hemofiltration with hemoperfusion therapy (continuous venovenous hemofiltration group) and to receive conventional therapy (conventional group). The study outcomes were death from any cause within 90 days after paraquat ingestion and the frequencies of hypoxia, acute kidney injury, or adverse events.

Measurements and Main Results:

Of the 110 enrolled patients, 59 were assigned to continuous venovenous hemofiltration group and 51 to conventional group. The two groups had similar baseline demographics and clinical features. At 90 days after paraquat ingestion, 19 of 59 patients (32.2%) in the continuous venovenous hemofiltration group and 29 of 51 patients (56.9%) in the conventional group had died (hazard ratio, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.24–0.76; p = 0.004). In multivariable Cox proportional hazard models controlling for baseline characteristics, combined continuous venovenous hemofiltration and hemoperfusion was independently associated with reduced risk of death compared with conventional therapy (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.19–0.64; p = 0.001). Patients in the continuous venovenous hemofiltration group, as compared to the conventional group, had a reduced occurrence rate of hypoxia (40.7% vs 72.5%; p = 0.001) and of acute kidney injury (59.3% vs 78.4%; p = 0.03). Hypophosphatemia and thrombocytopenia were more common in the continuous venovenous hemofiltration group (p < 0.05).

Conclusions:

In patients with paraquat poisoning, treatment with combined continuous venovenous hemofiltration and hemoperfusion significantly improved 90-day survival rates.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells From Bone Marrow, Adipose Tissue, and Lung Tissue Differentially Mitigate Lung and Distal Organ Damage in Experimental Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome*
Authors: Silva Johnatas D. , Lopes-Pacheco Miquéias , Paz Ana H. R. , Cruz Fernanda F. , Melo Elga B. , de Oliveira Milena V. , Xisto Débora G. , Capelozzi Vera L. , Morales Marcelo M. , Pelosi Paolo , Cirne-Lima Elizabeth , Rocco Patricia R. M.
Published: November 2017

Objectives:

Mesenchymal stem cells–based therapies have shown promising effects in experimental acute respiratory distress syndrome. Different mesenchymal stem cells sources may result in diverse effects in respiratory diseases; however, there is no information regarding the best source of mesenchymal stem cells to treat pulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome. We tested the hypothesis that mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow, adipose tissue, and lung tissue would lead to different beneficial effects on lung and distal organ damage in experimental pulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Design:

Animal study and primary cell culture.

Setting:

Laboratory investigation.

Subjects:

Seventy-five Wistar rats.

Interventions:

Wistar rats received saline (control) or Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (acute respiratory distress syndrome) intratracheally. On day 2, acute respiratory distress syndrome animals were further randomized to receive saline or bone marrow, adipose tissue, or lung tissue mesenchymal stem cells (1 × 105 cells) IV. Lung mechanics, histology, and protein levels of inflammatory mediators and growth factors were analyzed 5 days after mesenchymal stem cells administration. RAW 264.7 cells (a macrophage cell line) were incubated with lipopolysaccharide followed by coculture or not with bone marrow, adipose tissue, and lung tissue mesenchymal stem cells (105 cells/mL medium).

Measurements and Main Results:

Regardless of mesenchymal stem cells source, cells administration improved lung function and reduced alveolar collapse, tissue cellularity, collagen, and elastic fiber content in lung tissue, as well as decreased apoptotic cell counts in liver. Bone marrow and adipose tissue mesenchymal stem cells administration also reduced levels of tumor necrosis factor–α, interleukin-1β, keratinocyte-derived chemokine, transforming growth factor–β, and vascular endothelial growth factor, as well as apoptotic cell counts in lung and kidney, while increasing expression of keratinocyte growth factor in lung tissue. Additionally, mesenchymal stem cells differently modulated the secretion of biomarkers by macrophages depending on their source.

Conclusions:

Mesenchymal stem cells from different sources led to variable responses in lungs and distal organs. Bone marrow and adipose tissue mesenchymal stem cells yielded greater beneficial effects than lung tissue mesenchymal stem cells. These findings may be regarded as promising in clinical trials.
Do Moderate Surgical Treatment Delays Influence Survival in Colon Cancer?
Authors: Wanis Kerollos Nashat , Patel Sanjay V.B. , Brackstone Muriel
Published: November 2017

BACKGROUND:

Studies examining treatment delay and survival after surgical treatment of colon cancer have varied in quality and outcome, with little evidence available regarding the safety of longer surgical treatment wait times.

OBJECTIVE:

Our study examined the effect of surgical treatment wait times on survival for patients with stage I to III colon cancer.

DESIGN:

A subset cohort analysis was performed using data from a prospectively maintained database.

SETTINGS:

The study was conducted at a tertiary referral center.

PATIENTS:

Data on all of the patients undergoing elective surgery for stage I to III colon cancer from 2006 to 2015 were collected from a prospectively maintained clinical and administrative database.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:

We examined the impact of prolonged wait time to surgery on disease-free and overall survival. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on a treatment wait time of ≤30 or >30 days and were compared using a Cox proportional hazards model. A subgroup analysis was performed using alternative treatment delay cutoffs of 60 and 90 days.

RESULTS:

There were 908 patients with stage I to III colon cancer treated over the study period, with a median treatment wait time of 38 days (interquartile range, 21–61 days); 368 patients were treated within 30 days, and 540 were treated beyond 30 days from diagnosis. In adjusted multivariate analysis, a treatment delay of >30 days was not associated with decreased disease-free survival (HR = 0.89 (95% CI, 0.61–1.3); p = 0.52) or overall survival (HR = 0.82 (95% CI, 0.63–1.1); p = 0.16). Likewise, subgroup analysis using alternative treatment delay cutoffs of 60 and 90 days did not demonstrate an adverse effect on survival.

LIMITATIONS:

This study was limited by retrospective analysis.

CONCLUSIONS:

Despite longer median treatment wait times from diagnosis to surgery, with the majority of patients exceeding 30 days and many experiencing delays of 2 to 3 months, no adverse impact on survival was observed. Patients who require additional consultations or investigations preoperatively may safely have their surgery moderately delayed to minimize their perioperative risk without any evidence that this will compromise treatment outcomes. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A397.
Sacral Nerve Stimulation for Fecal Incontinence: How Long Should the Test Phase Be?
Authors: Lambrescak Elsa , Wyart Vincent , Meurette Guillaume , Faucheron Jean-Luc , Thomas Christian , Atienza Patrick , Lehur Paul-Antoine , Etienney Isabelle
Published: November 2017

BACKGROUND:

Decision-making for pulse generator implantation for sacral nerve stimulation in the management of fecal incontinence is based on the results of a test phase. Its duration is still a matter of debate.

OBJECTIVE:

The purpose of this study was to determine whether an early positive response during the test phase could predict implantation of a permanent sacral nerve pulse generator.

DESIGN:

This was a short-term observational cohort study. A positive response was defined as a >50% decrease of fecal leaks compared with baseline. A multivariate logistic regression was computed to predict pulse generator implantation after the first week of the test phase.

SETTINGS:

The study was conducted in 3 national referral centers.

PATIENTS:

From January 2006 to December 2012, 144 patients with fecal incontinence enrolled in a prospectively maintained database completed a 2- to 3-week bowel diary, at baseline and during test phase.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:

The primary outcome was the clinical decision to implant a pulse generator. The primary predictor was a calculated score including the number of leak episodes, bowel movements, and urgencies and the time to defer defecation expressed in minutes during the first screening test week.

RESULTS:

After the first, second and third week of the test phase, 81 (56%) of 144, 96 (67%) of 144, and 93 (70%) of 131 patients had a positive test. A permanent pulse generator was implanted in 114. Time to defer defecation increased during the 3 weeks of screening. Urgencies were unchanged. The computed score was predictive of a permanent pulse generator implantation (Se = 72.6% (95% CI, 59.8–83.1); Sp = 100% (95% CI, 78.2–100); c-index = 0.86 (95% CI, 0.78–0.94)).

LIMITATIONS:

No cost analysis or projection based on our proposal to reduce the test phase has been made.

CONCLUSIONS:

Permanent pulse generator implantation can be safely proposed early (1-week screening) to fast responders. Nonetheless, permanent implantation may be decided as well in patients exhibiting a delayed response. Whether a rapid response to sacral nerve stimulation could be predictive of a long-term response remains to be determined. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A452.