bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adolescents and young adults with cancer: How multidisciplinary health care teams adapt their practices to better meet their specific needs
Authors: Ricadat Élise , Schwering Karl‐Leo , Fradkin Sophie , Boissel Nicolas , Aujoulat Isabelle
Published: May 2019

Objective

Dedicated adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer units have emerged from the early 1990s to address multiple challenges faced by AYA patients with cancer. Specific needs of AYA patients have been considered in an increasing number of studies. However, few describe how the health care professionals (HCPs) perceive their patients' needs and how they actually adjust their day‐to‐day practices to meet such needs. The purpose of this study is to identify and describe the practical methods of care and teamwork implemented by HCPs in response to what they perceive as essential to support psychosocial development of AYA patients.

Methods

Qualitative research was conducted between 2012 and 2014 with 31 HCPs from a recently created haematology AYA unit in France. The transcripts of open‐ended interviews were subject to inductive analysis using constant comparison as recommended by the grounded theory methods.

Results

Our results show how HCPs adapt their practices and care relationships to support three major developmental milestones related to identity construction in AYAs: self‐determination and individuation from parents, gender and sexual identity, and social life and connectedness to peers and adults (other than parents). Our results also show how HCPs adapt their practices and organisational methods to enhance the flexibility required to address their young patients, thus setting consistent and high standards for the whole team. Such adaptation is made possible through collaborative work and collective processes that facilitate self‐reflection.

Conclusions

Our findings shed light on some meaningful young patient‐friendly practices of care and advocate for AYA‐dedicated units.
Lessons in diagnostic virology: expected and unexpected sources of error
Authors: van Zyl Gert , Maritz Jean , Newman Howard , Preiser Wolfgang
Published: May 2019

Viral diagnostics have shown continued innovation, with serological and molecular diagnostic assays pushing the limits of sensitivity. Technology has provided new automated shared diagnostic platforms that reduce hands‐on time, while with globalisation of the diagnostic market, commercial assays are applied across epidemiologically diverse settings on different patient and viral populations. However, with these novel developments, new and often unexpected sources of diagnostic error emerge. In this review we will reflect on case studies that highlight these often underappreciated or unexpected diagnostic errors spanning pre‐analytical, analytical, and post‐analytic processes. We will also suggest approaches that could help identify error and reduce the impact on patient management.
Concise Review: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Postnatal Injury-Induced Enteric Neurogenesis
Authors: Jonscher Raleigh , Belkind-Gerson Jaime
Published: May 2019

Although still controversial, there is increasing agreement that postnatal neurogenesis occurs in the enteric nervous system (ENS) in response to injury. Following acute colitis, there is significant cell death of enteric neurons and evidence suggests that subsequent neural regeneration follows. An enteric neural stem/progenitor cell population with neurogenic potential has been identified in culture; in vivo, compensatory neurogenesis is driven by enteric glia and may also include de-differentiated Schwann cells. Recent evidence suggests that changes in the enteric microenvironment due to injury-associated increases in glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [HT]), products from the gut microbiome, and possibly endocannabinoids may lead to the transdifferentiation of mature enteric glia and may reprogram recruited Schwann cells. Targeting neurogenic pathways presents a promising avenue toward the development of new and innovative treatments for acquired damage to the ENS. In this review, we discuss potential sources of newly generated adult enteric neurons, the involvement of GDNF, 5-HT, endocannabinoids, and lipopolysaccharide, as well as therapeutic applications of this evolving work. Stem Cells  2019;37:1136–1143
New light on the mycological work of Lewis David von Schweinitz
Authors: Karakehian Jason M. , Burk William R. , Pfister Donald H.
Published: May 2019

In 1993, the Farlow Reference Library of Cryptogamic Botany at Harvard University received a gift of a slim volume, entitledIcones fungorum Niskiensium. Vibrant water colour illustrations of fungi covered the pages bound within it. It was attributed to Lewis David von Schweinitz, the American born “father” of North American mycology. Schweinitz coauthored his first mycological publication with Johannes Baptista von Albertini in Germany, 1805:Conspectus fungorum in Lusatiae superioris agro Nieskiensi crescentium(An overview of fungi growing in the area of Niesky in Upper Lusatia), now considered a classic mycological text. Schweinitz, a prolific and skillful mycological illustrator, prepared the plates of illustrations appended to theConspectusand produced many unpublished water colours of the fungi treated therein. The results of our research into the provenance of theIcones fungorum Niskiensiumare presented here. Building upon recent scholarship, we provide analysis of its role in the early development of theConspectus. An index to the figures, cross-referenced to Schweinitz’s other unpublished volumes of water colours and to theConspectus, is also provided. To make theIcones fungorum Niskiensiumpublically available, the volume has been digitized and may be accessed through the Biodiversity Hertitage Library (BHL) portal.
Synopsis of proposals on fungal nomenclature: a review of the proposals concerning Chapter F of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants submitted to the XI International Mycological Congress, 2018
Authors: May Tom W. , Redhead Scott A.
Published: May 2019

A commentary is provided on the seven formally published proposals to modify the provisions of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) that will be dealt with by the Fungal Nomenclature Session (FNS) of the 11th International Mycological Congress (IMC11) in July 2018. The proposals deal with four issues: (1) clarification of the meaning of “original material” in relation to the typification of sanctioned names; (2) indication of the nomenclatural status of sanctioned names in author citations; (3) use of DNA sequences as nomenclatural types; and (4) use of repository identifiers as an alternative to author citations. Information is also provided on the composition and role of the Fungal Nomenclature Bureau and the operation of the FNS and the pre-Congress Guiding vote.
Phases of 5d SCFTs from M-/F-theory on non-flat fibrations
Authors: Apruzzi Fabio , Lin Ling , Mayrhofer Christoph
Published: May 2019

Abstract

We initiate the systematic investigation of non-flat resolutions of non-minimal singularities in elliptically fibered Calabi-Yau threefolds. Compactification of M-theory on these geometries provides an alternative approach to studying phases of five-dimensional superconformal field theories (5d SCFTs). We argue that such resolutions capture non-trivial holonomies in the circle reduction of the 6d conformal matter theory that is the F-theory interpretation of the singular fibration. As these holonomies become mass deformations in the 5d theory, non-flat resolutions furnish a novel method in the attempt to classify 5d SCFTs through 6d SCFTs on a circle. A particularly pleasant aspect of this proposal is the explicit embedding of the 5d SCFT’s enhanced flavor group inside that of the parent 6d SCFT, which can be read off from the geometry. We demonstrate these features in toric examples which realize 5d theories up to rank four.
Laparoscopic and open surgery in rectal cancer patients in Germany: short and long-term results of a large 10-year population-based cohort
Authors: Schnitzbauer Valentin , Gerken Michael , Benz Stefan , Völkel Vinzenz , Draeger Teresa , Fürst Alois , Klinkhammer-Schalke Monika
Published: May 2019

Background

Rectal cancer is frequent in Germany and worldwide. Several studies have assessed laparoscopic surgery as a treatment option and most have shown favorable results. However, long-term oncologic safety remains a controversial issue.

Methods

The current dataset derives from 30 clinical cancer registries in Germany and includes 16,378 patients diagnosed with rectal cancer between 2007 and 2016. Outcomes were 90-day mortality, overall survival (OS), local recurrence-free survival (RFS) and relative survival of patients treated with either open or laparoscopic surgery. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate factors that affected the probability of a patient undergoing laparoscopic surgery as well as to evaluate short-term mortality. OS and RFS were analyzed by Kaplan–Meier plots and multivariable Cox regression conducted separately for UICC stages I–III, tumor location, and sex as well as by propensity score matching followed by univariable and multivariable survival analysis.

Results

Of 16,378 patients, 4540 (27.7%) underwent laparoscopic surgery, a trend which increased during the observation period. Patients undergoing laparoscopy attained better results for 90-day mortality (odds ratio, OR 0.658, 95% confidence interval, CI 0.526–0.822). The 5-year OS rate in the laparoscopic group was 82.6%, vs. 76.6% in the open surgery group, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.819 in multivariable Cox regression (95% CI 0.747–0.899, p < 0.001). The laparoscopic group showed a better 5-year RFS, with 81.8 vs. 74.3% and HR 0.770 (95% CI 0.705–0.842, p < 0.001). The 5-year relative survival rates were also in favor of laparoscopy, with 93.1 vs. 88.4% (p = 0.012).

Conclusion

Laparoscopic surgery for rectal cancer can be performed safely and, according to this study, is associated with an oncological outcome superior to that of the open procedure. Therefore, in the absence of individual contraindications, it should be considered as a standard approach.
Patient-Related Risk Factors for Contralateral Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Tear after ACL Reconstruction: An Analysis of 3707 Primary ACL Reconstructions
Authors: Cancienne Jourdan M. , Browning Robert , Werner Brian C.
Published: May 2019

Background

Return to play after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction can increase risk for both ipsilateral graft rupture and contralateral ACL rupture. The risk for injury of the contralateral knee after ACL reconstruction could be nearly double that of ipsilateral graft rupture.

Questions/Purposes

We sought to identify independent, patient-related risk factors for contralateral ACL rupture following primary ACL reconstruction.

Methods

A national database was queried for patients who underwent primary ACL reconstruction from 2007 to 2015 with a minimum of 2 years of post-operative follow-up ( n = 12,044). Patients who underwent subsequent primary ACL reconstruction on the contralateral extremity were then identified. A multivariate binomial logistic regression analysis was utilized to evaluate patient-related risk factors for contralateral ACL rupture, including demographic and comorbidity variables. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for each risk factor.

Results

Of the 3707 patients who had a minimum of 2 years of database activity and comprised the study group, 204 (5.5%) experienced a contralateral ACL rupture requiring reconstruction. Independent risk factors for contralateral ACL rupture included age less than 20 years, female gender, tobacco use, and depression. Obesity, morbid obesity, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and a history of anxiety were not significant predictors of contralateral injury.

Conclusion

We were able to adequately power an analysis to identify several significant patient-related risk factors for contralateral ACL rupture after primary ACL reconstruction, including younger age, female gender, tobacco use, and depression. This information can be used to counsel patients on the risk of injury to the contralateral knee.
Renal effects of Sacubitril/Valsartan in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a real life 1-year follow-up study
Authors: Spannella Francesco , Marini Marco , Giulietti Federico , Rosettani Giulia , Francioni Matteo , Perna Gian Piero , Sarzani Riccardo
Published: May 2019

Real-life data confirming the favourable renal outcome in patients with heart failure (HF) treated with Sacubitril/Valsartan, previously found in several trials (RCTs), are still scant. We evaluated the renal effects of Sacubitril/Valsartan in a real-life sample of HF patients. Observational analysis of 54 consecutive outpatients affected by HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and clinical indication for Sacubitril/Valsartan. Patients were evaluated at baseline (T0) and after six (T6) and twelve (T12) months after initiating Sacubitril/Valsartan and compared with a group of 30 historical controls. Mean age: 65.5 ± 11.7 years. Older patients: 29 (53.7%). Mean baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR): 59.4 ± 19.2 ml/min/1.73 m2. Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), defined by an eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2, were 29 (53.7%). Sacubitril/Valsartan was less titrated in both older patients and patients with CKD. There were no changes in diuretics during follow-up. Systolic blood pressure (BP) decreased during follow-up (p = 0.014), while left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) slighly increased (p < 0.001). Renal function improved after 12 months compared to historical controls (p for interaction < 0.001) and a greater benefit was found in subjects aged < 65 years (p for interaction = 0.002) and patients with CKD (p for interaction = 0.009). A statistically (p = 0.009), but not clinically significant increase in serum potassium was also found, regardless of age and CKD. This is the first study focused on the renal effects of Sacubitril/Valsartan in HFrEF patients followed for 12 months in a real-life clinical context. The improved eGFR, despite lower BP, represents an important confirmation outside the peculiar world of RCTs.
Comprehensive investigation on producing high-power orbital angular momentum beams by coherent combining technology
Authors: Zhi Dong , Hou Tianyue , Ma Pengfei , Ma Yanxing , Zhou Pu , Tao Rumao , Wang Xiaolin , Si Lei
Published: May 2019

High-power orbital angular momentum (OAM) beams have distinct advantages in improving capacity and data receiving for free-space optical communication systems at long distances. Utilizing the coherent combination of a beam array technique and helical phase approximation by a piston phase array, we have proposed a generating system for a novel high-power beam carrying OAM, which could overcome the power limitations of a common vortex phase modulator and a single beam. The characteristics of this generating method and the orthogonality of the generated OAM beams with different eigenstates have been theoretically analyzed and verified. Also a high-power OAM beam produced by coherent beam combination (CBC) of a six-element hexagonal fiber amplifier array has been experimentally implemented. Results show that the CBC technique utilized to control the piston phase differences among the array beams has a high efficiency of 96.3%. On the premise of CBC, we have obtained novel vortex beams carrying OAM of $\pm 1$ by applying an additional piston phase array modulation on the corresponding beam array. The experimental results agree approximately with the theoretical analysis. This work could be beneficial to areas that need high-power OAM beams, such as ultra-long distance free-space optical communications, biomedical treatments, and powerful trapping and manipulation under deep potential wells.
Kinematics of local entrainment and detrainment in a turbulent jet
Authors: Mistry Dhiren , Philip Jimmy , Dawson James R.
Published: May 2019

In this paper we investigate the continuous, local exchange of fluid elements as they are entrained and detrained across the turbulent/non-turbulent interface (TNTI) in a high Reynolds number axisymmetric jet. To elucidate characteristic kinematic features of local entrainment and detrainment processes, simultaneous high-speed particle image velocimetry and planar laser-induced fluorescence measurements were undertaken. Using an interface-tracking technique, we evaluate and analyse the conditional dependence of local entrainment velocity in a frame of reference moving with the TNTI in terms of the interface geometry and the local flow field. We find that the local entrainment velocity is intermittent with a characteristic length scale of the order of the Taylor micro-scale and that the contribution to the net entrainment rate arises from the imbalance between local entrainment and detrainment rates that occurs with a ratio of two parts of entrainment to one part detrainment. On average, an increase in local entrainment is correlated with excursions of the TNTI towards jet centreline into regions of higher streamwise momentum, convex surface curvature facing the turbulent side of the jet and along the leading edges of the interface. In contrast, detrainment is correlated with excursions of the TNTI away from the jet centreline into regions of lower streamwise momentum, concave surface curvature and along the trailing edge. We find that strong entrainment is characterised by a local counterflow velocity field in the frame of reference moving with the TNTI which enhances the transport of rotational and irrotational fluid elements. On the other hand, detrainment is characterised by locally uniform flow fields with the local fluid velocity on either side of the TNTI advecting in the same direction. These local flow patterns and the strength of entrainment or detrainment rates are also observed to be strongly influenced by the presence and relative strength of vortical structures which are of the order of the Taylor micro-scale that populate the turbulent region along the jet boundary.
Cultivating Violence: Trade Liberalization, Illicit Labor, and the Mexican Drug Trade
Authors: Herrera Joel Salvador
Published: May 2019

This article asks whether economic liberalization, under certain institutional conditions, is indirectly related to drug violence. Focusing on Mexico’s drug trade, where violence was historically limited by politicoinstitutional arrangements, this study examines how trade liberalization shapes social exclusion in key trafficking regions and, in turn, shapes the industry. It argues that the change in development strategy has increased the flow of workers into the drug trade by reconfiguring the agricultural sector in regions where drugs are produced while failing to absorb surplus labor in manufacturing centers containing key smuggling routes. Through both mechanisms, workers enter an illicit market with new institutional settings that allow for fierce competition and the use of violence. Using panel data on drug violence from 2007 to 2011, the study finds that exposure to trade is associated with violence in both drug-producing and -smuggling regions, but with a more sizable effect in the former.
Judging the Troops: Exceptional Security Measures and Judicial Impact in India
Authors: Chopra Surabhi
Published: May 2019

This Article examines a controversial national security measure: the use of the armed forces within domestic borders. Military policing blurs the boundaries between crime and war, and tends to entail greater use of force against individuals. It has received relatively little academic attention but deserves to be better understood. No democratic state has relied on military policing for longer than India. And within India, no region has been subject to military policing for as long as the northeastern state of Manipur. I analyze how military policing in Manipur has fostered abuse by the armed forces, which in turn has prompted litigation and judicial innovation. Based on my analysis, I critique dominant theories about the state’s exceptional security powers. I advance two main claims. First, exceptional powers rarely remain exceptional; they eventually become the norm. Once deployed, these powers persist, and the license they provide seeps into broader habits of governance. Second, once normalized, exceptional powers become more vulnerable to judicial intervention. Judges become unwilling to accept the government’s argument that these powers are always and only used to fight pressing threats. These powers eventually become a routine subject of judicial review. Even once judicial review becomes routine, however, judges tend to be more willing to help victims of abuse than to punish abusers.
Buckling of Sandwich Panels with Laminated Face Plates
Authors: Pearce T R A , Webber J P H
Published: May 2019

The buckling of simply-supported sandwich panels, made up from fibre reinforced laminated face plates and honeycomb cores, is considered when they are subjected to uniform end loading. Numerical results are given for both overall buckling and face plate wrinkling for panels having typical carbon fibre faces with the laminations arranged to give effectively orthotropic properties.
On the Corner Boundary Layer with Favourable Pressure Gradient
Authors: Zamir M
Published: May 2019

Solutions of equations governing the flow in the plane of symmetry of a corner boundary layer with favourable pressure gradients are presented. The results indicate that as the pressure gradient is reduced the secondary flow in the plane of symmetry reverses its direction from a flow into the corner to an outflow away from the corner, the main velocity profile being of the separation type with zero gradient at the wall and a point of inflection within the boundary layer. As the pressure gradient is reduced further the numerical method of solution is found to break down, possibly because of a drastic change of character in the family of solutions. This may be indicative of a corresponding change of character in the physical flow which, it is hoped, may clarify some of the unexplained phenomena disclosed by recent experiments on the corner boundary layer with zero pressure gradient.
Three-Dimensional Dynamical Behaviour of a Flexible Towed Cable
Authors: Cannon T C , Genin J
Published: May 2019

The three-dimensional motion of a body towed by a flexible cable is studied. An approximate solution is developed for the non-linear equations of motion of the system to determine cable shapes. This solution is then used to compute natural frequencies and damping rates for longitudinal and lateral motions of the system. Conditions necessary for the uncoupling of the lateral and longitudinal motions are defined.
Re-Developing Turbulent Boundary Layers Behind Yawed Separation Bubbles
Authors: Horton H P
Published: May 2019

Measurements are presented of the mean flow properties of some three-dimensional turbulent boundary layers re-developing after reattachment behind short separation bubbles yawed at 26.5° to the main stream. For these measurements, Rθ11varied from about 550 to 1450. It was found that, where the pressure gradient parameter (ν/ρu3τ1)∂p/∂s was not greater than about 0.05, the flow in the local external streamline direction conformed well with empirical laws for fully-attached two-dimensional layers with regard to the mean velocity profiles, shape parameter relationships and skin friction laws, giving support to the usual assumption that these two-dimensional relationships may be applied to the streamwise flow in three-dimensional layers, subject to the limitation on the pressure gradient parameter. The cross-flow profiles, on the other hand, were not generally fitted well by the often-used representations of Mager and Johnston. The variations of the kinetic energy dissipation coefficient and the entrainment rate were deduced for one of the layers, both quantities being found to be higher than those predicted by empirical relationships for conventionally-developing two-dimensional layers. However, the energy dissipation is in fair agreement with that in a similarly re-developing two-dimensional flow.
Some Remarks on the Behaviour of Surface Source Distributions near the Edge of a Body
Authors: Craggs J W , Mangler K W , Zamir M
Published: May 2019

When the incompressible potential flow past a three-dimensional body is represented by source distributions on the body surface, these source distributions have singularities near an edge or corner, for example á trailing edge of a wing or the (unfaired) intersection of a body and a wing. The nature of these singularities is discussed. When assuming slow variations of the geometry in the main flow direction we can consider a two-dimensional problem in the cross-flow plane. Here the tangential velocities and source distributions are proportional to certain powers of the distance from the corner. For example at a convex right-angled corner these powers are − ⅓ in the asymmetric case (the bisector is a potential line) and ⅓ in the symmetric case (the bisector is a streamline) for both sources and tangential velocities. At a concave right-angled corner the corresponding values for the source distributions are ⅓ (asymmetric case) and − ⅓ (symmetric case) whereas they are 1 and 3 respectively for the tangential velocities.
The Secondary Flow about Circular Cylinders Mounted Normal to a Flat Plate
Authors: Bělík L
Published: May 2019

The paper presents an experimental study of vortex systems generated in the region where an incompressible flow with spanwise varying velocity moves about a circular cylinder connected to a flat plate. The role that the various flow and geometric parameters play in the generation of the horseshoe vortex at the front of the cylinder is discussed and the dimensionless similarity numbers which describe the flow are derived.
The Large Deflection and Post-Buckling Behaviour of Some Laminated Plates
Authors: Turvey G J , Wittrick W H
Published: May 2019

The Dynamic Relaxation (DR) method is applied to the solution of geometrically non-linear, elastic, laminated plate, flexural and stability problems. Two categories of plate are considered, namely, those that are symmetrically and unsymmetrically laminated with respect to the plate middle surface. Whereas the former category exhibits a bending – twisting coupling phenomenon, the latter exhibits an extensional – flexural type of coupling. The effects of these coupling phenomena are evaluated by comparing the plate responses with those of corresponding homogeneous, specially orthotropic plates. With the exception of uniaxially compressed plates of the latter category in the post-buckling regime, it is found that for both flexural and stability problems the coupling phenomena cause a reduction in stiffness and the extent of this reduction is dependent on the lay-up of the laminate.
Effective-Viscosity Model for Turbulent Wall Boundary Layers
Authors: Anyiwo J C , Meroney R N
Published: May 2019

Existing effective viscosity models which have been very valuable in the mean field closure method for turbulent boundary layer computation have shown certain undesirable limitations for certain realistic but general boundary layer flows. The more general flows usually involve non-negligible considerations of pressure gradients and such wall conditions as roughness, curvature and aspiration or transpiration in varying degrees of importance. The effects of these external and wall influences have, unfortunately, been underplayed by most existing effective viscosity models. The present model of the effective viscosity is developed for a general flow and has shown remarkable agreement with experimentation, without being any more complex than existing models.
A Theory for Rectangular Wings with Small Tip Clearance in a Channel
Authors: Sugiyama Y
Published: May 2019

Equations are derived for the total lift about low aspect ratio wings in an inviscid, incompressible, uniform flow. The analysis extends Bollay’s analysis, which followed the line suggested by Prandtl, and it is shown experimentally that Bollay’s simplifying assumptions can still be applied. Agreement is good between the present theory and the author’s experiment for values of total lift with small tip clearance.
Parametric Analysis of Turbulent Wall Jets
Authors: Narayan K Yegna , Narasimha R
Published: May 2019

The concept of a fully-developed flow based on the hypothesis of selective memory is here applied to general wall-jet type flows. In the presence of a (constant) external stream, the free-stream velocity and the jet momentum flux are taken to be the chief quantities governing the development of the wall jet: two additional non-dimensional parameters, representing a momentum flux Reynolds number and the relative momentum defect in the initial boundary layer, are shown to have only a secondary effect on the fully-developed flow. The standard correlations so determined are also found to predict quite well the flow development in Gartshore and Newman’s experiments on wall jets in adverse pressure gradients; possible reasons for this somewhat surprising result are discussed. Finally it is shown, by application to the still-air case, that the parameters discovered in incompressible flow are, with appropriate but straightforward modification, successful in describing compressible wall jets also.
Response of Rotor Blades to Random Loads under Forward Flight Conditions
Authors: Lakshmikantham C , Aravamudan K S
Published: May 2019

This paper contains results for the response of a helicopter rotor blade under stationary random excitation when the helicopter is in forward flight. The blade model takes into account the bending and torsional modes as well as the root-rigidity conditions. The resulting linear dynamical system equations with periodic coefficients are treated within the framework of the filtering theory to yield matrix ordinary differential equations for the required response-statistics themselves.
Time's Struggle with Space: Kierkegaard's Understanding of Temporality
Authors: Taylor Mark C.
Published: May 2019

In the provocative eleventh book of his Confessions, Augustine mused:

What then is time? Who can find a quick and easy answer to that question? Whoever in his mind can grasp the subject well enough to be able to make a statement on it? Yet in ordinary conversation we use the word ‘time’ more often and more familiarly than any other. And certainly we understand what we mean by it, just as we must understand what others mean by it when we hear the word from them. What then is time? I know what it is if no one asks me what it is; but if I want to explain it to someone who has asked me, I find that I do not know.
Donne's Devotions: A Meditative Sequence on Repentance
Authors: Cox Gerard H.
Published: May 2019

John Donne's Devotions Upon Emergent Occasions had its genesis in 1623 when Donne fell into a nearly fatal illness. In an age which held that there is literally no health in man — “only two degrees, sickness and neutrality,” as Donne wrote to Sir Henry Goodyer — sickness was widely taken as the visible sign of a sinful condition, and Donne's Devotions is no exception. Like “Good Friday, 1613,” “Batter my heart, three person'd God,” and “A Hymne to God the Father,” the Devotions reflects a soul distressed by sin and longing for the assurance of grace. Yet the Devotions is more than a series of meditations on his physical and spiritual condition; it is also a prose sequence on repentance that is aimed at a public audience. As Donne wrote to Sir Robert Ker while convalescing, “I have used this leisure to put the Meditations, had in my sickness, into some such order as may minister some holy delight.” Given Donne's public intention, both the “order” of the Devotions and its “holy delight” merit further examination.
Augustine on War and Killing: Another View
Authors: Swift Louis J.
Published: May 2019

Recently R. S. Hartigan examined Augustine's position on war and killing particularly in relation to the fate of the innocent. Although attention was rightly focused on some of the difficulties inherent in Augustine's views, Hartigan's handling of certain supportive texts is, in the view of this writer, open to question. It may be profitable, then, to reconsider his arguments and, more fundamentally, to question his structuring of the problem as a whole.
The Category of Growth in Comparative Religion: A Critical Self–Examination
Authors: Panikkar R.
Published: May 2019

The echo produced by some of my writings dealing with problems of Comparative Religions sounds to me as an invitation to restate thematically one of the main issues in the Encounter of Religions.

This present study is irenic in tone and has tried to overcome the temptation of self-defence. I shall try to rethink my approach to the problem of the encounter of the christian faith with the religions of the world, to present it for correction or even for total eclipse. How can I put forward more than a hypothesis in this field (now just emerging) of open dialogue among religions?
Optimizing the Term of an Investigation into Decremental Rates
Authors: Taylor G. C.
Published: May 2019

One of the earliest problems faced by actuaries and one which has persisted to modern times is that of designing and carrying out an investigation into a certain set of decremental rates, especially mortality rates. Many investigations have been conducted with a view to the derivation of a table of mortality rates, some of them of crucial importance to the British life insurance industry. Such tables as the OM, the A1924/29 and the A1949/52 tables have been so widely known and used that mention of them is scarcely necessary. However, despite the importance of such investigations, little detailed attention has been given to methods for determining a suitable term of the experience. The OM table was derived from data covering a term of 30 years, A1924/29 from a 6-year term and A1949/52 from a 4-year term. Were these terms reasonable or not?
Mathematical Models in Portfolio Selection
Authors: Moore P. G.
Published: May 2019

Synopsis

A great deal of theoretical and empirical work has been carried out in recent years, particularly in the United States, on the use of mathematical models as an aid to the selection of investment portfolios containing equities. The present paper attempts to survey some of the more important advances that have been made, and to assess them in relation to the problems that managers face in the running of a portfolio.
The Implementation of the Modern Law of Armed Conflicts
Authors: Draper G. I. A. D.
Published: May 2019

The late Sir Hersch Lauterpacht once expressed the view that “if international law is, in some ways, at the vanishing point of law, the law of war is, perhaps, even more conspicuously, at the vanishing point of international law”. This led him to the conclusion that the international lawyer must therefore do his duty, in the three particular areas to which he was then drawing the attention of his readers, “with determination though without complacency, and perhaps not always very hopefully”. The three spheres which Lauterpacht considered as meriting the attention of international lawyers at the time at which he wrote, 1953, were “further legal regulation of the humanitarian fringe of the problems involved in the use of new weapons of war, sustained exposition and clarification of the far-reaching provisions of the 1949 Geneva Conventions, and the further clarification of matters not covered by the Geneva Conventions, including the implication of the principle that the law of war is binding not only upon States but also upon individuals”. This great jurist did not live to see the current endeavours that are being made to carry out a revision of the international law of war and the increasing attention that is being paid to the humanitarian content of that law, and even more specifically, to the quest for better and more effective means of implementation of that law.
Proportionality and the Psychotic Aggressor: A Vignette in Comparative Criminal Theory
Authors: Fletcher George P.
Published: May 2019

Western legal systems diverge radically in their approaches to setting limits on the privilege of self-defence. Some systems incline to the view that a person defending his or another life or property may use all the force necessary to stifle an aggressive attack. Taken to the extreme, this means that if there is no other way to apprehend a thief escaping with a petty bounty, one may shoot him—if necessary, shoot to kill. In contrast to this approach, which is adverse to limits on the use of necessary force, another set of Western jurisdictions insists that the degree of force meet two desiderata: it must be both necessary and proportional to the interest protected. The requirement of proportionality or reasonableness means that there are some cases, like petty thievery, where the cost of protecting a threatened interest may be so great that one must surrender the interest rather than inflict grievous harm on the aggressor.
Non Liquet: From Modern Law to Roman Law
Authors: Rabello Alfredo Mordechai
Published: May 2019

1.May a Judge Refuse to Pronounce Judgment?: In modern legal systems, the judge cannot as a rule evade his basic duty, that of adjudicating. He has the option of either allowing or of rejecting the plaintiff's claims. Under the rules of criminal procedure adopted by several countries, he may acquit for insufficient evidence. But he cannot be released from exercising his function as a judge, claiming either that the facts of the case are not sufficiently clear to him (factual doubt), or that the norm to be applied in the specific case cannot be determined (judicial doubt), or even that there exists no fixed norm for the determination of the case (lacunain the law).

Thus theCode Civil des Français(orCode Napoléon) lays down explicitly: “A judge who refuses to decide a case, on the pretext that the law is silent, obscure or insufficient, may be prosecuted as being guilty of denial of justice”. This article is the outcome of a long evolutionary process. Prior to the French Revolution, before the separation of powers, the main question was not that oflacunaebut rather that of the directions given to the judge in order to help him carry out his functions.
Municipal Elections in Occupied Judea and Samaria
Authors: Drori Moshe
Published: May 2019

One of the principal functions of military government in an occupied area is to return civil life to its normal course. Such a goal is not only a political objective whose advantages are obvious; it is also based upon the principles of International Law and the Law of Warfare. The military administration bears responsibility for restoring public order and safety and maintaining essential services, so that it may fulfil the civil functions of government for the welfare of the population in the occupied area.

In the intricate framework required to supply services to the population of the occupied area by the military administration, the local municipal authorities play a substantial role. These authorities regard themselves as being closer to the residents of the occupied areas, and thus they see it as a moral duty to take care of their population and provide it with daily services.

During periods of crises and war the population tends to a greater extent to shut itself within its immediate surroundings and to request aid and encouragement from familiar local bodies; thus it becomes more and more dependent on the local authorities.
Estimation of genetic variation for macro- and micro-environmental sensitivities of milk yield and composition in Holstein cows using double hierarchical generalized linear models
Authors: Ehsaninia Jamshid , Ghavi Hossein-Zadeh Navid , Shadparvar Abdol Ahad
Published: May 2019

The aim of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for environmental sensitivities in milk yield and composition of Iranian Holstein cows using the double hierarchical generalized linear model (DHGLM) method. Data set included test-day productive records of cows which were provided by the Animal Breeding Center and Promotion of Animal Products of Iran during 1983 to 2014. In the DHGLM method, a random regression model was fitted which included two parts of mean and residual variance. A random regression model (mean model) and a residual variance model were used to study the genetic variation of micro-environmental sensitivities. In order to consider macro-environmental sensitivities, DHGLM was extended using a reaction norm model, and a sire model was applied. Based on the mean model, additive genetic variances for the mean were 38.25 for milk yield, 0.23 for fat yield and 0.03 for protein yield in the first lactation, respectively. Based on the residual variance model, additive genetic variances for residual variance were 0.039 for milk yield, 0.030 for fat yield and 0.020 for protein yield in the first lactation, respectively. Estimates of genetic correlation between milk yield and macro- and micro-environmental sensitivities were 0.660 and 0.597 in the first lactation, respectively. The results of this study indicated that macro- and micro-environmental sensitivities were present for milk production traits of Iranian Holsteins. High genetic coefficient of variation for micro-environmental sensitivities indicated the possibility of reducing environmental variation and increase in uniformity via selection.
Screening diagnostic candidates fromLeishmania infantumproteins for human visceral leishmaniasis using an immunoproteomics approach
Authors: Lage Daniela P. , Ludolf Fernanda , Silveira Patrícia C. , Machado Amanda S. , Ramos Fernanda F. , Dias Daniel S. , Ribeiro Patrícia A. F. , Costa Lourena E. , Vale Danniele L. , Tavares Grasiele S. V. , Martins Vívian T. , Chávez-Fumagalli Miguel A. , Caligiorne Rachel B. , Chaves Ana T. , Gonçalves Denise U. , Rocha Manoel O. C. , Duarte Mariana C. , Coelho Eduardo A. F.
Published: May 2019

There is no suitable vaccine against human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and available drugs are toxic and/or present high cost. In this context, diagnostic tools should be improved for clinical management and epidemiological evaluation of disease. However, the variable sensitivity and/or specificity of the used antigens are limitations, showing the necessity to identify new molecules to be tested in a more sensitive and specific serology. In the present study, an immunoproteomics approach was performed inLeishmania infantumpromastigotes and amastigotes employing sera samples from VL patients. Aiming to avoid undesired cross-reactivity in the serological assays, sera from Chagas disease patients and healthy subjects living in the endemic region of disease were also used in immunoblottings. The most reactive spots for VL samples were selected, and 29 and 21 proteins were identified in the promastigote and amastigote extracts, respectively. Two of them, endonuclease III and GTP-binding protein, were cloned, expressed, purified and tested in ELISA experiments against a large serological panel, and results showed high sensitivity and specificity values for the diagnosis of disease. In conclusion, the identified proteins could be considered in future studies as candidate antigens for the serodiagnosis of human VL.
Bishop Bonner and the Oath
Authors: Parmiter Geoffrey de C.
Published: May 2019

Section 9 of the Act of Supremacy, 1559, provided that ‘all and every Archebishoppe Bishoppe and all and every other Ecclesiasticall Person, and other Ecclesiastical Officer and Minister… and all and every Temporall Judge Justicer Mayor and other Laye or Temporall Officer and Minister’, and certain other persons should take an oath the form of which was set out in the section. The oath acknowledged the queen's ecclesiastical authority and renounced all foreign jurisdiction including that of the pope. Section 10 of the Act provided that if any person who was required to take the oath refused to do so, he should be deprived of ‘all and every Ecclesiasticall and Spiritual Promotion Benefice and Office, and every Temporall and Laye Promotion and Office’ which he had at the time of refusal, and should thereafter be disqualified for life from holding or exercising any such office or promotion.

The Act of Supremacy received the royal assent on 8 May 1559, soon after Easter, and immediately the surviving bishops of Mary's reign were faced with the prospect of taking the oath prescribed by the act. On 23 May 1559, a commission was issued to eighteen laymen authorizing and requiring them to administer the oath of supremacy to the bishops and others required by the act to take it.
Differential Responses of Soybean Cultivars to Propanil
Authors: Smith R. J. , Caviness C. E.
Published: May 2019

Ten commercial soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars were evaluated for reaction to over-the-top applications of two rates of 3′,4′-dichloropropionanilide (propanil) at the growth stage when three nodes on the main stem had completely unrolled leaves. Propanil, a herbicide commonly applied to rice [Oryza sativa L.] for control of grass weeds, was applied at 0.56 and 3.36 kg/ha; the higher rate is commonly used for control of weeds in rice. ‘Davis’, ‘Hood’, and ‘York’ soybean cultivars were damaged more by propanil than ‘Hill’, ‘Lee’, ‘Lee 68’, ‘Pickett’, ‘Semmes’, ‘Bragg’, or ‘Dare’ when damage was measured by reductions in seed yield and stand and by leaf injury.
Effect of Gamma Radiation on the Bioactivity of Herbicides
Authors: Horowitz M. , Blumenfeld T.
Published: May 2019

Gamma radiation of 3 megarads was applied to undiluted commercial formulations and aqueous solutions of 3-(3,4 dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (diuron), 1,1-dimethyl-(3-a,a,a-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-urea fluometuron),N,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenylacetamide (diphenamid), 2,4-bis (isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine (prometryne), dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate (DCPA),a,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin) and sodium chlorate. The effect of radiation on herbicidal activity was assessed with bioassays. Radiation did not affect the bioactivity of undiluted or 50% solutions of any of the tested herbicides but decreased appreciably the activity of 100-ppm solutions of fluometuron, diphenamid, and prometryne. Diluted 100 and 10-ppm solutions of trifluralin lost part of their activity during storage in plastic containers and, in addition, following irradiation. It was not clear whether the decrease in activity observed in the 100-ppm solution of diuron was due to irradiation or to storage. No reduction in bioactivity was produced following irradiation of 100 and 10-ppm solutions of DCPA or 1% and 10% solutions of sodium chlorate.
Cytological Effects of Ultra-High Temperatures on Corn
Authors: Ellwanger T. C. , Bingham S. W. , Chappell W. E. , Tolin S. A.
Published: May 2019

Corn (Zea mays L. ‘Funk's G-83’) seedling leaves exposed to flame-generated ultra-high temperatures produced in flame cultivation were fixed in glutaraldehyde, post fixed in osmium tetroxide, and embedded in Araldite. In the light microscope, bundle sheath cells of flamed tissue were more heavily stained with Azure II and less vacuolated than were nonflamed cells. Heated mesophyll cells contained swollen, disrupted, and granular chloroplasts. Examination of flamed tissue by electron microscopy revealed granular, dispersed cytaplasm and altered membrane systems. Chloroplast lamellar systems and envelopes, tonoplasts, and plasmalemmas were disintegrated in both bundle sheath and mesophyll cells.
Soybean Tolerance to Metribuzin
Authors: Coble H. D. , Schrader J. W.
Published: May 2019

Tolerance of greenhouse-grown soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) to preemergence applications of 4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5(4H)one (metribuzin) was greatly influenced by herbicide rate, soil organic matter, and simulated rainfall after treatment. Planting depth affected tolerance in cases where effects of the other variables were marginal. Severe injury was observed with 1.1% soil organic matter except at the 0.56 kg/ha herbicide rate with no rainfall for 10 days after treatment. Tolerance increased with increasing soil organic matter to the point where no injury occurred at 16.8 or 40.0% organic matter, even at herbicide rates up to 1.68 kg/ha with 1.25 cm simulated rainfall immediately after treatment.