bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimized cassettes for fluorescent protein tagging in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Sheff Mark A. , Thorn Kurt S.
Published: June 2004

Green fluorescent protein (GFP) has become an increasingly popular protein tag for determining protein localization and abundance. With the availability of GFP variants with altered fluorescence spectra, as well as GFP homologues from other organisms, multi‐colour fluorescence with protein tags is now possible, as is measuring protein interactions using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). We have created a set of yeast tagging vectors containing codon‐optimized variants of GFP, CFP (cyan), YFP (yellow), and Sapphire (a UV‐excitable GFP). These codon‐optimized tags are twice as detectable as unoptimized tags. We have also created a tagging vector containing the monomeric DsRed construct tdimer2, which is up to 15‐fold more detectable than tags currently in use. These tags significantly improve the detection limits for live‐cell fluorescence imaging in yeast, and provide sufficient distinguishable fluorophores for four‐colour imaging. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
To be suspended or to be cut off? Differences in the performance of two types of leaf‐rolls constructed by the attelabid beetle Cycnotrachelus roelofsi
Authors: Kobayashi Chisato , Kato Makoto
Published: June 2004

The attelabid beetle Cycnotrachelus roelofsi constructs two types of leaf‐rolls (cradles): one is suspended from leaves (suspended type), and the other is severed from the leaves (cut‐off type). To evaluate differences in performance between these two cradle types, we monitored densities, survival rates, and mortality factors throughout the active season, from April to June. The proportions of the two cradle types changed over time; the suspended type was dominant early in the season but was gradually replaced by the cut‐off type. Irrespective of differences in mortality factors between the two cradle types, the survival rate was always higher in the cut‐off type than in the suspended type. Beetle mortality tended to be highest at the egg stage, and the predominant cause of mortality was parasitism by two minute trichogrammatid wasp species, Poropoea morimotoi and P. sp.1. Parasitism by P. morimotoi was significantly higher in cut‐off cradles than in suspended cradles, when cut‐off cradles were abundant, whereas parasitism by P. sp.1 tended to be higher in suspended cradles when suspended cradles were abundant. These results suggest opposed frequency‐dependent attacks by P. morimotoi and P. sp.1. We discuss how these egg parasitoids maintain coexistence of these two cradle types.
Regulation of Chk2 phosphorylation by interaction with protein phosphatase 2A via its B' regulatory subunit
Authors: Dozier Christine , Bonyadi Mortaza , Baricault Laurent , Tonasso Laure , Darbon Jean‐Marie
Published: June 2004

Summry— Chk2 is a key player of the DNA damage signalling pathway. To identify new regulators of this kinase, we performed a yeast two‐hybrid screen and found that Chk2 associated with the B' regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase PP2A. In vitro GST‐Chk2 pulldowns demonstrated that B'γ isoforms bound to Chk2 with the strongest apparent affinity. This was confirmed in cellulo by co‐immunoprecipitation after overexpression of the respective partners in HEK293 cells. The A and C subunits of PP2A were present in the complexes, suggesting that Chk2 was associated with a functionnal PP2A. In vitro kinase assays showed that B'γ3 was a potent Chk2 substrate. This phosphorylation increased the catalytic phosphatase activity of PP2A measured on MAP kinase‐phosphorylated myelin basic protein as well as on autophosphorylated Chk2. Finally, we demonstrated that overexpressing B'γ3 in HEK293 suppressed the phosphorylation of Chk2 induced by a genotoxic treatment, suggesting that PP2A may counteract the action of the checkpoint kinase in living cells.
The effect of clopidogrel on apoptosis—an in vivo study
Authors: Yalcin Ridvan , Erkan Aycan , Ergun Mehmet Ali , Yurtcu Erkan
Published: June 2004

Clopidogrel is widely used in cardiovascular medicine, and is believed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of many cardiovascular disease processes. In particular, patients undergoing coronary stenting, who are commonly treated with clopidogrel, are candidates for in‐stent restenosis. This is mainly caused by neointimal hyperplasia, so it is important to consider whether clopidogrel affects neointimal hyperplasia via apoptosis. Lymphocytes, especially T‐cells, are known to play a key role in the initiation and formation of atherosclerotic plaques. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of clopidogrel on human lymphocyte apoptosis, using a DNA fragmentation assay.
RhoA controls myoblast survival by inducing the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase‐Akt signaling pathway
Authors: Reuveny Mickol , Heller Hanna , Bengal Eyal
Published: June 2004

The small GTPase RhoA regulates the expression of the myogenic transcription factor, MyoD, and the transcription of muscle‐specific genes. We report that RhoA also affects the survival of differentiating myoblasts. Two signaling pathways, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) and phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3‐K)‐Akt, are involved in myoblast survival. Here, we show that inhibition of RhoA prevents the phosphorylation of Akt, but does not affect the phosphorylation of ERK. Constitutive expression of an active form of Akt prevents apoptosis in myoblasts treated with the Rho inhibitor C3‐transferase. These results indicate that RhoA functions to prevent myoblast death by inducing the PI3‐K‐Akt pathway.
The role of IL‐18 in the modulation of matrix metalloproteinases and migration of human natural killer (NK) cells
Authors: Ishida Yukiko , Migita Kiyoshi , Izumi Yasumori , Nakao Kazuhiko , Ida Hiroaki , Kawakami Atsushi , Abiru Seigo , Ishibashi Hiromi , Eguchi Katsumi , Ishii Nobuko
Published: June 2004

In this study, we examined whether interleukin‐18 (IL‐18) affects natural killer (NK) cells' migration and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) production. We demonstrated that chemotaxis of human NK cells through basement membrane‐like Matrigel was augmented by IL‐18. As well, IL‐18 stimulation induces the production of activated forms of matrix metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2) as well as the production of pro‐MMP‐2 from NK cells. We also demonstrated that MT1‐MMP expression on human NK cells, which is a major activator of MMP‐2, was induced by IL‐18 stimulation coordinated with MMP‐2 activation. These data suggest that the MT1‐MMP/MMP‐2 system participates in the degradation of basement membrane components and thus contributes to NK cell migration.
The local physicochemical environment conditions the proinflammatory response of endothelial cells and thus modulates leukocyte recruitment
Authors: Nash Gerard B , Buckley Christopher D , Ed Rainger G
Published: June 2004

The locations at which vascular endothelial cells recruit leukocytes during physiological or pathological inflammatory responses are influenced by direct effects of local haemodynamics on leukocyte adhesion. However, the expression of genes by endothelial cells, and their ability to respond to inflammatory cytokines also depend on the flow forces to which they are exposed. In addition, cells of the underlying stroma can modify the phenotype and responsiveness of endothelial cells, and hence their ability to recruit leukocytes. Thus, endothelial cells are plastic in their responses, and we hypothesise that the pattern of recruitment of leukocytes to tissues is critically dependent on the variable modulation of the endothelium by the local physicochemical microenvironment.
Novel human CYP2A6 alleles confound gene deletion analysis
Authors: Nakajima Miki , Yoshida Ryoko , Fukami Tatsuki , McLeod Howard L , Yokoi Tsuyoshi
Published: June 2004

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2A6 metabolizes a number of drugs and a variety of procarcinogens. CYP2A6 also catalyzes nicotine C‐oxidation leading to cotinine formation, a major metabolic pathway of nicotine in humans. There are genetic polymorphisms in the human CYP2A6 gene and a relationship between the CYP2A6 genotype and smoking habits as well as the incidence of lung cancer has been indicated. CYP2A6*4 alleles are the whole deleted type and are completely deficient in the enzymatic activity. An unequal crossover junction is located in the 3′‐flanking region in the CYP2A6*4A allele, whereas the junction is located in either intron 8 or exon 9 in the CYP2A6*4D allele. In the present study, a novel genotyping method to distinguish between two different whole deleted alleles of CYP2A6*4A and CYP2A6*4D was established. In the process, two novel alleles, CYP2A6*1F and CYP2A6*1G, were found. The CYP2A6*1F has a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of C5717T in exon 8, and the CYP2A6*1G has two SNPs, C5717T in exon 8 and A5825G in intron 8. The SNP of C5717T corresponds to C1224T on the cDNA sequence and is a synonymous mutation. Since the CYP2A6*1F produces a recognition site of the restriction enzymes that is the same as CYP2A6*4D, the presence of the CYP2A6*1F allele could cause a mistyping as the CYP2A6*4D allele. According to an improved genotyping method, the allele frequencies of CYP2A6*4A, CYP2A6*4D, CYP2A6*1F, and CYP2A6*1G in 165 Caucasians were 3.0%, 0%, 1.8%, and 1.2%, respectively. The allele frequencies of CYP2A6*4A, CYP2A6*4D, CYP2A6*1F, and CYP2A6*1G in 94 African‐Americans were 0%, 0.5%, 0%, and 13.3%, respectively. This is the first report of a method that can distinguish between CYP2A6*4A, CYP2A6*4D, and CYP2A6*1F which could otherwise cause a mistyping as CYP2A6*4D.
T‐lymphocyte invasiveness: control by voltage‐gated Na+ channel activity
Authors: Fraser Scott P , Diss James K.J , Lloyd Louise J , Pani Filippo , Chioni Athina-Myrto , George Andrew J.T , Djamgoz Mustafa B.A
Published: June 2004

Whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings showed that a sub‐population (10%) of Jurkat cells, a model of human T‐cells, expressed a functional voltage‐gated sodium channel, which was tetrodotoxin (TTX)‐resistant. Expression of voltage‐gated sodium channel protein was confirmed by western blots. Semi‐quantitative PCR analysis revealed that mRNAs for the α‐subunits of multiple voltage‐gated sodium channel subtypes were present but indicated that Nav1.5 was the predominant subtype, consistent with the TTX‐resistant nature of the recorded currents. Importantly, 10 μM TTX reduced the number of Jurkat cells invading a Matrigel basement membrane by 93.0 ± 5.5%. Since similar sodium channels have also been detected in normal human T‐lymphocytes, it is concluded that the activity of voltage‐gated sodium channels could represent a novel mechanism potentiating the invasive capacity of these cells.
Interleukin‐15 is able to suppress the increased DNA fragmentation associated with muscle wasting in tumour‐bearing rats
Authors: Figueras Maite , Busquets Sı́lvia , Carbó Neus , Barreiro Esther , Almendro Vanessa , Argilés Josep M , López-Soriano Francisco J
Published: June 2004

Administration of interleukin‐15 (IL‐15) to rats bearing the Yoshida AH‐130 ascites hepatoma (a tumour that induces an important cachectic response) resulted in a significant reduction of muscle wasting, both measured as muscle weight and as protein content of different types of skeletal muscle. In addition, the administration of the cytokine completely reversed the increased DNA fragmentation observed in skeletal muscle of tumour‐bearing animals. Concerning the mechanism(s) involved in the anti‐apoptotic effects of IL‐15 on skeletal muscle, the administration of the cytokine resulted in a considerable decrease in both R1 (43%) and R2 (64%) TNF‐α receptors (TNFRs), and therefore it may be suggested that IL‐15 decreases apoptosis by affecting TNF‐α signalling. Formation of NO could be the signalling event associated with the activation of apoptosis in muscle of tumour‐bearing rats; indeed, administration of IL‐15 decreased the inducible nitric oxide synthase protein levels by 73%, suggesting that NO formation and muscle apoptosis during tumour growth are related. In conclusion, IL‐15 seems to be able to reduce/suppress protein loss and apoptosis related to muscle wasting during cancer cachexia in experimental animals.
Identification of 14‐3‐3ζ as an EGF receptor interacting protein
Authors: Oksvold Morten P , Huitfeldt Henrik S , Langdon Wallace Y
Published: June 2004

The 14‐3‐3 proteins are known to interact with a number of proteins involved in the regulation of cell signaling. Here, we describe an association of 14‐3‐3ζ with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) that is rapidly induced by EGF. The 1028‐EGFR truncated mutant which lacks the cytoplasmic tail from amino acids 1029–1186 identified the binding site for 14‐3‐3 to be between amino acid 1028 and the receptor carboxyl terminus. Mutational deletion of serine residues 1046, 1047, 1057 and 1142 did not inhibit EGF‐induced 14‐3‐3 association with the receptor. Immunofluorescence microscopy indicated an EGF‐induced co‐localization of EGFR and HA‐14‐3‐3ζ along the plasma membrane. Our finding adds to the growing complexity of EGF receptor signaling and indicates a role for 14‐3‐3 proteins in EGF receptor signaling or regulation.
Behavioral manifestations of autism in the first year of life
Authors: Zwaigenbaum Lonnie , Bryson Susan , Rogers Tracey , Roberts Wendy , Brian Jessica , Szatmari Peter
Published: June 2004

In the interest of more systematically documenting the early signs of autism, and of testing specific hypotheses regarding their underlying neurodevelopmental substrates, we have initiated a longitudinal study of high‐risk infants, all of whom have an older sibling diagnosed with an autistic spectrum disorder. Our sample currently includes 150 infant siblings, including 65 who have been followed to age 24 months, who are the focus of this paper. We have also followed a comparison group of low‐risk infants. Our measures include a novel observational scale (the first, to our knowledge, that is designed to assess autism‐specific behavior in infants), a computerized visual orienting task, and standardized measures of temperament, cognitive and language development. Our preliminary results indicate that by 12 months of age, siblings who are later diagnosed with autism may be distinguished from other siblings and low‐risk controls on the basis of: (1) several specific behavioral markers, including atypicalities in eye contact, visual tracking, disengagement of visual attention, orienting to name, imitation, social smiling, reactivity, social interest and affect, and sensory‐oriented behaviors; (2) prolonged latency to disengage visual attention; (3) a characteristic pattern of early temperament, with marked passivity and decreased activity level at 6 months, followed by extreme distress reactions, a tendency to fixate on particular objects in the environment, and decreased expression of positive affect by 12 months; and (4) delayed expressive and receptive language. We discuss these findings in the context of various neural networks thought to underlie neurodevelopmental abnormalities in autism, including poor visual orienting. Over time, as we are able to prospectively study larger numbers and to examine interrelationships among both early‐developing behaviors and biological indices of interest, we hope this work will advance current understanding of the neurodevelopmental origins of autism.
Intraoral Drainage: Recommended as the Initial Approach for the Treatment of ParapHaryngeal Abscesses
Authors: Amar Yannick G. , Manoukian John J.
Published: June 2004

OBJECTIVE

We sought to compare the efficacy, safety, and cost of intraoral drainage (IOD) of parapharyngeal abscesses (PPAs) in the pediatric population with those of the more commonly used external neck drainage (END).

PATIENTS AND STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING

An 11‐year retrospective review was conducted of all patients admitted to a tertiary‐care, university‐affiliated, pediatric hospital with a diagnosis of PPA. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to the treatment received (IOD or END) and were followed to 1 month postoperatively. All children referred to our institution with a final diagnosis of PPA were included in the study.

OUTCOME

Outcome measures were duration of anesthesia, duration of postoperative intravenous antibiotics (DPOIA), length of postoperative hospital stay (LPOHS), and occurrence of complications.

RESULTS

Fifteen patients underwent IOD, and 10 patients, END. IOD shortened anesthesia time by 31.7 minutes compared with END (P = 0.0003). IOD was associated with a decrease in DPOIA and LPOHS by 1.1 days (P = 0.1931) and 1.6 days (P = 0.0649), respectively. The cost of treatment was thereby reduced. No complications were encountered in either group.

CONCLUSIONS

IOD is a safe and effective treatment for PPA in the pediatric population. It leads to decreased morbidity, shortened anesthesia time, and reduced economic burden. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004;130:676‐80.)
Pediatric Total Tonsillectomy Using Coblation Compared to Conventional Electrosurgery: A Prospective, Controlled Single‐Blind Study
Authors: Stoker Kelly E. , Don Debra M. , Kang D. Richard , Haupert Michael S. , Magit Anthony , Madgy David N.
Published: June 2004

OBJECTIVE

Postoperative recovery after tonsillectomy using Coblation excision (CES) was compared with conventional electrosurgery (ES).

STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING

Patients aged 3 to 12 years from 3 clinical sites were randomly assigned and blinded to receive tonsillectomy using CES (n = 44) or ES (n = 45).

RESULTS

Operative parameters did not differ between groups. Return to normal diet, activity, and pain‐free status were similar, although fewer CES patients contacted the physician regarding postoperative complications (33% vs 54%; p = 0.081), experienced nausea (35% vs 62%, p = 0.013), or had localized site‐specific swelling (p < 0.05) during the 2 weeks after surgery. In addition, CES children tended to discontinue prescription narcotics 1 day earlier than ES patients (7 vs 8 days, p = 0.071) and took one half as many daily doses. More CES than ES parents rated the postoperative experience as ‘better than expected’ (79% vs 60%, p = 0.055).

CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCE: Children who received CES tonsillectomy appeared to experience a better quality postoperative course, with no detriment to operative benefits of conventional electrosurgery. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004;130: 666‐75.)
Practice Parameter: Laryngeal Electromyography (An Evidence‐Based Review)
Authors: Sataloff Robert T. , Mandel Steven , Mann Eric A. , Ludlow Christy L.
Published: June 2004

This paper reports on an evidence‐based review of laryngeal electromyography (EMG) as a technique for use in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of laryngeal movement disorders including the laryngeal dystonias, vocal fold paralysis, and other neurolaryngological disorders. The authors performed a systematic review of the medical literature from 1944 through 2001 on the clinical application of EMG to laryngeal disorders. The review yielded 584 articles of which 33 met the predefined inclusion criteria. The evidence demonstrated that in a double‐blind treatment trial of botulinum toxin versus saline, laryngeal EMG used to guide injections into the thyroarytenoid muscle in persons with adductor spasmodic dysphonia was beneficial. A cross‐over comparison between laryngeal EMG‐guided injection and endoscopic injection of botulinum toxin into the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle in abductor spasmodic dysphonia found no significant difference between the 2 techniques and no significant treatment benefit. Based on the evidence, laryngeal EMG is possibly useful for the injection of botulinum toxin into the thyroarytenoid muscle in the treatment of adductor spasmodic dysphonia. There were no evidence‐based data sufficient to support or refute the value of laryngeal EMG for the other uses investigated, although there is extensive anecdotal literature suggesting that it is useful for each of them. There is an urgent need for evidence‐based research addressing other applications in the use of laryngeal EMG for other applications. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004;130: 770‐9.)
The Effects of Social Class Identification on Participatory Orientations Towards Government
Authors: WALSH KATHERINE CRAMER , JENNINGS M. KENT , STOKER LAURA
Published: June 2004

This article calls into question the common claim that class identity does not matter for American political behaviour. Using panel-study data spanning thirty-two years and two generations, we investigate the effects of social-class identity on five participatory orientations towards government. As expected, working-class identifiers in both generations consistently display lower levels of involvement in politics than do middle-class identifiers. Significantly, however, these differences typically persist when the analysis controls for objective indicators of class and are always enhanced among those who retain the same class identity over time. Rather than sustaining a conclusion that class identification has little relevance for Americans, the results suggest that class may be particularly important in the present political context.
Some auditory and acoustic observations on the phonetics of [ATR] harmony in a speaker of a dialect of Kalenjin
Authors: Local John , Lodge Ken
Published: June 2004

Conventional treatments of vowel harmony processes routinely make two important assumptions: first, only vowels are implicated in the harmonic process and second, the phonologically relevant harmony features have a transparent (intrinsic) phonetic interpretation (IPI). Consonants are typically treated only insofar as they interfere with such harmony (van der Hulst & van der Weijer 1995 provide a concise overview of harmony processes and their interpretation). Phonetic data on ‘advanced tongue root’ [ATR] harmony in the Tugen dialect of Kalenjin appears to challenge both these assumptions.
Geometry of the DNA strands within the RecA nucleofilament: role in homologous recombination
Authors: Prévost Chantal , Takahashi Masayuki
Published: June 2004

1. Introduction 430

2. Transformations of the RecA filament 431

2.1 The different forms of the RecA filament 431

2.2 Orientation and position of the RecA monomers in the active filament 433

2.3 Transmission of structural information along the filament 433

3. RecA-induced DNA deformations 435

3.1 Characteristics of RecA-bound DNA 435

3.2 Stretching properties of double-stranded DNA 436

3.3 DNA bound to architectural proteins 437

3.4 Implications for RecA-induced DNA deformations 438

3.5 Axial distribution of the DNA stretching deformation 438

4. Contacts between RecA and the DNA strands 440

4.1 The DNA-binding sites 440

4.2 Possible arrangement of loops L1 and L2 and the three bound strands of DNA 442

5. Strand arrangement during pairing reorganization 444

5.1 Hypotheses for DNA strand association 444

5.2 Association via major or minor grooves 446

5.3 Post-strand exchange geometries 446

6. Conclusion 447

7. Acknowledgments 448

8. References 448

Homologous recombination consists of exchanging DNA strands of identical or almost identical sequence. This process is important for both DNA repair and DNA segregation. In prokaryotes, it involves the formation of long helical filaments of the RecA protein on DNA. These filaments incorporate double-stranded DNA from the cell's genetic material, recognize sequence homology and promote strand exchange between the two DNA segments. DNA processing by these nucleofilaments is characterized by large amplitude deformations of the double helix, which is stretched by 50% and unwound by 40% with respect to B-DNA. In this article, information concerning the structure and interactions of the RecA, DNA and ATP molecules involved in DNA strand exchange is gathered and analyzed to present a view of their possible arrangement within the filament, their behavior during strand exchange and during ATP hydrolysis, the mechanism of RecA-promoted DNA deformation and the role of DNA deformation in the process of homologous recombination. In particular, the unusual characteristics of DNA within the RecA filament are compared to the DNA deformations locally induced by architectural proteins which bind in the DNA minor groove. The possible role and location of two flexible loops of RecA are discussed.
Soil testate amoebae from sub-Antarctic Îles Crozet
Authors: VINCKE SOFIE , LEDEGANCK PIETER , BEYENS LOUIS , VAN DE VIJVER BART
Published: June 2004

An ecological study of the soil testate amoebae (Protozoa, Rhizopoda) communities on the sub-Antarctic island of Île de la Possession (Îles Crozet) revealed 65 taxa, belonging to 20 genera. Trinema lineare and Euglypha laevis were the most dominant species in all types of soils on the island. A Redundancy Analysis revealed three communities that characterize specific habitats: i. fellfield soils, characterized by low moisture values and low organic material content, contained fewer taxa and fewer individuals, ii. peaty valley soils, with lower pH values, showed high abundances and diversity, and iii. soils influenced by sea spray and marine animals had higher nutrient contents, elevated chloride and conductance values, resulting in more tests of Difflugiella oviformis, Nebela dentistoma and Edaphonobiotus campascoides. Special attention was given to the species composition in relation to the soil type and its moisture content. A comparison with aquatic habitats on Île de la Possession was made.
A thermoviscoelastic beam model for brakes
Authors: BAJKOWSKI J. , FERNÁNDEZW J. R. , KUTTLER K. L. , SHILLOR M.
Published: June 2004

A model for the dynamic thermomechanical behavior of a viscoelastic beam which is in frictional contact with a rigid rotating wheel is presented. It describes a simple braking system in which the wheel comes to a stop as a result of the frictional traction generated by the beam. Friction is modelled with a temperature and slip rate dependent coefficient of friction. Frictional heat generation is taken into account as well as the wheel temperature evolution, and the wear of the beam's contacting end. The model is formulated as a variational inequality. A FEM numerical scheme for the model is described, implemented, and the results of numerical simulations are shown.
Transformation techniques for context-sensitive rewrite systems
Authors: GIESL JÜRGEN , MIDDELDORP AART
Published: June 2004

Context-sensitive rewriting is a computational restriction of term rewriting used to model non-strict (lazy) evaluation in functional programming. The goal of this paper is the study and development of techniques to analyze the termination behavior of context-sensitive rewrite systems. For that purpose, several methods have been proposed in the literature which transform context-sensitive rewrite systems into ordinary rewrite systems such that termination of the transformed ordinary system implies termination of the original context-sensitive system. In this way, the huge variety of existing techniques for termination analysis of ordinary rewriting can be used for context-sensitive rewriting, too. We analyze the existing transformation techniques for proving termination of context-sensitive rewriting and we suggest two new transformations. Our first method is simple, sound, and more powerful than the previously proposed transformations. However, it is not complete, i.e., there are terminating context-sensitive rewrite systems that are transformed into non-terminating term rewrite systems. The second method that we present in this paper is both sound and complete. All these observations also hold for rewriting modulo associativity and commutativity.
Functional programming with the FC++ library
Authors: MCNAMARA BRIAN , SMARAGDAKIS YANNIS
Published: June 2004

We describe the FC++ library, a rich library supporting functional programming in C++. Prior approaches to encoding higher order functions in C++ have suffered with respect to polymorphic functions from either lack of expressiveness or high complexity. In contrast, FC++ offers full and concise support for higher-order polymorphic functions through a novel use of C++ type inference. The FC++ library has a number of useful features, including a generalized mechanism to implement currying in C++, a “lazy list” class which enables the creation of “infinite data structures”, a subtype polymorphism facility, and an extensive library of useful functions, including a large part of the Haskell Standard Prelude. The FC++ library has an efficient implementation. We show the results of a number of experiments which demonstrate the value of optimizations we have implemented. These optimizations have improved the run-time performance by about an order of magnitude for some benchmark programs that make heavy use of FC++ lazy lists. We also make an informal performance comparison with similar programs written in Haskell.
Editorial
Authors: HUDAK PAUL , MORRISETT GREG
Published: June 2004

This issue of the Journal of Functional Programming marks a point of transition. Our long-time Chief Editors, Simon Peyton Jones and Philip Wadler, are stepping down. Most of us are aware of the amazing research contributions that Simon and Phil have made to functional programming. But you may not be aware how much these two have put in behind the scenes.
Cowbird parasitism of Pale-headed Brush-finch Atlapetes pallidiceps: implications for conservation and management
Authors: OPPEL STEFFEN , SCHAEFER H. MARTIN , SCHMIDT VERONIKA , SCHRÖDER BORIS
Published: June 2004

Pale-headed Brush-finch Atlapetes pallidiceps is a restricted-range species that is threatened with extinction due to habitat loss. The total population of 60–80 individuals achieved a reproductive output of only 0.74 young per breeding pair in 2002. Brood parasitism by Shiny Cowbird Molothrus bonariensis was a major factor reducing breeding success, affecting 38.5% of broods. Parasitism rates reached 50% in an ungrazed reserve, but only 14% on an adjacent grazed plot. The resulting difference in breeding success was not, however, attributable to vegetation parameters used to describe microhabitat use. Cowbird parasitism rates therefore seem to be influenced largely by factors operating at the landscape level. These may include grazing scheme, topography, humidity and host availability. It is suggested that lower species diversity and bird abundance rendered the grazed site less attractive to cowbirds. Current parasitism rates are of great conservation concern due to the low population size of Pale-headed Brush-finch, and the initiation of controlling measures is pressing. Management options described from intensive cowbird control programmes in North America are reviewed and evaluated for their applicability here. To combine the possibility of further data collection with commencement of immediate conservation action, we consider two alternative approaches. Nest monitoring and cowbird egg removal would enable the study of the distribution of parasitism in relation to landscape and vegetation variables, whereas cowbird shooting and nest monitoring might provide a larger short-term benefit to reproductive output. Habitat management, resumption of some grazing in the reserve and cowbird removal should be considered for the intermediate future.
Current status and breeding distribution of Red-legged Cormorant Phalacrocorax gaimardi along the Chilean coast
Authors: FRERE ESTEBAN , GANDINI PATRICIA , RUIZ JORGE , VILINA YERKO A.
Published: June 2004

Red-legged Cormorant Phalacrocorax gaimardi, considered Near Threatened, is one of the most conspicuous seabirds on the south Pacific coast, although its current status is unknown. During spring and summer of 1998, 1999 and 2000 we surveyed Red-legged Cormorants along the Chilean coast. Survey portions of the coast were chosen based on published information, and discussions with local people. Nesting sites were distributed from Arica (18°30′S) to the Peninsula de Taitao (46°25′S). We found 40 breeding areas with at least 54 colonies, ranging from two to 964 nests. Colony size (as number of breeding birds) was larger in the south than in the north. Isolated pairs or small colonies were found in the northern and central part of Chile. The southern coast (Xth Region) held most colonies, including the largest one with approximately 1,000 breeding pairs, suggesting it is a critical area for the species. We estimated the Red-legged Cormorant population in Chile to be between 5,018 and 5,218 breeding pairs. The Xth Region holds approximately 80% of the whole Chilean population. Factors affecting the breeding distribution of this bird in Chile include coastal development, nesting habitat availability and the occurrence of El Niño (ENSO) events. Human consumption may be important locally, mainly in the south. Chile holds more than 70% of the world breeding population, estimated at fewer than 15,000 individuals. The Peruvian population has declined during recent decades, and the Argentinean population seems to be small and stable. Thus the Chilean coast, particularly the Xth Region, is a critical area for the conservation of this species.
Markets work in war: World War II reflected in the Zurich and Stockholm bond markets
Authors: FREY BRUNO S. , WALDENSTRÖM DANIEL
Published: June 2004

This article examines how trading on two geographically separate financial markets reflected political events before and during World War II. Specifically, we compare sovereign debt prices on the Zurich and Stockholm stock exchanges and find considerable (but not complete) symmetry in the price responses across the two markets in relation to turning points in the war, which suggests that markets worked efficiently. The use of a quantitative methodology on historical financial market data represents a useful complement to traditional historical analysis, offering large-scale evidence of individuals acting in their own pecuniary interest without producing any lasting systematic biases.
Theories market: open for trading
Authors: MOUNTAIN ROSEMARY
Published: June 2004

Challenging the usual acceptance of electroacoustics as a distinct field of its own, this article leads the reader through a series of paths to show the extent to which concerns and techniques of electroacoustics are shared with other musical and artistic disciplines. It continues with a similar questioning of the usual interpretation of analysis by examining the variety of aims, methods, and characteristics of analytical methods, and encourages an increased awareness on the part of all analysts to appreciate where their own work is situated within the field. Typical concerns of electroacoustics, such as the design of timbral structures, gestures and textures are discussed within the realm of parametric analysis, but allusion is also made to other approaches which examine style and context. Disciplines from perception to semiotics are shown to have relevance for further development of adequate analytical tools. The author does not advocate one particular approach, but rather attempts to demonstrate the vastness and intricacy of the field. The conclusion is that analysis of electroacoustics could both contribute to, and benefit from, analysis in other areas of music and art.
Electroacoustic music studies and the danger of loss
Authors: BATTIER MARC
Published: June 2004

Encompassing more than a century, music created through the use of diverse artificial audio technologies faces loss: of written documents, of musical scores, of instruments, machines and devices, of functional electronic components, of techniques and of a sense of the necessity which drove musicians to use a particular technology in a given context. In turn, the loss of documents leads to misunderstanding or oblivion. Today's electroacoustic music studies offer ways to remedy the danger of loss.
The ElectroAcoustic Resource Site (EARS): philosophy, foundation and aspirations
Authors: ATKINSON SIMON , LANDY LEIGH
Published: June 2004

This paper introduces the ElectroAcoustic Resource Site project (EARS), taking a tripartite approach: first outlining the project's philosophy, then reporting on work-to-date and finishing with a discussion of the project's ambitions and aims.

The project's aim is the development of a dynamic, multi-lingual, international, publicly available Internet-based bibliographical resource designed to enhance the scholarly infrastructure of electroacoustic music studies, in particular, the musicology of electroacoustic music. Through the use of hypertext structures and linking systems the site will help to contextualise specific research within the broad field of electroacoustic music studies, as well as making helpful links between related areas/items of scholarship. The project aspires to assist access to current, past and evolving areas of scholarship and will attempt to redress certain imbalances in the ease of access to areas of research within the field. The project will strive to conceive of electroacoustic music in its widest possible sense, acknowledge the interdisciplinary nature of the field, and aspire to the greatest possible breadth and inclusiveness. The EARS project is coordinated by an international consortium, is directed by the authors and can be found at http://www.mti.dmu.ac.uk/EARS
Graphical representation: an analytical and publication tool for electroacoustic music
Authors: COUPRIE PIERRE
Published: June 2004

When, in 1998, I began my research into the analysis of electroacoustic music, analysis and representation were two distinct disciplines. One was an integral part of music research and the other was just a possible option for publication.
IT Update
Authors: Tomlinson Jo
Published: June 2004

Equifax has launched Findout, a comprehensive business and information reporting service. This new service provides detailed information on companies via a free search facility. Information held on the database includes business profiles and all information deposited since 1995 at Companies House. Findout also contains a free business information knowledge base. Reports may be purchased once registration is complete.
Cluster observations of hot flow anomalies
Authors: Lucek E. A. , Horbury T. S. , Balogh A. , Dandouras I. , Rème H.
Published: June 2004

On 2 April 2002, Cluster entered the solar wind at high northern latitudes and observed a series of disturbances upstream of the bow shock. We suggest that these were signatures of a sequence of hot flow anomalies (HFAs), observed at different stages of development. We estimate the orientation and motion of the HFAs and structures within them using multispacecraft data and examine the variation of plasma flow in the context of the orientation of the underlying discontinuities. We demonstrate that the motional electric field at each disturbance was in a direction such that it would act to focus ions reflected from the bow shock toward the discontinuity, consistent with current understanding of HFA formation. The first disturbance consisted of hot plasma flowing along the estimated discontinuity plane during the core of the event, together with a weakened solar wind beam. Toward the edge of the event, compressed solar wind plasma flowed approximately perpendicular to the discontinuity plane, consistent with expansion of the hot plasma. We suggest that the presence of multiple ion distributions signifies that the HFA was at an early stage of its evolution. A second HFA, which had a more complex signature, contained a single ion distribution within the event core, which is the more typical signature of an HFA. It also contained a large velocity deflection, consistent with expansion of the plasma perpendicular to the discontinuity plane. The final HFA event we present is associated with a shock encounter, demonstrating the level of complexity that can be associated with the bow shock response to changing upstream conditions.
Role of bottom water transport and diapycnic mixing in determining the radiocarbon distribution in the Pacific
Authors: Roussenov Vassil , Williams Richard G. , Follows Michael J. , Key Robert M.
Published: June 2004

The mechanisms controlling the distribution of radiocarbon over the deep Pacific are examined using, firstly, a simplified one‐and‐a‐half‐layer model and, secondly, an isopycnic circulation model with parameterized radiocarbon sources and sinks. Two mechanisms control the radiocarbon at depth: relatively fast, lateral transport of bottom waters determining the horizontal distribution and a slower balance between advection‐diffusion and radio decay in the vertical. In the isopycnic model, there is a strong topographic control of the bottom water spreading, which is more complex than in the idealized model. Sensitivity studies reveal that altering the bottom intensified diapycnic mixing leads to significant changes in the radiocarbon distribution through both the direct diapycnic transfer and, indirectly, by modifying the bottom water transport and northward penetration of young radiocarbon waters.
Fault interaction and earthquake triggering in the Koyna‐Warna region, India
Authors: Gahalaut V. K. , Kalpna  , Singh S. K.
Published: June 2004

Earthquakes in the Koyna‐Warna region of peninsular India are considered to be reservoir triggered. However, analyses of the available earthquake data indicate that the sustained high seismicity in this region may be influenced also by the geometry of the fault zones and their interactions through stress transfer. These distinct fault zones, inferred from the earthquake distribution and their focal mechanisms, are favourably oriented to each other in such a way that earthquake occurrences in one of the fault zones increase static stress on the other, facilitating frequent and continuing occurrence of earthquakes in the region. Here we show that though the effect of reservoir operations do promote slip on these faults, stress triggering appears to be an important cause for continuing high seismicity as it brings some of the stabilized faults closer to failure in the manner consistent with the inferred sense of motion.
Evaluation of the elastic moduli from combined spherical and triaxial experimental data: Application to a gneiss sample
Authors: Ullemeyer Klaus , Popp Till
Published: June 2004

P‐wave velocity measurements on spherical sample (Pconf ≤ 200 MPa; T = 20°C) and P‐ and S‐wave velocity measurements on cube (Pconf ≤ 612 MPa; T ≤ 600°C) were carried out. It will be demonstrated that combination of both these data sets increases the accuracy in the determination of the elastic moduli of a sample. The elastic moduli can be calculated to maximum confining pressure, although the data for Pconf > 200 MPa are restricted to three orthogonal directions. Even extrapolation of the data beyond the measuring range appears to be possible, if reliability of the relation used for extrapolation can be ensured.
Ocean freshening, sea level rising, sea ice melting
Authors: Wadhams Peter , Munk Walter
Published: June 2004

Estimates of 20th Century sea level rise are typically 1.5 to 2 mm/y, with a steric contribution of (0.5 ± 0.2) mm/y. Estimates of the eustatic contribution vary widely between −1.1 and +1.3 mm/y. We attempt an independent estimate of eustatic sea level rise based on the measured freshening of the global ocean, and with attention to the contribution from melting of sea ice (which affects freshening but not sea level). Our estimate is based on a secular decrease in global average salinity estimated by Antonov et al. [2002] which, if assumed due entirely to run‐off, would produce a eustatic rise of (1.8 ± 0.7) mm/y, and would correspond to a run‐off volume of 650 cu km/y. Measurements with upward looking sonars mounted on submarines have suggested a historical thinning of the arctic ice sheet equivalent to 525 ± 105 cu km/y. Allowing for some growth in Antarctic sea ice, a reduced figure of (430 ± 130) cu km/y is obtained, allowing about 220 cu km/y of run‐off from land sources such as glaciers. This would produce a eustatic rise of only 0.6 mm/y, for a total of 1.1 mm/y, somewhat less than IPCC estimates. This also has implications for our understanding of glacial retreat for a total of 1.1 mm/y.
Factors responsible for the vertical development of tropical oceanic cumulus convection
Authors: Takemi Tetsuya , Hirayama Osamu , Liu Changhai
Published: June 2004

This study investigates the relationship between the vertical development of tropical cumulus convection and the vertical profiles of environmental temperature and moisture in order to identify the factors responsible for determining the tropical cumulus heights. The analyses of observational data obtained in the tropical western Pacific region reveal a strong correlation between the development of shallow and middle‐topped cumulus clouds and the existence of dry layers in the middle to upper troposphere. In contrast, the difference in static stability profiles is insignificant between different cloud regimes. The observed importance of the tropospheric moisture in modulating cumulus modes is supported by cloud‐resolving numerical simulations. The model results show a strong sensitivity of cumulus heights to the mid‐ to upper‐level relative humidity, while the mid‐level stable layer has less impact.
Efficient production of germline transgenic chickens using lentiviral vectors
Authors: McGrew Michael J , Sherman Adrian , Ellard Fiona M , Lillico Simon G , Gilhooley Hazel J , Kingsman Alan J , Mitrophanous Kyriacos A , Sang Helen
Published: June 2004

An effective method for genetic modification of chickens has yet to be developed. An efficient technology, enabling production of transgenic birds at high frequency and with reliable expression of transgenes, will have many applications, both in basic research and in biotechnology. We investigated the efficiency with which lentiviral vectors could transduce the chicken germ line and examined the expression of introduced reporter transgenes. Ten founder cockerels transmitted the vector to between 4% and 45% of their offspring and stable transmission to the G2 generation was demonstrated. Analysis of expression of reporter gene constructs in several transgenic lines showed a conserved expression profile between individuals that was maintained after transmission through the germ line. These data demonstrate that lentiviral vectors can be used to generate transgenic lines with an efficiency in the order of 100‐fold higher than any previously published method, with no detectable silencing of transgene expression between generations.
On turbulent energy production in wall bounded flows
Authors: Gurka R. , Hetsroni G. , Liberzon A. , Nikitin N. , Tsinober A.
Published: June 2004

The main point of this Brief Communication is that the turbulent energy production is due to the compressing of material elements rather than stretching. This is understood in the sense that the positiveness of the turbulent energy production is due to the contribution of the term associated with the compressive (negative) eigenvalue/eigenvector of the mean strain.
Transonic liquid bells
Authors: Brunet P. , Clanet C. , Limat L.
Published: June 2004

The shape of a liquid bell resulting from the overflow of a viscous liquid out of a circular dish is investigated experimentally and theoretically. The main property of this bell is its ability to sustain the presence of a “transonic point,” where the liquid velocity equals the speed of antisymmetric—or sinuous—surface waves. Their shape and properties are thus rather different from usual “hypersonic” water bells. We first show that the bell shape can be calculated very accurately, starting from the sonic point. We then demonstrate the extreme sensitivity of the shape of these bells to the difference of pressure across the interface, making them a perfect barometer. Finally, we discuss the oscillations of the bell which occur close to the bursting limit.