bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unsweetened ice popsicles impart a positive feeling and reduce self‐mutilation after paediatric dental treatment with local anaesthesia
Authors: RAM DIANA , BERSON TAMAR , MOSKOVITZ MOTI , EFRAT JACOB
Published: June 2010

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2010; 20: 382–388

Aim.  The purpose of the current study was to assess whether an unsweetened ice‐popsicle imparts a positive feeling to children after dental treatment in which local anaesthesia is administered, and whether it reduces the tendency of children to self‐mutilate (bite the lip, cheek or tongue) after the administration of local anaesthesia.

Design.  Crossover study of 31 children aged 4–11 years old who needed similar dental treatments on both sides of the mandible or maxilla under local anaesthesia. At the end of each appointment the child received a toy or an ice‐popsicle especially made for this study. Patients and parents answered a questionnaire regarding the children’s behaviour and feeling immediately after the treatment, and 10 and 30 min after receiving the ice‐popsicle or toy.

Results.  Children who received ice‐popsicles after dental treatment under local anaesthesia felt less discomfort and suffered less soft tissue trauma than they did when they received a toy. Reduction in soft tissue trauma was evident 10 min after receiving the ice‐popsicles.

Conclusion.  Licking of an ice‐popsicle after dental treatment with local anaesthesia reduces the feeling of discomfort and the biting of soft tissue and self‐ mutilation.
Trypanosoma brucei pteridine reductase 1 is essential for survival in vitro and for virulence in mice
Authors: Sienkiewicz Natasha , Ong Han B. , Fairlamb Alan H.
Published: June 2010

Gene knockout and knockdown methods were used to examine essentiality of pteridine reductase (PTR1) in pterin metabolism in the African trypanosome. Attempts to generate PTR1 null mutants in bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei proved unsuccessful; despite integration of drug selectable markers at the target locus, the gene for PTR1 was either retained at the same locus or elsewhere in the genome. However, RNA interference (RNAi) resulted in complete knockdown of endogenous protein after 48 h, followed by cell death after 4 days. This lethal phenotype was reversed by expression of enzymatically active Leishmania major PTR1 in RNAi lines (oeRNAi) or by addition of tetrahydrobiopterin to cultures. Loss of PTR1 was associated with gross morphological changes due to a defect in cytokinesis, resulting in cells with multiple nuclei and kinetoplasts, as well as multiple detached flagella. Electron microscopy also revealed increased numbers of glycosomes, while immunofluorescence microscopy showed increased and more diffuse staining for glycosomal matrix enzymes, indicative of mis‐localisation to the cytosol. Mis‐localisation was confirmed by digitonin fractionation experiments. RNAi cell lines were markedly less virulent than wild‐type parasites in mice and virulence was restored in the oeRNAi line. Thus, PTR1 may be a drug target for human African trypanosomiasis.
The probiotic Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 displays visceral antinociceptive effects in the rat
Authors: Mckernan D. P , Fitzgerald P. , Dinan T. G. , Cryan J. F.
Published: June 2010

Background  Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is characterized by recurrent abdominal pain and altering bowel habit with a high percentage of patients displaying comorbid anxiety. Growing clinical and preclinical evidence suggests that probiotic agents may restore the altered brain–gut communication in IBS. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of repeated treatment with three different probiotics in reducing visceral pain in visceral normosensitive (Sprague–Dawley [SD]) and visceral hypersensitive (Wistar–Kyoto [WKY]) rat strains.

Methods  Following 14 days oral gavage of Lactobacillus salivarius UCC118, Bifidobacterium infantis 35624, or Bifidobacterium breve UCC2003 both SD and WKY rats were exposed to a novel stress, the open field arena and their behavior was recorded. Subsequently, the effects of probiotics on visceral nociceptive responses were analyzed by recording pain behaviors during colorectal distension (CRD).

Key Results  It was found that there was a difference in the open field behavior between strains but none of the probiotic treatment altered behavior within each strain. Interestingly, the probiotic B. infantis 35624 but not others tested significantly reduced CRD‐induced visceral pain behaviors in both rat strains. It significantly increased the threshold pressure of the first pain behavior and also reduced the total number pain behaviors during CRD.

Conclusions & Inferences  These data confirm that probiotics such as B. infantis 35624 are effective in reducing visceral pain and may be effective in treating certain symptoms of IBS.
Gastric tone, volume and emptying after implantation of an intragastric balloon for weight control
Authors: Layec S. , Val‐laillet D. , Heresbach D. , Malbert C.‐h.
Published: June 2010

Background  The intragastric balloon, filled with air or liquid is used before elective bariatric surgery because its efficacy is limited. This might be the consequence of altered gastric functions. Therefore, we aimed to investigate, in an animal model, the changes in gastric motility and emptying induced by long‐term insertion of a balloon used for weight reduction.

Methods  Ten Göttingen mini‐pigs were allocated into two groups with and without an intragastric balloon for 5 months. Balloons were inserted under endoscopy during general anesthesia and were filled with 350 mL of air. Gastric emptying was evaluated by scintigraphy. Gastric volume was measured by single photon emission computed tomography and proximal gastric compliance obtained using an electronic barostat. Changes in vagal tone were assessed by heart rate variability (HRV).

Key Results  After balloon insertion, gastric volume was significantly increased (2047 ± 114.8 cm3 after vs 1674 ± 142.5 cm3 before insertion, P < 0.05). Gastric compliance was also larger in balloon group (219 ± 23.4 mL mmHg−1 in balloon vs 168 ± 7.7 mL mmHg−1 in control group). Gastric emptying was reduced after insertion of the balloon (T1/2 = 204 ± 28.8 min vs 159 ± 25.4 before vs after insertion). High frequency components of the spectral analysis of HRV, representing vagal tone, were increased in balloon group.

Conclusions & Inferences  The proximal stomach was enlarged after the insertion of a balloon in the stomach as a consequence of an increased gastric compliance. This change in compliance was probably causative for a reduction in gastric emptying rate of solids. These alterations were associated with increased vagal tone.
Dominant T‐cell epitopes of filarial BmALT‐2 and their cytokine profile in BALB/c mice
Authors: MADHUMATHI J. , PRINCE P. R. , NAGESWARA RAO D. , KALIRAJ P.
Published: June 2010

Filarial nematodes down‐regulate the host immune response to establish infection by inducing IL‐10‐mediated T‐cell suppression. Abundant larval transcript (ALT) proteins are of major interest as they are expressed abundantly in the L3 stage, implicated in protective immunity and may play a role in immune evasion. The T‐cell epitopes of BmALT‐2 and the cytokine responses induced by these peptides were investigated in a mouse model using synthetic peptides, which could be exploited in the design of a potent epitope‐based vaccine. Five regions were found to carry T‐cell epitopes inducing high levels of cellular proliferation. The regions 55–68 and 73–91 of ALT‐2 induced very high levels of IL‐10 secretion and hence could be involved in immunomodulation in the host.
Regulation of cyclic electron flow in C3 plants: differential effects of limiting photosynthesis at ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase
Authors: LIVINGSTON AARON K. , KANAZAWA ATSUKO , CRUZ JEFFREY A. , KRAMER DAVID M.
Published: June 2010

Cyclic electron flow around photosystem I (CEF1) is thought to augment chloroplast ATP production to meet metabolic needs. Very little is known about the induction and regulation of CEF1. We investigated the effects on CEF1 of antisense suppression of the Calvin–Benson enzymes glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (gapR), and ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) small subunit (SSU), in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Wisconsin 38). The gapR, but not ssuR, mutants showed substantial increases in CEF1, demonstrating that specific intermediates, rather than slowing of assimilation, induce CEF1. Both types of mutant showed increases in steady‐state transthylakoid proton motive force (pmf) and subsequent activation of the photoprotective qE response. With gapR, the increased pmf was caused both by up‐regulation of CEF1 and down‐regulation of the ATP synthase. In ssuR, the increased pmf was attributed entirely to a decrease in ATP synthase activity, as previously seen in wild‐type plants when CO2 levels were decreased. Comparison of major stromal metabolites in gapR, ssuR and hcef1, a mutant with decreased fructose 1,6‐bisphosphatase activity, showed that neither the ATP/ADP ratio, nor major Calvin–Benson cycle intermediates can directly account for the activation of CEF1, suggesting that chloroplast redox status or reactive oxygen species regulate CEF1.
Biochemical and molecular characterization of AtPAP12 and AtPAP26: the predominant purple acid phosphatase isozymes secreted by phosphate‐starved Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: TRAN HUE T. , QIAN WEIQIANG , HURLEY BRENDEN A. , SHE YI‐MIN , WANG DAOWEN , PLAXTON WILLIAM C.
Published: June 2010

Plant purple acid phosphatases (PAPs) belong to a large multigene family whose specific functions in Pi metabolism are poorly understood. Two PAP isozymes secreted by Pi‐deficient (−Pi) Arabidopsis thaliana were purified from culture filtrates of −Pi suspension cells. They correspond to an AtPAP12 (At2g27190) homodimer and AtPAP26 (At5g34850) monomer composed of glycosylated 60 and 55 kDa subunit(s), respectively. Each PAP exhibited broad pH activity profiles centred at pH 5.6, and overlapping substrate specificities. Concanavalin‐A chromatography resolved a pair of secreted AtPAP26 glycoforms. AtPAP26 is dual targeted during Pi stress because it is also the principal intracellular (vacuolar) PAP up‐regulated by −Pi Arabidopsis. Differential glycosylation appears to influence the subcellular targeting and substrate selectivity of AtPAP26. The significant increase in secreted acid phosphatase activity of −Pi seedlings was correlated with the appearance of immunoreactive AtPAP12 and AtPAP26 polypeptides. Analysis of atpap12 and atpap26 T‐DNA mutants verified that AtPAP12 and AtPAP26 account for most of the secreted acid phosphatase activity of −Pi wild‐type seedlings. Semi‐quantitative RT‐PCR confirmed that transcriptional controls exert little influence on the up‐regulation of AtPAP26 during Pi stress, whereas AtPAP12 transcripts correlate well with relative levels of secreted AtPAP12 polypeptides. We hypothesize that AtPAP12 and AtPAP26 facilitate Pi scavenging from soil‐localized organophosphates during nutritional Pi deprivation.
Interferon‐gamma +874 T/A and Interleukin‐10 ‐1082 A/G Single nucleotide Polymorphism in Egyptian Children with Tuberculosis
Authors: Mosaad Y. M. , Soliman O. E. , Tawhid Z. E. , Sherif D. M.
Published: June 2010

The aim was to investigate the association of interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) +874 T/A and interleukin‐10 (IL‐10)‐1082 A/G single nucleotide polymorphisms with tuberculous infection and post‐BCG lymphadenitis in Egyptian children. IFN‐γ +874 T/A and IL‐10 ‐1082 A/G polymorphism detection by amplification refractory mutation system technique was carried out for 110 patients with TB, 40 patients with post‐BCG lymphadenitis and 118 healthy controls. IFN‐γ +874 A allele was higher in TB and post‐BCG patients than those in healthy controls (Pc = 0.006 and 0.002, respectively). IFN‐γ +874 genotype AA was significantly higher in patients with TB than that in control (Pc = 0.015), in extrapulmonary than patients with pulmonary TB (PTB) (Pc = 0.009), and young children with TB below 5 years (Pc = 0.024). No statistically significant differences were observed between patients with TB and controls for the frequency of IL‐10(‐1082) alleles or genotypes (P > 0.05); however, a statistically significant difference in the frequency of IL‐10 (‐1082) GG genotype was found between patients with pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB (Pc = 0.003). Low producer IFN‐γ +874 A/A genotype is associated with post‐BCG lymphadenitis and TB disease especially in younger children below 5 years. IL‐10‐1082 G/G genotype did not exhibit significant association except for increased GG frequency in PTB. Both cytokine polymorphisms have no relation to tuberculin reaction in patients with TB.
Life events involvement in psoriasis onset/recurrence
Authors: Manolache Liana , Petrescu‐Seceleanu Dana , Benea Vasile
Published: June 2010

Background  The purpose of the study was to evaluate the possible role of stress before the onset/extension/recurrence of psoriasis.

Patients and method  One hundred and sixty‐nine outpatients with psoriasis and 169 age and gender matched controls were enrolled. The design was a case‐control study (controls had skin diseases with low psychosomatic component). Stressful life events were evaluated using Holmes and Rahe’s Social Readjustment Rating Scale.

Results  In the psoriatic group, there was a female predominance (66%) and a median age 47.55 years (SD = 20.32). In all, 10.65% of patients had family history of psoriasis. More than 54% of cases experienced at least one stressful event (47.36% for onset, 63.51% for recurrence/extension), compared with 19.52% of controls (χ2 = 42.71, P < 0.0001). The odds ratio was 4.92. There was a significant difference in the mean number of stressful events between patients and controls (P < 0.0001). Women with psoriasis vulgaris and men with guttate psoriasis seemed to be more sensitive to stressful events. We divided the events described by Holmes and Rahe into three categories: family, personal, and job/financial problems. Family matters were mentioned by 42.7% of psoriatic patients, statistically significant compared with controls (P < 0.0001). In 35% of psoriatic cases, “the stressful event” was represented by the illness/death of someone dear. Both “personal” (25.6%; P = 0.02) and “job/financial problems” (31.6%; P < 0.0001) were significantly different compared with controls.

Conclusions  Stressful events could be highly related to psoriasis (especially in recurrences/extensions). Problems related to family are the most often involved with counseling being suggested.
Simultaneous combined liver and kidney transplantation: a single center experience
Authors: Chava Srinivas P. , Singh Balbir , Stangou Arie , Battula Narendra , Bowles Matthew , O’Grady John , Rela Mohamed , Heaton Nigel D.
Published: June 2010

Chava SP, Singh B, Stangou A, Battula N, Bowles M, O’Grady J, Rela M, Heaton ND. Simultaneous combined liver and kidney transplantation: a single center experience. Clin Transplant 2010: 24: E62–E68. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract  Renal dysfunction is common in patients awaiting liver transplantation (LT) and affects outcome following LT. Combined liver and kidney transplantation (CLKT) has been proposed as effective treatment for patients with chronic diseases of both organs, some with hepatorenal syndrome and for liver‐based metabolic diseases affecting kidney. This study is undertaken to analyze results of CLKT at a single center. Of 2690 LTs performed between 1992 and 2007, there were 39 CLKTs; most common indications were metabolic, cirrhosis and polycystic disease. With follow‐up of up to 170 months, 11 died (overall survival 71.8%); one‐, five‐, and 10‐yr patient and liver graft survival is 77%, 73.7%, and 73.7%, respectively, and kidney graft survival is 77%, 70%, and 70%, respectively. Survival among metabolic group (78.6%) appeared to be better than non‐metabolic group (68%); however, this difference was not significant (p = 0.39). Fifteen surviving patients (53.6%) have mild/moderate renal impairment (creatinine ≥125 μmol/L). None has severe renal failure (serum creatinine ≥250 μmol/L) or end‐stage renal disease requiring hemodialysis. CLKT has good results in selected groups of patients. It provides protection to kidney allograft in liver‐based metabolic diseases affecting kidney. The rate of acute rejection episodes of kidney is low. Significant proportion develops long‐term mild/moderate renal dysfunction. Careful attention to immunosuppression to minimize nephrotoxicity may help.
Premature expression of KCC2 in embryonic mice perturbs neural development by an ion transport‐independent mechanism
Authors: Horn Zachi , Ringstedt Thomas , Blaesse Peter , Kaila Kai , Herlenius Eric
Published: June 2010

During neuronal maturation, the neuron‐specific K–Cl co‐transporter KCC2 lowers the intracellular chloride and thereby renders GABAergic transmission hyperpolarizing. Independently of its role as a co‐transporter, KCC2 plays a crucial role in the maturation of dendritic spines, most probably via an interaction with the cytoskeleton‐associated protein 4.1N. In this study, we show that neural‐specific overexpression of KCC2 impairs the development of the neural tube‐ and neural crest‐related structures in mouse embryos. At early stages (E9.5–11.5), the transgenic embryos had a thinner neural tube and abnormal body curvature. They displayed a reduced neuronal differentiation and altered neural crest cell pattern. At later stages (E11.5–15.5), the transgenic embryos had smaller brain structures and a distinctive cleft palate. Similar results were obtained using overexpression of a transport‐inactive N‐terminal‐deleted variant of KCC2, implying that the effects were not dependent on KCC2′s role as a K–Cl co‐transporter. Interestingly, the neural tube of transgenic embryos had an aberrant cytoplasmic distribution of 4.1N and actin. This was corroborated in a neural stem cell line with ectopic expression of KCC2. Embryo phenotype and cell morphology were unaffected by a mutated variant of KCC2 which is unable to bind 4.1N. These results point to a role of KCC2 in neuronal differentiation and migration during early development mediated by its direct structural interactions with the neuronal cytoskeleton.
Early and late urodynamic assessment of simplified Indiana pouch with multiple taeniamyotomies
Authors: Ferriero Mariaconsiglia , Simone Giuseppe , Papalia Rocco , Guaglianone Salvatore , Forastiere Ester , Gallucci Michele
Published: June 2010

Study Type – Therapy (outcomes research) Level of Evidence 2c

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Continent urinary diversion represents a valid alternative to orthotopic reconstruction when this is unsuitable. Inclusion criteria for continent cutaneous diversion are strict and patients must be carefully selected. To date, several continent urinary diversions have been used such as Mainz, Indiana and Miami pouches.

Simplified Indiana Pouch with multiple taeniamyotomies (SIPMT) represents a valid continent cutaneous urinary diversion with stable urodynamic features along 4 years. Appendicostomies guarantees better continence than ileostomies. In our series the EORTC QLQ‐C30 and QLQ‐BLM30 questionnaires showed a good health related quality of life.

OBJECTIVE

To compare the early and late urodynamic assessment of simplified Indiana pouch with multiple taeniamyotomies (SIPMT).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Between April 1999 and May 2005, 62 consecutive patients underwent radical cystectomy (RC) and SIMPT. Cystometry and efferent tract pressure profilometry were performed at 12 (early) and 48 (late) months after RC in 32 patients. The efferent tract of the reservoir was the appendix in 62.5% of patients and an ileum invagination nipple in 37.5%. All patients were asked to complete questionnaires on HRQL: the European Organization for Cancer Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of life Questionnaire version 3.0 (EORTC QLQ‐C30) and the bladder cancer‐specific module (EORTC QLQ‐BLM30).

RESULTS

There was no significant change in cystometric capacity (median 627.5 vs 607.5 mL, P= 0.79), while end‐filling pressure (median 28 vs 18 cmH2O) and amplitude of involuntary contractions (median 38 vs 32 cmH2O; both P < 0.001) decreased. Efferent tract‐closing pressure increased in the appendicostomies (median 74.5 vs 91.0 cmH2O, P= 0.029) and decreased in the ileostomies (median 72.5 vs 63 cmH2O, P= 0.015), also the leakage rates during the pressure peaks decreased from 15% to 5% in appendicostomies, while there was no change in those with ileostomies (15%). At late evaluation, daytime and night‐time continence rates were 94% and 88%, respectively, in patients with appendicostomies, and 90% and 85%, respectively, in those with ileostomies. A good HRQL was determined by the EORTC QLQ‐C30 and QLQ‐BLM30 questionnaires.

CONCLUSIONS

At 48 months after surgery SIPMT maintained an adequate capacity with low internal pressure, good continence rates and HRQL. When feasible, appendicostomy should be performed, as it was associated with better continence.
Government Securities Markets in the West African Economic and Monetary Union: A Review
Authors: Sy Amadou N.R.
Published: June 2010

Abstract:  The paper reviews trends and developments in the WAEMU government securities markets. Issuance of debt has grown more than tenfold since 2000 in the region, driven by the rapidly growing Treasury bills segment. The elimination of central bank financing of government has been the catalyst of this growth while excess liquidity in the banking system has helped sustain the market. Common institutions, such as a regional central bank and uniformity of issuance and distribution procedures have led to high cross‐border transactions. However, supply and demand conditions are more important than economic fundamentals in determining Treasury bill rates.
An Assessment of the Impact of a COMESA Customs Union
Authors: Sawkut Rojid , Boopen Seetanah
Published: June 2010

Abstract:  The Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) launched its free trade area (FTA) on 31 October 2000 and is in the process of forming a custom union. A Common External Tariff (CET) with respect to all goods imported into the member states from third countries shall be established and maintained. The purpose of this study is three‐fold. The first purpose is to assess the impact of the CET. Here we lowered only external tariffs to all regions leaving tariffs within COMESA as they are now to reflect the real situation. In this scenario, we take into consideration sensitive products which COMESA members might want to exclude from the CET to protect their markets. The second purpose is to implement the COMESA FTA fully. That is, to remove tariff on trade within COMESA states totally. This part of the study will give us an idea on whether countries within COMESA are losing by not implementing the FTA and if so, by how much. The third purpose is to assess the impact of the CET in a fully operational COMESA FTA. The methodology used for this analysis is a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) — more specifically the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) framework is used. Two standard GTAP closures have been modified to more realistically represent the African economies, namely the employment closure and the trade balance closure.
Arsenal in Bugamba: The rise of English Premier League football in Uganda (Respond to this article at http://www.therai.org.uk/at/debate)
Authors: Vokes Richard
Published: June 2010

This article documents the recent upsurge of interest in English Premier League (EPL) football in one village in rural South‐western Uganda. It argues that this new fandom stems from the media reforms that were introduced in Uganda after 1986, and that the craze has already produced a range of unexpected, and in some ways profound, social effects.
Aversive picture processing: Effects of a concurrent task on sustained defensive system engagement
Authors: Wangelin Bethany C. , Löw Andreas , McTeague Lisa M. , Bradley Margaret M. , Lang Peter J.
Published: June 2010

Viewing a series of aversive pictures prompts emotional reactivity reflecting sustained defensive engagement. The present study examined the effects of a concurrent visual task on autonomic, somatic, electrocortical, and facial components of this defensive state. Results indicated that emotional activation was largely preserved despite continuous visual distraction, although evidence of attenuation was observed in startle reflex and electrocortical measures. Concurrent task‐specific reactivity was also apparent, suggesting that motivational circuits can be simultaneously activated by stimuli with intrinsic survival significance and instructed task significance and that these processes interact differently across the separate components of defensive engagement.
Distinct biochemical signatures characterize peripherin isoform expression in both traumatic neuronal injury and motor neuron disease
Authors: McLean Jesse , Liu Hsueh‐Ning , Miletic Denise , Weng Yuan Cheng , Rogaeva Ekaterina , Zinman Lorne , Kriz Jasna , Robertson Janice
Published: June 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 114, 1177–1192.

Peripherin is a type III intermediate filament protein that is up‐regulated during neuronal injury and is a major component of pathological inclusions found within degenerating motor neurons of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The relationship between these inclusions and their protein constituents remains largely unknown. We have previously shown that peripherin expression is characterized by tissue‐specific, intra‐isoform associations that contribute to filament structure; changes to the normal isoform expression pattern is associated with malformed filaments and intracellular inclusions. Here, we profile peripherin isoform expression and ratio changes in traumatic neuronal injury, transgenic mouse models of motor neuron disease, and ALS. Extensive western blot analyses of Triton X‐100 soluble and insoluble fractions of neuronal tissue from these conditions revealed significant changes in peripherin isoform content which could be differentiated by electrophoretic banding patterns to produce distinct peripherin biochemical signatures. Significantly, we found that the pattern of peripherin expression in ALS most closely approximates that of peripherin over‐expressing mice, but differs with regard to inter‐individual variations in isoform‐specific expression. Overall, these results provide important insights into complex post‐transcriptional processes that may underlie a continuum between peripherin‐mediated neuronal repair and its role in the pathogenesis of motor neuron disease.
Role of cysteinyl leukotrienes in antigen‐induced immune response in the airway: from bronchus to the nose
Authors: Dohi M.
Published: June 2010

There are similarities between allergic rhinitis (AR) and atopic bronchial asthma in their pathophysiology, although some differences also exist. For example, some AR patients without asthma demonstrate airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) of the lower respiratory tract. Similar findings have been noted in patients with atopic dermatitis. This indicates that a systemic sensitization to antigen itself plays a pivotal role in the induction of AHR in sensitized individuals independently of eosinophilic inflammation in the lower airway. To clarify the mechanism, we studied a mouse model and found that transfer of antigen‐induced memory/effector cells can induce AHR in normal mice without airway inflammation. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical role in antigen‐induced immune response. We investigated the role of cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs) in DC functions. BALB/c mice were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) and aluminium hydroxide (alum) twice, and subjected to OVA inhalation to induce airway inflammation. Systemic OVA sensitization alone up‐regulated cysLTs in the lung and stimulated T‐helper type 2 (Th2) cytokines production, whereas leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA) suppressed these productions. OVA sensitization enhanced DC functions such as antigen‐presenting capacity and cytokine production, and LTRA also attenuated them. Finally, we treated mice with LTRA during systemic sensitization and examined the effect on subsequent airway inflammation induced by OVA inhalation. LTRA suppressed all indicators of inflammation such as airway eosinophilia, Th2‐type cytokine production, and AHR along with decreased DC functions of the lung. These results indicate that modulating the antigen‐induced up‐regulation of DC functions in the early phase could attenuate further development of eosinophilic inflammation in the lower airway. Taking the similarities of lower and nasal airway into account, cysLTs may also play a critical role in the pathogenesis of AR; therefore, LTRA could be effective against AR from the initial presentation to the inflammation phase.
Japanese cedar/Japanese cypress pollen‐dispersion information and the initial therapy
Authors: Endo T.
Published: June 2010

The original initial therapy against pollinosis was introduced to the clinical setting in Japan in the 1980s, led by the launch of anti‐allergic drugs that were expected to exert prophylactic effects. The purpose of the therapy was to control the typical pollinosis seen in Japan: that occurs due to Japanese cedar/Japanese cypress pollens. The original therapy included prophylactic use of anti‐allergic drugs administered from before the start of the pollen season. Thanks to the launch of epinastine hydrochloride – which allows long‐term use, exerts adequate effects by once‐daily dosing, and seldom causes drowsiness as an adverse reaction – the initial therapy became safer and more defined. Meanwhile, precision of pollen‐dispersion forecast improved, automatic counting of dispersed pollen grains became available, and real‐time access to pollen‐dispersion information was facilitated due to widespread Internet use. Today, the initial therapy has improved to be a scheduled, comprehensive regimen that adopts hyposensitization as a fundamental procedure and incorporates measures against aggravation factors before the pollen season and complications likely to occur after the pollen season. Every day, we are practising this therapy and achieving great results; we believe that this regimen will benefit many people who suffer from pollinosis.
Melasma: Treatment with 10% tretinoin peeling mask
Authors: Ghersetich Ilaria , Troiano Michela , Brazzini Benedetta , Arunachalam Meena , Lotti Torello
Published: June 2010

Background  Melasma is one of the most frequently acquired hyperpigmentation disorders clinically characterized by symmetrical brown patches on sun exposed areas. The first approach is an avoidance of sun exposure and inflammation combined with a use of photoprotection. Patient treatment is particularly difficult and challenging, and necessitates consideration of many therapies, including tretinoin to obtain an amelioration of this important skin condition.

Aims  To evaluate the efficacy of a 10% tretinoin peeling mask before and after treatment using standardized digital photos, mexameter measures, and melasma area and severity index (MASI) evaluation.

Patients/Methods  The present study was carried out on 20 female patients.

Results  Physician global evaluation showed moderate or marked improvement of melasma in all patients using three parameters of assessment: digital photography, mexameter measurement, and the MASI.

Conclusions  Tretinoin peeling mask can be considered an alternative treatment modality in treating melasma. We noted a particular high tolerability and efficacy without adverse events.
Medication adherence among acne patients: a review
Authors: Lott Robert , Taylor Sarah L , O’Neill Jenna L , Krowchuk Daniel P , Feldman Steven R
Published: June 2010

Background  Acne is a chronic disease often requiring the use of medications for extended periods of time. In general, adherence decreases over time in patients with chronic diseases, and adherence to topical medications is poor compared to adherence to oral medications, placing individuals using topical medications at increased risk for nonadherence and treatment failure. Poor adherence may also be a common cause of treatment failure in teens with acne.

Purpose  We reviewed the current literature on medication adherence in teenagers with acne to assess adherence levels and predictors of adherence. We hope to provide a foundation for further research into medication adherence in acne patients.

Methods  A Medline search was conducted using the key words “acne” and “adherence” or “compliance.” Studies reporting adherence were included in the analysis.

Results  A positive correlation was found between quality of life of patients with acne and medication adherence. Weaker predictors of adherence include increased age, female gender, and employment. The most commonly reported reason for nonadherence was inadequate time to use the treatment medication. Patients taking medications requiring less frequent dosing had better adherence, and medication adherence correlated with better health status among acne patients. A longer duration between office visits may be associated with decreased compliance.

Limitations  Few studies investigating the prevalence and causes of nonadherence in acne patients were identified.

Conclusions  Adherence to medications is difficult to measure and rates reported by patients often overestimate actual adherence. Patients cite lack of time as a common reason for nonadherence to topical medications.
A comparison of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) at 3 and 80 pulses per second on cold‐pressor pain in healthy human participants
Authors: Chen Chih‐Chung , Johnson Mark I
Published: June 2010

Electrophysiological studies suggest that there are differential frequency effects during TENS. The aim of this experimental study was to assess the effects of strong non‐painful TENS administered at 3 pulses per second (pps) and 80 pps on cold‐pressor pain in healthy human participants. A repeated measure design was used with participants receiving TENS at 3 pps and 80 pps in the same experiment. There were six cold‐pressor pain tests conducted on the hand with each type of TENS delivered via four electrodes on the ipsilateral forearm for 20 min. Outcomes were differences in pain threshold (s) and intensity (VAS) after 5 and 15 min of TENS. A 2 × 3 factorial repeated measure ANOVA was performed on data. Thirty‐five participants completed the experiment. Statistically significant effects were detected for condition, time and interactions between time × condition for both threshold and intensity. There were statistically higher pain thresholds and lower pain intensities for 3 pps when compared to 80 pps after 5 and 15 min of TENS. The differences after 15 min of TENS were 1·70 s to 3·70 s (95% CI) for threshold and 6·63–15·5 mm (95% CI) for pain intensity. In conclusion, strong non‐painful TENS at 3 pps was superior to 80 pps at reducing experimentally induced cold‐pressor pain. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Spinal long‐term potentiation is associated with reduced opioid neurotransmission in the rat brain
Authors: Hjornevik Trine , Schoultz Bent W. , Marton János , Gjerstad Johannes , Drzezga Alexander , Henriksen Gjermund , Willoch Frode
Published: June 2010

Introduction:  Neuronal events leading to development of long‐term potentiation (LTP) in the nociceptive pathways may be a cellular mechanism underlying hyperalgesia. In the present study, we examine if induction of spinal LTP may be associated with functional changes in the supraspinal opioidergic system. The opioid receptors (ORs) play a key role in nociceptive processing and controlling the descending modulatory system to the spinal cord.

Methods:  Spinal LTP was induced by electrical high‐frequency stimulation (HFS) conditioning applied to the sciatic nerve, and the excitability at spinal level was verified by spinal field potential recordings. To study supraspinal changes in opioid neurotransmission following the same HFS conditioning, we used small animal positron emission tomography (PET) and [11C]Phenethyl‐Orvinol ([11C]PEO). All rats included in the PET study were scanned at baseline and 150 min after HFS, and specific binding was calculated with a reference tissue model.

Results:  A clear C‐fibre LTP, i.e. increased C‐fibre response and reduced C‐fibre threshold, was observed 150 min after HFS conditioning (t‐test, P<0·05, n = 6). Moreover, increased OR binding, relative to baseline, was observed after the same type of HFS conditioning ipsilaterally in the amygdala, hippocampus, somatosensory cortex and superior colliculus, and bilaterally in the nucleus accumbens, caudate putamen and hypothalamus (paired t‐test, HFS>baseline, P<0·05, n = 8).

Conclusions:  HFS conditioning of the sciatic nerve resulted in both spinal LTP and functional changes in supraspinal opioidergic signalling. Our findings suggest that induction of spinal LTP may be associated with reduced opioid neurotransmission in brain regions involved in pain modulation and affective‐emotional responses.
Neuroprotective effects of andrographolide in a rat model of permanent cerebral ischaemia
Authors: Chan Su Jing , Wong WS Fred , Wong Peter TH , Bian Jin‐Song
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Andrographolide is a diterpenoid lactone isolated from a traditional medicinal herb, Andrographis paniculata. It possesses potent anti‐inflammatory activity. The present study examined potential therapeutic effects of andrographolide on cerebral ischaemia using a rat model with permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO).

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The MCA in rats was permanently occluded (by cautery), and 24 h later neurological effects were assessed with behavioural scores. Infarct volume and microglial activation were determined histologically. The p65 form of the transcription factor, nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB), was measured by Western blot, and cytokines by immunoassay of brain extracts.

KEY RESULTS Andrographolide, given i.p. 1 h after pMCAO, reduced infarct volume with a maximum reduction of approximately 50% obtained at 0.1 mg·kg−1. Neurological deficits were also reduced by andrographolide, reflecting a correlation between infarct volume and neurological deficits. pMCAO was found to induce activation of microglia and elevate tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, interleukin (IL)‐1β and prostaglandin (PG)E2 in the ischaemic brain areas. Andrographolide (0.1 mg·kg−1) significantly attenuated or abolished these effects. In addition, andrographolide suppressed the translocation of p65 from cytosol to nucleus, indicating reduced NF‐κB activation.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Andrographolide exhibited neuroprotective effects, with accompanying suppression of NF‐κB and microglial activation, and reduction in the production of cytokines including TNF‐α and IL‐1β, and pro‐inflammatory factors such as PGE2. Our findings suggest that andrographolide may have therapeutic value in the treatment of stroke.
A novel peripherally restricted cannabinoid receptor antagonist, AM6545, reduces food intake and body weight, but does not cause malaise, in rodents
Authors: Cluny NL , Vemuri VK , Chambers AP , Limebeer CL , Bedard H , Wood JT , Lutz B , Zimmer A , Parker LA , Makriyannis A , Sharkey KA
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonists reduce food intake and body weight, but clinical use in humans is limited by effects on the CNS. We have evaluated a novel cannabinoid antagonist (AM6545) designed to have limited CNS penetration, to see if it would inhibit food intake in rodents, without aversive effects.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cannabinoid receptor binding studies, cAMP assays, brain penetration studies and gastrointestinal motility studies were carried out to assess the activity profile of AM6545. The potential for AM6545 to induce malaise in rats and the actions of AM6545 on food intake and body weight were also investigated.

KEY RESULTS AM6545 binds to CB1 receptors with a Ki of 1.7 nM and CB2 receptors with a Ki of 523 nM. AM6545 is a neutral antagonist, having no effect on cAMP levels in transfected cells and was less centrally penetrant than AM4113, a comparable CB1 receptor antagonist. AM6545 reversed the effects of WIN55212‐2 in an assay of colonic motility. In contrast to AM251, AM6545 did not produce conditioned gaping or conditioned taste avoidance in rats. In rats and mice, AM6545 dose‐dependently reduced food intake and induced a sustained reduction in body weight. The effect on food intake was maintained in rats with a complete subdiaphragmatic vagotomy. AM6545 inhibited food intake in CB1 receptor gene‐deficient mice, but not in CB1/CB2 receptor double knockout mice.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Peripherally active, cannabinoid receptor antagonists with limited brain penetration may be useful agents for the treatment of obesity and its complications.
Dual effect of nitric oxide on uterine prostaglandin synthesis in a murine model of preterm labour
Authors: Cella M , Farina MG , Dominguez Rubio AP , Di Girolamo G , Ribeiro ML , Franchi AM
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Maternal infections are one of the main causes of adverse developmental outcomes including embryonic resorption and preterm labour. In this study a mouse model of inflammation‐associated preterm delivery was developed, and used to study the relationship between nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandins (PGs).

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The murine model of preterm labour was achieved by assaying different doses of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Once established, it was used to analyse uterine levels of prostaglandins E2 and F2α (by radioimmunoassay), cyclooxygenases (COX) and NOS proteins (by Western blot) and NO synthase (NOS) activity. Effects of inhibitors of COX and NOS on LPS‐induced preterm labour were also studied. In vitro assays with a nitric oxide donor (SNAP) were performed to analyse the modulation of prostaglandin production by NO.

KEY RESULTS Lipopolysaccharide increased uterine NO and PG synthesis and induced preterm delivery. Co‐administration of meloxicam, a cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitor, or aminoguanidine, an inducible NOS inhibitor, prevented LPS‐induced preterm delivery and blocked the increase in PGs and NO. Notably, the levels of NO were found to determine its effect on PG synthesis; low concentrations of NO reduced PG synthesis whereas high concentrations augmented them.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS An infection‐associated model of preterm labour showed that preterm delivery can be prevented by decreasing PG or NO production. NO was found to have a dual effect on PG synthesis depending on its concentration. These data contribute to the understanding of the interaction between NO and PGs in pregnancy and parturition, and could help to improve neonatal outcomes.
Jim Bulpitt's Territory and Power in the United Kingdom and Interpreting Political Development: Bringing the State and Temporal Analysis Back In
Authors: Bradbury Jonathan
Published: June 2010

This article addresses the relative neglect of Territory and Power in informing the study of general state political development, both as a theoretical approach and in its application to the UK. It locates Territory and Power as a distinct contribution to two major schools of comparative research. The first section argues that Territory and Power provided an approach that was part of the intellectual turn during the 1980s to bring the state back into the analysis of politics. The second part argues that Territory and Power should be seen also as a contribution to the intellectual turn since the 1980s towards temporal analysis of political development. On these bases future researchers may find Territory and Power more accessible as a work that they can incorporate in their own research.
Central State Power and its Limits in Bulpitt'sTerritory and Power
Authors: John Peter
Published: June 2010

This article assesses Bulpitt's treatment of the centre or central state. It begins by reviewing Bulpitt's argument that the UK centre elite developed a detached style of territorial management and recognized the limits to the state's power. The argument is that the elite at the centre sought to avoid the costs of intervention in the periphery so it could retain its autonomy over decisions affecting the economy and international affairs. The article then assesses Bulpitt's claims against extant evidence from the study of UK politics. It concludes that, in spite of Bulpitt's failure to appreciate the interest of the centre in the detail of local administration, the account holds up surprisingly well and could be adopted as a comparative framework for analysing how central elites seek to keep their grip on power by managing territorial politics successfully.
The External Realm and Domestic Politics inTerritory and Power in the United Kingdom
Authors: Thompson Helen
Published: June 2010

This article addresses Jim Bulpitt's innovative approach to conceptualizing the relationship between the external realm and domestic politics inTerritory and Power in the United Kingdom. The first part draws out the argument that Bulpitt made about the relationship between the external world and domestic politics to explain the historical development of the UK's territorial politics. In doing so, it fleshes out Bulpitt's own account. It also adds empirical detail and integrates arguments from his later work on the Thatcher governments into his analysis of where the UK's territorial politics went after the early 1980s. Second, the article demonstrates how Bulpitt's analytical framework about the external–domestic political relationship can help us make sense of another state's territorial politics at a crucial historical moment, namely Weimar Germany and the Bavarian problem between 1919 and 1924.
Paraconsistent Artificial Neural Network as Auxiliary in Cephalometric Diagnosis
Authors: Mario Mauricio C. , Abe Jair M. , Ortega Neli R.S. , Del Santo Jr. Marinho
Published: June 2010

This work presents an application of the paraconsistent artificial neural network (PANN) in the analysis of cephalometric variables and provides an orthodontic diagnosis. An expert's analysis is subject to the inherent imprecision of measurements, registers, and individual variability of physician visual analysis. Patient input cephalometric values are compared with means drawn from individuals considered normal in the cephalometric point of view by the PANN. This reference is constituted by individuals from 6 to 18 years old, both genders. The applied cephalometric analysis was targeted to measure skeletal and dental discrepancies and established a cephalometric diagnosis. The analysis results in degrees of skeletal, anteroposterior, and dental discrepancy, pertinent to upper and lower incisors. A sample of 120 orthodontic patients was processed by the proposed model and three orthodontic experts. Comparisons between the model and the human expert's performance provided kappa indexes that varied from moderate to almost perfect agreement. The agreement between the model and specialist's performance was equivalent. In addition, the model pointed out contradictions presented in the data that were not noticed by the orthodontists, which highlight the contribution that this kind of system could carry out in the orthodontics decision support.