bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Necrotizing gastritis associated with Clostridium septicum in a rabbit
Authors: Garcia Jorge P. , Moore Janet , Loukopoulos Panayiotis , Diab Santiago S. , Uzal Francisco A.
Published: August 2014

Clostridium septicum is the causative agent of histotoxic infections, including malignant edema and braxy (necrotizing abomasitis) in several animal species. The carcass of a 2-year–old, female New Zealand white rabbit with a history of acute depression and obtundation followed by death was received at the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (San Bernardino, California) for necropsy and diagnostic workup. No gross lesions were detected at necropsy. Microscopically, there was moderate to severe, multifocal fibrinonecrotizing, transmural gastritis with numerous intralesional Gram-positive, sporulated rods, and disseminated thrombosis of the brain, lungs, heart, and liver, with occasional intravascular rods. The rods observed within the gastric wall and thrombi in the stomach and lung were positive for C. septicum by immunohistochemical staining. However, this microorganism was not isolated from stomach content. Clostridium septicum should be included in the list of possible etiologies of gastritis in rabbits.
Family Caregivers as Lay Trainers
Authors: Conceição Simone C.O. , Johaningsmeir Sarah , Colby Holly , Gordon John
Published: August 2014

This article describes an initiative to train lay people, predominantly parents of children and youth with special health care needs (CYSHCN), to teach Bridge to Independence—a care coordination curriculum—to other family caregivers of CYSHCN. Using a model based on Kirkpatrick and Kirkpatrick’s levels of evaluation, the goal was to discover how well lay people liked the process of learning how to teach, the extent to which these Lay Trainers gained knowledge and skills from the training sessions, and what changes in Lay Trainer caregiving application resulted from the learning process. The Bridge to Independence curriculum design is based on self-directed learning principles and served as the framework for Lay Trainer learning. This article presents the study’s methodology, findings, and discussion, and adult education practice implications. Two themes emerged from this evaluation study: Lay Trainer perceptions of learning the curriculum and the relationship between life experience and learning. The study provides implications for two aspects of adult education practice: training the trainer and adult learning.
Inclusive Education in Canada
Authors: McCrimmon Adam W.
Published: August 2014

Inclusive education (IE) is widely adopted in Canadian educational systems. However, few Canadian universities require students in undergraduate teacher preparation programs to complete coursework on the topic of IE, and the few courses on this topic do not adequately prepare future teachers to work in inclusive classrooms with students with diverse exceptional learning needs. One potential solution to this issue of lack of adequate teacher preparation is specialized postgraduate certificate programs that offer highly specialized training on childhood disorders and the application of this knowledge to classroom-based interventions to enhance the learning experiences of children with exceptional learning needs in inclusive classrooms. Suggestions for enhancement of teacher preparation programs are provided.
Literacy Instruction Using Technology With Primary-Age Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Learners
Authors: Musti-Rao Shobana , Cartledge Gwendolyn , Bennett Jessica G. , Council Morris
Published: August 2014

With continuing advances in the digital world, a variety of technologies are becoming easily accessible in the classroom. Although teachers may be using some of these technologies in their daily lives, they may not know how to incorporate these devices to support classroom learning. This article provides a guide for teachers interested in using technology to deliver supplemental literacy instruction in their classroom, particularly for primary-age students from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds. Benefits of using technology along with classroom applications are discussed.
Teacher-, Student-, and Peer-Directed Strategies to Access the General Education Curriculum for Students With Autism
Authors: Olson Amy J. , Roberts Carly A. , Leko Melinda M.
Published: August 2014

Access to the general education curriculum is a critical component of special education today, yet many teachers struggle to implement practices that provide such access. The authors describe how teachers can draw on three levels of support—teacher-, student-, and peer-delivered strategies—to optimize access to the general education curriculum for students with autism. Included are a variety of research-based strategies for facilitating access to the general education curriculum and information on where to find additional references and resources on specific strategies. The final section includes an example of how the three levels of support can be combined to maximize access to the general education curriculum for students with autism.
Deciding to Seek Emergency Care for Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Noureddine Samar , Dumit Nuhad Y. , Saab Mohammad
Published: August 2014

The purpose of this qualitative descriptive study was to explore how patients who experience acute myocardial infarction (AMI) decide to seek emergency care. Fifty patients with AMI were interviewed at two hospitals in Lebanon. The perspective of 22 witnesses of the attack was also sought about the cardiac event. The themes that transpired from the data were as follows: making sense of the symptoms, waiting to see what happens, deciding to come to the hospital, and the family influenced the decision to seek care. The witnesses of the cardiac event, mostly family members, supported the decision to seek emergency care. Deciding to seek emergency care for AMI is complex. Nurses must solicit their patients’ perception of the cardiac event to provide them with tailored education and counseling about heart attack symptoms and how to respond to them in case they recur. Family members must be included in the education process.
Indicators of Police Performance and Their Relationships With Homicide Rates Across 77 Nations
Authors: Pare Paul-Philippe
Published: August 2014

This study provides a first empirical test of the relationship between indicators of police performance and homicide rates in cross-national perspective. Results show that police performance indices are strongly associated with lower homicide rates, controlling for the levels of socioeconomic development, economic problems (poverty–inequality), democracy, and incarceration. They also show that police performance fully mediates the relationship between socioeconomic development and homicide. Thus, richer and more developed nations may have lower homicide rates because they have better police. Overall, results suggest that good policing matters for cross-national criminology, in addition to social and economic factors. Finally, the new police performance index is provided for future research.
When Being Old Pays Off
Authors: Thielgen Markus M. , Krumm Stefan , Hertel Guido
Published: August 2014

This study examines the effects of implicit and explicit motives at work. Specifically, we hypothesize that congruency of implicit and explicit motives (i-e congruency) affects work motivation. Integrating research on age-related gains in self-regulation strength, we expect that negative effects of low i-e congruency on work motivation are more detrimental for younger than older workers, because they possess fewer self-regulation skills. The age moderation effect should be further qualified by motive-specific incentives, such that low i-e congruency has most detrimental effects for younger workers when many, as compared to few incentives, are present at work. We tested our hypotheses in a study with N = 756 workers at three measurement points. Results supported the main effect of i-e congruency on work motivation in the achievement and affiliation motive domains, and the moderation effects of age and incentives in the achievement motive domain. Implications for theories of motivation and age-sensitive counseling and coaching interventions are discussed.
A Prospective 30-Year Follow-Up of ADHD Associated With Perinatal Risks
Authors: Tervo Timo , Michelsson Katarina , Launes Jyrki , Hokkanen Laura
Published: August 2014

Objective: Longitudinal follow-up of ADHD suggests a poorer outcome in those affected. Studies extending to 30 years however are rare. We investigated the adult outcome of ADHD associated with perinatal risks (PRs), treated non-pharmacologically. Method: A study group of 122 participants (86 men, 36 women) with PR-associated ADHD was followed-up from birth and compared with a control group also prospectively studied. Results: The study group showed more cognitive, motor perception, and learning impairments as well as psychiatric problems at ages 5, 9, and 16. At age 30, the study group reported less education, more involuntary job dismissals and more alcohol abuse. Self-reported ADHD symptoms were still prevalent in adulthood. Conclusion: ADHD symptoms persist and impair the long-term educational, occupational, and psychiatric outcome. ADHD in participants with PR appears to follow a course seen in studies of unselected ADHD.
Overlapping Local Government Debt and the Fiscal Common
Authors: Greer Robert A.
Published: August 2014

In a complex federalist system, the interactions across levels of government have important fiscal implications. Municipal debt has become increasingly important as local governments turn to tax-backed bonds as a significant source of funds. In a system of local governments that have overlapping borders, fiscal interactions become a factor in issuing debt. In this system, debt acts as a fiscal common resource similar to traditional common-pool resources. Specifically, vertical externalities are created with multiple levels of governments issuing bonds backed by the same tax base. Empirical results show that on average an increase in the total amount of debt issued by subcounty governments increases the true interest cost paid by county governments on tax-backed debt. Furthermore, increasing the number of overlapping governments also increases the interest costs for county debt. These findings show support for analyzing debt capacity as a fiscal common resource and have implications for debt management strategies.
Safety Assessment of PEGylated Oils as Used in Cosmetics
Authors: Burnett Christina L. , Heldreth Bart , Bergfeld Wilma F. , Belsito Donald V. , Hill Ronald A. , Klaassen Curtis D. , Liebler Daniel C. , Marks James G. , Shank Ronald C. , Slaga Thomas J. , Snyder Paul W. , Andersen F. Alan
Published: August 2014

PEGylated oil is a terminology used to describe cosmetic ingredients that are the etherification and esterification products of glycerides and fatty acids with ethylene oxide. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel (Panel) considered the safety of PEGylated oils, which function primarily as surfactants in cosmetic products. The Panel reviewed relevant animal and human data provided in this safety assessment and concluded that the 130 chemically related PEGylated oils were safe as cosmetic ingredients in the present practices of use and concentration when formulated to be nonirritating.
Mechanistic Insights of Sulfur Mustard-Induced Acute Tracheal Injury in Rats
Authors: Zhu Xiao-Ji , Xu Rui , Meng Xiao , Chu Hai-Bo , Zhao Chao , Lian Cheng-Jin , Wang Tao , Guo Wen-Jun , Zhang Sheng-Ming
Published: August 2014

Sulfur mustard (SM) is believed to be a major threat to civilian populations because of the persistent asymmetric threat by nonstate actors, such as terrorist groups, the ease of synthesis and handling, and the risk of theft from stockpiles. The purpose of this study was to establish mechanisms of acute tracheal injury in rats induced by SM using histopathologic, immunohistochemical, and biochemical parameters. Male rats (Sprague-Dawley) were anesthetized, intratracheally intubated, and exposed to 2 mg/kg of SM. Animals were euthanized 6-, 24-, 48-, and 72-hour postexposure, and intracavitary blood samples from the heart and tracheal tissues were collected. Exposure of rats to SM resulted in rapid tracheal injury, including tracheal epithelial cell shedding, focal ulceration, and abundant lymphocyte invasion of the submucosa. There was also evidence of a large number of apoptotic cells in the epithelium and submucosa, the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1β (IL) 1β, IL-6, and γ-glutamyl transferase peaked at 24 hours, and the serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase, glutathione peroxidase, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance peaked at 6 hours. The SM exposure also resulted in a loss of the cellular membrane, leakage of cytoplasm, fuzzy mitochondrial cristae, medullary changes in ciliated and goblet cells, and the nuclear chromatin appeared marginated in basal cells and fibroblasts. The results in the propylene glycol group were the same as the control group. These data demonstrated the histologic changes, inflammatory reactions, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and DNA damage following SM (2 mg/kg)-induced acute tracheal injury; the severity of changes was time dependent.
Bending and free vibration analysis of functionally graded sandwich plates using the Refined Zigzag Theory
Authors: Iurlaro Luigi , Gherlone Marco , Di Sciuva Marco
Published: August 2014

The increasing application of functionally graded materials in the aerospace structures requires the adoption of accurate modeling strategies. The original formulation of the Refined Zigzag Theory is here extended to the bending and free vibration analysis of sandwich plates embedding functionally graded layers, either as faces or core. Extensive numerical investigation shows the superior predictive capabilities of Refined Zigzag Theory over both First-order Shear Deformation Theory and Third-order Shear Deformation Theory, if compared with the reference three-dimensional elasticity or high-fidelity FEM solutions. In virtue of its accuracy and of the C0–continuity requirement for shape functions, Refined Zigzag Theory can be adopted to formulate reliable and computationally efficient finite elements suited for large-scale analyses of both traditional and functionally graded structures.
Group apology under unstable status relations: Perceptions of insincerity hinder reconciliation and forgiveness
Authors: Shnabel Nurit , Halabi Samer , SimanTov-Nachlieli Ilanit
Published: August 2014

This research examined the effects of structural conditions on perceptions of and responses to an apology offered by an advantaged majority group to a disadvantaged minority group. We used the dramatic regional changes of the Arab Spring to manipulate the instability of status relations between Israeli Arabs and Jews. In two studies, we found that under instability (vs. control), both Israeli Jews (advantaged group members; Study 1) and Israeli Arabs (disadvantaged group members; Study 2) perceived an apology offered to the Arab minority by the Israeli Prime Minister as insincere and manipulative (i.e., intended to serve the Jews rather than the Arabs). Perceived insincerity, in turn, led to reduced forgiveness and conciliatory tendencies among Israeli Arabs (Study 2). These findings shed light on how structural factors might render group apologies counterproductive in promoting positive intergroup relations. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Mobilisation of trace elements on roofing tiles
Authors: Sulaiman Fazrul Razman , Brimblecombe Peter , Grossi Carlota M.
Published: August 2014

Roofs surfaces are frequently used to catch water for drinking in many countries, so the presence and mobilisation of material into runoff water can be an important process to consider. This paper investigates the origin and mobilisation of trace elements from roofing tiles. Our work suggests that trace elements can mobilise into roof runoff. However, lead by contrast, appears to have accumulated at the surface of tiles exposed to busy automobile traffic that used leaded fuel (confirmed by X-ray fluorescence). Although lead is relatively immobile on the tile surface, the potential for leaching by acidic rain (pH < 4) means that the guidelines for lead in drinking water may be exceeded during some rainfall events.
Crimes, Confession and the Everyday: Challenges in Reading Charlotte Salomon’s Leben? oder Theater? 1941–1942
Authors: Pollock Griselda
Published: August 2014

Charlotte Salomon (1917–1943) was a Jewish-German artist murdered in Auschwitz at the age of 26. She left one massive artwork comprising 784 paintings with text, music and overlays. What is this work? Why was it made? Since its first exhibition and publication in the 1960s it has been treated as an autobiographical narrative and Holocaust testimony. Resisting both trends, this article reframes the work in terms of gender, the event and the everyday in order to examine the implications of a recent revelation, in a film form (2012), of new evidence that the work structurally functions as a crime narrative, even a confession, in the context of familial sexual abuse. Drawing on Pierre Bayard on detective fiction and Derrida on the archive, the article juxtaposes the visual rhetoric of Frans Weisz’s 2012 film and the visual rhetoric of several key sections of Salomon’s audio-visual Life? or Theatre?, to tease out the visual evidence for this claim.
Face Recognition and the Emergence of Smart Photography
Authors: Kember Sarah
Published: August 2014

This article examines face recognition as a key instance of the emergence of smart photography. Smart photography, drawing on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Ambient Intelligence (AmI) manifests a ‘habit of mind’ (Karen Barad), or a way of thinking that is humanist in so far as it is predicated on human and machine autonomy, and representationalist in its quest for unmediated objects-in-themselves. Faces are among the objects that smart photography seeks (autonomously) to represent. By examining two of the principal algorithms of face recognition technology, the article will show how ways of seeing allied to ways of thinking that are also, ultimately, discriminatory and essentialist, materialise through software. Finally, if the ‘smart’ in smart photography means learning to discriminate between classes of faces that are fixed, essentialised and ultimately elusive (the stereotypical face of terror is both gendered and racialised) then how could smart be made smarter? This is a question of politics rather than progress.
Building Research Capacity With Members of Underserved American Indian/Alaskan Native Communities
Authors: Jetter Karen M. , Yarborough Mark , Cassady Diana L. , Styne Dennis M.
Published: August 2014

Objective. To develop a research ethics training course for American Indian/Alaskan Native health clinic staff and community researchers who would be conducting human subjects research. Method. Community-based participatory research methods were used in facilitated discussions of research ethics centered around topics included in the Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative research ethics course. Results. The community-based participatory research approach allowed all partners to jointly develop a research ethics training program that was relevant for American Indian/Alaskan Native communities. All community and clinic partners were able to pass the Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative course they were required to pass so that they could be certified to conduct research with human subjects on federally funded projects. In addition, the training sessions provided a foundation for increased community oversight of research. Conclusions. By using a collaborative process to engage community partners in research ethics discussions, rather than either an asynchronous online or a lecture/presentation format, resulted in significant mutual learning about research ethics and community concerns about research. This approach requires university researchers to invest time in learning about the communities in which they will be working prior to the training.
Real-Life Challenges in Using Augmentative and Alternative Communication by Persons With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authors: Ray Jayanti
Published: August 2014

Given the linguistic and cognitive demands of communication, adult Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) users with acquired communication disorders may have difficulty using AAC systems consistently and effectively in “real-life” situations. The process of recommending AAC systems and strategies is an area of exploration, where clinicians need to treat each client as a unique individual. Speech-language pathologists are required to analyze speech, language, cognition, sensory, and motor skills of the client when attempting to choose appropriate AAC systems. Various challenges during the AAC implementation process may range from funding sources, time commitment, training, and device acquisition to effective use of the device in day-to-day situations. The AAC management strategies are discussed in light of functional and multimodal communications. Also, the perspectives of AAC user regarding environment, communication partners, social communication status, and quality of life are addressed, along with a brief case report highlighting challenges and successes with AAC systems.
Routine asthma review
Authors: Smithers Hannah
Published: August 2014

Asthma is the most common chronic condition seen in primary care and creates a significant work load in both primary and secondary care. Mortality and morbidity remain unacceptably high as the majority of both are avoidable with optimal use of preventative medicines. It is not only good practice to regularly review every patient with a long-term condition, but when coupled with self-management regular reviews improve clinical outcomes. All patients with asthma should therefore have the opportunity of a review at least once a year in primary care, which should be structured, patient-centred and promote self-management with the aim to minimise symptoms and enable patients to live a normal life. This article aims to provide a pragmatic approach to performing this review as a primary care clinician.
Influenza
Authors: Simon Chantal
Published: August 2014

Influenza (or flu) is an acute infection of the respiratory tract that causes sporadic respiratory illness, usually during Autumn and Winter. In the UK, it is responsible for at least 100 deaths a year, with epidemics every 2 to 3 years leading to a 10-fold increase in deaths, and pandemics every 30–40 years killing many more. This article aims to provide an overview of influenza for GPs involved in the management of flu, from prevention, to diagnosis and management of the acute illness in the community.
Talking about cancer with confidence: evaluation of cancer awareness training for community-based health workers
Authors: Grimmett Chloe , Macherianakis Alexis , Rendell Helen , George Helen , Kaplan Gwen , Kilgour Gillian , Power Emily
Published: August 2014

Aims:

To examine the impact of cancer awareness training for community-based health workers on confidence to talk about cancer, and knowledge of cancer risk factors and signs and symptoms.

Methods:

Community-based health workers from Sandwell, Birmingham and Solihull were invited to take part in one of 14 one-day training workshops. Trainees completed questionnaires at the beginning of the workshop and were followed up one month later. Confidence in talking about cancer was examined. Knowledge of cancer risk factors and signs and symptoms was assessed. Trainees were asked to rate the usefulness of the workshop, whether they would recommend it to others and whether they had put what they had learnt into practice.

Results:

A total of 187 community-based health workers took part in the workshops, and 167 (89%) completed the one-month follow-up. Considerable improvements were observed in confidence to discuss cancer. For example, the proportion of participants reporting feeling ‘very confident’/‘fairly confident’ in discussing signs and symptoms of cancer increased from 32% to 96% ( p < .001). Substantial improvements in trainees’ knowledge were also observed, with 79% of participants correctly identifying 10 out of 11 known risk factors for cancer at one month compared with 21% before training ( p < .001). Average (unprompted) recall of cancer signs and symptoms also increased from 2.3 (±1.6) to 2.7 (±1.5), ( p = .02). Most trainees (83%) rated the workshop as ‘very useful’, and 89% said they would ‘definitely’ recommend the workshop.

Conclusion:

The cancer awareness training was reviewed positively by community-based health workers and led to improvements in confidence to talk about cancer, and knowledge of risk factors and warning signs of cancer. It is hoped that raising awareness among this group will help them to communicate and drive behaviour change in the at-risk populations with whom they work.
Insulin Pump (Dose-to-Dose) Accuracy
Authors: Zisser Howard
Published: August 2014

This article reviews the concept of using the proper methods for the proper task, in this case measuring dose-to-dose accuracy of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion pumps.
If I Had a Hammer
Authors: Youngquist Wayne A.
Published: August 2014

Based on my career as a sociologist in TV news, I encourage more collaboration between sociologists and the news media. Sociologists can provide valuable insights to journalists and the news media can provide jobs and a platform for sociologists. The sociological imagination, which Mills said was part of the best journalism, sees the link between biography and history, personal troubles and social issues. If sociologists can get the attention of those in the news media, they can aid in defining the situations of our time. A frame is a definition that a journalist brings to a situation, and which provides the lead for his or her story. Both sociologists and journalists know that situations do not define themselves. Every news story is an act of social reality construction. The sociological imagination provides needed insight and depth when journalists frame news stories. This is where sociologists can have the greatest impact in journalism. The news media are our hammer. We can use it to hammer out justice by framing social issues, relating them to personal troubles (as Mills wanted), and laying the groundwork for action.
Subjective Well-Being in Context
Authors: Luhmann Maike , Murdoch James C. , Hawkley Louise C.
Published: August 2014

Subjective well-being (SWB) is not only influenced by people’s individual characteristics but also by characteristics of the places where they live. Using data from the Health and Retirement Survey ( N = 5,975), we examined whether two indicators of the socioeconomic context (unemployment and poverty rates) are associated with SWB in older adults. The main findings were (a) these contextual variables are differentially related to SWB on the county level and state level in terms of strength and direction, highlighting the importance of distinguishing between different levels of analysis; (b) poverty rate tends to be more strongly associated with life satisfaction and positive affect than with negative affect; and (c) county-level poverty rate is more strongly related to positive affect in poor individuals and county-level unemployment rate is more strongly related to SWB in nonretired individuals, suggesting that the socioeconomic context matters more for people who are directly affected by it.
Adverse effects of testosterone replacement therapy: an update on the evidence and controversy
Authors: Grech Anthony , Breck John , Heidelbaugh Joel
Published: August 2014

Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) has been used in millions of men worldwide to treat diminished libido and erectile dysfunction, and to improve strength and physical function. The estimated likelihood of adverse effects of long-term TRT is still essentially unknown, as overall high-quality evidence based upon prospective randomized trials to recommend for or against its use in most men with testosterone deficiency (TD) is lacking. Evidence to suggest that TRT increases cardiovascular morbidity and mortality risks is poor, as results vary across study populations and their baseline comorbidities. While TRT may increase serum prostate-specific antigen levels in some men, it often remains within clinically acceptable ranges, and has not been shown to increase the risk of prostate cancer. Current literature supports that TRT does not substantially worsen lower urinary tract symptoms, and may actually improve symptoms in some men. Limited evidence suggests that TRT may initially worsen obstructive sleep apnea in some men, but that this is not a longstanding effect. TRT may result in erythrocytosis in some men, however long-term studies have not reported significant adverse events (e.g. cerebrovascular accident, vascular occlusive events, venous thromboembolisms). Future research will require dedicated focus on evaluation of large, multiethnic cohorts of men through prospective trials to better elucidate both risk and hazard ratios of TRT as it relates to cardiovascular disease, prostate cancer, lower urinary tract symptoms, obstructive sleep apnea, erythrocytosis, and other to-be-determined theoretical risks in men both with and without cardiovascular risk equivalents.
Attributes of Truthful Versus Deceitful Statements in the Evaluation of Accused Child Molesters
Authors: Johnston Shawn , Candelier Alexis , Powers-Green Dana , Rahmani Syeda
Published: August 2014

The ability to detect deception, in everyday social interactions and psychological evaluations, can literally mean the difference between life and death. Beyond physiological and nonverbal techniques for detecting deception, research has focused on criteria designed to evaluate the content of verbal statements to distinguish between true or actually experienced events versus internally manufactured or fabricated events. Criteria from two techniques that have received empirical support, criteria-based content analysis and reality monitoring, were used to create an 11-item Deception Detection Checklist (DDCL). In this study, 130 college undergraduates used the DDCL to rate the exculpatory statements of two accused child molesters: one truthful, the other untruthful. The 11 items composing the DDCL, as well as a measure of perceived truthfulness, were all scored on 7-point Likert-type scales. Nine of the 11 items on the DDCL significantly differentiated between the true and untrue statements in the predicted direction. Overall scores on the DDCL indicated that the false statement was rated as significantly more deceptive than the true statement. The DDCL possessed good reliability, and a series of factor analyses provided strong support for the construct validity of the measure. The 7 psychometrically strongest items from the DDCL included variables assessing the extent to which statements included clarity of detail, spatial details, temporal details, and contextual details, as well as the relevance, reconstructability, and realism of the statement. These results indicate that subjects were able to use this measure to reliably differentiate between true and false statements made by accused child molesters.
Four Scandinavian ship graffiti from Hagia Sophia
Authors: Thomov Thomas
Published: August 2014

This paper is the first presentation of four graffiti from the church of Hagia Sophia, Constantinople, and a contribution to the study of Viking graffiti of sailing vessels.
Entertainment in the twelfth-century canonical commentaries: were standards the same for Byzantine clerics and laymen?
Authors: Perisanidi Maroula
Published: August 2014

In this article I analyse the twelfth-century commentaries of Aristenos, Zonaras, and Balsamon on canons that prohibited certain forms of entertainment to clerics and/or laymen. Only when their commentaries are studied as a whole, does a pattern in their treatment become clear: they sought to minimize any distinctions between laity and clergy found in the original canons. This gives us a rare glimpse into lay and clerical interactions and reinforces the view that the Byzantine Church did not wish to maintain clear boundaries between clerics and laymen.
Assessing the cities of Messenia in the newly-founded Greek Kingdom: the medieval walled town of Koroni based on early nineteenth-century architectural plans
Authors: Kontogiannis Nikos D.
Published: August 2014

To Anna Christidou (1969-2013) προσφέρομέν σοι την λογικην ταύτην λατρείαν ύπέρ πνεύματος δικαίου έν πίστει

τετελειωμένου

The article examines the fortifications and the settlement of Venetian and Ottoman Koroni (it. Coron), through the accurate record of early nineteenth century engineers of the newly-established Greek Kingdom. The basic plan was conducted in 1835 by the military engineer Metaxas, who recorded all the buildings, their function and current owners, including a proposal for the urban re-planning of the city. His work proved its usefulness, since an exact copy was made in 1856 by lieutenant colonel Manitakis. It was supplemented by a second plan produced in 1842 by the surveyor Friedrich Zerse who focused on the settlement beyond the walls. These plans are set within the framework of the administration’s endeavours to assess and reorganize the cities of Messenia following wider town-planning aspirations and policies.
Induction of fetal hemoglobin through enhanced translation efficiency of γ-globin mRNA
Authors: Hahn Cynthia K. , Lowrey Christopher H.
Published: August 2014

Key Points

HbF induction by salubrinal is not mediated through changes in globin mRNA stability, mRNA cellular localization, or HbA levels. Translation efficiency of γ-globin mRNA is increased during stress recovery following salubrinal-enhanced eIF2α phosphorylation.
KIR ligand C2 is associated with increased susceptibility to childhood ALL and confers an elevated risk for late relapse
Authors: Babor Florian , Manser Angela R. , Fischer Johannes C. , Scherenschlich Nadine , Enczmann Jürgen , Chazara Olympe , Moffett Ashley , Borkhardt Arndt , Meisel Roland , Uhrberg Markus
Published: August 2014

Key Points

C2 confers increased susceptibility to childhood B-ALL. C2 is associated with increased risk of late relapse in childhood B-ALL.
Phase 3 clinical trial of steroids/mycophenolate mofetil vs steroids/placebo as therapy for acute GVHD: BMT CTN 0802
Authors: Bolaños-Meade Javier , Logan Brent R. , Alousi Amin M. , Antin Joseph H. , Barowski Kate , Carter Shelly L. , Goldstein Steven C. , Hexner Elizabeth O. , Horowitz Mary M. , Lee Stephanie J. , Levine John E. , MacMillan Margaret L. , Martin Paul J. , Mendizabal Adam M. , Nakamura Ryotaro , Pasquini Marcelo C. , Weisdorf Daniel J. , Westervelt Peter , Ho Vincent T.
Published: August 2014

Key Points

Sustained responses to steroids in patients with GVHD are close to 50%. The addition of mycophenolate mofetil to steroids did not improve clinical outcome over steroids alone.
Autoimmune and other cytopenias in primary immunodeficiencies: pathomechanisms, novel differential diagnoses, and treatment
Authors: Seidel Markus G.
Published: August 2014

Autoimmunity and immune dysregulation may lead to cytopenia and represent key features of many primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs). Especially when cytopenia is the initial symptom of a PID, the order and depth of diagnostic steps have to be performed in accordance with both an immunologic and a hematologic approach and will help exclude disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus, common variable immunodeficiency, and autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndromes, hemophagocytic disorders, lymphoproliferative diseases, and novel differential diagnoses such as MonoMac syndrome (GATA2 deficiency), CD27 deficiency, lipopolysaccharide-responsive beige-like anchor (LRBA) deficiency, activated PI3KD syndrome (APDS), X-linked immunodeficiency with magnesium defect (MAGT1 deficiency), and others. Immunosuppressive treatment often needs to be initiated urgently, which impedes further relevant immunologic laboratory analyses aimed at defining the underlying PID. Awareness of potentially involved disease spectra ranging from hematologic to rheumatologic and immunologic disorders is crucial for identifying a certain proportion of PID phenotypes and genotypes among descriptive diagnoses such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia, chronic immune thrombocytopenia, Evans syndrome, severe aplastic anemia/refractory cytopenia, and others. A synopsis of pathomechanisms, novel differential diagnoses, and advances in treatment options for cytopenias in PID is provided to facilitate multidisciplinary management and to bridge different approaches.
Significantly enhanced dye removal performance of hollow tin oxide nanoparticles via carbon coating in dark environment and study of its mechanism
Authors: Yang Shuanglei , Wu Zhaohui , Huang LanPing , Zhou Banghong , Lei Mei , Sun Lingling , Tian Qingyong , Pan Jun , Wu Wei , Zhang Hongbo
Published: August 2014

Understanding the correlation between physicochemical properties and morphology of nanostructures is a prerequisite for widespread applications of nanomaterials in environmental application areas. Herein, we illustrated that the uniform-sized SnO2@C hollow nanoparticles were large-scale synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method. The size of the core-shell hollow nanoparticles was about 56 nm, and the shell was composed of a solid carbon layer with a thickness of 2 ~ 3 nm. The resulting products were characterized in terms of morphology, composition, and surface property by various analytical techniques. Moreover, the SnO2@C hollow nanoparticles are shown to be effective adsorbents for removing four different dyes from aqueous solutions, which is superior to the pure hollow SnO2 nanoparticles and commercial SnO2. The enhanced mechanism has also been discussed, which can be attributed to the high specific surface areas after carbon coating.
Temperature-dependent gas transport performance of vertically aligned carbon nanotube/parylene composite membranes
Authors: Zhang Lei , Yang Junhe , Wang Xianying , Zhao Bin , Zheng Guangping
Published: August 2014

A novel composite membrane consisting of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and parylene was successfully fabricated. Seamless filling of the spaces in CNT forests with parylene was achieved by a low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique and followed with the Ar/O2 plasma etching to expose CNT tips. Transport properties of various gases through the CNT/parylene membranes were explored. And gas permeances were independent on feed pressure in accordance with the Knudsen model, but the permeance values were over 60 times higher than that predicted by the Knudsen diffusion kinetics, which was attributed to specular momentum reflection inside smooth CNT pores. Gas permeances and enhancement factors over the Knudsen model firstly increased and then decreased with rising temperature, which confirmed the existence of non-Knudsen transport. And surface adsorption diffusion could affect the gas permeance at relatively low temperature. The gas permeance of the CNT/parylene composite membrane could be improved by optimizing operating temperature.
RNA interference-based gene silencing of phytoene synthase impairs growth, carotenoids, and plastid phenotype in Oncidium hybrid orchid
Authors: Liu Jian-Xin , Chiou Chung-Yi , Shen Chin-Hui , Chen Peng-Jen , Liu Yao-Chung , Jian Chin-Der , Shen Xiao-Lan , Shen Fu-Quan , Yeh Kai-Wun
Published: August 2014

Phytoene synthase (PSY) is the first rate-limiting regulatory enzyme in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway. In order to modify the floral color pattern by reducing carotenoid contents, a phytoene synthase-RNAi construct was delivered into protocorm-like body (PLB) of Oncidium hybrid orchid. The transgenic orchids show down-regulated level of PSY and geranyl synthase gene. They displayed semi-dwarf phenotype and brilliant green leaves. The microscopic anatomy revealed development-arrested plastids with rare grana. The total carotenoid content was decreased and the efficiency of the photosynthetic electron transport was declined. The chlorophyll level and the expression of chlorophyll biosynthetic genes, such as OgGLUTR and OgCS were dramatically reduced. HPLC analysis showed that the endogenous level of gibberellic acid and abscisic acid in the dwarf transformants are 4-fold lower than in wild type plants. In addition, chilling tolerance of the transgenic Oncidium plants was reduced. The data showed that down-regulation of PSY resulted in alterations of gene expression in enzymes involved in many metabolic pathways, such as carotenoid, gibberellic acid, abscisic acid and chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway as well as causes predominant defects in plant growth and development.
A case of panuveitis with hypopyon due to presumed ocular leishmaniasis in a HIV patient
Authors: Couture Simon , Agrawal Rupesh , Woods Kate , Lockwood Diana , Pavesio Carlos E , Addison Peter K F
Published: August 2014

Background

Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis is a well-known immunologic cutaneous reaction. There are few case reports of ocular leishmaniasis. It is a sight-threatening condition that needs to be rapidly recognized and treated to avoid permanent visual loss. Ocular leishmaniasis panuveitis can present with severe inflammation in patients with highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART)-induced immune reconstitution syndrome.

Findings

A case of a 40-year-old man, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive on HAART, with a presumed diagnosis of ocular leishmaniasis, is presented. He had a past history of visceral leishmaniasis and was referred to the uveitis service with rapidly worsening panuveitis and counting fingers vision in both eyes. On empirical anti-leishmania therapy and systemic steroids, the visual acuity of the left eye improved to 6/9 but remained poor in the right eye. Based on the medical history, improvement with therapy and the exclusion of other common infections, a presumed diagnosis of ocular leishmaniasis-related panuveitis was made.

Conclusions

A major immune reaction against lingering parasites may play a key role in the pathogenesis of this sight-threatening and rapidly progressive condition. Both the infection and the immune reaction should be treated.
High-frequency oscillatory ventilation in adults: handle with care
Authors: Ferguson Niall D
Published: August 2014

In the previous issue of Critical Care, Gu and colleagues reported the results of a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials comparing high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) with conventional ventilation in adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In contrast to findings of prior meta-analyses, their main finding was that, despite reducing risks of oxygenation failure, HFOV does not improve survival in adults with ARDS.
Conservative fluid therapy in septic shock: an example of targeted therapeutic minimization
Authors: Chen Catherine , Kollef Marin H
Published: August 2014

Intravenous fluids (IVFs) represent a basic therapeutic intervention utilized in septic shock. Unfortunately, the optimal method for administering IVFs to maximize patient outcomes is unknown. A meta-analysis of four randomized trials of goal-directed therapy did not demonstrate a significant reduction in mortality (odds ratio 0.609; 95% confidence interval 0.363 to 1.020; P = 0.059), whereas 18 trials with historical controls showed a significant increase in survival (odds ratio 0.580; 95% confidence interval 0.501 to 0.672; P < 0.0001). Based on these data, clinicians should be aware of the potential for harm due to the excessive administration of IVFs to patients with septic shock.
Moving beyond the pros and cons of automating cognitive testing in pathological aging and dementia: the case for equal opportunity
Authors: Wesnes Keith A
Published: August 2014

The lack of progress over the last decade in developing treatments for Alzheimer’s disease has called into question the quality of the cognitive assessments used while also shifting the emphasis from treatment to prophylaxis by studying the disorder at earlier stages, even prior to the development of cognitive symptoms. This has led various groups to seek cognitive tests which are more sensitive than those currently used and which can be meaningfully administered to individuals with mild or even no cognitive impairment. Although computerized tests have long been used in this field, they have made little inroads compared with non-automated tests. This review attempts to put in perspective the relative utilities of automated and non-automated tests of cognitive function in therapeutic trials of pathological aging and the dementias. Also by a review of the automation of cognitive tests over the last 150 years, it is hoped that the notion that such procedures are novel compared with pencil-and-paper testing will be dispelled. Furthermore, data will be presented to illustrate that older individuals and patients with dementia are neither stressed nor disadvantaged when tested with appropriately developed computerized methods. An important aspect of automated testing is that it can assess all aspects of task performance, including the speed of cognitive processes, and data are presented on the advantages this can confer in clinical trials. The ultimate objectives of the review are to encourage decision making in the field to move away from the automated/non-automated dichotomy and to develop criteria pertinent to each trial against which all available procedures are evaluated. If we are to make serious progress in this area, we must use the best tools available, and the evidence suggests that automated testing has earned the right to be judged against the same criteria as non-automated tests.
Investigations by Raman microscopy, ESEM and FTIR-ATR of wall paintings from Qasr el-Ghuieta temple, Kharga Oasis, Egypt
Authors: Mahmoud Hussein H Marey
Published: August 2014

In the present work, a multi-analytical approach was used to analyze samples collected from the wall paintings of Qasr el-Ghuieta temple, Kharga Oasis, Egypt. The temple is dating back to the 27th dynasty (525–404 BC) and was completed during the Ptolemaic period. The samples were analyzed by optical microscopy (OM), environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) coupled with an energy dispersive X-ray analysis system (EDX), Raman microscopy and Fourier transform infrared–attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy (FTIR–ATR). The chromatic palette used in the temple was identified as Egyptian blue (cuprorivaite), red ochre (haematite), yellow ochre (goethite) and carbon black (from a vegetable origin). The green pigment was identified as green earth, however, a green tonality was also obtained through a mixture of Egyptian blue and yellow ochre, and in some samples, carbon black was also found. Several amounts of anatase and carbon black were found in the red and yellow ochre samples, respectively. The analysis showed that the preparation layer is almost made of pure gypsum, while the plaster layer based mainly on gypsum with variable amounts of quartz, calcite and clay minerals. The results showed that the painting materials and techniques used in the temple are almost the same of those used in the Egyptian temples with respect to the stratigraphy of paint layers, chromatic palette and the painting technique employed.