bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Large-spatial-scale convective stimulated Raman side scattering under indirect drive conditions
Authors: Zeng Jia-Le , Lian Chang-Wang , Ji Yu , Yan Rui ,   Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China,   Collaborative Innovation Center for IFSA, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Published: March 2024

The large-spatial-scale stimulated Raman scattering relevant to the SG-III prototype indirect drive parameters is investigated by using the code PHANTAM, which is based on ray tracing and convective amplification. The simulations show that strong stimulated Raman side scattering processes occur in both empty hohlraum and gasfilled hohlraum. The incident laser spot size is found to be the critical factor affecting stimulated Raman side scattering: under the constant laser intensity conditions, the convective gain of stimulated Raman side scattering increases with the laser spot size increasing in both types of hohlraums. In our simulations, the wavenumber mismatch leads to a saturation of the convection gain of the stimulated Raman side scattering in empty hohlraum, while in gas-filled hohlraum the convection gain of the stimulated Raman side scattering keeps increasing as the spot size increases. Under constant laser power conditions, the convective gain of stimulated Raman side scattering decreases while laser spot size increases, and the convective gain of stimulated Raman side scattering decreases faster in empty hohlraum in our simulations. The convective gain of Raman side scattering can be adjusted by laser spot size.
Atypical Biological Motion Perception in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Dissociating the Roles of Local Motion and Global Configuration Processing
Authors: Tian Junbin , Yang Fang , Wang Ying , Wang Li , Wang Ning , Jiang Yi , Yang Li
Published: March 2024

The ability to perceive biological motion (BM) is crucial for human survival and social interaction. Plentiful studies have found impaired BM perception in autism spectrum disorder characterized by deficits in social interaction. Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often exhibit similar deficits in social interaction, but few studies have investigated BM perception in ADHD. Here, we compared the differences in abilities to process local kinematic and global configurational cues, two fundamental abilities of BM perception, between typically developing (TD) and ADHD children. Then, we further investigated the relationship between BM perception and social interaction skills measured by the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) and examined the contributions of latent factors (e.g., gender, age, attention and intelligence) to BM perception. Results revealed that children with ADHD exhibited atypical BM perception with a potential dissociation between local and global BM information processing. Local BM processing ability was largely related to social interaction skills, whereas global BM processing ability would significantly improve with age. Critically, general BM perception (i.e., both local and global BM cues) could be affected by sustained attention ability in children with ADHD. This relationship was mainly mediated by Reasoning Intelligence. These findings elucidate the atypical biological motion perception in ADHD and the latent factors related to BM perception. Moreover, this study provides new evidence for local BM perception as a hallmark of social cognition and advances the comprehensive understanding of the distinct roles of local and global processing in BM perception and social cognitive disorders.
Dynamic modes of Notch transcription hubs conferring memory and stochastic activation revealed by live imaging the co-activator Mastermind
Authors: deHaro-Arbona F Javier , Roussos Charalambos , Baloul Sarah , Townson Jonathan , Gomez-Lamarca Maria J. , Bray Sarah
Published: March 2024

Developmental programming involves the accurate conversion of signaling levels and dynamics to transcriptional outputs. The transcriptional relay in the Notch pathway relies on nuclear complexes containing the coactivator Mastermind (Mam). By tracking these complexes in real time, we reveal that they promote formation of a dynamic transcription hub in Notch ON nuclei which concentrates key factors including the Mediator CDK module. The composition of the hub is labile and persists after Notch withdrawal conferring a memory that enables rapid reformation. Surprisingly, only a third of Notch ON hubs progress to a state with nascent transcription, that correlates with Polymerase II and core Mediator recruitment. This probability is increased by a second signal. The discovery that target-gene transcription is probabilistic has far-reaching implications because it implies that stochastic differences in Notch pathway output can arise downstream of receptor activation.
Transcriptome-wide analysis of the function of Ded1 in translation preinitiation complex assembly in a reconstituted in vitro system
Authors: Zhou Fujun , Bocetti Julie M. , Hou Meizhen , Qin Daoming , Hinnebusch Alan G. , Lorsch Jon R.
Published: March 2024

We have developed a deep sequencing-based approach, Rec-Seq, that allows simultaneous monitoring of ribosomal 48S pre-initiation complex (PIC) formation on every mRNA in the translatome in an in vitro reconstituted system. Rec-Seq isolates key early steps in translation initiation in the absence of all other cellular components and processes. Using this approach we show that the DEAD-box ATPase Ded1 promotes 48S PIC formation on the start codons of >1000 native mRNAs, most of which have long, structured 5’-untranslated regions (5’UTRs). Remarkably, initiation measured in Rec-Seq was enhanced by Ded1 for most mRNAs previously shown to be highly Ded1-dependent by ribosome profiling of
ded1
mutants in vivo, demonstrating that the core translation functions of the factor are recapitulated in the purified system. Our data do not support a model in which Ded1acts by reducing initiation at alternative start codons in 5’UTRs and instead indicate it functions by directly promoting mRNA recruitment to the 43S PIC and scanning to locate the main start codon. We also provide evidence that eIF4A, another essential DEAD-box initiation factor, is required for efficient PIC assembly on almost all mRNAs, regardless of their structural complexity, in contrast to the preferential stimulation by Ded1 of initiation on mRNAs with long, structured 5’UTRs.
Refining the resolution of the yeast genotype-phenotype map using single-cell RNA-sequencing
Authors: N’Guessan Arnaud , Tong Wen Yuan , Heydari Hamed , Nguyen Ba Alex N
Published: March 2024

Genotype-phenotype mapping (GPM) or the association of trait variation to genetic variation has been a long-lasting problem in biology. The existing approaches to this problem allowed researchers to partially understand within- and between-species variation as well as the emergence or evolution of phenotypes. However, traditional GPM methods typically ignore the transcriptome or have low statistical power due to challenges related to dataset scale. Thus, it is not clear to what extent selection modulates transcriptomes and whether cis- or trans-regulatory elements are more important. To overcome these challenges, we leveraged the cost efficiency and scalability of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) by collecting data from 18,233 yeast cells from 4,489 F2 segregants derived from an F1 cross between the laboratory strain BY4741 and the vineyard strain RM11-1a. More precisely, we performed eQTL mapping with the scRNA-seq data to identify single-cell eQTL (sc-eQTL) and transcriptome variation patterns associated with fitness variation inferred from the segregant bulk fitness assay. Due to the larger scale of our dataset and its multidimensionality, we could recapitulate results from decades of work in GPM from yeast bulk assays while revealing new associations between phenotypic and transcriptomic variations at a broad scale. We evaluated the strength of the association between phenotype variation and expression variation, revealed new hotspots of gene expression regulation associated to trait variation, revealed new gene function with high expression heritability and highlighted the larger aggregate effect of trans-regulation compared to cis-regulation Altogether these results suggest that integrating large-scale scRNA-seq data into GPM improves our understanding of trait variation in the context of transcriptomic regulation.
A neurotransmitter atlas of the nervous system of C. elegans males and hermaphrodites
Authors: Wang Chen , Vidal Berta , Sural Surojit , Merritt Daniel M. , Toker Itai Antoine , Vogt Merly C. , Cros Cyril , Hobert Oliver
Published: March 2024

Assigning neurotransmitter identity to neurons is key to understanding information flow in a nervous system. It also provides valuable entry points for studying the development and plasticity of neuronal identity features. Neurotransmitter identities have been assigned to most neurons in the
C. elegans
nervous system through the expression pattern analysis of neurotransmitter pathway genes that encode neurotransmitter biosynthetic enzymes or transporters. However, many of these assignments have relied on multicopy reporter transgenes that may lack relevant
cis
-regulatory information and therefore may not provide an accurate picture of neurotransmitter usage. We analyzed the expression patterns of 13 CRISPR/Cas9-engineered reporter knock-in strains, which report on the deployment of all main types of neurotransmitters in
C. elegans
(glutamate, acetylcholine, GABA, serotonin, tyramine, and octopamine) throughout the entire nervous system of both the hermaphrodite and the male. Our analysis reveals novel sites of expression of these neurotransmitter systems within both neurons and glia and defines neurons that may be exclusively neuropeptidergic. Furthermore, we also identified unusual combinations of expression of monoaminergic synthesis pathway genes, suggesting the existence of novel monoaminergic transmitters. Our analysis results in what constitutes the most extensive nervous system-wide map of neurotransmitter usage to date, paving the way for a better understanding of neuronal communication in
C. elegans
.
Predictive nomogram for lymph node metastasis and survival in gastric cancer using contrast-enhanced computed tomography-based radiomics: a retrospective study
Authors: Zhang Weiteng , Wang Sujun , Dong Qiantong , Chen Wenjing , Wang Pengfei , Zhu Guanbao , Chen Xiaolei , Cai Yiqi
Published: March 2024

Background

Lymph node involvement significantly impacts the survival of gastric cancer patients and is a crucial factor in determining the appropriate treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of enhanced computed tomography (CT)-based radiomics in predicting lymph node metastasis (LNM) and survival in patients with gastric cancer before surgery.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of clinical data from 192 patients diagnosed with gastric carcinoma was conducted. The patients were randomly divided into a training cohort (n = 128) and a validation cohort (n = 64). Radiomic features of CT images were extracted using the Pyradiomics software platform, and distinctive features were further selected using a Lasso Cox regression model. Features significantly associated with LNM were identified through univariate and multivariate analyses and combined with radiomic scores to create a nomogram model for predicting lymph node involvement before surgery. The predictive performance of radiomics features, CT-reported lymph node status, and the nomogram model for LNM were compared in the training and validation cohorts by plotting receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. High-risk and low-risk groups were identified in both cohorts based on the cut-off value of 0.582 within the radiomics evaluation scheme, and survival rates were compared.

Results

Seven radiomic features were identified and selected, and patients were stratified into high-risk and low-risk groups using a 0.582 cut-off radiomics score. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that radiomics features, diabetes mellitus, Nutrition Risk Screening (NRS) 2002 score, and CT-reported lymph node status were significant predictors of LNM in patients with gastric cancer. A predictive nomogram model was developed by combining these predictors with the radiomics score, which accurately predicted LNM in gastric cancer patients before surgery and outperformed other models in terms of accuracy and sensitivity. The AUC values for the training and validation cohorts were 0.82 and 0.722, respectively. The high-risk and low-risk groups in both the training and validation cohorts showed significant differences in survival rates.

Conclusion

The radiomics nomogram, based on contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT ), is a promising non-invasive tool for preoperatively predicting LNM in gastric cancer patients and postoperative survival.
Effects of Various Drying Methods on the Proximate Composition and Antioxidant Activities of Stellaria media Leaves
Authors: Singh Ridhima , Chaudhary Mansi , Chauhan Ekta Singh
Published: March 2024

Background: Stellaria media belongs to the family of Caryophyllaceae. The plant is widely distributed in cold and temperate region all over the world. However, different parts of the S. media plant have been used to treat various disorders such as diarrhoea, jaundice, asthma, gastrointestinal disorders, measles, renal, reproductive, digestive, and respiratory tracts inflammations.
Aims: This investigation is aimed to determine the proximate composition and antioxidant activity of S. media leaves by using three different drying methods- Sun drying (SD), Shadow drying (SHD), and Oven drying (OD).
Methodology: All the experiments were performed according to standard procedures of the Association of Analytical Communities (AOAC). In this study, the effect of drying method on the proximate composition, mineral content, and antioxidant activity such as total flavonoid content, DPPH, and FRAP were investigated.
Results: The result was compared with the fresh leaves (FL) of the S. media. FL of S. media was recorded to have maximum amount of moisture content. Also, the ash content which was determinant of minerals content was higher in OD sample compared with the FL and other drying methods. Protein and crude fiber were higher in dried samples as compared with the FL. Furthermore, levels of calcium (Ca) and iron (Fe) were higher in SD sample as compared with FL, SHD, and OD samples. Meanwhile, the total flavonoid content (TFC) 652.0±0.56 mg quercetin/g was highest present in OD sample in methanol extract. The inhibition percentage in DPPH ranged from 4.8±0.17 in FL in water extract to 95.8±0.21 in OD samples in methanol extract. The value of FRAP ranged from 9.0±0.42 µmol FeII/g in FL in water extract to 9277.0±0.33 µmol FeII/g in OD samples in methanol extract. Also, the result showed in both DPPH and FRAP highest value in OD sample in methanol extract as same as TFC.
Conclusion: Nutrients and antioxidants help to maintain the nutritional status as well as to prevent various diseases. Therefore, they should be included as a dietary supplement. Furthermore, this represents a driver for future research in this field to consider different drying methods and determine the change in antioxidant activity using the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method.
The Availability of Soil N, P, K, and Mustard Yield after the Application of Liquid Organic Fertilizer from Household Waste in Ultisols
Authors: Muktamar Zainal , Zanovid Vikra , Hermawan Bandi , Anandyawati  , Utami Kartika , Setyowati Nanik
Published: March 2024

Ultisols are one of the dominant soil orders in Indonesia, accounting for approximately 25% of the total land area. The main problem of this soil is high aluminum (Al) saturation with low pH and plant nutrients. The study was intended to determine the effect of liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) from household waste on the availability of N, P, K, and mustard yield in Ultisols. The research used a complete randomized design (CRD) with six concentrations of liquid organic fertilizer of household waste. The treatments were repeated four times. The treatment included control, 10, 20, 30,40, and 50 ml LOF in a liter of water. The study revealed that the liquid organic fertilizer from household waste increased 1.06 folds of total soil N and 1.04 folds of exchangeable-K compared to the control but did not affect  available P. Also, soil pH was comparable among treatments. The greatest concentration of LOF (50 ml per liter of water) exhibited the highest yield of mustard, indicated by the highest fresh and dry shoot weight. In general, the study contributes to the development of eco-frindly agriculture.
Biochar-fortified Sil-KAB: Environment Friendly Briquette Technology to Improve Growth, Yield and Economics of Paddy
Authors: Jadhav Sagar , Sawant Yogesh , Kadao Sagar , Sarode Mayur
Published: March 2024

Paddy is one of the most important staple foods in the world. The area under paddy cultivation is 43.79 million hectares and the production is 116.43 million tons in 2018-19. It is an important staple food consumed by 65 percent of the country's population. However, paddy cultivation is also associated with an unbalanced use of fertilizers.
A balanced use of fertilizers is essential to increase the productivity of the harvest. Broadcast application of fertilizers during the Kharif season (In India, Kharif season is popularly considered to start in June and end in October.) leads to losses due to the dissolution of fertilizers in water and leaching from the field with the flooded water, thereby increasing the fertilizer requirement. Improper application of fertilizers leads to pollution of water bodies and is not environment friendly. Applying fertilizers through deep placement reduces the loss of fertilizers and is environmentally friendly. The field trial was conducted in Bhor during the Kharif season of 2022 to study the effect of biochar fortified Sil-KAB briquettes on growth, yield, economics and reduction  of methane emissions from the paddy field. The biochar fortified Sil-KAB briquettes have the potential to improve the efficiency of fertilizer use. The experiment was conducted with two treatments consisting of a conventional fertilizer application and biochar fortified Sil-KAB briquettes. The experiment was replicated with 14 farmers in two villages of Bhor, Pune.
The results of the trial showed that the application of biochar fortified Sil-KAB briquettes significantly increased the height of the paddy at tillering, panicle initiation and at the harvest stage. Significantly highest number of tillering hill-1, number of productive tillering hill-1, panicle length, number of filled grains panicle-1, number of total grains panicle-1, percentage of grain filling, grain yield, straw yield and net return of paddy were observed in biochar fortified Sil-KAB briquettes treatment. The application of biochar fortified Sil-KAB briquettes significantly reduced methane emissions from the paddy field. The application of biochar fortified Sil-KAB briquettes significantly improves the growth, yield and profitability of paddy in the Kharif season.
The Potential of Bentonite as a Low-cost Adsorbent for the Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Multicomponent Aqueous Systems of the Galvanic Industry
Authors: Ahmetović Melisa , Šestan Indira , Odobašić Amra , Papraćanin Edisa , Keran Husejin , Đozić Abdel , Junuzović Halid
Published: March 2024

Waste water in the galvanic process contains high concentrations of heavy metals that pose a direct danger to humans and the environment. Conventional methods for their removal are quite expensive and generate a large amount of waste. The development of new and improvement of existing methods for the removal of heavy metals from galvanic wastewater are the subject of many studies.
Compared to other purification methods, the adsorption is becoming an increasingly popular method of wastewater purification, especially if the adsorbent is cheap, easily available and does not require any other treatment before use. Therefore, the aim of the work was to investigate the possibility of using natural bentonite for the removal of heavy metal ions from multi-component water systems of the galvanic industry.
For this purpose, the physico-chemical characterization of natural bentonite was performed, and then the influence of pH value, time and temperature on the adsorption efficiency was examined.
The results of adsorption showed that natural bentonite can be used as an adsorbent for the removal of heavy metal ions from waste galvanic waters, and that at pH 5 it achieves the maximum removal efficiency for Cu(II):Cr(III):Ni(II) ions in the percentage ratio 100 : 99.990 : 99.998. The results showed that the highest removal efficiency for Cu (II) ions was achieved in the first 10 minutes, and 20 minutes for Cr (III) and Ni (II) ions. The maximum efficiency of Cu (II) removal was achieved at all temperatures, while for Cr (III) 99.99% and Ni (II) 100% maximum efficiency was achieved at 35°C, which indicates that the adsorption process is endothermic.
The experimental results of the adsorption of Cu (II) metal ions are in good agreement with the Langmuir and Freundlich theoretical models, while for Cr (III) and Ni (II) ions they are in better agreement with the Langmuir adsorption model.
Biotechnological Breakthroughs: Paving the Path to Cleaner and More Productive Agriculture through Bioremediation
Authors: Raghuvanshi Himendra Raj , Kalaiselvi P. , Dileep, V.  , Singh Abhishek , Jigile S. , Anushi  , Ravindra Naik Reema , Kumar Vijay
Published: March 2024

In recent years, biotechnological advancements have played a pivotal role in transforming traditional agricultural practices into sustainable and environmentally conscious systems. This article explores the revolutionary concept of bioremediation and its potential to address soil pollution, enhance crop productivity, and mitigate the environmental impact of conventional farming methods. Bioremediation involves harnessing the power of microorganisms, plants, or enzymes to detoxify or remove pollutants from soil, presenting a promising solution to the challenges posed by agrochemicals and industrial wastes. The first section of this abstract delves into the current state of agriculture, highlighting the widespread use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides, which has led to soil degradation, water contamination, and loss of biodiversity. These issues necessitate a paradigm shift towards sustainable agricultural practices that prioritize soil health and ecosystem balance. The second section explores the fundamental principles of bioremediation, emphasizing its versatility in addressing a wide range of pollutants, including heavy metals, pesticides, and organic contaminants. Through the use of genetically engineered microorganisms or naturally occurring plant-microbe partnerships, bioremediation offers a targeted and eco-friendly approach to soil restoration. Moving forward, the paper examines specific biotechnological breakthroughs that have propelled the field of bioremediation. From the development of genetically modified crops with enhanced phytoremediation capabilities to the use of engineered microbes for efficient pollutant degradation, these innovations showcase the potential of biotechnology in revolutionizing agriculture. Furthermore, the paper explores the economic and environmental benefits associated with the adoption of bioremediation techniques in agriculture. By reducing the reliance on synthetic chemicals, farmers can lower production costs, while simultaneously preserving soil fertility and safeguarding water resources. The potential for increased crop yields and improved food quality further underscores the positive impact of bioremediation on agricultural productivity.
Analysis of Pearl Millet's G x E Interaction with the Proposed New Index
Authors: Mamata  , Hooda B. K.
Published: March 2024

Developing cultivars that are stable in a variety of conditions has been a problem for plant breeders. The environment can have an impact on a cultivar's phenotypic performance, or different environments can have different effects on different cultivars. Variance resulting from a combination of an individual's genetic composition and the environment in which they were raised is referred to as the genotype-environment interaction. Reducing genotype-environment interaction through breeding stable genotypes facilitates selection of stable, high-yielding genotypes. In multi-environment cultivar trials, AMMI and GGE biplot analyses are frequently utilized to explain G×E interactions. In order to assess breeding material effectively, India's pearl millet agriculture has been split into three main zones, A1, A, and B, based on climatic circumstances. Using AMMI and GGE biplot analysis, the current study assessed the G×E interaction in pearl millet genotypes from Zone-B in India. Based on normalized grain yield and ASV indices, a new weighted index (WI) has been developed to assess stable and high-yielding genotypes. For this zone, the three interaction principal component axes (IPCA1, IPCA2, and IPCA3) have been found to be important. The indices YSI and WI have been used to identify both the high-yield and most stable genotypes, while the AMMI Stability Value (ASV) and Stability Index have been used to find the most stable genotypes. Based on WI, the genotypes G24 and G13 have been identified stable and high yielding genotypes for zone-B.
Seaweed on Productivity and Profitability of Major Crops in India
Authors: Reddy Chereddy Maheshwara , Reddy G. Mahesh , Meshram M. R.  , Priyavardhini S.
Published: March 2024

This article explores the transformative potential of seaweed in enhancing the productivity and profitability of major crops in India. Indian agriculture, a cornerstone of the nation's economy, faces numerous challenges, including declining soil fertility, water scarcity, and the pressing need for sustainable farming practices. Seaweed emerges as a promising solution, thanks to its rich nutritional profile, including essential minerals and growth hormones beneficial for crops. The article delves into various case studies and research findings that demonstrate significant improvements in crop yields and quality when seaweed-based products are employed. It also assesses the economic implications, highlighting the cost-effectiveness and increased profitability for farmers due to higher yields and improved crop quality. Additionally, the environmental benefits of seaweed, such as enhancing soil health, promoting sustainability, and reducing chemical usage, are discussed. Despite its potential, the article acknowledges challenges in scaling seaweed production and the need for further research and policy support. The conclusion emphasizes seaweed's role in revolutionizing Indian agriculture by offering a sustainable, profitable, and environmentally friendly approach to enhancing crop productivity.
Food Waste Reduction and Sustainable Food Systems: Strategies, Challenges, and Future Directions
Authors: Swetha B. S.  , Prabhakar Itigi , Veeresh  , Ainapur Shivanand D.
Published: March 2024

Food waste is a pressing global concern with profound economic, environmental, and social implications. This paper explores strategies to mitigate food waste across the food supply chain, from production to consumption. We delve into innovative technologies, policy interventions, and behavioral changes aimed at reducing food waste. Additionally, we address the challenges and complexities of food waste reduction efforts, including the need for systemic changes and the role of consumer behavior. Five subheadings, spanning topics such as food recovery, circular economy approaches, and sustainable agriculture, provide a comprehensive overview of the multifaceted issue of food waste. This paper underscores the urgency of addressing food waste as an integral part of building sustainable food systems for the future.
The
R
eimer–
T
iemann Reaction
Authors: Wynberg Hans , Meijer Egbert W.
Published: March 2007

The Reimer–Tiemann reaction owes its name to two young German chemists, Karl Reimer and Ferdinand Tiemann. In 1876 they isolated and identified hydroxyaldehydes as the principal reaction products of phenol and chloroform in alkaline medium. The scope of this reaction was enlarged in 1884 by von Auwers, who discovered the chlorine‐containing cyclohexadienones as by‐products in the formylation of alkylphenols. The ring‐expansion products, namely, chloropyridines, were first noted by Ciamician when he subjected pyrroles to Reimer–Tiemann reaction conditions. Nearly half a century passed before Woodward recognized that the conversion of an alkylphenol to a substituted cyclohexadienone could lead to the synthesis of terpenes and steroids containing an angular methyl group. Although the method failed as a preparatively useful approach to the synthesis of steroids, an A/B
trans
‐fused hexahydrophenanthrene was prepared using a Reimer–Tiemann reaction. The reaction was last reviewed some 20 years ago.

It is convenient to divide the Reimer–Tiemann reaction into a normal and abnormal transformation depending on the reaction products. A normal Reimer–Tiemann reaction is one in which a phenol (or electron‐rich aromatic such as pyrrole) yields one or more aldehydes on treatment with chloroform and alkali. The abnormal Reimer–Tiemann reaction product can be subdivided further into cyclohexadienones and ring‐expansion products:

When
ortho
‐ or
para
‐substituted phenols are subjected to the Reimer–Tiemann reaction conditions, 2,2‐ or 4,4‐disubstituted cyclohexadienones may be obtained in addition to the normal products. Several alkylphenols, alkylnaphthols, and tetralols have been converted into cyclohexadienones, whereas some alkylpyrroles are converted to pyrrolines in this manner.

A variety of five‐membered rings yield ring‐expansion products when subjected to the Reimer–Tiemann reaction conditions. These products are formed in addition to the normal products.

In addition to aromatic aldehydes, cyclohexadienones, pyrrolines, and ring‐expansion products, a variety of other products have been noted, isolated, and identified in a few cases. All these by‐products are discussed.
Photocyclization of Stilbenes and Related Molecules
Authors: Mallory Frank B. , Mallory Clelia W.
Published: March 2007

On irradiation in solution with ultraviolet (UV) light,
cis
‐stilbene undergoes reversible photocyclization to give
trans
‐4a,4b‐dihydrophenanthrene, an intermediate that can be trapped oxidatively with hydrogen acceptors such as iodine, oxygen, or tetracyanoethylene to give phenanthrene in high yield. This type of photoreaction occurs with a wide range of substituted stilbenes and related molecules, including various polycyclic and heterocyclic analogs; in addition, certain systems with a single heteroatom (nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur) in place of the central π bond undergo photocyclization, creating a new five‐membered heterocyclic ring. In some of these photocyclizing systems, the transient dihydroaromatic intermediates are trapped without added oxidants by the elimination of suitable leaving groups or by various hydrogen shifts.

Photocyclization is the preferred method for the synthesis of many different polynuclear aromatic systems.

The discovery and early development of stilbene photocyclization has been surveyed, and several other general reviews have appeared.
Chimpanzee facial symmetry: a biometric measure of chimpanzee health
Authors: Sefcek Jon A. , King James E.
Published: March 2007

This paper reports a study of fitness indicator theory in chimpanzees. First, it establishes a theoretical perspective for the study of fitness indicator theory and the relationships among indicators of fitness in humans and other animals. Second, it describes a methodology for assessing facial fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in a sample (N = 21) of zoo chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Third, associations among chimpanzee facial FA and health are described. FA was positively associated with negative health symptoms, and negatively associated with general health. Results are discussed under the framework of good genes theory. Am. J. Primatol. 69:1257–1263, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Imaging of Selective Nuclear Receptor Modulator‐Induced Conformational Changes in the Nuclear Receptor to Allow Interaction with Coactivator and Corepressor Proteins in Living Cells
Authors: Awais Muhammad , Sato Moritoshi , Umezawa Yoshio
Published: March 2007

Selective nuclear receptor modulators (SNRMs), which are used clinically for the treatment of NR‐related diseases, display mixed agonistic/antagonistic activity in a tissue‐selective manner depending on the cellular concentrations of coregulator proteins, that is, coactivators and corepressors. The molecular details of the SNRM function provided us with an idea for a rational method for the high‐throughput screening of SNRMs in real time in intact living cells. We have developed genetically encoded fluorescent indicators based on the principle of ligand‐induced coactivator and/or corepressor recruitment to NR ligand binding domain in single living cells. We demonstrated that an SNRM induces a distinct conformational change in the NR LBD, which is different from that induced by a full agonist or antagonist, but favorable for the recruitment of a coactivator or corepressor protein to the NR. The molecular details of an SNRM binding to a NR, and the subsequently induced conformational changes and recruitment of coregulator protein(s) are important features for the understanding of SNRM action in the living body. Our fluorescent indicators are capable of distinguishing among agonists, antagonists, and SNRMs, and can therefore serve as versatile molecular sensors that predict the pharmacological character of ligands, which is important for an accurate cure of a disease.
Correlates of referral practices of general surgeons to plastic surgeons for mastectomy reconstruction
Authors: Alderman Amy K. , Hawley Sarah T. , Waljee Jennifer , Morrow Monica , Katz Steven J.
Published: March 2007

BACKGROUND.

General surgeons' attitudes toward breast reconstruction may affect referrals to plastic surgeons. The propensity to refer to plastic surgeons prior to surgical treatment decisions for breast cancer varies markedly across general surgeons and is associated with receipt of reconstruction. In this study, the authors used data from a large physician survey to examine factors associated with general surgeons' propensity to refer breast cancer patients to plastic surgeons prior to mastectomy.

METHODS.

The authors surveyed all attending general surgeons (N = 456 surgeons) from a population‐based sample of breast cancer patients who were diagnosed in Detroit and Los Angeles during 2002 (N = 1844 patients), with a surgeon response rate of 80%. The dependent variable was surgeon report of the percentage of their mastectomy patients in the past 2 years who they referred to plastic surgeons prior to initial surgery (referral propensity). Referral propensity was collapsed into 3 categories (<25%, 25–75%, and >75%) and regressed on the following covariates using logistic regression: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry; number of years in clinical practice; surgeons' sex; annual breast surgery volume; and hospital setting.

RESULTS.

Only 24% of surgeons referred >75% of their patients to plastic surgeons prior to surgery (high referral propensity). High referral propensity was associated independently with surgeons who were women (odds ratio [OR], 2.3; P = .03), high clinical breast surgery volume (OR, 4.1; P < .01), and working in cancer centers (OR, 2.4; P = .01). High‐referral surgeons and low‐referral surgeons also had different beliefs about women's preferences for reconstruction, with the low‐referral surgeons perceiving more access barriers (cost, availability of plastic surgeons) and a lower patient priority for reconstruction.

CONCLUSIONS.

A large proportion of surgeons do not refer breast cancer patients to plastic surgery at the time of surgical decision‐making. Surgeons who have a high referral propensity are more likely to be women, to have a high clinical breast volume, and to work in cancer centers. These data support the importance of comanagement through multidisciplinary care models. Women need more opportunities to discuss reconstructive options to make informed surgical treatment decisions about their breast cancer. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
A simple error estimator for extended finite elements
Authors: Bordas Stéphane , Duflot Marc , Le Phong
Published: March 2007

This short communication presents the idea of an a posteriori error estimate for enriched (extended) finite elements (XFEM). The enhanced strain field against which the XFEM strains are compared, is computed through extended moving least‐squares smoothing constructed using the diffraction method to preserve the discontinuity. The error estimator is the L2 norm of the difference of the XFEM strain with the enhanced strain. We prove the concept of the proposed method on a 1D example with a singular solution and a 2D fracture mechanics example and conclude with some future work based on our
paradigm. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Power‐Law Blinking in the Fluorescence of Single Organic Molecules
Authors: Hoogenboom Jacob P. , Hernando Jordi , van Dijk Erik M. H. P. , van Hulst Niek F. , García‐Parajó Maria F.
Published: March 2007

The blinking behavior of perylene diïmide molecules is investigated at the single‐molecule level. We observe long‐time scale blinking of individual multi‐chromophoric complexes embedded in a poly(methylmethacrylate) matrix, as well as for the monomeric dye absorbed on a glass substrate at ambient conditions. In both these different systems, the blinking of single molecules is found to obey analogous power‐law statistics for both the on and off periods. The observed range for single‐molecular power‐law blinking extends over the full experimental time window, covering four orders of magnitude in time and six orders of magnitude in probability density. From molecule to molecule, we observe a large spread in off‐time power‐law exponents. The distributions of off‐exponents in both systems are markedly different whereas both on‐exponent distributions appear similar. Our results are consistent with models that ascribe the power‐law behavior to charge separation and (environment‐dependent) recombination by electron tunneling to a dynamic distribution of charge acceptors. As a consequence of power‐law statistics, single molecule properties like the total number of emitted photons display non‐ergodicity.
Developmental distribution of plasma membrane Ca2+‐ATPase isoforms in chick cerebellum
Authors: Sepúlveda M. Rosario , Hidalgo‐Sánchez Matias , Marcos Daniel , Mata Ana M.
Published: March 2007

The plasma membrane Ca2+‐ATPase (PMCA) is highly expressed in the nervous system, but little information is available about its implication in neuronal development. We have analyzed the expression and localization of different isoforms of PMCA in membrane vesicles and sections of chick cerebellum from embryonic day 10 to hatching. We found that the relative amount of each PMCA isoform and their spatiotemporal distribution in the cerebellum are directly linked to precise cellular types during the cerebellar maturation, even in a non‐neural tissue as choroid plexus. Purkinje cells contain the highest diversity of PMCA isoforms of the cerebellar cortex since the moment of its morphogenesis. From embryonic day 15, the PMCA2 was highly expressed in the whole Purkinje cell, while PMCAs 1 and 3 had a more restricted distribution in the soma and dendritic branches, and these distributions were evolving according with cell maturation. Other cellular types seem to contain a specific combination of isoforms, but with a well‐defined distribution pattern at late moments of development. Thus, PMCAs 1 and 3 were located in the soma of molecular layer interneurons, and only the PMCA2 was observed in granule cells at hatching. Furthermore, PMCA isoforms are also expressed in cellular compartments characterized by a high amount of synapses, suggesting a key role of these proteins in synaptogenesis and in the maturation of neuronal electrophysiological properties. Developmental Dynamics 236:1227–1236, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Non‐linear seismic response analysis of soil‐structure interaction systems
Authors: Toki Kenzo , Miura Fusanori
Published: March 2007

This paper presents an effective analysis procedure for the dynamic soil‐structure interaction problem considering not only the sliding and separation phenomena but also the non‐linear behaviour of soil by the finite element method. Soil is assumed to be an elasto‐plastic material and the contact surface between the soil and structure is modelled by the joint element. The load transfer method is adopted to carry out dynamic non‐linear response analysis. The method is applied to the response analysis of a nuclear reactor building resting on the ground surface. The effects of non‐linear behaviour of soil on the safety against sliding of the structure are examined.

The numerical computations reveal the following results: that the non‐linear behaviour of soil reduces the response of the system and the magnitude of sliding of the structure, and that the safety against sliding obtained by the proposed method is higher than the safety obtained by classical methods. This implies the possibility of a more rational and economical design of large structures; it can be said that the proposed method provides useful information for the stability analysis of important and large structures.
Vibration studies and tests of liquid storage tanks
Authors: Haroun Medhat A.
Published: March 2007

Theoretical and experimental investigations of the dynamic behaviour of ground‐supported, deformable, cylindrical liquid storage tanks were conducted. The study was carried out in three phases: (I) a detailed theoretical treatment of the coupled liquid‐shell system for tanks rigidly anchored to their foundations; (II) an experimental investigation of the dynamic characteristics of full‐scale tanks; and (III) a development of an improved seismic design procedure.
Analysis of damaged concrete frames for cyclic loads
Authors: Meyer Christian , Roufaiel Magdy S. L. , Arzoumanidis Serafim G.
Published: March 2007

A mathematical model for reinforced concrete frame members is presented, which is different from others presented in the literature in that the finite size of the plastic regions is taken into account. Moreover, the model requires the specification of only elementary material properties of steel and concrete to simulate the complete behaviour under strong cyclic loads. To facilitate the analysis of damaged concrete frames, element and global damage parameters are introduced which permit the estimation of all initial conditions from only a few basic variables which can be obtained from post‐earthquake field inspections, such as the residual roof displacement. The accuracy of the model is demonstrated in a series of three examples wherein analytical response predictions are compared with available experimental test data.
Non‐linear rocking response of model containment structures
Authors: Vaughan D. K. , Isenberg J.
Published: March 2007

Small (1/24‐ to 1/8‐size) nuclear containment structures were subjected to ground shaking from buried explosions and to oscillating forces. The apparent natural frequency or resonant frequency of rocking varies inversely with amplitude of the shaking. The present paper describes an explicit finite difference model of soil‐structure interaction induced by explosive loading. The results indicate that non‐linear rocking response is primarily a result of debonding‐rebonding and compaction of soil at the soil‐structure interface. Measurements of dynamic interface stress and post‐test inspection of the interface region tend to confirm these findings.
Dynamic stiffness of parabolic cables
Authors: Veletsos A. S. , Darbre G. R.
Published: March 2007

A closed‐form expression for the in‐plane horizontal stiffness of a viscously damped, uniform, inclined cable in harmonic motion is presented. The cable is presumed to be deflected in a parabolic profile at its position of static equilibrium, and all dynamic displacements are assumed to be small. The stiffness expression is valid for an arbitrary angle of inclination of the cable chord in the range between zero and 90 degrees. In addition, a simpler solution, valid over a narrower range of the parameters, is included and its accuracy examined.

Comprehensive numerical data are presented and discussed, with particular emphasis on explaining the physical significance of the results and providing insight into the action of the cable and into the parameters that control it. Finally, a simple, single‐degree‐of‐freedom model is proposed which reproduces with good accuracy the salient features of the response of the prototype cable over a wide range of conditions.
Classification and rating of strong‐motion earthquake records
Authors: Iyengar R. N. , Prodhan K. C.
Published: March 2007

Ninety‐two strong‐motion earthquake records from the California region, U.S.A., have been statistically studied using principal component analysis in terms of twelve important standardized strong‐motion characteristics. The first two principal components account for about 57 per cent of the total variance. Based on these two components the earthquake records are classified into nine groups in a two‐dimensional principal component plane. Also a unidimensional engineering rating scale is proposed. The procedure can be used as an objective approach for classifying and rating future earthquakes.
Cavitation in fluid‐structure response (with particular reference to dams under earthquake loading)
Authors: Zienkiewicz O. C. , Paul D. K. , Hinton E.
Published: March 2007

The paper presents a general procedure for dealing with coupled fluid‐structure interaction under dynamic load. This incorporates a facility for dealing with a cavitating fluid and is based on the Newton displacement potential. Several solutions are obtained for two‐dimensional gravity dam problems illustrating the effects of cavitation on earthquake response and blast loading.
Constitutive model for concrete under dynamic loading
Authors: Bićanić N. , Zienkiewicz O. C.
Published: March 2007

A rate and history dependent numerical model for plain concrete under seismic loading conditions is proposed. The model follows the modified Perzyna's theory of elasto/viscoplasticity employing the stress rate sensitive fluidity parameter and two surfaces in the principal stress space—the discontinuity surface defining the departure from elasticity, and the strength limit surface, to serve as a damage monitoring device and to initiate the degradation of the discontinuity surface once the stress point reaches the limiting strength level. A general model concept is given, together with the detailed description of the model version, based entirely on uniaxial test data. The identification of model parameters is related to the extensive experiments by Hatano et al. Two parameter Mohr/Coulomb surfaces are chosen for the multiaxial representation of both discontinuity and the strength limit surfaces in the context of non‐linear finite element analysis.