bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gestural Control in the English Past-Tense Suffix: An Articulatory Study Using Real-Time MRI
Authors: Lammert Adam , Goldstein Louis , Ramanarayanan Vikram , Narayanan Shrikanth
Published: July 2015

The English past tense allomorph following a coronal stop (e.g., /bɑndəd/) includes a vocoid that has traditionally been transcribed as a schwa or as a barred i. Previous evidence has suggested that this entity does not involve a specific articulatory gesture of any kind. Rather, its presence may simply result from temporal coordination of the two temporally adjacent coronal gestures, while the interval between those two gestures remains voiced and is acoustically reminiscent of a schwa. The acoustic and articulatory characteristics of this vocoid are reexamined in this work using real-time MRI with synchronized audio which affords complete midsagittal views of the vocal tract. A novel statistical analysis is developed to address the issue of articulatory targetlessness based on previous models that predict articulatory action from segmental context. Results reinforce the idea that this vocoid is different, both acoustically and articulatorily, than lexical schwa, but its targetless nature is not supported. Data suggest that an articulatory target does exist, especially in the pharynx where it is revealed by the new data acquisition methodology. Moreover, substantial articulatory differences are observed between subjects, which highlights both the difficulty in characterizing this entity previously, and the need for further study with additional subjects.
PDK1 Activity Regulates Proliferation, Invasion and Growth of Hemangiomas
Authors: Zheng Ningning , Ding Xudong , Sun Amy , Jahan Rabita
Published: July 2015

Background: Hemangiomas are common vascular endothelial cell tumors. Abnormally activated PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is one of the most important biological characteristics of Hemangioma. 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1(PDK1), an upstream protein of Akt, regulates the activity of Akt and its downstream kinases. The objective of this study is to explore the effect of PDK1 on malignant vascular tumors and their cell signaling mechanism in mice. Methods: Mouse Hemangioendothelioma Endothelial Cells (EOMA cells) and Nu/Nu mice were used. The silencing of PDK1 was mediated by lentiviral shRNA. Western blotting, WST-1 proliferation assay, Matrigel invasion assay, and Xenograft vascular tumor model were utilized to examine the effects and mechanism of PDK1 growth, proliferation, and invasion of an Hemangioma. Results: PDK1 deficiency significantly reduced the proliferation and invasion of EOMA cells in vitro, and depressed the growth of vascular tumor in vivo by decreasing the activity of Akt signaling pathway. Conclusion: We hypothesize that PDK1 plays a significant role in the progression and growth of vascular tumors and targeting PDK1 may thus be considered in their treatment.
Alpha1-Adrenergic Receptor Activation Stimulates Calcium Entry and Proliferation via TRPC6 Channels in Cultured Human Mesangial Cells
Authors: Kong Fanwu , Ma Linlin , Zou Li , Meng Kexin , Ji Tianrong , Zhang Lei , Zhang Rui , Jiao Jundong
Published: July 2015

Background and Aims: There is accumulating evidence that sympathetic nervous hyperactivity contributes to the pathogenesis of glomerular sclerosis independent of blood pressure effects. A previous study showed that α1-adrenoceptor (α1-AR) antagonists inhibit mesangial cell (MC) proliferation. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Methods and Results: We found that α1-AR is expressed in a human mesangial cell line. The α1-AR agonist phenylephrine (PE) induced Ca2+ influx as well as release from intracellular Ca2+ stores. Blockade of TRPC6 with siRNA, anti-TRPC6 antibodies and a TRPC blocker attenuated the PE-induced [Ca2+]i increase. Additionally, the PE-induced [Ca2+]i increase was phospholipase C dependent. Furthermore, PE induced a [Ca2+]i increase even when the intracellular Ca2+ stores were already depleted. This effect was mimicked by an analog of diacylglycerol. These results suggested that, upon α1-AR stimulation, TRPC6 mediates Ca2+ influx via a receptor-operated Ca2+ entry mechanism. Finally, TRPC6 contributes to the PE-induced MC proliferation. The mechanisms are associated with the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway because blockade of TRPC6 and chelation of extracellular Ca2+ abrogated PE-induced ERK1/2 abrogated PE-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Conclusion: TRPC6 channels are involved in α1-AR activation-induced Ca2+ entry, which mediates proliferation via ERK signaling in human MCs
rs2910164 Polymorphism Confers a Decreased Risk for Pulmonary Hypertension by Compromising the Processing of microRNA-146a
Authors: Liu Haitao , Chen Mai , Wu Feng , Li Fei , Yin Tao , Cheng Hexiang , Li Weijie , Liu Bing , Wang Qiong , Tao Ling
Published: July 2015

Objective: To identify the association between rs2910164 polymorphism and development of pulmonary hypertension, as well as underlying molecular mechanism. Methods and Results: 281 patients diagnosed with pulmonary hypertension and 325 normal controls were recruited, and rs2910164 genotype was determined in each participant: As a result, the rs2910164 polymorphism was significantly associated with the development of pulmonary hypertension after adjusting some potential confounding factors. Additionally, lung tissue samples were obtained from 39 patients who received surgical intervention for lung cancer, and mRNA and protein expression levels of miR-146a, COX-2 and PGI2 production were examined. Furthermore, we confirmed COX-2 is a target of miR-146a in pulmonary smooth muscle cells, and identified a differentially expressed miR-146a and COX-2 in each rs2910164 genotype group. We observed a significant association between rs2910164 polymorphism and the levels of either COX-2 or PGI2 using real-time PCR and western blot. In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrate that the rs2910164 CC and GC genotype is associated with a decreased risk of pulmonary hypertension, which could be attributed to defective miRNA processing and compromised ability to inhibit production of COX-2 and PGI2.
Factors Affecting the Recurrence of Giant Cell Tumor of Bone After Surgery: A Clinicopathological Study of 80 Cases from a Single Center
Authors: Cheng Dong-dong , Hu Tu , Zhang Hui-zhen , Huang Jin , Yang Qing-cheng
Published: July 2015

Background/Aims: This aim of the present study was to identify specific markers determining the recurrence of the giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB). Methods: This study involved the clinicopathological analysis of 80 cases. All of the clinical features, pathological fracture, Campanacci grade, histological features and surgical methods were reviewed. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of Ki-67, CD147, mutant p53 and p63 in GCTB. Comparisons between different groups were performed using the Chi-square test. The risk factors affecting recurrence were analyzed using a binary logistic model. Kaplan-Meier analysis was employed for the survival analysis between the groups. Cell proliferation assays, migration and invasion assays were used to detect the function of CD147 on GCTB in vitro. Results: The univariate analysis showed that Ki-67 and CD147 expression, pathological fracture, Campanacci grade and surgical method were associated with recurrence. The multivariate analysis revealed that CD147 expression, Campanacci grade and surgical method were the factors affecting GCTB recurrence. In addition, the Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that these factors affected tumor-free survival time. In vitro study revealed that the CD147 knockdown by small interfering RNA (siRNA) technique dramatically reduced the proliferation, migration and invasion of GCTB. Conclusion: Our results suggest that CD147 may serve as an adequate marker for GCTB recurrence. Campanacci grade is a risk factor for GCTB recurrence, which is also affected by the surgical method used.
Cordyceps Militaris Alleviates Severity of Murine Acute Lung Injury Through miRNAs-Mediated CXCR2 Inhibition
Authors: Liu Sheng , Tang Jian , Huang Lei , Xu Qirong , Ling Xiang , Liu Jichun
Published: July 2015

Background/Aims: Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are lethal diseases in humans, and the current treatments have limited therapeutic effects. Cordyceps militaris (CM) is a caterpillar-grown traditional medicinal mushroom, and has been used as a natural invigorant for longevity, endurance, and vitality in China. Recently, purified extracts from CM have been shown to have beneficial effects on various diseases including cancer. Nevertheless, a role of CM in ALI has not been examined previously. Methods: Here, we used a bleomycin-induced ALI model to study the effects of CM on the severity of ALI in mice. The levels of CXCR2, a receptor for Interleukin 8 (IL-8) in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells, were examined in different experimental groups. The levels of microRNA (miR)-1321 and miR-3188 were also examined in lung samples and in CM. Adeno-associated viruses carrying miR-1321 and miR-3188 were injected into bleomycin-treated mice for evaluation their effects on the severity of ALI. Results: CM treatment significantly alleviated the severity of bleomycin-induced ALI in mice. The increases in lung CXCR2 by bleomycin were significantly reduced by CM at protein level, but not at mRNA level. CM contained high levels of 2 miRNAs (miR-1321 and miR-3188) that target 3'-UTR of CXCR2 mRNA to inhibit its expression. Overexpression of miR-1321 and miR-3188 in mouse lung through AAV-mediated gene therapy mimicked the effects of CM. Conclusion: CM may alleviate severity of murine ALI through miRNAs-mediated CXCR2 inhibition.
Valsartan Reduced Atrial Fibrillation Susceptibility by Inhibiting Atrial Parasympathetic Remodeling through MAPKs/Neurturin Pathway
Authors: Liu Lei , Geng Jianqiang , Zhao Hongwei , Yun Fengxiang , Wang Xiaoyu , Yan Sen , Ding Xue , Li Wenpeng , Wang Dingyu , Li Jianqiang , Pan Zhenwei , Gong Yongtai , Tan Xiangyang , Li Yue
Published: July 2015

Background/Aims: Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) have been proved to be effective in preventing atrial structural and electrical remodelinq in atrial fibrillation (AF). Previous studies have shown that parasympathetic remodeling plays an important role in AF. However, the effects of ARBs on atrial parasympathetic remodeling in AF and the underlying mechanisms are still unknown. Methods: Canines were divided into sham-operated, pacing and valsartan + pacing groups. Rats and HL-1 cardiomyocytes were divided into control, angiotensin II (Ang II) and Ang II + valsartan groups, respectively. Atrial parasympathetic remodeling was quantified by immunocytochemical staining with anti-choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) antibody. Western blot was used to analysis the protein expression of neurturin. Results: Both inducibility and duration were increased in chronic atrial rapid-pacing canine model, which was significantly inhibited by the treatment with valsartan. The density of ChAT-positive nerves and the protein level of neurturin in the atria of pacing canines were both increased than those in sham-operated canines. Ang II treatment not only induced atrial parasympathetic remodeling in rats, but also up-regulated the protein expression of neurturin. Valsartan significantly prevented atrial parasympathetic remodeling, and suppressed the protein expression of neurturin. Meanwhile, valsartan inhibited Ang II -induced up-regulation of neurturin and MAPKs in cultured cardiac myocytes. Inhibition of MAPKs dramatically attenuated neurturin up-regulation induced by Ang II. Conclusion: Parasympathetic remodeling was present in animals subjected to rapid pacing or Ang II infusion, which was mediated by MAPKs/neurturin pathway. Valsartan is able to prevent atrial parasympathetic remodeling and the occurrence of AF via inhibiting MAPKs/neurturin pathway.
Prevalence of Obesity in Patients with Psoriasis: Results of the National Study PsoHealth3
Authors: Jacobi Arnd , Langenbruch Anna , Purwins Sandra , Augustin Matthias , Radtke Marc A.
Published: July 2015

Background: Psoriasis is frequently associated with obesity which possibly contributes to reduced treatment response. Objectives: Assessment of the prevalence of obesity in patients with psoriasis in Germany 2013/2014. Patients and Methods: The frequency of overweight and obesity was assessed by the body mass index (BMI) and evaluated according to the severity of psoriasis [Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI)]. Results: This national, cross-sectional survey involved 83 dermatological practices and outpatient clinics, including 1,265 patients (mean age 52 years; 43.4% female). The BMI of patients with psoriasis in 2013/2014 was found to be 28.0 and therefore was significantly higher compared to that of patients with psoriasis in 2007 with a BMI of 26.9 as well as compared to the normal population in 2013 with an overall BMI of 25.9. Conclusions: The prevalence of obesity in patients with psoriasis is higher than in the normal population. The trend towards a higher BMI in patients with psoriasis continues over time.
Inverse Relationship of Blood Pressure to Long-Term Outcomes and Benefit of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Patients With Mild Heart Failure
Authors: Biton Yitschak , Moss Arthur J. , Kutyifa Valentina , Mathias Andrew , Sherazi Saadia , Zareba Wojciech , McNitt Scott , Polonsky Bronislava , Barsheshet Alon , Brown Mary W. , Goldenberg Ilan
Published: July 2015

Background—

Previous studies have shown that low blood pressure is associated with increased mortality and heart failure (HF) in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) was shown to increase systolic blood pressure (SBP). Therefore, we hypothesized that treatment with CRT would provide incremental benefit in patients with lower SBP values.

Methods and Results—

The independent contribution of SBP to outcome was analyzed in 1267 patients with left bundle brunch block enrolled in Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial With Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (MADIT-CRT). SBP was assessed as continuous measures and further categorized into approximate quintiles. The risk of long-term HF or death and CRT with defibrillator versus implantable cardioverter defibrillator benefit was assessed in multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models. Multivariate analysis showed that in the implantable cardioverter defibrillator arm, each 10-mm Hg decrement of SBP was independently associated with a significant 21% (
P
<0.001) increased risk for HF or death, and patients with lower quintile SBP (<110 mm Hg) experienced a corresponding >2-fold risk-increase. CRT with defibrillator provided the greatest HF or mortality risk reduction in patients with SBP<110 mm Hg hazard ratio of 0.34,
P
<0.001, when compared with hazard ratio of 0.52,
P
<0.001, in those with 110>SBP≥136 mm Hg and hazard ratio of 0.94,
P
=0.808, with SBP>136 mm Hg (
P
for trend=0.001).

Conclusions—

In patients with mild HF, prolonged QRS, and left bundle brunch block, low SBP is related to higher risk of mortality or HF with implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy alone. Treatment with CRT is associated with incremental clinical benefits in patients with lower baseline SBP values.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00180271.
An Attempt to Prosecute: The Muslim Brotherhood’s Communication to the International Criminal Court Relating to the Alleged Crimes in Egypt
Authors: ElDeeb Hossam
Published: July 2015

The article analyses a communication submitted by the Muslim Brotherhood group (mb) to the International Criminal Court (icc) relating to alleged crimes in Egypt. After the ousting of Morsi, hundreds of Morsi supporters were killed during the dispersal of two sit-in camps. The mb lawyers argued that the ousted, Morsi, is still the legitimate president of Egypt and hence can accept the Court’s jurisdiction pursuant to Article 12(3) of the Rome Statute. It is argued that such controversial communications submitted to the Court have serious implications other than the intended purpose of communications. The article briefly reviews the situation of Egypt’s criminal justice system in relation to the alleged crimes and the legal position of the mb, then analyses the scope of Article 12(3) before it critically argues that the communication submitted to the icc was for political gain and the Court should restrain itself from entering into political debates.
International Criminal Courts and Normative Legitimacy: An Achievable Goal?
Authors: Clark Janine Natalya
Published: July 2015

Like any institution, international criminal courts must be seen as legitimate. The ultimate form of legitimacy that they can aspire to is normative legitimacy, meaning that their work is morally valued even when they issue contentious verdicts. Yet how realistic is it, in practice, for international criminal courts to achieve normative legitimacy? This is the central question that underpins this research, which, as its conceptual starting point, uses Mark C. Suchman’s typology of cognitive, pragmatic and normative legitimacy. Arguing that cognitive and pragmatic legitimacy are the building blocks for constructing normative legitimacy, the article concludes by demonstrating how the so-called New Haven School offers an important point of departure for addressing the practical challenges of achieving normative legitimacy.
A new species of Amyris (Rutaceae) from southern Ecuador
Authors: Palacios Walter A.
Published: July 2015

A new species, Amyris karlitae, from southern Ecuador is described, illustrated and contrasted with closely related species. It is characterized by the following combination of characters: glabrous unifoliolate leaves with lamina elliptic, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-elliptic, 6–11 cm long, 4–6 cm wide, with apex acuminate or emarginate; secondary veins in 10–13 pairs, more or less convergent, inconspicuous, branched towards the margin; stamens 8, 4 short alternating with 4 longer. The new species grows in the semi-deciduous forests of southern Ecuador, between 1400 and 1700 m.
Arenaria acaulis (Caryophyllaceae), a new species from South Peru
Authors: Montesinos Daniel Bernardo , KOOL ANNELEEN
Published: July 2015

During studies on the flora of Moquegua (Southern Peru), some interesting Arenaria populations (subgen. Dicranilla, Caryophyllaceae) were found. The morphology of the plants does not resemble any other neotropical Arenaria species. The most similar species known so far is Arenaria boliviana (from Bolivia and Peru) from which it differs in having a shorter stem length, ciliate (not glabrous) short branches; ovate rather than oblong-lanceolate leaves always covered with dense, long trichomes, never glabrous; pedicels shorter than or equal to the size of the calyx (not twice as long), sepals broadly ovate (not ovate-oblong) and with glabrous surface, as well as in the petals. Hence, a new species—A. acaulis—is here described and illustrated.
Molecular and morphological data support recognition of a new genus of New World direct-developing frog (Anura: Terrarana) from an under-sampled region of South America
Authors: HEINICKE MATTHEW P. , BARRIO-AMORÓS CÉSAR L. , HEDGES S. BLAIR
Published: July 2015

We describe a new genus of New World direct-developing frog (Terrarana) from the northern Andes of Venezuela and adjacent Colombia. Tachiramantis gen. nov. includes three species formerly placed in the large genus Pristimantis. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of data from five nuclear and mitochondrial genes shows that Tachiramantis is not part of Pristimantis or any other named genus in its family (Craugastoridae or Strabomantidae). Morphological evidence further supports the distinctiveness of Tachiramantis, which has several aspects of skull morphology that are rare or absent in Pristimantis and synapomorphic for Tachiramantis, including frontoparietal-prootic fusion and degree of vomer development. The terminal phalanges, which narrow greatly before expanding at the tips, may represent an additional morphological synapomorphy. One species, T. prolixodiscus, also displays a fenestra between the posterior portions of the frontoparietals, a character state otherwise present in only 1 of 98 other sampled terraranan species. We use mapped ranges of most New World direct-developing frogs to show that Tachiramantis occurs in a geographic region that had been under-sampled in previous molecular studies of New World direct-developing frogs. Other under-sampled regions are identified in western Peru, Colombia, and northern Central America; these regions should provide fruitful target taxa for future phylogenetic studies.
A new species of spectacularly coloured flat lizard Platysaurus (Squamata: Cordylidae: Platysaurinae) from southern Africa
Authors: WHITING MARTIN J. , BRANCH WILLIAM R. , PEPPER MITZY , KEOGH J. SCOTT
Published: July 2015

We describe a new species of flat lizard (Platysaurus attenboroughi sp. nov.) from the Richtersveld of the Northern Cape Province of South Africa and the Fish River Canyon region of southern Namibia. This species was formerly confused with P. capensis from the Kamiesberg region of Namaqualand, South Africa. Genetic analysis based on one mtDNA and two nDNA loci found Platysaurus attenboroughi sp. nov. to be genetically divergent from P. capensis and these species can also be differentiated by a number of scalation characters, coloration and their allopatric distributions. To stabilize the taxonomy the type locality of Platysaurus capensis A. Smith 1844 is restricted to the Kamiesberg region, Namaqualand, Northern Cape Province, South Africa.
Badis laspiophilus, a new miniature addition to the ichthyofauna of West Bengal, north-eastern India, with observations on its ecology and preliminary notes on its ethology (Actinopterygii: Perciformes: Badidae)
Authors: Valdesalici Stefano , Voort Stefan van der
Published: July 2015

Badis laspiophilus is described from the Torsa River drainage, West Bengal, India. It can be distinguished from congeners by a combination of characters which include a small size (15.7–21.0 mm SL), 14–16 circumpeduncular row scales, interorbital width 6.7–8.9 % SL, upper and lower jaws 8.2–9.2 and 10.2–13.4 % SL, respectively, presence of two dorsal-fin blotches and a single round blotch on the anal fin, and absence of cleithral, opercle and dorsolateral caudal peduncle blotches. Its benthic ecology is discussed and the Badis singenensis species group is diagnosed, of which B. laspiophilus and B. singenensis are considered members.
Descriptions of three new species of Glossogobius (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from New Guinea
Authors: HOESE DOUGLASS F. , ALLEN GERALD R.
Published: July 2015

Three new species of Glossogobius are described from New Guinea. Glossogobius multipapillus, n. sp. from northeastern New Guinea has a lobed mental fraenum and a distinctive papilla pattern unlike any other species in the genus. Glossogobius sentaniensis, n. sp. is described from Lake Sentani. The species is similar to Glossogobius aureus and G. koragensis differing in head pores and large dark spots on the body. Glossogobius macrocephalus n. sp. from Lake Tebera and surrounding rivers has a lobed mental fraenum and differs from other species in the Glossogobius celebius group in the combination of having a large head, head pore, fin-ray and predorsal scale counts.
A taxonomic revision of the Quadrideres simplicipes species-group (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Pedinini), including description of a new species from Tanzania
Authors: KAMIŃSKI MARCIN JAN
Published: July 2015

The taxonomic and distributional data concerning the representatives of the Quadrideres simplicipes species-group is revised. Selinus parallelus Ancey, 1877, considered by some previous authors as incertae sedis Platynotina species, is transferred to the genus Quadrideres. Q. ruandanus Koch, 1956 is proposed as a synonym of S. parallelus. Lectotypes for Selinus parallelus, S. simplicipes Gebien, 1910, Q. robynsi Koch, 1956 and Q. ruandanus are designated to fix the taxonomic status of these species. Q. kazimierzi sp. nov. is described as a new species. An identification key is provided to all known species of the Q. simplicipes species-group. This paper brings the total species number within the genus Quadrideres to 20.
On the Rapid Intensification of Hurricane Wilma (2005). Part III: Effects of Latent Heat of Fusion
Authors: Miller William , Chen Hua , Zhang Da-Lin
Published: July 2015

The impacts of the latent heat of fusion on the rapid intensification (RI) of Hurricane Wilma (2005) are examined by comparing a 72-h control simulation (CTL) of the storm to a sensitivity simulation in which the latent heat of deposition is reduced by removing fusion heating (NFUS). Results show that, while both storms undergo RI, the intensification rate is substantially reduced in NFUS. At peak intensity, NFUS is weaker than CTL by 30 hPa in minimum central pressure and by 12 m s−1 in maximum surface winds. The reduced rate of surface pressure falls in NFUS appears to result hydrostatically from less upper-level warming in the eye. It is shown that CTL generates more inner-core convective bursts (CBs) during RI, with higher altitudes of peak vertical motion in the eyewall, compared to NFUS. The latent heat of fusion contributes positively to sufficient eyewall conditional instability to support CB updrafts. Slantwise soundings taken in CB updraft cores reveal moist adiabatic lapse rates until 200 hPa, where the updraft intensity peaks. These results suggest that CBs may impact hurricane intensification by inducing compensating subsidence of the lower-stratospheric air, and the authors conclude that the development of more CBs inside the upper-level radius of maximum wind and at the higher altitude of latent heating all appear to be favorable for the RI of Wilma.
On the Convective Coupling and Moisture Organization of East Pacific Easterly Waves
Authors: Rydbeck Adam V. , Maloney Eric D.
Published: July 2015

Processes associated with the local amplification of easterly waves (EWs) in the east Pacific warm pool are explored. Developing EWs favor convection in the southwest and northeast quadrants of the disturbance. In nascent EWs, convection favors the southwest quadrant. As the EW life cycle progresses, convection in the northeast quadrant becomes increasingly prominent and southwest quadrant convection wanes. The EW moisture budget reveals that anomalous meridional winds acting on the mean meridional moisture gradient of the ITCZ produce moisture anomalies supportive of convection in the southwest quadrant early in the EW life cycle. As EWs mature, moisture anomalies on the poleward side of the EW begin to grow and are supported by the advection of anomalous moisture by the mean zonal wind.

In the southwest and northeast portions of the wave, where convection anomalies are favored, lower-tropospheric vorticity is generated locally through vertical stretching that supports a horizontal tilt of the wave from the southwest to the northeast. EWs with such tilts are then able to draw energy via barotropic conversion from the background cyclonic zonal wind shear present in the east Pacific. Convection anomalies associated with EWs vary strongly with changes in the background intraseasonal state. EWs during westerly and neutral intraseasonal periods are associated with robust convection anomalies. Easterly intraseasonal periods are, at times, associated with very weak EW convection anomalies because of weaker moisture and diluted CAPE variations.
Considerations for Oversampling in Azimuth on the Phased Array Weather Radar
Authors: Borowska Lesya , Zhang Guifu , Zrnić Dusan S.
Published: July 2015

When spectral moments in the azimuth are spaced by less than a beamwidth, it is called oversampling. Superresolution is a type of oversampling that refers to sampling at half a beamwidth on the national network of Doppler weather radars [Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D)]. Such close spacing is desirable because it extends the range at which small severe weather features, such as tornadoes or microbursts, can be resolved. This study examines oversampling for phased array radars. The goal of the study is to preserve the same effective beamwidth as on the WSR-88D while obtaining smaller spectral moment estimate errors at the same or faster volume update times. To that effect, a weighted average of autocorrelations of radar signals from three consecutive radials is proposed. Errors in three spectral moments obtained from these autocorrelations are evaluated theoretically. Methodologies on how to choose weights that preserve the desirable effective beamwidth are presented. The results are demonstrated on the fields of spectral moments obtained with the National Weather Radar Testbed (NWRT), a phased array weather radar at NOAA’s National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL).
Reading at Bedtime Associated With Longer Nighttime Sleep in Latino Preschoolers
Authors: Brown Scott J. , Rhee Kyung E. , Gahagan Sheila
Published: July 2015

Objective. To characterize bedtime routines (BR) and associations between reading at bedtime and sleep behaviors in a sample of Latino preschoolers. Methods: A convenience sample of Latino parents of a 4-year-old child completed standardized questionnaires assessing BRs, bedtime reading frequency and other sleep variables. Family demographics and home environment were also assessed. Results. Parents of 62 children completed questionnaires. A consistent BR was reported by 48%. Frequent reading at bedtime was reported in 42%. After controlling for key confounders, reading at bedtime was significantly associated with longer total nighttime sleep ( P < .01), but not with other sleep behaviors. Conclusion. Reading at bedtime was significantly associated with longer total nighttime sleep duration. This, together with the relatively low frequency of reading found in this sample, suggests that interventions aimed at increasing reading at bedtime among Latino preschoolers may improve overall sleep health.
Impact of Video Self-Monitoring With Graduated Training on Implementation of Embedded Instructional Learning Trials
Authors: Bishop Crystal D. , Snyder Patricia A. , Crow Robert E.
Published: July 2015

We used a multi-component single-subject experimental design across three preschool teachers to examine the effects of video self-monitoring with graduated training and feedback on the accuracy with which teachers monitored their implementation of embedded instructional learning trials. We also examined changes in teachers’ implementation of learning trials. In each self-monitoring condition, teachers observed and recorded their implemented learning trials using video and a coding form. Conditions differed in the specificity of prompts on the coding form and the type of training and feedback provided. The combination of training, coding forms with specific prompts for learning trial components, and external feedback generally resulted in more accurate self-monitoring for two of three participants and increases in the fidelity of implementation of learning trials. Findings suggest self-monitoring can be effective for increasing the fidelity with which teachers implement embedded instructional learning trials, but systematic training and feedback are important for ensuring self-monitoring accuracy.
Effects of Acetabular Rim Trimming on Hip Joint Contact Pressures
Authors: Bhatia Sanjeev , Lee Simon , Shewman Elizabeth , Mather Richard C. , Salata Michael J. , Bush-Joseph Charles A. , Nho Shane J.
Published: July 2015

Background:

In patients with femoroacetabular impingement (FAI), acetabular rim trimming removes the offending area of the acetabular deformity in patients with pincer-type and mixed-type FAI to improve hip joint kinematics. Although the rationale for arthroscopic acetabular rim trimming in patients with FAI is well established, the amount of rim resection has not been quantified, and the threshold at which excessive rim resection results in abnormal hip contact pressures has not been described.

Purpose:

To investigate the changes in contact areas, contact pressures, and peak forces within the hip joint with sequential acetabular rim trimming.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

Six fresh-frozen, nondysplastic, human cadaveric hemipelvises were analyzed utilizing thin-film piezoresistive load sensors to measure the contact area, contact pressure, and peak force after anterosuperior acetabular rim trimming at depths of 0 mm (intact), 2 mm, 4 mm, 6 mm, and 8 mm. Each specimen was examined at 20° of extension and 60° of flexion. Analysis was performed on 2 regions of interest: the acetabular rim and the acetabular base (deep part of the acetabulum). After each experimental condition, the acetabulum was normalized with respect to the intact state to account for specimen variability. Statistical analysis was conducted through 1-way analysis of variance with post hoc Games-Howell tests.

Results:

At the acetabular base, there were significant increases in the contact area after 4-mm resection (60°: 169.12% ± 30.64%; P = .0138), contact pressure after 6-mm resection (60°: 292.76% ± 79.07%; P = .009), and peak force after 6-mm resection (60°: 166.00% ± 34.40%; P = .027). At the acetabular rim, there were significant decreases in the contact area after 6-mm resection (60°: 66.32% ± 18.80%; P = .0354) (20°: 65.47% ± 15.87%; P = .0127), contact pressure after 6-mm resection (60°: 50.77% ± 11.49%; P < .001) (20°: 58.01% ± 23.10%; P = .0335), and peak force after 6-mm resection (60°: 60.67% ± 9.29%; P < .001) (20°: 74.44% ± 9.84%; P = .007).

Conclusion:

Resecting more than 4 to 6 mm of the acetabular rim during hip arthroscopic surgery to address a pincer deformity may dramatically increase contact pressures by 3-fold at the acetabular base. The study suggests that excessive rim resection may lead to increased loads in the hip joint and may predispose to premature joint degeneration.

Clinical Relevance:

Resecting more than 4 to 6 mm of the acetabular rim may significantly alter hip joint biomechanics, increasing joint reactive forces and subsequent chondrolabral degeneration.
Evaluation of antioxidant, enzyme inhibition, and cytotoxic activity of three anthraquinones (alizarin, purpurin, and quinizarin)
Authors: Zengin G , Degirmenci NS , Alpsoy L , Aktumsek A
Published: July 2015

Objective:

The aim of this work was to investigate the cytotoxic, antioxidative, and enzyme inhibition effects of alizarin, quinizarin, and purpurin, which are anthraquinones (AQ).

Methods:

Cytotoxic effects were evaluated with cell inhibition rate by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol- 2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Different chemical assays, including free radical scavenging activity (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazloine-6-sulfonic acid)), phosphomolybdenum and reducing power (ferric reducing antioxidant power and cupric ion reducing activity), were used to evaluate the antioxidant properties. Moreover, enzyme inhibitory activities were analyzed against acetylcholinesterase, butrylcholinesterase, tyrosinase, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase.

Results:

These components have antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activity. Especially, purpurin showed the strongest antioxidant and good enzyme inhibitory effects. According to our cytotoxicity results, alizarin, purpurin, and quinizarin induced dose- and time-dependent cell proliferation. Furthermore, when we applied AQs with mitomycin C (MC) on L929 cell line, we demonstrated that cell proliferation in MC-AQ groups compared with MC group was increased. The most effective component was alizarin at 100 µM concentration. These AQs showed positive effects on L929 cell lines with high half-maximal inhibitory concentration values.

Conclusion:

Our results demonstrate that AQs may be used as antioxidative compounds in food and medicinal applications.
Screening for JH1 genetic defect carriers in Jersey cattle by a polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism assay
Authors: Zhang Yi , Guo Gang , Huang Hetian , Lu Lu , Wang Lijie , Fang Lingzhao , Liu Lin , Wang Yachun , Zhang Shengli
Published: July 2015

An autosomal recessive genetic defect termed JH1 has been associated with early embryonic loss in the Jersey cattle breed. The genetic basis has been identified as a cytosine to thymine mutation in the CWC15 gene that changes an amino acid from arginine to a stop code. To screen for JH1 carriers in an imported Jersey population in China, a method based on a polymerase chain reaction amplification followed by a restriction fragment length polymorphism assay (PCR-RFLP) was developed for the accurate diagnosis of the JH1 allele. A total of 449 randomly chosen cows were examined with the PCR-RFLP assay, and 31 were identified as JH1 carriers, corresponding to a carrier frequency of 6.9%. The PCR-RFLP method was validated by DNA sequencing of 8 positive and 13 negative samples, with all 21 samples giving the expected DNA sequence. In addition, 3 negative and 3 positive samples were confirmed by a commercial microarray-based single nucleotide polymorphism assay. Finally, samples from 9 bulls in the United States of known status were correctly identified as carriers (5 bulls) or noncarriers (4 bulls). As the JH1 defect has most likely spread worldwide, implementing routine screening is necessary to avoid the risk of carrier-to-carrier matings and to gradually eradicate the deleterious gene.
Outbreak of variant pseudorabies virus in Bartha-K61–vaccinated piglets in central Shandong Province, China
Authors: Hu Dongfang , Zhang Zhendong , Lv Lin , Xiao Yihong , Qu Yajin , Ma Haiying , Niu Yujuan , Wang Guangwen , Liu Sidang
Published: July 2015

An epidemic that mainly endangered 3–7-day-old piglets struck many farms in Shandong Province, China in 2013 and caused heavy losses. To identify the pathogenesis, the type of lesions, and the causative agent, systemic examinations were performed. Autopsy showed multiple lesions, including necrotic foci of the spleen and liver, punctate hemorrhage of the renal cortex, and interstitial pneumonia. Histological examinations showed typical nonsuppurative encephalitis, necrotic lymphocytes, and reticuloendothelial cells in lymphatic tissues, as well as eosinophilic inclusion bodies in the nuclei of reticuloendothelial cells, necrotic foci in liver cells, and hemorrhagic glomeruli. The average seroprevalence rate of field pseudorabies virus (PRV; Suid herpesvirus 1) of a representative farm tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was 46%, indicating that the PRV infectious pressure was quite severe especially among gilts, young multiparous sows, boars, and growing–finishing pigs. The glycoprotein E (gE) gene of PRV was detected in 8 of 10 clinical samples, and the virus in the positive samples induced obvious cytopathic effects. An immunoperoxidase monolayer assay showed that PRV antigens were distributed both in the nucleoli and cytoplasm of infected cells. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the gE gene showed that the strain isolated herein, TaiAn SD 2013, was highly similar to previously isolated strains, especially those isolated in northern China in 2013, and was closely related to other isolates from Asia. Evidence confirmed that the variant PRV was the etiologic agent of this epidemic, suggesting that the Bartha-K61 vaccine does not provide complete protection against PRV infection. Further challenge tests are ongoing to investigate the virulence of variant PRV.
Association Between Components of Exudates and Periwound Moisture-Associated Dermatitis in Breast Cancer Patients With Malignant Fungating Wounds
Authors: Tamai Nao , Akase Tomoko , Minematsu Takeo , Higashi Kyohei , Toida Toshihiko , Igarashi Kazuei , Sanada Hiromi
Published: July 2015

Excessive wound exudates are troublesome symptoms of malignant fungating wounds. In particular, such exudates may cause periwound moisture-associated dermatitis (MAD). In this study, we focused on factors that contribute to skin irritation by exudates in breast cancer patients with malignant fungating wounds. Our aim was to identify the relationship between MAD surrounding malignant fungating wounds and levels of various candidate irritating factors in their exudates. We recruited 20 breast cancer patients with exudates from malignant fungating wounds and collected three types of exudate samples: pooled exudate, swab, and fresh exudate samples. We measured the pH, concentrations of polyamines (putrescine [PUT], cadaverine [CAD], spermidine, and spermine), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP2 and MMP9) in the exudates and cultured them for bacteria. Differences between participants with and without MAD were assessed using Fisher’s exact test or the Mann–Whitney U test. Of the 20 participants, 14 had MAD. There were no significant differences in median pH and MMP activity between patients with and without MAD. The level of PUT was significantly higher in the MAD than in the non-MAD group ( p = .008), and CAD was detected only in the MAD group ( p = .016). Prospective studies are needed to clarify correlations and causal relationships between polyamines and erythema and identify therapeutic targets for preventing the development of MAD.
Work, recognition and subjectivity
Authors: Angella Marco
Published: July 2015

Recently, following the social and subjective consequences of the neoliberal wave, there seems to be a renewed interest in work as occupying a central place in social and subjective life. For the first time in decades, both sociologists and critical theorists once more again regard work as a major constituent of the subject’s identity and thus as an appropriate object of analysis for those engaged in critique of the social pathologies. The aim of this article is to present a succinct analysis of Axel Honneth’s thoughts on the concept of work and to propose an approach granting it a more substantial role in social theory. To this end, this article will embark upon a reappraisal of the importance of the material and psychological dimensions of the subject’s interactions in the world of work. It aims to demonstrate that the normative demands associated with these dimensions are, like the normative demands of recognition, immanent and universal. In other words, it will argue that the normative ideals related to individuals’ bodily and psychic life (in the workplace and beyond) are not necessarily utopian in the negative sense (abstract and unrealistic). If this is indeed the case, theorists could take these normative demands for emancipation as a guide to analyzing the sociological, political and moral implications of the transition from the ‘Fordist’ to the ‘post-Fordist’ organization of labor.
The Case for Vigorous Physical Activity in Youth
Authors: Owens Scott , Galloway Riley , Gutin Bernard
Published: July 2015

Although it is widely recognized that regular physical activity is associated with a variety of health-related benefits in youths, the extent to which vigorous physical activity, as opposed to moderate or light physical activity, may be especially beneficial for youths is not completely understood. This review will examine the evidence for the efficacy of vigorous physical activity for promoting the well-being of youths as indicated by body composition, physical fitness, cardiometabolic biomarkers, and cognitive function. Potential caveats associated with the promotion of vigorous physical activity among youths will also be discussed, as will the inclusion of vigorous physical activity in current recommendations by national organizations for physical activity among youths.
Drill-assisted, fluoroscopy-guided vertebral body access for radiofrequency ablation: Technical case series
Authors: Wallace Adam N , Chang Randy O , Tomasian Anderanik , Jennings Jack W
Published: July 2015

Radiofrequency ablation is a valuable therapy for palliation of painful spinal metastases and local tumor control; however, accessing the vertebral body can be difficult and time consuming with traditional manual needles. Herein, we report our initial experience using a drill-assisted, fluoroscopy-guided technique for accessing the vertebral body for radiofrequency ablation.
Selection of Tourism Destination as a Representation of Human Values
Authors: Salim Saji Beena , Vij Mohit , Kabiraj Sajal
Published: July 2015

Just like brands of multinational companies there can be different dimensions of brands of tourism destinations too. Certain individuals travel for experiencing and discovering the challenges in the world, while others travel due to their desire to be seen as a person who has visited some very well-known sophisticated tourist destinations. Whereas there is a third group that likes travelling because of their love for nature and a fourth group who would travel to see the historical destinations. The present research is looking into human perspectives of different values assigned to different tourism destinations using the human value perspective of Schwartz and Boehnke (2004) human values model. The article develops a model for understanding consumer selection of different tourism destinations which could be used by the tourism practitioners and governments in preparing strategies for promoting a specific set of destinations to the right market. The Pearson correlation results show significant positive and negative correlations between human values and destination selection.
Trigeminal neuralgia – a coherent cross-specialty management program
Authors: Heinskou Tone , Maarbjerg Stine , Rochat Per , Wolfram Frauke , Jensen Rigmor Højland , Bendtsen Lars
Published: July 2015

Background

Optimal management of patients with classical trigeminal neuralgia (TN) requires specific treatment programs and close collaboration between medical, radiological and surgical specialties. Organization of such treatment programs has never been described before. With this paper we aim to describe the implementation and feasibility of an accelerated cross-speciality management program, to describe the collaboration between the involved specialties and to report the patient flow during the first 2 years after implementation. Finally, we aim to stimulate discussions about optimal management of TN.

Methods

Based on collaboration between neurologists, neuroradiologists and neurosurgeons a standardized program for TN was implemented in May 2012 at the Danish Headache Center (DHC). First out-patient visit and subsequent 3.0 Tesla MRI scan was booked in an accelerated manner. The MRI scan was performed according to a special TN protocol developed for this program. Patients initially referred to neurosurgery were re-directed to DHC for pre-surgical evaluation of diagnosis and optimization of medical treatment. Follow-up was 2 years with fixed visits where medical treatment and indication for neurosurgery was continuously evaluated. Scientific data was collected in a structured and prospective manner.

Results

From May 2012 to April 2014, 130 patients entered the accelerated program. Waiting time for the first out-patient visit was 42 days. Ninety-four percent of the patients had a MRI performed according to the special protocol after a mean of 37 days. Within 2 years follow-up 35 % of the patients were referred to neurosurgery after a median time of 65 days. Five scientific papers describing demographics, clinical characteristics and neuroanatomical abnormalities were published.

Conclusion

The described cross-speciality management program proved to be feasible and to have acceptable waiting times for referral and highly specialized work-up of TN patients in a public tertiary referral centre for headache and facial pain. Early high quality MRI ensured correct diagnosis and that the neurosurgeons had a standardized basis before decision-making on impending surgery. The program ensured that referral of the subgroup of patients in need for surgery was standardized, ensured continuous evaluation of the need for adjustments in pharmacological management and formed the basis for scientific research.