bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oenological and Quality Characteristic on Young White Wines (Sauvignon Blanc): Effects of High Hydrostatic Pressure Processing
Authors: Briones-Labarca Vilbett , Perez-Wom Mario , Habib George , Giovagnoli-Vicuña Claudia , Cañas-Sarazua Raúl , Tabilo-Munizaga Gipsy , Salazar Fernando N.
Published: January 2017

High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) has shown to have an effect of enhancing some properties without detrimental effects on important quality characteristics, such as colour, pH, and turbidity. This suggests that this technique can be used as an alternative to the existing methods used in wine industry processing. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of HHP on aroma compounds and also sensory and quality properties of young white wine. HHP treatment did not influence physicochemical parameters, total phenols, and flavonoid contents of white wine; however, the results from analysis of wine indicate that there was a great variation in the concentration of free and total sulphur dioxide (SO2) values and antioxidant capacity of white wine after HHP application. The sensory attributes, such as taste, odour, and overall quality, were not affected by HHP processing at 300 MPa. The chromatic characteristics changed slightly after applying HHP, but these changes could not be visually perceived because they were less than 5%. The use of this technique has the potential to decrease the amount of SO2 added to raw grapes thus maintaining the same properties found in untreated wine. This study provided valuable insights into the biochemical and sensory composition of commercial white wine and how this might change during HHP processing.
Chondroprotective Effects and Multitarget Mechanisms of Fu Yuan Capsule in a Rat Osteoarthritis Model
Authors: Zeng Li , Xiao Cai Zhi , Deng Zi Ting , Li Rong Heng
Published: January 2017

Fu Yuan Capsule (FYC) has been clinically used for osteoarthritis (OA) and its related diseases for many years in China. However, its pharmacological mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the potential chondroprotective effects of FYC on articular cartilage. Rat OA model was induced by anterior cruciate ligament transection. A group of rats was treated with FYC for 12 weeks. Joint structure, types I and II collagen, and proteoglycan were evaluated by histological examination. The expression of C‐terminal crosslinking telopeptide of type II collagen, hydroxyproline, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs, matrix metalloproteinase, interleukin‐1 beta, nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, heat‐shock protein 70, transforming growth factor‐beta, osteoprotegerin, and receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand were detected. Treatment with FYC could protect against articular cartilage injury. FYC treatment significantly decreased the extracellular matrix degradation factors and inflammatory mediators. Moreover, articular cartilage protective factors were increased in the FYC group. The current finding suggests that FYC protects articular cartilage in a rat OA model through various ways. Thus, it may be an effective agent for OA treatment.
Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Presenting as a Paranasal Sinus Mass: The Importance of Differential Diagnosis
Authors: Ralli Massimo , Altissimi Giancarlo , Turchetta Rosaria , Rigante Mario
Published: January 2017

Metastases in the paranasal sinuses are rare; renal cell carcinoma is the most common cancer that metastasizes to this region. We present the case of a patient with a 4-month history of a rapidly growing mass of the nasal pyramid following a nasal trauma, associated with spontaneous epistaxis and multiple episodes of hematuria. Cranial CT scan and MRI showed an ethmoid mass extending to the choanal region, the right orbit, and the right frontal sinus with an initial intracranial extension. Patient underwent surgery with a trans-sinusal frontal approach using a bicoronal incision combined with an anterior midfacial degloving; histological exam was compatible with a metastasis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Following histological findings, a total body CT scan showed a solitary 6 cm mass in the upper posterior pole of the left kidney identified as the primary tumor. Although rare, metastatic renal cell carcinoma should always be suspected in patients with nasal or paranasal masses, especially if associated with symptoms suggestive of a systemic involvement such as hematuria. A correct early-stage diagnosis of metastatic RCC can considerably improve survival rate in these patients; preoperative differential diagnosis with contrast-enhanced imaging is fundamental for the correct treatment and follow-up strategy.
Response Surface Optimization of Rotenone Using Natural Alcohol-Based Deep Eutectic Solvent as Additive in the Extraction Medium Cocktail
Authors: Othman Zetty Shafiqa , Hassan Nur Hasyareeda , Zubairi Saiful Irwan
Published: January 2017

Rotenone is a biopesticide with an amazing effect on aquatic life and insect pests. In Asia, it can be isolated from Derris species roots (Derris elliptica and Derris malaccensis). The previous study revealed the comparable efficiency of alcohol-based deep eutectic solvent (DES) in extracting a high yield of rotenone (isoflavonoid) to binary ionic liquid solvent system ([BMIM]OTf) and organic solvent (acetone). Therefore, this study intends to analyze the optimum parameters (solvent ratio, extraction time, and agitation rate) in extracting the highest yield of rotenone extract at a much lower cost and in a more environmental friendly method by using response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite rotatable design (CCRD). By using RSM, linear polynomial equations were obtained for predicting the concentration and yield of rotenone extracted. The verification experiment confirmed the validity of both of the predicted models. The results revealed that the optimum conditions for solvent ratio, extraction time, and agitation rate were 2 : 8 (DES : acetonitrile), 19.34 hours, and 199.32 rpm, respectively. At the optimum condition of the rotenone extraction process using DES binary solvent system, this resulted in a 3.5-fold increase in a rotenone concentration of 0.49 ± 0.07 mg/ml and yield of 0.35 ± 0.06 (%, w/w) as compared to the control extract (acetonitrile only). In fact, the rotenone concentration and yield were significantly influenced by binary solvent ratio and extraction time (P<0.05) but not by means of agitation rate. For that reason, the optimal extraction condition using alcohol-based deep eutectic solvent (DES) as a green additive in the extraction medium cocktail has increased the potential of enhancing the rotenone concentration and yield extracted.
Expression of CD14, IL10, and Tolerogenic Signature in Dendritic Cells Inversely Correlate with Clinical and Immunologic Response to TARP Vaccination in Prostate Cancer Patients
Authors: Castiello Luciano , Sabatino Marianna , Ren Jiaqiang , Terabe Masaki , Khuu Hanh , Wood Lauren V. , Berzofsky Jay A. , Stroncek David F.
Published: January 2017

Purpose: Despite the vast number of clinical trials conducted so far, dendritic cell (DC)-based cancer vaccines have mostly shown unsatisfactory results. Factors and manufacturing procedures essential for these therapeutics to induce effective antitumor immune responses have yet to be fully characterized. We here aimed to identify DC markers correlating with clinical and immunologic response in a prostate carcinoma vaccination regimen.

Experimental Design: We performed an extensive characterization of DCs used to vaccinate 18 patients with prostate carcinoma enrolled in a pilot trial of T-cell receptor gamma alternate reading frame protein (TARP) peptide vaccination (NCT00908258). Peptide-pulsed DC preparations (114) manufactured were analyzed by gene expression profiling, cell surface marker expression and cytokine release secretion, and correlated with clinical and immunologic responses.

Results: DCs showing lower expression of tolerogenic gene signature induced strong antigen-specific immune response and slowing in PSA velocity, a surrogate for clinical response. These DCs were also characterized by lower surface expression of CD14, secretion of IL10 and MCP-1, and greater secretion of MDC. When combined, these four factors were able to remarkably discriminate DCs that were sufficiently potent to induce strong immunologic response.

Conclusions: DC factors essential for the activation of immune responses associated with TARP vaccination in prostate cancer patients were identified. This study highlights the importance of in-depth characterization of DC vaccines and other cellular therapies, to understand the critical factors that hinder potency and potential efficacy in patients. Clin Cancer Res; 23(13); 3352–64. ©2017 AACR.
Biophysically Motivated Regulatory Network Inference: Progress and Prospects
Authors: Äijö Tarmo , Bonneau Richard
Published: January 2017

Thanks to the confluence of genomic technology and computational developments, the possibility of network inference methods that automatically learn large comprehensive models of cellular regulation is closer than ever. This perspective focuses on enumerating the elements of computational strategies that, when coupled to appropriate experimental designs, can lead to accurate large-scale models of chromatin state and transcriptional regulatory structure and dynamics. We highlight 4 research questions that require further investigation in order to make progress in network inference: (1) using overall constraints on network structure such as sparsity, (2) use of informative priors and data integration to constrain individual model parameters, (3) estimation of latent regulatory factor activity under varying cell conditions, and (4) new methods for learning and modeling regulatory factor interactions. We conclude that methods combining advances in these 4 categories of required effort with new genomic technologies will result in biophysically motivated dynamic genome-wide regulatory network models for several of the best-studied organisms and cell types.
Non-Coding Loss-of-Function Variation in Human Genomes
Authors: Zappala Zachary , Montgomery Stephen B.
Published: January 2017

Whole-genome and exome sequencing in human populations has revealed the tolerance of each gene for loss-of-function variation. By understanding this tolerance, it has become increasingly possible to identify genes that would make safe therapeutic targets and to identify rare genetic risk factors and phenotypes at the scale of individual genomes. To date, the vast majority of surveyed loss-of-function variants are in protein-coding regions of the genome mainly due to the focus on these regions by exome-based sequencing projects and their relative ease of interpretability. As whole-genome sequencing becomes more prevalent, new strategies will be required to uncover impactful variation in non-coding regions of the genome where the architecture of genome function is more complex. In this review, we investigate recent studies of loss-of-function variation and emerging approaches for interpreting whole-genome sequencing data to identify rare and impactful non-coding loss-of-function variants.
Identifying Host Genetic Variants Associated with Microbiome Composition by Testing Multiple Beta Diversity Matrices
Authors: Hua Xing , Goedert James J. , Landi Maria Teresa , Shi Jianxin
Published: January 2017

Objectives: Host genetics have been recently reported to affect human microbiome composition. We previously developed a statistical framework, microbiomeGWAS, to identify host genetic variants associated with microbiome composition by testing a distance matrix. However, statistical power depends on the choice of a microbiome distance matrix. To achieve more robust statistical power, we aim to extend microbiomeGWAS to test the association with many distance matrices, which are defined based on multilevel taxa abundances and phylogenetic information. Methods: The main challenge is to accurately and rapidly evaluate the significance for millions of SNPs. We propose methods for approximating p values by correcting for the multiple testing introduced by testing many distance matrices and by correcting for the skewness and kurtosis of score statistics. Results: The accuracy of p value approximation was verified by simulations. We applied our method to a set of 147 lung cancer patients with 16S rRNA microbiome profiles from nonmalignant lung tissues. We show that correcting for skewness and kurtosis eliminated dramatic deviations in the quantile-quantile plot. Conclusion: We developed computationally efficient methods for identifying host genetic variants associated with microbiome composition by testing many distance matrices. The algorithms are implemented in the package microbiomeGWAS (https://github.com/lsncibb/microbiomeGWAS).
Adverse Renal Effects of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Narrative Review
Authors: Wanchoo Rimda , Karam Sabine , Uppal Nupur N. , Barta Valerie S. , Deray Gilbert , Devoe Craig , Launay-Vacher Vincent , Jhaveri Kenar D. ,   on behalf of Cancer and Kidney International Network Workgroup on Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
Published: January 2017

Background: Cancer immunotherapy, such as anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and anti-programmed death 1 (PD-1), has revolutionized the treatment of malignancies by engaging the patient's own immune system against the tumor rather than targeting the cancer directly. These therapies have demonstrated a significant benefit in the treatment of melanomas and other cancers. Summary: In order to provide an extensive overview of the renal toxicities induced by these agents, a Medline search was conducted of published literature related to ipilimumab-, pembrolizumab-, and nivolumab-induced kidney toxicity. In addition, primary data from the initial clinical trials of these agents and the FDA adverse reporting system database were also reviewed to determine renal adverse events. Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN), podocytopathy, and hyponatremia were toxicities caused by ipilimumab. The main adverse effect associated with both the PD-1 inhibitors was AIN. The onset of kidney injury seen with PD-1 inhibitors is usually late (3-10 months) compared to CTLA-4 antagonists related renal injury, which happens earlier (2-3 months). PD-1 as opposed to CTLA-4 inhibitors has been associated with kidney rejection in transplantation. Steroids appear to be effective in treating the immune-related adverse effects noted with these agents. Key Message: Although initially thought to be rare, the incidence rates of renal toxicities might be higher (9.9-29%) as identified by recent studies. As a result, obtaining knowledge about renal toxicities of immune checkpoint inhibitors is extremely important.
Eschatological Viticulture in 1 Enoch, 2 Baruch, and the Presbyters of Papias
Authors: Carlson Stephen C.
Published: January 2017

This study looks at three of the most prominent instances of eschatological viticulture in early Judaism and Christianity, namely 1 En. 10.19, 2 Bar. 29.5, and the presbyters of Papias in Irenaeus, Adv. haer. 5.33.3, paying particular attention to their tradition histories and intertextual relationships. All three of these texts imagine that the grape vine will be fantastically productive in God’s renewed creation, but they develop this image in different ways based on different biblical texts. First Enoch uses the trope in conjunction with its use of the account of Noah’s renewal of the earth after the Flood in Gen 9. Second Baruch uses it to complement an eschatological banquet feasting upon the primordial beasts of Leviathan and Behemoth, followed by a return to the fragrant fruits of paradise of Gen 2. Papias, by contrast, applies the trope to the Blessing of Isaac in Gen 27:28.
Nomenclatural notes in Gomesa (Oncidiinae, Cymbidieae, Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae) for the Brazilian flora
Authors: PENHA TÚLIO LUIZ LAITANO , GUIMARÃES LEONARDO R. S.
Published: January 2017

We propose new combinations in the genus Gomesa, to accommodate species previously assigned to Baptistonia. These are needed according to recent phylogenetic studies.
Description of the mature larva of Austrolimnius nyctelioides (Germain, 1892) and A. elatus Hinton, 1941 (Coleoptera: Elmidae)
Authors: ROMÁN NICOLÁS MARTÍNEZ , ARCHANGELSKY MIGUEL
Published: January 2017

Mature larvae of two species of the riffle beetle genus Austrolimnius Carter & Zeck, 1929 are described and illustrated for the first time: Austrolimnius nyctelioides (Germain, 1892) and A. elatus Hinton, 1941. A larval diagnosis for the genus is presented and both larvae are compared with each other and with the previously described larva of A. mucubajiensis Gómez & Bello, 2006. Comments on the species’ habitats are included.
Sounding-Derived Parameters Associated with Convective Hazards in Europe
Authors: Taszarek Mateusz , Brooks Harold E. , Czernecki Bartosz
Published: January 2017

Observed proximity soundings from Europe are used to highlight how well environmental parameters discriminate different kind of severe thunderstorm hazards. In addition, the skill of parameters in predicting lightning and waterspouts is also tested. The research area concentrates on central and western European countries and the years 2009–15. In total, 45 677 soundings are analyzed including 169 associated with extremely severe thunderstorms, 1754 with severe thunderstorms, 8361 with nonsevere thunderstorms, and 35 393 cases with nonzero convective available potential energy (CAPE) that had no thunderstorms. Results indicate that the occurrence of lightning is mainly a function of CAPE and is more likely when the temperature of the equilibrium level drops below −10°C. The probability for large hail is maximized with high values of boundary layer moisture, steep mid- and low-level lapse rates, and high lifting condensation level. The size of hail is mainly dependent on the deep layer shear (DLS) in a moderate to high CAPE environment. The likelihood of tornadoes increases along with increasing CAPE, DLS, and 0–1-km storm-relative helicity. Severe wind events are the most common in high vertical wind shear and steep low-level lapse rates. The probability for waterspouts is maximized in weak vertical wind shear and steep low-level lapse rates. Wind shear in the 0–3-km layer is the best at distinguishing between severe and extremely severe thunderstorms producing tornadoes and convective wind gusts. A parameter WMAXSHEAR multiplying square root of 2 times CAPE (WMAX) and DLS turned out to be the best in distinguishing between nonsevere and severe thunderstorms, and for assessing the severity of convective phenomena.
AROME-MetCoOp: A Nordic Convective-Scale Operational Weather Prediction Model
Authors: Müller Malte , Homleid Mariken , Ivarsson Karl-Ivar , Køltzow Morten A. Ø. , Lindskog Magnus , Midtbø Knut Helge , Andrae Ulf , Aspelien Trygve , Berggren Lars , Bjørge Dag , Dahlgren Per , Kristiansen Jørn , Randriamampianina Roger , Ridal Martin , Vignes Ole
Published: January 2017

Since October 2013 a convective-scale weather prediction model has been used operationally to provide short-term forecasts covering large parts of the Nordic region. The model is now operated by a bilateral cooperative effort [Meteorological Cooperation on Operational Numerical Weather Prediction (MetCoOp)] between the Norwegian Meteorological Institute and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute. The core of the model is based on the convection-permitting Applications of Research to Operations at Mesoscale (AROME) model developed by Météo-France. In this paper the specific modifications and updates that have been made to suit advanced high-resolution weather forecasts over the Nordic regions are described. This includes modifications in the surface drag description, microphysics, snow assimilation, as well as an update of the ecosystem and surface parameter description. Novel observation types are introduced in the operational runs, including ground-based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observations and radar reflectivity data from the Norwegian and Swedish radar networks. After almost two years’ worth of experience with the AROME-MetCoOp model, the model’s sensitivities to the use of specific parameterization settings are characterized and the forecast skills demonstrating the benefit as compared with the global European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts’ Integrated Forecasting System (ECMWF-IFS) are evaluated. Furthermore, case studies are provided to demonstrate the ability of the model to capture extreme precipitation and wind events.
Mothers' Housework and Childcare: Growing Similarities or Stable Inequalities?
Authors: Kitterod Ragni Hege
Published: January 2017

Lately, in Norway, as in many other countries, there has been considerable focus on social inequalities among women. It seems that the level of education is of great significance for women's practices and ideals in many areas. Norwegian time-use studies from 1970, 1980 and 1990 were used to investigate whether level of education affects mothers' priorities regarding housework and childcare and how this changed during the 1970s and 1980s. Also discussed is how differences in terms of housework and childcare time should be assessed and evaluated. During the years in question, there was a clear tendency towards highly educated mothers spending less time on housework than mothers with a lower level of education, but the differences diminished somewhat during the period. In 1970, 1980 and 1990 there was a tendency for well-educated mothers to spend more time on active childcare than mothers with less education. Dissimilarities in this area were rather stable. Concerning total time spent with children, there were minor differences among mothers in relation to level of education in all three years investigated. Hence, it seems that well-educated mothers model their childcare somewhat differently from less-educated mothers in that they spend a larger proportion of their time with their children on active care. There are, then, similarities as well as dissimilarities between mothers in various educational groups regarding the way they shape their parental role, and in the 1970s and 1980s we saw an equalizing trend as well as stable inequalities.
Importance of Glottic Configuration in the Development of Posterior Laryngeal Granuloma
Authors: Pontes Paulo , Kyrillos Leny , De Biase Noemi , Pontes Antonio
Published: January 2017

Posterior laryngeal granuloma is frequently related to 3 predisposing factors: vocal abuse, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and orotracheal intubation. It is strongly predominant in men and rare in women, except under postintubation circumstances, in which the incidence is higher in women. The aim of this study was to characterize laryngeal conformations for each sex that, whenever associated with different causes, may lead to the onset and particular location of granulomas, according to a main predisposing factor. Sixty-six subjects whose ages ranged from 18 to 73 years were studied. They were distributed into 4 groups according to the predominant cause of granuloma: intubation, vocal abuse, gastroesophageal reflux, and idiopathic causes. The larynx was evaluated during breathing, and the glottic proportion (GP) was measured. Glottic proportion is the mathematical ratio between the midsagittal dimension of the intermembranous region and that of the intercartilaginous region of the larynx during inhalation. Its measurement was feasible in 57 patients. The groups that had a causative factor other than laryngeal orotracheal intubation had GP values statistically similar to those of each other and to the control group of men, ie, close to 1.2. The postintubation group had GP values similar to the control group of women, ie, close to 1.0; this proportion protects the arytenoid region in women's larynges when there is effort during vocal production, but makes women susceptible to orotracheal postintubation granuloma.
Investigation of Fatigue, Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness, and Spectral-Based Cepstral Measurements in Healthy Speakers after Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation
Authors: Fowler Linda P. , Awan Shaheen N. , Gorham-Rowan Mary , Morris Richard
Published: January 2017

Objectives:

We observed whether 30 minutes of neuromuscular electrical stimulation applied to the necks of healthy speakers would result in significant acoustic changes and perceptions of fatigue and/or delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS).

Methods:

Twelve participants were assigned to experimental (n = 6; 3 male and 3 female) and control groups (n = 6; 3 male and 3 female). Neuromuscular electrical stimulation was applied to the anterior neck in the experimental group only. All participants produced 3 trials of the vowel / a/ and the Rainbow Passage before and after completing a 30-minute phonation protocol. Recorded samples were analyzed for measures of the cepstral peak prominence, the ratio of low- to high-frequency spectral energy, and their respective standard deviations. Perceptions of fatigue and DOMS were rated on visual analog scales before, 5 minutes after, and 24 hours after completion of the phonation protocol.

Results:

Statistically significant acoustic findings reflecting reduced relative sound pressure level, increased high-frequency noise, and phonatory instability were observed in the experimental group. In addition, reports of fatigue and DOMS were also reported by some participants.

Conclusions:

A 30-minute dosage may be too high for some people experiencing neuromuscular electrical stimulation for the first time.
Computed Tomography—Based Exploration of Infundibular Anatomy for Maxillary Sinus Balloon Dilation
Authors: Sikand Ashley
Published: January 2017

Objectives:

A clinically relevant reconstruction of the ethmoid infundibulum and maxillary sinus ostium was developed to use 3-dimensional computed tomographic (CT) imaging technology and measurement software in an effort to better understand the anatomy of the maxillary sinus ostium and to optimize the maxillary sinus balloon dilation technique.

Methods:

A retrospective review was performed of reconstructed high-resolution CT scans of patients from a private otolaryngology practice who underwent imaging for evaluation of sinus disease using multiplanar reconstruction software. The CT scans were retrospectively obtained from patients who presented for evaluation of chronic sinus disease and were analyzed with quantitative multiplanar reconstruction software that allowed measurements to be computed in clinically meaningful planes.

Results:

Data were obtained from 31 sinuses on 18 CT scans. The mean anteroposterior distance from the guidewire exit to the maxillary ostium was 3.5 mm, and the mean optimal guide trajectory (“clocking”) angle was 17.5° from the pure axial plane (95% confidence interval, 12.58° to 22.48°). The curvilinear guidewire travel distance was 6.9 mm from the guidewire exit to the ostial entry.

Conclusions:

This study reveals specific anatomic information that is applicable to the technique of transnasal maxillary sinus balloon catheter dilation. The data collected allow surgeons to anticipate the direction in which a guidewire must be manipulated in order to correctly enter the maxillary ostium. According to the data, a gentle anterior retraction of the uncinate process and a starting guide orientation 18° from pure lateral will best facilitate maxillary sinus ostial access. Application of the readily available software used for this study affords the opportunity to predict the location of the natural ostium within the infundibulum before operation and customize the technique to each specific patient.
Effect of Fibrin Glue on Collagen Deposition after Autologous Fascia Grafting in Rabbit Vocal Folds
Authors: Scapini Fabrício , da Silva Luiz Fernando Ferraz , Tsuji Domingos Hiroshi , Dolhnikoff Marisa , Sennes Luiz Ubirajara
Published: January 2017

Objectives:

Fibrin glue (FG) is a reaction product of fibrinogen and thrombin that forms a fibrin clot responsible for tissue adhesion. However, FG and its components may interfere with wound healing by interacting with cytokines such as transforming growth factor–β (TGF-β). The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of FG on collagen deposition after fascia grafting in the vocal folds of rabbits.

Methods:

Eighteen rabbits underwent autologous fascia grafting in both vocal folds, and the left side was fixed with FG. Each animal was painlessly sacrificed after 7, 30, or 90 days. The larynx was removed, and the vocal folds were prepared for histomorphometric analysis by picrosirius red staining to evaluate collagen deposition around the graft.

Results:

There was a significant increase in collagen density around the grafts at 90 days in the vocal folds that were fixed with FG (p = 0.0102) compared with the control vocal folds.

Conclusions:

Application of FG altered collagen deposition around the fascia grafts, leading to significantly increased collagen density after 90 days. Differences found in the composition of the extracellular matrix in later stages of the healing process are a result of changes that occur in the beginning of this process. Therapeutic interventions, such as the use of FG and/or its components, performed in the early stages of wound healing may interfere with the complex interactions of fibroblasts, inflammatory cells, and cytokines (especially TGF-β), thereby modulating the healing process.
Campomelic Dysplasia: Airway Management in Two Patients and an Update on Clinical-Molecular Correlations in the Head and Neck
Authors: Nelson Marc E. , Griffin Garrett R. , Innis Jeffrey W. , Green Glenn E.
Published: January 2017

Campomelic dysplasia is a rare and historically lethal skeletal dysplasia with a variable but recognizable phenotype; it affects the long bones and is associated with a variety of head and neck anomalies. Mutations in or around the SOX9 gene have been identified as the molecular origin in most patients. We briefly present 2 children who meet the diagnostic criteria for campomelic dysplasia to illustrate the various clinical manifestations. Many patients with campomelic dysplasia have airway obstruction at multiple levels. We describe our approach to managing the airway in these patients, and review recent advances in understanding how SOX9 mutations lead to the spectrum of abnormalities seen in the head and neck.
Inspections in Antarctica
Authors: Hanevold Truls
Published: January 2017

Because of the Antarctic Treaty, Antarctica has become the first, and so far the only, major demilitarized and atom free area. Among the rights given to treaty members is that of mutual inspection.

The article gives an account of the major problems connected with the negotiations leading up to the inclusion of the inspection article in the treaty. After a description of the inspections which have been carried out, the ability of the member states to inspect is discussed in relation to the economic, scientific and logistic capability differences existing between them.

Further, attention is drawn to the questions of effectiveness and sanctions. The possible consequences of being able and willing to inspect for the question of territorial claims and rights in the area are discussed, and finally, some alternative ways of carrying out inspections are suggested.
Arab Demands and Desires in the Conflict with the State of Israel
Authors: Heradstveit Daniel
Published: January 2017

This study, which is based on a series of interviews conducted in Egypt, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon in March–April 1970, focuses on Arab attitudes towards a negotiated settlement with the state of Israel.

The Arab world, it appears, is divided into those who want to liberate Palestine while rejecting negotiations, and those whose main concern is to liberate the territories occupied in the 1967 war, viewing negotiations as useful to this end.

With many factors difficult to assess in terms of their relative importance and weight, the outcome of the struggle for the upper hand between the adherents of the two strategies becomes even more uncertain. Both strategies, however, are deeply rooted in the Arab world. Because of this, it is also concluded that a negotiated settlement, along the lines of the UN resolution of November 1967, would not be a basis for lasting stability in the area, notwithstanding its reducing the likelihood of new local wars.
New Territories and New Problems in Norwegian Foreign and Security Policy
Authors: Sollie Finn
Published: January 2017

In proportion to the country's size, population and economy, Norway has a greater stake in the exploration and exploitation of new territories than almost any other nation. The natural resources on the continental shelf may be so large that they will dominate Norway's economy in the future. Opposite pressures of international demand for rapid development of Norwegian oil resources and the national desire to limit growth and prevent its upsetting effects upon the economy, illustrate some of the new problems the country now faces in its foreign relations. Continental shelf wealth – together with the fact that shelf activities may be carried out in the strategically important Barents Sea area – also raises some specific security issues.
The Effect of Vibration on Visual Acuity with Electro-Optical Aids to Night Vision
Authors: Kinney Jo Ann S. , Luria S. M. , Markowitz Howard
Published: January 2017

Visual acuity at a level of illumination comparable to overcast starlight was measured at various frequencies and amplitudes of vibration chosen to be representative of conditions aboard various ships. Measures were made with electro-optical scopes of four-power and one-power, standard Navy 7×50 binoculars, four-power field glasses, and the naked eye. Decrements in acuity under vibration were largest for the four-power scope and least for the naked eye. The decrements were, in fact, directly related to the original acuity level determined for the specific optical systems with no vibration. Despite the loss, vision with the four-power electro-optical aid remained superior to that with any other system under all conditions. The importance of antivibration mounts is emphasized.
Conjoint Effect of Physical Stress and Noise Stress on Information Processing Performance and Cardiac Response
Authors: Finkelman Jay M. , Zeitlin Lawrence R. , Romoff Richard A. , Friend Michael A. , Brown Louis S.
Published: January 2017

The conjoint effect of physical stress, induced by requiring subjects to run a treadmill, and 90 dB white noise stress was evaluated on information processing performance using a delayed digit recall subsidiary task measure and cardiac response. As anticipated, physical stress significantly raised heart rate, and noise stress significantly degraded information processing ability. The experiment failed to demonstrate a linearly additive relationship between noise and physical stress on either cardiac response or information processing performance.
Discrimination, Temperature, and Time of Day
Authors: Craig Angus
Published: January 2017

Performance measures on a binary discrimination task and oral temperature readings, were obtained at two times of day, morning (0800) and evening (2000), from each of 18 subjects. On the task, subjects reported not only the presence of signal A or B, but also the confidence of their judgment. A signal detection theory approach was applied to derive separate measures of perceptual efficiency and of the decision-making aspects. The results indicate that whereas efficiency, indexed by d', did not alter significantly between testing times, both response-bias and report confidence did change significantly, the latter showing an increase between morning and evening. A parallel rise in oral temperature was also found, and significant correlations between temperature and confidence were obtained. Neither efficiency nor response-bias was significantly related to temperature. The results are discussed in relation to previous reports that perceptual efficiency and body temperature are related and change in parallel during the normal waking day.
An Assessment of Visibility at the Entrance of a Long Vehicular Tunnel
Authors: Rinalducci Edward J. , Hardwick Douglas A. , Beare Arthur N.
Published: January 2017

A field study is described which employs a multi-faceted approach to assess the nature and impact of the visibility problems encountered when entering long vehicular tunnels. The methods employed were photometric and performance studies of visibility, a survey of tunnel users, examination of available accident records, and an analysis of traffic flow. Analysis of the northern entrance of the Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel in Virginia revealed that a reduction in speed of vehicles entering the tunnel was attributable in part to reduced visibility into the tunnel and in part to factors relating to the geometry of the approach. It is suggested that the procedures used could be profitably employed at other tunnel facilities.
Time Stress and the Processing of Visual Displays
Authors: Coury Bruce G. , Boulette Margery D.
Published: January 2017

Selecting the appropriate display format for time-constrained tasks is the focus of the research presented in this paper. The effect of time stress on operator performance was assessed by manipulating the time available to process the display. Twenty people were trained as operators and instructed to identify the state of a system using either a digital display or a polygon display. Participants were required to reach a prespecified criterion in training and were then tested under?. time-constrained conditions. Time constraints were set at 100%, 50%, and 25% of each person's mean unpaced response times obtained during training. Results showed that response to the time constrained conditions was significantly affected by uncertainty and the type of display format. Discussion focuses on the effects of time stress on performance and the selection of displays for time-constrained tasks.
Retracted Confessions: Through Opiate Withdrawal to a New Conceptual Framework
Authors: Davison S E , Forshaw D M
Published: January 2017

We note growing concern by defence councils over the reliability of confessions obtained from suspects withdrawing from opiate dependence. We focus on a case report and highlight the conceptual weaknesses of current thinking about confessions. A philosophical model is adapted to clarify the theoretical aspects and thereby provide a conceptual framework to help the doctor confronted with the practical issue of how to assess a suspect's fitness for interrogation or the reliability of an individual's confession. We argue that the practice of not treating withdrawal in custody is unjust and inhumane. The model presented is of value in dealing with the issues raised by retracted confessions generally and not just in the specific instances where the suspect is a drug user.
Assaultative Behaviour in Acute Psychiatric Wards and its Relationship to Violence in the Community: A Comparison of Two Health Districts
Authors: Walker W D , Caplan R P
Published: January 2017

Evidence suggests that the level of violence in psychiatric institutions reflects that of society at large. This study investigates this by comparing the psychiatric hospital assault rates and the violent crime rates of two District Health Authorities. The differences between the two districts on each of these parameters were found to be of a very similar order, which would tend to support the hypothesis.
Study into the Ability of Healthy People of Small Stature to Satisfy the Sampling Requirements of Breath Alcohol Testing Instruments
Authors: Gomm P J , Broster C G , Johnson N Mcl , Hammond K
Published: January 2017

In a previous study (Gomm et al., 1991) people with a variety of respiratory diseases were tested and criteria defined for assessing their ability to provide samples for Breath Alcohol Testing Instruments. This study investigated the possible problems which may be encountered by healthy people of small stature — 5ft 5in (166cm) or less — who do not suffer from a respiratory disease. This study followed the same pattern as the earlier work in that lung function (Forced Expiration Volume in One Second (FEV1) and Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)) was measured by spirometry, and Peak Expiration Flow Rate (PEFR) was measured using a Wright peak flow meter. Following the lung function measurements the subjects were requested to provide samples for Breath Alcohol Testing Instruments used by the Police in Great Britain.

As with the previously reported work (Gomm et al., 1991), this study found that the FEV1 and FVC gave the most reliable indication of a person's capability of satisfying the sampling requirements of Breath Alcohol Testing Instruments, but on this occasion the PEFR also provided a good confirmatory indication. Because there were no subjects with interstitial lung diseases the values determined by this study on 48 healthy adults indicate that a healthy person of small stature should be capable of supplying a suitable breath sample if their FEV1, FVC and PEFR are greater than 2.31, 2.61 and 330 1/min respectively.
Assessing Smoking Prevalence Amongst School Children in a Health Board Region
Authors: Knight J.C.
Published: January 2017

The objective of the study was to provide baseline data for Tayside in 1995 on the prevalence of smoking cigarettes in school children, aged 11 to 15 years. The design was a cross-sectional survey of 4675 children, obtained using a random cluster sample of 79 schools, stratified by school year and deprivation category. The main outcomes measures using a structured questionnaire, were the prevalence and level of smoking, by age and gender. The prevalence rate of regular smoking was 9% (95% CI 8.2%–9.8%). The rate rises appreciably for boys between 13 and 14years and for girls between 12 and 13 years. Source of cigarettes was also an outcome measure, most cigarettes were obtained from small shops. Health Boards require a standard method for collecting regional baseline data on the prevalence of smoking among children both for evaluation of targeted health promotion initiatives by age and gender and also for comparison of regional smoking prevalence with national targets.
Simultaneous Presentation of Ectopic Pregnancy and Hyperthyroidism
Authors: Lyall H. , Mahmood T.A.
Published: January 2017

Hyperthyroidism is known to occur uncommonly in pregnancy (about 0.5per 1000). The incidence of ectopic pregnancy is approximately 9.6 per 1000 pregnancies. Both conditions, if unrecognised and untreated can have potentially fatal consequences. We describe a case of hyperthyroidism and ectopic pregnancy presenting concurrently, and highlight the difficulties encountered in diagnosis when two clinical conditions present with indistinguishable clinical signs.
Howison, the Cramond Murderer, and Last Person to be Hanged and Dissected
Authors: Kaufman M.H.
Published: January 2017

An articulated skeleton in Edinburgh University's Anatomy Museum of “Howison, The Cramond Murderer”, shares a show-case with the articulated skeleton of “William Burke, The Murderer”. While the murderous activities of William Burke are well known, because of his association and activities with William Hare, and because they sold the bodies of their victims to Dr Robert Knox, the anatomist, little these days is recalled of Howison. He was executed for the murder of a woman in Cramond in December 1831, and was hanged on 21st January 1832. The case is important because he was the last individual executed before the implementation of the Anatomy Act of 1832. Accordingly, under the conditions of the previous Act, of 1752, entitled “An Act for better preventing the horrid Crime of Murder”, his body had to be handed across to the surgeons to be “dissected and anatomized”, before it could be buried.
Response to Open Access Endoscopy Findings by General Practitioners Guidelines Need Education for Implementation
Authors: Todd J.A. , Zubir M.A. , Goudie B.M. , Johnston D.A.
Published: January 2017

General practitioners may gain valuable information from the use of open access endoscopy. The benefit to the individual patient depends on the interpretation of the endoscopy findings and the subsequent action. The aim of the study was to determine GPs response to open access endoscopy findings of three conditions with possible malignant complications: Barrett's oesophagus, gastric ulcer and colonic adenomatous polyps. The study took place at Ninewells Hospital, Dundee. Using the endoscopy unit's records for the year, 1 January 1995 to 31 December 1995, all patients having had an open access upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy or sigmoidoscopy were identified. Casenotes were reviewed of patients who had Barrett's oesophagus, gastric ulcer or colonic polyps diagnosed. During the year, 1158 upper gastro-intestinal endoscopies and 293 sigmoidoscopies were performed by the open access service. The referral rates for the conditions were as follows: Barrett's oesophagus 56%; Gastric ulcers 56%; Adenomatous polyps 88%; Non adenomatous polyps 12.5%. The provision of guidelines does not ensure a high referral rate, education is a vital partner.
Subacute Gastric Volvulus — A Rare Cause of Vomiting in the Elderly
Authors: Wadoodi A. , MacWalter R.S. , Dillon J.F. , Cuschieri A.
Published: January 2017

We report a case of an important and uncommon cause of vomiting in an elderly female patient who had no previous apparent gastrointestinal problems. A diaphragmatic hernia with gastric volvulus, which presented non-specifically but was an important diagnosis to make.
Mental Health in Medical Students a Case Control Study Using the 60 Item General Health Questionnaire
Authors: Carson A J. , Dias S. , Johnston A. , McLoughlin M. A. , O'Connor M. , Robinson B. L. , Sellar R. S. , Trewavas J. J. C. , Wojcik W.
Published: January 2017

This paper describes a cross-sectional case control study to measure the prevalence of psychological morbidity in first year medical students and compare it to the prevalence in in a randomly selected control group of other first year students at Edinburgh University. The study was conducted anonymously using the 60 item General Health Questionnaire. Participation rates were over 90% in both subjects and controls. A total of 17% of medical students had symptoms of psychological morbidity which may benefit from treatment and a further 29% of medical students had symptoms of psychological distress which would be expected to remit spontaneously. A similar rate was found in the control group of students. This suggests that if medical students or doctors, later in their careers, fare badly in terms of mental health then this may well be related to aspects of their lives and is not an intrinsic characteristic.
Vertebral Artery Dissection Diagnosed by Non-Invasive Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Cawood T.J. , Dyker A.G. , Adams F.G.
Published: January 2017

A forty-year-old man developed right-sided neck discomfort whilst cycling to work. On admission to hospital he was found to have signs of bilateral cerebellar dysfunction. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain demonstrated bilateral areas of cerebellar infarction. Doppler ultrasound of the vertebral arteries was abnormal and non-invasive gradient echo time of flight magnetic resonance angiography confirmed the clinical diagnosis of vertebral artery dissection. The patient was anticoagulated for a period of three months and made a full recovery.
Cervical X-Rays and the Atlanto-Axial Region; Supplementary Computed Tomography may be Required in Trauma
Authors: Choi D.
Published: January 2017

In cervical trauma, x-rays may require supplementation with dynamic x-rays, computed-tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A normal cervical x-ray does not always imply cervical stability. The mechanism of injury, symptoms and signs help to indicate whether further imaging is required. We report a patient with a fracture of the atlas that was not diagnosed by plain radiology, but seen on CT.