bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study of solvent effects on the molecular structure and the reorganization energies of 4‐nitro‐4′‐dimethylaminoazobenzene using resonance Raman intensities
Authors: Biswas Nandita , Umapathy Siva
Published: August 2002

Resonance Raman spectroscopy was used to probe the effect of solvent polarity on the molecular structure and isomerization dynamics of 4‐nitro‐4′‐dimethylaminoazobenzene (DA). In addition, the influence of the polarity and the relaxation behavior of the solvent on the mode‐specific vibrational and solvent reorganization energies was investigated. Raman spectra were recorded in solvents with different polarity parameters, n‐hexane and benzene, using 11 excitation wavelengths in the range 450–550 nm, scanning every 10 nm using the tunable laser pulse output of an optical parametric oscillator. It was observed that the solvent polarity plays a major role in influencing the excited‐state potential energy surfaces of DA. The plot of resonance Raman intensities versus excitation wavelength (Raman excitation profiles) of the Franck–Condon‐active fundamentals of DA shows that in n‐hexane, the locally excited state is more favorable than that in benzene where the charge‐transfer state is more stable. The distortions along the N N and C–N stretching vibrations of DA in n‐hexane and benzene infer isomerization via rotation in n‐hexane and inversion in benzene. The increase in solvent and vibrational reorganization energies with increasing solvent polarity parameter suggests greater distortion in the Franck–Condon excited state following photoexcitation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectra of molecular crystals at high pressures: VII—Boron Triiodide
Authors: Anderson A. , Lettress Lauren
Published: August 2002

Raman spectra of solid boron triiodide, BI3, at ambient temperature and at pressures up to 5 GPa are reported. Because of drastic but reversible colour changes to the samples and subsequent absorption, measurements at higher pressures were not possible. Four fundamental peaks, assigned as translational, librational, bending and stretching modes, were tracked as a function of pressure. The spectra evolve smoothly and there is no evidence of any structural phase transitions or major molecular distortions in this pressure range. All modes show increases in wavenumber with pressure, with that for the two lattice modes being most pronounced. The initially ‘soft’ crystal at ambient pressure stiffens appreciably, with an approximately fourfold increase in intermolecular bonding at 5 GPa. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The prognostic significance of preoperative serum CA 19‐9 in patients with resectable gastric carcinoma: comparison with CEA
Authors: Duraker Nüvi̇t , Çeli̇k Ali̇ Naci̇
Published: August 2002

Background and Objectives

In this study, the prognostic value of pre‐operative serum levels of tumor markers CA 19‐9 and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in gastric carcinoma which has been a controversial matter was investigated.

Methods

Preoperative serum CA 19‐9 (cut‐off value 37 U/ml) and CEA (cut‐off value 5 ng/ml) levels were measured in 168 patients with resectable gastric carcinoma. The correlation between tumor marker levels and clinicopathological features and overall survival was studied.

Results

CA 19‐9 and CEA positivity rates were 31.5 and 17.8% respectively. In CA 19‐9 positive patients, the ratio of males, tumors exceeding subserosa and advanced stage tumors (stages III and IV) was significantly higher (P = 0.052, P = 0.0005 and P= 0.029, respectively). A weak correlation was found with CA 19‐9 positivity and tumor location; however, no correlation existed between CA 19‐9 positivity and age, tumor size, histologic type, lymph node, hepatic and peritoneal metastasis. The proportion of tumors extending beyond subserosa and with lymph node metastasis was significantly higher in CEA positive patients (P = 0.011 and P = 0.045, respectively). No correlation was found between CEA positivity and gender, age, tumor location, tumor size, and hepatic and peritoneal metastasis; however, a weak correlation existed between CEA positivity and histologic type and tumor stage. Overall survival was significantly poorer in CA 19‐9 and CEA positive patients (log‐rank test, P = 0.014, P = 0.003, respectively). However, the Cox proportional hazards regression analysis did not show independent prognostic value for both tumor markers.

Conclusions

In resectable gastric carcinoma, preoperative serum CA 19‐9 and CEA levels may indicate stage of the disease, but neither has an independent prognostic value. J. Surg. Oncol. 2001;76:266–271. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Scottish visitor attractions: a collaborative future?
Authors: Fyall Alan , Leask Anna , Garrod Brian
Published: August 2002

Although interorganisational collaboration is increasingly being accepted as a necessary, even desirable strategy for the tourism industry as a whole, there would appear to be a number of impediments to the implementation of collaborative initiatives among operators of visitor attractions. This paper focuses on the visitor attractions sector in Scotland, where such impediments are considered to be particularly serious. For a number of reasons, however, collaboration may represent a crucial strategy for visitor attractions in Scotland as they enter the new millennium. This paper sets out to assess the potential for intrasectoral, interorganisational collaborative strategies in enhancing the long‐term viability of the Scottish visitor attractions sector. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tourism occupations and education: an exploration study
Authors: Churchward Jennifer , Riley Michael
Published: August 2002

This article contributes to the literature on the relationship between the tourism industry and vocational tourism education. It reports on an exploratory study of the work of a sample of tourism professionals and their education. The study attempts to classify tourism occupations by modifying an established scheme used in general administration. The study sought to find commonality within the diverse occupations and to go on to relate that to tourism education. The study found that the majority of the sample of 153 contained a common set of 24 activities. In educational terms, marketing, recreation and leisure and finance dominated as relevant subjects to study for tourism occupations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The kinetics of solid‐state reactions toward consensus, Part 3. Searching for consistent kinetic results: SCTA vs. conventional thermal analysis
Authors: Ortega A.
Published: August 2002

This paper is the third part of a review of some of the controversial kinetic aspects of conventional thermal methods. We open a discussion about the necessity of developing new possibilities and techniques in the field of solid‐state reactions. In the last decade we have seen the commercialization of new instruments and apparatus by a number of manufacturers, which allows for carrying out more meaningful experiments. The Sample Controlled Thermal Analysis describes a family of new techniques such as Controlled Rate Thermal Analysis, Stepwise Isothermal Analysis, etc., which are based on the use of their own rate of reaction for controlling the reaction temperature. It is shown that these new approaches have much more effective control on heat and mass transfer phenomena and can provide enhanced resolution and sensitivity and improved kinetic data. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 34: 223–236, 2002
Process orientation through enterprise resource planning (ERP): a review of critical issues
Authors: Al‐Mashari Majed
Published: August 2002

The significant development in global information technologies and the ever‐intensifying competitive market climate have both pushed many companies to transform their businesses. Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is seen as one of the most recently emerging process‐orientation tools that can enable such a transformation. Its development has presented both researchers and practitioners with new challenges and opportunities. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the state of research in the ERP field relating to process management, organizational change and knowledge management. It surveys current practices, research and development, and suggests several directions for future investigation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predictors of information technology support for inter‐organizational knowledge management: lessons learned from law firms in Norway
Authors: Gottschalk Petter
Published: August 2002

Law firms represent an industry that seems very well suited to knowledge management investigation. They are knowledge intensive, and the use of advanced technology may well transform these organizations in the future. This paper reports results from a survey of Norwegian law firms on the use of information technology to support inter‐organizational knowledge management. Two predictors of IT support were significant: firm cooperation and knowledge cooperation. Inter‐organizational trust was not a significant predictor. Software and systems most frequently used include word processing, electronic mail and legal databases. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collaborative commerce and knowledge management
Authors: Thuraisingham Bhavani , Gupta Amar , Bertino Elisa , Ferrari Elena
Published: August 2002

This paper describes collaborative commerce (c‐commerce); it essentially combines e‐commerce, knowledge management and collaboration to carry out transactions and other activities within and across organizations. We first discuss the building blocks for c‐commerce. Then we describe models and federated architectures. Next we analyze the strategic role of knowledge management for c‐commerce as well as discussing managerial and business implications. Finally, we provide directions for c‐commerce. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Removal of Cdk inhibitors through both sequestration and downregulation in zearalenone‐treated MCF‐7 breast cancer cells
Authors: Ahamed Shamila , Foster James S. , Bukovsky Antonin , Diehl J. Alan , Wimalasena Jay
Published: August 2002

Treatment of MCF 7 cells with the fungal estrogen zearalenone induced cyclin E–associated kinase activity transiently within 9–12 h; total cyclin‐dependent kinase (Cdk) 2 activity was elevated for 24 h and beyond. This increased cyclin E/Cdk2 activity was associated with sequestration of the Cdk inhibitor p27 Cdk inhibitor 1B (p27KIP1) by newly formed cyclin D1/Cdk4 complexes and with downregulation of p27KIP1 expression. The activation of cyclin A/Cdk2 activity corresponded with virtual elimination of p27KIP1. The activity of cyclin E/Cdk2 complexes from zearalenone‐treated lysates was inhibited in vitro by recombinant p27KIP1, and this inhibition was relieved by the addition of recombinant cyclin D1/Cdk4 complexes. Thus, sequestration of p27KIP1 by cyclin D1/Cdk4 resulted in activation of Cdk2 in vitro. Cdk inhibitory activity in lysates of zearalenone‐treated cells was depleted by anti‐p27KIP1 and anti‐Cdc2 interacting protein (p21CIP1) antibodies. Overexpression of the Cdk4/6‐specific Cdk inhibitor of Cdk4 p16INK4A was associated with increased association of p27KIP1 with Cdk2, concomitant with disruption of D cyclin/Cdk4 complexes. The proteasome inhibitor 2‐leu‐leu‐leu‐H aldehyde (MG‐132) was relatively ineffective in inhibiting the initial, sequestration‐dependent activation of cyclin E/Cdk2 yet was as effective as p16INK4A in inhibiting activation of cyclin A/Cdk2 later in G1. Downregulation of p27KIP1 proceeded in p16INK4A‐expressing cells after zearalenone treatment, and G1 arrest afforded by p16INK4A expression was reversible upon prolonged treatment with zearalenone. Zearalenone treatment of MCF‐7 cells elicited expression of F‐box protein S phase kinase–associated protein 2 (p45SKP2), a substrate‐specific component of the ubiquitin‐ligase complex that targets p27KIP1 for degradation in the proteasome. These studies suggest that both sequestration of Cdk inhibitors by cyclin D1/Cdk4 complexes and downregulation of p27KIP1 play major roles in the induction of Cdk2 activity and S phase entry elicited by estrogens in MCF‐7 cells. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The use of solid‐phase microextraction/gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry for the determination of degradation products of volatile and semivolatile compounds
Authors: Karaisz Kenneth G. , Snow Nicholas H.
Published: August 2002

One of the more important applications in the pharmaceutical and personal care industries is the determination of degradation products in volatile and semivolatile compounds. The conventional approaches to these studies often utilize time‐consuming and labor‐intensive techniques in conjunction with potentially hazardous solvents. A new approach developed in our laboratory using solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) in conjunction with gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to determine degradation products for volatile and semivolatile organic compounds is described. The approach was evaluated by the measurement of diphenhydramine hydrochloride, a known over‐the‐counter (active) pharmaceutical product. Aqueous solutions of diphenhydramine HCl were subjected to stress and subsequently examined using SPME‐GC/MS. The hydrolysis degradation products benzhydrol, benzophenone, and dimethylaminoethanol were detected. Solid diphenhydramine was thermally stressed and subsequently examined by headspace SPME/GC‐MS. The thermal degradation products detected were dimethylaminoethanol, diphenylmethane, diphenylchloromethane, benzhydrol, and benzophenone. These results were in agreement with degradation studies in the literature performed on diphenhydramine HCl using conventional approaches. SPME‐GC/MS was then used to determine the acid hydrolysis degradation product for a cosmetic preservative iodopropynyl butyl carbamate (3‐iodo‐2‐propynyl‐n‐butyl carbamate) also known as IPBC. SPME/GC‐MS analysis of an acid‐stressed IPBC solution yielded evidence of the compound 3‐iodo‐2‐chloro‐2‐propenyl‐n‐butyl carbamate, indicative of addition of HCl across the triple bond of IPBC. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Micro Sep 13: 1–7, 2001
Essential tremor in childhood: A series of nineteen cases
Authors: Louis Elan D. , Dure Leon S. Dure , Pullman Seth
Published: August 2002

One in 20 essential tremor (ET) cases arises during childhood. We report 19 pediatric ET cases (mean age = 12.7 years). The majority (68.4%) were male, and only one had head tremor. Childhood and adult forms of ET may differ in several important respects, providing information about the underlying biology of ET. A possible male preponderance in childhood ET cases could reflect a modification of disease expression by gender, such that males manifest the disease at an earlier age than females. A paucity of childhood cases with head tremor suggests that the neuropathological changes in ET may evolve somatotopically. Head tremor may require midline or more extensive bilateral pathology which may only occur later in the disease. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Effects of university of wisconsin and lactated ringer's solutions to ischemia‐reperfusion injury in isolated cremaster flap
Authors: Alper Mehmet , Ozek Cuneyt , Erdem Ozgur , Denk Michael , Colen Lawrence B. , Prewit Russell
Published: August 2002

Ischemia‐reperfusion (I/R) injury is a topic that has been much‐discussed by various researchers during the last decade in plastic surgery. Though much progress has occurred, the problem is not totally solved yet. In particular, the pathophysiology of reperfusion injury in skeletal muscle has not been clearly elucidated. The aims of this study are to assess the effects of a variety of perfusants on the microcirculation after reperfusion injury and to better understand the pathophysiology of reperfusion injury. Isolated cremaster flaps were performed in 44 rats, preserving the femoral artery and vein in order to cannulate with microtubes. There were 2 control and 2 experiment groups. In one of the control groups and in both experimental groups, 2 h of ischemia were applied by clamping the iliac vessels. Immediately after this, the muscle was locally perfused and washed with lactated Ringer's (LR) and University of Wisconsin (UW) solutions, given from the femoral artery and drained by the femoral vein in the two respective experimental groups. The effects of these solutions to I/R injury were shown at the microcirculatory level via measuring and determining preischemic and postischemic diameters of arterioles and venules, tissue perfusion, capillary density, velocity of red blood cells, and leukocyte sticking. Both tested perfusion solutions were found to be harmful in all parameters. This study demonstrates that both LR and UW solutions aggravate I/R injury. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MICROSURGERY 22:69–73 2002
Asymptotic behaviour for a non‐monotone fluid in one dimension: the positive temperature case
Authors: Ducomet B.
Published: August 2002

We consider a one‐dimensional continuous model of neutron star, described by a compressible Navier–Stokes system with a non‐monotone equation of state, due to the effective Skyrme nuclear interaction between particles. We study the asymptotic behaviour of globally defined solutions of a mixed free boundary problem for our model, for large time, assuming that a sufficient thermal dissipation is present. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of birefringence properties in twin‐core fibers
Authors: Li Hong , Wang D. N.
Published: August 2002

In this work, a coupled nonlinear equation is derived to describe the optical pulse propagation along a twin‐core fiber in the presence of birefringence. The properties of the equation obtained and the effects of randomly varying birefringence on soliton transmission and soliton switching in a twin‐core fiber are also discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 31: 314–319, 2001.
A fully analytical model to describe the high‐frequency behavior of p‐i‐n photodiodes
Authors: Torrese G. , Salamone A. , Huynen I. , Vander Vorst A.
Published: August 2002

This paper presents a novel fully analytical model describing the high‐frequency behavior of p‐i‐n photodiodes. The transport equations are solved, taking into account the dependence of the carrier velocities on the electric field, while the RC‐product effect is considered by adding the displacement current in the current equations. The model yields a fully analytical expression for both the bandwidth and quantum efficiency as a function of electrical and geometrical photodiode parameters, as well as material properties. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 31: 329–333, 2001.
Application of the multifrontal method to the vector FEM for analysis of microwave filters
Authors: Chen R. S. , Wang D. X. , Yung Edward K. N. , Jin J. M.
Published: August 2002

The multifrontal method is applied for solving a large system of linear equations resulting from the use of the edge‐based finite‐element method (FEM). The finite‐element method combined with the perfectly matched layers (PMLs) is given for the simulation of microwave filters, and the algorithm of the multifrontal method is described in detail. The reflection loss and insertion loss of several filters are analyzed as examples, and the obtained results are compared with those obtained from the literature. In order to demonstrate the efficiency of the multifrontal method, the computational time is compared with that of both the symmetric successive overrelaxation (SSOR) preconditioned conjugate‐gradient (PCG) and conjugate‐gradient methods (CG) for a thick‐iris waveguide bandpass filer. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 31: 465–470, 2001.
Dual‐frequency rectangular microstrip antenna with an inserted integrated reactive loading
Authors: Hsieh Gui‐Bin
Published: August 2002

A novel dual‐frequency rectangular microstrip antenna with an inserted integrated reactive loading is proposed and experimentally studied. The reactive loading has the structure of a trapezoid microstrip‐line section inserted at one of the radiating edges of the patch. By adjusting the flare angle of the trapezoid microstrip‐line section, the frequency ratio of the two operating frequencies is tunable in the range of about 1.08–1.17. Also, the two operating frequencies have the same polarization planes and similar broadside radiation characteristics. Details of the antenna design and experimental results are presented and discussed. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 32: 219–221, 2002.
A new, closed‐form, spatial‐domain Green's function for layered structures and its application to the method of moments
Authors: Ge Yuehe , Esselle Karu P.
Published: August 2002

This paper presents a fast spatial‐domain method of moments (MoM) to analyze microstrip circuits and antennas. The method is based on a new closed‐form Green's function for layered structures. Using this method, one can derive closed‐form expressions for the matrix elements involved in the MoM, and improve the computational efficiency significantly without compromising the precision. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 32: 229–231, 2002.
Synthesis of dielectric helix supports for wideband traveling‐wave tubes
Authors: Jung Sun‐Shin , Joo Young‐Do , Ghosh S. , Basu B. N. , Park Gun‐Sik
Published: August 2002

An n‐dielectric tube prototype structure consisting of a helix surrounded by adjoining dielectric tubes in an overall envelope was studied by HFSS for flat‐to‐negative dispersion characteristics needed for wideband traveling‐wave tubes. The prototype structure obtained was then “synthesized” to obtain a wedge‐shaped n‐step staircase dielectric support structure for a helix. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 32: 231–235, 2002.
Experimental study of accumulative recording during nonvolatile holographic storage in LiNbO3:Fe:Mn crystals
Authors: Liu De'an , Liu Liren , Zhou Changhe , Zhang Juan , Xu Liangying
Published: August 2002

An accumulative recording scheme capable of enhancing diffraction efficiency effectively during nonvolatile holographic storage in LiNbO3:Fe:Mn crystals is proposed and experimentally demonstrated in this paper. The main idea of this new holographic recording schedule is that, during every red‐beam recording interval, an ultraviolet light is used to excise more electrons to a shallower center for the next faster and higher recording. After sufficient accumulation of the space‐charge fields developed in a deeper center, it is possible to gain a high diffraction efficiency of the finally fixed hologram. The experimental results demonstrate that the finally fixed diffraction efficiency is enhanced by about 31% compared to the conventional recording schedule. No additional equipment is needed in this method, and it has potentials for applications. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 32: 423–425, 2002.
Experimental study of a large bandwidth rectangular microstrip‐fed circular slot antenna
Authors: Jang Yong‐Woong
Published: August 2002

A large‐band rectangular‐shaped microstrip‐fed circular slot antenna is studied in this Letter. In this case, many design parameters of this antenna lead to good impedance matching in a wide frequency band. Although the use of a high‐relative‐permittivity (εr = 4.3) substrate usually restricts the operation bandwidth, the measured bandwidth is from 2.277 to 9.272 GHz, which is approximately 124.6 % (VSWR ≤ 2.0). The experimented data for the impedance loci and the radiation patterns of the antenna are also described. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 33: 316–318, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10306
Optimal dispersion management scheme for 40 Gb/s optical fiber transmission systems with different input powers
Authors: Yan Minhui , Chen Jianping , Jiang Wenning
Published: August 2002

For long‐haul and high‐bit‐rate optical transmission systems, the trend is to deploy a dispersion compensation scheme. In the design of such a scheme, optimal DCR shall be carefully chosen for different situations, such as different signal power and transmission length. This Letter describes the simulation of the dispersion‐managed systems of 40‐Gb/s bit rate. The DCR values for different signal power and transmission length are different. An explanation is given for the differences, and the proper design scheme for the high‐bit‐rate dispersion‐managed system for different situations. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 33: 392–394, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10332
A DWDM system for 256‐QAM transmission over 4‐km multimode fiber
Authors: Lu Hai‐Han , Ma Hsien‐Li , Lee Chi‐Sen , Lee Ching‐Ting
Published: August 2002

This study demonstrated a four‐wavelength dense‐wavelength‐division‐multiplexing (DWDM) system for 256‐QAM digital signals over a 4‐km multimode fiber (MMF) transmission. Such a DWDM 256‐QAM subcarrier multiplexed (SCM) system has the transmission capacity of 10 Gbit/s over a 4‐km MMF transmission by using 252 simulated continuous‐wave (CW) carriers. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 33: 419–421, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10339
New algorithms of the TSM and TOM methods for calibrating microwave test fixtures
Authors: Zhu Ning Hua , Chen Zhen Yu , Wang You Lin
Published: August 2002

Based on the conventional through‐short‐match (TSM) method, an improved TSM method has been proposed in this Letter. This method gives an analytical solution and has almost all the advantages of conventional TSM methods. For example, it has no phase uncertainty and no bandwidth limitation. The experimental results show that the accuracy can be significantly improved with this method. The proposed theory can be applied to the through‐open‐match (TOM) method. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 26–31, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10363
Microwave ferrite variable polarizer in a square waveguide with dielectric loading
Authors: Che Wenquan , Ma Jinping , Yung Edward K. N. , Wen Junding
Published: August 2002

The microwave ferrite variable polarizer in a square waveguide is investigated in this Letter. The nodal finite‐element method (FEM) is employed to analyze the differential phase shift characteristic of the device. The numerical and experimental results all indicate that the dielectric loading can increase the differential phase shift by about 30–40%, but has little effect on the VSWR and insertion loss of the device. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 70–73, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10376
Multilevel fast multipole algorithm for three‐dimensional dielectric targets in the vicinity of a lossy half space
Authors: He Jiangqi , Sullivan Anders , Carin Lawrence
Published: August 2002

The multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA) is applied to the problem of a general three‐dimensional dielectric target above or below a lossy half space. The dyadic half‐space Green's function is evaluated rigorously for the “near” MLFMA interactions, while an asymptotic Green's function approximation is applied for the “far” interactions. The model is discussed, and results are compared with those from a rigorous method‐of‐moments (MoM) analysis. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 29: 100–104, 2001.
Demonstration of an all‐optical switch using cross‐polarization modulation in semiconductor optical amplifiers
Authors: Soto H. , Dominguez J. C. , Erasme D. , Guekos G.
Published: August 2002

We propose an all‐optical switch based on cross‐polarization modulation in a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA), operating at 2.5 Gbits/s with an NRZ pseudorandom data sequence. The effect consists of an induced modification of the birefringence and waveguide eigenmodes of an SOA produced by a strong control beam. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 29: 205–208, 2001.
Broadside couplings for high‐selectivity microstrip filters
Authors: Melcón Alejandro Alvarez , Mosig Juan R. , Guglielmi Marco
Published: August 2002

This paper describes a number of broadside‐coupled microstrip structures and their use for the implementation of high‐selectivity multilayered filters. The broadside configuration allows for the introduction of cross couplings between nonadjacent resonators. The cross couplings can then be used to implement transmission zeros that can significantly increase the selectivity of the filters. Furthermore, the investigation shows that the amount of coupling can be considerably increased if the resonators are broadside coupled, thus easily allowing the implementation of broadband filters. Measured results are shown to agree with predictions, thereby fully validating the new structures described. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 295–302, 2001.
60 GHz fiber‐radio communication system for indoor ATM network
Authors: Dupont S. , Loyez C. , Rolland N. , Rolland P. A. , Lafond O. , Cadiou J. F.
Published: August 2002

This paper presents a 60 GHz radio over fiber communication system for high‐data‐rate ATM indoor transmission. The radio interface is fully MMIC integrated (OMMIC ED 0.2 AH foundry). The system has been successfully tested in an indoor environment for a data rate up to 100 Mbits/s. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 307–310, 2001.
Light‐emission potential of Si‐based nanostructures from calculated absorption coefficient
Authors: Ghosh Sumitra , Basu P. K.
Published: August 2002

The values of the absorption coefficient in coupled Si/SiGe and Si/SiGeC nanostructures are calculated for quasidirect no‐phonon transition due to the momentum spread of electrons spatially confined in ultrathin layers. The values in quantum dots are found to be as large as that in bulk GaAs. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 352–355, 2001.
Comparison of manual and automated leukocyte counts for determination of the absolute neutrophil count: Application to a pediatric oncology clinic***
Authors: Parham David M. , Ready Ruth , Stine Kimo , Quiggins Carolyn , Becton David , North Paula
Published: August 2002

Background

Determination of the absolute neutrophil count (ANC) is a critical test prior to initiation of chemotherapy and is a standard component of cancer therapy protocols. Automated determination of this parameter potentially shortens the turnaround time necessary between specimen phlebotomy and chemotherapy infusion in an outpatient setting. However, there are certain factors that can lead to spuriously elevated or lowered ANCs, possibly leading to inappropriate dosage. We therefore compared ANC results in a series of samples in which both automated and manual results were available.

Procedure

Sets of 111 specimens, tested over a 1‐month period, had matched automated and manual ANC results available for initial retrospective analysis. An additional set of 35 specimens with ANCs of < 1.5 × 109/L were subsequently analyzed in a similar fashion. Automated ANC results were obtained with a Cell‐Dyn 3500® (Abbott Diagnostics, Santa Clara, CA, USA) automated hematology analyzer, and manual ANC results were obtained using 100 cell differentials performed by 1 of 13 medical technologists. Results were tabulated and analyzed using standard linear regression and scatter plot analyses.

Results

Of the initial 111 specimens, automated ANC values ranged from 0.16–14.2 × 109/L (median = 2.6 × 109/L), as compared with 0.24–13.9 × 109/L (median 3.0 × 109/L) for manual ANC values (R2 = 0.99; SE = 0.49). Differences between the ANC values ranged from −55 to + 33% (SD = 14%) of the manual value. Of the second set of 35 specimens, regression analysis yielded an R2 value of 0.92, with a SE of 0.11. Both data sets yielded acceptable degrees of variation on scatter plot analyses.

Conclusions

Automated ANC values appear adequate for determining suitability for chemotherapy and lessen the turnaround time between specimen phlebotomy and result verification. Med Pediatr Oncol 2002;38:183–186. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electron paramagnetic resonance study of nitroxides generated from nitric oxide by reaction with transient radicals
Authors: Jin Jing , Wu Longmin , Zhang Ziyi
Published: August 2002

Photochemical or thermal decomposition of azo‐compounds (such as 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile, 2,2′‐azobis(2‐methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride, dialkyl peroxides (such as tert‐butyl peroxide and diacyl peroxides (such as benzoyl peroxide) in anaerobic nitric oxide (NO)‐saturated dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) or aqueous solutions yielded nitroxides. Well‐characterized electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of nitroxides revealed that NO was favorable for reacting with carbon‐centered and less stereo‐inhibited transient alkyl radicals, giving kinds of nitrosoalkane, typically nitrosomethane, which act sequentially as C‐nitroso compounds to trap transient radicals present in solution, yielding spin‐trapping adducts, i.e. nitroxides. Radicals, including sulfinyl radicals from UV‐irradiated DMSO, were trapped by the in situ formed CH3NO. O‐centered radicals could not add to the freshly formed C‐nitroso compounds. Possible mechanisms are suggested. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1H, 13C and 15N NMR chemical shifts of substituted pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines
Authors: Kolehmainen Erkki , Laihia Katri , Firsov Alexander V. , Zayzev Vyacheslav I. , Emelina Elena E. , Petrov Alexander A.
Published: August 2002

1H, 13C and 15N NMR chemical shifts of 10 substituted pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines were assigned based on DQF 1H, 1H COSY, PFG 1H, 13C HMQC and PFG 1H,X (X = 13C and 15N) HMBC experiments and on literature data. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NMR study on 9‐S and 9‐R oxirane derivatives of ascomycin
Authors: Baumann K. , Högenauer K. , Schulz G. , Steck A.
Published: August 2002

Structure elucidation of 9‐S and 9‐R oxirane derivatives of ascomycin, a 23‐membered immunomodulating macrolactam, was performed using NMR spectroscopy. The total 1H and 13C signal assignments required the gradient‐selected versions of COSY (gs‐COSY), heteronuclear multiple quantum‐correlation spectroscopy (gs‐HSQC), heteronuclear multiple‐bond correlation spectroscopy (gs‐HMBC), and nuclear Overhauser methods. The data sets then were used to examine the dependence of ketone–hemiketal and cis–trans amide equilibria on the substitution pattern and the absolute configuration of the chiral oxirane. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diels–Alder reaction of 2,7‐dichloroquinoline‐5,8‐dione with a thiazole o‐quinodimethane. Assignment of the regiochemistry by 1H–13C HMBC correlations
Authors: Tapia Ricardo A. , Prieto Yolanda , Pautet Félix , Fenet Bernard , Fillion Houda
Published: August 2002

The Diels–Alder reaction between a thiazole o‐quinodimethane and 4,6‐dichloroquinoline‐5,8‐dione gave 6‐chloro‐9‐azaanthra[2,3‐b]thiazole‐5,10‐dione as a single regioisomer. Its structure was assigned by 2D 1H–13C HMBC short‐ and long‐range correlations. Measuring the spectra in CF3CO2D indicated that both nitrogen atoms of pyridine and thiazole rings are deuterated. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of the temperature‐dependent conformational averaging of 1H NMR resonances in vinylcyclopropane through the use of ab initio methodology and Boltzmann statistics
Authors: Swalina Chet W. , O'Brien Edward P. , Moyna Guillermo
Published: August 2002

The temperature dependence of the 1 H NMR resonance of the C‐4 olefinic proton in vinylcyclopropane was investigated through a combination of ab initio calculations and Boltzmann statistics. A torsional energy profile as a function of the 〈ϕ〉 dihedral angle was obtained using HF methodology with a 6–311G** basis set, while the corresponding 1 H chemical shift profiles for the C‐4 proton were computed using the GIAO approach and either HF, DFT (B3LYP) or MP2 methods at the 6–311G** level of theory. Chemical shifts at different temperatures calculated as canonical ensemble averages in which the different ab initio 1 H chemical shift profiles and a Boltzmann factor defined by the HF/ 6–311G** energy function are employed reproduce remarkably well the temperature dependence observed experimentally. Attempts to perform a similar study using only the GIAO‐MP2 1 H chemical shift profile and 〈ϕ〉 dihedral angle trajectories obtained from molecular dynamics simulations at different temperatures failed to reproduce the experimental trends. This shortcoming was attributed to the inability of the force fields employed, Tripos 6.0 and MMFF94, to reproduce properly the three‐well torsional potential of vinylcyclopropane. The application of both methodologies to the calculation of population‐dependent chemical shifts in other systems is discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Involving AP‐2 transcription factor in connexin 26 up‐regulation during pregnancy and lactation
Authors: Tu Zheng Jin , Pan Weihong , Gong Zhuo , Kiang David T.
Published: August 2002

Gap junction connexin 26 (Cx26) is up‐regulated in mammary epithelial cells during pregnancy and lactation. To understand the transcriptional regulation of Cx26, we identified a protected DNase I footprint region (−140 to −113) in the rat Cx26 promoter. This rCx26 Promoter Footprinting Region, or CPFR, contains an Sp binding site (CCGCCC) overlapping with an AP‐2 binding site (GCCCGCGGC), and is evolutionarily conserved. Nuclear extracts from rat mammary glands and human MCF‐10 mammary epithelial cells formed protein‐DNA complexes with the labeled CPFR probe in the electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), and these complexes were markedly enhanced during pregnancy and lactation. Antibody supershift analysis further identified the presence of Sp1, Sp3, and AP‐2 in these binding complexes. Human mammary epithelial MCF‐10A and MCF‐12A cells were transiently transfected with chimeric mutant rCx26 promoter/luciferase reporter constructs, and luciferase activities measured. Mutations along the CPFR fragment drastically reduced the promoter activity, specially at the Sp/AP‐2 overlapping site. Cotransfection of AP‐2 with rCx26 promoter/reporter constructs into MCF‐10 cells markedly induced the reporter activity. These data infer that AP‐2, along with previously reported Sp transcription factors, is involved in the up‐regulation of Cx26 gene during pregnancy and lactation. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 59:17–24, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nitric oxide‐mediated inhibition of follicular apoptosis is associated with HSP70 Induction and Bax suppression
Authors: Yoon Se‐Jin , Choi Kyung‐Hee , Lee Kyung‐Ah
Published: August 2002

Nitric oxide (NO) has recently emerged as a potential regulator of follicular development because of its involvement in the regulation of several physiological functions of the ovary. NO influences apoptotic cell death of follicular cells as a follicle survival factor. The present study was conducted (1) to investigate the mechanism involved in the protective effect of NO on spontaneously induced follicular apoptosis in serum‐free condition and (2) to determine the role of NO on the expression of mRNAs and proteins for HSP70 and Bax. Preovulatory follicles obtained from PMSG‐primed rats were cultured for 24 hr in serum‐free medium with or without sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO generator. Granulosa cells within follicles incubated in medium alone for 24 hr exhibited extensive apoptosis. Treatment of SNP in the culture medium blocked this onset of apoptosis. Both mRNA and protein levels of HSP70 were highly increased with SNP than those of control group. On the contrary, those of Bax were suppressed with SNP treatment. Results of the present study suggest that NO prevents rat preovulatory follicular apoptosis in vitro by stimulating HSP70 and suppressing Bax expression. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 61:504–510, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular cloning and characterization of fox testis kinectin
Authors: Xu Jianwei , Bird Peter H. , Bradley Mark P. , Janssens Peter A. , Hardy Christopher M.
Published: August 2002

Kinectin was isolated and characterized from a fox testis cDNA library using a monoclonal antibody (FTA‐1) raised against testis surface proteins. The cDNA sequence of 4,479 nucleotides encodes an ORF of 1,330 amino acids (aa) with high homology to mouse, human, and chicken kinectins (GenBank Accession Number AF095786). Southern analysis was used to show that genes homologous to kinectin are present in several mammal species and in at least one marsupial, but not in bacteria. Alternatively spliced forms of fox kinectin were identified, and one of these is uniquely expressed in brain and spleen tissues. Kinectin expression was highest in testis relative to other tissues examined. Sequence analysis and comparisons between species revealed that kinectin encodes multiple α‐helical coiled coils predicted to form dimers, and is, therefore, likely to exist as a dimer. The results presented in this article suggest that kinectin is required for spermatogenesis, but is not a likely candidate for use in immunocontraceptive vaccines. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 62: 37‐46, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transgenic production from in vivo‐derived embryos: Effect on calf birth weight and sex ratio
Authors: Behboodi E. , Groen W. , Destrempes M.M. , Williams J.L. , Ohlrichs C. , Gavin W.G. , Broek D.M. , Ziomek C.A. , Faber D.C. , Meade H.M. , Echelard Y.
Published: August 2002

We examined transgenic‐cattle production by DNA microinjection into 1‐, 2‐, and 4‐cell embryos, analyzing the impact on calf size and subsequent viability. Embryos were either collected at an abattoir by flushing oviducts from superovulated and artificially inseminated cows (in vivo‐derived) or obtained by in vitro maturation and in vitro fertilization of oocytes aspirated from excised ovaries (in vitro‐derived). A human serum albumin (hSA) milk‐expression DNA construct was microinjected, either in one of the visible pronuclei of in vitro‐ and in vivo‐derived 1‐cell embryos or in the nuclei of two blastomeres of 2‐ and 4‐cell in vivo‐derived embryos. Microinjection‐induced mortality (lysis and developmental block) was equivalent (∼40%) for all microinjected embryos. Embryos were co‐cultured with BRL cells in B‐2 medium containing 10% fetal calf serum (FSC). Overall, embryo development to morulae/blastocysts was significantly greater for in vivo‐derived ova (15.5%) than for in vitro‐derived oocytes (9.3%). All morulae and blastocysts were transferred to synchronized recipient females on Days 6–8 post‐fertilization. A total of 189 calves were delivered. Birth weights were significantly greater for calves generated from in vitro‐derived oocytes compared with those generated from in vivo‐derived oocytes. One transgenic bull calf was obtained from the microinjection of a 2‐cell embryo. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of lymphocytes detected one transgenic integration site in all cells. Transmission frequency of the hSA transgene in embryos obtained through IVM/IVF/IVC utilizing the semen of the transgenic calf confirmed that it was not mosaic. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 60: 27–37, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acute cyclophosphamide exposure has germ cell specific effects on the expression of stress response genes during rat spermatogenesis
Authors: Aguilar‐Mahecha Adriana , Hales Barbara F. , Robaire Bernard
Published: August 2002

Exposure of male rats to cyclophosphamide, a commonly used anticancer and immunosuppressive drug, has been shown to alter fertility and progeny outcome in a male germ cell phase‐specific manner. The effect of toxicant exposure on male germ cells depends in part on the stress response mechanisms present during the different stages of spermatogenesis. To assess how acute cyclophosphamide exposure affects the expression of stress response genes, we examined the expression of 216 genes, using gene expression arrays, in isolated rat spermatogenic cell types (pachytene spermatocytes, round spermatids, and elongating spermatids). Cyclophosphamide exposure affected gene expression in all cell types but most dramatically in round spermatids. Increased transcript levels were observed for 30 genes in round spermatids compared to seven genes in pachytene spermatocytes and two in elongating spermatids. The expression of genes involved in apoptosis, DNA‐damage recognition and repair, transcriptional activation, and in the heat shock protein‐chaperone response was most affected by cyclophosphamide in round spermatids. Our results demonstrate that cyclophosphamide alters the expression of stress response genes during spermatogenesis in a germ cell‐specific manner. The greater response of round spermatids to cyclophosphamide suggests that this cell type may be more susceptible to the damaging effects induced by this drug, possibly due to the chromatin remodeling that is taking place at this stage of spermatogenesis. This observation is consistent with the reported higher level of abnormal progeny outcome seen when the germ cells were first exposed to cyclophosphamide as round spermatids. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 60: 302–311, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular cloning and partial characterization of medaka fish stromelysin‐3 and its restricted expression in the oocytes of small growing follicles of the ovary
Authors: Ogiwara Katsueki , Matsui Hitoshi , Kimura Atsushi , Takahashi Takayuki
Published: August 2002

A cDNA clone (2755‐bp) for stromelysin‐3 was isolated by screening the cDNA library and by 3′‐ and 5′‐rapid amplification of cDNA ends using ovary RNA of the medaka fish Oryzias latipes. The clone encodes a protein of 492 amino acids. Stromelysin‐3 mRNA was detected only in the ovary. In situ hybridization analysis revealed that stromelysin‐3 mRNA was localized in the oocyte cytoplasm of small growing follicles. RT‐PCR analysis of total RNAs isolated from various‐sized follicles and ovulated oocytes was conducted in order to determine the mRNA levels during oocyte growth. The stromelysin‐3 mRNA level was the highest in the small follicles, and the mRNA levels decreased as the follicles grew. No significant stromelysin‐3 mRNA was detected in the ovulated oocytes or immature ovaries. The fish stromelysin‐3 cDNA was expressed in COS‐1 cells in order to characterize the intracellular localization of the protein. A 56 kDa protein was synthesized and secreted into the culture medium. The secreted stromelysin‐3 exhibited gelatin‐degrading activity. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 61: 21–31, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reproducibility of 3D proton spectroscopy in the human brain
Authors: Li Belinda S.Y. , Babb James S. , Soher Brian J. , Maudsley Andrew A. , Gonen Oded
Published: August 2002

The inter‐ and intrasubject reproducibility of the metabolite levels of N‐acetylaspartate (NAA), creatine (Cr), and choline (Cho), obtained with three‐dimensional (3D) multivoxel proton spectroscopy (1H‐MRS), was analyzed in eight healthy volunteers. Serial, back‐to‐back measurements on a phantom showed the methodology and instrumentation to be highly reproducible, with a median coefficient of variation (CV) of 3.8%. In the human brain, the metabolite levels' variability was larger, with intrasubject median CVs for a total of 1876 signal voxels of 13.8%, 18.5%, and 20.1% for NAA, Cr, and Cho, respectively. These variations possibly arise from small, unavoidable, ±1–2 mm volume‐of‐interest (VOI) repositioning uncertainties, which vary each 0.75‐cm3 voxel's partial fluid/gray/white‐matter fractions. Comparing the CVs between eight subjects in a total of 324 selected voxels gave total interindividual CVs of 15.6%, 23.3%, and 24.4%, compared with intraindividual CVs in the same voxels of 14.4%, 14.8%, and 15.3%, for NAA, Cr, and Cho, respectively. Replacing the signal(s) from each voxel by the average of itself with its six canonical neighbors reduces the intrasubject median CVs to 8.3%, 9.5%, and 9.7%. The measurement uncertainties can be reduced at a cost of either spatial resolution (by using larger voxels) or time (by performing serial follow‐ups). Magn Reson Med 47:439–446, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.