bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physiological function of short‐chain fatty acid receptor under ketogenic condition
Authors: Kasubuchi Mayu , Hasegawa Sae , Ichimura Atsuhiko , Kimura Ikuo
Published: November 2023

Short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate are produced by bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber with gut microbiota and are utilized as a major energy source in the host's body. Recently, it was reported that the SCFAs play important roles not only as essential nutritional components but also as intracellular signaling factor to maintain metabolic homeostasis via SCFAs receptors which are G protein‐coupled receptor.

Additionally, it has been shown that a SCFAs receptor could be also regulated by β‐hydroxybutyrate which bear a structural resemblance to butyrate. Hence, it became clear that ketone body is an endogenous ligand for SCFAs receptors and controls physiological function under ketogenic condition such as starved state and diabetes mellitus.

Here, we focus on the physiological function of other SCFAs receptor under ketogenic condition. Through several pharmacological experiments in vitro and vivo, we found that other SCFAs receptor also plays pivotal role under ketogenic condition. Hence, these findings could account for the pathophysiological function of SCFAs receptors on diabetes and may represent an important avenue of research for drug development for the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis.
Dietary Protein Patterns are Associated with Sarcopenia in an Urban Socioeconomically Diverse African American and White Population
Authors: Kuczmarski Marie Fanelli , Pohlig Ryan T , Kuczmarski Andrew V , Zonderman Alan B , Evans Michele K
Published: November 2023

Consuming high‐quality protein at each meal can stimulate muscle synthesis and promote muscle health. Sarcopenia, defined as the loss of muscle strength and mass with aging, was observed among 6.4% of the participants (n=2176), aged 30–64 y, in the baseline wave of the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of dietary protein patterns and sarcopenia among these participants. Typical dietary protein was based on two 24‐hr recalls collected using the USDA Automated Multiple Pass Method. Meals were self‐reported by participants and included breakfast, lunch/brunch, dinner/supper, and snacks. The Foundation for the National Institutes of Health Sarcopenia Project criteria was used to define sarcopenia. The percentage of HANDLS participants who consumed ≥ 30 g of protein was 22.7 at breakfast; 29.9, lunch; 48.2, dinner; and 11.5, snack. A significant negative relationship was found between the number of meals eaten that provided ≥ 30 g protein and sarcopenia. The findings document the role of dietary protein in preserving lean body mass with increasing age, and emphasize the importance of nutrition professionals in providing translational information to the public.

Support or Funding Information

This work is supported by the Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, grant Z01‐AG000194.
Preliminary findings of the effects of leucine supplementation in bedridden older adults
Authors: Arentson‐Lantz Emily J , Nagamma Sneha , Ellison Jennifer , Deer Rachel R , Husaini Syed , Wacher Adam , Paddon‐Jones Doug J
Published: November 2023

Older adults are at increased risk of being bedridden and experiencing negative health outcomes including loss of muscle mass and function and impaired insulin action. We hypothesize that supplementing daily meals with leucine will partially preserve muscle mass and function during bed rest in older adults. Up to this point in recruitment, men and women (11 male, 3 female) with an average age of 66.5±1.5 years old have been randomized to be supplemented with leucine (LEU, 0.06 g/kg/meal; n=4) or an isonitrogenous control (CON; 0.06 g/kg/meal; n=9), and admitted to the Institute for Translational Sciences’ Clinical Research Center for 7 days of bed rest followed by 7 days of inpatient rehabilitation. We are assessing body composition using iDEXA, measuring muscle strength using isokinetic dynamometry, aerobic capacity via VO‐2‐max testing and indicators of metabolic health including OGTT and blood lipids. Preliminary findings from this ongoing study indicate that leucine may slow the loss of lean leg mass, reduce the accumulation of fat mass and preserve aerobic capacity during physical inactivity.

Support or Funding Information

Funded by NIH grant R01NR012973 (Paddon‐Jones) and in part by the UTMB Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center NIH/NIA grant #P30 AG024832 and grant 1UL1RR029876‐01 from the National Center for Research Resources. The study was conducted with the support of UTMB's Institute for Translational Sciences, supported in part by a Clinical and Translational Science Award (UL1TR000071) from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NIH).
Assessment of Attitudes, Preferences and Knowledge Regarding Dietary Protein Consumption and Health
Authors: Neumann Brianna L , Baum Jamie I
Published: November 2023

In the area of nutrition and dietary protein, experts often state that there are several barriers to consumption of dietary protein, however there is a lack of published data supporting these claims. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify the attitudes, preferences and knowledge regarding nutrition, with an emphasis on dietary protein to identify potential barriers that would prevent purchasing protein or including protein the diet. A 38‐question Qualtrics survey was distributed via University of Arkansas listservs and on social media for three weeks. Participants (n=437) were asked to answer questions related to general nutrition knowledge and current dietary practices related to protein. Preliminary analyses of the survey population show that 58% of survey participants were between the ages of 18–24 y, 80% were female, 91% were white, 7% were vegetarian/vegan, and 53% had taken at least one nutrition class. When asked how often they include a protein source when eating a meal or snack, 52% responded sometimes and 46% responded always. Most (88%) participants indicated that they consume protein on a daily basis. In addition, 88% of the participants are most likely to eat protein at dinner, 63% at lunch and 44% at breakfast. However, of the 75% of participants who indicated that they consume breakfast daily, 40% consume protein at breakfast 5 or more time per week. The primary barriers preventing participants from consuming protein are cost (41%) and convenience (43%). When asked about current research topics related to dietary protein, 95% of participants responded that distributing protein throughout the day is the best way to consume protein and 100% responded that protein, in general, is good for you. More than 60% responded that higher protein diets have health benefits and 67% think protein burns more calories than carbohydrates and fats. However participants do not think all protein is nutritionally equal, 85% responded ‘no’ to all protein (plant versus animal sources) providing the same nutrients, 58% think plant protein is healthier. In general, the survey population thinks that there are health benefits associated with protein intake, however cost and convenience are barriers to regular consumption.
Effects of Soy Protein on HDL‐C Function, Central Blood Pressure, and Arterial Stiffness: Study Design and Participant Characteristics
Authors: Sponsky Christina , Fleming Jennifer , Krul Elaine , Skulas‐Ray Ann , Kris‐Etherton Penny
Published: November 2023

Epidemiologic studies report lower rates of cardiovascular disease in Asian populations where soy products are a staple food. Soy protein consumption has been shown to reduce non‐HDL cholesterol and is the richest dietary source of isoflavones (phytoestrogens), a group of bioactive compounds also shown to have potentially favorable effects on CVD risk. We are conducting a randomized, three‐period, double blind crossover study designed to evaluate the effects of soy protein supplementation on HDL function (measured via cholesterol efflux), central blood pressure and indices of arterial stiffness. Healthy males and females 35–60 years of age with systolic blood pressure ≥120 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥80 mm Hg were recruited. The three dietary treatments are: A) 25 g/d soy protein isolate (SPI); B) 50 g/d SPI; and C) 0 g/d SPI (isocaloric carbohydrate control). Participants were free living and followed their habitual diets to which they incorporated the SPI or control powders mixed with milk or water twice daily for 6 weeks each followed by a 2‐week break between treatments. Participants were instructed to keep their diet consistent during treatment periods and asked not to consume any soy containing products other than those provided. Three day dietary records were completed at baseline and during the last week of each treatment to ensure consistency in dietary intake. Participants reported to the diet center weekly to monitor body weight, review consumption logs and collect their soy (or control) powder. Twenty participants are included in the study; 18 have completed all study procedures and 2 will complete their final treatment period by December 2015. Baseline characteristics (mean ± SE) of participants (n=20; 9M & 11F) are as follows: age 51.9 ± 0.72 years, BMI 26.4 ± 0.1 kg/m2, systolic blood pressure 129.7 ± 1.9 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure 82.5 ± 1.1 mm Hg, fasting glucose 88.7 ± 1.0 mg/dL, total cholesterol 197.3 ± 3.3 mg/dl, LDL‐C 120.3 ± 3.0 mg/dL and HDL‐C 55.3 ± 1.4 mg/dL. We hypothesize that consumption of soy protein (in a dose‐dependent manner) will favorably affect HDL particle size, increase HDL‐mediated ex vivo cholesterol efflux and improve central BP and arterial health in this normolipidemic, mildly hypertensive population.

Support or Funding Information

Sponsored by DuPont Nutrition & Health
Preliminary Assessment of a Raspberry Ketone Supplement as a Weight‐Loss Aid
Authors: Carbone John W , Braun Ethan M , Kraker Keith A , Percy Sarah A , Fassezke Brianna L , Briolat Katelyn N
Published: November 2023

Raspberry Ketone (RK) supplements have received significant amounts of media and lay press attention as potential weight loss aids, despite a lack of published human studies evaluating their efficacy. Experimental trials are needed to determine whether the promising results observed in tissue culture and animal studies, specifically increased fat mobilization and oxidation, are translatable to humans. In the current pilot study, 5 obese (34.9 ± 3.0 kg/m2) young adult (20.4 ± 0.9 years) volunteers (4 women, 1 man) consumed 200mg RK daily for 6 weeks. Volunteers were instructed to maintain baseline eating and exercise patterns, confirmed by diet recalls and activity records. Body weight (BW), percent body fat (%BF), resting energy expenditure (REE), and respiratory quotient (RQ) were measured at baseline and study end. Mean BW was virtually unchanged (−0.1 ± 0.3kg) and %BF was constant (0.0 ± 0.1%). Mean REE increased slightly (156 ± 47kcal/d), but not significantly, while mean RQ remained near‐constant (+0.01 ± 0.01). The results of this pilot study suggest that RK supplementation is not an effective weight loss aid.

Support or Funding Information

Supported by the Eastern Michigan University Undergraduate Research Stimulus Program
Effects of Obesity and Soy Diet on Gut Microbiota using Obese Zucker Rat Model
Authors: Hakkak Reza , Korourian Soheila , Foley Steven , Erickson Bruce
Published: November 2023

Obesity has been epidemic in the United States for more than two decades. The intestinal microbiota is composed of a diverse population of obligate and facultative anaerobic microorganisms, and these organisms carry out a broad range of metabolic activities. Obesity has been linked to changes in the intestinal microbiota, but the combined effects of soy and obesity on the composition of the intestinal microbiota in Zucker rats have not been carefully studied. The objective of study was to determine the effects of obesity and soy diet on gut microbiota in this model system. Lean and obese female Zucker rats (n=34) were randomly assigned to 1) casein, or 2) soy protein diets for 8 weeks. Fecal samples, collected at the end of the experiment, were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing to determine the bacterial populations present. Bacterial DNA was isolated from the fecal samples using a commercial kit and the DNA prepared for sequencing using barcoded primers specific for the Illumina MiSeq platform. Following sequencing, the reads were de‐multiplexed and the different taxa identified to characterize the total bacterial populations. Comparisons of the bacterial populations between the lean and obese rats fed a casein or soy diet were carried out to determine if there were differences that may correlate with breast tumor formation or severity. Our results suggest that there are differences in gut microbiota associated with diet and the lean/obese state using the Zucker rat as a model.

Support or Funding Information

(Supported by CUMG and ABI to RH).
Mango Supplementation Prevents Gut Microbial Dysbiosis and Modulates Short Chain Fatty Acid Production Independent of Body Weight Reduction in C57BL/6 Mice Fed a High Fat Diet
Authors: Ojo Babajide , El‐Rassi Guadalupe , Perkins‐Veazie Penelope , Clarke Stephen , Smith Brenda J , Lucas Edralin A
Published: November 2023

Fermentable non‐digestible carbohydrates and fiber from plant food sources are suggested to prevent high fat (HF) diet‐induced gut microbial dysbiosis and other obesity‐related outcomes. Various parts of mango have been studied for their anti‐obesogenic, immunomodulatory and gastro‐protective properties. This study investigated the effects of 12‐week freeze‐dried mango pulp supplementation on the gut microbiota and their fermentation products, and its impact on body composition, glucose homeostasis and gut inflammatory markers in C57BL/6 mice fed a HF diet. Six‐week old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to four dietary treatment groups: Control (AIN‐93M, 10% kcal from fat), HF (60% kcal from fat), and HF+1% or 10% mango. Cecal content analyses using 16S rDNA sequencing showed that HF feeding reduced Bifidobacteria and Akkermansia while mango supplementation prevented the loss of these populations in a dose‐dependent manner. In contrast to previous studies, mango supplementation did not reduce body weight or fasting blood glucose. Interestingly, both mango doses lowered HF‐induced hypertriglyceridemia. The HF+10% mango significantly lowered plasma non‐esterified fatty acids, but increased plasma total cholesterol. In comparison to the HF group, a dose‐dependent increase in microbial fermentation was observed with mango supplementation, as evident in increased fecal and cecal acetic and butyric acid, but not propionic acid. Furthermore, mango supplementation modulated gut inflammation, as observed with an increase in ileal and colonic interleukin (IL)‐10 gene expression compared to the HF group. These findings demonstrated that mango supplementation in high fat feeding modulated some of the adverse effects that accompanies high fat diet‐induced obesity.

Support or Funding Information

This study was funded, in part, by the National Mango Board
Intestinal dysbiosis in obese and undernourished Mexican school‐age children
Authors: Palacios‐González Berenice , Mendez Eder , Ortiz‐Lopez María Guadalupe , de los Angeles Granados‐Silvestre Ma. , Menjívar Marta
Published: November 2023

In most developed countries, obesity is a major public nutritional problem. Mexico is at an advanced stage of the epidemiologic transition; like other Latin American countries, it bears a nutritional double burden composed of undernutrition and overweight or obesity 16.2% and 36.7% respectively). Previous studies have shown that gut microbiota has been associated with obesity and recently with undernutrition. The aim of this study was to describe and compare the richness and diversity in fecal microbiota in undernourished and obese Mexican school‐age children. We selected three groups according to BMI: 1) control (C); 2) undernutrition (UN) and 3) obese (OB) group. Anthropometric, dietetic and biochemical tests were performed. The V4 region of bacterial 16S rRNA gene was amplified by Illumina MiSeq. Waist circumference and body fat percentage were significantly higher in OB group and significantly lower in UN group compared to C group. Serum Glucose, cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and leptin concentrations were significant different between the groups. In regard to diet, energy consumption was increased in OB group compared to UN group. Carbohydrate consumption was increased in UN group compared to C and OB group. Fat consumption was increased in C and OB group compared to UN group. Alpha diversity indicates that C group has the most richness and diversity compared to UN and OB group. We observe an increase in Firmicutes and a decrease in Bacteroides in OB and UN groups compared to C group. Peptococcacea was increased in OB group compared to C group and was associated with meat and sugar consumption. Lachonspiracea was increased in UN group compared to C group and we observe a negative correlation between Lachonspiracea and energy consumption. Regarding the enterotypes, we observed a positive correlation between Enterotype 2 and beans consumption and Enterotype 1 with meat consumption. In conclusion, we observe an intestinal disbiosis between the phenotypes, reflected as a lower richness and diversity in school‐age children with obesity or undernutrition.

Support or Funding Information

PAPIIT‐IN221014
Restricted feeding of a high‐fat diet reduces spontaneous metastases of Lewis lung carcinoma in C57BL/6 mice
Authors: Yan Lin , Sundaram Sneha
Published: November 2023

Obesity is a risk factor for cancer. We previously reported that consumption of a high‐fat diet enhances metastasis in mice (Yan, Clin Exp Metastasis 2010). The present study investigated the effects of restricted feeding of a high‐fat diet on spontaneous metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) in male C57BL/6 mice. Three‐week‐old mice were fed a low‐fat or high‐fat diet (16% or 45% of energy from corn oil). When significant differences in body weight between the groups were observed, the high‐fat diet‐fed mice were randomly assigned to 2 groups and fed the high‐fat diet either ad lib or with 5% restriction (on the basis of average daily intake of the ad lib fed group). Five weeks after the initiation of restricted feeding, mice were subcutaneously injected with 2.5×105 LLC cells. The resulting primary tumor was removed surgically 10 days later, and the experiment was terminated after an additional 10 days. Compared to mice fed the high‐fat diet ad lib, restricted feeding significantly reduced caloric intake, body fat mass and body weight to levels similar to those of low‐fat diet‐fed mice. Consumption of the high‐fat diet significantly increased the number and size of lung metastases compared to the low‐fat diet; restricted feeding significantly reduced both to the levels of mice fed the low‐fat diet. Furthermore, compared to the high‐fat diet ad lib feeding, restricted feeding significantly reduced plasma concentrations of insulin, inflammatory cytokines (leptin, plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 and monocyte chemotactic protein‐1) and angiogenic factors (vascular endothelial growth factor and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐1). These results demonstrated that restricted feeding of the high‐fat diet reduced metastasis. It suggests that this reduction may be associated with the mitigation of adiposity and down‐regulation of related inflammatory cytokines and angiogenic factors.
The Effects of Watermelon Powder on Colitis in High Fat‐Diet Fed and Dextran Sodium Sulfate‐Treated Rats
Authors: Tseng Yen‐Tzu , Hong Mee Young
Published: November 2023

Colitis, which is a chronic and recurrent inflammation in the inner lining of the large intestine, is considered to increase the risk of colorectal cancer. Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) induced colitis in rodents is widely used to mimic human colitis through influencing the growth and damaging the structure of colonic crypts. Watermelon and its bioactive phytochemicals are known to play an effective role reducing oxidative stress through its high antioxidant capability, which has reported to suppress the inflammatory response in numerous studies. The objective of our study was to determine the possibly preventive effects of watermelon supplementation on DSS‐treated colitis in rats. We hypothesized that phytochemical‐rich watermelon supplementation reduces the risk of colitis by maintaining the number of intact crypts and regulating the cell homeostasis during the DSS‐induced inflammation. The 40 rats were randomly divided into four groups: control diet, control diet+DSS, 0.33% watermelon powder diet, and 0.33% watermelon powder diet+DSS. Following 4 weeks of defined diets, DSS group rats were administrated 3% (w/v) DSS (40kDa) in their drinking water for 2 days, while no‐DSS group rats continued to receive non‐treated drinking water. The number of intact crypts in colon was significantly lower in two DSS‐treated groups (p < .05). DSS administration dramatically increased the apoptosis in epithelial cell (p < .001). There was a trend of reduced number of cells in crypt height in DSS groups (p = .078). The proliferative zone was significantly elevated in DSS‐treated rats (p = .002). The number of intact colonic crypts was significantly higher in watermelon+DSS group compared to control+DSS group (p < .05). In watermelon+DSS group, the apoptosis was reduced in middle third of the crypt compared to control+DSS group (p < .01). Cell proliferation significantly decreased in watermelon+DSS group compared to control+DSS group (p = .001). Control+DSS group increased cell proliferation in middle and top parts of crypts compared to control+noDSS group (p < .05). Watermelon+DSS group decreased cell proliferation in the bottom and middle parts of the crypts but increased in the top part of the crypt compared to watermelon+noDSS group (p < .05). DSS effects on cell proliferation were different according to the diet. The data demonstrated that watermelon supplementation improves colitis by maintaining normal colonic crypt morphology and modulating the homeostasis of cell proliferation and apoptosis.

Support or Funding Information

The study was funded by SDSU University Grant Program and The US National Watermelon Promotion Board.
Glyceollins Attenuates AOM/DSS‐induced Colorectal Cancer Development in C57BL/6 Mice
Authors: Seo HyeLin , Jo GwangRae , Woo YaeJin , Kang SuJin , Jang JinHo , Jeong GaIn , Ju SungHee , Kim Minsun , Lim Soon Sung , Oh Jisun , Kim Jong‐Sang
Published: November 2023

Glyceollins are soybean phytoalexin possessing anti‐inflammatory and anti‐carcinogenic activities. In this study, we examined if glyceollin administration suppresses cancer development using an inflammatory colorectal cancer animal model, azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate (AOM/DSS)‐treated C57BL/6 mice. To enrich glyceollins, soybean seeds were inoculated with Aspergillus sojae. After 7 day‐incubation, the soybeans were extracted in 80% ethanol. Glyceollins were subsequently purified by liquid chromatography from the extract. The prepared glyceollins were orally administered to AOM/DSS‐treated mice, followed by morphological, histological and biochemical analyses on colon tissue samples. The number and size of colon polyps were measured to assess the development of colonic tumorigenesis. Histological examination on the colon samples and polyps was performed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Blood C‐reactive protein level and neoplasia‐associated protein levels were also analyzed. Our findings exhibited that glyceollins effectively reduced colorectal cancer development following AOM/DSS treatment, implicating the nutraceutical and cancer‐preventive potential of soybean‐derived glyceollins in colitis‐colorectal cancer.

Support or Funding Information

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIP) (Project No. 2014R1A2A2A01005773).
Metabolic Modulation of Hyperhomocysteinemia and Oxidative Stress associated with Azoxymethane‐Induced Carcinogenesis in Rat Colon
Authors: Padmanabhan Smitha , Waly Mostafa I , Guizani Nejib , Rahman Mohammad Shafiur , Deth Richard C
Published: November 2023

Background

Azoxymethane (AOM) is a potent carcinogenic agent commonly used to induce colon cancer and oxidative stress in rats. Clinical studies continue to support the notion that oxidative stress is mediated by hyperhomocysteinemia, elevated serum homocysteine level.

Objective

This study aimed to investigate the preventive effect of folate and vitamin B12 against AOM‐induced hyperhomocysteinemia, oxidative stress and carcinogenesis in rat colon.

Methods

Sprague‐Dawley rats were randomly divided into 20 groups (7 rats/group). Control group was fed a basal diet; AOM‐treated group was fed a basal diet and received AOM intraperitonial injections for two weeks at a dose of 15 mg/kg bodyweight, whereas 12 groups were received daily doses of oral supplementation of folate or vitamin B12 in the presence or absence of AOM injection. Another 6 groups of rats were examined for the potential synegestic effect of both folate and vitamin B12 supplementation. All animals were continuously fed ad‐libitum until 16 weeks, then all rats were sacrificed and the colon tissues were examined microscopically for pathological changes and aberrant crypt foci (ACF) development, and homogenized for biochemical measurements of homocysteine, folate, vitamins B12, oxidative stress indices.

Results

Our results showed that AOM‐induced ACF development and pathological changes in the colonic mucosal tissues. Hyperhomocysteinemia and oxidative stress were associated with AOM‐mediated colon carcinogenesis. In rat colonic cells, the concomitant treatment of AOM with folate or vitamin B12 significantly ameliorated the cytotoxic effects of AOM in a dose‐dependent manner.

Conclusion

The results of this study provide in‐vivo evidence that folate and vitamin B12 reduced the AOM‐induced colon cancer in rats, through combating hyperhomocysteinemia and oxidative stress

Support or Funding Information

This research was supported by Internal Grant Funding (IG/AGR/FOOD/14/2), College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University
Walnuts Slow Cancer‐Associated Weight Loss But Not the Growth of a Transplantable Tumor
Authors: Byerley Lauri O , Banks Shelia , Lorenzo Brittney , Hardman Elaine
Published: November 2023

Walnuts are a unique food, rich in both omega‐3 fatty acids and antioxidants. Several studies have shown that walnuts can slow or prevent breast and prostate tumor growth in genetically‐programmed mice or nude mice. We tested the following hypothesis using a rat transplantable tumor line: walnuts slow tumor growth and cancer‐associated weight loss. A diet containing walnuts (W) was compared to a diet that replaced the walnuts with corn oil and additional protein and fiber (R). Male Fisher 344 rats were randomly assigned to either diet. The diet was consumed for 20 days and on day 21 the Ward colon carcinoma was implanted subcutaneously on the left hind flank in half the animals (TB) while the other half were sham operated and received no tumor (NTB). Body weight, food intake, and tumor growth were monitored daily. Tumor growth was divided into two periods: 1) latent when the tumor was not palpable and 2) observable when the tumor was palpable. After 47 days, the animals were sacrificed. Addition of walnuts to the diet significantly enriched liver fatty acids with omega‐3 fatty acids of both NTB and TB animals (R NTB: 11.7:1, R TB: 8.5:1 n‐6:n‐3; W NTB: 7:3:1, W TB: 6.3:1 n‐6:n‐3) but not the tumor (R TB: 15:1 n‐6:n‐3; W TB: 15:1 n‐6:n‐3). During latent tumor growth, the rate of host weight gain was significantly greater (p<0.03) for the W TB animals (0.7 ± 0.4 g/day) compared the R TB animals (0.3 ± 0.4 g/day). By the end of the latent period, the W TB animals weighed on average 6 g more. This extra body mass persisted throughout the observable tumor growth period. At the time of sacrifice, the W TB animals weighed more, yet caloric intake was not significantly greater than the R TB. At sacrifice, there was no significant difference in tumor weight between the two diet groups (R TB: 25.3 + 13.3 g; W TB: 25.1 + 14.5 g). Plasma IGF‐1 was significantly lower in TB animals compared to NTB animals and there was no significant difference between the W and R groups (R NTB: 931 ± 63 pg/mL, R TB: 563 ± 71 pg/mL p<0.01; W NTB 751 ± 45 pg/mL, W TB 542 ± 53 pg/mL p< 0.03, pg/mL) suggesting these changes are not mediated through IGF‐1. Plasma insulin was lower in the TB animals compared to NTB but not significantly. Despite enriching cell membranes with omega‐3 fatty acids, tumor growth continued unabated. However, the addition of walnuts to the diet did promote greater weight gain during the latent phase of tumor growth which helped conserve the tumor‐bearing host's body weight during the observable phase of tumor growth. The mechanism is unknown and warrants further investigation. Thus, walnuts may be a beneficial food for slowing the cancer‐associated weight loss without adversely affecting tumor growth.

Support or Funding Information

Funded by the American Institute for Cancer Research and the California Walnut Commission
Systematic Reviews of Current Literature Fail to Establish Dietary Benzo[a]pyrene, Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines, or Heme Iron as Mechanisms Linking Red and Processed Meat Consumption with Cancer Risk
Authors: Kuratko Connye , Dunaif George E , Coughlin James R , Weatherford Charli A , Van Elswyk Mary E , McNeill Shalene
Published: November 2023

Dietary exposure to potentially high‐risk compounds such as heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) or the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), formed in meat during cooking, or from exposure to hemeiron naturally occurring in meat, have all been proposed as possible mechanisms responsible for the reported weak association between red and processed meat consumption and increased cancer risk in observational studies. In this study, a systematic review of the mechanistic literature was used to examine the available evidence‐base to determine if sufficient evidence exists to link heme iron, BaP, or HAAs from red and processed meat to increased cancer risk. Inclusion criteria required that study designs accommodate exposure from a whole food or in the context of a well‐described diet and that outcomes adequately represent normal physiology of the tissue of interest. Results regarding dietary Ba Prevealed, of 51 studies published since 2000, only 4 met the full criteria for inclusion. The primary reasons for study exclusion were a failure to evaluate effects of BaP administered orally or as part of a diet and a failure to adequately represent non‐cancerous tissue physiology. Regarding dietary HAAs, of 294studies published since 2000, 29 publications met the full criteria for inclusion. Only 3 of the included studies utilized an animal model to investigate HAA intake from foods or as part of a well‐described diet and only one type of HAA was evaluated in the included animal studies. In the human studies there was near‐exclusive use of a single, non‐comprehensive database, rather than actual and/or direct analytical measurement of dietary HAAs. And regarding dietary heme iron, of 210 search results since 2000, only 13publications met the full criteria for inclusion. The type of heme iron supplemented in animal diets, as surrogates for naturally occurring heme iron, were found to independently affect the outcomes in some studies. The use of hemeiron surrogates has not been systematically validated against naturally occurring heme iron. For all compounds, the exclusive use of carcinogen‐treated animals was questioned as well as the use of in vitro cytotoxicity assays as surrogates for normal colon physiology. In each case, evidence was found to be weak and inadequate in both humans and animals concerning the mechanistic relationship between the dietary exposures of BaP, HAAs, or heme iron and human cancer.

Support or Funding Information

Support from the Beef Checkoff
Excess dietary iron modulates intestinal tumorigenesis
Authors: Glosser Logan , Swain James
Published: November 2023

Research on dietary iron in humans has primarily focused on prevention of anemia and common diseases associated with iron deficiency. However, due to the prevalence of iron‐fortified and high iron content foods, especially within the United States, research increasingly is concerned with possible deleterious health effects of excess iron intake. One such effect may be altered cancer risk and/or progression. To determine the effect that excess dietary iron may have on tumor growth, we used weanling Apcmin+/− mice – a model of human familial adenomatous polyposis coli ‐ to study the effect of feeding mice for 10‐weeks one of three diets, modified based on iron content: as 1) normal (45 mg/kg), 2) moderately high (225 mg/kg), and 3) high iron (450mg/kg). Intestinal tissue sections from the jejunum, duodenum, and the ilium were collected. Morphological analysis included measurements of total tumor number and tumor surface area (i.e. tumor burden). Histological evaluation for Ki‐67‐ a proliferative marker protein – was conducted to visualize pertinent cells within full‐height, well‐oriented, villi were analyzed. Data show that when mice consumed the high iron diet (Group 3) total tumor number and surface area ‐ combined from all three intestinal sections ‐ increased approximately 2‐fold (p<0.05) in comparison to the moderate and low iron diets (Groups 1 and 2). Immunohistochemical analyses using Ki‐67 illustrated that the percentage of stained cells increased approximately five‐fold when comparing the high iron diet (group 3) vs. the normal (or adequate) iron diet (group 1). Overall, findings suggest that excess dietary iron may adversely affect health by promoting intestinal tumorigenesis.

Support or Funding Information

Supported in part via CWRU CTSA Grant Number UL1 RR024989 NCRR/NIH (JS) and SAGES Capstone Resource Grant (CWRU; LG)
Metabolic Responses to a Traditional Mexican versus commonly consumed U.S. Diet among Women of Mexican Descent: A Randomized Crossover Feeding Trial
Authors: Santiago‐Torres Margarita , Kratz Mario , Lampe Johanna W , De Dieu Tapsoba Jean , Breymeyer Kara L , Levy Lisa , Villaseñor Adriana , Wang Ching‐Yun , Song Xiaoling , Neuhouser Marian L
Published: November 2023

Background

Mexican immigrants are disproportionally affected by diet‐related risk of metabolic dysfunction. Whether adhering to a traditional Mexican diet or adopting a U.S. diet contributes to metabolic changes associated with future risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and other chronic diseases has not been investigated.

Objective

To test in a randomized crossover feeding trial the metabolic responses to a Mexican versus a commonly consumed U.S. diet.

Design

First and second generation, healthy women of Mexican descent (n=53) were randomized in a crossover design to consume a Mexican or U.S. diet for 24 days each, separated by a 28‐day washout period. Diets were eucaloric and similar in macronutrient composition. The metabolic responses to diets were assessed by measuring fasting serum concentrations of glucose, insulin, IGF‐1, IGFBP‐3, adiponectin, CRP and IL‐6 as well as the homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMAIR) at the beginning and end of each period. Linear mixed models tested the intervention effect on the biomarkers, while adjusting for diet sequence, feeding period, baseline and washout biomarker concentrations, age, acculturation and BMI.

Results

Compared to the U.S. diet, the Mexican diet reduced insulin by 14% [geometric means (95% CI), 9.3 (8.3, 10.3) vs. 8.0 (7.2, 8.9) μU/mL; P = 0.02], HOMAIR by 15% [2.0 (1.8, 2.3) vs. 1.7 (1.6, 2.0); P = 0.02], and IGFBP‐3 by 6% (mean ± SEM, 2,420 ± 29 vs. 2,292 ± 29 ng/mL; P < 0.01), and tended to reduce circulating concentrations of IGF‐1 by 4% (149 ± 2.6 vs. 144 ± 2.5 ng/mL; P = 0.06). There was no significant intervention effect on serum concentrations of glucose, adiponectin, CRP or IL‐6 in the U.S. versus Mexican diet.

Conclusions

Compared to the U.S. diet, the traditional Mexican diet modestly improved insulin sensitivity under conditions of weight stability, while having no impact on biomarkers of inflammation among healthy women of Mexican descent.

Support or Funding Information

This work was supported by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) grant P50 CA148143 and the Cancer Center Support Grant P30CA 015704. M. Santiago‐Torres is currently supported by grant R25 CA094880 from the NCI.

The trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (identifier: NCT01369173)
Sulforaphane Bioavailability and Chemopreventive Activity in Women Scheduled for Breast Biopsy
Authors: Atwell Lauren L , Zhang Zhenzhen , Mori Motomi , Farris Paige E , Vetto John T , Naik Arpana M , Oh Karen Y , Thuillier Philippe , Ho Emily , Shannon Jackilen
Published: November 2023

Epidemiological studies suggest a protective effect of cruciferous vegetables on breast cancer. Sulforaphane (SFN), an active food component derived from crucifers, has been shown to be effective in breast cancer chemoprevention. This study evaluated the chemopreventive effect of SFN on selective biomarkers from blood and breast tissues. In a 2–8‐week double‐blinded, randomized controlled trial, 54 women with abnormal mammograms and scheduled for breast biopsy were randomized to consume a placebo or a glucoraphanin (GFN) supplement providing SFN or placebo (n = 27). Plasma and urinary SFN metabolites, peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity, and tissue biomarkers (H3K18ac, H3K9ac, HDAC3, HDAC6, Ki‐67, p21) were measured before and after the intervention in benign, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), or invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) breast tissues. Within the supplement group, Ki‐67 (p = 0.003) and HDAC3 (p = 0.044) levels significantly decreased in benign tissue. Pre‐to‐post‐intervention changes in these biomarkers were not significantly different between treatment groups after multiple comparison adjustment. GFN supplementation was associated with a significant decrease in PBMC HDAC activity (p = 0.04). No significant associations were observed between SFN and examined tissue biomarkers when comparing treatment groups. This study provides evidence that GFN supplementation for a few weeks is safe but may not be sufficient for producing changes in breast tissue tumor biomarkers. Future studies employing larger sample sizes should evaluate alternative dosing and duration regimens to inform dietary SFN strategies in breast cancer chemoprevention.

Support or Funding Information

NCI: R21 CA132236‐01A2, P01 CA090890, P30 CA069533

NCATS: UL1TR000128

NIEHS: P30 ES000210
The Long‐Term Influence of Nutrition Intervention on Nutritional Status and Survival in Digestive Cancer Patients
Authors: Li Pei‐Rong , Wen Cheng‐Fan , Chi I‐Chen , Chen Tsung‐Ming
Published: November 2023

Background

The previous study showed cancer patients were the highest incidence of malnutrition. Nutritional statuses of 75% cancer patients were worse during hospitalization. The digestive cancers which were higher prevalence of malnutrition included stomach cancer (65–58%), colorectal cancer (57%), esophageal cancer (80–83%). Head and neck cancer pa tients with dysphagia or/and odynophagia since the side effects of treatment and tumor location were poor intake. Approximately 30–50% of head and neck cancer patients had a problem of weight loss. It was difficult to evaluate the improved nutritional status after nutrition intervention in a short period of hospitalization. The purpose of study was to investigate whether nutritional intervention could improve long‐term nutritional status for digestive and head and neck cancer patients.

Methods

This was a retrospectively observational study. The medical records of digestive and head‐neck cancer patients receiving nutritional intervention during hospitalization were reviewed (n=133). Patients’ anthropometric measurements and blood biochemical parameters were recorded before and after nutritional intervention for one year later (data were between 180 to 400 days after nutritional intervention, the closest 365 days). The patients were further tracked three‐year survival.

Result

Patients’ BMI (Body Mass Index) was significantly reduced one year later after nutritional intervention (23.9±5.4 vs. 22.9±4.9 kg/m2, p=0.002), but it was still within the standard range (18.5≦BMI<24). There were no significant differences in blood biochemical parameters related nutrition. Patients were further allocated into two groups, albumin≦3.0 group or albumin>3.0 group based on albumin level before nutritional intention. It was showed patients’ albumin significantly enhanced in albumin≦3.0 group (p=0.035) and significantly reduced in albumin>3.0 group (p=0.003). It is positively correlation between improving patient albumin percentage with patients’ survival.

Conclusions

The long‐term nutritional status of digestive and head‐neck cancer patients with albumin≦3.0 could be improved by nutritional intervention, perhaps resulting in improved survival. Albumin≦3.0 could further be used as an indicators of nutritional intervention.
Health Behaviors of Breast Cancer Survivors Compared to the General Population: A Cross‐sectional Analysis of a diverse population
Authors: Kim Hyunju , Caulfield Laura
Published: November 2023

A breast cancer diagnosis can be a potential ‘teachable’ moment as individuals may be particularly motivated to make positive behavior changes. However, it remains unclear whether breast cancer survivors’ smoking, diet, physical activity and weight status differ from those of the general population. There is also a lack of research on racially and ethnically diverse groups. The objective of this study was to compare health behaviors of breast cancer survivors to the general female population using a diverse state‐wide survey. We assessed four health behaviors (current smoker, ≤5 servings of fruits and vegetable intake per day, physical inactivity and overweight/obesity) of 1,028 breast cancer survivors and 23,869 females without a history of breast cancer in the 2005California Health Interview Survey (CHIS). We conducted multivariate logistic regression analyses adjusting for race/ethnicity, age, education, income, nativity, current insurance status and marital status. All models included sampling weights. Breast cancer survivors had significantly lower odds of smoking (OR= 0.39, 95% CI: 0.21, 0.74), but higher odds of physical inactivity (OR= 1.27, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.60) compared to those without a history of breast cancer. Non‐Hispanic White and Other race (Pacific Islander, American Indian, other single/multiple race) cancer survivors had significantly higher odds of inactivity (ORwhite=1.36, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.74; ORother=6.32, 95% CI: 1.38, 28.90). No significant associations were observed for dietary intake or weight status. In a large diverse sample, breast cancer survivors were less likely to smoke or exercise than non‐cancer controls. Some groups were particularly vulnerable to physical inactivity. Culturally sensitive health promotion interventions which focus on improving physical activity levels of breast cancer survivors are needed.

Support or Funding Information

None
Delta‐Tocotrienol Dose‐Dependently Decreased Adiposity and Inflammation and Increased Markers of Lipid Oxidation in High Fat Fed Mice
Authors: Allen London Tashae , Ramalingam Latha , Shen Chwan‐Li , Tomison Michael D , Kaur Gurvinder , Dufour Jannette , Chung Eunhee , Moustaid‐Moussa Naima
Published: November 2023

Obesity is a disease that affects one in three American adults. Inflammation has been established as a major underlying basis for obesity and related chronic disorders. Several plant bioactive compounds with anti‐inflammatory properties have been used to reduce obesity and associated metabolic complications. Hence we are investigating the effect of delta‐tocotrienol (δT3), a member of the vitamin E family as an anti‐obesity agent. We hypothesize that δT3 will reduce obesity and insulin resistance through its anti‐inflammatory and anti‐oxidant properties. To test our hypothesis, we used C57BL/6J male mice that were fed a high fat diet (HF) with and without supplementation of increasing levels of delta‐tocotrienol (HF+δT3) up to 1,600mg/kg for 14 weeks. Glucose and insulin tolerance tests were administered two weeks prior to the end of treatments. Serum and tissues including adipose tissue were collected at the end of the study. Our results show significant improvements in glucose clearance in the δT3‐supplemented groups compared to the HF group. Fat pad weights were reduced dose‐dependently by δT3. These changes were also associated with smaller fat cell size and reduced crown like structures macrophages in adipose tissue histology sections from HF+δT3 compared to HF‐ fed mice. We also performed mechanistic analyses that revealed reduction of mRNA and protein expression of pro‐inflammatory adipokines (e.g. resistin, leptin, and MCP‐1) and increased expression of anti‐inflammatory adipokines (e.g. adiponectin and IL‐10 in HF+δT3 compared to HF‐fed mice. Moreover, δT3 dose‐dependently increase fatty acid oxidizing gene. In summary, dietary delta‐tocotrienol exerted promising anti‐obesity and anti‐inflammatory effects that may be mediated in part by adipose tissue.

Support or Funding Information

Supported by a research grant from American River Nutrition, Inc.
Digital Gene Expression (DGE) Analysis of Nutritional Pancreatic Atrophy of Chicks Induced by the Se/Vitamin E Deficiencies
Authors: Huang Jia‐Qiang , Wang Yun‐Yun , Wang Qing‐Yu , Xiao Cheng , Ren Fa‐Zheng , Lei Xin Gen
Published: November 2023

Nutritional pancreatic atrophy (NPA) is a classical Se/vitamin E deficiency disease of chicks. We previously determined responses of mRNA abundances of 25 selenoprotein genes in various tissues of chicks to the deficiencies of these two nutrients. The present DGE analysis was performed to reveal effects of dietary Se/vitamin E deficiencies on the pancreatic transcriptome of chicks and to identify global gene association with the NPA. We fed 4 groups of day‐old broiler chicks (n = 40/group) with a corn‐soy basal diet (BD: 10 μg Se/kg, no vitamin E added), the BD plus all‐rac‐a‐tocopheryl acetate at 50 mg/kg, Se (as sodium selenite) at 0.3 mg/kg, or both of these nutrients for 6 wk. High incidences of NPA (70%) and mortality (35%) of chicks were induced by BD, starting at wk 3. Both NPA incidences and mortality were prevented by dietary Se supplementation. On day 18, chicks were killed to collect pancreases for the DGE analysis. Pancreatic RNA samples were pooled from five individual chicks into each of the four dietary groups, respectively. Dietary Se deficiency altered expression of 884 unigenes, with 360 unigenes up‐regulated and 524 unigenes down‐regulated. Of the differentially expressed genes, 530 unigenes were annotated and 65 were classified into metabolism pathways. Real‐time PCR analyses of selected four unigenes related to selenocompound metabolic and apoptotic pathways showed consistent results with those obtained from the DGE analysis, which confirms the quality of the sequencing data for further gene expression characterization. In conclusion, our pancreatic transcriptiom data of the chicks fed the four experimental diets will facilliate mechanistic investigation on the pathogenesis of NPA induced by the dietary Se/vitamin E deficiencies.

Support or Funding Information

(This research is supported in part by a NSFC grant #31320103920).