bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Entropy Numbers, s-Numbers, and Eigenvalues
Authors: Edmunds D. E. , Evans W. D.
Published: September 2018

The geometric quantities entropy numbers, approximation numbers and n-widths are defined for compact linear maps, and connections with the analytic entities eigenvalues and essential spectra discussed. The celebrated inequality of Weyl between the approximation numbers and eigenvalues is established in the general context of Lorentz sequence spaces. Also included are an axiomatic approach to s-numbers, a discussion of non-compact maps, and the Schmidt decomposition theory for compact linear operators in Hilbert spaces.
Sesquilinear Forms in Hilbert Spaces
Authors: Edmunds D. E. , Evans W. D.
Published: September 2018

The centre-pieces of this chapter are the Lax–Milgram Theorem and the existence of weak or variational solutions to problems involving sesquilinear forms. An important application is to Kato’s First Representation Theorem, which associates a unique m-sectorial operator with a closed, densely defined sesquilinear form, thus extending the Friedrichs extension for a lower bounded symmetric operator. Stampacchia’s generalization of the Lax–Milgram Theorem to variational inequalities is also discussed.
Sobolev Spaces
Authors: Edmunds D. E. , Evans W. D.
Published: September 2018

This chapter presents a selection of some of the most important results in the theory of Sobolev spacesn. Special emphasis is placed on embedding theorems and the question as to whether an embedding map is compact or not. Some results concerning the k-set contraction nature of certain embedding maps are given, for both bounded and unbounded space domains: also the approximation numbers of embedding maps are estimated and these estimates used to classify the embeddings.
Capacity and Compactness Criteria
Authors: Edmunds D. E. , Evans W. D.
Published: September 2018

In this chapter, necessary and sufficient conditions are derived for the Poincaré inequality to hold, for the embedding of W01,p(Ω) in Lp(Ω) to be compact, and for a self-adjoint realization of − aijDiDj + q to have a wholly discrete spectrum when q is real and bounded below. The results are proved using a method of Maz’ya.
Essential Spectra of General Second-Order Differential Operators
Authors: Edmunds D. E. , Evans W. D.
Published: September 2018

In this chapter, the operators considered are those m-sectorial operators discussed in Chapter VII, and the essential spectra are the sets defined in Chapter IX that remain invariant under compact perturbation. A generalization of a result of Persson is used to determine the least point of the essential spectrum. Davies’ mean distance function is introduced and consequences investigated.
Mutual Indwelling and the Cry of Dereliction from the Cross
Authors: Stump Eleonore
Published: September 2018

Sustained examination of experiences that could explain the cry of dereliction from the cross pushes towards an interpretation of the cry according to which the psyches of all human beings pour into the human mind of Christ in his suffering and dying. Insofar as Christ is in the Father, then insofar as human persons are in Christ, they are also in the Father with the Son. And since the Holy Spirit is in every person in grace, in a person in grace there is the kind of mutual indwelling between God and Christ’s disciples that there is between Christ and the Father through the Holy Spirit. In this complicated way, then, there is an account of union in love between God and human persons that is Trinitarian in character.
Life in Grace
Authors: Stump Eleonore
Published: September 2018

A life in grace begins with a surrender to God on the part of a person Jerome as Jerome is coming to faith. That surrender includes a change from the state of resisting God’s love and grace to quiescence, the cessation of resistance. Once Jerome’s will is in this quiescent state, the whole process of justification and sanctification can get started. In justification, God infuses operative grace into Jerome’s will. This grace moves Jerome’s will to the will of faith, to repudiating his own evil and longing for God and God’s goodness; and so it instills into Jerome’s will a global second-order will for a will that wills the good. In sanctification, God cooperates with this overarching second-order willing of Jerome’s to bring Jerome’s will into ever-increasing integration around the good. A union of love between God and a human person is what justification and sanctification aim at and effect.
The Atonement and the Solution to the Problems of Guilt and Shame
Authors: Stump Eleonore
Published: September 2018

This chapter considers shame in its major varieties and shows that each of these kinds of shame has a defeat in the atonement of Christ. It then considers guilt in all its elements, including the brokenness in the psyche of the wrongdoer and the bad effects on the world resulting from his wrongdoing, and it shows that, on the interpretation of the doctrine of the atonement argued for in this book, the atonement can remedy all human guilt. Consequently, through the atonement of Christ, a person in grace is freed from guilt and reconciled with God and with other human beings as well, and his guilt is defeated in his flourishing. On this interpretation of the doctrine, one can see the way in which the atonement of Christ makes sense as a solution to the main problem that the atonement was meant to remedy.
Conclusion
Authors: Stump Eleonore
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the way in which the interpretation of the atonement argued for in this book, here baptized as ‘the Marian interpretation,’ fits with well-known biblical texts about the atonement of Christ, especially those texts that seem to privilege the Anselmian kind of interpretation. The most notable of such texts are those having to do with sacrifice, but there are other important texts as well. The chapter starts with texts about sacrifice. Then it considers more briefly some of the endlessly discussed passages in the Epistle to the Romans. It ends with a short consideration of one of the passages on the suffering servant in Isaiah. It concludes with reflections on the nature of love and the essential place of love in the doctrine of the atonement.
Conclusion
Authors: Andersson Jenny
Published: September 2018

What marks the idea of the future in the post-war period is not, as historians have suggested, a sudden shift from progress to decline after 1973, but rather, a struggle between conceptions of world temporalities as singular or plural. The chapters of this book have shown that the post-war period was marked by heterogeneous and often times directly rivalling conceptions of the world future. These were marked by the opposition between representations of the future as a teleological and foreseeable narrative of a stage driven logic of modernization, and representations of the future as infinitely plural—because of the variety of human life, politics, and imaginations. The world futures that emanated from the different strands of future research tell an important story of how conceptions of the world, and of human influence on that world, changed during the post-war decades.
Masculine Plural
Authors: Ingleheart Jennifer
Published: September 2018

The Classics were core to the curriculum and ethos of the intensely homosocial Victorian and Edwardian public schools. Yet ancient homosexuality and erotic pedagogy were problematic to the educational establishment, which expurgated classical texts with sexual content. This volume analyses the intimate nexus between the Classics, sex, and education primarily through the figure of the schoolmaster Philip Gillespie Bainbrigge (1890–1918), whose clandestine writings explore homoerotic desires and comment on classical education. It reprints Bainbrigge’s surviving works: Achilles in Scyros (a verse drama featuring a cross-dressing Achilles and a Chorus of lesbian schoolgirls) and a Latin dialogue between schoolboys (with a translation by Jennifer Ingleheart). Like other similarly educated men of his era, Bainbrigge used Latin as an intimate homoerotic language; after reading Bainbrigge’s dialogue, A. E. Housman went on to write a scholarly article in Latin about ancient sexuality, Praefanda. This volume, therefore, also examines the parallel of Housman’s Praefanda, its knowing Latin, and bold challenge to mainstream morality. Bainbrigge’s works show the queer potential of Classics. His underground writings owe more to a sexualized Rome than an idealized Greece, offering a provocation to the study of Classical Reception and the history of sexuality. Bainbrigge refuses to apologize for homoerotic desire, celebrates the pleasures of sex, and disrupts mainstream ideas about the Classics and the relationship between ancient and modern. As this volume demonstrates, Rome is central to Queer Classics: it provided a male elite with a liberating erotic language, and offers a variety of models for same-sex desire.
Introduction
Authors: Ingleheart Jennifer
Published: September 2018

The little-known figure of Philip Gillespie Bainbrigge is introduced to the reader, and his clandestine writings and importance for the history of sexuality and Classical Reception are outlined. A brief biography sketches Bainbrigge’s education at Eton and Cambridge, his many homosexual friends, and his career as a schoolmaster at Shrewsbury. The Introduction examines his participation in a secretive culture in which men shared private homoerotic writings with each other. It examines Bainbrigge’s wartime friendship with Wilfred Owen, and his own war poetry, in the context of scholarship on homoeroticism and First World War poetry. It lays out the way in which classical education and the history of sexuality are intimately linked, exploring the institutionalization of the Classics in public schools, attempts to censor ancient sexuality, and sex education.
Individual- and State-Centered Perspectives in Nineteenth-Century Europe
Authors: Banu Roxana
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses state-centered and individual-centered internationalist perspectives and traces the relational internationalist perspectives introduced in Chapter 2 throughout nineteenth-century European private international law scholarship. The chapter shows how Freidrich Karl von Savigny’s and Josephus Jitta’s individual-centered premises were misunderstood or ignored. It further outlines the emergence of a particularistic perspective toward the end of the nineteenth-century and the beginning of the twentieth-century. The scholarship of Albert Venn Dicey and John Westlake is introduced to highlight the way in which late nineteenth-century English private international law scholars were reasoning on the relationship between state sovereignty and private vested rights. The chapter finally considers how the rise of positivism impacted the internationalist school of thought in private international law in both its state-centered and individual-centered variations.
Legitimacy and Autonomy
Authors: Banu Roxana
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides an analysis of state-centered and individualistic theories of legitimacy in PrIL and distinguishes them from the relational internationalist perspective. It shows that state-centered theories determined the legitimacy of applying one law or another within interstate relationships. Individualistic theories linked the legitimacy of the applicable law to particular dimensions of political affiliation. By contrast, this chapter shows how relational internationalist authors envisioned different dimensions of legitimacy from both the state-centered and the individualistic positions, by focusing on an interpersonal relationship, as opposed to an isolated individual, and on private law, as opposed to constitutional or public law generally. According to the relational internationalist perspective, the legitimacy of imposing one law over another is justified on different grounds, including by reference to the actions of the parties, their expectations, the values underlying private law relationships, and the embeddedness of a legal relationship within one or several communities.
Internationalization
Authors: Mačák Kubo
Published: September 2018

This chapter analyses and examines the existing modalities of conflict internationalization, arguing that there are two principal mechanisms through which a prima facie non-international armed conflict may transform into an international armed conflict. Firstly, ‘standard internationalization’ occurs when two independent subjects of international law become engaged against one another as the conflict develops, either as the result of an intervention by an external actor such as a third state or an international organization, or via an internal development if the territorial state dissolves into two or more successor states during the conflict. Secondly, ‘complementary internationalization’ covers those modalities, in which the state/non-state asymmetry of the parties is maintained, and yet the situation transforms into an international armed conflict in law. This process may either be absolute, as with so-called wars of national liberation, or it may be relative, as in internationalization through recognition of belligerency, special agreements, or unilateral declarations.
Complex Conflict Situations
Authors: Mačák Kubo
Published: September 2018

This chapter analyses the legal qualification of complex conflict situations that feature more than two conflict parties. It examines whether such situations qualify as a single internationalized armed conflict or a number of independent international and non-international armed conflicts. With this in mind, this chapter puts forward a model based on the retention of autonomy of the allied conflict parties. It argues that once the autonomy is foregone and replaced with a single use of force by the parties, the law of international armed conflict applies ‘globally’ to the situation at hand. However, until that moment, the situation should be seen as ‘mixed’; in other words, as a set of mutually independent conflict pairs.
De-internationalization
Authors: Mačák Kubo
Published: September 2018

wThis chapter contrasts the mechanism of internationalization of armed conflicts with the reverse process of de-internationalization. It argues that de-internationalization is not simply a matter of the conflict ‘losing’ its international character. Instead, for a conflict to be de-internationalized, it must fulfil the independent criteria for the existence of a non-international armed conflict, while maintaining the identity of the conflict parties and the continuity of the hostilities in question. The chapter highlights that not all modalities of internationalization have a corresponding modality of de-internationalization available in law. However, it interprets this as a strength rather than as a flaw of the existing legal framework.
Historical Development
Authors: Mačák Kubo
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the access to combatant status by members of non-state armed groups from a historical perspective. It demonstrates that practically since the time the distinction between combatants and non-combatants had solidified into law, the applicable rules have permitted members of at least some non-state armed groups to benefit from combatant status. At various times in the history of regulation of armed conflicts, these groups have included militias and volunteer corps, armed forces professing allegiance to a non-recognized governmental authority, and national liberation movements. Overall, the historical analysis presented in this chapter suggests that it would be erroneous to interpret the rules on eligibility for combatancy in the context of internationalized armed conflicts in an unduly restrictive manner.
The Centralizer
Authors: Ortaçgil Ercüment H.
Published: September 2018

The pseudogroup of local solutions in Chapter 3 defines another pseudogroup by taking its centralizer inside the diffeomorphism group Diff(M) of a manifold M. These two pseudogroups define a Lie group structure on M.
The Linear Curvature
Authors: Ortaçgil Ercüment H.
Published: September 2018

This long chapter is a continuation of Chapter 5. The construction of the Lie algebras is finished with the proof of Lie’s Third Theorem.
The Linear Spencer Sequence
Authors: Ortaçgil Ercüment H.
Published: September 2018

The three-term nonlinear Spencer sequence constructed in Chapter 8 extends to a linear sequence. This construction explains the “deformation cohomology” of Chapter 9 and raises some intriguing questions about the geometric meaning of a representation cohomology.
Embeddings of Klein Geometries into Universal Jet Groupoids
Authors: Ortaçgil Ercüment H.
Published: September 2018

In this chapter, the group-theoretic flat case studied in Chapter 16 is embedded into the jet-theoretic universal case studied in Chapter 17 in order to single out the geometric meaning of the curvature of a geometric structure.
Beckett in History
Authors: McNaughton James
Published: September 2018

Drawing from the archive of Beckett’s letters, vocabulary notebooks, and German Diaries, this chapter elaborates Beckett’s encounters with propaganda in Nazi Germany, and demonstrates how Watt formally performs the interpretative problems propaganda presents. The word games in the book make sense when read in light of Adorno’s claim that fascism first found a refuge in mystified language. The novel presents strategies by which the character Watt refuses to resist the mystification of power and the ideological seduction of Mr. Knott’s house. More, the book evokes and then dismisses recent and violent history by bringing to mind remnants of historical images from World War II. The formal games and near-autonomy of the entire work, combined with its Irish setting, threaten to override or erase such vestiges of history, as if literary form demonstrates the mechanics of propaganda itself, recontextualizing and diminishing the menacing image that it evokes.
A Cross-Case Analysis of NHRAPs of Fifty-Three Countries
Authors: Chalabi Azadeh
Published: September 2018

Part III, ‘Empirical Perspectives’, contains only one chapter, Chapter 5, which presents the results of a cross-case analysis of national human rights action plans of fifty-three countries. Adopting a purposive sampling technique, these countries are selected on the basis of four main criteria, namely human rights record, geographical diversity, political regimes, and cultural diversity. This comprehensive cross-case study follows two objectives. The first objective of this chapter is to unearth significant problems in the ‘pre-phase’ and the four phases of planning, namely ‘preparatory phase’, ‘development phase’, ‘implementing phase’, and ‘assessment phase’. These problems are significantly detrimental to the effective implementation of human rights and their identification will substantially help generate response strategies. These are best addressed by attempting to mitigate their root causes as opposed to only correcting the immediately obvious symptoms. This brings us to the chapter’s second objective, which is to explore the underlying causes of these problems.
A Networked Model of Global Governance for Implementing Human Rights
Authors: Chalabi Azadeh
Published: September 2018

Chapter 6 examines global human rights governance architecture as it currently stands putting forward a networked model of global human rights governance as an alternative. The first section of this chapter examines the ‘five-gap problem’ in the UN human rights system which can have serious practical implications at the local, national, regional, and international levels. The second section explores a networked model of governance as a practical response strategy to narrow the gaps while enhancing the integration of the international human rights ‘system’. This chapter also probes the practical benefits of adopting an ‘International Human Rights Action Plan’ (IHRAP) as a basic requisite for integrated and effective co-operation and co-ordination among various human rights related actors in a global-wide network.
Phases of Human Rights Action Planning in Practice
Authors: Chalabi Azadeh
Published: September 2018

Chapter 7 focuses on the four phases of national human rights action planning in practice. In the preparatory phase, it suggests the idea of establishing a national network of different stakeholders for implementing human rights and discusses the five key elements of a comprehensive baseline study before proceeding with the eleven elements of an effective action plan in the development phase. In the implementation phase, Chapter 7 addresses the questions as to how to cope with ‘complex situations’ when different factors external to the plan and not often under its control negatively influence its performance, and how to enhance a plan’s sustainability over time. This chapter ends with a discussion of six types of accountability mechanisms and a seven-feature model of assessment along with some suggestions on methodological techniques for planning.
Introduction
Authors: Oosterhoff Richard
Published: September 2018

Jacques Lefèvre d’Étaples is now best known as an Aristotelian humanist and a founder of the French Reformation. In his day, however, Lefèvre was at the centre of a circle of scholars invested in university reform, then widely known for their interest in mathematics. Among his closest collaborators, first as students and then as university masters, were Josse Clichtove and Charles de Bovelles. After outlining the development of a new mathematical culture, this chapter orients the reader to the circle’s collective biography around the notion of friendship, and positions the book’s argument in relation to the historiographies of mathematics, print, and the university.
The Senses of Mixed Mathematics
Authors: Oosterhoff Richard
Published: September 2018

How did engagement with the new printed book reshape early modern disciplines? This chapter considers the rapidly changing area of Renaissance mathematics, focusing on two ‘mixed’ mathematical disciplines, cosmography and music. In cosmography, the new paratexts transformed a medieval standby, Sacrobosco’s Sphere, into a cutting-edge handbook that taught students the procedures of calculation. In music, Lefèvre’s sensory experience of sound prompted him to adopt new geometrical tools to solve old arithmetical problems. In both cases, a close attention to the roles of visualization, touch, and hearing in mathematical practice prompted a distinctive approach to the printed page, shifting the very structures of the mathematical disciplines. The underlying mental habits such books were intended to inculcate can be traced through the margins of Beatus Rhenanus’ mathematical books.
Human Being, Bodily Being
Authors: Ram-Prasad Chakravarthi
Published: September 2018

This book seeks to make a contribution to contemporary phenomenological theories of body and subjectivity by studying various classical Indian texts that deal with bodily subjectivity (or the ‘bodiliness’ of being human) in ways that engage with the same concerns as contemporary Western philosophy but have different conceptual starting points. Through studies of four texts from different genres, I argue for a ‘phenomenological ecology’ of bodily subjectivity. An ecology is a continuous and dynamic system of interrelationships between elements, in which the salience accorded to some type of relationship clarifies how the elements it relates are to be identified. The paradigm of ecological phenomenology obviates the need to choose between apparently incompatible perspectives of the human. The delineation of body is arrived at by working back phenomenologically from the entire world of experience, with the acknowledgement that the point of arrival—a conception of what counts as body—is dependent upon the exact motivation for attending to experience, the areas of experience attended to, the genre in which the exploration of experience is expressed, and the expressive tools available to the phenomenologist. As a methodology, it is a pluralistic yet integrated approach to the way experience is attended to and studied, that permits apparently inconsistent intuitions about bodiliness to be explored in novel ways. Rather than seeing particular framings of our experience as in tension with each other, we should see each such framing as playing its own role according to the local descriptive and analytic concern of that text.
Conclusion
Authors: Ram-Prasad Chakravarthi
Published: September 2018

The conclusion sums up the book chapter by chapter and observes how each exemplifies the idea of ecological phenomenology. Together they form a wide-ranging depiction of it as a disciplined methodology with the potential to be applied to other genres and other saliences to do with the bodily nature of being human. If the idea of ecological phenomenology as a way of thinking about the nature of experience and its analysis has emerged with any plausibility from this book, then that would be the most encouraging sign that thinking across cultures (rather than always defending why and how one might and should) is comprehensible and worth undertaking.
Form
Authors: Koslicki Kathrin
Published: September 2018

This chapter turns to the question of how hylomorphists should conceive of the form of concrete particular objects. It argues that hylomorphists should endorse the individual forms hypothesis and reject the universal forms hypothesis on grounds primarily having to do with the cross-world identification of concrete particular objects. Other issues, e.g., the causal roles ascribed to form or the relation between form and essence, perhaps surprisingly, turn out to be neutral between the individual forms hypothesis and the universal forms hypothesis. When the conclusions of this chapter are combined with those of Chapter 4, we arrive at a preferred conception of forms as “robust” particulars, i.e., as non-repeatable, non-sharable entities which, by their very nature, do not simultaneously belong to the matter–form compound (essentially) and to the matter composing it (accidentally).
Conclusion
Authors: Koslicki Kathrin
Published: September 2018

After briefly summarizing each of the chapters as well as the main results reached in this study, the Conclusion points to several worthwhile topics for future research which were left open along the way: (i) to extend the doctrine of hylomorphism beyond the specific case of concrete particular objects; (ii) to clarify further the relationship between metaphysics and science particularly as it pertains to the hylomorphic approach to matter; (iii) to provide additional independent considerations in order to narrow down further the ontological category to which forms should be assigned; (iv) to advance our understanding of the relationship between necessity and essence, construed non-modally; and (v) to refine our conception of essentialism and anti-essentialism in the service of developing an adequate hylomorphic treatment of artifacts. Overall, it is argued that the results of this study allow us to classify matter-form compounds as being more deserving of substance status than other types of composite entities, due at least in part to their highly unified nature.
Life's rewards
Authors: Beninger Richard J.
Published: September 2018

Life’s Rewards: Linking Dopamine, Incentive Learning, Schizophrenia, and the Mind explains how increased brain dopamine produces reward-related incentive learning, the acquisition by neutral stimuli of increased ability to elicit approach and other responses. Dopamine decreases may produce inverse incentive learning, the loss by stimuli of the ability to elicit approach and other responses. Incentive learning is gradually lost when dopamine receptors are blocked. The brain has multiple memory systems defined as “declarative” and “non-declarative;” incentive learning produces one form of non-declarative memory. People with schizophrenia have hyperdopaminergia, possibly producing excessive incentive learning. Delusions may rely on declarative memory to interpret the world as it appears with excessive incentive learning. Parkinson’s disease, associated with dopamine loss, may involve a loss of incentive learning and increased inverse incentive learning. Drugs of abuse activate dopaminergic neurotransmission, leading to incentive learning about drug-associated stimuli. After withdrawal symptoms have been alleviated by detoxification treatment, drug-associated conditioned incentive stimuli will retain their ability to elicit responses until they are repeatedly experienced in the absence of primary drug rewards. Incentive learning may involve the action of dopamine at dendritic spines of striatal medium spiny neurons that have recently had glutamatergic input from assemblies of cortical neurons activated by environmental and proprioceptive stimuli. Glutamate initiates a wave of phosphorylation normally followed by a wave of phosphatase activity. If dopaminergic neurons fire, stimulation of D1 receptors prolongs the wave of phosphorylation, allowing glutamate synaptic strengthening. Activity in dopaminergic neurons in humans appears to affect mental experience.
Multiple memory systems
Authors: Beninger Richard J.
Published: September 2018

Multiple memory systems describes how memories can be declarative or non-declarative; incentive learning produces one type of non-declarative memory. Patients with bilateral hippocampal damage have declarative memory deficits (amnesia) but intact non-declarative memory; patients with striatal dysfunction, for example, Parkinson’s patients who lose striatal dopamine have impaired incentive learning but intact declarative memory. Rats with lesions of the fornix (hippocampal output pathway), but not lesions of the dorsal striatum, have impaired spatial (declarative) memory; rats with lesions of the dorsal striatum, but not fornix, have impaired stimulus–response memory that relies heavily on incentive learning. These memory systems possibly inhibit one another to control responding: in rats, a group that received fornix lesions and had impaired spatial learning did better on an incentive task; in humans, hippocampus damage was associated with improvement on an incentive learning task and striatal damage was associated with increased involvement of the hippocampus in a route-recognition task.
Fossil Poetry
Authors: Jones Chris
Published: September 2018

Fossil Poetry provides the first book-length overview of the place of Anglo-Saxon in nineteenth-century poetry in English. It addresses the use of Anglo-Saxon as a resource by Romantic and Victorian poets in their own compositions, as well as the construction and ‘invention’ of Anglo-Saxon in and by nineteenth-century poetry. Fossil Poetry takes its title from a famous passage on ‘early’ language in the essays of Ralph Waldo Emerson, and uses the metaphor of the fossil to contextualize poetic Anglo-Saxonism within the developments that had been taking place in the fields of geology, palaeontology, and the evolutionary life sciences since James Hutton’s apprehension of ‘deep time’ in his 1788 Theory of the Earth. Fossil Poetry argues that two phases of poetic Anglo-Saxonism took place over the course of the nineteenth century: firstly, a phase of ‘constant roots’ whereby Anglo-Saxon is constructed to resemble, and so aetiologically to legitimize, a tradition of English Romanticism conceived as essential and unchanging; secondly, a phase in which the strangeness of many of the ‘extinct’ philological forms of early English is acknowledged, and becomes concurrent with a desire to recover and recuperate the fossils of Anglo-Saxon within contemporary English poetry. A wide range of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century works of antiquarianism, philology, and Anglo-Saxon scholarship forms the evidential base that underpins the advancement of these two models for understanding the place of Anglo-Saxon in nineteenth-century poetry. New archival research and readings of unpublished papers by Tennyson, Whitman, and Morris is also presented here for the first time.
Organization Structure, Demographic Background, and Actual Behaviour
Authors: Egeberg Morten , Trondal Jarle
Published: September 2018

This chapter offers a ‘critical case’ on the influence of organizational structure in public governance. By examining organizational members who have ambiguous and temporary affiliations to organizations, it shows how organizational structure trumps demographic background when explaining decision-making behaviour. Survey and interview data on temporary staff in the European Commission support an organizational perspective in two ways. First, temporary Commission officials tend to evoke a tripartite representational repertoire consisting of departmental, epistemic, and supranational roles. Second, more importantly, the composite mix of these representational roles is systematically biased by the organizational structures embedding them: (i) the formal organization of the Commission, (ii) the multiple organizational embeddedness of the staff, (iii) their degrees of organizational affiliation towards the Commission, (iv) their modes of interaction within the Commission, but also (v) their educational backgrounds. Thus, a key demographic background factor like nationality seems to have only modest impact on temporary officials’ behaviour.
The Regional Law of Refugee Protection in Africa
Authors: Sharpe Marina
Published: September 2018

This book analyses the legal framework for refugee protection in Africa, including both refugee and human rights law as well as treaty and institutional elements. The regime is addressed in two parts. Part I analyses the relevant treaties: the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, the 1969 Organization of African Unity Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa, and the 1981 African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights. The latter two regional instruments are examined in depth. This includes the first fulsome account of the African Refugee Convention’s drafting, an interpretation of its unique refugee definition, and original analysis of the relationships between the three treaties. Significant attention is devoted to the systemic relationship between the international and the regional refugee treaties and to the discrete relationships of conflict and relationships of interpretation between the two refugee instruments, as well as to the relationships of conflict and of interpretation between the African Refugee Convention and African Charter. Part II focuses on the institutional architecture supporting the treaty framework. The Organization of African Unity is addressed in a historical sense, and the contemporary roles of the African Union, the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, and the current and contemplated African human rights courts are examined. This book is the first devoted to the legal framework for refugee protection in Africa.
The African Commission and Human Rights Courts
Authors: Sharpe Marina
Published: September 2018

Chapter 7 focuses on how AU judicial organs with human rights mandates have engaged with refugee issues. Four institutions are addressed: the African Commission, the African Court, and the not-yet-established Merged Court and New Merged Court. Section B focuses on the African Commission’s promotional and protective mandates and its refugee work within each. In relation to the promotional mandate, particular attention is paid to the African Commission’s collaboration with UNHCR, its role in supervising the 1969 Convention and the Special Rapporteur mandate. Section C is devoted to the African Court and its engagement with refugees, while section D covers the still theoretical Merged Court and New Merged Court. A final section concludes.
Introduction
Authors: Lopes Dominic McIver
Published: September 2018

Misgivings concerning the value of beauty are widespread. Outside the academy, beauty is often regarded as frivolous, and public support for aesthetic activities is often justified by appeal to their economic and cultural spillover effects, rather than their inherent value. Arts scholars who regard perceptions of beauty as contributing to oppressive social formations have come to emphasize non-aesthetic values in art. Meanwhile, philosophy has been stuck for some time with a consensus that aesthetic values are hedonic values—an item’s aesthetic value is its power to produce finally valuable experiences. The trouble is that aesthetic hedonism plays into misgivings about the value of beauty. A plan is laid out for working towards the network theory of aesthetic value as an alternative to aesthetic hedonism.
Getting Practical
Authors: Lopes Dominic McIver
Published: September 2018

While the main argument for the network theory of aesthetic value is that it better explains the facts about aesthetic activity than does aesthetic hedonism, the two theories share some common assumptions. Aesthetic evaluations are mental representations that attribute aesthetic values to items. Aesthetic acts are acts based on aesthetic evaluations. Aesthetic values figure in aesthetic reasons, which are practical reasons. That is, an aesthetic reason lends weight to the proposition that an agent should perform some act—an act of aesthetic appreciation, for example. Hence, one task for a theory of aesthetic value is to state what makes some values aesthetic. A second is to state what makes it the case that an aesthetic property figures in a reason that lends weight to what an agent should do. Aesthetic hedonism and the network theory offer only to explain the practical normativity of aesthetic value.
Infrastructures of Aesthetic Agency
Authors: Lopes Dominic McIver
Published: September 2018

The main argument for the network theory of aesthetic value is that it better explains the facts about aesthetic activity than does its rival, aesthetic hedonism. According to the network theory, an aesthetic value figures in a fact that lends weight to the proposition that it would be an aesthetic achievement for an agent to act. An aesthetic achievement is an act that succeeds out of aesthetic competence, so an agent has aesthetic reason to act just when they have reason to achieve by so acting. Agents with aesthetic reasons to act have reasons to act in coordination with one another when their coordination raises their chances of achieving. In acting, they rely upon and give rise to social formations. Aesthetic agency is scaffolded by aesthetic practices, which are social practices. A contrast is drawn with structuralist social theory.
Building Better Aesthetic Agents
Authors: Lopes Dominic McIver
Published: September 2018

A theory of aesthetic value should help us to make sense of how our aesthetic commitments matter to us as members of collectives. Aesthetic policies endogenous to aesthetic practices are directly justified by the network theory. The chapter looks at what aesthetic reasons we have to adopt exogenous aesthetic policies. Many argue that aesthetic practices deserve public support because aesthetic goods are public goods. A case is made for an aesthetic opportunity principle: larger social groups have reason to foster the aesthetic opportunities available to their members. The principle is applied to arts education and to communication technologies subserving aesthetic exchanges. The chapter ends with a discussion of how aesthetic opportunity interacts with—and can potentially counteract—oppressive social structures.
Associative Political Culture in the Holy Roman Empire
Authors: Hardy Duncan
Published: September 2018

What was the Holy Roman Empire in the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries? At the turning point between the medieval and early modern periods, this vast central European polity was the continent’s most politically fragmented. The imperial monarchs were often weak and distant, while an array of regional actors played autonomous political roles. The Empire’s obvious differences from more centralized European kingdoms have stimulated negative judgements and fraught debates, expressed in the historiographical concepts of fractured ‘territorial states’ and a disjointed ‘imperial constitution’. This book challenges these interpretations through a wide-ranging case study of Upper Germany between 1346 and 1521. By examining the interactions of princes, prelates, nobles, and towns comparatively, it demonstrates that a range of actors and authorities shared the same toolkit of rituals, judicial systems, and configurations of government. Crucially, Upper German elites all participated in leagues, alliances, and other treaty-based associations. As frameworks for collective activity, associations were a vital means of enabling and regulating warfare, justice and arbitration, and even lordship and administration. The prevalence of associations encouraged a mentality of ‘horizontal’ membership of political communities, so that even the Empire itself came to be understood and articulated as an extensive and multi-layered association. On the basis of this evidence, the book offers a new and more coherent vision of the Holy Roman Empire as a sprawling community of interdependent elites who interacted within the framework of a shared ‘associative political culture’, which constituted an alternative structure and pathway of political development in pre-modern Europe.
Burgundian Rule on the Upper Rhine and its Aftermath, c. 1468–77
Authors: Hardy Duncan
Published: September 2018

The third case study examines the role of associative structures and dynamics on the Upper Rhine in a series of episodes which brought profound upheaval to this region: the acquisition of an archipelago of lordships and jurisdictions by the duke of Burgundy, Charles ‘the Bold’, in 1468, the controversial style of government of his administrators which culminated in a revolt in 1474, and the local and Empire-wide wars against Burgundy that followed in 1474–7. In this time of growing consolidation within the community that formed the Holy Roman Empire, interactions between political actors continued to be mediated through alliances and other contractual ties, and negotiation remained centred on Tage. Heavy-handed Burgundian governors clashed with the loose configuration of principalities like Outer Austria, and stimulated the creation of anti-Burgundian coalitions on the Upper Rhine and across the Empire which combined traditional associative formats with a new rhetoric of German nationhood.
Introduction
Authors: Farjoun Moshe , Smith Wendy , Langley Ann , Tsoukas Haridimos
Published: September 2018

Organizational contradictions and process studies offer interwoven and complementary insights. Studies of dialectics, paradox, and dualities depict organizational contradictions that are oppositional as well as interrelated such that they persistently morph and shift over time. Studies of process often examine how contradictions fuel emergent, dynamic systems and stimulate novelty, adaptation, and transformation. Drawing largely from rich conversations at the Eighth International Symposium on Process Organization Studies, this volume unpacks these relationships in more depth. In this introduction, the authors provide an overview of the topic at hand, review the papers in this volume, outlining how the varied lenses of dialectics, paradoxes, and dualities help articulate the interplay between organizational process themes and contradictions, and offer suggestions for further research.
Inclusive Capitalism and the Return of Social Purpose
Authors: Joshi Mahesh K. , Klein J.R.
Published: September 2018

Inclusive capitalism is a hot topic and for the right reasons. It has been the focus of discussions both in academic and development circles around the world. “The role that business plays in society, and the expectations about the role it should play, has shifted dramatically in recent years. Called to a higher purpose, or sensing that externalities can only be ignored at their peril, many businesses are increasingly open to the notion that they have a responsibility for creating more inclusive economic systems” (Tufano et al. 2016). This statement is an indicator of rigorous research being carried out on the capital and social impact of global business. This chapter highlights the work of the best thinkers and primary players in the world of global business and economics.
The Future of Work and the Changing Workplace
Authors: Joshi Mahesh K. , Klein J.R.
Published: September 2018

The world of work has been impacted by technology. Work is different than it was in the past due to digital innovation. Labor market opportunities are becoming polarized between high-end and low-end skilled jobs. Migration and its effects on employment have become a sensitive political issue. From Buffalo to Beijing public debates are raging about the future of work. Developments like artificial intelligence and machine intelligence are contributing to productivity, efficiency, safety, and convenience but are also having an impact on jobs, skills, wages, and the nature of work. The “undiscovered country” of the workplace today is the combination of the changing landscape of work itself and the availability of ill-fitting tools, platforms, and knowledge to train for the requirements, skills, and structure of this new age.
New Machines
Authors: Stuewer Roger H.
Published: September 2018

John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton designed and built their eponymous linear accelerator at the Cavendish with crucial help from scientists and engineers at the Metropolitan-Vickers company in Manchester. In April 1932, they produced 400-kilo-electron-volt protons with which they split the lithium nucleus into two alpha particles. Ernest Lawrence, stimulated by an article in German on the linear acceleration of positive ions, realized they would execute circular trajectories in a superposed perpendicular magnetic field, thereby conceiving the cyclotron principle. By January 1932, he and M. Stanley Livingston had built a 10-inch-diameter cyclotron with which they produced 1.2 million-electron-volt protons. These new accelerators transformed experimental nuclear physics. These two inventions and discovery of the deuteron, neutron, and positron garnered five Nobel Prizes. That Americans received three was a harbinger of the momentous shift occurring in the geographical center of experimental and theoretical nuclear physics.
Nuclear Physicists at the Crossroads
Authors: Stuewer Roger H.
Published: September 2018

The Nazi Civil Service Law of April 7, 1933, prompted the establishment of refugee organizations to cope with the greatest intellectual migration in history, a difficult task in the Great Depression. It was in full swing in October when the seventh Solvay Conference was convened to address fundamental questions in nuclear physics. Foremost was the exact value of the mass of the neutron. Chadwick, Curie and Joliot, and Lawrence advanced very different values, and Lawrence soon had to admit that his very low value was mistaken. In January 1934, Fermi published his far-reaching theory of beta decay, which assumed that an electron and a neutrino are created when a neutron in the nucleus is transformed into a proton, which obviated the need to assume that electrons are present in nuclei. In August 1934, Chadwick and Goldhaber proved experimentally that the neutron is an unstable elementary particle.
Exiles and Immigrants
Authors: Stuewer Roger H.
Published: September 2018

In the fall of 1933, English physiologist A.V. Hill forcibly denounced the brutal Nazi racial policies, which the Nazi anti-Semite Johannes Stark then defended. Rutherford was drawn into the dispute in early 1934 and responded by first reviewing the long history of racial tolerance and academic freedom in England, and then by appealing for support for the Academic Assistance Council to help refugees. Among them were nuclear physicists Rudolf Peierls, Otto Robert Frisch, Maurice and Gertrude Goldhaber, Felix Bloch, Hans Bethe, and Walter Elsasser, who like many before him never forgot the first time he saw the Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor, knowing that he had been given the chance for a new start in life.