bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LASIK for Myopia Using the Zeiss VisuMax Femtosecond Laser and MEL 80 Excimer Laser
Authors: Blum Marcus , Kunert Kathleen , Gille Annika , Sekundo Walter
Published: December 2009

Purpose:

To assess the efficacy, safety, and predictability of the VisuMax femtosecond laser (Carl Zeiss Meditec).

Methods:

In a prospective, multicenter clinical trial, 32 eyes of 17 patients underwent LASIK and flap creation with the VisuMax femtosecond laser and ablation with the MEL 80 excimer laser (Carl Zeiss Meditec). Mean patient age was 35 years (range: 23 to 52 years). Mean preoperative spherical equivalent refraction was −4.04±1.39 diopters (D) (range: −1.50 to −7.25 D), and the planned flap thickness was 110, 120, 140, and 150 µm.

Results:

At the 3-month postoperative examination, all eyes had best spectacle-corrected visual acuity of 20/25 and uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) of 20/40; 91% of eyes reached UCVA of 20/20 or better. Ninety-four percent of eyes were within ±0.50 D of the planned correction. Complications were limited to one case of suction loss, and no other adverse events were noted at 3 months. The flaps were planar and the mean achieved central flap thickness was 118±9.2 µm for an attempted thickness of 120 µm.

Conclusions:

The investigators achieved LASIK outcomes exceeding the US Food and Drug Administration guidelines for refractive procedures in this series of myopic eyes using the VisuMax femtosecond laser and MEL 80 excimer laser. The curved contact lens of the applanation glass combined with low suction permitted continuous fixation during treatment. [
J Refract Surg.
2009;25:350–356.]
Contralateral Eye Study of Corneal Collagen Cross-linking With Riboflavin and UVA Irradiation in Patients With Keratoconus
Authors: Coskunseven Efekan , Jankov Mirko R. , Hafezi Farhad
Published: December 2009

Purpose:

To assess the progression of keratoconus in patients treated with collagen cross-linking with riboflavin and ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiation.

Methods:

Thirty-eight eyes of 19 patients with progressive keratoconus were enrolled in a prospective comparative study. Average follow-up was 9±2 months (range: 5 to 12 months). The worse eye was treated with collagen cross-linking, and the fellow eye served as the control. Corneal epithelium was mechanically removed. Riboflavin 0.1% solution in dextran T-500 20% solution was applied every 2 to 3 minutes for 30 minutes throughout the irradiation. Ultraviolet A irradiation (370 nm) was performed using a commercially available UVA lamp for 30 minutes.

Results:

The group treated with collagen cross-linking demonstrated a mean decrease (less myopic) in spherical equivalent refraction and cylinder of 1.03±2.22 diopters (D) (range: −5.25 to +3.75 D) and 1.04±1.44 D (range: −2.00 to +4.00 D), respectively (
P
<.01), and an increase in uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) and best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) of 0.06±0.05 (range: 0.00 to 0.20) and 0.10±0.14 (range: −0.10 to 0.34), respectively (
P
<.01). The maximal curvature decreased by 1.57±1.14 D (range: 0.00 to 3.90 D), and intraocular pressure increased by 2±2 mmHg (range: −1 to 6 mmHg), which was statistically significant. No statistical difference was noted regarding central corneal thickness (
P
=.06) and endothelial cell count (
P
=.07). The untreated group showed no statistical difference for any of the clinical parameters, apart from UCVA and BSCVA, which decreased by 0.08±0.12 (range: −0.40 to 0.10) and 0.06±0.09 (range: −0.20 to 0.10), respectively (
P
<.01).

Conclusions:

Riboflavin/UVA collagen cross-linking appears to be efficacious in inhibiting the progression of keratoconus by reducing the corneal curvature, spherical equivalent refraction, and refractive cylinder in eyes with progressive keratoconus at average 9-month follow-up. [
J Refract Surg
. 2009;25:371–376.]
Comparison of Standard and Aberration-neutral Profiles for Myopic LASIK With the SCHWIND ESIRIS Platform
Authors: de Ortueta Diego , Mosquera Samuel Arba , Baatz Holger
Published: December 2009

Purpose:

To compare the induced corneal wavefront aberration of eyes treated for myopia by LASIK with the SCHWIND ESIRIS laser using an aspheric aberration-neutral (Aberration-Free™) ablation profile versus a classical Munnerlyn standard profile.

Methods:

Two consecutive groups of myopic eyes were analyzed. One group (70 eyes) was treated with a standard non-aspheric Munnerlyn profile (standard group, mean spherical equivalent refraction −4.09±1.77 diopters [D] [range: −7.75 to −0.75 D] and mean cylinder 0.78±0.76 D [range: 0.00 to 3.00 D]), and the second group (70 eyes) was treated with the ORK-CAM aspheric aberration-neutral profile (aberration-neutral group, mean spherical equivalent refraction −3.71±1.80 D [range: −8.25 to −0.75 D] and mean cylinder 1.00±0.97 D [range: 0.00 to 4.50 D]). Visual outcome, corneal wavefront data, and topographic changes after 3-month follow-up were compared.

Results:

Both groups had a good visual acuity outcome with refractive predictability of ±0.50 D in approximately 96% of the cohort. In terms of safety, one eye in the standard group lost two lines of Snellen visual acuity. In the aberration-neutral group, no eye lost more than one line of Snellen visual acuity and 6% gained more than two lines. Corneal aberrations were measured up to the 7th order (36 Zernike terms). The induced postoperative corneal wavefront aberration at 4.0 and 6.0 mm was compared. At 6.0 mm, corneal coma increased after myopic LASIK by 0.09 µm in the standard group and by 0.07 µm in the aberration-neutral group. The induction of corneal spherical aberrations in the standard group was 0.17 µm (0.22 D) versus 0.09 µm (0.13 D) in the aberration-neutral group. The root-mean-square of induced higher order aberrations was 0.19 µm in the standard group and 0.16 µm in the aberration-neutral group. Topographies showed multifocality of 0.50 D in the standard group and 0.25 D in the aberration-neutral group.

Conclusions:

Both groups had good predictability and safety results. With the aspheric aberration-neutral profile, less corneal wavefront aberration was induced compared to eyes treated with the standard profile. [
J Refract Surg
. 2009;25:339–349.]
Multiple Component Intraocular Lens: First Human Implantation
Authors: Fuchs Hendrik A. , Frohn Andreas , Dean Kevin , Werblin Theodore P.
Published: December 2009

Purpose:

To report the first clinical implantation of a foldable, spherical multiple component intraocular lens (MC-IOL). Previous studies and publications described a polymethylmethacrylate version of this lens, which required a 7-mm incision for its implantation. The foldable version of this lens system can be inserted through a <3-mm incision.

Methods:

Following routine cataract surgery, the base lens component of the MC-IOL was inserted with a 2.8-mm injector into the capsular bag of a 62-year-old woman. The front lens assembly of the spherical MCIOL was injected into the anterior chamber. The haptics of the front lens were then inserted into the capture bridges of the base lens completing the lens assembly procedure. The remainder of the cataract procedure was performed routinely.

Results:

Six-week follow-up showed 20/20 corrected vision with a refraction of +1.00 +0.25 × 106°. The MC-IOL was centrally located in the capsule, and good clearance was noted between the lens and iris.

Conclusions:

The foldable version of the MC-IOL can be inserted through a conventional small cataract incision (<3 mm). In this patient, the lens was well tolerated and generated the expected 20/20 visual acuity. The first MC-IOL prototype had only spherical components and the surgery was performed to demonstrate the feasibility of doing such an operation, assembling and disassembling the optical elements of the MC-IOL in the eye. The surgeon was able to perform these manipulations with a short learning curve and standard cataract instrumentation. [
J Refract Surg
. 2009;25:390–393.]
Measurement of Depth of Intacs Implanted Via Femtosecond Laser Using Pentacam
Authors: Kamburoglu Günhal , Ertan Aylin , Saraçbasi Osman
Published: December 2009

Purpose:

To measure the depth of intracorneal ring segments (Intacs, Addition Technology Inc) implanted via femtosecond laser by Pentacam rotating Scheimpflug camera (Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH) and to determine the change in depth at 1-year follow-up.

Methods:

Thirty-two eyes of 23 keratoconic patients receiving Intacs intrastromal corneal ring segments implanted by femtosecond laser were included in the study. The depth of intracorneal channel and Intacs segments were measured for 7 predetermined points at 1 week and 1 year postoperatively using Scheimpflug images.

Results:

Mean achieved intrastromal channel depth exceeded the intended parameter by 6.5 µm to 69.0 µm. The standard deviation varied between ±13.5 µm and ±44.2 µm. The segment depth decreased at the end of the first postoperative year in all measured points, and the change was statistically significant at the superior, inferior, and temporal sides of the Intacs. The degree of change was not correlated with size of the Intacs, preoperative central corneal thickness, and mean keratometric values.

Conclusions:

Pentacam provided imaging of the Intacs segments and measurement of their depth, enabling evaluation of the changes in depth at 1-year follow-up. The Intacs segments tended to shallow over time, which may be a factor for depth-related complications. [
J Refract Surg.
2009;25:377–382.]
Circular Keratotomy to Reduce Astigmatism and Improve Vision in Stage I and II Keratoconus
Authors: Krumeich Jorg H. , Kezirian Guy M.
Published: December 2009

Purpose:

To report the use of circular keratotomy in eyes with stage I and II keratoconus to reduce astigmatism.

Methods:

A retrospective analysis was performed of all eyes operated from 1993 to 2006 by one surgeon using circular keratotomy for stage I and II keratoconus. Results were evaluated for reduction of corneal astigmatism, refractive stability, and change in best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA).

Results:

Forty-six eyes in 36 patients were evaluated. Corneal (keratometric) astigmatism and refractive astigmatism were significantly reduced, particularly in eyes with preoperative astigmatism ⩾2.00 diopters (D). Preoperative astigmatism correlated with reduction of astigmatism (R=0.81). Astigmatism stabilized after 1 year in 64% of 28 eyes that were seen both within the first year after surgery and then at some time point ⩾2 years after surgery. In this group, astigmatism changed ⩽2.00 D in 94% of eyes between 1-year follow-up and the last examination. Mean BSCVA improved from 20/44 to 20/33 (
P
<.01), with 20 (43%) of 46 eyes gaining 2 lines or more, 22 (48%) of 46 eyes changing by less than 2 lines, and 4 (9%) of 46 eyes having a worse BSCVA at the last examination compared with preoperatively.

Conclusions:

Circular keratotomy provides significant reduction in astigmatism, improved BSCVA, and stabilization of astigmatic changes in most eyes, although some eyes show limited benefit. Eyes with higher preoperative astigmatism appear to be more likely to benefit from the procedure than those with lower preoperative astigmatism. Circular keratotomy also resulted in reasonable clinical results for the treatment of stage I and II keratoconus. [
J Refract Surg
. 2009;25:357–365.]
Fluorophotometry to Evaluate the Corneal Epithelium in Eyes Undergoing Contact Lens Corneal Reshaping to Correct Myopia
Authors: Savitsky Danielle Z. , Fan Vincent C. , Yildiz Elvin H. , Du Ted T. , Asbell Penny A.
Published: December 2009

Purpose:

To determine whether use of Corneal Refractive Therapy (CRT®, Paragon Vision Sciences) lenses have an adverse effect on the health of corneal epithelium by monitoring epithelial permeability by fluorophotometry.

Methods:

Eight patients with healthy eyes and whose refractive error was between −0.50 and −4.00 diopters (D) sphere and up to −1.75 D of astigmatism were enrolled. On the day of the fitting, two baseline fluorometric scans of the right eye were taken using the Ocumetrics Fluorotron Master. After 15 minutes, another two scans were taken of the right eye. The same fluorophotometry technique was repeated on day 1, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after the patient began overnight wear of the lenses. Patients' baseline corneal fluorescein levels and peak corneal fluorescence values after rinsing were compared to initial pre-fitting values to determine changes in corneal epithelial permeability.

Results:

After patients used orthokeratology, uncorrected visual acuity was 20/20 or better in 9/16 eyes and 100% had achieved 20/40 or better by day 7. No adverse events were seen in patients utilizing orthokeratology, and eye examinations for these patients continued to be within normal limits. After nightly use of orthokeratology for 1 month, baseline fluorescence of the cornea (15.64±2.29 ng/mL vs 17.31±5.43 ng/mL,
P
=.80) remained stable, and the post-15 minute scan peak corneal fluorescence values did not show significant changes from the pre-fitting (51.46±17.28 ng/mL) after use of orthokeratology (63.80±41.25 ng/mL)(
P
=.78).

Conclusions:

Reshaping of the cornea through the use of orthokeratology does not have adverse effects on corneal epithelium as evaluated by changes in corneal epithelial permeability. [
J Refract Surg
. 2009;25:366–370.]
Overcoming DNA extraction problems from carnivorous plants
Authors: Fleischmann Andreas , Heubl Günther
Published: December 2009

We tested previously published protocols for DNA isolation from plants with high contents of polyphenols and polysaccharides for several taxa of carnivorous plants. However, we did not get satisfying results with fresh or silica dried leaf tissue obtained from field collected or greenhouse grown plants, nor from herbarium specimens. Therefore, we have developed a simple modified protocol of the commercially available Macherey- Nagel NucleoSpin® Plant kit for rapid, effective and reproducible isolation of high quality genomic DNA suitable for PCR reactions. DNA extraction can be conducted from both fresh and dried leaf tissue of various carnivorous plant taxa, irrespective of high contents of polysaccharides, phenolic compounds and other secondary plant metabolites that interfere with DNA isolation and amplification.
Phytogeography of the Pacific Coast of North America
Authors: Peinado Lorca Manuel , Macías Rodríguez Miguel Ángel , Aguirre Martínez Juan Luis , Delgadillo Rodríguez José
Published: December 2009

This study was designed to explore floristic variation along the Pacific coast from Cook Inlet, Alaska (61º30’N), to the southern tip of Baja California, Mexico, at 23º02’N. Data corresponding to 965 phytosociological relevés (including 686 vascular plants) obtained by sampling 279 coastal sites were examined. Using an objective classification system (Average Linkage Clustering) and Sørensen’s index, floristic data acquired in fieldwork were related to the biogeographical regions of the study area. According to the worldwide distribution pattern of genera and species, the registered taxa were grouped into phytogeographical elements. These elements, along with the climatic classification of the sites and comparisons among the main coastal vegetation types, gave rise to a phytogeographical classification of the study area in which four regions (North American Boreal, Rocky Mountain, Californian and Xerophytic-Mexican) and eight floristic provin - ces were distinguished. Each province is characterized by its climate, changes in phytogeographic elements, the presence of endemic genera or species, and by its characteristic vegetation types. Floristic differences among provinces are related to palaeoclimatic and palaeogeographical events. The boreal and temperate provinces show high percentages of broadly distributed elements, whose origins can be found in the Boreotropical or Arctotertiary geoflora that dominated the Northern Hemisphere during the Tertiary. The floristically richest provinces are the three that occupy the Mediterranean zone, since these provinces harbour elements of the Arctotertiary and Madrotertiary geofloras. The flora of tropical Baja California is characterised by a high number of taxa related to Neotropical flora, especially to those showing links with South America.
Former charophyte communities in l’Albufera de València revealed by a study of the sediment bank oospores
Authors: Rodrigo María A. , Alonso-Guillén José Luis , Cirujano Santos , Soulié-Märsche Ingeborg
Published: December 2009

Charophyte oospores and their features (size, shape, colour, outer wall ornamentation, etc.) are able to persist in seed banks of aquatic ecosystems. Thus, these characteristics can be used for taxonomic species identification, thereby providing knowledge about the specific composition of the charophyte community in a habitat that currently lacks, or has greatly altered, submerged vegetation. Several years ago, l’Albufera de València lost the charophyte meadows that covered the lake bottom in the past, which had never been studied in detail. Several sediment cores were extracted from the lagoon at three sites and the oospores and gyrogonites were isolated and characterized. The oospore/gyrogonite densities in the sediment layers were estimated. Ten different taxa have been identified: six belonging to genus Chara [Ch. vulgaris, Ch. Hispida var. major, Ch. fragilis (Ch. globularis), Ch. Hispida var. baltica, Ch. aspera, Ch. tomentosa]; one Nitella species (N. hyalina), two Tolypella species (T. glomerata and T. hispanica) and one Lamprothamnium species (L. papulosum). The latter, which indicates the period when water salinity was high in the lagoon, was found in the deepest sediment layers. An increase in the oospore abundance and diversity was observed in line with sediment depth. This indicates, on the one hand, that the lagoon went through different ecological stages (with important changes in salinity, mainly) and, on the other hand, the eutrophication process that the lagoon has been undergoing for at least the last 45 years, has progressively affected the abundance and diversity of the charophyte community.
Breeding system of the Iberian endemic shrub Colutea hispanica (Leguminosae)
Authors: Rabasa Sonia G. , Gutiérrez David , Escudero Adrián
Published: December 2009

Plant breeding systems have been viewed as mechanisms to promote outcrossing in order to increase genetic variability and prevent inbreeding depression. However, reduced fitness after crossing, outbreeding depression, has been often observed between individuals from different populations and more rarely, within populations. We studied the breeding system of Colutea hispanica using experimental hand pollinations in field conditions in one population in Central Spain in 2004 and 2006. Pollination experiments showed that C. hispanica set fruits from both self and cross-pollinations, suggesting that the species is highly self-compatible. In addition, fruit set was highest following geitonogamy in both years and no flowers set fruits from xenogamy in 2004. Although such enhanced reproductive success following selfing rather than crossing has been largely ignored in many studies on plant reproduction, it seems to be not as rare in plants as previously thought.
Universal primers for the amplification of the plastid trnK/matK region in land plants
Authors: Wicke Susann , Quandt Dietmar
Published: December 2009

Not available
DESIGN, FABRICATION, AND TEST OF A SILICATE MICROSENSOR
Authors: Wu Chih-Wei , Wu Ting-I , Chen Wei-Han , Huang Long-Sun
Published: December 2009

This work describes a portable microsensor for analyzing the silicate concentration in water. Conventionally adopted silicate analysis methods involve bulky instrumentation that are limited in portability and immediateness. The proposed silicate microsensor consists of a microliquid core waveguide, passive spiral micromixer, and bubble traps that possess excellent signal enhancement properties. The microsensor size is 52 × 26 mm, while each measurement requires only 115 μl of a sample and reagents, thereby reducing the sample requirement for a considerable amount of time and work to collect expensive reagents. The spiral micromixer has a mixing capability superior to that of a premix mixture. Bubble traps have been developed to trap air bubbles formed in the microchannel in order to prevent gas bubbles from interfering with the measurements. As a linear function of silicate concentration, the absorbance response ranges from 0 to 250 nM. Additionally, the linearity is excellent with a linear R value of 0.9985 and the experimental detection limit is 8.9 nM. The proposed portable microsensor significantly contributes to aqueous inspection, subsequently creating a highly value-added technology for chemical sensors and microsystems.
IMPROVE THE DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM OF A QCM SENSOR BY INCREASING THE SAMPLING RATE OF FREQUENCY AND AMPLITUDE
Authors: Lee Chao-Fa , Yan Tsong-Rong , Chou Hung-Che
Published: December 2009

Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) has been constructed and used for chemical sensing and biochemical detecting. Frequency shift has a relation with mass changed in the gaseous condition. However, the velocity, density, and viscosity also cause frequency changed in liquid solution. We develop a new method and system to investigate the variable value of amplitude and frequency from the oscillator of quartz. In this system, piezoelectric quartz crystal (10 MHz, AT-cut) with gold electrodes was mounted under liquid solution. Crystal was exposed to the different concentrations of glucose and sodium chloride solution. The results show that the ramp-up speed of amplitude was faster as frequency in the alternative state. We figure out the largest skew through the differential curve of amplitude in different solutions. The dramatic results give a QCM more meanings to be a biochemistry detecting utility.
MATTERS NEEDING ATTENTION FOR APPLYING THE QUARTZ CRYSTAL MICROBALANCE TECHNIQUE TO DETECT THE CELL MORPHOLOGY
Authors: Chou Hung-Che , Yan Tsong-Rong , Lee Chao-Fa
Published: December 2009

Using quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) to design a cell detection platform is an important application of QCM. In the process of system design and application, there still have some points, which are easily overlooked or are not understood by researchers. Most of the problems can be separated into three types. One is the cell culture environment conditions that affect the system signals, another is the system unification or lack of communication over regulations, and the other is the over-analysis of the experimental data.
INTEGRATING MICROARRAY PROBES AND AMPLIFIER ON AN ACTIVE RFID TAG FOR BIOSENSING AND MONITOR SYSTEM DESIGN
Authors: Lin Jium-Ming , Chang Po-Kuang , Hou Zhong-Qing
Published: December 2009

This research provides a microarray bio-probe device, integrated with Thin-Film-Transistor (TFT) amplifier formed of top-gate MOS (Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) transistors on an active RFID tag, to improve the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio and impedance matching problems. The bio-probe device can be disposed to conform to the profile of a living body's portion so as to improve the electrical contact property.
GLUCOSE BIOSENSOR BASED ON DEXTRAN-Fe3O4 NANOCOMPOSITE MODIFIED SPCEs
Authors: Chen Wen-Chang , Lin Yun-Ya
Published: December 2009

Dextran-coating iron oxide (DCIO) nanoparticles were prepared by co-precipitation method and using dextran as the stabilizing agent. A glucose biosensor was successfully constructed firstly by simply drop-coating ferricyanide (Ferri)-DCIO onto screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs), and then by layering-on glucose oxidase. The electrochemical characteristics of the modified SPCEs were analyzed by cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The optimal DCIO and enzyme loadings were 16 mg ml-1 and 0.7 U, respectively, and the sensitivity of the resulting biosensor was 0.4 μA mM-1 at 0.45 V with a wide linearity up to 44.4 mM glucose and the lower detection limit of about 1.23 mM.
SODIUM AND POTASSIUM SENSORS BASED ON SEPARATED EXTENDED GATE FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR
Authors: Hsu Hsiang-Yi , Wu Chang-Yeh , Lee Hsiang-Ching , Lin Jyh-Ling , Chin Yuan-Lung , Sun Tai-Ping
Published: December 2009

A double potassium and sodium ions sensor based on separated extended gate field effect transistor (SEGFET) and a new entrapment method are proposed in this study. Having high sensitivity, reproducibility, and a simple manufacturing process, the sensors are quickly able to supply information and detect human blood within an abnormal range. The sensing membranes were fabricated using a Poly(vinyl chloride) carboxylated (PVC-COOH) matrix; sodium ionophore (B12C4) or potassium ionophore (valinomycin). The sensitivity of ion-selective biosensors is 42.55 mV/decade for Na+ between 1 M and 10-7 M, 42.75 mV/decade for K+ between 1 M and 10-6 M.
STUDY ON TIME-CONSTANT MODELS OF SnO2pH SENSOR
Authors: Chen Chi-Wei , Chou Jung-Chuan , Sun Tai-Ping , Hsiung Shen-Kan
Published: December 2009

The aim of this study was to discuss the hysteresis effect of SnO2 pH sensor based on separative extended gate field effect transistor (SEGFET). Based on the theorem of three time-constants model, hysteresis model is linked with drift effect. Function relationship of pH value and time constant is also derived from the drift effects with difference pH value. Besides, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is utilized to interpret the mechanism of hysteresis effect. Experiments of EIS are carried out in different pH buffer solutions. An equivalent model of sensing membrane is obtained by theorem of EIS. The experimental results indicate that the equivalent circuit elements, such as membrane capacitance and membrane resistance, change with pH. This phenomenon is compared with other literatures and discussed on hysteresis effect.
SOFT SENSORS FOR MONITORING RESPIRATORY AND HEART SOUND
Authors: Huang Shi-Ing , Cheng Long-Cheng , Chou Show-Hwai , Lin Chii-Wann , Yu Chun , Tsai Tzu-Hsiu
Published: December 2009

The soft sensors for monitoring respiratory and heart sound were composed of polyurethane and microphones. In this study, silica was blended with polyurethane to change the hardness of the chambers. The hardness would influence the frequency response of the sensors. The material composed of 60 phr silica was chosen to make the chamber of the sensor. It had higher hardness and resulted in the flatten frequency response across the range of 100–1200 Hz. By the filter band designed for heart sound and respiratory sound signal, the heart sound and respiratory sound can be collected. The measured sound was verified by the physician and showed no distortion.
ANALYSIS OF SULFACHLOROPYRIDAZINE AND SULFAPYRIDINE BY HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH MOLECULARLY IMPRINTED POLYMER AS THE STATIONARY PHASE
Authors: Lee Tzu-Tai , Huang Ing-Bang , Hwang Ching-Chiang
Published: December 2009

A simple and sensitive high performance liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of sulfachloropyridazine and sulfapyridine has been developed. This method was developed by using self-prepared molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) as the stationary phase. The polymers were prepared by a noncovalent method with sulfachloropyridazine as the template, methacrylic acid as the functional monomer and ethylene glycoldimethacrylate as the cross-linker in the presence of chloroform as the solvent. In order to compare the chromatographic data from the stationary phase, the retention time of sulfachloropyridazine and sulfapyridine was given. The separation factors (α) were 1.79–1.89 that showed that the MIPs were able to recognize sulfachloropyridazine and sulfapyridine.
ROOM-TEMPERATURE NITRIC OXIDE GAS SENSING OF PEDOT THIN FILM USING SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE
Authors: Wu Tsing-Hau , Lu Hui-Hsin , Feng Wei-Yi , Lin Chii-Wann , Lin Chia-Yu , Ho Kuo-Chuan
Published: December 2009

A room-temperature nitric oxide ( NO ) gas sensor is prepared by using electrochemical synthesis of conducting polymer, poly-(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and characterized by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) method. Guided by SPR angle simulation, the optimal thickness of deposited PEDOT thin film is 25 nm and the resultant lowest detection limit of NO is 8 ppm. It exhibits 1.3 times higher responses to 25 ppm of NO gas than NO 2.
Leadership in Acts through a social capital lens
Authors: Nell Ian A.
Published: December 2009

Social capital can be defined in various ways. In most of these definitions at least three dimensions can be distinguished. First there is �bonding� (the horizontal relationships between people operating within different social networks and with specific norms and values). The second dimension is �bridging� (bonds that transcend differences in religion, ethnicity, culture and socio-economic status). This dimension prevents horizontal ties from becoming the basis for narrow and even sectarian interests. Normally, a third dimension called �linking� also forms part of social capital, and ideological aspects come into focus here. This dimension includes aspects such as justice, political power and the equitable distribution of income and property. When leadership in Acts is analysed through the lenses of these multi-focal spectacles, interesting perspectives are discovered that can enrich theories on leadership. These discoveries can also open up new perspectives on aspects of being a missional church in our South African context from within the context of Acts.�
Target Identification by Diazirine Photo‐Cross‐Linking and Click Chemistry
Authors: MacKinnon Andrew L. , Taunton Jack
Published: December 2009

Target identification is often the rate‐determining step in deciphering the mechanism of action of biologically active small molecules. Photo‐affinity labeling (PAL) represents a useful biochemical strategy for target identification in complex protein mixtures. This unit describes the use of alkyl diazirine‐based photo‐affinity probes and Cu(I)‐catalyzed click chemistry to covalently label and visualize the targets of biologically active small molecules. A general method for affinity purification of probe‐modified proteins, useful for identification of protein targets, is also described. Curr. Protoc. Chem Biol. 1:55‐73. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Some Synthetic Uses of Halides
Authors: Hoyle Jeff
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Functional Group Interconversion of Halides

Carbon–Carbon Bond Formation Using Halides

Preparation of Heterocyclic Compounds byCYBond Formation

Rearrangement of Halides

Acknowledgements
Recent Advances in the Photochemistry of the Carbon–Halogen Bond
Authors: Lodder Gerrit , Cornelisse Jan
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Aliphatic Halides

Vinylic Halides

Aromatic Halides
Halonium Ions
Authors: Koser Gerald F.
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Alkynyliodonium Salts

Vinyliodonium Salts

Acknowledgments
Reactions of Organic Halides Mediated by Transition Metal Compounds
Authors: Green James R.
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Reactions of Organocopper(I) Reagents

Reactions of Organometallic Reagents in the Presence of Transition Metal Catalysts

Reductive Coupling of Halides by Means of Nickel(0) Complexes

Reactions of Halides with Alkenes or Acetylenes in the Presence of Palladium Catalysts

Coupling Reactions of Organic Halides Mediated by Chromium(II)

Cobalt‐Mediated Radical Reactions of Organic Halides

Carbonylation Reactions
Advances in the Chemistry of Amino and Nitro Compounds
Authors: Boyd G. V.
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Amino Compounds

Nitro Compounds
The Synthesis and Uses of Isotopically Labelled Amino and Quaternary Ammonium Salts
Authors: Westaway Kenneth C.
Published: December 2009

Introduction

The Theory of Kinetic Isotope Effects

Using Kinetic Isotope Effects to Elucidate the Mechanism of Benzidine‐Type Rearrangements of Amines

Using Kinetic Isotope Effects to Model the
S

N

2 Transition States for Reactions Involving Quaternary Ammonium Salts
Analytical Aspects of Amino, Quaternary Ammonium, Nitro, Nitroso and Related Functional Groups
Authors: Zabicky Jacob , Bittner Shmuel
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Elemental Analysis

Amines

Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

Nitro Compounds

Nitroso Compounds

Hydroxylamines

Amino‐Oxyls
Environmental Aspects of Compounds Containing Nitro, Nitroso and Amino Groups
Authors: Chagger H. K. , Williams A.
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Environmental Exposure

Environmental Exposure to Preformed Nitrosamines

Amines

Control and Legislation
S

N

Ar
Reactions of Amines in Aprotic Solvents
Authors: Nudelman Norma S.
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Systems Showing Classical Kinetics

Systems Showing ‘Anomalous’ Kinetics

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgements
Contribution of Quantum Chemistry to the Study of Dienes and Polyenes
Authors: Branchadell V. , Sodupe M. , Oliva A. , Bertrán J.
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Survey of Theoretical Methods

Ground State Structure and Vibrational Spectra

Excited States

Molecular Electric Properties

Chemical Reactivity

Concluding Remarks
The Electrochemistry of Dienes and Polyenes
Authors: Shono Tatsuya , Kashimura Shigenori , Kise Naoki
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Anodic Oxidation

Cathodic Reduction
Syntheses and Uses of Isotopically Labelled Dienes and Polyenes
Authors: Zieliński Mieczysław , Kańska Marianna
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Synthesis of Dienes and Polyenes Labelled with Stable Isotopes

Synthesis and Uses of Dienes and Polyenes Labelled with Tritium

Synthesis and Uses of Dienes and Polyenes Labelled with Radioisotopes of Carbon

Synthesis and Uses of Dienes and Polyenes Labelled with Heavy Radioisotopes

Isotope Effect Studies with Dienes and Polyenes

Acknowledgements
Chiroptical Properties of Compounds ContainingCOGroups
Authors: Boiadjiev Stefan E. , Lightner David A.
Published: December 2009

Introduction

The Octant Rule

Compilation of Ketone and AldehydeCD

Unsaturated Ketones

Compilation of Unsaturated Ketone and AldehydeCD

Exciton Chirality

Addendum

Acknowledgments
Dipole Moments of Compounds Containing Double Bonds
Authors: Exner Otto
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Progress in the Dipole Moment Method

CCBonds

CNBonds

COBonds

CSBonds

CPBonds

Other Double Bonds
Radiation Chemistry of Azo and Hydrazo Compounds
Authors: Alfassi Zeev B.
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Radiolysis of Solutions of Azo Compounds

Radiation Chemistry of Hydrazones
Rearrangements of Hydrazo, Azoxy and Azo Compounds: Kinetic, Product and Isotope Studies
Authors: COX Robin A. , Buncel Erwin
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Rearrangements of Hydrazo Compounds

Rearrangements of Azoxy Compounds

Rearrangements of Azo Compounds

Acknowledgements
Polyhedral Silicon Compounds
Authors: Sekiguchi Akira , Nagase Shigeru
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Theoretical Studies

Synthesis

Tetrasilatetrahedrane

Hexasilaprismane

Octasilacubane

29
Si
NMR
Spectra

Spherical Cage Compounds

Epilogue

Acknowledgement
The Structural Chemistry of Organosilicon Compounds
Authors: Kaftory Menahem , Kapon Moshe , Botoshansky Mark
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Single Bonds to Silicon

Double Bonds to Silicon
Mechanism and Structures in Alcohol Addition Reactions of Disilenes and Silenes
Authors: Sakurai Hideki
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Disilenes

Silenes

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments
Recent Synthetic Applications of Organosilicon Reagents
Authors: Colvin Ernest W.
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Trialkylsilyl Halides

Trialkylsilyl Cyanides

Trialkylsilyl Azides

Alkyl Silyl Ethers

(Trihalomethyl)Trialkylsilanes

Trimethylsilyldiazomethane

Trialkylsilyl Trifluoromethanesulphonates

Thio‐ and Selenosilanes

α,β‐Epoxysilanes

SiCOxidative Cleavage

Miscellaneous
Si‐Containing Ceramic Precursors
Authors: Laine R. M. , Sellinger A.
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Criteria that Define a Useful Precursor

Precursors ContainingSiandN

Precursors ContainingSiandC

Precursors toSiOContaining Materials
The Electrochemistry of Gold and Silver Complexes
Authors: Mohamed Ahmed A. , Bruce Alice E. , Bruce Mitchell R. M.
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Dithiolenes and Diselenolenes

Dithiocarbamates

L
2
Au
and
L

n

Ag
Complexes

Phosphine Gold Halides

Phosphine Gold Thiolates and Mixed Donor Ligands

Phosphorus Ylides

Organometallics

Drugs

Imides and Anilides

Other Ligands and Structural Types
Acidity, Basicity andHBonds
Authors: Klapötke Thomas M.
Published: December 2009

Outline

Introduction

Silver Compounds

Gold Compounds

Relativistic Effects

Acknowledgments
Organometallic Complexes of Dienes and Polyenes
Authors: Donaldson William A.
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Structure and Bonding

NMRSpectroscopic Characterization and Fluxional Behavior

Preparation and Isomerizations of Conjugated Diene Complexes

Reactions of Conjugated Diene Complexes

Preparation of Cyclobutadiene–Metal Complexes

Reactions of Cyclobutadiene–Metal Complexes
Organosilicon Halides—Synthesis and Properties
Authors: Herzog Uwe
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Synthetic Routes Toward Organosilicon Halides

Lewis‐Base Adducts of Silicon Halides
Biotechnology Reveals New Routes to Synthesis and Structural Control of Silica and Polysilsesquioxanes
Authors: Morse Daniel E.
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Overview of Silica Synthesis in the Experimental Systems

Silicon Transport

Search for Intracellular Silicon Carriers or Conjugates

Control of Polycondensation

Conclusions

Acknowledgments
Chemistry on Silicon Surfaces
Authors: Cheol Ho Choi , Mark S Gordon
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Theoretical Methods and Surface Models

2 × 1 Reconstruction of a Clean Silicon Surface

Chemical Reactions InvolvingSiCBond Formation

Hydration of the ReconstructedSi(100) Surface

Hydrogenation of the ReconstructedSi(100) Surface

Oxidation Reactions on theSi(100) Surface

Etching ofSi(100) with Halogen

Summary and Outlook

Acknowledgment
Similarities and Differences of Organic Compounds of Germanium, Tin and Lead
Authors: Voronkov Mikhail G. , Egorochkin Alexey N.
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Electronic Structure

Spatial Structure

Physical Properties

Chemical Properties

Biological Activity
Mass Spectrometry and Gas‐Phase Ion Chemistry of Phenols
Authors: Kuck Dietmar
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Gaseous Radical Cations Derived from Phenols: Thermochemistry of Some Typical Species and Reactions

Unimolecular Fragmentation Reactions of Phenol Radical Cations

The Effect of the Hydroxyl Group on the Reversible Intramolecular Hydrogen Transfer in Ionized Phenols

Ortho Effects in Substituted Phenols

Secondary Fragmentation Reactions of Phenol Radical Cations

Miscellaneous Fragmentations of Phenol Radical Cations

Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Phenols

Ionized Phenol and Cyclohexa‐1,3‐Dien‐5‐One (ortho‐Isophenol) Generated by Fragmentation of Precursor Ions

Ion/Molecule Reactions of Phenols in the Gas Phase

Gaseous Phenol Anions

Miscellaneous Analytical Examples

Mass Spectrometry of Calixarenes

Phenolic Compounds as Maldi Matrices

Acknowledgements
Polylithium Organic Compounds: Syntheses and Selected Molecular Structures
Authors: Strohmann Carsten , Schildbach Daniel
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Methods of Synthesis

Conclusion
Cyclobutane—Physical Properties and Theoretical Studies
Authors: Wiberg Kenneth B.
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Cycloalkane Structures and Bonding

Bond Strengths

Energies of Cycloalkanes

NMRSpectra of Cycloalkanes

Cyclopropyl and Cyclobutyl Cations

Interaction of Cyclopropane and Cyclobutane Rings with Electron‐Deficient Centers

Protonated Cyclopropanes and Cyclobutanes

Thermal Formation of Cyclobutanes by Cycloaddition and Thermal Cleavage

Antiaromaticity in Cyclobutadiene
Antiaromaticity and Aromaticity in Carbocyclic Four‐Membered Rings
Authors: Eckert‐Maksić M. , Maksić Z. B.
Published: December 2009

Introduction and Scope

Antiaromaticity of Four‐Membered Rings

Cyclobutadiene in Excited State

Cyclobutadiene Dications and Dianions

Squaric Acid, its Anions and Related Compounds

Sigma‐Antiaromaticity of Molecules Involving Saturated Four‐Membered Ring(s)

Conclusion

Acknowledgments
Rearrangements of Cyclobutanes
Authors: Tanko J. M.
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Thermal Rearrangements of Cyclobutanes

Rearrangements of Cyclobutyl‐Containing Reactive Intermediates

Closing Remarks

Acknowledgment
The Chemistry of Acyllithium Derivatives
Authors: Najera Carmen , Yus Miguel
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Unprotected Acyllithium Derivatives

Protected Acyllithium Equivalents

Other Acyllithium Equivalents

Conclusions

Acknowledgments
Synthetic Uses of Peroxides
Authors: Berkessel Albrecht , Vogl Nadine
Published: December 2009

Introduction, Scope and Structure of the Review

Synthesis of Peroxides

Synthetic Uses of Peroxides
Silicon and Germanium Peroxides
Authors: Ando Wataru
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Preparation of Silyl Peroxides

Reaction of Bis(Trimethylsilyl) Peroxides and Silyl Peroxosulfates

Synthesis of Alcohols Via Hexa‐ and Pentacoordinate Silyl Peroxides

Silane Ozonolysis: Silane Trioxides

Cyclic Silyl Peroxides

Germyl Peroxides
Sulfur and Phosphorus Peroxides
Authors: Jadhav Vidyadhar , Park Min Young , Kim Yong Hae
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Sulfur Peroxides

Phosphorus Peroxides
Thermochemistry of Organozinc Compounds
Authors: Liebman Joel F. , Slayden Suzanne W.
Published: December 2009

Introduction: Scope and Definitions

Dialkylzinc Compounds

Monoalkylzinc Species

Dimethylzinc Radical Cation and Methylzinc Cation

Zinc–Cyanide Complexes
Cyclopropanation Mediated by Zinc Organometallics
Authors: Charette André B.
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Preparation and Structure of Zinc Carbenoids

Mechanism of the Cyclopropanation of Alkenes using Zinc Carbenoids

Synthetic Scope of the Cyclopropanation using Zinc Carbenoids

Conclusion
Hydrogen Bonds of Anilines
Authors: Forlani Luciano
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Self‐Association of Anilines

Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonds

Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen Bonds in Polyanilines

Halogen Bonds in Anilines
Proton Sponges
Authors: Pozharskii Alexander F. , Ozeryanskii Valery A.
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Synthesis of Proton Sponges

Physicochemical Properties

Reactivity

Application of Proton Sponges

Conclusion

Acknowledgement
Analytical Aspects of Organomagnesium Compounds
Authors: Zabicky Jacob
Published: December 2009

Introduction and Scope of the Chapter

Elemental Analysis of Magnesium

Speciation Analysis of Organomagnesium Compounds

Grignard Reagents as Analytical Reagents andAIDS
Iron‐Catalyzed Reactions of Grignard Reagents
Authors: Cahiez Gérard , Duplais Christophe
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Deprotonation of Ketones

Iron‐Catalyzed Acylation of Grignard Reagents

Iron‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions

Iron‐Catalyzed Homocoupling of Aromatic Grignard Reagents

Other Reactions

Applications of Iron‐Catalyzed Reactions of Grignard Reagents in Organic Synthesis
Mixed Routes of Exposure
Authors: Clary John J.
Published: December 2009

While many human exposures to chemicals are by multiple exposure routes, one route usually predominates and there may be a tendency to think of the predominant route as the only route of concern. In environmental exposures a toxic material may be in the air, on food and/or in drinking water. Dermal exposure is possible if contaminated water is used for bathing. Inhalation exposure is also possible if the toxic material is volatile in hot water. The route of exposure(s) is a factor both in the design of toxicity studies and in the evaluation of a chemical's effect in humans. When testing a chemical for toxicity in animals, the route of primary concern should be the route of exposure(s) during human use. A whole‐body exposure or a nose‐only exposure might be used to judge the effect of pulmonary exposure. Whole‐body inhalation will result in test material being deposited on the fur of experimental animals. Dermal and oral exposure, as a result of grooming, may result in a significant exposure under these conditions. The length of exposure period, short time, such as intravenous (instantaneous) or oral (bolus), compared with longer exposures such as in drinking water, inhalation exposure over a six hour period per day or continuous dermal exposure, may also be important for the response if multiple routes of exposure are of concern. A workplace exposure could result in both inhalation and dermal exposure. Absorption and metabolism most likely will proceed at different rates, and this possibly could affect the course and nature of the toxic response. Many regulatory agencies and industries rely on risk assessment in making risk management decisions. Risk assessments usually examine several routes of exposure, independently, and then the different routes of exposures are added together to define the total exposure and risk. Many times very conservative default assumptions are used.
The Toxicologist as Expert Witness
Authors: Richards Ira S. , Bourgeois Marie M.
Published: December 2009

The Toxicologist as Expert Witness is a primer for toxicologists new to expert testimony and consulting. An expert toxicologist may serve in a variety of civil, criminal and regulatory capacities. The author discusses the academic credentials and personality traits that make an effective witness. The toxicologist must be familiar with legal and scientific concepts such as burden of proof, causality and risk. An expert may be retained to serve a variety of disparate functions, everything from consultation to research and investigation. Experts must be capable of explaining complex scientific issues in everyday language. Advice for effective communication during deposition and testimony is included. The witness must be prepared to have their professional judgement, academic history, publications and previous testimony scrutinized by opposing counsel and the experts that they have retained. The spectrum of legal proceedings, from deposition to trial, is described in detail so that even a novice will be completely prepared for the often adversarial legal process. Finally, the chapter addresses practical concerns such as fee structures, professional reputation, ethical obligations and marketing.
Mycotoxins with a Special Focus on Aflatoxins, Ochratoxins and Fumonisins
Authors: Steyn Pieter S. , Gelderblom Wentzel C.A. , Shephard Gordon S. , van Heerden Fanie R.
Published: December 2009

Mycotoxins are important environmental and carcinogenic agents. They are ubiquitous in a broad range of commodities and cause toxic responses when ingested by humans and animals. A review of mycotoxins is presented with special reference to the producing species, analytical methodology, occurrence, biological activity, decontamination, regulations and the risk assessment of aflatoxins, ochratoxins and fumonisins. Some of the most recent studies regarding the mechanisms involved in fumonisin B1‐induced biological effects in different cell culture systems are tabulated. The review is directed at updating the previous review of Steyn and Stander (1999) with a focus on recent findings.