bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Work Caregivers Do
Authors: Mong Sherry N.
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses the type of work caregivers do. Among the medical procedures that caregivers do that are mentioned in the chapter are: intravenous therapies (IVs), total parenteral nutrition (TPN), gastrostomy tubes (G-tubes) and nasogastric tubes (NG-tubes), urinary catheters, external catheters, intermittent catheters, wound care, ostomy, bowel management programs, respiratory procedures, tracheostomy, and positive-pressure ventilators. The chapter discusses caregiver insights and the dilemmas they face in having to provide skilled care. In general, many of the medical procedures are not only difficult to master but also cause trepidation because of the possible complications that can result if the caregiver makes a mistake. Several caregivers who gave IVs said they worried about contaminating the IV site or shooting air in the line. In hospitals, problems with medication administration are a leading cause of death, and so are infections that occur when a wound is not correctly dressed or an IV carefully accessed. Yet family caregivers are asked to do these activities on a routine basis — over a period of months or even years. The worry about complications is well founded, as they can have deleterious consequences. Coupled with issues of anxiety and fear of causing harm to the care recipient are issues of manual dexterity and “getting the feel” of the procedures. Not only do caregivers have to overcome fear, get the feel of procedures, and make sure they are done correctly, but they also have to get past the personal discomfort they may have regarding the intimate nature of the work they are asked to do.
On-the-Job Training
Authors: Mong Sherry N.
Published: May 2021

This chapter talks about the different teaching strategies nurses employ to train caregivers, and the different ways in which caregivers learn in training. Nurses develop strategies based on caregivers' and care recipients' readiness and different levels of knowledge. One of the first things they report doing when making initial contact is to find out what the expectations are, and manage them. Another strategy nurses say they use, especially if someone is hesitant or has anxiety, is to give emotional reassurance, including “lots of praise,” positive reinforcement, and encouragement. In terms of hands-on work, all nurses state that the general process is to demonstrate to the caregiver and/or care recipient exactly what they are going to do, allow them to watch and ask questions, and then observe a return demonstration. It is evident that there is a great deal of variability in how home health nurses convey information. While some of this may be due to agency policies or norms, nurses have different teaching philosophies and styles and are often given much leeway as to how they transmit information. The fragmented nature of the system means that caregivers may experience vast differences in communication processes and in the training they receive. The chapter discusses how caregivers train in three different conditions: caregivers who received prolonged training in rehabilitation facilities and hospitals, caregivers who received some training in hospitals, and caregivers who received little or no training in hospitals.
Who Pays?
Authors: Mong Sherry N.
Published: May 2021

This chapter talks about the different medical care programs available in the United States. Medicare and Medicaid were both created in 1965 and are administered by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Medicare is a federally funded program, while Medicaid is funded by both the federal and state governments. Unlike Medicare, Medicaid is managed by individual states based on federal guidelines that stipulate the services that must be provided to specific groups of poor individuals. Medicare has historically been a driving force in U.S. health policy due to its conversion of typical fee-for-service medical reimbursements into a standardized prospective payment system. The differences in state regulations and mandates, as well as specific policy guidelines, mean that private insurance has significant variation. In regard to home health care, home visits are limited and home health agencies must get approval for the number of visits they make. These limitations have significant impacts on care recipients, and they structure the work processes for caregivers and nurses alike. The chapter also talks about the system's complexity and the disparities in coverage among various payer sources. The fragmented nature of payer sources greatly affects patients and caregivers, who often negotiate systems with limited knowledge. A large problem for people interviewed in this book was that they didn't know about waivers and other services that were available to them and didn't apply for them when they could have. Caregivers often found out about waivers from acquaintances, family members, or others. Currently, the multiple-payer system promotes confusion, additional stress, and uncertainty.
Cry of Murder on Broadway
Authors: Miller Julie
Published: May 2021

This book shows how a woman's desperate attempt at murder came to momentarily embody the anger and anxiety felt by many people at a time of economic and social upheaval and expanding expectations for equal rights. On the evening of November 1, 1843, a young household servant named Amelia Norman attacked Henry Ballard, a prosperous merchant, on the steps of the Astor House Hotel. Agitated and distraught, Norman had followed Ballard down Broadway before confronting him at the door to the hotel. Taking out a folding knife, she stabbed him. Ballard survived the attack, and the trial that followed created a sensation. Newspapers in New York and beyond followed the case eagerly, and crowds filled the courtroom every day. The prominent author and abolitionist Lydia Maria Child championed Norman and later included her story in her fiction and her writing on women's rights. Norman also attracted the support of politicians, journalists, and legal and moral reformers who saw her story as a vehicle to change the law as it related to “seduction” and to advocate for the rights of workers. This book describes how New Yorkers followed the trial for entertainment. Throughout all this, Norman gained sympathys, in particular the jury, which acquitted her in less than ten minutes. The book weaves together Norman's story to show how, in one violent moment, she expressed all the anger that the women of the emerging movement for women's rights would soon express in words.
Go and Get Your Living
Authors: Miller Julie
Published: May 2021

The chapter recounts how Amelia Norman became part of a community during the six years that passed between the fall of 1834, when she arrived in New York as a girl of sixteen, and the spring of 1841, when she met Henry Ballard. It describes Leonard Street during the years Amelia lived there, which rose just one block to the east, while the Astor House, where Henry Ballard would live, went up a few blocks south and west. It also covers Amelia's stay with the Meriams for several years, during which, Eliza Meriam testified at her trial that Amelia impressed the family with her good conduct. The chapter discusses Amelia's employment in the household of a Mr. Ealer after she left the Meriams sometime in 1838 or 1839. It refers to William Callender, who would prove to be one of Amelia's most stalwart friends.
When Blame Backfires
Authors: Baylouny Anne Marie
Published: May 2021

The recent influx of Syrian refugees into Jordan and Lebanon has stimulated domestic political action against these countries' governments. This is the dramatic argument at the heart of this book. The book examines the effects on Jordan and Lebanon of hosting huge numbers of Syrian refugees. How has the populace reacted to the real and perceived negative effects of the refugees? The book shows how the demographic changes that result from mass immigration put stress on existing problems in these two countries, worsening them to the point of affecting daily lives. One might expect that, as a result, refugees and minorities would become the focus of citizen anger. But as the book demonstrates, this is not always the case. What the book exposes, instead, is that many of the problems that might be associated with refugees are in fact endemic to the normal routine of citizens' lives. The refugee crisis exacerbated an already dire situation rather than created it, and Jordanians and Lebanese started to protest not only against the presence of refugees but against the incompetence and corruption of their own governments as well. From small-scale protests about goods and public services, citizens progressed to organized and formal national movements calling for economic change and rights to public services not previously provided. This dramatic shift in protest and political discontent was, the book shows, the direct result of the arrival of Syrian refugees.
From Brothers Inneed to Invaders
Authors: Baylouny Anne Marie
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses the hostility toward the Syrians and analyses the sentiment in both Jordan and Lebanon that went from sympathy toward the victims of war to active resentment. It mentions populaces that felt threatened demographically and explains why the Syrians received superior goods and services. It also highlights how Lebanon and Jordan blamed their economic and resource problems on the Syrians in narratives that echo common refugee and migrant stereotypes globally. The chapter describes how sympathy waned after the initial honeymoon period of brotherhood when citizens of both Lebanon and Jordan aided the refugees. It examines popular opinion, media, and elite statements about refugees through interviews, press reports, and opinion polls.
Refugees and Changing State-Citizen Relations
Authors: Baylouny Anne Marie
Published: May 2021

This chapter summarizes the argument and the practical implications of the findings on Jordan, Lebanon, and Syrian refugees for future movements toward good governance. It details the types of protest that occurred in Jordan and Lebanon and examines the differential outcomes in aid effectiveness and movements in Jordan and Lebanon, and the dynamics of humanitarian aid on state sovereignty. It also points out how the state has become more central in Lebanon and Jordan, while specific services are subcontracted. The chapter talks about the massive aid and loans that are intended to alleviate pressure on refugee-hosting states which triggered more protests while also not helping the refugees. It analyzes refugees through lenses of xenophobia, militarization, and humanitarianism that conceals refugees' and forced migrants' wider roles in catalyzing changes in state-society relations.
Introduction
Authors: Rosenthal Laura J.
Published: May 2021

This chapter introduces Restoration theatre and Restoration cosmopolitanism, a form of cosmopolitics born out of the newly energized merger of vigorous global ambitions with an intensified striving for sophistication — the convergence, we might say, of the risky and the risqué — and on display on stage. It emerged in the context of two major factors: first, that the monarch and much of the court had spent many years in exile during the civil wars, and second, that during those years they witnessed ways in which the continental monarchs and their courts had enriched themselves through trade, aggression, and plunder in Asia, Africa, and the Americas. The chapter explores Restoration cosmopolitanism as engaged, critiqued, and embodied by the theater, and as a force, like the Enlightenment itself, with profoundly mixed implications. It explains how the book alters standard narratives about Restoration drama by showing how attention to this highly contested cosmopolitanism, which grew out of the period's most intriguing accomplishments and disturbing atrocities, reveals an otherwise elusive consistency among comedy, tragedy, heroic plays, and tragicomedy; disrupts a generally accepted narrative about early capitalism; and offers a fresh perspective on theatrical performances.
Indian Queens and the Queen Who Brought the Indies: Dryden, Settle, and the Tragedies of Empire
Authors: Rosenthal Laura J.
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores how “mixed marriages” captivated audience sympathies. In their dramas, John Dryden (The Indian Queen; The Indian Emperour); Elkanah Settle (The Empress of Morocco); Edward Howard (The Womens Conquest); and Aphra Behn (The Rover; The Widow Ranter) explore intercultural romance as a figure for the benefits and volatility of cosmopolitanization. Often in the plots, opposition to affection across boundaries is what leads to disaster. Restoration theater culture produced some remarkably powerful exoticized women. The dramatic unions between European men and foreign women point in two directions at once. On the one hand, they work through new questions about race, gender, and identity in a globalized context. The sexual union of two figures from different nations explores the boundaries of identity and of humanity itself. At the same time they have a specific referent that has attracted less attention. The paradigmatic “mixed marriage” in this period was between Charles II and his Portuguese bride. Dryden's and Settle's plays work through broader issues of shifting identities in a globalized context through powerful exoticized women who resonate as figures for the Portuguese queen. Settle, creates a vicious Empress of Morocco at the height of conflicts over the expense of defending Tangier as an English colony. Dryden, offers a more complicated picture. His Indian queens seek power, but also remains vulnerable to falling in love and suffering rejection and abandonment. These abandoned women also evoke the losers of not just love but of history, those peoples left vulnerable by England's cosmopolitanizing ambitions.
Restoration Legacies
Authors: Rosenthal Laura J.
Published: May 2021

This chapter looks at William Congreve's enormously popular but now unfamiliar play The Mourning Bride (1697) alongside Aphra Behn's play about an Indian queen, The Widow Ranter, and her heroic novella about an enslaved African prince, Oroonoko. The Mourning Bride has become almost invisible in scholarship, but it remained one of the most frequently performed tragedies throughout the eighteenth century and consolidated Congreve's reputation as a serious artist. This tragedy persists mostly through the misquotation “Hell hath no fury like a woman scorned”. The discussion focuses on Zara, a powerful African queen reduced to captivity and humiliated by her European lover for whom she betrays her nation. Zara echoes the powerful Indian queens created by John Dryden. Dryden's Mesoamerican plays first appeared at the beginning of England's entry into the African slave trade in the form of a royal monopoly; The Mourning Bride appeared in the midst of a pamphlet war over the fate of the Royal African Company generated by the threat to its monopoly when its governor, James II, fled the country. While The Mourning Bride does not depict plantation slavery or the slave trade itself, it nevertheless registers the impact of trafficking in African bodies. Congreve's Zara evokes the exotic queens of the Restoration, but is a more complicated figure who demands respect for her dignity and empathy over her abuse. As the chapter suggests, Zara moved audiences not just as a “woman scorned,” but as an African who has been deracinated and enslaved.
Histories of Their Own Times
Authors: Rosenthal Laura J.
Published: May 2021

This chapter explains how Colley Cibber became a crucial figure in the preservation of Restoration cosmopolitanism in the eighteenth century, through both his fop performances and his influential Apology. As a prominent Whig who was cozy with the Walpole administration, he repudiated Restoration absolutist ambitions. While rejecting Tory politics, he nevertheless embraced Stuart glamor and particularly Stuart theatrical innovations. In ways that would have been clear to contemporary readers but now demand excavation, Cibber set up his Apology as an alternative to Gilbert Burnet's ubiquitous History of His Own Times, which dwells on the brutality of Stuart rule. Cibber shared Burnet's rejection of absolutist politics, but nevertheless recovered the glamor and theatrical innovation of the Restoration by impersonating and exaggerating its fops in repeated gestures of deliberate anachronism that promoted the pleasures of the foppish spirit of national and gendered fungibility.
Epilogue
Authors: Rosenthal Laura J.
Published: May 2021

This chapter turns to Joseph Addison's Spectator and finally to Adam Smith, who transformed the theatrical cosmopolitanism of the Restoration into a theory of emotions and cosmopolitics. Like many philosophers in the eighteenth century, Adam Smith aims to understand both emotions and political economy. The chapter explains that the book shows how these two points of interest were profoundly intertwined in the Restoration. In order to try to understand the significance of this intersection, the book turns, as does Smith, to the theater for insight. Restoration theater has been underestimated, partly because the two worlds of Amber and Bruce Carlton have been often read in different contexts and in different kinds of critical projects. While certainly theater audience members of the Restoration period would have had different expectations for comedy, tragedy, tragicomedy, and heroic drama, they nevertheless witnessed them in the same moment of imperial ambition, political turbulence, and cosmopolitan explorations. Restoration plays have sometimes been read as frivolous entertainment or nationalist propaganda, but the book characterizes them as more ambitious and more capacious, often too edgy or insufficiently nationalistic for subsequent contexts. It makes the case for key theater experiences that were produced with wit, daring, and insight as not expressing the last gasp of absolutist monarchy, but instead engaging some beginnings: of war capitalism, of the embrace of sophistication, of England's entrance into the slave trade in earnest, and of new possibilities for human passions redirected for this expanding world.
Benefits for the Vanquished
Authors: Crotty Martin , Diamant Neil J. , Edele Mark
Published: May 2021

This chapter places emphasis on issues relating to defeat, which is not exactly a positive frame within which to claim high status. It explores the cases of defeated Germany and Japan and further investigates the fate of the soldiers who retreated with the Nationalist Army to Taiwan after the Chinese Civil War. It also explains how losing a war does not necessarily mean losing the peace, that even in utter defeat, when causes have been discredited, and states collapsed, veterans were not discarded and might even enjoy a reasonably high quality of care. The chapter looks at the counterintuitive story of veterans of defeated armies who obtained generous benefits that outpaced those provided to other claimant groups. It argues that defeat and discredited wars have been more problematic for war memory than for the distribution of material and symbolic benefits.
The Politically Powerful
Authors: Crotty Martin , Diamant Neil J. , Edele Mark
Published: May 2021

This chapter elaborates the reasons why Australian veterans of World War I, American veterans of World War II, Taiwanese veterans, and even German and Japanese veterans managed to do well after the guns fell silent. It explains why and how Soviet veterans of World War II eventually transformed themselves from unrewarded victors into central pillars of the last Soviet sociopolitical order in the 1970s and 1980s. It also details several cases of successful veterans' movements, and veteran communities that piggy-backed off the veterans' cases. The chapter argues that the successes of veterans came about as a result of a constellation of forces, which can be broken down into three general areas: the veterans' organizational power and their skill in lobbying aggressively for their cause; the domestic environment they found themselves in; and the international constellation, within which both veterans and the elites they confronted in their domestic political system moved in.
Introduction
Authors: Demshuk Andrew
Published: May 2021

This chapter draws on two pioneering approaches to East German power structures in order to unfold the dynamics of urban dystopia. It marginalizes East German regions and disappointing planning outcomes through diversion of resources from the Bezirke or districts to Berlin as a cause that contributes to the collapse of the German Democratic Republic (DDR). It also mentions Brian Ladd, who implied that a failure to provide adequate housing by 1989 could fuel public support for preservationists and activists who are committed to preserving old neighborhoods. The chapter uses Leipzig as a case analysis to sketch out a multi-layered schematic of how the East German planning mechanism interlocked at the central, Bezirk, municipal, and private levels. It offers a glimpse into how civic life functioned in the city that started the Peaceful Revolution and ended Socialist Unity Party (SED) rule.
The City as Stage in Revolution
Authors: Demshuk Andrew
Published: May 2021

This chapter reviews the apocalyptic state of Leipzig's streetscapes that set the stage for marches in which residents demanded change. It also talks about Leipzigers who rebelled against Berlin, which was loathed as a parasite whose corrupt authorities had sucked the life out of their once-great city. It also elaborates how Leipzigers demanded autonomy from centralized planning, public participation in urban development, and an end to demolitions and mass-produced prefab housing. The chapter discusses the peaceful unrest that transitioned from the streets and forums of fall 1989 into a local conference in January 1990, in which officials and engaged citizens synergized ideas for saving the city. It cites the miraculous restoration of Alte Nikolaischule that bespoke both continuities with earlier planning and new possibilities after the Wende of 1989.
Continuities in “the Saved City”
Authors: Demshuk Andrew
Published: May 2021

This chapter reveals many local officials and architects sustained influence under capitalism and perpetuated efforts to reconcile modernism with history after 1989. It discusses the numerous residents who applied the same drive and initiative they had exerted in the old system to save their homes under the new one. It also looks at capitalist ownership and speculation that took over property relations and planning, which traces from the preceding era's dreams, approaches, and achievements that left their stamp on the city's architectural and social development. The chapter describes postcommunist planners who engaged in fac¸ade reconstruction and monument fetishism or financed urban reconstruction in ways that expelled inhabitants to serve the interests of privileged investors. It recounts how contemporary Leipzig has become a multifaceted urban center that is vibrant with history and innovative new construction.
Red Star Rising
Authors: Miles Simon
Published: May 2021

This chapter sketches how the world looked from Washington and Moscow at the dawn of the 1980s. It explains why policymakers in the United States were convinced that they had fallen behind the Kremlin when the Soviet Union was already beginning to come apart at the seams. It also cites Soviet leaders that were confident in their own position despite the acute problems plaguing their country as they viewed the perceived balance of power as one tipped in the Kremlin's favor. The chapter discusses the détente as a golden age of US–Soviet arms control agreements but had eventually failed to make the United States and its allies any more secure by the beginning of the 1980s. It cites the Western European public opinion, in which several West German and French respondents believed that the Soviet bloc had a military edge over the West.
Arm to Parley
Authors: Miles Simon
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the last two years of Leonid Brezhnev's life, shedding light on often ignored back channels between the superpowers. It describes the defense buildup that focused primarily on enhancing US nuclear forces, which Ronald Reagan had insisted were dangerously vulnerable to a Soviet first strike. It also cites how arms buildup benefited US allies, even if it occasionally entailed embarrassing public admonishments by Washington to increase their defense expenditures. The chapter illustrates the ideological warfare that occupied a newly important place under Reagan, who attacked the Soviet Union and its allies with apparent relish in public. It recounts US policymakers that congratulated themselves for finally putting the Soviet Union on the defensive, both militarily and ideologically, after just a year with Reagan in office.
Trial Balloons
Authors: Miles Simon
Published: May 2021

This chapter is devoted to Konstantin Chernenko' efforts to shift superpower relations back to a détente-like footing during his time as a General Secretary of the Soviet Union. It examines attempts on the part of various Western leaders to carve out a role for themselves as the superpowers' chosen intermediary. It also investigates the balance of power between East and West, including how and why leaders in Washington and Moscow perceived and responded to each other as they did. The chapter analyzes the nuclear freeze movement, which has remained a political force to be reckoned with as the movement called for both superpowers to halt the construction and deployment of nuclear weapons. It talks about the freeze activists in the United States who shepherded the passage of nonbinding resolutions that support their cause in four state legislatures, the House, and the Senate.
New Departures
Authors: Miles Simon
Published: May 2021

This chapter covers Ronald Reagan's first meeting with Mikhail Gorbache in Geneva in November 1985, exploring the internal and external roots of the nascent new thinking in Soviet foreign-policy and its impact on East–West relations. It recounts how superpower relations over a five-year period became messy and contradictory as Moscow and Washington exchanged harsh words and engaged in more dialogue than is commonly thought. It also mentions how the process of ending the Cold War had begun as US policymakers regained confidence in their place in the world and their Soviet counterparts took drastic measures to deal with a deteriorating situation. The chapter refers to policymakers in Washington and Moscow who struggled with the dualities of the Cold War. It describes that the policymakers witnessed a strong and rising United States and a Soviet Union that was on a grim downward trajectory.
The Queer Third World
Authors: Kapoor Ilan
Published: May 2021

This chapter assesses the relationship between the concepts of “queer” and “Third World,” and attempts to group them in their common inheritance of subjugation and disparagement and their shared allegiance precisely to nonalignment and a radical politics (of development). In assembling both terms one is struck by how, in the mainstream discourse of international development, the Third World comes off looking remarkably queer: under Western eyes, it has often been constructed as perverse, abnormal, and passive. Its sociocultural values and institutions are seen as deviantly strange — backward, effete, even effeminate. Its economic development is depicted as abnormal, always needing to emulate the West, yet never living up to the mark. For their part, post-colonial Third World nation-states have tended to disown and purge such queering — by denying their queerness and, in fact, often characterizing it as a “Western import” — yet at the same time imitating the West, modernizing or Westernizing sociocultural institutions, and pursuing neoliberal capitalist growth. The chapter claims that the Western and Third World stances are two sides of the same discourse but, drawing on Lacanian queer theory, also suggests that a “queer Third World” would better transgress this discourse by embracing queerness as the site of structural negativity and destabilizing politics.
Playing Ball for the Team of the Dead
Authors: Jack Zachary Michael
Published: May 2021

This chapter details how the author coped after the death of his father. The author's father passed away just a few months shy of his sixty-first birthday, and like any rural son the author spent time feeling guilty for whatever lifestyle and risk factors might have taken his dad from him too soon. He spent the waning hours of the season maintaining the physical legacy of a family farm, and his nights securing a digital space for his kin. In grief, the Internet is a terrific tease. The author was eager to know what others in the crowd-sourcing crowd have to say about his hometown and township. In the view of many historians, the provincial histories of the author's hometown are industrial and agricultural, and not prettily so.
Pitchforks and Pies
Authors: Jack Zachary Michael
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on small-town kitchens across Middle America, particularly the American Gothic House. The American Gothic House is home to Beth Howard, aka the pie lady, aka Ms. American Pie. The chapter then recounts how Howard's grief brought her two thousand miles from the Golden State to the American Gothic House. Her young husband, Marcus, had died suddenly at just forty-three years old in 2009. Devastated, Howard returned to her adult home — Los Angeles — looking for comfort in the familiar. Baking had helped her overcome previous life traumas, so when her good friend Janice asked her to make a pie documentary by traveling across southern California in the RV Howard had inherited, the pie lady enthusiastically agreed. That decision, in turn, led her to road-trip back to her Midwest roots. Within minutes she had fallen in love with the famed American Gothic House; shortly thereafter she filled out the rental application and waited for fate to extend its warm hand.
Ghost Players
Authors: Jack Zachary Michael
Published: May 2021

This chapter narrates the author's experience during the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Field of Dreams film. The celebration, timed to coincide with Father's Day, represented a chance for the movie's disciples and defenders — the fellowship of the Field — to experience communally the spiritual satisfactions of an intensely personal cinematic experience. For the moment they do not care about the film's many detractors, movie snobs who find it too allegorical, too Midwestern, or simply too corny. They came to nourish their souls in the company of others who have likewise come to associate the film with peace and renewal: the crisp clapboard house with its long curving verandah, the upright picket fence, the Eastergreen grass, the handsome boy-next-door movie star who might as well be Jimmy Stewart or Cary Grant, and the storyline and setting that is so powerfully elemental. On that night, the Field's devoted followers, seek paradox: achieving personal salvation together.
Architecture and The “Fever” of Archiving
Authors: Yaneva Albena
Published: May 2021

This chapter looks at recent attempts within the field of architectural scholarship that have shown more awareness of archive formation and the tactics of architectural knowledge making. It discusses archives as practices, as ways of scrambling epistemologies. It also pays ethnographic attention to the daily work and care of professional archivists and conservators, as well as archive-making strategies employed by practicing architects to envisage an archive-based future. The chapter presents an anthropology of archiving that would scrutinize what constitutes an archive in architecture, what form it takes, and what systems of classification and epistemology it performs at specific times.
The Life of an Old Floppy Disk
Authors: Yaneva Albena
Published: May 2021

This chapter distinguishes between the digitization of existing archives and born-digital archives, which can be shown through the Canadian Centre of Architecture's (CCA) varying approaches to them. It explains that digitization is the process of converting information into a computer-readable digital format, in which the outcome is the digital representation of objects, documents, and images. It also mentions Mirko Zardini, who explains that CCA curators and conservators do not consider it reasonable to digitize an entire archive. The chapter shows different challenges for born-digital archives and their preservation that sets new obstacles. It discusses the encounter between the computer, the new design and communication tools it affords, and architectural practice that resulted in a significant change.
Fyodor Dostoevsky-The Gathering Storm (1846-1847)
Authors: Marullo Thomas Gaiton
Published: May 2021

This second book in a three-volume work on the young Fyodor Dostoevsky is a diary-portrait of his early years drawn from letters, memoirs, and criticism of the writer, as well as from the testimony and witness of family and friends, readers and reviewers, and observers and participants in his life. The result of an exhaustive search of published materials on Dostoevsky, this volume sheds crucial light on the many unexplored corners of Dostoevsky's life in the time between the success of his first novel, Poor Folk, and the failure of his next four works. The book lets the original writers speak for themselves — the good and the bad, the truth and the lies — and includes extensive notes with correctives, counterarguments, and other pertinent information. It looks closely at Dostoevsky's increasingly tense ties with Vissarion Belinsky, Nikolai Nekrasov, Ivan Turgenev, and other figures of the Russian literary world. It then turns to the individuals who afforded Dostoevsky security and peace amid the often-negative reception from fellow writers and readers of his early fiction. Finally, the book shows us Dostoevsky's break with the Belinsky circle; his struggle to stay afloat emotionally and financially; and his determination to succeed as a writer while staying true to his vision, most notably, his insights into human psychology that would become a hallmark of his later fiction.
Pride before the Fall
Authors: Marullo Thomas Gaiton
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on Fyodor Dostoevsky's increasingly tense ties with Vissarion Belinsky, Nikolai Nekrasov, Ivan Turgenev, Ivan Panaev, and other figures of the Russian literary world. It begins with a piece about Dostoevsky's tortuous tie to Belinsky as a stance of love and hate that haunted him throughout his life. It also recounts Dostoevsky's conflicted feelings over Belinsky, particularly during the eighteen or so months of their close relationship. It then discusses how Dostoevsky saw Belinsky as a mentor and guide, even as a parental figure who extended the life lessons of father Michael and mother Maria in his childhood, adolescence, and youth. Finally, the chapter looks at Dostoevsky's disagreement on Belinsky's attempt to bend him to his aesthetic will and to make him a critic of political and social ills.
Havens from the Storms
Authors: Marullo Thomas Gaiton
Published: May 2021

This chapter deals with the negative reception of Fyodor Dostoevsky from writers and critics in response to the success of Poor Folk and the failures that followed quickly. It discusses the Vielgorskys, Maykovs, and Beketovs as the three families who proved to be Dostoevsky's salvation from personal and professional storms from 1846 to 1847. It also mentions Mikhail Vielgorsky who was a wealthy count, composer, and writer of romances that Dostoevsky visited in early 1846. The chapter recounts how the colorful Maykovs came into Dostoevsky's life in the first two years after the publication of Poor Folk in early 1846. It talks about the Beketovs, who enjoyed personal and professional success and provided solace and support for Dostoevsky.
Conclusion
Authors: Marullo Thomas Gaiton
Published: May 2021

This chapter recounts how Fyodor Dostoevsky was decidedly not on the straight and steady path that Pushkin and Gogol, Turgenev, and Tolstoy appeared to travel to glory and fame in 1846 and 1847. It elaborates Dostoevsky's feelings of going off the rails in literature and life when he published The Double, Mr. Prokharchin, The Landlady, and A Novel in Nine Letters after he released Poor Folk. It also describes the disturbed and deranged characters, complex and convoluted plots, and winding and windy prose of Dostoevsky's four works that caused former admirers and fans to lose faith in him and look elsewhere for solutions to national problems. The chapter speculates about scenarios of what would have happened if Dostoevsky had handled the success of Poor Folk in a more humble and judicious way.
Imperial Romance
Authors: Kim Su Yun
Published: May 2021

This chapter captures the complex phenomenon of representations of Korean–Japanese intimate relationships in Korean popular literature, media, and cinema with colonial policies during the Japanese protectorate period and colonial rule in Korea from 1905 to 1945. It cites that Koreans' experience of intimacy was rare in twentieth-century global colonialism as intermarriage and intimate relationships were encouraged by the colonial government. It also argues that Korean writers and cultural producers of the first half of the twentieth century displayed a fascination with their Japanese colonizers. The chapter analyses moments when colonial subjects become active participants in, and agents of, Japanese and global imperialism. It talks about the cracks in the colonial system, such as moments when Koreans became equal to the Japanese, with or without the support of the colonial rulers.
Wartime Ideology and the Integration of Korean-Japanese Mixed Families, 1930s
Authors: Kim Su Yun
Published: May 2021

This chapter concentrates on colonial kinship and narratives of adoption that were intended to highlight the mixed family as a harmonious unit. It looks at Yi Kwangsu's novels Kokoro aifurete koso (When hearts truly meet) and KŬdŬl Ŭi sarang (Their love). It also shows how the wartime imperialization policy and assimilation played out in domestic everyday life through a story of Korean–Japanese family adoption. It further explains the colonial kinship discussion by analyzing the films that centers on the development of mixed families Rinjin'ai no reikyaku (Beautiful guest of neighborly love) and Ai to chikai (Love and the vow). The chapter recounts the “cultural rule” of the 1920s that brought a proliferation of print culture in Korea and ushered in a censorship-oriented state of war as the Japanese Empire reached North China in the following decade.
The Logic of Counterbalancing
Authors: De Bruin Erica
Published: May 2021

This chapter presents the core of the argument. It begins by spelling out how coups d'état progress, from the initial plot to the consolidation of power by a new regime. It then describes how the presence of coercive institutions outside the military might affect the incentives facing relevant actors during each stage of a coup. In addition to considering the constraints facing officers in the regular military, it considers the preferences of those in other coercive state institutions. The discussion generates testable hypotheses about how counterbalancing affects the incidence and outcome of coup attempts, as well as the risk that coups will escalate to civil war. It also describes and addresses potential alternative arguments that focus on the strength of the military or the extent of coup risk faced by the incumbent regime. The chapter closes by discussing the strategies the book will use for testing the theory's predictions empirically, explaining the criteria used to select cases for closer analysis.
How Counterbalancing Works
Authors: De Bruin Erica
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the role of counterbalancing during individual coup attempts. It examines in detail coups staged to unseat Daniel Arap Moi in Kenya, King Hassan II in Morocco, and Manuel Noriega in Panama. In each case, counterbalancing affected the outcome of the coup attempt: while soldiers within the regular military were hesitant to take a side, presidential guards, Ministry of Interior units, and militia built up as counterweights to the military defended incumbent rulers. In contrast to most existing accounts, which suggest that counterbalancing works primarily by creating obstacles to coordination between different security forces, the evidence in these cases suggests that counterbalancing creates incentives to resist the coup.
Challenges to Building Coercive Institutions
Authors: De Bruin Erica
Published: May 2021

This chapter compares Kwame Nkrumah's failed effort to counterbalance with efforts by leaders in similar political and economic circumstances: Saskia Stevens in Sierra Leone, Fidel Castro in Cuba, and Modibo Keita in Mali. The comparison provides support for the proposed causal mechanism linking counterweight creation to coup attempts: in each case, the creation of a new counterweight generated resentment and fear about a decline in status within the regular armed forces. The comparison also helps refine the arguments developed in Chapter 1, suggesting new hypotheses about the conditions under which this resentment will result in a coup attempt. It emphasizes the other strategies of coup prevention that rulers adopt in conjunction with counterbalancing, as well as the type of security force used to counterbalance the military. The findings suggest limits to the conditions under which counterbalancing is feasible, as well as concrete steps that rulers might take to mitigate some of the risks associated with counterbalancing.
Coercive Institutions and Regime Survival
Authors: De Bruin Erica
Published: May 2021

This chapter explains the book's implications for theory and policy. After briefly summarizing the book's findings, it describes their implications for people's understanding of democratization, civil—military relations, and civil war. Exploring patterns in how states organize and use their security forces can shed light on when and where coup attempts will occur, and what their outcomes are likely to be. The results of this study emphasize that while counterbalancing can help rulers stay in power, it also carries important risks. While no simple policy solutions follow from the arguments and evidence in this book, its findings can offer some guidance to policymakers interested in shoring up civilian control over the military.
God, Tsar, and People
Authors: Rowland Daniel B.
Published: May 2021

This book brings together essays written over a period of fifty years, using a wide variety of evidence — texts, icons, architecture, and ritual — to reveal how early modern Russians (1450–1700) imagined their rapidly changing political world. The book presents a more nuanced picture of Russian political thought during the two centuries before Peter the Great came to power than is typically available. The state was expanding at a dizzying rate, and atop Russia's traditional political structure sat a ruler who supposedly reflected God's will. The problem facing Russians was that actual rulers seldom — or never — exhibited the required perfection. This book argues that this contradictory set of ideas was far less autocratic in both theory and practice than modern stereotypes would have us believe. In comparing and contrasting Russian history with that of Western European states, the book is also questioning the notion that Russia has always been, and always viewed itself as, an authoritarian country. The book explores how the Russian state in this period kept its vast lands and diverse subjects united in a common view of a Christian polity, defending its long frontier agai-nst powerful enemies from the East and from the West.
Toward an Understanding of the Political Ideas in Ivan Timofeev’s Vremennik
Authors: Rowland Daniel B.
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the Vremennik of Ivan Timofeev and describes the disasters that then engulfed Muscovite Rus´, such as famine, civil war, and foreign intervention that stimulated historical thought. It identifies writers who set themselves the difficult task of integrating the disturbing events, particularly the virtual collapse of the “God-established tsarstvo” with the earlier history of Rus´. It also considers Timofeev's Vremennik as the single-best source for investigating how early seventeenth-century Muscovites thought about their own history and politics. The chapter explains how Timofeev, like a number of other smuta tale authors, did not write primarily to promote a particular political point of view or a particular set of ideas. It reveals that the Vremennik is closer to a diary than a polemical work based on the remarks of Timofeev.
The Problem of Advice in Muscovite Tales about the Time of Troubles
Authors: Rowland Daniel B.
Published: May 2021

This chapter mentions celebrated Russian historian V. O. Kliuchevskii, who complained that S. F. Platonov's Old Russian tales and stories about the time of troubles of the seventeenth-century had lacked significant aspects, such as political ideas. It analyses political ideas that could have been in Platonov's work that illustrated the awakening and development of political thought under the influence of the Troubles. It also talks about Kliuchevskii's famous Course in Russian History, where he commented extensively on new political ideas and cast them into a constitutional framework. The chapter suggests that the reason Kliuchevskii failed to produce positive evidence from Platonov's tales in support of his position is that they simply do not reflect the kind of constitutional sentiment he claimed to find in other historical sources. It describes the legal-institutional approach that Kliuchevskii brought to the problem that led him to treat Platonov's tales as a negative echo of ideas.
The Memory of Saint Sergius in Sixteenth-Century Russia
Authors: Rowland Daniel B.
Published: May 2021

This chapter reveals the appearance of Saint Sergius in several omens and dreams connected with the conquest of the Khanate of Kazan´ in 1552 by Ivan the Terrible. It refers to Russian soldiers that experienced visions of Saint Sergius sweeping the places of worship, streets, and squares of Kazan´ during the siege, presumably cleansing them allegorically of their Muslim associations on the eve of the conquest. It also discusses visions and stories that testify to the remarkable place that Saint Sergius held in the memories of Muscovites in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, even until after his death. The chapter shows some of the many ways in which Sergius and his monastery were memorialized during sixteenth-century Russia. It shows some of the means that Muscovites used to maintain the memory of Saint Sergius and create new memories of him.
Biblical Military Imagery in the Political Culture of Early Modern Russia
Authors: Rowland Daniel B.
Published: May 2021

This chapter begins with Neil Postman's review in The Atlantic about the importance of mutually shared stories in the lives of nations, disciplines, and people. It explores what stories early modern Russians told themselves about their state and discusses why it existed and deserved their allegiance. It also examines the images Muscovites have of themselves as a political entity, the story they saw in history, and the role they envisioned for themselves. The chapter looks at one set of overlapping biblical images that depicted the Muscovite state as a re-embodiment of the ancient Israelite army as an earthly representation of the forces of God engaged in a cosmic struggle against the forces of evil. It emphasizes Muscovy's need for stories about the state that helped to generate a consensus that made its weak government possible.