bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toxicity of water extracted rapeseed meal in the rat
Authors: Ballester Digna , King Judith , Vera Patricia , Brunser Oscar , Yáñez Enrique , Monckeberg Fernando
Published: November 2006

The toxic effect of different concentrations of “detoxified” rapeseed meal (DRSM) obtained by 2 h lixiviation was studied. This preparation contained 0.02 % oxazolidinethiones (VTO) and no detectable isothiocyanates (ITC). It was fed for 4 weeks to weanling rats in amounts that provided from 0 to 100% of total dietary protein. The control diet provided 20% protein from casein. Another control group was fed crude rapeseed meal (RSM) to the same protein level. Growth rates and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were similar in rats fed DRSM and casein diets. The substitution of casein by increasing levels of DRSM did not modify PER. The weight of the liver, thyroid, heart, spleen, adrenals and kidneys was normal. In animals fed DRSM no histological changes were detected in the liver. The thyroid exhibited changes similar to, but of lesser severity than in animals fed crude RSM. It is suggested that other toxic compound(s) may be present in rapeseed meal that are not extractable by lixiviation. The need of further investigations of the effect of this “detoxified” product including functional studies before its extensive inclusion in animal or human diets is emphasised.
The enzymic breakdown of lipids to volatile and non‐volatile carbonyl fragments in disrupted tomato fruits
Authors: Galliard Terence , Matthew Jennifer A. , Wright Anthony J. , Fishwick Michael J.
Published: November 2006

Physical disruption of tomato fruits results in the degradation of endogenous lipids by hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes. Acyl hydrolase, phospholipase D, lipoxygenase and hydroperoxide cleavage enzymes are active in this tissue. A sequential enzymic pathway is proposed by which tissue lipids are hydrolysed to free (mainly polyunsaturated C18) fatty acids which are subsequently oxidised to their hydroperoxides by lipoxygenase action. The C18 hydroperoxides are cleaved (by an enzyme which is specific for 13‐hydroperoxide isomers) to volatile C6 aldehydes (hexanal or cis‐3 hexenal) and non‐volatile C12 w‐oxoacids. The non‐volatile fragment from linoleic acid was identified as 12‐oxo‐dodec‐cis 9‐enoic acid.
Histidine metabolism in fish. Urocanic acid in mackerel (Scomber scombrus)
Authors: Mackie Ian M. , Fernandez‐Salguéro José
Published: November 2006

Urocanic acid, isolated from perchloric extracts of the flesh of mackerel (Scomber scombrus) using an anion exchange resin Dowex‐1 acetate, was identified by thin‐layer chromatography, u.v. absorption and mass spectra. During storage of sterile and non‐sterile tissue the concentration of urocanic acid increased at similar rates, indicating that L‐histidine ammonia‐lyase is not associated with bacterial spoilage.
Effect of storage and insect infestation on the chemical composition and nutritive value of grain sorghums
Authors: Pant Kailash C. , Susheela Tanjore P.
Published: November 2006

Changes in the nutritional quality of four varieties (148, 3541, CSH‐1 and LYJ) of jowar (Sorghum vulgare) grains when stored for prolonged periods under household (Indian) conditions were studied. Storage in a gunny bag or a metal bin for six to ten months at ambient temperature and humidity caused the grains to be infested by the common household pest Tribolium castaneum. The variety LYJ was least infested despite storage for ten months suggesting its resistance to insect attack. A commercial mercury preservative failed to protect the susceptible varieties from insect attack. The protein quality of grains, generally, remained unaffected by moderate insect infestation or storage per se. But high insect infestation (30%) caused a significant decrease in protein quality. Rats fed on diets based exclusively on jowar and small amounts of Bengal gram showed decreased growth of those rats fed grains from the most infested containers, but otherwise appeared normal. Blood haemoglobin, packed cell volume and liver vitamin A concentrations were similar in animals fed different diets. Liver histology was found to be normal in all animals. Insect‐infested grains showed significant losses in total fat, mineral matter, thiamin and riboflavin.
Tryptic hydrolysis of glycinin and its subunits
Authors: Lynch Cheryl J. , Rha Cho Kyun , Catsimpoolas Nicholas
Published: November 2006

Glycinin, the major storage protein of soybeans, was modified by alkali (pH 12.0) and acid (pH 2.0) induced denaturation, and by unfolding in 6 M urea followed by cleavage of the disulphide (SS) bonds and blockage of the sulphydryl (SH) groups with iodoacetoamide to produce carboxyamidemethyl (CAM)‐glycinin. The CAM‐acidic and CAM‐basic subunits of the protein were also isolated. All the above samples were used to investigate their rate (pH‐stat method) and extent (gel filtration analysis) of hydrolysis by trypsin at pH 8.0, 25°C. Native and acid‐denatured glycinin and the CAM‐basic subunits were hydrolysed slowly over a period of several hours whereas the CAM‐acidic subunits, alkali‐denatured glycinin, and CAM‐glycinin were attacked at a very fast rate by the enzyme. The molecular weight distribution of the peptide fragments varied in all samples. Characteristic peaks of molecular weight above 30 000, around 7000 and below 5000 daltons were observed. In modifications where unfolding of the protein and SS reduction was implicated the peptide fragments were shifted toward the lowest peak(s) i.e. below 5000 daltons.
Moisture characteristics of macadamia nuts in relation to storage
Authors: Hansen Graham P. , Gough Mark C.
Published: November 2006

The moisture content/relative humidity characteristics of nuts from two species of Macadamia have been examined. For Macadamia tetraphylla the whole nut moisture content corresponding to a relative humidity (r.h.) of 70%, accepted as the maximum for safe storage, was 11.8%. The moisture content can be determined with an electrical moisture meter by calibrating against standard laboratory procedures. The sorption isotherm of M, integrifolia appeared somewhat different.
A fast‐moving β‐gliadin from cappelle‐desprez
Authors: Ewart J. A. D.
Published: November 2006

A Cappelle‐Desprez gliadin, in the fast β‐region, has been isolated. The amino acid analysis is typical of gliadins in general. The protein has a single polypeptide chain of molecular weight 42 000 and appears to be free from carbohydrate and SH groups. The fact that its electrophoretic mobility is higher than that of a β‐gliadin of lower mol. wt. is attributed to the presence of 2 His and 1 Arg extra.
Copper uptake and accumulation by perennial ryegrass grown in soil and solution culture
Authors: Jarvis Stephen C
Published: November 2006

The plant processes of copper uptake by roots of perennial ryegrass and transport to shoots were examined after plants had been grown in either solution culture, or in soil, with wide ranges of copper additions. Although contents of both shoots and roots of plants grown in solution culture and in soil increased with increasing addition of copper, the increase in roots was very much greater than that in shoots in which the range of concentrations was small. A large proportion of uptake was retained by roots even when they had been damaged by toxicity. Copper accumulated in roots of plants grown in solution culture was not available for transport to shoots after further supply had been withdrawn, and large proportions of the retained copper were associated with cell walls. It was concluded that roots of perennial ryegrass restrict the movement of copper along the pathway soil‐plant‐animal.
Volatile fatty acids in stored animal slurry
Authors: Cooper Paul , Cornforth Ian S.
Published: November 2006

Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were measured in slurry stored in farm and laboratory conditions. All slurries from farm sources contained VFAs; acetic acid was predominant, followed by propionic, n‐butyric, iso‐butyric, iso‐valeric and n‐valeric. On average, pig slurry contained more total VFAs than did cow slurry. VFAs persisted in anaerobic conditions but decomposed rapidly when air was passed through slurry in laboratory experiments; decomposition was slower when air was passed over the slurry surface. Very little VFA formed when anaerobic conditions were re‐imposed on aerated slurry unless glucose or protein hydrolysate was added. The pH of slurry was increased by passing air or nitrogen through it and decreased by adding glucose.
The component acids of the lipids in four commercial fish meals
Authors: Gunstone Frank D. , Chakra Wijesundera R.
Published: November 2006

The lipids from four commercial fish meals (white fish, South African, Herring, and Bermuda) were extracted with methanol‐chloroform and their component acids examined by gas‐liquid chromatography (g.l.c). In addition to saturated, monoene, and polyene acids, three phytol‐based acids (1‐3) are present as minor components. There is, however, no evidence for the presence of furan‐containing fatty acids (4).
Juice quality indices and consumer acceptability of late harvested valencias
Authors: Bacon Peter E. , Coote Brien G.
Published: November 2006

Valencias on five rootstocks were harvested at approximately monthly intervals between December and May for four years. Palatability was assessed by a taste panel (mean of 19 tasters per panel) and related by regression analysis to easily measured indices such as % soluble solids, titratable acidity and juice content. Only soluble solids and juice content were useful in predicting the mean rating of the taste panel (r2 = 0.42 and 0.35 respectively). Percentiles of tasters' scores for juice with similar values of the indices were more accurately predicted by the indices than by simply using the mean panel ratings (r2 up to 0.81). Regression lines giving mean panel score for different per cent taster response for juice and soluble solids content are presented.
Effect of aqueous ammonia and other alkalis on the in‐vitro digestibility of barley straw
Authors: Hartley Roy D. , Jones Edwin C.
Published: November 2006

The in‐vitro digestibility of the organic matter of unground barley straw was increased by approximately 14 units by treatment with aqueous ammonia for 1 week at 20°C. Longer treatment times of 4 and 13 weeks had little or no additional effect on digestibility. Treatment with sodium hydroxide or tetramethylammonium hydroxide increased digestibility by up to 22 units. The content of cell walls of the straw after treatment with any of the alkalis was lower than that of untreated straw and the degradability of the walls from alkali‐treated straw was more than 85% greater than that of the walls from untreated straw. Alkali treatment of straw caused loss of p‐coumaric, ferulic and diferulic acids from the cell walls, the loss being greater with the stronger alkalis. The loss of ferulic was greater than that of p‐coumaric acid.
Low molecular weight carbohydrates from leguminous seeds; a new disaccharide: Galactopinitol
Authors: Schweizer Thomas F. , Horman Ian , Würsch Pierre
Published: November 2006

Twelve mature leguminous seed crops were extracted with 70% ethanol, and their low molecular weight carbohydrates estimated by gas chromatography. Pinitol (3‐O‐methyl‐D‐chiro‐inositol) and three isomers of a new disaccharide, α‐D‐galactopyranosyl‐pinitol, for which the name galactopinitol is proposed, were isolated from soya beans (Glycine max). Pinitol and galactopinitol were also identified in chick peas (Cicer arietinum L.), lentils (Lens esculenta) and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Their amounts ranged from 0.2 to 0.9% and 0.03 to 0.8% of dry weight respectively. The possible role of galactopinitol in biosynthesis of the sugars of the raffinose family and in flatulence is discussed.
The use of solvents to decolorise leaf protein concentrate
Authors: Bray Walter J. , Humphries Catherine , Ineritei Maxwell S.
Published: November 2006

This study concerns the effectiveness of various solvents and solvent mixtures in removing pigments from the moist curd leaf protein concentrate prepared from lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), and at the same time produce a hot air‐dried product which was neither black nor had a hard texture. Sixteen solvent systems representing polar, non‐polar and mixed (1:1 v/v), as well as the usual lipid solvents 2:1 v/v chloroform:methanol and 3:1 v/v ethanol : diethyl ether were evaluated. Acetone, ethanol, propan‐2‐ol and butan‐1‐ol were found to be most effective. In further tests to optimise the conditions of use, propan‐2‐ol and butan‐1‐ol emerged as the most promising solvents for large‐scale extraction. This was concluded from their ability to remove the pigment from leaf protein concentrates (LPC) in extractions at room temperature and using recycled solvent.
The use of support energy in the meat processing industry
Authors: Keith Jacques J. , Blaxter Kenneth L.
Published: November 2006

A study of the consumption of support energy in the meat industry in Scotland involved both large meat factories and “high street” butchers. The energy cost of transport of live animals from farms to abattoirs was 0.5 × 109J/ton deboned meat for both pigs and cattle. Factory slaughtering, butchery and processing costs were 60 × 109J/ton deboned meat for pigs and 41 × 109 J/ton for cattle. When on‐farm costs are included the support energy subsidy/ton meat was similar for both species at 110 × 109J/ton deboned meat. The energy subsidy incurred in meat factories/ton deboned meat varied with the extent of processing, from 27 × 109J/ton for jointed pork to 86 × 109J for beef pies containing 34% meat. The imparting of convenience to food was achieved by expending additional labour and support energy in the ratio 4 × 109J/man hour. Separate calculations showed that maintenance of hygiene and disposal of effluent accounted for over half the total energy cost of factory operations.
An automated colorimetric method for mimosine in Leucaena leaves
Authors: Megarrity Robert G.
Published: November 2006

Simplified extraction and colorimetric techniques have been developed for the determination of the toxic amino acid mimosine in Leucaena leucocephala. Fresh leaf material is extracted with dilute hydrochloric acid containing activated carbon and the concentration of mimosine in the clarified extract determined with an Auto‐Analyser. Satisfactory recoveries of added mimosine were obtained, and the results were in agreement with a manual method which was based on electrophoretic separation.
Chemical properties of manganese in lucerne
Authors: Grady Terrence M. , Heisler Charles R. , Blincoe Clifton
Published: November 2006

Manganese in lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) exists as a cationic complex of low molecular weight. It migrates as a single band on paper electrophoresis, cation exchange chromatography and gel exclusion chromatography. It exhibits no strong association with protein. The complex tends to be unstable in alkaline solution.
A proposed industrial method for the removal of mercury from fish
Authors: Schab Rivka , Sachs Kenneth , Yannai Shmuel
Published: November 2006

An economically‐feasible technique for the substantial reduction of the total mercury content of slices of tuna fish is described. Extraction at room temperature of the fish slices with 0.5 % cysteine hydrochloride solution is followed by rinsing and washing with sodium bicarbonate solution. The optimal conditions and recycling of the extraction solution are described. The organoleptic properties, protein quality and shelf life of the canned treated fish were satisfactory.
The application of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy to protein‐testing in pulse breeding programmes
Authors: Williams Philip C. , Stevenson Susan G. , Starkey Patricia M. , Hawtin Geoffrey C.
Published: November 2006

The technique of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (MRS) has been applied to the determination of protein and moisture in a number of species of pulses which encompassed a very wide range of seed characteristics. Statistical analysis of the results showed that the NIRS technique is applicable to the screening of pulses for protein in breeding programmes, with r2 values ranging from 0.89 to 0.96 between Kjeldahl and NIRS protein values, and average coefficient of variability of 2.3 %. (r2 denotes the square of the correlation coefficient and indicates the percentage of variance in the dependent variable contributed by the independent variable under consideration.) The technique was equally applicable to further quality evaluation tests, including the analysis of testa/pericarp and cotyledon fractions of pigeon pea, and the analysis of corn/pulse food mixtures. Several large populations of genetic pulse lines were screened for protein, and the NIRS procedure proved itself to be a simple, rapid and economical method of screening. The standard Neotec G.Q.A. sample cell was modified to accommodate sample sizes ranging down to 1 g, for the analysis of single plant lines of lentils.
The use of kapok (Ceiba pentandra) seed cake as a source of protein in broiler rations
Authors: Kategile Jackson A. , Ishengoma Mary , Katule Andalwisye M.
Published: November 2006

When 7, 14, or 21% kapok seed meal was incorporated into diets of broiler chicks as a replacement for maize and soya bean meal, liveweight at 9 weeks old was impaired and feed intake reduced. The addition of methionine or lysine did not improve performance when added individually, but restored growth to that of the control when added together. Nitrogen retention was reduced by increased amounts of kapok seed meal but was equal to that of the control when supplemented with methionine and lysine.
The estimation of vicine and convicine in fababeans (Vicia faba L.) and isolated fababean proteins
Authors: Sejr Olsen H. , Hinge Andersen J.
Published: November 2006

A specific method of analysis for each of the pyrimidine glucosides, vicine and convicine, is described. This involves extraction by ethanol, evaporation, separation on t.l.c. and quantitative ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Using this method mature dehulled fababeans were shown to contain on average 0.73% vicine and 0.30% convicine on a dry matter basis. No significant variation was found between varieties. The glycosides seem to be associated to the protein bodies in the raw bean, and are absent from the hull. The total content of vicine + convicine in isolated fababean proteins ranged from 0.07 to 2.0%. The highest content was found in a protein fraction produced by air‐classification of dry milled fababeans. The lowest content was found in proteins isolated from a watery extract either by precipitation with acetic acid or by diafiltration. Protein isolates produced by direct ultrafiltration have contents of about 0.60%. The ratio vicine:convicine was found to be relatively constant in the raw beans (average 2.5), but varied from 1.4 to 3.0 in the protein isolates, thus indicating a different reaction of vicine and convicine to conditions during the processing of the fababean. It is the opinion of the authors that the etiology of favism is still controversial as far as vicine and convicine are concerned.
Proteinase inhibitors of finger millet (Eleusine coracana gaertn.)
Authors: Veerabhadrappa Patnagere S. , Manjunath Nagenahally H. , Virupaksha Tumkur K.
Published: November 2006

Proteinase inhibitory activities of a number of finger millet and five representative varieties of other millets were determined. Inhibitory activities in the buffer extracts of the millets varied widely. Trypsin inhibitory activity (TIA) was more pronounced than the chymotrypsin inhibitory activity (CIA) in all the finger millet varieties tested. On germination, TIA and CIA were markedly reduced in the endosperm, but in the axis considerable TIA remained while CIA disappeared. Proteinase inhibitors of finger millet were found to be heat‐labile under neutral conditions and comparatively heat‐stable under acidic conditions. These studies suggest the presence of multiple forms of protein proteinase inhibitors in finger millet.
A method of treatment, prior to analysis for copper, in copper‐supplemented feeds
Authors: Florence Eric , Audsley Antony R. S.
Published: November 2006

A simple and inexpensive procedure is described for the treatment of copper sulphate supplemented diets for growing pigs, to ensure uniform distribution of the copper in the sample. Water was added to form a slurry and the copper sulphate crystals dissolved. The slurry was mixed and dried to yield a product with uniform distribution of copper. Maximum recovery of copper was achieved by the use of magnesium nitrate as an ashing aid prior to analysis by atomic absorption spectroscopy.
Responses of young chicks to amino acid supplementation of methanol‐grown dried microbial cells
Authors: Felix D'Mello J. P.
Published: November 2006

Two experiments have been conducted to examine the effects on chick growth and carcass composition of amino acid additions to diets containing spray‐dried or flash‐dried forms of methanol‐grown microbial cells (S‐DMC and F‐DMC respectively). The spray‐dried form was an early development product. An additional factor was the level of total nitrogen (N) in control diets containing soyabean (SBM) and in experimental diets containing 100 g S‐DMC or 150 g F‐DMC kg−1 diet. In the first experiment, a diet containing S‐DMC supported less growth than the control SBM diet containing equivalent concentrations of total N (39 g kg−1 DM) and of the sulphur containing amino acids. Supplementation of S‐DMC diets containing 36 and 32 g N kg−1 DM with methionine had no substantial effect on growth or on carcass composition. In the second experiment, methionine supplemented SBM and F‐DMC diets containing 43 g N kg−1 DM elicited similar growth performance and efficiency of food conversion. However, the feeding of basal SBM and F‐DMC diets containing sub‐optimal concentrations of total N (35 and 36 g N kg−1 DM respectively) resulted in inferior utilisation of the F‐DMC diet, this effect being only partially alleviated by combined dietary supplements of arginine, lysine and methionine.
The phenolics of ciders: Oligomeric and polymeric procyanidins
Authors: Lea Andrew G. H.
Published: November 2006

Ciders contain a series of procyanidins up to at least a seven‐fold degree of polymerisation, and a procyanidin tetramer based on epicatechin has been isolated by counter‐current distribution between ethyl acetate and water. Due to the shortcomings of modern methylation and mass spectrometry procedures molecular weights were determined by elevation of boiling point. Other techniques include a complex formation with dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde, and silica (h.p.t.l.c.) in toluene‐acetone‐formic acid mixtures.
The phenolics of ciders: Bitterness and astringency
Authors: Lea Andrew G. H. , Arnold Gillian M.
Published: November 2006

The bitterness and astringency of defined procyanidin fractions from bittersweet English ciders were assessed using a paired‐comparison tasting technique. The results demonstrate that, while no one procyanidin can be uniquely identified with bitterness or astringency, bitterness is associated with oligomeric procyanidins reaching a maximum with the epicatechin tetramer whereas astringency is characteristic of higher‐molecular‐weight procyanidins. The effect of presentation media on taste response was also studied. High sugar and buffer strength suppressed the perceived bitterness, whereas ethanol increased bitterness but simultaneously decreased astringency. It is shown that the observed taste differences between two bittersweet ciders and the taste‐modifying effect of ethanol can be explained satisfactorily by current theories of taste.
Firmness and colour of the fruit of some tomato cultivars from various sources during storage
Authors: Gormley Ronan , Egan Sean
Published: November 2006

The firmness of fruit of tomato cultivars Sonato, Grenadier, Adagio, Extase and Exquise obtained from growers was significantly different at time of harvest and after storage for 7 and 14 days at 19‐23°C. However, all fruit had firmness values above 1000 g force on day 7 and above 700 g force on day 14, which are postulated minima for sale of fruit at retail level and use in the home respectively. There is no evidence to downgrade fruit of Sonato from a firmness point of view. Variation in fruit firmness within a sample was considerable for most cultivars on each testing date, and coefficients of variation were calculated to quantify this. Correlation coefficients between Hunter a/b ratio and firmness for the different cultivars ranged from ‐0.91 to ‐0.97. Regression lines relating a/b ratios to firmness fell into two groups. Firmness tests on samples of tomato fruit purchased from retailers suggested that all samples were adequately firm and had a firmness shelf‐life of at least 7 days.
Glutenin and dough tenacity
Authors: Ewart J. A. D.
Published: November 2006

Assuming a random distribution of Cys residues within a glutenin polypeptide chain it has been calculated that about one sixth of an average chain (allowing for an intra‐chain SS loop) would be available for unfolding under stress. It is postulated that, because the unfolding of chains under stress has a magnifying effect on the effective molecular length of glutenin, a comparatively small range in the average number of chains per molecule (DP) is sufficient to encompass the levels of dough tenacities encountered in practice. Since the DP depends inversely on the concentration of Theologically active SH groups, according to the linear glutenin hypothesis, an explanation is provided for the great sensitivity of doughs to reducing agents and improvers, and for the indifferent correlation of dough properties with flour SH content.
Seedbed fertilizer requirements of winter oilseed rape
Authors: Holmes Michael R. J. , Ainsley Alan M.
Published: November 2006

Thirty‐four field experiments were carried out on the seedbed fertilizer requirements of winter oilseed rape in the main rape‐growing areas of England and Scotland. Average seed yield was increased by seedbed N from 2.711 ha−1 to 2.881 ha−1 (when 200 kg ha−1 N was given in spring). Economic analysis showed 60 kg ha−1 as likely to be the most profitable rate of seedbed N for most situations. P fertilizer increased yield significantly on soils with low or moderate levels of available soil P but there was little response to K fertilizer on soils of high or medium K status and too few experiments on low K status soils to quantify requirements thereon. S application to the seedbed (as calcium sulphate) did not increase yield. Seedbed N decreased seed oil content slightly and not always significantly while P, K and S had no effect. Nutrient removal in the seed of an average 3 t ha−1 crop would be 90 kg ha−1 of N, 17 kg ha−1 of P (40 kg ha−1 P2O5) and 17 kg ha−1 of K (20 kg ha−1 K2O).
Comparisons of methods used for estimating the growth of Tetrahymena pyriformis W
Authors: Evans Essi , Carruthers Susan C.
Published: November 2006

Growth of Tetrahymena pyriformis W was used to assess the relative nutritive value (RNV) of 40 foodstuffs. Growth of the organism was estimated by ammonia‐nitrogen (NH3‐N) accumulation, media optical density (OD) and the reduction of triphenyl‐tetrazolium chloride (TTC) for triphenyl‐formazan. The latter approach was evaluated both on a linear and on a logarithmic scale. All methods used to determine RNC were compared to the microscope cell‐counting procedure before and after adjustment by linear regression equations. When compared to cell counts, the measurement of NH3‐N accumulation resulted in the lowest mean difference, followed by the measurements of TTC reduction on a logarithmic scale, OD and then TTC reduction on a linear scale. Mean deviations from cell count values were reduced for all methods after regression equations were used to fit experimental values to the same range as the cell count values. It was concluded that cell counts should be used to calculate RNV and that NH3‐N or OD determinations could increase the efficiency of the RNV procedure for preliminary sample screening.
Red wine quality: Correlations between colour, aroma and flavour and pigment and other parameters of young Beaujolais
Authors: Jackson Michael G. , Timberlake Colin F. , Bridle Peter , Vallis Lloyd
Published: November 2006

In 15 young Beaujolais red wines from the 1974 and 1975 vintages statistically significant linear correlations were found between overall quality and the contents of total pigments, total anthocyanins, coloured anthocyanins and tasters' mean colour scores; and also between flavour and the contents of total pigments and total anthocyanins. In 1974 additional significant correlations were found between (a) overall quality and wine colour density; non‐coloured anthocyanins and pH, (b) flavour and colour scores and coloured anthocyanins, (c) aroma and total pigments, total anthocyanins, coloured and non‐coloured anthocyanins and pH and (d) the chemical parameters of pH and total pigments and total anthocyanins. In 1975 flavour was correlated also with non‐coloured anthocyanins and pH. The results demonstrate the desirable effects of anthocyanins on wine flavour and quality, whereas the polymeric pigments formed on ageing of Beaujolais appear to be indifferent features of quality. Thus, the negative correlations found between quality factors and wine ‚chemical age’︁ tend to support the opinion that most Beaujolais should be drunk young. Comparison of the results with data on Australian and Swiss red wines suggests that sulphur dioxide affects not only quality itself but also the nature of the quality correlation found. Simple colour measurement of acidified wine provides a useful indication of quality in young red wines of the same grape cultivar and age, having minimal sulphur dioxide content.
The component fatty acids of Psidium guajava seed fats
Authors: Opute Fred Idiem'
Published: November 2006

The seed fat of Psidium guajava has been analysed by thin‐layer and gas‐liquid chromatographic methods. The lipids, made up exclusively of neutral lipids, mostly triglycerides, accounted for 9.4% of the dry weight of the seeds. G.l.c. revealed that the seed fat is linoleic acid‐rich (79 %); palmitic, oleic and stearic acids being the other minor acids present. There are neither percentage nor compositional differences in the fatty acids at different stages of development of the seeds.
N‐stearoyl‐D, L‐methionine, a protected methionine source for ruminants
Authors: Langar Pran N. , Buttery Peter J. , Lewis Dyfed
Published: November 2006

The effect of intraruminal doses (16.8, 33.5 and 50.3 mmol day−1) of D.L‐methionine, methionine hydroxy analogue (2‐hydroxy‐4‐(methylthio)‐butanoic acid calcium salt) and N‐stearoyl‐D, L‐methionine on the flow of methionine (free and protein bound) and its derivatives into the proximal duodenum of the sheep was investigated. Methionine hydroxy analogue was assayed using the reaction of the S‐methyl group with nitroprusside after ion exchange chromatography. On the basal diet the daily flow of methipnine was 20.5 mmol and with the 16.8 mmol treatment N‐stearoyl methionine, methionine and methionine hydroxy analogue, values of 29.4, 22.1 and 22.5 mmol, total methionine or its equivalent were obtained respectively. With the 33.5 treatment the corresponding flows were 39.6, 22.4 and 22.5 mmol day−1. During the 50.3 mmol treatments complete feed refusal, probably due to methionine toxicity was noted with N‐stearoyl‐D,L‐methionine while with methionine and methionine hydroxy analogue the total flow of methionine equivalents was only 20.5 mmol day−1. Thus, N‐stearoyl‐D,L‐methionine was the only material to increase the flow of methionine or its equivalent to the duodenum.
A study of the competitive nitrosations of pyrrolidine, ascorbic acid, cysteine and p‐cresol in a protein‐based model system
Authors: Massey Robert C. , Crews Colin , Davies Roger , McWeeny David J.
Published: November 2006

The effects of competitive C‐ and S‐nitrosations on the formation of nitrosopyrrolidine were studied in a protein‐based model system. The results obtained were compared with those of the analogous reactions performed in solution. The competitive nitrosations were studied at pH 5‐25 and 37°C and the results obtained were found to be similar in both systems: ascorbic acid, cysteine and p‐cresol each reduced the formation of nitrosopyrrolidine, in decreasing amounts, by competing with pyrrolidine for the available nitrite. A second pathway of nitrosopyrrolidine formation was found which may have involved transnitrosation by the protein‐bound nitrite.
Energy use in soy‐bean meat analog manufacture: A comparison with beef
Authors: Yorks Terence P.
Published: November 2006

Beef cattle production in the USA required 2200 to 16 000 kcal kg−1 of product and a further 500 kcal kg−1 to process into meat. A typical US production total is 8700 kcal kg−1 at an energy intensity of 1100 × 103 kcal ha−1 of land employed. Typical US soy‐bean production has an energy subsidy of 950 kcal kg−1 at an energy intensity of 1500 × 103 kcal ha−1. Soy‐bean processing typically requires 710 kcal kg−1 for solvent extraction, 1300 kcal kg−1 for refining and hydrogenation of oil and 760 kcal kg−1 for assembly into a meat analog product. A dried egg albumin binder for the analog, with 40 000 kcal kg−1 energy subsidy, comprises almost half the total subsidy of 2700 kcal kg−1 to a model analog, though comprising only 3% of the ingredient total. A soy‐bean isolate based analog would usually require a total of 5200 kcal kg−1. Other land use, input and by‐product considerations make beef appear more favourable than the straightforward comparison with the analogs might indicate.
Phase behaviour of some aqueous systems involving monoglycerides, cholesterol and bile acids
Authors: Larsson Kåre , Gabrielsson Kerstin , Lundberg Bo
Published: November 2006

A report is given on the phase behaviour of various monoglyceride‐water systems relevant in foods. Interactions with cholesterol and bile acid salts as well as small water‐soluble molecules as a third component are described. The cubic phase occurring in systems of monoglycerides of sunflower oil can solubilise bile salts and coexist with bile acid salt micelles, which might result in a reduction in fat absorption in the intestine. Also the observed solubilisation of cholesterol in the cubic phase should be expected to reduce cholesterol uptake when this phase is formed. Evidence is given indicating that monocaproin might be of technical interest in order to solubilise hydrophobic proteins and the interactions between aqueous monocaproin phases and soy‐bean oil and sodium chloride were examined in this context.
The hexosamine content of some seeds and pollens
Authors: Jennings Allen C.
Published: November 2006

Twenty‐one Monocotyledon and 59 Dicotyledon seed samples, nine pollen samples and 12 fractions of seeds were analysed for their content of dry matter, total nitrogen and glycoprotein and total hexosamine. An estimate was made of the frequency of occurrence of hexosamine in the proteins of the samples. The dry matter contents (as g per 100 g sample) showed little variation (88.0‐95.1, seeds and 84.1‐90.9, pollens). The total nitrogen contents (as g per 100 g sample) varied from 0.84‐3.29 (Monocotyledons), 1.42‐7.13 (Dicotyledons) and 2.91‐5.43 (pollens). The glycoprotein hexosamine content (as mmol per 100 g sample) varied from 0.078‐0.32 (Monocotyledons), 0.11‐0.73 (Dicotyledons) and 0.36‐0.78 (pollens). The frequency of occurrence of hexosamine in the proteins (as hexosamine residues:amino acid residues) varied from 1:450 to 1:1940 (Monocotyledons), 1:300 to 1:3640 (Dicotyledons) and 1:330 to 1:760 (pollens). The decomposition of hexosamines during prolonged acid hydrolysis prevented accurate estimates of non‐protein hexosamine contents being obtained but the results indicated that they varied from a few percent of, to about equal to, the contents of glycoprotein hexosamine in the samples examined.
The analysis of dietary fibre—the choices for the analyst
Authors: Southgate David A. T. , Hudson Geoffrey J. , Englyst Hans
Published: November 2006

The analysis of dietary fibre (which is defined as the sum of lignin and the polysaccharides not digested by the endogenous secretions of the human digestive tract) presents several problems to the analyst. Dietary fibre is a mixture of substances derived from the structural materials of the plant cell wall and a range of polysaccharides of a non‐structural nature either present naturally in foods or derived from food additives. The complete analysis of such a complex mixture would be difficult and time consuming and a number of practical alternatives have been used. These include methods based on the enzymatic removal of protein and starch to give an ‚indigestible residue’︁ and procedures based on extraction with neutral detergent solutions. These procedures in their present form do not measure water‐soluble components and therefore underestimate dietary fibre. More detailed methods in which the water‐soluble and water‐insoluble non‐cellulosic polysaccharides, cellulose and lignin were measured separately are described. In these the non‐cellulosic fraction was characterised in terms of its component sugars. It is suggested that methods of this type are necessary to characterise dietary fibre analytically in order to account for the properties of dietary fibre.
The nutritive value of some pakistani diets
Authors: Khan Mohammed Akmal , Eggum BjøRn O.
Published: November 2006

The nutritive values of Pakistani diets and meals commonly consumed by rural peasants and middle‐class city dwellers was determined chemically (including fatty acid and amino acid analyses) and biologically in N‐balance experiments with growing rats. The average national diet supplies 13% of the total calories from protein, 61% from carbohydrate and 11 % from fat. Essential fatty acids, iron and calcium content are adequate to meet the dietary requirements. Lysine and threonine were found to be the limiting amino acids in the average national diet, the northern area diet and most of the meals. The national diet has a slightly higher net protein utilisation (NPU) value (66%) than that of the northern area (61 %). Net dietary protein calories percentage (NDp cal %) was highest (8.5) for the national diet. The NDp cal % of the wheat bread and rice based meals lie between 5.9‐8.3 and 5.4‐6.4 respectively. The results suggest that protein is not a limiting factor in Pakistani diets when compared with FAO recommendations.
Sources of variability in rat feeding trials with single meal tests
Authors: Buraczewski Stanislas , Geoffrey Porter J. W. , Rolls Brian A. , Zebrowska Teresa
Published: November 2006

The responses of the laboratory rat to the ingestion of a single test meal, as measured by the contents of the stomach and small intestine and the plasma amino acid (PPA) concentrations in portal and systemic blood, were investigated under different experimental conditions. The variations introduced were different cages, different pre‐experimental diets and training the rats to eat for a short daily period. The rate of stomach emptying was slower in rats housed in anticoprophagy cages than in those kept in wire mesh cages and the variability was smaller, but the PAA concentrations were unaffected by the type of cage. Rats maintained during the pre‐experimental period on three different diets had similar PAA concentrations after an 18 h fast. Trained rats exhibited more rapid stomach emptying than did untrained animals, but the quantity of material in the small intestine was little affected. Training affected the systemic, but not the portal, PAA concentrations. Suggestions are made of suitable experimental conditions for assessing the short‐term response to single meals.
Nitrogen top‐dressing requirements of winter oilseed rape
Authors: Holmes Michael R. J. , Ainsley Alan M.
Published: November 2006

Forty‐one field experiments were carried out on the spring N top‐dressing requirements of winter oilseed rape in the years 1973 to 1977. The experiments were in the main rape‐growing areas of England and Scotland, and almost all were on rape crops following one or more cereals. Seed and oil yield were increased by N top‐dressing in 38 of the 41 experiments, with a mean requirement by satisfactory crops for about 230 kg ha−1 of N. Those experiments with no response to N or no response beyond 90 kg ha−1 of N were mostly low yielding and suffered from lodging, drought or bird damage. N reduced oil content by about 2% on average, but there was a considerably larger depression in 10 experiments, almost always associated with low yield, drought or lodging. N fertiliser increased the N content of the seed by about 0.5%. Timing of N application within the period mid‐February to late March had little influence on seed yield or oil content but applying all or half the N in April tended to give a lower yield. There was no advantage from splitting the N application.
The effect of orchard soil management on the uptake of nitrogen by established apple trees
Authors: Atkinson David , Johnson Martin G. , Mattam David , Reuben Mercer E.
Published: November 2006

Nitrogen‐15 was supplied as K15NO3 to mature Cox/M.26 apple trees grown in conventional wide herbicide strips, with overall herbicide or with complete grass cover. Uptake was measured, following placement, either at 10 cm depth within the tree rows or at 10 or 25 cm depth in the alleys between the rows. Uptake of 15N in the strip treatment was always much greater from the strip than from the grassed alley, while with the overall herbicide trees, uptake was highest from the tree row in June but from the alley in August. With overall grass, uptake was highest from the alley. Management treatments did not affect the total N content of the leaves, so results were similar whether expressed on an atom % or pg μg g−1 DW basis. In the herbicide strip treatment, application of fertiliser nitrogen at rates between 0 and 126 kg ha−1 had little effect on either the amount or the pattern of 15N uptake. Recovery of added 15N tracer by the trees during the year of treatment varied from 2 to 25% depending upon treatment, position and depth of injection. Absorption of 15N appeared to be greater in mid‐summer than in spring or autumn. Pattern of N uptake was affected by interaction between soil water status, periodicity of root growth and total N demand.
Chromium accumulation and distribution in crop plants
Authors: Lahouti Mehrdad , Peterson Peter J.
Published: November 2006

Crop plants accumulated chromium from nutrient solutions labelled with either 51CrIII or 51CrVI and retained approximately 98 % of the elements in the roots. Of the 9 crop species examined, cauliflower plants accumulated the most chromium in both shoots and roots and mung bean seedlings the least. Species differences of approximately 10‐fold in the tops and 5‐fold in the roots were recorded. The roots of each species supplied with 51CrIII contained more chromium than those supplied with 51CrVI but the reverse was found in the shoots. There was a greater proportion of soluble chromium in plants supplied with 51CrVI than in those supplied with 51CrIII, the major soluble compound being tentatively identified as trioxalato‐CrIII. Little chromium was associated with cell organdies or soluble proteins.
The enhanced N‐nitrosation of lipid soluble amines in a heterogeneous model system
Authors: Massey Robert C. , Crews Colin , Davies Roger , McWeeny David J.
Published: November 2006

The N‐nitrosations of dihexylamine, dibutylamine and dipropylamine were studied in a heterogeneous model system containing a 20% n‐decane phase. The reactions were examined at 37°C and with an aqueous phase pH of 5.25. A 20‐fold enhancement in the formation of N‐nitrosodihexylamine was observed as compared with decane‐free controls; N‐nitrosodibutylamine formation was also increased, but to a lesser extent; the yield of N‐nitrosodipropylamine was below the limit of detection for both the control and the decane‐containing reactions. Partition coefficient measurements showed that under these conditions 5% of the dihexylamine was located in the decane phase and that the corresponding values for dibutylamine and dipropylamine were considerably lower. The results are discussed in relation to the fat‐preferred formation of N‐nitrosamines in fried bacon.
Phosphorus nutrition and acid phosphatase activity in the leaves of seven plant species
Authors: Besford Robert T.
Published: November 2006

Seven plant species, barley, cucumber, maize, oats, rice, tomato and wheat were grown in sand for between 9 and 11 weeks and received either 1.33 mM‐NaH2PO4 in a complete nutrient solution (P2), or 0.13 mM‐NaH2PO4 for 7 days then no added phosphate in an otherwise complete nutrient solution (P1). At harvest plants grown in the P1 solution were much smaller than in the P2 solution, the rice showing the least effect, but only the leaves of cucumber and tomato developed characteristic symptoms of phosphorus deficiency. Acid phosphatase activity was significantly greater in extracts from the leaves of all species grown in the P1, except for rice, when compared with those grown in the P2 solution. The increase was greatest in the leaves of tomato and cucumber which also contained the lowest levels of phosphorus. Acid phosphatase activity, therefore, may be useful as a rapid indicator of phosphorus stress in crops.
The nutritive value of triticale in diets for laying hens
Authors: Davidson John , Davidson Alan J.
Published: November 2006

The nutritive value of triticale was assessed over a ten‐week period with Warren Studler hens. Test diets contained over 85% cereal plus 12% of a mineral/vitamin mixture with and without supplements of the amino acids, lysine and methionine, or a small inclusion of fishmeal. Egg production on such diets was compared with that on control diets based on oats and fishmeal and on diets containing barley grown adjacent to the triticale. Full egg production was achieved on the triticale diet without amino acid or protein supplementation. Corresponding barley diets supported production which was lower by about 10%. Individual egg weights tended to be lower on the triticale diet unsupplemented with amino acids than on the control or fully supplemented diets. Food conversion efficiency was better on the triticale than on the control or barley diets. Hens on triticale diets without amino acid or protein supplements lost more weight during the experiment than did control birds.
The detection of the thiocyanate ion (SCN−) in hen's egg by gas chromatography
Authors: Ahmed Shuaib A. C. , Beswick Gordon , Tomlins Richard I.
Published: November 2006

The free thiocyanate ion (SCN−) content of eggs from five different strains of hen was determined by gas chromatograph as cyanogen bromide after treating the deproteinised liquid whole egg with aqueous bromine solution. Interference by cyanide and residual protein after deproteinisation with phosphotungstic acid was not found to have any noticeable effect on the results. Samples spiked with known concentrations of SCN− gave recoveries of 95%. The levels of SCN− detected ranged from 0.54–0.675 mg kg−1. There was very little variation in the levels detected from one strain of hens over a period of 10 weeks. The amount present presumably originating from the detoxification of cyanide in the liver and kidney would be insufficient to promote bactericidal activity, when incorporated into the lactoperoxidase/thiocyanate/hydrogen peroxide antimicrobial system.