bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Exercise on Progranulin Levels and Gliosis in Progranulin-Insufficient Mice
Authors: Arrant Andrew E. , Patel Aashka R. , Roberson Erik D.
Published: June 2015

Loss-of-function mutations in progranulin (GRN) are one of the most common genetic causes of frontotemporal dementia (FTD), a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disorder with no available disease-modifying treatments. Through haploinsufficiency, these mutations reduce levels of progranulin, a protein that has neurotrophic and anti-inflammatory effects. Increasing progranulin expression from the intact allele is therefore a potential approach for treating individuals withGRNmutations. Based on the well-known effects of physical exercise on other neurotrophic factors, we hypothesized that exercise might increase brain progranulin levels. We tested this hypothesis in progranulin heterozygous (Grn+/−) mice, which model progranulin haploinsufficiency. We housed wild-type and progranulin-insufficient mice in standard cages or cages with exercise wheels for 4 or 7.5 weeks, and then measured brain and plasma progranulin levels. Although exercise modestly increased progranulin in very young (2-month-old) wild-type mice, this effect was limited to the hippocampus. Exercise did not increase brain progranulin mRNA or protein in multiple regions, nor did it increase plasma progranulin, in 4- to 8-month-old wild-type orGrn+/−mice, across multiple experiments and under conditions that increased hippocampal BDNF and neurogenesis.Grn−/−mice were included in the study to test for progranulin-independent benefits of exercise on gliosis. Exercise attenuated cortical microgliosis in 8-month-oldGrn−/−mice, consistent with a progranulin-independent, anti-inflammatory effect of exercise. These results suggest that exercise may have some modest, nonspecific benefits for FTD patients with progranulin mutations, but do not support exercise as a strategy to raise progranulin levels.
Pendekatan Ekoregion Dalam Sistem Hukum Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air Sungai di Era Otonomi Daerah
Authors: Triana Nita
Published: June 2015

Hak atas lingkungan yang baik dan sehat dijamin oleh Pancasila dan UUD 1945 yang berimplikasi terhadap perlunya kebijakan, rencana dan/atau program mengenai hak atas lingkungan tersebut diatur dalam perundang-undangan, baik di tingkat nasional maupun daerah. Dalam konteks otonomi daerah hak atas lingkungan tersebut termasuk dalam kelompok bidang urusan wajib pemerintahan. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak pengaturan hak atas lingkungan hidup dalam bidang sumber daya air. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dampak pengaturan hak atas lingkungan hidup dalam sistem hukum pengelolaan sumber daya air  sungai tidak terintegrasi dengan daerah lain, sehingga  kebijakan pemerintah daerah lebih ditujukan untuk peningkatan pendapatan daerah masing-masing. Kondisi ini mengakibatkan  terjadinya perusakan sumber daya air sungai di bagian hulu dan hilir dan tidak optimalnya pemanfaatan air sungai. Berdasarkan hal tersebut dibutuhkan sistem hukum pengelolaan sumber daya air dengan pendekatan ekoregion, dimana batas darat dan perairan tidak ditentukan oleh batas secara politik, akan tetapi oleh batas geografis dari komunitas manusia dan sistem lingkungan.

The right to a good and healthy environment is guaranteed by Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution which has implications on the need for policies, plans and / or programs on environmental rights are set out in legislation, both at national and local levels. In the context of regional autonomy, rights to the environment including the obligatory group of government issues. This paper aims to analyze the impact of regulation on environmental rights in the field of water resources. The results of this study indicate that the impact of regulation on environmental rights in the legal system of management of water resources of the river is not integrated with other areas, so that local policy is intended to increase local revenues respectively. These conditions resulted in the destruction of the water resources of the river upstream and downstream and is not optimal utilization of river water. Under the terms of the legal system needs water resources management with ecoregion approach, where land and water boundaries are not defined by political boundaries, but by the geographical boundaries of the human community and environmental systems.
Peran Serikat Buruh Migran Indonesia dalam Melindungi Hak Tenaga Kerja Indonesia di Luar Negeri
Authors: Sumardiani Fenny
Published: June 2015

Permasalahan yang dihadapi Tenaga Kerja Indonesia baik pada fase pra penempatan, selama masa penempatan sampai dengan pasca penempatan dari waktu ke waktu perlu diperbaiki karena memang sangat luas dan membutuhkan koordinasi banyak pihak baik Pemerintah, PPTKIS, maupun organisasi yang membantu menyuarakan hak Tenaga Kerja Indonesia yang biasa disebut dengan Serikat Buruh Migran Indonesia dan Tenaga Kerja Indonesia itu sendiri. Koordinasi yang dimaksudkan terutama adalah dalam melindungi hak Tenaga Kerja Indonesia yang bermasalah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis peran Serikat Buruh Migran Indonesia dalam melindungi Hak Tenaga Kerja Indonesia yang bermasalah di Kabupaten Kendal serta kendala yang dihadapi Serikat Buruh Migran dalam memperjuangkan hak-hak TKI yang bermasalah di Kabupaten Kendal serta serta upaya apa yang dilakukan untuk mengatasi kendala tersebut. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode pendekatan yuridis sosiologis dengan metode analisa data kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa peran Serikat Buruh Migran Indonesia dalam menagani masalah TKI dengan memberikan pendampingan kepada tenaga kerja indonesia dan keluarganya yang mengalami masalah pada saat bertugas maupun purna tugas; memberikan pendidikan kritis; memberikan pemberdayaan ekonomi dalam peningkatan kesejahteraan bagi para anggota dan keluarganya; memberikan pelatihan bagi para tenaga kerja indonesia yang sudah kembali ke indonesia.  

The problem faced by Indonesian Manpower both the phase pre placement, during placement until after placement from time to time need to be fixed because it is very broad and requires coordination of many parties, both Governments, PPTKIS, as well as organizations that help expressing the rights of Indonesian Workers usual called the Indonesian Migrant Workers Union and Labour Indonesia itself. Coordination is intended primarily to protect the rights of Indonesian Workers are problematic. This study aims to analyze the role of Indonesian Migrant Workers Union in protecting the rights of Indonesian manpower problems in Kendal and constraints faced Migrant Workers Union in fighting for the rights workers who have problems in Kendal as well and what efforts are being made to overcome these obstacles. The method used in this study is a socio-juridical approach to qualitative data analysis method. These results indicate that the role of the Indonesian Migrant Workers Union in menagani TKI problem with providing assistance to Indonesian workers and their families who are having problems in the line of duty or full duty; provide critical education; provide economic empowerment in improving the welfare of members and their families; provide training for Indonesian workers who had returned to Indonesia.
A cost-effectiveness comparison between early surgery and non-surgical approach for incidental papillary thyroid microcarcinoma
Authors: Lang Brian Hung-Hin , Wong Carlos K H
Published: June 2015

Background

The issue of whether all incidental papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) should be managed by early surgery (ES) has been questioned and there is a growing acceptance that a non-surgical approach (NSA) might be more appropriate. We conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis comparing the two strategies in managing incidental PTMC.

Methods

Our base case was a hypothetical 40-year-old female diagnosed with a unifocal intra-thyroidal 9 mm PTMC. The PTMC was considered suitable for either strategy. A Markov decision tree model was constructed to compare the estimated cost-effectiveness between ES and NSA after 20 years. Outcome probabilities, utilities and costs were derived from the literature. The threshold for cost-effectiveness was set at USD 50 000/quality-adjusted life year (QALY). A further analysis was done for patients <40 and ≥40 years. Sensitivity and threshold analyses were used to examine model uncertainty.

Results

Each patient who adopted NSA over ES cost an extra USD 682.54 but gained an additional 0.260 QALY. NSA was cost saving (i.e. less costly and more effective) up to 16 years from diagnosis and remained cost-effective from 17 years onward. In the sensitivity analysis, NSA remained cost-effective regardless of patient age (<40 and ≥40 years), complications, rates of progression, year cycle and discount rate. In the threshold analysis, none of the scenarios that could have changed the conclusion appeared clinically likely.

Conclusions

For a selected group of incidental PTMC, adopting NSA was not only cost saving in the initial 16 years but also remained cost effective thereafter. This was irrespective of patient age, complication rate or rate of PTMC progression.
Non-Accidental Flecainide Overdose - A Case Report
Authors: Ghannam Abdelilah , Tazi Abdellah , Kettani Ali , Faroudy Mamoun
Published: June 2015

Flecainide acetate is an antiarrhythmic drug used in the treatment of supraventricular arrhythmias. Flecainide causes very rare but often serious intoxications. These intoxications happen either due to a non-accidental overdose or because of a narrow therapeutic index in a patient who suffers from cardiomyopathy or has electrolyte abnormalities. We report an original case of a patient who had taken a high dose of flecainide with the aim of suicide. The patient suffered a cardiogenic shock with complications of lactic metabolic acidosis. Fast diagnosis is essential to reduce the high morbidity and mortality of this intoxication. The treatment plan is symptomatic. It aims at eliminating the poison and compensating cardiac function by treating the shock and the electrolyte imbalances. This allowed us to swiftly regain normal electrical and mechanical cardiac function in our patient. 3 weeks after the psychiatric consultation no sequelae were found. This case highlights that thorough history is essential in order to determine the diagnosis of a drug intoxication since the range of used products is wide. On the other hand, in case of any intoxication, while we apply a specific treatment, a well-managed, systematic, symptomatic treatment is essential to reduce morbidity and mortality.
Topical negative pressure therapy Recent experience of the department of plastic surgery at Ibn Sina University Hospital, Rabat, Morocco
Authors: Echchaoui Abdelmoughit , Benyachou Malika , Hafidi Jawad , Elaissaoui Imane , Zaouri Hasna , Elmazouz Samir , Gharib Noureddine , Abbassi Abdellah
Published: June 2015

Introduction : The topical negative pressure therapy (TNP) is a non-invasive method to treat chronic and acute wounds locally, using a continuous or intermittent negative pressure.
The objective of this study is to present the first experience of this type of treatment used in clinical cases in our department. By presenting these cases, we highlight indication and efficiency of this new technique applied in relatively complicated situations, at the same time it also allows a significant improvement in treating injuries and chronic wounds.
Materials and methods : In this study, we present the recent experience of the Department of Reconstructive and Plastic Surgery of the University Hospital Center of Avicenne in Rabat. This therapy was used for the first time this year (in 2014), in three young patients who presented with chronic wounds associated with local and general factors that are unfavorable for the healing process.
Results : In all three of our cases we obtained highly satisfactory clinical results.
TNP allows wounds to bud in a shorter time, as well as a fast healing by second intention due to controlled wound healing or split-skin graft without using flaps. This enables to decrease the margin of error, the time and the number of dressing replacements, and to reduce the length of hospital stay.
Conclusion : This is an expensive and specific equipment. However, the cost-benefit ratio analysis shows that it is an essential method that should be part of our therapeutic strategies.
The false equivalent of terrible triad of elbow combined with neurovascular damage in a rugby player - A new case report
Authors: Boussakri Hassan , Elibrahimi Abdelhalim , Alassaf Ihab , Bachiri Mohammed , ELayoubi Abdelghani , Elmrini Abdelmajid
Published: June 2015

Terrible triad is a severe traumatic injury of the elbow. We report a new variety of this clinical entity originating from a rare combination of injuries, namely the fracture-dislocation of the right elbow. The symptoms are acute ischemia of the hand with neurological damage following a sport accident suffered by a professional rugby player. We treated him surgically after immediate reduction of the dislocation. The short-term monitoring was clinical, while in the medium-term it was radiological and electrophysiological. On the whole, our (clinical, electrophysiological and radiological) results obtained initially, and medium-term during the last consultation, were satisfactory. The objective of this study is to draw attention to this clinical and radiological variety, as well as to its neurovascular complications and to discuss its therapeutic treatment. During the vascular and neurologic exam we should pay attention to and systematically look for neurovascular complications when treating a similar clinical case
Cannabis Smoking And Risk Of Lung Cancer - A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis
Authors: Bouti Khalid , Borki Rajae , Fenane Hicham , Harrak Laila
Published: June 2015

Background: Cannabis is the illicit psychoactive substance the most consumed in the world. Little is known about the association between the use of cannabis and the risk of lung cancer.

Objective:The objective of this meta-analysis is to determine whether use of cannabis is a risk factor for lung cancer.

Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analyses of all languages articles using relevant computerised databases. MEDLINE (online PubMed), Web of knowledge, Embase, EBSCO CINAHL, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Directory of Open Access Journals were searched to September 2014 for cohorts and case-control studies that assessed the risk of lung cancer associated with cannabis smoking. The literature search was performed with a combination of medical subject headings terms, "cannabis" and "lung neoplasms". Data extraction: Two investigators independently analysed and extracted results from eligible studies.
Our study's registration number on PROSPERO is CRD42014008872.

Results: The search strategy identified 2476 citations. 13 studies were eligible for inclusion: 2 pooled analysis of 9 case-control studies, one case-control study and 3 cohorts.
The cumulative analysis for all the studies under a fixed-effects model showed that cannabis smoking determined an increased risk of developing lung cancer in the future (relative risk 1.22, 95% confidence interval 0.999–1.5; p=0.051), with no evidence of heterogeneity across the studies (I2: 34%; p¼0.01).

Conclusions: The use of cannabis with or without tobacco smoking is associated with an increased risk for lung cancer
Is high job control a risk factor for poor quality of life in workers with high autism spectrum tendencies? A cross‐sectional survey at a factory in Japan
Authors: Hayakawa Norika , Okada Takashi , Nomura Kenji , Tsukada Tsukimi , Nakamura Mieko
Published: June 2015

Is high job control a risk factor for poor quality of life in workers with high autism spectrum tendencies? A cross‐sectional survey at a factory in Japan: Norika Hayakawa, et al. Faculty of Policy Studies, Nanzan University

Objective

To examine the effect of autism spectrum (AS) tendencies and psychosocial job characteristics on health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) among factory workers.

Methods

A questionnaire survey was administered to 376 Japanese factory employees from the same company (response rate: 83.6%) in 2010. Psychosocial job characteristics, including job demand, job control, and social support, were evaluated using the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). AS tendencies was assessed using the Autism‐Spectrum Quotient (AQ), and HRQOL was assessed using the Medical Outcomes Study Short‐Form General Health Survey (SF‐8). Associations were investigated using multiple logistic regression analysis adjusted for confounders.

Results

In the multivariate analysis, AQ was positively (odds ratio [OR]: 3.94; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.70−9.73) and social support in the workplace was inversely (OR: 0.25; 95% CI: 0.10−0.57) associated with poor mental HRQOL. No significant interaction was observed between AQ and JCQ subitems. Only social support was inversely associated with poor physical HRQOL (OR and 95% CI for medium social support: 0.45 and 0.21−0.94), and a significant interaction between AQ and job control was observed (p=0.02), suggesting that high job control was associated with poor physical HRQOL among workers with high AQ, whereas low job control tended to be associated with poor physical HRQOL among others.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that AS tendencies have a negative effect on workers’ HRQOL and social support is a primary factor in maintaining HRQOL. Moreover, a structured work environment can maintain physical HRQOL in workers with high AS tendencies since higher job control will be stressful.
COMENTARIO DEL LIBRO Ronny J. Viales y Andrea M. Montero, La construcción sociohistórica de la calidad del café y del banano de Costa Rica. Un análisis comparado 1890-1950: San José: Alma Máter, 2010.
Authors: Izquierdo Vázquez Carlos
Published: June 2015

El artículo comenta el libro acerca de la construcción sociohistórica de la calidad del café y el banano en Costa Rica durante el periodo 1890-1950, considerando que la calidad de un producto es relativa en el tiempo y que esta va más allá de los procesos técnicos, tecnológicos y agroecológicos. Esto significa que hay una dimensión cultural en cuanto a cómo se construye históricamente la calidad. Así, comparativamente se estudiaron diversas variables y actores que incidían en el proceso.

Mediante un novedoso análisis, a través de una amplia diversidad de fuentes, el libro constituye un aporte fundamental para la historia económica, pero también para la historia ambiental, en el contexto de nuevas líneas de investigación, al trascender el análisis centrado en los procesos productivos y tomar en cuenta las prácticas culturales.
Solución Analítica-Numérica para la Trayectoria de Rayos Sísmicos en Medios con Heterogeneidad Vertical
Authors: Imhof Armando Luis , Calvo Carlos Adolfo , Sánchez Manuel
Published: June 2015

La propagación de ondas sísmicas generadas en emisores y detectadas en receptores en medios heterogéneos y anisotrópicos sigue una trayectoria curva determinada por el principio de tiempo mínimo de Fermat. La aplicación del cálculo de variaciones conduce a una ecuación diferencial ordinaria. Debido a la compactación del terreno normalmente la velocidad aumenta con la profundidad, estando esta variación sujeta a leyes experimentales para cada suelo, lo que lleva a resolución numérica en los casos generales. En este trabajo se estudia el ajuste de datos experimentales de velocidad por una función exponencial; la integración analítica de la ecuación diferencial y la determinación numérica de las constantes de integración. Los datos experimentales suelen determinarse por algún método geofísico tal como up-hole o down-hole. Su aplicación principal se centra  en la validación de modelos numéricos. 
Contrast echocardiography for analysis of heart anatomy in tortoises
Authors: Hungerbühler S. , Laß M. , Fehr M. , Günther P. , Mathes K. , Prütz M.
Published: June 2015

The cardiac anatomy in tortoises depicted on B-mode and color-Doppler should be better differentiated by additional contrastechocardiography.

An intravenous contrast agent (INN-sulphur hexafluoride [SonoVue®]) was injected in four tortoises (three Testudo hermanni, one Agrionemys horsfieldii), via the coccygeal vein, with parallel B-mode echocardiographic examination. The results of the contrast-enhanced echocardiography were compared with the contrast-free B-mode recordings and color-Doppler ultrasound.

The use of SonoVue® enabled clearer distinction of the cardiac structures, differentiation of the arising major arteries, identification of wash-out-shunts, and visualization of blood flow patterns throughout the tortoise heart.

This study enables the accurate depiction and differentiation of cardiac anatomy in tortoises through the use of a combination of B-mode, color-Doppler and contrast-echocardiography. Basic knowledge of blood flow in the reptile heart is essential to understand echocardiographic anatomy. Blood-flow-patterns and anatomy of the tortoise heart as found in this study will help to establish a basis for further echocardiographic examinations of these animals.
OPPORTUNITIES OF FLOW CYTOMETRY IN DIAGNOSTICS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES. Part 2
Authors: Khaidukov S. V. , Zurochka A. V.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Flow cytometry allows estimating quantitative and qualitative structure of populations and subpopulations of immune system cells by using various methodical approaches and a wide spectrum of reagents. For diagnostics the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) caused by a Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) the flow cytometry became irreplaceable. Traditionally, immunologists examine standard model of an estimation of immune dysfunction on the basis of classical markers of Т-cells (CD3, CD4, CD8) at the HIV-infection. But researchers pay less attention to other populations and subpopulations of lymphocytes, such as γδ-, αβ- and CD38+ Т-cells. The quantitative estimation of these parameters from a HIV and AIDS patients enables to see pathogenesis a HIV infection and the prediction of its development from another side.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HEPATITIS A INFECTION IN THE PRE-VACCINATION AND VACCINATION PERIODS
Authors: Loshkareva V. N. , Semerikov V. V.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. The hepatitis A has important social and economic significance in the Russian Federation now. The analysis of multiyear dynamics of hepatitis A incidence in the regional center — Perm city has been carried out. It was established that vaccination of children against hepatitis A within the different institutions influenced on the intensity of epidemic process. The hepatitis A incidence rates significantly decreased in the vaccinated groups and in the whole population. The typical seasonal distribution of cases and their clustering became less manifested.
STUDY OF IMMUNITY TO POLIOVIRUSES ON CERTAIN "SILENT" TERRITORIES OF RUSSIA
Authors: Romanenkova N. I. , Bichurina M. A. , Rozaeva N. R. , Shishko L. A.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. The degree of immunity to polioviruses of three serotypes among children of different ages was analysed on certain "controlled" and "silent" territories of Russia in different periods of Polio Eradication Initiative. It was shown that the levels of immunity of children’s population to polioviruses on "controlled" and "silent" territories had no significant difference. It was stated that on the phase which preceded the certification for the absence of circulation of wild polioviruses, when the National Immunisation Days were conducted in the country, the percentage of eronegative children to polioviruses of different serotypes was low on all the territories of Russia. After Russia as a part of the WHO European region was certified as a polio free country and mass immunisation was stopped thepercentage of seronegative children increased, especially to poliovirus of serotype 3, both on the "controlled" and on the "silent" territories.
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE OF THE BACTERIA ISOLATES OBTAINED FROM THE PATIENTS WITH DIABETES AND HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS IN CARDIOSURGICAL HOSPITAL
Authors: Yagodina A. Yu. , Pegushina O. G. , Maslov Yu. N. , Serova I. A. , Naumov S. A.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. The study was performed in the Perm Krai Clinical Hospital N 2 “Heart Institute”. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility in isolates from patients with diabetes mellitus and HIV-infected patients. In all groups involved in the study (patients with diabetes mellitus, patients with HIV infection, and control group) the predomination of the Gram-positive species have been revealed. This fact is typical for surgical departments. More isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were found in the group of HIV-infected patients compared to patients in the control group (20.6% vs 4.6%, p = 0.02, respectively). Oxacillin resistance rate in Staphylococcus aureus was higher in the group of HIV-infected patients than in patients from the control group. Significant differences in Staphylococcus epidermidis resistance rate between HIV-infected patients and patients in the control group were detected for oxacillin (60% vs 10%, p = 0.03, respectively). It is plausible that in the group of immunocompromised patients vancomycin might be recommended for empiric therapy of infections caused by gram-positive species. The Enterococcus faecalis was more often isolated from HIV-infected patients in compare with patients from the control group (34.5% vs 13.8%, p = 0.02), probably due to severe immunodeficiency in the late stages of HIV infection. The absence of significant differences in resistance rate in Staphylococcus aureus and Staphilococcus epidermidis between patients with diabetes and patients in the control group could be considered as important. This fact might be associated with judicious control of glycemia during the pre-, intra-, and postoperative time periods. Postoperative pyoinflammatory diseases remain serious obstacle for the progress in cardiosurgery. Consequently, it’s important to know the characteristics of the microflora, colonizing the patients.
ETIOLOGY OF SEASONAL INCREASING OF ENTEROVIRAL INFECTION INCIDENCE IN ARKHANGELSK OBLAST
Authors: Shishko L. A. , Romanenkova N. I. , Bichurina M. A. , Gordienko T. A. , Rozaeva N. R. , Golitcina L. N. , Fomina L. B. , Kanaeva O. I. , Lialina L. V. , Novikova N. A.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. The etiology of seasonal increasing of enteroviral infection incidence in Arkhangelsk oblast in 2008–2011 has been studied. The ECHO 6, ECHO 9 and ECHO 30 viruses were isolated and identified from patients with enteroviral infection in this period. The highest enteroviral infection incidence rate in Arkhangelsk oblast which was 5,1 times higher in compare with average country index was registered in 2008. It was proved by the virological and molecular biological methods that the main etiological agent caused enteroviral meningitis cases in the seasonal outbreak in 2008 was ECHO 30 virus which was very similar to the ECHO 30 strain identified in the Veliky Novgorod in 2008. In 2009 from patients in enteroviral meningitis epidemic focus the ECHO 9 viruses were isolated. These viruses were similar to the ECHO 9 strains circulated in Russia in 2009. It was established that in the period of seasonal increasing of enteroviral infection in Arkhangelsk oblast in 2010–2011 in general circulated ECHO 6 viruses which clustered in 3 separate phylogenetic groups. Viruses ECHO 6 detected in Arkhangelsk oblast in 2011 were different from viruses identified in 2010. Results of the study confirm that monitoring of viruses in case of enteroviral infection remains the one of the important types of additional measures in the frame of Global Program of poliomyelitis eradication. This monitoring is absolutely necessary to define characteristics of epidemic process of enteroviral infection.
ANALYSIS OF LONG-TERM DYNAMICS OF NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS INCIDENCE IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH OSSETIA-ALANIA
Authors: Khabalova N. R.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Nosocomial infections occur in 5–20% of hospitalized patients. Officially, from 50 to 60 thousand cases of nosocomial infections are annually reported in the Russian Federation. The rapid development of invasive medical techniques, inappropriate use of antibiotics, instability of the sanitary-epidemiological, socio-economic, sociopolitical and socio-demographic situations could be considered as prerequisites for the increasing of many infectious diseases, including nosocomial infections. The detailed epidemiological analysis of nosocomial infections incidence at regional level provides the most complete picture of epidemiological situation and determines the tactics of surveillance and infection control. The aim of this study was to evaluate long-term dynamics of nosocomial infections incidence in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania. The study of epidemic process manifestations was based on the retrospective analysis of incidence from 1993 to 2010.
MODERN LABORATORY APPROACHES IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF CMV INFECTION IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENTS
Authors: Padalko E. Iu.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. High susceptibility of immunocomromised human to infection (especially transplant recipients) is influenced by poor ability to combat it due to impaired cellmediated immunity plus high vulnerability to perturbations in the environment. Special considerations regarding infection in transplant recipients and particular approaches in laboratory diagnostics are based on profound analysis of the nature of viral infection in this population. In this article the modern knowledge about viral infections and laboratory diagnostic methods, particularly regarding CMV infection, in immunocompromised patients are discussed.
THE SEARCH OF OPTIMAL COMBINATION OF ANTIGENS FOR SEROLOGICAL DIAGNOSTICS OF TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Vasilyeva E. V. , Verbov V. N. , Beklemishev A. B. , Mamaev A. L. , Tsyrul’nikov A. O. , Stepanenko T. A. , Ivanovskii V. B. , Lapin S. V. , Totolian Areg A.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. The four chimeric recombinant antigens CBD-CFP10, CBD-ESAT6, ESAT6-CFP10 and CBD-P38 contained aminoacid sequences of full-size proteins ESAT6, CFP10 and matured protein P38 of M. tuberculosis, joined with aminoacid sequences of cellulose bind domain of endogluconase A (CBD) from Cellumonas fimi have been obtained by gene engineering methods. Recombinant proteins were purified by affine chromatography in column with Ni-NTA-sepharose 6В-CL and as PPDN-3 were used for detection of their antigenic activity in indirect ELISA for TB serological diagnostics. The sera from patients with lung tuberculosis (n = 321), from persons who had professional contacts with TB patients (n = 42), from healthy blood donors (n = 366) and from patients with lung diseases of non-TB etiology were tested. It was detected that there was positive correlation between antibodies level for all studied antigens compared by pair. It has been demonstrated that although antigens were different by antigenic and immunobiological characteristics they add each other in the content of antigenic diagnostics compositions. Thus, all these antigens can be used in the test kits for serological diagnostics of TB. Using of these antigens will allow to detect persons infected by TB and patients with active tuberculosis.
PECULIARITIES OF SPECIFIC HUMORAL MESLES IMMUNE RESPONSE
Authors: Toptygina A. P. , Mamaeva T. A. , Alioshkin V. A.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. The aim of study was to investigate peculiarities of specific immune responses in vaccinated and unvaccinated measles convalescents. Twelve infants with natural measles infection at 5–7th day after onset of rash (Group 1), 14 adults with natural measles infection at 5–7th day (Group 2), 13 adults with measles at 12–15th day after onset of rash (Group 3), and 15 measles patients previously vaccinated against measles (Group 4) were examined. Fifteen healthy adults had twodose measles vaccination at 1 year and 6 years old (Group 5), and 17 healthy adults had measles many years ago (Group 6) were included in the study as a control groups. Specific IgM, IgA, IgG antibodies in serum, and their subclasses and avidity were tested by ELISA. High level of specific IgM and IgA-antibodies, and increasing of low-avidity IgG-antibodies, predominantly IgG3 subclass were typical for the humoral immune response in unvaccinated patients. On the contrary, lower level of IgM and the highest level of specific IgA and high-avidity IgG, predominantly IgG1 subclass characterized the group of previously vaccinated measles patients. The humoral immune response in vaccinated volunteers was characterized by lower level of specific IgA, IgG and avidity than in adults had measles in their childhood (group 6). The laboratory plays a critical role in case classification when rash and fever develop in persons who have possibly been exposed to measles. Waning of measles antibody, however, does not necessarily equate to waning immunity, because B-memory cells responses can increase of the antibody synthesis.
THE FEATURES OF HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE FOR ANTIGENS OF OPPORTUNISTIC MICROORGANISMS IN CASE OF PHARYNX TONSILS HYPERTROPHY IN INFANTS AND PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors: Shabaldina E. V. , Shabaldin A. V. , Lisachenko G. V. , Drozdova M. V. , Riazantsev S. V. , Simbirtsev A. S.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Features of IgG and IgE immune response for opportunistic microbes of pharynx biotope in children with pharyngeal lymphoid hypertrophy and recurrent acute respiratory infections have been studied (base group). The ob tained data were compared with similar results for healthy children. It was shown that in children of base group in biotope of pharynx prevailed S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, S. mutans, P. vulgaris and C. albicans. It was demonstarted that in children of base group the IgG immune response was mainly induced by S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, B. catharrhalis and H. influenzae; and the IgE immune response — by S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, S. aureus and H. influenzae. The role of polyclonal induction of immune response to S. pneumoniae in pathogenesis of pharyngeal lymphoid hypertrophy and recurrent acute respiratory infections in children of early and preschool age has been detected.
THE INTERDEPENDENCE OF THE CYTOKINE STATUS AND THE SEVERITY OF INTOXICATION SYNDROME IN INFLUENZA
Authors: Voloschcuk L. V. , Golovacheva E. G. , Mushkatina A. L. , Osidak L. V. , Zarishnuk P. V. , Go A. A.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. The goal of study was to evaluate cytokines level in blood of 60 patients with uncomplicated influenza and its relations with severity of intoxication symptoms. High level of TNFα, IL-10, IL-1Rа and low level of IFNγ was measured in serum of patients with severe intoxication syndrome during acute phase of disease. The duration of intoxication syndrome of influenza had a direct correlation with the concentration of TNFα, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1Rа, IL-10 and the opposite of IL-1β.
SEROLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS OF MODERN CHOLERA USING LIPOSOMAL ENTEROTOXIC DIAGNOSTICUM IN COMPLEMENT FIXATION TEST
Authors: Savelyeva I. V. , Bezsmertnyj V. E. , Savelyev V. N. , Fedorov Yu. M. , Ivanova C. M. , Ivannikov V. V.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. The possibility of serological diagnosis of cholera using cholera enterotoxic diagnostics kit in complement fixation test to detect anti-enterotoxic antibodies in sera of patients with cholera caused by hybrid variants of the El Tor biovar has been demonstrated. In patients with mild course of cholera anti-enterotoxic antibodies were detected in titres 1:50 and 1:200 in paired sera obtained on the 7th and 14th days of disease, respectively (fourfold titre increase). In patients with the course of medium severity 32-fold titre increase was recorded from the titre 1:100 in serum obtained on the fifth day of disease till the titre 1:3200 — on the twelfth day of disease. Antibodies titers reached 1:1600 and 1:800 were revealed in two medium course patients (adult and infant of 10 months) on the sixth day of disease.
AUTOREACTIVE ANTIBODIES IN A HEALTHY HUMAN AND IN PATIENTS WITH VIRAL INFECTIONS
Authors: Krivitskaya V. Z.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. This brief review presents the data obtained during the last two decades which allow to create a new view on autoimmunity. Regulatory and protective characteristics of autoreactive natural antibodies and their role in development of effective adaptive antiviral immune response are discussed. The article considers the problem of possible autoimmune complications due to some viral infections and antiviral vaccination.
THE RAPID CULTURE METHOD FOR THE INDICATION OF RABIES VIRUS ANTIGEN IN INFECTED CELL CULTURES
Authors: Barkova E. P. , Nagieva F. G. , Nikulina V. G. , Lisakov A. N.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. The rapid culture method for the indication of antigens of rabies virus has been improved. It allows to detect the antigen of rabies virus within 5 hours from the moment the cell cultures was infected. To achieve this aim it is necessary to use cell culture BHK-F, polyclonal antirabies FITC labelled immunoglobulin and direct method of membrane immunofluorescense. Applying of twofold freshly filtrated 3% paraformaldehyde as fixing solution allows to detect early virus proteins of rabies virus.
ANALYSIS OF T-HELPER SUBSETS OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS C EXPRESSING CHEMOKINE RECEPTORS CXCR3 AND CCR6 AND ACTIVATION MARKERS CD38 AND HLA-DR
Authors: Elezov D. S. , Kudryavtsev I. V. , Arsentieva N. A. , Semenov A. V. , Esaulenko E. V. , Basina V. V. , Totolian Areg A.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. In case of hepatitis C the adequate adaptive immune response depends on T-helper lymphocyte subsets and recruiting specific T cells in the site of infection. The purpose of the study was to assess changes in subpopulations of T-helper cells bearing chemokine receptor CXCR3 and CCR6 and activation markers CD38 and HLA-DR in peripheral blood of patients with chronic hepatitis C (n = 19) and healthy donors (n = 32). The T-helper phenotype was assessed by flow cytometry using a combination of monoclonal antibodies HLA-DR-FITC/CD38-PE/CD3-ECD/CCR6-PE-Cy7/CXCR3-APC/CD4-APC-Cy7. It was demonstrated reduction of CD38+ subset, increase of CXCR3+ and CCR6+ subsets of T-helper cells in particular CD3+CD4+ CXCR3+CCR6+ cells and importance of joint determination of the chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CCR6 and the activation markers CD38 and HLA-DR compared to their separate analysis in chronic hepatitis C.
ASSESSMENT OF THE SPECIFIC LOCAL HUMORAL IMMUNITY IN PATIENTS WITH INFERTILITY INCLUDING CASES ASSOCIATED WITH GENITAL TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Mordyk A. V. , Dolgyh T. I. , Frolova N. B. , Yakovleva A. A.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. In order to optimize the detection and diagnosis of genital tuberculosis evaluation of the specific local antituberculosis immunity in 39 patients with infertility entered to the Department of Gynecology for the implementation of therapeutic and diagnostic laparoscopy has been carried out. All patients were divided into 3 groups: the 1st one included patients with tubal-peritoneal infertility, the group 2 included patients with infertility not associated with the defeat of the fallopian tubes, the third group was presented by patients with tubal-peritoneal infertility associated with genital tuberculosis who completed the basic course of anti-tuberculosis treatment. It was established that in case of the tubal-peritoneal infertility the local humoral immunity was characterised by increasing of IgM in the whole peritoneal fluid. Among women who recovered from genital tuberculosis increasing of IgA and IgG to M. tuberculosis was revealed in contrast to patients with infertility not associated with damage of fallopian tubes (p 0.05). In 25% of patients of the 1st group genital tuberculosis was diagnosed. The diagnostic criteria for early detection of genital tuberculosis were determined and the algorithm of genital tuberculosis identification have been proposed.
PREDNISONE THERAPY SAFETY FOR TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH MIX OF TUBERCULOSIS AND HIV-INFECTION
Authors: Maksimov G. V. , Mukomolov S. L. , Ivanov A. K.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. The study of prednisone safety for treatment of TB mixed with HIV-infection has been conducted. Two groups of patients were compared. The first group was consisted of 88 patients who were treated by prednisone and standard tuberculosis therapy, the second group of patients presented by 45 patients received only tuberculosis medicines. It was demonstrated that in case of prednisone using (1st group) the number of CD4 limphocytes increased, intoxication symptoms disappeared fast and recovery process accelerated. Increasing of cases with unfavorable course of TB and HIV-infection in patients of first group was not registered in compare with the second group. Thus, using of prednisone therapy to treat TB mixed with HIV-infection was safe, not lead to unfavorable course of TB or HIV-infection. Such kind of treatment especially important for patients with exudative reactions.
COMPARISON OF THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE TO VACCINATION BY “PRIORIX”
Authors: Toptygina A. P. , Alioshkin V. A.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Twenty healthy children were vaccinated, and then in a 5 years they were revaccinated with Priorix (measles, mumps, rubella vaccine), according to the national immunization calendar. The aim of the study was to observe and compare the shaping and maintenance of immunological memory. Specific IgM, IgA, IgG antibodies in serum, and their subclasses as well as antibodies avidity were tested by ELISA. It was demonstrated that IgM, IgG, and IgA antibodies shaped primary immune response to Priorix. Booster-effect was found in IgG and IgA antibodies in response to revaccination. Low avidity of antibodies in primary immune response changed to the high avidity (60–70%) antibodies of memory response to measles and rubella, and remained low for antimumps antibodies. IgG3 subclass was predominant, and IgG1 and IgG4 subclasses were involved in primary immune response. At the stage of immunological memory IgG1 was predominanted and IgG3 and IgG4 became minor.
ASSOCIATION BEETWEEN IL-28β POLYMORPHISMS AND EFFECTIVENESS OF CONCOMITANT THERAPY OF HIV INFECTION IN PATIENTS WITH HCV/HIV CO-INFECTION DURING THE ANTIVIRAL THERAPY
Authors: Kovaleva E. S.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. The aim of the study was  to evaluate the associations between the polymorphism rs8099917 IL-28β and changing of HIV viral load and the effectiveness of high active antiretroviral therapy during the treatment of chronic hepatitis C in HIV-infected patients. 80 HIV/HCV-infected patients were recruited in the study. Antiviral therapy was performed with pegylated interferon-α and ribavirin combined with concomitant HIV therapy. Polymerase chain method was used for the gene polymorphism IL 28b (rs8099917) and HIV viral load estimation. More than half (56.25%) patients treated with combined therapy showed a significant decrease in CD4 T-lymphocytes in TG- and TT-genotype groups. Furthermore, viral load of HIV RNA significantly declined in the group with TT genotype during the treatment. It was concluded that rs8099917 polymorphism of the gene IL-28β affects the dynamics of the HIV RNA viral load in HIV-infected patients receiving concomitant therapy for treatment of viral hepatitis C. Herewith, rs8099917 polymorphism combined with other factors can be used as a predictor of high active antiretroviral therapy effectiveness.
STRATEGY OF PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH IN PROKARYOTES
Authors: Andrukov B. G. , Somova L. M. , Timchenko N. F.
Published: June 2015

Programmed cell death (PCD) was first studied in eukaryotic organisms. This system also operates in the development life cycle of prokaryotes. The system PCD in microorganisms is activated a wide range of signals in response to the stresses associated with adverse environmental conditions or exposure to antibacterial agents. The results of numerous studies in the past decade allow considering the system PCD in prokaryotes as an evolutionary conservation of the species. These results significantly expanded understanding of the role of PCD in microorganisms and opened a number of important areas of research of the morphological and molecular genetic approaches to the study of death strategies for the survival in bacterial populations. The purpose of the review is to summarize the morphological and molecular genetic characteristics of PCD in prokaryotes which are real manifestations of the mechanisms of this phenomenon.
PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR OF YERSINIA PESTIS
Authors: Evseeva V. V. , Platonov M. E. , Kopylov P. Kh. , Dentovskaya S. V. , Anisimov A. P.
Published: June 2015

Plague has been the cause of three pandemics and has led to the death of millions of people. Plague is a typical zoonosis caused by Yersinia pestis that circulates in populations of wild rodents inhabiting natural plague foci on all continents except for Australia. Transmission of plague is provided by flea bites. Circulation of Y. pestis in natural plague foci is supported by a numerous of pathogenicity factors. This review explores one of them, plasminogen activator Pla. This protein is one of representatives of omptins, a family of enterobacterial outer membrane proteases that are responsible for colonization of specific organs or even infection generalization as a result of successful overcoming of the host innate immunity. The review reflects the history of its discovery and studying of its genetic control, biosynthesis, isolation and purification, physicochemical properties. Highly purified preparations of plasminogen activator are deficient in enzymatic activities but renaturation in the presence of Y. pestis lipooligosaccharide restores enzymatic properties of Pla. This pathogenicity factor is absent in representatives of the most ancient phylogenetic group of the plague pathogen, bv. caucasica, while the ancestor of other groups of Y. pestis subsp. microtus obtained in result of horizontal transfer Pla isoform with characteristics similar to properties of omptins from the less virulent enterobacteria. After that in the course of microevolution the “classic” isoform of Pla with increased protease activity was selected that is typical of all highly virulent for humans strains of Y. pestis subsp. pestis. The “classic” isoform of Pla Y. pestis is functionally similar to mammalian plasminogen activators transforming plasminogen into plasmin with the help of limited proteolysis. Pla protease activating plasminogen and also degrading the main plasmin inhibitor — α2-antiplasmin and, respectively, determining Y. pestis ability to lyse fibrin clots preventing bacteria dissemination after bites of infected fleas or subcutaneous challenge is believed to be the main Y. pestis factor responsible for generalization of infectious process. Pla-mediated ability of Y. pestis for selective binding with extracellular matrix and basal membranes may promote further hydrolysis of these structures by the host’s plasmin and overcoming tissue barriers by the pathogen. Y. pestis plasminogen activator also hydrolyses C3 complement component, human antimicrobial peptide — cathelicidin LL-37 and such cytokines as tumor necrosis factor α, interferon γ, interleukin 8 and protein 1 of monocyte chemotaxis. The main endogenic TFPI tissue factor pathway inhibitor also highly susceptible to proteolytic action of Pla, and efficiency of TFPI inactivation is much higher than efficacy of plasminogen activation. The review also debates the possibility of using Pla as a molecular target for prophylaxis and treatment of plague.