bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Definition, measurement, and use of the spectral coefficient of retroreflection
Authors: Rennilson J. J.
Published: June 2007

Two organizations, the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) and the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), have recently agreed on the definition of the coefficient of retroreflection. This coefficient is determined using CIE Standard Illuminant A and a receptor responsivity matching that of the CIE 1931 Standard Observer. Although this coefficient is practical for day‐to‐day measurements, a more general quantity is needed to study new materials, differing vehicle illumination, and the effects of human responses ranging from scotopic to photopic, as well as anomalous color vision. A CIE technical report, soon to be published, suggests that a new quantity, the spectral coefficient of retroreflection, be used to aid in studying these properties. The measurement of the spectral coefficient of retroreflection over the visible spectrum is performed by spectroradiometric techniques. This property of the retroreflector is independent of the spectral power distribution of the illuminant and the responsivity of the receptor. The retroreflector may now be studied mathematically, applying other illuminants and human visual responses. A useful byproduct of the determination of the spectral coefficient of the retroreflection is the ease with which the nighttime color can be determined. The article concludes with various examples.
What color reveals: A therapist's point of view
Authors: Bernardo José Raúl
Published: June 2007

The way each of us uses color reveals a lot about ourselves. Color may be used unconsciously or consciously. In either case, color provides the trained observer with important cues regarding the nature of inner conflicts in a patient or client. Our liking or disliking of any color is associated with information received from significant persons. In most cases, this association is related to status, our desire to improve our position within some social scale. The deceptive use of color and the concept of sophisticated color seem to be interdependent.
Greyness of process colors
Authors: Gray R. H.
Published: June 2007

A method of measuring and comparing the greyness (unwanted spectral absorptions) of process colorants has been developed. The method uses the 1976 CIELAB color space and, in effect, makes a chromatic match of a trial colorant with a reference Cromalin®‡ color and then calculates greyness from the difference of their values of CIE 1976 lightness L*.
Redetermination of cie standard source C
Authors: Billmeyer Fred W. , Gerrity Ellen A.
Published: June 2007

The spectral power distribution of CIE standard source C, originally adopted in 1931, has not been determined in modern times to our knowledge. This measurement has now been carried out using the NBS high‐accuracy reference spectrophotometer. In the 50 years since 1931, improved purity of chemicals and improvements in measurement capability have resulted in disfferences between the experimental spectral power distribution and that tabulated as CIE illuminant C. These differences average 1.8% over the entire wavelength range studied, 350‐770 nm; they average only 0.5% below 630 nm but 4.5% (maximum, 6.7%) above 640 nm, where the power of experimental source C is always higher than that of illuminant C. Despite these discrepancies, the two differ by less than 0.001 in chromaticity coordinates x, y, corresponding to a CIELAB color difference of only 0.2 units (1931 standard observer).
Nonvisual color perception: A critical review
Authors: Kaiser Peter K.
Published: June 2007

Since the last century, there have been a number of claims that people can identify and discriminate color with their fingers. The most completely documented evidence for these claims, begining in 1963, is critically reviewed. It was the hope of the early investigators of this phenomenon that this ability would some day be useful for the blind. The best evidence suggests that people are capable of making certain temperature discriminations and that objects of different reflectances can be discriminated on this basis. The temperature exchange stems from the infrared energy emitted by the skin. Research that has presented evidence for finger color perception was often shown to have methodological problems, including learning to discriminate stimuli by texture cues and failure to adequately blindfold observers and prevent use of visual information. The present review concludes that the phenomenon of using the fingers to “see” color does not and will not, in the forseeable future, provide any additional hope for the blind.
Parametric variations in a threshold color‐difference ellipsoid for green painted samples
Authors: Witt Klaus , Döring Günter
Published: June 2007

Following the CIE guidelines for coordinated research on color‐difference evaluation, a set of painted color samples was produced near the green reference color. Visual experiments were carried out by two different methods, absolute threshold and pair comparison. Perceptibility ellipsoids at and near threshold were determined for different mathematical models and for different groupings of observers. The main findings are: insensitivity to the method of optimization, inhomogeneity of the total set of answers but homogeneity within ranked observer groups, and change of volume but similarity of shape of the ellipsoids for extreme groups. Comparisons with other visual studies are discussed.
Influence of experimental parameters on the evaluation of color‐difference ellipsoids
Authors: Strocka D. , Brockes A. , Paffhausen W.
Published: June 2007

Using a set of red samples, we investigated the influence of the number of observers and samples on the accuracy of experimentally evaluated color‐difference ellipsoids. The results show that an ellipsoid can be calculated with an accuracy corresponding to a mean error of calculated color differences below 10% if a set of about 50 samples is assessed 30 times by pair comparison, e.g., 15 observers twice each.
Textile color application processes
Authors: Aspland J. R.
Published: June 2007

A general introduction to dyeing is presented, and comments are given on those factors which control the outcome of textile dyeing processes. Dye, fiber, dyebath, and dyeing‐equipment variables are introduced and their relative importance discussed. Comment is made on the interaction between color science and dyeing.
On analytical versus numerical integration in tristimulus calculations
Authors: Fairman Hugh S.
Published: June 2007

If one assumes that the CIE recommendations for linear interpolation of illuminant and observer data between unit nanometers define these data as analytical functions, and accepts similar linear interpolation of the spectral radiance factor, an analytical equation can be derived for calculating tristimulus values. This article shows that, even in extreme cases, use of this more complex equation gives results that are not significantly different from those obtained by simple summation.
Light, color, and poetry
Authors: Buckley Mary L.
Published: June 2007

There exists such an abundance of visual poetry in nature in the realm of light and color, it would seem desirable to integrate our joyful appreciation of it with human designs. At our nonprofit organization of artists and designers, the Margaret Gate Institute, we have explored light and color concepts in order to beautify once barren, visually monotonous interiors, specifically in mental institutions. How we have brought our artistic and intuitive understanding of light and color to institutions follows.
Setting up acceptability tolerances: A case study
Authors: Allen Eugene , Yuhas Barry
Published: June 2007

Current acceptance of goods for color by the United States Army depends on visual comparison against a standard and as many as eight limit samples. The Army wished to have a numerical method of setting color tolerances to be used with instrumental measurement. Preliminary work with the standards and limit samples indicated that acceptability ellipsoids oriented in the hue, chroma, and lightness directions in CIELAB color space should be set up. To establish the tolerances, we selected pairs of samples from a large number of previous submissions by industry. These pairs represented four graduated lightness steps, four graduated chroma steps, and four graduated hue steps. Six observers looked at each pair ten times, randomly interspersed with other pairs, and issued a pass‐or‐fail judgment each time. From these data we established lightness, chroma, and hue tolerance limits. For an olive green and a tan shade, these tolerances were roughly in the ratio 3:2:1; for a dark blue, the ratios were roughly 2:2:1. We wrote simple equations that can be used in order to determine quickly whether a sample passes or fails.
Estimation of chromaticness of constant‐luminance central‐field colors on a D65 surround
Authors: Roddewig Wolfgang
Published: June 2007

Eight observers estimated chromaticness for central‐field colors of different chromaticity and constant luminance in a surround of the chromaticity of D65. The perceived chromaticness was scaled relatively and absolutely. The experimental results are compared with chromaticness as defined in different color spaces. In the CIELUV, CIELAB, LABHNU, and LABHNU2 spaces, colors of equal visual chromaticness are located approximately on circles. The LABHNU and LABHNU2 color spaces seem to describe the relative and absolute scalings in the best way for all observers.
Creating interference colors on thermoplastic films without colorants
Authors: Bryson Trudy
Published: June 2007

Most of us who are involved with color in the plastics industry think of pigments and dyes incorporated into or coated onto a polymer in order to produce asthetic appeal. But unusual colored effects can be created through selective embossings. This article discusses the history of diffraction gratings, how and why they work, how they are made, and how this technology can be applied to the plastics industry to create unique visual effects. Examples are given of design variations which are possible using a basic 1–in. circular diffraction grating. Also included are examples of end‐use applications.
Simulation of colored illumination in painting using the ostwald system
Authors: Thomas Helen
Published: June 2007

With modern technology continuing to produce new and clearer pigments, it is becoming more and more important that the painter of today and tomorrow know thoroughly the colors with which he or she works. A color system is invaluable for putting those colors into context. It is not enough to be superficially acquainted with such a system; it is essential that the painter know it thoroughly. Mixing pigments to obtain other colors was adequate and necessary when the painters of the past were dealing with the limited number of pigments available to them. But now it is possible not only to make color an integral part of a painting, but also to use it to duplicate such visual effects as that resulting from the illumination on the scene.
Phototherapy using chromatic, white, and ultraviolet light
Authors: Kaiser Peter K.
Published: June 2007

The use of light as a therapeutic agent has a long history. However, there is little or no scientific foundation for much of what has been published in the area of color therapy. There is a good foundation for the treatment of neonatal jaundice with blue light. Preliminary basic research suggests that when used with photodynamic agents, malignant tumors may be treatable with white light. Other studies suggest that psoriasis can be treated with ultraviolet light when the affected area is first covered with anthracene. Evidence is accumulating that shows how the human body does interact with light at a hormonal, metabolic, and endocrine level. I conclude that there has never been a better time for competent scientists to investigate whether there are additional effective color therapeutic procedures in addition to the use of blue light for jaundice.
Flicker photometric sensitivity and chromatic adaptation in color‐deficient and normal observers
Authors: Nagy Allen L. , Harami Eureka , Purl Kathleen F.
Published: June 2007

Congenital red‐green color deficients and observers with normal color vision were asked to make flicker photometric matches on a red background, on a green background, and with no background present. Adaptation had no effect on the matches made by color deficients, but clearly affected the matches of normal observers. There were small differences between the matches of different observers. We attempted to characterize these differences by fitting the R and G curves of Smith and Pokorny to the data. Two parameters, Λmax and optical density, were varied to obtain the best fit. Extremely good fits were obtained, suggesting that individual differences can be characterized with these two parameters.
Why colour order systems?
Authors: Hesselgren Sven
Published: June 2007

In this introductory lecture to the AIC Forsius Symposium on Colour Order Systems, the author reviews color order systems from a historical point of view as samplings of the World of Colour, seeking with each example to find an answer to the question posed in the title.
Physical exemplification of color order systems
Authors: McCamy C. S.
Published: June 2007

Color order systems must be distinguished from colorant order systems and other systematic ways of relating colored objects. Abstract systems require definition of dimensions and scales. A concrete system is a collection of specimens exhibiting properties specified by the dimensions and scales of an abstract system. The accurate production of such specimens requires a complete written definition of the system, including the specification of all pertinent observing and measuring conditions. The choice of materials requires consideration of the spectral and geometric aspects of the optical nature, some aspects of the mechanical nature, stability, durability, availability, acceptability to users, and cost. The value of color standards depends on the precision and accuracy with which they are produced. Efficient production and long‐term reproducibility depend on well‐standardized methods of color measurement.
Calibration in 1976 and 1983 of didymium glass filters issued as NBS standard reference materials
Authors: Eckerle K. L. , Chang S. , Hsia J. J.
Published: June 2007

In 1983, a new supply of didymium glass filters was prepared since the stock calibrated in 1976 has been very useful for wavelength calibration and the inventory has been depleted. Results for representative samples of the new filters are presented. The new supply of glass has been calibrated by the batch mode and will be designated Standard Reference Materials (SRM) 2009A and 2010A. During the latter part of 1976, research was begun to characterize didymium glass filters for use with visible spectrophotometers with bandwidth in the range 1.5 to 10.5 nm. These filters were found to produce a smaller wavelength uncertainty than previously issued filters. Also, it was found that points of inflection in the transmittance curve could be used to supplement the data for transmittance minima. The results of that research were SRM 2009, 2010, 2013, and 2014. The same techniques were applied in 1983. Also, the results from 1983 and 1976 for one of the Master filters are compared.
Photochemical and thermal stability of amaranth (FD&C red no. 2) in aqueous media
Authors: Box J. A. , Naman L. M. S. , Sugden J. K.
Published: June 2007

The decomposition of the formerly

This dye was delisted by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration in 1976, and has not been legally used in the U. S. in foods, drugs, or cosmetics since that date.

used food and pharmaceutical dye amaranth (FD&C Red No. 2) in water was studied under a variety of conditions. A matter of some concern is that one of the decomposition products is α‐naphthylamine, a known carcinogen.
Methods for generating spectral reflectance functions leading to color‐constant properties
Authors: Berns Roy S. , Billmeyer Fred W. , Sacher Richard S.
Published: June 2007

The Munsell color order system was rigorously defined for illuminant, observer, and surround. Using Nayatani's nonlinear model of chromatic adaptation, approximately colorconstant 1931 CIE tristimulus values for the notations of the Munsell Book of Color were calculated for a variety of continuous‐spectrum illuminants between CIE A and 7600 K daylight. Several linear‐programming models were devised for generating spectral reflectance functions that integrate to these tristimulus values. The most successful of these was a model based on an approximate‐hue vector in tristimulus space, in which movement off and along this vector was restricted. Restrictions were also applied to the rate of change of reflectance with wavelength, following Ohta, and the model led to relatively smooth curves, comparable to those of real colorants. Indices of color constancy were devised to estimate the accuracy of the predictions. Comparisons with actual reflectance functions from physical samples revealed, in most cases, an improvement in color constancy and hue constancy.
Colorimetry and its accuracy in the measurement of fluorescent materials by the two‐monochromator method
Authors: Minato Hideyuki , Nanjo Motoi , Nayatani Yoshinobu
Published: June 2007

The fundamental procedure involved in the two‐monochromator method for determining the spectral radiance factors of fluorescent materials is described, and some measured results are presented. The colorimetric accuracy of the method was confirmed by comparing two sets of tristimulus values: (1) those based on the two‐monochromator method and calculated from the reflected and the fluorescent spectral radiance factors and the spectral power distributions of a tungsten‐halogen lamp and a xenon lamp (which were determined separately); and (2) those calculated from the total radiance factors obtained from the measurement under polychromatic illumination, where the fluorescent materials were irradiated with the tungsten and the xenon lamp. The color differences between these sets of tristimulus values in CIE‐LUV color space were estimated to be less than 1.0 unit, irrespective of the illuminant or the source.
Prediction of observer variation in estimating colorimetric values
Authors: Takahama Kotaro , Sobagaki Hiroaki , Nayatani Yoshinobu
Published: June 2007

This article describes a method for computing easily the contribution of observer variation to colorimetric values. Stiles's 20 observers are used for representing color‐normal observers. Deviation functions are derived by applying singular‐decomposition analysis to their 20 color‐matching functions. It is shown that variances and covariances of the 20 color‐matching functions are estimated correctly by using the four deviation functions with high contribution factors. By using these deviation functions, a method is developed to derive the confidence ellipsoid of tristimulus values, the confidence ellipse of chromaticity coordinates, and the confidence interval of tristimulus value Y, in the colorimetric computations of a reflecting sample and an illuminant. With a slight modification, the method also can be used to predict the degree of mismatch found by color‐normal observers for pairs of reflecting samples that are a metameric match with respect to the average observer and a standard illuminant.
A colour‐appearance transform for the CIE 1931 standard colorimetric observer
Authors: Hunt R. W. G. , Pointer M. R.
Published: June 2007

A physiologically plausible model of colour vision, based on the CIE 1931 standard colorimetric observer, is shown to provide a colour order system giving reasonably good predictions of the unique‐hue loci, of constant‐hue loci, and of constant‐saturation loci, as judged by comparison with the Munsell and NCS systems, for daylight illumination. When combined with a chromatic‐adaptation transform of the von Kries type, the model is also shown to give quite good predictions for real surface colours seen in tungstenlight (SA) illumination.
The calculation of weight factors for tristimulus integration
Authors: Fairman Hugh S.
Published: June 2007

This article defines the method of calculation of weight sets for tristimulus integration published by the ASTM in its Method E 308–85. The preparation of weight sets for any measurement interval or wavelength range by Lagrange cubic interpolation from standard tables of data at other intervals is described. In addition, methods of truncating weight sets to wavelength ranges of less than 360 nm to 830 nm are discussed. The importance of calculating and maintaining the chromaticity of the neutral point is noted. An example of calculation of a set of weights is given in an Appendix, along with an example computer program that will calculate a set of weights at 20 nm intervals from standard illuminant‐observer data given at 1 nm intervals.
Newton's indigo
Authors: McLaren K.
Published: June 2007

Many different explanations have been put forward over the last eighty years to account for Newton's inclusion of indigo as one of the seven spectral colors. The most important of these have been critically examined and it is concluded that it was included solely in the hope of developing an analogy with the musical scale.
Towards a uniform color space: A better formula to describe the munsell and OSA color scales
Authors: Seim Thorstein , Valberg Arne
Published: June 2007

An improved quantitative description of the equidistant color and lightness spacing of the Munsell and OSA‐UCS Systems is presented. The basic idea is to apply physiologically acceptable hyperbolic response functions to relate light absorption in and the excitation of the three cone types with visual response. A similar nonlinear equation describes the relationship between the luminance factor Y and a lightness magnitude. Subsequent linear combinations of the nonlinear functions describe opponent‐color transformations. The resulting formulation, called the SVF formula, is superior to the best available empirical formulae, such as CIELAB and CIELUV, in describing the Munsell color space, and it performs even better than the OSA L g j formula on the OSA‐UCS data.
Measurement and specification of the colors of the polychromatic roof of the altamira cave
Authors: Fernández P. L. , Quindós L. S. , Soto J. , Villar E.
Published: June 2007

Color measurements were carried out in September, 1981, and again in January, 1982, on a total of 102 color zones in 12 different figures in the polychromatic roof of the Paintings Room of the Altamira Cave. The comparative study was carried out to evaluate any seasonal variations in reflectance and color between these two months, in which the humidity of the rock base for the paintings differs widely. No differences outside of experimental error were found.
Prediction of color appearance under various adapting conditions
Authors: Nayatani Y. , Takahama K. , Sobagaki H.
Published: June 2007

A model of color vision is given to predict color appearance of object colors under various illuminants and illuminance levels. The model constitutes a uniform color‐appearance space under any adapting condition, and can predict the metric quantities relating to the following color perceptions: (1) constant‐hue loci, (2) the Munsell color scheme, (3) the increase of brightness contrast of nonselective samples with increasing adapting‐illuminance level, (4) the Helson‐Judd effect, and (5) the increase of colorfulness of chromatic samples with increasing adapting‐illuminance level.
Individual differences in luminous efficiency measured by flicker photometry
Authors: Luria S. M. , Neri David F.
Published: June 2007

Individual differences in luminous efficiency were determined for color‐normal observers at photopic and mesopic light levels by flicker photometry. The standard deviations of the settings made by 52 observers at photopic levels did not exceed 0.1 log unit. Variability was greatest at the extremes of the spectrum, and it did not increase appreciably at mesopic levels. Heterochromatic matches made by one observer using flicker photometry would probably be acceptable to most other observers. The variability has heretofore been assumed to be greater than it apparently is because of conventions used in reporting the data.
The story of the DIN color system
Authors: Richter Manfred , Witt Klaus
Published: June 2007

The DIN Color Chart rests on a development of more than 40 years. It belongs to a group of color order systems that attempt to show equal distances in defined color series. The choice of hue, saturation, and darkness degree as a function of relative luminance factor, and the extended use of colorimetry for interpolations and extrapolations are characteristic elements of this color system. As results of the nature of the colorimetric definitions, several compromises give rise to deviations of the color series from purely psychological ordering. The main aim is technical application in close connection with colorimetry.
Talking about color…
Authors: Wright W. D.
Published: June 2007

We are pleased to initiate, with this issue, the column “Talking About Color …”, which Professor W. David Wright has agreed to write for this journal. It is indeed a privilege to provide, on a continuing basis, thoughts about color from this distinguished colorist and educator. Our thanks go also to the incoming Editor‐in‐Chief, Rolf G. Kuehni, for suggesting and arranging for Dr. Wright's column. We expect it to appear in each issue.
Colour‐difference ellipsoids for five CIE colour centres
Authors: Cheung M. , Rigg B.
Published: June 2007

Following the CIE guidelines for coordinated research on colour‐difference evaluation, sets of dyed wool samples were produced near each of the five CIE reference colours, the colour differences within each set ranging from 1 to 9 CIE‐LAB units. Ratio assessments were used to determine discrimination ellipsoids for illuminants D65 and A. Ratio and grey‐scale assessments involving pairs from all five colours were used to bring the visual data onto a common scale consistent with previous results. The ellipsoids for the red and green centres were compared with those obtained previously for the same centres. The agreement was rather better for the green colour, even though the substrates and sizes of colour‐differences were different in this case. The chromaticity‐discrimination ellipses generally agreed well with those obtained earlier for similar colours. The CMC (1 : 1) formula agreed better with the experimental results than did the CIELAB formula.
Reflection and transmission of polymer liquid‐crystal coatings and their application to decorative arts and stained glass
Authors: Makow David
Published: June 2007

Polymer liquid crystals produce color by light interference from their molecular layers. The colors show additive properties, are highly saturated, have an expanded color gamut, and change with angle of viewing. They produce more stable and durable coatings than most other liquid crystals and they adhere well to the substrate. Experimental work was carried out confirming the above properties. It has been also demonstrated that the spectral reflectance of colored substrates can be modified by coating them with polymer liquid crystals. In addition to painting and sculpture they are also of interest in a wide variety of decorative uses and in light transmission applications such as in stained glass. Examples using these materials are shown and discussed.
The british building‐colour standards: A model for international application
Authors: Whitfield T. W. A. , O'Connor M. , Wiltshire T. J.
Published: June 2007

This article provides a brief historical overview of the development of building‐colour standards in Britain. It describes the current standards and attempts to clarify these with reference to their contribution to the debate on the development of international building‐colour standards.
Fluorescence and kubelka‐munk theory
Authors: Bonham James S.
Published: June 2007

An expression is derived for the spectral radiance factor of a thick sample of material which scatters and absorbs light, and to which has been added a fluorescent dye. It is also shown how to work backwards, calculating absorption and emission spectra of the dye from measurements on dyed and undyed samples. This theory has practical application in colorant formulation, and examples using up to three dyes to colour paper are discussed.
A system of photometry and colorimetry based on cone excitations
Authors: Boynton Robert M.
Published: June 2007

A system of photometry and colorimetry is proposed that is based upon cone action spectra. Instead of X, Y, Z tristimulus values, the new system divides the visual stimulus into L, M, and S components, which are related to the relative excitation levels of the three classes of human cone photoreceptors (long‐wavelength‐sensitive L, middle‐wavelength‐sensitive M, and short‐wavelength‐sensitive S). On the assumption that luminance is proportional to L + M, with S cones making no contribution to it, a chromaticity diagram results in which the relation between chromaticity coordinates and cone excitations is transparent, rather than inadvertently obscured as in the CIE system.
Correction methods for integrating‐sphere measurement of hemispherical reflectance
Authors: Clarke F. J. J. , Compton J. Anne
Published: June 2007

Integrating‐sphere reflectometers in spectrophotometers and colorimeters suffer from several types of systematic error. The properties of an ideal sphere and the main shortcomings of practical spheres are discussed. Some common errors that occur in measurements of hemispherical reflectance have been investigated using a Cary 14 spectrophotometer fitted with two different integrating spheres: a Cary type 1411 attachment and another made at NPL using a G. E.‐Hardy spectrophotometer sphere. The methods described here can be applied to almost any sphere instrument, and possible solutions to problems with other sphere designs are also suggested. It is shown that significant corrections are necessary in many cases.
Improving color constancy of object colors
Authors: Thornton William A.
Published: June 2007

In a study of improving the color constancy of object colors, the spectral reflectances of the eight CIE color‐rendering test samples (Munsell painted papers) were chosen as reference reflectance distributions. Many other distributions, more highly structured than those of the reference set, were synthesized by computer so as to be rendered by illuminant D65 at the chromaticity at which one or another of the CIE‐Munsell samples is rendered by D65. The chromaticities, at which each of the synthesized reflectances is rendered by each of 30 additional illuminants, define both dominant wavelength and chroma vector for the resulting 50,000 illuminant–sample combinations. For most natural illuminants, and for present commercial lamplights, color constancy is maximized by synthesizing each sample reflectance from three relatively narrow components, 50–60 nm at half height, peaking at wavelengths near 450 nm, 530 nm, and 610 nm.
Simplified match formulation for fluorescent color specimens
Authors: Döring Günter
Published: June 2007

Match formulation for fluorescent color specimens is much more difficult than for nonfluorescent color specimens, because both the reflected radiation and the fluorescent radiation must be taken into account. A simple method is described that allows match formulation for fluorescent colors within a small region around an initial color. This method uses a correction matrix and tries to minimize the differences in x, y, and Y and not the differences in the spectral radiance factors. The calculated match formulae are composed of four components, which can be fluorescent or non‐fluorescent enamels. The mode of operation of the method described is demonstrated for green, yellow, and red fluorescent color specimens.
CIE Method for Calculating Tristimulus Values
Authors: Billmeyer Fred W. , Fairman Hugh S.
Published: June 2007

Between 1981 and 1983, a working Group of USTC‐1.3 of the CIE prepared new recommendations giving for the first time detailed instructions for the calculation of CIE tristimulus values, for inclusion in Publication CIE No. 15.2, a revision of the CIE document on colorimetry first published in 1971. The new recommendations state that the standard method of performing the integration forming the basic definition of tristimulus values shall be by summation at a wavelength interval of 1 nm over the wavelength ranCe 360–830 nm, but that for most colorimetric purposes the approximation of summation at a 5‐nm interval over the range 380–780 nm should suffice. Recognizing that measured data fulfilling these requirements are not usually available, recommendations were also made concerning abridgement, interpolation, extrapolation, truncation, and the calculation of weighting factors. Although tables of weighting factors were not included in the recommendations to the CIE, they have since been calculated in cooperation with the Working Group and published by the ASTM. This article describes the recommendations, now accepted by the CIE and providing clear and complete guidelines for the uniform calculation of CIE tristimulus values.
Lightfastness of pigmented handmade papers
Authors: Levison Henry W. , Sutil Francisca , Vanderbrink E. T.
Published: June 2007

Artists are making pigmented handmade papers in increasing numbers to be certain that the color of the paper is lightfast. The lightfastness of handmade papers colored with commonly used pigments was tested. Three methods were used: (1) exposure to a measured 1260 MJ/m2 outdoors to the sun under glass; (2) exposure in the laboratory to daylight fluorescent lamps; and (3) exposure in a window monitored by Blue Wools. Burnt umber and the yellow and red iron oxides were lightfast as expected. Excellent, or sufficiently lightfast, were Pigment Yellow 65 and the lightfast form of Pigment Yellow 74, the phthalocyanine blue and green, ultramarine blue, and the Quinacridone reds if used in sufficiem strength. If the Quinacridones were weaker they were classified as Good in lightfastness along with Pigment Yellow 97. Classified as Fair were the higher‐strength form of Pigment Yellow 74 and the naphthol red with AS‐D coupling. Unsatisfactory, or fugitive, were the lithol and toluidine reds, weaker use of the higher‐strength form of Pigment Yellow 74, and an unidentified organic yellow pigment.
Statistical confirmation of Thornton's zero‐crossing conjecture for metameric blacks
Authors: Brill Michael H.
Published: June 2007

In an effort to use statistics to arbitrate the recent debate about the clustering of zero crossings of metameric blacks, the statistically‐most‐significant metameric black was determined as a linear combination of the mean daylight and the first three daylight phases. This spectrum, S4(Λ), is orthogonal to all the 1931 CIE color matching functions, and has zero crossings near 450, 540, and 610 nm. W. Thornton observed that these wavelengths tend to be crossover points for real reflectances that are metameric under some daylight. For the present work, a metameric black is defined as a difference between two matching spectral power distributions rather than between two matching spectral reflectances. The zero crossings of S4(Λ) amply confirm the zero‐crossing conjecture for metameric blacks.
KDDML‐G: a grid‐enabled knowledge discovery system
Authors: Romei Andrea , Sciolla Matteo , Turini Franco , Valentini Marlis
Published: June 2007

KDDML‐G is a middleware language and system for knowledge discovery on the grid. The challenge that motivated the development of a grid‐enabled version of the ‘standalone’ KDDML (Knowledge Discovery in Databases Markup Language) environment was on one side to exploit the parallelism offered by the grid environment, and on the other side to overcome the problem of data immovability, a quite frequent restriction on real‐world data collections that has principally a privacy‐preserving purpose. The last question is addressed by moving the code and ‘mining’ the data ‘on the place’, that is by adapting the computation to the availability and localization of the data. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Micro‐Hydration of the MgNO3+ Cation in the Gas Phase
Authors: Jagoda‐Cwiklik Barbara , Jungwirth Pavel , Rulíšek Lubomír , Milko Petr , Roithová Jana , Lemaire Joël , Maitre Philippe , Ortega Jean Michel , Schröder Detlef
Published: June 2007

Coordination complexes of the magnesium nitrate cation with water [MgNO3(H2O)n]+ up to n=7 are investigated by experiment and theory. The fragmentation patterns of [MgNO3(H2O)n]+ clusters generated via electrospray ionization indicate a considerable change in stability between n=3 and 4. Further, ion–molecule reactions of mass‐selected [MgNO3(H2O)n]+ cations with D2O reveal the occurrence of consecutive replacement of water ligands by heavy water, and in this respect the complexes with n=4 and 5 are somewhat more reactive than their smaller homologs with n=1–3 as well as the larger clusters with n=6 and 7. For the latter two ions, the theory suggests the existence of isomers, such as complexes with monodentate nitrato ligands as well as solvent‐separated ion pairs with a common solvation shell. The reactions observed and the ion thermochemistry are discussed in the context of ab initio calculations, which also reveal the structures of the various hydrated cation complexes.
The Water Framework Directive and agricultural nitrate pollution: will great expectations in Brussels be dashed in Lower Saxony?
Authors: Kastens Britta , Newig Jens
Published: June 2007

This paper discusses the opportunities and constraints regarding the effective implementation of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) in the area of diffuse nitrate pollution. Owing to the subsidiarity principle and a new procedural mode of governance, the WFD only sets distinct environmental targets, leaving most decisions on how to operationalize and institutionalize the reduction of diffuse nitrate pollution to the member states. This is a particular challenge for Germany, where lower scale regions have become the main implementers of European water policy. Successful implementation of the WFD, i.e. the actual improvement of water quality, depends on a series of key contextual and contingent factors, operating at a regional scale. In a Northwest German region with intensive agriculture and severe nitrate pollution, we analyse the historical and economic context and actor network of the region as well as the influence of environmental groups on public participation, the potential of biogas technology and new financial options. Besides the specific influence of these factors on the implementation process, we explore the uncertainties and difficulties surrounding European legislation and its operationalization in Germany and on a regional scale. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Hydrothermal Syntheses and Characterizations of Three Coordination Polymers Based on Mixed Organic Ligands
Authors: Yang Guo‐Ping , Wang Yao‐Yu , Ma Lu‐Fang , Liu Jian‐Qiang , Wu Ya‐Pan , Wu Wei‐Ping , Shi Qi‐Zhen
Published: June 2007

Three new coordination polymers, namely {[Cu2(bptc)(4,4′‐bpy)(H2O)2]·2H2O}n (1), {Cu2(bptc)(bpe)(H2O)6}n (2), and {[Mn(H2bptc)(H2O)4]·2bpe}n (3) [H4bptc = 3,3′,4,4′‐biphenyltetracarboxylic acid, 4,4′‐bpy = 4,4′‐bipyridine, bpe = trans‐1,2‐bis(4‐pyridyl)ethene], were rationally designed and hydrothermally synthesized at different pH values. Their structures were determined by X‐ray diffraction on single crystals. Compound 1 exhibits a 3D network with 1D open channels that contain free solvent water molecules, and two kinds of chiral, helical, hydrogen‐bonded chains exist in the neighboring holes. Both compounds 2 and 3 show a 3D supramolecular network that is connected through hydrogen bonds. Compound 2 also shows weak Cu···O semicoordinated interactions that are based on 1D chains. Importantly, bptc reveals three different coordination modes in these compounds: the four carboxylic groups combine with metal ions by bis(monodentate) and bis(chelate) fashions in 1, whereas only two carboxylic groups are bis(monodentate) in 2 and 3, respectively, and the 4,4′‐carboxylic groups are protonated in 3. The elemental analysis, IR spectra, UV/Vis spectra, and TG analysis for compounds 1, 2, and 3 are discussed. Additionally, the XRPD is also studied for compound 1. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography for the separation of fatty acids in milk
Authors: Vlaeminck Bruno , Harynuk James , Fievez Veerle , Marriott Philip
Published: June 2007

Comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) is a recent technique, rapidly gaining importance for the analysis of complex samples. Here, we evaluate the potential of GC×GC for the analysis of the fatty acid profile of milk from dairy cows fed either a control diet or the control diet supplemented with marine algae. Fatty acids were separated using two column combinations, a nonpolar/polar arrangement and a polar/nonpolar arrangement. Due to the difference in separation mechanism of the two columns, GC×GC resulted in an improved separation compared with analysis on the same column set without the use of the modulator. Displaying the peaks in a 2‐D contour plot showed a well‐ordered structure of fatty acids according to their number of carbon atoms and degree of unsaturation, facilitating identification of known and unknown compounds. Based on these relations, identification of carbon number and degree of unsaturation of several 22‐fatty acids was possible. The large difference between the 22‐fatty acids from milk fat of cows fed the control and the marine algae‐containing diet suggest that rumen hydrogenation of 22:6 n‐3 results in a similar complex profile of hydrogenation intermediates as observed for 18:2 n‐6 and 18:3 n‐3. In conclusion, this experiment suggests GC×GC to be a powerful technique for the analysis of fatty acids. Nevertheless, further research on the optimization of GC×GC is needed to increase separation of trans‐ and cis‐18:1 isomers, which may require a longer and/or more selective 1D column.
Microglial PHOX and Mac‐1 are essential to the enhanced dopaminergic neurodegeneration elicited by A30P and A53T mutant alpha‐synuclein
Authors: Zhang Wei , Dallas Shannon , Zhang Dan , Guo Jian‐Ping , Pang Hao , Wilson Belinda , Miller David S. , Chen Biao , Zhang Wanqin , McGeer Patrick L. , Hong Jau‐Shyong , Zhang Jing
Published: June 2007

α‐Synuclein, a gene whose mutations, duplication, and triplication has been linked to autosomal dominant familial Parkinson's disease (fPD), appears to play a central role in the pathogenesis of sporadic PD (sPD) as well. Enhancement of neurodegeneration induced by mutant α‐synuclein has been attributed to date largely to faster formation of α‐synuclein aggregates in neurons. Recently, we reported that microglial activation enhances wild type (WT) α‐synuclein‐elicited dopaminergic neurodegeneration. In the present study, using a primary mesencephalic culture system, we tested whether mutated α‐synuclein could activate microglia more powerfully than WT α‐synuclein, thereby contributing to the accelerated neurodegeneration observed in fPD. The results showed that α‐synuclein with the A30P or A53T mutations caused greater microglial activation than WT α‐synuclein. Furthermore, the extent of microglial activation paralleled the degree of dopaminergic neurotoxicity induced by WT and mutant α‐synuclein. Mutant α‐synuclein also induced greater production of reactive oxygen species than WT α‐synuclein by NADPH oxidase (PHOX), and PHOX activation was linked to direct activation of macrophage antigen‐1 (Mac‐1) receptor, rather than α‐synuclein internalization via scavenger receptors. These results have, for the first time, demonstrated that microglia are also critical in enhanced neurotoxicity induced by mutant α‐synuclein. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Elderly people's attitudes and perceptions of aging and old age: the role of cognitive dissonance?
Authors: Ron Pnina
Published: June 2007

Objective

The aim of the research was to examine if and, how the attitudes and perceptions were changing during the aging process. The research sample included three hundred and eighty‐eight elderly people between the ages of 65–92 who were sampled for the purpose of analyzing and comparing their attitudes and perceptions of old age and aging, in the present, to their attitudes and perceptions of these two concepts in the past.

Method

The research tool was composed of two parts: (A) a short demographic questionnaire which examined the following variables: gender, age, origin, family status and subjective health definition. (B) the second part was essentially qualitative in which subjects were asked via an ‘interviewer’ to reply to an identical question relating to two different periods in their lives: in their youth (when you were a young man/woman) and today. The data received from the questionnaires was processed in two main methods: quantitatively—statistically and qualitatively—content analysis.

Results

The subjects' attitudes were categorized into six different typologies which were identified on a continuum: elderly people whose attitude towards old age and aging was negative both in the present and in the past were positioned at one end of the continuum. Subjects with a positive attitude towards old age, both in their youth and in the present were positioned at the opposite end of the continuum. Negative attitudes were more prominently described by powerful adjectives than positive attitudes were described by the subjects. For instance: ‘Fear’, ‘Disgust’. In the description of the positive attitude only one powerful adjective was used ‘Splendor and glory’.

Conclusions

A significant correlation was found between subjects whose attitudes towards old age in the present were negative and those who subjectively defined their health as bad. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immobilization of homing peptide on magnetite nanoparticles and its specificity in vitro
Authors: Gan Zhi‐Feng , Jiang Ji‐Sen , Yang Yong , Du Bing , Qian Min , Zhang Ping
Published: June 2007

As a homing peptide, A54 is the most effective peptide specific to the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell. Homing peptide labeled with green fluorescent protein (A54‐GFP) was successfully immobilized on the surfaces of magnetic nanoparticles and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy as well as fluorescence microscopy. The binding efficiency was analyzed by performing adsorption equilibrium and SDS‐PAGE electrophoresis. Specific binding of the nanoparticles functionalized with A54‐GFP to human hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro was visualized using fluorescence microscopy. The results demonstrated the specificity of A54‐GFP‐coated magnetic nanoparticle to tumor cell, pointing to its great potential in magnetic cell separation and purification, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic hyperthermia, and drug targeting. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
Nanometer‐scale surface modification of Ti6Al4V alloy for orthopedic applications
Authors: Xie Jianhui , Luan Ben Li
Published: June 2007

This communication presents a novel technology to enhance the biocompatibility of bioinert Ti6Al4V alloy as implant materials for orthopaedic application. The surface of Ti6Al4V alloy was electrochemically activated in NaOH solution to create a porous structure with nanometer topographic features and an alkaline environment, thus promoting the formation of bone‐like hydroxyapatite coating and enhancing the bonding strength of the coating. This innovative activation process was proved to be effective and essential. The activated surface was confirmed to be pure TiO2 and the formed coating was characterized of pure hydroxyapatite with a nanometer‐scaled grain size structure by means of XPS, FESEM/SEM/EDX, XRD, and TEM techniques. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
Back to business with IT governance
Authors: Reznik Steve
Published: June 2007

Recent surveys continue to show a serious weakness in how corporate executives and boards are involving themselves with critical IT risks. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.