bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biogenesis, delivery, and function of extracellular RNA
Authors: Patton James G. , Franklin Jeffrey L. , Weaver Alissa M. , Vickers Kasey , Zhang Bing , Coffey Robert J. , Mark Ansel K. , Blelloch Robert , Goga Andrei , Huang Bo , L'Etoille Noelle , Raffai Robert L. , Lai Charles P. , Krichevsky Anna M. , Mateescu Bogdan , Greiner Vanille J. , Hunter Craig , Voinnet Olivier , McManus Michael T.
Published: August 2015

The Extracellular RNA (exRNA) Communication Consortium was launched by the National Institutes of Health to focus on the extent to which RNA might function in a non‐cell‐autonomous manner. With the availability of increasingly sensitive tools, small amounts of RNA can be detected in serum, plasma, and other bodily fluids. The exact mechanism(s) by which RNA can be secreted from cells and the mechanisms for the delivery and uptake by recipient cells remain to be determined. This review will summarize current knowledge about the biogenesis and delivery of exRNA and outline projects seeking to understand the functional impact of exRNA.
Integration of extracellular RNA profiling data using metadata, biomedical ontologies and Linked Data technologies
Authors: Subramanian Sai Lakshmi , Kitchen Robert R. , Alexander Roger , Carter Bob S. , Cheung Kei‐Hoi , Laurent Louise C. , Pico Alexander , Roberts Lewis R. , Roth Matthew E. , Rozowsky Joel S. , Su Andrew I. , Gerstein Mark B. , Milosavljevic Aleksandar
Published: August 2015

The large diversity and volume of extracellular RNA (exRNA) data that will form the basis of the exRNA Atlas generated by the Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium pose a substantial data integration challenge. We here present the strategy that is being implemented by the exRNA Data Management and Resource Repository, which employs metadata, biomedical ontologies and Linked Data technologies, such as Resource Description Framework to integrate a diverse set of exRNA profiles into an exRNA Atlas and enable integrative exRNA analysis. We focus on the following three specific data integration tasks: (a) selection of samples from a virtual biorepository for exRNA profiling and for inclusion in the exRNA Atlas; (b) retrieval of a data slice from the exRNA Atlas for integrative analysis and (c) interpretation of exRNA analysis results in the context of pathways and networks. As exRNA profiling gains wide adoption in the research community, we anticipate that the strategies discussed here will increasingly be required to enable data reuse and to facilitate integrative analysis of exRNA data.
Retrofitting of R404a Commercial Refrigeration Systems with R410a and R407f HFCs Refrigerants
Authors: Gamberi Mauro , Bortolini Marco , Graziani Alessandro , Manzini Riccardo
Published: August 2015

This chapter presents an experimental analysis about the retrofitting of two commercial stationary refrigeration systems marketed by an Italian leading company of the sector. Such systems operate both at medium temperature (MT) and low temperature (LT) and they are originally designed to work with the high global warming potential (GWP) hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) R404a fluid (GWP = 3922). The purpose is to investigate the performances of HFCs R410a (GWP = 2088) and R407f (GWP = 1825) chosen as effective alternatives to HFC R404a, due to their compatibility, non-flammability and market availability. Furthermore, such fluids meet the EU restrictions in force in the next future for high GWP HFCs. The experimental analysis compares the performances, in terms of COP and cooling capacity, of R404a and the two identified alternatives under different operating conditions, i.e. chamber and condenser inlet air temperatures. In case of comparable performances, significant environmental benefits are introduced by the adoption of R407f and R410a in the MT and LT refrigeration systems.
Transcritical CO2 Refrigeration System in Tropical Region
Authors: Gupta Dileep Kumar , Dasgupta Mani Sankar
Published: August 2015

Environmental concerns and enactments of Montreal and Kyoto Protocol for sustainable growth is a welcome impetus for researchers towards a quest for ecologically safe and natural refrigerants and cost effective designs of refrigeration systems. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one such natural refrigerants that, although was abandoned once due techno-economic reason, has been receiving tremendous attention and is viewed as a strong candidate for long term alternative of synthetic refrigerants. The commercial success of CO2 as a refrigerant and its universal acceptance, however demands cost effective and widely accepted technology operable under various environmental conditions. In this chapter, the use of CO2 as refrigerant in trans-critical vapor compression system is discussed in detail along with its unique challenges associated with operating in tropical region. Further the opportunities for using these systems in tropical region with specific systematic modification are explored. Discussions on component design and system level performance analysis are also included in the chapter.
Expansion Power Recovery in Refrigeration Systems
Authors: Subiantoro Alison , Ooi Kim Tiow
Published: August 2015

Vapor-compression systems are the most popular method of refrigeration. However, the throttling loss at the expansion valve is one of the “energy parasites” of such systems. This is especially acute in systems with large operating pressure differences like the transcritical CO2 refrigeration systems. In this chapter, a method to solve this issue by using an expander to recover the expansion energy of refrigeration systems is explained. Relevant research works are then discussed to provide a general overview about the state of the art technology. Various types of expander mechanisms, including reciprocating, rolling piston, rotary vane, scroll, screw, turbine, swing piston and revolving vane, are discussed. Works on the various aspects of expanders are also discussed. These include heat transfer, exergy analysis, expansion process, internal leakage, lubrication, integration with refrigeration systems and the economic aspects.
eWOM Marketing Techniques for Competitive Advantage
Authors: Bhattacharya Arijit
Published: August 2015

In today's dynamic marketing world, it is critical to understand the strategic importance of electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM). This chapter discusses the genesis of eWOM from word-of-mouth, difference between the two and what marketing literature says about eWOM's different aspects - both pros and cons. The chapter also tries to explain what motivates consumers to share their consumption experience through eWOM route with the help of literature review. The chapter also discusses present eWOM marketing techniques adopted and also the criticism of eWOM. Lastly, the author points out fields yet to be explored in eWOM research.
Investigating Factors Affecting Electronic Word-of-Mouth
Authors: Chouhan Vineet
Published: August 2015

Electronic Word-of-Mouth (eWOM) has been identified and proven to be one of the major factors affecting online buying behaviour of the consumers. A growing number of sellers are shifting to online business channels in order to attract the online consumer. The consumers are also utilizing online platforms for sharing their product related experiences and thereby influencing other consumers. Thus, it is critical for businesses to recognize the important factors affecting eWOM. This chapter deals with different elements that conceptualize the phenomenon of eWOM and analyze what may be the possible ways for service marketers to influence this recommendation-based communication among online consumers. This study investigates factors affecting the eWOM behaviour of consumers by using of qualitative and quantitative research.
 Thermodynamic Analysis of R134a-R23 Cascade Refrigeration System
Authors: Rupesh P.L. , Babu J.M. , Mariappan R.
Published: August 2015

The present work deals with thermodynamic analysis of a R-134a/R-23 cascade refrigeration system to evaluate the maximum COP and the minimum temperature difference (DT) corresponding to , by considering different operating parameters. The operating parameters includes: the condensing () and evaporating temperature () of R-134a and the condensing () and evaporating temperature () of R-23. A computational model has been developed for the considered system to evaluate the and DT corresponding to based on the thermodynamic principles. A mutilinear regression analysis has been carried out to evaluate two correlations for calculating and minimum DT considering the above operating parameters. The exergy analysis of the system is also performed to determine the irreversibility losses of the system as well as for the components. It has been found that the total exergy destruction rate of the system is lower at minimum .
Experimental Investigation and Theoretical Modelling of Solar Dryer Using Evacuated Tube Collector
Authors: Manivel R. , Sivakumar S. , Rajagopal T.
Published: August 2015

An indirect type solar dryer is fabricated with the components like evacuated tube collector, drying chamber and blower. The performance of the drier is evaluated by carrying out drying experiments with copra at Coimbatore district Tamilnadu, India. A short survey of these showed that applying the indirect type solar dryer not only significantly reduced the drying time but also resulted in many improvements in the quality of the dried products. The temperature of the drying chamber ranges from 55°C to 75°C while the ambient temperature ranges from 28°C to 38°C. Nine basic solar drying models were used to fit the experimental data of copra. For experimental results, the logarithmic model showed the best curve fitting with highest correlation coefficient (R2) and lowest value of RMSE (Root Mean Square Error). Solar dried copra obtained is free from smoke, dust, bird and rodent damage.
Asymmetrical Solar still Coupled with the Mini Solar Pond: Performance Evaluation on Clear, Partially Cloudy and Cloudy Days
Authors: Malaiyappan Prakash , Elumalai Natarajan
Published: August 2015

A single-slope solar still with the basin area of 1m x1m and slope of 13○ was fabricated and tested in Anna University, Chennai. Both the inner and outer walls were coated with black paint in order to improve the heat transfer rate. The bottom and side losses of the still are considerably reduced, due to the porous material beneath the basin liner. Effect of solar pond coupled with the still are experimentally investigated on a clear, partially cloudy and cloudy days and found that clear day has the maximum productivity. A model economic analysis calculation for single basin solar still coupled with pond is also done and the results are reported in this paper.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded Joints of Dissimilar AA6061-T6 and AA7075-T6 Aluminium Alloys
Authors: Saravanan V. , Banerjee Nilotpal , Amuthakkannan R. , Rajakumar S.
Published: August 2015

Dissimilar friction stir welding was carried out between AA6061-T6 and AA7075-T6 aluminum alloys. The effect of tool rotational speed and welding speed, on microstructure and mechanical properties were analysed in detail and presented. The tool rotational speed, welding speed, axial load and shoulder diameter to pin diameter (D/d ratio) were the parameters taken into consideration for the study. It was concluded that the tensile strength and hardness value gradually increased with the increase in tool rotational speed and decreased with the further increase in tool rotational speed. The microstructural analysis was carried out for the high strength specimen at various zones. Fine grain size and proper material mixing were observed in the stir zone. Fractographic image of the fractured surface for the high strength joint was presented and discussed. The joint fabricated with tool rotational speed 1000 RPM, welding speed 25 mm/min, axial load 6 kN and D/d ratio 3 exhibited superior mechanical properties when compared to all other joints.
An Assessment on Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of Friction Stir Welded 316 L Austenitic Stainless Steel
Authors: Shashi Kumar S. , Murugan N. , Ramachandran K.K.
Published: August 2015

The aim of the present study is to investigate on mechanical and microstructural properties of Friction Stir Welded 316 L austenitic stainless steel. Defect free weld were produced at a tool rotational speed (N) of 600 rpm, transverse speed (V) of 45 mm/min, axial force (F) of 11 kN and tool tilt angle (T) of 1.50.Mechanical properties such as Ultimate Tensile strength (UTS), Percentage Elongation (PE), Impact Strength (IS) were evaluated on the welded specimen. Further,micro hardness and microstructural analysis were carried out the transverse direction to the welded specimen. No significance of HAZ in the welded joint with observation of sigma phase precipitation revealed by Groesbeck and Modified Mukrami reagent. Further,FESEM with Electron Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) were obtained at the stir zone to ensure constituent of alloying elements present and ensuring no secondary phases found in the stir zone.
Machinability Studies in Drilling of Inconel 718 Super Alloy
Authors: Vimalesh M. , Prabhu Srikanth , Sekar K.S. Vijay
Published: August 2015

Inconel 718, a Nickel based superalloy is widely used for aerospace applications mainly due to its high temperature resistance and high strength to weight ratio. Its poor machinability is a limiting factor in commercial, cost intensive applications. This paper investigates the machinability of Inconel 718 in high speed drilling. The impact of the material on thrust forces, torque and chip microstructure have been measured at four different cutting speeds – 19, 27,43 and 67 m/min. The high tensile strength coupled with low thermal conductivity compounds the machining process. The thrust forces decrease with cutting speed, but the torque fluctuates at intermediate cutting speeds. Chip formation is continuous across cutting speeds, with thin cross sections and evidence of saw tooth edges. Inconel work hardens more than titanium alloys and shows good ductile to brittle transition at low temperatures creating chips of lesser length as observed using scanning electron microscopy.
Zone Wise Properties of Friction Stir Welded Copper – Stainless Steel Joints Using Digital Image Correlation
Authors: Srinivas Karthik , Saranarayanan R. , Lakshminarayanan A.K. , Srinivasan N. , Venkatraman B.
Published: August 2015

Recent developments in imaging non destructive evaluation techniques offer possibilities of quantitative measurement of strain localizations associated with plastic instabilities. Digital image correlation is a technique now being widely employed for studying the temporal strain evolution associated during tensile deformation. This work focuses on the application of digital image correlation to visualise the two dimensional strain evolutions in the weld zone, heat affected zone and the base metal during monotonic uniaxial tensile deformation of friction stir weld samples of copper – stainless steel. The results indicated that the Cu- Stainless steel weld interface exhibited a lower tensile strength compared to the other regions. The experimental observations are discussed in relation with the current theoretical understanding. The experiments also reveal the potential of advanced imaging NDE methods for providing better insights of the micro mechanisms of deformation and failure including local deformation characteristics of the material under study.
Effects of Micro and Nano-Size Al2O3 Particle Reinforcement on Mechanical Behaviour of Extruded Aluminum Alloy Matrix Composite
Authors: Senthilkumar R. , Arunkumar N. , Manzoor Hussain Mohammed
Published: August 2015

Aluminum alloy (AA2014) matrix composites reinforced by different weight percentage of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) in micro and nano sizes were fabricated through powder metallurgy route followed by hot extrusion process. Seven different aluminium composites with varying percentages of nano and micron sized alumina particles varying from 1% to 10% were evaluated in addition to monolithic alloy. The microstructure of nano-composite and monolithic alloys were examined by optical microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). In addition, the effects of weight fraction of the reinforcement matrix on mechanical properties were evaluated. The results have indicated that, a significant improvement in hardness of the nano composite was found in case of nano-composite with 8% of micro Al2O3 and 2% of nano Al2O3 particles by the addition of reinforcement.
Tool Wear Analysis of Al 6061 Reinforced with 10 wt% Al2O3 Using High Hardened Inserts
Authors: Vignesh M. , Venkatesan K. , Ramanujam R. , Vijayan Sundaravel
Published: August 2015

Metal matrix composites (MMC) are the combination of base metal matrix and reinforcing materials like SiC, Al2O3, etc. The present research is focused on the machinability studies of Al 6061 reinforced with 10% wtof Al2O3 particles using multi layered coated carbide inserts. Fabricated samples by stir casting route were turned by the most variable factors, cutting speed, depth of cutand by a constant feed rate of 0.206 mm/rev. Surface roughness and tool wear are considered asoutput. Experiments are conducted by varying the cutting speed while keeping feed rate and depth of cut as constant. After the optimum cutting speed was determined, the depth of cut is varied by keeping the cutting speedand feed rateas constant.Based on the optimum cutting speed (150 m/min), depth of cut (1.2 mm) and feed rate (0.206 mm/rev), a long run test was carried out to find out the tool life and surface finish. But due to the softness nature built up edge formation is obtained. At the optimal parametric combination, the built up edge obtained is less than 2 mm for a machining time of 425 s
Experimental Studies on Thermal and Catalytic Slow Pyrolysis of Groundnut Shell to Pyrolytic Oil
Authors: RM Alagu , Ganapathy Sundaram E.
Published: August 2015

Pyrolysis process in a fixed bed reactor was performed to derive pyrolytic oil from groundnut shell. Experiments were conducted with different operating parameters to establish optimum conditions with respect to maximum pyrolytic oil yield. Pyrolysis process was carried out without catalyst (thermal pyrolysis) and with catalyst (catalytic pyrolysis). The Kaolin is used as a catalyst for this study. The maximum pyrolytic oil yield (39%wt) was obtained at 450°C temperature for 1.18- 2.36 mm of particle size and heating rate of 60°C/min. The properties of pyrolytic oil obtained by thermal and catalytic pyrolysis were characterized through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques to identify the functional groups and chemical components present in the pyrolytic oil. The study found that catalytic pyrolysis produce more pyrolytic oil yield and improve the pH value, viscosity and calorific value of the pyrolytic oil as compared to thermal pyrolysis.
Experimental Investigation of Diesel - Hydrogen Dual Fuel Direct Injection C.I. Engine with Exhaust Gas Recirculation
Authors: Senthil Kumar R. , Loganathan M.
Published: August 2015

Hydrogen is a zero emission alternative gaseous fuel generally used in internal combustion engine with single fuel or duel fuel mode. In this work the Hydrogen is introduced in inlet manifold in addition to main diesel fuel used in the engine. The different flow rate of hydrogen fuel is used in this work are from 2 lpm to 10 lpm at 2 bar pressure. Here the single cylinder, direct injection, diesel engine with 1500 rpm rated speed is used for test. In addition to hydrogen, the exhaust gas also introduced in the inlet manifold with various percentages namely 10% and 20%. The engine is loaded with eddy current dynamometer .The engine performance and emissions of various combination of hydrogen flow rate and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) were analyzed. The result showed that in 8 lpm hydrogen flow rate without EGR the BTE increased and BSFC decreased. At the same condition the HC, CO emissions reduced and NOx emission is increased. But NOx emission with 10% and 20% EGR is reduced.
Comparative Analysis of Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine with Biodiesel Prepared from Waste Cooking Oil and Pongamia Oil
Authors: Prakash R. , Adithyan K. , Adithya V.
Published: August 2015

In view of the fast depletion of fossil fuels, the search for alternative fuels has become inevitable, due to huge demand of diesel for transportation sector, captive power generation and agricultural sector, the biodiesel is being viewed as a substitute for diesel. The aim of the present work is to focus on the work done in the area of production of biodiesel from Pongamia oil and waste cooking oil and the characterization of properties of various bio diesel blends in single cylinder four stroke diesel engine. The main problem with biodiesel is its higher viscosity which leads to formation of gums that would affect its performance. The work includes the impact analysis of biodiesel prepared from Pongamia oil and waste cooking oil on engine performance and exhaust emission. The results obtained are compared with the performance parameters of diesel. The experiment is carried out in DI diesel engine equipped with 5 gas analyzer and smoke meter. From the test result, it is found that the use of biodiesel leads to the substantial reduction in particulate emission, CO emissions accompanying with the imperceptible power loss, the increase in fuel consumption and the increase in NOx emission on conventional diesel engine with no or fewer modification. From the results, it can be observed that biodiesel likely to replace diesel as a source of fuel in near future.
Design and Analysis of Micro Accelerometer for Tool Condition Monitoring
Authors: Gomathi K. , Senthil Kumar A. , Raghunath M.
Published: August 2015

Tool condition monitoring plays a huge role in the CNC machines in which it is used to avoid the breakage of the tools.In this paper area changed capacitive micro accelerometer is designed to measure the vibration exposure of the tool on various applications in the CNC machines. The design process and simulation of the Micro accelerometer are done using INTELLISUITE 8.6. The rectangular folded beamis designed to reduce the residual stress and to obtain a better sensitivity. Static and dynamic analysis shows that sensitivity of the designed capacitive accelerometer is good enough to detect the vibration of the tool.
Electron Beam Modified Organic Materials and their Applications
Authors: Chaudhary Nishant , Singh Ajay , Debnath A.K. , Acharya S. , Aswal D.K.
Published: August 2015

The interaction of electron-beam with organic materials (e.g. Polymers, organic solvents, organic acids etc.) is known to modify their physico-chemical properties and, in many cases, these electron-beam modified materials are used for variety of societal applications. In this review article, we first describe the various types of accelerators to generate electron-beams of different energies, i.e. low (0.3 – 0.75 MeV), medium (0.75– 5 MeV) and high (5 – 10 MeV) energies, and emphasis is laid on various accelerators developed by Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC), Trombay, India. The energetic electrons on interaction with organic materials create free radicals that lead to modifications in material through various mechanisms such as, cross-linking, scissioning, curing and grafting. An overview of these mechanisms is presented by citing appropriate examples. Applications of electron beam-modified organic materials in different areas including bio-medical, textile, environment protection, electrical, radiation dosimetry, etc. are reviewed. The prospects and challenges involved in the electron-beam processing of organic materials are presented.
Thermal Effect Accompanying Low Cycle Fatigue of Al-2024
Authors: Ganczarski Artur , Cegielski Marcin
Published: August 2015

When a material is subjected to a cyclic loading at high values of stress or strain, both thermal and damage develop together with cyclic plastic strain. These processes are often accompanied by damage deactivation characterized by actual state of micro-cracks, which are generally active under tension and passive under compression. In classical formulation damage deactivation occurs instantly when loading changes sign and consequently leads to non-smooth path separating both load ranges. The real materials, however, do not exhibit such bilinear paths. Therefore, the more realistic model based on continuous damage deactivation is proposed, in which micro-cracks close gradually, see Cegielski and Ganczarski [2, 3, 4], Hansen and Schreyer [5]. Simultaneously, thermo-mechanical coupling may play essential role in processes of cyclic plasticity hence present formulation comprises an additional heat transfer equation.
Energy Accumulation in Steel, in the Conditions of Constant-Amplitude
Authors: Mroziński Stanisław , Piotrowski Michał
Published: August 2015

This work presents results of fatigue tests of P91 steel specimens under constant-amplitude and programmed loading in temperature T=600°C. Two strain levels, applied in different order, were used for programmed loading. The loading program level changes were introduced for different levels of damage. The tests provided the basis for analysis of strain energy ΔWpl in the function of the number of load cycles under constant-amplitude and programmed loading. It has been found that that the form of a loading program has an influence on the life and value of energy cumulated in the specimen until crack initiation. Verification of Palmgren Miner hypothesis revealed that its effectiveness depends on the loading program and temperature.
Research on the Rotor of a Ducted Fan Propulsion System of MOSUPS Aircraft Taking into Account Self-Balance during Operation
Authors: Głowacki Dominik , Bogdański Krzysztof , Rodzewicz Miroslaw
Published: August 2015

The work concerns the research of a propulsion system for an unmanned aerial vehicle MOSUPS in joined wing configuration. Modeling, analysis and experimental research of a statically unbalanced rotor of a ducted fan propulsion system has been conducted.The aim of the analysis was to determine the critical rotational speeds of the rotor due to the probable excitation of oscillations. Due to the complex geometry, Finite Element Method has been used for the calculations. In the study, the critical frequencies (and also rotational speeds) of the rotor as well as precessional instability, flexibly mounted in the bearings have been calculated. Campbell and SAFE diagrams have been presented.Furthermore, the paper presents the idea for a device for automatic dynamic balancing of the mentioned rotor. A mechanism for changing the position of the correction weights has been developed, allowing for a long term operation of rotating parts without the need to stop the unit and correcting the unbalance.The main motivation for work was to fully understand the working conditions of the propulsion system and dynamic properties of the rotor in order to carry out a proper assessment of their impact on the safe operation of the aircraft.
Energy Criterion in the Assessment of Damping of a Spinal Motion Segment Subjected to Cyclic Loading
Authors: Żak Małgorzata , Pezowicz Celina
Published: August 2015

The primary functions of the spine, and in particular the intervertebral disc, are to support transfer of loads, permit motion, and dissipate energy in the spine. The objective of this study was to analyse changes in damping of a spinal motion segment subjected to cyclic loading using the energy criterion. Another important aspect of the undertaken study was an evaluation of the impact of posterior spinal column elements, i.e. articular processes joints on changes in energy dissipation by the intervertebral disc.
Experimental Verification of Defect’s Influence on Beams’ Dynamics Using Laser Scanning Vibrometry
Authors: Samborski Sylwester
Published: August 2015

This article presents paper deals with experimental verification of defect’s influence on the beam structures’ eigenfrequency extraction performed numerically with the ABAQUS Finite Element Analysis (FEA) software. The results for beams with defects were compared to those obtained for their undamaged (healthy) counterparts. The beams were made of aluminum and of a laminated glass-epoxy composite. The experiments confirmed the numerical results both quantitatively and qualitatively showing also some differences between the two materials.
Verification of Plasticity Theory with Isotropic Hardening and Additive Decomposition of Left Deformation Tensor Using Digital Image Correlation System
Authors: Gajewski Marcin , Ajdukiewicz Cezary , Piotrowski Andrzej
Published: August 2015

The development of measurement methods, and in particular digital image correlation (DIC) systems, which are designed to measure of entire displacements and deformations fields, opens up new areas of research. In general, the materials constitutive relations are formulated in such a way that material parameters could be determined with relatively simple experimental tests carried out on samples with uniform (approximately) stress and strain fields. Then it is possible to apply them to complex boundary value problems formulated e.g. in the small or large deformation theories. The application of DIC allows to verify the accuracy of their predictions by comparing the results of the experiment with solutions to boundary value problems obtained using the finite element method (FEM).
Combining Digital Image Correlation and Thermal Measurements
Authors: Rutkowski Pawel , Malesa Marcin , Kujawińska Małgorzata
Published: August 2015

In this paper we present a calibration method, which enables a combining of 3D Digital Image Correlation and termographic systems for simultaneous measurements of displacements, strains and temperature. It concerns a model of a calibration target, that works for visible and infrared light spectrum and calibration method. The working system was applied for three interesting cases: monitoring of a tank filled with liquid, a heated plexi board and a human arm during muscle contraction.
Development of Porosity Measurement Method Based on Modern Microscopic Techniques
Authors: Małek Ewelina , Niezgoda Tadeusz , Miedzińska Danuta
Published: August 2015

The aim of the research, presented in the paper, is to show and to assess the porosity structure in accordance to the dimensions of carbon dioxide particle. The characteristic surface morphology of the sample and the visualisation of the coal porous structure have been obtained using the atomic force microscope (AFM). The presented study of the coal microstructure is a part of the concepts of the project which aim is to develop the guidelines for design of the innovative technology of shale gas recovery with the use of liquid CO2. The technology will be based on Military University of Technology invention which considers gaseous hydrocarbons recovery from at least two levels of lateral wellbores with the use of supercritical CO2, what will result with wellbore productivity increase, because CO2 will cause desorption of CH4 from the porous structure of shale rock and the thermodynamic transformation of CO2 in the reservoir will help the rock fracturing. The heat energy added for the fracturing process will be taken from the surrounding rock mass.
Development of Stand for Rock Material Fracturing in Laboratory Conditions
Authors: Kędzierski Piotr , Niezgoda Tadeusz , Sławiński Grzegorz
Published: August 2015

The paper presents a description of the stand for rock material fracturing in laboratory conditions. Requirements to be met by fracturing stands were formulated. Proper operation of the test stand was verified by marble sample fracturing. Many of technical details of the developed stand were given, which may be useful for readers designing their own stands.
Segmentwise Measurement of Helicopter Approach Noise with a Reduced Microphone Setup
Authors: Olsman W. F. J. , Schuchardt B. I.
Published: August 2015

To measure the noise footprint of a helicopter approach procedure, microphones are usually distributed over a large area. In this paper, however, a method is utilized where the measurement of the noise footprint is conducted in parts by distributing the microphones over a limited area
and executing the same approach procedure, while the position of the landing point is shifted. The flight tests are conducted with the EC135-ACT/FHS helicopter. Guidance to the pilots is provided by use of a “tunnel-in-the-sky” head down pilot display. Since the same flight procedure
is executed multiple times, it is possible to conduct a statistical analysis on the accuracy and reproducibility of the approach procedure in terms of position, velocity, and generated noise. This statistical analysis shows that the geometric accuracy is on the order of 6 m in the horizontal
plane and 12 m in the vertical plane. The variations in the measured sound exposure level from one approach to another are on the order of 3–7.5 dB(A). The approach procedure is also executed with excessive cyclic pilot control inputs to identify an upper limit of the extra noise generated
by unsteady flight. However, these approaches are indistinguishable, in terms of the sound exposure level or sound pressure level, from the approaches with normal pilot control inputs.
Torsional Stability of a Face-Gear Drive System
Authors: Peng Meng , Desmidt Hans A.
Published: August 2015

This paper establishes a structural dynamics model for torsional vibration of gearboxes containing a face-gear drive by considering flexibilities of gear teeth and transmission shafts. This model includes the time-varying gear mesh stiffness resulting from the unique face-gear meshing
kinematics and nonunity contact ratio. The face-gear mesh-induced parametric instability phenomena are explored numerically via Floquet theory for various shaft characteristics and system inertia distributions. In addition, Tregold's approximation is employed for face-gear contact ratio calculations
to avoid complex numerical computations. For design purposes, a perturbation technique is utilized to analytically predict the parametric instability boundaries for the cases with small time-varying components.
Population dynamics of safflower capsule flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Kohgiluyeh safflower farms of Iran
Authors: Saeidi K. , Mirfakhraei S. , Mehrkhou F.
Published: August 2015

Oilseeds such as flax, canola, safflower, soybean and sunflower, which are annual plants, provide the world’s major source of vegetable oils, although the highest oil yield comes from oil-bearing tree fruits. One of the most popular oil seeds is safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), which belongs to the Asteraceae family. Due to the ability of this plant to grow in dry and semi-dry conditions, safflower oil has the potential to be a commercially profitable product in Iran. Seasonal populations of safflower capsule flies were studied in Kohgiluyeh safflower farms, Iran, from March to May in 2008 and 2009. Four yellow sticky traps were used to monitor populations of fruit flies in the safflower farms. Traps were checked once a week during the sampling period. The traps were emptied weekly into insect collection vials containing 70% ethanol. Data were analysed with a two-way ANOVA. The relation between abiotic factors and species abundance was analysed with multiple linear regression. The results emphasized that Acanthiophilus helianthi was the most serious pest of safflower under the ecological conditions found in Gachsaran, being present in the field throughout three months of the year (March to May). Chaetorellia carthami was present in safflower fields from March to May, but in significant numbers only during April and May. Terellia luteola was present in safflower fields from March to May and in significant numbers only in late April, it does not seem to be a serious pest in safflower farms under Gachsaran’s ecological conditions.
New records of the subfamily Oscinellinae (Diptera; Chloropidae) from Iran
Authors: Namaki Khamneh R. , Khaghaninia S. , Gilasian E.
Published: August 2015

A faunistic study of the subfamily Oscinellinae was investigated in Shabestar region (East Azarbaijan province, Iran) during 2013-2014. Four species Aphanotrigonum bicolor Nartshuk, 1964, Dicraeus sabroskyi Beschovski, 1977, Lasiambia albidipennis (Strobl, 1893) and Lasiambia coxalis (von Roser, 1840) are newly recorded from Iran. In addition, one genus Lasiambia Sabrosky, 1941 is recorded for the first time from Iran. The diagnostic characters and photos of the recorded species are provided.
Eskimo Point and Dawson Inlet map-areas (north halves) District of Keewatin 55E and 55F (North Parts)
Authors: Davidson A
Published: August 2015

Eskimo Point and Dawson Inlet map-areas adjoin the west side of Hudson Bay and lie in the barren grounds of southern District of Keewatin. Geological mapping of the heavily drift covered northern halves of these areas was accomplished by helicopter in one month.
Variably metamorphosed and generally highly deformed Archean volcanic and sedimentary rocks, including iron-formation, are the oldest rocks. They are intruded by, and wrap around, large plutonic complexes formed during Kenoran Orogeny and con taining chiefly tonalite but ranging from gabbro to
granite . After intrusion by diabase dykes, this ancient terrain was eroded anC: overlain, at least in part, by sediments of the Hurwitz Group of Aphebian age. Hudsonian(post-Hurwitz) metamorphism, deformation, and emplacement of granite have strongly affected the extreme southeast part of the
mapped area, and define the southern limit of the northeast part of the Ennadai-Rankin Inlet greenstone belt. North of this limit the Hudsonian orogenic overprint, although present is insufficient to mask the older structures and lithologies. Poorly exposed iron-formations and scattered zones of
sulphide mineralization warrant further attention from prospectors.
Silurian Cephalopods of James Bay Lowland, with a revision of the family Narthecoceratidae
Authors: Flower R H
Published: August 2015

Cephalopod faunules were found in six horizons within the Silurian Severn River and Ekwan River Formations. Of the twenty-five species described, eighteen are new, four are new but unnamed, and three are attributed to previously described species. All belong to
the general Discosorus-Huronia faunas, commonly but imperfectly confined to the third of four horizons recognized within the Silurian rocks of north-central North America. Problems of correlation are discussed. The beds are regarded as of early Clinton age.
New material contributes to the solution of two systematic problems: (1) Humeoceras is a piloceroid, morphologically very close to Piloceras sensu stricto; it is the only post-Canadian member of the Piloceratidae known; (2) the family Narthecoceratidae belongs to Michelinoceratida, not to
Endoceratida as was previously thought, and developed from the family Troedssonellidae. The family is revised, and Ordovician forms, mainly belonging to Narthecoceras, are described. Here also are placed Do11acoceras, Tasmanoceras, and the new genus Farroceras. Ca/hou11oceras is considered a synonym
of Narthecoceras.
Structure of the northern Foothills and eastern Mountain Ranges, Alberta and British Columbia between latitudes 53-15 and 57-20
Authors: Irish E J W
Published: August 2015

In the Foothills belt and eastern ranges of the Rocky Mountains in western Alberta, north of Athabasca River, and in British Columbia between Pine and Sikanni Chief Rivers, compressive stress has been relieved by the movement of large masses of strata relatively
to the northeast on southwest dipping thrust fault surfaces, and by mainly contemporaneous folding. Most folds appear to be intimately related dynamically to an underlying thrust fault and / or to pass laterally along the strike into a thrust fault. The east-dipping axial planes of some folds and
the present high angle of dip of many subsidiary thrust faults are both considered to be the result of southwestward rotation of the hanging-wall strata, owing to eastward movement on one or more underlying concave-upward thrust surfaces. The spacing between thrust faults, their length, and the
amount of movement on each are dependent, to a large extent, on the relative competency and thickness of the stratigraphic succession in that particular region. The same factors appear, also, to determine the relative predominance of either folding or faulting as a deforming
process.
Carbonate microfacies of the Windsor Group, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick
Authors: Mamet B L
Published: August 2015

The carbonate microfacies of the Windsor Group (Carboniferous System) are described in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, The microfauna and algal microflora which abound in these marine platform carbonates are divisible into the following four assemblage zones (from
oldest to youngest):
1) Archaediscus krestovnikovi-Biseriammina? sp. - Endothyranopsis crassaEoendothyranopsis sp. - Koninckopora sp.
2) Archaediscus krestovnikovi-Biseriammina? sp. - Endothyranopsis crassaprimitive Neoarchaediscus s_p.
3) Biseriammina? sp. - Endothyranopsis crassa, abundant Neoarchaediscus incertus - Plano spirodis cus sp.
4) Asteroarchaediscus sp. - Asteroarchaediscus baschkiricusEndothyranopsis crassa-Endothyranopsis sphaerica-Neoarchaediscus sp. - Neoarchaediscus incertus-Planospirodiscus sp.
These zones are recognizable in the Windsor type section as well as in the Antigonish, Port Hood, and Sydney regions; although there are some minor discrepancies between the ages indicated by the microfossils and the generally accepted megafaunal ages, the microfauna generally confirms the
chronostratigraphic value of the brachiopod-coral assemblages within the Windsor "Basin". In addition, the microfauna can readily be related to the Tethian and Arctic zonal schemes, and suggests correlation of the Windsor Group with the late Visean-earliest Namurian of Western Europe (zone 15 to
zone 17).
Characterization of chronostratigraphic horizons by biostratigraphic means must always be coupled with paleoecological analysis, because forarninifers and incertae sedis are dependent on environment and in particular on salinity. Archaediscidae are practically restricted to open marine fades,
Tetrataxidae flourish in peri- 11 reefoid11 environment and calcisphaerids thrive in back-reef lagoons. Biseriamminidae, Earlandiidae and Endothyridae are widespread in most carbonates and are present even in hypersaline starved intertidal flats.
The Windsor microfauna shows obvious paleobiological affinities to the Arctic fauna, and less pronounced affinities to the Cordilleran, Midcontinent and Appalachian faunas. Similarities to the European Tethian realm are minimal, although the Windsor shares enough common elements with the classical
Visean-Namurian fauna of Belgium and England to allow direct biostratigraphic correlations.
The Lemieux Landslide of June 20, 1993, South Nation Valley, southeastern Ontario - a photographic record
Authors: Brooks G R , Aylsworth J M , Evans S G , Lawrence D E
Published: August 2015

Beginning at about 15:30 on June 20, 1993, a sensitive clay flow occurred near the former townsite of Lemieux, Ontario. The failure involved 2.5 to 3.5 Mm3 of sand, silt, and clay which flowed into South Nation Valley, inundating 3.3 km of the valley bottom and
impounding South Nation River. By late June 22, 1993, the river overtopped the dam and again flowed downstream. This paper provides a photographic record of the event and post-failure conditions.
Geomorphic effects and impacts of severe flooding: photographic examples from the Saguenay area, Quebec
Authors: Brooks G R , Lawrence D E
Published: August 2015

Severe flooding is a natural hazard that occurs regularly in Canada. This report is intended to increase public awareness of the effects of severe flooding. It presents photographically an array of geomorphic effects and impacts on floodplains, bridges, and
dams using examples from the 1996 flood disaster in the Saguenay area, Quebec.
Modifications géomorphologiques causées par une forte crue : exemples photographiés dans la région du Saguenay, au Québec
Authors: Brooks G R , Lawrence D E
Published: August 2015

Severe flooding is a natural hazard that occurs regularly in Canada. This report is intended to increase public awareness of the effects of severe flooding. It presents photographically an array of geomorphic effects and impacts on floodplains, bridges, and
dams using examples from the 1996 flood disaster in the Saguenay area, Quebec.
What has Lapland to do with Tshwane? Ethics as the bridge between dogmatics and historical contexts
Authors: De Gruchy John W.
Published: August 2015

This article explores the question: what does it mean to do theology in South Africa today? It does so in three parts based on a narrative account of the author’s relationship with Johan Heyns from 1972–1990. In the first, the focus is on the reasons for and the significance of the transition of the Dogmatologiese Werkgemeenskap, in which Heyns played an influential role to the Theological Society of South Africa, of which the author was president from 1987–1992. In the second, the author examines the reason for this transition by comparing the role of Beyers Naudé with that of Heyns in doing theology, the one working outside the white enclave of the DRC, and the other from within. He then examines the criticism of Heyns’s theology which was expressed by J.J.F. Durand and which gave rise to the title of the article. In the final part of the article, the author reflects on the narrative in responding to the initial question on doing theology in context today. He highlights the importance of social location, of the willingness to transcend boundaries, and the need to regard the task of dogmatics and ethics as an integrated whole in responding prophetically to historical contexts.
The Peierls–Onsager effective Hamiltonian in a complete gauge covariant setting: determining the spectrum
Authors: Iftimie Viorel , Purice Radu
Published: August 2015

Using the procedures in [4] and [8] and the magnetic pseudodierential calculus we have developped in [17, 19, 12, 13] we construct an effective Hamiltonian that describes the spectrum in any compact subset of the real axis for a large class of periodic pseudodifferential Hamiltonians in a bounded smooth magnetic field, in a completely gauge covariant setting, without any restrictions on the vector potential and without any adiabaticity hypothesis.
Absence of $l^1$ eigenfunctions for lattice operators with fast local periodic approximation
Authors: Gordon Alexander Y.
Published: August 2015

We show that a lattice Schrödinger operator

\Delta+v

whose potential

v\colon \bf Z^d\to\bf C

admits fast local approximation by periodic functions does not have

l^1

eigenfunctions. In particular, it does not exhibit Anderson localization. A special case of this result pertaining to quasi-periodic potentials states: Let

V\colon \bf R^d\to\bf C

be a

(1,\ldots,1)

-periodic function satisfying the Hölder condition. There is such

\theta>0

that if real numbers

\alpha_1,\ldots,\alpha_d

satisfy the inequality

\|n_1\alpha_1\|+\cdots+\|n_d\alpha_d\| < \theta^{n_1\ldots n_d}

for infinitely many

d

-tuples

(n_1,\ldots,n_d)\in\bf N^d

(

\|\cdot\|

is the distance from a real number to the nearest integer), then the operator

\Delta+v

with

v(x)=V(\alpha_1 x_1,\ldots,\alpha_d x_d)

has no nontrivial eigenfunctions in

l^1(\bf Z^d)

. This statement contrasts the result of J. Bourgain: Anderson localization for quasi-periodic lattice Schrödinger operators on

\bf Z^d

,

d

arbitrary,
Geom. Funct. Anal.

\bf {17}

(2007), 682–706.
Inverse problem for Dirac systems with locally square-summable potentials and rectangular Weyl functions
Authors: Sakhnovich Alexander L.
Published: August 2015

Inverse problem for Dirac systems with locally square summable potentials and rectangular Weyl functions is solved. For that purpose we use a new result on the linear similarity between operators from a subclass of triangular integral operators and the operator of integration.