bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improving explicit term matching with implicit topic matching for short text conversation
Authors: Wang Jianqiang , Sun Ying
Published: October 2019

Short Text Conversation (STC) is the task of retrieving comments made to a post and reuse them as appropriate comments to a later post. Large vocabulary variations and very limited length of posts and comments pose great challenges to traditional retrieval techniques of matching terms. To address these problems, we propose a new technique of re‐ranking comments initially retrieved through explicit term matching by using evidence of implicit topic matching gained from topic models of large collections of posts and comments. The key of our technique lies in (1) combining each post with the comments responding to it into a longer pseudo‐document for topic modeling purposes, and (2) carrying out implicit topic matching by comparing the most probable topics contained in the topic composition of a comment and that of the query post. Experiments using the NTCIR‐13 STC Chinese WeiBo collection showed that with properly tuned parameters, our technique can lead to improved retrieval effectiveness. The paper analyzes and discusses the results and outlines future work.
Combine or connect: Practical experiences querying library linked data
Authors: Weigl David M. , Kudeki Deren E. , Cole Timothy W. , Downie J. Stephen , Jett Jacob , Page Kevin R.
Published: October 2019

Linked Data provides a conceptual foundation for creating unified views across Digital Libraries, but implementation challenges must be overcome to realize the vision of computationally assisted cross‐corpus research. We report practical experiences comparing two alternative workset building approaches across combined datasets: the HathiTrust Digital Library and the Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership. In one experiment we combine both datasets within one triplestore using a single ontology and apply consolidated querying; in the other we build two distributed triplestores, each dataset conforming to its own ontology, and connected through federated querying. Each solution presents tradeoffs in complexity, system efficiency and responsiveness, and in the workload of configuring new methods providing access to Digital Libraries. We demonstrate that choosing a consolidated or federated approach fundamentally alters the dataset configuration process for cross‐corpora workset building, so should be considered early in deployment specification and design. As both approaches provide equivalent functionality to the end‐user, the practice and experience documented here inform design and development of distributed Linked Data Digital Libraries offering combined collection querying.
“You don't feel that you're so far away”: Information sharing, technology use, and settlement of international student immigrants
Authors: Worrall Adam , Ballantyne Erin , Kendall Jen
Published: October 2019

While immigrants and international students' information behavior and practices are known, less is understood of their online information sharing, associated use of information and communication technologies (ICTs), and the roles of these technologies in their settlement. We conducted semi‐structured interviews with 20 international students to help fill this gap. We find international students' ICT use and information sharing shares similarities and differences with other students and immigrants; a set of settlement barriers and helps associated with ICTs; and clear roles for ICTs in supporting the informational, social, and emotional needs of international students. Transferable findings fill existing gaps in our knowledge of international student immigrants' use of ICTs and online information sharing; can inform LIS research and practice in facilitating their successful settlement through informational, sociotechnical, and emotional lenses; and encourage further work to confirm and expand on our findings.
Understanding the peer review endeavor
Authors: Xu Shenmeng , Zhang Guangyao , Sun Yao , Wang Xianwen
Published: October 2019

Peer review plays an essential role in the scholarly publishing life cycle. Using the verified peer review records of researchers on Publons, this study investigated how this scientific endeavor was distributed throughout the world. In addition, we took an initial step toward understanding the length of reviews as a potential indicator of time and effort put into this “scientific gatekeeping” process. The proficiency of English, the scientific Lingua Franca, was found to have a significant effect on the length of reviews. In addition, there was a significant effect of a country's economic development level on review length. Furthermore, we explored a subgroup of reviewers – reviewers in Singapore – in more depth, and found that reviewers in different genders, disciplines, economic and cultural backgrounds wrote reviews of significantly different lengths.
Automated chat transcript analysis using topic modeling for library reference services
Authors: Chen Xiaoju , Wang Huajin
Published: October 2019

Chat reference service has been used in academic libraries to more efficiently serve patrons in the digital age. Identifying question topics on chat can help librarians understand patrons' needs and improve reference services. Researchers have used qualitative methods to understand question types in chat records; however, these methods are inefficient to analyze large chat datasets. Here, we conducted a novel research using Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic modeling to automatically extract topics from chat transcripts generated in 5 years from a large university library. With little human intervention, the model identified major topics based on statistical distributions of terms‐document relationships in chat transcripts. We also applied VOSviewer to analyze the same dataset and found consistent results. From these results, we found that the most prominent chat topics were about accessing various library resources. This finding can help libraries allocate resources, design educational materials, and provide trainings for future librarians.
Quality of medical advice for chronic pain on social platforms
Authors: Costello Kaitlin Light
Published: October 2019

Chronic pain is a stigmatized condition, and many patients report that it is difficult to get information from healthcare providers. As a result, some patients go online to exchange health information on social platforms, but the type and quality of this information is unknown. In this mixed‐methods study, comments on a chronic pain platform were inductively analyzed and a typology of medical advice was developed. Subsequently, the alignment of this advice with evidence in the medical literature was assessed by systematically searching for relevant systematic reviews or meta‐analyses. Five types of advice were present: over‐the‐counter remedies, prescription drugs, illicit substances, seeing a different healthcare provider, and lifestyle changes. No evidence was available for 33.9% of the advice, but 33% had at least low support in the literature. 7.8% was harmful. Contributions from this study include a general typology of medical advice online, a methodological approach for assessing the quality of such advice, and several recommendations for future research.
Scientists' data discovery and reuse behavior: (Meta)data fitness for use and the FAIR data principles
Authors: Bishop Bradley Wade , Hank Carolyn , Webster Joel , Howard Rebecca
Published: October 2019

Environmental science researchers frequently must work at regional and global scales that require them to search for, evaluate, and reuse data collected by others. This study assesses science data reusers' information‐seeking behavior to determinefitness for use, a concept from consumer behavior research that explains how consumers define and assess product quality and compatibility to satisfy their specific needs. Using a critical incident technique, 22 researchers in earth science described their most recent data discovery resulting in reuse. An interview schedule derived from the FAIR Data Principles framed participants' information‐seeking behavior along a sequence of actions, which included finding, accessing, making interoperable, and reusing data. Researchers' perspectives on how they discovered and evaluated data for reuse gives new insights intofitness for useof data by human consumers, and contributes to considerations for furthering work into machine‐actionable data and learning.
Everyday life information‐seeking behaviors of nomadic pastoralists in their oral culture
Authors: Jamali Hamid R. , Foroutan Fariborz
Published: October 2019

Nomadic pastoralists, due to their lifestyle and the dominance of oral culture, have not received much attention from information service providers and little is known about their information behavior. This qualitative ethnographic study entailed twenty semi‐structured interviews with Iranian Bakhtiari nomadic pastoralists using everyday life information seeking (ELIS) framework. Nomadic pastoralists' ELIS is dominated by reliance on human information sources including elders, chiefs (Khans) and family members. Most of their information needs relate to practical issues of daily life (e.g., animal husbandry, handicraft, and parenting) and therefore they prefer information sources that tap into their local and indigenous knowledge (e.g., elders) and value experience and skill over formal education when obtaining information from people. However, they purify their local knowledge through exposure to modern education. Relevance to daily life matters or practicality, previous successful utilization of information, and accessibility are among the factors they consider when choosing information sources.
Relational privacy: Where the East and the West could meet
Authors: Ma Yuanye
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT

This paper argues thatrelational privacycan be used as a starting point for conceptualizing privacy in Eastern cultures for it aligns with an Eastern philosophical conception of person. This paper starts with one of the main conceptions of privacy as one having control over personal information, and leverages the criticisms toward control‐based privacy and its foundation in individual autonomy, to introduce the concept of relational autonomy from the perspectives of feminist theory and Confucianism. It concludes by discussing the implications for conceptualizing privacy from these two foundations. The paper contributes to privacy research in that it provides an initial suggestion of how the conception of privacy might be characterized by the Western and Eastern philosophical traditions; it explicitly relates the conception of privacy to the conception of the person, and it deliberately phrases the discussion within an intercultural environment.
Exploring card sort methods: Interaction and implementation for research, education, and practice
Authors: Conrad Lettie Y. , Demasson Andrew , Gorichanaz Tim , VanScoy Amy
Published: October 2019

Exploring research methods can help scholars and professionals accurately answer questions and solve problems. Card sorting, which encompasses a variety of methods aimed at understanding participants' subjectivities, is not commonly used in information science research. This panel will familiarize attendees with the purpose and procedures of card sort methods and to allow for hands‐on interaction with the artifacts and software using examples from different techniques. The opportunity to interact with the tools of card sorting methods will help to familiarize the method and allow them to better evaluate it for their research needs. Using a simple PowerPoint application, participants will have a chance to see how card sorting works as a reflective activity without significant expense or effort. Panelists, who have used these methods in industry and research, can discuss specific research questions with attendees and offer advice.
Beyond the data management plan: Expanding roles for librarians in data science and open science
Authors: Federer Lisa M. , Qin Jian
Published: October 2019

Support for research data management (RDM) has become a popular focus for library services, and many training opportunities in RDM exist for librarians. However, fewer opportunities exist for librarians to develop the more advanced skills and expertise necessary to support data science and open science. To better understand how to develop a library workforce prepared to develop services in the emerging areas of data science and open science, the National Library of Medicine convened a workshop of 15 librarians and information professionals with a range of expertise in data and open science. This session will present the workshop's recommendations and use participatory facilitation methods to engage attendees in conversation about how to prepare information professionals to meet the evolving challenges of data science and open science.
A social informatics perspective on misinformation, disinformation, deception and conflict
Authors: Hara Noriko , Fichman Pnina , Meyer Eric T. , Chen Yimin , Rieh Soo Young
Published: October 2019

This panel will present and discuss the issues surrounding deception, misinformation, and disinformation using a social informatics perspective. The panel is sponsored by ASIST SIG‐SI.
Teaching technology in library and information science: Preparing students with diverse needs for the challenges of an interconnected world
Authors: Pollock Danielle , Williams Rachel , Dumas Catherine , Agarwal Naresh Kumar , Erdelez Sanda
Published: October 2019

In an increasingly interconnected world, information professionals are expected to be at the forefront of implementing and instructing others in using information technologies. Yet, it is a challenge for educators to leverage library and information science students' varying interests and experiences to develop technology curricula that addresses diverse student needs and prepares them to engage actively with current and emerging technologies throughout the course of their careers. In this interactive event, technology instructors at Simmons University come together to share their experience in designing and teaching technology courses through interactive demos and case studies. This is followed by an interactive Q&A and small‐group brainstorming to address issues related to technology education. The event will promote discussion around developing curricula and pedagogy to promote students' abilities to use and implement technology in professional practice.
Technical and policy underpinnings of FAIR data principles
Authors: Qin Jian , Coll Imma Subirats , Zeng Marcia Lei , Dobreski Brian
Published: October 2019

At the trajectory of exponential data growth and FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Re‐usable) requirements, organizations face the data management and publishing challenges in support of effective data discovery and publishing activities. This panel brings researchers and practitioners who have researched and practiced in managing datasets and providing discovery services to share their experience and expertise in addressing the challenges and proactively responding to trends in research data management, curation, sharing, and reuse.
Paradigm shift in information research
Authors: Tang Rong , Mehra Bharat , Du Jia Tina , Zhao Yuxiang (Chris)
Published: October 2019

In this panel, speakers will discuss a range of issues related to the evolution of theoretical frameworks employed in information research. It is in the view of this panel that there is a need for a paradigm shift, one that shakes the foundation of traditional information research. The new paradigm takes into account emergent information reality featuring ubiquitous access, contextual embeddedness, misinformation and its politicization, social justice and community outcomes, among others. Panelists will examine the history of information paradigms, explore the social responsibility of researchers, articulate actualities and potentialities of impact‐driven shifts, outline community‐based participatory research strategies, and discuss methodological innovations that advance information research. This panel calls for attention to a forthcoming special issue for JASIS&T which aims to open a forum for reconceptualization of the information field. It is hoped that this session will engage the audience and spark interest of potential contributors to this special issue.
Academic social networking: From individual acts to institutional, disciplinary, national, and social phenomena
Authors: Zhang Yin , Yan Weiwei , Oh Sanghee , Lee Jongwook , Kurata Keiko , Matsubayashi Mamiko
Published: October 2019

Academic social networking sites (ASNSs) are widely being adopted by individual academics. There has been an increasing research interest in this new phenomenon. This panel brings a group of researchers to share and discuss their recent research to address the research gaps in the following areas: (1) the institutional and disciplinary user structures and their behavior characteristics in ASNSs; and (2) how academics from non‐English speaking countries use ASNSs and how the use may differ from their counterparts in U.S. Collectively, various studies presented in the panel will help achieve a better understanding of scholarly use of ASNSs in a broader scale.
Toroidal Dipole Mode Observation In Situ
Authors: Pavlov Nikita , Stenishchev Ivan , Ospanova Anar , Belov Pavel , Kapitanova Polina , Basharin Alexey
Published: October 2019

Besides classical dipole moments, the metaparticles are characterized by toroidal dipole moments that are important for numerous applications ranging from strong field localizations to anapole modes and the dynamic Aharonov–Bohm effect. On the other hand, the toroidal and electric dipole radiation are undistinguished by external observers due to identical radiation patterns. Therefore, the importance of toroidal dipole moments in multipole expansion is questioned by many researchers. However, a long‐awaited unanswered question is—what is going on inside a toroidal metamolecule and is its near‐field distribution distinct from the electric dipole field? Herein, the toroidal dipole mode is experimentally confirmed in situ by proof‐of‐concept measurements of electric and magnetic fields inside properly fabricated water metamolecules with toroidal topology in the microwave frequency range.
Computational Prediction of the Low‐Temperature Ferromagnetic Semiconducting 2D SiN Monolayer
Authors: Tkachenko Nikolay V. , Song Bingyi , Steglenko Dmitriy , Minyaev Ruslan M. , Yang Li-Ming , Boldyrev Alexander I.
Published: October 2019

Since the discovery of graphene, 2D materials have captured the minds of scientists because of their attractive and unique electronic properties. In particular, magnetic 2D materials have become a subject of extensive discussions today. Using density functional theory calculations, it is shown that 2D SiN sheet (built out of nonmetallic main group atoms) is a ferromagnetic semiconducting material with a magnetic moment 1 μB per unit cell and an indirect bandgap of 1.55 eV. Calculated phonon spectrum and conducted ab initio molecular dynamics simulation reveal thermal and dynamical stability of the designed material. It is shown that the ferromagnetic state is stable up to 20 K. Magnetism of silicon mononitride can be described by the presence of an unpaired electron located on silicon atoms. The semiconducting and ferromagnetic properties of SiN monolayer open many opportunities for its potential use in spintronic and nanoelectronic devices.
A localized weighted ensemble Kalman filter for high‐dimensional systems
Authors: Chen Yan , Zhang Weimin , Zhu Mengbin
Published: October 2019

To avoid filter collapse, a new localized weighted ensemble Kalman filter (LWEnKF) is presented. This filter is a nonlinear non‐Gaussian filter that combines some of the advantages of the particle filter (PF) and of the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF). Additionally, the new method can overcome filter degeneracy in high‐dimensional system applications. Based on the weighted ensemble Kalman filter (WEnKF), we extend the scalar weight of each particle to a vector and limit the influence of distant observations through a localization function. According to the results of experiments using the Lorenz ‘96 model with 40 variables, the LWEnKF with only 10 particles can prevent filter degeneracy. In addition, tests of the new filter are also performed using a two‐layer quasi‐geostrophic model to demonstrate the feasibility of using the new method in high‐dimensional numerical weather prediction models. Comparisons among the LWEnKF, the local particle filter (LPF) and the localized perturbed observation EnKF (LEnKF) reveal that the proposed method can combine the advantages of the latter two in certain aspects, even providing better performance in some situations. This characteristic of the LWEnKF indicates its potential for data assimilation of different types of observations. Moreover, the new filter is compared to the block‐local ensemble Kalman particle filter (LEnKPF). Experiments showed that the LWEnKF has an obvious advantage over the LEnKPF when the number of particles is small, which indicates its potential for realistic applications limited by computing resources.
Leader‐following consensus with disturbance rejection for uncertain Euler‐Lagrange systems over switching networks
Authors: Liu Tao , Huang Jie
Published: October 2019

In this paper, the leader‐following consensus with disturbance rejection problem of uncertain Euler‐Lagrange systems is studied by the adaptive distributed observer approach. We first present a key lemma that guarantees the existence of an exponentially convergent adaptive distributed observer for linear leader systems without exponential growing modes over jointly connected switching and directed communication networks. This lemma also provides a specific Lyapunov function for the error dynamics of the adaptive distributed observer, which will play a crucial role in establishing one of the main results. A special case of this result where there is no disturbance will extend the existing result for a neutrally stable leader system and undirected communication networks to the case where the communication networks are directed and the leader's positional signal includes the class of ramp signals. Two examples will be given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the new results.
Input‐to‐state stability of switched nonlinear systems with delay in the active mode detection
Authors: Motchon K.M.D. , Etienne L. , Lecoeuche S.
Published: October 2019

A switched nonlinear system subject to disturbances is considered in this paper. The switching signal admits an average dwell time and a state feedback control depending on the system operating modes, detected with a maximum time delay, is applied to the system. In this framework, the input‐to‐state stability problem of the closed‐loop system is addressed. Based on some established existence conditions of mode‐dependent Lyapunov‐like functions, the values of the maximum time delay and the average dwell time that allow to achieve the input‐to‐state stability of the closed‐loop system are determined. In order to obtain more tractable results, the existence conditions of the mode‐dependent Lyapunov‐like functions are given in terms of sum‐of‐squares programming in the case of polynomial nonlinearities. In the linear case, they are expressed in terms of linear matrix inequalities and a procedure for the synthesis of the mode‐dependent controller is provided in this situation. The established theoretical results are illustrated through a control problem of a building ventilation system and a switched control problem of a vehicle suspension system.
An Easy Access to 4‐Trifluoromethylated 7‐(4‐Substitued‐1H‐1,2,3‐Triazol‐1‐yl)Pyrimido[1,2‐b]Pyridazin‐2‐One Systems
Authors: Kawtharani Ranin , Cherry Khalil , Elmasri Mirvat , Abarbri Mohamed
Published: October 2019

Efficient synthesis of 7‐(1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐1‐yl)‐4‐trifluoromethyl‐2H‐pyrimido[1,2‐b]pyridazin‐2‐ones from 7‐chloro‐4‐trifluoromethylpyrimido[1,2‐b]pyridazin‐2‐one by a consecutive SNAr reaction with azide, followed by copper‐catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition is described.
Central Composite Design To Optimize The Degradation Of Methylene Blue By Fenton Process
Authors: Saidi Fatima Zahra , Mokhtari Malika
Published: October 2019

Methylene blue (MB) is a cationic dye widely used in medicine as an antiseptic, also in other fields such as biology, chemistry, textile industry…etc. This pollutant exists in nature as the result of the fluid which is released from industries that can directly affect both the living organisms and the environment. This study consists of eliminating methylene blue by Fenton process under the influence of three parameters (pH,[FeII] and ratio R). The degradation of this substance was followed by a modeling of this process using statgraphics‐plus software. The best result was obtained by the central composite design (CCD) 2*3+star on three‐level ( low, medium, high) of which coefficient of correlation R2 equal to 0.96, and the optimal conditions found are pH= 2.9, R=23.6 and [FeII]=1.5.10−4 M, with a yield of elimination of MB of 100% after a 30 min of treatment. This optimization minimizes the number of experiments and the time of research.
Facile Synthesis of NaYF4:Yb,Tm@TiO2 Core‐Shell Structured Composite with Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity for Degradation of RhB Dye
Authors: Pan Yusong , Feng Pengpeng , Yin Minyuan , Fang Hongjun , Pan Chengling
Published: October 2019

It is an effective method to explore the full spectrum responsive photocatalysts for enhancing their photocatalytic activity. Herein, we have combined the upconversion phosphor with semiconductor to design the full‐spectrum light responsive photocatalyst. A facile approach has been developed for synthesis of NaYF4:Yb,Tm@TiO2 core‐shell structured composite. The morphologies, crystal phases, chemical compositions, optical performance, and photoelectric properties were characterized. Based on SEM and TEM observation, the formation mechanism of NaYF4:Yb,Tm@TiO2 composite was discussed in detail. The results of photodegradation experiment showed that 22% of Rhodamine B dye in the solution was photodegradated by NaYF4:Yb,Tm@TiO2 composite under NIR light irradiation within 150 min, suggesting that the NaYF4:Yb,Tm@TiO2 core‐shell structured composite displayed photocatalytic activity under NIR light irradiation. Furthermore, the photocatalytic ability of NaYF4:Yb,Tm@TiO2 is obvious superior to that of TiO2 under the full‐spectrum light irradiation.
Synergetic Effect of Perfluorooctanoic Acid on the Preparation of Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene): Lignosulfonate Aqueous Dispersions with High Film Conductivity
Authors: Li Yuda , Lou Hongming , Wang Feng , Pang Yuxia , Qiu Xueqing
Published: October 2019

Developing poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) conducting polymers (CPs) aqueous dispersions with high film conductivity is an attractive task in scientific and industrial communities. Herein, we proposed to apply small molecular perfluorooctanoic acid (PFA) as assistant dopant to cooperate with major polymeric dopant of lignosulfonate (LGS) to prepare PEDOT aqueous dispersions together. Through optimizing the usage amount of PFA, a high film conductivity of 0.1255 S⋅cm−1 was obtained. In contrast, the film conductivity of the CP prepared without PFA was only 0.0228 S⋅cm−1. By lucubrating the structure of CPs, we found that PFA is capable of promoting the polymerization, doping and aggregation of PEDOT in the preparation process of PEDOT:LGS CP and the conductivity enhancement can be attributed to the enhancement of molecular weight, doping degree and aggregation of PEDOT. Moreover, the other physical‐chemical properties of PEDOT:LGS CPs including transmittance, work function and waterproofness were not obviously affected by PFA. This facile strategy based on physical mixing of small molecular and polymeric dopants may opens up a new window for the preparation of high performance CPs aqueous dispersions.
Cu‐NHC‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Conjugate Silyl addition to Indol‐1‐ylacrylate Derivatives
Authors: Shen Jun‐Jian , Gao Qian , Wang Guangzhu , Tong Min , Chen Lili , Xu Senmiao
Published: October 2019

Cu‐catalyzed enantioseletive conjugate addition of a dimethylphenylsilyl group to indol‐1‐ylacrylate derivatives was established using N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes (NHCs) as the ligands. The reaction was efficient for a wide range of indole derivatives bearing eletron‐donating and electron‐withdrawing group, and proceeded under mild condition. Good levels of enantioselectivity were also observed for diverse carbonyl derivatives.
A highly secured and streamlined cloud collaborative editing scheme along with an efficient user revocation in cloud computing
Authors: Eswara Narayanan Munisamy , Muthukumar Balasundaram
Published: October 2019

These days with the expanded fame of cloud computing, the interest for cloud‐based collaborative editing service is rising. The encryption method is utilized to ensure and secure the data, during the collaborative editing process. In the encryption process, the cloud requires more time to work the collaborative editing. This paper proposes an efficient scheme for reducing the encryption burden over the cooperative users, as the possibilities of cooperative users read and write data by means of any gadget. In the proposed scheme, the encrypted file sent by the data owner is split into smaller segments and stored in the cloud by the cloud service provider (CSP) along with specific tags. Once the cooperative user receives and decrypts the file from the CSP, it modifies and encrypts only the modified segment and resends to the CSP. The CSP after verifying the signature replace the original file segment in the cloud with the modified segment based on the tag information. The scheme that is put forward is performed based on the modified ciphertext‐policy hierarchical attribute–based encryption, and the security process is done based on the attribute‐based signature schemes. This work employs a proficient attribute updating method to accomplish the dynamic change of users' attributes, consisting granting new attributes, revoking previous attributes, and regranting formerly revoked attributes. A writer's attributes and keys have been revoked, and the stale information cannot be written.
Der Mechanismus der Retrogradation von Amylose
Authors: Holló J. , Szejtli J. , Gantner G. S.
Published: October 2019

Der Mechanismus der Retrogradation von Amylose geht in drei Stufen vor sich:

Die Ketten strecken sich,

sie verlieren ihre Hydratwasserhülle und ordnen sich nacheinander von selbst,

zwischen den Hydroxylgruppen der Amylose entstehen Wasserstoffbindungen und es bildet sich eine kristalline Struktur.
Neuere Beiträge zur Chemie der Stärkefraktionen. VIII Vergleich der Jodsorptions‐Meßmethoden
Authors: Holló J. , László E. , Szejtli J. , Mándi A.
Published: October 2019

Im Rahmen unserer Versuche wurde festgestellt, daß zur Messung der Jodsorption kein langwieriges alkalisches Lösen erforderlich ist, da sich die Stärke‐Jodsorption nach 15minutigem Sieden in Wasser praktisch nicht mehr ändert.

Das Jod‐Stärke‐Gleichgewicht ändert sich nach 3 Minuten praktisch kaum noch, so daß für Messungen von wissenschaftlicher Genauigkeit diese Zeit und für industrielle Kontrollversuche eine Wartezeit von einer Minute zwischen dem Zusatz der einzelnen Meßlösungsanteile ausreicht. Werden die Meßlösungsanteile in diesen Zeitabständen zugesetzt, so soll die Menge der einzelnen Anteile bei Anwendung von 0,01 n‐J2‐Lösung 0,20–0,25 ml betragen. Es ist auch von Bedeutung, daß bei Serienuntersuchungen die Konzentration der Meßlösungen innerhalb einer Serie nicht verändert wird, wobei die günstigste Normalität 0,01 ist.

Es wurde ferner festgestellt, daß auch beim Titrieren von Amylose und Stärke stets gleiche Mengen eingewogen werden müssen, da die verminderte Oberflächensorption des aus der konzentrierten Lösung ausgefällten Jod‐Amylose‐Komplexes die Jodsorption vermindert.

Das Volumen der titrierten Lösung beeinflußt — innerhalb gewisser Grenzen — das Endresultat nicht. Die übertitrierten Lösungen können bei der amperometrischen Titration durch Auskochen, durch Ausfällen mit Alkohol und durch Zurücktitrieren mit Na2S2O3 zu erneuter Titration geeignet gemacht werden. Bei der potentiometrischen Titration können allerdings nur die zwei erstgenannten Verfahren angewendet werden.

Die potentiometrische Titration ergibt infolge der verhältnismäßig hohen KJ‐Konzentration der Lösung stets eine geringere Jodsorption als die amperometrische Titration.

Die genaueste Bestimmungsmethode der Jodsorption ist die amperometrische, weniger genau ist die potentiometrische, während die photometrische Methode die ungenauesten Resultate liefert.
The Action Patterns of α‐Amylases
Authors: Whelan W. J.
Published: October 2019

The actions of five α‐amylases on amylose, amylopectin and glycogen are described. These are the α‐amylases of human saliva, pig pancreas, barley malt, Aspergillus oryzae and Bacillus subtilis.

All these α‐amylases fragment amylose by hydrolysis, the end products being maltose and glucose. Two stages occur in the salivary α‐amylolysis of amylose. The first stage is a rapid hydrolysis to maltose and maltotriose, while in the second stage the latter sugar is slowly hydrolysed to maltose and glucose. Pig‐pancreatic and A. oryzae α‐amylases seem to be similar in their actions to salivary α‐amylase. The retardation of reaction rate in the α‐amylolysis of amylose by malt and B. subtilis α‐amylases occurs at an earlier stage of hydrolysis because of the low affinity of these two enzymes for maltodextrins containing less than about 7 glucose units.

Two stages are again apparent in the hydrolysis of amylopectin and glycogen by salivary α‐amylase. As well as the sugars also formed from amylose there are present α‐limit dextrins containing the α‐1:6‐branch linkages of the polysaccharides as well as α‐1:4‐linkages. Some of these dextrins are further hydrolysed in the second stage of the reaction. It is apparent that certain α‐1:4‐bonds in the vicinity of the branch point are resistant to amylolysis. Pig‐pancreatic and A. oryzae α‐amylases form the same second‐stage α‐limit dextrins, the smallest of which is a tetrasaccharide. Malt α‐amylase gives a trisaccharide, panose, as the smallest such dextrin, while B. subtilis α‐amylase forms a pentasaccharide.

A hypothesis is put forward to explain the formation of the α‐limit dextrins by salivary α‐amylase.
Organic Pellet Decomposition Induces Mortality of Lake Trout Embryos in Yellowstone Lake
Authors: Koel Todd M. , Thomas Nathan A. , Guy Christopher S. , Doepke Philip D. , MacDonald Drew J. , Poole Alex S. , Sealey Wendy M. , Zale Alexander V.
Published: October 2019

Yellowstone Lake is the site of actions to suppress invasive Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush and restore native Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri and natural ecosystem function. Although gill netting is effective (Lake Trout λ ≤ 0.6 from 2012 through 2018), the effort costs more than US$2 million annually and only targets Lake Trout age 2 and older. To increase suppression efficiency, we developed an alternative method using organic (soy and wheat) pellets to increase mortality of Lake Trout embryos on spawning sites. Decomposition of pellets during two in situ experiments caused dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations to temporarily decline to lethal levels (<3.4 mg/L) within days of application. Embryo mortalities during the first exposure period (days 1–6 following application) were high at all treatment levels (1.75–28.0 kg/m2) at the substrate surface and within interstices 20 cm below the surface, varying from 97 ± 1.8% (mean ± SE) to 100 ± 0.0%, but may have been enhanced by a handling effect (exposure to sunlight). Embryo mortalities during the second exposure period (days 11–22) were highest 20 cm below the surface, varying from 78 ± 9.7% to 100 ± 0.0%. Almost all (98 ± 3.1%) Lake Trout embryos died after exposure to DO < 3.4 mg/L for >200 h during the second period. Pellets caused lethal DO for several weeks below the substrate surface, despite largely dissolving and dissipating from the surface of treated areas by day 39. Broad‐scale application of pellets at 1.75 kg/m2 following the spawning period in autumn may reduce Lake Trout recruitment and enhance population suppression because the area of 14 verified spawning sites is only 11.4 ha (0.03% of lake surface area). Pellet application may be useful in other similar systems as part of an integrated pest management approach targeting multiple life stages of invasive freshwater fish.
Energy Politics in the Public Sphere: Frames, Values, and Symbolic Power
Authors: Hess David J.
Published: October 2019

The study examines the relationship between energy policy and values that appears in social movement mobilizations with respect to energy in the United States. As the social movement mobilizations include persons and groups located in disadvantaged or subordinate positions of the social structure, the analysis of social movements and values can bring out the linkages between structural inequality and values. Three policy fields are discussed: net metering, smart meters, and green economic development. Both challengers and incumbents link their strategic frames to broader cultural values to gain credibility in the public sphere. Both types of coalitions generally reference a similar group of widely shared values that are associated with institutional logics, but they engage in different strategies to make credible the linkages between their positions and the general values and to question the linkages posed by the frames of opponents. The study maps out the broad value categories that appear in the framing contests, develops a typology of counterframing strategies, and explores cross-cultural applicability and limitations.
A Right Way, Wrong Way and Better Way for Energy Engineers to Work with Aboriginal Communities
Authors: Duff Andrea , Hanchant-Nichols Deanne , Bown Brad , Gamage Sithara H. P. W. , Nixon Bronte , Nisi Petra , Boase Jayne , Smith Elizabeth
Published: October 2019

Aboriginal Australians have an intrinsic relationship to Country, kinship and community. The processes related to colonisation have decimated traditional lifestyles, ecology and even families. The challenge for energy engineers lies in the ability to reconcile the profession of engineering with the contemporary and traditional cultural and physical needs of Aboriginal people. A discussion around Aboriginal peoples’ most deeply held values will be linked to both global and professional ethical canons. This discussion has implications for Aboriginal and Indigenous peoples globally. A fictitious case study—the ‘Warrigal Downs Energy Hub’—provides us with a hypothetical project to which we can link both examples and frameworks. Our team of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal educators and engineers provides us with a right, wrong and even better way to work sensitively, meaningfully and reciprocally with Aboriginal people in Australia and, indeed, globally.
Energy Justice, Hydropower and Grid Systems in the Global South
Authors: Kruger Ruth , McCauley Darren
Published: October 2019

Grid systems are key focal points for energy debates in the Global South. Off- and on-grid realities, with a plethora of microgrid systems in between, exist simultaneously with differing under-explored consequences for rights, responsibilities, opportunities and constraints. We argue that a conceptualisation around macro- and micro-levels of justice helps to elucidate this complexity. A comparative philosophical approach ensues through a spatial exploration of justice in relation to the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and the grid systems derived from hydropower. Original qualitative data is presented, analysed and reflected upon with concluding insights into conducting energy justice in the Global South.
The Impacts of Policy on Energy Justice in Developing Countries
Authors: Tucho Gudina Terefe
Published: October 2019

Access to modern energy is vital to societal wellbeing and to economic development. Still, the majority of rural households in developing countries do not have access to improved energy systems for basic household energy services. Many energy policies have been devised and several energy projects have been implemented to improve the access. However, many of these policies and energy projects were not successful due to the socioeconomic, cultural, resource and technical conditions present in particular contexts. Major barriers were attributed to the weak understanding of local contexts and societal needs. Nevertheless, some projects considering local social needs through innovative approaches were successful. Hence, improving access to improved energy technology needs to understand local contexts, linking to income generation activities and poverty alleviation and inclusion of women to benefit from the system. A bottom-up approach is sustainable to increase energy access while contributing to poverty alleviation and livelihood improvement.
Sociomaterial Solar Waste: Afterlives and Lives After of Small Solar
Authors: Kumar Ankit , Turner Britta
Published: October 2019

The problem of solar waste from off-grid technologies is attracting increasing attention. This chapter argues that solar waste represents multiple matters of concern; it is a problem of pollution, resource, and social ruin all together. It suggests that while an energy justice framework is well suited to identify issues of distributional, procedural, and recognition justice in relation to solar waste—what we refer to as “afterlives”—there is a need to engage with postcolonial theories of ethics in order to better grapple with different kinds of social ruins solar waste may represent—what we refer to as ‘lives after’.
Sparse Robust Regression for Explaining Classifiers
Authors: Björklund Anton , Henelius Andreas , Oikarinen Emilia , Kallonen Kimmo , Puolamäki Kai
Published: October 2019

Real-world datasets are often characterised by outliers, points far from the majority of the points, which might negatively influence modelling of the data. In data analysis it is hence important to use methods that are robust to outliers. In this paper we develop a robust regression method for finding the largest subset in the data that can be approximated using a sparse linear model to a given precision. We show that the problem is NP-hard and hard to approximate. We present an efficient algorithm, termedslise, to find solutions to the problem. Our method extends current state-of-the-art robust regression methods, especially in terms of scalability on large datasets. Furthermore, we show that our method can be used to yield interpretable explanations for individual decisions by opaque, black box, classifiers. Our approach solves shortcomings in other recent explanation methods by not requiring sampling of new data points and by being usable without modifications across various data domains. We demonstrate our method using both synthetic and real-world regression and classification problems.
Dark Matter from self-dual gauge/Higgs dynamics
Authors: Buttazzo Dario , Di Luzio Luca , Landini Giacomo , Strumia Alessandro , Teresi Daniele
Published: October 2019

Abstract

We show that a new gauge group with one new scalar leads to automatically stable Dark Matter candidates. We consider theories where the Higgs phase is dual to the confined phase: it is known that SU (2) gauge theories with a scalar doublet (like the Standard Model) obey this non-trivial feature. We provide a general criterion, showing that this self-duality holds for SU(N), SO(N), Sp(N) and G2 gauge dynamics with a scalar field in the fundamental representation. The resulting Dark Matter phenomenology has non- trivial features that are characteristic of the group, and that we discuss case by case. Just to mention a few, SU(N) has an accidental conserved dark baryon number, SO (2N + 1) leads to stable glue-balls thanks to a special parity, G2 leads to a Dark Matter system analogous to neutral kaons. The cosmological Dark Matter abundance is often reproduced for masses around 100 TeV: all constraints are satisfied and lighter dark glue-balls can affect Higgs physics. These theories acquire additional interest and predictivity assuming that both the dark and weak scales are dynamically generated.
The heart rate method for estimating oxygen uptake: analyses of reproducibility using a range of heart rates from commuter walking
Authors: Schantz Peter , Salier Eriksson Jane , Rosdahl Hans
Published: October 2019

Background

The heart rate method, based on the linear relation between heart rate and oxygen uptake, is potentially valuable to monitor intensity levels of physical activities. However, this depends not least on its reproducibility under standard conditions. This study aims, therefore, to evaluate the reproducibility of the heart rate method in the laboratory using a range of heart rates associated with walking commuting.

Methods

On two different days, heart rate and oxygen uptake measurements were made during three submaximal (model 1) and a maximal exercise intensity (model 2) on a cycle ergometer in the laboratory. 14 habitual walking commuters participated. The reproducibility, based on the regression equations from test and retest and using three levels of heart rate from the walking commuting, was analyzed. Differences between the two models were also analyzed.

Results

For both models, there were no significant differences between test and retest in the constituents of the regression equations (yintercept, slope andrvalue). Neither were there any systematic differences in estimated absolute levels of VO2between test and retest for either model. However, some rather large individual differences were seen in both models. Furthermore, no significant differences were seen between the two models in slopes, intercepts andrvalues of the regression equations or in the estimated VO2.

Conclusion

The heart rate method shows good reproducibility on the group level in estimating oxygen consumption from heart rate–oxygen uptake relations in the laboratory, and based on three levels of heart rate which are representative for walking commuting.
Demenz und Lebensstil
Authors: Benke Thomas
Published: October 2019

Da derzeit keine wirksame Pharmakotherapie zur Verfügung steht, ist ein alternatives Konzept ins Blickfeld des Interesses gerückt: der Kampf gegen die Demenz durch Reduktion modifizierbarer Risikofaktoren. Viele Studien belegen den Nutzen einer gezielten Risikoreduktion, die auf eine Verzögerung des kognitiven Abbaus und des Demenzbeginnes abzielt. Maßnahmen der Demenzprävention mit erwiesener Wirksamkeit sind: die Kontrolle von vaskulären, metabolischen und psychiatrischen Erkrankungen, eine umfassende Förderung von Schul- und Berufsausbildung, regelmäßiges körperliches Training und kognitive Aktivierung sowie die Schaffung eines günstigen sozialen Milieus.

Die Lebensstilanpassung muss bereits früh beginnen und ein Leben lang beibehalten werden. Zukünftige Studien sind notwendig, um einen praktisch verwendbaren Präventionsplan zu erstellen, der auf einzelne Personen und ihr individuelles Demenzrisiko zugeschnitten ist.