bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scintigraphic assessment of gastric emptying of canned and dry diets in healthy cats
Authors: Goggin Justin Μ. , Hoskinson James J. , Butine Michael D. , Foster Louis A. , Myers Nathaniel C.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To characterize factors that affect solid-phase gastric emptying in healthy cats by use of nuclear scintigraphy and to assess differences in emptying patterns of dry and canned diets.

Animals

20 healthy cats.

Procedure

2 groups of 10 cats each were fed dry or canned diet for at least 2 weeks before scintigraphy was done. Diets were labeled with 99mTc-disofenin. After ingestion of labeled meals, scintigraphic images were obtained at 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes, then every 30 minutes to 6 hours. Gastric emptying scans were obtained 3 times for each cat for each diet, in a complete crossover design. The T90, T50, and T20 (times when 90, 50, and 20% of initial meal activity remained in the stomach, respectively) were derived from gastric emptying curves fit to nonlinear models. A mixed models approach was used for data analysis.

Results

Gastric emptying was well described by a nonlinear model. Meal size, water intake, and diet type significantly (P < 0.05) effected gastric emptying. The T90, T50, and T20 increased with meal size, regardless of diet type or water intake. Gastric emptying of a dry diet meal took significantly (P < 0.05) longer than that of an isocaloric meal of canned diet, except when meal size was small. Differences in gastric emptying of dry and canned diets varied with the phase (T90 vs T50 vs T20) of emptying.

Conclusion

Water intake, meal size, and diet type significantly influence gastric emptying in healthy cats, and these factors must be considered in analysis of gastric emptying data. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:388–392)
Induction of cytokine messenger RNA transcripts in mouse macrophages by Listeria monocytogenes isolated from channel catfish
Authors: Zhang Li-Feng , Wang Chinling
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine whether differences exist in induction and quantity of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)1ß, and IL-10 mRNA transcripts when mouse J774A.1 macrophages are infected with Listeria monocytogenes, including 2 isolates originating from channel catfish, the wild-type virulent (EGD) strain, and a nonhemolytic strain (ATCC 15313).

Samples

Listeria monocytogenes isolates from kidneys or fillets of channel catfish were used to stimulate cytokine production from mouse macrophages. The RNA from the infected macrophages was collected.

Procedure

Four hours after infection with L monocytogenes, total cellular RNA was extracted from the J774A.1 cells and reversed transcribed to cDNA, which was amplified, using specific primers for TNF- α, IL-1ß, or IL-10. The specific amplified DNA fragments were detected on polyacrylamide gels and quantified, using a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-mediated ELISA.

Results

The wild-type hemolytic EGD strain and the 2 hemolytic catfish isolates of L monocytogenes induced higher amounts of TNF-α-, IL-1ß-, and IL-10- specific mRNA in J774A.1 cells than did the nonhemolytic strain.

Conclusions

Hemolysin-associated induction of TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-10 cytokines may be related to survival and replication of L monocytogenes in macrophages. It also suggests that the PCR-mediated ELISA procedure is a sensitive test to quantify cytokines from cell cultures. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:717-721)
Gelatinolytic activity in tracheal epithelial lining fluid and in blood from horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Raulo Saara M. , Maisi Päivi
Published: January 2024

Objectives

To determine whether gelatinolytic activity in tracheal epithelial lining fluid (TELF), blood neutrophils, and blood lymphocytes from horses was metalloprotease activity, and to compare, for healthy horses and horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, gelatinolytic activity in neutrophils, lymphocytes, and serum with activity in TELF.

Animals

7 horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and 4 healthy control horses.

Procedure

Neutrophils and lymphocytes were obtained by means of Percoll separation. Zymography was used to detect gelatinolytic activity; EDTA inhibition and 4-aminophenyl mercuric acetate activation were used to verify that gelatinolytic activity was metalloprotease activity.

Results

Gelatinolytic activity was significantly higher in TELF from horses with COPD than in TELF from healthy horses. For all samples, EDTA inhibited and APMA activated gelatinolytic activity. Gelatinolytic activity of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and serum was not significantly different between healthy horses and horses with COPD.

Conclusions

Results suggested that gelatinolytic activity in TELF from horses is metalloprotease activity. Gelatinolytic activity is increased in TELF from horses with COPD, but not in serum, neutrophils, or lymphocytes. Neutrophils and lymphocytes are possible sources of gelatinolytic activity in TELF.

Clinical Relevance

Measurements of serum, blood neutrophil, or blood lymphocyte gelatinolytic activity were of little value in distinguishing horses with COPD from healthy horses. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:818–823)
Type-1 hypersensitivity reactions to Malassezia pachydermatis extracts in atopic dogs
Authors: Morris Daniel O. , Olivier N. Bari , Rosser Edmund J.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To investigate the potential allergenic role of the yeast Malassezia pachydermatis in dogs with clinical diagnosis of atopic dermatitis.

Animals

5 clinically normal nonatopic dogs, 10 atopic dogs with cytologic evidence of Malassezia dermatitis, and 12 atopic dogs without cytologic evidence of Malassezia dermatitis.

Procedure

A crude yeast extract was produced by disrupting the cell wall of M pachydermatis. The crude extract and 8 of its fractions, which were generated by fractionation in a high-performance liquid chromatography column, were injected along with 46 commercial allergens for intradermal allergy testing of normal and atopic sample populations. Significant difference between atopic populations was evaluated, using a threshold concentration of crude yeast extract that failed to induce wheal-and-flare responses in normal nonatopic dogs.

Results

Atopic dogs with cytologic evidence of Malassezia dermatitis had significantly greater wheal-and-flare reactions to intradermal injection of crude extract of M pachydermatis than did atopic dogs without cytologic evidence of Malassezia dermatitis.

Conclusions

It is concluded that M pachydermatis is capable of promoting type-1 hypersensitivity reactions in dogs with an atopic dermatitis phenotype.

Clinical Relevance

Currently, Malassezia dermatitis is principally managed by use of antifungal chemotherapy. Because the yeast appears to be a contributing allergen in dogs with atopic dermatitis, hyposensitization with M pachydermatis extracts may offer a future alternative to extended or repeated episodic administration of antifungals for extended control of recurrent infections. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:836–841)
Specificity and duration of neutralizing antibodies induced in healthy cattle after administration of a modified-live virus vaccine against bovine viral diarrhea
Authors: Cortese Victor S. , Whittaker Richard , Ellis John , Ridpath Julie F. , Bolin Steven R.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine the duration for cross-neutralizing antibodies stimulated by administration of a single dose of a modified-live vaccine against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) to seronegative cattle.

Animals

23 Angus cows seronegative to BVDV.

Procedure

Cows were randomly assigned to control (unvaccinated) or test (vaccinated) groups. Eighteen BVDV-seronegative Angus cattle were vaccinated via IM injection with a modified-live BVDV (NADL strain) vaccine and commingled with 5 unvaccinated seronegative cows. Serum was obtained from the cows before vaccination, on the day of vaccination, and 1.5, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 18 months after vaccination. Serum neutralizing antibody tests were performed on samples obtained at each point after vaccination, using a panel of 12 strains of BVDV that, on the basis of reactivity with monoclonal antibodies, were identified as heterologous.

Results

Antibodies against all 12 strains of BVDV (which we tested) were detected by use of viral neutralization testing in samples obtained from vaccinated cattle 18 months after vaccination; however, concentration of antibody for some of the strains was low. Nonvaccinated cattle remained seronegative throughout the 18-month study period.

Clinical Implications

Analysis of these data indicated that modified-live BVDV vaccines could stimulate an antibody response in seronegative cows that was detectable for at least 18 months after vaccination. These antibodies were able to cross neutralize 12 antigenically diverse strains of BVDV. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:848–850)
Effect of hyperbaric oxygen on lipid peroxidation in free skin grafts in rats
Authors: Lemarié Rose J. , Hosgood Giselle , VanSteenhouse Jan , Hodgin E. Clay , Tedford Bruce L. , Strain George M.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To document that free skin grafts treated with hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) are at greater risk for reperfusion injury, resulting in lipid peroxidation, than are free skin grafts without HBO treatment.

Animals

40 Sprague-Dawley rats.

Procedure

Free skin grafting was performed bilaterally on each rat. The HBO-treated rats received HBO twice daily for 90 minutes at 2 ATA. Biopsy specimens were taken from each rat at the time of grafting and on days 2, 4, 7, 10, 14, 21, and 28, then were processed for tissue concentration of total glutathione (GSHt), glutathione peroxidase activity (GPx), and presence of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS).

Results

Both groups had a similar pattern of change in TBARS and GPx values—initial increase, returning to preoperative values at days 21 (control) and 28 (HBO). The GPx activity peaked later than did TBARS concentration (day 7 vs day 4). The pattern was significantly more pronounced in HBO-treated than in control rats. Both groups had a similar pattern of change in GSHt values—significant decrease from preoperative concentration at day 2, return to preoperative concentration by days 4 (HBO) and 7 (control), increase above preoperative concentration by day 21, and return to preoperative concentration by day 28. Obvious visual or histologic differences in the grafts were not detected between groups.

Conclusions

Cellular effects of oxidative stress were apparent in both groups of rats; however, the degree of these effects was exacerbated by HBO. In the face of enhanced cellular lipid peroxidation, use of HBO for the treatment of free skin grafts must be questioned. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:913–917)
Temporal effects of an infusion of dobutamine hydrochloride in horses anesthetized with halothane
Authors: Young L. E. , Blissitt K. J. , Clutton R. E. , Molony V.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To evaluate temporal hemodynamic effects of dobutamine in horses anesthetized with halothane.

Animals

8 adult Thoroughbreds.

Procedure

Anesthesia was induced by IV administration of romifidine and ketamine and maintained using halothane in oxygen. After 60 minutes, dobutamine was administered IV for 60 minutes at 4 μg/kg of body weight/min. Measurements of left ventricular function were obtained by transesophageal echocardiography and cardiac catheterization.

Results

Mean, systolic, diastolic, aortic, pulmonary arterial, and left and right ventricular end-diastolic and systolic pressures, maximal rate of increase of intraventricular pressure (LVdp/dtmax), maximum acceleration (dv/dtmax) and velocity (Vmax) of aortic blood flow, cardiac output, and left ventricular velocity time integral were significantly increased, whereas left ventricular pre-ejection period and ejection time significantly decreased. Cardiac output, LVdp/dtmax, Vmax, and dv/dtmax increased throughout infusion. Heart rate was significantly less after 10 minutes and significantly greater at 60 minutes than before infusion. Supraventricular tachycardia developed in 2 horses. Cardiac output, LVdp/dtmax, Vmax, dv/dtmax, left ventricular and aortic systolic pressures, and mean aortic pressure had not returned to control values 30 minutes after infusion was discontinued.

Conclusions

At this dosage, dobutamine did not achieve peak effect on many hemodynamic variables within 40 minutes of commencing infusion, and effects of 60-minute infusion persisted after infusion was discontinued.

Clinical Relevance

Dobutamine has a hemodynamic profile suited to treatment of low cardiac output in anesthetized horses; however, sustained administration may be associated with supraventricular tachycardia and a protracted time to peak effect. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1027–1032)
Transverse plane evaluation of the effects of surgical technique on stem positioning and geometry of reconstruction in canine total hip replacement
Authors: Schulz Kurt S. , Vasseur Philip B. , Stover Susan M. , Kass Philip H.
Published: January 2024

Objectives

To test whether femoral ostectomy level, subtrochanteric bone mass removal, and stem-size selection significantly affect stem positioning in canine total hip replacement, and to determine ability of the femoral stem component to restore geometry of the normal femoral head and neck.

Sample Population

Femurs from 8 adult mixed-breed canine cadavers.

Procedure

Femurs were systematically prepared, using 8 combinations of 3 surgical preparation techniques that included level of ostectomy (cervical isthmus vs lesser trochanter), subtrochanteric bone block removal, and femoral stem size (recommended, undersized). Computer-aided analysis of specimen photographs was used to evaluate femoral head offset and position and variability of femoral stem positioning for each of the preparation combinations.

Results

Original femoral head offset and position were reconstructed to within a mean of 0.052 and 0.031 cm, respectively, using an undersized femoral stem after ostectomy at the level of the lesser trochanter. Implantation of an undersized femoral stem after subtrochanteric bone block removal improved ability to centralize the distal tip of the implant and reduce the angle between the femoral diaphyseal and implant axes. Ostectomy at the level of the cervical isthmus tended to force femoral implants into a varus position, and ostectomy at the level of the lesser trochanter tended to force implants into a valgus position.

Conclusions

Geometry of normal canine femurs was most closely reconstructed by implantation of an undersized femoral component after ostectomy at the level of the lesser trochanter. Implantation of an undersized femoral component after subtrochanteric bone block removal resulted in the best alignment and centralization of the stem. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1071–1079)
Asymmetry in placement of bilateral skin markers on horses and effects of asymmetric skin marker placement on kinematic variables
Authors: Audigié Fabrice , Pourcelot Philippe , Degueurce Christophe , Denoix Jean-Marie , Geiger Didier , Bortolussi Claude
Published: January 2024

Objective

To evaluate asymmetry in placement of bilateral skin markers on horses and to determine effect of asymmetric skin marker placement on kinematic variables for trotting horses.

Animals

10 horses for evaluation of asymmetry in marker placement; 1 horse for evaluation of effects on kinematic variables.

Procedure

Asymmetry in marker placement was assessed by attaching markers to horses and comparing radiographs of left and right limbs. An experimental model was developed to determine effects on kinematic variables; accuracy of the model was validated experimentally. Using kinematic data from a clinically normal trotting horse as reference data, effects of asymmetric marker placement on vertical displacement-time and joint angle-time diagrams were determined by use of the model.

Results

Asymmetry of placement was < 1 cm for markers on the distal portions of the limbs and < 2 cm for markers on the proximal portions. Asymmetric marker placement did not alter general shapes of the vertical displacement-time and joint angle-time curves. In most instances, largest differences in vertical displacement attributable to asymmetric marker placement were equal to or less than magnitude of the asymmetry of placement. Alterations in joint angle-time curves were mainly a result of shifting of the curves on the Y axis. Joint range of motion was only slightly changed by asymmetric marker placement, but maximum flexion and extension angles were greatly altered.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Some kinematic variables can be greatly altered by small differences in skin marker placement. Such effects should be taken into account when evaluating kinematic data for sound and lame horses. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:938–944)
Characterization of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)
Authors: Wang Chinling , Zhang Li-Feng , Austin Frank W. , Boyle Carolyn R.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To characterize Listeria monocytogenes from tissues of channel catfish for their ability to cause hemolysis and grow intracellularly in mouse macrophages.

Samples

15 isolates from processed fillets and 15 isolates from the brain, spleen, and kidneys.

Procedure

Serotype and hemolytic activity of L monocytogenes isolates were evaluated, using plate agglutination and CAMP tests, respectively. Invasiveness of L monocytogenes was determined by inoculating each strain or isolate on J774A.1 macrophage cells. Infected cells were incubated for 0 or 3 hours and lysed; then 100 μΙ of the lysate was plated onto a brain heart infusion agar plate. Colony counts for each strain or isolate were analyzed statistically.

Results

Of 30 isolates, 19 were serotype 1 and 11 were serotype 4. Mouse J774A.1 macrophages were inoculated with catfish isolates, a wild-type (EGD) or a nonhemolytic strain of L monocytogenes. Seventy-three percent (11/15) of isolates originating from catfish organs and 100% (15/15) of isolates originating from fillets were not significantly different from the wild-type EGD strain. The nonhemolytic L monocytogenes strain used as a negative control failed to replicate. Intracellular growth of all L monocytogenes isolates decreased after an additional 3-hour incubation period with medium containing 50 μg/ml of gentamicin.

Conclusions

Similar to the wild-type EGD strain, most channel catfish L monocytogenes isolates were hemolytic, serotype 1 or 4, and were invasive for mouse J774A.1 macrophages.

Clinical Relevance

L monocytogenes growth in mouse macrophages may serve as an in vitro model for determining virulence of isolates from food products or environments. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1125-1128)
Histamine-induced gastric acid secretion in horses
Authors: Kitchen Diane L. , Merritt A. M. , Burrow J. A.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine gastric secretory responses in horses treated with histamine and to determine the dose of histamine needed to elicit maximal gastric secretion.

Animals

6 adult horses with an indwelling gastric cannula.

Procedure

Gastric contents were collected in 15-minute periods, and volume, pH, hydrogen ion concentration, hydrogen ion output, sodium concentration, and sodium output were determined. Values were determined without any treatment (baseline), after administration of pyrilamine maleate (1 mg/kg of body weight, IV, given during a 15-minute period), and during 1-hour infusions of histamine at 3 rates (7.5, 15, and 30 μg/kg/h, IV).

Results

Volume and hydrogen ion concentration of gastric contents and hydrogen ion output were significantly increased, compared with baseline values, during histamine infusion. Mean hydrogen ion concentration and hydrogen ion output were significantly greater during infusion of histamine at a rate of 15 or 30 μg/kg/h than at a rate of 7.5 μg/kg/h. Sodium concentration was significantly decreased, compared with baseline value, during histamine infusion, but sodium output was unchanged.

Conclusions

Histamine at doses of 15 and 30 μg/kg/h, IV stimulated maximal gastric secretion in horses. Histamine appeared to induce only parietal secretion.

Clinical Relevance

This study provides additional information related to equine gastric physiology, which may benefit further understanding of the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer disease. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1303–1306)
Effect of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy on gastric emptying in clinically normal cats
Authors: Smith Stephanie A. , Ludlow Chris. L. , Hoskinson James J. , Butine Michael D. , Goggin Justin M.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To assess the effect of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube placement on gastric emptying in clinically normal cats.

Animals

8 healthy adult 3- to 5-year-old cats.

Procedure

Cats were accommodated to the diet for 2 weeks prior to scintigraphy. Caloric needs were divided into 3 feedings/d. Food was withheld for 24 hours after tube placement, then was fed as a third of the caloric needs on day 1, two-thirds on day 2, and full caloric requirements thereafter. Gastric emptying was measured via nuclear scintigraphy. Labeled meals contained 111 MBq (3 mCi) of 99mTc-labeled disofenin. Sixty-second ventral scintigraphic images were acquired immediately, every 20 minutes for the first hour, then every 30 minutes for 4 hours after feeding. Each cat was evaluated 3 times prior to PEG tube placement. Cats were anesthetized, and 16-F mushroom-tipped Pezzar gastrostomy tubes were placed, using a video endoscope. Scintigraphy was repeated on days 1, 4, 7, 11, 14, and 21 after PEG tube placement.

Results

Gastric emptying was faster with a PEG tube in place. Percentage of retained gastric activity was significantly lower after PEG for 150, 180, 210, and 240 minutes versus time before PEG tube placement.

Conclusion

Placement of a PEG tube does not delay gastric emptying in clinically normal cats.

Clinical Relevance

Gastric retention of food, vomiting, and aspiration pneumonia after PEG tube placement may not be related to delayed gastric emptying. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1414–1416)
Prediction of inherited portosystemic shunts in Irish Wolfhounds on the basis of pedigree analysis
Authors: Ubbink Geert J. , van de Broek Jan , Meyer Hein P. , Rothuizen Jan
Published: January 2024

Objective

To test validity of prediction for inherited portosystemic shunts (PSS) in Irish Wolfhounds, using nonselective clinical findings and a computerized database containing 5-generation pedigrees.

Animals

613 dogs in the first and 396 dogs in the second cohort.

Procedure

Preprandial venous ammonia concentration was measured at 6 to 8 weeks in all pups born between Jan 1, 1988 and Jan 1, 1997. Portosystemic shunts were confirmed in hyperammonemic pups, using radioisotope shunt index measurement, and diagnosis of shunting was confirmed at abdominal surgery or necropsy. Findings in dogs of the first cohort (born before Jan 1, 1992) were used to predict shunting in their offspring of the second cohort. Common ancestors of first-cohort dogs with shunts were tested for positive associations with the disease. Risk for a shunt in all second-cohort dogs was predicted on the basis of relatedness with founders and was compared with outcome of clinical screening.

Results

Prevalence of shunts in first and second cohorts was 3.1 and 2.3%, respectively. Fifteen highly related associated founders could be identified. Second-cohort dogs were classified into 6 groups of increasing predicted risk. Mean number of dogs per class was 60; number of clinically diagnosed cases ranged from 0 in the class with the lowest risk to 4 in the highest risk class.

Conclusions

Genetic risk for reproducing a PSS in Irish Wolfhounds was accurate, using the described method.

Clinical Relevance

Risk estimation provides a tool for genetic counseling, does not require knowledge of the mode of inheritance, and may be valid for any inherited disease. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1553-1556)
Purification and biochemical characterization of pulmonary surfactant protein A of horses
Authors: Hobo Seiji , Ogasawara Yoshinori , Kuroki Yoshio , Akino Toyoaki , Yoshihara Toyohiko
Published: January 2024

Objective

To characterize surfactant protein isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluids of healthy horses.

Animals

10 Thoroughbreds (5 males, 5 females; 26 to 40 months old) that did not have a history or clinical signs of respiratory tract disease.

Procedure

Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was obtained and centrifuged at 33,000 × g. Lipid was removed from precipitated fractions by means of extraction with 1-butanol, and organic solvent-insoluble protein precipitates were dialyzed against Tris buffer. The suspension was centrifuged, and supernatant was placed in a mannose-Sepharose affinity column, with calcium. The bound protein fraction was analyzed by means of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, western immunoblot analysis, and amino acid sequencing. A liposome-aggregation assay was also performed, using purified proteins.

Results

Protein isolated by use of mannose-affinity matrices was identified as surfactant protein A (SP-A). It had carbohydrate-binding and phospholipid-aggregation properties characteristic of SP-A isolated from other animal species. The partial primary sequence of the isolated protein had high homology with rat and human SP-A. Furthermore, the equine SP-A reacted with anti-human and anti-rat SP-A specific antibodies.

Conclusion

Analysis of these findings indicated the existence of SP-A in pulmonary tissues of horses.

Clinical Relevance

Measurement of SP-A concentrations may be useful for clinicians evaluating pulmonary disease of horses. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60: 169-173)
Reliability of taurine concentrations measured in single urine samples obtained from dogs eight hours after eating
Authors: Sanderson Sherry , Gross Kathy , Lulich Jody , Osborne Carl , Ogburn Phillip , Pierpont Mary Ella , Koehler Lori , Swanson Laurie , Bird Kathy , Ulrich Lisa
Published: January 2024

Objective

To evaluate the reliability of taurine concentrations measured in a single urine sample obtained from dogs 8 hours after eating, compared with taurine concentrations measured in 24-hour urine samples.

Animals

18 healthy Beagles.

Procedure

After emptying the urinary bladder by transurethral catheterization, dogs were fed a canned maintenance diet. Approximately 8 hours later, urine, plasma, and serum samples were obtained for determination of fractional urinary excretion of taurine and urine taurine-to-creatinine concentration ratios (Utaur:Ucr). Results were compared with 24-hour urinary taurine excretion rate.

Results

Unbound and total fractional urinary taurine excretion correlated well with unbound and total 24- hour urinary taurine excretion. However, bound fractional urinary taurine excretion correlated poorly with bound 24-hour urinary taurine excretion. Unbound and total Utaur:Ucr correlated well with unbound and total 24-hour urinary taurine excretion. However, bound Utaur:Ucr correlated poorly with bound 24-hour urinary taurine excretion.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance

Fractional urinary excretion of unbound and total taurine, and unbound and total Utaur:Ucr are reliable indicators of 24-hour urinary unbound and total taurine excretion in healthy dogs. However, determination of 24-hour urinary taurine excretion is recommended for evaluating urinary bound taurine concentrations of dogs. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:186–189)
N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activity in urine of cows with renal parenchymal lesions
Authors: Sato Reeko , Sano Yasuhiko , Sato Jun , Naito Yoshihisa
Published: January 2024

Objective

To measure N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity in urine of cows with renal diseases and to correlate values for NAG activity with renal lesions.

Animals

8 lactating Holstein cows and a Japanese Shorthorn cow, all of which had renal disease.

Procedure

Urine samples were collected, and urinary NAG activity and creatinine concentration were measured. The NAG activity was expressed as units per gram of creatinine (NAG index). Cows were euthanatized, necropsy was performed, and correlations between results for urinary NAG index and histopathologic findings for the kidneys were evaluated.

Results

The NAG activity and NAG index in urine samples obtained from cows with interstitial nephritis were high, ranging from 4.2 to 13.6 U/L and 3.5 to 23.0 U/g, respectively. A cow with renal amyloidosis also had high values for urinary NAG activity and NAG index. Histologic examination of the kidneys revealed various kinds of parenchymal lesions. However, urinary NAG index in cows with enzootic bovine leukosis was low.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Cows with renal diseases had high urinary NAG indexes that correlated well with their renal lesions, except for cows with enzootic bovine leukosis. Therefore, measurement of NAG index in urine samples has the potential to provide new perspectives on clinical diagnosis of renal disease in cattle. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60: 410-413)
Stress leak point pressures and urethral pressure profile tests in clinically normal female dogs
Authors: Rawlings Clarence A. , Coates Joan R. , Chernosky Adriene , Barsanti Jeanne A. , Oliver John E.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To develop a stress leak point pressure (LPP) test for dogs, determine LPP for continent female dogs, and determine urethral pressure profile (UPP) values for nonanesthetized, continent female dogs.

Animals

22 continent female dogs weighing from 21 to 29 kg.

Procedure

A standard UPP test and a modification of the LPP test used in women were performed on all dogs. On 3 occasions, dogs underwent UPP testing while awake. They then were anesthetized with propofol, and LPP was measured at bladder volumes of 75. 100, and 150 ml. For LPP tests, abdominal pressure was applied by inflating a human blood pressure cuff placed around the dog’s abdomen. LPP were recorded through a urethral catheter (bladder LPP) and a rectal balloon catheter (abdominal LPP).

Results

Mean ± SD and median maximal urethral closure pressure was 110.1 ± 20.2 and 109.0 cm water, respectively. Mean bladder LPP for the 75, 100, and 150 ml bladder volumes was 172.4 cm water. Significant differences among LPP for the 3 bladder volumes were not detected.

Conclusions

Stress LPP can be recorded in female dogs. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:676–678)
Effects of oral administration of orotic acid on hepatic morphologic characteristics and serum biochemical variables in cats
Authors: VanSteenhouse Jan L. , Dimski Donna S. , Taylor H. Wayne , Swenson David H. , Taboada Joseph , Hosgood Giselle
Published: January 2024

Objective

To evaluate orotic acid (OA) as a possible etiologic factor in cats with idiopathic hepatic lipidosis (HL).

Animals

20 clinically normal adult female cats.

Procedure

Cats were fed a control diet or a diet containing less protein. On day 1 of the control period, blood, urine, and liver biopsy specimens were obtained. Each cat was given an oral dose of water daily. On days 8, 15, and 22, blood and urine specimens were collected as on day 1. On day 29, liver, blood, and urine samples were obtained as on day 1. After a resting period of 30 to 60 days, cats were treated with orotic acid. Serum biochemical analyses, urinary OA-to-creatinine ratios, and liver biopsy specimens were evaluated. Cats were given OA orally (suspension or capsules) for 29 days. Sample collection and data obtained were identical to those described for the control period.

Results

Urinary OA-to-creatinine ratios were significantly higher in all treated cats, but ratios were significantly higher in those receiving OA in capsules than in those receiving OA in suspension. Diet or treatment did not alter hepatic biochemical or histologic variables significantly. However, 7 cats given the highest dose of OA in capsules developed azotemia, urolithiasis, and renal changes.

Conclusions

Most concentrations of OA used in this study did not induce HL in cats during a 29-day period, but the highest dosage used did result in renal disease.

Clinical Relevance

Orotic acid does not appear to be involved in the genesis of HL in cats. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:749–752)
Evaluation of commercially available Escherichia coli J5 bacterin as protection against experimental challenge with Pasteurella multocida in rabbits
Authors: Ruble Randall P. , Cullor James S. , Brooks Dale L.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To evaluate the ability of commercially available Escherichia coli J5 bacterin to protect rabbits from experimental challenge with Pasteurella multocida.

Animals

40 P multocida-free New Zealand White rabbits.

Procedures

Rabbits were assigned to 1 of 4 groups of 10 rabbits each. Three of the groups were inoculated SC with J5 bacterin at 8 weeks old. Inoculation was repeated 3 and 6 weeks later. The fourth group was not inoculated and served as controls. Groups 1, 2, and 3 were given 109, 108, and 107 colony forming units (CFU), respectively. Response was monitored by titer assessment, using an E coli J5 antigen capture ELISA. Five weeks after the last inoculation, all rabbits were challenged with P multocida and observed for an additional 5 weeks. Clinical, hematologic, serologic, culture, and necropsy data were collected.

Results

Inoculation of rabbits with 109 CFU of E coli J5 bacterin-induced titers that were significantly greater than titers of rabbits vaccinated with 108 or 107 CFU or those in controls. The incidence of acute bacteremia was lower in rabbits with high titers. At necropsy, prevalence of lesions typical of P multocida was not significantly different among groups. Prevalence of histologic lesions was also not significantly different among groups.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Although the bacterin induced considerable antibody response and possibly reduced the rate of bacteremia, antibodies were not protective against long-term colonization or infection of the frontal sinuses or tympanic bullae by the challenge strain of P multocida. This bacterin in its currently available form is unlikely to aid in reducing the prevalence of pasteurellosis in rabbits. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:853–859)
Strain- and growth condition-dependent variability in outer membrane protein expression by Bordetella bronchiseptica isolates from dogs
Authors: Keil Daniel J. , Fenwick Brad
Published: January 2024

Objective

To characterize strain-dependent and growth condition-dependent variability in outer membrane protein (OMP) expression of Bordetella bronchiseptica isolates from dogs and evaluate the systemic immune response to OMP of B bronchiseptica among infected dogs.

Sample Population

8 strains of B bronchiseptica isolated from dogs, including a historic reference strain, 2 commercially available vaccine strains, and 5 field strains, and serum samples collected from 3 specific-pathogen-free (SPF) dogs before and 1 month after infection with B bronchiseptica.

Procedure

OMP were isolated from cultures in the late exponential phase of growth and compared among strains and, within strains, among growth conditions by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. Serum samples were probed with OMP from 1 of the field strains.

Results

Strain-dependent variability in OMP profiles and growth condition-dependent and strain-dependent variability in expression of filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) and pertactin was found, along with heterogeneity of the pertactin proteins produced by these B bronchiseptica strains. All 3 SPF dogs seroconverted to proteins with estimated molecular masses of 200 and 66 kDa, suggesting that FHA and pertactin were involved in the immunologic response of these dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Results indicated that there is growth condition and strain variability in expression of OMP, FHA, and pertactin proteins produced by B bronchiseptica. This information could be useful in the improvement of vaccines for prevention of bordetellosis in dogs. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1016-1021)
Efficacy of an adulticide used alone or in combination with an insect growth regulator for flea infestations of dogs housed in simulated home environments
Authors: Cadiergues Marie-Christine , Steffan Jean , Tinembart Olivier , Franc Michel
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine the effect of an adulticide on flea populations of dogs and to evaluate efficacy of combined use of the adulticide and an insect growth regulator (IGR) in dogs with experimentally induced flea infestations.

Animals

40 adult Beagles.

Procedure

Each group of 5 dogs was housed in a separate room. Each dog was infested 3 times with 50 fleas, and fleas were counted beginning on day −21. Groups of dogs and treatments (initiated on day 0) were as follows: 1, adulticide once; 2, adulticide on days 0 and 7; 3, adulticide on days 0, 3, and 7; 4, sham treatment; 5, igr monthly; 6, igr monthly plus adulticide once weekly for 6 weeks; 7, igr monthly plus adulticide twice weekly for 6 weeks; 8, sham treatment. Flea counts were compared between treated and control dogs.

Results

By 24 hours after initial treatment, all adult fleas but 1 were dead in treated dogs. In groups 1 and 3, populations increased to 15 to 20 fleas/dog 2 months after treatment, compared with 48 fleas/dog in group 4. After treatment, mean flea counts were significantly lower for groups 1, 2, and 3, relative to group 4. Efficacy of treatment for group 5, relative to group 8, was > 94% after day 84. Efficacy of treatment for groups 6 and 7 was 99% after day 28.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Treatment with adulticide alone or in combination with an igr had better efficacy, compared with sham treatment or igr alone. Administration of adulticide twice weekly was not more efficacious than treatment once weekly, (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1122–1125)
Evaluation of certification in the Milk and Dairy Beef Quality Assurance Program and associated factors on the risk of having violative antibiotic residues in milk from dairy farms in Michigan
Authors: Gibbons-Burgener Suzanne N. , Kaneene John B. , Lloyd James W. , Erskine Ronald J.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine whether certification in a Milk and Dairy Beef Quality Assurance Program (MDBQAP) was associated with a reduced risk of having antibiotic residues in milk and to define specific management factors that may have predisposed dairy farms to having violative antibiotic residues in milk.

Sample Population

124 dairy farms in Michigan that had ≥ 1 violative residue in milk during 1993 and 248 randomly selected control farms in Michigan that did not have violative residues in milk during 1993.

Procedure

A pretested structured questionnaire was mailed to case and control farms. A conditional multivariate logistic regression model was developed to determine risk factors associated with having a violative antibiotic residue in milk.

Results

Certification in the MDBQAP did not significantly reduce the risk of having a violative antibiotic residue. Annual treatment of > 10% of a herd for metritis was associated with a reduced risk of having a violative residue. Evidence suggested that a routine request for a milk processor to perform residue testing was associated with a decreased risk of having had a violative antibiotic residue, but routine on-farm residue testing was associated with an increased risk of having had a residue.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

MDBQAP certification was associated, although not significantly, with a reduced risk of having violative antibiotic residues in milk. Risk factors significantly associated with violative antibiotic residues are addressed by various critical control points in the MDBQAP and may be indicators for strengths and weaknesses of MDBQAP. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1312–1316)
Comparison of fecal samples collected per rectum and off the ground for estimation of environmental contamination attributable to beef cattle
Authors: Hoar Bruce R. , Atwill Edward R. , Elmi Cyrus , Utterback William W. , Edmondson Anita J.
Published: January 2024

Objectives

To determine whether sampling feces off the ground replicates prevalence estimates for specific pathogens obtained from fecal samples collected per rectum of adult cows, and to determine characteristics of feces on the ground (fecal pats) that are associated with subsequent identification of Campylobacter spp, Cryptosporidium parvum, and Giardia duodenalis.

Animals

A random sample of adult beef cattle from 25 herds located throughout California.

Procedure

1,115 rectal and ground fecal samples were obtained. Samples were submitted for culture of Campylobacter spp and examined, using a direct fluorescent antibody assay, to detect C parvum oocysts and G duodenalis cysts. Characteristics of fecal pats, such as volume and consistency, were recorded.

Results

Prevalence of Campylobacter spp was 5.0% (20/401) for rectal fecal samples, which was significantly greater than prevalence determined for ground fecal samples (2/402; 0.5%). Most isolates were C jejuni subsp jejuni. Prevalence of C parvum was higher in rectal fecal samples (6/557; 1.1%) than in ground fecal samples (1/558; 0.2%), but this difference was not significant. Prevalence of G duodenalis did not differ for rectal (36/557; 6.5%) versus ground (26/558; 4.7%) fecal samples.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Evaluation of ground fecal samples may not accurately indicate the prevalence of Campylobacter spp or C parvum in cattle but may reflect prevalence of G duodenalis Differences in prevalence estimates between the 2 methods suggest inactivation of pathogens in feces after cattle have defecated. Prevalence estimates generated by evaluation of ground fecal samples, however, may more accurately estimate environmental pathogen burden. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1352–1356)
Effects of dexamethasone administration on serum trypsin-like immunoreactivity in healthy dogs
Authors: Lucena Rosario , Ginel Pedro J. , Novales Manuel , Molleda José M.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine whether administration of dexamethasone altered serum trypsin-like immunore-activity (TLI) in healthy dogs.

Animals

12 healthy dogs.

Procedure

Dexamethasone (0.25 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h) was administered for 7 days. Serum TLI, α-amylase and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities, and urea and creatinine concentrations were determined on days 0, 7, 14, and 21 of the study.

Results

Serum TLI and ALT activities were significantly increased, and serum α-amylase activity was significantly decreased after administration of dexamethasone for 7 days. However, values obtained on days 14 and 21 were not significantly different from baseline values. Dexamethasone administration was not associated with any significant changes in serum creatinine or urea concentrations. Serum TLI and α-amylase activities were significantly correlated prior to dexamethasone administration. Dogs did not develop clinical signs of pancreatitis.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Dexamethasone administration was associated with an increase in serum TLI. However, values returned to baseline 7 days after dexamethasone administration was discontinued. Serum TLI may be falsely high in dogs that have been treated with dexamethasone in the week preceding analysis. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1357–1359)
Dose titration of an injectable formulation of lufenuron in cats experimentally infested with fleas
Authors: Blagburn Byron L. , Vaughan Joy L. , Butler Jamie M. , Parks S. Craig
Published: January 2024

Objectives

To identify the lowest single dose of lufenuron injected SC that results in a 90% disruption of the flea (Ctenocephalides felis) life cycle for 6 months in cats.

Animals

40 domestic shorthair cats (20 males, 20 females) between 5 and 7 months old.

Procedure

Cats were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 eight-cat groups and experimentally infested with C felis on days −8, −7, −6, and −4. On day 0, cats in the 4 treatment groups were treated with an injectable formulation of lufenuron at doses of 2.5, 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg of body weight, respectively. Control cats received the injectable formulation without lufenuron. Experimental infestations were repeated and flea eggs collected at various intervals for 196 days after treatment. Eggs were placed in media and incubated in an insectary for 28 days to determine effects of injectable lufenuron on egg and larval development. Number of adults that emerged from eggs were compared among groups.

Results

Lufenuron injected once at a dose of 10 or 20 mg/kg, but not at 2.5 or 5 mg/kg, resulted in a 90% decrease in number of adult fleas emerging from eggs for 196 days after treatment.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Results indicate that control of flea egg and larval development for at least 6 months can be achieved in cats with a single SC injection of lufenuron (10 mg/kg). The injectable formulation may provide veterinarians and cat owners an alternative to the tablet formulation of lufenuron. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1513–1515)
Isoflurane anesthesia alters complete blood count values in lilac-crowned parrots (Amazona finschi)
Authors: Sánchez Edgar A. Sandoval , Rodríguez Julio A. Mercado , Silva Katya M. Meza , Watty Andrés Ducoing , Pizano Daniel Alejandro Gómez
Published: January 2024

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the effects of a chemical restraint with isoflurane compared to a physical restraint in hemogram values in psittacines.

ANIMALS

21 adult lilac-crowned parrots (Amazona finschi).

METHODS

Subjects were physically restrained for blood sample collection, after this isoflurane anesthesia was administered for 30 minutes at which time a second blood sample was taken. Hemogram values were compared between both samples using a t test in variables with normal distribution and a Wilcoxon test in variables without normal distribution. Statistical significance was established at P < .05.

RESULTS

When comparing the analytes of the respective CBCs, a decrease in PCV (P < .001), RBC count (P < .001), WBC count (P = .017), absolute lymphocytes (P = .024), and total proteins (P < .001) was observed in the samples taken under chemical restraint. No significant differences in MCV and absolute values of heterophils, monocytes, or eosinophils were observed.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Isoflurane causes a decrease in some blood count values in lilac-crowned parrots under isoflurane anesthesia for 30 minutes. Although the magnitude of change could be variable between values, it is important to consider the blood collection method when interpreting the blood count in this species.
The depth of the sulcus of the upper lip-a cephalometric study
Authors: Galvao Carlos A.A.N. , Madeira Miguel C.
Published: January 2024

This cross sectional cephalometric study used a mixed sample of 98 Brazilian-born white teenagers, aged 11-18 years, who had not undergone orthodontic treatment. Using the “H”-NB angle (angle formed by the “H” line of Holdaway to the NB plane), they were divided into three groups according to their facial profiles; harmonious, convex and concave. The depth of the sulcus or concavity of the upper lip (a line perpendicular to the “H” line) was compared to that found by Holdaway (1977). The results indicate that the depth of the sulcus of the upper lip in persons with either a harmonious or concave facial profile approximates the figures presented by Holdaway (1977), but patients with a convex profile have greater sulcus depth. There appears a direct relationship between the convexity of the facial profile and upper lip sulcus depth.
Begg class II treatment planning for optimum profile control
Authors: Thompson F.G.
Published: January 2024

In attempting to obtain the treatment goals of a normal incisor and lip relationship the overall facial appearance may worsen in a number of patients during treatment with the Begg appliance. The three main causes of this deteriorating profile are over-retraction and excessive torquing of upper incisors, retraction of the lower incisors, and the effect of backward rotation of the mandible. A sequence of clinical cases are used to illustrate these adverse effects. Suggested methods are given for limiting the treatment effects of Begg mechanotherapy by selection of appropriate extraction sites and/or by combined use of Begg mechanics with different headgear forces.