bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A SIMPLE ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS FOR THRESHOLD DATA DETERMINED BY ASCENDING FORCED‐CHOICE METHODS OF LIMITS
Authors: LAWLESS HARRY T.
Published: March 2010

An alternative analysis of forced‐choice threshold data sets such as the type generated by ASTM method E‐679 involves a simple interpolation of chance‐corrected 50% detection. This analysis has several potential advantages. The analysis does not require the ad hoc heuristics for estimating individual thresholds above and below the series. It takes into account the possibility of guessing correctly, which is not considered in the ASTM calculations and produces a downward bias to the estimates. It does not discount correct responses early in the series which may be legitimate detections, but which are discounted by the ASTM method if followed by any incorrect response. Comparisons of the two methods in a large consumer study of odor detection threshold study data set gave comparable values. The interpolation can also be done to determine other levels of detection (e.g. 10, 25%). These values other than 50% can be potentially useful in setting regulatory standards for water or air pollution limits or to food manufacturers who wish to avoid detection of taints by more sensitive individuals.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The forced choice methods for threshold estimation have proven practically useful in comparing the potency of various flavor materials and in comparing the sensitivities of individuals. The ASTM method E‐679 is one such method. The alternative analysis of results from this procedure which is outlined here provides additional information and does not exhibit the downward bias because of correct guessing.
THE ROLES OF FAT AND PH ON THE DETECTION THRESHOLDS AND PARTITION COEFFICIENTS OF THREE COMPOUNDS: DIACETYL, δ‐DECALACTONE AND FURANEOL
Authors: LEKSRISOMPONG PATTARIN , BARBANO DAVID M. , FOEGEDING ALLEN E. , GERARD PATRICK , DRAKE MARYANNE
Published: March 2010

The effect of fat and pH on the best estimate threshold (BET) of three prominent dairy product flavor compounds with varying physicochemical properties: diacetyl (2, 3‐butanedione), δ‐decalactone and furaneol (2,5‐dimethyl‐4‐hydroxy‐3[2H]‐furanone), in water, oil and oil‐in‐water model emulsions (at 10 and 20% fat at neutral and acidified pH 5.5) were investigated. The headspace‐matrix partition coefficients (KHS/matrix) of each compound in the different matrixes were established using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The particle size of the emulsions was controlled. Fat had the largest impact on the BET and partition coefficients of δ‐decalactone followed by diacetyl (P ≤ 0.05). Fat content did not affect the BET value of furaneol (P > 0.05) but some effects on partition coefficients were noted (P ≤ 0.05). BET values of the three compounds were unaffected by pH (P > 0.05), but differences in partition coefficients (P ≤ 0.05) were noted for diacetyl and furaneol.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

This manuscript provides a better understanding of sensory detection thresholds as a result of partitioning of three flavor compounds that are different in physico‐chemical properties and are prominent in dairy product flavor. The acquired knowledge on these compounds may assist product developers in adjusting levels of flavor compounds in reduced fat products to achieve products similar in flavor properties to full fat products, considering the effect of fat and pH of the products on the compounds. Understanding the partition coefficients and detection threshold of one of the compounds studied, diacetyl, may also provide insights in ongoing debates on diacetyl and its safety levels in dairy products.
PERCEPTUAL MAPPING OF APPLES AND CHEESES USING PROJECTIVE MAPPING AND SORTING
Authors: NESTRUD MICHAEL A. , LAWLESS HARRY T.
Published: March 2010

Projective mapping, also called napping, was introduced to the chemosensory community as a multidimensional data‐collection method in which panelists place products directly into a two‐dimensional space based on their perceived similarity. Sorting is a form of nominal level measurement in that a pair of products is either placed in the same category or not for each subject. Analysis of projective mapping data is typically performed with multiple factor analysis, and sorting is typically performed with multidimensional scaling (MDS). This study took an exploratory empirical look at apple and cheese product systems separately in a direct comparison of sorting (analyzed by MDS) with projective mapping (analyzed with MFA). Product maps were similar for both the sorting and projective mapping procedures. Subjects had more difficulty with the apples than the cheeses. Cluster analysis was easier to interpret for the napping configurations.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Sorting has already gained wide use in such areas of applied sensory science as competitive evaluation, flavor exploration and category appraisals, among others. Projective mapping, also known as the napping method, was introduced relatively recently to the sensory community and has already gained much interest. It may have certain advantages or disadvantages of sorting and, at least in theory, can be applied in the same situations. This paper provides a comparison of projective mapping and sorting, and illustrates some of the differences and advantages/disadvantages of each method. It provides examples of the types of data analysis that can be used for each method. Based on this study, we conclude that projective mapping may have advantages over sorting where the product space contains relatively similar products, such as different apples or cheddar cheeses. Cluster analysis enriches the projective mapping interpretation by helping differentiate product groupings.
ACCEPTABILITY OF YOGURT AND YOGURT‐LIKE PRODUCTS: INFLUENCE OF PRODUCT INFORMATION AND CONSUMER CHARACTERISTICS AND PREFERENCES
Authors: BAYARRI SARA , CARBONELL INMACULADA , BARRIOS EDITH X. , COSTELL ELVIRA
Published: March 2010

This work aims to investigate whether the information about product type and the nutritional label affects consumer acceptability of yogurt and fermented milk. Hedonic evaluations of seven commercial samples, three yogurts and four fermented milks were elicited from 120 consumers under blind tasting conditions, looking at a card with the product type and with the label nutritional facts and finally, tasting labeled products. For the whole group of consumers, nutritional information did not affect the acceptability of these products although analysis of individual consumer behavior showed that only for around 50% of consumers surveyed, this result reflects on their actual response. When data for subgroups of consumers of different gender or age or with different preference pattern were considered, differences in the influence of nutritional information on samples acceptability were detected. These results confirm that the data averaged from the consumer whole population cannot accurately reflect the real behavior of the population surveyed. More complete and valid information can be gained from analyzing the responses of the consumer subgroups of different characteristics or with different individual preferences.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Currently, there are a lot of new dairy products with different sensory and nutritional characteristics on the market. Confirmation or disconfirmation of the expectations generated by the nutritional information plays an important role in consumers' acceptance of these products. The results of this work provide information about the different conclusions that can be drawn when one considers average acceptance data for the whole population of consumers or average data of consumer subgroups (i.e., different gender, age or individual preferences).
OBUSHERA: DESCRIPTIVE SENSORY PROFILING AND CONSUMER ACCEPTABILITY
Authors: MUKISA I.M. , NSIIMIRE D.G. , BYARUHANGA Y.B. , MUYANJA C.M.B.K. , LANGSRUD T. , NARVHUS J.A.
Published: March 2010

The purpose of this study was to describe the sensory characteristics of traditionally produced Obushera and their influence on consumer acceptability using focus group discussions, a descriptive panel and a consumer acceptability panel. Four types of Obushera of commercial importance including: Obutoko and Enturire (sorghum based) plus Obuteire and Ekitiribita (millet‐based) were identified. Descriptive profiles of the four types showed that they are sensorially distinct products. Preliminary studies indicated that their acceptability was significantly (P < 0.05) affected by producer and duration of fermentation. Some of the factors that influence the sensory quality of Obushera include: cereal variety, quantity of ash used during malting, length of drying period of the sprouted grain and back slopping. Obushera is a range of sensorially distinct products varying in taste, aroma and texture. These products may appeal to different consumer tastes and market segments. Variation in sensory attributes is due to the different raw materials used, stage of fermentation and to the effect of different producers among others. Therefore, efforts toward improving the production process, quality and safety of Obushera should be more product‐specific.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Obushera is one of the many popular traditional fermented products whose production has not yet been commercialized. This is partly due to its being a spontaneously fermented product often resulting in inconsistencies in quality. Therefore understanding the sensory characteristics of Obushera and how these relate to its acceptability is crucial in guiding the process of improving the processing of Obushera for commercial production. These results can be used to guide studies involved with selection of starter cultures and quality raw material. This study can also act as a guide to research related to similar products in Africa such as Togwa (Tanzania), Kirario (Kenya), Dolo and Pito (West Africa) among others. A more in depth consumer study involving large numbers of consumers would be necessary to confirm these findings.
Differences in sino‐atrial and atrio‐ventricular function with age and sex attributable to the Scn5a+/− mutation in a murine cardiac model
Authors: Jeevaratnam K. , Zhang Y. , Guzadhur L. , Duehmke R. M. , Lei M. , Grace A. A. , Huang C. L.‐H.
Published: March 2010

Aim:  To investigate the interacting effects of age and sex on electrocardiographic (ECG) features of Scn5a+/− mice modelling Brugada syndrome.

Methods:  Recordings were performed on anaesthetized wild‐type (WT) and Scn5a+/− mice and differences attributable to these risk factors statistically stratified.

Results:  Scn5a

+/−
exerted sex‐dependent effects upon sino‐atrial function that only became apparent with age. RR intervals were greater in old male than in old female Scn5a+/−. Atrio‐ventricular (AV) conduction was slower in young female mice, whether WT and Scn5a+/−, than the corresponding young male WT and Scn5a+/−. However, PR intervals lengthened with age in male but not in female Scn5a+/− giving the greatest PR intervals in old male Scn5a+/− compared with either old male WT or young male Scn5a+/− mice. In contrast, PR intervals were similar in old female Scn5a+/− and in old female WT. QTc was prolonged in Scn5a+/− compared with WT, and female Scn5a+/− compared with female WT. Age‐dependent alterations in durations of ventricular repolarization relative to WT affected male but not female Scn5a+/−. Thus, T‐wave durations were greater in old male Scn5a+/− compared with old male WT, but indistinguishable between old female Scn5a+/− and old female WT. Finally, analysis for combined interactions of genotype, age and sex demonstrated no effects on P wave and QRS durations and QTc intervals.

Conclusion:  We demonstrate for the first time that age, sex and genotype exert both independent and interacting ECG effects. The latter suggest alterations in cardiac pacemaker function, atrio‐ventricular conduction and ventricular repolarization greatest in ageing male Scn5a+/−.
Zebrafish as a model for long QT syndrome: the evidence and the means of manipulating zebrafish gene expression
Authors: Leong I. U. S. , Skinner J. R. , Shelling A. N. , Love D. R.
Published: March 2010

Congenital long QT syndrome (LQT) is a group of cardiac disorders associated with the dysfunction of cardiac ion channels. It is characterized by prolongation of the QT‐interval, episodes of syncope and even sudden death. Individuals may remain asymptomatic for most of their lives while others present with severe symptoms. This heterogeneity in phenotype makes diagnosis difficult with a greater emphasis on more targeted therapy. As a means of understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying LQT syndrome, evaluating the effect of modifier genes on disease severity as well as to test new therapies, the development of model systems remains an important research tool. Mice have predominantly been the animal model of choice for cardiac arrhythmia research, but there have been varying degrees of success in recapitulating the human symptoms; the mouse cardiac action potential (AP) and surface electrocardiograms exhibit major differences from those of the human heart. Against this background, the zebrafish is an emerging vertebrate disease modelling species that offers advantages in analysing LQT syndrome, not least because its cardiac AP much more closely resembles that of the human. This article highlights the use and potential of this species in LQT syndrome modelling, and as a platform for the in vivo assessment of putative disease‐causing mutations in LQT genes, and of therapeutic interventions.
Serologic survey of swine workers for exposure to H2N3 swine influenza A
Authors: Beaudoin Amanda , Gramer Marie , Gray Gregory C. , Capuano Ana , Setterquist Sharon , Bender Jeff
Published: March 2010

Please cite this paper as:Beaudoinet al.(2010) Serologic survey of swine workers for exposure to H2N3 swine influenza A. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 4(3), 163–170.

Background Of the 16 influenza A hemagglutinin (H) subtypes, only H1, H2 and H3 viruses have been shown to cause sustained human infection. Whereas H1 and H3 viruses currently circulate seasonally in humans, H2 viruses have not been identified in humans since 1968. In 2006, an H2N3 influenza virus was isolated from ill swine in the United States.

Objective To assess the potential for zoonotic influenza transmission, the current study looked for serologic evidence of H2 influenza infection among workers at two swine facilities, some exposed and some unexposed to H2N3‐positive pigs.

Methods The sera were assessed for antibodies to swine H2 influenza and currently circulating seasonal human influenza A subtypes H1N1 and H3N2. Workers were interviewed to obtain details such as age, influenza vaccination history, experiences of influenza‐like‐illness, and use of personal protective equipment and hygiene when working with pigs. Exposure and risk factors for positive antibody titers were compared for exposed and unexposed individuals as well as for H2 antibody‐positive and H2 antibody‐negative individuals.

Results Blood was taken from 27 swine workers, of whom four had positive H2 antibody titers (≥1:40). Three of the positive employees were born before 1968 and one had an unknown birth date. Only one of these workers had been exposed to H2N3‐positive pigs, and he was born in 1949.

Conclusions These data do not support the hypothesis that swine workers were infected with the emergent swine H2N3 influenza A virus.
The receptor preference of influenza viruses
Authors: Meng Bo , Marriott Anthony C. , Dimmock Nigel J.
Published: March 2010

Please cite this paper as: Meng et al. (2010) The receptor preference of influenza viruses. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 4(3), 147–153.

Objectives  The cell surface receptor used by an influenza virus to infect that cell is an N‐acetyl neuraminic acid (NANA) residue terminally linked by an alpha2,3 or alpha2,6 bond to a carbohydrate moiety of a glycoprotein or glycolipid. Our aim was to determine a quick and technically simple method to determine cell receptor usage by whole influenza A virus particles.

Methods  We employed surface plasmon resonance to detect the binding of viruses to fetuin, a naturally occurring glycoprotein that has both alpha2,3‐ and alpha2,6‐linked NANA, and free 3′‐sialyllactose or 6′‐sialyllactose to compete virus binding. All virus stocks were produced in embryonated chicken’s eggs.

Results  The influenza viruses tested bound preferentially to NANAalpha2,3Gal or to NANAalpha2,6Gal, or showed no preference. Two PR8 viruses had different binding preferences. Binding preferences of viruses correlated well with their known biological properties.

Conclusions  Our data suggest that it is not easy to predict receptor usage by influenza viruses. However, direct experimental determination as described here can inform experiments concerned with viral pathogenesis, biology and structure. In principle, the methodology can be used for any virus that binds to a terminal NANA residue.
Intratumoral Patterns of Genomic Imbalance in Glioblastomas
Authors: Nobusawa Sumihito , Lachuer Joel , Wierinckx Anne , Kim Young Ho , Huang Jian , Legras Catherine , Kleihues Paul , Ohgaki Hiroko
Published: March 2010

Glioblastomas are morphologically and genetically heterogeneous, but little is known about the regional patterns of genomic imbalance within glioblastomas. We recently established a reliable whole genome amplification (WGA) method to randomly amplify DNA from paraffin‐embedded histological sections with minimum amplification bias [Huang et al (J Mol Diagn 11: 109–116, 2009)]. In this study, chromosomal imbalance was assessed by array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH; Agilent 105K, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA), using WGA‐DNA from two to five separate tumor areas of 14 primary glioblastomas (total, 41 tumor areas). Chromosomal imbalances significantly differed among glioblastomas; the only alterations that were observed in ≥6 cases were loss of chromosome 10q, gain at 7p and loss of 10p. Genetic alterations common to all areas analyzed within a single tumor included gains at 1q32.1 (PIK3C2B, MDM4), 4q11–q12 (KIT, PDGFRA), 7p12.1–11.2 (EGFR), 12q13.3–12q14.1 (GLI1, CDK4) and 12q15 (MDM2), and loss at 9p21.1–24.3 (p16INK4a/p14ARF), 10p15.3–q26.3 (PTEN, etc.) and 13q12.11–q34 (SPRY2, RB1). These are likely to be causative in the pathogenesis of glioblastomas (driver mutations). In addition, there were numerous tumor area‐specific genomic imbalances, which may be either nonfunctional (passenger mutations) or functional, but constitute secondary events reflecting progressive genomic instability, a hallmark of glioblastomas.
Histological changes to the skin of Merino sheep following deep dermal and subcutaneous injections of sodium lauryl sulfate
Authors: Lee EJ , Rothwell JT
Published: March 2010

Objectives  To characterise the changes caused to sheep skin by deep dermal and subcutaneous injections of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and describe the subsequent healing process.

Procedure  On 6 sheep 20 small areas of skin were each given deep dermal and subcutaneous injections of 0.2 mL of 7% SLS. Biopsies were collected at intervals up to 28 days after treatment and the histological changes in each of the treated skin samples were assessed and graded.

Results  There was no evidence of alterations in behaviour, weight gain or appetite of the sheep following the injections. Initial swelling of the treated site subsided by day 14, leaving a firm, slightly raised crust. At day 21, the treated area was depressed and covered by a scab, which sloughed completely by day 28. There was necrosis of the subcutis and deep dermis 2 min after treatment, followed by inflammation, fibroplasia, angiogenesis and tissue remodelling.

Conclusion  Injection of SLS caused almost immediate local necrosis followed by eschar formation, sloughing and scarring of treated skin. Deep dermal and subcutaneous SLS is potentially useful as a chemical alternative to mulesing.
Antimicrobial delivery by intrasynovial catheterisation with systemic administration for equine synovial trauma and sepsis
Authors: Stewart AA , Goodrich LR , Byron CR , Evans RB , Stewart MC
Published: March 2010

Objective To present the technique for intra‐articular catheter placement and report the clinical outcomes of 38 cases of equine synovial trauma and/or infection treated with broad‐spectrum antimicrobials administered via an intrasynovial catheter (ISC).

Design Retrospective study.

Procedure Medical records of 38 horses treated for synovial trauma and sepsis with frequent antimicrobial administration through an ISC from 1995 to 2008 were reviewed. Follow‐up information was obtained via clinical re‐evaluation or telephone contact with the owners.

Results The majority of horses (84%) received amikacin and Timentin® four times daily. In addition, synovial lavage through the ISC was carried out in 27 horses (71%). Only radiological evidence of osteolysis had a significant negative impact on both lameness at the time of hospital discharge and the long‐term outcome. In total, 92% of horses treated with frequent antimicrobial administration through an ISC had clinical resolution of infection. Catheter obstruction occurred in three cases, necessitating replacement or removal, and two synovial fistulae developed at sites of open drainage. The majority of horses treated had a favourable outcome, with 86% being at least pasture sound and 43% returned to riding.

Conclusion Septic synovial structures treated with frequent antimicrobial administration through an ISC had a good prognosis for survival and 43% returned to riding, which is consistent with the results of other studies. The use of a simple ISC should be considered when broad‐spectrum intrasynovial antimicrobial administration and lavage of a septic synovial structure are indicated.
Depot injection of barium selenate for long‐term prevention of selenium inadequacy in beef cattle
Authors: Judson GJ , Babidge PJ
Published: March 2010

In southern Australia, cattle at risk from selenium (Se) deficiency can be given an oral dose of supplements that are effective in maintaining adequate Se status for between 9 and 12 months.

The present study was undertaken to assess the duration of the effect of parenteral barium selenate (BaSe) in raising the Se status of cattle at pasture in an area of marginal Se deficiency.

The BaSe was given subcutaneously to Hereford heifers, using an 18‐gauge needle. Cattle had regular blood sampling to assay Se, from 8 days before dosing to 1155 days afterwards.

Results show that a single injection of BaSe was effective in elevating blood and plasma Se concentrations to normal values for at least 2 to 3 years, when given to beef cattle of low normal Se status. We suggest that a prophylactic dosage of 0.5 mg Se/kg body weight as BaSe should be given every 2 years to prevent Se inadequacy in beef cattle grazing pasture of marginal Se content.
Myofibroblastic fibrosarcoma with multifocal osseous metaplasia at the site of equine influenza vaccination
Authors: Kannegieter NJ , Schaaf KL , Lovell DK , Simon CD , Stone BM
Published: March 2010

We describe a fibrosarcoma in a 12‐year‐old Quarterhorse × Arabian gelding as a sequela to equine influenza vaccination. Shortly after the second vaccination, swelling at the site was noticed by the owner and it continued to increase in size over the following 6 months. Biopsy of the mass indicated a fibrosarcoma had developed at the vaccination site. It was approximately 20 cm in diameter and elevated well above the level of the skin. There was no clinical evidence of metastases to the lungs or local lymph nodes. Surgical resection of the mass was performed and the wound healed by first and second intention. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining confirmed a myofibroblastic fibrosarcoma with multifocal osseous metaplasia. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first equine case of a vaccine‐associated fibrosarcoma.
Myelodysplasia as a cause of hindlimb ataxia in two beef calves
Authors: Hill BD
Published: March 2010

Myelodysplasia is a general term referring to abnormal development of the spinal cord. Unless associated with vertebral malformations, it can be difficult to distinguish clinically from other causes of spinal cord disease.

These case reports describe the clinical and pathological findings in two calves with a distinctive non‐progressive pelvic limb ataxia. The syndrome was observed in two calves on a large, extensively managed beef cattle property near Richmond, north Queensland.

Both calves had similar clinical signs, including hindlimb ataxia with swaying of the pelvis and a well‐coordinated bilateral hopping‐like action.

The differential diagnoses are discussed. A focal or diffuse myelodysplasia should be suspected in calves that have exhibited a non‐progressive hindlimb ataxia from birth.
In this issue – April 2010
Authors: Jackson AE
Published: March 2010

Intrasynovial catheterisation for antimicrobial administration into equine joints · Foot measurements in Kaimanawa feral horses · Myofibroblastic fibrosarcoma after equine influenza vaccination · Prepartum diet and blood metabolites in dairy cows · Potential non‐surgical alternative to mulesing · Myelodysplasia in two beef calves · Parenteral barium selenate for selenium deficiency in cattle
The Comedy of National Character: Images of the English in Early Eighteenth‐Century French Comedy
Authors: GOULBOURNE RUSSELL
Published: March 2010

This article examines how various stereotypes of the English were expressed on the French comic stage in the first half of the eighteenth century. Focusing on the prolific and successful dramatist Louis de Boissy, four of whose comedies, written over a period of more than twenty‐five years, explore the comic potential of national stereotypes, the article demonstrates that the comic theatre did not simply offer distorted perspectives on the English for straightforwardly satirical effect; rather, it also offered possibilities for a more complex exploration of the issues of cultural difference that were being discussed elsewhere in the period.
The Maternal Contradiction: Representing the Fictional Mother in Richardson's Pamela II (1741)
Authors: DAVIES REBECCA S.
Published: March 2010

Samuel Richardson's failure convincingly to transfer the eponymous Pamela's exemplary characteristics into his novel's sequel has been critically maligned as a lack of authorial skill. This article demonstrates that Richardson's inability to create the embodiment of idealised maternity is actually due to tensions already existent in eighteenth‐century written maternal advice. ‘Motherhood’ was a concept invested with multiple symbolic functions. In order to stabilise the conception of maternity in the paradigmatic figure of Pamela, therefore, Richardson had to remove her from the physical and place her in the authorial position, writing rather than embodying idealised maternity.
Miliary tuberculosis and necrotizing tuberculous fasciitis – An unusual coexistence in a rheumatoid arthritis patient
Authors: KWON Hyun‐Hee , BAEK Seung‐Hoon , PARK Sung‐Hoon
Published: March 2010

We report a case of a 65‐year‐old Korean female patient with rheumatoid arthritis, who presented with extensive necrotizing fasciitis of the gluteus muscles, as an unusual initial manifestation of miliary tuberculosis. The patient had been previously treated with conventional disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs and low‐dose steroids for 7 years. However, she recently developed fever, warmth and painful swelling in her right buttock. Magnetic resonance imaging indicated necrotizing fasciitis of the gluteus muscles and a fasciectomy specimen revealed a Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Two weeks after a fasciectomy, miliary tuberculosis of the lung was diagnosed by high resolution chest computed tomography. Soft tissue infection due to M. tuberculosis should be included as a differential diagnosis in the immunocompromised host. Clinicians should be alert to the possibility of miliary tuberculosis even in the absence of respiratory symptoms and normal chest radiograph.
Etoricoxib improves pain, function and quality of life: results of a real‐world effectiveness trial
Authors: LIN Hsiao‐Yi , CHENG Tien‐Tsai , WANG Jyh‐Horng , LEE Chyou‐Shen , CHEN Ming‐Han , LEI Vanessa , LAC Christina , GAMMAITONI Arnold R. , SMUGAR Steven S. , CHEN Wen‐Jer
Published: March 2010

Objective:  To evaluate the effectiveness and tolerability of etoricoxib in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) with suboptimal response to existing pain regimens.

Methods:  A multicenter, prospective, open‐label, single‐arm study. OA patients (n = 500) taking nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or other analgesics who had inadequate response as determined by their physicians (≥ 40 mm on a 0–100 mm pain scale) were switched directly to etoricoxib 60 mg once daily for 4 weeks without prior medication washout. The primary endpoint was the percentage of patients with ≥ 30% improvement in Western Ontario McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) pain walking on a flat surface after 4 weeks of treatment. Other endpoints included WOMAC Pain, Stiffness, and Physical Function subscales, Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), investigator’s global assessment of response to therapy (IGART), the Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM) and Short Form 36 (SF36). Safety and tolerability were assessed by collecting adverse events.

Results:  After switching to etoricoxib, 52% (95% confidence interval: 47%, 57%) of patients reported a clinically meaningful reduction (≥ 30%) for WOMAC pain walking on a flat surface. Disability in daily activities and pain interference were significantly improved (P < 0.0001). IGART scores improved after the switch to etoricoxib (P < 0.05). Results from TSQM demonstrated that patient perceptions of effectiveness, convenience and overall satisfaction increased. Etoricoxib was generally well tolerated in most patients. The most commonly reported adverse event was edema (4.2%).

Conclusions:  In OA patients experiencing inadequate relief from a wide variety of analgesics, pain, function, quality of life, and treatment satisfaction significantly improved when switched to etoricoxib.
Idiopathic inflammatory myositis is associated with a high incidence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus
Authors: LIMAYE Vidya S. , LESTER Sue , BLUMBERGS Peter , ROBERTS‐THOMSON Peter J.
Published: March 2010

Aims:  The long‐terms complications of immunosuppressive and anti‐inflammatory treatment in idiopathic inflammatory myositis (IIM) are unknown. We sought to determine the complications of these treatments in a large cohort of patients with biopsy‐proven IIM.

Methods:  A South Australian database for patients with biopsy‐proven IIM was established. Clinical details of patients including treatment received were recorded.

Results:  Forty‐three patients with dermatomyositis (DM), 184 with polymyositis (PM) and 117 with inclusion body myositis (IBM) were registered on the database. The prevalence of hypertension and diabetes in this population was 62% and 29%, respectively, considerably higher than the background prevalence of 9.4% and 4%, making detection of treatment‐related adverse effects difficult. Hypertension and ischemic heart disease were more likely to be present prior to the diagnosis of IIM rather than following it. Hypertension and diabetes occurred more frequently following the diagnosis of myositis, in patients with DM compared with PM or IBM.

Conclusions:  We report a novel association of IIM with hypertension, diabetes and ischemic heart disease, indicating that a comprehensive assessment of vascular risk factors is essential in IIM.
A COMMON SENSE BASIS OF CHEMISTRY TEACHING IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS
Authors: Franklin G. T.
Published: March 2010

In the series of papers on “Common Sense Basis of Chemistry Teaching,” it has been pointed out that

The teaching of chemistry without individual laboratory work is not real chemistry instruction and has doubtful cultural values,

The inidvidual laboratory method answers criticisms of methods in general educational practice very well and thus to abandon the idea is unthinkable; to improve the method is the worth aim,

Lecture‐demonstration work has an important rôle to perform in continuing for the mass interesting demonstrations, correlating the work with the experience of the individual worker,

The lecture demonstration‐method should not be a substitute method but an addition method entering into the domain of scientific study where, on account of the dangers involved or the difficulties of the technique of the apparatus used, or the great cost of materials needed for individual laboratory work, the teacher plays his part—inspitational as well as instructional,

Individual laboratory work is best adapted to the needs of pupils from a common sense basis. The evaluation of objectives and the use of examinations of the traditional type to determine relative values of procedures are not easily carried out—it is not a problem for the application of strictly scientific methods.
PROBLEM DEPARTMENT
Authors: Jamison G. H.
Published: March 2010

This department aims to provide problems of varying degrees of difficulty which will interest anyone engaged in the study of mathematics.

All readers are invited to propose problems and to solve problems here proposed. Drawings to illustrate the problems should be well done in India ink. Problems and solutions will be credited to their authors. Each solution or proposed problem sent to the Editor should have the author's name introducing the problem or solution as on the following pages.

The editor of the department desires to serve his readers by making it interesting and helpful to them.
PROBLEM DEPARTMENT
Authors: H. Jamison G.
Published: March 2010

This department aims to provide problems of varying degrees of difficulty which will interest anyone engaged in the study of mathematics.

All readers are invited to propose problems and to solve problems here proposed. Drawings to illustrate the problems should be well done in India ink. Problems and solutions will be credited to their authors. Each solution or proposed problem sent to the Editor should have the author's name introducing the problem or solution as on the following pages.

The editor of the department desires to serve his readers by making it interesting and helpful to them. Address suggestions and problems to G. H. Jamison, State Teachers College, Kirksville, Missouri.
LITTLE SCIENCE BOOKS FOR BIG AND LITTLE PEOPLE
Authors: Warner Glen W.
Published: March 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

Observing the Heavens, by Peter Hood.

Billy Bass, by R. W. Eschmeyer.

Patterns in the Sky, by W. Maxwell Reed.

State Birds and Flowers, by Olive L. Earle.

The Great Whales, by Herbert S. Zim.

Animal Tools, by George F. Mason.

Play with Vines, by Millicent E. Selsam.
PROBLEM DEPARTMENT
Authors: Jamison G. H.
Published: March 2010

This department aims to provide problems of varying degrees of difficulty which will interest anyone engaged in the study of mathematics.

All readers are invited to propose problems and to solve problems here proposed, Drawings to illustrate the problems should be well done in India ink. Problems and solutions will be credited to their authors. Each solution, or proposed problem, sent to the Editor should have the author's name introducing the problem or solution as on the following pages.

The editor of the department desires to serve its readers by making it interesting and helpful to them.
THE TEACHING OF COLLEGIATE MATHEMATICS
Authors: Bakst Aaron
Published: March 2010

The following letter is another of a series which School Science and Mathematics has been presenting on the teaching of collegiate mathematics. Following the general plan, this is again phrased in the form of a letter which might be written by an experienced teacher to a young colleague just starting his career. This letter is by Dr. Aaron Bakst. Dr. Bakst has written several books, among them Mathematics, Its Magic and Mastery and Approximate Computation, the 12th yearbook of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. Cecil B. Read, Mathematics Editor
PROBLEM DEPARTMENT
Authors: Jamison G. H.
Published: March 2010

This department aims to provide problems of varying degrees of difficulty which will interest anyone engaged in the study of mathematics.

All readers are invited to propose problems and to solve problems here proposed. Drawings to illustrate the problems should be well done in India ink. Problems and solutions will be credited to their authors. Each solution or proposed problem sent to the Editor should have the author's name introducing the problem or solution as on the following pages.
PROBLEM DEPARTMENT
Authors: Jamison G. H.
Published: March 2010

This department aims to provide problems of varying degrees of difficulty which will interest anyone engaged in the study of mathematics.

All readers are invited to propose problems and to solve problems here proposed. Drawings to illustrate the problems should be well done in India ink. Problems and solutions will be credited to thir authors. Each solution, or proposed problem, sent to the Editor should have the author's name introducing the problem or solution as on the following pages.

The editor of the department desires to serve its readers by making it interesting and helpful to them.
PROBLEM DEPARTMENT
Authors: Jamison G. H.
Published: March 2010

This department aims to provide problems of varying degrees of difficulty which will interest anyone engaged in the study of mathematics.

All readers are invited to propose problems and to solve problems here proposed. Drawings to illustrate the problems should be well done in India ink. Problems and solutions will be credited to their authors. Each solution, or proposed problem, sent to the Editor should have the author's name introducing the problem or solution as on the following pages.

The editor of the Department desires to serve its readers by making it interesting and helpful to them.
Software Reviews
Authors: Gore Kay
Published: March 2010

Sky Travel Commodore Business Machines 1200 Wilson Drive

MasterType's Figure + Formulas The Scarborough System

Enzyme Investigations

Arrow Dynamics: The Programming Game

Fraction Fuel‐Up DLM Teaching Resources
SOFTWARE REVIEWS
Authors: Gore Kay
Published: March 2010

MicroTest II

The Geometric Sitpposer: Triangles

The Body Transparent

Moisture in the Atmosphere
Software Reviews
Authors: Gore Kay
Published: March 2010

PowerMath

Power Drill
Software Reviews
Authors: Walters Andy
Published: March 2010

Mulliboitcs Robotic Workshop

Statistics and Intuition

Planetary Construction Set

Techniques of Measurement

Biofeedback Microiab (1986)

Pathology: Diseases and Defenses
Software Reviews
Authors: Wallers Andy
Published: March 2010

Micro Messenger

One World Countries Database

The Math Machine

USA Social and Geographical Database

Central United States

Adventure Construction Set

Green Globs and Graphing Equations

Success With Math: Geometric Construction

Gnee or Not Gnee
Software Reviews
Authors: Walters Andy
Published: March 2010

Learning to Add and Subtract

Playing to Learn: Math/Logic Games

Math Power: Fractions

Discovery; Experiences with Scientific Reasoning
Software Review
Authors: Casey Don
Published: March 2010

Fast Track Fractions DLM Teaching Resources One DLM Park Allen

Probability Theory

The Market Place
Software Reviews
Authors: Casey Don
Published: March 2010

The King's Rule

RoboMath Mindplay, Inc.

Algebra Made Painless

Campaign Math
Software Review
Authors: Casey Don
Published: March 2010

NUMBER MUNCHERS

Math Shop

Algebra II
Software Reviews
Authors: Miller Anne , Radziemski Cathy
Published: March 2010

HyperCard Publisher: Apple Computer, Inc.

Iggy's Gnees

Algebra Shop
Software Reviews
Authors: Miller Anne , Radziemski Cathy
Published: March 2010

Course Builder 2.0

World Builder
Software Reviews
Authors: McGrath Diane
Published: March 2010

Lake Study

Maya Math WINGS for learning, Inc.
Software Reviews
Authors: McGrath Diane
Published: March 2010

Conquering Ratios and Proportions MECC

Percent Word Problems Gamco Industries
The Use of Trade Books in Secondary Science and Mathematics Instruction: Classroom Strategies
Authors: Daisey Peggy
Published: March 2010

The purpose of this paper is to provide secondary science and mathematics teachers with a variety of methods for incorporating trade books (i. e., fiction, nonfiction, biographies, autobiographies, reports of discoveries, poetry, science fiction) into their instruction. These activities include group problem solving, art projects, poem and song composition, drama, and character journal writing. Examples of books and quotes are included.
Bringing Algorithms to Life: Cooperative Computing Activities Using Students as Processors
Authors: Bachelis Gregory F. , Maxim Bruce R. , James David A. , Stout Quentin F.
Published: March 2010

The authors describe a method for “bringing algorithms to life” in secondary school mathematics and computer science classes. Cooperative computing activities are presented in which each student plays the role of a switch or processor, and the algorithms are “acted out.” Parallel algorithms, in which many steps can occur at the same time, are emphasized, as they are especially suited for cooperative activities. The activities are grouped together in modules, according to the problems they address. Those presented include binary counting, finding the smallest card in a deck, sorting by selection and merging, adding and multiplying large numbers, sieving for primes, testing whether a number is prime, and sorting using a linear configuration of processors. Detailed descriptions of how to implement the algorithms are given.
Gender, Achievement, and Perception Toward Science Activities
Authors: Shepardson Daniel P. , Pizzini Edward L.
Published: March 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the perception toward science activities and science achievement of boys and girls in middle school life science. Student perceptions toward science activities and achievement were measured in three different instructional treatments: textbook‐worksheet, traditional laboratory, and Search, Solve, Create, Share (SSCS) problem solving. The results indicate no significant difference in student achievement by gender or science activities, and no significant difference in perception by gender. However, a significant difference (p<.05) was obtained for student perception by science activities. Follow‐up comparisons suggested significant differences among SSCS problem solving and traditional laboratory and textbook‐worksheet activities, with no difference between traditional laboratory and textbook‐worksheet activities.
Technology Use in the Teaching of Mathematics and Science in Elementary Schools
Authors: Lehman Jeffrey R.
Published: March 2010

Principals from 80 elementary schools, in predominantly rural Western Pennsylvania, completed and returned a 22‐item questionnaire designed to assess the nature and extent of technology use for the teaching of elementary mathematics and science within their buildings. Technologies included calculators, microcomputers, overhead projection panels, videotape, and interactive video. Microcomputers were being used in at least some elementary grade levels for mathematics or science instruction in 84% of the schools. Teachers used microcomputers more frequently in mathematics (82.5%) than in science instruction (55%). Principals reported a lower frequency of calculator use with 63.3% of the schools having some grade levels where calculators were used in mathematics lessons, and 21.5% of schools in science lessons. Further analyses of data suggest that microcomputer and calculator use is more common in the intermediate grades (3–6) than in the primary grades (K‐2).
Using Lotteries to Improve Students' Number Sense and Understanding of Probability
Authors: Crites Terry
Published: March 2010

This article examines ways in which a discussion of lotteries can be integrated into a classroom lesson on combinatorics and probability and be used to enhance the teaching and learning of number sense and probability of winning various lottery games, and facts and myths about lotteries. Instructional tips for incorporating discussions of lotteries into lesson plans are also given.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Abdi S. Wali
Published: March 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

Rediscovering Optics, Nahum Kipnis

Mr Tompkins in Paperback, George Gamow

Introduction To World Agriscience And Technology, Jasper S. Lee and Diana L. Turner
Accurate and Inaccurate Conceptions About Osmosis That Accompanied Meaningful Problem Solving
Authors: Zuckerman June Trop
Published: March 2010

This study focused on the knowledge of six outstanding science students who solved an osmosis problem meaningfully. That is, they used appropriate and substantially accurate conceptual knowledge to generate an answer. Three generated a correct answer; three, an incorrect answer. This paper identifies both the accurate and inaccurate conceptions about osmosis of each correct and incorrect solver. The investigation consisted of a presolving clinical interview, think‐aloud solving of the problem, and retrospective report of the solving. Of the 12 accurate conceptions identified here, two were especially important in enabling these solvers to generate a correct answer. Of the 8 inaccurate conceptions, either of 2 blocked a correct answer. Four, however, accompanied (and could therefore be concealed by) a correct answer. Teachers could use this information to make a meaningful solving of this problem accessible to more students and to identify more effectively students' inaccurate conceptions about osmosis.
Coordinated Thematic Science in the Classroom: A View from Pilot Teachers
Authors: Crawley Frank E. , Barufaldi James P. , Salyer Barbara A.
Published: March 2010

The purpose of this paper is threefold. First, we set out to describe a context for understanding events that fuel the need to reform secondary science education in Texas. Next, we present the results of a survey of the knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes of a group of central Texas science teachers related to implementing Coordinated Thematic Science (CTS) instruction, who were surveyed after field testing preliminary CTS instructional materials. Last, we argue that caution must be exercised in the design of inservice programs to prepare life science teachers in Texas to teach a coordinated thematic Science I course to rising Grade 7 students by the target date of Fall, 1994.
Antiracist Education: A Special Role for the History of Science and Technology
Authors: Hodson Derek , Dennick Reg
Published: March 2010

In recent years, emphasis in multicultural education has shifted from an approach in which the primary concern is coping with the learning problems thrown up by cultural diversity (thereby assisting children to be assimilated into the dominant culture) to an approach that accepts and actively promotes cultural diversity. However, some have argued that celebration of diversity is no more than patronizing tokenism unless it is accompanied by a vigorous antiracist approach. Antiracism is concerned to reveal and combat racist attitudes and practices which disadvantage and discriminate against some minority groups, and which result in an unequal distribution of opportunity, wealth and power. This paper claims that the history of science and technology has a special role within a curriculum that seeks to celebrate diversity and to combat racism.
What is the Unit?
Authors: Woodward Ernest , Ferrell Dwayne
Published: March 2010

Mathematicians are sometimes careless about the use of units of linear measure. Specifically, in geometry, it is common to list measurements without a unit. The specific unit selected usually has no effect on the generalizations made. For example, in a right triangle, the Pythagorean Theorem relationship is independent of the selected linear unit. However, the unit of measurement is often of particular importance when a comparison is made between two quantities.