bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative Study of Two Automatic Registration Algorithms
Authors: Grant D. , Bethel J. , Crawford M
Published: October 2013

Abstract. The Iterative Closest Point (ICP) algorithm is prevalent for the automatic fine registration of overlapping pairs of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) data. This method along with its vast number of variants, obtains the least squares parameters that are necessary to align the TLS data by minimizing some distance metric between the scans. The ICP algorithm uses a "model-data" concept in which the scans obtain differential treatment in the registration process depending on whether they were assigned to be the "model" or "data". For each of the "data" points, corresponding points from the "model" are sought. Another concept of "symmetric correspondence" was proposed in the Point-to-Plane (P2P) algorithm, where both scans are treated equally in the registration process. The P2P method establishes correspondences on both scans and minimizes the point-to-plane distances between the scans by simultaneously considering the stochastic properties of both scans. This paper studies both the ICP and P2P algorithms in terms of their consistency in registration parameters for pairs of TLS data. The question being investigated in this paper is, should scan A be registered to scan B, will the parameters be the same if scan B were registered to scan A? Experiments were conducted with eight pairs of real TLS data which were registered by the two algorithms in the forward (scan A to scan B) and backward (scan B to scan A) modes and the results were compared. The P2P algorithm was found to be more consistent than the ICP algorithm. The differences in registration accuracy between the forward and backward modes were negligible when using the P2P algorithm (mean difference of 0.03 mm). However, the ICP had a mean difference of 4.26 mm. Each scan was also transformed by the forward and backward parameters of the two algorithms and the misclosure computed. The mean misclosure for the P2P algorithm was 0.80 mm while that for the ICP algorithm was 5.39 mm. The conclusion from this study is that the symmetric correspondence of the P2P algorithm provides more consistent registration results between a given pair of scans. The basis for this improvement is that symmetric correspondence better deals with the disparity between scans in terms of point density and point precision.
Measurement of rotor blade deformations of wind energy converters with laser scanners
Authors: Grosse-Schwiep M. , Piechel J. , Luhmann T.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Wind energy converters in operation are exposed to high stresses which result in large deformations of the rotor blades. In this paper, a method for determination of deformations of rotor blades is presented using multiple synchronous laser scanners and cameras. A special focus is brought into the twist of the blade and the according deflection. In a first step, multiple scanners in 1D mode are used which record cross sections at different positions along the rotor blades. By comparison with the CAD model, deformations can be derived. In order to ensure that the positions of the cross sections are defined in the coordinate system of the wind energy converter, the nacelle is pre-scanned and a transformation is performed using known coordinates from the manufacturer. To account for the relatively slow movement of the nacelle, it is observed by a photogrammetric camera. The results of the nacelle´s motion are considered in the analysis of the 1D data. First test recordings were carried out with different measurement frequencies to enable comparisons of accuracy. Furthermore, the first results of the cross-sections are presented.
Airborne geophysical survey of the catastrophic landslide at Stože, Log pod Mangrtom, as a test of an innovative approach for landslide mapping in steep alpine terrains
Authors: Baroň I. , Supper R. , Winkler E. , Motschka K. , Ahl A. , Čarman M. , Kumelj Š.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Airborne geophysics is a promising method for investigating landslides. Here we present a case study of multisensor airborne geophysical survey at the catastrophic landslide Stože near Log pod Mangrtom in Slovenia, which was conducted in the framework of the European FP7th Project "SafeLand". Based on the survey itself and achieved results, we discuss applicability, limits, and benefits and costs of the method for investigating landslides in steep alpine terrains. Despite of several operational constraints, the airborne electromagnetic survey of the area well presented the lithological pattern and water saturation. The high resistivity regions mostly indicated drained slope scree and landslide mass, drained and loosened material of the moraine deposit in the tension zone of the landslide with present cracks and cavities. The minima of the resistivity pattern were attributed to the outcrop of marls rich in clay, to water-saturated moraine deposit above impermeable marls in the tension zone, and to water-saturated porous alluvial gravel and landslide scree along the Koritnica River. The magnetic survey proved to be inapplicable for such a small and rough area. The Potassium and Thorium maps, on the other hand, both well identified the regions of tension inside the landslide zone, outcrops of marls and dolomite, clay-rich colluvium, weathered zones along a regional tectonic fault, and alluvial deposits and deposits of debris flows, and the minima of the 137Cs clearly revealed the zones of material removal due to recent mass movements.
Current challenges for pre-earthquake electromagnetic emissions: shedding light from micro-scale plastic flow, granular packings, phase transitions and self-affinity notion of fracture process
Authors: Eftaxias K. , Potirakis S. M.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Are there credible electromagnetic (EM) potential earthquake (EQ) precursors? This a question debated in the scientific community and there may be legitimate reasons for the critical views. The negative view concerning the existence of EM potential precursors is enhanced by features that accompany their observation which are considered as paradox ones, namely, these signals: (i) are not observed at the time of EQs occurrence and during the aftershock period, (ii) are not accompanied by large precursory strain changes, (iii) are not accompanied by simultaneous geodetic or seismological precursors and (iv) their traceability is considered problematic. In this work, the detected candidate EM potential precursors are studied through a shift in thinking towards the basic science findings relative to granular packings, micron-scale plastic flow, interface depinning, fracture size effects, concepts drawn from phase transitions, self-affine notion of fracture and faulting process, universal features of fracture surfaces, recent high quality laboratory studies, theoretical models and numerical simulations. We try to contribute to the establishment of strict criteria for the definition of an emerged EM anomaly as a possibly EQ-related one, and to the explanation of potential precursory EM features which have been considered as paradoxes. A three-stage model for EQ generation by means of pre-EQ fracture-induced EM emissions is proposed. The claim that the observed EM potential precursors may permit a real-time and step-by-step monitoring of the EQ generation is tested.
Optimal adjustment of the atmospheric forcing parameters of ocean models using sea surface temperature data assimilation
Authors: Meinvielle M. , Brankart J.-M. , Brasseur P. , Barnier B. , Dussin R. , Verron J.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. In ocean general circulation models, near-surface atmospheric variables used to specify the atmospheric boundary condition remain one of the main sources of error. The objective of this research is to constrain the surface forcing function of an ocean model by sea surface temperature (SST) data assimilation. For that purpose, a set of corrections for ERAinterim (hereafter ERAi) reanalysis data is estimated for the period of 1989–2007, using a sequential assimilation method, with ensemble experiments to evaluate the impact of uncertain atmospheric forcing on the ocean state. The control vector of the assimilation method is extended to atmospheric variables to obtain monthly mean parameter corrections by assimilating monthly SST and sea surface salinity (SSS) climatological data in a low resolution global configuration of the NEMO model. In this context, the careful determination of the prior probability distribution of the parameters is an important matter. This paper demonstrates the importance of isolating the impact of forcing errors in the model to perform relevant ensemble experiments. The results obtained for every month of the period between 1989 and 2007 show that the estimated parameters produce the same kind of impact on the SST as the analysis itself. The objective is then to evaluate the long-term time series of the forcing parameters focusing on trends and mean error corrections of air–sea fluxes. Our corrections tend to equilibrate the net heat-flux balance at the global scale (highly positive in ERAi database), and to remove the potentially unrealistic negative trend (leading to ocean cooling) in the ERAi net heat flux over the whole time period. More specifically in the intertropical band, we reduce the warm bias of ERAi data by mostly modifying the latent heat flux by wind speed intensification. Consistently, when used to force the model, the corrected parameters lead to a better agreement between the mean SST produced by the model and mean SST observations over the period of 1989–2007 in the intertropical band.
Numerical modelling of physical processes governing larval transport in the Southern North Sea
Authors: Tiessen M. C. H. , Fernard L. , Gerkema T. , van der Molen J. , Ruardij P. , van der Veer H. W.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. A three-dimensional hydrodynamic model (GETM) was coupled with a particle tracking routine (GITM) to study the inter-annual variability in transport paths of particles in the North Sea and English Channel. For validation, a comparison with observed drifter trajectories was made. The aim was to investigate to what extent variability in the hydrodynamic conditions alone (reflecting passive particle transport) contributed to inter-annual variability in transport of eggs and larvae. In this idealized study, no a-priori selection of spawning grounds or periods was made and no active behaviour (vertical migration) or mortality were included. Egg and larval development towards coastal nursery areas was based solely on sea water temperature, while settlement areas were defined by a threshold water depth. Results showed strong inter-annual variability in drift direction and distance, caused by a combination of wind speed and direction. Strong inter-annual variability was observed both in absolute amount of settlement in coastal areas, as well as in the relative importance of the different areas. Settlement in the western Dutch Wadden Sea not only showed inter-annual variability, but patterns were also variable within each year and revealed seasonal changes in the origin of particles.
Effects of modified atmosphere, associated with masterpack transport packaging, and refrigerated storage time on the quality characteristics of pork loin cuts
Authors: Rosa Alessandra F. , Poleti Mirele D. , Balieiro Julio C.C. , César Marcelo C. , Sobral Paulo J.A.
Published: October 2013

The objective of this research was to study the effects of modified atmosphere, associated with masterpack transport packaging, and refrigerated storage time on the quality characteristics of pork loin cuts. Cuts of pork loin were packaged in trays, covered with poly(vinyl chloride) film. The trays were placed in a masterpack (MP), containing three gas compositions:  A) 75% O2 : 25% CO2, B) 50% O2 : 50% CO2 or C) 100% CO2, and stored at 2 °C. Samples were taken after 1, 8, 15, and 22 days of storage, and evaluated for numerous shelf life traits. The development of Psychrotrophic aerobic bacteria and Pseudomonas spp. was found from the 15th day of storage. There was a significant treatment effect for some of the considered parameters, such as pH (P < 0.05) and color [L* (P < 0.07), a* (P < 0.07) and b* (P < 0.01)]. There was a significant interaction (P < 0.01) for the TBARS values. It can be concluded, from the microbiological point of view, that the use of modified atmospheres containing 25% to 100% CO2 promotes the conservation of meat for up to 15 days of storage under refrigeration. From the point of view of color, atmospheres containing 75% O2 : 25% CO2 and 50% O2 : 50% CO2 ensure the color of packaged pork meat when stored at 2 °C for up to 15 days. From the point of view of lipid oxidation, packages with 100% CO2 are recommended for storage periods of more than 15 days, whereas those with 75% O2 : 25% CO2 are recommended for storage periods of up to 8 days.
Physicochemical characterization of Gozitan Honey
Authors: Attard Everaldo , Mizzi Joseph
Published: October 2013

Honey quality is clearly defined in the EU Directive 2001/110/EC, and by Codex Alimentarius (Codex Stan 12-1981) and the International Honey Commission (IHC, 2002). Our investigation aimed to characterize the physicochemical properties of honey produced on a small island, Gozo which is situated near Malta.  Ten randomly collected honey samples were analysed for moisture content, pH, free acidity, water insoluble content, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content and total phenolic compounds.  Moisture content, pH, free acidity, water insoluble content, and HMF content were within the range specified in standards but the electrical conductivity was generally higher than 0.800 mS cm-1. This may be the result of the relatively high atmospheric and soil salinity on this small island. All the samples analysed were within the 40 mg kg-1 HMF limit, which is an indicator of honey quality. The total phenolic compounds, which represent some of the constituents derived from the nectar and pollen obtained during foraging, ranged between 236.555 and 294.209 GAE kg-1 honey. Principal Component Analysis showed the properties of polyfloral honey samples obtained from the southern part of the island to be different from those obtained from the northern part.
Effect of antimicrobial on mechanical, barrier and optical properties of corn starch based self-supporting edible film
Authors: Chowdhury Tanima , Das Madhusweta
Published: October 2013

Antimicrobials like potassium sorbate, sodium propionate, and benzoic acid were incorporated in corn starch based formulation to investigate their effect on mechanical, water vapour barrier and optical properties of the developed self supporting edible film. The film was prepared by casting technique.When incorporated at 1.40% and above, potassium sorbate decreased the tensile strength (about 22%) and increased the elongation (about 55%) of control film; whereas, it increased the water vapour permeability by 15% only when added at 2.66%. At 2.66%, benzoic acid reduced the tensile strength by 24% and sodium propionate increased elongation by 17%. These two antimicrobials did not change the water vapour permeability. However, all the three antimicrobials adversely affected the optical properties by decreasing the whiteness index, increasing yellowness index, and reducing the surface gloss, with potassium sorbate showing the maximum effect. Among the three antimicrobials, sodium propionate appeared to be the best with minimum deterioration of film properties.
Effect of drying techniques on the retention of antioxidant activities of Saskatoon berries
Authors: Mitra Pranabendu , Meda Venkatesh , Green Rick
Published: October 2013

The main objective of this research was to compare the retention of antioxidant activity and total anthocyanin content of Saskatoon berries dried by freeze drying, microwave-vacuum drying, thin layer hot air drying and vacuum drying. Antioxidant activity of berry samples was determined by DPPH radical scavenging and ABTS radical scavenging, and the pH differential method was used to determine total anthocyanin content of the berry samples. The results showed that the freeze dried Saskatoon berries exhibited the highest retention of anthocyanin and antioxidant activity among the dried samples, followed by microwave-vacuum dried berries, thin layer hot air dried berries and vacuum dried berries. There were significant differences between the berry samples at P<0.05.  DPPH radical scavenging and ABTS radical scavenging were correlated linearly with an R2 value of 0.99 at P<0.05 showing their effectiveness for the determination of the antioxidant activity of the Saskatoon berries. However, the DPPH radical scavenging assay was more effective than the ABTS radical scavenging assay. The results also showed that antioxidant activity of the berries was highly correlated with the total anthocyanin content of the fruit. The reduction of anthocyanin in dried berry samples was linearly correlated with the reduction of DPPH radical scavenging with an R2 value of 0.97 at P<0.05 and, also, linearly correlated with the reduction of ABTS radical scavenging with an R2 value of 0.88 at P<0.05.
ONCOLOGICAL PATIENTS AND THE NURSING FIELD: RATION BETWEEN THE ORAL MUCOSITIS GRADE AND THE IMPLEMENTED THERAPEUTIC
Authors: Araújo Sarah , Luz Maria , Almeida Lúcia , Silva Grazielle , Neto José , Costa Ana
Published: October 2013

Objetivo: Caracterizar a mucosite oral em pacientes em tratamento oncológico. Método:Estudo exploratório-descritivo com abordagem quantitativa, o qual foi realizado com 50 pacientes em um hospital filantrópico em Teresina/PI, de agosto a outubro de 2010. Resultados:Os achados apontaram a prevalência de mucosite oral no gênero masculino e nas faixas etárias inferiores a 17 e superiores a 60 anos. Os diagnósticos oncológicos mais freqüentes foram as leucemias e os cânceres das vias aerodigestivas superiores, cujos tratamentos se concentravam na quimiorradiação, determinando predominantemente graus 1 e 2 de mucosite oral. Os quimioterápicos mais associados à afecção foram: cisplatina, citarabina, metotrexate, sulfato de vincristina, etoposídeo, cloridrato de doxorrubicina. Conclusão:Conclui-se que há necessidade da inserção da enfermagem no fomento às ações preventivas e de controle da mucosite oral, com vistas à manutenção do bem-estar, otimização da resposta terapêutica e melhoria da qualidade de vida do paciente oncológico.
Contrasts in physical properties between the hanging wall and footwall of an exhumed seismogenic megasplay fault in a subduction zone—An example from the Nobeoka Thrust Drilling Project
Authors: Hamahashi Mari , Saito Saneatsu , Kimura Gaku , Yamaguchi Asuka , Fukuchi Rina , Kameda Jun , Hamada Yohei , Kitamura Yujin , Fujimoto Koichiro , Hashimoto Yoshitaka , Hina Shoko , Eida Mio
Published: October 2013

We examined the physical properties of an exhumed and fossilized subduction zone megasplay fault by analyzing geophysical logging data obtained by the Nobeoka Thrust Drilling Project, which provide a high‐resolution transect of properties across the main fault zone. The footwall cataclasite exhibits higher averages of neutron porosity (∼7.6%) and lower values of electric resistivity (∼232 Ωm) compared to the hanging wall phyllite (∼4.8%, ∼453 Ωm). This clear contrast between the hanging wall and footwall may account for the difference in maximum burial and structural variation. Despite the contrast observed between the hanging wall and footwall in macroscopic scale, the resistivity and porosity data from both the hanging wall and footwall can be fit with a single curve using Archie's law, suggesting the similarities in microstructures and mineralogy in this low porosity range. Above the main fault core of the Nobeoka Thrust a brittle damage zone in the hanging wall contains pseudotachylyte as evidence of the seismogenic slip and does not follow Archie's law. Damage zones in the hanging wall are also observed in the modern splay fault at shallow depth in the Nankai Trough but with much thicker width, whereas the footwall damage zone is more extensive in the Nobeoka Thrust. Splay faults may exhibit strong deformation in the hanging wall in the early stage, and as fault rocks get buried deeper and as displacement and physical property contrast increase across the fault, the damage effect may eventually be enlarged in the footwall.
Minimization of the nonrenewable energy consumption in bioethanol production processes using a solar‐assisted steam generation system
Authors: Brunet Robert , Guillén‐Gosálbez Gonzalo , Jiménez Laureano
Published: October 2013

The multiobjective optimization of a corn‐based bioethanol plant coupled with a solar‐assisted steam generation system with heat storage is described. Our approach relies on the combined use of process simulation, rigorous optimization tools, and economic and energetic plant analysis. The design task is posed as a bicriteria nonlinear programming problem that considers the simultaneous optimization of the plant profitability and the energy consumption. The capabilities of the proposed methodology are illustrated through a 120,000,000 kg/year corn‐based bioethanol plant considering weather data of Tarragona (Spain). © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J 60: 500–506, 2014
Value of artificial ponds for aquatic beetle and bug conservation in the Cape Floristic Region biodiversity hotspot
Authors: Apinda Legnouo Emilie A. , Samways Michael J. , Simaika John P.
Published: October 2013

Freshwater insect species and their host ecosystems are widely threatened. This is particularly so within the agricultural and urban landscapes of Mediterranean‐type ecosystems, including those of the Cape Floristic Region (CFR), South Africa. The value of 18 artificial ponds in the CFR was determined for aquatic beetle and bug abundance and species richness, a topic that has been little explored in Africa in general.

In total, 17 814 aquatic beetle and bug individuals were sampled, from 94 taxa, representing 37 genera and 57 species. Bugs were much more abundant than beetles, representing 82% of all the individuals collected. The beetle and bug fauna showed high levels of endemism, with 36% restricted to the Western Cape Province.

Five distinct groupings based on species abundances were identified, revealing overall high dissimilarities between groups, ranging from 65% to 82%.

The associated physico‐chemical characteristics of these sites were also investigated. The most important characteristics structuring pond communities were elevation, temperature, pH, pond size and flow regime. For bugs alone, the same variables, except elevation, were important. For beetles, only three variables were found to be most important in explaining community structure: elevation, pH, and flow regime.

Artificial ponds in the CFR increase the area of occupancy of these insects, and therefore play a major role in conserving them.

Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Norlathyrane Diterpenes from the Root of Euphorbia kansuensis
Authors: Zhang Bei‐Bei , Jiang Qian , Liao Zhi‐Xin , Liu Chao , Liu Shi‐Jun , Ji Lan‐Ju , Sun Hong‐Fa
Published: October 2013

Phytochemical investigation of the EtOH extract obtained from the root of the Euphorbia kansuensis Proch. grown in China resulted in the isolation of two novel norlathyrane diterpenes, named ekanpenoids A and B (1 and 2, resp.). Their structures were established by extensive 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR spectroscopy, as well as other spectra. The isolated diterpenes exhibited potent cytotoxic activities against the HeLa and Hep‐G2 cell lines with the IC50 values ranging from 3.6 to 9.7 μg/ml.
Methods in Molecular Biology 969: Synthetic Messenger RNA and Cell Metabolism Modulation: Methods and Protocols. Edited by Peter M. Rabinovich.
Authors: Grillari Johannes
Published: October 2013

Humana Press, Totowa 2013, XI+323 pp., hardcover, $ 139.00.—ISBN 978‐1‐62703‐259‐9
CFD Simulation of Particle Capture by Droplets
Authors: Pieloth Damian , Neumann Tim , Schaldach Gerhard , Walzel Peter
Published: October 2013

Zur Simulation von Waschvorgängen staubhaltiger Gase ist die Kenntnis des Auftreffgrads von Partikeln auf Tropfen in einem weiten Bereich der Tropfen‐Reynolds‐Zahlen mit hoher Auflösung notwendig. Hier wurden CFD‐Simulationen angewendet, um die Auftreffgrade als Funktion der Tropfen‐Reynolds‐Zahl in hoher Auflösung zu berechnen. Die Trägheitsparameter wurden für die Zahlen zwischen 0,1 und 100 jeweils über den Partikeldurchmesser variiert, dessen Verhältnis zum Tropfendurchmesser stets < 0,15 war. Die berechneten Auftreffgrade weichen zum Teil deutlich von den in der Literatur beschriebenen Ergebnissen ab.
The Development of the Leuna Werk into a Chemical Enterprise – A Chapter of History of Technical Chemistry Part 2
Authors: Becker Karl
Published: October 2013

Die ersten drei Jahrzehnte des 20. Jahrhunderts hatten in der Chemie gezeigt, welche beeindruckenden Leistungen der Mensch, dank Intelligenz, Wissen und Leistungswillen, zu vollbringen vermag. Die drei großen Synthesen, die Ammoniak‐, Methanol‐ und Kohlenwasserstoffsynthese, entwickelt und realisiert unter Bedingungen, die in der wissenschaftlichen Welt für fast nicht möglich gehalten wurden, haben nicht nur die Welt der Chemie und Technik revolutioniert. Die Ursprünglichkeit dieser auf Basis der elementaren Rohstoffe der Natur Luft, Wasser und fossile Kohlenstoffträger durchgeführten Synthesen hat zu dem unerschütterlichen Vertrauen in die Beherrschbarkeit wissenschaftlich‐technischer Prozesse beigetragen. Die Folgen dieser Synthesen vermittelten der großtechnischen Chemie Impulse, so dass sich Lebensstandard und Lebensqualität der menschlichen Gesellschaft schrittweise und nachhaltig verbesserten.
End‐to‐End Flow Control for Visual‐Haptic Communication in the Presence of Bandwidth Change
Authors: Yashiro Daisuke , Tian Dapeng , Yakoh Takahiro
Published: October 2013

This paper proposes an end‐to‐end flow controller for visual‐haptic communication. A visual‐haptic communication system transmits non‐real‐time packets, which contain large‐size visual data, and real‐time packets, which contain small‐size haptic data. When the transmission rate of visual data exceeds the communication bandwidth, the visual‐haptic communication system becomes unstable owing to buffer overflow. To solve this problem, an end‐to‐end flow controller is proposed. This controller determines the optimal transmission rate of visual data on the basis of the traffic conditions, which are estimated by the packets for haptic communication. Experimental results confirm that in the proposed method, a short packet‐sending interval and a short delay are achieved under bandwidth change, and thus, high‐precision visual‐haptic communication is realized. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 96(11): 26–34, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11516
Three New Hasubanan Alkaloids from Stephania hernandifolia (Willd.) Walp.
Authors: Tang Li‐Jia , Deng Lu‐Lu , He Li , Song Shao‐Hui , Zhang Jian‐Xin , Hao Xiao‐Jiang , Zhang Yuan‐Hu
Published: October 2013

Three new hasubanan alkaloids, hernsubanines A–C (1–3, resp.), were isolated from the whole plants of Stephania hernandifolia. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of physical and spectroscopic data. In in vitro tests for cytotoxic activity against two human cancer cell lines, A 549 and K 562, compound 1 did not exhibit any cytotoxicity.
Pinacol Rearrangement of 3,4‐Dihydro‐3,4‐dihydroxyquinolin‐2(1H)‐ones: An Alternative Pathway to Viridicatin Alkaloids and Their Analogs
Authors: Rudolf Ondřej , Rouchal Michal , Lyčka Antonín , Klásek Antonín
Published: October 2013

3‐Alkyl/aryl‐3‐hydroxyquinoline‐2,4‐diones were reduced with NaBH4 to give cis‐3‐alkyl/aryl‐3,4‐dihydro‐3,4‐dihydroxyquinolin‐2(1H)‐ones. These compounds were subjected to pinacol rearrangement by treatment with concentrated H2SO4, resulting in 4‐alkyl/aryl‐3‐hydroxyquinolin‐2(1H)‐ones. When a benzyl (Bn) group was present in position 3 of the starting compound, its elimination occurred during the rearrangement, and the corresponding 3‐hydroxyquinolin‐2(1H)‐one was formed. The reaction mechanisms are discussed for all transformations. All compounds were characterized by IR, 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR spectroscopy, as well as mass spectrometry.
Synthesis of 3‐Alkoxybenzo[c]thiophen‐1(3H)‐ones by Hydrolysis of N‐Substituted 3‐Alkoxybenzo[c]thiophen‐1(3H)‐imines Derived from 1‐Bromo‐2‐(dialkoxymethyl)benzenes and Isothiocyanates
Authors: Kobayashi Kazuhiro , Kuroda Minami , Kanbe Yuuki
Published: October 2013

A convenient procedure for the preparation of a new type of thiophthalides, 3‐alkoxybenzo[c]thiophen‐1(3H)‐ones 4 and 9 has been developed. Thus, 1‐(dialkoxymethyl)‐2‐lithiobenzenes, generated by Br/Li exchange between 2‐bromo‐1‐(dialkoxymethyl)benzenes 1 and 6, and BuLi, react with isothiocyanates to afford N‐substituted 2‐(dialkoxymethyl)benzothioamides 2 and 7, which, on treatment with a catalytic amount of TsOH⋅H2O, give N‐substituted 3‐alkoxybenzo[c]thiophen‐1(3H)‐imines 3 and 8. The latter are hydrolyzed under acidic conditions to the desired products 4 and 9, respectively.
Reversal of the Stereochemical Course of 1‐Methyl‐1H‐indole Addition to Cinnamaldehyde with cis‐5‐Benzyl‐(2‐fluoromethyl)‐2,3‐dimethylimidazolidin‐4‐ones as Catalysts – a Puzzling ‘Fluorine Effect’
Authors: Grošelj Uroš , Podlipnik Črtomir , Bezenšek Jure , Svete Jurij , Stanovnik Branko , Seebach Dieter
Published: October 2013

Replacement of the cis‐Me group by CH2F in the imidazolidinone organocatalyst specified in the title (so‐called McMillan generation‐I catalyst) leads to reversal of the product configuration in the title reaction. The topicity reversal in the nucleophilic addition step must arise either from cis‐addition with respect to the benzylic substituent of an (E)‐iminium ion intermediate or from trans‐addition to the corresponding (Z)‐iminium ion. Mechanistic investigations have not provided evidence for either one of these two possibilities, so far.
Mentoring of physicians at a community‐based health system: Preliminary findings
Authors: Tietjen Patricia , Griner Paul F.
Published: October 2013

BACKGROUND

Mentoring has been suggested as 1 way to reduce physician stress and improve professional satisfaction, yet mentoring programs for physicians have focused principally on faculties of academic medical centers. Recently, a formal mentoring program for physicians in full‐time clinical practice was created at a regional health system in western Connecticut. We describe the results of a survey of mentees' impressions of the program after its first year.

METHODS

We surveyed hospitalists and other physicians who had participated in the mentoring program to determine their reasons for participation, whether the program was helpful (and if so in what ways), and their recommendations for improvement.

RESULTS

Twenty‐seven of the 39 participants responded to the survey (69%). Hospitalists were the most likely to participate in the mentoring program (18 of 24) and to respond to the survey. Career planning (52%), balance among personal and professional life (43%), and leadership development (38%) were the most common reasons given for meeting with a mentor. All but 1 respondent felt the mentoring program met their expectations by setting goals (62%), planning next steps in their career(60%), and gaining new insights (52%).

CONCLUSIONS

Community‐based health systems that seek to improve the professional satisfaction of their physicians should be interested in this description of the physician mentoring program of the Western Connecticut Health Network. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2013;8:642–643. © 2013 Society of Hospital Medicine
Phylogenetic analysis of HCV‐4d in Turkey: the curious case of Kayseri Province
Authors: Ciccozzi Massimo , Zehender Gianguglielmo , Polat Ceylan , Lai Alessia , Kayman Tuba , Sorrentino Chiara , Ebranati Erika , Cella Eleonora , Lo Presti Alessandra , Abacioglu Hakan
Published: October 2013

In Turkey, genotype 1, especially type 1b virus, causes approximately 90% of these infections, while types 2, 3, and 4 exist, albeit in low prevalences and are due to relatively recent and limited introductions. Two recent reports from Kayseri, a relatively large city in Central Anatolia, indicated unusually high prevalence for type 4 infections in the province reaching a 35% among patients admitted to hospitals for treatment of chronic hepatitis C. In this study, the origin, the demographic history, and the dynamic of the epidemic of unusual HCV genotype 4d in Turkey by using Bayesian coalescent‐based method were investigated. A gene flow migration approach was also used to describe the synchronous geographical dispersal and genetic diversification of this unusual genotype in Kayseri province. The Turkish clade had a tMRCA of 44 years corresponding to the year 1967 and seems to have a different origin being completely segregated from the European one. Gene flow migration analysis indicated that Kayseri province appeared to be the epicenter of HCV‐4d epidemic, exporting the infections. The demographic history of HCV‐4d showed that the epidemic started in 1970s year then following a slow exponential growth until 1980s. The Turkish monophyletic clade suggests a segregate circulation of the epidemic in this region mostly due to unsafe parenteral medical procedures (with drug addiction playing a relatively negligible role). J. Med. Virol. 86:454–460, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Establishing diagnostic criteria for occult hepatitis B virus infections in community based populations
Authors: Minuk Gerald Y. , Huynh Chris , Uhanova Julia , Osiowy Carla
Published: October 2013

Present diagnostic criteria for occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection requires blood or liver samples to test positive for at least two HBV DNA targets in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) negative individuals. These criteria were derived from studies involving referred or selected patient populations. The objective of the present study was to determine whether the present definition of occult HBV infection also applies within a nonselected community based population. HBV DNA testing was performed in 1,007 HBsAg negative sera by real time PCR with primer sets targeting the Enhancer I (ENHI), precore/core and surface/polymerase (S) genomic regions. Real time PCR positive cases were analyzed further by nested PCR. The results were then correlated with serologic findings among HBV DNA negative and occult positive individuals. Fifty‐five sera (5.5%) were positive for at least one of the three genomic regions. Positive results with at least two primer/probe sets (thereby satisfying present diagnostic criteria for occult HBV infection) were identified in 8 (0.8%) samples (3 ENHI plus S, 2 ENHI plus precore/core and 3 having positive results with all three primer/probe sets). The prevalence of HBV serologic markers in samples that tested positive for only one primer set were similar to those of HBV DNA negative matched controls, thereby arguing against their representing occult infection. The results of this study suggest that the present diagnostic criteria for occult HBV infection are also appropriate for population based studies. However, further studies are required to confirm that impression. J. Med. Virol. 86:156–161, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Revisiting the Faroe Marine Ash Zone III in two Greenland ice cores: implications for marine‐ice correlations
Authors: BOURNE A. J. , DAVIES S. M. , ABBOTT P. M. , RASMUSSEN S. O. , STEFFENSEN J. P. , SVENSSON A.
Published: October 2013

Nineteen new Icelandic tephra layers are identified in NGRIP and NEEM ice spanning Greenland Interstadial‐9 (GI‐9) and the early phase of GI‐8 (∼38 000–40 500 b2k). Fourteen tephras are identified in the NGRIP record and five direct correlatives are identified in NEEM, thus indicating the occurrence of 14 separate volcanic events. With two exceptions, the tephras are tholeiitic basalt in composition and despite having very similar geochemical signatures can, in most cases, be discriminated from one another using their TiO2 values. All of these tephra layers fall within the compositional range of the Faroe Marine Ash Zone III (FMAZ III) deposit previously identified in ocean cores from the Faroes region and previously correlated to NGRIP 2066.95 m by Davies et al. (). Thus, the FMAZ III in the marine realm is most likely a complex ash zone that represents a series of closely timed Grimsvötn eruptions that, as yet, can only be stratigraphically separated in the high‐resolution ice‐core records. The geochemical signatures and stratigraphic positions of the new ice‐core layers means that the FMAZ III tephra deposit, as currently defined in the marine realm, cannot be correlated to NGRIP 2066.95 m or any other ice‐core tephra horizons preserved during this interval.
Late Pleistocene and early Holocene change in the Weddell Sea: a new climate record from the Patriot Hills, Ellsworth Mountains, West Antarctica
Authors: TURNEY CHRIS , FOGWILL CHRIS , VAN OMMEN TAS D. , MOY ANDREW D. , ETHERIDGE DAVID , RUBINO MAURO , CURRAN MARK A. J. , RIVERA ANDRÉS
Published: October 2013

The transition from the late Pleistocene to the Holocene (30 000–5000 years ago) was a period of considerable climate variability, which has been associated with changes in deep water formation and the intensity of the Meridional Overturning Circulation. Although numerous records exist across the North Atlantic region, few Antarctic ice core records have been obtained from the south. Here we exploit the potential of upwelling ancient ice – so‐called blue ice areas (BIAs) – from the Patriot Hills in the Ellsworth Mountains to derive the first deuterium isotope record (δD) from continental Antarctica south of the Weddell Sea. Gas analysis and glaciological considerations provide a first relative chronology. Inferred temperature trends from the Patriot Hills BIA and snow pit suggest changing climate influences during the transition between the last glacial period and Holocene. Under modern conditions, the interplay between the Antarctic high‐pressure system and the Southern Annular Mode appears to play a significant role in controlling katabatic wind flow over the site while the BIA record suggests that greater sea ice extent during the last glacial period was a major control. Our results demonstrate the considerable potential of the Patriot Hills site for reconstructing past climate change in the south Atlantic region.
Virtual reality and motor imagery: Promising tools for assessment and therapy in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Mirelman Anat , Maidan Inbal , Deutsch Judith E.
Published: October 2013

Motor imagery (MI) and virtual reality (VR) are two evolving therapeutic approaches that make use of cognitive function to study and enhance movement, in particular, balance and mobility of people with Parkinson's disease (PD). This review examines the literature on the use of VR and MI in the assessment of mobility and as a therapeutic intervention to improve balance and gait in patients with PD. A study was eligible for inclusion if MI or VR were used to assess motor or cognitive function to improve gait, balance, or mobility in patients with PD. Data were extracted on the following categories: participants; study design; intervention (type, duration, and frequency); and outcomes. Intervention studies were evaluated for quality using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale. Sixteen studies were identified; 4 articles used MI and 12 used VR for assessment and treatment of gait impairments in PD. The studies included small samples and were diverse in terms of methodology. Quality of the intervention trials varied from fair for VR to good for MI. The benefits of using MI and VR for assessment and treatment were noted. Encouraging findings on the potential benefits of using MI and VR in PD were found, although further good‐quality research is still needed. Questions remain on the optimal use, content of interventions, and generalizability of findings across the different stages of the disease. The possible mechanisms underlying MI and VR and recommendations for future research and therapy are also presented. © 2013 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Classification of gait disturbances: Distinguishing between continuous and episodic changes
Authors: Giladi Nir , Horak Fay B. , Hausdorff Jeffrey M.
Published: October 2013

The increased awareness of the importance of gait and postural control to quality of life and functional independence has led many research groups to study the pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical, and therapeutic aspects of these motor functions. In recognition of the increased awareness of the significance of this topic, the Movement Disorders journal is devoting this entire issue to gait and postural control. Leading research groups provide critical reviews of the current knowledge and propose future directions for this evolving field.

The intensive work in this area throughout the world has created an urgent need for a unified language. Because gait and postural disturbances are so common, the clinical classification should be clear, straightforward, and simple to use. As an introduction to this special issue, we propose a new clinically based classification scheme that is organized according to the dominant observed disturbance, while taking into account the results of a basic neurological exam. The proposed classification differentiates between continuous and episodic gait disturbances because this subdivision has important ramifications from the functional, prognostic, and mechanistic perspectives.

We anticipate that research into gait and postural control will continue to flourish over the next decade as the search for new ways of promoting mobility and independence aims to keep up with the exponentially growing population of aging older adults. Hopefully, this new classification scheme and the articles focusing on gait and postural control in this special issue of the Movement Disorders journal will help to facilitate future investigations in this exciting, rapidly growing area. © 2013 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Phosphorylated amino derivatives of thiacalix[4]arene as membrane carriers: synthesis and host–guest molecular recognition of amino, hydroxy and dicarboxylic acids
Authors: Mostovaya Olga A. , Agafonova Maria N. , Galukhin Andrey V. , Khayrutdinov Bulat I. , Islamov Daut , Kataeva Olga N. , Antipin Igor S. , Konovalov Alexander I. , Stoikov Ivan I.
Published: October 2013

Promising membrane transport and separation systems for selected dicarboxylic, α‐hydroxy‐ and α‐amino acids based on thiacalixarene platform have been developed. For the first time, p‐tert‐butyl thiacalix[4]arenes functionalized at the lower rim with aminophosphonate fragments have been obtained and characterized. As was established by UV–vis spectroscopy, membrane extraction and HPLC, the substitution of amino groups by α‐aminophosphonate units significantly enhances the selectivity of host molecules that bind to aspartic and glycolic acids. The aminophosphonate compounds synthesized can be used in the development of sensors and systems employed in the purification and separation of organic acids. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hierarchical Hydrogen Bonds Directed Multi‐Functional Carbon Nanotube‐Based Supramolecular Hydrogels
Authors: Du Ran , Wu Juanxia , Chen Liang , Huang Huan , Zhang Xuetong , Zhang Jin
Published: October 2013

Supramolecular hydrogels (SMHs) are three‐dimensional networks filled with a large amount of water. The crosslinking force in the 3D network is always constructed by relatively weak and dynamic non‐covalent interactions, and thus SMHs usually possess extremely high susceptibility to external environment and can show extraordinary stimuli‐responsive, self‐healing or other attractive properties. However, the overall crosslinking force in hydrogel networks is difficult to flexibly modulate, and this leads to limited functions of the SMHs. In this regard, hierarchical hydrogen bonds, that is, the mixture of relatively strong and relatively weak hydrogen bonds, are used herein as crosslinking force for the hydrogel preparation. The ratio of strong and weak hydrogen bonds can be finely tuned to tailor the properties of resultant gels. Thus, by delicate manipulation of the overall crosslinking force in the system, a hydrogel with multiple (thermal, pH and NIR light) responsiveness, autonomous self‐healing property and interesting temperature dependent, reversible adhesion behavior is obtained. This kind of hierarchical hydrogen bond manipulation is proved to be a general method for multiple‐functionality hydrogel preparation, and the resultant material shows potential for a range of applications.
Social communication mediates the relationship between emotion perception and externalizing behaviors in young adult survivors of pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI)
Authors: Ryan Nicholas P. , Anderson Vicki , Godfrey Celia , Eren Senem , Rosema Stefanie , Taylor Kaitlyn , Catroppa Cathy
Published: October 2013

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common cause of childhood disability, and is associated with elevated risk for long‐term social impairment. Though social (pragmatic) communication deficits may be among the most debilitating consequences of childhood TBI, few studies have examined very long‐term communication outcomes as children with TBI make the transition to young adulthood. In addition, the extent to which reduced social function contributes to externalizing behaviors in survivors of childhood TBI remains poorly understood. The present study aimed to evaluate the extent of social communication difficulty among young adult survivors of childhood TBI (n = 34, injury age: 1.0–7.0 years; M time since injury: 16.55 years) and examine relations among aspects of social function including emotion perception, social communication and externalizing behaviors rated by close‐other proxies. Compared to controls the TBI group had significantly greater social communication difficulty, which was associated with more frequent externalizing behaviors and poorer emotion perception. Analyses demonstrated that reduced social communication mediated the association between poorer emotion perception and more frequent externalizing behaviors. Our findings indicate that socio‐cognitive impairments may indirectly increase the risk for externalizing behaviors among young adult survivors of childhood TBI, and underscore the need for targeted social skills interventions delivered soon after injury, and into the very long‐term.