bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Incidence of acute occupational pesticide poisoning among male farmers in South Korea
Authors: Lee Won Jin , Cha Eun Shil , Park Jinwoo , Ko Yousun , Kim Hyun Joong , Kim Jaeyoung
Published: February 2012

Background

Pesticide poisoning from agricultural labor has been recognized as a major public health problem among farmers worldwide. The objective of this study was to examine the incidence of acute occupational pesticide poisoning among male farmers in South Korea.

Methods

A nationwide sampling survey of male farmers was conducted in South Korea. This survey used a stratified multistage probability sampling design and adopted the face‐to‐face interview method. A total of 1,958 male farmers were interviewed in order to estimate the incidence of acute occupational pesticide poisoning in rural areas in 2010. Based on a self‐reported definition, the incidence rate in 2010 and the lifetime hospitalization rate due to acute occupational pesticide poisoning among male farmers were estimated.

Results

The incidence rate of acute occupational pesticide poisoning was 24.7 (95% CI 22.1–27.2) per 100 male farmers, which corresponds to 209,512 cases across South Korea in 2010. About 12% of the pesticide poisoning cases included either visiting a medical doctor or hospitalization. The lifetime rate of hospitalization due to occupational pesticide poisoning was 6.1 (95% CI 4.9–7.3) among male farmers. Poisoning occurred mainly when farmers were applying pesticides during summer.

Conclusion

Our nationwide sampling survey demonstrated that acute occupational pesticide poisonings are highly prevalent among male South Korean farmers. Intensive intervention efforts to reduce occupational pesticide poisoning are urgently needed in South Korea. Am. J. Ind. Med. 55:799–807, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Injuries caused by work‐related violence: Frequency, need for medical treatment and associations with adverse mental health and alcohol use among Finnish police officers
Authors: Leino Tuula , Eskelinen Kaisa , Summala Heikki , Virtanen Marianna
Published: February 2012

Background

We examined the associations of the frequency and the need for medical treatment caused by work‐related violence with adverse mental health among Finnish police officers (n = 1,734).

Methods

The data were collected via a questionnaire.

Results

Employees who had suffered more than one injury were at a 4.86‐fold risk (95% CI = 2.72–8.66) of increased alcohol consumption, a 4.40‐fold risk (95% CI = 2.87–6.76) of psychological distress symptoms, and a 2.49‐fold risk (95% CI = 1.73–3.59) of fear of future violence compared to those who had suffered no injuries. Among those who had suffered injuries (n = 843), the need for medical treatment when injured was associated with a 2.33‐fold risk (95% CI = 1.19–4.57) of psychological distress symptoms and with a 2.09‐fold risk (95% CI = 1.08–4.03) of fear of future violence when compared to those who did not need medical care for their injury.

Conclusions

Among police officers, high frequency and the need for medical treatment of injuries is associated with an increased risk of adverse mental health. High frequency of injuries may also increase alcohol consumption among police officers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 55:691–697, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prenatal testing for Down syndrome: The perspectives of parents of individuals with Down syndrome
Authors: Inglis Angela , Hippman Catriona , Austin Jehannine C.
Published: February 2012

This exploratory, descriptive study examined the views and opinions of parents of individuals with Down syndrome (DS) related to prenatal testing for DS and the use of age‐based criteria to determine eligibility for this testing. This survey‐based study was designed in collaboration with parents of individuals with DS and the British Columbia‐based Lower Mainland Down Syndrome Society (LMDSS). The survey was a 26‐item, self‐report questionnaire, which was distributed by the LMDSS. Out of the 246 potentially eligible individuals that were mailed surveys, 101 participants returned their completed surveys. The availability of prenatal screening and diagnostic testing for DS was perceived positively by 55.1% and 64.7% of parents, respectively. More than half (60.2%) of participants felt that prenatal diagnostic testing for DS should be available to all pregnant women, regardless of age. In this study, views of Canadian parents of individuals with DS aligned with the prenatal testing policy recently adopted in the USA (whereby any woman, regardless of age or risk factors, can opt for prenatal diagnostic testing) rather than with new Canadian policy (whereby eligibility for diagnostic testing is no longer offered on the basis of age, but on the basis of other risk factors). © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Autosomal linkage scan for loci predisposing to comorbid dependence on multiple substances
Authors: Yang Bao‐Zhu , Han Shizhong , Kranzler Henry R. , Farrer Lindsay A. , Elston Robert C. , Gelernter Joel
Published: February 2012

Multiple substance dependence (MSD) trait comorbidity is common, and MSD patients are often severely affected clinically. While shared genetic risks have been documented, so far there has been no published report using the linkage scan approach to survey risk loci for MSD as a phenotype. A total of 1,758 individuals in 739 families [384 African American (AA) and 355 European American (EA) families] ascertained via affected sib‐pairs with cocaine or opioid or alcohol dependence were genotyped using an array‐based linkage panel of single‐nucleotide polymorphism markers. Fuzzy clustering analysis was conducted on individuals with alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, opioid, and nicotine dependence for AAs and EAs separately, and linkage scans were conducted for the output membership coefficients using Merlin‐regression. In EAs, we observed an autosome‐wide significant linkage signal on chromosome 4 (peak lod = 3.31 at 68.3 cM; empirical autosome‐wide P = 0.038), and a suggestive linkage signal on chromosome 21 (peak lod = 2.37 at 19.4 cM). In AAs, four suggestive linkage peaks were observed: two peaks on chromosome 10 (lod = 2.66 at 96.7 cM and lod = 3.02 at 147.6 cM] and the other two on chromosomes 3 (lod = 2.81 at 145.5 cM) and 9 (lod = 1.93 at 146.8 cM). Three particularly promising candidate genes, GABRA4, GABRB1, and CLOCK, are located within or very close to the autosome‐wide significant linkage region for EAs on chromosome 4. This is the first linkage evidence supporting existence of genetic loci influencing risk for several comorbid disorders simultaneously in two major US populations. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and characterization of MQ silicone resins
Authors: Sun Fang , Hu Yanli , Du Hong‐Guang
Published: February 2012

MQ silicone resins, which represent a broad range of hydrolytic condensation products of monofunctional silane (M) and tetrafunctional silane (Q), were synthesized by reaction of water glass with hexamethyldisiloxane. The optimum reaction time and the optimal reaction temperature is 30 min and 30–40°C, respectively. Concentrated hydrochloric acid is the best one among those catalysts tested. In large‐scale experiments (420–1680 mL), the favorable feeding order is catalyst first, and then water glass, the mixture of hexamethyldisiloxane and ethanol last and most MQ silicone resin was observed. The structure of MQ silicone resin was characterized by FT‐IR and GPC spectra. The MQ silicone resin shows narrow molecular weight distribution and the number average molecular weight of MQ silicone resin is 2917. The silicone pressure sensitive adhesive prepared from as‐synthesized MQ resin has good tack (29#) and 180° peel adhesion (5.630N/20 mm). © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Insertion of poly(acrylamide) disc‐columnar liquid crystals as a functional template in organic photovoltaics
Authors: Lee Chun‐Che , Huang Wen‐Yao
Published: February 2012

Poly(acrylamide) disc‐columnar liquid crystals act as a transport interlayer that has been developed to improve photoconversion efficiency. It is composed of 2,3,6,7‐tetra‐6‐hexyloxydibenzo[a,c]phenazine‐11‐carboxylic monomer and polyacrylamide to show a high isotropic phase transition point of ∼ 270°C and a decomposition temperature Td5% = 450°C. Absorption in the visible light region is in the range of 200–450 nm. A hexagonally columnar mesophase was investigated by optical and texture analysis. The ability of a self‐assembled pathway enhanced carrier mobility due to π‐π conjugation in stacking up macrocyclic core. This study demonstrated the insertion of a functionally dibenzophenazine‐based polymer as a hole‐extracting layer with a columnar array in OPVs which is sufficient to promote a 16% increase in the amount of harvested light. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Formation of double‐surface‐silvered polyimide films via a direct ion‐exchange self‐metallization technique: The case of BPADA/ODA and [Ag(NH3)2]+
Authors: Lin Zhi‐Wei , Qi Sheng‐Li , Wu De‐Zhen
Published: February 2012

Double‐surface‐silvered polyimide (PI) films have been successfully fabricated via a direct ion‐exchange self‐metallization method using silver ammonia complex cation ([Ag(NH3)2]+) as silver resource and bis[4‐(3,4‐dicarboxyphenoxy)phenyl]propane dianhydride/4,4′‐oxydianiline (BPADA/ODA)‐based poly(amic acid) (PAA) as the PI precursor. The alkaline characteristic of the silver precursor dramatically improves the efficiency of the ion exchange and film metallization process. By using an aqueous [Ag(NH3)2]+ solution with a concentration of only 0.01M and an ion‐exchange time of only 5 min, metallized films with desirable performance could be easily obtained by simply heating the silver(I)‐doped PAA films to 300°C. The strong hydrolysis effect of the basic [Ag(NH3)2]+ cations on the flexible and acidic BPADA/ODA PAA chains was observed during the ion exchange process by the quantitative evaluation of the mass loss of PAA matrix. Nevertheless, under the present experimental conditions, the final metallized film essentially retained the basic structural, thermal, and mechanical properties of the pristine PI, which make it a truly applicable material. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Mechanical properties, morphology, flammability, and thermokinetic investigation of high‐density polyethylene/Jatropha deoiled cake composites
Authors: Elshaarani T. , Yaakob Z. , Zaman M. D. Khairul , Mohammad M. , Abdullah S. R. S.
Published: February 2012

High‐density polyethylene (HDPE)/jatropha deoiled cake (JOC) composites were fabricated by melt compounding; the molded specimens were tested for their tensile properties and water absorption. The thermal properties were investigated with thermogravimetry (TG) analysis, differential scanning microscopy (DSC), and limiting oxygen index testing. The degradation kinetic parameters were calculated with the Friedman and Freeman–Carroll models. The morphology of the tensile fractured composites was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the introduction of JOC significantly reduced the tensile strength, percentage elongation at break, and modulus. On the one hand, JOC increased the water uptake. The TG and differential TG of JOC showed that the thermal degradation took place in two stages. The neat HDPE revealed a single degradation stage, whereas the blend showed three degradation stages. The composites' initial degradation temperature decreased; however, the residue chars increased with increasing JOC content. The activation energies (Ea's) were lower in the case of the blends than that corresponding to HDPE. The DSC results showed decreases in the melting temperature and degree of crystallinity of the composites. A considerable enhancement of the flame‐retardant properties was observed for the composites. These experimental results suggest a synergetic effect caused by the coprocessing of the two materials together. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Electrospun fibers from functional polyglycidol/poly(ε‐caprolactone) blends with defined surface properties
Authors: Haamann D. , Bispinghoff M. , Hönders D. , Suschek C. , Möller M. , Klee D.
Published: February 2012

Highly hydrophilic but water insoluble fibers from star‐shaped poly(ethoxyethyl glycidyl ether) and poly(ε‐caprolactone) polymer blends in the submicron range were prepared using the electrospinning technique. The fibers were achieved in a smooth and homogeneous manner and do show tremendous decreased protein adsorption. Additionally, using alkyne‐ or vinyl sulfonate end capped polymer, fibers with the correspondent surface reactivity have been prepared. All fibers showed high biocompatibility and were highly hydrophilic but water stable. Furthermore, nonwovens based on functionalized poly(ethoxyethyl glycidyl ether) were equipped with small biofunctional molecules, e.g., the peptide sequence glycine‐arginine‐glycine‐aspartate‐serine (GRGDS). These fibers showed increased cell attachment compared with nonfunctionalized nonwovens. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Soybean meal‐based adhesive enhanced by MUF resin
Authors: Gao Qiang , Shi Sheldon Q. , Zhang Shifeng , Li Jianzhang , Wang Xiaomei , Ding Wubin , Liang Kaiwen , Wang Jinwu
Published: February 2012

Soybean meal flour, polyethylene glycol (PEG), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and a melamine‐urea‐formaldehyde (MUF) resin were used to formulate soybean meal/MUF resin adhesive. Effects of the adhesive components on the water resistance and formaldehyde emission were measured on three‐ply plywood. The viscosity and solid content of the different adhesive formulations were measured. The functional groups of the cured adhesives were evaluated. The results showed that the wet shear strength of plywood bonded by soybean meal/NaOH adhesive increased by 33% to 0.61 MPa after adding NaOH into the adhesive formulation. Addition of PEG reduced the viscosity of the soybean meal/NaOH/PEG adhesive by 91% to 34,489 cP. By using the MUF resin, the solid content of the soybean meal/MUF resin adhesive was improved to 39.2%, the viscosity of the adhesive was further reduced by 37% to 21,727 cP, and the wet shear strength of plywood bonded by the adhesive was increased to 0.95 MPa, which met the interior plywood requirements (≥0.7 MPa). The formaldehyde emission of plywood bonded by the soybean meal/MUF resin adhesive was obtained at 0.28 mg/L, which met the strictest requirement of the China National Standard (≤0.5 mg/L). FTIR showed using the MUF resin formed more CH2 group in the cured adhesive. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Illegal trade of the guitarfish Rhinobatos horkelii on the coasts of central and southern Brazil: genetic identification to aid conservation
Authors: Alexandre de‐Franco Bruno , Fernandes Mendonça Fernando , Oliveira Claudio , Foresti Fausto
Published: February 2012

Among the diverse species of guitarfish, Rhinobatos horkelii is endemic to the south‐west Atlantic and is primarily found off the Brazilian coast. The IUCN has classified this species as being in critical danger of extinction owing to widespread exploitation.

Currently, this species is protected under Brazilian conservation laws. However, the morphological similarity of R. horkelii to other species precludes effective protection from fishing.

Guitarfish samples were obtained from fishermen in different regions along the Brazilian coast and were identified using a genetic forensic method (multiplex‐PCR). The analysis showed that 56% of the samples analysed were from R. horkelii, 25% from Rhinobatos percellens and 19% from Zapteryx brevirostris confirming that R. horkelii continues to be caught, despite conservation legislation.

These results stress the need for effective conservation measures and may help to alert others to the occurrence of R. horkelii poaching. In addition, this work aims to establish an effective method of species identification to help prevent poaching of protected species such as R. horkelii.

Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Histomorphometric and Immunohistochemical Study of the Goat Rumen During Prenatal Development
Authors: García Angela , Masot Javier , Franco Antonio , Gázquez Antonio , Redondo Eloy
Published: February 2012

This study sought to chart the ontogenesis of the goat rumen by histomorphometric examination, scanning electron microscopy and immunohistochemical analysis. A total of 140 goat embryos and fetuses were used, from the first stage of prenatal life until birth. The appearance of the rumen from the primitive gastric tube was observed at 35 days of prenatal life (CRL 3 cm, 23% gestation). By 38 days (CRL 4.3 cm CRL, 25% gestation) the ruminal wall comprised three layers: an internal epithelial layer, a middle layer of pluripotential blastemic tissue and an external layer or serosa. Ruminal pillars were visible at 46 days (CRL 6 cm, 30% gestation), and by 76 days (CRL 18 cm, 50% gestation) ruminal papillae were starting to appear. Under scanning electron microscopy, by 50 days (CRL 7.7 cm, 33% gestation) small ruminal papillae were observed protruding from the surface. Finally, neuroendocrine cells (synaptophysin, SYP) were detected at 53 days (CRL 9 cm CRL, 35% gestation), while glial cell markers (glial fibrillary acidic protein—GFAP, and vimentin‐VIM) were found at 108 days (CRL 31 cm, 72% gestation) and 39 days (CRL 4.4 cm, 26% gestation), respectively. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) were detected immunohistochemically at 113 days (CRL 33 cm, 75% gestation) and 120 days (CRL 35 cm, 80% gestation), respectively. In conclusion, histomorphogenesis of the rumen in goats was similar to that reported in deer, but rather slower than observed for sheep or cattle. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 suppression sensitizes rheumatoid fibroblast‐like synoviocytes to tumor necrosis factor–induced apoptosis
Authors: Orosa Beatriz , González Antonio , Mera Antonio , Gómez‐Reino Juan J. , Conde Carmen
Published: February 2012

Objective

To investigate the role of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptors in the proliferation and apoptosis of fibroblast‐like synoviocytes (FLS) from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods

Expression of LPA receptors 1–3 was analyzed by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). LPAR1 and LPAR2 were suppressed in RA FLS by small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection. Proliferation of RA FLS after tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and LPA stimulation was determined with a luminescent cell viability assay. Apoptosis was analyzed by quantification of nucleosome release and measurement of activated caspase 3/7. Genes involved in the apoptotic response were identified with a human apoptosis PCR array and validated with Western blot assays. The requirement of these genes for apoptosis sensitization was assessed by siRNA transfection. Secretion of mediators of inflammation was analyzed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

Only LPAR1 and LPAR2 were expressed by RA FLS, and their levels were higher than those in osteoarthritis (OA) FLS. Suppression of LPAR1 abrogated TNF‐induced proliferation and sensitized the RA FLS, but not the OA FLS, to TNF‐induced apoptosis. These changes occurred despite an increased early inflammatory response to TNF. Sensitization to apoptosis was associated with changes in expression of multiple apoptosis‐related genes. Three of the up‐regulated proapoptotic genes were further studied to confirm their involvement. In contrast, suppression of LPAR2 showed no effect in any of these analyses.

Conclusion

LPA1 is an important receptor in RA FLS. Its suppression is accompanied by a global increase in the response to TNF that is ultimately dominated by sensitization to apoptosis.
Familial clustering of the serum cytokine profile in the relatives of rheumatoid arthritis patients
Authors: El‐Gabalawy Hani S. , Robinson David B. , Smolik Irene , Hart Donna , Elias Brenda , Wong Keng , Peschken Christine A. , Hitchon Carol A. , Li Xuan , Bernstein Charles N. , Newkirk Marianna M. , Fritzler Marvin J.
Published: February 2012

Objective

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is prevalent in North American Native populations, with a high frequency of multicase families and seropositivity in first‐degree relatives. This study was undertaken to determine whether the serum cytokine profile of first‐degree relatives of North American Native patients with RA differed from that of individuals with no family history of autoimmunity and whether there was an association with RA autoantibodies.

Methods

North American Native patients with RA (n = 105), their first‐degree relatives (n = 273), healthy North American Native controls (n = 200), and Caucasian controls (n = 150) were studied. Serum levels of 42 cytokines were tested using a multiplex laser bead assay. Rheumatoid factor (RF), anti–cyclic citrullinated peptide 2 (anti–CCP‐2), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP‐l), and high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsCRP) were tested by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and HLA–DRB1 alleles by specific primers. Discriminant analysis and logistic regression classified individuals based on their cytokine profile.

Results

The prevalence of RF (cutoff level predetermined to include 5% of Caucasian controls) and anti‐CCP (cutoff level of ≥40 units) was, respectively, 88% and 81% in the RA patients, 34% and 9% in first‐degree relatives, and 9% and 4% in North American Native controls; the prevalence of anti‐CCP was 0% in Caucasian controls. Levels of most cytokines were highest in RA patients; 17 of 40 cytokines (43%) were significantly higher in first‐degree relatives than in controls, including multiple proinflammatory cytokines. Discriminant analysis showed a notable distinction between the groups, with 85% classification accuracy. First‐degree relatives had markedly higher MCP‐1 and hsCRP levels than North American Native controls, but there was no consistent association with RA autoantibodies.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that levels of multiple cytokines and hsCRP are higher in first‐degree relatives of North American Native patients with RA compared to individuals from a nonautoimmune background. These data suggest that elevated baseline cytokine levels may be part of the risk profile for developing RA.
Immunosuppressants reduce venous thrombosis relapse in Behçet's disease
Authors: Desbois A. C. , Wechsler B. , Resche‐Rigon M. , Piette J. C. , Huong D. Le Thi , Amoura Z. , Koskas F. , Desseaux K. , Cacoub P. , Saadoun D.
Published: February 2012

Objective

To investigate and describe the long‐term outcome of venous thrombosis in patients with Behçet's disease (BD).

Methods

In a retrospective cohort of 807 BD patients, a reported 296 patients (36.7%) (73.3% male, median age 30 years [interquartile range 24–36 years]) met the international classification criteria for BD and had venous thrombosis. We assessed factors associated with thrombosis relapse and mortality.

Results

There were a total of 586 venous thrombosis events, including 560 cases of deep thrombosis and 26 cases of superficial thrombosis. Deep venous thrombosis events included 323 cases of limb thrombosis (55.1%), 77 cases of cerebral venous thrombosis (13.1%), 57 cases of pulmonary embolism (9.7%), 63 cases of vena cava lesions (10.7%), 14 cases of Budd‐Chiari syndrome (2.4%), and 13 cases of cervical vein thrombosis (2.2%). One hundred of 296 patients (33.8%) experienced at least 1 venous thrombosis relapse. The mortality rate was 6.4% (19 of 296 patients) after a median followup of 4.75 years (interquartile range 2–7 years). In univariate analysis, death was associated with cardiac involvement (P = 0.026) and Budd‐Chiari syndrome (P = 0.004). In multivariate analysis, the use of immunosuppressive agents was found to prevent relapse of venous thrombosis (hazard ratio 0.27 [95% confidence interval 0.14–0.52], P = 0.00021), and there was a trend toward prevention of relapse with the use of glucocorticoids (hazard ratio 0.62 [95% confidence interval 0.40–0.97], P = 0.058).

Conclusion

Immunosuppressive agents significantly reduce venous thrombosis relapse in BD.
Synthesis and characterization of a stable dispersion of multifunctional Gd2O3:Er,Yb in polyvinyl alcohol
Authors: Kaur Gagandeep , Rai S. B.
Published: February 2012

A stable dispersion of multifunctional Gd2O3:Er,Yb phosphor in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was synthesized by varying the concentration of Yb3+ ions. It had a strong ultraviolet–visible‐near infrared (UV–vis) upconversion emission and applications in temperature and magnetic field sensors (e.g., nano‐heaters), as well as potential use in bioleveling and bioimaging. Stability of the dispersion was found to strongly depend on the mixing process of the powder in the polymer solution. Spherical shaped nanoparticles in cubic phase of ~ 43 nm diameter were synthesized and characterized by X‐ray diffraction; results were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fourier transform infrared sspectroscopy (FT‐IR) and thermal analysis supported the presence of PVA. NIR pumping produced strong UC emission bands in the red and green regions extending up to very high UV (240 nm). This method provides an alternative for synthesizing a highly UC‐efficient non‐agglomerated pure transparent dispersion from various efficient phosphors for biological applications. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Switching control of an essential gene for reprogramming of cellular phenotypes in Escherichia coli
Authors: Min Byung Eun , Seo Sang Woo , Jung Gyoo Yeol
Published: February 2012

Biological systems designs require various dynamic controllers capable of modulating cellular phenotypes to adapt to changing environments. Cellular phenotypes are simultaneously affected by combinations of multiple genes that are controlled by global regulators. However, it is difficult to intentionally control the expression of these global regulators dynamically because they are essential for cell survival and are involved in regulatory networks clustered in operons. Here, we designed a platform that allows dynamic modulation of the expression of an essential gene. Using this system, comprising of on/off switches that respond to an extracellular stimulus, we successfully demonstrated the switching control of the expression of fusA encoding elongation factor G (EF‐G). An additional control module in this system that responds to changed external signals was shown to provide the capacity to “switch gears” and reprogram cellular phenotypes with desired timing. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109:1875–1880. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Physiological evaluation of a new Chlorella sorokiniana isolate for its biomass production and lipid accumulation in photoautotrophic and heterotrophic cultures
Authors: Wan Min‐Xi , Wang Run‐Min , Xia Jin‐Lan , Rosenberg Julian N. , Nie Zhen‐Yuan , Kobayashi Naoko , Oyler George A. , Betenbaugh Michael J.
Published: February 2012

A novel green unicellular microalgal isolate from the freshwater of the Inner Mongolia Province of China and named as CCTCC M209220, grows between pH 6 and 11 and temperatures of 20–35°C with optimal conditions at pH 9 and 30°C. Morphological features and the phylogenetic analysis for the 18S rRNA gene reveal that the isolate is a Chlorella sorokiniana strain. A nitrogen source test reveals that this strain can grow well with nitrate and urea, but not ammonium. The strain can grow heterotrophically with glucose as the carbon source and accumulates lipid content as high as 56% (w/w) dry weight after 7 days in high glucose concentrations compared to 19% lipids achieved in 30 days of photoautotrophic culture. The relative neutral lipid content as a fraction of the total lipid is also much higher in heterotrophic culture as compared to photoautotrophic culture. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109:1958–1964. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Regional variation in the incidence of abdominal aortic aneurysm in Sweden
Authors: Hultgren R , Forsberg J , Alfredsson L , Swedenborg J , Leander K
Published: February 2012

Background

The risk factor profile is similar between patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and coronary heart disease (CHD). CHD is more common in the north of Sweden. It is unknown whether similar regional differences in the incidence of AAA exist. The aims of this study were to investigate whether there is a regional gradient of AAA incidence, and to compare time trends and the frequency of interventions between regions.

Methods

Swedish citizens have a 12-digit personal identification number. The Swedish Hospital Discharge Register covers inpatient care (diagnosis, admission, procedure codes, sex, date of birth, county). Population size was obtained from the central statistical bureau. Regions were south, mid and north.

Results

All records for 1990–2005 were extracted and 35 418 individuals with AAA were identified (74·8 per cent men). The highest age-standardized incidence (102·7 per 100 000) was found in men in the north region. The age-adjusted incidence ratio for men in the north region compared with the south was 1·38 (95 per cent confidence interval 1·34 to 1·42). Similar differences were found in women: incidence ratio for north compared with south region 1·39 (1·07 to 1·81). The proportion treated was larger in men and varied by region: 46·9 per cent of men in the mid region compared with 43·7 per cent in the south received treatment (P < 0·001), whereas 29·8 per cent of women in the north region versus 25·4 per cent in the south had an intervention (P = 0·001). The incidence did not increase over time.

Conclusion

The higher incidence of AAA in the north of Sweden corresponds well with reported CHD patterns. The incidence of AAA in the population did not increase significantly over time, in contrast to the increasing intervention rates.
Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis
Authors: van Dellen D , Augustine T
Published: February 2012

Would you recognize this condition?
Efficient rendering of animated characters through optimized per‐joint impostors
Authors: Beacco A. , Andujar C. , Pelechano N. , Spanlang B.
Published: February 2012

In this paper, we present a new impostor‐based representation for 3D animated characters supporting real‐time rendering of thousands of agents. We maximize rendering performance by using a collection of pre‐computed impostors sampled from a discrete set of view directions. Our approach differs from previous work on view‐dependent impostors in that we use per‐joint rather than per‐character impostors. Our characters are animated by applying the joint rotations directly to the impostors, instead of choosing a single impostor for the whole character from a set of pre‐defined poses. This offers more flexibility in terms of animation clips, as our representation supports any arbitrary pose, and thus, the agent behavior is not constrained to a small collection of pre‐defined clips. Because our impostors are intended to be valid for any pose, a key issue is to define a proper boundary for each impostor to minimize image artifacts while animating the agents. We pose this problem as a variational optimization problem and provide an efficient algorithm for computing a discrete solution as a pre‐process. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time a crowd rendering algorithm encompassing image‐based performance, small graphics processing unit footprint, and animation independence is proposed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interpretation concerns regarding white light
Authors: Whitehead Lorne
Published: February 2012

The article “White Light” by Mark Rea and Jean Paul Freyssinier is summarized and discussed. The measurement procedure is very promising, and could lead to a variety of significant measurements. However, some of the interpretations presented are problematic. The measurements were based on loci of equal correlated colour temperature, which have neither precise nor consistent physiological or perceptual interpretations, and the resultant conclusions are therefore not uniquely meaningful. Nevertheless, the measurement technique could easily be adapted to slightly different methodologies that could be very powerful, and such replication is highly recommended. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2013
Evaluation of the effect of retinal localized chromatic adaptation intensity on desaturated achromatic reproductions derived by standard rendering methods
Authors: Milkovic Marin , Mrvac Nikola , Matijevic Mile
Published: February 2012

This article presents the research of relationship between the effect of retinal localized chromatic adaptation, the standard rendering methods, and perception of desaturated achromatic reproductions. Within the research, adaptations on three types of adaptation forms at times of 5, 10, and 15 min are performed. To define the impact of the effect, the samples for visual evaluation – the evaluation of the effect of retinal localized chromatic adaptation – are printed by using the gray balance phenomenon: with certain samples, the saturation of colors for which the adaptation is performed is made higher. The research results show the existence of correlation between the researched parameters and a need for further research and description of psychophysical effects in processes of graphic reproductions. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 38, 277–283, 2013
FEM modeling of SAR distribution and temperature increase in human brain from RF exposure
Authors: Yasin Citkaya A. , Selim Seker S.
Published: February 2012

The assessment of radiofrequency exposure level and the exposure setup are critical, because if the exposure levels (related to frequency, power, position, and other variables) are not known, the biological results are not meaningful. In this regard, this study aims to design, implement, and analyze numerical setups for the simulations of radiofrequency exposure related specific absorption rate and temperature increase in the human brain and head. For this purpose, specific models for human head and telephone antenna are chosen, and the FEM is selected for solving PDEs related to electromagnetic wave equations and bioheat equation. After the verification of the methodology chosen by achieving comparable results with the literature, the scope of the study is then turned to the effects of different parameters on the exposure levels. In the end, comprehensive information can be obtained from the simulation results so that risk management policies for electromagnetic radiation can be reevaluated to minimize the possible health hazards. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Benign non‐infectious causes of lymphadenopathy: A review of cytomorphology and differential diagnosis
Authors: Monaco Sara E. , Khalbuss Walid E. , Pantanowitz Liron
Published: February 2012

Fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy is a quick, cost‐effective, and safe diagnostic modality that provides answers to guide treatment and management in patients with lymphadenopathy. In adults and children, there are a range of non‐neoplastic, non‐infectious etiologies for lymphadenopathy. These include reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (RLH), dermatopathic lymphadenitis (DLN), Rosai‐Dorfman disease, Castleman disease, Kimura disease, Kikuchi‐Fujimoto disease, and lymphadenopathy associated with autoimmune and metabolic/storage disease. Other benign nodal entities that may be encountered include lymph node infarction, foreign body reactions, drug reactions, extramedullary hematopoeisis, and benign inclusions. This article reviews the practical role of FNA in the evaluation of these benign, non‐infectious causes of lymphadenopathy and focuses on their cytomorphology and differential diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012; © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Familial mesothelioma in first degree relatives
Authors: Kalogeraki Alexandra M. , Tamiolakis Dimitrios J. , Lagoudaki Eleni D. , Papadakis Michael N. , Papadakis George Z. , Agelaki Sofia I. , Stathopoulos Efstathios N. , Tzardi Maria N.
Published: February 2012

Occupational asbestos exposure is believed to be the primary etiologic link to mesothelioma. However, in the evaluation of familial mesothelioma, it is important to consider the possibility of household exposure to asbestos. In this study, we report a family in which the father with prolonged occupational asbestos exposure developed malignant pleural mesothelioma and his daughter 14 years later mesothelioma in situ with focally early invasion. Several reports of familial aggregations of mesothelioma strongly support that genetic factors in collaboration with environmental exposure may contribute etiologically to an as yet unknown fraction of occurrence of this disease. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
American society of cytopathology workload recommendations for automated pap test screening: Developed by the productivity and quality assurance in the era of automated screening task force
Authors: Elsheikh Tarik M. , Austin R. Marshall , Chhieng David F. , Miller Fern S. , Moriarty Ann T. , Renshaw Andrew A.
Published: February 2012

Based on current literature and the best available research to date, the current FDA workload limits for automated image‐assisted screening, including the ThinPrep Imaging System and the FocalPoint GS, of 100 slides/day (imaged only slides counted as 0.5) are extremely high and may be associated with significant reduction in sensitivity. This task force has proposed six recommendations relating to cytotechnologist (CT) workload in automated image‐guided Pap test screening, which have already been endorsed by major pathology professional societies. These evidence‐based recommendations, however, pertain only to gynecologic specimens with image‐assisted screening, as there is no current available data to justify modifying screening practices regarding non‐gynecologic specimens. The proposed recommendations are as follow: 1) CT workday should not include more than 7 hours of Pap test screening in a 24‐hr period, and an 8‐hr shift day must include at least 2 paid mini‐breaks of 15 minutes each and a 30‐minute lunch break. 2) Future Studies examining CT workload should use actual hours of screening rather than lesser number of hours extrapolated to 8‐hour days. 3) Average laboratory CT workload should NOT exceed 70 slides/day (slides counted per 2010 FDA bulletin). 4) Proportion of imaged slides that undergo full manual review should be at least either 15%, or twice (2×) the epithelial cell abnormality (ECA) rate, whichever is greater. 5) ECA‐adjusted workload measure is a promising method for calculating and monitoring CT workload, but further studies of this method are necessary before full endorsement. 6) CT productivity and workload limits are just one aspect of a good quality assurance program in a cytology laboratory, so other quality indicators to assess CT performance are essential. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Overlapping expression patterns and redundant roles for AP‐2 transcription factors in the developing mammalian retina
Authors: Bassett Erin A. , Korol Anna , Deschamps Paula A. , Buettner Reinhard , Wallace Valerie A. , Williams Trevor , West‐Mays Judith A.
Published: February 2012

Background: We have previously shown that the transcription factor AP‐2α (Tcfap2a) is expressed in postmitotic developing amacrine cells in the mouse retina. Although retina‐specific deletion of Tcfap2a did not affect retinogenesis, two other family members, AP‐2β and AP‐2γ, showed expression patterns similar to AP‐2α. Results: Here we show that, in addition to their highly overlapping expression patterns in amacrine cells, AP‐2α and AP‐2β are also co‐expressed in developing horizontal cells. AP‐2γ expression is restricted to amacrine cells, in a subset that is partially distinct from the AP‐2α/β‐immunopositive population. To address possible redundant roles for AP‐2α and AP‐2β during retinogenesis, Tcfap2a/b‐deficient retinas were examined. These double mutants showed a striking loss of horizontal cells and an altered staining pattern in amacrine cells that were not detected upon deletion of either family member alone. Conclusions: These studies have uncovered critical roles for AP‐2 activity in retinogenesis, delineating the overlapping expression patterns of Tcfap2a, Tcfap2b, and Tcfap2c in the neural retina, and revealing a redundant requirement for Tcfap2a and Tcfap2b in horizontal and amacrine cell development. Developmental Dynamics 241:814–829, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Single‐Phase NaDyF4:Tb3+ Nanocrystals as Multifunctional Contrast Agents in High‐Field Magnetic Resonance and Optical Imaging
Authors: Zhang Yan , Vijayaragavan Vimalan , Das Gautom K. , Bhakoo Kishore K. , Tan Timothy Thatt Yang
Published: February 2012

The current work reports single‐phase, terbium‐doped sodium dysprosium fluoride (NaDyF4:Tb3+) nanocrystals with green luminescence and good T2 contrast in 7.0‐T MRI phantom and animal imaging. The current nanocrystals demonstrate good potential as a dual modal contrast agent for high‐field magnetic resonance (MR) and fluorescence imaging.
Syntheses and Crystal Structures of [H3O]+/M2+ (M = Fe, Zn, Cu, Hg) Salts with [AsF6]–
Authors: Mazej Zoran , Goreshnik Evgeny , Jagličić Zvonko
Published: February 2012

The H3OM[AsF6]3 (M = Fe, Zn), H3OMF[AsF6]2 (M = Fe, Cu) and (H3O)2Hg2F[AsF6]5 compounds were prepared by treatment of the corresponding divalent oxide MO (M = Zn, Cu, Hg) with AsF5 in anhydrous HF (aHF) or by reaction between H3OAsF6, FeF2 and AsF5 in aHF. The H3OM[AsF6]3 (M = Fe, Zn) compounds crystallize isotypically to previously known compounds where M is Mn, Co and Ni. The H3OMF[AsF6]2 (M = Fe, Cu) crystal structures consist of one‐dimensional infinite zig‐zag [–M–F–M–] chains. Each M2+ is additionally bridged by two pairs of [AsF6] units with neighbouring M2+ atoms forming columns along the y axis. [H3O]+ cations are placed between the columns. In H3OCuF[AsF6]2 each of the Cu atoms is coordinated by six fluorine atoms {2 × 1.850(2) Å within the [–Cu–F–Cu–] chains and four Cu–F(As) bonds with 2 × 2.067(4) Å and 2 × 2.254(5) Å}. There is a pronounced antiferromagnetic coupling (J/kB = –150 K) within the [–Cu–F–Cu–] chains. In H3OFeF[AsF6]2 the corresponding values are 2 × 1.919(2) Å, 2 × 2.184(3) Å and 2 × 2.208(4) Å. (H3O)2Hg2F[AsF6]5 crystallizes isotypically to previously known (H3O)2Cd2F[SbF6]5. No oxonium–M2+–[AsF6]– salts were observed when M was Ti, V, Cr, Nb, Pd, Ag, Cd, Sn and Pb.
Enantioselective Construction of Spiro[2H‐pyran‐3,4′‐indoline] by a Systematic Michael/Reduction/Cyclization Sequence Triggered by the Asymmetric Conjugate Addition of Ketones to Isatylidenemalononitriles
Authors: Zhao Hua , Lan Yu‐Bao , Liu Zhao‐Min , Wang Yong , Wang Xing‐Wang , Tao Jing‐Chao
Published: February 2012

Heterocyclic spirooxindoles that bear a multisubstitutedheterocyclic motif and quaternary stereocenter at the 3‐position are prevalent in a large number of spirooxindole alkaloids, which are pharmaceutically relevant compounds with remarkable biological activities. In this paper, we report an efficient method for the construction of enantiomerically enriched spiro[2H‐pyran‐3,4′‐indoline] derivatives by a systematic Michael/reduction/cyclization sequence. The initial Michael addition of isatylidenemalononitriles with ketones was catalyzed by a cinchona‐based chiral primary amine and L‐camphorsulfonic acid and furnished multifunctional, optically active Michael adducts in high yields (81–99 %) with excellent enantioselectivities (95 to >99 % ee). Subsequently, the Michael adducts were converted into spiro[2H‐pyran‐3,4′‐indoline] derivatives in 52–93 % yields with 1.5:1 to 20:1 diastereomeric ratio and 90–99 % ee by utilizing NaBH4 as a cascade reduction/cyclization reagent.
From Planning to Optimization: Total Synthesis of Valerenic Acid and Some Bioactive Derivatives
Authors: Ramharter Juergen , Mulzer Johann
Published: February 2012

A detailed study of the total synthesis of valerenic acid, a well known GABAA receptor subtype modulator, is described. Both successful as well as unsuccessful attempts towards the synthesis of the title compound are presented, including four different strategies to synthesize one of the key intermediates. The first two strategies are based on epoxides provided from the chiral pool, whereas the last two approaches rest on stereocontrolled modifications of 2‐cyclopentenone. The streamlined synthesis implements a new one‐pot reaction, which combines the addition of a Grignard species with an acid‐catalyzed isomerization of the intermediate allylic alcohol. Further highlights are a stereo‐ and regioselective hydroxy‐directed Diels–Alder reaction, a hydroxy‐directed hydrogenation, and a final Negishi coupling reaction. After optimization of our synthesis, the preparation of several easily available derivatives is also discussed. Amides obtained by functionalization of the carboxyl group are more than twice as active as valerenic acid.
Assessing the predictive performance of risk-based water quality criteria using decision error estimates from receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis
Authors: McLaughlin Douglas B.
Published: February 2012

Field data relating aquatic ecosystem responses with water quality constituents that are potential ecosystem stressors are being used increasingly in the United States in the derivation of water quality criteria to protect aquatic life. In light of this trend, there is a need for transparent quantitative methods to assess the performance of models that predict ecological conditions using a stressor–response relationship, a response variable threshold, and a stressor variable criterion. Analysis of receiver operating characteristics (ROC analysis) has a considerable history of successful use in medical diagnostic, industrial, and other fields for similarly structured decision problems, but its use for informing water quality management decisions involving risk-based environmental criteria is less common. In this article, ROC analysis is used to evaluate predictions of ecological response variable status for 3 water quality stressor–response data sets. Information on error rates is emphasized due in part to their common use in environmental studies to describe uncertainty. One data set is comprised of simulated data, and 2 involve field measurements described previously in the literature. These data sets are also analyzed using linear regression and conditional probability analysis for comparison. Results indicate that of the methods studied, ROC analysis provides the most comprehensive characterization of prediction error rates including false positive, false negative, positive predictive, and negative predictive errors. This information may be used along with other data analysis procedures to set quality objectives for and assess the predictive performance of risk-based criteria to support water quality management decisions. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2012; 8: 674–684. © 2012 SETAC
Effects of Ration on Growth and Reproductive Investment from Larva to Sexual Maturity in the Female Cyprinid Minnow, Tanichthys albonubes
Authors: Zeng Xiangling , Lin Xiaoto , Xu Zhongneng , Xia Xinjian , Sun Jun
Published: February 2012

Somatic growth and reproductive investment in female Tanichthys albonubes (Cyprinidae) individually cultured at the laboratory from larva to sexual maturity were examined under low, medium, and satiation food rations. All the 72‐day post‐hatch fish reached sexual maturity under all rations. The standard length, wet body mass, dry ovarian mass, dry liver mass, condition factor, energy content, and number of vitellogenic oocytes were all increased with ration levels. However, food conversion efficiency decreased with ration. There were no significant differences in total number of oocytes per female between rations. The species is a continuous batch‐spawner. The size‐frequency distributions of oocyte diameters showed a continuous pattern, ranging from 0.03 to 0.70 mm, at different rations. The proportion of energy intake allocated to growth decreased with ration levels. Only 3.29–4.60% of energy intake was stored in the ovary. These biological and energetic characteristics allow this fish to reach first maturity with low food intake, although it produced fewer vitellogenic oocytes at lower rations. This property enables T. albonubes survive in its native habitats where food is not only scarce, but also variable temporally and spatially. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)