bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two Problem-Solving Strategies Pay Off
Authors: Marion Charles F.
Published: April 2018

Anyone who is looking for insights into the problem-solving process in mathematics is well advised to start with two books that have been in print for more than seven and three decades, respectively: How to Solve It (Pólya), first published in 1945; and The Art of Problem Posing (Brown and Walter) in 1983.
UNTANGLING BINARIES: WHERE CANADA SITS IN THE “21st CENTURY DEBATE”
Authors: Gallagher Tiffany L. , Rowsell Jennifer
Published: April 2018

This article examines the extent to which the competencies of the 21st century learner are reflected in the learning outcomes within the English language arts curriculum standards documents for the Canadian provinces. Manifest summative content analysis was used to code learning outcomes in accordance with themes derived from the competencies of 21st century learners. For all provinces, there were few learning outcomes that required students to use digital resources to access information or create knowledge / solutions; there were no learning outcomes related to competencies in the context of core subjects or using social media to communicate and learn. Espoused learning pedagogies need to be galvanized into English language arts curriculum standards that are consistent with 21st century and digital literacy learning competencies.
IMMIGRANT YOUTH IN CANADIAN HEALTH PROMOTING SCHOOLS: A LITERATURE REVIEW
Authors: Nyika Lawrence , McPherson Charmaine , Murray-Orr Anne
Published: April 2018

In this essay, we review empirical, theoretical, and substantial grey literature in relation to immigrant youth and health promoting schools (HPS). We examine the health promotion concept to consider how it may inform the HPS model. Using Canada as an example, we examine current immigrant youth demographics and define several key terms including immigrant, youth, and health. Our review highlights important knowledge gaps related to the role of education and migration as antecedents to immigrant youth health and wellbeing as well as qualitative and educational research approaches. We conclude by providing recommendations for future immigrant youth research in the context of HPS.
O AMBULATÓRIO DA SAÚDE MENTAL NO CONTEXTO DA REFORMA PSIQUIÁTRICA EM NATAL RN
Authors: Santos Yalle Fernandes dos , Oliveira Isabel Maria Farias Fernandes de , Yamamoto Oswaldo Hajime
Published: April 2018

A Reforma Psiquiátrica brasileira estabelece o ambulatório de saúde mental como dispositivo substitutivo ao manicômio, apto a ressocializar seus usuários. O objetivo deste artigo é descrever o trabalho desenvolvido no único ambulatório especializado em saúde mental do município de Natal, RN, discutindo a sua adequação à proposta assistencial estabelecida pela Reforma Psiquiátrica. Os dados foram coletados por meio de observação participante e entrevistas semiestruturadas com profissionais que participaram do processo de implantação e de estruturação do serviço. Esses dados indicam que o ambulatório realiza atividades terapêuticas e ressocializadoras conduzidas por uma equipe multiprofissional (psiquiatras, psicólogas, terapeuta ocupacional, auxiliar de enfermagem e arte-educadora), oferecendo cuidados efetivos aos seus usuários. É capaz de acolher as manifestações de sofrimentos dos usuários e prioriza o respeito à individualidade destes, incentivando-os à ressocialização e ao exercício da autonomia. Portanto, pode-se afirmar que o ambulatório citado alcança bons resultados no tratamento ao qual é especializado e se configura como um serviço congruente à proposta da Reforma Psiquiátrica brasileira. A despeito disso, subsistem algumas questões que demandam equacionamento. A carência de profissionais, os problemas de acessibilidade e a necessidade da efetivação da rede integrada de serviços de saúde mental, são algumas das questões discutidas.
Escola: Um espaço de revelação da violência doméstica contra crianças e adolescentes
Authors: Elsen Ingrid , Navas Sanches Próspero Elisete , Navas Sanches Elizabeth , Floriano Cristiano José , Sgrott Bruna Cristina
Published: April 2018

A violência doméstica contra crianças e adolescentes (VDCA) acompanha a trajetória humana desde os mais antigos registros, e tornou-se parte do cotidiano das famílias. Atualmente, é considerada um grave problema de saúde pública, haja vista a forma disseminada e intensificada com que tem se caracterizado. Com o objetivo de identificar, junto ao corpo docente, as percepções relacionadas à VDCA no âmbito escolar, realizou-se um estudo exploratório descritivo, de natureza qualitativa. Foram entrevistados docentes e orientadores pedagógicos de duas escolas públicas municipais de Itajaí (SC), que atendem alunos do ensino fundamental. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, realizadas no período de outubro de 2007 a fevereiro de 2008, totalizando 14 professores e cinco orientadores pedagógicos entrevistados. A análise das falas dos entrevistados trouxe à tona o tema “a escola como ambiente favorável à proteção dos direitos da criança e do adolescente e de revelação da situação de violência doméstica”, além das cinco categorias a seguir: (1) os professores conhecem o fenômeno da violência; (2) os professores detectam no cotidiano escolar que as crianças sofrem violência; (3) a violência gera sentimentos ambíguos nos professores; (4) a VDCA é um fenômeno que poderia ser mais bem enfrentado na escola; e (5) da suspeita de VDCA à notificação: um processo pouco participativo. Os resultados oferecem subsídios para que o espaço escolar seja examinado com mais atenção e novas estratégias sejam criadas e implantadas, tornando-o mais participativo, democrático e com o comprometimento de todos os envolvidos.
O uso de álcool por adolescentes: Uma comparação por gênero
Authors: Freitas Edilane da Silva , Ribeiro Karla Carolina Silveira , Saldanha Ana Alayde Werba
Published: April 2018

Objetivo: Examinar a relação existente entre o gênero e o uso de álcool em adolescentes.Método: A amostra foi composta por 1.138 adolescentes, dos quais 58% eram do sexo feminino,com média de idade de 16 anos (DP = 1,45). Para a coleta dos dados foi utilizado um questionário autoaplicável, cujas análises foram feitas por meio de estatística descritiva e teste bivariado, a fim de verificar a existência de associações entre as variáveis. Resultado se discussão: 76% dos adolescentes afirmam ter ingerido bebida alcoólica pelo menos uma vez na vida, com idade de experimentação aos 14 anos em média. Foi verificada uma associação entre o uso do álcool e religião/religiosidade, trabalho remunerado e satisfação com avida. Na análise por gênero, observaram-se diferenças entre as variáveis uso de álcool na vida,idade de experimentação, frequência do beber no último mês, motivação para beber e idade de iniciação ao consumo. Os adolescentes identificaram como consequência do uso do álcool:comportamentos sexuais de risco, de violência e ações que não teriam tomado em abstinência.Considerações finais: Os resultados apontam para o estabelecimento de padrões de consumo de álcool maior para mulheres do que para homens em gerações futuras, o que pode estar associadoà emancipação social desse grupo populacional.
Clínica psicológica fenomenológica existencial como espaço de resgate do sonho
Authors: Prado Rafael Auler de Almeida , Caldas Marcus Tulio , Barreto Carmem Lúcia Brito Tavares
Published: April 2018

A sociedade contemporânea é marcada por uma crise de sentido. Vivemos de forma individualista e competitiva, sem nos preocuparmos uns com os outros e deixando de lado, muitas vezes, o que mais profundamente nos diz respeito: nossa intimidade. Acreditamos que, em boa parte, isso se deva ao lugar que a técnica moderna vem ocupando na vida das pessoas. Sendo a técnica o motor da sociedade, nossa capacidade de sonhar que a ela não se enquadra e que para esta não tem serventia, vem sendo desprezada. Procuramos mostrar com este artigo, por meio de reflexão teórica e pesquisa bibliográfica, a importância da nossa capacidade de sonhar como forma de nos lançarmos para além dos limites que a técnica nos impõe, ou seja, em direção ao outro, a nós mesmos e à nossa felicidade. As modalidades do sonhar aqui abordadas são o desejo, o devaneio poético e a imaginação poética. Nesta direção, apontamos a importância do sonho na prática da clínica fenomenológica existencial.
PROCESSOS DE LEITURA EM ESCOLARES COM TRANSTORNO DE DEFICIT DE ATENÇÃO/HIPERATIVIDADE
Authors: Marques de Oliveira Adriana , Herrera Cardoso Monique , Aparecida de Moura Ribeiro Padula Niura , Dalva Lourencetti Maria , Antunes dos Santos Lara Cristina , Aparecida Capellini Simone
Published: April 2018

Este estudo objetiva caracterizar e comparar o desempenho dos escolares com Transtorno de Deficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH) com escolares com bom desempenho acadêmico nos processos de leitura. Participaram deste estudo 40 escolares na faixa etária de 8 anos e 2 meses a 10 anos e 11 meses de idade, de ambos os gêneros, de 1ª a 4ª série do Ensino Fundamental da cidade de Marília (SP), divididos em: GI, composto por 20 escolares com diagnóstico interdisciplinar de TDAH; GII, 20 escolares com bom desempenho acadêmico, pareados segundo gênero, faixa etária e escolaridade com o GI. Os escolares foram submetidos à aplicação da adaptação brasileira da Avaliação dos Processos de Leitura – PROLEC, composta por quatro blocos: identificação de letras, processos léxicos, sintáticos e semânticos. Foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significativa entre GI e GII nas provas do PROLEC, com exceção das provas igual-diferente e decisão lexical, indicando que os escolares do GI apresentaram desempenho inferior quando comparados aos escolares do GII. Quanto à classificação dos resultados do PROLEC, observa-se diferençaestatisticamente significativa nos processos léxico, sintático, semântico e na prova som e letra, com exceção da prova igual-diferente do processo de identificação de letras. Os achados sugerem que o grupo de escolares com TDAH apresenta desempenho inferior em relação ao grupo sem dificuldades, o que indica que o fator atencional compromete o funcionamento das funções cognitivas, prejudicando a aquisição das habilidades necessárias para o aprendizado da leitura.
ENCONTROS E DESENCONTROS NA IDENTIFICAÇÃO DOS INDICADORES DE ALTAS HABILIDADES/SUPERDOTAÇÃO
Authors: Graciela Pérez Barrera Pérez Susana
Published: April 2018

A inclusão mais clara dos alunos com Altas Habilidades/Superdotação (AH/SD) nas políticas públicas educacionais brasileiras tem levado a um crescimento na procura e uso de instrumentos para a identificação dos indicadores de AH/SD, tanto no ensino regular quanto no Atendimento Educacional Especializado em salas de recursos multifuncionais, conforme determinam os documentos mais recentes. Um dos instrumentos utilizados para a identificação desses indicadores em alunos do Ensino Fundamental é a Lista de Itens para Observação em Sala de Aula, formulado por Guenther (2000, 2006) para ser aplicado no contexto escolar. Entretanto, na prática, o uso desse instrumento tem sido associado a referenciais teóricos de inteligência não compatíveis com os pressupostos que embasam esse instrumento, o que traz, como resultado, a identificação, prioritariamente, de um único perfil de alunos, os do tipo acadêmico em áreas valorizadas pela escola, e de outros que, mesmo apresentando um bom desempenho escolar, não têm indicadoresde AH/SD; do mesmo modo, outro resultado é a não identificação de alunos que, mesmo apresentando indicadores de AH/SD, não cumprem como os critérios privilegiados pelo mesmo. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar e discutir esses pressupostos, favorecendo suamelhor compreensão, apontando os aspectos que impedem a identificação de uma parcela de alunos que apresentam habilidade acima da média, comprometimento com a tarefae criatividade – os três conjuntos de traços que definem as pessoas com AH/SD; o intuito é de contribuir para a melhor contextualização do uso desse instrumento, promovendo uma aplicação com consciência de suas limitações e/ou mesmo uma reformulação ouadaptação dele.
INFÂNCIA E ADOLESCÊNCIA E REDUÇÃO DE DANOS/INTERVENÇÃO PRECOCE: DIRETRIZES PARA INTERVENÇÃO
Authors: Teresinha da Silva Araújo Anelize , Cristina da Silva Josiéle , Motta de Oliveira Fernanda
Published: April 2018

O presente artigo visa discutir a articulação de três noções que entendemos ser de fundamental importância no que se refere ao problema do uso de álcool e outras drogas por crianças e adolescentes. Nesse sentido, será discutida a noção de violência estrutural como agente propagadorda violação dos direitos da população citada; esta relacionada ao conceito de desenvolvimento no território. Em seguida, será trabalhada a introdução da noção de intervenção precoce como um modo de se alcançar a estratégia da Redução de Danos como direção de trabalho para os dispositivos assistenciais e de saúde que acolhem esse público. E, por fim, será abordada a própria estratégia da Redução de Danos e o modo como ela se insere no contexto das políticas públicas. Assim, objetivamos apresentar uma reflexão acerca de um determinado contexto – de exclusão, vulnerabilidade e desassistência – em que tais crianças e adolescentes em envolvimento com drogas estão inseridos.
O OLHAR DE FUTUROS PAIS SOBRE O PROCESSO DE ADOÇÃO
Authors: Tainá Mesquita Costa Luana , Suzuki Kemmelmeier Verônica
Published: April 2018

Este artigo buscou identificar os sentimentos vivenciados pelos pais durante a espera da adoção, período marcado por diversas dificuldades. Trata-se de uma pesquisa empírica em que seis participantes foram entrevistados, dois casais e duas irmãs, sendo que apenas um dos casais já possuía filhos biológicos. Esses participantes constituíam o Grupo de Apoio a Pais na Fila de Espera da Adoção, da cidade pesquisada. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadasem dois momentos, inicialmente de maneira individual e, posteriormente, com os pares. Os resultados obtidos foram organizados em categorias, visando classificar os sentimentos relacionados ao motivo de adotar, o gestar na fila de espera e o perfil desejado dos filhos pelos participantes. Considera-se, desse modo, a importância do acompanhamento dos pais por uma equipe preparada, pois a visão dos adotantes, muitas vezes, é afetada por fatores encobertos que tornam o processo de adoção pouco compreensível para esses indivíduos.
Optimal Design of Ship’s Hybrid Power System for Efficient Energy
Authors: Krčum Maja , Gudelj Anita , Tomas Vinko
Published: April 2018

The International Maritime Organization regulations on the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) from ships require efficient dealing with this complex techno-economic and highly political problem through joint efforts of all major stakeholders from the shipbuilding industry and ship operations. The key problems of any research in the field of renewable energy, including power generation, storage, transformation and distribution, and the issues associated with limited power generation for specific loads, are the same issues that are experienced in the implementation of electric distribution technologies onboard ships. This paper analyses the effects of efficient shipping using the solar panel system and batteries to ensure continuous power supply, regardless of the weather conditions. The logistics chain of this control architecture is modelled by Colored Petri Nets. The economic analysis examines the annual costs of fuel consumption, the initial capital cost, total net cost and CO2 emissions.
Resilience enhancement of container-based cloud load balancing service
Authors: Zhang Dongsheng
Published: April 2018

Web traffic is highly jittery and unpredictable. Load balancer plays a significant role in mitigating the uncertainty in web environments. With the growing adoption of cloud computing infrastructure, software load balancer becomes more common in recent years. Current load balancer services distribute the network requests based on the number of network connections to the backend servers. However, the load balancing algorithm fails to work when other resources such as CPU or memory in a backend server saturates. We experimented and discussed the resilience evaluation and enhancement of container-based software load balancer services in cloud computing environments. We proposed a pluggable framework that can dynamically adjust the weight assigned to each backend server based on real-time monitoring metrics.
A roadmap for gene functional characterisation in wheat
Authors: Adamski Nikolai M , Borrill Philippa , Brinton Jemima , Harrington Sophie , Marchal Clemence , Uauy Cristobal
Published: April 2018

Research in Arabidopsis and other model species has uncovered mechanisms regulating important biological processes in plants. With the advent of high quality functional genomic resources in wheat it is now possible to use this knowledge for crop improvement directly in wheat. In the current review, we describe some of the recent developments in wheat genomics focussing on published and publicly available resources and tools. We lay out a roadmap on how to make use of them and include a case study to exemplify them. We hope this review will be a helpful guide for plant scientists who already work on wheat or who are considering expanding their research into wheat.
Juçara (Euterpe edulis) pulp as a substrate for probiotic bacteria fermentation: Optimisation process and antioxidant activity
Authors: Sandra Garcia Karla Bigetti Guergoletto
Published: April 2018

Juçara fruit (Euterpe edulis) has received considerable attention because of its high content of phenolic compounds. However, its suitability as a matrix for probiotic bacteria is not known yet. The objective of this study was to evaluate the pH and temperature conditions for the fermentation in juçara pulp by Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus plantarum. The optimised conditions were determined by central composite rotational design, and used for the analysis of cellular viability, sugar content, pH, lactic acid, total phenolics and antioxidant activity during 80 h of fermentation. The conditions for probiotic growth were 32 °C with a pH of 5.7 for L. reuteri and 25 °C with a pH of 5.0 for L. plantarum, and 30 h of fermentation time for both bacteria. The viabilities remained above 8.6 ± 0.2 log colony forming units (cfu)/mL, and at 536.7 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 mL of total phenolic reached. L. reuteri consumed all of the glucose and fructose present in juçara, whereas L. plantarum used only glucose. After 28 days of refrigerated storage, the cell viability of probiotics remained at 8.7 log CFU/mL with an increase in the antioxidant activity. Juçara pulp can be effective for a probiotic growth substrate and the production of new functional beverage.
Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence of maize seedlings under salt stress
Authors: Yan Lu Hongwen Xu, , Tong Shuyuan
Published: April 2018

The impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Glomus. tortuosum on morphology, photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence, photosynthetic capacity and rubisco activity of maize under saline stress were detected under potted culture experiments. The experimental result indicated the saline stress notably reduced both dry mass and leaf area in contrast with the control treatment. Nevertheless, AMF remarkably ameliorated dry mass and leaf area under saline stress environment. Besides, maize plants appeared to have high dependency on AMF which improved physiological mechanisms by raising chlorophyll content, efficiency of light energy utilization, gas exchange and rubisco activity under salinity stress. In conclusion, AM could mitigate the growth limitations caused by salinity stress, and hence play a very important role in promoting photosynthetic capacity under salt stress in maize.
Large Rotations of Crustal Blocks in the Tjörnes Fracture Zone of Northern Iceland
Authors: Horst A. J. , Karson J. A. , Varga R. J.
Published: April 2018

The interpretation of uppermost crustal deformation near oceanic transform faults is based on bathymetric lineaments and earthquake focal mechanisms, and relatively little is known about the detailed kinematics within the transform tectonized zone. The Tjörnes Fracture Zone is a broad zone of deformation produced by right‐lateral transform shearing in north Iceland and is partly exposed on land providing the opportunity to study shallow‐level crustal structure of mid‐Miocene, thick, oceanic‐like crust formed by subaerial spreading. A pronounced structural curvature of lava and dike orientations near the Húsavík‐Flatey Fault within the transform zone is well documented, yet of controversial origin. In order to develop an assessment of deformation near the transform zone, samples of lavas and dikes were collected from 182 paleomagnetic sites within eight structural localities across the deformation zone on the Flateyjarskagi Peninsula. A progressive clockwise increase in locality mean remanence declinations over more than 10 km south of the fault broadly mimics the structural curvature of lava and dike orientations. Rotation estimates based on inclined rotation axes indicate significant clockwise rotation (74° ± 7° to 96° ± 9°) of multiple crustal blocks. When combined, all data from 108 sites within the deformed zone <12 km to the Húsavík‐Flatey Fault yield a best fit inclined axis rotation of 55° ± 7°. The paleomagnetic data and field relationships are consistent with a modified bookshelf faulting model, with relatively small (~1 km across) independently rotated crustal blocks with variable, and in some cases large‐magnitude rotations found within 10 km to the transform fault zone. Similar crustal deformation and comparable amounts of rotation may be present near other oceanic transforms, where accessibility and surficial deposits may limit documentation of more complex fault structures.
Discordance Between Population Impact of Musculoskeletal Disorders and Scientific Representation: A Bibliometric Study
Authors: Perruccio Anthony V. , Yip Calvin , Power J. Denise , Canizares Mayilee , Badley Elizabeth M.
Published: April 2018

Objective

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are a leading cause of healthy years lost due to premature mortality and disability. Our objective was to investigate whether MSDs were commensurably represented within the published health literature.

Methods

MEDLINE bibliometric data were retrieved for 2011 and 2016. The 25 disease branches, including MSDs, were ranked according to published article counts, proportion of all publications, and increase in publications from 2011 to 2016. Rankings were also considered within 5 groupings of general health journals: geriatrics and gerontology, general and internal medicine, multidisciplinary sciences, primary health care, and public health.

Results

There were 532,283 MEDLINE publications in 2016, a 16% increase over 2011. In 2016, MSDs ranked 13th in publication count, unchanged from 2011. The increase of 11% in MSD publications from 2011 was below the overall increase. Of 2016 publications, only 7% were MSD indexed, dropping from 7.3% in 2011. MSD‐indexed publications had their highest ranking (8th) within geriatrics and gerontology, and lowest (19th) within public health.

Conclusion

MSDs appear underrepresented in the published health literature generally, and specifically within public health, despite their significant population impact. A broader focus on noncommunicable diseases associated with mortality omits noncommunicable diseases such as MSDs that are leading contributors to high morbidity and high costs, and such omission likely contributes to the neglect of recognizing MSDs as a health priority.
Capillary Nanostamping with Spongy Mesoporous Silica Stamps
Authors: Schmidt Mercedes , Philippi Michael , Münzner Maximilian , Stangl Johannes M. , Wieczorek René , Harneit Wolfgang , Müller‐Buschbaum Klaus , Enke Dirk , Steinhart Martin
Published: April 2018

Classical microcontact printing involves transfer of molecules adsorbed on the outer surfaces of solid stamps to substrates to be patterned. Spongy mesoporous silica stamps are prepared that can be soaked with ink and that are topographically patterned with arrays of submicron contact elements. Multiple successive stamping steps can be carried out under ambient conditions without ink refilling. Lattices of fullerene nanoparticles with diameters in the 100 nm range are obtained by stamping C60/toluene solutions on perfluorinated glass slides partially wetted by toluene. Stamping an ethanolic 1‐dodecanethiol solution onto gold‐coated glass slides yields arrays of submicron dots of adsorbed 1‐dodecantethiol molecules, even though macroscopic ethanol drops spread on gold. This outcome may be related to the pressure drop across the concave ink menisci at the mesopore openings on the stamp surface counteracting the van der Waals forces between ink and gold surface and/or to reduced wettability of the 1‐dodecanethiol dots themselves by ethanol. The chemical surface heterogeneity of gold‐coated glass slides functionalized with submicron 1‐dodecanethiol dots is evidenced by dewetting of molten polystyrene films eventually yielding ordered arrays of polystyrene nanoparticles.
Are Electrospun Fibrous Membranes Relevant Electrode Materials for Li‐Ion Batteries? The Case of the C/Ge/GeO2 Composite Fibers
Authors: Pantò Fabiola , Fan Yafei , Stelitano Sara , Fazio Enza , Patanè Salvatore , Frontera Patrizia , Antonucci Pierluigi , Pinna Nicola , Santangelo Saveria
Published: April 2018

Self‐supporting paper‐like membranes consisting of carbon/germanium dioxide (C/GeO2) fibers are prepared via electrospinning of solutions with different germanium load (2.50−4.25 wt%), followed by carbonization at 550−700 °C, and are evaluated as anode materials in lithium ion batteries. The investigation of the physicochemical properties of the membranes by several characterization techniques shows that, as expected, with increasing carbonization temperature better graphitized and less nitrogen‐rich C fibers are obtained, containing Ge0 and/or reduced oxide phases along with GeO2 nanoparticles. These characteristics, combined with the cold pressing of the as‐spun membrane that noticeably reduces the hollow space within the fibres giving rise to a more compact and tight structure, lead to initial discharge volumetric capacities (≈1390–3580 mAh cm−3) much higher than commercial graphite anodes. In particular, the membrane prepared from solution with 4.25 wt% Ge‐load by cold‐pressing and carbonization at 700 °C, is able to deliver ≈1500 mAh cm−3 after 50 cycles at 50 mA g−1 with a Coulombic efficiency close to 100%. Nevertheless, the anodes exhibit poor rate capability. This is because the carbonization at high temperature promotes outward diffusion and subsequent coalescence of Ge‐clusters in larger particles, with the structure of the fibers made fragile by the formation of voids within them.
A Biopolymer Heparin Sodium Interlayer Anchoring TiO2 and MAPbI3 Enhances Trap Passivation and Device Stability in Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: You Shuai , Wang Hui , Bi Shiqing , Zhou Jiyu , Qin Liang , Qiu Xiaohui , Zhao Zhiqiang , Xu Yun , Zhang Yuan , Shi Xinghua , Zhou Huiqiong , Tang Zhiyong
Published: April 2018

Traps in the photoactive layer or interface can critically influence photovoltaic device characteristics and stabilities. Here, traps passivation and retardation on device degradation for methylammonium lead trihalide (MAPbI3) perovskite solar cells enabled by a biopolymer heparin sodium (HS) interfacial layer is investigated. The incorporated HS boosts the power conversion efficiency from 17.2 to 20.1% with suppressed hysteresis and Shockley–Read–Hall recombination, which originates primarily from the passivation of traps near the interface between the perovskites and the TiO2 cathode. The incorporation of an HS interfacial layer also leads to a considerable retardation of device degradation, by which 85% of the initial performance is maintained after 70 d storage in ambient environment. Aided by density functional theory calculations, it is found that the passivation of MAPbI3 and TiO2 surfaces by HS occurs through the interactions of the functional groups (COO−, SO3−, or Na+) in HS with undersaturated Pb and I ions in MAPbI3 and Ti4+ in TiO2. This work demonstrates a highly viable and facile interface strategy using biomaterials to afford high‐performance and stable perovskite solar cells.
Iron‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Indenones through Cyclization of Carboxamides with Alkynes
Authors: Ilies Laurean , Arslanoglu Yasin , Matsubara Tatsuaki , Nakamura Eiichi
Published: April 2018

The iron/diphosphine‐catalyzed annulation of a carboxamide possessing a bidentate directing group with an internal alkyne proceeds in the presence of phenylzinc halide as a base at 40 °C to produce a variety of indenone derivatives. The reaction proceeds through iron‐catalyzed C−H bond activation of the carboxamide, followed by insertion of the alkyne into the resulting iron intermediate, and cyclization accelerated by the presence of Lewis acidic ZnII. The reaction of naphthalene and anthraceneamide yields π‐conjugated indenone derivatives.
Self‐Assembled Cyclic Structures from Copper(II) Peptoids
Authors: Ghosh Totan , Fridman Natalia , Kosa Monica , Maayan Galia
Published: April 2018

Metal–ligand coordination is a key interaction in the self‐assembly of both biopolymers and synthetic oligomers. Although the binding of metal ions to synthetic proteins and peptides is known to yield high‐order structures, the self‐assembly of peptidomimetic molecules upon metal binding is still challenging. Herein we explore the self‐assembly of three peptoid trimers bearing a bipyridine ligand at their C‐terminus, a benzyl group at their N‐terminus, and a polar group (N‐ethyl‐R) in the middle position (R=OH, OCH3, or NH2) upon Cu2+ coordination. X‐ray diffraction analysis revealed unique, highly symmetric, dinuclear cyclic structure or aqua‐bridged dinuclear double‐stranded peptoid helicates, formed by the self‐assembly of two peptoid molecules with two Cu2+ ions. Only the macrocycle with the highest number of intermolecular hydrogen bonds is stable in solution, while the other two disassemble to their corresponding monometallic complexes.
Bulky Diamine Ligand Promotes Cross‐Coupling of Difluoroalkyl Bromides by Iron Catalysis
Authors: An Lun , Xiao Yu‐Lan , Zhang Shu , Zhang Xingang
Published: April 2018

Although iron‐catalyzed cross‐coupling of Grignard reagents with alkyl halides has been well established, the adoption of the reaction for fluoroalkylations has not been reported because traditional catalytic systems often lead to defluorination reactions. Described herein is the investigation of an iron‐catalyzed cross‐coupling between arylmagnesium bromides and difluoroalkyl bromides with modified N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethyl‐ethane‐1,2‐diamine (TMEDA) as a ligand. The use of this bulky diamine, in which a butylene is substituted at one carbon atom of the ethylene backbone in TMEDA, enables the iron‐catalyzed difluoroalkylation under mild reaction conditions with a wide range of difluoroalkyl bromides, including vulnerable bromodifluoromethane, thus providing a general and cost‐efficient route for applications in medicinal chemistry.
Ectopic Germinal Center–Like Structures in Minor Salivary Gland Biopsy Tissue Predict Lymphoma Occurrence in Patients With Primary Sjögren's Syndrome
Authors: Sène Damien , Ismael Sophie , Forien Marine , Charlotte Frédéric , Kaci Rachid , Cacoub Patrice , Diallo Abdourahmane , Dieudé Philippe , Lioté Frédéric
Published: April 2018

Objective

To determine risk factors for primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS)–associated lymphoma in a multicenter cohort of patients, with analysis of the predictive power of previously reported risk factors, including the presence of ectopic germinal center (GC)–like structures in minor salivary gland (MSG) biopsy tissue.

Methods

One hundred fifteen patients with primary SS were included, and MSG biopsy tissue from these patients was retrospectively examined, focusing on the presence of ectopic GC‐like structures. Epidemiologic, clinical, biologic, immunologic, and histologic data were collected at the time of diagnosis of primary SS. Patients with non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) were compared with those without NHL during the follow‐up period, using a Cox proportional hazards multiple regression model.

Results

NHL was diagnosed in 8 patients (6.96%), and ectopic GC‐like structures in 19 patients (16.5%). The presence of ectopic GC‐like structures was associated with a 7.8‐fold increased risk of lymphoma occurrence (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.73–34.86 [P = 0.0075]). Other independent predictors included a positive cryoglobulin test result (hazard ratio [HR] 7.10, 95% CI 1.74–28.92 [P = 0.006]), male sex (HR 28.73, 95% CI 4.46–144.87 [P = 0.0004]), sensorimotor neuropathy (HR 35.48, 95% CI 5.79–217.39 [P = 0.0001]), and splenomegaly (HR 19.9, 95% CI 4.4–90 [P = 0.0001]).

Conclusion

The presence of ectopic GC‐like structures in MSG biopsy tissue is associated with the risk of lymphoma in patients with primary SS. These data reinforce the major role of MSG biopsy tissue in primary SS, for the identification a priori of a subgroup of patients with the highest risk of lymphoma.
An Unconventional Polymerization Route to Hydrophilic Fluorescent Organic Nanoparticles for Multicolor Cellular Bioimaging
Authors: Ban Qingfu , Hou Yinglai , Sun Wen , Chen Jianxin , Zhang Xiaofei , Wu Si , Kong Jie
Published: April 2018

We demonstrated an unconventional polymerization route to synthesize hydrophilic fluorescent organic nanoparticles (FONs) for multicolor cellular bioimaging in this contribution. The route benefits from our unexpected discovery of a rapid polymerization reaction between 1,6‐hexanediol dipropiolate and 2,4,6‐triazide‐1,3,5‐triazine under the catalysis of N,N,N′,N′′,N′′‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA). Interestingly, the 2,4,6‐triazide‐1,3,5‐triazine and PMDETA system can also induce rapid free radical polymerization at room temperature. The as‐prepared FONs exhibited promising water solubility and stability with an average diameter of 20 nm. The excitation wavelength‐dependent fluorescent properties endow the FONs with blue, yellow, and red fluorescent emission under UV, blue, and green excitation, respectively. The cytotoxicity of FONs was investigated by using a Cell Counting Kit (CCK‐8) assay, which indicated good biocompatiblity. More importantly, the cell uptake experiment verified the FONs were excellent fluorescent nanoprobes for multicolor cellular bioimaging. Therefore, this unconventional route provides a novel fabrication strategy of highly hydrophilic FONs for biomedical applications.
Recent Advances in Porous Carbon Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage
Authors: Wang Libin , Hu Xianluo
Published: April 2018

Climate change and the energy crisis have promoted the rapid development of electrochemical energy‐storage devices. Owing to many intriguing physicochemical properties, such as excellent chemical stability, high electronic conductivity, and a large specific surface area, porous carbon materials have always been considering as a promising candidate for electrochemical energy storage. To date, a wide variety of porous carbon materials based upon molecular design, pore control, and compositional tailoring have been proposed for energy‐storage applications. This focus review summarizes recent advances in the synthesis of various porous carbon materials from the view of energy storage, particularly in the past three years. Their applications in representative electrochemical energy‐storage devices, such as lithium‐ion batteries, supercapacitors, and lithium‐ion hybrid capacitors, are discussed in this review, with a look forward to offer some inspiration and guidelines for the exploitation of advanced carbon‐based energy‐storage materials.
Influences of natural and anthropogenic particles on ambient particulate air quality during typhoon season: From Bashi Channel to Kaoping River Valley
Authors: Lu Chun‐Chung , Shen Hua‐Zhen , Li Tsung‐Chang , Yuan Chung‐Shin
Published: April 2018

Aeolian dust episode (ADE) is an emerging disaster occurred from the bare lands of the Kaoping River Valley in southern Taiwan because of typhoons. Four manual sampling sites located along the Kaoping River Valley conducted to collect PM10 (aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 μm) with high‐volume samplers during the ADE occurred by Typhoon Doksuri, and on regular days. Mass percentages of sea‐salt particles (SSs) in PM10 accounted for 5.47–8.91% on regular days and 11.66–14.05% in phase II. Average mass percentage of Ca2+ in phase I increased twice than those on regular days. Cl− deficit percentages were much lower during the ADE (7.37–14.13%) than on regular days (31.69–42.78%), indicating acidic particles mainly produced by chemical reactions of acidic aerosols with aeolian dust and SSs. Even alkaline aeolian dust is a dominant source of the ADE, the atmospheric particles are attributable to acidic particles in the air. Hence, anthropogenic sources play a key role for the worst air quality during typhoon season.
A Mild Strategy to Strengthen Three Dimensional Graphene Aerogel for Supporting Sulfur as a Free‐standing Cathode in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Yan Yinglin , Qin Haichao , Wei Yiqi , Yang Rong , Xu Yunhua , Chen Liping , Li Qiaole , Shi Mangmang
Published: April 2018

Recently, three dimensional graphene aerogel (3DGA) supported sulfur microparticles was used as a cathode material for lithium–sulfur batteries, which was considered as one of the most promising next generation rechargeable batteries due to its ultra‐high theoretical specific capacity (1675 mAh/g). However, the mechanical strength of 3DGA remains an issue for further application. Herein, a strengthened 3DGA (S3DGA) was achieved by soaking in a low concentration ammonia solution at a relative low temperature. Then the S3DGA loaded sulfur (S3DGA‐S) was cut into a round piece and directly used as a cathode without additional binders or conductive additives in LiS batteries. The mechanical strength, microstructure, and electrochemical properties were investigated by compare with a 3DGA prepared without strengthen. The S3DGA‐S presented good mechanical strength, excellent capacity retention, and lower electrochemical impedance.
The Special Challenges of Association Governance
Authors: Charney Bill
Published: April 2018

The US Internal Revenue Service (IRS) recognized 92,331 trade and professional associations in 2010, a 3.4 percent increase since 2001. Here, experienced consultant Bill Charney, who has helped a wide variety of associations implement governance improvements—often using the Policy Governance® system—highlights some of the particular challenges they face.
Design the Perfect ‘Career Ladder’ to Develop an Outstanding Board Chair
Authors: Stratton Jeff
Published: April 2018

Preparations for developing a board's top leader need to begin at the board recruitment stage. Here is one way to go about building a career ladder to develop competent leadership in the chair position.
A comparison of debate and role play in enhancing critical thinking and communication skills of medical students during problem based learning
Authors: Latif Rabia , Mumtaz Sadaf , Mumtaz Rafia , Hussain Aamir
Published: April 2018

Debate and role play for learning critical thinking and communication skills are being increasingly used in various undergraduate medical schools worldwide. We aim to compare students' views about effectiveness of two teaching strategies; debate and role play to exercise critical thinking and communication skills during problem‐based learning (PBL). This is a comparative, cross‐sectional, and questionnaire‐based study. Our subjects were second year undergraduate female medical students enrolled in Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), College of Medicine from September 2014–2016, divided into 10 small PBL groups (10–13 students/group/year). Students rated role play and debate as equally effective in improving communication skills. Debate was rated superior to role play in “opening new avenues of thinking” (p‐value is 0.01), whereas in “integration of knowledge of basic medical sciences with clinical skills” and “reflection of real life experience” students rated role play being superior to debate (p‐value 0.01 and 0.00, respectively). Both role play and debate are well accepted by the students in PBL curriculum as an effective teaching methodology. Both are perceived equally good in improving students' communication skills. Few aspects of critical thinking are improved more by role plays compared to debate and vice versa. © 2018 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 46:336–342, 2018.
Identification of metabolites of Helicid in vivo using ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography‐quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Diao Xinpeng , Liao Man , Cheng Xiaoye , Liang Caijuan , Sun Yupeng , Zhang Xia , Zhang Lantong
Published: April 2018

Helicid is an active natural aromatic phenolic glycoside ingredient originating from a well‐known traditional Chinese herbal medicine and has the significant effects of sedative hypnosis, anti‐inflammatory analgesia and antidepressant. In this study, we analyzed the potential metabolites of Helicid in rats by multiple mass defect filter and dynamic background subtraction in ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS). Moreover, we used a novel data processing method, ‘key product ions’, to rapidly detect and identify metabolites as an assistant tool. MetabolitePilot™ 2.0 software and PeakView™ 2.2 software were used for analyzing metabolites. Twenty metabolites of Helicid (including 15 phase I metabolites and five phase II metabolites) were detected by comparison with the blank samples. The biotransformation route of Helicid was identified as demethylation, oxidation, dehydroxylation, hydrogenation, decarbonylation, glucuronide conjugation and methylation. This is the first study simultaneously detecting and identifying Helicid metabolism in rats employing UHPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS technology. This experiment not only proposed a method for rapidly detecting and identifying metabolites, but also provided useful information for further study of the pharmacology and mechanism of Helicid in vivo. Furthermore, it provided an effective method for the analysis of other aromatic phenolic glycosides metabolic components in vivo.
Behavioral changes induced through adenosine A2A receptor ligands in a rat depression model induced by olfactory bulbectomy
Authors: Padilla Karla Margarita , Quintanar‐Setephano Andres , López‐Vallejo Fabian , Berumen Laura Cristina , Miledi Ricardo , García‐Alcocer Guadalupe
Published: April 2018

Background

Major depressive disorders are characterized by their severity and long‐lasting symptoms, which make such disorders highly disabling illnesses. Unfortunately, 50% of major depressive patients experience relapses, perhaps partly because drug research has been performed only in animal models that screen for antidepressant drugs that appear to only ameliorate acute depression symptoms. The bilateral olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) animal model presents the advantage of mimicking the symptoms of chronic depression by means of brain surgery. Adenosine purinergic receptors A2A (A2AR) have been the target of interest in the field of psychiatric diseases. This study aimed to show which A2A receptor ligands exert antidepressive‐like effects in the OBX rat model.

Methods

Forty Sprague‐Dawley male rats were divided into four groups: control, OBX + vehicle, OBX + ZM 241385, and OBX + adenosine groups. Pharmacological treatment was administered for 14 days, and the rats were examined via the forced swim test (FST), open field test (OFT), and sucrose preference test (SPT).

Results

The OBX + ZM 241385 group exhibited decreased immobility time in the FST, decreased isolation time in the OFT, and reversed anhedonia behavior in the SPT compared to the vehicle group. However, no significant differences for adenosine treatment were found.

Conclusions

ZM 241385 administration (2 mg/kg i.p.) restored behavioral changes associated with OBX‐induced depression.
Ketogenic diet effects on 52 children with pharmacoresistant epileptic encephalopathy: A clinical prospective study
Authors: Wu Qiong , Wang Hua , Fan Yu Ying , Zhang Jun Mei , Liu Xue Yan , Fang Xiu Ying , Yang Feng Hua , Cao Qing Jun , Qi Ying
Published: April 2018

Objective

To evaluate the clinical impact of ketogenic diet (KD) on children with pharmacoresistant epileptic encephalopathy.

Methods

In all, 52 children with pharmacoresistant epileptic encephalopathy that diagnosed in our hospital from July 2012 to June 2015 were selected, including West syndrome 38 cases, Lennox–Gastaut Syndrome 7 cases, Doose Syndrome 1 case, and Dravet syndrome 6 cases, and the effect, compliance, adverse reactions, electroencephalogram (EEG), and cognitive function were analyzed. Modified Johns Hopkins protocol was used to initiateKD, and Engel scale was used to evaluate the effect, and evaluated the effect ofKDon the cognition, language, and motor function.

Results

At 12 weeks ofKDtreatment, the patients achieved I,II,III, andIVgrade effect were accounted for 26.9% (14/52 cases), 17.3% (9/52 cases), 11.5% (6/52 cases), and 44.2% (23/52 cases), respectively, according to Engel scale.KDhas different effect on different epileptic syndromes, best effect on Doose syndromes of 100%, and better effect on West syndrome with the effect rate of 57.9%, and the total effect number was 22 cases. The reduction of epileptiform discharges in the awake state beforeKDtreatment was correlated with the seizure time after 3 months ofKDtreatment (r = .330,p = .017). The cognitive function of 23 patients was improved, 12 patients had language improvement, and the motor function was improved in 10 patients. In all, 23 patients had adverse reactions, and all patients were tolerated and improved.

Conclusion

KDhas certain effect on children with pharmacoresistant epileptic encephalopathy, and it can reduce interictal epileptic discharge frequency, and improve the background rhythm ofEEG. The reduction of epileptiform discharges in awake state is in favor of the reduction of seizures frequency, thus increasing the efficacy, and improve the cognitive function, language, and motor function to varying degrees, combined with less adverse reaction, which is worthy of clinical application.
Law requires schools to provide nonacademic services to students with disabilities
Authors: Charmatz Marc
Published: April 2018

Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act applies to public entities, including state and community colleges. Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act applies to programs and activities receiving federal financial assistance. Virtually all colleges and universities receive federal financial assistance, and “all of the operations of” a school are subject to Section 504.