bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Striving to Meet Healthy People 2020 Objectives: Trend Analysis of Maternal Smoking
Authors: Hansen Andrew R. , Akomolafe Toyin O. , McGalliard Zachary , Belle-Isle Laura , Zhang Jian
Published: October 2018

Objectives:

We examined trends in prevalence rates of smoking and smoking cessation during pregnancy among women in the United States to assess achievement of Healthy People 2020 prevention targets.

Methods:

We assessed the smoking habits of 30 667 mothers whose children were born between 1985 and 2014 and who were sampled by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2014. Sampled participants were children aged 0-15 at the time of interview; however, an adult proxy—usually the biological mother—responded on the child’s behalf and reported information about maternal tobacco use during pregnancy. We calculated prevalence rates, adjusted odds ratios (aORs), and predicted annual increase or decrease of smoking and quitting smoking during pregnancy, adjusting for mother’s age at delivery and income level and child’s race/ethnicity and sex.

Results:

The average annual prevalence of smoking at any time during pregnancy decreased from 25.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 15.3%-36.0%) in 1985 to 10.1% (95% CI, 7.1%-13.0%) in 2014 ( P < .001), and quitting smoking at any time during the index pregnancy increased from 36.6% (95% CI, 20.3%-52.9%) in 1985 to 54.9% (95% CI, 44.4%-65.4%) in 2008 ( P = .002). The adjusted annual risk of smoking during pregnancy decreased significantly by 3% (aOR = 0.97; 95% CI, 0.95-0.98; P < .001). The prevalence rate of smoking in the year 2020 extrapolated from the current trend would be 6.1%.

Conclusions:

Smoking during pregnancy in the United States is declining. However, renewed public health measures are needed to achieve the Healthy People 2020 objectives of preventing smoking among pregnant women in the United States.
The pixelated text: Reading the Bible within digital culture
Authors: Phillips Peter
Published: October 2018

This article looks at Bible engagement in a digital age, focusing both on multimedia engagement with the Bible through the ages and on the changes that new technologies bring to the reading process, and asking some questions about our use of different technologies for different tasks. The article opens up the new possibilities afforded to scholars through the digitization of manuscripts and libraries, but also looks at the limitations of digital Bibles in their current forms. What new areas of research do the digital humanities open up for us?
Human Papillomavirus–Associated Oropharyngeal Cancer: Patterns of Nodal Disease
Authors: Plonowska Karolina A. , Strohl Madeleine P. , Wang Steven J. , Ha Patrick K. , George Jonathan R. , Heaton Chase M. , El‐Sayed Ivan H. , Mallen‐St. Clair Jon , Ryan William R.
Published: October 2018

Objective

To characterize patterns of neck lymph node (LN) metastases in human papillomavirus (HPV)–associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, represented by p16 positivity (p16+OPSCC).

Study Design

Case series with chart review.

Setting

Tertiary care center.

Subjects and Methods

Neck dissection (ND) specimens of nonirradiated p16+OPSCC patients were analyzed for frequencies of clinically evident and occult LNs by neck level. Local, regional, and distant recurrences were reviewed.

Results

Seventy p16+OPSCC patients underwent primary site transoral robotic surgery and 82 NDs of varying levels. Metastatic pathologic LNs were found at the following frequencies: 0% (0/28) in level I, 75.6% (62/82) in level II with 57.4% (35/61) in level IIA and 13.1% (8/61) in level IIB, 22.0% (18/82) in level III, 7.0% (5/71) in level IV, and 6.3% (1/16) in level V. The level V LN was clinically evident preoperatively. Five of 21 (23.8%) elective NDs contained occult LNs, all of which were in level II and without extranodal extension. Twenty‐seven (38.6%) patients underwent adjuvant radiation; 19 (27.1%) patients underwent adjuvant chemoradiation. With a mean follow‐up of 29 months, 3 patients had developed recurrences, with all but 1 patient still alive. All patients who recurred had refused at least a component of indicated adjuvant treatment.

Conclusions

For p16+OPSCC, therapeutic NDs should encompass any levels bearing suspicious LNs and levels IIA‐B, III, and IV, while elective NDs should be performed and encompass at least levels IIA‐B and III. These selective ND plans, followed by indicated adjuvant treatment, are associated with a low nodal recurrence rate.
Depressive Disorder in Thyroid Cancer Patients after Thyroidectomy: A Longitudinal Follow‐up Study Using a National Cohort
Authors: Choi Hyo Geun , Park Bumjung , Ji Yong Bae , Tae Kyung , Song Chang Myeon
Published: October 2018

Objective

The present study compared the frequency of depressive disorder in patients with thyroid cancer who had undergone thyroidectomy with the frequency in control individuals.

Study Design

Retrospective population‐based cohort study.

Setting

This study used data from the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service–National Sample Cohort.

Subject and Methods

A total of 3609 participants with thyroid cancer who had undergone thyroidectomy between 2003 and 2011 were enrolled in this study and matched 1:4 with 14,436 control participants by age, sex, income, and region of residence. The cumulative incidence of postoperative depressive disorder was evaluated over a period of 10 years after the thyroidectomies and compared with the incidence in controls. Depressive disorder was diagnosed by a psychiatrist.

Results

The incidence of depressive disorder was significantly higher in the thyroid cancer with thyroidectomy group than in the controls up to postoperative year 1. A subgroup analysis showed the same higher incidence of depressive disorder in the thyroid cancer group than controls for up to 1 year after operations in young adult (≤44 years old), female, urban, and low‐income groups. However, the incidence was elevated only in the year of the thyroidectomies themselves in middle‐aged and older, rural, and high‐income groups.

Conclusion

Patients with thyroid cancer who undergo thyroidectomy have depressive disorder more frequently than normal controls. However, the frequency of depressive disorder after thyroidectomy recovers in a shorter period in middle‐aged or older, high‐income, and rural‐dwelling patients, compared to younger, low‐income, and urban‐dwelling patients.
Evaluation of Acellular Bilayer Silk Fibroin Grafts for Onlay Tracheoplasty in a Rat Defect Model
Authors: Galvez Alegria Cinthia , Gundogdu Gokhan , Yang Xuehui , Costa Kyle , Mauney Joshua R.
Published: October 2018

Objective

To assess the efficacy of acellular bilayer silk fibroin (BLSF) grafts to repair full‐thickness tracheal defects and to compare the performance with conventional porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS) implants.

Study Design

A prospective controlled animal trial in a rat model of onlay tracheoplasty.

Setting

Pediatric medical center.

Subjects and Methods

Tracheal reconstruction of adult Sprague‐Dawley rats was performed with BLSF (n = 38) or SIS (n = 32) matrices for up to 3 months of implantation. Functional evaluations of repaired conduits as well as histologic, immunohistochemical, and histomorphometric analyses of neotissues were assessed.

Results

Prior to scheduled euthanasia, survival rates of rats receiving BLSF or SIS grafts were ≥94%, with no clinical signs of airway obstruction observed over the course of the study. Micro–computed tomography analysis revealed that the mean percentage of stenosis was <20% in both implant groups. BLSF and SIS grafts supported formation of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium by 1 week postoperatively; however, each matrix failed to promote de novo chondrogenesis by 3 months following repair.

Conclusions

BLSF scaffolds can be used for reconstruction of rat tracheal patch defects with functional outcomes comparable to those of SIS matrices.
A Novel Method for Clinical Cochlear Duct Length Estimation toward Patient‐Specific Cochlear Implant Selection
Authors: Schurzig Daniel , Timm Max Eike , Batsoulis Cornelia , Salcher Rolf , Sieber Daniel , Jolly Claude , Lenarz Thomas , Zoka‐Assadi Masoud
Published: October 2018

Objective

In the field of cochlear implantation, the current trend toward patient‐specific electrode selection and the achievement of optimal audiologic outcomes has resulted in implant manufacturers developing a large portfolio of electrodes. The aim of this study was to bridge the gap between the known variability of cochlea length and this electrode portfolio.

Design

Retrospective analysis on cochlear length and shape in micro–computed tomography and cone beam computed tomography data.

Setting

Tertiary care medical center.

Subjects and Methods

A simple 2‐step approach was developed to accurately estimate the individual cochlear length as well as the projected length of an electrode array inside the cochlea. The method is capable of predicting the length of the cochlea and the inserted electrode length at any specific angle. Validation of the approach was performed with 20 scans of human temporal bones (micro–computed tomography) and 47 pre‐ and postoperative clinical scans (cone beam computed tomography).

Results

Mean ± SD absolute errors in cochlear length estimations were 0.12 ± 0.10 mm, 0.38 ± 0.26 mm, and 0.71 ± 0.43 mm for 1, 1.5, and 2 cochlea turns, respectively. Predicted insertion angles based on clinical cone beam computed tomography data showed absolute deviations of 27° ± 18° to the corresponding postoperative measurements.

Conclusion

With accuracy improvements of 80% to 90% in comparison with previously proposed approaches, the method is well suited for the use in individualized cochlear implantation.
Machine learning for estimation of building energy consumption and performance: a review
Authors: Seyedzadeh Saleh , Rahimian Farzad Pour , Glesk Ivan , Roper Marc
Published: October 2018

Ever growing population and progressive municipal business demands for constructing new buildings are known as the foremost contributor to greenhouse gasses. Therefore, improvement of energy efficiency of the building sector has become an essential target to reduce the amount of gas emission as well as fossil fuel consumption. One most effective approach to reducing CO2 emission and energy consumption with regards to new buildings is to consider energy efficiency at a very early design stage. On the other hand,efficient energy management and smart refurbishments can enhance energy performance of the existing stock. All these solutions entail accurate energy prediction for optimal decision making. In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) in general and machine learning (ML) techniques in specific terms have been proposed for forecasting of building energy consumption and performance. This paper provides a substantial review on the four main ML approaches including artificial neural network, support vector machine, Gaussian-based regressions and clustering, which have commonly been applied in forecasting and improving building energy performance.
Demographic and clinical predictors of response to internet-enabled cognitive–behavioural therapy for depression and anxiety
Authors: Catarino Ana , Bateup Sarah , Tablan Valentin , Innes Katherine , Freer Stephen , Richards Andy , Stott Richard , Hollon Steven D. , Chamberlain Samuel Robin , Hayes Ann , Blackwell Andrew D.
Published: October 2018

Background

Common mental health problems affect a quarter of the population. Online cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) is increasingly used, but the factors modulating response to this treatment modality remain unclear.

Aims

This study aims to explore the demographic and clinical predictors of response to one-to-one CBT delivered via the internet.

Method

Real-world clinical outcomes data were collected from 2211 NHS England patients completing a course of CBT delivered by a trained clinician via the internet. Logistic regression analyses were performed using patient and service variables to identify significant predictors of response to treatment.

Results

Multiple patient variables were significantly associated with positive response to treatment including older age, absence of long-term physical comorbidities and lower symptom severity at start of treatment. Service variables associated with positive response to treatment included shorter waiting times for initial assessment and longer treatment durations in terms of the number of sessions.

Conclusions

Knowledge of which patient and service variables are associated with good clinical outcomes can be used to develop personalised treatment programmes, as part of a quality improvement cycle aiming to drive up standards in mental healthcare. This study exemplifies translational research put into practice and deployed at scale in the National Health Service, demonstrating the value of technology-enabled treatment delivery not only in facilitating access to care, but in enabling accelerated data capture for clinical research purposes.

Declaration of interest

A.C., S.B., V.T., K.I., S.F., A.R., A.H. and A.D.B. are employees or board members of the sponsor. S.R.C. consults for Cambridge Cognition and Shire. Keywords: Anxiety disorders; cognitive behavioural therapies; depressive disorders; individual psychotherapy
Legal and Ethical Considerations of Disclosing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Seropositivity to a Surrogate Decision Maker
Authors: Rose Rachel V. , Kass Joseph S.
Published: October 2018

Ethical and legal issues arise when a patient who is human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive lacks decision-making capacity and the HIV status must be disclosed to a surrogate decision maker to allow for informed medical decision making. This article discusses the special exceptions to confidentiality built into the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act privacy protections, the limitations on claims of common-law marriage, and public health laws that often require informing individuals who are either sex partners or needle-sharing partners of newly diagnosed HIV-infected individuals that they have been exposed to HIV infection.
Viral Meningitis and Encephalitis
Authors: Lyons Jennifer L.
Published: October 2018

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

This article discusses meningitis and encephalitis infections caused by viruses, excluding herpes family and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

RECENT FINDINGS

The viral infections of the nervous system detailed in this article have no specific treatment other than supportive care. However, many of the viruses discussed are highly preventable by vaccination, proper skin protection against transmitting vectors, and postexposure prophylaxis.

While meningitis and encephalitis caused by viruses may have some clinical overlap, the management and outcomes can be highly disparate, making distinction between the two imperative. Furthermore, despite their relative rarity in terms of clinical disease, many of the viral infections discussed herein are highly preventable. Given the morbidity and mortality attached to such infections, provider and patient education are the best approach available to prevent these potentially devastating illnesses.
Chronic Meningitis
Authors: Thakur Kiran T. , Wilson Michael R.
Published: October 2018

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

This article describes the clinical presentation, diagnostic approach (including the use of novel diagnostic platforms), and treatment of select infectious and noninfectious etiologies of chronic meningitis.

RECENT FINDINGS

Identification of the etiology of chronic meningitis remains challenging, with no cause identified in at least one-third of cases. Often, several serologic, CSF, and neuroimaging studies are indicated, although novel diagnostic platforms including metagenomic deep sequencing may hold promise for identifying organisms. Infectious etiologies are more common in those at risk for disseminated disease, specifically those who are immunocompromised because of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), transplantation, or immunosuppressant medications. An important step in identifying the etiology of chronic meningitis is assembling a multidisciplinary team of individuals, including those with specialized expertise in ophthalmology, dermatology, rheumatology, and infectious diseases, to provide guidance regarding diagnostic procedures.

Chronic meningitis is defined as inflammation involving the meninges that lasts at least 4 weeks and is associated with a CSF pleocytosis. Chronic meningitis has numerous possible infectious and noninfectious etiologies, making it challenging to definitively diagnose patients. Therefore, a multifaceted approach that combines history, physical examination, neuroimaging, and laboratory analysis, including novel diagnostic platforms, is needed. This article focuses on key aspects of the evaluation of and approach to patients with chronic meningitis. Specific infectious etiologies and differential diagnoses of subacute and chronic meningitis, including noninfectious etiologies, are addressed.
Intraoperative Cell Salvage During Transurethral Resection of Prostate: A Case Report
Authors: Kinnear Stephen B. , Kinnear Ned , Bolt John
Published: October 2018

Intraoperative cell salvage (ICS) became commercially available in 1968 and has enjoyed wide uptake. However, its use in transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) remains rare. We describe a 71-year-old man who underwent TURP with incomplete blood cross-matching. He suffered significant hemorrhage requiring return to theater. There was great delay in obtaining appropriately cross-matched blood, due to previous alloimmunization. ICS was used to retrieve blood present in bladder irrigation. This is the first Australian report of ICS use during TURP. This case led to a change in our practice and serves to demonstrate the potential of this technology during emergencies.
A Case Report of Preeclampsia Causing Severe Hyponatremia: Rare or Rarely Reported?
Authors: Grimmett Wallace , Lee Julie , Doherty James , Cheung Benjamin , Chinthamuneedi Meher
Published: October 2018

Preeclampsia presenting as severe hyponatremia is an enigma of modern obstetric practice. The hyponatremia can cause severe maternal neurological morbidity, including cerebral edema and seizures. Neonates, with serum sodium reflecting maternal levels, are also at risk. Despite this, the literature remains ambiguous about its incidence, the pathophysiology is poorly understood, and guidelines on preeclampsia (including those of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists) do not discuss the issue. This case of preeclampsia associated with severe hyponatremia in a laboring woman highlights these issues.
Role of Relative Malnutrition in Exercise Hypogonadal Male Condition
Authors: ZEKARIAS KIDMEALEM , SHRESTHA RUPENDRA T.
Published: October 2018

Objective

Exercise hypogonadal male condition is a well-recognized condition in women but much less understood in men. The aim of this case report is to highlight exercise-induced hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in a male who recovered with lifestyle modifications.

Methods

We report a case of an adolescent male who developed hypogonadotropic hypogonadism secondary to excessive exercise and malnutrition that was followed up for a year without exogenous testosterone supplementation. Informed consent was obtained from the patient for his information to be used in a manuscript submitted to a journal.

Results

An 18-yr-old adolescent male presented to the clinic with symptoms of fatigue and low endurance, low libido, and lack of morning erections. At the time of his presentation, he was running about 60 miles per week for school cross-country team in addition to cross training with kickboxing. Physical examination was remarkable for low body mass index of 19 kg·m−2 but was otherwise normal. Biochemical workup confirmed hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and a mild pancytopenia. Other pituitary laboratory values and MRI of the brain were unremarkable. Bone marrow biopsy performed for anemia showed features consistent with malnutrition. With a working diagnosis of exercise hypogonadal male condition, he was advised to reduce the frequency and intensity of his exercise and increase calorie intake. Cell counts and testosterone levels normalized, and his symptoms resolved without any further interventions.

Conclusion

Significant reversible hypogonadism can develop after intensive and prolonged exercise. One of the mechanisms of hypogonadism in endurance athletes performing intensive exercise could be relative malnutrition. Further studies to evaluate the role of nutrition and body mass index in male endurance athletes presenting with hypogonadism are needed to identify the underlying mechanism of this condition.
Effects of Napping on Alertness, Cognitive, and Physical Outcomes of Karate Athletes
Authors: DAALOUL HOUDA , SOUISSI NIZAR , DAVENNE DAMIEN
Published: October 2018

Purpose

It has been suggested that napping is the best recovery strategy for athletes. However, researches on the impacts of napping on athletic performances are scarce. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a 30-min nap after a partial sleep deprivation, or a normal night condition, on alertness, fatigue, and cognitive and physical outcomes.

Methods

Thirteen national-level male karate athletes were randomized to experience nap and no-nap conditions, after either a reference or a partial sleep deprivation night. The nap lasted 30 min at 1:00 pm. The postnap testing session started at 2:00 pm by quantifying subjective alertness and fatigue. Cognitive and physical performances were respectively measured before and after the karate-specific test (KST) by simple reaction time (SRT) test, lower reaction test (LRT), mental rotation test (MRT), squat jump (SJ), and counter movement jump (CMJ) tests.

Results

After a reference night, the nap improved alertness and cognitive outcomes (SRT, LRT, and MRT). No effects on subjective fatigue and physical performances were found. After a partial-sleep deprivation, the nap restored subjective alertness and the decrement in performances caused by sleep loss in most of the tests (MRT, LRT, and KST), but no effects were observed in subjective fatigue and CMJ. After the fatigue induced by KST, there was an ergogenic effect of the nap on the physical performances (CMJ and SJ), and a partial psychogenic effect on the cognitive performances (LRT).

Conclusions

A 30-min nap enhances cognitive outcomes. It is also an effective strategy to overcome the cognitive and physical deteriorations in performances caused either by sleep loss or by fatigue induced by exhaustive trainings in the afternoon.
Health-related Outcomes after a Youth Sport–related Knee Injury
Authors: WHITTAKER JACKIE L. , TOOMEY CLODAGH M. , NETTEL-AGUIRRE ALBERTO , JAREMKO JACOB L. , DOYLE-BAKER PATRICIA K. , WOODHOUSE LINDA J. , EMERY CAROLYN A.
Published: October 2018

Purpose

Active youth are vulnerable to knee injury and subsequent osteoarthritis. Improved understanding of the association between health-related outcomes and history of joint injury could inform osteoarthritis prevention strategies. The purpose of this historical cohort study is to examine the association between youth sport–related knee injury and various clinical, physiological, behavioral, and functional health-related outcomes, 3–10 yr postinjury.

Methods

Participants included 100 individuals who experienced a youth sport–related knee injury 3–10 yr earlier and 100 age-, sex-, and sport-matched uninjured controls. Outcomes include the following: Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), Intermittent and Constant Osteoarthritis Pain Score, body mass index (BMI), fat mass index (FMI), weekly physical activity, estimated aerobic capacity, hip and knee muscle strength, and dynamic balance. Baseline characteristics were described. Multivariable regression models (95% confidence interval [CI]) were used to evaluate the association between injury history and each outcome, considering the influence of sex and time since injury.

Results

Participant median age was 22 yr (range, 15–26 yr), and 55% were female. The injured group demonstrated poorer KOOS subscale scores, more total and intermittent pain, higher BMI (1.8 kg·m−2; 95% CI = 0.9–2.6), higher FMI (1.1 kg·m−2; 95% CI = 0.5–1.6), weaker knee extensor (−0.18 N·m·kg−1; 95% CI = −0.33 to −0.02) and flexor (−0.21 N·m·kg−1; 95% CI = −0.30 to −0.11) muscles, and poorer balance than controls. In the previously injured group, female sex was associated with poorer KOOS quality-of-life scores, knee flexor strength, and greater FMI, whereas longer time since injury was associated with poorer KOOS symptoms scores, knee extensor strength, and balance outcomes.

Conclusion

Youth that suffer a sport-related knee injury demonstrate on average more negative health-related outcomes consistent with future osteoarthritis compared with uninjured matched controls 3–10 yr after injury. These negative outcomes differ by sex and time since injury.
Survival of the Fastest: The Multivariate Optimization of Performance Phenotypes
Authors: CALSBEEK RYAN , CAREAU VINCENT
Published: October 2018

Introduction

Trade-offs are widespread in biological systems. Any investment in one trait must necessarily limit the investment in other traits. Still, many studies of physiological performance produce positive correlations between traits that are expected to trade-off with one another. Here we investigate why predicted trade-offs may often go unmeasured in studies of human athletes.

Methods

Triathletes compete in consecutive swimming, cycling, and running events as a single competition, events whose physical demands may be especially prone to generating performance trade-offs. Performance variation in these three events interacts to explain overall variation in athletic performance.

Results

We show that individual variation in athletic performance can mask trade-offs among disciplines, giving the impression that high-performance triathletes are athletic generalists. Covariance in race performance across the three disciplines was positive in the most elite athletes but became increasingly negative as race times increased.

Conclusions

These performance trade-offs among the disciplines preclude the realization of a generalist athlete except in the most elite triathletes, a result similar to the “big houses, big cars” phenomenon in life history evolution. This distinction between trait combinations that are favored for optimal performance versus constrained by trade-offs was only apparent when accounting for individual level variation in athletic performance. Our results provide further evidence that meaningful trade-offs may be missed if individual variation in quality is disregarded.
Aortic valvular imaging with cardiovascular magnetic resonance: seeking for comprehensiveness
Authors: De Rubeis Gianluca , Galea Nicola , Ceravolo Isabella , Dacquino Gian Marco , Carbone Iacopo , Catalano Carlo , Francone Marco
Published: October 2018

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has an emerging role in aortic valve disease evaluation, becoming an all-in-one technique. CMR evaluation of the anatomy and flow through the aortic valve has a higher reproducibility than echocardiography. Its unique ability of in  vivo myocardial tissue characterization, significantly improves the risk stratification and management of patients. In addition, CMR is equivalent to cardiac CT angiography for trans-aortic valvular implantation and surgical aortic valve replacement planning; on the other hand, its role in the evaluation of ventricular function improving and post-treatment complications is undisputed. This review encompasses the existing literature regarding the role of CMR in aortic valve disease, exploring all the aspects of the disease, from diagnosis to prognosis.
So, who wants to be here? A survey of patients’ motives for seeking psychotherapy services and their expected un-involvement in therapy
Authors: Ogrodniczuk John , Kealy David , Laverdière Olivier , Joyce Anthony
Published: October 2018

Aim of the study

The motives that bring people to psychotherapy vary widely; while some people come on their own volition, others may not care to be in psychotherapy at all, but feel compelled to seek services because of external pressures. A patient’s motivation for therapy is believed to influence the likelihood of becoming actively and meaningfully involved in the work of psychotherapy.

Subject or material and methods

We surveyed 343 consecutively admitted psychiatric outpatients from three large, urban psychotherapy clinics about their motives (internal vs external) for seeking psychotherapy and their expected (lack of) involvement in the work of therapy.

Results

While most patients appear to come for therapy on their own volition (76%), a significant proportion also feel compelled to seek services because of external pressures (38%).

Discussion

The more patients were motivated by external forces to seek treatment, the more disinclined they were to become engaged in the work of therapy; greater endorsement of internal motives was associated with reduced unwillingness to work in therapy.

Conclusions

Externally motivated patients may be particularly doubtful about the relevance and/or success of therapy and may require preparatory work to help instil a sense of hope and investment in the treatment process.
Factor structure and reliability of the Personality Belief Questionnaire in Argentina
Authors: Moretti Luciana , Domínguez-Lara Sergio , Trógolo Mario , Conn Hanne , Medrano Leonardo
Published: October 2018

Aim of the study

To examine the validity and reliability of the Personality Belief Questionnaire (PBQ) in Argentina.

Subject or material and methods

A forward translation of PBQ from English to Spanish was carried out by two independent bilingual translators. An expert committee subsequently compared the translations with the original PBQ and a final version was derived by consensus. Then, internal structure and internal consistency of Argentinean version of PBQ were evaluated using a convenience sample of 402 individuals drawn from clinical (25%) and general (75%) population of Cordoba, Argentina. To test the internal structure a Procrustes rotation with target matrices and Tucker’s congruence coefficients were used. Cronbach’s alpha and confidence intervals were calculated to estimate the internal consistency.

Results

Findings showed that seven of the nine PBQ scales were replicable: avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive, histrionic, paranoid, schizoid and schizotypal. Antisocial and narcissistic scales revealed little discrimination between them. Reliability analysis indicated acceptable to high internal consistency for all PBQ scales, with Cronbach’s alpha ranging from .75 for avoidant and antisocial to .90 for paranoid.

Discussion

Results support the validity and reliability of the PBQ in Argentina, providing with a practical assessment tool for dysfunctional beliefs associated to personality disorders that can be applied with clinical and research purposes.

Conclusions

The psychometric properties of the PBQ in Argentina are satisfactory. However, additional study assessing the external validity is warranted.
Pharmacotherapy for treatment-respondent
vs. refractory obsessive–compulsive disorder
in children and adults: strategies, meta-analyses
and clinical guidelines
Authors: Sayah Mehdi , Rahim Fakher
Published: October 2018

Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common mental and anxiety disorders occurs at all ages, but more common in younger ages with uncontrollable, and affects 1–1.5% of the general population. Many pharmacological therapies and drugs have been reported to diminish OCD symptoms, as well as increase quality of life. So far, several meta-analyses, however, have directly compared such treatment approaches in OCD and treatment-resistant OCD patients. This review evaluated all treatment options for OCD in both children and adolescents, and aimed to found if existing pharmacological therapies work similarly well, taking into account medical comorbidities such as substance use, anxiety, metabolic disorders, and finally, an overview of issues related to safety and monitoring. Our review included data from 16 meta-analyses and 8 practical guidelines involving OCD patients. In adults with OCD, we found that combined therapy shows favorable outcome versus SRI alone and produced better results. In children with OCD greatest incremental treatment gains occur early in SSRI treatment. Finally in treatment-resistant OCD patients antipsychotic augmentation of SRIs can be regarded as an evidence-based measure for pharmacological therapy. The results of this review mostly support the formerly published reviews on the pharmacological management of OCD. Albeit we could confirm that combination/augmentation of SSRIs significantly improved symptoms in treatment-resistant OCD patient than monotherapy. From a clinical perspective, antipsychotics combination/augmentation of SSRIs should be favorably used if there are comorbidities psychosis that represents a frequent comorbidity in OCD, especially the presence of comorbidities is highly associated with treatment-resistance OCD condition.
¿Cuáles son las obligaciones de un comandante militar en campo? Evolución Jurídica de la Doctrina de la Responsabilidad del Superior Jerárquico: De Yamashita a Bemba Gombo en la Corte Penal Internacional
Authors: Rocha Herrera Mónica
Published: October 2018

¿Qué es la responsabilidad del superior jerárquico? ¿Cuáles son las obligaciones de un comandante militar en campo? Desde Yamashita (1945) hasta la Corte Penal Internacional (CPI) con Bemba Gombo (2016), de jure o de facto, la CPI con Bemba Gombo equiparó las obligaciones de los comandantes militares de ejércitos regulares a las de aquéllos comandantes de fuerzas armadas de facto. Los criterios de responsabilidad que identificó fueron: el nivel de conocimiento del comandante de lo que sus hombres hicieron, hacen o están por hacer; las medidas razonables que tomó o está por tomar, a fin de prevenir y/o reprimir los crímenes; el control efectivo que ejerce, ejerció o puede ejercer, a fin de evitar la comisión del injusto, y si notificó o no a las autoridades competentes de lo que sucedió o está por suceder; lo anterior hace parte de los estándares que miden las obligaciones de los superiores jerárquicos militares y también civiles. La actuación del comandante no se asume a priori, sino que se analiza in concreto (SPI III CPI Bemba Gombo, 2016). Bemba Gombo como Yamashita fueron condenados por no haber ejercido sus obligaciones como comandantes militares. Los criterios de conocimiento en cada uno fue distinto. En el caso de Yamashita se aplicó el hubiere debido saber por los partes que recibió y lo colosal de los crímenes, mientras que en el de Bemba Gombo la SPI III de la CPI (2016) aplicó el actual knowledge, ya que él sabía o supo, encontrándolo culpable porque no hizo genuinamente nada para prevenir y/o reprimir los crímenes de sus tropas. Respecto a la evaluación de los criterios de prevención y notificación en el artículo 28 la SA de la CPI (2018), en un fallo que nació controvertido, revertió la sentencia de la SPI III (2016) al considerar que esta última incurrió en errores de hecho y de derecho así como de procedimiento en el artículo 28 y 74 (2).
Grupos civiles armados en Venezuela: ¿Actores de un ‘aparato organizado de poder’?
Authors: Moya Sánchez Thairi
Published: October 2018

El gobierno venezolano ha sometido a la población a una constante militarización, en especial, a través de la creación de grupos de civiles armados, como los son las milicias. A su vez, ha promovido la formalización de determinados movimientos sociales, por medio de leyes, para garantizar el establecimiento del ‘Poder Comunal’. Sin embargo, algunos de estos movimientos han servido para dar cabida a la formación de otros ‘grupos civiles armados’, lo que causa una mayor preocupación por ser una situación atípica en este país sudamericano. El presente ensayo tiene como nalidad abordar si los grupos provenientes de estos ‘movimientos sociales’ forman parte del aparato estatal para cometer crímenes de lesa humanidad en contra de la sociedad civil.
El reconocimiento de “la justicia indígena” como agente de la reivindicación de los pueblos indígenas en el marco del pluralismo jurídico
Authors: Nuñez Ávila Maria Dolores
Published: October 2018

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la justicia indígena como un elemento activo en la reivindicación de los derechos de los pueblos indígenas, a través de la histo- ria en el marco constitucional, reconociendo su impacto en el derecho internacional. Cabe destacar que este artículo pretende enfocar a la justicia indígena como un prin- cipio aplicable a las distintas esferas en las que se desarrollan actualmente los pueblos y las comunidades indígenas, y no únicamente como un valor absoluto relacionado a la facultad de administrar justicia por parte de líderes indígenas. De este modo, es importante establecer que la justicia indígena no responde a una formula única y exacta, sino que existen cientos de justicias indígenas en el continente americano, que resurgen con el inicio del pluralismo jurídico, en contraposición al modelo de Estado monista.
Reflexiones sobre el vínculo entre reformas a la Administración de Justicia, Economía y Desarrollo Económico
Authors: Onfray Vivanco Arturo Felipe
Published: October 2018

El presente trabajo explora la existencia de una estrecha relación entre las reformas, orgánicas y funcionales, a la Administración Justicia y la Economía, en cuanto ciencia que estudia la toma de decisiones en consideración a la revisión de la relación entre nes y medios escasos susceptibles de usos alternativos1, otorgándose, asimismo, una especial atención a cómo el mejoramiento de la Administración de Justicia impacta el desarrollo económico.  Para dichos efectos se analiza la situación de Chile, país en que se advierte, a partir del retorno a la democracia, la emergencia de varias reformas globales a la Admi- nistración de Justicia. Los vínculos entre las reformas a la Administración de Justicia y la Economía y el desarrollo económico, en Chile, se mani estan en tres etapas, a saber: (1) en la gé- nesis y diseño de las reformas globales a la Administración de Justicia; (2) en la reconstrucción del mapa de la Administración de Justicia; y (3) en la situación actual de la Administración de Justicia, sus decisiones y reformas pendientes, en especial la Reforma Procesal Civil.
Entre a revelação e o atendimento: família e abuso sexual
Authors: Marra Marlene Magnabosco , Costa Liana Fortunato
Published: October 2018

Resumo: Há um intervalo de tempo entre a ocorrência do abuso sexual e seu desvelamento dentro da família, do qual se tem pouco conhecimento. O objetivo deste texto é compreender o que ocorre com as famílias no período entre a revelação do abuso sexual e o início do atendimento especializado. O contexto de pesquisa foi uma instituição pública, na qual foram realizadas dez entrevistas com nove famílias que apresentavam situação de abuso sexual.  Resultados dividem-se entre informações sobre a configuração familiar e o período de tempo no qual há um silenciamento sobre a situação do abuso sexual, anterior à publicização da violência: 1) Sobre a configuração familiar - as mães estão presentes na maioria das famílias, o abuso sexual intrafamiliar prevalece sobre o extrafamiliar, e a maioria das vítimas é de meninas, sendo que idade média é de 8 anos e 8 meses. 2)  Sobre o período de tempo entre a revelação do abuso sexual e o atendimento - o abuso sexual ocorreu, em média, 27 meses antes do momento da entrevista na instituição; o tempo médio da ocorrência do abuso sexual é de 13 meses antes da sua revelação; e o intervalo de tempo que vai da revelação do abuso sexual à denúncia é de 7 meses. A revelação do abuso sexual é percebida, pela família, como mais uma ameaça aos outros acontecimentos com os quais a família já se depara, gerando reações paradoxais que vão desde a proteção à imobilidade. Quando as famílias se apresentam para o atendimento institucional, encontram-se confusas e distanciadas da situação de violência. O tempo entre o abuso sexual, a revelação e a busca por ajuda é vivido em interação familiar, necessitando ser visto mais como momento de elaboração e assimilação da violência sofrida.
IVyF abreviado —IVyFabre—: análisis psicométrico y de estructura factorial en Argentina
Authors: Castro Solano Alejandro , Cosentino Alejandro César
Published: October 2018

El estudio de las virtudes y fortalezas del carácter es uno de los temas más importantes dentro de la psicología positiva. Peterson y Seligman (2004) determinaron que 24 fortalezas del carácter estaban vinculadas a 6 virtudes y llamaron via a esa clasificación. Nuestro trabajo está incluido en la investigación sobre esa clasificación. Se desarrolló un instrumento de medición de 24 ítems de autopuntuación global directa para evaluar las 24 fortalezas del carácter de la clasificación de Peterson y Seligman (2004). Este instrumento es la versión corta del IVyF. Se analizaron las  características psicométricas de este instrumento llamado IVyF abreviado (IVyFabre; Strength of Character Inventory Brief Form, sci-bf, en inglés) con muestras que incluyeron mujeres y hombres. Los resultados mostraron que el IVyFabre tiene tanto adecuada confiabilidad de tipo test-retest y validez con un criterio externo (observadores), como las esperadas asociaciones con los rasgos de personalidad del Big Five, satisfacción con la vida y deseabilidad social. Análisis factoriales  exploratorios y confirmatorios, realizados con muestras diferentes, respaldan que la estructura factorial de las fortalezas en población argentina está compuesta por tres factores que representan las características vinculadas a lo social (factor interpersonal), lo individual (factor empuje/inteligencia) y la armonía de lo individual con lo social (factor restricción). Este resultado es consistente con estudios previos realizados por investigadores locales de Argentina, Estados Unidos y China.Palabras clave: psicología positiva, virtud, fortalezas del carácter, construcción de test, estructura factorial.
The Vehicle Routing Problem with Floating Targets: Formulation and Solution Approaches
Authors: Gambella Claudio , Naoum-Sawaya Joe , Ghaddar Bissan
Published: October 2018

This paper addresses a generalization of the vehicle routing problem in which the pick-up locations of the targets are nonstationary. We refer to this problem as the vehicle routing problem with floating targets and the main characteristic is that targets are allowed to move from their initial home locations while waiting for a vehicle. This problem models new applications in drone routing, ridesharing, and logistics where a vehicle agrees to meet another vehicle or a customer at a location that is away from the designated home location. We propose a Mixed Integer Second Order Cone Program (MISOCP) formulation for the problem, along with valid inequalities for strengthening the continuous relaxation. We further exploit the problem structure using a Lagrangian decomposition and propose an exact branch-and-price algorithm. Computational results on instances with varying characteristics are presented and the results are compared to the solution of the full problem using CPLEX. The proposed valid inequalities reduce the computational time of CPLEX by up to 30% on average while the proposed branch and price is capable of solving instances where CPLEX fails in finding the optimal solution within the imposed time limit.
Is Servicization a Win-Win Strategy? Profitability and Environmental Implications of Servicization
Authors: Örsdemir Adem , Deshpande Vinayak , Parlaktürk Ali K.
Published: October 2018

Problem definition: Servicization is a business strategy to sell the functionality of a product rather than the product itself. It has been touted as an environmentally friendly strategy as it encourages manufacturers to take more responsibility for their products. We study when servicization results in a win-win outcome where it can simultaneously increase a firm’s profits and decrease its environmental impact compared with selling products. Academic/practical relevance: Whereas policy planners are interested in strategies that reduce environmental impact, firms are unlikely to embrace them if they are not profitable. Hence, understanding when servicization results in a win-win outcome is critical both for firms and for policy makers. Methodology: We construct a stylized game-theoretic model that takes into account several key dynamics not accounted for in prior literature. In particular, we allow the servicizing firm to tailor the service to consumers’ needs, endogenize product durability choice, and also use an environmental impact metric that captures the low discretionary use nature of products. Results: For products that have a low use impact relative to their production and disposal impacts, servicization can be a win-win strategy only if the firm has sufficiently high operating efficiency. By contrast, for products that have a high use impact relative to their production and disposal impacts, servicization can be a win-win strategy only if the firm has sufficiently low operating efficiency and the consumer segments are adequately similar. Furthermore, servicization can improve consumer welfare and simultaneously improve profitability and environmental impact only for products with a low relative use impact. Managerial implications: Whether servicization leads to a win-win outcome cannot simply be determined by changes in product durability, as often argued. It critically depends on the firm’s relative operating efficiency, environmental impact of product in its use phase relative to the production and disposal phases, and the similarity of consumer segments. Our results explicitly characterize these relations.
Prevalence of Foodborne Pathogens on Cheeses Made from Farmstead Milk Processing Plants in Korea
Authors: Lee Jeeyeon , Jang Kyeonga , Lee Soomin , Ha Jimyeong , Lee Heeyoung , Kim Sejeong , Choi Yukyung , Oh Hyemin , Yoon Yohan
Published: October 2018

To solve the problem of raw milk surplus, the Korean government encouraged the farmstead milk processing industry. However, the hygiene of farmstead dairy products has not been evaluated. Therefore, the microbiological analysis of farmstead cheeses was performed in this study. Farmstead cheeses (Berg, Colby, Cottage, Gouda, Mozzarella, String, Tilsiter, and Quark) were purchased from 16 dairy farms. In qualitative analysis, the presence of foodborne pathogens (Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Campylobacter spp.) were examined. Also, total aerobic bacteria, Pseudomonas spp., coliform, and E. coli, and yeast/mold were enumerated. Seventeen samples (37.8%) of 45 farmstead cheeses were contaminated with B. cereus and the highest detection rate was observed in String cheese. Two samples (4.4%) were E. coli positive and seven samples (15.6%) were S. aureus positive. Four other foodborne pathogens were not detected in all farmstead cheeses. Also, the mean levels of total aerobic bacteria, coliform, E. coli, and yeast/mold were 4.3 Log CFU/g, 1.4 Log CFU/g, 1.1 Log CFU/g, and 3.8 Log CFU/g, respectively. These results indicate that the food safety of farmstead cheese is extremely poor and, thus, the hygiene management of farmstead cheese should be improved to provide safe farmstead cheese to consumers.