bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pathogenesis of Chronic Hyperglycemia: From Reductive Stress to Oxidative Stress
Authors: Yan Liang-Jun
Published: June 2014

Chronic overnutrition creates chronic hyperglycemia that can gradually induce insulin resistance and insulin secretion impairment. These disorders, if not intervened, will eventually be followed by appearance of frank diabetes. The mechanisms of this chronic pathogenic process are complex but have been suggested to involve production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress. In this review, I highlight evidence that reductive stress imposed by overflux of NADH through the mitochondrial electron transport chain is the source of oxidative stress, which is based on establishments that more NADH recycling by mitochondrial complex I leads to more electron leakage and thus more ROS production. The elevated levels of both NADH and ROS can inhibit and inactivate glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), respectively, resulting in blockage of the glycolytic pathway and accumulation of glycerol 3-phospate and its prior metabolites along the pathway. This accumulation then initiates all those alternative glucose metabolic pathways such as the polyol pathway and the advanced glycation pathways that otherwise are minor and insignificant under euglycemic conditions. Importantly, all these alternative pathways lead to ROS production, thus aggravating cellular oxidative stress. Therefore, reductive stress followed by oxidative stress comprises a major mechanism of hyperglycemia-induced metabolic syndrome.
A Hybrid Intelligent Algorithm for Optimal Birandom Portfolio Selection Problems
Authors: Li Qi , Cao Guo-Hua , Shan Dan
Published: June 2014

Birandom portfolio selection problems have been well developed and widely applied in recent years. To solve these problems better, this paper designs a new hybrid intelligent algorithm which combines the improved LGMS‐FOA algorithm with birandom simulation. Since all the existing algorithms solving these problems are based on genetic algorithm and birandom simulation, some comparisons between the new hybrid intelligent algorithm and the existing algorithms are given in terms of numerical experiments, which demonstrate that the new hybrid intelligent algorithm is more effective and precise when the numbers of the objective function computations are the same.
Defects-Induced Hot Spots in TATB
Authors: Yan Zhonghua , Zhang Chuanchao , Yan Hongwei , Li Zhijie , Li Li , Huang Ming , Tan Bisheng , Yuan Xiaodong
Published: June 2014

We investigate the interaction between the laser and energetic materials with different defects. The three-dimensional models of triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB) explosives containing spherical pores, craters, and cracks are established, respectively. The laser ignition process of TATB is simulated with three-dimensional finite difference time domain (3D-FDTD) method to study the electromagnetic field distribution surrounding these defects with 355 nm laser incidence. It indicates that the larger defects in the TATB energetic materials have the stronger electric field modulations to initial incident laser for all the three defects, which is easier to lead to the generation of hot spots. Furthermore, TATB materials with spherical pore defects and crater defects are easier to form hot spots than those with narrow crack defects.
Protection for DC Distribution System with Distributed Generator
Authors: Xue Shimin , Chen Chaochao , Jin Yi , Li Yongli , Li Botong , Wang Ying
Published: June 2014

DC distribution system has advantages of high power quality, large transmission capacity, high reliability, simple structure, economy and low energy consumption, and so forth. It has been a key part of smart grid nowadays. However, the development of DC distribution system is constrained by the lack of operational experience in DC system, the small interrupting capacity of DC circuit breaker (CB), and the lack of protection schemes for system itself. In this paper, protection for DC distribution system with distributed generator (DG) is fully investigated and verified. Firstly, the electromagnetic transient model of DC distribution system with DG is presented. Simulation based on the electromagnetic transient model is carried out. Both the step response and the steady-state performance verify the accuracy of the model. Then the fault characteristic mechanism is analyzed, and the protection principles and scheme are investigated in detail, including voltage mutation principle as protection starting component, differential current protection principle for DC bus, and two-section current protection for distribution lines. Finally, transient responses with protection scheme are analyzed during faults. The results present that the protection principles and scheme are feasible for DC distribution system with DG.
Design and Experimental Validation for Direct-Drive Fault-Tolerant Permanent-Magnet Vernier Machines
Authors: Liu Guohai , Yang Junqin , Chen Ming , Chen Qian
Published: June 2014

A fault-tolerant permanent-magnet vernier (FT-PMV) machine is designed for direct-drive applications, incorporating the merits of high torque density and high reliability. Based on the so-called magnetic gearing effect, PMV machines have the ability of high torque density by introducing the flux-modulation poles (FMPs). This paper investigates the fault-tolerant characteristic of PMV machines and provides a design method, which is able to not only meet the fault-tolerant requirements but also keep the ability of high torque density. The operation principle of the proposed machine has been analyzed. The design process and optimization are presented specifically, such as the combination of slots and poles, the winding distribution, and the dimensions of PMs and teeth. By using the time-stepping finite element method (TS-FEM), the machine performances are evaluated. Finally, the FT-PMV machine is manufactured, and the experimental results are presented to validate the theoretical analysis.
The Analysis of Pricing Power of Preponderant Metal Mineral Resources under the Perspective of Intergenerational Equity and Social Preferences: An Analytical Framework Based on Cournot Equilibrium Model
Authors: Zhong Meirui , Zeng Anqi , Huang Jianbai , Chen Jinyu
Published: June 2014

This paper combines intergenerational equity equilibrium and social preferences equilibrium with Cournot equilibrium solving the technological problem of intergenerational equity and strategic value compensation confirmation, achieving the effective combination between sustainable development concept and value evaluation, thinking and expanding the theoretical framework for the lack of pricing power of mineral resources. The conclusion of the theoretical model and the numerical simulation shows that intergenerational equity equilibrium and social preferences equilibrium enhance international trade market power of preponderant metal mineral resources owing to the production of intergenerational equity compensation value and strategic value. However, the impact exerted on Cournot market power by social preferences is inconsistent: that is, changes of altruistic Cournot equilibrium and reciprocal inequity Cournot equilibrium are consistent, while inequity aversion Cournot equilibrium has the characteristic of loss aversion, namely, under the consideration of inequity aversion Cournot competition, Counot-Nash equilibrium transforms monotonically with sympathy and jealousy of inequity aversion.
Unilateral Cataract and Vitreoretinopathy in a Case with Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome
Authors: Olcaysu Osman Okan , Altun Ahmet , Olcaysu Elif , Marzıoğlu Ozdemır Ebru , Demır Berrin
Published: June 2014

Purpose. We present a case with Klippel-Trenaunay (KT) syndrome that had unilateral mature cataract and vitreoretinopathy.Case Report.A 17-year-old boy with KT syndrome presented to the clinic of ophthalmology for low vision in the right eye. His best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was hand motion in the right eye and 20/20 in the left eye. Anterior segment examination revealed mature cataract in the right. During the physical examination, port-wine stains were noted over right side of his face, ankle, and toes. He had asymmetric face and his head was larger on the right side. Leg lengths were symmetrical, although he had skin hypertrophy. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging studies showed cortical atrophy discordant to his age, asymmetric vascular dilatations in the right hemisphere, hypertrophy in the right periorbital soft tissue, and choroidal plexus. The patient received an uncomplicated cataract surgery. His BCVA in the right eye improved to 20/200 after the surgery. After removing cataractous lens, we were able to examine the fundus that revealed severe vitreoretinopathy and choroidal hemangioma.Conclusion.This case emphasizes the importance of prompt ophthalmic examination in patients with KT syndrome.
Environmental Forcing of Red Tides in the Southern Benguela
Authors: Jury Mark R.
Published: June 2014

The Southern Benguela cape upwelling plumes have inshore wind shadows prone to red tides in late summer. Their intensity and coverage are estimated by satellite fluorescence measurements in the period 1997–2012 and qualified by in situ reports. High satellite fluorescence cases are identified at daily to seasonal time scales, and characteristics of the upper ocean and lower atmosphere are studied using third generation reanalyses. A dominant feature is easterly winds over the Cape Peninsula (34°S, 18°E) induced by a ridging anticyclone-coastal low weather pattern. Over Cape Columbine (33°S), there is a wind shadow with cyclonic wind and current shear. Composite atmospheric profiles reveal a 4°C temperature inversion near 500 m that traps a coastal wind jet >6 m/s below 200 m. The composite shelf oceanography shows a relic upwelling plume below 10 m overtopped by warmer water near the coast, providing the thermal stratification needed for biotic aggregation. Data from the IPSL5 coupled climate model over the period 1980–2080 indicates that environmental conditions favoring red tides may become more frequent.
Development of Instrument Transmitter Protecting Device against High-Temperature Condition during Severe Accidents
Authors: Yoo Min , Shin Sung Min , Kang Hyun Gook
Published: June 2014

Reliable information through instrumentation systems is essential in mitigating severe accidents such as the one that occurred at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant. There are five elements which might pose a potential threat to the reliability of parameter detection at nuclear power plants during a severe accident: high temperature, high pressure, high humidity, high radiation, and missiles generated during the evolution of a severe accident. Of these, high temperature apparently poses the most serious threat, since thin shielding can get rid of pressure, humidity, radiation (specifically, alpha and beta radiations), and missile effects. In view of this fact, our study focused on designing an instrument transmitter protecting device that can eliminate the high-temperature effect on transmitters to maintain their functional integrity. We present herein a novel concept for designing such a device in terms of heat transfer model that takes into account various heat transfer mechanisms associated with the device.
Tofacitinib Citrate for Ulcerative Keratitis in a Patient with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Meadow Philip B. , Nguyen Jacqueline , Kesavarapu Keerthana
Published: June 2014

Purpose.To report a case of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treated with tofacitinib citrate.Methods.Observational case report.Results.A 59-year-old patient, with a history of rheumatoid arthritis, on methotrexate 10 mg PO qwk and IV abatacept 750 mg/month, presented with photosensitivity, foreign body sensation, pain, redness, and blurry vision of her right eye (RE). Visual acuity of the RE was 20/200 and 20/20 of the left eye (LE). The slit lamp examination of the RE revealed dryness, 2+ injection of the conjunctiva, and pericentral ulceration of the cornea with 20–30% stromal thinning, pannus, and diffuse punctate epithelial erosions. The anterior chamber appeared normal. Laboratory values revealed elevated levels of rheumatoid factor, anticyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies, and C-reactive protein. The patient was switched to tofacitinib citrate 5 mg PO b.i.d, underwent corneal gluing, and was given prednisone acetate 1% gt TID, polytrim gt TID, neomycin-polymyxin-dexameth gt QD, FreshKote lubricant 1.8% gt QID, moxifloxacin 0.5% gt QID, and preservative free artificial tears Q1H. Within one week, laboratory values normalized, symptoms diminished, and the cornea reepithelialized.Conclusion.RA can present with ulcerative keratitis. Tofacitinib citrate, steroids, and corneal gluing were found to halt the progression of keratolysis and promote reepithelialization.
Conservative Treatment of Bisphosphonate-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw in Multiple Myeloma Patients
Authors: Melea Pelagia I. , Melakopoulos Ioannis , Kastritis Efstathios , Tesseromatis Christina , Margaritis Vasileios , Dimopoulos Meletios A. , Terpos Evangelos
Published: June 2014

The use of intravenous bisphosphonates (pamidronate or zoledronic acid) is the cornerstone for the management of multiple myeloma-(MM-) related bone disease. However, osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) is a rare, but sometimes difficult to manage, adverse effect of bisphosphonates therapy. A retrospective review of all MM patients who were treated with bisphosphonates in our department, from 2003 to 2013, and developed ONJ was performed. According to inclusion criteria, 38 patients were studied. All these patients were treated as conservatively as possible according to the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons criteria. Patients were managed with observation, oral antibacterial mouth rinse with chlorhexidine, oral antibiotics, pain control with analgesics, nonsurgical sequestrectomy with or without simultaneous administration of antibiotics, or major surgery with or without antibiotics. Healing of the lesions was achieved in 23 (60%) patients who were treated with conservative measures; the median time to healing was 12 months (95% CI: 4–21). The number of bisphosphonates infusions influenced the time to healing: the median time to healing for patients who received <16 infusions was 7 months and for those with >16 infusions was it 14 monthsP=0.017. We conclude that a primarily nonsurgical approach appears to be a successful management strategy for bisphosphonate-related ONJ.
Pepsinogen II Can Be a Potential Surrogate Marker of Morphological Changes in Corpus before and afterH. pyloriEradication
Authors: Massarrat Sadegh , Haj-Sheykholeslami Arghavan , Mohamadkhani Ashraf , Zendehdel Nasrin , Aliasgari Ali , Rakhshani Naser , Stolte Manfred , Shahidi Seyed Mehdi
Published: June 2014

Background.The aim of this investigation is to study the relationship between gastric morphology and serum biomarkers before and afterHelicobacter pylorieradication.Methods. First-degree relatives of gastric cancer patients underwent gastroscopy before and 2.5 years afterH. pylorieradication. The morphological changes in two categories (normal to mild and moderate to severe) were compared with level of pepsinogens I and II before eradication (n=369), after eradication (n=115), and in those with persistent infection (n=250).Results: After eradication, pepsinogen I decreased to 70% and pepsinogen II to 45% of the previous values. Unlike pepsinogen II and pepsinogen I to II ratio that were affected by the severity of inflammation and atrophy in corpus in all groups, pepsinogen I generally did not change. After eradication, subjects with high mononuclear infiltration in corpus had lower pepsinogen I (54 versus 77.1 μ/mL), higher pepsinogen II (9.4 versus 6.9 μ/mL), and lower ratio (7.9 versus 11.6) than those without (P<0.05).Conclusion. Pepsinogen II is a good marker of corpus morphological changes before and afterH. pylorieradication.
Low Intensity Laser Irradiation and Growth Factors Influence Differentiation of Adipose Derived Stem Cells into Smooth Muscle Cells in a Coculture Environment over a Period of 72 Hours
Authors: Mvula Bernard , Abrahamse Heidi
Published: June 2014

Stem cells have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into several specialised cells. Low intensity laser irradiation (LILI) has been shown to have positive effects on cells including adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs). Growth factors such as retinoic acid and transforming growth factor (TGF-β1) play significant roles in the differentiation of cells. This study aimed at investigating the role of LILI and growth factors on differentiation of adipose derived stem cells cocultured with smooth muscle cells (SMCs). The study used isolated human adipose derived stem cells and smooth muscle commercial cells (SKUT-1). The cells were cocultured directly in the ratio 1 : 1 using the established methods with and without growth factors (retinoic acid and TGF-β1) and then exposed to LILI at a wavelength of 636 nm with 5 J/cm2using a diode laser. The cellular proliferation and expression of the both cell type markers were assessed using optical density and flow cytometry at 24 h and 72 h. The study showed that LILI increased the proliferation of cocultured cells. The expression of the smooth muscle cell markers increased in the coculture groups that were exposed to LILI in the presence of growth factors while those of the ADSCs decreased.
Parasitic Contamination of Commonly Consumed Fresh Leafy Vegetables in Benha, Egypt
Authors: Eraky Maysa Ahmad , Rashed Samia Mostafa , Nasr Mona El-Sayed , El-Hamshary Azza Mohammed Salah , Salah El-Ghannam Amera
Published: June 2014

This study evaluated the degree of parasitic contamination of vegetables which are commercialized and consumed fresh in Benha, Egypt. It included 530 vegetables: lettuce, watercress, parsley, green onion, and leek. Vegetables were collected randomly from markets within Benha. Samples were washed in saline, and the resulting washing solution was filtered and centrifuged to concentrate the parasitic stages. Sediments and supernatants were examined by iodine and modified Ziehl-Neelsen stained smears. Intestinal parasites were detected in 157/530 (29.6%) samples.Giardia lambliacysts were the most prevalent parasite (8.8%) followed byEntamoebaspp. cysts (6.8%),Enterobius vermiculariseggs (4.9%), various helminth larvae (3.6%),Hymenolepis nanaeggs (2.8%),Hymenolepis diminutaeggs (2.1%), andAscaris lumbricoideseggs (0.6%). The highest contaminated vegetable was lettuce (45.5%) followed by watercress (41.3%), parsley (34.3%), green onion (16.5%), and leek (10.7%). These results indicate a significant seasonal variation (P<0.05), with highest prevalence in summer (49%) and the lowest in winter (10.8%). These findings provide evidence for the high risk of acquiring parasitic infection from the consumption of raw vegetables in Benha, Egypt. Effective measures are necessary to reduce parasitic contamination of vegetables.
Modeling and Model Predictive Power and Rate Control of Wireless Communication Networks
Authors: Han Cunwu , Sun Dehui , Bi Song , Liu Lei , Li Zhengxi
Published: June 2014

A novel power and rate control system model for wireless communication networks is presented, which includes uncertainties, input constraints, and time-varying delays in both state and control input. A robust delay-dependent model predictive power and rate control method is proposed, and the state feedback control law is obtained by solving an optimization problem that is derived by using linear matrix inequality (LMI) techniques. Simulation results are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Primary Vesical Actinomycosis in a 23-Year-Old Man
Authors: Ziypak Tevfik , Adanur Senol , Ozkaya Fatih , Calık Muhammet , Polat Ozkan , Aksoy Yilmaz , Ozbey Isa
Published: June 2014

Introduction. Actinomycosis can affect any organ of the body, although cutaneous fistulas are common in actinomycotic infections, and other organs such as the bladder are only rarely involved.Case Presentation. Herein we report and discuss a young male patient with primary vesical actinomycosis. A 23-year-old man was hospitalized complaining of intermittent gross hematuria over a 6-month duration. The patient underwent a cystoscopic examination under general anesthesia; an edematous, hyperemic, wide-based mass, which protruded from the dome of the bladder, was seen and incompletely resected. The histopathological examination of the material showedActinomycesorganisms surrounded by inflammation and a photomicrograph showed the microorganism. After confirmation of bladder actinomycosis, the patient received penicillin. A CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis showed no evidence of the mass at the postoperative 6th month. Cystoscopic examination showed complete healing of the transurethral resection area at the dome of the bladder.Conclusion. In conclusion, we believe that the gold standard treatment for vesical actinomycosis should include the combination of a transurethral resection of the mass and long-term penicillin treatment.
In Vivo Hypocholesterolemic Effect of MARDI Fermented Red Yeast Rice Water Extract in High Cholesterol Diet Fed Mice
Authors: Yeap Swee Keong , Beh Boon Kee , Kong Joan , Ho Wan Yong , Mohd Yusof Hamidah , Mohamad Nurul Elyani , Hussin Aminuddin bin , Jaganath Indu Bala , Alitheen Noorjahan Banu , Jamaluddin Anisah , Long Kamariah
Published: June 2014

Fermented red yeast rice has been traditionally consumed as medication in Asian cuisine. This study aimed to determine the in vivo hypocholesterolemic and antioxidant effects of fermented red yeast rice water extract produced using Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI) Monascus purpureus strains in mice fed with high cholesterol diet. Absence of monacolin‐k, lower level of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), higher content of total amino acids, and antioxidant activities were detected in MARDI fermented red yeast rice water extract (MFRYR). In vivo MFRYR treatment on hypercholesterolemic mice recorded similar lipid lowering effect as commercial red yeast rice extract (CRYR) as it helps to reduce the elevated serum liver enzyme and increased the antioxidant levels in liver. This effect was also associated with the upregulation of apolipoproteins‐E and inhibition of Von Willebrand factor expression. In summary, MFRYR enriched in antioxidant and amino acid without monacolin‐k showed similar hypocholesterolemic effect as CRYR that was rich in monacolin‐k and GABA.
The (G′/G, 1/G)‐Expansion Method and Its Applications for Solving Two Higher Order Nonlinear Evolution Equations
Authors: Zayed E. M. E. , Alurrfi K. A. E.
Published: June 2014

The two variable (G′/G, 1/G)‐expansion method is employed to construct exact traveling wave solutions with parameters of two higher order nonlinear evolution equations, namely, the nonlinear Klein‐Gordon equations and the nonlinear Pochhammer‐Chree equations. When the parameters are replaced by special values, the well‐known solitary wave solutions of these equations are rediscovered from the traveling waves. This method can be thought of as the generalization of well‐known original (G′/G)‐expansion method proposed by Wang et al. It is shown that the two variable (G′/G, 1/G)‐expansion method provides a more powerful mathematical tool for solving many other nonlinear PDEs in mathematical physics.
A Novel Support Vector Machine with Globality-Locality Preserving
Authors: Ma Cheng-Long , Yuan Yu-Bo
Published: June 2014

Support vector machine (SVM) is regarded as a powerful method for pattern classification. However, the solution of the primal optimal model of SVM is susceptible for class distribution and may result in a nonrobust solution. In order to overcome this shortcoming, an improved model, support vector machine with globality-locality preserving (GLPSVM), is proposed. It introduces globality-locality preserving into the standard SVM, which can preserve the manifold structure of the data space. We complete rich experiments on the UCI machine learning data sets. The results validate the effectiveness of the proposed model, especially on the Wine and Iris databases; the recognition rate is above 97% and outperforms all the algorithms that were developed from SVM.
Finite-Time Synchronizing Control for Chaotic Neural Networks
Authors: Zhang Chao , Guo Qiang , Wang Jing
Published: June 2014

This paper addresses the finite-time synchronizing problem for a class of chaotic neural networks. In a real communication network, parameters of the master system may be time-varying and the system may be perturbed by external disturbances. A simple high-gain observer is designed to track all the nonlinearities, unknown system functions, and disturbances. Then, a dynamic active compensatory controller is proposed and by using the singular perturbation theory, the control method can guarantee the finite-time stability of the error system between the master system and the slave system. Finally, two illustrative examples are provided to show the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed scheme.
MYC Synergizes with Activated BRAFV600E in Mouse Lung Tumor Development by Suppressing Senescence
Authors: Tabor Vedrana , Bocci Matteo , Alikhani Nyosha , Kuiper Raoul , Larsson Lars-Gunnar
Published: June 2014

The activated RAS/RAF cascade plays a crucial role in lung cancer, but is also known to induce cellular senescence, a major barrier imposed on tumor cells early in tumorigenesis. MYC is a key factor in suppression of RAS/BRAFV600E-induced senescence in vitro. However, it is still unclear whether MYC has the same role during tumor development in vivo. Using a conditional, compound knock-in model of Cre-activated BRAFV600E and tamoxifen-regulatable MycER, we show that tamoxifen-induced activation of MYC accelerated the onset and increased the number and size of BRAFV600E-driven adenomas in a dose-dependent manner, resulting in reduced survival. Furthermore, MYC activation leads to reduced expression of the senescence markers p16INK4A, p21CIP1, and H3K9me3-containing heterochromatin foci, and an increased percentage of Ki67+ tumor cells. This suggests that MYC already early during tumor formation suppresses a BRAFV600E-induced senescence-like state. Initial activation of MYC followed by tamoxifen withdrawal still resulted in an increased number of tumors and reduced survival. However, these tumors were of smaller size, showed increased expression of p16INK4A and p21CIP1, and reduced number of Ki67+ cells, indicating that MYC inactivation restores BRAFV600E-induced senescence. Surprisingly, MYC activation did not promote adenoma to carcinoma progression. This suggests that senescence suppression by MYC is a discrete step in tumor development important for sustained tumor growth but preceding malignant transformation and that additional oncogenic events are required for carcinoma development and metastasis. These findings contribute to our understanding of the neoplastic transformation process, with implications for future treatment strategies. Cancer Res; 74(16); 4222–9. ©2014 AACR.
In Vivo Regulation of Human Glutathione Transferase GSTP by Chemopreventive Agents
Authors: Henderson Colin J. , McLaren Aileen W. , Wolf C. Roland
Published: June 2014

Relatively little progress has been made in determining the in vivo regulation of glutathione S-transferase P (GSTP), particularly the human enzyme hGSTP1, despite being identified as a significant factor in carcinogenesis and development of drug resistance in tumor cell lines. Here, we report the characterization of a transgenic reporter mouse that reveals how hGSTP1 is regulated in vivo by chemopreventive agents. Basal expression was found in crypts and villi of the small and large intestine, bronchiolar epithelial cells, the epidermis and hair follicles, gall bladder epithelium, choroid plexus, and biliary epithelium. Expression was induced in different tissues by the antioxidant chemopreventive agents ethoxyquin and butylated hydroxyanisole. However, genetic deletion of the Nrf2 transcription factor, which directs central genetic programs of detoxification and protection against oxidative stress, increased rather than attenuated GSTP1 expression. In vitro investigations with mouse embryonic fibroblasts revealed factors, in addition to Nrf2, that control the expression of GSTP1, offering further insights into regulation. The new reporter mouse described here provides a useful tool to gain deeper insights into the mechanisms of action of chemopreventive compounds and other environmental agents. Cancer Res; 74(16); 4378–87. ©2014 AACR.
Of Mice, Rats, and Men: Could Nrf2 Activation Protect against Aflatoxin Heptocarcinogenesis in Humans?
Authors: Eaton David L. , Schaupp Christopher M.
Published: June 2014

In this issue, Johnson and colleagues provide a remarkable demonstration of the potential for “chemoprevention” of cancer from mutagenic chemicals. The authors demonstrated complete protection of rats from a carcinogenic treatment regimen with the potent dietary mutagen and hepatocarcinogen, aflatoxin B1 (AFB) by pretreatment with a synthetic oleanane triterpenoid, 1-[2-cyano-3-,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oyl]imidazole (CDDO-Im). This study is notable for two reasons: (i) Activation of the Nrf2/Keap1/ARE “antioxidant response” pathway by CDDO-Im conferred complete protection against AFB-induced hepatocellular carcinomas in the Fisher F344 rat (a strain frequently used in life-time carcinogenicity bioassays), and (ii) extensive AFB–DNA adduct formation was seen in all animals at early time points, including those treated with CDDO-Im, albeit at lower levels (∼30% of the untreated animals), suggesting a strong divergence in the association between early DNA-damaging events, and tumor formation later in life. The authors suggest that this provides compelling experimental support for the concept of carcinogenic “thresholds” for mutagenic chemicals, because the treatment reduced persistent, mutagenic adducts (AFB–FAPyr adducts) only by 70%, but nearly completely eliminated tumors after approximately 2 years and preneoplastic lesions 6 weeks after the last dose of AFB. Cancer Prev Res; 7(7); 653–7. ©2014 AACR.
Association of Hyponatremia to Diuretic Response and Incidence of Increased Serum Creatinine Levels in Hospitalized Patients with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure
Authors: Ng Tien M.H. , Cao Diana X. , Patel Komal A. , Wong Yee May , Prasad Megha , Lou Mimi , Elkayam Uri
Published: June 2014

Objectives: Although hyponatremia is a prognostic factor in acute heart failure (AHF), its influence on the acute clinical course of heart failure is unknown. Our objective was to evaluate the association of hyponatremia with diuretic response, renal function, and clinical outcomes in AHF. Methods: A retrospective study included 499 hospitalized AHF patients treated with intravenous loop diuretics for ≥48 h. Patients were grouped by nadir sodium concentrations (normonatremic, NN) ≥135 mEq/l, (mild hyponatremia, MHN) 130-134 mEq/l, and (moderate to severe hyponatremia, MSHN) <130 mEq/l. Association to diuretic response and clinical outcome was assessed. Results: The incidence of hyponatremia was 54% (36% MHN, 18% MSHN). Maximum diuretic dose (furosemide equivalents: NN 84 ± 132 mg/day vs. MHN 114 ± 165 mg/day vs. MSHN 249 ± 450 mg/day, p < 0.001) and incidence of diuretic regimen escalation (NN 11% vs. MHN 16% vs. MSHN 44%, p < 0.001) were significantly higher in patients experiencing hyponatremia. Hyponatremia was also associated with a higher incidence of acute increases in serum creatinine (NN 27% vs. MHN 45% vs. MSHN 63%, p < 0.001), greater increases in blood urea nitrogen, longer hospital stay, and higher mortality. Outcome disparities to NN patients were similar whether hyponatremia was acute or present upon admission. Conclusions: Acute or admission hyponatremia, especially <130 mEq/l, in AHF patients is associated with greater diuretic requirements, higher incidence of serum creatinine increases, and a poorer outcome. Alternative treatments warrant evaluation in these patients.
Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Expresses Several nsLTP Isoforms Characterized by Different Immunoglobulin E-Binding Properties
Authors: Bolla Michela , Zenoni Sara , Scheurer Stephan , Vieths Stefan , San Miguel Moncin Maria del Mar , Olivieri Mario , Antico Andrea , Ferrer Marta , Berroa Felicia , Enrique Ernesto , Avesani Linda , Marsano Francesco , Zoccatelli Gianni
Published: June 2014

Background: Pomegranate allergy is associated with sensitization to non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs). Our aim was to identify and characterize the non-specific nsLTPs expressed in pomegranate at the molecular level and to study their allergenic properties in terms of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-binding and cross-reactivity with peach nsLTP (Pru p 3). Methods: A non-equilibrium two-dimensional (2-D) electrophoretic approach based on acid-urea PAGE and sodium dodecyl sulfate PAGE was set up to separate pomegranate nsLTPs. Their immunoreactivity was tested by immunoblotting carried out with anti-Pru p 3 polyclonal antibodies and sera from pomegranate-allergic patients. For final identification, pomegranate nsLTPs were purified by chromatography and subjected to trypsin digestion and mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. For this purpose, the sequences obtained by cDNA cloning of three pomegranate nsLTPs were integrated in the database that was subsequently searched for MS data interpretation. Results: Four nsLTPs were identified by 2-D immunoblotting. The detected proteins showed different IgE-binding capacity and partial cross-reactivity with Pru p 3. cDNA cloning and MS analyses led to the identification of three nsLTP isoforms with 66-68% amino acid sequence identity named Pun g 1.0101, Pun g 1.0201 and Pun g 1.0301. Conclusions: By 2-D electrophoresis, we could separate different nsLTP isoforms possessing different IgE-binding properties, which might reflect peculiar allergenic potencies. The contribution of Pru p 3 to prime sensitization is not central as in other plant nsLTPs.
Wolffian Duct Development
Authors: Shaw Geoffrey , Renfree Marilyn B.
Published: June 2014

The Wolffian ducts (WDs) are the progenitors of the epididymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicles. They form initially as nephric ducts that acquire connection to the developing testis as the mesonephros regresses. The development of the WDs is dependent on androgens. Conventionally, the active androgen is believed to be testosterone delivered locally rather than via the systemic circulation. However, recent studies in marsupials show that 5α-reduced steroids are essential and that these can induce virilisation even when they are delivered via the systemic circulation. The development of the WDs involves an interplay between the duct epithelium and underlying mesenchyme; androgen receptors in both the epithelium and mesenchyme are needed. The epidermal growth factor and epidermal growth factor receptor may play a role, possibly via activation of androgen receptor. The formation of the epididymis involves a complex morphogenetic program to achieve the normal pattern of coiling, formation of septae, and regional functional differentiation. In part, this process may be mediated by inhibin beta A as well as by genes from the HOX cluster. Whilst the development of the WD is androgen dependent, it is clear that there is a complex interplay between androgens, genes and growth factors in the tissues that leads to the formation of the complex anatomy of the male reproductive duct system in the adult.
Reutilização de resíduo sólido industrial, constituído por areias de fundição, na fabricação de tijolos maciços e peças decorativas
Authors: Pablos Javier Mazariegos , Sichieri Eduvaldo Paulo , Izeli Rafaela Lino
Published: June 2014

O presente trabalho é resultado de pesquisa que investigou a viabilidade técnica da reutilização do resíduo sólido gerado pelas areias de fundição aglomeradas com argila, para aplicação no setor da construção civil e em peças decorativas. Para isso, a investigação estabeleceu uma metodologia, a qual avaliou a estabilização do resíduo em matrizes solidificadas de cimento Portland, melhoradas através da adição de sílica ativa e/ou aditivo superplastificante. Duas composições foram utilizadas na fabricação de tijolos maciços e na confecção de peças decorativas. Os resultados obtidos comprovam a viabilidade técnica para aplicação dos tijolos na execução de alvenarias e para a fabricação de peças decorativas, as quais apresentaram excelente valor agregado e potencial de comercialização.
Planos Diretores em Minas Gerais: vinte anos de exigência constitucional
Authors: Stephan Italo Itamar Caixeiro
Published: June 2014

Este texto trata de uma parte da história da elaboração de planos diretores em cidades de pequeno e médio portes demográficos em Minas Gerais, a partir de 1988. Essa história tem dois períodos distintos: os primeiros doze anos, sem a regulamentação do artigo 182 da Constituição Federal e os anos seguintes, marcados pela vigência do Estatuto da Cidade. No primeiro momento, a história conta uma série de fracassos e, no segundo, recriou-se a expectativa de maior sucesso considerando os princípios do Estatuto: a função social da propriedade e a participação popular.
Uma relação especular: anotações sobre a dimensão imaginária da arquitetura
Authors: Leitão Lúcia
Published: June 2014

O objetivo do texto é chamar a atenção para a dimensão especular da relação sujeito-espaço edificado. Trabalha-se com a hipótese de que, a partir de uma experiência essencialmente subjetiva, a arquitetura se oferece como espelho e, ao fazê-lo, desempenha papel essencial na constituição do sujeito. As referências teóricas vêm da arquitetura (Quatremère de Quincy) e da psicanálise (Lacan). Conclui-se o texto argumentando que a dimensão imaginária da arquitetura abre possibilidades de pesquisas tão incipientes quanto fascinantes na teoria da arquitetura.
O Studio de Arte Palma e a fábrica de móveis Pau Brasil: povo, clima, materiais nacionais e o desenho de mobiliário moderno no Brasil
Authors: Sanches Aline Coelho
Published: June 2014

Este estudo investiga o Studio de Arte Palma e a fábrica de Móveis Pau Brasil, empreendimentos do setor de design de mobiliário do final da década de 1940 e início da década de 1950, resultados da associação de três imigrantes italianos: Pietro Maria Bardi, Giancarlo Palanti e Lina Bo Bardi. Pretende compreender as matizes que os temas referentes ao conflito entre cosmopolitismo e localismo tomaram nesta experiência, observando quais os problemas que se colocavam aos seus arquitetos e como estes os enfrentavam diante do desejo de atualização e renovação da produção artística, segundo os preceitos do movimento moderno internacional, em que se buscava assegurar, ao mesmo tempo, uma especificidade local, brasileira.
A experiência da Ação Cultural Hip-Hop sob o Viaduto de Madureira no Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Takaki Emika , Coelho Glauci
Published: June 2014

Buscamos dar visibilidade ao Movimento Hip-Hop como ação cultural capaz de potencializar a revitalização de espaços públicos residuais nas cidades contemporâneas. Trazemos o exemplo do espaço sob o Viaduto de Madureira no Rio de Janeiro, que teve não somente a sua imagem de simples lugar de passagem transformada, como o seu significado, ao se converter em lugar de encontro através das atuações do" Espaço Cultural Rio Hip-Hop Charme" e da" CUFA Madureira". Nossa construção teórica foi baseada em pesquisa em campo e em sites oficiais da CUFA e do Movimento Hip-Hop, além de argumentações teóricas sobre culturas híbridas, ação cultural e espaço público trazidas por diversos autores.
A indústria moderna no cenário clássico
Authors: Correia Telma de Barros
Published: June 2014

O artigo trata da arquitetura industrial erguida no Brasil no período de 1880 a 1950. Aborda a arquitetura de fábricas e de suas construções anexas - casas, hospitais, escolas, etc. -, investigando a ocorrência de elementos da linguagem clássica e a forma vaga, modificada e incompleta como estes elementos são apropriados.
O desenvolvimento urbano de Areia/PB: contribuição aos estudos de morfologia e história urbana no Brasil
Authors: Moreira Fernando Diniz , Moraes Carla Gisele M. Santos Martins
Published: June 2014

Este artigo estuda o processo de formação e crescimento urbano de Areia, Paraíba, entre os séculos XVIII e XX, sob a perspectiva teórica da Morfologia Urbana. Defendemos que o desenvolvimento de Areia, cidade periférica, pequena e pouco mencionada nos estudos urbanos coloniais, se assemelha a outros núcleos surgidos na mesma época pela morfologia do sítio de implantação, pela origem a partir do caminho ou da união de pólos dispersos, ou ainda, pela exclusão econômica da rede interurbana regional. Essas analogias ratificam a importância de inserir Areia no universo de casos semelhantes comumente examinados pelos historiadores da cidade brasileira.
Variações da pressão intracraniana durante manobra de expansão pulmonar em pacientes com trauma cranioencefálico grave, monitorizados em unidade de terapia intensiva
Authors: Ferreira Silvia Aparecida , Israel Vera L. , Aguiar Luiz R.
Published: June 2014

A fisioterapia dispõe de recursos específicos para a reabilitação em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI), assim como nos pacientes com traumatismo cranioencefálico (TCE) grave. Entre essas técnicas, destaca- se a manobra de expansão pulmonar, que é uma técnica cinesioterapêutica, a qual tem função de mobilizar secreção pulmonar, prevenir e tratar atelectasias. Modelo do estudo: O estudo foi classificado como pesquisa de campo (experimental), baseada em avaliação da PIC durante e após a manobra de expansão pulmonar. Objetivo: Verificar a influência da manobra fisioterapêutica de expansão pulmonar nos valores da pressão intracraniana (PIC) em pacientes com TCE grave. Metodologia: A pesquisa foiaprovada pelo Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa da PUCPR, com o parecer 1455. Foi realizada na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) do Hospital Universitário Cajuru, Curitiba-PR. Participaram do estudo 15 pacientes de ambos os sexos, com TCE grave e com faixa etária entre 18 e 50 anos. As variáveis monitorizadas foram a PIC, a pressão arterial média (PAM) e a pressão de perfusão cerebral (PPC). Resultados: Durante a aplicação do protocolo de pesquisa observou-se que a PAM e a PPC mantiveram-se dentro ou próximos da normalidade com mínimas variações, enquanto que a PIC evolui com variação aproximada de 1 mmHg retornando aos valores iniciais. As médias da PIC no 1º dia, 2º dia e 3º dia foram 5,42 (±4,69) mmHg, 6,71 (±6,84) mmHg e 5,60 (±4,33) mmHg, com significância estatística respectivamente p<0,001, p=0,008 e p=0,001. Conclusões: A manobra de expansão pulmonar pode ser realizada em pacientes com TCE grave, estáveis hemodinamicamente e com PIC abaixo de 20 mmHg.
Manejo das complicações agudas da doença falciforme
Authors: Brunetta Denise Menezes , Clé Diego V. , Haes Tissiana M. , Roriz-Filho Jarbas S. , Moriguti Julio C.
Published: June 2014

Anemia falciforme (HbSS) é uma doença autossômica recessiva caracterizada pela herança homozigota da hemoglobina S (HbS). Clinicamente apresenta-se com anemia hemolítica e vaso-oclusão. O termo doença falciforme engloba a anemia falciforme e heterozigozes compostas com hemoglobina S, como S? talassemia e hemoglobinopatia SC, além de outras associações menos comuns. São várias as complicações agudas na doença falciforme: crises vaso-oclusivas, infecções por microorganismos encapsulados, principalmente do trato respiratório e septicemia, síndrome torácica aguda, sequestro esplênico, priapismo, Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC) e crise aplástica. O conhecimento das intercorrências na Doença Falciforme é de extrema importância para todos os níveis de atendimento destes pacientes. A detecção precoce das complicações possibilita tratamento adequado e diminuição da morbimortalidade relacionada a elas.
Delirium
Authors: Lôbo Rômulo Rebouças , Silva Filho Silvio R. B. , Lima Nereida K. C. , Ferriolli Eduardo , Moriguti Julio C.
Published: June 2014

Delirium também conhecido como estado confusional agudo é uma alteração cognitiva definida por início agudo, curso flutuante, distúrbios da consciência, atenção, orientação, memória, pensamento, percepção e comportamento. É condição cada vez mais comum entre pacientes hospitalizados  e acomete, preferencialmente, pacientes idosos e debilitados. Trata-se de emergência médica, já sendo comprovadas maiores taxas de mortalidade, maior tempo de internação e maiores índices de institucionalização quando do episódio de delirium.O mecanismo fisiopatológico ainda não está bem definido, sendo a alteração na neurotransmissão o mecanismo mais provável. A abordagem do paciente deve incluir a identificação de fatores predisponentes e precipitantes, com intervenções adequadas a cada um visando à resolução do quadro. Apresenta-se por alteração do nível de consciência, déficit de atenção e outros distúrbios da cognição, podendo se apresentar na forma hiperativa, hipoativa ou mista. Apesar de já estar bem definido, por diversas vezes passa despercebido aos profissionais de saúde. A principal medida na abordagem de delirium é a prevenção, e são necessárias medidas institucionais e treinamento dos profissionais de saúde. O tratamento não-farmacológico consiste em medidas que evitem os fatores responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento do delirium , sendo a primeira opção na abordagem inicial. O tratamento farmacológico se reserva aos pacientes com agitação importante, com risco de trauma físico, e que não apresentem resposta às medidas não-farmacológicas. Por  sua frequência e importância como fator prognóstico, o delirium deve ser abordado de forma sistematizada, com a elaboração de fluxogramas de atendimento e definição de medidas uniformizadas para cada instituição.   .
Parada cardíaca em crianças
Authors: Matsuno Alessandra Kimie
Published: June 2014

Este texto apresenta uma revisão da epidemiologia, das causas, do diagnóstico e do manejo da paradacardíaca em crianças. Ao contrário do adulto, a parada cardíaca súbita de origem cardíaca é um eventoraro na criança. Geralmente, é causada por insuficiência respiratória e/ou choque. Portanto, o reconhecimento precoce e o tratamento imediato destas condições podem evitar a parada cardíaca e melhoraro desfecho desses pacientes.
Princípios de prescrição médica hospitalar para estudantes de medicina
Authors: Pazin-Filho Antonio , Frezza Gustavo , Matsuno Alessandra Kimie , Alcântara Sírlei Teresinha de , Cassiolato Sonia , Bitar Júlia Pereira Soares , Pereira Marta Martins , Fávero Fernando
Published: June 2014

Prescrição médica intra-hospitalar é uma etapa dentro de um complexo processo de fornecimento de medicamentos, sendo apontada como uma das principais fontes de erros inesperados na evolução do tratamento de pacientes internados. Esse artigo tem como objetivos caracterizar a Prescrição médica como uma etapa do processo de fornecimento de medicação intra-hospitalar, fornecer base conceitual sobre a natureza desse processo, de modo a auxiliar a detecção de erros potenciais, e prover uma estrutura básica sobre a Prescrição, tendo como público-alvo principal o estudante de medicina no ciclo do internato. Não obstante, esse artigo também pode ser interessante para médicos em outras etapas da carreira e para outros profissionais que estejam envolvidos no processo.
Princípios de Prescrição Médica Hospitalar Para Estudantes de Medicina
Authors: Pazin-Filho Antonio , Frezza Gustavo , Matsuno Alessandra Kimie , Alcântara Sírlei Teresinha de , Cassiolato Sonia , Bitar Júlia Pereira Soares , Pereira Marta Martins , Fávero Fernando
Published: June 2014

A Prescrição médica intra-hospitalar é uma etapa dentro de um complexo processo de fornecimento de medicamentos, sendo apontada como uma das principais fontes de erros inesperados na evolução do tratamento de pacientes internados. Esse artigo tem como objetivos caracterizar a Prescrição médica como uma etapa do processo de fornecimento de medicação intra-hospitalar,fornecer base conceitual sobre a natureza desse processo, de modo a auxiliar a detecção de erros potenciais, e prover uma estrutura básica sobre a Prescrição, tendo como público-alvo principal o estudante de medicina no ciclo do internato. Não obstante, esse artigo também pode ser interessante para médicos em outras etapas da carreira e para outros profissionais que estejam envolvidos no processo.