bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of open and robotic-assisted prostatectomy: The University of British Columbia experience
Authors: Gagnon Louis-Olivier , Goldenberg Larry , Lynch Kenny , Hurtado Antonio , Gleave Martin
Published: April 2014

Introduction: We assessed outcomes and costs of open prostatectomy (OP) versus robotic-assisted prostatectomy (RAP) at a single tertiary care university hospital.Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 200 consecutive OP by 1 experienced open surgeon (MG) and 200 consecutive RAP by an experienced open surgeon (SLG), after allowing for a short learning curve of 70 cases.Results: The 2 groups had similar demographics, including mean age (64.7 vs. 64.2) and mean body mass index (27.2 vs. 27.2). The OP group had a higher proportion of higher risk cancers compared to the RAP group (32.5% vs. 8.5%). Mean skin-to-skin operative room time was less for the OP (114.2 vs. 234.1 minutes). Transfusion rates were similar at 1.5% with OP compared to 3.5% with RAP. The mean length of stay was 1.78 days for OP compared to 1.76 days for RAP, for the last 100 patients in each group. The OP group had more high-grade disease in the prostatectomy specimen, with Gleason ≥8 in 23.5% compared to 3.5% in the RAP group. Positive surgical margin rates were comparable at 31% for OP and 24.6% for RAP, and remained similar after stratification for pT2 and pT3 disease. The grade I and II perioperative complication rate (Clavien-Dindo classification) was lower in the OP group (8.5% vs. 20%). Postoperative stress urinary incontinence rates (4.8% for OP and 4.6% for RAP) and biochemical-free status (91.8% for OP and 96% for RAP) did not differ at 12 months post-surgery. The additional cost of RAP was calculated as $5629 per case. The main limitations of this study are its retrospective nature and lack of validated questionnaires for evaluation of postoperative functional outcomes.Conclusion: While hospital length of stay, transfusion rates, positive surgical margin rates and postoperative urinary incontinence were similar, OP had a shorter operative time and a lower cost compared to the very early experience of RAP. Future parallel prospective analysis will address the impact of the learning curve on these outcomes.
Molecular Cloning and Characterization of a Bombyx mori Gene Encoding the Transcription Factor Atonal
Authors: Hu Ping , Xia Hengchuan , Chen Liang , Yao Qin , Chen Keping
Published: April 2014

The atonal genes are an evolutionarily conserved group of genes encoding regulatory basic helixloop- helix (bHLH) transcription factors. These transcription factors have a critical antioncogenic function in the retina, and are necessary for cell fate determination through the regulation of the cell signal pathway. In this study, the atonal gene was cloned from Bombyx mori, and the transcription factor was named BmAtonal. Sequence analysis showed that the BmAtonal protein shares extensive homology with other invertebrate Atonal proteins with the bHLH motif. Reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot analyses revealed that BmAtonal was expressed in all developmental stages of B. mori and various larval tissues. The BmAtonal protein was expressed in Escherichia coli, and polyclonal antibodies were raised against the purified protein. By immunofluorescence, the BmAtonal protein was localized to both the nucleus and cytoplasm of BmN cells. After knocking out nuclear localization signals (NLS), the BmAtonal protein was only detected in the cytoplasm. In addition, using the B. mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV) baculovirus expression system, the recombinant BmAtonal protein was successfully expressed in the B. mori cell line BmN. This work lays the foundation for exploring the biological functions of the BmAtonal protein, such as identifying its potential binding partners and understanding the molecular control of the formation of sensory organs.
Aqueous Garlic Extract Alleviates Liver Fibrosis and Renal Dysfunction in Bile-Duct-Ligated Rats
Authors: Mahmoud Mona F. , Zakaria Sara , Fahmy Ahmed
Published: April 2014

There is accumulating evidence that the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is involved in hepatic inflammation and fibrogenesis. Garlic was found to lower the activity of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in the serum of rats in a diabetic model. We examined the effect of an aqueous garlic extract (AGE) on the ACE activity, cholestasis-induced liver fibrosis, and associated renal dysfunction in comparison with the effect of the standard drug enalapril. Both AGE and enalapril were administered orally for six weeks starting from the third day after bile duct ligation (BDL). BDL significantly increased the serum activities of liver enzymes, serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, an indicator of liver cell death, serum total bilirubin (TB) level, liver myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and liver malondialdehyde (MDA) content. BDL was associated with elevation of serum urea and creatinine levels indicating renal dysfunction. BDL also caused an increase in the transcript levels of the genes coding for tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-b1), and matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13), a collagenase, in liver tissues. A significant decrease in hepatic reduced glutathione (GSH) was observed in BDL rats, while serum ACE activity was increased. Both AGE and enalapril counteracted all these deleterious changes, with the exception that only AGE reduced the MPO activity. These findings suggest that AGE possesses hepato- and renoprotective properties, similar to enalapril, probably by modulating the levels of proteins such as TNF-α, TGF-β1 and MMP-13, and involving a reduction of ACE and of oxidative stress.
Consumidora Consciente?! Paradoxos do Discurso do Consumo Sustentável de Moda
Authors: Cordeiro Adriana Tenório , Batista Marcela De Moraes , Silva Mayara Andresa Pires da , Pereira Girlaynne Danusia Farias
Published: April 2014

medida que a questo ambiental se destaca nas agendas de discusso, bem como no repertrio mercadolgico, amplia-se a abrangncia de questes relacionadas necessidade no apenas de processos produtivos sustentveis, mas tambm de um consumo consciente, responsvel ou sustentvel no segmento de moda. A responsabilizao individual do consumidor de moda, quanto a problemas socioambientais objeto de reflexo neste artigo. A partir de uma pesquisa exploratria qualitativa, no Plo de Confeces do Agreste pernambucano, analisamos como problemticas socioculturais e ambientais so (re)descritas segundo uma (suposta) prtica consciente no consumo de moda. Para construo do corpus, consideramos a perspectiva de indivduos em relao significativa com a prtica sob investigao (o consumo de moda), tendo sido realizadas dez entrevistas em profundidade com jovens consumidoras locais de moda. Dados suplementares foram coletados, e incluram fontes diversas, agrupadas e categorizadas aps o trabalho de campo: artigos e conferncias que versam sobre o consumo de moda (foco em vesturio); e matrias e notcias de jornais, revistas e internet que versavam sobre o consumo de moda no Agreste pernambucano, totalizando 70 artigos/matrias. Neste segmento, foi possvel problematizar a relao entre inveja e felicidade como marcador importante, e a moda que funciona como parte dos recursos empregados pelo sujeito para construo identitria e reproduo cultural. Observam-se paradoxos de um consumo ecologicamente correto de moda, desmitificando-se a idia de que o consumo consciente de moda simplesmente uma questo de escolha.DOI: 10.5585/remark.v12i3.2413
Revision of Leucothoe (Amphipoda, Crustacea) from the Southern Ocean: a cosmopolitanism concept is vanishing
Authors: Krapp-Schickel Traudl , De Broyer Claude
Published: April 2014

Among the 125 currently recognized species of the panoceanic genus Leucothoe, L. antarctica was described in 1888 from the Antarctic seas, but was soon synonymized with the so-called cosmopolitan Leucothoe spinicarpa Abildgaard, which was cited from the Southern Ocean about 70 times since this first record. After erecting a new Antarctic species again only in 1983, “morphological variants” were observed and discussed. In this paper, we revalidate the first defined Antarctic species (Leucothoe antarctica), redescribe the second one (L. orkneyi), describe 5 new Southern Ocean species (L. campbelli sp. nov., L. longimembris sp. nov., L. macquariae sp. nov., L. merletta sp. nov. and L. weddellensis sp. nov.) and provide a key to all Antarctic and sub-Antarctic species.
A percepção das mães sobre a volição de crianças com paralisia cerebral para o engajamento em ocupações do cotidiano infantil
Authors: Oliveira Alyne Kalyane Câmara de , Emmel Maria Luísa Guillaumon
Published: April 2014

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1984686X9325 Volição, como a vontade em se envolver/realizar atividades cotidianas, é considerada pré-requisito do fazer humano. Nas crianças com necessidades especiais, como as com paralisia cerebral (PC) que experimentam déficits no controle sensório-motor e músculo-esquelético, a volição pode atuar como característica influente para o seu engajamento em ocupações. A família é uma importante mediadora no processo volicional infantil, contudo, faltam investigações sobre sua influência na volição de crianças com necessidades especiais. Objetivou-se identificar como as mães percebem e lidam com a volição da criança com PC para realizarem atividades do cotidiano nas áreas escolar, brincar e autocuidado. Participaram 6 mães de crianças com PC, entre 6 e 9 anos, níveis I e IV do GMFCS, em uma unidade saúde-escola do interior Paulista, as quais responderam uma entrevista semiestruturada, baseada no The Volitional Questionary. A partir da análise de conteúdo, emergiram 3 eixos temáticos: a) percepção das mães sobre a volição das crianças;  b) percepção das mães sobre o seu papel no processo volicional das crianças e c) estratégias utilizadas pelas mães para incentivar as crianças a desenvolverem a volição. Resultados mostraram que as mães percebem a relação volição da criança versus envolvimento nas atividades e a importância delas na volição infantil para atividades que julgam relevantes, principalmente as escolares formais e do autocuidado, com menor consideração para as do brincar. Essas mães buscam implementar formas de incentivo, mas revelaram conhecimento limitado sobre estratégias de estimulação da volição, mostrando a necessidade de investimentos de educação em saúde para a orientação desses familiares.
Entre les mineurs, les grands propriétaires terriens et l’État
Authors: Carreño Guillermo Salas , Boudreault Pascale
Published: April 2014

Les ontologies quechuas présupposent que les lieux constituant le paysage sont des êtres dotés de personnalité, d’intentionnalité et d’agencéité. Ces lieux, les montagnes tout particulièrement, sont donc des membres actifs et puissants au sein de la société. Construit dans cette perspective quechua, cet article replace dans un cadre historique les modalités changeantes de participation des montagnes dans les relations de pouvoir à Cuzco (Pérou). D’abord, il se penche sur les oppositions, les réactions ou les allégeances des montagnes dans leurs rapports avec les compagnies minières et les communautés locales, et ce, dans le contexte du récent boom minier associé aux réformes néolibérales des années 1990 et au prix élevé des métaux. Par la suite, à l’aide de travaux ethnographiques produits dans ces régions depuis les années 1930, l’article esquisse les différents types de relations entre les montagnes et les institutions étatiques, les grands propriétaires terriens et les communautés quechuas durant une bonne partie duxxesiècle, la réforme agraire de 1969 ayant constitué un point tournant.
Plans de vie et gestion du monde
Authors: Cayón Luis , Cliche Paul
Published: April 2014

Dans le contexte des réformes survenues en Colombie après l’adoption de la Constitution de 1991, spécialement en ce qui concerne la formulation des Plans de vie, cet article décrit et analyse l’usage cosmopolitique que l’Association des capitaines autochtones du fleuve Pirá-paraná (ACAIPI – Asociación de Capitanes Indígenas del río Pirá-paraná) de l’Amazonie colombienne a donné à son concept de « calendrier écologique ». Ce concept local, utilisé pour revendiquer et négocier le mode de vie de ces autochtones face aux acteurs de l’État, prend un sens différent dans les liens politiques avec les organisations autochtones brésiliennes, et ce, dans le but d’une rétroaction sur des expériences distinctes et une recherche de points communs pour consolider la gestion autonome de leurs territoires.
Interventions de l’État
Authors: Faleiro Rodrigo Paranhos , Fiuza Alice
Published: April 2014

Cet article traite du parcours des politiques environnementalistes concernant les traditions tutélaires de l’indigénisme au Brésil, d’une perspective « interne » acquise par l’auteur au cours de son travail au sein du gouvernement dans le domaine de l’environnement et de l’indigénisme. Il prend comme point de départ les pratiques de subordination séculaires de la représentation politique indigène dans les sphères étatiques pour développer différents degrés d’analyse. Le résultat est une lecture historique de l’indigénisme tutélaire et de l’environnementalisme conservationniste pratiqués au Brésil, en passant par la création de l’État-nation, la domination des peuples et des terres, la disciplinarisation du milieu rural indigène et environnemental, ainsi que par l’internationalisation des programmes environnementaux : des étapes qui représentent tant l’arrièreplan que la structure du dialogue interethnique actuel.
Nuclear receptor LRH-1/NR5A2 is required and targetable for liver endoplasmic reticulum stress resolution
Authors: Mamrosh Jennifer L , Lee Jae Man , Wagner Martin , Stambrook Peter J , Whitby Richard J , Sifers Richard N , Wu San-Pin , Tsai Ming-Jer , DeMayo Francesco J , Moore David D
Published: April 2014

Chronic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress results in toxicity that contributes to multiple human disorders. We report a stress resolution pathway initiated by the nuclear receptor LRH-1 that is independent of known unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways. Like mice lacking primary UPR components, hepatic Lrh-1-null mice cannot resolve ER stress, despite a functional UPR. In response to ER stress, LRH-1 induces expression of the kinase Plk3, which phosphorylates and activates the transcription factor ATF2. Plk3-null mice also cannot resolve ER stress, and restoring Plk3 expression in Lrh-1-null cells rescues ER stress resolution. Reduced or heightened ATF2 activity also sensitizes or desensitizes cells to ER stress, respectively. LRH-1 agonist treatment increases ER stress resistance and decreases cell death. We conclude that LRH-1 initiates a novel pathway of ER stress resolution that is independent of the UPR, yet equivalently required. Targeting LRH-1 may be beneficial in human disorders associated with chronic ER stress.
Selective amputation of the pharynx identifies a FoxA-dependent regeneration program in planaria
Authors: Adler Carolyn E , Seidel Chris W , McKinney Sean A , Sánchez Alvarado Alejandro
Published: April 2014

Planarian flatworms regenerate every organ after amputation. Adult pluripotent stem cells drive this ability, but how injury activates and directs stem cells into the appropriate lineages is unclear. Here we describe a single-organ regeneration assay in which ejection of the planarian pharynx is selectively induced by brief exposure of animals to sodium azide. To identify genes required for pharynx regeneration, we performed an RNAi screen of 356 genes upregulated after amputation, using successful feeding as a proxy for regeneration. We found that knockdown of 20 genes caused a wide range of regeneration phenotypes and that RNAi of the forkhead transcription factor FoxA, which is expressed in a subpopulation of stem cells, specifically inhibited regrowth of the pharynx. Selective amputation of the pharynx therefore permits the identification of genes required for organ-specific regeneration and suggests an ancient function for FoxA-dependent transcriptional programs in driving regeneration.
Genes for regeneration
Authors: Rossant Janet
Published: April 2014

FoxA, an evolutionarily conserved gene involved in the development of the digestive system in many animals, has an important role in regeneration in flatworms.
Alfvén waves as a possible source of long‐duration, large‐amplitude, and geoeffective southward IMF
Authors: Zhang X.‐Y. , Moldwin M. B. , Steinberg J. T. , Skoug R. M.
Published: April 2014

The southward component (Bs) of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) is a strong driver of geomagnetic activity. Well‐defined solar wind structures such as magnetic clouds and corotating interaction regions are the main sources of long‐duration, large‐amplitude IMF Bs. Here we analyze IMF Bsevents (t> 1 h, Bz<−5nT) unrelated with any well‐defined solar wind structure at 1 AU using ACE spacecraft observations from 1998 to 2004. We find that about one third of these Bs events show Alfvénic wave features; therefore, those Alfvén waves in the solar wind are also an important source of long‐duration, large‐amplitude IMF southward component. We find that more than half of the Alfvén wave (AW)‐related Bs events occur in slow solar wind (Vsw < 400 km/s). One third of the AW‐type Bsevents triggered geomagnetic storms, and half triggered substorms.
Developing a consistent process‐based conceptualization of catchment functioning using measurements of internal state variables
Authors: Birkel Christian , Soulsby Chris , Tetzlaff Dörthe
Published: April 2014

We use isotope data in addition to discharge and groundwater level data to conceptualize the internal processes of runoff generation and tracer transport in a low parameter coupled flow‐tracer model that could predict the runoff response and isotopic composition of an upland stream. We used sensitivity analysis to assess the effect of these data on model calibration in terms of parameter identifiability and the model's ability to predict the stream's runoff response, isotopic composition and water age. The results showed that the incorporation of tracer data in particular, clearly increased parameter identifiability and improved the predictive power of models for simulating both streamflow and isotopes. This also resulted in a more consistent process‐based conceptualization of catchment functioning. We could also show that using models as learning tools can guide sampling campaigns toward measurements with increased information content for further modeling. We conclude that this is a promising approach for assessing dominant processes in coupled flow‐tracer models. This is of value when such models are being used to test hypotheses about the hydrological functioning of catchments, particularly in relation to pollutant transfers.
Linking climate projections to performance: A yield‐based decision scaling assessment of a large urban water resources system
Authors: Turner Sean W. D. , Marlow David , Ekström Marie , Rhodes Bruce G. , Kularathna Udaya , Jeffrey Paul J.
Published: April 2014

Despite a decade of research into climate change impacts on water resources, the scientific community has delivered relatively few practical methodological developments for integrating uncertainty into water resources system design. This paper presents an application of the “decision scaling” methodology for assessing climate change impacts on water resources system performance and asks how such an approach might inform planning decisions. The decision scaling method reverses the conventional ethos of climate impact assessment by first establishing the climate conditions that would compel planners to intervene. Climate model projections are introduced at the end of the process to characterize climate risk in such a way that avoids the process of propagating those projections through hydrological models. Here we simulated 1000 multisite synthetic monthly streamflow traces in a model of the Melbourne bulk supply system to test the sensitivity of system performance to variations in streamflow statistics. An empirical relation was derived to convert decision‐critical flow statistics to climatic units, against which 138 alternative climate projections were plotted and compared. We defined the decision threshold in terms of a system yield metric constrained by multiple performance criteria. Our approach allows for fast and simple incorporation of demand forecast uncertainty and demonstrates the reach of the decision scaling method through successful execution in a large and complex water resources system. Scope for wider application in urban water resources planning is discussed.
Effective Communication in Legal and Public Policy Hearings
Authors: Hilbert Jim , Sonsteng John , Thorstad Linda
Published: April 2014

Scientists play a special role in legal debates and public policy decisions. The challenge for scientists who serve as expert witnesses is to communicate effectively in various legal forums, including litigation and legislative hearings. Expert witnesses must not advocate for one side or the other but must be able to convey the meaning as well as the quality and accuracy of their work.
The Cryosphere in a Changing Climate
Authors: Pope Allen , Baeseman Jenny
Published: April 2014

The World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) Joint Science Committee has announced a series of “Grand Challenges,” calls to scientists to focus their research on areas that are important in understanding the climate system. One such area is the cryosphere in a changing climate. A 2012 draft white paper on this topic (http://www.climate‐cryosphere.org/media‐gallery/618‐gc‐cryo) served as the basis for a WCRP workshop held in mid‐October 2013 in Tromsø, Norway. The workshop centered on four themes: predictions and projections of polar climate; cryosphere model biases and shortcomings; ice sheet models, dynamics, and sea level rise; and permafrost and carbon for Earth system models.
Vigorous vent lightning observed during Eyjafjallajökull eruption
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: April 2014

Volcanoes do more than spew rock and magma—they also produce electrical discharges. Various mechanisms, including high‐energy silicate fracturing and boiling of water upon contact with magma, can produce electrical sparks near the vent of a volcano, whereas classic thunderstorm‐like mixing in volcanic plumes can induce lightning kilometers above.
Madden‐Julian Oscillation modeled using new cloud parameterization
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: April 2014

Centered on the tropical Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean, the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) is a major atmospheric system that has a strong effect on global weather systems, affecting everything from the rains in Australia to the temperature in the eastern United States. The Madden‐Julian Oscillation is variable, its activity ebbing and flowing on intraseasonal time scales. The MJO presents as a series of events that include eastward propagating systems of elevated wind and precipitation that push out from the Indian Ocean.
Loss of Arctic sea ice tied to natural climate variability
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: April 2014

The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) is a semiperiodic 60‐ to 90‐year natural cycle in sea surface temperatures of the North Atlantic—consisting of warm and cold periods—with a pronounced influence on climate in the region. Observational evidence and paleoclimate data show that AMO has occurred semiregularly for centuries, even millennia. Recent studies suggest that the unprecedented loss of Arctic sea ice seen in recent years is tied to the warm phase of this natural fluctuation of sea surface temperatures that began in the 1990s.
Large volume submarine ignimbrites in the Shikoku Basin: An example for explosive volcanism in the Western Pacific during the Late Miocene
Authors: Kutterolf Steffen , Schindlbeck Julie C. , Scudder Rachel P. , Murray Richard W. , Pickering Kevin T. , Freundt Armin , Labanieh Shasa , Heydolph Ken , Saito Sanny , Naruse Hajime , Underwood Michael B. , Wu Huaichun
Published: April 2014

During IODP Expedition 322, an interval of Late Miocene (7.6 to ∼9.1 Ma) tuffaceous and volcaniclastic sandstones was discovered in the Shikoku Basin (Site C0011B), Nankai region. This interval consists of bioturbated silty claystone including four 1–7 m thick interbeds of tuffaceous sandstones (TST) containing 57–82% (by volume) pyroclasts. We use major and trace element glass compositions, as well as radiogenic isotope compositions, to show that the tuffaceous sandstones beds derived from single eruptive events, and that the majority (TST 1, 2, 3a) came from different eruptions from a similar source region, which we have identified to be the Japanese mainland, 350 km away. In particular, diagnostic trace element ratios (e.g., Th/La, Sm/La, Rb/Hf, Th/Nb, and U/Th) and isotopic data indicate a marked contribution from a mantle source beneath continental crust, which is most consistent with a Japanese mainland source and likely excludes the Izu‐Bonin island arc and back arc as a source region for the younger TST beds. Nevertheless, some of the chemical data measured on the oldest sandstone bed (TST 3b, Unit IIb) show affinity to or can clearly be attributed to an Izu‐Bonin composition. While we cannot completely exclude the possibility that all TST beds derived from unknown and exotic Izu‐Bonin source(s), the collected lines of evidence are most consistent with an origin from the paleo‐Honshu arc for TST 1 through 3a. We therefore suggest the former collision zone between the Izu‐Bonin arc and Honshu paleo‐arc as the most likely region where the eruptive products entered the ocean, also concurrent with nearby (∼200 km) possible Miocene source areas for the tuffaceous sandstones at the paleo‐NE‐Honshu arc. Estimating the distribution area of the tuffaceous sandstones in the Miocene between this source region and the ∼350 km distant Expedition 322, using bathymetric constraints, we calculate that the sandstone beds represent minimum erupted magma volumes between ∼1 and 17 km3 (Dense Rock Equivalent (DRE)). We conclude that several large volume eruptions occurred during the Late Miocene time next to the collision zone of paleo‐Honshu and Izu‐Bonin arc and covered the entire Philippine Sea plate with meter thick, sheet‐like pyroclastic deposits that are now subducted in the Nankai subduction zone.
Soil as a natural rain gauge: Estimating global rainfall from satellite soil moisture data
Authors: Brocca Luca , Ciabatta Luca , Massari Christian , Moramarco Tommaso , Hahn Sebastian , Hasenauer Stefan , Kidd Richard , Dorigo Wouter , Wagner Wolfgang , Levizzani Vincenzo
Published: April 2014

Measuring precipitation intensity is not straightforward; and over many areas, ground observations are lacking and satellite observations are used to fill this gap. The most common way of retrieving rainfall is by addressing the problem “top‐down” by inverting the atmospheric signals reflected or radiated by atmospheric hydrometeors. However, most applications are interested in how much water reaches the ground, a problem that is notoriously difficult to solve from a top‐down perspective. In this study, a novel “bottom‐up” approach is proposed that, by doing “hydrology backward,” uses variations in soil moisture (SM) sensed by microwave satellite sensors to infer preceding rainfall amounts. In other words, the soil is used as a natural rain gauge. Three different satellite SM data sets from the Advanced SCATterometer (ASCAT), the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR‐E), and the Microwave Imaging Radiometer with Aperture Synthesis are used to obtain three new daily global rainfall products. The “First Guess Daily” product of the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) is employed as main benchmark in the validation period 2010–2011 for determining the continuous and categorical performance of the SM‐derived rainfall products by considering the 5 day accumulated values. The real‐time version of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis product, i.e., the TRMM‐3B42RT, is adopted as a state‐of‐the‐art satellite rainfall product. The SM‐derived rainfall products show good Pearson correlation values (R) with the GPCC data set, mainly in areas where SM retrievals are found to be accurate. The global median R values (in the latitude band ±50°) are equal to 0.54, 0.28, and 0.31 for ASCAT‐, AMSR‐E‐, and SMOS‐derived products, respectively. For comparison, the median R for the TRMM‐3B42RT product is equal to 0.53. Interestingly, the SM‐derived products are found to outperform TRMM‐3B42RT in terms of average global root‐mean‐square error statistics and in terms of detection of rainfall events. The regions for which the SM‐derived products perform very well are Australia, Spain, South and North Africa, India, China, the Eastern part of South America, and the central part of the United States. The SM‐derived products are found to estimate accurately the rainfall accumulated over a 5 day period, an aspect particularly important for their use for hydrological applications, and that address the difficulties of estimating light rainfall from TRMM‐3B42RT.
Characterization and Modeling of Failure Initiation in Bainite‐Aided DP Steel
Authors: Ramazani Ali , Chang Yuling , Prahl Ulrich
Published: April 2014

This research work aims to characterize and model the failure initiation in bainite‐aided dual‐phase (DP) steel. Combined electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) measurements were applied to quantify the constituents (ferrite, martensite, and bainite) in the microstructure. Mini tensile test with digital image correlation (DIC) analysis was carried out and linked to local scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis to identify macroscopic failure initiation strain values. SEM measurements showed that the crack initiation occurs in martensite islands. A microstructure‐based approach by means of representative volume elements (RVE) modeling combined with extended finite element method (XFEM) was utilized to model martensite cracking on mesoscale. The identified parameters were validated by comparing the predictions with the experimental results.
An Efficient Palladium N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyst Allowing the Suzuki–Miyaura Cross‐Coupling of Aryl Chlorides and Arylboronic Acids at Room Temperature in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Rajabi Fatemeh , Thiel Werner R.
Published: April 2014

The application of a highly active Pd‐NHC catalyst for the Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling of a broad variety of electronically activated and deactivated aryl chlorides with different arylboronic acids in excellent yields is described. This catalyst can be handled under aerobic conditions, is active with low catalyst loadings at room temperature and in an aqueous reaction medium and allows the application of cheap potassium carbonate as the base.

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One‐Pot Tandem Palladium‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Cross‐Coupling and CH Activation Route to Thienoisoquinolines
Authors: Chen Fei , Wong Nicholas W. Y. , Forgione Pat
Published: April 2014

Two experimental approaches to the synthesis of a scarcely reported biologically active thienoisoquinoline system are demonstrated. A 5‐step linear synthesis employing a palladium‐catalyzed decarboxylative cross‐coupling and functionalization sequence allowed for the preparation of a diverse range of substituted thienoisoquinoline systems. Alternatively the palladium‐catalyzed decarboxylative cross‐coupling and CH activation steps can be telescoped to produce a one‐pot reaction sequence that provides efficient access to aryl‐substituted thienoisoquinolines.

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An Efficient Rhodium/Oxygen Catalytic System for Oxidative Heck Reaction of Indoles and Alkenes via CH Functionalization
Authors: Yang Lei , Zhang Guoying , Huang Hanmin
Published: April 2014

A rhodium(III)‐catalyzed direct selective C‐2 alkenylation reaction of indoles with alkenes has been developed with molecular oxygen as the sole oxidant. The rhodium/oxygen catalytic system is applicable to a broad range of indoles and alkenes, which provides a novel access to various C‐2 alkenylated indoles and pyrroles.

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Total Synthesis of Capsaicin Analogues from Lignin‐Derived Compounds by Combined Heterogeneous Metal, Organocatalytic and Enzymatic Cascades in One Pot
Authors: Anderson Mattias , Afewerki Samson , Berglund Per , Córdova Armando
Published: April 2014

The total synthesis of capsaicin analogues was performed in one pot, starting from compounds that can be derived from lignin. Heterogeneous palladium nanoparticles were used to oxidise alcohols to aldehydes, which were further converted to amines by an enzyme cascade system, including an amine transaminase. It was shown that the palladium catalyst and the enzyme cascade system could be successfully combined in the same pot for conversion of alcohols to amines without any purification of intermediates. The intermediate vanillylamine, prepared with the enzyme cascade system, could be further converted to capsaicin analogues without any purification using either fatty acids and a lipase, or Schotten–Baumann conditions, in the same pot. An aldol compound (a simple lignin model) could also be used as starting material for the synthesis of capsaicin analogues. Using L‐alanine as organocatalyst, vanillin could be obtained by a retro‐aldol reaction. This could be combined with the enzyme cascade system to convert the aldol compound to vanillylamine in a one‐step one‐pot reaction.

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Palladium Nanoparticle‐Catalyzed Direct Ethynylation of Aliphatic Carboxylic Acid Derivatives via C(sp3)H Bond Functionalization
Authors: Al‐Amin Mohammad , Arisawa Mitsuhiro , Shuto Satoshi , Ano Yusuke , Tobisu Mamoru , Chatani Naoto
Published: April 2014

We have developed a sulfur‐modified, gold‐supported palladium material (SAuPd) with palladium, Pd, nanoparticles on its surface; it is a recyclable, low‐leaching Pd catalyst. Here we report, using SAuPd, the first example of Pd nanoparticle‐catalyzed, unactivated C(sp3)H bond functionalization of amides, using 8‐aminoquinoline as a directing group, to yield ethynylated products. The low leaching properties of SAuPd enabled it to be recycled and reused 10 times for C(sp3)H bond functionalization.

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Chiral Octahedral Complexes of Cobalt(III) as “Organic Catalysts in Disguise” for the Asymmetric Addition of a Glycine Schiff Base Ester to Activated Olefins
Authors: Maleev Victor I. , North Michael , Larionov Vladimir A. , Fedyanin Ivan V. , Savel'yeva Tatyana F. , Moscalenko Margarita A. , Smolyakov Alexander F. , Belokon Yuri N.
Published: April 2014

Stereochemically inert and positively charged chiral complexes of cobalt(III) prepared from Schiff bases derived from chiral diamines and salicylaldehydes were shown to be efficient catalysts of the benchmark asymmetric phase‐transfer Michael addition of nine activated olefins to O’Donnell’s substrate. The reaction products had enantiomeric purities of up to 96%. DFT calculations were invoked to rationalize the stereochemistry of the addition.

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Asymmetric Synthesis of Spiropyrazolones through Phosphine‐Catalyzed [4+1] Annulation
Authors: Han Xiaoyu , Yao Weijun , Wang Tianli , Tan Yong Ren , Yan Ziyu , Kwiatkowski Jacek , Lu Yixin
Published: April 2014

An enantioselective synthesis of spiropyrazolones from allenoate‐derived MBH acetates and pyrazolones through a phosphine‐mediated [4+1] annulation process has been developed. Spiropyrazolones were readily prepared in good chemical yields and good to high enantioselectivities. This is the first asymmetric example in which α‐substituted allenoates were utilized as a C4 synthon for phosphine‐catalyzed [4+1] annulation.
Fluoreszente Mimetika von CMP‐Neu5Ac sind hochaffine, zellgängige Polarisationssonden eukaryotischer und bakterieller Sialyltransferasen und inhibieren die zelluläre Sialylierung
Authors: Preidl Johannes J. , Gnanapragassam Vinayaga S. , Lisurek Michael , Saupe Jörn , Horstkorte Rüdiger , Rademann Jörg
Published: April 2014

Oligosaccharide der Glycolipide und Glycoproteine auf der äußeren Membran humaner Zellen tragen terminale Neuraminsäuren, die für die Zell‐Zell‐Erkennung und die Adhäsion von Zellen, Bakterien und Viruspartikeln verantwortlich sind. Die Synthese der Neuraminsäure‐tragenden Glycoside wird von intrazellulären Sialyltransferasen vollzogen. Daher könnte die chemische Manipulation der zellulären Sialylierung ein Weg zur Hemmung der Krebsentwicklung sowie von Entzündungen und Infektionen sein. Hier wird die Entwicklung und Anwendung der ersten nanomolaren fluoreszenten Inhibitoren von Sialyltransferasen beschrieben. Die erhaltenen Mimetika von Kohlenhydratnukleotiden erwiesen sich als Liganden der vier kommerziell erhältlichen und in Fluoreszenzpolarisations‐Assays getesteten eukaryotischen wie bakteriellen Sialyltransferasen. Darüber hinaus wurde beobachtet, dass die anionischen Mimetika schnell und effizient in Vesikeln in Zellen eindrangen und zu den kernnahen Organellen von CHO‐Zellen wanderten. Die neuen Verbindungen inhibieren die zelluläre Sialylierung in zwei Zelllinien und eröffnen neue Perspektiven zur Untersuchung zellulärer Sialylierung.
Asymmetrische Katalyse im Nanomaßstab: die organokatalytische Synthese von Helicenen
Authors: Kötzner Lisa , Webber Matthew J. , Martínez Alberto , De Fusco Claudia , List Benjamin
Published: April 2014

Es wird über die erste asymmetrische organokatalytische Synthese von Helicenen berichtet. Eine neue SPINOL‐abgeleitete Phosphorsäure mit ausgedehnten π‐Substituenten katalysiert die asymmetrische Synthese von Helicenen über eine enantioselektive Fischer‐Indolisierung. Eine Vielzahl von Azahelicenen und Diazahelicenen konnte auf diese Weise mit guten bis sehr guten Ausbeuten und Enantioselektivitäten erhalten werden.
Three‐Dimensional Ordered Assembly of Thin‐Shell Au/TiO2 Hollow Nanospheres for Enhanced Visible‐Light‐Driven Photocatalysis
Authors: Dinh Cao‐Thang , Yen Hoang , Kleitz Freddy , Do Trong‐On
Published: April 2014

An Au/TiO2 nanostructure was constructed to obtain a highly efficient visible‐light‐driven photocatalyst. The design was based on a three‐dimensional ordered assembly of thin‐shell Au/TiO2 hollow nanospheres (Au/TiO2‐3 DHNSs). The designed photocatalysts exhibit not only a very high surface area but also photonic behavior and multiple light scattering, which significantly enhances visible‐light absorption. Thus Au/TiO2‐3 DHNSs exhibit a visible‐light‐driven photocatalytic activity that is several times higher than conventional Au/TiO2 nanopowders.
Live‐Cell Quantitative Imaging of Proteome Degradation by Stimulated Raman Scattering
Authors: Shen Yihui , Xu Fang , Wei Lu , Hu Fanghao , Min Wei
Published: April 2014

Protein degradation is a regulatory process essential to cell viability and its dysfunction is implicated in many diseases, such as aging and neurodegeneration. In this report, stimulated Raman scattering microscopy coupled with metabolic labeling with 13C‐phenylalanine is used to visualize protein degradation in living cells with subcellular resolution. We choose the ring breathing modes of endogenous 12C‐phenylalanine and incorporated 13C‐phenylalanine as protein markers for the original and nascent proteomes, respectively, and the decay of the former wasquantified through 12C/(12C+13C) ratio maps. We demonstrate time‐dependent imaging of proteomic degradation in mammalian cells under steady‐state conditions and various perturbations, including oxidative stress, cell differentiation, and huntingtin protein aggregation.
Asymmetric Catalysis on the Nanoscale: The Organocatalytic Approach to Helicenes
Authors: Kötzner Lisa , Webber Matthew J. , Martínez Alberto , De Fusco Claudia , List Benjamin
Published: April 2014

The first asymmetric organocatalytic synthesis of helicenes is reported. A novel SPINOL‐derived phosphoric acid, bearing extended π‐substituents, catalyzes the asymmetric synthesis of helicenes through an enantioselective Fischer indole reaction. A variety of azahelicenes and diazahelicenes could be obtained with good to excellent yields and enantioselectivities.
Large Zero‐Field Splittings of the Ground Spin State Arising from Antisymmetric Exchange Effects in Heterometallic Triangles
Authors: Magee Samantha A. , Sproules Stephen , Barra Anne‐Laure , Timco Grigore A. , Chilton Nicholas F. , Collison David , Winpenny Richard E. P. , McInnes Eric J. L.
Published: April 2014

[Ru2Mn(O)(O2CtBu)6(py)3] has an S=5/2 ground state with a very large zero‐field splitting (ZFS) of D=2.9 cm−1, as characterized by EPR spectroscopy at 4–330 GHz. This is far too large to be due to the MnII ion (D <0.2 cm−1), as shown from the {Fe2Mn} analogue, but can be modeled by antisymmetric exchange effects.
Rhodium‐catalyzed transfer hydrogenation with aminophosphines and analysis of electrical characteristics of rhodium(I) complex/n‐Si heterojunctions
Authors: Aydemir Murat , Ocak Yusuf Selim , Rafikova Khadichakhan , Kystaubayeva Nurzhamal , Kayan Cezmi , Zazybin Alexey , Ok Fatih , Baysal Akın , Temel Hamdi
Published: April 2014

A series of novel neutral mononuclear rhodium(I) complexes of the P―NH ligands have been prepared starting from [Rh(cod)Cl]2 complex. Structural elucidation of the complexes was carried out by elemental analysis, IR and multinuclear NMR spectroscopic data. The complexes were applied to the transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone derivatives to 1‐phenylethanol derivatives in the presence of 2‐propanol as the hydrogen source. Catalytic studies showed that all complexes are also excellent catalyst precursors for transfer hydrogenation of aryl alkyl ketones in 0.1 m iso‐PrOH solution. In particular, [Rh(cod)(PPh2NH―C6H4―4‐CH(CH3)2)Cl] acts as an excellent catalyst, giving the corresponding alcohols in excellent conversion up to 99% (turnover frequency ≤ 588 h−1). Furthermore, rhodium(I) complexes have been used in the formation of organic–inorganic heterojunction by forming their thin films on n‐Si and evaporating Au on the films. It has been seen that the structures have rectifying properties. Their electrical properties have been analyzed with the help of current–voltage measurements. Finally, it has been shown that the complexes can be used in the fabrication of temperature and light sensors. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative chemical composition determination and thermal analysis for typical biomass ashes in China
Authors: Wang Wenlong , Liu Xin , Zheng Yanli
Published: April 2014

For better use of biomass resources, a complete understanding of the chemical compositions for the biomass ashes is important. By the joint adoption of several analysis tools, the ashes of four typical biomass resources in rural areas of north China, i.e. corn stalk, wheat stalk, cotton branch, and poplar, were studied. It was found that after heating for 24 h at 450 and 850 °C, the biomass ashes exhibited quite different chemical and mineral compositions. At 450 °C, potassium salts (KCl, K2SO4, or K2CO3), carbonates, phosphates, and oxides (SiO2 and MgO) were the primary mineral phases; however, at 850 °C, all of the KCl and CaCO3 broke down, and the primary mineral phases became silicates, phosphates, and undecomposed potassium salts. The detailed mineral compositions of the biomass ashes were determined by carefully balancing the X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry and X‐ray diffraction results, which were then well confirmed by the thermal analysis via FactSage modeling and thermogravimetric analyses. The complete understanding of the chemical compositions and thermal properties of the biomass ashes will aid in their utilization or, in some cases, enable the avoidance of their negative effects. In addition, the joint analysis method here can be referred in the determination of mineral contents of any other biomass ash. © 2014 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Donor–Acceptor‐Type Copolymers Based on a Naphtho[1,2‐c:5,6‐c]bis(1,2,5‐thiadiazole) Scaffold for High‐Efficiency Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Liu Li‐Qian , Zhang Gui‐Chuan , Liu Peng , Zhang Jie , Dong Sheng , Wang Ming , Ma Yu‐Guang , Yip Hin‐Lap , Huang Fei
Published: April 2014

Four donor–acceptor‐type low‐bandgap conjugated polymers based on a naphtho[1,2‐c:5,6‐c]bis(1,2,5‐thiadiazole) (NT) acceptor and different donors bridged by a bithiophene spacer have been synthesized through Suzuki or Stille polymerization reactions. Fluorene (F), carbazole (Cz), alkylidene fluorene (AF), and benzodithiophene (BDT) were selected as the donor units to produce a series of new conjugated polymers. Owing to the different electron‐donating ability of the donor units, the energy levels, absorption spectra, bandgaps, and carrier mobilities of the resulting polymers were systematically tuned. Bulk‐heterojunction‐type polymer solar cells based on the new polymers and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM) or [6,6]‐phenyl‐C71‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) were investigated and all of the devices exhibited good photovoltaic performance, with power‐conversion efficiencies (PCEs) over 3 %. The best device performance was achieved by PF‐C12NT, with an open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.87 V, a short‐circuit current density (Jsc) of 12.19 mA cm−2, a fill factor (FF) of 61.36 %, and a PCE of 6.51 % under simulated sunlight (100 mW cm−2, AM 1.5G).
Neue Temperatur‐Korrekturfaktoren für erdberührte Bauteile bei Energieeffizienzberechnungen
Authors: Schild Kai
Published: April 2014

Transmissionswärmeverluste über erdberührte Bauteile werden allgemein gemäß der internationalen Norm DIN EN ISO 13370 berechnet. Als Alternative und Vereinfachung werden in DIN V 4108‐6 und DIN V 18599‐2 Temperatur‐Korrekturfaktoren eingeführt. Beide Rechenansätze führen oft zu erheblich voneinander abweichenden Ergebnissen. Dies führt entweder zu einer Unterschätzung der Wärmeverluste oder zu unwirtschaftlichen Kompensationsmaßnahmen durch dickere Wärmedämmungen. In diesem Artikel werden die Ergebnisse einer Parameterstudie gezeigt, die zur Quantifizierung der Größenordnung der Abweichungen durchgeführt wurde. Ferner wird eine Tabelle mit neuen Temperatur‐Korrekturfaktoren gezeigt, die für die Nutzung bei Energieeffizienzberechnungen vorgeschlagen werden.

New temperature correction factors for ground coupled building parts with energy performance calculations. Transmission heat losses for building elements in contact with the ground are calculated according to the international standard DIN EN ISO 13370. As an alternative and simplification DIN V 4108‐6 and DIN V 18599 introduce thermal correction factors. The result of both approaches often vary a lot. This could lead to an underestimation of the heat loss as well as to uneconomic overcompensations by insulation measures. In this article the results of a parameter study are shown, that has been carried out to quantify the size of the deviations. Furthermore new temperature correction factors are shown, that are recommended for energy performance calculations.