bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COQ: Extraction of COQ homologues from animal tissues / HPLC
Authors: Matsura Tatsuya
Published: November 2023

Coenzyme Q (COQ) plays an important role in ATP synthesis as an electroncarrying component of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. In recent years, increasing attention has focused on the reduced form of COQ homologues (COQnH2) as antioxidants.
Glutathione peroxidase: coupled enzyme assay
Authors: Takahashi Kazuhiko
Published: November 2023

Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) is a cytosolic selenocysteine-containing enzyme that catalyses the reduction of many hydroperoxides (ROOH: hydrogen peroxide, fatty acid hydroperoxides and phospholipid hydroperoxides) in the presence of glutathione (GSH).
Diene conjugation
Authors: Shimasaki Hiroyuki
Published: November 2023

Lipid peroxidation begins with the abstraction of a hydrogen atom from an unsaturated lipid, and involves the formation and propagation of lipid radicals, uptake of oxygen, and rearrangement of double bonds in the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). Rearrangement of the double bonds results in the formation of conjugated dienes (lipid hydroperoxides), which are characterized by intense absorption near 233 nm (1).
Lipid peroxides
Authors: Niki Etsuo
Published: November 2023

Lipid peroxides are major primary products of lipid peroxidation. Measurement of lipid peroxides in in vitro experiments or biological samples is often required to assess the extent both of oxidative damage and of changes in antioxidant activity. Various methods have been proposed and used, but each method has both merits and demerits. There still is no single method which is specific, quantitative and sufficiently accurate that can be applied widely. Numerous kinds of lipid peroxide can be formed during lipid peroxidation and these subsequently undergo secondary reactions Hence, measurement of lipid peroxides might not always reflect the extent of lipid peroxidation. There are, furthermore, several types of lipid peroxide, e.g. hydroperoxides, dialkyl peroxides and cyclic peroxides, and it is important to appreciate what is measured by the method employed.
Total plasma non-haem iron
Authors: Gutteridge J M C , Mumby S
Published: November 2023

Assays for non-haem iron are performed at acid pH which enables release of iron from proteins such as transferrin, lactoferrin, and ferritin. The released ferric ions are reduced to the ferrous state and complexed with a ferroin-type chromogenic chelator such as ferrozine.
Glutathione peroxidase: preparation of haemolysate and cell homogenates/fixation of tissue/RNA extraction
Authors: Moriuchi Tetsuya
Published: November 2023

This protocol is used to prepare a variety of samples for comprehensive analysis of cellular glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the rat. To obtain reliable results, the following steps should be taken before preparation of samples.
Detection of DNA damage and analysis of its site-specificity
Authors: Oikawa Shinji , Kawanishi Shosuke
Published: November 2023

DNA fragments were prepared from plasmid pbcNI which carries a 6.6 kb BamH\ chromosomal DNA segment containing the human c-Ha-ras-1 protooncogene and from plasmid pUC 18 containing the human p53 tumour suppressor gene (1, 2).
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal protein adducts
Authors: Uchida Koji
Published: November 2023

Among the aldehydes which originate from the peroxidation of cellular membrane lipids, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) is believed to be largely responsible for the cytopathological effects of oxidative stress in vivo (1). HNE has a wide range of biological activity including inhibition of protein and DNA synthesis, inactivation of enzymes, stimulation of phospholipase C, reduction recently of gap-junction communication, and stimulation of neutrophil migration (1). Many of these in vitro effects, which are observed at low micromolar or even submicromolar concentrations of HNE, have been attributed to the modification of cellular proteins with HNE.
Damage to proteins by reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species
Authors: Quinlan G J , Gutteridge J M C
Published: November 2023

The aromatic amino acids of proteins, e.g. phenylalanine and tyrosine, are particularly susceptible to oxidative modification and, therefore, provide useful evidence of oxidative damage in biological systems.
Isolated, perfused heart systems (Langendorf’s model)
Authors: Kusuoka Hideo , Kuzuya Andtsunehiko
Published: November 2023

There are two different types of perfusion in isolated, perfused heart systems —constant-pressure mode and constant-flow mode. In perfusion with constant pressure, the perfusion pressure in coronary arteries is equal to the difference between the perfusion pressure and the end-diastolic pressure of the left ventricle (EDP). One of the demerits of constant pressure perfusion is that effective coronary perfusion pressure decreases when EDP increases. It is, however, advantageous that the flow rate can be matched with the oxygen demand by coronary autoregulation. In contrast, in constant flow perfusion the flow rate is maintained even when the EDP increases significantly, whereas the beneficial effects of coronary autoregulation are lost.
Models of brain ischaemia
Authors: Matsumoto Masayasu
Published: November 2023

Brain ischaemia followed by reperfusion generates oxygen-derived free radicals which destroy cellular lipids, proteins, DNA, and mitochondrial respiratory chains, killing neurons. In this section, we describe representative, reproducible, and reliable models of rodent brain ischaemia.
UV damage models
Authors: Miyachj Yoshiki
Published: November 2023

Because the skin is always in contact with oxygen and occasionally exposed to UV light, different kinds of photobiological cutaneous reactions inevitably occur resulting in photo-oxidative stress. Acute actinic damage, e.g. sunburn, photoallergic reactions, and chronic cumulative UV injuries including photoageing and photocarcinogenesis are the targets of investigation in photobiology (1).
Copper-overload model
Authors: Suzuki Keiichiro
Published: November 2023

Copper or iron overloading can be modelled in vitro, but it is difficult to devise a suitable overload model in vivo. In this section we introduce LEC rats (Long-Evans with a cinnamon-like coat colour, available from Charles River Laboratories) as an in vivo copper overload model (1,2).
The hydrogen atom
Authors: Foot C J
Published: November 2023

The simple hydrogen atom has had a great influence on the development of quantum theory, particularly in the first half of the twentieth century when the foundations of quantum mechanics were laid. As measurement Fine structure Further reading Exercises techniques improved, finer and finer details were resolved in the spectrum of hydrogen until eventually splittings of the lines were observed that cannot be explained even by the fully relativistic formulation of quantum mechanics, but require the more advanced theory of quantum electrodynamics. In the first chapter we looked at the BohrSommerfeld theory of hydrogen that treated the electron orbits classically and imposed quantisation rules upon them.
The alkalis
Authors: Foot C J
Published: November 2023

For multi-electron atoms we cannot solve the Hamiltonian analytically, but by making appropriate approximations we can explain their structure in a physically meaningful way. To do this, we start by considering the elementary ideas of atomic structure underlying the periodic table of the elements. In the ground states of atoms the electrons have the configuration that minimises the energy of the whole system. The electrons do not all fall down into the lowest orbital with n = l (the K-shell) because the Pauli exclusion principle restricts the number of electrons in a given (sub-)shell-two electrons cannot have the same set of quantum numbers. This leads to the ‘building-up’ principle: electrons fill up higher and higher shells as the atomic number Z increases across the periodic table.1 Full shells are found at atomic numbers Z = 2, 10, ... corresponding to helium and the other inert gases.
The LS-coupling scheme
Authors: Foot C J
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we shall look at atoms with two valence electrons, e.g. al kaline earth metals such as Mg and Ca. The structures of these elements have many similarities with helium, and we shall also use the central field approximation that was introduced for the alkalis in the previous chapter. This represents that part of the repulsion not taken into account by the central field. One might think that the field left over is somehow non-central. This is not necessarily true. For configurations such as ls2s in He, or 3s4s in Mg, both electrons have spherically-symmetric distributions but a central field cannot completely account for the repulsion between them-a potential VcF(r) does not include the effect of the correlation of the electrons’ positions that leads to the exchange integral.
Laser cooling and trapping
Authors: Foot C J
Published: November 2023

In previous chapters we have seen how laser spectroscopy gives Doppler free spectra and also how other older techniques of radio-frequency and microwave spectroscopy can resolve small splittings, e.g. hyperfine structure. These methods just observe the atoms as they go past, but this chapter describes the experimental techniques that use the force exerted by laser light to slow the atomic motion and manipulate atoms. These techniques have become extremely important in atomic physics and have many applications, e.g. they have greatly improved the stability of the caesium atomic clocks that are used as primary standards of time around the world.
Asymptotic expansions
Authors: Andrews D F , Stafford J E
Published: November 2023

The technical objective of an asymptotic analysis involving expansions is the determination of the terms /?O. g 1 • . . . The rationa1es for examining these terms and their interpretation are varied and of primary importance. While deriving these terms is a necessary part of the process, it is, in a sense, the easiest part. Unfortunately, it is often not easy and the algorithms of this chapter are an attempt to alleviate this difficulty. There is no guarantee that an expansion is valid or that the results will be useful. We fol1ow the tradition, long established in computing, and assume that the user knows what s/he wants to compute and wishes to do it correctly and efficiently. The computations associated with asymptotic expansions may be broken down into a small number of basic procedures or rules.
Sample surveys
Authors: Andrews D F , Stafford J E
Published: November 2023

An introductory course in sample survey methodology is often riddled with tedious repetitive algebraic calculation of cumulants, and their estimates, for different designs. While the designs tend to be similar. the calculations are typically repeated in their entirety, obscuring their common structure. Symbolic computation is ideal in this context because the simple differences in design can be made explicit as inputs while the common features of each calculation are automated. Thus, the important distinctions among designs arc emphasized and the redundant algebra eliminated.
Wavelets in statistics: beyond the standard assumptions
Authors: Silverman Bernard W
Published: November 2023

The original application of wavelets in statistics was to the estimation of a curve given observations of the curve plus white noise at 2J regularly spaced points. The rationale for the use of wavelet methods in this context is reviewed briefly. Various extensions of the standard statistical methodology are discussed.
Morphisms In Logic And Complexity
Authors: Carbone Alessandra , Semmes Stephen
Published: November 2023

The idea of “morphisms” is central to many areas of mathematics. There are homomorphisms between groups, algebras, semigroups, etc., linear mappings between vector spaces, continuous mappings between topological spaces, algebraic mappings between varieties, etc. In each case, one can use classes of morphisms to express comparisons and interactions between objects of interest.
Asymptotic Growth Of Infinite Visibilities
Authors: Carbone Alessandra , Semmes Stephen
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we study the size of the visibility in terms of the rate of its growth when it is infinite. The statements that we provide are very similar to results given in Section 1.3 of [ECH+92], concerning the dichotomy between exponential and polynomial growth for regular languages in terms of their representations through regular expressions. Note that regular languages can be represented by “finite automata”, using a process which is very close to taking the visibility of an optical graph. We shall discuss this further in Chapter 14.
Geometric Aspects Of Cut Elimination
Authors: Carbone Alessandra , Semmes Stephen
Published: November 2023

Imagine reading a proof in a mathematical text. It may have several lemmas which interact with each other in a tricky way. In order to see better what is happening within the proof, one might try to unwind the lemmas to make explicit each basic step in the argument. This makes sense informally, in terms of our everyday experience, but it can also be treated more formally through mathematical logic. (This general theme occurs repeatedly in the writings of Kreisel [Kre77, Kre81b, Kre81a].)
Finite Automata And Regular Languages
Authors: Carbone Alessandra , Semmes Stephen
Published: November 2023

Finite automata (defined below) are basic objects from theoretical computer science which can be used to characterize certain collections of words over an alphabet, namely, regular languages. They provide another mechanism by which to make implicit descriptions, and with a degree of implicitness which is tightly controlled. They are connected to the themes of this book in a number of ways, and we review some of their features in the present chapter. General references include [HU79, vL90bJ. The first chapter of [ECH+92] provides a nice introductory treatment as well.
Extended Notions Of Automata
Authors: Carbone Alessandra , Semmes Stephen
Published: November 2023

Heisenberg groups and Baumslag-Solitar groups (described below) provide basic examples of finitely-presented groups which are not automatic. They also provide a good setting in which to consider questions about the nature of recursion in broader terms.
Geometry Of Scales In Metric Spaces
Authors: Carbone Alessandra , Semmes Stephen
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we elaborate on the dichotomy between paths and scales from Sections 17.7,17.8, and 17.9. We shall review a well-known mechanism for taking a metric space and producing a graph whose paths reflect movement by scales and locations in the original space. This helps to clarify the role of automatic structures in geometry and their relationship to ideas about “patterns”.
Utilization and management of wild resources
Authors: Chapman Anthony RO , Anderson Robert J
Published: November 2023

In 1995, large beds of the agarophyte Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis (Bory) Dawson, Acleto et Foldvik, were located on the NW coast of the Gulf of California. Estimations indicated the existence of more than 4,500 dry tons available for commercial harvesting. As a result, the private company PHYKOS S.A., was formed in 1996. The company obtained permits from the Mexican Government for harvesting beds located in Bahia de Los Angeles and Bahia de las Animas. In 1996, 28 tons of G. lemaneiformis were exported to Japan, and in 1997, this increased to 45 tons. But in 1998, El Nifio Southern oscillation affected the exploitation area by reducing the beds and consequently, only eight tons were exported. Approximately 90 % of the beds disappeared..However, the recovery of the beds was evident early in 1999, and they recovered fully in 2000, so that PHYKOS S.A. exported 95 and 140 tons in those years, respectively. The demand for G. lemaneiformis, and its presence in other non-exploited regions, caused the creation of a second company in January 2000. This new company, POLO S.A., obtained permits to harvest the beds of San Rafael Bay. In its first year, 36 tons of G. lemaneiformis were harvested and exported to Chile. Thus, in 2000, a total of 176 tons were harvested from the Gulf of California. This amount represents only 3.6 % of the total esti mated biomass for the west coast of the Gulf of California. G. lemaneiformis has become a new fishery for the Mexican seaweed industry in addition to the commercial exploitation of Gelidium robustum (Gard.) Hollenb. & Abb. and Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. Ag.
Chemical composition, properties, products
Authors: Chapman Anthony RO , Anderson Robert J
Published: November 2023

A previously unstudied seaweed from the tropical South Pacific was examined as a source of gelling phy cocolloid. Percentage yield, gelation ability and sulfate content were determined for extracts from Meristotheca procumbens P. Gabrielson et Kraft collected in Rotuma Island. In addition, chemical and spec troscopic analyses were carried out to determine the constituent polysaccharides of the extracts. No gelling of the native and alkali-modified extracts was observed up to 1.5% concentrations. The alkali-modified M procumbens extract was composed predominantly of nearly equal proportions of partially pyruvated a-car rageenan and partially 6-0-methylated L-carrageenan units, although other components were detected. Pyruvate and methyl ether substitution was at the 20-30% level. The native M procumbens extract had addi tional residues, tentatively identified as G-D2S,6S units, the precursor to a-carrageenan units, which is reported here for the first time.
Population/Community attributes/Interactions
Authors: Chapman Anthony RO , Anderson Robert J
Published: November 2023

Patch or platform reefs and fringing reefs are widely distributed along the southern Arabian Gulf Until 1996, coral-dominated reefs characterised the shallow inshore waters of Abu Dhabi, one of the United Arab Emirates. In that year, the shallow staghorn coral Acropora bleached and died due to an unusually prolonged episode of high seawater temperature. A further and more severe episode in 1998 resulted in the death of many mound, boulder and encrusting corals. Immediately following death, the coral skeletons became rap idly colonised by mat- and turf-forming algae followed by slower growing fleshy forms, non-geniculate coralline red algae and invertebrate animals. Macroalgae increasingly dominate formerly coral-covered shal low rocky platforms with many of the more conspicuous macroalgae showing a distinct seasonality along the Abu Dhabi coast where the seawater ranges from l8°C in winter to sometimes over 35°C in summer. The winter is characterised by high algal diversity and abundance with shallow rocky platforms covered by dense ‘forests’ of Sargassum and Cystoseira accompanied by many understorey algae. Many macroalgae dis appear by June leaving perennial non-geniculate coralline red algae (principally Lithophyllum kotschyanum Unger) and a few mat or turf forms. The only brown macroalgae surviving through the summer are mainly Lobophora variegata (Lamouroux) Womersley, Hormophysa cuneiformis Q.F. Gmelin) P.C. Silva and Cystoseira myrica (S.G. Gmelin) C. Ag. Seasonality and the impact of the demise of the corals on algal development are discussed, along with the future of Abu Dhabi’s once coral-dominated reefs.
It’s Not News, It’s Entertainment
Authors: Park Robert L
Published: November 2023

I called Joe Newman at his home in Lucedale, Mississippi. I was surprised when he answered the phone; I had tried several times before and always got a recorded message offering his book, The Energy Machine of Joseph W. Newman, for $74.95. I explained that I was writing a book about ideas that are not generally accepted by scientists, and it would not be complete without a full account of the Energy Machine. He seemed suspicious. “It’s all in my book,” he snapped. I told him I’d read his book at the time of the 1986 Senate hearing, but I wondered if his ideas had changed over the years. His voice softened. Well, he said, the book had been expanded and I should buy a new copy, but he still stood by everything he’d said before about how the Energy Machine works.
Placebos Have Side Effects
Authors: Park Robert L
Published: November 2023

There was a full-page ad in USA Today recently for “Vitamin 0.” Beneath a photograph of an attractive group of vigorous, smiling people, the ad said “Vitamin O” was helping thousands of people to live healthier lives. “It’s so safe you can drop it in your eyes, so natural it contains the most abundant element on earth, so effective you could spend hours reading the unsolicited testimonials of those who’ve used it with dramatic results.” Indeed, the ad included a number of testimonials, which said things like: “After taking ‘‘Vitamin O’ for several months, I find I have more energy and stamina and have become immune to colds and flu.”
There Ought to Be a Law
Authors: Park Robert L
Published: November 2023

By 8:30 a.m. on April 26, 1989, a long line snaked down the marbled hall of the Rayburn House Office Building, waiting for the doors of the Science Committee hearing room to open. The hearing on “recent developments in fusion energy research” was not scheduled to begin for another hour. Network camera crews were already setting up inside, and racks of their electronic equipment were presided over by technicians in the hallway. Most of those in line would be turned away; the hearing room has about sixty chairs, many of which would be reserved for witnesses in what was to be an all-day hearing.
Currents of Fear
Authors: Park Robert L
Published: November 2023

Paul Brodeur was not there in 1996 when the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) released the results of an exhaustive three-year review of the possible health effects of exposure to residential electromagnetic fields. He no longer wrote for the New Yorker, there had been a major shake-up at the magazine in the summer of 1992, and Brodeur did not fit into the new style. It was his series of sensational New Yorker articles in 1989 that first aroused widespread public fear about power lines and cancer. Without Paul Brodeur there would have been no Academy review. Now retired from the environmental health wars, Brodeur would return to active duty one more time after learning of the Academy’s conclusions.
Judgment Day
Authors: Park Robert L
Published: November 2023

Four-year-old Mallory was suffering from Wilms’ tumor, a rare kidney cancer. Her mother, Michelle, was tormented, as the parents of children stricken by cancer must always be, by the “Why my child?” question. She met Paul Brodeur in a San Diego bookstore owned by Brodeur’s wife. It was the spring of 1990, and Brodeur was there promoting his new book, Currents of Death. The cause of little Mallory’s tumor, he told Michelle, must surely be EMF. He introduced her to Michael Withey, a Seattle lawyer who had tried EMF cases. A year later Michelle and her husband Ted filed a lawsuit in San Diego Superior Court alleging that EMF from nearby San Diego Gas & Electric transmission lines was the cause of Mallory’s cancer and had compelled them to sell their home at a loss.
How Strange Is the Universe?
Authors: Park Robert L
Published: November 2023

Ageless Body, Timeless Mind: The Quantum Alternati-ve to Growing Old, by Deepak Chopra, M.D., was at the top of the New York Times best-seller list week after week in 1993, even while Quantum Healing, also by Chopra, was still in the top ten from two years earlier. The promise of both books was that illness and even the aging process can be banished by the power of the mind. If anyone should doubt it, Dr. Chopra explains that it’s all firmly grounded in quantum theory. Commenting on the occasional spontaneous remission of cancer, for example, Chopra explains: “Such patients apparently jump to a new level of consciousness that prohibits the existence of cancer... this is a quantum jump from one level of functioning to a higher level.” Lest you imagine he was using quantum in some metaphorical sense, he informs the reader: “Once
Temporal inferences from distance sampling surveys
Authors: Thomas L , Burnham K P , Buckland S T
Published: November 2023

Many distance sampling surveys are repeated on multiple occasions, with the aim of monitoring long-term changes in population density or abundance. In this chapter, we review selected methods of analysing repeated surveys, and discuss issues related to planning long-term studies. For clarity, we will assume that surveys occur annually, although the methods described here can be applied directly for surveys equally spaced in time and are readily generalized to unequal time intervals. We mostly focus on simple methods that are relatively easy to implement, although we briefly discuss more advanced approaches and those requiring further methodological development.
Patterns and correlations
Authors: Czirók A
Published: November 2023

Bacteria are often said to be typical unicellular organisms and thought to live independently from each other. However, in their natural living places like on soil or rock surfaces bacteria form colonies and, as we will see, these colonies alter their form depending on the environmental conditions. This response cannot be understood by assuming that individual cells simply stay close to each other as the consequence of being difficult to move. In fact, some of the complex biochemical processes performed by bacteria could not be possible without forming organized groups [57–59]. In some cases bacteria differentiate into specialized cell types (Fig. 4.1) within the colonies resulting in increased resistance to antibacterial agents or ability of invading eukaryotic hosts
Dynamics: General Laws And The Dynamics Of A Point Particle
Authors: Fasano Antonio , Marmi Stefano
Published: November 2023

The discussion of the phenomenological aspects of classical mechanics is beyond the scope of this book. We shall restrict ourselves to a summary of the fundamental concepts following Mach (1883), without any historical introduction, and hence overlooking the work of Galileo and Newton, who laid the foundations of mechanics; for this we refer the reader to Truesdell (1968). Up to this point we have modelled physical bodies by a finite number of points, without any reference to their dimensions or internal structure. By physical bodies we mean bodies that can interact with each other; hence this interaction must be precisely quantified. To be able to express this quantitatively, we need to select a class of observers with respect to whom to formulate the laws governing such an interaction.
Analytical Mechanics: Canonical Formalism
Authors: Fasano Antonio , Marmi Stefano
Published: November 2023

Thematrices with this structure deserve special attention. From Theorem 10.1 it follows that the Hamiltonian matrices form a group (with respect to matrix sum) called sp(l, R). If we identify the vector space of real 2l ×2l matrices with R4l2, the Hamiltonian matrices form a linear subspace, of dimension l(2l + 1) (indeed, from what was previously discussed we may choose l(l + 1)/2 elements of the matrices b and c and, for example, l2 elements of the matrix a). In addition, since the Lie product (or commutator) [,] preserves the group of Hamiltonian matrices, sp(l, R) has a Lie algebra structure (see Arnol’d 1978a).
Statistical Mechanics: Kinetic Theory
Authors: Fasano Antonio , Marmi Stefano
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we present a brief introduction to the statistical approach to mechanics, developed by Ludwig Boltzmann. The great importance and immense bearing of the ideas of Boltzmann deserves ampler space, but this is not feasible within the context of the present book. We recommend the monographs of Cercignani (1988, 1997) and the deep analysis of Gallavotti (1995), in addition to the treatise of Cercignani et al. (1997). Consider a gas of N particles, which for simplicity we assume to be identical. The gas is contained in a volume V. The typical values of N and V, at standard conditions of temperature and pressure (T = 300K, P = 1 atm) are N = 6.02 x 1023  (Avogadro’s number) and V = 22.71. We assume from now on that all collisions with the walls of the container are non-dissipative.
Statistical Mechanics: Gibbs Sets
Authors: Fasano Antonio , Marmi Stefano
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter we considered the study of the evolution of a diluted gas, disregarding the (impossible) task of describing the motion of each molecule, and referring instead to a quantity, the distribution function, with an extrapolation to the continuous setting in the space µ. We then related the distribution function to thermodynamical quantities through averaging, and to entropy through the H functional. The procedure we followed was based on rather restrictive assumptions on the structure and the kind of interaction between particles, for example the assumption that the particles are elastic spheres. In other words, we used repeatedly the laws governing particle collisions in the construction of the evolution equation for the distribution function. At the same time, we concluded that, within the same approximation, the way in which binary interactions between particles take place is not essential (as long as it is of collisional type) for determining the equilibrium distribution. Such a distribution contains the factor e-f3h, where h is the Hamiltonian without the interaction potential.
One-dimensional maps
Authors: Sprott Julien Clinton
Published: November 2023

Whenever you encounter a phenomenon such as chaos that occurs in many different contexts, a useful scientific approach is to find and study the simplest system that exhibits the phenomenon. Perhaps the simplest chaotic mathematical system is the logistic map. It involves only a single variable and a single control parameter. Exact solutions can be found using only algebra, and it can be visualized graphically. It exhibits many aspects of more complicated chaotic systems, and hence it serves as a prototype for them. It has been used to model phenomena in fields as diverse as ecology, oncology, and finance.
Nonchaotic multi-dimensional flows
Authors: Sprott Julien Clinton
Published: November 2023

The one-dimensional maps in the previous chapter illustrate many features of chaotic dynamical systems. However, they do not adequately model most natural processes. In this chapter we will relax two of their most limiting characteristics. We will consider models in which time advances continuously rather than discretely and models with more than one variable (dimensions higher than one). Most of the examples will be two-dimensional, since they are most easily visualized, but the extension to higher dimensions is straightforward.
Lyapunov exponents
Authors: Sprott Julien Clinton
Published: November 2023

Although there is no universally accepted definition of chaos, most experts would concur that chaos is the aperiodic, long-term behavior of a bounded, deterministic system that exhibits sensitive dependence on initial conditions. It is relatively easy to establish that a deterministic system (one arising from equations without random variables) is aperiodic and bounded, at least for time-scales over which numerical computations are feasible.
Strange attractors
Authors: Sprott Julien Clinton
Published: November 2023

More often than not, the orbit or trajectory of a chaotic system will be drawn to a small region of state space as time evolves, whereupon it moves in a deterministic but unpredictable manner on a fractal object called a strange attractor.  1 Strange attractors are the usual geometric manifestation of chaos. They were originally called ‘strange’ because of their fractal structure.
Hamiltonian chaos
Authors: Sprott Julien Clinton
Published: November 2023

Most previous examples have been dissipative systems in which friction or some equivalent process causes a set of initial conditions within the basin of attraction to collapse onto an attractor. When the dissipation is small, the time required for this to happen is long, and it is natural to ask what happens when the dissipation goes to zero. Mathematically, such a situation is nongeneric, and the equations describing it are structurally unstable, but there are many physical situations in which it is nonetheless a reasonable approximation.
Time-series properties
Authors: Sprott Julien Clinton
Published: November 2023

The previous chapters typically began with equations whose properties and solutions were to be examined. These equations were devised to model a physical process or exhibit a particular behavior. The main lesson is that simple equations can have complicated solutions, including sensitive dependence on initial conditions, strange attractors with fractal structure, irregular basins of attraction, and intricate bifurcation sequences.
Fractals
Authors: Sprott Julien Clinton
Published: November 2023

Identifying chaos in experimental data usually includes searching for a strange attractor in the state-space dynamics, identified by its fractal structure. Having found such an attractor, you can try to estimate its dimension, which is a measure of the number of active variables and hence the complexity of the equations required to model the dynamics.
Fractal measure and multifractals
Authors: Sprott Julien Clinton
Published: November 2023

The foregoing discussion of fractals largely ignored the fact that most real fractal objects are not precisely self-similar and thus may have different dimensions on different size scales and on different parts of the object. When characterizing such an object by a single dimension, you must decide on a range of scale lengths and on how to weight the contributions to the dimension from its various regions.
VIP and PACAP receptors
Authors: Shioda Seiji , Waschek James A
Published: November 2023

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), like other neuropeptides in this family (glucagon, glucagon-like peptide, secretin, and growth hormone-releasing hormone), act on heterotrimeric G protein coupled receptors. VIP and PACAP receptors have been identified in numerous tissues, and three different types have been discerned. The official names of these were recently established by a recent IUPHAR nomenclature committee (Harmar et al . 1998, see Table 26.1). Two of these, the VPAC1 (VPAC1-R) and VPAC2 (VPAC2-R) receptors, bind PACAP38, PACAP27, and VIP with similar high affinity.
Calcium-sensing receptors
Authors: Ward Donald T , Riccardi Daniela
Published: November 2023

Regulation of blood calcium levels involves the integration of effects of three calcium homeostatic hormones, parathyroid hormone (PTH) released from the parathyroid glands, 1, 25(OH)2 vitamin D3 produced ultimately in the renal proximal tubule and calcitonin secreted from thyroidal C-cells. Of the three, PTH exerts perhaps the greatest influence on calcium homeostasis and its release or suppression of release is primarily dependent upon the accurate sensing of circulating ionic Ca2+ levels by the parathyroid glands. PTH secretion from the parathyroid glands rectifies hypocalcaemia by increasing renal Ca2+ reabsorption, bone resorption and 1, 25(OH)2D3 production, while hypercalcaemia is resolved by inhibition of PTH secretion. The protein that senses this hypercalcaemia is the extracellular Ca2+-sensing receptor (CaR; Brown et al . 1993).
National Identity And Music
Authors: Folkestad Göran
Published: November 2023

Arriving at the hotel abroad, my children notice with delight that ‘they’re playing Swedish music in the elevator’. This music was cover versions of hit songs by Abba. At the opening of the Olympics 2000 in Sydney, the Swedish team marched in to the tune of The Winner Takes It All, once again by Abba. Another feature of the Sydney Olympics was that the official music that accompanied every broadcast from the games included the didjeridoo and other Aboriginal cultural markers. What questions regarding the relationship between national identity and music do these examples raise?

Throughout time, people have used music as a means of expression and identification. Although the purposes and functions of music can vary within as well as between cultures, they have many common features; from the Stone Age to modern times, and from the jungles of Africa and Borneo to the suburbs of the big cities (Malinowski, 1922; Malm, 1967; Nettl, 1983).
Measures Of Accuracy For Binary Tests
Authors: Pepe Margaret Sullivan
Published: November 2023

The accuracy of a diagnostic test can be defined in various ways. In this chapter we consider only diagnostic tests that yield a binary result. Some tests, by their nature, are dichotomous. A respondent answers ‘yes’ or ‘no’ to a question, for example. Others are ordinal or continuous but are dichotomized in practice using a threshold value.
Study Design And Hypothesis Testing
Authors: Pepe Margaret Sullivan
Published: November 2023

The development of a medical test is a process. At the beginning of the process there are small exploratory studies that seek to identify how best to apply the test and whether or not it has potential for use in practice. At the end of the process there are studies that seek to determine the value of the test when applied in particular populations. In this chapter we first outline the series of research steps involved in developing a test.
Biometrika
Authors: Titterington D M , Cox D R
Published: November 2023

The year 2001 marks the centenary of Biometrika, one of the world's leading academic journals in statistical theory and methodology. In celebration of this, the book brings together two sets of papers from the journal. The first comprises seven specially commissioned articles (authors: D.R. Cox, A.C. Davison, Anthony C. Atkinson and R.A. Bailey, David Oakes, Peter Hall, T.M.F. Smith, and Howell Tong). These articles review the history of the journal and the most important contributions made by appearing in the journal in a number of important areas of statitisical activity, including general theory and methodology, surveys and time sets. In the process the papers describe the general development of statistical science during the twentieth century. The second group of ten papers are a selection of particularly seminal articles form the journal's first hundred years. The book opens with an introduction by the editors Professor D.M. Titterington and Sir David Cox.
Biometrika Centenary: Theory and general methodology
Authors: Davison A C
Published: November 2023

Contributions to statistical theory and general methodology published in Biometrika, 1901–2000, are telegraphically reviewed. Some key words: Bayesian inference; Estimating function; Foundations of statistics; Generalised regression model; Graphical method; Graphical model: Laplace approximation; Likelihood; Missing data; Model selection; Multivariate statistics; Non-regular model; Quasilikelihood; Saddlepoint: Simulation; Spatial statistics
The Comparative Advantages of Systematic and Randomized Arrangements in the Design of Agricultural and Biological Experiments
Authors: Yates F
Published: November 2023

Ever since the introduction of the principle of randomization into replicated experiments it has been realized that certain of the arrangements generated by the randomization process were likely to be less accurate than others; consequently there has always been a conflict whether the general efficacy of a set of experiments might not be improved by the rejection of those arrangements which appeared a priori less accurate. In its extreme form such a procedure results in the rejection of the principle of randomization altogether, and the selection of one or more arrangements which on account of their balance or other features especially appeal to the experimenter.
Periodogram Analysis and Continuous Spectra
Authors: Bartlett M S
Published: November 2023

It has been realized for some time that the classical method of searching for periodicities in time series, the so-called periodogram analysis of the series, is useless in many cases. An alternative approach by way of the autoregressive or autocorrelative structure of the series was considered in a pioneering paper by Yule (1927), and more recently by other writers (see especially M. G. Kendall (1946)).

A fuller understanding of the scope and relation of these methods is obtainable from the mathematical theory of stationary random or stochastic processes developed in the last twenty years by Wiener (1930), Khintchine (1934) and others (for an account of this theory see Lévy (1948), especially chapter IV; for further reviews of the general theory of stochastic processes see also Cramér (1947), Moyal (1949)). By stationary is meant, roughly speaking, that the series is oscillating or fluctuating about a constant mean; more precisely, that its distributional properties in the stochastic sense do not depend on the absolute value of the time (note that a simple harmonic series is not stationary in this sense unless its initial phase is random). For many purposes in the correlation and harmonic theory of these processes it is sufficient to assume stationarity ‘to the second order’, that is, in addition to the mathematical expectation or stochastic average E{X(t)} =constant= 0, say, for the value of the series X at time t, the autocovariance function
On Stationary Processes in the Plane
Authors: Whittle P
Published: November 2023

The sampling theory of stationary processes in space is not completely analogous to that of stationary time series, due to the fact that the variate of a time series is influenced only by past values, while for a spatial process dependence extends in all directions. This point is elaborated in §§ 2-4. The estimation and test theory developed in §7 is applied in §8 to uniformity data for wheat and oranges. The final section is devoted to an examination of some particular two-dimensional processes.

The disturbing effect of topographic correlation on the results of field experiments, forest and crop surveys, sampling surveys of populated areas, etc., is well known, and it is recognized that we have here examples of two-dimensional stochastic processes. The physicists also encounter higher dimensional processes (for instance, in the studies of turbulence and of systems of particles) and have indeed been the principal investigators of the subject.
Discussion of equilibrium properties on the pair theory
Authors: Egelstaff P A
Published: November 2023

Within the framework of the pair theory it has been shown how the thermodynamic properties (P, V, T, C  v etc.) of a liquid may be expressed in terms of two functions –the pair potential 11(r), assumed independent of P, V, T, etc., and the pair distribution function o(r), which is a function of density and temperature. The methods by which these two functions may be calculated from first principles or measured in various experiments have been discussed in previous chapters. None of these methods is free from theoretical or experimental error, so that there will be some uncertainty in the derived values of the thermodynamic quantities. These uncertainties depend upon several factors, such as the physical properties of the system and the mathematical properties of the relevant function, and some of the problems arising in such calculations will be described in Section 7.2.
Effects beyond the classical pair theory of liquids
Authors: Egelstaff P A
Published: November 2023

It was pointed out in Section 4.1 that the pair theory was not wholly consistent, because atomic or molecular polarizability plays a significant role in both the pair and higher-order potentials. Hence when we use the true pair interaction potential we arc invoking interactions which lead automatically to many-body potentials, which arc included in some theoretical models of an effective potential (section 4.1 ). In order to justify the use of the pair theory we need to discuss the size and type of those inevitable effects which arc beyond this theory. Hopefully there are regions of (P, V, T) space where they arc small compared to the pair-theory effects-a situation which we expect will apply to noble gas fluids and to fluids consisting of nearly rigid molecules. Moreover, in these cases all the true potentials (pair and many-body) are independent of temperature or density, whereas the effective pair potential models have the disadvantage of depending on these parameters and sometimes also on the property being calculated.
Scientific Diplomacy 1669–77(1) Newton’s Ambassador
Authors: Hall Marie Boas
Published: November 2023

During the 1670s Oldenburg’s correspondence was to increase yet more in density as also, very markedly, in complexity. To the Continental world of learning he was, even more than before, the leading figure in the Royal Society’s administration as we would call it, more dominant and more important than even its President, Lord Brouncker. Only strangers wrote to the President of the Royal Society in the first instance. Natural philosophers, physicians, learned men, and virtuosi nearly all had become accustomed to write directly to Oldenburg to tell him, and through him the Royal Society, what they and their compatriots were doing in their respective spheres. They all read or at least looked at his Philosophical Transactions as it appeared with gratifying regularity, even though most of it was still in English (the exceptions being mathematical and some medical papers). They also commented upon what they read and hoped to have these comments published.
Introducing Highly Structured Stochastic Systems
Authors: Green Peter J , Hjort Nils Lid , Richardson Sylvia
Published: November 2023

Highly Structured Stochastic Systems (HSSS) is the name given to a modern strategy for building statistical models for challenging real-world problems, for computing with them, and for interpreting the resulting inferences. Complexity is handled by working up from simple local assumptions in a coherent way, and that is the key to modelling, computation, inference, and interpretation.
Commentary: causality and statistics
Authors: Arjas Elja
Published: November 2023

Causality is a challenging topic for anyone to consider in a formal way. Already the concept itself is problematic, and often people have sharply different opinions of its foundations. But causality is perhaps a particularly challenging topic for a statistician. Rather than just trying to formulate views on some underlying philosophical issues, a statistician is often faced with the concrete problem of how to find empirical support in favour, or against, or even prove or disprove, a causal claim made in some substantive concrete context.
Semantics of causal DAG models and the identification of direct and indirect effects
Authors: Robins James M
Published: November 2023

Directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) are commonly used to represent causal models. The article by Dawid posits a causal model that is closely related to the model of Spirtes et al. (1993) and the model of Pearl (1993b). In this discussion I will compare and contrast the semantics of DAGs representing the Spirtes et al. model with that of DAGs representing the non-parametric structural equation (NPSE) model of Pearl (1995a) and the finest fully randomized causally interpreted structured tree graph (FRCISTG) model of Robins (1986).
Conditional association in time series
Authors: Künsch Hans R
Published: November 2023

Because of the natural order of time, different definitions of conditional associations (and lack thereof) between variables exist naturally, as has been discussed in this article. In the partial correlation graph, one is looking at an association between two variables at all times conditional on other variables also at all times.
Advances in MCMC: a discussion
Authors: Robert Christian P
Published: November 2023

While Gareth Roberts presents a very good coverage of the latest developments in convergence of MCMC algorithms, and provides the reader with an excellent reminder of the essential notions such as drift functions and minorization conditions, this discussion presents some thoughts on reparameterization and perfect sampling issues. A more general review of the current state of MCMC methods can be found in Cappé and Robert (2000).