bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
2505 Mixed emotions: Health care personnel’s reactions to new accountabilities for health equity
Authors: Cunningham Brooke , Fredkove Windy , Lai Alden , Orionzi Dimpho , Marsteller Jill
Published: November 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Calls for health care organizations to promote health equity, through reducing health care disparities and addressing the social determinants of health, are growing and disrupt assumptions about equal care and the role of the health care delivery system more generally. This paper uses qualitative data to explore the emotions that health care personnel express as they make sense of the newfound emphasis on equity. To do so, we consider the relationships between social identity, sense of control, emotion, cognition, and action. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The principle investigator conducted 21 semistructured interviews with senior leaders and equity team members and 7 focus groups with providers and staff employed at one of Minnesota’s largest health care system. The PI asked respondents to describe recent conversations about equity in their workplaces and to identify barriers and facilitators to addressing equity. Focus group participants were also asked to imagine colleagues’ reactions—“what would they say, think, and feel”—should they be asked to adapt practices to address the social determinants of health, community health, and healthcare disparities. Interviews and focus groups were audiotaped and transcribed. Two coders independently coded each transcript for themes and then compared and reconciled their coding. Reactions to equity work emerged inductively during the coding process. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Findings suggest that discourses on health equity can disrupt personal and professional identities and trigger a mixture of emotions, including fear, sadness, and excitement. Personnel with broad, or flexible, constructions of their work roles experienced less disruption, and more positive emotions, than those personnel who constructed narrow, or rigid, professional identities. Those who expressed a stronger sense of control also expressed more positive emotions, such as happiness and hope, and were excited about the prospect of greater accountabilities related to equity. Those who doubted the existence of disparities were defensive and pointed to cues such as standardized care protocols and perceptions of colleagues’ professionalism to oppose change. Those who perceived low organizational self-efficacy, due to a lack of time, skills, or knowledge, often expressed frustration and helplessness. Their sensemaking focused on the lack of progress and sought sensegiving about ways to “make it workable.” DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Discussions about equity are new in healthcare and trigger mixed reactions, drawing out provider and staff’s hopes, fears, and anxieties. Variations in emotional reactions may be related to differing perceptions about sense of control over disparities and the social determinants of health. If we want to enlist health care providers, nurses, and managers in efforts to improve health equity, we need to understand these emotions and sensemaking processes.
2377 Evolution of the interdisciplinary co-citation network supported by the Georgia Clinical and Translational Science Alliance Program from 2006 through 2016
Authors: Carter Dorothy R. , Llewellyn Nicole , Nehl Eric , Rollins Latrice
Published: November 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The National Institutes of Health (NIH) has provided continual support for the Georgia Clinical and Translational Science Alliance (CTSA) since 2006. An overarching goal of the Georgia CTSA is to accelerate clinical and translational research to impact health in Georgia and beyond. Toward these ends, a primary objective has been to support interdisciplinary research projects encompassing 2 or more disciplinary domains. The goal of the present study is to evaluate the degree to which interdisciplinary research projects increased in prevalence during the first decade of funding. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We began by using PubMed to identify all publications citing the Georgia CTSA hub (n=1865), categorizing each article as encompassing 1 or more research domain using a taxonomy derived from the Web of Science. We created 1 network for each of the 10 years with nodes representing research areas and ties between pairs of nodes representing the presence of 1 or more publication integrating both research areas. We conducted longitudinal network analyses using an approach called MCMC MLE Temporal Exponential Random Graph Models, which models the antecedents of networks over time. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Supporting Georgia CTSA objectives, results suggest the probability of publications connecting multiple research areas increased over time, with substantially greater increases appearing initially as compared to later years. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: This study advances an innovative approach to modeling the system-wide impact of CTSA hub funding.
2171 Exploring the relationships between acculturation, discrimination and function in older African immigrants: A dissertation study
Authors: Nkimbeng Manka , Commodore-Mensah Yvonne , Szanton Sarah
Published: November 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Acculturation and discrimination are associated with negative health outcomes including functional disability. The effect of these on functional disability in older African immigrants in the United States is not well understood. The purpose of this study is to describe and examine the experiences of acculturation, racial discrimination and functional disability in older African immigrants. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This study will use cross-sectional quantitative and qualitative mixed methods design. We plan to recruit 150 older (>55 years) participants through the African Immigrant Health Study and community-based organizations serving African immigrants. We will use the PROMIS physical function measure to assess functional disability, the Everyday Discrimination scale and the Psychological Acculturation scale will be used to measure discrimination and acculturation respectively. Higher scores indicate greater severity. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We have recruited 12 participants so far. The mean age is 57 years and mean length of stay in the United States is 23 years. Mean disability score is 6.5 (range 1–38). Mean discrimination is 8.2 (range 4–15). The prevalent acculturation strategy of these participants (7) is marginalization (neither identified with the American nor African cultures). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Preliminary results indicate pervasive discrimination and marginalization of study participants. Exploring these experiences can inform preventive strategies of coping and health behaviors that can decrease the negative effects of discrimination, acculturation and functional disability in African immigrants.
2117 Integrating ethics support as culture change in a translational science environment
Authors: McKinney Bernadette , Tumilty Emma , Kotarba Joseph
Published: November 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: To outline 4 categories of ethics needs identified at a translational science center. To map how research ethics has been further integrated into the center’s culture in response to these needs. To provide insights into how research ethics can be integrated into the translational team science environment. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The Institute for Translational Sciences (ITS) at the University of Texas Medical Branch is studied on an organizational level using polyphonic organizational theory and the results of an ethics needs assessment completed in 2010. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The results will be a map indicating how research ethics has been further integrated into the culture of the ITS in response to the needs identified to ensure the responsible practice of translational science. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Successful translational science requires shared understanding of communication and values. Achieving agreement in these areas requires the development of strategies for communicating and reinforcing common goals. Research ethics has often been considered an “add on” rather than a “part of” science. Through integrating ethics into various aspects of translational science, the ITS has taken important steps toward achieving the goal of culture change. The map of how the ITS has integrated ethics into organizational activities and structures will serve as a model for other organizations and institutions.
2097 Johns Hopkins School of Medicine ClinicalTrials.gov Program challenges and successes
Authors: Keyes Anthony , Atri Nidhi M. , Nuamah Prince S.
Published: November 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Educate the general public, investigators, and institutional leadership on the importance of clinical trial registration and results reporting. Share success as a means to develop national best practices. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Developed a Project Charter; Spoke to several peer institutions; Update institutional policy. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Since launching the Program in June 2016, the number of records submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov has increased 14% (852–971). At the same time, compliance with late results has increased by over 92% (111–9). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Clinical Trial registration and results reporting is sub-par at many institutions. We have established a successful program that others can emulate. Institutions can increase transparency of clinical trials as well as prevent civil monetary penalties ($11,569/d/study) and loss of grant funding.
2120 Long-acting reversible contraceptive uptake in female sex workers and single mothers in Rwanda and Zambia
Authors: Li Jessica , Parker Rachel , Wall Kristin , Haddad Lisa , Allen Susan
Published: November 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) has been well established as the most cost-effective form of contraception, but LARC usage in developing countries remains low. As part of a multi-center parent study on HIV incidence, we implemented an integrated family planning program to increase LARC uptake in single women in Rwanda and Zambia. We aim to evaluate rates of LARC uptake, LARC discontinuation and incident pregnancy following family planning counseling. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We enrolled 3 cohorts of single sexually active HIV-negative women between the ages of 18–45 years: single mothers (SM) in Zambia, female sex workers (FSW) in Zambia and FSW in Rwanda. Participants were followed every 3 months for up to 5 years. At each visit, we discussed fertility goals and counseled participants on HIV risk reduction and contraceptive options. Eligible participants (not pregnant, already using a LARC method, or using a permanent contraceptive method) were offered a LARC method, specifically the copper IUD or Jadelle implant. Data was collected on demographic factors, sexual behavior, sexual and reproductive history, and gynecological exams and laboratory tests were performed if necessary. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: In total, 458 Rwandan FSW, 555 Zambian FSW, and 521 Zambian SM were enrolled, with a median follow-up time of 6 months, 12 months, and 9 months, respectively. Accounting for any LARC uptake during longitudinal follow-up, our preliminary results show an increase in LARC usage from 21% at screening to 51% at the end of follow-up among Rwandan FSW, an increase from 12% to 42% in Zambian FSW and an increase from 18% to 44% in Zambian SM. We hypothesize that demographic factors (e.g., younger age, higher education level) and sexual history (e.g., greater number of sexual partners, any STIs or reproductive health disturbances) will be associated with increased rates of LARC uptake. We also hypothesize that LARC users will have significantly lower proportions of contraceptive method discontinuation and incident pregnancy compared to non-LARC users. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: FSW and SM are disproportionately affected by high rates of unintended pregnancy, which can lead to obstetric complications and poor psychosocial outcomes. It is imperative that family planning interventions in developing countries target these populations to overcome obstacles in reproductive health and promote gender equality. Our study will provide necessary insights to an integrated family planning program, which will guide future efforts to design, implement and evaluate family planning initiatives for high-risk populations.
2418 Post-traumatic stress symptoms in caregivers of pediatric hydrocephalus population
Authors: Zimmerman Kathrin , Cutillo Alexandra , Dreer Laura , Arynchyna Anastasia , Rocque Brandon G.
Published: November 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The goal of this study is to characterize traumatic events and post-traumatic stress symptom severity experienced by caregivers of children with hydrocephalus. Results will eventually be evaluated and compared with demographic and medical characteristics. This study is part of a larger research project that aims to (1) determine the prevalence and risk factors for post-traumatic stress symptoms in pediatric hydrocephalus patients and their caregivers; (2) develop a targeted intervention to mitigate its effects and pilot test the intervention. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Caregivers of children with hydrocephalus that have received surgical treatment (CSF shunt or ETV/CPC) were enrolled during routine follow up visit in a pediatric neurosurgery clinic. Caregivers completed the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), a 20-item self-report measure that assesses the presence and severity of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Participant responses (n=56) revealed that 57.14% of caregivers indicated that their most traumatic event was directly related to their child’s medical condition. In total, 23.21% of caregivers did not specify their most traumatic event and 1.79% of caregivers indicated that they had never experienced a traumatic event. Median Total Symptom Severity Score was 11 (mean: 15.32±14.92), and scores ranged from 0 to 67; 32.14% of caregivers scored 19 or greater, and 16.07% of caregivers scored 33 or greater, a value suggestive of a provisional diagnosis of PTSD. Severity scores by DSM-V clusters were as follows: cluster B—intrusion symptoms (mean: 4.91±4.77, median: 4, range: 0–20), cluster C—avoidance symptoms (mean: 1.27±1.87, median: 0.5, range: 0–8), cluster D—negative alterations in cognition and mood (mean: 4.86±6.07, median: 2, range: 0–22), and cluster E—alterations in arousal and reactivity (mean: 4.29±4.07, median: 3, range: 0–17). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Preliminary results from this study indicate that post-traumatic stress symptoms are prevalent among caregivers of children with hydrocephalus. These results suggest that psychosocial issues such as PTSS may be a significant problem in need of treatment, that is not traditionally addressed as part of routine care for families of children with hydrocephalus. Characterizing post-traumatic stress symptoms in this population sets the foundation for the development of screening and treatment protocols for post-traumatic stress symptoms in caregivers of children with hydrocephalus. This study is the first step towards fundamentally improving routine clinical care and quality of life for patients with hydrocephalus and their caregivers by understanding and addressing the effects of traumatic stress.
2492 Risk of readmission after discharge from skilled nursing facilities following heart failure hospitalization
Authors: Weerahandi Himali , Li Li , Herrin Jeph , Dharmarajan Kumar , Kim Lucy , Ross Joseph , Jones Simon , Horwitz Leora
Published: November 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Determine timing of risk of readmissions within 30 days among patients first discharged to a skilled nursing facilities (SNF) after heart failure hospitalization and subsequently discharged home. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This was a retrospective cohort study of patients with SNF stays of 30 days or less following discharge from a heart failure hospitalization. Patients were followed for 30 days following discharge from SNF. We categorized patients based on SNF length of stay (LOS): 1–6 days, 7–13 days, 14–30 days. We then fit a piecewise exponential Bayesian model with the outcome as time to readmission after discharge from SNF for each group. Our event of interest was unplanned readmission; death and planned readmissions were considered as competing risks. Our model examined 2 different time intervals following discharge from SNF: 0–3 days post SNF discharge and 4–30 days post SNF discharge. We reported the hazard rate (credible interval) of readmission for each time interval. We examined all Medicare fee-for-service (FFS) patients 65 and older admitted from July 2012 to June 2015 with a principal discharge diagnosis of HF, based on methods adopted by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) for hospital quality measurement. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Our study included 67,585 HF hospitalizations discharged to SNF and subsequently discharged home [median age, 84 years (IQR; 78–89); female, 61.0%]; 13,257 (19.2%) were discharged with home care, 54,328 (80.4%) without. Median length of SNF admission was 17 days (IQR; 11–22). In total, 16,333 (24.2%) SNF discharges to home were readmitted within 30 days of SNF discharge; median time to readmission was 9 days (IQR; 3–18). The hazard rate of readmission for each group was significantly increased on days 0–3 after discharge from SNF compared with days 4–30 after discharge from SNF. In addition, the hazard rate of readmission during the first 0–3 days after discharge from SNF decreased as the LOS in SNF increased. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The hazard rate of readmission after SNF discharge following heart failure hospitalization is highest during the first 6 days home. Length of stay at SNF also has an effect on risk of readmission immediately after discharge from SNF; patients with a longer length of stay in SNF were less likely to be readmitted in the first 3 days after discharge from SNF.
2240 Shared decision making in child health: A qualitative study of parents of children with medical complexity
Authors: Lin Jody , Clark Catherine , Halpern-Felsher Bonnie , Sanders Lee M.
Published: November 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Children with medical complexity (CMC) comprise less than 5% of the pediatric population and over 40% of pediatric spending, yet receive poorer quality health care compared with other children. The American Academy of Pediatrics recently identified shared decision making (SDM) as a key quality indicator for CMC, but there is no consensus model for SDM in CMC. Objective: To create a model of SDM from perspectives of parents of CMC. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Interviews with parents of CMC explored SDM preferences and experiences. Eligible parents were ≥18 years old, English-speaking or Spanish-speaking, with a CMC <12 years old. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed by 3 independent coders for shared themes using grounded theory. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Interviews were with 31 parents [26 English speakers, median parent age 33 years (SD 11), median child age 3 years (SD 3.6)] in inpatient and outpatient settings. We identified specific, unique components of SDM that affect decision quality, the alignment of a decision with the parent’s preferences and values. Themes included: concerns about uncertainty of the child’s life trajectory, conflict during parent-provider communication, health system factors such as provider schedule; parent agency, and the influence of the source of information. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Our findings provide specific components of SDM unique to CMC that can inform future research and interventions to support SDM for parents and providers of CMC.
2279 Understanding care delivered to patients with a possible concussion at an urban level 1 trauma center
Authors: Zalesky Chet C. , Wright David W. , Patel Sanam , Patzer Rachel K.
Published: November 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Background: Annually, 2.5 million traumatic brain injuries (TBI) occur with nearly 75% classified as mild TBI (mTBI), also known as a concussion. Mild TBI can be subtle and detection requires a high index of suspicion and a regimented evaluation process. This study was done to define the proportion of patients with a possible mTBI evaluated for concussion at a high volume urban trauma center. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Methods: A prospective cohort of patients was identified using a 3-question screen at the time of triage: did an injury occur; was the mechanism consistent with mTBI; was there a period of altered mental status. Patients who screened positive were thought to meet a minimum threshold for the evaluation of mTBI. Information about mTBI specific evaluation, management, and education was obtained from the patient’s charts. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Results: 38,484 patients were screened over 16 weeks, of whom 453 (1.18%) screened positive for a possible mTBI and did not meet exclusion criteria. In total, 198 patients had documented loss of consciousness, 101 were diagnosed with mTBI, and 49 received mTBI discharge instructions. Overall, 32.5% of included patients had mTBI listed in the differential or as a diagnosis and 32.3% with loss of consciousness received a mTBI diagnosis. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Conclusions: Many patients with a possible mTBI were not evaluated, managed, or educated for their potential injury. Changes in physicians’ approach to mTBI must occur to increase the proportion of patients receiving appropriate evaluation, management, and education. These results define the current reality of mTBI treatment in the Emergency Department and show the need for further experimental studies targeted at physician decision support interventions to improve mTBI care.
2212 A systematic overview of cost-utility analyses in dermatology
Authors: Li David G. , Faletsky Adam , Neumann Peter , Cohen Joshua
Published: November 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Costs associated with the treatment of skin diseases accounted for greater than 4% of total US healthcare spending in 2013, an increase of $46 billion (170%) since 2004. Considering the increase in novel treatments and spending, cost-utility analyses (CUAs) may provide a better understanding of costs in dermatology. In this study, we conduct a systematic overview of study quality among CUAs related to dermatology. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We queried studies from the Tufts Medical Center Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Registry (www.cearegistry.org), a database supplying information on all peer-reviewed cost-effectiveness analysis through 2014. Database methodology was previously discussed here. We queried studies using keywords from the 24 major skin disease categories (e.g., diseases relating to actinic damage were searched by using “actinic,” “actinic keratosis”). We collected data on study design, reporting methods, and analyzed relevant data stratified by 2 time-periods (1976–2008 and 2009–2014) chosen to encompass a comparable number of studies. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: In total, 42 and 50 studies corresponding to the 2 time-periods were retrieved (representing 14/24 disease categories). Based on the recommended data reporting guidelines for CUAs, study quality remained largely unchanged across the 2 phases. Across the 2 time-periods, a societal perspective was used in 19% and 12% of studies, costs and (quality adjusted life-years) QALYs were discounted in 67% and 72% of studies, a correct (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio) ICER was reported in 67% and 72% of studies, and a sensitivity analysis was included in 88% and 84% of studies, respectively. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Our findings suggest the quality of dermatology-related CUAs, as evaluated by recommended data reporting guidelines, to be generally stable during the analyzed time-periods. However, the quality of our results may be limited by the small number of CUAs within dermatology (10/24 disease categories did not have CUAs across any time-period). Moving forward, we encourage researchers within dermatology to pursue additional investigation towards cost-effective practices while adhering closely to recommended quality reporting guidelines for CUAs.
2327 Decoding/encoding somatosensation from the hand area of the human primary somatosensory (S1) cortex for a closed-loop motor/sensory brain-machine interface (BMI)
Authors: Lee Brian , Andersen Richard , Chui Helena , Mack William
Published: November 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: A brain-machine interface (BMI) is a device implanted into the brain of a paralyzed or injured patient to control an external assistive device, such as a cursor on a computer screen, a motorized wheelchair, or a robotic limb. We hypothesize we can utilize electrical stimulation of subdural electrocorticography (ECoG) electrodes as a method of generating the percepts of somatosensation such as vibration, temperature, or proprioception. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: There will be 10 subjects, who are informed, willing, and consented epilepsy patients undergoing initial surgery for placement of subdural ECoG electrodes in the brain for seizure monitoring. ECoG will be used as a platform for recording high-resolution local field potentials during real-touch behavioral tasks. In addition, ECoG will also be used to electrically stimulate the human cerebral cortex in order to map and understand how varying stimulation parameters produce percepts of sensation. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: To determine how tactile and proprioceptive signals are integrated in S1, we will perform spectral analysis of the broadband local field potentials to look for increased power in specific frequency bands in the ECoG recordings while touching or moving the hand. To explore generating artificial sensation, the subject will be asked to perform a variety of tasks with and without the aid of stimulation. We anticipate the subject’s performance will be enhanced with the addition of artificial sensation. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Many patients might benefit from a BMI, such as those with stroke, amputation, spinal cord injury, or brain trauma. The current generation of BMI devices are guided by visual feedback alone. However, without somatosensory feedback, even the most basic limb movements are difficult to perform in a fluid and natural manner. The results from this project will be crucial to developing a closed loop motor/sensory BMI.
2421 Development and validation of a translational rat model of neonatal abstinence syndrome
Authors: Brents Lisa , Griffin Bryce A. , Caperton Caitlin , Russell Lauren , Cabanlong Christian , Wilson Catheryn , Urquhart Kyle , Martins Brad , Patton Amy L. , Alund Alexander W. , Owens S. Michael , Fantegrossi William E. , Moran Jeffery H.
Published: November 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Rodent models can be used to study neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS), but the applicability of findings from the models to NAS in humans is not well understood. The objective of this study was to develop a rat model of norbuprenorphine-induced NAS and validate its translational value by comparing blood concentrations in the norbuprenorphine-treated pregnant rat to those previously reported in pregnant women undergoing buprenorphine treatment. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Pregnant Long-Evans rats were implanted with 14-day osmotic minipumps containing vehicle, morphine (positive control), or norbuprenorphine (0.3–3 mg/kg/d) on gestation day 9. Within 12 hours of delivery, pups were tested for spontaneous or precipitated opioid withdrawal by injecting them with saline (10 mL/kg, i.p.) or naltrexone (1 or 10 mg/kg, i.p), respectively, and observing them for well-validated neonatal withdrawal signs. Blood was sampled via indwelling jugular catheters from a subset of norbuprenorphine-treated dams on gestation day 8, 10, 13, 17, and 20. Norbuprenorphine concentrations in whole blood samples were quantified using LC/MS/MS. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Blood concentrations of norbuprenorphine in rats exposed to 1–3 mg/kg/d of norbuprenorphine were similar to levels previously reported in pregnant women undergoing buprenorphine treatment. Pups born to dams treated with these doses exhibited robust withdrawal signs. Blood concentrations of norbuprenorphine decreased across gestation, which is similar to previous reports in humans. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: These results suggest that dosing dams with 1–3 mg/kg/day norbuprenorphine produces maternal blood concentrations and withdrawal severity similar to those previously reported in humans. This provides evidence that, at these doses, this model is useful for testing hypotheses about norbuprenorphine that are applicable to NAS in humans.
2057 L1 expression analysis in adipose-derived stem cells
Authors: Kaul Tiffany , Sabol Rachel , Morales Maria E. , Bunnell Bruce , Deininger Prescott
Published: November 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Long interspersed element-1s (L1s) are autonomous, mobile elements that are able to copy and insert themselves throughout the genome with their own reverse transcriptase and endonuclease. These elements make up 17% of the human genome with over 500,000 copies, though the vast majority of L1s are defective with only a few dozen potentially responsible for L1 activity. Full-length L1s have the potential to contribute to mutagenesis through random insertion and increased genetic instability. Here we set out to study L1 expression at the specific loci level in bone marrow-derived stem cells (bmSCs) and adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) and compare the levels of expression from ASCs from donor patients who are young and lean, obese, and old. Our hypothesis is that L1-related damage may contribute to mutation and inflammation that alters the function of these stem cells throughout the life of an individual. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: ASCs and bmSCs were isolated from patient donors. The following samples were collected: ASCs from 3 young (under the age of 59) and lean (BMI<30) patients, ASCs from 3 older patients (over the age of 59), ASCs from 3 patients with BMI>30, and bmSCs from 4 young and lean patients. Cytoplasmic RNA from the cell populations was isolated and sequenced by RNA-Seq from the cell populations. Using our recently developed bioinformatics pipeline, we set out to quantify L1 expression and identify the few culprit L1s at specific loci that are actively transcribing to RNA in the ASC and bmSC samples. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Here we provide proof of concept with the application of this novel method in characterizing full-length expressed L1s at the specific loci level in ASCs and bmSCs. We identified L1 loci that are commonly expressed in these cell types and observed an increase in L1 expression in the obese and old ASC cells compared with the young, lean ASCs and bmSCs. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: ASCs hold the promise of broad application in the biomedical field including regenerative treatment. There are reports that ASCs cultivated from older and obese donors are less effective in regenerative treatments. By demonstrating an increased expression of the mutagenic L1 element in ASCs from obese and old donors, this study provides further evidence suggesting the preferable use of ASCs from young and lean donors for regenerative therapies. These studies will also help us to understand the potential contribution of L1 expression to loss of stem cell function during the aging process.
2357 Lost and found: Detection of brain cardiolipins in plasma after cardiac arrest
Authors: Lamade Andrew M. , Anthonymuthu Tamil S. , Kenny Elizabeth M. , Gidwani Hitesh , Krehel Nicholas M. , Amoscato Andrew A. , Straub Adam C. , Kagan Valerian E. , Dezfulian Cameron , Bayır Hülya
Published: November 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Neurological injury remains as the main limiting factor for overall recovery after cardiac arrest (CA). Currently available indicators of neurological injury are inadequate for early prognostication after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). High diversification of brain mitochondrial cardiolipins (CL) makes them unique candidates to quantify brain injury and to predict prognosis early after ROSC. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: CL content in plasma in 39 patients within 6 hours of ROSC and 10 healthy subjects as well as CL content in human heart and brain specimens were quantified using a high-resolution liquid chromatography mass spectrometry method. The quantities of brain-type CL species were correlated with clinical parameters of brain injury severity permitting derivation of a cerebral CL score (C-score) using linear regression. C-score and a single CL species (70:5) were evaluated in patients with varying neurological injury and outcome. Using a rat model of CA, CL was quantified in the plasma and brain of rats using similar methods and results compared with the controls. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We found that brain and the heart fell on extreme ends of the CL diversity spectrum with 26 species of CL exclusively present in human brain not heart. Nine of these 26 species were present in plasma within 6 hours of ROSC with quantities correlating with greater brain injury. The C-score correlated with early neurologic injury and predicted discharge neurologic/functional outcome. CL (70:5) emerged as a potential point-of-care marker that alone was predictive of injury severity and outcome nearly as well as C-score. Using a rat CA model we showed a significant reduction in hippocampal CL content corresponding to CL released from the brain into systemic circulation. C-score was significantly increased in 10 minute Versus 5 minute no-flow CA and naïve controls. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: CA results in appearance and accumulation of CL in plasma, proportional to injury severity. Quantitation of brain-type CL species in plasma can be used to prognosticate neurological injury within 6 hours after ROSC.
THE POLITICAL ORIGINS OF ISLAMIC COURTS IN DIVIDED SOCIETIES: THE CASE OF MALAYSIA
Authors: Hamayotsu Kikue
Published: November 2018

The way in which Islamic courts and laws are developed and how religious legal apparatuses shape the relations between—and within—religious communities has been a common source of debate among scholars. This article analyzes the growing institutional power and authority of Islamic courts and judges in Malaysia since the late 1980s to contribute to this theoretical debate. Specifically, it compares two critical phases of institutional development of Islamic courts in Malaysia's largely secular judicial system: the first under the premiership of Mahathir Mohamad before the dismissal of his deputy, Anwar Ibrahim (1980–1998), and the second under the post-reformasi(reform) period (1999–present). Original data gathered at the Jabatan Kehakiman Syariah Malaysia (Department of Syariah Judiciary Malaysia) and other government and legal agencies, fieldwork, and semistructured interviews with Islamic and civil court officials both at the federal and state levels document the institutional expansion and administrative independence that the Islamic courts and judges have successively gained in relation to their civil counterparts. It is argued that the gradual bureaucratization of Islamic courts can best be explained with reference to the interests—and strategic coalitions—of politicalandreligious elites within the majority community to sustain a dominant regime and majoritarian rule based on communal identity.
Minimum quadratic helicity states
Authors: Akhmet’ev P. M. , Candelaresi S. , Smirnov A. Y.
Published: November 2018

Building on previous results on the quadratic helicity in magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) we investigate particular minimum helicity states. These are eigenfunctions of the curl operator and are shown to constitute solutions of the quasi-stationary incompressible ideal MHD equations. We then show that these states have indeed minimum quadratic helicity.
Frontostriatal functional connectivity and striatal dopamine synthesis capacity in schizophrenia in terms of antipsychotic responsiveness: an [18F]DOPA PET and fMRI study
Authors: Kim Seoyoung , Jung Wi Hoon , Howes Oliver D. , Veronese Mattia , Turkheimer Federico E. , Lee Yun-Sang , Lee Jae Sung , Kim Euitae , Kwon Jun Soo
Published: November 2018

Background

Given that only a subgroup of patients with schizophrenia responds to first-line antipsychotic drugs, a key clinical question is what underlies treatment response. Observations that prefrontal activity correlates with striatal dopaminergic function, have led to the hypothesis that disrupted frontostriatal functional connectivity (FC) could be associated with altered dopaminergic function. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between frontostriatal FC and striatal dopamine synthesis capacity in patients with schizophrenia who had responded to first-line antipsychotic drug compared with those who had failed but responded to clozapine.

Methods

Twenty-four symptomatically stable patients with schizophrenia were recruited from Seoul National University Hospital, 12 of which responded to first-line antipsychotic drugs (first-line AP group) and 12 under clozapine (clozapine group), along with 12 matched healthy controls. All participants underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and [18F]DOPA PET scans.

Results

No significant difference was found in the total PANSS score between the patient groups. Voxel-based analysis showed a significant correlation between frontal FC to the associative striatum and the influx rate constant of [18F]DOPA in the corresponding region in the first-line AP group. Region-of-interest analysis confirmed the result (control group: R2 = 0.019, p = 0.665; first-line AP group: R2 = 0.675, p < 0.001; clozapine group: R2 = 0.324, p = 0.054) and the correlation coefficients were significantly different between the groups.

Conclusions

The relationship between striatal dopamine synthesis capacity and frontostriatal FC is different between responders to first-line treatment and clozapine treatment in schizophrenia, indicating that a different pathophysiology could underlie schizophrenia in patients who respond to first-line treatments relative to those who do not.
Kinematic and Kinetostatic Analysis of Parallel Manipulators with Emphasis on Position, Motion, and Actuation Singularities
Authors: Ozgoren M. Kemal
Published: November 2018

This paper provides a contribution to the singularity analysis of the parallel manipulators by introducing the position singularities in addition to the motion and actuation singularities. The motion singularities are associated with the linear velocity mapping between the task and joint spaces. So, they are the singularities of the relevant Jacobian matrices. On the other hand, the position singularities are associated with the nonlinear position mapping between the task and joint spaces. So, they are encountered in the position-level solutions of the forward and inverse kinematics problems. In other words, they come out irrespective of the velocity mapping and the Jacobian matrices. Considering these distinctions, a kinematic singularity is denoted here by one of the four acronyms, which are PSFK (position singularity of forward kinematics), PSIK (position singularity of inverse kinematics), MSFK (motion singularity of forward kinematics), and MSIK (motion singularity of inverse kinematics). There may also occur an actuation singularity (ACTS) concerning the kinetostatic relationships that involve forces and moments. However, it is verified that an ACTS is the same as an MSFK. Each singularity induces different consequences in the joint and task spaces. A PSFK imposes a constraint on the active joint variables and makes the end-effector position indefinite and uncontrollable. Therefore, it must be avoided. An MSFK imposes a constraint on the rates of the active joint variables and makes the end-effector motion indefinite and easily perturbable. Besides, since it is also an ACTS, it causes the actuator torques or forces to grow without bound. Therefore, it must also be avoided. On the other hand, a PSIK imposes a constraint on the end-effector position but provides freedom for the active joint variables. Similarly, an MSIK imposes a constraint on the end-effector motion but provides freedom for the rates of the active joint variables. A PSIK or MSIK need not be avoided if the constraint it imposes on the position or motion of the end-effector is acceptable or if the task can be planned to be compatible with that constraint. Besides, with such a compatible task, a PSIK or MSIK may even be advantageous, because the freedom it provides for the active joint variables can sometimes be used for a secondary purpose. This paper is also concerned with the multiplicities of forward kinematics in the assembly modes of the manipulator and the multiplicities of inverse kinematics in the posture modes of the legs. It is shown that the assembly mode changing poses of the manipulator are the same as the MSFK poses, and the posture mode changing poses of the legs are the same as the MSIK poses.
Caregiver Out-of-Pocket Costs for Octogenarian Intensive Care Unit Patients in Canada
Authors: Boyes Randy D. , Bielska Iwona A. , Fong Raymond , Johnson Ana P.
Published: November 2018

Les problèmes médicaux affectant la population vieillissante sont de plus en plus préoccupants et ont des impacts sur les patients et leurs soignants familiaux. Cette étude a permis de déterminer les coûts directs et indirects encourus par les soignants familiaux de personnes âgées hospitalisées en unités de soins intensifs (USI) au Canada. Les soignants familiaux de patients hospitalisés en USI ont répondu à un sondage portant à la fois sur les coûts directs qu’ils assumaient pour les soins de ces patients et sur les coûts indirects, tels que les heures de travail et de loisirs perdues lors de la prestation de ces soins. Les coûts totaux mensuels des soins ont été stratifiés selon le sexe, l’âge et la région géographique du soignant. La moyenne des coûts directs pour les soignants était de 791 $ ($CA en 2016) par patient au cours du premier mois de soins intensifs. Le coût total quotidien moyen par patient était de 162 $ par jour pour ces soignants. Les hommes ayant le rôle de soignant principal ont payé davantage de frais que les femmes. Des programmes de subvention seraient nécessaires pour aider les soignants familiaux à couvrir les frais considérables liés aux soins qu’ils apportent à des patients en USI, en incluant aussi les frais de déplacements, de repas, d’hébergement et de stationnement.
Informant-specific reports of peer and teacher relationships buffer the effects of harsh parenting on children's oppositional defiant disorder during kindergarten
Authors: Roubinov Danielle S. , Boyce W. Thomas , Bush Nicole R.
Published: November 2018

Harsh and restrictive parenting are well-established contributors to the development of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) among children. However, few studies have explored whether interpersonal relationships that develop outside the family environment attenuate the risk for ODD that is associated with harsh parenting. The current study tested multireporter measures of teacher–child closeness and peer acceptance as moderators of the association between harsh parenting and children's ODD as children's social worlds widen during the kindergarten year (N= 338 children, 48% girls, M age = 5.32 years). Harsh parenting interacted withpeer nominationsof peer acceptance andchildren's reportof teacher–child closeness to predict children's ODD symptoms in the spring, adjusting for fall symptoms. Children exposed to harsh parenting exhibited greater symptom increases when they were less liked/accepted playmates and in the context of lower teacher–child closeness. However, harsh parenting was not associated with symptom change among children with higher levels of peer-nominated acceptance and those who reported closer relationships with teachers. There were no significant interactions usingteacher's reportof peer acceptance orteacher's reportof teacher–child closeness. Findings highlight positive peer and teacher relationships as promising targets of intervention among children exposed to harsh parenting and support the importance of assessing multiple perspectives of children's social functioning.
Reducing Herbicide Particle Drift: Effect of Hooded Sprayer and Spray Quality
Authors: Foster Henry C. , Sperry Benjamin P. , Reynolds Daniel B. , Kruger Greg R. , Claussen Steve
Published: November 2018

A field study was conducted in 2015 and 2016 to compare particle drift of glyphosate using a fluorescent tracer dye applied with hooded and open sprayers at four spray qualities (Fine [F], Medium [M], Very-Coarse [VC], and Ultra-Coarse [UC]). F and M spray qualities exhibited up to 86% and 56% less drift, respectively, out to 31 m downwind with the hooded sprayer than with the open sprayer. Conversely, VC and UC spray qualities were not affected by sprayer type out to 31 m downwind. From 43 to 104 m downwind, hooded sprayer applications exhibited approximately 50% less drift than open sprayer applications, regardless of spray quality. From 43 to 89 m downwind, F spray qualities, regardless of sprayer type, exhibited higher drift than all other spray qualities. These data indicate that hooded sprayers considerably reduce drift of all spray qualities at short distances downwind. Additionally, at longer distances downwind, both larger spray qualities and sprayer hoods reduced drift independently.
Key Morphological Events following Late-Season Goosegrass (Eleusine indica) Germination
Authors: Kerr Robert Andrew , McCarty Lambert B. , Bridges William C. , Cutulle Matthew
Published: November 2018

Goosegrass is a weedy C4species throughout the world and a major pest in turfgrass systems. Further research is needed to characterize morphological events of goosegrass germinating in late summer to enhance long-term management programs. The objective of this study was to determine whether goosegrass germinating on August 15 will complete a life cycle before the first killing frost, typically November 15 in Clemson, SC. A biotype from Clemson, SC, was collected and a growth-chamber experiment was conducted to simulate autumn maximum and minimum temperatures. Culm, leaf, root, and raceme biomass measurements were recorded weekly, and growth curves were modeled. The inflection point (i.e., point of maximum growth) occurred for the following growth parameters: culm dry weight at 26.5 d after emergence (DAE), leaf dry weight at 26.6 DAE, number of racemes per plant at 50.7 DAE, raceme dry weight (including germinable seed) at 56.0 DAE, and root dry weight at 42.1 DAE. The completion of the life cycle occurred on October 22 (68 DAE), approximately 3 wk before the typical first killing frost in Clemson, SC. In summary, turf managers need to address goosegrass that germinates through approximately the first week of September at this location to avoid production of viable seed.
Johnson Receives 2018 Ronald Greeley Early Career Award in Planetary Sciences
Authors:   AGU
Published: November 2018

Brandon Johnson will receive the 2018 Ronald Greeley Early Career Award in Planetary Sciences at AGU’s Fall Meeting 2018, to be held 10–14 December in Washington, D. C. The award recognizes “significant early career contributions to planetary science.”