bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Auteurship and Agency In Television Music
Authors: Rodman Ronald
Published: February 2014

This chapteroffers a survey of literature and analytical approaches in the study of television music. It explains the distinction between composer-based,auteurist models and agency-oriented models of television music, and describes the distinctive character of music video. It discusses the trend in current television and television music and evaluates the presentstate and prospects for television music research. This chapteralso considers the factors that significantly influenced the evolution of television music, including the advent of DVR technology.
On the Microfoundations of Macroeconomics
Authors: Rizvi Abu
Published: February 2014

In a review of Asset Accumulation and Economic Activity by James Tobin, Hyman Minsky outlined three types of macroeconomic approaches after John Maynard Keynes: the neoclassical synthesis, the New Classical approach, and fundamentalist Keynesian scholarship. Each of the three streams of thought identified by Minsky had trouble finding acceptance. Regarding the fundamentalist Keynesians, Minsky’s third group, this chapter suggests why mainstream economists tended to ignore them, attributing this neglect to a form of dogmatism. The bulk of this chapter, though, focuses on criticism leveled against the two other approaches quite directly, namely, that they had inadequate microfoundations. Unless otherwise stated, the microfoundations referred to in this chapter concern the aggregate manifestations of the general equilibrium (of the Arrow-Debreu type) of maximizing individual agents. Also discussed are the arbitrariness of aggregate demand and its implications, the Sonnenschein-Mantel-Debreu theory, and ontological reduction and explanatory reduction.
Interdisciplinary Applications of Post-Keynesian Economics
Authors: Bradford Wylie
Published: February 2014

Post-Keynesian economics (PKE) is often claimed to embrace and employ interdisciplinary insights and is, ipso facto, methodologically and analytically superior to the comparatively barren mainstream alternative. Given the emphasis placed on interdisciplinarity, it is reasonable to ask what the cash value has been, in terms of PKE, economics in general, and the wide array of other disciplines that are and have been candidates for cross-pollination. This chapter explores the ways in which PKE has been, and still might be, used to illuminate issues and strengthen analysis in other disciplines. The finding, somewhat surprisingly, is that very little has been done despite the scope for dissemination, if not expansion. Interdisciplinary applications of economics can take one of two basic forms: the absorptive approach and the insertive approach. This chapter also discusses the link between post-Keynesian economics and the theory of distributive justice.
Constructionist Approaches
Authors: Goldberg Adele E.
Published: February 2014

This chapter highlights the fundamental assumptions shared by all constructionist approaches, distinguishing them from mainstream generative grammar. In particular, phrasal constructions, like traditional lexical items, are learned pairings of form and function. Grammar does not involve any transformational or derivational component. Phrasal constructions, words, and partially filled words (aka morphemes) are related in a network in which nodes are related by inheritance links. Languages are acknowledged to vary in wide-ranging ways; the cross-linguistic generalizations that do exist are explained by domain-general cognitive processes or by the functions of the constructions involved.
The Limits of (Construction) Grammar
Authors: Kay Paul
Published: February 2014

This chapter analyzes the limits of Construction Grammar. It advocates the conservative view which only considers those linguistic phenomena as constructions that a speaker needs to know to "produce and understand all possible utterances of a language and no more." The chapter argues that there are many patterns which appear in language data that do not qualify as parts of a grammar, and that these patterns are neither necessary nor sufficient to produce or interpret any set of expressions of the language. The chapter highlights the need to distinguish coining from the true constructions because the failure to observe the distinction between grammatical constructions and patterns of coining can have undesirable consequences beyond grammatical theory per se, for example in comparative lexical semantics.
Sign-based Construction Grammar
Authors: Michaelis Laura A.
Published: February 2014

This chapter discusses the concept of Sign-Based Construction Grammar (SBCG), which evolved out of ideas from Berkeley Construction Grammar and construction-based Head-Driven Phrase-Structure Grammar (HPSG). The leading insight of SBCG is that the lexicon provides a model for the syntax-semantics interface. The chapter explains that though SBCG cannot be divorced from the formal conventions it uses to represent lexemes, constructions, and the hierarchical relations among types, it offers insights to construction grammarians whose work is not primarily formal. It also considers the strict locality constraint of SBCG, the avoidance of overgeneralization, inheritance, as well as the treatment of inflectional and derivation processes.
Fluid Construction Grammar
Authors: Steels Luc
Published: February 2014

This chapter focuses on Fluid Construction Grammar (FCG), a formalism that allows Construction Grammar researchers to formulate their findings in a precise manner and to test the implications of their theories for language parsing, production, and learning. It explains that FCG is not intended to displace other linguistic proposals for Construction Grammar but to be an open instrument which can be used by construction grammarians who want to formulate their intuitions and analyses in a precise way and who want to test the implications of their grammar designs for language parsing, production, and learning. The chapter furthermore shows that the construction-based approach is also relevant for the investigation of language processing, and discusses the methods and techniques adopted for the implementation of complex linguistic phenomena.
Embodied Construction Grammar
Authors: Bergen Benjamin , Chang Nancy
Published: February 2014

This chapter focuses on Embodied Construction Grammar (ECG), another computational implementation of Construction Grammar. It points out that the driving question of this framework is how language is used in actual physical and social contexts, and explains that ECG is an attempt to computationally model the cognitive and neural mechanisms that underlie human linguistic behavior. The chapter evaluates the role of mental simulation in processing and outlines how language can be seen as in interface to simulation. It also shows how constructions are represented in ECG and describes an ECG-based model of language comprehension.
Cognitive Construction Grammar
Authors: Boas Hans C.
Published: February 2014

This chapter focuses on Cognitive Construction Grammar (CCG), which aims at providing a psychologically plausible account of language by investigating the general cognitive principles that serve to structure the network of language-specific constructions. It traces the foundations of CCG, discusses the major organizing principles and the architecture of CCG, and describes the organization of constructional knowledge in CCG. The chapter also compares CCG with other strands of Construction Grammar to show what ideas they share and where they differ, and looks at the interaction of multiple constructions, the role of networks, and inheritance hierarchies, as well as frequency and productivity from a CCG perspective.
Construction Grammar and First Language Acquisition
Authors: Diessel Holger
Published: February 2014

This chapter analyzes first language acquisition in the context of Construction Grammar. It provides an overview of usage-based research in first language acquisition that is based on assumptions of Construction Grammar and considers some basic assumptions of Construction Grammar that underlie the usage-based approach to first language acquisition. The chapter also considers the lexical specificity of early pivot schemas that children use, and their relationship to the verb-argument constructions which typify adult language.
Construction Grammar and Second Language Acquisition
Authors: Ellis Nick
Published: February 2014

This chapter analyzes second language acquisition in the context of Construction Grammar. It provides evidence for the psychological reality of constructions in a second language and presents a psychological analysis of the effects of form, function, frequency, and contingency that are common to both first and second language construction learning following statistical learning processes which relate input and learner cognition. The chapter also considers crosslinguistic transfer effects and possible future directions for research into constructional approaches to second language acquisition.
Construction- Based Historical-Comparative Reconstruction
Authors: Barðdal Jóhanna
Published: February 2014

This chapter examines the application of the constructional approach to syntactic reconstruction. It argues that a constructional approach to language is an optimal theoretical framework for reconstructing syntax, and explains that a constructional approach overcomes some of the alleged difficulties with syntactic reconstruction. The chapter outlines the basic premises of historical-comparative reconstruction and how the comparative method works in practice. It also shows how Construction Grammar may contribute to historical-comparative syntactic reconstruction by reconstructing one particular argument structure construction for Proto-Indo-European language.
Corpus-based Approaches to Constructional Change
Authors: Hilpert Martin
Published: February 2014

This chapter analyzes how corpus linguistics has significantly affected our understanding of constructional change. It describes three different kinds of constructional change, including changes in a construction's frequency, in its form, and in its function. The analysis reveals that, in all cases, the data retrieved from corpora can reveal fine-grained detail regarding the gradual nature of constructional change and facilitate the quantitative analysis that typifies much work on linguistic variation and change.
Dialects, Discourse, and Construction Grammar
Authors: Östman Jan-ola , Trousdale Graeme
Published: February 2014

This chapter examines constructional approaches to language variation and aspects of discourse, including idiolectal and community variation. It provides three case studies to illustrate the modeling of inherent variability in cognitive linguistics in general and in Construction Grammar in particular. The chapter shows how the usage-based nature of much research in Construction Grammar may be applied to emergent variation in discourse structures, particularly in dialogic contexts.
African Slave Trades in Global Perspective
Authors: Larson Pier
Published: February 2014

Slave trading is a salient theme in African history and in the continent’s global connections between the eleventh and nineteenth centuries. This chapter focuses on the economic dimensions of African slave trades, summarizes the state of research on the size and demography of slaving, and explores the commodity trades of which slaving was a part. It argues that whereas the slave trades have typically been studied ocean-by-ocean with Africa as a point of departure, recentring the history of slaving onto the African continent allows for a global perspective in which all of Africa’s slave trades can be taken into account simultaneously and in dynamic interaction. Shifting focus onto Africa allows for a number of themes common to different slave trades to emerge, including the key role of textiles in all of them.
States and Statelessness
Authors: Hawthorne Walter
Published: February 2014

This chapter examines the history of state-based and stateless societies in Africa, focusing on how local political and economic processes have mediated broader regional and global processes. It considers the factors which distinguish states from stateless societies, evaluates the shifting historiography, and charts the entangled histories of states and stateless peoples from the early modern era to the nineteenth century and on to the era of colonial conquest and rule.
Warfare and the Military
Authors: Reid Richard
Published: February 2014

This chapter explores the evolution and characteristics of scholarly writing on the history of African warfare and military organization. Beginning with an overview of the challenges involved in reconstructing Africa’s violent past, the paper deals with war in the deeper past before focusing on the nineteenth century, an era in which it is argued Africa experienced a revolution in military affairs. Violence and military structures took new forms in the twentieth century, from colonial armies to modern armed struggle aimed at the overthrow of authoritarian regimes. Throughout, the chapter proposes new avenues for research, including making ever closer connections between violence, politics, and economy over the longue durée.
Islam
Authors: Miran-Guyon Marie , Triaud Jean-Louis
Published: February 2014

The chapter examines how colonial encounters transformed the course of Islam and Muslim societies in Africa both north and south of the Sahara. Its focus is on the imperial age begun by the French conquest of Algiers in 1830, but also looks to the precolonial and postcolonial periods in order to delineate the dialectic of continuity and change brought about by the colonial situation. The chapter analyses the changing perceptions and policies that colonial powers, most importantly the French and the British, developed vis-à-vis Islam and Muslims and how colonial actors and Muslim leaders worked out subtle patterns of accommodation. It calls for more attention to how Islamic thought and Muslim societies were transformed from within in the course of the twentieth century, with emphasis on Sufism, Salafism, the challenge of Western modernity, and the colonial phenomenon of conversion to Islam.
Christianity
Authors: Maxwell David
Published: February 2014

The chapter examines conversion to Christianity, one of the most significant social and cultural transformations in twentieth-century Africa. The focus is upon the role of Christianity in African society, with emphasis on the making of identities of class, ethnicity, gender, generation, and nation. The diversity of African Christianity is examined in terms of both the range of African societies it encountered and the spectrum of changing mission Christianities, which extend back as far as the late fifteenth century. Scholarship has been advanced through a greater sensitivity to missionary and African literary production as well as increasing use of photographic data. Growing interest in African cultural history has caused scholars to shift emphasis away from missionaries and their institutions towards an interest in what Christianity meant for ordinary adherents, including the mental transformations involved in conversion and the significance of baptism, pilgrimage, and the religious landscape.
Education and Literacy
Authors: Summers Carol
Published: February 2014

Schooling and literacy have been central to Africa’s modern development. Education was put forward by colonial states and their mission allies as a way to engineer progressive change either by educating and assimilating key individuals in elite European-style schools, or by training communities in adapted ways that offered economic development while minimizing political change. In practice, colonial planners found education expensive and destabilizing in the face of local entrepreneurs who sought opportunities for individual wealth, power, and respect and who used the tools of literacy and print culture to make new identities for themselves and for larger groups. Recent scholarship has emphasized the continuities between colonial and postcolonial ideas of centrally planned education, and the role of creative writing, reading, and teaching in the development of a new African elite capable of challenging both colonial and postcolonial initiatives.
Youth
Authors: Argenti Nicolas , Durham Deborah
Published: February 2014

Youth was originally theorized by ethnographers of colonial Africa in functionalist terms that saw each age grade as an integral part of a social system that reproduced itself intact with every new generation. Theories developed in the 1960s began to account for social strife and tensions between youth and elders in hierarchical, gerontocratic social systems, but still saw initiation and other rites as resolving tensions and restoring the status quo. With the advent of the Marxist turn in the 1970s and renewed interest in youth and politics from the 1990s, ethnographies of youth in Africa have made two important new interventions: they have theorized youth not as a biological given, but as a social construct or discourse uncoupled from age, and they have highlighted not the integration of youth in society, but the tensions and instabilities at the heart of the power relations that social constructs of youth denote.
Archaeologies of Automobility
Authors: Merriman Peter
Published: February 2014

Archaeologists are no strangers to the spaces and materialities of roads. The material cultures of prehistoric and Roman roads have provided an important focus for archaeological investigations, while modern road construction programmes have provided invaluable opportunities to conduct archaeological and geological investigations of sub-surface materials. In recent years, humanities and social science scholars have started to trace the material cultures and practices associated with the modern spaces of the car, road, and driving, and this chapter traces the outlines of what we might call an archaeology of modern automobility, discussing the findings of two research projects undertaken on the material cultures of automobility. Drawing upon research on the historical geographies of Britain’s M1 motorway the author examines how archaeological techniques (including field excavations) could provide an important complement to archival research in order to trace the design, construction, and use of such sites. In the second example, the chapter discusses a recent research project which attempted to write a cultural history and contemporary archaeology of the campaign for bilingual road signs in Wales. Drawing upon archival research, oral histories, and photographic research, the project reveals how the materiality of road signs was central to the motives behind-and effectiveness of-the campaign in 1960s and 1970s Wales.
Archaeology of Modern American Death
Authors: Dawdy Shannon Lee
Published: February 2014

In the United States today, death is undergoing a rapid renovation. From an exponential increase in cremations to a proliferation of funeral options, ‘tradition’ no longer dictates how the dead are dealt with, nor remembered. One of the most notable trends is a proliferation in object-centred death practices, including votive offerings, designer coffins, object memorials, and grave-goods. This chapter briefly describes these phenomena and their possible historic, economic, and cultural conditions via snapshots of three quite distinct American cemeteries. While some observers explain these changes due to the influences of consumer demand and mass production, others note a more general trend towards unique and personalized memorials that eschew market standardization. The chapter argues that these are not necessarily contradictory explanations. In fact, American death practices, like death practices in ancient societies, are telling indicators of how personhood is conceived of in life.
Authenticity
Authors: Graves-Brown Paul
Published: February 2014

The concept of authenticity has changed considerably through time. Medieval authenticity depended upon faith; medieval texts were not authored but came from God. In pre-Modernist modernity, authenticity derived from sincerity; either through reference back to tradition of through a claim to a natural purity. In late modernity, the era of Modernism, authenticity is an experiential function; it is concerned with the pragmatic quality of things. This process is complicated by the fact that ideas of authenticity can be applied to both persons and things, and that in a world of mass production and commodity, the authentic and the unique are not necessarily the same. Most importantly, whilst inanimate things can have life histories or ‘biographies’, only persons can have autobiographies, in the sense that they become authentically themselves by creating their own precursors. The essential problem for persons in the Modernist era is to be coolly authentic despite the fact that counter-cultural cool is continually commoditized by the Man.
Between the Lines
Authors: Wickstead Helen
Published: February 2014

Archaeology is a practice that draws. It also encounters many kinds of drawing among the entities it studies. This chapter uses drawing research conducted by four visual artists working in archaeological environments to explore drawing in art and archaeology. Following recent drawing scholarship, it understands drawing as part of an expanded field. Drawing concerns the relations among gestures, traces, and marks. Both action and the traces of action, it inhabits a condition of perpetual becoming and betweenness. Expanding conventional notions of drawing, it is argued, benefits archaeology by opening up a wider spectrum of its practices and objects to philosophies of drawing. Bringing archaeology into conversation with interdisciplinary drawing research creates new opportunities for future archaeologies of contemporary drawing.
Checkpoints as Gendered Spaces
Authors: Rizvi Uzma Z.
Published: February 2014

This chapter focuses on city checkpoints as urban gendered spaces. Methodological concerns are raised regarding conducting research in a space of war. The use of memory and experience as forms of data provides new interventions that resist the anxiety of the archive and collection, a method which it is argued is peculiar to contemporary archaeology. Checkpoints are also theorized as particular indicators of a fractured heritage, which emerges in relation to war, cities, and national heritage. The chapter focuses on materiality, space, and ethnographic experiences documented from January 2009 in the cities of Baghdad (and the associated city-suburb of Kauzmain), Najaf, Karbala, and Samarra.
Conflict
Authors: Moshenska Gabriel
Published: February 2014

The archaeology of twentieth-century conflicts is a rapidly growing area of study around the world. Encompassing world wars, class war, genocides, civil wars, human rights abuses, and acts of terrorism, it offers archaeological perspectives on events that have shaped human history. This chapter provides an overview of the development, key themes, and significance of twentieth-century conflict archaeology. Alongside a series of case studies that reflect the global scope and diversity of the subject, the chapter focuses on the archaeology of human remains from twentieth-century conflicts, and the role of conflict archaeology as a commemorative process. The final part of the chapter considers the future of modern conflict archaeology as an ever more significant, politically powerful, and intellectually stimulating interdisciplinary field of activity.
Race and Prosaic Materiality
Authors: Mullins Paul R.
Published: February 2014

Race has long been rendered invisible in everyday materiality or remade to mask the relationship between material things and the colour line. This chapter focuses on a public sculpture project in Indianapolis, Indiana and reveals how racist privileges are at the heart of American experience even as the racial dimensions of seemingly mundane materiality are unseen or concealed. The Indianapolis experience reflects the ways many communities struggle to simultaneously remember, displace, memorialize, and efface colour line heritage in cities where there appear to be no contemporary material traces of the colour line.
The Material Cellphone
Authors: Maxwell Richard , Milligan Tony
Published: February 2014

The cellphone is at once a transformative, even revolutionary, technology but also an artefact of social fragmentation and managerial/administrative command-control. This chapter explores the contradictory discursive record of utopic and dystopic accounts of the cellphone. The former anchors the cellphone’s historical time to high capitalist consumerism, a purported source of happiness, development, and revolution. Dystopic accounts are more likely to emphasize the record of techno-criticism aimed at the quasi-religious nature of the utopian discourse, highlighting popular and literary protests against the harms to workers and ecosystems. The dystopic perspective points archaeological research to a crucial layer of evidence that moves from a focus on utopian/dystopian forms of consciousness to one centred on the gadget’s chemico-mechanical materiality and the toxic environmental legacy it bequeaths to future generations.
Doping the Voice
Authors: Ragona Melissa
Published: February 2014

This article appears in the Oxford Handbook of Sound and Image in Digital Media edited by Carol Vernallis, Amy Herzog, and John Richardson. By examining a brief history of several sound production technologies that preceded Auto-Tune, this essay suggests that a “doping of the voice” occurred—an elusive phenomenon hidden by industry engineers, but amplified by artists who sought to make the voice as pliable and sounding as the instruments that often accompanied it. On the one hand, the dope dealt by the commercial sound industry resembled expensive designer drugs—technologies that promised to make one both sound as well as look better (e.g., early dubbing for film, double-tracking for music). On the other hand, a doping of the voice was practiced by experimental artists (Yoko Ono, Charlemagne Palestine, Hollis Frampton) in order to dirty the voice’s narrative context: grinding its phonemic elements, challenging its purity as signature of the body, and wresting it away from any kind of philosophical or psychological interiority.
A Gaga-World Pageant
Authors: McCarthy David , Zauzu María E.
Published: February 2014

This article appears in the Oxford Handbook of Sound and Image in Digital Media edited by Carol Vernallis, Amy Herzog, and John Richardson. Lady Gaga and her collaborators released a series of YouTube videos between 2009 and 2012 in the form of a coherent pageant orchestrated to claim a privileged position in a networked society. This article presents a close reading of this pageant as a whole, paying special attention to meaningful relationships among the pop star’s iconography, rhetoric, musical tropes, audio effects, and digital practices. The Gaga World has been crafted in ways that resonate with popular contemporary conceptions of society, providing Gaga with an apparent timeliness. This affords the cultural critic with a kind of text for considering a set of political contradictions that are otherwise obscured by a rhetoric that deploys ideas about ostensibly nonhierarchical and democratic networks.
A Gash in the Portrait
Authors: Toles George
Published: February 2014

This article appears in the Oxford Handbook of Sound and Image in Digital Media edited by Carol Vernallis, Amy Herzog, and John Richardson. This essay examines the effects of image and sound manipulation in Martin Arnold’s 2002 installation, Deanimated. Austrian experimental filmmaker Arnold has digitally reworked a B-horror movie starring Bela Lugosi, Joseph Lewis’s The Invisible Ghost (1941). Taking the horror movie’s title literally, Arnold has excised, in a gradual fashion, all of the characters in the original narrative from the film’s images, as well as their dialogue and the sounds of their actions. The viewers of Deanimated are left to contemplate the interior of the house that is The Invisible Ghost’s main setting, rooms that are to a palpable degree haunted by the suppressed narrative and the not quite vanished presences of those who had enacted it. The essay explores the logic of this “remnant” scenario of mourning and how it reasserts themes from the host narrative in a different key. The Invisible Ghost gains both fresh dimension and pathos from the slow ravaging of its contents.
Large Screens, Third Screens, Virtuality, and Innovation
Authors: Cubitt Sean
Published: February 2014

This article appears in the Oxford Handbook of Sound and Image in Digital Media edited by Carol Vernallis, Amy Herzog, and John Richardson. The development of large-scale screens in public places parallels the emergence of handheld screen devices (phones, tablets, MP3 players, games consoles), yet they seem to pull in opposite social directions: toward mass social participation and spectacle on one side, toward intimate, private experience and one-to-one communication on the other. Increasing commercialization of both types of screen, and the increasing technical standardization of screens in general, indicate a subordination of screen aesthetics to the extraction of wealth and to the extension of control. This essay analyzes the political economy of contemporary screens as ground for an aesthetic that, while praising innovation, sacrifices the virtuality of screen technology—its capacity to become other. Drawing on research into transnational public screen space, it concludes optimistically with an account of possibilities emerging from the contradictory architecture of these forms of screen culture.
Dirty Sound
Authors: Coulthard Lisa
Published: February 2014

This article appears in the Oxford Handbook of Sound and Image in Digital Media edited by Carol Vernallis, Amy Herzog, and John Richardson. Focusing on noise in films associated with European New Extremism, this article considers the function and impact of a specific sound effect (the low-frequency drone) in an acoustic era defined by clarity and precision. The technologies associated with Dolby digital surround sound eradicate or at least mute interfering noise; yet, in films such as Antichrist, Trouble Every Day, and Sombre, noise is added back into the mix in persistent, critical, and, most importantly, corporeal ways. This last point is crucial: stressing low-frequency sound, the drone influences the viewer’s body in direct ways, a power that renders its impact haptic as well as thematic or stylistic. This article contends that the recurring drone in the violent and body-centered films of New Extremism asks us to interrogate noise, silence, purity, and corporeality.
Coming to Mind
Authors: Morris Paul , Paasonen Susanna
Published: February 2014

This article appears in the Oxford Handbook of Sound and Image in Digital Media edited by Carol Vernallis, Amy Herzog, and John Richardson. Pornography aims to capture and mediate some of the intensity and immediacy of sex. This is particularly manifest in the framework of gay bareback pornography that both documents a sexual subculture and caters to a particular porn audience. Structured as a dialogue between a bareback porn producer and a media studies scholar, the essay combines practice-based insights with more conventional scholarly argumentation in a discussion on the modality of pornography, as well as on the transformations that digital media technologies have inflicted in its production and consumption. The chapter addresses the visceral force of pornography while paying particular attention on the centrality of sound in the mediation of intensity.
Acoustic Auteurs and Transnational Cinema
Authors: Beck Jay
Published: February 2014

This article appears in the Oxford Handbook of Sound and Image in Digital Media edited by Carol Vernallis, Amy Herzog, and John Richardson. This essay examines a growing number of filmmakers who construct personal sound aesthetics that rework the rules of sound and image relations. This trend has emerged over the past decade, and it finds global filmmakers engaged in a revitalization of the affective powers of film sound in a digitally converged world. Under consideration are issues of sound authorship, acoustic markers of cultural identity, how sound tropes circulate transnationally, and whether the rules governing sound and image are culturally determined.
A House of Sound Structure, of Marvelous form and Proportion
Authors: Owens Jonathan
Published: February 2014

This article begins by defending the so-called Proposition 1, which claims that for the linguist Arabic is the most interesting language in the world. It then describes the handbook’s scope and choice of topics, followed by a discussion of the real world of research on Arabic. It suggests that the study of a language must be more than the sum of its parts. However, as far as Arabic goes, a holistic linguistic tradition remains an unrealized desideratum. A number of factors continue to militate against this development, including the fact that Arabic is a very large language, the stovepiping characteristic of contemporary academia and the clash of academic and cultural traditions. Finally, the article discusses how the only approach that does justice to Proposition 1 is one grounded in radically open-minded empiricism.
Morphology
Authors: Ratcliffe Robert R.
Published: February 2014

This article discusses the study of Arabic morphology. It first considers the root-and-pattern theory, which has become the orthodox approach to Arabic synchronic morphology. It then details the paradigm shift in the mid-1980s, when students of Arabic morphology reached the conclusion that a rigidly reductionist root-and-pattern analysis is fundamentally inadequate as a descriptive tool. This has led to a variety of alternative models, which can be loosely grouped under the rubric of word based or stem based. All such models have in common the idea that many or all morphological regularities in Arabic can be best described in terms of derivational processes operating on words or stems rather than in terms of combinations of roots and patterns.
Arabic Linguistic Tradition II
Authors: Larcher Pierre
Published: February 2014

This article deals essentially with two topics. The first is rhetoric, as one of the two sectors of the basic core of the Arabic linguistic tradition. Since the tradition was not definitively constructed until the postclassical period, Qazwīnī’s Talkhīs (d. 739/1338) is used—the most famous “epitome” of the rhetorical part of Sakkākī’s Miftāħ al-‘Ulūm, which itself is based on the two works of Abd al-Qāhir al-Jurjānī (d. 471/1078), Asrār al-‘Arabiyya and Dalā’il al-’I‘jāz. The second is the intersections of rhetoric with the other sectors of this tradition: linguistics proper, namely, grammar; and not linguistics proper, namely, the theologico-juridical sciences.
Arabic Dialectology
Authors: Behnstedt Peter , Woidich Manfred
Published: February 2014

Geographically, Arabic is one of the most widespread languages of the world, and Arabic dialects are spoken in an unbroken expanse from western Iran to Mauritania and Morocco and from Oman to northeastern Nigeria, albeit with vast uninhabited or scarcely inhabited areas and deserts in between. It is not easy to give the exact number of speakers, estimates from 1999 (i.e., from eighteen years ago) count 206 million L1 speakers, a figure which today seems too low rather than too high.1 This geographical range is marked by extreme dialectal differences in all fields of phonology, grammar, and lexicon, at times to the extent that different varieties are mutually unintelligible.
Codeswitching and Related Issues Involving Arabic
Authors: Bentahila Abdelali , Davies Eirlys , Owens Jonathan
Published: February 2014

Bilingual speech involving Arabic has been an important source of linguistic research on the language. The greater part of this research has involved Arabic in contact with other languages; in recent years, greater systematic attention has been given to Arabic diglossic speech as well. This article looks at Arabic in contact with other languages and also deals with diglossic speech. It also briefly summarizes the use of secret languages, which has close structural parallels to code switching.
Second-Language Acquisition
Authors: Ryding Karin Christina
Published: February 2014

This article begins with an overview of Arabic second-language acquisition (SLA) research. It discusses some SLA theories; the distancing of SLA research and theory from the traditional applied linguistics fields of methodology and teacher training; and major issues in current Arabic SLA research, which center on the development of skills in both primary and secondary discourses and efforts to balance these in formal and informal learning environments. The article then reviews published studies in Arabic SLA. This is followed by a discussion of five strands of research that distinguish themselves in the analysis of Arabic SLA: (1) studies on reading comprehension and word recognition; (2) listening comprehension; (3) learning strategies; (4) attitude and motivation; and (5) acquisition order of morphosyntactic features.
History
Authors: Owens Jonathan
Published: February 2014

This article discusses the history of the Arabic language. It argues that Arabic should have a privileged place within historical linguistics. It is one of the few languages in the world for which a wealth of data exists both in the far-flung contemporary Arabic-speaking world and in a rich Classical tradition attested beginning 1400 years ago. Issues of maintenance and change, central concepts in historical linguistics, can be interpreted against a rich set of data. That they have not resides in the fact that basic concepts of historical linguistics have rarely been systematically applied to the language. Doing so will not only open new vistas to understanding the rich linguistic history of the language but also promises to contribute to the general study of historical linguistics.
Pidgins and Creoles
Authors: Tosco Mauro , Manfredi Stefano
Published: February 2014

This article focuses on the languages derived from the drastic restructuring of Arabic. It first distinguishes between Arabic-based Pidgins and Creoles and peripheral Arabic dialects and Arabic spoken as a non–first language as an interethnic medium. The discussion then turns to the general features of Arabic-based Pidgins and Creoles, Sudanic Pidgins and Creoles, immigrant Pidgins in Arab countries, and the relevance of Arabic-based Pidgins and Creoles for Arabic linguistics and general Creolistics.
The Economics of Asian Casino Gaming and Gambling
Authors: Siu Ricardo Chi Sen
Published: February 2014

This chapter examines the economics of Asian casino gambling and the factors responsible for the evolution and organization of the casino industries. In addition to the market fundamentals, the significance of the unique features of Asian culture and related institutional structure of gaming industry performance are addressed. Finally, controversial debates over the social benefits and costs of casino gaming in Asia are evaluated.
Overview of the Economic and Social Impacts of Gambling in the United States
Authors: Walker Douglas M.
Published: February 2014

This chapter provides an overview of empirical research on the economic and social impacts of gambling. Issues examined include the effects of casino gambling on economic growth; the relationships among gambling industries and the implications of these relationships on net government tax revenue; the social costs of gambling; casinos and crime; casinos and political corruption; and problems with cost-benefit analysis applied to gambling.
The Modern Racing Landscape and The Racetrack Wagering Market: Components of Demand, Subsidies, and Efficiency
Authors: DeGennaro Ramon P. , Gillette Ann B.
Published: February 2014

Gambling has become increasingly relied on and intertwined to provide financial support for the industry and beleaguered state governments. Technology has changed the way racetrack patrons bet, with the vast and increasing majority of total bets being made away from live racing. The menu of wagering options continues to grow, with a wide variety of exotic bets, futures wagering markets, program betting, and online betting venues becoming more prevalent. This chapter reviews the available research on the components of wagering demand, the effect of government subsidies on wagering volume, and the efficiency of the betting market. It also describes several new issues that continue to affect the racing landscape.
Behavioral Finance and Point Spread Wagering Markets
Authors: Durham Greg
Published: February 2014

The objective of this chapter is to review and extend an emerging body of research that tests theories, models, and general predictions of human behavior—most of which are rooted in psychology—while using the point spread wagering market as the setting. The bridge between behavioral psychology and sports betting is provided by the growing field of behavioral finance, a relatively new subdiscipline of behavioral economics.
The Long History of Political Betting Markets: An International Perspective
Authors: Rhode Paul W. , Strumpf Koleman
Published: February 2014

The conventional wisdom is that political futures markets are a recent invention. However, such markets have a long history in many Western countries. This chapter traces the operation of political futures markets back to sixteenth-century Italy, eighteenth-century Britain and Ireland, nineteenth-century Canada, and twentieth-century Australia and Singapore. In the United States election betting was a common part of political campaigns in the pre-1860 period but over the post-1860 period became increasingly concentrated in the organized futures markets in New York City.
Developmental Psychology
Authors: Zelazo Philip David
Published: February 2014

This Handbook surveys what is now known about psychological development from birth to biological maturity, and it reflects the emergence of a new synthetic approach to developmental science that is based on several theoretical and methodological commitments. According to this new view: (1) psychological phenomena are usefully studied at multiple levels of analysis; (2) psychological development depends on neural plasticity, which extends across the lifespan; (3) the effect of any particular influence on psychological development will depend on the context in which it occurs; (4) psychological phenomena, and developmental changes in psychological phenomena, typically reflect multiple, simultaneous causal influences; and (5) these causal influences are often reciprocal. Research based on this synthetic approach provides new insights into the way in which processes operating at many levels of analysis (cultural, social, cognitive, neural, and molecular) work together to yield human behavior and changes in human behavior.
History of Research in Developmental Psychology
Authors: Collins W. Andrew , Hartup Willard W.
Published: February 2014

This chapter summarizes the emergence and prominent features of a science of psychological development. Pioneering researchers established laboratories in Europe in the mid-nineteenth century to examine the significance of successive changes in the organism with the passage of time. American psychologists, many of whom had studied in the European laboratories, subsequently inaugurated similar efforts in the United States. Scientific theories and methods in the fledgling field were fostered by developments in experimental psychology, but also in physiology, embryology, ethology, and sociology. Moreover, organized efforts to provide information about development to parents, educators, and public policy specialists further propagated support for developmental science. The evolution of the field in its first century has provided a substantial platform for future developmental research.
Biological Development
Authors: Lickliter Robert
Published: February 2014

The relation between genotype and phenotype was thought to be relatively straightforward for most of the last century. The majority of biologists assumed that the instructions for building organisms were present in their genes and that genes were also the exclusive means by which these instructions were transmitted from one generation to the next. As a result of these assumptions, few biologists believed that development had any relevance to evolution. In this chapter I explore what brought about this genocentric view of development and evolution and review how recent advances across the life sciences challenge these longstanding assumptions. Genes are certainly critical to all development, but it is increasingly clear that the passing on of genes cannot fully account for phenotypic outcomes or for evolutionary change. Genetic and nongenetic factors constitute a dynamic developmental system, and evidence from contemporary epigenetic research indicates that it is not biologically meaningful to discuss gene activity without reference to the molecular, cellular, organismal, and environmental context within which genes are activated and expressed. This key insight suggests the possibility of bringing together molecular, developmental, and evolutionary biology in one dynamic model of the phenotype. The implications of this effort for developmental psychology are explored.
Postnatal Brain Development
Authors: Markant Julie C. , Thomas Kathleen M.
Published: February 2014

While key aspects of neural development occur prenatally in humans, the brain continues to show significant development postnatally. In this chapter, we review several aspects of brain development that continue well into childhood and adolescence. First, we discuss the continued sculpting of synaptic connections, including the extension of axons and dendrites, neurotransmitter function, synaptic pruning, and myelination. Second, we examine noninvasive indices of structural brain development, including regional volume and connectivity in the brain that may be more easily linked to changes in child behavior across development. Third, we briefly discuss broad developmental changes in functional activity of the brain and connectivity across regions. Finally, we discuss the evidence for postnatal neurogenesis, a relatively new discovery in postnatal brain development. We conclude that although prenatal events of brain development are critical, postnatal sculpting of the brain continues to play a central role in individual differences in behavior and developmental change.
Sensitive Periods in Visual Development
Authors: Maurer Daphne , Lewis Terri L.
Published: February 2014

Patterned visual input during early infancy plays a key role in constructing and/or preserving the neural architecture that will be used later for both low-level basic vision and higher-level visual decoding. The high-contrast, low spatial frequencies that newborns can extract from their environment set up the system for later development of fine acuity, expert face processing, and specialization of the visual cortex for visual processing. Nevertheless, considerable plasticity remains in adulthood for rescuing the system from earlier damage.