bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distribution of IcaA and IcaB Genes in Biofilm-Producing Methicillin-Resistance Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Malik Nitisha , Bisht Dakshina , Aggarwal Juhi , Rawat Ashutosh
Published: November 2022

Background:

Biofilm-producing methicillin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains may reduce the penetration rate of antibiotics which leads to treatment failure; therefore, the aim of our study was to assess the presence of icaA and icaB biofilm-producing genes in clinically isolated MRSA strains.

Materials and Methods:

All pus samples received in the microbiology laboratory were processed as per the standard microbiological procedure for the isolation of S. aureus. Detection of MRSA is done by the cefoxitin disc diffusion method. Phenotypic detection of biofilm in all MRSA strains was accessed by tissue culture plate (TCP) method and polymerase chain reaction as genotypic method was used for detection of icaA and icaB genes.

Results:

A total of 222 S. aureus were isolated from pus specimens. Out of these, 127 isolates were MRSA (57%). TCP method demonstrated that 68% of MRSA were biofilm producers, on the other hand, 52 (41%) strains showed the presence of icaA gene, and 39 (31%) strains showed the presence of icaB genes in 127 MRSA strains.

Conclusion:

The detection of biofilm in S. aureus should be considered as essential for better management of diseases caused by biofilm-producing S. aureus strains.
Evaluation of the Quality of Online Colon Cancer Patient Information in the Arabic Language
Authors: Alnaim Lamya
Published: November 2022

Background and Study Aims:

With the ever-expanding reach of Internet information, more people than ever are using online searches to obtain medical information, often before consulting a medical professional. This study aims to assess the quality of available Internet information on colon cancer in the Arabic language.

Materials and Methods

A cross-sectional study was performed to assess the quality of Arabic language websites on colon cancer in Arabic using the DISCERN instrument, a validated 16-item questionnaire, and our assessment of the correctness, completeness, and transparency of each website.

Results

A total of 24 websites were identified, of which 12 (50%) were commercial, 9 (37.5%) were university-sponsored, 2 (8.3%) were governmental, and 1 (4.2%) was from a nonprofit organization. The DISCERN instrument had an overall mean score of 42.5 (fair) out of a maximum score of 80, with 50% of commercial websites scoring 41 or below (poor), and only 11% scoring in the good range. Two-thirds (66.7%) of the university-sponsored sites were rated poor, the single nonprofit website scored fair, and the two governmental sites were rated poor. The most accurate topics covered by the websites were surgical treatment, screening, and colonoscopy. Regarding correctness, 94.6% of the websites were accurate in the information provided, while only 55% scored high in completeness, meaning that they provided comprehensive information. Transparency was poor for most websites, with only two providing sufficient information to verify their sources.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that while people use the Internet to access medical information about colon cancer, much of this information is incomplete in the Arabic language. This raises the question of how much benefit versus harm individuals receive from using websites to learn about colon cancer, and what can be done to improve the information available.
COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Nayak Ullal Anand , Mahmoud Remaz Ahmed , Azzawi Aman Yasser , Althagafi Walaa Essa , Algarni Ahmed Mohammed , Nayak Prathibha Anand
Published: November 2022

Context:

The COVID-19 epidemic having produced a sudden and dramatic change in teaching and learning approaches, it is imperative to ascertain the effectiveness of these frequently used methods.

Aims:

The present study intends to examine the learning experience of dentistry students during the COVID-19 epidemic and to determine the perception of these students regarding learning.

Settings and Design:

A cross-sectional survey was done among the students (3rd year through internship) from all the four dental schools in Jeddah using a nonprobability convenience sample approach.

Subjects and Methods:

A Google Form comprising the pilot tested survey questionnaire with open-ended 20 questions in English was distributed to the dental students by personal E-mails or social media/messaging. As per the response, the participants' descriptive statistics were reported in frequencies and percentages.

Statistical Analysis Used:

The Chi-square test was performed to seek for correlations between variables using the (IBM) SPSS software version 22.0.

Results:

A total of 415 dental students across four dental colleges of Jeddah participated in the survey. The most opted virtual platform for carrying out teaching was Zoom (64.58%). Nearly 67.71% of them showed good proficiency in using various electronic devices (P = 0.016). They preferred online video demonstrations of dental procedures over live demonstrations (P = 0.004). Students preferred to work in a simulation setting in a laboratory than working on patients with either nonaerosol producing procedures or with limited patient exposures (P = 0.012). They believed that their confidence level acquired in practical/clinical skills was good (P = 0.022), but the pandemic had negatively affected their personal well-being/career growth (P < 0.001). Furthermore, they agreed that the COVID-19 pandemic would change the future of dental education (P = 0.002).

Conclusion:

The COVID-19 pandemic has undoubtedly changed the way of education and virtual online education has becoming the new norm. The traditional assessment method of focusing solely on examinations needs to be updated.
Ophthalmic Anthropometry Versus Spectacle Frame Measurements
Authors: Kumaran Samuel Livingstone , Periakaruppan Shakthi Pradheepa
Published: November 2022

Purpose:

Refractive errors among children are on the rise and more children are wearing spectacle correction. Selecting an appropriate frame that conforms to the child's developing facial features is vital for comfortable spectacle wear. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the facial and frame measurements in spectacle-wearing children in southern India.

Materials and Methods:

This observational study included spectacle-wearing children aged 5–17 years. Participants were enrolled from the Paediatric Outpatient Department of a tertiary care hospital and across various schools in southern India. The facial and frame measurements such as pupillary distance, crest height (CH), bridge projection, apical radius, distance between rims at 10 mm and 15 mm, frontal angle (FA), splay angle, front to bend, head width, temple width (TW), angle of side and downward angle of drop were measured using Rees Fairbanks facial gauge, head and TW caliper and Association of British dispensing opticians frame rule.

Results:

Hundred and four children participated in the study. Statistically significant differences (P < 0.01, Wilcoxon signed-rank test) were observed between all facial and frame measurements such as CH, splay and FAs. Bland–Altman plots indicated large mean differences and wide limits of agreement between facial and frame measurements.

Conclusion:

Our study shows a large discrepancy between children's facial measurements and corresponding spectacle frame measurements. Many children were wearing reduced version of adult frames. This study highlights the need for dispensing age-appropriate spectacle frames for children. This may have implications for improved spectacle uptake and compliance.
Aquatic Exercise as an Adjunct Therapy for Erectile Dysfunction
Authors: Unnikrishnan Radhakrishnan
Published: November 2022

Erectile dysfunction (ED) was the major men's health topic browsed by the public over the past 5 years in the United States. Globally, there might be a rise of 320 million cases by the year 2025. Adhering to regular physical activities along with a healthy diet is recommended for improving ED. Several studies highlight the positive effects of exercise interventions in improving erectile function. Exercising inside the water offers a pleasant sensation to the participants and the physical principles of water help to achieve the desired effect. The major aim of this study is to investigate the effect of various types of physical exercises among ED and to recommend aquatic exercises as a novel approach to manage ED. A relevant meta-analysis, systematic reviews, randomized clinical trials, and national and international guidelines were searched in the PubMed, PEDro, Scopus, and Cochrane databases. The literature review of randomized studies strongly recommends aerobic exercises for arteriogenic ED. Among the various types of exercise interventions, swimming and aquatic exercise have advantageous physiological and therapeutic changes to tackle the vascular and psychological causes of ED. The multifold advantages of aquatic exercises entitle it to an interesting and effective treatment approach to manage patients with ED. Aquatic exercises can be used as an adjunct to treat ED. Regular exercise training helps to overcome the risk of ED and supports to achieve high quality of life.
Challenges and Acceptance of Synchronized e-learning for Undergraduates during COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Manjareeka Magna , Kanungo Pratyush Kumar , Mishra Soumya , Mondal Himel , Mishra Jayanti
Published: November 2022

Background:

Synchronized e-learning has been the savior of the educational system during the current COVID-19 pandemic. As this is newly implemented in lockdown, adaptability by the teachers may face challenges.

Objectives:

We aimed to evaluate the perception and experiences of teachers on online live classes conducted during the pandemic in a health school in the eastern part of India.

Materials and Methods:

This cross-sectional online survey was conducted after getting the approval of the institutional ethics. The survey was conducted with medical, dental, and nursing teachers. The survey was anonymous. The self-administered questionnaire was distributed among teachers through Google Forms.

Results:

A total of 130 teachers participated in this survey with a response rate of 63.8%. Among them, 120 (90.2%) were first time taking online classes in their teaching career. Around 78% and 41.5% of the faculties experienced discontinuation of class due to Internet disruption and technical issues, respectively. Around 72.3% of faculties perceived that animations or videos may increase the attention of students. The majority of the teachers (86%) considered the traditional method to be better than online classes and it cannot be a substitute for classroom learning on normal curricular days.

Conclusion:

Due to sudden implementation and resource limitations, many teachers faced challenges in conducting synchronized e-classes. Teachers considered online classes to be learner-centric one with time and place flexibility. Although online classes are not a substitute for traditional classes can enhance each other in the post-pandemic period.
Correlation of Cytokeratin-18 as a Marker of Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Nonobese and Nondiabetic Patients
Authors: Rasool Abid , Qadir Ajaz , Sahar Tajali , Khan Mushtaq Ahmed
Published: November 2022

Background:

The evidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in absence of obesity and diabetes is not fairly adequate; furthermore, there is not much data on the markers of NAFLD for this patient population, especially in Indian patients. We aimed to evaluate the severity of NAFLD in nonobese and nondiabetic patients and determine the correlation of its severity with cytokeratin-18 (CK-18). We also aimed to analyze the data for correlation between the conventional marker alanine aminotransferase (ALT), cardiovascular surrogate markers carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), and CK-18 in adults with NAFLD.

Materials and Methods

This prospective, single-center, and noninterventional study enrolled 200 nonobese, nondiabetic adults with ultrasonography-confirmed NAFLD (presence of any two of the features – increased liver echogenicity with a clear contrast between kidney and liver, clouding of vessels, or deep weakening of the ultrasound signal) and 100 healthy controls and was conducted in the Department of Gastroenterology at Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Kashmir, India.

Results

The CK-18 levels progressively increased with the severity of fatty liver, 68.54 (Grade 1), 167.5 (Grade 2), and 324.44 (Grade 3). In patients with Grade 2 and 3 NAFLD, the levels of CK-18 were significantly higher compared to controls as well as Grade 1 (P = 0.00). The correlation between ALT, CIMT (right and left), and CK-18 levels using Pearson's correlation coefficient showed that CIMT had a significant (P ≤ 0.0001) and positive correlation with both ALT and CK-18. The CIMT and ALT are highly correlated, whereas the CIMT and CK-18 are moderately correlated.

Conclusion

Apart from ALT, elevated CK-18 in patients with NAFLD appears to be promising as a signal for cardiovascular risk evaluation even in nonobese, nondiabetic adults.
Assessment and Quantification of Homovanillic Acid and Vanillylmandelic Acid in Rodent Urine Samples Using a Validated High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Ultraviolet Method
Authors: Bhalchim Vrushali , Undale Vaishali , Shewale Sunil
Published: November 2022

Objective:

The purpose of this study was to establish a validated analytical method for estimating the biogenic amine metabolites vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) simultaneously using the high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) method.

Materials and Methods

For the analysis of VMA and HVA in artificial urine samples, an HPLC method was devised and validated. The chromatographic separation was achieved on Kromasil C8, 5 μm (125 mm × 4.6 mm) column at an ambient temperature of 25°C, with mobile phase combination of acetonitrile: 0.1% orthophosphoric acid in ratio of 30:70 v/v at a flow rate 0.5 mL/min using Agilent HPLC system. For the separation of these two metabolites, different mobile phases were used on a trial and error basis. In terms of linearity, accuracy, repeatability, precision, and robustness, the developed technique was validated according to ICH guidelines.

Results

A high-resolution HPLC method was devised for the separation of VMA and HVA. VMA and HVA were found to be linear over the concentration range of 10 to 35 μg/mL, with coefficients of determination (r
2) of 0.955 and 0.963 for both metabolites, respectively. VMA and HVA had detection limits of 1.7 and 1.8 μg/mL, respectively, and quantification limits of 5.2 and 5.3 μg/mL. The results showed a low value of % relative standard deviation for repeatability, intra- and inter-day precision, and robustness studies.

Conclusion

A validated HPLC-UV method was developed for estimating VMA and HVA in urine samples.
Ten Commonly Asked Questions About COVID-19 Vaccines from a Group of the Saudi Population, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh
Authors: Altulaihi Bader A. , Aleraij Sara Mohammed , Salamah Ghalia Mustafa , Alshahrani Turki Mari , Haikel Kholoud Abdulaziz Bin , Alilaj Muath Owaidh , Alzaid Toful Abdullah , Alsaeed Roqaih Raja
Published: November 2022

Background:

COVID-19 vaccination is the most effective method for stopping the pandemic and preventing the emergence of complications among diseased individuals. Many different vaccines are under observation, and people are highly stressed and confused due to the pandemic state and have lots of unanswered questions in their minds. Therefore, the study aimed to summarize the most commonly asked questions by patients regarding COVID-19 vaccines.

Materials and Methods

All questions related to COVID-19 vaccination asked between April 2021 and May 2021 were collected and the 10 most frequently asked questions were selected. The narrative evaluation was compiled from various sources, including the World Health Organization, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and databases such as Cochrane, PubMed, and Google Scholar.

Results

Most questions were related to the safety of COVID-19 vaccines. While some questions were general, such as the number of doses, side effects, vaccine interchangeability, and requirement of testing before vaccination, other questions were specific to the vaccine safety in persons with autoimmune diseases, bleeding disorders, organ transplant recipients, pregnant and breastfeeding women, and allergic individuals. The appropriate answers to these questions were validated by different authorized sources mentioned above.

Conclusion

This research outlined the most important aspects of COVID-19 vaccines and clarified several misconceptions raised by the general population.
India's COVID-19 Vaccine Implication on Bangladeshi's Health
Authors: Puri Nancy , Akhouri C. R.
Published: November 2022

Aim:

The aim of this study is to curb the spread of COVID-19, India, has provided the Made-in-India AstraZeneca vaccine to Bangladesh. This research article will try to explain the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine experience among Bangladeshi citizens.

Methodology:

The article is based on a qualitative research design and the authors have reviewed the related review of literature on the postvaccine experience and the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines.

Results:

Through review-based literature, it was found that many Bangladeshi citizens including comorbid patients have not suffered any adverse events from the COVID-19 vaccines. Adverse events usually appeared after 12 h and went away within 48 h of vaccination. Most of the Bangladeshi population was satisfied during and after the vaccination program and most of them are recommending the COVID-19 vaccines to others as well.

Conclusion:

India constantly supplied COVID-19 vaccine assistance to Bangladesh and no adverse events from the vaccine were observed among the people.
Impact of Generic Drug User Fee Act and Other Initiatives on Generic Drug Approval Process in the USA
Authors: Singh Rajender , Singh Swati , Kumar Anil , Kulkarni Giriraj T , Thakkar Arti R
Published: November 2022

Introduction:

Regulations of the drug approval process either new drug or generic has come a long way. Hatch-Waxman Act was one of the most important milestones in the drug regulations history of the USA, followed by various acts such as the Prescription Drug User Fee Act and Generic Drug User Fee Act (GDUFA).

Methods:

In this study, various data related to generic drug submission and approval were evaluated and critically reviewed, specifically impact of GDUFA II.

Results and Discussion:

Although the first 5-year term of GDUFA, i.e., GDUFA I was majorly known for clearing backlog at the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), enhancing resources, and putting processes in place, it is the second 5-year term, GDUFA II, which is expected to bring the real benefit to industry in the form of higher-number and faster approvals, including increased first-cycle approvals. Apart from reduction in abbreviated new drug application approval times, more focus has also come on approval of first generic, complex products, increased FDA-Industry meetings to resolve complex matters, and reforms on review of DMFs.

Conclusion:

GDUFA legislation is credited for giving push to the availability of generic drugs by increased competition and it now helps save more than USD 300 Bn annually for the American healthcare system.
Galectin-3 as an early marker of diastolic dysfunction in children with end-stage renal disease on regular hemodialysis
Authors: Elsadek Akram , Ibrahim Mohamed , El Fallah Asmaa Adel , Elian Mohamed , Deraz Salem Elsayed
Published: November 2022

Introduction and Aim :

Diastolic dysfunction is a common finding in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on regular hemodialysis (HD). Galectin-3 (Gal-3) has emerged as an early biomarker with diagnostic and prognostic values in cardiac dysfunction with reduced or preserved ejection fraction. We aimed to assess the correlation between Gal-3 levels and diastolic dysfunction in children with ESRD on regular HD.

Materials and Methods :

Gal-3 levels were assessed in 67 patients on regular HD and 67 healthy controls. Conventional echo-Doppler imaging and tissue-Doppler imaging were done to all patients and control groups. Patients were split into two categories: with or without diastolic dysfunction, based on the early diastolic transmitral velocity to early diastolic mitral annular velocity (E/E') whether more or less than 15, respectively

Results :

Plasma Gal-3 levels in ng/ml were 16.7 (12.0–22.0) in healthy controls, 15.7 (10.5–22.0) in patients on HD without diastolic dysfunction, and 23.4 (13.4–25.0) in patients on HD with diastolic dysfunction. Gal-3 levels were significantly higher in HD patients with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD). Both uni- and multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that low left ventricular Tei index, low early diastolic mitral annular velocity of lateral wall wave, low early diastolic mitral annular velocity of septal wall wave, high septal early diastolic transmitral velocity to early diastolic mitral annular velocity of lateral wall (E/E') ratio, and high Gal-3 are significant predictors for LVDD in the whole study group. Furthermore, there was a significant positive correlation between the Gal-3 and the grade of diastolic dysfunction. The cut of point of diagnostic accuracy of serum Gal-3 in diastolic dysfunction in HD children was 20.12 with a sensitivity of 93.3 and a specificity 78.4.

Conclusions :

Gal-3 is a potential early biomarker that can be used in early diagnosis and grading of diastolic dysfunction in ESRD children on regular HD.
Cytomegalovirus induced genital ulcer in human immunodeficiency virus positive patient
Authors: Shree Kavya K. , Somashekar Sachin , Loganathan Eswari
Published: November 2022

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) can cause life-threatening disease in immunocompromised patients, such as those with human immunodeficiency virus. It is a rare but important cause of ulceration in the female genital tract. Although cutaneous manifestations are rare, there are growing reports of CMV infections in genital and perigenital ulcers in immunocompromised individuals. CMV disease of the female genital tract may result in significant morbidity, with fever, pain, bleeding, and superinfection, and it may be associated with the development of pelvic inflammatory disease and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. There are several options for diagnosis and for safe treatment.
Case series of rare nonvenereal vulvar dermatoses
Authors: Tambe Swagata , Patil Priyanka
Published: November 2022

Nonvenereal vulvar diseases such as syringoma and vestibular papillomatosis can be difficult to differentiate from genital warts. Misdiagnosis of these conditions can lead to improper treatment without significant improvement and prolonged suffering. Histopathology may differentiate these conditions from sexually transmitted diseases and help in appropriate treatment. Here, we present case series of four rare vulvar diseases.
Cutaneous manifestations leading to a diagnosis of a case of severe disseminated histoplasmosis in a human immunodeficiency virus-positive child
Authors: Sood Aradhana , Raman Deep Kumar , Sinha Asmita , Vasudevan Biju
Published: November 2022

This 9-year-old boy who was human immunodeficiency virus positive since birth presented with raised skin lesions, breathlessness, and cough and was treated as a case of disseminated tuberculosis. When no improvement was seen, he was referred to the dermatologist whose examination revealed papulonodular lesions with crusting over the face and extremities. Based on clinical suspicion of histoplasmosis, investigations done revealed a CD4 count of 3 cells/μL and histopathological features of histoplasmosis along with the disseminated disease. Cutaneous manifestations thus led to an early diagnosis of the case and a good prognostic outcome.
Serosurveillance of hepatitis C Infection among health-care workers in RIMS, Imphal
Authors: Devi Yumlembam Bishwabati , Sumer Olisha , Kongbrailatpam Bidyarani , Kumar Laitonjam Lalit , Debnath Prahllad , Sawian Robertson , Khuraijam Ranjana Devi
Published: November 2022

Background:

Alarming increase of hepatitis C infection among the general population has put a significant risk among health-care workers (HCWs). This study aims to find the prevalence of hepatitis C infection among HCWs and its importance for surveillance.

Objective:

The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of hepatitis C infection among HCWs in a tertiary care hospital.

Materials and Methods:

A retrospective study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, RIMS, Imphal, among healthy volunteer HCWs in October 2020 regardless of their COVID-19 status where blood samples were collected and tested for anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Merilisa HCV).

Results:

A total of 378 nonconsecutive blood samples were obtained from volunteers aged between 21 and 65 years. The majority of samples were from Imphal West district with a female preponderance of 66.93%. Two positive cases were detected with a prevalence of 0.53% belonging to occupational Category II and III. Maximum prevalence was seen in the age group of 30–39 years, with both positive cases falling in this group. One case was newly detected, while the other was known as a case of hepatitis infection.

Conclusion:

Hepatitis C infection among HCWs is common. Infection control should be prioritized when dealing with patients directly or indirectly. Since no vaccine is available, HCWs require periodic screening. Thus, routine surveillance will help combat such infections among HCWs as a result of occupational exposure.
Time Intensity Curve in Primary Solid Hepatic Lesions: Does it Provide Objectivity to Otherwise Subjective Interpretation?
Authors: Maurya Vinay , Sharma Pankaj , Bhatia Mukul
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT

Aims and Objectives:

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is able to characterize the primary solid hepatic lesions well and dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) further improves the diagnostic yield. However, the interpretation of enhancement pattern of a lesion by visual method or eyeballing is quite subjective and is prone to observer error. Time intensity curve (TIC) which plots the signal intensity values in tumor over time provides objectivity in interpretation of DCE-MRI images. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the pattern of TIC in primary solid hepatic lesions using DCE-MRI.

Method:

All cases found to have solid hepatic lesions on ultrasound from January 2017 to December 2018 were included in the study. These cases were subjected to DCE-MRI.

Results:

Type III-TIC was seen in 30 (93.8%) of cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), whereas only 2 (6.2%) of cases showed type II curve with χ
2 = 43.9848, P < 0.01. Focal Nodular Hyperplasia (FNH) showed type II TIC in 8 (80%) of cases and type III curve in 2 (20%) of cases with χ
2 = 34.0052, P < 0.01. Hemangioma showed type I TIC in 14 (93.3%) of cases and type II curve in 1 (6.7%) of cases with χ
2 = 44.6185, P < 0.01. Cholangiocarcinoma showed type I TIC, χ
2 values could not be determined due to inadequate sample size.

Conclusion:

TIC provides an objectivity by constructing a time vs signal intensity curve and is less prone to observer error. Therefore, it is recommended that TIC be included in the MRI protocol for evaluating solid hepatic lesions.
Editorial I: So, who wins? It is still: NCDs 3; Infections 2
Authors: K Tumwine James
Published: November 2022

NIL.
Effect of video-based information on preoperative State trait anxiety inventory scores in adult patients presenting for elective caesarean section: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Kanyeki Timothy , Mung’ayi Vitalis , Bal Rajpreet , Odaba David
Published: November 2022

Background: Preoperative anxiety is a common occurrence in patients presenting for surgery with a reported incidence of up to 80%. Increased preoperative anxiety has been associated with increased morbidity. Provision of information relating to surgery and anaesthesia to patients has been proven to have benefit in allaying anxiety. However, the best format of information dissemination remains unknown.

Objective: To determine the effect of video information in addition to the pre-anaesthetic review on the mean preoperative State anxiety inventory (STAI-S) score in adult patients presenting for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia at Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi (AKUHN), and to determine the prevalence of preoperative anxiety in the obstetric population presenting for elective caesarean section at AKUHN.

Methods: Thirty-seven adult patients booked for elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia were randomly assigned to one of two groups. In the study arm; a video was shown to the participants in addition to the standard pre-anaesthetic review. In the control arm the participants only had a standard pre-anaesthetic review.

Results: The mean STAI-T score in the sampled population was 45.64 (SD 5.625). The mean baseline STAI-S score was 46.32 (SD 4.911). There was no statistically significant difference in change in STAI score between the video and control arms (p>0.05).

Conclusion: On the basis of this study among this population, there was no benefit demonstrated from the use of an information video about spinal anaesthesia on anxiety levels in obstetric patients presenting for a first time spinal.

Keywords: Video-based information; anxiety inventory scores; elective caesarean section.
Thiol–disulfide balance and trace element levels in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis
Authors: Basri Savas Hasan , Gunizi Huseyin
Published: November 2022

Background: The prevalence of allergic diseases is gradually increasing worldwide. The most common such allergic disease is allergic rhinitis (AR).

Objective: The present study investigated the possible relationship between seasonal AR and the thiol-disulfide balance and zinc and copper levels in adult individuals.

Study Design and Methods: 130 male and female adults were included in the study. The participants’ serum thiol-disulfide balance and zinc and copper levels were measured spectrophotometrically using commercial kits. Statistical significance was accepted as p < 0.05 between the groups.

Results: The serum copper (p = 0.001), native thiol (p = 0.006), reduced thiol (p < 0.001), and thiol oxidation reduction ratio (p < 0.001) levels were significantly lower in the seasonal AR group than in the control group.

Conclusion: In AR patients, the low level of copper, which is an important trace element, the deterioration of the thiol-disulfide balance, which represents a unique indicator of the oxidant-antioxidant balance, the increased disulfide level caused by oxidative stress, and the decreased native thiol level can all serve as important biochemical markers.

Keywords: Seasonal allergic rhinitis; native thiol; disulfide; oxidative stress; copper.
Prevalence of physical activity and dietary patterns as risk factors for cardiovascular diseases among semi-urban dwellers in Ibadan, Nigeria
Authors: Emmanuel Aduroja Posi Emmanuel Aduroja , Olufisayo John-Akinola Yetunde , Morenike Oluwasanu Mojisola , Oladepo Oladimeji
Published: November 2022

Background: Physical inactivity and unhealthy diet are leading risk factors for cardiovascular diseases globally. Limited studies have assessed the prevalence of these risk factors in community-based settings in Nigeria.

Objectives: This study assessed the prevalence of physical activity and the dietary pattern of residents in selected semi-urban communities in Ibadan, Nigeria.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out among 500 randomly selected residents from two semi-urban communities. Multi-stage random sampling technique was used to select households and participants. Data were collected using a pretested modified version of the WHO STEPS instrument. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were determined at 5% level of significance.

Results: The mean age was 35.36 ± 12.24 and a mean household size of 4.07 ± 1.85. Majority (87.2%) of the respondents engaged in low physical activity (< 150-300 min/wk). Consumption of fruits and vegetables was low among respondents at 33% and 36.4% respectively. The employment status of respondents was significantly related to expected workplace physical activity level (χ2=11.27; P=0.024).

Conclusions: This study highlights the need for the development and implementation of community-driven,multi-layered public health promotion initiatives across different settings.

Keywords: Physical activity; diet; semi-urban; community.
Role of hypoxia inducible factor 1α/Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B 19-kDa interacting protein 3 in alleviating effect of interleukin-4 on cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in mice
Authors: Wang Tianjing , Liu Chang
Published: November 2022

Background: Cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury (CIRI) is the pathophysiological basis of various cerebrovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to explore the role of HIF-1α/BNIP3 in the alleviating effect of IL-4 on CIRI in mice.

Methodology: Mice were randomly divided into sham operation (Sham), ischemia reperfusion (IR), IL-4, HIF-1α inhibitor 2ME2 and IL-4+2ME2 groups. Middle cerebral artery occlusion model was established. After 24-h reperfusion, neurologic deficit score (NDS) was given. Cerebral infarction volume and brain water content were measured by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining and dry-wet weights, respectively. Apoptosis was detected by TUNEL staining. SOD, MDA and ROS levels, and HIF-1α, BNIP3, LC3II and Beclin-1 expressions were detected through colorimetry and Western blotting, respectively.

Results: Compared with IR group, NDS, cerebral infarction volume, brain water content, apoptosis rate, and MDA and ROS levels decreased, while SOD, HIF-1α, BNIP3, LC3-II and Beclin-1 levels increased in IL-4 group (P<0.05). 2ME2 and IL-4+2ME2 groups had decreased NDS, cerebral infarction volume, brain water content, apoptosis rate and MDA, ROS, HIF-1α, BNIP3, LC3-II and Beclin-1 levels, but increased SOD level compared with those of IL-4 group (P<0.05).

Conclusion: IL-4 reduces apoptosis and oxidative stress through activating the HIF-1α/BNIP3 pathway, thereby alleviating mouse CIRI.

Keywords: Hypoxia inducible factor 1α; Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B 19-kDa interacting protein 3; interleukin-4; cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury.
Performance of the allometric power model in scaling from adult to paediatric antiretroviral dose in children at a Referral Hospital in Windhoek, Namibia
Authors: S Singu Bonifasius , Akpabio Prisca , K Verbeeck Roger
Published: November 2022

Background: World Health Organization (WHO) advocates use of weight bands in antiretroviral therapy (ART) guidelines. Allometric scaling could be a more reliable method because it uses a non-linear approach in relating dose to body weight. This study evaluates performance of the allometric ¾ power model in comparison to WHO weight band method in children receiving ART.

Methods: Records of children receiving (ABC/3TC) + DTG were reviewed. Paediatric ABC/3TC dose was calculated from the adult dose using the allometric ¾ power model and compared to WHO weight band dose.

Results: WHO weight band strategy grouped 50.6% of the children in the 25 kg category and therefore received the adult dose of ABC/3TC (600 mg/300 mg); only 1.1% received this dose with allometric scaling. Mean dose (3.8 tablets) for the WHO weight band dosing method was found to be significantly higher (p<0.0001) than for allometric scaling (1.5 tablets).

Conclusions: WHO weight bands may result in the 25 kg weight category receiving a much higher dose leading to ADRs. Using allometric scaling, we recommend a weight band strategy that could improve paediatric ABC/3TC dosing.

Keywords: Dose; weight; children; antiretrovirals; BSA; allometric scaling.
Prevalence of violence towards men living with HIV/AIDS in rural communities of SouthWestern Uganda
Authors: Kamya Kakooza Javilla , Nampijja Ritah , Kwagala Faith , Nuwabasa Flavia , Mpuuga Owen , Isiagi Gomer , Zari Rukundo Godfrey
Published: November 2022

Background: Violence towards HIV positive men is one of the silent barriers to utilization of HIV care services. HIV positive men are potential victims of violence from other people including women, and violence may interfere with treatment outcomes.This study determined the prevalence of violence towards HIV positive men in rural communities of southwestern Uganda.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 307 HIV positive men at selected health centers using an interviewer administered questionnaire. Data were analyzed in SPSS version 23 using chi-square and multivariate regression at 95% level of significance and a precision of 0.05.

Results: Of the 307 participants, 45.3% had experienced violence. Of these, 23.8% (n=73) had experienced kicking or slapping while 12.7% (39) reported sexual violence. Factors associated with violence were; using alcohol and drugs (aOR 0.26, 95% CI 0.09-0.76, p=0.014), knowledge of support structures (OR 2.25, 95% CI 1.33-3.78, p=0.002) and owning land for farming (aOR 0.26, 95% CI 0.10-0.70, p=0.011).

Conclusion: The prevalence of violence at 45.3% is quite high especially since violence against men is rarely talked about. This should not be ignored there should be strategies to support this vulnerable group.

Keywords: HIV positive men; violence; prevalence; rural communities; Uganda.
Hepatitis B sero-prevalence among hematology patients: importance of Anti-HbcAb and efficiency of antiviral prophylaxis
Authors: Ugur Kantar Funda , Kahraman Selda , Ece Gulfem , Cagırgan Seckin
Published: November 2022

Objectives: Hepatitis B infection is an important problem in immune suppressed patients. Anti HbcAb is an important marker that shows past exposure to virus. In this study, we retrospectively searched HBV serology among the patients who had Bone Marrow Transplantation (BMT) or chemotherapies (CT) at Medicalpark Izmir Hospital Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit; changes in viral parameters throughout therapy; and tried to find the efficiency of antiviral prophylaxis .

Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the viral parameters; HbsAg, Anti HbsAb, Anti Hbc IgG, HbeAg, Anti Hbe Ab, HBV DNA, HCV RNA which were carried out before BMT and CT. We grouped the patients as latent HBV infection and inactive carriers .Started antiviral treatment as prophylaxis, monitored the changes in serological parameters and defined HBV related situations.

Results: A total of 584 patients were evaluated retrospectively. Twenty patients were having latent HBV infection. Ten patients were inactive carriers of HBV. In post-transplant period, the patients were screened for 11 months (1-38 months). None of the patients experienced HBV activation during follow period.

Conclusion: The best approach in HbcAb positive patients with planned immunosuppressive treatment is the use of anti-viralagents before immune suppression and close monitoring of the patients HBV-related markers .

Keywords: Hepatitis B; Hematologic Malignancy; stem cell transplantation.
Comparative effects of Telfairia occidentalis Hook. F. leaf extract and Ranferon-12® as dietary supplements on partially starved male Sprague-Dawley rats
Authors: Nwaigwe Chukwuemeka Onyekachi , Nwaigwe Chioma Uchenna , Leo Shedua
Published: November 2022

This work examined the supplemental effects of Telfairia occidentalis Hook.F. leaf extract compared to a standard hematinic drug, Ranferon -12 ®, on the performance of thirty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats.   The rats were randomly assigned into six groups of six rats each, and were fed standard rat ration at 80 % of ad lib within 24 hours. Access to clean water was allowed ad libitum. The leaf extract was administered orally at the dose of 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg, 600mg/kg, and 800mg/kg (for groups 1-4 respectively), and group 5 was given Ranferon 12® (at 0.3ml/kg), while group 6 (Control) received no extract but water. The extract was administered once daily for 21 days, while feed intake, weght gain, water intake, haematology, and some liver enzymes as well as cholesterol levels were the parameters measured. Results also revealed that weight gain, water intake and total WBC were significantly higher in group 3(600mg/kg) compared to other groups, while group 5 (Ranferon-12®) had significantly higher Packed cell volume and total red blood cell counts. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in the liver enzymes and cholesterol levels of rats in all groups. The results of this study have shown that supplementation with Telfairia occidentalis leaf extract was quite beneficial as it produced a significantly higher weight gain at 600mg/kg, and that neither increased dose of extract nor supplementation with Ranferon-12 ® yielded any special advantage.
Plasmodium berghei infection associated with adverse birth outcomes in pregnant Swiss albino mice
Authors: Audu David , Idowu Olufunmilayo Ajoke , Idowu Adewumi Babatunde
Published: November 2022

Malaria in pregnancy has been seen to cause poor pregnancy and foetal outcomes. In this study, mice infected with Plasmodium berghei (P. berghei) during the second and third stages of pregnancy were examined for their pregnancy's outcome and changes in their blood's biochemical composition after delivery. Additionally, the physical and behavioural reactions of the mice's pups were also investigated. Thirty pregnant female Swiss Albino mice were randomly divided into three groups; two received intraperitoneal injections of 106 P. berghei-infected red blood cells on gestational days (GD12 and 17), while the third group was left uninfected (control). Pregnancy termination occurred in 20% of mice infected during GD12, whereas mortality before parturition occurred in 40% and 30% of mice infected during GD12 and GD17, respectively. Non-infected group's total protein and glucose concentrations were significantly higher (p<0.05), while cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were significantly lower (p<0.05) when compared to the infected groups. The Mean birth weights (1.82 ± 0.37 g) of pups were considerably higher (p < 0.05) in control mice compared to pups from infected groups. Offspring born to infected mothers exhibited poor physical and behavioural responses. Mice infection by Plasmodium berghei during pregnancy resulted in adverse birth outcomes, altered measured biochemical parameters, poor physical and behavioural responses in their offspring and was more severe during the 2nd stage of pregnancy.
Information seeking behaviour of elderly persons in a pandemic: lessons from a developing country
Authors: Entsua-Mensah Florence Odarkor , Ankrah Ebenezer , Danquah Monica Mensah , Commodore Lenin Nii Korley
Published: November 2022

Historically, pandemics have been notorious for their adverse effects on humans. One of the foremost steps in dealing with these adverse effects is timely access to adequate and reliable information on the pandemic. There is overwhelming evidence that ties information-seeking behaviour with access to relevant and timely information. Yet, there are sketchy studies on the information-seeking behaviour and access to relevant information on the COVID-19 pandemic. The situation is much more alarming when older persons, who are more susceptible to the virus are brought into perspective, especially those in developing countries. Undeniably, there is a significant gap between the health support systems in developing countries and that of developed countries. This creates a corresponding discrepancy between health information-seeking behaviour among these countries. This study examined the effect of the information-seeking behaviour of older persons on the confidence of surviving the pandemic in a developing country. The study adopted a quantitative approach. The purposive sampling technique was used to sample 100 respondents for the study. Descriptive statistics, Pearson’s Correlation and multiple regression were used to analyze the data. The findings of the study revealed that there is a significant relationship between older persons’ need for information and confidence in surviving the pandemic. The findings of the study also found that there is a significant relationship between an older person’s source of information and confidence in surviving the pandemic. In addition, the findings of the study showed that there is a significant relationship between older person’s information validation and confidence in surviving the pandemic. The study therefore recommended that there is a need for government and other related agencies to ensure that older people are equipped with the necessary information on the COVID-19 pandemic.
Public archives determination of social memory in appraising local government records in South Africa
Authors: Schellnack-Kelly Isabel
Published: November 2022

A hybrid version of macro-appraisal is used by South African public archivists when separating records of enduring value from ephemeral records. This appraisal function should occur immediately after the filing systems have been approved by the national and provincial archivists. However, in most cases, this function only occurs two years after the filing system has been approved. In the 1990s, the South African National Archives changed its traditional appraisal methodology from a Schellenberg approach to formulate a sound appraisal policy based on the macro-appraisal model. One of the key elements identified was the need to identify gaps in the written records that could be filled during the appraisal process. These gaps could be complemented by the collection of oral history. This study used qualitative data obtained through content analysis and literature to review the appraisal policy guidelines and approaches of the National Archives and the Gauteng Provincial Archives in relation to the process of appraisal, issuing of disposal authorities and capturing of oral history projects in relation to Gauteng local governments. This study used a case study design and specifically focused on the appraisal of Gauteng local government records. Interviews were held with officials of the National Archives and Gauteng Provincial Archives involved in the function of appraisal of public records. This study indicated that there were gaps in archival collections, which should be supplemented by the collection of oral history testimonies. The oral history testimonies collected from individuals and communities affected by socio-economic and socio-political events are not captured by the country’s public archivists. These narratives of post-apartheid South Africa are being lost and may not be captured by the national and provincial archives services. The key recommendation of this study is that there should be clear policy guidelines relating to the process of appraisal and transparency on how these processes are undertaken in South African public archives.