bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Controlled Interfacial Assembly and Transfer of Brushlike Copolymer Films
Authors: Lerum Ronald V. , Bermudez Harry
Published: December 2009

The self‐assembly and compression of polybutadiene‐bpoly(ethylene oxide) (PBd–PEO) at the air/water interface enables control over surface density, height, and film structure. Interfacial transfer was performed by a combination of Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) and Langmuir–Schaefer (LS) techniques, resulting in monolayer and bilayer films. Ellipsometry and wettability results were used to characterize the efficiency of transfer and to determine the properties of the resulting films, confirming a brushlike monolayer. Importantly, a high surface density is essential to obtain the desired film structure (i.e. a dense brush) and surface properties. The films were challenged by adsorption of fibrinogen, and the results are consistent with the notion of a PEO‐enriched, and protein‐repellant, bilayer surface. Such a bilayer film provides an opportunity for a tunable biomaterial interface to probe cell‐surface interactions.
A mouse model to dissect progesterone signaling in the female reproductive tract and mammary gland
Authors: Fernandez‐Valdivia Rodrigo , Jeong Jaewook , Mukherjee Atish , Soyal Selma M. , Li Jie , Ying Yan , DeMayo Francesco J. , Lydon John P.
Published: December 2009

Considering the regulatory complexities of progesterone receptor (PR) action throughout the female reproductive axis and mammary gland, we generated a mouse model that enables conditional ablation of PR function in a spatiotemporal specific manner. Exon 2 of the murine PR gene was floxed to generate a conditional PR allele (PRflox) in mice. Crossing the PRflox/flox mouse with the ZP3‐cre transgenic demonstrated that the PRflox allele recombines to a PR null allele (PRd). Mice homozygous for the recombined null PR allele (PRd/d) exhibit uterine, ovarian, and mammary gland defects that phenocopy those of our previously described PR knockout (PRKO) model. Therefore, this conditional mouse model for PR ablation represents an invaluable resource with which to further define in a developmental and/or reproductive stage‐specific manner the individual and integrative roles of distinct PR populations resident in multiple progesterone‐responsive target sites. genesis 48:106–113, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of Enantiopure Benzyl Homoallylamines by Indium‐Mediated Barbier‐Type Allylation Combined with Enzymatic Kinetic Resolution: Towards the Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of N‐Containing Heterocycles
Authors: Hietanen Ari , Saloranta Tiina , Rosenberg Sara , Laitinen Evelina , Leino Reko , Kanerva Liisa T.
Published: December 2009

Barbier‐type indium‐mediated allylations of different N,N‐(dimethylsulfamoyl)‐protected aldimines with a number of allyl bromides followed by high‐yielding deprotection afforded allylic amines in good to excellent yields. The racemic amines were then subjected to enzymatic kinetic resolution in order to obtain the corresponding (S)‐amines and (R)‐amides. When acyl donors with a terminal double bond were applied in the enzymatic kinetic resolution, the product amide could be converted into unsaturated lactams in a straightforward manner by utilizing ring‐closing metathesis. Furthermore, the enantiopure (S)‐1‐phenylbut‐3‐enylamine was converted into the corresponding diallylamine, which was subjected to ring‐closing metathesis to yield a substituted dehydropiperidine mimicking a number of natural products.
Synthesis of meso‐Substituted ABCD‐Type Porphyrins by Functionalization Reactions (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2/2010)
Authors: Senge Mathias O. , Shaker Yasser M. , Pintea Monica , Ryppa Claudia , Hatscher Sabine S. , Ryan Aoife , Sergeeva Yulia
Published: December 2009

The cover picture shows that the preparation of ABCD‐type porphyrins from porphyrin precursors is not as difficult as an eye exam or a puzzle. The use of porphyrin precursors and modern organometallic methods allow the preparation of all types of Ax‐ and ABCD‐type porphyrins. Details are discussed in the article by M. O. Senge et al. from Trinity College Dublin on p. 237 ff.
Enamel hypoplasia and early mortality: Bioarcheological support for the Barker hypothesis
Authors: Armelagos George J. , Goodman Alan H. , Harper Kristin N. , Blakey Michael L.
Published: December 2009

The Barker hypothesis asserts that stressful events early in the life history of an individual have negative health consequences later in adulthood. The hypothesis initially focused on prenatal stressors as indicated by birth weight and related outcomes. This initial concern with the fetal phase of development led to its description as the “fetal programming” or “fetal origins” hypothesis. The realization that stressors in the postnatal phase had similar impacts on adult health has led to its latest characterization as the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease Hypothesis (DOHaD). In this paper, we review the history and evidence in support of the DOHaD hypothesis. We then introduce an untapped source of information on early life stress: enamel hypoplasias and other developmental defects of enamel. Enamel defects are nearly indelible records of physiological perturbations, or stress, to developing ameloblasts (enamel‐forming cells). Furthermore, the location of the defects translates to specific periods of growth, providing a permanent temporal record of early life stressors from in utero to approximately twelve years of age. As we discuss, a handful of studies of different populations reveals that individuals with enamel defects that developed in utero and early in infant‐childhood development tend to be subject to earlier adolescent or adult mortality.
Ageism in first episode psychosis
Authors: Mitford Emma , Reay Robert , McCabe Kate , Paxton Roger , Turkington Douglas
Published: December 2009

Objective

To consider the characteristics of first episode psychosis in older adults in a county in North East England.

Method/Design

The present study used a naturalistic design to compare individuals aged 65 years and over with those under 65, with a first episode psychosis. Data were collected on demographics, diagnosis at presentation and hospital admissions in the first year.

Results

Almost a quarter of all patients were aged 65 years or older. The older group were admitted later on after presentation, but with longer average hospital stays (p < 0.01), compared to the younger group, with no difference in the use of the Mental Health Act. Late onset schizophrenia (40–59 years) and very late onset schizophrenia‐like psychosis (60 + years) formed a considerable proportion of patients.

Conclusions

There is a substantial proportion of older people with first episode psychosis, with a significant use of hospital bed days. There are large gaps in services for this group who often do not have the same access to those offered to younger people, e.g. Assertive Outreach or crisis teams, access to Clozapine and CBT. Ageism exists in all forms; the elderly are doubly disadvantaged in view of their age and mental illness.

In view of the Age Discrimination Act (2006) the elderly functionally ill group of patients should be entitled to the same level of care and equal access to services as younger people. More attention and interventions need to be focused on this overlooked group. © Crown copyright 2009. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A molecular dynamics study on binding recognition between several 4,5 and 4,6‐linked aminoglycosides with A‐site RNA
Authors: Chen Shih‐Yuan , Lin Thy‐Hou
Published: December 2009

A molecular dynamics (MD) simulation has been performed for two sets of aminoglycoside antibiotics bound with an RNA duplex corresponding to the aminoacyl‐tRNA decoding site of the 16S rRNA to characterize the energetics and dynamics of binding for several aminoglycosides. The binding free energy, essential dynamics and hydration analysis have been conducted to characterize the dynamics' properties associated with the binding recognition between each set of antibiotics and the RNA duplex. We have built several dynamic models with reasonable binding free energies showing good correlation with the experimental data. We have also conducted a hydration analysis on some long residency water molecules detected as W8 and W49 sites around the U1406 · U1495 pair and which are found to be important in binding recognition and in causing some apparent stretch variations of this pair during the dynamic studies. In addition, we also find that the hydration sites with long residence time identified between the ring III of two 4,6‐linked antibiotics (tobramycin and kanamycin) and phosphate oxygen atoms of G1405/U1406 may be worthy of further exploration for rational drug design. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recombination of human papillomavirus‐16 and host DNA in exfoliated cervical cells: A pilot study of L1 gene methylation and chromosomal integration as biomarkers of carcinogenic progression
Authors: Kalantari Mina , Chase Dana M. , Tewari Krishnansu S. , Bernard Hans‐Ulrich
Published: December 2009

Human papillomavirus‐16 DNA replicates in productive infections in circular form, but is found in most carcinomas integrated into the host cell DNA. Because this transition is essential for carcinogenesis, detailed research is desirable and may help to triage patients with abnormal Pap smears. Previous studies addressed the chromosomal integration of HPV‐16 DNA in biopsies of tumors by an indirect biomarker, methylation of the viral L1 gene and by reverse ligation polymerase chain reaction (rliPCR). The pilot study reported here asked whether these techniques can be targeted successfully at DNA prepared from exfoliated cervical cells. Abnormal Pap smears of 21 patients that were positive for HPV‐16 were analyzed for (i and ii) methylation of the L1 gene after bisulfite modification and PCR amplification by direct sequencing and indirectly in cloned DNA and (iii) recombination with chromosomal DNA by rliPCR. Four of these 21 patients contained highly methylated L1 DNA, which was integrated in three of the samples with sufficient DNA for rliPCR analysis. Seven patients contained sporadically methylated L1 DNA, which was integrated in two and episomal in three samples with sufficient DNA. Ten patients contained only unmethylated DNA, which was episomal in six but possibly integrated in two samples. It is concluded that HPV‐16 is found integrated chromosomally in a fraction of precancerous infections, and with higher frequency in methylated than in low or unmethylated samples. Since L1 gene methylation indicates integration, it has the potential to be used as a clinical marker of cancer progression. J. Med. Virol. 82:311–320, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of varicella‐zoster virus DNA in 414 human trigeminal ganglia from cadavers by the polymerase chain reaction: A comparison of the detection rate of varicella‐zoster virus and herpes simplex virus type 1
Authors: Inoue Hiroyuki , Motani‐Saitoh Hisako , Sakurada Koichi , Ikegaya Hiroshi , Yajima Daisuke , Hayakawa Mutsumi , Sato Yayoi , Otsuka Katsura , Kobayashi Kazuhiro , Nagasawa Sayaka , Iwase Hirotaro
Published: December 2009

Investigation of varicella‐zoster virus (VZV) is important epidemiologically, and determination of its prevalence rate in human trigeminal ganglia is important to provide surveillance data. To date, studies on VZV detection in trigeminal ganglia have used specimens obtained from a relatively limited number of cadavers. This study attempted to detect VZV DNA as well as Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1) DNA by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from 414 samples of trigeminal ganglia obtained from 207 cadavers selected at random. The detection rate was examined to determine whether there were significant differences in the positive rate between the left and right trigeminal ganglia, males and females, and among age groups. A relationship was found between the positive rates for VZV and HSV‐1. VZV DNA was detected in 391 of the trigeminal ganglia (94.4%) and 201 of the cadavers (97.1%) in 121/124 males and 80/83 females. HSV‐1 DNA was detected in 251 of the samples (60.6%) and 134 of the cadavers (64.7%) in 72/124 males and 62/83 females. There was no significant difference for either virus in the detection rates between the left and right trigeminal ganglia and males and females. Age and positivity for HSV‐1, but not VZV, showed a significant relationship. All 134 cadavers positive for HSV‐1 were also positive for VZV. VZV and HSV‐1 become latent in bilateral trigeminal ganglia, and are not affected by gender. The prevalence of HSV‐1 was greater in advanced age, and the HSV‐1‐positive rate was correlated with the VZV‐positive rate. J. Med. Virol. 82:345–349, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retinal vascular changes after glial disruption in rats
Authors: Shen Weiyong , Li Shiying , Chung Sook Hyun , Gillies Mark C.
Published: December 2009

Glial dysfunction is found in a number of retinal vascular diseases but its link with blood‐retinal barrier (BRB) breakdown remains poorly understood. The present study tested the hypothesis that glial dysfunction is a major contributor to the BRB breakdown that is a hallmark of retinal vascular diseases. We investigated thespecificity of the purportedly selective glial toxin, DL‐α‐aminoadipic acid (DL‐α‐AAA) on different types of ocular cells in vitro and then tested the effect of glial disruption on retinal vasculature after intraocular injection of DL‐α‐AAA or siRNA targeting glutamine synthetase (GS) in rats. DL‐α‐AAA was toxic to astrocytes and Müller cells but not to other types of BRB‐related cells in vitro. Subretinal injection of DL‐α‐AAA disrupted retinal glial cells, induced vascular telangiectasis and increased vascular permeability from 4 days to over 2 months post‐injection. Vascular changes induced by DL‐α‐AAA were observed predominantly in regions of glial disruption, as reflected by reduced expression of GS and increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin. Confocal microscopy showed changes in all three layers of the retinal vasculature, which co‐localised with areas of Müller cell disruption. Double labeling immunohistochemistry revealed that retinal glial disruption after DL‐α‐AAA injection was accompanied by increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and reduced expression of the tight junction protein claudin‐5. Intravitreal injection of GS siRNA induced similar changes in Müller cells and BRB breakdown. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that glial dysfunction is a primary contributor to the BRB breakdown in retinal vascular diseases. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On‐line desorption of dried blood spots coupled to hydrophilic interaction/reversed‐phase LC/MS/MS system for the simultaneous analysis of drugs and their polar metabolites
Authors: Thomas Aurélien , Déglon Julien , Steimer Thierry , Mangin Patrice , Daali Youssef , Staub Christian
Published: December 2009

An assay for the simultaneous analysis of pharmaceutical compounds and their metabolites from micro‐whole blood samples (i.e. 5 μL) was developed using an on‐line dried blood spot (on‐line DBS) device coupled with hydrophilic interaction/reversed‐phase (HILIC/RP) LC/MS/MS. Filter paper is directly integrated to the LC device using a homemade inox desorption cell. Without any sample pretreatment, analytes are desorbed from the paper towards an automated system of valves linking a zwitterionic‐HILIC column to an RP C18 column. In the same run, the polar fraction is separated by the zwitterionic‐HILIC column while the non‐polar fraction is eluted on the RP C18. Both fractions are detected by IT‐MS operating in full scan mode for the survey scan and in product ion mode for the dependant scan using an ESI source. The procedure was evaluated by the simultaneous qualitative analysis of four probes and their relative phase I and II metabolites spiked in whole blood. In addition, the method was successfully applied to the in vivo monitoring of buprenorphine metabolism after the administration of an intraperitoneal injection of 30 mg/kg on adult female Wistar rat.
Comparison of monolithic and splitting solution schemes for dynamic porous media problems
Authors: Markert B. , Heider Y. , Ehlers W.
Published: December 2009

Proceeding from the governing equations describing a saturated poroelastic material with intrinsically incompressible solid and fluid constituents, we compare the monolithic and splitting solution of the different multi‐field formulations feasible in porous media dynamics. Because of the inherent solid–fluid momentum interactions, one is concerned with the class of volumetrically coupled problems involving a potentially strong coupling of the momentum equations and the algebraic incompressibility constraint. Here, the resulting set of differential‐algebraic equations (DAE) is solved by the finite element method (FEM) following two different strategies: (1) an implicit monolithic approach, where the equations are first discretized in space using stable mixed finite elements and second in time using stiffly accurate implicit time integrators; (2) a semi‐explicit–implicit splitting scheme in the sense of a fractional‐step method, where the DAE are first discretized in time, split using intermediate variables, and then discretized in space using linear equal‐order approximations for all primary unknowns. Finally, a one‐ and a two‐dimensional wave propagation example serve to reveal the pros and cons in regard to accuracy and stability of both solution strategies. Therefore, several test cases differing in the used multi‐field formulation, the monolithic time‐stepping method, and the approximation order of the individual unknowns are analyzed for varying degrees of coupling controlled by the permeability parameter. In the end, we provide a reliable recommendation which of the presented strategies and formulations is the most suitable for which particular dynamic porous media problem. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quasi optimal finite difference method for Helmholtz problem on unstructured grids
Authors: Fernandes Daniel T. , Loula Abimael F. D.
Published: December 2009

A quasi optimal finite difference method (QOFD) is proposed for the Helmholtz problem. The stencils' coefficients are obtained numerically by minimizing a least‐squares functional of the local truncation error for plane wave solutions in any direction. In one dimension this approach leads to a nodally exact scheme, with no truncation error, for uniform or non‐uniform meshes. In two dimensions, when applied to a uniform cartesian grid, a 9‐point sixth‐order scheme is derived with the same truncation error of the quasi‐stabilized finite element method (QSFEM) introduced by Babuška et al. (Comp. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng. 1995; 128:325–359). Similarly, a 27‐point sixth‐order stencil is derived in three dimensions. The QOFD formulation, proposed here, is naturally applied on uniform, non‐uniform and unstructured meshes in any dimension. Numerical results are presented showing optimal rates of convergence and reduced
pollution effects for large values of the wave number. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Taylor series multipole boundary element‐mathematical programming method for 3D multi‐bodies elastic contact problems
Authors: Chen Zejun , Xiao Hong , Yang Xia , Su Chunjian
Published: December 2009

Utilizing the mathematical programming technique of contact problems and Fast Multipole Boundary Element Method (FM‐BEM) theory, Taylor Series Multipole BEM (TSMBEM) for solving 3D multi‐bodies elastic frictional contact problems is presented based on the ‘node‐to‐surface’ contact model. The numerical method is able to analyze the large‐scale contact problems using non‐conforming or conforming boundary meshes. For multi‐bodies contact problems, the computational costs of contact identification can be effectively reduced by the contact table. The mathematical programming method for TSMBEM is presented based on the interpolation approach of contact elements. The linear system arising from multipole BEM is solved by using Generalized Minimal RESidual algorithm GMRES(m) in conjunction with near‐field preconditioning technique. The numerical experiments of flat punch and HC roll system are carried out by the newly developed multipole BEM. The numerical results are compared with the Hertz theoretical solutions, which illustrate the effectiveness and the validity of the numerical method for 3D multi‐bodies elastic frictional contact analysis. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The XFEM for high‐gradient solutions in convection‐dominated problems
Authors: Abbas Safdar , Alizada Alaskar , Fries Thomas‐Peter
Published: December 2009

Convection‐dominated problems typically involve solutions with high gradients near the domain boundaries (boundary layers) or inside the domain (shocks). The approximation of such solutions by means of the standard finite element method requires stabilization in order to avoid spurious oscillations. However, accurate results may still require a mesh refinement near the high gradients. Herein, we investigate the extended finite element method (XFEM) with a new enrichment scheme that enables highly accurate results without stabilization or mesh refinement. A set of regularized Heaviside functions is used for the enrichment in the vicinity of the high gradients. Different linear and non‐linear problems in one and two dimensions are considered and show the ability of the proposed enrichment to capture arbitrary high gradients in the solutions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A computer case definition for sudden cardiac death
Authors: Chung Cecilia P. , Murray Katherine T. , Stein C. Michael , Hall Kathi , Ray Wayne A.
Published: December 2009

Purpose

To facilitate studies of medications and sudden cardiac death, we developed and validated a computer case definition for these deaths. The study of community dwelling Tennessee Medicaid enrollees 30–74 years of age utilized a linked database with Medicaid inpatient/outpatient files, state death certificate files, and a state ‘all‐payers’ hospital discharge file.

Methods

The computerized case definition was developed from a retrospective cohort study of sudden cardiac deaths occurring between 1990 and 1993. Medical records for 926 potential cases had been adjudicated for this study to determine if they met the clinical definition for sudden cardiac death occurring in the community and were likely to be due to ventricular tachyarrhythmias. The computerized case definition included deaths with (1) no evidence of a terminal hospital admission/nursing home stay in any of the data sources; (2) an underlying cause of death code consistent with sudden cardiac death; and (3) no terminal procedures inconsistent with unresuscitated cardiac arrest. This definition was validated in an independent sample of 174 adjudicated deaths occurring between 1994 and 2005.

Results

The positive predictive value of the computer case definition was 86.0% in the development sample and 86.8% in the validation sample. The positive predictive value did not vary materially for deaths coded according to the ICO‐9 (1994–1998, positive predictive value = 85.1%) or ICD‐10 (1999–2005, 87.4%) systems.

Conclusion

A computerized Medicaid database, linked with death certificate files and a state hospital discharge database, can be used for a computer case definition of sudden cardiac death. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of physical crosslinking systems based on cyclodextrin inclusion/host‐guest complexation
Authors: Kaya Ethem , Mathias Lon J.
Published: December 2009

New supramolecular assemblies based on cyclodextrin and adamantane were prepared. Two methacrylate monomers bearing cyclodextrin and adamantane were synthesized, and copolymerized with poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate, (PEGMA, 300 g/mol), by free radical polymerization. Copolymers bearing pendent cyclodextrin and adamantane were characterized by NMR, FTIR, TGA, SEC, Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and UV‐visible spectrophotometer. All copolymers showed two distinct glass transitions. The specific interaction between pendent adamantyl and cyclodextrin was examined by 1H‐NMR. The viscoelastic properties of supramolecular assemblies were investigated with frequency and temperature sweep experiments. The specific host‐guest interaction between pendent adamantyl and cyclodextrin lead to large increases of the viscosity; and depending on the concentration of these groups, also to gel formation. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 581–592, 2010
Poly(3‐hexylthiophene)‐b‐poly(3‐cyclohexylthiophene): Synthesis, microphase separation, thin film transistors, and photovoltaic applications
Authors: Wu Pei‐Tzu , Ren Guoqiang , Kim Felix S. , Li Chaoxu , Mezzenga Raffaele , Jenekhe Samson A.
Published: December 2009

We report the synthesis, characterization, microphase separation, field‐effect charge transport, and photovoltaic properties of regioregular poly(3‐hexylthiophene)‐b‐poly(3‐cyclohexylthiophene) (P3HT‐b‐P3cHT). Two compositions of P3HT‐b‐P3cHT (HcH63 and HcH77) were synthesized with weight‐average molecular weights of 155,500 and 210,800 and polydispersity indices of 1.45 and 1.57, respectively. Solvent‐casted HcH77 was found to self‐assemble into nanowires with a width of 12.5 ± 0.9 nm and aspect ratios of 50–120, as observed by TEM imaging. HcH77 and HcH63 annealed 280 °C were observed by small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) and wide angle X‐ray scattering (WAXS) to be microphase‐separated with characteristic length scales of 17.0–21.7 nm. The microphase‐separated domains were shown to be crystalline with interlayer backbone (100) d‐spacings of 1.69 and 1.40 nm, which correspond to the P3HT and P3cHT blocks, respectively. Field‐effect transistors fabricated from P3HT‐b‐P3cHT thin films showed a mobility of holes (0.0019 cm2/Vs) which is independent of thermal annealing. Bulk heterojunction solar cells based on HcH77/fullerene (PC71BM) blend thin films had a maximum power conversion efficiency of 2.45% under 100 mW/cm2 AM1.5 solar illumination in air. These results demonstrate that all‐conjugated block copolymers are suitable semiconductors for applications in field‐effect transistors and bulk heterojunction solar cells. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 614–626, 2010
Thermoresponsive fluorescent water‐soluble copolymers containing BODIPY dye: Inhibition of H‐aggregation of the BODIPY units in their copolymers by LCST
Authors: Nagai Atsushi , Kokado Kenta , Miyake Junpei , Cyujo Yoshiki
Published: December 2009

Novel water‐soluble copolymers containing 4‐difluoro‐4‐bora‐3a,4a‐diaza‐s‐indacene (BODIPY) dyes were synthesized by reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The copolymers with both number‐average molecular weight between 5.0 × 103 and 5.8 × 103 and narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn < 1.19) were obtained by the copolymerization of (2‐dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) and BODIPY‐based methyl methacrylate (1) with 2,2′‐azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) as an initiator in the presence of cumyl dithiobenzoate (CDB) as a chain transfer agent (CTA). The structures of the resulting copolymers were characterized by 1H, 13C, and 11B NMR spectroscopies, and the comonomer compositions were good consistent with the feed ratio. Characteristic optical properties of the obtained copolymers were investigated by UV‐vis and PL spectroscopic methods. The copolymers composed of [DMAEMA]: [1] = 98.0:2.0 and 99.4:1.4 led to thermoresponsive polymers having phase separation temperatures at 32 °C and 40 °C, respectively, depending on the compositions of hydrophilic/hydrophobic balances. Further, the effective reversible decrease/increase of the emission intensity of the copolymers led to the reversible formation/inhibition of the H‐aggregation between two BODIPY planes in the copolymers on heating and cooling across the border of LCST. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 627–634, 2010
Thermoresponsive PPEGMEA‐g‐PPEGEEMA well‐defined double hydrophilic graft copolymer synthesized by successive SET‐LRP and ATRP
Authors: Zhai Sujuan , Wang Beidi , Feng Chun , Li Yongjun , Yang Dong , Hu Jianhua , Lu Guolin , Huang Xiaoyu
Published: December 2009

A series of well‐defined double hydrophilic graft copolymers containing poly[poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate] (PPEGMEA) backbone and poly[poly(ethylene glycol) ethyl ether methacrylate] (PPEGEEMA) side chains were synthesized by the combination of single electron transfer‐living radical polymerization (SET‐LRP) and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The backbone was first prepared by SET‐LRP of poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate macromonomer using CuBr/tris(2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl)amine as catalytic system. The obtained comb copolymer was treated with lithium diisopropylamide and 2‐bromoisobutyryl bromide to give PPEGMEA‐Br macroinitiator. Finally, PPEGMEA‐g‐PPEGEEMA graft copolymers were synthesized by ATRP of poly(ethylene glycol) ethyl ether methacrylate macromonomer using PPEGMEA‐Br macroinitiator via the grafting‐from route. The molecular weights of both the backbone and the side chains were controllable and the molecular weight distributions kept narrow (Mw/Mn ≤ 1.20). This kind of double hydrophilic copolymer was found to be stimuli‐responsive to both temperature and ion (0.3 M Cl− and SO). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 647–655, 2010
Synthesis and thermoreversible gelation of dendron‐like polypeptide/linear poly(ε‐caprolactone)/dendron‐like polypeptide triblock copolymers
Authors: You Yuan , Chen Yi , Hua Chong , Dong Chang‐Ming
Published: December 2009

Dendron‐like poly(γ‐benzyl‐L‐glutamate)/linear poly(ε‐caprolactone)/dendron‐like poly(γ‐benzyl‐L‐glutamate) triblock copolymers having 2m + 1 PBLG branches (denoted as PBLG‐Dm‐PCL‐Dm‐PBLG, m = 0, 1, 2, and 3) were for the first time synthesized by utilizing ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) and click chemistry. The bifunctional azide‐terminated PCL (N3‐PCL‐N3) was click conjugated with propargyl focal point PAMAM‐typed dendrons Dm to generate Dm‐PCL‐Dm, which was then used as macroinitiator for the ROP of BLG‐NCA monomer to produce the targeted PBLG‐Dm‐PCL‐Dm‐PBLG triblock copolymers. Their molecular structures and physical properties were characterized in detail by FTIR, NMR, gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, and wide angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD). The crystallinity of the central PCL segment within these copolymers is increasingly suppressed by the flanking PBLG wedges, whereas the PBLG segments gradually changed from a β‐sheet conformation to an α‐helix conformation with the increasing PBLG branches. These triblock copolymers formed thermoreversible organogels in toluene, and the dendritic topology of PBLG wedges controlled their critical gelation concentrations. The self‐assembled structure of organogels was further characterized by means of transmission electron microscopy, WAXD, and small‐angle X‐ray scattering. The fibers with flat ribbon morphology were clearly shown, and the gelation occurred through a self‐assembled nanoribbon mechanism. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 709–718, 2010
Specific lectin interactions and temperature‐induced reversible gels in novel water‐soluble glycopolymers bearing maltotrionolactone pendant groups
Authors: Cerrada M. L. , Sánchez‐chaves M. , Ruiz C. , Fernández‐García M.
Published: December 2009

Glycopolymers based on the incorporation of a diaminobutylmaltotrionolactone onto activated ethylene‐vinyl alcohol, EVOH, copolymers with distinct composition in the former counit have been prepared. Previous transformation of initial hydroxyl EVOH groups to other more reactive functional groups has been required. The activation has been performed in this current investigation by functionalization with either 4‐nitrophenyl carbonate or o‐phthalic acid groups. The structure of the resulting novel water‐soluble glycopolymers has been confirmed by FTIR, 1H and 13C‐NMR spectroscopies. In addition, the glass transition temperatures and thermal stability as well as the viscoelastic behavior in bulk and in water solution have been examined as a function of chemical linkage nature. The rheological evaluation confirms the reversible gel formation in all the cases. Finally, their affinity to Concanavalin A lectin has been also analyzed proving the feasible use of these glycopolymers as molecular recognition materials. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 719–729, 2010
Direct Lightning Hits on Wind Turbines in Winter Season Lightning Observation Results for Wind Turbines at Nikaho Wind Park in Winter
Authors: Asakawa A. , Shindo T. , Yokoyama S. , Hyodo H.
Published: December 2009

Lightning observation has been carried out at the Nikaho wind park since 2003 by CRIEPI and J‐Power using still cameras and specially designed Rogowski coils of wide frequency band from 0.1 Hz to 100 kHz. In 2005, 125 lightning flashes on wind turbines were observed and 85 lightning current records on wind turbines were obtained. The 50% value of lightning current peak is about 3.1 kA and the 50% value of charge amount of pulse‐type current and continuing‐type current are 0.13 C (18 data) and 33.8 C (67 data), respectively. Copyright © 2010 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
X‐ray fluorescence portable systems for the rapid assessment of photographic techniques in notable art collections: the Alfred Stieglitz Collection
Authors: Grieten E. , Casadio F.
Published: December 2009

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century photographers experimented, adapted and combined different techniques, using a wide array of chemicals leading to a vast range of commercial and self‐made photographs. Museum professionals, experts and collectors typically rely on visual and microscopic examination to identify photographic processes, however, visual identification alone can be misleading. The present study describes applications of portable and handheld X‐ray fluorescence(XRF) spectrometers to determine the metallic elements in photographic images, with special focus on one of the highest‐profile photographic collections in the world, that of Alfred Stieglitz. A protocol was developed for two types of XRF spectrometers, a portable micro‐focus system and a handheld macro‐set‐up, and validated with standard replicas of known photographic techniques. Qualitative XRF identification of the metallic salts allows unambiguous identification of the process used for each photograph. The portability of the systems makes the method applicable to the study of large collections in any location. In total, more than 60 photographs from the Alfred Stieglitz Collection were analyzed, leading to the revision of approximately 16% of the previous process identifications. These results are presented here for the first time. The correct identification of these photographs has significant impact on aspects of preventive conservation, exhibition and scholarly research, not only for the Art Institute of Chicago but also for other institutions and private collectors who own photographs from the Alfred Stieglitz Collection. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Epidemiology of mixed urinary incontinence in China
Authors: Zhu Lan , Li Lin , Lang Jinghe , Xu Tao , Wong Felix
Published: December 2009

Objectives

To determine the prevalence and risk factors for mixed urinary incontinence (MUI) among Chinese women.

Method

In this cross‐sectional survey study we analyzed the answers to a modified Bristol Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms questionnaire provided by 19 024 women older than 20 years and from 6 regions in China.

Results

The overall prevalence of MUI was 9.4%. The prevalence of MUI increased with age and reached 24.1% among women older than 70 years. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that age, vaginal delivery, chronic constipation, pelvic organ prolapse, chronic pelvic pain, respiratory system disease, menstrual disorder, urinary system disease, alcohol consumption, pelvic surgery, obesity, and a low educational level were independent risk factors for MUI.

Conclusion

We found age, vaginal delivery, and chronic constipation to be the main risk factors for MUI among adult women in China.
Payback
Authors: Trompf G. W.
Published: December 2009

Near to the heart of the human predicament are impulses to avenge - what most of us will recognize to be negative, counterproductive reactions against others who pose a threat. By contrast, nothing re-establishes our faith in humanity more than extraordinary acts of concession, such as peace-making, generosity and sacrifice. In this study Garry Trompf shows how various aspects of 'payback', both negative and positive, provide the best indices to an understanding of Melanesian views of life. The book explores the reasons why people 'pay back' and opens up a whole dimension in the cross-cultural study of human consciousness. The author conducts his readers through the most complex anthropological pageant on earth, illustrating his arguments from western New Guinea to Fiji.
Feminism in Modern Japan
Authors: Mackie Vera
Published: December 2009

Feminism in Modern Japan is an original and path-breaking book which traces the history of feminist thought and women's activism in Japan from the late nineteenth century to the present. The author offers a fascinating account of those who struck out against convention in the dissemination of ideas which challenged accepted notions of thinking about women, men and society generally. Feminist activism took diverse forms as women questioned their roles as subjects of the Emperor, or explored the limits of citizenship under the more liberal post-war constitution. The story is brought to life through translated extracts of the writings of Japanese feminists. This cogent, carefully documented analysis will be welcomed by students from a range of disciplines including those working on gender studies and feminist history, where nothing comparable is currently available.
The Norman Frontier in the Twelfth and Early Thirteenth Centuries
Authors: Power Daniel
Published: December 2009

The twelfth-century borderlands of the duchy of Normandy formed the cockpit for dynastic rivalries between the kings of England and France. This 2004 book examines how the political divisions between Normandy and its neighbours shaped the communities of the Norman frontier. It traces the region's history from the conquest of Normandy in 1106 by Henry I of England, to the duchy's annexation in 1204 by the king of France, Philip Augustus, and its incorporation into the Capetian kingdom. It explores the impact of the frontier upon princely and ecclesiastical power structures, customary laws, and noble strategies such as marriage, patronage and suretyship. Particular attention is paid to the lesser aristocracy as well as the better known magnates, and an extended appendix reconstructs the genealogies of thirty-three prominent frontier lineages. The book sheds light upon the twelfth-century French aristocracy, and makes a significant contribution to our understanding of medieval political frontiers.
The Economic Growth of Singapore
Authors: Huff W. G.
Published: December 2009

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the economic development of Singapore, easily the leading commercial and financial centre in Southeast Asia throughout the twentieth century. This development has been based on a strategic location at the crossroads of Asia, a free trade economy, and a dynamic entrepreneurial tradition. Initial twentieth-century economic success was linked to a group of legendary Chinese entrepreneurs, but by mid-century independent Singapore looked to multinational enterprise to deliver economic growth. Nonetheless exports of manufactures accounted for only part of Singaporean expansion, and by the 1980s Singapore was a major international financial centre and leading world exporter of commercial services. Throughout this study Dr Huff assesses the interaction of government policy and market forces, and places the transformation of the Singaporean economy in the context of both development theory and experience elsewhere in East Asia.
The Kondo Problem to Heavy Fermions
Authors: Hewson Alexander Cyril
Published: December 2009

The behaviour of magnetic impurities in metals has posed problems to challenge the condensed matter theorist over the past 30 years. This book deals with the concepts and techniques which have been developed to meet this challenge, and with their application to the interpretation of experiments. This book will be of interest to condensed matter physicists, particularly those interested in strong correlation problems. The detailed discussions of advanced many-body techniques should make it of interest to theoretical physicists in general.
Many-Body Atomic Physics
Authors: Boyle J. J. , Pindzola M. S.
Published: December 2009

This introduction to the field of many-body atomic physics is suitable for researchers and graduate students. Drawing from three major subject areas, atomic structure, atomic photoionization, and electron-atom collisions, this book begins with an introduction to many-body diagrams, and continues with several chapters devoted to each subject area written by leading theorists in that field. Topics in atomic structure include the relativistic theory for highly charged atomic ions and calculations of parity nonconservation. Topics in atomic photoionization include single and double photoionization processes, and photoelectron angular distributions. Topics in electron-atom collisions include the theory of electron impact ionization, perturbation series methods, target dependence of the triply differential cross section, Thomas processes, R-matrix theory, close coupling, and distorted-wave theory. This coherent and carefully edited volume has been prepared by leading atomic physicists as a tribute to Hugh Kelly, one of the pioneers of many-body theory.
X-rays in Atomic and Nuclear Physics
Authors: Dyson N. A.
Published: December 2009

This book deals with the methods of X-ray production at a level which is accessible to advanced undergraduates and researchers who use X-rays. It also discusses the fundamentals of these physical properties from an experimental viewpoint which is not covered in more specialised texts. The book begins with a survey of work carried out before 1945. Continuous and characteristic spectra are discussed followed by a description of techniques used in their study. Further studies of production, absorption and scattering in atomic and nuclear processes are described, including a completely new chapter on X-ray production by protons, alpha-particles and ions. The concluding chapter surveys some more advanced fields of study. It will be very valuable to all research and industrial physicists working with X-rays who need to know about their fundamental properties in more detail. In this second edition SI units are used throughout and the material reflects the changes in the use of X-rays and the developments in the field.
Schur Algebras and Representation Theory
Authors: Martin Stuart
Published: December 2009

The Schur algebra is an algebraic system providing a link between the representation theory of the symmetric and general linear groups (both finite and infinite). In the text Dr Martin gives a full, self-contained account of this algebra and these links, covering both the basic theory of Schur algebras and related areas. He discusses the usual representation-theoretic topics such as constructions of irreducible modules, the blocks containing them, their modular characters and the problem of computing decomposition numbers; moreover deeper properties such as the quasi-hereditariness of the Schur algebra are discussed. The opportunity is taken to give an account of quantum versions of Schur algebras and their relations with certain q-deformations of the coordinate rings of the general linear group. The approach is combinatorial where possible, making the presentation accessible to graduate students. This is the first comprehensive text in this important and active area of research; it will be of interest to all research workers in representation theory.
A Social History of Dying
Authors: Kellehear Allan
Published: December 2009

Our experiences of dying have been shaped by ancient ideas about death and social responsibility at the end of life. From Stone Age ideas about dying as otherworld journey to the contemporary Cosmopolitan Age of dying in nursing homes, Allan Kellehear takes the reader on a 2 million year journey of discovery that covers the major challenges we will all eventually face: anticipating, preparing, taming and timing for our eventual deaths. This book, first published in 2007, is a major review of the human and clinical sciences literature about human dying conduct. The historical approach of this book places our recent images of cancer dying and medical care in broader historical, epidemiological and global context. Professor Kellehear argues that we are witnessing a rise in shameful forms of dying. It is not cancer, heart disease or medical science that presents modern dying conduct with its greatest moral tests, but rather poverty, ageing and social exclusion.
Literature and Heresy in the Age of Chaucer
Authors: Cole Andrew
Published: December 2009

After the late fourteenth century, English literature was fundamentally shaped by the heresy of John Wyclif and his followers. This study demonstrates how Geoffrey Chaucer, William Langland, John Clanvowe, Margery Kempe, Thomas Hoccleve and John Lydgate, far from eschewing Wycliffism out of fear of censorship or partisan distaste, viewed Wycliffite ideas as a distinctly new intellectual resource. Andrew Cole offers a complete historical account of the first official condemnation of Wycliffism – the Blackfriars council of 1382 - and the fullest study of 'lollardy' as a social and literary construct. Drawing on literary criticism, history, theology and law, he presents not only a fresh perspective on late medieval literature, but also an invaluable rethinking of the Wycliffite heresy. Literature and Heresy restores Wycliffism to its proper place as the most significant context for late medieval English writing, and thus for the origins of English literary history.
Australian Liberals and the Moral Middle Class
Authors: Brett Judith
Published: December 2009

The Liberal Party of Australia was late to form in 1945, but the traditions and ideals upon which it is founded have been central to Australian politics since Federation. This 2003 book, by award-winning author and leading Australian political scientist Judith Brett, provides the very first complete history of the Australian liberal tradition, and then of the Liberal Party from the second half of the twentieth century. The book sparkles with insight, particularly in its sustained analysis of the shifting relationships between the experiences of the moral middle class and Australian liberals' own self understandings. It begins with Alfred Deakin facing the organised working class in parliament and ends with John Howard, electorally triumphant but alienated from key sections of middle class opinion. This book is destined to become the definitive account of Australian liberalism, and of the Liberal Party of Australia.