bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis and Validation of a Unified Slip Factor Model for Impellers at Design and Off-Design Conditions
Authors: Qiu Xuwen , Japikse David , Zhao Jinhui , Anderson Mark R.
Published: April 2011

This paper presents a unified slip model for axial, radial, and mixed-flow impellers. The core assumption of the model is that the flow deviation or the slip velocity at the impeller exit is mainly originated from the blade loading near the discharge of an impeller and its subsequent relative eddy in the impeller passage. The blade loading is estimated and then used to derive the slip velocity using Stodola’s assumption. The final form of the slip factor model can be successfully related to Carter’s rule for axial impellers and Stodola’s slip model for radial impellers, making the case for this model applicable to axial, radial, and mixed-flow impellers. Unlike conventional slip factor models for radial impellers, the new slip model suggests that the flow coefficient at the impeller exit is an important variable for the slip factor when there is significant blade turning at the impeller discharge. This explains the interesting off-design trends for slip factor observed from experiments, such as the rise of the slip factor with flow coefficient in the Eckardt A impeller. Extensive validation results for this new model are presented in this paper. Several cases are studied in detail to demonstrate how this new model can capture the slip factor variation at the off-design conditions. Furthermore, a large number of test data from more than 90 different compressors, pumps, and blowers were collected. Most cases are radial impellers, but a few axial impellers are also included. The test data and model predictions of the slip factor are compared at both design and off-design flow conditions. In total, over 1650 different flow conditions are evaluated. The unified model shows a clear advantage over the traditional slip factor correlations, such as the Busemann–Wiesner model, when off-design conditions are considered.
Separation Control on a Very High Lift Low Pressure Turbine Airfoil Using Pulsed Vortex Generator Jets
Authors: Volino Ralph J. , Kartuzova Olga , Ibrahim Mounir B.
Published: April 2011

Boundary layer separation control has been studied using vortex generator jets (VGJs) on a very high lift, low-pressure turbine airfoil. Experiments were done under high (4%) freestream turbulence conditions on a linear cascade in a low speed wind tunnel. Pressure surveys on the airfoil surface and downstream total pressure loss surveys were documented. Instantaneous velocity profile measurements were acquired in the suction surface boundary layer. Cases were considered at Reynolds numbers (based on the suction surface length and the nominal exit velocity from the cascade) of 25,000 and 50,000. Jet pulsing frequency, duty cycle, and blowing ratio were all varied. Computational results from a large eddy simulation of one case showed reattachment in agreement with the experiment. In cases without flow control, the boundary layer separated and did not reattach. With the VGJs, separation control was possible even at the lowest Reynolds number. Pulsed VGJs were more effective than steady jets. At sufficiently high pulsing frequencies, separation control was possible even with low jet velocities and low duty cycles. At lower frequencies, higher jet velocity was required, particularly at low Reynolds numbers. Effective separation control resulted in an increase in lift and a reduction in total pressure losses. Phase averaged velocity profiles and wavelet spectra of the velocity show the VGJ disturbance causes the boundary layer to reattach, but that it can reseparate between disturbances. When the disturbances occur at high enough frequency, the time available for separation is reduced, and the separation bubble remains closed at all times.
Premixed-Diffusive Multizone Model for Combustion Diagnostics in Conventional and PCCI Diesel Engines
Authors: Baratta Mirko , Catania Andrea E. , Ferrari Alessandro , Finesso Roberto , Spessa Ezio
Published: April 2011

A new multizone premixed-diffusive combustion model has been developed, assessed, and applied to diagnose the burning process and emission formation in a conventional and in a premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) diesel engine. The model is based on the Dec conceptual scheme, which considers combustion as a two-stage quasi-steady process: All fuel particles undergo a first rich premixed combustion phase, and the products complete their oxidation in close-to-stoichiometric conditions at the jet periphery through a diffusion flame. The combustion chamber contents have been divided into several homogeneous zones to which the energy and mass conservation principles were applied. The computed thermodynamic and thermochemical properties in the burned gas zones allowed a post-processing analysis to be made of the nitric oxides (NO), particulate matter (PM), and carbon monoxide (CO) formation. The model requires the in-cylinder pressure trace and other experimental engine quantities as input data and calculates the premixed and diffusive heat release rates along with the temperature and mass evolutions of the different zones. Thus, the model is not predictive but diagnostic: The objective is to interpret measured engine data in order to obtain insight into the in-chamber combustion and pollutant formation processes. The model has been tested on EGR-sweeps and under full-load conditions on the conventional engine and under a high EGR operating condition on the PCCI engine. With reference to NO emissions, the model results showed an excellent agreement with the experimental data for all the tests even when the main model parameters were kept constant for different test conditions. Good results were also obtained for the prediction of the CO and PM emission levels. Finally, for the premixed combustion zone, it was ascertained that higher local A/F ratios were required in the PCCI combustion mode than in the conventional mode as a consequence of the increase in the degree of premixing.
Surface stiffness modification by e-beam irradiation for stem cell growth control
Authors: Lu Bing-Rui , Lanniel Mathieu , Alexandar Morgan , Liu Ran , Chen Yifang , Huq Ejaz
Published: April 2011

This article reports a novel method to effectively modify the surface stiffness for the differentiation of stem cell growth. To achieve large range of surface hardness, focused electron beam is first employed to radiate hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) film. With different degrees of curing caused by certain e-beam exposure, the HSQ demonstrates various Young’s modulus from 0.5 to 2 GPa, measured by an atomic force microscope. Fourier transform infrared spectra were used to investigate the origin of the stiffness change, which is due to the e-beam irradiation induced network formation inside HSQ. The novel technique possesses a number of advantages such as precision control of stiffness in a broad matrix with high spatial resolution. It also offers a good opportunity to define the geometry shape with a constant stiffness in nanometer scale.
Comparative Agonistic and Feeding Behavior of Hatchery-Reared and Wild Salmon in Aquaria
Authors: Fenderson Owen C. , Everhart W. Harry , Muth Kenneth M.
Published: April 2011

When hatchery-reared and wild landlocked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr of the same age and size were permitted to compete for social dominance and for food in aquaria, twice as many hatchery salmon attained dominance as wild salmon. Dominant hatchery salmon also showed a higher intensity of aggressiveness than dominant wild salmon, displaying a higher and more variable mean nipping rate. Socially dominant salmon ate more food per fish than subordinates, but there were no statistically significant differences in feeding rate between dominant hatchery and dominant wild salmon, or between subordinate hatchery and subordinate wild salmon.Hatchery salmon displayed lower feeding rates than wild salmon when they were held in separate compartments of an aquarium and compared at three temperatures. This difference in feeding rate probably was not a reflection of differences in adaptation to temperature or food preference, but, rather, was the result of interference with feeding caused by the more intense social interaction among hatchery fish.It is suggested that high levels of aggressiveness may contribute to mortalities of hatchery-reared salmon planted in streams because of loss of feeding time, excessive use of energy, and increased exposure to predators.
Distributions of Juvenile Steelhead and Cutthroat Trout (Salmo gairdneri and S. clarki clarki) Within Streams in Southwestern British Columbia
Authors: Hartman G. F. , Gill C. A.
Published: April 2011

Trout were collected and identified from 66 streams or stream systems of different size and gradient. Total dissolved solids (T.D.S.) and pH were determined on most streams. Size and profile of streams to a large degree determined the species of trout present. Large streams, with drainage area over 130 km2, were predominantly occupied by steelhead. Small streams, drainage area under 13 km2, were predominantly occupied by cutthroat. Streams less than 120 km2 in drainage area with steep gradients, and emptying directly into the sea, usually supported steelhead, as did large rivers. Those which dropped steeply and then levelled and ran through several miles of sloughs usually supported cutthroat. Where both species occurred, cutthroat were most often predominant in the small tributaries and headwaters, and steelhead in the lower reaches of the main stream. Stream pH's were usually lower in winter than in summer, but had no obvious effect on trout distribution. Many cutthroat streams had high T.D.S. readings in the lower reaches in summer and low T.D.S. readings in these areas in winter. Otherwise there were no marked differences between steelhead and cutthroat streams in terms of T.D.S.
Influence of Dissolved Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide on Swimming Performance of Largemouth Bass and Coho Salmon
Authors: Dahlberg Michael L. , Shumway Dean L. , Doudoroff Peter
Published: April 2011

The final swimming speed of juvenile largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides (Lacépède), was reduced markedly at oxygen concentrations below 5 or 6 mg/liter in tests at 25 C in a tubular chamber in which the velocity of water was increased gradually, at 10-min intervals, until the fish were forced by the current permanently against a screen. At levels above 6 mg/liter, the final swimming speed was virtually independent of the oxygen concentration. The performance of bass that had been acclimated overnight to elevated carbon dioxide levels was not materially affected by the highest tested concentrations of free carbon dioxide, averaging 48 mg/liter, at any tested level of dissolved oxygen.For juvenile coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), at temperatures near 20 C and carbon dioxide concentrations near 2 mg/liter, any considerable reduction of the oxygen concentration from about 9 mg/liter, the air-saturation level, resulted in some reduction of the final swimming speed. The performance of the salmon was impaired much more markedly than was that of the bass by the same reduction of the oxygen concentration. At oxygen concentrations near and above the air-saturation level, high concentrations of free carbon dioxide averaging 18 and 61 mg/liter had a depressing effect on the final swimming speed of coho salmon even after overnight acclimation. However, this effect decreased at reduced oxygen concentrations. No measurable effect of free carbon dioxide concentrations near 61 mg/liter was evident at 2 mg/liter dissolved oxygen, and concentrations near 18 mg/liter had little or no effect even at moderately reduced dissolved oxygen levels after overnight acclimation of the salmon to these carbon dioxide concentrations.
The IsopodMesidotea entomonin the Chignik Lakes, Alaska
Authors: Narver David W.
Published: April 2011

Studies on the isopod Mesidotea entomon (Linnaeus) from 1961 to 1964 in the two Chignik lakes, Alaska, showed that at least part of the population was benthic during daylight and pelagial at night. In Chignik Lake the isopod was most abundant in association with organic and mud bottoms and areas where salmon carcasses accumulate. Abundance decreased from early to late summer, perhaps because of a postreproductive mortality. It is suggested that males grow faster than females, though both sexes mature at age I+ and that growth terminates with maturation. Most reproduction apparently occurs in early summer but some ovigerous females were found as late as September. Length at maturity in both sexes was less than reported by other workers in Arctic marine populations. Mature isopods were smaller in the upper lake (males 40–46 mm, [Formula: see text]; and females 29–38 mm, [Formula: see text]) than in the lower lake (males 41–65, [Formula: see text]; and females 29–47 mm, [Formula: see text]) of the Chignik River system. Females in the upper lake had a higher average fecundity and a greater increase in fecundity per unit increase of length than those in the lower lake.
Pesticide Residue in Freshwater Fish Oils and Meals
Authors: Dugal L. C.
Published: April 2011

not available
Hematological Correlations in the Rainbow Trout,Salmo gairdneri
Authors: Houston A. H. , DeWilde Mary Anne
Published: April 2011

not available
A Harpoon Adapter for Tagging Large Free-Swimming Fish at the Surface
Authors: Beckett J. S.
Published: April 2011

not available
Western Range Extension of the Surf Smelt, Hypomesus pretiosus pretiosus
Authors: Phinney Duane E. , Dahlberg Michael L.
Published: April 2011

not available
Records of Earthworms from Vancouver, British Columbia
Authors: Berkeley C.
Published: April 2011

not available
Effect of Pond Formation on Catches of Brook Trout from a Coastal Stream System
Authors: Smith M. W. , Saunders J. W.
Published: April 2011

An artificial 5-acre (2.0-ha) pond formed on Ellerslie Brook, Prince Edward Island, initially resulted in an increased fishing effort and yield of brook trout to anglers from the stream system — estuary, pond, and stream. The increased effort and catch were not sustained. After 4 years, annual effort and yield of trout by number from the system were not significantly different from the pre-pond period. Length of angled trout and yield by weight declined significantly. Sea-running trout, prized by anglers, were largely eliminated. Only when planted into the estuary did hatchery-reared trout make good contributions to the anglers' catches.
Marking Small Fish with Stains for Estimating Populations in Heming Lake, Manitoba
Authors: Lawler G. H. , Fitz-Earle M.
Published: April 2011

For estimating populations of trout-perch, Percopsis omiscomaycus (Walbaum), by immersing fish in solutions of stains, Bismarck brown Y was superior to two other stains tested. It was satisfactory for periods of marking up to 1 week. Neutral red indicator can be used in marking experiments of less than 2 days' duration but Nile blue A faded rapidly and is not recommended for use in estimating populations. Using multiple and single census methods of estimating population size, the most reliable estimates of trout-perch greater than 46 mm in length were 711,451 (Schnabel) and 883,148 (Petersen), or in number per acre 1186–1472.
Feeding Biology of the Black Crappie, Pomoxis nigromaculatus
Authors: Keast Allen
Published: April 2011

In Lake Opinicon, Ontario, the diet of the black crappie, Pomoxis nigromaculatus, undergoes a progressive change from one in which planktonic Crustacea and small-bodied Diptera larvae predominate (in fish of body length from about 60 to 115 mm), to a diet of insect larvae and fish (in fish 160–240 mm). Most food items prove to be midwater forms and the Diptera larvae are almost entirely Chaoborus and Procladius, which are free-swimming in the water column at night.An unusual feature is the prolonged nature of the Cladocera-Copepoda eating phase, which continues into year III and to a body length of about 160 mm. Gill-raker counts show P. nigromaculatus to have a specialized screen with 25–29 rakers on the first arch. In this it differs from cohabiting centrarchids in Lake Opinicon, Ambloplites rupestris, Micropterus salmoides, and Lepomis macrochirus, in which the rakers on the first arch number only 8–12. In these species plankton feeding is restricted to the earlier stages.
Decapod Crustacea from the Queen Elizabeth and Nearby Islands in 1962
Authors: Squires H. J.
Published: April 2011

Five surveys in the Queen Elizabeth and nearby islands during the summer of 1962 collected 1221 specimens of decapod Crustacea. These decapods comprised 10 species of hippolytid and crangonid shrimps. Sizes and maturity status of specimens indicated variability in adaptation of different species to the low temperature environment. Records of northern distribution of the species in Canada and Greenland are reviewed. Food was mostly detritus and phytobenthos but some species showed preference for foraminiferans or crustaceans.
Sub-Zero Preservation of Atlantic Salmon Sperm
Authors: Truscott B. , Idler D. R. , Hoyle R. J. , Freeman H. C.
Published: April 2011

Non-frozen storage of sperm for several weeks was achieved by the use of buffered protective agents and low temperature. For example, sperm stored with 5% dimethyl sulphoxide at −4.5 C for 28 days gave 81% fertility; use of 5% ethylene glycol allowed storage at −3 C for 38 days, giving 70% fertility. It is suggested how these results may be employed for interspecific mating of salmonids. Attempts to employ glycerol as a protective agent were unsuccessful as were all attempts at freezing sperm.The necessity of providing an adequate air-space in vials used for short-term storage of undiluted sperm of Atlantic salmon is demonstrated.Although a rough correlation between motility of sperm and fertilization is reported, caution in the interpretation of motility as an indication of fertility is suggested.
Distribution and Nomenclature of North American Kokanee, Oncorhynchus nerka
Authors: Nelson Joseph S.
Published: April 2011

not available
The Relationship of Midwater Trawl Catches to Sound Scattering Layers off the Coast of Northern British Columbia
Authors: Taylor F. H. C.
Published: April 2011

In 1964 and 1965 three midwater trawl cruises off the continental slope near the Queen Charlotte Islands were made to study the relationship of the catches to sound scattering layers.During the daytime four layers were distinguished, not all necessarily present at one time. In summer the most intense and persistent layer lay at 220–230 m; others were at 330–400, 185, and 90 m. In fall the main and deep layers were shallower. Vertical migration occurred at dusk and dawn. The main layer frequently split into three parts with different vertical migration patterns. At dawn a layer gradually appeared at about 90 m, intensified rapidly, and descended to the daytime level.Catches show fishes are associated with the sound scattering layers. The largest day catches were from the main layer. At night fish did not appear to be concentrated to the same extent relative to the layers. The largest night catches were usually smaller than the largest day catches and shallower.Myctophids of eight species, four common, made up 80% of the catch, chauliodontids 6%, argentinids 4%, melamphids, rockfish, and larval flatfish 2% each. The remaining 2% comprised 27 species in 21 families. Depth distribution and vertical migration varied considerably with the species.Myctophids with gas-filled swim bladders were apparently dominant in the main layers whereas species without swim bladders — stomiatoids, argentinids, and melamphids — or myctophids with fat-filled swim bladders were dominant below the main layer and in the deep layer. Fish with no swim bladders or with fat-filled ones may make longer vertical migrations than those with gas-filled bladders.
Some Effects of Salinity and Temperature on Early Development and Survival of the English Sole (Parophrys vetulus)
Authors: Alderdice D. F. , Forrester C. R.
Published: April 2011

Eggs of the English sole were incubated at a number of salinity–temperature conditions within the ranges of 10–40‰ salinity (S) and 2–12 C. Temperatures of 2 C were lethal in all cases. Development time from fertilization to 50% hatch ranged from 3.5 days (12 C) to 11.8 days (4 C) and was shortest at salinities around 25‰ between temperatures of 6–12 C. Larvae were classified as viable (normal) or abnormal on the basis of several subjective criteria.Response surfaces were computed and salinity–temperature conditions were estimated at which several responses were maximized, namely: larval size: 28.1‰, 7.9 C; total hatch, 25.6‰, 9.0 C; viable hatch, 25.9‰, 8.4 C. In general, optimum conditions for survival appeared to be associated with salinities and temperatures of 25–28‰ and 8–9 C. Temperatures associated with the production of 50% viable hatch or better at optimum salinity conditions (25.9‰) were calculated to be those bounded by 4.5 and 12.5 C.Incidental observations were obtained in several cases on egg density and oxygen consumption. At 30‰ S, 6 C, eggs floated for about 93% of the incubation period and sank just prior to hatching. Salinities of neutral buoyancy of these eggs rose from 27.8‰ at fertilization to 30.8‰ at hatching. Oxygen consumption tests and calculation of rates of oxygen transfer to the eggs indicated that rates of development were independent of oxygen availability in all tests.Several inferences are drawn from the experimental evidence regarding effects of salinity and temperature on distribution and abundance. Over the geographic range of the species, salinity would appear to have little influence on egg viability. Temperature, however, may limit abundance at the northern and southern boundaries of the range of commercial exploitation by lowering egg viability, and be lethal to eggs near the boundaries of geographic distribution.
Absorption Coefficients of Chlorophyll Derivatives
Authors: Brown Seward R.
Published: April 2011

Methods are described for the isolation of chlorophylls a and b, and for the preparation of 12 chlorophyll derivatives, including crystalline pheophorbide a, from these starting compounds. Laboratory cultures of Chlorella were fed C14O2. After 9 days growth the cells were heat-killed, their pigments extracted, and chlorophylls a and b isolated chromatographically. The following C14-labelled compounds were prepared: chlorophyll a, allomerized chlorophyll a, chlorophyllide a, pheophytin a, allomerized pheophytin a, pheophorbide a, methyl pheophorbide a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyllide b, methyl chlorophyllide b, allomerized chlorophyllide b, allomerized methyl chlorophyllide b, pheophorbide b, and allomerized pheophorbide b. Assuming uniform distribution of carbon-14 label in the parent chlorophyll molecules, specific and molar absorption coefficients were calculated from the specific radioactivities of these derivatives.
Effects of Diurnal Fluctuations of Dissolved Oxygen on the Growth of Brook Trout
Authors: Whitworth Walter R.
Published: April 2011

not available
Behaviour of Herring Schools in Response to a Midwater Trawl
Authors: Taylor F. H. C.
Published: April 2011

not available
A Postulated Effect of Growth on Retention Time of Metabolites
Authors: Eberhardt L. L. , Nakatani R. E.
Published: April 2011

not available
Addendum: Catecholamine and Carbohydrate Concentrations in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) in Relation to Physical Disturbance
Authors: Nakano T. , Tomlinson N.
Published: April 2011

not available
Characteristics of Hemolymphs of Cancer irroratus, C. borealis, and Hyas coarctatus
Authors: Stewart James E. , Dingle J. R.
Published: April 2011

not available
A Statistical Analysis of Ration and Growth Relationship of Plaice (Pleuronectes platessa)
Authors: Rafail Samir Zaky
Published: April 2011

Dawes (1930, J. Marine Biol. Assoc, 17: 103 and 877) gave extensive data on average daily rations and fortnightly growth increments of Pleuronectes platessa fed on Mytilus edulis. The data are analyzed here in an attempt to formulate a ration and growth increment relationship. Fortnightly growth increments, Δw, were arranged in eight groups according to eight ranges of fish weights. The growth increments in each group, associated with each average daily ration level (R), gave evidence of the normal distribution. Each range of fish weights was characterized by a certain range of daily rations associated with growth increments having homogeneous variance, as well as by a certain daily ration, Rm, associated with maximum growth efficiency. There was evidence that growth increments, of each range of fish weights, were linearly related with [Formula: see text] such that the value of the square root is positive if R > Rmand negative if R < Rm, i.e., [Formula: see text] where a and b are parameters.
Reinterpretation of Isopropyl Alcohol Retention in Fish Protein Concentrate
Authors: Ackman R. G. , Odense P. H.
Published: April 2011

not available
Sexual Dimorphism in Anal Fin of Brown Trout, Salmo trutta, and Close Relatives
Authors: Gruchy C. G. , Vladykov V. D.
Published: April 2011

not available
Feeding Behavior of Three Oceanic Fishes (Oncorhynchus kisutch, Trachurus symmetricus, and Anoplopoma fimbria) from the Northeastern Pacific
Authors: Grinols Richard B. , Gill Charles D.
Published: April 2011

not available
Glycogen and Lactic Acid Concentrations in Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) in Relation to Exercise
Authors: Beamish F. W. H.
Published: April 2011

In Atlantic cod, muscle glycogen was reduced by about 50% at moderate swimming speeds and over 80% at higher speeds. Muscle glycogen for a given swimming speed was generally lower after 30 min exercise than after 15 min exercise. During the 8-hr period after strenuous exercise, muscle glycogen increased but remained well below the level for unexercised fish.At moderate swimming speeds, fish exhibited comparatively small amounts of muscle and blood lactic acid. At higher swimming speeds, fish accumulated significantly larger quantities of lactic acid in the muscle and blood. During the recovery period after strenuous exercise, muscle and blood lactic acid increased precipitously. Muscle lactic acid remained high for 1 hr after exercise and then decreased in 8 hr to levels similar to those of unexercised cod. Blood lactic acid followed a similar pattern except that it continued to increase for 1.5 hr after exercise.Serial samples of blood taken before and after 30 min strenuous exercise showed marked differences in lactic acid among individuals. Blood lactic acid usually continued to increase for 30–60 min after exercise, and decreased to the level for unexercised fish about 24 hr after exercise.No mortalities attributable to muscular fatigue occurred among cod.
Ultrastructure of Trout Cornea
Authors: Edelhauser Henry F. , Siegesmund Kenneth A.
Published: April 2011

The ultrastructure of the brook, brown, and rainbow trout cornea as observed using the light and electron microscopes is described. The transition between the central and limbal areas of the cornea is included. The limbal region, unlike the central cornea, contained epithelial microvilli, unorganized Bowman's membrane with various size collagen fibrils, and a stroma containing melanocytes and capillaries. These corneas also possess prominent keratocytes and an endothelium.
Roles of Olfaction and Vision in Choice of Spawning Site by Homing Adult Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)
Authors: Groves Alan B. , Collins Gerald B. , Trefethen Parker S.
Published: April 2011

An experiment was conducted to examine the roles of olfaction and vision in directing the choice of spawning site by homing adult chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) on the lower Columbia River. Male fish that voluntarily entered the Spring Creek National Fish Hatchery were treated to occlude their olfactory or visual senses or both. Treated and untreated (control) fish were released upstream and downstream in the river, more than 19 km from the hatchery. Effects were assessed by analyzing returns to the hatchery and to other points.Of 866 fish released, 348 or 40% were recovered; about half of them, or 176 returned to Spring Creek. Three per cent of the olfactory occluded, 23% of the visually occluded, and 46% of the control fish returned to Spring Creek. Of the fish recovered elsewhere, 77% were recovered at hatcheries and spawn-taking sites along the lower Columbia; 23% were recovered from sources unrelated to spawn taking.Olfaction appeared to be the key sense that directed the return of these fish to Spring Creek; vision was held to be less important. Olfactory occlusion also reduced the recoveries at other spawn-taking sites, where blinded fish were recovered in appreciable numbers. Recovery of the control fish, especially the smaller ones, at other spawn-taking sites was associated with advancing sexual maturity.
A Review of the Morid Fish Genus Halargyreus with First Records from the Western North Atlantic
Authors: Templeman Wilfred
Published: April 2011

Three specimens of Halargyreus johnsonii taken on the southwestern and southeastern slopes of the Grand Bank in 1959 and 1964 are apparently the first records of this species and genus from the western Atlantic. These specimens are compared with the holotypes of H. johnsonii Günther and of H. brevipes Vaillant and with the syntypes of H. affinis Collett and also with specimens identified as H. affinis from the north-central and northeast Atlantic and with specimens of H. johnsonii from Madeira and New Zealand. These three nominal species are also compared. Is it concluded that for the present all North Atlantic specimens may be referred to H. johnsonii and that the other two species names should be considered as junior synonyms of H. johnsonii.The New Zealand specimens of Halargyreus, described by Günther (1887, Challenger Rept., 22(Zoology), p. 1–268) as H. johnsonii, have higher numbers for some meristic characters than Atlantic specimens of H. johnsonii but these differences are not too great to be possibly due to environmental differences. Pending the study of additional specimens in better condition, these New Zealand specimens are tentatively allowed to remain as H. johnsonii.
Food and Feeding Habits of Swordfish,Xiphias gladius, in the Western North Atlantic
Authors: Scott W. B. , Tibbo S. N.
Published: April 2011

In the northern part of its western Atlantic range, the swordfish feeds on relatively few species of fish. Volumetrically the most important species are Atlantic mackerel, barracudinas, silver hake, redfish, and Atlantic herring. Squid are also important in the diet, and accounted for nearly one-fifth of the volume in the stomachs examined. There is evidence that the swordfish frequently uses its sword to attack and disable even small individual food items before ingesting them.
Production of Trimethylamine in Frozen Cod Muscle
Authors: Castell C. H. , Bishop D. M. , Neal Wanda E.
Published: April 2011

Trimethylamine (TMA) was produced in frozen cod fillets and in scallop muscle under conditions where bacterial activity could not take place. The amounts formed were smaller than those which usually accompany bacterial deterioration of unfrozen fish. Decreases in storage temperature between −3 and −26 C reduced the rate of TMA formation. At −26 C no measurable increase of TMA was produced in cod fillets during storage periods up to 700 days.TMA formation appeared to be related to other chemical changes taking place in the frozen muscle. It followed shortly after the formation of free fatty acids and was almost simultaneous with changes taking place in the amounts of extractable protein.
Food of Pacific Salmon and Steelhead Trout in the Northeast Pacific Ocean
Authors: Manzer J. I.
Published: April 2011

not available
Natural Oscillations of the Bay of Fundy
Authors: Rao Desiraju B.
Published: April 2011

The one-dimensional channel equations are integrated numerically to determine the periods and structures of the lowest three longitudinal modes of free oscillations of the Bay of Fundy. It is found that the period of the lowest mode is 9.047 hr rather than somewhere in the vicinity of the M2 tidal period of 12.42 hr, as has been supposed hitherto. This estimate of the free period is obtained without considering the effects of rotation and friction, but an approximate treatment of these effects shows that their effect on the period is very small — rotation tends to decrease the period by less than 3% and friction tends to increase it by 1% at the most. The periods of the second and third modes are found to be 5.383 and 3.475 hr. The modal structures and their modification produced by rotational effects are presented.
Sounding Response of the Kokanee and Sockeye Salmon
Authors: Harvey H. H. , Hoar W. S. , Bothern C. R.
Published: April 2011

When frightened, sockeye and kokanee salmon dive into deeper waters. This is termed the "sounding response."The sounding response in these fish is accompanied by the expulsion of gas from the swimbladder via the pneumatic duct. This gas loss is active and results from the contraction of the circular muscle fibers in the wall of the swimbladder.Gas loss on sounding is reduced or obviated after exposure to adrenergic blocking agents and enhanced in fish treated with sympathomimetics. Circular muscle fibers in intact and isolated strips of swimbladder contracted in response to sympathomimetics, but this response was prevented after adrenergic blockade. These results suggest the concentration of the swimbladder and associated gas expulsion is under adrenergic control.In untreated fish, an average pressure of 28.1 mm Hg was required to force gas out of the swimbladder through the pneumatic duct. In antropine-treated fish this duct-release pressure fell to an average of 0.2 mm Hg. This suggests constriction of the pneumatic duct is under cholinergic control.Histologically, the pneumatic duct was continuous with the oesophagus and extended as a convoluted duct to the anterior end of the swimbladder. Smooth muscle fibers surrounded the duct along its length and some striated fibers were present at the point where the duct joined the oesophagus. Occlusion of the pneumatic duct may be through the contraction of either of these types of fibers.The term "Gasspuckreflex" as originally used by Franz described the loss of gas from the swimbladder of physostomes in response to decompression. The authors suggest this term be reserved for this passive loss of gas, and not applied to fright-induced gas loss, resulting from active contraction of the bladder wall.
Daily Feeding Periodicities, Food Uptake Rates, and Dietary Changes with Hour of Day in Some Lake Fishes
Authors: Keast Allen , Welsh Linda
Published: April 2011

The feeding periodicities of five common cohabiting fish species in Lake Opinicon, Ontario, were defined for the early summer period of accelerated feeding by determining the mean weights of stomach contents per gram of body weight at intervals of 2–3 hr throughout the 24-hr cycle. Two, and in sunfish three, feeding peaks per 24-hr period were indicated. Perca flavescens was diurnal; Lepomis macrochirus, L. gibbosus, and Fundulus diaphanus were largely diurnal (with a nocturnal component); and Ambloplites rupestris was equally nocturnal and diurnal. In the two sunfish there were clearcut differences in the organisms eaten by day and night. The technique developed here is a useful method for determining the mean minimum daily ration for a population of fish in the field. The results are comparable with those obtained by other workers in aquarium feeding experiments.
Sampling Larval Herring from Tidewaters with Buoyed and Anchored Nets
Authors: Graham Joseph J. , Venno Paul M. W.
Published: April 2011

Buoyed and anchored nets were evaluated as a method of sampling larval Atlantic herring, Clupea harengus harengus Linnaeus, in tidewaters. The method permitted exploratory sampling in areas difficult to reach with towed gear, and provided a large number of samples from predetermined depths without towing from vessels. The nightly variation of catch rates was small under similar tidal conditions, and seasonal changes in larval catches were similar to those determined by towing nets from a boat. The buoyed net also provided information relating the distribution of larvae to tidal currents that could not be readily obtained with towed gear.
An Estimate of Fecundity of the Winter Flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus
Authors: Topp Robert W.
Published: April 2011

not available
Asymptotic Growth: An Example of Nonsense Disguised as Mathematics
Authors: Knight William
Published: April 2011

not available
Effects of Pressure on the Respiration of Vertically Migrating Crustaceans
Authors: Pearcy William G. , Small Lawrence F.
Published: April 2011

The rates of oxygen consumption of Euphausia pacifica Hansen, Thysanoëssa spinifera Holmes, and Sergestes similis Hansen at 1 atm were compared with the rates at 16–50 atm. Differences were not significant, indicating little effect of pressure on respiratory rate. Apparently temperature has more influence than pressure on the respiration of these species during their diel vertical migrations.
Marking Fish with Stable Strontium
Authors: Ophel I. L. , Judd J. M.
Published: April 2011

Stable strontium is fed to fish in a Sr-rich, Ca-free synthetic food for a short period of time. Subsequent identification by flame emission photometry can be made using a single scale from a marked fish. One year after marking, scales from marked fish contain approximately 10 times as much Sr as those from control fish. There is no evidence of damage to fish due to their elevated Sr content.
Ultrastructure of the Striated Muscle of the Scallop (Placopecten magellanicus)
Authors: Morrison C. M. , Odense P. H.
Published: April 2011

The striated adductor muscle of the scallop Placopecten magellanicus is described. The fusiform uninucleate cells contain one fibril which is divided into A and I zones, and has Z and H bands. The A zone is 1.9 μ long, and in this zone apart from the H band about eight actin filaments surround each myosin filament. A sarcoplasmic reticulum envelops the fibril. Tubules of this reticulum are mainly oriented longitudinally and swellings from dyads with the sarcolemma.
Recurrent Group Analysis of Species Assemblages of Demersal Fish in the Gulf of Guinea
Authors: Fager E. W. , Longhurst A. R.
Published: April 2011

Recurrent species groups were formed by computer analysis from the data on occurrence of demersal fish at 480 trawl stations in the tropical eastern Atlantic; these recurrent groups were then marshalled into a small number of major species assemblages, or communities in the wide sense, on the basis of intergroup relationships. These assemblages proved to be remarkably similar in composition and ecology to the communities of demersal fish recognized earlier by a number of authors from their subjective analysis of trawling survey data in this region. The computer analysis provided finer detail on both the structure and distribution of the assemblages and their constituent groups. This confirmation of the reality of the subjectively recognized communities suggests (1) that the recognition of such assemblages by subjective methods has a place in the assessment of multispecies fish resources but (2) that where the method is practicable, the machine processing of recurrent species groups in the analysis of trawl survey data can be a valuable tool in resource evaluation.
Fish Attraction with Pulsed Low-Frequency Sound
Authors: Richard Joseph D.
Published: April 2011

A series of tests were conducted to determine the effectiveness of pulsed low-frequency acoustic signals for attracting fishes. The acoustic signals were contrived to simulate the hydrodynamically generated disturbances normally associated with active predation. Underwater television was used to observe fish arrivals during both control and test periods. Demersal predatory fishes were successfully attracted although they habituated rapidly to the acoustic stimulus. Members of the families Serranidae, Lutjanidae, and Pomadasyidae were particularly well represented among the fishes attracted. Sharks were also attracted in considerable numbers. Herbivorous reef fishes, although common around the test site, were not attracted. Possible relationships between the test results and the hearing capabilities of fishes are discussed. It is concluded that acoustic attraction techniques have potential applications in certain existing commercial fisheries.
Permanence of Station in Juvenile Chinook Salmon and Steelhead Trout
Authors: Edmundson Eldon , Everest F. E. , Chapman D. W.
Published: April 2011

Daytime movements and night locations of juvenile steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) and night locations of spring-run chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were observed in Johnson Creek and the Lochsa River in Idaho during the summers of 1965 and 1966. The observations were made by branding fish and observing them subsequently under water. The distances between sequential sightings of branded steelhead within each day and over longer periods were recorded. In 151 sequential sightings of steelhead within each day in Johnson Creek, 58% of the distances moved were less than 3 m and 86% were less than 6 m. In 59 sequential sightings of branded steelhead on successive days in the Lochsa River and Johnson Creek, 53% were less than 3 m and 68% were less than 6 m apart. In sightings of branded steelhead separated by 10–14 days, 45% (25) of the sequential sightings were less than 3 m and 63% were less than 6 m apart. Movements of spring-run juvenile chinook salmon within each day were measured in a stream aquarium (10.5 m long and 0.6 m wide). Of 272 observed daily movements, 65% were less than 0.6 m. Steelhead trout were inactive at night, occupying bottom areas of low velocity, usually inshore. During the day they were in areas of moderate current. Chinook salmon were observed at night to be both on the bottom and near the surface in quiet water, and on the bottom in flowing water. Chinook salmon were found at all depths in quiet water during the day. In winter, some steelhead trout were found in the substrate in the same area they occupied the previous summer.
Présence du Salvelinus namaycush (Pisces: Salmonidae) dans les eaux marines de l'Arctique occidental canadien
Authors: Boulva Jean , Simard André
Published: April 2011

not available
Cyclopecten carlottensis, a New Species of Pectinidae from the Northeastern Pacific
Authors: Bernard F. R.
Published: April 2011

not available
Electrophoretic Separation of Fish Brain Esterases
Authors: Knowles Charles O. , Arurkar Suresh K. , Hogan James W.
Published: April 2011

not available
Effect of Starvation on Free Fatty Acid Level in Blood Plasma and Muscular Tissues of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)
Authors: Bilinski E. , Gardner L. J.
Published: April 2011

The concentration of free fatty acids (FFA) in blood plasma of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) maintained without food for 1–70 days averaged 424 (range 160–1003) μ equivalents FFA per liter plasma. The effect of starvation on the level of plasma FFA was limited, showing a more significant increase during the first 2 weeks without food than during prolonged periods of starvation. FFA in lateral line muscle averaged 147 (range 27–258) μ equivalents per 100 g wet tissue and during starvation a trend generally similar to that found for plasma FFA was observed. Starvation had no effect on the amounts of FFA in white dorsal muscle which averages 37 (range 13–73) μ equivalents per 100 g wet tissue. The results are discussed in relation to the mechanism of utilization of fat reserve in fish.
Jellyfish (Cyanea capillata) Lipids: Fatty Acid Composition
Authors: Sipos J. C. , Ackman R. G.
Published: April 2011

The lipids of the pink jelly1fish (Cyanea capillata) have been isolated and separated by gel filtration into polar lipids, triglycerides, and a sterol. The fatty acid compositions were determined by gas–liquid chromatography, and are characterized by a high proportion of polyunsaturates. A special relationship involving arachidonic acid and C. capillata in the diet of the Atlantic leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea coriacea) is proposed.
Degradation of Organophosphates by Fish Liver Phosphatases
Authors: Hogan James W. , Knowles Charles O.
Published: April 2011

Liver homogenates of bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque, and channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Walbaum), were shown by a manometric technique to contain soluble enzymes capable of degrading diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (DFP) and 2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate (dichlorvos). Hydrolysis of the compounds was greatest in the presence of the manganic ion. Tentative identification of certain of the hydrolysis products suggested that cleavage of the anhydride bond was a degradation pathway for DFP and dichlorvos in vitro under the assay conditions employed. Substrate summation, inhibition, and activation experiments failed to clearly indicate more than a single enzyme hydrolyzing DFP and dichlorvos in the two fish.
Malic Enzyme: Evidence for Two Molecular Forms in the Sarcoplasm of Fish Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Gould Edith
Published: April 2011

A latent form of malic enzyme activity (latent ME), which appears in the centrifuged tissue fluid of haddock skeletal muscle after the tissue has been frozen and thawed, appears also in the fluid of unfrozen haddock muscle after homogenization. It is more labile to refrigerated storage, ionizing radiation, and heat than is its normally soluble counterpart (free ME), and the two forms have demonstrably different electrophoretic migration rates. Although there is some evidence for catalytically active subunits for both forms, it has not yet been determined whether the latent activity is a true isoenzyme or a subunit of the free form.
Rheotaxis of Elvers of the American Eel (Anguilla rostrata) in the Laboratory to Water from Different Streams in Nova Scotia
Authors: Miles S. G.
Published: April 2011

In an experimental apparatus, elvers of the American eel (Anguilla rostrata) showed a stronger positive rheotaxis to fresh water than to salt water. The attractiveness of the fresh water was due to dissolved and particulate organic matter; these components were bio-degradable, heat stable, and nonvolatile. Four streams near Halifax, Nova Scotia, were tested, and were found to differ greatly in their attraction of elvers. Elvers were collected from each of three of these streams, and were not found to be attracted to their own stream water; elvers from one stream gave a greater rheotactic response than elvers from the other streams. The presence of adult eels in the water rendered it more attractive, whereas the presence of elvers made it less so.
Binding of Inorganic Iodide to the Plasma Proteins of Teleost Fishes
Authors: Huang Chau-Ting , Hickman Jr. Cleveland P.
Published: April 2011

The natural binding of inorganic iodide by plasma proteins was studied in 10 freshwater teleost fishes, 16 marine teleost fishes, 3 elasmobranchs, 1 amphibian, 1 reptile, 1 bird, 2 mammals, and 2 arthropods. Of these, significant binding existed only in species of the order Clupeiformes including Esox lucius (average 80.9% of plasma inorganic iodide was protein-bound at 20 C), Coregonus clupeaformis (average 80.3% bound), Salmo gairdneri (average 84.3% bound), and Thymallus arcticus (average 81.0% bound). Significant binding was not found in fish of the orders Cypriniformes, Perciformes, Pleuronectiformes, Batrachoidiformes, Gadiformes, Squaliformes, Chimaeriformes, and Rajiformes. Esox lucius and C. clupeaformis showed a small seasonal variation in binding capacity. The plasma of male fish bound significantly more iodide than did the plasma of female fish.Inorganic iodide was found to bind with a plasma albumin-like protein. The binding sites were presumably free cationic groups of basic amino acid residues on the protein molecules. Iodide binding was inhibited by NO3−, SCN−, ClO4−, and CCl3COO−, but not affected by thiourea, thiouracil, and other halide ions. Binding energy was weak in both E. lucius (−5.98 Kcal/mole) and C. clupeaformis (−6.08 Kcal/mole).
Temperature Resistance of the Spider Crab Chionoecetes opilio
Authors: McLeese D. W.
Published: April 2011

not available
A Water Core Plankton Sampler
Authors: Applegate Richard L. , Fox Alfred C. , Starostka Victor J.
Published: April 2011

not available