bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamics and Exploitation of Mature Walleyes, Stizostedion vitreum vitreum, in the Nipigon Bay Region of Lake Superior
Authors: Ryder R. A.
Published: April 2011

Walleye stocks in Nipigon Bay of Lake Superior were homogeneous with those in tributary inland waters but were discrete from Black Bay stocks. Returns from 2200 tagged walleyes in Lake Superior and tributary inland waters between 1955 and 1958 varied from 7.8 to 31.0% for 2 years after release. The commercial fishery in Lake Superior recovered 64.9% of the tags, the sports fishery in inland waters captured 27.6%. Fish tagged in the Nipigon River travelled a mean distance of 11.8 miles from the point of release and were recovered in 191 days (average). Total mortality rates for Nipigon Bay walleyes were 55.0% (1955–57). Mature walleyes on the spawning grounds in the Nipigon River in 1957 were estimated at 22,000, and fish in Nipigon Bay over 14 inches (total length) the same year at 41,000. All male walleyes were mature at 15 inches and females at 18 inches. Walleyes exploitation rates increased with the decline of the lake trout fishery. Wounding and scarring rates by sea lampreys increased during 1955–57 but never exceeded 1.0% on adult walleyes. Severe pollution on the west side of Nipigon Bay originated from a kraft mill. High concentrations of total solids and dense sedimentation of wood fibres created an environment unfavourable to Hexagenia limbata and Pontoporeia affinis. The recent elimination of the walleye fishery in Nipigon Bay is most likely attributable to industrial pollution rather than to overexploitation or sea lamprey predation.
Rehabilitation of Lake Trout in the Apostle Islands Region of Lake Superior
Authors: Dryer William R. , King George R.
Published: April 2011

Marked success of rehabilitation of lake trout in Lake Superior has been due principally to the control of the sea lamprey and closure of the lake trout fishery in 1962 and large-scale plantings of yearling lake trout in 1959–66. After the sea lamprey became established in the late 1940s, spawning stocks of lake trout began to decrease and were almost nonexistent by 1960–61. After control of the sea lamprey and closure of the commercial fishery for lake trout in 1962, the abundance of spawning stocks began to rise and reached the highest levels on record in 1964–66. Successful spawning in 1964 and 1965 was demonstrated by catches of age-0 lake trout in 1965 and 1966, the first evidence of natural reproduction since 1959.Plantings of hatchery-reared lake trout in Wisconsin waters of Lake Superior began in 1952. The percentage of hatchery-reared fish in catches of juvenile lake trout increased almost steadily from 1953 to 1965 (when nearly all were of hatchery origin). The abundance of juvenile fish increased from 1959 to 1962 and remained nearly constant in 1962–66. The success of lake trout plantings was highest in 1959–61 but generally declined after 1961; the success of the plantings was inversely related to the abundance of older lake trout.Annual increments of growth of hatchery-reared lake trout varied from 1.1 to 5.0 inches after planting. The average lengths of fish of identical age-groups varied according to gear of capture, depth of water, and season. More than 65% of the season's growth of age-III lake trout took place after September.The findings indicated that the present rate of stocking lake trout may be higher than necessary to maintain optimum abundance.
North American Species of Taeniopteryx (Plecoptera, Insecta)
Authors: Ricker W. E. , Ross H. H.
Published: April 2011

Keys, synonymy, descriptions, and distribution records are given for the eight American stonefly species of the genus Taeniopteryx Pictet, including the new species burksi, lonicera, metequi, and ugola.
"Wet" Weight as a Method for Measuring Stomach Contents of Walleyes, Stizostedion vitreum vitreum
Authors: Glenn C. L. , Ward F. J.
Published: April 2011

not available
Pelagic Amphipods of the Slope Waters of Northeast Greenland
Authors: Tencati John R. , Geiger Stephen R.
Published: April 2011

Nine species of pelagic amphipods representing eight genera were collected from the drifting ice station Arlis II over the continental shelf and slope off northeast Greenland, from 77°29′N lat, 9°38′W long to 67°03′N lat, 26°18′W long. Parathemisto abyssorum predominated in this area and in a similar area of the Beaufort Sea, but was less abundant in a high arctic area north of Greenland.Gammarus wilkitzkii, Apherusa glacialis, Pseudalibrotus nanseni, and probably Eusirus holmii are associated with the underside of ice and their distribution is apparently independent of bottom depth. Gammarus wilkitzkii, A. glacialis, P. abyssorum, and P. libellula reproduce in the waters off northeast Greenland. The boreal species Cyphocaris bouvieri is newly recorded from northeast Greenland waters. An ellobiopsid parasite, Thalassomyces marsupii, hinders the development of some primary and secondary sexual characteristics of P. abyssorum.The zooplankton fauna off northeast Greenland is a continuation of the arctic fauna with a definite, but perhaps irregular, boreal influence and suggests that water under an ice cover may not always be arctic.
Taxonomic Correlation of the Position of Spinal Ganglia in Teleost Fishes
Authors: Weis Judith S.
Published: April 2011

not available
Comparative Effectiveness of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid and Chlortetracycline for Fish Preservation
Authors: Boyd J. W. , Southcott B. A.
Published: April 2011

not available
Rates of Accumulation of 14C-Dieldrin Residues in Tissues of Goldfish Exposed to a Single Sublethal Dose of 14C-Aldrin
Authors: Gakstatter Jack H.
Published: April 2011

Immediately after goldfish (Carassius auratus (Linnaeus)) had been exposed for 8 hr in a static system to 0.05 ppm of 14C-aldrin, 14C-dieldrin was detected in various tissues. The percentages that were dieldrin increased with time in all of the tissue studied until at 32 days they were 93.9% or more except for visceral fat. Except in visceral fat, 50 and 100% of the residues were dieldrin within 2.5–5.4 and 31.5–92.4 days respectively. For visceral fat the corresponding times were 46.9 and 14,733 days.
Caloric Content of the Standing Crop of Benthic and Epibenthic Invertebrates of St. Margaret's Bay, Nova Scotia
Authors: Brawn V. M. , Peer D. L. , Bentley R. J.
Published: April 2011

The benthos of St. Margaret's Bay at depths of 28–62 m was sampled quantitatively during the summer and the caloric contents of the common invertebrates determined. The shrimps, amphipods, and the polychaete Lumbrinereis with caloric contents between 1000 and 1300 cal/g wet weight had the highest caloric content of those tested. The mean caloric content of the standing crop was 76 kcal/m2 with the highest values occurring where the sand and silt–clay fractions of the sediment were nearly equal and the lowest where either sand or silt–clay predominated. Annelids and echinoderms together accounted for more than three-quarters of the caloric content of the standing crop.
The Mio-Pliocene Pinniped Imagotaria
Authors: Mitchell Edward
Published: April 2011

The new genus and species Imagotaria downsi is described from Mio-Pliocene rocks in coastal southern California and a new subfamily proposed to receive it, the Imagotariinae. The new species was too specialized to have given rise to any living pinniped. It had large lingual, cingular cusps on the postcanine teeth and a vagina processus styloidei, for reception of the hyoid arch into the confines of the auditory bulla, enlarged to a degree not found in living sea lions. Related more closely to walruses and early otariids than to living sea lions, I. downsi evidently represents an evolutionary line independently attaining the structural grade of sea lions through parallel evolution from an early common ancestor.The middle ear region is described in detail and some anatomical terms are defined in order to more fully emphasize basicranial structures. A referred specimen from the same geologic unit, the Sisquoc Formation, is mentioned and the distribution of I. downsi and related species in time and space is discussed.Comparisons of the skull, dentition, and especially the middle ear region are presented and a discussion of the present state of knowledge of otariid phytogeny emphasizes that many different kinds of otariids have existed in the past. Not all of these can easily be called walruses or sea lions. The wide adaptive spectrum now known within Otariidae is comparable to that within Phocidae.Diagnoses of subfamilies are given based upon basicranial features, and a provisional classification is offered. The Otariidae is revised to include: the old family Odobenidae as a subfamily; the subfamilies Desmatophocinae, Allodesminae, Dusignathinae, Imagotariinae, and Otariinae (including the old subfamily Arctocephalinae as a tribe). These subfamilies are diagnosed on the basis of many basicranial features newly found to be of importance in otariid systematics.A survey of putative North Pacific extinct Otariini suggests: Pontolis magnus is too specialized to be considered as an ancestor of Eumetopias; the "cf. Pontolis magnus" of Lyon (1941) is possibly a species of Pontolis; Eumetopias sinanoensis Nagao (1941) is a junior synonym of Allodesmus kernensis Kellogg (1922); a new genus Oriensarctos is proposed to receive the species Eumetopias watasei Matsumoto (1925); the "Allodesmus sp" of Kaseno (1951) is Eumetopias sp; and Eumetopias (?) kishidai Shikama (1953) is relegated to synonymy under Zalophus californianus (Lesson, 1828).Imagotaria downsi is related to Pontolis, and possibly more closely to Phocarctos hookeri and other southern hemisphere Otariini than to living northern Pacific species of Otariini. It is a relative of Desmatophoca oregonensis, descended from that or a related species and paralleling living sea lions.
Relation between Protein Extractability and Free Fatty Acid Production in Cod Muscle Aged in Ice
Authors: Anderson Margaret L. , Ravesi Elinor M.
Published: April 2011

Protein extractability decreased as free fatty acid (FFA) was produced in cod muscle aged in ice. The decrease was small compared with that occurring in frozen-stored muscle of similar FFA content. Prolonged extraction in neutral salt solution in the presence and absence of bovine serum albumin (BSA) showed that loss in protein extractability in muscle aged in ice was reversible through dissociation of inextractable material and that the presence of BSA, a FFA acceptor, favored greater dissociation. Ultracentrifugal patterns of protein extracted from ageing muscle showed increasing polydispersity. Phase contrast microscopy showed that the inextractable material contained muscle fragments consisting of bundles of myofibrils, some of full fiber width. These results indicate that in ageing muscle, interaction of contractile protein with FFA results in the formation of a cross-linking network within the muscle fiber causing resistance to fragmentation and to protein extractability, and that the observed smaller loss during ageing in ice is in part due to dissociation occurring during extraction. They suggest that in muscle aged in the frozen state, the reaction between contractile protein and FFA increases and the complexes formed are stabilized.
Dissolution of Fish Muscle Homogenates by Lysolecithin
Authors: Jonas R. E. E.
Published: April 2011

On incubating skeletal muscle homogenates from rainbow trout with lysolecithin (LL) and comparing them with homogenates of the same muscle without added LL, and after centrifuging the mixtures, it was found that the N content of the supernatant solution of the homogenate containing LL was about 20% higher than that of the homogenate without LL. Increases close to maximum in N content of the supernatant solution were found to occur at a concentration of about 4 mg LL per ml of incubation medium containing 100 mg muscle in 3.0 ml of 0.9% NaCl at a pH of 6.0–8.0 and at about 35 C for a period of 1 hr. Snake venom phospholipase A added to muscle homogenate showed no solubilizing activity and α-tocopherol acetate and cortisol showed irregular stimulation. It was concluded that LL exerts a solubilizing action on fish muscle homogenates.
Delay of Moult by the Larvae of Homarus americanus
Authors: Cobb J. Stanley
Published: April 2011

not available
Bryozoa (Polyzoa) of Arctic Canada
Authors: Powell N. A.
Published: April 2011

Ninety-three species of Bryozoa are reported here from the area of arctic Canada extending from Belle Isle Strait westward to Herschel Island. Bathymetric and distributional data, both local and regional, are given for all species. Photomicrographs are provided for 47 species. One species, Stomachetosella hincksi, is described as new. Electra crustulenta (Pallas) var. arctica Borg is accorded specific rank. Callopora smitti Kluge is referred to the genus Copidozoum and Hippodiplosia obesa (Waters) is transferred to the genus Schizoporella. A new family, Hincksiporidae, monotypical for H. spinulifera (Hincks), is attributed to the Ascophora Imperfecta. Porella princeps (Norman, 1903b) is considered to be a synonym of Pachyegis producta (Packard, 1863), and Codonellina operculata Mawatari (1956) a synonym of Schizomavella porifera (Smitt, 1867). The following eight species are new for arctic Canada: Terminoflustra barleei, Scrupocellaria arctica, Reginella spitzbergensis, Hippoporina cancellata, Schismopora nodulosa, Escharella thompsoni, Smittina mucronata, Pseudoflustra sinuosa. Except for R. spitzbergensis and H. cancellata, these are also new for arctic North America.The zoogeographical relationships of the fauna are discussed, three main types of distribution being recognised, viz., panarctic, boreal-panarctic, and Atlantic–arctic. No relationship between faunal distribution and the surface waters of the arctic and subarctic zones is apparent, the majority of species transgressing both. Compared with the bryozoan fauna of the antarctic region, the arctic group is impoverished in indigenous taxa.
Growth and Resistance to Stress in Brook Trout Fed Sublethal Levels of DDT
Authors: Macek Kenneth J.
Published: April 2011

When underyearling brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were fed DDT at a rate of 2.0 mg/kg per week for 31 weeks, they exhibited greater weight gain (43.2 ± 0.8 g) during the period than did untreated fish (36.6 ± 1.1 g). When underyearling fish were fed DDT at different rates for 26 weeks and then starved or fed at a rate equivalent to 10% of the usual feeding rate, the cumulative mortality during this period was 96.2% among fish exposed to 3.0 mg/kg per week, 88.6% among fish exposed to 2.0 mg/kg per week, and 1.2% among untreated fish. Differences in the length of survival of DDT-exposed fish occurred due to dosage, sex, and type of starvation. The evidence suggests that the mortality of DDT-exposed fish was due to the interaction of DDT residues with a combination of environmental stresses, namely starvation, decreasing water temperature, and possibly the physiological stress associated with the spawning season.
Significance of Dimethyl Sulfide to the Odor of Soft-Shell Clams
Authors: Brooke Richard O. , Mendelsohn Joseph M. , King Frederick J.
Published: April 2011

In 12 samples of fresh soft-shell clam meats which were collected over their spawning period, the average concentration of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) was 3 ppm. Odor evaluations were made to determine the range of concentration of pure DMS that a panel recognized as a clamlike odor. Since the concentration of DMS in our clam samples was within this range (0.08–40 ppm), it is suggested that DMS dominates the odor of fresh soft-shell clams.
Mortality Among Chinook Salmon Associated with the Fungus Dermocystidium
Authors: Allen Richard L. , Meekin Thomas K. , Pauley Gilbert B. , Fujihara M. Paul
Published: April 2011

Serious outbreaks of a pernicious disease caused by the fungus Dermocystidium are reported in both adult and juvenile salmon in the Columbia River and its tributaries. The disease evokes a characteristic histopathology and appears to cause death in a large percentage of the infected fish. The disease appears to be most virulent at water temperatures below 60 F. Some prophylactic relief is given by treatment with the organic herbicide, Diquat, at a dilution of 1:500,000 for 1 hr.
Contribution of Protein Electrophoresis to Rockfish (Scorpaenidae) Systematics
Authors: Tsuyuki H. , Roberts E. , Lowes R. H. , Hadaway W. , Westrheim S. J.
Published: April 2011

During 1965–67, multiple hemoglobins of 1905 specimens, comprising 2 species of Sebastolobus and 26 of Sebastodes; muscle proteins of 1677 specimens, comprising 1 species of Scorpaena, 1 of Scorpaenodes, 2 of Sebastolobus, 2 of Sebastes, and 24 of Sebastodes; and eye lens proteins of 431 specimens, covering 1 species of Sebastolobus and 19 of Sebastodes were examined by starch–gel zone electrophoresis. Scorpaena, Sebastolobus, and Sebastodes specimens were collected in the eastern Pacific Ocean (California to Gulf of Alaska), and Sebastes specimens were collected from the western Atlantic Ocean (Newfoundland). Electropherograms were independent of sex and size. Hemoglobin electropherograms were species specific, and where variant, nongenetically linked patterns appeared, evidence suggested existence of additional species, for example, S. diploproa (2), S. reedi (2), and S. aleutianus (3). Genetically linked polymorphism was detected in hemoglobin protein electropherograms of S. crameri and muscle protein electropherograms of S. elongatus. Species specificity broke down with muscle proteins in many species of Sebastodes resulting in the separation of the 27 species examined (from this and other studies) into four distinct subgroupings. Generically distinct patterns were prominently evident in the muscle proteins of Sebastodes, Sebastolobus, Scorpaenodes, and Scorpaena, but not in Sebastes. The order of difference between Sebastes and Sebastodes was no more than that inherent in the four subgroupings within the latter genus. Eye lens proteins were genus-specific only. Relative value of the three groups of proteins as diagnostic tools at various levels of organization and as characters in the phylogenetic analyses of scorpaenids is discussed.
Use of Liquid Scintillation Counting for Measuring Self-Absorption of Carbon-14 in Daphnia pulex
Authors: Bell R. K. , Ward F. T.
Published: April 2011

not available
First Records of Three Rockfish Species (Sebastodes aurora, S. ciliatus, and Sebastolobus altivelis) from Waters off British Columbia
Authors: Westrheim S. J.
Published: April 2011

not available
A Microturbellarian Found in Oysters off the Coast of Prince Edward Island
Authors: Burt M. D. B. , Drinnan R. E.
Published: April 2011

not available
World Distribution of Brown Trout,Salmo trutta
Authors: MacCrimmon Hugh R. , Marshall T. L.
Published: April 2011

During the past century the Eurasian and North African range of the brown trout, Salmo trutta L., has been extended to include discontinuous populations on all continents except Antarctica. Primary factors affecting the establishment of naturalized populations are water temperature, precipitation, and suitable spawning grounds. Any future major expansion in the world distribution of the brown trout, with the possible exception of Asia, is unlikely.
Multiple Haemoglobins of the Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)
Authors: Wilkins N. P.
Published: April 2011

The haemoglobins of over 500 salmon of different lengths, from Scotland, Greenland, and Canada have been analysed by vertical starch–gel electrophoresis at pH 8.1. Complex ontogenetic variations, involving an initial increase and later reduction in the number of fractions evident, have been observed among the anodally migrating haemoglobins. The variations observed have been correlated with changes in length, and the complete development of the anodal haemoglobin complex from the single fraction of small fish to the nine-fraction pattern of adults is outlined. The individual haemoglobin fractions appear to represent structurally distinct molecules whose regulated occurrence at different phases of the life cycle is discussed at the individual and population levels.
An Artificial Reef For Lobsters (Homarus americanus)
Authors: Scarratt D. J.
Published: April 2011

In July 1965 a rock reef covering 2740 m2 was built in 17 m of water in Northumberland Strait, eastern Canada. Systematic observations by scuba divers showed the development of a fauna and flora including a number of lobsters. The lobster biomass after 2 years was less than that on productive lobster grounds nearby, although the average size of lobsters was larger. There was no evidence of larval settlement, colonization being by immigration.
Effects of Chilled Storage on Viability of Stored Ova and Sperm of Sockeye and Pink Salmon
Authors: Withler F. C. , Morley R. B.
Published: April 2011

not available
Responses of Yearling Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus dolomieui) to Artificial Shelter in a Stream Aquarium
Authors: Haines Terry A. , Butler Robert L.
Published: April 2011

Juvenile smallmouth bass showed a marked response of utilizing opaque plastic coverts in a stream aquarium with two water velocities (12 and 28 cm/sec). The most complex of six opaque coverts at the higher water velocity was occupied a mean time of 7190 ± 6 out of 7200 sec. The presence of a visual reference point was the first feature to attract a fish to a covert for a marked period of time. The addition of an area of darkness increased the use of a covert. Maximum use was obtained with the above features plus an area of quiet water. Clear plastic coverts, which supplied only thigmotactic stimuli or thigmotactic stimuli and an area of quiet water, were rarely used.
A Fry Trap Method for Estimating Salmonid Survival from Egg Deposition to Fry Emergence
Authors: Phillips Robert W. , Koski K. V.
Published: April 2011

The method involves a trap of nylon netting placed over an individual redd with the trap's edges buried 15–20 cm in the gravel just outside the periphery of the redd. It has been used successfully on more than 70 coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) redds over the past 5 years, with as many as 2061 fry being captured from a single redd. The trap is relatively stable because it is flexible and conforms to the surface of the streambed, causing debris to float or roll over the surface. It can be used on individual redds; thus, emergent survival for separate parental combinations can be estimated. Field tests showed the efficiency of the trap approached 100%. Installation and presence of the trap had no significant effect on intragravel dissolved oxygen and gravel permeability. Mortality of fry in the traps averaged less than 1.5% when fry were removed at least three times a week. We concluded that the trap provides a more accurate estimate of survival from egg deposition through fry emergence than four other methods.
Culture of Calanoid Copepods in Synthetic Sea Water
Authors: Heinle Donald R.
Published: April 2011

The calanoid copepods Acartia tonsa and Eurytemora affinis were successfully cultured in two commercial synthetic sea salts. Success of a medium was measured by its ability to sustain a population of copepods that was subjected to moderate rates of harvest.
Gill Dimensions as a Function of Fish Size
Authors: Muir B. S.
Published: April 2011

The relationship between total gill area and body weight can be expressed as Y + aWb where "b" varies from about 0.8 to 0.9 for different species. The area for a 1-g fish ("a") ranges 22-fold for published data on different species. Expressed by the same general equation, the number of secondary lamellae per millimeter of filament ranges 4-fold for different species and decreases with increasing fish weight within each species by a power of about −0.1.
The Parasitic Copepod Mytilicola orientalis in British Columbia Bivalves
Authors: Bernard F. R.
Published: April 2011

Under western Canadian conditions infestation of Mytilicola orientalis has little economic significance in commercial oyster production. First record of natural infestation of Saxidomus giganteus is given.
Sinistrality in Platichthys stellatus off British Columbia
Authors: Forrester C. R.
Published: April 2011

Percentage sinistrality in the starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus) off British Columbia was found to increase proceeding from south to north, and on the average (66%) was greater than that found off the western coast of the United States, and close to that found off Alaska.
Dugesia lugubris (Tricladida: Paludicola), a European Immigrant into North American Fresh Waters
Authors: Ball Ian R.
Published: April 2011

Dugesia lugubris (Schmidt), a Palaearctic freshwater triclad, is described from North America. A morphological and taxonomic evaluation is presented and comparisons with European material and data are made, confirming the initial diagnosis. The known distribution of the species in North America is discussed in relation to what is known of its distribution and ecology in Europe, and it is concluded that the introduction is probably unique and of recent occurrence. It represents the second authenticated case of passive dispersal by man in the freshwater Tricladida, and is almost certainly a result of the shipping plying between the St. Lawrence River and various European ports. The present findings in no way conflict with the opinions of modern American taxonomists that early records of D. lugubris in North America are the results of mis-identification of Cura foremanii (Girard). A key for the separation of these two superficially similar species is provided.
Contributions of Salmon from the Northwest Miramichi River, New Brunswick, to Various Fisheries
Authors: Saunders Richard L.
Published: April 2011

Tagging studies with naturally produced smolts from the Northwest Miramichi River showed that adult salmon from this river make substantial contributions to commercial fisheries in the Miramichi area (trapnet fisheries in the Miramichi estuary and the adjoining drift-net fishery), around insular Newfoundland, and along the west coast of Greenland. Minor contributions are made to other commercial fisheries throughout the Canadian Maritime Provinces. Tagged Northwest Miramichi salmon were taken by angling in the Miramichi system only, principally the Northwest Miramichi. Commercial fisheries accounted for 32 and 87% of known recaptures of tagged grilse and larger salmon respectively; anglers, 24 and 10%; fish available for spawning, as measured by a counting fence, were 44 and 3%. The ratio of grilse to larger salmon among total recaptures was about 2:1; in fish available for spawning, about 28:1.
Upstream Movements of the Benthic Invertebrates in the Speed River, Ontario
Authors: Bishop John E. , Hynes H. B. N.
Published: April 2011

Investigation of the benthic fauna of the Speed River, Ontario, was carried out from June 1966 to September 1967. Upstream movement of substantial numbers of invertebrates was detected using solid-walled traps with induced current, and Terylene net traps. The mechanism for this was largely positive rheotaxis, but positive skototaxis and the release of phototactic control probably governed the distance covered. During the winter, statistically greater movement occurred in areas adjacent to the banks than in midstream, but in summer the midstream areas contributed most of the migrants. Artificially darkening the traps increased the biomass moving into them. Movements upstream counteracted 6.5% of downstream drift by numbers and 4% by weight, but no comparison of relative distance travelled was made. The upstream movement was of sufficient quantity and species diversity to account for recolonization of dried-out or erosion-denuded areas.
Zooplankton Biomass Related to Hydrography Along the Drift Track of Arlis II in the Arctic Basin and the East Greenland Current
Authors: Hopkins Thomas L.
Published: April 2011

Zooplankton standing crop was estimated in the Arctic Basin north of Greenland and in the East Greenland Current from tows made from drifting ice island Arlis II. Number 20 mesh closing net hauls indicated that most of the zooplankton biomass was concentrated in the top 500 m in both winter and summer. The bulk of the zooplankton standing crop was copepods which contributed 86 and 77% of the biomass in the Arlis II samples from the Arctic Basin and East Greenland Current, respectively. Calanus was the most important genus, making up one-half the weight of the zooplankton. Zooplankton biomass under a square meter of sea in the top 500 m averaged 0.29 g dry weight in the Arctic Basin north of Greenland and increased to 4.52 g in the upper 500 m of the East Greenland Current. It is postulated that Arlis II was carried south near the eastern edge of the East Greenland Current and that most of the plankton occurring in the rich samples from the East Greenland current was contributed by the Greenland Sea through vigorous mixing.
Four Lernaeopodidae (Copepoda) Parasitic on Fishes from Newfoundland and West Greenland
Authors: Kabata Z.
Published: April 2011

Four species of copepods belonging to the family Lernaeopodidae are described. One of them (Lernaeopodina longibrachia) is new to Canada. Two (Clavella pinguis and Clavellodes rugosus) have been previously reported from Canadian waters, though C. pinguis is very poorly known. The fourth species (Clavellomimus macruri) is placed in a newly established genus. It is concluded that the species hitherto placed in Clavellodes should be divided into three groups: one containing only C. rugosus, the second containing all species distinguished by the presence of aliform expansions at the base of the second maxillae, and the third accommodating those without such expansions. All three groups have almost identical males.
Indirect Pigmentation of Salmon and Trout Flesh with Canthaxanthin
Authors: Schmidt P. J. , Baker E. G.
Published: April 2011

The indirect pigmentation of the flesh of juvenile pink salmon and juvenile cutthroat and rainbow trout was achieved by incorporating the carotenoid pigment canthaxanthin with the wet food. Diets containing 190 and 450 mg of canthaxanthin per kilogram of food were fed for periods ranging from 7 to 31 weeks. When the pigmented flesh of the rainbow trout was canned and processed, the product had the appearance of processed coho salmon. Limited colour measurements indicated that the induced pigmentation may be more stable to heat processing than the natural pigmentation of coho salmon.
Comparative Ecology, Life Histories, and Behaviour of Intertidal Sand-Burrowing Amphipods (Crustacea: Haustoriidae) at Cape Cod
Authors: Sameoto D. D.
Published: April 2011

The ecology of three species of Haustoriidae (Crustacea: Amphipoda) found at Sippewissett Creek, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and life cycles of two of them are described. The species are Haustorius canadensis Bousfield, Neohatistorius biarticulatus Bousfield, and Acanthohaustorius millsi Bousfield. The first two species are essentially intertidal and the last is essentially subtidal. Haustorius canadensis and N. biarticulatus are annual breeders; the first ovigerous females appeared when the water temperature reached 14 C. The sex ratios were 1:1 for H. canadensis and 3 ♂:2♀ for N. biarticulatus. The relationship between brood size and dry body weight was linear for both species. The weight of a brood of eggs ranged from 8% of the dry body weight for a female N. biarticulatus to 16% of the weight for a female H. canadensis.Haustorius canadensis and N. biarticulatus were, in the main, separated both vertically and horizontally in the sand, and A. millsi was separated horizontally from the other two species. This is believed to be a major factor in reducing competition for food between the species. The species all appeared to feed on similar types of food, with the only observable difference in the gut contents of H. canadensis and N. biarticulatus being the size of the food particles eaten.
Factors Affecting Rainbow Trout Ovary Cells Cultivated In vitro
Authors: Li M. F. , Jordan Carol
Published: April 2011

The rainbow trout ovary cells proliferated well at 18 and 23 C, and at culture medium pH value of 7.1 and 7.9. Outside these limits cell proliferation was hindered and the cellular morphology was affected significantly. The ovary cells have been shown to be susceptible to amphibian virus (LT-1).
Occurrence and Spawning of the Sculpin Triglops murrayi (Pisces, Cottidae) in the Gulf of Maine
Authors: Musick J. A. , Able K. W.
Published: April 2011

Triglops murrayi was taken frequently in the Gulf of Maine during all sampling seasons. Ripe individuals were taken in October and total numbers of ova ranged from 1965 to 2739 per female. Diameters of ova varied from 0.20 to 2.00 mm and each female may lay several complements of eggs over a long spawning season. The mode of reproduction of T. murrayi is probably similar to that of Clinocottus analis reported by Hubbs (Copeia 1966: 29–42).
A Laboratory Study of Particulate and Filter Feeding of the Northern Anchovy (Engraulis mordax)
Authors: Leong Roderick J. H. , O'Connell Charles P.
Published: April 2011

Observations of feeding behavior demonstrated that Engraulis mordax captures food by two distinctly different kinds of attack—biting and filtering. Artemia adults in high concentration evoke a biting attack and Artemia nauplii in high concentration evoke a filtering attack.Feeding trials with Artemia adults produced the equation w = 18.1 T0.359 W1.138, where w is weight of food consumed in milligrams, T is time in minutes, and W is fish weight in grams. Density had no effect over the range of 1–25 organisms per liter. Trials with adult Artemia also indicated that the maximum capacity of the digestive tract in milligrams is 93.3 W + 53.1.Feeding trials with Artemia nauplii produced the equation n = 6.31 T0.970W0.520 D0.594, where n equals the number of nauplii consumed. Density (D) had a noticeable effect over the range 292–1120 organisms per liter. The volume of water filtered per minute was determined on the basis of this equation.The difference between the exponents for weight in the two kinds of feeding can be explained by the probability that when food is abundant filtering rate varies largely with area of mouth opening whereas particulate feeding rate varies largely with capacity.From the filtering rates determined in this study and estimates of filter food concentration in the sea it is hypothesized that E. mordax cannot obtain its daily nutritional requirement by indiscriminate filtering alone.
Mass Mortality of Estuarine Fauna at Bideford, P.E.I., Associated with Abnormally Low Salinities
Authors: Thomas M. L. H. , White G. N.
Published: April 2011

Spring thaw discharges large quantities of fresh water into estuaries in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Surface freshwater layers of 1 m are normal but deeper water usually remains at close to full salinity. Shallow-water animals are adapted to withstand low salinities but those from deeper water are not. In May 1967 an up-estuary gale caused the buildup of an extraordinarily deep freshwater layer in Bideford River, P.E.I.; salinities at 3 m fell to less than 1‰. Scuba surveys after this phenomenon revealed extensive mortalities in a variety of species. Several of these species often occur in low-salinity areas and it is suggested that mortalities resulted from the very rapid salinity change combined with warming water temperatures.
Nucleotides and Related Compounds in Canned Shrimp
Authors: Rao S. V. Suryanarayana , Rangaswamy J. R. , Lahiry N. L.
Published: April 2011

Preliminary findings indicate that, although inosine-5′-monophosphate (IMP) has been reported to be fairly heat-stable, only 40% of IMP, 33.5% of adenosine-5′-monophosphate (AMP), and 25% of hypoxanthine remain in canned shrimp. Heat destruction can account for the reduced levels except for hypoxanthine. IMP predominates over AMP in Indian shrimp (Metapenaeus dobsoni), and hypoxanthine is also prominent in fresh shrimp. A significant reduction apparently occurs in the level of flavour components in canned shrimp. Small amounts of adenosine were detected in canned commercial samples.
FOREWORD
Authors: MARGOLIS L.
Published: April 2011

not available
Maintenance of Schistocephalus solidus in the Laboratory with Observations on Rate of Growth of, and Proglottid Formation in, the Plerocercoid
Authors: Orr T. S. C. , Hopkins C. A.
Published: April 2011

Procedures for the maintenance of Schistocephalus solidus in the laboratory are described: recovery of eggs from low bulk faeces; incubation and hatching of eggs at 25 C; and infection of Cyclops agilis, Diaptomus gracilis, and Mesocyclops leuckarti with procercoids that at 25 C become infective in 10, 8, and 8 days, respectively. Methods for infecting Gasterosteus aculeatus with specific numbers of plerocercoids, and procedures for maintaining infected sticklebacks, are described. The rate of growth of S. solidus in G. aculeatus at 19 C has been determined up to day 83, by which time plerocercoids are infective and weigh 50 mg fresh weight. The problem of speciation in Schistocephalus is discussed with reference to the conflicting evidence concerning the number of proglottids in the plerocercoid. Statistical evidence shows the number of proglottids increases slowly during growth contrary to previous statements, and ontogenesis is discussed with reference to metamerism. Problems of growth of Schistocephalus in the fish host are enumerated.
Nematodes of Fishes, Amphibians, and Reptiles Taken by U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2 Expedition to North Borneo (Malaysia)
Authors: Myers Betty June , Kuntz Robert E.
Published: April 2011

A checklist is provided for nematode parasites removed from fishes, amphibians, and reptiles taken by the U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2 expedition to North Borneo (Sabah), Malaysia. Very few parasites have been reported previously from the vertebrates of North Borneo.
Aspects of the Biology of Triaenophorus nodulosus in Yellow Perch, Perca flavescens, in Heming Lake, Manitoba
Authors: Lawler G. H.
Published: April 2011

The yellow perch, Perca flavescens, in Heming Lake, Manitoba, serves as the major second intermediate host of the pseudophyllidean cestode Triaenophorus nodulosus. A description of the cyst, plerocercoid, and invasive stages of the parasite is given. Changes in annual incidence of the parasite are recorded from an examination of 22,696 perch captured between 1954 and 1967. The infection level of T. nodulosus in perch declined when the average size of northern pike, Esox lucius, was reduced through intensive fishing. The incidence of infection in perch is a function of size — small perch have a high incidence of infection, which gradually decreases with increasing size of perch. Particular attention is given to the occurrence of T. nodulosus in newly hatched perch; the parasites can serve as indicators of future infection levels in perch and pike. The dynamics of Triaenophorus infection is discussed.
Special Modes of Nutrition in Some Digenetic Trematodes
Authors: Yamaguti Satyu
Published: April 2011

It is proposed that the unusual density of the parenchymal cells, especially of the nuclei, in Anenterotrema species lacking a digestive system is concerned with the nutrition of these trematodes. Another example of a special mode of nutrition is in encysted didymozoids, in which the parasite is nourished by the blood of the host fish under a protected condition.
Phrixocephalus cincinnatus Wilson, 1908 (Copepoda: Lernaeoceridae): morphology, metamorphosis, and host–parasite relationship
Authors: Kabata Z.
Published: April 2011

Some corrections are introduced to a previous description of Phrixocephalus cincinnatus. Its metamorphosis within the eye of the definitive host, Atherestes stomias, is described and illustrated. The effects on the eye of the parasite's presence and activity are discussed.
Migration Route of Invasive Juvenile Philonema oncorhynchi (Nematoda: Philometridae) in Young Salmon
Authors: Adams James R.
Published: April 2011

The infective juveniles of the dracunculoid nematode Philonema oncorhynchi were known to reach their site of development in the wall of the swim bladder of salmon within 18 hr. To establish the route which they follow, a small, parasite-free, fingerling sockeye salmon was fed copepods containing the infective third stage of the worm. Seventeen hours later the fish was fixed, decalcified, and sectioned at 8–10 μ. The distribution of the invasive juvenile worms in the serial transverse sections indicates that they penetrate the gut wall, mainly in the region of the pyloric caeca. The majority of juveniles reach the swim bladder by moving through the coelomic cavity; a smaller number appears to cross in the mesentery and associated tissues such as the pancreas. No evidence was found suggesting that the vascular system is used as a pathway.
Ergasilus arthrosis n.sp. (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) and the Taxonomic Status of Ergasilus versicolor Wilson, 1911, Ergasilus elegans Wilson, 1916, and Ergasilus celestis Mueller, 1936, from North American Fishes
Authors: Roberts Larry S.
Published: April 2011

The type specimens designated by Wilson (1911, Proc. U.S. Natl. Museum 39: 263–400) for Ergasilus versicolor do not agree with the description of that species but are conspecific with Ergasilus elegans Wilson, 1916; therefore, E. elegans is reduced to synonymy with E. versicolor, and a new description of E. versicolor is given, based on the type specimens. Wilson's (1911) description of E. versicolor appears to have been based on the type specimens as well as another, previously undescribed, species, Ergasilus arthrosis n.sp. Ergasilus celestis Mueller, 1936, was synonymized by Mueller (1936, Am. Midland Naturalist 17: 807–815) with E. versicolor, but it is here considered distinct and is redescribed.
Quelques espèces de cestodes Tétrarhynques de la côte Atlantique des États Unis, dont l'une n'était pas connue à l'état adulte
Authors: Dollfus Robert Ph.
Published: April 2011

not available
Age Determination of Sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) and Chum (O. keta) Salmon from Examination of Pectoral Fin Rays
Authors: Bilton H. T. , Jenkinson D. W.
Published: April 2011

Ages of adult sockeye and chum salmon were estimated from examination of the second anterior pectoral fin ray, and were compared with estimates from their scales or otoliths. For sockeye, only the ocean age could be estimated. Freshwater annual rings could not be distinguished on their fin rays even though they were present on their scales or otoliths. In general, the three methods provided the same estimates of ocean age. Agreement of estimates of ocean age by one to five readers ranged from 78.9 to 98.8%. For chum salmon, the scale and fin ray methods generally provided the same estimates of total age. Agreement of estimates of total age by one or two readers ranged from 73.8 to 99.3%.
Comparisons of Food of Cod and Haddock in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and on the Nova Scotia Banks
Authors: Kohler A. C. , Fitzgerald D. N.
Published: April 2011

Changes in diet of cod (Gadus morhua) with increasing size were similar in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence, Sydney Bight, Banquereau, and Western and Emerald banks. Small cod fed mainly on crustaceans and changed to a fish diet as they grew larger. Differences in species taken within the food groups seemed to depend on relative availability of the prey species. When cod reached sizes (ca. 50 cm) where they subsisted mainly on a fish diet, their main prey in the Gulf of St. Lawrence was herring (Clupea harengus) and on the Nova Scotia Banks it was sand launce (Ammodytes americanus). There were some seasonal differences in food eaten within areas and by depth.In the Western and Emerald bank areas, cod stomachs contained more food than haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), up to two or three times as much for the large size-groups. Cod generally fed more heavily on pelagic crustaceans and fish whereas haddock took benthic animals, including annelid worms, molluscs, and echinoderms. When pelagic prey, particularly fish, were available to cod, there was the least overlap in food species taken by cod and haddock in the same area.
Limited Fertilization of Steelhead Trout Eggs with Cryo-Preserved Sperm
Authors: Graybill J. R. , Horton H. F.
Published: April 2011

Results are reported on the fertilization (to 18%) of steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) eggs with cryo-preserved sperm. Fresh semen was progressively diluted to 1: 4 with an extender containing 5 or 12.5% dimethyl sulfoxide, sealed in 1.0-ml ampoules, frozen in the vapor of liquid nitrogen, and subsequently thawed in a 4 C water bath. The fertilized eggs and alevins produced appeared normal when compared with those from fresh spermatozoa.
Distributional List of Fishes in the Missouri Drainage of Canada
Authors: Willock Thomas A.
Published: April 2011

The presence of possible migration routes between the Missouri (Gulf of Mexico) and adjacent Saskatchewan (Hudson Bay) drainages is briefly discussed in regard to postglacial dispersal of freshwater fishes. A checklist of 9 families and 27 species of fish recorded from the Milk and Frenchman rivers of Alberta and Saskatchewan is provided. Two of these are new to the Missouri ichthyofauna of Canada and definite records of 10 species are reported for the first time from the Missouri drainage of Saskatchewan. Notes are included on the distribution of all known species within the Missouri drainage of Canada. The possible presence of three additional species is discussed.
A Method of Separating Invertebrates from Sediments using Longwave Ultraviolet Light and Fluorescent Dyes
Authors: Hamilton Andrew L.
Published: April 2011

The suitability of nine different fluorescent dyes for selectively staining invertebrates in fresh and formalin-preserved sediments was evaluated. Rhodamine B was the most suitable and tap water was found to be a satisfactory solvent for the dye when fresh samples were being treated, whereas 70 and 95% ethanol were more suitable solvents when the dye was used on formalin-preserved samples. Most invertebrates stained a bright pink and fluoresced a brilliant orange under longwave ultraviolet light. In contrast silt, sand, and most other unwanted components in the sample fluoresced very little if at all. Sorting trials indicated that the use of this method often reduced the sorting time to about one-third of that required when the samples were sorted under visible light. This was particularly apparent when the organisms were small and the samples contained large amounts of sediment and debris.
Muscle Damage in Adult Atlantic Salmon Caught in Nylon Gillnets
Authors: Murray A. R. , White D. R. L. , Whitaker R. S.
Published: April 2011

Ligation of an adult Atlantic salmon with a cord created a bruise in the epaxial muscles similar to that observed in a salmon caught by a nylon gillnet. There were no external manifestations of these lesions. Although only 10 such salmon have been observed, the incidence of this type of damage could be high because of the recent and widespread use of nylon gillnets for Atlantic salmon.