bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Desempenho de gotejadores operando com lixiviado de aterro sanitário
Authors: Mesquita Francisco de Oliveira , Batista Rafael Oliveira , Cavalcante Lourival Ferreira , Souto Antônio Gustavo de Luna , Medeiros Salomão de Sousa , Araújo Ana Beatriz Alves de , Costa Fabiana Xavier
Published: December 2020

Com a instituição da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos no Brasil, espera-se que o número de aterros sanitários aumente, ao longo dos anos, e com isso a necessidade do desenvolvimento de técnicas de tratamento e, ou aproveitamento dos percolados. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, analisar o efeito da aplicação de percolado de aterro sanitário diluído sobre a vazão nominal dos gotejadores das unidades de irrigação por gotejamento após 160 horas de funcionamento. O experimento foi conduzido sob delineamento inteiramente casualizado no esquema de parcelas subdivididas, tendo nas parcelas os tipos de gotejadores (G1 - 1,6 L h-1; G2 - 2,0 L h-1, G3 - 4,0 L h-1 e G4 - 8,0 L h-1) e nas subparcelas os tempos de operação (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140 e 160 h), com quatro repetições. A vazão do sistema (Q) foi obtida a cada 20 h de operação do sistema, até completar 160 h de funcionamento em todas as unidades de irrigação. Houve diferença estatística dos níveis de obstrução do gotejador G1 (não autocompensante) em relação aos demais, indicando menor suscetibilidade ao entupimento dos gotejadores G2, G3 e G4 (autocompensantes). Os valores de Q aprontaram o gotejador G1 como o mais sensível ao entupimento.
Saberes e práticas tradicionais na extração e cultivo de macroalgas marinhas
Authors: Ferreira Ana Beatriz Gomes , Carneiro Marcella Araújo do Amaral , Fernandes Felipe de Oliveira , Soriano Eliane Marinho
Published: December 2020

Esse estudo teve o objetivo de investigar os saberes e práticas tradicionais presentes nas atividades de extrativismo dos bancos naturais e cultivo de macroalgas marinhas no Rio Grande do Norte. O estudo foi realizado por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas utilizando questionário composto por assuntos que abordavam questões relacionadas as práticas produtivas, aspectos sociais, manejo das macroalgas e conhecimentos referentes aos ecossistemas costeiros. Além das entrevistas, foi realizado o acompanhamento das atividades produtivas desenvolvidas pelos participantes envolvidos na pesquisa. Dentre os registros obtidos, podemos destacar os saberes tradicionais da atividade extrativista, os conhecimentos empíricos relacionados à ecologia e ciclo de vida das macroalgas. No que se refere a produção das algas cultivadas, ficou constatada que essas práticas contribuem para a diminuição da pressão exercida sobre os bancos naturais, possibilitando a manutenção e a recuperação das populações naturais de macroalgas na área estudada. Além disso, ficou evidenciado que as atividades desenvolvidas pela comunidade têm contribuído para o desenvolvimento econômico, social e ambiental da região. Em conclusão, foi possível verificar que os saberes e práticas tradicionais do extrativismo e cultivo de algas, influenciam de forma positiva na conservação dos recursos naturais, e o seu uso de forma racional é extremamente importante para a perpetuação dos saberes dessas populações tradicionais.
Addison’s disease presenting only with hyperpigmentation – A rare case report
Authors: Mofarrah Ramin , Mofarrah Ramina , Ashoorinezhad Melika
Published: December 2020

Addison’s disease or chronic adrenocortical insufficiency, can remain unrecognized for a long time. It usually presents with non-specific symptoms, which are often ignored or misdiagnosed as a sign of other more common diseases. In this case report we focused on subtle findings of diffuse hyperpigmentation. We present a study on 2 skin biopsies from a 38-year-old woman in whom hyperpigmentation lesions were first found on the face and after two months, in the oral cavity. Addison’s disease usually presents with non-specific symptoms and this can be a rare case because it presents with hyperpigmentation as its only sign and has no other clinical symptoms.There are a few diagnosed cases of this disease with hyperpigmentation only.
Typologies of the North: Mediating ‘Northerness’ in Jazz in Scandinavia
Authors: Gagatsis Alexander
Published: December 2020

In this article I examine some of the ways that accounts of jazz in Scandinavia have been focusing on a taxonomy of features most often associated with folk music and the remote geography of the north. I focus on specific musicians and collaborations from Norway, Denmark, and Sweden in the second half of the twentieth century, to explore issues of folklorism and landscape, questioning the degree to which perceptions of ‘northerness’ in jazz have been paired with notions of nationalism. I conclude by looking at the extent to which elements of neo-traditionalism were at play in diverse forms of cultural practice in the late twentieth century, examining the inward-looking folklorism often associated with ‘the Nordic tone’.
Northern Genealogies in ‘The Snow Queen’ and Frozen
Authors: Bartnæs Morten
Published: December 2020

H. C. Andersen’s ‘The Snow Queen’ (1844) and its self-professed adaptation Frozen (2013) both maintain a combined focus on origins and development. I approach the two texts as narratives that explain aspects of human life by showing how they came into being – as accounts that, although not primarily historical, are still bound up with genealogical ways of thinking: how, and from what beginnings, do humans and their communities evolve? What happens in the transition from non-existence to being? In both texts, the northern setting is a requisite part of these narratives of development – in the dual sense of growth and emergence. In this article, I describe the interaction between the texts’ genealogical discourses and their northern settings. I also discuss how the two texts reflect and rephrase current and past discourses where northerness is associated with genealogical issues.
A molecular survey based on eDNA to assess the presence of a clown featherback (Chitala ornata) in a confined environment
Authors: Osathanunkul Maslin , Minamoto Toshifumi
Published: December 2020

Background

The importance of the inland fisheries sector in food security as a provider of much-needed protein and income supplier has been highlighted. This is especially the case in poor rural communities in developing countries. Inland capture fisheries in Thailand are in place nationwide in rivers, lakes, swamps and reservoirs. The clown featherback (Chitala ornata) is popularly consumed and is an economically important fish in Thailand which is often used in food products such as fish balls and fish cakes. Along with other fish species, the clown featherback is one of fish of inland fisheries at Phayao Lake. Recent fish surveys from 2016-2018 at Phayao Lake using netting and electrofishing found that the number of clown featherback have been reducing since 2016 and could not be detected at all by 2018. This is despite the fact that there are still reports of their presence in the lake from locals.

Methods

We developed an eDNA-based method for detection of the clown featherback in Phayao Lake as an alternative tool. Water samples were collected in three different sampling months (February, June and September) at six sites located in the lake. Species-specific primers and the probe were designed to amplify a 183 bp fragment of the cytB region of the clown featherback.

Results

eDNA of the clown featherback can be detected in all different sampling months and sites. Concentration of the clown featherback found in Prayao Lake showed no difference over sampling month but between collecting sites. This proves that eDNA based survey is a sensitive and useful tool for monitoring and surveying the clown featherback at any time of the year.
bmd: an R package for benchmark dose estimation
Authors: Jensen Signe M. , Kluxen Felix M. , Streibig Jens C. , Cedergreen Nina , Ritz Christian
Published: December 2020

The benchmark dose (BMD) methodology is used to derive a hazard characterization measure for risk assessment in toxicology or ecotoxicology. The present paper’s objective is to introduce the R extension package bmd, which facilitates the estimation of BMD and the benchmark dose lower limit for a wide range of dose-response models via the popular package drc. It allows using the most current statistical methods for BMD estimation, including model averaging. The package bmd can be used for BMD estimation for binomial, continuous, and count data in a simple set up or from complex hierarchical designs and is introduced using four examples. While there are other stand-alone software solutions available to estimate BMDs, the package bmd facilitates easy estimation within the established and flexible statistical environment R. It allows the rapid implementation of available, novel, and future statistical methods and the integration of other statistical analyses.
Hemichorea Hyperglycaemia Basal Ganglia Syndrome in a Patient with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Rare Case Report
Authors: Gurursamy Swathi , Sivamani Kalaimani , Pitchai Selvaraj , Chogle Ameya S
Published: December 2020

Hyperglycaemia induced involuntary movements are uncommon in clinical practice though Chorea Hyperglycaemia Basal Ganglia syndrome (CHBG) or Non-ketotic Hyperglycaemic Hemichorea (NHH) is being reported with increasing frequency due to the clinical awareness and widespread availability of neuroimaging. Prompt recognition of CHBG is essential, since correction of hyperglycaemia usually leads to early resolution of the involuntary movements. It is usually seen in elderly patients with uncontrolled Type 2 diabetes mellitus who present acutely with hemichorea or hemiballismus. It is rarely reported in Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Here, the author presents a 25-year-old male patient diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes mellitus with persistent chorea involving the left upper and lower extremity in whom the movement disorder persisted despite correction of hyperglycaemia.
Auditory Recognition of Digit-in-Noise under Unaided and Aided Conditions in Moderate and Severe Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Authors: Aghasoleimani Mina , Jalilvand Hamid , Mahdavi Mohammad Ebrahim , Ahmadi Roghayeh
Published: December 2020

Background and Objectives: The speech-in-noise test is typically performed using an audiometer. The results of the digit-in-noise recognition (DIN) test may be influenced by the flat frequency response of free-field audiometry and frequency of the hearing aid fit based on fitting rationale. This study aims to investigate the DIN test in unaided and aided conditions. Subjects and Methods: Thirty four adults with moderate and severe sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) participated in the study. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for 50% of the DIN test was obtained in the following two conditions: 1) the unaided condition, performed using an audiometer in a free field; and 2) aided condition, performed using a hearing aid with an unvented individual earmold that was fitted based on NAL-NL2.Results: There was a statistically significant elevation in the mean SNR for the severe SNHL group in both test conditions when compared with that of the moderate SNHL group. In both groups, the SNR for the aided condition was significantly lower than that of the unaided condition.Conclusions: Speech recognition in hearing-impaired patients can be realized by fitting hearing aids based on evidence-based fitting rationale rather than by measuring it using free-field audiometry measurement that is utilized in a routine clinic setup.
PLCγ1 inhibition combined with inhibition of apoptosis and necroptosis increases cartilage matrix synthesis in IL‐1β‐treated rat chondrocytes
Authors: Chen Xiaolei , Chen Ri , Xu Yang , Xia Chun
Published: December 2020

Osteoarthritis (OA) is an age‐related, chronic degenerative disease. With the increasing median age of the population, this disease has become an important public health problem. New, disease‐modifying therapies are needed. A potential novel molecular target is phospholipase Cγ1 (PLCγ1), a critical enzyme with important functions including calcium signaling regulation and cell proliferation. In rat chondrocytes treated with IL‐1β (20 ng·mL−1 for 36 h), inhibition of PLCγ1 with U73122 (2 μm for 12 h) increased levels and expression of the cartilage matrix components Collagen2 and Aggrecan. This beneficial effect of PLCγ1 inhibition was counteracted by increased chondrocyte apoptosis and necroptosis, increased cell death, and increase levels of ROS, all potentially negative for OA. Combined treatment of IL‐1β + U73122‐treated chondrocytes with inhibitors of apoptosis (Z‐VAD, 10 μm) and necroptosis (Nec‐1, 30 μm) enhanced the increases in levels and expression of Collagen2 and Aggrecan, and prevented the increases in cell death and ROS levels. These results suggest that PLCγ1 inhibition may be a viable approach for an OA therapy, if combined with targeted inhibition of chondrocyte apoptosis and necroptosis.
Biomaterials and 3D Bioprinting Strategies to Model Glioblastoma and the Blood–Brain Barrier
Authors: Tang Min , Rich Jeremy N. , Chen Shaochen
Published: December 2020

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most prevalent and lethal adult primary central nervous system cancer. An immunosuppresive and highly heterogeneous tumor microenvironment, restricted delivery of chemotherapy or immunotherapy through the blood–brain barrier (BBB), together with the brain's unique biochemical and anatomical features result in its universal recurrence and poor prognosis. As conventional models fail to predict therapeutic efficacy in GBM, in vitro 3D models of GBM and BBB leveraging patient‐ or healthy‐individual‐derived cells and biomaterials through 3D bioprinting technologies potentially mimic essential physiological and pathological features of GBM and BBB. 3D‐bioprinted constructs enable investigation of cellular and cell–extracellular matrix interactions in a species‐matched, high‐throughput, and reproducible manner, serving as screening or drug delivery platforms. Here, an overview of current 3D‐bioprinted GBM and BBB models is provided, elaborating on the microenvironmental compositions of GBM and BBB, relevant biomaterials to mimic the native tissues, and bioprinting strategies to implement the model fabrication. Collectively, 3D‐bioprinted GBM and BBB models are promising systems and biomimetic alternatives to traditional models for more reliable mechanistic studies and preclinical drug screenings that may eventually accelerate the drug development process for GBM.
Two‐dimensional Fe2O3/TiO2 Composite Nanoplates with Improved Lithium Storage Properties as Anodic Materials for Lithium‐Ion Full Cells
Authors: Qu Dongyang , Sun Zhonghui , Gan Shiyu , Gao Lifang , Song Zhongqian , Kong Huijun , Xu Jianan , Dong Xiandui , Niu Li
Published: December 2020

The rapid capacity decay is one of the challenges for the anodes of metal oxides‐based lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, we report a characteristic nanoplate‐structured metal oxide anode consisting of hexagonal Fe2O3 and TiO2 (denoted as Fe2O3/TiO2) via a facile hydrothermal strategy. Owing to two‐dimensional (2D) structured and stable TiO2 modifier, Fe2O3/TiO2 composite demonstrates significantly improved electrochemical LIBs performances. The Fe2O3/TiO2 composite material buffers the volume expansion of Fe2O3 and improves the rate capability and cycling performances. Upon 1000 long‐term cycles, the anode electrode delivers high discharge capacity of 1056 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1. The full cell that is composed of Fe2O3/TiO2 as the anode and commercial LiFePO4 as the cathode delivers superior rate capacity (84 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1) and stable cycle capacity (132 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 after 150 cycles). This 2D composite nanostructure offers an approach to improve the metal oxide‐based anodes of LIBs.
Integrated Plan of Modernization
Authors: Hu Angang , Yan Yilong , Tang Xiao , Liu Shenglong
Published: December 2020

We will promote economic construction, political construction, cultural construction, social construction, and ecological civilization in all areas, promote coordinated modernization in all respects and processes, and build a beautiful China.
Conclusion: The Mission of the Communist Party of China
Authors: Hu Angang , Yan Yilong , Tang Xiao , Liu Shenglong
Published: December 2020

In 1962, Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out that “it took Western countries more than three hundred years to develop a great capitalist economy.”
RG and logarithmic CFT multicritical properties of randomly diluted Ising models
Authors: Zinati R. Ben Alì , Zanusso O.
Published: December 2020

Abstract

We discuss how a spin system, which is subject to quenched disorder, might exhibit multicritical behaviors at criticality if the distribution of the impurities is arbitrary. In order to provide realistic candidates for such multicritical behaviors, we discuss several generalizations of the standard randomly diluted Ising’s universality class adopting the ϵ-expansion close to several upper critical dimensions. In the presentation, we spend a special effort in bridging between CFT and RG results and discuss in detail the computation of quantities, which are of prominent interest in the case of logarithmic CFT.
PineAPPL: combining EW and QCD corrections for fast evaluation of LHC processes
Authors: Carrazza S. , Nocera E. R. , Schwan C. , Zaro M.
Published: December 2020

Abstract

We introduce PineAPPL, a library that produces fast-interpolation grids of physical cross sections, computed with a general-purpose Monte Carlo generator, accurate to fixed order in the strong, electroweak, and combined strong-electroweak couplings. We demonstrate this unique ability, that distinguishes PineAPPL from similar software available in the literature, by interfacing it to MadGraph5_aMC@NLO. We compute fast-interpolation grids, accurate to next-to-leading order in the strong and electroweak couplings, for a representative set of LHC processes for which EW corrections may have a sizeable effect on the accuracy of the corresponding theoretical predictions. We formulate a recommendation on the format of the experimental deliverables in order to consistently compare them with computations that incorporate EW corrections, and specifically to determine parton distribution functions to the same accuracy.
Umweltfürsorge im Krankenhaus: Hygienische Sauberkeit und die feminisierte Arbeit an der Atmosphäre
Authors: von Bose Käthe
Published: December 2020

Den Boden putzen, das Bett abziehen, einen Blumenstrauß arrangieren – Bemühungen um Sauberkeit sowie eine angenehme Raumatmosphäre obliegen im Krankenhaus meist weiblichen* Pflegerinnen, Reinigungskräften und Hauswirtschafterinnen. Im Klinikalltag vermischen sich Anforderungen an hygienische Sauberkeit unter Prozessen der Ökonomisierung mit Logiken des Marketings sowie mit affektiv-emotionalen Bedürfnissen der Akteur_innen dieser Räume. Obwohl die Maßstäbe klinischer Hygiene auf medizinischem Wissen basieren, sind die Arbeitsteilung sowie Ansprüche an Sauberkeit auf verschiedenen Hierarchieebenen zugleich von vergeschlechtlichten und teils rassifizierten Vorstellungen durchdrungen, die über den klinischen Kontext hinausweisen. Dies legt schon eine Beschäftigung mit der Geschichte der Bakteriologie nahe: Die Logik und Sprache der Infektionsabwehr ist in Wissenschaft und Alltag auch verwoben mit sozialen Differenzmarkierungen.

Unter Rückgriff auf die Ergebnisse einer Ethnografie zu Sauberkeit und Reinigungsarbeiten im Krankenhaus, die wissensgeschichtlich fundiert werden, wird in dem Beitrag die Frage nach der (feminisierten) Sorge für die Umwelt mit der Frage nach der Atmosphäre klinischer Räume verknüpft. Auf welche Weise und mit welchen Effekten verschränken sich wissenschaftlich-medizinisches Hygienewissen mit einem alltäglichen, jedoch historisierbaren Wissen über schöne und angenehme Sauberkeit, das immer noch weiblich konnotiert ist?
The immunomodulatory potential of the arylmethylaminosteroid sc1o
Authors: Blum Leonard , Ulshöfer Thomas , Henke Marina , Krieg Reimar , Berneburg Isabell , Geisslinger Gerd , Becker Katja , Parnham Michael J. , Schiffmann Susanne
Published: December 2020

Developing resistance mechanisms of pathogens against established and frequently used drugs are a growing global health problem. Besides the development of novel drug candidates per se, new approaches to counteract resistance mechanisms are needed. Drug candidates that not only target the pathogens directly but also modify the host immune system might boost anti-parasitic defence and facilitate clearance of pathogens. In this study, we investigated whether the novel anti-parasitic steroid compound 1o (sc1o), effective against the parasites Plasmodium falciparum and Schistosoma mansoni, might exhibit immunomodulatory properties. Our results reveal that 50 μM sc1o amplified the inflammatory potential of M1 macrophages and shifted M2 macrophages in a pro-inflammatory direction. Since M1 macrophages used predominantly glycolysis as an energy source, it is noteworthy that sc1o increased glycolysis and decreased oxidative phosphorylation in M2 macrophages. The effect of sc1o on the differentiation and activation of dendritic cells was ambiguous, since both pro- and anti-inflammatory markers were regulated. In conclusion, sc1o has several immunomodulatory effects that could possibly assist the immune system by counteracting the anti-inflammatory immune escape strategy of the parasite P. falciparum or by increasing pro-inflammatory mechanisms against pathogens, albeit at a higher concentration than that required for the anti-parasitic effect.

Key messages

• The anti-parasitic steroid compound 1o (sc1o) can modulate human immune cells.

• Sc1o amplified the potential of M1 macrophages.

• Sc1o shifts M2 macrophages to a M1 phenotype.

• Dendritic cell differentiation and activation was ambiguously modulated.

• Administration of sc1o could possibly assist the anti-parasitic defence.
Mesenchymal stromal cells and platelet-rich plasma promote tendon allograft healing in ovine anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
Authors: Hexter Adam T. , Sanghani-Kerai Anita , Heidari Nima , Kalaskar Deepak M. , Boyd Ashleigh , Pendegrass Catherine , Rodeo Scott A. , Haddad Fares S. , Blunn Gordon W.
Published: December 2020

Purpose

The effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on tendon allograft maturation in a large animal anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction model was reported for the first time. It was hypothesised that compared with non-augmented ACL reconstruction, BMSCs and PRP would enhance graft maturation after 12 weeks and this would be detected using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Methods

Fifteen sheep underwent unilateral tendon allograft ACL reconstruction using aperture fixation and were randomised into three groups (n = 5). Group 1 received 10 million allogeneic BMSCs in 2 ml fibrin sealant; Group 2 received 12 ml PRP in a plasma clot injected into the graft and bone tunnels; and Group 3 (control) received no adjunctive treatment. At autopsy at 12 weeks, a graft maturation score was determined by the sum for graft integrity, synovial coverage and vascularisation, graft thickness and apparent tension, and synovial sealing at tunnel apertures. MRI analysis (n = 2 animals per group) of the signal–noise quotient (SNQ) and fibrous interzone (FIZ) was used to evaluate intra-articular graft maturation and tendon–bone healing, respectively. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (r) of SNQ, autopsy graft maturation score and bone tunnel diameter were analysed.

Results

The BMSC group (p = 0.01) and PRP group (p = 0.03) had a significantly higher graft maturation score compared with the control group. The BMSC group scored significantly higher for synovial sealing at tunnel apertures (p = 0.03) compared with the control group. The graft maturation score at autopsy significantly correlated with the SNQ (r = − 0.83, p < 0.01). The tunnel diameter of the femoral tunnel at the aperture (r = 0.883, p = 0.03) and mid-portion (r = 0.941, p = 0.02) positively correlated with the SNQ.

Conclusions

BMSCs and PRP significantly enhanced graft maturation, which indicates that orthobiologics can accelerate the biologic events in tendon allograft incorporation. Femoral tunnel expansion significantly correlated with inferior maturation of the intra-articular graft. The clinical relevance of this study is that BMSCs and PRP enhance allograft healing in a translational model, and biological modulation of graft healing can be evaluated non-invasively using MRI.
The spectral decomposition of $$|\theta |^2$$
Authors: Nelson Paul D.
Published: December 2020

Let$$\theta $$θbe an elementary theta function, such as the classical Jacobi theta function. We establish a spectral decomposition and surprisingly strong asymptotic formulas for$$\langle |\theta |^2, \varphi \rangle $$⟨|θ|2,φ⟩as$$\varphi $$φtraverses a sequence of Hecke-translates of a nice enough fixed function. The subtlety is that typically$$|\theta |^2 \notin L^2$$|θ|2∉L2. Applications to the subconvexity, quantum variance and 4-norm problems are indicated.
Time-resolved temperature and velocity field measurements in gas turbine film cooling flows with mainstream turbulence
Authors: Straußwald Michael , Abram Christopher , Sander Tobias , Beyrau Frank , Pfitzner Michael
Published: December 2020

Gas turbine film cooling strategies must provide adequate cooling performance under high levels of mainstream turbulence. Detailed information about the structure, dynamics and transport of the cooling films is needed to understand the flow physics and develop suitable numerical simulation tools. Here, we study film cooling flows in a wind tunnel with mainstream turbulence generated by an active turbulence grid. Gas temperature and velocity fields are measured using a laser-imaging method based on thermographic phosphor tracer particles. By replacing the previously used tracer BaMgAl10O17:Eu2+with ZnO, significant gains in accuracy and precision could be achieved. The increased sensitivity (~ 1%/K) of ZnO led to a threefold improvement in the single-shot, single-pixel temperature precision to ± 5 K. The smaller particle size (dp,v ~ 600 nm) and agglomerated nanoparticle structure also reduced the tracing response time to ~ 5 µs allowing accurate tracking of turbulent fluctuations approaching 10 kHz. Moreover, no uncertainty arising from multiple scattering effects were observed using ZnO particles in this enclosed wind tunnel geometry at an estimated average seeding density of 2 × 1011particles/m3. Time-average, fluctuation and single-shot temperature–velocity fields are presented for two mainstream turbulence levels ($$\overline{u}^{\prime}$$u¯′/$${\overline{u}}_{\mathrm{m}}$$u¯m= 7% and 14%) and two momentum ratios (IR = 4.7 and 9.3) at a fixed density ratio of 1.55. These flow conditions produce a cooling jet which is detached from the surface. High main flow turbulence causes faster mixing with the surrounding hot gas, increasing the wall-normal spreading of the cooling jet. The instantaneous flow fields show that mainstream turbulence has a significant effect on the shear layer velocity fluctuations and consequently on the streamwise and wall-normal turbulent heat flux, which is derived from the simultaneously acquired temperature–velocity data. We found that high mainstream turbulence reduces the heat flux away from the wall, suggesting that mainstream turbulence can act to diminish cooling performance. Sets of instantaneous measurements recorded at a 6 kHz repetition rate also reveal the dynamic interactions between the main flow turbulence and the cooling jet. These findings and the recorded data can be used to advance turbulence modelling for numerical simulations.

Graphic abstract
Penetrating eye injury by dart
Authors: Germerott Tanja , Mann N. , Axmann S.
Published: December 2020

Darts are constantly gaining in popularity. However, their risk of injury is often underestimated. This report is about a juvenile who suffered from a severe eye injury including the opening of the eye bulb. The attending ophthalmologists ruled out the possibility that this kind of injury could be caused by a dart with a plastic point. However, by reconstructing the course of action and throwing darts at porcine eyes, the forensic medical advisory opinion was able to state that darts with damaged plastic points may cause the exact same form of injury. This casuistic illustrates the essential significance of forensic-traumatological knowledge and, especially in the case of rare injury patterns, case-related practical experiments.
Warm-Air Advection Over Melting Sea-Ice: A Lagrangian Case Study
Authors: You Cheng , Tjernström Michael , Devasthale Abhay
Published: December 2020

Observations from the 2014 Arctic Clouds in Summer Experiment indicate that, in summer, warm-air advection over melting sea-ice results in a strong surface melting feedback forced by a very strong surface-based temperature inversion and fog formation exerting additional heat flux on the surface. Here, we analyze this case further using a combination of reanalysis dataset and satellite products in a Lagrangian framework, thereby extending the view spatially from the local icebreaker observations into a Langrangian perspective. The results confirm that warm-air advection induces a positive net surface-energy-budget anomaly, exerting positive longwave radiation and turbulent heat flux on the surface. Additionally, as warm and moist air penetrates farther into the Arctic, cloud-top cooling and surface mixing eventually erode the surface inversion downstream. The initial surface inversion splits into two elevated inversions while the air columns below the elevated inversions transform into well-mixed layers.
Physical activity and the risk of heart failure: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of prospective studies
Authors: Aune Dagfinn , Schlesinger Sabrina , Leitzmann Michael F. , Tonstad Serena , Norat Teresa , Riboli Elio , Vatten Lars J.
Published: December 2020

Although physical activity is an established protective factor for cardiovascular diseases such as ischemic heart disease and stroke, less is known with regard to the association between specific domains of physical activity and heart failure, as well as the association between cardiorespiratory fitness and heart failure. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies to clarify the relations of total physical activity, domains of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness to risk of heart failure. PubMed and Embase databases were searched up to January 14th, 2020. Summary relative risks (RRs) were calculated using random effects models. Twenty-nine prospective studies (36 publications) were included in the review. The summary RRs for high versus low levels were 0.77 (95% CI 0.70–0.85, I2 = 49%, n = 7) for total physical activity, 0.74 (95% CI 0.68–0.81, I2 = 88.1%, n = 16) for leisure-time activity, 0.66 (95% CI 0.59–0.74, I2 = 0%, n = 2) for vigorous activity, 0.81 (95% CI 0.69–0.94, I2 = 86%, n = 3) for walking and bicycling combined, 0.90 (95% CI 0.86–0.95, I2 = 0%, n = 3) for occupational activity, and 0.31 (95% CI 0.19–0.49, I2 = 96%, n = 6) for cardiorespiratory fitness. In dose–response analyses, the summary RRs were 0.89 (95% CI 0.83–0.95, I2 = 67%, n = 4) per 20 MET-hours per day of total activity and 0.71 (95% CI 0.65–0.78, I2 = 85%, n = 11) per 20 MET-hours per week of leisure-time activity. Nonlinear associations were observed in both analyses with a flattening of the dose–response curve at 15–20 MET-hours/week for leisure-time activity. These findings suggest that high levels of total physical activity, leisure-time activity, vigorous activity, occupational activity, walking and bicycling combined and cardiorespiratory fitness are associated with reduced risk of developing heart failure.
Recommender systems in the healthcare domain: state-of-the-art and research issues
Authors: Tran Thi Ngoc Trang , Felfernig Alexander , Trattner Christoph , Holzinger Andreas
Published: December 2020

Nowadays, a vast amount of clinical data scattered across different sites on the Internet hinders users from finding helpful information for their well-being improvement. Besides, the overload of medical information (e.g., on drugs, medical tests, and treatment suggestions) have brought many difficulties to medical professionals in making patient-oriented decisions. These issues raise the need to apply recommender systems in the healthcare domain to help both, end-users and medical professionals, make more efficient and accurate health-related decisions. In this article, we provide a systematic overview of existing research on healthcare recommender systems. Different from existing related overview papers, our article provides insights into recommendation scenarios and recommendation approaches. Examples thereof are food recommendation, drug recommendation, health status prediction, healthcare service recommendation, and healthcare professional recommendation. Additionally, we develop working examples to give a deep understanding of recommendation algorithms. Finally, we discuss challenges concerning the development of healthcare recommender systems in the future.
Forecasting the future of library and information science and its sub-fields
Authors: Taşkın Zehra
Published: December 2020

Forecasting is one of the methods applied in many studies in the library and information science (LIS) field for numerous purposes, from making predictions of the next Nobel laureates to potential technological developments. This study sought to draw a picture for the future of the LIS field and its sub-fields by analysing 97 years of publication and citation patterns. The core Web of Science indexes were used as the data source, and 123,742 articles were examined in-depth for time series analysis. The social network analysis method was used for sub-field classification. The field was divided into four sub-fields: (1) librarianship and law librarianship, (2) health information in LIS, (3) scientometrics and information retrieval and (4) management and information systems. The results of the study show that the LIS sub-fields are completely different from each other in terms of their publication and citation patterns, and all the sub-fields have different dynamics. Furthermore, the number of publications, references and citations will increase significantly in the future. It is expected that more scholars will work together. The future subjects of the LIS field show astonishing diversity from fake news to predatory journals, open government, e-learning and electronic health records. However, the findings prove that publish or perish culture will shape the field. Therefore, it is important to go beyond numbers. It can only be achieved by understanding publication and citation patterns of the field and developing research policies accordingly.
Citation inequality and the Journal Impact Factor: median, mean, (does it) matter?
Authors: Kiesslich Tobias , Beyreis Marlena , Zimmermann Georg , Traweger Andreas
Published: December 2020

Skewed citation distribution is a major limitation of the Journal Impact Factor (JIF) representing an outlier-sensitive mean citation value per journal The present study focuses primarily on this phenomenon in the medical literature by investigating a total ofn = 982 journals from two medical categories of the Journal Citation Report (JCR). In addition, the three highest-ranking journals from each JCR category were included in order to extend the analyses to non-medical journals. For the journals in these cohorts, the citation data (2018) of articles published in 2016 and 2017 classified as citable items (CI) were analysed using various descriptive approaches including e.g. the skewness, the Gini coefficient, and, the percentage of CI contributing 50% or 90% of the journal’s citations. All of these measures clearly indicated an unequal, skewed distribution with highly-cited articles as outliers. The %CI contributing 50% or 90% of the journal’s citations was in agreement with previously published studies with median values of 13–18% CI or 44–60% CI generating 50 or 90% of the journal’s citations, respectively. Replacing the mean citation values (corresponding to the JIF) with the median to represent the central tendency of the citation distributions resulted in markedly lower numerical values ranging from − 30 to − 50%. Up to 39% of journals showed a median citation number of zero in one medical journal category. For the two medical cohorts, median-based journal ranking was similar to mean-based ranking although the number of possible rank positions was reduced to 13. Correlation of mean citations with the measures of citation inequality indicated that the unequal distribution of citations per journal is more prominent and, thus, relevant for journals with lower citation rates. By using various indicators in parallel and the hitherto probably largest journal sample, the present study provides comprehensive up-to-date results on the prevalence, extent and consequences of citation inequality across medical and all-category journals listed in the JCR.
An update on the pathogenesis of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
Authors: Weetman A. P.
Published: December 2020

It is 70 years since Noel Rose embarked on his pioneering studies that lead to the discovery of autoimmune thyroiditis and the elucidation of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. This short review to honour his passing focuses on the developments in our understanding of the causes and pathogenesis of HT over the last five years. Recent genetic studies have reported heritability estimates for HT and associated diseases for the first time, and emphasised the complexity of the genetic factors involved, including monogenic forms of HT. Environmental factors continue to be elucidated, especially as a side effect of drugs which modulate the immune system therapeutically. Regarding pathogenetic mechanisms, multiple cytokine networks have been identified which involve the thyroid cells in a circuit of escalating proinflammatory effects, such as the expression of inflammasome components, and an array of different defects in T regulatory cells may underlie the loss of self-tolerance to thyroid autoantigens. Finally, a number of studies have revealed fresh insights into disease associations with HT which may have both pathological and clinical significance, the most intriguing of which is a possible direct role of the autoimmune process itself in causing some of the persistent symptoms reported by a minority of patients with levothyroxine-treated HT.
Barriers to the delivery of enteral nutrition in pediatric intensive care units
Authors: Alsohime Fahad , Assiry Ghadeer , AlSalman Munirah , Alabdulkareem Wejdan , Almuzini Hissah , Alyahya Malak , Allhidan Reema , Al-Eyadhy Ayman , Temsah Mohamad-Hani , Al Sarkhy Ahmed A.
Published: December 2020

Background and Aim:

According to previously reported studies in the literature, a significant number of patients do not receive enteral nutrition in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) because of avoidable barriers. Optimal nutrition is a fundamental goal in PICU. This study aims to identify the barriers of enteral nutrition in PICU.

Setting and Design:

A cross-sectional study of the results of a 25-item questionnaire-based survey distributed during the Annual International Critical Care Conference by the Saudi Critical Care Society.

Methods and material:

A 7-point Likert-type scale was used to rank the participants' responses, and the relative importance index (RII) approach was used to analyze the relative contribution of each indicator to its main theme.

The factor and parallel analysis methods were used to assess the factorial and unidimensionality of the enteral feeding barriers scale.

Results:

A total of 223 PICU healthcare workers from various intensive care settings responded to the survey. The top-three perceived barriers for commencing enteral feeding were due to the patient being hemodynamically unstable (M = 3.6 and SD = 1.70), delays and difficulties in obtaining small bowel access in patients not tolerating other types of enteral nutrition (M = 3.4 and SD = 1.52), or severe fluid restriction, particularly in postoperative cardiac surgery (M = 3.3 and SD = 1.59). The top perceived overall barriers to enteral feeding were the dietician-related issues (M = 3.3, SD = 1.32), barriers related to enteral feeding delivery (M = 3.16 and SD = 1.13), and medical practice-related (M = 3 and SD = 1.10) issues. The lowest reported overall barriers were the resource-related obstacles (M = 2.7 and SD = 1.26).

Conclusion:

Being hemodynamically unstable and other dietician-related reasons were the top overall barriers in commencing enteral feeding.
Accounting for the Distribution of Benefits and Costs in Benefit–Cost Analysis
Authors: Hammitt James K.
Published: December 2020

Benefit–cost analysis (BCA) is often viewed as measuring the efficiency of a policy independent of the distribution of its consequences. The role of distributional effects on policy choice is disputed; either: (a) the policy that maximizes net benefits should be selected and distributional concerns should be addressed through other measures, such as tax and transfer programs or (b) BCA should be supplemented with distributional analysis and decision-makers should weigh efficiency and distribution in policy choice. The separation of efficiency and distribution is misleading. The measure of efficiency depends on the numéraire chosen for the analysis, whether monetary values or some other good (unless individuals have the same rates of substitution between them). The choice of numéraire is not neutral; it can affect the ranking of policies by calculated net benefits. Alternative evaluation methods, such as BCA using a different numéraire, weighted BCA, or a social welfare function (SWF), may better integrate concerns about distribution and efficiency. The most appropriate numéraire, distributional weights, or SWFs cannot be measured or statistically estimated; it is a normative choice.
Glacier albedo reduction and drought effects in the extratropical Andes, 1986–2020
Authors: Shaw Thomas E. , Ulloa Genesis , Farías-Barahona David , Fernandez Rodrigo , Lattus Jose M. , McPhee James
Published: December 2020

Surface albedo typically dominates the mass balance of mountain glaciers, though long-term trends and patterns of glacier albedo are seldom explored. We calculated broadband shortwave albedo for glaciers in the central Chilean Andes (33–34°S) using end-of-summer Landsat scenes between 1986 and 2020. We found a high inter-annual variability of glacier-wide albedo that is largely a function of the glacier fractional snow-covered area and the total precipitation of the preceding hydrological year (up to 69% of the inter-annual variance explained). Under the 2010–2020 ‘Mega Drought’ period, the mean albedo, regionally averaged ranging from ~0.25–0.5, decreased by −0.05 on average relative to 1986–2009, with the greatest reduction occurring 3500–5000 m a.s.l. In 2020, differences relative to 1986–2009 were −0.14 on average as a result of near-complete absence of late summer snow cover and the driest hydrological year since the Landsat observation period began (~90% reduction of annual precipitation relative to the 1986–2009 period). We found statistically significant, negative trends in glacier ice albedo of up to −0.03 per decade, a trend that would have serious implications for the future water security of the region, because glacier ice melt acts to buffer streamflow shortages under severe drought conditions.
When Does Accommodation Work? Electoral Effects of Mainstream Left Position Taking on Immigration
Authors: Hjorth Frederik , Larsen Martin Vinæs
Published: December 2020

In many countries, right-wing populist parties have gained electoral support by attracting voters from mainstream left parties. This has prompted public and scholarly debate about whether mainstream left parties can regain political power by taking a more restrictive position on immigration, a so-called accommodation strategy. However, selection bias confounds observational estimates of the effectiveness of this strategy. This letter reports the results of a survey experiment conducted among Danish voters during a unique political situation in which the mainstream left party's position on immigration is ambiguous, enabling experimental manipulation of voters' perceptions of the party's position. The authors show that, consistent with spatial models of politics, accommodation attracts anti-immigration voters and repels pro-immigration voters. Because repelled voters defect to other left parties, while attracted voters come from right parties, accommodation increases overall support for parties that support a mainstream left government. The results demonstrate that in some contexts, accommodation can improve the political prospects of the mainstream left.
Integration of resistant variety and biological agent to control tomato leaf miner,Tuta absoluta(Meyrick), under greenhouse conditions
Authors: Saeidi Zarir , Raeesi Mehdi
Published: December 2020

Tuta absoluta(Meyrick) is considered as a major pest of tomato worldwide that causes significant losses in the crop production. This study aimed to evaluate integration of two effective and environmentally safe methods (host plant resistant and biological control) for sustainable management of the pest under greenhouse conditions. The experiment was conducted based on the factorial design with ten replicates under greenhouse conditions (22 ± 3°C, 50 ± 10 RH and 14 L:10 D photoperiod). Infestation toT. absolutawas conducted at the first-flowering stage of the plants by introducing a pair of newly emerged adults (one female and one male) per plant. Ten days later, the biological agent,Trichogramma brassicae, was released on the treatments by hanging a card contained 50 parasitized eggs in each replicate. Observation was performed weekly on ratio of infested leaves per plant (%), number of larvae/plant, number of mines/leaf and ratio of infested fruits/plant (%). Results indicated that the susceptible variety alone (Izmir) supported the highest ratio of infested leaves (42.92 ± 1.95%), number of larvae/plant (12.86 ± 0.71), number of mines/leaf (1.29 ± 0.07) and infested fruits/plant (18.8 ± 1.10%), whereas the lowest (6.12 ± 0.42%, 1.85 ± 0.13, 0.18 ± 0.02 and 0.12 ± 0.06%, respectively) were observed in combined resistant variety (Cherry) and parasitoid released treatment. Integration of these methods not only decreases damage caused on tomato leaflets and fruits, but also reduces insecticide applications which are adversely impact human health and environment.
Inhibitory neurotransmission drives endocannabinoid degradation to promote memory consolidation
Authors: Dubois Christophe J. , Fawcett-Patel Jessica , Katzman Paul A. , Liu Siqiong June
Published: December 2020

Endocannabinoids retrogradely regulate synaptic transmission and their abundance is controlled by the fine balance between endocannabinoid synthesis and degradation. While the common assumption is that “on-demand” release determines endocannabinoid signaling, their rapid degradation is expected to control the temporal profile of endocannabinoid action and may impact neuronal signaling. Here we show that memory formation through fear conditioning selectively accelerates the degradation of endocannabinoids in the cerebellum. Learning induced a lasting increase in GABA release and this was responsible for driving the change in endocannabinoid degradation. Conversely, Gq-DREADD activation of cerebellar Purkinje cells enhanced endocannabinoid signaling and impaired memory consolidation. Our findings identify a previously unappreciated reciprocal interaction between GABA and the endocannabinoid system in which GABA signaling accelerates endocannabinoid degradation, and triggers a form of learning-induced metaplasticity.