bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detecting, monitoring and modeling volcanic clouds with EarthObservation (EO) satellites data: a systematic review
Authors: Mota Rui , Gil Artur , Pacheco José
Published: February 2023

Volcanic clouds are a major hazard to air traffic, public health, infrastructure, and economic sectors. Therefore, monitoring and tracking volcanic clouds and determining eruptive source parameters (e.g., erupted volume, plume height, mass eruption rate) is crucial to characterizing eruption dynamics and assessing associated natural hazards.A literature review is proposed in this study to understand better how Earth Observation (EO) satellite sensors are used to monitor, track, and model ash and SO2 during volcanic eruptions, ranging from optical (multispectral, hyperspectral, and LiDAR) to radar and thermal data. This review seeks to characterize the different sensors algorithms and models, their accuracy, advantages, and limitations. A systematic literature review was carried out to accomplish this goal utilizing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) standard. To the best of the author'sknowledge, it is the first systematic literature review fully dedicated to satellite Remote Sensing-based approaches (RS) to monitor, track and model volcanic cloud monitoring, prediction, and forecasting methods.The review was performed on academic papers on the Web of Science to find relevant scientific publications on volcanic cloud monitoring, published from January 1 st , 2010, to September 30 th , 2022. The search parameters used were keywords chosen based on the review topic. They were combined as follows: "Volcanic cloud" OR "Volcanic plume" OR "Volcanic Column" AND "Ash plume" OR "Ash cloud" OR "plume" AND "Remote Sensing" OR "Satellite" AND "Monitoring" AND "Eruptive Source Parameters" OR "SO2 mass Flux" OR "SO2 Flux". From this search, 84 papers were chosen, the selection was based on the use of satellites to detect and monitor volcanic clouds, model and forecast, and combining both approaches in order to estimate the eruptive source parameters. This work assesses the state of the art in satellite remote sensing across the globe to identify and comprehend the major gaps, constraints, and prospective advancements in the sensors, algorithms, and models.
On seasonal to secular M2 variability in the Gulf of Maine
Authors: Schindelegger Michael
Published: February 2023

The lunar semidiurnal (M2) tide of the Gulf of Maine and Bay of Fundy is remarkable not only for its large amplitude but also for its spatially coherent temporal changes of ∼1–3 cm on secular to seasonal time scales. Previous work suggests a role for ocean stratification in causing the tide's seasonal modulation, while the forcing factors for lower-frequency M2 variability are yet unknown. Here I show, using a regional baroclinic modeling framework, that changes in ocean stratification also matter on interannual time scales and account for ∼40% of the observed M2 changes at tide gauges from 1994 to 2019. Masking experiments and energy diagnoses reveal that the modeled variability is primarily driven by fluctuations in barotropic-to-baroclinic energy conversion on the continental slope south of the gulf's mouth, with a ∼7% (0.30 GW) drop in the area-integrated conversion rate inducing a 1-cm amplitude increase along the Massachusetts coast. Evidence is given for the same process to have caused the near-monotonic M2 amplitude decrease throughout the 1980s, as slope waters warmed due to a northerly shift of the Gulf Stream. I present results from model-based M2 projections for the end of the 21st century and highlight possibly competing roles of stratification changes and sea level rise in driving the tide's response to future climate change.
Deep roots versus pumps: comparison of deep nutrient removal in dry tropical eco- and agrosystems (ANR project Nutrilift)
Authors: Riotte Jean ,   Nutrilift team
Published: February 2023

Processes linking lower and upper parts of the Critical Zone (CZ) are crucial for sustaining life on continents and ecosystem services provided by eco- or agro-systems. Rock weathering at depth is expected to be an essential source of nutrients and deep-rooted trees are believed to induce water and nutrient ‘lift’, benefiting the whole community. However, quantifying this nutrient lift remains a challenge linked on the one hand to the hidden nature of the roots and on the other hand to the complexity of the rhizosphere dynamics. The Nutrilift project aims at quantifying the role of deep critical zone in the supply of nutrients to eco- and agrosystems, based on the hypothesis that while in natural forests, deep-rooted species can derive part of their nutrient resources from increased mineral weathering at depth, the relative importance of this process in shallow-rooted agrosystems is much less - and agroforestry systems represent an intermediate situation. Conducted within the framework of the Indo-French Cell for Water Sciences (IRD - CNRS - INRAE - UPS - Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India), the project is based on long-term monitoring in the Mule Hole (diversified forest) and Berambadi (irrigated agriculture and agroforestry) watersheds of the M-TROPICS Observatory in Peninsular India. For this purpose, we study the vertical evolution of soil properties and associated pedological processes as a function of plant cover/land-use. Weathering processes and/or plant uptake will be studied in the vicinity of the roots using micro-characterization techniques, which will allow to calibrate combined hydro-geochemical models. The deep contribution to the nutrient budgets of each site will be quantified by intra-plant isotopic balances as well as by the identification of specific geochemical signatures to the deep contribution of the critical zone. An originality of the project is the observation of the deep critical zone (up to 10m) via instrumented pits with continuous pCO2 and moisture measurements, scanners (root dynamics) imaging and pore water collection. The effects of future changes -associated with climate and land uses- on the dynamics of the deep critical zone will be explored from scenarios co-constructed with local stakeholders.
A study of T- matrix optical scattering modelling for mixed phase Polar Stratospheric Clouds
Authors: Cairo Francesco , Deshler Terry , Di Liberto Luca , Scoccione Andrea , Snels Marcel
Published: February 2023

Scattering codes are used to study the optical properties of Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSC). Particle backscattering and depolarization coefficients can be computed with available scattering codes once the particle size distribution (PSD) is known and a suitable refractive index is assumed. However, PSCs often appear as external mixtures of Supercooled Ternary Solution (STS) droplets, solid Nitric Acid Trihydrate (NAT) and possibly ice particles, making questionable the assumption of a single refractive index and a single morphology to model the scatterers.Here we consider a set of fifteen coincident measurements of PSCs above McMurdo Station, Antarctica, by ground-based lidar and balloon-borne Optical Particle Counter (OPC), and in situ observations taken by a laser backscattersonde and OPC during four balloon stratospheric flights from Kiruna, Sweden. This unique dataset of microphysical and optical observations allows to test the performances of optical scattering models when both spherical and aspherical scatterers of different composition and, possibly, shapes are present.We consider particles as STS if their radius is below a certain threshold value Rth and NAT or possibly ice if above it. The refractive indices are assumed known from the literature. Mie scattering is used for the STS, assumed spherical, while scattering from NAT particles, considered as spheroids of different Aspect Ratio (AR), is treated with T-Matrix results where applicable, and of geometric-optics-integral-equation approach where the particle size parameter is too large to allow for a convergence of the T-matrix method.The parameters Rth and AR of our model have been varied between 0.1 and 2 micrometers and between 0.3 and 3, respectively, and the calculated backscattering coefficient and depolarization were compared with the observed ones. The best agreement was found for Rth between 0.5 and 0.8 micrometers, and for AR less than 0.55 and greater than 1.5.To further constrain the variability of AR within the identified intervals we have sought an agreement with the experimental data by varying AR on a case-by-case basis, and further optimizing the agreement by a proper choice of AR smaller than 0.55 and greater than 1.5, and Rth within the interval 0.5 and 0.8 micrometers. The ARs identified in this way cluster around the values 0.5 and 2.5.The comparison of the calculations with the measurements is presented and discussed. The results of this work help to set limits to the variability of the dimensions and asphericity of PSC solid particles, within the limits of applicability of our model based on the T-matrix theory of scattering and on assumptions on a common particle shape in a PSD and a common threshold radius for all the PSDs. 
The urgency for (re)insurance probabilistic (CAT) models to capture the dynamics of an increasingly interconnected world
Authors: Willis Iain , Papaspiliou Myrto
Published: February 2023

Societal resilience is built upon effective risk transfer strategies. For most developed countries in the world, insurance and reinsurance continues to be the most effective method of sharing this burden and reducing the need for state intervention. However, it’s becoming increasingly clear that the probabilistic (CAT) models used to price natural hazard risk are struggling to capture the increasingly dynamic changes of the climate and our level of interconnection.The Gallagher Research Centre (GRC) was established recently to support reinsurance stakeholders navigate an increasingly complex risk management landscape. Though probabilistic and deterministic natural catastrophe models were first pioneered in the early 1960’s (Friedman, 1984) it wasn’t until the 1990’s, and the combined losses from Hurricane Andrew ($27.3 billion USD) and the Northridge Earthquake ($25 billion USD) that such models began to be fully embraced by the mainstream reinsurance industry (Reinsurance News, 2023).While significant and continued progress has been made in the precision and scalability of these models in the last 30 years, climate change and an increasingly globalized world mean the relative impacts of natural hazards are becoming far more complex and diverse than most models successfully capture. This leads to an increasing basis risk and potentially less utility of the models. This session will outline the growing research concerns of focus for the GRC, including how can stochastic models built around historical periods truly capture the non-stationarity of risk we see occurring for wind and flood perils? Should models capture the seasonal dependencies between perils to more accurately price aggregate insurance risk? Should future model development focus on the compounded scenarios?   Friedman, D. G. (1984). Natural hazard risk assessment for an insurance program. Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance, 57-128.Reinsurance News (2023). Last accessed 10/01/2023. https://www.reinsurancene.ws/insurance-industry-losses-events-data/
First results of a field campaign focused on overwintering zombie fires
Authors: Hessilt Thomas D. , Veraverbeke Sander , Ogden Emily , Paul Jason , Turetsky Merritt , van Gerrevink Max , Alfaro-Sanchez Raquel , Melnik Oleg , Scholten Rebecca C. , Baltzer Jennifer
Published: February 2023

Fire is a major disturbance in the boreal forests of the high northern latitude. Fire extent and severity have been increasing in recent decades, and the occurrence of overwintering ‘zombie’ fires has been linked to recent fire extremes. Overwintering fires are fires which were seemingly extinguished at the end of the boreal fire season yet smolder during winter to re-emerge as a flaming fire in the subsequent spring. So far, overwintering fires have only been investigated using satellite imagery. Here, for the first time, we show preliminary results from a field campaign that measured in situ impacts of fires that overwintered from 2014 to 2015 in the Canadian Northwest Territories. We measured among other the burn depth in organic soils, and characterized micro-topography. We also qualitatively assessed how fires may have overwintered. We compared nine overwintering fire sites, which burned during both 2014 and 2015, with six sites that only burned in 2014 and five nearby unburned sites. The average burn depth (±SD) of the overwintering fires was 6.8 ± 1.6 cm and significantly deeper compared to 6.1 ± 1.2 cm in the single fire sites (P < 0.01). Somewhat surprisingly, the majority of overwintering fires occurred in mesic sites with large productive trees. Only two overwintering sites were sampled in mesic-subhygric to subhygric sites dominated by black spruce (Picea mariana). The unburned control sites often featured a micro-topography of hummocks and hollows. This micro-topography was leveled in overwintering fires sites because of severe burning in organic soils. In overwintering sites, most of the organic layer was consumed. This may have led to prolonged smoldering in the root systems of trees. Our results are the first to quantify the burn depth of overwintering fires, and also show that overwintering does not only happen through deep smoldering in organic soils, yet can also occur from smoldering in tree boles and root systems of burned and fallen trees.
Brewer Dobson Circulation trends from Age of Air in models
Authors: Rivoire Louis , Linz Marianna , Li Jingyuan , Abalos Marta
Published: February 2023

Given the couplings between the circulation of the stratosphere and its composition, tracking the evolution of both is crucial. At present however, much remains to be learned about long term trends in the composition of the stratosphere, and there is still little to no agreement between the modeled trends in the Brewer Dobson Circulation and their observational counterparts; while models indicate that the BDC is accelerating at a pace of 2-3 %/decade, observational estimates suggest that the BDC is slowing down. These shortcomings are attributable in part to the relatively short length of the historical record and in part to difficulty characterizing the BDC using observations.To alleviate these shortcomings, we propose to re-visit historical and projected BDC trends using the metric time of emergence (ToE), defined as the length of record needed to separate long-term trends from internal variability with a chosen degree of statistical confidence. We use ToE as it enables the evaluation of current observational capabilities for the detection and validation of BDC trends predicted by models. ToE also provides tangible motivation for the continued monitoring of the composition of the stratosphere by space borne platforms, a topic recently brought to light by the planned decommissioning of the Aura satellite in the absence of a follow-up flight mission.ToE is calculated using two methods, for which results are compared: a) classic bootstrapping based on a reference CMIP6 run (a pre-industrial run, or a run with fixed contemporary greenhouse gas concentrations), and b) an analytical method published by Li et al. (2017) that does not require a very long reference run. We focus the analysis on a comparison of ToE for trends in a) the diabatic circulation, taken as reference for the “true” BDC, and b) the BDC metric based on age of air developed by Linz et al. (2016), used as a proxy for observational trend estimates. The results shed light on how internal variability shapes our understanding of long term trends, and provide minimum requirements for the robust detection of trends in the BDC using observations. Li, J., Thompson, D.W., Barnes, E.A. and Solomon, S., 2017. Quantifying the lead time required for a linear trend to emerge from natural climate variability. J. of Climate.Linz, M., Plumb, R.A., Gerber, E.P. and Sheshadri, A., 2016. The relationship between age of air and the diabatic circulation of the stratosphere. JAS.
Next Steps for Earth Science Contributions to Community Resilience
Authors: Modekurty Sruti , Virapongse Arika , Gupta Rupanwita , Robbins Zachary J. , Blythe Jonathan , Duerr Ruth E.
Published: February 2023

Community resilience increases a place-based community’s capacity to respond and adapt to life-changing environmental dynamics like climate change and natural disasters. Timely access to environmental data is an important factor for community resilience. Most Earth science information is created for a particular science community for a specific scientific purpose, without much thought to who else could benefit from it and how they might use it. New approaches are needed to facilitate better data production and integration for community use.In this session, we present the findings of a paper published by ESIP’s (Earth Science Information Partners) Community Resilience Cluster. As a convening space for over 150 member organizations across different sectors, ESIP’s biannual meetings, conference calls, and topic-driven clusters provided the infrastructure and expertise to support the Community Resilience cluster’s examination of the role of Earth science data for community resilience. This presentation highlights the challenges communities face when applying Earth science data to their efforts:• Inequity in the scientific process,• Gaps in data ethics and governance,• A mismatch of scale and focus, and• Lack of actionable information for communities.Recommendations are made as starting points to address the challenges, along with examples of good practices from across the Earth science community. Given ESIP’s data stewardship efforts with large organizations and across domains, the recommendations are applicable at scale. We offer actionable steps for the Earth science community to help them produce data to better support community resilience.
Are Southeast Asian lakes impacted by changes in climate and land-use? A historical and future scenario analysis.
Authors: Virdis Salvatore G.P. , Kongwarakom Siwat , Shrestha Sangam , Neng Liew Ju , Padedda Bachisio M. , Phoesri Tatsaneewan , Moe Aung Chit
Published: February 2023

Southeast Asian lakes provide several ecosystem services and are an important natural resource for water supplies, industry, agriculture, shipping, fishing, and recreation. It has been demonstrated that they are highly vulnerable to anthropogenic and climate threats. Recent scientific findings clearly demonstrated that climate change has already significantly affected the SEA region and that these impacts will continue and expand as the pace of climate change accelerates. However, a deep understanding of "if" and "how" climate change as well as intensification of land uses may exacerbate those impacts on such vulnerable ecosystems across the whole region is lacking.To contribute towards filling some of the existing knowledge gaps, in a renowned data scarce region, we present the results of a 3-year-long interdisciplinary research project entitled Climate Change Risk Assessment for Southeast Asian Lakes (CCRASEAL), led by the Asian Institute of Technology and funded by the Asia Pacific Network for Global Research (APN).We present new insights on: i) historical, remote sensing derived, yearly land use changes from 1992 to 2021 estimated at basin scale across whole mainland SEA; ii) historical and future changes in climate respectively for the periods 1970-2006 and 2007-2100 using different downscaled CORDEX-SEA climate data at lake level; iii) detected and assessed climate and land use long-term trends and their coupled impacts on both monthly runoff at multi-basin scale level and lake surface areas of more than 700 water bodies. Finally, we detected and assessed the satellite-derived Lake Surface Water Temperature (LSWT) trends, an essential climate variable (ECV), within defined historical and future scenarios and across whole mainland SEA.To achieve our results, we used and integrated multi-source and multi-resolution datasets made of satellite derived water and land products along with available climatic CORDEX-SEA climate datasets. Furthermore, we used a combination of conventional remote sensing, GIS, machine- and deep learning based processing approaches. In our studies we analysis possible spatial and temporal linkages between observed alterations to multiple-threats, to understand “if”, “when”, “how” and “where” climate and land use changes had affected and will affect SEA lakes.Results have been validated using, when available, ground-based observation collected at national and regional scales.
Inventory, Classification, Evolution, and Potential Outburst Flood Assessment of Glacial Lakes in the Chhombo Chhu Watershed (Sikkim Himalaya, India)
Authors: De Sunil Kumar , Chowdhury Arindam , Sharma Milap Chand
Published: February 2023

The Sikkim Himalaya, similar to other mountain regions, has lost considerable ice cover over the years owing to the changing climatic factors leading to enlargement of glacier-fed lakes, and thus posing a potential threat to downstream communities in the mountain and Tarai (foothills) region in case of breach anytime in the future. The Chhombo Chhu Watershed (CCW) of the Tista Basin in the Sikkim Himalaya, located between the Greater Himalayan Range and the Tethyan Sedimentary Sequence, is the storehouse of number of glacial lakes with large areas and volumes. In this study, we mapped the glacial lakes' changes between 1975–2018 and assessed their dynamics based on manual analysis of optical satellite images using KeyHole-9 Hexagon (∼4 m), Landsat Series (∼15-30 m), and Sentinel 2A-MSI (∼10-20 m) imagery and verified during field surveys. The results show that the number of lakes has increased from 62 to 98, and its total area expanded significantly by 34.6 ± 5.4%, i.e., from 8.5 ± 0.2 km2 in 1975 to 11.4 ± 0.6 km2 by 2018, at an expansion rate of 0.8 ± 0.1% a–1. Lake outburst susceptibility result reveals that a total of twenty-seven potentially dangerous glacial lakes exist in the watershed; 5 have a status of ‘high’ outburst probability, 17 ‘medium’ and 5 ‘low’. The majority of the proglacial lakes in the watershed have significantly enlarged due to the faster melting and calving processes as a result of accelerating increasing long term average annual trend of temperature (+0.283° Ca–1; 95% confidence level) and homogeneous or slightly declining precipitation.
GNSS and InSAR study of the ground deformation of the eastern flank of Mount Etna from 2016 to 2019
Authors: Carnemolla Francesco , Bonforte Alessandro , Brighenti Fabio , Briole Pierre , De Guidi Giorgio , Guglielmino Francesco , Puglisi Giuseppe
Published: February 2023

The geodynamic framework of Mount Etna volcano (Italy) is characterised by two superimposed tectonic domains: a compressional one, oriented N-S, and an extensional one, oriented approximately WNW-ESE. The combination of these two domains and the volcano activity, has generated a complex system of faults prevalently on the eastern flank of the volcano. The eastern flank is the most active area of the volcano in terms of deformation and seismicity. The velocities there are at least one order of magnitude greater than in the rest of the volcano flanks due to the eastward sliding of the eastern flank.The monitoring and analysis of the acceleration occurring on the eastern flank of Mount Etna is the keystone to understand the volcano-tectonic dynamics that, apart from the tectonic and magmatic processes, involves the instability of this flank in a densely inhabited area.In order to monitor the deformation, Istituto Nazionale Geofisica e Vulcanologia – Osservatorio Etneo (INGV-OE) and the GeoDynamic & GeoMatic Laboratory of the University of Catania integrate GNSS and InSAR products with twofold objective: to characterize the dynamics of the area and to analyse the deformation transients, this last in view of a possible use in the framework of an alert system.Here, we analyse the ground deformation that occurred between 2016 and 2019 across the faults of the south-eastern flank of Mount Etna. On the south-eastern flank the deformation is accommodated by several faults which have different kinematics and behaviours. We discriminate the deformation transient and the activity of the Belpasso-Ognina lineament, Tremestieri, Trecastagni, San Gregorio-Acitrezza, Linera, Nizzeti and Fiandaca faults. The latter generated the 26 December 2018 earthquake, two days after the eruption of 24 December, which induced a clear post seismic deformation, detected by GNSS and InSAR data. In particular, we discriminate the deformation occurred along the San Gregorio-Acitrezza fault, which is accommodated by the Nizzeti fault, and we analyse the post seismic deformation along the Linera fault. We analyse the Slow Slip Events (SSE) that are observed in the GNSS and InSAR time series in the vicinity of the Acitrezza fault and we quantify and discuss the tectonic origin of the Belpasso-Ognina lineament that we interpreted as a tear fault.
Reactive transport models in heterogeneous systems from pore to reservoir scale
Authors: Roubinet Delphine
Published: February 2023

Simulating hydrodynamic reactive transport processes in heterogeneous systems is requiredin various research fields and applications including environmental remediation, geologicalstorage, and energy production. Developing reliable numerical tools for these environmentalissues requires to consider both the structural heterogeneities encountered in the naturalenvironment, and the complexity of the (bio)geochemical reactions associated with eachapplication. The former is very often modeled at the expense of the latter, in particular whenstudying large-scale heterogeneous systems such as fractured rocks for which most of themodeling effort focuses on the multi-scale structural heterogeneities. These features areresponsible for anomalous transport behavior that is well reproduced by particle-based (PB)methods with optimized computational cost. After introducing PB methods that are usuallyused for modeling reactive transport in fractured rocks, I will present a new random walkapproach that is designed for complex (bio)geochemical reactions and upscaling purpose.
Long Term Experiment Platform : proposition for a global site network and experience coordination for the study of agronomical and environmental effects of biochar
Authors: Marazza Diego , Pesce Simone , Balugani Enrico , Buscaroli Alessandro , Greggio Nicolas
Published: February 2023

After a long debate spanning 20 years, biochar has emerged as a promising land management technique for addressing climate change and improving soil fertility. Biochar is an effective long-term carbon store due to its resistance to decomposition compared to fresh organic matter or compost, and it has the potential to stabilize soil organic matter when added to the soil. 

However, there is a lack of long-term data and knowledge about Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) stocks due to a lack of historical databases. Studies have shown that few experiments have lasted over 3 and focused on estimating SOC increase from biochar application. Additionally, few of these studies have measured biochar decay rate.  

In line with the lack of a consistent number of historical databases we developed the LTEP-BIOCHAR (https://site.unibo.it/environmental-management-research-group/en/activities/long-term-platform): a specific platform for experimenting with biochar application to soil with the agronomic and environmental purposes such as carbon sequestration, soil erosion, and soil biodiversity in real conditions and over a significant timeframe. The LTEP-BIOCHAR is community-driven resource dedicated to biochar and includes around 22 long-term experiments from Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. The platform aims to list active field experiments, identify methodological gaps in current experiments, suggest new hypotheses, establish a minimum standard of analysis, create a network of expert researchers, support the design of coordinated experiments, and promote the platform at a wider international level. 

Next steps in research will include collaboration with experts in the domain of pyrogenic carbon from vegetation fires and finding agreement among practitioners on the mean residence time of C-biochar and related measurements (e.g. isotopic signature, loss of ignition, near-infrared spectroscopy).  
A review of soil C accounting initiatives implemented in EU and extra-EU countries
Authors: Criscuoli Irene , Falconi Ilaria , Martelli Andrea , Maurino Stefania , Valentina Lasorella Maria , Galioto Francesco , Pirelli Tiziana , Dara Guccione Giovanni , Bonati Guido
Published: February 2023

Soil is an ecological system and a phylogenetic organism that evolved in response to stimuli and changes. It is a precious, fragile, limited and non-renewable resource, since it takes 100 to 1,000 years to produce one centimetre of fertile soil. Soil constitutes the largest existing organic carbon store and, consequently, plays a central role in the global carbon cycle and in the fight against climate change.However, land degradation has progressed markedly around the world. In fact, studies show that about 33% of the world’s soils are moderately or strongly degraded. An estimated annual global loss of 75 billion tons of fertile soil is caused by erosion, pollution, unsustainable agronomic practices, change of use (e.g. deforestation or conversion from pasture to cultivated land) and sealing of land. More than 12.7% of EU soil is subject to moderate to severe erosion and degradation. Stocks of organic carbon in farmland and the extent of wetlands and peatlands are steadily decreasing.  Moreover, carbon, in temperate and cold areas of the planet (such as the EU), is stored in greater quantities in the soil rather than in plants’ biomass, while in tropical areas the exact opposite occurs. Therefore, the protection of soil organic carbon is fundamental especially in Europe.To maintain and increase soil C stocks, agroecological practices should be fostered by European policies and financial mechanisms. Carbon credits represent one of these financial mechanisms, being tradable certificates corresponding to 1 ton of CO2eq. The methodologies and standards used for the quantification of soil Carbon stocks, aimed at the issuing of corresponding carbon credits are defined as soil C accounting.In this study, a detailed and critical analysis of soil C accounting initiatives implemented in EU and extra-EU countries has been conducted considering different scales of implementation, C assessment methods and potential barriers.More specifically, this work aims to:- in EU: describe the state of carbon accounting legislation and its level of implementation, case studies, relevant and successful EIP Operational Groups;- identify the critical issues inherent in Carbon Farming (e.g. payment schemes, overlapping of EU public fundings with carbon credits, etc.);- extra EU: report international case studies of carbon accounting and carbon credits schemes (Australia, Alberta in Canada, Brazil and the United States) to inspire proposals for possible implementation in the EU;- provide recommendations for future European policies in order to avoid greenwashing and ensure environmental protection.The outcome is a synthesis of “Lessons Learned” and recommendations for possible transferability of extra-EU initiatives to EU.
The deeper the lane, the stronger the changes: Soil physical properties of forest skid trails and their spatial distribution
Authors: Rolfes Lennart , Germer Kai , Peters Andre
Published: February 2023

In highly mechanized modern timber harvest, forest soils are wheeled by heavy vehicles on skid trails. This leads to structural changes in the soil. The aim of this work was to quantify the soil physical properties of skid trail lanes of different depths (0-10, 10-20, 20-30 cm). Between 2017 and 2021, 18 existing skid trails in a spruce stand in the low mountain range Solling (southern Lower-Saxony, Germany) were examined from a soil physical point of view after repeated use with a harvester (25 Mg total mass) and a forwarder (35 Mg). Undisturbed soil samples were taken at six soil depths in the lane, in the adjacent edge area and in the nearby undisturbed forest soil. In addition, disturbed samples were collected as well for analysis like soil texture. The dry bulk density increases with lane depth and, on average, reaches maximum values in the middle of the lane. This decreases in the edge areas. Significant differences between the treatments can be determined up to a sampling depth of 35 cm. The saturated hydraulic conductivity is lowest in the deepest lanes. With the exception of the sampling depth of 50 cm, this also applies to the porosity, which can primarily be explained by a decrease in the coarse pores. A trend can be derived from the results: The deeper the shape of the lane, the more it deviates from the unwheeled comparison area in terms of its physical soil properties.
Identification of fluvio-deltaic facies based on 3D-seismic attributes analysis and unsupervised machine learning techniques: strategy to reduce geothermal exploration risk in the North German Basin.
Authors: Bello Rujana Lorena Alejandra , von Hartmann Hartwig , Moeck Inga , Franz Matthias
Published: February 2023

The application of machine learning (ML) for reservoir characterization and prospect identification in seismic data is becoming standard practice in the exploration industry. This technique has proven useful in identifying patterns in the data that might be overlooked by the interpreter. In addition, it improve reservoir predictions and characterization at a lower computational cost.In this study, we analyze the fluvio-deltaic seismic facies of the Upper Triassic Exter Formation in the North German Basin. For this purpose, we applied seismic attributes and an unsupervised machine learning algorithm based on waveform segmentation of seismic amplitude data. Furthermore, to evaluate the evolution of deltaic complexes, we implemented the stratal slicing technique through the resulting waveform segmentation and the generated attributes volumes.The study resulted in the delineation of a number of fluvial architectural elements in the study area, i.e. lateral shifting of individual channels contributing to the formation of channel belt reservoirs within the Rhaetian Deltaic System.These results contribute significantly to reducing the risk of geothermal exploration in the North German Basin by proposing for the first time a way to improve the prediction of Rhaetian reservoirs on a local scale based on seismic methods.
The use of infrasound monitoring in the 2022 São Jorge Island (Azores) seismovolcanic crisis
Authors: Matos Sandro , do Céu Jesus Maria , Wallenstein Nicolau ,   CIVISA team²
Published: February 2023

Located in the middle of the North Atlantic Ocean, São Jorge is a volcanic island that belongs to the central group of the Azores Archipelago, Portugal. Very steep, with 54 km long and 7 km wide, São Jorge is different from all the other archipelago’s islands, being itself a WNW-ESE oriented fissure volcanic system composed of four volcanic units.Since March 19, 2022, a seismovolcanic crisis has been ongoing beneath the active Manadas Volcanic Fissure System on the western half of the island, where historical eruptions occurred in 1580 and 1808. This unrest, characterized by the occurrence of several thousands of low magnitude earthquakes and some ground deformation, is being monitored by IVAR/CIVISA teams using several techniques (seismology, geodesy, infrasound, ground water geochemistry and CO2 and 222Rn emissions). Infrasound detections were based on data from the IMS IS42 infrasound station located on the Graciosa Island (Azores) and a portable infrasound array (SJ1) that was deployed in the northwestern part of the island at ~7 km from the main epicentral area.We describe the actual procedures to correlate seismic and infrasonic data, based on epicentral locations and infrasound back-azimuths and the main results obtained so far.
Are pseudo-sands internal soil biophysical reactors?
Authors: Jungkunst Hermann F. , Kilian Salas Simone , Schroeder Paul A. , Boy Jens , Guggenberger Georg
Published: February 2023

Most biogeochemical models commonly obtain their soil input from pedotransfer functions based on soil texture and other crude but widely available soil data. However, soil texture based on single grain size distribution neglects the impact of actual soil structures in the field. Consequently, scientific efforts are being made to correct for this systematic bias in predicting soil functioning. Pronounced discrepancies between field measurements and model predictions occur for tropical soils: overestimated N2O emissions is a prominent example of this mismatch. A well-known characteristic of tropical soils, potentially responsible for the systematic error, are stable aggregates called pseudo-sands. In the field they are perceived as sand, but in the lab measured as clay and silt. The simple assumption that pseudo-sands act just like sands in the field seems to work satisfactorily for certain hydrological predictions, so models were easily adjusted to it. However, here we pursue the hypothesis that, biogeochemically, pseudo-sands do not act like sands. Due to their high internal surface and rough structure, pseudo-sands, unlike sands, provide a wide variety of ecological niches for a diverse community of microorganisms to establish. We will present first evidence for pseudo-sands to act more like a biophysical reactor than just another grain of sand. The long-term goal is to develop a transfer function related to the properties of pseudo-sands that will lead to improved models for tropical soils.
Bridging the Gap: Cervest's Climate Intelligence Approach for Effective Adaptation Strategies
Authors: Morris Boyne Edward Peter , Prodhomme Chloé , Pain Adam Jay , Laken Benjamin
Published: February 2023

Cervest, a climate intelligence startup, addresses the need for effective adaptation strategies by bridging the gap between disciplines. We use cutting-edge science techniques such as high-resolution convection-permitting models, remote sensing, hydrology, bayesian statistical modeling, machine learning, and data science to provide accurate, localized physical risk assessments for assets. Our climate intelligence product also accounts for assets vulnerability and multi-hazard, multi-risks. It can be used to assess not only the direct impacts of extreme events but also their indirect effects on supply chains and economic production networks. In this session, we will present our vision for the future of climate intelligence and share our novel probabilistic approach to assessing the impacts of climate change.
A multiple gird approach for atmospheric composition - aware NWP forecasts with the ECMWF forecast system
Authors: Flemming Johannes , Hamrud Mars
Published: February 2023

Including prognostic atmospheric composition (AC) simulations in numerical weather predication or climate modelling application to exploit AC – weather feedbacks is often prohibited by the high computational cost of adding complex AC simulation to the weather or climate model.  There are in principle two approaches to solve this problem: (i) drastically reduce the complexity of the aerosol and chemistry simulations in the weather model, or (ii)  safe cost by reducing the spatial resolution of the model components simulating the AC processes and implement a coupling mechanism.  At ECMWF a dual configuration forecast (dcfc) approach for the of the Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) has been developed based on the infrastructure for Object-Oriented Prediction System (OOPS). It enables the coupled simulation of a high-resolution application and a low-resolution application of the IFS and a coupling mechanism. The low-resolution model instance simulates the aerosol and chemistry-processes as activated for the operational AC forecasts by the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS)  We show first scientific results of this dual configuration forecast (dcfc) for a sever dust storm event in Europe in March 2022. We will discuss to what extent and at what computational cost the dcfc application can forecast the meteorological impact of the dust on radiation and 2m temperatures. We will compare the dcfc result to the more expensive integrated IFS-CAMS configuration as well as to NWP forecast using the aerosol climatology as currently applied in the ECMWF operational weather forecasts.  
Venus as an Exoplanet: Effect of varying stellar, orbital, planetary and atmospheric properties upon composition, habitability and detectability
Authors: Grenfell John Lee , Taysum Benjamin , Wunderlich Fabian , Helbert Jörn , Arnold Gabriele , Herbst Konstatin , Sinnhuber Miriam , Rauer Heike
Published: February 2023

The newly selected Venus missions EnVISION and VERITAS (Venus Emissivity, Radio Science, InSAR, Topography, and Spectroscopy) by ESA and NASA offer new opportunities for studying Venus but will also contribute to furthering our knowledge of Venus as an exoplanet. Hot, rocky planets are favoured exoplanet targets due to generally more frequent transits than cooler Earth-like objects. In our work presented here, we simulate Venus as an exoplanet using our coupled climate-photochemical model 1D-TERRA. In the simulations, we vary stellar, orbital, planetary and atmospheric parameters and study the effect of these parameters upon atmospheric composition, climate and spectral detectability with forthcoming missions. 
Moisture source changes of precipitation in Europe under SSP1-2.6 and SSP3-7.0 warming
Authors: Tschirschwitz Janina , Werner Martin , Gao Qinggang , Sime Louise , Brunello Camilla F.
Published: February 2023

When global temperature increases, the atmosphere will be able to hold more water,as described by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. It is thus hypothesised that the globalwater cycle will intensify under a warming climate. This might lead to more intense and morefrequent extreme precipitation events and might also affect the atmospheric circulation.This project investigates how moisture sources of precipitation over the Europeancontinent will change under SSP1-2.6 and SSP3-7.0 warming, using the atmosphericgeneral circulation model ECHAM6-wiso. A present day simulation (1990-2020), nudged toERA5 reanalysis, and a future simulation for each investigated SSP (2070-2099), nudged torespective CMIP6 coupled model output, are conducted. Using numerical water tracers, themodel is able to trace precipitation back to its point of evaporation, characterised by latitudeand longitude.Our results suggest that, under warming, the source latitude and longitude ofprecipitation in Europe will change across all seasons. The magnitude of change dependson the strength of the warming. These changes in source latitude and longitude reflectchanges in the mid-latitude wind patterns and atmospheric circulation.
Challenges and opportunities for detection and attribution of climate change impacts on health
Authors: Colón-González Felipe J , Fletcher Isabel , Annan-Callcott Grace , Mateen Bilal
Published: February 2023

There are valid concerns as to whether climate change has influenced the observed shifts in the spatial range, frequency, intensity, and duration of some health hazards. In a few cases, it has been possible to quantify the extent of this influence. However, current research is limited to a small number of health hazards and a handful of geographical areas, primarily in high income countries. This situation negatively affects the credibility of the mitigation policy arguments and constrains our ability to communicate with relevant stakeholders who might see climate impacts on health as distant in time, geography, or social cohort.  

Attribution science could be used to strengthen the evidence on how some types of health events have changed and how they are expected to change due to climate change. This evidence could be used as a case for limiting warming before irreversible changes occur. It will also be useful to inform adaptation strategies and increase the likelihood that policymakers will implement their announced climate change pledges and policies in a timely manner. 

Given its relatively new application to health, there are no clear best methods, sets of assumptions, or comprehensive data sets that could be used to attribute climate impacts on health. Also, the tools and methods for attributing climate impacts on health that exist in the literature tend to be created locally by a handful of institutions for a narrow use case and are often not easily reproducible.  Here, we present a funding organisation perspective on how we can start addressing some of the challenges on the D&A space.
Potentially toxic element input into Mar Menor coastal lagoon (Spain) through submarine groundwater discharge
Authors: Green Ruiz Carlos René , Rodellas Valentí , Rodriguez-Puig Júlia , Santos-Echeandía Juan
Published: February 2023

Mar Menor, on the northern Mediterranean coast of Spain, is a coastal lagoon with a surface of 135 km2, surrounded by agriculture fields and several towns, that support an important touristic activity. In addition, mining has been an historical activity on the region. In order to elucidate the input of metals supplied by Submarine Groundwater Discharge (SGD) to the lagoon and the spatial and temporal distribution of potentially toxic elements in this coastal ecosystem, the concentrations of dissolved metals (V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As and Cd) were measured in surficial water courses (“ramblas”), groundwaters (including piezometers and boreholes) and lagoon waters. Samples were collected in two sampling campaigns (July and November, 2021), representing contrasting climatic seasons. These results were combined with the estimation of SGD fluxes to the coastal lagoon, allowing evaluating the fluxes of the studied pollutants.  Occurrence of these pollutants in water from the lagoon has been previously registered, but none of those works has studied at the same time, and under a holistic point of view, all the possible aquatic pathways of dissolved metals, including the role of SGD as a conveyor of these potentially toxic elements. Keywords: Metal release, Coastal pollution, Land-Sea interaction, Submarine Groundwater Discharge.
Integration of satellite and in situ observations into machine learning for coastal water quality
Authors: Schollaert Uz Stephanie , Ames Troy J. , Clark J. Blake , Aurin Dirk
Published: February 2023

Nearshore processes that impact water quality for boating, swimming and aquaculture happen at scales where current satellite data lack spatial or spectral resolution. Upcoming government and commercial satellite missions aim to fill this gap. To prepare to maximize the use of these Earth observations and address this challenge, we have been working closely with stakeholders around the Chesapeake Bay to explore satellite-derived indicators that could assist practitioners, i.e. clarity, harmful algal blooms, bacterial indices. Several key assets have recently been deployed to improve the potential for this effort: namely, a new NASA Aerosol Robotic Network for Ocean Color (AERONET-OC) site in the Chesapeake Bay to support ocean color atmospheric correction and validation, hyperspectral satellite data from DESIS and PRISMA, and in situ sampling for satellite calibration and validation. In coordination with these activities, we developed an artificial intelligence (AI) framework for feature discrimination using a single satellite sensor, starting with Sentinel 3a&b OLCI. We are currently extending our initial methodology to integrate multiple satellite data sets of differing spatial, spectral, and temporal resolution, namely MODIS-Aqua with its long record, and DESIS and PRISMA for their hyperspectral and higher spatial resolution. With this Deep learning for Environmental and Ecological Prediction-eValuation and Insight with Ensembles of Water quality (DEEP-VIEW) framework we hope to improve predictions of estuarine impacts of runoff and pollution from land, changes in water clarity, and other metrics that are needed by resource managers and other stakeholders to safeguard health and safety around the Chesapeake Bay.