bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cost‐Performance Analysis of Perovskite Solar Modules
Authors: Cai Molang , Wu Yongzhen , Chen Han , Yang Xudong , Qiang Yinghuai , Han Liyuan
Published: September 2016

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are promising candidates for the next generation of solar cells because they are easy to fabricate and have high power conversion efficiencies. However, there has been no detailed analysis of the cost of PSC modules. We selected two representative examples of PSCs and performed a cost analysis of their productions: one was a moderate‐efficiency module produced from cheap materials, and the other was a high‐efficiency module produced from expensive materials. The costs of both modules were found to be lower than those of other photovoltaic technologies. We used the calculated module costs to estimate the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of PSCs. The LCOE was calculated to be 3.5–4.9 US cents/kWh with an efficiency and lifetime of greater than 12% and 15 years respectively, below the cost of traditional energy sources.
Effect of Molecular Orientation of Donor Polymers on Charge Generation and Photovoltaic Properties in Bulk Heterojunction All‐Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Jo Jea Woong , Jung Jae Woong , Ahn Hyungju , Ko Min Jae , Jen Alex K.‐Y. , Son Hae Jung
Published: September 2016

All‐polymer solar cells (all‐PSCs) utilizing p‐type polymers as electron‐donors and n ‐typepolymers as electron‐acceptors have attracted a great deal of attention, and their efficiencies have been improved considerably. Here, five polymer donors with different molecular orientations are synthesized by random copolymerization of 5‐fluoro‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole with different relative amounts of 2,2′‐bithiophene (2T) and dithieno[3,2‐b;2′,3′‐d]thiophene (DTT). Solar cells are prepared by blending the polymer donors with a naphthalene diimide‐based polymer acceptor (PNDI) or a [6,6]‐phenyl C71‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) acceptor and their morphologies and crystallinity as well as optoelectronic, charge‐transport and photovoltaic properties are studied. Interestingly, charge generation in the solar cells is found to show higher dependence on the crystal orientation of the donor polymer for the PNDI‐based all‐PSCs than for the conventional PC71BM‐based PSCs. As the population of face‐on‐oriented crystallites of the donor increased in PNDI‐based PSC, the short‐circuit current density (JSC) and external quantum efficiency of the devices are found to significantly improve. Consequently, device efficiency was enhanced of all‐PSC from 3.11% to 6.01%. The study reveals that producing the same crystal orientation between the polymer donor and acceptor (face‐on/face‐on) is important in all‐PSCs because they provide efficient charge transfer at the donor/acceptor interface.
On the distribution of trace element concentrations in multiple bone elements in 10 Danish medieval and post‐medieval individuals
Authors: Lund Rasmussen Kaare , Skytte Lilian , D'imporzano Paolo , Orla Thomsen Per , Søvsø Morten , Lier Boldsen Jesper
Published: September 2016

Background

The differences in trace element concentrations among 19 different bone elements procured from 10 archaeologically derived human skeletons have been investigated. The 10 individuals are dated archaeologically and some by radiocarbon dating to the medieval and post‐medieval period, an interval from ca. AD 1150 to ca. AD 1810. This study is relevant for two reasons. First, most archaeometric studies analyze only one bone sample from each individual; so to what degree are the bones in the human body equal in trace element chemistry? Second, differences in turnover time of the bone elements makes the cortical tissues record the trace element concentrations in equilibrium with the blood stream over a longer time earlier in life than the trabecular. Therefore, any differences in trace element concentrations between the bone elements can yield what can be termed a chemical life history of the individual, revealing changes in diet, provenance, or medication throughout life.

Methods

Thorough decontamination and strict exclusion of non‐viable data has secured a dataset of high quality. The measurements were carried out using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (for Fe, Mn, Al, Ca, Mg, Na, Ba, Sr, Zn, Pb and As) and Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (for Hg) on ca. 20 mg samples.

Results

Twelve major and trace elements have been measured on 19 bone elements from 10 different individuals interred at five cemeteries widely distributed in medieval and renaissance Denmark. The ranges of the concentrations of elements were: Na (2240–5660 µg g−1), Mg (440–2490 µg g−1), Al (9–2030 µg g−1), Ca (22‐36 wt. %), Mn (5–11450 µg g−1), Fe (32–41850 µg g−1), Zn (69–2610 µg g−1), As (0.4–120 µg g−1), Sr (101‐815 µg g−1), Ba (8‐880 µg g−1), Hg (7–78730 ng g−1), and Pb (0.8–426 µg g−1).

Conclusions

It is found that excess As is mainly of diagenetic origin. The results support that Ba and Sr concentrations are effective provenance or dietary indicators. Migrating behavior or changes in diet have been observed in four individuals; non‐migratory or non‐changing diet in six out of the 10 individuals studied. From the two most mobile (most changing diet) individuals in the study, it is deduced that the fastest turnover is seen in the trabecular tissues of the long bones and the hands and the feet, and that these bone elements have higher turnover rates than centrally placed trabecular bone tissue, such as from the ilium or the spine. Comparing Sr and published bone turnover times, it is concluded that the differences seen in Sr concentrations are not caused by diagenesis, but by changes of diet or provenance. Finally, it is concluded that there can be two viable interpretations of the Pb concentrations, which can either be seen as an indicator for social class or a temporal development of increased Pb exposure over the centuries.
A Bis(silylene)‐Substituted ortho‐Carborane as a Superior Ligand in the Nickel‐Catalyzed Amination of Arenes
Authors: Zhou Yu‐Peng , Raoufmoghaddam Saeed , Szilvási Tibor , Driess Matthias
Published: September 2016

The synthesis and structure of the first 1,2‐bis(NHSi)‐substituted ortho‐carborane [(LSi:)C]2B10H10 (termed SiCCSi) is reported (NHSi=N‐heterocyclic silylene; L=PhC(NtBu)2). Its suitability to serve as a reliable bis(silylene) chelating ligand for transition metals is demonstrated by the formation of [SiCCSi]NiBr2 and [SiCCSi]Ni(CO)2 complexes. The CO stretching vibration modes of the latter indicate that the SiII atoms in the SiCCSi ligand are even stronger σ donors than the PIII atoms in phosphines and CII atoms in N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands. Moreover, the strong donor character of the [SiCCSi] ligand enables [SiCCSi]NiBr2 to act as an outstanding precatalyst (0.5 mol % loading) in the catalytic aminations of arenes, surpassing the activity of previously known molecular Ni‐based precatalysts (1–10 mol %).
Gold‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Quinolines from Propargyl Silyl Ethers and Anthranils through the Umpolung of a Gold Carbene Carbon
Authors: Jin Hongming , Tian Bin , Song Xinlong , Xie Jin , Rudolph Matthias , Rominger Frank , Hashmi A. Stephen K.
Published: September 2016

A gold‐catalyzed cascade annulation of propargylic silyl ethers with anthranils proceeds through a sequential ring opening/1,2‐H‐shift/protodeauration/Mukaiyama aldol cyclization. This method offers a regiospecific and modular access to 2‐aminoquinolines and other quinoline derivatives under mild conditions and with a broad functional‐group tolerance. The conversion is possible on a gram scale, which underlines the synthetic practicability of this methodology. The versatility of the obtained scaffold has been demonstrated by useful postfunctionalization.
Glucose biosensor based on immobilization of glucose oxidase on a carbon paste electrode modified with microsphere‐attached l‐glycine
Authors: Donmez Soner , Arslan Fatma , Sarı Nurşen , Hasanoğlu Özkan Elvan , Arslan Halit
Published: September 2016

In the present study, a novel biosensor that is sensitive to glucose was prepared using the microspheres modified with (4‐formyl‐3‐methoxyphenoxymethyl)polystyrene (FMPS) with l‐glycine. Polymeric microspheres having Schiff bases were prepared from FMPS using the glycine condensation method. Glucose oxidase enzyme was immobilized onto modified carbon paste electrode by cross‐linking with glutaraldehyde. Oxidation of enzymatically produced H2O2 (+0.5 V vs. Ag/AgCl) was used for determination of glucose. Optimal temperature and pH were found as 50 °C and 8.0, respectively. The glucose biosensor showed a linear working range from 5.0 × 10−4 to 1.0 × 10−2 M, R2 = 0.999. Storage and operational stability of the biosensor were also investigated. The biosensor gave perfect reproducible results after 20 measurements with 3.3% relative standard deviation. It also had good storage stability.
Adverse outcome of coarctation stenting in patients with Turner syndrome
Authors: van den Hoven Allard T. , Duijnhouwer Anthonie L. , Eicken Andreas , Aboulhosn Jamil , de Bruin Christiaan , Backeljauw Philippe F. , Demulier Laurent , Chessa Massimo , Uebing Anselm , Veldtman Gruschen R. , Armstrong Aimee K. , van den Bosch Annemien E. , Witsenburg Maarten , Roos‐Hesselink Jolien W.
Published: September 2016

Objectives

This study examines the outcome and procedural outcomes of percutaneous stent angioplasty for aortic coarctation in patients with Turner syndrome (TS).

Background

TS occurs in 1 in 2,500 live‐born females and is associated with aortic coarctation.

Methods

In this multicenter, retrospective cohort study, all patients with TS and a coarctation of the aorta, treated with percutaneous stent implantation were included. The procedural strategies were dictated by local protocols. Adverse events at short‐ and long‐term follow‐up and qualitative parameters concerning the stent implantation were assessed.

Results

In the largest study to date of TS patients receiving aortic stents, a total of 19 patients from 10 centers were included. Twelve patients were treated for native and 7 for recurrent coarctation. Age at intervention was 16.9 (7–60) years (median; min–max). The coarctation diameter increased significantly from 8.0 mm (2–12) pre‐intervention to 15.0 mm (10–19) post‐intervention (P < 0.001). Three (15.8%) adverse events occurred within 30 days of the procedure, including two dissections despite the use of covered stents, one resulting in death. At long‐term follow‐up (6.5 years, min–max: 1–16), two additional deaths occurred not known to be stent‐related.

Conclusions

Though percutaneous treatment of aortic coarctation in TS patients is effective, it is associated with serious morbidity and mortality. These risks suggest that alternative treatment options should be carefully weighed against percutaneous stenting strategies. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dynamic Responsive Systems for Catalytic Function
Authors: Vlatković Matea , Collins Beatrice S. L. , Feringa Ben L.
Published: September 2016

Responsive systems have recently gained much interest in the scientific community in attempts to mimic dynamic functions in biological systems. One of the fascinating potential applications of responsive systems lies in catalysis. Inspired by nature, novel responsive catalytic systems have been built that show analogy with allosteric regulation of enzymes. The design of responsive catalytic systems allows control of catalytic activity and selectivity. In this Review, advances in the field over the last four decades are discussed and a comparison is made amongst the dynamic responsive systems based on the principles underlying their catalytic mechanisms. The catalyst systems are sorted according to the triggers used to achieve control of the catalytic activity and the distinct catalytic reactions illustrated.
Water‐Soluble Triarylborane Chromophores for One‐ and Two‐Photon Excited Fluorescence Imaging of Mitochondria in Cells
Authors: Griesbeck Stefanie , Zhang Zuolun , Gutmann Marcus , Lühmann Tessa , Edkins Robert M. , Clermont Guillaume , Lazar Adina N. , Haehnel Martin , Edkins Katharina , Eichhorn Antonius , Blanchard‐Desce Mireille , Meinel Lorenz , Marder Todd B.
Published: September 2016

Three water‐soluble tetracationic quadrupolar chromophores comprising two three‐coordinate boron π‐acceptor groups bridged by thiophene‐containing moieties were synthesised for biological imaging applications. Compound 3 containing the bulkier 5‐(3,5‐Me2C6H2)‐2,2′‐(C4H2S)2‐5′‐(3,5‐Me2C6H2) bridge is stable over a long period of time, exhibits a high fluorescence quantum yield and strong one‐ and two‐photon absorption (TPA), and has a TPA cross section of 268 GM at 800 nm in water. Confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy studies in live cells indicated localisation of the chromophore at the mitochondria; moreover, cytotoxicity measurements proved biocompatibility. Thus, chromophore 3 has excellent potential for one‐ and two‐photon‐excited fluorescence imaging of mitochondrial function in cells.
On the Ambiphilic Reactivity of Geometrically Constrained Phosphorus(III) and Arsenic(III) Compounds: Insights into Their Interaction with Ionic Substrates
Authors: Robinson Thomas P. , Lo Siu‐Kwan , De Rosa Daniel , Aldridge Simon , Goicoechea Jose M.
Published: September 2016

The ambiphilic nature of geometrically constrained Group 15 complexes bearing the N,N‐bis(3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐2‐phenolate)amide pincer ligand (ONO3−) is explored. Despite their differing reactivity towards nucleophilic substrates with polarised element–hydrogen bonds (e.g., NH3), both the phosphorus(III), P(ONO) (1 a), and arsenic(III), As(ONO) (1 b), compounds exhibit similar reactivity towards charged nucleophiles and electrophiles. Reactions of 1 a and 1 b with KOtBu or KNPh2 afford anionic complexes in which the nucleophilic anion associates with the pnictogen centre ([(tBuO)Pn(ONO)]− (Pn=P (2 a), As (2 b)) and [(Ph2N)Pn(ONO)]− (Pn=P (3 a), As (3 b)). Compound 2 a can subsequently be reacted with a proton source or benzylbromide to afford the phosphorus(V) compounds (tBuO)HP(ONO) (4 a) and (tBuO)BzP(ONO) (5 a), respectively, whereas analogous arsenic(V) compounds are inaccessible. Electrophilic substrates, such as HOTf and MeOTf, preferentially associate with the nitrogen atom of the ligand backbone of both 1 a and 1 b, giving rise to cationic species that can be rationalised as either ammonium salts or as amine‐stabilised phosphenium or arsenium complexes ([Pn{ON(H)O}]+ (Pn=P (6 a), As (6 b)) and [Pn{ON(Me)O}]+ (Pn=P (7 a), As (7 b)). Reaction of 1 a with an acid bearing a nucleophilic counteranion (such as HCl) gives rise to a phosphorus(V) compound HPCl(ONO) (8 a), whereas the analogous reaction with 1 b results in the addition of HCl across one of the As−O bonds to afford ClAs{(H)ONO} (8 b). Functionalisation at both the pnictogen centre and the ligand backbone is also possible by reaction of 7 a/7 b with KOtBu, which affords the neutral species (tBuO)Pn{ON(Me)O} (Pn=P (9 a), As (9 b)). The ambiphilic reactivity of these geometrically constrained complexes allows some insight into the mechanism of reactivity of 1 a towards small molecules, such as ammonia and water.
Cross‐Coupling of Organolithium with Ethers or Aryl Ammonium Salts by C−O or C−N Bond Cleavage
Authors: Yang Ze‐Kun , Wang Dong‐Yu , Minami Hiroki , Ogawa Hiroyuki , Ozaki Takashi , Saito Tatsuo , Miyamoto Kazunori , Wang Chao , Uchiyama Masanobu
Published: September 2016

Various aryl‐, alkenyl‐, and/or alkyllithium species reacted smoothly with aryl and/or benzyl ethers with cleavage of the inert C−O bond to afford cross‐coupled products, catalyzed by commercially available [Ni(cod)2] (cod=1,5‐cyclooctadiene) catalysts with N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands. Furthermore, the coupling reaction between the aryllithium compounds and aryl ammonium salts proceeded under mild conditions with C−N bond cleavage in the presence of a [Pd(PPh3)2Cl2] catalyst. These methods enable selective sequential functionalizations of arenes having both C−N and C−O bonds in one pot.
Influence of Intermolecular Interactions on Valence Tautomeric Behaviors in Two Polymorphic Dinuclear Cobalt Complexes
Authors: Li Guo‐Ling , Kanegawa Shinji , Yao Zi‐Shuo , Su Sheng‐Qun , Wu Shu‐Qi , Huang You‐Gui , Kang Soonchul , Sato Osamu
Published: September 2016

Two polymorphic structures have been well determined in a valence tautomeric (VT) dinuclear cobalt complex. These polymorphs showed distinct thermal‐ and photomagnetic behavior, and are thus ideal for studying the “pure” intermolecular factors to VT transitions. In polymorph 1A, the VT cations are arranged head‐to‐waist with their neighbors and exhibit weak π⋅⋅⋅π interactions, resulting in a gradual and incomplete thermal VT transition. In contrast, the cations in polymorph 1B are arranged head‐to‐tail and exhibit relatively strong π⋅⋅⋅π interactions, leading to an abrupt and complete thermal VT transition with adjustable hysteresis loop at around room temperature. The VT process for both polymorphs can be induced by light, but the light‐excited state of 1B⋅2H2O has a higher thermal relaxation temperature than that of 1A⋅3H2O.
Chromones: A Promising Ring System for New Anti‐inflammatory Drugs
Authors: Silva Carlos F. M. , Pinto Diana C. G. A. , Silva Artur M. S.
Published: September 2016

The quest for safer anti‐inflammatory drugs is still the focus of several medicinal chemistry programs. Chromones (4H‐chromen‐4‐ones) are a group of naturally occurring compounds ubiquitous in plants, and the chromone core has proven to be a privileged scaffold in medicinal chemistry. Herein we provide an overview of the relevance of chromones as anti‐inflammatory agents, specifically as inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (COX), 5‐lipoxygenase (5‐LOX), interleukin‐5 (IL‐5), and nitric oxide (.NO) production. Numerous structure–activity relationships and mechanisms of action are discussed. This review is therefore intended to provide a foundation for the design and synthesis of novel chromone‐based compound libraries for further development into safer and more efficient anti‐inflammatory agents.
In Situ Solid‐State Synthesis of a AgNi/g‐C3N4 Nanocomposite for Enhanced Photoelectrochemical and Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Bhandary Nimai , Singh Aadesh P. , Kumar Sandeep , Ingole Pravin P. , Thakur Gohil S. , Ganguli Ashok K. , Basu Suddhasatwa
Published: September 2016

A graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) polymer matrix was embedded with AgNi alloy nanoparticles using a simple and direct in situ solid‐state heat treatment method to develop a novel AgNi/g‐C3N4 photocatalyst. The characterization confirms that the AgNi alloy particles are homogeneously distributed throughout the g‐C3N4 matrix. The catalyst shows excellent photoelectrochemical activity for water splitting with a maximum photocurrent density of 1.2 mA cm−2, which is the highest reported for doped g‐C3N4. Furthermore, a detailed experimental study of the photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) dye using doped g‐C3N4 showed the highest reported degradation efficiency of approximately 95 % after 90 min. The electronic conductivity increased upon incorporation of AgNi alloy nanoparticles on g‐C3N4 and the material showed efficient charge carrier separation and transfer characteristics, which are responsible for the enhanced photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic performance under visible light.
Elemental Mapping of Perovskite Solar Cells by Using Multivariate Analysis: An Insight into Degradation Processes
Authors: Cacovich Stefania , Divitini Giorgio , Ireland Christopher , Matteocci Fabio , Di Carlo Aldo , Ducati Caterina
Published: September 2016

The technology of perovskite‐based solar cells is evolving rapidly, reaching certified power conversion efficiency values now exceeding 20 %. One of the main drawbacks hindering progress in the field is the long‐term stability of the cells: the mixed halide perovskites used in most devices are sensitive to humidity and degrade on a timescale varying from hours to weeks. The degradation mechanisms are poorly understood, but likely arise from combined physical and chemical modifications at the nanometer scale. The characterization of pristine and degraded materials is difficult owing to their complex chemical and physical structure and their relatively poor stability. In this work, we investigated the changes in local composition and morphology of a standard device after 2 months of air exposure in the dark, using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) with nanometer resolution for imaging and analysis. Because of a state‐of‐the‐art technique that combines STEM and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), and the use of different decomposition algorithms for multivariate analysis, we highlighted the migration of elements across the interfaces between the layers comprising the device. We also noticed a morphological degradation of the hole‐transporting layer (HTL), representing one of the main factors enabling the infiltration of moisture in the device, which results in reduced performance.
Dopant‐Free Zinc Chlorophyll Aggregates as an Efficient Biocompatible Hole Transporter for Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Li Mengzhen , Li Yue , Sasaki Shin‐ichi , Song Jiaxing , Wang Chen , Tamiaki Hitoshi , Tian Wenjing , Chen Gang , Miyasaka Tsutomu , Wang Xiao‐Feng
Published: September 2016

Chlorophylls (Chls) are abundant, naturally occurring pigments that play key roles in light‐harvesting and electron/energy transfer in natural photosynthetic apparatus. To demonstrate the idea that Chls are suitable hole transporters, we employed two Chl derivatives, Chl‐1 and Chl‐2, which self‐assembled readily into π‐stacking aggregates through a simple spincasting process, in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The Chl aggregate films exhibit an ultra‐smooth film surface, high hole mobility, appropriate energy levels, and efficient hole injection efficiencies that are all key characteristics for efficient hole transporters in PSCs. CH3NH3PbI3−xClx‐based PSCs with these Chls as hole transporters were fabricated and compared with P3HT as a standard hole transporter. PSCs based on Chl‐1 and Chl‐2 without the use of typical additives, such as 4‐tert‐butylpyridine and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfinyl)imide, gave power conversion efficiencies of 11.44 and 8.06 %, respectively. This research provides a unique way to incorporate low‐cost and environmentally friendly natural photosynthetic materials in the development of highly efficient photovoltaic devices.
Evaluating the liquid path stability of a flow cytometer
Authors: Zhang Wenchang , Zhu Lianqing , Zhang Fan , Lou Xiaoping , Liu Chao , Meng Xiaochen
Published: September 2016

Precision in flow cytometry depends on many factors, the first of which is accurate and stable positioning of the hydrodynamically focused cells. However, no method exists to evaluate the stability of laminar flow and single‐cell flow in the flow chamber of the flow cytometer directly because of the small size of the rectangular channel of the flow chamber. In this paper, a method of high‐speed particle image velocimetry is proposed to solve this problem. The velocity stability of the particles in the flow chamber is used to evaluate the flow stability of the fluid path of the flow cytometer. The side scattering images of particles are obtained by a high‐speed camera. Upon exposure, cells were imaged at random positions in the flow cell, resulting in four different types of the images: blank, inadequate, normal, or overlapped. Normal images were identified utilizing a grey cluster analysis algorithm based on trapezoid whitenization weight functions. A mid‐point method is applied to determine the length of the particle track at a fixed exposure time. The variation of the trajectory lengths of the normal images are used to evaluate the stability of the liquid path. Experiments are carried out to verify the feasibility of our method in which different diameter microspheres at different flow rates. The results indicate that the standard deviation and relative standard deviation of the trajectory lengths can be used as the evaluation indices of the liquid path stability of the flow cytometer. © 2016 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Perivascular Epithelioid Cell Tumor (PEComa) of Pancreas Diagnosed Preoperatively by Endoscopic Ultrasound‐Guided Fine‐Needle Aspiration
Authors: Collins Katrina , Buckley Tinera , Anderson Kevin , Karasik Michael , Ligato Saverio
Published: September 2016

Perivascular epithelioid cell tumors (PEComas) of the pancreas are extremely rare mesenchymal tumors and to our knowledge, only 17 cases have been reported in the English literature to date. We report our experience with a new case of primary pancreatic PEComa diagnosed preoperatively by endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (EUS‐FNA) complemented by tissue cell block and immunohistochemistry. The patient was a 54‐year‐old female whose chief complaint was intermittent severe right upper quadrant abdominal pain. Computed‐tomography (CT) imaging revealed a mass between the head and the body of the pancreas. EUS‐FNA smear preparation was obtained but was nondiagnostic. However, examination of the tissue cell block showed sheets of epithelioid cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and immunohistochemistry studies revealed positivity for both melanocytic (HMB‐45 and Melan‐A) and smooth muscle markers (actin and desmin). A diagnosis of PEComa was made and an uncomplicated middle pancreatectomy was performed. Our case and review of the literature demonstrates that EUS‐FNA complemented with tissue cell block increases cellular yield, improved preoperative diagnostic accuracy, and may assist the surgeon in planning conservative surgical management. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2017;45:59–65. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
FNAC Aided Diagnosis and Categorization of Hepatoblastoma:
Authors: Bera Goutam , Das Ram Narayan , Islam Nelofar , Roy Paromita , Mishra Prafulla Kumar , Datta Chhanda , Chaudhuri Manoj Kumar , Chatterjee Uttara
Published: September 2016

Hepatoblastoma is the most common primary malignant hepatic tumour of infancy and early childhood. Histologically hepatoblastomas are categorized into pure epithelial and mixed epithelial‐mesenchymal types and epithelial type is further subcategorized into pure fetal type, fetal and embryonal type, pure embryonal, and small cell types. This categorization has been shown to have prognostic and therapeutic implication. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is useful in pre‐operative diagnosis and categorization in most cases of hepatoblastomas. Periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) stain can be helpful to differentiate fetal subtype from embryonal subtype of hepatoblastoma. Here we describe three cases of hepatoblastomas diagnosed and categorized on cytology with subsequent confirmation on histological examination. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2017;45:77–82. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Design a healthier campus to support students, faculty, and staff
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: September 2016

VANCOUVER, British Columbia — Does your campus layout and design offer students the most mentally healthy option for their college experience? The environment in which students live and learn can influence both mental health and academic performance. That's why you, as a disability services provider, can be a valuable part of facilities planning and redesign teams.
Do movement behaviors identify reproductive habitat sampling for wild turkeys?
Authors: Conley Mason D. , Yeldell Nathan A. , Chamberlain Michael. J. , Collier Bret A.
Published: September 2016

Selection of habitats has regularly been suggested to influence species demography at both local and broad scales. The expectation is that selection behaviors have positive benefits via greater fitness or increased survival. The current paradigm of habitat selection theory suggests a hierarchical process, where an individual first selects where they choose to live (e.g., range) and then searches and selects locations within this range meeting life history needs. Using high‐frequency GPS data collected from reproductively active Rio Grande (n = 21) and Eastern (n = 23) wild turkeys, we evaluated a long‐standing theory for ground‐nesting galliformes, in that movements during the prenesting period are behaviorally focused on sampling available habitats to optimize the selection of nesting sites. Contrary to expectations, we found no evidence that reproductively active females engage in habitat sampling activities. Although most nest sites (>80% for both subspecies) fell within the prenesting range, the average minimum daily distance from nest sites for Rio Grande and Eastern wild turkey females was large [1636.04 m (SE = 1523.96) and 1937.42 m (SE = 1267.84), respectively] whereas the average absolute minimum distance from the nest site for both Rio Grande and Eastern wild turkey females was 166.46 m (SE = 299.34) and 235.01 m (SE = 337.90), respectively, and showed no clear temporal reduction as laying approached. Overall, predicted probability that any female movements before laying were initiated intersected with her nesting range (area used during incubation) was <0.25, indicating little evidence of habitat sampling. Our results suggest that the long‐standing assumption of hierarchical habitat selection by wild turkeys to identify nest sites may be incorrect. As such, habitat selection may not be the proximate driver of nest success and hence population‐level fitness. Rather, based on our results, we suggest that wild turkeys and other ground‐nesting species may be fairly plastic with regard to the selection of reproductive habitats, which is appropriate given the stochasticity of the environments they inhabit.
Origins of two hemiclonal hybrids among three Hexagrammos species (Teleostei: Hexagrammidae): genetic diversification through host switching
Authors: Munehara Hiroyuki , Horita Miho , Kimura‐Kawaguchi Motoko R. , Yamazaki Aya
Published: September 2016

Two natural, hemiclonal hybrid strains were discovered in three Hexagrammos species. The natural hybrids, all of which were females that produced haploid eggs containing only the Hexagrammos octogrammus genome (maternal ancestor; hereafter Hoc), generated F1 hybrid‐type offspring by fertilization with haploid sperm of Hexagrammos agrammus or Hexagrammos otakii (paternal species; Hag and Hot, respectively). This study was performed to clarify the extent of diversification between the two hybrids and the maternal ancestor. Genealogical analysis using mtDNA revealed that all 38 Hoc/Hot hybrids formed a branch (Branch I) with 18 of the 33 Hoc/Hag hybrids. No haplotype sharing was observed with the maternal ancestor. Further, microsatellite DNA analysis suggested that the members of Branch I shared the same hemiclonal genome set. The results suggested that Hoc/Hot hybrids originated by anomalous hybridization, or “host switching,” between Hoc/Hag and Hot, and not from interspecific hybridization between Hoc and Hot. The remaining 9 of 11 Hoc/Hag haplotypes and all of the 27 Hoc haplotypes were mixed within the genealogical tree, as if they had originated from multiple mutations. However, Hoc/Hag could also mate with Hoc. Although offspring from this host switch (Backcross‐Hoc) have the same genome as normal Hoc, a part of their genome retains genetic factors capable of producing hemiclones. Consequently, when a descendant of a BC‐Hoc hybrid mates with Hag males, a new hemiclone lineage will arise. Multiple haplotype revival through host switching from a single mutation in hybrids is another possible hypothesis for the observed mixing of Hoc/Hag haplotypes within the mtDNA genealogical tree.
Design of Balance Control System for High Maneuverability Vehicle on Steep Sloping Ground
Authors: DOI MASAYOSHI , FUKUHARA SHOU , MORI YASUCHIKA
Published: September 2016

In recent years, forests in Japan have required thinning. However, the sustainable wood is left around there because the tremendous effort and costs would have to be expended to transport it out. Thus, cut wood has been left around there. In this study, we design a high maneuverability vehicle that has balance control in its load‐carrying platform. The vehicle can transport the sustainable wood on steep sloping ground. In this study, we detected a delay time in regard to controlling the motion of the load‐carrying platform. We used generalized minimum variance control, one form of the predictive control, to control the system.
Development of a UV Light Source Using Pr:LuAG Thin Film Pumped by Electron Beam
Authors: ICHIKAWA NORIO , IKEDA KOHEI , HONDA YOSHINORI , TAKETOMI HIROYUKI , KAWAI KOJI , SUZUKI TAKASHI
Published: September 2016

Pr:LuAG thin film was deposited by pulsed laser deposition. Before and after thermal treatment, each film was characterized using X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and cathode luminescence. Thermal treatment led this film to crystallization of Pr:LuAG with garnet structure. And ultra‐violet (UV) emission was obtained from the Pr:LuAG film pumped by irradiating electron beam. We applied this technique to produce a product of a UV light source using Pr:LuAG thin film target pumped by electron beam.
Global patterns and determinants of forest canopy height
Authors: Tao Shengli , Guo Qinghua , Li Chao , Wang Zhiheng , Fang Jingyun
Published: September 2016

Forest canopy height is an important indicator of forest biomass, species diversity, and other ecosystem functions; however, the climatic determinants that underlie its global patterns have not been fully explored. Using satellite LiDAR‐derived forest canopy heights and field measurements of the world's giant trees, combined with climate indices, we evaluated the global patterns and determinants of forest canopy height. The mean canopy height was highest in tropical regions, but tall forests (>50 m) occur at various latitudes. Water availability, quantified by the difference between annual precipitation and annual potential evapotranspiration (P−PET), was the best predictor of global forest canopy height, which supports the hydraulic limitation hypothesis. However, in striking contrast with previous studies, the canopy height exhibited a hump‐shaped curve along a gradient of P−PET: it initially increased, then peaked at approximately 680 mm of P−PET, and finally declined, which suggests that excessive water supply negatively affects the canopy height. This trend held true across continents and forest types, and it was also validated using forest inventory data from China and the United States. Our findings provide new insights into the climatic controls of the world's giant trees and have important implications for forest management and improvement of forest growth models.
Reactivity of CS2 – Syntheses and Structures of Transition‐Metal Species with Dithioformate and Methanedithiolate Ligands
Authors: Rao Chokkapu Eswara , Barik Subrat Kumar , Yuvaraj K. , Bakthavachalam K. , Roisnel Thierry , Dorcet Vincent , Halet Jean‐François , Ghosh Sundargopal
Published: September 2016

The syntheses and structural characterization of the CS2–metal complexes [(η5‐C5Me5M)(η2‐S2CH2)(η3‐S2CH)] (1: M = Mo; 2: M = W), which feature partially and fully reduced CS2, are reported. In addition, the cis and trans isomers of the dimetallic (sulfido)molybdenum complexes [(η5‐C5Me5Mo)2(µ‐S2CH2S)2] (3‐cis and 4‐trans) are described. The [Mo2S4] cores of 3‐cis and 4‐trans represent paddlewheel‐like arrays. All the new compounds were characterized in solution by mass spectrometry, IR spectroscopy, and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Their structural architectures were established by X‐ray crystallographic analysis. Quantum‐chemical calculations by DFT methods on the model compounds 1′–4′‐trans showed good agreement with the experimentally observed structural parameters. The large HOMO–LUMO (HOMO = highest occupied molecular orbital, LUMO = lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) gaps are consistent with the high thermodynamic stabilities of these complexes. Further, the presence of short metal–metal cross‐cluster bonds in the X‐ray structures of 3‐cis and 4‐trans is supported by natural bond order (NBO) calculations.
Mechanistic Complications Caused by Redox Equilibration: Ascorbate Reduction of a Ruthenium(III) Complex under Low Driving Force Conditions
Authors: Impert Olga , Katafias Anna , Fenska Joanna , Chrzanowska Marta , Koter Stanisław , Dücker‐Benfer Carlos , van Eldik Rudi
Published: September 2016

A detailed kinetic study of the reduction of cis‐dichloridobispicolinatoruthenate(III) by l‐ascorbic acid that leads to the formation of the corresponding RuII complex, was carried out spectrophotometrically using the stopped‐flow technique. The reaction was studied as a function of [AscH2]T, [RuIII], and pH. The observed kinetic traces could only be fitted to a three‐exponential function, characteristic for three parallel reaction paths. However, an earlier study clearly showed that under the selected experimental conditions only a single complex species is present in solution. The observed complication is suggested to arise from the low driving force of the reaction during which the re‐oxidation of RuII by the semi‐oxidized l‐ascorbic acid, i.e. ascorbyl radical Asc·–, accounts for the apparent three‐exponential behavior of the reaction. A detailed account of different modeling efforts and a comparison with related systems is presented.
A Facile Synthetic Route to a Family of MnIII Monomers and Their Structural, Magnetic and Spectroscopic Studies
Authors: Houton Edel , Kelly Brian , Sanz Sergio , McInnes Eric J. L. , Collison David , Brechin Euan K. , Barra Anne‐Laure , Ryder Alan G. , Jones Leigh F.
Published: September 2016

We report a rapid and facile route to the synthesis of a family of MnIII monomers of general formula [MnIIIF3(H2O)(L1–6)]·xH2O·yMeOH [L1 = 2,2′‐bipyridyl, x = 2, y = 0 (1′); L2 = 1,10′‐phenanthroline, x = y = 0 (2′); L3 = 6‐methyl‐2,2′‐dipyridyl, x = y = 0 (3), L4 = 4,4‐dimethyl‐2,2′‐dipyridyl, x = 2, y = 0 (4), L5 = 5,5′‐dimethyl‐2,2′‐dipyridyl, x = 0, y = 0.5 (5); L6 = 5‐chloro‐1,10‐phenanthroline, x = y = 0 (6)]. Magnetic susceptibility and magnetisation experiments have been employed to elucidate the D tensor for each family member (ranging from –3.01 cm–1 in 2′ to –4.02 cm–1 in 5), while multi‐frequency/high‐field EPR spectroscopic measurements and subsequent simulations gave similar values for complexes 1′ (–4.25 cm–1), 2′ (–4.03 cm–1), 4 (–3.90 cm–1) and 5 (–4.04 cm–1). The terminal Mn–F vibrational stretches in 1′–6 have been probed using Raman spectroscopy.
Selective Borylation of [4]Helicene
Authors: Nečas David , Kaiser Reinhard P. , Ulč Jan
Published: September 2016

The Ir‐catalyzed borylation of [4]helicene under different reaction conditions was studied for the first time. The results indicate that monoborylation proceeds to give a mixture of 2‐ and 3‐borylated products in good yields (up to 74 % isolated yield). It was possible to shift the selectivity in favor of the 3‐borylated product by using sterically demanding ligands. The monoborylated [4]helicenes were further arylated by using a Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling or oxidized to the corresponding phenols in very good yields.
1,2‐Annulated Sugars: Synthesis of Polyhydroxylated 2,10‐Dioxadecalins with β‐manno Configuration
Authors: Borowski Daniel , Zweiböhmer Tobias , Ziegler Thomas
Published: September 2016

A new synthetic route to 1,2‐pyran‐annulated O‐glycosides (pyranopyrans) with β‐manno configuration is presented. Starting from a benzyl‐protected allyl β‐2‐uloside obtained by C2‐oxidation from the corresponding allyl glucoside, vinylation and ring‐closing metathesis provided a bicyclic alkene as a key substrate. Optimized reaction conditions involving the 2‐uloside were required to circumvent the formation of the unwanted 3,2‐enolone. Subsequent stereoselective alkene dihydroxylations were investigated and are presented. Diastereoselective catalytic osmoylation afforded the bicyclic β‐mannoside with syn‐diol configuration. In contrast, a sequence featuring a directed vanadium‐catalyzed alkene epoxidation and epoxide opening provided the corresponding 2,10‐dioxadecalin target compound with trans‐diol configuration. X‐ray crystallography was employed to study the molecular structure of the target compound with syn‐diol configuration. In addition, the molecular packing and hydrogen‐bonding interactions of the hydroxy‐rich molecule were examined.
Biodesulfurization from the high sulfur coal with a newly isolated native bacterium, Aspergillus sp. DP06
Authors: Liu Tong , Hou Jin‐Hui , Peng Yao‐Li
Published: September 2016

In this paper, we made attempt to desulfurize the coal collected from Yihai coalfield of Qinghai province in China contains high total sulfur content (4.97% by mass) and high organic sulfur content (3.37% by mass). The high sulfur coal sample was subjected to desulfurization by using a new bacterium isolated from the native coal mine site. The molecular identification of the 18S rRNA gene showed that the native bacterium was Aspergillus sp., denoted as DP06, and it is reported first time for the capability to remove about 47% of total sulfur from the coal. To improve biodesulfurization performance, the effect of various parameters such as medium pH, pulp density, incubation time, and incubation temperature on the desulfurization was investigated and the optimal values were found as pH 5.0, 5% of pulp density, 8 days, and 35°C, respectively. Final total sulfur content of the desulfurized coal with DP06 was reduced to 2.63% (organic sulfur 1.45% + pyritic sulfur 0.53% and 0.65% of sulfate sulfur). Collaborative treatment high sulfur coal sample by using native bacterium DP06 and Thiobacillus ferrooxidans was studied and demonstrated 59% of total sulfur removed from the coal sample. Results of analytical characterization have indicated that the treatment of high sulfur coal with native bacterium DP06 has caused the increase in calorific value from 6329 cal/g to 6521 cal/g, but the ash content of coal was eliminated. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 36: 595–599, 2017
The Role of Credit in Predicting US Recessions
Authors: Ponka Harri
Published: September 2016

We study the role of credit in forecasting US recession periods with probit models. We employ both classical recession predictors and common factors based on a large panel of financial and macroeconomic variables as control variables. Our findings suggest that a number of credit variables are useful predictors of US recessions over and above the control variables both in and out of sample. In particular, the excess bond premium, capturing the cyclical changes in the relationship between default risk and credit spreads, is found to be a powerful predictor of recession periods. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The prognostic impact of COX‐2 expression in breast cancer depends on oral contraceptive history, preoperative NSAID use, and tumor size
Authors: Simonsson Maria , Björner Sofie , Markkula Andrea , Nodin Björn , Jirström Karin , Rose Carsten , Borgquist Signe , Ingvar Christian , Jernström Helena
Published: September 2016

The association between tumor cyclooxygenase 2 (COX‐2) expression and breast cancer prognosis has been inconsistent. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of COX‐2 tumor expression according to adjuvant treatment, and potential effect modifications of non‐steroid anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) use, and other tumor and lifestyle factors. A prospective cohort of 1,116 patients with primary breast cancer in Lund, Sweden, included 2002‐2012 was followed until June 2014 (median 5 years). Tumor‐specific COX‐2 expression was evaluated on tissue microarrays using immunohistochemistry. Associations between COX‐2 intensity (negative, weak‐moderate, high) and patient and tumor characteristics as well as prognosis were analyzed. Tumor‐specific COX‐2 expression was available for 911 patients and was significantly associated with higher age at diagnosis and less aggressive tumor characteristics. Higher COX‐2 expression was associated with lower risk for breast cancer events during the first five years of follow‐up, adjHR 0.60 (95%CI: 0.37‐0.97), per category. The association between COX‐2 expression and prognosis was significantly modified by oral contraceptive (OC) use (Pinteraction = 0.048), preoperative NSAID use (Pinteraction = 0.009), and tumor size (Pinteraction = 0.039). COX‐2 negativity was associated with increased risk for events during the first five years in ever OC users, adjHR 1.94 (1.01‐3.72) and during the 11‐year follow‐up in preoperative NSAID users, adjHR 4.51 (1.18‐11.44) as well as in patients with large tumors, adjHR 2.57 (1.28‐5.15). In conclusion, this study, one of the largest evaluating COX‐2 expression in breast cancer, indicates that the prognostic impact of COX‐2 expression depends on host factors and tumor characteristics.
Is peripheral access for apheresis procedures underutilized in clinical practice?—A single centre experience
Authors: Putensen Daniel , Leverett David , Patel Bhavika , Rivera Jasmin
Published: September 2016

Background

The majority of reports regarding general vascular access choices for apheresis procedures argue that peripheral venous access should be considered first. However, the clinical reality appears to be different. While some procedures mandate central vascular access (e.g., therapeutic apheresis procedures in critically ill patients) and in some cases it is the patient's preference, we propose that the majority of elective procedures can be successfully performed peripherally.

Purpose

To establish the feasibility and suitability of peripheral access for different apheresis procedures, undertaken in elective or emergency settings.

Methods

The choice of vascular access devices and cannulation sites were analysed retrospectively from all apheresis procedures performed between January 2014 and December 2015 at a single institution.

Results

Over 2 years a total of 3714 procedures were performed on 1061 patients. Absolute number of procedures (percentage) done peripherally: autologous and allogeneic hematopoietic progenitor cell harvest—400 (88%) and 458 (97%) respectively; mononuclear cell harvest—88 (93%); automated red cell exchange—1954 (80%); therapeutic plasma exchange—766 (26%); white blood cell depletion—48 (71%). Choice of vascular access for all procedures (absolute number [percentage]): peripheral and ultrasound‐guided peripheral deep vein cannulation—2683 (72%); central venous catheter access: femoral—331 (9%); jugular—511 (14%); subclavian—2 (<1%); double‐lumen port—187 (5%). Peripheral access in all apheresis procedures (emergency and elective) was 72%; for purely elective procedures this number increased to 80% to 97%, depending on the procedure.

Conclusion

In our institution the majority of elective apheresis procedures are successfully performed using peripheral access.