bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Second Empire’S Imperial Ideologies In Mexico And Algeria
Authors: Carroll Christina B.
Published: January 2023

This chapter looks into Emperor Napoleon III's imperial vision, which sought to define the Second French Empire and influenced the early Third Republic. It covers Napoleon III's expansion efforts to increase the size of the empire he ruled. The speech of Napoleon III attempted to define the respective roles of colonists and indigenous peoples in Algeria as part of a broader project to rethink the territory and its relationship with France. Moreover, Napoleon III attempted to find a new empire in Mexico after redefining Algeria as a royaume arabe. The chapter explores how various intellectual legacies of Napoleonic imperialism and revolutionary nationalism to Saint-Simonian ideas about race shaped the new understanding of the empire that Napoleon III proposed. It looks into the interconnections between continental and colonial understandings of empire and shows how they evolved over time according to how French writers, politicians, and theorists understood colonial expansion.
Creating A Republican Algeria
Authors: Carroll Christina B.
Published: January 2023

This chapter explicates the attempt to create a republican Algeria in line with the debates over Algeria and its connections to the French nation concerning the Franco-Prussian War and the early Third Republic France. It then looks into Napoleon III's attempt to restructure Algeria, wherein French voices tend to dominate the conversation about empire in both metropole and colony. Moreover, the republicans attempted to show why their model of overseas republican colonization was superior to its Bonapartist predecessors. The chapter expounds on the transformations in Algeria's administration that significantly affected the position of indigenous Algerians. It explains that the diverse accounts of Algeria's issues reflected political concerns, such as revolts and military incompetence.
American Pluralists, Friends at Oxford
Authors: Weinfeld David
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores Horace Kallen and Alain Locke's budding friendship and how it led to the formation of their shared pluralistic outlook. Much of the scholarship surrounding Locke and Kallen at Oxford has focused on the Oxford American Club's Thanksgiving dinner of November 1907, when white Rhodes scholars declined to invite Locke, and Kallen refused to attend in protest. Kallen's Jewishness proved an important marker of difference. Locke's Blackness proved more significant and created a power imbalance between the two men, complicating their friendship. That friendship featured prejudice and admiration, bigotry and respect. Over time, admiration and respect won out. The burgeoning friendship between Kallen and Locke exemplified cultural pluralism as lived experience.
The Role of Religion
Authors: Beckeld Benedict
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the role of religion in society and how oikophobia is preceded by a decreasing adherence to traditional religion. It presents the two considerations to keep in mind here: the first is that since a community requires sacrifice, and sometimes even self-sacrifice, a positive feeling in the individual of communal membership and togetherness is necessary for that community to function. The second consideration is that the beginnings of every civilization are shrouded in religion, that is, that religion is the cornerstone of every civilization. These two considerations, when taken together, yield a very important result. As the chapter emphasizes, the rejection of religion is generally accompanied by the rejection of communal membership and by a declining loyalty to the civilization as a whole, and not just to its religion. It further highlights that the evidence of history thus points to a nexus of civilizational weakening, religious weakening, and oikophobic rise. The chapter concludes by considering other and ancillary reasons for the lack of oikophobia in the Middle Ages.
Oikophobia in the United States
Authors: Beckeld Benedict
Published: January 2023

This chapter delves into the American beginning and the descent into oikophobia. It first describes that the history of the United States is, to a considerable extent, the history of immigrant assimilation and the history of the conflict between the federal government and the separate states. The chapter also mentions the two legal milestones for the United States, namely the Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution (1913), which allows for the election of federal senators directly by the people rather than by their state legislatures, as well as the Nineteenth (1920), giving women the vote. The chapter then peeks at some oikophobic traces in the generation of American writers who become expatriates in Paris and London in the 1920s. It further elaborates on the first very clearly oikophobic wave: the Beat Generation of the 1950s. The role diversity plays on this trajectory merits repetition. Today, diversity has become a professed goal of politicians and anyone claiming a certain cultural savoir faire.
Cyclical and Progressive Theory
Authors: Beckeld Benedict
Published: January 2023

This chapter reiterates that history in some respects moves in a cyclical fashion. It focuses on one particular aspect of history, or only viewing history from one particular point of view, namely the development of oikophobia. The chapter then shifts to look at many causes behind the civilizational decline, noting that these are generally indicative of their times at large. Not only are there many different causes behind the decline, oikophobia being only one of these; the fact is also that one aspect may be declining while another is progressing. The chapter also insists that the history of oikophobia is not a total history by any measure. What the chapter maintains, however, is that when the rise and fall of cultured nations are studied, the appearance of oikophobia follows familiar and even unmistakable patterns. Ultimately, the chapter evaluates how the cyclical pattern excluded any eschatological or teleological notion of history. Teleology is the study of an end or ultimate purpose; eschatology, similarly, is the belief in a final end of things, the utmost time.
Oikophobia in the United States
Authors: Beckeld Benedict
Published: January 2023

This chapter recalls oikophobia in the forms of relativism and positivism. It investigates how these branches intertwine in our culture today, and how they express themselves oikophobically. The chapter argues that we have a situation today in which many who are relativists also believe in progress in a positivist sense: the perfection of society, step by step, toward a utopian goal. This chapter underlines that they do not realize the contradiction between relativism and the notion of progress: progress implies a higher goal, which implies a higher truth of some kind, which is antithetical to relativism. In the United States today, the oikophobe tends to reject patriarchality and particularity in favor of universality. The chapter then illustrates the two conflicting claims to this universality: “absolutist” and “relativist.” These correspond to this mix of positivism and relativism in the modern oikophobe. Ultimately, the chapter considers postmodern oikophobia and explains why the modern American psyche is especially susceptible to postmodernism.
Achieving Universal Health Insurance
Authors: Yamagishi Takakazu
Published: January 2023

This chapter shows how two crisis moments—World War II and the U.S.-led occupation—that Japan had experienced created and improved the foundation of the country's health insurance system from the top down. The Ministry of Health and Welfare held power by allying with the military during the war and with the occupation officers during the postwar reconstruction. When the occupation forces were ready to leave Japan, the political actors involved in health insurance policy, including the Japan Medical Association, sought to expand their influence in the policymaking process. But they did so within the framework of existing institutional arrangements. In the decade of the 1950s, path dependence narrowed the policy options for stakeholders. Two types of positive feedback mechanisms produce path dependence. The first type may be described as learning or adaptation effects. The second type of positive feedback mechanism can be described as the effect of political configurations.
Consolidating Universal Health Insurance
Authors: Yamagishi Takakazu
Published: January 2023

This chapter describes the political battles of the 1960s and how they settled issues regarding national health insurance. Japanese politics underwent a change in this period. The Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) continued to be in power, but it faced challenges and had to transform its policy priorities. The JMA, with Tarō Takemi as its president, tried to take advantage of the LDP's difficulties and was determined to gain concessions from the government for its members. With his strong connections with influential politicians in the LDP, he was able to maneuver in the robust bureaucracy. Takemi did his best to win some skirmishes, which helped him to go on being reelected as the JMA president. However, he could not change much given the robust nature of the government institutions. With Takemi's aggressive performance, the JMA appeared to be on the offensive, while the government looked defensive, but the institutional arrangements of health insurance remained almost intact. In the end, the political battle was not much about the substance of the health insurance system.
Japanese Health Care in the Globalization Era
Authors: Yamagishi Takakazu
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores how Japan grapples with deepening globalization and how this affects the health care system. With increasing globalization, the government has found it harder to increase tax revenues, especially from corporate taxes, as many companies have chosen to move their factories and even their headquarters to countries with cheaper labor costs and lower taxes. Along with the worsening business climate caused by long-term economic stagnation after the economic bubble burst, the advance of globalization has played a large role in reducing government revenues and adding to the national debt. Within this context, the chapter discusses two events which may have had a substantial impact on the health insurance system. The first was the adoption of the Long-Term Care Insurance Act of 1997. Another event was the spread of COVID-19 beginning early in 2020. The chapter ends with some early observations about how the pandemic will affect the discourse of health insurance policy.
Introduction
Authors: Vanderhurst Stacey
Published: January 2023

This chapter describes what is at stake in the Lagos rehabilitation center as a shelter for women that are detained there, as well as for the state agents, policies, and programs operating on them. It focuses on the shelter's rehabilitation program, which largely meets international standards for anti-trafficking interventions and reflects particular social and political concerns around women's migration and sexuality in Nigeria. The purpose of rehabilitation, as counsellors of the facility often described it, was to convince the women of the danger of their migration choices and to prevent them from making the same mistakes again. The chapter explores the model of rehabilitation that assumes that victims are complicit in being trafficked, so they are the ones who must reform. The model equates human trafficking prevention with migration prevention, justifying campaigns against migration in the name of protecting migrants.
Conclusion
Authors: Vanderhurst Stacey
Published: January 2023

This chapter looks toward the future as Nigerian women return home after rehabilitation in the Lagos rehabilitation center and make their way in the world in the decade since research began. It traces women through their final negotiations to leave the shelter, describing the arbitrary nature of decisions around release and vocational support, termed “empowerment.” It also discusses the women's return to Benin City, where they slip back into old lives with barely a word to their friends or family about their experiences on the road or in the shelter. The chapter examines the persistent themes of discipline and desire observed within the Lagos rehabilitation center. It explores the larger implications that these Nigerian women's experiences have for the ideas about the national economy, global governance, and alternate visions of justice for migrant women.
Giving Voice to Truth in Samizdat
Authors: Komaromi Ann
Published: January 2023

This chapter treats the “voice” as a complex metaphor for samizdat communication, where relations between silence and speech, the self and the group, and presence and absence may be negotiated. Associated with authenticity and the truth, samizdat voices also reveal the distinctive modes of expression by different people and groups. When samizdat appears to be the vehicle of the true or authentic voice, the medium can appear to be effaced, or its material poverty and precarious existence can serve as a sign of truth or spirit. Not impacted directly by censorship or institutional demands, samizdat appeared to be a direct means of communicating from peer to peer. At the same time, the voice implied addressing an audience. The personalized inflections of the voice acted as a sort of guarantee or “signature” indicating personal endorsement and commitment to the community addressed and the “truth” around which it was organized.
Imagining Time in Samizdat
Authors: Komaromi Ann
Published: January 2023

This chapter takes up the temporality of samizdat chronotopes in underground periodical editions. It explores different ways alternative conceptions of time may be linked to a vision of the group or society addressed. Samizdat temporalities in many cases referred to and adapted temporal schemes from official Soviet culture. Samizdat writers and readers also looked to coordinates from outside the Soviet imagination, adapted them to local needs, and thereby helped people think beyond the time of the Soviet state. Some samizdat authors and readers in Moscow reconceived revolutionary time. Others, including many in Leningrad, drew on the poetic traditions associated with that city to orient people to a great time of culture as opposed to the passing time of the state or empire. Other versions of eccentrically conceived time—that involved transcending or transforming the everyday world through play and art—illustrate the unexpected uses to which people put various influences for imaginative constructions of the past, the present, and possible futures. What resulted from these different underground variations looks far more complex and hybridized than the “homogeneous empty time” of modernity in the classic national imagination.
Cracking Wise
Authors: Lehman David
Published: January 2023

This chapter analyzes The Maltese Falcon (1941) and The Big Sleep (1946), as well as the novels they are based on, written by Dashiell Hammett and Raymond Chandler respectively. It focuses in particular on the wisecracks and rhetorical flourishes in both films and novels as well as related works by their authors. The chapter contends that Hammett was Chandler's acknowledged master, but as a sheer stylist the student surpassed the mentor. Chandler's similes and sarcastic hyperboles are full of attitude in the contemporary New York sense. They describe two things: the thing they're supposed to describe and the main character's reaction to it. Indeed, the wisecrack may be the modern American equivalent of the French aphorism, and some of the best examples will have come from Chandler. With his cracks, similes, and muted hyperboles, Chandler established a colorful rhetorical style.
The Limits of Logic
Authors: Lehman David
Published: January 2023

This chapter analyzes Trent's Last Case (1913), by Edmund Clerihew Bentley. A key element of the detective novel is its exploration of the idea that crimes—no matter how carefully planned, how artistically executed, with false alibis at the ready, misleading clues, and blind alleys around each corner—can be solved by the application of logic. Trent's Last Case puts this thesis to the test. It initiated what is often called the genre's golden age. The idea was to contrive a seemingly insoluble mystery that could ultimately be solved, and not in just one but in multiple ways. With the complexity of the case, the brilliance brought to bear upon it, and the incongruous clues strewn like souvenirs around the crime, Trent's Last Case sets the stage for the most cunning contrivances of Agatha Christie and other detective novelists.
Fuck Off and Die
Authors: Dailey Alice
Published: January 2023

This chapter assesses Richard III in light of anti-utopian queer theory and its offshoot, crip theory, a radical field of disabilities studies that reclaims the term “cripple” to aggressively confront assumptions that underlie ableist heterosexism. Rather than fetishizing the future signified by the child of heterosexual coupling, Richard empowers himself to murder the line of royal heirs who stand between him and the throne by identifying with his own crip body, embracing ableism's reading of it as a sign of doom or death. The chapter returns to the figure of Andy Warhol—his writings, biographies, Marilyn Monroe portraits, and skull paintings—as a kindred queercrip performer who, like Richard, proliferated his own disfigurement and morbidity through deformed, moribund offspring. Like the queer and disabled artists at the center of current crip theory, who use their bodies performatively to contest ableist heterosexism, Richard and Warhol identify with their social and corporeal otherness to stage fictitious distinctions between normal and defective, straight and queer, alive and dead. The chapter observes how the afterlives of both figures generate forms of postmortem reproduction that insist on a future for the dead, queer, and crip.
Bridging the Gap
Authors: Jones Darryl
Published: January 2023

This chapter highlights the Australian “tunnels of love,” one of the world's longest-lasting—and most enduringly successful—conservation interventions that allows tiny marsupials to squeeze their way through the boulders beneath busy roads as they search for mates. The chapter recounts the original tunnel that was constructed in 1986, long before there was any coherent notion of “road ecology” as a concept or any general recognition of the threats posed by traffic and transportation infrastructure. It then emphasizes how these underpasses provide a way for animals to cross roads safely in particular locations before looking at how the over-the-road variety has seen extraordinary innovations in terms of design, materials used, construction techniques, and the way in which the top of the overpass is handled. The chapter elaborates on the fauna overpasses, which are now the largest and most complex (and expensive) crossing structures, and then discusses another component of the structure of a road that has provided an enormously useful way to enhance permeability, the fundamental concept of enabling animals to move “through”—permeate—the road, a viaduct.
Coda
Authors: Jones Darryl
Published: January 2023

This chapter recounts the recovery of the Cheonggye Creek through the removal of roads in the middle of Seoul. It highlights that this is an extraordinary story of community demands and a rare example of civil authorities being willing to admit—and reverse—past mistakes. The chapter follows the story of Ji-hoon Moon, and describes the beautiful garden glade overlooking Cheonggye Creek. Vibrant purple flowers cascade over the rock walls that edge the garden; further down the terraced slope, lush plantings of vivid green vegetation run parallel to the rapidly flowing stream passing below. The chapter also reflects at the center of one of Asia's largest and most densely populated cities with a complete absence of traffic noise and no cars to be heard or seen. It recalls the Three Ages of the creek and Moon's life with the Cheonggye.
Queer Streetlife
Authors: Petri Olga
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores the ordering, the experience, and the performance of the queer city in the streets by connecting key phenomena symptomatic of urbanization and modernization to reports of queer life. It looks at cruising by drawing on parallels between flaneurs and queer men, both of whom exploit the unique characteristics of modern urban streetlife for opportunities of observation and exhibition. The chapter then focuses on the Liteinaia Borough, which was home to Anichkov Bridge and a critical mass of other sites that played an important role in queer spatial patterns. It traces certain infrastructural themes that penetrated the Liteinaia Borough but also expanded beyond it: public transport, streetlights, and public toilets. All of these were intimately connected to commerce and entertainment as well as to the queer milieu. Finally, the chapter considers a particular public commercial space located a few steps from the Liteinaia Borough: the roofed shopping arcade called the Passazh. Its refurbishment uniquely reveals how municipal authorities and the Passazh's owners attempted to enforce a vision of spatial order that was irreconcilable with what would be described today as cruising.
Imagining Hearing Song
Authors: Kay Sarah
Published: January 2023

This chapter considers the advantage and disadvantages of imagination. Troubadours and trouvères imagine songs they might sing through visual and tactile cues of manuscript transmission and imagining. The chapter elaborates on Aristotle's work on senses, wherein sound is perceived through hearing, touch, and vision. It explains how song is sensed and imagined as referenced in D'aiso laus Dieu by Marcabru and Nés qu'on porroit les estoilles nombrer by Machaut. The differences between Marcabru and Machaut reflected a historical development from a more sensation-oriented understanding of imagination to a more cognitively oriented one. Additionally, each poet has different understanding of imagination, which is clear from their treatment of the relationship between sight and hearing.
Food Power and Free Markets
Authors: Franczak Michael
Published: January 2023

This chapter argues that US food policy leading up to and during the 1972–74 world food crisis was both a catalyst for the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries' (OPEC) actions to raise oil prices in October 1973 and the first tool with which the United States—especially secretary of state Henry Kissinger—sought to break OPEC–Third World solidarity and rein in the New International Economic Order (NIEO). The chapter recounts how Kissinger hoped to take his Third World critics by surprise at the World Food Conference. It narrates his carefully written (and rewritten) keynote, in which he announced the United States' commitment to a new global food bank, while blaming OPEC for driving up food costs due to high fertilizer prices. The chapter looks at how developing countries stuck to their structural critique of international economic relations and stood behind OPEC leaders Venezuela and Algeria. It then examines how Kissinger's proposals suffered from internal opposition, as free-market reformers charged Kissinger with acquiescing to the South's demands for global market intervention and sabotaging their own deregulatory crusade at home.
Technology’s Triumph
Authors: Prout Jerry
Published: January 2023

This chapter shows how, on his third term, President Franklin Roosevelt found that the very same technology that had proven such an impediment to his New Deal initiatives suddenly would become the enabler of a dramatic and energetic recovery. A nation that for over a decade had experienced so much unemployment was about to enter an era of full employment. Technology, the unrelenting force that so often took jobs, suddenly became the engine of conversion to a wartime economy and the panacea for an ailing economy. In the dramatic, seemingly overnight redesign of factory floors to meet the exigencies of war, and then in the just-as-efficient reconversion back to peacetime production, a new techno-corporate model emerged that not only enabled the Allied victory but also demonstrated the value of efficient economic planning. In the altered post-New Deal politics, the liberal–labor coalition would seize on that model in its attempt to sustain a postwar full employment economy.
Automation Arrives
Authors: Prout Jerry
Published: January 2023

This chapter describes the impacts of automation's arrival and the challenges posed by the Cold War to the labor movement. In the early 1950s, automation made steady advances well before there was public, let alone political, recognition that technological unemployment had assumed yet another dimension. The dawn of the automated era occurred as the liberal–labor coalition's political effectiveness—indeed, its very coherence—was being challenged. The enactment of the 1947 Taft-Hartley Act and the neutering of full employment legislation were indicative of the sudden reversal of fortune. The flattening trajectory of legislative reforms aimed at protecting workers, both those with and without work, occurred at a moment when the unions were growing concerned with what appeared to be a dramatic step change in industrial operations.
Creating a Commission
Authors: Prout Jerry
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores John F. Kennedy's presidential campaign, during which he addresses the prospect of an automated future. To manage the new automated reality, Kennedy recommended that for its part, management face up to the impacts on workers. Modulating the pace of automation needed to become an integral part of the collective bargaining process. Moreover, management needed to help workers displaced by automation to find new work. Kennedy urged that companies step up their retraining efforts for the unemployed and increase unemployment compensation throughout the transition to new jobs. He further suggested that it was time to convene a national conference of business and labor leaders to “seek solutions to the problems of automation and reaffirm the determination of labor and management to make full use of modern technology in order to protect the interests of affected employees while the conversion is being made.” Like Walter Reuther, Kennedy advocated that the benefits of technology be shared, and he thought a congressionally authorized presidential commission might provide a roadmap for how to achieve a more equitable distribution.
Bold Solutions
Authors: Prout Jerry
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores the Automation Commission's work as it navigates an automated future with workplace displacement. The still-bright glow of John F. Kennedy's idealistic legislative agenda, now coupled with Lyndon Johnson's political acumen, held forth the promise of realizing greater economic and social justice. The Automation Commission itself was asked to design policies that might seize the potential of an automated future while alleviating its corrosive impact on jobs. The commission's expansive charter reflected the energetic vision of the New Frontier, now joined to the goal of achieving Johnson's vision of a Great Society. The attendant hubris of the era would permeate the commission's deliberations and its final report. Commission members were mindful of the fact that they needed to think beyond the boundaries of existing policies as they addressed how automation might help shape the Great Society. For forty years, the solution to the problem of technological unemployment had eluded policymakers. Now the commission was being asked to formulate ways to harness the impacts of automation in just a few months.
Introduction
Authors: Kramer Elisabeth
Published: January 2023

This chapter recounts the story of national legislative candidates who, like our knight in shining armor, wanted to present themselves as challengers to the status quo. It focuses on Indonesia's democratic system, which is characterized by an array of economic incentives given to voters during election campaigns and corrupt behavior among those elected. The chapter also investigates how the shift to democratization following the end of the Suharto regime intensified political competition in elections—and, subsequently, the ubiquity of money politics. Individual campaigns cannot be divorced from the political environment in which they occur, and, as the chapter emphasizes, the attention to the dilemmas that candidates face allows us to assess the real impacts of both formal and informal institutions and systems on democratic elections. By integrating an investigation of individual campaigns with a theoretical consideration of the role of context within campaign decision making, the chapter generates new ideas about the nature of election campaigns from both a systemic and a personal (candidate) perspective.
Corruption and Leveraging Anticorruptionism
Authors: Kramer Elisabeth
Published: January 2023

This chapter turns to a history of corruption issues in Indonesia and the politics that has made it both an enduring concern and an electoral issue. The chapter highlights why developing an anticorruption persona may have become a priority for some candidates in the lead up to the 2014 elections. The chapter also explores a key influence on Indonesia's campaign context—political corruption and its relationship to political parties and elections. As the chapter argues, corruption and efforts to combat it have played out on the public stage for many decades, affecting political institutions and solidifying its place as a salient issue. Offering a brief political history of corruption in modern Indonesia, the chapter helps us to better appreciate why some candidates might reject or be drawn to anticorruptionism as a strategy. By emphasizing the value of anticorruptionism as part of an electoral campaign strategy, and its pitfalls, the chapter offers an insight into some of the motivations for, and challenges surrounding, anticorruptionism in the context of electoral campaigns.
Standing His Ground
Authors: Kramer Elisabeth
Published: January 2023

This chapter follows the campaign of Ambo, a candidate running in 2014 for the national legislature, who was determined to win without resorting to payments (in cash, club goods, or local projects) to voters or establishing patronage relationships based on promises of kickbacks once in office. By following his campaign journey—the development of his strategy, the challenges he encountered, and his responses—the chapter reveals how an election campaign played out for one self-described “anticorruption candidate” (caleg antikorupsi). It describes what factors guided Ambo as he resisted turning to money politics in order to win in a context where the practice is not only normalized but seemingly demanded by voters. It also examines how his relationship with his party, his own values, and his ties within his electoral district shaped his response to these pressures. The chapter glimpses the victory of this candidate, who did his utmost to maintain his commitment to anticorruptionism until election day.
Researching Political Theater
Authors: Pisano Jessica
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses the research undertaken for this book, which included performances of political theater in far-flung borderland towns, in provincial cities, in villages, and in capital cities. In Ukraine, research included the capital Kyiv but spanned the length and breadth of the country. In Russia, research began in the 1990s in cities, towns, and villages in Voronezh region, whose southern reaches touch the Ukrainian breakaway region of Luhansk, as well as in Moscow and Saint Petersburg and its environs. To understand how and why some people cooperate in performances of democracy, and how those performances can change the ways people think about political participation, the author spent two decades researching and thinking about political theater in Russia and Ukraine. However, distinguishing between deliberate attempts to deceive and the sort of political participation that fits more squarely within traditions of liberal democracy is not always a straightforward matter.
History Of The Form
Authors: Pisano Jessica
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the relationship between contemporary political theater and the Soviet past. Analyzing a televised confrontation between a young cardiologist named Ivan Khrenov and Vladimir Putin in 2011, the chapter shows that continuity of form, not ideology, links contemporary political theater with the authoritarian spectacles of the Soviet era. The doctor's call drew on Soviet-era political repertoires. The ritual of a leader's visit to a provincial institution and the upstanding citizen's denunciation of corrupt local officials were among its clearest evocations. As a performance, it was Soviet in form, but it expressed the anxieties of a neoliberal economic present. Ultimately, the call unfolded in the context of a performance of responsiveness meant to reassure the Russian public of the liberal politics of an increasingly authoritarian regime.
Circulations and Dreams on the Urbanizing Plateau
Authors: Grant Andrew
Published: January 2023

This chapter looks at the circular migrations of people and goods that bring the Tibetan Plateau into the city and take the city onto the Plateau. Drawing from writings on planetary urbanization and circular migration, the chapter analyses urbanization as an explosive process that is incorporating ever more rural populations and land into an expanding urban form. Urbanization has been a promoted state policy and is reflected in the constantly changing statistical categories of the “urban” and the “urban population,” which the chapter shows have been continuously recalibrated as the urban has become a privileged site in post-reform China. The chapter then shifts to focus on Xining's Tibetan markets to reveal how Tibetan entrepreneurs have lived across the rural–urban divide, both remaining highly mobile and facilitating the movement of goods and migrants between these two milieus of Tibetan life. With the stories of urban migrants, the chapter suggests the existence of a regional modernity in which Tibetans use urban resources to pursue their individual and community goals, while working to distinguish these aspirations from those promoted in Chinese president Xi Jinping's “Chinese Dream.”
Creating an English Suriname (1651–1667)
Authors: Selwood Jacob
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses the establishment of English Suriname, with particular attention to the meaning and development of English subjecthood in the colony. English colonists, in attempting to make Suriname English, extended the scope of English subjecthood beyond that which pertained in England itself. In charting that expansion, the chapter considers the position of the English, Jewish, African, and indigenous populations in Suriname. It then provides context for the legal and cultural forms of belonging available to the Clifford family when they arrived in the colony sometime between 1663 and 1665. The chapter focuses on the extension of subject rights to Jews in Suriname via the 1665 “Grant of Privileges” as an example of how the colony's tenuous status and hostile disease environment created the need to bolster the colonial population. It ends on the eve of the 1667 Dutch conquest, an event that changed both the demographic makeup of the colony and the meaning of English subjecthood there.
Beyond the Red and the Blue
Authors: Smiley Erica , Gupta Sarita
Published: January 2023

This chapter considers a movement that does not get bogged down in partisan divisions but instead builds organizations based on shared values. The movement is likely to be found in the so-called red states of the South and Midwest as in the blue states of the West Coast and Northeast that labor organizers and other progressives have traditionally considered more fertile ground for organizing. The chapter talks about Allyson Perry and Heather DeLuca-Nestor, two West Virginia teachers who did not see the political leanings of voters in their red state as a barrier to organizing a labor movement. The chapter looks at important insights into strategies that organizers throughout the country need to consider in designing a labor movement suited for maximum effectiveness in the twenty-first century. It describes worker centers, which are organizations that have evolved in the last thirty years to meet the immediate needs of individuals who cannot form a union.
Building Long-Term Labor-Community Power
Authors: Smiley Erica , Gupta Sarita
Published: January 2023

This chapter explains that union workers have often fought to have a say over an employer's business practices and governance, attempting to negotiate over far more than wages and worksite conditions. It describes unions in Germany, South Africa, and countries throughout South America that have a role in governing a company's business practices in addition to negotiating a fair wage. Many unions in the United States have been attempting to overcome challenges through various forms of social movement unionism. The chapter reviews community organizations and unions in coalition with others that have fought for quality public schools, hospitals, mass transit, affordable housing, and the regulation of health and the environment to create a civil society. Unions who have largely followed the traditional models for bargaining move to broaden the scope of what is negotiated to include the community interests where workers' families live.
Who Benefits?
Authors: Smiley Erica , Gupta Sarita
Published: January 2023

This chapter addresses the important question of who benefits from the new technology and the changing nature of work. It analyzes the applications of new technology and shifts in the organization of work that speed up the concentration of wealth into the hands of a tiny select few while exploiting working people and/or destroying the climate. It also talks about how new technology can allow working people to benefit through increased resources, more time for recreation, and non-labor activities while providing sustainable practices that allow human life to survive and adapt to growing shifts in the climate. The chapter highlights that echnological change holds important implications for workers and the labor movement. Conversations narrow the range of social vision to the question of how to ensure that the citizens of the future simply get enough to survive.
How the United States Promotes the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime
Authors: Gibbons Rebecca Davis
Published: January 2023

This chapter looks into the nuclear nonproliferation efforts of each US administration during the nuclear age. It expounds on the works of administrations from President Franklin D. Roosevelt to Donald Trump. Even though they share a strategic interest in preventing the establishment of new nuclear weapon states, the Soviet Union played a lesser role in promoting the regime even though both states collaborated in developing the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and other related agreements. As a result, most international states associated the nuclear nonproliferation regime with US global leadership and the postwar US ordering project. The chapter highlights the importance of the state's relationship with the United States on whether they would support and join nuclear nonproliferation agreements.
Mixed Success in Promoting a New Safeguards Agreement
Authors: Gibbons Rebecca Davis
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses the Model Additional Protocol (AP) mandate approved by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) officials. The United States, the IAEA, and other members of the international community began promoting a strengthened safeguards mechanism after the discovery of Iraq's extensive nuclear weapon program. Moreover, US administration officials have promoted the universalization of the AP as it significantly improves the IAEA's ability to detect clandestine nuclear activities. The chapter elaborates on the decision-making of Japan, Indonesia, and Egypt on the AP despite the United States' diplomatic pressure. It highlights Egypt's disinterest in joining the AP due to rampant anti-Americanism and the rejection of US global leadership during the Mubarak regime.
Squatting Amid Capitalism and the Contradictions Thereof
Authors: Campbell Stephen
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses the ambiguity of squatting as an anticapitalist practice. It explains squatters initially bypassed the rule of private property to profit from de facto property ownership in the settlement. Squatting as an ethnographic case offers an effective empirical entry point for rethinking recuperation in a dialectical fashion in relation to extraction, exploitation, and rule. The chapter tackles the attempts to evict Yadana's squatters, which ultimately became contradictory because the settlement provides dense and low-cost housing but employers need significant cheap labor from the working-class near factories and warehouses. The chapter elaborates on the settlers' experience of being denied public services and privatized infrastructure.
The Integral Informality of Marginalized Workers
Authors: Campbell Stephen
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the labor arrangements outside of formal regulation despite being covered by labor laws in principle. Despite the informality of labor in Yadana, the labor is often integrated into wider circuits of formal capital accumulation. The chapter looks into varying informal employment that challenges the social reproduction theory, such as home-factories and stevedore. It tackles the challenges that Su Su had to face under the terms of working in factories despite her underage status. Even though informal employment provides autonomy and relative flexibility in Myanmar, employment outside legal labor protections allows exploitative and brutally violent forms of labor as well.
Privilege and Anxiety
Authors: Koo Hagen
Published: January 2023

This book examines what has happened to the Korean middle class in the era of neoliberal globalization and demonstrates that global economic change brought more profound changes than mere economic decline and shrinking size to this class. Globalization has inserted an axis of polarization into the middle class, separating a small minority that benefits from the globalized economy from the large majority that suffers from it. This internal differentiation generates a challenging dynamic within Korean society, as the newly affluent seek to distinguish themselves from the rest of the middle class to establish a new, privileged class position. The book explores how these tensions play out in three areas: consumption and lifestyle, residential differentiation, and education. In all three areas, the dominant orientation of the affluent middle class is to preserve their newfound privilege and to pass it onto their children. Their new class practices, the book argues, bring great anxiety to both the winners and losers of neoliberal globalization.
The Fractured Middle
Authors: Koo Hagen
Published: January 2023

This introductory chapter explores the Korean middle class being affected by Korea's recent transition to a globalized economy. It explains how the middle classes in numerous societies are steadily shrinking due to the growing job market insecurity and dwindling incomes. Following the Asian financial crisis in 1997, Koreans suffered numerous hardships such as the spike in unemployment, massive layoffs, widespread bankruptcies, and negative economic growth. Moreover, the changes triggered a rise in inequality within Korean society. The chapter focuses on Korea's economic inequality and globalization affecting social and cultural inequality, which sparks the increasing competition for status and privilege in the middle class.
The Rise And Fall of The Korean Middle Class
Authors: Koo Hagen
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores the right and fall of the Korean middle class. It also tackles the concept and changing definition of chungsancheung, which is a bland stratification term that indicates the middle-property strata while avoiding Marxist terminology. The rise of the Korean middle class was the direct result of rapid industrial development. Moreover, the media promoted the claims of middle-class status based on the economic and materialistic criteria as they play the role of modernizers and the powerful force of global consumerism. The chapter then covers the decline of the middle class revolving around job market insecurity, the rising cost of maintaining a middle-class lifestyle, and the shrinking size of the middle-class population due to aging.
Consumption And Class Distinction
Authors: Koo Hagen
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores how consumption played a vital role in determining social status in Korea's modern society. It defines chungsancheung (middle class) in terms of consumption status. The sector of consumerism changed drastically following South Korea's economic liberalization in the 1980s, democratization in 1987, and the Olympic Games in 1988. The chapter recognizes the rise of luxury consumption (myoongpoom) as the most noticeable change in Korea's consumption market since the 1990s. Moreover, the new phase of class distinction revolved around owning traditional cultural products and the willingness to invest time and money into health and physical appearance. The chapter also focuses on the cultural trend of luxury and high status being correlated with people's obsession with physical appearance, which resulted in Korea being widely known for its highly developed cosmetic surgery industry, Korean TV dramas, and hallyu (Korean wave).
Clinical Outcomes of Remdesivir in Section Moderate and Severe Cases of COVID-19: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Senthiappan Ruth Priya , Dambal Archana A , Mohan K , Aithal Kiran R , Parakh Rajendra Kumar , Vuppumalla Bhargav
Published: January 2023

Introduction: Remdesivir is a nucleotide analogue prodrug that perturbs viral replication. Remdesivir has been used in various trials previously for the treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Some clinical trials found that remdesivir had a mortality benefit, while other studies did not. It was also seen that remdesivir shortened the duration of hospital stay among COVID-19 patients in some trials while in other trials remdesivir did not have any influence on the duration of hospital stay. Aim: To study the clinical outcomes of Remdesivir in moderate and severe cases of COVID-19. Materials and Methods: The present retrospective, cohort study was conducted in the Department of General Medicine, SDM Medical College and Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka, India, from September 2021 to May 2022, in which 400 case records of patients admitted with moderate to severe COVID-19 were studied. Among these 314 patients received remdesivir and 86 patients did not receive remdesivir. Categorical variables, nominal variables were represented as proportions and frequencies and continuous variables were represented as mean±SD. Statistical analysis was done using Chi-square test. Results: A total of 400 COVID-19 patients were included in the study, among which 314 received remdesivir and 86 did not receive remedisivir. Those who received remdesivir had a mortality rate of 13.69% as compared to 11.63% among those who did not receive remdesivir (p-value=0.6170). In the remdesivir group, 36.62% had a hospital stay of >11 days, while it was 30.23% among the non remedisivir group (p-value=0.3060). Conclusion: In this study, remdesivir did not reduce mortality nor did it reduce the duration of hospital stay among moderate to severe COVID-19 patients.