bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improved cycling stability of nanostructured electrode materials enabled by prelithiation
Authors: Mai Liqiang , Xu Lin , Hu Bin , Gu Yanhui
Published: July 2010

This review represents recent research on using chemical prelithiation to improve cycling performance of nanostructured electrode materials for lithium ion batteries in our group. We focus on two typical cathode materials, MoO3nanobelts and FeSe2nanoflowers. Methods of direct or secondary hydrothermal lithiation of MoO3nanobelts and FeSe2nanoflowers are described first, followed by electrochemical investigation of the samples before and after lithiation. Compared with pristine materials, lithiated samples exhibit better cycling capability. Prelithiation of other kinds of materials, such as V2O5, MnO2, etc. is also briefly reviewed. This demonstrates that prelithiation can be a powerful general approach for improving cycling performance of Li-ion battery electrode materials.
Synthesis of Ti-Zr-Ni amorphous and quasicrystal powders by mechanical alloying, and their electrochemical properties
Authors: Takasaki Akito , Okuyama Tetsuya , Szmyd Janusz S.
Published: July 2010

Mechanical alloying of Ti45Zr38–xNi17+x and Ti45–xZr38Ni17+x (0 ≤ x ≤ 8) elemental powders produced an amorphous phase, but subsequent annealing converted the amorphous phase into an icosahedral quasicrystal phase, along with a Ti2Ni-type phase. The discharge capacities, measured in a three-electrode cell at room temperature for both the amorphous and quasicrystal electrodes, increased with increasing Ni substitution for Zr or Ti. The highest discharge capacities, which were about 60 mAh/g for the amorphous electrode and 100 mAh/g for the quasicrystal electrode, were obtained from (Ti45Zr30Ni25) after substitution of Ni for Zr. For the Ti45Zr30Ni25 composition, the discharge performance of the quasicrystal electrode was stable over charge/discharge cycling, but that of the amorphous electrode gradually decreased with cycling. The structure of the quasicrystal phase in the electrodes was stable, even after 15 charge/discharge cycles, but the amorphous phase converted to a (Ti, Zr)H2 f.c.c. hydride.
Health-related quality of life and working conditions among nursing providers
Authors: Silva Amanda Aparecida , Souza José Maria Pacheco de , Borges Flávio Notarnicola da Silva , Fischer Frida Marina
Published: July 2010

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate working conditions associated with health-related quality of life (HRQL) among nursing providers. METHODS: Cross-sectional study conducted in a university hospital in the city of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, during 2004-2005. The study sample comprised 696 registered nurses, nurse technicians and nurse assistants, predominantly females (87.8%), who worked day and/or night shifts. Data on sociodemographic information, working and living conditions, lifestyles, and health symptoms were collected using self-administered questionnaires. The following questionnaires were also used: Job Stress Scale, Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI) and Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). Ordinal logistic regression analysis using proportional odds model was performed to evaluate each dimension of the SF-36. RESULTS: Around 22% of the sample was found to be have high strain and 8% showed an effort-reward imbalance at work. The dimensions with the lowest mean scores in the SF-36 were vitality, bodily pain and mental health. High-strain job, effort-reward imbalance (ERI>1.01), and being a registered nurse were independently associated with low scores on the role emotional dimension. Those dimensions associated to mental health were the ones most affected by psychosocial factors at work. CONCLUSIONS: Effort-reward imbalance was more associated with health than high-strain (high demand and low control). The study results suggest that the joint analysis of psychosocial factors at work such as effort-reward imbalance and demand-control can provide more insight to the discussion of professional roles, working conditions and HRQL of nursing providers.
Influência da estrutura de diferentes copolímeros de etileno e a-olefinas na funcionalização com anidrido maleico
Authors: Maurano Carlota H. F. , Galland Griselda B. , Mauler Raquel S.
Published: July 2010

A funcionalização de copolímeros de etileno e a-olefinas com anidrido maleico (AM) foi realizada em solução de xileno com peróxido de dibenzoíla (DBP) como iniciador. Foi estudado o efeito das diferentes estruturas dos copolímeros, como número e comprimento de ramificação, na incorporação do AM. A funcionalização também foi realizada em estado fundido utilizando-se um misturador Rheomix 600 e uma extrusora Rheocord 9000 da Haake. A funcionalidade foi determinada por titulometria de neutralização e os produtos foram caracterizados por espectroscopia na região do infravermelho (FT-IR) e por cromatografia de permeação em gel (GPC). A funcionalidade dos copolímeros de etileno com 1-hexeno aumentou com o aumento do teor de comonômero e dos copolímeros com 1-octeno e 1-deceno aumentou com o aumento do teor de a-olefina até um máximo, decrescendo e mantendo-se constante.
Tendências da aquisição lexical em crianças em desenvolvimento normal e crianças com Alterações Específicas no Desenvolvimento da Linguagem
Authors: Gândara Juliana Perina , Befi-Lopes Debora Maria
Published: July 2010

O objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever as semelhanças e diferenças encontradas ao longo da aquisição lexical por crianças em desenvolvimento normal e crianças com Alterações Específicas no Desenvolvimento da Linguagem (AEDL), por meio de um amplo levantamento bibliográfico em bases de dados (SciELO, Lilacs, PubMed, Web of Science, Dedalus), que abrangeu as últimas décadas de estudos na área. Os estudos selecionados, de natureza observacional ou experimental, mostraram grande variedade de achados relacionados ao desenvolvimento do vocabulário, abrangendo as tendências e variações e também outras habilidades envolvidas no processo de aquisição lexical. De maneira geral, os resultados sugerem que as alterações lexicais que constituem um dos marcos inicialmente observados em crianças com AEDL são justificadas por dificuldades observadas em habilidades e/ou características influenciadas ou diretamente relacionadas aos mecanismos envolvidos no processamento da informação, que comprometem a qualidade e a recuperação das representações fonológicas e semânticas correspondentes a um novo item lexical. Entretanto, vários estudos sugerem que situações ostensivas e de grande suporte contextual que enfoquem poucas novas palavras favorecem a aquisição lexical de crianças com AEDL.
Taste Alterations in Cancer Patients Receiving Chemotherapy: A Neglected Side Effect?
Authors: Zabernigg August , Gamper Eva-Maria , Giesinger Johannes M. , Rumpold Gerhard , Kemmler Georg , Gattringer Klaus , Sperner-Unterweger Barbara , Holzner Bernhard
Published: July 2010

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Evaluate the effect of various chemotherapy regimens on taste alterations.Investigate the effect of chemotherapy-induced taste alterations on patients and use available dietary approaches such as taste enhancement and substitution of proteins and nutrients of avoided food to improve quality of life.

CME This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com.

Background.

Taste alterations (TAs) are a frequent but under-recognized treatment side effect in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy (CT). CT regimens with different toxicity profiles may vary in their impact on TAs, but research on this topic is lacking. This study assesses the prevalence of TAs and their relation to sociodemographic and clinical variables, especially CT regimens. Furthermore, the association between TAs and quality of life (QOL) is investigated.

Patients and Methods.

TAs and QOL data were collected longitudinally in 197 cancer patients (lung cancer, 54.3%; pancreatic cancer, 19.3%; colorectal cancer, 26.4%; age, 65.2 ±10.4 years; male, 57.4%) who were receiving CT at the Department of Internal Medicine at Kufstein County Hospital, giving rise to a total of 1,024 assessment times. Patients completed the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) QLQ-C30 questionnaire and two additional questions taken from the EORTC item bank concerning TAs. Statistical analyses were performed using mixed-effect models.

Results.

The study showed that the prevalence of TAs in chemotherapy patients is alarmingly high (69.9%). There were clear differences in TA scores among treatment groups: patients receiving irinotecan reported significantly more TAs than patients in other treatment groups; patients receiving a combination of gemcitabine and a platinum agent reported the lowest TAs. Additionally, significant associations between TAs and several QOL dimensions were found, especially with appetite loss and fatigue.

Conclusion.

The high prevalence of TAs and their impact on QOL in CT patients underscore the urgent need for increased attention to this side effect, both in research and in clinical practice.
High‐uniformity 2T1C AMOLED panels by a built‐in trimming method
Authors: Lee Te‐Yu , Lin Chrong Jung , King Ya‐Chin
Published: July 2010

Abstract— A new built‐in trimming scheme boosting the OLED driving current through analog programming of the driver p‐channel TFT is proposed. By using a selective programming operation, the current variation on the LTPS panel can be reduced to less than 1%. Another blanket‐boosting method is investigated for concurrent programming of the entire panel. This blanket‐boosting scheme has been successfully demonstrated on a 2.4‐in. AMOLED panel where the non‐uniformity improved from 8.1 to 4.9% under a worst‐case condition.
Lithium doping and gate dielectric dependence study of solution‐processed zinc‐oxide thin‐film transistors
Authors: Nayak Pradipta K. , Jang Jongsu , Lee Changhee , Hong Yongtaek
Published: July 2010

Abstract— The effects of lithium (Li) doping concentration and gate dielectrics on the performance of solution‐processed zinc‐oxide (ZnO) thin‐film transistors (TFTs) has been investigated. ZnO films with strong c‐axis orientation and lower background conductivity was obtained with 15 at.% of Li. Different crystallization behavior of ZnO was observed in the case of various dielectric surfaces. The 15‐at.% Li‐doped ZnO films (thickness ∼20 nm) prepared on SiO2 and SiNx were found to be present in crystalline form, whereas the film prepared on aluminum titanium oxide (ATO) was found to be amorphous. A field‐effect mobility of 1.81 cm2/V‐sec and an Ion/Ioff ratio of 2 × 106 were obtained for the 15‐at.% Li‐doped ZnO TFTs with a bilayer gate dielectric of SiO2 and SiNx. The comparison of dielectric studies showed that the performance of TFTs prepared on SiNx and ATO are higher than that of the TFTs prepared on SiO2.
Polarization‐independent and electrically tunable liquid‐crystal Fresnel lenses based on photoalignment in dye‐doped liquid crystals
Authors: Fuh Andy Ying‐Guey , Chen Ju‐Chin , Cheng Ko‐Ting , Huang San‐Yi
Published: July 2010

Abstract— This work demonstrates polarization‐independent and electrically tunable liquid‐crystal (LC) Fresnel lenses based on photoalignment in dye‐doped liquid crystals (DDLCs). The LC alignments in the adjacent odd and even zones of the LC Fresnel lens are orthogonally hybrid alignments. Those are generated by surface treatment of homeotropic and homogeneous alignment layers, and the dye‐adsorption layer onto the UV‐cured surface‐relief Fresnel zone plate. The maximum focusing efficiency (∼34.14%) of the fabricated LC Fresnel lens by applying a suitable AC voltage is close to the maximal theoretical focusing efficiency of a binary phase LC Fresnel lens (∼40.5%). Additionally, the focusing efficiency is polarization‐independent and electrically tunable.
High‐resolution autostereoscopic 3‐D projection display with a space‐dividing iris‐plane shutter
Authors: Ishinabe Takahiro , Kawakami Tohru , Takahashi Noriyuki , Uchida Tatsuo
Published: July 2010

Abstract— A high‐resolution autostereoscopic 3‐D projection display with a polarization‐control space dividing the iris‐plane liquid‐crystal shutter is proposed. The polarization‐control iris‐plane shutter can control the direction of stereo images without reducing the image quality of the microdis‐play. This autostereoscopic 3‐D projection display is 2‐D/3‐D switchable and has a high resolution and high luminance. In addition, it has no cross‐talk between the left and right viewing zones, a simple structure, and the capability to show multi‐view images.
Reduction of permanent image sticking in ACPDPs using RF‐plasma pretreatment on MgO surface
Authors: Park Choon‐Sang , Kim Jae Hyun , Jang Soo‐Kwan , Tae Heung‐Sik , Jung Eun‐Young
Published: July 2010

Abstract— The characteristics of the MgO layer are known to be an important parameter that affects the permanent image sticking or lifetime of an ACPDP. In this paper, to reduce the permanent image sticking in ACPDPs, the effects of RF‐plasma pretreatments of the MgO layer on the permanent image sticking are investigated. The treatment was conducted by using several plasma‐forming gases, including Ar, Ar followed by O2, and O2 followed by Ar. Measurements of luminance, normalized luminance, Vt closed curve, haze, MgO hardness, and photoluminescence between the discharge and nondis‐charge regions under dark and bright backgrounds indicated that the plasma treatments of MgO using either Ar or Ar followed by O2 gases reduce the permanent image sticking on dark and bright images in an ACPDP.
Effects of Xe content on wall‐voltage variation during address period in AC plasma‐display panel
Authors: Jang Soo‐Kwan , Park Choon‐Sang , Tae Heung‐Sik , Shin Bhum Jae , Seo Jeong Hyun , Jung Eun‐Young
Published: July 2010

Abstract— To investigate the influence of the gas condition, especially xenon (Xe) gas, on the wall‐voltage variation in relation to the electric‐field intensity during the address period, the wall voltages were measured under various Xe‐gas content ranging from 11 to 20% by using the Vt closed curve analysis method. It was observed that under a weak electric‐field intensity between the scan and address electrodes, the change in Xe content did not affect the wall‐voltage variation, even at a higher panel temperature of 65δC. However, under a strong electric‐field intensity, the wall‐voltage variations were reduced with an increase in the Xe content, confirming that a higher electric‐field intensity would be required to induce the wall‐voltage variation at a higher Xe content during the address period.
Effects of Annual Grass Weeds on the Yield of Corn1
Authors: Staniforth David W.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Corn yield reductions resulting from mature foxtail infestations averaged 14, 10 and 5 bushels per acre respectively, with applications of 0, 70 and 140 pounds of elemental nitrogen per acre. Corn yields were increased 2 to 3 times more than foxtail by the fertilizer applications. Possible effects of uncontrolled factors are recognized.
Effect of Rate and Frequency of Applying Six Nitrogen Sources on Coastal Bermudagrass1
Authors: Burton Glenn W. , Jackson James E.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Coastal bermuda, fertilized for 5 years with 3 rates and 2 frequencies of nitrogen from ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate solution, anhydrous ammonia, urea‐ammonium nitrate solution, and urea gave relative hay yields of 100.0, 96.2, 98.3, 94.0, 92.3, and 81.3 and relative nitrogen recoveries of 100.0, 98.6, 95.2, 96.4, 86.1, and 74.0, respectively. In sand culture, Coastal bermuda utilized ammonia and nitrate nitrogen equally well. Spring lag in response to anhydrous ammonia was largely due to placement. Splitting nitrogen applications increased yields 0.6 to 1.2 tons per acre for all sources but anhydrous ammonia.
Abscission Processes in Cotton: Induction by Plant Water Deficit1
Authors: McMichael B. L. , Jordan W. R. , Powell R. D.
Published: July 2010

Premature boll shedding is characteristic of the cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) growth habit, but the extent of this shedding is quite variable. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of water stress on boll and leaf abscission. The experiments were conducted in a greenhouse using plants grown in pots containing sand. Plant water deficits were induced by withholding water. Leaf water potentials measured with a pressure bomb were used to quantify the plant water deficit.

The extent of both boll and leaf abscission increased in a linear manner as leaf water potentials decreased from −10 to −24 bars. Abscission induced by water stress was dependent upon age of the tissue. Older leaves were shed as a result of relatively mild water deficits, while juvenile leaves did not abscise even after severe water deficits. Young, immature bolls were most sensitive to water stress. Bolls that remained on the plant approximately 14 days were retained by the plant even after exposure to a severe plant water deficit. A predawn leaf water potential of about −8 bars was required to induce significant leaf abscission.
Light Reflectance by Leaflets of Pubescent, Normal, and Glabrous Soybean Lines1
Authors: Gausman H. W. , Cardenas R.
Published: July 2010

The premise that hairy coverings on leaves diffuse and entrap incoming light was tested by comparing differences in spectrophotometrically measured reflectance, transmittance, and absorptance over the 500 to 2500‐nm wavelength interval among terminal leaflets of densely pubescent (hairy), normal (medium hairy), and glabrous (hairless) soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] lines.

Upper (adaxial) surfaces of pubescent leaflets reflected less light (1.5%) than glabrous leaflets over the 750 to 1,350‐nm near‐infrared (IR) region. Pubescent leaflets absorbed 4.1% and glabrous leaflets absorbed 2.3% of the near‐IR light.

Results suggest that leaf hairs diffuse and entrap incoming near‐IR light and thereby increase its absorptance and decrease its reflectance.
Water Relations, Growth, and Dry Matter Accumulation of Sorghum Under Post‐Rainy Season Conditions1
Authors: Sivakumar M. V. K. , Seetharama N. , Singh Sardar , Bidinger F. R.
Published: July 2010

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is one of the important crops grown under the residual soil moisture situation during the post‐rainy (rabi) season in India. Field studies were conducted at the ICRISAT center on deep vertisols on the effects of water stress on the growth and dry matter accumulation of sorghum. Leaf water Potential and stomatal conductance were measured diurnally on four dates during the growing season.

Irrigated sorghum crop exhibited higher stomatal conductance and higher leaf water potentials as compared to the nonirrigated sorghum. Higher transpiration rates observed in the case of the irrigated sorghum could be explained by the increased net radiation measured over the irrigated canopy. Lower leaves in the sorghum canopy showed lower stomatal conductance. Irrigated sorghum plants showed higher leaf area index and greater dry matter accumulation than those of the nonirrigated sorghum plants. There were significant differences in the final yield between the two treatments as reflected by less teritiary brancheslsecondaries, lower seed number/panicle and smaller seed size in the case of the nonirrigated sorghum.

On a seasonal basis, the nonirrigated sorghum crop used 213 mm of water to produce 0.51 kg m‐2 of dry matter, whereas the irrigated sorghum extracted 321 mm of water to produce 0.93 kg m‐2 of dry matter.
A Modified Flail Mower for Harvesting Forage Research Plots1
Authors: Barnes G. L. , McLaughlin G. L. , Foster W. D. , McMurphy W. E.
Published: July 2010

Harvesting forage plots for yield determination usually involves separate cutting and collection operations. A standard commercial hammer knife (flail) mower was modified by an addition of an Al collecting box for recovery of cut forage from individual plots. A tophinged rear door facilitated easy removal of harvests onto small tared tarpaulins for subsequent weighing. The modified unit proved to be effective for excellent recovery of cut alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) forage.
An Analysis of the Carbohydrate Status of Mefluidide‐Treated Annual Bluegrass
Authors: Cooper R. J. , Street J. R. , Henderlong P. R. , Koski A. J.
Published: July 2010

The intense spring seedhead production of annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) is a major factor limiting its quality as a turfgrass. Developing seeds are unsightly, and monopolization of assimilates by developing seeds may be partially responsible for the shallow root system and poor stress tolerance of annual bluegrass. A greenhouse study was conducted to determine if seedhead suppression resulting from the plant growth regulator mefluidide [N(2,4‐dimethyl‐5‐{[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]amino} phenyl) acetamide] would result in a redistribution of carbohydrates to the roots of annual bluegrass. Mefluidide was applied prior to seedhead emergence at rates ranging from 0 to 0.21 kg a.i. ha−1. Complete seedhead suppression associated with the 0.14 and 0.21 kg a.i. ha−1 rates resulted in greater concentrations of fructose and glucose in annual bluegrass roots compared to roots of untreated plants during peak seedhead emergence. Redistribution of carbohydrates was short lived, with no differences in carbohydrate content occurring among treatments after peak seedhead emergence. Mefluidide had little effect on leaf and stem carbohydrates. Regardless of mefluidide rate, concentrations of fructose, sucrose, and fructans were considerably greater in leaf and stem tissue than in roots. Annual bluegrass stems were the major storage organ for fructans, with only minor fructan storage occurring in roots. The carbohydrate content of mefluidide‐treated annual bluegrass decreased substantially in leaf, stem, and root tissue following growth inhibition due to a post‐inhibition growth surge.
Heterosis and Combining Ability in a Diallel Cross Among Nine Varieties of Oriental Tobacco1
Authors: Marani A. , Sachs Y.
Published: July 2010

Nine varieties of oriental tobacco and all possible F1 hybrids among them were evaluated at two locations in srael. Yield of cured leaves, mean weight per cured leaf, number of leaves per plant, plant height, combustibility, total alkaloid content, and days to flowering were determined.

The average yield of cured leaves of the hybrids was 21% above that of the parental varieties. Other traits with the exception of combustibility and total alkaloid content exhibited significant heterotic effects. The magnitude of heterosis was similar at both locations.

The ranking of the varieties according to their relative general combining ability was similar, in most cases, to their ranking according to parental performance. It was suggested that additive genetic variance was predominant for all the traits that were examined, but there was an indication that nonadditive components of genetic variance may also be present. We concluded that the procedure of selecting homozygous lines from the segregating progeny of a cross would be more suitable than using first‐generation hybrid varieties for breeding oriental tobacco.
Seedling and Biochemical Differences Within a Long‐Time Maize (Zea mays L.) Inbred1
Authors: El‐Eryani A. A. , Fleming A. A.
Published: July 2010

Significant differences in seedling agronomic and quantitative biochemical characters (total carbohydrates) were obtained between four stocks of the same long‐time inbred line of maize.

Apparently, 3 different biotypes have evolved in the 4 stocks of the inbred Cl 7. The stocks from North Carolina and Arkansas have diverged widely from each other as well as from the Athens and Beltsville stocks. Athens and Beltsville stocks have remained similar to each other. In general, the stocks which had agronomic differences in a previous study also had seedling agronomic and biochemical differences in this study.

Hereditary variations reported herein may be attributed to relic heterozygosity, mutation, or a combination of the two. These causes and the significance of the variations are discussed in a previous paper (2).

Studies in the determination of heterogeneity between stocks of the same inbred line are not limited to field experiments. Results of this experiment show that seedling characters in the greenhouse and quantitative biochemical analysis in the laboratory may be used successfully in differentiating stocks within a long‐time inbred line. Furthermore, this information should be of value in relating biochemical studies to both applied and basic genetical research.
Agronomic and Cytotaxonomic Comparisons Between Digitaria decumbens and D. pentzii1
Authors: Schank S. C. , Decker H. F. , Killinger G. B. , Allen R. J.
Published: July 2010

Pangolagrass (Digitaria decumbens Stent.) and two strains of Digitaria pentzii Stent, introduced via Taiwan were evaluated from a cytotaxonomic and agronomic viewpoint. The two introductions of D. pentzii, A‐24 and A‐82, were taxonomically identical and have a regular meiosis with a 2n chromosome number of 18, a number not previously reported for this species. Pangolagrass, in contrast, has a 2n chromosome number of 27 and a very irregular meiosis with up to 9 laggard univalents at anaphase I. The most obvious taxonomic distinction between these grasses, which is most easily observed in young material, is the hairiness of the lower culm and stem sheaths in D. pentzii as compared to the glabrousness or only sparse hairiness in pangolagrass. Both D. pentzii introductions are less winter hardy than pangolagrass and can not be recommended in areas north of the 26° latitude in Florida.
A Second Locus for Pollen Color in Pima Cotton, Gossypium barbadense L.1
Authors: Turcotte E. L. , Feaster Carl V.
Published: July 2010

Pollen color in the amphidiploid species of Gossypium varies from deep golden yellow to cream and is conditioned by one pair of alleles, P and p, with yellow dominant to cream. A mutation causing orange pollen was found in ‘Pima S‐I’, a normally yellow pollen commercial variety of Pima cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.). The mutant, when selfed, showed pleiotropic effects which gave ranker plants that flowered later and fruited higher. Also, the flower buds were not conical and the stigma extruded beyond the scalloped tips of the corolla.

The inheritance of orange pollen was determined from crosses of yellow with mutant orange, yellow with cream, and cream with mutant orange pollen strains. Single gene differences conditioned pollen color in the first two crosses; yellow was dominant. Pollen color in the cross of cream with mutant orange was conditioned by two complementary genes, giving an F2 segregation of 9 yellow: 3 orange: 4 cream. One of the cream phenotypes in F2 was found to be conditioned by the homozygous double recessive — a new genotype for cream pollen.

The symbols P1 or p1 and P2 or p2 are proposed for the genes conditioning pollen color in G. barbadense. True breeding yellow and cream pollen strains would have the genotypes P1P1P2P2 and p1p1P2P2, respectively. The orange pollen mutant would have the genotype P1P1p2p2.
Radiation Studies with Sexual Yellow‐Anthered Dallisgrass, Paspalum dilatatum Poir
Authors: Bashaw E. C. , Patrick Keith H.
Published: July 2010

Dormant seed of an erect, sexual, but highly uniform dallisgrass, Paspalum dilatatum Poir., ecotype were irradiated with gamma rays and neutrons in an effort to induce favorable changes in growth habit. Radiation caused extensive changes in morphology and growth characteristics and also resulted in severe seedling mortality and high sterility. Most of the mutants were inferior to untreated plants, but a few highly fertile, vigorous, decumbent mutants of potential value were recovered in the M2 generation.

In general, prominent changes in growth characteristics were accompanied by chromosomal aberrations, reduced viability of male and female gametophytes, and low fertility. Abortion of the female gametophyte corresponded very closely to the reduction in pollen quality. Degeneration of sporogenous tissue was noted at all stages of megasporogenesis and embryo sac development, and there was no evidence of selectivity for a balanced megaspore within the linear tetrad.
Lateral Root Development in Progenies of Creeping and Noncreeping‐Rooted Medicago sativa L.1
Authors: Avendano Raul E. , Davis Ralph L.
Published: July 2010

Progenies between 2 creeping‐rooted and 2 noncreepingrooted clones crossed in all combinations were evaluated for differences in root development. Plant heights and dry weights of tops and roots were measured.

Lateral root development began within the first 3 months of growth and a cross involving 2 creeping clones produced the highest proportion of progeny with lateral roots. The first vigorous lateral roots produced on plants from creeping ✕ creeping clones were closer to the crown (nearer the soil surface) and formed a larger angle with the main root than laterals on plants from noncreeping ✕ noncreeping clones. Crosses of the 2 creeping‐rooted clones produced more plants with adventitious shoot sites on roots and more sites per plant than other crosses. Adventitious shoots were observed as early as 5 months after planting.

Forage yields between progenies of creeping ✕ creeping and noncreeping ✕ noncreeping crosses were not significant. Negative but nonsignificant correlations were found between the distance from the base of the crown to the first vigorous lateral and the angle formed between this lateral and the main root. Dry weight of the roots in the top 18 inches of soil was positively and significantly correlated with height and yield. The lateral roots on the creeping‐rooted plants developed early and suggested that such types less than one year old may resist heaving better than noncreeping types.
Effect of Kernel Position on Amylose Starch Content; Distribution of Amylose within Corn Endosperm (Zea mays L.)1
Authors: Fergason V. L. , Helm J. L. , Zuber M. S.
Published: July 2010

Relative amylose starch content of kernels was determined for three ear zones of inbred, F1 and F2 generations of high‐amylose corn. Each ear was divided into three relatively equal zones, and the amylose content was determined for each. A significant linear decrease in amylose content was found progressing from the base to the tip of an ear. These results indicate that kernel sampling procedures should be standardized where precision is desired in investigations involving high‐amylose starch synthesis. In addition, kernels from each of the three ear zones were degermed and the endosperm tissue was divided into tip, middle, and crown portions. The middle endosperm portion was consistently highest in amylose content within each ear zone.
Components of Seed Yield and Associated Characteristics in Lotus corniculatus L.1
Authors: Albrechtsen R. S. , Davis R. L. , Keim W. F.
Published: July 2010

Data were obtained on 12 variables in a replicated clonal nursery containing 20 genotypes of birdsfoot trefoil, Lotus corniculatus L., with plants spaced at 40‐inch centers. Broad sense genetic variability (heritability) estimates suggested that a large part of the phenotypic variation present was genetically controlled. Values of expected gain from selection suggested that seed yidds of 93% over the mean of the population studied should be attainable through selection of the top 10% of the population. Prostrate‐type plants had higher mean values for seed yield and all of its potential components than did upright‐type plants.

Progeny plants from crosses in all combinations between 2 prostrate and 2 upright‐type clones included in the clonal nursery were studied in 2 progeny nurseries. Plants in one of these nurseries were spaced at 36‐inch centers and those of the other at 12 by 16‐inch spacing. Genetic variability estimates were generally higher at the 12 by 16‐inch spacing than corresponding estimates from the wider‐spaced nursery. Progenies from crosses of prostrate X upright types (and reciprocals) were superior to progeny from prostrate X prostrate or upright X upright for most of the characters studied. This differential in performance was usually greatest at the closer spacing.

Path coefficient analyses showed that number of umbels setting seed had the greatest influence upon seed yield, both directly and indirectly, of components analyzed. Phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of determination for the actual components studied in the clonal nursery were 89% and 96%, respectively, compared to those of 27% and 45% for the potential components.
Heterosis and Homeostasis in Rye (Secale cereale L.) I. Individual Plant Production of Varieties and Intervarietal Crosses1
Authors: Pfahler P. L.
Published: July 2010

Three varieties of diploid rye, ‘Florida Black,’ ‘Gator,’ and ‘Wrens Abruzzi,’ were crossed reciprocally to obtain six F1 populations. The parental varieties and the F1 populations were compared for plant weight and grain production under space‐planted conditions in 2 years at Gainesville, Florida. The plant weight of the F1 population ranged from 99.2 to 120.4% of the higher parent, with 5 of the 6 F1 populations exceeding the higher parent. The variability in plant weight ranged from 86.8 to 104.0% of the higher parent, with 3 of the 6 F1 population surpassing the higher parent. The grain production of the F1 populations ranged from 60.7 to 112.4% of the higher parent, with 3 of the 6 F1 populations exceeding the higher parent. The variability in grain production ranged from 19.3 to 415.3% of the higher parent, with 3 of the 6 F1 populations surpassing the higher parent. Appreciable differences in combining ability between the parental varieties were obtained. However, the magnitude of the heterotic response was also considerably influenced by the direction of the cross and the year tested.
Growth of Clover Leaves after Complete or Partial Leaf Removal1
Authors: Carlson G. E.
Published: July 2010

Leaf removal from clover seedlings, Trifolium repens L., cultivar ladino, reduced leaf area, dry weight, petiole length, and emergence rate, but increased rate of development (leaflet unfolding and separating). Removing two leaflets from each leaf had little effect on the above leaf growth parameters. Shading of all leaves reduced leaf area of the first leaf, but area of succeeding leaves increased at a rate similar to leaves on the nondefoliated plants. It is hypothesized that growth regulators produced by older leaves may be major factors in the growth and development of leaves immediately after defoliation.
Genetics and Agronomic Significance of Spike color in ‘Fairway’ Crested Wheatgrass, Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn.1
Authors: Knowles R. P. , Fedak George
Published: July 2010

Test crosses in ‘Fairway’ crested wheatgrass (2n = 14) indicated spike color to be controlled by a single gene Yy, with gray spikes being yy and green‐spiked plants YY or Yy. Phenotypic frequencies were 72% bright green, 8% gray, and 20% intermediate gray‐green. Intermediate gray‐green plants were usually heterozygous, but occasionally homozygous YY. No yield differences could be detected between green and gray‐spiked forms, but the gray form was slightly lower in fibre content.
A Cytological Study of Certain Autotetraploid Avena Hybrids1
Authors: Muehlbauer F. J. , Marshall H. G.
Published: July 2010

Autotetraploid hybrids of Avena brevis ✕ A. hirtula, A. hirtula ✕ A. strigosa, and reciprocal were studied for cytological behavior, self‐fertility, and cross‐fertility in the C1 and C2 generations. There was no statistical difference between hybrids or generations for these characters. Cells with 10 bivalents and 2 quadrivalents were the most common type of chromosome pairing at metaphase I of meiosis. The overall means were .52 univalents, 9.86 bivalents, .33 trivalents, and 1.69 quadrivalents. Complete bivalent pairing was occasionally observed. When compared to data for autotetraploids of A. strigosa, the hybrids showed an increase of 4 to 5 bivalents, a decrease in multivalents, and about 20% higher self‐fertility.

It was suggested that the increased meiotic stability of the autotetraploid hybrids was caused either by genic control of chromosome pairing or by cryptic structural differences between homologues from the As genomes of the parental species.
Heterosis in Relation to Development in Upland Cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L.1
Authors: Galal Hassan El‐Sayed , Miller P. A. , Lee J. A.
Published: July 2010

The primary objective was to examine hybrids and their parents throughout their life span to detect the onset of heterotic behavior and its cumulative effect. Four single‐cross hybrids of Upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., and their parents were studied. No heterotic effects were detected during the embryonic stage of development. Neither did hybrids appear to be any more vigorous than their parents during the first 7 days of seedling growth following germination. The first significant divergence of hybrids from their parents was recorded at approximately 6 weeks after planting. Relative rates of dry matter production continued to diverge for a period of about 3 weeks and then proceeded at comparable rates in both parents and hybrids to maturity. Hybrids thus maintained their vegetative superiority throughout the period of fruition with the result that hybrid plants were larger than parental plants and produced a greater yield of fruit.
Observations on Segregation for Solid and Hollow Stems and Certain Other Characters in Five Hexaploid by Tetraploid Triticum Crosses1
Authors: Haun Carl R.
Published: July 2010

With the objective of transferring sawfly resistance to a common winter wheat, and at the same time obtaining a good winter‐habit feed wheat, ‘Yogo’ winter wheat was crossed with five tetraploids. Selections were observed in F2, F3, and F4 populations. Wide segregation occurred for several characters, including spike type, awn expression, kernel weight, protein content of the grain, and glume color; and many plants were unlike either parent in one or more characters. Segregates with solidness of stem appeared in the progeny of all five crosses, although all of the wheats used as parents had hollow stems. PMC's were examined, but no correlation between chromosomal complements and plant characters was attempted. Interactions among genes in the three genomes, translocations, pleiotropism, and other genetic phenomena, or combinations of these influences must account for the diversity of segregation, including the formation of pith in culms of some of the hybrids. Considering the variety of genotypic and phenotypic expressions, it would seem that crosses between many hexaploid and tetraploid wheats now available would supply a large, productive reservoir from which to select desirable plant characters.
Inheritance of Seed Size in Sorghum, Sorghum vulgare Pers1
Authors: Voigt R. L. , Gardner C. O. , Webster O. J.
Published: July 2010

A large‐seeded variety of sorghum, ‘Big Seed’, and a small‐seeded variety, ‘Norghum’, their F1 and F2 cross generations, and the two first backcrosses were investigated to gain a better understanding of how seed size is inherited and to assess the possibility of increasing seed size through selection. A preliminary study indicated that a 300‐seed sample from each plant would give adequate precision.

Population means and variances provided the basic data from which conclusions were drawn. All populations were approximately normally distributed on the original scale. Transformation to √Y‐2 caused the largeseeded parent to depart from normality but eliminated the correlation between means and variances. Gene action appeared to be almost entirely additive. Evidence for dominance or epistasis as an important contributor to seed size was lacking. A minimum of 3 or 4 genetic factors or blocks of genes, primarily additive in their effect, appear to control seed size.

Heritability for seed size was estimated to be 60% indicating that considerable progress could be made in shifting mean seed size by selecting and recombining large‐seeded F2 plants.
Testing Birdsfoot Trefoil, Lotus corniculatus L., For Varietal Purity III The Use of N‐dimethylaminossuccinamic Acid to Induce Varietal Differences1
Authors: Nittler L. W. , Kenny T. J.
Published: July 2010

The possibility of using chemicals to accentuate varietal differences in birdsfoot trefoil was investigated. Preliminary experiments with several chemicals showed that foliar applications of N‐dimethylaminosuccinamic acid (B‐995) could be used to cause ‘Empire’ plants to differ from ‘Viking’ and common European plants in growth habit, stem number and stem length. Treated Empire plants were shorter or more nearly recumbent than Viking or European plants. Results of using this chemical on greenhouse grown plants varied from one time of the year to another. Growth chamber experiments were conducted to determine what environmental conditions were responsible for this variation. Long photoperiods or low light intensity did not reduce the effectiveness of the chemical. High dark period temperatures or light from incandescent bulbs did reduce its effectiveness. A combination of high dark period temperature with low light intensity or with light from incandescent bulbs drastically reduced the effect of the chemical. Under these conditions increasing the concentration of B‐995 did not increase its effectiveness. One or 2 additional foliar sprays at 3‐day intervals did increase its effectiveness
Rating of Alfalfa Varieties for Cold Resistance by Germination in Solutions of Different Osmotic Values1
Authors: Dovrat A. , Waldman Miriam
Published: July 2010

Seven alfalfa varieties differing in degree of winterhardiness were germinated in water and in 6‐atm mannitol solution (500 ml substrate) at 20 C in the dark. The delay in germination was expressed as the ratio between the rate of germination over the period at which most of the slope of the germination curve is near linear in the 0‐ and 6‐atm solutions, respectively. This ratio (R0R0 value) was found to be closely related to the apparent winterhardiness of the varieties.

The test enabled fair separation between 19 and 21 seed lots of ‘Ranger’ and ‘Vernal’ alfalfa, respectively. The lots represented different generations of increase and were derived from a wide latitudal range of seed production areas. However, all were from the same harvesting year.
Effects of Field Application of 2,4‐D and Iron Supplements on Yield and Protein Content of Wheat and Barley and Yield of Beans1
Authors: Huffaker R. C. , Miller M. D. , Baghott K. G. , Smith F. L. , Schaller C. W.
Published: July 2010

The isopropyl ester, isooctyl ester, and dimethylamine salt of 2,4‐D were applied foliarly to wheat, barley, and beans in the field. The cereal tests were conducted at Tulelake and Davis in northern and central California, respectively. Application of the isopropyl ester consistently increased yields of barley and wheat at both locations when applied at the five‐ to seven‐leaf stage. Applications of the dimethylamine salt and the isooctyl ester did not significantly affect yield. Highest cereal yidds were obtained when the isopropyl ester was used in combination with either FeSO4 or FeEDDHA. Significant increases in yield of field beans resulted from application of the isopropyl ester. Application of the isooctyl ester combined with FeDTPA greatly increased the protein content of wheat
Evaluating Awnleted and Bearded Backcross Breeding Lines of Bread Wheat for Flour Quality1
Authors: Lofgren J. R. , Bolte L. C. , Heyne E. G. , Finney K. F.
Published: July 2010

‘Tenmarq,’ ‘Comanche,’ and ‘Cheyenne’ each were crossed to ‘Chiefkan’ and the progeny backcrossed to each parent cultivar 10 times. The material studied was bulked awned and awnleted selections derived from each generation. Comparisons were made between awnleted and bearded lines for each backcross series and set of random lines for flour yield, flour protein, and mixogram mixing time. An association between awnleted and high flour yield was observed in the Tenmarq ✕ Chiefkan backcross series. Differences were noted in number of backcrosses necessary to recover the mixogram curve type of the recurrent parent.
Inheritance of Crown‐rust Resistance Transferred to Hexaploid Oats from the Diploid C.I. 38151
Authors: Sadanaga K. , Simons M. D.
Published: July 2010

Inheritance of resistance to crown‐rust race 264 of lines of hexaploid oats which possessed resistance of the diploid C.I. 3815 was studied. Data from five segregating populations tested in the seedling stage showed resistance to race 264 to be conditioned by a single dominant gene. One of these populations tested for reaction to race 290 (to which C.I. 3815 is resistant) was fully susceptible. The gene conditioning resistance to race 264 was not associated with the monosome in the monosomic designated M 42.
Pollen Abortion in Relation To Cytoplasmic‐Genetic Male Sterility in Sorghum1
Authors: Brooks James S. , Brooks Margaret H.
Published: July 2010

Preliminary data which seemed to indicate gametophytic control of pollen abortion in cytoplasmic‐genetic male sterility led to the following study. Using the standard iodine method for counts of pollen grains, pollenabortion was determined on two A lines, three B lines, nine presumed fertility restorers, and the F1's of the A lines )✕ restorer. In addition, four backcross progenies involving A lines and restorers were classified as to sterility or fertility by seed set under bag. Data were also recorded in the backcrosses for seed color in relation to sterility. These studies failed to support the idea of gametophytic control. Sporophytic control by the restorer gene was further indicated by approximate 1:I ratios of fertility to sterility in the backcrosses. Other explanations of the data are suggested to be the effect of the environment on sterility, meiotic irregularities in crosses between lines of diverse origin, multiple modifying genes for fertility restoration, and cytoplasmic particles.
Self‐ and Cross‐Incompatibility and General Seed Setting Studies with Zigzag Clover, Trifolium medium L.1
Authors: Townsend C. E.
Published: July 2010

Forty‐two noninbred zigzag clover plants were evaluated for self‐compatibility and all were highly self‐incompatible. Variation for cross‐compatibility of F1 plants from self‐incompatible parents was continuous. The results indicate that the inheritance of self‐ and cross‐incompatibility in zigzag clover is complex. A highly significant difference was found among 64 plants under field conditions for open‐pollination seed set. Damage due to the clover seed chalcid reduced seed set considerably.
Variations in the Total, Nonprotein, and Amide Nitrogen Fractions of Agrostis palustris Huds. Leaves in Relation to Certain Environmental Factors1
Authors: Beard James B. , Daniel William H.
Published: July 2010

The influence of certain environmental factors on the seasonal variation in the total, nonprotein, glutamine, asparagine and total amide nitrogen fractions of Agrostis palustris Huds. leaf tissue were investigated. Five linear multiple correlation‐regression analyses indicated temperature to be the major environmental factor influencing seasonal variations in the five nitrogen fractions measured. Temperature accounted for three‐fourths of the predicted variation in total nitrogen. Daily maximum soil temperature at 15 cm was most highly correlated of the measured air and soil temperatures with the five nitrogen fractions.

The coefficient of determination for the non‐protein nitrogen fraction was quite low, indicating a minimum response to soil and air temperatures, light intensity, and soil moisture.

The total nitrogen content measurements throughout the season showed total nitrogen levels above 5% to be closely related to soil temperatures which exceeded 18 C. When soil temperatures exceeded 24 C a decrease in the total nitrogen content was noted.

The nonprotein nitrogen fraction increased slightly during the higher temperature periods of late July and August, but decreased when soil temperatures exceeded 27 C.

Glutamine showed the greatest response to temperature of the five nitrogen fractions, with quite low levels occurring at soil temperatures above 24 C. Asparagine responded much less than glutamine to seasonal variation related to temperature. The total amide content responded decidedly to increases in temperature with the major response being attributed to the glutamine fraction.