bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kerjasama Dibidang Usaha Antar Koperasi Dan Bukan Usaha Koperasi
Authors: NOER MUH. AFTA
Published: April 2022

Dimasukkannya “Cooperation Among Cooperatives” artinya kerjasama antar koperasi ini sebagai asas koperasi bukanlah tanpa alasan. Koperasi yang oleh masyarakat umumnya didefinisikan sebagai wadah bagi orang-orang yang ekonominya lemah, dengan sendirinya memerlukan kerja sama di antara mereka dalam mencapai tujuan koperasi.Kerja sama antar koperasi merupakan salah satu azaz yang harus di patuhi oleh semua jenis koperasi. koperasi yang merupakan kegiatan usaha yang bergerak dibidang ekonomi, maka perlu kerjasama dengan organiasasi lain baik itu organisasi koperasi maupun bukan koperasi, baik berkaitan dengan bidang usaha maupun tidak berkaitan dengan bidang usahanya, dalam rangka meningkatkan kegiatan usahanya.
Analisis Pendapatan Nasional dalam Ekonomi Islam
Authors: Iskandar Isda
Published: April 2022

Pendapatan nasional merupakan jumlah keseluruhan pendapatan orang-orang dalam suatu negara dalam kurun waktu setahun.
Menjadi Guru Kreatif
Authors: S TriaNovalita
Published: April 2022

Pendahuluan Guru kreatif mengandung dua pengertian, yaitu guru yang mampu menjadi kreatif dalam hidupnya (creative teacher) dan guru yang mampu memberikan layanan pengajaran secara kreatif (creative teaching). Untuk menghasilkan kualitas pembelajaran yang bagus, maka keduanya ini harus disinergikan secara seimbang. Sebab kalau tidak, mungkin akan muncul masalah yang mengganggu kualitas pembelajaran. Menjadi guru kreatif sangat dibutuhkan untuk bisa mengajar secara kreatif. Sebaliknya, ketika kita sudah berupaya mengajar secara kreatif, jangan lupa berusaha keras menjadi guru yang kreatif juga. Di sisi lain pembangunan nasional berusaha membangun dan masyarakatIndonesia secara menyeluruh dan seutuhnya dalam aspek fisik dan non fisik, kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Maka pendidikan yang bermutu sangatmenentukan terwujudnya cita-cita tersebut. Kreatifitas guru merupakan istilah yang banyak digunakan, baik di lingkungan sekolah maupun luar sekolah. Pada umumnya orang menghubungkan kreatifitas dengan produk-produk kreasi. Dengan kata lain produk-produk kreasi itu merupakan hal yang penting untuk menilai kreatifitas. Clark Monstakos, seorang psikolog humanistis menyatakan bahwa kreatifitas adalah pengalaman mengekspresikan (mengaktualisasikan)identitas individu dalam bentuk terpadu dalam hubungan dengan diri sendiri,dengan alam dan orang lain
Thử nghiệm hóa chất trên động vật
Authors: Huyen Nguyen , Thảo Trần Thị , Minh Nguyễn Trang , Thảo Lê Phương , Ngọc Trần Thị Thanh , Huyền Nguyễn Khánh , Linh Nguyễn Phương , Quân Võ Minh , Châu Mạc Thị Minh , Ha Nguyen Quang
Published: April 2022

Thử nghiệm hóa chất lên động vật: Thực trạng, Hậu quả và Nỗ lực
Strategi Pembelajaran Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia dalam Upaya Meningkatkan Literasi Siswa di Sekolah
Authors: Rahmi Nailur
Published: April 2022

Dewasa ini, sebagian besar proses pendidikan bergantung pada kemampuan dan kesadaran literasi. Pentingnya literasi dipengaruhi oleh karena perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan yang semakin kompleks dalam kehidupan setiap individu maupun kehidupan bermasyarakat. Sebagaimana pentingnya hal tersebut, terutama dalam ranah pendidikan yang menjadi wadah bagi para generasi muda yang akan menjadi bibit-bibit penerus bangsa nantinya. Maka dari itu, budaya literasi yang tertanam dalam diri peserta didik akan memengaruhi tingkat keberhasilannya, baik di sekolah maupun dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat. Hal yang paling mendasar dalam praktik literasi adalah kegiatan membaca. Keterampilan membaca merupakan fondasi untuk mempelajari berbagai hal lainnya. Kemampuan ini penting bagi pertumbuhan intelektual peserta didik. Melalui membaca peserta didik dapat menyerap pengetahuan dan mengeksplorasi dunia yang bermanfaat bagi kehidupannya. Membaca memberikan pengaruh budaya yang amat kuat terhadap perkembangan literasi peserta didik di sekolah. Seorang pendidik bahasa harus menemukan metode yang inovatif untuk membantu peserta didik untuk berbahasa sekaligus bersastra. Sebab, ia tidak sama dengan pendidik mata pelajaran lainnya yang terkadang hanya mentransfer ilmu kepada peserta didik, melainkan melatih kemampuan berbahasa dan juga bersastra. Pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia di sekolah bukan tentang ilmu bahasa atau sastra, melainkan peningkatan kemampuan berkomunikasi secara lisan maupun tulis. Dengan demikian, pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia di sekolah saat ini harus diarahkan pada upaya meningkatakan budaya literasi.
Example Generation with STACK
Authors: Ng Jie Xin
Published: April 2022

Example generation tasks may reveal students' understanding about mathematical concepts. However, there is a lack of studies being done on example generation tasks using e-assessment tools as example generation tasks have mainly been assessed manually. Due to this, previous studies mostly had small sample sizes. This study employs an e-assessment tool, STACK, to analyse students' generated examples on concepts in linear algebra and calculus. The participants were first-year undergraduate students taking introductory courses in linear algebra and calculus. The sample size was approximately 500 students for both courses. The data collected was analysed to identify common examples, reveal misconceptions and identify instances of the transformation strategy for example generation as classified by Antonini (2006). The findings identified common examples generated by students for several concepts in linear algebra and calculus. This study also found possible evidence of misconceptions and the use of the transformation strategy. However, we conclude that the evidence from this study cannot be considered as concrete evidence without the support of students' accounts of example generation.
HUBUNGAN DAN PEMBAGIAN KERJA DALAM PENGELOLAAN KOPERASI
Authors: Muthmainnah
Published: April 2022

HUBUNGAN DAN PEMBAGIAN KERJA DALAM PENGELOLAAN KOPERASI
MANAJEMEN KOPERASI
Authors: Muh.Hizbullah
Published: April 2022

Manajemen merupakan kebutuhan mutlak bagi setiap organisasi.sebagaimana diketahui hakikat manajemen adalah mencapai tujuan melalui tangan orang lain
konsep desentralisasi,dekonsentrasi dan otonomi daerah
Authors: syarifuddin Sarinah
Published: April 2022

Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis urgensi desentralisasi,dekonsentrasi dan tugas pembantuan sebagai asas otonomi daerah NKRI.Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian normatif yang bersifat preskriptif denganmenggunakan studi kepustakaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwadesentralisasi, dekonsentrasi dan tugas pembantuan sangat penting guna menjagakeutuhan NKRI. Ketiga asas tersebut menjadi jembatan kemandirian daerahdengan tetap di bawah binaan dan pengawasan pemerintah pusat, sehinggapemerintahan tidak terpusat (sentral) pada satu sisi dan di sisi lain daerah jugatidak “terlepaskan” sebagaimana negara bagian dalam negara yang berbentukfederasi.
European hackers : History of the Chaos Computer Club... – IV
Authors: Akmut Camille
Published: April 2022

Chaos Computer Club circa 1981-2007
Prevalence and biopsychosocial analysis of the use of antibiotics as a coping strategy for COVID-19 infections: A scoping review
Authors: Nortey Radolf , Kretchy Irene , Buabeng Kwame Ohene
Published: April 2022

The culminating effect of AMR advanced by the unwarranted use of antibiotics is that conventional treatments are no longer effective. Thus, unresolved infections may result in death or easily spread to others (World Health Organization, 2019). The unwarranted use of antibiotics in this context can be described as the inappropriate use of antibiotics through the overuse, unlicensed use, overprescribing and non-prescription use of antibiotics.Emerging scientific literature on COVID-19 have suggested various factors as key drivers of the unwarranted use of antibiotics in managing COVID-19. These factors include medical abuse in hospital settings (Langford et al., 2021), psychological distress causing fear and social reasons such as the lack of knowledge (Zhang et al., 2021).Generally, the prevalence of the unwarranted use of antibiotics and its corresponding drivers and barriers have been well established in literature. However, there have been limited reviews identifying the predisposing factors precipitating this trend of antibiotic misuse for the management of COVID-19 within the context of the pandemic. The study seeks to identify and classify factors associated with the unwarranted use of antibiotics in the management of COVID-19 along a biopsychosocial perspective.
Resume Analisis Pendapatan Nasional dalam Perspektif Islam
Authors: Azizah Fithri
Published: April 2022

Pendapatan nasional adalah suatu alat ukur untuk menentukan tingkat perekonomian suatu negara. Perhitungan pendapatan nasioal bertujuan untuk memperoleh gambaran tentang tingkat ekonomi yang sudah dicapai dalam suatu negara Pendapatan nasonal dapat dihitung setelah diketahui nilai dari unsur ekonomi negara lainnya, antara lain Gross Domestic Product atau GDP. Dalam perhitungan pendapatan nasional ada beberapa pendekatan yaitu pendekatan produksi, pendekatan pendapatan, dan pendekatan pengeluaran. Dari tingkat pendapatan nasional, kemudian dibagi jumlah penduduk, maka akan ditemukan pendapatan perkapita (income per capita) negara tersebut. Selain itu juga dibahas mengenai hubungan antara konsep pendapatan nasional.
Pembelajaran dengan menggunakan Strategi Pengembangan Kreativitas dan Inovasi dengan Bahasa
Authors: Pangesa Ihwani
Published: April 2022

Suatu Pembelajaran akan tercapai dengan adanya sebuah strategi pembelajran yang dikembangkan oleh seorang Guru. Dengan adanya Strategi tersebut maka Guru akan mudah untuk mencapai keberhasilan suatu pembelajaran yang telah di rencanakan dan akan membuat para siswa belajar dengan kreatifitasnya. Setiap anak pasti memiliki keunikan dan talentanya masing-masing untuk menciptakan suatu karya baru yang dapat di kembamgkan. Dalam menciptakan atau mengembangkan karya anak tersebut mereka butuh bahkan wajib mendapatkan pembinaan yang selayaknya ia dapatkan sehingga kemampuannya dapat berguna untuk dirinya sendiri, keluarga dan lingkungan sekitarnya.
Sumpah Pemuda dan Agenda “Berjalan Bersama”
Authors: Duse Imran
Published: April 2022

Berbeda dengan publikasi ilmiah lainnya, Mubyarto (2003) menempatkan R.A. Kartini (tahun 1879) sebagai tonggak awal dalam rangkaian peristiwa bersejarah yang terjadi menuju Indonesia merdeka. Disusul kemudian oleh Boedi Oetomo (tahun 1908), Sumpah Pemuda (tahun 1928), Proklamasi (tahun 1945), Orde Baru (tahun 1966), dan Orde Reformasi (tahun 1998). Terlihat bahwa interval waktu periode terpendek adalah 17 tahun (Sumpah Pemuda – Orde Baru), dan yang terpanjang 32 tahun (Orde Baru – Orde Reformasi). Adapun rerata jarak antar periode adalah 24 tahun. Atau, kira-kira sama dengan satu generasi. Kini, setelah 92 tahun sumpah dinyatakan --dan setelah 75 tahun Proklamasi dikumandangkan--, merupakan momen yang baik untuk kembali memahami spirit yang melatari perjuangan para pendiri bangsa. Mengingat, hari-hari ini terdapat begitu banyak tantangan dalam kehidupan kebangsaan kita. Datangnya bukan dari luar (meski pun faktor itu ada), tetapi lebih dominan diproduksi dari “dalam”: barangkali dari kita sendiri.
Elastisitas permintaan dan penawaran
Authors: Ningsi Eka Fitria
Published: April 2022

Elastisitas permintaan adalah suatu alat atau konsep yang digunakan untuk mengukur derajat kepekaan atau respon perubahan jumlah atau kualitas barang yang dibeli sebagai akibat perubahan factor yang mempengaruhi. Sedangkan Elastisitas penawaran ialah perbandingan antara seberapa besar perubahan jumlah barang yang ditawarkan sebagai akibat dari perubahan harga.
MAKALAH KOPERASI SYARIAH & UMKM “HUBUNGAN DAN PEMBAGIAN KERJA DALAM PENGELOLAAN KOPERASI”
Authors: putri Aulia ananda
Published: April 2022

Masyarakat merupakan sebuah organisasi yang merupakan kumpulan dari sejumlah individu yang tentunya memiliki visi dan misi yang sama dalam menjalani kehidupan, Sebelum terjun kedalam sebuah masyarakat. Koperasi adalah saka guru atau tiang utama penyangga ekonomi rakyat banyak. Saka guru akan kuat jika peran serta anggotanya benar-benar berfungsi secara aktif dan kreatif. Organisasi Koperasi merupakan lembaga yang bergerak dalam bidang bisnis (ekonomi) yang pembentukkannya secara esensi didasarkan pada menolong dirisendiri melalui kesamaan (solidaritas), effort (usaha) dan individualitas, dalam menjalankan organisasi dan perusahaan Koperasi.Kata Kunci : Koperasi,Ekonomi
Penguatan Bahasa Indonesia sebagai Identitas Nasional Melalui Poster Interaktif pada Instagram Bastra.id
Authors: Nurrahmah Faiza
Published: April 2022

This article explains the fate of the Indonesian as a national identity in the information and communication technology era. This rapid development of information and communication has led to several errors in the use of Indonesian by the public, both spoken and written. This article was made based on a qualitative descriptive research method with the object of study on the Instagram account @BASTRA.ID which is one of the language activists in social media. Based on observations, the existence of this account has become a medium for learning Indonesian on social media which continues to remind the importance of using Indonesian according to the rules. This account indirectly changes the Indonesian citizen's habit of speaking Indonesian through the interactive posters that are uploaded. Changes in language discipline habits are observed in the comments column of each post.
Analisis permintaan dan penawaran agregat
Authors: GEBY
Published: April 2022

Permintaan adalah keinginan konsumen membeli suatu barang pada berbagaitingkat harga selama periode waktu tertentu.Singkatnya permintaan adalahbanyaknya jumlah barang yang diminta pada suatu pasar tertentu dengan tingkatharga tertentu pada tingkat pendapatan tertentu dan dalam periode tertentu.Hukumpermintaan pada hakikatnya merupakan suatu hipotesis yang menyatakan:“Hubungan antara barang yang diminta dengan harga barang tersebut dimanahubungan berbanding terbalik yaitu ketika harga meningkat atau naik maka jumlahbarang yang diminta akan menurun dan sebaliknya apabila harga turun jumlah barang akan meningkat .
EKONOMI MAKRO
Authors: N andhini putri
Published: April 2022

Pendapatan nasional menurut mukti hakim adalah jumlah dari semua pendapatan yang di terima oleh orang orang di suatu negara selama satu tahun.
PBS DI INDONESIA
Authors: Zahra Sufiani
Published: April 2022

Bank Islam atau selanjutnya disebut dengan bank syari’ah., merupakan bank yang beroperasi tidak mengandalkan dalam bunga. Bank Islam atau biasa disebut menggunakan bank tanpa bunga, merupakan lembaga perbankan yang operasional dan produknya dikembangkan berlandaskan dalam Al-Qur’an dan Hadits Nabi SAW. Dengan istilah lain, Bank Islam merupakan lembaga keuangan yang bisnis pokoknya menaruh pembiayaan dan jasa-jasa lainnya pada kemudian lintas pembayaran dan sirkulasi uang yang pengoperasiannya disesuaikan menggunakan prinsip syariat Islam.Antonio dan Perwataatmadja membedakan menjadi 2 pengertian, yaitu Bank Islam dan bank yang beroperasi menggunakan prinsip syari’ah Islam. Bank Islam merupakan bank yang beroperasi sesuai menggunakan prinsip-prinsip syari’ah Islam; bank yang tata cara beroperasinya mengacu pada ketentuan-ketentuan Al- Qur’an dan Hadits. Sementara bank yang beroperasi sesuai prinsip syari’ah Islam merupakan bank yang mengikuti ketentuan-ketentuan syari’ah Islam, khususnya yang menyangkut tata cara bermuamalat secara Islam. Lebih lanjut, pada rapikan cara bermuamalat itu dijauhi praktekpraktek yang dikhawatirkan mengandung unsur-unsur riba untuk diisi dengan kegiatankegiatan investasi atas dasar bagi hasil dan pembiayaan perdagangan.
KERJASAMA DIBIDANG USAHA ANTAR KOPERASI DAN KERJASAMA ANTAR KOPERASI DIBIDANG BUKAN USAHA
Authors: H Yuris Huswatun
Published: April 2022

Koperasi Di Indonesia bekerjasama dengan baik dengan sesama koperasi maupun dengan badan usaha lain yang bukan koperasi. Kerjasama dibidang usaha antar koperasi dapat dilakukan dengan cara membentuk organisasi baru yang berbadan hukum. Dimana masing-masing jenis koperasi dapat menggalang persatuan dan kerjasama dibidang usaha maupun non usaha diantara sesama mereka dan bahwa keberadaan induk tersebut dapat mewakili kepentingan masing?masing jenis koperasi pada tingkat nasional. Kerjasama koperasi tersebut ada yang bersifat horizontal dan vertikal, bahkan sebagai konsekuensi dalam melakukan kerjasama tersebut menghendaki untuk dibentuknya wadah organisasi baru untuk mengembangkan kegiatan usahanya.
KONSEP DASAR MANAJEMEN PEMASARAN
Authors: Ihsan Ahmad
Published: April 2022

Konsep pemasaran menunjukkan filosofi yang digunakan bisnis untuk mendefinisikan dan memenuhi kebutuhan pelanggannya, melayani konsumen dan perusahaan. Filosofi atau konsep yang sama dalam pemasaran, tidak serta merta dapat membantu semua jenis bisnis. Jadi, beda jenis bisnis besa juga filosofi manajemen pemasaran atau konsep pemasaran yang diterapkan. Persaingan bisnis yang ketat, dimana orang-orang mulai menjalankan bisnis barunya baik secara offline ataupun online, maka setiap pemilik bisnis harus mempunyai strategi agar produk atau layanan mereka dapat lebih diterima daripada pesaingnya. Meskipun saat ini, sudah semakin banyak perusahaan yang menjalankan strategi pemasaran digital, namun mereka tetap perlu memperhatikan bagaimana konsep pemasaran yang perlu diproses agar usaha pemasaran yang dijalankan dapat memberikan hasil yang memuaskan.
Manajemen Asuhan Keperawatan Jiwa Pada Tn.B Dengan Masalah Halusinasi Melalui Terapi SP 1-4 : Studi Kasus
Authors: Purba Jhon Franklyn
Published: April 2022

Gangguan jiwa adalah sindrom pola perilaku seseorang yang secara khas berkaitan dengan suatu gejala penderitaan (distress) atau hendaya (impairment) di dalam satu atau lebih fungsi yang penting dari manusia, yaitu fungsi psikologik, perilaku, biologik, dan gangguan itu tidak hanya terletak di dalam hubungan antara orang itu tetapi juga dengan masyarakat.
Manajemen Koperasi
Authors: NOER MUH. AFTA
Published: April 2022

Koperasi merupakan lembaga yang harus dikelola sebagaimana layaknya lembaga bisnis. Di dalam sebuah lembaga bisnis diperlukan sebuah pengelolaan yang efektif dan efisien yang dikenal dengan manajemen. Demikian juga dalam badan usaha koperasi, manajemen merupakan satu hak yang harus ada demi terwujudnya tujuan yang diharapkan. Manajemen koperasi pada hakekatnya adalah penerapan ilmu manajemen di koperasi dimana orang-orang yang diberi wewenang dan tanggungjawab melaksanakan proses perencanaan, pengorganisasian, dan pengendalian sumber daya yang dimiliki oleh koperasi untuk mencapai tujuan koperasi yaitu meningkatkan kesejahteraan berdasarkan nilai dan prinsip-prinsip koperasi.
Developmental Effects of Screen Time on Gender Diverse Student’s Experiences of Bullying Victimization
Authors: Weeks Sean N , Hicks Elizabeth Tish , Culianos Demi , Renshaw Tyler L
Published: April 2022

We used a large state-wide sample of adolescent students (N = 58,689) to examine the predictive value of screen time on bullying victimization, as well as its interaction with age by gender, including transgender and gender nonconforming identities. Students were sampled in a routine statewide survey that included 8th, 10th, and 12th graders. Participants were majority male (52.3%), heterosexual (88.1%), and White (73.7%). Findings generally supported previous literature related to cisgender differences, but highlighted differences for transgender and gender nonconforming youth. While screen time and technology use, as well as development and maturation, appear to be important predictors of bullying victimization for cisgender male and female students, they did not predict bullying victimization for transgender or gender nonconforming youth. Results of this study suggest we cannot assume previous bullying research on binary cisgender students can be generalized to transgender and gender nonconforming youth. Practical implications and suggestions for advancing bullying and victimization research with gender diverse students are outlined.
Speaker knowledgeability and informativity inferences
Authors: Rees Alice , Reksnes Vilde R. S. , Rohde Hannah
Published: April 2022

Conversational partners expect each other to communicate rationally and cooperatively and to contribute relevant and informative utterances. Often however, listeners infer additional meaning over and above the explicit content of an utterance. The present study investigates how speaker characteristics influence inferencing. Experiment 1 (N=205) demonstrates that when produced by knowledgeable speakers utterances such as “the library walls are blue” are more likely to be understood as conveying that the library walls have changed. Experiment 2 (N=205) finds that these inferences are more likely to arise when produced by a speaker who is not typically very chatty; reticent speakers have a higher threshold of what is considered an appropriate conversational contribution. Taken together, the findings from these studies demonstrate that listeners have pervasive expectations of cooperativity and if conversational contributions fail to satisfy this then listeners will engage in sophisticated reasoning to reconcile the mismatch between expectations and input.
Satisfaction with Democracy and Government-Opposition Relations
Authors: Tuttnauer Or
Published: April 2022

The rise of radical and populist parties, evident in recent years in electoral outcomes in various countries, is a hotly debated subject in contemporary political science. Some link this trend to insufficient animosity and lack of competition between government and opposition, leading to dissatisfaction among citizens with the choices presented to them by the parties, and therefore, with the democratic institutions in general. Radical and populist parties thrive on this dissatisfaction at the expense of mainstream parties.This paper explores the effect of government-opposition conflict in parliament on voters' satisfaction with democracy. I draw on government-opposition voting data from 10 democracies over 34 parliamentary terms, linked with survey data of over 60,000 respondents from the CSES project. I find a strong and significant positive effect, whereby higher levels of government-opposition contrast are correlated with higher levels of satisfaction, even when controlling for various individual-, parliament- and system-level factors. I further find that government-opposition contrast conditions the effects of other factors such as party system fragmentation, the individual’s proximity to a party and their vote choice.The contribution of this project is manifold, both to the study of legislative behavior and of satisfaction with democracy, highlighting the importance not only of the governing parties' performance but of all represented parties, including the opposition.
“I am The King of acting” Why Did Farid Shawkqi's Stardom Last for Four Decades?
Authors: Atef Noha
Published: April 2022

This chapter investigates the stardom of the Egyptian actor, producer and writer, Farid Shawki, who was known as “The King of Terzo” (terzo are third-class cinema seats) for the success of his films in the cinema houses of poor neighborhoods. Shawki is also called the “Futwwa of the Poor” (Futwwa is popular hero who had authority over a neighborhood, defended the poor and served justice) because of his representation of the struggling class in his films. This chapter poses the questions: Why did Farid Shawki become a superstar? Why was this stardom sustained for over 40 years? It relies on the analysis of 12 hours of televised interviews with Farid Shawki, conducted between 1977 and 1996, in addition to commentaries on Shawki’s films and life. The chapter begins with a critical reading of the biography of Shawki, then explains, from Shawki’s own point of view, why he was seen as the King of Terzo. Subsequently, I discuss the impact of Shawki’s stardom on the cinema industry through his multiple roles as actor, writer and producer, as well as the social change his films contributed to.
Frontiers of legality: Understanding the public policy exception in choice of law
Authors: Langille Joanna
Published: April 2022

The public policy exception is a notorious part of choice of law doctrine. The exception allows courts to refuse to apply foreign law selected by first-order choice of law rules that violates the forum’s fundamental principles of morality and justice. As a doctrinal matter, public policy is a well-established part of the architecture of choice of law. But scholars have struggled to understand why it should be part of choice of law doctrine, given the normative structure of the field; how to differentiate between the fundamental and non-fundamental norms that inform its use; and how to understand the leading public policy cases in a coherent way. In this article, I offer a solution to these three problems. I argue we should reconceptualize the exception as a means by which courts can analyze the substance of foreign law to ensure that it complies with the rule of law, and thus can be applied ‘as a law’ in the forum. More specifically, public policy is how common law courts ensure that any foreign law they apply complies with the distinctive substantive requirements of the rule of law in the common law tradition – what is known as the common law constitution. Public policy thus defines the frontiers of legality in the common law tradition, and defends against threats from the rule of law that come from beyond the border. This approach justifies the inclusion of the exception in choice of law doctrine, given the field’s other normative commitments. It can also help distinguish between the fundamental and non-fundamental norms that should define the ambit of public policy. Finally, this approach may offer a coherent account of the doctrine, as numerous leading cases can be reinterpreted to track the fundamental principles of legality that inhere in the common law constitution.
Muslim Tatars of the Nekrashun Parish: History and Modernity
Authors: Gribova Svetlana Vladimirovna , Miskiewicz Sergei Amuratovich
Published: April 2022

The article follows the Nekrashun parish of Tatar-Muslim origin on various deep historical processes, from its origin to the present day. The purpose of the article is the observe features of the social and cultural life of the Tatars of the Nekrashun parish, to consider the role of Islamic traditions and the local mosque in the life of the population. The material for the study was the information revealed in the Lithuanian State Historical Archive, in the archive of the Grodno State Museum of the History of Religion. Much attention is paid to genealogy as a method of historical research, personal history. The work provides biographical information of imams, muezzins, active figures of the Tatar community.The authors analyze the historical stage of the infection of the Nekrashun parish in the period from the 15th-16th centuries to the present day, special attention is paid to the interwar period of infection of the twentieth century. It was revealed that Nekrashun people and its outskirts were the site of an ancient settlement of the Tatar-Muslims in the Belarusian lands. The time of the most active development of the Nekrashun parish was the interwar period, accompanied by the development of the policy of the Polish state. At that time, the mosque, which was destroyed during the First World War, was rebuilt, a Muslim school and a parish house were builded. The mosque is about high density for the local Tatar-Muslim population. It performed a consolidating function, leading to the preservation of the Tatar community. Religion is a consequence of the emergency, preventing the assimilation of the population living in an integral Muslim environment.
The Bessermian Holiday Akayashka and Terminology Associated with its Celebration
Authors: Maksimov Sergey Anatolyevich
Published: April 2022

The paper is devoted to the traditional Bessermian holiday akayashka associated with the beginning of spring agricultural work. The ritual complex of the holiday lasted for three or four days, and each day had its own name: arafa, akayashka ~ akashka, akayashka kelyan. Relevance. The Udmurt ritual cycle akashka (beserm. akayashka) is described in sufficient detail by researchers of the 19th – early 21st centuries. There have been attempts in recent works to reconstruct the origin and evolution of ritual elements. However, some of the earlier descriptions in similar studies have been left without due attention. The etymologies of some terms related to the celebration of akayashka are not fully disclosed, or they are questionable and need further research or clarification. Conclusion. In this paper, for the first time, the etymologies of the words cholpan (a mallet used to beat on wood to exorcise evil spirits on the first day of the celebration of akayashka) and argar (a rite on the eve of Akayashka with a request from the Almighty God for a harvest) are revealed; the reason for the creation of the name of the rite burdo shөd ‘winged soup’, the analogues of which are absent in Udmurt dialects, is defined; the reasons for the difference in the celebration of the rites of the akayashka ~ akashka ~ gershyd cycle, which have the same source of origin, are also specified.
Reindeer Lexicon in Ural Languages in the Context of Language Contacts
Authors: Myznikov Sergey Alekseevich
Published: April 2022

This paper provides an overview of the study of reindeer husbandry and vocabulary associated with it on the material of the Uralic languages. The article is based on the methods of etymological and comparative analysis. The source base of the research was the dictionary materials and personal observations of the author. The purpose of this work is to analyze the reindeer herding vocabulary in the context of the linguistic contacts of the Ural peoples. It is noted that the systematic study of various aspects of reindeer husbandry based on the material of different ethnic groups began in the second half of the 20th century. The most important for the analysis are the materials of the Samoyed languages, in particular the Nenets, whose influence extended to adjacent linguistic continua. There is a section on reindeer husbandry in the context of interethnic and interlingual contacts, since the latter is often the result of economic and interethnic contacts. In a number of cases, the Nenets were the source of distribution of certain methods of using reindeer. An attempt was made to comprehensively analyze the Northern Russian dialect borrowed data, possible etymons that are recorded in the Komi language, the Baltic-Finnish, Ob-Ugric languages, as well as in the Samoyed languages. The interaction of the Samoyed, Perm and Ob-Ugric continuums is noted on the data of the vocabulary of reindeer husbandry.
Влияние физических методов предпосевной обработки на всхожесть семян некоторых лекарственных растений
Authors: Əменова Д.M. , Агеев Д.В. , Толеш A. , Сельдюгаев О.Б. , Зиновьев Л.A. , Норцева M.A.
Published: April 2022

Применение физических методов обработки позволяет улучшить показатели жизнеспособности семян многих видов культурных растений. Физические методы обработки являются более экологически безопасными, дешевыми, могут легко реализовываться при организации коллекционных участков и плантаций. Использование физических методов предпосевной обработки для семян лекарственных растений ранее не проводилось. В статье представлены результаты изучения влияния физических методов (облучение магнитным полем и барботирование) на всхожесть и энергию прорастания семян Salvia stepposa, Linum usitatissimum, Valeriana officinalis после хранения в течение 1,5 лет. Полученные результаты показали, что жизнеспособность семян всех трех видов достоверно повысилась по сравнению с контролем при облучении магнитным полем и применении барботирования в течение 24 ч. Лучшим физическим методом предпосевной обработки для семян шалфея степного признано сочетание криоконсервации и барботирования, для семян валерианы лекарственной и льна посевного — облучение двойным магнитным полем в течение 3-х суток.
Современное состояние популяций Centaurea bipinnatifida в горах Улытау (Карагандинская область)
Authors: Г.К.
Published: April 2022

Концепция сохранения биологического разнообразия предполагает необходимость изучения состояния популяций растений, произрастающих ограниченно в природе и имеющих тенденцию к сокращению. В Карагандинской области к редким видам и узким локальным эндемикам относится Centaurea bipinnatifida, обитание которого приурочено к горам Улытау. Для оценки состояния 3 -х популяций данного вида изучены места их обитания, экологическая и фитоценотическая структура, ботанические особенности, морфометрические показатели растений и соотношение фаз онтогенеза.Указанный вид приуро-чен к степным и лугово-степным участкам в предгорьях Улытау, реже обитает по щебнистым и каменистым пологим склонам. Определено, что видовой состав сообществ насчитывает от 41 до 51 видов. Наибольшее число видов сосредоточено в семействах Asteraceae, Rosaceae, Poaceae и Fabaceae. Среди экологических групп доминируют мезофиты, по жизненным формам преобладают травянистые многолетники. Анализ морфометрических показателей и возрастного спектра Centaurea bipinnatifida позволил определить, что все популяция характеризуются как устойчивые молодые и средневозрастные с преобладанием молодых или средневозрастных генеративных растений. По итогам полевых обследований можно рекомендовать разработку программы мониторинга популяций для поддержания их структуры и сохранения вида в природных условиях.
Cryopreservation methods for in vitro potato crops: an overview
Authors: Amantaev N.G.
Published: April 2022

Potato is considered as one of the most important agricultural crops in the world. The genetic resources of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L. ssp. tuberosum) and similar cultivated varieties are preserved by storing tubers or plants in vitro and cryopreservation. Arrays of worldwide scientific research centers utilizethe cryopreser-vation method to preserve plant genetic resources. It is used especially for those plants that are reproduced byvegetative method; it is impossible to preserve genetic identity of their material when propagating by seeds. Currently, international standards of gene banks have been developed (FAO, Gene bank Standards for Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, 2014) for the long shelf life of samples of vegetative propagated plants and vegetable crops at ultra-low temperatures. These standards have been discussed by scientists from many countries in the world. It is connected with the fact that no cryopreservation methods are standardized for a particular plant object. Present overview provided information on various methods of cryopreservation of potatoes for long-term storage of the gene pool of vegetative reproduction. The most updated methods included quick–freeze: encapsulation-dehydration, vitrification, slow programmable freezing, encapsulation-vitrification, and droplet-vitrification. All these biotechnological methods made it possible to obtain healthy potato material, which was free from viral and fungal infections. They also facilitate to obtain test tube plants in large quantities, as well as to create large cryocollections of valuable forms of cultivated plant crops.
The effect of pre-sowing treatment of seeds with molybdenum and boron on the yield of Zhansaya soybean in the conditions of the Almaty region
Authors: Kаbylbekova G.K. , Didorenko S.V. , Abugaliyeva A.I. , Kudaybergenov M.S. , Аlikulov Z.A.
Published: April 2022

The expansion of the planting acreage and increasing the productivity of such crops as soybeans are a priority trend of the agro-industrial complex of Kazakhstan. In the field of biological safety, there are two ways to solve the problem of increasing the yield: selection-genetic and technological. Using new technologies is the leading approach to develop and provide optimal conditions for the full realization of their genetic potential. Managing the growing season of new varieties of plants through the use of scientifically based crop rotation, as well as using micro-fertilizers and growth stimulants, allows achieving the highest profitability of crop production. Undoubtedly, there is the fact of correlation dependence between the development of cell bacteria and the intensity of photosynthesis. There have been studied the effect of pre-sowing treatment of soybean seeds with solutions of Mo and Co microelements on productivity. All the types of treatment have had a positive effect on productivity. Even the introduction of microelements without inoculationincreased the yield in comparison with the control by 2.3 kg/ha. The biggest deviation from the control was given by the joint treatment of seeds with nitrogen-fixing bacteria and microelements: 8.4 centers/ha. The quality indicators (protein and fat content) were only slightly affected by the types of treatment. When treated only with a nitrogen-fixing drug and its combined use with microelements, the amount of protein in the seeds increased by 0.6 and 0.7 %, respectively, compared with the control.
Из истории исследований по энтомологии и защите растений в Карагандинской области
Authors: Абукенова В.С.
Published: April 2022

Борис Николаевич Мухачев, декан факультета естествознания Карагандинского педагогического института (1958–1963), был необыкновенным человеком, изобретателем, агрономом-новатором, одержимым своим делом. Еще в начале работы в сельском хозяйстве он начал конструировать механические устройства для ускорения и облегчения процесса опыления зерна агрохимикатами, получил два автор-ских свидетельства. Как молодой рационализатор, Б.А. Мухачев был участником первой Всесоюзной сельскохозяйственной выставки (1939). Исторические испытания, выпавшие на долю биологов в СССР в 30–40-е гг. прошлого века, оставили и в его биографии глубокий след и проявился в качестве колоссального трагического труда среди таких же 200 передовых агрономов Карлага. Мухачев занимался селекцией озимых культур в Казахстане. Возглавлял борьбу с саранчой и малярией в Карагандинской области. Успешно развивал опыт новаторской работы с сельскохозяйственными растениями и вредными насекомыми на полях Центрального Казахстана. Занимаясь педагогической деятельностью в Карагандинском педагогическом институте, он оставался практиком и ученым, организовавшим Агрохимическую лабораторию и Курсы повышения квалификации в области химизации сельского хозяйства для агрономов из разных областей Казахстана. Агробиологическая станция (сначала факультета есте-ствознания КарПИ и позже биологического факультета КарГУ), созданная под его руководством, за 30 лет своего существования сыграла важнейшую роль в проведении методической, научно-образовательной работы в области растениеводства, зоологии, физиологии, ботаники, декоративного садоводства, селекции растений, охраны природы, метеорологии.
Isolation and characteristics of influenza viruses circulating among swine populations in Kazakhstan during 2018–2019
Authors: Ongarbayeva N.S. , Saktaganov N.T. , Glebova T.I. , Shamenova M.G. , Klivleyeva N.G.
Published: April 2022

Swine influenza is regarded as a highly contagious and acute infection. Swine can serve as a tool for the emergence of new influenza viruses that are potentially dangerous to humans. This paper shows the results of the isolation of influenza virus strains circulating among swine in Kazakhstan during2018–2019 and the characterization of their biological properties. Biological samples were collected from pigs of 2 to 5 months of age in peasant livestock farms in East Kazakhstan, North Kazakhstan, Almaty, andPavlodar regions. During the execution of the polymerase chain reaction for 662 collected samples, the genetic material of the influenza virus was found in 3.17 % of cases, of which the influenza A/H1N1 virus RNA was detected in 1.08 % and that of the A/H3N2 virus in 0.30 %. With performing virological studies of the obtainedsamples, three hemagglutinating agents were retrieved and indicated as influenza A viruses of the H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes. The isolated strains of swine influenza A virus revealed similarities with each other in a number of characteristics (temperature sensitivity of hemagglutinin, rates of adsorption and elution, sensitivity to nonspecific serum inhibitors), but differed in infectious activity. The results achieved in the detection of virus genetic material in the polymerase chain reaction and the data of virological studies confirmed the circulation of influenza A/H1N1 and A/H3N2 viruses among the swine population in different regions of Kazakhstanduring 2018–2019. These findings highlight the importance of continuous monitoring of swine influenza viruses for detection of possibility of interspecies transmission of this infectious agent.
The Institutionalization of “Voluntary” Returns in Turkey
Authors: Mencutek Zeynep S.
Published: April 2022

The increasing salience and variations of “voluntary” return techniques have not yet been thoroughly investigated in the context of Global South countries, which host the majority of displaced people. As the largest refugee host and transit country, the case of Turkey provides important insights on the role that these instruments and the very notion of “voluntariness” play for migration governance. This article specifically looks at how Turkey develops and implements its own “voluntary return” instruments. The analysis illustrates different ways in which “voluntary” returns are being institutionalized at central state and substate levels across the country. It shows how these national mechanisms are imposed at multiple sites, while also being diffused as practices in everyday interactions with refugees across the country. The arguments I put forward arise from qualitative research that combined mapping of policy papers, national legislation, and interviews with returnees and other relevant stakeholders.
From Vulnerability to Trust
Authors: Monforte Pierre , Maestri Gaja
Published: April 2022

This article examines the complex and ambivalent nature of the encounters between British volunteers and refugees within the 2015 Refugees Welcome movement. The 72 interviews we conducted with volunteers active in different charities and informal networks reveal the significance of the logic of trust in these encounters. We show that although participants often base their engagement on claims that disrupt dominant narratives about border controls, they also tend to endorse and reproduce bordering processes based on the perceived trustworthiness of refugees and, sometimes, exclude some groups from their support. Taking insights from the literature on encounters and critical humanitarianism, our article highlights from a theoretical and empirical perspective how “ordinary participants” in the refugee support sector can subvert humanitarian borders, but also participate in the construction of new types of borders based on domopolitics. More generally, the article aims to highlight civil society’s voluntary participation in the governance of migration.
UK University Initiatives Supporting Forced Migrants
Authors: Murray Rebecca
Published: April 2022

This article reports on a decade (2008–2018) of university-led “sanctuary scholarships,” which mitigate the challenges encountered by forced migrants with unsettled immigration status in accessing university: primarily financial barriers imposed by their categorization as international students and ineligibility for student funding. Secondary and primary empirical data was analyzed to i) map a decade of sanctuary scholarships delivered across the UK; ii) extend the debate from access to HE to interrogate the efficacy of sanctuary scholarships as a solution; and iii) assess the extent to which sanctuary scholarships challenge the structural exclusion of forced migrants from UK HE across three indices: growth and development, HEI investment, and student success. The findings reveal the extent to which neoliberal and administrative immigration logics are manifest in bordering practices specific to universities, and the interaction of the higher education border with university-led initiatives shaped by hospitality, in the context of anti-migrant hostility.
ANTIPLASMODIAL ACTIVITY AND MALATE QUINONE OXIDOREDUCTASE INHIBITOR OF STEROID ISOLATED FROM Fibraurea tinctoria
Authors: Sulistiarini Riski , Soemardji Andreanus Andaja , Elfahmi  , Iwo Maria Immaculata , Puspitasari Dian Japany , Prabandari Erwahyuni Endang , Waluyo Danang
Published: April 2022

Malaria is an infectious disease that causes 400,000 deaths every year. Based on that fact, antimalarial exploration needs to be developed. This study aimed to explore another compound in Fibraurea tinctoria that is known to have antiplasmodial activity from the berberine compound. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay and malate quinone oxidoreductase (pfMQO) inhibitor assay against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 was used to evaluate the activity. The result showed that methanol extract, n-hexane fraction, n-hexane subfraction, and steroid compounds isolated from nhexane subfraction had the potential ability to inhibit the growth of Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 as well as the pfMQO enzyme. The results indicate that Fibraurea tinctoria may serve as a promising medicinal plant for future antimalarial drug development.
ISOLATION OF THE ACTIVE COMPOUND FROM THE BARK OF Cinnamomum burmanniiAS A SUNSCREEN
Authors: Nasution R. , Mailidar D. , Bahi M. , Saidi N. , Marianne M. , Iqhrammullah M.
Published: April 2022

Our research aimed to extractCinnamomum burmannii stem barks usingethyl acetate solvent, which further followed by the investigation of for the sunscreen potential of the extract. Crude extract, subfraction, and pure isolate were used to prepare lotion formulations and tested for their sun protection factor (SPF) values. The results showed that lotionsprepared from the crude extract or its subfraction had effecacious sunscreen activity, reaching 38.15 ± 0.51. The pure isolate obtained was elucidated by analyzing the spectral data from 1H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1HNMR), 13C-NMR, Mass Spectrometry, and Fourier-TransformInfrared Spectroscopy. The pure isolate wasfound to be 2-Propenoic acid, 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-, €- having an SPF value of 33.62 ± 0.62, where its lotion formulation had an SPF value of32.14 ± 0.97. Viscosity and pH properties of the prepared lotion met the criteria from the Indonesian National Standard with spreadability and adhesiveness that are convenient for topical application. Taken altogether, the lotions prepared from ethyl acetate extract of C. burmannii could potentially be used as sunscreen agents.