bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wenn die Wärme Wellen schlägt
Authors: Ziegler Mathias , Thiel Erik
Published: November 2018

Wird die Wärmezufuhr in einen Festkörper moduliert, kann die Temperatur als stark gedämpfte Diffusionswelle gemessen werden. Die aktive Thermografie nutzt diese Welleneigenschaften aus, um Materialfehler zerstörungsfrei zu detektieren. Die neuesten Ansätze verwenden eine strukturierte Beleuchtung mit Lasern. Auf diese Weise kann man gezielt thermische Wellenfelder erzeugen und kohärent überlagern. Damit lassen sich versteckte Materialfehler noch genauer finden und vermessen. Die Zukunftsvision ist eine thermografische Tomografie, die dreidimensionale Bilder aus dem Inneren eines Materials liefert.
Kometenstaub unter dem Mikroskop
Authors: Hilchenbach Martin , Hornung Klaus , Koch Andreas , Kissel Jochen
Published: November 2018

Der mit dem Instrument COSIMA gesammelte Staub des Kometen 67P/Tschurjumow‐Gerassimenko ist porös und besteht aus 10 bis 40 µm großen Agglomeraten. Van‐der‐Waals‐Kräfte halten diese zusammen. Die Teilchen bestehen zu einem Drittel aus Kohlenstoff. Vergleichbare hochporöse Staubteilchen haben wir bisher auf der Erde nicht gefunden, wenn auch eine Reihe von Meteoriten und Mikrometeoriten oder in der Atmosphäre aufgesammelte interplanetare Staubteilchen einzelne Eigenschaften der mit Rosetta gemachten Beobachtungen gut widerspiegeln.
Der Beginn der Quantenphysik
Authors: Jacobi Manfred
Published: November 2018

Der Physik‐Nobelpreis des Jahres 1918 (1919 verliehen) ging an den deutschen Physiker Max Planck „als Anerkennung des Verdienstes, das er sich durch seine Quantentheorie um die Entwicklung der Physik erworben hat.“
Durs Grünbeins Mondgedichte
Authors: Mecke Klaus
Published: November 2018

Die Taumelbewegung des Mondes in gebundener Rotation um die Erde, Libration genannt, nimmt Durs Grünbein zum Vorbild für eine „lyrische Libration“ in einem Gedichtzyklus.
Chemical synthesis of a two‐domain scorpion toxin LaIT2 and its single‐domain analogs to elucidate structural factors important for insecticidal and antimicrobial activities
Authors: Juichi Hironori , Ando Ryo , Ishido Takafumi , Miyashita Masahiro , Nakagawa Yoshiaki , Miyagawa Hisashi
Published: November 2018

Scorpion venom contains various bioactive peptides. Among them, peptides having two different structural domains constitute a toxin family known as β‐KTx or scorpine‐like peptides. These peptides consist of an α‐helical structure in the N‐terminal region and a cysteine‐stabilized structure in the C‐terminal region. This unique structure of β‐KTx peptides contributes to their diverse biological functions, but the importance of each domain for their activities is not fully understood. LaIT2 is a β‐KTx peptide isolated from the venom of the scorpion Liocheles australasiae, which shows both insecticidal and antimicrobial activities. In this study, we chemically synthesized full‐length LaIT2 using a native chemical ligation technique as well as its N‐terminally or C‐terminally truncated single‐domain analogs to evaluate structural factors important for the activities. Biological evaluation of these peptides revealed that the N‐terminal α‐helical domain of LaIT2 is essential for the expression of both insecticidal and antibacterial activities. This suggests that the disruption of membrane structures largely accounts for the biological activities of LaIT2.
Piezoelectric property of bundled peptide nanotubes stapled by bis‐cyclic‐β‐peptide
Authors: Tabata Yuki , Takagaki Kazushi , Uji Hirotaka , Kimura Shunsaku
Published: November 2018

Cyclic tetra‐β‐peptides (CP4s) and a bis‐CP4 were synthesized to prepare peptide nanotubes (PNTs) by molecular stacking of cyclic peptides. The addition of bis‐CP4 to the PNT preparation afforded PNT bundles increasing the direct and converse piezoelectiric coefficients, which is ascribable to bis‐CP4 stapling PNTs into the parallel alignment of PNT dipoles.
Functional Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels Are Present in Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Retinal Pigment Epithelium
Authors: Korkka Iina , Viheriälä Taina , Juuti-Uusitalo Kati , Uusitalo-Järvinen Hannele , Skottman Heli , Hyttinen Jari , Nymark Soile
Published: November 2018

Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) performs important functions for the maintenance of photoreceptors and vision. Malfunctions within the RPE are implicated in several retinal diseases for which transplantations of stem cell-derived RPE are promising treatment options. Their success, however, is largely dependent on the functionality of the transplanted cells. This requires correct cellular physiology, which is highly influenced by the various ion channels of RPE, including voltage-gated Ca2+ (CaV) channels. This study investigated the localization and functionality of CaV channels in human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived RPE. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from these cells revealed slowly inactivating L-type currents comparable to freshly isolated mouse RPE. Some hESC-RPE cells also carried fast transient T-type resembling currents. These findings were confirmed by immunostainings from both hESC- and mouse RPE that showed the presence of the L-type Ca2+ channels CaV1.2 and CaV1.3 as well as the T-type Ca2+ channels CaV3.1 and CaV3.2. The localization of the major subtype, CaV1.3, changed during hESC-RPE maturation co-localizing with pericentrin to the base of the primary cilium before reaching more homogeneous membrane localization comparable to mouse RPE. Based on functional assessment, the L-type Ca2+ channels participated in the regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor secretion as well as in the phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments in hESC-RPE. Overall, this study demonstrates that a functional machinery of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels is present in mature hESC-RPE, which is promising for the success of transplantation therapies. Stem Cells Translational Medicine  2019;8:179&15
Real‐Time Probe for the Efficient Sensing of Inorganic Fluoride and Copper Ions in Aqueous Media
Authors: Patil Pravin , Ajeya Kanalli V. , Bhat Mahesh P. , Sriram Ganesan , Yu Jingxian , Jung Ho‐Young , Altalhi Tariq , Kigga Madhuprasad , Kurkuri Mahaveer D.
Published: November 2018

A highly sensitive and efficient rhodamine 6G based probe (P3) was synthesized for the real‐time sensing of F− and Cu2+ ions. The probe P3 was able to show significant color change from brown to pink in the presence of F− and yellow to orange in presence of Cu2+ ions. The UV‐vis studies confirm that the probe P3 was able to detect F− and Cu2+ ions over other ions. Further, UV‐vis titration studies were carried out to understand the detection mechanism and stoichiometry between P3: F− and P3: Cu2+ ions. 1H‐NMR titration was performed to confirm the F− ion binding to probe P3, where, deprotonation of hydrazone proton (‐C=N‐NH‐) was observed. In addition, the limit of detection for P3:F− and P3:Cu2+ ions were found to be 4.02 μM and 1.64 μM respectively which is useful for practical applications. Lastly, probe P3 was used to detect and quantify the F− ions present in a commercially available mouthwash product. Furthermore, P3 was adsorbed on the surface of silica microsphere to detect Cu2+ ions. Interestingly, the material could visually detect 1 ppm of Cu2+ ions which is lower than the permissible limit.
Experimentation growth: Evolving trustworthy A/B testing capabilities in online software companies
Authors: Fabijan Aleksander , Dmitriev Pavel , McFarland Colin , Vermeer Lukas , Holmström Olsson Helena , Bosch Jan
Published: November 2018

Companies need to know how much value their ideas deliver to customers. One of the most powerful ways to accurately measure this is by conducting online controlled experiments (OCEs). To run experiments, however, companies need to develop strong experimentation practices as well as align their organization and culture to experimentation. The main objective of this paper is to demonstrate how to run OCEs at large scale using the experience of companies that succeeded in scaling. Based on case study research at Microsoft, Booking.com, Skyscanner, and Intuit, we present our main contribution—The Experiment Growth Model. This four‐stage model addresses the seven critical aspects of experimentation and can help companies to transform their organizations into learning laboratories where new ideas can be tested with scientific accuracy. Ultimately, this should lead to better products and services.
Assessing an assessment: The review and redesign of a competency-based mid-degree evaluation
Authors: Mayowski Colleen A. , Norman Marie K. , Kapoor Wishwa N.
Published: November 2018

Introduction

Little has been published about competency-based education in academic medicine, in particular how competencies are or should be assessed. This paper re-examines a competency-based assessment for M.S. students in clinical research, and “assesses the assessment” 4 years into its implementation.

Methods

Data were gathered from student surveys and interviews with program advisors, and common themes were identified. We then made refinements to the assessment, and student surveys were administered to evaluate the impact of the changes.

Results

Research results suggested the need to improve communication, time the assessment to align with skills development and opportunities for planning, streamline, and clarify expectations with examples and templates. After implementing these changes, data suggest that student satisfaction has improved without any reduction in academic rigor.

Conclusion

The effective implementation of competency-based training in clinical and translational research requires the development of a scholarly literature on effective methods of assessment. This paper contributes to that nascent body of research.
Hurricane Maria’s Impact on Punta Santiago, Puerto Rico: Community Needs and Mental Health Assessment Six Months Postimpact
Authors: Ferré Isabella M. , Negrón Stephanie , Shultz James M. , Schwartz Seth J. , Kossin James P. , Pantin Hilda
Published: November 2018

Objectives

This pilot study aimed to assess the community needs and population health status for the low-income town of Punta Santiago, situated on the southeastern coast of Puerto Rico at the point where Hurricane Maria made landfall on September 20, 2017.

Methods

A cross-sectional, interviewer-administered survey was conducted 6 months after the storm with a representative random sample of 74 households. The survey characterized population demographics and resident needs in relation to storm damage and disruption. The survey also assessed prevalence and symptom severity of major depression, generalized anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder.

Results

Most of Punta Santiago was without electrical power and more than half of households sustained severe damage. Residents reported loss of jobs, decreased productivity, school closures, dependency on aid for basic necessities, increased risk for vector-borne diseases, unrelenting exposure to heat and humidity, and diminished health status. Two-thirds (66.2%) of the respondents had clinically significant symptom elevations for at least 1 of the 3 common mental disorders assessed: major depression, generalized anxiety, or posttraumatic stress disorder.

Conclusions

Pilot survey results, along with other studies conducted in Punta Santiago, can be used to provide guidance for interventions with this community as well as with other low-income, storm-affected areas. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:18–23)
Italian Political Parties and Military Operations: An Empirical Analysis on Voting Patterns
Authors: Coticchia Fabrizio , Vignoli Valerio
Published: November 2018

Since the end of the bipolar era, the military activism of several Western powers has raised questions about parliamentary control, fostering growing research and analyses on the features, drivers and consequences of the different kinds of oversight exercised by legislative assemblies. Within this scholarly debate, this article focuses on the under-studied case of Italy. How did Italian parties vote on military operations abroad in the post-Cold War era? In order to answer this question, the article presents the first detailed and comprehensive set of data on parliamentary votes over the deployment of the Italian armed forces in the post-Cold War era (i.e. from the beginning of the 1990s to the recent operation against ISIL). Thanks to this extensive new empirical material, the article assesses selected arguments developed by the literature on political parties and foreign policy, paving the way for further research.
The putative lissamphibian stem-group: phylogeny and evolution of the dissorophoid temnospondyls
Authors: Schoch Rainer R.
Published: November 2018

Dissorophoid temnospondyls are widely considered to have given rise to some or all modern amphibians (Lissamphibia), but their ingroup relationships still bear major unresolved questions. An inclusive phylogenetic analysis of dissorophoids gives new insights into the large-scale topology of relationships. Based on a TNT 1.5 analysis (33 taxa, 108 characters), the enigmatic taxonPerryellais found to nest just outside Dissorophoidea (phylogenetic defintion), but shares a range of synapomorphies with this clade. The dissorophoids proper are found to encompass a first dichotomy between the largely paedomorphic Micromelerpetidae and all other taxa (Xerodromes). Within the latter, there is a basal dichotomy between the large, heavily ossified Olsoniformes (Dissorophidae + Trematopidae) and the small salamander-like Amphibamiformes (new taxon), which include four clades: (1) Micropholidae (Tersomius,Pasawioops,Micropholis); (2) Amphibamidae sensu stricto (Doleserpeton,Amphibamus); (3) Branchiosauridae (Branchiosaurus,Apateon,Leptorophus,Schoenfelderpeton); and (4) Lissamphibia. The generaPlatyrhinopsandEoscopusare here found to nest at the base of Amphibamiformes. Represented by their basal-most stem-taxa (Triadobatrachus,Karaurus,Eocaecilia), lissamphibians nest withGerobatrachusrather than Amphibamidae, as repeatedly found by former analyses.

UUID:http://zoobank.org/dadf36db-e003-4af7-bfa7-44d79bc04450
Do Female and Male Judges Assign the Same Ratings to the Same Wines? Large Sample Results
Authors: Bodington Jeff , Malfeito-Ferreira Manuel
Published: November 2018

Much research shows that women and men have different taste acuities and preferences. If female and male judges tend to assign different ratings to the same wines, then the gender balances of the judge panels will bias awards. Existing research supports the null hypothesis, however, that finding is based on small sample sizes. This article presents the results for a large sample; 260 wines and 1,736 wine-score observations. Subject to the strong qualification that non-gender-related variation is material, the results affirm that female and male judges do assign about the same ratings to the same wines. The expected value of the difference in their mean ratings is zero. (JEL Classifications: A10, C00, C10, C12, D12)
Social Capital and Entrepreneurship in Emerging Wine Regions
Authors: Franken Jason , Gómez Miguel , Ross R. Brent
Published: November 2018

This study investigates a hypothesized positive relationship between the number and strength of network ties and the performance of wineries in emerging production regions, which may face different challenges than wineries found in well-established regions. Results corroborate expectations that greater ties to competitors and firms in related tourism food and lodging sectors bolster performance. (JEL Classification: Q130)
Associations between C-reactive protein levels and cognition during the first 6 months after acute psychosis
Authors: Fathian Farivar , Løberg Else-Marie , Gjestad Rolf , Steen Vidar M. , Kroken Rune A. , Jørgensen Hugo A. , Johnsen Erik
Published: November 2018

Objective

Inverse relationships between the C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and cognitive performance in acute psychosis have been demonstrated. We aimed to investigate how the serum level and initial change of CRP in acutely admitted patients with psychosis was correlated with cognitive performance during a 6-months follow-up period.

Methods

The study is part of a pragmatic, randomised trial comparing four different second-generation antipsychotic drugs, and consists of 208 acute phase patients recruited at admittance for psychosis. This study reports data for all groups collectively, and does not compare treatment groups. Measurements of CRP and cognitive performance were conducted at baseline (T1) and after 4 weeks on average after inclusion (T2). Cognition was also assessed after 3 months (T3) and 6 months (T4) of follow-up.

Results

Global cognition improved during the follow-up period of 6 months, especially in the T1–T2 interval. The different cognitive subdomains showed different time-dependent profiles of improvement, with memory and attention improving significantly also in the later phases. Reduction of the CRP level during the initial follow-up interval (T1–T2) was associated with increased overall cognitive performance in the T2–T4 interval, but not in the T1–T2 interval. For the cognitive subdomains, we found an inverse association between change in CRP level and verbal abilities (T2–T4 interval), and attention (T2–T3 interval).

Conclusion

These findings indicate that initial changes in the serum level of CRP in the acute phase of psychosis may predict cognitive function in later phases of the disease.
Multifaceted disparity approach reveals dinosaur herbivory flourished before the end-Cretaceous mass extinction
Authors: Nordén Klara K. , Stubbs Thomas L. , Prieto-Márquez Albert , Benton Michael J.
Published: November 2018

Understanding temporal patterns in biodiversity is an enduring question in paleontology. Compared with studies of taxonomic diversity, long-term perspectives on ecological diversity are rare, particularly in terrestrial systems. Yet ecological diversity is critical for the maintenance of biodiversity, especially during times of major perturbations. Here, we explore the ecological diversity of Cretaceous herbivorous dinosaurs leading up to the K-Pg extinction, using dental and jaw morphological disparity as a proxy. We test the hypothesis that a decline in ecological diversity could have facilitated their rapid extinction 66 Ma. We apply three disparity metrics that together capture different aspects of morphospace occupation and show how this approach is key to understanding patterns of morphological evolution. We find no evidence of declining disparity in herbivorous dinosaurs as a whole—suggesting that dinosaur ecological diversity remained high during the last 10 Myr of their existence. Clades show different disparity trends through the Cretaceous, but none except sauropods exhibits a long-term decline. Herbivorous dinosaurs show two disparity peaks characterized by different processes; in the Early Cretaceous by expansion in morphospace and in the Campanian by morphospace packing. These trends were only revealed by using a combination of disparity metrics, demonstrating how this approach can offer novel insights into macroevolutionary processes underlying patterns of disparity and ecological diversity.
How Fishy was the Inland Mesolithic? New Data from Friesack, Brandenburg, Germany
Authors: Meadows John , Robson Harry K , Groß Daniel , Hegge Charlotte , Lübke Harald , Schmölcke Ulrich , Terberger Thomas , Gramsch Bernhard
Published: November 2018

Recent studies have shown that faunal assemblages from Mesolithic sites in inland Northern Europe contain more fish remains than previously thought, but the archaeological and archaeozoological record does not reveal the dietary importance of aquatic species to hunter-gatherer-fishers, even at a societal level. For example, the function of bone points, as hunting weapons or fishing equipment, has long been debated. Moreover, traditional methods provide no indication of variable subsistence practices within a population. For these reasons, paleodietary studies using stable isotope analyses of human remains have become routine. We present radiocarbon (14C) and stable isotope data from nine prehistoric human bones from the Early Mesolithic-Early Neolithic site of Friesack 4, and isotopic data for local terrestrial mammals (elk, red deer, roe deer, wild boar, aurochs, beaver) and freshwater fish (European eel, European perch). The reference data allow individual paleodiets to be reconstructed. Using paleodiet estimates of fish consumption, and modern values for local freshwater reservoir effects, we also calibrate human 14C ages taking into account dietary reservoir effects. Although the number of individuals is small, it is possible to infer a decline in the dietary importance of fish from the Preboreal to the Boreal Mesolithic, and an increase in aquatic resource consumption in the Early Neolithic.
Breaking the Frame: Amy Waldman's The Submission and 9/11 Memorials
Authors: MILLER KRISTINE
Published: November 2018

This essay analyzes how various memorials create physical, temporal, and literary space for reflection about the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. As a New York Times reporter, Amy Waldman contributed in 2001 to the “Portraits of Grief” before publishing in 2011 The Submission, her novel about the memorial-building process. Juxtaposing Waldman's fiction and journalism with the Reflecting Absence memorial in New York and Columbia University's 9/11 Oral History Project, the essay explores how memorialization of the attacks can build space for democratic debate rather than just a public monument to the idea of national grief.
Effects of CEO Turnover in Banks: Evidence Using Exogenous Turnovers in Indian Banks
Authors: Sarkar Arkodipta , Subramanian Krishnamurthy , Tantri Prasanna
Published: November 2018

We examine the effects of chief executive officer (CEO) turnover in banks. Incoming bank CEOs face problems of information asymmetry because banks’ operations are opaque and bank risk can change dramatically in a short time. These CEOs may therefore change bank policies to manage their personal risks. Since CEO turnover is usually endogenous, we utilize a setting in which CEO turnover is based solely on retirement age and is thus exogenous to bank performance. Consistent with our thesis, incoming CEOs increase provisioning for future delinquencies and shrink lending. Bank stock prices decline following these changes. Politically motivated lending or ever-greening cannot explain our results.
Paediatric tracheostomy tubes: recent developments and our current practice
Authors: Tweedie D J , Cooke J , Stephenson K A , Gupta S L , Pepper C M , Elloy M D , Cochrane L A , Wyatt M E
Published: November 2018

Objective

A variety of paediatric tracheostomy tubes are available. This article reviews the tubes in current use at Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children and Evelina London Children's Hospital.

Methods

This paper outlines our current preferences, and the particular indications for different tracheostomy tubes, speaking valves and other attachments.

Results

Our preferred types of tubes have undergone significant design changes. This paper also reports further experience with certain tubes that may be useful in particular circumstances. An updated sizing chart is included for reference purposes.

Conclusion

The choice of a paediatric tracheostomy tube remains largely determined by individual clinical requirements. Although we still favour a small range of tubes for use in the majority of our patients, there are circumstances in which other varieties are indicated.
Portable audiometric screening platforms used in low-resource settings: a review
Authors: Jayawardena A , Waller B , Edwards B , Larsen-Reindorf R , Esinam Anomah J , Frimpong B , Gina A , Netterville J , Saunders J , Basura G J
Published: November 2018

Background

Millions of people across the world suffer from disabling hearing loss. Appropriate interventions lead to improved speech and language skills, educational advancement, and improved social integration. A major limitation to improving care is identifying those with disabling hearing loss in low-resource countries.

Objectives

This review article summarises information on currently available hearing screening platforms and technology available from published reports and the authors’ personal experiences of hearing loss identification in low-resource areas of the world. The paper reviews the scope and capabilities of portable hearing screening platforms, including the pros and cons of each technology and how they have been utilised in low-resource environments.

Conclusion

Portable hearing screening tools are readily available to assess hearing loss in low-resource areas. Each technology has advantages and limitations that should be considered when identifying the optimal methods to assess needs in each country.
The resistance againstTrichinella spiralisinfection induced by primary infection with respiratory syncytial virus
Authors: Chu Ki-Back , Lee Dong-Hun , Kang Hae-Ji , Quan Fu-Shi
Published: November 2018

Human infections withTrichinella spiralisand respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are common, asT. spiralisinfections are re-emerging in various parts of the world and RSV infections remain a threat for infants. Yet, studies investigating the relationship pertaining to the two are severely lacking. In particular, immune response inductionviaRSV andT. spiralisremain largely elusive. Here, we investigated the resistance againstT. spiralisinfection induced upon primary infection with RSV. RSV, notorious for causing severe inflammatory reaction in the lungs, were intranasally infected, followed with aT. spiralisinfection in mice. Our results revealed that primary RSV infection in mice significantly raisedT. spiralis-specific and total IgE, IgG and its subclass antibody responses uponT. spiralischallenge infection (RSV-Ts). Blood eosinophil levels were decreased in RSV-Ts, accompanied with significant increase in both Th1 and Th2 cytokines. Antibodies generated against RSV in RSV-infected mice were found to react withT. spiralisexcretory/secretory antigen, showing several bands determined through immunoblotting. RSV-Ts also had a marked reduction ofT. spiralisworm burden in diaphragm. These results indicate that immune responses induced by RSV infection contribute to resistance against subsequentT. spiralisinfection.
Human toxoplasmosis: a systematic review for genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii in clinical samples
Authors: Hosseini S. A. , Amouei A. , Sharif M. , Sarvi Sh. , Galal L. , Javidnia J. , Pagheh A. S. , Gholami S. , Mizani A. , Daryani A.
Published: November 2018

Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) as an obligate intracellular protozoan with a worldwide distribution can infect virtually all warm-blooded animals and humans. This study aims to provide a summary of the available data on genotypes of T. gondii in human. Five databases including MEDLINE in PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science and Google Scholar were searched for the T. gondii genotyping in human during 1995–August 2017. Next, we screened all the articles based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Overall, 26 studies were eligible regarding genotyping T. gondii in human samples. In clonal genotyping, 167 out of 286 cases (58%) were infected with type II. Genetic characterisation of T. gondii isolates displayed that type II was the most predominant genotype in human with the prevalence of 64.3%, 62.1% and 41.7% in patients with AIDS, congenital and ocular toxoplasmosis, respectively. In ToxoDB genotyping, most individuals were infected with genotypes #9 and #65 (21.2%). Based on these results, genotype profile of T. gondii isolates is different throughout the world. The strains in Asian and African countries are characterised by low genetic diversity, while in North and South America a wide diversity of this parasite is found. In countries without any data (e.g. Australia, Western and Southern Africa and Western Asia), identification of T. gondii genotypes might discover higher genetic diversity.
On the Importance of Species for Rule-Consequentialism: A Reply to Galvão
Authors: PAEZ EZE
Published: November 2018

Pedro Galvão claims that, on the ideal rule-consequentialist code, all sentient humans have rights, whereas animals do not. Because agents are not impartial, total well-being would be lower if they were aware of a general disposition to harm in order to promote the good. Animals cannot be aware of that disposition, so it would be justified to harm them when that is best. Galvão also claims it is wrong to help an animal, even when optimific, if that harms another animal. I argue he is misguided. First, impartial agents would err in the moral calculus, causing falsely optimific harms. To compensate for that, all sentient individuals must have rights – though those protecting some humans may be stronger. Second, when helping is optimific, it is at least permitted. Moreover, since most sentient beings are wild animals with net negative lives, agents should be generally disposed to intervene in nature on their behalf.
What predicts overgeneral memory in youth? Testing the CaR-FA-X model longitudinally in community adolescents
Authors: Gutenbrunner Charlotte , Salmon Karen , Jose Paul E.
Published: November 2018

Overgeneral autobiographical memory, the tendency to report general memories when asked to report specific event recollections, has been implicated in the development and maintenance of psychopathology. The dominant model of overgeneral memory, the CaR-FA-X model (Williams et al., 2007), proposes that three cognitive processes (increased rumination and avoidance, and reduced executive control) either independently, or in interaction, interfere with successful memory retrieval. Although psychopathology increases significantly during adolescence, no research has tested this model in its entirety, including interaction effects, longitudinally in community youth. We tested the model with 323 adolescents (152 females, 171 males) across four annual assessment points. Increased avoidance predicted higher proportions of overgeneral memories from Time 3 to Time 4, but this association was stronger for youth with elevated depressive symptoms across the four waves, and limited to memories generated in response to negative cue words. This finding may indicate that youth with stable higher levels of depression remember in an overgeneral way to avoid re-elicitation of negative event-related emotions. In youth with lower depression levels across time, the CaR-FA-X mechanisms did not predict overgeneral memory.
HPA-axis multilocus genetic variation moderates associations between environmental stress and depressive symptoms among adolescents
Authors: Starr Lisa R. , Huang Meghan
Published: November 2018

Research suggests that genetic variants linked to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis functioning moderate the association between environmental stressors and depression, but examining gene–environment interactions with single polymorphisms limits power. The current study used a multilocus genetic profile score (MGPS) approach to measuring HPA-axis–related genetic variation and examined interactions with acute stress, chronic stress, and childhood adversity (assessed using contextual threat interview methods) with depressive symptoms as outcomes in an adolescent sample (ages 14–17, N = 241; White subsample n = 192). Additive MGPSs were calculated using 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms within HPA-axis genes (CRHR1, NR3C2, NR3C1, FKBP5). Higher MGPS directly correlated with adolescent depressive symptoms. Moreover, MGPS predicted stronger associations between acute and chronic stress and adolescent depressive symptoms and also moderated the effect of interpersonal, but not noninterpersonal, childhood adversity. Gene–environment interactions individually accounted for 5%–8% of depressive symptom variation. All results were retained following multiple test correction and stratification by race. Results suggest that using MGPSs provides substantial power to examine gene–environmental interactions linked to affective outcomes among adolescents.
“History Has Its Eyes on You”: Hamilton and the Introductory American Government Course
Authors: Adler William D.
Published: November 2018

This article explores how the musical Hamilton can be used as a way to bring students to a new understanding of American government at the introductory level. As a recent pop-culture smash, Hamilton has brought to the fore the possibility of a new civic conversation about our political beginnings. With many citizens lacking a sufficient understanding of American political culture at this fraught time, the introductory American government course is the ideal place to enhance civic understanding. This article discusses how music from the Hamilton cast album, as well as videos about the show, were used during two semesters of the introductory American government course at a regional public university. Doing so encouraged discussion and active learning about key concepts and critical moments in American history that have shaped politics through the present day.
Disintegrating the Dullest Miracle on Earth? The Greek Crisis, Instrumentalism and European Identity
Authors: Green David Michael
Published: November 2018

The economic crisis in Greece, and the reaction to it by key European institutions, gives scholars a unique opportunity to test the instrumentalist model for explaining the dynamics of political identity. This study seeks to do that, marshalling both quantitative and qualitative indicators of European identity in Greece, and examining how this identity has changed over the past decade under conditions of crisis and external pressure. Do Greeks now self-identify less as European than they used to because the utility of such an identity has diminished? The evidence presented in this analysis suggests that that is the case.
A CLASSICAL MODEL OF EDUCATION, GROWTH, AND DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Dutt Amitava Krishna , Veneziani Roberto
Published: November 2018

We develop a classical macroeconomic model to examine the growth and distributional consequences of education. Contrary to the received wisdom, we show that human capital accumulation is not necessarily growth-inducing and inequality-reducing. Expansive education policies may foster growth and reduce earning inequalities between workers, but only by transferring income from workers to capitalists. Further, the overall effect of an increase in education depends on the actual characteristics of the educational system and on the nature of labor market relations. Although the primary aim of the paper is theoretical, we argue that the model identifies some causal mechanisms that can contribute to shed light on recent stylized facts on growth, distribution, and education for the USA.
Using unfolding case studies to better prepare the public health nutrition workforce to address the social determinants of health
Authors: Palermo Claire , Kleve Sue , McCartan Julia , Brimblecombe Julie , Ferguson Megan
Published: November 2018

Objective

The public health nutrition workforce has been reported to be underprepared for practice. The present study aimed to test the ability of an unfolding case study approach to support the public health nutrition workforce for the workplace, with a focus on improved access to nutritious food.

Design

Two unfolding case studies were trialled with undergraduate students in two-hour workshops to enhance their capability to address access to nutritious food as a social determinant of health. The approach provided information about the case using a staged approach that supported learners to review and reply to information and then continue this process as the case became increasingly complex.

Setting

Melbourne, Australia.

Participants

Thirty-eight undergraduate nutrition and dietetics students.

Results

The analysis revealed that the unfolding case study approach provided a place to challenge and deepen knowledge and think about the application of theory. As the cases developed and became more challenging, students were supported to consider appropriate approaches and recognised the constant evolution and dynamic nature of practice.

Conclusions

This learning activity challenged students and supported deep learning about possible solutions. It may also be useful at a graduate level and for continuous education of nutritionists and/or dietitians to empower the workforce to address the social determinants of health, rather than just acknowledging them as a set of barriers that prevent people and communities from achieving optimal health. Further work is required to investigate how unfolding case studies in curricula shape preparedness for practice of public health nutrition.
The making of four ideologies of globalization
Authors: de Wilde Pieter
Published: November 2018

Recent societal conflicts over immigration, free trade and EU membership testify to the controversiality of globalization in Western societies. Brexit, Trump, the refugee crisis, and the debate around transatlantic trade and investment partnership (TTIP) are clear illustrations of the salience of globalization in politics. Many argue that neoliberal ideology supports and drives globalization. This raises the question whether opposition to globalization is also ideological, and how. This contribution investigates the existence of ideologies of globalization. It does so presenting a novel rigorous version of Freeden’s analytical morphological approach to ideologies, with deductive conceptualization drawing on political philosophy combined with inductive correlational analysis at the level of individual arguments. It presents original representative claims analysis data on debates over climate change, human rights, migration, trade, and regional integration in the United States, Germany, Poland, Mexico, Turkey, the European Parliament, and the United Nations General Assembly between 2004 and 2011. It shows that we are witnessing the making of four ideologies of globalization: liberalism, cosmopolitanism, communitarianism, and statism. Each has its own distinctive grouping of concepts. Their emergence may solidify a globalization cleavage in Western societies, shape democratic politics for years to come, and affect the course of globalization itself.
Prediction on operating range of passive troposcatter detection system
Authors: Liu Zan , Chen Xihong
Published: November 2018

Electromagnetic wave of enemy radar propagated by troposcatter is a valuable candidate for beyond line-of-sight detection. There is no analytical study considering the operating range of passive troposcatter detection system. In this paper, we study the way to predict the operating range, which is dominated by propagation loss. The key propagation loss models including statistic model and real-time model are analyzed. During deducing the latter loss model, Hopfield model is introduced to precisely describe the tropospheric refractivity. Meanwhile, rain attenuation is also taken into consideration. Several examples demonstrate the feasibility of predicting operating range through the proposed method.
Event‐Scale Dynamics of a Parabolic Dune and Its Relevance for Mesoscale Evolution
Authors: Delgado‐Fernandez Irene , Smyth Thomas A. G. , Jackson Derek W. T. , Smith Alexander B. , Davidson‐Arnott Robin G. D.
Published: November 2018

Parabolic dunes are widespread aeolian landforms found in a variety of environments. Despite modeling advances and good understanding of how they evolve, there is limited empirical data on their dynamics at short time scales of hours and on how these dynamics relate to their medium‐term evolution. This study presents the most comprehensive data set to date on aeolian processes (airflow and sediment transport) inside a parabolic dune at an event scale. This is coupled with information on elevation changes inside the landform to understand its morphological response to a single wind event. Results are contextualized against the medium‐term (years) allowing us to investigate one of the most persistent conundrums in geomorphology, that of the significance of short‐term findings for landform evolution. Our field data suggested three key findings: (1) sediment transport rates inside parabolic dunes correlate well with wind speeds rather than turbulence; (2) up to several tonnes of sand can move through these landforms in a few hours; and (3) short‐term elevation changes inside parabolic dunes can be complex and different from long‐term net spatial patterns, including simultaneous erosion and accumulation along the same wall. Modeled airflow patterns along the basin were similar to those measured in situ for a range of common wind directions, demonstrating the potential for strong transport during multiple events. Mesoscale analyses suggested that the measured event was representative of the type of events potentially driving significant geomorphic changes over years, with supply‐limiting conditions playing an important role in resultant flux amounts.
Frictional Heating Processes and Energy Budget During Laboratory Earthquakes
Authors: Aubry J. , Passelègue F. X. , Deldicque D. , Girault F. , Marty S. , Lahfid A. , Bhat H. S. , Escartin J. , Schubnel A.
Published: November 2018

During an earthquake, part of the released elastic strain energy is dissipated within the slip zone by frictional and fracturing processes, the rest being radiated away via elastic waves. While frictional heating plays a key role in the energy budget of earthquakes, it could not be resolved by seismological data up to now. Here we investigate the dynamics of laboratory earthquakes by measuring frictional heat dissipated during the propagation of shear instabilities at stress conditions typical of seismogenic depths. We estimate the complete energy budget of earthquake rupture and demonstrate that the radiation efficiency increases with thermal‐frictional weakening. Using carbon properties and Raman spectroscopy, we map spatial heat heterogeneities on the fault surface. We show that an increase in fault strength corresponds to a transition from a weak fault with multiple strong asperities and little overall radiation, to a highly radiative fault behaving as a single strong asperity.
Slower Snowmelt in Spring Along With Climate Warming Across the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Wu Xuejiao , Che Tao , Li Xin , Wang Ninglian , Yang Xiaofan
Published: November 2018

Climate warming is altering historical patterns of snow accumulation and ablation, hence threatening natural water resources. We evaluated the impact of climate warming on snowmelt rates using the GlobSnow v2.0 and the second Modern‐Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications data sets over the Northern Hemisphere (NH) during the past 38 years (1980–2017). Higher ablation rates were found in the locations with deeper snow water equivalent (SWE) because high snow melt rates occurred in late spring and early summer in deep snowpack regions. In addition, due to the reduction of SWE in deep snowpack regions, moderate and high snow ablation rates showed a decreasing trend. Therefore, slower snowmelt rates were found over the entire NH in a warmer climate in general. Based on projections of SWE in Representative Concentration Pathways 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5 climate scenarios, slower snowmelt rates in the NH may continue to happen in the future.
Stress Shadow on the Southwest Portion of the Longmen Shan Fault Impacted the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake Rupture
Authors: Liu Chang , Dong Peiyu , Zhu Bojing , Shi Yaolin
Published: November 2018

The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (Mw 7.9) unilaterally ruptured the Longmen Shan fault (LMSF) along eastern Tibet. The earthquake rupture propagated about 270 km northeastward, whereas it propagated only about 20 km southwestward along the strike of the fault. Although a significant attention has been paid to the question of predominantly unilateral propagation, the primary reasons for this type of propagation remain unclear. In this research, we examined the change of Coulomb stress along the LMSF caused by the historical earthquakes near and on the LMSF from 1725 to 2008. We found that the 14 preceding large earthquakes (M ≥ 6.5) on the Xianshui He fault cast a stress shadow on the SW segment of the LMSF, which was not activated by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake rupture. The 1970 Dayi earthquake on the SW segment of the LMSF contributed significantly to this stress shadow. Compared with the segment of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake rupture, this stress shadow caused strong stress contrasts of −214, −22, and −80 kPa in the seismic gap of the very SW segment of the LMSF, the rupture zone of the 2013 Lushan earthquake, and the seismic gap between the 2008 Wenchuan and 2013 Lushan earthquake ruptures, respectively. Stress contrasts in these values were consistent with tectonic loading over 165, 17, and 62 years, respectively, by integrating an interseismic stress‐loading rate of 1.3 kPa/a. We proposed that this stress shadow might have created a barrier at the SW segment, preventing the earthquake rupture propagating southwestward.
A Nonparametric Approach for Assessing Precision in Georeferenced Point Clouds Best Fit Planes: Toward More Reliable Thresholds
Authors: Gallo Leandro C. , Cristallini Ernesto O. , Svarc Marcela
Published: November 2018

The fitting of a plane to data points is essential to the geosciences. However, it is recognized that the reliability of these best fit planes depends upon the point set distribution and geometry, evaluated in terms of the eigen‐based parameters derived from the moment of inertia analysis. Despite its significance, few studies have addressed the uncertainties of the analysis, which can adversely affect the reproduction of results one of the cornerstones of scientific endeavor. Aiming to contribute toward the neglected issue of the moment of inertia precision, we have developed a bootstrap resampling scheme to empirically discover the distribution of uncertainties in the orientation of best fit planes. Dispersion of the bootstrapped normal vectors to the best fit plane is regarded as a measure of precision, evaluated with the maximum angular distance from the optimal solution. This rationale was tested using Monte Carlo‐generated samples covering a comprehensive range of shape parameters to assess the dependence between eigen parameters and their inherent bias. Our results show that the oblateness of the point cloud is a robust parameter to assess the reliability of the best fit plane. Given this, the method was then applied to a publicly available lidar data set. We argue that georeferenced point clouds with an oblateness parameter greater than 3 and 1.5 may be placed at 95% confidence levels of 5° and 10°, respectively. We propose using these values as thresholds to obtain robust best fit planes, guaranteeing reproducible results for scientific research.
Formation Features of Steps and Branches of an Upward Negative Leader
Authors: Huang Haitao , Wang Daohong , Wu Ting , Takagi Nobuyuki
Published: November 2018

We have analyzed the high‐speed video of an upward negative leader that exhibited multiple branches. From the video, which was recorded at a frame rate of 300 kiloframes per second (3.3 μs per frame), we have identified 75 leader steps, 21 being from the leader main channel and 54 from 4 branches of the leader. Through analyzing each individual leader step and branch in detail, we found a similar formation pattern for both the leader step and the branch. This pattern can be described in the following sequence: (1) the streamer area forms ahead of the leader tip, (2) the streamer area and the backward leader channel increase in luminosity, (3) the streamer area and the leader channel decrease in luminosity, (4) the streamer area reilluminates ahead of the leader tip, and (5) the reilluminated streamer area develops to a new leader tip and a new streamer area is emitted forward ahead of the new leader tip.