bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient Synthesis of S‐Glycosyl Donors of D‐Glucose and O‐Glycosylations Involving the New Reagent.
Authors: TSUBOYAMA K. , TAKEDA K. , TORII K. , EBIHARA M. , SHIMIZU J. , SUZUKI A. , SATO N. , FURUHATA K. , OGURA H.
Published: May 2016

The glucopyranose (I) reacts with the bis(tetrazolyl) dithiocarbonate (II) to give the tetrazolyl pyranosyl sulfides (III) ‐ (V).
ChemInform Abstract: An Oxostannate of a New Structure Type: Cs4(SnO4).
Authors: BERNET K. , HOPPE R.
Published: May 2016

In an attempt to prepare Cs3LiSnO4 by reaction of the corresponding binary oxides at 450 °C (Cs:Li:Sn = 3.3:1:1, sealed Ni‐tube, 28 d) colorless single crystals of the title compound are obtained for the first time.
ChemInform Abstract: Unimolecular Dissociations of Ketone/Fe+ Complexes and Evidence for Successive CH/CC Bond Activation of Different Sites of Flexible Molecules.
Authors: SCHROEDER D. + , SCHWARZ H.
Published: May 2016

Extensive labeling studies in conjunction with tandem mass spectrometry provide a detailed insight on the unimolecular gas‐phase ion chemistry of several unbranched ketone/Fe+ complexes.
ChemInform Abstract: Micellar Effects Upon the Reaction of Azide Ion with N‐Alkyl‐2‐chloropyridinium Ions.
Authors: AL‐LOHEDAN H. A.
Published: May 2016

The substitution reaction of (Ia) is inhibited (catalyzed) at low (high) concentrations of surfactant.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactivity of the Diselenide Dication Salt, 1,5‐Diselenoniabicyclo(3.3.0)octane Bis(hexafluorophosphate) Toward Aromatics. A New Mode of Aromatic Substitution and Redox Reaction.
Authors: FUJIHARA H. , NAKAMURA A. , AKAISHI R. , FURUKAWA N.
Published: May 2016

The diselenide dication salts (I) react with aniline or dimethylaniline (II) under substitution in p‐position to form the selenonium salts (III).
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient and Versatile Synthesis of Chiral Aliphatic and Allylic Amines.
Authors: SAARI W. S. , FISHER T. E.
Published: May 2016

The reduction of the N‐methoxyamides of optically pure α‐amino acids such as (S)‐(I) leads to the formation of the aldehyde (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Fluorination at Atmospheric Pressure: A Simple Method for the Synthesis of Fluorinating Compounds.
Authors: AUER K. , HUNGERBUEHLER E. + , LANG R. W.
Published: May 2016

The N‐fluorosultam (VI) is obtained from saccharin (I) as shown in the reaction scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Molecular Structure, and Complexation of 1,4‐Dihydropyridines Containing Ligands for Intramolecular Complexation of Metal Electrophiles.
Authors: KAPTEIN B. , KELLOGG R. M. , VAN BOLHUIS F.
Published: May 2016

A series of 4‐substituted Hantzsch 1,4‐dihydropyridines, e.g. (IV) and (VI), are synthesized.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses in the Isocamphane Series. Part 34. Synthesis of Isocamphane Derivatives with Fungicidal Activity.
Authors: BUCHBAUER G. , SPREITZER H. , KNEIDINGER M.
Published: May 2016

The title compounds, e.g. (I) and (II), are synthesized via reaction of acid chlorides with the corresponding alcohols.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Pheromones. Part 7. One‐Step Conversion of Carboxylic Esters to the Acetates of the Corresponding Alcohols Applying on the Synthesis of Lepidopteran Pheromones.
Authors: VINCZER P. , NOVAK K. , SZANTAY C.
Published: May 2016

The unsaturated esters (I) are reduced with lithium aluminum hydride.
Investigation of CO2 separation from synthesis CO2/CH4 mixture utilizing tetra‐n‐butyl ammonium bromide semi‐hydrate
Authors: Zang Xiaoya , Liang Deqing , Wu Nengyou
Published: May 2016

Semi‐clathrate hydrates of tetra‐n‐butyl ammonium bromide (TBAB) offer a potential solution for separation of CO2 from biogas. In this work, gas hydrate formation from a CO2/CH4 mixture in distilled water with 0.05 g/g (5 wt%) TBAB was examined at 275, 277, and 279 K with pressures of 4000, 5000, and 6000 kPa. The compositional changes of the gas phase were analyzed continuously during the hydrate formation process. The results indicated that no significant induction occurred during hydrate formation. The CO2 separation factor increased with decreasing temperature and increasing pressure. The maximum amount of CO2 gas molar ratio in the residual gas phase was 79.81 mol% at 4000 kPa and 275 K with a gas/liquid volume ratio (Vg/Vl) of 1. TBAB promoted hydrate formation and CO2 separation; however, the CO2 separation factor decreased in a decomposed solution compared with fresh TBAB solution. The experimental results provide a theoretical basis for the use of hydrate‐based gas separation (HBGS) technology in biogas purification.
Electrochemical Treatment of Olive Processing Wastewater Using a Boron‐Doped Diamond Anode
Authors: Barbosa José , Fernandes Annabel , Ciríaco Lurdes , Lopes Ana , Pacheco Maria José
Published: May 2016

Electrochemical oxidation (EO) of olive processing wastewater (OPW) samples was carried out using a boron‐doped diamond anode. The treatment was performed in a batch system with recirculation, using an up‐flow single‐compartment electrochemical cell. The influence of the wastewater dilution, the applied current density (j) and the recirculation flow rate (RFR) on the EO performance was investigated. Although OPW is a complex mixture of organic compounds, its chemical oxygen demand (COD) decay with time followed the theoretical models developed for single organic compound solutions, in particular when EO is diffusion controlled. The average mass transfer coefficients determined at this regime were found to increase with RFR, being independent of j. Regarding the mineralization index of the final samples, after 7 h a decrease was observed with the increase in j or RFR. Specific energy consumption was also evaluated and it increased with dilution and j, being lower for higher RFR. The lowest specific energy consumption observed, obtained with the raw sample at j = 20 mA cm−2, was 24 Wh gCOD−1.
Characterization of Platinum and Iridium Oxyhydrate Surface Layers from Platinum and Iridium Foils
Authors: Johnson Benjamin , Ranjan Chinmoy , Greiner Mark , Arrigo Rosa , Schuster Manfred Erwin , Höpfner Britta , Gorgoi Mihaela , Lauermann Iver , Willinger Marc , Knop‐Gericke Axel , Schlögl Robert
Published: May 2016

Platinum and iridium polycrystalline foils were oxidized electrochemically through anodization to create thin platinum and iridium hydrous oxide layers, which were analyzed through laboratory photoelectron spectroscopy during heating and time series (temperature‐programmed spectroscopy). The films contain oxygen in the form of bound oxides, water, and hydroxides and were investigated by depth profiling with high‐energy photoelectron spectroscopy. The Pt films are unstable and begin to degrade immediately after removal from the electrolyte to form core–shell structures with a metallic inner core and a hydrous oxide outer shell almost devoid of Pt. However, evidence was found for metastable intermediate states of degradation; therefore, it may be possible to manufacture PtOx phases with increased stability. Heating the film to even 100 °C causes accelerated degradation, which shows that stoichiometric oxides such as PtO2 or PtO are not the active species in the electrolyte. The Ir films exhibit increased stability and higher surface Ir content, and gentle heating at low temperatures leads to a decrease in defect density. Although both layers are based on noble metals, their surface structures are markedly different. The complexity of such hydrous oxide systems is discussed in detail with the goal of identifying the film composition more precisely.
Inactive trout come out at night: behavioral variation, circadian activity, and fitness in the wild
Authors: Závorka Libor , Aldvén David , Näslund Joacim , Höjesjö Johan , Johnsson Jörgen. I.
Published: May 2016

Theory suggests that high activity levels in animals increase growth at the cost of increased mortality. This growth‐mortality tradeoff has recently been incorporated into the wider framework of the pace‐of‐life syndrome (POLS) hypothesis. However, activity is often quantified only in the laboratory and on a diurnal basis, leaving open the possibility that animals manage predation risk and feeding efficiency in the wild by modulating their circadian activity rhythms. Here we investigate how laboratory activity in wild brown trout parr (Salmo truttaL.) associates with circadian activity, growth, and mortality in their natal stream. We found that individuals with high activity in the laboratory displayed high dispersal and cathemeral activity in their natal stream. In contrast, trout with low laboratory activity showed variation of activity in the wild, which was negatively related to the light intensity. Our results do not support the growth‐mortality trade‐off of thePOLShypothesis as highly active, fast‐growing individuals showed higher survival than inactive conspecifics. These novel results show for the first time that active and inactive individuals, as scored in the lab, can show different circadian patterns of behavior in the wild driven by light intensity. This implies that studies conducted under a narrow range of light conditions can bias our understanding of individual behavioral variation and its fitness consequences in the wild.
The role of channel morphology on the mobility and dispersion of bed sediment in a small gravel‐bed stream
Authors: Papangelakis Elli , Hassan Marwan A.
Published: May 2016

This study uses a unique 10‐year tracer dataset from a small gravel‐bed stream to examine bed mobility and sediment dispersion over long timescales and at a range of spatial scales. Seasonal tracer data that captured multiple mobilizing events was examined, while the effects of morphology on bed mobility and sediment dispersion were captured at three spatial scales: within morphological units (unit scale), between morphological units (reach scale) and between reaches with different channel morphologies (channel scale). This was achieved by analyzing both reach‐average mobility and travel distance data, as well as the development of ‘mobility maps’ that capture the spatial variability in tracer mobility within the channel. The tracer data suggest that sediment transport in East Creek remains near critical the majority of the time, with only rare large events resulting in high mobility rates and grain travel distances large enough to move sediment past dominant bedforms. While a variable capturing both the magnitude and frequency of flow events within a season yielded a better predictor to sediment mobility and dispersion than peak discharge alone, the distribution of events of different magnitude within the season played a large role in determining tracer mobility rates and travel distances. The effects of morphology differed depending on the analysis scale, demonstrating the importance of scale, and therefore study design, when examining the effect of morphology on sediment transport. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐intrusive reduced‐order modeling for multiphase porous media flows using Smolyak sparse grids
Authors: Xiao Dunhui , Lin Zhi , Fang Fangxin , Pain Christopher C. , Navon Ionel M. , Salinas Pablo , Muggeridge Ann
Published: May 2016

In this article, we describe a non‐intrusive reduction method for porous media multiphase flows using Smolyak sparse grids. This is the first attempt at applying such an non‐intrusive reduced‐order modelling (NIROM) based on Smolyak sparse grids to porous media multiphase flows. The advantage of this NIROM for porous media multiphase flows resides in that its non‐intrusiveness, which means it does not require modifications to the source code of full model. Another novelty is that it uses Smolyak sparse grids to construct a set of hypersurfaces representing the reduced‐porous media multiphase problem. This NIROM is implemented under the framework of an unstructured mesh control volume finite element multiphase model. Numerical examples show that the NIROM accuracy relative to the high‐fidelity model is maintained, whilst the computational cost is reduced by several orders of magnitude. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accelerated longitudinal gray/white matter contrast decline in aging in lightly myelinated cortical regions
Authors: Vidal‐Piñeiro Didac , Walhovd Kristine B. , Storsve Andreas B. , Grydeland Håkon , Rohani Darius A. , Fjell Anders M.
Published: May 2016

Highly myelinated cortical regions seem to develop early and are more robust to age‐related decline. By use of different magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures such as contrast between T1‐ and T2‐weighted MRI scans (T1w/T2w) it is now possible to assess correlates of myelin content in vivo. Further, previous studies indicate that gray/white matter contrast (GWC) become blurred as individuals' age, apparently reflecting age‐related changes in myelin structure. Here we address whether longitudinal changes in GWC are dependent on initial myelin content within tissue as defined by baseline T1w/T2w contrast, and hypothesize that lightly myelinated regions undergo more decline longitudinally. A sample of 207 healthy adult participants (range: 20–84 years) was scanned twice (interscan interval: 3.6 years). Results showed widespread longitudinal reductions of GWC throughout the cortical surface, especially in the frontal cortices, mainly driven by intensity decay in the white matter. Annual rate of GWC blurring showed acceleration with age in temporal and medial prefrontal regions. Moreover, the anatomical distribution of increased rate of GWC decline with advancing age was strongly related to baseline levels of intracortical myelin. This study provides a first evidence of accelerated regional GWC blurring with advancing age, relates GWC patterns to cortical myeloarchitectonics and supports the hypothesis of increased age‐related vulnerability of lightly myelinated areas. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3669–3684, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Risk factors of thrombosis in a single method of microsurgical head and neck reconstruction: A multi‐institutional study of 773 reconstructions with a free jejunal graft after total pharyngolaryngoesophagectomy for hypopharyngeal cancer
Authors: Sugiyama Narushi , Takao Soshi , Suzuki Etsuji , Kimata Yoshihiro
Published: May 2016

Background

The risk factors for thrombus formation in anastomotic vessels in free‐flap head and neck reconstruction have been previously reported. However, the evidence is inconsistent.

Methods

In total, 773 patients who underwent free jejunal graft reconstruction after pharyngolaryngoesophagectomy for hypopharyngeal cancer were enrolled at 12 institutions in Japan from 1995 to 2006. Both the resection area and the applied reconstruction method were constrained to overcome the limitations of previous studies. After the exclusion of recurrent cases, odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for thrombosis were calculated in a multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Results

Postoperative anastomotic thrombosis developed in 23 patients (3.0%). In the multivariate analysis, the OR for thrombosis per 100‐mL increase in blood loss was 1.24 (95% CI = 1.02–1.51), even after controlling for other risk factors.

Conclusion

Our results show that the blood loss volume is an independent risk factor for thrombosis in free tissue grafts. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: 1708–1716, 2016
Progressive accumulation of mutations in the hepatitis B virus genome and its impact on time to diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Sung Feng‐Yu , Lan Chia‐Ying , Huang Chi‐Jung , Lin Chih‐Lin , Liu Chun‐Jen , Chen Pei‐Jer , Lin Shi‐Ming , Yu Ming‐Whei
Published: May 2016

To evaluate how hepatitis B virus (HBV) genetic variation affected progression from chronic carrier state to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we analyzed HBV full‐length sequences in blood obtained <1‐20 years before diagnosis from 117 HCC cases and 118 controls nested in a cohort of 4,841 HBV carriers, for whom HBV genotypes B and C are predominant. The relationship between each viral single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and HCC development was assessed using ordinal logistic models according to five periods of time to diagnosis (TTD). Thirty‐one HBV‐SNPs showed significant association with TTD after adjustment for HBV genotype, 24 of which could also be analyzed with an extended analysis on the full‐length data in conjunction with 512 partial sequences (nucleotides 2,436‐1,623) from the cohort. The obtained 10 robust candidate HBV‐SNPs (P ≤ 0.0304), which showed odds ratios ranging from 1.89 to 8.68, were further confirmed in 163 GenBank HBV‐HCC sequences from nine Asia regions, assayed after HCC diagnosis, representing the end stage of progressive hepatic diseases. The prevalence of these HBV‐SNPs and their cumulative number, presented in terms of mutation score, increased with time approaching HCC diagnosis, with an odds ratio of 2.17, 4.21, 8.15, and 19.15, respectively, for the mutation score of 1, 2, 3, and ≥4 versus 0. The mutation score for predicting short‐term HCC risk outperformed other factors, including HBV‐DNA levels, viral genotype, and various combinations of risk factors, and revealed increasing accuracy with shorter TTD (<4.5 years before diagnosis: area under the curve = 0.83‐0.89; sensitivity = 72.7%‐94.1%; specificity = 58.3%‐70.5%; conditioned on optimized cutoff for genotype B and C, respectively). Conclusions: Identifying and tracking viral mutations is important for monitoring hepatitis B progression and early detection of HCC. (Hepatology 2016;64:720‐731)
Deferoxamine released from poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) promotes healing of osteoporotic bone defect via enhanced angiogenesis and osteogenesis
Authors: Jia Peng , Chen Hao , Kang Hui , Qi Jin , Zhao Peng , Jiang Min , Guo Lei , Zhou Qi , Qian Nian Dong , Zhou Han Bing , Xu You Jia , Fan Yongqian , Deng Lian Fu
Published: May 2016

The regeneration capacity of osteoporotic bones is generally lower than that of normal bones. Current methods of osteoporotic bone defect treatment are not always satisfactory. Recent studies demonstrate that activation of the hypoxia inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) pathway, by genetic methods or hypoxia‐mimicking agents, could accelerate bone regeneration. However, little is known as to whether modulating the HIF‐1α pathway promotes osteoporotic defect healing. To address this problem in the present study, we first demonstrated that HIF‐1α and vascular endothelial growth factor expression levels are lower in osteoporotic bones than in normal bones. Second, we loaded poly(Lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) with the hypoxia‐mimetic agent deferoxamine (DFO). DFO released from PLGA had no significant effect on the proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs); however, DFO did enhance the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. In addition, DFO upregulated the mRNA expression levels of angiogenic factors in MSCs. Endothelial tubule formation assays demonstrate that DFO promoted angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Third, untreated PLGA scaffolds (PLGA group) or DFO‐containing PLGA (PLGA + DFO group) were implanted into critically sized osteoporotic femur defects in ovariectomized rats. After treatment periods of 14 or 28 days, micro‐CT, histological, CD31 immunohistochemical, and dynamic bone histomorphometric analyses showed that DFO dramatically stimulated bone formation and angiogenesis in a critically sized osteoporotic femur defect model. Our in vitro and in vivo results demonstrate that DFO may promote the healing of osteoporotic bone defects due to enhanced angiogenesis and osteogenesis. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 2515–2527, 2016.
Set Systems with L‐Intersections and k‐Wise L‐Intersecting Families
Authors: Li Shuchao , Zhang Huihui
Published: May 2016

In this paper, by employing linear algebra methods we obtain the following main results:

Let and be two disjoint subsets of such that Suppose that is a family of subsets of such that for every pair and for every i. Then
urn:x-wiley:10638539:media:jcd21524:jcd21524-math-0010

Furthermore, we extend this theorem to k‐wise L‐intersecting and obtain the corresponding result on two cross L‐intersecting families. These results show that Snevily's conjectures proposed by Snevily (2003) are true under some restricted conditions. This result also gets an improvement of a theorem of Liu and Hwang (2013).

Let p be a prime and let and be two subsets of such that or and Suppose that is a family of subsets of [n] such that (1) for every pair (2) for every i. Then
urn:x-wiley:10638539:media:jcd21524:jcd21524-math-0021

This result improves the existing upper bound substantially.
Comparison of Screening Dilution and Automated Reading for Antinuclear Antibody Detection on HEP2 Cells in the Monitoring of Connective Tissue Diseases
Authors: Depincé‐Berger Anne E. , Moreau Amelie , Bossy Virginie , Genin Christian , Rinaudo Melanie , Paul Stephane
Published: May 2016

Background

Indirect immunofluorescence plays a major role in the detection of antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) and follow‐up of their titers in the context of connective tissue diseases. Given the numerous unfavorable features of the conventional manual reading of HEP2 slides (need of time and expert morphologists for the reading, lack of standardization, subjectivity of the interpretation), the biomedical industry has developed automated techniques of slide preparation and microscope reading.

Methods

We collected 49 sera beforehand analyzed by the conventional reading of slides. They were prepared again by QUANTA‐Lyser® and reanalyzed in four different conditions: two dilutions of screening (1/40 and 1/80), two different systems of analysis, NOVA View® automated reading (INOVA Diagnostics), then confirmation by the operator, and conventional manual reading by two different qualified operators. The analysis was realized in blind of the first interpretation and clinical diagnosis. The sera were classified in four groups, on the basis of the results of the first analysis: negative sera (titer < 1/160; 11 patients), low positives (titer at 1/160; 18 patients), moderated positives (titers between 1/320 and 1/640; 10 patients), and strong positives (titers between 1/1,280 and 1/2,560; 10 patients).

Results

Among the 49 patients, 13 presented a connective tissue disease including 4 systemic scleroderma (SS), 3 rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 2 Goujerot‐Sjogren (GS), 2 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 1 polymyositis (PM), 1 Raynaud's syndrome (RS), and 1 CREST syndrome. One patient presented both an SLE and an SS.

Regarding the screening dilution, the 1/40 dilution is less specific than the 1/80 dilution for both the systems of analysis (5.6% vs. 16.7% for the manual reading, and 27.8% vs. 50% for the automated reading). It also generates statistically more false positives (P = 0.037 for the conventional analysis and P = 0.003 for the automated system). The automated NOVA View® reading of slides allows a gain in specificity for both dilutions, and also statistically less false positives (P = 0.002 at the 1/40 and P = 0.0006 at the 1/80), and detriment of the sensitivity at the highest dilution (84.6% vs. 92.3% with manual reading). Thus, according to our analysis of 49 sera, the automated NOVA View® system of reading of slides at the dilution 1/80 seems to be a successful condition for the detection of ANAs on HEP2 cells, close to the significance (P = 0.067).

Conclusion

The automated NOVA View® reading of slides allows saving time, and an improvement in the standardization. Nevertheless, it requires a confirmation by a qualified operator, to interpret mixed patterns in particular.
Path Separation by Short Cycles
Authors: Cohen Gérard , Fachini Emanuela , Körner János
Published: May 2016

Two Hamilton paths in are separated by a cycle of length k if their union contains such a cycle. For we bound the asymptotics of the maximum cardinality of a family of Hamilton paths in such that any pair of paths in the family is separated by a cycle of length k. We also deal with related problems, including directed Hamilton paths.
Denaturation induced aggregation in α‐crystallin: differential action of chaotropes
Authors: Khan Mohd Shahnawaz , Bhat Sheraz Ahmad , Tabrez Shams , Alama Mohammed Nabil , Alsenaidy Mohammad A. , Al‐Senaidy Abdulrahman M.
Published: May 2016

α‐Crystallin is a member of small heat shock proteins and is believed to play an exceptional role in the stability of eye lens proteins. The disruption or denaturation of the protein arrangement or solubility of the crystallin proteins can lead to vision problems including cataract. In the present study, we have examined the effect of chemical denaturants urea and guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl) on α‐crystallin aggregation, with special emphasis on protein conformational changes, unfolding, and amyloid fibril formation. GdnHCl (4 M) induced a 16 nm red shift in the intrinsic fluorescence of α‐crystallin, compared with 4 nm shift by 8 M urea suggesting a major change in α‐crystallin structure. Circular dichroism analysis showed marked increase in the ellipticity of α‐crystallin at 216 nm, suggesting gain in β‐sheet structure in the presence of GdnHCl (0.5–1 M) followed by unfolding at higher concentration (2–6 M). However, only minor changes in the secondary structure of α‐crystallin were observed in the presence of urea. Moreover, 8‐anilinonaphthalene‐1‐sulfonic acid fluorescence measurement in the presence of GdnHCl and urea showed changes in the hydrophobicity of α‐crystallin. Amyloid studies using thioflavin T fluorescence and congo red absorbance showed that GdnHCl induced amyloid formation in α‐crystallin, whereas urea induced aggregation in this protein. Electron microscopy studies further confirmed amyloid formation of α‐crystallin in the presence of GdnHCl, whereas only aggregate‐like structures were observed in α‐crystallin treated with urea. Our results suggest that α‐crystallin is susceptible to unfolding in the presence of chaotropic agents like urea and GdnHCl. The destabilized protein has increased likelihood to fibrillate. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of different El Niño types on the South American rainfall
Authors: Andreoli Rita Valéria , de Oliveira Suzana Soares , Kayano Mary Toshie , Viegas Juarez , de Souza Rodrigo Augusto Ferreira , Candido Luiz Antonio
Published: May 2016

The impacts of El Niño (EN) on the rainfall over South America are investigated considering three EN types differing in the locations of the maximum sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the equatorial Pacific: the Central‐Pacific (CP), Eastern‐Pacific (EP) and the Mixed (MIX) types. The largest positive (SST) anomalies for the EP and CP types occur, respectively, in the eastern and central sectors of the tropical Pacific during all seasons. The SST anomaly pattern for the MIX‐EN resembles that of the EP–EN during its onset stage, and of the CP–EN during its mature and demise stages. The different SST anomaly patterns affect the large‐scale (Walker circulation and the tropospheric Rossby‐wave trains) and local (South American low‐level jet – SALLJ) atmospheric circulation patterns in different ways and lead to distinct precipitation anomaly patterns over South America. Variations in the position and longitudinal extension of the downward motions of the EN‐related eastward‐displaced Walker circulation explain the differences in the dryness over equatorial South America. For the CP–EN, a double Walker cell defines a more zonal configuration of the equatorial dryness over South America during the first three analysed seasons. This feature is not noted for the other two EN types. The Rossby‐wave train pattern path depends on the EN types and seasons. In consequence, the associated local atmospheric circulation patterns depend also on the season and EN types. In all seasons, an intense SALLJ for the EP EN contrasts with weak or inexistence SALLJ for the other two EN types. Thus, a wetter condition over southeastern South America, southern and eastern Brazil occurs for the EP EN in relation to the other EN types. The results shown here, in particular considering the MIX EN type, have not been discussed before and might be useful mainly for climate monitoring purposes.
How researchers manage their academic activities
Authors: Dagienė Eleonora , Krapavickaitė Danutė
Published: May 2016

Most of the researchers collaborating with different institutions and involved in a number of international projects would be happy to have only one place where information about their academic activity could be stored, and everyone around the world could check it in a transparent way. In mid‐2013 to early 2014, an online survey of researchers was conducted, and 8,554 fully completed questionnaires were analysed. The respondents represent all age and experience groups, fields of science, and continents in different proportions. The aim of this article is to discuss the topics touched upon in the survey: methods and software used by researchers to manage the list of their activities; outputs recorded by researchers, institutions, and the outputs which should not be part of an academic record according to the respondents; whom researchers entrust with the management of their public profile and the most important attributes that could make an author identification and academic record storage system attractive for researchers.
Multidrug‐resistant organisms in liver transplant: Mitigating risk and managing infections
Authors: Hand Jonathan , Patel Gopi
Published: May 2016

Liver transplant (LT) recipients are vulnerable to infections with multidrug‐resistant (MDR) pathogens. Risk factors for colonization and infection with resistant bacteria are ubiquitous and unavoidable in transplantation. During the past decade, progress in transplantation and infection prevention has contributed to the decreased incidence of infections with methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus. However, even in the face of potentially effective antibiotics, vancomycin‐resistant enterococci continue to plague LT. Gram‐negative bacilli prove to be more problematic and are responsible for high rates of both morbidity and mortality. Despite the licensure of novel antibiotics, there is no universal agent available to safely and effectively treat infections with MDR gram‐negative organisms. Currently, efforts dedicated toward prevention and treatment require involvement of multiple disciplines including transplant providers, specialists in infectious diseases and infection prevention, and researchers dedicated to the development of rapid diagnostics and safe and effective antibiotics with novel mechanisms of action. Liver Transplantation 22 1143–1153 2016 AASLD
Effect of Fluorine Substitution on the Charge Carrier Dynamics of Benzothiadiazole‐Based Solar Cell Materials
Authors: Kim In‐Sik , Kim In‐Bok , Kim Dong‐Yu , Kwon Seong‐Hoon , Ko Do‐Kyeong
Published: May 2016

The femtosecond transient absorption (TA) characterization of a new benzothiadiazole (BT)‐based donor–acceptor conjugated copolymer, poly[(2,6‐dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]thiophene)‐alt‐(4,7‐di(4‐octyldodecylthiopen‐2‐yl)‐2,1,3‐benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (PBT), as well as its fluorinated derivatives, PFBT and PDFBT, is carried out. Additionally, bulk heterojunction (BHJ) films consisting of the copolymers and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C71‐butylic acid methyl ester (PC70BM) are examined using TA spectroscopy. Both the singlet excited state dynamics in the copolymers and the charge transfer state dynamics in the BHJs are investigated in terms of fluorination dependency; the fluorinated copolymers exhibit less singlet exciton recombination rate than the fluorine‐free copolymer, and the BHJs including the fluorinated copolymers display slower monomolecular recombination than the fluorine‐free analogue. Furthermore, the excitation‐intensity‐dependent TA dynamics of the copolymers and BHJs is investigated, revealing that, when sufficiently high excitation intensity is used to induce annihilation processes, the fluorinated copolymers and BHJs incorporating the fluorinated copolymers show more rapid TA decay ascribable to morphological enhancement. These TA spectroscopic findings are found to correlate with the device characteristics with respect to fluorinated content in the polymer solar cells. In particular, both the short‐circuit current density and fill factor of BHJ solar cells correspond closely with the fast decay parameters of the BHJ films under high excitation intensity.

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Self‐Assembled Colloidal Particle Clusters from In Situ Pickering‐Like Emulsion Polymerization via Single Electron Transfer Mechanism
Authors: Yuan Jinfeng , Zhao Weiting , Pan Mingwang , Zhu Lei
Published: May 2016

A simple route is reported to synthesize colloidal particle clusters (CPCs) from self‐assembly of in situ poly(vinylidene fluoride)/poly(styrene‐co‐tert‐butyl acrylate) [PVDF/P(St‐co‐tBA)] Janus particles through one‐pot seeded emulsion single electron transfer radical polymerization. In the in situ Pickering‐like emulsion polymerization, the tBA/St/PVDF feed ratio and polymerization temperature are important for the formation of well‐defined CPCs. When the tBA/St/PVDF feed ratio is 0.75 g/2.5 g/0.5 g and the reaction temperature is 35 °C, relatively uniform raspberry‐like CPCs are obtained. The hydrophobicity of the P(St‐co‐tBA) domains and the affinity of PVDF to the aqueous environment are considered to be the driving force for the self‐assembly of the in situ formed PVDF/P(St‐co‐tBA) Janus particles. The resultant raspberry‐like CPCs with PVDF particles protruding outward may be promising for superhydrophobic smart coatings.

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Apomorphine Subcutaneous Injection for the Management of Morning Akinesia in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Isaacson Stuart , Lew Mark , Ondo William , Hubble Jean , Clinch Thomas , Pagan Fernando
Published: May 2016

Background

In patients with motor fluctuations complicating Parkinson's disease (PD), delays in time‐to‐ON with levodopa are common. This open‐label study aimed to assess the effect of apomorphine on time‐to‐ON in PD patients with morning akinesia.

Methods

The safety population included 127 enrolled patients, and the full analysis set (FAS) included 88 patients. Patients completed a 7‐day levodopa baseline period recording their time‐to‐ON following each morning dose of levodopa. Patients were titrated to an optimal dose of apomorphine (2–6 mg) while taking trimethobenzamide antiemetic therapy. Apomorphine was injected each morning for a 7‐day treatment period and time‐to‐ON was self‐recorded in 5‐minute blocks. The primary efficacy variable was time‐to‐ON in the apomorphine treatment period versus the baseline levodopa period. Secondary assessments included and global impression scales. Safety and tolerability were assessed through adverse events (AEs).

Results

Patients receiving apomorphine achieved mean ± standard deviation (SD) time‐to‐ON 23.72 ± 14.55 minutes, reduced from 60.86 ± 18.11 minutes with levodopa (P < 0.0001). Dose failures (defined as time‐to‐ON >60 minutes) were more commonly reported with levodopa versus apomorphine (46% vs. 7% of diary entries, respectively).

Secondary endpoints supported the primary efficacy findings, with significant improvements from levodopa baseline to apomorphine treatment period (all P < 0.0001). The most common AEs were nausea and dizziness. Most patients who discontinued because of AEs did so in the titration phase.

Conclusions

Apomorphine injections significantly reduced time‐to‐ON in PD patients experiencing delayed onset of their morning levodopa dose, and was well tolerated in most patients. After apomorphine treatment, fluctuating patients with morning akinesia experienced rapid and reliable improvement of time‐to‐ON.
Ethylene polymerization using vanadium catalyst supported on silica modified by pyridinium ionic liquid
Authors: Ochędzan‐Siodłak Wioletta , Bihun Anna , Olszowy Aleksandra , Rajfur Małgorzata , Jesionowski Teofil , Siwińska‐Stefańska Katarzyna
Published: May 2016

Vanadium catalyst systems (SIL1–3A(B)/V) for ethylene polymerization were obtained by immobilization of the Cp2VCl2 precursor (V) in the ionic liquid 1‐[3‐(triethoxysilyl)propyl]pyridinium chloride (IL), modified by AlCl3 and AlEtCl2 (A) or AlEt2Cl (B), and supported on three types of silica carrier S1–3. The properties of the ionic liquid supports were determined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller measurements, scanning electron microscopy and elemental analysis. The best results (above 2 tons PE (mol V)−1 (0.5 h)−1) were obtained using the catalyst system SIL3B/V. Addition of ethyl trichloroacetate is possible in the ionic liquid medium and it further increases the activity up to 7 tons PE (mol V)−1 (0.5 h)−1. In contrast, application of the imidazolium ionic liquid to the SIL system or application the analogous catalyst system without the ionic liquid results in lower activities. The obtained polyethylene (PE) is a linear polymer, with molecular weight (Mw) of over 106 g mol−1 and molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn) in the range 1.6–1.9, and has a characteristic fluffy or fibrous shape. In contrast, the PE samples obtained using the systems without ionic liquid reveal broader Mw/Mn (2.5–3.7) and replicate the support morphology. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
MALDI‐MSI for the analysis of a 3D tissue‐engineered psoriatic skin model
Authors: Harvey Amanda , Cole Laura M. , Day Rebecca , Bartlett Maggie , Warwick John , Bojar Richard , Smith David , Cross Neil , Clench Malcolm R.
Published: May 2016

MALDI‐MS Imaging is a novel label‐free technique that can be used to visualize the changes in multiple mass responses following treatment. Following treatment with proinflammatory cytokine interleukin‐22 (IL‐22), the epidermal differentiation of Labskin, a living skin equivalent (LSE), successfully modeled psoriasis in vitro. Masson's trichrome staining enabled visualization and quantification of epidermal differentiation between the untreated and IL‐22 treated psoriatic LSEs. Matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging was used to observe the spatial location of the psoriatic therapy drug acetretin following 48 h treatments within both psoriatic and normal LSEs. After 24 h, the drug was primarily located in the epidermal regions of both the psoriatic and nonpsoriatic LSE models whereas after 48 h it was detectible in the dermis.
Concerns underlying treatment preferences of advanced cancer patients with children
Authors: Check Devon K. , Park Eliza M. , Reeder‐Hayes Katherine E. , Mayer Deborah K. , Deal Allison M. , Yopp Justin M. , Rosenstein Donald L. , Hanson Laura C.
Published: May 2016

Background

Decision‐making about advanced cancer treatment is complex and may be influenced by patients' family context, including the presence of children.

We explored how parental values and concerns motivate patients' preferences about aggressiveness of advanced cancer treatment as well as preferences for palliative care and hospice services.

Methods

We conducted semi‐structured interviews with 42 patients with advanced cancer who had at least one child under 18 years. We created and applied thematic codes. Descriptive analyses were used to report the number of participants who mentioned each code.

Results

The majority of participants (29/42) reported that having children influenced their preferences for advanced cancer care. For most parents, extending life to maximize the time they had left to parent their children was important in guiding treatment preferences. Others prioritized preserving their physical condition and parental functioning and remaining physically close to their children. Many parents discussed life extension and parental functioning preservation as competing priorities. Most of the sample expressed interest in palliative care services and hospice, but responses by several participants reflected concerns about dying at home and lack of clarity about the role of early palliative care.

Conclusions

Parents in our sample expressed that maximizing time with their children and preserving parental functioning were important concerns underlying their preferences for advanced cancer care. Future research should assess the palliative and end‐of‐life care needs and preferences of parents with advanced cancer, which may differ from those of non‐parents. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulation of lower triangular and non‐triangular nonlinear systems with uncertain high‐order nonlinearities via dynamic gain control
Authors: Koo Min‐Sung , Choi Ho‐Lim
Published: May 2016

In this paper, we consider a global regulation problem of a class of nonlinear systems that have uncertain high‐order nonlinear terms. In particular, we introduce new high‐order lower triangular and non‐triangular conditions and propose a controller with dynamic gains to regulate the system with uncertain high‐order nonlinearities. In designing our controller, the information of the growth rate is not required, and the forms of the high‐order nonlinearities are more relaxed. We verify that the proposed method is applicable to the system which cannot be regulated by the existing methods. Examples and simulation results are given for clear illustration. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Graphical approaches using a Bonferroni mixture of weighted Simes tests
Authors: Lu Kaifeng
Published: May 2016

Graphical approaches to multiple testing procedures are very flexible and easy to communicate with non‐statisticians. The availability of the R package gMCP further propelled the application of graphical approaches in randomized clinical trials. Bretz et al. (Biometrical Journal 2011; 53:894–913) introduced a class of nonparametric testing procedures based on a Bonferroni mixture of weighted Simes tests for intersection hypotheses. Such approaches are extremely useful when the conditions for the Simes test are known to hold for hypotheses within certain subsets but may not hold for hypotheses across subsets. We describe the calculation of adjusted p‐values for such approaches, which is currently not available in the gMCP package. We also optimize the generation of the weights for each intersection hypothesis in the closure of a graph‐based multiple testing procedure, which can dramatically reduce the computing time for simulation‐based power calculations. We show the validity of the Simes test for comparing several treatments with a control, performing noninferiority and superiority tests, or testing the treatment effect in an overall and a subpopulation for the normal, binary, count, and time‐to‐event data. The proposed method is illustrated using an example for designing a confirmatory clinical trial. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Model selection versus model averaging in dose finding studies
Authors: Schorning Kirsten , Bornkamp Björn , Bretz Frank , Dette Holger
Published: May 2016

A key objective of Phase II dose finding studies in clinical drug development is to adequately characterize the dose response relationship of a new drug. An important decision is then on the choice of a suitable dose response function to support dose selection for the subsequent Phase III studies. In this paper, we compare different approaches for model selection and model averaging using mathematical properties as well as simulations. We review and illustrate asymptotic properties of model selection criteria and investigate their behavior when changing the sample size but keeping the effect size constant. In a simulation study, we investigate how the various approaches perform in realistically chosen settings. Finally, the different methods are illustrated with a recently conducted Phase II dose finding study in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Beamforming for inter‐relay interference reduction in MIMO‐aided two‐path successive relaying
Authors: Hou Weikun , Jiang Ming , Feng Suili
Published: May 2016

To effectively reduce the inter‐relay interference (IRI) in two‐path successive relaying, two beamforming schemes are proposed in this paper, utilizing multiple‐antenna relay nodes. Specifically, the two cooperation nodes perform receive combining of the source signal and transmit beamforming of the relayed signal alternately in the successive relaying process. As a result, the IRI between them can be effectively suppressed, thanks to the additional degree of freedom provided by the multiple‐input multiple‐output inter‐relay channel. In the first beamforming scheme, the source‐to‐destination signal‐to‐interference‐plus‐noise ratios (SINR) of separate paths are maximized with approximation, leading to a minimum variance distortionless response beamformer under the high SINR condition. To further improve the system performance, noting that the received SINRs of the two paths have impact on each other due to the mutual coupling of the beamformers, the sum of mean squared errors from these two transmission paths is minimized in the second scheme. Based on this performance criterion, a suboptimal beamformer design is developed numerically through cyclic minimization of the sum of mean squared error cost function. Simulation results demonstrate the superiority of both proposed beamforming schemes in terms of symbol error rate and the achievable system rate, in particular, at high IRI levels. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Relationship Between Burnout and Occupational Stress in Genetic Counselors
Authors: Johnstone Brittney , Kaiser Amy , Injeyan Marie C. , Sappleton Karen , Chitayat David , Stephens Derek , Shuman Cheryl
Published: May 2016

Burnout represents a critical disruption in an individual's relationship with work, resulting in a state of exhaustion in which one's occupational value and capacity to perform are questioned. Burnout can negatively affect an individual's personal life, as well as employers in terms of decreased work quality, patient/client satisfaction, and employee retention. Occupational stress is a known contributor to burnout and occurs as a result of employment requirements and factors intrinsic to the work environment. Empirical research examining genetic counselor‐specific burnout is limited; however, existing data suggests that genetic counselors are at increased risk for burnout. To investigate the relationship between occupational stress and burnout in genetic counselors, we administered an online survey to members of three genetic counselor professional organizations. Validated measures included the Maslach Burnout Inventory—General Survey (an instrument measuring burnout on three subscales: exhaustion, cynicism, and professional efficacy) and the Occupational Stress Inventory—Revised (an instrument measuring occupational stress on 14 subscales). Of the 353 respondents, more than 40 % had either considered leaving or left their job role due to burnout. Multiple regression analysis yielded significant predictors for burnout risk. The identified sets of predictors account for approximately 59 % of the variance in exhaustion, 58 % of the variance in cynicism, and 43 % of the variance in professional efficacy. Our data confirm that a significant number of genetic counselors experience burnout and that burnout is correlated with specific aspects of occupational stress. Based on these findings, practice and research recommendations are presented.