bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Model for Monte Carlo simulations of reflection electron energy loss spectra applied to Silicon at energies between 300 and 2000 eV
Authors: Pauly N. , Tougaard S.
Published: March 2010

We present a new model for Monte Carlo (MC) simulation of reflection electron energy loss spectra (REELS). In the model we divide the depths into surface and bulk regions. For the surface region we calculate the energy loss from a dielectric response theory using the QUEELS‐ϵ(k,ω)‐REELS software while the excitations for larger depths are calculated with an MC simulation using the bulk cross section evaluated for an infinite medium. In this model, we take into account bulk excitations, surface excitations, the coupling between surface and bulk excitations (Begrenzungs effect), i.e. the variation of the bulk inelastic cross section in the surface region and the interference as well as the multiple scattering effects. Elastic scattering cross sections are obtained from the ELSEPA code. We perform simulations for a silicon target and for energies between 300 and 2000 eV and compare these to experimental spectra. A very good quantitative agreement is found for a range of energy losses up to 150 eV. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microstructure and mechanical behavior of laser surface melted AISI M2 high‐speed steel
Authors: Arias J. , Cabeza M. , Castro G. , Feijoo I. , Merino P. , Pena G.
Published: March 2010

We applied a laser surface melting treatment to AISI M2 high‐speed steel and studied the resulting surface characteristics (microstructure) and mechanical behavior (hardness and wear performance). The steel was treated using an Nd:YAG continuous‐wave laser with different scanning speeds and power densities. The influence of the laser processing parameters on the melted surface layer was studied. The microstructure was characterized using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction. We also assessed the effects of overlapping on the microstructure and the mechanical properties of the wear‐resistant surface. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Covalent immobilization of amino acids on the porous silicon surface
Authors: Sam S. , Chazalviel J.‐N. , Gouget‐Laemmel A. C. , Ozanam F. , Allongue P. , Henry de Villeneuve C. , Gabouze N. , Djebbar S.
Published: March 2010

In this work, we report on a multi‐step route fully compatible with the mild conditions required for anchoring amino acids onto the porous silicon (PSi) surface. A dense monolayer of acid chains is first grafted via thermal hydrosilylation of undecylenic acid at the surface of hydrogenated PSi. The reaction takes place at the terminal CC double bond and yields an organic monolayer covalently attached to the surface through SiC bonds. Next, the acid terminal groups are transformed to succinimidyl ester terminations. This reaction, called activation, is achieved using N‐hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) in the presence of the water‐soluble N‐ethyl‐N′‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC). The surface, now bearing an ‘activated ester’ termination, is subsequently made to react with the amino end of the amino acid, allowing for its covalent attachment through the formation of an amide bond. The reaction efficiency at each stage of functionalization was confirmed using Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) measurements. SIMS depth profiling showed a significant level of carbon incorporation throughout the PSi layer. Electrochemical behavior of the amino‐acid‐modified PSi in the presence of copper ions was studied by means of cyclic voltammetry measurements. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optical properties of silver thin films, derived from REELS
Authors: Zhang Z. M. , Chen T. , Ding Z. J. , Tang T. , Csik A. , Tóth J. , Tökési K.
Published: March 2010

The differential surface excitation probabilities (DSEPs) for medium‐energy electrons traveling in Ag are extracted from reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy (REELS) spectra by using the Werner's elimination‐retrieved algorithm. Based on a surface Kramers–Kronig dispersion relationship, the electronic structure and optical properties of Ag thin film are determined. The results show that the optical property curves between surface thin layer and bulk are similar in shape, whereas they deviate quantitatively for energies below 40 eV, which may be caused by the different electronic structures at surface and in bulk. The present data would be an appropriate approximation to the optical properties of thin film, whose thickness is characterized by the inelastic mean free path of the electrons in a REELS experiment. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wie schneiden die großen ostdeutschen Städte im gesamtdeutschen Vergleich ab?
Authors: Franz Peter
Published: March 2010

In this article the 13 largest East German cities (without Berlin) are compared with cities of similar size in three West German regions (South, Central, North) with respect to their economic and financial situation. The indicators show a differentiated picture. The GDP of the East German cities surmounts that of the Ruhr cities, but is still far below of the cities in the South. Unemployment and migration loss is most pronounced in the East German cities. Nevertheless they dispose of several favorite preconditions for growth in the future: their endowment with qualified human capital, public research and with enterprise-oriented services is above average. This contrasts with a low density of firms. The East German cities have a weak tax base and are disproportionally dependent on financial assignments by the state. Besides the East German cities the data show another “problem group” consisting of the cities of the Ruhr. The disparities between the West German Regions discovered in the 80s are still existing.
Zur Neuinterpretation des Gleichwertigkeitsziels
Authors: Hahne Ulf
Published: March 2010

Growing disparities and shrinking regions caused a discussion on regional equivalency in Germany. The essay discusses consequences of abolishing this constitutional aim versus adjusting the instruments with special regards to minimal standards of social infrastructure. The author pleads — in respect of the new European aim of territorial cohesion — for maintaining the aim and a sensible quest for flexible instruments without neglecting the potentials and talents of the periphery.
Der Regionalpark Saar — eine Betrachtung aus postmoderner Perspektive
Authors: Hartz Andrea , Kühne Olaf
Published: March 2010

In the course of the post-modernisation of society the social space relations and spatial claims are changing. City landscapes reflect these processes. With the instrument of the regional park spatial planning is devoting itself to the qualities and future perspectives of the urban landscape. Taking the Regional Park Saar as a case in point, it is shown that a new planning practice is connected with this. Here special emphasis is given to a post-modern conception of space and a more strongly co-operative approach. Non-linear, iterative planning processes are characterised by flexibility, spontaneity and individuality. Spatial planning obtains new, unfamiliar attributes: ambiguous, symbolic, experimental …
Erfolgreiche beispiele interkommunaler Kooperationen
Authors: Zarth Michael
Published: March 2010

Policy and practice perspective
Regionalinitiativen — Entwicklungsressource strukturschwacher ländlicher Räume
Authors: Segert Astrid , Zierke Irene
Published: March 2010

Several regional initiatives strengthen the rural areas but can't adjust the regional disparities sustainable. Therefore in the article is discussed the importance of regional initiatives for the development rural areas. There are described innovative social outcomes of the regional initiatives Leaders, Regionen Aktiv and the support programme Integrated Rural Development (ILE) such as rural networks and integrated approaches to rural development. Discussed are also intern and extern risks these initiatives are exposed to and by which the economical and demographical effects and the stability of the new structures are limited. In the end are drawn some conclusions for regional studies.
Regionale Polarisierung der demographischen Entwicklung in Ostdeutschland — Gleichwertigkeit der Lebensverhältnisse?
Authors: Herfert Günter
Published: March 2010

The paper addresses the new demographic patterns of spatial development which have arisen in eastern Germany since early 2000; it also analyses the underlying demographic structures. These extremely differentiated quantitative analyses are based on data from the municipalities on population development, and more particularly on the nexus of migration viewed in terms of selected structural features. The author explores the extent to which, following the wave of suburbanisation in the 1990s, the landscape of eastern Germany — characterised by demographic shrinkage — is now marked by tendencies of regional polarisation, ranging from signs of reurbanisation to wider-scale deconcentration. In this respect, this paper augments previous analyses conducted at the pan-German level with a perspective which is distinctly on eastern Germany. The paper closes with a discussion of the current debate on visions (or “leitbilder”) for spatial development in Germany based on the results of the analysis, and finally considers some issues related to maintaining parity of living conditions throughout Germany.
Das Raumordnungsrecht nach der Föderalismusreform
Authors: Schmitz Holger , Schmitz Holger , Müller Christian
Published: March 2010

Policy and practice perspective
Regionalwirtschaftliche Effekte eines Fußballbundesligisten
Authors: Hamm Rüdiger
Published: March 2010

Der Beitrag versucht die möglichen regionalwirtschaftlichen Effekte eines Fußballbundesligavereins zu beschreiben und zu klassifizieren: Zunächst sind die nachfrageseitigen Effekte zu nennen, die von den Einkommenszahlungen, den Vorleistungskäufen und möglichen investiven Ausgaben des Vereins, insbesondere aber von den Fanausgaben angestoßen werden und die weitere Kreislaufeffekte induzieren. Es kommen angebotsseitige Effekte hinzu. Dies können direkte Sogeffekte sein, weil andere wirtschaftliche Aktivitäten die räumliche Nähe zu einem Fußballbundesligaverein suchen. Es können indirekte Sogeffekte sein, weil die Qualität oder das Image eines Standorts durch die Existenz eines Fußballbundesligisten steigt und der Standort somit für andere Unternehmen an Attraktivität gewinnt. Schließlich sind Effekte zu erwähnen, die in das Klassifikationsschema nach Angebot und Nachfrage kaum einzuordnen sind—die Wirkungen auf den kommunalen Haushalt und Aspekte, die zu gesellschaftlichen, aber nicht zu privatwirtschaftlichen Kosten und Erträgen führen, sind Beispiele hierfür.
Die Flächeninanspruchnahme in Deutschland im Vergleich mit der Situation in England
Authors: Haaren Christina von , Nadine Vincent
Published: March 2010

A comparison of the differences in land consumption in England and Germany as well as an analysis of the general conditions of the English planning system show how blatant the differences between the two industrial countries are and deliver the initial explanations for the differences. In the year 2001, 40ha/year/100,000 residents were consumed in Germany (not considering recreational areas). In contrast, the corresponding statistic in England was merely 12.7 ha. The essential reasons for the success of the English system in this area of policy making seems to lie in: the English planning system, the emphasis of recycling unused plots of land within towns and the preservation of “Green Belts” as well as the English taxation system. The English example gives reason to once again contemplate the relatively high strength of community planning interests in German spatial planning. Also without major changes in the planning system, measures such as the reduction of economic incentives that promote land consumption and the further development of concepts for tradable land use permits in connection/cooperation/combination with spatial planning.
Kooperation als strategisches Element regionaler Tourismusentwicklung
Authors: Fuchs Oliver
Published: March 2010

The article deals with the co-operation of different players in the context of regional touristic development processes. Initially the meaning of touristic co-operation is presented, differentiated according to advantages, task areas and obstacles. In the further course the text considers the issue of the success factors of touristic co-operation while the assignment of tasks, the constitution of the co-operative boards, the partners and the self-monitoring in the process are highlighted. Finally — after a brief digression to the field of sustainable tourism — the text gives a set of conclusions how to realize touristic co-operation in practice.
Verkehrsinfrastruktur und Public-Private-Partnership
Authors: Langhagen-Rohrbach Christian
Published: March 2010

Policy and Practice Perspective
Überregional bedeutsames Schienennetz in Deutschland aus raumordnerischer Sicht
Authors: Heinze G. Wolfgang , Twele Heike , Fäber Gisela , Geyer Thomas , Kappert Gunter , Hermann Kill Heinrich , Pohle Hans , Rabe Ulrich , Siegmann Jürgen
Published: March 2010

The Ad Hoc Working Party on “Structure of the DB German Rail Network from a Spatial-Planning Perspective”, set up by the ARL (the German Academy for Spatial Research and Planning), has framed a proposal for a national rail network which is based on the existing national rail network of the Deutsche Bahn AG and pays particular attention to criteria of relevance to comprehensive spatial planning at national level. The goal of sustainable spatial development, the hierarchy of central-place locations and the guiding vision of polycentric concentration were the key criteria behind the adoption of rail links into the network proposed. Consequently, this network raster reflects the current distribution of population and of economic activity, whilst at the same time taking into account conceivable developments in the future. The network proposed by the ARL also serves as one input for national transport planning in Germany.
Der EU-erweiterungsprozess im energiesektor aus raumordnerischer und städtebaulicher sicht
Authors: Wagner Gerhard
Published: March 2010

The effects of the process of EU enlargement will be felt in particular in Germany's “new states”, since here the price levels for electricity of industry are on average 11 % higher than in the “old states” (the former West Germany). Once the Czech Republic joins the EU, and following the ending of the so-called “brown-coal clause” (governing the use of brown coal in energy generation), imports of cheap electricity from the Czech Republic will increase and contribute to a fall in electricity prices in eastern Germany. This will in turn be a boon to competitiveness, particularly in such electricity-intensive sectors as the chemical industry. At the latest after 2008, when prices for district heating will also fall following the final depreciation of combined heat/ power units, there will be significant savings affecting the extra costs facing home-owners and tenants, making inner-city housing once again more attractive. This in turn is likely to have an impact on town-to-country (or centre-to-periphery) migration patterns. A fall in the price of electric heating will also favour low-energy construction since electric heating is the most costeffective means of meeting the low heating requirements of such buildings.
Innovationspotentiale und Innovationsnetzwerke in grenzüberschreitender Perspektive
Authors: Koschatzky Knut
Published: March 2010

Innovationsnetzwerke erschließen nicht nur komplementäre Ressourcen und Kompetenzen, sondern stellen gerade in grenznahen Regionen eine Möglichkeit dar, innovative Potentiale des jeweiligen Nachbarlandes für betriebliche Innovationsaktivitäten nutzbar zu machen. Für die Fallbeispiele Baden und Elsaß soll geklärt werden, ob das Ausmaß der bislang praktizierten grenzüberschreitenden Zusammenarbeit die Annahme der gegenseitigen Nutzung regionaler Innovationsressourcen rechtfertigt. Die Analysen zeigen, daß sowohl deutliche Unterschiede im Innovationsverhalten von Industrie- und Dienstleistungsbetrieben als auch eine nur geringe Intensität grenzüberschreitender Verflectungsheziehungen festzustellen sind. Anhand einer regionalen Distanzanalyse wird deutlich, daß beide Regionen jeweils einzelne, klar abgrenzbare Innovationssysteme darstellen, für die der Rhein nach wie vor eine markante Trennungslinie bildet.
Regionale Verankerung von Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologie-Unternehmen
Authors: Matuschewski Anke , Zoche Peter
Published: March 2010

Information- and communication technology (ICT) enterprises act in dynamic, international markets. However, the existence of region ICT-clusters proposes that firms are regionally embedded and demand specific conditions. The paper presents results from a case-study in the ‘TechnologieRegion Karlsruhe’. The firms show a considerable degree of regional co-operation, but young and small enterprises tend to be not sufficiently integrated within regional networks. The study also shows that ICT-firms do not differ significantly from other “traditional” sectors regarding co-operation.
Bevölkerungsentwicklung in einer prosperierenden Region
Authors: Plahuta Simone
Published: March 2010

The prosperous Stuttgart Region has had a comparable positive population development in the past due to migration and birth surpluses. On the one hand the migration of young German and particularly foreign population has led to a positive natural balance and therefore to a relative advantageous demographical position against the background of an ageing society. On the other hand the proportion of often lowly qualified foreigners rose to nearly 17 percent. The following article describes the specific population development in the Stuttgart Region in the past and the forecasted progression, considering the aspects of immigration, ageing and social integration.
Pictorial Essay: The Value of Rectal Water in the Assessment of Rectosigmoid Pathology
Authors: Fanous Randy , Jaffer Nasir
Published: March 2010

The rectosigmoid region is a common location for the development of both malignant and benign diseases of the large bowel in adults. In many cases, rectal water provides an ideal contrast agent in the evaluation of rectosigmoid pathology. It allows optimal visualization of the mural layers and pericolic fat, as well as superior detection of flat or small sessile mural-based intralumenal filling defects. The authors of this article have devised practical clinical indications for the administration of rectal water that may help guide the radiologist in deciding when to implement this technique. Furthermore, this pictorial essay will describe the technique used by the authors, highlight the utility of this technique, and explore its practical applications and limitations in clinical practice.
Genetic variation at a single locus and age of onset for Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Lutz Michael W. , Crenshaw Donna G. , Saunders Ann M. , Roses Allen D.
Published: March 2010

This perspective article provides an opportunity to explain a new genetic finding for late‐onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). It is specifically written for physicians and scientists who are interested in LOAD, but it may be relevant to those interested in identifying susceptibility variants for other complex diseases. The significant finding discussed here is that a variable‐length, deoxythymidine homopolymer (poly‐T) within intron 6 of the TOMM40 gene is associated with the age of onset of LOAD [Roses AD, Lutz MW, Amrine‐Madsen H, Saunders AM, Crenshaw DG, Sundseth SS, et al. A TOMM40 variable‐length polymorphism predicts the age of late‐onset Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacogenomics J 2009 December 22;[Epublication ahead of print]. This result was obtained with a phylogenetic study of the genetic polymorphisms that reside within the linkage disequilibrium (LD) block that contains the TOMM40, APOE, and APOC1 genes from patients with LOAD and age‐matched subjects without disease. Although the data will have diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic strategy implications, this perspective is meant to place the inheritance pattern for this “complex” human disease into context, and to highlight the potential utility of applying phylogenetic tools to the study of the genetics of complex diseases.
Diagnostic and prognostic value of serum creatine-kinase activity in ill cats: A retrospective study of 601 cases
Authors: Aroch Itamar , Keidar Ido , Himelstein Anat , Schechter Miri , Shamir Merav Hagar , Segev Gilad
Published: March 2010

In veterinary medicine, serum creatine-kinase (CK) activity is mostly used to assess skeletal muscle damage. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of increased CK activity in a large, ill-cat population and to characterise associated diseases, clinical and laboratory findings and its prognostic value. Cats with a complete serum biochemistry analysis were consecutively enrolled, divided into two CK activity-based groups (within and above reference interval) and compared. The study included 601 cats. Median serum CK was 402 U/l (range 16–506870). Increased CK (>250 U/l) was observed in 364 (60%) cats, and>30-fold its upper reference limit in 43 (7%). Cats with increased CK had greater ( P≤0.05) body weight, and were more likely to have a history of collapse, dyspnoea, abnormal lung sounds, cyanosis, shock and paraplegia, higher median serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase activities and total bilirubin and triglyceride concentrations, but lower, median total protein, albumin, globulin and cholesterol concentrations and proportion of anorexia than cats with normal CK. Cardiac diseases, trauma, bite wounds, systemic bacterial infections, prior anaesthesia and intramuscular injections were more common ( P≤0.05) in cats with increased compared to normal CK activity. The hospitalisation period was longer ( P=0.007) and treatment cost and mortality were higher ( P<0.005) in cats with increased CK activity. However, CK activity was an inaccurate outcome predictor (area under the receiver operator characteristics curve 0.58). Increased CK activity is very common in ill cats.
DERIVATIVE-FREE CHARACTERIZATIONS OF COMPACT GENERALIZED COMPOSITION OPERATORS BETWEEN ZYGMUND TYPE SPACES
Authors: LINDSTRÖM MIKAEL , SANATPOUR AMIR H.
Published: March 2010

We give derivative-free characterizations for bounded and compact generalized composition operators between (little) Zygmund type spaces. To obtain these results, we extend Pavlović’s corresponding result for bounded composition operators between analytic Lipschitz spaces.
A MINIMAL REAL HYPERSURFACE OF A COMPLEX PROJECTIVE SPACE WITH NONNEGATIVE SECTIONAL CURVATURE
Authors: KON MAYUKO
Published: March 2010

We give a characterization of a minimal real hypersurface with respect to the condition for the sectional curvature.
Identification of Giardia species and Giardia duodenalis assemblages by sequence analysis of the 5.8S rDNA gene and internal transcribed spacers
Authors: CACCIÒ SIMONE M. , BECK RELJA , ALMEIDA ANDRE , BAJER ANNA , POZIO EDOARDO
Published: March 2010

PCR assays have been developed mainly to assist investigations into the epidemiology of Giardia duodenalis, the only species in the Giardia genus having zoonotic potential. However, a reliable identification of all species is of practical importance, particularly when water samples and samples from wild animals are investigated. The aim of the present work was to genotype Giardia species and G. duodenalis assemblages using as a target the region spanning the 5.8S gene and the 2 flanking internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) of the ribosomal gene. Primers were designed to match strongly conserved regions in the 3′ end of the small subunit and in the 5′ end of the large subunit ribosomal genes. The corresponding region (about 310 bp) was amplified from 49 isolates of both human and animal origin, representing all G. duodenalis assemblages as well as G. muris and G. microti. Sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis showed that G. ardeae, G. muris, G. microti as well as the 7 G. duodenalis assemblages can be easily distinguished. Since the major subgroups within the zoonotic assemblages A and B can be identified by sequence analysis, this assay is also informative for molecular epidemiological studies.
Dynamics of postcritically bounded polynomial semigroups III: classification of semi-hyperbolic semigroups and random Julia sets which are Jordan curves but not quasicircles
Authors: SUMI HIROKI
Published: March 2010

We investigate the dynamics of polynomial semigroups (semigroups generated by a family of polynomial maps on the Riemann sphere $\CCI $) and the random dynamics of polynomials on the Riemann sphere. Combining the dynamics of semigroups and the fiberwise (random) dynamics, we give a classification of polynomial semigroups G such that G is generated by a compact family Γ, the planar postcritical set of G is bounded, and G is (semi-) hyperbolic. In one of the classes, we have that, for almost every sequence $\gamma \in \Gamma ^{\NN }$, the Julia set Jγ of γ is a Jordan curve but not a quasicircle, the unbounded component of $\CCI {\setminus } J_{\gamma }$ is a John domain, and the bounded component of $\CC {\setminus } J_{\gamma }$ is not a John domain. Note that this phenomenon does not hold in the usual iteration of a single polynomial. Moreover, we consider the dynamics of polynomial semigroups G such that the planar postcritical set of G is bounded and the Julia set is disconnected. Those phenomena of polynomial semigroups and random dynamics of polynomials that do not occur in the usual dynamics of polynomials are systematically investigated.
AN INTENSIONAL LEIBNIZ SEMANTICS FOR ARISTOTELIAN LOGIC
Authors: GLASHOFF KLAUS
Published: March 2010

Since Frege’s predicate logical transcription of Aristotelian categorical logic, the standard semantics of Aristotelian logic considers terms as standing for sets of individuals. From a philosophical standpoint, this extensional model poses problems: There exist serious doubts that Aristotle’s terms were meant to refer always to sets, that is, entities composed of individuals. Classical philosophy up to Leibniz and Kant had a different view on this question—they looked at terms as standing for concepts (“Begriffe”). In 1972, Corcoran presented a formal system for Aristotelian logic containing a calculus of natural deduction, while, with respect to semantics, he still made use of an extensional interpretation. In this paper we deal with a simple intensional semantics for Corcoran’s syntax—intensional in the sense that no individuals are needed for the construction of a complete Tarski model of Aristotelian syntax. Instead, we view concepts as containing or excluding other, “higher” concepts—corresponding to the idea which Leibniz used in the construction of his characteristic numbers. Thus, this paper is an addendum to Corcoran’s work, furnishing his formal syntax with an adequate semantics which is free from presuppositions which have entered into modern interpretations of Aristotle’s theory via predicate logic.
Sexualität nach Mamma-Ca
Authors: Alder Judith , Bitzer Johannes
Published: March 2010

Sexuelle Einschränkungen ist eine häufige Komplikation einer Brustkrebserkrankung, wird jedoch nach wie vor nur selten Gegenstand des ärztlichen Gesprächs. Die Ätiologie der sexuellen Funktionsstörungen in diesem Kontext ist multifaktoriell. Sie wird eingeteilt in vorbestehende, auslösende und die Problematik aktuell aufrecht erhaltende Faktoren auf einer körperlichen, psychischen sowie sozial-interaktionellen Ebene. Dementsprechend erfolgt die Entwicklung des therapeutischen Vorgehens auf der Identifikation und – wo möglich – Veränderung oder Kompensation der für die Erklärung und Aufrechterhaltung der sexuellen Schwierigkeiten zentralen Faktoren. Bei den am häufigsten berichteten Appetenzstörung ist die ausführliche Erfassung des gesamten Ablaufs sowie der sexuellen Kontakte seit Diagnose und Behandlung von Bedeutung. Nicht selten entwickeln sich Appetenzstörungen sekundär zu Schmerzen (Dyspareunie), die aufgrund der von einem Lubrikationsmangel begleiteten therapiebedingten hormonellen Veränderungen entstehen. Die Behandlung zielt in diesem Sinne auf eine mögliche vaginale Atrophie und anderer klimakterischer Beschwerden, aber im Besonderen auf den psychischen und partnerschaftlichen Anpassungsprozess auf die krankheitsbedingten Veränderungen ab.
Solider oder zystischer Nierentumor?
Authors: Weiss  , Kummer
Published: March 2010

Wir berichten über einen Patienten mit einer linksseitigen bakteriellen Nephritis bei Urolithiasis. Die CT-Untersuchung zeigte eine komplizierte Nierenzyste auf der Gegenseite. Diese entpuppte sich als sonomorphologisch solide Läsion, was mittels Kontrastsonographie auf Grund der dargestellten Perfusion untermauert werden konnte. Die Operation ergab ein Nierenzellkarzinom pT1a. Die Kontrastsonographie scheint in dieser Situation eine höhere Sensitivität bezüglich der Perfusionsdetektion von Raumforderungen zu haben als die CT-Untersuchung.
Subsidence of “normal” seafloor: Observations do indicate “flattening”
Authors: Hillier J. K.
Published: March 2010

Seafloor topography is a key observational constraint upon the evolution of the oceanic lithosphere. Specifically, plots of oceanic depth (z) versus crustal age (t) for “normal” seafloor are well explained by depth‐age predictions of thermal contraction models such as the half‐space and cooling plate model. Old seafloor (t > ∼70 Ma) shallower than that predicted by half‐space cooling (i.e., z ∝ √t), or “flattening,” is a key but debated discriminator between the two models. Korenaga and Korenaga (2008) in a recent paper find normal seafloor depths of all ages to be consistent with a z ∝ √t model, thus supporting a cooling half‐space model for all ages of seafloor. Upon reevaluation, however, the mean depths of their “normal” seafloor flatten at ages >70 Ma, e.g., by 723.2 ± 0.5 m (1 standard error) for t > 110 Ma. This observed inconsistency with the z ∝ √t model is statistically significant (>99.9%) and remains robust (>94%) even if the number of effective independent depth observations is argued to be low (e.g., n = 10). So, if any statistically significant conclusion can be drawn from the observed depths of rare old normal seafloor, it is that old seafloor flattens, which is incompatible with the cooling half‐space model applying to all ages of seafloor but does not preclude a cooling‐plate style approximation to lithospheric evolution.
Seminal role of clouds on solar dimming over the Indian monsoon region
Authors: Padma Kumari B. , Goswami B. N.
Published: March 2010

In contrast to most of the world where solar dimming has changed over to solar brightening since late eighties, dimming continues unabated over the Indian region. This study investigates new insight into the origin of dimming over India. As the insolation at the surface is controlled by aerosols and clouds, we tried to separate out the two controlling factors by examining clear and cloudy sky days. From 1981–2006, the rate of dimming is found to be twice as large during cloudy conditions (∼12 W/m2/decade) compared to that during clear sky conditions (∼6 W/m2/decade). The clear sky dimming is attributed to increasing aerosols. While the rate of dimming by clouds is similar during summer and winter monsoon seasons, the increased contribution to dimming by clouds during summer seems to come from increasingly deeper clouds covering increasingly larger area. During winter, dimming in cloudy conditions appears to be due to indirect effect of aerosols.
A last‐saturation diagnosis of subtropical water vapor response to global warming
Authors: Hurley John V. , Galewsky Joseph
Published: March 2010

We used boreal winter output from an IPCC AR4 GCM simulation to drive an atmospheric tracer transport model with water vapor last saturation tracers over the northern hemisphere in order to identify processes that contribute to the projected increase in specific humidity of the subtropical relative humidity minimum. Most of the increase in specific humidity at the relative humidity minimum can be attributed to last saturation within what will be a warmer free troposphere. The water vapor content of the relative humidity minimum is projected to increase in the 21st century primarily as a function of increased last saturation temperatures in the tropical lower troposphere, effectively yielding more water vapor via poleward transport. The increase in specific humidity is to a degree kept in check by a poleward and upward shift of baroclinic instability and saturation patterns that effectively yield drier air to the RH minimum via isentropic transport.
Trouble with diffusion: Reassessing hillslope erosion laws with a particle‐based model
Authors: Tucker Gregory E. , Bradley D. Nathan
Published: March 2010

Many geomorphic systems involve a broad distribution of grain motion length scales, ranging from a few particle diameters to the length of an entire hillslope or stream. Studies of analogous physical systems have revealed that such broad motion distributions can have a significant impact on macroscale dynamics and can violate the assumptions behind standard, local gradient flux laws. Here, a simple particle‐based model of sediment transport on a hillslope is used to study the relationship between grain motion statistics and macroscopic landform evolution. Surface grains are dislodged by random disturbance events with probabilities and distances that depend on local microtopography. Despite its simplicity, the particle model reproduces a surprisingly broad range of slope forms, including asymmetric degrading scarps and cinder cone profiles. At low slope angles the dynamics are diffusion like, with a short‐range, thin‐tailed hop length distribution, a parabolic, convex upward equilibrium slope form, and a linear relationship between transport rate and gradient. As slope angle steepens, the characteristic grain motion length scale begins to approach the length of the slope, leading to planar equilibrium forms that show a strongly nonlinear correlation between transport rate and gradient. These high‐probability, long‐distance motions violate the locality assumption embedded in many common gradient‐based geomorphic transport laws. The example of a degrading scarp illustrates the potential for grain motion dynamics to vary in space and time as topography evolves. This characteristic renders models based on independent, stationary statistics inapplicable. An accompanying analytical framework based on treating grain motion as a survival process is briefly outlined.
Use of heat‐based vertical fluxes to approximate total flux in simple channels
Authors: Shanafield Margaret , Pohll Greg , Susfalk Richard
Published: March 2010

Heat flux through shallow streambed sediments is often used to quantify streambed water exchange with groundwater. Although two‐dimensional (2‐D) and three‐dimensional (3‐D) models are available, one‐dimensional (1‐D) models still have advantages in terms of ease of use and cost effectiveness. This study investigated error associated with the vertical flow assumption for a lateral section of a synthetic channel of varying geometry, hydraulic gradient, and stage using 1‐D and 2‐D models. Hydraulic gradient had the greatest influence on total channel flux. Flux at the lateral edge of the channel was up to 8.3 times higher than at channel center, and seepage from the channel banks accounted for up to 50% of total flux. Despite this variation along the channel boundary, the difference between channel flux estimates using 1‐D and 2‐D models was less than 30%. The models were applied to data from a large irrigation canal, and 1‐D channel flux estimates were 30% greater and 81% lower than from the 2‐D model, using temperatures collected at channel center and at the left edge of the channel, respectively. These results stress the importance of placing probes to best capture water flux direction when using 1‐D, temperature‐based methods.
Changing structure of European precipitation: Longer wet periods leading to more abundant rainfalls
Authors: Zolina Olga , Simmer Clemens , Gulev Sergey K. , Kollet Stefan
Published: March 2010

Analysis of the duration of wet spells (consequent days with significant precipitation) in Europe and associated precipitation is performed over the period 1950–2008 using daily rain gauge data. During the last 60 years wet periods have become longer over most of Europe by about 15–20%. The lengthening of wet periods was not caused by an increase of the total number of wet days. Becoming longer, wet periods in Europe are now characterized by more abundant precipitation. Heavy precipitation events during the last two decades have become much more frequently associated with longer wet spells and intensified in comparison with 1950s and 1960s. The changes in the distribution of temporal characteristics of precipitation towards longer events and higher intensities should have a significant impact on the terrestrial hydrologic cycle including subsurface hydrodynamics, surface runoff and European flooding.
Hyper-interface, the bridge between radiative wave and evanescent wave
Authors: Liu Zheng , Liang Zixian , Jiang Xunya , Hu Xinhua , Li Xin , Zi Jian
Published: March 2010

We investigate optical properties of the interface between the anisotropic metamaterial with hyperbolic dispersion and the isotropic dielectric. With material dispersion, a comprehensive theory is constructed, and the hyper-lens effect that the evanescent wave can be converted into the radiative wave is confirmed. At the inverse process of hyper-lens, we find a mechanism to compress and stop (slow) light at wide frequency range, which can be used as a removable memory or a light trap. All theoretical results are demonstrated by finite-difference time-domain simulation.
Probing long bones with ultrasonic body waves
Authors: Le Lawrence H. , Gu Yu J. , Li Yuping , Zhang Chan
Published: March 2010

This study uses seismological principles and techniques including waveform simulations and travel time calculations to reveal the nature of ultrasound wave propagation in long bones at small offsets (source-to-receiver distances) and times. Our experiments confirm the existence of reflected and converted body waves originating from wave interaction at the internal interfaces of a bone structure. We demonstrate that the bone ultrasound responses can be successfully simulated and properly interpreted based on a simple, horizontally layered approximation.
Role of oxygen vacancies on relaxation and conduction behavior of KNbO3 ceramic
Authors: Singh Gurvinderjit , Tiwari V. S. , Gupta P. K.
Published: March 2010

The temperature and frequency dependent dielectric and conductivity properties were measured on as-sintered as well as oxygen annealed KNbO3 ceramics. The results show that in addition to phase transition peaks, well defined relaxation peaks are observed in the temperature range 450–700 K. These peaks could be suppressed by annealing the samples in the oxygen atmosphere. The dc conductivity and maximum dielectric constant values decreases after oxygen annealing. Activation energy, calculated from dielectric relaxation and conductivity data on the samples, suggests that both the processes are due to doubly charged oxygen vacancies formed during sintering process. Dielectric relaxation is attributed to the hopping of oxygen vacancies in the six equivalent sites in perovskite structure. The dielectric and conductivity behaviors are influenced by the density of the samples. The results are explained on the basis of defect concentration and their dynamics.
Reverse graded SiGe/Ge/Si buffers for high-composition virtual substrates
Authors: Shah V. A. , Dobbie A. , Myronov M. , Leadley D. R.
Published: March 2010

The effect of compositional grading rate on reverse linear graded silicon germanium virtual substrates, grown by reduced pressure chemical vapor deposition, is investigated. For a Si(001)/Ge/RLG/Si0.22Ge0.78 buffer of 2.4 μm total thickness the threading dislocation density (TDD) within the top, fully relaxed, Si0.22Ge0.78 layer is 4×106 cm−2, with a surface roughness of 3 nm. For a thicker buffer, where the grading rate is reduced, a lower TDD of 3×106 cm−2 and a surface roughness of 2 nm can be achieved. The characteristics of reverse graded Si0.22Ge0.78 virtual substrates are shown to be comparable to, or exceed, conventional buffer techniques, leading to thinner high-quality high Ge composition SiGe virtual substrates.
Auto-Bäcklund transformations and integrability of ordinary and partial differential equations
Authors: Conde Juan M. , Gordoa Pilar R. , Pickering Andrew
Published: March 2010

We introduce a partial differential equation whose structure, in many respects, mimics that of the second Painlevé equation. For this equation we give auto-Bäcklund transformations of both ordinary differential equation and partial differential equation types. Our discussion is sufficiently generally phrased to allow us to draw some general conclusions about the connection between auto-Bäcklund transformations and the integrability of ordinary and partial differential equations.
Nonlinear Schrödinger invariants and wave statistics
Authors: Fedele F. , Cherneva Z. , Tayfun M. A. , Guedes Soares C.
Published: March 2010

Third-order quasiresonant interactions among free waves and associated modulational instabilities can significantly affect the statistics of various surface features in narrowband waves. In particular, modulational instabilities tend to induce intermittent amplifications on the surface displacements, causing their statistics to deviate from the linear Gaussian and second-order models. Herein, we investigate the nature of such instabilities on the statistical and spectral characteristics of deep-water waves generated in a large wave basin. We analyze the spectral changes that occur as waves propagate along the basin, develop bounds on the spectrum bandwidth, and interpret various statistics based on third-order Gram–Charlier distributions.
Magnetometry and electron paramagnetic resonance studies of phosphine- and thiol-capped gold nanoparticles
Authors: Guerrero E. , Muñoz-Márquez M. A. , Fernández A. , Crespo P. , Hernando A. , Lucena R. , Conesa J. C.
Published: March 2010

In the last years, the number of studies performed by wholly independent research groups that confirm the permanent magnetism, first observed in our research lab, for thiol-capped Au nanoparticles (NPs) has rapidly increased. Throughout the years, the initial magnetometry studies have been completed with element-specific magnetization measurements based on, for example, the x-ray magnetic circular dichroism technique that have allowed the identification of gold as the magnetic moment carrier. In the research work here presented, we have focused our efforts in the evaluation of the magnetic behavior and iron impurities content in the synthesized samples by means of superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry and electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometry, respectively. As a result, hysteresis cycles typical of a ferromagnetic material have been measured from nominally iron-free gold NPs protected with thiol, phosphine, and chlorine ligands. It is also observed that for samples containing both, capped gold NPs and highly diluted iron concentrations, the magnetic behavior of the NPs is not affected by the presence of paramagnetic iron impurities. The hysteresis cycles reported for phosphine-chlorine-capped gold NPs confirm that the magnetic behavior is not exclusively for the metal-thiol system.
Growth and characteristics of GaInN/GaInN multiple quantum well light-emitting diodes
Authors: Lee Wonseok , Kim Min-Ho , Zhu Di , Noemaun Ahmed N. , Kim Jong Kyu , Schubert E. F.
Published: March 2010

We demonstrate GaInN multiple quantum well (MQW) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) having ternary GaInN quantum barriers (QBs) instead of conventional binary GaN QBs for a reduced polarization mismatch between QWs and QBs and an additional separate confinement of carriers to the MQW active region. In comparison with GaInN LEDs with conventional GaN QBs, the GaInN/GaInN LEDs show a reduced blueshift of the peak wavelength with increasing injection current and a reduced forward voltage. In addition, we investigate the density of pits emerging on top of the MQW layer that are correlated with V-defects and act as a path for the reverse leakage current. The GaInN/GaInN MQW structure has a lower pit density than the GaInN/GaN MQW structure as well as a lower reverse leakage current. Finally, the GaInN/GaInN MQW LEDs show higher light output power and external quantum efficiency at high injection currents compared to the conventional GaInN/GaN MQW LEDs. We attribute these results to the reduced polarization mismatch and the reduced lattice mismatch in the GaInN/GaInN MQW active region.
Conduction switching behaviors of a small molecular device
Authors: Qiu M. , Zhang Z. H. , Deng X. Q. , Chen K. Q.
Published: March 2010

We calculate the current-voltage properties for a small organic molecule system based on the local atomic orbital density-functional theory. It has been found that our system has a distinctive conduction switching behavior with the “on/off” ratio on the order of 102 at a bias of 0.8 V and then up to more than the order of 103 in a bias range from 0.8 to 1.8 V, and its explicit steady state and metastable state can be converted to each other by thermal activation. These findings suggest that this small molecular system has obvious potential advantages for the realization of the miniaturized molecular switch.
Negative differential resistance in zigzag-edge graphene nanoribbon junctions
Authors: Nam Do V. , Dollfus P.
Published: March 2010

We investigate the transport properties of p+/p junctions based on zigzag-edge graphene strips by means of numerical quantum simulation. The p+ and p domains are created by field effect using appropriate gate electrodes. A negative differential resistance behavior is predicted regardless of the evenness/oddness of the zigzag line number of the ribbon with peak-to-valley current ratio reaching the value of 10 at room temperature. Besides the role of the parity selective rule, the phenomenon is explained as resulting from the suppression of the coherent transition due to the mismatch of modes in the left and right sides of the junction. The influence of various factors governing the peak-to-valley current ratio is analyzed. In particular, it is found that the negative differential resistance may be severely affected by the roughness of ribbon edges.
Hopping conduction in nitrogen doped ZnO in the temperature range 10–300 K
Authors: Majumdar Sayanee , Banerji P.
Published: March 2010

Electrical transport mechanism in as-prepared and nitrogen (N) doped zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films has been investigated in the temperature range 10–300 K. The samples were grown by pulsed laser deposition in oxygen (O) ambience. The doped films show p-type conductivity at room temperature. It is found that there exist three distinct temperature regimes of the conduction in both as-prepared and N-doped ZnO in the said temperature range, viz., in the temperature range 10–50 K, variable range hopping is the dominant conduction mechanism whereas in the regime 50–210 K, the conduction is dominated by thermally activated hopping, whereas above 230 K, the transport is governed by the thermally activated carriers. However, a stable phase with no change in conductivity is observed in temperature range 210–230 K for N-doped ZnO. N-induced defects in ZnO lattice behave as localized hopping center, which does not have enough activation energy for conduction in this temperature regime.