bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Remnants of the Waikato: Native forest survival in a production landscape
Authors: Jay Mairi
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  This paper addresses the issue of conservation of native biodiversity on privately owned farmland in New Zealand. Based on surveys of Waikato dairy farmers as exemplars of intensive agricultural practice, it examines factors that influence the survival of native forest on land with potential for commercial production. Results suggest that a significant proportion of Waikato dairy farmers regard native forest favourably, although the proportion of farmers who actively conserve their forest is small. Factors that assist the persistence of native forest on dairy farms include personal characteristics of the farmer, past accidents of history which have left forest remnants in place, and physical characteristics of the farm such as topography. While the conservation of native biodiversity within this intensively farmed landscape is strongly influenced by political economy pressures that encourage production, non‐utilitarian motives such as aesthetic enjoyment and family heritage can serve to counter the production ethic.
Dietary and Physical Activity Behaviors of Middle School Youth: The Youth Physical Activity and Nutrition Survey*
Authors: Zapata Lauren B. , Bryant Carol A. , McDermott Robert J. , Hefelfinger Jennie A.
Published: September 2010

Background:  Obesity has become a national epidemic among youth. Declining physical activity and poor nutrition contribute to this epidemic. The purpose of this study was to obtain data on middle school students’ physical activity and nutrition knowledge and practices.

Methods:  The Youth Physical Activity and Nutrition Survey was developed and distributed to a probability sample of Florida public middle schools (n = 73) in spring 2003, producing data from 4452 students in grades 6‐8.

Results:  Results showed that less than one fourth of youth met expert recommendations for daily fruit and vegetable intake and less than one fifth identified the daily fruit and vegetable serving recommendation. Less than half of students reported eating breakfast daily. More non‐Hispanic black youth reported not engaging in vigorous or moderate physical activity during the previous 7 days, and more girls and Hispanic youth reported not attending any physical education classes during the average school week.

Conclusion:  These findings demonstrate that dietary and physical activity behaviors and knowledge among these middle school youth are setting the stage for the obesity epidemic to continue.
ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY, BURIAL HISTORY AND HYDROCARBON GENERATION MODELLING OF THE UPPER JURASSIC MADBI FORMATION, MASILA BASIN, YEMEN
Authors: Hakimi Mohammed H. , Abdulah Wan H. , Shalaby Mohamed R.
Published: September 2010

The Masila Basin is an important hydrocarbon province in Yemen but the origin of its hydrocarbons is not fully understood. In this study, we evaluate Upper Jurassic source rocks in the Madbi Formation and assess the results of basin modelling in order to improve our understanding of burial history and hydrocarbon generation. This source rock has generated commercial volumes of hydrocarbons which migrated into Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous reservoir rocks.

Cuttings samples of shales from the Upper Jurassic Madbi Formation from boreholes in the centre‐west of the Masila Basin were analysed using organic geochemistry (Rock‐Eval pyrolysis, extract analysis) and organic petrology. The shales generally contain more than 2.0 wt % TOC and have very good to excellent hydrocarbon potential. Kerogen is predominantly algal Type II with minor Type I. Thermal maturity of the organic matter is Rr 0.69–0.91%.

Thermal and burial history models indicate that the Madbi Formation source rock entered the early‐mature to mature stage in the Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary. Hydrocarbon generation began in the Late Cretaceous, reaching maximum rates during the Early Tertiary. Cretaceous subsidence had only a minor influence on source rock maturation and OM transformation.
DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS AND SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY OF THE EARLY TRIASSIC KANGAN FORMATION IN THE NORTHERN PART OF THE PERSIAN GULF: IMPLICATIONS FOR RESERVOIR CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Peyravi M. , Kamali M. R. , Kalani M.
Published: September 2010

The Early Triassic Kangan Formation is the main reservoir for natural gas in SW Iran and the northern Persian Gulf and is equivalent to the Upper Khuff Formation. Analyses of the formation at the offshore Salman and Minab oilfields indicate that it is composed of 14 facies deposited in tidal flat, lagoon and oolitic barrier settings in the inner part of a carbonate ramp or platform. Vertical variations of microfacies and gamma‐ray log profiles show that the formation consists of three depositional sequences (KG1–3), each consisting of transgressive and highstand systems tracts and each bounded above by a type 2 unconformity. Porosity in the Kangan Formation is dominated by fracture and intercrystalline pore types in highstand systems tract deposits.

From a study of core plug porosity and permeability, ten flow units were recognized. Flow units GF1, GF5 and GF8 represent zones with similar flow and storage capacities. Flow units GF3, GF7 and GF9 were attributed to zones of higher flow capacity, and units GF2, GF4, GF6 and GF10 were interpreted as zones with higher storage capacities. In general, flow units which correspond to highstand systems tracts with grain‐supported facies have enhanced reservoir qualities. These flow units are GF10, GF9, GF8 and GF7, together with the upper parts of GF5 and GF4. The best reservoir quality occurs in flow unit GF9 which is located in the HST of sequence KG3. Flow units GF1 and GF2 from sequence KG1, comprising lagoonal and tidal flat facies, have relatively poor reservoir qualities.
Nurses’ experiences of caring encounters with older people living in Swedish nursing homes
Authors: Westin Lars , Danielson Ella
Published: September 2010

Aim. The aim of the study was to describe and interpret the meaning of nurses’ experiences of caring encounters with residents in nursing homes.

Background. Life for residents in nursing homes can be characterized as a process of decreased physical and psychological resources. Therefore, encounters with nurses are important activities for providing meaning and security for the residents. Research in this field has previously focused on communication, attitudes and job satisfaction, but gives limited knowledge about what the human encounters in this context mean for the nurses.

Method. A hermeneutic method was used in this study. Interviews were conducted with 14 nurses from two nursing homes about their experiences of caring encounters. The transcribed interview texts were interpreted as a whole.

Results. In the interpretation of the text concerning the meaning of nurses’ experiences of encounters with resident's four themes and 11 subthemes emerged. The comprehensive interpretation mainly showed possible ways availablebeing present,being significantandbeing aware of opportunitiesfor the nurse to find meaning in the encounter with the resident, but impossible ways asbeing inadequatelywere also revealed.

Conclusion. This study shows the importance of caring encounters between nurses and residents in nursing homes. The good encounters provide various possible ways for nurses to find meaning and a sense of communion with residents. However, bad encounters, described asbeing inadequate, were found to inhibit nurses from finding meaning in their encounters with residents.

Relevance to clinical practice. Meeting the needs of older people in nursing homes requires special knowledge about the importance of the caring encounter. Therefore, nurses in this care context need supervision and continuous education in order to gain relevant knowledge about the meaning of caring encounters for themselves and residents.
A literature review on fatigue among older people in pain: prevalence and predictors
Authors: Jakobsson Ulf
Published: September 2010

Objective.  The aim of the study was to survey existing research about fatigue among older people with chronic non‐malignant pain.

Method.  A structured literature review was carried out using the Medline database. The terms ‘fatigue’ and ‘tiredness’ were used synonymously. These subject headings were combined with pain. A literature search was made in 2004 and included articles back to 1995.

Results.  The review of studies from the last decade resulted in 11 articles of relevance. The result showed that fatigue was common among older people and even more common among those in pain. However, there was discordance regarding the prevalence, and the figures ranged from 30% to 98%. Fatigue was found to be associated above all with pain, functional limitations/functioning, and low quality of life. No articles were found focusing on interventions against fatigue.

Conclusions.  Fatigue is common in old age and even more common when people are in pain. However, knowledge seems to be sparse especially regarding interventions in daily care. Thus, more studies are needed that focus on fatigue to get firm evidence about the prevalence among older people in pain. In addition, studies about interventions against fatigue are urgently needed so that the care of older people can include actions against fatigue and to improve quality of life.

Relevance to clinical practice.  It is of importance that fatigue is not ignored in the care of older people. By intervening against symptoms such as fatigue it will most likely ease the pain and improve quality of life.
Hospitalized older peoples’ views of health and health promotion
Authors: Berg G. V. , Sarvimäki A. , Hedelin B.
Published: September 2010

Older peoples' health varies considerably and the number of older people who need hospital care will increase in the future. Traditionally, the focus of nursing care in hospitals is oriented towards diagnosis and treatment of disease, although health and health promotion are inherent in theories and definitions of nursing. This is an important issue in health politics, in new laws and regulations in Norway. However, it was difficult to find research‐based knowledge about how nurses work with health promotion and health related to older hospitalized patients. This study aimed at describing older hospitalized patients’ experiences of health and health promotion. The study used a descriptive and explorative qualitative design, with an interpretative‐phenomenological approach. Ten older hospitalized patients, recruited through purposeful sampling, were interviewed during their hospital stay. The informants described health as Being able to be the person I am, to do what I want to do, and feel well and have strength. Health promotion was described as Being enabled through being the person I am, through information and knowledge and through hope and motivation. The findings may be applied to nursing practice in order to focus on promotion of health as an individual process built upon the unique person's life and situation, supported by nursing care and medical treatment.
End‐of‐life care in long‐term care settings for older people: a literature review
Authors: Froggatt Katherine A. , Wilson Donna , Justice Christopher , MacAdam Margaret , Leibovici Karen , Kinch Janice , Thomas Roger , Choi Jaeyoung
Published: September 2010

Most if not all of end‐of‐life care for people living in long‐term care facilities is provided within the facility. This type of care is likely to increase with population ageing. This paper presents a literature review of the published literature on end‐of‐life care in long‐term care facilities such as nursing homes, aged care facilities, residential care homes and continuing care settings, published between 2000 and 2004. A subset of literature that focuses on the development of practice and the identification of interventions to promote the provision of end‐of‐life care in care homes is examined in detail. Twenty‐five papers are identified and these address modes of service delivery, the introduction of ‘interventions’ that facilitate care for individuals, and the development of tools. This work remains largely descriptive. Small‐scale work dominates, reflecting the initial stages of knowledge development in this area of work. Suggestions for ways to expand the scope of the end‐of‐life care development work in long‐term care settings are presented, as it is time to expand the horizons of these initiatives to become more rigorous and responsive to the needs of older people and their families in this care setting.
Effect of Antibrowning Agents on Browning and Intermediate Formation in the Glucose–Glutamic Acid Model
Authors: Lim Seong‐Il , Kwak Eun‐Jung , Lee Ok‐Hwan , Lee Boo‐Yong
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  In this study, the inhibitory effects of antibrowning agents on browning and the formation of intermediates such as 3‐deoxyglucosone (3‐DG) and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) were evaluated with a glucose–glutamic acid model for soybean paste. The initial antibrowning capacity was measured in the following order: pentasodium tripolyphosphate < citric acid and oxalic acid < cysteine and glutathione < sodium sulfite. Our data showed that antibrowning agents, such as pentasodium tripolyphosphate, citric acid, and oxalic acid, were maintained antibrowning capacities during storage at both 4 and 30 °C, respectively. However, both cysteine and glutathione was reduced with storage time, especially in the air. A marked effect of nitrogen treatment was noted for 3 of the antibrowning agents after storage in air at 30 °C in the following order: sodium sulfite < cysteine < glutathione. The formation ratio of 3‐DG and HMF was higher after storage at 30 °C than at 4 °C. These compounds were produced most abundantly in the presence of sodium sulfite, and the yields were not related significantly to the degree of browning. Citric acid and oxalic acid were identified as the most effective in inhibitors of browning and intermediates, even during storage in air at 30 °C.
The Effects of Presalting Methods from Injection to Pickling, on the Yields of Heavily Salted Cod (Gadus morhua)
Authors: Thorarinsdottir Kristin Anna , Arason Sigurjon , Thorkelsson Gudjon , Sigurgisladottir Sjofn , Tornberg Eva
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  The production of heavy‐salted cod (Bacalao) has changed from being a single‐step process (kench) salting to a multistep procedure varying between producers and countries. Presalting by injection, brining, or pickling is increasingly applied prior to pile (dry) salting. This article describes the effects of different presalting methods (injection and brining, brining only, and pickling) on yield and chemical composition of salted cod fillets, in comparison to a single‐kench salting step. The procedures used influenced the weight yields and chemical composition of the products. Injection was significantly different from other methods in increasing weight yields throughout brining, dry salting, and rehydration. The yield of nitrogenous compounds tended to be lower for injected and brine‐salted fillets, mainly due to higher losses of nonprotein nitrogen.

Practical Application:  Salting procedures for cod have changed rapidly in recent years. Injection is increasingly used as a presalting method. It has been suggested to have strong effects on weight yields of salted cod products. This article describes the effects of injection on weight yields on products in salted, rehydrated, and cooked stage.
Oral Feeding of Pomegranate Fruit Extract Inhibits Early Biomarkers of UVB Radiation‐induced Carcinogenesis in SKH‐1 Hairless Mouse Epidermis
Authors: Afaq Farrukh , Khan Naghma , Syed Deeba N. , Mukhtar Hasan
Published: September 2010

Pomegranate from the plantPunica granatumL. possesses strong antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties. Recently, we have demonstrated that treatment of normal human epidermal keratinocytes with pomegranate fruit extract (PFE) inhibited UVB‐mediated activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) and mitogen activated protein kinases pathways. Here, we evaluated the effect of PFE on early biomarkers of photocarcinogenesis employing SKH‐1 hairless mice. PFE was provided in drinking water (0.2%, wt/vol) to SKH‐1 hairless mice for 14 days before a single UVB (180 mJ cm−2) irradiation. We found that oral feeding of PFE inhibited UVB‐induced: (1) skin edema; (2) hyperplasia; (3) infiltration of leukocytes; (4) lipid peroxidation; (5) hydrogen peroxide generation; (6) ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity; and (7) ODC, cyclooxygenase‐2 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen protein expression. Oral feeding of PFE enhanced repair of UVB‐mediated formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and 8‐oxo‐7,8‐dihydro‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (8‐oxodG). Importantly, PFE treatment further enhanced UVB‐mediated increase in tumor suppressor p53 and cyclin kinase inhibitor p21. Furthermore, oral feeding of PFE inhibited UVB‐mediated: (1) nuclear translocation of NF‐κB; (2) activation of IKKα; and (3) phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα. Taken together, we provide evidence that oral feeding of PFE to mice affords substantial protection from the adverse effects of UVB radiationviamodulation in early biomarkers of photocarcinogenesis and provide suggestion for its photochemopreventive potential.
Psychological Research and Public Policy: Bridging the Gap
Authors: Dovidio John F. , Esses Victoria M.
Published: September 2010

Opportunities for communicating psychological findings beyond the discipline are limited and often under‐rewarded. In this article, we discuss reasons why psychological research often fails to be communicated beyond the discipline, and we provide suggestions for what needs to be changed in order to bridge this gap. Specifically, we identify barriers to communicating beyond the discipline, and we note that more effectively and broadly disseminating knowledge requires a different style than conveying information within the profession. We further illustrate how psychology offers unique perspectives and information that are of considerable value to lay audiences and policy makers. We conclude by articulating the potential benefits for society and psychology of efforts and venues whose explicit intention is to understand social problems and inform policy through the psychological study of social issues.
Interpersonal Perspectives on Black–White Health Disparities: Social Policy Implications
Authors: Penner Louis A. , Albrecht Terrance L. , Coleman Donyell K. , Norton Wynne E.
Published: September 2010

There are large and persistent disparities between the health status of Blacks and Whites in the United States. On average, the mental and physical health of Blacks is much poorer than Whites. In this article, we discuss several potential direct causes of Black–White disparities in health status, which include biological or genetic factors, prejudice and related processes, and socioeconomic factors. We also consider how the system‐level, patient‐level, and provider‐level components of healthcare contribute to disparities in health status. We examine in detail the psychological processes associated with patient‐ and provider‐level factors that may produce healthcare disparities. Of particular interest is the potential impact of racial attitudes and stereotypes on provider–patient interactions. Finally, we propose possible directions for future research on health disparities and discuss policy changes that might reduce disparities in health status and healthcare between social groups.
Infra‐humanization: The Wall of Group Differences
Authors: Leyens Jacques‐Philippe , Demoulin Stéphanie , Vaes Jeroen , Gaunt Ruth , Paladino Maria Paola
Published: September 2010

Infra‐humanizing outgroups involves considering outgroups less human and more animal‐like than the ingroup, which is perceived, in essence, as fully human. In this article, the first section presents the theoretical background of infra‐humanization and distinguishes it from related concepts, such as dehumanization. The three basic hypotheses of the theory are then presented with a summary of empirical evidence. Social implications follow. Reasons for the pervasiveness of the phenomenon are examined as well as conditions that lead a specific outgroup to be infra‐humanized. We also explore the consequences of infra‐humanization, such as a lack of forgiveness for the outgroup and the ingroup's justification for past misdeeds against the outgroup, rather than guilt. Policy issues center on ways to combat essentialism, walls of difference between groups, and irrational symbols of superiority. The roles of egalitarian values and of deprovincialized intergroup contact are emphasized.
Changing epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori in Asia
Authors: TAN Huck J , GOH K L
Published: September 2010

As in developed societies, the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori has declined rapidly in Asia. This has been shown in both seroprevalence‐based and endoscopy‐based studies. While the decline in the incidence of gastric cancer has now been observed, a decrease in peptic ulcer disease has not been so clearly evident. This apparent paradox can be explained by an increase in non‐H. pylori associated ulcers – such as those related to non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs or idiopathic ulcers. The increase of gastroesophageal reflux disease in Asia has been widely observed and commented on and its relationship to the decline in H. pylori speculated upon. However there have been few conclusive studies from Asia on this subject. While the improved diagnosis and elimination of H. pylori has contributed to its decline, a more basic change involving large segments of the Asian population must be responsible. An improvement in hygiene and living conditions that results from more affluent Asian societies is thought to be a possible cause.
Effect of a phyto‐compound on delayed gastric emptying in functional dyspepsia: A randomized‐controlled study
Authors: METUGRIACHUK Yussef , MAROTTA Francesco , KUROI Ojime , TSUCHIYA Junji , GOH Khean‐Lee , MINELLI Emilio , KAWAKITA Satoru.
Published: September 2010

OBJECTIVE:  The aim of the present study was to assess the efficacy of a hydro‐alcoholic solution of a phytocompound based on Gentianae, Cinchonae, Absinthii and Cinnamomi on gastric emptying in Helicobacter pylori‐negative dyspeptic patients.

METHODS:  The study group consisted of 24 patients with a diagnosis of long‐standing dismotility‐like functional dyspepsia. All patients were devoid of any major past or ongoing disease and dyspepsia‐associated diseases were excluded. After a 2‐week wash out period, the patients were randomized to a 2‐week treatment in which they were given 20 gtt of the compound 30 min before meals. At the beginning and end of the study, a gastric emptying test was performed by a paracetamol absorption test using a standard meal. The global symptom index (GSI) was assessed daily by a validated questionnaire.

RESULTS:  Treatment with the phytocompound significantly improved the gastric emptying test (P < 0.01) which was delayed in dyspeptic patients as well as GSI (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION:  This phytocompound might be an effective therapeutic option in the treatment of dismotility‐like dyspepsia.
Suppression of growth of pancreatic cancer cell and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor by gene silencing with RNA interference
Authors: WANG Jian , SHI Yu Qian , YI Jing , YE Shuang , WANG Li Min , XU Yan Ping , HE Min , KONG Xian Ming
Published: September 2010

OBJECTIVE:  To explore the anti‐angiogenesis and tumor cell growth suppressive effects resulted from gene silencing by RNAi in BxPC‐3 human pancreatic cancer cells.

METHODS:  The designation and transfection of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐siRNA lentivirus was carried out in vitro. Real‐time PCR and western blot were conducted to measure the expression levels of VEGF mRNA and protein. Flow cytometry was employed to evaluate cell apoptosis and cell death. A lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay was used to assess the cytotoxicity of VEGF‐siRNA. A 3‐(4, 5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2, 5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to picture the cellular growth. For the in vivo study, BxPC‐3 cells were injected subcutaneously into nude mice to form xenografts. The mice were divided into three groups according to the intervention used. The control group, the negative control group and the knockdown group of mice were injected with saline, an empty lentivirus vehicle and lentivirus carrying VEGF‐siRNA, respectively. None of the mice died during the study. When these mice were killed, the xenografts were collected and the tumor sizes of the different groups were compared. Finally, immunohistochemistry was used to assess the VEGF expression level and microvascular density.

RESULTS:  After the transfection of VEGF‐siRNA lentivirus, the cellular expression of VEGF mRNA decreased to 50% of the control and the VEGF protein in the BxPC‐3 cells decreased to 30% of the control. Apoptosis and cell death increased after transfection of the VEGF‐siRNA lentivirus. The LDH assay showed high cytotoxicity induced by VEGF‐siRNA lentivirus transfection. The MTT assay showed slower cellular growth in the knockdown cells. Tumor growth suppression was observed in nude mice that had received the VEGF‐siRNA lentivirus transfection, and the tumor sizes of the xenografts in this group were clearly smaller than those in other two groups. VEGF expression and microvascular density were significantly decreased.

CONCLUSION:  Vascular endothelial growth factor gene silencing via VEGF‐siRNA can effectively inhibit the production of VEGF and exert an anti‐angiogenesis and tumor cell growth suppressive effect both in vitro and in vivo.
Refractory celiac disease: An unusual disease in a Chinese patient
Authors: LOK Ka Ho , YEUNG Hon Cheung , LI Kam Fu , LI Kin Kong , SZETO Ming Leung
Published: September 2010

Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disease characterized by mucosal inflammation and villous atrophy of the small bowel upon exposure to ingested gluten. Although common in developed countries, it is extremely rare in the Chinese population. Refractory celiac disease (RCD) is a rare complication of CD with poor prognosis. Patients may die of severe malabsorption or development of enteropathy‐associated T‐cell lymphoma. We report a case of RCD in a Chinese woman who required steroid therapy in addition to a gluten‐free diet to induce disease remission. The possibility of CD in Chinese patients should not be overlooked.
Primary non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma in the esophagus
Authors: ZHU Qi , XU Bin , XU Kai , LI Jie , JIN Xiao Long
Published: September 2010

Lymphoma is a malignant neoplasm classically involving the lymph and reticuloendothelial tissues. According to the World Health Organization classification (2000) for non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), there are over 20 different subtypes, each with its own characteristics and behavior. Gastrointestinal lymphoma is a less common type of NHL, usually affecting the stomach, colon and small intestines. The esophagus, however, is rarely involved. Here the investigators report a case of primary NHL of the esophagus so that this may be of help to physicians in future encounters.
Peak Oxygen Consumption and the Minute Ventilation/Carbon Dioxide Production Relation Slope in Morbidly Obese Men and Women: Influence of Subject Effort and Body Mass Index
Authors: DeJong Adam T. , Gallagher Michael J. , Sandberg Keisha R. , Lillystone Martin A. , Spring Thomas , Franklin Barry A. , McCullough Peter A.
Published: September 2010

The authors evaluated the minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production relation (VE/VCO2 slope) as a complementary measure to peak oxygen consumption (peak VO2) in 76 patients (mean ± SD age = 44.3±10.8 years, 69.7% female) with morbid obesity (mean ± SD body mass index [BMI] = 49.4±7.0 kg/m2), as it is not limited by effort. Nearly one‐half (43%) of the patients achieved a peak respiratory exchange ratio <1.10. Mean peak VO2 and VE/VCO2 slope were 17.0±3.7 mL/kg/min and 27.8±4.0, respectively. Peak VO2 correlated with BMI (r=−0.45, P<.0001), while VE/VCO2 slope did not (r=−0.04, P=.73). There was a linear trend for declining mean peak VO2 (P=.001) but not for VE/VCO2 slope (P=.59) with increasing BMI quintiles. The VE/VCO2 slope is an effort‐independent measure that is also independent of BMI and may serve as an adjunctive cardiorespiratory variable when evaluating morbidly obese men and women.
The Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease: Part I
Authors: Jiamsripong Panupong , Mookadam Martina , Honda Tadaaki , Khandheria Bijoy K. , Mookadam Farouk
Published: September 2010

The metabolic syndrome is a constellation of metabolic risk factors and physical conditions that are accompanied by an enhanced propensity toward the development of type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease. It presents a combination of atherosclerosis risk including atherogenic dyslipidemia, hypertension, elevated plasma glucose, hypercoagulability, and a proinflammatory state. The 2 major underlying risk factors for the metabolic syndrome are obesity and insulin resistance. Exacerbating factors are physical inactivity, advancing age, and endocrine and genetic factors. Associated hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and elevated adipokine levels (adipose cytokines) lead to vascular endothelial dysfunction, an abnormal lipid profile, hypertension, and vascular inflammation, all of which promote the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In this 2‐part series, the authors present an up‐to‐date and detailed systematic review of the literature on this important topic.
Relation of Heart Rate With Cardiovascular Disease in Normal‐Weight Individuals: The Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry
Authors: Kizilbash Mohammad Ali , Daviglus Martha L. , Dyer Alan R. , Garside Dan B. , Hankinson Arlene L. , Yan Lijing L. , Tian Lu , Van Linda , Wang Renwei , Greenland Philip
Published: September 2010

The authors investigated the association of resting heart rate (RHR) with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and mortality among normal‐weight individuals. Using data from our cohort (baseline examination in 1967–1973), individuals with a body mass index of 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2 (men [n=3724] and women [n=4929] aged 18–39; men [n=1959] and women [n=3735] aged 40–59), were grouped by RHR: <75, 75–84, and ≥85 beats per minute (bpm). A lower RHR was associated with lower mean blood pressure (BP) and cigarette use in each subgroup and total cholesterol (TC) and diabetes in men (P<.05). After a 32‐year follow‐up, hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for CVD mortality for an RHR <75 compared with ≥85 bpm adjusted for age, race, education level, BP, cigarette use, diabetes, and TC were 0.58 (0.34–0.84), 0.73(0.56–0.95), and 0.77 (0.61–0.98) for men aged 18 to 39 and men and women aged 40 to 59, respectively. In women aged 18 to 39, the relationship was not significant. In general, normal‐weight individuals with lower RHRs have lower levels of CVD risk factors and mortality.
Efficacy of Aerobic Exercise on Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors
Authors: Kelley George A. , Kelley Kristi S.
Published: September 2010

The authors examined the effects of aerobic exercise on selected coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors using data from previously published meta‐analyses. Using a random effects model, the effects of aerobic exercise on glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (mean, 95% confidence interval, −0.9%, −1.9% to 0.03%), resting systolic blood pressure (−6.9 mm Hg, −9.1 to −4.6 mm Hg), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (−3.1 mg/dL, −6.1 to 0 mg/dL), and body mass index (−1.3 kg/m2, −2.5 to −0.1 kg/m2) were either statistically significant or demonstrated a trend for statistical significance. Changes were equivalent to relative reductions of −8.5%, −4.7%, −2.0%, and −4.5%, respectively. Changes corresponded to estimated 5‐year reductions in CHD mortality of 14%, 17%, 1.5%, and 5%, respectively. The results of this review reinforce the idea that aerobic exercise is an important nonpharmacologic intervention for improving selected CHD risk factors.
Brain Natriuretic Peptides as Biomarkers for Atherosclerosis
Authors: Ashley Kellan E. , Galla John M. , Nicholls Stephen J.
Published: September 2010

Identification of atherosclerotic risk factors provides targets for development of preventive therapies. Risk factor assessment permits evaluation of an individual's prospective risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). However, it has become apparent that traditional risk factors may not predict CHD in some patients. As a result, many individuals do not receive the benefit of intensive preventive strategies. Accordingly, considerable effort has focused on the identification of novel biomarkers to enhance risk stratification. Given its prognostic utility in heart failure and acute coronary syndrome, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and its amino‐terminal fragment have received interest as possible biomarkers for CHD.
FACTORS INFLUENCING STUDENT SELECTION OF MARRIAGE AND FAMILY THERAPY GRADUATE PROGRAMS
Authors: Hertlein Katherine M. , Lambert‐Shute Jennifer
Published: September 2010

To understand which factors students consider most important in choosing a marriage and family therapy (MFT) graduate program and how programs met or did not meet these expectations of students over the course of graduate study, we conducted an online mixed‐method investigation. One hundred twelve graduate students in Commission on Accreditation for Marriage and Family Therapy Education‐accredited programs responded to an online survey assessing what factors led them to select a specific graduate program in MFT. In the quantitative portion, students ranked each factor (personal fit, faculty, funding, research, clinical work, and teaching) as well as characteristics of each factor in relation to its importance in their selection of an MFT program. Additionally, students indicated to what level their programs meet their expectations. In the qualitative portion, students described how they believed their chosen program was or was not meeting their expectations. Both doctoral and master’s students ranked personal fit as the top factor affecting their choice of graduate program in MFT, but they differed on the characteristics of each of these factors and their importance in selecting an MFT program. Implications for this research include program evaluation and program advertising, and are consistent with the scientist–practitioner model.
DISARMING PEOPLE WITH WORDS: STRATEGIES OF INTERACTIONAL COMMUNICATION THAT CRISIS (HOSTAGE) NEGOTIATORS SHARE WITH SYSTEMIC CLINICIANS
Authors: Charlés Laurie L.
Published: September 2010

This qualitative study examined the interactional communication strategies used by law enforcement officers during a hostage‐taking incident at a high school. The research involved analysis of the negotiation conversation between police crisis (hostage) negotiators and a hostage taker who entered his former high school to take revenge on a teacher. A condensed version of the talk was micro‐analyzed with the actual negotiators from the incident, using ethnographic and Interpersonal Process Recall interviewing methods. Results illustrated that the negotiators used interactional communication strategies valued by systemic family therapists to reach a peaceful conclusion to the incident.
TWENTY AMERICAN FAMILIES’ STORIES OF ADAPTATION: ADOPTION OF CHILDREN FROM RUSSIAN AND ROMANIAN INSTITUTIONS
Authors: Linville Deanna , Prouty Lyness Anne
Published: September 2010

The purpose of this qualitative study was to understand how 20 families have adapted after adopting children between the ages of 3 and 5 years from eastern European institutions. The researcher visited a Romanian orphanage and then interviewed 20 families about their experiences with the adoption process and with family adaptation postadoption. Several themes emerged from the parents’ stories regarding their search for support and resources to aid in parenting their children. Family therapists who are interested in working with families who adopt internationally from institutional settings can learn from the stories of parents.
MULTIPLE‐FAMILY GROUP INTERVENTION FOR INCARCERATED ADOLESCENTS AND THEIR FAMILIES: A PILOT PROJECT
Authors: Keiley Margaret K.
Published: September 2010

The Multiple‐Family Group Intervention (MFGI) was developed to address the need for an effective and yet affordable treatment for reducing recidivism for incarcerated adolescents and altering the families’ coercive interactional patterns from an affect regulation and attachment perspective. The 8‐week MFGI program was conducted in two Indiana juvenile correctional institutions. The research study utilized pre‐ and postintervention assessments and a 6‐month follow‐up assessment. Data from both male (n = 43) and female (n = 30) adolescents were combined, yielding a total sample of 140 respondents (73 adolescents, 67 caretakers). The 6‐month follow‐up assessment indicated a recidivism rate of only 44% compared to the national norm of 65–85%. Linear growth models were fit to determine the nature of the changes in adolescent behavior over the three assessments. Adolescents and caregivers reported that adolescents’ externalizing behaviors significantly declined over time. Adolescent‐reported internalizing symptoms as well as their alcohol and drug use significantly declined over the follow‐up period, while caregiver reports of these behaviors showed no change over time. Adolescent‐reported attachment to their parents, particularly mothers, increased significantly as did both adolescent and caregiver‐reported functional affect regulation.
A Qualitative Study of Intimate Partner Violence Universal Screening by Family Therapy Interns: Implications for Practice, Research, Training, and Supervision
Authors: Todahl Jeffrey L. , Linville Deanna , Chou Liang‐Ying , Maher‐Cosenza Patricia
Published: September 2010

Although a few family therapy researchers and clinicians have urged universal screening for intimate partner violence (IPV), how screening is implemented—and, in particular, client and therapist response to screening—is vaguely defined and largely untested. This qualitative study examined the dilemmas experienced by couples and family therapy interns when implementing universal screening for IPV in an outpatient clinic setting. Twenty‐two graduate students in a COAMFTE‐accredited program were interviewed using qualitative research methods grounded in phenomenology. Three domains, 7 main themes, and 26 subthemes were identified. The three domains that emerged in this study include (a) therapist practice of universal screening, (b) client response to universal screening, and (c) therapist response to universal screening. Implications for practice, research, training, and supervision are discussed.
The Role of Appraisal Distortion, Contempt, and Morality in Couple Conflict: A Grounded Theory
Authors: Whiting Jason B.
Published: September 2010

A common goal of couples’ therapy is to help individuals modify their view of each other and the relationship. Distorted views and appraisals contribute to conflict, and these can be manifest by use of rationalization or denial. This study explored appraisal distortion as an evaluative and moral process that occurs during partner conflict, particularly when it becomes contemptuous and aggressive. Using a philosophical base that is grounded in the ethical relationship, a model of appraisal distortion and couple conflict was created using constructivist grounded theory methods. The theoretical concepts derived from the data show relationships between one’s relational stance, appraisal distortion, and verbal and physical aggression. This model implies that helping individuals take responsibility for appraisals is important in treating conflict.
Nonviolent Resistance: A Treatment for Parents of Children with Acute Behavior Problems
Authors: Weinblatt Uri , Omer Haim
Published: September 2010

Nonviolent resistance (NVR) is a new training model aimed at helping parents deal effectively with their helplessness, isolation, and escalatory interactions with their children. The purpose of this study is to evaluate training in NVR with the parents of children with acute behavior problems. Seventy‐three parents (41 families) were randomly assigned to a treatment group and wait‐list control group. Measures were taken at pretreatment, posttreatment, and a 1‐month follow‐up. In comparison with the wait‐list group, parents who received training in NVR showed a decrease in parental helplessness and escalatory behaviors, and an increase in perceived social support. The children’s negative behaviors as assessed by the parents also decreased significantly.
Solution‐Focused Group Therapy for Level 1 Substance Abusers
Authors: Smock Sara A. , Trepper Terry S. , Wetchler Joseph L. , McCollum Eric E. , Ray Rose , Pierce Kent
Published: September 2010

The present study compared solution‐focused group therapy (SFGT) with a traditional problem‐focused treatment for level 1 substance abusers. Outcome research on the effectiveness of solution‐focused group therapy is minimal, especially in treating substance abusers. In the present study, clients were measured before and after treatment to determine therapeutic effectiveness. Clients in the solution‐focused group significantly improved on both the Beck Depression Inventory and the Outcome Questionnaire. The clients in the comparison group did not improve significantly on either measure. Therapist skill level and adherence to theoretical models were measured in each group to reduce confounding variables.
Attitudes and practices of nurses on a pediatric cancer and stem cell transplant ward: adaptation of an oral care protocol
Authors: Tewogbade Adesegun , FitzGerald Kirsten , Prachyl Dianna , Zurn Derek , Wilson Carolyn
Published: September 2010

This study evaluated nurses' current practices and understanding of oral health for hematology and oncology patients. A written questionnaire administered to 33 nurses on the pediatric cancer and blood disorders unit of Children's Medical Center of Dallas included questions on oral evaluation, oral hygiene, and case‐based questions. Information gathered was used to develop an oral care protocol.

The study found that nurses were proficient in diagnosing obvious conditions including mucositis and pseudomembranous candidiasis, but they were less than proficient when diagnosing less easily recognizable conditions such as xerostomia. The nurses were found to have inadequate knowledge of the treatment and oral hygiene protocols for conditions that they could and could not diagnose. The protocol based on the questionnaire results included information gathering, oral hygiene protocol, evaluation of viral infection, evaluation of fungal infection, oral assessment guide, and treatment protocol.

Through information gathering, an oral health care policy may be developed and implemented to aid in the treatment of children undergoing care for malignancies.
Topical minocycline for managing symptoms of recurrent aphthous stomatitis
Authors: Gorsky Meir , Epstein Joel , Raviv Alon , Yaniv Roni , Truelove Edmond
Published: September 2010

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a common ulcerative condition of the oral mucosa. In this study, minocycline oral rinses were compared to a placebo in patients suffering from frequent episodes of RAS. Thirty‐three patients with RAS were randomly allocated to topical therapy with 0.2% minocycline or a placebo aqueous solution mouthwash. Seven patients also participated in a blind crossover study. The intensity of pain was recorded daily using a visual analogue scale.

Minocycline mouthwashes resulted in significant reduction in the severity and duration of pain due to RAS. The findings in the subgroup that participated in the crossover were consistent with outcomes in the randomized study.

The findings of this study show that minocycline oral rinses reduce pain in patients with RAS and may have implications for the use of minocycline in other non‐infectious inflammatory ulcerative oral mucosal diseases.
Naltrexone Depot Formulations for Opioid and Alcohol Dependence: A Systematic Review
Authors: Lobmaier Philipp P. , Kunøe Nikolaj , Gossop Michael , Waal Helge
Published: September 2010

Naltrexone is an opioid receptor antagonist that blocks the reinforcing effects of opioids and reduces alcohol consumption and craving. It has no abuse potential, mild and transient side effects, and thus appears an ideal pharmacotherapy for opioid dependence. Its effectiveness in alcohol dependence is less evident, but compliance with naltrexone combined with psychosocial support has been repeatedly shown to improve drinking outcomes. Limited compliance with oral naltrexone treatment is a known drawback. Several naltrexone implant and injectable depot formulations are being investigated and provide naltrexone release for at least 1 month. Studies among opioid‐dependent patients indicate significant reductions in heroin use, but sample sizes are usually small. In alcohol dependence, two large multicenter trials report alcohol and craving reductions for naltrexone and placebo groups, indicating a significant but moderate effect. The pharmacokinetic profile of the injectable formulation indicates reliable naltrexone release over 1 month at therapeutic levels. Implant formulations releasing naltrexone up to 7 months are reported. Findings on safety and tolerability confirm the generally mild adverse effects described for naltrexone tablets. However, further research on therapeutic levels (i.e., opioid blocking) is warranted. The majority of naltrexone implants lacks approval for regular clinical use and larger longitudinal studies are needed. The available naltrexone depot formulations have the potential to significantly improve medication compliance in opioid and alcohol dependence. In certain circumstances, they may constitute a promising new treatment option.
Taxonomic and biogeographic patterns in the native and alien woody flora of Kashmir Himalaya, India
Authors: Khuroo Anzar A. , Weber Ewald , Malik Akhtar H. , Dar G. H. , Reshi Zafar A.
Published: September 2010

Biodiversity inventories unravel insightful taxonomic and biogeographic patterns that provide valuable inputs in guiding conservation practices and policymaking. Here we present an updated inventory of the native and alien woody flora of the Kashmir Himalaya, India, together with analyses of the patterns of taxonomic composition, geographic distribution, and invasion status of the alien species. The data was assembled from the floristic literature of the last two centuries, supplemented with herbarium records and validated by field surveys over the past decade. In total, the woody flora comprised of 520 species; out of these 322 species were native and 198 alien, yielding a proportion of 38% aliens. Amongst the natives, 16 species are on the IUCN red list 2009. While 37 genera included both native and alien species indicating a potential for hybrid formation, only 15 families were represented by alien species exclusively. Regarding the invasion status, presently 37 alien woody species are naturalized and 7 are invasive in the region. The results show that the Kashmir Himalaya harbours a diverse woody flora. It is concluded that a distinction between the native and the alien flora, as adopted in the present study, is crucial for a meaningful analysis of any biodiversity patterns. We predict that in the near future many alien woody species, presently naturalized in the region, can become serious plant invaders, and therefore need further research efforts and timely management.
Attachment Without Fear
Authors: Bell David C.
Published: September 2010

John Bowlby hypothesized an attachment system that interacts with caregiving, exploration, and fear systems in the brain, with a particular emphasis on fear. Neurobiological research confirms many of his hypotheses and also raises some new questions. A psychological model based on this neurobiological research is presented here. The model extends conventional attachment theory by describing additional attachment processes independent of fear. In this model, the attachment elements of trust, openness, and depending interact with the caregiving elements of caring, empathy, and responsibility.