bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transcription Factor Stat5 Knockdown Enhances Androgen Receptor Degradation and Delays Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Progression In vivo
Authors: Thomas Christian , Zoubeidi Amina , Kuruma Hidetoshi , Fazli Ladan , Lamoureux Francois , Beraldi Eliana , Monia Brett P. , MacLeod A. Robert , Thüroff Joachim W. , Gleave Martin E.
Published: January 2011

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (Stat5) plays an important role in the transition of prostate cancer (PCa) to its castrate-resistant state. Pharmacologic targeting of Stat5 is a rational approach to delay castrate-resistant progression, in part, because Stat5 cooperates with the androgen receptor (AR) to promote PCa progression. Immunostaining of tissue microarrays was used to correlate Stat5 expression with Gleason grade and to characterize changes in treatment-naive and androgen-deprived human PCa. Potency of a Stat5 antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) on Stat5 knockdown, cell growth, and apoptosis was assessed in LNCaP, C4-2, and DU145 cells. Effects of Stat5 knockdown on AR activity and stability was assessed using a PSA transactivation-luciferase assay and cyclohexamide plus MG132 treatment, respectively. LNCaP tumor-bearing mice were castrated and randomly assigned to treatment with Stat5-ASO or controls. Here, we show that the frequency of Stat5 expression is significantly increased in high Gleason grade as well as in hormone-treated PCa. Also, specific knockdown of Stat5 with ASO abrogates androgen-induced AR nuclear translocation and PSA transactivation despite R1881 stimulation. Moreover, Stat5 knockdown destabilizes AR, which leads to AR degradation via the proteasome. Shown for the first time as a preclinical proof-of-principle, Stat5 knockdown with Stat5-ASO significantly delays CRPC tumor progression in vivo. Thereby, we are able to recapitulate our in vitro results by reducing serum PSA and expression levels of target proteins in the xenograft tumors. Mol Cancer Ther; 10(2); 347–59. ©2011 AACR.
PIK3CA Mutations in Patients with Advanced Cancers Treated with PI3K/AKT/mTOR Axis Inhibitors
Authors: Janku Filip , Tsimberidou Apostolia M. , Garrido-Laguna Ignacio , Wang Xuemei , Luthra Rajyalakshmi , Hong David S. , Naing Aung , Falchook Gerald S. , Moroney John W. , Piha-Paul Sarina A. , Wheler Jennifer J. , Moulder Stacy L. , Fu Siqing , Kurzrock Razelle
Published: January 2011

Preclinical data suggest that PIK3CA mutations predict response to PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors. Concomitant KRAS or BRAF mutations may mediate resistance. Therefore, tumors from patients referred to the phase I program for targeted therapy starting in October 2008 were analyzed for PIK3CA mutations using PCR-based DNA sequencing of exons 9 and 20. Consecutive patients with diverse tumor types and PIK3CA mutation were treated whenever possible with agents targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Overall, PIK3CA mutations were detected in 25 of 217 patients (11.5%; exon 9, n = 11; exon 20, n = 14). In tumor types with more than 10 patients tested, PIK3CA mutations were most frequent in endometrial (3 of 14, 21%), ovarian (5 of 30, 17%), colorectal (9 of 54, 17%), breast (2 of 14, 14%), cervical (2 of 15, 13%), and squamous cell cancer of the head and neck (1 of 11, 9%). Of the 25 patients with PIK3CA mutations, 17 (68%) were treated on a protocol that included a PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibitor, and 6 (35%) achieved a partial response. In contrast, only 15 of 241 patients (6%) without documented PIK3CA mutations treated on the same protocols responded (P = 0.001). Of the 17 patients with PIK3CA mutations, 6 (35%) had simultaneous KRAS or BRAF mutations (colorectal, n = 4; ovarian, n = 2). Colorectal cancer patients with PIK3CA and KRAS mutations did not respond to therapy, whereas both ovarian cancer patients with PIK3CA and KRAS or BRAF mutations did. In conclusion, PIK3CA mutations were detected in 11.5% of patients with diverse solid tumors. The response rate was significantly higher for patients with PIK3CA mutations treated with PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibitors than for those without documented mutations. Mol Cancer Ther; 10(3); 558–65. ©2011 AACR.
Cholesterol Regulates VEGFR-1 (FLT-1) Expression and Signaling in Acute Leukemia Cells
Authors: Casalou Cristina , Costa Ana , Carvalho Tânia , Gomes Ana L. , Zhu Zhenping , Wu Yan , Dias Sérgio
Published: January 2011

VEGF receptors 1 (FLT-1) and 2 (KDR) are expressed on subsets of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoid leukemia cells, in which they induce cell survival, proliferation, and migration. However, little is known about possible cofactors that regulate VEGF receptor expression and activation on leukemia cells. Here we show that cholesterol accumulates in leukemia-rich sites within bone marrow of xenotransplanted severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. Therefore, we hypothesized that cholesterol-rich domains might regulate FLT-1 signaling and chemotaxis of acute leukemias. We then showed that FLT-1 accumulates in discrete cholesterol-rich membrane domains where it associates with caveolin-1 and that placenta growth factor (PlGF)/VEGF stimulation promotes FLT-1 localization in such cholesterol-rich domains. Accordingly, FLT-1 localization and its phosphorylation are abrogated by methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD), which removes cellular cholesterol, and by nystatin, an inhibitor of lipid-raft endocytosis. Mechanistically, cholesterol increases FLT-1 expression and promotes PlGF/VEGF-induced leukemia cells viability and also induces VEGF production by the leukemia cells in vitro. Taken together, we conclude that cholesterol regulates VEGF:VEGFR-1 signaling on subsets of acute leukemias, modulating cell migration, and viability, which may be crucial for disease progression. Finally, we provide evidence obtained from human AML samples that primary leukemia cells accumulate significantly more cholesterol than do normal cells and that cholesterol accumulation correlates with disease aggressiveness. Mol Cancer Res; 9(2); 215–24. ©2011 AACR.
Randomized Phase II Trial of Sulindac, Atorvastatin, and Prebiotic Dietary Fiber for Colorectal Cancer Chemoprevention
Authors: Limburg Paul J. , Mahoney Michelle R. , Ziegler Katie L. Allen , Sontag Stephen J. , Schoen Robert E. , Benya Richard , Lawson Michael J. , Weinberg David S. , Stoffel Elena , Chiorean Michael , Heigh Russell , Levine Joel , Della'Zanna Gary , Rodriguez Luz , Richmond Ellen , Gostout Christopher , Mandrekar Sumithra J. , Smyrk Thomas C.
Published: January 2011

Sulindac, atorvastatin, or prebiotic dietary fiber may reduce colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. However, clinical trial data are currently limited. We conducted a randomized, phase II chemoprevention trial involving subjects 40 years or older, with previously resected colon cancer or multiple/advanced colorectal adenomas. Magnification chromoendoscopy (MCE) was performed to identify and characterize rectal aberrant crypt foci (ACF); eligibility criteria required five or more rectal ACFs at baseline. Intervention assignments were as follows: (a) atorvastatin 20 mg qd; (b) sulindac 150 mg bid; (c) oligofructose-enriched inulin (as ORAFTI®Synergy1) 6 gm bid; or (d) control (maltodextrin) 6 gm bid, for 6 months. Percent change in rectal ACF number (%ΔACF) within arm was the primary endpoint. Secondary endpoints included changes in proliferation (Ki67) and apoptosis (caspase-3), as measured from normal mucosa biopsy samples. Among 85 eligible randomized subjects, 76 (86%) completed the trial per protocol. The median (range) of rectal ACF was 9 (5–34) and 8 (0–37) at baseline and postintervention, respectively. The median (SD) for %ΔACF was 5.6 (−69% to 143%), −18.6 (−83% to 160%), −3.6 (−88% to 83%), and −10.0 (−100% to 117%) in the atorvastatin, sulindac, ORAFTI®Synergy1 and control arms, respectively. Neither within-arm (P = 0.12–0.59) nor between-arm (P = 0.30–0.92) comparisons of %ΔACF were statistically significant. The active and control interventions also seemed to have similar effects on mucosal proliferation and apoptosis (P > 0.05 for each comparison). Data from this multicenter, phase II trial do not provide convincing evidence of CRC risk reduction from 6-month interventions with atorvastatin, sulindac, or ORAFTI®Synergy1, although statistical power was limited by the relatively small sample size. Cancer Prev Res; 4(2); 259–69. ©2011 AACR.
Decompensated Heart Failure Is Associated With Reduced Corin Levels and Decreased Cleavage of Pro–Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
Authors: Ibebuogu Uzoma N. , Gladysheva Inna P. , Houng Aiilyan K. , Reed Guy L.
Published: January 2011

Background—

By promoting salt and water excretion, the corin and the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) system should help to maintain fluid balance in heart failure. Yet, the development of fluid retention despite high levels of ANP-related peptides suggests that this compensatory system is limited.

Methods and Results—

Levels of circulating corin (the pro–ANP-converting enzyme) and pro-ANP were measured in hospitalized patients with heart failure, using novel immunoassays. Patients (n=14) had severe heart failure (New York Heart Association class III-IV) with a median ejection fraction of 18% and median brain natriuretic peptide levels of 1940 pg/mL. In heart failure, median plasma corin levels were 7.6-fold lower than measured in plasma from 16 normal control subjects (180 versus 1368 pg/mL,
P
<0.01). In contrast, in patients with heart failure, levels of plasma N-terminal ANP peptides (N-ANP and pro-ANP) levels were markedly elevated (42.0 versus 7.5 ng/mL,
P
<0.01). Levels of uncleaved pro-ANP, measured by novel immunoassays, were significantly higher in patients with heart failure (
P
<0.01), suggesting that corin cleavage of pro-ANP was impaired. Median plasma levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate were elevated in patients with heart failure (150.0 versus 7.6 pmol/mL,
P
<0.01), and plasma cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels positively correlated with the fractional amount of cleaved pro-ANP (
r
s
=0.59,
P
<0.03) but not with levels of uncleaved pro-ANP, implying that the cellular response to ANP remained intact.

Conclusions—

Taken together, these data suggest that there may be patients for whom low corin levels and impaired pro-ANP cleavage contribute to acute decompensation.
Chronic Kidney Disease and the Risk of Heart Failure in Men
Authors: Dhingra Ravi , Gaziano J. Michael , Djoussé Luc
Published: January 2011

Background—

The relations between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and incident heart failure remain unclear.

Methods and Results—

We related CKD to incident nonfatal heart failure and cardiovascular (CVD) death (as separate and combined end points) in 10 181 male participants (mean age, 67 years). Kidney function was assessed by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation in clinically relevant categories of <60 and ≥60 mL · min
−1
· 1.73 m
−2
(referent) and <45, 45 to 60, 60 to 90, and ≥90 mL · min
−1
· 1.73 m
−2
(referent). During follow-up (mean, 10.1 years; range, 0.03 to 12.2), 439 developed heart failure and 832 had CVD death/heart failure. In multivariable models, men with eGFR <60 mL · min
−1
· 1.73 m
−2
had a 2-fold risk of heart failure (95% confidence interval, 1.62 to 2.56,
P
<0.0001) compared with referent category. The hazard ratio (with corresponding 95% confidence interval) for development of heart failure according to eGFR categories of 60 to 90, 45 to 60, and <45 mL · min
−1
· 1.73 m
−2
compared with referent category were 1.24 (0.98 to 1.56), 2.58 (1.91 to 3.49), and 1.52 (0.92 to 2.76), respectively. In the analyses restricted to subgroup of nondiabetic individuals and normotensive individuals at baseline (n=7545), men with eGFR <60 mL · min
−1
· 1.73 m
−2
had a 2.2-fold risk of heart failure (95% confidence interval, 1.66 to 2.95), compared with men with eGFR ≥60 mL · min
−1
· 1.73 m
−2
. Additionally, risk of heart failure or CVD death was >2.5-fold higher among individuals with eGFR 45 to 60 and <45 mL · min
−1
· 1.73 m
−2
, compared with referent category.

Conclusions—

Moderate level of CKD, even in absence of diabetes and hypertension at baseline, is associated with a higher risk of development of heart failure and CVD death/heart failure in men.
Sildenafil Preserves Lung Endothelial Function and Prevents Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling in a Rat Model of Diastolic Heart Failure
Authors: Yin Jun , Kukucka Marian , Hoffmann Julia , Sterner-Kock Anja , Burhenne Juergen , Haefeli Walter E. , Kuppe Hermann , Kuebler Wolfgang M.
Published: January 2011

Background—

Pulmonary hypertension as a frequent complication of left heart disease (PH-LHD) is characterized by lung endothelial dysfunction and vascular remodeling. Although PH-LHD contributes to morbidity and mortality in heart failure, established therapies for PH-LHD are lacking. We tested the effect of chronic sildenafil treatment in an experimental model of PH-LHD.

Methods and Results—

In Sprague-Dawley rats, PH-LHD was induced by supracoronary aortic banding. Oral sildenafil treatment (60 mg/kg daily) was initiated after 7 days, and lung endothelial function (n=5), vascular remodeling, and right ventricular function (n=11 each) were analyzed 9 weeks after banding. As compared with sham-operated controls, aortic banding induced pulmonary hypertension and lung endothelial dysfunction evident as lack of endothelial nitric oxide production and endothelium-dependent vasodilation. These changes were associated with an increased pulmonary vascular resistance, medial thickening, and biventricular cardiac hypertrophy. Sildenafil treatment largely attenuated these pathological changes and was not associated with detectable adverse effects pertinent to lung vascular barrier function, edema formation, or systemic hemodynamics.

Conclusions—

Our data identify sildenafil as a promising therapy for PH-LHD. In light of its documented protective effects at the myocardial level in heart failure, sildenafil presents a particularly attractive strategy in that it simultaneously targets cardiac remodeling and secondary PH-LHD.
A Simultaneous X-Ray/MRI and Noncontact Mapping Study of the Acute Hemodynamic Effect of Left Ventricular Endocardial and Epicardial Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Humans
Authors: Ginks Matthew R. , Lambiase Pier D. , Duckett Simon G. , Bostock Julian , Chinchapatnam Phani , Rhode Kawal , McPhail Mark J.W. , Simon Marcus , Bucknall Cliff , Carr-White Gerald , Razavi Reza , Rinaldi C. Aldo
Published: January 2011

Background—

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) using endocardial left ventricular (LV) pacing may be superior to conventional CRT. We studied the acute hemodynamic response to conventional CRT and LV pacing from different endocardial sites using a combined cardiac MRI and LV noncontact mapping (NCM) protocol to gain insights into the underlying mechanisms.

Methods and Results—

Fifteen patients (age, 63±10 years; 12 men) awaiting CRT were studied in a combined x-ray and MRI laboratory. Delayed-enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance was performed to define areas of myocardial fibrosis. Patients underwent an electrophysiological study incorporating endocardial and epicardial LV pacing. Acute hemodynamic response was measured using a pressure wire within the LV cavity to derive LV dP/dt max. NCM was used to define areas of slow conduction. There was a significant improvement in all LV pacing modes versus baseline (
P
<0.001). LV endocardial CRT from the best endocardial site was superior to conventional CRT, with a 79.8±49.0% versus 59.6±49.5% increase in LV dP/dt max of from baseline (
P
<0.05). The hemodynamic benefits of pacing were greater when LV stimulation was performed outside of areas of slow conduction defined by NCM (
P
<0.001). Delayed-enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance was able to delineate zones of slow conduction seen with NCM in ischemic patients but was unreliable in nonischemic patients.

Conclusions—

Endocardial LV pacing appears superior to conventional CRT, although the optimal site varies between subjects and is influenced by pacing within areas of slow conduction. Delayed-enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance was a poor predictor of zones of slow conduction in nonischemic patients.
Usefulness of Carvedilol in the Treatment of Chronic Aortic Valve Regurgitation
Authors: Zendaoui Adnane , Lachance Dominic , Roussel Élise , Couet Jacques , Arsenault Marie
Published: January 2011

Background—

Aortic regurgitation (AR) is a chronic disease for which there is currently no approved medical treatment. We previously reported in an animal model that β-blockade with metoprolol exerted beneficial effects on left ventricular remodeling and survival. Despite the recent publication of promising human data, β-blockade in chronic AR remains controversial. More data are needed to support this potentially new treatment strategy. We hypothesized that carvedilol might be another safe treatment option in chronic AR, considering its combined β-blocking and α-blocking effects and proven efficacy in patients with established heart failure.

Methods and Results—

The effects of a 6-month treatment with carvedilol 30 mg/kg/d orally were evaluated in adult Wistar rats with severe AR. Sham-operated and untreated AR animals were used as controls. Carvedilol treatment resulted in less left ventricular hypertrophy and dilatation. Ejection fraction was improved and filling pressures were reduced by carvedilol. β1-Receptor expression was also improved as well as myocardial capillary density. Those beneficial effects were noted despite the presence of drug-induced bradycardia.

Conclusions—

Carvedilol exerted protective effects against volume-overload cardiomyopathy in this model of aortic valve regurgitation with preserved ejection fraction. These results suggest a protective class effect of β-blockers. Combined with the recent publication of promising human data, our findings support the need to carefully design a prospective study in humans to evaluate the effects of β-blockers in chronic aortic valve regurgitation.
A Prospective, Randomized Trial of Single-Drug Versus Dual-Drug Immunosuppression in Heart Transplantation
Authors: Baran David A. , Zucker Mark J. , Arroyo Luis H. , Camacho Margarita , Goldschmidt Marc E. , Nicholls Stephen J. , Prevost-Fernandez Jeanne , Carr Candace , Adams Laura , Pardi Susan , Hou Vera , Binetti Maria , McCahill Jeanine , Chichetti Joanne , Viloria Valerie , SanAgustin Mary Gladys , Ebuenga-Smith Jennifer , Mele Leslie , Martin Anthony , Blicharz Donna , Wolski Kathy , Olesnicky Ludmilla , Qian Fang , Gass Alan L. , Cohen Marc
Published: January 2011

Background—

Cardiac transplantation, a procedure nearly abandoned in the 1970s, has evolved into the standard of care for appropriate patients with end-stage heart failure. Much of this success has been due to improvements in immunosuppression, including the introduction of a triple-drug regimen. Retrospective reports suggested that single-drug immunosuppression with tacrolimus was feasible. As such, a prospective, randomized trial was conducted to test this approach.

Methods and Results—

One hundred fifty adult de novo heart transplant recipients were enrolled in a prospective, randomized, controlled, open-label trial comparing tacrolimus monotherapy (MONO) with tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil therapy (COMBO). Corticosteroids were used in the early postoperative period but discontinued in all patients over 8 to 9 weeks. The primary end point was the composite biopsy score at 6 months after transplant. Patients were followed for 1 to 5 years. The composite biopsy score was similar between groups at 6 and 12 months: 6-month MONO, 0.70±0.44 (95% confidence interval, 0.60 to 0.80) versus COMBO, 0.65±0.40 (95% confidence interval, 0.55 to 0.74;
P
=0.44). Allograft vasculopathy was assessed by angiography and intravascular ultrasound, with no significant differences noted. Three-year survival was also similar (92.4% MONO versus 97% COMBO;
P
=0.58, log-rank).

Conclusions—

Addition of mycophenolate to single-agent immunosuppression did not provide an advantage over single-agent immunosuppression in terms of rejection, allograft vasculopathy, or 3-year survival. Corticosteroids, which have traditionally been a mainstay of therapy, were successfully discontinued in all patients. These conclusions are tempered by the limited statistical power associated with a sample size of only 150 patients.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00299221.
Junctophilin-2 Expression Silencing Causes Cardiocyte Hypertrophy and Abnormal Intracellular Calcium-Handling
Authors: Landstrom Andrew P. , Kellen Cherisse A. , Dixit Sayali S. , van Oort Ralph J. , Garbino Alejandro , Weisleder Noah , Ma Jianjie , Wehrens Xander H.T. , Ackerman Michael J.
Published: January 2011

Background—

Junctophilin-2 (JPH2), a protein expressed in the junctional membrane complex, is necessary for proper intracellular calcium (Ca
2+
) signaling in cardiac myocytes. Downregulation of JPH2 expression in a model of cardiac hypertrophy was recently associated with defective coupling between plasmalemmal L-type Ca
2+
channels and sarcoplasmic reticular ryanodine receptors. However, it remains unclear whether JPH2 expression is altered in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). In addition, the effects of downregulation of JPH2 expression on intracellular Ca
2+
handling are presently poorly understood. We sought to determine whether loss of JPH2 expression is noted among patients with HCM and whether expression silencing might perturb Ca
2+
handling in a prohypertrophic manner.

Methods and Results—

JPH2 expression was reduced in flash-frozen human cardiac tissue procured from patients with HCM compared with ostensibly healthy traumatic death victims. Partial silencing of
JPH2
expression in HL-1 cells by a small interfering RNA probe targeted to murine JPH2 mRNA (shJPH2) resulted in myocyte hypertrophy and increased expression of known markers of cardiac hypertrophy. Whereas expression levels of major Ca
2+
-handling proteins were unchanged, shJPH2 cells demonstrated depressed maximal Ca
2+
transient amplitudes that were insensitive to L-type Ca
2+
channel activation with JPH2 knockdown. Further, reduced caffeine-triggered sarcoplasmic reticulum store Ca
2+
levels were observed with potentially increased total Ca
2+
stores. Spontaneous Ca
2+
oscillations were elicited at a higher extracellular [Ca
2+
] and with decreased frequency in JPH2 knockdown cells.

Conclusions—

Our results show that JPH2 levels are reduced in patients with HCM. Reduced JPH2 expression results in reduced excitation-contraction coupling gain as well as altered Ca
2+
homeostasis, which may be associated with prohypertrophic remodeling.
Poikilolaimus carsiops n. sp. (Rhabditida: Rhabditidae) associated with Neotermes koshunensis (Kalotermitidae) in Kenting National Park, Taiwan
Authors: Kanzaki Natsumi , Li Hou-Feng , Lan Yen-Chiu , Kosaka Hajime , Giblin-Davis Robin M. , Center Barbara J.
Published: January 2011

During a survey of termite-associated nematodes in southern Taiwan (Kenting
National Park), two species of Poikilolaimus, Poikilolaimus cf. floridensis
and an undescribed species, were isolated from termites in the family
Kalotermitidae. The undescribed species is morphologically observed,
described and figured herein as P. carsiops n. sp. The new species is
characterised by an unusual cross-shaped stomatal opening formed by two well
developed dorsal and two subventral lip sectors, each with a triangular flap
and two vestigial lateral lip sectors lacking a flap, and several other
morphological characters. Based upon morphology and molecular phylogenetic
analysis, P. carsiops n. sp. is closest to P. floridensis; i. e., these two
species share a plesiomorphic regular cuticle and short tail in both males
and females, and a lack of metastegostomatal teeth or denticle. In the
molecular phylogenetic analysis, P. carsiops n. sp. and P. floridensis
formed a well-supported clade which was clearly separated from, but
monophyletic with, a clade that includes the other Poikilolaimus species.
Because both P. carsiops n. sp. and P. floridensis have been isolated only
from the kalotermitid termites, the P. floridensis/P. carsiops n. sp. clade
is considered to be specialised with dry wood and damp wood termites
(Kalotermitidae).
Studies on the genus Aporcelaimellus Heyns, 1965 (Dorylaimida: Aporcelaimidae). Species from Sri Lanka originally studied by Loos
Authors: Álvarez -Ortega Sergio , Peña-Santiago Reyes
Published: January 2011

This paper provides new information about five species of Aporcelaimellus
sensu lato from Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon) studied by Loos in two
contributions published in 1945 and 1949, and whose corresponding material
is deposited in part at the University of California (Riverside).
Aporcelaimellus insignis is re-described on the basis of the type material.
Aporcelaimellus loosi sp. n. is described on the basis of two females and
characterised by its body length of 1.52-1.71 mm, lip region offset by
constriction and 15.015.5 μ m in diam., odontostyle 18.5-19.0 μ m long and
with aperture occupying about two-thirds its length, neck 450-467 μ m long,
pharyngeal expansion 234-246 μ m long or occupying 52-53% of total neck
length, uterus short and simple, V = 55-56, female tail short and rounded
(23 μm, c = 67-74, c = 0.6), and male unknown. One female of A. tropicus
perfectly fits those forming part of the type population. Aporcelaimellus
mamillatus is described in detail and transferred to the genus Aporcelinus.
One female of Makatinus minor is also described and compared with type
material of this species. Measurements and illustrations, including line
drawings and/or LM pictures, are given for the five species.
Novel bioassays to examine the host-finding ability of plant-parasitic nematodes
Authors: Dalzell Johnathan J. , Kerr Rachel , Corbett Matthew D. , Fleming Colin C. , Maule Aaron G.
Published: January 2011

We present two novel bioassays to be used in the examination of
plant-parasitic nematode host-finding ability. The hostfinding 'pipette-bulb
assay' was constructed from modelled Pasteur pipette bulbs and connecting
barrels using parafilm fastenings. This assay examines the direction of
second-stage juvenile (J2) migration in response to a host seedling, through
a moistened sand substrate, which underlies terminal upward-facing 'seedling
bulbs', one containing a host seedling in potting compost, the other with
only potting compost. An equal watering regime through both upward-facing
seedling bulbs creates a directional concentration gradient of host
diffusate chemotactic factors. Positive chemotactic stimuli cause the J2 to
orientate and migrate towards the host plant. We present validation data
collected from assays of the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, and
the potato cyst nematode, Globodera pallida, which indicate a highly
significant positive attraction of J2 of both species to respective host
plants. This represents a simple, quick and inexpensive method of assessing
host-finding behaviour in the laboratory. We consider that the pipette-bulb
assay improves on previous host-finding/chemo-attraction assays through
creating a more biologically relevant environment for experimental J2;
analysis is quick and easy, allowing the straightforward interpretation of
results. In addition, we have developed an 'agar trough' sensory assay
variant which we believe can be used rapidly to ratify nematode responses to
chemical gustatory or olfactory cues. This was constructed from a water agar
substrate such that two counting wells were connected by a raised central
trough, all flooded with water. Two small water agar plugs were dehydrated
briefly in an oven and then hydrated in either an attractant, repellent or
water control; these plugs were then placed in the terminal counting wells
and subsequently leached the attractant or repellent to form a concentration
gradient along the central trough, which contained the initial J2 innoculum.
Our data show that both M. incognita and G. pallida J2 are positively
attracted to host diffusates. In addition, they displayed a strong repulsion
in response to 1 M NaCl2. J2 of M. incognita displayed a mild aversion to a
non-host oak root diffusate, whereas G. pallida J2 displayed a strong
aversion to the same non-host diffusate; neither species responded to a
compost leachate. We believe that the agar trough assay improves on previous
methods by facilitating rapid diffusion of attractant or repellents. Both of
the aforementioned assays were designed as tools to assess the impact of
RNAi-based reverse genetics screens for gene targets involved in
chemosensory orientation.
Toxicity of Kaempferia galanga rhizome constituents to Meloidogyne incognita juveniles and eggs
Authors: Hong Tae-Kyun , Kim Soon-Il , Heo Jae-Won , Lee Jae-Kook , Choi Dong-Ro , Ahn Young-Joon
Published: January 2011

The toxicity of Kaempferia galanga rhizome constituents to second-stage juveniles (J2) and eggs of Meloidogyne incognita was examined in vitro and in container experiments. Results were compared with those of three nematicides: carbofuran, fosthiazate and metam sodium. Ethyl cinnamate (EC) and ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (EMC) were the nematicidal and hatch inhibitory principles. In direct-contact mortality bioassays, EC 0.037 mg ml–1) and EMC (0.041 mg ml–1) were more toxic than carbofuran (0.092 mg ml–1) but less toxic than fosthiazate (0.002 mg ml–1) towards J2 based upon 48 h LC50 values. EC and EMC treatments resulted in 100% and 93 and 81% inhibition of hatch at 125.0 and 62.5 μg ml–1, respectively. Inhibition of these compounds was higher than carbofuran and metam sodium but significantly lower than fosthiazate. In contact +fumigant mortality bioassays with J2, EC and EMC applied at 0.25 and 0.125 mg (g soil)–1resulted in 81 and 80% and 77 and 73% mortality, respectively, while carbofuran and metam sodium treatments resulted in 86 and 96% and 57 and 73% mortality, respectively. Fosthiazate resulted in 92% mortality at 0.063 mg (g soil)–1. In vapour-phase mortality bioassays with J2, EC and EMC were more effective in a closed container than in an open one, indicating that mode of delivery was, in part, a result of vapour action. Global efforts to reduce the level of highly toxic synthetic nematicides in the agricultural environment justify further studies on K. galanga rhizome-derived materials, particularly ethyl cinnamate and ethyl p-methoxycinnamate, as potential nematicides and hatching inhibitors for the control of M. incognita as fumigants with contact action.
Diversity and incidence of plant-parasitic nematodes in Belgian turf grass
Authors: Vandenbossche Bart , Viaene Nicole , Sutter Nancy , Maes Martine , Karssen Gerrit , Bert Wim
Published: January 2011

Eleven golf courses and eight football pitches, located in Belgium, were
surveyed for plant-parasitic nematodes. This revealed a remarkably high
diversity: 52 different species/taxa were identified morphologically,
belonging to 23 genera and nine families. Among the most prevalent nematodes
on both sports field types were Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus and
Meloidogyne naasi (>85% and >45% of the analysed samples,
respectively). Golf greens contained a higher density and diversity of cyst
nematodes than football fields. Cyst nematode species included Punctodera
punctata, Heterodera mani, H. ustinovi, H. bifenestra and H. hordecalis.
Multivariate statistics of the first three species showed that they could be
separated based on morphometrical characters of juveniles, but not on values
based on the vulval pattern. Several detected species, e. g., Meloidogyne
minor, are a potential source of infestation of agricultural fields. This
study shows the importance of plant-parasitic nematodes in turf grass in
temperate Europe. In addition, a comparison between two extraction methods
revealed that significantly more nematodes were extracted with the zonal
centrifuge than after 2 weeks extraction with the Baermann method, except
for juveniles of Meloidogyne spp. and cyst-forming species.
Description of Schistonchus microcarpus n. sp. (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae), an associate of Ficus microcarpa in China
Authors: Zeng Yongsan , Ye Weimin , Giblin-Davis Robin , Li Changhui , Zhang Shinian , Du Zhijian
Published: January 2011

Schistonchus microcarpus n. sp. was recovered from the syconia of Ficus microcarpa from Shenzhen and Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China, during a survey of nematode biodiversity from 2007 to 2009. It is characterised by possessing the combined characters of a short post-uterine sac (PUS) (3-11 μm or <0.4 vulval body diam. (VBD) long), excretory pore located just posterior to the head but anterior to the conus level of the stylet, prominent amphids, three pairs of subventral papillae on the male tail (one pair adcloacal, one pair halfway between cloaca and tail terminus, and one pair near tail tip), unique recurved and sickleshaped spicules with finely rounded tip with cucullus, amoeboid sperm, and rounded male tail tip with or without mucron. Schistonchus microcarpus n. sp. is morphologically differentiated from all other described species in this genus by the possession of a spicule with a cucullus on the tip. Schistonchus microcarpus n. sp. was easily differentiated from other sequenced species by the partial small subunit rRNA gene (SSU) and D3 expansion segments of the large subunit rRNA gene (LSU). Phylogenetic analysis with partial SSU sequences suggests that S. microcarpus n. sp. is in a highly supported monophyletic clade with sequenced Schistonchus species except for S. hirtus. Based upon inferences using D3 LSU sequence data, it forms a clade with an undescribed species of Schistonchus ex F. benjamini from Australia and is part of a larger clade of Schistonchus that mostly share the character of an anteriorly placed excretory pore. Sequences of partial mtDNA COI (590 bp) from males of S. microcarpus n. sp. with and without a mucronate tail tip were identical, proving that these two morphotypes are conspecific.
Organic amendments and their influences on plant-parasitic and free-living nematodes: a promising method for nematode management?
Authors: Thoden Tim C. , Korthals Gerard W. , Termorshuizen Aad J.
Published: January 2011

The use of organic soil amendments, such as green manures, animal manures,
composts or slurries, certainly has many advantageous aspects for soil
quality and is suggested as a promising tool for the management of
plant-parasitic nematodes. However, during a recent literature survey we
also found numerous studies reporting an increase of plant-parasitic
nematodes after the use of organic amendments. Therefore, we critically
re-evaluated the usefulness of organic amendments for nematode management
and suggest possible mechanisms for a stimulation of plant-parasitic
nematodes, as well as mechanisms that might be causing a reduction of
plant-parasitic nematodes. In addition, we also elucidate a possible
mechanism that might be responsible for the observed overall positive
effects of organic amendments on crop yields. It is likely that a
significant part of this is, inter alia, due to the proliferation of
non-pathogenic, free-living nematodes and their overall positive effects on
soil microbial populations, organic matter decomposition, nutrient
availability, plant morphology and ecosystem stability.
Effects of Instrumented Bottom Tripods on Process Measurements
Authors: Bolaños Rodolfo , Amoudry Laurent O. , Doyle Ken
Published: January 2011

The measurement and assessment of ocean bottom processes are important sources of information for understanding bedform evolution and sediment entrainment and for improving numerical models. Instrumented tripods have been used to investigate bottom boundary layer and sediment dynamics processes for several decades. In this paper, the effects of instrumented tripods on hydrodynamics and on the sea bed are investigated via numerical modeling and field data collected under moderate to strong tidal currents and mild surface waves. Under high currents, streamlines are modified and structure-induced vertical velocities are produced. To minimize this effect, a rotation of the three-dimensional current measurement under the frame is recommended. Acceleration of the flow under the frame is also significant (on the order of 10%–20%), which leads to an increase in bottom stress and can produce a large scour pit in energetic currents. Wave–structure interactions mainly increase turbulence near the frame. No significant wave effect has been observed near the bed, and scouring thus mostly relates to tidal currents.
The impact of validated, online health education resources on patient and community members’ satisfaction and health behaviour
Authors: Atack Lynda , Luke Robert
Published: January 2011

Objective: While access to health education information has become easier, the quality of information retrieved from the Internet varies considerably. In response to the need for accessible, quality health information that is tailored to meet individual patient needs, a patient education website, called PEPTalk, was developed. The site houses text and video material that has been validated by practicing clinicians. A study was conducted to examine patient and community members’ satisfaction with PEPTalk and the impact of the health education materials on their health behaviour. Community staff and health providers’ experiences with the new technology were also examined.

Design and method: A descriptive study using surveys and interviews was conducted with 57 patients, community participants and clinicians living in a large Canadian city and First Nations communities in Northern Ontario.

Results: Participants’ PEPTalk Satisfaction scores ranged from moderately to highly satisfied. Participants found the information presented on PEPTalk useful and relevant, had improved their knowledge of health, and in most cases, altered health behaviour. Clinicians and community staff who referred participants to the PEPTalk website reported that the site provided reliable, evidence-based information that they were comfortable sharing with their patients and community members.

Conclusion: There is an emerging role for tools that provide tailored health education. The health provider’s role regarding interpretation, discussion and follow-up remains essential, and tools such as PEPTalk need to be part of an overall health education strategy.
Effects of Popular Exemplars in Television News
Authors: Lefevere Jonas , De Swert Knut , Walgrave Stefaan
Published: January 2011

Common people that are apparently randomly selected by journalists to illustrate a news story (popular exemplars) have a substantial effect on what the audience think about the issue. This effect may be partly due to the mere fact that popular exemplars attract attention and act as attention commanders just like many other speaking sources in the news. Yet, popular exemplars’ effects extend well beyond that of other talking sources. Due to their similarity, trustworthiness, and the vividness of their account, popular exemplars have significantly more impact than experts that are being interviewed or, in particular, than politicians that are quoted in the news. We show this drawing on an internet-based experiment that uses fake television news items as stimuli and that systematically compares the effect of these talking sources in the news. We also find that taking into account preexisting attitudes changes the findings substantially. The effects are more robust and yield a more nuanced picture of what type of exemplars have what kind of effect on what type of public.
Willingness to Help Following the Sichuan Earthquake
Authors: Seo Mihye , Sun Shaojing , Merolla Andy J. , Zhang Shuangyue
Published: January 2011

Examining individuals’ TV and Internet involvement following the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, this study demonstrates that involvement with disaster media renders positive and negative effects on viewers. Although TV involvement increases perceived stress, TV and Internet involvement predict perceived gains of social-relational resources (e.g., companionship and intimacy with friends and family) and social trust. Media involvement, in general, is also positively related to individuals’ willingness to help people in the affected areas, though this link was mediated by individuals’ perceived social-relational resource gain and social trust. This suggests that individuals’ willingness to help disaster victims is partly shaped by their relatively proximal and personal responses to the disaster coverage.
An Investigation of the Relationship between Self-Control and Alcohol-Induced Sexual Assault Victimization
Authors: Franklin Cortney A.
Published: January 2011

Recently, scholars have begun to examine victim self-control as a correlate of vulnerability to general victimization. The scope of victimization contained among the studies testing this relationship is limited. More specifically, researchers have only focused on general victimization or personal/property victimization, with limited attention to violence against women, and have neglected to consider sexual assault victimization. Claims that self-control is applicable as a universal correlate of victimization necessitate additional research on the role of self-control in understanding sexual assault. Using a sample of 221 university women, the current analysis models the relationship between sexual victimization, opportunity structures, routine activity/lifestyle theory measures, and self-control. Results indicate that low self-control is significantly correlated with increased odds of alcohol-induced sexual assault victimization despite the inclusion of other theoretically relevant variables. Implications for research, theory, and prevention policy are discussed.
Crossing the Technology Divide
Authors: Rubin Richard R. , Borgman Sarah K. , Sulik Becky T.
Published: January 2011

Purpose

To describe the benefits of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) systems compared with self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) and multiple daily injection (MDI) therapy; to assess the benefits of sensor-augmented pump therapy (SAPT) in patients with type 1 diabetes; and to present an evidence-based practical protocol for introducing SAPT in patients with no prior pump or CGM experience.

Conclusion

Continuous glucose monitoring and CSII have advantages over SMBG and MDI, respectively, in terms of A1C and hypoglycemia reduction. The Sensor-Augmented Pump Therapy for A1C Reduction (STAR) 3 trial demonstrated that initiating both CGM and CSII in selected adult and pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes unable to meet glycemic goals with intensive insulin injection therapy significantly improved glucose control. In all subjects using SAPT, A1C levels fell rapidly from baseline to 3 months and remained significantly lower than among subjects in the SMBG+MDI group for 1 year.

A distinguishing feature of the STAR 3 study was its stepwise protocol for systematizing education and self-management support using Web-based training modules and therapy management software. The demonstrated strengths of this education protocol recommend it as a model for implementing SAPT in the broader population of patients with type 1 diabetes who have not achieved their glycemic goals with optimized MDI therapy.
Leadership Challenges Converting a Large High School to Small Schools: A Follow-Up Study
Authors: Nehring James H. , Lohmeier Jill H.
Published: January 2011

This follow-up study presents findings from 11 structured interv iews that were conducted with principals engaged in a conv ersion from a large comprehensiv e high school to six small schools. Key findings are (a) the greatest barrier to improv ement was entrenched instructional patterns and (b) goals of college readiness and social/ emotional dev elopment, espoused by principals, only partially aligned with system-wide student assessments and school programs. The authors suggest that current accountability mechanisms fail to assess both college readiness and social/emotional dev elopment. For either goal to become more than a slogan, assessment of student learning must be substantially reinv ented.
Making Sense of an Urban District’s Adolescent Literacy Reform
Authors: Patterson Jean A. , Eubank Heather , Rathbun Shelia E. , Noble Steve
Published: January 2011

Weick’s theory of sensemaking is used to analyze findings from a qualitative study of the implementation of a district-initiated adolescent intervention literacy course in two urban secondary schools. The authors concluded that implementation of the literacy course was hampered because district administrators, building leaders, teachers, and students all constructed multiple meanings of the course’s purpose and priority within the district. Teachers expected to implement the initiative constructed their identities as Language Arts and English teachers and did not see themselves as literacy specialists.
Toward a model of franchisee entrepreneurship
Authors: Dada Olufunmilola (Lola) , Watson Anna , Kirby David A.
Published: January 2011

This study provides a deeper understanding of the relevance of the entrepreneurship phenomenon to the franchisee context. A number of studies have echoed that the franchisee plays an important role in the generation of new ideas and innovations for the franchise system but we still do not know how franchisees maximize their entrepreneurial behaviors without jeopardizing the desires for standardization and uniformity, which are building blocks of franchising. We address this research question, using evidence from multiple case studies of UK-based franchisees. The study reveals patterns that were used to develop a theoretical model, which demonstrates the utilization of different forms of formal franchisee networks for maximization of entrepreneurial behaviors through acquisition of relational and informational capital, intra-system competition, and franchisee learning. This study extends the literature on franchising and entrepreneurship, and offers important managerial implications for practitioners. Future research directions are discussed.
Exploring the resource logic of student entrepreneurs
Authors: Politis Diamanto , Winborg Joakim , Dahlstrand Åsa Lindholm
Published: January 2011

This study responds to the call in recent research for comparative studies examining whether student entrepreneurs are different to other kinds of entrepreneurs. Based on institutional theory, the specific question we ask in this study is whether student entrepreneurs who start up their firms in close relation to the university have a different resource logic compared to entrepreneurs who start their firms outside the university context. We define resource logic as the individual’s set of ideas for how to secure and use resources, and we link this concept to theories of effectual reasoning and bootstrapping to develop our argument. Moreover, we identify two different viewpoints about the effects of the university milieu on the resource logic of student entrepreneurs and we develop hypotheses to test the different viewpoints. The findings give overall support for the view that student entrepreneurs have developed a resource logic that favours both effectual reasoning and the use of bootstrapping methods.
Does Treatment Integrity Matter in Promoting Learning Among Children With Developmental Disabilities?
Authors: Odluyurt Serhat , Tekin-Iftar Elif , Adalioglu Iclal
Published: January 2011

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of simultaneous prompting instruction with high and low treatment integrity on the learning of children with developmental disabilities. Low treatment integrity was defined as not delivering a controlling prompt during 30% of the teaching trials. Three preschool children with autism and intellectual disabilities were taught to identify objects and professions in the study. An adapted alternating treatments design was used to compare the effectiveness and efficiency of simultaneous prompting instruction conducted with high versus low treatment integrity. The results showed that both conditions were effective in promoting learning. However, consistent data were not obtained for efficiency measures across children. The results, implications, and future research are discussed.