bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Calculating Casing Leak Cross Flow Rate Using Surface Injection Data
Authors: Al-Hajri Nasser M. , Al-Ajmi Mohammed D. , Al-Meshal Fahad M. , Al-Shammari Nayef S.
Published: June 2017

This paper will present calculation techniques to predict the cross flow rate resulting from a casing leak in a water injection well. The techniques do not require the conventional use of downhole flowmeter (spinner) to obtain the flow rate. Rather, continuous surface injection data prior to leak development and shut-in well data are used to estimate the casing leak cross flow rate. Well performance modeling and nodal analysis techniques were deployed to carry out the computations associated with the proposed method.

The case study of this paper is a tubingless water injector. The well was identified with an upward cross flow by a sudden drop of wellhead pressure to zero psi. To quantify the leak cross flow rate, the following calculation methodology was applied:

Generating a well performance model using pre-leak injection data: The case study's physical dimensions, most recent static bottomhole pressure, and injection pressures and rates are all used to build the inflow performance model (IPR). The calculated IPR is then calibrated using the wellhead (surface) injection pressures and rates data. Generating an imaginary production well model: A production well mimicking the flow characteristics and properties of the case study is envisioned to simulate leak cross flow at shut-in conditions. The imaginary production well has the same reservoir pressure of the injection well and the productivity index of the imaginary well is assumed to be equal to the injectivity index of the injector. The imaginary production well's system node is selected to be at the leak point and performance curves are generated at different system's node pressures. Calculating the system's node pressure of the imaginary production well: The pressure across the leak point is needed as an input to the production well model (which simulate the cross flow rate). The leak zone and water level depths were identified using a gauge ring survey. Hence, the system's node pressure was calculated using Bernoulli energy balance equation.

The results of this numerical methodology was verified by running an e-line deployed flowmeter (spinner survey). The results of the numerical methodology was 1.37 % over the actual spinner rate measurement.
Improving Wellbore Economics and Long Term Integrity by Optimizing the Design and Evaluation of Annular Sealants for Hydraulically Fractured Wells: A Case Study
Authors: Jimenez Walmy Cuello , Pereira Joel , Matzar Luis
Published: June 2017

The rapid increase in oil and gas shale exploration has shifted industry dynamics by generating substantial unconventional resources. Advances in horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing have played important roles in enabling unconventional developments. However, high-pressure cycles from fracturing and stimulation operations can result in cement failure, which compromises well integrity because cement acts as the annular barricade, protecting and supporting the casing while preventing unwanted fluid communication. To address the relationship between cement performance during fracturing and wellbore integrity, this paper proposes a comprehensive methodology for designing and evaluating cement systems for improved integrity during stimulation and production cycles. A life-of-the-well design approach, comprised of computational modeling of both cement placement and its capacity to withstand long-term temperature/pressure cycles, is coupled with frequent cement-evaluation techniques (e.g., sonic/ultrasonic tools) to help ensure an optimum seal behind casing throughout the well's life.

The methodology was tested and/validated in field applications. The proposed methodology includes identifying the purpose of the cement operation, the cement system to accomplish that purpose, the type of evaluation technique(s) to be used, and the recommended evaluation frequency. The field test was performed in a horizontal well, where 23 fracturing stages were planned with a maximum pressure of 7,000 psi; production was intended to last 10 years, with maximum pressure differentials of 500 psi. These operational loads and others experienced during the wellbore construction were also considered to determine which cement system had sufficient capacity to withstand the predefined loads and provide long-term wellbore integrity. Results indicated that elastic cements are more suitable for cyclic loads attained during fracturing and production operations because of their higher strength-to-elastic modulus ratio. Finally, ultrasonic tools were used to diagnose the cement integrity after cementing was completed and before fracturing and production operations, and annually after production began, particularly if additional fracturing stages were considered. Initial integrity diagnostics indicated that ultrasonic logs showed optimum performance of the cement sheath before and after stimulation/production operations.

This methodology helps reduce the operational risks associated with poor sealant design and inadequate cement evaluation, which can result in performing unnecessary repair work, production of unwanted fluids, and premature well abandonment. Moreover, as a result of the cement's enhanced integrity and capability to withstand fracturing loads, it was determined that not using a fracturing string could result in significant economic gains to the operator.
Application of Geomechanics and Hybrid Metaheuristics in Designing an Optimized Well Path
Authors: Salman Mohamad , Joshi Deep , Samuel Robello
Published: June 2017

A key challenge in developing brown fields is identifying a strategy that enables placement of horizontal wells in a field riddled with existing, depleted wells. These wells have drained multiple reservoirs in proximity to current target intervals, resulting in altered in-situ pressures that may impose additional technical and economic drilling risks. This work presents a new technique which optimizes well path design by combining hybrid nature-based metaheuristics with spline curvature to navigate around depleted zones. The proposed method is validated by testing on synthetic and actual well cases.

The nature-based metaheuristic method employed is a modified firefly algorithm with hybrid implementations of mutation and annealing. It considers a potential well's starting coordinates, target coordinates, possible obstructions, subsurface stress distribution, an RSS tool's dogleg limitation range, kick off depth limitation, and required length of lateral section to optimize overall wellbore length, all of which can directly be linked to the economics behind drilling a well.

The functionality of the designed algorithm is examined with both synthetic data and publically available field data. Further complexity is added in the model by including geomechanical stresses in the model when available. Comparisons of overall wellbore length, wellbore orientation, and wellbore profile energy are also provided for a case in the Wattenberg basin derived from public data. Using sparse information, the algorithm was able to automatically design entire well paths in a relatively short period for all cases and the final solutions resembled industry solutions based on minimum design constraint. The uniqueness of the work is highlighted by the algorithm's ability to converge towards optimal solutions which can help the operator shift work load from well design to more critical tasks.
Does Total Nitrogen/Sulfur Ratio Predict Nitrogen or Sulfur Requirement for Corn?
Authors: Sutradhar Apurba K. , Kaiser Daniel E. , Fernández Fabián G.
Published: June 2017

Core Ideas

Nitrogen and sulfur can interact within the plant and affect the concentration of each other in corn plant tissue.

Nitrogen concentration in plant tissue has a greater impact on the N/S ratio than S which was found to not affect the N/S ratio in corn ear leaf tissue and grain.

Individual sufficiency of N and S in plant tissue is a better predictor of corn yield response versus the ratio of N/S in the plant tissue.

The accumulation of nitrate–N in the base of the corn stalk assessed at maturity is decreased when sulfur fertilizer is applied.

Excess sulfate can accumulate in the base of the plant at maturity but the amount of sulfate–S cannot be used to predict the sufficiency of S.

Nitrogen and S can interact within the corn (Zea mays L.) plant. The objectives of this study were to evaluate in corn (i) the effect of N and S on nutrient uptake and grain yield, (ii) use of tissue total N/S ratio to predict grain yield, and (iii) the impact of applied SO4–S on basal stalk NO3–N concentration. Treatments were applied as a factorial design. Factor 1 consisted of 0 or 28 kg S ha‐1. Factor 2 consisted of 0, 56, 112, 168, 224, and 280 kg N ha‐1. Fertilizer N increased the concentration of N and S in corn R1 leaf tissue, N concentration in grain, relative grain yield, grain removal of N and S, and NO3–N in the basal stalk. Fertilizer S increased R1 leaf N and S concentration, decreased basal stalk NO3–N, and increased corn grain yield when N was applied at a rate that maximized corn grain yield. The total N/S ratio in corn R1 leaf and harvested grain were affected by N application but not by S addition. Basal stalk N/S ratio was affected by both N and S. A critical N/S ratio could not be identified to predict corn grain yield response. While the data support a general effect of N and S on the uptake of each other, fertilization with N or S should be based on potential for increased grain yield from either nutrient. Based on results, optimal N rates for corn are not affected if S is also applied.
Intoxicação por ingestão de Brachiaria decumbens em bovinos no Brasil e achados patológicos decorrentes: Revisão
Authors: BIONI LUCILO BIONI DA FONSECA FILHO , Endo Vitória Yuki , Silva Tamiris Maria da , Chaves Érica Lúcio , Pereira Maria Luiza Alves , Nascimento Júlio Cézar dos Santos
Published: June 2017

This literature review aims to present the importance of the grass Brachiaria decumbens in the animal production of cattle, discussing factors such as animal weight gain, palatability, nutritional quality of the grass, and edaphoclimatic factors that influence the process of weight gain. Subsequently, it will also include negative points such as intoxication due to the high consumption of grass, toxic principle, other pathologies and their commonly associated findings in cattle. In the current scenario, Brazil has the largest commercial herd of beef cattle in the world, and the national livestock is basically pasture, data indicate that 80% of the herd is raised in pastures and the grasses of the genus Brachiaria are the largest source of food. B. decumbens intoxication affects cattle, goats, sheep, buffaloes, and can occur at any time of the year, reporting more cases in the dry season. In cattle occurs mainly in calves near weaning or recently weaned, Brachiaria contains lithogenic steroidal saponins that induce the formation of crystals in the biliary system, one of the causes of bovine liver disease. In cattle, the first clinical signs of intoxication are characterized by loss of appetite, depression, anorexia, decreased or stopped ruminal movements, sialorrhea and dry stools. For these reasons, calves should not be weaned in areas with Brachiaria decumbens, since the stress of weaning added to the age of the animal and the possible existence of genetically susceptible animals are some of the crucial factors for the appearance of some disease
Study of Diseases Associated ESR above 100 among the Patients who Visited Shahid Sadoughi Hospital in the Second half of 2013
Authors: Sharifi Mohammad-Reza , Forat yazdi Mohammad , Amooghadiri Mina , Heidari Hamideh , Shaker Marzie , Zeinolabedin Mona
Published: June 2017

Introduction: ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate) is the sedimentation rate of red blood cells per unit of time that is expressed in millimeters. ESR test is simple and inexpensive and fast and can be somewhat diagnostic manual to confirm the diagnosis, rule out the diagnosis, follow-up course of the disease and so on, so it is of interest to practitioners.Methods: Descriptive and cross-sectional study on 124 patients in all wards of Shahid Sadooghi  hospital in the second 6 months of 1393, that had raised ESR of 100 at least one time. All information including gender, age, diagnosis of the presence or absence of fever and indigenous of them cases in the archive hospital patients were taken.Results: 56% female and 44% were male. 16% of patients in the age range 0-19 years, 56% aged 20-64 years and 28% were aged over 64 years. 41% of patients were admitted with fever. 59% were native and 41 % were non-native. Infectious causes (45.9%), malignancy (14.5%), collagen vascular disease (16.9%), internal disease and hematology (16.9%) and other causes (5.6%) were formed cases. Diabetic foot (7%), pneumonia (7%), RA (6%), ESRD (5.6%), metastatic lung cancer (4%), TB (3%) formed the majority of cases.In feverish cases pneumonia (11.5%), diabetic foot (7.6%), tuberculosis (5.7%), pyelonephritis (5.7%) and RA (5.7%) were the most frequent form. Infectious causes of fever (65.3%), collagen vascular (13.4%), malignancies (5.7%) and other causes (15.6%).conclusion: In patients with extremely high sediment in terms of gender segregation is almost the same of hospital commiunity.
Epidemiological, Clinical and Radiological Characteristics of Patients with Head Trauma
Authors: Moghadamahmadi Amir , Vakilian Alireza , Farahmand Habib , Sharifi-Razav Athena , Tajik Farzad , Najmaddini Mohsen
Published: June 2017

Introduction: Head injury has been recognized as a major public health problem and is a frequent cause of death and disability in young people and makes considerable demands on health services. Motor vehicle accidents are the major causes of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that its occurrence has been increasing in our country in recent years.Objective: We decided to study head injury in our region to evaluate the Epidemiological, clinical and radiological features of this health problem.Materials and methods: We reviewed 200 TBI-patients records in Ali ebn abitaleb hospital of Rafsanjan from November 2012 – September 2013. A Questionnaire including Age, Sex, Job, Cause of trauma, GCS, Brain CT Scan findings and clinical symptoms for every head trauma patient; was completed. Data were analyzed by SPSS software. We used Chi-square test and P-Value less than 0.05 was considered significant.Results: From the total of 200 patients, 73.5% were males and 26.5% were females. The most common age group was 20-24 years. Majority of patients were students. Traffic accidents were the major cause of injuries (64.5%) and 35.5% of them were motorcyclist. The most frequent finding of Brain CT scan was skull fracture and subdural hematoma. 25% of patient had severe head injury. In clinical symptoms in conscious patients, headache, nausea, vomiting and vertigo was common.Conclusion: This study showed that we should pay more attention to traumatic brain injury young patients who are the most active potential forces of our society. Traffic accident s are the major reason for head injuries. Pay attention to prevention of this accident can perform important role in decreasing of head injuries.
Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oil of Ziziphora clinopodioides and Achillea wilhelmsii on Antibiotic-resistant Strains of Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Jafari-Sales Abolfazl , Shahniani Ahmadreza , Fathi Reza , Malekzadeh Parviz , Mobaiyen Haedeh , Rasi Bonab Farnaz
Published: June 2017

AbstractIntroduction and aim: The use of drugs to treat diseases led to the emergence of resistant strains of bacteria. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is the most common problems in medical science. This study is done to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of Essential Oil of Ziziphora clinopodioides and Achillea wilhelmsii on against resistant clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus.Material and methods: After collecting plants and validate its scientific name by botanists of Agricultural Organization and after drying in shade, Essential Oil of Ziziphora clinopodioides and Achillea wilhelmsii, extracted with steam distillation method by Clevenger and antimicrobial effects of Essential Oil by well diffusion on above mentioned bacteria were interpreted. Amount of Essential Oil were injected to gas chromatography linked to mass spectrometry (GC / Ms), and the amount and type compounds of the Essential Oils were identified.Results:The results showed that the extracted essence Essential Oil from the Ziziphora clinopodioides and Achillea wilhelmsii has bactericidal effect. In the obtained results by GC/Ms chromatography, in Ziziphora clinopodioides and Achillea wilhelmsii Essential Oils, 22 and 18 compounds, were identified respectively.Conclusion: The results of this study show that can be taken Ziziphora clinopodioides and Achillea wilhelmsii in herbals groups with antibacterial properties and after evaluating their effects in vivo condition and to identify the active ingredients, as an alternative to synthetic drugs that commonly used to treat infections are used.
Héroes y antihéroes en el Shahnamé de Ferdousí: una visión mítico-ética
Authors: Mohammadi Shirmahaleh Shekoufeh
Published: June 2017

El Shahnamé de Abol Qasem Ferdousí, un texto poético de la literatura persa del siglo X considerado la épica nacional de Irán, cuenta con fuentes escritas y orales que recogen la tradición poética de diferentes zonas de la meseta iraní; entre ellas, la más importante es el Jodaynamag sasánida (siglo VI e.c.). Como otras épicas, se nutre de mitos, leyendas e historia, y sus protagonistas responden al contexto y las exigencias de las fuentes. Este trabajo busca explicar la construcción de la personalidad de los héroes y los antihéroes del Shahnamé en sus ciclos mítico y heroico, con base en sus funciones míticas y dentro de un marco ético determinado.
El reciente resurgimiento del confucianismo popular en la China continental: el redescubrimiento de los confucianistas clásicos, las academias y los ritos
Authors: Chen Yong
Published: June 2017

Este artículo investiga los recientes movimientos confucianos en la China continental examinando tres aspectos específicos: la campaña de recitar los clásicos confucianos, el renacimiento de las academias confucianas, y la restauración de los ritos confucianos. También examina el fenómeno de Jiang Qing, el llamado fundamentalista confuciano, que ha sido una figura central detrás de todos los movimientos confucianos. Con el préstamo de las teorías de Anthony Wallace y de Rodney Stark en el fundamentalismo religioso, el artículo argumenta que las condiciones sociopolíticas y culturales de la China contemporánea han allanado el camino para el surgimiento de los movimientos tradicionalistas, con el confuciano como un ejemplo, y que la combinación de filosofía fundamentalista de Jiang Qing y su autodisciplina estricta moral ha dotado a la iniciativa confuciana con un toque de sinceridad religiosa.
Nivel de satisfacción de las enfermeras respecto a la supervisión de enfermería según servicios en el hospital de Chancay en el año 2013
Authors: Páez Trujillo Gilda Vanessa
Published: June 2017

Objetivos: Determinar el nivel de satisfacción de las enfermeras respecto a la supervisión de Enfermería según servicios. Materiales y métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo compuesta por 55 enfermeros, procedentes del hospital de Chancay - Lima, durante 2013. Se utilizó un cuestionario para obtener información sobre el Nivel de satisfacción de las enfermeras respecto a la supervisión de Enfermería según servicios. Resultados: Los factores intrínsecos asociados con el nivel de satisfacción son: Relación con la autoridad en el nivel de satisfacción con un 45,5%, Relaciones interpersonales medianamente insatisfecho en un 60 %, y realización personal medianamente insatisfecho en un 38,2%. Los factores extrínsecos asociados con el nivel de satisfacción medianamente insatisfechas de las enfermeras respecto a la supervisión de Enfermería son: liderazgo, planificación, función administrativa dirigida al personal y objetividad de la supervisora, según servicios la satisfacción con la supervisión es de la siguiente manera: medianamente insatisfechas en los servicios de Cirugía y UCI en un 80%, Ginecología y Medicina con un 66,7 %, Neonatología con 53.8 %, Pediatría en un 44,4 %, Emergencia y Centro quirúrgico con un 42,9 %. Conclusiones: El nivel de satisfacción de las enfermeras respecto a la supervisión de Enfermería en el Hospital de Chancay es medianamente insatisfecha.
Open reduction and cranial bone plate fixation of fractures involving the distal aspect of the radius and ulna in miniature- and toy-breed dogs: 102 cases (2008–2015)
Authors: De Arburn Parent Rebecca , Benamou Jérôme , Gatineau Matthieu , Clerfond Pierre , Planté Jérôme
Published: June 2017

OBJECTIVE To determine outcomes and complication rates of open reduction and cranial bone plate fixation of fractures involving the distal aspect of the radius and ulna in miniature- and toy-breed dogs.

DESIGN Retrospective case series.

ANIMALS 102 miniature- and toy-breed dogs (105 fractures) weighing ≤ 7 kg (15.4 lb) that had undergone open reduction and cranial bone plate fixation of a fracture involving the distal aspect of the radius and ulna from 2008 through 2015.

PROCEDURES Medical records were reviewed and information extracted regarding dog and fracture characteristics, surgical variables, and follow-up examination data (including postoperative complications). Postoperative radiographs were examined for distal fragment size, implant placement, apposition, alignment, and healing stage. A long-term follow-up questionnaire was completed by telephone interview with dog owners at least 6 months after surgery.

RESULTS Mean length of the distal bone fragment in all fractures was 19.2 mm, with a mean distal-to-total radial length ratio of 0.21. At last follow-up examination (typically 6 weeks after surgery), 97 (95%) dogs had no signs of lameness; minor lameness was identified in 5 (5%) dogs. Complications developed in 26 (25%) fractures (23 [22%] minor and 3 [3%] major complications). Sixty-eight of 71 (96%) owners rated the overall and long-term outcome as excellent and 3 (4%) as good; 68 of 71 (96%) dogs reportedly had no signs of residual lameness.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Open reduction and cranial bone plate fixation for the treatment of radius-ulna fractures in miniature- and toy-breed dogs provided an excellent outcome with a low complication rate.
A INEFETIVIDADE CONSTITUCIONAL É UM PROBLEMA DE (IN) JUSTIÇA?
Authors: Pierobon Flávio
Published: June 2017

A constituição brasileira é caracterizada pelos diversos direitos fundamentais que resguarda. Esses direitos são dotados, em teses, de um mínimo de eficácia social e jurídica, bem como de aplicabilidade imediata. Entretanto, muitos desses direitos fundamentais não geram qualquer efeito na vida das pessoas. A falta de efetividade, em muitos casos, está ligada à (não) atuação dos órgãos do Estado. A questão, por vezes, termina no Judiciário. Pode o Judiciário, com base diretamente na Constituição Federal fazer as escolhas que cabem aos outros Poderes? Se não fizer, atende a Constituição, que exige aplicabilidade imediata aos Direitos fundamentais? Além disso, com base no conceito de justiça de John Rawls, é possível dizer que a inefetividade dos direitos fundamentais é vetor de injustiça? O ensaio que se propõe visa a discutir tais questões sob a luz de uma Constituição normativa em um Estado democrático de Direito que está influenciado pelas ondas de judicialização dos conflitos.
ESTABILIZAÇÃO DA TUTELA PROVISÓRIA E A DISCUSSÃO DE MATÉRIAS RESIDUAIS NO NOVO CÓDIGO DE PROCESSO CIVIL
Authors: Trento Paulo Gustavo
Published: June 2017

Estabilização da tutela provisória e a discussão de matérias residuais no novo Código de Processo Civil: em 18 de março de 2016 entrou em vigor o novo Código de Processo Civil. Nele o legislador instituiu algumas alterações acerca das tutelas antecipadas em comparação ao Código de Processo Civil de 1973, então revogado, dentre elas a possibilidade de requerimento antecedente da tutela com relação à lide principal, bem como, a possibilidade de estabilização da decisão que concede essa tutela e o prazo de dois anos para rediscussão do seu objeto. Neste caminho, considerando as inovações trazidas pela nova legislação processual, é relevante discutir a respeito das regras estabelecidas pelo novo Código de Processo Civil a respeito das tutelas provisórias, analisando inclusive a existência ou não da possibilidade de rediscussão da matéria objeto da decisão estabilizada e também das matérias residuais concernentes ao mesmo fato.
NOTES ABOUT THE WIVES OF CHRIST (SPONSAE CHRISTI) AND THE MARRIED WOMEN IN DE HABITU VIRGINUM OF CYPRIAN OF CARTHAGE
Authors: Mentxaka Rosa
Published: June 2017

AbstractFollowing a brief introduction, this paper will then focus on Cyprian’s comments regarding the behaviour of Virgins in De Habitu Virginum. Cyprian of Carthage argues with the adulterium, a category of Roman criminal law which was particularly important in contemporary society, in order to justify the requirement for Virgins to adopt a way of life and behaviour that would be described today as ‘well-behaved and discreet’. Although fully aware that married women had a different way of life to sponsae Christi, he was inclined to impose the same rules on allChristian Women.Key words: Cyprian of Carthage, the Dress of Virgins, sponsae Christi, adulterium, Virgins, Christian women.Título en español: Nota mínima sobre las esposas de Cristo (Sponsae Christi) y las mujeres casadas en el De habitu virginum de Cipriano de CartagoResumen El trabajo, tras una primera parte introductoria, se centra en el comentario de algunos párrafos dedicados al comportamiento de las vírgenes. Cipriano no pudo resistir la tentación de argumentar con una categoría jurídica penal romana, particularmente grave en la sociedad laica de la época, el adulterium, para justificar la necesidad de que las vírgenes adoptaran una forma de vivir, de estar en sociedad, que podríamos calificar de recatada y discreta; tampoco dudó en extender estas pautas a todas las mujeres cristianas, si bien fue plenamente consciente de que las mujeres casadas desarrollaron formas de vida distintas de las vírgenes.Palabras clave: Cipriano de Cartago, De habitu virginum, sponsae Christi, adulterium, vírgenes, mujeres cristianas.
DESARROLLO DE LAS DETECTIVES EN LA LITERATURA CONTEMPORÁNEA
Authors: Suárez Lafuente Socorro
Published: June 2017

ResumenLa novela de detectives es el marco idóneo para las características arquetípicas de las mujeres. Tradicionalmente las mujeres han sido culpadas por su curiosidad, atentas siempre a la vida de los demás; se les desea silenciosas y capaces de aguantar sin perder la calma los rigores de confinamientos prolongados. Paciencia, quietud y curiosidad construyen la perfecta detective, capaz de observar en las circunstancias más adversas a los sospechosos. En Inglaterra, donde surgieron las primeras detectives literarias, éstas han nacido prácticamente con el propio género policiaco. Se analiza su devenir con referencia a las autoras más significativas a lo largo de la historia.Palabras clave: mujeres, detectives, novela inglesa, novela nórdica, novela española.English Title: Development of Women Detectives in Contemporary LiteratureAbstract: Taking into account the archetypal characteristics attributed to women, the role of detective appears to be eminently suited to them: women were traditionally considered as gossips; moreover, for centuries, men have wanted women to be quiet, calm and somewhat confined. That combination of patience, calm and curiosity makes for the perfect detective, capable of surveillance of suspects even in difficult circumstances. Women detectives surfaced in English Literature from the outset of the genre. This paper outlines their evolution and also refers to the most famous women crime writers and their fictional detectives.Key words: women, detectives, English novels, Nordic novels, Spanish novels.La novela de detectives es el marco idóneo para las características arquetípicas de las mujeres. Tradicionalmente las mujeres han sido culpadas por su curiosidad, atentas siempre a la vida de los demás; se les desea silenciosas y capaces de aguantar sin perder la calma los rigores de confinamientos prolongados. Paciencia, quietud y curiosidad construyen la perfecta detective, capaz de observar en las circunstancias más adversas a los sospechosos. En Inglaterra, donde surgieron las primeras detectives literarias, éstas han nacido prácticamente con el propio género policiaco. Se analiza su devenir con referencia a las autoras más significativas a lo largo de la historia.
DETRÁS DE SU MIRADA, UN MUNDO
Authors: Arias Bautista María Teresa
Published: June 2017

Relato corto
THE LESBIAN BILDUNGSROMAN: THE PROCESS OF SELF-DISCOVERY IN JEANETTE WINTERSON’S ORANGES ARE NOT THE ONLY FRUIT (1985)
Authors: Morera Lucía
Published: June 2017

Debido a la proliferación de editoriales de carácter feminista, a finales de los años ochenta muchos colectivos de mujeres lograron finalmente visibilidad gracias a la literatura postmoderna. Autoras feministas y lesbianas como Jeanette Winterson utilizaron la escritura como un marco artístico donde exponer sus propios procesos de identificación e individualización al rebelarse contra la feminidad heterosexual y normativa impuesta por la sociedad. El objetivo de este artículo es ilustrar como la novela de Winterson Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit (1985) reelabora el concepto original de la novela de aprendizaje y desarrolla una perspectiva lésbica de la novela de formación.Palabras clave: lésbico, Bildungsroman, identidad, homosexual, autobiográfico, autodescubrimiento, Winterson, postmodernismo.  The Lesbian Bildungsroman: The Process of Self-discovery in Jeanette Winteson’s Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit (1985)Abstract: Due to the proliferation of feminist publishing houses, such as Pandora Press or Virago, during the late eighties many oppressed female groups finally achieved visibility by means of postmodern literature. Female lesbian and feminist authors, like Jeanette Winterson, used their texts as an artistic framework in which they described their own processes of identification and individuation while rebelling against normative heterosexual femininity as imposed in Western societies. The aim of this paper is to illustrate how Winterson’s novel Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit (1985) reworked the original genre of the “coming-out” novel and developed the concept and practice of the “lesbian Bildungsroman”.Keywords: lesbian, Bildungsroman, identity, homosexual, autobiographical, self-discovery, Winterson, postmodernism.
Relato Corto: La Conferenza
Authors: Aparo Ester
Published: June 2017

Relato Corto: La Conferenza
Challenges of Praxis: ARM of Care and Kolkata Sanved
Authors: Reinelt Janelle , Estrada-Fuentes Maria , Munsi Urmimala Sarkar
Published: June 2017

As part of our Gendered Citizenship project, we partnered or collaborated with several NGOs and theatre companies whose work is on the front lines of supporting survivors of poverty, violence, statelessness, and homelessness. We have listed these organizations and their websites in our “Further Resources” list at the end of this section. Here we share the “best practices” of two NGOs that work with survivors: one young and community-based (ARM of Care), growing quickly from a grass roots start; the other (Kolkata Sanved) engaged for twenty years to develop a substantial international reputation.
The Times of Settler Colonialism
Authors: Gniadek Melissa
Published: June 2017

Response to J. Kēhaulani Kauanui, "A Structure, Not an Event: Settler Colonialism and Enduring Indigeneity," published in Lateral 5.1. Gniadek approaches settler colonialism via questions of time—asking When is settler colonialism?—which reveals how narratives of national belonging tend to operate, as narrative confrontations that facilitate violence throughout and across time.
A Behavioral Economics Approach to Residential Electricity Consumption
Authors: Siebert Luciano , Sbicca Adriana , Aoki Alexandre , Lambert-Torres Germano
Published: June 2017

Consumer behavior is complex and is difficult to represent in traditional economic theories of decision-making. This paper focuses on the development of an agent-based approach to analyze people’s behavior in consuming electricity using a behavioral economics framework, where the consumer is the main agent of power systems. This approach may bring useful insights for distribution companies and regulatory agencies, helping to shift thinking to a more user-centric approach. The emergent properties of electricity consumption are modeled by the means of consumer’s heuristics, taking into account the electricity price, consumer’s satisfaction level, willingness to invest in new technologies, social interactions, and marketing strategies by the power utility. Analysis on the emergent behavior of this approach through simulation studies showed that it is indeed valuable, as does not require in-depth data of all details on human behavior. However, it contributes to the understanding of relations among various objects involved in electricity consumption.
A Tox21 Approach to Altered Epigenetic Landscapes: Assessing Epigenetic Toxicity Pathways Leading to Altered Gene Expression and Oncogenic Transformation In Vitro
Authors: Parfett Craig , Desaulniers Daniel
Published: June 2017

An emerging vision for toxicity testing in the 21st century foresees in vitro assays assuming the leading role in testing for chemical hazards, including testing for carcinogenicity. Toxicity will be determined by monitoring key steps in functionally validated molecular pathways, using tests designed to reveal chemically-induced perturbations that lead to adverse phenotypic endpoints in cultured human cells. Risk assessments would subsequently be derived from the causal in vitro endpoints and concentration vs. effect data extrapolated to human in vivo concentrations. Much direct experimental evidence now shows that disruption of epigenetic processes by chemicals is a carcinogenic mode of action that leads to altered gene functions playing causal roles in cancer initiation and progression. In assessing chemical safety, it would therefore be advantageous to consider an emerging class of carcinogens, the epigenotoxicants, with the ability to change chromatin and/or DNA marks by direct or indirect effects on the activities of enzymes (writers, erasers/editors, remodelers and readers) that convey the epigenetic information. Evidence is reviewed supporting a strategy for in vitro hazard identification of carcinogens that induce toxicity through disturbance of functional epigenetic pathways in human somatic cells, leading to inactivated tumour suppressor genes and carcinogenesis. In the context of human cell transformation models, these in vitro pathway measurements ensure high biological relevance to the apical endpoint of cancer. Four causal mechanisms participating in pathways to persistent epigenetic gene silencing were considered: covalent histone modification, nucleosome remodeling, non-coding RNA interaction and DNA methylation. Within these four interacting mechanisms, 25 epigenetic toxicity pathway components (SET1, MLL1, KDM5, G9A, SUV39H1, SETDB1, EZH2, JMJD3, CBX7, CBX8, BMI, SUZ12, HP1, MPP8, DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B, TET1, MeCP2, SETDB2, BAZ2A, UHRF1, CTCF, HOTAIR and ANRIL) were found to have experimental evidence showing that functional perturbations played “driver” roles in human cellular transformation. Measurement of epigenotoxicants presents challenges for short-term carcinogenicity testing, especially in the high-throughput modes emphasized in the Tox21 chemicals testing approach. There is need to develop and validate in vitro tests to detect both, locus-specific, and genome-wide, epigenetic alterations with causal links to oncogenic cellular phenotypes. Some recent examples of cell-based high throughput chemical screening assays are presented that have been applied or have shown potential for application to epigenetic endpoints.
Seasonal Timing for Estimating Carbon Mitigation in Revegetation of Abandoned Agricultural Land with High Spatial Resolution Remote Sensing
Authors: Liu Ning , Harper Richard , Handcock Rebecca , Evans Bradley , Sochacki Stanley , Dell Bernard , Walden Lewis , Liu Shirong
Published: June 2017

Dryland salinity is a major land management issue globally, and results in the abandonment of farmland. Revegetation with halophytic shrub species such as Atriplex nummularia for carbon mitigation may be a viable option but to generate carbon credits ongoing monitoring and verification is required. This study investigated the utility of high-resolution airborne images (Digital Multi Spectral Imagery (DMSI)) obtained in two seasons to estimate carbon stocks at the plant- and stand-scale. Pixel-scale vegetation indices, sub-pixel fractional green vegetation cover for individual plants, and estimates of the fractional coverage of the grazing plants within entire plots, were extracted from the high-resolution images. Carbon stocks were correlated with both canopy coverage (R2: 0.76–0.89) and spectral-based vegetation indices (R2: 0.77–0.89) with or without the use of the near-infrared spectral band. Indices derived from the dry season image showed a stronger correlation with field measurements of carbon than those derived from the green season image. These results show that in semi-arid environments it is better to estimate saltbush biomass with remote sensing data in the dry season to exclude the effect of pasture, even without the refinement provided by a vegetation classification. The approach of using canopy cover to refine estimates of carbon yield has broader application in shrublands and woodlands.
UAS-Based Change Detection of the Glacial and Proglacial Transition Zone at Pasterze Glacier, Austria
Authors: Seier Gernot , Kellerer-Pirklbauer Andreas , Wecht Matthias , Hirschmann Simon , Kaufmann Viktor , Lieb Gerhard K. , Sulzer Wolfgang
Published: June 2017

Glacier-related applications of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) in high mountain regions with steep topography are relatively rare. This study makes a contribution to the lack of UAS applications in studying alpine glaciers in the European Alps. We transferred an established workflow of UAS-based change detection procedures to Austria’s largest glacier, the Pasterze Glacier. We focused on a selected part of the glacier tongue and its proglacial vicinity to obtain detailed knowledge of (i) the behavior of a lateral crevasse field, (ii) the evolution of glacier surface structures and velocity fields, (iii) glacier ablation behavior and the current glacier margin, and (iv) proglacial dead ice conditions and dead ice ablation. Based on two UAS flight campaigns, accomplished in 2016 (51 days apart), we produced digital elevation models (DEMs) and orthophotos with a ground sampling distance (GSD) of 0.15 m using Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) profiling was additionally conducted in the proglacial area. Results indicate distinct changes in the crevasse field with massive ice collapses, rapid glacier recession, surface lowering (mean of −0.9 m), and ice disintegration at the margins, calculated degree day factors on the order of −7 to −11 mm d−1·°C−1 for clean ice parts, and minimal changes of the debris-covered dead ice in the proglacial area. With this contribution we highlight the benefit of UAS in comparison to commonly used terrestrial methods and satellite-related approaches.
Multi-Objective Spatial Optimization: Sustainable Land Use Allocation at Sub-Regional Scale
Authors: García Guadalupe Azuara , Rosas Efrén Palacios , García-Ferrer Alfonso , Barrios Pilar Montesinos
Published: June 2017

The rational use of territorial resources is a key factor in achieving sustainability. Spatial planning is an important tool that helps decision makers to achieve sustainability in the long term. This work proposes a multi-objective model for sustainable land use allocation known as MAUSS (Spanish acronym for “Modelo de Asignación de Uso Sostenible de Suelo”) The model was applied to the Plains of San Juan, Puebla, Mexico, which is currently undergoing a rapid industrialization process. The main objective of the model is to generate land use allocations that lead to a territorial balance within regions in three main ways by maximizing income, minimizing negative environmental pressure on water and air through specific evaluations of water use and CO2 emissions, and minimizing food deficit. The non-sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) is the evolutionary optimization algorithm of MAUSS. NSGA-II has been widely modified through a novel and efficient random initializing operator that enables spatial rationale from the initial solutions, a crossover operator designed to streamline the best genetic information transmission as well as diversity, and two geometric operators, geographic dispersion (GDO) and the proportion (PO), which strengthen spatial rationality. MAUSS provided a more sustainable land use allocation compared to the current land use distribution in terms of higher income, 9% lower global negative pressure on the environment and 5.2% lower food deficit simultaneously.
The Rocky Path to Source Water Protection: A Cross-Case Analysis of Drinking Water Crises in Small Communities in Canada
Authors: Hanrahan Maura , Jnr Benjamin
Published: June 2017

Source water protection (SWP) is increasingly seen as effective in reducing the incidence and extent of drinking water crises, yet its facilitation requires certain measures. Canada has one of the most decentralized water governance systems in the world. We sought to understand the experience and impacts of drinking water crises at community and government levels in a decentralized context: the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador through cross-case analysis. We selected our three study communities through a database of media reports in 2014 followed by invitations to community leaders. We used descriptive and qualitative methods, specifically structured interview schedules with both closed- and open-ended questions, and interviewed four community leaders and three provincial government officials. We used NVivo in data analysis, especially in the identification of themes. While government officials defined water crises largely in terms of SWP, this was not the same for communities, whose concern was mainly water access, specifically water shortages. Thus, while the prioritizing of SWP can be useful, the current focus on SWP has the potential to overlook aspects of water security, particularly in some rural and Indigenous communities in Canada. If we envision water security as a ladder representing a hierarchy of needs, some communities are too far down on the ladder to operationalize SWP because their water problems are more extreme.
Flood Simulations and Uncertainty Analysis for the Pearl River Basin Using the Coupled Land Surface and Hydrological Model System
Authors: Zhu Yongnan , Lin Zhaohui , Zhao Yong , Li Haihong , He Fan , Zhai Jiaqi , Wang Lizhen , Wang Qingming
Published: June 2017

The performances of hydrological simulations for the Pearl River Basin in China were analysed using the Coupled Land Surface and Hydrological Model System (CLHMS). Three datasets, including East Asia (EA), high-resolution gauge satellite-merged China Merged Precipitation Analysis (CMPA)-Daily, and the Asian Precipitation Highly-Resolved Observational Data Integration Towards Evaluation (APHRODITE) daily precipitation were used to drive the CLHMS model to simulate daily hydrological processes from 1998 to 2006. The results indicate that the precipitation data was the most important source of uncertainty in the hydrological simulation. The simulated streamflow driven by the CMPA-Daily agreed well with observations, with a Pearson correlation coefficient (PMC) greater than 0.70 and an index of agreement (IOA) similarity coefficient greater than 0.82 at Liuzhou, Shijiao, and Wuzhou Stations. Comparison of the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE) shows that the peak flow simulation ability of CLHMS driven with the CMPA-Daily rainfall is relatively superior to that with the EA and APHRODITE datasets. The simulation results for the high-flow periods in 1998 and 2005 indicate that the CLHMS is promising for its future application in the flood simulation and prediction.
European Rice Cropland Mapping with Sentinel-1 Data: The Mediterranean Region Case Study
Authors: Nguyen Duy Ba , Wagner Wolfgang
Published: June 2017

Rice farming is one of the most important activities in the agriculture sector, producing staple food for the majority of the world's growing population. Accurate and up-to-date assessment of the spatial distribution of rice cultivated area is a key information requirement of all stakeholders including policy makers, rice farmers and consumers. Timely assessment with high precision is, e.g., crucial for water resource management, market prices control and during humanitarian food crisis. Recently, two Sentinel-1 (S-1) satellites carrying a C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) sensor were launched by the European Space Agency (ESA) within the homework of the Copernicus program. The advanced data acquisition capabilities of S-1 provide a unique opportunity to monitor different land cover types at high spatial (20 m) and temporal (twice-weekly to biweekly) resolution. The objective of this research is to evaluate the applicability of an existing phenology-based classification method for continental-scale rice cropland mapping using S-1 backscatter time series. In this study, the S-1 images were collected during the rice growing season of 2015 covering eight selected European test sites situated in six Mediterranean countries. Due to the better rice classification capabilities of SAR cross-polarized measurement as compared to co-polarized data, S-1 cross-polarized (VH) data were used. Phenological parameters derived from the S-1 VH backscatter time series were used as an input to a knowledge-based decision-rule classifier in order to classify the input data into rice and non-rice areas. The classification results were evaluated using multiple regions of interest (ROIs) drawn from high-resolution optical remote sensing (SPOT 5) data and the European CORINE land cover (CLC 2012) product. An overall accuracy of more than 70% for all eight study sites was achieved. The S-1 based classification maps reveal much more details compared to the rice field class contained in the CLC 2012 product. These findings demonstrate the potential and feasibility of using S-1 VH data to develop an operational rice crop monitoring framework at the continental scale.
Networks and Patchworks: Communication, Identities, Mediators
Authors: Leerssen Joseph Theodoor
Published: June 2017

Netwerken en lappendekens : communicatie, identiteiten, mediatoren

Recentelijk is een modulair model van internationale literaire verhoudingen (waarbij men uitging van op zichzelf staande literaire tradities, waartussen vervolgens in tweede instantie de connecties werden bestudeerd) aan het verschuiven ten voordele van een netwerk-model (waarbij de literaire communicatielijnen voorop staan en de samenhang van ‘ een’ literaire traditie wordt bepaald door de relatieve communicatieve dichtheid van dergelijke lijnen). In het licht van die verschuiving biedt dit artikel enkele beschouwingen over de opkomst van het modulaire model en het concept van de interculturele bemiddelaar.