bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Frágil Genealogía. María José Argenzio
Authors: Argenzio María José , Carrera Eduardo
Published: January 2019

A través de sus trabajos, la artista María José Argenzio transmite sus reflexiones sobre las esferas política, social y económica en el Ecuador contemporáneo. Sus principales proyectos se han centrado en las tensiones que rodean a la identidad mestiza y a las clases sociales de herencia colonial. La exhibición Frágil Genealogía explora, justamente, las formas en que nuestras conexiones con el pasado se producen y se mantienen en constante tensión. El conjunto de obras se centra en las manifestaciones de blanqueamiento que dan forma a su materialidad y evocan el desgarramiento que provoca esa tradición.
EFFICIENCY OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS ON PEAT SOILS OF NORTHERN TRANS-URAL REGION
Authors: Motorin A. S.
Published: January 2019

The paper presents the results of the longterm studies (1982-1995 and 2011-2014) on the effectiveness of mineral fertilizers (NPK) on medium-textured soils of the forest-steppe zone of the Northern Trans-Urals. The studies were conducted on the experimental land-reclamation system located in the central part of the Tarmansky bog land on the second lacustrine-alluvial terrace of the Tura river. The soils have a weakly acid medium reaction 5.2-5.9, relatively low hydrolytic acidity 28.1^10.8 mg - eq. /100 g of soil, a relatively low degree of base saturation 61.7-75.5%, high content of total nitrogen 3.1-3.9% and low content of phosphorus0.09-0.14%andpotassium0.02-0.05%. As a result of the research, it was revealed that there was a lack of nutrients both at the beginning of the growing season of perennial grasses during cold spring and permanently in the second half of the growing season. Therefore, without fertilization, perennial grasses form low hay yields (1.95 t/ha in two-time mowing on average in 14 years). It was noted that over the years, the yield of grass without fertilizers does not tend to increase. Yield fluctuations over the years are mainly due to weather conditions. Systematic application of complete mineral fertilizers in dressings increases the yield of hay of perennial grasses by 2.6-3.8 times. The maximum increase of hay by 32.2 kg on average in 14 years was achieved when applying N30P60K60. The increase in the fertilizer rate from 150 to 240 kg of the primary nutrient reduced the efficiency of each kilogram of the primary nutrient by 20%, whereas the increase up to 330 kg reduced the efficiency by 34%. The need of grasses in nitrogen is satisfied by mineral fertilizers by less than a half (41.4%). Formation of an adequate second mowing is possible only with the application of fertilizers. Fertilization provides a dominant position (87- 92%) of the awnless brome from the second year of using grasses. Annual fertilizer dressings applied to perennial grasses allow to obtain high-quality hay.
THE DEVICE FOR BERRY RIPENESS DETERMINATION
Authors: Mineev V. V. , Aleinikov A. F. , Elkin O. V. , Morozov V. B.
Published: January 2019

The paper analyzes the hardware implementation of the rapid method of bioimpedance spectrometry for assessing the degree of berry ripeness. This method is based on the measurement of electrophysical parameters of biological tissues of berries given that the permeability of cell membranes changes during ripening. When creating a portable device for rapid assessment of the degree of berry ripeness, the research results described below were used. After the onset of maturation, when there is an increase in the content of dry soluble substances, there is also an increase in the informative indicator- the coefficient of dispersion of tissue polarization, defined as the ratio of the modules of electrical impedances measured at two frequencies. When berries reach ripeness suitable for harvesting, its increase significantly slows down and stabilizes. The device allows the operator to record this process and determine the optimal timing for harvesting. The operation principle of the device is as follows. The berry is placed in the impedance sensor, made in the form of a clothespin, and contacts with its electrodes. Regulated by the microcontroller, electric current from two sources of sinusoidal current with different frequencies is alternately set between the electrodes in a berry. When the current flows, the voltage across the electrodes is proportional to the magnitude of the berry tissue impedance module. Next, the voltage of each frequency is converted to codes and alternately sent to the microcontroller, which calculates their ratio - the coefficient of dispersion of berry tissue polarization. The result of the calculation is displayed on the screen of the alpha-numeric indicator. Before the beginning of berry maturation, an operator monitors the change in the dispersion coefficient of the berry tissue polarization with the help of the device at intervals of 2-3 days. When its increase stops, the berry is considered to have reached ripeness suitable for harvesting.
New Aspects in Rotary Magnetostrictive Motor Operation
Authors: Dalea Alexandru , Ignat Mircea , Deleanu Sorin , Iordache Mihai , Galan Neculai
Published: January 2019

Several types of electric motors utilized in servo-mechanism applications, responsible for rotational movement could not deliver the right amount of torque, required fairly large amount of electrical energy and significant space for installation and operation. These shortcomings triggered the idea to develop another type of rotational motor. Following years of intense research, scientists came with magnetostrictive motor. In this paper, the time variation of the magnetostrictive torque was determined and expressed for the full cycle of the periodical current carried by the actuator’s coil. The moment of separation between the rotor disk and the flexible friction element was precisely found out. The developed torque is a periodical function of time, with the same cycle as the periodical current carried by the actuator’s coil. Furthermore, in the paper was developed an analytical mathematical model which takes into consideration both regimes: the starting process and the running one. In this way, one can track the displacement of the operation point. The developed model includes, in a rigorous manner, the main elements concerning the operation of the magnetostrictive motor. All of the experiments have been performed using a magnetostrictive motor designed and built in-situ by the Department of Micro and Nano electro technologies, within the National Institute for Research and Development for Electrical Engineering, Bucharest, Romania. The experimental data confirm and complete the main theoretical developments from the paper. 
ОСОБЛИВОСТІ СТРУКТУРИ ПСИХОЛОГІЧНОЇ ГОТОВНОСТІ В МОБІЛІЗОВАНИХ ОСІБ ІЗ РІЗНИМ ДОСВІДОМ ВІЙСЬКОВОЇ СЛУЖБИ
Authors: Nikitenko Hanna
Published: January 2019

У статті представлено результати дослідження відмінностей у виразності внутрішнього та зовнішнього факторів структури психологічної готовності мобілізованих осіб із різним досвідом військової служби (особи, котрі не мають взагалі досвіду військової служби; мають досвід лише строкової служби (від дев’яти місяців до року) та з досвідом контрактної служби (від 2-х років)). Зовнішній фактор психологічної готовності поєднує соціально-психологічний, проблемно-орієнтаційний і соціально-діяльнісний компоненти. А внутрішній фактор становлять емоційно-вольовий, мотиваційний, особистісний, поведінковий, когнітивно-прогностичний та когнітивно-рефлексивний компоненти.

За допомогою t-критерію Стьюдента для незалежних вимірів установлено, що мобілізовані особи без досвіду військової служби мають нижчий рівень за загальним показником сформованості компонентів внутрішнього фактора структури психологічної готовності до військової служби, ніж мобілізовані з досвідом строкової та контрактної служби, нижчий рівень сформованості таких внутрішніх компонентів, як емоційно-вольовий, поведінковий, когнітивно-рефлексивний. Для мобілізованих осіб із досвідом контрактної служби мають вищий рівень сформованості особистісного (внутрішнього) та соціально-діяльнісного (зовнішнього) компонентів і загального показника сформованості компонентів зовнішнього фактора структури психологічної готовності, ніж досліджувані з досвідом строкової й без досвіду військової служби. Мотиваційний компонент внутрішнього фактора структури психологічної готовності більше сформований в осіб із досвідом контрактної служби, ніж у тих, хто без досвіду. Також установлено, що чим більший досвід військової служби в мобілізованих осіб, тим вищий рівень сформованості всієї структури психологічної готовності до військової служби.
ЕМПІРИЧНІ РЕФЕРЕНТИ ПСИХОЛОГІЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ МАЙБУТНІХ ФАХІВЦІВ РИЗИКОНЕБЕЗПЕЧНИХ ПРОФЕСІЙ
Authors: Pustovoit Myroslava
Published: January 2019

У статті визначено емпіричні референти психологічної безпеки майбутніх фахівців ризиконебезпечних професій. Теоретичне обґрунтування проблеми стосується питань необхідності вивчення переживання стану психологічної безпеки для професійних груп, діяльність яких відбувається в емоційно напружених умовах. Підкреслено, що зміст переживання психологічної безпеки супроводжується відповідними особистісними характеристиками, які є індикатором їхньої професійної компетентності. Розроблена програма емпіричного дослідження, а також використані методи математичної обробки результатів дослідження дали змогу визначити референти переживання психологічної безпеки фахівців ризико­небезпечних професій: сформованість життєвих цілей, емоційна насиченість і результативність життєвого процесу, інтернальний локус контролю; позитивна самооцінка й самоставлення в ознаках аутосимпатії, самоповаги, самовпевненості, самоприйняття, саморозуміння та самоінтересу; їх соціальна відповідальність сформована за «принциповим», «нормативним» й «етичним» типом, а також за типом «самоствердження» та «самопожертви»; у них розвинені соціально-комунікативна компетентність, толерантність до невизначення, автономність, орієнтація на успіх та толерантність до фрустрації. Окреслені в статті відмінності психологічних референтів психологічної безпеки фахівців ризиконебезпечних професій можуть бути враховані під час розробки практичних програм опти­мізації набуття стану внутрішньої психологічної безпеки в умовах динамічно мінливого соціального середовища.
ДЕМОГРАФІЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ У СТАВЛЕННІ ДО ПОБУДОВИ БЛИЗЬКИХ СТОСУНКІВ З ІНВАЛІДИЗОВАНИМИ
Authors: Stavitskyi Oleg
Published: January 2019

У статті представлено результати емпіричного дослідження психологічних відмінностей у ставленні до інтимних стосунків (дружба, кохання, створення сім’ї) з інвалідизованими членами суспільства. Аналіз здійснено в площині місця проживання опитаної особи (село, селище міського типу, містечка обласного підпорядкування, обласні центри). Із цією метою використано авторську методику «Ситуативного моделювання ставлення до інвалідизованих», яка являє собою набір із 30 ситуативних завдань, спрямованих на виявлення ставлення до неповно­справних. Виявлено, що лише 7,2 % жителів міст обласного підпорядкування допускають можливість побудови тісних стосунків з інвалідизованими. Ще менше осіб (6,4 %), які позитивно сприймають можливість побудови близьких відносин з інвалідизованими, виявлено серед мешканців селищ міського типу. При цьому сприятливо оцінювалась можливість стосунків із людиною, котра має незначні фізичні вади та зберігає працездатність. Практично однакова кількість мешканців обласних центрів (4,2 %) і сіл (4,4 %) допускає можливість побудови тісних стосунків з інвалідизованим за наявності відповідних почуттів. Негативна оцінка представленої ситуації переважає в мешканців обласних центрів (25,4 %). Такі реципієнти проявляють щодо інвалідів відкриту ворожість, вербальну агресію, підкреслюють його неповноцінність, застосовують щодо нього різні форми дискримінації. Незначну відмінність показників простежуємо в мешканців селищ міського типу (23,3 %) і міст обласного підпорядкування (22,2 %). Вони не бажають пов’язувати своє життя з інвалідизованими та уникають взаємодії з ними, не проявляючи відкритої ворожості. Серед мешканців сіл 19,2 % осіб схильні ухилятись від побудови близьких стосунків з інвалідизованими.
ПСИХОЛОГІЧНИЙ ЗМІСТ МОРАЛЬНОГО В КОНТЕКСТІ ОСОБИСТІСНОГО РОЗВИТКУ МОЛОДШОГО ШКОЛЯРА
Authors: Vichalkovska Natalia , Ivanashko Oksana
Published: January 2019

У статті розкрито науково-практичне значення проблеми морального розвитку особистості. Індивід повинен виховуватися не просто як носій певної суми знань, а як справжній громадянин із властивою йому мораллю, високою культурою праці та поведінки. Тому особливої актуальності набуває питання особистісного розвитку школяра та створення психолого-педагогічних умов для формування його високої моральності. Моральні почуття, як і всі інші психічні явища дитини молодшого шкільного віку, формуються у процесі її навчальної, ігрової та трудової діяльності. Емоції в ставленні до людей є основою формування багатьох моральних почуттів дитини. Аналіз результатів експериментального дослідження засвідчив, що розвиток моральної поведінки учнів може успішно здійснюватися за певних психолого-педагогічних чинників, зокрема таких, як: 1) суспільна потреба й необхідність в активності особистості, що визначається створенням таких умов навчально-виховної діяльності та спілкування, у яких учень є реальним суб’єктом власної діяльності; 2) можливість самореалізації особистості в системі відносин «учитель–учень», «батьки–учень», «учень–учень»; 3) характер емоційного ставлення до школи, оточуючих; 4) комфортність та впевненість школяра в процесі навчально-виховної діяльності й міжособистісному спілкуванні. Для ефективного управління процесом формування моральності в молодших школярів вплив педагога повинен спрямовуватися як на розвиток вікових детермінант становлення моральних цінностей, так і на забезпечення таких психолого-педагогічних умов, які б стимулювали вільний вияв моральних поглядів у навчальній діяльності. Отже, висвітлення проблеми специфіки моралі – це той теоретичний ключ, котрий дає можливість охопити загальну своєрідність моральності – феномену як особистості, так і соціуму. Піднімати такі питання важливо ще й тому, що вони актуальні в контексті педагогічної психології, зокрема в організації навчального процесу, а також у психології значна кількість питань, які потребують розв’язання, стосуються проблеми морально-духовної культури.
ПСИХОЛОГІЧНИЙ ПРОСТІР ОСОБИСТОСТІ: СИСТЕМА ПСИХОЛОГІЧНИХ ФАКТОРІВ СТАНОВЛЕННЯ
Authors: Havryliuk Irina
Published: January 2019

У статті обґрунтовано систему психологічних факторів становлення пси­хологічного простору особистості в межах суб’єктного, генетичного, рефлексивно-діяльнісного та еколого-психологічного підходів. Наукова позиція презентації матеріалу стосується історико-психологічного аналізу уявлень, понять, теорій і концепцій психології простору, де вимальовується загальна методологічна лінія інтерпретації від окреслення його проявів фізичного, психологічного та соціального змісту до можливості активного вибору самоствердження. Аналіз корелятів психологічного простору особистості розкриває напрями його вивчення як показника суб’єктності особистості, предмету постнекласичної психології, основи психологічного здоров’я й здатності до самореалізації та творчого самоконструювання. Установлено три аспекти дослідження становлення особистісного простору: віковий, соціально-психологічний і ментальний. Пре­зентовано теоретико-методологічний аналіз проблеми феномену психологічного простору та висвітлення його категоріально-понятійного змісту, а також з’ясування концептуальних позицій визначення його детермінації, що заклало основу для систематизації факторів його розвитку (генетичні особливості індивіда, вплив природного середовища, культури; соціальне оточення, індивідуальний досвід людини). Розкрито наукові уявлення про зміст зовнішніх (соціокультурні, екологічні, економічні) і внутрішніх (психофізіологічні, інди­ві­дуально-психологічні, особистісні, соціально-психологічні) факторів становлення психологічного простору особистості та зазначено міру впливу кожного з них на забезпечення особистісної безпеки й комфорту. Продемонстровано повно­цінний динамізм розгляду психологічного простору в його структурно-функ­ціональних ознаках загального благополуччя, соціальної зрілості та продук­тивності, успіху осо­бистості й способах усвідомлення людиною в суб’єктних формах прояву під впливом адаптаційних та ідентифікаційних механізмів.
ТЕОРЕТИЧНИЙ АНАЛІЗ ПСИХОЛОГІЧНИХ ЧИННИКІВ, ЯКІ ВПЛИВАЮТЬ НА ФОРМУВАННЯ ТОЛЕРАНТНОСТІ
Authors: Huba Natalia , Hladkykh Zhanna
Published: January 2019

У статті досліджено проблему формування толерантної особистості, що є дуже актуальною на сьогодні. Це зумовлено тим, що толерантність виступає невід’ємним елементом сучасного розуміння свободи, яка є найвищою людською цінністю. Зазначено, що основа толерантності – відкритість думки в спілкуванні та права людини. Зроблено теоретичний аналіз психологічних чинників, проана­лізовано наукові підходи вітчизняних і зарубіжних учених щодо вивчення особливостей толерантності особистості, з’ясування сутності терпимості й толе­рантності в суспільній свідомості та самосвідомості. Розкрито суть толерантності й проаналізовано такі поняття, як коректність, прийняття та емпатія. Визначено способи й засоби формування толерантності, психологічні основи толерантності. У статті описано рівні розвитку основних видів толерантності, зазначено, що з розвитком цивілізацій сфера значущого в людини й суспільстві розширюється: з’являються все нові підстави для небайдужості, провідними проявами яких є толерантність та інтолерантність. Проаналізовано поняття «інтолерантність». Можна стверджувати, що в її основу покладено так звані шкали (за теорією М. Мацковського). Також доцільно виокремити різні групи чинників толерантності, що діють на різних рівнях (це макро-, мезо- й мікрорівенях). Визначено, що толерантність – це цілеспрямована організація позитивного досвіду, тобто цілеспрямоване створення умов, що вимагають взаємодії з іншими, якими б в очах суб’єкта вони не були. Також нами зроблено висновки та встановлено перспективи подальших досліджень.
Biological Diversity and Alberta Law
Authors: Elder P. S.
Published: January 2019

Biological diversity refers to the rich variety of all life forms presently on Earth. It is important to preserve and maximize biological diversity, because of its intrinsic value and its value to human survival and wellbeing. In order to do so, the author argues, a broad ecosystem management approach to species conservation is necessary.
Numerous Alberta statutes are examined comprehensively to determine their effects and potential effects on biological diversity. The ecosystem management approach to species conservation is not prominent in Alberta law. Outside of National Park land, very little of Alberta's area offers protection for biological diversity. While the administration of some Acts (such as the EPEA and the Natural Resources Conservation Act) shows promise, a lack of specific duties permits decisions adverse to biological diversity. Changes to Alberta's planning legislation may be beneficial, through the regulation of development on private land. Because of the prime importance given to economic development in various Alberta statutes, the possibility exists for significant adverse impacts to biological diversity. The author recommends a number of legal reforms. These include the addition of explicit purpose sections in relevant legislation, the imposition of a positive duty on decision-makers to consider sustainability and biological diversity, and the creation of incentive programs to encourage private property owners to set aside habitat areas.
Mini-Trials in Alberta
Authors: Moore W. K.
Published: January 2019

The Alberta Court of Queen's Bench has been offering the mini-trial, a specialized dispute resolution process, to litigants and the bar for the last four years. The impetus for this move was the length and time often involved in litigation. The attraction of the mini-trial is that it is a method of expediting dispute resolution and that the costs associated with it are considerably less than those for a regular trial.
The author outlines the history of the mini-trial, explaining how it developed in the U.S. as a private dispute resolution mechanism. The Alberta mini-trial is essentially an expanded pre-trial procedure, and is offered by the Court at no cost to participants. There is no rigid, formal procedure to the Alberta mini-trial, and its great strength is in fact flexibility and informality. The only requirement the Court has is that the actual parties must be present for the arguments and at the end of the mini-trial, when the judge gives his or her opinion.
The author outlines the key elements of the mini-trial, as they have evolved to date, including the role of the judge and the nature of the actual process.
The mini-trial has been enormously successful at encouraging settlements, which have followed or resulted from the mini-trial in over 90 percent of cases. Additionally, both counsel and clients appear to be quite pleased with the process. Despite this success, however, it should be noted that the mini-trial may not be appropriate in all cases. The author describes the types of cases to which the mini-trial both is and is not well-suited. He offers a case study, of a mini-trial over which he presided. This mini-trial was successful and led to a settlement. In closing, the author provides information to interested counsel and parties as to how and when they can access the mini-trial. The article closes with a recommendation that mini-trials always be considered as an option in lawsuits.
Alternative Visions of the Legal Profession in Society: A Perspective on Ontario
Authors: Curtis Carole
Published: January 2019

The author presents a critical perspective of the legal profession and its governing body in Ontario. She relates her experience as a feminist bencher with the Law Society of Upper Canada, and describes feeling excluded from power. She questions the role of the Law Society in its current form, and concludes that it is outmoded.
Ethics in the Legal Profession: The Issue of Access
Authors: Thornhill Esmeralda M. A.
Published: January 2019

The author issues a clarion call to the legal profession to address the issue of access in a substantive manner. The author feels that both law schools and the legal profession are still dominated by a patriarchal, Eurocentric perspective
On Not Getting It
Authors: Pothier Dianne
Published: January 2019

Although there has been increasing awareness regarding equity and access issues in the legal profession, that awareness has tended to miss the multi-faceted nature of the problem. The author discusses how the recognition of one kind of barrier may not assist in the recognition of others. Understanding race or gender does not necessarily imply understanding disability or sexual orientation. Students, faculty and practitioners need to challenge and question their assumptions, to guard against barriers to entry and to really belonging.
Metaphors of Lawyers' Professionalism
Authors: Hamilton Jonnette Watson
Published: January 2019

This article examines three common metaphors in several professional codes of legal conduct and supporting documents. The metaphors are the "metaphoric networks" based on the military, gentility and Christianity. Numerous examples of all three metaphoric networks are given.
Metaphors are non-arbitrary. The three metaphoric networks examined here are consistent with one of the most common orientation metaphors in the English language, the metaphor expressing relationships in bodily terms of "up" and "down." These metaphoric networks evoke a hierarchy of society based on a strictly male, ethnocentric British-Canadian world. The lawyer reading the codes of conduct that contain these metaphors would see the image of the lawyer created according to the lawyer's own inclusion within or exclusion from that ideal. Also, this social elitism may contribute to the public's lack of respect for the legal profession.
L'Ethique Et La Responsabilite Professionnelle Des Juristes En Matiere De Competence
Authors: Laperriere Rene
Published: January 2019

Professional competence is at the heart of the establishment of monopolies of practice for the legal profession and is mentioned generally among the obligations within professional codes of ethics, At the same time, the number of lawsuits relating to incompetence and the number of judicial decisions condemning lawyers for errors or omissions seem quite high when compared with, say, the medical profession.
The author examines the evolution of jurisprudence in the area of professional competence, particularly in the determination of criteria of fault, and evaluates the influence of mandatory liability insurance. The article concludes with a proposal for the means which should be put in place to better control and sanction the professional competence of lawyers.
Wife Assault, The Justice System and Professional Responsibility
Authors: Ginn Diana
Published: January 2019

The author reviews the response of the criminal justice system to the problem of wife assault by focusing on the key players within the system. The way the criminal law applies to wife assault affects battered women's access to that area of law known as family law, with negative repercussions for them and their children. Several myths about the nature of wife assault help ensure an inappropriate response. These include the myths that the woman is to blame, that by just leaving the abusive situation she can resolve it, and that if she does not leave it is because she enjoys the abuse.
The author reviews current methods used by police, prosecutors and judges for dealing with wife assault and discusses the inadequacies of those methods. She concludes that despite many recommendations for change, there have been no significant improvements in the way the criminal justice system deals with wife assault. It is incumbent upon the legal profession to demonstrate professional responsibility by ensuring that wife assault is taken more seriously than it is now and than it has been in the past. This is a necessary reform before battered women can rely on the criminal justice system.
Evidence Not in a Form Familiar to Common Law Courts: Assessing Oral Histories in Land Claims Testimony after Delgamuukw v. B.C.
Authors: Palmer Andie Diane
Published: January 2019

The Supreme Court of Canada's recent decision in Delgamuukw v. B.C. permits a reconsideration of the place of oral traditions in aboriginal land claims cases. The Court advises that oral histories be given "independent weight," and that at trial McEachern C.J. had not "assessed the oral histories correctly. " However, the Supreme Court of Canada's view of how to weigh oral history in testimony is troublesome, in that then-Chief Justice Lamer informs us that such key features of oral histories as "moral obligations " are "tangential to the ultimate purpose of the fact-finding process at trial — the determination of the historical truth." This article considers how courts will be able to evaluate oral histories in the future, if such key features of testimony are to be discarded.
Common Law Cognition and Judicial Appointment
Authors: Penner J. E.
Published: January 2019

This article explores jurisprudential issues relating to the appointment of judges in common law jurisdictions. After examining three competing versions of the legitimacy and limits of judicial law- making — namely, the positivist, the theoretical/Dworkinian, and what the author terms the "common law cognitive" — the author proposes that judges of constitutional courts should be popularly elected from among the citizenry at large and that judges of non-constitutional courts should be drawn from the legal profession though a process of peer assessment.
The Gifted Judge: An Analysis of the Judicial Career of Robert H. Jackson
Authors: Barry Graeme A.
Published: January 2019

The author undertakes an historical analysis of the judicial achievements of Robert H. Jackson, Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1941 until his sudden death in 1954. Justice Jackson's approach to the nature of the judicial function, to judicial review and to the question of extrajudicial activities sheds light on contemporary debate in these areas. Despite being undoubtedly influenced by his place on the "Roosevelt Court," Jackson was a strong individualist, which the author believes accounts for his "maverick" status on the Court Justice Jackson's prominent judicial opinions relating to economic regulation, procedural due process, civil liberties and the separation of powers doctrine reveal how he addressed the inherent tension between judicial review and democracy in the American system of government. The effects of extrajudicial activities are explored with reference to his key role at the Nuremberg Trials, and the appointment of Madam Justice Louise Arbour to serve as Prosecutor for the International Criminal Tribunals.
Correcting Miscarriages of Justice: The Role of the Criminal Cases Review Commission - The Bowker Lecture, September 28, 1999
Authors: Leigh L. H.
Published: January 2019

This article explains the origins and operation of the Criminal Cases Review Commission of the United Kingdom. The Commission was created in1997 to investigate and respond to possible miscarriages of justice. The article explains how the Commission works and its jurisdiction. As well, the author describes the strengths and weaknesses of the workings of the Commission. This article was originally delivered as a lecture at the University of Alberta on September 28, 1999 as part of the Bowker Lecture series.
Solving an Appalling Problem: Social Reformers and the Campaign for the Alberta Sexual Sterilization Act, 1928
Authors: Nind A. Naomi
Published: January 2019

In this article, the author examines the campaign leading up to the passage of the Sexual Sterilization Act in Alberta in 1928. The author asserts that the passage of this Act was the result of the influence of a few elite individuals, particularly those involved with the United Farm Women of Alberta social reform movement, and may not have been reflective of widespread favourable public sentiment. While there were serious misgivings regarding the passage of the Sexual Sterilization Act the legislation ultimately successful because of the pressing problems of inadequate mental facilities and budgetary constraints. The author discusses the legislation's eventual repeal in 1972 due to public denunciation of eugenic measures, concerns about liability, and the threat posed to individual liberties. This article was the winner of the William Morrow Essay Contest in 1999.
Inside McClung J.A.'s Closet in Vriend v. Alberta: The Indignity of Misrecognition, the Tool of Oppressive Privacy, and an Ideology of Equality
Authors: Olchowy James R.
Published: January 2019

Addressing recent expressions of concern about the Supreme Court of Canada's alleged inability to articulate a principled and coherent philosophy of the Charter, the author scrutinizes Vriend v. Alberta, a controversial gay-rights case in which starkly antithetical philosophical approaches to the Charter come into focus. While differentiating theoretically between modern and postmodern paradigms of justice, and contracting McClung J.A. 's majority judgment for the Alberta Court of Appeal with the ruling of the Supreme Court of Canada in Vriend, the author argues that the Supreme Court — guided by the Charter's equality provisions — has begun to articulate a postmodern philosophy of the Charter centred on the idea of inclusive justice. This emerging philosophy of inclusive justice is premised on the notion that the law works to produce the reality in which we live. not merely to reflect it.

Whereas, in Vriend, McClung J.A. 's philosophy of the Charter adheres to the assumptions of modern jurisprudence and the concepts of classical liberalism — in particular, concepts such as abstract individualism, the private/public divide, and formal equality — the Supreme Court's philosophy in Vriend is coloured by postmodern insights that cogently impugn McClung J.A. 's traditional assumptions and concepts. What the Supreme Court's position makes clear is that, by resorting to a rhetoric of misrecognition, an ideology of privacy, and an ideology of equality, McClung J.A. tellingly exposes the limitations of his Charter philosophy, which actually reinforces and perpetuates the discriminatory treatment and oppression of sexual minorities in Canadian society.

Juxtaposed with McClung J.A. 's questionable interpretive approach is the Supreme Court's emphasis in Vriend on achieving substantive equality — an emphasis that the author construes as underscoring how the Supreme Court has actually gone some distance toward articulating a credible postmodern philosophy of the Charter.
Vriend v. Alberta, Law v. Canada, Ontario v. M. and H.: The Latest Steps on the Winding Path to Substantive Equality
Authors: Bavis Craig D.
Published: January 2019

This article traces the continuing development of the analytical framework used by the Supreme Court of Canada to evaluate infringements of equality rights challenged under s. 15(1) of the Charter. This is achieved through examining the Court's recent decisions in Vriend, Law, and M. v. H. in the context of the claims heard in Andrews, the 'equality trilogy' of Miron, Egan, and Thibaudeau, and the subsequent equality cases heard by the Court. This article follows the initial analytical framework introduced in Andrews, through the Court's split in 1995. It then examines subsequent cases, finding that Vriend stands as a significant case in the evolution, and that the Court's restatement of its method in Law demonstrates a renewal of the Court's unanimous commitment to substantive equality as first articulated in Andrews and indicates that the troubling position favoured by a minority of judges in 1995 has been abandoned. In examining the application of the Law analysis in M. v. H., this article recognizes the possibility that the approach may be too subjective and warns that undue focus on legislative purpose instead of effect may undermine substantive equality.
Reciprocal Disclosure in Criminal Trials: Stacking the Deck against the Accused, or Calling Defence Counsel's Bluff
Authors: Maude Brian Edward
Published: January 2019

The author discusses the effect reciprocal disclosure would have on the accused's right to remain silent and the right not to incriminate oneself. As these rights are strongly entrenched in Canada's judicial system, the author examines if there is room to incorporate defence disclosure into Canada's criminal trial proceedings. A review is made of other jurisdictions where some degree of reciprocal disclosure is in place, and the limitations of introducing similar procedures into the Canadian system are discussed. The author concludes that the introduction of reciprocal disclosure would be a moderate expansion of already existing notice requirements, and defence counsel should start to introduce their own guidelines with respect to defence disclosure.
Quantum Meruit
Authors: Fridman G. H. L.
Published: January 2019

This article analyzes the theoretical and practical differences between contractual and restitutionary quantum meruit Instances of quasi-contractual meruit are also considered. The author explores the evolution and historical foundations for these various claims. While claims for restitutionary quantum meruit are well established today, the scope and range of relief as -well as the theoretical basis upon which these claims are invoked, remain undecided. Factors for a successful claim of restitutionary quantum meruit include the intention to be compensated or reimbursed, having not acted gratuitously, and the existence of a special relationship. While recovery was thought to be dependent on whether the defendant receives a benefit, the author explains that this is not always crucial. An examination of Justice judgment in the Peel case concludes the author's article.
Compensation and the Scope of Equity's Remedial and Restitutionary Generosity
Authors: Perell Paul M.
Published: January 2019

Canson Enterprises Ltd. v. Boughton is a case about equity’s restitutionary remedies, including compensation for breach of fiduciary duty and compensation under the doctrines of knowing assistance and knowing receipt. It was an unusual civil case because it had two distinct phases that yielded two trial level judgments, two judgments of the British Columbia Court of Appeal, and an important judgment form the Supreme Court of Canada. The Canson case was extraordinary because there were significant changes from phase one to phase two in the factual foundation of the case, and these changes provided a novel opportunity to study the nature of equitable remedies and to develop instructive comparisons and contrasts. This article uses the Canson case as a vehicle to explore equitable compensation and the scope of equity’s remedial and restitutionary generosity.
Constructive Trusts in Canada
Authors: Chambers Robert
Published: January 2019

In this article, the author discusses the role of constructive trusts in Canada, examining the connection between unjust enrichment and the constructive trust. In particular, the author focuses on the Supreme Court of Canada decision in Soulas v. Korkontzilas and argues that constructive trusts respond to two main categories of events, the acquisition of assets in breach of duty and intentions to benefit others.
What's Wrong with Restitution
Authors: Stevens David , Neyers Jason W.
Published: January 2019

The law of restitution has developed out of the law of quasi-contract and the law of constructive trust. Inadequate attention to the logic and coherence of doctrines in the law of restitution, however, renders this new law as opaque and confused as its predecessor. This is largely due to the remedial mentality of the common law. The remedy to the remedial mentality is to concentrate future efforts in stating doctrine on defining rights, not remedies. The precedent for this type of change in method is the transformation that occurred in contract and tort over the past 100 years, inspired, in part, by civilian theories of private law.
The right that generates the remedy restitution is the cause of action in unjust enrichment. It arises where there has been a non-consensual receipt and retention of value, that is, a receipt and retention of value that occurs without "juristic reason." "Nonconsensual" means by mistake, by theft or by finding.
There are a number of problems in the method of the common law tradition which stand in the way of recognizing this simple formulation: (a) The inherent expansiveness of "restitution " and "unjust enrichment" if these terms are not rigorously defined; (b) The lack of serious competition for the expansive versions of the subject, on a number of fronts; (c) The lack of a clear direction in the efforts to reform the law of quasi-contract and constructive trust; (d) The deeply embedded nature of the quasi-contract thinking; (e) Poor analysis in some areas of the law of contract and (f) Tort; and (g) The lack of an explicit agency of reform in the tradition.
Censorship as Free Speech - Free Expression Values and the Logic of Silencing in R. v. Keegstra
Authors: Heinrichs Terry
Published: January 2019

In this article, the author criticizes the Supreme Court of Canada's view in Keegstra that free expression values — and by extension free expression itself — are furthered rather than hindered by the suppression of free speech. The author examines in detail, first, the majority's reasoning in its consideration of the relation of hate speech to the "truth," "self-fulfillment," and "political process" rationales, and second, the thesis underpinning the contention that tolerating hate speech will effectively "silence " the expression of target group members. In fact, a significant portion of the critical space of the article is devoted to an examination of the merits of this controversial "silencing" argument. The author contends that this second argument poses the relevant problem, not as a conflict between free expression and other Charter values (such as equality or multicultural ism), but as one occurring entirely within the free expression guarantee itself. In this aspect of its reasoning, the author views Keegstra as pioneering an argument that would suppress free expression in its very name.
Commercial Fiduciary Obligation
Authors: Flannigan Robert
Published: January 2019

The boundaries of fiduciary obligation continue to be the subject of much judicial discussion. One issue is whether, or to what extent, commercial relations should be regulated by fiduciary responsibility. The author examines the arguments and concludes that no justification exists for exempting commercial actors from fiduciary accountability.
Forest Management in Alberta and Rights to Hunt, Trap and Fish under Treaty 8
Authors: Ross Monique M. , Sharvit Cheryl Y.
Published: January 2019

In this article, the authors discuss the principles of interpretation applicable to treaties and how these principles apply to Treaty 8. This analysis leads to the suggestion that Alberta's current regulatory scheme for allocating and managing timber harvesting rights over traditional lands of the Cree and Dene (signatories to Treaty 8) may breach the terms of the treaty. The authors further consider Treaty 8 and the Natural Resources Transfer Agreement (NRTA) in relation to constitutional principles — division of powers and s. 35(1) of the Constitution Act, 1982. Finally, the authors demonstrate that the rights to hunt, trap and fish, guaranteed to the signatories of Treaty 8 and confirmed by the NRTA, exist today and are arguably being infringed unjustifiably by Alberta's forest management regime.
Equality, Democracy, and Constitution: We the People in Court
Authors: Dworkin Ronald
Published: January 2019

Commentators have seen the disabling provisions found in the American and Canadian constitutions as undemocratic because they restrict majority powers. Building upon the work of John Hart Ely, this paper puts forward a conception of democracy which nourishes both collective responsibility and individual judgment. The distinguishes between "statistical" and "communal'' conceptions of democracy. Traditional theories, such as Ely's, have relied on the statistical notion which of individuals in a democracy acting each on their own. In the communal conception, decisions are made by the ' 'people'' acting as a distinct and collective unit of responsibility. The author then elaborates on the communal conception by identifying two variations of it, ' 'integrated'' and ' 'monolithic' 'forms of collective action. In the latter, both the unit of responsibility and the unit of judgment are collective, while in the former the unit of judgment resides in the individual. If democracy is understood in the integrated communal sense, then many of the disabling provisions in the American and Canadian constitutions can be seen to democracy rather than contradict it.
On Not Standing For Notwithstanding
Authors: Whyte John D.
Published: January 2019

Many commentators have attempted to locate a Justification for the legislative override in section 33 of Charter on the basis of Canadian constitutional theory. Professor Whyte argues that the abolition of the notwithstanding clause would conform comfortably with the premises which underlie the Canadian constitutional regime. The first among these is the principle of legal- ism, the process by which we have chosen to adjudicate the resolution of public issues. Second, the principle of it is contended, provides some support for judicial control over political choices on the basis that, at the very least, certain Charter rights enhance the democratic process. The final principle examined, that of federalism, provides a historical perspective within which the disruption caused by judicial nullification can be assessed. The author argues that constitutionalism already exacts a high price on the autonomy of electoral politics and that the capacity of governments to regulate for the public good has not been seriously hampered as a result. Lastly, Professor Whyte examines the rationale for the Charter, as a tool to circumvent oppressive legislative measures, and why the judiciary be relied upon to protect the radically dispossessed when they have no alternative route for the vindication of Charter values.
A Tale of Two Immunities: Judicial and Prosecutorial Immunities in Canada
Authors: Law J. M.
Published: January 2019

The author discusses and analyzes some recent decisions emanating from the Supreme Court of Canada on the question of judicial and prosecutorial immunities Canada. The analysis is, first, undertaken with particular attention given to pre-existing judicial precedent at common law. Next, public policy reasons for and the need for judicial immunity, and its derivative in the form of prosecutorial immunity, are canvassed. Professor Law then looks to the evolving principle of judicial independence, which itself provides the policy underpinnings for judicial immunities, in order to explain the phenomena of judicial and prosecutorial immunities. Finally, these immunities, as defined by the Supreme Court of Canada, are discussed from a constitutional perspective.
Undemocratic Centralism and Neo-Corporatism: The New British Constitution
Authors: Lewis Norman
Published: January 2019

Professor Lewis argues that Britain's lack of a constitutionally entrenched bill of rights, combined with the failure of the English courts to sufficiently protect individual rights and interests, has served to create a void of adequate protections for those freedoms which seen as being fundamental to a parliamentary democracy. Furthermore, the author argues that the parliamentary system of government in Britain has devolved from a forum of rational discourse, into a party system, and more recently into a quasi-presidential system where ultimate power lies with the Prime Minister. The devolution of the parliamentary system, when combined with the lack of adequate protections of civil liberties, is seen as creating a system of "undemocratic centralism", examples of which are These factors, Professor Lewis argues, are indicative of Britain's need of a more adequate system of checks and balances, and a Charter of Rights similar to Canada's, each of which can be achieved by a new Constitutional "settlement''.
The Child Witness: Reconciling the Irreconcilable
Authors: Robb James C. , Kordyban Lynda J.
Published: January 2019

This article canvasses the issues of competency, corroboration, hearsay and confrontation with respect to child witnesses, from both a legal and humanistic perspective. The authors survey the law from a historical perspective, through to recent changes in Bill C-15, in an attempt to reconcile the rights of an accused with those of child victims of sexual offences.
Non-destructive Charter Responses to Legislative Inequalities
Authors: Gibson Dale
Published: January 2019

S. 24 of the Charter bestows wide remedial discretion on the courts in the adjudication of Charter claims. Professor Gibson argues that this discretion must not be employed in a manner destructive of existing rights because s. 26 requires the preservation of such rights. He explains how non-destructive methods of Charter enforcement fall into two categories: interpretative and remedial. Non-destructive remedies would include mechanisms such as: selective striking out, utilizing s. 52(1), the imposing of a trust condition on a statutory beneficiary, reducing disruptive judicial intervention into the legislative domain through a positive 'reading in' of sufficient context to allow compliance with the Charter, the temporary application of s. 1 to justify a Charter violation until there is a reasonable opportunity to remedy the defect, conceivably the use of an order for the amendment of legislation violating the Charter, and finally, the employment of declaratory judgments to exert political pressure on the government to bring its legislation into compliance with the Charter.