bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Optical Sensing of Small Ions with Colloidal Nanoparticles.
Authors: Jimenez de Aberasturi Dorleta , Montenegro Jose‐Maria , Ruiz de Larramendi Idoia , Rojo Teofilo , Klar Thomas A. , Alvarez‐Puebla Ramon , Liz‐Marzan Luis M. , Parak Wolfgang J.
Published: May 2012

Review: [emphasis on gold nanoparticles; 112 refs.]
ChemInform Abstract: Intermetallic Hydrides: A Review with Ab Initio Aspects
Authors: Matar Samir F.
Published: May 2012

Review: 113 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cloud Formation and Chemistry
Authors: Brimblecombe Peter
Published: May 2012

Review: 54 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Inorganic Photocatalysts for Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Xing Jun , Fang Wen Qi , Zhao Hui Jun , Yang Hua Gui
Published: May 2012

Review: 216 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Chemistry of Organoimido Derivatives of Polyoxometalates
Authors: Zhang Jin , Xiao Fengping , Hao Jian , Wei Yongge
Published: May 2012

Review: 175 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ritter Reaction: Recent Catalytic Developments
Authors: Guerinot Amandine , Reymond Sebastien , Cossy Janine
Published: May 2012

Review: 33 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition‐Metal‐Mediated or ‐Catalyzed Syntheses of Steroids and Steroid‐Like Compounds.
Authors: Kotora Martin , Hessler Filip , Eignerova Barbara
Published: May 2012

Review: 83 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Strategies and Tactics in Olefin Metathesis
Authors: Kotha Sambasivarao , Dipak Mirtunjay Kumar
Published: May 2012

Review: 249 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Bimetallic Catalysis Using Transition and Group 11 Metals: An Emerging Tool for C—C Coupling and other Reactions
Authors: Perez‐Temprano Monica H. , Casares Juan A. , Espinet Pablo
Published: May 2012

Review: ca. 290 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Organosilicon Reagents
Authors: Sore Hannah F. , Galloway Warren R. J. D. , Spring David R.
Published: May 2012

Review: 199 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Aspects and Templation of Photochemistry in Solid‐State Supramolecular Systems
Authors: Kaftory Menahem
Published: May 2012

Review: 105 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalysis of Reactions by Amino Acids
Authors: Xie Haibo , Hayes Thomas , Gathergood Nicholas
Published: May 2012

Review: 142 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalysis with Chirally Modified Metal Surfaces: Scope and Mechanisms
Authors: Vargas Angelo , Mondelli Cecilia , Balker Alfons
Published: May 2012

Review: 210 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Heterogeneous Catalysis with Dendrimers
Authors: Laurent Regis , Caminade Anne‐Marie
Published: May 2012

Review: 77 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalysis with Dendrimers in Particular Media
Authors: Laurent Regis , Caminade Anne‐Marie
Published: May 2012

Review: 83 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Pharmaceutical Preformulation Studies with Special Emphasis on Excipients Compatibility
Authors: Pandey A. , Rath B. , Dwivedi A. K.
Published: May 2012

Review: 37 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Heterocycle Synthesis Based on Palladium‐Catalyzed C—H Bond Functionalization Methods
Authors: Ferraccioli Raffaella
Published: May 2012

Review: 104 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Oxacyclic Derivatives Using Ionic Liquids as a Reaction Medium
Authors: Teijeira Marta , Morales‐Helguera Aliuska
Published: May 2012

Review: 48 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Developments on the Synthesis and Cleavage of tert‐Butyl Ethers and Esters for Synthetic Purposes and Fuel Additive Uses
Authors: Sambri Letizia , Bartoli Giuseppe , Bencivenni Giorgio , Dalpozzo Renato
Published: May 2012

Review: 56 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Current Chemical Biology Tools for Studying Protein Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation
Authors: Lu Candy H. S. , Liu Kai , Tan Lay Pheng , Yao Shao Q.
Published: May 2012

Review: 76 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalysts and Sorbents for Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass to Renewable Biofuels — Material Development Needs
Authors: Cheah Singfoong , Czernik Stefan , Baldwin Robert M. , Magrini‐Bair Kimberly A. , Hensley Jesse E.
Published: May 2012

Review: 85 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Control of Rotary Motion at the Nanoscale: Motility, Actuation, Self‐Assembly
Authors: Kral Petr , Vukovic Lela , Patra Niladri , Wang Boyang , Sint Kyaw , Titov Alexey
Published: May 2012

Review: 113 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Mechanisms of Nucleophilic Organocopper(I) Reactions
Authors: Yoshikai Naohiko , Nakamura Eiichi
Published: May 2012

Review: 510 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Computational Studies on Properties, Formation, and Complexation of M(II)‐Porphyrins
Authors: Shubina Tatyana E.
Published: May 2012

Review: 210 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural and Topologic Aspects of Carbonium Ions (C=1‐4)
Authors: Okulik Nora B. , Jubert Alicia H. , Castro Eduardo A.
Published: May 2012

Review: 85 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Homodesmotic Reactions for Thermochemistry
Authors: Wheeler Steven E.
Published: May 2012

Review: 105 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Fluorescent Dye‐Doped Silica Nanoparticles: New Tools for Bioapplications
Authors: Bae Se Won , Tan Weihong , Hong Jong‐In
Published: May 2012

Review: 126 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Growth of Nanoporous Metal Organic Frameworks
Authors: Attfield Martin P. , Cubillas Pablo
Published: May 2012

Review: 75 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Confined Nanospaces in Metallocages: Guest Molecules, Weakly Encapsulated Anions, and Catalyst Sequestration
Authors: Amouri Hani , Desmarets Christophe , Moussa Jamal
Published: May 2012

Review: 181 refs.
Smoothing spectral power distribution of daylights
Authors: Kosztyán Zsolt , Schanda Janos
Published: May 2012

CIE Division 1 entrusted TC 1–74 to investigate the possibility to develop a smooth curve version of the D illuminants. This article investigates the possibility to create such smoothed curves with minimal colorimetric error. Six different smoothing algorithms were investigated; the best method, using a locally weighted regression and smoothing algorithm, enabled a smooth function, where the worst colour difference for a 100 000 sample set was less than ΔEab* = 0.5, comparing calculations using the CIE standard daylight spectrum and the smoothed function. Thus, the smoothed function can be recommended for redefining the daylight spectra for colorimetry without loosing continuity to results using the current calculation tables and for designing daylight simulator spectra. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 38, 316–321, 2013
The Preparation of Titanium Dioxide Gas Sensors by the Electric Field Assisted Aerosol CVD Reaction of Titanium Isopropoxide in Toluene
Authors: Panjawi Naitik , Naik Anupriya , Warwick Michael E. A. , Hyett Geoffrey , Binions Russell
Published: May 2012

Thin films of titanium dioxide are deposited on gas‐sensor substrates at 450 °C from the aerosol‐assisted (AA)CVD of titanium isopropoxide solutions in toluene under the influence of electric fields. Electric fields are generated by applying a potential difference between the inter‐digitated electrodes of the gas‐sensor substrate during the deposition. The deposited films are analyzed and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy (RS). It is found that an increase in electric field strength during deposition causes changes in the film microstructure, preferential orientation, and growth rate. The gas‐sensor properties of the films are also examined. It is found that applying an electric field during the deposition improves the film microstructure and leads to a two‐fold enhancement in the sensing properties of the film.
CVD Production of Doped Titanium Dioxide Thin Films
Authors: Dunnill Charles W. , Kafizas Andreas , Parkin Ivan P.
Published: May 2012

This review focuses on the formation of doped titanium dioxide films by CVD. It describes a number of the functional applications of titanium dioxide films, and illustrates how these properties can be improved or modified by the introduction of anion and cation dopants. It details some of the underlying theory and looks at how density of states diagrams can be used to explain the doped film properties.
A platinum‐based covalent viability reagent for single‐cell mass cytometry
Authors: Fienberg Harris G. , Simonds Erin F. , Fantl Wendy J. , Nolan Garry P. , Bodenmiller Bernd
Published: May 2012

In fluorescence‐based flow cytometry, cellular viability is determined with membrane‐impermeable fluorescent reagents that specifically enter and label plasma membrane‐compromised nonviable cells. A recent technological advance in flow cytometry uses antibodies conjugated to elemental metal isotopes, rather than to fluorophores, to allow signal detection by atomic mass spectrometry. Unhampered by the limitations of overlapping emission fluorescence, mass cytometry increases the number of parameters that can be measured in single cells. However, mass cytometry is unable to take advantage of current fluorescent viability dyes. An alternative methodology was therefore developed here in which the platinum‐containing chemotherapy drug cisplatin was used to resolve live and dead cells by mass cytometry. In a 1‐min incubation step, cisplatin preferentially labeled nonviable cells from both adherent and suspension cultures, resulting in a platinum signal quantifiable by mass cytometry. This protocol was compatible with established sample processing steps for intracellular cytometry. Furthermore, the live/dead ratios were comparable between mass‐ and fluorescence‐based cytometry. Importantly, although cisplatin is a known DNA‐damaging agent, a 1‐min “pulse” of cisplatin did not induce observable DNA damage or apoptotic responses even within 6‐h post‐exposure. Cisplatin can therefore be used as a viability reagent for a wide range of mass cytometry protocols. © 2012 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
The analysis of antipsychotic drugs in human matrices using LC‐MS(/MS)
Authors: Saar Eva , Beyer Jochen , Gerostamoulos Dimitri , Drummer Olaf H.
Published: May 2012

Antipsychotic drugs (APs) are prescribed for a wide range of psychotic illnesses. With more than 35 APs currently available worldwide, this drug class has rapidly gained importance in both clinical and forensic settings. On account of their chemical properties, many APs are present in human specimens at very low concentrations, which complicate their detection using standard gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) procedures that often cannot provide the required sensitivity. Recent advances in liquid chromatography‐(tandem) mass spectrometry LC‐MS(/MS) technology have enabled accurate detection and quantification of these compounds in various human specimens, indicated by the increasing number of published methods. Method validation has been a particular focus of analytical chemistry in recent times. Recommendations set by several guidance documents are now widely accepted by the toxicology community, as reflected by the guidelines drafted by leading toxicological societies. This review provides a critical review of single‐stage and tandem LC‐MS procedures for the detection and quantification of APs, with a particular emphasis on appropriate method validation.

The quality of published methods is inconsistent throughout the literature. While the majority of authors incorporate some validation experiments in their respective method development, a large number of published methods lack essential components of method validation, which are considered mandatory according to the guidelines.

If adapting a method for the detection of APs for use in a laboratory, analysts should ensure successful validation experiments for appropriateness and completeness have been conducted, and perform additional experiments when indicated. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vitro metabolism studies on mephedrone and analysis of forensic cases
Authors: Pedersen Anders Just , Reitzel Lotte Ask , Johansen Sys Stybe , Linnet Kristian
Published: May 2012

The stimulant designer drug mephedrone is a derivative of cathinone – a monoamine alkaloid found in khat – and its effect resembles that of 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). Abuse of mephedrone has been documented since 2007; it was originally a ‘legal high’ drug, but it has now been banned in most Western countries.

Using cDNA‐expressed CYP enzymes and human liver microsomal preparations, we found that cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) was the main responsible enzyme for the in vitro Phase I metabolism of mephedrone, with some minor contribution from other NAPDH‐dependent enzymes.

Hydroxytolyl‐mephedrone and nor‐mephedrone were formed in vitro, and the former was purified and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). In four forensic traffic cases where mephedrone was detected, we identified hydroxytolyl‐mephedrone and nor‐mephedrone again; as well as 4‐carboxy‐dihydro‐mephedrone, which has been previously described; and two new metabolites: dihydro‐mephedrone and 4‐carboxy‐mephedrone. Fragmentation patterns for all detected compounds were determined by a UPLC‐QTOF/MSE system, and a fragmentation pathway via a conjugated indole structure was proposed for most of the metabolites. Blood concentrations in the forensic traffic cases ranged from 1 to 51 µg/kg for mephedrone, and from not detected to 9 µg/kg for hydroxytolyl‐mephedrone. In one case, urine concentrations were also determined to be 700 µg/kg for mephedrone and 190 µg/kg for hydroxytolyl‐mephedrone. All compounds were detected or quantified with an ultra performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐MS/MS) system and an ultra performance liquid chromatography‐time of flight/mass spectrometry (UPLC‐TOF/MS) system. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
No evidence for niche segregation in a North American Cattail (Typha) species complex
Authors: McKenzie‐Gopsill Andrew , Kirk Heather , Drunen Wendy Van , Freeland Joanna R. , Dorken Marcel E.
Published: May 2012

Interspecific hybridization can lead to a breakdown of species boundaries, and is of particular concern in cases in which one of the parental species is invasive. Cattails (Typha spp.) have increased their abundance in the Great Lakes region of North America over the past 150 years. This increase in the distribution of cattails is associated with hybridization between broad‐leaved (Typha latifolia) and narrow‐leaved cattails (T. angustifolia). The resulting hybrids occur predominantly as F1s, which are known as T. × glauca, although later‐generation hybrids have also been documented. It has been proposed that in sympatric populations, the parental species and hybrids are often spatially segregated according to growth in contrasting water depths, and that this should promote the maintenance of parental species. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the two species and their hybrids segregate along a water‐depth gradient at sites where they are sympatric. We identified the two parental species and their hybrids using molecular genetic markers (SSR), and measured shoot elevations (a proxy for water depth) at 18 sites in Southern Ontario, Canada. We found no evidence for niche segregation among species based on elevation. Our data indicate that all three lineages compete for similar habitat where they co‐occur suggesting that there is potential for an overall loss of biodiversity in the species complex, particularly if the hybrid lineage is more vigorous compared to the parental species, as has been suggested by other authors.
Synthesis of Eight 1‐Deoxynojirimycin Isomers from a Single Chiral Cyanohydrin
Authors: van den Nieuwendijk Adrianus M. C. H. , van den Berg Richard J. B. H. N. , Ruben Mark , Witte Martin D. , Brussee Johannes , Boot Rolf G. , van der Marel Gijsbert A. , Aerts Johannes M. F. G. , Overkleeft Herman S.
Published: May 2012

Eight configurational 1‐deoxynojirimycin isomers have been synthesized starting from a chiral cyanohydrin as the common precursor. The cyanohydrin chiral pool building block is easily accessible in large quantities by using almond hydroxynitrile lyase as the chiral catalyst in condensing hydrogen cyanide and crotonaldehyde. Our work complements the large body of literature on the synthesis of 1‐deoxynojirimycin derivatives with the distinguishing feature that eight stereoisomers of this important class of glycosidase inhibitors can be derived from a common precursor in an efficient manner.
Deregulated expression of DNA polymerase β is involved in the progression of genomic instability
Authors: Luo Qingying , Lai Yanhao , Liu Shukun , Wu Mei , Liu Yuan , Zhang Zunzhen
Published: May 2012

Deregulated expression of DNA polymerase beta (pol β) has been implicated in genomic instability that leads to tumorigenesis, yet the mechanisms underlying the pol β‐mediated genetic instability remain elusive. In this study, we investigated the roles of deregulated expression of pol β in spontaneous and xenobiotic‐induced genetic instability using mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) that express distinct pol β levels (wild‐type, null, and overexpression) as a model system. Three genetic instability endpoints, DNA strand breaks, chromosome breakage, and gene mutation, were examined under various expression levels of pol β by comet assay, micronuclei test, and hprt mutation assay. Our results demonstrate that neither pol β deficiency nor pol β overexpression is sufficient for accumulation of spontaneous DNA damage that promotes a hyperproliferation phenotype. However, pol β null cells exhibit increased sensitivity to exogenous DNA damaging agents with increased genomic instability compared with pol β wild‐type and overexpression cells. This finding suggests that a pol β deficiency may underlie genomic instability induced by exogenous DNA damaging agents. Interestingly, pol β overexpression cells exhibit less chromosomal or DNA damage, but display a higher hprt mutation frequency upon methyl methanesulfonate exposure compared with the other two cell types. Our results therefore indicate that an excessive amount of pol β may promote genomic instability, presumably through an error‐prone repair response, although it enhances overall BER capacity for induced DNA damage. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2012. © 2012Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) for people with dementia—who benefits most?
Authors: Aguirre E. , Hoare Z. , Streater A. , Spector A. , Woods B. , Hoe J. , Orrell M.
Published: May 2012

Background

The efficacy of cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) has been demonstrated, but little is known about the characteristics of people with dementia, which may predict a more positive response to CST. This study sought to investigate which factors may predict response to CST.

Methods

Two hundred and seventy‐two participants with dementia took part in a 7‐week CST intervention. Assessments were carried out pre‐treatment and post‐treatment. The results were compared with those of a previous comparable CST randomised control trial. A comparison of mean scores pre‐CST and post‐CST groups was undertaken, and contributing factors that predicted change in outcomes were examined.

Results

CST improved cognition and quality of life, and the results showed that the benefits of CST were independent of whether people were taking acetylcholinesteraseinhibitor (AChEI) medication. Increasing age was associated with cognitive benefits, as was female gender. Care home residents improved more than community residents on quality of life, but the community sample seemed to benefit more in relation to behaviour problems.

Conclusions

These results demonstrate that CST improves cognition and quality of life for people with dementia including those already on AChEIs. Older age and being female were associated with increased cognitive benefits from the intervention. Consideration should be given to aspects of CST, which may enhance the benefits for people with dementia who are male and those younger than 80 years. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human antigen R contributes to hepatic stellate cell activation and liver fibrosis
Authors: Woodhoo Ashwin , Iruarrizaga-Lejarreta Marta , Beraza Naiara , García-Rodríguez Juan L , Embade Nieves , Fernández-Ramos David , Martínez-López Nuria , Gutiérrez-De Juan Virginia , Arteta Beatriz , Caballeria Juan , Lu Shelly C , Mato José M , Varela-Rey Marta , Martínez-Chantar María L
Published: May 2012

RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play a major role in the control of messenger RNA (mRNA) turnover and translation rates. We examined the role of the RBP, human antigen R (HuR), during cholestatic liver injury and hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation.

HuR

silencing attenuated fibrosis development

in vivo

after BDL, reducing liver damage, oxidative stress, inflammation, and collagen and alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression. HuR expression increased in activated HSCs from bile duct ligation mice and during HSC activation

in vitro

, and

HuR

silencing markedly reduced HSC activation. HuR regulated platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced proliferation and migration and controlled the expression of several mRNAs involved in these processes (e.g.,

Actin

, matrix metalloproteinase 9, and

cyclin D1

and

B1

). These functions of HuR were linked to its abundance and cytoplasmic localization, controlled by PDGF, by extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation as well as ERK/LKB1 (liver kinase B1) activation, respectively. More important, we identified the tumor suppressor, LKB1, as a novel downstream target of PDGF-induced ERK activation in HSCs. HuR also controlled transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)-induced profibrogenic actions by regulating the expression of

TGF

-β, α-
SMA

, and

p21

. This was likely the result of an increased cytoplasmic localization of HuR, controlled by TGF-β-induced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Finally, we found that HuR and LKB1 (Ser428) levels were highly expressed in activated HSCs in human cirrhotic samples.

Conclusion :

Our results show that HuR is important for the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis development in the cholestatic injury model, for HSC activation, and for the response of activated HSC to PDGF and TGF-β.
Deletion of Interleukin (IL)-12p35 Induces Liver Fibrosis in Dominant-Negative TGFβ Receptor Type II Mice
Authors: Tsuda Masanobu , Zhang Weici , Yang Guo-Xiang , Tsuneyama Koichi , Ando Yugo , Kawata Kazuhito , Park Ogyi , Leung Patrick S.C. , Coppel Ross L. , Ansari Aftab A. , Ridgway William M. , Gao Bin , Lian Zhe-Xiong , Flavell Richard , He Xiao-Song , Gershwin Eric M.
Published: May 2012

Mice with a dominant-negative transforming growth factor β receptor restricted to T cells (dnTGFβRII mice) develop an inflammatory biliary ductular disease that strongly resembles human primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). Furthermore, deletion of the gene encoding interleukin (IL)-12p40 resulted in a strain (IL-12p40−/−dnTGFβRII) with dramatically reduced autoimmune cholangitis. To further investigate the role of the IL-12 cytokine family in dnTGFβRII autoimmune biliary disease, we deleted the gene encoding the IL-12p35 subunit from dnTGFβRII mice, resulting in an IL-12p35−/− dnTGFβRII strain which is deficient in two members of the IL-12 family, IL-12 and IL-35. In contrast to IL-12p40−/− mice, the IL-12p35−/−mice developed liver inflammation and bile duct damage with similar severity but delayed onset as the parental dnTGFβRII mice. The p35−/− mice also demonstrated a distinct cytokine profile characterized by a shift from a T-helper 1 (Th1) to a Th17 response. Strikingly, liver fibrosis was frequently observed in IL-12p35−/− mice. In conclusion, IL-12p35−/− dnTGFβRII mice, histologically and immunologically, reflect key features of PBC, providing a useful generic model to understand the immunopathology of human PBC.
Cognitive demands induce selective hippocampal reorganization: Arc expression in a place and response task
Authors: Schmidt Brandy , Satvat Elham , Argraves Melissa , Markus Etan J. , Marrone Diano F.
Published: May 2012

Place cells in the hippocampus can maintain multiple representations of a single environment and respond to physical and/or trajectory changes by remapping. Within the hippocampus there are anatomical, electrophysiological, and behavioral dissociations between the dorsal and ventral hippocampus and within dorsal CA1. Arc expression was used to measure the recruitment of ensembles across different hippocampal subregions in rats trained to utilize two different cognitive strategies while traversing an identical trajectory. This behavioral paradigm allowed for the measurement of remapping in the absence of changes in external cues, trajectory traversed (future/past), running speed, motivation, or different stages of learning. Changes in task demands induced remapping in only some hippocampal regions: reorganization of cell ensembles was observed in dorsal CA1 but not in dorsal CA3. Moreover, a gradient was found in the degree of remapping within dorsal CA1 that corresponds to entorhinal connectivity to this region. Remapping was not seen in the ventral hippocampus: neither ventral CA1 nor CA3 exhibited ensemble changes with different cognitive demands. This contrasts with findings of remapping in both the dorsal and ventral dentate gyrus using this task. The results suggest that the dorsal pole of the hippocampus is more sensitive to changes in task demands. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Differential BDNF signaling in dentate gyrus and perirhinal cortex during consolidation of recognition memory in the rat
Authors: Callaghan Charlotte K. , Kelly Áine M.
Published: May 2012

Consolidation of long‐term memory is dependent on synthesis of new proteins in the hippocampus and associated cortical regions. The neurotrophin brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is tightly regulated by activity‐dependent cellular processes and is strongly linked with mechanisms underlying learning and memory. BDNF activation of tyrosine receptor kinase (TrkB) stimulates intracellular signaling cascades implicated in plasticity, including the extracellular‐signal related kinase (ERK)/mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and the phosphatidylinositide‐3‐kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway. Here, we investigate the role of BDNF, ERK/MAPK, and PI3K/AKT signaling cascade in recognition memory in the rat. We report that recognition memory was associated with increased release of BDNF in the dentate gyrus and perirhinal cortex. This was associated with significant increases in p44ERK activation and c‐fos expression in the dentate gyrus and PI3K activation and c‐fos expression in the perirhinal cortex. Furthermore, both recognition memory and the associated cell signaling events in dentate gyrus and perirhinal cortex were blocked by intraperitoneal injection of the Trk receptor inhibitor tyrphostin AG879. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that BDNF‐stimulated intracellular signaling plays a role in consolidation of recognition memory in the rat. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analysis of the nonlinear storage–discharge relation for hillslopes through 2D numerical modelling
Authors: Ali Melkamu , Fiori Aldo , Bellotti Giorgio
Published: May 2012

Storage–discharge curves are widely used in several hydrological applications concerning flow and solute transport in small catchments. This article analyzes the relation Q(S) (where Q is the discharge and S is the saturated storage in the hillslope), as a function of some simple structural parameters. The relation Q(S) is evaluated through two‐dimensional numerical simulations and makes use of dimensionless quantities. The method lies in between simple analytical approaches, like those based on the Boussinesq formulation, and more complex distributed models. After the numerical solution of the dimensionless Richards equation, simple analytical relations for Q(S) are determined in dimensionless form, as a function of a few relevant physical parameters. It was found that the storage–discharge curve can be well approximated by a power law function Q/(LKs) = a(S/(L2(ϕ − θr)))b, where L is the length of the hillslope, Ks the saturated conductivity, ϕ − θr the effective porosity, and a, b two coefficients which mainly depend on the slope. The results confirm the validity of the widely used power law assumption for Q(S). Similar relations can be obtained by performing a standard recession curve analysis. Although simplified, the results obtained in the present work may serve as a preliminary tool for assessing the storage–discharge relation in hillslopes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The SNP rs6441224 influences transcriptional activity and prognostically relevant hypermethylation of RARRES1 in prostate cancer
Authors: Kloth Michael , Goering Wolfgang , Ribarska Teodora , Arsov Christian , Sorensen Karina Dalsgaard , Schulz Wolfgang A.
Published: May 2012

Epigenetic aberrations are frequent in prostate cancer and could be useful for detection and prognostication. However, the underlying mechanisms and the sequence of these changes remain to be fully elucidated. The tumor suppressor gene RARRES1 (TIG1) is frequently hypermethylated in several cancers. Having noted changes in the expression of its paralogous neighbor gene LXN at 3q25.32, we used pyrosequencing to quantify DNA methylation at both genes and determine its relationship with clinicopathological parameters in 86 prostate cancer tissues from radical prostatectomies. Methylation at LXN and RARRES1 was highly correlated. Increasing methylation was associated with worse clinical features, including biochemical recurrence, and decreased expression of both genes. However, expression of three neighboring genes was unaffected. Intriguingly, RARRES1 methylation was influenced by the genotype of the rs6441224 single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in its promoter. We found that this SNP is located within an ETS‐family‐response element and that the more strongly methylated allele confers lower activity in reporter assays. Concomitant methylation of RARRES1 and LXN in cancerous tissues was also detected in prostate cancer cell lines and was shown to be associated with repressive histone modifications and transcriptional downregulation. In conclusion, we found that genotype‐associated hypermethylation of the ETS‐family target gene RARRES1 influences methylation at its neighbor gene LXN and could be useful as a prognostic biomarker.
EGFR exon 19 in‐frame deletion and polymorphisms of DNA repair genes in never‐smoking female lung adenocarcinoma patients
Authors: Yang Shi‐Yi , Yang Tsung‐Ying , Li Yao‐Jen , Chen Kun‐Chieh , Liao Kuo‐Meng , Hsu Kuo‐Hsuan , Tsai Chi‐Ren , Chen Chih‐Yi , Hsu Chung‐Ping , Hsia Jiun‐Yi , Chuang Cheng‐Yen , Tsai Ying‐Huang , Chen Kuan‐Yu , Huang Ming‐Shyan , Su Wu‐Chou , Chen Yuh‐Min , Hsiung Chao A. , Shen Chen‐Yang , Chang Gee‐Chen , Yang Pan‐Chyr , Chen Chien‐Jen
Published: May 2012

We explored potential associations between genetic polymorphisms in genes related to DNA repair and detoxification metabolism and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in a cohort of 410 never‐smoking patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Multivariate‐adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) of EGFR mutation status in association with the genotypes of DNA repair and detoxification metabolism genes were evaluated using logistic regression analysis. We found an association between in‐frame deletion in EGFR exon 19 and a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1800566C/T located in NQO1 (aOR, 2.2 with 95% CI, 1.0–4.8) in female never‐smokers. The SNP rs744154C/G in ERCC4 was also associated with the EGFR exon 19 in‐frame deletion both in never‐smokers (aOR, 1.7 with 95% CI, 1.0–3.0) and female never‐smokers (aOR, 1.9 with 95% CI, 1.0–3.6). Although the association was marginally significant in multivariate logistic regression analysis, the A/A genotype of rs1047840 in EXO1 was associated with a 7.6‐fold increase in the occurrence of the EGFR exon 19 in‐frame deletion in female never‐smokers. Moreover, risk alleles in NQO1, ERCC4 and EXO1 were associated with an increasing aOR of the EGFR exon 19 in‐frame deletion both in never‐smokers (p = 0.007 for trend) and female never‐smokers (p = 0.002 for trend). Our findings suggest that the in‐frame deletion in EGFR exon 19 is associated with polymorphisms in DNA repair and detoxification metabolism genes in never‐smoking lung adenocarcinoma patients, especially in females.
Quantitative analysis of the redox states of cytochromes in a living L929 (NCTC) cell by resonance Raman microspectroscopy
Authors: Kakita Minoru , Okuno Masanari , Hamaguchi Hiro‐o
Published: May 2012

Raman spectra and images of a living L929 (NCTC) cell have been measured with 532 nm excitation. Both reduced and oxidized forms of cytochromes b and c (cyt b and cyt c) have been observed in situ without any pretreatment. The redox states of cyts b and c have been assessed quantitatively with a spectral analysis. It has been found that reduced cyt c is more abundant than oxidized cyt c, while oxidized cyt b is slightly more abundant than reduced cyt b in a living cell. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dansyl, a fluorescent photoprotecting group for microarray applications
Authors: Heise Christian , Ehrentreich‐Förster Eva , Bier Frank. F.
Published: May 2012

BACKGROUND: The fluorescence dye 5‐dimethylamino‐1‐naphthalenesulfonyl chloride (Dansyl chloride) is commonly used for labeling the N‐terminus of proteins and peptides. Apart from the fluorescence, the SO2NHbonds formed are susceptible to photolytic cleavage and will subsequently restore free amines. Consequently, Dansyl amides could act as a fluorescent photoprotecting group with novel application in solid phase synthesis or in microarray technologies.

RESULTS: Commercial microscope glass slides were silanized with (3‐aminopropyl) triethoxysilane, exposed amines were activated with 1,4‐phenylene diisothiocyanate and subsequently reacted with dansylated polyethylene imine (PEI). The resulting fluorescence of the surface was determined and used as a measure of the homogeneity of the introduced functional groups. Using a mask, Dansyl‐PEI modified slides were locally exposed to photolytic cleavage within irradiation energy of 100 J cm−2. Inscribed structures would be easily recognized due to their loss of fluorescence. The restored amines in deprotected areas were reacted with phosphorylated capture oligonucleotides followed by hybridization with complementary Cy5‐labeled targets.

CONCLUSIONS: Capture probes immobilized precisely in structures exposed to UV‐light while non‐irradiated areas remained blocked. Such pre‐structured surfaces allow the production of highly reproducible microarrays without any specific problems of spotting imperfections. Gridding and segmentation of the determined sample allocation facilitate spot finding and spot analysis. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Liquefied petroleum gas as solvent medium for the treatment of immobilized inulinases
Authors: Silva Marceli Fernandes , Golunski Simone Maria , Rigo Diane , Mossi Vinícius , Di Luccio Marco , Mazutti Marcio A. , Pergher Sibele B.C. , Oliveira Débora , Oliveira J. Vladimir , Treichel Helen
Published: May 2012

BACKGROUND: The main goal of this work is to assess the influence of pressurized liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) treatment on the enzymatic activity of immobilized inulinases. The effects of process variables were evaluated through 23 experimental design.

RESULTS: Inulinase from Klyveromyces marxianus NRRL Y‐7571 presented an increase of 163% in residual activity using LPG at 30 bar during 1 h exposure using a depressurization rate of 20 bar min−1. For Aspergillus niger commercial inulinase, an increment of 129% in residual activity was observed at 30 bar for 1 h treatment at the highest depressurization rate (20 bar min−1). Enzymatic activities changed significantly depending on the enzyme source and the experimental treatment conditions investigated, such as exposure time, depressurization rate and pressure.

CONCLUSION: Hence, compressed LPG appears to be a promising technique with practical relevance as a preparation step to improve enzyme activity, thus helping the development of new biotransformation processes. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Radiofrequency ablation as a minimally invasive procedure in the treatment of twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence in twin pregnancy
Authors: Weichert Alexander , Kalache Karim , Hein Patrick , Brauer Martin , Hinkson Larry , Henrich Wolfgang
Published: May 2012

Twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence is a rare anomaly of monochorionic multiple pregnancies affecting 1 of 35,000 pregnancies and 1% of monochorionic twin pregnancies. In this condition the affected twin has lethal malformations including poor or absent heart development and is reversely perfused by a structurally normal co‐twin. We report a case of a 21‐year‐old woman with a monochorionic twin pregnancy affected by twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence. This case highlights the therapeutic options and the management by radiofrequency ablation, which has been shown to be an easy and reliable technique with a high success rate compared with technically demanding fetoscopic procedures. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2013
Post G20: The Challenge of Change, Implementing Evidence‐based Public Order Policing
Authors: Hoggett James , Stott Clifford
Published: May 2012

In the wake of the 2011 ‘riots’, public order policing tactics in England and Wales have once again been brought into question. Yet, the riots came two years since police regulatory authorities in the UK called for fundamental reforms to the policing of public order. Questions are raised about why the change called for appears to have been so slow and what can be done to assist reform. This paper suggests that developing an evidence‐based policing approach within the field of public order policing to inform police decision‐making would provide the answers. By doing so, the paper addresses some of the possible barriers to implementing evidence‐based policing in public order and calls for police academic partnership to overcome these to make ‘change’ an ongoing reality. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Matrix‐assisted laser ablation production of gold cluster ions from Au‐coated photonic crystals
Authors: Li Jincheng , Liu Jian'an , Chen Yi
Published: May 2012

A new strategy was explored to generate pure gold cluster ions, Aun+/−, from gold films deposited on solid substrates via a matrix‐assisted laser ablation technique. The gold films deposited on SiO2‐particle‐assembled photonic crystals were demonstrated to be the most ideal compared with the films deposited on various glass slides. Dropped with a matrix of 2‐(4‐hydroxyphenylazo) benzoic acid and bombarded by nitrogen pulse laser (355 nm), they could release a series of Aun+ with n more than 110 or Aun− with n more than 60 according to the data obtained by inline time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. The gold‐deposited photonic crystal substrates could be stored at room temperature for at least 6 months. The method is hence steady and convenient in use. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of naphthoylindoles acting on cannabinoid receptors based on their fragmentation patterns under ESI‐QTOFMS
Authors: Sekuła Karolina , Zuba Dariusz , Stanaszek Roman
Published: May 2012

‘Herbal highs’ have been advertised as legal and natural substitutes to cannabis, but a detailed examination of these products has revealed that the herbal matrix is laced with synthetic substances that mimic the effects of marijuana. Producers select the ingredients based on the results of scientific studies on the affinities of different chemicals to cannabinoid receptors. Naphthoylindoles have turned out to be the most popular class of substances identified in the products. Legal actions taken in order to tackle the problem of uncontrolled access to one substance have usually resulted in the marketing of derivatives or analogues.

In the study, the mass spectral behavior of twelve synthetic cannabinoids from the naphthoylindole family under electrospray ionization (ESI) was investigated. LC‐QTOFMS experiments were performed in three modes (low fragmentor voltage, high fragmentor voltage with/without collision energy), and they enabled the identification of protonated molecules and main ions. A general fragmentation pattern under this ionization method was proposed, and mechanisms of ion formation were discussed. The developed procedure allowed the determination of substituent groups of the core naphthoylindole structure and distinction between positional isomers. The obtained results were used for the prediction of the ESI‐MS spectra for many naphthoylindoles with a high affinity to cannabinoid receptors. Similarities and differences between ESI‐MS and electron impact‐MS spectra of naphthoylindoles were discussed. The developed identification process was presented on an example of an analysis of an unknown herbal material, in which JWH‐007 was finally identified. Knowledge of the fragmentation mechanisms of naphthoylindoles could also be used by other researchers for identification of unknown substances in this chemical family. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanical stretch increases Smad3‐dependent CCN2 expression in inner meniscus cells
Authors: Furumatsu Takayuki , Kanazawa Tomoko , Miyake Yoshiaki , Kubota Satoshi , Takigawa Masaharu , Ozaki Toshifumi
Published: May 2012

The intrinsic zone‐specific properties of the menisci are determined by biomechanical environments. In this study, we examined mechanical stretch‐dependent expression of multifunctional growth factor CYR61/CTGF/NOV (CCN) 2, and investigated the role of CCN2 in meniscus cells. Uni‐axial cyclic tensile strain (CTS) was applied using a STB‐140 system. CTS‐induced expression of CCN2 and α1(I) collagen (COL1A1) was assessed by quantitative real‐time PCR analysis. The distribution of CCN2 and Smad2/3 in stretched cells was investigated by immunohistochemical analysis. Smad2/3‐dependent CCN2 transactivation was measured by luciferase reporter assay. The relationship between Smad2/3 and CTS‐induced CCN2 transcription was investigated by chromatin immunoprecipitation. CTS stimulated gene expression of CCN2 and COL1A1 in inner meniscus cells, but not in outer meniscus cells. Recombinant CCN2 increased COL1A1 expression only in inner meniscus cells. CCN2 synthesis and nuclear translocalization of phosphorylated Smad2/3 in inner meniscus cells were stimulated by CTS. The CCN2 promoter activity was synergistically enhanced by overexpressed Smad3 in stretched inner meniscus cells, but was not by Smad2. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that CTS increased the association between Smad3 and the Smad‐binding element on the CCN2 proximal promoter in inner meniscus cells. Our results suggest that stretch‐induced CCN2 may have a crucial role in regulating COL1A1 expression in the inner meniscus. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:1738–1745, 2012
Holocene peatland development and hydrological variability inferred from bog‐pine dendrochronology and peat stratigraphy – a case study from southern Sweden
Authors: Edvardsson Johannes , Linderson Hans , Rundgren Mats , Hammarlund Dan
Published: May 2012

Dendrochronological analysis was applied to subfossil remains of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) buried in a South Swedish peat deposit. In combination with peat stratigraphy, this approach was explored for its potential to provide information on the local hydrological and depositional history at the site, forming the basis for a regional palaeohydrological analysis. A 726‐year ring‐width chronology was developed and assigned an absolute age of 7233–6508 cal a BP (5284–4559 BC) through cross‐dating with German bog‐pine chronologies, whereas two short additional records of older ages were radiocarbon dated. Registration of growth positions of individual trees allowed assessment of the spatial dynamics of the pine population in response to hydrological changes and peatland ontogeny. Annually resolved growth variability patterns in the pine population reveal several establishment and degeneration phases, probably reflecting fluctuations in bog‐surface wetness. A major establishment phase at 7200–6900 cal a BP reflects the onset of a period of lowered groundwater level, also indicated by increased peat humification, and a development consistent with regional temperature and lake level reconstructions revealed from other proxies. This study demonstrates that subfossil bog‐pine populations may provide annually to decadally resolved reconstructions of local groundwater variability, which are highly relevant in a long‐term palaeoclimatic context. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composite analysis of black duck breeding population surveys in eastern North America
Authors: Zimmerman Guthrie S. , Sauer John R. , Link William A. , Otto Mark
Published: May 2012

Waterfowl are monitored in eastern Canada and the northeastern United States with 2 surveys: a transect survey from fixed‐wing aircraft and a plot survey conducted from helicopters. The surveys vary in extent, but overlap exists in a core area of 9 strata covering portions of all provinces from Ontario east to Newfoundland. We estimated population change for American black ducks (Anas rubripes) and mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) from these surveys using a log‐linear hierarchical model that accommodates differences in sample design and visibility associated with these survey methods. Using a combined analysis of the surveys based on total indicated birds, we estimate the American black duck population to be 901,700 (95% CI: 715,200–1,274,000) in 2011, with 526,900 (95% CI: 357,500–852,300) mallards in the surveyed area. Precision of estimates varies widely by species and region, with transect surveys providing less precise results than plot surveys for black ducks in areas of overlap. The combined survey analysis for black ducks in the eastern survey region produced estimates with an average yearly coefficient of variation (CV) of 12.1% for the entire area and an average CV of 6.9% in the plot survey area. Mallards, which had a more limited distribution in the region, had an average yearly CV of 22.1% over the entire region, and an average CV of 27.7% in the plot survey area. Hierarchical models provide a rich framework for analyzing and combining results from complex survey designs, providing useful spatial and temporal information on population size and change in these economically important species. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.