bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SOME EFFECTS OF A FOLIC ACID ANTAGONIST ON THE RESPONSES OF THE IMMATURE PULLET TO TREATMENT WITH GONADAL HORMONES
Authors: Phillips W. E. J. , Maw W. A. , Common R. H.
Published: August 2008

Aminopterin was found to depress the hypertrophy of the oviduct of immature pullets induced by estrogen plus androgen. The diet was arranged to be low in folic acid during the experimental period. Higher dosage levels of aminopterin did not further decrease the size of oviduct in estrogenized pullets below a plateau level which was higher than that of the unestrogenized controls. Aminopterin opposed the effects of the hormonal treatment on liver weight per kgm. live weight, adrenal weight, and spleen weight. Injections of folic acid not merely antagonized this effect of aminopterin, but increased the size of the spleen above that of the estrogenized controls. Intraperitoneal injections of desoxyribonucleic acid also opposed the effect of aminopterin on the spleen of the estrogenized pullet. Aminopterin appeared to have no effect on liver phosphoprotein P of the estrogenized pullet.Neither aminopterin nor aminopterin plus desoxyribonucleic acid affected serum calcium level significantly, but aminopterin plus folic acid significantly lowered the serum calcium level of the estrogenized pullet in one experiment. The differences between the groups in respect of liver nucleic acid content were slight and did not attain statistical significance.
A STUDY OF THE LIFE HISTORY OF TRICHOBILHARZIA CAMERONI SP. NOV. (FAMILY SCHISTOSOMATIDAE)
Authors: Wu Liang-Yu
Published: August 2008

A cause of swimmer's itch in the lower Ottawa River is Trichobilharzia cameroni sp. nov. Its life cycle has been completed experimentally in laboratory-bred snails and in canaries and ducks, and the various stages are described. The eggs are spindle-shaped. The sporocysts are colorless and tubular. Mother sporocysts become mature in about a week. The younger daughter sporocyst is provided with spines on the anterior end and becomes mature in about three weeks. The development in the snail requires from 28 to 35 days. A few cercariae were found to live for up to 14 days at 50 °C., although their life at 16° to 18 °C. was about four days. Cercariae kept at room temperature for 60 to 72 hr. were found infective. The adults become mature in canaries and pass eggs in about 12 to 14 days. Physa gyrina is the species of snail naturally infected. It was found in one case giving off cercariae for five months after being kept in the laboratory. Domestic ducks were found to become infected until they were at least four months old, with the parasites developing to maturity in due course; no experiments were made with older ducks. Furthermore, miracidia were still recovered from the faeces four months after the duck had been experimentally infected, and it is suggested that migratory birds are the source of the local infection.
STUDIES ON DIPTEROUS PARASITES OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE): I. SARCOPHAGA ALDRICHI PARK. (DIPTERA: SARCOPHAGIDAE)
Authors: Arthur A. P. , Coppel H. C.
Published: August 2008

Sarcophaga aldrichi Park. is a native parasite which has been reared continually, though in small numbers, from Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) in British Columbia. It is also an important parasite of Malacosoma disstria Hbn. and is apparently widely distributed throughout North America. The parasite can be reared in the laboratory on pork liver, or on a mixture of liver and fish, from larvae deposited on the rearing medium by ovoviviparous females. The total time required for development from deposition of the larvae to the beginning of puparial formation was five to eight days. The puparia were formed 7 to 44 days later. No adults emerged without a period of diapause, which normally lasted throughout the winter months. The distinguishing characters of the immature stages are described. The methods used in rearing spruce budworm pupae for obtaining parasites are outlined.
TEMPERATURE SELECTION IN DEER MICE
Authors: Stinson R. H. , Fisher Kenneth C.
Published: August 2008

The behavior of individuals of the genus Peromyscus has been studied in an 8 ft. aluminum tube in which a gradient of temperature could be established. When the tube was at a uniform temperature the mice were found most commonly at the two ends. With the gradient set up providing a range of temperatures from 6° to 50 °C. no mice were found at the hot end, the tendency to remain at the cold end was greatly reduced, and a broad peak in the distribution appeared between 20° and 30 °C. This combined distribution suggests a much less precise selection of temperature than was characteristic of individual mice. The modes of the individual distributions varied from 20° to 28 °C. thus accounting for the relative flatness of the combined distribution. The mode of the combined distribution was 24 °C. A few experiments were done (1) with movement of air through the tube (2) in shorter gradients and (3) in a vertical gradient all of which point to the conclusion that it is the temperature of the substratum on which the animal walks that determines its response.
THE MOSQUITOES OF SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Rempel J. G.
Published: August 2008

This publication deals with the adult mosquitoes of Saskatchewan. Keys to genera and species are given. Six genera are represented in the mosquito fauna, namely: Aedes with 25 species; Culex with three species; Culiseta with five species; Anopheles, Mansonia, Psorophora, and Wyeomyia each with one species. Each species is described and important taxonomic characters are illustrated. Brief notes on biology and distribution follow the description of each species. The topography, climate, and vegetation of the province is discussed in relation to the distribution of mosquitoes. The seasonal distribution of the mosquitoes in the three main ecological zones, namely prairie, aspen grove zone, and coniferous forest zone, is outlined. Brief sections are devoted to mosquito adaptation to survival and to mosquitoes in relation to Western equine encephalomyelitis.
ON THE LIFE HISTORY AND BIOLOGY OF NOTOCOTYLUS STAGNICOLAE HERBER, 1942 (FAMILY NOTOCOTYLIDAE)
Authors: Wu Liang-Yu
Published: August 2008

The adult and some of the larval stages of Notocotylus stagnicolae Herber, 1942 (family Notocotylidae) are redescribed and some details of their biology given.
LABORATORY STUDIES ON INSECT REPELLENCY
Authors: Roadhouse L. A. O.
Published: August 2008

The results of repellency tests conducted by Morton et al. on more than 4000 compounds were utilized to ascertain the effectiveness of typical molecular groups as repellents on the human skin. Other substances containing certain potentially repellent groups were then synthesized or prepared and subjected to repellency tests at Ottawa with the mosquito Aedes aegypti (L.) as the test insect. From the results of these tests, certain physical and chemical characteristics were evaluated in relation to repellency. The maximum repellent activity was invariably exhibited by compounds with atmospheric boiling points ranging from 230° to 260 °C. It is presumed that chemicals with this range maintain a vapor concentration that is repellent to mosquitoes. The important atom from the standpoint of repellency seems to be oxygen. However, an oxygenated linkage such as hydroxy or carbonyl alone is not associated with repellency. Increased repellency appears to result when a hydroxyl group is once removed from unsaturation. It was confirmed that mixtures of substances enhance the repellent properties of various chemicals.
SOMATIC CHROMOSOMES OF HIGHER DIPTERA: II. DIFFERENTIATION OF SARCOPHAGID SPECIES
Authors: Boyes J. W.
Published: August 2008

The somatic chromosome complements of nine sarcophagid species are described using methods presented in the first paper of this series. These species are Acridiophaga aculeata, Kellymyia kellyi, Protodexia australis, P. hunteri, Pseudosarcophaga affinis, Sarcophaga aldrichi, S. cooleyi, Sarcophaga "H", and S. reversa. P. affinis has 19 or 20 chromosomes whereas all the others have 12-chromosome complements most of which can be distinguished.
URETHANE-INDUCED VASODILATATION OF THE FROG TADPOLE
Authors: McMillan Donald B. , Battle Helen I.
Published: August 2008

Ten-millimeter tadpoles of the leopard frog (Rana pipiens) were subjected to urethane (ethyl carbamate) in concentrations of 11 mM. (0.10%) and 28 mM. (0.25%) for 18 days. Microscopic examination of sections of these tadpoles revealed a vascular distension of the postcardinal sinuses of the pronephros, the sinusoids of the liver, and the capillaries of the internal gills. A method is described for the quantitative expression of this vasodilatation.
GONOCERCA MACROFORMIS SP. NOV. (DEROGENETINAE: HEMIURIDAE) FROM THE OVARY OF THE COD
Authors: Wolfgang R. W. , Myers B. J.
Published: August 2008

A new species, Gonocerca macroformis (Derogenetinae: Hemiuridae) is described from the ovary of the cod taken in Newfoundland waters.
THERMAL TOLERANCE INMACROCENTRUS ANCYLIVORUSROH. (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE)
Authors: Pielou D. P. , Glasser R. F.
Published: August 2008

The lethal effects of high temperatures were investigated on Macrocentrus ancy-livorus Roh., a parasite of the oriental fruit moth. Day-old adults were exposed to uniform high temperatures for fixed periods ranging from 15 min. to 8 hr. in different tests. Temperatures investigated ranged from 30° to 45 °C. The insects had been reared under uniform and rigidly specified conditions at constant temperatures. After exposure all the test insects were removed, put in bottles, and provided with 10% sucrose solutions as food. Mortality was recorded 24 hr. later. Sexes were kept separate. Tests at all temperatures and exposure times were carried out both in dry and in moist air. At temperatures up to 34 °C. mortality was light even at the 8-hr. exposure. At 44 °C. almost 100% mortality was recorded at the 1/2-hr. exposure. Between these limits mortality increased with higher temperature or lengthened exposure time; it was generally greater in dry air than in moist. Females were more resistant than males. Thermograph records from the peach growing areas of the Niagara peninsula showed that only in exceptionally hot summers could conditions cause appreciable death from the direct action of temperature alone.
TEMPERATURE-CONTROLLED MERISTIC VARIATION IN THE PARADISE FISH MACROPODUS OPERCULARS (L.)
Authors: Lindsey C. C.
Published: August 2008

Eggs from one pair of paradise fish Macropodus opercularis (L.) were reared at different constant temperatures, and the effects were noted on dorsal and anal fin ray, spine and basal counts, caudal and pectoral ray counts, and vertebral counts. Some young were transferred from low to high temperatures after varying periods to determine the duration of sensitivity of meristic series to environmental influence. Intermediate sustained temperature produced significantly fewer vertebrae than either low or high temperature. Different rearing temperatures produced different ray, spine, and basal counts; variation in each of these series was largely independent of vertebral variation and of variation in the other series. Eggs hatched less than two days after fertilization, but some meristic series were still subject to environmental influence 20 days later. The order of fixation of the final count in different series roughly followed the order of their ontogenetic appearance. While "shock effect" was apparent in some changes produced by temperature transfers, there was a general tendency for counts of certain lots of fish transferred from low to high temperature to approximate counts of fish reared at sustained intermediate temperatures.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE BIONOMICS OF SOME NORTHERN SPECIES OF SIMULIIDAE (DIPTERA)
Authors: Hocking B. , Pickering L. R.
Published: August 2008

Nine new records of black flies bring the total number of species found in northern Manitoba to 21. Observations on the bionomics, especially of Simulium venustum. Say, are given. The attachment of black-fly larvae is determined by a mechanical factor, probably the water velocity gradient, perhaps conditioned by visual stimuli. Young larvae were heavily preyed upon by Hydra sp. and adults by the white crowned sparrow Zonotrichia leucophrys. Mermithid worms persisted as parasites in the pupal and adult stages. A method is described by which specimens of several species were reared individually in the field from half-grown larvae to the adults, and the exuviae retained. A number of laboratory rearing techniques were tried for S. venustum but few larvae molted from the first to the second instar. Adults did not feed on blood or lay eggs in the laboratory, and there was no evidence of successful mating. The difficulties in laboratory rearing of larvae are thought to be due to a sensitivity to autointoxication. The energy relationships of black flies are discussed briefly.
ON THE SPECIFICITY OF LEUCOCYTOZOON
Authors: Fallis A. M. , Pearson J. C. , Bennett G. F.
Published: August 2008

Leucocytozoon simondi Mathis and Leger was transmitted artificially to a gosling. Other goslings became infected naturally when exposed beside infected ducks. Negative results were obtained from attempts to transfer L. simondi artificially to ruffed grouse, chickens, turkeys, and pheasants and no natural infections were detected in these birds that were exposed for weeks beside infected ducks. L. sakharoffi Sambon could not be transmitted artificially to ducks, chickens, or a pigeon.
STUDIES ON DIPTEROUS PARASITES OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE): III. CEROMASIA AURICAUDATA TNS. (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE)
Authors: Coppel H. C. , Maw M. G.
Published: August 2008

The tachinid parasite Ceromasia auricaudata Tns., which had been transferred from Western to Eastern Canada for release against the spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), is an insect that deposits microtype eggs on leaves which are later ingested by the host. Eggs hatch immediately after ingestion, but the parasite does not develop beyond the first larval stage until the host pupates. Then the larva develops rapidly, maturing within 10 days. The mature larva leaves the host pupal case, drops to the ground, and pupates usually within 24 hr. Nine to 11 days later, the adult emerges. Very little information is available on the overwintering habits. The life history, habits, and rearing methods are outlined and important characters of the immature stages are illustrated and described.
APPARATUS FOR STUDYING BEHAVIOR RESPONSES OF INSECTS TO OLFACTORY STIMULI IN STILL AIR
Authors: Pielou D. P.
Published: August 2008

Two new forms of apparatus are described for the study of olfactory responses. In the first type, insects are free to move in a diffusion gradient of vapor in still air. The gradient is stabilized by the presence of absorbent charcoal. The movements of insects are observed in relation to this gradient. In the second type, insects are exposed to an olfactory stimulus that is spatially uniform but changes in time. This is accomplished by moving a slider, containing the olfactory stimulus source, under an observation chamber with a permeable floor.
NUTRITIONAL STUDIES WITHPSEUDOSARCOPHAGA AFFINIS(FALL), A DIPTEROUS PARASITE OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM,CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA(CLEM.): II. EFFECTS OF ELEVEN VITAMINS ON GROWTH
Authors: House H. L.
Published: August 2008

When the parasitic dipteron Pseudosarcophaga affinis (Fall.) was reared aseptically on chemically defined media; thiamine, riboflavin, calcium pantothenate, nicotinic acid, choline chloride, and biotin were essential for larval growth and development, but not vitamin B12, pyridoxine, folic acid, para-aminobenzoic acid, or inositol. Vitamin B12had a slight beneficial effect on pupation, whereas the omission of para-aminobenzoic acid had a slight stimulatory effect on growth and development. The responses of larvae to deficiencies of different vitamins reached a decisive point at different stages of larval development.
HELMINTH PARASITES OF REPTILES, BIRDS, AND MAMMALS IN EGYPT: I. STREPTOPHARAGUS KUNTZI SP. NOV., FROM RODENTS, WITH A REVIEW OF THE GENUS
Authors: Myers Betty June
Published: August 2008

A new species of nematode, Streptopharagus kuntzi, is described from rodents in Egypt and the genus Streptopharagus is reviewed.
A NOTE ON THE INTERMEDIATE HOSTS OF THE TREMATODE, CREPIDOSTOMUM COOPERI HOPKINS, 1931, PARASITIC IN SPECKLED TROUT (SALVELINUS FONTINALIS (MITCHILL)) IN SOME LAKES AND RIVERS OF THE QUEBEC LAURENTIDE PARK
Authors: Choquette L. P. E.
Published: August 2008

In some areas of the Quebec Laurentide Park the developing larval stages of the trematode Crepidostomum cooperi were found in sphaeriid clams of the genus Pisidium (P. subtruncatum, P. compressum, P. adbitum, P. llijeborgi, and P. nitidum), and the encysted state in nymphs of the mayfly Hexagenia recurvata and in those of another species of mayfly of the genus Polymitarcys. These constitute new records of intermediate hosts for C. cooperi. Sexually mature worms were recovered from trout three to four weeks after the trout fed upon infected mayfly nymphs, thus confirming Hopkins' observation on the length of time required by the worm to attain sexual maturity.
A TECHNIQUE FOR ASSESSING SPRUCE BUDWORM LARVAL MORTALITY CAUSED BY PARASITES
Authors: Miller C. A.
Published: August 2008

Apparent parasitism and the population trend during the larval stage of the host are the basic data for assessing budworm larval mortality caused by parasites. Apparent parasitism is estimated from samples of the host population, and three methods of obtaining this estimate within predetermined error limits are outlined. The seasonal history of the parasite is divided into a 'pre-emergence' period, when the parasite is developing within the host, and an 'emergence' period, when the host is actually killed. Percentage mortality is then based on host density at the beginning of the emergence period so the results will not be influenced by the mutual interference of other factors during the pre-emergence period. One field example illustrates the technique and its application to life tables.
STUDIES ON CUTEREBRA EMASCULATOR FITCH 1856 (DIPTERA: CUTEREBRIDAE) AND A DISCUSSION OF THE STATUS OF THE GENUS CEPHENEMYIA LTR. 1818
Authors: Bennett Gordon F.
Published: August 2008

Cuterebra emasculator Fitch, a subcutaneous warble of the eastern striped chipmunk, Tamias striatus Richardson, was found in 141 of 465 chipmunks examined in Algonquin Park, Ontario. The various stages of the insect are described. The life history was studied and it was found that the larval development required 19 days. Adults emerged from the puparia in 219 (134–315) days and were short-lived. The larvae had little adverse effect on the chipmunk until after their escape from the host, when the sites frequently became secondarily infected. No case of emasculation was noted. Cuterebra emasculator was found to be specific for the chipmunk, Tamias striatus. The genus Cephenemyia Ltr. was compared with the genus Cuterebra Clk. The former was removed from the family Cuterebridae and placed in the Oestridae.
STUDIES OF THE TREMATODE STEPHANOSTOMUM BACCATUM (NICOLL, 1907): IV. THE VARIATION OF THE ADULT MORPHOLOGY AND THE TAXONOMY OF THE GENUS
Authors: Wolfgang Robert W.
Published: August 2008

The morphological variation of the adult of Stephanostomum baccatum is described and taxonomic criteria of the genus Stephanostomum are discussed.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF DERMATITIS PRODUCING SCHISTOSOME CERCARIAE FROM CULTUS LAKE, BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Edwards D. K. , Jansch Marjorie E.
Published: August 2008

Two new schistosome cercariae capable of producing a dermatitis are described; Cercaria columbiensis, n.sp. and the cercaria of Trichobilharzia adamsi, n.sp. A female adult of T. adamsi n.sp. is also described.
OOGENESIS IN SEVERAL FREE-LIVING AND PLANT-PARASITIC NEMATODES
Authors: Mulvey Roland H.
Published: August 2008

Two techniques were used in preparation of nematode material for the present study of nematode chromosomes. These were (a) the squash method (using propionic-orcein in staining) and (b) the paraffin embedding method. A new technique, using 2% agar blocks, was employed in the handling of small nematodes. Oogenesis in a cyst-forming nematode (Heterodera sp.), two root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949, and Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood, 1949), and a free-living nematode (Diplogaster sp.), was studied using slide material prepared by the squash method. Chromosome numbers were determined for the most part in the primary oocyte. It is suggested that chromosome numbers may eventually be of some use in the determination of plant-parasitic nematode species.
HORMONES AND THE TERMINATION AND REINDUCTION OF DIAPAUSE IN CEPHUS CINCTUS NORT. (HYMENOPTERA: CEPHIDAE)
Authors: Church Norman Stanley
Published: August 2008

Ligation and parabiosis experiments and cytological studies showed postdiapause morphogenesis in Cephus cinctus larvae to be initiated by a growth and differentiation hormone from the prothoracic glands. The prothoracic glands in turn are probably stimulated by a hormone from the protocerebral neurosecretory cells. The brain continues to influence the prothoracic glands even after they have begun to secrete and the influence is more than that of a simple stimulation by the neurohormone. Furthermore, experiments with larvae reared apart from their cocoons suggested that the brain is to some extent influenced by environmental stimuli. If an effective amount of growth and differentiation hormone has not yet been secreted, exposure of a week or less at 35 °C. causes postdiapause C. cinctus larvae to revert to diapause. Forty degrees has a much weaker effect. Cytological examination suggested that 35 °C. halts prothoracic gland activity and, meanwhile, permits the neurohormone to be dissipated. At the end of the heat treatment there is insufficient neurohormone left to reactivate the prothoracic glands, which revert to dormancy.
EXTENT OF ICE FORMATION IN FROZEN TISSUES, AND A NEW METHOD FOR ITS MEASUREMENT
Authors: Salt R. W.
Published: August 2008

Use of the calorimetric and dilatometric methods for determination of ice in frozen tissues is criticized, and a method based on terminal melting points determined after various degrees of drying is proposed. The theoretical background of such a method lends support to it, and experimental work with gelatin is especially convincing. Use of the dehydration – melting point method on blood of Loxostege sticticalis gave results conforming in general to those obtained by other workers with calorimetric and dilatometric techniques, and also to those obtained with salt solutions. The amount of water that is bound is shown to be very low, as in mammalian, frog, and fish muscle. The possible influence of bound water in insect cold-hardiness is discussed and the conclusion is reached that it has little if any protective effect.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE STICHOSOME AND ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES IN TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS
Authors: Wu Liang-Yu
Published: August 2008

A study has been made on the development of the stichosome in Trichinella spiralis. Stichocytes are seen as cuboidal cells in larvae six days after infection. During the course of development, the stichocytes gradually arrange themselves in two rows above the oesophagus and elongate transversely, tending to dovetail alternately opposite each other. The number of these cells in larvae taken 13 days after infection is only half that observed in the mature larvae. Each stichocyte takes a spiral course as the elongation continues. Superficially this results in an apparent duplication of the number of rectangular cells seen. In fact, the stichosome comprises a row of about 24 to 30 unicellular, binucleate gland cells. Each has two coils and somewhat resembles a spring in form. The intestinal gland cells also originate as two cuboidal cells. These undergo separate development into two gland cells looping around the oesophageal–intestinal junction.
HELMINTH PARASITES OF REPTILES, BIRDS, AND MAMMALS IN EGYPT: II. CATENOTAENIA AEGYPTICA SP. NOV. FROM MYOMORPH RODENTS, WITH ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE GENUS
Authors: Wolfgang Robert W.
Published: August 2008

Catenotaenia aegyptica sp. nov. from myomorph rodents in Egypt is described. The genus is evaluated and Meggittina is regarded as a synonym. C. oranensis is recorded from Psammomys obesus from Egypt, and C. linsdalei, C. peromysci, and C. laguri are regarded as synonyms of C. dendritica.
NITROGEN AND ARGON IN SALMONOID SWIMBLADDERS
Authors: Tait J. S.
Published: August 2008

Analyses of 44 swimbladder gas samples from lake trout, lake whitefish, shallow-water cisco, deepwater cisco, and bloater caught at 60–300 ft. in Lake Huron showed no measurable quantities of combustible gas. Noncombustible gas ranged from 90 to 98%. The argon × 100/nitrogen in a gas sample from a whitefish was 1.02, virtually the same as in air. The noncombustible gas is composed apparently of the inert gases of the atmosphere.
A STUDY OF THE LOCALIZATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF GLYCOGEN IN EARLY STAGES OF THE CHICK EMBRYO
Authors: McCallion David J. , Wong Wai Tuen
Published: August 2008

The localization and distribution of glycogen in the germ layers of chick embryos at stages 4, 5, and 6 (Lillie and Hamilton, 1952) was studied by means of the periodic acid – Schiff reagent as used by McManus (1948). In general the glycogen content of the embryos is greatest in the definitive streak stage, less in the head process stage, and least in the head fold stage. Glycogen is abundant in the ectoderm of embryos at stage 4, with a moderate decrease in stages 5 and 6. Glycogen is scarce or almost absent in the mesoderm and endoderm at all stages. There is a definite relationship between the amounts and distribution of glycogen and early developmental processes.
INHIBITORS OF CARBONIC ANHYDRASE IN THE AMERICAN COCKROACH, PERIPLANETA AMERICANA (L.)
Authors: Anderson Ann D. , March Ralph B.
Published: August 2008

Carbonic anhydrase activity has been demonstrated in vitro in preparations of the head, fat body, and gut of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.), and in the adult housefly, Musca domestica L. The insect factor, which is soluble in aqueous media and can be separated from the particulate cell fragments of insect tissue homogenates is heat labile and sensitive to cyanide inactivation. It is strongly inhibited by sulphanilamide, p-aminoethylphenyl-sulphonamide, and p-chlorphenylsulphonamide. No inhibition has been found with N-substituted sulphonamides or with any of the organic insecticides examined, including DDT, lindane, dieldrin, nicotine, rotenone, pyrethrins, and para-oxon. Sensitivity of carbonic anhydrase to sulphonamides having an intact—SO2NH2group is also characteristic of mammalian preparations. The data indicate that inhibition of insect carbonic anhydrase cannot be an important factor in the mode of action of DDT or other organic insecticides.
PLACOCONUS: A NEW GENUS FOR ARTHROCEPHALUS LOTORIS (SCHWARTZ, 1925) CHANDLER, 1942
Authors: Webster Gloria A.
Published: August 2008

After examining hookworms from raccoons, skunks, and dogs, the author believes that Arthrocephalus lotoris should be removed from the genus Arthrocephalus and made the type of a new genus, Placoconus. Arthrocephalus maxillaris may also belong to the new genus.
ON A COLLECTION OF AVIAN CESTODES FROM CANADA
Authors: Mahon June
Published: August 2008

Twenty species of cestodes are recorded from Canadian birds.
A REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC CTENISCINI (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE): II. ACROTOMUS HLGR. AND SMICROPLECTRUS THOM.
Authors: Mason W. R. M.
Published: August 2008

The genus Acrotomus and its one Nearctic species and Smicroplectrus and its 12 Nearctic species and subspecies are discussed. Four new species and one subspecies are described. One species is synonymized, and one is reduced to a subspecies of a Palaearctic species.
STUDIES ON VITAMIN REQUIREMENTS OF LARVAE OF THE ONION MAGGOT, HYLEMYA ANTIQUA (MG.), UNDER ASEPTIC CONDITIONS
Authors: Friend W. G. , Patton R. L.
Published: August 2008

Larvae of the onion maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Mg.), were reared individually under aseptic conditions on chemically defined diets. Of 11 growth factors tested, biotin, pantothenic acid, choline, folic acid, pyridoxine, riboflavin, niacin, and thiamine were essential for normal growth and development of the larvae. Omitting one of vitamin B12, thioctic acid, or coenzyme A slowed larval development slightly; fewer larvae pupated, and the ratio of male to female flies was high. However, these growth factors were not essential under the experimental conditions. This is believed to be the first chemically defined diet that will support the growth and development of a phytophagous insect under aseptic conditions. The check diet, which contained all of the vitamins tested, consisted of 19 l-amino acids, 9 B vitamins, coenzyme A, thioctic acid, inosine, thymine, ribonucleic acid, glucose, cholesterol, a salt mixture, and agar.
THE PAROTOID GLAND OF THE TOAD, BUFO AMERICANUS
Authors: McCallion David J.
Published: August 2008

A histological study of the poison glands of the toad demonstrated that one of the components of their secretion is adrenalin or adrenalin precursor substances. The poison glands are arranged in aggregates of two or three making up the warts on the skin. Larger aggregates of poison glands on the head are the parotoid glands. Each poison gland is a large vesicle, deep in the corium of the skin, and opening through a pore in the skin by way of a conical duct. The glandular epithelium of the poison gland is a flat acellular layer of cytoplasm containing a large number of flattened nuclei. Forcibly discharged glands disintegrate, are resorbed, and are replaced by new glands regenerated from the Malpighian layer of the epidermis.
THE DEGRADATION OF HYALURONIC ACID BY MALE GONADS OF DROSOPHILA
Authors: Mutchmor J. A. , Richards A. Glenn
Published: August 2008

The effect of extracts prepared from the reproductive systems of male Drosophila melanogaster on hyaluronic acid solutions has been studied; an adaptation of the viscosity reduction method was used for following the degradation of hyaluronic acid. It was found that such extracts reduce the viscosity of hyaluronic acid solutions and that the effect of the extracts is dependent on extract concentration. However, extracts prepared from whole flies have relatively little effect on the viscosity of hyaluronic acid solutions. The factor responsible for the extracts' activity is stable to heat, is dialyzable, and is not precipitated by trichloroacetic acid. The possibility that the extracts' activity is nonenzymic is discussed.
TWO NEW FILARIOID NEMATODES FROM ONTARIO BIRDS
Authors: Anderson Roy C.
Published: August 2008

Diplotriaenoides translucidus n.sp. from Seiurus aurocapillus L. differs from D. agelaius, D. minulus, and D. hepalicus in having a divided esophagus. Ornithofilaria inornata n.sp. from Hylocichla mustelina (Gmelin) is distinguished from other species in the genus Ornithofilaria by the postesophageal position of its vulva.
INFLUENCE OF MOISTURE CONTENT AND TEMPERATURE ON COLD-HARDINESS OF HIBERNATING INSECTS
Authors: Salt R. W.
Published: August 2008

Moisture content affected cold-hardiness, measured as ability to supercool, only to the extent that it affected the concentration of body fluids and hence their freezing points. Supercooling remained approximately constant in amount over a wide range of moisture conditions. Only when desiccation was severe did it produce appreciable cold-hardening. Chilling at constant low temperatures was effective in increasing the cold-hardiness of Bracon cephi (Gahan), ineffective in Melanoplus bivittatus (Say) and Cephus cinctus Nort., and of doubtful effect in Loxostege sticticalis (L.). The variable temperatures of the natural environment produced significant cold-hardening in all four species; occasional periods of developmental temperatures are considered more likely to be responsible than chilling. Blood density appeared to be related to cold-hardiness, but its ready response to other factors obscured the relationship.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE TRANSMISSION AND DEVELOPMENT OF LEUCOCYTOZOON SIMONDI
Authors: Fallis A. M. , Anderson R. C. , Bennett G. F.
Published: August 2008

Observations are presented on the incidence of Leucocytozoon simondi in ducklings during several summer seasons. Species of black flies of the subgenus Eusimulium (Simulium croxtoni and Simulium euryadminiculum) and Simulium rugglesi feed on ducks and have been shown to be suitable hosts for L. simondi. The former species appear to be the important vectors of the parasite in the early part of the black fly season and the latter species in late June and July. Development of the parasite in S. rugglesi has been followed. Oöcysts occur in, and on, the stomach wall, and sporozoites are found in the salivary glands. The small oöcysts contain relatively few sporozoites. The data suggest, but do not prove conclusively, that sporogony, although variable, can be completed in three or four days. Specimens of S. rugglesi contained viable sporozoites 18 days after the flies had their final blood meal containing gametocytes. The splenomegaly, changes in the composition of the blood, size of parasites, and presence of asexual stages in the tissues, were observed in infected ducks in relation to the time of infection and as a result an hypothesis is presented regarding the asexual cycle.
THE ROLE OF CLIMATE AND DISPERSAL IN THE INITIATION OF OUTBREAKS OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM IN NEW BRUNSWICK: I. THE ROLE OF CLIMATE
Authors: Greenbank D. O.
Published: August 2008

New Brunswick outbreaks of the spruce budworm which began in 1912 and 1949 are considered in relation to the theory of climatic release. Studies on a natural population show that larval development is more rapid in dry and sunny weather than in humid and cloudy weather. Polar air masses bring the favorable conditions, and tropical air masses and cyclones the unfavorable. June precipitation and temperature records, analyzed in conjunction with weather maps, show that climatic changes took place in regions where the outbreaks developed. The outbreaks were preceded by dry and sunny summers during four or five consecutive years. Although direct mortality of the budworm due to adverse weather conditions has not been observed, favorable climatic conditions may have indirectly promoted population increase from the endemic to the outbreak level in the following ways. Flower production became more frequent in periods of dry years and larvae which fed on staminate flowers developed more rapidly. Larvae that developed early in the season gave rise to more fecund females than larvae that developed late. The age of current foliage consumed is also related to fecundity. The rate of development of balsam fir relative to the budworm varies from year to year. It is postulated that the average fecundity of the budworm increases in the pre-outbreak years as the result of favorable climatic conditions and greater than usual flower production. Larval mortality is greater in years with a prolonged developmental period although the increase is not statistically significant. The theory that outbreaks in New Brunswick resulted from the spread of populations from outbreak areas to the west will be considered in the second part of this two-part paper.
EFFECT OF AGE AND PLANE OF NUTRITION ON THE BLOOD CHEMISTRY OF THE COLUMBIAN BLACK-TAILED DEER (ODOCOILEUS HEMIONUS COLUMBIANUS): A. PACKED-CELL VOLUME, SEDIMENTATION RATE, AND HEMOGLOBIN
Authors: Kitts W. D. , Bandy P. J. , Wood A. J. , Cowan I. McT.
Published: August 2008

A study has been made of the normal chemistry of the blood constituents of the Columbian black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) in relation to growth and the caloric plane of nutrition. The results showed a significant difference of packed-cell volume and hemoglobin level between the two age groups of experimental animals, while no significant differences were found in the sedimentation rates. The high and low imposed planes of nutrition did not bring about a significant difference in packed-cell volume, sedimentation rate, or hemoglobin value.
DISTRIBUTIONAL RECORDS OF TACHINIDAE (DIPTERA) IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Sanjean John
Published: August 2008

A list is presented of the distributional records of approximately 319 species of Tachinidae (Diptera) occurring in British Columbia, Canada.
TEMPERATURE SELECTION OF THE CARP (CYPRINUS CARPIO LINN.)
Authors: Pitt T. K. , Garside E. T. , Hepburn R. L.
Published: August 2008

The selected or preferred temperatures of the carp were determined for six acclimation temperatures. At 10 °C., 15 °C., 20 °C., 25 °C., 30 °C., and 35 °C. acclimation the selected temperatures were 17 °C., 25 °C., 27 °C., 31 °C., 31 °C., and 32 °C. respectively. The final preferendum of carp was found to be 32 °C.
DETERMINATION OF PECTIN POLYGALACTURONASE IN FOUR SPECIES OF APHIDS
Authors: McAllan J. W. , Cameron M. L.
Published: August 2008

Investigation of the pectin polygalacturonase content by chromatographic and viscometric methods showed that the enzyme is present in the following four species of aphids in approximately the following amounts per 1000 aphids: Myzus persicae (Sulz.), 470 × 10−9 gm.; Aulacorthum solani (Kltb.), Macrosiphum solanifolii (Ashm.), and Aphis abbreviata Patch, 140–160 × 10−9 gm. The site and function of the enzyme in the aphids were not determined.
EVIDENCE OF ORIENTATION AND HOMING IN SNOWSHOE HARES
Authors: Keith L. B. , Waring J. D.
Published: August 2008

A total of 54 marked snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) was released in a study conducted from May, 1951, to March, 1956, near Anzac, Alberta. These animals were collected within a 10-mile radius of the Waring cabin at Anzac, and following eartagging all were released at this site. As a result, some hares were liberated several miles from their home range, while others were freed on familiar ground. Twelve of the 54 tagged hares were subsequently retaken in snares set by local inhabitants. Data gathered from these recoveries indicate that after release, hares were able to orient their movements toward the home range on which they were first captured. The three hares failing to do so came originally from areas separated from the release point by sections of a large lake, and thus were denied a direct route of return.
GYRODACTYLUS BULLATARUDIS N. SP. FROM LEBISTES RETICULATUS PETERS WITH A STUDY OF ITS LIFE CYCLE
Authors: Turnbull Eleanor Rae
Published: August 2008

Gyrodactylus bullatarudis n. sp. is described from the guppy (Lebistes reticulatus Peters). It can be separated from Gyrodactylus stephanus Mueller, 1937 and Gyrodactylus stegurus Mueller, 1937, which it resembles most closely, on the basis of two swellings which are present on the dorsal bar. Experiments showed that G. bullatarudis completes its life cycle, on the guppy, from egg to egg-producing adult in about 60 hr. at 25°–27 °C. Development of an individual from an egg to birth takes about 42 hr., whereas development of the embryo in the new-born individual is completed in 18 hr. or less.
ALARIA CANADENSIS SP. NOV. AND EURYHELMIS PYRIFORMIS SP. NOV. FROM THE SKUNK MEPHITIS MEPHITIS IN QUEBEC
Authors: Webster Gloria A. , Wolfgang R. W.
Published: August 2008

Two new species of trematodes, Alaria canadensis and Euryhelmis pyriformis, are described from the skunk Mephitis mephitis Schreber, in the Province of Quebec.
BEHAVIOR AND FUNCTION OF LYMPHOCYTES IN RELATION TO THEIR BASIC NUCLEAR UNITS
Authors: Engelbert Vibeke E.
Published: August 2008

This paper records a discovery of basic, partially independent nuclear units that lie within a common nuclear membrane of some vertebrate cells. The cells concerned are found in series from small (1–2 μ) to large (10–15 μ or more). The smallest cells possess one basic nuclear unit, the larger cells have several. The series of cells from small to large represent stages of a life cycle. Certain of the basic nuclear units act as reproductive organelles and certain large cells are parent cells producing new small cells thus closing one life cycle and starting another. The large cells are formed from the small cells through a series of fusions. The basic nuclear units behave similarly to micronuclei, the reproductive organelles in ciliates, but the fusions of the vertebrate cells are permanent, not temporary unions such as conjugation in ciliates.
HELMINTH PARASITES OF REPTILES, BIRDS, AND MAMMALS IN EGYPT: IV. FOUR NEW SPECIES OF OXYURID PARASITES FROM REPTILES
Authors: Belle Edward A.
Published: August 2008

Four new species of oxyurid parasites from Egyptian reptiles are described, namely: Thelandros cameroni, Thelandros kuntzi, Spinicauda grimmae, and Aplectana pharyngeodentata.
THE EFFECT OF DIETETIC AND GLYCEMIC FACTORS IN THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF WHITE RATS TO MOSQUITOES
Authors: Khan M. A.
Published: August 2008

White rats on high carbohydrate, high protein and high fat diets showed increased attractiveness to mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti L., in the order mentioned. This preference for rats on certain diets was shown by mosquitoes only on simultaneous exposures of all diet groups and was not noticed when various diet groups were individually exposed or the mosquitoes had been starved previously. The increased or decreased blood sugar levels did not affect the attractiveness of the rats to the mosquitoes. It appeared that certain residual factors were emitted by rats which attracted mosquitoes to an appreciable extent for [Formula: see text] hour.
STUDIES ON TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS: II. TIMES OF FINAL MOLT, SPERMATOZOA FORMATION, OVULATION, AND INSEMINATION
Authors: Wu Liang Yu , Kingscote A. A.
Published: August 2008

An experimental study of Trichinella spiralis was made in white mice and white rats to determine the times of the final molt, free spermatozoa formation, ovulation, and insemination.The following results were obtained. In mice, the final molt began in about 27 hours and was completed at 33 hours after infection. Free spermatozoa were formed, in mice, at the 26th hour after infection. Ovulation was found to occur at the 37th hour after infection in mice and at the 30th hour in rats. Insemination occurred at the 37th hour after infection in mice and at the 32nd hour in rats. Ovulation and insemination were independent processes. The copulatory tube may be a modified structure of the cuticular lining of the cloaca.
THE NON-RANDOM DISTRIBUTION OF INVERSION BREAKS IN THE MIDGE TENDIPES DECORUS
Authors: Rothfels K. H. , Fairlie T. W.
Published: August 2008

The midge Tendipes decorus shows a high degree of chromosomal polymorphism, almost exclusively in the form of paracentric inversions. Inversions are significantly concentrated in the second chromosome, to which 54 of the 70 analyzed breaks are assigned. Within this chromosome, inversion breaks are again grouped in a number of clusters. Successive inversion steps frequently show near-coincidence of breaks and sometimes strict coincidence, so that near-tandems and tandem complexes result. The causes of the non-random distribution of breaks are discussed. The hypothesis first proposed by Novitski is favored: that inversion heterozygosis as such predisposes to the formation of derivative inversions related in one or more breaks to the antecedent.
OPHRYOCOTYLE BRASILIENSIS SP. NOV. (DAVAINEIDAE) FROM HOPLOXYPTERUS CAYANUS (LATH.)
Authors: Mahon June
Published: August 2008

Ophryocotyle brasiliensis sp. nov., Davaineidae Fuhrmann, 1907 is described from a charadriiforme bird from Brazil.
THE EFFECT OF AGE AND THE PLANE OF NUTRITION ON THE BLOOD CHEMISTRY OF THE COLUMBIAN BLACK-TAILED DEER (ODOCOILEUS HEMIONUS COLUMBIANUS): B. BLOOD GLUCOSE, NON-PROTEIN NITROGEN, TOTAL PLASMA PROTEIN, PLASMA ALBUMIN, GLOBULIN, AND FIBRINOGEN
Authors: Bandy P. J. , Kitts W. D. , Wood A. J. , Cowan I. McT.
Published: August 2008

The blood sugar, non-protein nitrogen, total plasma protein, plasma albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen of the Columbian black-tailed deer have been studied on two series of animals reared on high and low planes of nutrition from birth to 465 days of age. Of these blood constituents only blood sugar and fibrinogen showed a measurable lowering in the low plane animals. Age changes have been noted that are independent of nutritive state but are similar to those reported for domestic ruminants.
PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY IN INSECT TAXONOMY
Authors: Robertson J. G.
Published: August 2008

Seventeen species of Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera showed chemical differences by the method of paper chromatography in an evaluation of the method for taxonomic purposes. The analyses were complicated by pattern differences evident in larval, pupal, and adult stages of some species. Geographic isolates of Malacosoma disstria Hbn. as well as of Chamaepsila rosae (F.) and physiological entities within Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.) show identical patterns; however, differences are found at specific levels. Paper chromatography is therefore a valuable taxonomic tool, especially as the technique is capable of considerable refinement.
BITING MIDGES (DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE) AS INTERMEDIATE HOSTS FOR HAEMOPROTEUS OF DUCKS
Authors: Fallis A. M. , Wood D. M.
Published: August 2008

Haemoproteus nettionis was transmitted to domestic ducks in late June and in July in 1954, 1955, and 1956. This coincided with the abundance of Simulium rugglesi and biting midges (Ceratopogonidae). Transmission of H. nettionis occurs during the night, at which time certain biting midges, which appear to be ornithophilic, feed on the ducks. It was shown experimentally that these midges (Culicoides sp.) are suitable intermediate hosts for H. nettionis. Oökinetes and structures identified as oöcysts and sporozoites were found in specimens of midges that were sectioned. H. nettionis was seen in the peripheral blood of ducks 14–21 days after they were infected. The gametocytes require 4 to 6 days to reach maturity.
DELTOKERAS SYNALLAXIS SP. NOV. (DILEPIDIDAE) FROM SYNALLAXIS RUTILANS TEMM.
Authors: Mahon June
Published: August 2008

Deltokeras synallaxis sp. nov. (Dilepididae) from a passeriform bird from Brazil is described and the taxonomic status of the genus is examined.
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON THE DIGESTIVE ENZYME SYSTEM OF THE BEAVER (CASTOR CANADENSIS)
Authors: Kitts W. D. , Bose R. J. , Wood A. J. , Cowan I. McT.
Published: August 2008

Results presented suggest that gastric digestion in the beaver is similar to that in other mammals. The more or less elaborate cardiogastric cellular system of the beaver seems to be concerned with the elaboration of pepsin and does not produce a mammalian cellulase. Some evidence of cellulolytic activity has been found in the caecal contents and is attributed to a commensal microflora. Pancreatic amylolytic activity of the beaver per unit body mass appears to be somewhat lower than in the pig.
PRECIPITIN TEST STUDIES ON RATE OF DIGESTION OF BLOOD MEALS IN BLACK FLIES (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE)
Authors: Downe A. E. R.
Published: August 2008

Black fly adults were permitted to engorge on known hosts then retained for varying periods of time in a controlled laboratory incubator or under field conditions. The blood source was identifiable in all instances by precipitin tests conducted on smears 24 hours after the blood had been imbibed. Seventy-four per cent of the meals from flies held in incubators and 60% from flies held outdoors were identifiable after 32 hours, but after 40– and 48–hour intervals few meals were identifiable. The hosts used were horses and guinea pigs. It is tentatively concluded from a comparison of data and from field- and incubator-held flies that temperature influences the rate of digestion.