bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Raman spectra in characterizing gibbsite, bayerite, diaspore and boehmite
Authors: Ruan H. D. , Frost R. L. , Kloprogge J. T.
Published: August 2002

High‐quality Raman spectra were used for the characterization of alumina phases of gibbsite, bayerite, diaspore and boehmite. The Raman spectrum of gibbsite shows four strong, sharp bands at 3617, 3522, 3433 and 3364 cm−1 in the hydroxyl stretching region. The spectrum of bayerite shows seven bands at 3664, 3652, 3552, 3542, 3450, 3438 and 3420 cm−1. Five broad bands at 3445, 3363, 3226, 3119 and 2936 cm−1 and four broad and weak bands at 3371, 3220, 3085 and 2989 cm−1 are present in the Raman spectrum of the hydroxyl stretching region of diaspore and boehmite. The hydroxyl stretching bands are related to the surface structure of the minerals. The Raman spectra of bayerite, gibbsite and diaspore are complex whereas the Raman spectrum of boehmite shows only four bands in the low‐wavenumber region. These bands are assigned to deformation and translational modes of the alumina phases. A comparison of the Raman spectrum of bauxite with those of boehmite and gibbsite showed the possibility of using Raman spectroscopy for on‐line processing of bauxites that contain a mixture of alumina phases. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of CaCO3 hydrates by micro‐Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Tlili M. M. , Amor M. Ben , Gabrielli C. , Joiret S. , Maurin G. , Rousseau P.
Published: August 2002

The Raman spectra of the three varieties of hydrated calcium carbonate, monohydrate, hexahydrate and ‘amorphous,’ are reported for the first time and discussed according to the already known crystal structures. The transformation by dehydration of these hydrated phases into the usual anhydrous forms was followed by in situ micro‐Raman spectroscopy. It is shown that the dehydration of the hexahydrate proceeds through the formation of the ‘amorphous’ phase. The latter is better described as microcrystalline monohydrate. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Capturing market value in technological innovations: a case from the optical fibre cables industry
Authors: Malik Khaleel
Published: August 2002

Innovations in Research and Development (R&D), product design or manufacturing are not sufficient conditions to guarantee the survival of firms.

Understanding and capturing customer needs together with the sensitive use of operational tactics can provide firms with the added value that ultimately sustains competitive advantage.

A practical in‐depth innovation case study is discussed which provides lessons from the optical fibre cables industry. It demonstrates how a leading UK‐based multinational corporation (MNC) recognized that it had to change from being solely product driven to become both a systems integrator and a service provider, offering innovative technological solutions for niche markets.

The crucial change in strategy occurred when the company rescued a failing technology aimed at mass markets and realized market value by offering a modified version of the original technology for niche markets.
Knowledge management: strategic change capacity or the attempted routinization of professionals?
Authors: Korac‐Kakabadse Nada , Kouzmin Alexander , Kakabadse Andrew
Published: August 2002

Whilst Knowledge Management (KM) is held to be cutting edge in leveraging competitive advantage in a putatively growing knowledge economy, substantively it is not a new leadership responsibility.

Much about KM pertains to current, technologically driven attempts to capture, store and retrieve highly explicit and routine repertoires of organizational value adding. Little is said about the more difficult organizational processes of learning and managing the transfer of such learning.

This paper audits such learning and transfer issues in light of long‐known problems of capturing ‘tacit’ knowledge. It codifies and summarizes past attempts at KM and presents a less sanguine view as to current capacities in KM praxis, let alone expropriating professionalized skill bases.

Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pigments in Greek virgin olive oils: occurrence and levels
Authors: Psomiadou Eleni , Tsimidou Maria
Published: August 2002

Fifty‐two samples of virgin olive oil from various regions of Greece were examined for the presence and levels of chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments using normal phase liquid chromatography and spectrometry. Pheophytin α (Pheo α) was the main pigment in all the oils examined (>10 mg kg−1 in more than 70% of samples). Two pheophytin α derivatives (peaks A and B), eluted close to Pheo α, may potentially be used to examine handling conditions and length of storage of oil until analysis. Analysis of 25 Greek commercial oils obtained from retail stores verified the above observations. Chlorophyll α may be present in a virgin olive oil just after production. Its absence should not be exclusively attributed to cultivar characteristics or extraction conditions, since pheophytinisation occurs rapidly. Lutein content varied between 0.2 and 3.9 mg kg−1 and β‐carotene content from 0.4 to 5.1 mg kg−1. The lutein/β‐carotene ratio was characteristic (<1) for samples from Koroneiki, the major Greek cultivar for oil production. The total Pheo α (Pheo α + peak A + peak B)/total carotenoid (lutein + β‐carotene) ratio ranged between 2 and 11 owing to prevailing green hues. This ratio may be used as an indicator of oil typicality along with other analytical parameters.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of heating temperature, pH, concentration and starch/whey protein ratio on the viscoelastic properties of corn starch/whey protein mixed gels
Authors: Shim Jaeyong , Mulvaney Steven J
Published: August 2002

The viscoelastic properties of corn starch (CS) gels were more dependent on heating temperature, while the properties of whey protein isolate (WPI) gels were more dependent on pH. Thus heating temperature (75, 85, 95 °C) and pH (5, 7, 9) were varied to obtain a series of mixed gels with interesting viscoelastic properties. WPI gels showed extensive stress relaxation (SR) indicative of a highly transient network structure, while CS gels relaxed very little in 2000 s. Based on SR results, it appeared that CS/WPI mixed gels with 25 and 50% CS formed compatible network structures at 15% total solids only at pH 9. This supposition was supported by SEM microstructures obtained for dehydrated gels and a synergistic increase in the large‐strain fracture stress for these gels. Some synergy was also found for mixed gels at 30% total solids at pH 9, while at pH 7 the mixed gels seemed to contain separate additive WPI and CS networks unlike the case for pH 7 at 15% total solids. In both cases (15 and 30% total solids) the degree of elasticity of the mixed gels decreased as the WPI content increased. Mixed gels (CS:WPI = 0.5) at pH 9 showed increased fracture stress and fracture strain relative to the same gels at pH 7. This suggests that a unique chemical compatibility exists at pH 9 and results in gels that combine the elasticity of CS and the internal stress dissipation of WPI.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Folate distribution during higher plant development
Authors: Gambonnet Bernadette , Jabrin Samuel , Ravanel Stéphane , Karan Mirko , Douce Roland , Rébeillé Fabrice
Published: August 2002

The total folate content of various tissues from pea seedlings was determined using a microbiological assay. In the seed the bulk of folate was located in cotyledons, but the embryo, representing only 2% of the total seed fresh weight, had a folate concentration about three times higher. In the presence of sulphanilamide, an inhibitor of folate biosynthesis, the initial folate content supported root elongation during the first 1–2 days. However, further growth of the seedling was not possible and required a de novo synthesis of folate. Following organogenesis, the folate content of young roots and shoots was similar to that in the initial embryo. In contrast, the folate content of young leaves increased rapidly to reach a value two to three times higher than in other tissues after 7 days of growth and remained roughly constant thereafter. The intracellular distribution of folate was estimated in 12‐day‐old leaves. Mitochondria, the site of folate synthesis, contained approximately 30% of the total cellular folate. The folate level in chloroplasts was about 100 times lower than in mitochondria, representing, on a protein basis, less than 4% of the total pool. We associate the bulk of folate with the cytosol plus nucleus (65–70% of the pool), although mitochondria (less than 5% of the cytoplasmic volume) had the highest concentration. Why there should be more folate in leaves, on a fresh weight basis, than in other tissues is not clear. The folate‐dependent enzymes involved in photorespiration (glycine decarboxylase and serine hydroxymethyltransferase) are located in mitochondria where they accumulate during greening. In contrast, the folate within mitochondria purified from either roots, etiolated leaves or green leaves was, on a protein basis, similar, suggesting that other factors related to light and photosynthesis might be involved.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Emulsifying properties of soy protein isolate fractions obtained by isoelectric precipitation
Authors: Chove Bernard E , Grandison Alistair S , Lewis Michael J
Published: August 2002

Soy protein isolate (SPI) fractions were produced by isoelectric precipitation based on results of isoelectric focusing carried out on the crude soy extract. The fractions were produced from crude protein extract (pH 9.0) sequentially and non‐sequentially at isoelectric points (pIs) of 5.6, 5.1 and 4.5. Emulsions stabilised by soy proteins with pIs between 5.6 and 5.1 had the highest (P < 0.01) emulsion stability index (ESI), while those stabilised with proteins having pIs between 5.1 and 4.5 resulted in the lowest ESI for sequentially precipitated fractions. Non‐sequential fractionation at pI 5.1 produced fractions with higher emulsifying activity index (EAI) than sequential fractionation. SDS‐PAGE profiles indicated that the fractions exhibiting high functionality in terms of ESI and EAI were also richer in 7S globulin protein subunits.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Evidence for health benefits of plant phenols: local or systemic effects?
Authors: Hollman Peter C H
Published: August 2002

Plant phenols are mostly products of the phenylpropanoid pathway and comprise a large variety of compounds: cinnamic acids, benzoic acids, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, stilbenes, coumarins, lignans and lignins. They are strong antioxidants and might prevent oxidative damage to biomolecules such as DNA, lipids and proteins which play a role in chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. Plant phenols may interfere with all stages of the cancer process, potentially resulting in a reduction of cancer risk. Only flavonols have been investigated in observational studies. Five out of seven studies showed an inverse association of flavonol intake with subsequent cardiovascular disease (CVD). A protective effect against cancer was only found in one out of four studies. Thus the epidemiological evidence does not yet allow a firm decision on the involvement of flavonols in the aetiology of either CVD or cancer. The epidemiology of flavonols points to a systemic effect. The epidemiology of tea, as a rich source of various phenols, shows inconsistent data for colon cancer, which also does not support a local effect of plant phenols. The absorption and bioavailability of plant phenols have been inadequately studied. Dietary flavonoids were thought to be poorly absorbed because of their presence as β‐glycosides (conjugates of sugars). However, conjugation with glucose enhanced human absorption. Flavonoids and other plant phenols are extensively metabolised by colonic bacteria: the ring structure is cleaved, giving a range of phenolic acids which are then absorbed. Human studies showed that only about 1% of a well‐absorbed flavonoid was excreted with an intact flavonoid backbone into urine. Major questions to be answered are whether the effective concentrations found in in vitro systems really reflect physiological concentrations.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Thermal isomerisation susceptibility of carotenoids in different tomato varieties
Authors: Nguyen Minhthy , Francis David , Schwartz Steven
Published: August 2002

The susceptibility of predominant tomato carotenoids to thermal isomerisation during typical food preparation is reported for five varieties with distinctively different carotenoid distribution. The tomato varieties used contain distinct amounts of the following predominant carotenoids: all‐trans lycopene, all‐trans β‐carotene, all‐trans δ‐carotene, all‐trans lutein and the poly‐cis geometrical isomer of lycopene, prolycopene. The tomatoes were subjected to thermal treatments and unit operations similar to those during food preparation: boiling, addition of vegetable cooking oil, chopping and agitation. The results indicated that, during typical cooking of tomatoes, common factors such as genotypic differences in overall carotenoid composition, the presence of oil and physical changes to tomato tissues did not result in the thermal isomerisation of all‐trans lycopene, all‐trans δ‐carotene, all‐trans γ‐carotene or prolycopene. Significant amounts of all‐trans β‐carotene and all‐trans lutein, however, were converted to the cis configurations. The presence of vegetable cooking oil did not alter the thermal stability of any carotenoids being evaluated. Examination of samples by electron microscopy indicated that heat treatment imparted changes to the physical ultrastructure of the tomato tissue, such as cell wall and organelle deformation. The observed differences in these carotenoids' relative susceptibility to thermally induced isomerisation reactions might be attributable to their differences in physical state and cellular localisation. Thus, while thermal processing reportedly alters the bioavailability of carotenoids, its effect on the geometrical isomer distribution is selective and limited. These findings are important considerations in our overall effort to gain a better understanding of carotenoid metabolism in vivo and of the physical chemistry of lycopene in vitro.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Fibrous dysplasia of bone: Management and outcome of 20 cases
Authors: Keijser Lucien C.M. , van Tienen Tony G. , Schreuder H.W. Bart , Lemmens Josef A.M. , Pruszczynski Maciej , Veth Renè P.H.
Published: August 2002

Background and Objectives

Fibrous dysplasia of bone is difficult to manage because of its variable clinical course with many different methods of treatment reported. Therefore we report on our experience.

Methods

We reviewed a series of 20 patients with 32 lesions included. The average age at the time of diagnosis was 32 years for monostotic disease, 26 years for polyostotic disease, and 3 years for McCune‐Albright syndrome. The median follow‐up period was 6 years. Functional and radiographic outcomes were scored.

Results and Conclusions

Monostotic disease mostly presented with a circumscribed lesion and monitoring was often sufficient. Symptomatic circumscribed lesions showed satisfactory outcome when treated with curettage, cryosurgery and bone grafting. Lesions of the extended type were most of all seen in polyostotic disease and eventually needed operative treatment. In case of bony deformity, corrective osteotomies and rigid internal fixation were performed in addition to curettage, cryosurgery, and bone grafting. In polyostotic disease, expected outcomes were good, but in McCune‐Albright syndrome, results were uniformly poor. J. Surg. Oncol. 2001;76:157–166. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Zinc in liver disease
Authors: Grüngreiff K.
Published: August 2002

The essentiality of zinc for humans was first documented by Prasad in the 1960s. During the past 35 years, zinc deficiency in humans a result of nutritional factors and several disease states has been recognized. Many of the clinical features of liver cirrhosis have been linked to zinc deficiency, including loss of body hair, testicular atrophy, poor appetite, immune dysfunction, altered taste and smell, reduced vitamin A and thyroid hormone metabolism, altered protein metabolism, delayed wound healing, and diminished drug elimination capacity. One of the most interesting and novel aspects concerning the presumable role of zinc deficiency in producing clinical features of liver cirrhosis is the possible relationship between zinc and hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Long‐term zinc supplementation in patients with HE improves neurological symptoms and metabolic parameters. In Wilson's disease, an inherited defect of hepatic copper, zinc is used for maintenance as well as treating presymptomatic, pregnant, and pediatric patients. Zinc may be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis C. This work is an attempt to review the information available in this field to understand the important role that zinc plays in the pathogenesis and therapy of several liver diseases. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 15:67–78, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemical kinetic modeling study of shock tube ignition of heptane isomers
Authors: Westbrook Charles K. , Pitz William J. , Curran Henry C. , Boercker Janice , Kunrath Eric
Published: August 2002

High‐temperature detailed chemical kinetic reaction mechanisms are developed for all nine chemical isomers of heptane (C7H16), following techniques and models developed previously for other smaller alkane hydrocarbon species. These reaction mechanisms are tested by computing shock tube ignition delay times for stoichiometric heptane/oxygen mixtures diluted by argon. Although no corresponding experiments have been reported in the literature for most of these isomers of heptane, intercomparisons between the computed results for these isomers and comparisons with available experimental results for other alkane fuels are used to validate the reaction mechanisms as much as possible. Differences in the overall reaction rates of these heptane isomers are discussed in terms of differences in their molecular structure and the resulting variations in rates of important chain branching and termination reactions. The implications of these results regarding ignition of other alkane fuels are discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 33: 868–877, 2001
Inter‐firm sharing of process knowledge: exploring knowledge markets
Authors: Bell David G. , Giordano Richard , Putz Peter
Published: August 2002

Markets and communities are two modalities of knowledge exchange between firms; and this study concludes with a model that addresses the tension between the two modalities. The model resulted from an exploratory study conducted under the umbrella of a national consortium, using the methodology of participatory action research. The study involved three large multinational firms, where one firm supplied knowledge of three different processes used in product development to two other non‐competitive firms outside their supply chain. The knowledge was shared within the framework of an intervention that included the following: (1) individual work with process‐related course materials via the web or compact disc, followed by (2) interactive group sessions supported by videoconference facilities and led by a process expert from the supplying firm. Empirical data were gathered by interviewing participants before and after the intervention, and by observing interactive group sessions. Findings from the empirical data describe rationales for inter‐firm sharing of process knowledge, which illustrate a market modality of exchange; and describe practices for effective knowledge sharing, which illustrate aspects of a community modality of exchange. The model induced from these findings compares the situational setting, constellation of meanings and associated knowledge sharing practices for both modalities of exchange: market and community. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deforestation effects on vegetative regeneration and soil quality in tropical semi‐evergreen degraded and protected forests of Bangladesh
Authors: Islam K. R. , Ahmed M. R. , Bhuiyan M. K. , Badruddin A.
Published: August 2002

Tropical forests of the world are degrading at an alarming rate because of human‐induced activities. This study was conducted to determine the consequences of deforestation on the natural regeneration of vegetation and soil quality in tropical, semi‐evergreen protected and degraded forest ecosystems of Bangladesh. In each forest ecosystem, 20 matured trees were randomly selected for laid‐out experimental plots by placing the tree stand at the center of the plot. The number of vegetative species, height, basal area, crown percentages and species richness were measured. The selected soil properties were determined. The vegetation in the protected forest site was denser with an abundance of species than in the degraded forest site. The primary forest regenerative species were dominated by the dipterocarps in both forest sites. The most alarming difference was that of an abrupt decline in regenerative forest species accompanied by an increase in exotic shrubs, grasses and vines typical of open habitats in the degraded forest site. These shrubs (e.g.Melastaoma,Lantana camara,Clerodendrum infortunatumandJasminiumspp.) and grasses and vines (e.g.Imperata cylindrica,Imperata arundinacea,Mikania scandenes,Saccharum spontaneumandEupatorium odoratum) are gradually replacing the primary forest regenerative species in the degraded forest site. The soil quality of the degraded forest site has deteriorated over time due to preferential removal of finer particles and organic matter by accelerated water erosion. As a result, natural regeneration of primary forest species, especially dipterocarps, is severely affected by the direct effects of biotic interferences and attendant processes of soil quality degradation from deforestation. In contrast, degraded forest sites under regular protection have shown slow, but gradual, increase in crown frequency, enhanced recruitment and recovery of primary forest species, species abundance, and an improvement in soil quality. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plant invasion and management in turf‐dominated waste landfills in South Korea
Authors: Kim K. D.
Published: August 2002

A floristic survey was conducted in turf‐dominated fields on some waste landfills in South Korea, to quantify the degree of plant invasion in those degraded lands. The dominant species, except turf (Zoysia japonica), wereConyza canadensis,Setaria viridis,Digitaria sanguinalisandAster tripolium. Mean species number declined linearly with distance from the edge of the turf stands. Biomass of each species ranged between 0.1 g and 122.6 g, decreasing linearly with distance from the edge of the stand and declining exponentially with turf coverage. Mean soil moisture storage and organic matter content were 12.59 per cent and 5.81 per cent, respectively. Sum of relative cover, frequency and biomass of all species with environmental variables (distance from the stand edge, turf cover, soil moisture storage, soil organic matter content and the ratio of species number of exotic plants to that of native plants) were ordinated by DCA (detrended correspondence analysis). The first axis of the DCA was positively correlated with distance from the stand edge and turf cover and the second axis of the DCA was negatively correlated with soil organic matter content. Highly and lowly invasive species were indicated from DCA results. From analysis of dispersal type, barochore and anemochore were the most widespread of other dispersal types but it was suggested that anthropochore played an important role in plant invasion in these degraded wastelands. Establishment of an edge transition zone, enhancement of turf cover and reduction in traffic is recommended as management options for turf fields. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel laser system and laser irradiation method reduced the risk of carbonization during laser interstitial thermotherapy: Assessed by MR temperature measurement
Authors: Atsumi Hideki , Matsumae Mitsunori , Kaneda Michihiro , Muro Isao , Mamata Yoshiaki , Komiya Taizo , Tsugu Atsushi , Tsugane Ryuichi
Published: August 2002

Background and Objective:

To establish laser interstitial thermotherapy (LITT) for intracranial tumors, the authors investigated a method to regulate localized temperature generated by interstitial laser irradiation using magnetic resonance (MR) temperature mapping.

Study Design/Materials and Methods:

A diode laser system and six different types of optical‐fiber system were developed for LITT. The characteristics of temperature profiles produced by each laser‐fiber system were investigated with MR temperature measurement (the water proton chemical technique), and differences in the temperature profile induced by two laser‐irradiation methods (continuous and intermittent) were observed.

Results:

All fiber systems with the exception of the diffuse‐projection fiber system, created a spherical temperature profile. Carbonization sometimes occurred around the bare‐end fiber tip upon high power laser irradiation. The diffuse‐projection fiber system produced a cylindrical temperature distribution, and the temperature profile showed a more gradual temperature elevation than the bare‐end fiber. No carbonization occurred at the tip of the diffuse‐projection fiber system. In addition, the utilization of the intermittent irradiation method also increased temperature gradually. Fiber‐system modification and intermittent irradiation reduced laser‐beam intensity and the risk of carbonization.

Conclusion:

The use of a diffuse‐projection fiber system which intermittently transmits a reduced intensity laser beam is an effective tool to regulate temperature during LITT using MR temperature measurement. Lasers Surg. Med. 29:108–117, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The social–psychological bases of anticonsumption attitudes
Authors: Zavestoski Stephen
Published: August 2002

This article proposes that the increasing number of individuals voluntarily reducing their levels of consumption may be motivated by underlying social–psychological stress related to living in a consumer society. Of the three primary motivational bases of the self (esteem, efficacy, and authenticity), it is argued that only self‐esteem and self‐efficacy can be acquired through consumption. The current growth of the voluntary simplicity movement, it is argued, is among those individuals who have met the need for esteem and efficacy through consumption, but have failed to achieve a sense of authenticity. Evidence from interviews with participants in the voluntary simplicity movement is presented in support of this proposition. Anticonsumption attitudes, it is concluded, result from a process of self‐inquiry triggered by the failure to feel authentic through one's consumption activities. Implications of anticonsumption attitudes in reaction to consumer culture are discussed. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Materialism as an attempt to cope with uncertainty
Authors: Chang LinChiat , Arkin Robert M.
Published: August 2002

Three studies tested the hypothesis that people may turn to materialism when they face uncertainties in modern life. Study 1 showed that anomie and self‐doubt are significant predictors of materialistic orientations; other plausible antecedents have less predictive value. In Study 2, participants experiencing chronic self‐doubt showed a higher level of materialism if they were primed to experience doubt and insecurity. In Study 3, participants with chronic perceptions of anomie showed a higher level of materialism if they were primed with the concept of normlessness. Together, these three studies show that some people turn to materialism when they experience uncertainty within the self (self‐doubt) or perceive uncertainty relating to society (anomie). © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Regulation of transcription of the intracellular interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist gene by AP‐1 in mouse carcinoma cells
Authors: La Eunhye , Rundhaug Joyce E. , Pavone Amy , Fischer Susan M.
Published: August 2002

Interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1Ra) is involved in many processes, including epidermal inflammation and hyperplasia after irritation or injury. However, the mechanism by which intracellular IL‐1Ra (icIL‐1Ra) expression is regulated in mouse keratinocytes has not been reported. We found that the CH72 mouse carcinoma cell line constitutively expresses the icIL‐1Ra mRNA. To study the transcriptional factors responsible for the constitutive expression of icIL‐1Ra, we functionally characterized 4.5 kb of the 5′ flanking region of the human icIL‐1Ra gene in these cells. We first demonstrated that icIL‐1Ra expression in these cells was regulated at the level of transcription. Deletion analysis of the promoter showed that regulatory elements for constitutive expression were located −158 to −49 bp upstream of the transcription start site for icIL‐1Ra. We investigated the cis‐ and trans‐acting factors required for icIL‐1Ra expression. An activating protein‐1 (AP‐1) site was identified as the positive regulatory element necessary for the constitutive expression of the icIL‐1Ra promoter in CH72 cells. Moreover, electrophoretic mobility shift assay and cotransfection experiments showed that c‐jun and c‐fos proteins bound to the AP‐1 site and functionally transactivated the icIL‐1Ra promoter in mouse carcinoma CH72 cells. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multiple manifestations of X‐ray–induced genomic instability in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells
Authors: Romney Carla A. , Paulauskis Joseph D. , Nagasawa Hatsumi , Little John B.
Published: August 2002

Carcinogenesis is postulated to follow a multistep cascade in which the first genetic event may destabilize cells and thereby facilitate the induction of subsequent mutations within the same cell. It has recently been shown that exposure to ionizing radiation can in itself induce a persistent, heritable genetic instability in cells. To further investigate this phenomenon, we utilized a mutationally unstable population derived from a single Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell that survived X irradiation. We exposed these cells to a second dose of radiation, selected hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) mutant subclones, and identified the type of mutations involved. We found complete deletions, continuous tract partial deletions, single‐exon deletions, discontinuous‐exon deletions (“skip mutations”), and point mutations (changes of less than 100 bp) among the isolated HPRT mutants. We hypothesized that the skip mutation clones might be more likely to demonstrate genomic instability. To test this hypothesis, mutant subclones were screened for three markers of genetic instability: alteration of minisatellite sequences, change in telomere length, and induction of chromosomal aberrations. Clones with skip mutations and single‐exon deletions possessed elevated frequencies of minisatellite alterations and chromosomal aberrations, particularly rings and dicentrics. All mutant clones showed longer telomere terminal restriction fragment lengths than did wild‐type cells. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that irradiation may induce a global instability phenotype, since the multiple alterations observed are mechanistically distinct, heritable cellular modifications that arose in the clonogenic progeny of the irradiated cells. Skip mutations may be one manifestation of this instability, but their presence was not specifically associated with the other genetic alterations. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaporative light‐scattering detection coupled to microcolumn liquid chromatography for the analysis of underivatized amino acids: Sensitivity, linearity of response and comparisons with UV absorbance detection
Authors: Cobb Z. , Shaw P. N. , Lloyd L. L. , Wrench N. , Barrett D. A.
Published: August 2002

Microcolumn chromatography (1.0 mm to 0.3 mm column i.d.) of underivatized amino acids coupled to evaporative light‐scattering (ELS) detection demonstrated good baseline stability using perfluorinated carboxylic acid ion‐pairing agents of varying alkyl chain lengths (C2–C8) and concentrations (1–8 mM). Under the gradient elution conditions used, the baseline stability and the limits of detection for amino acids were better with ELS detection than those obtained with UV absorbance detection. Microcolumn chromatography enabled good mass sensitivity to be achieved with the ELS detector with as little as 0.5 ng of amino acid being detectable on‐column with a 0.3 mm i.d. column under gradient conditions. Excellent linearity was obtained for calibration standards of four different amino acids over three orders of magnitude (0.5–500 ng on‐column; R2=0.98 or better). From the data presented it can be concluded that ELS detection can be advantageously linked with microcolumn chromatography to give better sensitivity and improved linearity compared with conventional chromatography. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Micro Sep 13: 169–175, 2001
Factors impacting on quality of life in Parkinson's disease: Results from an international survey
Authors:   The Global Parkinson's Disease Survey (GPDS) Steering Committee
Published: August 2002

Current management guidelines for the treatment of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) are limited due to the lack of knowledge of factors that influence health‐related quality of life (HRQL). To assess the HRQL of people with PD, and to systematically identify and evaluate those factors (other than disease severity and medication, which could have an impact), we undertook a cross‐sectional, randomized selection, multicenter international survey of patients with PD, caregivers, and clinicians. Face‐to‐face interviews were conducted with subjects in six countries. Disease severity, medication, and other factors hypothesized to influence HRQL were assessed using a combination of specially developed questionnaires and validated instruments including the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire‐39 (HRQL), Hoehn and Yahr Stage (disease severity), and Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI; depression). Multiple linear regression models were used to demonstrate whether the factors investigated contribute significantly to HRQL. The results obtained indicated that Hoehn and Yahr stage and medication explained only 17.3% of the variability in HRQL of patients with PD, although both were significant (R2 = 0.173, P < 0.05). Other factors increased the explanatory power to adjusted R2 = 0.597, with BDI being the most significant predictor of variability in HRQL (adjusted R2 = 0.582; P < 0.001), followed by “Satisfaction with the explanation of the condition at diagnosis” and “Current feelings of optimism” (both P < 0.05). These factors, in addition to disease severity and medication, explain 59.7% of the variability in HRQL across the population. In conclusion, depression (as measured by the BDI) in PD, “satisfaction with the explanation of the condition at diagnosis” and “current feelings of optimism” have a significant impact on HRQL. The completion of this initial analysis is the first step towards developing management guidelines that truly influence the HRQL of patients with PD. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Clinical–Pathological study of levodopa complications
Authors: Rajput Azi H. , Fenton Mark E. , Birdi Sam , Macaulay Rob , George David , Rozdilsky Bohdar , Ang Lee C. , Senthilselvan Ambikaipakan , Hornykiewicz Oleh
Published: August 2002

We sought to determine the continued benefit and the pattern of motor complications of long‐term levodopa treatment in Parkinson's disease. Patients were evaluated between 1968 and 1996. Only those who had an adequate levodopa trial and in whom autopsy revealed Lewy body Parkinson's disease were included. Total levodopa and mean daily dose were calculated in each case. Dyskinesia, wearing‐off and on‐off were collectively classified as motor adverse effects and reported as cumulative incidence. Forty‐two patients (male, 30; female, 12) with mean 15.9 years of illness and 9.1 years follow‐up received on average 500‐mg levodopa daily over 9.8 years. Seventeen of 21 patients assessed during the last 18 months of life reported some motor benefit. Adverse effects were seen in 71.4% of patients. The most common was dyskinesia, in 61.9%; wearing‐off in 35.7%; and on‐off in 16.7% of patients. The earliest adverse effect was dyskinesia and the last to emerge was on‐off. Isolated dyskinesia was seen in 35.7% and wearing‐off in 7.1% of patients; 15.5% of patients developed dyskinesia after 2.6 years and 31% after 6.4 years on levodopa. We concluded that levodopa benefit declined and adverse effects increased with time. Dyskinesia was the earliest and the most common isolated adverse effect. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society.
Correlates of functional disability in essential tremor
Authors: Louis Elan D. , Barnes Livia , Albert Steven M. , Cote Lucien , Schneier Franklin R. , Pullman Seth L. , Yu Qiping
Published: August 2002

The decision to treat patients with essential tremor (ET) is based primarily on the functional impact of the tremor. Correlates of functional disability, apart from the severity of the tremor itself, have not been studied. The objective of this work was to study correlates of functional disability in ET, and to present data on the extent of functional disability in community‐dwelling ET cases.

ET cases and age‐matched control subjects were ascertained from a tertiary referral center at Columbia‐Presbyterian Medical Center and a community in northern Manhattan, N.Y. Subjects underwent a 2.5‐hour evaluation, including a tremor disability questionnaire, a videotaped tremor examination rated by a neurologist, a performance‐based test of function, quantitative computerized tremor analysis, the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, and the depression module of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV.

Seventy‐six (85.4%) of 89 cases reported disability on ≥1 item on the disability questionnaire. In multivariate linear regression analyses, current major depression, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale score, age, and tremor severity were independently correlated with performance‐based test scores. Twenty‐seven (73.0%) of 37 community cases reported disability on ≥1 (mean = 8.4) item on the questionnaire, and 25 (67.6%) demonstrated moderate or greater difficulty on ≥1 (mean = 4.2) task in a performance‐based test.

Depression, anxiety, and age, independent of the severity of tremor, were associated with greater functional disability in ET, so that these factors must be considered when assessing the impact of new treatments in ET. Among a group of community‐dwelling cases, approximately three‐quarters reported disability, suggesting that the number of individuals who might receive some benefit from advances in the treatment of ET is probably a great deal larger than previously thought. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Control of movement distance in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Pfann Kerstin D. , Buchman Aron S. , Comella Cynthia L. , Corcos Daniel M.
Published: August 2002

Studies of electromyographic (EMG) patterns during movements in Parkinson's disease (PD) have often yielded contradictory results, making it impossible to derive a set of rules to explain how muscles are activated to perform different movement tasks. We sought to clarify the changes in modulation of EMG parameters associated with control of movement distance during fast movements in patients with PD. Specifically, we studied surface EMG activity during rapid elbow flexion movements over a wide range of distances (5–72 degrees) in 14 patients with relatively mild symptoms of PD and 14 control subjects of similar age, sex, height, and weight. The PD group exhibited several changes in EMG modulation including impaired modulation of agonist burst duration; increased number of agonist bursts; reduced scaling of agonist EMG magnitude in the more severely impaired subjects; and increased temporal overlap of the antagonist and agonist signals in the most severely impaired subjects. These findings suggest that progressive motor dysfunction in PD is accompanied by increasing deficits in modulating muscle activation. These results help clarify previous disparate and sometimes contradictory results of EMG patterns in subjects with PD. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
A novel microstrip patch antenna for 3G IMT‐2000 mobile handsets
Authors: Wang Ya Jun , Lee Ching Kwang , Karmakar Nemai Chandra
Published: August 2002

The 3G IMT‐2000 is intended to be a global standard offering higher bit‐rate service comparable to current wireline services. This paper investigates a novel internal square patch antenna for the application of the 3G IMT‐2000 mobile handsets. By introducing a single shorting pin and a thin rectangular slot perforated in a square patch of 34 mm×34 mm, this probe‐fed antenna will realize an impedance bandwidth (return loss <−10 dB) of 25.6% with dual‐frequency operation, which thoroughly covers the 3G IMT‐2000 frequency spectra from 1885 to 2200 MHz. The antenna design and its typical characteristics, such as the impedance behavior and the far‐field radiation patterns, are presented and analyzed theoretically and experimentally. The measured and simulated results are in good agreement. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 31: 488–491, 2001.
Characteristics of microstrip line on YIG–GGG substrate under arbitrary orientation of magnetization
Authors: Subbiah Shanthi , Alphones Arokiaswami , Leong Tan Eng
Published: August 2002

The propagation characteristics of a microstrip line printed on a YIG/GGG film are analyzed by the spectral‐domain approach for arbitrary orientation of the bias magnetic field. The nonreciprocal property of the YIG film is explored by studying the characteristics of the forward and backward wave. The change in differential phase shift with frequency obtained due to arbitrary orientation of the bias magnetic field finds application in microwave signal processing. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 32: 29–35, 2002.
Analysis of high‐power EDFA operating in saturated regime at λ=1530 nm and its performance evaluation in DWDM systems
Authors: Ravikanth J. , Shah D. D. , Vijaya R. , Singh Bhanu P. , Shevgaonkar R. K.
Published: August 2002

This paper presents the numerical analysis of an EDFA operating in the saturation regime. Erbium‐doped silica fibers with higher numerical aperture and erbium ion concentration can yield high output signal powers. The study of multichannel signal amplification in a high‐power EDFA shows that the gain excursion in a particular channel lies within 0.5 dB as long as the number of channels dropped does not exceed a certain limit. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 32: 64–70, 2002.
Theoretical and experimental study of compensated bridges in coplanar technology: Flexibility of the compensation method
Authors: Rius E. , Coupez J. Ph. , Toutain S. , Person C.
Published: August 2002

This paper describes a systematic study of compensated bridges in coplanar technology. If bridges are necessary for filtering the parasitic coupled slot‐line mode excited by coplanar discontinuities, they modify the electrical characteristics associated with the fundamental even mode. Based on a low‐pass filter approach, a very simple technique is used to compensate for this parasitic effect. Here, emphasis is placed on the flexibility of this compensation technique, which allows us to reduce the technological constraints. Several solutions based on this approach are presented in the case of transmission lines, discontinuities such as tee junctions, and classical distributed bandpass filters. This study is valid for air bridges in classical coplanar technology, as well as for integrated dielectric bridges in multilayer coplanar technology. The concepts developed in this paper are illustrated theoretically and experimentally on multilayer devices over the 1–50 GHz frequency band. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 32: 402–408, 2002.
Magneto‐mechanical tuning of fiber Bragg grating filter
Authors: Chan C. C. , Gong J. M. , Shi C. Z. , Hoo Y. L. , Zhang M. , Jin W.
Published: August 2002

The use of a linear magnetic actuator for the tuning of a fiber Bragg grating filter is demonstrated. Experimental results show that the tuning repeatability is better than 1.4% within a 2‐nm tuning range. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 33, 73–74, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10238
Integrated antenna for LINC systems
Authors: Gao Shi‐Chang , Gardner Peter , Chiw Ser. Tar.
Published: August 2002

This letter presents a novel concept of integrated antenna for LINC (linear amplification with nonlinear components) systems. In this approach, the power combiner involved in the conventional LINC system is removed, and the power combination is realized within a microstrip antenna. This is a significant advance on current LINC systems, where the circuit‐level power combiner losses degrade overall efficiency. The configuration of the integrated antenna is described and an example antenna is designed at 2.0 GHz. The simulated results based on moment method which validate the concept, are presented. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 33: 93–95, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10240
Novel technique for long period gratings fabrication using broad spectrum ultraviolet source
Authors: Li Xuhui , Yue Chaoyu , Xia Li , Chen Xiangfei , Xie Shizhong
Published: August 2002

A novel technique using broad spectrum UV light source and amplitude mask to write LPGs is presented. Based on this technique, writing LPGs becomes simple, flexible, and multiple fiber gratings could be written at same time. It can be used by industry to manufacture LPGs in large volume with very low cost. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 33: 368–370, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10324
Coupling through a flanged coaxial line array
Authors: Park Yong B. , Eom Hyo J.
Published: August 2002

Coupling through a flanged coaxial line array is investigated. The Hankel transform and superposition principle are used to obtain the coupling parameters. The mutual coupling expression is shown to be identical with other results based on the Green's‐function approach. Computation and experiment are performed to illustrate the coupling behavior. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 33: 467–470, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10353
A new microstrip frequency‐selective surface
Authors: Sarkar P. P. , Bhattacharjee R. , Das S. , Sarkar S. , Chowdhury S. K.
Published: August 2002

The frequency‐selective property of a concentric ring microstrip patch with a circular patch at its center has been investigated experimentally. Measured data indicate a 16 dB dip in the normalized transmitted electric field versus frequency plotted at a particular frequency. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 29: 167–168, 2001.
FDTD analysis of a new transition from coplanar waveguide to rectangular waveguide
Authors: Dib Nihad , Omar Amjad
Published: August 2002

A rectangular waveguide fed by a grounded coplanar waveguide (GCPW) is investigated using the finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) method. A patch is used to couple energy to the rectangular waveguide (RW) by placing the waveguide opening around the patch. The coupling from the GCPW to the patch is accomplished via an open end. For a 10 dB return loss, a relative bandwidth of 14% is obtained for a GCPW‐to‐RW transition. A back‐to‐back GCPW‐to‐RW transition is analyzed, and is found to have good insertion‐loss characteristics, which verifies that power is indeed coupled to the waveguide. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 29: 199–201, 2001.