bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An XPS Study of the Effects of CF4 Plasmas on Gold Surfaces
Authors: Linn J. H. , Swartz W. E.
Published: June 2005

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has been employed to study the effect of CF4 rf plasmas on gold surfaces. The data indicate that the CF4 plasma converts the inert gold surface into a chemically active surface composed of gold, gold oxide, and gold fluoride. Upon exposure to air, the gold fluoride is hydrolyzed. The modified surface actively adsorbs water. The significance of the results is discussed in terms of microelectronic reliability considerations.
Interim Protocol for the Automated Analysis of Semivolatile Organic Compounds by Gas Chromatography/Fourier Transform Infrared (GC/FT-IR) Spectrometry
Authors: Gurka Donald F.
Published: June 2005

The application of gas chromatography/Fourier transform infrared (GC/FT-IR) data to regulatory decisions requires, among other things, the availability of validated analytical protocols. Such protocols are necessary for the generation of reliable analytical data. A GC/FT-IR protocol is described which is applicable to the determination of semivolatile organic compounds in wastewater, soils, sediments, and solid wastes. The protocol is designed for the high-throughput automated analysis of multicomponent environmental and hazardous waste extracts. Wastewater analysis for semivolatile organic compounds is based upon the extraction of 1 L of sample with methylene chloride and the concentration of the extract to 1 mL. The analysis of the semivolatile fraction derived from solid waste analysis is based upon the extraction of 50 grams of sample and concentration of the sample extract to 1.0 mL. A gel permeation cleanup option is included to further purify those extracts which cannot be concentrated to the specified final volume. With the use of capillary GC/FT-IR techniques, wastewater identification limits of 150 to 400 ppb can be achieved with this method, while the corresponding identification limits for solid samples are 3 to 88 ppm. Automated packed-column GC/FT-IR identification limits are approximately a factor of five higher than the corresponding capillary GC/FT-IR values. The most frequent obstacle to the achievement of these identification limits is expected to be the presence of large quantities of interfering high-boiling coextractants. These coextractants would raise the identification limits by preventing the concentration of extracts to the desired final volume, thereby necessitating gel permeation cleanup, and/or by decreasing the spectral signal-to-noise of GC-volatile analytes by raising the spectral background intensity.
A Windowed Slew-Scanning Fourier Transform Spectrometer for Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry
Authors: Stubley E. A. , Horlick G.
Published: June 2005

As an atomic emission measurement system in the uv and visible spectral regions, Fourier transform spectrometry (FTS) has excellent simultaneous multielement analysis capabilities. Quantitatively, however, it suffers from the “multiplex disadvantage” and from dynamic range limitations. To improve the quantitative performance of FTS, a novel instrument, a windowed slew-scan Fourier transform spectrometer (WSS-FTS) is proposed. This instrument consists of a slew-scanning monochromator with wide entrance and exit slits coupled to the Michelson interferometer. Accurate wavelength identification and resolution and simultaneous multielement measurement within a 4-nm spectral window are provided by the interferometer, while the monochromator provides a flexible method of selecting different spectral windows. It is shown that WSS-FTS reduces both dynamic range problems and the signal-to-noise limitations of conventional FTS. With WSS-FTS as the measurement system for emission from an inductively coupled plasma (ICP), detection limits are found to be comparable with those obtained from a commercially available ICP instrument.
Quantification of Ammonium in Aerosols by Near-Infrared Photothermal Spectroscopy
Authors: Röhl Raimund , Childers Jeffrey W. , Palmer Richard A.
Published: June 2005

The potential of near-infrared photothermal spectroscopy for the analysis of aerosols collected on filter membranes is demonstrated. Laboratory-generated aerosols consisting of ammonium sulfate and soot are collected on Teflon® filters by the use of a dichotomous sampler. The N-H overtone/combination band at 2110 nm is used to determine ammonium in these mixtures. The presence of soot is shown to have a deleterious effect on the detectability of ammonium. The extent of this limitation is examined with the employment of well-characterized samples. An empirical expression, based on Beer's law, is developed which relates the photothermal signal to the relative soot and ammonium sulfate loadings.
The Infrared Spectra and Structure of the Amadori Product Formed from Glucose and Glycine
Authors: Tamic Laure A. , Hartman K. A.
Published: June 2005

IR spectra are given for 1-deoxy-1-glycino-D-fructose as an anion, cation, zwitterion, and deuterated zwitterion. The major bands are assigned to the vibrations of molecular subgroups. The spectra show that the deoxyfructose residue is predominately in the β-D-pyranose form, although small fractions of other isomers may also be present. These results may be useful in the study of nonenzymatically glycosylated proteins.
Optical Purity Determination, Conformer Populations, and 1H NMR Spectral Simplification with Lanthanide Shift Reagents. Part VII: 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA)
Authors: Avolio John , Rothchild Robert
Published: June 2005

The 60 MHz 1H NMR spectra of racemic 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 1, have been studied with the achiral shift reagent, tris(6,6,7,7,8,8,8-heptafluoro-2,2-dimethyl-3,5-octanedionato) europium (III), 2, and the chiral tris[3-(trifluoromethylhydroxymethylene)- d-camphorato]europium (III), 3. Moderate values of the enantiomeric shift difference, ΔΔδ, were observed for each of the benzylic protons and the CH3, with the use of added 3 in CDCl3 solutions at 28°C. The CH3 resonance was analytically useful for direct optical purity assays; as little as 3% of the minor enantiomer should be detectable. The (+)-isomer of 1 had its CH3 absorption at higher field in spectra shifted by 3. Appropriate peak height measurements were determined for best accuracy in optical purity assays. The relative abundances of the different conformers with respect to Cα-Cβ bond rotation based on coupling constants in the CH2CH moiety are discussed.
The Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of DDT and Related Compounds. Part III: Naturally Occurring 13C Spectra
Authors: Sharpless Norman E. , Egan William M. , Kennard Colin H. L.
Published: June 2005

13C NMR spectra have been run and analyzed for fourteen DDT analogues and related compounds. Relationships between chemical shifts and various structural parameters are plotted.
A Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of the Technique of Laser-Intermodulated Fluorescence for Scattering Correction in Atomic Fluorescence Flame Spectrometry
Authors: Hart L. P. , Alkemade C. Th. J. , Omenetto N. , Winefordner J. D.
Published: June 2005

A theoretical derivation is presented of the signal obtained with the technique of intermodulated atomic fluorescence spectroscopy. One laser beam, tuned at a selected atomic transition, is divided into two beams which are then amplitude-modulated at different frequencies and recombined in a flame containing the vapor of the element investigated. The fluorescence signal at the sum or difference frequency is measured. The derivation is given for both square-wave and sinusoidal modulation. It is shown that the intermodulated fluorescence amplitude depends upon the square of the laser spectral irradiance at low powers and reaches a plateau at high irradiances, but only in the case of square-wave modulation. For sinusoidal modulation, a maximum is reached followed by a roll-off at high irradiances. The theoretical predictions are verified experimentally with a square-wave-modulated cw dye laser for the case of sodium resonance fluorescence in an oxygen-argon-hydrogen flame. The scatter signal has no intermodulation component. Finally, it is shown that when the modulation waveform is not square wave, scattering correction can also be achieved with a single-beam excitation scheme.
Near-Infrared Reflectance Measurement of Total Sugar Content of Breakfast Cereals
Authors: Baker D. , Norris K. H.
Published: June 2005

Two different computerized scanning near-infrared (NIR) reflectance instruments were used to determine the total sugar content of 84 samples of ready-to-eat breakfast cereals. One of the instruments was commercially built, the Neotec 6350, and the other was built in the Instrumentation Research Laboratory, HSI, ARS, USDA. The total sugar content of the cereals, as determined by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC), ranged from 0 to 54%. The samples were divided into two sets, one used for calibration of both NIR instruments and the other used for prediction. Various mathematical treatments of the spectral reflectance data were evaluated for optimal prediction of sugar content, and best prediction by both instruments was obtained by a two-term regression equation using ratios of first derivatives of log 1/ R. The correlation between the NIR measurement and the GLC analysis was the same for both instruments. The standard errors of prediction of 2.8% and 2.7% total sugar are only slightly larger than the errors associated with the GLC method with which they are compared. Two different types of spectra were observed in the cereal samples. One was identified as characteristic of crystalline sugar, and the other characteristic of amorphous sugar.
Determination of Wear Metals in Aircraft Lubricating Oils by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Using a Graphite Furnace Atomizer
Authors: Saba Costandy S. , Rhine Wendell E. , Eisentraut Kent J.
Published: June 2005

Atomic absorption spectrophotometry equipped with a graphite furnace atomizer has proven to be a very effective technique for determining iron, copper, aluminum, magnesium, and other critical wear metals in lubricating oils. Oil samples are diluted 1:4 with kerosene, and 0.5–20 μL can be analyzed by direct injection into the furnace. Analytical conditions have been established for 10 wear metals. Working curves, times, and temperatures for drying, ashing, and atomizing cycles have been determined. Precision of analysis was determined for standards (dissolved) and samples containing metallic particles (undissolved). The RSDs for 10 runs of 3 ppm Fe, 1 ppm Cu, and 1 ppm Al were 10.0, 4.0, and 3.9 percent, respectively. Metal powders of Fe, Cu, and Al having maximum sizes of 5, 10, and 20–30 μm were analyzed and precisions determined. Comparative analytical results were obtained for Fe particles of 1, 3, 5, 8, 10, 12, and 20–30 μm with the use of various spectrometric techniques. The graphite furnace was shown to be superior to ICP, DCP, flame AA, and rotating disk AES. In the analysis of used oil samples, the graphite furnace gave better precision and analyzability for Fe and Cu than the other instruments considered.
Infrared Spectra of Sodium Salts in CsCl Disks
Authors: Yariv S. , Shoval S.
Published: June 2005

The use of CsCl as a matrix for the preparation of disks for infrared spectra of sodium salts was investigated. During the grinding of the disks, sodium salts form a substitutional solid solution of hydrated Na+ in a CsCl lattice. The IR spectrum of the substitutional hydrated solid solution has four characteristic HOH absorption bands which are very sharp, whereas in general, the spectra of hygroscopic salts have broad HOH absorption bands. The spectra of sodium salts in a CsCl matrix were compared to those of (1) potassium halides and LiCl in KBr, CsCl, and CsI matrices; (2) various cesium salts in NaCl and NaBr matrices; (3) various sodium salts in a CsI matrix. From the various spectra it was concluded that the formation of the substitutional solid solution of hydrated Na+ in CsCl crystals is a mechanochemical process. In the first step, NaCl is formed because of a double decomposition reaction between the sodium salt and CsCl. In the second step, a solid solution of NaCl in CsCl crystals is obtained because of a mechanochemical process in which planes of NaCl crystals and atmospheric water combine with planes or fractures of CsCl crystals due to sliding of crystal planes under the effect of shearing. Substitutional solid solutions of hydrated Na+ in CsBr and CsI are obtained when NaBr or NaI is ground with CsBr or CsI.
The Atomic Secret in Red Hands? American Suspicions of Theoretical Physicists During the Early Cold War
Authors: Kaiser David
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACT During the early years of the Cold War, a formulaic depiction emerged in the United States linking one group of scientists—theoretical physicists—with “atomic secrets,” whose possession would supposedly allow other nations to build their own nuclear weapons. Scrutiny narrowed quickly around theoretical physicists, as reporters, senators, and federal judges alike asserted that theorists were inherently a breed apart, more susceptible than any other group of people to Communist influence.
Collecting the Nineteenth Century
Authors: WATERMAN SUE
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACT The linking of a series of nineteenth-century collections of a prominent Belgian family reveals more than just the outlines of the cultures of nineteenth-century collecting. The bonds of scientific confraternity, family, and love are perhaps not as strong as those of time and memory, and the nature of the archive may be, at times, both fluid and uncertain.
Assessing the Clinical Benefits of Erythropoietic Agents Using Area Under the Hemoglobin Change Curve
Authors: Duh Mei Sheng , Lefebvre Patrick , Fastenau John , Piech Catherine Tak , Waltzman Roger J.
Published: June 2005

Introduction. In assessing erythropoietic agents for chemotherapy-induced anemia, traditional single time–point end points (e.g., hematopoietic response [HR]) fail to reflect clinical benefits over the entire therapy course. Area under the hemoglobin change curve (Hb AUC) is introduced as an alternative measure, and its reliability, clinical significance, and superiority are assessed.

Methods. Using data from a phase IV open-label epoetin alfa (EPO) trial, we tested Hb AUC reliability by comparing its values derived from primary patient data with those derived from aggregated data. Clinical significance of the Hb AUC was investigated in three phase IV EPO trials by examining the linear relationship between Hb AUC quartiles and established clinical end points. The superiority of the Hb AUC over HR in its association with blood transfusion was tested through logistic regressions and area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.

Results. The Hb AUC values derived from patient and aggregated data were similar. Strong and statistically significant linear trends of decreasing transfusion requirements, increasing quality-of-life improvements, and decreasing time to HR were found across Hb AUC quartiles. The Hb AUC rendered the HR variable insignificant when both were present in the same model. Area under the ROC curve analysis supported the superior performance of the Hb AUC.

Conclusions. We found that the Hb AUC is an objective, reliable, clinically meaningful, and comprehensive summary statistic that may be used to quantify clinical benefits for patients receiving erythropoietic agents. Further prospective validation of the Hb AUC metric is recommended.
Fate of Nitrogen‐15 in a Long‐Term Nitrogen Rate Study: I. Interactions with Soil Nitrogen
Authors: Stevens W. B. , Hoeft R. G. , Mulvaney R. L.
Published: June 2005

A better understanding of how N management practices affect transformations and movement of fertilizer N may lead to more efficient N management. The objectives of this work were to determine how long‐term N fertilizer history in a continuous corn (Zea mays L.) production system affects (i) movement of fertilizer N through the soil profile and (ii) cycling of fertilizer N between available and nonavailable soil forms. Nitrogen‐15‐labeled ammonium nitrate (15NH415NO3) was applied at 0, 67, 134, 201, or 268 kg N ha−1 to subplots of long‐term N rate plots. Twenty to 55% of labeled N was converted into either organic or clay‐fixed forms during the first growing season, with the percentage decreasing with increasing N application rate. Significantly more N was released from nonavailable forms in plots where the historical N application rate had exceeded the long‐term optimum (186 kg ha−1) than in plots that received lower rates. Little fertilizer‐derived N leached from the profile during the first growing season, but losses did occur during the off‐season and subsequent growing season when N application rate was higher than the optimum. It was concluded that a history of excessive N application may decrease response of subsequent crops to fertilizer N due to greater release from nonavailable N forms, most likely as a result of increased mineralization of crop residues and recently formed soil organic N.
Fate of Nitrogen‐15 in a Long‐Term Nitrogen Rate Study: II. Nitrogen Uptake Efficiency
Authors: Stevens W. B. , Hoeft R. G. , Mulvaney R. L.
Published: June 2005

Increased fertilizer N uptake efficiency (FNUE) leads to more economical corn (Zea mays L.) production and lower environmental impact. Excessive N application reduces FNUE and may affect subsequent crop response through its influence on NO3–N carryover and the amount of readily mineralizable organic N in the soil. Our objective was to determine how prior fertilizer N application rate affects (i) grain yield and agronomic optimum N rate, (ii) contributions of fertilizer‐ and soil‐derived N to N uptake, and (iii) FNUE. Labeled 15NH415NO3 was applied at 0, 67, 134, 201, or 268 kg N ha−1 to subplots within a continuous corn long‐term N rate study. Estimates of FNUE were higher by the difference method (49–69%) than with the isotope (15N) method (31–37%), and different trends were observed with each method as N application rate increased. The disparity between methods is consistent with a differential effect of long‐term N application rate on mineralization–immobilization. Recovery of labeled N from the plant–soil system ranged from 71% at the 67 kg ha−1 N application rate to 64% at the 201 kg ha−1 application rate. Fertilizer N accounted for an increasing proportion of crop N uptake as the N rate was increased, but soil N uptake was always more extensive, accounting for 54 to 83% of total plant N. Crop uptake of labeled N during the second growing season after 15N application ranged from 2.2 kg ha−1 with the lowest N rate to 7.8 kg ha−1 with the two highest rates.
A NEW APPARATUS TO SIMULATE ATHLETIC FIELD TRAFFIC: THE CADY TRAFFIC SIMULATOR
Authors: Henderson J. J. , Lanovaz J. L. , Rogers J. N. , Sorochan J. C. , Vanini J. T.
Published: June 2005

Realistic traffic simulation is crucial to the validity of athletic field research. Previously developed athletic field traffic simulators contain studded drums that turn at different speeds, creating shear forces at the playing surface. The Cady Traffic Simulator (CTS) (a modified walk‐behind core cultivation unit) was developed at Michigan State University in 2000. The objective of this study was to compare the magnitude and direction of the forces produced by two traffic simulators: the Brinkman Traffic Simulator (BTS), a pull‐behind unit, and the CTS. Both simulators were operated over an in‐ground force plate, which measured the forces in three directions: front to back, side to side, and vertical. The CTS produced a higher compressive stress and net shear stress when operated in either direction than the BTS. The average peak compressive stress produced by the feet of the CTS when operated in the forward direction was approximately 30 times higher than the combined compressive stresses of both BTS drums. The average peak net shear stress produced by the feet of the CTS when operated in the forward direction was approximately 15 times higher than the combined net shear stresses of both BTS drums. Operating in the reverse direction, the average peak compressive stress produced by the feet of the CTS was greater than five times the compressive stresses of both BTS drums combined. The average peak net shear stress produced by the feet of the CTS was approximately four times higher than the combined net shear stresses of both BTS drums.
Osmotic Adjustment in Wheat in Relation to Grain Yield under Water Deficit Environments
Authors: Moinuddin  , Fischer R. A. , Sayre K. D. , Reynolds M. P.
Published: June 2005

Six greenhouse and three field experiments were conducted at the International Center for Improvement of Maize and Wheat (CIMMYT), Mexico, on bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes to ascertain the role of osmotic adjustment (OA) in sustaining grain yield and its stability under water deficit conditions. Under simulated water deficit conditions of the greenhouse and field, the genotypes differed considerably regarding OA, ranging from 0.31 to 0.86 MPa and from 0.60 to 0.99 MPa, respectively. When the mean values of OA across the six greenhouse experiments were regressed against those of grain yield obtained at different moisture levels of the line source, the correlation coefficient value increased with the increase in moisture stress, turning positively significant (P < 0.001) at the highest water deficit level. Similarly, osmotic potential at full turgor (OP100) and turgor potential (TP), measured in the greenhouse, were positively correlated (P < 0.05) with grain yield at the highest line source water deficit level. Osmotic adjustment and grain yield, both measured in the simulated water deficit condition in the field, were also positively correlated (P < 0.05). Besides, OA maintained yield stability through maintenance of turgor under water deficit during reproductive period of crop growth. The heritability of OA, OP100, and TP, computed by pooled analysis of variance across the six greenhouse experiments, was 0.74, 0.73, and 0.79, respectively. The results indicated that OA, as well as OP100 and TP, could be used as screening tools for drought‐resistant bread wheat genotypes in the greenhouse. This study also demonstrated the appropriate greenhouse screening methodology in this regard.
Microclimatic and Rooting Characteristics of Narrow‐Row versus Conventional‐Row Corn
Authors: Sharratt Brenton S. , McWilliams Denise A.
Published: June 2005

Narrow‐row corn (Zea mays L.) has been advocated in recent years for bolstering production, but previous studies have failed to elucidate the complexity of factors that promote the production of corn sown in narrow rows. This study was undertaken to identify those agronomic and microclimatic factors that influence grain yield of corn grown in narrow and wide conventional rows. A split plot experimental design was established near Morris, MN, in 1998 and 1999 with row spacing (0.38, 0.57, and 0.76 m) as the main treatment and corn hybrid (Pioneer 3893 and DeKalb 417) as the secondary treatment. Root length density, crop water use, interception of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), soil temperature, and soil evaporation were measured in each row‐spacing treatment during the growing season. Grain yield and water use of narrow‐row corn equaled, or even exceeded, that of wide, conventional‐row corn. Narrow‐row corn had a more uniform root distribution and intercepted 5 to 15% more PAR on clear days, the latter of which likely aided in suppressing soil temperatures and evaporation during vegetative growth compared with corn grown in conventional rows. The results of this study suggest that any yield advantage to growing corn in narrow rows may result from establishing a more uniform root and leaf distribution that aids in exploiting soil water and light resources and reducing soil temperatures and evaporation compared with corn grown in wide conventional rows.
Measured and simulated effects of sophisticated drainage techniques on groundwater level and runoff hydrochemistry in areas of boreal acid sulphate soils
Authors: BÄRLUND I. , TATTARI S. , YLI-HALLA M.
Published: June 2005

To abate the environmental problems caused by the severe acidity and high metal concentrations in rivers draining acid sulphate (AS) soils of Western Finland, control drainage (CD) and lime filter drainage (LFD), and their combination, were investigated. The effectiveness of these best management practices (BMPs) on drainage water quality was studied on plot scale in two locations. In Ilmajoki, where the sulphidic materials are more than 2 m below the soil surface, CD efficiently reduced the concentrations of sulphate, aluminium, manganese and iron concentrations and to some extent also increased the pH of the drainage waters. LFD, in contrast, effectively reduced the drainage water acidity and raised the pH level. Decrease of the groundwater level owing to strong evapotranspiration in summer could, however, not be properly prevented by CD. In Mustasaari where sulphidic materials were as shallow as 1 m below soil surface, the positive effects of LFD recognised in Ilmajoki were hardly seen. This shows, that the tested BMPs work properly, and can thus be recommended, for intensively artificially drained AS soils like in Ilmajoki where most of the acidity has already been transported to watercourses. LFD can, however, not be recommended for as yet poorly leached and thus particularly problematic AS soils like in Mustasaari. This is, of course, a drawback of the tested BMP, as it is not effective for the soils which would need it most. The field data were tentatively utilised to test the performance of the HAPSU (Ionic Flow Model for Acid Sulphate Soils) simulation model developed to estimate the loads of harmful substances from AS soils.;
Sources of acidity and metals in a stream draining acid sulphate soil, till and peat, western Finland, revealed by a hydrochemical and sulphur isotope study
Authors: ÅSTRÖM M. , SPIRO B.
Published: June 2005

The main aim of this study was to determine, during extreme hydrological conditions, the source(s) of acids, sulphate and metals (alkali and alkaline earths) in the Munsala stream (western Finland) draining mainly acid sulphate soil, peat and till. Samples were collected at 6 sites along the main stem on 3 high-flow and 3 low-flow events, and were analysed for the required chemical and isotopic variables. The acid sulphate soils (located under farmland) had a large impact on the stream as indicated by pH values occasionally down to 4.0, moderately to strongly increased concentrations of inorganic solutes, and a high acid SO4 2- load characterised by negative d34S(sulphate) values. In addition, the forested areas underlain mainly with till and peat released low SO4 2- but low pH waters (down to at least 4.6) during high flows, indicating the importance of humic acids in controlling the pH. These humic acids flocculated abundantly in the middle/ lower reaches as a result of interaction with acid sulphate water. Therefore, not only the farmland acid sulphate soils but also the organic-rich soils/horizons in the forested areas contribute to water-quality deterioration.;
An analytical procedure for determination of sulphur species and isotopes in boreal acid sulphate soils and sediments
Authors: BACKLUND K. , BOMAN A. , FRÖJDÖ S.
Published: June 2005

An analytical scheme suitable for boreal acid sulphate (AS) soils and sediments was developed on the basis of existing methods. The presented procedure can be used to quantify and discriminate among acid volatile sulphide, cold chromium reducible sulphur, hot chromium reducible sulphur, elemental sulphur, sulphate sulphur, organic sulphur, total reducible sulphur and total sulphur. The sulphur fractions are recovered as either Ag2S or BaSO4 precipitates and can further be used for isotope analysis. Overlaps between sulphur species are common during speciation, and must be minimized. Some of these overlaps are caused by poor sampling and storage, inappropriate conditions during the distillation, or natural variations in the sample (e.g. Fe3+ interference and grain size). The procedural impact was determined by conducting tests on both artificial and natural samples containing one or several sulphur species. The method is applied on reduced sediment from an AS soil locality (Överpurmo) and a brackish lake (Larsmo Lake) in western Finland and the results, including S-isotopes, are discussed.;
New Method for the Synthesis of Functionalized 1,3‐Bis‐exocyclic Dienes via a Palladium‐Catalyzed Reaction. Scope and Synthetic Applications.
Authors: Lomberget Thierry , Bouyssi Didier , Balme Genevieve
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Direct Synthesis of Carbonyl Compounds from THP Ethers with IBX in the Presence of β‐Cyclodextrin in Water.
Authors: Narender M. , Reddy M. Somi , Kumar V. Pavan , Nageswar Y. V. D. , Rao K. Rama
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Mild and Convenient Procedure for Desulfinylation of p‐Toluenesulfinyl Amines.
Authors: Li Bin Feng , Yuan Ke , Dai Li Xin , Hou Xue Long
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Room Temperature Alternative of the Claisen Rearrangement Route to ortho Allylated Phenols: Unique Reactivity Pattern of Allylindium Reagents.
Authors: Mal Dipakranjan , Pahari Pallab , Senapati Bidyut K.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Metallic Samarium‐ and Iodine‐Promoted Facile and Efficient Synthesis of Trisubstituted Alkenes from the Acetates of Baylis—Hillman Adducts.
Authors: Li Jian , Xu Hua , Zhang Yongmin
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Meldrum′s Acids as Acylating Agents in the Catalytic Intramolecular Friedel—Crafts Reaction.
Authors: Fillion Eric , Fishlock Dan , Wilsily Ashraf , Goll Julie M.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Preparation of Highly Functionalized Heterocyclic Zinc Organometallics via a Li(acac)‐Catalysis of the I/Zn‐Exchange Reaction.
Authors: Gong Liu‐Zhu , Knochel Paul
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 2,3‐trans‐3,4‐trans‐2‐Aryl‐3‐alkyl/aryl Chroman‐4‐ols.
Authors: Venkati M. , Krupadanam G. L. David
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Strong Base Catalysis of Sulfated Mesoporous Alumina for the Tishchenko Reaction in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide.
Authors: Seki Tsunetake , Onaka Makoto
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Discovery and Synthesis of Novel Adenosine Receptor (A2A) Antagonists.
Authors: Matasi Julius J. , Caldwell John P. , Hao Jinsong , Neustadt Bernard , Arik Leyla , Foster Carolyn J. , Lachowicz Jean , Tulshian Deen B.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Discovery and SAR of New Benzazepines as Potent and Selective 5‐HT2 Receptor Agonists for the Treatment of Obesity.
Authors: Smith Brian M. , et al. et al.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New Synthesis of β‐Amino Acids by Use of Ketene Diethyl Acetal as Enolate Equivalent.
Authors: Rossen Kai , Jakubec Pavol , Kiesel Michael , Janik Matthias
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Himanimide C and Unnatural Analogues.
Authors: Selles Patrice
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Magnetic Nanostructures
Authors: Voigtlaender Bert
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Rotating Cylinder Electrode (RCE) and Its Application to the Electrodeposition of Metals
Authors: Low C. T. John , de Leon Carlos Ponce , Walsh Frank C.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Simultaneous Encapsulation: Molecules Held at Close Range
Authors: Rebek Julius Jr.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Reductive Cyclization in the Synthesis of 6‐Membered N‐Heterocycles
Authors: Tsoungas Petros G. , Diplas Andreas I.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Hydrogenation of Non‐Functionalized Carbon—Carbon Double Bonds
Authors: Halterman Ronald L.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Fluorine Chemistry at the Millennium
Authors: Dolbier William R. Jr.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Fluoro Analogues of Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Corresponding Acyclic Metabolites
Authors: Prakesch Michael , Gree Danielle , Chandrasekhar Srivari , Gree Rene
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Not necessarily closed convex polyhedra and the double description method
Authors: Bagnara Roberto , Hill Patricia M. , Zaffanella Enea
Published: June 2005

Since the seminal work of Cousot and Halbwachs, the domain of convex polyhedra has been employed in several systems for the analysis and verification of hardware and software components. Although most implementations of the polyhedral operations assume that the polyhedra are topologically closed (i.e., all the constraints defining them are non-strict), several analyzers and verifiers need to compute on a domain of convex polyhedra that are not necessarily closed (NNC). The usual approach to implementing NNC polyhedra is to embed them into closed polyhedra in a higher dimensional vector space and reuse the tools and techniques already available for closed polyhedra. In this work we highlight and discuss the issues underlying such an embedding for those implementations that are based on the
double description
method, where a polyhedron may be described by a system of linear constraints or by a system of generating rays and points. Two major achievements are the definition of a theoretically clean, high-level user interface and the specification of an efficient procedure for removing redundancies from the descriptions of NNC polyhedra.
Leupeptin‐sensitive proteases involved in cell survival after X‐ray irradiation in human RSa cells
Authors: Zhang Hong‐Chang , Karata Kiyonobu , Matsushita Kazuyuki , Takahashi Shunji , Tong Xiao‐Bo , Lu Jun , Zhu Chang‐Lin , Sugaya Shigeru , Suzuki Toshikazu , Suzuki Nobuo
Published: June 2005

Proteases have received attention as important cellular components responsible for stress response in human cells. However, little is known about the role of proteases in the early steps of cell response after X‐ray irradiation. In the present study, we first searched for proteases whose activity levels are changed soon after X‐ray irradiation in human RSa cells with a high sensitivity to X‐ray cell‐killing. RSa cells showed an increased level of fibrinolytic protease activity within 10 min after irradiation with X‐ray (up to 3 Gy). The induced protease activity was proved to be inhibited by leupeptin. We next examined whether this protease inducibility is related to the X‐ray susceptibility of cells. Treatment of RSa cells with leupeptin prior to X‐ray irradiation resulted in lowered colony survival and an increased ratio of G2/M‐arrested cells and apoptotic cells. These results suggest that leupeptin‐sensitive proteases are involved in the resistance of human RSa cells to X‐ray cell‐killing.
Research on mental disorders and their care in immigrant populations: a review of publications from Germany, Italy and the UK
Authors: Claassen Dirk , Ascoli Micol , Berhe Tzeggai , Priebe Stefan
Published: June 2005

Objective

The review aims to identify the extent and nature of research on mental disorders and their care in immigrant populations in three major European countries with high levels of immigration, i.e. Germany, Italy, United Kingdom (UK).

Methods

Peer-reviewed publications on the subject from the three countries between 1996 and 2004 were analyzed. The research questions addressed, the methods used, and the results obtained were assessed.

Results

Thirteen papers reporting empirical studies were found from Germany, four from Italy and 95 from the UK. Studies addressed a range of research questions and most frequently assessed rates of service utilization in different immigrant groups. The most consistent finding is a higher rate of hospital admissions for Afro-Caribbean patients in the UK. Many studies had serious methodological shortcomings with low sample sizes and unspecified inclusion criteria.

Discussion

Despite large scale immigration in each of the three studied countries, the numbers of relevant research publications vary greatly with a relatively high level of empirical research in the UK. Possible reasons for this are a generally stronger culture of mental health service research and a higher number of researchers who are themselves from immigrant backgrounds in the UK.

Conclusion

Overall the evidence base to guide the development of mental health services for immigrant populations appears limited. Future research requires appropriate funding, should be of sufficient methodological quality and may benefit from collaboration across Europe.
Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder after psilocybin consumption: a case study
Authors: Espiard Marie-Laure , Lecardeur Laurent , Abadie Pascale , Halbecq Isabelle , Dollfus Sonia
Published: June 2005

The recurrence of flashbacks without acute or chronic hallucinogen consumption has been recognized in the DSM IV criteria as the hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD). Perceptual disturbances may last for 5 years or more and represent a real psychosocial distress. We reported here a case of a 18-year-old young man presenting HPPD after a mixed intoxication with psylocibin and cannabis. This report shows symptomatic recurrences persisting more than 8 months. Various differential diagnoses were evoked and our therapeutic strategies were described.
Hallucinations and acetylcholine: Signal or noise?
Authors: Disney Anita A. , Schultz Simon R.
Published: June 2005

The cholinergic system is a good candidate for the role of determining the relative weight given in cortical information processing to new sensory information versus prior knowledge. We discuss the physiological data supporting this, and suggest that this Bayesian perspective can easily be reconciled with the dynamical framework proposed by Behrendt & Young (B&Y).
Evolutionary theories of schizophrenia must ultimately explain the genes that predispose to it
Authors: Keller Matthew C.
Published: June 2005

If alleles that predispose to schizophrenia have reduced Darwinian fitness, their persistence in modern times is puzzling. Burns identifies the evolutionary genetics of schizophrenia as a central issue, but his treatment of it is not clear. Recent advances in evolutionary genetics can help explain the persistence of alleles that predispose to debilitating disorders such as schizophrenia, and can buttress Burns' core argument.
Probing cortico-cortical interactions that underlie the multiple sensory, cognitive, and everyday functional deficits in schizophrenia
Authors: Light Gregory A.
Published: June 2005

Schizophrenia patients exhibit impairments across multiple clinical, cognitive, and functional domains. A fundamental abnormality of the timing and/or efficiency of neural processes across disparate brain regions (i.e., cortico-cortical communications) may underlie many of the deficits in schizophrenia. Because gamma synchrony is temporally correlated with many cognitive processes, probing patterns of gamma activation may shed light on the functional integrity of neural circuits in schizophrenia and related disorders.
The motivational underpinnings of religion
Authors: Landau Mark Jordan , Greenberg Jeff , Solomon Sheldon
Published: June 2005

Terror management theory and research can rectify shortcomings in Atran & Norenzayan's (A&N's) analysis of religion. (1) Religious and secular worldviews are much more similar than the target article supposes; (2) a propensity for embracing supernatural beliefs is likely to have conferred an adaptive advantage over the course of evolution; and (3) the claim that supernatural agent beliefs serve a terror management function independent of worldview bolstering is not empirically supported.
Role of deep sea temperature in the carbon cycle during the last glacial
Authors: Martin Pamela , Archer David , Lea David W.
Published: June 2005

To characterize the response of Earth's climate system to increases in atmospheric CO2, climate modelers define climate sensitivity as the change in global mean temperature in response to prescribed forcing. Here we turn this approach around and use estimates of ocean temperature change to investigate the mechanisms driving CO2 variations over the last glacial. New records provide evidence of a link between deep ocean temperature and atmospheric CO2 over the last glacial cycle. Two mechanisms simultaneously couple pCO2 and deep ocean temperature: the temperature‐dependent solubility of CO2 in seawater and the atmospheric CO2‐dependent radiative forcing of temperature. Each of these forcing mechanisms leaves a unique slope of covariation between CO2 and deep ocean temperature, which we estimate using numerical models of climate and the carbon cycle. The pCO2/T slopes derived from paleoclimate data differ between the deglaciation and shorter 5‐kyr duration events in marine isotope stage 3 (MIS 3), revealing different mechanisms driving atmospheric CO2 variability. The amplitude of changes over the deglaciation coincides with estimates for CO2 forcing of temperature; however, CO2 changes during MIS 3 can be explained solely by temperature‐dependent solubility driving variations in atmospheric pCO2. The deep water temperature changes during MIS 3 may reflect changes in the temperature or relative contribution of Antarctic Bottom Water and play a role in the “bipolar seesaw.”
O+ ion temperature partition coefficients β∥ and β⊥: The Effect of O+–O+ Coulomb self‐collisions
Authors: Barghouthi I. A.
Published: June 2005

We have computed altitude profiles for O+ ion temperature partition coefficients β∥ and β⊥ in the auroral ionosphere for different values of electric field with the use of a Monte Carlo simulation. The Monte Carlo model includes the effect of E × B drift, O+–O (resonant charge exchange and polarization interaction) collisions, and O+–O+ Coulomb self‐collisions. These effects were included self‐consistently in the computations. At low altitudes, the O+ ion concentration is small compared with the O concentration; thus the role of O+–O+ Coulomb self‐collisions in isotropizing the O+ ion velocity distribution is negligible and hence non‐Maxwellian features (β⊥ > β∥) are obtained due to the effect of O+–O collisions. However, as altitude increases, the O+ concentration increases and consequently, the role of O+–O+ Coulomb collisions becomes significant in transferring energy from the field‐perpendicular direction to the field‐parallel direction. This explains the increase of β∥ and the decrease of β⊥ with altitude. Also, we have investigated the variation of β∥ and β⊥ with the electric field and found that as electric field increases, O+ ion temperature increases, β∥ decreases, and β⊥ increases due to the interplay between E × B drift and O+–O collisions. In other words, the effect of O+–O+ Coulomb collisions becomes less important because these Coulomb collisions are in turn dependent on O+ ion temperature. Therefore the combined effects of E × B drift, O+–O collisions, and O+–O+ Coulomb collisions determine the altitude profiles of β∥ and β⊥. Finally, a comparison has been made between the Monte Carlo calculations obtained in this paper and observations of the O+ ion temperature partition coefficient β∥. The comparison showed a remarkably close agreement in the corresponding results for the altitude variation of β∥. This close agreement provides further evidence that the Monte Carlo model described in this paper is a powerful tool for studying O+ ion behavior in the auroral ionosphere, especially when O+–O+ Coulomb self‐collisions are included. As a result of the comparison, we were able to predict the real values of the convection electric field in the auroral ionosphere for three ion heating events.
Characteristics of the magnetosheath electron boundary layer under northward interplanetary magnetic field: Implications for high‐latitude reconnection
Authors: Lavraud B. , Thomsen M. F. , Taylor M. G. G. T. , Wang Y. L. , Phan T. D. , Schwartz S. J. , Elphic R. C. , Fazakerley A. , Rème H. , Balogh A.
Published: June 2005

We analyze Cluster data to explore the statistical properties of the magnetosheath electron boundary layer, observed outside the high‐latitude dayside magnetopause, under northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). We investigate the dependence of the presence and directionality of heated magnetosheath electrons in this layer on the geomagnetic dipole tilt and IMF tilt angles. The statistical results illustrate that the dipole tilt angle primarily controls the directionality of heated electrons in the magnetosheath boundary layer outside of the magnetopause. By contrast, the effect of the IMF tilt angle appears marginal. If the presence of such heated electrons is taken to be the signature of magnetosheath field lines that have reconnected with the high‐latitude magnetic field of the Earth, tailward of the cusp, these results indicate that the dipole tilt determines in which hemisphere high‐latitude reconnection of a given magnetosheath field line occurs first. The marginal impact of the IMF tilt angle may indicate that its potential effect is partially removed by the IMF passage through the bow shock and subsequent magnetic field draping at the dayside magnetopause. The frequent detection of bidirectional heated electrons outside the magnetopause additionally suggests that magnetosheath field lines may frequently reconnect in both hemispheres. Such a finding would support double high‐latitude reconnection as a potential mechanism for low‐latitude boundary layer formation under northward IMF.
Eddy characteristics in the eastern South Pacific
Authors: Chaigneau Alexis , Pizarro Oscar
Published: June 2005

The main eddy characteristics (length scales, rotation period, swirl and translation velocities) are determined in the eastern South Pacific region (10°–35°S and 70°–100°W) based on surface drifter measurements, satellite altimetry, and hydrographic data from the WOCE‐P19 section. The “Chile‐Peru Current eddies” have a typical diameter of order of 30 km, smaller than the typical Rossby radii observed in the region. They are principally formed near the South American coast and propagate seaward with a translation velocity varying from 3 cm s−1 in the southern part of the study domain to 6 cm s−1 north of 15°S. Long‐lived anticyclonic eddies propagate northwestward with a mean angle of around 333°T, whereas cyclonic vortices propagate westward, consistent with the vortices propagation theory on a β plane. The radial distribution of the swirl velocity shows that the Chile‐Peru Current eddies have a maximum diameter of order 200 km with a swirl velocity of around 14 cm s−1 and a rotation period of 50 days. Hydrographic data reveal a vertical extent down to around 2000 m for energetic eddies. No significant difference is observed between the tangential velocities of cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies. Geostrophic balance can be considered for large radii, whereas ageostrophic dynamics may play an important role near the eddy centers.