bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychiatric disorders associated with Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Ravetz Robert S
Published: October 2015

Alzheimer's disease is a cortical dementia with an insidious onset and relatively slow progression. In the early stages and throughout most of the disease, memory impairment is the primary problem. Any manifestation of psychiatric symptoms is generally secondary to the amnesia, the paramount symptom of early Alzheimer's disease. The psychiatric symptoms emanate from the memory impairment. Therefore, testing memory is essential. The first stage of Alzheimer's disease commonly is marked by anxiety and depression secondary to memory impairment, and delusions. In the second stage, delusions often become more bizarre. Impairment of visuospatial memory, improper advances, and obscene language begin to replace disinhibited behavior, often to the point of violence directed at others. Increasing agitation requires restraints. In the third and final stage, screaming, banging, and cursing are common features. Verbal and behavioral perseverations are very common. Fecal and urinary incontinence and gait apraxia are other features of the final stage, again with restraints often necessary. In addition to outlining the progression of Alzheimer's disease through these stages, this article summarizes the available pharmacotherapy for the various psychiatric manifestations of the illness prevalent at each stage.
Superb winter fur insulation in the small Siberian musk deer (Moschus moschiferus)
Authors: Blix Arnoldus Schytte , Kvadsheim Petter H. , Kholodova Marina V. , Sokolov Vladimir E. , Messelt Edward B. , Tyler Nicholas J. C.
Published: October 2015

We compared the morphology and thermal characteristics of winter pelage from two Siberian musk deer Moschus moschiferus (aged 5 and 41 mo.; 5.7 and 9.5 kg) and two Eurasian reindeer Rangifer tarandus tarandus (aged >48 mo.; 73 and 79 kg).  The depth of the fur over the back of musk deer was less (approximately 30 mm) than in reindeer (approximately 40 mm).  Guard hairs of musk deer were longer (mean = 50.0 mm) and had greater diameter at half-length (mean = 314.4 μm) than those of reindeer (mean = 38.6mm and = 243.9 μm, respectively).  The thermal characteristics (thermal conductivity and resistance) of the winter pelage of the two species were nevertheless similar (0.057 W·m-1·K-1 and 0.79 K·m2·W-1; and 0.037 W·m-1 ·K-1 and 1.00 K·m2·W-1, respectively) despite a tenfold difference in their body mass.
Is there a hybridization barrier betweenGentiana luteacolor morphs?
Authors: Losada María , Veiga Tania , Guitián Javier , Guitián José , Guitián Pablo , Sobral Mar
Published: October 2015

InGentiana luteatwo varieties are described:G. luteavar.aurantiacawith orange corolla colors andG. luteavar.luteawith yellow corolla colors. Both color varieties co-occur in NW Spain, and pollinators select flower color in this species. It is not known whether a hybridization barrier exists between theseG. luteacolor varieties. We aim to test the compatibility between flower color varieties inG. luteaand its dependence on pollen vectors. Within a sympatric population containing both flower color morphs, we analyzed differences in reproductive success (number, weight, viability and germinability of seeds) depending on fertilization treatments (autogamy and xenogamy within variety and among varieties). We found a 93% reduction in number of seeds and a 37% reduction in seed weight respectively of autogamy treatments compared to xenogamy crossings. Additionally, reproductive success is higher within color varieties than among varieties, due to a 45% seed viability reduction on hybrids from different varieties. Our results show thatG. luteareproductive success is strongly dependent on pollinators and that a partial hybridization barrier exists betweenG. luteavarieties.
Person-centered osteopathic practice: patients’ personality (body, mind, and soul) and health (Ill-being and well-being)
Authors: Fahlgren Elin , Nima Ali A. , Archer Trevor , Garcia Danilo
Published: October 2015

Background.Osteopathic philosophy and practice are congruent with the biopsychosocial model, a patient-centered approach when treating disease, and the view of the person as a unity (i.e., body, mind, and soul). Nevertheless, a unity of being should involve a systematic person-centered understanding of the patient’s personality as a biopsychosociospiritual construct that influences health (i.e., well-being and ill-being). We suggest Cloninger’s personality model, comprising temperament (i.e., body) and character (i.e., mind and soul), as a genuine paradigm for implementation in osteopathic practice. As a first step, we investigated (1) the relationships between personality and health among osteopathic patients, (2) differences in personality between patients and a control group, and (3) differences in health within patients depending on the presenting problem and gender.

Method.524 osteopathic patients in Sweden (age mean = 46.17,SD= 12.54, 388 females and 136 males) responded to an online survey comprising the Temperament and Character Inventory and measures of health (well-being: life satisfaction, positive affect, harmony in life, energy, and resilience; ill-being: negative affect, anxiety, depression, stress, and dysfunction and suffering associated to the presenting problem). We conducted two structural equation models to investigate the association personality-health; graphically compared the patients’ personalityT-scoresto those of the control group and compared the mean raw scores usingt-tests; and conducted two multivariate analyses of variance, using age as covariate, to compare patients’ health in relation to their presenting problem and gender.

Results.The patients’ personality explained the variance of all of the well-being (R2between .19 and .54) and four of the ill-being (R2between .05 and .43) measures. Importantly, self-transcendence, the spiritual aspect of personality, was associated to high levels of positive emotions and resilience. Osteopathic patients, compared to controls, scored higher in six of the seven personality dimensions. These differences were, however, not considerably large (divergences inT-scoreswere <1SD,Cohen’s dbetween 0.12 and 0.40). Presenting problem and gender did not have an effect on any of the health measures.

Conclusion.The patient’s personality as a ternary construct (i.e., body, mind, and soul), which is in line with osteopathy, is associated to both well-being and ill-being. The lack of substantial differences in personality between patients and controls implies that the patients had not any personality disorders. Hence, osteopaths might, with proper education, be able to coach their patients to self-awareness. The lack of differences in health variables between osteopathic patients with different presenting problems suggests that practitioners should focus on the person’s health regardless of the type of presenting problem.
Contributions to a neurophysiology of meaning: the interpretation of written messages could be an automatic stimulus-reaction mechanism before becoming conscious processing of information
Authors: Maffei Roberto , Convertini Livia S. , Quatraro Sabrina , Ressa Stefania , Velasco Annalisa
Published: October 2015

Background.Even though the interpretation of natural language messages is generally conceived as the result of a conscious processing of the message content, the influence of unconscious factors is also well known. What is still insufficiently known is the way such factors work. We have tackled interpretation assuming it is a process, whose basic features are the same for the whole humankind, and employing a naturalistic approach (careful observation of phenomena in conditions the closest to “natural” ones, and precise description before and independently of data statistical analysis).

Methodology.Our field research involved a random sample of 102 adults. We presented them with a complete real world-like case of written communication using unabridged message texts. We collected data (participants’ written reports on their interpretations) in controlled conditions through a specially designed questionnaire (closed and opened answers); then, we treated it through qualitative and quantitative methods.

Principal Findings.We gathered some evidence that, in written message interpretation, between reading and the attribution of conscious meaning, an intermediate step could exist (we named it “disassembling”) which looks like an automatic reaction to the text words/expressions. Thus, the process of interpretation would be a discontinuous sequence of three steps having different natures: the initial “decoding” step (i.e., reading, which requires technical abilities), disassembling (the automatic reaction, an unconscious passage) and the final conscious attribution of meaning. If this is true, words and expressions would firstly function like physical stimuli, before being taken into account as symbols. Such hypothesis, once confirmed, could help explaining some links between the cultural (human communication) and the biological (stimulus-reaction mechanisms as the basis for meanings) dimension of humankind.
Two‐dimensional X‐ray diffraction as a tool for the rapid, nondestructive detection of low calcite quantities in aragonitic corals
Authors: Smodej Jörg , Reuning Lars , Wollenberg Uwe , Zinke Jens , Pfeiffer Miriam , Kukla Peter A.
Published: October 2015

Paleoclimate reconstructions based on reef corals require precise detection of diagenetic alteration. Secondary calcite can significantly affect paleotemperature reconstructions at very low amounts of ∼1%. X‐ray powder diffraction is routinely used to detect diagenetic calcite in aragonitic corals. This procedure has its limitations as single powder samples might not represent the entire coral heterogeneity. A conventional and a 2‐D X‐ray diffractometer were calibrated with gravimetric powder standards of high and low magnesium calcite (0.3% to 25% calcite). Calcite contents <1% can be recognized with both diffractometer setups based on the peak area of the calcite [104] reflection. An advantage of 2‐D‐XRD over convenient 1‐D‐XRD methods is the nondestructive and rapid detection of calcite with relatively high spatial resolution directly on coral slabs. The calcite detection performance of the 2‐D‐XRD setup was tested on thin sections from fossil Porites sp. samples that, based on powder XRD measurements, showed <1% calcite. Quantification of calcite contents for these thin sections based on 2‐D‐XRD and digital image analysis showed very similar results. This enables spot measurements with diameters of ∼4 mm, as well as systematic line scans along potential tracks previous to geochemical proxy sampling. In this way, areas affected by diagenetic calcite can be avoided and alternative sampling tracks can be defined. Alternatively, individual sampling positions that show dubious proxy results can later be checked for the presence of calcite. The presented calibration and quantification method can be transferred to any 2‐D X‐ray diffractometer.
Future change in ocean productivity: Is the Arctic the new Atlantic?
Authors: Yool A. , Popova E. E. , Coward A. C.
Published: October 2015

One of the most characteristic features in ocean productivity is the North Atlantic spring bloom. Responding to seasonal increases in irradiance and stratification, surface phytopopulations rise significantly, a pattern that visibly tracks poleward into summer. While blooms also occur in the Arctic Ocean, they are constrained by the sea‐ice and strong vertical stratification that characterize this region. However, Arctic sea‐ice is currently declining, and forecasts suggest this may lead to completely ice‐free summers by the mid‐21st century. Such change may open the Arctic up to Atlantic‐style spring blooms, and do so at the same time as Atlantic productivity is threatened by climate change‐driven ocean stratification. Here we use low and high‐resolution instances of a coupled ocean‐biogeochemistry model, NEMO‐MEDUSA, to investigate productivity. Drivers of present‐day patterns are identified, and changes in these across a climate change scenario (IPCC RCP 8.5) are analyzed. We find a globally significant decline in North Atlantic productivity (> −20%) by 2100, and a correspondingly significant rise in the Arctic (> +50%). However, rather than the future Arctic coming to resemble the current Atlantic, both regions are instead transitioning to a common, low nutrient regime. The North Pacific provides a counterexample where nutrients remain high and productivity increases with elevated temperature. These responses to climate change in the Atlantic and Arctic are common between model resolutions, suggesting an independence from resolution for key impacts. However, some responses, such as those in the North Pacific, differ between the simulations, suggesting the reverse and supporting the drive to more fine‐scale resolutions.
Walking Speed As a Potential Indicator of Cartilage Breakdown Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Pietrosimone Brian , Troy Blackburn J. , Harkey Matthew S. , Luc Brittney A. , Hackney Anthony C. , Padua Darin A. , Driban Jeffrey B. , Spang Jeffrey T. , Jordan Joanne M.
Published: October 2015

Objective

To determine whether or not self‐selected walking speed associates with serum biomarkers of cartilage (collagen and proteoglycan) breakdown in anterior cruciate ligament reconstructed (ACLR) individuals.

Methods

Twenty individuals with a history of a primary unilateral ACLR participated in this cross‐sectional study. Resting blood was collected from each participant prior to completing 5 walking gait trials at a self‐selected comfortable speed. Walking speed was evaluated in a 3‐dimensional motion capture laboratory and determined from the velocity of the pelvic center of mass. Sera were assessed for collagen type II cleavage product (C2C) and proteoglycan (aggrecan) concentrations using commercially available specific enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. Pearson's product‐moment (r) and Spearman's (ρ) correlations were used to evaluate associations between walking speed and biomarkers of cartilage breakdown metabolism. Partial correlations were used to determine whether covariates influenced associations between walking speed and biomarkers of cartilage breakdown.

Results

ACLR individuals with a slower walking speed demonstrated higher concentrations of serum C2C (r = −0.52, P = 0.02), while there was no significant association between walking speed and aggrecan concentrations (ρ = −0.29, P = 0.31). After accounting for the variance associated with stance phase duration, ACLR individuals with a slower walking speed still demonstrated greater serum C2C concentrations (partial r = −0.53, P = 0.02).

Conclusion

ACLR individuals who habitually walk slower may experience a greater degree of collagen breakdown, suggesting that walking speed may be a future useful clinical indicator for identifying individuals with higher levels of cartilage breakdown and preradiographic osteoarthritic joint changes.
An adaptive digital filter for noise attenuation in sampled control systems
Authors: Kennedy Hugh L.
Published: October 2015

A recursive smoothing filter employing a bank of fading‐memory polynomial sub‐filters is presented. Variance estimates are used to mix the outputs of the sub‐filters, imparting variable gain and phase characteristics that permit it to automatically adapt to signal parameter changes. The proposed adaptive technique does not involve the estimation of plant parameters; therefore, it may be used in both open‐loop and closed‐loop configurations. In open‐loop estimation problems, variable gain/bandwidth allows it to reduce the impact of random errors caused by sensor noise and the impact of bias errors caused by model mismatch during ‘maneuvers’. In feedback control problems, variable phase/delay allows it to act as a lag filter for an improved steady‐state response (i.e. greater noise attenuation) and act as a lead filter, or a proportional‐derivative controller, for an improved transient response (i.e. increased closed‐loop damping) for input discontinuities. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐Temperature Tensile and Compressive Behavior of Peak‐Aged Sand‐Cast Mg–10Gd–3Y–0.5Zr Alloy
Authors: Chen Xiangjun , Liu Wencai , Wu Guohua , Li Yanlei , Li Zhongquan , Zhang Song , Ding Wenjiang
Published: October 2015

The uniaxial tensile and compressive behavior of the peak‐aged sand‐cast Mg–10Gd–3Y–0.5Zr alloy from 25 to 250 °C is investigated. The results show that the alloy exhibits excellent high‐temperature tensile and compressive properties compared with other magnesium alloys. The tensile yield stress and ultimate tensile strength remain unchanged, while the compressive yield strength slightly increases when testing temperature rises from 25 to 150 °C. This can be attribute to the metastable β′(cbco) phase and the fine ductility of the alloy at high temperature. The alloy shows tension‐compression yield asymmetry which could be associated to the pyramidal  slip and extension twinning. In addition, the fracture mechanisms of the tested alloy at different temperatures are studied systematically.
Plasma Nitriding and DLC Coatings for Corrosion Protection of Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel
Authors: Dalibón Eugenia L. , Guitar María Agustina , Trava‐Airoldi Vladimir , Mücklich Frank , Brühl Sonia P.
Published: October 2015

A duplex treatment, combining a nitriding diffusion process and the deposition of DLC coatings is investigated as an option for corrosion protection of precipitation hardening steels, in order to increase the service life of components used in plastic injection molds. Hardness and mechanical resistance are determined and the corrosion resistance in two different media is analyzed. Non‐coated nitrided and non‐nitrided samples are also tested for comparison. Corrosion resistance is investigated by means of immersion, salt spray, and polarization tests. No signs of atmospheric corrosion are observed after the salt spray test and in acid media, the nitrided samples, with and without DLC, present the lowest mass loss. The duplex sample shows the best corrosion behavior in the electrochemical tests.
Gradient Porous Elastic Hydrogels with Shape‐Memory Property and Anisotropic Responses for Programmable Locomotion
Authors: Luo Rongcong , Wu Jin , Dinh Ngoc‐Duy , Chen Chia‐Hung
Published: October 2015

Programmable locomotion of responsive hydrogels has gained increasing attention for potential applications in soft robotics, microfluidic components, actuators, and artificial muscle. Modulation of hydrogel pore structures is essential for tailoring their mechanical strength, response speeds, and motion behaviors. Conventional methods forming hydrogels with homogeneous or stepwise‐distributed pore structures are limited by the required compromise to simultaneously optimize these aspects. Here, a heterobifunctional crosslinker enabled hydrothermal process is introduced to synthesize responsive hydrogels with well‐defined gradient pore construction. According to gradient porosity controls, the hydrogels simultaneously exhibit rapid responses to external stimuli, high elasticity/compressibility, and programmable locomotion capability. By incorporating polypyrrole nanoparticles as photothermal transducers, photo/thermal responsive composite hydrogels are formed to enable programmable control of locomotion such as bending, curving, twisting, and octopus‐like swimming under near‐infrared laser stimulation. The tunable pore structures, mechanical properties, and locomotion of this new class of materials make these gradient porous hydrogels potentially suitable for a variety of applications.
Flexible Phototransistors Based on Single‐Crystalline Silicon Nanomembranes
Authors: Seo Jung‐Hun , Zhang Kan , Kim Munho , Zhao Deyin , Yang Hongjun , Zhou Weidong , Ma Zhenqiang
Published: October 2015

In this work, flexible phototransistors with a back gate configuration based on transferrable single‐crystalline Si nanomembrane (Si NM) have been demonstrated. Having the Si NM as the top layer enables full exposure of the active region to an incident light and thus allows for effective light sensing. Flexible phototransistors are performed in two operation modes: 1) the high light detection mode that exhibits a photo‐to‐dark current ratio of 105 at voltage bias of VGS < 0.5 V, and VDS = 50 mV and 2) the high responsivity mode that shows a maximum responsivity of 52 A W−1 under blue illumination at voltage bias of VGS = 1 V, and VDS = 3 V. Due to the good mechanical flexibility of Si NMs with the assistance of a polymer layer to enhance light absorption, the device exhibits stable responsivity with less than 5% of variation under bending at small radii of curvatures (up to 15 mm). Overall, such flexible phototransistors with the capabilities of high sensitivity light detection and stable performance under the bending conditions offer great promises for high‐performance flexible optical sensor applications, with easy integration for multifunctional applications.
Increasing Seebeck Coefficients and Thermoelectric Performance of Sn/Sb/Te and Ge/Sb/Te Materials by Cd Doping
Authors: Welzmiller Simon , Fahrnbauer Felix , Hennersdorf Felix , Dittmann Sascha , Liebau Michael , Fraunhofer Christina , Zeier Wolfgang G. , Snyder G. Jeffrey , Oeckler Oliver
Published: October 2015

Ge and Sn in (GeTe)nSb2Te3 (GST) and (SnTe)nSb2Te3 compounds, respectively, are partially substituted by Cd. These layered compounds (n = 1) consist of NaCl‐type slabs that are separated by van der Waals gaps. Resonant X‐ray diffraction yields different Cd‐atom distributions in Cd0.2Ge0.8Sb2Te4 and Cd0.2Sn0.8Sb2Te4, which indicate how van der Waals gaps in metastable cubic GeTe‐rich or SnTe‐rich compounds (n ≥ 7) are surrounded. The latter exhibit promising thermoelectric properties with figures of merit ZT ≈ 0.8 at 450 °C. Alloying with Sb2Te3 increases the ZT value of SnTe by a factor of up to two because of an increased Seebeck coefficient and a reduced thermal conductivity; the hole concentration is significantly reduced. A further improvement in ZT by ≈20% is possible by Cd‐doping, most likely due to a more covalent bonding character, yielding a ZT of ≈1.1 at 450 °C for Cd1.2Sn10.8Sb2Te15. In order to understand the electronic transport properties of these p‐type semiconductors, the single parabolic band model is applied. By contrast, Cd doping in GST materials reduces the Hall mobility and therefore decreases the power factor compared to undoped GST materials.
Pervaporation removal of volatile organic compounds from aqueous solutions using the highly permeable PIM‐1 membrane
Authors: Wu Xin Mei , Zhang Qiu Gen , Soyekwo Faizal , Liu Qing Lin , Zhu Ai Mei
Published: October 2015

Wastewater containing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is generated in various industrial processes and is seriously harmful to the natural environment and human health. Its treatment has become extremely important due to increasing environment concerns. Here, a high permeable membrane for fast and high‐efficient VOCs removal from aqueous solutions by pervaporation is reported. The as‐prepared PIM‐1 membrane allows ultrafast permeation of VOCs and exhibits excellent VOCs selectivity, particularly for ethyl acetate, dimethyl ether, and acetonitrile. Typically, the PIM‐1 membrane exhibits an ultrahigh flux and separation factor of 39.5 kg μm m−2 h−1 and 189, respectively, in the pervaporation of 1.0 mol% aqueous ethyl acetate solution. Furthermore, the solubility‐diffusion mechanism is revealed in the pervaporation of 10 kinds of 1.0 mol% VOCs solutions. It is found that the pervaporation performance is affected directly by physicochemical properties of VOCs. Moreover, effects of feed composition and temperature on the pervaporation are studied in details. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 842–851, 2016
Investigation on UWS evaporation for vehicle SCR applications
Authors: Wei Lin , Youtong Zhang , Asif Muhammad
Published: October 2015

Urea water solution (UWS) droplet evaporation characteristics directly affect the conversion and distribution of NH3 in urea based selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system. The UWS droplet temperature is very difficult to be measured directly. Whereas, this piece of research work involves the measurement of droplet temperature by an Omega‐K type thermocouple of 127 µm diameter. According to the temperature changes of the droplet, the evaporation process can be divided into four steps. Droplets heat and mass transfer processes are derived theoretically at high exhaust temperature. The UWS droplet has been placed in a continuous observation test system to investigate its diameter and temperature variations in the aforementioned four steps. The results shown that, this unique method of four steps analysis has more explicitly and better described the UWS evaporation process, hence establishing the basis for the subsequent detailed simulation and monitoring. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 880–890, 2016
Common skin and bleeding disorders that can potentially masquerade as child abuse
Authors: Patel Bhavita , Butterfield Rebecca
Published: October 2015

Child abuse and neglect remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality among children worldwide. Over the last few decades, there has been growing research in the field of Child Abuse Pediatrics with greater recognition and research into potential diagnostic mimics of inflicted injury. This paper reviews some common skin findings and bleeding disorders that have features in common with child abuse. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Robust Infinite Zirconium Phenolate Building Unit to Enhance the Chemical Stability of Zr MOFs
Authors: Mouchaham Georges , Cooper Lucy , Guillou Nathalie , Martineau Charlotte , Elkaïm Erik , Bourrelly Sandrine , Llewellyn Philip L. , Allain Clémence , Clavier Gilles , Serre Christian , Devic Thomas
Published: October 2015

A novel Zr‐chain based MOF, namely MIL‐163, was designed and successfully synthesized using a bis‐1,2,3‐trioxobenzene ligand. Endowed with large square‐shaped channels of 12 Å width, it shows remarkable water uptake (ca. 0.6 cm3 g−1 at saturating vapor pressure) and a remarkable stability in simulated physiological media, where archetypical Zr carboxylate MOFs readily degrade.
The Trifluoromethyl Anion
Authors: Lishchynskyi Anton , Miloserdov Fedor M. , Martin Eddy , Benet‐Buchholz Jordi , Escudero‐Adán Eduardo C. , Konovalov Andrey I. , Grushin Vladimir V.
Published: October 2015

First evidence for the existence of free trifluoromethyl anion CF3− has been obtained. The 3D‐caged potassium cation in [K(crypt‐222)]+ is inaccessible to CF3−, thus rendering it uncoordinated (“naked”). Ionic [K(crypt‐222)]+ CF3− has been characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, solution NMR spectroscopy, DFT calculations, and reactivity toward electrophiles.
The Role of Follicular Helper T Cell Molecules and Environmental Influences in Autoantibody Production and Progression to Inflammatory Arthritis in Mice
Authors: Chevalier Nina , Macia Laurence , Tan Jian K. , Mason Linda J. , Robert Remy , Thorburn Alison N. , Wong Connie H. Y. , Tsai Louis M. , Bourne Katherine , Brink Robert , Yu Di , Mackay Charles R.
Published: October 2015

Objective

Antibody‐mediated autoimmunity involves cognate interactions between self‐reactive T cells and B cells during germinal center (GC) reactions. The aim of this study was to determine the role of essential follicular helper T (Tfh) cell molecules (CXCR5, signaling lymphocytic activation molecule–associated protein) on autoreactive CD4+ cells and the role of certain environmental influences that may determine GC‐driven autoantibody production and arthritis development.

Methods

We transferred self‐reactive CD4+ cells from KRN‐Tg mice into recipient mice, which induced autoantibodies and autoinflammatory arthritis. This model allowed manipulation of environmental effects, such as inflammation, and use of transferred cells that were genetically deficient in important Tfh cell–associated molecules.

Results

A deficiency of signaling lymphocytic activation molecule–associated protein (SAP) in CD4+ cells from KRN‐Tg mice completely protected against arthritis, indicating that stable T cell–B cell interactions are required for GC formation, autoantibody production, and arthritis induction. In contrast, a CXCR5 deficiency in CD4+ cells from KRN‐Tg mice still induced disease when these cells were transferred into wild‐type mice, suggesting that T cell help for B cells could rely on other migration mechanisms. However, various manipulations influenced this system, including elimination of bystander effects through use of CD28−/− recipient mice (reduced disease) or use of inflammation‐inducing Freund's complete adjuvant (progression to arthritis). We also examined the capacity of preexisting GCs with a nonautoimmune specificity to co‐opt autoimmune T cells and observed no evidence for any influence.

Conclusion

In addition to the quality and quantity of cognate CD4+ cell help, external factors such as inflammation and noncognate CD4+ cell bystander activation trigger autoimmunity by shaping events within autoimmune GC responses. SAP is an essential molecule for autoimmune antibody production, whereas the importance of CXCR5 varies depending on the circumstances.
Modeling and verification of process parameters for the production of tannase by Aspergillus oryzae under submerged fermentation using agro‐wastes
Authors: Varadharajan Venkatramanan , Vadivel Sudhan Shanmuga , Ramaswamy Arulvel , Sundharamurthy Venkatesaprabhu , Chandrasekar Priyadharshini
Published: October 2015

Tannase production by Aspergillus oryzae using various agro‐wastes as substrates by submerged fermentation was studied in this research. The microbe was isolated from degrading corn kernel obtained from the corn fields at Tiruchengode, India. The microbial identification was done using 18S rRNA gene analysis. The agro‐wastes chosen for the study were pomegranate rind, Cassia auriculata flower, black gram husk, and tea dust. The process parameters chosen for optimization study were substrate concentration, pH, temperature, and incubation period. During one variable at a time optimization, the pomegranate rind extract produced maximum tannase activity of 138.12 IU/mL and it was chosen as the best substrate for further experiments. The quadratic model was found to be the effective model for prediction of tannase production by A. oryzae. The optimized conditions predicted by response surface methodology (RSM) with genetic algorithm (GA) were 1.996% substrate concentration, pH of 4.89, temperature of 34.91 °C, and an incubation time of 70.65 H with maximum tannase activity of 138.363 IU/mL. The confirmatory experiment under optimized conditions showed tannase activity of 139.22 IU/mL. Hence, RSM‐GA pair was successfully used in this study to optimize the process parameters required for the production of tannase using pomegranate rind.
‘Plugging the gap’: shared education and the promotion of community relations through schools in Northern Ireland
Authors: Hughes Joanne , Loader Rebecca
Published: October 2015

Although there is no consensus among educationalists as to the role schools play as drivers of hostilities in divided societies, there is broad agreement that they can facilitate more positive intergroup relations. In Northern Ireland the promotion of school based intergroup contact has been offered as a means through which this can happen. Until 2007, the approach was twofold, reflected on the one hand in short‐term contact opportunities for pupils in predominantly Catholic and Protestant schools, and on the other, in support for integrated schools that educate Catholics and Protestants together. In 2007 the Shared Education Programme was introduced to ‘bridge the gap’ between short‐term opportunities for contact, and ‘full immersion’ integrated schools. Informed by contact theory, shared education offers curriculum‐based interaction between pupils attending all school types, aimed at promoting the type of contact likely to reduce negative social attitudes and ultimately contribute to social harmony. In this paper, we examine the impact of shared education thus far. Our analysis suggests that while shared education is generally effective in promoting positive assessments of other group members, there is a danger that programme impact may be inhibited by the foregrounding of educational over reconciliation priorities. Appreciating that the downplaying reconciliation objectives may have been necessary when the programme was established in order to maximise recruitment to it, we argue that if the full potential of shared education is to be realised, moving forward, it is important for schools to engage with issues of group differences.
Active‐Metal Template Synthesis of a Halogen‐Bonding Rotaxane for Anion Recognition
Authors: Langton Matthew J. , Xiong Yaoyao , Beer Paul D.
Published: October 2015

The synthesis of an all‐halogen‐bonding rotaxane for anion recognition is achieved by using active‐metal templation. A flexible bis‐iodotriazole‐containing macrocycle is exploited for the metal‐directed rotaxane synthesis. Endotopic binding of a CuI template facilitates an active‐metal CuAAC iodotriazole axle formation reaction that captures the interlocked rotaxane product. Following copper‐template removal, exotopic coordination of a more sterically demanding rhenium(I) complex induces an inversion in the conformation of the macrocycle component, directing the iodotriazole halogen‐bond donors into the rotaxane’s interlocked binding cavity to facilitate anion recognition.
Stereoselective Behavior of the Chiral Herbicides Diclofop‐Methyl and Diclofop During the Soy Sauce Brewing Process
Authors: Lu Yuele , Zhang Dong , Liao Yahui , Diao Jinling , Chen Xiaolong
Published: October 2015

Chiral pesticides are now receiving more and more attention in the food‐making process. This experiment studied the enantioselective behavior of diclofop‐methyl (DM) and its main metabolite, diclofop (DC), during the soy sauce brewing process. Two kinds of commonly used strains, Aspergillus oryzae and Saccharomyces rouxii, were investigated. However, they showed a different degradation ability to the enantiomers of DM and DC. It was observed that (–)‐(S)‐DM was degraded much faster than (+)‐(R)‐DM by Saccharomyces rouxii, while no stereoselective degradation was found by Aspergillus oryzae. DC represented a relatively long residue period in this fermentation process and both strains showed a weak degradation ability to DC, especially Saccharomyces rouxii. There was little DC detected in the final product, while most of the DC residues persisted in the lees, which were usually used as animal feeds or discarded into the environment directly as waste. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the soy sauce brewing process concerning pesticide residues both in the final product and byproducts. Chirality 28:78–84, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Schreiben im Chemieunterricht
Authors: Beerenwinkel Anne , Hefti Claudia , Lindauer Thomas , Schmellentin Claudia
Published: October 2015

Epistemisches Schreiben gilt als ein wichtiges Mittel zur Unterstützung des Verstehensprozesses und der Erkenntnisgewinnung: Beim Schreiben werden Gedanken geklärt und weiterentwickelt. Zudem wird das fachliche Verstehen für die Lehrperson sichtbar. Sein Potenzial für das Lernen im Chemieunterricht ist bislang allerdings wenig ausgeschöpft und nur unzureichend erforscht. Um Schreiben im Chemieunterricht produktiv für das Lernen der Schüler und Schülerinnen nutzbar zu machen, müssen bestimmte Bedingungen beachtet werden. Diese werden im Beitrag diskutiert. Dazu wird zunächst nach der Bedeutung des epistemischen Schreibens für den Lernprozess im Chemieunterricht gefragt. Anschließend werden Anregungen gegeben, wie Schreiben durch kleine Aufträge und mittels didaktischer Strukturierung in den Chemieunterricht integriert werden könnte.
The importance of analyzing neighbor competitive response in the target–neighbor experimental design
Authors: Barry Kevin J. , Dudash Michele R.
Published: October 2015

The role of competition in community structure and species interactions is universal. However, how one quantifies the outcome of competitive interactions is frequently debated. Here, we review the strengths and weaknesses of the target–neighbor design, a type of additive design where one of the competing species is reduced to a single individual and where controls and analyses are used for the target, but not for the neighbors. We conducted a literature review to determine how the target–neighbor design has been typically used and analyzed. We found that historically, targets were often smaller than neighbors and introduced after neighbor establishment; thus, targets would have little effect on neighbors. However, as co‐establishment of targets and neighbors of similar size is now common, the target is more likely to affect the neighbors than in its earlier usage. This can be problematic, because if targets have a significant effect on neighbor performance, bias is introduced into the assessment of the target results. As target treatment controls are necessary to determine the absolute effect of neighbors on target growth, we advocate that analysis of the neighbor competitive response serves as a necessary control for unexpected target x neighbor interactions.
Synthesis and Structural Analysis of 1,4,7,10‐Tetraazacyclododecane‐1,4,7,10‐­tetraazidoethylacetic Acid (DOTAZA) Complexes
Authors: Kriemen Ella , Holzapfel Malte , Ruf Erik , Rehbein Julia , Maison Wolfgang
Published: October 2015

Herein, we present the synthesis and structural analysis of metal complexes of enantiomerically pure 1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane‐1,4,7,10‐tetraazidoethylacetic acid (DOTAZA). DOTAZA is a new tunable analog of DOTA, a clinically approved chelator for various pharmaceutically relevant metal ions. In this work, we investigate the complexation chemistry of DOTAZA and report the crystal structures of a number of complexes with pharmaceutically relevant metal ions such as Gd3+ [magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)], Eu3+ (luminescence spectroscopy), Y3+ [positron emission tomography (PET)], In3+ [single‐photon‐emission computed tomography (SPECT)], and Na+. These structures provide useful information for imaging applications and demonstrate the potential of DOTAZA to form stable complexes. Owing to its clickable azide functionalities, it may be used for the development of tailored imaging reagents that retain the positive complexation chemistry of the parent compound DOTA.
Synthesis of PtIV‐Biomolecule Conjugates through Click Chemistry
Authors: Gabano Elisabetta , Ravera Mauro , Tinello Stefano , Osella Domenico
Published: October 2015

The azide‐functionalized PtIV complex {(OC‐6–34)‐chlorido(cyclobutane‐1,1′‐dicarboxylato)(cyclohexane‐1R,2R‐diamine)[2‐hydroxyethyl(2‐{2‐[2‐(2‐azidoethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy}ethyl)carbamate]platinum(IV)} was synthesized and characterized to obtain a starting complex that was suitable for coupling with appropriate biological carriers in a drug targeting and delivery strategy. The following click reaction (CuI‐catalyzed Huisgen cycloaddition, CuAAC) was successfully applied for coupling with three different model biomolecules that can be exploited for selective targeting of the platinum conjugate toward tumor cells; i.e., the amino acid alanine and the dipeptide lysine‐alanine, both previously alkyne‐functionalized with pent‐4‐ynoic acid, and the hormone 17α‐ethynylestradiol. The title complex demonstrated very good compatibility with both CuAAC reaction and solid‐phase peptide synthesis conditions, making it a suitable antiproliferative fragment for the design of nanovectors.
Metal‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Aminopyridines
Authors: Dias Pires Marina J. , Poeira Diogo L. , Marques M. Manuel B.
Published: October 2015

The aminopyridines are key building blocks in the synthesis of bioactive heterocyclic compounds such as azaindoles and imidazopyridines. The role of metal‐catalyzed methods in aminopyridine functionalization, in particular the catalytic systems used, reaction conditions and the influence of aminopyridine substituents on the reaction outcome, is outlined. The review covers different metal‐catalyzed reactions developed for C–C and C–N bond formation. One‐pot and multicomponent reactions directed towards aminopyridine‐based heterocyclic compounds are also covered. Besides cross‐coupling reactions, other reactions involving metal catalysts, such as C–H activation and oxidative cyclization, are also reported. The idea is to give the reader an overview of the challenges and limitations of the use of metal‐catalyzed synthesis for aminopyridine functionalization in order to make a useful contribution to chemists working in organic synthesis field.
Isolation and Total Synthesis of Albu­peptins A–D: 11‐Residue Peptaibols from the Fungus Gliocladium album
Authors: Otto Alexander , Laub Annegret , Porzel Andrea , Schmidt Jürgen , Wessjohann Ludger , Westermann Bernhard , Arnold Norbert
Published: October 2015

Four new 11‐mer peptaibols, named albupeptins A–D (1–4), were isolated from cultures of the fungus Gliocladium album. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, as well as ESI‐HRMSn analysis. The sequence of albupeptin A (1) was thus identified as Ac‐Aib1‐Aib2‐Val3‐Leu4‐Aib5‐Pro6‐Iva7‐Leu8‐Gln9‐Aib10‐Leuol11. Albupeptins B (2) and C (3) feature an exchange of Aib5 by Iva5 and of Aib1 by Iva1, respectively, and albupeptin D (4) contains both Iva1 and Iva5 residues. The stereochemistry of the isolated peptaibols 1–4 was unambiguously assigned by 1H NMR chemical shift analysis in conjunction with solid‐phase peptide synthesis. By using this approach, the absolute configuration of the Iva residues in albupeptins A (1) and C (3) was determined to be D, whereas albupeptins B (2) and D (4) feature an additional Iva5 residue with an L configuration. Thus, albupeptins B (2) and D (4) belong to the rare class of peptaibols that have both stereoisomers of Iva in the same sequence.
Open tubular‐capillary electrochromatography: Developments and applications from 2013 to 2015
Authors: Tarongoy Faustino M. , Haddad Paul R. , Boysen Reinhard I. , Hearn Milton T. W. , Quirino Joselito P.
Published: October 2015

Open tubular CEC (OT‐CEC) separates analyte mixtures by a combination of electrophoretic, electro‐osmotic, and/or chromatographic effects. OT‐CEC research is an active and growing field, with studies encompassing a wide range of investigations related to new strategies for chemical modification of the inner surface of the capillary, leading to the introduction of novel stationary phase coatings. This review has examined the literature on OT‐CEC from 2013 to August 2015 and highlights the developments in the fabrication of highly selective stationary phases, based on materials that include cyclodextrin chiral selectors, graphene and graphene oxide, metal‐organic frameworks, molecularly imprinted polymers, nanoparticles, nanolatex particles, nanocomposites, in situ generated polymers, block polymers, tentacle‐type polymers, polyelectrolyte multilayers, polysaccharides, phospholipids, and proteins. This review, while considering the development of novel OT‐CEC coating materials, specifically examines different immobilization or coating methodologies and approaches and also discusses the separation mechanisms that occur with these new materials. These OT‐CEC coatings are intended mainly to separate low molecular weight molecules relevant to the pharmaceutical, agricultural, and food industries as well as for use in environmental monitoring.
Build a strong community of adult learners to benefit the whole campus
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: October 2015

CHICAGO — The University of California, Santa Cruz is facing a tough few years going forward. With state tuitions frozen for the next few years and yearly costs increasing 6 percent, searching for out‐of‐the‐box strategies to increase enrollment‐based state funding and tuition revenue has been a forefront project for the campus. In a session at the annual convention for the Society of College and University Planning, Tyrus Miller, vice provost for UCSC; Peggy Delaney, vice chancellor of planning and budget for UCSC; and Alison Galloway, Ph.D., campus provost and executive vice chancellor for UCSC, laid out their plan for increasing master's and doctoral student enrollment from 10 to 15 percent of campus enrollment by 2020.
Shale gas in North America and Europe
Authors: Stephenson Michael H.
Published: October 2015

According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, shale gas will provide half of the United States’ domestic gas by 2035. The United States has already moved from being one of the world's largest importers of gas to being self‐sufficient in less than a decade, bringing hundreds of thousands of jobs and attracting back companies that long ago left America in search of cheap manufacturing costs. But the increase in shale gas extraction has also had an environmental cost. There is clear scientific evidence of leaking shale gas wells and induced earthquakes, and in some areas a population increasingly turning against the industry. The technology of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing that was developed in the United States is now being tried outside the United States, including in Europe, Argentina, and China. There are clear reasons why shale gas might be attractive to Europe. It may offer security of energy supply to some countries particularly dependent on Russian gas; it could stimulate growth and jobs; and it could supply a cleaner fuel than coal in power stations. However, prospective shale often underlies areas of high population density in Europe, and moreover, populations that are unfamiliar with onshore gas operations. The main challenge in Europe therefore is not mainly technological but for the industry to achieve a “social license” and for Government and regulations to be manifestly protecting the public and property.
Heston‐Type Stochastic Volatility with a Markov Switching Regime
Authors: Elliott Robert J. , Nishide Katsumasa , Osakwe Carlton‐James U.
Published: October 2015

We construct a Heston‐type stochastic volatility model with a Markov switching regime to price a plain‐vanilla stock option. A semi‐analytic solution, which contains a matrix ODE is obtained and numerically calculated. Our model is flexible enough to provide a wide variety of volatility surfaces for the same volatility level but different regimes. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 36:902–919, 2016