bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Structural Properties of Heteroleptic Rare Earth Mixed Carboxylates with Well‐defined Solvation Spheres
Authors: Behrsing Thomas , Deacon Glen B. , Junk Peter C. , Skelton Brian W. , White Allan H.
Published: August 2010

Mixed carboxylate complexes of cerium(III) and yttrium(III), [Ce2(OAc)4(salH)2(OH2)4]·4HOAc and [Y2(OAc)4(salH)2(OH2)4]·2H2sal (HOAc, H2sal ≡ acetic, salicylic acids) have been structurally characterized as tetrakis(acetic) and bis(salicylic) acid solvates, respectively. The dinuclear complex components take an identical form: [(OAc‐O,O′)(H2O)2Ln(O,μ‐O′‐OAc)2(O‐Hsal‐O′)2Ln(OH2)2(O,O′‐OAc)], with bridging pairs of acetate and salicylate ligands. The solvating acid molecules are closely and elegantly associated with the dinuclear complex via hydrogen bonding, these aggregates in turn being held together in the lattice by interactions between water molecule hydrogen atoms and neighboring carboxylate oxygen atoms.
Contributions of prognostic factors for poor outcome in primary care low back pain patients
Authors: Dunnl Kate M. , Jordan Kelvin P. , Croft Peter R.
Published: August 2010

Background: Back pain is common and some sufferers consult GPs, yet many sufferers develop persistent problems. Combining information on risk of persistence and prognostic indicator prevalence provides more information on potential intervention targets than risk estimates alone.

Aims: To determine the proportion of primary care back pain patients with persistent problems whose outcome is related to measurable prognostic factors.

Methods: Prospective cohort study of back pain patients (30–59 years) at five general practices in Staffordshire, UK (n =389). Baseline factors (demographic; episode duration; symptom severity; pain widespreadness; anxiety; depression; catastrophising; fear‐avoidance; self‐rated health) were assessed for their association with disabling and limiting pain after 12‐months. The proportion of those with persistent problems whose outcome was related to each factor was calculated.

Results: Prevalence of prognostic factors ranged from 23% to 87%. Strongest predictors were unemployment (adjusted relative risk (RR) 4.2; 95% CI 2.0, 8.5) and high pain intensity (4.1; 1.7, 9.9). The largest proportions of persistent problems were related to high pain intensity (68%; 95% CI 27, 87%) and unemployment (64%; 33, 82%). Combining these indicated that 85% of poor back pain outcome is related to these two factors. Poor self‐rated health, functional disability, upper body pain and pain bothersomeness were related with outcome for over 40% of those with persistent problems.

Conclusions: Several factors increased risk of poor outcome in back pain patients, notably high pain and unemployment. These risks in combination with high prevalence of risk factors in this population distinguish factors that can help identify targets or sub‐groups for intervention.
Potentiation of buprenorphine antinociception with ultra‐low dose naltrexone in healthy subjects
Authors: Hayl J.L. , La Vincentel S.F. , Somogyil A.A. , Chapleol C.B. , Whitel J.M.
Published: August 2010

Previous reports have demonstrated greater antinociception following administration of a buprenorphine/naloxone combination compared to buprenorphine alone among healthy volunteers. The aim of the current investigation was to determine whether buprenorphine antinociception could be enhanced with the addition of ultra‐low dose naltrexone, using a range of dose ratios. A repeated‐measures, double‐blind, cross‐over trial was undertaken with 10 healthy participants. The effects of each buprenorphine:naltrexone ratio (100:1, 133:1, 166:1, and 200:1) on cold pressor tolerance time and respiration were compared to the effects of buprenorphine only. The 166:1 ratio was associated with significantly greater tolerance time to cold pressor pain than buprenorphine alone. Minimal respiratory depression and few adverse events were observed in all conditions. These findings suggest that, as previously described with naloxone, the addition of ultra‐low dose naltrexone can enhance the antinociceptive effect of buprenorphine in humans. This potentiation is dose‐ratio dependent and occurs without a concomitant increase in adverse effects.
Challenges in managing cancer pain
Authors: Varrassi Giustino , Marinangeli Franco , Piroli Alba , Paladini Antonella , Coaccioli Stefano
Published: August 2010

Effective pain control is a key factor in cancer management, and is primarily achieved through drug therapy. Despite the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for cancer pain management, many cancer patients still do not receive adequate analgesia. Lack of knowledge and misconceptions about opioid treatment is a key contributing factor, along with shortcomings in the WHO guidelines themselves. Evidence shows that starting treatment with strong opioids can provide significantly greater benefits than being treated according to the WHO recommended ‘analgesic ladder’ — a sequential escalation of treatment. There is, therefore, a need for alternative treatment strategies that optimise drug selection, dose and methods of administration. Although widely used, drug delivery through the oral routes is not always acceptable for cancer patients with oral and gastrointestinal problems, and as such a range of administration routes, including transdermal, transmucosal and intranasal routes should be considered. Promising clinical outcomes with treatments such as transdermal fentanyl and intranasal fentanyl spray lend support to the opinion that strong opioids, used in appropriate formulations and doses, play an important role in the care of patients with severe pain.
Pseudomonas syringae infection triggers de novo synthesis of phytosphingosine from sphinganine in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Peer Markus , Stegmann Martin , Mueller Martin J. , Waller Frank
Published: August 2010

Sphingolipids are important membrane components and also regulate cell proliferation and apoptosis. We detected a fast increase of the free sphingobase t18:0 (phytosphinganine) in Arabidopsis leaves after inoculation with an avirulent strain of the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato, characterized by host cell death reactions. The induction of phytosphinganine was more transient in virulent interactions lacking cell death reactions, suggesting a positive role of t18:0 in the plants’ response to pathogens, e.g. the hypersensitive response. In the mutant sphingobase hydroxylase 1 (sbh1‐1), Pseudomonas induced elevated free d18:0 levels. As total t18:0 contents (after hydrolysis of ceramides) were not reduced in sbh1‐1, the pathogen‐triggered t18:0 increase most likely results from de novo synthesis from d18:0 which would require SBH1.
GPR48‐Induced keratinocyte proliferation occurs through HB‐EGF mediated EGFR transactivation
Authors: Wang Zhenlian , Jin Chang , Li Hongxia , Li Canxia , Hou Qiang , Liu Mingyao , Dong Xiang Da (Eric) , Tu LiLi
Published: August 2010

GPR48 can mediate keratinocyte proliferation and migration. Our investigations showed that AG1478, an inhibitor of EGFR tyrosine kinase, could block GPR48‐mediated cellular processes. AG1478 treatment of Gpr48
+/+ cells also decreased phosphorylation of EGFR, ERK and STAT3. Subsequent screening using conditioned media immunodepleted of EGFR ligands identified HB‐EGF as the ligand responsible for phosphorylation of EGFR, ERK and STAT3. HB‐EGF was reduced in Gpr48
−/− cell culture medium, but its addition restored the phosphorylation of EGFR, ERK, STAT3, as well as cell proliferation. Confirmation that GPR48 mediates EGFR signaling pathway through HB‐EGF was subsequently performed using an inhibitor of HB‐EGF.
A model for signaling specificity of Wnt/Frizzled combinations through co‐receptor recruitment
Authors: Verkaar Folkert , Zaman Guido J.R.
Published: August 2010

Wnts control mammalian developmental morphogenesis and are critical for adult stem cell maintenance. Wnts initiate several intracellular signaling cascades, such as Wnt/β‐catenin‐, Wnt/Ca2+‐ and Wnt/ROR2‐signaling. Signaling preference of Wnts for these various pathways is thought to depend on the repertoire of receptors present on recipient cells. Here, we propose a further refinement of this receptor model and hypothesize that Wnt signaling specificity depends on co‐receptor recruitment upon binding of Wnt to Frizzled receptor molecules. In this model, recruitment of LRP5/6 leads to activation of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling, whereas signaling through other pathways is mediated by recruiting ROR2.
Physical Activity in Pregnancy: Women's Perceptions, Practices, and Influencing Factors
Authors: Cioffi Jane , Schmied Virginia , Dahlen Hannah , Mills Annie , Thornton Charlene , Duff Margaret , Cummings Joanne , Kolt Gregory S.
Published: August 2010

Introduction: Evidence shows that physical activity during and after pregnancy results in health gains for women. There is no clear understanding apparent in the literature of women's experiences with physical activity during their pregnancy. The aim of this study was to describe women's perceptions and participation in physical activity during pregnancy and identify factors influencing participation.

Methods: In this qualitative descriptive study, face‐to‐face interviews were conducted with 19 women, all at different stages of pregnancy, who were asked about their experiences with physical activity.

Results: Data analysis resulted in four categories describing “meaning of physical activity,” “perceived benefits of physical activity in pregnancy,” “barriers to and motives for participation in physical activity,” and “process of engagement in physical activity.” The process of engagement in physical activity by women was shown to have three marked phases: “uncertainty,” “engaging,” and “compromise.”

Discussion: To facilitate women's self‐management across these phases, support is needed that focuses on providing strategies to strengthen individual approaches by women. Such support might promote activities of daily living as a specific entity of physical activity, expose myths about activity during pregnancy, and endorse the benefits of weight management arising from physical activity, not just during pregnancy, but across the lifespan.
Human Trafficking: The Role of the Health Care Provider
Authors: Dovydaitis Tiffany
Published: August 2010

Human trafficking is a major public health problem, both domestically and internationally. Health care providers are often the only professionals to interact with trafficking victims who are still in captivity. The expert assessment and interview skills of providers contribute to their readiness to identify victims of trafficking. The purpose of this article is to provide clinicians with knowledge on trafficking and give specific tools that they may use to assist victims in the clinical setting. Definitions, statistics, and common health care problems of trafficking victims are reviewed. The role of the health care provider is outlined through a case study and clinical practice tools are provided. Suggestions for future research are also briefly addressed.
Playing Second Fiddle Is Okay–Swedish Fathers' Experiences of Prenatal Care
Authors: Jungmarker Emily Bogren , Lindgren Helena , Hildingsson Ingegerd
Published: August 2010

Introduction: In Sweden, prospective fathers are encouraged and welcome to attend prenatal visits, and pregnant women assess their partners' involvement in prenatal care as very important. The aim of this study was to describe expectant fathers' experiences of and involvement in prenatal care in Sweden.

Methods: Data were drawn from a 1‐year cohort study of 827 Swedish‐speaking fathers recruited during their partners' midpregnancy and followed up 2 months after childbirth.

Results: The participants reported that the most important issues in prenatal care were the woman's physical and emotional well‐being and the support she received from her midwife. However, care was identified as deficient in nearly all aspects of information, medical care, and fathers' involvement. “Excessive” care was also reported and related to how the father was treated by the midwife, mainly in terms of attention to his emotional well‐being.

Discussion: Although fathers prioritize the needs of their pregnant partners, it is important for caregivers to assess fathers' needs and incorporate a family‐oriented approach to prenatal care.
Financing the third sector: Introduction
Authors: Phillips Susan , Hebb Tessa
Published: August 2010

Civil society organizations (nonprofits, social enterprises, voluntary, community and charitable organizations) are not only an integral part of the delivery of health, education, social, and other services in most developed countries, but also critical contributors to a healthy democracy and a strong economy. How civil society organizations are financed is a key aspect of their sustainability. Such financing is undergoing significant innovation and transformation. This financing ranges from traditional government funding and philanthropic support to new forms of revenue-generating social enterprises. In this themed issue of Policy & Society we bring together international scholars to critically examine the current changes underway in financing the third sector. The volume identifies and analyzes particularly innovative and effective strategies for financing this sector and assesses the implications for public policy through an intentionally broad range of cases that draw on the experience of a number of different countries in financing the third sector.
New excavations at the FLKZinjanthropussite and its surrounding landscape and their behavioral implications
Authors: Domínguez-Rodrigo M. , Bunn H.T. , Mabulla A.Z.P. , Ashley G.M. , Diez-Martin F. , Barboni D. , Prendergast M.E. , Yravedra J. , Barba R. , Sánchez A. , Baquedano E. , Pickering T.R.
Published: August 2010

Renewed excavations at FLK Zinj and its surrounding landscape have yielded valuable information regarding its paleoecological situation and the prehistoric behavioral function of the site. The density of materials at the main cluster of the site excavated by Leakey contrasts with the bone and lithic scatters surrounding the site. The location of FLK Zinj, situated a few hundred meters away from a freshwater spring, would have enabled hominins access to water, plants and game. The appeal of the spot for hominins (also explained by the presence of a wooded habitat) is confirmed by inferences of its redundant use prior and during the formation of the FLK Zinj paleosol, as witnessed by materials accumulated both under and on the waxy clay deposit that constitutes the FLK Zinj stratum. The single-cluster nature of the site indicates central-place behavior and evidence is provided that hominins occupied the site at a time of very low predation hazards in the area.
Disentangling hominin and carnivore activities near a spring at FLK North (Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania)
Authors: Domínguez-Rodrigo M. , Mabulla A.Z.P. , Bunn H.T. , Diez-Martin F. , Baquedano E. , Barboni D. , Barba R. , Domínguez-Solera S. , Sánchez P. , Ashley G.M. , Yravedra J.
Published: August 2010

FLK North is one of the densest concentrations of fossils found in Olduvai Gorge. A recent taphonomic re-evaluation of the collection excavated by Leakey at the site suggests that it was a palimpsest in which most of the animals were accumulated and modified by carnivores. The lithic tools therefore seem to have an independent depositional history from most of the fauna. The present study, based on new excavations, expands the evidence supporting this interpretation and demonstrates a thicker deposit than was reported by Leakey, including new archaeological levels. It also shows that in the few instances where hominins butchered carcasses, meat, not marrow, was their main target. This argues against passive scavenging hypotheses, which emphasize the dietary role of marrow, and instead underscores the importance of meat in the diet of early Pleistocene hominins.
A Memoir of Jane Austen
Authors: Austen Leigh James Edward
Published: August 2010

When James Edward Austen-Leigh's Memoir of his famous aunt was published in 1870, far from satisfying public curiosity about Jane Austen as the family had intended, it simply raised a series of new questions, particularly about Jane Austen's unpublished work, which had been mentioned only in passing. Austen Leigh was persuaded to issue a much-expanded second edition in 1871. Here he included for the first time the complete texts of Jane Austen's novel in letters, Lady Susan, and the fragmentary novel The Watsons, as well as a brief summary of her last unfinished work, later known as Sanditon. At the same time he took the opportunity to revise the biographical sections of the Memoir partly to include new information that had come to light since the first edition, so that all in all the second edition has a significance for Austen scholars quite separate from the first.
Mendel's Principles of Heredity
Authors: Bateson William , Mendel Gregor
Published: August 2010

William Bateson (1861–1926) began his academic career working on variation in animals in the light of evolutionary theory. He was inspired by the rediscovery in 1900 of the 1860s work on plant hybridisation by the Austrian monk Gregor Mendel (included here as an appendix) to pursue further experimental work in what he named 'genetics'. He realised that Mendel's results could help to solve difficult biological questions and controversies and to challenge the status quo in evolutionary studies. Annoyed by the 'apathetic' stance of his evolutionist colleagues, and incensed by a scathing critique of Mendel by the Oxford professor Raphael Weldon, Bateson incorporated an English translation of Mendel's work into this 1902 book along with a defence of Mendel's statistical experiments and the principles of heredity derived from them. His book is an impassioned appeal for scientists to adopt this 'brilliant method' which he felt could revolutionise both scholarship and industry.
Missionary Labours and Scenes in Southern Africa
Authors: Moffat Robert
Published: August 2010

Robert Moffat, Scottish missionary and linguist, arrived in South Africa in 1817 under the aegis of the London Missionary Society. He pioneered missionary activity among the Tswana people and became deeply influential in South Africa, helping to open up the 'missionary road' north of the Cape and later criticising the Afrikaners and becoming an advocate of British imperial rule in the region. He was also the first transcriber of the Setswana language. Missionary Labours and Scenes in Southern Africa (1842) is an autobiographical account of Moffat's time as a missionary and contains, as he states in the preface, a 'faithful record of events which have occurred within the range of his experience and observation' that 'supplies much that may serve to illustrate the peculiar attributes of African society.' Missionary Labours was hugely popular with the Victorian readership and became a classic narrative of missionary activity in Africa.
Life and Times of the Right Honourable William Henry Smith, M.P
Authors: Maxwell Herbert Eustace
Published: August 2010

This is a lively two-volume biography, first published in 1893, of the influential Victorian businessman and politician W. H. Smith (1825–1891), whose father and uncle established the well-known stationery and bookselling business. The author, Herbert Maxwell (1845-1932), was a Scottish essayist and Conservative Member of Parliament who greatly admired Smith's human qualities and had access to his personal papers. In this second volume, Maxwell narrates Smith's career from 1878 to 1891 as the First Lord of the Admiralty, revealing his political stamina during a time of economic hardship and conflicts in Afghanistan and among the Zulu. Extracts from his personal letters show the emotional burden of his responsibilities. Smith did not disguise his connection to the commercial middle class. Instead, he approached his political life with the same pragmatic wisdom he cultivated in business, and Maxwell emphasises how Smith strove to relieve the burdens of ordinary citizens.
Sabrinae Corolla in Hortulis Regiae Scholae Salopiensis
Authors: Kennedy Benjamin H. , Riddell James
Published: August 2010

Sabrinae Corolla, published in 1850, takes its name from a poem by John Milton. It is a collection of poems from a wide range of sources, mainly in English but also in German, Greek and Italian, with translations into Greek or Latin on the facing page. It was edited by the Victorian classicist Benjamin Hall Kennedy (1804–1889), most famous for his Latin primer (also available in this series), and the translations were made by some of Kennedy's former students at Shrewsbury School, who are named in a separate list. The book contains Latin versions of works including the eighteenth-century Scottish poet Tobias Smollett's My Native Stream, the German Friedrich Schiller's Hektors Abschied, and Greek renditions of Shelley's The World's Wanderers and Voltaire's Enigma. It also includes nine illustrations.
The Natural and Moral History of the Indies
Authors: Acosta Joseph de
Published: August 2010

The publications of the Hakluyt Society (founded in 1846) made available edited (and sometimes translated) early accounts of exploration. The first series, which ran from 1847 to 1899, consists of 100 books containing published or previously unpublished works by authors from Christopher Columbus to Sir Francis Drake, and covering voyages to the New World, to China and Japan, to Russia and to Africa and India. This volume, first published in 1880, translates the first detailed description of the geography and indigenous culture of South America, written by Joseph de Acosta (1540–1600) and published in Spanish in 1590. Acosta was one of the first explorers to record and analyse the geophysical phenomena of the 'New World' and attempt to explain them scientifically. Volume 2 contains Books 5–7 of Acosta's work, describing the life of the indigenous population and including a brief history of the end of the Inca empire.
Diary of Richard Cocks, Cape-Merchant in the English Factory in Japan, 1615–1622
Authors: Cocks Richard
Published: August 2010

The publications of the Hakluyt Society (founded in 1846) made available edited (and sometimes translated) early accounts of exploration. The first series, which ran from 1847 to 1899, consists of 100 books containing published or previously unpublished works by authors from Christopher Columbus to Sir Francis Drake, and covering voyages to the New World, to China and Japan, to Russia and to Africa and India. Volumes 66 and 67 of the series, edited by E. M Thompson and first published in 1883, contain the bulk of the diary of Richard Cocks (c.1565–1624), supplemented by a selection of letters. Cocks was the head of a trading post established in Japan by the British East India Company from its foundation in 1613 until 1622, when it went out of business. His diary describes Japanese society and culture in the early seventeenth century, as well as the activities of British merchants there.
The Scientific Papers of Sir George Darwin
Authors: Darwin George Howard
Published: August 2010

Sir George Darwin (1845–1912) was the second son and fifth child of Charles Darwin. After studying mathematics at Cambridge he read for the Bar, but soon returned to science and to Cambridge, where in 1883 he was appointed Plumian Professor of Astronomy and Experimental Philosophy. His family home is now the location of Darwin College. His work was concerned primarily with the effect of the sun and moon on tidal forces on Earth, and with the theoretical cosmogony which evolved from practical observation: he formulated the fission theory of the formation of the moon (that the moon was formed from still-molten matter pulled away from the Earth by solar tides). He also developed a theory of evolution for the Sun–Earth–Moon system based on mathematical analysis in geophysical theory. This volume of his collected papers covers oceanic tides and lunar disturbances of gravity.
Physical Geography
Authors: Somerville Mary
Published: August 2010

Mary Somerville (1780–1872) would have been a remarkable woman in any age, but as an acknowledged leading mathematician and astronomer at a time when the education of most women was extremely restricted, her achievement was extraordinary. Laplace famously told her that 'there have been only three women who have understood me. These are yourself, Mrs Somerville, Caroline Herschel and a Mrs Greig of whom I know nothing.' Mary Somerville was in fact Mrs Greig. After (as she herself said) translating Laplace's work 'from algebra into common language', she wrote On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences (1834), also reissued in this series. Her next book, the two-volume Physical Geography (1848), was a synthesis of geography, geology, botany, astronomy and zoology, drawing on the most recent discoveries in all these fields to present an overview of current understanding of the natural world and the Earth's place in the universe.
King John
Authors: Shakespeare William
Published: August 2010

John Dover Wilson's New Shakespeare, published between 1921 and 1966, became the classic Cambridge edition of Shakespeare's plays and poems until the 1980s. The series, long since out-of-print, is now reissued. Each work is available both individually and as a set, and each contains a lengthy and lively introduction, main text, and substantial notes and glossary printed at the back. The edition, which began with The Tempest and ended with The Sonnets, put into practice the techniques and theories that had evolved under the 'New Bibliography'. Remarkably by today's standards, although it took the best part of half a century to produce, the New Shakespeare involved only a small band of editors besides Dover Wilson himself. As the volumes took shape, many of Dover Wilson's textual methods acquired general acceptance and became an established part of later editorial practice, for example in the Arden and New Cambridge Shakespeares.
Much Ado about Nothing
Authors: Shakespeare William
Published: August 2010

John Dover Wilson's New Shakespeare, published between 1921 and 1966, became the classic Cambridge edition of Shakespeare's plays and poems until the 1980s. The series, long since out-of-print, is now reissued. Each work is available both individually and as a set, and each contains a lengthy and lively introduction, main text, and substantial notes and glossary printed at the back. The edition, which began with The Tempest and ended with The Sonnets, put into practice the techniques and theories that had evolved under the 'New Bibliography'. Remarkably by today's standards, although it took the best part of half a century to produce, the New Shakespeare involved only a small band of editors besides Dover Wilson himself. As the volumes took shape, many of Dover Wilson's textual methods acquired general acceptance and became an established part of later editorial practice, for example in the Arden and New Cambridge Shakespeares.
Physical activity among 60–69-year-olds in England: knowledge, perception, behaviour and risk factors
Authors: CHAUDHURY MOUSHUMI , SHELTON NICOLA
Published: August 2010

This paper examines the risk factors that influence physical activity levels among a representative sample of older people in England and their awareness of the Chief Medical Officer's recommended level of physical activity. The paper analyses data from the cross-sectional, nationally-representative Health Surveys for England (HSfE) in 2006 and 2007. In HSfE2006, 1,550 adults aged 60–69 years responded to a physical activity participation questionnaire, and in HSfE2007, 561 adults aged 60–64 years were asked about their knowledge of the physical activity requirement and their attitudes to participation. Very few respondents knew the recommended physical activity target, but more than one-half thought they had enough physical activity in their daily life, and over three-quarters thought they were ‘very’ or ‘fairly’ physically active compared with age peers. The perceived barriers to physical activity included work commitments, lack of leisure time and poor health. It was found that obesity, not being in work and having a limiting long-term illness associated with a lower likelihood of physical activity. Participation in sports and exercise, walking, heavy housework and gardening were all lower in non-working than working adults. Older adults had unrealistic views of their activity levels, and of work and lack of time as barriers to physical activity. It is concluded that more attention needs to be paid to health promotion and education among the over-sixties, especially those not in paid work.
The uncritical critique of ‘liberal peace’
Authors: CHANDLER DAVID
Published: August 2010

For many commentators the lack of success in international statebuilding efforts has been explained through the critical discourse of ‘liberal peace’, where it is assumed that ‘liberal’ Western interests and assumptions have influenced policymaking leading to counterproductive results. At the core of the critique is the assumption that the liberal peace approach has sought to reproduce and impose Western models: the reconstruction of ‘Westphalian’ frameworks of state sovereignty; the liberal framework of individual rights and winner-takes-all elections; and neo-liberal free market economic programmes. This article challenges this view of Western policymaking and suggests that post-Cold War post-conflict intervention and statebuilding can be better understood as a critique of classical liberal assumptions about the autonomous subject – framed in terms of sovereignty, law, democracy and the market. The conflating of discursive forms with their former liberal content creates the danger that critiques of liberal peace can rewrite post-Cold War intervention in ways that exaggerate the liberal nature of the policy frameworks and act as apologia, excusing policy failure on the basis of the self-flattering view of Western policy elites: that non-Western subjects were not ready for ‘Western’ freedoms.
Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Atom Probe Tomography Data
Authors: Keenan MR , Smentkowski VS , Ulfig RM , Oltman E , Larson DJ , Kelly TF
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
Ultra-thin TEM Sample Preparation with Advanced Backside FIB Milling Method
Authors: Kang H-J , Kim JH , Oh JW , Back TS , Kim HJ
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
Applications of Digital Pathology in the Pharmaceutical Industry
Authors: Gagne GD , Decker JH , Klapczynski M , Buck W , Fagerland JA
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
Nanoanalysis in SEM and STEM: EDS Using Silicon Drift Detectors in Comparison to EELS Using Cs-Corrected STEM
Authors: Falke M , Terborg R , Käppel A , Rohde M , Gass M , Bleloch A , Hermann S , Ecke R , Waechtler T , Schulz S
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
The Atom TOMography (ATOM) Concept
Authors: Miller MK , Kelly TF
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
Transmission Electron Tomography of Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV)
Authors: Hendricks G , Gao G
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
X-ray Imaging and Microtomography Integrated into the SEM: XuM Examples from Biology
Authors: Mainwaring P
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
Challenges and Opportunities in Characterizing Modern Nano-Devices
Authors: Pan L , Lin X , Miner B , Johnson K
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
Ultrafast Electron Diffraction and Microscopy: Why We Should Know About Transient Electric Fields and Where They Come From
Authors: Park H , Zuo J-M
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
Two-Dimensional Dopant Profiling in Silicon by SEM in Combination with Electrostatic Calculations
Authors: Wolpensinger B , Kessler MA , Altermatt PP
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
TEM and EBSD Study of Fe3O4 Particle Chains Grown and Assembled in External Magnetic Field
Authors: Zheng J-G , Zhang Y , Zhai Y , Yang HW
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
Local Thickness Measurement in TEM
Authors: Zhang H , Egerton RF , Malac M
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
Self-Assembled Lanthanide Phosphate/Magnetite Nanocomposites
Authors: Fang J , Saunders M , Guo Y , Lu G , Raston CL , Iyer KS
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
Cellular Distribution of a Gold(I) Based Anti-Cancer Compound: A Complementary NanoSIMS and EFTEM Study
Authors: Wedlock LE , Berners-Proce SJ , Cliff JB , Filgueira L , Kilburn MR , Saunders M
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
Scale Effects on the Melting Behavior of Silver Nanoparticles
Authors: Asoro MA , Kovar D , Damiano J , Ferreira PJ
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
NanoScale Quantitative Mechanical Property Mapping Using Peak Force Tapping Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Minne SC , Hu Y , Hu S , Pittenger B , Su C
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
Automated Local Texture and Stress Analysis in Cu Interconnects Using D-STEM and Precession Microscopy
Authors: Ganesh KJ , Rajasekhara S , Bultreys D , Zhou J-P , Ferreira PJ
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
TEM Study of Stability of Inverted Photovoltaic (PV) Cells
Authors: Suh YJ , Park SY , Lee TH , Chung WS , Kim KK , Kim MJ
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
Faceted ZnO Nanowire Supported Pd Catalyst for the Methanol Steam Reforming
Authors: Liu H , Liu J
Published: August 2010

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.
Ionospheric and geomagnetic response to the total solar eclipse on 1 August 2008 over Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Momani Mohammad Awad , Yatim Baharudin , Mohd Ali Mohamad Alauddin
Published: August 2010

The ionospheric and geomagnetic response to the total eclipse of the Sun on 1 August 2008 over Northern Hemisphere has been examined using 14 GPS, three ISR radar, and three magnetometer ground‐based stations. Three different approaches were employed to examine the TEC depletion occurrence at the GPS stations: determination of the TEC depletion parameters during the solar eclipse with respect the quiet day TEC variations, comparison of the total TEC (ΣTEC) during the solar eclipse period with respect to quiet day TEC measurements for the same period of time, and determination of the average daily TEC obtained from eight GPS stations and compares the values with the average quiet day TEC at these stations. The GPS observations indicate obvious TEC depression occurrence at all stations with the values was varying between 11% and 40%. The observations show that TEC depression at most GPS stations started on the neck of the first contact of the eclipse followed by deeper negative deviation while the area of optical disk obscured getting larger. Periods of TEC depletion were also observed before the first contact time of solar eclipse and after the fourth contact of solar eclipse due to earlier and later obscuration of the solar corona before and after the eclipse observation time. The incoherent scatter radar observations at Svalbard, Tromso, and Sondrestrom also show clear depletion occurrence in electron density, electron temperature, ion velocity, and plasma cutoff frequency during the solar eclipse passage at these stations. Radar measurements show obvious difference in the ionospheric response between the E and F layers of ionosphere and between ion and electron temperature in the F layer. The geomagnetic field response to the solar eclipse at CBB, RESO, and NUR stations was examined by using two different techniques, first by comparing the daily variations of geomagnetic field during the eclipse period with the variations on the day before and day after the eclipse, and second by determination the Δ magnetic field with respect to the average quiet geomagnetic field. The results show obvious decrease in the total field, X and Z components of geomagnetic field and obvious increase in the Y component at both CBB and RESO stations. The depletion in X, Z, and total field was in the range between 15 and 28 nT while the increase in the Y component was 18–22 nT.
Lower plate structure and upper plate deformational segmentation at the Sunda‐Banda arc transition, Indonesia
Authors: Planert L. , Kopp H. , Lueschen E. , Mueller C. , Flueh E. R. , Shulgin A. , Djajadihardja Y. , Krabbenhoeft A.
Published: August 2010

The Sunda‐Banda arc transition at the eastern termination of the Sunda margin (Indonesia) represents a unique natural laboratory to study the effects of lower plate variability on upper plate deformational segmentation. Neighboring margin segments display a high degree of structural diversity of the incoming plate (transition from an oceanic to a continental lower plate, presence/absence of an oceanic plateau, variability of subducting seafloor morphology) as well as a wide range of corresponding fore‐arc structures, including a large sedimentary basin and an accretionary prism/outer arc high of variable size and shape. Here, we present results of a combined analysis of seismic wide‐angle refraction, multichannel streamer and gravity data recorded in two trench normal corridors located offshore the islands of Lombok (116°E) and Sumba (119°E). On the incoming plate, the results reveal a 8.6–9.0 km thick oceanic crust, which is progressively faulted and altered when approaching the trench, where upper mantle velocities are reduced to ∼7.5 km/s. The outer arc high, located between the trench and the fore‐arc basin, is characterized by sedimentary‐type velocities (Vp < 5.5 km/s) down to the top of the subducting slab (∼13 km depth). The oceanic slab can be traced over 70–100 km distance beneath the fore arc. A shallow serpentinized mantle wedge at ∼16 km depth offshore Lombok is absent offshore Sumba, where our models reveal the transition to the collisional regime farther to the east and to the Sumba block in the north. Our results allow a detailed view into the complex structure of both the deeper and shallower portions of the eastern Sunda margin.
Abrupt warming and salting of the Western Mediterranean Deep Water after 2005: Atmospheric forcings and lateral advection
Authors: Schroeder K. , Josey S. A. , Herrmann M. , Grignon L. , Gasparini G. P. , Bryden H. L.
Published: August 2010

The recent major production of anomalously warm, salty deep water in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea (winters 2004–2005 and 2005–2006) is linked to extreme winter air‐sea heat and freshwater forcing of the basin. Fields of heat and density fluxes are determined both from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction‐National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis and a daily high‐resolution downscaling of the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts reanalysis and analysis data set ARPERA. In the deep water formation region, during winter 2004–2005, the net heat loss exceeds 300 W m−2 compared with typical values of 200 W m−2. The relationship between the deep water formation episodes and large‐scale atmospheric patterns is investigated and found to be more closely related to the East Atlantic Pattern than the North Atlantic Oscillation. The contributions of atmospheric forcing and lateral advection of anomalously warm, salty water to the convection region are discussed in order to determine their relative roles in causing massive renewal of Western Mediterranean Deep Water and its anomalous properties. The main result shows that the net evaporation during winter 2004–2005, even if very high compared to the climatology, could have induced only 49% of the actual observed increase in the salt content of the deep layer. Thus, lateral advection played a major role in setting the new deep water properties.
Characteristics and conditions of production of transient luminous events observed over a maritime storm
Authors: Soula S. , van der Velde O. , Palmiéri J. , Chanrion O. , Neubert T. , Montanyà J. , Gangneron F. , Meyerfeld Y. , Lefeuvre F. , Lointier G.
Published: August 2010

On the night of 15/16 November 2007, cameras in southern France detected 30 transient luminous events (TLEs) over a storm located in the Corsican region (France). Among these TLEs, 19 were sprites, 6 were halos, and 5 were elves. For 26 of them, a positive “parent” cloud‐to‐ground lightning (P+CG) flash was identified. The peak current of the P+CG flashes for the sprites had an average value of 63 kA and had a maximum value of 125 kA. The flashes for the halos and the elves had average values of 272 and 351 kA, respectively, and they had maximum values of 312 and 384 kA, respectively. No TLEs were detected after negative CG flashes with very large peak currents. Among the 26 P+CG flashes, 23 were located in a stratiform region with reflectivity values lower than 45 dBZ. The CG flashes in this region were classified into two groups according to the time interval separating them from the following flash: one group with values less than 2 s and one with values greater than 2 s. About 79% of all CGs were produced in a sequence of at least two flashes less than 2 s apart. For 65.5% of the sequences, the first flash was positive with an average peak current of 73 kA, while the later +CG flashes in a sequence had much lower peak currents. Several triangulated sprites were found to be shifted from their P+CG flashes by about 10 to 50 km and preferentially downstream. The observations suggest that the P+CG flashes can initiate both sprites and other CG flashes in a storm.
Transport of semivolatile organic compounds to the Tibetan Plateau: Monthly resolved air concentrations at Nam Co
Authors: Xiao Hang , Kang Shichang , Zhang Qianggong , Han Wenwu , Loewen Mark , Wong Fiona , Hung Hayley , Lei Ying D. , Wania Frank
Published: August 2010

A flow‐through sampler was deployed to record the seasonal variability of the atmospheric concentrations of semivolatile organic compounds (SOCs) at a remote research station located close to Nam Co Lake on the Tibetan plateau. Between October 2006 and February 2008, fifteen consecutive one month‐long samples, with air volumes ranging from 4,500 to 16,000 m3, were taken and analyzed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). Separate analysis of three polyurethane plugs in series in combination with frontal chromatographic theory allows for the correction of the break‐through observed for the most volatile SOCs. The concentrations of Σ56PCB in air range from 0.10 to 2.6 pg·m−3 and are among the lowest values ever reported. Levels of OCPs at Nam Co are generally also very low, particularly during wintertime. The concentrations of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), endosulfans, and various dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) related substances display a distinct seasonal variability consistent with the monsoon. Back‐trajectory analysis reveals that higher OCP levels during summer correlate with air mass origin south of the Himalayas. A high α/γ‐HCH ratio and a non‐racemic composition of α‐HCH during July/August suggest that evaporation from Nam Co Lake contributes to the relatively high concentrations of α‐HCH (averaging ca. 91 pg·m−3) recorded in the summertime atmosphere.
Antagonistic roles of the ERK and p38 MAPK signalling pathways in globin expression, haem biosynthesis and iron uptake1
Authors: Mardini Louay , Gasiorek Jadwiga , Derjuga Anna , Carrière Lucie , Schranzhofer Matthias , Paw Barry H. , Ponka Prem , Blank Volker
Published: August 2010

Late-stage erythroid cells synthesize large quantities of haemoglobin, a process requiring the co-ordinated regulation of globin and haem synthesis as well as iron uptake. In the present study, we investigated the role of the ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) and p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signalling pathways in MEL (mouse erythroleukaemia) cell differentiation. We found that treatment of HMBA (hexamethylene bisacetamide)-induced MEL cells with the ERK pathway inhibitor UO126 results in an increase in intracellular haem and haemoglobin levels. The transcript levels of the genes coding for βmajor-globin, the haem biosynthesis enzyme 5-aminolevulinate synthase 2 and the mitochondrial iron transporter mitoferrin 1 are up-regulated. We also showed enhanced expression of globin and transferrin receptor 1 proteins upon UO126 treatment. With respect to iron uptake, we found that ERK inhibitor treatment led to an increase in both haem-bound and total iron. In contrast, treatment of MEL cells with the p38 MAPK pathway inhibitor SB202190 had the opposite effect, resulting in decreased globin expression, haem synthesis and iron uptake. Reporter assays showed that globin promoter and HS2 enhancer-mediated transcription was under the control of MAPKs, as inhibition of the ERK and p38 MAPK pathways led to increased and decreased gene activity respectively. Our present results suggest that the ERK1/2 and p38α/β MAPKs play antagonistic roles in HMBA-induced globin gene expression and erythroid differentiation. These results provide a novel link between MAPK signalling and the regulation of haem biosynthesis and iron uptake in erythroid cells.
Compact lanthanum hexaboride hollow cathode
Authors: Goebel Dan M. , Watkins Ronald M.
Published: August 2010

A compact lanthanum hexaboride hollow cathode has been developed for space applications where size and mass are important and research and industrial applications where access for implementation might be limited. The cathode design features a refractory metal cathode tube that is easily manufactured, mechanically captured orifice and end plates to eliminate expensive e-beam welding, graphite sleeves to provide a diffusion boundary to protect the LaB6 insert from chemical reactions with the refractory metal tube, and several heater designs to provide long life. The compact LaB6 hollow cathode assembly including emitter, support tube, heater, and keeper electrode is less than 2 cm in diameter and has been fabricated in lengths of 6–15 cm for different applications. The cathode has been operated continuously at discharge currents of 5–60 A in xenon. Slightly larger diameter versions of this design have operated at up to 100 A of discharge current.