bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic Divergence Among Safflower Genotypes (Carthamus tinctorius L.) by Multivariate Analyzes
Authors: Costa C. da S. , Silva V. P. , Lira J. P. E. , Felipin-Azevedo R. , Gilio T. A. S. , Neves L. G. , Barelli M. A. A.
Published: April 2019

Carthamus tinctorius L. is an oil seed, used both for human consumption and for industrial purposes. It is a crop that presents wide adaptability to various ecophysiological conditions, although it presents great productive potential and wide adaptability, it is still necessary to obtain technical information regarding its cultivation and of cultivars adapted and improved. In this sense, the estimation of genetic divergence using multivariate techniques has become a common tool among breeders. In view of the above, this research aimed to evaluate the genetic divergence of safflower genotypes originate from the Germplasm Active Bank (BAG) of the Instituto Mato-grossense do Algodão (IMA-MT) by means of multivariate analysis, aiming at the extension of information of this culture. The genetic divergence was estimated using multivariate analysis based on the Euclidean average distance, using the clustering optimization methods of Tocher and Hierarchical “UPGMA”. The results obtained allowed to identify the existence of genetic divergence among the evaluated genotypes, highlighting genotypes 5 and 38, which presented greater genetic divergence, constituting in potential sources of interest for the use in program of genetic improvement that aim at the development of superior cultivars of safflower.
Subdoses of Dicamba Herbicide on Yield Componentes in Function of the Soybean Growth Stage
Authors: Schneider T. , Rizzardi M. A. , Rockenbach A. P. , Peruzzo S. T.
Published: April 2019

Soybean cultivars without tolerance can suffer injury from exposure to tank herbicide residues. This study aimed at assessing the potential effects of the broad spectrum herbicide dicamba on sensitive soybean during its vegetative and reproductive stages. The trial was performed in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Six rates (1.4, 2.8, 5.6, 11.2, 16.8 and 28.0 g ae ha-1) of dicamba were applied at two soybean growth stages (V3 and R2). The soybeans were planted in Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul state in 2015/16 agricultural year. The dicamba induced symptoms of soybean phytotoxicity showed a steady rise at all the assessment times. The soybean decreased in height as the subdose of the herbicide increased. Dicamba was observed to negatively affect the number of nodes alone, during the V3 and R2 stages. The grain yield was adversely affected at the 28.0 g ae ha-1 subdose, in the V3 application stage, and in response to the 16.8 and 28.0 g ae ha-1 subdoses in the R2 stage.
Effect of Traditional Dried Starter Culture on Morphological, Chemical and Physicochemical Properties of Sweet Fermented Glutinous Rice Products
Authors: Surojanametakul Vipa , Panthavee Wanchai , Satmalee Prajongwate , Phomkaivon Naraporn , Yoshihashi Tadashi
Published: April 2019

Sweet glutinous rice products or khao-mak in Thai were prepared by fermenting cooked glutinous rice (RD6 variety) using traditional starter cultures from Samut Sakhon (SSK) and Pathum Thani (PTT) Provinces at room temperature (28±2 °C) for 3 days. Amylolytic activities of microbial excisting in the traditional starter cultures were tested. Meanwhile, types and amounts of microbial growth in fermented rice products were investigated. Both traditional dried starter cultures showed strong amylolytic activity after inoculation for 2 and 3 days in starch agar. Microbiological profiles of rice fermentation were varied in total plate count, yeast and molds over the fermentation period. Different starter cultures resulted in a wide variation of end products with diverse chemical, microbiological and morphology properties; however those changes exhibited similar trends in all treatments. As fermentation time increased, protein content remained unchanged while total soluble solids, pH, acidity, sugar and alcohol content markedly increased compared with unfermented cooked rice. PTT showed products with higher acidity and alcohol content (0.50%, 2.58%) than SSK (0.31%, 1.85%). Morphological examination of rice grains revealed that microbial growth started from the outer surface and then moved inside the rice grains with greater corrosion was observed as fermentation time increased. Pasting and gelatinization properties of the rice flour were also strongly affected by fermentation.
Georeferenced Information System as a Tool in the Quantification of Protection Areas
Authors: Souza F. L. B. , Feiden A. , Rocha M. E. L. , Abade M. T. R. , Milomes Junior K. C. , Coutinho P. W. R. , Albuquerque D. P. , Ávila M. T. , Galdino I. L. C. , Vorpagel J. S. , Leite F. S.
Published: April 2019

The use of georeferenced systems has been widely used to obtain data on the quality of the environment, aiming to quantify how areas are being occupied, and how natural reserves are being affected as a result of human action. The Sanga Mineira microbasin belongs to the Paraná basin 3 and is considered one of the main water reservoirs in the municipality of Mercedes, with 120 properties in its territory, whose main source of income is agriculture and livestock. For the expansion of monoculture areas, many areas of Legal Reserve and Permanent Preservation are being destroyed by farmers, causing a series of environmental imbalances. Thus, through the above, the research aimed to quantify the areas of Legal Reserve (RL) and Permanent Preservation Area (PPA) in the Sanga Mineira microbasin, using the Georeferenced Information System (GIS), in addition to detecting the main changes that occurred as a result of the change in the Forest Code, to assess whether the new laws have helped to improve the sustainability of the environment. Methodological technical procedures the SPRING program was used to evaluate 97 properties, of which the three main land use classes were verified: Permanent Preservation Area, Legal Reserve Area and Total Consolidated Area. It was concluded that there was a decrease in the Legal Reserve areas and an increase in the areas of APP’s and Total Consolidated Area.
Prediction Models of Corn Yield by NDVI in Function of the Spacing Arrangement
Authors: Oliveira Mailson Freire de , Ormond Antonio Tassio Santana , Noronha Rafael Henrique de Freitas , Santos Adão Felipe dos , Zerbato Cristiano , Furlani Carlos Eduardo Angeli
Published: April 2019

There is a need for the use of tools to estimate productive potential during corn crop development. Thus, the assistence by means of active optical sensors for the generating of vegetation indexes can provide significant information for the knowledge of the behavior and temporal relation of this index with productive parameters of the agricultural crops. It was aimed to evaluate the temporal behavior of NDVI and its relation with yield of corn in order to generate yield prediction models in plant populations (55, 60 and 65 thousand plants ha-1) in spacing of conventional seeding and twin rows. A factorial 2 × 3 was utilized with four replicates, with a total of 24 experimental plots of 10 m2 in randomized blocks, performing reading NDVI at 5 seasons (30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days after emergence of the plants DAE). The spacing in twin rows at 30 and 90 DAE for populations of 55 and 60 thousand plants ha-1, respectively, allowed to generate models for the prediction of productivity based on corn NDVI, while the population of 65 thousand plants ha-1 at 45 and 60 DAE there was no adjustment by the prediction model of yield by values close to NDVI for different productivities. In the conventional spacing generating models for the prediction of yield was possible in the populations of 55 and 60 thousand plants ha-1 respectively at 30 and 90 DAE.
A simple eye model for practicing indirect ophthalmoscopy and retinal laser photocoagulation
Authors: Kylstra Jan A. , Diaz J. Daniel
Published: April 2019

PurposeTo describe a simple and inexpensive model eye that allows lifelike simulation of indirect ophthalmoscopy and retinal photocoagulation.

MethodsA 60 D examination lens, a bulb syringe, foam poster-board, a manila folder, a hobby knife, a fine pair of scissors, a glue gun, and a 2.5 cm square Optos color fundus photograph printed at 1200 dpi resolution on glossy photographic paper were used to create a model eye.

ResultsThis model produces a high-quality, inverted, and aerial image that closely simulates clinical indirect ophthalmoscopy. Pupil size and retinal pathology can be easily changed. Binocular indirect laser photocoagulation can also be simulated, because white laser burns will appear on the glossy inkjet photograph.

ConclusionsBinocular indirect ophthalmoscopy and indirect laser photocoagulation are technically challenging diagnostic and therapeutic techniques. This simple and easy-to-build eye model allows for lifelike simulation of indirect ophthalmoscopy and indirect laser retinal photocoagulation.
Der Nachrang von Gesellschafterdarlehen in der Insolvenz bei der Konsortialfinanzierung und der Mehrheit von Gläubigern
Authors: Lengersdorf Lucas
Published: April 2019

The German Insolvency Code provides for a general subordination of shareholder loans during insolvency proceedings. In cases where shareholder investors and banks join forces in syndicated debt financing, there is a risk that the whole credit arrangement may be subordinated if insolvency occurs. This work deals with these issues in relation to both the scope and the legal consequences against the background of the relevant legal provisions. The author thereby also presents possible solutions, which may be taken as general guidelines for practitioners.
Four Moves to Motivate Students in Problem Solving
Authors: Deshpande Anjali , Guglielmo Shannon
Published: April 2019

Using surveys and focus groups in an inquiry project, the authors learned that four research-based pedagogical moves improved their teaching and inspired students to persist in problem solving.
A Better Tomorrow through Math
Authors: Henderson Christie
Published: April 2019

Math is so much more than numbers.
Forest Names of Proper Name Origin: West Aukštaitian Region
Authors: Mickienė Ilona
Published: April 2019

The article deals with forest names of proper name origin in one Lithuanian dialect, namely, South-western Aukštaitians (Užnemunė Dzūkian) (South-west Highlanders, Dzūkian of the Trans-Nemunas region) integrated into the Geoinformational Database of Lithuanian Toponyms during the project of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language (Lith. Lietuvių kalbos institutas) under the title “Integration of the PlaceNames of the West Highlanders Region into the Geoinformational Database of Lithuanian Toponyms and Research on their Origin and Motivation”. The research conducted in this article is a continuation of research into regional Lithuanian toponymy which discusses only one class of toponyms, particularly, forest names. In the course of the project by the Lithuanian Language Institute “Integration of the Place-Names of the West Highlanders Region into the Geoinformational Database of Lithuanian Toponyms and Research on their Origin and Motivation”, a territory was selected where the toponyms had not been studied by any linguistic aspect. During the project, the toponyms of West Highlanders (Užnemunė Dzūkian) were added to the Geoinformational Database of Lithuanian Toponyms, their linguistic features were described, and the geographical features of the objects named by toponyms were specified.
Structurally, a distinction is made between primary and secondary forest names of personal name origin. The secondary forest names are subdivided into those containing a suffix, an inflection, and those that are of mixed structure, compound or complex.
It has been found that in the West Aukštaitian region, the names of forests of proper name origin are secondary, consisting of suffixes, inflections, are compounds or complex names. The majority of secondary forest names of proper name origin are made with suffixes, i.e. about 47.4% cent and about 44% cent are made by using complex names.
It has been noticed that of all the forest names recorded in the West Aukštaitian area, the onyms of proper name origin constitute only 11.3 per cent.
Transformational Power of Language in Lithuanian and Latvian (E)migration Prose
Authors: Laurušaitė Laura
Published: April 2019

The author of this article employs some twenty-first-century Lithuanian and Latvian (e)migration literary accounts to examine various expressions of the (e)migrant language, speech, and linguistic inability. The goal of the article is to determine the ways a foreign linguistic medium affects the landscape of the identity of a contemporary mobile individual, and how the performative identity responds to the use of language. The author examines the additional content that language norms and codes acquire in emigration, and the ways in which individuals’ inability to express their thoughts in a non-native language diminishes the representative power and influence of the individual (emigrant). On the basis of the concepts and the power principle developed by post-colonialism and imagology, the author points to the power logic that reveals itself through language. She analyses linguistic paradoxes (lapsus linguae) provoked by intersecting languages and discusses the ways in which the deteriorating mother tongue skills and altered personal names relate directly to cultural integration and assimilation. The author also discusses the influence of linguistically hybridized sociolects (the language of emigrant construction workers) or medialects (the language of contemporary social networks) on the techniques of the “literary language”.
Laura Laurušaitė argues that the functioning of language is primarily related to various perturbations of identity. Language and heritage, personal name and identity, linguistic expression and the representative power of an (e)migrant are closely interrelated and interact with each other. Without knowing the language of the host country, Lithuanian emigrants remain as outsiders or protagonists of a tragic fortune imprisoned between their lost linguistic environment and the new (poorly understood) language setting.
FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING OF THE TURNING OF QUENCHED STEELS
Authors: GAINZA ARTOLA LEIRE , ARRAZOLA ARRIOLA PEDRO JOSE , SAEZ DE BURUAGA MIKEL , SOLER DANIEL , ORTIZ DE ZARATE GORKA , AIZPURU OIHAN , MIELGO ROBERTO
Published: April 2019

The aim of the present paper is to study the capability of modelling by the Finite Element Method (FEM) when modelling behaviour of hard turning of 42CrMoS4 tempered steel, 60 HRC hardness, when machining with a PCBN tool. An analytical and experimental study has been carried out to analyse the effect of cutting parameters on variables such as cutting and feed force, temperature on the cutting zone, contact length and chip morphology. Initially, a flow stress model has been developed by carrying out dynamic and static compression tests at a high temperatures, obtaining the flow stress parameters to be implemented on the FEM model. Then, a 2D orthogonal cutting FEM model has been developed in the commercial software DEFORM. Finally, a series of experimental tests were devoted to the validation of the accurateness of the FEM model. In summary, the tendencies of the predictive model and experiments match in forces and temperatures. Major differences were found for contact length and chip thickness.

Key Words: Hard turning, FEM, flow stress model, orthogonal test, machining, 42CrMoS4, PCBN
WILL BIG-DATA ATTRACT P-HACKING TO THE WORLD OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING?
Authors: GOTI ELORDI AITOR , DUARTE BOM PEDRO RICARDO , CAMPOS GRANADOS JOSE ANTONIO , GALAR  PASCUAL DIEGO
Published: April 2019

This article presents the potential problem represented by the availability of the infinity of variables and data offered by Industry 4.0, which opens up the possibility to understand or use data in a biased or incorrect manner. In relation to this problem, the study presents the specific phenomenon of p-hacking as the search for the fulfillment of a specification through the tracking of data that demonstrates it, and delves into how to deal with this relatively new phenomenon.
BUILDING BLOCK APPROACH TO SUPPORT THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS IN STRUCTURE DESIGN: A CASE STUDY
Authors: AREITIOAURTENA OIARTZUN MAIALEN , OLAVE MIREIA , RETOLAZA IBAN , AURREKOETXEA JON , ZULAIKA IZARO , CABELLO MARIO JAVIER , CENITAGOYA AITOR
Published: April 2019

A Building Block Approach design strategy is used in this work to develop a multi-material elevator base, starting from coupon-level tests and reaching the component level. Adhesives and glass-fiber composites are characterized and a multi-material bonded element is constructed in order to conduct the design process towards the best possible option. Once the structure is designed, the elevator base is subjected to loadings at different levels in order to evaluate its structural integrity. The proposed design-by-validation process allows to reach an optimum structure, where its components are validated during the process and not only after the preliminary design is completed. This methodology allows a proper decision-making process and enhances the obtained result as well as optimizing time and cost to reach a component that fulfils the requirements, reducing the number of design attempts to reach final products.
Correlation between simulations and experimental results show that the proposed criteria can be used to consistently predetermine the damage load and its location, especially when products of lower requirement or fewer reliability concerns are designed. The proposed method also allows failure type discrimination and gives structural behavior information, which might be interesting for further steps in the design process. As a result of the methodology application in the study case, a 50 % weight reduction is obtained in an elevator base structure, where the design is completely validated by component level tests, ensuring a proper load-bearing capacity.
Keywords: Design process, Building Block Approach, Multi-material structures, Acoustic Emissions
IMPROVING BUSINESS OVERSIGHT IN THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY
Authors: MOURONTE LÓPEZ MARY LUZ
Published: April 2019

Monitoring annual business forecasts and setting realistic sales targets are tedious, complex and difficult processes in large multinational companies. Combining geographically distributed decision making with local, regional and global structures and complex portfolios which include customer-tailored solutions and services for different products is a huge challenge. With respect to our case study, at the beginning of each fiscal year, the local Account Commercial Area (ACA) builds the business forecast, maintaining a dialogue with customers according to the Sales Process (SP).
Optical Sensors for Precision Agriculture: An Outlook
Authors: Viana Lucas De Arruda , Tomaz Deborah Campos , Martins Rodrigo Nogueira , Rosas Jorge Tadeu Fim , Santos Fernando Ferreira Lima dos , Portes Marcelo Fagundes
Published: April 2019

The growing human population added to the rural exodus has aggravated the pressure in the agricultural sector for greater production. Faced with this problem, research has developed optical sensors for more productive agriculture with the purpose of minimizing the effects of rural exodus, obtaining rapid information and promoting the rational use of natural resources. Optical sensors have a differential consisting of the ability to use the spectral signature of an attribute or part of it to gain information, often not obvious. This review provides recent advances in optical sensors as well as future challenges. The studies have shown the wide range of applicability of optical sensors in agriculture, from detection of weeds to identification of soil fertility, which favors management in different areas of agriculture. The main limitation to the use of optical sensors in agriculture in most parts of the world has been the cost of purchasing the devices, especially in poor countries. So one of the future challenges is the reduction of final prices paid by consumers.
Estimating Natural Gas Demand Elasticities in Nigeria
Authors: Afimia Emmanuel Okheshimi
Published: April 2019

This study estimated natural gas demand elasticities in Nigeria. The objective of the study was to examine the responsiveness of natural gas demand to changes in price of natural gas, income and prices of other energy products. The study adopted the bound testing approach to    cointegration within the framework of ARDL to estimate annual time series data over a period of 33 years (1984 – 2016). The findings of this research showed that the elasticity of natural gas demand is relatively price inelastic in both short and long run; cross-price elasticity of gas demand revealed that AGO and LNG are substitute energy products for natural gas in Nigeria; while the estimate of income elasticity of demand is not statistically significant in the short and long run.
AMPK activation induced in pemetrexed‐treated cells is associated with development of drug resistance independently of target enzyme expression
Authors: Qin Yiyang , Sekine Ikuo , Hanazono Michiko , Morinaga Takao , Fan Mengmeng , Takiguchi Yuichi , Tada Yuji , Shingyoji Masato , Yamaguchi Naoto , Tagawa Masatoshi
Published: April 2019

Pemetrexed (PEM) inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis and is currently one of the first‐line agents for mesothelioma. PEM suppresses the activities of several enzymes involved in purine and pyrimidine synthesis, and elevated activity of these enzymes in tumors is often linked with resistance to PEM. The agent also stimulates AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) and consequently influences the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathways. Nevertheless, it remains unclear whether PEM resistance is linked to the AMPK or mTORC1 pathways. Here, we established two independent PEM‐resistant mesothelioma cell lines in which expression of the PEM‐target enzymes was not elevated, and found that levels of phosphorylated AMPK and p70S6K and, to a lesser extent, levels of phosphorylated AKT and p53, were increased in these cells as compared with the respective parent cells. PEM stimulation also augmented phosphorylation of AMPK, p70S6K, AKT and p53 in most cases. An AMPK activator increased phosphorylation and PEM resistance in parental cells, and the inhibitor decreased the resistance of PEM‐resistant cells. In contrast, inhibitors for p70S6K and AKT did not influence PEM resistance; furthermore, increased levels of endogenous p53 did not affect PEM sensitivity. These data collectively indicate that constitutive activation of AMPK is associated with PEM resistance, and that this is unconnected with elevated DNA and RNA synthesis.
Journalists
Authors: Singer Jane B.
Published: April 2019

In a perpetually fluid and globally accessible news environment, identifying just who can be considered a “journalist” is no longer a simple matter. This entry explores three definitions: a historical one that summarizes how the occupation emerged and developed; a sociological one that explores how journalists do their work, including their roles and practices; and a normative one that considers the use of ethical principles and ideals to distinguish journalists from the growing number of others who engage in similar activities.
College and University Student Media
Authors: Schwartz David
Published: April 2019

College and university student media are independent or school‐affiliated, student‐produced news and information organizations. Typically, college media serve as the voice of the student body, although they also cover faculty and staff matters and occasionally the community in which a school resides. Student media distribute written and broadcast content across numerous publishing platforms, including websites, newspapers, terrestrial radio, television, podcasts, smartphone apps, magazines, social media, and streaming services. Student‐media workspaces are simulated professional workspaces where students can practice institutional behavioral standards and skills common to the field.
Audience Studies
Authors: Poindexter Paula M.
Published: April 2019

Audience studies examines the news audience in the context of the mobile and social media transformation of the news landscape and explains how this change has affected news platforms and audience behavior. Audience characteristics, including demographics, uses and gratifications, avoidances, attitudes, and adoption of mobile news innovations, are discussed. Finally, the decline in news engagement, the erosion of trust in the press, and news engagement socialization are considered as they relate to the future of the news audience.
Comparative Studies
Authors: Cohen Akiba A. , Boudana Sandrine
Published: April 2019

Comparative research in journalism enables researchers to discover and sometimes reject what was thought to be universal or “natural.” While years ago, most comparative studies were conducted within a single country (e.g., comparison between different national newsrooms and between local and national news), the nation has probably become the dominant variable in comparative research in the field of journalism. This entry presents a matrix created by crossing three realms of journalism—the work of journalists, the contents they produce, and their audiences—with Kohn's four functions of the nation in cross‐national research: the nation as the object of the study, nation as context, nation as unit of analysis, and nation as a component of larger international systems. In each cell of the matrix we placed one study that illustrates the product of the intersection of the two factors. Some of the studies are classic works while others are very recent.
Framing Theory and Journalism
Authors: D'angelo Paul
Published: April 2019

Framing research on news and journalism rests on the metatheoretical proposition that framing is an integrative concept. Doing framing analysis does not presuppose a universal theoretical framework or a unified conceptual definition of “frame” and “framing.” Working in light of three paradigmatic approaches, researchers draw from and subsequently refine various theoretical frameworks in order to investigate connections among the four main types of frames and to demonstrate framing effects on social entities on the individual, organizational, and cultural levels. Although researchers conduct news framing research on myriad topics, on the level where they study frame type(s) via theory integration, two main agendas stand out: audience frames shape opinion formation and journalist frames shape issue cultures.
Gatekeeping Theory
Authors: Bro Peter
Published: April 2019

Within journalism studies, gatekeeping theory—and the notion of gatekeepers—has enjoyed a success that few other concepts can rival. It has resulted in hundreds of studies, papers, subsequent publications, and academic conferences. It has even transcended the realms of research to become a household name among practicing journalists, their news sources and audiences. This entry traces the origin of the concept, delineates how the concept has evolved, and describes the current state of gatekeeping in a time where the production, publication, and distribution of news have undergone profound changes since the inception of the concept in the 1950s.
Social Construction of News
Authors: Paul Subin , Berkowitz Dan
Published: April 2019

Although the belief system of journalists suggests that news is selected and crafted through professional expertise, much of the sociologically based research argues that news represents a social construction instead. As with other kinds of work, news is built to certain standards and shaped by the interaction among co‐workers, the organization in which they work, and the context of their political‐economic system. Although journalists can be said to make news, this assertion does not suggest that journalistsmake upnews.
Uses and Gratifications Research
Authors: Blumler Jay G.
Published: April 2019

The entry depicts the upsurge of uses and gratifications research into motives for media consumption in the 1960s–1980s: its causes, presuppositions, analytical framework, and main results. It goes on to describe a twenty‐first‐century revival of the approach, how that has differed from the earlier work, as well as its main foci and findings. Finally, it itemizes what main contributions uses and gratifications research has made to the field of journalism studies.
Anthropology of News
Authors: Peterson Mark Allen
Published: April 2019

The anthropology of news understands news as a human artifact and journalism as a cultural practice. For anthropology, news is a tool of representation that has become an essential and even definitional aspect of modernity. Journalism is that set of practices, shifting over time and across geographic space, through which news is produced. In some ways, news occupies in modern society a role similar to that of myth: it offers authoritative representations of human life that express fundamental cultural concerns with social and moral order. However, journalism differs from myth in its metacommunicative focus on the bases of its claims to truth. Anthropological approaches to news vary, but usually involve ethnographic methods, emphasis on the symbolic aspects of news, a comparative approach to news media across geographical, temporal, and social boundaries, close attention to language, and an emphasis on news as reflective of, and contributing to, social change.
Orientalism and Journalism
Authors: Trivundža Ilija Tomanić
Published: April 2019

Orientalism is most commonly used to refer to a representational strategy that defines the Orient and its population as an “Other” in opposition to Western civilization. Founded on a binary logic of opposing, mutually exclusive “essential characteristics” of Us and Them, it constructs “the Orient” as essentially different and inferior to “the West.” The term's present‐day critical connotation originates from the work of Palestinian‐American academic, cultural critic, and public intellectual Edward W. Said. In media and journalism studies, orientalism is generally used to describe a discursive strategy of Othering, a cluster of recurring news frames or a set of negative stereotypes used in news reports and commentary, predominantly related to events in the Middle East (including Turkey) and North Africa.
Indexing
Authors: Bennett W. Lance
Published: April 2019

Indexing refers to the norms used by news organizations to select news sources and frames. When indexing norms become widely shared across organizations, media systems may display familiar national characteristics and act as an institution. The most common indexing norm found in many democratic press systems is to index sources and their views according to the power balances that journalists perceive to exist among actors in political institutions involved with particular political conflicts or policy processes. New areas of research include how changes in media systems, such as fragmenting audiences and proliferating media channels, may change source selection, framing, and weighting routines. In particular, the growth of right‐wing media networks that interact with elected politicians has weakened the capacity of legacy news organizations to act as gatekeepers that index the sources and framing of public debates.
Public Sphere
Authors: Gripsrud Jostein
Published: April 2019

The public sphere is a central element in a democracy where the “public opinion” is developed to inform governments on how citizens regard a variety of issues, political as well as cultural. The key contributions of Jürgen Habermas and some of his followers are presented, as are arguments from some of his critics. The theory is placed within a broader context of democratic theory and the role of the cultural public sphere is emphasized. Finally, there is a discussion on how the public sphere is affected by the Internet and digital media.
User‐Generated Content
Authors: Paulussen Steve
Published: April 2019

User‐generated content (UGC) refers to any textual or audiovisual piece of information or opinion created by active audience members and published on the Internet. News organizations have explored the opportunities of participatory journalism by integrating UGC in different stages of the news production process. Our understanding of the value and role of user agency in news production depends on whether we approach this topic from a journalistic, an economic, or a democratic perspective.
Free Papers
Authors: Tennant J. Ian
Published: April 2019

Free papers and/or newspapers have been an important component of the Western communication ecosystem for decades if not centuries and yet this cultural institution has been understudied. Like newspapers that charge a fee to be read, free newspapers range in quality and style yet they have been derided as being inferior to paid newspapers because consumers, it is argued, value a product more if they have to pay for it. Regardless, free newspapers continue to have an impact in many markets around the world. This impact, however, may be in jeopardy given free newspapers' business model, which features a heavy reliance on advertising during a time when all newspapers are facing declining advertising revenues.
Paywalls
Authors: Myllylahti Merja
Published: April 2019

Digital subscriptions, or paywalls as they are coined, began emerging in 2010 as a new tool for funding journalism and hence the term became more prominent in the journalism and digital journalism studies. After the global financial crisis in 2007–2008, publishers in the matured newspaper markets started to introduce charges for their digital news content as a response to their falling print revenue. The most common paywall models identified in the academic literature include hard and soft paywall models, and the most commonly used paywalls as hard, metered, and freemium paywalls. The academic research on paywalls has concentrated on different models, paywalled content, and revenue and the related studies have investigated people's willingness to pay for the digital news content. Paywall researchers have been mapping a new field for the research which may explain why the scholarship has not had a clear theoretical grounding or direction.
Philanthropy‐Supported Journalism
Authors: Browne Harry
Published: April 2019

There is a widespread perception that the market is failing to ensure the provision of high quality, impactful journalism, especially investigative work and in‐depth coverage of governmental and international affairs. One answer to that market failing has been the development of philanthropy‐supported journalism. Some writers see this as a potentially important, if partial, solution to journalism's problems, strengthening the editorial focus on creating social and policy impacts. Others have expressed concern that philanthropic support draws journalists toward elite orientations, with both funders themselves and their desired audiences representing the socioeconomic upper tiers.
State‐Supported Journalism
Authors: Murschetz Paul Clemens
Published: April 2019

This study explores media policy that aims at both engendering economic opportunity and prosperity of contemporary journalism, while safeguarding and fostering a sustainable, critical, and high‐quality journalism which is endowed to serve the public. Controversially, however, this entry argues that promoting state‐supported journalism may be justified on economic grounds, but less so on political ones when considering the strong sentiments against it. It remains skeptical as to what effectively is to be gleaned from financial support and protective measures for journalists when impacts on editorial independence are unresolved and economic efficacy of subsidies for journalists and their organizations in the face of a much more challenging economic environment is unknown.
Accountability in Journalism
Authors: Fengler Susanne
Published: April 2019

This entry provides an overview on normative approaches and empirical results in the field of media accountability, defined as efforts by media professionals as well as media observers to hold the media responsible. The entry lists instruments of media accountability and their historical development and introduces literature in the field of media accountability. While the majority of studies so far focus on media accountability in Western democracies, the entry extends the debates beyond the Western world.
Autonomy: Independence from Government
Authors: van Dalen Arjen
Published: April 2019

This entry provides an introduction to journalistic autonomy, focusing on independence from government. The entry starts by discussing what is meant by journalistic autonomy, followed by a description of the two main normative traditions which argue for the importance of autonomy: the libertarian tradition and the social responsibility tradition. Governments might guarantee or limit journalistic autonomy in three ways: through the legal environment, through the political environment, or through economic measures. Empirical research focuses on cross‐national differences in autonomy across democracies, authoritarian regimes, and transitional democracies. Research has shown that even when journalists perceive limited political influence from government, news content often strongly reflects the agenda put forward by government. Directions for future research are discussed.
Scandals
Authors: Haller André
Published: April 2019

This entry describes the characteristics of scandalization and media coverage. The entry explains the term “scandal” theoretically and shows the historic background of the social phenomenon. Cultural and journalistic influences are fundamental for the establishment of a scandal and are highlighted here. The entry then differentiates between localized and mediated scandals at the present time. The actor triad in scandalization processes, containing scandalized and scandalizing actors as well as recipients is explained. Mediated scandals are characterized by a sequential structure which can be divided into four or five phases. The entry concludes with current research directions and works.
Undercover Reporting
Authors: Rodny‐Gumede Ylva
Published: April 2019

This entry provides a definition of undercover reporting and an overview of the debates surrounding practices of deception and ethical considerations that arise when assessing and balancing the public interest vis‐à‐vis journalistic practices that might stand in contravention of ethical codes of conduct as well as considerations of safeguarding the public's trust in journalism.
Press Councils
Authors: Eberwein Tobias
Published: April 2019

As organizations of media self‐regulation, press councils try to safeguard the quality of journalistic coverage while holding off possible threats of intrusion by the state. They have a long tradition in democratic‐corporatist media systems, although their impact on practical journalism is often put into question. Press councils are facing manifold new challenges, especially in the digital age. This entry discusses the functions and failures of press councils from a comparative point of view and highlights future perspectives—also with regard to new research initiatives in this field.
Open Meetings and Open Records Laws
Authors: Stewart Daxton R.
Published: April 2019

Open meetings and open records laws have been established in most countries to ensure government transparency by allowing citizens access to government actions. These laws typically include broad protections of access as a default, with several enumerated exceptions that government agencies may cite to decline access. Disputes can lead to litigation or appeal through administrative bodies, which may provide injunctive relief to a requesting party or penalize government bodies for noncompliance. The digital age has provided challenges for these laws as record‐keeping has become more complex and government employees have digital communication options that may subvert transparency laws.
Drone Journalism
Authors: Vobič Igor
Published: April 2019

This entry considers the ambiguous notion of drone journalism by reviewing its various meanings and considering how drones are articulated in news media discourse and employed by newsrooms. Drones have seen increasing use by journalists as newsgathering tools. However, the emergence of drone journalism has not been accompanied by a solid set of procedures and conventions, nor is it a widely accepted subject in journalism education. Although the intersection of journalism and drones lies more on the periphery of journalism studies, theoretical and empirical explorations of drone journalism reveal regulatory and ethical complexities, the implications of drone imagery for journalism as a cultural practice, and the porous boundaries between witnessing and surveillance in negotiations on the social roles of drone journalists.
Ethnic Journalism and the Ethnic Press
Authors: Yu Sherry S.
Published: April 2019

Ethnic journalism and the ethnic press have a long history globally as venues for information and self‐representation for immigrants and ethnoracial minorities. Despite its long history and significance as part of the public sphere, as well as the news industry, this news media sector has been less known and draws less attention than other sectors. The exploration of the ethnic news sector in the three dimensions of journalism studies—news content, consumption, and production—provides a guide that helps navigate ethnic journalism and the ethnic press.
Feminist Journalism
Authors: Steiner Linda
Published: April 2019

Feminists have always deployed available media technologies to disseminate their own news and as they define it. These days, feminist news remains available in print, documentary film, broadcasting and cable, but feminists are turning to the Internet for news that challenges dominant conceptions of women, exposes oppression, promotes feminist causes and issues, and advocates expanded political, social, and cultural roles for women. Most feminist online magazines and blogs address specific segments within feminism. They target different audiences including as defined by generation, taste, and sexuality; they often have very different approaches to feminism. The ease and low costs of Internet access encourage a proliferation of feminist journalism sites and activities, but few such efforts in feminist journalism last very long; and feminism journalism cannot alone accomplish all feminist goals.
Investigative Journalism
Authors: Hoxha Abit
Published: April 2019

Investigative journalism is a particular way of newsgathering practice where journalists deeply investigate one or more stories over a longer period of time in order to create deeper knowledge on the subject and confirm multisourced information and build a trusted report. Stories reporting crime, political corruption, financial frauds, human trafficking, corporate wrongdoing, and other difficult subjects need more time than usual reporting and journalists may spend weeks or months investigating such a report.
Narrowcasting or Niche Journalism
Authors: Gorgulu Vehbi
Published: April 2019

Narrowcasting or niche journalism refers to the targeting of specific audiences. The concept has gained importance as the result of a shift from mass to personalized content facilitation, in particular, owing to the rapid development of new information and communication technologies (ICTs) and the rising popularity of online social networks. As news companies look for ways to increase their relevance and revenue sources, narrowcasting presents a marketable opportunity for publishers to create niche content that individuals cannot find elsewhere. Despite its advantages, there are also several limitations with narrowcasting, such as limited audience reach and concerns of automation.
Professionalization of Journalists: Historical
Authors: Örnebring Henrik
Published: April 2019

The historical professionalization of journalists refers to the process by which a distinct professional group (journalists) lays claim to social and cultural legitimacy. Following the sociological literature on professionalization, such legitimacy claims can be based on different things and be articulated in different way. This entry focuses on four generally agreed‐upon aspects of professionalization: (a) the gradual distinction of the occupation from other, similar occupations; (b) claiming a core knowledge and/or set of skills that can be achieved through formal education; (c) developing widely shared professional norms, both formal and informal; and (d) achieving and maintaining control over the profession and how it should be conducted. The entry discusses these aspects in turn as they apply to journalism. It is found that the emergence of the mass press in the mid‐nineteenth century and the so‐called “high modernism” of journalism in the period 1960–1990 are key historical moments in the professionalization of journalism.
Telegraph: Invention and Impact
Authors: Blondheim Menahem
Published: April 2019

The modern telegraph, an electricity‐based technological solution for communicating textual messages in real time, was one of the most significant departures in communication history and in journalism. Divorcing communication from transportation, the telegraph was first put into public use in the United States in 1844, and news transmission became its “killer application.” Speedy news gathering by telegraph helped transform news into a commodity, and news broadcast to newspapers over national and international networks leveled information advantages, set agendas, and promoted the appearance of objectivity, at the same time that it enabled the formation of monopolies of news knowledge.
Popular Culture: Portrayal of Journalists
Authors: Ehrlich Matthew C.
Published: April 2019

This entry provides an overview of how popular novels, movies, television shows, and other media have portrayed journalists dating back to the nineteenth century. It points to ways in which popular culture's depictions of the press relate to fields of inquiry within journalism studies, including studies of history, professionalism, difference, power, visual journalism, war journalism, and the future of journalism.
A
ustralian‐Pacific Journalism
Authors: Josephi Beate
Published: April 2019

Journalism in the Australia Pacific region can be divided into three segments. First, Australia and New Zealand, which dominate the region and which, because of their historical links, should be seen in the context of Western European countries. Second, there is the “arc of instability,” which, among others, comprises the politically volatile countries of Fiji and Papua New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands, where journalism follows the Singaporean model of being largely forced under government control. Third, there are small island groups such as Kiribati, the Marshall Islands, Samoa and Tonga, several of which—Noumea and Tahiti—are French overseas territories, or as with American Samoa, American territory. The media of these small states, rated as “free” by Freedom House, are deeply engaged with climate change as these islands are very vulnerable to rising sea levels.
Middle Eastern and North African Journalism
Authors: Pintak Lawrence
Published: April 2019

News organizations in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) have traditionally been controlled by, or largely beholden to, the region's governments. That changed with the revolution in Arab journalism in the years leading up to the 2011 Arab Spring popular uprising. But a political counterrevolution soon put authoritarian forces back in charge, re‐imposing their grip on Arab journalism.