bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Chemical Composition of Wool II. Analysis of the Major Histological Components Produced by Ultrasonic Disintegration
Authors: Bradbury JH , Chapman GV , King NLR
Published: July 2016

Ultrasonic disruption of powdered Merino wool in formic acid and dichloroacetic acid causes some protein to be dissolved, but the amino acid content of the residual wool is unchanged by the treatment. Cortical cells and disrupted cortical cells are found to have the same composition as the parent fibre, which is to be expected because the latter consists of about 90 % cortical cells. However, the cuticle of Merino wool is different in composition from the parent fibre, being richer in cysteic acid, serine, proline, glycine, valine, and cystine, and poorer in aspartic acid, threonine, glutamic acid, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and arginine than the whole fibre. Thus the cuticle is considerably less polar than the fibre as a whole. With the exceptions detailed below, it is found that the first group of amino acids listed above are classified as non a.helix.forming and the second group as a�helix� forming by Blout (1962). The exceptions are isoleucine and threonine, whilst arginine and glycine are not classified. It is therefore postulated that the cuticle is amorphous because of its high content of non a�helix.forming amino acids. The cuticle of Lincoln wool shows similar differences to those already given for Merino cuticle but, in addition, contains less lysine and histidine than the whole fibre.
Fungal Cellulases XIII. Specificity of the Induction of the ?-Glucosidase of Stachybotrys Atra
Authors: Jermyn MA
Published: July 2016

Only J3-g1ucopyranosides, J3-thioglucopyranosides, and certain J3-g1ucopyrano-sides substituted by glycosyl residues are effective as inducers of aryl J3-glucosidase in S. atra. All other modifications of structure give molecules ineffective as inducers. The induction of aryl J3-g1ucosidase and cellobiase appear to be independent processes; polyhydroxylic alkyl J3-g1ucosides become less effective inducers of aryl J3-g1ucosidase and more effective inducers of cellobiase as the chain-length of the aglycone increases. The interaction between inducer and the enzyme-synthesizing system follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics with each inducer having a characteristic affinity for the "active centre". This relationship holds whether rate of enzyme synthesis or total amount synthesized is considered, since the length of the period of active enzyme synthesis appears to be independent of inducer concentration.
Fatty Acid Components of Ovine Erythrocyte Lipids
Authors: Connellan JM , Masters CJ
Published: July 2016

As part of a study of comparative lipid metabolism, the distribution of fatty acids has been investigated in a number of mammalian tissues (Horgan and Masters 1963; Masters 1964a, 1964b, 1964c; Connellan and Masters 1965), a major aim of these studies being to facilitate correlation between lipid composition and function. In this context, it is widely recognized that membranes playa fundamental role in cellular metabolism, and that lipid is an essential component of these biomembranes (Stein and Danielli 1956). The study of structure-function relationships in this situation, however, has been hindered by the difficulty of isolating specific membranes without contamination by other lipids. The mature mammalian erythrocyte possesses advantageous characteristics for this type of investigation because of the lack of sub-cellular particles, and the resultant presence of only a single membrane type (Kogl et al. 1960). As an extension of previous investigations, then, the fatty acid composi-tion of ovine erythrocytes has been determined.
Silage Bacteriology II. Influence of Temperature Differences on the Composition of the Lactic Microflora
Authors: Lanigan GW
Published: July 2016

At temperatures upwards of 36�C pediococci become increasingly prominent among the lactic microfiora of ryegrass silage and at 44�C lactobacilli are rarely found. This effect is not peculiar to the silage environment since it has been demon-strated in common laboratory media also. It may be explained simply on the basis of the greater capacity of pediococci for growth at the higher temperatures within the range studied. A possible significance of this phenomenon in relation to practical silage making is not presently apparent.
Effects of Finite Size on Selection Advance in Simulated Genetic Populations
Authors: Gill JL
Published: July 2016

The design and analysis of an investigation of selection in simulated genetic populations is discussed. The long-range objectives and specification of parameters and models are outlined, and certain mechanics of simulation of genetic systems are included, Bome of which may be of general application to Monte Carlo investigations.
Plant Response to Saline Substrates VII. Growth and Ion Uptake Throughout Plant Development in Two Varieties of Hordeum Vulgare
Authors: Greenway H
Published: July 2016

In the main experiment, sodium chloride treatment was imposed on two varieties of H. vulgare during early tillering and continued until grain formation.
The Physiology of Sugar-Cane VIII. Diurnal Fluctuations in The Activity of Soluble Invertase in Elongating Internodes
Authors: Slack CR
Published: July 2016

The activity of acid invertase in the storage compartment of elongating internode cells of sugar-cane stems fluctuates several fold during a single day, reaching a maximum early in the morning and falling to a minimum late in the afternoon. Parallel fluctuations in either protein content or hexokinase activity did not occur.
Variation of Scutellar Bristles in Drosophila V. Components of Selection Advance
Authors: Fraser RA , Scowcroft WR
Published: July 2016

A study of the "inversion marked" chromosome technique for separation of components of selection advance is described and the accuracy of this method is discussed, for the character, number of extrascutellar bristles in D. melanogaster.
Studies on Chitin VI. The Nature of ?- and ?-Chitins
Authors: Hackman RH , Goldberg Mary
Published: July 2016

Enzymic digestion, acidic hydrolysis, deuterium exchange, infrared absorption spectra, and differential thermal analysis of chitins show that not only do the structures of <x- and ~-chitins differ but that differences occur within the <x-chitins and within the ~-chitins. The crystalline structure within an <x-chitin varies and about 30% of the chitin is in a highly crystalline form. ~-Chitins prepared from cuttlefish shell and squid pen contain significant amounts of free amino groups, on average one residue in five and two residues in five respectively being unacetylated. The free amino groups are in the less highly organized parts of the structure. The structures of the chitins and their associations with proteins are discussed.
Acquired Immunological Unresponsiveness to Bovine Plasma Albumin in Mice
Authors: Sobey WR , M Magrath Jeanne
Published: July 2016

It has been suggested by Cinader (1961) and Dresser (1961) that the failure to demonstrate specific unresponsiveness, or the production of partial unresponsiveness, by the injection of the antigen prior to or soon after birth could be due to the presence of impurities in the antigens used. An animal injected neonatally with sufficient principal antigen to induce unresponsiveness would retain reactive competence to the impurities. Subsequent challenge would elicit no antibodies to the principal antigen but only to the impurities. In order to test this simple hypothesis the following studies, using bovine plasma albumin (B.P.A.) (Armour Fraction V) as an antigen, were undertaken with two-dimensional gel diffusion analysis of the specific antigenj antibody reactions of the albumin and its impurities. The methods developed by Sobey and Magrath (unpublished data) were used to measure antibody response to the principal antigen (B.P.A.-albumin) and the impurities (B.P.A.-impurities). All titres are given in a log2 scale.
Cytogenetical Studies in Wheat I. Monosomic Analysis of Leaf Rust Resistance in the Cultivars Uruguay and Transfer
Authors: Mcintosh RA , Baker EP , Driscoll CJ
Published: July 2016

The dominant gene for physiological resistance in the wheat cultivar Uruguay to certain Australian strains of leaf rust was located on chromosome 5D by the F2 method of monosomic analysis. The gene responsible for resistance in the cultivar Transfer was confirmed to be on chromosome 6B. Possible mechanisms producing aberrant F2 ratios involving Transfer in crosses with certain susceptible cultivars are discussed.
The Response to Artificial Selection Due to Autosomal Genes of Large Effect II. The Effects of Linkage on Limits to Selection in Finite Populations
Authors: Latter BDH
Published: July 2016

The limits to artificial selection for pairs of linked additive loci of equal proportionate effect, starting from a base population in linkage equilibrium, have been studied by means of a simulation technique on a CDC 3600 computer. Particular attention has been paid to the case of genes of large effect, making use of the definition of the selective value of a genotype given in the first paper of this series.
The Effect of Starvation on the Uptake of the Precursors of Milk Fat by the Bovine Mammary Gland
Authors: Hartmann PE , Lascelles AK
Published: July 2016

The relative changes imposed by a 4.day starvation on the arteriovenous difference across the mammary gland, for triglyceride, free fatty acids, glucose, B-hydroxybutyrate, and acetate have been studied in three lactating cows.
Transport of 45ca and 65zn Through Collapsed Petioles of Calcium-Deficient Subterranean Clover (Trifolium Subterraneum L.)
Authors: Millikan CR , Hanger BC
Published: July 2016

Calcium-deficient plants of subterranean clover (cv. Dwalganup) growinginnonradioactive water cultures were injected with either 45Ca or 65Zn into the lamina of leaves with normal or collapsed petioles respectively. The subsequent distribution of the isotopes in the plants was determined by means of radioautographs.
Protein Nitrogen Content and Phosphorylative Activity of Apple Fruits During Ripening and Senescence
Authors: Lewis TL , Martin D
Published: July 2016

Respiratory activity, protein nitrogen content, and rate of esterification of infiltrated 32p have been followed during ripening and senescence at 20�0 in detached fruits of five apple varieties.
X-Ray-Induced Variation in Medicago Polymorpha Var. Vulgaris
Authors: Brock RD , andrew WD
Published: July 2016

The response of Medicago polymorpha var. vulgaris to X.ray doses ranging from 20 to 100 kr was typical of other diploid species in the first generation (M�1). The LD50 dose was approximately 90 kr.
Selection and Linkage in Simulated Genetic Populations
Authors: Gill JL
Published: July 2016

This study utilizes a computer programme that simulates selection, linkage, and environmental variation in finite populations. The intensity or magnitude of those factors is related to the genetic progress of small simulated populations under nine genetic models, and the results are discussed in relation to existing theory.
Experimental Appraisal of Certain Procedures for the Classification of Data
Authors: Lange RT , S Stenhouse N , E offler Christina
Published: July 2016

An experimental appraisal of two of the commoner techniques for empirical classification, namely Sneath Q-study and Williams and Lambert normal analysis, is presented. It is shown that the methods have unresolved problems associated with them and that results obtained by their use are not necessarily liable to effective interpretation. A number of objections are raised and it is suggested that biologists using the methods should reconcile their conclusions with these objections.
Studies on Reduced Wool VI. Comparison of Peptides Containing S-Carboxymethylcysteinyl Residues in Different Protein Fractions
Authors: O'donnell IJ , Thompson EOP
Published: July 2016

Wool has been reduced and extracted by urea-mercaptoethanol solution and the cysteine residues labelled by carboxymethylation with 2-[14C]iodoacetate. The extracted protein has been fractionated into the three main classes of protein present in wool, namely the high-sulphur, low-sulphur, and high-glycine-high-aromatic amino acid fractions. After partial acid hydrolysis of each fraction, peptide maps were prepared by paper ionophoretic and chromatographic methods and the S-carboxymethyl- containing peptides located by radioautography. The peptide maps given by the three fractions were almost identical in the peptides obtained, although marked differences in intensities were apparent. However, radioautographs of peptide maps of tryptic digests of the three fractions showed marked differences in the peptide patterns obtained. The findings are discussed in relation to the structure and synthesis of wool.
Nicotinamide Content of Insects
Authors: Kitto GB , Briggs MH
Published: July 2016

Surprisingly little is known of the vitamin content of insects and consequently, as part of an investigation of the function and metabolism of insect tissues, we have determined the nicotinamide content of a wide range of adult insects collected locally in the Wellington district.
Physical Environment and Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation III. Root Temperature Effects on Shoot and Root Development and Nitrogen Distribution In Trifolium Subterraneum
Authors: Gibson AH
Published: July 2016

Root and shoot growth, and the distribution of nitrogen to the roots and shoots, were examined in five varieties of Trifolium subterraneum. The plants were grown between 5 and 30�0 root temperature, and received their nitrogen from root nodules, or as ammonium nitrate.
Further Aspects of the Tris Effect In Beetroot Tissue During Its Lag Phase
Authors: Van steveninck RFM
Published: July 2016

The stimulation of K+ and Na+ uptake by tris(hydroxymethyl)arninomethane (Tris) in freshly cut beetroot tissue slices was inhibited by D.glucosamine. This effect could be fully reversed by further addition of D�glucose, and the reversal was specific for D.glucose. Tris caused a marked increase in glucose uptake from a dilute glucose solution (5 X 10-'M). The stimulation of glucose uptake was further enhanced by the presence of N a +.
The Sulphydryl-Disulphide Hypothesis in Relation to Desiccation Injury of Cabbage Leaves
Authors: Gaff DF
Published: July 2016

Sulphydryl (-SR) and disulphide (-S8-) levels were examined in extracts of cabbage leaves which had been desiccated to various degrees down to the death of the tissue at a water potential of -94 atm.
Correlations Between Relatives When Intermediates are Fittest
Authors: James JW
Published: July 2016

It is shown that natural selection for intermediates affects correlations between relatives, the effects being different for different sets of relatives. For additive genes, when heterozygote has superior fitness, half-sib correlations are slightly lower than the parent-offspring correlations. A simple approximate relation between the two is derived, and a similarity to effects of epistasis on selection response is discussed.
Sodium and Potassium Transport in the Marine Alga Chaetomorpha Darwinii
Authors: Dodd WA , Pitman MG , West KR
Published: July 2016

Ohaetomorpha darwinii is a marine alga with large coenocytic cells. The cell sap contains about 540 mM potassium, 25 mM sodium, and 600 mM chloride, and the vacuole is 10 mY positive to the sea water. The potassium selectivity is due to an active inward pump and an outward sodium pump at the plasmalemma. The fluxes of potassium at the plasmalemma and tonoplast were about 100 and 150 pmoles/cm2/sec, and the fluxes of sodium at these membranes were about 100 and 4 pmoles/cms/sec, respectively. The potential differences at these boundaries were -35 mY and +45 mY. The cytoplasmic phase contained about 18 p.-equiv/g of potassium and 0�5-1�0 p.-equiv /g of sodium.
Metabolic Effects on Ion Fluxes in Nitella Translucens II. Tonoplast Fluxes
Authors: AC Macrobbie Enid
Published: July 2016

By separation and analysis of the cytoplasm and vacuole after uptake of radioactive tracer by the cells of Nitella translucens, the ion fluxes at both membranes of the cell have been estimated.
A Mechanism for the Origin of Specifically Oriented Textures in Development with Special Reference to Nitella Wall Texture
Authors: Green PB , King A
Published: July 2016

Many oriented growth phenomena, including the elongation of the Nitella internode, are based upon oriented or textured cell wall structure. In many cases the ordered textures are not present in the earliest stages of cell development but appear later. In Nitella lateral cell (leaf) development the first appearance of transverse wall texture (detected in polarized light) approximately coincides with a transverse stretching of the cell and its wall. This oriented stretching appears not to have its origin in a pre-existing texture but rather to be the result of a particular distribution of wall expansion rates. The relation between rates and oriented distortions is studied as a general phenomenon. The form these rate variations must take to provide longitudinal, transverse, or isotropic distortion is derived. Model devices made of rubber membranes, where expansion rate is varied by reinforcement of the rubber, generate distortions (textures in the rubber) of the type predicted. In the course of development it is possible that imbalances in expansion rate based on gradients (of metabolites, pH, light, etc.) bring on, through strain orientation, the initial alignment of originally randomly oriented fibrous ultrastructures, such as microfibrils of the cell wall or cytoplasmic microtubules.
The Uptake of L-Lactate and D-Glucose by the Mammary Gland of the Cow
Authors: Hartmann PE
Published: July 2016

Although the uptake oflarge amounts of blood glucose by the lactating mammary gland of the ruminant is well documented, there are conflicting reports on the uptake of lactate. Graham (1937) reported a mean uptake of lactate of 16�7 mgj100 ml blood by the mammary gland of goats in which the arterial concentration of lactate was unusually high. A considerably smaller uptake was found in unanaesthetized cows (Shaw, Boyd, and Petersen 1938) but the results of subsequent studies on anaesthetized cows (Shaw 1946) indicated that the mammary gland did not utilize a significant amount of blood lactate.
Effects of Day Length and Light Intensity on Growth of Barley IV. Genetically Controlled Variation in Response to Photoperiod
Authors: Aspinall D
Published: July 2016

Apical growth, floral development, stem elongation, tillering, and dry weight at ear emergence were compared for 10 varieties of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) growing in a range of photoperiods. All the varieties could be described as quanti. tative long. day plants but there was a wide range of response to the photoperiod. In all the varieties and over all photoperiods, apical primordium production was linked with floral organogenesis, suggesting a common mechanism of photoperiodic influence on the two proce~es. The control of internode elongation, however, varied between different varieties, commencing at a much earlier stage of floral organogenesis in some varieties than in others. Tillering appeared to be controlled more by the amount of energy available for photosynthesis than by any photoperiodic process, and this was also an important factor in shoot dry weight at ear emergence.
Chloride in Cells of Chara Australis
Authors: Coster HGL
Published: July 2016

A potentiometric method of measuring the vacuolar and cytoplasmic chloride activity in cells of Ohara australis is described. It was found that the activity of chloride ions in the vacuole was approximately 100 mN (average for 13 cells), and in the cytoplasm chloride activity was found to be approximately 10 Mn (average for 13 cells).
Metabolism of Coumaphos in Larvae of the Cattle Tick Boophilus Microplus
Authors: Roulston WJ , Schuntner CA , Schnitzerling HJ
Published: July 2016

[82P]Coumaphos, a phosphorothionate, was rapidly absorbed and metabolized by cattle tick larvae dipped in aqueous suspensions of the acaricide. One metabolite was shown by chromatographic, spectroscopic, and cholinesterase inhibition evidence to be the oxygen analogue, a more potent in vitro cholinesterase inhibitor than the parent compound. Other water-soluble~ metabolites were only tentatively identified. Sublethal doses were metabolized mainly to water-soluble materials and a small quantity of oxygen analogue whereas lethal doses, producing complete mortality in 2-3 hr, yielded almost equal amounts of the oxygen analogue and water-soluble materials.
The Effect of Oil-Feeding and Starvation on the Composition and Output of Lipid in Thoracic Duct Lymph in the Lactating Cow
Authors: Hartmann PE , Harris JG , Lascelles AK
Published: July 2016

A single dose of up to 480 g of safflower oil was administered, on two occasions, to each of two lactating cows. The changes in the absorption of lipid from the small intestine were studied by determining the changes in the output of lipid in thoracic duct lymph. There was a significant increase (P<O'Ol) in the output of total lipid, triglyceride, and free fatty acid in the lymph, between the 6th and 7th hr after oil.feeding. The output of total lipid began to decline at 17 hr after oil.feeding but did not appear to return to the level observed before oilfeeding until 2-3 days later. Although the average rate of entry of chylomicron triglyceride into the blood vascular compartment increased from approximately 15 g/hr before, to 30 g/hr after oil.feeding, there were only slight changes in the concentration of triglyceride in blood plasma. It was concluded that the rate of turnover of the plasma pool of chylomicrons was extremely rapid.
Histological Observations on the Reproductive Tract of the Ewe
Authors: Restall BJ
Published: July 2016

An histological examination of the female reproductive tract showed that all parts of the tract undergo cyclical changes. In general the height of the luminal epithelium reaches a maximum during oestrus and secretory activity also appears to be maximal at this time.
Comparison of Similar Protein Components Isolated from Wool and Wool Roots
Authors: Frater R
Published: July 2016

Soluble derivatives of wool and wool-root proteins have been extracted by reduction with mercaptoethanol in the presence of 8M urea followed by alkylation with acrylonitrile. Using chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, followed by gelfiltration on Sephadex, one of the major low-sulphur proteins present in the extract has been isolated in a pure state as determined by starch-gel electrophoresis. Such pure proteins were isolated from extracts of wool and wool roots taken from the same animal. Proteins from these two sources were then compared on the basis of amino acid composition and peptide maps prepared from tryptic digests of them. The results show that small but significant differences do exist between the wool and wool-root proteins. Oomparisons of the protein from different wools show that differences also occur here. It is concluded that small changes must occur in the protein composition during the keratinization process.
Spectral Energy Relations of Isobilateral Leaves
Authors: Howard JA
Published: July 2016

Heflectance and transmittance have been studied for eucalypts in the spectral range from 4000 to 9500 A at varying angles of incidence. Spectral reflectance and spectral transmittance were observed to be high in the infrared. All leaf surfaces were found to be highly diffusing and not to reflect white light in accordance with the sine law.
Differential Reactions to Three Strains of Wheat Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe Graminis Var. Tritici)
Authors: Mcintosh RA , Baker EP
Published: July 2016

The pathogenicity of three strains of wheat powdery mildew on certain Triticum species and cultivars is described. One of these strains is characterized by virulence' on the cultivar Asosan, previously resistant in Australian studies. Resistance, apparently genetically different from any already described, is recorded in two Australian cultivars. In view of the variability in pathogenicity revealed by these strains, the need for the establishment of an acceptable international differential set is emphasized.
Simultaneous Selfing and Partial Diallel Test Crossing III. Optimum Selection Procedures
Authors: Clark cockerham C , Matzinger DF
Published: July 2016

Considered was the best method of combining information on half-sib, full-sib, and self progenies and check entries in a blocked experiment for selecting among parents. An index or least squares weighting approach was utilized. Index solutions were found for two situations, one general with respect to the genetic and environmental model, and the other with simplifying assumptions about the model. In each situation a restricted index such that no block effects appear in any comparisons and an index based on comparisons of only genetic entries within blocks were found. Selection gains for these six indexes plus an additional ad hoc one were compared in a numerical example for two characteristics in tobacco, assuming the estimated variances for the two situations to be parametr.ic.
Changes in the Concentration of Lipids and Some Other Constituents in the Blood Plasma of Calves from Birth to 6 Months of Age
Authors: Shannon AD , Lascelles AK
Published: July 2016

This paper describes the changes in concentration of the major lipid fractions, glucose, and protein in plasma from the jugular vein of six calves from birth to 6 months of age. Changes in haematocrit over this period are also presented.
Fungal Cellulases XV. Acceptor Specificity of the Aryl ?-Glucosidase of Stachybotrys Atra
Authors: Jermyn MA
Published: July 2016

A parameter has been devised that gives a general measure of acceptor efficiency in the reaction of an enzyme with two substrates. The numerical value of this parameter has been determined for the ,B-glucosidase of Stachybotrys atm, phenyl ,B-D-glucopyranoside, and a large number of hydroxylic acceptors. There are certain correlations between acceptor efficiency and structure.
Changes in the Relative Amounts of Soluble Protein and Amino Acid in the Haemolymph of the Locust, Chortoicetes Terminifera Walker (Orthoptera : Acrididae), in Relation to Dehydration and Subsequent Hydration
Authors: djajakusumah Taty , Miles PW
Published: July 2016

Starvation and dehydration of fifth-instar female larvae of C. terminifera over concentrated sulphuric acid for 24 hr causes a loss in volume of the haemolymph of over 25% but little change in osmotic pressure. When dehydrated insects imbibe distilled water in the absence of food, the volume of the haemolymph shows an increase after 7 hr which is lost over the succeeding 17 hr. Compared with controls, the decreases in volume are associated with a loss of free amifto acids and gain of soluble protein in the haemolymph as a whole; and the increase with a loss of soluble protein and gain of amino acids. Although amino acids contribute no more than 15% of the osmotically active constituents of the haemolymph, it is possible that they interchange with soluble protein and playa limited role in maintaining osmotic pressure, especially during rapid increases in volume of the haemolymph in the absence of dietary salts.
The Disulphide and Sulphydryl Content of Fractions Prepared by the Ultracentrifugation of Doughs Made from Wheat Flour
Authors: Mauritzen CM , Stewar PR
Published: July 2016

Doughs made from Australian wheat flours were fractionated by ultracentrifugation. The disulphide and sulphydryl contents of the fractions were determined polarographically. A low molecular weight, sulphydryl-containing fraction was found in doughs made from poor quality flours.
The Inoorporation of [35s]Oysteine into the Proteins of Dough by Disulphide-Sulphydryl Interohange
Authors: Stew Art PR , Mauritzen CM
Published: July 2016

[35S]Cysteine was added, during mixing, to doughs made from wheat flour, in amounts which did not significantly affect the level of endogenous diffusible sulphydryl compounds in flour and which produced no change in the rheological properties of the dough. The doughs were fractionated by ultracentrifugation and analysis of the distribution of the isotope in the dough fractions demonstrated that [S6S]cysteine was bound to both soluble and gluten proteins by disulphide bonds. [14C]Leucine did not become bound to the fractions of dough under the same conditions.
Phosphate Inoorporation by Sterile and Non-Sterile Plant Roots
Authors: Rovira AD , Bowen GD
Published: July 2016

Bowen and Rovira (1966) have shown in short-term uptake studies that nonsterile clover and tomato plants took up 45 and 85% respectively more phosphate than did sterile plants. Not only was total uptake of phosphate increased in the presence of the rhizoplane microorganisms but translocation of absorbed phosphate to the tops was 4�4 times greater in the non-sterile tomato plants.
The Redistribution of Stem Sugars in Wheat During Grain Development
Authors: Wardlaw IF , Porter HK
Published: July 2016

In wheat, a study of the distribution of 14C assimilated by single leaves near the time of anthesis showed that, during ear development, sugars previously accumulated in the stem internodes were in part redistributed to other plant organs and in part probably converted to polysaccharides within the stem. Only a small proportion of the stem sugar (including fructosans) was lost in respiration. Upward movement of sugar" occurred almost entirely from the top two internodes only. The contribution to the final ear dry weight, however, was at the most only 5-10%. There was downward movement of sugars from the third and lower internodes and under the conditions of these experiments much of these went to newly formed tillers. There was little or no redistribution to the roots.
Phosphate Uptake Along Attached and Excised Wheat Roots Measured by an Automatic Scanning Method
Authors: Bowen GD , Rovira AD
Published: July 2016

A method has been developed for automatic scanning of plant roots to record accurately and with good resolution sites of uptake and accumulation of radioactively labelled nutrients. This technique was applied to a comparison of phosphate uptake by excised and attached wheat roots. In periods of 2 and of 15 min attached roots absorbed 40-60% more phosphate than did roots excised immediately prior to uptake. These differences could not be ascribed to transpiration nor to translocation in whole plants and hence rapid physiological changes upon excision are suggested. The lower uptake of excised roots occurred in both the apical and the mid-root portions.
The Nitrogen Nutrition of The Peach Tree I. Seasonal Changes in Nitrogenous Constituents in Mature Trees
Authors: Taylor BK
Published: July 2016

Seasonal changes in the concentration of total nitrogen, free amino acid nitrogen, arginine, and glutamine plus asparagine in flower buds, flowers, fruit, leaves, roots, new shoots, and2-3-year-old shoots of 25-year-old peach trees have been studied over an annual cycle.
The Metabolism of Ram, Bull, Dog, and Rabbit Spermatozoa After Cooling to 5°C
Authors: O'shea T , Wales RG
Published: July 2016

The possible occurrence of shunt activity in ejaculated ram spermatozoa was investigated by measuring the amount of labelled carbon dioxide and lactate formed from specifically labelled glucose by the cells. There was no evidence that ram spermatozoa, either shortly after collection or after storage at 5�0, oxidized glucose by the hexose monophosphate pathway.
Uptake of Monosilicic Acid by Trifolium Incarnatum (L.)
Authors: Handreck KA , P Jones LH
Published: July 2016

Silica is present in soil and culture solutions as undissociated monosilicic acid (H4Si04) and this suggests that its uptake by plants would be a passive, non-selective process. We have earlier reported (Jones and Handreck 1965) that the overall uptake by oats (Avena sterilis cv. Algerian) can be accounted for simply in terms of the concentration of monosilicic acid in the soil solution and the amount of water transpired. Thus, when grown in two potted soils containing 7 and 67 p.p.m. Si02 in solution, oat plants at maturity contained 28 and 274 mg Si02 per plant respectively, having transpired 3�9 litres of water and produced 7�0 g of dry matter. The concentration of silica in xylem sap from oats is similar to that in the external solution. When Trifolium incarnatum (L.) (crimson clover) was grown in these two soils the plants had transpiration ratios of 510-530 but contained silica in concentrations which were only 5-10% of those in oats. This suggests that T. incarnatum has some means of excluding silica from the tops; we have examined this further by measuring the concentration of silica in the xylem sap.
Nutrient Uptake and Distribution in Subterranean Clover During Recovery from Nutritional Stresses I. Experiments with Phosphorus
Authors: Bouma D
Published: July 2016

Young subterranean clover plants (Trifolium 8ubterraneum L. cv. Mt. Barker), raised at three phosphorus levels in culture solutions, were transferred to complete solutions and to solutions without phosphorus and grown for a further 7 days.
An Analysis of the Water Potential Isotherm in Plant Tissue I. The Theory
Authors: Noy-Meir I , Z Ginzburg B
Published: July 2016

The water potential isotherm is the function relating the water potential (specific free energy of water) in a given system to its water content.
Effects of Osmotic Pressure on Exudation from Corn Roots
Authors: Klepper Betty
Published: July 2016

For single, unbranched roots of corn (Zea mays L., Pioneer Hybrid 309-B), the rate of exudation per square centimetre of root surface (Jw ) decreased logarithmically with increases in the external osmotic pressure (IIo).
The Physiological Division of Labour in the Salivary Glands of Oncopeltus F Asciatus (Dall.) (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae)
Authors: Miles PW
Published: July 2016

The physical and chemical characteristics of the contents of the different lobes of the salivary glands of O. fasciatu8 are compared with the characteristics of the two types of salivary secretion: namely the solid "stylet sheath" and the liquid "watery saliva". It is concluded that the anterior lobe contributes most of the sulphydryl groups that form the disulphide bonds in the sheath material, but that the lateral lobe provides most of the bulk of the sheath; that the posterior lobe contributes the digestive enzymes found in the watery saliva; that the accessory gland secretes water that can dilute the watery saliva; and that the accessory gland also provides the polyphenol oxidase that is sometimes found in the watery saliva and is always secreted along with the sheath material. Surgical isolation of the accessory gland gave no positive information on the function of the polyphenol oxidase.
Studies of Fine Structural and Biochemical Changes in Cotyledons of Germinating Soybeans
Authors: Treffry T , Klein S , Abrahamsen Mary
Published: July 2016

Ultrastructural changes have been observed in the soybean cotyledon during early germination and subsequent seedling growth. Concurrently measurements were made of fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll and protein content, and porphyrin and protein synthesis.
The Structure of the Cuticular Wax of Prune Plums and its Influence as a Water Barrier
Authors: M Bain Joan , Mcg Mcbean D
Published: July 2016

Wax on the surface of prune plums, sampled from 2 weeks before fruit was mature until 2 weeks after, was shown by electron microscopy, using the carbon� replica technique, to occur in a two-layer structure. The iruier layer consisted of a matrix of thin platelets, while the outer layer was composed of fragile projections, many of which appeared tubular. The incidence and complexity of the projections in the outer layer increased as the fruit matured.
Ionic Relations and Ultrastructure in Ulva Lactuca
Authors: West KR , Pitman MG
Published: July 2016

Measurements have been made of fluxes of potassium and sodium in U. lactuca. As far as potassium exchange is concerned, the non-free space acts as a single component; the rate of exchange of the 350 ".-equiv/g of potassium is appa.rently limited by )the plasmalemma ,where the flux is aboJlt 100 p.-equiv/g fresh wt./hr. In the dark, the flux drops by about 50%, and can be Mher reduced by inhibitors of o:X:idative phosphorylation.
Observations on the Mycorrhizas of Forest Trees. II. The Rhizosphere of Pinus Radiata D. Don
Authors: Foster RC , Marks GC
Published: July 2016

Two common mycorrhiza types of Pinus radiata were examined by light and electron microscopy. Large numbers of bacteria and fungal species other than those forming the mycorrhiza as well as diatoms were observed in the mycorrhizosphere. Different morphological types of bacteria were characteristic of different mycorrhizal types, and in some cases the bacteria were associated with lysed regions of the mantle. The distribution of the bacteria within the rhizosphere is discussed in relation to the clay minerals and the carbohydrate and polyphenol metabolisms of the host.
Population Data for the Transferrin Variants in the Australian Merino
Authors: Cooper DW , Bailey LF , Mayo O
Published: July 2016

Population data for the transferrin varil;mts in the South Australian and Camden Park strains of the Australian Merino are reported. In all, five variants designated A, B, C, D, and E were distinguished. The relationship between these variants and those reported in previous investigations of the Merino and other breeds has been determined. In two out of the six samples there were significant departures from Hardy-Weinberg expectations. It was observed that closed flocks with small effective population size, Camden Park and one South Australian (Roseworthy) flock had fewer than five variants, the number generally found in all strains of the Australian Merino so far examined. For the Roseworthy material it was possible to demonstrate that the parent population, Anama, had the five variants. Further, the two Roseworthy flocks derived from the Anama stock had significantly different gene frequencies from that flock.
Nitrogen, Sodium, and Potassium in Foliage from Some Arid- and Temperate-Zone Shrubs
Authors: Lange RT
Published: July 2016

Species of Chenopodiaceae contribute much of the perennial plant biomass over large tracts of the southern Australian arid zone. In some places they contribute almost all of it. Known as "saltbushes" for their high salt contents (Audas 1917), they were regarded by Cannon (1921) as halophytes. Osborn and Wood (1923) showed that these were not halophytes, but rather salt-accumulating plants growing commonly in soils of ordinary salinities. Miscellaneous analyses (Russell 1947) showed that these plants often have high protein contents in their foliage, and Trumble (1932) demonstrated a high nitrogen requirement for Atriplex semibaccatum, excessive for pasture cultivation of the species.
Physical Environment and Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation. IV. Faotors Affecting the Early Stages of Nodulation
Authors: Gibson AH
Published: July 2016

The influence of root temperature on the initial nodulation of Trifolium subterraneum L. was examined, and observations were made on the effect of light period and shoot temperature on this character. The maximum constant root temperature at which nodules would form was 33�0, and the minimum was in the vicinity of 7�0. The most rapid initial nodulation (2-3 days after inoculation) was observed at 30�0, and plants growing at this temperature had the highest rate of nodule appearance. Below 22�0, there was a marked increase in the "time to first visible nodule" and a general decline in the rate at which they appeared. Differences were observed in the time to first visible nodule, and in the rate of nodule appearance, between different cultivars of T. 8ubterraneum. There was an indication of a temperature X cultivar interaction for these characters. With the three strains of Rh. trifolii used, no differences in their ability to form nodules were observed, although it was known that their subsequent symbiotic behaviour differed under certain root temperature conditions.
Physical Environment and Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation. V. Effect of Time of Exposure to Unfavourable Root Temperatures
Authors: Gibson AH
Published: July 2016

Symbiotic nitrogen fixation by Trifolium subterraneum L., inoculated with three strains of Rhizobium trifolii Dang., was examined over the range of root temperatures 8-28�0. The plants were transferred from an optimal temperature for nitrogen fixation (23�0) to other temperatures at three stages, namely (1) immediately after inoculation, 3 days after germination, (2) 14 days after germ� ination, when nitrogen fixation had commenced, and (3) 21 days after germination, when the plants had been fixing nitrogen for at least 7 days. Nitrogen increase and dry weight accumulation were determined for two growth periods-days 14-21 (I) and days 21-28 (II)
Redistribution of 45ca in Trifolium Subterranevm L. and Antirrhinum Majus L.
Authors: Millikan CR , Hanger BC
Published: July 2016

Injection of non�radioactive calcium into leaf 3 of normal� or low-calcium T. 8ubterraneum plants immediately after transfer to tracer-free solutions caused changes in the distribution of 450a in the low-calcium plants only. In these plants the mean 450a concentration in the laminae of all leaves was appreciably increased as a result of the influx of 450a from the petioles.
Regulation of Fruit Set in the Grape Vine
Authors: Mullins MG
Published: July 2016

Defoliation reduces fruit set in the grape vine, but the mechanism of this effect is the subject of controversy. Effects of leaf removal on set have been attributed either to reduction in supply of organic nutrients to the developing bunch or to reduction in supply of fruit� setting factors. In the experiments reported here, small immature fruits developed on defoliated and decapitated vine cuttings, on cuttings in which leaves, apices, and roots were removed as they appeared, and on inflorescences which were cultured in the light in vitro on a medium devoid of exogenous growth substances. These results indicate that fruit set is regulated by supply of organic nutrients rather than by specific hormonal stimuli originating from organs external to the developing bunch.
Cuticular Transpiration and Wax Structure and Composition of Leaves and Fruit of Vitis Vinifera
Authors: Possingham JV , Chambers TC , Radler F , Grncarevic M
Published: July 2016

The fine structure of the surface wax of leaves of sultana vines (Vitia viiUJera var. sultana) has been examined using the carbon replica technique. Leaf wax was found to be morphologically similar to the wax on the surface of grapes and to consist of a series of overlapping platelets. A brief period (30 sec) of exposure to light petroleum vapour disorganized the platelet structure of both leaf and fruit wax. This treatment markedly increased the cuticular transpiration of both fruits and leaves. The results are discussed in relation to the known chemical composition of these waxes. It is suggested that the surface wax, which consists of overlapping platelets that are hydrophobic in nature, may be important in controlling cuticular transpiration in both the fruit and leaves of grape.vines.
Mutation in Thanatephorus Cucumeris
Authors: Flentje NT , M Stretton Helena , Mckenzie AR
Published: July 2016

Fertile, homothallic, homokaryotic cultures selected from the progeny of two field isolates were used to study the occurrence and significance of mutants in Thanatephoru8 cucumeris (Frank) Donk. Mutations in the crucifer stem� attacking isolate occurred spontaneously and were also induced by ultraviolet irradiation. Six of the mutants showing stability in culture were compared with one another and with their parent culture. The mutants differed in cultural appearance, growth rate, general morphology, mean number of nuclei per cell, and pathogenicity to crucifer stems, but none could be induced to fruit. Comparison of their pathogenic reactions on radish stems suggests that a series of steps, each controlled by a different genetic factor, is involved in the invasion of stems by the fungus. In the other isolate, which was non.pathogenic, no mutants were detected.
Natural Immunization in Pregnant Goats Against Red Blood Ells of their Sheep X Goat Hybrid Foetuses
Authors: Alexander G , Williams D , Bailey L
Published: July 2016

Female goats readily conceived when mated with male sheep but the foetuses usually died within 2 months. Examination ofliving hybrid foetuses about 2 months old suggested that death was due to haemolytic disease. Haemolytic antibodies against red blood cells of the sire usually appeared in the maternal goat sera shortly after the time of cotyledonary attachment at about 30 days gestation.
Nature and Genetic Control of the Vernalization Response In Phalaris Tuberosa L.
Authors: Mcwilliam JR
Published: July 2016

Vernalization of seed promoted flowering in P. tuberosa, particularly in ecotypes with an obligate cold requirement. The rate of thermoinduction was slower in seed than in seedlings, but all ecotypes responded to seed vernalization by flowering earlier and at a smaller leaf number. Also, combinations of vernalization of seed and seedling were additive in their promotion of flowering.
Effects of the Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Heliotrine on Cell Division and Chromosome Breakage in Cultures of Leucocytes from the Marsupial Potorous Tridactylus
Authors: AE Bick Y , Jackson WD
Published: July 2016

Heliotrine causes an almost complete suppression of cell division in leucocyte cultures at a concentration of 2 X 10-4M; below 1 X 10-6M, its effect on the mitotic index is very slight. The mean interval for cells to enter first mitosis is extended by 10 hr with 5 X 1O-5M heliotrine. Both chromosome and chromatid breaks are produced at this latter concentration of heliotrine, the total damage being approxi. mately equivalent to that produced by 300 r of X-irradiation delivered at 25 rJmin. The chromosome breakage is considered to be true chromosome damage since it appears in cells in first division following treatment. Thus it would appear that heliotrine is capable of breaking the chromosomes in G1. i.e. before DNA synthesis. Most alkylating agents do not demonstrate any capacity to induce breakage before the replicating phase. Breakage in G1 has been demonstrated by treatment with hydroxylamine and 8-ethoxycaffeine with which the action ofheliotrine is compared.
The Fallopian Tube of the Sheep. V. Secretion From the Ampullla and Isthmus
Authors: Restall BJ , Wales RG
Published: July 2016

The fallopian tubes of four ewes were cannulated so that secretions collected from the isthmus and ampulla of one side could be compared with the secretion from the other entire fallopian tube. Maximum fluid output from all sites occurred at oestrus and was least during the luteal phase of the cycle. Secretion from the ampulla was generally twice that from the isthmus.