bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metabolic Defense Responses of Seeded Bermudagrass during Acclimation to Freezing Stress
Authors: Zhang Xunzhong , Ervin E. H. , LaBranche A. J.
Published: November 2006

This study was conducted to examine the changes in the levels of carbohydrates and N‐rich defense compounds during cold acclimation associated with freezing tolerance. Two bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. var. dactylon] cultivars, Riviera (cold tolerant) and Princess‐77 (cold sensitive), were selected and either subjected to cold acclimation at 8/4°C (day/night) with a light intensity of 200 μmol m−2 s−1 over a 10‐h photoperiod for 21 d or maintained at 25/23°C (day/night) with natural sunlight in a glasshouse. Cold acclimation induced accumulation of sugars and proline in both cultivars and also an increase in total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) and protein in Riviera, but not in Princess‐77. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased during the first 7 d and then declined, while catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity decreased in response to cold acclimation in both cultivars. Electrolyte leakage (EL) was reduced in both cultivars following cold acclimation. The LT50 was reduced by 2.2°C (from −6.1°C to −8.3°C) in Riviera and 1.7°C (from −4.6°C to −6.3°C) for Princess‐77 following cold acclimation. Riviera had more carbohydrates and N‐rich compounds and less EL than Princess‐77 at the end of cold acclimation. Significant correlations of LT50 with sugars, proline, protein, CAT, and APX were obtained in Riviera, but only with proline and the antioxidant enzymes in Princess‐77. The results suggest selection and use of cultivars with rapid accumulation of C‐ and N‐rich compounds during cold acclimation could improve bermudagrass persistence in transition zone climates.
Multivariate Analysis of Genetic Relationships between Italian Pepper Landraces
Authors: Portis Ezio , Nervo Giuseppe , Cavallanti Federica , Barchi Lorenzo , Lanteri Sergio
Published: November 2006

The heterogeneity of pedoclimatic conditions and the farmer selection for adaptation to local tastes and uses have favored the maintenance in cultivation in Italy of numerous pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) landraces. We have used amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprinting and morphological variation in fruit type to assess the diversity of 19 pepper ecotypes representative of the autochthonous germplasm. Principal component analysis grouped together triangular and blocky fruited types, while elongate types were subdivided into long and half long, differing mainly with respect to the length/diameter ratio. The half‐long types were divided into two further clusters on the basis of overall dimension, weight, and flesh thickness. Genetic similarities between the ecotypes were calculated from AFLP data and this allowed the separation of the accessions into two major and three minor clusters. One major cluster comprised five ecotypes with blocky or triangular fruits, while the other contained nine ecotypes with long or half‐long fruits. AFLP markers were successful in both detecting genetic diversity and determining genetic relationships in Italian pepper germplasm. They also made it possible to distinguish most of the provenances within a given landrace, and to identify pairs of genetically similar ecotypes carrying different names. We believe that our analyses will help in the identification of rational strategies for the preservation of Italian pepper genetic resources.
Improved Experimental Design and Analysis for Long‐Term Experiments
Authors: Loughin Thomas M.
Published: November 2006

This paper addresses inadequacies in the way most long‐term experiments (LTEs) are conducted and analyzed. The standard design under which LTEs are usually conducted involves afixed start, establishing all plots in the study in the same year. This design is shown to be inadequate for the purpose of testing and estimating the time × treatment (TRT) interaction, which is generally the primary interest in a LTE. This inadequacy occurs because the repeated measures taken on every plot are all influenced simultaneously by the same random environmental conditions, the effects of which are confounded with the fixed effects of interest. No statistical analysis can completely separate the fixed effects from the random nuisance effects, although added assumptions about the shape of trends across time or covariates to describe the random effects can sometimes be helpful. An alternative experimental design, thestaggered‐startdesign, has been used to alleviate this confounding by establishing plots from different blocks in successive years, but proper analysis of this design has not been presented. A correct analysis of the staggered‐start design is determined and presented. The analysis is applied to hypothetical data from a staggered‐start design whose true means are known, and it is shown to do a much better job of estimating these means than any methods applied to data from the standard design. A staggered start should be considered instead of a fixed start for all future LTEs.
Assessment of in situ solvent extraction for remediation of coal tar sites: Process modeling
Authors: Ali M. Ashraf , Dzombak David A. , Roy Sujoy B.
Published: November 2006

Subsurface contamination at many former manufactured gas plants (MGP) resulted from on‐site disposal in wells, pits, and lagoons of coal tar, a by product of the gasification process. Coal tar is difficult to pump from the ground because of its density and viscosity. A technique employed with success in enhanced oil recovery, in situ solvent extraction, may be useful for remediation of coal tar‐contaminated sites. A water‐miscible, biodegradable solvent would be injected into the subsurface to promote dissolution of coal tar for subsequent removal via recovery wells. This paper presents the results of process modeling done in conjunction with a project to assess in a preliminary way the feasibility of in situ solvent extraction for remediation of coal tar sites. After evaluation of MGP site characteristics, possible injection‐recovery well schemes for the proposed process were developed. These comprised center injection and perimeter recovery patterns and patterns in which injection and recovery wells are placed on opposite sides of a contaminated area. A two‐dimensional model was then developed for simulating the proposed in situ solvent extraction process under simplified site conditions and applied to evaluate the performance of the various injection‐recovery schemes at a hypothetical MGP site. From model results it appears that an in situ solvent extraction process may be able to recover a significant mass of coal tar (more than 80%) from the subsurface within a time frame of 1 year or so, provided that site hydrogeologic conditions are conducive to process application. Pilot testing in the field is necessary to test the results of this preliminary assessment. There are also important implementation issues and some are discussed.
Effect of small scale solids migration in filter cakes during filtration of wastewater solids suspensions
Authors: Sorensen Peter B. , Christensen Jimmy R. , Bruus Jacob H.
Published: November 2006

Upward curved (concave) filtration plots of the inverse filtrate flux as a function of filtrate volume have been investigated using a laboratory‐scale filtration device and different wastewater solids suspensions stored anaerobically in the laboratory. Using an empirical approach in which a polynomial expression of arbitrary order was applied for regression analysis on filtration data it was shown that a parabolic expression was able to fit adequately all concave filtration plots. Turbidity measurements on supernatant and filtrate evidenced that the concave behavior of the filtration plots could be explained by migration of small‐scale solids into the filter cake pores (blinding). The coefficients of the derived parabolic equation characterized the resistance attributed to blinding, basic cake filtration, and the filter medium, respectively. Based on the coefficients of the derived parabolic equation, a physically comprehensible parameter for characterizing the influence of blinding on filtration was defined.
Measurement of dissolved free and combined amino acids in unconcentrated wastewaters using high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Confer David R. , Logan Bruce E. , Aiken Brian S. , Kirchman David L.
Published: November 2006

Dissolved free amino acids (DFAA) and dissolved combined amino acids (DCAA, e.g., discrete dissolved polypeptides and proteins as well as amino acids, peptides, and proteins adsorbed to humic material) were measured in unconcentrated domestic wastewater at a detection limit of 10 to 100 nM (coefficient of variation ≤0.10 at 100 nM) using precolumn ortho‐phthaldialdehyde derivatization, reverse‐phase high performance liquid chromatography separation, and fluorometric detection. Wastewaters were sampled at three types of wastewater treatment plants: trickling filter, conventional activated sludge, and pure‐oxygen activated sludge. Raw wastewaters contained the largest concentrations (58 μM) of dissolved total amino acids (DTAA) with 7% as DFAA. The DTAA were between 28 and 40 μM in primary clarifier effluents with 7% to 29% as DFAA. Removal percentages during biological treatment were >70% for DFAA and 23% to 79% for DCAA. Molecular weight separations indicated that most dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (>68%) in the trickling filter influent had small molecular weights (<1 000 atomic mass unit [AMU]), whereas the majority of DTAA had large molecular weights (>10 000 AMU). The DTAA were a small fraction (8% to 13%) of DOC in both influent and effluent samples.
Control of Thiobacillus by means of microbial competition: Implications for corrosion of concrete sewers
Authors: Padival Navnit A. , Weiss Jeffrey S. , Arnold Robert G.
Published: November 2006

Corrosion of concrete sewers is associated with the biological oxidation of hydrogen sulfide to sulfuric acid by bacteria of the genus Thiobacillus. Inhibition of acid production by these organisms, was investigated by challenging established cultures with a heterotrophic competitor under controlled conditions. Two‐organism competition experiments (T. thiooxidans or T. neapolitanus versus the heterotrophic competitor) were conducted in a bench‐scale, continuous‐flow, constantly stirred tank reactor. Results were sensitive to the influent nitrogen:carbon ratio. Under conditions designed to produce nitrogen‐limited growth, the numbers of thiobacilli were reduced 60‐ to 1 200‐fold after introduction of the competitor. Effluent sulfate concentrations, an indicator of acid production, dropped by 85%. Under carbon‐limited conditions, modest reductions in thiobacilli cell density and effluent sulfate concentration were observed. Microbial competition reduced acid production under the conditions of the experiment. The results suggest that strategies based on competitive displacement of thiobacilli to inhibit corrosion of concrete sewers may be feasible.
– CA0 and order types of countable ordered groups
Authors: Solomon Reed
Published: November 2006

Reverse mathematics uses subsystems of second order arithmetic to determine which set existence axioms are required to prove particular theorems. Surprisingly, almost every theorem studied is either provable in RCA0 or equivalent over RCA0 to one of four other subsystems: WKL0, ACA0, ATR0 or – CA0. Of these subsystems, – CA0 has the fewest known equivalences. This article presents a new equivalence of – C0 which comes from ordered group theory.

One of the fundamental problems about ordered groups is to classify all possible orders for various classes of orderable groups. In general, this problem is extremely difficult to solve. Mal'tsev [1949] solved a related problem by showing that the order type of a countable ordered group is ℤαℚε where ℤ is the order type of the integers, ℚ is the order type of the rationals, α is a countable ordinal, and ε is either 0 or 1. The goal of this article is to prove that this theorem is equivalent over RCA0 to – CA0.

In Section 2, we give the basic definitions and notation for RCA0, ACA0 and CA0 as well as for ordered groups. For more information on reverse mathematics, see Friedman, Simpson, and Smith [1983] or Simpson [1999] and for ordered groups, see Kokorin and Kopytov [1974] or Fuchs [1963]. Our notation will follow these sources. In Section 3, we show that – CA0 suffices to prove Mal'tsev's Theorem and the reversal is done over RCA0 in Section 4.
λμ-calculus and Böhm's theorem
Authors: David René , Py Walter
Published: November 2006

The λμ-calculus is an extension of the λ-calculus that has been introduced by M Parigot to give an algorithmic content to classical proofs. We show that Böhm's theorem fails in this calculus.
Preclassic Household Patterns Preserved under Volcanic Ash at Tetimpa, Puebla, Mexico
Authors: Plunket Patricia , Uruñuela Gabriela
Published: November 2006

Located on the northeastern flank of the Popocatépetl volcano in the state of Puebla, Mexico, the Tetimpa region was buried under volcanic ash from two major eruptions: the first, at the beginning of the present era and the second, between A.D. 700 and 850. We review the volcanic and cultural sequences based on 12 radiocarbon dates, and then focus our discussion on the well-preserved house compounds of the occupation destroyed by the first eruption. The village at Tetimpa was abandoned rapidly in the face of disaster, and domestic goods were left in situ, providing us with a unique, almost ethnographic, view of rural life in the Terminal Preclassic. The house compounds follow a highly standardized pattern, consisting of two or three structures set at right angles to one another around a central patio, in a layout similar to that of the three-temple complexes at Teotihuacan. The wattle-and-daub walls of the rooms are built on stone talud-tablero platforms with a central staircase. Small shrines, located at the midpoint of each patio, provide evidence that volcanic activity formed part of the domestic ritual focus.
On asymptotic normality of likelihood and conditional analysis
Authors: Brenner D. , Fraser D. A. S. , McDunnough Philip
Published: November 2006

The likelihood function from a large sample is commonly assumed to be approximately a normal density function. The literature supports, under mild conditions, an approximate normal shape about the maximum; but typically a stronger result is needed: that the normalized likelihood itself is approximately a normal density. In a transformation‐parameter context, we consider the likelihood normalized relative to right‐invariant measure, and in the location case under moderate conditions show that the standardized version converges almost surely to the standard normal. Also in a transformation‐parameter context, we show that almost sure convergence of the normalized and standardized likelihood to a standard normal implies that the standardized distribution for conditional inference converges almost surely to a corresponding standard normal. This latter result is of immediate use for a range of estimating, testing, and confidence procedures on a conditional‐inference basis.
Number of occurrences in two‐state Markov chains, with an application in linguistics
Authors: Brainerd Barron , Chang Sun Man
Published: November 2006

Let Nnbe the number of occurrences in n trials of an event governed by a two‐state Markov chain (of first order or second order). We obtain the distribution of Nnand apply it to a problem involving literary text.
Five New Gretham Sermons and the Middle English Mirrur
Authors: Laird Charlton G.
Published: November 2006

Among the treasures in the Henry E. Huntington Library is a copy of Robert de Gretham's Le miroir, ou les évangiles des domnées, which has some importance for the Anglo-Norman original, and more for the relationship of the Miroir to the Middle English translation, known as the Mirrur. The manuscript (now HM 903) has been known for some time, but it was not listed by Vising or Russell nor employed by Miss Aitken in her extracts from the Miroir. It is bound with a copy of the Manuel des Pechiez, so that it occupies folios 68-205 of the present manuscript book. The copy is fragmentary at the beginning and accordingly was misbound, with a rubric and an illumination at the top of what appeared to be the first folio; the proper sequence of folios is 140-205, 68-139.
Poesia Espanhola
Authors: Fucilla Joseph G.
Published: November 2006

Poesia Espanhola, a manuscript of sixty-seven folio pages, which forms part of the Gayangos Collection in the National Library at Madrid, was, as its title implies, compiled by a Portuguese. Further evidence of the nationality of the collector is furnished by two poems in Portuguese as well as the Portuguese captions added to several other compositions. From the authors included in it, it may be assumed that the manuscript belongs to the first quarter of the seventeenth century. It has come down to us virtually intact except for a single folio page (45r) containing one complete sonnet and the initial five verses of another. However, some notion of the contents of the missing poem may be gained from the caption at the bottom of folio 44v-Soneto de Diego de Mendoca a la muerte de su muger, while the last nine verses of the other composition (given on folio 45v fortunately make it possible for us to retrace them and the missing lines that go with them to a sonnet by Góngora beginning “Mientras por competir con tu cabello,” Obras Poeticas, I (New York, 1921), p. 30.
An Unpublished Mémoire of Fénelon with Emended Letter
Authors: Facteau Bernard A.
Published: November 2006

The Versailles edition of the Works and Correspondence of François de Salignac de la Mothe-Fénelon (1651–1715), Archbishop of Cambrai, reproduced again with some modifications in the Paris edition, is the best edition available; but it is incomplete and imperfect in many respects. This is true especially of the correspondence with its cumbersome classification, its doubtful identifications, its discrepancies and deficiencies in chronology. Fortunately, in recent years numerous additional works and letters of Fénelon have been published in books and periodicals, and these, together with a number of corrections and revisions which have been made of the correspondence, have served to supplement and to rectify our knowledge of Fénelon and his activities. It is the purpose of this paper further to modify and to complement this knowledge: first, by correcting an error made by the editors of the editions mentioned above, in mistaking the identity of the person to whom one of Fénelon's letters is addressed; secondly, by revising the text of this same letter as it is published; thirdly, by reproducing for the first time a Mémoire written by Fénelon, which seems either to have been unknown to the editors, omitted through mistake, or deliberately suppressed by them as unimportant.
Tyson's Orang-Outang, Sive Homo Sylvestris and Swift's Gulliver's Travels
Authors: Montagu M. F. Ashley
Published: November 2006

Among the probable sources upon which Swift drew for his Gulliver's Travels, there is one work which has been completely overlooked. This is Edward Tyson's book Orang-Outang, sive Homo Sylvestris, published under the imprimatur of the Royal Society at London in May or June, 1699. This work consists of two parts, the first dealing with the anatomy of a juvenile chimpanzee, the second with the knowledge of the apes and monkeys possessed by the ancients and their interpretation of it.
The Romance Desiderative Se
Authors: Bonfante G.
Published: November 2006

The Dantean formulas with desiderative se have recently attracted the attention of several reputable scholars and have given occasion to a lively discussion. Nicholson in Romania, LXI (1935), 3 ff., proposed to abandon the traditional etymology Ital. sẹt<Lat. sī, and suggested Ital. sẹt < Lat. sǐt. Among those who accepted Mr. Nicholson's conclusion are: E. C. Armstrong, MLN., LI, 68; K. McKenzie, Italica, XIII, 70, who closely examined the passages of Dante, and finally Miss Lograsso, Italica, XV, 152. He was strongly opposed, on the other hand, by E. B. Place, Hisp. Rev., V, (1937), 259, to whom he replied in the same journal, VI, 250 ff., and finally by L. Spitzer, Romania, LXV (1939), 290 ff., who defended the old etymology Ital. sẹt < Lat. sī. Having read the arguments of both camps, and having arrived at the conclusion that this usage of Dantean sẹt cannot be explained either by Lat. sǐ or by s࿐t, I venture to express my opinion on the subject.
Auf Den Spuren von Hauptmanns Florian Geyer (I)
Authors: Weigand Hermann J.
Published: November 2006

Gerhart Hauptmann hat in seinem Florian Geyer den groβzügigen Versuch gemacht, eine um vier Jahrhunderte zurückliegende Zeit mit den Mitteln naturalistischer Technik auf der Bühne lebendig zu machen. Dem Drama in seiner Eigenschaft als Wortkunstwerk gegenüber stellte sich der Dichter die Forderung, einen Dialog zu schaffen, der im Leser und Hörer die Illusion erwecken müsse, er vernehme unmittelbar die Sprache von Menschen der deutschen Reformationszeit, genau so, als wäre der Dialog vor vier Jahrhunderten auf Schallplatten aufgenommen und für unsre Zeit aufbewahrt worden. Es galt mithin, den Satzbau, die Wortformen, den Wortschatz und die ganze Fülle jener bildlichen Wendungen, die den charakteristischen Stil einer Epoche ausmachen, mit möglichster Treue nachzubilden. Um dieses Ziel auch nur annähernd zu erreichen, war—von der höheren, eigentlich schöpferischen Befähigung ganz abgesehen—zweierlei vonnöten: erstens eine auβerordentliche Gabe der Einfühlung in das Leben einer vergangenen Zeit und sodann ein gewissenhaftes Studium des aus jener Zeit überlieferten Schrifttums.
Óđinn and the Norse Jormunrekkr-Legend
Authors: Brady Caroline
Published: November 2006

There existed in Scandinavia a well-defined legendary tradition that, when Hamðir and Sǫrli seemed about to achieve their vengeance upon the Gothic king Jǫrmunrekkr for slaying their sister Svanhildr, the Goths were instructed (or advised) to stone them to death. The two have been sent, against their will and with considerable misgivings, by their mother Guðrún to avenge their sister. On the way they have met Erpr, a third brother, and, after an exchange of sneers and insults, have slain him. Upon arriving at the Gothic hall they have cut down large numbers of Goths and have lopped off the hands and feet of Jǫrmunrekkr. Now they stand, themselves unscathed, Gothic weapons useless against them. Nothing seems to stand in the way of complete execution of their vengeance. Then, at the moment of their apparent triumph, come the instructions (or advice) to stone them. Upon this the ninth-century Eddic Hamðismál, the thirteenth-century Vǫlsungasaga, and the Edda of Snorri Sturluson all agree. Bragi the skald, in his Ragnarsdrápa, recounts only the attack in the Gothic hall, but he too represents Hamðir and Sǫrli as stoned.
LIX Whitman the Non-Hegelian
Authors: Parsons Olive Wrenchel
Published: November 2006

A Subject that seems destined to cause comment periodically is the similarity between the American poet Whitman and the German philosopher Hegel. Oddly enough, however, the dissimilarity between the two men has received comparatively little mention and still less emphasis. Yet this dissimilarity is not to be taken for granted, like the other side of the moon. Scholars who do so take it fail to do justice either to Hegel, the triad-maker, or to Whitman, his admirer. The purpose here is to point out some of the most conspicuous differences between the two men, which, it is believed, reveal that many of the likenesses cited from time to time are misleading, if not fallacious, or are too general to be of significance.
The Middle English and Old Norse Story of Olive
Authors: Smyser H. M.
Published: November 2006

The lost Middle English romance which we may call Olive and Landres was written before 1286. It was, therefore, one of the earliest English romances of which we know—among extant romances only four are certainly as old as that, and hardly half a dozen others can conceivably be as old. Before it disappeared it was translated into Old Norse prose. A foreword to the translation tells us how, in the winter after the death of the Scottish King Alexander, grandfather of the Maid of Norway (that is, in the winter of 1286), Lord Bjarni Erlingsson of Bjarkey was busy on a political mission to Scotland. There he found this saga written down in the English language. Impressed, ostensibly by its high moral lessons, Lord Bjarni had the saga translated from English into Norse.
The Tragic Naturalism of Paul Hervieu
Authors: Cook H. H.
Published: November 2006

Much criticism has been made of Paul Hervieu, and all too frequently, it would seem, his drama has been labelled as thesis plays. Too often, such opinions are based upon little more than a familiarity with certain of his plays (Les Tenailles, La Loi de l'Homme, Le Réveil, etc. which, detached from his work as a whole and read without consideration of the author's fundamental concept of man as a social creature, do seem strongly to bear the imprint of social reform. However, to many, such classifications, even for the plays mentioned above, will appear entirely unwarranted when the plays are studied in the light of what one inevitably comes to feel—after studying the man and his whole work—are the author's essential and sincere beliefs concerning man and his behavior in society. Unlike some writers of his own period who professed a similar faith and who unquestionably were impelled primarily by the desire for social reform, Hervieu sincerely believes that man's own nature stands as an insurmountable barrier to reform. Such a conviction could never become a welcomed guest in the mind of one who so earnestly longed for a more optimistic view of life; and, in my opinion, it is this unwelcomed conviction that leads him at all times to emphasize the tragedies of life in a manner that to some has suggested reform. If we understand him, however, he is primarily concerned with the tragedy in each case; and he offers no suggestions or corrections, because reform is untenable in his belief.
The Dramatic Tradition Established by the Liturgical Plays
Authors: Marshall Mary Hatch
Published: November 2006

Exactly what was the influence of the liturgical drama, and how did it
show itself? A continuous tradition from the Latin church plays through the
vernacular religious plays of the later middle ages has been generally
recognized since the middle of the nineteenth century, and especially since
the publication of Chambers' Mediaeval Stage. The
only basic attack upon the accepted historical explanation is too
insubstantial to be at all convincing; and our knowledge of the liturgical
plays and of their relation to individual vernacular plays or groups of
plays has been much increased of late, through Professor Young's
presentation of the corpus of the liturgical drama, and through many special
studies of French and German texts. At the same time, we must reckon with
the cumulatively impressive evidence, offered by such scholars as Emile Roy,
Grace Frank, Frances A. Foster, and G. R. Owst, of the use of vernacular
narrative and homiletic sources in the vernacular religious plays of the
middle ages. With our present fuller knowledge both of the liturgical drama
and of the rich non-dramatic material which was utilized in the later plays,
we need to distinguish and redefine the specifically dramatic tradition
which sprang from the liturgical plays, and the manner in which it
persisted.
The Braggart in Italian Renaissance Comedy
Authors: Boughner Daniel C.
Published: November 2006

The chief purpose of this paper is to describe one phase of the domestication of Latin drama on the Renaissance stage, specifically to show how a conventional type made famous by the Roman comedians, the miles gloriosus, was fashioned by the academic playwrights of sixteenth-century Italy into an instrument of contemporary satire. A secondary aim is to provide a fuller literary background for the study of the braggart in Elizabethan drama. Such analysis requires a summary of themes, situations, and attitudes that have enriched the comic tradition of Europe, and demands also a definition of the comic spirit that exposes and derides the vainglorious folly of the alazon or boaster who struts and brags of his merits in utter disregard of truth. Menander and his disciples in Latin comedy developed a satiric method which the Italians borrowed for the ridicule of modern representatives of the alazon. Any consideration of the commedia erudita must also be prefaced by a review of the political conditions in Italy that brought to prominence such hated types as the Spaniard and other mercenary soldiers. This paper describes the rôle of the Spaniard and traces the evolution of the braggart from the imitations of Plautus and Terence, through the modifications of conventional themes, and finally to the new elements inspired by the changed domestic conditions of the peninsula.
Saint Antoine et les Monstres
Authors: Seznec Jean
Published: November 2006

L'épisode final de la Tentation de Saint Antoine, dans la version définitive, est celui des monstres.

L'ermite voudrait pénétrer le secret de la substance; il souhaite de voir les archétypes d'où dérive l'infinie variété des corps. Il se souvient vaguement de ces “formes d'esprits” naguère entrevues dans le ciel; et il songe que “ceux qui traversent le désert rencontrent des animaux dépassant toute conception.”
News from Hell
Authors: Boyce Benjamin
Published: November 2006

A panoramic view of hell's in training,After the style of Virgil, and of Homer,So that my name of Epic's no misnomer.

The extraordinary voyage and the journey to the moon, types ofvoyages imaginairespopular in French and English literature of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, are now recognized literary types, and their interesting connections with the development of science and of poetry have been studied. Another kind of imaginary voyage merits attention, one that goes back not only to Lucian, the grand parent of most of these fantasies, but still farther to that remote time when man, having evolved the idea of a world of life after death, first thought with an archaic grin of the discomfort his enemies might feel when they were sent by Death to his realm of shades and skeletons.
Kleist's Struggle with the Problem of Feeling
Authors: Flygt Sten
Published: November 2006

Despite several assertions to the contrary, Kleist had essentially an unphilosophic mind. He was penetrating and searching, of course, but childlike withal. Consider, for example, his fervent belief in the absolute validity of his rather naïve allegorical interpretations of nature, particularly the image of the vaulted arch which he describes in a letter to Wilhelmine. Or consider again the pedantic and amusing Fragen zu Denkübungen für Wilhelmine von Zenge. They might have been written by a precocious boy, and yet they were actually written in full seriousness by an extremely intelligent man, whose mind, in some respects, remained that of a child, poetic and unsophisticated. It remained absolute and exclusive in its judgments also, pursuing a premise to its last bitter conclusions. What the tension was in this uncompromising personality is generally recognized: in German its two poles are called Gefühl and Verstand. We may call them respectively, feeling and understanding, heart and head, intuitional knowledge and logical deduction, the spontaneous principle and the rational principle. These terms should be understood as simply and naively as Kleist explained the egocentric dilemma in his famous letter to Wilhelmine.
Emerging Epidemic: Diabetes in Older Adults: Demography, Economic Impact, and Pathophysiology
Authors: Gambert Steven R. , Pinkstaff Sally
Published: November 2006

In Brief

Diabetes has a major impact on both affected individuals and society in general, with a total cost in excess of $132 billion annually not to mention the its associated increased morbidity and lost quality-of-life years. This article discusses some of the major studies that have attempted to quantitate the cost of diabetes and reviews the pathophysiology and disease sequellae commonly found in older people with diabetes.
Hydrolytic degradation of poly(ethylene terephthalate)
Authors: Hosseini Seyed Saeid , Taheri Somaye , Zadhoush Ali , Mehrabani‐Zeinabad Arjomand
Published: November 2006

Molecular weight is an important factor in the processing of polymer materials, and it should be well controlled to obtain desired physical properties in final products for end‐use applications. Degradation processes of all kinds, including hydrolytic, thermal, and oxidative degradations, cause chain scission in macromolecules and a reduction in molecular weight. The main purpose of this research is to illustrate the importance of degradation in the drying of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) before processing and the loss of weight and mechanical properties in textile materials during washing. Several techniques were used to investigate the hydrolytic degradation of PET and its effect on changes in molecular weight. Hydrolytic conditions were used to expose fiber‐grade PET chips in water at 85°C for different periods of time. Solution viscometry and end‐group analysis were used as the main methods for determining the extent of degradation. The experimental results show that PET is susceptible to hydrolysis. Also, we that as the time of retention in hydrolytic condition increased, the molecular weight decreases, but the rate of chain cleavage decreased to some extent, at which point there was no more sensible degradation. The obtained moisture content data confirmed the end‐group analysis and viscometry results. Predictive analytical relationships for the estimation of the extent of degradation based on solution viscosity and end‐group analysis are presented. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2304–2309, 2007
Finite element modeling of curing of epoxy matrix composites
Authors: Yan Xiangqiao
Published: November 2006

A two‐dimensional finite element model is developed to simulate and analyze the mechanisms pertaining to resin flow, heat transfer, and consolidation of laminated composites during autoclave processing. The model, which incorporates some of the best features of models already in existence, is based on Darcy's law, the convection–diffusion heat equation, and appropriate constitutive relations. By using a weighted residual method, a two‐dimensional finite element formulation for the model is presented and a finite element code is developed. Numerical examples, including a comparison of the present numerical results with one‐dimensional and two‐dimensional analytical solutions, are given to indicate the accuracy the finite element formulation. Moreover, using the finite element code, the one‐dimensional cure process of a laminate made of 228 and 380 plies of AS4/3501‐6 unidirectional tape is simulated and numerical results are compared with available experimental results. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2310–2319, 2007
Ozone cracking and flex cracking of crosslinked polymer blend compounds
Authors: Tse M. F.
Published: November 2006

Ozone cracking and flex cracking of crosslinked elastomer blends of brominated isobutylene/para‐methylstyrene copolymer (BIMSM) and unsaturated elastomers, such as polybutadiene rubber (BR) and natural rubber (NR), are studied. This saturated BIMSM elastomer, which is a terpolymer of isobutylene, para‐bromomethylstyrene, and para‐methylstyrene, functions as the ozone‐inert phase of the blend. Ozone cracking is measured by the failure time of a tapered specimen under a fixed load in a high severity ozone oven, whereas flex cracking is ranked by the De Mattia cut growth. The ozone resistance of BIMSM/BR/NR blends is compared to that of a BR/NR blend (with or without antiozonant) at constant strain energy densities. The effects of the BIMSM content in the blend, the structural variations of BIMSM, and the network chain length between crosslinks on these two failure properties, which are important in crosslinked compounds for applications in tire sidewalls, are discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2183–2196, 2007
Relationship between crystalline structure and mechanical behavior in isotropic and oriented polyamide 6
Authors: Dencheva Nadya , Denchev Zlatan , Oliveira M. Jovita , Funari Sérgio S.
Published: November 2006

Polyamide 6 (PA6) isotropic films and oriented cables were prepared by compression molding or by consecutive extrusion and cold‐drawing. These samples were isothermally annealed in the 120–200°C range and were then subjected to tensile tests at room temperature. Synchrotron wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (WAXS) and small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) patterns were obtained before and after mechanical failure. These data were related with the mechanical properties of the respective PA6 samples. The annealing of isotropic PA6 resulted in an increase in the Young's modulus (E) and yield stress (σy) values, which was attributed to the observed proportional reduction of the d‐spacings of the intersheet distances in both the α‐PA6 and γ‐PA6 polymorphs. Analysis of the WAXS and SAXS patterns of isotropic PA6 after break allowed the supposition of structural changes in the amorphous phase, with these being better pronounced with increasing annealing temperature; this made the samples less ductile. In oriented PA6 samples, annealing resulted in a drastic increase in the E and σy values accompanied by a phase transition from γ‐PA6 to α‐PA6 and a well‐pronounced reduction in the intersheet distances of both polymorphs. The stretching of the oriented samples led to an additional γ‐to‐α transition, whose extent was also related to structural changes in the amorphous phase. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2242–2252, 2007
Effect of grafting methacrylate monomers onto jute constituents with a potassium persulfate initiator catalyzed by Fe(II)
Authors: Mondal Md. Ibrahim H. , Haque Md. Minhaz‐Ul
Published: November 2006

The graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate and ethyl methacrylate monomers onto jute fiber was carried out in an aqueous medium with potassium persulfate as an initiator under the catalytic influence of ferrous sulfate in the presence of air. The effects of parameter variables, such as the monomer, initiator, and catalyst concentrations, the reaction time, and the temperature, on grafting and the effect of grafting the monomers onto jute constituents were studied. The degree of grafting depended on the kinds of monomers and the parameter variables. The maximum graft yield percentages with methyl methacrylate and ethyl methacrylate under optimized conditions were 18.9 and 38.8%, respectively, and the grafting onto jute fiber was largely affected by one of its main constituents, such as hemicellulose. The graft copolymers were characterized, and their improved properties were also examined. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2369–2375, 2007
Thermal properties and mechanical characteristics of cationic dyeable poly(trimethylene terephthalate)/metallocene isotactic polypropylene conjugated filaments
Authors: Shu Yao‐Chi , Hsiao Kai‐Jen
Published: November 2006

Cationic dyeable poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (CD‐PTT) and metallocene isotactic polypropylene (m‐iPP) polymers were extruded (in proportions of 75/25, 50/50, and 25/75) from two melt twin‐screw extruders to prepare three CD‐PTT/m‐iPP conjugated filaments of the island–sea type. This study investigated the thermal properties and mechanical characteristics of the CD‐PTT/m‐iPP conjugated filaments with gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, potentiometry, rheometry, density gradients, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, extension stress–strain measurements, and scanning electron microscopy. The rheological behavior of the CD‐PTT/m‐iPP polyblended polymers exhibited negative‐deviation blends, and the 50/50 CD‐PTT/m‐iPP blend showed a minimum value of the melt viscosity. The experimental results from differential scanning calorimetry indicated that CD‐PTT and m‐iPP molecules formed an immiscible system. The tenacity of the CD‐PTT/m‐iPP conjugated filaments decreased initially and then increased as the m‐iPP content increased. Morphological observations revealed that the blends were in a dispersed phase structure. A pore/filament morphology of a larger size (0.5–3 μm in diameter) was observed after a 1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexafluoro‐2‐propanol (CD‐PTT was removed)/decalin (m‐iPP was removed) treatment in the cross section of a CD‐PTT/m‐iPP conjugated filament. The CD‐PTT and m‐iPP polymers were identified as an immiscible system. Blends with 10 wt % compatibilizer exhibited the maximum improvement in the tenacity. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2387–2394, 2007
Hydrolytic degradation of glycolide/L‐lactide/ε‐caprolactone terpolymers initiated by zirconium(IV) acetylacetonate
Authors: Hu Yanfei , He Yong , Wei Jia , Fan Zhongyong , Dobrzynski Piotr , Kasperczyk Janusz , Bero Maciej , Li Suming
Published: November 2006

A series of terpolymers obtained from glycolide/L‐lactide/ε‐caprolactone were compression molded and allowed to degrade in a pH 7.4 phosphate buffer at 37°C. Analytical techniques such as 1H‐NMR, DSC, ESEM and SEC were used to monitor the degradation. Heterogeneous degradation was observed due to internal autocatalysis of carboxylic endgroups formed by ester bond cleavage. Nevertheless, the copolymers present various degradation behaviors depending on the initial composition. The PCL component appears the most resistant to degradation, and the PGA, the most degradable according to compositional changes. Terpolymers could crystallize during degradation even though they were amorphous initially. Degradation‐induced increase of crystallinity was also found during hydrolysis. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl PolymSci 103: 2451–2456, 2007
Plasma vitamin values and antiepileptic therapy: Case reports of pregnancy outcomes affected by a neural tube defect
Authors: Candito Mirande , Naimi Mourad , Boisson Catherine , Rudigoz Jean‐Charles , Gaucherand Pascal , Guéant Jean‐Louis , Luton Dominique , Obberghen Emmanuel Van
Published: November 2006

BACKGROUND: Folic acid supplementation reduces the occurrence of neural tube defects (NTDs); however, it is not clear whether it protects against teratogenic effects of antiepileptic drugs. METHODS: We report the cases of four pregnant women receiving valproic acid therapy, who all had NTD‐affected offspring, despite periconceptional 5 mg/day of folic acid supplementation (cases), and investigated homocysteine metabolism, linked with folate metabolism. Their plasma homocysteine, folates, and vitamin B6 and B12 results were compared with values of two other women, who were also receiving valproic acid and folic acid complement, but who had normal pregnancies (valproic acid controls), and values of 40 pregnant women who had normal pregnancies and were not receiving any therapy (controls without therapy). Because of the possible existence of a genetic susceptibility, polymorphisms in homocysteine metabolism were sought. RESULTS: Two cases showed a decreased phosphopyridoxal level, compared with levels in the controls not receiving therapy. The genotype TT (C677T) is an NTD genetic susceptibility, but it was observed in only one valproic acid control. Various polymorphisms were observed in the cases, but were also common in the controls. Several studies have reported that valproic acid therapy lowers vitamin B6 levels. Our case with the greatest decrease in plasma phosphopyridoxal, who was taking periconceptional folic acid plus pyridoxine therapy, had a normal second pregnancy outcome. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to folates, other vitamins, such as vitamin B6, may have played a role in NTDs in our patients taking an antiepileptic drug. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pharmacokinetic study of free‐form sinomenine in rat skin by microdialysis coupled with liquid chromatography–electrospray mass spectrometry
Authors: Zheng Hong , Shi Li‐Fu , Hu Jin‐Hong
Published: November 2006

Sinomenine (7,8‐didehydro‐4‐hydroxy‐3,7‐dimethoxy‐17‐methylmorphinan‐6‐one) is a pure alkaloid extracted from the Chinese medical plant. In this report a liquid chromatography–electrospray mass spectrometry (LC–ESI‐MS) method with in vivo microdialysis for the pharmacokinetic study of free‐form sinomenine in rat skin has been developed. A microdialysis probe was surgically implanted into the subcutaneous tissue of the rats and an isotonic phosphate buffer (PBS) was used as the perfusion medium. Samples were collected and then analyzed off‐line by LC–ESI‐MS. The chromatographic separation was achieved within 4.2 min by using a narrow‐bore Xterra C18 column (2.1 × 150 mm, 5 µm) with acetonitrile–(10 mmol/L ammonium acetate buffer, 0.1% acetic acid) (15:85, v/v). Ion signal m/z 330.1 for sinomenine was measured in the positive mode. Linearity was established for the range of concentrations of 2.0–10000.0 ng/mL with a coefficient of determination (r) of 0.9989. The intra‐ and inter‐day reproducibility of the present method was better than 6%. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 1.0 ng/mL. The proposed method described provides more authentic information on pharmacokinetics and metabolism at the site of action by using the coupling of microdialysis to LC–ESI‐MS technique than the traditional sampling methods. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of radial basis function networks and successive projections algorithm in a QSAR study of anti‐HIV activity for a large group of HEPT derivatives
Authors: Akhlaghi Yousef , Kompany‐Zareh Mohsen
Published: November 2006

A series of 1‐[2‐hydroxyethoxy‐methyl]‐6‐(phenylthio)thymine] (HEPT) derivatives, as nonnucloside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), was investigated using a nonlinear quantitative structure‐anti‐HIV‐1‐activity relationship (QSAR) study. Molecular descriptors derived solely from molecular structure were used to represent molecular structure. Utilizing successive projections algorithm (SPA) and a stepwise backward elimination, a subset of 11 descriptors were selected. Application of SPA minimizes the collinearity between the selected descriptors, which are known to be responsible for the anti‐HIV‐1 activity. Three layer radial basis function networks (RBFNs) were used to construct the nonlinear QSAR models in all stages of study. The relative standard error percent in anti‐HIV activity predictions for the training set by the application of cross‐validation (RSECV%) was 9.94%, and for prediction set (RSEP%) was 9.99%. The obtained model outperforms those given in the literature in both the fitting and predicting stages. RBFN analysis yielded predicted activities in the excellent agreement with the experimentally obtained values (cross‐validation r = 0.927, prediction r = 0.925). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.