bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study On Thin Differential Interpretation Method Of 0.2 m High Resolution Logging Series in Sabei Development Zone
Authors: Jia Mingtao , Bai Junhui
Published: August 2019

Sabei development zone has entered a stage of development for determining remaining oil distribution of plane scattered, longitudinal mainly concentrated on the thin layer and thick thin poor parts of the reservoir, the existing in DLS logging series layered rate will not form a complete set, and the problem of insufficient depth lead to form a complete set of logging interpretation of water-out reservoirs technology, on the untabulated reservoir and thin poor reservoirs under 0.4 meters can’t realize the quantitative explanation, become the bottleneck of poor thin reservoir interpretation in the future. The development of the new series of 0.2m can effectively solve the problem of thin differential zone interpretation by improving the vertical resolution and horizontal detection depth, and establishing the logging interpretation technology matching this technology, so as to meet the need of fine tapping remaining oil in the development stage of extra-high water-cut development in sabei development zone and better guide the dynamic development and adjustment of oilfield.
Stress Analysis of Orthotropic Wedge Loaded on the Apex
Authors: Jia Purong , Suo Yongyong , Jia Cheng , Wang Qiang
Published: August 2019

The complex variable function including a material parameter is analyzed for the solving the mechanic problem. Typical stress boundary condition for a wedge is considered to orthotropic materials. By constructing new stress function, the mechanic analysis of the wedge subjected to a concentrated force is carried out. The stress boundary problem and the governing equation are studied. The formulae of the stress fields in rectangular and polar coordinates are derived for the composite wedge.
Investigating the Pollution Characteristics and Primary Components Source Apportionment of PM10 in Nanjing Port
Authors: Wang Zheng , Liu Chunling , Qin Cuihong , Zheng Wei , Liu Ying , Peng Chuansheng
Published: August 2019

In order to investigate the characteristics and the sources of PM 10, the Nanjing port was selected as the sampling site for atmospheric PM10 samples collections. The sampling was introduced during represent months in summer and winter. Then the elements, ions and OC/EC chemical components were detected by ICP-MS, ion chromatography and carbon analyzer, respectively. The results showed that the average concentration of atmospheric PM 10 in summer and winter for Nanjing port Was 88.1 ± 31.9 μg/m 3 and 136.9 ± 76.8 μg/m 3, respectively. The concentrations of in organic secondary Components In summer and winter were25.4μg/m 3 and 40.8μg/m 3, accounting for 28.9% and 31.1% of the total PM 10, respectively; the concentration was highest for NO 3 - in summer and for SO 4 2- in winter. There is obvious difference between the concentration of carbonaceous components in summer and winter, and the concentration of total carbonaceous components was 88.1 ± 31.9 μg/m 3 and 136.9 ± 76.8 μg/m 3, accounting for 24.4% and 39.7% of the total PM 10, respectively; Variation of primary carbonaceous components is the reason Causing the difference s. Source apportionment results indicate d that the soil dust and coal combustion, metallurgy, motor vehicle, ship and sea salt were the main contributors To the PM 10 in Nanjing port. Soil dust contributed most (33%), and the contribution percentages of sea salt and ships were approximately 6.4% and 6.6%, respectively. The contribution s of sea salt and ship emissions in winter were slightly higher in winter than that in summer.
Research on Comprehensive Utilization of Construction Waste in Shandong Province
Authors: Liu Doudou , Mehmood Waqar , Qiao Liang , Zhang Feng
Published: August 2019

The primeval disposal ways of construction and demolition waste, including simple stacking and landfill, are not suited to the social and economic sustainable development and ecology civilization construction. Indeed, the comprehensive utilization has been considered as an effective approach to solving construction and demolition waste. According to the investigation research of the comprehensive utilization of construction and demolition waste in Shandong province, this paper summarized the current present status about the comprehensive utilization of construction and demolition waste and put forward some suggestions were given for the existing problems, which was expected to provide the reference for the comprehensive utilization of construction and demolition waste.
High Precision Sequence Division and Geological Significance of Nantun Formation in Wunan Subsag
Authors: Li Junhui
Published: August 2019

Based on the data of core and logging, high precision sequence stratigraphic framework of Nantun Formation of Wunan subsag, Wuerxun Depression in Hailar Basin and sedimentary systems distribution characteristics which is under its control are studied. It shows that there are five types of sequence boundaries in Nantun Formation, and it can further be broken into 3 three-level and 9 four-level sequence. According to the variation of remaining layer thickness of each sequence, the change rule of deposition centers in Nantun Formation appears transferring to west gradually, and from down to up the formation distribution characteristics changes from ‘medium thickness to east and west thin’ to ‘west thick- east thin’. During the sedimentary period, four sedimentary systems mainly develops: braided river delta, fan delta, sublacustrine fan and lake. The plane distribution of sedimentary system has the characteristics of ‘east-west zoning’. The fan delta sedimentary system mainly develops in the western Wuxi slope zone, and the braided river delta mainly develops in the eastern Wudong gentle slope zone. The plane distribution characteristics of each sedimentary system in different periods have obvious inheritance.
Research on the Influence of Indoor Relative Humidity on PM2.5 Concentration in Residential Buildings
Authors: Zhang Ji , Zhou Zhihua , Wang Chendong , Xue Kedi , Liu Yurong , Fang Mingliang , Zuo Jian , Sheng Ying
Published: August 2019

This study presented an experimental analysis to investigate the influence of the RH on PM2.5 concentration in a typical residential building in Tianjin, China. PM2.5 concentrations were measured using an aerosol monitor in different conditions of three RH scenarios, two pollutant sources and two initial pollutant concentrations. It was observed that about 95% of the size of particles produced by cigarette and wormwood are smaller than 1μm, and the particulate matters produced by wormwood has smaller particle size than that produced by cigarette. Results shows humidification is a practicable method to accelerate the deposition rate of PM2.5. Furthermore, the larger the particle size, and the higher initial pollutant concentration, the more significant influences of the RH on PM2.5 concentration. Considering the requirement of human comfort, the RH is recommended to be controlled at the range of 60%-70% when the indoor PM2.5 pollution is serious. Although humidification can reduce indoor PM2.5 concentration to a certain extent, it cannot reduce the PM2.5 concentration to the permissible range in a short period of time. Therefore, it is recommended to use RH control together with purification device.
Evaluation of PC-SAFT on the Saturation Pressure Prediction of Different Mixture System at High Temperatures and Pressures
Authors: Lv Junchen
Published: August 2019

Perturbed-chain statistical associating fluid theory (PC-SAFT) equation of state (EOS) has been used to predict saturation pressure of five different mixing systems which are n-alkane mixture, CH4-CO2-H2O mixture, CO2-dimethyl carbonate (DMC), C3H8-pentafluoroethane (PFE) and methanol-methyl propionate (MTP) under high temperatures and pressures conditions. The data for those five types of mixing systems are cited from previous research. For the n-alkane mixture, PC-SAFT prediction is compared with experimental data. The mixture composition is 30%-70% CH4-C6H14, 50%-50% CH4-C6H14 and 70%-30% CH4-C6H14, respectively. The average absolute relative deviation (AARD) for each mixture is 1.51%, 2.68% and 4.87%. As for 20%-80% CO2-H2O and 4%-16%-80% CH4-CO2-H2O mixture, the AARD is 1.27% and 4.14%, respectively. The AARDs of PC-SAFT prediction on different CO2-DMC mixture are 0.78%, 0.72% and 0.91%, and the overall AARDs between PC-SAFT prediction and experimental data for C3H8-PFE and methanol-MTP mixtures are 6.76% and 5.5%, respectively. Compared with Peng-Robinson (PR) EOS used in original work, PC-SAFT EOS successfully predict the bubble point pressure for common substances used in chemical industry.
Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance of TiO2/rGO Composites with Different Layers of Graphene Oxide as Anode Materials for Lithium-ion Battery
Authors: Geng Chunyan , Yu Jin , Shi Fanian
Published: August 2019

The lithium-ion battery anode materials TiO2/rGO were synthesized from different layers of graphene oxide (GO) and Titanium oxysulfate using hydrothermal method. The structure and morphology were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Their electrochemical performances were tested through galvanostatic charge/discharge and electrochemical impedance spectrum (EIS). The test results show that the TiO2/rGO (few-layers) composites exhibited better electrochemical performance than the TiO2/rGO (multi-layers) composites. At the current density of 100 mA/g, the discharge capacity of TiO2/rGO (few-layers) is 285.3 mAh/g after 100 cycles, and the Coulombic efficiency is still maintained as high as 98.6%, which is superior to that of the TiO2/rGO (multi-layers). TiO2/rGO (few-layers) electrode shows good rate capability and enhanced electrochemical performance compared with the TiO2/rGO (multi-layers) electrode.
FRMN - A Face Recognition Model Based on Convolutional Neural Network
Authors: Shang Shifeng , Liu Haiyan , Qu Qiang , Li Guannan , Cao Jie
Published: August 2019

A face recognition model based on Convolutional Neural Network was proposed in this paper. This model mixed local and global image features at the largest extent. By acquiring the good local feature from mouth, nose and mouth, it is great improvement to enhance the accuracy for face recognition. From the experiment results, this model can better abstract the global feature and show a great improvement in face recognition.
Concrete Footings with Different Socket Shapes Subjected to the Axial Compressive Load
Authors: Major M , Major I , Kuliński K
Published: August 2019

These paper concrete footings with pyramid ended sockets are discussed in comparison to the typical socket foundation constructions. Discussed connection with cut-off pyramid creates opportunity to reduce the required height of foundation in comparison to the typical solutions and leads to reduced weight as well as costs of foundation casting. Comparative analysis covered three different external shapes for both foundations (with normal and pyramid ended socket) i.e. prism, stepped and sloped. The subject of interest was if and how much the height of foundation could be reduced in comparison to the normal socket footing. Numerical analysis was performed with the utilization of SolidWorks Finite Element Method based software.
Improving Social Responsibility of Inspection and Testing Institutions by Using ISO 26000
Authors: Zhao Weiwei , Ye Ruyi
Published: August 2019

At present, inspection and testing has become one of the most dynamic emerging service. However, some inspection and testing institutions engage in fraud for the sake of interests, which leads to damage to the interests of consumers and seriously affects the credibility of the entire industry. For example, Sanlu Group’s milk power added melamine, German Volkswagen admitted cheating in testing for carbon dioxide emissions, Japan’s automobile waste inspection fraud, Randau testing service (RTS) of the British government and police had falsified blood sample tests. Fulfilling social responsibility is an essential requirement for inspection and testing institutions to carry out activities, which is an important guarantee and obligation for credibility and an inherent need for sustainable development. Based on the research and analysis of ISO 26000, this essay focus on how to improve the social responsibility of inspection and testing institutions. It introduces basic characteristics of social responsibility of inspection and testing institutions, such as fairness, honesty and good service. Then it discusses how inspection and testing institutions fulfill their social responsibilities, especially in terms of organizational governance, labour practices and human rights, environment and community involvement, fair operating practices and customer issues.
The Centennial of the Department of Epidemiology at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health: A Century of Epidemiologic Discovery and Education
Authors: Celentano David D , Platz Elizabeth , Mehta Shruti H
Published: August 2019

The Department of Epidemiology at Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health was founded in 1919, with Wade Hampton Frost as inaugural chair. In our Centennial Year, we review how our research and educational programs have changed. Early years focused on doctoral education in epidemiology and some limited undergraduate training for practice. Foundational work on concepts and methods linked to the infectious diseases of the day made major contributions to study designs and analytical methodologies, largely still in use. With the epidemiologic transition from infectious to chronic disease, new methods were developed. The Department of Chronic Diseases merged with the Department of Epidemiology in 1970, under the leadership of Abraham Lilienfeld. Leon Gordis became chair in 1975, and multiple educational tracks were developed. Genetic epidemiology began in 1979, followed by advances in infectious disease epidemiology spurred by the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome epidemic. Collaborations with the Department of Medicine led to development of the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research in 1989. Between 1994 and 2008, the department experienced rapid growth in faculty and students. A new methods curriculum was instituted for upper-level epidemiologic training in 2006. Today’s research projects are increasingly collaborative, taking advantage of new technologies and methods of data collection, responding to “big data” analysis challenges. In our second century, the department continues to address issues of disease etiology and epidemiologic practice.
Association of Rising Violent Crime With Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Risk: Longitudinal Evidence From Chicago, 2014–2016
Authors: Tung Elizabeth L , Chua Rhys F M , Besser Stephanie A , Lindau Stacy Tessler , Kolak Marynia , Anyanwu Emeka C , Liao James K , Tabit Corey E
Published: August 2019

BACKGROUND

The purpose of this study was to examine the longitudinal association between rising violent crime and elevated blood pressure (BP).

METHODS

We analyzed 217,816 BP measurements from 17,783 adults during a temporal surge in violent crime in Chicago (2014–2016). Serial observations were abstracted from the electronic health record at an academic medical center and paired to the City of Chicago Police Data Portal. The violent crime rate (VCR) was calculated as the number of violent crimes per 1,000 population per year for each census tract. Longitudinal multilevel regression models were implemented to assess elevated BP (systolic BP ≥ 140 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥ 90 mm Hg) as a function of the VCR, adjusting for patient characteristics, neighborhood characteristics, and time effects. Secondary dependent measures included elevated heart rate, obesity, missed outpatient appointments, all-cause hospital admissions, and cardiovascular hospital admissions.

RESULTS

At baseline, the median VCR was 41.3 (interquartile range: 15.2–66.8), with a maximum rise in VCR of 59.1 over the 3-year surge period. A 20-unit rise in the VCR was associated with 3% higher adjusted odds of having elevated BP (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01–1.06), 8% higher adjusted odds of missing an outpatient appointment (95% CI: 1.03–1.13), and 6% higher adjusted odds of having a cardiovascular-related hospital admission (95% CI: 1.01–1.12); associations were not significant for elevated heart rate and obesity.

CONCLUSION

Rising violent crime was associated with increased BP during a temporal crime surge.
Seed germination traits shape community assembly along a hydroperiod gradient
Authors: Rosbakh Sergey , Phartyal Shyam S , Poschlod Peter
Published: August 2019

Background and Aims

Hydroperiod drives plant community composition in wetlands, resulting in distinct zonation patterns. Here, we explored the role of seed germination traits in shaping wetland community assembly along a hydroperiod gradient. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that seeds of reed, mudflat, swamp, shallow- and deep-water communities only germinate under a specific set of environmental factors characterized by the community-specific optimal conditions for seedling survival and growth.

Methods

In a three-factorial experiment, we tested the seed germination response of 50 species typical for temperate wetlands of Europe to temperature fluctuations (constant vs. fluctuating temperature), illumination (light vs. darkness) and oxygen availability (aerobic vs. hypoxia). Phylogenetic principal component analysis, cluster analysis and phylogenetic linear regressions were used to confirm the community-specific seed germination niches.

Key Results

Our study revealed the presence of five distinct, community-specific seed germination niches that reflect adaptations made by the study communities to decreasing light intensity, temperature fluctuations and oxygen availability along the hydroperiod gradient. Light as a germination trigger was found to be important in mudflats, swamps and shallow water, whereas the seeds of reed and deep-water species were able to germinate in darkness. A fluctuating temperature is only required for seed germination in mudflat species. Germination of species in the communities at the higher end of the hydroperiod gradient (reed and mudflat) demonstrated a strict requirement for oxygen, whereas swamp, shallow- and deep-water species also germinated under hypoxia.

Conclusions

Our study supports the recent argument that the inclusion of seed germination traits in community ecology adds significant insights to community response to the abiotic and biotic environment. Furthermore, the close relationship between seed germination adaptations and community assembly could help reach a better understanding of the existing patterns of wetland plant distribution at local scales and wetland vegetation dynamics, as well as facilitate nature conservation measures and aquatic habitat restoration.
FRANC: a unified framework for multi-way local ancestry deconvolution with high density SNP data
Authors: Geza Ephifania , Mulder Nicola J , Chimusa Emile R , Mazandu Gaston K
Published: August 2019

Several thousand genomes have been completed with millions of variants identified in the human deoxyribonucleic acid sequences. These genomic variations, especially those introduced by admixture, significantly contribute to a remarkable phenotypic variability with medical and/or evolutionary implications. Elucidating local ancestry estimates is necessary for a better understanding of genomic variation patterns throughout modern human evolution and adaptive processes, and consequences in human heredity and health. However, existing local ancestry deconvolution tools are accessible as individual scripts, each requiring input and producing output in its own complex format. This limits the user’s ability to retrieve local ancestry estimates. We introduce a unified framework for multi-way local ancestry inference, FRANC, integrating eight existing state-of-the-art local ancestry deconvolution tools. FRANC is an adaptable, expandable and portable tool that manipulates tool-specific inputs, deconvolutes ancestry and standardizes tool-specific results. To facilitate both medical and population genetics studies, FRANC requires convenient and easy to manipulate input files and allows users to choose output formats to ease their use in further potential local ancestry deconvolution applications.
‘We’re Giving Them Choice Which Is Controlled Choice’—Care Managers’ Views on Finding Social Care Support for People with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Richardson Lisa , Turnpenny Agnes , Whelton Beckie , Beadle-Brown Julie
Published: August 2019

Choice and control are pivotal in UK Government policy for achieving personalisation of social care for people with learning disabilities; however, little is known about the role care management plays in supporting people with learning disabilities finding social care services. This article explores that the support care managers provide people with learning disabilities, how care managers source and use information to offer choice in relation to accommodation and support, with a focus on people receiving managed budgets. Qualitative interviews with eight care managers from two local authorities in the South East of England were analysed using thematic network analysis, producing three global themes. The first ‘shaping choice’ describes the role of the care management process and assessments have in determining opportunities for choice. The gathering and interpretation of quality information is explored in the second global theme, highlighting the role of visiting settings to understand their quality. ‘Choice in principle’ is the third global theme, whereby the factors shaping choice come to be seen as choice akin to that anyone else has. These findings have implications for future policy and practice in relation to care management for people with learning disabilities.
Organic Soils Control Beetle Survival While Competitors Limit Aphid Population Growth
Authors: Krey Karol L , Blubaugh Carmen K , Van Leuven James T , Snyder William E
Published: August 2019

Soil chemistry and microbial diversity can impact the vigor and nutritive qualities of plants, as well as plants’ ability to deploy anti-herbivore defenses. Soil qualities often vary dramatically on organic versus conventional farms, reflecting the many differences in soil management practices between these farming systems. We examined soil-mediated effects on herbivore performance by growing potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) in soils collected from organic or conventional commercial farm fields, and then exposing these plants to herbivory by green peach aphids (Myzus persicae Sulzer, Hemiptera: Aphididae) and/or Colorado potato beetles (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Responses of the two potato pests varied dramatically. Survivorship of Colorado potato beetles was almost 3× higher on plants grown in organic than in conventional soils, but was unaffected by the presence of aphids. In contrast, aphid colony growth was twice as rapid when aphids were reared alone rather than with Colorado potato beetles, but was unaffected by soil type. We saw no obvious differences in soil nutrients when comparing organic and conventional soils. However, we saw a higher diversity of bacteria in organic soils, and potato plants grown in this soil had a lower carbon concentration in foliar tissue. In summary, the herbivore species differed in their susceptibility to soil- versus competitor-mediated effects, and these differences may be driven by microbe-mediated changes in host plant quality. Our results suggest that soil-mediated effects on pest growth can depend on herbivore species and community composition, and that soil management strategies that promote plant health may also increase host quality for pests.
Photoperiod-Specific Within-Plant Distribution of the Green Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) on Cotton
Authors: Glover James P , Sword Gregory A , Brewer Michael J
Published: August 2019

Sampling methods for detecting stink bugs are intensive, time-consuming, and yield variable results. In a 2-yr mark-release-observe experiment, over 500 adult green stink bugs, Chinavia hilaris (Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), were used to test for variation in nocturnal and diurnal insect distribution patterns on cotton. Field-collected stink bugs were marked or unmarked with nontoxic fluorescent sharpie markers, released, and monitored in cotton fields at peak bloom. Stink bugs were monitored visually during day and night, aided by a handheld blacklight for nighttime observations. Within-cotton distribution insect observations were categorized by plant section (i.e., bottom, middle, and top branches), by fruiting positions and leaf surface, and by concealed or exposed orientation on floral bracts and leaf surfaces. Green stink bugs were primarily distributed on the middle and top branches irrespective of photoperiod, and on bolls in first position from the main stem. Differences in stink bugs observed concealed or exposed on fruiting structures were detected. During daytime, stink bugs were primarily observed inside the bract of bolls, and when detected on leaves concealed on the lower surface. In contrast, stink bugs were primarily outside the bract of bolls at night, and when detected on leaves were exposed on an upper surface. These results support focus on assessing internal boll injury for evaluating stink bug injury to avoid the challenges in stink bug detection observed here, and point to additional study to refine stink bug density estimation when needed.
Artificial Light Increases Local Predator Abundance, Predation Rates, and Herbivory
Authors: Mcmunn Marshall S , Yang Louie H , Ansalmo Amy , Bucknam Keatyn , Claret Miles , Clay Cameron , Cox Kyle , Dungey Darian R , Jones Asia , Kim Ashley Y , Kubacki Robert , Le Rachel , Martinez Deniss , Reynolds Brian , Schroder John , Wood Emily
Published: August 2019

Human activity is rapidly increasing the radiance and geographic extent of artificial light at night (ALAN) leading to alterations in the development, behavior, and physiological state of many organisms. A limited number of community-scale studies investigating the effects of ALAN have allowed for spatial aggregation through positive phototaxis, the commonly observed phenomenon of arthropod movement toward light. We performed an open field study (without restricted arthropod access) to determine the effects of ALAN on local arthropod community composition, plant traits, and local herbivory and predation rates. We found strong positive phototaxis in 10 orders of arthropods, with increased (159% higher) overall arthropod abundance under ALAN compared to unlit controls. The arthropod community under ALAN was more diverse and contained a higher proportion of predaceous arthropods (15% vs 8%). Predation of immobilized flies occurred 3.6 times faster under ALAN; this effect was not observed during the day. Contrary to expectations, we also observed a 6% increase in herbivory under ALAN. Our results highlight the importance of open experimental field studies in determining community-level effects of ALAN.
Diversity and Distribution of Riparian Arthropods in the Drawdown Zone of China’s Three Gorges Reservoir
Authors: Wang Kehong , Yuan Xingzhong , Zhang Guanxiong , Liu Shuangshuang , Wang Fang , Liu Hong , Zhang Mengjie , Zhou Lilei
Published: August 2019

Riparian zones are interesting habitats as they are important transitional zones between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, but highly threatened by human disturbances. They support a high arthropod diversity as they experience periodic flooding disturbance and sharp environmental gradients. Their associated arthropod fauna are of high conservation value. Nevertheless, their arthropod diversity remains largely unknown, and its distribution pattern along elevational gradients is poorly understood. Few data are available on the effects of flood regimes and other factors in determining riparian arthropod communities. In this study, we investigated the diversity and distribution of riparian arthropods along an elevational gradient and determined the major factors structuring the arthropod communities in the drawdown zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China. Significant compositional and structural changes of riparian arthropod communities were observed along the test elevational gradient. The abundance and richness of riparian arthropods increased with elevation. The relative abundance of predators decreased with elevation, whereas the saprovores and omnivores showed an upward trend along the elevational gradient. Redundancy analysis showed that there were significant interactions between the flood regimes, plant communities, and soil conditions. Among these environmental factors studied, flood duration was the main factor in structuring the riparian arthropod communities. Conservation and restoration strategies should consider flood duration in the operation of large reservoirs because riparian arthropods are particularly sensitive to flood regimes.
Do Female Executives Make a Difference? The Impact of Female Leadership on Gender Gaps and Firm Performance
Authors: Flabbi Luca , Macis Mario , Moro Andrea , Schivardi Fabiano
Published: August 2019

We investigate the effects of female executives on gender-specific wage distributions and firm performance. Female leadership has a positive impact at the top of the female wage distribution and a negative impact at the bottom. The impact of female leadership on firm performance increases with the share of female workers. We account for the endogeneity induced by non-random executives’ gender by including firm fixed-effects, by generating controls from a two-way fixed-effects regression and by using instruments based on regional trends. The findings are consistent with a model of statistical discrimination in which female executives are better at interpreting signals of productivity from female workers. This suggests substantial costs of women under-representation among executives.
The neurohormonal basis of pulmonary hypertension in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
Authors: Obokata Masaru , Kane Garvan C , Reddy Yogesh N V , Melenovsky Vojtech , Olson Thomas P , Jarolim Petr , Borlaug Barry A
Published: August 2019

Aims

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) represents an important phenotype among the broader spectrum of patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), but its mechanistic basis remains unclear. We hypothesized that activation of endothelin and adrenomedullin, two counterregulatory pathways important in the pathophysiology of PH, would be greater in HFpEF patients with worsening PH, and would correlate with the severity of haemodynamic derangements and limitations in aerobic capacity and cardiopulmonary reserve.

Methods and results

Plasma levels of C-terminal pro-endothelin-1 (CT-proET-1) and mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin (MR-proADM), central haemodynamics, echocardiography, and oxygen consumption (VO2) were measured at rest and during exercise in subjects with invasively-verified HFpEF (n = 38) and controls free of HF (n = 20) as part of a prospective study. Plasma levels of CT-proET-1 and MR-proADM were highly correlated with one another (r = 0.89, P < 0.0001), and compared to controls, subjects with HFpEF displayed higher levels of each neurohormone at rest and during exercise. C-terminal pro-endothelin-1 and MR-proADM levels were strongly correlated with mean pulmonary artery (PA) pressure (r = 0.73 and 0.65, both P < 0.0001) and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (r = 0.67 and r = 0.62, both P < 0.0001) and inversely correlated with PA compliance (r = −0.52 and −0.43, both P < 0.001). As compared to controls, subjects with HFpEF displayed right ventricular (RV) reserve limitation, evidenced by less increases in RV s′ and e′ tissue velocities, during exercise. Baseline CT-proET-1 and MR-proADM levels were correlated with worse RV diastolic reserve (ΔRV e′, r = −0.59 and −0.67, both P < 0.001), reduced cardiac output responses to exercise (r = −0.59 and −0.61, both P < 0.0001), and more severely impaired peak VO2 (r = −0.60 and −0.67, both P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

Subjects with HFpEF display activation of the endothelin and adrenomedullin neurohormonal pathways, the magnitude of which is associated with pulmonary haemodynamic derangements, limitations in RV functional reserve, reduced cardiac output, and more profoundly impaired exercise capacity in HFpEF. Further study is required to evaluate for causal relationships and determine if therapies targeting these counterregulatory pathways can improve outcomes in patients with the HFpEF-PH phenotype.

Clinical trial registration

NCT01418248; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results? term=NCT01418248&Search=Search
Spa Society in Russian Literature, 1829–1912
Authors: Soroka Marina
Published: August 2019

The article explores the dichotomy between nineteenth-century Russian writers’ personal experiences at spas and their literary descriptions of them. In private correspondence, authors praised the effect of spa treatments on their health, and they returned year after year to these locations of leisure, calling them ‘beautiful’ or ‘charming’. Yet in their fiction and essays they were sarcastic, if not downright negative about their stays at spas. The keys to understanding such a contradiction appear to be the commercialization of fashionable spas over the course of the nineteenth century; the evolution of a system of shared social values in Russia; and the way Russian writers increasingly perceived literature as a duty towards society.
Democracy and Reserves
Authors: Son Byunghwan
Published: August 2019

Does democracy affect foreign exchange reserves? This paper identifies four possible explanations for the determinants of foreign exchange reserves. Using the relationship between public goods provision and political regime types as a conceptual centerpiece, it offers a theoretical framework in which these four arguments are pit against each other. The “insurance” and “social cost” arguments posit monotonously positive and negative relationships between democracy and reserves, respectively, each citing democratic governments’ propensity to provide public goods such as financial stability and public spending. The mercantilist and rentier state arguments together put forth a conditional hypothesis that autocracies serve particularistic interests of outwardly (inwardly) oriented elites more than democracies do through weak-currency/large-reserve (strong-currency/small-reserve) policies. Utilizing panel data covering 127 countries from 1975 to 2012, I find that more democratic regimes are associated with larger (smaller) volumes of reserves when the size of exporting sectors is considerably small (large).
Bilingual and multilingual online environmental knowledge resources: A comparative study for translation purposes
Authors: Buendía-Castro Miriam
Published: August 2019

The Environment is a relatively new specialized domain. In the last few years, various online environmental resources have emerged, and large databases have started to include environmental terms within their entries. However, because of its relatively recent appearance, environmental terminology has not been standardized and its treatment in dictionaries has not been systematized. As such, this paper describes and compares a set of 18 online bilingual or multilingual (including Spanish and English) specialized resources on the Environment to evaluate their usefulness for translation. The focus is on internet dictionaries according to the classification proposed by De Schryver (2003, 151). This analysis focused on how each resource deals with access to phraseological information and the description of the information given for both the source term and the translated term(s). The headword ‘erosion’ was used for purposes of comparison.
Dose-Dependent Infectivity of Aseptic, Purified, Cryopreserved Plasmodium falciparum 7G8 Sporozoites in Malaria-Naive Adults
Authors: Laurens Matthew B , Berry Andrea A , Travassos Mark A , Strauss Kathy , Adams Matthew , Shrestha Biraj , Li Tao , Eappen Abraham , Manoj Anita , Abebe Yonas , Murshedkar Tooba , Gunasekera Anusha , Richie Thomas L , Lyke Kirsten E , Plowe Christopher V , Kennedy Jessie K , Potter Gail E , Deye Gregory A , Sim B K L , Hoffman Stephen L
Published: August 2019

Direct venous inoculation of 3.2 × 103 aseptic, purified, cryopreserved, vialed Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) strain NF54 sporozoites, PfSPZ Challenge (NF54), has been used for controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) in the United States, 4 European countries, and 6 African countries. In nonimmune adults, this results in 100% infection rates. We conducted a double-blind, randomized, dose-escalation study to assess the infectivity of the 7G8 clone of Pf (PfSPZ Challenge [7G8]). Results showed dose-dependent infectivity from 43% for 8 × 102 PfSPZ to 100% for 4.8 × 103 PfSPZ. PfSPZ Challenge (7G8) will allow for more complete assessment by CHMI of antimalarial vaccines and drugs.
Tuberculosis Antigen-Specific T-Cell Responses During the First 6 Months of Antiretroviral Treatment
Authors: Riou Catherine , Jhilmeet Nishtha , Rangaka Molebogeng X , Wilkinson Robert J , Wilkinson Katalin A
Published: August 2019

The reconstitution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen-specific CD4 T cells in a cohort of HIV-infected persons starting antiretroviral treatment (ART) in a high tuberculosis endemic area is described. Restoration of the antigen-specific CD4 T-cell subsets mirrored the overall CD4 T-cell compartment. Activation (assessed by HLA-DR expression) decreased during ART but remained elevated compared to HIV-uninfected persons. Despite known M. tuberculosis sensitization determined by interferon-γ release assay, 12/23 participants had no M. tuberculosis-specific CD4 T cells detectable by flow cytometry, combined with overall elevated T-cell activation and memory differentiation, suggesting heightened turnover. Our data suggest early ART initiation to maintain polyfunctional immune memory responses.
The oldest fossil axiid (Decapoda: Pleocyemata: Axiidea), from the Late Devonian (Famennian) Chagrin Shale Member of the Ohio Shale, USA
Authors: Feldmann Rodney M , Schweitzer Carrie E
Published: August 2019

Discovery of a single specimen of a nearly complete cephalothorax and pleon of a new arthropod from the Late Devonian (Famennian) Chagrin Shale Member of the Ohio Shale Formation in Lake County, northeastern Ohio, USA documents the oldest known representative of the Axiidea. The specimen documents a new genus and species, Devonoaxius garlandi, and extends the range of the infraorder from the Jurassic into the Late Devonian. This range extension was predicted by a recent phylogenetic analysis. The addition of this axiid brings to four the number of arthropod genera in the Chagrin Shale Member, two of which represent the oldest members of their lineage.
Bifenthrin Baseline Susceptibility and Evaluation of Simulated Aerial Applications in Striacosta albicosta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Montezano Débora G , Hunt Thomas E , Souza Dariane , Vieira Bruno C , Vélez Ana M , Kruger Greg R , Zukoff Sarah N , Bradshaw Jeffrey D , Peterson Julie A
Published: August 2019

Striacosta albicosta (Smith) is a maize pest that has recently expanded its geographical range into the eastern United States and southeastern Canada. Aerial application of pyrethroids, such as bifenthrin, has been a major practice adopted to manage this pest. Reports of field failure of pyrethroids have increased since 2013. Striacosta albicosta populations were collected in 2016 and 2017 from maize fields in Nebraska, Kansas, and Canada and screened with bifenthrin active ingredient in larval contact dose-response bioassays. Resistance ratios estimated were generally low in 2016 (1.04- to 1.32-fold) with the highest LC50 in North Platte, NE (66.10 ng/cm2) and lowest in Scottsbluff, NE (50.10 ng/cm2). In 2017, O’Neill, NE showed the highest LC50 (100.66 ng/cm2) and Delhi, Canada exhibited the lowest (6.33 ng/cm2), resulting in a resistance ratio variation of 6.02- to 15.90-fold. Implications of bifenthrin resistance levels were further investigated by aerial application simulations. Experiments were conducted with a spray chamber where representative S. albicosta populations were exposed to labeled rates of a commercial bifenthrin formulation. Experiments resulted in 100% mortality for all populations, instars, insecticide rates, and carrier volumes, suggesting that levels of resistance estimated for bifenthrin active ingredient did not seem to impact the efficacy of the correspondent commercial product under controlled conditions. Results obtained from this research indicate that control failures reported in Nebraska could be associated with factors other than insecticide resistance, such as issues with the application technique, environmental conditions during and/or after application, or the insect’s natural behavior. Data generated will assist future S. albicosta resistance management programs.
Tracing the Boundaries of the Natural: Medicine and the Inquiry on Miracles in Early Modern Canonization Trials
Authors: Laverda Alessandro
Published: August 2019

Between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the inquiry on miracles in the canonization process reveals a fundamental cooperation between medicine and religion. During the last stage of the trials, theologians, lawyers, and physicians concurred with refined reports to accomplish full analysis of the alleged miracles. The promoter of the faith had the task of doubting the supposed miracle healing on juridical, medical and theological grounds; the lawyer supporting the cause responded to any inconsistency in witnesses’ depositions; the physician had the task of finding any natural causes which could lead to a natural recovery of the subject. The interplay of these tripartite disciplines underlies early modern probation of supposed miracles.

In this paper I will examine the institutional and cultural consequences of the demand for evidence in canonization trials: on the one hand, the increasing role of medical experts in the assessment of miracles and the friction between them and the other members of the committee; on the other hand, the rise of a new method of inquiry in the legal arena.
Safety and effectiveness of bevacizumab in Japanese patients with malignant glioma: a post-marketing surveillance study
Authors: Motoo Nagane , Hayashi Yasuko , Shimizu Ayaka , Ura Masako , Nishikawa Ryo
Published: August 2019

Objective

This surveillance study was conducted to verify the post-market safety and effectiveness of bevacizumab, which was approved in Japan in 2013 for the treatment of patients with newly diagnosed and or recurrent malignant glioma.

Methods

This was a prospective, observational, multicenter post-marketing surveillance study. Patients with newly diagnosed or recurrent malignant glioma scheduled for bevacizumab treatment were enrolled. The incidence and severity of adverse drug reactions were calculated. The effectiveness of bevacizumab was assessed by the 1-year survival rate and the overall survival rate.

Results

The safety analysis set and the effectiveness analysis set each comprised 258 of the 268 enrolled patients: tumours were newly diagnosed in 80 patients (31%) and recurrent in 178 patients (68.9%). The incidence of grade ≥ 3 adverse drug reactions was 15.1%. Adverse drug reactions of special interest included 14 cerebral bleeding events and 11 infections. Of the 80 patients with newly diagnosed malignant glioma, 44 (55%) were alive throughout the 18-month observation period. The 1-year survival rate for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma was 78%. Median overall survival was not calculated, but 51.2% of patients were alive at the last date of observation of the last observed patient. In patients with recurrent glioblastoma, the 1-year survival rate was 38.9%, and the median overall survival was 10.2 months.

Conclusions

The results suggest no new safety concerns, and the effectiveness might be similar to previously reported data in clinical trials. Therefore, bevacizumab is considered as one of the treatment options for patients with malignant glioma in real-world clinical practice.
Lateral Moves, Promotions, and Task-Specific Human Capital: Theory and Evidence
Authors: Jin Xin , Waldman Michael
Published: August 2019

This paper studies the link between lateral mobility and promotions. The first part of the paper extends the theoretical literature by incorporating lateral moves into a job assignment model with task-specific human capital accumulation. The model thus predicts that workers who are laterally moved in one period are more likely to be subsequently promoted and experience larger wage growth compared with workers who are not laterally moved. In addition, workers with very high levels of education are less likely to be laterally moved compared with workers with lower levels of education. We test the model’s predictions using a large employer–employee linked panel dataset on senior managers in a sample of large US firms during the period 1981 to 1985. Our findings support the theoretical predictions and show the importance of lateral mobility in wage and promotion dynamics. (JEL J31, M51)
Compression of cystic duct caused by focal nodular hyperplasia
Authors: Bente Andreea , Ouedraogo Moussa , Kasbawala Kinjal N , Glasgow Kristen M
Published: August 2019

A 29-year-old female presenting with symptoms of biliary colic was found to have a liver mass compressing the cystic duct. Due to the anatomical placement of the growth, the compressed duct produced symptoms mimicking acute cholecystitis. The mass was diagnosed as focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) upon biopsy. FNH is commonly found incidentally with nonhepatic clinical presentation or during an unrelated surgical procedure. The scope of this paper is to bring awareness to uncommon causes of biliary colic. To our knowledge, there has been one other paper published with FNH being the primary cause of biliary colic.
Clustering constraints on the relative sizes of central and satellite galaxies
Authors: Hearin Andrew , Behroozi Peter , Kravtsov Andrey , Moster Benjamin
Published: August 2019

We empirically constrain how galaxy size relates to halo virial radius using new measurements of the size- and stellar mass-dependent clustering of galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. We find that small galaxies cluster much more strongly than large galaxies of the same stellar mass. The magnitude of this clustering difference increases on small scales, and decreases with increasing stellar mass. Using forward-modelling techniques implemented in Halotools, we test an empirical model in which present-day galaxy size is proportional to the size of the virial radius at the time the halo reached its maximum mass. This simple model reproduces the observed size dependence of galaxy clustering in striking detail. The success of this model provides strong support for the conclusion that satellite galaxies have smaller sizes relative to central galaxies of the same halo mass. Our findings indicate that satellite size is set prior to the time of infall, and that a remarkably simple, linear size–virial radius relation emerges from the complex physics regulating galaxy size. We make quantitative predictions for future measurements of galaxy–galaxy lensing, including dependence upon size, scale, and stellar mass, and provide a scaling relation of the ratio of mean sizes of satellites and central galaxies as a function of their halo mass that can be used to calibrate hydrodynamical simulations and semi-analytic models.