bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Intermittent Fasting on Reproductive Hormone Levels in Females and Males: A Review of Human Trials
Authors: Cienfuegos Sofia , Corapi Sarah , Gabel Kelsey , Ezpeleta Mark , Kalam Faiza , Lin Shuhao , Pavlou Vasiliki , Varady Krista A.
Published: June 2022

Intermittent fasting is a popular diet for weight loss, but concerns have been raised regarding the effects of fasting on the reproductive health of women and men. Accordingly, we conducted this literature review to clarify the effects of fasting on reproductive hormone levels in humans. Our results suggest that intermittent fasting decreases androgen markers (i.e., testosterone and the free androgen index (FAI)) while increasing sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels in premenopausal females with obesity. This effect was more likely to occur when food consumption was confined to earlier in the day (eating all food before 4 pm). In contrast, fasting did not have any effect on estrogen, gonadotropins, or prolactin levels in women. As for men, intermittent fasting reduced testosterone levels in lean, physically active, young males, but it did not affect SHBG concentrations. Interestingly, muscle mass and muscular strength were not negatively affected by these reductions in testosterone. In interpreting these findings, it is important to note that very few studies have been conducted on this topic. Thus, it is difficult to draw solid conclusions at present. From the limited data presented here, it is possible that intermittent fasting may decrease androgen markers in both genders. If this is the case, these results would have varied health implications. On the one hand, fasting may prove to be a valuable tool for treating hyperandrogenism in females with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) by improving menstruation and fertility. On the other hand, fasting may be shown to decrease androgens among males, which could negatively affect metabolic health and libido. More research is warranted to confirm these preliminary findings.
The Role of Exposomes in the Pathophysiology of Autoimmune Diseases II: Pathogens
Authors: Vojdani Aristo , Vojdani Elroy , Rosenberg Avi , Shoenfeld Yehuda
Published: June 2022

In our continuing examination of the role of exposomes in autoimmune disease, we use this review to focus on pathogens. Infections are major contributors to the pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases through various mechanisms, foremost being molecular mimicry, when the structural similarity between the pathogen and a human tissue antigen leads to autoimmune reactivity and even autoimmune disease. The three best examples of this are oral pathogens, SARS-CoV-2, and the herpesviruses. Oral pathogens reach the gut, disturb the microbiota, increase gut permeability, cause local inflammation, and generate autoantigens, leading to systemic inflammation, multiple autoimmune reactivities, and systemic autoimmunity. The COVID-19 pandemic put the spotlight on SARS-CoV-2, which has been called “the autoimmune virus.” We explore in detail the evidence supporting this. We also describe how viruses, in particular herpesviruses, have a role in the induction of many different autoimmune diseases, detailing the various mechanisms involved. Lastly, we discuss the microbiome and the beneficial microbiota that populate it. We look at the role of the gut microbiome in autoimmune disorders, because of its role in regulating the immune system. Dysbiosis of the microbiota in the gut microbiome can lead to multiple autoimmune disorders. We conclude that understanding the precise roles and relationships shared by all these factors that comprise the exposome and identifying early events and root causes of these disorders can help us to develop more targeted therapeutic protocols for the management of this worldwide epidemic of autoimmunity.
Chitosan Graft Copolymers with N-Vinylimidazole as Promising Matrices for Immobilization of Bromelain, Ficin, and Papain
Authors: Sorokin Andrey V. , Olshannikova Svetlana S. , Lavlinskaya Maria S. , Holyavka Marina G. , Faizullin Dzhigangir A. , Zuev Yuriy F. , Artukhov Valeriy G.
Published: June 2022

This work aims to synthesize graft copolymers of chitosan and N-vinylimidazole (VI) with different compositions to be used as matrices for the immobilization of cysteine proteases—bromelain, ficin, and papain. The copolymers are synthesized by free radical solution copolymerization with a potassium persulfate-sodium metabisulfite blend initiator. The copolymers have a relatively high frequency of grafting and yields. All the synthesized graft copolymers are water-soluble, and their solutions are characterized by DLS and laser Doppler microelectrophoresis. The copolymers are self-assembled in aqueous solutions, and they have a cationic nature and pH-sensitivity correlating to the VI content. The FTIR data demonstrate that synthesized graft copolymers conjugate cysteine proteases. The synthesized copolymer adsorbs more enzyme macromolecules compared to non-modified chitosan with the same molecular weight. The proteolytic activity of the immobilized enzymes is increased up to 100% compared to native ones. The immobilized ficin retains up to 97% of the initial activity after a one-day incubation, the immobilized bromelain retains 69% of activity after a 3-day incubation, and the immobilized papain retains 57% of the initial activity after a 7-day incubation. Therefore, the synthesized copolymers can be used as matrices for the immobilization of bromelain, ficin, and papain.
Cell-Free Escherichia coli Synthesis System Based on Crude Cell Extracts: Acquisition of Crude Extracts and Energy Regeneration
Authors: Huang Mingyue , Wang Weiyang , Guo Tingting , Long Xiufeng , Niu Fuxing
Published: June 2022

Cell-free synthetic biology is advancing with unprecedented control and design. The development of cell-free biosynthesis involves both pure enzyme and crude enzyme systems. The relatively cheap crude enzyme system is more suitable for the scientific research needs of ordinary laboratories. The key factor in giving full play to the advantages of the system is to obtain high-quality cell crude extract and its energy regeneration system, but there is no systematic report on the development history of these two aspects. Therefore, in this paper, the development history of the process of obtaining crude extract from cell-free biosynthesis was carried out based on Escherichia coli, which is widely used at present, and the energy regeneration system was briefly introduced. Finally, the challenges of current cell-free synthetic systems are discussed.
C-N, C-O and C-S Ullmann-Type Coupling Reactions of Arenediazonium o-Benzenedisulfonimides
Authors: Antenucci Achille , Dughera Stefano
Published: June 2022

Arenediazonium o-benzenedisulfonimides have been used as efficient electrophilic partners in Cu(I) catalysed Ullmann-type coupling. The synthetic protocols are mild and easy, and produced either N-alkylanilines, aryl ethers, or thioethers in fairly good yields (18 positive examples, average yield 66%). o-Benzenedisulfonimide was recovered at the end of the reactions and was reused to prepare the starting salts for further reactions. It is noteworthy that diazonium salts have been used as electrophilic partners in the Ullmann-type protocol for the first time.
The Concept of Corporate Social Responsibility Based on Integrating the SDGs into Corporate Strategies: International Experience and the Risks for Profit
Authors: Bogoviz Aleksei V. , Lobova Svetlana V. , Alekseev Alexander N.
Published: June 2022

This paper aims to study the international experience (in the aspect and taking into account the specifics of regions of the world) integrating the SDGs into corporate strategies and to identify the following: (1) supported SDGs (UN standards); (2) implemented measures of corporate social responsibility to support the SDGs and (3) approach from the positions of risks for profit. Based on a sample of 193 countries (seven regions of the world) from 2020–2021 (386 observations) based on the method of structural equation modelling (SEM), it was discovered that the SDGs (UN standards) are supported by companies to a different extent in the different world regions, but, on the whole, they are strongly integrated into the corporate strategies in each region. The largest support of the SDGs from business is observed in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The risks of integrating the SDGs (UN standards) into corporate strategies for profit are low (moderate in the OECD). The commercial approach to integrating the SDGs into corporate strategies is implemented in all regions of the world. The theoretical significance of the results consists in the fact that the discovered differences pointed at the necessity for and set the foundation for the transition from global to regional management of the integration of the SDGs (UN standards) into corporate strategies. The practical significance of the authors’ conclusions and developments consists in the fact that they allow increasing the effectiveness of risk management of the practices of corporate social responsibility for profit.
Operational Processing of Big Satellite Data for Monitoring Glacier Dynamics: Case Study of Muldrow Glacier
Authors: Samsonov Sergey V.
Published: June 2022

Frequent acquisition of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data by the European Sentinel-1 satellites provides an opportunity for monitoring the dynamics of worldwide glaciers. We present a fully-automated processing system for producing multi-dimensional time series of glacier flow. We then use this fully-automated processing system to investigate the dynamics of Muldrow Glacier, located in the Denali National Park and Preserve (Alaska, AK, USA) during the October 2014—November 2021 period. We compute north, east, and vertical Surface-Parallel-Flow (SPF) and non-Surface-Parallel-Flow (nSPF) components of flow velocity and displacement with an average temporal resolution of 9 days and grid spacing of 100 m. During this period, we observe a glacier surge, a manifold increase in glacier flow velocity, that started as early as 2017 and continues until the present; however, the near completion of this surge is apparent. This glacier previously surged in 1906–1912 (the exact date is unknown) and in 1956–1957. We present our results in different ways to emphasize various aspects of the observed surge and demonstrate the full capability of our processing system. As the availability of SAR data improves, we expect that the fully-automated processing systems, similar to the one presented here, will play an increasingly dominant role and soon entirely replace manual processing.
Respiratory Inductance Plethysmography to Assess Fatigability during Repetitive Work
Authors: Silva Luís , Dias Mariana , Folgado Duarte , Nunes Maria , Namburi Praneeth , Anthony Brian , Carvalho Diogo , Carvalho Miguel , Edelman Elazer , Gamboa Hugo
Published: June 2022

Cumulative fatigue during repetitive work is associated with occupational risk and productivity reduction. Usually, subjective measures or muscle activity are used for a cumulative evaluation; however, Industry 4.0 wearables allow overcoming the challenges observed in those methods. Thus, the aim of this study is to analyze alterations in respiratory inductance plethysmography (RIP) to measure the asynchrony between thorax and abdomen walls during repetitive work and its relationship with local fatigue. A total of 22 healthy participants (age: 27.0 ± 8.3 yrs; height: 1.72 ± 0.09 m; mass: 63.4 ± 12.9 kg) were recruited to perform a task that includes grabbing, moving, and placing a box in an upper and lower shelf. This task was repeated for 10 min in three trials with a fatigue protocol between them. Significant main effects were found from Baseline trial to the Fatigue trials (p < 0.001) for both RIP correlation and phase synchrony. Similar results were found for the activation amplitude of agonist muscle (p < 0.001), and to the muscle acting mainly as a joint stabilizer (p < 0.001). The latter showed a significant effect in predicting both RIP correlation and phase synchronization. Both RIP correlation and phase synchronization can be used for an overall fatigue assessment during repetitive work.
Damage Diagnosis of Single-Layer Latticed Shell Based on Temperature-Induced Strain under Bayesian Framework
Authors: Xu Jie , Zhao Zhengyang , Ma Qian , Liu Ming , Lacidogna Giuseppe
Published: June 2022

Under the framework of Bayesian theory, a probabilistic method for damage diagnosis of latticed shell structures based on temperature-induced strain is proposed. First, a new damage diagnosis index is proposed based on the correlation between temperature-induced strain and structural parameters. Then, Markov Chain Monte Carlo is adopted to analyze the newly proposed diagnosis index, based on which the frequency distribution histogram for the posterior probability of the diagnosis index is obtained. Finally, the confidence interval of the damage diagnosis is determined by the posterior distribution of the initial state (baseline condition). The damage probability of the unknown state is also calculated. The proposed method was validated by applying it to a latticed shell structure with finite element developed, where the rod damage and bearing failure were diagnosed based on importance analysis and temperature sensitivity analysis of the rod. The analysis results show that the proposed method can successfully consider uncertainties in the strain response monitoring process and effectively diagnose the failure of important rods in radial and annular directions, as well as horizontal (x- and y-direction) bearings of the latticed shell structure.
Block-HPCT: Blockchain Enabled Digital Health Passports and Contact Tracing of Infectious Diseases like COVID-19
Authors: Rashid Md Mamunur , Choi Piljoo , Lee Suk-Hwan , Kwon Ki-Ryong
Published: June 2022

Due to its significant global impact, both domestic and international efforts are underway to cure the infection and stop the COVID-19 virus from spreading further. In resource-limited environments, overwhelmed healthcare institutions and surveillance systems are struggling to cope with this epidemic, necessitating a specific strategic response. In this study, we looked into the COVID-19 situation and to establish trust, accountability, and transparency, we employed blockchain’s immutable and tamper-proof properties. We offered a smart contract (SC)-based solution (Block-HPCT) that has been successfully tested to preserve a digital health passport (DHP) for vaccine recipients; also, for contact tracing (CT) we employed proof of location concept, which aids in a swift and credible response directly from the appropriate healthcare authorities. To connect on-chain and off-chain data, trusted and registered oracles were integrated and to provide a double layer of security along with symmetric key encryption; both Interplanetary File System (IPFS) and Hyperledger Fabric were merged as storage center. We also provided a full description of the suggested solution’s system design, implementation, experiment results, and evaluation (privacy and cost analysis). As per the findings, the suggested approach performed satisfactorily across all significant assessment criteria, implying that it can lead the way for practical implementations and also can be used for similar types of situations where contact tracing of infectious can be crucial.
A Review of Mobile Mapping Systems: From Sensors to Applications
Authors: Elhashash Mostafa , Albanwan Hessah , Qin Rongjun
Published: June 2022

The evolution of mobile mapping systems (MMSs) has gained more attention in the past few decades. MMSs have been widely used to provide valuable assets in different applications. This has been facilitated by the wide availability of low-cost sensors, advances in computational resources, the maturity of mapping algorithms, and the need for accurate and on-demand geographic information system (GIS) data and digital maps. Many MMSs combine hybrid sensors to provide a more informative, robust, and stable solution by complementing each other. In this paper, we presented a comprehensive review of the modern MMSs by focusing on: (1) the types of sensors and platforms, discussing their capabilities and limitations and providing a comprehensive overview of recent MMS technologies available in the market; (2) highlighting the general workflow to process MMS data; (3) identifying different use cases of mobile mapping technology by reviewing some of the common applications; and (4) presenting a discussion on the benefits and challenges and sharing our views on potential research directions.
A Novel Unified Data Modeling Method for Equipment Lifecycle Integrated Logistics Support
Authors: Cui Xuemiao , Lu Jiping , Han Yafeng
Published: June 2022

Integrated logistics support (ILS) is of great significance for maintaining equipment operational capability in the whole lifecycle. Numerous segments and complex product objects exist in the process of equipment ILS, which gives ILS data multi-source, heterogeneous, and multidimensional characteristics. The present ILS data cannot satisfy the demand for efficient utilization. Therefore, the unified modeling of ILS data is extremely urgent and significant. In this paper, a unified data modeling method is proposed to solve the consistent and comprehensive expression problem of ILS data. Firstly, a four-tier unified data modeling framework is constructed based on the analysis of ILS data characteristics. Secondly, the Core unified data model, Domain unified data model, and Instantiated unified data model are built successively. Then, the expressions of ILS data in the three dimensions of time, product, and activity are analyzed. Thirdly, the Lifecycle ILS unified data model is constructed, and the multidimensional information retrieval methods are discussed. Based on these, different systems in the equipment ILS process can share a set of data models and provide ILS designers with relevant data through different views. Finally, the practical ILS data models are constructed based on the developed unified data modeling software prototype, which verifies the feasibility of the proposed method.
IoT-Based Multi-Sensor Healthcare Architectures and a Lightweight-Based Privacy Scheme
Authors: Aivaliotis Vassileios , Tsantikidou Kyriaki , Sklavos Nicolas
Published: June 2022

Health 4.0 is a new promising addition to the healthcare industry that innovatively includes the Internet of Things (IoT) and its heterogeneous devices and sensors. The result is the creation of numerous smart health applications that can be more effective, reliable, scalable and cost-efficient while facilitating people with their everyday life and health conditions. Nevertheless, without proper guidance, the employment of IoT-based health systems can be complicated, especially with regard to security challenges such susceptible application displays. An appropriate comprehension of the structure and the security demands of IoT-based multi-sensor systems and healthcare infrastructures must first be achieved. Furthermore, new architectures that provide lightweight, easily implementable and efficient approaches must be introduced. In this paper, an overview of IoT integration within the healthcare domain as well as a methodical analysis of efficient smart health frameworks, which mainly employ multiple resource and energy-constrained devices and sensors, will be presented. An additional concern of this paper will be the security requirements of these key IoT components and especially of their wireless communications. As a solution, a lightweight-based security scheme, which utilizes the lightweight cryptographic primitive LEAIoT, will be introduced. The proposed hardware-based design displays exceptional results compared to the original CPU-based implementation, with a 99.9% increase in key generation speed and 96.2% increase in encryption/decryption speed. Finally, because of its lightweight and flexible implementation and high-speed keys’ setup, it can compete with other common hardware-based cryptography architectures, where it achieves lower hardware utilization up to 87.9% with the lowest frequency and average throughput.
Functionality Analysis of Electric Actuators in Renewable Energy Systems—A Review
Authors: Redekar Abhijeet , Deb Dipankar , Ozana Stepan
Published: June 2022

Various mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, electrical, and hybrid actuators can alter motion per the requirements of particular applications. However, except for electrical ones, all actuators are restricted due to their size, complex auxiliary equipment, frequent need for maintenance, and sluggish environment in renewable applications. This brief review paper highlights some unique and significant research works on applying electrical actuators to renewable applications. Four renewable energy resources, i.e., solar, wind, bio-energy, and geothermal energy, are considered to review electric actuators applicable to renewable energy systems. This review analyses the types of actuators associated with the mentioned renewable application, their functioning, their motion type, present use, advantages, disadvantages, and operational problems. The information gathered in this paper may open up new ways of optimization opportunities and control challenges in electrical actuators, thereby making more efficient systems. Furthermore, some energy-efficient and cost-effective replacements of convectional actuators with new innovative ones are suggested. This work aims to benefit scientists and new entrants working on actuators in renewable energy systems.
Exploring the Application Sphere of the Internet of Things in Industry 4.0: A Review, Bibliometric and Content Analysis
Authors: Kumar Raman , Rani Sita , Awadh Mohammed Al
Published: June 2022

This paper aims to comprehensively review 891 documents in the Scopus database about Internet of Things (IoT) in Ind 4.0 to understand the historical growth, current state, and potential expansion trend. From 2014 to 2020, a systematic methodology gathered information on IoT in Ind 4.0 documents in various Scopus databases. The relevant IoT research in Ind 4.0 documents is provided, and their types, publications, citations, and predictions are discussed. The VOSviewer 1.16.6 and Biblioshiny 2.0 applications display IoT status in Ind 4.0 publications for visualization research. The citation review aims to find the most prominent and influential authors, sources, papers, countries, and organizations. For citation analysis and ranking, document selection criteria were well defined. The author keywords, index keywords, and text data content analysis were used to identify the hotspots and development trends. The yearly IoT in Ind 4.0 article publications presented a speedily increasing trend, and a curve was fitted employing an exponential function. The paper “Intelligent manufacturing in the context of Industry 4.0: a review” was rated first with 754 citations. With 1629 citations, the “International Journal of Production Research” was ranked #1 along with Wan J. The South China University of Technology in Guangzhou, China, was placed first along with the United States as the most prolific and influential country. ‘Industry 4.0’ appeared the first time in 2014 with an application of IoT in Ind 4.0 with an overall appearance of 528, followed by the ‘internet of things’ in 2015, three times with a total count of 220 up to 2020. The IoT in Ind 4.0 assessment and bibliometric analysis intended to provide intellectuals a broad perspective working in IoT in Ind 4.0. Scholars should understand the hotspots in this area as soon as possible. This is also the first paper to thoroughly use bibliometric research to examine the IoT in Ind 4.0 literature. It will assist researchers of IoT in Ind 4.0 in expanding their knowledge and quickly comprehending the development status and pattern.
A Mobile Application to Perform the Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) at Home: A Random Walk in the Park Is as Accurate as a Standardized 6MWT
Authors: Scherrenberg Martijn , Bonneux Cindel , Yousif Mahmood Deeman , Hansen Dominique , Dendale Paul , Coninx Karin
Published: June 2022

The six-minute walk test (6MWT) provides an objective measurement of a person’s functional exercise capacity. In this study, we developed a smartphone application that allows cardiac patients to do a self-administered 6MWT at home on a random trajectory. In a prospective study with 102 cardiovascular disease patients, we aimed to identify the optimal circumstances to perform a smartphone-measured 6MWT, i.e., the best algorithm and the best position to wear the smartphone during the test. Furthermore, we investigated if a random walk is as accurate as a standardized 6MWT. When considering both the reliability and accuracy of the distance walked, the best circumstances to perform a standardized smartphone-measured 6MWT are wearing the smartphone in a strap around the patient’s arm and using an algorithm that relies on the processed step count data acquired from Google Fit. Furthermore, we demonstrated that a smartphone-measured walk along a random trajectory is as accurate to determine a cardiac patient’s functional exercise capacity as a standardized (smartphone-measured) 6MWT. We conclude this paper by presenting how our 6MWT application can be used in a home setting to remotely follow up on cardiac patients’ functional exercise capacity.
Evaluation of Activated Carbon and Platinum Black as High-Capacitance Materials for Platinum Electrodes
Authors: Goh Andrew , Roberts David , Wainright Jesse , Bhadra Narendra , Kilgore Kevin , Bhadra Niloy , Vrabec Tina
Published: June 2022

The application of direct current (DC) produces a rapid and reversible nerve conduction block. However, prolonged injection of charge through a smooth platinum electrode has been found to cause damage to nervous tissue. This damage can be mitigated by incorporating high-capacitance materials (HCM) (e.g., activated carbon or platinum black) into electrode designs. HCMs increase the storage charge capacity (i.e., “Q value”) of capacitive devices. However, consecutive use of these HCM electrodes degrades their surface. This paper evaluates activated carbon and platinum black (PtB) electrode designs in vitro to determine the design parameters which improve surface stability of the HCMs. Electrode designs with activated carbon and PtB concentrations were stressed using soak, bend and vibration testing to simulate destructive in vivo environments. A Q value decrease represented the decreased stability of the electrode–HCM interface. Soak test results supported the long-term Q value stabilization (mean = 44.3 days) of HCM electrodes, and both HCMs displayed unique Q value changes in response to soaking. HCM material choices, Carbon Ink volume, and application of Nafion™ affected an electrode’s ability to resist Q value degradation. These results will contribute to future developments of HCM electrodes designed for extended DC application for in vivo nerve conduction block.
A Survey on MIMO-OFDM Systems: Review of Recent Trends
Authors: Harkat Houda , Monteiro Paulo , Gameiro Atilio , Guiomar Fernando , Farhana Thariq Ahmed Hasmath
Published: June 2022

MIMO-OFDM is a key technology and a strong candidate for 5G telecommunication systems. In the literature, there is no convenient survey study that rounds up all the necessary points to be investigated concerning such systems. The current deeper review paper inspects and interprets the state of the art and addresses several research axes related to MIMO-OFDM systems. Two topics have received special attention: MIMO waveforms and MIMO-OFDM channel estimation. The existing MIMO hardware and software innovations, in addition to the MIMO-OFDM equalization techniques, are discussed concisely. In the literature, only a few authors have discussed the MIMO channel estimation and modeling problems for a variety of MIMO systems. However, to the best of our knowledge, there has been until now no review paper specifically discussing the recent works concerning channel estimation and the equalization process for MIMO-OFDM systems. Hence, the current work focuses on analyzing the recently used algorithms in the field, which could be a rich reference for researchers. Moreover, some research perspectives are identified.
Could Proprioceptive Stimuli Change Saddle Pressure on Male Cyclists during Different Hand Positions? An Exploratory Study of the Effect of the Equistasi® Device
Authors: Guiotto Annamaria , Spolaor Fabiola , Albani Giovanni , Sawacha Zimi
Published: June 2022

When pedaling, the excessive pressure on the seat has the potential to produce injuries and this can strongly affect sport performance. Recently, a large effort has been dedicated to the reduction of the pressure occurring at the saddle region. Our work aims to verify the possibility of modifying cyclists’ pedaling posture, and consequently the pressure on the saddle, by applying a proprioceptive stimulus. Equistasi® (Equistasi srl, Milano, Italy) is a wearable device that emits focal mechanical vibrations able to transform the body temperature into mechanical vibratory energy via the embedded nanotechnology. The data acquired through a pressure mapping system (GebioMized®) on 70 cyclists, with and without Equistasi®, were analyzed. Pedaling in three positions was recorded on a spin trainer: with hands on the top, hands on the drop handlebar, and hands on the lever. Average force, contact surface, and average and maximum pressure each in different regions of the saddle were analyzed, as well as integral pressure time and center of pressure. In the comparisons between hands positions, overall pressure and force variables were significantly lower in the drop-handlebar position at the rear saddle (p < 0.03) and higher in hand-on-lever and drop-handlebar positions at the front saddle (p < 0.01). When applying the Equistasi device, the contact surface was significantly larger in all hand positions (p < 0.05), suggesting that focal stimulation of the lumbar proprioceptive system can change cyclists’ posture.
Toward Energy-Efficient Houses Considering Social Cultural Needs in Bahrain: A New Framework Approach
Authors: Taki Ahmad , Alsheglawi Bilal
Published: June 2022

The residential buildings in Bahrain represent approximately 76% of the total buildings and account for 50% of the nation’s overall energy consumption. Air conditioners account for over 70% of the electricity used in a typical Bahraini house. To date, no comprehensive study has been carried out on the energy efficiency of houses considering building envelopes, design, and social cultural needs in hot, humid regions with reference to Bahrain. This paper aims to develop and test a framework for energy-efficient houses that satisfies social cultural needs using mixed research methods. These research methods involved measurements of environmental parameters and observational surveys of 20 private houses. Additionally, a survey questionnaire was conducted with 111 householders to collect data on design preferences, thermal comfort, and energy consumption. Further, semi-structured interviews with 18 professionals were conducted and a range of simulations were carried out on a typical private house. Consequently, the framework was developed in three stages: data collection and analysis, specification of an energy-efficient building design satisfying social cultural needs, and producing a prototype model. Simulation results showed that the prototype house model can reduce energy consumption by 57% and operative temperature by 4 °C in comparison to the existing case study. The prototype model ensured privacy by adding two shaded corner courtyards and directing all the bedroom windows to face the courtyard. Feedback on the prototype was gathered to create a new and improved iteration of the future housing model.
Position Prediction in Space System for Vehicles Using Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Lee Won-Chan , Jeon You-Boo , Han Seong-Soo , Jeong Chang-Sung
Published: June 2022

This paper deals with the prediction of the future location of vehicles, which is attracting attention in the era of the fourth industrial revolution and is required in various fields, such as autonomous vehicles and smart city traffic management systems. Currently, vehicle traffic prediction models and accident prediction models are being tested in various places, and considerable progress is being made. However, there are always errors in positioning when using wireless sensors due to various variables, such as the appearance of various substances (water, metal) that occur in the space where radio waves exist. There have been various attempts to reduce the positioning error in such an Internet of Things environment, but there is no definitive method with confirmed performance. Of course, location prediction is also not accurate. In particular, since a vehicle moves rapidly in space, it is increasingly affected by changes in the environment. Firstly, it was necessary to develop a spatial positioning algorithm that can improve the positioning accuracy. Secondly, for the data generated by the positioning algorithm, a machine learning method suitable for position prediction was developed. Based on the above two developed algorithms, through experiments, we found a means to reduce the error of positioning through radio waves and to increase the accuracy of positioning. We started with the idea of changing the positioning space itself from a three-dimensional space into a two-dimensional one. With changes in the time and space of radio wave measurement, the location was measured by transforming the spatial dimension to cope with environmental changes. This is a technology that predicts a location through machine learning on time series data using a direction angle classification technique. An experiment was conducted to verify the performance of the proposed technology. As a result, the accuracy of positioning was improved, and the accuracy of location prediction increased in proportion to the learning time. It was possible to confirm the prediction accuracy increase of up to 80% with changes. Considering that the accuracy result for location prediction presented by other researchers is 70%, through this study, the result was improved by 10% compared to the existing vehicle location prediction accuracy. In conclusion, this paper presents a positioning algorithm and machine learning methodology for vehicle positioning. By proving its usefulness through experiments, this study provides other researchers with a new definition of space for predicting the location of a vehicle, and a machine learning method using direction angles.
Feasibility Analysis of a Mobile Microgrid Design to Support DoD Energy Resilience Goals
Authors: Varley Daniel W. , Van Bossuyt Douglas L. , Pollman Anthony
Published: June 2022

This research investigates the feasibility of using mobile hybrid microgrids to increase energy resilience in DoD Installations. The primary question examined is whether a standardized mobile microgrid, constrained within an International Standards Organization (ISO) Triple Container (TriCon) and not to exceed 10,000 lbs (approximately 4535 kg), can provide the necessary power for small critical sites with an average 10 kW load on DoD installations with similar resilience to a customized single load microgrid or emergency backup generator. Key assumptions for this research are that power outages may be accompanied by a fuel constrained environment (e.g., natural disaster that restricts fuel transport), an existing installation microgrid is in place, and the risk of outages does not warrant the development of redundant customized single load microgrids for each critical load. The feasibility of a mobile hybrid microgrid is investigated by constructing an architectural design that attempts to find a satisfactory combination of commercial off-the-shelf components for battery energy storage, photovoltaic power, and generator power within the constraints of an 8 ft × 6 ft 5 in × 8 ft (approximately 2.4 m × 2 m × 2.4 m) shipping container. The proposed design is modeled and simulated over a two-week period using Global Horizontal Index solar irradiance data, and a randomized average 10 kW load. Results of the model are used to analyze the feasibility of the system to meet the load while reducing dependency on fuel resources. Trade-offs between a customized single load microgrid and standardized mobile microgrid are discussed. The result of this research indicates that a standardized mobile microgrid holds significant promise for DoD and other potential users (public safety, private industry, etc.) in having a rapidly deployable solution to bring critical loads back online during an emergency situation that reduces generator usage.
Image Quality and Radiation Dose of Contrast-Enhanced Chest-CT Acquired on a Clinical Photon-Counting Detector CT vs. Second-Generation Dual-Source CT in an Oncologic Cohort: Preliminary Results
Authors: Hagen Florian , Walder Lukas , Fritz Jan , Gutjahr Ralf , Schmidt Bernhard , Faby Sebastian , Bamberg Fabian , Schoenberg Stefan , Nikolaou Konstantin , Horger Marius
Published: June 2022

Our aim was to compare the image quality and patient dose of contrast-enhanced oncologic chest-CT of a first-generation photon-counting detector (PCD-CT) and a second-generation dual-source dual-energy CT (DSCT). For this reason, one hundred consecutive oncologic patients (63 male, 65 ± 11 years, BMI: 16–42 kg/m2) were prospectively enrolled and evaluated. Clinically indicated contrast-enhanced chest-CT were obtained with PCD-CT and compared to previously obtained chest-DSCT in the same individuals. The median time interval between the scans was three months. The same contrast media protocol was used for both scans. PCD-CT was performed in QuantumPlus mode (obtaining full spectral information) at 120 kVp. DSCT was performed using 100 kV for Tube A and 140 kV for Tube B. “T3D” PCD-CT images were evaluated, which emulate conventional 120 keV polychromatic images. For DSCT, the convolution algorithm was set at I31f with class 1 iterative reconstruction, whereas comparable Br40 kernel and iterative reconstruction strengths (Q1 and Q3) were applied for PCD-CT. Two radiologists assessed image quality using a five-point Likert scale and performed measurements of vessels and lung parenchyma for signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), and in the case of pulmonary metastases tumor-to-lung parenchyma contrast ratio. PCD-CT CNRvessel was significantly higher than DSCT CNRvessel (all, p < 0.05). Readers rated image contrast of mediastinum, vessels, and lung parenchyma significantly higher in PCD-CT than DSCT images (p < 0.001). Q3 PCD-CT CNRlung_parenchyma was significantly higher than DSCT CNRlung_parenchyma and Q1 PCD-CT CNRlung_parenchyma (p < 0.01). The tumor-to-lung parenchyma contrast ratio was significantly higher on PCD-CT than DSCT images (0.08 ± 0.04 vs. 0.03 ± 0.02, p < 0.001). CTDI, DLP, SSDE mean values for PCD-CT and DSCT were 4.17 ± 1.29 mGy vs. 7.21 ± 0.49 mGy, 151.01 ± 48.56 mGy * cm vs. 288.64 ± 31.17 mGy * cm and 4.23 ± 0.97 vs. 7.48 ± 1.09, respectively. PCD-CT enables oncologic chest-CT with a significantly reduced dose while maintaining image quality similar to a second-generation DSCT for comparable protocol settings.
Deltamethrin and Its Nanoformulations Induce Behavioral Alteration and Toxicity in Rat Brain through Oxidative Stress and JAK2/STAT3 Signaling Pathway
Authors: Khalifa Ahlam G. , Moselhy Walaa A. , Mohammed Hanaa M. , Khalil Fatma , Shaban Mohamed , El-Nahass El-Shaymaa , Al-Muzafar Hessah Mohammed , Adel Amin Kamal , Abdou Khaled A.
Published: June 2022

Deltamethrin (DM) is the most powerful synthetic pyrethroid that has toxicity to the central nervous system and results in behavioral changes in both animals and humans. This effect is mediated by inducing alterations in the action of neurotransmitters and brain pathological changes. Nanocarrier encapsulated pesticides may decrease the toxicity of pesticides. Thus, this study aimed to determine the effect of an inorganic metal carrier (silica Nps) and polymeric capsule (chitosan Nps) of deltamethrin nano-formulations on antioxidant levels and oxidative stress in the brain and on behavior of the male albino rat. Sixty male albino rats were equally divided into four groups. Group I: control group; group II given DM liquefied in corn oil at 3.855 mg/kg BW; group III receiving silica-loaded deltamethrin (S/DM Nps) at 8.795 mg/kg BW; and group IV: given chitosan encapsulated deltamethrin (CS/DM Nps) at 30.44 mg/kg BW. All treatments were given orally for four weeks. Following this, behavioral tests were conducted to record locomotor activity, anxiety like behaviors, exploration, and the short memory of rats. In addition, brain antioxidant/oxidant, serum neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine esterase (AchE) and monoamine oxidase (MAO), JAK2 and STAT3 gene and proteins expression were measured. The DM group showed a highly significant elevation in malondialdehyde content, MAO, AchE, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels, and the expression level of neurogenic genes, JAK2 and STAT3, in comparison with the control group. Both S/DM Nps and CS/DM Nps significantly decreased MAO, AchE, and VEGF compared with the DM group. Moreover, both S/DM Nps and CS/DM Nps significantly decreased the gene and proteins expression of JAK2 and STAT3 compared with the DM group. These alterations were evidenced by the deficiency in memory and learning behaviors that were accompanied by histopathological findings of the hippocampus and the cortex. It was concluded that the nano formulations containing DM induced less neurobehavioral toxicity than free DM. Additionally, the use of nanocarriers reduced the damage to health and the environment.
Superposition Principle and Kirchhoff’s Integral Theorem
Authors: Krivoruchenko Mikhail I.
Published: June 2022

The need for modification of the Huygens–Fresnel superposition principle arises even in the description of the free fields of massive particles and, more extensively, in nonlinear field theories. A wide range of formulations and superposition schemes for secondary waves are captured by Kirchhoff’s integral theorem. We discuss various versions of this theorem as well as its connection with the superposition principle and the method of Green’s functions. A superposition scheme inherent in linear field theories, which is not based on Kirchhoff’s integral theorem but instead relies on the completeness condition, is also discussed.
The Morpho-Physio-Biochemical Attributes of Urban Trees for Resilience in Regional Ecosystems in Cities: A Mini-Review
Authors: Jang Jihwi , Leung David W. M.
Published: June 2022

Increased urbanization means human beings become the dominant species and reduction in canopy cover. Globally, urban trees grow under challenging and complex circumstances with urbanization trends of increasing anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, high temperature and drought stress. This study aims to provide a better understanding of urban trees’ morpho-physio-biochemical attributes that can support sustainable urban greening programs and urban climate change mitigation policies. Globally, urban dwellers’ population is on the rise and spreading to suburban areas over time with an increase in domestic CO2 emissions. Uncertainty and less information on urban tree diversification and resistance to abiotic stress may create deterioration of ecosystem resilience over time. This review uses general parameters for urban tree physiology studies and employs three approaches for evaluating ecosystem resilience based on urban stress resistance in relation to trees’ morphological, physiological and biochemical attributes. Due to the lack of a research model of ecosystem resilience and urban stress resistance of trees, this review demonstrates that the model concept supports future urban tree physiology research needs. In particular, it is necessary to develop integral methodologies and an urban tree research concept to assess how main and combined effects of drought and/or climate changes affect indigenous and exotic trees that are commonly grown in cities.
The Isolation and Full-Length Transcriptome Sequencing of a Novel Nidovirus and Response of Its Infection in Japanese Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Gong Chunguang , Zhang Yitong , Wang Guixing , Liu Yufeng , He Zhongwei , Ren Yuqin , Cao Wei , Zhao Haitao , Xu Yuhao , Wang Yufen , Hou Jilun
Published: June 2022

A novel nidovirus, CSBV Bces-Po19, was isolated from the marine fish, Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). The viral genome was 26,597 nucleotides long and shared 98.62% nucleotide identity with CSBV WHQSR4345. PacBio Sequel and Illumina sequencing were used to perform full-length transcriptome sequencing on CSBV Bces-Po19-sensitive (S) and -resistant (R) Japanese flounder. The results of negative staining revealed bacilliform and spherical virions. There were in total 1444 different genes between CSBV Bces-Po19 S and R groups, with 935 being up-regulated and 513 being down-regulated. Metabolism-, immune-, and RNA-related pathways were significantly enriched. Furthermore, CSBV Bces-Po19 infection induced alternative splicing (AS) events in Japanese flounder; the S group had a higher numbers of AS events (12,352) than the R group (11,452). The number of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) in the S group, on the other hand, was significantly lower than in the R group. In addition to providing valuable information that sheds more light on CSBV Bces-Po19 infection, these research findings provide further clues for CSBV Bces-Po19 prevention and treatment.
Review of Analyses Estimating Relative Vaccine Effectiveness of Cell-Based Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine in Three Consecutive US Influenza Seasons
Authors: Boikos Constantina , McGovern Ian , Molrine Deborah , Ortiz Justin R. , Puig-Barberà Joan , Haag Mendel
Published: June 2022

The adaptation of influenza seed viruses in egg culture can result in a variable antigenic vaccine match each season. The cell-based quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV4c) contains viruses grown in mammalian cell lines rather than eggs. IIV4c is not subject to egg-adaptive changes and therefore may offer improved protection relative to egg-based vaccines, depending on the degree of match with circulating influenza viruses. We summarize the relative vaccine effectiveness (rVE) of IIV4c versus egg-based quadrivalent influenza vaccines (IIV4e) to prevent influenza-related medical encounters (IRMEs) from three retrospective observational cohort studies conducted during the 2017–2018, 2018–2019, and 2019–2020 US influenza seasons using the same underlying electronic medical record dataset for all three seasons—with the addition of linked medical claims for the latter two seasons. We identified IRMEs using diagnostic codes specific to influenza disease (ICD J09*-J11*) from the records of over 10 million people. We estimated rVE using propensity score methods adjusting for age, sex, race, ethnicity, geographic location, week of vaccination, and health status. Subgroup analyses included specific age groups. IIV4c consistently had higher relative effectiveness than IIV4e across all seasons assessed, which were characterized by different dominant circulating strains and variable antigenic drift or egg adaptation.