bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A late IL‐33 response after exposure to Schistosoma haematobium antigen is associated with an up‐regulation of IL‐13 in human eosinophils
Authors: Wilson S. , Jones F. M. , Fofana H. K. M. , Landouré A. , Kimani G. , Mwatha J. K. , Sacko M. , Vennervald B. J. , Dunne D. W.
Published: March 2013

IL‐33, a proposed alarmin, stimulates innate immune cells and Th2 cells to produce IL‐13 and is rapidly upregulated upon antigen exposure in murine helminth infection. The human IL‐33 response to helminth antigen was analysed in Malians infected with Schistosoma haematobium by disrupting parasite integrity via chemotherapy. Plasma IL‐33 was measured pretreatment, and 24 h and 9 weeks post‐treatment. At 24 h post‐treatment, IL‐33 levels were low. Nine week post‐treatment IL‐33 levels were elevated and were associated with an increase in intracellular IL‐13 in eosinophils. Up‐regulation of intracellular IL‐13 in eosinophils was also associated with eosinophil expression of ST2L, the IL‐33 receptor. IL‐33 may play an important downstream role in the human response to schistosome adult worm antigen exposure.
Frontal midline theta and N200 amplitude reflect complementary information about expectancy and outcome evaluation
Authors: Hajihosseini Azadeh , Holroyd Clay B.
Published: March 2013

Feedback ERN (fERN) and frontal midline theta have both been proposed to index a dopamine‐like reinforcement learning signal in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). We investigated these proposals by comparing fERN amplitude and theta power with respect to their sensitivities to outcome valence and probability in a previously collected EEG dataset. Bayesian model comparison revealed a dissociation between the two measures, with fERN amplitude mainly sensitive to valence and theta power mainly sensitive to probability. Further, fERN amplitude was highly correlated with the portion of theta power that is consistent in phase across trials (i.e., evoked theta power). These results suggest that although both measures provide valuable information about cognitive function of frontal midline cortex, fERN amplitude is specifically sensitive to dopamine reinforcement learning signals whereas theta power reflects the ACC response to unexpected events.
Does Deployment to War Affect Public Service Motivation? A Panel Study of Soldiers Before and After Their Service in Afghanistan
Authors: Brænder Morten , Andersen Lotte Bøgh
Published: March 2013

Exposure to the extreme stress of warfare may affect soldiers’ perceptions of others and society. Using panel data from two companies on a tour of duty to Afghanistan in 2011, this article analyzes how different dimensions of soldiers’ public service motivation are influenced by deployment to war. As expected, soldiers’ compassion decreased and commitment to the public interest increased, while self‐sacrifice did not change systematically. Deployment to war was expected to affect inexperienced soldiers more than their experienced colleagues, but this hypothesis was only partially satisfied. The key contribution of the article is the use of panel data and the examination of motivational changes. Moreover, studying soldiers’ public service motivation enables us to connect public administration and military sociology and thereby to establish a better understanding of motivation in extreme settings.
Response of the COPD Assessment Test to pulmonary rehabilitation in unselected chronic respiratory disease
Authors: Kon Samantha S.C. , Clark Amy L. , Dilaver Deniz , Canavan Jane L. , Patel Mehul S. , Polkey Michael I. , Man William D.‐C.
Published: March 2013

Background and objective

The COPD Assessment Test (CAT) is a recently introduced, simple‐to‐use health status instrument that takes less time to complete than better‐established health status instruments. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, the CAT improves with pulmonary rehabilitation (PR), and changes correlate with improvements in longer‐established health status instruments such as the Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire (CRQ). Increasing numbers of non‐COPD patients are referred for PR, but it is not known whether the CAT is responsive to PR in these populations.

Methods

The CAT score was prospectively measured in 365 consecutive patients (255 COPD, 110 non‐COPD) before and after an 8‐week PR programme. Pre to post change in CAT was calculated for COPD and non‐COPD patients, and correlated with change in the CRQ.

Results

For both non‐COPD and COPD patients, there was a similar and significant improvement in the mean (95% confidence interval) CAT score following PR (non‐COPD: −2.1 (−1.0, −3.2) vs COPD: −3.0 (−2.2, −3.8); P = 0.19). Change in CAT was significantly correlated with all domains of the CRQ in non‐COPD patients (all P < 0.01).

Conclusions

As in COPD patients, the CAT is immediately responsive to PR in non‐COPD patients. Even in unselected chronic respiratory disease patients undergoing PR, the CAT is a practical alternative to longer‐established health status questionnaires.
Diagnostic utility of peripheral endobronchial ultrasound with electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy in peripheral lung nodules
Authors: Chee Alex , Stather David R. , MacEachern Paul , Martel Simon , Delage Antoine , Simon Mathieu , Dumoulin Elaine , Tremblay Alain
Published: March 2013

Background and objective

This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic utility of peripheral endobronchial ultrasound (pEBUS) followed by as‐needed electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy (ENB) for sampling peripheral lung nodules.

Methods

The study was a single‐arm, prospective cohort study of patients with peripheral lung nodules. Peripheral lung lesion localization was initially performed using a pEBUS probe with guide sheath. If localization failed with pEBUS alone, ENB was used to help identify the lesion. Transbronchial biopsy, bronchial brush, transbronchial needle aspiration and bronchial washings were performed.

Results

Sixty patients were enrolled with average lesion size of 27 mm and mean pleural distance of 20 mm. Lesions were found with pEBUS alone in 75% of cases. The addition of ENB improved lesion localization to 93%. However, diagnostic yield for pEBUS alone and pEBUS with ENB were 43% and 50%, respectively. Factors predicting need for ENB use included smaller lesion size and absence of an air bronchus sign on computed tomography.

Conclusions

ENB improves localization of lung lesions after unsuccessful pEBUS but is often not sufficient to ensure confirmation of a specific diagnosis. Technical improvements in sampling methods could improve the diagnostic yield.
Bile acids increase alveolar epithelial permeability via mitogen‐activated protein kinase, cytosolic phospholipase A2, cyclooxygenase‐2, prostaglandin E2 and junctional proteins
Authors: Su Kang‐Cheng , Wu Yu‐Chung , Chen Chun‐Sheng , Hung Ming‐Hui , Hsiao Yi‐Han , Tseng Ching‐Min , Chang Shi‐Chuan , Lee Yu‐Chin , Perng Diahn‐Warng
Published: March 2013

Background and objective

Bile acid (BA) aspiration is associated with various lung diseases. It was hypothesized that BA may induce changes in alveolar epithelium permeability and contribute to the pathogenesis of lung injury.

Methods

Human alveolar epithelial cells were grown in monolayer and stimulated with a major component of BA, chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA). Transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and paracellular fluxes were measured to assess permeability alteration. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production was measured, and its effect on TER and junctional proteins (JP) was also examined. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blots were used to investigate the expression of messenger RNA and JP.

Results

CDCA induced significant p38 and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation, cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) messenger RNA expression, PGE2 production, TER reduction and decay of JP (including occludin, zonula occludens‐1 (ZO‐1) and E‐cadherin, in which ZO‐1 had maximal change). CDCA also increased paracellular fluxes, which was abolished by dexamethasone. Both CDCA and PGE2 contributed to TER reduction in an identical trend and a dose–response manner. PGE2 also reduced ZO‐1 expression, which was similar to that observed by CDCA stimulation. Pretreatment with inhibitors of p38 (SB203580), JNK (SP600125), cPLA2 (mepacrine) and COX‐2 (NS398) as well as dexamethasone reversed the CDCA‐induced PGE2 production, TER reduction and decay of ZO‐1.

Conclusions

The increase in alveolar permeability was associated with decay of JP. BA may induce permeability alteration through the upregulation of mitogen‐activated protein kinase, cPLA2, COX‐2, PGE2 and JP, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of BA‐associated lung injury.
World Health Organization Regional Assessments of the Risks of Poliovirus Outbreaks
Authors: Lowther Sara A. , Roesel Sigrun , O'Connor Patrick , Landaverde Mauricio , Oblapenko George , Deshevoi Sergei , Ajay Goel , Buff Ann , Safwat Hala , Salla Mbaye , Tangermann Rudi , Khetsuriani Nino , Martin Rebecca , Wassilak Steven
Published: March 2013

While global polio eradication requires tremendous efforts in countries where wild polioviruses (WPVs) circulate, numerous outbreaks have occurred following WPV importation into previously polio‐free countries. Countries that have interrupted endemic WPV transmission should continue to conduct routine risk assessments and implement mitigation activities to maintain their polio‐free status as long as wild poliovirus circulates anywhere in the world. This article reviews the methods used by World Health Organization (WHO) regional offices to qualitatively assess risk of WPV outbreaks following an importation. We describe the strengths and weaknesses of various risk assessment approaches, and opportunities to harmonize approaches. These qualitative assessments broadly categorize risk as high, medium, or low using available national information related to susceptibility, the ability to rapidly detect WPV, and other population or program factors that influence transmission, which the regions characterize using polio vaccination coverage, surveillance data, and other indicators (e.g., sanitation), respectively. Data quality and adequacy represent a challenge in all regions. WHO regions differ with respect to the methods, processes, cut‐off values, and weighting used, which limits comparisons of risk assessment results among regions. Ongoing evaluation of indicators within regions and further harmonization of methods between regions are needed to effectively plan risk mitigation activities in a setting of finite resources for funding and continued WPV circulation.
Solutions to ABS Lattice Equations via Generalized Cauchy Matrix Approach
Authors: Zhang D.‐J. , Zhao S.‐L.
Published: March 2013

The usual Cauchy matrix approach starts from a known plain wave factor vector and known dressed Cauchy matrix . In this paper, we start from a determining matrix equation set with undetermined and . From the determining equation set we can build shift relations for some defined scalar functions and then derive lattice equations. The determining equation set admits more choices for and and in the paper we give explicit formulae for all possible and . As applications, we get more solutions than usual multisoliton solutions for many lattice equations including the lattice potential KdV equation, the lattice potential modified KdV equation, the lattice Schwarzian KdV equation, NQC equation, and some lattice equations in ABS list.
Approaches to Self‐Management in Chronic Illness
Authors: Novak Marta , Costantini Lucia , Schneider Sabrina , Beanlands Heather
Published: March 2013

Management of a chronic medical condition is a complex process and requires coordinated action between healthcare providers and patients. This process is further complicated by the fact that an increasing number of patients suffer from multiple chronic conditions. Self‐management involves active participation of the patients in the everyday care of the symptoms of their illness(es) and medical treatments, as well as maintaining general health and prevention of progression of medical conditions. Managing the psychosocial consequences of illness is also an important component of self‐management. Data have demonstrated that enhancing self‐management improves quality of life, coping, symptom management, disability, and reduces healthcare expenditures and service utilization. To foster self‐management, potential barriers to implementation as well as facilitators and supports for this approach must be acknowledged. In this article, we review various aspects of self‐management in chronic illness, focusing on chronic kidney disease. Better understanding of these concepts will facilitate patient–provider collaboration, improve patient care with increased patient and staff satisfaction, and may ultimately result in better clinical outcomes and enhanced quality of life for both the patients and their families.
Autogenic incision‐backfilling cycles and lobe formation during the growth of alluvial fans with supercritical distributaries
Authors: Hamilton Paul B. , Strom Kyle , Hoyal David C. J. D.
Published: March 2013

Autogenic cycles of channelization, terminal deposit formation, channel backfilling and channel abandonment have been observed in the formation of fans and deltas. In subcritical flow, these terminal deposits are characterized as mouth bars that lead to flow bifurcation, backwater and eventual channel backfilling. Similar, although less well characterized, cycles also take place on supercritical subaerial and submarine fans. This study investigates the hydraulics and morphodynamics of autogenic incision and backfilling cycles associated with supercritical distributive channel flow in alluvial fans. The research questions of the study are: (i) how are supercritical autogenic cycles on alluvial fans different from the subcritical cycles; (ii) what are the hydraulic and sediment transport characteristics at the various stages of autogenic feedback cycles; and (iii) what role do the cycles play in the overall fan evolution? These questions are investigated in the laboratory, and emphasis is placed on measuring the hydraulic and topographic evolution of the systems during the cycles. The cycles arise quasi‐periodically under constant water and sediment discharge. Periods of sheet‐like flow are competent to move sediment () but not competent enough to carry the full imposed load. The net result is preferential deposition near the inlet, resulting in fan steepening and an increase in flow competency with time. At a sediment supply to capacity ratio of , the sheet‐like flow is unstable to small erosional events near the inlet, resulting in the collapse of the distributed flow to a strong channelized state. During channelization, a graded () supercritical (Fr > 1) channel develops and transports eroded and fed sediment up to and through the fan front – extending the fan, initiating a lobe shaped deposit and reducing the local slope. The slopes defined by a sheet‐like flow with and channelized flow with set the maximum and minimum slopes on the fan, respectively. Once formed, graded channels act as bypass conduits linking the inlet with the terminal deposit. On average, deposits are up to six channel depths in thickness and have volumes approximately five times that of the excavated channel. The main distinctive characteristics of the supercritical cycles relate to how the flow interacts with the terminal deposit. At the channel to deposit transition, the flow undergoes a weak hydraulic jump, resulting in rapid sedimentation, dechannelization and lateral expansion of the flow, and deposition of any remaining sediment on top of the channel fill and floodplain. This process often caps the channel as the deposit propagates up channel erasing memory of the excavated channel.
Involvement of RP105 and Toll‐Like Receptors in the Activation of Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages by Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Liu B. , Fu Y. , Feng S. , Zhang X. , Liu Z. , Cao Y. , Li D. , Liang D. , Li F. , Zhang N. , Yang Z.
Published: March 2013

Staphylococcus aureus is the aetiological agent of many hospital‐ and community‐acquired infections. Toll‐like receptor 2 (TLR2) has been shown to play a crucial role in the host defence against S. aureus infection. The aim of this study is to investigate the roles of the heterogeneous TLR family proteins TLR2, TLR4 and RP105 during S. aureus infection. Peritoneal macrophages from mice were exposed to S. aureus. Their production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, their expression of cell‐surface markers and interactions between TLR2, TLR4 and RP105 were assessed in the presence or absence of inhibitory antibodies against TLR2, TLR4/MD‐2 and RP105/MD‐1 complexes. Our results demonstrate that not only TLR2 but also TLR4 and RP105 are involved in the response of macrophages to S. aureus, that TLR2, TLR4 and RP105 physically interact with each other during S. aureus infection, and that TLR2, TLR4 and RP105 both cooperate and play unique roles in the production of inflammatory cytokines (TNF‐α, IL‐12p40 and IL‐10) and chemokine (RANTES) by macrophages after S. aureus infection. This study characterizes the important roles that TLR2, TLR4 and RP105 play in host resistance against S. aureus infection.
Meningococcal Omp85 in Detergent‐Extracted Outer Membrane Vesicle Vaccines Induces High Levels of Non‐Functional Antibodies in Mice
Authors: Wedege E. , Lie K. , Bolstad K. , Weynants V. E. , Halstensen A. , Herstad T. K. , Kreutzberger J. , Nome L. , Næss L. M. , Aase A.
Published: March 2013

The vaccine potential of meningococcal Omp85 was studied by comparing the immune responses of genetically modified deoxycholate‐extracted outer membrane vesicles, expressing five‐fold higher levels of Omp85, with wild‐type vesicles. Groups (n = 6–12) of inbred and outbred mouse strains (Balb/c, C57BL/6, OFI and NMRI) were immunized with the two vaccines, and the induced antibody levels and bactericidal and opsonic activities measured. Except for Balb/c mice, which were low responders, the genetically modified vaccine raised high Omp85 antibody levels in all mouse strains. In comparison, the wild‐type vaccine gave lower antibody levels, but NMRI mice responded to this vaccine with the same high levels as the modified vaccine in the other strains. Although the vaccines induced strain‐dependent Omp85 antibody responses, the mouse strains showed high and similar serum bactericidal titres. Titres were negligible with heterologous or PorA‐negative meningococcal target strains, demonstrating the presence of the dominant bactericidal PorA antibodies. The two vaccines induced the same opsonic titres. Thus, the genetically modified vaccine with high Omp85 antibody levels and the wild‐type vaccine induced the same levels of functional activities related to protection against meningococcal disease, suggesting that meningococcal Omp85 is a less attractive vaccine antigen.
Not Just the Price of Food: Challenges of an Urban Agriculture Organization in Engaging Local Residents
Authors: Kato Yuki
Published: March 2013

This case study of a community‐supported agriculture (CSA) organization in New Orleans focuses on the lack of participation in the CSA market by the local residents despite its intentions, and how various constituencies diagnose the causes of the disengagement. Interview and ethnographic observation data indicate a general consensus on the economic constraints, but some non‐resident supporters of the organization attributed the issue to lack of knowledge about the food system or the benefits of local food consumption. The residents, on the other hand, pointed to spatial and sociocultural barriers that made the market and its location less accessible to them, including the produce selection and purchase options, convenience of access to the market, and the race‐related historical and spatial context of the market's location. These findings suggest that the food access concerns of the food justice movement may be more easily addressed than the food sovereignty concerns. Food as a unique resource poses an additional challenge for the movement to construct an effective food justice frame.
Psoriasis plaque test with confocal microscopy: evaluation of different microscopic response pathways in NSAID and steroid treated lesions
Authors: Ardigò Marco , Agozzino Marina , Longo Caterina , Conti Andrea , Di Lernia Vito , Berardesca Enzo , Pellacani Giovanni
Published: March 2013

Background

Pathophysiology of psoriasis is complex and characterized by microscopic, specific changes. In vivo reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) provides tissue and cell morphology information in non‐invasive way, generating quasi‐histologic resolution. Concerning plaque psoriasis, confocal criteria have been described disclosing high agreement between RCM and conventional histology.

Objective

We sought to evaluate the in vivo microscopic changes in plaque psoriasis occurring during treatment with two distinct actives (aceclofenac and betamethason).

Methods

A total of 32 patients with psoriasis were recruited. Two lesions from the same body area or symmetrical were evaluated at baseline and after 3–6 weeks by RCM.

Results

Aceclofenac induced clinical improvement in 32% of patients after 3 weeks and in 76% after 6 weeks. With betamethason, at the end of the 3rd week, the 45% of patients showed improvement that increased to 81% at the end of the study. Single confocal criteria was evaluated and results underwent to statistical analysis considering the modification of the microscopical changes during the two treatments.

Conclusion

RCM followed the microscopic changes during treatment and enabled to differentiate effects of different actives. Although data are preliminary and based on a limited sample, aceclofenac seems to be effective in the treatment for psoriasis.
EPR spectroscopic investigation of psoriatic finger nails
Authors: Nakagawa Kouichi , Minakawa Satoko , Sawamura Daisuke
Published: March 2013

Background

Nail lesions are common features of psoriasis and found in almost half of the patients. However, there is no feasible spectroscopic method evaluating changes and severity of nail psoriasis. EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance) might be feasible for evaluating nail conditions in the patients of psoriasis.

Methods

Finger nails of five cases with nail psoriasis, (three females and two males) were examined. Nail samples were subjected to the EPR assay. The small piece of the finger nail (1.5 × 5 mm2) was incubated in ~50 μM 5‐DSA (5‐doxylstearic acid) aqueous solutions for about 60 min at 37°C. After rinsing and wiping off the excess 5‐DSA solution, the nail samples were measured by EPR.

Results

EPR spectra were analyzed using the intensity ratio (Fast/Slow) of the two motions at the peaks of the lower magnetic field. We observed two distinguishable sites on the basis of the EPR results. In addition, the modern EPR calculation was performed to analyze the spectra obtained. The nail psoriasis‐related region is 2~3 times higher than that of the control.

Conclusion

The present EPR results show that there are two distinguishable sites in the nail. In the case of nail psoriasis, the fragile components are 2~3 times more than those of the control. Thus, the EPR method is thought to be a novel and reliable method of evaluating the nail psoriasis.
Insights into variation across children based on longitudinal Dutch data on phonological acquisition
Authors: Fikkert Paula , Altvater‐Mackensen Nicole
Published: March 2013

Spontaneous child language data are often extremely variable: the same child may utter words in many different ways even during the same session (within child variation) and children often differ in the way they produce particular structures (across child variation), leading to different learning paths for different children. This paper focuses on across child variation and discusses three phenomena, previously studied in isolation: the acquisition of complex word‐initial clusters, the acquisition of word‐final consonant clusters and the acquisition of manner of articulation features. After briefly summarizing the main findings reported in previous research based on the Dutch CLPF (Clara Levelt – Paula Fikkert) corpus of longitudinal language production data of twelve monolingual Dutch children, we report on our investigation of the various developmental patterns regarding the three phenomena, arguing that the different learning paths are at least in part dependent on each other and reveal the use of different learning strategies.
All input isn't equal: how the nature of the learner shapes language acquisition
Authors: Gagliardi Annie
Published: March 2013

To acquire a language, a child must keep track of input from the linguistic environment and infer what grammar generated it. However, not all of the information in the input is available to the child. What the child can encode from the input changes across development, as a function of what information the child can process, and what he knows and expects about the system being acquired. In this paper I present a novel word learning experiment where children generalize differently depending on whether they are learning word meanings or word classes. While the linguistic input could lead to multiple generalizations, children use it in systematically different ways depending on the problem they are trying to solve. This result reflects both content of the input and constraints on learning stemming from hypotheses the learner brings to the task.
Generic reference in adult German bilinguals: how bilinguals deal with variation
Authors: Kupisch Tanja , Barton Dagmar
Published: March 2013

This study investigates subject nominals in German in adult simultaneous bilinguals (2L1s) with French or Italian as the other language, focusing on plural and mass nouns with a definite article. These have a specific interpretation in written Standard German, while they are ambiguous between a specific and a generic interpretation in the Romance languages and in some varieties of German. The aims are to (i) characterize the end‐state grammar regarding a phenomenon that does not only show partially overlapping syntactic properties in the two target languages but also intra‐linguistic variation, (ii) compare 2L1 and L1 end‐state grammars, (iii) investigate the role of frequency of exposure and (iv) study the role of overlap with the contact languages. Results from an acceptability judgment task and a truth value judgment task suggest that 2L1s with frequent exposure to German are more conservative than monolinguals, tending towards overcorrection rather than cross‐linguistic influence.
Bilinguals vs. monolinguals: Where is the difference?
Authors: Mykhaylyk Roksolana
Published: March 2013

It has been suggested earlier that the reinforced syntactic variation in bilingual input might lead to cross‐linguistic influence and vulnerability in some areas of the child grammar. This study verifies this suggestion against new experimental data. Since direct object scrambling is optional in Ukrainian and prohibited in English, it could be a more vulnerable domain in Ukrainian‐English bilingual acquisition than in monolingual Ukrainian acquisition. It appears, however, that 2;2–6;3‐year‐old bilingual children mostly follow similar patterns in scrambling production as their monolingual peers. Several aspects of possible distinctions are discussed (i.e., direct object type and pragmatic sensitivity), but the available data do not allow us to claim that there are significant group differences between bilinguals and monolinguals in regard to the considered phenomenon at the syntax‐semantics interface.
Leopard spot variation: What dialects have to say about variation, change and acquisition
Authors: Poletto Cecilia
Published: March 2013

In this work I intend to discuss some general properties of dialectal variation which have import on the theory of language acquisition. I will first briefly discuss whether dialectal variation is qualitatively different from typological variation, a prediction made by a theory which assumes that there exist macro‐ and microparameters, as dialectal variation should only display microparameters. As this is not the case, I argue against the idea of a hierarchical order of parameters that the child has to set progressively in language acquisition, and in favor of an idea of a constellation of abstract properties connected by the fact that they share some primitive components that cluster to form what we call “formal features” in a way similar to how articulatory features cluster to combine phonemes. The second part of the article deals with what is indeed peculiar to dialectal variation, namely the type of distribution called “leopard spots” by traditional dialectologists and puts forth the idea that it can be used to formulate more precise hypotheses on the structure of functional items inside a framework like the cartographic/nano‐syntax one.
Referring expressions in the narratives of Italian‐English bilingual children
Authors: Wolleb Anna
Published: March 2013

In this paper, I present the results of a study investigating the referring expressions and the selection of word order in the narrative productions of Italian‐English bilingual children and of a control group of Italian monolingual children. The aim of the study is to establish whether bilingual children overproduce overt subjects in Italian in contexts of [–topic‐shift], where a null pronoun is the most appropriate option. In addition, the potential difference between the two groups is analysed in terms of the selection of the word order in contexts of presentational focus, where VS is the favoured option for Italian monolinguals. The results show that bilingual children do not overproduce overt pronouns in their narratives, instead they show a weaker preference for the VS word order.
Cross‐linguistic influence outside the syntax‐pragmatics interface: a case study of the acquisition of definiteness
Authors: Anderssen Merete , Bentzen Kristine
Published: March 2013

During the last decade it has been argued that the syntax‐pragmatics interface is particularly vulnerable in bilingual contexts. Several studies have identified this interface as the typical locus for cross‐linguistic influence. Another factor used to explain deviant development in bilinguals is structural overlap between the two languages involved. In this paper we investigate the acquisition of Norwegian definiteness marking in a Norwegian‐English bilingual girl. Her development is different from that of her monolingual peers, and we claim that this difference is qualitative, rather than quantitative. We argue that the observed deviance is not due to a vulnerable syntax‐pragmatics interface. Rather, we claim that the pattern results from structural transfer from English, facilitated by superficial similarities between the two languages with respect to the use of a prenominal determiner.
Experience with a massive transfusion protocol in the management of massive haemorrhage
Authors: Sinha R. , Roxby D. , Bersten A.
Published: March 2013

Background and objectives

A massive transfusion response (MTR) was introduced in 2007 to provide blood and blood products in a timelier manner. Aim of this study was to determine whether implementation of the MTR was associated with a change in clinical practice or mortality.

Materials and methods

All MTR activations from 2008 to 2011 were included in the study. Patients who had received a massive transfusion (MT ≥ 10 units RBC in 24 h) as part of the MTR (MT‐MTR) were compared with a historical group of MT patients (MT‐Pre‐MTR) from 2004 to 2006. Blood product usage including fresh frozen plasma (FFP) : RBC and platelet : RBC ratios and mortality were compared between the two groups.

Results

Out of 169 MTR activations, 13 patients (8%) did not use any blood products, 73 (43%) used <10 units of RBC in a 24‐h period and 83 received a MT. The median number of units of FFP and platelets transfused in the MT‐MTR group were 10 [interquartile range (IQR) 7–17] vs 6 (5–10) [P < 0·001] and 3 (IQR 2–4) vs 2 (IQR 1–3) [P < 0·001] in the MT‐Pre‐MTR group of patients, respectively. The MT‐MTR group received a higher 24‐h FFP : RBC ratio (1 : 1·4 vs 1 : 2·4, P < 0·001). Overall mortality between the MT‐MTR and MT‐Pre‐MTR groups (29% vs 23%, P = 0·43) and 90‐day mortality was 25% vs 29% (P = 0·40), respectively.

Conclusion

Although there has been a significant change in transfusion practice in MT patients using a MTR, no change in mortality could be documented using such a protocol.
Knowledge of Philadelphia University students regarding blood donation
Authors: Batiha A.‐M. , AlBashtawy M.
Published: March 2013

Objective

To assess the knowledge of Philadelphia University students regarding blood donation.

Background

Saving lives could be the ultimate humanitarian gift. Blood transfusion is an essential part of any national health service for optimal management of emergency situations.

Methods/Materials

A non‐experimental, cross‐sectional survey was used. A well‐structured, validated questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge of 770 Jordanian university students about voluntary blood donation, and t‐test was used to compare the difference between two means.

Results

The total number of participants was 696, from 770 students invited to participate in this survey, a response rate of 90·4%. The female students had a higher knowledge score (57·28%) than the male students (54·12%), but this was not found to be statistically significant.

Conclusion

The findings of this study revealed that the university students' awareness about blood donation was poor and needed to be improved. Furthermore, the need for education programs and motivational campaigns should be enhanced.
Auxin promotes susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae via a mechanism independent of suppression of salicylic acid‐mediated defenses
Authors: Mutka Andrew M. , Fawley Stephen , Tsao Tiffany , Kunkel Barbara N.
Published: March 2013

Auxin is a key plant growth regulator that also impacts plant–pathogen interactions. Several lines of evidence suggest that the bacterial plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae manipulates auxin physiology in Arabidopsis thaliana to promote pathogenesis. Pseudomonas syringae strategies to alter host auxin biology include synthesis of the auxin indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) and production of virulence factors that alter auxin responses in host cells. The application of exogenous auxin enhances disease caused by P. syringae strain DC3000. This is hypothesized to result from antagonism between auxin and salicylic acid (SA), a major regulator of plant defenses, but this hypothesis has not been tested in the context of infected plants. We further investigated the role of auxin during pathogenesis by examining the interaction of auxin and SA in the context of infection in plants with elevated endogenous levels of auxin. We demonstrated that elevated IAA biosynthesis in transgenic plants overexpressing the YUCCA 1 (YUC1) auxin biosynthesis gene led to enhanced susceptibility to DC3000. Elevated IAA levels did not interfere significantly with host defenses, as effector‐triggered immunity was active in YUC1‐overexpressing plants, and we observed only minor effects on SA levels and SA‐mediated responses. Furthermore, a plant line carrying both the YUC1‐overexpression transgene and the salicylic acid induction deficient 2 (sid2) mutation, which impairs SA synthesis, exhibited additive effects of enhanced susceptibility from both elevated auxin levels and impaired SA‐mediated defenses. Thus, in IAA overproducing plants, the promotion of pathogen growth occurs independently of suppression of SA‐mediated defenses.
Expanding the spectral palette of fluorescent proteins for the green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Rasala Beth A. , Barrera Daniel J. , Ng Jenny , Plucinak Thomas M. , Rosenberg Julian N. , Weeks Donald P. , Oyler George A. , Peterson Todd C. , Haerizadeh Farzad , Mayfield Stephen P.
Published: March 2013

Fluorescent proteins (FPs) have become essential tools for a growing number of fields in biology. However, such tools have not been widely adopted for use in microalgal research. The aim of this study was to express and compare six FPs (blue mTagBFP, cyan mCerulean, green CrGFP, yellow Venus, orange tdTomato and red mCherry) in the popular model microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. To circumvent the transgene silencing that often occurs in C. reinhardtii, the FPs were expressed from the nuclear genome as transcriptional fusions with the sh‐ble antibiotic resistance gene, with the foot and mouth disease virus 2A self‐cleaving sequence placed between the coding sequences. All ble–2A–FPs tested are well‐expressed and efficiently processed to yield mature, unfused FPs that localize throughout the cytoplasm. The fluorescence signals of each FP were detectable in whole cells by fluorescence microplate reader analysis, live‐cell fluorescence microscopy, and flow cytometry. Furthermore, we report a comparative analysis of fluorescence levels relative to auto‐fluorescence for the chosen FPs. Finally, we demonstrate that the ble–2A expression vector may be used to fluorescently label an endogenous protein (α‐tubulin). We show that the mCerulean–α‐tubulin fusion protein localizes to the cytoskeleton and flagella, as expected, and that cells containing this fusion protein had normal cellular function. Overall, our results indicate that, by use of the ble–2A nuclear expression construct, a wide array of FP tools and technologies may be applied to microalgal research, opening up many possibilities for microalgal biology and biotechnology.
Microtubule nucleation and establishment of the mitotic spindle in vascular plant cells
Authors: Masoud Kinda , Herzog Etienne , Chabouté Marie‐Edith , Schmit Anne‐Catherine
Published: March 2013

The microtubular cytoskeleton plays a major role in cellular organization and proliferation. The first step in construction of a microtubule is microtubule nucleation. Individual microtubules then participate in organization of more complex microtubule arrays. A strong body of evidence suggests that the underlying molecular mechanisms involve protein complexes that are conserved among eukaryotes. However, plant cell specificities, mainly characterized by the presence of a cell wall and the absence of centrosomes, must be taken into account to understand their mitotic processes. The goal of this review is to summarize and discuss current knowledge regarding the mechanisms involved in plant spindle assembly during early mitotic events. The functions of the proteins currently characterized at microtubule nucleation sites and involved in spindle assembly are considered during cell‐cycle progression from G2 phase to metaphase.
The E domains of pentatricopeptide repeat proteins from different organelles are not functionally equivalent for RNA editing
Authors: Chateigner‐Boutin Anne‐Laure , Colas des Francs‐Small Catherine , Fujii Sota , Okuda Kenji , Tanz Sandra K. , Small Ian
Published: March 2013

RNA editing in plants is an essential post‐transcriptional process that modifies the genetic information encoded in organelle genomes. Forward and reverse genetics approaches have revealed the prevalent role of pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins in editing in both plastids and mitochondria, confirming the shared origin of this process in both organelles. The E domain at or near the C terminus of these proteins has been shown to be essential for editing, and is presumed to recruit the enzyme that deaminates the target cytidine residue. Here, we describe two mutants, otp71 and otp72, disrupted in genes encoding mitochondrial E–type PPR proteins with single editing defects in ccmFN2 and rpl16 transcripts, respectively. Comparisons between the E domains of these proteins and previously reported editing factors from chloroplasts suggested that there are characteristic differences in the proteins between the two organelles. To test this, we swapped E domains between two mitochondrial and two chloroplast editing factors. In all cases investigated, E domains from the same organelle (chloroplast or mitochondria) were found to be exchangeable; however, swapping the E domain between organelles led to non‐functional editing factors. We conclude that the E domains of mitochondrial and plastid PPR proteins are not functionally equivalent, and therefore that an important component of the putative editing complexes in the two organelles may be different.
Effects of XRCC2 and RAD51B mutations on somatic and meiotic recombination in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Da Ines Olivier , Degroote Fabienne , Amiard Simon , Goubely Chantal , Gallego Maria E. , White Charles I.
Published: March 2013

Homologous recombination is key to the maintenance of genome integrity and the creation of genetic diversity. At the mechanistic level, recombination involves the invasion of a homologous DNA template by broken DNA ends, repair of the break and exchange of genetic information between the two DNA molecules. Invasion of the template in eukaryotic cells is catalysed by the RAD51 and DMC1 recombinases, assisted by a number of accessory proteins, including the RAD51 paralogues. Eukaryotic genomes encode a variable number of RAD51 paralogues, ranging from two in yeast to five in animals and plants. The RAD51 paralogues form at least two distinct protein complexes, believed to play roles in the assembly and stabilization of the RAD51‐DNA nucleofilament. Somatic recombination assays and immunocytology confirm that the three ‘non‐meiotic’ paralogues of Arabidopsis, RAD51B, RAD51D and XRCC2, are involved in somatic homologous recombination, and that they are not required for the formation of radioinduced RAD51 foci. Given the presence of all five proteins in meiotic cells, the apparent absence of a meiotic role for RAD51B, RAD51D and XRCC2 is surprising, and perhaps simply the result of a more subtle meiotic phenotype in the mutants. Analysis of meiotic recombination confirms this, showing that the absence of XRCC2, and to a lesser extent RAD51B, but not RAD51D, increases rates of meiotic crossing over. The roles of RAD51B and XRCC2 in recombination are thus not limited to mitotic cells.
Specificity and Regulation of the Endoplasmic Reticulum‐Associated Degradation Machinery
Authors: Merulla Jessica , Fasana Elisa , Soldà Tatiana , Molinari Maurizio
Published: March 2013

The endoplasmic reticulum‐associated degradation (ERAD) machinery selects native and misfolded polypeptides for dislocation across the ER membrane and proteasomal degradation. Regulated degradation of native proteins is an important aspect of cell physiology. For example, it contributes to the control of lipid biosynthesis, calcium homeostasis and ERAD capacity by setting the turnover rate of crucial regulators of these pathways. In contrast, degradation of native proteins has pathologic relevance when caused by viral or bacterial infections, or when it occurs as a consequence of dysregulated ERAD activity. The efficient disposal of misfolded proteins prevents toxic depositions and persistent sequestration of molecular chaperones that could induce cellular stress and perturb maintenance of cellular proteostasis. In the first section of this review, we survey the available literature on mechanisms of selection of native and non‐native proteins for degradation from the ER and on how pathogens hijack them. In the second section, we highlight the mechanisms of ERAD activity adaptation to changes in the ER environment with a particular emphasis on the post‐translational regulatory mechanisms collectively defined as ERAD tuning.
The BEACH Is Hot: A LYST of Emerging Roles for BEACH‐Domain Containing Proteins in Human Disease
Authors: Cullinane Andrew R. , Schäffer Alejandro A. , Huizing Marjan
Published: March 2013

BEACH (named after ‘Beige and Chediak‐Higashi’) is a conserved ∼280 residue domain, present in nine human BEACH domain containing proteins (BDCPs). Most BDCPs are large, containing a PH‐like domain for membrane association preceding their BEACH domain, and containing WD40 and other domains for ligand binding. Recent studies found that mutations in individual BDCPs cause several human diseases. BDCP alterations affect lysosome size (LYST and NSMAF), apoptosis (NSMAF), autophagy (LYST, WDFY3, LRBA), granule size (LYST, NBEAL2, NBEA) or synapse formation (NBEA). However, the roles of each BDCP in these membrane events remain controversial. After reviewing studies on individual BDCPs, we propose a unifying hypothesis that BDCPs act as scaffolding proteins that facilitate membrane events, including both fission and fusion, determined by their binding partners. BDCPs may also bind each other, enabling fusion or fission of vesicles that are not necessarily of the same type. Such mechanisms explain why different BDCPs may have roles in autophagy; each BDCP is specific for the cell type or the cargo, but not necessarily specific for attaching to the autophagosome. Further elucidation of these mechanisms, preferably carrying out the same experiment on multiple BDCPs, and possibly using patients' cells, may identify potential targets for therapy.
Seeing power in international development cooperation: environmental policy integration and the World Bank
Authors: Cashmore Matthew , Richardson Tim , Axelsson Anna
Published: March 2013

The aim of this paper is to sharpen the ways in which power dynamics can be analytically ‘seen’ in complex governance contexts where particular ways of governing, and their associated horizons of thought, shape and are in turn shaped by intricate interactions between actors. A theoretical approach is proposed, combining a governmentality perspective with Stewart Clegg's theory of circuits of power. The framework is applied in a case study of experimentation by the World Bank with a new tool for Environmental Policy Integration (EPI). Rather than conceptualising the EPI tool as a governmental technology through which the World Bank could promote its favoured vision of political culture in a local setting (here urban planning in Dhaka, Bangladesh), an alternative account is generated that reveals a will to power among the international development community, realised through the construction of knowledge. This alternative approach suggests that the primary motivation for the will to power is not, as a neo‐colonial perspective might suggest, power over developing countries, but relational power at the international scale. It is concluded that the narrative generated through our hybrid analytical perspective demonstrates the usefulness of multi‐theoretic approaches and offers a useful extension to the analytical purchase of governmentality.