bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CHANGES IN IMPLICIT LEADERSHIP THEORY CONSTELLATIONS THROUGHOUT A DEVELOPMENTAL EXPERIENCE
Authors: Reichard Rebecca J. , Ellis Brendon , Powers Kristine W. , Walker Dayna O. H. , Priest Kerry
Published: February 2022

Challenging, novel, and educational experiences are critical contributors to effective leader and follower development, in part, because such developmental experiences enable people to reconceptualize their perceptions about the traits and characteristics of effective leaders, or their implicit leadership theory (ILT). To understand how ILTs develop throughout developmental experiences, we examine the ILTs of 276 undergraduate students at the beginning and end of their first year of college. Using an open-ended ILT response format, a unique ILT trait of integrity emerged along with the dominant ILT traits of sensitivity, charisma, and dedication identified in previous literature. Overcoming limitations of the factor-based ILT approach, we investigate the development of ILT constellations, allowing a holistic picture of ILTs and how they throughout a developmental experience. Based on cluster analyses, four constellations of ILT themes emerged. Participants shifted to different ILT constellations after a year in college, moving from a non-descript, varied constellation toward constellations with clearly defined, dominant themes. Exploratory analysis revealed that completion of leadership coursework partially explains the shift towards more descript ILT constellations. Results have implications for new methods of future research using the ILTs constellation perspective and the practice of undergraduate leadership education in facilitating leader development among college students.
ACADEMIC PEER MENTORSHIP AS A LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT EXPERIENCE: Fostering Leadership Self-Efficacy
Authors: Byrne Virginia L. , Jardine Hannah E. , Williams Alexis Y. , Donlan Alice E.
Published: February 2022

Undergraduate academic peer mentors gain a deeper understanding of the academic content and develop professional teaching and coaching skills. While the value of this high impact practice is well documented for academic outcomes, little is known about the leadership self-efficacy that results from serving as an academic peer mentor. In this initial quantitative study of a cross-disciplinary academic peer mentoring program for 79 American undergraduates, we found that after serving as an academic peer mentor, students reported higher self-efficacy for leading groups. Academic peer mentorship programs show promise as a leadership development opportunity for college students.
CONCEPTUALIZING LEADERSHIP IN COMMUNITIES IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH EXPERIENCING GENERATIONAL POVERTY: An Exploratory Case Study in Muñoz, Dominican Republic
Authors: Briscoe Patricia
Published: February 2022

This exploratory case study adds to the growing literature on leaders and leadership development in communities experiencing poverty in the global south. It explores how leadership is conceptualized among community-identified leaders in Muñoz, Dominican Republic. Drawn from semistructured interviews, the eight participant narratives provide insight into potential approaches for developing local leadership capacity that may help combat generational poverty. The recommendations from this study highlight the need to support the development of human capital using an anticolonial framework. The recommendations are especially relevant for leadership groups preparing to work or currently working in the nonprofit sector. By knowing how to better support the development of localized leadership within communities of poverty, external nonprofit agencies— particularly those from the global north—can better support communities and mitigate the risk of perpetuating colonial dynamics and power structures.
CREATING A CULTURE OF TEAMWORK THROUGH THE USE OF THE TEAMSTEPPS FRAMEWORK: A review of the literature and considerations for Nurse Practitioners
Authors: Brooks Andrea , Fitzpatrick Suzanna , Dunlap Eleanor
Published: February 2022

Teamwork is essential for patient safety as highly functioning teams make fewer errors. In high acuity academic medical centers, care delivery is complex and ever-changing, creating a high-risk environment for safety concerns. These intricate settings demand a collaborative approach to care delivery, where structured methods of teamwork and communication are engrained in day-to-day practice. With teamwork being a critical component of patient safety and communication failures likened to preventable medical errors, hospitals are looking to bolster leadership training and improve team dynamics. TeamSTEPPS is a proven method shown to enhance teamwork, communication, leadership, and patient satisfaction. TeamSTEPPS provides an evidence-based framework to optimize patient outcomes by improving communication and teamwork skills among healthcare professionals. Current literature on teamwork and communication demonstrates that nurse practitioners are uniquely positioned to improve team performance through the use of the TeamSTEPPS framework.
WE’RE NOT WORKING WITH A BLANK SLATE: Students’ pre-college leadership activities and perceived parenting behavior as predictors of college-based leader emergence and leader self-efficacy
Authors: McCarron Graziella Pagliarulo , Zhou Steven , Campbell Alec , Schierbeek Elizabeth , Muscente Kailee Kodama
Published: February 2022

The purpose of this study was to explore how variables such as student demographics, pre-college leadership activities, and perceived pre-college parenting behaviors predict students’ leader self-efficacy (i.e., individuals’ confidence in themselves to lead and belief that others will support their leadership [Hannah et al., 2008]) in college and leader emergence (i.e., college-based leadership involvements [DeRue & Ashford, 2010]) in college. Undergraduate students (n = 420) at a large, public university in the Mid-Atlantic were surveyed to examine these relationships and data were analyzed using hierarchical and logistic regression, with appropriate controls and moderators. Findings included discovery that pre-college engagement with sports team positional leadership, community service, extracurriculars, and positive parenting behaviors, such as family routine and greater quality time with parents, predicted leader self-efficacy. Further, findings noted that pre-college community service, extracurriculars, peer tutoring and perceptions of parental quality time and proactive parenting predicted leader emergence. This study suggests that students’ leadership development is influenced by myriad systems across the lifespan and demonstrates that, as educators committed to student development, we must engage the full arc of our students’ leadership journeys and provide for intentional partnerships between higher education and the K-12 community.
LEADERS AND SCHOLARS: How Faculty Mentoring Behavior Influences the Development of Leadership Self Efficacy
Authors: Orsini Jonathan , Coers Natalie
Published: February 2022

Students pursuing doctoral degrees are expected to become leaders in their disciplines. Given that, leadership development should be an important part of any curriculum that prepares doctoral students for professional careers after graduation. However, there are questions regarding the effectiveness and prevalence of formal leadership development structures in graduate school. With this gap in formal professional preparation, faculty mentors are expected to provide the necessary socialization, support, and guidance for doctoral students to develop as leaders in their disciplines. This mixed-methods study of graduate students was conducted using online questionnaires and personal interviews to determine the impact of faculty mentoring behaviors on the development of doctoral student leadership self-efficacy. Findings suggest that students in doctoral programs experience significant negative emotional arousal in the form of uncertainty, anxiety, and self-doubt. Faculty mentors that are accessible, trustworthy, and provide constructive feedback can mitigate these negative feelings and encourage the development of leadership self-efficacy through verbal support and mastery experiences. In addition, the data suggests that active student cohorts and effective departmental leadership are also important to the development of doctoral student leadership self-efficacy.
AS “VELHAS ASSANHADAS” DE HILDA HILST: UMA ANÁLISE DE TRÊS TEXTOS PORNOGRÁFICOS
Authors: Pugina Rosana Letícia
Published: February 2022

Hilda Hilst (1930-2004), a partir de 1990, quando publicou seu “adeus literário”, começou a dar gênese à sua erotica verba. Marcadas pelas baixezas das experiências humanas, as produções dessa fase compõem a tetralogia obscena e pornográfica da escritora paulista, a qual se encontra reunida na antologia Pornô Chic (2018a). Nessa coletânea, encontra-se também o texto teatral Berta & Isabô: um fragmento pornogeriátrico rural (2018b), o qual, apesar de não compor oficialmente a tetralogia, traz o tom burlesco típico dos escritos hilstianos. Além da obscenidade inerente às produções, outro traço aproxima algumas das obras da antologia: a presença de “velhas assanhadas”. Elas aparecem no conto “Bestera”, parte de Cartas de um sedutor (2018c); no poema “A Chapéu”, pertencente à Bufólicas (2018d); e na peça citada (2018b). Em relação ao corpus, esses textos foram escolhidos porque trazem, através das figuras das anciãs, a representação do conceito de “erótica senil” (MORAES, 2015), bem como uma dissolução da convenção discursiva acerca da “velha assanhada” (VISNADI, 2015), a qual foi construída secularmente na literatura. Como objetivos, busca-se compreender a constituição fônica das velhinhas em contraste com o padrão construído acerca da velhice feminina (BEAUVOIR, 1967), como também aproximar as obras do dispositivo pornográfico (MAINGUENEAU, 2010). Sobre a metodologia, é exploratória, qualitativa e bibliográfica. Ao final, espera-se confirmar que as quatro anciãs, em seus diálogos debochados, enfrentam a censura que fere as suas existências, sobretudo quanto ao exercício da sexualidade na velhice e ao silenciamento histórico das mulheres.
Exploring Pre-Service Teachers’ Perspectives: Gender and Gender Representation across Human Protagonists in Picture Books
Authors: Haghanikar Taraneh Matloob , Jiang Shan , Tomek Sara , Hooper Lisa M.
Published: February 2022

Gender is ever present in education preparation, school materials, curriculum, and school systems. To improve our knowledge about different facets of gender and the extent to which the depiction of gender has changed over time in picture books, there is a need to dig beneath the surface of questions about gender representation in picture books. Given that in-service teachers have proximity to approximately 75 million K-12 students, how in-service teachers think about gender, gender representation, and their own experiences with gender socialization have important implications on how K-12 students think, act, and feel about gender. In this study, we focused on teachers’ responses to a semester-long assignment about the selection and review of picture books. Specifically, we captured teachers’ perceptions on gendered images evidenced in picture books and to what extent there are changes (i.e., economical, emotional, physical, political, and social) in the central character throughout the book. We also explored if perceived changes were different based on the gender of the characters. Teachers reported four types of changes among the characters in the picture book. Emotionally changes in the books’ central characters emerged as the most commonly reported change among our participants.
Genetic analysis for designing an ideotype of high-yielding sorghum based on existing lines performance
Authors: Wirnas Desta , Oktanti Neni , Rahmi Hana Nur , ANDRIANI DEWI , FATURRAHMAN Faturrahman , RINI ERIN PUSPITA , Marwiyah Siti , TRIKOESOEMANINGTYAS Trikoesoemaningtyas , SOPANDIE DIDY
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Wirnas D, Oktanti N, Rahmi HN, Andriani D, Faturrahman, Rini EP, Marwiyah S, Trikoesoemaningtyas, Sopandie D. 2021. Genetic analysis for designing an ideotype of high-yielding sorghum based on existing lines performance. Biodiversitas 22: 5286-5292. Sorghum is a potential crop as an alternative and substitutes food source for rice or wheat. The ideal type of sorghum design for a high-yielding trait is needed to streamline the process of selecting the best genotype that can be developed into pure lines and released as varieties. The research purpose was to design the ideal type of sorghum based on the morphological, physiological, and agronomic characters that contribute to a high-yielding trait. The research was carried out at the Agriculture Research Center for Biotechnology and Genetic Resources, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia and experimental field of IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia. The genetic materials used in this study consisted of 56 F5 sorghum lines advanced from three segregating populations and 8 check varieties. The ideal type of sorghum to obtain a genotype with high grain weight per panicle was to have a phenotypic value of 150-235 cm for plant height (medium plant height). The physiological and agronomic characters obtained to design the ideal type of sorghum were stem diameter, leaf number, flag leaf area, leaf greenness, green leaf percentage, and panicle diameter with the minimum value for the traits are 17 mm, 10, 209 cm2, 44 CCI units, 48%, and 49 mm, respectively. This ideotype is going to be used as selection criteria for selection of high-yielding sorghum genotypes.
Ethnobotany of traditional medicine in Dayak Jangkang Tribe, Sanggau District, West Kalimantan, Indonesia
Authors: SUPIANDI MARKUS IYUS , EGE BENEDIKTUS , JULUNG HENDRIKUS , ZUBAIDAH SITI , MAHANAL SUSRIYATI
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Supiandi MI, Ege B, Julung H, Zubaidah S, Mahanal S. 2021. Ethnobotany of traditional medicine in Dayak Jangkang Tribe, Sanggau District, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 5417-5424. The Dayak Jangkang tribe has local knowledge about the use of medicinal plants that have been going on for a long time. Unfortunately, the local knowledge of the Dayak Jangkang tribe is currently threatened to disappear because it is delivered orally; there are no written documents and a wasteful lifestyle. The study aimed to document traditional medicinal plants that are utilized by the Dayak Jangkang tribe. The research approach used was qualitative descriptive using the field survey. The study interviewed three informants categories, i.e., the main informant (one customary chairman), key informant (one village head), and recommended informant (eight people who were knowledgeable about medicinal plants). The data were obtained through in-depth interviews and participatory observations. Data analysis used qualitative descriptive. The study got 40 plants that are used for traditional medicine with Zingiberaceae as the most used family. The parts of plants used by the Dayak Jangkang tribe for treatments were roots, bulbs, rhizomes, stems, bark, banana hump, fruit, fruit skins, leaves, fruit, and seeds. The mode of preparation is still considered simple.
Genomic insight of two indigenous probiotics Lactobacillus plantarum Dad-13 and Lactobacillus plantarum Mut-7 from different origins of Indonesian fermented foods
Authors: SUROTO DIAN ANGGRAINI , HASAN PRATAMA NUR , RAHAYU ENDANG SUTRISWATI
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Suroto DA, Hasan PN, Rahayu ES. 2021. Genomic insight of two indigenous probiotics Lactobacillus plantarum Dad-13 and Lactobacillus plantarum Mut-7 from different origins of Indonesian fermented foods. Biodiversitas 22: 5491-5500. Lactobacillus plantarum Dad-13 and Lactobacillus plantarum Mut-7 are probiotics isolated from traditional fermented foods. In the present study two strains of L. plantarum were sequenced using Illumina NovaSeq PE150 platform and in silico analysis was performed using RAST webserver to unravel the functional metabolic between two strains. The L. plantarum Dad-13 and Mut-7 genome sizes were 3.25 and 3.98 Mb with GC content of them being almost similar i.e. 44.4 and 44.3%, respectively. Two lactobacilli also had some differences in their metabolic genes, particularly in carbohydrate subsystem. L. plantarum Mut-7 had genes related to the metabolisms of plant cell wall components such as dextrin, arabinose, xylose indicated the adaptation to their environmental origins (fermented dried cassava), while those genes were not observed in L. plantarum Dad-13 which was isolated from fermented buffalo’s milk (dadih). Further analysis using BAGEL4 webserver exhibited their different potential to synthesize bacteriocins, L. plantarum Dad-13 was predicted to produce more types of bacteriocins than L. plantarum Mut-7. This investigation revealed that L. plantarum Dad-13 and L. plantarum Mut-7 have a great potential related with their properties as probiotics.
Pre-harvest sprouting on high-level seed dormancy of bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) landraces
Authors: SARI MARYATI , ILYAS SATRIYAS , RAHMAD SUHARTANTO MOHAMAD , QADIR ABDUL
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Sari M, Ilyas S, Suhartanto MR, Qadir A. 2021. Pre-harvest sprouting on high-level seed dormancy of bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) landraces. Biodiversitas 22: 5617-5623. Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) is an underutilized crop. Therefore, its seed quality is not guaranteed. Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) on bambara groundnut seeds can be found either due to the unpredictable rainfall or the late harvesting and plants are still in the field when rainfall. Conversely, seed dormancy causes a problem for planting. The objective of this research was to identify seed dormancy and PHS of four bambara groundnut landraces and other related seed characters. Four landraces (Madura, Sukabumi, Brown Sumedang and Tasikmalaya) were planted at the end of May 2017. Seeds were harvested at physiological maturity (130 days after planting) during the beginning of the wet season (early October 2017). The result showed that there were variations of PHS among landraces from 1% to 12%, and variations of seed dormancy rates from 62% to 82%. There were differences in seed color, seed size, tannin content, seed hardness, and imbibition rate. However, these characters could not clearly explain the diversities in PHS and seed dormancy. There was a high genetic diversity within Tasikmalaya landrace because this landrace had the highest PHS (12%) and the highest dormancy rate (82%) as well, although both characters are contradictory. This diversity needs further research, mainly to avoid the disadvantages due to PHS.
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of Ceriops zippeliana in Segara Anakan Cilacap (Indonesia) under heavy metal accumulation
Authors: SUKMARANI DHUTA , PROKLAMASININGSIH ELLY , SUSANTO AGUS HERY , ARDLI ERWIN RIYANTO , SUDIANA EMING , YANI EDY
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Sukmarani D, Proklamasiningsih E, Susanto AH, Ardli ER, SudianaE, Yani E. 2021. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of Ceriops zippelianaBlume in Segara Anakan Cilacap (Indonesia) under heavy metal accumulation. Biodiversitas 22:5627-5635. Ceriops zippeliana Blumeis a true mangrove species that occupy habitats exposed to environmental stress, such as salinity and heavy metal contamination, which is the case in Segara Anakan Cilacap, Central Java. Both salinity and heavy metal stress can lead to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can be detrimental to plants if they are present in excess. Plants have defense mechanisms to prevent excessive ROS, one of which is by the use of superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme. This study aims to explain the accumulation of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn) in C. zippeliana as well as the translocation of the metals. In addition, the correlation between heavy metal concentrations and SOD activity in C. zippeliana is reported. Plant samples were randomly collected from Segara Anakan, Cilacap. The analysis was conducted using the bio-concentration factor (BCF), translocation factor (TF), and linear regression in the SPSS program. It was found that Pb, Cu, and Zn levels in Segara Anakan Cilacap sediments were still within acceptable limits, while Cd level was moderately polluting. Metal accumulation was higher in the branches of C. zippeliana compared to those in roots and leaves. The SOD activity of C. zippeliana in Segara Anakan is seemingly not related to metal contents in plant parts.
Population dynamics and regeneration of Shorea roxburghii, a threatened timber species in Southern region, Viet Nam
Authors: QUANG BAO TRAN , HONG VIET LE , HONG HAI NGUYEN , THANH TUAN NGUYEN , VAN CUONG LE
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Bao TQ, Viet LH, Hai NH, Tuan NT, Cuong LV. 2021. Population dynamics and regeneration of Shorea roxburghii, a threatened timber species in Southern region, Viet Nam. Biodiversitas 22: 5649-5656. Despite its wide distribution in South and Southeast Asia, Shorea roxburghii G. Don is classified as Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species due to over-exploitation for its valuable timber. This study aims to investigate the population dynamics and regeneration of S. roxburghii in southeastern Vietnam, serving for conservation and sustainable development plan. Six plots of 2,500 m2 each (50 m × 50 m) were established at two forest conditions: i) forest with standing volume > 200 m3/ha (SV>200), and ii) < 200 m3/ha (SV<200); to investigate stems with diameter at breast height (DBH) ? 5 cm and that < 5 cm. Moisture (%), pHH2O of the topsoil and the occurrence of regenerating S. roxburghii were collected from 125 points in the study site. The results indicated that mean stem height, DBH, basal area, and aboveground biomass were significantly higher at the forest stand with SV>200 than that at the forest stand with SV<200 for the pool of all species. Similar higher figures were found in SV>200 for the pool of S. roxburghii compared to that in SV<200, except mean DBH, which was larger in SV<200. There were missing stems with DBH < 5 cm in SV<200, while it was numerous in SV>200 (1,313 stems/ha). DBH/stem distributions in both forest types had an inverted-J shape with a peak at 10-15 cm DBH for the pool of all species, while there was no clear pattern for the pool of S. roxburghii in both forest types. Regression analysis indicated that higher total crown area of stems ? 23 tall leads to higher S. roxburghii stems, while the higher total crown area of stems < 23 tall leads to fewer S. roxburghii stems with DBH < 5 cm. It is concluded that the total crown area of forest stand plays an important role in the sustainable regeneration of S. roxburghii. Silvicultural treatment should be applied to reduce stand density and crown area of stems < 23 m tall to enhance sunlight reaching the forest floor for germination, growth, and survival of S. roxburghii. The moisture of the topsoil ranging from 60 - 80% and the pHH2O ranging from 3.8 - 4.6 are suitable conditions for natural regeneration of S. roxburghii.
Assessing the sustainability status of mangrove forest ecosystem management by coastal community in Jaring Halus Village, North Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: SAHPUTRA EDY , HARAHAP R. HAMDANI , WAHYUNINGSIH HESTI , UTOMO BUDI
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Sahputra E, Harahap RH, Wahyuningsih H, Utomo B. 2021. Assessing the sustainability status of mangrove forest ecosystem management by coastal community in Jaring Halus Village, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 1-9. Mangrove forest ecosystems provide various important ecological (physical and protection) and economic services. Mangrove forest needs to be sustainably managed to ensure their functions and benefits are available in perpetuity. Still, issues regarding sustainable management of mangrove forests are rarely discussed, especially in Indonesia. This research aims: (i) to gain the fundamental understanding of the level of sustainable mangrove management by determining indicator attributes that can be categorized as leverage factors; ii) obtain the perceptions of coastal communities in mangrove forest management; and iii) investigate the compliance of coastal communities in mangrove forest management. Data were obtained through a series of interviews, field observation and focused group discussion (FGD) and questionnaires conducted from January 2018 to March 2019 in Jaring Halus Village, Secanggang Subdistrict, Langkat District, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Data were analyzed using multidimensional scaling (MDS). The results showed that the status of mangrove forest management in Jaring Halus Village was categorized as moderately sustainable with a score of 65.83%. The majority of the coastal community (96% of respondents) perceived and understood the value of protecting the mangrove ecosystem, which provided physical (ecological), economic, and social functions. The community's understanding and knowledge of the importance of mangrove forests is due to the high level of dependency on their main livelihood as fishermen. Around 97% of the respondents held strong obedience to the mangrove forest management in Jaring Halus Village, which could be attributed to local wisdom related to natural resource management.
Universal primer design for crustacean and bivalve-mollusc authenticity based on cytochrome-b gene
Authors: DWIYITNO DWIYITNO , HOFFMAN STEFAN , PARMENTIER KOEN , KEER CHRIS VAN
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Dwiyitno D, Hoffman S, Parmentier K, Keer CV. 2021. Universal primer design for crustacean and bivalve-mollusc authenticity based on cytochrome-b gene. Biodiversitas 23: 17-24. Fish and seafood authenticity is important to support traceability practices and protect the public from economic fraud and adulteration. Molecular-based techniques of PCR are known as the most common methods for identifying seafood species. Nevertheless, these techniques rely on the appropriate primer set designed to amplify specific DNA fragments on targeted species. For efficiency application on a wide range of species, a universal primer set is more valuable than a specific primer. The present study developed universal primers, especially for identifying crustaceans and molluscs based on the cytochrome b mitochondrial DNA (Cyt b). The initial primer pair of CytBL1/CytBH originally designed for fish species was applicable to amplify the Cyt b gene on most selected fish samples, but not for crustacean and mollusc samples. Based on annealing profile, sequence evaluation (92-100% similarity), and RT-PCR analysis, the universal primer couple of CytBL1C/CytBHW designed in the present study potentially applied to identify crustacean and mollusc samples, especially shrimp and bivalve-mollusc.
Acoustic and Strength Characterization of Particleboard and Micronized Rubber Powder Composites
Authors: Cole John Thomas , Street Jason Tyler , Blake Cody Daniel
Published: February 2022

Waste rubber is abundant worldwide and threatens to be an environmental hazard for decades to come. This has led to an interest in the use of recycled rubber materials in value-added products. One such possible use is in the wood products industry. The research analyzed the strength and acoustic properties of composite pine particleboard that contained 10, 20, 30, and 40 percent micronized rubber powder, a dry powdered elastomeric crumb rubber, by weight. Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate was used as the bonding adhesive to produce five particleboard samples, including a control board. Test samples were cut from the five parent boards for use in strength and acoustic testing. Measured displacement values for a simply loaded and simply supported load scenario were used to calculate the modulus of rupture and apparent modulus of elasticity for each composite particleboard. Acoustic measurement by impedance tube provided comparisons of the sound absorption coefficient for frequencies ranging from 60 to 6,300 Hz. Results revealed that the addition of micronized rubber powder led to a decrease in modulus of elasticity and no significant difference in modulus of rupture values as compared with the control. Statistical analysis indicated a decrease in sound absorption in particleboard that contained micronized rubber powder when compared with the control.
A systematic review to compare open and closed book examinations in medicine and dentistry
Authors: Dave Manas , Patel Kiran , Patel Neil
Published: February 2022

INTRODUCTION

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a global lockdown of many countries, causing disruption in medicine and dentistry educational programmes. Examination formats were adapted to open book assessments to allow student progression. The aim of this review was to determine whether open book examinations (OBEs) have suitable evidence to support their inclusion alongside (or as a substitute for) closed book examinations (CBEs).

METHODS

In this systematic review, searches were conducted using the ERIC (Education Resources Information Center), MEDLINE® and Embase™ databases as well as the grey literature to identify articles that provided primary data on OBEs in medicine and dentistry programmes globally. In addition, reference lists of key papers were searched. Quality assessment was undertaken through an adapted appraisal tool.

RESULTS

Seven studies were included in the review. These comprised three randomised controlled trials, three non-randomised trials and one retrospective cohort study. All investigated OBEs in medicine. No studies were identified in dentistry. Learners reported a preference for OBEs. The use of resources was variable. However, this examination format resulted in higher mean scores than for CBEs. Clinicians reported using the same resources in OBEs as they do in their clinical practice, meaning the exam format may accurately represent the working environment.

CONCLUSIONS

OBEs can improve learner satisfaction, test higher order thinking skills and be a more accurate reflection of challenges encountered in clinical practice. They can help educators design assessments to fulfil regulatory requirements of students demonstrating independent clinical practice and their value should not be underestimated.
Knowledge distillation circumvents nonlinearity for optical convolutional neural networks
Authors: Xiang Jinlin , Colburn Shane , Majumdar Arka , Shlizerman Eli
Published: February 2022

In recent years, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have enabled ubiquitous image processing applications. As such, CNNs require fast forward propagation runtime to process high-resolution visual streams in real time. This is still a challenging task even with state-of-the-art graphics and tensor processing units. The bottleneck in computational efficiency primarily occurs in the convolutional layers. Performing convolutions in the Fourier domain is a promising way to accelerate forward propagation since it transforms convolutions into elementwise multiplications, which are considerably faster to compute for large kernels. Furthermore, such computation could be implemented using an optical4fsystem with orders of magnitude faster operation. However, a major challenge in using this spectral approach, as well as in an optical implementation of CNNs, is the inclusion of a nonlinearity between each convolutional layer, without which CNN performance drops dramatically. Here, we propose a spectral CNN linear counterpart (SCLC) network architecture and its optical implementation. We propose a hybrid platform with an optical front end to perform a large number of linear operations, followed by an electronic back end. The key contribution is to develop a knowledge distillation (KD) approach to circumvent the need for nonlinear layers between the convolutional layers and successfully train such networks. While the KD approach is known in machine learning as an effective process for network pruning, we adapt the approach to transfer the knowledge from a nonlinear network (teacher) to a linear counterpart (student), where we can exploit the inherent parallelism of light. We show that the KD approach can achieve performance that easily surpasses the standard linear version of a CNN and could approach the performance of the nonlinear network. Our simulations show that the possibility of increasing the resolution of the input image allows our proposed4foptical linear network to perform more efficiently than a nonlinear network with the same accuracy on two fundamental image processing tasks: (i) object classification and (ii) semantic segmentation.
Performance analysis of optical spatial modulation over a correlated gamma–gamma turbulence channel
Authors: Yu Siyuan , Geng Chi , Zhong Jie , Kang Dongpeng
Published: February 2022

In this paper, theoretical closed expressions for the symbol error rate (SER) of two optical spatial modulation (OSM) schemes in a free-space optical (FSO) communication system—optical spatial pulse amplitude modulation (OSPAM) and optical spatial pulse position modulation (OSPPM)—over correlated gamma–gamma fading channels are derived. To study practical optical channels affected by atmospheric eddies, the effect of arbitrary atmospheric channel correlation is considered particularly, and it is shown that the correlation can degrade system performance. The parameters of atmospheric turbulence and the number of optical antennas are also under consideration in performance analysis of the FSO multiple input, multiple output system. All analytical results are validated with Monte Carlo simulations, which clearly illustrate the effect of spatial constellation and signal constellation on the average SER. In addition, it is shown by comparison that turbulence fluctuation and channel correlation have less influence on the OSPPM system than the OSPAM system. Overall, the framework proposed in this paper is proven to be effective and conducive to algorithm research on reducing the effect of correlated channels on OSM FSO systems.
Bessel beam with a micrometer-size central spot and interferometry for small volume bioliquid refractive index measurement
Authors: Pandey Amit , Vairagi Kaushal , Gupta Pooja , Mondal Samir K.
Published: February 2022

This work demonstrates an interferometric technique to measure the refractive index (RI) of microliter volume of biosample solutions with the help of an optical fiber negative axicon and Bessel beam with the micrometer-size central spot. The RI measuring device consists of a broadband superluminescent diode (SLD) source along with an optical circulator and spectrometer. The axicon optical fiber probe packaged with a glass slide is connected to a broadband SLD source through an optical circulator, and a drop of microliter bioliquid sample is placed on the packaged probe’s head. The reflected light from the glass–liquid interface couples back to the axicon probe and interferes with the reference beam generated at the air–glass interface of the axicon. The interference spectrum is further analyzed by applying the fast Fourier transform to calculate power from the respective interface and solve the Fresnel equation for the RI measurement. The RI of small sample volume

∼

2

µ

l

of glucose solutions and bovine serum albumin protein solutions are reported as an application of the proposed method. This sensing platform shows promising applications in biomedicine for monitoring small volume various biosample concentrations. We also demonstrate RI measurement of flowing liquid sample using the developed setup in case the design can be considered for microfluidic channel research.
Numerical investigation of the energy limit in a picosecond fiber optic
parametric oscillator
Authors: Efremov V. D. , Evmenova E. A. , Antropov A. A. , Kharenko D. S.
Published: February 2022

Numerical simulation of a fiber
optic parametric oscillator to produce picosecond narrowband pulses
for coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy has been performed by an
open source Python-based library using an extremely wide range of
parameters, such as the pump pulse duration, parametric frequency
shift, spectral bandwidth of the pump, and the parametric pulses. It
required an extremely large calculation window, both in time and
spectral domains. We managed to speed up the simulation 50 times using
a graphic processor unit that allowed us to define the areas of
stability for different lengths of standard passive (5–100 m) and
photonic crystal (23–100 cm) fibers used in the external linear
oscillator cavity. It was shown that highly chirped dissipative
solitons at a wavelength about 800 nm can be generated with energy up
to 55 nJ, which is limited by the pump depletion and self-phase
modulation effects.
Visualization of blood-brain barrier disruption with dual-wavelength high-resolution photoacoustic microscopy
Authors: Wang Yongchao , Zhang Ruoxi , Chen Qian , Guo Heng , Liang Xiao , Li Tingting , Qi Weizhi , Xi Lei
Published: February 2022

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) strictly regulates the substance exchange between the vascular network and the central nervous system, and plays a critical role in maintaining normal brain homeostasis. Impaired BBB is often accompanied with the emergence of cerebral diseases and probably further leads to severe neuroinflammation or even neurological degeneration. Hence, there is an urgent need to precisely monitor the impaired BBB to understand its pathogenesis and better guide the enactment of therapeutic strategies. However, there is a lack of high-resolution imaging techniques to visualize and evaluate the large-scale BBB disruption in pre-clinical and clinical aspects. In this study, we propose a dual-wavelength photoacoustic imaging (PAI) methodology that simultaneously reveals the abnormal microvasculature and impaired BBB within the cerebral cortex. In in vivo studies, BBB disruption in both mice and rats were induced by local hot-water stimulation and unilateral carotid arterial perfusion of hyperosmolar mannitol, respectively. Subsequently, the exogenous contrast agent (CA) was injected into the microcirculation via the tail vein, and photoacoustic (PA) images of the microvasculature and leaked CA within the cerebral cortex were obtained by dual-wavelength photoacoustic microscopy to evaluate the BBB disruption. Besides, analysis of distribution and concentration of leaked CA in lesion region was further conducted to quantitatively reveal the dynamic changes of BBB permeability. Furthermore, we exploited this approach to investigate the reversibility of BBB disruption within the two distinct models. Based on the experimental results, this new proposed approach presents excellent performance in visualizing microvasculature and leaked CA, and enabling it possesses great potential in evaluating the abnormal microvasculature and impaired BBB result from cerebrovascular diseases.
LPsec: a fast and secure cryptographic system for optical connections
Authors: Iqbal M. , Velasco L. , Costa N. , Napoli A. , Pedro J. , Ruiz M.
Published: February 2022

High capacity and low latency of optical connections are ideal for supporting current and future communication services, including 5G and beyond. Although some of those services are already secured at the packet layer using standard stream ciphers, like the Advanced Encryption Standard and ChaCha, secure transmission at the optical layer is still not implemented. To secure the optical layer, cryptographic methods need to be fast enough to support high-speed optical transmission and cannot introduce significant delay. Moreover, methods for key exchange, key generation, and key expansion are required, which can be implemented on standard coherent transponders. In this paper, we propose Light Path SECurity (LPsec), a secure cryptographic solution for optical connections that involves fast data encryption using stream ciphers and key exchange using Diffie–Hellman protocol through the optical channel. To support encryption of high-speed data streams, a fast, general-purpose pseudorandom number generator is used. Moreover, to make the scheme more secure against exhaustive search attacks, an additional substitution cipher is proposed. In contrast to the limited encryption speeds that standard stream ciphers can support, LPsec can support high-speed rates. Numerical simulation for 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), 32-QAM, and 64-QAM show that LPsec provides a sufficient security level while introducing only negligible delay.
Ultra-strong optical four-wave mixing signal induced by strong exciton-phonon and exciton-plasmon couplings
Authors: Guo Qing-Qing , Liang Shan , Gong Bo , Li Jian-Bo , Xiao Si , He Meng-Dong , Chen Li-Qun
Published: February 2022

We propose a scheme to generate ultra-strong four-wave mixing (FWM) signal based on a suspended monolayer graphene nanoribbon nanomechanical resonator (NR) coupled to an Au nanoparticle (NP). It is shown that, the FWM spectrum can switch among two-peaked, three-peaked, four-peaked or five-peaked via the modulation of exciton-phonon and exciton-plasmon couplings. This is mainly attributed to the vibrational properties of NR related to the exciton-phonon coupling, and the energy-level splitting of the localized exciton correlated to three classes of resonances consisting of three-photon resonance, Rayleigh Resonance, and AC-Stark atomic resonance. Especially, in a dual-strong coupling regime, the gains for these peaks can be as high as nine orders of magnitude (∼ 109) around the lower bistable threshold due to a combined effect of two couplings. Our findings not only offer an efficient way to measure the vibrational frequency of NR and the exciton-phonon coupling strength but also provide a possibility to fabricate high-performance optoelectronic nanodevices.
Single-shot hyperspectral imaging based on dual attention neural network with multi-modal learning
Authors: He Tianyue , Zhang Qican , Zhou Mingwei , Kou Tingdong , Shen Junfei
Published: February 2022

Hyperspectral imaging is being extensively investigated owing to its promising future in critical applications such as medical diagnostics, sensing, and surveillance. However, current techniques are complex with multiple alignment-sensitive components and spatiospectral parameters predetermined by manufacturers. In this paper, we demonstrate an end-to-end snapshot hyperspectral imaging technique and build a physics-informed dual attention neural network with multimodal learning. By modeling the 3D spectral cube reconstruction procedure and solving that compressive-imaging inverse problem, the hyperspectral volume can be directly recovered from only one scene RGB image. Spectra features and camera spectral sensitivity are jointly leveraged to retrieve the multiplexed spatiospectral correlations and realize hyperspectral imaging. With the help of integrated attention mechanism, useful information supplied by disparate modal components is adaptively learned and aggregated to make our network flexible for variable imaging systems. Results show that the proposed method is ultra-faster than the traditional scanning method, and 3.4 times more precise than the existing hyperspectral imaging convolutional neural network. We provide theory for network design, demonstrate training process, and present experimental results with high accuracy. Without bulky benchtop setups and strict experimental limitations, this simple and effective method offers great potential for future spectral imaging applications such as pathological digital stain, computational imaging and virtual/augmented reality display, etc.
Modeling amplified arbitrary filtered heterodyne microwave photonic links
Authors: Sánchez Erica , Pérez-López Daniel , Pérez-Galacho Diego , huy-ho Tan , Wessel David , Capmany José
Published: February 2022

We report an end-to-end analytic model for the computation of the
figures of nerit (FOMs) of arbitrarily filtered and amplified
heterodyne coherent microwave photonics (MWP) links. It is useful for
evaluating the performance of complex systems where the final stage is
employed for up/down-converting the radio frequency (RF) signal. We
apply the model to a specific case of complex system representing the
front-haul segment in a 5G link between the central office and the
base station. The model can be however applied to a wider range of
cases combining fiber and photonic chip elements and thus is expected
to provide a useful and fast tool to analyze them in the design
stage.
Study on the single-mode condition for x-cut LNOI rib waveguides based on leakage losses
Authors: Yu Xia Rong , Wang Meng Ke , Li Jun Hui , Wu Jie Yun , Hu Zhe Feng , Chen Kai Xin
Published: February 2022

Lithium niobate-on-insulator (LNOI) has recently emerged as a promising material platform for high-density and advanced photonics integrated circuits (PICs). And single-mode waveguides (SMW) are the most basic building blocks for structuring various PICs. In this paper, single-mode conditions (SMCs) for shallowly etched LNOI rib waveguides in x-cut LNOI wafer are investigated with the finite element method (FEM) in consideration of the lateral leakage and the magic width for the first time, to our best knowledge. Our results indicate that due to the lateral leakage and the magic width these shallowly etched x-cut LNOI rib waveguides have unique and complex SMCs. Our method and results provide a guidance in designing low-loss LNOI SMW and high-performance PICs.
Resonance absorption of the inner shell during high-order harmonic generation
Authors: Yang Fan , Zhong Yue , Diao Hanhu , Ge Xiaochun , Zheng Yinghui , Zeng Zhinan , Xu Zhizhan
Published: February 2022

In this work, we report the observation of resonance absorption of the inner shell during the high-order harmonic generation (HHG) from xenon (Xe) and krypton (Kr). The absorption peaks show a periodic variation with the change of carrier-envelope phase of driving laser pulses and the delay of two-color laser field, which indicates the absorption peaks come from the collective multielectron effects during the HHG. With the increase of gas pressure, the depth of absorption peak will continue to increase, while due to the phase matching effect, there will be an optimal pressure for the intensity of harmonic signal. Our experimental results pave the way to uncover the physical mechanism of the collective multielectron effects involving inner-shell electrons in the HHG process.
Sparse bi-step raster path for suppressing the mid-spatial-frequency error by fluid jet polishing
Authors: Wan Kuiping , Wan Songlin , Jiang Chen , Wei Chaoyang , Shao Jianda
Published: February 2022

The periodic ripple errors (mid-spatial-frequency (MSF) error) produced by computer-controlled sub-aperture polishing severely limit the improvement of high-performance optical systems. At the same time, the fluid jet polishing (FJP) method is non-destructive and non-contact, but it is still hard to widely use it due to the defect of small spot-size and low efficiency. In this paper, we found that FJP has a significant advantage in removing the residual periodic ripples in sub-aperture polishing. The mathematical model developed by complex spectrum optimization verifies the existence of the sparse “bi-step raster path” (BSRP), which can achieve efficient periodic ripple error removal by suppressing the first two-order peaks of the error spectrum. In the experiments, it was observed that the MSF error has been significantly reduced after BSRP processing while the surface form and surface roughness have not been deteriorated, which demonstrates the validity of the proposed method. The proposal of the BSRP provides a new approach for the application of FJP and the suppression of the MSF error.
InAs/InGaAs quantum dot lasers on multi-functional metamorphic buffer layers: erratum
Authors: Kwoen Jinkwan , Imoto Takaya , Arakawa Yasuhiko
Published: February 2022

We present an erratum to correct inadvertent errors in our paper [Opt. Express 29, 29378 (2021)10.1364/OE.433030]. The corrections do not affect the main conclusion.