bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimization of Photovoltaic Integrated Shading Devices
Authors: Kim Jong-Jin , Sung Kwon Jung  , Yoon Seok Choi  , Jeong Tai Kim
Published: March 2010

This study investigated methods of optimizing the operation of photovoltaic (PV) integrated shading devices to attain their maximum benefits to indoor spaces and occupants. A shading device consisting of multiple adjustable louvers coated with PV cells was examined. A motor adjusted the blind angle of the louvers. Sensors measured the available sunlight and daylight levels. The operation of the motor was controlled by a computer based on measured climatic conditions. In developing optimal operation methods, fire energy, thermal, lighting, and visual factors were considered: shading effect, energy production from the PV cells, indoor daylight levels, visual comfort, and thermal comfort. In our control methods, visual comfort supersedes any other physical factors. This is based on the fact that visual comfort is the most important factor in office environments. Thus, it was regarded as the first-order factor in the PV integrated shading control. The performance of a PV integrated louver-type shading device was examined in terms of energy production, light transmission, and visual comfort.
Development of Structural Composite Hybrid Systems and their Application with regard to the Reduction of CO2 Emissions
Authors: Hong Won-Kee , Park Seon-Chee , Kim Jin-Min , Kim Seung-Il , Lee Seung-Geun , Yune Dai-Young , Yoon Tae-Ho , Boong Yeol Ryoo
Published: March 2010

This paper discusses the development of a new structural composite hybrid system that is able to replace a conventional residential structural system in which space is partitioned using concrete walls. The new structural system consists of structural tees and wide flange steel beams, with the bottom flange and/or portion of the web partially encased in pre-cast concrete, which is then mechanically anchored by headed stud shear connectors both to the bottom flange and the web of the structural tees. In composite frame built apartments, materials known to be heavy carbon dioxide (CO2) emitters can then be either excluded or reduced with consequent reduction in CO2 emissions. This study has investigated 36 selected multi-residential apartment buildings of linear shape to compare the CO2 emissions of the new composite hybrid and conventional multi-residential apartments. The CO2 emissions resulting from the composite hybrid apartments were reduced to approximately 75—80% in comparison to the emissions occurring from the construction of conventional load-bearing wall apartments. This was achieved by reducing the main sources responsible for CO2 emission.
Building Pathology, Investigation of Sick Buildings — VOC Emissions
Authors: Yu Chuck Wah Francis , Jeong Tai Kim
Published: March 2010

The design and management of the indoor environments of buildings should foster ‘‘health and wellbeing’’. Buildings affect the health of occupants in many ways, for example, through building related illnesses, sick building syndrome and allergy, and environmental health problems. The principal causes of sick buildings in the majority of cases are related to microbial effects and emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and formaldehyde from building materials or products used in buildings. Lighting and inadequate ventilation, particularly in airtight buildings are also important factors. New and refurbished buildings where there has been inappropriate use of materials could lead to high indoor concentrations of VOCs and formaldehyde, odours, and adverse effects on occupants. Indoor air quality management and investigation of sick buildings are complex issues, requiring multidisciplinary investigations and environmental monitoring. This paper considers the requirements for investigation of sick buildings with a particular focus on emissions of VOCs and formaldehyde in indoor environments, including examples of the causes and odour effects. Some guidelines for assessment of exposure risks are also included.
Impact of the Cost of Cancer Treatment: An Internet-Based Survey
Authors: Markman Maurie , Luce Ryan
Published: March 2010

Survey suggests many patients with cancer experience distress associated with cost of care. A serious issue for those with modest annual incomes, these costs affect whether patients decide to receive recommended treatment.
Mission-Focused, Productivity-Based Model for Sustainable Support of Academic Hematology/Oncology Faculty and Divisions
Authors: Holcombe Randall F. , Hollinger Krista J.
Published: March 2010

Reorganization of a faculty practice and salary structure to achieve a mission-focused, productivity-based paradigm is possible. This model targets academic hematology/medical oncology divisions but could serve as a framework for other departments or schools of medicine.
Negotiating for Success: Navigating the Contracting Process for an Exemplary Research Program
Authors: Baer Allison R. , Hohneker John A. , Stewart Teresa L. , Verschraegen Claire F.
Published: March 2010

Developing successful contracts is imperative for research sites conducting company-sponsored or investigator-initiated clinical trials. Good contracts help ensure sustainability and guide how research will be conducted.
Oncologists' Experience in Reporting Cancer Staging and Guideline Adherence: Lessons From the 2006 Medicare Oncology Demonstration
Authors: Doherty Julia , Tanamor Myra , Feigert John , Goldberg-Dey Judy
Published: March 2010

A report on how accurately physicians used methodology in a nationwide demonstration by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services to enhance quality of cancer treatment and care and promote evidence-based practices.
How I Treat Vitamin D Deficiency
Authors: Khan Qamar J. , Fabian Carol J.
Published: March 2010

Vitamin D plays an important role in the homeostasis of a variety of organ systems, but its role in prevention of cancer and recurrence—along with necessary blood levels—has yet to be defined.
Essentials of Staff Development and Why You Should Care
Authors: Gesme Dean H. , Towle Elaine L. , Wiseman Marian
Published: March 2010

Physicians may reason that their energy, education, and training should be focused on patient care and research, whereas staff education should be the responsibility of practice managers. But physicians have an important role in staff development.
Oncology Care in Rural Northern New England
Authors: Johnson Ali , Rees Judy R. , Schwenn Molly , Riddle Bruce , Verrill Castine , Celaya Maria O. , Nicolaides Dawn A. , Cherala Sai , Feinberg Melanie , Gray Ann , Rutstein Lisa , Katz Matthew S. , Nunnink Johannes C.
Published: March 2010

This study coordinates data analysis among central cancer registries in multiple states to examine differences in care between rural and urban areas.
Total Synthesis of (−)-Tetrodotoxin from d-Glucose: A New Route to Multi-Functionalized Cyclitol Employing the Ferrier(II) Reaction toward (−)-Tetrodotoxin
Authors: Akai Shoji , Seki Hidehito , Sugita Naoki , Kogure Tomokazu , Nishizawa Naoki , Suzuki Katsuhiko , Nakamura Yutaka , Kajihara Yasuhiro , Yoshimura Juji , Sato Ken-ichi
Published: March 2010

Total synthesis of (−)-tetrodotoxin (TTX) from d-glucose is described. As a critical transformation step for synthesizing TTX, a key multi-functionalized cyclitol was prepared from d-glucose employing the Ferrier(II) reaction. Stereospecific introduction of three functionalized branched chains were achieved via Peterson olefination and spiro α-chloroepoxidation of the corresponding carbonyl derivatives.
Chemistry of Anthracene–Acetylene Oligomers XV. Synthesis, Structures, and Dynamic Behavior of Chiral Anthrylene–Ethynylene Cyclic Tetramers and Related Derivatives and Resolution of Enantiomers
Authors: Ishikawa Takeharu , Shimasaki Toshiaki , Akashi Haruo , Iwanaga Tetsuo , Toyota Shinji , Yamasaki Mikio
Published: March 2010

A cyclic arylene–ethynylene tetramer with a 1,5-anthrylene unit and a cramp moiety consisting of three anthrylene units and its derivatives with a 1,4-phenylene, 1,5-naphthylene, or 2,6-di-t-butyl-1,5-naphthylene unit were synthesized by macrocyclization with Sonogashira coupling. Except for the 1,4-phenylene compound, these cyclic compounds take the chiral C2 structure with parallel orientation of the two arylene units, as revealed by X-ray analysis and DFT calculation at the M05/3-21G level. The enantiomers of 1,5-anthrylene and 2,6-di-t-butyl-1,5-naphthylene compounds were resolved by chiral HPLC and their rotational barriers were determined to be 114 and >146 kJ mol−1, respectively, by classical kinetics. These high barriers are in contrast to the facile racemization or topomerization in the other compounds. These kinetic data of the rotation of arylene units about the acetylene axes are discussed in terms of steric hindrance based on molecular structures. The electronic spectra of the cyclic compounds and the chiroptical properties of the resolved samples were also measured.
Effect of Vertical Magnetic Field on the Chemical Wave Propagation Speed in Belousov–Zhabotinsky Reaction
Authors: Nishikiori Rika , Morimoto Shotaro , Fujiwara Yoshihisa , Tanimoto Yoshifumi
Published: March 2010

Effects of a vertical magnetic field (maximum field, 4 T and 93 T2 m−1) on chemical wave front propagation from the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction were studied. Applied magnetic fields strongly affected the downward propagation speed in a glass tube. The magnetic force acting on the inhomogeneous solution explains the results.
Semiconducting 2,3,6,7,10,11-Hexakis{[4-(5-dodecylthiophen-2-yl)phenyl]ethynyl}triphenylene and Its Discotic Liquid Crystalline Properties
Authors: Hoang Mai Ha , Cho Min Ju , Kim Kyung Hwan , Lee Tae Wan , Jin Jung-Il , Choi Dong Hoon
Published: March 2010

We report on the design and synthesis of a new discotic liquid crystalline (LC) semiconducting material based on a triphenylene core. The molecule is readily soluble in common organic solvents to exhibit self-organizing long fiber structures with supramolecularly ordered columnar stacks that lie parallel to the substrate. Compared to all the previously reported triphenylene derivatives, this molecule has a relatively lower band gap energy (Eg = 2.53 eV), which makes it suitable for electronic and optoelectronic applications.
Cationic Three-component Coupling Involving an Optically Active Enamine Derivative. From Time Integration to Space Integration of Reactions
Authors: Suga Seiji , Yamada Daisuke , Yoshida Jun-ichi
Published: March 2010

Three-component coupling of an N-acyliminium cation pool, an optically active 2-t-butyloxazole derivative, and a carbon nucleophile such as allyltrimethylsilane was effectively achieved by a rapid one-pot method at −78 °C and a flow microreactor method at 0 °C.
Entry, Exit, and Investment-Specific Technical Change
Authors: Samaniego Roberto M
Published: March 2010

Using European data, this paper finds that (i) industry entry and exit rates are positively related to industry rates of investment-specific technical change (ISTC); and (ii) the sensitivity of industry entry and exit rates to cross-country differences in entry costs depends on industry rates of ISTC. The paper constructs a general equilibrium model in which the rate of ISTC varies across industries and new investment-specific technologies can be introduced by entrants or by incumbents. In the calibrated model, equilibrium behavior is consistent with stylized facts (i) and (ii), provided the cost of technology adoption is increasing in the rate of ISTC. (JEL G31, L11, O31, O33)
Patient Cost-Sharing and Hospitalization Offsets in the Elderly
Authors: Chandra Amitabh , Gruber Jonathan , McKnight Robin
Published: March 2010

In the Medicare program, increases in cost sharing by a supplemental insurer can exert financial externalities. We study a policy change that raised patient cost sharing for the supplemental insurer for retired public employees in California. We find that physician visits and prescription drug usage have elasticities that are similar to those of the RAND Health Insurance Experiment (HIE). Unlike the HIE, however, we find substantial “offset” effects in terms of increased hospital utilization. The savings from increased cost sharing accrue mostly to the supplemental insurer, while the costs of increased hospitalization accrue mostly to Medicare. (JEL G22, I12, I18, J14)
Demographics and the Politics of Capital Taxation in a Life-Cycle Economy
Authors: Mateos-Planas Xavier
Published: March 2010

This article studies the effects of demographics on the mix of tax rates on labor and capital. It uses a quantitative general-equilibrium, overlapping-generations model where tax rates are voted without past commitments in every period and characterized as a Markov equilibrium. In the United States, the younger voting-age population in 1990 compared to 1965 accounts for the observed decline in the relative capital tax rate between those two years. A younger population raises the net return to capital, leads voters to increase their savings, and results in a preference for lower taxes on capital. Conversely, aging might increase capital taxation. (JEL E13, H24, H25, J11)
Learning about a New Technology: Pineapple in Ghana
Authors: Conley Timothy G , Udry Christopher R
Published: March 2010

This paper investigates the role of social learning in the diffusion of a new agricultural technology in Ghana. We use unique data on farmers' communication patterns to define each individual's information neighborhood. Conditional on many potentially confounding variables, we find evidence that farmers adjust their inputs to align with those of their information neighbors who were surprisingly successful in previous periods. The relationship of these input adjustments to experience further indicates the presence of social learning. In addition, applying the same method to input choices for another crop, of known technology, correctly indicates an absence of social learning effects. (JEL D83, O13, O33, Q16)
Trade Agreements as Endogenously Incomplete Contracts
Authors: Horn Henrik , Maggi Giovanni , Staiger Robert W
Published: March 2010

We propose a model of trade agreements in which contracting is costly, and as a consequence the optimal agreement may be incomplete. In spite of its simplicity, the model yields rich predictions on the structure of the optimal trade agreement and how this depends on the fundamentals of the contracting environment. We argue that taking contracting costs explicitly into account can help explain a number of key features of real trade agreements. (JEL D86, F13)
Building Routines: Learning, Cooperation, and the Dynamics of Incomplete Relational Contracts
Authors: Chassang Sylvain
Published: March 2010

This paper studies how agents with conflicting interests learn to cooperate when the details of cooperation are not common knowledge. It considers a repeated game in which one player has incomplete information about when and how her partner can provide benefits. Initially, monitoring is imperfect and cooperation requires inefficient punishment. As the players' common history grows, the uninformed player can learn to monitor her partner's actions, which allows players to establish more efficient cooperative routines. Because revealing information is costly, it may be optimal not to reveal all the existing information, and efficient equilibria can be path-dependent. (JEL C73, D82, D83, D86)
Monetary Policy Rules and Macroeconomic Stability: Some New Evidence
Authors: Mavroeidis Sophocles
Published: March 2010

I revisit the question of indeterminacy in US monetary policy using limited-information identification-robust methods. I find that the conclusions of Clarida, Galí, and Gernter (2000) that policy was inactive before 1979 are robust, but the evidence over the Volcker-Greenspan periods is inconclusive. I show that this is in fact consistent with policy being active over that period. Problems of identification also arise because policy reaction has been more gradual recently. At a methodological level, the paper demonstrates that identification issues should be taken seriously, and that identification-robust methods can be informative even when they produce wide confidence sets. (E31, E32, E52, E65,)
Price Indexes, Inequality, and the Measurement of World Poverty
Authors: Deaton Angus
Published: March 2010

I discuss the measurement of world poverty and inequality, with particular attention to the role of purchasing power parity (PPP) price indexes from the International Comparison Project. Global inequality increased with the latest revision of the ICP, and this reduced the global poverty line relative to the US dollar. The recent large increase of nearly half a billion poor people came from an inappropriate updating of the global poverty line, not from the ICP revisions. Even so, PPP comparisons between widely different countries rest on weak theoretical and empirical foundations. I argue for wider use of self-reports from international monitoring surveys, and for a global poverty line that is truly denominated in US dollars. (JEL C43, D31, I31, I32, F31)
Social Preferences, Beliefs, and the Dynamics of Free Riding in Public Goods Experiments
Authors: Fischbacher Urs , Gächter Simon
Published: March 2010

One lingering puzzle is why voluntary contributions to public goods decline over time in experimental and real-world settings. We show that the decline of cooperation is driven by individual preferences for imperfect conditional cooperation. Many people's desire to contribute less than others, rather than changing beliefs of what others will contribute over time or people's heterogeneity in preferences makes voluntary cooperation fragile. Universal free riding thus eventually emerges, despite the fact that most people are not selfish. (D12, D 83, H41, Z13)
Risk and Time Preferences: Linking Experimental and Household Survey Data from Vietnam
Authors: Tanaka Tomomi , Camerer Colin F , Nguyen Quang
Published: March 2010

We conducted experiments in Vietnamese villages to determine the predictors of risk and time preferences. In villages with higher mean income, people are less loss-averse and more patient. Household income is correlated with patience but not with risk. We expand measurements of risk and time preferences beyond expected utility and exponential discounting, replacing those models with prospect theory and a three-parameter hyperbolic discounting model. Comparable risk parameter estimates have been found for Chinese farmers, using our method. (C83, D12, O12, P38)
Earnings Losses of Displaced Workers Revisited
Authors: Couch Kenneth A , Placzek Dana W
Published: March 2010

Earnings losses of Connecticut workers affected by mass layoff are calculated using administrative data. Estimated reductions are initially more than 30 percent and six years later, as much as 15 percent. The Connecticut estimates are smaller than comparable ones from Pennsylvania administrative data but similar to those from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and Department of Workforce Services (DWS). Earnings reductions in Connecticut and Pennsylvania are concentrated among Unemployment Insurance recipients. An unusually high proportion of Unemployment Insurance beneficiaries in Pennsylvania explains the larger estimated losses relative to other studies. Fixed-effects, random growth, and matching estimators produced similar earnings loss estimates suggesting each is relatively unbiased in this context.
Generalizing the Taylor Principle: Reply
Authors: Davig Troy , Leeper Eric M
Published: March 2010

Farmer, Waggoner, and Zha (2009) (FWZ) show that a new Keynesian model with regime-switching monetary policy can support multiple solutions, appearing to contradict findings in Davig and Leeper (2007) (DL). The explanation is straightforward: FWZ derive solutions using a model that differs from the one to which the DL conditions apply. The FWZ solutions also require that the exogenous driving process is a function of private and policy parameters. This undermines the sharp distinctions among “deep parameters” typical of optimizing models and makes it difficult to ascribe economic interpretations to FWZ's additional solutions. (E12, E31, E43, E52)
All-or-Nothing Monitoring: Comment
Authors: Chen Bo
Published: March 2010

Zhao (2008) presents an interesting “all-or-nothing monitoring” result for a multitask moral hazard agency problem with partial effort observation. We argue that the optimal contract based on the non-verifiable observation of the agent's effort in Zhao (2008) can be regarded as a limitation on the incentive schemes available to the principal. I then propose some arguably more appropriate approaches for analyzing such agency problems. (D82, D86, M54)
Betrayal Aversion: Evidence from Brazil, China, Oman, Switzerland, Turkey, and the United States: Comment
Authors: Bolton Gary E , Ockenfels Axel
Published: March 2010

In a series of binary choice problems, we investigate how a chooser's risk taking changes when others share in their personal risk, either equally or unequally. We find that when the safe option yields inequality, the risky option is taken significantly more often. On the other hand, the inequality resulting from the risky choice does not affect risk taking. We also find that choosers tend to be less risk-averse in a one-person context compared to when the risk also affects the payoff of another. (C72, D81, Z13)
“Momma's Got the Pill”: How Anthony Comstock and Griswold v. Connecticut Shaped US Childbearing
Authors: Bailey Martha J
Published: March 2010

The 1960s ushered in a new era in US demographic history characterized by significantly lower fertility rates and smaller family sizes. What catalyzed these changes remains a matter of considerable debate. This paper exploits idiosyncratic variation in the language of “Comstock” statutes, enacted in the late 1800s, to quantify the role of the birth control pill in this transition. Almost 50 years after the contraceptive pill appeared on the US market, this analysis provides new evidence that it accelerated the post-1960 decline in marital fertility. (JEL J12, J13, K10, N31, N32)
Auctioning the Right to Choose When Competition Persists
Authors: Harstad Ronald M.
Published: March 2010

Several papers compare auctioning heterogeneous assets sequentially with sequentially selling the right to choose among assets not yet taken. Typically motivated by auctions of condos for owner occupation, these papers have assumed that each winning bidder exits, so each successive auction has less competition. In many heterogeneous-asset-sale situations, a winning bidder may still be interested in acquiring further assets. We build a simple model of persistent competition, in which the distribution of equilibrium revenue from separate sales is shown to be a mean-preserving spread of the distribution of revenue from selling rights to choose. Persistent competition reveals that a high bidder does not always select his most preferred asset, and that one asset being slightly more likely to be a favored asset discontinuously affects equilibrium bidding.
Honoring Michael H. Rothkopf's Legacy of Rigor and Relevance in Auction Theory: From the Editors
Authors: Bordley Robert F. , Katok Elena , Keller L. Robin
Published: March 2010

Honoring Michael H. Rothkopf's contributions to decision analysis and operations research, the papers in this special issue in memory of Michael H. Rothkopf focus on auction theory, field data, and experiments. The contributors to this issue include Shachat and Swarthout; Chen, Xu, and Whinston; Cramton and Sujarittanonta; Hoffman and Menon; Harstad; Boatwright, Borle, and Kadane; Haruvy and Popkowski Leszczyc; Oum and Oren; Abbas and Hann; and Jia, Harstad, and (posthumously) Rothkopf.
Serrated Lesions of the Appendix
Authors: Bellizzi Andrew M. , Rock Jonathan , Marsh William L. , Frankel Wendy L.
Published: March 2010

We performed a histologic and immunohistochemical assessment of 53 noninvasive appendiceal epithelial proliferations, appropriating terminology and using markers shown useful in differentiating serrated colorectal polyps. These were classified as hyperplastic polyp (HP), sessile serrated adenoma (SSA), mixed serrated and adenomatous lesion (MSAL), mucinous cystadenoma (MCA), or conventional adenoma (CAD). Immunohistochemical analysis for cytokeratin (CK) 20, Ki-67, MUC6, and β-catenin was performed. Diagnoses were as follows: HP, 6; SSA, 12; HP vs SSA, 3; MSAL, 16; MCA, 14; and CAD, 2. All HPs showed expanded (beyond surface) CK20 and expanded or normal (base) Ki-67; 1 was MUC6+. Most SSAs and MSALs were CK20-expanded or expanded with random expression in deep crypts (Ex/I) and Ki-67-expanded, Ex/I (expanded with asymmetry), or normal. All SSAs and 8 of 16 MSALs were MUC6+. CADs were CK20-Ex/I, Ki-67-Ex, and MUC6–; 1 showed nuclear β-catenin expression. Serrated appendiceal lesions can be categorized using colorectal terminology. MUC6 is associated with SSA morphologic features. Similar immunohistochemical patterns in SSA and MSAL suggest a link between these lesions.
Comparison of Plasma With Whole Blood Prothrombin Time and Fibrinogen on the Same Instrument
Authors: Amukele Timothy K. , Ferrell Chris , Chandler Wayne L.
Published: March 2010

We compared plasma with whole blood (WB) international normalized ratio (INR) and fibrinogen using the same instrument and reagents. WBINRs were 50% higher than plasma INRs. After increasing the WB sample volume 40% and adjusting the International Sensitivity Index, WBINRs were similar to plasma INRs [adjusted WBINR = 0.99(plasma INR) – 0.02; r2 = 0.98; n = 155], but the average difference in WB vs plasma INR was 4-fold higher than duplicate plasma INRs. Variation in hematocrit was a major determinant of the accuracy of the WBINR, with increased error at high INRs. The WB fibrinogen assay was highly dependent on the sample hematocrit (r2 = 0.83), even after the sample volume was adjusted. Accurate WB fibrinogen measurements required a mathematical hematocrit correction. We conclude that WBINR and fibrinogen assays can be performed on point-of-care or automated analyzers, but sample volume must be adjusted to account for hematocrit. Accuracy is limited by variations in hematocrit with worsening accuracy for samples with high INRs or low fibrinogen levels.
Reverse Transcriptase–Polymerase Chain Reaction as an Ancillary Molecular Technique in the Diagnosis of Small Blue Round Cell Tumors by Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology
Authors: Gautam Upasana , Srinivasan Radhika , Rajwanshi Arvind , Bansal Deepak , Marwaha Ram Kumar , Vasishtha Rakesh Kumar
Published: March 2010

We evaluated the feasibility and usefulness of reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on fine-needle aspirates for categorization of small blue round cell tumors (SBRCTs). A total of 51 cases, including 25 Ewing sarcoma/peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs), 11 rhabdomyosarcomas, 13 neuroblastomas, and 2 desmoplastic small round cell tumors (DSRCTs) were analyzed. The detection of the EWS-FLI1 (20/25) and EWS-ERG (4/25) fusion transcripts resolved 24 of 25 cases of Ewing sarcoma/PNET. The PAX3/7-FKHR fusion transcript was detected in 2 of 4 cases of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma and the EWS-WT1 transcript in both cases of DSRCT. Tyrosine hydroxylase and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) decarboxylase transcripts were demonstrated in 10 of 13 cases of neuroblastoma. In comparison, immunocytochemical analysis resolved 19 (76%) of 25 Ewing sarcomas, 9 (82%) of 11 rhabdomyosarcomas, 6 (46%) of 13 neuroblastomas, and 1 (50%) of 2 DSRCTs. Overall, RT-PCR resolved 38 (86%) of 44 vs 35 (69%) of 51 cases by immunocytochemical analysis. RT-PCR is easily applied to fine-needle aspirates of SBRCT and greatly facilitates accurate tumor typing.
Occupational Hazard for Pathologists
Authors: George Evan
Published: March 2010

The association of prolonged microscope use with the development of chronic pain syndromes has been recognized for nearly 3 decades; yet most pathologists are not well-informed about this hazard until after they develop a problem. The purpose of this article is to make pathologists aware of this risk, discuss current pathogenetic models, and encourage them to proactively integrate prevention strategies into their daily lives.
Investigation of a typology of alcohol‐related violence defined by ultimate goals
Authors: McMurran Mary , Jinks Mary , Howells Kevin , Howard Richard
Published: March 2010

Purpose. Alcohol‐related violence is a serious problem and treatments for high‐risk individuals need to be developed. Classification helps to route people into appropriate treatments. Drawing on animal research, we define alcohol‐related violence in relation to ultimate goals. We propose three types of violence: (1) violence in the pursuit of material goals, (2) violence in pursuit of social dominance goals, and (3) violence as defence in response to threat. The aim is to explore factors that we expect to relate to this tripartite typology, with the aim of providing a preliminary validation.

Method. Participants were 149 young male prisoners who had committed an offence of violence that was alcohol related. Semi‐structured interviews elicited information about the offence that enabled classification into one of the three types. Differences between groups were examined at the event level – level of violence during the offence and alcohol consumption before the offence – and at group level – trait aggression, trait anxiety, anger control, and alcohol–aggression outcome expectancies.

Results. No differences were found in levels of violence or alcohol consumption. Those whose violence was in the pursuit of material goals were high on trait aggression, trait anger, trait anxiety, and anger suppression. Those who used violence in the pursuit of social dominance showed high trait aggression and trait anger. Those whose violence was a defence in response to threat showed lower trait aggression and trait anger.

Conclusion. The findings are discussed in relation to differential group profiles and treatment needs.
The dynamics of illness perceptions: Testing assumptions of Leventhal's common‐sense model in a pulmonary rehabilitation setting
Authors: Fischer Maarten , Scharloo Margreet , Abbink Jannie , van 't Hul Alex , van Ranst Dirk , Rudolphus Arjan , Weinman John , Rabe Klaus , Kaptein Ad A.
Published: March 2010

Objectives. Although Leventhal's common‐sense model (CSM) is proposed to represent a dynamic system, limited research has been conducted to investigate whether and how illness perceptions change. This study tested two hypotheses from the CSM about the dynamics of illness perceptions of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in a pulmonary rehabilitation setting.

Design and methods. The study employed a longitudinal design. Patients with COPD (N=87) who took part in a pulmonary rehabilitation programme filled out the Illness Perception Questionnaire – Revised (IPQ‐R) before and after treatment and rated the degree to which the rehabilitation had led to the achievement of desired outcomes. Clinical variables and quality of life (Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire) data were obtained from medical records.

Results. In line with expectations, results showed that, at baseline, longer time since diagnosis was associated to perceptions corresponding with a chronic illness model (longer illness duration, more experienced consequences, less perceived personal controllability), after correction for clinical variables. After completion of the rehabilitation programme, patients who were more convinced that their participation had led to the achievement of desired outcomes were less concerned about the negative consequences of COPD, had stronger perceptions about the variability in symptoms (cyclical timeline) and had stronger perceptions of personal controllability

Conclusions. We conclude that, in accordance with Leventhal et al.'s CSM, coping with an illness is a continuous process and the achievement of desired outcomes during treatment is likely to enable patients to adopt a more positive representation of their illness.
Coping in subclinical paranoia: A two nations study
Authors: Melo Sara Sigmaringa , Bentall Richard P.
Published: March 2010

Background.

Trower and Chadwick argued that there are two types of paranoia: ‘poor me’, in which persecution is seen as undeserved, and ‘bad me’, in which it is perceived to be deserved. These authors outlined a theory which accounts for both types of paranoia and makes predictions regarding their stability.

Aims and objectives.

To examine whether different degrees of persecutory ideation and deservedness are associated with different coping strategies in non‐clinical populations.

Methodology.

Six hundred and eight university students from two European countries (UK and Portugal) took part via the Internet, and were assessed in terms of the severity of persecution and deservedness (Persecution and Deservedness Scale), mood (Beck Depression Inventory), and coping strategies (Response Styles to Depression Questionnaire and COPE Questionnaire).

Results.

Deservedness was associated with acceptance and with engaging in dangerous activities.

Conclusions.

‘Poor me’ and ‘bad me’ paranoia may represent separate phases of the same unstable defensive phenomenon. The effectiveness of the existing psychological interventions in prodromal psychosis could be increased by addressing the negative impact of safety behaviours and of substance misuse and by encouraging the practice of more adaptive ways of dealing with everyday problems.
The omnipresent soundscape of drones: reflections on Bill Viola's sound design in Five Angels for the Millennium
Authors: Hanssen Tina Rigby
Published: March 2010

Analyses of the works of Bill Viola have been extensive, which often emphasize his use of time-distortion technology, religious iconography, and dazzling imagery. The consideration of his approach to sound, however, has only been sporadic. This article investigates Viola's interest in drones in particular, and examines the interaction between drones and slow-moving images of figures in water. A survey of Viola's earlier works demonstrates that drones have played a significant role in his artistic production. UsingFive Angels for the Millennium(2001) as a starting point, this article attempts to identify and analyse that role, and argues that it is related to his exploration of time and expanded perception. This article places Viola's use of sound squarely within recent debates about new media art's emphasis on embodied experience, temporality, and immersion.
Three collections
Authors: Deutsch Stephen
Published: March 2010

Film, a Sound Art, Michel Chion (trans. Claudia Gorbman), (2009) New York: Columbia University Press, 533 pp., ISBN 978-0-231-13777-5, Paperback, 22.50

Lowering the Boom: Critical Studies in Film Sound, Jay Beck and Tony Grajeda (eds), (2008) USA: University
of Illinois Press, 342 pp., ISBN 978-0-252-07532-2, Paperback, 13.99

Sound and Music in Film and Visual Media, Graeme Harper, Ruth Doughty, and Jochen Eisentraut (eds), (2009) New York: Continuum Press, 877 pp., ISBN 978-0-8264-5824-7, Hardback, 90.00
The equivalence of space and music: Eisenstein and Frank Lloyd Wright
Authors: Robertson Robert
Published: March 2010

An unexpected meeting of minds is presented in this article: the film director Sergei Eisenstein and the architect Frank Lloyd Wright meet in ideas, and in audiovisual thought. These convergences underline the concept of cinema being not just a visual medium, nor just accompanied by
sound, but an organically audiovisual medium.
Das unpersönliche Berichten über Vorgänge im Deutschen und Spanischen: Ergebnisse einer korpusgestützten und kontrastiv binnendifferenzierten Textsortenanalyse
Authors: Fernández Francesc
Published: March 2010

Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird der Frage nach der unpersönlichen Realisierung des Berichtens über Vorgänge im Deutschen und Spanischen nachgegangen. Dazu werden die kontrastiv relevantesten Ergebnisse einer Analyse vorgestellt, bei der die absolute und relative Frequenz ermittelt wurden, die das Vorgangspassiv und das Passiv mit
Black Box Data from Accident Vehicles: Methods of Retrieval, Translation, and Interpretation
Authors: Rosenbluth William
Published: March 2010

Description

This new ASTM monograph introduces detailed methods of analyzing information from automobile EDRs. EDRs in automobiles accumulate and store data from specific sensors and actuators which can be analyzed to help investigators determine what the vehicle was doing before, during and after an impact event. The methods discussed are illustrated with specific examples of the parsing, translation and interpretation of raw downloaded hexadecimal EDR data into engineering units useful to engineering investigators.

Also included are specific spreadsheet formulations to accomplish the importing, parsing, translation and interpretation of EDR data into useful engineering units.

In addition to providing primary translations and interpretations, such methods and examples can also help investigators verify and confirm translations and interpretations previously provided to them.
Seventh International ASTM∕ESIS Symposium on Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics (36th ASTM National Symposium on Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics)
Authors: Neu Richard W. , Wallin Kim R. W. , Thompson Steven R.
Published: March 2010

Description

Forty-two peer reviewed papers present the latest research in:

• Residual stress effects on fatigue and fracture

• Multiscale and physics-based approaches

• Reactor components and materials

• Fatigue crack growth

• Predicting the effects of elevated temperatures and environment

• Fatigue and fracture of specific components, joining methods, surface treatments, and coatings.

Each of these areas presents their own challenges to the development and application of engineering approaches to predict the structural integrity and remaining life of systems.
Experimental Estimation of J-R Curves from Load-CMOD Record for SE(B) Specimens
Authors: Zhu Xian-Kui , Leis Brian N. , Joyce James A.
Published: March 2010

Fracture resistance of ductile materials is often characterized by a J-R curve, and measured using the fracture toughness testing standard ASTM E1820 (Standard Test Method for Measurement of Fracture Toughness). The recommended elastic unloading compliance method or resistance curve test method requires simultaneous measurements of applied load (P), load-line displacement (LLD), and crack-mouth opening displacement (CMOD) from a single test for the single-edge notched bend [SE(B)] specimen. The P-CMOD record is used to determine crack extension, and the P-LLD record in conjunction with the crack extension is used to calculate the J-integral. However, it is well known that while highly accurate CMOD measurements can be made, the measurement of LLD is less accurate and more difficult because of transducer mounting difficulties, specimen load point indentions and load train deflections, or a combination thereof. Extensive finite element analyses showed that the LLD-based J equation may give inaccurate results for a shallow-cracked SE(B) specimen because its geometry factor η may depend on the strain hardening exponent. In contrast for the same geometry, the CMOD-based η factor is insensitive to the hardening exponent, and thus a CMOD-based J equation could be more accurate to be used in the determination of J-R curves. Based on the energy principle, this paper proposes a CMOD-based J equation for a growing crack using an incremental function similar to the present ASTM E1820-06 formulation that is applicable to the J calculations for a J-R curve testing. The proposed CMOD-based J formulation contains two geometry factors, i.e., CMOD-based η and γ, and can consider the crack growth correction. The solutions of four geometry factors are presented for the SE(B) specimens with a wide range of crack length. The proposed formulation is then applied to determine J-R curves for HY80 steel using the load-CMOD record for SE(B) specimens, and the results are compared with those using the traditional LLD-based formulation. The comparison shows close agreement between these two formulations. It is recommended that the proposed formulation be used in ASTM E1820 to determine more accurate J-R curves and reduce test costs as well.
Fretting Fatigue Behavior of Shot-Peened Ti-6Al-4V and IN100
Authors: Mall Shankar , Ng J. L. , Madhi E.
Published: March 2010

Shot-peened titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V and nickel-based super alloy IN100 were subjected to plain and fretting fatigue under cylinder-on-flat contact condition at room temperature. Measurement of compressive residual surface stress from shot-peening before and after fretting showed relaxation, which was significant in IN100 and near the contact surface. The fretting fatigue life of IN100 did not improve significantly due to shot-peening, while there was considerable improvement for Ti-6Al-4V and relatively less relaxation of the residual surface stress. Further, fretting had a relatively more detrimental effect on the fatigue performance of Ti-6Al-4V than in the case of IN100. A critical plane-based fatigue crack initiation model, a modified shear stress range parameter, was computed from finite element analysis for two levels of residual surface stress relaxation: no relaxation and complete relaxation. This analysis suggested that not only crack initiation but also propagation should be considered to characterize fretting fatigue behavior of shot-peened specimens; however, it showed an appropriate trend with the measured fretting fatigue life and agreement with several other experimental observations.
Practical Challenges Testing Coupons with Residual Stresses from Cold Expanded Holes
Authors: Reid Len , Ransom Joy
Published: March 2010

Cold expanding holes in metal components is widely used throughout the aerospace industry to extend fatigue life and damage tolerance. The beneficial residual stresses induced by hole cold expansion arrest or significantly retard the growth of fatigue cracks, and in doing so make fatigue or crack growth life prediction more difficult. Under low stress level∕high cycle fatigue testing, residual compressive stresses have been shown to increase the fatigue strength of the material leading to an “infinite life” and consequent “run-out” of test coupons at the test hole or changing the location of failure away from the test hole. While advantageous to aircraft operators, it makes statistical life prediction difficult because the incomplete data have to be censored, leading to a knock-down of the beneficial life attained. Conversely, increasing stress levels toward material yield stress; life improvement factors are more definitive and tend toward unity. This paper reviews the derivation of residual stresses induced by hole cold expansion and discusses benefits to the structure∕test coupon and how the residual stress field impacts fatigue life and damage tolerance∕durability under cyclic load conditions. Challenges observed when testing coupons that have been processed using hole cold expansion including modification of the crack behavior and its effect on material microstructure, relocation of crack initiation, dynamics of the redistribution of stress and the crack growth mechanism as well as scatter of results, are also discussed with a focus on aluminum materials.
The Influence of Residual Stresses on the Fatigue Strength of Cold-Formed Structural Tubes
Authors: Heinilä Sami , Björk Timo , Marquis Gary
Published: March 2010

Rectangular hollow sections (RHS) are widely used in loadcarrying structures due to their good load transfer behavior and aesthetic form. During fabrication of a cold-formed rectangular hollow section (CFRHS), the concave inside corner surfaces experience significant compressive plastic strains. The resulting tensile residual stresses in the corner region significantly reduce the fatigue strength in some design applications. Sections cut from CFRHSs with two different wall thicknesses were studied using distortion fatigue loading and using X-ray diffraction residual stress measurements. Residual stresses and fatigue strengths were virtually identical for the two thicknesses even though the corner radius to thickness ratio was different. Residual stresses were found to significantly influence those corners subjected to compression-compression loading. Fatigue strength of these corners was improved by a stress relief heat treatment, but the treatment had no significant effect on corners subjected to tension-tension loading.
Test Results from Round Robin on Precracking and CTOD Testing of Welds
Authors: Graham Stephen M. , Stanley Richard
Published: March 2010

A weld fracture toughness round robin test program was initiated by ASTM to evaluate a proposed annex to E1290-93 on fracture toughness testing of ferritic steel weldments. The focus of the round robin was on specimen preparation procedures and their effect on crack tip opening displacement (CTOD). The local compression procedure was used to reduce the influence of residual stress on precrack curvature. Specimens were tested at −196 °C, which is on the lower shelf for this metal, to minimize variability in fracture toughness and maximize influence of residual stress. Seven labs participated in the round robin and among them conducted 51 tests per E1290-93 to measure CTOD. Statistical analysis of the data showed that crack curvature decreased by 5.2 % ±2.1 % for each 1 % increase in local compression, over the range of compressions tested (0–2.9 % with a nominal target value of 1 %). However, mean values of curvature varied significantly between labs, and when results from all labs are considered, local compression of about 1 % did not reliably reduce crack front curvature. It appears that the procedure used is more important than the amount of local compression, as evidenced by the straight cracks obtained by two labs that exercised tight control on local compression. The statistical analysis revealed that the mean value of measured CTOD for all data with less than 10 % curvature was not statistically different than the mean for less than 20 %, as it is in BS7448 (1997). Perhaps the most surprising observation from this round robin is that there does not appear to be a correlation between CTOD measured at −196 °C and amount of local compression or crack front curvature.
Evaluation of Residual Stress Corrections to Fracture Toughness Values
Authors: Hill Michael R. , VanDalen John E.
Published: March 2010

This paper describes tests carried out to evaluate whether comparable values of fracture toughness may be determined from coupons that contain a range of residual stress. Coupons for fracture toughness testing are taken from a single rolled plate of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy and are fabricated using identical methods. Following fabrication, residual stresses are induced in coupon subsets using laser shock peening. Each coupon subset has a unique laser peening treatment design, such that following fatigue precracking, the stress intensity factor due to residual stress varies over the coupon subsets created from positive to neutral to negative. Subsequent fracture toughness tests show expected trends in the varying toughness values for each coupon subset. Measurements of residual stress on the crack plane, and measurements of the residual stress intensity factor, enable correction of the toughness data through superposition and linear elastic fracture mechanics. The resulting corrected fracture toughness values provide data useful for evaluating residual stress corrections with potential for application to standard fracture test methods. Such corrections would enable measurements of intrinsic fracture toughness in samples that contain significant levels of residual stress.