bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fluorescence Detection of Microcapsule‐Type Self‐Healing, Based on Aggregation‐Induced Emission
Authors: Song Young Kyu , Kim Beomjin , Lee Tae Hee , Kim Jin Chul , Nam Joon Hyun , Noh Seung Man , Park Young Il
Published: February 2017

An extrinsic self‐healing coating system containing tetraphenylethylene (TPE) in microcapsules was monitored by measuring aggregation‐induced emission (AIE). The core healing agent comprised of methacryloxypropyl‐terminated polydimethylsiloxane, styrene, benzoin isobutyl ether, and TPE was encapsulated in a urea‐formaldehyde shell. The photoluminescence of the healing agent in the microcapsules was measured that the blue emission intensity dramatically increased and the storage modulus also increased up to 105 Pa after the photocuring. These results suggested that this formulation might be useful as a self‐healing material and as an indicator of the self‐healing process due to the dramatic change in fluorescence during photocuring. To examine the ability of the healing agent to repair damage to a coating, a self‐healing coating containing embedded microcapsules was scribed with a razor. As the healing process proceeded, blue light fluorescence emission was observed at the scribed regions. This observation suggested that self‐healing could be monitored using the AIE fluorescence.

image
On the exact solutions, lie symmetry analysis, and conservation laws of Schamel–Korteweg–de Vries equation
Authors: Giresunlu İ. B. , Özkan Y. Sağlam , Yaşar E.
Published: February 2017

In this work, we study the integrability aspects of the Schamel–Korteweg–de Vries equation that play an important role in studying the effect of electron trapping on the nonlinear interaction of ion‐acoustic waves by including a quasi‐potential. Lie symmetry analysis together with the simplest equation method and Kudryashov method is used to obtain exact traveling wave solutions for this equation. In addition, conservation laws are constructed using two different techniques, namely, the multiplier method and the new conservation theorem. Using the conservation laws and symmetries of the underlying equation, double reduction and exact solution were also constructed. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving labeling efficiency in automatic quality control of MRSI data
Authors: Pedrosa de Barros Nuno , McKinley Richard , Wiest Roland , Slotboom Johannes
Published: February 2017

Purpose

To improve the efficiency of the labeling task in automatic quality control of MR spectroscopy imaging data.

Methods

28′432 short and long echo time (TE) spectra (1.5 tesla; point resolved spectroscopy (PRESS); repetition time (TR)= 1,500 ms) from 18 different brain tumor patients were labeled by two experts as either accept or reject, depending on their quality. For each spectrum, 47 signal features were extracted. The data was then used to run several simulations and test an active learning approach using uncertainty sampling. The performance of the classifiers was evaluated as a function of the number of patients in the training set, number of spectra in the training set, and a parameter α used to control the level of classification uncertainty required for a new spectrum to be selected for labeling.

Results

The results showed that the proposed strategy allows reductions of up to 72.97% for short TE and 62.09% for long TE in the amount of data that needs to be labeled, without significant impact in classification accuracy. Further reductions are possible with significant but minimal impact in performance.

Conclusion

Active learning using uncertainty sampling is an effective way to increase the labeling efficiency for training automatic quality control classifiers. Magn Reson Med 78:2399–2405, 2017. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and measures of early brain health in middle‐aged adults: The CARDIA study
Authors: VanWagner Lisa B. , Terry James G. , Chow Lisa S. , Alman Amy C. , Kang Hakmook , Ingram Katherine H. , Shay Christina , Lewis Cora E. , Bryan R. Nick , Launer Lenore J. , Jeffrey Carr J.
Published: February 2017

Objective

To assess associations between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and measures of brain health in a population‐based sample of adults.

Methods

Participants from the CARDIA study (Y25 exam; age 43‐55 years) with concurrent computed tomography quantification of liver fat, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and brain magnetic resonance (MR) images were included (n = 505). NAFLD was identified after exclusion of other causes of liver fat. Total tissue volume (TTV) and gray matter cerebral blood flow (GM‐CBF) were estimated using 3T brain MR images.

Results

NAFLD prevalence was 18%. NAFLD was associated with lower TTV and GM‐CBF after adjusting for intracranial volume, demographics, and health behaviors (P < 0.04 for all). In models with additional adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors, the association of NAFLD with GM‐CBF remained significant (P = 0.04) but was attenuated after adjustment for VAT (P = 0.06) and eliminated with BMI (P = 0.20). NAFLD was not associated with TTV after adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors (P = 0.10) or additional adjustment for VAT (P = 0.14) or BMI (P = 0.05).

Conclusions

NAFLD is negatively associated with early brain health as assessed by MR measures of structure (TTV) and perfusion (GM‐CBF). BMI and VAT attenuated this relationship, providing insight into the potential metabolic role of liver fat in brain health and disease.
Enhanced microwave absorption properties of electrospun PEK‐C nanofibers loaded with Fe3O4/CNTs hybrid nanoparticles
Authors: Yu Qi , Ma Mingbo , Chen Ping , Wang Qi , Lu Chun , Gao Yu , Wang Rongchao , Chen Hanlin
Published: February 2017

The phenolphthalein polyetherketone (PEK‐C) nanofibers loaded with Fe3O4/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) hybrid nanoparticles were synthesized by electrospinning technique. The morphology, composition, and thermal stability of composite nanofibers were characterized by scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive spectrometer, and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. The complex permittivity and permeability of composite nanofibers in the microwave frequency range of X band (8.2–12.4 GHz) were measured by vector network analyzer using wave‐guide method. The results show that the permittivity and dielectric loss were enhanced obviously by adding CNTs. With the WCNTs increasing to 5%, the minimum RL value reaches −41.4 dB at 9.3 GHz with a matching thickness of 1.7 mm and exceeds −10 dB with thickness of 1.4–1.8 mm in the whole X band. The enhanced microwave absorption properties are mainly attributed to tunable electromagnetic parameters and thus a better impedance matching characteristic by mixing CNTs with Fe3O4 nanoparticles within proper ranges loaded in PEK‐C nanofibers. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 57:1186–1192, 2017. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
Using Indirect Measurement Tasks to Assess the Self–Concept of Personality: A Systematic Review and Meta–Analyses
Authors: De Cuyper K. , De Houwer J. , Vansteelandt K. , Perugini M. , Pieters G. , Claes L. , Hermans D.
Published: February 2017

This systematic review presents the current state of research investigating the implicit self–concept of personality. First, we present results on meta–analyses estimating internal consistency, reliability coefficients, the implicit–explicit consistency and the single association predictive effect of implicit self–concept of personality measures. To do this, studies were aggregated over personality domains. Second, for each of the Five Factor personality domains, different aspects of construct validity and predictive validity are reviewed in a narrative way. Results show that implicit self–concept of personality measures are reliable, and there is evidence for the construct and predictive validity of these implicit measures, especially in the extraversion and agreeableness domains of personality. However, it must be kept in mind that clear evidence for publication bias was found for studies examining the single association predictive pattern. Finally, this systematic review identifies some achievable improvements that are needed in future research. Large cross–lab efforts are important in this respect. Moreover, the implicit self–concept of personality field must move from an ‘ad hoc’ to a ‘validation’ approach in developing new indirect measurement tasks. By adopting these research objectives, the information processing account of personality will increase its potential to become integrated into mainstream personality theory and research. Copyright © 2017 European Association of Personality Psychology
Polymer strategies in perovskite solar cells
Authors: Isakova Anna , Topham Paul D.
Published: February 2017

Since their emergence in 2013, perovskite solar cells have reached remarkable efficiencies exceeding 22%. Such rapid development of this technology has been possible, in part, due to the feed of ideas from previous research in organic photovoltaics (OPVs) and light emitting diodes (OLEDs). This comprehensive review discusses the various polymer strategies that have led to the success of perovskite devices: from hole and electron transporting materials to polymer templating agents. This review further covers how these strategies potentially serve to overcome the two major obstacles that stand in the way of global implementation of perovskite solar cells; stability and J‐V curve hysteresis. Through reference and comparison of OPV, OLED, and perovskite technologies, we highlight the need for a unified approach to establish appropriate control systems and ageing protocols that are necessary to further research in this exciting direction. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2017, 55, 549–568
Exploring the Use of Design of Experiments in Industrial Processes Operating Under Closed‐Loop Control
Authors: Capaci Francesca , Bergquist Bjarne , Kulahci Murat , Vanhatalo Erik
Published: February 2017

Industrial manufacturing processes often operate under closed‐loop control, where automation aims to keep important process variables at their set‐points. In process industries such as pulp, paper, chemical and steel plants, it is often hard to find production processes operating in open loop. Instead, closed‐loop control systems will actively attempt to minimize the impact of process disturbances. However, we argue that an implicit assumption in most experimental investigations is that the studied system is open loop, allowing the experimental factors to freely affect the important system responses. This scenario is typically not found in process industries. The purpose of this article is therefore to explore issues of experimental design and analysis in processes operating under closed‐loop control and to illustrate how Design of Experiments can help in improving and optimizing such processes. The Tennessee Eastman challenge process simulator is used as a test‐bed to highlight two experimental scenarios. The first scenario explores the impact of experimental factors that may be considered as disturbances in the closed‐loop system. The second scenario exemplifies a screening design using the set‐points of controllers as experimental factors. We provide examples of how to analyze the two scenarios. © 2017 The Authors Quality and Reliability Engineering International Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
An error‐free data‐hiding scheme for encrypted images
Authors: Rasheed Mohsan , Kim Young‐Sik , Lim Daewoon
Published: February 2017

Zhang introduced a novel reversible data‐hiding scheme for encrypted images. At the receiver, the hidden data is extracted by exploiting the spatial correlation in the image. But Zhang's scheme does not perform well for smaller block sizes and incurs bit extraction errors during recovery. We eliminate this problem by omitting those blocks from the data‐hiding operation that causes extraction errors. To identify those blocks at the receiver, we embed their index information into a small portion of the image using a difference expansion method. The experimental results from the proposed scheme indicate that all the hidden data can be successfully retrieved without errors. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modification of starch by graft copolymerization
Authors: Meimoun Julie , Wiatz Vincent , Saint‐Loup René , Parcq Julien , Favrelle Audrey , Bonnet Fanny , Zinck Philippe
Published: February 2017

Research toward bio‐based and biodegradable polymers has received a lot of attention these last years, due to environmental concerns and the need to replace fossil resources. Starch is in this frame an interesting starting material due to its abundance and low cost. Native starch displays however, poor mechanical properties and is highly hydrophilic. New starch‐based thermoplastic materials can be prepared to overcome these drawbacks by chemical modification, and notably graft copolymerization. A large range of polymers can be grafted on starch by ring‐opening and radical polymerizations of various monomers in order to modulate the properties of the final product. Polymers can also be directly grafted onto starch using coupling strategies. This review presents the state of the art in the field.
Equational formulas and pattern operations in initial order-sorted algebras
Authors: Meseguer José , Skeirik Stephen
Published: February 2017

A
pattern
t
, i.e., a term possibly with variables, denotes the set (language)

〚
t
〛

of all its
ground instances
. In an untyped setting, symbolic operations on finite sets of patterns can represent Boolean operations on languages. But for the more expressive patterns needed in declarative languages supporting rich type disciplines such as subtype polymorphism, untyped pattern operations and algorithms break down. We show how they can be properly defined by means of a signature transformation

Σ
↦

Σ
#

that enriches the types of

Σ

. We also show that this transformation allows a systematic reduction of the first-order logic properties of an initial order-sorted algebra supporting subtype-polymorphic functions to equivalent properties of an initial many-sorted (i.e., simply typed) algebra. This yields a new, simple proof of the known decidability of the first-order theory of an initial order-sorted algebra.
Lipoxygenase and Tocopherol Profiling of Soybean Genotypes Exposed to Electron Beam Irradiation
Authors: Kumar Vineet , Rani Anita , Jha Priyamvada , Hussain Lulua , Pal Vijay , Petwal Vikas , Kumar Pramod , Dwivedi Jishnu
Published: February 2017

Electron beam (EB)‐irradiation is increasingly being preferred to radioactive‐based gamma irradiation in overcoming the constraints that affect the quality of food material. Soybean seeds of 3 soybean genotypes were exposed to 4 doses viz. 4.8, 9.2, 15.3 and 21.2 kGy of EB‐irradiation and assessed for the changes in the contents of lipoxygenase isozymes and tocopherol isomers. Densitometry of protein profile revealed decreasing intensity of lipoxygenase with increasing EB dose. All the 3 lipoxygenase isozymes viz. lipoxygenase‐1, ‐2 and ‐3 registered significant (P < 0.05) increasing reduction with increasing dose; though genotypic variation was noted for the magnitude of reduction at the same dose. Concomitantly, all the 3 genotypes exhibited significant (P < 0.05) decline in α‐, γ‐ and δ‐isomers of tocopherol. δ‐Tocopherol was the most sensitive to EB‐irradiation. EB dose, which caused minimum and maximum decline in total tocopherol content, was genotype‐dependent. Decline in vitamin E activity corresponding to the dose, which induced maximum reduction for total lipoxygenase also varied in 3 genotypes. The study showed the usefulness of EB for significant inactivation of off‐flavor generating lipoxygenases in soybean, with a non‐significant effect on oil content and varied retention of tocopherol isomers and vitamin E activity depending upon genotype.
La costura como “verdadero trabajo” masculino en Tekit, Yucatán
Authors: Rubio Herrera Amada
Published: February 2017

En este trabajo se expone el caso del municipio de Tekit, Yucatán, cuyos habitantes pasaron de trabajar en el cultivo de henequén en haciendas, a costurar prendas de vestir en talleres. Sostengo que el cambio de actividad económica derivó en la construcción de una representación social de la costura. Esa representación revela contenidos propios de un sistema de género estereotipado, es hegemónica, se impone y convierte al hombre costurero en ideal masculino. En contraste, la incorporación de la mujer a esa actividad ha sido menos valorada, y considerada como secundaria al trabajo de los hombres.
The Age and Origin of Olivella Beads from Oregon’s LSP-1 Rockshelter: The Oldest Marine Shell Beads in the Northern Great Basin
Authors: Smith Geoffrey M. , Cherkinsky Alexander , Hadden Carla , Ollivier Aaron P.
Published: February 2017

Beads manufactured from marine shells originating along the Pacific Coast have been found at numerous sites in the western United States. Because they were conveyed across substantial distances and widely exchanged during ethnographic times, researchers generally assume that shell beads were also traded prehistorically. By examining the spatial and temporal distribution of beads, researchers have reconstructed prehistoric exchange networks. In this article, we present stable isotope data and accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) radiocarbon dates for six Callianax (previously Olivella) biplicata beads from the LSP-1 rockshelter in southcentral Oregon. Most of the beads were deposited during the early Holocene during a series of short-term occupations and the shells used to manufacture them were procured along the northern California, Oregon, or Washington coasts.
Underground Kiva Passages
Authors: Adamson Hoebel E.
Published: February 2017

Florence Hawley Ellis (1952) has brought some new ethnological evidence from the pueblo of Jemez to bear on the question of certain archaeological features found in a number of prehistoric southwestern kiva structures. Details are given of various acts of legerdemain for the magical production into the center of the kiva of small animals and shelled corn apparently out of nothing. These are ritual shows put on by the initiated to impress the lay spectators at the periodic kiva dedications that occur in Jemez. Ellis describes the use of secret pits in the kiva floor as well as other mechanical devices to produce these special effects. She correctly, in my view, expresses the opinion that her ethnological data lend substantiation to Reiter's speculation that underground passages and trenches such as he uncovered in connection with the Rinconada big kiva in Chaco Canyon were aids to magical effects so that, “Participants in kiva ceremonies could appear as if from the interior of the earth.” (Rieter, 1946, p. 189).
Sylvanus Griswold Morley, 1883-1948
Authors: Roys Ralph L. , Harrison Margaret W.
Published: February 2017

The death of Sylvanus Griswold Morley on September 2 brought to a close a brilliant career and probably also an important phase of Maya research. His achievements are outstanding in the fields of archaeological exploration and epigraphy; and he had a talent for imparting to others his intense concern for everything pertaining to the Maya people, whether ancient or modern. All was grist that came to his mill, if it had any bearing on this subject; and where there was an application to the hieroglyphs, he ground to exceeding fineness. It is hardly an exaggeration to say that he has done more to spread an intelligent interest in Maya civilization than anyone since Stephens, over a century ago.

He was a winning and sympathetic person and made friends in every quarter. He was open-handed to a fault, not only with his material possessions, but also with unpublished scientific data that he had acquired the hard way, even when he knew it would be used to question some cherished thesis of his own.
An Introduction to Five Papers on the Archaic Stage
Authors: Byers Douglas S.
Published: February 2017

The word “archaic” appears in the literature of New World archaeology with more than one usage. In 1910, the existence of three levels of human remains was demonstrated in the Valley of Mexico. The lowest level, in which well-developed ceramics were included, was characterized by hand-modeled human figurines in contrast to the mold made ones of Toltec and Aztec horizons. The civilization of the lowest level came to be called “the archaic type” (Boas 1915). Tozzer (1916: 466), in a paper presented at the Pan American Scientific Congress, Washington, 1915, noted that the terms “tipo de cerro” and “tipo de montaña” had also been used, and suggested that “Archaic” was a more fitting term.
Streamflow and Population Change in the Lower Salt River Valley of Central Arizona, ca. A.D. 775 to 1450
Authors: Ingram Scott E.
Published: February 2017

Floods and droughts and their effects on Hohokam canal systems and irrigation agriculture play a prominent role in many cultural-historical interpretations of the Hohokam trajectory in the lower Salt River valley (modern-day Phoenix, Arizona metropolitan area). Catastrophic floods and associated geomorphic stream channel changes may have contributed to settlement and population changes and the substantial depopulation of the lower Salt River valley ca. A.D. 1450 or later. In this study, archaeological data on Hohokam domestic architecture is used to infer changes in prehistoric population growth rates from ca. A.D. 775 through 1450 in the most thoroughly documented canal system in the Salt River valley. Changes in growth rates are compared to the retrodictions of annual streamflow discharge volumes derived from tree-ring records. Contrary to expectations, population growth rates increased as the frequency, magnitude, and duration of inferred flooding, drought, and variability increased. These results challenge existing assumptions regarding the relationship among floods and droughts, conditions for irrigation agriculture, and population change in the lower Salt River valley.
Languages Past and Present: Archaeological Approaches to the Appearance of Northern Iroquoian Speakers in the Lower Great Lakes Region of North America
Authors: Martin Scott W. J.
Published: February 2017

Archaeological accounts of the spread of agriculture tend to favor either (im)migration/demic diffusion or in situ development/stimulus diffusion. Having moved away from the early twentieth-century's community-wide migration model for Iroquoian origins in the Lower Great Lakes region and southern Ontario in particular, orthodox archaeological belief over the past half-century had come to place Northern Iroquoian speakers in the area since at least 2,000 years ago and likely much earlier. In what appear to be modified versions of the older migrationist arguments, contemporary thought within archaeology once more seems to allow that wholesale relocations were responsible for bringing farming into the region. It has been suggested, for example, that Northern Iroquoian speakers entered southern Ontario as recently as the early or middle centuries of the first millennium A.D. In this paper, I recount the routes this debate has taken and show that the appearance of maize (Zea mays) agriculture, alongside a few other materials, has come to be bound up with documenting the arrival of Northern Iroquoian-speaking communities. I conclude by reiterating the cautions advised by a number of researchers for how we read past ethnicity from archaeological materials and the role this plays in contemporary political discourse between First Nations and others.
An Interaction Model for Resource Implement Complexity Based on Risk and Number of Annual Moves
Authors: Read Dwight
Published: February 2017

Different hypotheses identifying factors affecting the complexity of implements used to obtain food resources by hunter-gatherer groups are assessed with regression analysis. A regression model based on interaction between growing season as a proxy measure for risk and number of yearly moves fits data on the complexity of implements for 20 hunter-gatherer groups. The interaction model leads to a division of hunter-gatherer groups into two subgroups that correspond to collector vs. forager strategies for procuring resources. Implications of the interaction model for the evolution of complex implements are discussed.
A Review of Lichenometric Dating and Its Applications to Archaeology
Authors: Benedict James B.
Published: February 2017

Lichenometry—a method developed by geologists for dating Holocene moraines and other landforms—has many potential applications in archaeology. Maximum-diameter lichenometry can suggest ages for features that were initially lichen-free, such as the moai of Easter Island, and rock surfaces exposed by toolstone quarrying. Size-frequency analysis can provide dates for structures built of lichen-covered rocks, such as game-drive walls and blinds, meat caches, and tent rings. Both methods require local calibration curves, best constructed by measuring lichens on substrata of known exposure age. Most lichenometric studies have involved yellow members of the crustose genus Rhizocarpon, which grow slowly and can live for as long as 10,000 years. Lichenometry has been particularly successful on siliceous rock types in arctic, subarctic, and alpine-tundra environments. The effects of wildfire and of competition from foliose lichens make the technique less well suited for forested terrain. Few data are available for tropical or desert environments or for calcareous substrata. The reliability of a lichenometric date will depend on the quality of the calibration curve, the size of the sample, the nature and postoccupational history of the substratum, and the ability of the archaeologist to recognize potential disturbance factors. An ecological perspective is essential. Known archaeological applications and problems are discussed.
On Linguistics and Cascading Inventions: A Comment on Arnold's Dismissal of a Polynesian Contact Event in Southern California
Authors: Jones Terry L. , Klar Kathryn A.
Published: February 2017

In her recent article, "Credit Where Credit is Due: The History of the Chumash Oceangoing Plank Canoes," Jeanne Arnold questions our 2005 paper in which we suggested that a prehistoric contact event with Polynesians resulted in conveyance of the sewn-plank boat construction technique and a particular style of compound bone fishhook to the Chumash and Gabrielino of southern California. We agree with many of Arnold's views about the cascading effects of sewn-plank boat construction on Native societies of southern California, but question her dismissal of certain aspects of the empirical record, particularly the linguistics, in portraying this invention as strictly autochthonous. Here we recast aspects of the linguistic evidence that Arnold overlooks, provide evidence from oral history which she says is lacking, and discuss chronological issues that are much less straightforward than she suggests. We also mention implications of recent findings from South America. Finally, we submit that we have not discredited the Chumash or any other Native society in developing this hypothesis.
Understanding Cache Variability: A Deliberately Burned Early Paleoindian Tool Assemblage from the Crowfield Site, Southwestern Ontario, Canada
Authors: Deller D. Brian , Ellis Christopher J. , Keron James R.
Published: February 2017

The Crowfield site, excavated in 1981–82, would be a small typical Early Paleoindian campsite except for the added presence of a plough-truncated pit feature containing 182+ burned and destroyed stone artifacts. This paper reports on the latest insights into the feature contents based on continuing attempts to cross-mend fragments, as well as detailed analyses of the spatial distribution of artifact pieces within the feature itself. These results reinforce earlier conclusions that the items were burned where found, represent a cache of still functional tools and preforms, and were purposefully destroyed. They confirm that the site represents the best evidence to date for sacred ritual by eastern North American fluted point users. Contrasts with other reported early sacred and secular caches are documented that highlight the uniqueness of the assemblage. It is argued that these contrasts indicate the Crowfield feature assemblage more closely approximates a transported, functioning tool kit, as opposed to the surplus, seasonal and insurance gear, or offerings, that dominate other early caches.
The Enshrined Pueblo: Villagescape and Cosmos in the Northern Rio Grande
Authors: Fowles Severin M.
Published: February 2017

This paper investigates the material construction of Pueblo cosmology in the northern Rio Grande during and following the emergence of large aggregated villages at the end of the thirteenth century A.D. My central claim is that villages and the landscapes that surrounded them were mutually constitutive and need to be viewed holistically as components of integrated villagescapes that linked the dwellings of the living to the dwellings of ancestral spirits, and the social order of the village to the spatial order of the cosmos. "Village aggregation," in this sense, emerges as a misnomer given the radical geographic extension of ritual practice and constructed space that went hand-in-hand with residential agglomeration. I begin by synthesizing ethnographic evidence of Tewa and Northern Tiwa sacred geographies, paying close attention to the distribution and interpretation of archaeologically visible shrine features. I then use this ethnographic understanding as a basis for interpreting the archaeological evidence of the extensive complex of shrine features surrounding T'aitöna (Pot Creek Pueblo), one of the northern Rio Grande's earliest large villages.
Exploring Stó:Lō-Coast Salish Interaction and Identity in Ancient Houses and Settlements in the Fraser Valley, British Columbia
Authors: Lepofsky Dana , Schaepe David M. , Graesch Anthony P. , Lenert Michael , Ormerod Patricia , Carlson Keith Thor , Arnold Jeanne E. , Blake Michael , Moore Patrick , Clague John J.
Published: February 2017

Social scientists recognize a complex and iterative relationship between the built environment and social identities. Here, we explore the extent to which household and settlement remains may be used as archaeological correlates of collective identities among the Stó:lō-Coast Salish peoples of the Fraser River Valley. Using data from six recently tested archaeological sites we begin with the household and explore expressions of identity at various social-spatial scales. The sites span the period from 4200 cal B.C. to the late A.D. 1800s and include settlements with semi-subterranean houses of different forms as well as aboveground plank houses. Across this timeframe we see both change and continuity in settlement location, layout, size, and house form. Our data suggest that although group identities have changed over the millennia, selected social units have persisted through many generations and can be linked to present-day identities of the Stó:lō-Coast Salish.
Ethics and the Reburial Controversy
Authors: Goldstein Lynne , Kintigh Keith
Published: February 2017

The reburial issue is often characterized as a problem in ethics. This paper points out that ethics are a cultural construct, and, as such, what is sometimes referred to as an ethical conflict is better understood as a conflict in cultural values. With this in mind, we consider mechanisms for the resolution of cultural conflict with particular focus on the nature of negotiation and the necessity of mutual respect. We also consider the ethics of archaeology as they pertain to reburial negotiations. Public education is rejected as a panacea for these problems. We conclude that archaeology must change the way it does business, and we present a prescription for such change.
Basic Principles of Archaeological Resource Management
Authors: Knudson Ruthann
Published: February 2017

Since its inception the Society for American Archaeology has been concerned about "encourag[ing] a rational public appreciation of the aims… of archaeological research," and aiding in the conservation of archaeological data. The Society has acted on these concerns by becoming involved in the development of legislation intending to regulate the management of the archaeological resource base. During the recent campaign to amend the National Historic Preservation Act, a statement of "Basic Principles of Archaeological Resource Management" was drafted and accepted by the SAA Executive Committee. This position paper was useful in developing new congressional guidelines for the National Historic Preservation Act Amendments of 1980 (P.L. 95-515), and will serve as a basis for evaluating future international, federal, state, and local legislation and management programs.
Forensic Research: Expanding the Concept of Applied Archaeology
Authors: Sigler-Eisenberg Brenda
Published: February 2017

Anthropology, along with chemistry, geology, physics, medicine, and mathematics, consists of scientific modes of inquiry and techniques that have application for the public good beyond the boundaries of the respective disciplines. Within the past few decades the application of these sciences has emerged as a major force in scientific police investigations. The methods and techniques of archaeology are increasingly being applied by physical anthropologists and police investigators to the excavation of bodies buried during the course of criminal activity. It is argued that the potential for substantive and methodological contributions to archaeology, as well as to the criminal justice system, warrants increased participation and support of forensic research by forensically trained professional archaeologists.
The territory of ritual: cross-ridge boundaries and the prehistoric landscape of the Cleveland Hills, northeast England
Authors: Vyner B. E.
Published: February 2017

On the North Yorkshire Moors, in northeast England, is a series of linear boundaries which are characteristically placed across upland spurs and promontories. Survey and excavation suggest that these boundaries operated in conjunction with natural features to define areas of the prehistoric landscape which may have been concerned with ritual during the final Neolithic and Early Bronze Age.
City and state in pre-Roman Spain: the example of Ilici
Authors: Velasco Juan A. Santos
Published: February 2017

What is the nature of the cities and chiefdoms, the states or proto-states or would-be states that fringe the Roman Empire? Modern Spain, like other regions that were first outside and then inside Empire, shows social transformations that were as important as they are now hard to judge from enigmatic evidence.
Palaeoenvironmental evidence for human colonization of remote Oceanic islands
Authors: Kirch Patrick V. , Ellison Joanna
Published: February 2017

Not every first footstep on a virgin shore leaves enduring trace, nor every first human settlement an enduring deposit that chances to survive, and then chances to be observed archaeologically. Good environmental evidence from Mangaia Island, central East Polynesia, gives — it is contended — a fairer picture of the human invasion of remote Oceania than the short and sceptical chronology recently published in ANTIQUITY.
The creative use of bias in field survey
Authors: Bradley Richard , Durden Tess , Spencer Nigel
Published: February 2017

A modest experiment explores what is is seen and what is not seen in field survey, and what can be done about it.
Are collectors the real looters?
Authors: Isler-Kerényi Cornelia
Published: February 2017

More on the vexed question of collectors, looting, and on the right relationship between museums, researchers and the antiquities market.
Aerial reconnaissance in England 1994
Authors: Featherstone Roger
Published: February 2017

The summer of 1994 in Britain started cold and wet, with the spring growing season distinctly late, and then turned very hot. Each summer, with its own personality, makes for a different flavour to the air photography.
Early Bronze Age lead — a unique necklace from southeast Scotland
Authors: Hunter Fraser , Davis Mary
Published: February 2017

Excavation of an Early Bronze Age cist cemetery at West Water Reservoir, Peeblesshire, has uncovered a unique two-strand necklace, with one string of cannel coal disc beads and another of lead beads, buried around the neck of a young child. This is the earliest evidence for the use of metallic lead in Britain and Ireland.
New tools at Avebury
Authors: Burton Nick
Published: February 2017

Although significant to societies at a local, regionaland national level for up to 6000 years, the prehistoriclandscape of Avebury, Wiltshire, was formallyattributed the accolade of being 'globally important'in November 1986. At this time the United NationsEducational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation(UNESCO) inscribed Avebury onto the growing listof World Heritage Sites (http://www.unesco.orglwhc), and along with England's most notorious prehistoricmonument, 'Stonehenge, Avebury, and associatedsites' ((373) was created.The joint nomination ofboth Avebury and Stonehengeby the UK government was rational. At a timewhen no UK sites were on the list, seven UK applicationswere being presented to UNESCO and it wasconsidered that there would be a better chance ofboth landscapes being accepted if they were consideredas one site. Indeed, in comparison with thevariety of cultural and temporal variation in nominations,Stonehenge and Avebury are similar. It istrue that upon closer inspection there are both comparableand contrasting patterns of monument type,construction, use and disuse, but when comparingthese differences to those between here and DnrhamCastle or Ironbridge Gorge, for example, Stonehengeand Avebury certainly have an affinity
Stratigraphy, Harris matrices & relative dating of Australian rock-art
Authors: Chippindale Christopher , de Jongh Joané , Flood Josephine , Rufolo Scott
Published: February 2017

Rock-art, despite much ingenious effort (e.g., among many, Watchman et al. 1997), remains difficult to date by absolute methods, so relative dating has a central importance much as applied to dirt archaeology in the era before routine radiometric dating. It is sound relative dating which will show just what the entities are to which absolute dates may be connected. The first basis for relative dating is the determination of sequence: what motifs done by which techniques in which materials precede and follow each other; and the first basis for sequence is physical superposition, in which one figure plainly overlies another or - in the case of rock-engravings - one figure clearly cuts through another. But often figures do not cut or superpose each other so no relation of sequence exists: and sometimes figures are cut through each other without sequence being clear, or are so much overpainted that the older figures are impossible to discern.
The theft of Saharan rock-art
Authors: Keenan Jeremy
Published: February 2017

'The Greatest Museum of Prehistoric Art in the
whole World'. Such was the description Henri
Lhote gave to the rock paintings of the Tassili-n-
Ajjer , the massif (a designated World Heritage Site)
that lies to the northeast of Ahaggar in the Algerian
Central Sahara. His expedition spent 16
months in the Tassili in 1956-7 making 'discovery
after discovery' and copying 'hundreds upon
hundreds of painted walls'.
Lhote's work is now recognized for its denigration
of almost all and sundry. He likened the
local people, the Tuareg, who made many of his
'discoveries', to wolves and living by the laws of
the jungle. Significantly, he made no reference
in his 'discovery claims' to Yolande Tschudi, the
Swiss ethnologist, whose work preceded his own.
Worse still, he undertook what might be regarded
today as the systematic vandalism of the sites,
not only by liberally washing the paintings to
restore their colour, but by collecting and removing
copious quantities of material artefacts from
the area.
The hooked stick in the Lascaux shaft scene
Authors: Irwin Arthur
Published: February 2017

Hunting methods of bison, whether in the French Palaeolithic or on the plains of North America, have much in common. This paper discusses how the hunters pursued their prey and the tools with which they despatched the bison.
Revised ‘absolute’ dating of the early Mesolithic site of Star Carr, North Yorkshire, in the light of changes in the early Holocene tree-ring chronology
Authors: Dark Petra
Published: February 2017

Recent revision of the radiocarbon calibration curve for the early Holocene has implications for the ‘absolute’ date of Mesolithic sites such as Star Carr, and for their relationship to the timescale of early Holocene environmental change.
Sigwells, Somerset, England: regional application and interpretation of geophysical survey
Authors: Tabor Richard , Johnson Paul
Published: February 2017

Work by the South Cadbury Environs Project shows that analysing the alignment and morphology of large-scale geophysical data plots can greatly enhance diachronic and synchronic interpretation of a landscape. A pilot study demonstrates that discontinuity of boundary systems features as strongly as continuity in succeeding landscapes.
The introduction of the lapidary engraving wheel in Mesopotamia
Authors: Sax Margaret , Meeks Nigel D. , Collon Dominique
Published: February 2017

Scanning electron microscopy provides an insight into the lapidary techniques of the ancient Near East. Engraved features on quartz cylinder seals have been compared to those produced experimentally, leading to a radical reassessment of the date for the introduction of the engraving wheel.
Wall recesses for bee hives
Authors: Crane Eva , Walker Penelope
Published: February 2017

Walls with recesses to hold and protect skeps of bees were studied in Britain, Ireland and France. From an analysis of 1214 site records, the distribution, dates and characteristics of these walls are reported; some conclusions are drawn about the beekeeping practised (1100–1900) and certain regional differences.
Chewing tar in the early Holocene: an archaeological and ethnographic evaluation
Authors: Aveling E. M. , Heron C.
Published: February 2017

In an editorial in 1897, the British Medical Journal (ii: 1112) reported on increase in the ‘disgusting habit’of chewing gum, prepared from rubber or plant resin flavoured with aniseed or peppermint. However, the use of masticants is a much more widespread and long-term behaviour with possible health implications for humans. Here, samples of Mesolithic date from Scandinavia are identified and discussed.
Construction of national identity and origins in East Asia: a comparative perspective
Authors: Ikawa-Smith Fumiko
Published: February 2017

Many authors have remarked that archaeology in East Asia is part of the discipline of history (Chang 1981: 148; Ikawa-Smith 1975: 15; Nelson 1995: 218; Olsen 1987: 282–3; Von Falkenhausen 1993). Furthermore, it is more ‘locally focussed’ (Barnes 1993: 40), with most of the practising archaeologists investigating archaeological remains within their own national boundaries. To paraphrase the famous statement by North American archaeologists, ‘American archaeology is anthropology or it is nothing’ (Willey & Phillips 1957: 2), into ‘East Asian archaeology is national history or it is nothing’ would be an overstatement, but it is not too far from the reality. The major goal of archaeology in East Asia is to enhance understanding of a nation's past, by increasing its temporal depth. In other words, construction of national identity is the prime business of archaeology in East Asia.
Special section Dynamic landscapes and socio-political process: the topography of anthropogenic environments in global perspective
Authors: Fisher Christopher T. , Thurston Tina L.
Published: February 2017

Sander Van Der Leeuw, in his recent plenary address at the 1998 Society for American Archaeology Meetings, suggested that archaeology as a discipline has moved its emphasis from site to settlement pattern, and now to the landscape. Though a landscape focus is not new, especially for the social sciences (Coones 1994; Cosgrove 1984; Glacken 1967; Jackson 1994}, the landscape approach in archaeology (Wagstaff 1987) is still in its infancy.
Re-assessing the logboat from Lurgan Townland, Co. Galway, Ireland
Authors: Robinson M. E. , Shimwell D. W. , Cribbin G.
Published: February 2017

Recent study of the prehistoric Lurgan logboat reveals many details of its construction and date. Speculation on how the boat was used and why it was incomplete offer an insight into Irish prehistory.
Pubic lice (Pthirus pubis L.) were present in Roman and Medieval Britain
Authors: Kenward Harry
Published: February 2017

As methods of retrieval become ever better, and analysis more refined, the horrid vermin of human occupation are identified and mapped. Recent analyses of deposits from Carlisle provide data on pubic lice.
Two ‘Oldowan’ assemblages in the Plio-Pleistocene deposits of the Orce region, southeast Spain
Authors: Gibert J. , Gibert Ll. , Iglesias A. , Maestro E.
Published: February 2017

Stone artefacts reported from the Orce region (Grenada, Spain) indicate a first human presence in western Europe as early as the Plio-Pleistocene boundary, making a ‘long chronology’ for European hominids against the claims for a briefer human presence. Excavations of Barranco León-5 and Fuentenueva-3a in 1995 have produced two groups of lithic artefacts of ‘Oldowan’ type, seen as the most ancient of western Europe by faunal associations and palaeomagnetic study.
Middle and Upper Palaeolithic environments and the calibration of 14C dates beyond 10,000 BP
Authors: van Andel Tjeerd H.
Published: February 2017

Advances in our understanding of the Quaternary history of the earth's magnetic field provide the means to correct the radiocarbon time-scale for long-term (millennia) deviations from the calendrical one beyond the upper limit of the tree-ring-based calibration. The conversion is essential when Middle and Upper Palaeolithic archaeological sites are to be placed within the context of the complex climatic history of the last glacial interval and following deglaciation.
Manioc agriculture and sedentism in Amazonia: the Upper Xingu example
Authors: Heckenberger Michael J.
Published: February 2017

Agricultural productivity and Amazonian settlement

The nature of Pre-Columbian agricultural systems in Amazonia has stimulated considerable debate, specifically: can one or another cultigen — maize or manioc — provide a stable agricultural base for sedentism and population growth (eg. Carneiro 1961; 1986; Gross 1975; Meggers 1996; Roosevelt 1980)? Certain ecological factors are generally seen to limit production and intensification of those subsistence resources that can support sedentary or densely distributed populations. Low agricultural productivity, characteristic of many Amazonian soils, and the generally low density and patchy distribution of terrestrial game are commonly cited as limiting factors (Gross 1975; 1983; Johnson 1982; Meggers 1954; 1996; Ross 1978; Sponsel 1989). It has become accepted that the highly restrictedváirzearegions, primarily the floodplain settings of the major ‘white-water’ rivers (the Amazon and its Andean-derived tributaries), did not impose these environmental constraints on demographic or economic growth due to their fertile soils and higher concentrations of rich aquatic resources (e.g. Brochado 1984; 1989; Carneiro 1986; 1995; Denevan 1996; Lathrap 1968; 1970; 1987; Lathrapet al. 1985; Meggers 1996; Moran 1993; Roosevelt 1980; 1989; 1994).
New research on the terramare of northern Italy
Authors: Pearce Mark
Published: February 2017

The north Italian Bronze Age culture–the terramare–has recently been celebrated in a splendid exhibition at Modena, and new catalogues, research and the re-opening of old excavations. Mark Pearce discusses the relevance of the old ideas in the light of new data.