bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multiphase partitioning and risk assessment of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the Pearl River, China
Authors: Gong Jian , Huang Youda , Huang Wen , Ran Yong , Chen Diyun
Published: March 2016

Multiphase partitioning of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the Pearl River (China) were investigated. The colloidal concentrations for 4-tert-octylphenol, 4-nonylphenol, bisphenol A (BPA), and estrone (E1) were in the ranges of 0.2 ng/L to 0.8 ng/L, 23.2 ng/L to 108 ng/L, 2.3 ng/L to 97.6 ng/L, and not detectable (nd) to 0.32 ng/L, respectively; for truly dissolved concentrations, the ranges were 0.5 ng/L to 5.4 ng/L, 39 ng/L to 319 ng/L, 13.7 ng/L to 91.2 ng/L, and nd to 1.2 ng/L, respectively. Positive correlations of EDCs with colloidal organic carbon (COC) were observed. The in situ COC normalized partitioning coefficients (log KCOC) for 4-tert-octylphenol (5.35 ± 0.42), 4-nonylphenol (5.69 ± 0.50), and BPA (5.51 ± 0.77) were within the ranges reported by other studies, whereas they were 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher than their particulate/truly dissolved phase partition coefficients (log KOCint), revealing much strong sorption of EDCs by aquatic colloids. Moreover, colloid-bound percentages of 4-tert-octylphenol, 4-nonylphenol, and BPA ranged, respectively, from 6.9% to 36.4%, from 16.7% to 63.1%, and from 3.6% to 52.4%; their estimated mass fractions were 0.29 ± 0.21, 0.38 ± 0.26, and 0.39 ± 0.33, respectively. Obviously the colloid-bound fractions are significant. Furthermore, a medium risk of estrogenic effects was estimated from the truly dissolved concentrations of EDCs in the Pearl River, which was lower than the estimated high risk according to the conventionally dissolved concentrations. It is suggested that the presence of colloids be incorporated into future water quality prediction and ecological risk assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2474–2482. © 2016 SETAC
Docking and subduction of the West Pacific seamounts along the Mariana Trench and their effects
Authors: Zhang Bin , Li Guangxue , Li Sanzhong , Dada Olusegun A.
Published: March 2016

The Mariana Trench is located at the edge of the West Pacific Plate, with a lot of large aseismic ridges lying there. These seamounts significantly affect the trench morphology and topographic change by the continuous subduction associated with NW‐directed Pacific Plate motion. In this article, the topography of the Mariana Trench is analysed by considering the free‐space and Bouguer‐gravity anomalies and the interaction between the seamounts and the plate boundary. All results indicate that following the movement of relatively isolated large‐sized seamounts near the plate boundary to the edge of the Mariana Trench, the impact of the subducting plate on the surrounding area lessens. As a consequence, the trench becomes shallower and jumps towards the seaward edge. Furthermore, a large area of large‐sized seamounts and oceanic rises will incise the subducting plate while approaching the trench axis, promote the subduction processes and increase the trench bathymetries. Shallower bathymetries at the middle section of the Mariana Trench, the discontinuous trench axes and some fickle topographic features in the front of the arc, are mostly caused by the docking or the subduction of the relatively isolated large‐scale seamounts. The docking or the subduction of a large area of seamounts has certain influences on the formation of a deep‐sea trench at the south section. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of the Relationship between Phase Change Temperature and Boundary Temperature on the Thermal Performance of a PCM Wall and the Presentation of PCM Thermal Performance Indexes
Authors: Zhang Yuan , He Jiapeng
Published: March 2016

In the composite phase change material (PCM) building envelope, the matching relationship between the phase change temperature of the PCM and the wall's boundary temperature significantly affects the energy storage performance of the PCM building envelope. In this paper, a type of concrete hollow block with a typical structure and a common PCM were adopted to produce multiform composite PCM hollow blocks, and the temperature changing hot chamber method was performed to test the thermal performance of the hollow block walls under different temperature conditions. New indexes were proposed for the thermal performance evaluation of the PCM wall. Meanwhile, combined with experimental data, the effective heat capacity model and the enthalpy model were used to analyze the effect of correlations concerning how the relationship between phase change temperature and wall's boundary temperature influenced the thermal performance of PCM wall. Three main impact factors related to temperature were obtained through the analysis. In addition, approaches for improving the thermal performance of a composite PCM wall were put forward. This paper provides the theoretical basis, data reference and practical instruction for the proper use of a PCM wall and ways for improving the thermal performance of a composite PCM wall.
Effective impervious area for runoff in urban watersheds
Authors: Ebrahimian Ali , Gulliver John S. , Wilson Bruce N.
Published: March 2016

Effective impervious area (EIA), or the portion of total impervious area (TIA) that is hydraulically connected to the storm sewer system, is an important parameter in determining actual urban runoff. EIA has implications in watershed hydrology, water quality, environment, and ecosystem services. The overall goal of this study is to evaluate the application of successive weighted least square (WLS) method to urban catchments with different sizes and various hydrologic conditions to determine EIA fraction. Other objectives are to develop insights on the data selection issues, EIA fraction, EIA/TIA ratio, and runoff source area patterns in urban catchments. The successive WLS method is applied to 50 urban catchments with different sizes from less than 1 ha to more than 2000 ha in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Texas, USA as well as Europe, Canada, and Australia. The average, median, and standard deviation of EIA fractions for the 42 catchments with residential land uses are found to be 0.222, 0.200, and 0.113, respectively. These values for the EIA/TIA ratio in the same 42 catchments are 0.50, 0.48, and 0.21, respectively. While the EIA/TIA results indicate the importance of EIA, 95% prediction interval of the mean EIA/TIA is found to be 0.07 to 0.93, which shows that using an average value for this ratio in each land use to determine EIA from TIA in ungauged urban watersheds can be misleading. The successive WLS method was robust and is recommended for determining EIA in gauged urban catchments. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hyaluronan coated cerium oxide nanoparticles modulate CD44 and reactive oxygen species expression in human fibroblasts
Authors: Lord Megan S. , Farrugia Brooke L. , Yan Claudia M. Y. , Vassie James A. , Whitelock John M.
Published: March 2016

Cerium oxide nanoparticles are being widely explored for cell therapies. In this study, nanoceria was functionalized with hyaluronan (HA) using the organosilane linker, 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane. HA‐nanoceria was found to be cytocompatible and to reduce intracellular reactive oxygen species in human fibroblasts. The HA‐nanoceria was found to colocalize with CD44 on the surface of the cells and once internalized traffic to the lysosomes, be degraded and induce markers of autophagy. These particles were also effective in reducing the cell surface expression of CD44. Together these data suggest that HA‐nanoceria is a promising drug delivery material to target CD44‐expressing cells through a variety of mechanisms. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 1736–1746, 2016.
Report of the ASFA apheresis registry on muscle specific kinase antibody positive myasthenia gravis
Authors: Yamada Chisa , Pham Huy P. , Wu Yanyun , Cooling Laura , Kim Haewon C. , Morgan Shanna , Schwartz Joseph , Winters Jeffrey L. , Wong Edward C.C.
Published: March 2016

Background: Anti‐muscle specific kinase antibody positive (MuSK Ab) myasthenia gravis (MG) patients are known to have different clinical course compared to anti‐acetylcholine receptor Ab positive MG patients. Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) has been reported to be effective; however, little is known of the response and of TPE procedural information. An ASFA Apheresis Registry was developed to analyze those data. Methods: The study collected detailed de‐identified patient data, TPE procedures, and treatment outcome/complications. Collected data was described in aggregate. Results: A total of 15 MuSK Ab MG patients with exacerbation of MG symptoms, 13 females/2 males, median age 44, were investigated. Thirty TPE courses (median 5 procedures/course, total 145 procedures) were evaluated. All TPE procedures were performed with citrate anticoagulation, 1 − 1.25 plasma volume exchange in 100% fluid balance, and 90% of courses used only albumin as replacement. Calcium was added to albumin or given orally as needed. TPE was performed every other day in 55% of courses. Adverse events occurred in 3.4% of procedures. Ten patients (67%) experienced relapses within a median of 7 weeks. Objective symptoms were resolved in more than 75% of courses. Overall subjective improvement rates were 94.1%/93.3% after 3/4 TPE procedures, respectively. Thirty‐one percent of patients responded poorly with minimal recovery. Conclusion: Overall subjective improvement was seen up to 94% of patients after one course of TPE. Some patients were poor‐responders. Five TPE may be adequate for initial course with additional TPE as needed. Based upon this preliminary data, we will modify our future data collection. J. Clin. Apheresis 32:5–11, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of Notch Signaling During Osteogenic Differentiation in Human Osteosarcoma Cell Line MG63
Authors: Ongaro Alessia , Pellati Agnese , Bagheri Leila , Rizzo Paola , Caliceti Cristiana , Massari Leo , De Mattei Monica
Published: March 2016

Osteogenic differentiation is a multi‐step process controlled by a complex molecular framework. Notch is an evolutionarily conserved intercellular signaling pathway playing a prominent role in cell fate and differentiation, although the mechanisms by which this pathway regulates osteogenesis remain controversial. This study aimed to investigate, in vitro, the involvement of Notch pathway during all the developmental stages of osteogenic differentiation in human osteosarcoma cell line MG63. Cells were cultured in basal condition (control) and in osteoinductive medium (OM). Notch inhibitors were also added in OM to block Notch pathway. During osteogenic differentiation, early (alkaline phosphatase activity and collagen type I) and late osteogenic markers (osteocalcin levels and matrix mineralization), as well as the gene expression of the main osteogenic transcription factors (Runx2, Osterix, and Dlx5) increased. Time dependent changes in the expression of specific Notch receptors were identified in OM versus control with a significant reduction in the expression of Notch1 and Notch3 receptors in the early phase of differentiation, and an increase of Notch2 and Notch4 receptors in the late phase. Among Notch nuclear target genes, Hey1 expression was significantly higher in OM than control, while Hes5 expression decreased. Osteogenic markers were reduced and Hey1 was significantly inhibited by Notch inhibitors, suggesting a role for Notch through the canonical pathway. In conclusion, Notch pathway might be involved with a dual role in osteogenesis of MG63, through the activation of Notch2, Notch4, and Hey1, inducing osteoblast differentiation and the depression of Notch1, Notch3, and Hes5, maintaining an undifferentiated status. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 2652–2663, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Going beyond work and family: A longitudinal study on the role of leisure in the work–life interplay
Authors: Knecht Michaela , Wiese Bettina S. , Freund Alexandra M.
Published: March 2016

Going beyond the relation of work and family, the present three‐wave longitudinal study spanning one year assessed different forms of conflict and facilitation between leisure and the life domains work and family and their relation to subjective well‐being. A sample of N = 277 employed men and women reported their perceived conflict and facilitation between leisure, work, and family and subjective well‐being. Results suggest that leisure is a source of facilitation for work and family, and, at the same time, a major recipient of conflict from work and family. Moreover, leisure conflict was negatively correlated and leisure facilitation was positively associated with concurrent subjective well‐being. Both conflict and facilitation between all three life domains remained highly stable over the course of one year. Only few and non‐systematic lagged effects were found, indicating that the variance of the stability of the constructs and their relations over time leave little room for longitudinal predictions. Taken together, the study demonstrates that, similar to work–family relations, conflict and facilitation with the leisure domain are also associated with subjective well‐being and remain highly stable over the course of a year in the lives of young and middle‐aged adults. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of myeloid early endothelial progenitor cells in bone formation and osteoclast differentiation in tissue construct based on hydroxyapatite poly(ester‐urethane) scaffolds
Authors: Shi Yang , Wang Fanlu , Tiwari Sanjay , Yesilbas Meran , Steubesand Nadine , Weitkamp Jan‐Tobias , Klüter Tim , Lippross Sebastian , Eglin David , Seekamp Andreas , Fuchs Sabine
Published: March 2016

Engineering of a vascularized bone construct is a highly challenging task which needs to take into account the impact of different components on the bone regeneration process. Bone repair influencing factors in such constructs range from the material properties and scaffold design, to the interaction of different cell types contributing to bone formation and remodeling or neovascularization, respectively. In this context, early endothelial progenitor cells (EPC), mononuclear cells isolated from the peripheral blood, express the endothelial marker CD31 but also a series of myeloid markers and have been shown to support the formation of vessel‐like structures. These cells are also characterized by a highly adaptable phenotype influenced by other cells creating an instructive niche. The present study was designed to investigate the impact of EPC on bone formation or remodeling using a co‐culture system of outgrowth endothelial cells, mature endothelial cells isolated from the peripheral blood cell cultures, and mesenchymal stem cells grown on hydroxyapatite poly(ester‐urethane) scaffolds. The formation of vessel‐like structures in these constructs was shown by CLSM and immunohistochemistry and further evaluated by real time RT‐PCR. Osteogenic differentiation in these constructs was investigated by von Kossa, Alizarin Red, and real time PCR. Data indicated that osteogenic differentiation occurred within the constructs after 14 days of culture but without a direct influence by EPC in this process. Finally, although we observed a series of osteoclast related makers in the constructs when EPC were included, no indications for an increased osteoclast‐like activity, which might lead to increased bone resorption, were observed. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1922–1932, 2016.
Neonatal acute liver failure
Authors: Taylor Sarah A. , Whitington Peter F.
Published: March 2016

Neonatal acute liver failure (NALF) is a rare disease about which there is little published data; however, NALF is an extremely important condition as it is distinct from acute liver failure seen in older children and adults. First, unlike acute liver failure in older patients, NALF can be diagnosed in an infant with cirrhosis. This is due to the fetal‐neonatal continuum of liver disease, or the principle that neonatal liver failure may be the result of a liver disease that began in utero. Further differences exist in the mechanism of disease, diagnostic principles, and the common etiologies of NALF when compared with pediatric and adult acute liver failure. This review will address many of the distinguishing features of NALF and focus on the most common etiologies of NALF, including gestational alloimmune liver disease (GALD), the most common cause of NALF. Additionally, this review will provide insight into the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of this rare condition. Liver Transplantation 22 677‐685 2016 AASLD.
Pediatric acute liver failure in Brazil: Is living donor liver transplantation the best choice for treatment?
Authors: Tannuri Ana Cristina Aoun , Porta Gilda , Kazue Miura Irene , Santos Maria Merces , Moreira Daniel de Albuquerque Rangel , de Rezende Nathassia Mancebo Avila , Miyatani Helena Thie , Tannuri Uenis
Published: March 2016

Acute liver failure (ALF) in children is a life‐threatening condition that often leads to urgent liver transplantation (LT). The aim of the present investigation was to describe the experience in Brazil in treating pediatric ALF, with an emphasis on the role of living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) in treating this condition. All children with ALF who fulfilled the criteria for an urgent LT were admitted to the intensive care unit. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on the moment of admission: before and after June 2007, when the LDLT program for ALF was started. Statistical analyses were performed to identify prognostic factors of patients with ALF. For the study, 115 children with ALF were admitted. All patients had some degree of encephalopathy. Among the patients, 26% of them required intracranial pressure monitoring (IPM), 12.8% of the patients required hemodialysis, and 79 patients underwent transplantation (50 deceased donors and 29 living donors) corresponding to 12.4% of all pediatric LTs. Only 9 children recovered without LT. The need for IPM and nonperformance of LT were related to a higher mortality. The mortality rate of patients who underwent LT was significantly lower than that of children with ALF who did not undergo a LT (48.1% versus 75%; P = 0.02). The incidences of primary nonfunction and mortality were statistically higher among deceased donor liver transplantations than LDLTs. Finally, it was verified that the overall survival rate of transplanted patients was increased after the introduction of LDLT (P = 0.02). In conclusion, ALF in children continues to be a severe and devastating condition, and a LT should be performed promptly. The introduction of LDLT could increase the survival rate of patients in Brazil. Liver Transplantation 22 1006–1013 2016 AASLD
Study on the microstructure evolution of TiO2‐reinforced HDPE nanocomposites by synchrotron small angle X‐ray scattering
Authors: Li Xiaoyun , Liu Guoming , Tang Zhongfeng , Zhang Xiuqin , Zhou Ping , Wang Jie , Li Xiuhong , Li Liangbin
Published: March 2016

This work studies the effect of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles on mechanical properties, thermal behavior and microstructures of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results showed that melting temperature and crystallinity of the nanocomposites are affected by incorporating TiO2; the crystallinity reaches maximum at low TiO2 loading following with a significant reduction when the content of TiO2 higher than 2 wt%. To deeply understand structure–property relationship, SAXS experiments were carried out. The results indicated that the nanoparticles were homogeneously distributed in the HDPE matrix. The TiO2 nanoparticles exhibit surface‐fractal characteristic at small scale. At large scale, with TiO2 content increasing, TiO2 clusters grow gradually until 2 wt%. The optimum microstructures and mechanical properties of HDPE/TiO2 nanocomposites were achieved at about 2 wt% loading. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:580–587, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Lipid production from hemicellulose with Lipomyces starkeyi in a pH regulated fed‐batch cultivation
Authors: Brandenburg Jule , Blomqvist Johanna , Pickova Jana , Bonturi Nemailla , Sandgren Mats , Passoth Volkmar
Published: March 2016

This study investigated lipid production from the hemicellulosic fraction of birch wood by the oleaginous yeast Lipomyces starkeyi. Birch wood chips were thermochemically pretreated by hot water extraction, and the liquid phase, containing 45.1 g/l xylose as the major sugar, 13.1 g/l acetic acid and 4.7 g/l furfural, was used for cultivations of L. starkeyi CBS1807. The hydrolysate strongly inhibited yeast growth; the strain could only grow in medium containing 30% hydrolysate at pH 6. At pH 5, growth stopped already upon the addition of about 10% hydrolysate. In fed‐batch cultures fed with hydrolysate or a model xylose–acetic acid mixture, co‐consumption of xylose and acetic acid was observed, which resulted in a pH increase. This phenomenon was utilized to establish a pH‐stat fed‐batch cultivation in which, after an initial feeding, hydrolysate or model mixture was connected to the pH‐regulation system of the bioreactor. Under these conditions we obtained growth and lipid production in cultures grown on either xylose or glucose during the batch phase. In cultivations fed with model mixture, a maximum lipid content of 60.5% of the cell dry weight (CDW) was obtained; however, not all xylose was consumed. When feeding hydrolysate, growth was promoted and carbon sources were completely consumed, resulting in higher CDW with maximum lipid content of 51.3%. In both cultures the lipid concentration was 8 g/l and a lipid yield of 0.1 g/g carbon source was obtained. Lipid composition was similar in all cultivations, with C18:1 and C16:0 being the most abundant fatty acids. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Massive post‐polypectomy hemorrhage: Successful tulip‐bundle technique with endoloop for hemostasis
Authors: Yen Hsu‐Heng , Yang Chia‐Wei , Wu Shun‐Sheng , Soon Maw‐Soan
Published: March 2016

Colonoscopic polypectomy is a common procedure for removing colonic polyps to prevent subsequent development of colon cancer. Hemorrhage is the most common complication following polypectomy, with a reported rate of 0.3% to 6.0%. The risk increases to 12.5% when the size of the polyp stalk exceeds 1 cm. The most commonly used endoscopic preventive techniques, such as injection therapy, prophylactic use of endoclip, or endoloop, were found to decrease the rate of post‐polypectomy hemorrhage, and repeated use of these techniques is useful for controlling bleeding. Here, we reported a case of a 65‐year‐old man with refractory post‐polypectomy hemorrhage for a 2‐cm adenomatous polyp. Application of an endoloop using the tulip‐bundle technique achieved successful hemostasis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of this technique being used to treat refractory acute post‐polypectomy hemorrhage.
Burnout en médicos internos de pregrado del Hospital General de México Dr. Eduardo Liceaga
Authors: Athié Gutiérrez César , Cardiel Marmolejo Lino Eduardo , Camacho Aguilera Jaime , Mucientes Avellaneda Víctor Manuel , Terronez Girón Andrea Del Mar
Published: March 2016

Introducción: El síndrome de burnout, entendido como una reacción afectiva en respuesta al estrés laboral crónico, se integra con 3 ejes fundamentales: desgaste emocional, despersonalización y falta de realización personal. Repercute significativamente tanto a instituciones como a empleados, particularmente los relacionados con la medicina.
Jornadas laborales extenuantes, alta exigencia académica y demandas emocionales son constantes durante el internado médico de pregrado, siendo los médicos internos de pregrado (MIP) vulnerables para desarrollar burnout. Por esto es conveniente realizar estudios para identificar dicho síndrome y sus componentes, implementar medidas preventivas y mejorar las condiciones laborales, garantizando una mejor calidad de servicio al paciente.
 
Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia del síndrome de burnout en los MIP del Hospital General de México Dr. Eduardo Liceaga y establecer asociaciones con factores de riesgo.
 
Método: Se realizó un estudio transversal, observacional y descriptivo a 141 MIP del Hospital General de México Dr. Eduardo Liceaga a través de la encuesta de Maslach Burnout Inventory para conocer la prevalencia de burnout y analizar su correlación con factores asociados mediante la prueba estadística Rho de Spearman.
 
Resultados: El total de la población presentó algún grado de desgaste laboral y el 16% cumplió con criterios de burnout. Se encontró relación estadisticamente significativa entre el burnout y el tiempo de traslado (p - —0.203, p 0.016), asi como la universidad de procedencia (p - -0.184, 0.029).
 
Conclusiones: En respuesta a los resultados obtenidos se sugiere realizar una valoración al inicio del internado para identificar población en riesgo, modificación en el rol de la rotación, otorgar la posguardia en servicios de alta demanda y apoyo psicológico en caso de ser necesario.
Intraosseous schwannoma localized in the anterior mandible with multilocular radiolucency: A case report
Authors: Kawasaki Yasuhiro , Kobashi Hironobu , Ishii Syouichirou , Yakushijib Noboru
Published: March 2016

Intraosseous schwannoma in the oral and maxillofacial regions is rare. It arises most commonly in the posterior region of the mandible due to the presence of the inferior alveolar nerve. There have been only seven reported cases of intraosseous schwannoma localized in the anterior region of the mandible, all of which involved unilocular radiolucency. In this study, we report the rare case of an intraosseous schwannoma localized in the anterior mandible with multilocular radiolucency. The radiographic and clinical features of this case may be helpful for providing a correct diagnosis and treatment in the future.
Bayesian Humility
Authors: Elga Adam
Published: March 2016

Say that an agent is epistemically humble if she is less than fully confident that her opinions will converge to the truth, given appropriate evidence. Is such humility rationally permissible? According to Gordon Belot’s orgulity argument: the answer is yes, but long-run convergence-to-the-truth theorems force Bayesians to answer no. That argument has no force against Bayesians who reject countable additivity as a requirement of rationality. Such Bayesians are free to count even extreme humility as rationally permissible. Furthermore, dropping countable additivity does not render Bayesianism more vulnerable to the charge that it is excessively subjective.
Partial duplication of theCRYBB1-CRYBA4locus is associated with autosomal dominant congenital cataract
Authors: Siggs Owen M. , Javadiyan Shari , Sharma Shiwani , Souzeau Emmanuelle , Lower Karen M. , Taranath Deepa A. , Black Jo , Pater John , Willoughby John G. , Burdon Kathryn P. , Craig Jamie E.
Published: March 2016

Congenital cataract is a rare but severe paediatric visual impediment, often caused by variants in one of several crystallin genes that produce the bulk of structural proteins in lens. Here we describe a pedigree with autosomal dominant isolated congenital cataract and linkage to the crystallin gene cluster on chromosome 22. No rare single nucleotide variants or short indels were identified by whole-exome sequencing, yet copy number variant analysis revealed a duplication spanning both CRYBB1 and CRYBA4. While the CRYBA4 duplication was complete, the CRYBB1 duplication was not, with the duplicated CRYBB1 product predicted to create a gain of function allele. This association suggests a new genetic mechanism for the development of isolated congenital cataract.

Grant information

Supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council

Conflict of interest

the authors declare no conflict of interest.
Defining Asia Capabilities for Australia's Public Service
Authors: Bice Sara , Merriam Angela
Published: March 2016

Twenty‐three years ago, questions posed in this journal asked whether and how the Australian public service was prepared to engage effectively in Asia. More recent meta‐analyses of public policy scholarship suggest that Western policy scholars and administrators continue to pay limited attention to Asian policymaking, despite the rise of Asia in the 21st century. This article contributes a research‐derived Asia capabilities framework for Australia's public service, distilled from a qualitative study with public administration leaders at Commonwealth, state, and local government levels. It taps scholarly literature in ‘cultural intelligence’, global leadership competencies, and training to provide a robust conceptual underpinning for the framework. The framework defines the knowledge, skills, capabilities, and experiences vital for Australia's public service to engage effectively with the region in a rapidly changing policy environment.
VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATIONS AND NEIGHBORHOOD CRIME: A DYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE*
Authors: WO JAMES C. , HIPP JOHN R. , BOESSEN ADAM
Published: March 2016

Although numerous theories suggest that voluntary organizations contribute to lower crime rates in neighborhoods, the evidence for this proposition is weak. Consequently, we propose a dynamic perspective for understanding the relationship between voluntary organizations and neighborhood crime that involves longitudinal analyses and the measurement of the age of organizations. By using longitudinal data on a sample of census blocks (N = 87,641) located across 10 cities, we test the relationship between age‐graded measures of different types of voluntary organizations and neighborhood crime rates. We use fixed‐effects negative binomial regression models that focus on change within neighborhoods of the relationship between voluntary organizations and neighborhood crime. Our results show that although each type of voluntary organization is found to exhibit crime‐reducing behavior in neighborhoods, we find that many of them are consistent with what we refer to as the “delayed impact scenario”—there is a pronounced delay between the placement of a voluntary organization and a neighborhood subsequently experiencing a reduction in crime. With protective effects of organizations typically not demonstrated until several years after being in the neighborhood, these patterns suggest a need for long‐term investment strategies when examining organizations.
Ductus venosus Doppler in the assessment of fetal cardiovascular health: an updated practical approach
Authors: Seravalli Viola , Miller Jena L. , Block‐Abraham Dana , Baschat Ahmet A.
Published: March 2016

The ductus venosus has a central role in the distribution of highly oxygenated umbilical venous blood to the heart. Its waveform is related to the pressure‐volume changes in the cardiac atria and it is therefore important in the monitoring of any fetal condition that may affect forward cardiac function. The cardiovascular parameters that can influence forward cardiac function include afterload, myocardial performance and preload. Decreased forward flow during atrial systole (a‐wave) is the most sensitive and ubiquitous finding when any of these parameters is affected. In contrast, decreased forward velocities during end‐systolic relaxation (v‐wave) are more specifically related to myocardial performance. The ductus venosus pulsatility index alone does not accurately reflect cardiac function, and in cases of suspected fetal cardiac dysfunction, echocardiography is required to identify the underlying mechanism. The role of ductus venosus Doppler in the assessment of fetal growth restriction, supraventricular tachycardia, fetal hydrops, complicated monochorionic twins and congenital heart disease is discussed with these considerations in mind.
Infant and maternal risk factors related to necrotising enterocolitis‐associated infant death in the United States
Authors: Seeman Sara M. , Mehal Jason M. , Haberling Dana L. , Holman Robert C. , Stoll Barbara J.
Published: March 2016

Aim

To evaluate necrotising enterocolitis (NEC)‐associated infant death and identify risk factors related to NEC infant death in the United States.

Methods

The United States Period Linked Birth/Infant Death data for 2010–2013 were utilised to determine risk factors associated with NEC infant death. Infant mortality rates (IMRs) were calculated and a retrospective matched case–control analysis was performed. An infant case was defined as having the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision code for NEC listed on the death record. Controls were matched on birthweight and randomly selected. Conditional multivariable logistic regression models stratified by birthweight were conducted to determine risk factors for NEC infant death.

Results

The average annual NEC IMR was 12.5 deaths per 100 000 live births and was higher among very low birthweight (VLBW) compared to normal birthweight infants and among black compared to white infants. For VLBW infants, the multivariable analysis identified male sex, five‐minute Apgar score of less than 7, and white infants born to a mother who is less than or equal to 19 years of age to be related with NEC‐associated infant death.

Conclusion

Paediatricians should be aware of the factors related to NEC‐associated infant death to reduce the number of infants at greatest risk for NEC and focus on racial disparities.
Cultural differences in visual attention: Implications for distraction processing
Authors: Amer Tarek , Ngo K. W. Joan , Hasher Lynn
Published: March 2016

We investigated differences between participants of East Asian and Western descent in attention to and implicit memory for irrelevant words which participants were instructed to ignore while completing a target task (a Stroop Task in Experiment 1 and a 1‐back task on pictures in Experiment 2). Implicit memory was measured using two conceptual priming tasks (category generation in Experiment 1 and general knowledge in Experiment 2). Participants of East Asian descent showed reliable implicit memory for previous distractors relative to those of Western descent with no evidence of differences on target task performance. We also found differences in a Corsi Block spatial memory task in both studies, with superior performance by the East Asian group. Our findings suggest that cultural differences in attention extend to task‐irrelevant background information, and demonstrate for the first time that such information can boost performance when it becomes relevant on a subsequent task.
The Binding Mode Prediction and Similar Ligand Potency in the Active Site of Vitamin D Receptor with QM/MM Interaction, MESP, and MD Simulation
Authors: Selvaraman Nagamani , Selvam Saravana Kumar , Muthusamy Karthikeyan
Published: March 2016

Non‐secosteroidal ligands are well‐known vitamin D receptor (VDR) agonists. In this study, we described a combined QM/MM to define the protein–ligand interaction energy a strong positive correlation in both QM–MM interaction energy and binding free energy against the biological activity. The molecular dynamics simulation study was performed, and specific interactions were extensively studied. The molecular docking results and surface analysis shed light on steric and electrostatic complementarities of these non‐secosteroidal ligands to VDR. Finally, the drug likeness properties were also calculated and found within the acceptable range. The results show that bulky group substitutions in side chain decrease the VDR activity, whereas a small substitution increased it. Functional analyses of H393A and H301A mutations substantiate their roles in the VDR agonistic and antagonistic activities. Apart from the His393 and His301, two other amino acids in the hinge region viz. Ser233 and Arg270 acted as an electron donor/acceptor specific to the agonist in the distinct ligand potency. The results from this study disclose the binding mechanism of VDR agonists and structural modifications required to improve the selectivity.
Neonatal adiposity increases with rising cord blood IGF‐1 levels
Authors: Kadakia Rachel , Ma Madeleine , Josefson Jami L.
Published: March 2016

Objective

Infants with higher adiposity at birth may be at greater risk of developing obesity later in life. IGF‐1 is important for intrauterine growth and may be a useful early life marker of adiposity, and thus later obesity risk. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between cord blood IGF‐1, neonatal anthropometrics and markers of neonatal adiposity.

Design, Patients and Measurements

A cross‐sectional study design was utilized to study a multiethnic cohort of full‐term neonates born to healthy mothers with normal glucose tolerance at a large university hospital. Neonatal cord blood was collected after birth and assayed for IGF‐1, leptin and C‐peptide. Neonatal body composition was measured between 24 and 72 h of life using the method of air displacement plethysmography.

Results

Cord blood IGF‐1 was positively and significantly associated with markers of neonatal adiposity in models adjusted for maternal age at delivery, race, maternal prepregnancy BMI, gestational age at delivery and neonatal sex: birthweight (r = 0·62, P < 0·001), leptin (r = 0·33, P = 0·018), fat mass (r = 0·52, P < 0·001) and percent body fat (r = 0·51, P < 0·001). Cord blood IGF‐1 was not associated with cord blood C‐peptide.

Conclusions

Cord blood IGF‐1 is strongly associated with all measures of neonatal adiposity suggesting that IGF‐1 may be an important contributor to in utero neonatal fat accumulation.
Retrospective success and survival rates of dental implants placed after a ridge preservation procedure
Authors: Apostolopoulos Peter , Darby Ivan
Published: March 2016

Aim

Ridge preservation is any procedure that takes place at the time of, or shortly after an extraction, to minimise resorption of the ridge and maximise bone formation within the socket. The aim of this project is to investigate the outcome of implant treatment following ridge preservation and compare it to an ungrafted implant control group.

Methods and materials

Following ethics approval, an electronic and manual search of patient records was conducted, and appropriate cases of implant placement following a ridge preservation procedure were identified. Forty‐two patients with 51 implants at ridge‐preserved sites were examined by one author (PA) with the following parameters assessed at each implant: pocket probing depth, bleeding on probing, presence/absence of plaque and radiographic bone loss. Clinical and radiographic findings were compared to an ungrafted implant control group and analysed by years in function.

Results

There was a 100% survival rate of implants in ridge‐preserved sites. In the majority of cases, ridge preservation was performed in the anterior maxilla with a flap raised and the use of deproteinised bovine bone mineral and collagen membrane materials. The mean time in function was 31 (±24) months with a range of 2–102 months. Differences in the mean PPD, BOP, plaque index and radiographic bone loss were not statistically significant between implants at ridge‐preserved or ungrafted sites. The overall success rate was around 58% for ungrafted implants and around 51% for implants in ridge‐preserved sites. However, this difference was not statistically significant.

Conclusion

In this retrospective study, implant placement at ridge‐preserved sites was a predictable procedure that led to very high survival rates and similar success rates to implant placement at ungrafted sites.
European Society of Coloproctology consensus on the surgical management of intestinal failure in adults
Authors:   ESCP Intestinal Failure Group:, Vaizey C. J. , Maeda Y. , Barbosa E. , Bozzetti F. , Calvo J. , Irtun Ø. , Jeppesen P. B. , Klek S. , Panisic‐Sekeljic M. , Papaconstantinou I. , Pascher A. , Panis Y. , Wallace W. D. , Carlson G. , Boermeester M.
Published: March 2016

Intestinal failure (IF) is a debilitating condition of inadequate nutrition due to an anatomical and/or physiological deficit of the intestine. Surgical management of patients with acute and chronic IF requires expertise to deal with technical challenges and make correct decisions. Dedicated IF units have expertise in patient selection, operative risk assessment and multidisciplinary support such as nutritional input and interventional radiology, which dramatically improve the morbidity and mortality of this complex condition and can beneficially affect the continuing dependence on parenteral nutritional support. Currently there is little guidance to bridge the gap between general surgeons and specialist IF surgeons. Fifteen European experts took part in a consensus process to develop guidance to support surgeons in the management of patients with IF. Based on a systematic literature review, statements were prepared for a modified Delphi process. The evidence for each statement was graded using Oxford Centre for Evidence‐Based Medicine Levels of Evidence. The current paper contains the statements reflecting the position and practice of leading European experts in IF encompassing the general definition of IF surgery and organization of an IF unit, strategies to prevent IF, management of acute IF, management of wound, fistula and stoma, rehabilitation, intestinal and abdominal reconstruction, criteria for referral to a specialist unit and intestinal transplantation.
Differences in susceptibility to ash dieback in Czech provenances of Fraxinus excelsior
Authors: Havrdová L. , Novotná K. , Zahradník D. , Buriánek V. , Pešková V. , Šrůtka P. , Černý K.
Published: March 2016

The impact of ash dieback caused by Hymenoscyphus fraxineus on 17 provenances of Fraxinus excelsior and one provenance of Fraxinus angustifolia was studied in an extensive field trial established in the Czech Republic prior to the H. fraxineus invasion in 1999. A difference in the level of resistance to ash dieback between the species was found: F. angustifolia was significantly less affected by the disease than F. excelsior. Moreover, particular provenances of F. excelsior showed important differences in the level of resistance to H. fraxineus. A relationship between the impact of ash dieback and altitude was also discovered – the provenances from altitudes above 600 m a.s.l. were less affected by the pathogen than were the provenances from lower areas. No difference in the impact of the disease among provenances of F. excelsior from different ecotopes (ravine, calcareous ravine and alluvial) was found. Substantial among‐tree variability in resistance to H. fraxineus was observed throughout the trial – promising genotypes (with crown defoliation up to 5%) were identified in all 18 tested provenances. In regard to this finding, it appears that the main source of resistance to the pathogen is probably at the individual genotype level in the trial. A secondary but massive attack by Hylesinus fraxini was identified in the trees that had been greatly damaged by ash dieback, and the beetle caused their health to deteriorate significantly. A significant negative effect of the presence of collar necroses caused by H. fraxineus and browse damage was also identified.
Intra‐tumour heterogeneity – going beyond genetics
Authors: Caiado Francisco , Silva‐Santos Bruno , Norell Håkan
Published: March 2016

Cancer patients die primarily due to disease recurrence after transient treatment responses. The emergence of therapy‐resistant escape variants is fuelled by intra‐tumour heterogeneity, underpinned by interference and Darwinian evolution among continuously developing sub‐clones in the mutating tumour. Novel cancer cell variants build upon the pre‐existing genetic landscape and tumour heterogeneity is often ascribed largely to genetic variability. While mutations are required for cancer development and studies of genetic evolution of tumours have improved our understanding of cancer biology, genetics only represents one dimension of the fitness of each cancer cell. Beyond the mutations, several non‐genetic factors also add significant variability, resulting in a complex and highly dynamic tumour cell population that can drive disease under almost any condition. This viewpoint article summarizes the genetic basis of intra‐tumour heterogeneity, before dissecting four major interdependent non‐genetic factors we think critically contribute to the overall variability of tumour cells in all types of cancer: epigenetic regulation, cellular differentiation hierarchies, gene expression stochasticity and tumour microenvironment. We finally present the relevant technological approaches to address the combined contribution of both genetic and non‐genetic factors to intra‐tumour heterogeneity, focusing on genomic profiling, cellular lineage tracing and single‐cell RNA sequencing technologies. This strategy will ultimately allow dissection of the full range and depth of intra‐tumour heterogeneity. We thus believe that understanding how cancer genetics synergize with the emerging non‐genetic factors will be key for development of therapies able to tackle tumour escape and thereby improve cancer patient survival.
The effects of reviews in video tutorials
Authors: van der Meij H. , van der Meij J.
Published: March 2016

This study investigates how well a video tutorial for software training that is based on Demonstration‐Based Teaching supports user motivation and performance. In addition, it is studied whether reviews significantly contribute to these measures. The Control condition employs a tutorial with instructional features added to a dynamic task demonstration. The Review condition additionally includes video reviews. Participants were 55 seventh graders who viewed task demonstrations (and reviews) followed by practice. Both tutorials increased motivation (i.e., task relevance and self‐efficacy) and performance. In addition, the Review condition had significantly better results for training time, self‐efficacy and scores on an immediate post‐test. Reviews have rarely been studied in dynamic visualizations. The present study suggests that there may be important advantages to be gained from concluding a demonstration video with a summary of the main points.
The Role of Coordination Bias in Platform Competition
Authors: Hałaburda Hanna , Yehezkel Yaron
Published: March 2016

This paper considers platform competition in a two‐sided market that includes buyers and sellers. One of the platforms benefits from a favorable coordination bias in the market, in that for this platform it is less costly than for the other platform to convince customers that the two sides will coordinate on joining it. We find that the degree of the coordination bias affects the platform's decision regarding the business model (i.e., whether to subsidize buyers or sellers), the access fees, and the size of the platform. A slight increase in the coordination bias may induce the advantaged platform to switch from subsidizing sellers to subsidizing buyers, or induce the disadvantaged platform to switch from subsidizing buyers to subsidizing sellers. Moreover, in such a case the advantaged platform switches from oversupplying to undersupplying sellers, and the disadvantaged platform switches from undersupplying to oversupplying sellers.