bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Obraz przewodnika górskiego w literaturze romantycznej. Część I
Authors: Kolbuszewska Ewa
Published: December 2021

The intensive development of tourism in the 19th century significantly contributed to the emergence of the guide’s profession. In earlier centuries, this feat was practiced by random people, often unqualified, but with time they became indispensable companions and patrons of tourists. Special qualities were required from mountain guides who, when introducing people to the mountains, had to show special qualities: responsibility, good knowledge of the topography of a given area, care, specific knowledge, as well as good physical condition. The job was professionalized the earliest in the Alps, but the process took place more or less at the same time in other European mountains, for example in the Karkonosze Mountains. It was much more difficult to hire an experienced guide in the Carpathians, where the leadership developed much later. Travel literature of the nineteenth century brought numerous accounts describing the relationship between the guide and the tourist as well as providing numerous realistic descriptions of the first to “hike in the mountains”. Due to the factual nature of this travel literature (diaries, memoirs, etc.), the pioneers of the leadership remained anonymous and found their place in the history of tourism and mountain climbing. This article omits the subject of Tatra guides, which will be the subject of a separate study.
Zapach wojny i gór. Huculi i Huculszczyzna w międzywojennej literaturze polskiej o tematyce współczesnej (część II)
Authors: Wierzejska Jagoda
Published: December 2021

The article is the second part of a comprehensive study on representations of Hutsuls and the Hutsul region in the interwar Polish literature, which showed them during the First World War and the wars for the borders of the Second Polish Republic, as well as in the 1920s and 1930s. The article discuses, first and foremost, literary visions of Hutsuls and their native land in the third and fourth decade of the 20th century. The interwar Polish literature, which showed the Hutsul region “of today”, paid special attention to peacetime partnership of Poles and Hutsuls, which was to follow their wartime joint actions against Russians in the Eastern Carpathians in 1914–1915. It implied that this partnership was a result of a perfect match between the Polish national component and the Hutsul ethnic element. The article argues that Polish literature showed the compatibility of Poles and Hutsuls in the macro and micro dimensions. On the macro level, it was to be manifested, on the one hand, in the effective help of the Polish state institutions for Hutsuls, on the other hand, in the gratitude of Hutsuls for Poles. On the micro level, the Polish-Hutsul compatibility was to be manifested in friendly or intimate relations of representatives of both groups; relations which were invariably successful in spite of the fact that the Polish side dominated them and felt entitled to lead a civilization mission among Hutsuls. Such literary visions presented the Hutsul region as an integral part of the Second Polish Republic and its indigenous inhabitants as loyal citizens of the entire country. They also made it clear that Hutsuls affirmed Polishness and that Poles were welcomed and needed in the Hutsuls’s land.
Elementy dźwiękosfery górskiej w poezji Juliana Przybosia
Authors: Piaskowski Łukasz
Published: December 2021

The article is an attempt to explore and describe the audio motifs in mountain poems by Julian Przyboś. The author, using the methodological achievements of the anthropology of sound, attempts to analyze and interpret poems devoted to the mountains. The article presents a number of concepts developed by the sound studies’ methodology, such as audiosphere, phonosphere, sonosphere, soundscape, or galenosphere. The text clearly demonstrates the existence of Przyboś’s ideas about the world of sounds which the poet contained both in his poems and his program texts. Particularly noteworthy is the poet’s conceptualization of silence and silence in the mountain space.
Idealizacja obrazu gór w polskiej piosence turystycznej
Authors: Szczepkowska Ewa
Published: December 2021

The article is devoted to songs which are rarely the subject of literature studies owing to the multi-code nature of their message and the fact that they are part of popular culture. Tourist songs are on the margin of scholars’ interest, because of their limited artistic value. They are commonly regarded as pieces about the beauty of nature, charms of hiking, sense of community and friendship. The simplicity of the text is matched by the simplicity of the melodic line, which facilitates memorisation and singing together. Polish tourist songs have attracted interest primarily of activists from the Polish Tourism and Sightseeing Society, scholars studying tourism or authors and performers of such songs. The origins of the songs should be placed in the context of song transformations and emergence of organisational forms of tourism at the turn of the twentieth century, beginning of the scouting movement in Poland as well as the development of tourism in the communist Poland period. The lineage of tourist songs brings together several song genres, popular songs, folk and patriotic songs, scouting and Gypsy songs; pieces from this repertoire accompanied hikers.

An important stage in the development of tourist songs came in the late 1960s. This was the period of the first National Tourist Song Festival in Szklarska Poręba. Scholars studying student culture see mountain treks accompanied by songs as a manifestation of alternative student culture emerging as a result of dissatisfaction with forms of political and social life in communist Poland. The most outstanding representative of the movement is Wojciech Bellon, founder of the Wolna Grupa Bukowina band, whose poetic songs present an idea of existence based on a search for authentic values, especially a space of freedom and a sense of community, challenging the falsified reality of communist Poland. Bellon and the performers collaborating with him created in the songs an aesthetic of “the land of gentleness” located in the mountains modelled on the landscape and history of the Bieszczady and Beskid Niski ranges.

Despite transformations of tourist songs, analysed together with poetic songs or sung poetry, this “land of gentleness” aesthetic is still present, in a niche form, represented by numerous groups or soloists. Its main features when it comes to the thematic layer include idealisation of mountain landscape, presented as a natural environment for human beings, as a home space, marked by both signs of the tragedy of the Lemkos and sings of transcendence. The mountains make it possible to fulfil dreams of freedom, of an ideal community of wanderers, and provide an authentic experience of the world.
„Uroda świata się nie kończy”. Śladem poezji Jacka Łukasiewicza
Authors: Mackiewicz Paweł
Published: December 2021

The sketch is an attempt to present Jacek Łukasiewicz’s poetry against the background of the poet’s biography divided into three phases, related to the places where Łukasiewicz lived at different times: Sulistrowa, a village located in the Beskid Foothills, where he spent his childhood; Leszno, where he moved with his family in 1945 and graduated from high school, making long lasting friendships with Stanisław Grochowiak or Teodor Krupkowski; and finally Wrocław, where the poet lived continuously since 1951. Adopting a perspective close to geopoetics made it possible to focus attention on the geographical details contained in Jacek Łukasiewicz’s poems and analyze their biographical and cultural references.
Motyw gór w poezji Aleksandry Korpaczewskiej
Authors: Król Katarzyna
Published: December 2021

The aim to the note is to examine two poems featuring the mountains — the Beskidy and the Pieniny ranges.Both poems — “Z gór” (From the mountains) and “Spowiedź Dunajca” (Confession of the Dunajec) — come from an 1872 volume, Oderwane nuty (Torn Notes) by a forgotten poet of the positivism era, Aleksandra Korpaczewska (1849–1872). The image of the mountains created by Korpaczewska testifies to the poet’s romantic inspirations and fascination with the natural world. The poetic vision of the scenery she describes features topographic and cultural realities; there are clear references to various sensations, which play a significant role in the experience of the mountains. Their varied beauty is presented by various stylistic means — especially numerous comparisons and anthropomorphisation. Given the forgotten status of both poems and their historical-literary value, it is worth bringing them back from obscurity and devoting more attention to them in the future.
O zakopiańskich rezydentkach
Authors: Pigoń Anna
Published: December 2021

The residents of Zakopane are the group of permanent inhabitants who were not born in the Podhale region, but it was their choice to connect themselves to it. The formation of this group is the result of the social-demographic changes in the Tatra mountains at the beginning of the 20th century and in the interwar period. It is a group that is diversified and therefore difficult to define. It figures as a link between the highlanders who are ingrained into the space of Podhale and those who treat it in a pragmatic and utilitarian way. The residents constitute the cultural phenomenon present in literary works as well as in the cultural life of Zakopane during the end of 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. The main subject of the article is a portrayal of the residents — historical figures and literary heroines — taking into account their functions in the society of Zakopane of those times: the groups which have been highlighted are schoolgirls, the women who provide accommodation to the tourists, and the organizers of literary saloons.
Założenie nadrzędności interesu społecznego nad interesem jednostkowym w planowaniu przestrzennym jako przejaw autorytarnych tendencji prawodawcy w ustawie z dnia 12 lipca 1984 roku o planowaniu przestrzennym
Authors: Błażewski Maciej
Published: December 2021

The Act of 12 July 1984 on Spatial Planning ensured the primacy of social interest over individual interest. This superiority was a manifestation of the authoritarian tendencies of the legislator. The normative measures ensuring this supremacy were the principle of planned development and the linking of spatial development plans with social and economic plans.
Model orzecznictwa w sprawach o wykroczenia w Polsce Ludowej
Authors: Liżyńska Katarzyna , Płońska Anna
Published: December 2021

The authoritarian ideology that guided the authorities of the communist Polish state did not remain indifferent to the emerging model of jurisprudence in petty offence cases. Eliminating the possibility of court proceedings, the location of adjudicating boards in petty offence cases at national councils, the introduction of collegial jurisprudence exercised by the social factor, giving the jurisprudence an educational character, and abandoning it in favour of severe penalties implemented for hooligan petty offences — these are just some of the features that distinguish the jurisprudence model in petty offence cases in the People’s Republic of Poland. The pursuit of the authorities to subordinate the individuals by, on the one hand, handing over the jurisprudence in petty offence cases into the hands of the people, and, on the other hand, filling the adjudication boards with members subordinate to the authority, did not bring independence in the decisions issued. It is evidenced, for example, by the excessive repressive adjudication boards judgments issued against participants of the political crisis of March 1968. The Authors present the development of the model of jurisprudence in petty offence cases in the controversial period of the communist regime.
Prawo właściwe dla zobowiązań niewynikających z czynności prawnych w okresie Polskiej Rzeczpospolitej Ludowej
Authors: Wasylkowska-Michór Magdalena
Published: December 2021

In the communist era, the law applicable to non-contractual obligations was regulated by two acts — the Private International Law of 1926 and the Private International Law of 1965, which dealt with the issue of the law applicable to obligations not arising out of legal action. The object of this study is to present the respective regulations in terms of determining this law. In particular, the author focuses on the analysis of two main connecting factors used at that time to determine the law applicable to non-contractual obligations, namely, the law of the place where the act giving rise to the non-contractual obligation was performed and the law of domicile. In the conclusion of the article the author assesses the solutions presented above from the point of view of both Polish and foreign doctrine.
Palenie ksiąg w starożytnym Rzymie jako przejaw autorytarnego ograniczania republikańskiej wolności słowa
Authors: Nowicka Dobromiła
Published: December 2021

Transition from republic to principate brought a meaningful alteration in the area of conceiving freedom of speech. Republican standards in this matter were not apt for the new regime as it was too fragile to withstand the republican dissidence. New restrictions and ad hoc measures needed to be applied. Among them burning of books was of particular importance.

The article deals with incidents of book burning in the times of Augustus (cases of Titus Labienus and Cassius Severus) and Tiberius (those of Mamercus Scaurus and Cremutius Cordus), which, although not numerous, were of high significance for freedom of speech within the new regime. On the basis of analysis of selected ancient sources and scientific literature on the matter, an answer to the question about their political meaning is sought. Accordingly, the socio-political background of change in the area of freedom of speech in the context of passing from a republic to the authoritarian regime of a principate needs to be taken into account. Unfortunately, historical sources regarding the matter are deeply unequivocal and scientific interpretations seem strongly conditioned by tendencies to discern crimen maiestatis in every case of book burning from the times of early empire, even if it is not plainly attested by ancient authors. It appears that the subsequent popularity of maiestas charges could have influenced the erroneous interpretation of previous incidents, which appear to have been — at least formally — distant from the law of injured majesty, being ad hoc measures at least in the times of the reign of Augustus.

However, the essential point of analysis concerns the grounds of the incidents of burning books that took place under August and Tiberius, showing a step-by-step process of supressing the republican freedom of speech. Although rare, book burnings reflect a common tendency in new authoritarian rulers’ politics, which at first tend to deal with opponents unpopular among the aristocracy, only to move on to managing adversaries originating from the Roman élite. Nevertheless, the undertaken measures were not suitable for annihilating the books in question, contributing to their growth in popularity. The answer to the core question about the aims of book burnings under Augustus and Tiberius seems to boil down to mere propaganda, showing that dissident books would not be tolerated, no matter the social status of their authors.
Zamówienia publiczne w II Rzeczypospolitej
Authors: Antonów Radosław
Published: December 2021

Following Poland’s regaining of independence in 1918, the country had to face a considerable range of challenges virtually at all levels of government functioning. Rebuilding the Polish state involved major expenditure, which, on the one hand, implied raising public resources in a sustainable way, while, on the other hand, the need to prioritizeand use public funds efficiently while implementing public undertakings set by the state. The huge scale of the needs coupled with limited financial resources forced Poland’s government, as it were, to develop suitable legal arrangements in the 1930s. Those measures were designed to spend public funds on the country’s reconstruction in a manner that was efficient, purposeful, economical, and competitive. The key legal measure at that time was the Act of 15 February 1933 on Supplies and Works for the Benefit of the Treasury, Local Government and Public Law Institutions. Moreover, the relevant implementing act was Regulation of the Council of Ministers of 29 January 1937 on Supplies and Works for the Benefit of the Treasury, Local Government and Public Law Institutions. Both acts implemented innovative legal measures in terms of public-service contracts which were in force not only until the outbreak of the Second World War (they were subsequently repealed by the rules established in PRL — Polish People’s Republic), considering that they also provided a basis for the new rules governing public spending implemented after 1990 and set out in the Act of 10 June 1994, Public Procurement Law.
Polityka podatkowa nazistowskich Niemiec — zarys problematyki
Authors: Lipniewicz Rafał
Published: December 2021

Taxes constitute an integral part of the state economic policy, regardless of the political system or dominant ideology. It is therefore not surprising that they were an essential tool for achieving the goals of Nazi Germany, of both fiscal and non-fiscal nature. The purpose of the paper is to examine in scientific terms the issues of (i) the use of taxes by the governments of Nazi Germany to increase budget revenues necessary to achieve political and military goals, as well as (ii) the Nazis’ recognition of public levies as a form of specific economic oppression serving the implementation of the state’s policy towards the Jewish population in Germany.
Działalność badawczo-dokumentacyjna Okręgowej Komisji Badania Zbrodni Hitlerowskich we Wrocławiu (1965–1975)
Authors: Podkowski Marek
Published: December 2021

The article concerns issues related to the functioning of the Research and Documentation Team, one of several teams operating within the District Commission for the Investigation of Nazi Crimes in Wrocław. The initial turning point is the reactivation of the District Commission in Wrocław, and the final — changes in its organizational structure. Apart from scientific studies, the text is based on the available archival materials collected at the Institute of National Remembrance. The article proves that the activity of the District Commission in Wrocław was not limited only to investigations and explanatory proceedings. It also conducted vital research and documentation activities. For this purpose, cooperation with the research centre of the University of Wrocław conducting research on fascism and Nazi crimes in Lower Silesia was established. The cooperation resulted in numerous opinions and academic papers on the research areas specified in the cooperation agreement, as well as scientific conferences.
Kryzys idei neutralności moralnej prawa
Authors: Błachut Michał
Published: December 2021

The idea of the moral neutrality of law is a characteristic element of liberal political and legal doctrines. This concept is also an element of constitutional principles regulating the limits of permissible legislative interference in the sphere of freedom. In such context, the bond linking it with the clearly defined axiology from which it derives is severed. The aim of this study is to consider to what extent the principle of the moral neutrality of law, being a principle affecting the activity of the legislator, retains its potential in identifying and limiting totalizing practices aimed at systematically limiting choices in the field of the concept of a good life and favouring a specific vision of the legal and political order in both spheres of human activity, individual and collective. The numerous variants of the moral neutrality of law formulated in political philosophy, and the distinctions between individual variants, in conjunction with the criticism of this concept, make it necessary to pay attention to whether this way of limiting totalizing practices is a good tool, resistant to the changing conditions. A review of critical arguments directed against the idea of neutrality leads to the conclusion that the weakening of the concept of the moral neutrality of law translates not only into its value in identifying and preventing totalizing practices, but also into weakening the protection of fundamental values, such as individual autonomy.
Antyautorytarna edukacja prawnicza
Authors: Paździora Michał
Published: December 2021

The article is divided into two parts. In the first part, I present the main assumptions of foundationalism and, using selected examples from general reflection on law, reconstruct related strategies of justifying claims. Then, I discuss the anti-foundationalist method of justifying the universalism of human rights. Referring to the arguments of Hannah Arendt and Alessandro Ferrara, I give the example of the Holocaust as the so-called point of no return, whose exemplary validity justifies the idea of human rights without the need to refer to substantive human dignity. In the second part of the article, I use the anti-foundationalist argument to build a conception of anti-authoritarian legal education. The proposed concept of education based on a collaborative, democratic, nonhierarchical, and pluralistic discussion of historical examples should complement traditional legal education.
The constitutionalization of administrative law as a remedy for authoritarian rule: The case of Poland and the case of Germany
Authors: Kusiak-Winter Renata
Published: December 2021

The continuity of the administrative apparatus is an indispensable element of any state, be it a democracy or an authoritarian regime. Given that permanency is an attribute of administration, any change from authoritarianism to democracy must therefore be followed by finding adequate corrective measures to transform public administration accordingly. In post-war Germany, it was the constitutionalisation of administrative law that had the pivotal role in attaining this goal. The paper aims at shedding more light on how to view and critique the Polish departure from the administration of the PRL-era authoritarian system in the context of the path followed by Germany.
Konfiskata mienia obowiązująca na gruncie kodeksu karnego PRL jako instrument totalitarnego systemu komunistycznej dyktatury
Authors: Czechowska Monika
Published: December 2021

Confiscation of property, understood as depriving the perpetrator of a crime (as well as third parties not involved in criminal practice) of all or part of their property, regardless of whether it was derived from criminal activity or was collected legally, is one of the most painful means of criminal law response in history. From the perspective of today’s standards of human rights protection, it appears unacceptable and contrary to the guarantee function of criminal law. As the analysis of past regulations shows, this measure was used with pleasure in totalitarian states (for example in Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union) as an instrument of fighting political opponents, which was to occur through economic repression, often leading to material annihilation. Confiscation of property was also in force under the Criminal Code of the Polish People’s Republic. The official ratio legis of this institution was seen in the fight against crime against social property. However, an analysis of the practical application of this institution leads to the conclusion that it was not the only goal of the then legislator. The aim of this article is therefore to analyze the institution of confiscation of property in force under the 1969 Criminal Code, and in the longer term to find an answer to the question of whether this regulation was an instrument of the totalitarian system of the communist dictatorship.
Czy zmierzamy w stronę autorytarnego sądowego procesu karnego?
Authors: Leżak Kazimierz J.
Published: December 2021

The article discusses recent changes in the Polish Code of Criminal Procedure in the sphere of the prosecutor’s right to oppose decisions made by a court during the trial. The purpose of the article is to show the public prosecutor’s increasing interference in the course of criminal proceedings, which, as a result, makes it possible to take control over the course and outcome of specific criminal proceedings.
Zapobieganie przestępczości i sprawiedliwość karna z perspektywy Kongresów Organizacji Narodów Zjednoczonych
Authors: Pływaczewski Emil W.
Published: December 2021

For over 65 years, the United Nations has held congresses aimed at strengthening international cooperation against expanding crime. The First Congress on the Prevention of Crime and Treatment of Offenders took place in Geneva in 1955. Sixty-six years later, in 2021, this tradition continued, postponed by the Covid-19 epidemic, as the Fourteenth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice took place in the former capital of Japan — Kyoto. The aim of the paper is to present the most important achievements of all 14 congresses, especially focusing on the development of UN standards and norms in crime prevention and criminal justice. The author also presents the history of the participation and activities of Polish participants of the Congresses (official delegates and individual experts) in the years 1960–2021. The general conclusion is that the institution of the UN Crime Congresses is a major high-level forum to steer the development of the rule of law, to promote global security and good governance, and to improve the response to crime.
The Turkmen-style economic development
Authors: Nowak Wioletta
Published: December 2021

The resource-rich and state-led Turkmen economy has grown very fast since the beginning of the twenty-first century. The authorities have produced a number of various programmes and strategies aimed at improving the standard of living of the citizens and achieving sustainable and inclusive development. Officially, nearly 80% of the national budget in Turkmenistan has been annually allocated for social needs. However, instead of creating opportunities and improving access to these opportunities for the citizens, the authoritarian government chose income redistribution and social spending. The paper identifies key features of the economic development in Turkmenistan and was written base on a critical analysis of state-controlled and independent news websites. The main feature of the Turkmen-style economic development is the growing deprivation of ordinary people. Poor citizens are getting poorer while the president’s relatives and patronage networks are getting richer. Huge gaps between the rural and urban population and tribal divisions have been observed in the country. Moreover, the Soviet-style work holidays continue. Despite significant improvements in infrastructure, provision for education and health care still remains poor in Turkmenistan. The government expenditure for social needs means investment in infrastructure, not human capital.
Współpraca Unii Europejskiej z wybranymi państwami niedemokratycznymi Afryki Subsaharyjskiej w obszarze poszanowania praw człowieka
Authors: Kalicka-Mikołajczyk Adriana
Published: December 2021

In Art. 3, para. 5, the Treaty on European Union (TEU) lays down the objectives of the Union in relations with the wider world, which are further explained in detail in Art. 21. In the first place, para. 5 refers to the promotion of the Union’s values. The list of values can be found in Art. 2 TEU (“The Union is founded on…”), which lists the principle of democracy, the rule of law and respect for human rights, human dignity, freedom and equality. They are to be upheld and promoted by the Union in the wider world. Thus, they are directly linked to external policy. Next, the list of values in Art. 2 is repeated in Art. 3, para. 5 as objectives of the Union’s external policy and in Art. 21, para. 1 as principles. For this reason, international agreements concluded between the EU and third countries all contain a “human rights clause” as an essential element of the agreement, the violation of which might result in the suspension of the agreement. This article focuses on the human rights clause in relations between the EU and selected non-democratic Sub-Saharan African countries. The main legal basis governing bilateral relations between the EU and those countries is the Cotonou Agreement. The “human rights clause” is to be found in Art. 9 thereof. This clause is especially interesting since it is the only one that has been implemented in practice. Moreover, it is often presented as the most elaborate one, and as a consequence is very often shown as a “model” that should be followed in other international agreements, especially in association agreements. So, the “human rights clause” contained in the Cotonou Agreement has its own characteristic features. Firstly, as it was mentioned above, it is the only one that has been activated in practice. Secondly, the “non-execution clause” is much more detailed, and finally, much more emphasis is laid on political dialogue and on the consultation procedure. This paper provides a propaedeutic analysis of legal cooperation between the EU and selected non-democratic Sub-Saharan countries in the area of human rights protection. Its main objective is to answer the following questions: to what extent the EU cooperates with such countries? What are the issues the clause covers? Is it effective? To what extent could it be enhanced? For analysis, the following countries have been chosen: Chad, Ethiopia, Rwanda, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. According to the Freedom House’s annual Freedom in the World report, the Global Freedom Scores for all these countries do not exceed 35 points, which equates to lack of democracy. Moreover, another feature which all of them have in common is a very low score on the Human Development Index (HDI), which means that all of them belong to the poorest and least developed countries in the world.
Land and mortgage registers as a cornerstone of real estate transactions in Polish law — a historical and legal outline (On the 40th anniversary of the enactment of the Land and Mortgage Registers and Mortgage Act)
Authors: Kaczorowska Maria
Published: December 2021

With its core purpose of establishing the legal status of immovable property, the system of land and mortgage registers (perpetual books) operating in Poland plays a paramount social and economic role in ensuring legal security of real estate conveyancing, and thereby contributes to implementing the constitutional principle of democratic state ruled by law. The foundations for a uniform land and mortgage register law were laid down in the 1930s by the Codification Commission of the Republic of Poland, appointed after the Polish State regained independence in 1918, following the period of partitions. The works of the Commission were interrupted by the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939. In the early years of the post-war communist regime, the Commission’s draft provisions on land and mortgage registers served as the basis of the unified legislation that entered into force. Shortly thereafter, however, the very usefulness of the institution of land and mortgage register was contested by communist authorities, as it was considered contrary to the ideological assumptions underlying the socialist system. As a consequence, although not abolished, the land and mortgage register law’s relevance was diminished substantially for several decades, as manifested by the fact that it was not incorporated into the Civil Code of 1964. The significance of land and mortgage registers was restored to a certain degree only upon adopting the Land and Mortgage Registers and Mortgage Act of 1982, which, after being appropriately amended, is still in force. Subsequently, land and mortgage registers were subject to systemic reforms as part of the democratic transition process in Poland, and in recent years, advanced computerisation and informatisation actions have been undertaken bringing about noteworthy modernisation effects.

In view of the forthcoming 40th anniversary of the enactment of the Land and Mortgage Registers and Mortgage Act, it is worth providing deeper insights into contemporary Polish land and mortgage register law against the historical background. The article is aimed at outlining the evolution of legislative and doctrinal approaches to the position of land and mortgage registers in the legal system in Poland — from the period of the interwar Codification Commission’s activity, through the decades of the totalitarian domination of the communist system, until the present time. In this respect, particular reference will be made to basic rules underpinning the organisation of land and mortgage registers. Based on the overview of the development of land and mortgage register law, with special consideration of its legislative marginalisation in the People’s Republic of Poland, conclusions will be drawn as to the current legal position of land and mortgage registers in the context of recognising the vital importance thereof for property law relations.
Effect of Optimal Mixing Ratio of Dendropanax, Sea Salt, and Other Extracts on the Alleviation of Hair Loss Symptoms
Authors: Cho Yeon-Je , Choi Yun-Hee , Kim Byung-Loc , Han Min-Hee , Lee Hak-Sung , Jeong Yong-Gi
Published: December 2021

Purpose: This study was conducted to select the optimal mixing ratio (OMR) of extracts including Dendropanax, sea salt, and others from Jeollanam-do and to develop functional cosmetics that can help alleviate hair loss symptoms.Methods: Our research team determined the OMR through cytotoxicity and cell proliferation tests, and confirmed the anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial effects of the final selected OMR.Results: The cytotoxicity was low when the OMR was 0.1:1:5:1, but cell proliferation was high, and anti-inflammatory activity effectively inhibited the expression of IL–6 and iNOS. The anti-microbial activity also had an effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.Conclusion: This study selected OMR (1:0.1:5:1) to develop functional cosmetics that can help alleviate hair loss symptoms. The final selection of OMR confirmed low cytotoxicity, high cell proliferation, inhibition of expression of IL–6 and iNOS, and anti-microbial activity. Therefore, it is expected to serve as a functional cosmetic that can help alleviate hair loss symptoms in the future.
Safety Assessment of Ethanolic Extract of Padina gymnospora as a Cosmetic Ingredient
Authors: Kang Hyun Bon , Bak Jia , Kim Hye Kyung , Choi Yun-Sik
Published: December 2021

Purpose: In a previous study, we identified the skin-whitening effect of the ethanolic extract of Padina gymnospora. The present study was performed to confirm the safety of the extract in animal replacement tests.Methods: To evaluate the safety of the extract of Padina gymnospora, the photosensitivity test (Harber test), in vitro 3T3 neutral red uptake (3T3 NRU) phototoxicity test, local lymph node assay (5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), acute oral toxicity test, and reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) test were used. All experiments followed the guidelines of the Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety and were conducted by a GLP-certified organization (Chemon Inc.).Results: The extract of Padina gymnospora was not photosensitive: 0% photosensitization was detected (I grade: very weak). In the 3T3 NRU phototoxicity test, the relative viability of the extract-treated cells was higher than the guideline level; thus, the extract was classified as non-phototoxic. Treatment with the extract did not trigger skin irritation in the RHE test model and did not cause skin sensitization in the local lymph node assay. Finally, oral administration of the extract to rats indicated that it was not a harmful material as the LD50 was estimated at >2,000 mg/kg.Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of Padina gymnospora was demonstrated to be safe when applied to the skin. Taken together with our previous study of its efficacy, we conclude that this extract has the potential for use as a cosmetic ingredient.
Effect of Manufacturing and Absorption Promotion of Lidocaine Hydrogel Using Ultrasonic Waves during Cosmetic Procedures
Authors: Song Sol-Hui , Kim Hoon
Published: December 2021

Purpose: In this study, we study to more effectively use anesthesia products used in beauty procedures following the popularization of anti-aging. Hydrogel, which contains lidocaine, is believed to be more effective in relieving pain if used in cosmetic procedures with ultrasonic waves.Methods: The availability of manufactured hydrogels and commercial gels for ultrasonic treatment was compared, and the effect on skin penetration and skin penetration due to ultrasonic limitations was evaluated based on their applicability. Usability and optimal ultrasound parameters were identified during ultrasound treatment.Results: Viscosity measurement, gelation rate, swelling, skin permeability experiment, and HPLC analysis of manufactured hydrogels all revealed properties, with skin permeability being highest at frequency 1 MHz, cycle low 200, and high 50.Conclusions: Finally, hydrogels containing lidocaine increased skin permeability during ultrasound treatment, allowing for faster targeted transdermal transmission that was more effective depending on the ultrasound parameters. As a result, it is determined that it can be used in cosmetic procedures.
A Study on the Biological Activity of Commonly Consumed Spring Herbs in Korea
Authors: Chung Hee-Jae , Kim Ae-Jung
Published: December 2021

Purpose: This study was conducted to study the superiority of Korean spring herbs by selecting eight spring herbs that are commonly consumed in Korea and evaluating their biological activity.Methods: Antioxidant (total polyphenol content, total flavonoid content, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline–6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity) and enzyme activities (α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity) were measured using the hot-water extract of the selected spring herbs.Results: In case of total polyphenol content, the shepherd’s purse, daylily, and gomchwi took first, second, and third place. In case of total flavonoid content, rape, shepherd’s purse and mugwort took first, second, and third place, and in case of DPPH radical scavenging activity, shepherd’s purse, daylily, and rape took first, second, and third place. In case of ABTS radical scavenging activity, the shepherd’s purse, mugwort and rape took first, second, and third place. In case of α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, mugwort, gomchwi, and wild garlic were classified in the first, second, and third place. Lastly, Korean angelica tree, rape, and wild garlic were classified in the first, second, and third, in case of ACE inhibitory activity.Conclusion: From these results, among the selected spring herbs, the shepherd’s purse and rape showed exceptional effects in antioxidant activity, mugwort in antidiabetic activity, and Korean angelica tree sprout in antihypertensive activity, respectively. Therefore, the present study is expected to provide basic data for future development of foods using spring herbs to remedy lifestyle-related diseases.
Characteristics Evaluation of Commercial Fruit Tea Extracts in Korea
Authors: Hwang Ah-Ra , Han Myung-Ryun , Kim Ae-Jung
Published: December 2021

Purpose: We evaluated the physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant activity of 21 types of fruit tea extract that are consumed in Korea. The data were analyzed and curated for the development of processed products using tea in the future.Methods: After extraction using hot water at 70℃, we analyzed the physicochemical properties including color and pH, as well as the antioxidant activity (total flavonoid content, DPPH scavenging activity, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity).Results: Calamansi tea exhibited the lowest brightness with a beet-red appearance, and a yellowness that was significantly higher in jujube and radish. The pH ranged from 3.04 to 7.18 and most samples were in an acidic state. Of these, the pH of schizandra fruit tea was the lowest at 3.04±0.01. The total flavonoid content was the highest in calamansi at 217.87±1.45 QE/g, whereas that of cacao nibs was the lowest at 29.04±0.70 QE/g. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of Chinese quince was the highest at 59.96%±0.22%.Conclusion: We obtained basic data for several fruit tea extracts by analyzing the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities. We anticipate that these results will represent useful data for blending fruits for tea product development.
Mixing Ratio Optimization of Silkworm, Mealworm, and White Grub Using Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Lee So-Young , Han Myung-Ryun , Kim Ae-Jung
Published: December 2021

Purpose: In this study, the optimal mixing ratio of total branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) content, total unsaturated fatty acid content, antioxidant activities, and enzyme activities of silkworm, mealworm, and white grub, which are alternative protein sources, was derived using response surface analysis.Method: Silkworm, mealworm, and white grub were the independent variables, and total BCAA content, total unsaturated fatty acid content, total polyphenol content, total flavonoid content, ABTS radical scavenging activity, α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, and ACE inhibitory activity were used as the dependent variables to determine the optimal mixing ratio.Result: The optimal mixing ratio for total BCAA content, total unsaturated fatty acid content, antioxidant activities, and enzyme activities derived from the response surface analysis was silkworm (X1) 2.998 : mealworm (X2) 0.623 : white grub (X3) 1.983. At this ratio, the total BCAA content was 0.52 g, the total unsaturated fatty acid content was 0.44 g, the total polyphenol content was 67.02 mg TAE/g, the total flavonoid content was 35.58 mg QE/g, the ABTS radical scavenging activity was 95.61%, the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was 37.79%, and the ACE inhibitory activity was 95.25%.Conclusion: It is expected that the optimal mixing ratio of silkworm, mealworms, and white grub derived in this study can be used to develop products for the management of various chronic diseases.
BASYTAMA CONCEPTS OF SHARIA FINANCIAL LITERATURE ACCELERATION IN PREPARING EXCELLENT HUMAN RESOURCES BASED ON VILLAGE COMMUNITIES
Authors: Fauzi Daffa Redika , Shalihah Fatimah Adzakiyah , Hadi Prisilia , Jati Dian Purnomo
Published: December 2021

Indonesia's Islamic finance sector (Halal Finance) is experiencing rapid growth. In a pandemic situation, Islamic banking grows consistently. It recorded that in 2020, Islamic banking grew by 9.22%. Based on the Islamic Finance Development Index issued by the Islamic Corporation for the Development of the Private Sector (ICD), Indonesia's Islamic finance industry managed to climb to rank two after previously occupying the 4th position. The productive age of the population also has considerable potential to increase the number of Islamic bank customers in Indonesia. This is also becoming more potential because based on data from the Central Statistics Agency in 2019 Indonesia has 83,820 villages. However, on the other hand, based on a survey from the Financial Services Authority (OJK) in 2019, the Islamic financial literacy index of the Indonesian people only reached 8.93%. Based on the potential and existing problems, this study aims to develop a concept of public interest in using Islamic bank products through the Bank Syariah Kita Bersama (Basytama) program which is part of a community empowerment strategy and builds superior human resources through the development of community-based Islamic financial ecosystem institutional aspects. village. This research is based on descriptive qualitative analysis. This is supported by the use of primary and secondary data, in primary data collection we use distributing questionnaires to people and conducting interviews by telephone or virtual conference based on in-depth interviews. contact. In addition, to help support research to obtain more comprehensive and extensive data, we also use secondary data through library research, using various trusted and credible reference sources. The conceptual model of Basytama focuses on aspects of Islamic banking, empowerment, and education in rural communities. We base this concept on Basytama programs such as collecting and distributing funds, collaborating with stakeholders at the village level, opening assistance programs, and researching village potentials through the Basytama Institute so that it is hoped that an increase in the competence and standard of living of the community will be achieved accompanied by an increase in the quality of life. Islamic financial literacy at the village level.
Effectiveness of Learning Model of Gawi Sabumi to Improve Students’ High Order Thinking Skills and Ecological Awareness
Authors: Suriansyah Ahmad , Agusta Riandy
Published: December 2021

Learning during the COVID-19 pandemic tends to be less developed students' skills. Based on the facts, many elementary school teachers in South Kalimantan are experiencing difficulties because there are limited models and strategies to implement online learning. This reason encourages developing the innovation blended learning model. Innovation on this study is the the product of developing blended learning model with the syntax are Group, Analysis, Work Together, Inform, Solve the problem on outdoor, Actualization of solution, Battle games, Unity on role play, Manage conclusion and Invent the creation  (GAWI SABUMI). The purpose of this study is to produce a new learning model and find out the effectiveness of the GAWI SABUMI learning model to improve the ecological awareness and high order thinking skills of elementary school students in Banjarmasin. This study used the type of research and development consisted of three phases to find the effectiveness of the model on the dependent variable through the quasi-experimental research. The study sample was 40 students on an elementary school in Banjarmasin. The result of quality evaluation of the blended learning model GAWI SABUMI was at a high level (X= 4.62) (SD = 0.14). Students had post-test learning skills scores higher than pre-test at .01 level of significance which means that the GAWI SABUMI model meets the criteria of being valid, reliable, and feasible to be implemented and potential to improve students' high order thinking skills and ecological awareness.