bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Farmland Transfers on Agricultural Investment in China: A Perspective of Transaction Cost Economics
Authors: Gao Liangliang , Sun Dingqiang , Ma Cuiping
Published: January 2019

There is growing concern that farmland transfers lead to less agricultural investment, which may adversely affect agricultural productivity growth in China. Prior research has primarily focused on the differences between owned cultivated land and rented plots, but little is known about how farmland transfers between relatives, which are popular in rural China, specifically affect agricultural investment. In this paper, we present a conceptual framework of transaction cost economics to compare different contracting strategies in China's farmland rental markets. As farmland rental markets in China are immature, land transfer between relatives establishes bilateral governance, which has the advantage of addressing the opportunistic activities of both parties and can ultimately increase investment by tenants. Based on data from two waves of household surveys, we empirically examine the impact of bilateral governance on the application of organic fertilizer, an indicator for agricultural investment. Our findings show that apart from economic factors, kinship is important to the functioning of farmland rental markets in rural areas.
Socio‐economic status, social support, social network, dental status, and oral health reported outcomes in adolescents
Authors: Vettore Mario V. , Ahmad Saousan F. H. , Machuca Carolina , Fontanini Humberto
Published: January 2019

This study explored the relationships between sex, socio‐economic status, social support, social network, dental clinical status, dental pain, oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL), and self‐rated oral health (SROH) in adolescents. A cross‐sectional study involving 542 adolescents, aged 12–14 yr, was conducted in Dourados, Brazil, to collect dental clinical measures (dental caries, missing teeth, and dental trauma), as well as measures of social support, social network, dental pain, OHRQoL, and SROH. Information on family income and parental education were collected from participant's parents. Structural equation modeling showed that higher income predicted better dental status and better SROH. Greater social support was linked to better dental status and better OHRQoL. Having more social networks was directly linked to better dental status. Poor dental status was linked to dental pain and poor OHRQoL. Dental pain predicted poor OHRQoL and worse SROH. Poor OHRQoL predicted worse SROH. Family income, social support, and social networks indirectly predicted dental pain via dental status. The latter was indirectly linked to OHRQoL and SROH via dental pain. Social support and social networks indirectly predicted OHRQoL and SROH via dental status and dental pain. Socio‐economic factors and social relationships should be considered when planning health promotion and dental care provision to improve an adolescent's oral health.
Targeting mTORC1/2 with OSI‐027 inhibits proliferation and migration of keloid keratinocytes
Authors: Chen Jun , Liu Ke , Liu Yang , Wang Xue , Zhang Zhen
Published: January 2019

Keloid is a dermal proliferative disorder characterized by the excessive proliferation and migration of keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Over‐activation of the serine/threonine protein kinase, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), plays a pivotal role in the process. Here, we show that both mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) were hyper‐activated in keloid‐derived primary keratinocytes. Further, OSI‐027, an mTOR kinase inhibitor, potently inhibited proliferation and migration of keloid keratinocytes. At the molecular level, OSI‐027 disrupted the assembly of mTORC1 (mTOR–Raptor) and mTORC2 (mTOR–Rictor–mLST8). Further, OSI‐027 almost completely blocked the phosphorylation of the mTORC1 substrates, S6K1, S6 and 4EBP1, and the mTORC2 substrate, AKT, at Ser‐473. The OSI‐027 treatment of keloid keratinocytes showed more effectively inhibited cell proliferation and migration compared to the mTORC1 inhibitor, rapamycin. Moreover, restoring mTORC1 activation by the introduction of the constitutively active S6K1 only partly alleviated OSI‐027‐induced inhibition of keloid keratinocytes. Notably, mTOR2 inhibition by Rictor siRNAs also inhibited keloid keratinocyte proliferation and migration, but less efficiently than OSI‐027. Together, our results imply that concurrent targeting of mTORC1/2 by OSI‐027 potently inhibits the proliferation and the migration of keloid keratinocytes. Thus, OSI‐027 may have translational value for the treatment of keloid.
TGFβ1‐induced cell motility but not cell proliferation is mediated through Cten in colorectal cancer
Authors: Asiri Abdulaziz , Raposo Teresa Pereira , Alfahed Abdulaziz , Ilyas Mohammad
Published: January 2019

Cten (C‐terminal tensin‐like) is a member of the tensin protein family found in complex with integrins at focal adhesions. It promotes epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell motility. The precise mechanisms regulating Cten are unknown, although we and others have shown that Cten could be under the regulation of several cytokines and growth factors. Since transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF‐β1) regulates integrin function and promotes EMT/cell motility, we were prompted to investigate whether TGF‐β1 induces EMT and cell motility through Cten signalling in colorectal cancer. TGF‐β1 signalling was modulated by either stimulation with TGF‐β1 or knockdown of TGF‐β1 in the CRC cell lines SW620 and HCT116. The effect of this modulation on expression of Cten, EMT markers and on cellular function was tested. The role of Cten as a direct mediator of TGF‐β1 signalling was investigated in a CRC cell line in which the Cten gene had been deleted (SW620ΔCten). When TGF‐β1 was stimulated or inhibited, this resulted in, respectively, upregulation and downregulation of Cten expression and EMT markers (Snail, Rock, N‐cadherin, Src). Cell migration and cell invasion were significantly increased following TGF‐β1 stimulation and lost by TGF‐β1 knockdown. TGF‐β1 stimulation of the SW620ΔCten cell line resulted in selective loss of the effect of TGF‐β1 signalling pathway on EMT and cell motility while the stimulatory effect on cell proliferation was retained. These data suggested Cten may play an essential role in mediating TGF‐β1‐induced EMT and cell motility and may therefore play a role in metastasis in CRC.
Scaling Up, Scaling Down
Authors: Peacock Evan , Ryan Timothy M.
Published: January 2019

Microartefact analysis remains an uncommon practice in archaeology due to the time-consuming nature of sample processing and analysis and the difficulty of ensuring reliability, replicability, and consistency in material identification and quantification. Work by Huisman et al. (2014) demonstrated the viability of using micro CT (Computed Tomography) to distinguish different kinds of artifactual materials in midden samples, an approach that can help remove “human error” and to speed up the analytical process. However, micro CT samples are limited in size relative to those that can be analysed via High- Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT). In addition, the utility of CT techniques for microartefact analysis in different soil types currently is little explored. We present the results of on-going experimental work using scanning of “cores” containing different sediment matrices and microartefactual materials. Our results are complementary to those of Huisman et al. (2014), showing that microartefacts, including lithic debris, are readily distinguished from enclosing matrices via density class and morphological analysis.
The importance of theDSM‐5posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms of cognitions and mood in traumatized children and adolescents: two network approaches
Authors: Bartels Lasse , Berliner Lucy , Holt Tonje , Jensen Tine , Jungbluth Nathaniel , Plener Paul , Risch Elizabeth , Rojas Roberto , Rosner Rita , Sachser Cedric
Published: January 2019

Background

The aim of this study is to provide a better understanding of the central symptoms ofDSM‐5posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children and adolescents from the perspective of the child and its caregiver. Identifying core symptoms ofPTSDcan help clinicians to understand what may be relevant targets for treatment.PTSDmay present itself differently in children and adolescents compared to adults, and no study so far has investigated theDSM‐5PTSDconceptualization using network analysis.

Methods

The network structure ofDSM‐5PTSDwas investigated in a clinical sample ofn = 475 self‐reports of children and adolescents andn = 424 caregiver‐reports using (a) regularized partial correlation models and (b) a Bayesian approach computing directed acyclic graphs (DAGs).

Results

(a) The 20DSM‐5PTSDsymptoms were positively connected within the self‐report and the caregiver‐report sample. The most central symptoms werenegative trauma‐related cognitionsandpersistent negative emotional statefor the self‐report andnegative trauma‐related cognitions,intrusive thoughts or memoriesandexaggerated startle responsefor the caregiver‐report. (b) Similarly, symptoms in the negative alterations in cognitions and mood cluster (NACM) have emerged as key drivers of other symptoms in traumatized children and adolescents.

Conclusions

As the symptoms in theDSM‐5NACMcluster were central in our regularized partial correlation networks and also appeared to be the driving forces in theDAGs, these might represent important symptoms withinPTSDsymptomatology and may offer key targets inPTSDtreatment for children and adolescents.
Inhibition of TFEB oligomerization by co‐treatment of melatonin with vorinostat promotes the therapeutic sensitivity in glioblastoma and glioma stem cells
Authors: Sung Gi‐Jun , Kim Sung‐Hak , Kwak Sungmin , Park Seung‐Ho , Song Ji‐Hye , Jung Ji‐Hoon , Kim Hyunhee , Choi Kyung‐Chul
Published: January 2019

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive malignant glioma and most lethal form of human brain cancer (Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2016;20:S2). GBM is also one of the most expensive and difficult cancers to treat by the surgical resection, local radiotherapy, and temozolomide (TMZ) and still remains an incurable disease. Oncomine platform analysis and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) show that the expression of transcription factor EB (TFEB) was significantly increased in GBMs and in GBM patients above stage IV. TFEB requires the oligomerization and localization to regulate transcription in the nucleus. Also, the expression and oligomerization of TFEB proteins contribute to the resistance of GBM cells to conventional chemotherapeutic agents such as TMZ. Thus, we investigated whether the combination of vorinostat and melatonin could overcome the effects of TFEB and induce apoptosis in GBM cells and glioma cancer stem cells (GSCs). The downregulation of TFEB and oligomerization by vorinostat and melatonin increased the expression of apoptosis‐related genes and activated the apoptotic cell death process. Significantly, the inhibition of TFEB expression dramatically decreased GSC tumor‐sphere formation and size. The inhibitory effect of co‐treatment resulted in decreased proliferation of GSCs and induced the expression of cleaved PARP and p‐γH2AX. Taken together, our results definitely demonstrate that TFEB expression contributes to enhanced resistance of GBMs to chemotherapy and that vorinostat‐ and melatonin‐activated apoptosis signaling in GBM cells by inhibiting TFEB expression and oligomerization, suggesting that co‐treatment of vorinostat and melatonin may be an effective therapeutic strategy for human brain cancers.
Sleep Quality and the Stress‐Buffering Role of Religious Involvement: A Mediated Moderation Analysis
Authors: Ellison Christopher G. , Deangelis Reed T. , Hill Terrence D. , Froese Paul
Published: January 2019

Although several studies have documented an inverse association between stressful events and sleep quality, much less is known about the factors that might moderate or buffer against the adverse effects of psychosocial stress on sleep. Building on previous research, we employ national cross‐sectional survey data from the 2017 Baylor Religion Survey (n= 1,410) to test whether the association between recent stressful events and sleep quality varies according to several dimensions of religious involvement. We also formally assess whether any attenuation of the association between stressful events and sleep quality is at least partially mediated or explained by lower levels of depressive symptoms (mediated moderation). Our moderation analyses indicate that the inverse association between stressful events and sleep quality is in fact attenuated by religious cognitions (secure attachment to God and assurance of salvation), but not religious attendance or private religiousness. We also observe direct evidence of mediated moderation through depressive symptoms for both religious cognitions. Taken together, our results demonstrate that religious cognitions may buffer against stress‐related sleep disturbance by helping people avoid symptoms of depression.
Social Dimensions and Processes in Second Language Acquisition: Multilingual Socialization in Transnational Contexts
Authors: DUFF PATRICIA A.
Published: January 2019

Social aspects of second language acquisition (SLA) and the contexts in which people attempt to learn and use languages and seek to become integrated within new and changing cultures have been examined for decades from various theoretical perspectives. In this article, I present some of the ways in which ‘social’ experience is being theorized in SLA and in broader fields that intersect with SLA, such as linguistic anthropology. I then discuss how the Douglas Fir Group (DFG, 2016) originally portrayed the many interlinking factors affecting SLA in our multilingual world on several analytic levels and suggest ways of perhaps reconceptualizing the model while retaining its powerful heuristic value. Next, I describe language socialization research as 1 productive social approach and provide examples of research in 2 transnational domains—study abroad and heritage language learning—that demonstrate a multiscalar approach to examining social dimensions of language development and use. The article ends with a discussion of transdisciplinarity in SLA research. I suggest possibilities for team‐based research projects that aim to understandcasesfrom multiple, integrated perspectives on different scales of analysis, and then provide a brief reflection on some of the troubling political ideologies that SLA researchers who embrace multilingualism must now confront on a daily basis.
Genotype and rhizobium inoculation modulate the assembly of soybean rhizobacterial communities
Authors: Zhong Yongjia , Yang Yongqing , Liu Peng , Xu Ruineng , Rensing Christopher , Fu Xiangdong , Liao Hong
Published: January 2019

Rhizosphere bacterial communities are vital for plants, yet the composition of rhizobacterial communities and the complex interactions between roots and microbiota, or between microbiota, are largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the structure and composition of rhizobacterial communities in two soybean cultivars and their recombinant inbred lines contrasting in nodulation through 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing in two years of field trials. Our results demonstrate that soybean plants are able to select microbes from bulk soils at the taxonomic and functional level. Soybean genotype significantly influenced the structure of rhizobacterial communities and resulted in dramatically different co‐occurrence networks of rhizobacterial communities between different genotypes of soybean plants. Furthermore, the introduction of exogenous rhizobia through inoculation altered soybean rhizobacterial communities in genotype‐dependent manner. Rhizobium inoculation not only stimulated the proliferation of potential beneficial microbes but also increased connections in rhizobacterial networks and changed the hub microbes, all of which led to the association of distinctive bacterial communities. Taken together, we demonstrated that the assembly of soybean rhizobacterial communities was determined by both genotype and the introduction of exogenous rhizobia. These findings bolster the feasibility of root microbiome engineering through inoculation of specific microbial constituents.
Unscheduled bleeding with hormone replacement therapy
Authors: Dave Fulva Gajjar , Adedipe Tolu , Disu Stewart , Laiyemo Raphael
Published: January 2019

Key content

Menopause is now considered as a mid‐life event. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is justified when menopausal symptoms adversely affect the quality of life of the individual woman.

Management of unscheduled bleeding with HRT remains a clinical challenge and leads to pressure on resources. The aim should be to exclude endometrial pathology and to regulate the bleeding pattern so that the woman's concerns are addressed and compliance maintained.

The mechanisms which underlie this unscheduled bleeding are poorly understood.

Appropriate counselling should be offered at the outset.

Learning objectives

To gain knowledge of the most appropriate HRT regimens used in perimenopausal, postmenopausal and hysterectomised women to minimise unscheduled bleeding.

To learn how to tailor the treatment regimen to the individual woman's situation.

Ethical issues

The lack of clinical evidence for managing unscheduled bleeding should be acknowledged.

Should clinicians initiate expensive and invasive investigations in all women with unscheduled bleeding on HRT or only select those with significant risk factors?
Influence of Poisson White Noise on the Response Statistics of Nonlinear System and Its Applications to Bearing Fault Diagnosis
Authors: Huang Dawen , Yang Jianhua , Zhou Dengji , Litak Grzegorz , Liu Houguang
Published: January 2019

In view of complex noise background in engineering practices, this paper presents a rescaled method to detect failure features of bearing structure in the Poisson white noise background. To realize the scale transformation of the fault signal with Poisson white noise, a general scale transformation (GST) method is introduced based on the second-order underdamped nonlinear system. The signal features are successfully extracted through the proposed rescaled method in the simulated and experimental cases. We focus on the influence of Poisson white noise parameters and damping coefficient on the response of nonlinear system. The impulse arrival rate and noise intensity have opposite effects on the realization of stochastic resonance (SR) and the extraction of bearing fault features. Poisson white noise with smaller impulse arrival rate or larger noise intensity is easier to induce SR to extract bearing fault features. The optimal matching between the nonlinear system and the input signal is formed by the optimization algorithm, which greatly improves the extraction efficiency of fault features. Compared with the normalized scale transformation (NST) method, the GST has significant advantages in recognizing the bearing structure failure. The differences and connections between Poisson white noise and Gaussian white noise are discussed in the rescaled system excited by the experiment signal. This paper might provide several practical values for recognizing bearing fault mode in the Poisson white noise.
The Carboxyl Terminus of Tegument Protein pUL21 Contributes to Pseudorabies Virus Neuroinvasion
Authors: Yan Kai , Liu Jie , Guan Xiang , Yin Yi-Xin , Peng Hui , Chen Huan-Chun , Liu Zheng-Fei
Published: January 2019

Herpesviruses are a group of DNA viruses that infect both humans and animals. Alphaherpesviruses are distinguished by their ability to establish latent infection in peripheral neurons. After entering neurons, the herpesvirus capsid interacts with cellular motor proteins and undergoes retrograde transport on axon microtubules. This elaborate process is vital to the herpesvirus lifecycle, but the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. Here, we determined that pUL21 is an inner tegument protein of pseudorabies virus (PRV) and that it interacts with the cytoplasmic dynein light chain Roadblock-1. We also observed that pUL21 promotes retrograde transport of PRV in neuronal cells. Furthermore, our findings confirm that pUL21 contributes to PRV neuroinvasion
in vivo
. Importantly, the carboxyl terminus of pUL21 is responsible for interaction with Roadblock-1, and this domain contributes to PRV neuroinvasion. This study offers fresh insights into alphaherpesvirus neuroinvasion and the interaction between virus and host during PRV infection.
Genome Sequence of Providencia rettgeri NVIT03, Isolated from Nasonia vitripennis
Authors: Wang Guan-Hong , Brucker Robert M.
Published: January 2019

Providencia rettgeri
is a common insect-associated Gram-negative bacterium. Here, we present the draft genome sequence of
P. rettgeri
NVIT03, the most common bacterial symbiont of the insect hymenopteran model
Nasonia vitripennis
.
Complete Genome Sequence of Mobuck Virus Isolated from a Florida White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus)
Authors: Ahasan Mohammad Shamim , Campos Krauer Juan M. , Subramaniam Kuttichantran , Lednicky John A. , Loeb Julia C. , Sayler Katherine A. , Wisely Samantha M. , Waltzek Thomas B.
Published: January 2019

Here, we report the complete genome sequence of mobuck virus isolated from a Florida white-tailed deer (
Odocoileus virginianus
) in 2017. This is the second report of mobuck virus in the United States and expands the known geographic range of this novel orbivirus into Florida.
Combined multi-waves rational solutions for complex Ginzburg–Landau equation with Kerr law of nonlinearity
Authors: Ahmed Iftikhar , Seadawy Aly R. , Lu Dianchen
Published: January 2019

By utilizing the logarithmic transformation and symbolic computation with ansatz functions technique, rational solution and multi-waves interaction solutions are obtained for complex Ginzburg–Landau equation with Kerr law of nonlinearity. Meanwhile, the interaction between rational solutions and the kink wave is also investigated. The dynamics of these obtained solutions are analyzed and described in figures by selecting appropriate values of parameters. Through graphical interpretation, we observe the dynamics and characteristics of lump-kink interaction, soliton–soliton interaction, multi-waves interactions and breathers.
Lensing and imaging by a stealth defect of spacetime
Authors: Klinkhamer F. R. , Wang Z. L.
Published: January 2019

We obtain the geodesics for the simplest possible stealth defect which has a flat spacetime. We, then, discuss the lensing properties of such a defect, and the corresponding image formation. Similar lensing properties can be expected to hold for curved-spacetime stealth defects.
Studies a star made of anisotropic fluid packed in a spherical shell
Authors: Errehymy Abdelghani , Daoud Mohammed
Published: January 2019

We provide a general framework of global behavior of static solutions of spherically symmetric objects for the modeling of compact objects, making it an ideal fluid to study, analytically and numerically. We demonstrate that every single conceivable solution can be acquired by means of a solitary creating function characterized as far as one of the gravitational possibilities. We demonstrate that our answers can be used to display specific object applicants, for example, RX J 186-37, Her X-1, SAX J11808.4-3658 (SS1), SAX J11808.4-3658 (SS2) and PSR J1614-2230.
A modified lattice model of traffic flow with the consideration of the downstream traffic condition
Authors: Zhu Chenqiang , Ling Shuai , Zhong Shiquan , Liu Lishan
Published: January 2019

Traffic congestion has attracted considerable attention in modern society. Many researchers have proposed tremendous traffic flow models. These models can be divided into microscopic model, mesoscopic model and macroscopic model. With the progress of technology, it is possible to get the information of the preceding vehicles, i.e. the downstream traffic condition. Drivers can adjust their driving behaviors according to the downstream condition. This mechanism has been considered in microscopic model, and it is found that this mechanism can not only stabilize the traffic, but also bring about some new phenomena, such as synchronized traffic pattern. In the macroscopic model, what will the traffic flow be after considering the mechanism? In this paper, a term describing the downstream traffic condition is added in Nagatani’s single-lane lattice model. Through theoretical study and numerical simulation, it can be found that traffic is more stable when the downstream traffic condition is considered. Besides, the modified model can reproduce the soliton wave, kink wave properly. Moreover, the amplitude and frequency of density wave with different influence forms of the front lattices on the current lattice are almost the same as found to reflect the different influence forms do not have significant effect on the stability.
Cluster mean-field dynamics in one-dimensional TASEP with inner interactions and Langmuir dynamics
Authors: Wang Yu-Qing , Zhang Zi-Huan
Published: January 2019

In the area of statistical physics, totally asymmetric simple exclusion process (TASEP) is treated as one of the most important driven-diffusive systems. It contains profound non-equilibrium statistical physics mechanisms due to being the paradigm model like Ising model. Different with previous work, a one-dimensional TASEP coupled with inner interactions and Langmuir dynamics is taken into account. Weak coupled binding and unbinding rates are introduced in the proposed model. Bond breaking and making mechanisms of self-driven particles illustrating the unidirectional movement of protein motors are investigated by means of performing cluster mean-field analyses. Dynamics in the proposed system dominated by the competition between the attraction effect and the repulsion one are found to depend on the specific value of the interaction energy of these active particles. The research work will be helpful for understanding non-equilibrium statistical behaviors of interacting particle systems.
Contaminated land and the
QJEGH
: 1976–2017 and beyond
Authors: Nathanail C. Paul
Published: January 2019

QJEGH
has served the applied geology community for over half a century as a widely accessible, rigorous source of research findings and lessons from case studies. Over the past thirty years or so this has included contaminated land management matters. The Geological Society's role as both a learned and professional body with a large number of members working in the management of land contamination and redevelopment of post-industrial brownfields has been strengthened by the new contaminated land specialist group. The open access route of publication can only help the practitioner audiences beyond the Society's membership appreciate the value of, and need for, specialist geological input in contaminated land projects.
QJEGH
has a tradition – that should be welcome and fostered – of publishing case studies from which generic lessons can be learnt.
Fracture distribution on the Swift Reservoir Anticline, Montana: Implications for structural and lithological controls on fracture intensity
Authors: Watkins Hannah , Bond Clare E. , Cawood Adam J. , Cooper Mark A. , Warren Marian J.
Published: January 2019

Where primary porosity and permeability of a rock are unfavourable for hydrocarbon production, fractures can improve reservoir potential by enhancing permeability. Higher fracture intensity may create a better-connected fracture network, improving fractured-reservoir quality. Investigations into the controls on fracture intensity commonly conclude that either structural or lithological factors have the greatest influence on fracture abundance. We use the Swift Reservoir Anticline in northwestern Montana to investigate how fracture intensity varies throughout the structure and determine that although structural factors do influence fracture intensity, lithology is the main control at outcrop.

The Swift Reservoir Anticline exposes bedding surfaces of the Mississippian Castle Reef Formation dolomite. Field data indicates that fracture intensity is highest in the fold forelimb, decreasing into the backlimb except in outcrops of coarse dolomite where fracture intensity is low, regardless of structural position. Field fracture intensity correlates with whole-rock quartz, kaolinite and porosity percentages. We suggest porosity and composition influence bulk-rock mechanical properties, which, in turn, control the fracture intensity at outcrop. Fracture intensity has a stronger relationship with lithological than structural factors, therefore we suggest that the key to predicting fracture intensity in the subsurface here is understanding how lithology varies spatially.
Molecular Mechanism of Cytokinesis
Authors: Pollard Thomas D. , O'Shaughnessy Ben
Published: January 2019

Division of amoebas, fungi, and animal cells into two daughter cells at the end of the cell cycle depends on a common set of ancient proteins, principally actin filaments and myosin-II motors. Anillin, formins, IQGAPs, and many other proteins regulate the assembly of the actin filaments into a contractile ring positioned between the daughter nuclei by different mechanisms in fungi and animal cells. Interactions of myosin-II with actin filaments produce force to assemble and then constrict the contractile ring to form a cleavage furrow. Contractile rings disassemble as they constrict. In some cases, knowledge about the numbers of participating proteins and their biochemical mechanisms has made it possible to formulate molecularly explicit mathematical models that reproduce the observed physical events during cytokinesis by computer simulations.
Bifactor and Hierarchical Models: Specification, Inference, and Interpretation
Authors: Markon Kristian E.
Published: January 2019

Bifactor and other hierarchical models have become central to representing and explaining observations in psychopathology, health, and other areas of clinical science, as well as in the behavioral sciences more broadly. This prominence comes after a relatively rapid period of rediscovery, however, and certain features remain poorly understood. Here, hierarchical models are compared and contrasted with other models of superordinate structure, with a focus on implications for model comparisons and interpretation. Issues pertaining to the specification and estimation of bifactor and other hierarchical models are reviewed in exploratory as well as confirmatory modeling scenarios, as are emerging findings about model fit and selection. Bifactor and other hierarchical models provide a powerful mechanism for parsing shared and unique components of variance, but care is required in specifying and making inferences about them.
The Myeloid Cell Compartment—Cell by Cell
Authors: Bassler Kevin , Schulte-Schrepping Jonas , Warnat-Herresthal Stefanie , Aschenbrenner Anna C. , Schultze Joachim L.
Published: January 2019

Myeloid cells are a major cellular compartment of the immune system comprising monocytes, dendritic cells, tissue macrophages, and granulocytes. Models of cellular ontogeny, activation, differentiation, and tissue-specific functions of myeloid cells have been revisited during the last years with surprising results; for example, most tissue macrophages are yolk sac derived, monocytes and macrophages follow a multidimensional model of activation, and tissue signals have a significant impact on the functionality of all these cells. While these exciting results have brought these cells back to center stage, their enormous plasticity and heterogeneity, during both homeostasis and disease, are far from understood. At the same time, the ongoing revolution in single-cell genomics, with single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) leading the way, promises to change this. Prevailing models of hematopoiesis with distinct intermediates are challenged by scRNA-seq data suggesting more continuous developmental trajectories in the myeloid cell compartment. Cell subset structures previously defined by protein marker expression need to be revised based on unbiased analyses of scRNA-seq data. Particularly in inflammatory conditions, myeloid cells exhibit substantially vaster heterogeneity than previously anticipated, and work performed within large international projects, such as the Human Cell Atlas, has already revealed novel tissue macrophage subsets. Based on these exciting developments, we propose the next steps to a full understanding of the myeloid cell compartment in health and diseases.
Individual Differences in Language Processing: Phonology
Authors: Yu Alan C.L. , Zellou Georgia
Published: January 2019

Individual variation is ubiquitous and empirically observable in most phonological behaviors, yet relatively few studies aim to capture the heterogeneity of language processing among individuals, as opposed to those focusing primarily on group-level patterns. The study of individual differences can shed light on the nature of the cognitive representations and mechanisms involved in phonological processing. To guide our review of individual variation in the processing of phonological information, we consider studies that can illuminate broader issues in the field, such as the nature of linguistic representations and processes. We also consider how the study of individual differences can provide insight into long-standing issues in linguistic variation and change. Since linguistic communities are made up of individuals, the questions raised by examining individual differences in linguistic processing are relevant to those who study all aspects of language.
Dependency Grammar
Authors: de Marneffe Marie-Catherine , Nivre Joakim
Published: January 2019

Dependency grammar is a descriptive and theoretical tradition in linguistics that can be traced back to antiquity. It has long been influential in the European linguistics tradition and has more recently become a mainstream approach to representing syntactic and semantic structure in natural language processing. In this review, we introduce the basic theoretical assumptions of dependency grammar and review some key aspects in which different dependency frameworks agree or disagree. We also discuss advantages and disadvantages of dependency representations and introduce Universal Dependencies, a framework for multilingual dependency-based morphosyntactic annotation that has been applied to more than 60 languages.
Artificial Language Learning in Children
Authors: Culbertson Jennifer , Schuler Kathryn
Published: January 2019

Artificial language learning methods—in which learners are taught miniature constructed languages in a controlled laboratory setting—have become a valuable experimental tool for research on language development. These methods offer a complement to natural language acquisition data, allowing researchers to control both the input to learning and the learning environment. A large proportion of artificial language learning studies has aimed to understand the mechanisms of learning in infants. This review focuses instead on investigations into the nature of early linguistic representations and how they are influenced by both the structure of the input and the cognitive features of the learner. Looking not only at young infants but also at children beyond infancy, we discuss evidence for early abstraction, conditions on generalization, the acquisition of grammatical categories and dependencies, and recent work connecting the cognitive biases of learners to language typology. We end by outlining important areas for future research.
A physiological drop in pH decreases mitochondrial respiration, and HDAC and Akt signaling, in L6 myocytes
Authors: Genders Amanda J. , Martin Sheree D. , McGee Sean L. , Bishop David J.
Published: January 2019

Exercise stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis and increases mitochondrial respiratory function and content. However, during high-intensity exercise muscle pH can decrease below pH 6.8 with a concomitant increase in lactate concentration. This drop in muscle pH is associated with reduced exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis, while increased lactate may act as a signaling molecule to affect mitochondrial biogenesis. Therefore, in this study we wished to determine the impact of altering pH and lactate concentration in L6 myotubes on genes and proteins known to be involved in mitochondrial biogenesis. We also examined mitochondrial respiration in response to these perturbations. Differentiated L6 myotubes were exposed to normal (pH 7.5)-, low (pH 7.0)-, or high (pH 8.0)-pH media with and without 20 mM sodium l-lactate for 1 and 6 h. Low pH and 20 mM sodium l-lactate resulted in decreased Akt (Ser473) and AMPK (T172) phosphorylation at 1 h compared with controls, while at 6 h the nuclear localization of histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5) was decreased. When the pH was increased both Akt (Ser473) and AMPK (T172) phosphorylation was increased at 1 h. Overall increased lactate decreased the nuclear content of HDAC5 at 6 h. Exposure to both high- and low-pH media decreased basal mitochondrial respiration, ATP turnover, and maximum mitochondrial respiratory capacity. These data indicate that muscle pH affects several metabolic signaling pathways, including those required for mitochondrial function.
α1G T-type calcium channel determines the angiogenic potential of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells
Authors: Zheng Zhen , Chen Hairu , Xie Peilin , Dickerson Carol A. , King Judy A. C. , Alexeyev Mikhail F. , Wu Songwei
Published: January 2019

Pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) display a rapid angioproliferative phenotype, essential for maintaining homeostasis in steady-state and promoting vascular repair after injury. Although it has long been established that endothelial cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) transients are required for proliferation and angiogenesis, mechanisms underlying such regulation and the transmembrane channels mediating the relevant [Ca2+]i transients remain incompletely understood. In the present study, the functional role of the microvascular endothelial site-specific α1G T-type Ca2+ channel in angiogenesis was examined. PMVECs intrinsically possess an in vitro angiogenic “network formation” capacity. Depleting extracellular Ca2+ abolishes network formation, whereas blockade of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor or nitric oxide synthase has little or no effect, suggesting that the network formation is a [Ca2+]i-dependent process. Blockade of the T-type Ca2+ channel or silencing of α1G, the only voltage-gated Ca2+ channel subtype expressed in PMVECs, disrupts network formation. In contrast, blockade of canonical transient receptor potential (TRP) isoform 4 or TRP vanilloid 4, two other Ca2+ permeable channels expressed in PMVECs, has no effect on network formation. T-type Ca2+ channel blockade also reduces proliferation, cell-matrix adhesion, and migration, three major components of angiogenesis in PMVECs. An in vivo study demonstrated that the mice lacking α1G exhibited a profoundly impaired postinjury cell proliferation in the lungs following lipopolysaccharide challenge. Mechanistically, T-type Ca2+ channel blockade reduces Akt phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner. Blockade of Akt or its upstream activator, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), also impairs network formation. Altogether, these findings suggest a novel functional role for the α1G T-type Ca2+ channel to promote the cell’s angiogenic potential via a PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.
Metformin counteracts glucose-dependent lipogenesis and impairs transdeamination in the liver of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata)
Authors: Rashidpour Ania , Silva-Marrero Jonás I. , Seguí Lidia , Baanante Isabel V. , Metón Isidoro
Published: January 2019

Metformin is an antidiabetic drug with a major impact on regulating blood glucose levels by decreasing hepatic gluconeogenesis, but also by affecting other pathways, including glucose transport and energy/lipid metabolism. Carnivorous fish are considered glucose intolerant, as they exhibit poor ability in using dietary carbohydrates. To increase the current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms by which metformin can improve glucose homeostasis in carnivorous fish, we addressed the effect of intraperitoneal administration of metformin, in the presence or absence of a glucose load, on metabolic rate-limiting enzymes and lipogenic factors in the liver of gilthead sea bream ( Sparus aurata). Hyperglycemia markedly upregulated the expression of glycolytic enzymes (glucokinase and 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase, PFK1) 5 h following glucose administration, while at 24 h posttreatment, it increased isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) activity, a key enzyme of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and the expression of lipogenic factors (PGC1β, Lpin1, and SREBP1). Metformin counteracted glucose-dependent effects, and downregulated glutamate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, and mammalian target of rapamycin 5 h posttreatment in the absence of a glucose load, leading to decreased long-term activity of PFK1 and IDH. The results of the present study suggest that hyperglycemia enhances lipogenesis in the liver of S. aurata and that metformin may exert specific metabolic effects in fish by decreasing hepatic transdeamination and suppressing the use of amino acids as gluconeogenic substrates. Our findings highlight the role of amino acid metabolism in the glucose-intolerant carnivorous fish model.
Zinc deficiency induces hypertension by promoting renal Na+ reabsorption
Authors: Williams Clintoria R. , Mistry Monisha , Cheriyan Aswathy M. , Williams Jasmine M. , Naraine Meagan K. , Ellis Carla L. , Mallick Rickta , Mistry Abinash C. , Gooch Jennifer L. , Ko Benjamin , Cai Hui , Hoover Robert S.
Published: January 2019

Zn2+ deficiency (ZnD) is a common comorbidity of many chronic diseases. In these settings, ZnD exacerbates hypertension. Whether ZnD alone is sufficient to alter blood pressure (BP) is unknown. To explore the role of Zn2+ in BP regulation, adult mice were fed a Zn2+-adequate (ZnA) or a Zn2+-deficient (ZnD) diet. A subset of ZnD mice were either returned to the ZnA diet or treated with hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), a Na+-Cl− cotransporter (NCC) inhibitor. To reduce intracellular Zn2+ in vitro, mouse distal convoluted tubule cells were cultured in N,N,N′,N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine (TPEN, a Zn2+ chelator)- or vehicle (DMSO)-containing medium. To replete intracellular Zn2+, TPEN-exposed cells were then cultured in Zn2+-supplemented medium. ZnD promoted a biphasic BP response, characterized by episodes of high BP. BP increases were accompanied by reduced renal Na+ excretion and NCC upregulation. These effects were reversed in Zn2+-replete mice. Likewise, HCTZ stimulated natriuresis and reversed BP increases. In vitro, Zn2+ depletion increased NCC expression. Furthermore, TPEN promoted NCC surface localization and Na+ uptake activity. Zn2+ repletion reversed TPEN effects on NCC. These data indicate that 1) Zn2+ contributes to BP regulation via modulation of renal Na+ transport, 2) renal NCC mediates ZnD-induced hypertension, and 3) NCC is a Zn2+-regulated transporter that is upregulated with ZnD. This study links dysregulated renal Na+ handling to ZnD-induced hypertension. Furthermore, NCC is identified as a novel mechanism by which Zn2+ regulates BP. Understanding the mechanisms of ZnD-induced BP dysregulation may have an important therapeutic impact on hypertension.
Optimum Array Spacing in Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems considering Technical and Economic Factors
Authors: Sánchez-Carbajal S. , Rodrigo P. M.
Published: January 2019

The performance and economics of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems are affected by the array spacing. Increasing the array spacing implies reducing the impact of shading, but at the same time, it increases the land purchase/preparation costs and the wiring costs. A number of technical and economic factors are involved when selecting an optimum array spacing. Designers of PV plants often set the row-to-row spacing based on simplified rules, losing the opportunity of improving the profitability of their projects. In this paper, a comprehensive methodology for optimizing the array spacing is proposed. It is based on annual shading energy calculations and incorporates a PV energy yield model together with an economic model focused on investment costs. The method is applied to the climatic conditions in Aguascalientes, Mexico, as a case study. A sensitivity analysis allowed the impact of the technical and economic parameters involved on the optimum interrow distance to be quantified. According to the results, the most relevant technical parameters are the module tilt (often considered by the PV designers), the ratio of plant width to plant length, and the module efficiency. The main economic parameters are the land-related costs and the costs per kWp. The comparison of this methodology to a conventional rule based on the winter solstice condition shows differences in the array spacing for the same location when the multiple technical and economic parameters are considered. Therefore, the proposed method will be useful for PV designers to improve the energetic and economic behavior of their systems.
Maresin1 Alleviates Metabolic Dysfunction in Septic Mice: A 1H NMR-Based Metabolomics Analysis
Authors: Hao Yu , Zheng Hong , Wang Ruo-Han , Li Hui , Yang Li-Li , Bhandari Suwas , Liu Yong-Jian , Han Jun , Smith Fang Gao , Gao Hong-Chang , Jin Sheng-Wei
Published: January 2019

Maresin1 (MaR1), a new anti-inflammatory and proresolving lipid mediator, has been proven to exert organ-protective effects in septic animal models. However, the potential mechanisms are still not fully elucidated. In this study, we sought to explore the impact of MaR1 on metabolic dysfunction in cecal ligation and puncture- (CLP-) induced septic mice. We found that MaR1 significantly increased the overall survival rate and attenuated lung and liver injuries in septic mice. In addition, MaR1 markedly reduced the levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) and alleviated mitochondrial damage. Based on a 1H NMR-based metabolomics analysis, CLP-induced septic mice had increased levels of acetate, pyruvate, and lactate in serum and decreased levels of alanine, aspartate, glutamate, and fumarate in lungs. However, these metabolic disorders, mainly involving energy and amino acid metabolism, can be recovered by MaR1 treatment. Therefore, our results suggest that the protective effects of MaR1 on sepsis could be related to the recovery of metabolic dysfunction and the alleviation of inflammation and mitochondrial damage.
Development of Lightning Nowcasting and Warning Technique and Its Application
Authors: Meng Qing , Yao Wen , Xu Liangtao
Published: January 2019

The Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Lightning Nowcasting and Warning System (CAMS_LNWS) was designed to predict lightning within the upcoming 0-1 h and provide lightning activity potential and warning products. Multiple remote sensing data and numerical simulation of an electrification and discharge model were integrated in the system. Two core algorithms were implemented: (1) an area identification, tracking, and extrapolating algorithm and (2) a decision tree algorithm. The system was designed using a framework and modular structure, and integrated warning methods were applied in the warning program. Two new algorithms related to the early warning of the first lightning and thunderstorm dissipation were also introduced into the system during the upgrade process. Thunderstorms occurring in Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei during 2016-2017 were used to evaluate the CAMS_LNWS by the low-frequency cloud to ground lightning detection data, and the results showed that the system has good forecasting and warning ability for local lightning activities. The TS score in 0-1 h ranged from 0.11 to 0.32, with a mean of 0.20. Operational experiments and promotional work for the CAMS_LNWS are now in progress.