bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pro‐inflammatory activity of Cutibacterium acnes phylotype IA1 and extracellular vesicles: An in vitro study
Authors: Cheung Caroline T. , Lancien Ugo , Corvec Stéphane , Mengeaud Valérie , Mias Céline , Véziers Joëlle , Khammari Amir , Dréno Brigitte
Published: August 2024

Acne is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that involves Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes), which is classified into six main phylotypes (IA1, IA2, IB, IC, II and III). Acne development is associated with loss of C. acnes phylotype diversity, characterised by overgrowth of phylotype IA1 relative to other phylotypes. It was also shown that purified extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by C. acnes can induce an acne‐like inflammatory response in skin models. We aimed to determine if the inflammatory profile of EVs secreted by C. acnes phylotype IA1 from an inflammatory acne lesion was different from C. acnes phylotype IA1 from normal skin, thus playing a direct role in the severity of inflammation. EVs were produced in vitro after culture of two clinical strains of C. acnes phylotype IA1, T5 from normal human skin and A47 from an inflammatory acne lesion, and then incubated with either human immortalised keratinocytes, HaCaT cells, or skin explants obtained from abdominoplasty. Subsequently, quantitative PCR (qPCR) was performed for human β‐defensin 2 (hBD2), cathelicidin (LL‐37), interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐17α and IL‐36γ, and ELISA for IL‐6, IL‐8 and IL‐17α. We found that EVs produced in vitro by C. acnes derived from inflammatory acne lesions significantly increased the pro‐inflammatory cytokines and anti‐microbial peptides at both transcriptional and protein levels compared with EVs derived from normal human skin. We show for the first time that C. acnes EVs from inflammatory acne play a crucial role in acne‐associated inflammation in vitro and that C. acnes phylotype IA1 collected from inflammatory acne lesion and normal skin produce different EVs and inflammatory profiles in vitro.
An overview of S100 proteins and their functions in skin homeostasis, interface dermatitis conditions and other skin pathologies
Authors: Abdi Warda , Romasco Andrew , Alkurdi Dany , Santacruz Elise , Okinedo Isabel , Zhang Yuying , Kannan Shriya , Shakiba Saeed , Richmond Jillian M.
Published: August 2024

S100 proteins comprise a family of structurally related proteins that are calcium‐sensitive. S100 proteins have been found to play various roles in regulation of cell apoptosis, cell proliferation and differentiation, cell migration and invasion, energy metabolism, calcium homeostasis, protein phosphorylation, anti‐microbial activity and inflammation in a variety of cell types. While the specific function of many S100 proteins remains unknown, some of the S100 proteins serve as disease biomarkers as well as possible therapeutic targets in skin diseases. Interface dermatitis (ID) is a histopathological term that covers many different skin conditions including cutaneous lupus erythematosus, lichen planus, and dermatomyositis. These pathologies share similar histological features, which include basal cell vacuolization and lymphocytic infiltration at the dermal‐epidermal junction. In this review, we summarize how the S100 protein family contributes to both homeostatic and inflammatory processes in the skin. We also highlight the role of S100 proteins in neuronal signalling, describing how this might contribute to neuroimmune interactions in ID and other skin pathologies. Last, we discuss what is known about the S100 family proteins as both biomarkers and potential treatment targets in specific pathologies.
Characteristics of juvenile chum salmon carrying out inverse migrations after ocean entry from rivers along the Pacific coast of Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: Honda Kentaro , Shirai Kotaro , Morishita Takumi , Saito Toshihiko
Published: August 2024

After ocean entry, juvenile Japanese chum salmon migrate northeastward to the Sea of Okhotsk. However, some juveniles originating in rivers along the Pacific coast of Hokkaido were reported to migrate in the opposite direction (westward). We compiled historical data to determine which river‐origin juveniles migrate westward and to what extent. Then, the ocean‐entry conditions and growth rates of 398 juveniles from two rivers along the Pacific coast of Hokkaido were estimated with otolith daily‐increment analysis. Many juveniles migrated >100 km westward from multiple natal river mouths. Juveniles collected to the west of their natal rivers tended to enter the ocean earlier than those collected to the east, and many did so before sea surface temperatures reached 5°C (the lower limit of the empirically favorable temperature range). In the west, many small juveniles were collected soon after ocean entry, suggesting that they migrated passively with the Coastal Oyashio, a westward cold current. By contrast, juveniles collected in the east tended to grow faster in length and have a lower body condition factor at capture, possibly due to growth‐dependent mortality during their migration against the flow of the Coastal Oyashio. Moreover, many juveniles in the west were exposed to temperatures near 13°C (the upper limit of favorable temperatures) at capture. In recent years, there has been a shortening of the favorable water‐temperature period and a drastic decline in adult chum returns in the region. There is hence concern that the likelihood of abortive migrations for juveniles transported westward will increase.
Multimorbidity and risk of falls, fractures, and joint replacements over two decades: Findings from the Hertfordshire Cohort Study
Authors: Westbury Leo D , Pearse Camille , Rambukwella Roshan , Ward Kate A , Cooper Cyrus , Dennison Elaine M
Published: August 2024

Aim

To examine the relationship between level of morbidity burden and long‐term risk of fractures, falls, and joint replacements in the community‐dwelling participants of the Hertfordshire Cohort Study.

Methods

Data were analyzed from 2997 individuals (age 59–73 at baseline). Outcomes (fractures, falls, and lower limb joint replacements) were identified using ICD‐10 and OPCS‐4 codes from Hospital Episode Statistics data, available from baseline (1998–2004) until December 2018. Number of systems medicated (marker of morbidity level) in relation to risk of outcomes was examined using sex‐stratified Cox regression.

Results

Among both men and women, a greater number of systems medicated was related to increased risk of falls (P < 0.001) and lower limb joint replacements (P < 0.003). More systems medicated was only related to increased risk of fracture among women (P‐values for trend of <0.001 among women and 0.186 among men).

Conclusions

Higher morbidity was associated with increased risk of adverse health outcomes related to poor musculoskeletal health, but these relationships varied according to the musculoskeletal outcome studied. Intervention strategies to reduce multimorbidity among middle‐aged and older people may hence reduce the burden of musculoskeletal aging. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24: 912–917.
Exploring Chinese EFL teachers’ perceptions of creativity and criticality in assessment practices: A qualitative study
Authors: Xu Wenli , Sheng Li
Published: August 2024

Various studies have highlighted the significant role of creativity and criticality in English as a foreign language (EFL) contexts. Yet, their contribution to and mechanism in assessment domains are widely neglected. To address this shortcoming in the literature, the present study took advantage of a qualitative design via a semi‐structured interview with a sample of 29 Chinese EFL teachers to unravel their perceptions of creativity and criticality in second language (L2) assessment practices. The interview results pinpointed that Chinese EFL teachers regarded both creativity and criticality as valuable skills, which can be nurtured via various assessment practices in the class. Specifically, the participants maintained that creativity could be measured and improved by using “multimedia and technologies,” “games and scenarios,” “mind maps,” and “authentic assessment.” Likewise, criticality can be developed in learners through “debates and discussions,” “role play,” “written tests like argumentative essays,” and “oral interviews.” The findings are discussed about prior research and implications are suggested to EFL teachers, teacher educators, and curriculum designers to increase their understanding and implementation of assessment practices oriented to creativity and criticality.
Unravelling the ideal roster: A cross‐sectional study of nurse shift preferences using multivariate analysis
Authors: Wynendaele Herlinde , Peeters Ellen , Gemmel Paul , Myny Dries , Trybou Jeroen
Published: August 2024

Aim

Our study aims to explore nurses' shift preferences in relation to their personal characteristics and examine how these preferences align with the rosters imposed in Belgian healthcare settings. Additionally, the study seeks to identify patterns in shift preferences across different days of the week and investigate the existence of distinct groups of nurses with similar preferences, further examining the link between these groups and their personal characteristics.

Design

Cross‐sectional.

Methods

Questionnaires were distributed to 778 nurses across 11 general hospitals in Belgium, collecting data on demographics, chronotype, shift preferences, and roster alignment. Statistical analyses included logistic regression, principal component analysis, and k‐means clustering.

Results

Age and chronotype significantly influence nurses' shift preferences. Preferences were consistent across the days within the week. The study revealed two groups of preferences: ‘early birds’ (preferring morning/day shifts) and ‘night owls’ (preferring evening/night shifts). Night owls were often neutral or evening‐type chronotypes and had a higher alignment between imposed and ideal rosters.

Conclusions

This study reinforces the importance of considering individual differences in nurses' shift preferences, linked to age and chronotype, and advocates for the adoption of flexible, personalized rostering systems.

Implications

Personalized scheduling has the potential to improve workforce management, suggesting that healthcare administrators should consider individual preferences in rostering to mitigate the challenges of nurse understaffing.

Impact

Tackles the pressing problem of nurse understaffing. Proposes that tailored rosters based on individual preferences could improve work conditions for nurses. Relevant to policymakers aiming to enhance nursing workforce management.

Reporting method

STROBE Statement (for cross‐sectional studies).

Patient or public contribution

None.
Pathogenicity and compatibility studies of native Tolypocladium inflatum and Clonostachys krabiensis against Tetranychus urticae
Authors: Ranout Aditya Singh , Kaur Rupinder , Kumar Rahul , Nadda Gireesh
Published: August 2024

The twospotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) is a major pest of field and greenhouse crops leading to qualitative and quantitative losses. Various chemical‐based acaricides are being used for its management that pose risks to human health, environment and non‐targeted organisms besides the development of resistance and resurgence of the pests. Therefore, alternative mite management practices are being promoted and implemented. Amongst them, entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) like Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium spp. are being used globally, although new alternative EPF are required. Keeping this in mind, the present study was comprehended to determine the pathogenicity of native EPF, viz., Tolypocladium inflatum (Hypocreales: Ophiocordycipitaceae) and Clonostachys krabiensis (Hypocreales: Bionectriaceae) against different life stages of TSSM under laboratory conditions. The results indicated that adults are more vulnerable to studied fungi followed by nymphs and eggs of TSSM. The combined application of T. inflatum and C. krabiensis was significantly effective in controlling TSSM adults (99.33%) followed by T. inflatum (93.34%) and C. krabiensis (85.33%). According to the probit analysis, the combined application of studied EPF was found to be more effective against TSSM adults (LC50 = 6.72 × 104 conidia/mL) followed by T. inflatum (LC50 = 1.92 × 106 conidia/mL) and C. krabiensis (LC50 = 7.90 × 106 conidia/mL). All three treatments at higher concentrations significantly reduced the adult and nymph populations. Morphological investigations using scanning electron microscopy revealed the successful conidial adhesion, germination and penetration of native T. inflatum and C. krabiensis conidia on TSSM adults. Thus, the acaricidal potential of isolated native fungi can further be explored for developing fungal‐based formulations for the sustainable management of mites.
Medical narrative ability and humanistic care ability of Chinese clinical nurses: The mediating role of empathy ability
Authors: Yu Yiting , Wan Xia , Sun Changxian , Ji Yan , Zhao Xiaozhu , Cai Yinghua , Cao Xiaodong
Published: August 2024

Aims

To investigate the relationship between medical narrative ability and humanistic care ability among Chinese clinical nurses, examining the potential mediating role of empathy.

Background

In the context of the bio‐psychosocial medical model and humanistic nursing care, understanding the core competencies of medical narrative ability, empathy and humanistic care in nursing is crucial. This study explored the mediating role of empathy between medical narrative ability and humanistic care ability.

Design

A cross‐sectional study.

Methods

The study employed a descriptive, cross‐sectional survey design, involving 741 nurses from Wuxi People's Hospital. It assessed nurses' demographic characteristics, medical narrative ability, empathy, and humanistic care ability using an online questionnaire from December 2022 to February 2023. Pearson correlation analysis evaluated variable correlations, and PROCESS v3.3 model 4 was utilised for mediation analysis. The STROBE statement was chosen as the EQUATOR checklist.

Results

A positive correlation was found between nurses' medical narrative ability, humanistic care ability and empathy. Empathy partially mediated the relationship between medical narrative ability and humanistic care ability.

Conclusion

Nurses' medical narrative ability directly and indirectly (via empathy) influences their humanistic care ability. Enhancing nurses' narrative and empathic skills can improve humanistic care, nursing quality and nurse–patient relationships.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

Managers should prioritise programmes to improve nurses' storytelling and empathy skills to enhance humanistic care, improving nursing quality and patient relationships.

Public Contribution

This study involves clinical nurses as participants and does not involve patients. This study collected data from clinical nurses using an online questionnaire platform in China. The questionnaire consisted of four sections, including demographic information and scales such as Narrative Competence Scale, Caring Ability Inventory and the Jefferson Scale of Empathy‐Health Professional. Clear instructions were given to participants on how to complete each scale, and measures were taken to prevent missing or duplicate responses.
Characterization of pore model and percolation simulation of bulk grain pile porous media
Authors: Wang Xiaoliang , Zhou Ying , Hui Yanbo , Zhang Yongzhen , Gao Ju , Chen Yanlei , Chen Linyong
Published: August 2024

To ensure the quality of grain storage, researchers have developed a variety of models for the morphological structure of bulk grain piles. However, traditional characterization methods suffer from issues such as inaccurate models, limited size ranges, and low precision. In this study, x‐ray computed tomography was employed for the first time to capture real three‐dimensional (3D) images, revealing the surface porosity distribution ranging from 30% to 38% along the slice direction and a fractal dimension primarily distributed between 1.45 and 1.47. Moreover, the box counting method was used to determine the representative elementary volume (REV) comprising 600 × 600 × 600 pixels, effectively characterizing pore structure using porosity as an index. Connectivity analysis of the REV was conducted by integrating the refined central axis method and the 3D watershed algorithm. Equivalent diameters of connected pores were mainly distributed between 0.5 and 3.5 mm, with an average pore diameter of 2.22 ± 0.02 mm, an average coordination number of 7.04 ± 0.07, and an average tortuosity of 1.58 ± 0.01. Based on the characteristic parameters of connected pores, an equivalent pore network model (EPNM) was reconstructed for numerical simulation of single‐phase percolation of bulk grain pile. In addition, the constructed experimental platform demonstrates that the constructed EPNM closely corresponds to the real pore structure of the seed body, accurately reflecting pore–throat size, connectivity, and morphological characteristics within the grain pile. Furthermore, this research model can be applied to the study of gas flow, heat transfer, and mass transfer within porous media.
Emergence of Internet of Things technology in food and agricultural sector: A review
Authors: Vedantam Krishna S. , Jain Sanjay Kumar , Panwar Narayan Lal , Sunil Joshi , Wadhawan Nikita , Kumar Arun
Published: August 2024

Food processing is an indispensable sector crucial for controlling the food losses. Discrete measures were introduced and implemented to enhance the food shelf life and preservation techniques. However, poor handling and preservation methods usher to the food deprivation. In such milieu, amalgamation of futuristic technologies like sophisticated sensors tether with Internet of Things (IoT) could shoot up the food safety and minimize the deprivation. Research across the globe have proved that integration of IoT‐smart sensors in scrutinizing ecological factors such as temperature, radiation, gaseous composition, relative humidity, and moisture content that are critical for food processing and preservation. IoT has the prospects to ameliorate nationwide explicable execution, slash energy depletion, slash manufacturing expenses, inflate worker health and safety during food processing unit. Smart agricultural techniques also enable measurement of temperature, relative humidity, soil moisture, and nitrogen contents in smart farming and helps the user to determine the status of crops and commodity. This article aims to focus a few aspects and budding areas of IoT in the food and agricultural sectors. With this outlook, advancement and smartness in agriculture and food processing can be created by collaborating with IoT technology.
Precise assessment of flood risk and accurate allocation of disaster relief funds through a fuzzy set approach
Authors: Wang Yudong , Yu Xida , Yi Lanjia , Chen Yun , Ao Qi , Shi Wenjun , Huang Lingyun
Published: August 2024

The traditional flood hazard assessment system for emergency departments is based on the average hazard index of administrative regions. However, this approach may overlook errors with significant hazards caused by the transition from watershed hazard maps to administrative hazard maps. In our study, we propose an innovative approach that utilizes fuzzy sets to represent flood risk grades, incorporating the upper and lower boundaries of membership variety to effectively indicate higher and lower risks errors, respectively. The introduction of fuzzy set risk grades not only incorporates conventional information but also addresses local risk errors caused by the conversion, enabling Emergency Departments to allocate disaster prevention funds accurately for all risk spots. The fund allocation coefficient, based on fuzzy risk grades, strongly correlates with the proportion of flood‐affected populations over time, highlighting the robustness of utilizing fuzzy set risk grades.
Alzheimer's disease and related dementia diagnoses among American Indian and Alaska Native adults aged ≥45 years, Indian Health Service System, 2016–2020
Authors: Apostolou Andria , Kennedy Jordan L. , Person Marissa K. , Jackson Eva M. J. , Finke Bruce , McGuire Lisa C. , Matthews Kevin A.
Published: August 2024

Background

Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia and is responsible for up to 80% of dementia diagnoses and is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States. An estimated 38,000 American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) people aged ≥65 years were living with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) in 2020, a number expected to double by 2030 and quadruple by 2050. Administrative healthcare data from the Indian Health Service (IHS) were used to estimate ADRD among AI/AN populations.

Methods

Administrative IHS healthcare data from federal fiscal years 2016 to 2020 from the IHS National Data Warehouse were used to calculate the count and rate per 100,000 AI/AN adults aged ≥45 years with at least one ADRD diagnosis code on their medical record.

Results

This study identified 12,877 AI/AN adults aged ≥45 years with an ADRD diagnosis code, with an overall rate of 514 per 100,000. Of those, 1856 people were aged 45–64. Females were 1.2 times (95% confidence interval: 1.1–1.2) more likely than males to have a medical visit with an ADRD diagnosis code.

Conclusions

Many AI/AN people with ADRD rely on IHS, tribal, and urban Indian health programs. The high burden of ADRD in AI/AN populations aged 45–64 utilizing IHS health services highlights the need for implementation of ADRD risk reduction strategies and assessment and diagnosis of ADRD in younger AI/AN populations. This study provides a baseline to assess future progress for efforts addressing ADRD in AI/AN communities.
Noncontrolling large shareholders and short‐term debt for long‐term investment
Authors: Liao Jia , Zhan Yun , Zheng Liping
Published: August 2024

This study empirically examines the impact of noncontrolling large shareholders (NCLSs) on short‐term debt for long‐term investment (SDFLI) using a sample of Chinese A‐share firms listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges from 2005 to 2021. The findings suggest that NCLSs reduce the level of SDFLI; however, asset collateralizability mitigates the negative relationship between NCLSs and SDFLI. Conversely, stock liquidity reinforces the governance effect of NCLSs in mitigating SDFLI. The mechanism analysis suggests that improving agency efficiency is an important channel through which NCLSs influence SDFLI. This study deepens the understanding of the factors driving the SDFLI of listed Chinese firms and provides insights into how to mitigate this problem. Additionally, it provides empirical support for the governance role NCLSs play in listed firms.
Jaw–neck motor function 2 years after whiplash trauma
Authors: Eklund Anton , Wiesinger Birgitta , Lampa Ewa , Wänman Anders , Häggman‐Henrikson Birgitta
Published: August 2024

Background

There is limited knowledge about the possible long‐term effects on jaw motor function after whiplash trauma.

Objectives

The primary aim was to evaluate integrated jaw and head–neck movement amplitudes during jaw function in individuals 2 years after whiplash trauma, compared to controls. The secondary aim was to evaluate changes between the acute stage and a 2‐year follow‐up in terms of jaw and head–neck movement amplitudes during jaw function.

Methods

This study included 28 cases exposed to a whiplash trauma 2 years earlier (13 women) and 28 controls (13 women) without previous neck trauma. Head and jaw movement amplitudes were recorded during maximal jaw opening–closing movements using an optoelectronic 3D recording system. For a subpopulation of 12 cases and 15 controls, recordings had also been performed in the acute stage after the whiplash trauma. Jaw and head movement amplitudes were analysed using linear regression with group and sex as independent variables. The subpopulation longitudinal analysis was adjusted for movement amplitudes at baseline.

Results

Jaw movement amplitudes were significantly associated with group (coefficient: −0.359: 95% CI: −10.70 to −1.93, p = .006) with smaller amplitudes of jaw movements for whiplash cases. Head movement amplitudes were not associated with group (coefficient: −0.051, 95% CI: −4.81 to 3.20, p = .687). In the longitudinal analysis, both jaw and head movement amplitudes showed significant associations between baseline and the 2‐year follow‐up.

Conclusion

The present findings indicate that the effects on jaw function in terms of jaw opening capacity in the acute stage after whiplash trauma do not spontaneously recover.
Criminal network, leniency, and market externalities
Authors: Immordino Giovanni , Piccolo Salvatore , Roberti Paolo
Published: August 2024

We analyze the self‐reporting incentives fostered by a leniency program within a criminal network formed by a supplier of an illegal good and his dealers who compete against each other in the product market. We show that when it is viable, a first‐informant rule always performs better than an all‐informant rule—that is, it induces a lower level of crime. Nevertheless, the viability of a first‐informant rule may be compromised if the baseline probability of conviction is sufficiently low, thereby placing disproportionate reliance on leniency over other investigative efforts for securing convictions.
Outcome of treatment with a 10‐week COP protocol in cats with intermediate or large cell lymphoma: 27 cases (2014‐2023)
Authors: Larsen M. M. E. , Andersson A.‐M. , Arendt M.
Published: August 2024

Objectives

The aim of this retrospective clinical study was to evaluate and report response to treatment with a 10‐week maintenance‐free COP (COP‐10) protocol in a cohort of 27 cats with intermediate or large cell lymphoma. Additionally, to identify any potential prognostic factors for predicting the treatment response.

Materials and Methods

The medical records of cats diagnosed with intermediate or large cell lymphoma in a single institution in the period 2014 to 2023 and treated with COP‐10 as first‐line treatment were reviewed.

Results

Twenty‐seven cats were included in the study. The median age was 10 years, 67% of the cats were in stages I to II and the most common anatomical location was alimentary (37%). The overall response rate was 65%, with 38% of cats achieving complete remission and 27% partial remission. For cats achieving complete remission, the median progression‐free interval and the median lymphoma‐specific survival time were both 1,139 days. For cats in partial remission, the median progression‐free interval and the median lymphoma‐specific survival time were 53 and 210 days, respectively. Clinical stage was significantly related to treatment response and survival time.

Clinical Significance

Treatment with the short protocol COP‐10 resulted in remission rates and durable first remissions for cats achieving complete remission comparable to responses seen with longer‐duration chemotherapy protocols. The results from this study may impact economic and logistic decisions for owners, as well as the quality of life for patients in the future.
Post‐Diagnosis HCV RNA Testing Rates Prior to HCV Treatment Among People Living With HIV With HCV Antibody Positivity in the Asia‐Pacific Region
Authors: Rupasinghe Dhanushi , Choi Jun Yong , Kumarasamy Nagalingeswaran , Pujari Sanjay , Khol Vohith , Somia I. Ketut Agus , Lee Man Po , Pham Thach Ngoc , Kiertiburanakul Sasisopin , Do Cuong Duy , Avihingsanon Anchalee , Ross Jeremy , Jiamsakul Awachana ,   on behalf the International Epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) Asia‐Pacific
Published: August 2024

HCV RNA test determines current active infection and is a requirement prior to initiating HCV treatment. We investigated trends and factors associated with post‐diagnosis HCV RNA testing rates prior to HCV treatment, and risk factors for first positive HCV RNA among people living with HIV (PLHIV) with HCV in the Asia‐Pacific region. PLHIV with positive HCV antibody and in follow‐up after 2010 were included. Patients were considered HCV‐antibody positive if they ever tested positive for HCV antibody (HCVAb). Repeated measures Poisson regression model was used to analyse factors associated with post‐diagnosis HCV RNA testing rates from positive HCVAb test. Factors associated with time to first positive HCV RNA from positive HCVAb test were analysed using Cox regression model. There were 767 HCVAb positive participants included (87% from LMICs) of whom 11% had HCV RNA tests. With 163 HCV RNA tests post positive HCVAb test, the overall testing rate was 5.05 per 100 person‐years. Factors associated with increased testing rates included later calendar years of follow‐up, HIV viral load ≥1000 copies/mL and higher income countries. Later calendar years of follow‐up, ALT >5 times its upper limit of normal, and higher income countries were associated with shorter time to first positive HCV RNA test. Testing patterns indicated that uptake was predominantly in high income countries possibly due to different strategies used to determine testing in LMICs. Expanding access to HCV RNA, such as through lower‐cost point of care assays, will be required to achieve elimination of HCV as a public health issue.
The diagnostic cascade for patients with hepatitis delta infection in France, 2018–2022: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Brichler Ségolène , Trimoulet Pascale , Roque‐Afonso Anne‐Marie , Izopet Jacques , Thibault Vincent , Roudot‐Thoraval Françoise , Chevaliez Stéphane
Published: August 2024

Background and Aims

Chronic hepatitis D infection is the most severe form of viral hepatitis and can rapidly progress to cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite recommendations for systematic screening of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)‐positive individuals, data from real‐world studies have reported a low frequency of hepatitis D (or delta) virus (HDV) screening. Our cross‐sectional analysis evaluated the diagnostic cascade for hepatitis D infection in tertiary centres and described the characteristics of HDV‐positive patients.

Methods

A total of 6772 individuals who tested HBsAg positive for the first time between 2018 and 2022 were retrospectively included. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were analysed.

Results

A total of 5748 HBsAg‐positive individuals (84.9%) were screened for HDV infection. The screening rate varied from 63% to 97% according to the screening strategy used in the centres including or not HDV reflex testing. The prevalence of HDV infection was 6.3%. HDV RNA levels were determined in 285 of the 364 (78.3%) HDV antibody screening‐positive patients, and 167 (58.6%) had active HDV infection. 66.8% were males, with a mean age of 44.9 years. A total of 97.5% were born abroad, and 92.9% were HBeAg negative. At the time of diagnosis, HDV RNA levels were 6.0 Log UI/mL; 60.1% had alanine aminotransferase >40 U/L, and 56.3% had significant fibrosis (≥F2), including 41.6% with cirrhosis. The most common genotype was HDV‐1 (75.4%). Coinfections were not uncommon: 7.4% were HIV positive, and 15.0% were HCV antibody positive.

Conclusions

The present study highlights the need for increased screening and monitoring of HDV infection. Reflex testing helps to identify HDV‐infected individuals.
Rutin reduces inflammation and fibrosis via TGF‐β/SMAD pathways in IgA nephropathy induced rats
Authors: Jash Rajiv , Maji Himangshu Sekhar , Chowdhury Arnab , Biswas Sayak , Maparu Kousik , Khatun Robina , Dey Suddhasattya
Published: August 2024

Aim

Rutin is a flavonoid glycoside obtained from the plant Ruta graveolens. It was known to have immunosuppressant activities. This study was focused on effect of rutin against immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy.

Methods

IgA nephropathy was induced in Sprague–Dawley rats with various inducing agents described in text. During the later part of the induction phase, rutin was administered. Control group rats did not receive any treatment or inducing agent, induced group rats received only the inducing agents, whereas treatment group received the inducing agents as well as rutin.

Results

During the study, various biochemical parameters pertaining to kidney function were evaluated and also, the expression of proteins and cytokines responsible for inflammation and fibrosis were assessed. The effect of rutin in IgA nephropathy was promising as treatment with rutin reduced the deposition of IgA in the glomeruli of rats. Along with this we also tried to establish the probable mechanism of action of rutin and based on the summary of the results it was concluded that rutin reduced the inflammation and fibrosis related to IgA nephropathy by inhibiting the TGF‐β/SMAD pathways and ultimately reducing the expression of α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA).

Conclusion

Comprehending all the above consideration, it may be safely said that that rutin alleviated inflammation and also fibrosis mediated by IgA, by suppressing the transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) activities through suppressor of mothers against decapentaplegic pathways and reduced the epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition by downregulating the α‐SMA which is a marker for fibrosis.

image
The effect of brochure‐assisted education given before septorhinoplasty on surgical fear and anxiety: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Deniz Doğan Sevgi , Köse Tosunöz İpek , Gülmez Mehmet İhsan
Published: August 2024

This study is a randomized controlled interventional study aimed to determine the effect of preoperative brochure‐assisted education on surgical fear and anxiety in patients scheduled for septorhinoplasty surgery. The study was conducted between May 2022 and February 2023 in the Otorhinolaryngology services and clinics of a training and research hospital in the southern region of Turkey. The study included 61 patients, with 29 in the education group and 32 in the control group. All patients received routine nursing care before surgery, with the education group receiving additional education through an informative brochure. The data were collected using the “Personal Information Form”, “Surgical Fear Questionnaire”, and “Surgical Anxiety Questionnaire”. There was no significant difference in the mean scores of surgical fear between the groups on the morning of the surgery (p > 0.05). However, a significant difference was found in the mean scores of surgical anxiety between the groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, patients in the education group who received preoperative brochure‐assisted education had lower anxiety compared with the control group.
The causal role of the subthalamic nucleus in the inhibitory network
Authors: Obeso Ignacio , Loayza Francis R. , González‐Redondo Rafael , Villagra Federico , Luis Elkin , Jahanshahi Marjan , Obeso José A. , Pastor Maria A.
Published: August 2024

The neural network mediating successful response inhibition mainly includes right hemisphere activation of the pre‐supplementary motor area, inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), subthalamic nucleus (STN), and caudate nucleus. However, the causal role of these regions in the inhibitory network is undefined. Five patients with Parkinson's disease were assessed prior to and after therapeutic thermal ablation of the right STN in two separate functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) sessions while performing a stop‐signal task. Initiation times were faster but motor inhibition with the left hand (contralateral to the lesion) was significantly impaired as evident in prolonged stop‐signal reaction times. Reduced inhibition after right subthalamotomy was associated (during successful inhibition) with the recruitment of basal ganglia regions outside the established inhibitory network. They included the putamen and caudate together with the anterior cingulate cortex and IFG of the left hemisphere. Subsequent network connectivity analysis (with the seed over the nonlesioned left STN) revealed a new inhibitory network after right subthalamotomies. Our results highlight the causal role of the right STN in the neural network for motor inhibition and the possible basal ganglia mechanisms for compensation upon losing a key node of the inhibition network.
Wells syndrome following vaccination: A pediatric case with positive patch test to gelatin
Authors: Granja Bárbara Vieira , Cruz Maria João , De Matos Pedro Rolo , Cunha Ana Paula , Canão Pedro Amoroso , Baudrier Teresa , Mota Alberto
Published: August 2024

We report a 12‐month‐old boy with a skin eruption that developed 15 days after receiving the measles, mumps, rubella (MMR), pneumococcal, and meningococcal vaccines, consistent with the diagnosis of Wells syndrome. Patch testing showed a positive reaction to gelatin, which is used as a stabilizer for both live and inactivated vaccines. Gelatin was only present in the MMR vaccine.
Metals and other ligands balance carbon fixation and photorespiration in chloroplasts
Authors: Shi Xiaoxiao , Hannon Nathan M. , Bloom Arnold J.
Published: August 2024

The behavior of many plant enzymes depends on the metals and other ligands to which they are bound. A previous study demonstrated that tobacco Rubisco binds almost equally to magnesium and manganese and rapidly exchanges one metal for the other. The present study characterizes the kinetics of Rubisco and the plastidial malic enzyme when bound to either metal. When Rubisco purified from five C3 species was bound to magnesium rather than manganese, the specificity for CO2 over O2, (Sc/o) increased by 25% and the ratio of the maximum velocities of carboxylation / oxygenation (Vcmax/Vomax) increased by 39%. For the recombinant plastidial malic enzyme, the forward reaction (malate decarboxylation) was 30% slower and the reverse reaction (pyruvate carboxylation) was three times faster when bound to manganese rather than magnesium. Adding 6‐phosphoglycerate and NADP+ inhibited carboxylation and oxygenation when Rubisco was bound to magnesium and stimulated oxygenation when it was bound to manganese. Conditions that favored RuBP oxygenation stimulated Rubisco to convert as much as 15% of the total RuBP consumed into pyruvate. These results are consistent with a stromal biochemical pathway in which (1) Rubisco when associated with manganese converts a substantial amount of RuBP into pyruvate, (2) malic enzyme when associated with manganese carboxylates a substantial portion of this pyruvate into malate, and (3) chloroplasts export additional malate into the cytoplasm where it generates NADH for assimilating nitrate into amino acids. Thus, plants may regulate the activities of magnesium and manganese in leaves to balance organic carbon and organic nitrogen as atmospheric CO2 fluctuates.
Learning by proxy: How burdensome policies shape policy implementors' views of government
Authors: Strach Patricia , Pérez‐Chiqués Elizabeth , Zuber Katie
Published: August 2024

Although the literature on political learning has examined the effect of policy on clients and some proximate individuals (family, friends, and community members), it has not examined the effect on professionals who implement programs. What lessons do professionals learn from implementing nominally positive (care) services for negatively constructed populations, and how do they learn them? Drawing on interviews, focus groups, and participant observation in substance‐use disorder services, we demonstrate that policy implementors learn lessons at odds with their advantaged status by proxy, witnessing how government treats clients, experiencing a system designed for negatively constructed, powerless populations, and sometimes the two together. As a result, the effect of policy may be greater than previously demonstrated.
Effect of pre‐treatment with deslorelin on the ovarian response of ewes superovulated with FSH
Authors: Garcia Rodrigo , Filho Rogério A. Almeida , Sitó‐Silva Luan , Denadai Renan , Codognoto Viviane , Salgado Letícia , Brochine Suzane , Oba Eunice
Published: August 2024

This study evaluated the use of the GnRH agonist hormone, deslorelin, to control the follicular population before initiating multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) treatment. Twenty‐four cross‐bred Santa Inês ewes, aged between 2 and 4 years, were randomly assigned to either a control group (n = 11) or a treated group (n = 13). All ewes received an intravaginal device containing 60 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate on day 0, and a new device on day 7, which remained in place until day 14. Additionally, the ewes were administered 125 μg of cloprostenol on day 7. The superovulatory treatment involved administering 200 mg of pFSH, divided into eight decreasing doses at 12‐h intervals starting on day 12. On day 14, 300 IU of eCG was administered. In the deslorelin group, three doses of 100 μg of deslorelin were administered starting on day 3 after the insertion of the vaginal device, with subsequent doses given at 72‐h and 144‐h intervals. Natural mating was performed 36 h after the removal of the progesterone implant using males with proven fertility. Embryo collection took place on the 6th day after mating, and the recovered structures were quantified and evaluated for quality and developmental stage. Transrectal ultrasonography was conducted on days 12, 16 and 21 to evaluate the ovaries, specifically to assess the ovarian follicular population and the presence of the corpus luteum. Ewes in the control group had higher embryo recovery rates (p < .01) compared to the treated group (5.2 ± 0.8 vs. 1.1 ± 0.8), with differences observed primarily in the number of morulae. The number of corpus luteum observed during the laparotomy on day 21 was significantly higher (p < .01) in the control group (10.44 vs. 4.5 corpus luteum per ewe). Yet, the treated group had a significantly higher number of follicles (p < .05) on the first day of pFSH application (5.5 vs. 3.0 follicles per ewe). In conclusion, although the inclusion of deslorelin in the superovulation protocol resulted in increased synchronization of oestrus and follicle number, it did not lead to an increase in the number of corpus luteum or harvested embryos.
Ghrelin induced by ultraviolet B exposure promotes the restoration of diabetic cutaneous wound healing
Authors: Fu Qi‐Rui , Peng Sha , Zhu Chang‐Qing , Chen Lu‐Si , Sun Yan , Li Wan‐Mei
Published: August 2024

Background

Diabetes mellitus (DM) presents impediment to wound healing. While ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure showed therapeutic potential in various skin conditions, its capacity to mediate diabetic wound healing remains unclear. To investigate the efficacy of UVB on wound healing and its underlying basis.

Materials and Methods

Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to the high‐fat diet followed by streptozotocin administration to establish the diabetic model. Upon confirmation of diabetes, full‐thickness wounds were inflicted and the treatment group received UVB radiation at 50 mJ/cm2 for 5 min every alternate day for 2 weeks. Wound healing rate was then assessed, accompanied by evaluations of blood glucose, lipid profiles, CD31 expression, and concentrations of ghrelin and leptin. Concurrently, in vitro studies were executed to evaluate the protective role of ghrelin on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) under high glucose (HG) conditions.

Results

Post UVB exposure, there was a marked acceleration in wound healing in DM mice without alterations in hyperglycemia and lipid profiles. Compared to non‐UVB‐exposed mice, the UVB group showed enhanced angiogenesis manifested by a surge in CD31 expression. This trend appeared to be in harmony with the elevated ghrelin levels. In vitro experiments indicated that ghrelin significantly enhanced the migratory pace and angiogenic properties of HUVEC under HG‐induced stress, potentially mediated by an upregulation in vascular endothelial growth factor expression.

Conclusion

UVB exposure bolstered wound healing in diabetic mice, plausibly mediated through augmented angiogenesis induced by ghrelin secretion. Such findings underscore the vast potential of UVB‐induced ghrelin in therapeutic strategies targeting diabetic wound healing.
Teaching multimorbidity to medical students
Authors: Penner Kristy , Wicklum Sonja , Johnston Aaron , Kelly Martina Ann
Published: August 2024

Background

Multimorbidity is a rising health care phenomenon and doctors require specific skill sets to effectively care for patients with multiple illnesses. Despite this, most medical education is taught using a single‐disease, systems‐based approach. Consequently, students can struggle to manage patients with multimorbidity. To help final year medical students manage patients with multimorbidity in clinical practice, we devised, taught, and evaluated a heuristic: collect, cluster and co‐ordinate.

Approach

Students attended a 1‐hour online workshop during their family medicine clerkship. Using a flipped classroom design, students watched a podcast, followed by facilitated small‐group work.

Evaluation

Out of 132 final‐year medical students, 102 participated in the evaluation. Students rated their confidence managing patients with multimorbidity, pre and post teaching on a Likert scale. Prior to teaching, 36% (n = 37) students rated their ability to manage a patient with multimorbidity as slightly confident. After teaching, 74.5% (76) students rated their ability to manage the same patient as fairly or completely confident. Prior to graduation students were surveyed to determine if they had applied the framework during clinical placements. Sixty‐one students responded; 32 applied the heuristic during family medicine and in other clinical rotations such as paediatrics, obstetrics, emergency medicine and anaesthesia.

Implications

Specific instruction on managing consultations with patients experiencing multimorbidity during undergraduate medical education increased learner confidence caring for these patients. The heuristic was relevant and applied in disciplines outside family medicine. Students indicated that earlier teaching on this topic would have prepared them better for clinical placements.
Moving CyberGIS education forward: Knowing what matters and how it is decided
Authors: Zhang Zhe , King Jerad , Wang Shaowen , Sinton Diana , Wilson John , Shook Eric
Published: August 2024

Maintaining educational resources and training materials as timely, current, and aligned with the needs of students, practitioners, and other users of geospatial technologies is a persistent challenge. This is particularly problematic within CyberGIS, a subfield of Geographic Information Science and Technology (GIS&T) that involves high‐performance computing and advanced cyberinfrastructure to address computation‐ and data‐intensive problems. In this study, we analyzed and compared content from two open educational resources: (1) a popular online web resource that regularly covers CyberGIS‐related topics (GIS Stack Exchange) and (2) existing and proposed content in the GIS&T Body of Knowledge. While current curricula may build a student's conceptual understanding of CyberGIS, there is a noticeable lack of resources for practical implementation of CyberGIS tools. The results highlight discrepancies between the attention and frequency of CyberGIS topics according to a popular online help resource and the CyberGIS academic community.