bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Levels of evidence of articles in podiatric medical journals
Authors: Turlik MA , Kushner D
Published: April 2014

The authors reviewed 322 articles in podiatric medical journals to determine their level of evidence. Only 1% of the articles reviewed were randomized controlled trials. The authors concluded that if the podiatric medical profession wishes to become a participant in evidence-based medicine, greater emphasis must be placed on studies that assess hypotheses.
First metatarsophalangeal joint implant as a salvage procedure
Authors: Allman LM , Keating SE
Published: April 2014

First metatarsophalangeal joint implants are used to correct deformity, to restore or improve motion, and to relieve pain. The authors report on a patient with pain in the first metatarsophalangeal joint that was not relieved by multiple first metatarsophalangeal joint surgical procedures. A two-component first metatarsophalangeal joint titanium implant was successfully used as a salvage procedure to relieve pain and restore foot function following a failed first metatarsophalangeal joint fusion.
The normal foot
Authors: Phillips RD
Published: April 2014

The term "normal foot" has many different interpretations. This article reviews some of the ways in which the word "normal" has been used historically to describe the foot. Also discussed are the problems of attempting to determine what should constitute a normal foot and proposed criteria for distinguishing between the normal and the pathological.
Patient Satisfaction with Oral versus Nonoral Therapeutic Approaches in Onychomycosis
Authors: Stier David M. , Gause Douglas , Joseph Warren S. , Schein Jeffrey R. , Broering Jeanette M. , Warolin Karen L. , Doyle Joseph J.
Published: April 2014

The follow-up results of a 9-month observational study of 150 onychomycosis patients treated with a variety of mechanical, topical, and oral therapies by podiatric physicians and dermatologists are presented. Changes from baseline in toenail condition and patient satisfaction were assessed at 4- and 9-month follow-up. At 9 months, patients who had received oral therapy reported significantly fewer onychomycosis-related problems in social situations, including embarrassment or self-consciousness about the appearance of nails, avoidance of contact by others, being perceived as unclean or untidy, and the desire to keep their nails concealed. Patient-reported satisfaction with the treatment program was significantly higher for those receiving oral therapy than for those receiving nonoral therapy. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 91(10): 521-527, 2001)
Internal Fixation of a Displaced Tibial Sesamoid Fracture
Authors: Riley Jay , Selner Marc
Published: April 2014

The authors present a surgical technique for the preservation and repair of an acutely fractured sesamoid using internal fixation of the sesamoid. A case report demonstrating the technique for the open reduction and internal fixation of a fractured tibial sesamoid is presented. The authors recommend this procedure as a viable alternative to surgical excision of the tibial sesamoid. The use of the procedure as an adjunct for the surgical treatment of recalcitrant traumatic sesamoiditis is also discussed. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 91(10): 536-539, 2001)
Health-Related Quality of Life Following Podiatric Surgery
Authors: Bennett Paul J. , Patterson Carla , Dunne Michael P.
Published: April 2014

This 6-month prospective study investigated the outcomes of foot surgery performed by Fellows of the Australian College of Podiatric Surgeons. The study recruited 140 patients who were treated for orthopedic, neurological, or integumentary diseases of the foot. The majority of subjects who underwent podiatric surgery experienced significant postoperative improvements in a range of health-related quality-of-life dimensions as measured by the disease-specific Foot Health Status Questionnaire (FHSQ) and the generic Short Form 36 (SF-36) questionnaire. Subjects reported a reduction in foot pain, increased levels of physical function, improved general foot health perception, and improved footwear-related quality of life. No significant adverse outcomes or unplanned re-admissions to the hospital were reported. This study demonstrates the advantage of assessing health-related quality of life as opposed to patient satisfaction. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 91(4): 164-173, 2001)
Publication Patterns and Perceptions of the Australian Podiatric Medical Faculty
Authors: Menz Hylton B.
Published: April 2014

Despite the wide range of publication opportunities in podiatric medicine, little is known about how podiatric authors select journals in which to publish or their perceptions of journals currently available. To investigate these issues, a survey of publication patterns and perceptions of full- and part-time academic staff members at podiatric medical schools in Australia was undertaken. Most of the papers by Australian podiatric medical faculty members have been published in “local” journals, such as the Australasian Journal of Podiatric Medicine (38%) and the British Journal of Podiatry (17%). However, an increasing number of papers are being published in JAPMA (14%). In addition, a large proportion of papers have been published in a variety of journals that are not specific to podiatric medicine, particularly in the areas of biomechanics and diabetic medicine. The number of publications per faculty member was associated with the highest qualification obtained, academic rank, and the number of years of employment in higher education. The most important factors in selecting the journal in which to publish were the journal’s inclusion in MEDLINE, the perceived prestige of the journal, and the quality of the journal’s peer-review panel and editor. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 91(4): 210-218, 2001)
Onychomycosis: An Analysis of 50 Cases and a Comparison of Diagnostic Techniques
Authors: Borkowski Piotr , Williams Marie , Holewinski Jean , Bakotic Bradley
Published: April 2014

Onychomycosis is an extremely common condition that is increasing in prevalence. Although often innocuous, it may be complicated by discomfort and secondary bacterial infections. Recently introduced oral medications may be highly effective in the eradication of this condition; however, they may carry with them significant expense and potentially serious side effects. Prior to the initiation of antifungal oral therapy, definitive diagnosis is mandatory. This study compares the sensitivity of potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparations, surgical pathology diagnostic testing (SPDT), and culture techniques for the detection of onychomycosis in 50 cases of clinically suspected onychomycosis. Analysis showed that SPDT was significantly more sensitive when compared to KOH and culture. The results suggest that SPDT may be the true gold standard for the diagnosis of onychomycosis. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 91(7): 351-355, 2001)
Talar Fractures
Authors: Jimenez A. Louis , Morgan James H.
Published: April 2014

Three case studies of fractures are presented that demonstrate the potential morbidity that these injuries can cause as well as the acceptable outcomes if treated appropriately. Two of the cases are talar fracture dislocations; the third is an osteochondral fracture of the talus. The importance of early treatment with open reduction and internal fixation is demonstrated. Success following surgical intervention in a nonhealed osteochondral fracture of the talus is also demonstrated. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 91(8): 415-421, 2001)
Continuous Activity Monitoring in Persons at High Risk for Diabetes-Related Lower-Extremity Amputation
Authors: Armstrong David G. , Abu-Rumman Patricia L. , Nixon Brent P. , Boulton Andrew J.M.
Published: April 2014

This study evaluated the magnitude and location of activity of diabetic patients at high risk for foot amputation. Twenty subjects aged 64.6 ± 1.8 years with diabetes, neuropathy, deformity, or a history of lower-extremity ulceration or partial foot amputation were dispensed a continuous activity monitor and a log book to record time periods spent in and out of their homes for 1 week. The results indicate that patients took more steps per hour outside their home, but took more steps per day inside their homes. Although 85% of the patients wore their physician-approved shoes most or all of the time while they were outside their homes, only 15% continued to wear them at home. Focusing on protection of the foot during in-home ambulation may be an important factor on which to focus future multidisciplinary efforts to reduce the incidence of ulceration and amputation. The ability to continuously monitor the magnitude, duration, and time of activity ultimately may assist clinicians in dosing activity just as they dose drugs. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 91(9): 451-455, 2001)
The Diabetic Foot 2001
Authors: Frykberg Robert G. , Armstrong David G.
Published: April 2014

This review discusses some of the significant studies and events from the 61st American Diabetes Association’s Scientific Symposium. Many of the issues raised at the meeting will form building blocks for future research into offloading, footwear, wound classification, wound healing, tissue engineering, and psychological aspects of therapy and prevention. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 92(1): 2-6, 2002)
Standardizing Wound Treatment Procedures for Advanced Technologies
Authors: Mulder Gerit D.
Published: April 2014

New drugs and tissue replacements are currently being approved and integrated into treatment regimens for chronic wounds. This article focuses on a standardized procedure for the use of specific growth factor, a recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor (rhPDGF-BB) manufactured for topical administration. The recommendations made in this article may not reflect product recommendations made by the manufacturer of the drug. Clinicians must be able to support any off-label indication for use of a product. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 92(1): 7-11, 2002)
Follow-up of the Isolated Medial Approach to Hallux Abducto Valgus Correction Without Interspace Release
Authors: Boberg Jeffrey S. , Judge Molly S.
Published: April 2014

A retrospective radiographic review was performed of 29 patients (37 feet) who underwent an isolated medial approach for correction of hallux abducto valgus deformity from March 1993 to November 1998. Only those patients who had a traditional Austin-type osteotomy with a reducible first metatarsophalangeal joint and flexible first ray were included in the study. The average follow-up period for the entire study group was 18.4 months, with 13 patients (44.83%; 17 feet) having a follow-up period of longer than 2 years. The average decrease in the intermetatarsal angle was 9.89°, and the average decrease in the hallux abductus angle was 14.0°, results that correlated well with those of other studies on correction of hallux abducto valgus. No clinical or radiographic recurrence of hallux abducto valgus was noted throughout the follow-up period. The authors believe that an isolated medial approach to hallux abducto valgus correction without a lateral interspace release yields predictable results when performed in appropriately selected patients. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 92(10): 555-562, 2002)
Clonic Focal Seizure of the Foot Secondary to Nonketotic Hyperglycemia
Authors: DeCaro Louis J. , Reinig Michael , Croft Bruce T.
Published: April 2014

Focal epileptic seizures can be the first manifestation of a diabetic disorder. Metabolic disturbances, including hyperglycemia, mild hyperosmolality, hyponatremia, and lack of ketoacidosis contribute to the development of partial focal seizures. A review of the medical literature for partial focal seizures is presented, followed by a case study of a patient who developed clonic seizures of the right foot secondary to hyperglycemia, hyponatremia, and hyperosmolality. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 92(2): 109-111, 2002)
Pedal Gangrene Secondary to Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation with Gastric Carcinoma
Authors: Gragasin-Saviano Liza , Isaacson Ernest , Stuck Rodney M.
Published: April 2014

Consumptive coagulopathy resulting in a disseminated intravascular coagulation is most often seen in infectious diseases and hematologic malignancies. Solid tumors may be associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation that results in gangrene of the upper extremity. A case report of lower-extremity gangrene as the pathology for gastric carcinoma is presented. The need for a multidisciplinary approach to this clinical presentation is noted. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 92(3): 149-152, 2002)
Capillary Hemangioma of the Foot
Authors: Cione Joseph A. , Cozzarelli John
Published: April 2014

Capillary hemangiomas are benign, vascular lesions of skin and mucous membranes that often occur in infancy and childhood. Capillary hemangiomas are most commonly found in the head and neck region. Capillary hemangiomas that occur in adults and on the lower extremities are uncommon. A clinical case involving surgical treatment of the lesion on an adult foot is presented. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 92(3): 155-157, 2002)
Predislocation Syndrome
Authors: Yu Gerard V. , Judge Molly S. , Hudson Justin R. , Seidelmann Frank E.
Published: April 2014

Progressive subluxation/dislocation of the lesser toes resulting from idiopathic inflammation about one or more of the lesser metatarsophalangeal joints is a common cause of metatarsalgia that is frequently unrecognized or misdiagnosed. The disorder results from a failure of the plantar plate and collateral ligaments that stabilize the metatarsophalangeal joints and is typically associated with abnormal forefoot loading patterns. The authors refer to this condition as predislocation syndrome and have devised a clinical staging system that is based on the clinical signs and symptoms present during examination. A thorough review of predislocation syndrome and an overview of the conservative and surgical treatment options available for this disorder are presented. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 92(4): 182-199, 2002)
The Jones Compression Bandage
Authors: Yu Gerard V. , Schubert Eric K. , Khoury Wissam E.
Published: April 2014

Lower-extremity edema is a common condition that can be caused by many pathophysiologic processes. Control of edema associated with surgery or trauma is important and will help minimize pain and discomfort and prevent wound complications and blisters. Many techniques are used to control edema. The Jones compression dressing is an excellent tool that has been used successfully by the senior author for 18 years. It continues to be a primary treatment technique for the control of edema. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 92(4): 221-231, 2002)
Syme’s Amputation
Authors: Hudson Justin R. , Yu Gerard V. , Marzano Roger , Vincent Andrew L.
Published: April 2014

Amputation at the level of the ankle joint is a valuable but underused procedure for a variety of conditions affecting the foot and ankle. The procedure provides a comfortable and durable stump that allows the lower-extremity amputee to function with minimal disability. This article reviews the indications for Syme’s amputation, provides a detailed surgical description of the procedure, and discusses postoperative prosthetic considerations. In addition, three case reports are presented in which Syme’s procedure was successfully used as an alternative to higher-level amputation. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 92(4): 232-246, 2002)
Study of Clinically Suspected Onychomycosis in a Podiatric Population
Authors: Jennings Maureen B. , Weinberg Jeffrey M. , Koestenblatt Evelyn K. , Lesczczynski Christine
Published: April 2014

Onychomycosis, by definition, is a mycotic infection of the keratinized tissue of the nail plate. Although it is commonly considered to be caused by one of the dermatotropic fungi, a variety of other organisms have been implicated as etiologic agents in the disease, including some bacteria and yeasts. When it is caused by a fungus, any or all of three types of organisms can be involved: dermatophytes, yeasts, and nondermatophyte organisms. The purpose of this study was to identify the microorganisms found in fungal cultures of clinically suspected onychomycosis in the patient population of the Foot Clinics of New York in New York City, the largest foot clinic in the world. Of the 1,800 medical charts reviewed, 214 had culture results, of which 120 were positive. Trichophyton rubrum was the most prevalent pathogen, found in 67% of positive cultures. The most remarkable risk factor was age, with 80% of affected individuals older than 35 years. False-negatives may account for the high percentage (44%) of negative cultures in this study. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 92(6): 327-330, 2002)
Relationship Between Proximal Articular Set Angle and Hallux Abducto Valgus
Authors: Ferrari Jill , Malone-Lee James
Published: April 2014

A study of radiographs from 50 males and 50 females was undertaken to determine whether a relationship existed between the proximal articular set angle and the hallux abductus angle. Gender differences in the relationship were also investigated. The normal range for the proximal articular set angle was –2.6° to 8.6°, with a mean of 5°. There was no significant difference in the mean values between males and females. A positive linear correlation between the proximal articular set angle and hallux abducto valgus deformity was found (R2 = 0.52), suggesting that an increased lateral tilt of the metatarsal head is one of the factors that lead to hallux abducto valgus deformity. The relationship between proximal articular set angle and hallux abducto valgus deformity was similar in males and females and did not account for the increased hallux deformity seen in females. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 92(6): 331-335, 2002)
Medical Treatment of Charcot’s Arthropathy
Authors: Jude Edward B. , Boulton Andrew J. M.
Published: April 2014

Charcot’s arthropathy is a devastating condition affecting diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy, resulting in a foot at risk for ulceration and amputation. Early diagnosis is important for the institution of appropriate treatment, which may help prevent disease progression and foot deformity. This article discusses the pathogenesis and treatment options available for the disorder. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 92(7): 381-383, 2002)
Decreasing Amputation Rates in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Meltzer Dessie D. , Pels Simon , Payne Wyatt G. , Mannari Rudolph J. , Ochs Diane , Forbes-Kearns Jacquelyn , Robson Martin C.
Published: April 2014

The lower-extremity amputation rate in people with diabetes mellitus is high, and the wound failure rate at the time of amputation is as high as 28%. Even with successful healing of the primary amputation site, amputation of part of the contralateral limb occurs in 50% of patients within 2 to 5 years. The purpose of this study was to provide valid outcome data before (control period) and 18 months after (test period) implementation of a multidisciplinary team approach using verified methods to improve the institutional care of wounds. Retrospective medical chart review was performed for 118 control patients and 116 test patients. The amputation rate was significantly decreased during the test period, and the amputations that were required were at a significantly more distal level. No above-the-knee amputations were required in 45 patients during the test period, compared with 14 of 76 patients during the control period. These outcome data suggest that unified care is an effective approach for the patient with diabetic foot problems. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 92(8): 425-428, 2002)
Ankle Equinus Deformity and Its Relationship to High Plantar Pressure in a Large Population with Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Lavery Lawrence A. , Armstrong David G. , Boulton Andrew J. M.
Published: April 2014

The authors undertook a study to evaluate the prevalence of ankle equinus and its potential relationship to high plantar pressure in a large, urban population with diabetes mellitus. The first 1,666 consecutive people with diabetes (50.3% male; mean [±SD] age, 69.1 ± 11.1 years) presenting to a large, urban, managed-care outpatient clinic were enrolled in this longitudinal, 2-year outcomes study. Patients received a standardized medical and musculoskeletal assessment at the time of enrollment, including evaluation at an onsite gait laboratory. Equinus was defined as less than 0° of dorsiflexion at the ankle. The overall prevalence of equinus in this population was 10.3%. Patients with equinus had significantly higher peak plantar pressures than those without the deformity and were at nearly three times greater risk for presenting with elevated plantar pressures. There were no significant differences in age, weight, or sex between the two groups. However, patients with equinus had a significantly longer duration of diabetes than those without equinus. Having a high index of suspicion for this deformity and subsequently addressing it through conservative or surgical means may help to reduce the risk of foot ulceration and amputation. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 92(9): 479-482, 2002)
Fibrosarcoma of the Foot Masquerading as Plantar Fasciitis
Authors: Chen Meilee L. , Graf Peter , Masotto Mark , Shihabi Nader S.
Published: April 2014

Fibrosarcoma is an uncommon, malignant soft-tissue tumor that is rarely found as a primary neoplasm in the foot. A case report is presented that demonstrates a large, locally invasive fibrosarcoma of the plantar aspect of the foot with initial symptoms consistent with plantar fasciitis. Below-the-knee amputation was performed as curative treatment. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 92(9): 507-511, 2002)
Use of a Needleless Injection System for Digital Ring Block Anesthesia
Authors: Dialynas Michael , Hollingsworth Simon J. , Cooper David , Barker Stephen G. E.
Published: April 2014

Digital ring block anesthesia, which is frequently used before surgery for ingrown toenails, is often extremely uncomfortable for patients and can be the most distressing aspect of the procedure. The authors used a novel needleless injection device to induce digital anesthesia before surgery and compared it in terms of patient discomfort and preference with use of a standard needle and syringe for injection in individuals undergoing simultaneous bilateral nail procedures. Use of the needleless device significantly reduced the pain associated with this procedure and was preferred over use of a standard needle and syringe by all individuals. Other potential advantages of a needleless injection system are discussed. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 93(1): 23-26, 2003)
Position of the Subtalar Joint Axis and Resistance of the Rearfoot to Supination
Authors: Payne Craig , Munteanu Shannon , Miller Kathryn
Published: April 2014

Determination of the position of the subtalar joint axis is being more widely used clinically to facilitate the prescription of foot orthoses and the understanding of foot function, but clinical determination of the axis has not been widely investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between clinical determination of the subtalar joint axis and the amount of force needed to supinate the foot. The transverse plane position of the subtalar joint axis was determined in 47 subjects. The sagittal plane orientation of the subtalar joint axis was determined using the relative amounts of forefoot adduction and abduction obtained when the rearfoot was supinated and pronated. The amount of force needed to supinate the foot was measured using a device designed to measure resistance to supination. The only two parameters that were correlated to supination resistance of the rearfoot were body weight (r = 0.52) and the perpendicular distance from the fifth metatarsal head to the subtalar joint axis (r = 0.59). The model on which determination of the subtalar joint axis is based may not be valid, but it might help determine how much force is needed to supinate a foot using foot orthoses. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 93(2): 131-135, 2003)
Implementation of Computerized Student-Patient Logs in Podiatric Medical Education
Authors: Shaw Graham P. , Clark Joel R. , Morewitz Stephen J.
Published: April 2014

In recent years, there has been a rapid increase in World Wide Web–based teaching and learning materials; however, present-day systems for recording student-patient interactions have trailed behind other academic areas in the appropriate use of technology. This article reviews the implementation of an innovative Web-based computerized student-patient log. This system represents considerable improvement in terms of efficiency and accuracy over traditional paper-based reporting systems. It facilitates faculty tracking of students’ clinical experiences at geographically disparate locations and allows gaps in student knowledge to be more easily identified. Moreover, the Web-based system has the added advantage of making students responsible for their own learning, providing them with a sense of ownership of the data collected. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 93(2): 150-156, 2003)
Confirmation of Dermatophytes in Nail Specimens Using In-Office Dermatophyte Test Medium Cultures
Authors: Jennings Maureen B. , Rinaldi Michael G.
Published: April 2014

Using data from a multicenter nationwide multispecialty survey, the authors investigated the efficacy of in-office dermatophyte test medium (DTM) and central laboratory cultures used to confirm onychomycosis across samples collected by podiatric, dermatologic, and primary-care physicians. The samples collected by podiatric physicians were both positive or both negative in 43% and 27% of patients, respectively. Samples harvested by dermatologists were both positive in 37% of patients and both negative in 32%, while the samples collected by primary-care physicians were both positive in 28% of patients and both negative in 38%. The accuracy of DTM and central laboratory tests is dependent on the proper collection of nail samples, and the accuracy of mycologic test results varied significantly across nail specimens harvested by podiatric, dermatologic, and primary-care physicians. DTM culture was found to be an effective and convenient method of confirming dermatophyte infections in patients with signs of onychomycosis. The data presented here indicate that the special expertise of podiatric physicians in treating foot-related illnesses translates into more accurate mycologic testing. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 93(3): 195-202, 2003)
The Effect of Foot Orthoses on Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
Authors: Saxena Amol , Haddad Jack
Published: April 2014

In a retrospective review of 102 patients treated for chondromalacia pa-tellae and patellofemoral pain syndrome/retropatellar dysplasia (PFPS/RPD), the effectiveness of semiflexible foot orthoses was investigated. The combined disorders were diagnosed in 89.3% of the patients. Subjects were 46 women and 54 men, aged 12 to 87 years (mean, 37.9 years; SD, 15.9), who exhibited excessive forefoot varus or rearfoot varus. The initial screening and clinical diagnosis were based on an examination by an orthopedist. Particular attention was directed to patellar crepitation, patellofemoral malalignment, Q-angle measurements, limitation of range of motion, and knee effusion. Patients were evaluated for the onset and duration of patellofemoral pain and degree of knee joint disease. Semiflexible orthoses for each subject were fabricated, based on a clinical lower extremity biomechanical examination. At their follow-up visit, 76.5% were improved and 2% were asymptomatic, showing a significant decrease in the level of pain with orthoses intervention (chi-square P < .001). Although multiple treatment modalities are used for these patients, the results suggest that the use of semiflexible orthoses is significant in reducing symptoms of PFPS/RPD. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 93(4): 264-271, 2003)
Factors in Diabetic Footwear Compliance
Authors: Macfarlane Daniel J. , Jensen Jeffrey L.
Published: April 2014

Diabetic foot complications are costly and often recurrent. The use of diabetic footwear has been shown to be effective in reducing the incidence of diabetic foot ulcerations. For diabetic footwear to be most effective, it must be worn at least 60% of the time. All reported rates of compliance fall well short of this level. The style and appearance of the shoe have been commonly blamed for this poor compliance. This study evaluates patients’ motivations and perceptions regarding diabetic footwear. A patient’s decision to use diabetic footwear is based on the perceived value of the shoe and not on the patient’s previous history of foot complications or the aesthetics of diabetic footwear. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 93(6): 485-491, 2003)
Static Stance Response to Different Types of Foot Orthoses
Authors: Payne Craig , Oates Matthew , Noakes Hazel
Published: April 2014

Many different types of foot orthoses are used to treat biomechanical dysfunction of the foot. Little evidence is available to guide clinicians in the selection of foot orthoses. The aim of this project was to determine whether resistance of the foot to supination or the Foot Posture Index could predict the static stance response to different types of prefabricated foot orthoses. The Foot Posture Index score was determined and resistance to supination was measured in 18 subjects (36 feet). Changes in the frontal plane calcaneal angle and navicular height were then measured as the subjects stood on six different types of foot orthoses. All orthoses resulted in an increase in navicular height, but only three orthoses changed the calcaneal angle in the frontal plane. Resistance to supination did not predict the response to the different types of orthoses, but the Foot Posture Index score was associated with changes from using some of the orthoses. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 93(6): 492-498, 2003)
Changes in Plantar Foot Pressure with In-Shoe Varus or Valgus Wedging
Authors: Van Gheluwe Bart , Dananberg Howard J.
Published: April 2014

Varus and valgus wedging are commonly used by podiatric physicians in therapy with custom-made foot orthoses. This study aimed to provide scientific evidence of the effects on plantar foot pressure of applying in-shoe forefoot or rearfoot wedging. The plantar foot pressure distribution of 23 subjects walking on a treadmill was recorded using a pressure insole system for seven different wedging conditions, ranging from 3° valgus to 6° varus for the forefoot and from 4° valgus to 8° varus for the rearfoot. The results demonstrate that increasing varus wedging magnifies peak pressure and maximal loading rate at the medial forefoot and rearfoot, whereas increasing valgus wedging magnifies peak pressure and maximal loading rate at the lateral forefoot and rearfoot. As expected, the location of the center of pressure shifts medially with varus wedging and laterally with valgus wedging. However, these shifts are less significant than those in peak load and maximal loading rate. Timing variables such as interval from initial impact to peak load do not seem to be affected by forefoot or rearfoot wedging. Finally, rearfoot wedging does not significantly influence pressure variables of the forefoot; similarly, rearfoot pressure remains unaffected by forefoot wedging. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 94(1): 1-11, 2004)
Carbon Dioxide Laser and Apligraf for a Painful Plantar Hypertrophic Scar
Authors: Lee Daniel K. , Serkin Arnold L.
Published: April 2014

We report on a patient with a large, painful hypertrophic scar on the plantar aspect of the left foot who was treated with carbon dioxide laser and a skin substitute (Apligraf) and followed up for longer than 1 year. To our knowledge, no other case reports have been published on the use of a skin substitute to gain coverage and resolution after excision of a hypertrophic scar by carbon dioxide laser. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 94(1): 61-64, 2004)
Principles of Diagnosing and Managing Postmenopausal Osteoporosis for the Podiatric Physician
Authors: McGarry Kelly A. , Cyr Michele G.
Published: April 2014

Osteoporosis is an asymptomatic disease until a fracture occurs. The prevalence of osteoporosis will rise with the aging of the population. Recent advances have led to more efficacious treatment options. Targeted screening, educating patients about preventive strategies, and providing appropriate treatment for those at high risk will allow physicians to reduce the enormous morbidity and mortality associated with osteoporosis. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 94(2): 187-193, 2004)
Pharmacologic Management of Foot Pain in the Older Patient
Authors: Martin Edward W.
Published: April 2014

Foot pain, if not effectively managed, can result in significant disability and loss of function in older patients. This article reviews treatment strategies for acute and persistent pain, emphasizing new pharmacologic approaches. Indications, guidelines, and precautions for acute-pain treatment with acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, and opioids are discussed. Strategies for management of persistent pain using opioids, tricyclic antidepressants, gabapentin, and topical medications are reviewed. Common pain-management and prescribing errors are highlighted. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 94(2): 98-103, 2004)
Bacterial autolysins trim cell surface peptidoglycan to prevent detection by the Drosophila innate immune system
Authors: Atilano Magda Luciana , Pereira Pedro Matos , Vaz Filipa , Catalão Maria João , Reed Patricia , Grilo Inês Ramos , Sobral Rita Gonçalves , Ligoxygakis Petros , Pinho Mariana Gomes , Filipe Sérgio Raposo
Published: April 2014

Bacteria have to avoid recognition by the host immune system in order to establish a successful infection. Peptidoglycan, the principal constituent of virtually all bacterial surfaces, is a specific molecular signature recognized by dedicated host receptors, present in animals and plants, which trigger an immune response. Here we report that autolysins from Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria, enzymes capable of hydrolyzing peptidoglycan, have a major role in concealing this inflammatory molecule from Drosophila peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs). We show that autolysins trim the outermost peptidoglycan fragments and that in their absence bacterial virulence is impaired, as PGRPs can directly recognize leftover peptidoglycan extending beyond the external layers of bacterial proteins and polysaccharides. The activity of autolysins is not restricted to the producer cells but can also alter the surface of neighboring bacteria, facilitating the survival of the entire population in the infected host.
Correcting the bias against interdisciplinary research
Authors: Shapiro Ehud
Published: April 2014

When making decisions about funding and jobs the scientific community should recognise that most of the tools used to evaluate scientific excellence are biased in favour of established disciplines and against interdisciplinary research.
Overview of the Regulation of Disulfide Bond Formation in Peptide and Protein Folding
Authors: Hidaka Yuji
Published: April 2014

Disulfide bonds play a critical role in the maintenance of the native conformation of proteins under thermodynamic control. In general, disulfide bond formation is associated with protein folding, and this restricts the formation of folding intermediates such as misbridged disulfide isomers or kinetically trapped conformations, which provide important information related to how proteins fold into their native conformation. Therefore, numerous studies have focused on the structural analysis of folding intermediates in vitro. However, isolating or trapping folding intermediates, as well as the entire proteins, including mutant proteins, is not an easy task. Several chemical methods have recently been developed for examining peptide and protein folding and for producing, e.g., intact, post‐translationally modified, or kinetically trapped proteins, or proteins with misbridged disulfide bonds. This overview introduces chemical methods for regulating the formation of disulfide bonds of peptides and proteins in the context of the thermodynamic and kinetic control of peptide and protein folding. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 76:28.6.1‐28.6.6. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Expression and Purification of Haemophilus influenzae Rhomboid Intramembrane Protease GlpG for Structural Studies
Authors: Panwar Pankaj , Lemieux M. Joanne
Published: April 2014

Rhomboid proteases are membrane‐embedded proteases that cleave peptide bonds of transmembrane proteins. They play a variety of roles in cell signaling events. The rhomboid protease GlpG from Haemophilus influenzae (hiGlpG) is a canonical form of rhomboid protease having six transmembrane segments. In this unit, detailed protocols are presented for optimization of hiGlpG expression using the araBAD promotor system in the pBAD vector. The parameters for optimization include concentration of inducing agent, induction temperature, and time. Optimization of these key factors led to the development of a protocol yielding 1.6 to 2.5 mg/liter protein purified after ion metal affinity chromatography (IMAC). Further purification can include size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 76:29.9.1‐29.9.25 © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An Earth System Science Program for the Baltic Sea Region
Authors: Meier H. E. M. , Rutgersson A. , Reckermann M.
Published: April 2014

From Russia in the east to Sweden, Denmark, and Germany in the west, reaching south to the tips of the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Ukraine, the Baltic Sea watershed drains nearly 20% of Europe (see Figure 1). In the highly populated south, the temperate climate hosts intensive agriculture and industry. In the north, the landscape is boreal and rural. In the Baltic Sea itself, complex bathymetry and stratification patterns as well as extended hypoxic and anoxic deep waters add to the diversity. Yet in recent history, the differences across the Baltic Sea region have been more than physical: In the mid‐20th century, the watershed was split in two.
Leopold Leadership Fellowships
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: April 2014

The Leopold Leadership Program at Stanford University, in California, which provides communications training for scientists, is accepting applications for the 2015 Leopold Leadership Fellowships through 28 April. The program plans to select 20 mid‐career scientists as fellows to attend sessions to learn theoretical frameworks and applicable skills as well as approaches for translating scientific knowledge to action. According to the program, the goal is to create a community of engaged scientific leaders who link their knowledge to decision making about the environment and sustainability.
Spatial resolution key to properly forecasting arid‐region drought
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: April 2014

In the dry regions of the world, like the Sahel, a semi‐arid region that borders the southern Sahara, the rate and distribution of precipitation are controlled, in part, by the wetness of the soil. The wetness of the terrain affects how much energy it absorbs from the Sun, which in turn affects atmospheric convection, cloud formation, and precipitation. This relationship sets up a feedback loop, where rainfall affects the chances of additional precipitation in the days that follow. The sign of this feedback loop, whether positive or negative, matters greatly: A positive feedback would promote floods and drought; a negative feedback would drive variable rainfall.
Clinical Evaluation in Multidisciplinary Settings
Authors: Volkmar Fred R. , Booth Leah Langford , McPartland James C. , A. Wiesner Lisa
Published: April 2014

Well‐integrated multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary assessments can be of significant benefit to children with autism and their families. In this chapter we summarize the range of approaches used depending on the purpose(s) of the assessment as well as the individual's age and level of ability. Attention to integration of findings and incorporation of parents, teachers, and others in the process is reviewed, as are the various challenges faced by multidisciplinary teams.
Assessing Communication in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Paul Rhea , Fahim Donia
Published: April 2014

Communication deficits are a core symptom or ASD, and the assessment of individuals with these disorders requires both formal testing and careful observation of natural and seminatural communicative activities. For children in prelinguistic phases of communication, assessment is aimed at establishing the communicative basis for a formal language system and looking at the frequency, range, and means of expression of communicative acts. Children in the early stages of language use will need to be assessed not only in terms of their vocabularies and sentence structures, but with regard to the unusual communicative patterns that often accompany ASD, such as echolalia, pronoun errors, and significant deficits in pragmatics and receptive language. Some children at this level may require evaluation to determine the best alternative mode of communication if speech has not yet emerged, and an augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) system should be considered. For individuals at advanced language levels, assessment will focus on social uses of communication (particularly pragmatic, narrative, and prosodic skills), and may include an assessment of their written language. For people at all developmental levels and at all points along the autistic spectrum, a comprehensive evaluation of strengths and needs in the area of communication is essential to the development of an effective plan for improving communicative competence.
Behavioral Assessment of Individuals With Autism: Current Practice and Future Directions
Authors: Powers Michael D. , Palmieri Mark J. , Egan Shaunessy M. , Rohrer Jessica L. , Nulty Elizabeth C. , Forte Solandy
Published: April 2014

Understanding of behaviors of people with ASDs can serve treatment planning and outcome evaluation, and help to develop new, more adaptive functional responses in learning and social situations. Predictive, formative, and summative information and reliable data are essential to the study of behaviors. Among many methods, this chapter discusses a functional ecological approach. Multidimensional assessment considers various contextual factors for behaviors. Assessments of learning characteristics, skill acquisition, stimulus preference, reinforcement, and social skills are discussed in this chapter. A descriptive data resource and interdisciplinary collaboration are essential to a more complete understanding of an individual's needs. More accurate behavioral assessment and individualized interventions can assist individuals with ASDs to reduce behaviors such as self‐injurious behaviors and to achieve improvements in activities of daily life, independent completion of tasks, and social and educational interactions.
Evidence‐Based Psychosocial Interventions for Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Reichow Brian , Barton Erin E.
Published: April 2014

Evidence‐based practice is a multistep process of incorporating empirical evidence, clinical expertise, and patient values to make clinical decisions. In the United States, there are legal mandates (i.e., No Child Left Behind [Public Law 107‐110], Individuals with Disabilities Education Act [Public Law 108‐446]) requiring the use of scientifically based practices. Insurance companies in the United States are increasingly requiring all treatments that provide reimbursement to be evidence‐based, including coverage of treatment of autism spectrum disorders. There is also growing (and possibly greater) recognition of the importance of providing evidence‐based practices globally. Hence, there is a great need to identify which treatments for individuals with autism spectrum disorders are evidence‐based. This chapter is devoted to providing an overview of the current state of the science related to evidence‐based psychosocial interventions (both comprehensive and focal in nature), and concludes with an overview of essential curricular components for treatment programs for individuals who have autism spectrum disorders.
Developing and Implementing Practice Guidelines
Authors: McClure Iain
Published: April 2014

Practice guidelines in autism appeared beginning in the early 1990s. First developed in the United States, they mainly arose due to increasing professional concern that pressurized clinical services, faced with increasing demand, needed to be allocated according to the available evidence base. Initially, practice guidelines were produced by regional or professional organizations; however, national guideline networks, such as SIGN and NICE, soon utilized their considerable expertise to validate available evidence. Major gaps in research knowledge were thereby exposed, and remain significant. Practice‐based guidance has now become a fundamental resource for clinicians, researchers, governments (regional and state), as well as for people with autism.
Preparing Teachers and Professionals
Authors: Eren Ruth Blennerhassett , Groskreutz Mark P.
Published: April 2014

The focus of this chapter is high‐quality preparation of teachers and related service professionals on the preservice (undergraduate and graduate) and professional development levels. The field of education continues to strive for successful outcomes for children on the spectrum despite the identification of sound evidenced‐based practices for this population. The content and process of teacher preparation and professional development in this chapter focus on some core, basic instructional foundations that define quality teaching that yields successful student outcomes.
Economic Aspects of Autism
Authors: Knapp Martin , Buescher Ariane
Published: April 2014

In these times of ever‐tightening budgets, the paucity of economic evidence is already disadvantaging the autism community. The “Is it worth it\quest” question facing decision‐makers considers effectiveness and cost. This chapter discusses efficiency, achieving the maximum effect from resources (such as a budget); effectiveness, the outcomes achieved from an intervention or a preventive initiative; and outcomes, in this context the symptoms alleviated, needs met, educational standards attained, or quality of life improved. It reviews economic research on ASD and urges more well‐researched and well‐communicated arguments in terms of outcomes and cost‐effectiveness.
Translating Research Into Effective Social Policy
Authors: Doehring Peter
Published: April 2014

Social policy is one of the primary mechanisms through which research is translated into meaningful outcomes for people living with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Research that establishes the prevalence of features of ASD and their associated outcomes, identifies effective interventions, and tracks the successful dissemination of these interventions across a population is especially valuable to shaping policy. In the majority of cases, research can only contribute to improved outcomes at the individual and societal level through the development of services and related programs of training. Barriers to the translation of research into effective social policy may be overcome only through cross‐discipline and cross‐agency collaboration, as illustrated through a detailed case study presented in the chapter.