bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developing “Ethical Mindfulness” in Continuing Professional Development in Healthcare: Use of a Personal Narrative Approach
Authors: GUILLEMIN MARILYS , MCDOUGALL ROSALIND , GILLAM LYNN
Published: February 2009

Continuing professional development (CPD) and life-long learning are now widely accepted goals of healthcare professions. Although this is perhaps more apparent in the medical profession, most other healthcare professions are in widespread agreement that in order to fulfill their professional requirements, healthcare professionals need to adopt a practice of life-long learning. Continuing professional development is seen as important for a number of reasons. One reason is that the continuing advances in biomedical science and technology mean that new drugs, devices, and procedures are constantly being introduced into healthcare practice, requiring ongoing acquisition of new content knowledge. A second reason for CPD is in response to the recognition that healthcare professionals do not emerge from their initial training with the skills they need for practice already fully mastered. Learning of skills, such as communication with patients, families, and other professionals, is an on-going process.
Scholarly Publishing
Authors: Mabe Michael A.
Published: February 2009

Scholarly publishing serves the formal communication needs of scholars or researchers and derives from, and is constructed to reflect, their aspirations and behaviour. Specifically, journal publishing was invented by Oldenburg in 1665 to solve some of the competitive jealousies that existed between the experimentalist founding fathers of the Royal Society. The solutions he came up with have endured to the present day and have even survived the transition to electronic delivery. This article surveys the reasons why this should be so and examines the modern world of electronic journal publishing with particular reference to the players in the publishing cycle, the digital transition, economics and the advent of open access.
Freedom of the Press
Authors: Baker William F.
Published: February 2009

The US media are undergoing a massive transformation, approaching a crisis in journalism, which may portend similar issues in Europe and the rest of the world. Historically, most professional journalism has been done by the print media, especially newspapers. Today, American newspapers are in a state of collapse with circulation dropping at a rapid rate and profitability going to nil or negative. This business is leading to an information crisis that is already having effects on the society and will likely become even more profound, polarizing and perhaps misinforming an entire nation. Print journalists have been the primary suppliers to the electronic media, including television and the internet. This article supplements a speech given at the American Academy in Berlin in May, 2008. It summarizes US media metrics and raises issues of concern about the sustainability of serious journalism in America. While the internet has been the cause of this dilemma, the author sees no economic model that will allow the web in the short term to support major, serious reporting at a large scale. Is the rest of the world about to experience a similar crisis or are media models different enough to avoid such a dramatic fall? This article reflects Baker’s view as a longtime media executive and an academic.
Exploring the role of token frequency in phonological change: evidence from TH-Fronting in east-central Scotland
Authors: CLARK LYNN , TROUSDALE GRAEME
Published: February 2009

Recent research on frequency effects in phonology suggests that word frequency is often a significant motivating factor in the spread of sound change through the lexicon. However, there is conflicting evidence regarding the exact nature of the relationship between phonological change and word frequency. This article investigates the role of lexical frequency in the spread of the well-known sound change TH-Fronting in an under-researched dialect area in east-central Scotland. Using data from a corpus of conversations compiled over a two-year period by the first author, we explore how the process of TH-Fronting is complicated in this community by the existence of certain local variants which are lexically restricted, and we question to what extent the frequency patterns that are apparent in these data are consistent with generalisations made in the wider literature on the relationship between lexical frequency and phonological change.
The consequences of the loss of verb-second in English: information structure and syntax in interaction
Authors: LOS BETTELOU
Published: February 2009

English syntax used to have a version of the verb-second rule, by which the finite verb moves to second position in main clauses. This rule was lost in Middle English, and this article argues that its loss had serious consequences for the information structure of the clause. In the new, rigid subject-verb-object syntax, the function of preposed constituents changed, and the function of encoding ‘old’ or ‘given’ information in a pragmatically neutral way was increasingly reserved for subjects. Pressure from information structure to repair this situation subsequently led to the rise of new passive constructions in order to satisfy the need for more subjects; the change in the informational status of preposed constituents triggered the rise of clefts. If information structure can be compromised by syntactic change in this way, this suggests that it represents a separate linguistic level outside the syntax.
Are clefts contagious in conversation?
Authors: CALUDE ANDREEA S. , MILLER STEVEN
Published: February 2009

It is well known that conversationalists often imitate their own body language as a sign of closeness and empathy. This study shows that in spontaneous, unplanned conversation, speakers go as far as emulating each other's grammar. The use of a family of focusing constructions (namely, the cleft), such asit was my mother who rang the other day, orwhat I meant to say was that he should go Thursday, was investigated in a corpus of conversation excerpts in New Zealand English. Findings show that clefting is contagious. In other words, if one speaker uses a cleft, others will be likely to do so too.
Anomalous two‐day wave behavior during the 2006 austral summer
Authors: Limpasuvan Varavut , Wu Dong L.
Published: February 2009

An anomalous behavior of the two‐day wave is observed during the 2006 Austral Summer in the mesospheric temperature and line‐of‐sight wind, retrieved from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) aboard NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) Aura mission. During January 2006, the wave appears to exist in an unusually strong summer easterly jet, and its spectral signature spreads over a broader range of zonal wavenumber and frequency. In addition to the typical wavenumber 3 component, a wavenumber 2 disturbance with a near 2‐day period is also evident, traveling westward at similar phase speed. The wavenumber 3 component exhibits the previously observed dual characteristics of both a normal and an instability mode, while the wavenumber 2 feature appears to be an instability mode, in agreement with recent theoretical calculations.
Modeling the response of the induced magnetosphere of Venus to changing IMF direction using MESSENGER and Venus Express observations
Authors: Benna Mehdi , Acuña Mario H. , Anderson Brian J. , Barabash Stanislav , Boardsen Scott A. , Gloeckler George , Gold Robert E. , Ho George C. , Korth Haje , Krimigis Stamatios M. , McNutt Ralph L. , Raines Jim M. , Sarantos Menelaos , Slavin James A. , Solomon Sean C. , Zhang Tielong L. , Zurbuchen Thomas H.
Published: February 2009

The second MESSENGER flyby of Venus on 5 June 2007 provided a new opportunity to study the response of the induced magnetosphere of the planet to changes in the direction of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). At the time of the MESSENGER flyby, the European Space Agency's Venus Express spacecraft was located outside the magnetosphere and provided a monitor of solar wind conditions. Measurements by the Venus Express magnetometer show that the IMF underwent four major changes in direction and magnitude while MESSENGER was traveling through the inner magnetosphere of Venus. The response of the magnetosphere to each of these IMF changes was determined with a semi‐time‐dependant global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model, and the results were compared with magnetic and compositional measurements by the Magnetometer (MAG) and the Energetic Particle and Plasma Spectrometer (EPPS) on MESSENGER. Our modeling results show that this semi‐time‐dependant MHD technique produces magnetic field profiles that can account for both of the field reversals seen by MAG and the peak in the pick‐up ion density measured by EPPS. Moreover, these results reveal that the plasma sheet that confines most of the pick‐up ions has a barred disk shape and continuously rotates along the Sun‐planet axis to align its smallest dimension with the transverse direction of the IMF.
Study on the mixed layer, entrainment zone, and cloud feedback based on lidar exploration of Nanjing city
Authors: Mao Minjuan , Jiang Weimei , Gu Junqiang , Xie Chenbo , Zhou Jun
Published: February 2009

An experiment devoted to the lidar (LIght Detection And Ranging) study of the urban boundary layer (UBL) over Nanjing city was executed from February 20 to March 5, 2006. Many other techniques including radiosonde, meteorological towers, and turbulence measurements were also performed in order to explore the UBL. In this paper, the results of the lidar experiment with other observation data are presented. The experimental results demonstrate the daily transition features of the mixed layer (ML) and the entrainment zone (EZ). The different features of the ML between urban and suburban areas have been revealed by comparison. Furthermore, cloud feedback on the mixed layer depth (MLD) and the entrainment zone thickness (EZT) has been analyzed.
Phase relations in the system MgO‐FeO‐SiO2 to 50 GPa and 2000°C: An application of experimental techniques using multianvil apparatus with sintered diamond anvils
Authors: Tange Yoshinori , Takahashi Eiichi , Nishihara Yu , Funakoshi Ken‐ichi , Sata Nagayoshi
Published: February 2009

Phase relations in the system MgO‐FeO‐SiO2 were investigated between 22 and 47 GPa at 1500°C and 2000°C using multianvil apparatus with sintered diamond anvils. Synthesized samples were analyzed with electron microprobe, analytic transmission electron microscopy, and X‐ray diffraction using synchrotron radiation. Univariant compositions of (Mg,Fe)SiO3 perovskite and (Mg,Fe)O magnesiowüstite coexisting with SiO2 stishovite were determined as functions of pressure and temperature. The maximum iron solubility in perovskite corresponding to the univariant composition gradually increases with increasing pressure and temperature to be more than 30 mol % at 2000°C and pressures above 40 GPa, and a significant pressure effect was found in Fe‐Mg partitioning between perovskite and magnesiowüstite in pressures between 22 and 35 GPa. The iron content of magnesiowüstite dramatically increases from 50 to greater than 90 mol % with increasing pressure, and the Fe‐Mg distribution coefficients between perovskite and magnesiowüstite, KD = (XFePv/XMgPv)/(XFeMw/XMgMw), decrease to less than 0.05. This significant pressure effect in Fe‐Mg partitioning causes strong concentration of ferrous iron in magnesiowüstite with increasing depth in the lower mantle.
SST, thermohaline structure, and circulation in the southern Gulf of California in June 2004 during the North American Monsoon Experiment
Authors: Lavín M. F. , Castro Rubén , Beier Emilio , Godínez Victor M. , Amador Alberto , Guest P.
Published: February 2009

The thermohaline structure, circulation, and heat fluxes in the Gulf of California entrance during June 2004 are described based on conductivity‐temperature‐depth and Lowering Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler data collected in a 14‐day survey, supported by satellite data. The AVHRR images show extensive mesoscale structures in the region, the most striking being (1) a cool filament extending from the California Current domain and (2) a warm intrusion along the mainland shelf. On the warm side of the thermal front created by the cool filament there was a strong current flowing into the Gulf, with speeds up to 0.70 ms−1in the surface; this current, which the SST images suggest was associated with a decaying eddy, carried 6 Sv into the Gulf. Associated with the second structure, there was an ingoing coastal current on the mainland shelf, with weak surface currents but with speeds ∼0.25 ms−1at its core, between 70 and 200 m; this coastal current transported 2 Sv into the Gulf. The two ingoing currents appear to join inside the Gulf, forming a very strong (speeds 0.40–0.80 ms−1) narrow (∼30 km) coastal current between the surface and 500 m depth. Changes in the thermohaline structure of the upper layers observed by repeat sampling of three cross sections were dominated by advection. However, it was found that the advective heat flux is very variable in space and time. For the period of observation it was estimated that the lateral heat input was 4.8 ± 3.0 × 105Wm−2as estimated with LADCP currents and 5.7 ± 2.20 × 105Wm−2with geostrophic velocities.
An Update on Best Practice Guidelines for Specialized Facilities and Resources Necessary for Weight Loss Surgical Programs
Authors: Lautz David B. , Jiser Michael E. , Kelly John J. , Shikora Scott A. , Partridge Sheila K. , Romanelli John R. , Cella Robert J. , Ryan John P.
Published: February 2009

The objective of this study is to update evidence‐based best practice guidelines for specialized facilities and resources for weight loss surgery (WLS). We performed systematic search of English‐language literature on WLS and facilities, equipment, and resources published between April 2004 and May 2007 in PubMed, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Library. Keywords were used to narrow the search for a selective review of abstracts, retrieval of full articles, and grading of evidence according to systems used in established evidence‐based models. Evidence‐based best practice recommendations from the most recent literature on specialized facilities and resources for WLS were developed. We identified 1,647 papers in our literature search; the 46 most relevant were reviewed in detail. Regular updates of evidence‐based recommendations for best practices in facilities and resources for WLS are required to address technology advances and growing recognition of the need for adequate equipment and specially built nursing units. Key factors in patient safety include availability of trained personnel and specialized equipment for the care of extremely obese WLS patients.
Genes on Rat Chromosomes 3, 5, 10, and 16 Are Linked With Facets of Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Baguhl Romy , Wilke Barbara , Klöting Nora , Klöting Ingrid
Published: February 2009

WOKW (Wistar Ottawa Karlsburg W) rats develop metabolic syndrome closely resembling human disorder. In crossing studies between disease‐prone WOKW and disease‐resistant DA (Dark Agouti) rats, several quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were mapped. To prove the in vivo relevance of QTLs, congenic DA.WOKW rats, briefly termed DA.3aW, DA.3bW, DA.5W, DA.10W, and DA.16W, were generated by transferring chromosomal regions of WOKW chromosomes 3, 5, 10, and 16 onto DA genetic background. Male (n = 12) and female (n = 12) rats of each congenic strain and their parental strain DA were characterized for adiposity index (AI), serum leptin, and serum insulin as well as serum cholesterol and serum triglycerides as single facets of metabolic syndrome at the age of 30 weeks. The data showed a significant higher AI for male and female DA.3aW and female DA.16W compared with DA. Serum leptin was significantly elevated in male and female DA.3aW, DA.10W, and DA.16W rats in comparison with DA. Rats of both sexes of DA.10W and female DA.16W showed significantly elevated serum insulin in comparison to DA. Female rats of all congenics had significantly higher serum cholesterol compared with DA, while males did not differ. Finally, triglycerides were only elevated in male DA.16W. The results demonstrate an involvement of WOKW chromosomes 3, 5, 10, and 16 in developing facets of the metabolic syndrome.
HDL Subspecies in Young Adult Twins: Heritability and Impact of Overweight
Authors: Pietiläinen Kirsi H. , Söderlund Sanni , Rissanen Aila , Nakanishi Shuhei , Jauhiainen Matti , Taskinen Marja‐Riitta , Kaprio Jaakko
Published: February 2009

The association between abdominal obesity and atherogenic lipid profile emerges from complex interactions of genes and environment. We aimed to explore the heritability and effects of overweight on serum lipid profile (high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (HDL‐C), HDL mean particle size, percentages of HDL2b, 2a, 3a, 3b, and 3c, low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (LDL‐C), LDL peak particle size and triglycerides (TGs)) in healthy, young adults. HDL‐C, LDL‐C, and TG were measured in 52 monozygotic (MZ) and 89 dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs, aged 23–32 years, chosen to represent a wide range of BMIs (17.6–42.9 kg/m2). Of them, 24 MZ and 26 DZ pairs were chosen at random for measurements of HDL mean and LDL peak particle sizes and percentages of HDL subspecies. The heritabilities of the lipid parameters adjusted for BMI were HDL‐C 73%, HDL mean particle size 56%, HDL subspecies 46–63%, LDL‐C 79%, LDL peak particle size 49%, and TG 64%. Genetic and environmental correlations between BMI and HDL‐C, LDL‐C, and TG were modest (0.3–0.4). Abdominal overweight (waist circumference ≥94 cm for males and ≥80 cm for females) associated with decreased HDL‐C, increased LDL‐C, and TG concentrations, smaller HDL mean particle size, lower HDL2b, and higher HDL3c percentages in both genders. Within MZ twins, controlling for genetic influences, within‐pair differences in HDL3c percentage were associated with those in waist (r = 0.46, P = 0.032) and BMI (r = 0.51, P = 0.013). In conclusion, serum lipid parameters, including LDL peak and HDL mean particle sizes and HDL subspecies distribution are under strong genetic control. Overweight associated with significant lipid profile changes, particularly, small HDL3c increased in overweight independent of genetic influences.
Prevalence of Night Eating in Obese and Nonobese Twins
Authors: Tholin Sanna , Lindroos AnnaKarin , Tynelius Per , åkerstedt Torbjörn , Stunkard Albert J. , Bulik Cynthia M. , Rasmussen Finn
Published: February 2009

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of night eating (NE) and associated symptoms in a population‐based sample of Swedish twins. A total of 21,741 individuals aged 20–47 years completed a questionnaire in 2005/2006. NE was defined as ≥25% of daily food intake after the evening meal and/or awakening at least once per week with eating episodes. The prevalence of NE was 4.6% in men and 3.4% in women. Among obese men and women, the prevalence was 8.4 and 7.5%, respectively. Men and women with NE had 3.4 and 3.6 times higher risk of binge eating compared to individuals without NE. The risk of sleep‐related problems was 1.6–3.4 times higher in men and 2.5–3.3 times higher in women with NE compared to those without NE. This epidemiological study has estimated the prevalence of NE in a twin population. It revealed that NE is 2.5 and 2.8 times more common in obese men and women compared to normal weight men and women. Furthermore that NE is associated with binge eating and sleep‐related problems.
Effects of Insulin on Ketogenesis Following Fasting in Lean and Obese Men
Authors: Soeters Maarten R. , Sauerwein Hans P. , Faas Linda , Smeenge Martijn , Duran Marinus , Wanders Ronald J. , Ruiter An F. , Ackermans Mariëtte T. , Fliers Eric , Houten Sander M. , Serlie Mireille J.
Published: February 2009

The ketone bodies (KBs) D‐3‐hydroxybutyrate (D‐3HB) and acetoacetate (AcAc) play a role in starvation and have been associated with insulin resistance. The dose–response relationship between insulin and KBs was demonstrated to be shifted to the right in type 2 diabetes patients. However, KB levels have also been reported to be decreased in obesity. We investigated the metabolic adaptation to fasting with respect to glucose and KB metabolism in lean and obese men without type 2 diabetes using stable glucose and D‐3HB isotopes in a two‐step pancreatic clamp after 38 h of fasting. We found that D‐3HB fluxes in the basal state were higher in lean compared to obese men: 15.2 (10.7–27.1) vs. 7.0 (3.5–15.1) µmol/kg lean body mass (LBM)·min, respectively, P < 0.01. No differences were found in KB fluxes between lean and obese volunteers during the pancreatic clamp (step 1: 6.9 (1.8–12.0) vs. 7.4 (4.2–17.8) µmol/kg LBM·min, respectively; and step 2: 2.9 (0–7.2) vs. 3.4 (0.85–18.7) µmol/kg LBM·min, respectively), despite similar plasma insulin levels. Meanwhile, peripheral glucose uptake was higher in lean compared to obese men (step 1: 15.2 (12.3–25.6) vs. 14.7 (11.9–22.7) µmol/kg LBM·min, respectively, P ≤ 0.05; and step 2: 12.5 (7.0–17.3) vs. 10.8 (5.2–15.0) µmol/kg LBM·min, respectively, P ≤ 0.01). These data show that obese subjects who display insulin resistance on insulin‐mediated peripheral glucose uptake have the same sensitivity for the insulin‐mediated suppression of ketogenesis. This implies differential insulin sensitivity of intermediary metabolism in obesity.
Optimal Body Weight for the Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease in Normal‐weight Physically Active Men
Authors: Williams Paul T. , Hoffman Kathryn M.
Published: February 2009

Although 36% of US men are normal weight (BMI <25 kg/m2), the health benefits of greater leanness in normal‐weight individuals are seldom acknowledged. To assess the optimal body weight with respect to minimizing coronary heart disease (CHD) risk, we applied Cox proportional hazard analyses of 20,525 nonsmoking, nondiabetic, normal‐weight men followed prospectively for 7.7 years, including 20,301 who provided follow‐up questionnaires. Two‐hundred and forty two men reported coronary artery bypass graph (CABG) or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) and 82 reported physician‐diagnosed incident myocardial infarction (267 total). The National Death Index identified 40 additional ischemic heart disease deaths. In these normal‐weight men, each kg/m2 decrement in baseline BMI was associated with 11.2% lower risk for total CHD (P = 0.005), 13.2% lower risk for nonfatal CHD (P = 0.002), 19.0% lower risk for nonfatal myocardial infarction (P = 0.01), and 12.2% lower risk for PTCA or CABG (P = 0.007). Compared to men with BMI between 22.5 and 25 kg/m2, those <22.5 kg/m2 had 24.1% lower total CHD risk (P = 0.01), 27.9% lower nonfatal CHD risk (P = 0.01), 37.8% lower nonfatal myocardial infarction risk (P = 0.05), and 27.8% lower PTCA or CABG risk (P = 0.02). In nonabdominally obese men (waist circumference <102 cm), CHD risk declined linearly with declining waist circumference. CHD risk was unrelated to change in waist circumference between 18 years old and baseline except as it contributed to baseline circumference. These results suggest that the optimal BMI for minimizing CHD risk lies somewhere <22.5 kg/m2, as suggested from our previous analyses of incident diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia in these men.
The University College London Archive of Stuttered Speech (UCLASS)
Authors: Howell Peter , Davis Stephen , Bartrip Jon
Published: February 2009

Purpose

This research note gives details of 2 releases of audio recordings available from speakers who stutter that can be accessed on the Web.

Method

Most of the recordings are from school-age children. These are available on the University College London Archive of Stuttered Speech (UCLASS) Web site, and information is provided about how to access the site. A description of the recordings and background information about the speakers who contributed recordings to UCLASS Releases One and Two are given. The sample types available in Release One are monologs. Release Two has monologs, readings, and conversations. Three optional software formats that can be used with the archive are described (although processing the archive is not restricted to these formats). Some perceptual assessment of the quality of each recording is given. An assessment of the strengths and limitations of the recording archive is presented. Finally, some past applications and future research possibilities using the recordings are discussed.
Using Developmental Trajectories to Understand Developmental Disorders
Authors: Thomas Michael S. C. , Annaz Dagmara , Ansari Daniel , Scerif Gaia , Jarrold Chris , Karmiloff-Smith Annette
Published: February 2009

Purpose

In this article, the authors present a tutorial on the use of developmental trajectories for studying language and cognitive impairments in developmental disorders and compare this method with the use of matching.

Method

The authors assess the strengths, limitations, and practical implications of each method. The contrast between the methodologies is highlighted using the example of developmental delay and the criteria used to distinguish delay from atypical development.

Results

The authors argue for the utility of the trajectory approach, using illustrations from studies investigating language and cognitive impairments in individuals with Williams syndrome, Down syndrome, and autism spectrum disorder.

Conclusion

Two conclusions were reached: (a) An understanding of the underlying mechanism will be furthered by the richer descriptive vocabulary provided by the trajectories approach (e.g., in distinguishing different types of delay) and (b) an optimal design for studying developmental disorders is to combine initial cross-sectional designs with longitudinal follow-up.
Inferencing Processes After Right Hemisphere Brain Damage: Effects of Contextual Bias
Authors: Blake Margaret Lehman
Published: February 2009

Purpose

Comprehension deficits associated with right hemisphere brain damage (RHD) have been attributed to an inability to use context, but there is little direct evidence to support the claim. This study evaluated the effect of varying contextual bias on predictive inferencing by adults with RHD.

Method

Fourteen adults with no brain damage (NBD) and 14 with RHD read stories constructed with either high predictability or low predictability of a specific outcome. Reading time for a sentence that disconfirmed the target outcome was measured and compared with a control story context.

Results

Adults with RHD evidenced activation of predictive inferences only for highly predictive conditions, whereas NBD adults generated inferences in both high- and low-predictability stories. Adults with RHD were more likely than those with NBD to require additional time to integrate inferences in high-predictability conditions. The latter finding was related to working memory for the RHD group. Results are interpreted in light of previous findings obtained using the same stimuli.

Conclusions

RHD does not abolish the ability to use context. Evidence of predictive inferencing is influenced by task and strength of inference activation. Treatment considerations and cautions regarding interpreting results from one methodology are discussed.
Backward and Simultaneous Masking in Children With Grammatical Specific Language Impairment: No Simple Link Between Auditory and Language Abilities
Authors: Rosen Stuart , Adlard Alan , van der Lely Heather K. J.
Published: February 2009

Purpose

We investigated claims that specific language impairment (SLI) typically arises from nonspeech auditory deficits by measuring tone-in-noise thresholds in a relatively homogeneous SLI subgroup exhibiting a primary deficit restricted to grammar (Grammatical[G]-SLI).

Method

Fourteen children (mostly teenagers) with G-SLI were compared to age-, vocabulary-, and grammar-matched control children on their abilities to detect a brief tone in quiet and in the presence of a masking noise. The tone occurred either simultaneously with the noise or just preceding it (backward masking). Maskers with and without a spectral notch allowed estimates of frequency selectivity.

Results

Group thresholds for the G-SLI children were never worse than those obtained for younger controls but were higher in both backward and simultaneous masking than in age-matched controls. However, more than half of the G-SLI group (8/14) were within age-appropriate limits for all thresholds. Frequency selectivity in the G-SLI group was normal. Within control and G-SLI groups, no threshold correlated with measures of vocabulary, grammar, or phonology. Nor did the language deficit in the G-SLI children vary with the presence or absence of auditory deficits.

Conclusion

The auditory processing deficits sometimes found in children with SLI appear unlikely to cause or maintain the language impairment.
Wall heat transfer effects on Klebanoff modes and Tollmien–Schlichting waves in a compressible boundary layer
Authors: Ricco Pierre , Tran Duc-Luan , Ye Ganda
Published: February 2009

The influence of wall heat transfer on fluctuations generated by free-stream vortical disturbances in a compressible laminar boundary layer is investigated. These disturbances are thermal Klebanoff modes, namely low-frequency, streamwise-elongated laminar streaks of velocity and temperature, and oblique Tollmien–Schlichting waves, induced by a leading-edge adjustment receptivity mechanism. The flow is governed by the linearized unsteady boundary-region equations, which properly account for the nonparallel and spanwise diffusion effects, and for the continuous forcing of the free-stream convected gusts. Wall cooling stabilizes the laminar streaks when their spanwise wavelength is much larger than the boundary-layer thickness. For these conditions, the disturbances confine themselves in the outer edge layer further downstream, where the compressibility effects are marginal. Klebanoff modes for which the spanwise diffusion is comparable with the wall-normal diffusion possess an asymptotic solution similar to the incompressible case, and are stabilized by wall heating. The unstable waves, which appear in high-Mach-number subsonic and supersonic conditions, are stabilized by wall cooling and destabilized by wall heating. Removing heat from the surface significantly shifts downstream the starting location of instability, while the streamwise wavelength and the growth rate are less affected by the wall heat flux. Perturbation methods, such as the WKBJ technique and the triple-deck theory, are used effectively to validate the numerical results and to explain the flow physics.
C
*
-subalgebras generated by partial isometries
Authors: Cho Ilwoo , Jorgensen Palle
Published: February 2009

We prove a structure theorem for a finite set G of partial isometries in a fixed countably infinite dimensional complex Hilbert space H. Our result is stated in terms of the C*-algebra generated by G. The result is new even in the case of a single partial isometry which is not an isometry or a coisometry, and in this case, it extends the Wold decomposition for isometries. We give applications to groupoid C*-algebras generated by graph groupoids and to partial isometries which have finite defect indices and which parametrize the extensions of a fixed Hermitian symmetric operator with a dense domain on the Hilbert space H. Our classification parameters for our finite set G of partial isometries involve infinite and explicit Cartesian product sets, and they are computationally attractive. Moreover, our classification labels generalize the notion of defect indices in the special case of the family G of partial isometries from the Cayley transform theory and Hermitian extensions of unbounded Hermitian operators with dense domain.
Novel Ni–Mn–Co ferrite for gigahertz chip devices
Authors: Lee J. J. , Bae S. , Hong Y. K. , Jalli J. , Abo G. S. , Seong W. M. , Park S. H. , Choi C. J. , Lee J. G.
Published: February 2009

The effect of Mn and/or Co doping in Ni–Mn–Co ferrite on the static, dynamic magnetic properties, and thermal magnetic stability were investigated for high frequency microwave applications up to the gigahertz range. Saturation magnetization and coercivity increased with increased substitution of Mn and Co, respectively. Both Mn and Co substituted Ni–Mn–Co ferrite exhibited higher thermal stability factor rather than Ni–Mn and Ni–Co ferrites. The highest thermal stability factor was achieved to be −12.0×10−4 °C/ppm for Ni0.93Mn0.05Co0.02Fe2O4. The second highest, −11.88×10−4 °C/ppm, was measured for Ni0.7Mn0.05Co0.02Fe2.23O4. Permeability (μ), permittivity (ε), and cutoff frequency of Ni0.93Mn0.05Co0.02Fe2O4 and Ni0.7Mn0.05Co0.02Fe2.23O4 showed 7.41, 4.56, 1084 MHz, and 3.87, 4.55, 1436 MHz, respectively. Furthermore, the μ/ε ratio of Ni0.93Mn0.05Co0.02Fe2O4 was found to be 1.63 (μ/ε=7.41/4.56).
Spectra of conjugated polymer aggregates: Symmetry of the interchain dressed states
Authors: Banerjee Kinshuk , Gangopadhyay Gautam
Published: February 2009

Here we consider an interchain interaction model to understand the spectral properties of aggregate of a class of conjugated polymers. The dressed eigenstates are calculated for the equivalent and inequivalent chain dimers and are symmetry classified. We have provided the Wigner function matrix to describe the quantum interference due to nonadiabaticity in the excitonic states, the energy distribution between the chains as well as the phase relation between the vibrational modes. The various disorder-induced effects on the spectra can be explained by the dimeric chains that are generally inequivalent.
Conservation and recycling of pomegranate seeds and shells for value addition
Authors: Suryawanshi Pradeep C. , Kirtane Rajesh D. , Chaudhari Ambalal B. , Kothari Ramanlal M.
Published: February 2009

Anaerobic digestion of de-oiled cake of pomegranate seeds (10% SS) has been carried out at 35°C over 240days. It indicated (i) stable pH profile (7.1–7.8), (ii) alkalinity:acidity ratio (6.1–6.8), (iii) healthy volatile fatty acid profile until organic loading rate 3.5, and (iv) biogas production (506l∕kg VS) with maximum 74% methane content. Its scale up to 85m3 has been successfully achieved to replace liquid petroleum gas cylinders for cooking breakfast, lunch, and dinner of about 350 individuals per day, besides use in street lighting. On the other hand, since pomegranate shells showed recalcitrance toward anaerobic digestion, it was composted successfully with and without mixing with banana peels under ambient conditions, 50±5% humidity in 15days by transformation of C:N ratio from 22.5 to 17.0. It provided excellent germination, root ramification, shoot growth, and high chlorophyll content in leaves.
Comment on “Protein phase diagrams: The physics behind their elliptic shape” [J. Chem. Phys. 121, 12671 (2004)]
Authors: Doster Wolfgang
Published: February 2009

The article by Lesch et al. “Protein phase diagrams: The physics behind the elliptic shape” [J. Chem. Phys. 121, 12671 (2004)] is criticized since it involves assumptions, which violate a basic statistical theorem: the combined variance of a linear combination of statistically independent variables is always given by the sum of the variances. Thus their main conclusion that correlated fluctuations in the transition volume and enthalpy are the origin of the observed nearly elliptical stability diagrams of proteins should be questioned.
Impact of fluence-rate related effects on the sputtering of silicon at elevated target temperatures
Authors: Lugstein A. , Steiger-Thirsfeld A. , Basnar B. , Hyun Y. J. , Pongratz P. , Bertagnolli E.
Published: February 2009

In this work we show how ion-beam-induced epitaxial recrystallization plays a role in focused ion-beam (FIB) sputtering of silicon at elevated temperatures. The sputtering process is the key to all high-precision machining of microstructures and nanostructures by FIBs. A fluence-rate effect observed for the sputtering of silicon at elevated temperatures arises from competition between stabilizing interactions between populations of defects produced by consecutive ion impingement (damage buildup) and dynamic self-annealing. By high-resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis we show that the damage, produced by exposure of silicon to a 50 kV focused gallium (Ga) ion beam at elevated target temperatures, departs quite substantially from the expected damage based on the distribution of energy within the substrate due to nuclear stopping. An amorphous layer observed at room temperature is completely absent at higher temperatures. In contrast to FIB exposure at room temperature the implanted layers contain only point defects complexes and dislocations, thus suggesting that defect annealing takes place but it is incomplete. Correlating FIB sputtering experiments and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, we discuss the lower sputtering yield at elevated target temperatures as the result of a higher surface binding energy of crystalline Si in comparison to amorphous silicon.
Raman and x-ray diffraction studies of cationic type-I clathrate I8Sb8Ge38: Pressure-induced phase transitions and amorphization
Authors: Shimizu Hiroyasu , Oe Ryusuke , Ohno Satoshi , Kume Tetsuji , Sasaki Shigeo , Kishimoto Kengo , Koyanagi Tsuyoshi , Ohishi Yasuo
Published: February 2009

Raman scattering and x-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements of iodine-doped cationic type-I clathrate I8Sb8Ge38 have been carried out at 1 bar and high pressures of up to 50 GPa at room temperature, by using a diamond anvil cell. The guest-iodine rattling vibrations were observed in a low-frequency region of 53–58 cm−1 at ambient conditions as well as the host vibrations in a higher-frequency region of 75–273 cm−1. High-pressure Raman spectroscopy showed the frequency softening of iodine rattling vibrations at pressures above 16 GPa, which originates from the weakening of guest-host interactions due to the transfer of electrons from the large-size guest I to the framework. High-pressure Raman and XRD studies revealed that the amorphization proceeds gradually around 36–44 GPa and is completed at about 50 GPa. The isostructural phase transition with a volume reduction was observed at 42 GPa, which is compared with other type-I Ge clathrates.
Shell-dependent electroluminescence from colloidal CdSe quantum dots in multilayer light-emitting diodes
Authors: Jing Pengtao , Zheng Jinju , Zeng Qinghui , Zhang Youlin , Liu Xiaomin , Liu Xueyan , Kong Xianggui , Zhao Jialong
Published: February 2009

We report electroluminescence (EL) of colloidal CdSe/CdS, CdSe/ZnS, and CdSe/CdS/CdZnS/ZnS core/shell quantum dots (QDs) in multilayer light-emitting diodes (LEDs) fabricated by spin coating a near monolayer of the core/shell QDs on cross-linkable hole transporting layers. It is found that CdSe/CdS QD-LEDs exhibit a faster decrease in EL quantum efficiency (∼2% at a brightness of 100 cd/m2) with increasing current density and lower maximum brightness than those of CdSe/ZnS QD-LEDs. A more significant redshift and spectral broadening of the EL observed in CdSe core/shell QDs with a CdS or CdS/CdZnS/ZnS shell than with a ZnS shell indicate that the electron wave function can penetrate into the shell under electric field. The difference in device performance and EL spectra results from conduction band offsets between the CdSe cores and CdS or ZnS shells, suggesting the existence of the exciton ionization in the QD-LEDs.
Kinetic effects on streaming instabilities in electron-positron-ion plasmas
Authors: Shan S. Ali , Saleem H.
Published: February 2009

Streaming instabilities in electron-positron-ion plasmas are investigated using kinetic approach in several different limits. The effects of the variation of background temperatures of electrons Teo and positrons Tpo on the growth rates are also presented for the case of ion beam streaming into electron-positron plasmas and positrons beam streaming into electron-ion plasmas. It is noticed that the increase of number density of positrons gives a destabilizing trend to the electrostatic perturbations in the system.
Spectral difference methods in bound state calculations
Authors: Morgan Dean , Meijer Anthony J. H. M. , Doyle Richard J.
Published: February 2009

The use of discrete variable representations is now commonplace in chemical dynamics calculations. In this paper, we employ spectral difference methods to speed up these calculations. We present five new spectral difference weight functions and compare them with those that already exist in the literature for two different bound state problems. We find that one particular weight we propose, based on a Gaussian function, outperforms all other weights.
Optical emission of biaxial ZnO–ZnS nanoribbon heterostructures
Authors: Murphy M. W. , Zhou X. T. , Ko J. Y. P. , Zhou J. G. , Heigl F. , Sham T. K.
Published: February 2009

The electronic structure and optical properties of biaxial ZnO–ZnS heterostructure nanoribbons (NRs) have been investigated using x-ray absorption near-edge structures (XANES) and x-ray excited optical luminescence (XEOL). The XANES were recorded in total electron yield and wavelength-selected photoluminescence yield across the K- and L3,2-edges of zinc and sulfur and the K-edge of oxygen. The XEOL from the NRs exhibit a very weak band-gap emission at 392 nm and two intense defect emissions at 491 and 531 nm. The synchrotron x-ray pulse (∼100 ps, 153 ns repetition rate) was used to track the optical decay dynamics from ZnO–ZnS NR, which can be described by two lifetimes (7.6 and 55 ns). Comparison with similar measurements for ZnO and ZnS nanowires reveals that the luminescence from ZnO–ZnS NRs was dominated by the ZnO component of the NR as the ZnS component contributes little. The implication of this observation is discussed.
Molecular simulation of protein dynamics in nanopores. II. Diffusion
Authors: Javidpour Leili , Tabar M. Reza Rahimi , Sahimi Muhammad
Published: February 2009

A novel combination of discontinuous molecular dynamics and the Langevin equation, together with an intermediate-resolution model of proteins, is used to carry out long (several microsecond) simulations in order to study transport of proteins in nanopores. We simulated single-domain proteins with the α-helical native structure. Both attractive and repulsive interaction potentials between the proteins and the pores’ walls are considered. The diffusivity D of the proteins is computed not only under the bulk conditions but also as a function of their “length” (the number of the amino-acid groups), temperature T, pore size, and interaction potentials with the walls. Compared with the experimental data, the computed diffusivities under the bulk conditions are of the correct order of magnitude. The diffusivities both in the bulk and in the pores follow a power law in the length ℓ of the proteins and are larger in pores with repulsive walls. D+/D−, the ratio of the diffusivities in pores with attractive and repulsive walls, exhibits two local maxima in its dependence on the pore size h, which are attributed to the pore sizes and protein configurations that induce long-lasting simultaneous interactions with both walls of the pores. Far from the folding temperature Tf, D increases about linearly with T, but due to the thermal fluctuations and their effect on the proteins’ structure near Tf, the dependence of D on T in this region is nonlinear. We propose a novel and general “phase diagram,” consisting of four regions, that describes qualitatively the effect of h, T, and interaction potentials with the walls on the diffusivity D of a protein.
Production of singlet oxygen atoms by photodissociation of oxywater
Authors: Franz Jan , Francisco Joseph S. , Peyerimhoff Sigrid D.
Published: February 2009

Quantum chemical calculations are reported for the energies of the few lowest electronic singlet states of oxywater along dissociation of the oxygen-oxygen bond into water and singlet oxygen using multistate multireference second-order Møller–Plesset perturbation theory. We compute an energy of 21 kcal/mol to remove one oxygen atom in the lowest singlet state. The two lowest excited singlet states have vertical excitation energies of 2.64 and 2.96 eV (470 and 419 nm) and are leading to the dissociation of the molecule. The two charge transfer states are accessible at vertical excitation of 4.91 and 5.22 eV (253 and 238 nm).
Generation of protosnowflakes in supersonic flow
Authors: Bartell Lawrence S. , Lennon Paul J.
Published: February 2009

Nanocrystals of ice were generated at about 200 K by the freezing of minuscule liquid drops of water produced in supersonic flow by the condensation of supersaturated water vapor. Although the mode of generation differs from that of snowflake nuclei formed in the upper atmosphere, the temperature involved is similar and the corresponding kinetics of nucleation of ice is some 20 orders of magnitude faster than that in prior laboratory studies. Therefore, it is the temperature, not the mode of generation that is crucial. Accordingly, it is plausible to suppose that these nanocrystals with diameters of ∼24 nm possess properties that make them resemble the precursors of snowflakes formed in the upper atmosphere. Electron diffraction patterns of the submicroscopic particles recorded in flight during and beyond the progress of their freezing showed that they are somewhat flattened particles of cubic ice slightly denser than bulk cubic ice with their 111 planes perpendicular to their thin direction. The cluster edges surrounding the hexagonal array of molecules in the 111 planes of the cubic structure can presumably serve as templates for further growth, this time of hexagonal ice, by condensation of vapor. How these observations are related to prior hypotheses about the formation of snowflakes is discussed.
Influence of temperature and illumination on surface barrier of individual ZnO nanowires
Authors: Liao Zhi-Min , Hou Chong , Zhou Yang-Bo , Xu Jun , Zhang Jing-Min , Yu Da-Peng
Published: February 2009

The current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of single ZnO nanowires were measured varying with temperature and illumination. A model of the ZnO nanowire sandwiched by back-to-back diodes was utilized to explain the experimental data. Simulations of the I-V curves exhibited that the surface barrier height was independent of temperature from 180 to 290 K. This work also shows that the larger the incident laser power is, the smaller the contact surface barrier height will be. The photon induced reduction in the surface barrier height is attributed to the photogenerated holes, which result in a shielding effect on the surface trapped electrons.
On asymptotic completeness for scattering in the nonlinear lamb system
Authors: Komech A. I. , Merzon A. E.
Published: February 2009

We establish an asymptotic completeness for the scattering in a nonlinear Lamb system with a nontrivial set of stationary states. We consider the nonlinear system of the string coupled to a nonlinear oscillator of dimension d≥1. The scattering data consist of a stationary point of the oscillator and an asymptotic wave of finite energy. We describe the set of possible scattering data: (i) for the asymptotic wave with compact support, any stationary point is possible, and (ii) for one-dimensional oscillator and a nondegenerate stationary point, any finite energy asymptotic wave is possible.