bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ceylon
Authors: Leventhal Fred , Stansky Peter
Published: September 2019

Leonard Woolf was an extremely successful civil servant in Ceylon, developing highly efficient and demanding methods of administration. He was first posted in the north of the island, where his obligations included the administration of its famous pearl fisheries. Then he went to Kandy, where his skills much impressed his superiors, leading to his being the chief administrator in the south for the Hambantota district. At a young age, he then virtually ruled a large territory with a population of more than a hundred thousand. He no doubt could have gone on to a distinguished career in government service. His experience in Ceylon provided the material for his powerful novel The Village in the Jungle and for four short stories.
Honorification as expressive
Authors: McCready Elin
Published: September 2019

One obvious initial question that has to be addressed for any theory of honorification is the type of meaning that honorifics introduce. Examining the options makes it clear that honorification is best viewed as expressive. This chapter will summarize some existing discussion of both expressives and honorifics, and provide additional data showing that honorifics show the properties of expressive content. The chapter also compares other possibilities for honorific meanings and critically discusses diagnostics for expressivity.
Utterance honorifics
Authors: McCready Elin
Published: September 2019

This chapter uses the toolkit provided in chapter 3 to analyse utterance honorifics, honorific forms which seem to act at the utterance level, giving an honorific character to the entire speech act that the sentence is used to perform. Utterance honorifics in Japanese, namely certain copular forms, and Thai, namely so-called politeness particles, are analyzed, along with register-distinguished terms in each language (in addition to Javanese).
Honorification as social meaning
Authors: McCready Elin
Published: September 2019

This chapter concludes the book and discusses some outstanding issues, including the import of the discussion and analysis of the book for the theory of expressive content and for the place of honorifics in the theory of social meaning.
A Note on Kant’s First Antinomy
Authors: Moore A.W.
Published: September 2019

An interpretation of Kant’s first antinomy is defended whereby both its thesis and its antithesis depend on a common basic principle that Kant endorses, namely that there cannot be an ‘infinite contingency’, by which is meant a contingent fact about how an infinite region of space or time is occupied. The greatest problem with this interpretation is that Kant explicitly declines to apply counterparts of the temporal arguments in the antinomy to the world’s future, even though, if the interpretation is correct, such arguments are clearly there to be applied. This problem, it is argued, is surmountable.
Bird on Kant’s Mathematical Antinomies
Authors: Moore A.W.
Published: September 2019

This essay is concerned with Graham Bird’s treatment, in The Revolutionary Kant, of Kant’s mathematical antinomies. On Bird’s interpretation, our error in these antinomies is to think that we can settle certain issues about the limits of physical reality by pure reason whereas in fact we cannot settle them at all. On the rival interpretation advocated in this essay, it is not true that we cannot settle these issues. Our error is to presuppose that the concept of the unconditioned has application to physical reality. Once this presupposition has been abandoned, we can retrieve sound arguments from the antinomies, not indeed to demonstrate that the views originally being defended are correct, but to demonstrate that the views originally being attacked are incorrect. The essay concludes with some comments concerning how this disagreement relates to a broader disagreement about the best way to understand Kant.
Solipsism and Subjectivity
Authors: Moore A.W.
Published: September 2019

This essay is concerned with solipsism, understood as the extreme sceptical view that I have no knowledge except of my subjective state. A less rough formulation of the view is mooted, inspired by a Quinean combination of naturalism and empiricism. An objection to the resultant position is then considered, based on Putnam’s argument that we are not brains in vats. This objection is first outlined, then pitted against a series of counter-objections. Eventually it is endorsed, but only at the price of exposing the formulation of solipsism in question as not, after all, a satisfactory formulation. This leads to further speculation about the status of solipsism itself. Two of the possibilities that are considered are, first, that it is incoherent and, secondly, that it is inexpressible.
One or Two Dogmas of Objectivism
Authors: Moore A.W.
Published: September 2019

This essay first appeared as a critical notice of Thomas Nagel’s The Last Word. Though the essay evidences broad sympathy with the spirit of Nagel’s book, its main burden is to query the letter of the book. Nagel’s defence of the view that there are certain beliefs and ways of thinking that are not from any point of view, or that are ‘objective’ in his own terms, is criticized on the grounds that it is too facile. It is also criticized for not being pitted against a critique of beliefs and ways of thinking that are from some point of view, or that are ‘subjective’ in his terms.
One World
Authors: Moore A.W.
Published: September 2019

This essay first appeared as a contribution to a special issue of European Journal of Philosophy to mark the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of P.F. Strawson’s The Bounds of Sense. In that book Strawson asks whether we should agree with Kant’s claim, in his Critique of Pure Reason, that there can be only one world. What Kant means by this claim is that the four-dimensional realm that we inhabit must constitute the whole of empirical reality. Strawson gives reasons for challenging this claim. This essay raises the question whether, even if Strawson is right, we may nevertheless have reason to believe that there can be only one world on a broader understanding of ‘world’. The aim is as much to clarify the issue as to settle it, although an attempt is made to motivate the view that there can indeed be only one world on this broader understanding.
On Saying and Showing
Authors: Moore A.W.
Published: September 2019

This essay constitutes an attempt to probe the very idea of a saying/showing distinction of the kind that Wittgenstein advances in the Tractatus—to say what such a distinction consists in, to say what philosophical work it has to do, and to say how we might be justified in drawing such a distinction. Towards the end of the essay the discussion is related to Wittgenstein’s later work. It is argued that we can profitably see this work in such a way that a saying/showing distinction arises there too. In particular, in the final sub-section of the essay, it is suggested that we can see in Wittgenstein’s later work an inducement to say what we are shown.
Consequences of climatic change for distributions
Authors: Huntley Brian
Published: September 2019

Species’ distributions, population sizes, and community composition are affected, directly and indirectly, by climatic changes, leading to changes in location, extent, and/or quality of distributions, range fragmentation or coalescence, and temporal discontinuities in suitable conditions. Quaternary fossil records document these responses, emphasizing individualism of species’ responses and impermanence of communities. Recent observations document similar changes attributable to recent climatic changes, including rapid decreases and increases in ranges and/or populations. Both also document extinctions associated with rapid climatic changes. Modelling studies predict substantial changes in species’ distributions, population sizes, and communities in response to future climatic changes. Implicit assumptions that genetic variation enabling adaptation is ubiquitous throughout species’ ranges, or that gene flow may be sufficiently rapid to allow adaptation, may be invalid. Work is needed to investigate spatial structuring of adaptive genetic variation and rates of gene flow, and to develop new models. Without this, species extinction risks may be severely underestimated.
Fitting the lens of climate change on bird conservation in the twenty-first century
Authors: Marra Peter P. , Zuckerberg Benjamin , Both Christiaan
Published: September 2019

Understanding and predicting future ecological impacts of climate change, and then developing a conservation strategy to minimize the negative impacts on biodiversity, remains one of the greatest environmental challenges of the twenty-first century. We lack a robust understanding of how climate variability (e.g., temperature, precipitation) itself influences the biology of organisms and, when evidence points to a species being vulnerable to the effects of climate change, there is a lack of specific and timely recommendations for managers to reduce that vulnerability. This chapter reviews how we assess which species are most impacted by climate change and then provides a framework and examples of common strategies and tactics managers can use to incorporate climate change adaptation into bird conservation. In doing so, we present a suite of strategies designed to translate broad conservation concepts into targeted and prescriptive actions for birds.
Three-point functions in N=4 supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory
Authors: Komatsu Shota
Published: September 2019

This is a review of the integrability-based approach to the three-point function in N = 4 supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory. We first discuss the computation of the structure constant at weak coupling and show that the result can be recast as a sum over partitions of the rapidities of the magnons. We then introduce a non-perturbative framework, called the ‘hexagon approach’, and explain how one can use the symmetries and integrability to determine the structure constants.
Jet Stream
Authors: Woollings Tim
Published: September 2019

A number of extreme weather events have struck the Northern Hemisphere in recent years, from scorching heatwaves to desperately cold winters and from floods and storms to droughts and wildfires. Is this the emerging signal of climate change, and should we expect more of this? Media reports vary widely, but one mysterious agent has risen to prominence in many cases: the jet stream. The story begins on a windswept beach in Barbados, from where we follow the ascent of a weather balloon that will travel all around the world, following the jet stream. From this viewpoint we can observe the effect of the jet in influencing human life around the hemisphere, and witness startling changes emerging. What is the jet stream and how well do we understand it? How does it affect our weather and is it changing? These are the main questions tackled in this book. We learn about how our view of the wind has developed from Aristotle’s early theories up to today’s understanding. The jet is shown to be intimately connected with dramatic contrasts between climate zones and to have played a key historical role in determining patterns of trade. We learn about the basic physics underlying the jet and how this knowledge is incorporated into computer models which predict both tomorrow’s weather and the climate of future decades. We discuss how climate change is expected to affect the jet, and introduce the urgent scientific debate over whether these changes have contributed to recent extreme weather events.
Spin
Authors: Woollings Tim
Published: September 2019

The effects of Earth’s rotation on the winds is developed more generally, outlining the key discoveries of Foucault, Coriolis and Ferrel. This shows how the characteristics of weather systems are shaped by the planetary rotation, and central concepts of fluid dynamics are introduced to describe this. The discussion of how the resulting Atlantic wind patterns shaped centuries of shipping, including the infamous slave trade, is concluded.
Niño
Authors: Woollings Tim
Published: September 2019

El Niño events are the most powerful of natural climate variations, rearranging weather patterns around the world and triggering countless extreme events. This chapter gives an overview of El Niño, its history and its physics, including its important effect on the Pacific jet stream. El Niño is the main source of information for the science of seasonal forecasting, which is also introduced here.
Gulf
Authors: Woollings Tim
Published: September 2019

This chapter focuses on the reasons for Europe’s mild winter climate, including discussion of the history and physics of the Gulf Stream and other ocean currents. The atmospheric jet stream plays a central role, however, in setting up prevailing winds which bring warm air from further south, as was first realised by James Glaisher in early adventurous balloon trips above Victorian England.
Drivers
Authors: Woollings Tim
Published: September 2019

This chapter introduces some of the key factors which are suspected to influence the Atlantic jet, and so are potentially predictable drivers of jet variability. This includes factors we have already met, such as El Niño and other patterns of ocean temperatures. Several other possible drivers act via the stratosphere, so a more detailed picture is provided of this layer of the upper atmosphere and how changes in its wind patterns can affect the jet stream below.
‘They Have Rights over Us’
Authors: Hassett Dónal
Published: September 2019

This chapter turns away from partisan politics to analyse the development of the Algerian veterans’ movement over the course of the interwar period. It considers organizations that drew members not only from different ethnic and social backgrounds but also from a pool of men with an unparalleled claim to legitimacy born of participation in the war. The chapter focuses on the attempts of one such veterans’ association, the Amicale des Mutilés du Département d’Alger, to reconcile its supposedly non-racial notion of veteran primacy with the real primacy of the European community in the colonial state. Furthermore, it illustrates how the tensions at the heart of the Amicale’s discourse empowered indigenous veterans to assert their demands within the movement and eventually to set up their own organizations that were fully committed to achieving real change on behalf of indigenous ex-servicemen.
Introduction
Authors: Hassett Dónal
Published: September 2019

This introduction opens with an analysis of the controversies that surrounded the centenary of the Great War in Algeria, arguing that they reflect a much longer history of political mobilization of the war’s memory in the country. It positions this book at the heart of contemporary historiographical debates about the global nature of the First World War and its legacies, the conflict’s impact in the colonial world, and the transformation of politics in interwar Algeria. By combining the work of leading scholars of colonialism with the discourse analysis approach of the literary theorist Mikhail Bakhtin, it explains why the contested language of politics is so crucial to understanding questions of agency in a colonial context like interwar Algeria. Finally, it acknowledges the challenges of the colonial archive and demonstrates how a critical approach to sources can allow for a nuanced discussion of political discourse in colonial societies such as the Algeria.
Textualization
Authors: Ready Jonathan L.
Published: September 2019

Dictation plays a part in two out of the three explanations, however much the two strive to distinguish themselves from one another, for how written versions of the Iliad and the Odyssey came into existence. To illuminate this scenario, this chapter studies modern instances of the textualization of an oral traditional work. The investigation relies especially on the testimony of folklorists and ethnographers who engage in and study textualization. It emerges that the textualization of a modern oral traditional work by a collector results in a text that is the co-creation of the performer, collector, and scribe (if a discrete third party). A written text resulting from a process that began when a collector had a poet dictate his version of the Iliad or the Odyssey to a scribe was likely such a co-creation. An excursus on the collector of oral traditional works as depicted in Herodotus’s Histories and on Herodotus’s own practices as a textualizer bolsters this conclusion.
Patterns of biological diversity
Authors: Mittelbach Gary G. , McGill Brian J.
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines how biodiversity, the variety of life, is distributed across the globe and within local communities. It begins by considering some of the challenges associated with assessing biological diversity at different spatial scales. Then, three of the best-studied patterns in species richness are examined in detail—the species–area relationship, the distribution of species abundances, and the relationship between productivity and species richness. The chapter concludes with a detailed exploration of the most dramatic of Earth’s biodiversity patterns—the latitudinal diversity gradient. The above patterns constitute much of what community ecology seeks to explain about nature. Their study provides a foundation from which to explore mechanisms of species interactions, and to understand the processes that drive variation in species numbers and their distribution.
Beneficial interactions in communities: mutualism and facilitation
Authors: Mittelbach Gary G. , McGill Brian J.
Published: September 2019

The consequences of beneficial interactions for the diversity and functioning of communities remain poorly understood, but this is changing. This chapter examines how mutualism may evolve in the face of cheating, using the concept of biological markets where members of each species exchange resources and services, with associated costs and benefits. Understanding the evolution and maintenance of positive interactions in communities requires that we consider the broader web of interactions and abiotic conditions in which mutualisms are embedded—their context dependency. Ant-plant mutualisms, plant-Rhizobium mutualisms, and plant-mycorrhizal fungi mutualisms are discussed as examples of shifting costs and benefits based on context dependency. Recent advances at incorporating positive interactions into community theory allow species to have both positive and negative effects on each other’s population growth rate. For example, the presence of a neighboring plant may enhance survival in a harsh environment, but may reduce plant growth due to competition for resources.
Patchy environments, metapopulations, and fugitive species
Authors: Mittelbach Gary G. , McGill Brian J.
Published: September 2019

Populations and species are distributed heterogeneously across the landscape and this has important consequences for their abundance, persistence, and interactions with other species. This chapter introduces the concept of a metapopulation, a “population of populations”, where populations occur in patches of suitable habitat surrounded by areas of unsuitable habitat (“matrix”), and where dispersal serves to connect patch dynamics. Metapopulation theory provides an important conceptual underpinning to the field of conservation biology, fostering the study of corridors and assisted migration as important conservation tools. There also are important parallels between metapopulation theory and epidemiology. The study of patchily distributed populations leads naturally to considerations of species interactions, where it is shown that an inferior competitor may coexist with a superior competitor if the inferior competitor is better a colonizing open patches—a “fugitive species”. This competition-colonization trade-off can be a strong stabilizing mechanism for maintaining biodiversity in a patchy environment.
Metacommunities
Authors: Mittelbach Gary G. , McGill Brian J.
Published: September 2019

Just as the dispersal of individuals may link the dynamics of populations in space, the dispersal of species among communities may link local communities into a metacommunity. Four different perspectives characterize how dispersal rates, environmental heterogeneity, and species traits interact to influence diversity in metacommunities. These perspectives are: patch dynamics, species sorting, mass effects, and the neutral perspective. The neutral perspective stands in stark contrast to the other three perspectives in that it assumes that niche differences between species are unimportant and that species are demographically identical in terms of their birth, death, and dispersal rates. Under the neutral perspective, species diversity is maintained by a balance between speciation, extinction, and dispersal. Although neutral theory is incompatible with realistic modes and rates of speciation, it has been enormously influential in focusing our attention on the linkages between species interactions on local scales, and evolutionary and biogeographic processes occurring on large scales.
Some concluding remarks and a look ahead
Authors: Mittelbach Gary G. , McGill Brian J.
Published: September 2019

This chapter reflects on the successes achieved and challenges that remain in the study of ecological communities. It concludes with a discussion of research topics expected to occupy the attention of community ecologists for the next decade or so and that may yield big dividends in terms of understanding the processes that structure communities and govern their functioning. These include metacommunities and the integration of local and regional processes; the drivers of regional biodiversity; community assembly and functional traits; pathogens, parasites and natural enemies; biodiversity and ecosystem functioning; changing technology will change how we collect data; eco-evolutionary feedbacks and regional pool processes; climate change, and its effects on species distributions and species interactions; and the role of time.
Introduction
Authors: Lake Peter , Questier Michael
Published: September 2019

The introduction places the controversy in its historiographical context and it explains its relative neglect by historians of the Tudor/Stuart period. It then moves to connect the controversy with its immediate and longer-term contexts, and it tries to explain why the topics at the centre of the debate had long-term resonance through the rest of the post-Reformation period.
Rival Understandings of Civil Peace, Toleration, and the Politics of Religious Identity
Authors: Lake Peter , Questier Michael
Published: September 2019

This chapter shows that, ironically, the appellants were not the only ones who had a prescription for the guarantee of future political stability and a tolerant status quo. Their sternest critic, Robert Parsons, had long speculated about the best way to bring about the same outcome. But, of course, their accounts of the possible future, or futures, were based on very different attitudes to the Protestant establishment. In short, how far should Catholics refuse compliance in the hope that, when the new Stuart monarchy came, as it surely would, they would have a (better) place at the table?
Conclusion
Authors: Lake Peter , Questier Michael
Published: September 2019

The concluding chapter sums up the arguments of the book and points towards the long-term significance of the Archpriest Controversy for the later relations between the English Catholics and the English crown, organized around such topics as tolerance and the acceptance de facto or de jure of religious pluralism and the consequences thereof. The chapter takes the account of these points of contact between the Catholic community and the crown down to the later seventeenth century, looking in particular at the petitioning and lobbying that occurred in 1603–4; at the gunpowder conspiracy in 1605; at what happened when the power of episcopal regulation was granted in the 1620s to members of the secular clergy; and also at the strain of so-called Blackloist thought among English Catholics during the Interregnum.
Hobbes
Authors: Crisp Roger
Published: September 2019

This chapter discusses the views on self-interest and morality of Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679). The standard interpretation of Hobbes as a psychological egoist (that is, a philosopher who claims that the sole ultimate motivation for voluntary human action) is defended against modern criticism. Hobbes is also argued to be a rational egoist (that is, a philosopher who claims that the sole ultimate reason for all voluntary human action is the promotion of the agent’s self-interest). Hobbes’s ‘instrumental’ view of morality is explained. The power of his challenge to morality is brought out, despite the problems in his famous response to ‘the Foole’.
More
Authors: Crisp Roger
Published: September 2019

This chapter discusses the views on self-interest and morality of the Cambridge Platonist Henry More (1647–87). More’s attempt to combine substantive hedonism about self-interest or well-being (the view that self-interest consists only in pleasures) with the advocacy of virtue is explained. His notion of the ‘boniform faculty’, an intellectual power that enables us to see what is good and to take pleasure in it, is elucidated. Some problems are raised for his account of how to evaluate different kinds of pleasure, based as it is on the Aristotelian idea that the virtuous person is the only competent judge of pleasantness and painfulness.
Locke
Authors: Crisp Roger
Published: September 2019

This chapter discusses the views on self-interest and morality of the great English empiricist philosopher John Locke (1632–1704). Locke’s responses to Thomas Hobbes’s view that there is a natural law of self-interest are described, in particular his view that there are moral reasons independent of those grounded in the self-interest of the agent. Locke’s own account of natural law is set out, and the role of God as the source of morality explained. The question of whether Locke was a utilitarian is discussed, and an explanation is offered for Locke’s failure explicitly to allow for ultimate moral reasons.
Shaftesbury
Authors: Crisp Roger
Published: September 2019

This chapter discusses the views on self-interest and morality of Anthony Ashley Cooper, the 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury (1671–1713), focusing in particular on his Characteristics of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times, but also discussing other works such as his Regimen. Shaftesbury’s commitment to Stoic ethics is elucidated. He is claimed to accept a broadly Aristotelian account of moral motivation, which resolves any ultimate conflict between morality and self-interest in the goals of a rational agent. The ethical aspects of his moral philosophy are brought out. His restricted hedonism, and in particular his views on the hedonic value of virtue and ‘higher pleasures’, are explained and criticized.
Hutcheson
Authors: Crisp Roger
Published: September 2019

This chapter discusses the views on self-interest and morality of the philosopher Francis Hutcheson (1694–1746). After a brief discussion of Hutcheson’s place in the history of philosophical ethics, the role of the afterlife in Hutcheson’s defence of virtue is suggested to be secondary to his assumption of self-standing moral reasons. The complexities of Hutcheson’s broadly consequentialist ethics are clarified. His view of the moral sense, and its relation to benevolent affections, is explained. There follows some discussion of Hutcheson’s pluralist view of practical reason, and his position on the pleasures of virtue.
Gay, Tucker, Paley, and Bentham
Authors: Crisp Roger
Published: September 2019

This chapter discusses the views on self-interest and morality of four key figures in the British utilitarian tradition. The associationist theory of virtue of John Gay (1699–1745) is outlined. It is shown how psychological and rational hedonism are combined with utilitarianism in the work of Abraham Tucker (1705–74). The largely instrumental view taken by William Paley (1743–1805) of the rules of common-sense morality is described, and it is demonstrated how he sometimes slides into a non-instrumental position. The ‘split-level’ act utilitarianism of Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832) is placed within his largely legislative project. A conclusion outlines several philosophical themes running through the ethics of the period discussed in the book, and the importance of that period as an influence on, and a source for, contemporary ethics.
Causal Power
Authors: Corry Richard
Published: September 2019

This chapter investigates the ontology of causal power and causal influence that was suggested by the discussion of reductive explanation in the previous two chapters. In particular, it is suggested that we should understand causal powers to be dispositions to manifest causal influence. Such powers, it is shown, can be given a conditional analysis that is less susceptible to counterexamples than conditional analyses of dispositions more generally. It is further argued that the conditional analysis can be extended to cover multi-track powers by using functions, rather than conditionals, to describe powers. Functional descriptions of powers connect nicely to the descriptions of force fields that one finds in physics, suggesting that we can interpret forces as influences in the sense described here.
Emergence and the Failure of Reduction
Authors: Corry Richard
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores the different ways in which the reductive method of explanation might fail, and asks what such failures might tell us about the world. In particular, the chapter investigates possible situations in which one or more of the assumptions identified in previous chapters fails. It is argued that the failure of one of these assumptions will give rise to something that is recognizable in the traditional notion of ‘ontological’ or ‘strong’ emergence. This understanding is then used to defend the conceptual possibility of such ontological emergence against the influential arguments of Jaegwon Kim. It is further argued that the failure of a different assumption gives rise to a relatively unrecognized form of ontological emergence related to the way that causal influences combine. Thus, an understanding of the reductive method gives us a way to grasp the notoriously slippery metaphysical concept of emergence.
Influentialism
Authors: Corry Richard
Published: September 2019

This final chapter puts the ontology of power and influence to use beyond metaphysics by suggesting that the concept of causal influence may be helpful in the field of normative ethics. In particular, it is argued that the ontology of causal influence opens up the possibility of a novel category of normative ethical theory called influentialism. Influentialism stands in contrast to the traditional categories of consequentialism, deontology, and virtue ethics. The aim is not to argue that influentialism is preferable to these traditional categories, but simply to put the theory on the table for consideration. However, it is argued that influentialism has some promising features that make it worthy of consideration. In particular, influentialism seems to occupy a middle ground between consequentialism and deontology and is able to combine seemingly incompatible intuitions from these two categories.
The Prison as World—The World as Prison
Authors: Fludernik Monika
Published: September 2019

Chapter 1 deals with two types of metaphors: those that liken the prison to the (or a) world, seeing the prison as a microcosm, and those that project an inverse scenario, in which the world is metaphorically depicted as a prison. After pointing out how prison, as a heterotopia (like hell) is conceived both as lying outside the world and as sharing numerous structural features with it, Section 1.2 moves on to a consideration of early modern similitudes in the ‘character’ literature of Overbury, Dekker, Mynshul, and Fennor. An analysis of two city comedies, Eastward Ho (1605) and The City Gallant (1614) illustrates how prisons were perceived to mirror early modern society. From these instances of the prison as world metaphor, the chapter turns to the world as prison trope, which is exemplified by The Beggar’s Opera as well as in Samuel Beckett’s prose and Edward Bond’s play Olly’s Prison.
Poeta in Vinculis II
Authors: Fludernik Monika
Published: September 2019

Continuing the contrast between personal accounts of imprisonment and fictional elaborations of carceralities, Chapter 3 concentrates on the twentieth century and on (post)colonial contexts. The three authors discussed at length are Brendan Behan, the Irish dramatist; Ken Saro-Wiwa, the Nigerian author and ecological activist; and Breyten Breytenbach, the South African poet. Whereas Behan’s and Saro-Wiwa’s autobiographical texts, at least on the surface, appear to be quite reliable, i.e. factual, accounts of their imprisonment, their literary work, just like Breytenbach’s, is highly allusive, ironic, and allegorical; they model the carceral experience through distortive lenses of comedy, farce, satire, or parable. The chapter also emphasizes the use of the prison and legal criminalization as major political strategies of discrimination against (ethnic and other) minorities as well as political dissidents.
The Cancer of Punitivity
Authors: Fludernik Monika
Published: September 2019

Chapter 6 raises crucial ethical and political questions about the practice of punishment by means of the prison. It discusses the central importance of power in the carceral environment and its potential for humanitarian abuse. After a reading of Oscar Wilde’s ‘Ballad of Reading Gaol’ the chapter outlines G. B. Shaw’s and Karl Menninger’s metaphoric thesis of imprisonment as crime and goes on to present an analysis of punitivity in current penal policy and public polemic. The second half of the chapter turns to a delineation of the close affinities between penal punitivity and colonial oppression, analysing memoirs by Robben Island inmates and the Malawian Sam Mpasu, as well as poetry by Dennis Brutus and Jack Mapanje.
Industry and Idleness
Authors: Fludernik Monika
Published: September 2019

Chapter 7 discusses discourses about labour in the Victorian period and the comparison they draw by means of the slavery metaphor between prisons and factories. Starting out from a consideration of traditional ideas of work as punishing labour, the chapter outlines two aspects of the labour and prison analogy: (a) the status of work in the new penitentiaries, penal servitude establishments, and workhouses; and (b) perceptions of factories as nota bene prisons. Case studies include Charles Reade’s It is Never Too Late To Mend (1856) for (a) and William Godwin’s novel Fleetwood (1805), Charlotte Elizabeth Tonna’s Helen Fleetwood (1841), and Disraeli’s Sybil (1845) for (b). The chapter traces the history of the prison-like factories to its American incarnations in the work of Melville and Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle.
Conclusions
Authors: Fludernik Monika
Published: September 2019

Chapter 10 outlines the major insights gained from the preceding analyses. These are supplemented by a discussion of the results from database researches into prison metaphors documented in several tables and diagrams in the chapter and its appendix. The chapter also returns to the questions of why and how the carceral can become a source of aesthetic pleasure, sifting the uneasy relationship between sensationalism and the evocation of empathy for prisoners in literary texts. As an illustration of the aesthetic potential of the metaphoric prison one section provides an excursus on metapoetic treatments on the confining nature of verse. The coda to the volume attests to the ethical and political relevance of the carceral imaginary and its reflection of fundamental ethical issues raised by the policy of penal imprisonment.
Introduction
Authors: Fludernik Monika
Published: September 2019

The Introduction offers a theoretical overview of the topic of imprisonment and supplies an initial conspectus of major models of carceral space. It discusses the study’s relationship to Foucault’s seminal Discipline and Punish, elucidating key aspects of this paradigm and explaining how the book extends but also modifies Foucault’s work. The Introduction also provides an explanation of basic terminology in recent metaphor theory, distinguishing between different types of metaphor that will become relevant in the bulk of the study. Another section concentrates on literary topoi and the terminology used in the study of tropes and topoi. The final section delineates the concept of the carceral imaginary and underlines its connection to the politics of punishment as well as issues of ethics and aesthetics.
Material Practice and Resistance to Power
Authors: Schlosberg David , Craven Luke
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines how critiques of, and resistance to, conventional power structures are a key element of sustainable materialist practice. In particular, we show how sustainable materialist practice goes beyond simple resistance to include both the creation of counterflows of power connected to the circulation of material goods, and a collective and systemic consciousness that sees the creation of new sustainable mega-circulations as its ultimate goal. The ideal is to physically embody, practice, and replicate a real alternative flow, a separate and dynamic food, energy, or fashion system in everyday life. Such an understanding of practice as both resistance and rebuilding of power illustrates how these movements are both innovative and highly political.
The Initial Reception of the French Revolution
Authors: Bergman Jay
Published: September 2019

Practically from its inception, the French Revolution prompted educated Russians, regardless of their politics, to form an opinion of it. As the revolution progressed, instead of changing minds, it froze them, turning assumptions into beliefs and beliefs into dogma. Chapter 1 shows this to be true especially for Russians on opposite ends of the political spectrum. This was not true, however, of liberals such as Pushkin whose politics, by contrast, fluctuated greatly. The chapter concludes with analysis of ‘gentry-revolutionaries’ such as Mikhail Bakunin and Alexander Herzen, who applied to the actors in the French Revolution the same requirement of ‘moral wholeness’ that was an essential aspect of the Russian revolutionary movement as a whole.
The Marxist Inheritance of the French Revolution
Authors: Bergman Jay
Published: September 2019

It was Marx and, to a lesser extent, Engels, who provided the Bolsheviks with a teleology of French revolutions, in 1789, 1830, 1848, and 1871, in relation to which they could situate their own anticipated revolution. Marx and Engels were not consistent in their evaluation of these revolutions, stressing while they were in progress the ability of individuals to alter the course of history and perhaps even to accelerate it. Indeed, they praised the Jacobins in the French Revolution for their success, albeit limited, in advancing the revolution beyond what the haute bourgeoisie believed to be consistent with its interests. But once Marx and Engels, after the failure of revolutions in France and the rest of Europe in 1848, realized that any repetition was unlikely for the foreseeable future, their admiration of the Jacobins diminished. Chapter 3 concludes with analysis of their infatuation, in the last years of their lives, with the terrorists of Narodnaia Volia, whose audacity in killing government officials and ultimately the tsar himself caused their ‘Jacobin’ sensibilities to re-emerge.
The Revolution That Failed
Authors: Bergman Jay
Published: September 2019

Chapter 13 describes the lessons Marx and Engels, as well as contemporaneous Russian revolutionaries such as Herzen, Kropotkin, and Bakunin, drew from the failure of the Revolution of 1848 in France. Among the Bolsheviks, some ascribed it exclusively to the treachery of the bourgeoisie, which aligned with the proletariat when the revolution began in February, only to betray it in the June Days, using military force to end whatever political power the proletariat still possessed. Ignored after 1917 in the Bolshevik fêtes and other commemorations intended to mythologize the October Revolution, the 1848 Revolution was especially disheartening because, unlike earlier French revolutions, in which the proletariat was either non-existent or too small to have any appreciable effect, in 1848 it actually held power, however briefly. Nevertheless, the Bolsheviks considered the Revolution of 1848 in France worthy of inclusion in the country’s revolutionary tradition.
Historical Overview of China and Intervention at the UN Security Council
Authors: Fung Courtney J.
Published: September 2019

Chapter 1 sets the scene regarding China’s record on intervention at the UN Security Council since assuming its seat in 1971. The chapter illustrates how the UN Security Council takes an increasingly expansive view as to what is under its purview—including massive human rights abuses as threats to international peace and security—and the different tools to address these threats (sanctions, the International Criminal Court, peacekeeping operations etc.), against a changing normative discourse regarding the protection of civilians, the responsibility to protect, and the norm of accountability. While China shows calibrated flexibility regarding intervention across the decades, China is still consistent in preferring UN Security Council authorized, consent-based interventions, supported by regional players. However, these principles are applied pragmatically, against an assessment of China’s interests, the circumstances of each country case, and a changing normative framework regarding intervention. In the last decades, there are three trends in China’s approach to intervention: enduring scepticism about the benefits of non-consensual Chapter VII activities; a preference to not make Chapter VII intervention a trend; and the persistence of status as a concern in China’s decision-making. The chapter discusses critical historical cases in detail, including intervention into Iraq, Bosnia, Kosovo, Somalia, Rwanda, East Timor, and failed attempts at intervention into Guatemala, Macedonia, Myanmar, and Zimbabwe.
Theory and Empirical Strategy
Authors: Fung Courtney J.
Published: September 2019

Chapter 3 focuses on theory and empirical strategy. The chapter defines status and situates it against oft-interchanged concepts like honor, prestige, and reputation, and identifies gaps in the status literature. The chapter then explains when China is most status sensitive—i.e. that status drivers can trump other concerns regarding intervention—when there are two components. First, when China’s peer groups are able to exact social costs or social benefits on China by way of social influence. China’s peer groups are most able to do so when they are cohesive with no significant defectors from the peer group, unified around a single policy position, and willing to exact social costs on China for not executing their policy prescription. With these conditions met, peer groups have narrowed and defined policy options for China, so China can clearly understand what the peer group expectations are. A second component is the presence of a status trigger. Status triggers heighten or accentuate China’s pre-existing status concerns by emphasizing China’s isolation from its peer groups, making China more susceptible to status pressures. Status triggers are either speech acts that draw a contemporary parallel to a low status time in China’s foreign policy or attacks on China’s high-profile status-rewarding events. The chapter specifies why the great powers and the Global South are China’s peer groups for intervention, and debunks the popular assumption that Russia stands as China’s peer in the context of intervention.
Conclusion
Authors: Fung Courtney J.
Published: September 2019

Chapter 7 offers the conclusion, summarizing the findings of the book regarding China’s status dilemma, pinpointing when status matters to China and how status affects China’s position on intervention. The chapter then discusses the implications for understanding China’s foreign policy and the scope conditions for status, showing that even China’s core interests are permeable to status concerns. The analysis shifts to China as an actor in global governance and China’s contributions to modifying normative discourse regarding global peace and security looking at the developmental peace concept, the Belt and Road Initiative, and the “Community for a Shared Future of Mankind.” Next, the chapter considers implications for International Relations, including understanding status as an element for cooperation—as opposed to conflict—and the external validity of the status dilemma for other rising powers. The chapter closes on the implications for international politics of the contestation of regime change and intervention, and further research avenues regarding the status dilemma, intervention, and China’s behavior at the UN Security Council.
Introduction
Authors: Hayward Tim
Published: September 2019

Introducing the themes of the book, this chapter emphasizes that while we are aware of money’s powers, most of us do not generally reflect on how it comes to have these or how they are governed. The first part of the book examines the challenges presented by a global financial system that tends to impede real productivity, exacerbate inequalities, undermine ecological sustainability, and incentivize warfare. The middle chapters consider how recent proposals by political philosophers of modest institutional reforms to achieve global justice through redistribution could be thwarted by the workings of finance in reality. For the problem, as investigated in the later chapters, is that the institutions of the private profit-driven global financial system have been organized more quickly and completely as a normative framework for global order than any political arrangements aimed at promoting public interests in justice and sustainability.
Financialization and the ‘Real Economy’: an Ecological Perspective
Authors: Hayward Tim
Published: September 2019

Financialization can be criticized for undermining productivity in the ‘real economy’, and this chapter examines that criticism from an ecological perspective. Viewing the economy not only as a set of institutionalized practices, but also as material interaction with the natural world, one appreciates how processes of financialization can inhibit productivity without necessarily inhibiting ecological destructiveness. From an ecological perspective, a ‘real economy’ of tangible processes and assets can clearly be distinguished from monetary conventions of accounting. This is a sharper distinction than is drawn by some orthodox economists because it is more alert to the relevance of the profit motive operating in businesses in the ‘real economy’. Profits have no necessary correlation with productivity, and can sometimes even be achieved by liquidating or exhausting productive capacities.
Quine and the Species Problem
Authors: Richard Mark
Published: September 2019

The goal of this and subsequent chapters is to convince the reader that there is a significant analogy between biological entities like species, clades, and population lineages and linguistic and semantic ones such as words, meanings, concepts, and languages. This chapter’s first sections review some obvious facts about language communities and speakers and some elementary facts about the ways biology thinks about species, and points out that there is indeed a prima facie case for thinking that things like word meanings are analogous to species. The chapter’s later sections argue that if we take the analogy at face value, we can embrace Quine’s conclusion in ‘Two Dogmas of Empiricism’—that there is no theoretically interesting notion of analytic truth, no sort of synonymy that can do epistemological work—while still thinking that the notion of meaning can carry a real theoretical load.