bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An infinite impulse response adaptive digital filter for line‐canceller and its pole‐control algorithm
Authors: Nakanishi Takahiro , Takumi Ichi , Hata Masayasu , Yamada Kouichi
Published: July 2007

This paper proposes the parallel construction of the second‐order infinite impulse response (IIR) adaptive digital filter (ADF) as an adaptive digital filter for eliminating multiple narrowband signals mixed in the broadband signal. Then the pole‐control method for the filter is proposed. In the propsed pole‐control, the pole radius and the pole argument are controlled separately by different algorithms.

In this study, the pole argument is corrected by estimating the deviation of the central frequency of the signal to be eliminated from the convergent value of the multiplier coefficient that determines the zero. the pole radius is controlled by the method that determines the direction of correrction, using the parallel‐connected three ADFs with the same pole argument and a slightly different pole radius. It is verified by a simulation that those pole‐control methods work effectively. It is demonstrated that the pole radius and the pole argument can be controlled simultraneously.
Problems of where to locate p‐sinks in a flow network
Authors: Watanabe Kaoru , Sengoku Masakazu , Tamura Hiroshi
Published: July 2007

As location problems in flow networks, there are p‐center and p‐median problems; and they are known to be solvable in polynomial time. In this paper, we propose a new location problem. It is the problem of locating p‐sinks so that the maximum flow is maximized given a flow network N with a source (this problem is called a p‐collection problem). First, a linear time algorithm to solve the 1‐collection problem for trees is given. Then a pseudo‐polynomial time algorithm to solve the p‐collection problem for trees based on dynamic programming is presented. Since the decision problem corresponding to the p‐collection problem for trees is known to be NP‐complete, its decision problem turns out to be strongly NP‐complete.
Optimal garbage collection policies for a database with random threshold level
Authors: Satow Takashi , Yasui Kazumi , Nakagawa Toshio
Published: July 2007

When a database is updated, it is difficult to avoid divided accumulations of data in storage areas by adding and deleting them. Such divided accumulations decrease access efficiency; hence, efficient maintenance is needed to meet the requirement of high‐quality service to users. However, maintenance costs must also be kept low. However, if the operating time of a database is specified, economical and planned maintenance to guarantee that high‐quality services can be implemented.

This paper considers the following stochastic model: A database is updated in accordance with a stochastic process and garbage is generated in the time between updatings, causing fragmentation in storage areas. Maintenance costs increase when accumulated garbage exceeds a threshold level. That is, to remove fragmentation from storage areas, garbage collection is made at time T or at the N‐th update. the expected cost rate of this model is obtained and optimal time T* and number N*, which minimize it, are derived. Furthermore, numerical examples are given and some discussions for these examples are presented.
Obtaining a marked graph from a synchronic distance matrix
Authors: Tamura Hiroshi , Abe Takeo , Saitoh Satoshi , Mikami Kiyoshi , Sengoku Masakazu , Yamaguchi Yoshio , Shinoda Shoji
Published: July 2007

The notion of synchronic distances is a fundamental concept introduced by Petri [1]. It is a metric closely related to a degree of mutual dependence between two events in a condition/event system. the synchronic distance between two vertices in a marked graph is defined here as the maximum number of times one vertex can fire without firing the other. Marked graphs form a subclass of Petri nets. the synchronic distance matrix of a marked graph M with n vertices is an n × n symmetric matrix D* = [dM*(vi, vj)], where dM*(vi, vj) is the synchronic distance between vertices vi and vj. Conversely, using matrix D, the focus is on finding a marked graph whose synchronic distance matrix is D. Murata et al. [2] show that the synchronic distance matrix of a marked graph is a distance matrix of an undirected network and give a method for finding a marked graph when D is realizable as the distance matrix of a tree with positive integer edge weights. This paper presents a necessary and sufficient condition for D to be the synchronic distance matrix of a live marked graph. A matrix D is given such that D is a distance matrix of an undirected network and there does not exist a marked graph whose synchronic distance matrix is D. Also, a method is proposed for finding a live marked graph when D is realizable as the distance matrix of a tree as well as that of a nontree graph like a cycle.
Decoding of reed‐solomon codes beyond the bch bound using euclidean algorithm
Authors: Horiguchi Toshio
Published: July 2007

The output polynomials of Euclid's decoding method for t‐error‐correcting Reed‐Solomon (RS) codes with design distances of d = 2t + 1 and d = 2t + 2 are analyzed when t + v (v ≥ 1) errors occur. A method is proposed which expresses the error‐locator polynomials for t + v errors in terms of output and undetermined polynomials. the error‐locator polynomials are expressed for v = 1, 2 as specific examples that are important in applications. Furthermore, a decoding algorithm is proposed that corrects t + v errros, which exceeds the BCH bound, by estimating the undetermined polynomials. the proposed algorithm requires O(2v ‐ 1n2vlog n) arithmetic operations for decoding t + v errors with a t‐error‐correcting RS codes with length n and a design distance of 2t + 1, whereas previous decoding methods that exceeded the BCH bound required O(n2v + 1log2 n) operations. Also, it is shown that the proposed decoding algorithm can be applied to continued fraction decoders.
A method for quantizing coefficients of a filter with genetic algorithm
Authors: Aketa Yoshihiro , Haseyama Miki , Kitajima Hideo , Nagai Nobuo
Published: July 2007

This paper proposes a new method to quantize coeficients of filters where frequency‐characteristic deteriortion is suppressed. When a digital filter is realized, quantization errors cannot be avoided because operation circuits and registers have finite word lengths. Generally, filter coefficients are quantized by popular methods, such as rounding and omitting, etc. The proposed method obtains the quantized coefficients by search. The Genetic Algorithm is used for the search because it needs only objective function information. Further, by using the proposed method, the filter coefficients can be quantized with the frequency weight. Therefore, deterioration of the coefficients quantized by the proposed method is suppressed in the specified frequency region. The effectiveness of this method is shown by some simulations that quantize the four‐line lattice and the direct form filter coefficients.
Burst error correcting binary cyclic an codes consisting of 2m ‐ 1 codewords
Authors: Murakami Ryutaro , Okura Yoshiteru , Shimada Ryosaku
Published: July 2007

Arithmetic an codes are useful for detecting and correcting errors in arithmetic operations and digital data transmission. Especially, cyclic an codes are considered to be useful. First, outlines of binary cyclic an codes and burst errors are described. Second, a method to construct the binary cyclic an codes consisting of 2m ‐ 1 codewords is presented and the burst error correcting ability of these codes is discussed. the number of codewords generally is one of the most important parameters for selecting a suitable code for a given system. From these codes, a binary cyclic an code satisfying requirements of both the number of codewords and the correcting ability in the system can easily be chosen. A relation between the code rate and the correcting ability also is discussed. Finally, another relation between the burst error correcting ability and the random error correcting ability is discussed. As a result, using the constructing method proposed here, binary cyclic an codes can be constructed which will be useful not only for the burst error correction but also for the random error correction.
Theoretical model for the optimal control mechanism of cellular membrane transport with active transport as control variable
Authors: Hirayama Hirohumi , Fukuyama Yuzo
Published: July 2007

An optimal control model is proposed to study active transport across biological membranes. the membrane is assumed to be three layers thick. Our concept is based on the teleological creation and the need of biological systems to prefer homeostasis. the active transport was set as an optimal control input for import and export across a membrane separating the cell from the outer world. Temporal changes in particle concentrations throughout the layer are expressed by linear simultaneous differential equations. the minimized performance differential equations. the minimized performance function involves the rates of the time‐dependent change in concentrations of particles static deviations from the target concentrations of particles in all membrane layers. These concentrations are considered simultaneously with the consumption of energy necessary for active transport. the present optimization problem is to form the boundary values problem; the system equations were solved by a multiple shooting method. the optimized temporal changes of the concentrations in layer 1 (the outermost layer) and layer 3 (the innermost layer) are rapid while those of the concentration in the middle layer are gradual. the concentrations in layer 1 and layer 3 are influenced significantly by changes in the transport rate within the membrane and the weighting coefficients that describe the relative magnitude of the minimization of the quantities involved in the performance function. the concentration in the middle layer is not influenced by these changes. the characteristic temporal behaviors of the concentrations in these layers are produced by the optimal control input so as to compensate the disturbed states of the membrane transport and to improve stability.

This theoretical investigation is available to produce artificial tissue membranes and evaluate the transport function of these membranes.
Signal matching using wavelet correlation
Authors: Kawata Kouzou , Arimoto Suguru
Published: July 2007

The problem of detecting corresponding points is studied in the case in which local deformations exist and a new method named “wavelet correlation” is proposed. There is a difficulty in that a reasonable window width cannot be designed in local correlation, which is one of the methods for a corresponding problem. the wavelet correlation is derived by extending the notion of local correlation and is considered to overcome difficulty. the fundamental concept is derived by the belief that a signal can be decomposed to several (sinusoidal) components and the window width can be varied according to each component. It is claimed that any algorithm using local correlation can be replaced by the one using wavelet correlation. In this paper, the wavelet correlation derived from local correlation is compared with the Laplacian distance and the local correlation itself by experiments. Further, a matching method that uses a narrow‐band property of a wavelet correlation function is proposed and the matching error is evaluated through experiments using one‐dimensional signals. Finally, an absolute mesure of matching by using normalized wavelet correlation is introduced and applied for detecting discontinuities of local deformations.
A weighting method for hopfield neural networks with discrete weights
Authors: Mizutani Hikaru
Published: July 2007

The Hopfield neural network is expected to act as the engine to solve the association problem or the optimization problem. In the associative processing using the Hopfield neural network, it is necessary that the precalculated weights should be memorized in the neural network. In the Hopfield neural network, however, there must be m2 weights, where m is the number of neurons. In other words, a tremendous memory capacity is required when m is increased. the weight can be stored either by an analog memory or a digital memory. the analog meomory, however, has problems of error and the decay of the memorized content. Then, digital memory must be used. In this case, the required number of memory elements is m2 × (data bits) and the hardware complexity increases in proportion to the number of data bits.

Another point is that the hardware, such as the multiplier of the synapse, becomes more complicated with the increase of the number of bits. A remedy for those problems may be to reduce the number of bits for the weight. When a digital code of some 2 bits is used to represent the weight, for example, the memory capacity for storage can be reduced and the multiplication at the synapse can be simplified. One of the important issues then is how to determine the weight when the number of bits for the wieght is reduced. Since it is difficult to approximate the weight by a continuous variable, it is desirable to realize an efficint method which is differrent from the existing method of weight determination.

With the foregoing as background, this paper discusses the weight determination method for the case where the weight determination method for the case where the weight can take only a few number of discrete values. In the proposed method, the evaluation function for the weight is examined and the weights are determined by optimization using an algorithm, which is an application of the branch‐and‐bound method. It is shown by simulation that a high associative ability is realized by the association processing using the weights obtained by the proposed method. Future applications can be expected.
A method for continuing adjustment of adaptive filter coefficients in voiceless noise terms available for acoustic echo canceller systems
Authors: Fujii Kensaku , Ohga Juro
Published: July 2007

In the acoustic echo canceller, the speaker input signal is used as a reference signal to update adaptive filter coefficients, and is sometimes composed of only the far‐end background noise.

This paper proposes a configuration in which the estimation error is kept constant also for a voiceless noise period, while continuously updating the coefficients. the summational normalization LMS is used as the adaptive algorithm, where the products of the residual echo and the transmitted signal (i.e., the numerators of the coefficient update resulting from the normalized least mean square (NLMS) algorithm), as well as the norm of the transmitted signal (i.e., the denominator of the forementioned), are accumulated, respectively, for a certain number, and the ratio of the two sums is used as the coefficient update.

The summation number is controlled by the power of the transmitted signal. When, for example, the configuration is such that the coefficients are updated only when the sum of the norms reaches a certain value (i.e., the threshold), the echo cancellation is maintained at the desired value, independently of the power of the transmitted signal. the cancellation is enhanced in the period where the power of the transmitted signal is increased. In addition to the control method, which can calculate the power of the environmental noise needed in determining the threshold, this paper analyzes the structure of the filter.
Maximum likelihood estimation of multiple sources using a local optimization method
Authors: Sawamura Shin'Ichi , Kanda Hisashi , Miyanaga Yoshikazu , Tochinai Koji
Published: July 2007

An effective method for solving a nonlinear optimizing problem is proposed here. This method is based on the maximum likelihood estimation of multiple sources by passive sensor array. The method employs the local optimization using the gradient of nonlinear function. Also described is how to determine the effective initial values leading to the global minimum but not to the local minimum. The proposed method in this paper easily obtained the optimized estimate of the maximum likelihood in multiple sources. This estimation usually requires great processing time using conventional methods because of a heavy computing load. Some simulations show that the proposed method has the properties of both better accuracy and lower computing time than a conventional method.
Use of a linear filter to pulse timing and amplitude from PPM‐PAM multiplexed pulse
Authors: Inoe Tadaaki , Iritani Tadamitsu , Kinouchi Yoshsuke
Published: July 2007

The proposed PPM‐PAM modulation that can change pulse timing and pulse amplitude independently has the advantage that analog and digital information can be transmitted in mixed mode. Receiving filter characteristics used in the detection of pulse timing and amplitude are investigated for PPM‐PAM multiplexed transmission. Separation of timing and amplitude information for the isolated pulse is possible by combining the linear filter with the signal zero crossing detector. Here error performance is compared for the isolated pulse by using the optimum and suboptimum filters. Then, using the effect of pulse interference at the filter output, the minimum pulse interval required for information detection and the amount of error increase are calculated. More‐over, by calculating pulse detection error probability, the pulse detection limit and amount of error in signal detection are investigated. As a result of investigations it has been estimated that PPM‐PAM multiplexed transmission can be realized by using suboptimum filters because it can reduce pulse interference and attain better error performance. It has been assumed here that pulse transmission through optical fiber and calculations are based on Gaussian shaped pulses with white and f2 noise.
“Polarized‐x” algorithm for use in fixed‐point processing
Authors: Fujii Kensaku , Ohga Juro
Published: July 2007

Using the operation by fixed‐point processing, cheap and fast processors can be realized, which helps to reduce the production cost. This paper uses a newly defined cost function. It discusses also the convergence of the “polarized‐x” method. This method updates the coefficient of the nonrecursive filter based on the product with the reference signal polarity, which is an operation suited to fixed‐point processing. A normalized recursive adaptation algorithm is derived from the new cost function, which is useful in the application to the system with the reference signal with a rapidly varying power. It is shown that the stability condition is given as 0 < K < 4/π, and the estimation error increases only by approximately 2 dB compared to the conventional normalized least mean square (NLMS) algorithm. the obtained structure is modified to construct an adaptive algorithm so that the normalization is applied individually to the coefficients and the convergence is deteriorated little for the operation by the fixed‐point processing.
Research policy review: Organization, people, and technology in european manufacturing: Interdisciplinary research for the 1990s
Authors: Kidd P. T.
Published: July 2007

This article contains proposals for modifications to the European Commission's research programmes so that organization and people issues become part of most if not all manufacturing research projects. The emphasis of the proposals is on addressing organization and people issues during the development of the technology. An interdisciplinary approach is proposed. The emphasis, therefore, is not on addressing the human factors of the technology, but on dealing with the technical factors of organization and people. This involves making some fundamental changes in attitudes toward the organization and people issues, and the development of new approaches to manufacturing system's research and design.
Customer‐oriented manufacturing
Authors: Itoh Shin‐Ichi
Published: July 2007

Time is becoming the most important differentiating element for achieving competitive superiority in today's age; those who can manage time efficiently will attain great success. A time‐oriented competitive strategy can be described as a company‐wide management strategy that aims to reduce the total lead‐time required to adapt to changes in the market. In order to put this concretely, NEC has been conducting the inventory minimization program, since inventory is associated with all business activities ranging from sales to product development, manufacturing, delivery of products to customers, and maintenance.
The effects of training stimuli and feedback on the categorization of welding defects: A test of classification models
Authors: Elsbach Kimberly D. , Simon J. Richard
Published: July 2007

This study was concerned with the effects of four different training methods on the classification of welding defects. In an initial training phase, subjects learned to classify pictures of defective welds into two categories (A or B). In a later test phase, they classified new examples of defective welds into these same two categories. The independent variables were the type of weld seen during training (one or two defects), and the type of feedback given during training (category only or category plus specific defect names). Results from the training phase indicated that: (1) subjects trained on single‐defect welds performed better than subjects trained on double‐defect welds; and (2) specific defect feedback facilitated classification of single‐defect welds but not double‐defect welds. Results from the test phase indicated that: (1) training on single‐defect welds facilitated classification of single‐defect welds, but training on double‐defect welds did not facilitate classification of double‐defect welds; (2) specific defect feedback during training facilitated classification of single‐defect welds but not double‐defect welds; and (3) double‐defect welds were classified more accurately that single‐defect welds. Results were compared to predictions made by three different models describing classification of members of ill‐defined categories. Data provided support for the mixture model.
A process method for the design of “Intelligent” man‐machine interfaces: Case study: “The decisional module of imagery”
Authors: Kolski Christophe , Tendjaoui Mustapha , Millot Patrick
Published: July 2007

A new concept is appearing in the field of man‐machine interaction: the design of “intelligent” interfaces. The aims of this article are threefold, first to show what an “intelligent” interface is and present a five‐step design process for such an interface–specifically: (1) man‐machine system analysis; (2) operator, task, and process modeling; (3) specifying those assistance tools that form an “intelligent” interface; (4) realization of the assistance tool; and (5) evaluation. The second part describes the structure of an “intelligent” interface, called D.M.I. (Decisional Module of Imagery), which is currently being developed. The final part explains the D.M.I.'s development, using the five process steps outlined above.
Hitop‐A: A tool to facilitate interdisciplinary manufacturing systems design
Authors: Majchrzak Ann , Gasser Les
Published: July 2007

Computer‐based manufacturing systems face generally high rates of failure and disappointment in their implementation. Among many causes, the match between features of the embedding organization, features of the people working with the technologies, and features of the technologies themselves have proven central. This study reports on the design and implementation of a software package for design, decision support, and simulation of human infrastructures for advanced manufacturing systems, called HITOP‐A. We discuss the rationales behind HITOP‐A, along with its overall design and implementation, and lessons and insights we have gained. In addition, we give several illustrations of the operation of some key modules of the HITOP‐A system, showing actual HITOP‐A output and results.
Evaluation of worker workload in flexible manufacturing industry
Authors: Landau Kurt , Rohmert Walter
Published: July 2007

Data collected in various branches of industry by the Ergonomic Job Analysis (AET) method are used to analyze and assess the impact of the trend toward more flexibility in industrial production on the job content of the workers and on the demands placed on them. It is established that a broad spectrum of tasks equates with a broad range of demands. New stresses and strains arising from the changes in tasks and demands are identified and objectives for future research in this area are listed.
Job characteristics and occupational safety of manufacturing jobs at different levels of automation
Authors: Mattila M. , Kiviniitty J.
Published: July 2007

The impact of production automation is one of the main issues in occupational safety and health in industrialized countries. Although very little detailed information of safety is available about man‐machine systems with different levels of automation. The aim of this study was to compare the content and characteristics, as well as occupational safety of jobs differing in the level of automation. Tasks done by CNC machine tools and manually were analyzed in two engineering machine shops. The tasks were examined by the AET job analysis method, and the SDQ safety analysis method. The study showed that the change from manually operated machines to CNC technology improved safety according to most of the safety factors. Safety devices became more crucial to the safety of CNC operator's work. The more advanced technology was linked with an increased frequency of contacts with other people. The incidents that occurred illustrated the problem that the operators were not able to predict the current state of the machine. The study stresses the importance of safety engineering knowledge while automated machines are designed.
Organizational, technical, strategic, and managerial issues along the implementation process of advanced manufacturing technology—a general framework of implementation guide
Authors: Sun Hongyi , Riis Jens Ove
Published: July 2007

It has been widely argued that the organizational and strategic issues have to be considered for the successful implementation of Advanced Manufacturing Technology (AMT). However, there are still some questions left unanswered. What specific dimensions of the organization and strategy should be considered? When should they be considered? How could they be interrelated during the process of implementation? This article tries to look at these questions through (1) the development of a conceptual model linking the organization, technology, and strategy through management, (2) the division of the implementation process into four stages, and (3) the proposal of a general framework of the implementation guide.
Strategy for supporting organization and structuring of development teams in concurrent engineering
Authors: Adachi Toshiyuki , Shih Li Chung , Enkawa Takao
Published: July 2007

A framework for supporting the organization and structuring of product development teams under concurrent engineering environment is presented. The concepts of Team Structuring Dimensions (TSD) and Development Characteristics and Factors (DCF) are defined. Based on the concepts, the framework analyzes the emphasis that should be placed on each TSD according to the DCFs, and each different combination of the emphasis defines a more appropriate team organization and structuring. A more appropriate team organization facilitates the communication and information sharing between the team members, and the quality of this communication is essential for product development effectiveness and efficiency. The effectiveness of the framework is discussed by real cases in product development projects.
Management control and the manufacturing hierarchy: Managing integrated manufacturing organizations
Authors: McPherson Ronald F. , White K. Preston
Published: July 2007

The complexity and scale of most manufacturing systems dictate a hierarchical approach to operations management (OM). Current OM models decompose the overall production problem into distinct and more manageable subproblems, at hierarchical levels characterized by product aggregation and time horizon, which mirror the organizational structure of traditional manufacturing concerns. These static models are particularly useful for establishing production goals and plans, but do not adequately capture the dynamic problems of production control and goal achievement in a changing operational environment. This article outlines an OM problem decomposition, based on a hierarchical management‐control framework, which emphasizes the dynamic balance of autonomy and decentralization in achieving planned goals within a hierarchical organization. This conceptual framework is applied to the problem of distributed production scheduling, in which plant facilities are scheduled and controlled in separate groups. Objectives for real‐time scheduling decision aids are developed, which reflect not only static considerations of time horizon and parameter aggregation, but also the organizational dynamics required for schedule control and replanning. In particular, schedule management practices must bound two hierarchical chain reactions, caused by replanning and decision‐deferral, through the use of decentralization and autonomy.
Psychosocial and physical working conditions and associated musculoskeletal symptoms among operators in five plants using Arc welding in robot stations
Authors: Johansson Jan Å. , Nonås Kathe
Published: July 2007

This correlational study investigates the relationship between, on the one hand, the psychosocial and physical work environment and the technical complexity of welding robots, and, on the other hand, self‐reported musculoskeletal symptoms among operators. The study sample included 30 male operators in five plants using arc welding in their robot stations. All operators answered a questionnaire and participated in an interview. It was found that symptoms in the back were associated with both psychosocial factors and physical stressors, whereas symptoms occurring in the neck were associated mainly with physical job stressors.
Technical support for experience‐based work: A new development perspective for cnc machine tools
Authors: Böhle Fritz , Carus Ursula , Schulze Hartmut
Published: July 2007

Over the last years we have witnessed the growing gap between more and more sophisticated production technologies and the new trend towards “anthropocentric production systems” (Rosenbrock, 1989). The following article fits into the discussion between these two orientations: on the one hand artificial intelligence and therefore automation (Bainbridge, 1987), and on the other hand human‐centered technology. This human‐centered technology (Brödner and Karwowski, 1992) applies new methods. One domain of its application is the CNC technology with which this article deals.
The stress‐strain concept as an engineering approach serving the interdisciplinary work design
Authors: Rohmert W. , Raab S.
Published: July 2007

The proposed Stress‐Strain Concept can serve as a framework for the retrieval and the application of ergonomic knowledge from different disciplines. It distinguishes and links the objective side and the subjective side of human work. It operationalizes the abstract work task by formulating it in a human‐centered way, such that individual strain is a consequence of the objective stress emerging from work demands. Against the background of the shift from energetic to informatoric work demands, the Stress‐Strain Concept is a tool to reveal the dependency of the efficiency of a work system on humane aspects. It aims at unifying application‐oriented knowledge and at providing a means for achieving interdisciplinary work design, where the multidisciplinary knowledge is comprehended in an anticipative way. @ 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effect of product structure on manual assembly performance
Authors: Prabhu Girish V. , Helander Martin G. , Shalin Valerie L.
Published: July 2007

The effect of product structure and availability of assembly instructions were investigated in an experiment. Two products that differed in the order of assembly were used. Both structures had 64 identical parts. One was a vertical assembly built bottom‐up, and the other was a hierarchical assembly, which consisted of several subassemblies. Predetermined Motion Time (PMT) analysis showed that the assembly time for both products was identical. Twenty‐four test subjects participated in a 2 × 2 factorial between‐subject experiment, in which they assembled either of the two products with or without instructions. Because learning and performance are potentially influenced by subject aptitude, cognitive test scores on visual memory, visualization, and spatial orientation were also investigated as influences on manual assembly performance in this task. The hierarchical product took significantly longer time to assemble compared to the vertical. Actual assembly times were also much higher than those predicted using PMT analysis, suggesting that PMT analysis is insufficient to differentiate between designs that differ in complexity. There were no differences between the instructional conditions and individual differences on test scores. @ 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mapping perceptual and cognitive processing for the effective use of graphical displays in shop floor scheduling tasks
Authors: Danek Annette M. , Koubek Richard J.
Published: July 2007

Research in the area of information displays has indicated that graphical displays may increase performance on certain complex decision‐making tasks. This research investigates the cognitive processing of the displayed information in addition to the traditional perceptual processing of the displayed information. It is hypothesized that type of task and the level of cognitive processing exhibited by the human performing the task will affect the type of graphical display associated with higher performance. Results indicate that the integral display facilitates better performance for the scheduling task in which integration of the information is required. @ 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Visual performance on detection tasks with two targets
Authors: Chan H. S. , Courtney Alan J.
Published: July 2007

Horizontal visual lobe boundaries were measured using a single type of target for one‐target and two‐target detection tasks. The range of sensitivity for two targets was found to be smaller than for one target. Also, for the two‐target task, when the targets were on opposite sides of the fixation point and only one target was detected, the presence of the undetected target affected the boundary. These results suggest that further work is necessary to understand the usefulness of single‐target lobe area data for multiple‐target search tasks. A significant correlation was found between the boundary for one‐target detection and performance on the two‐target test. @ 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The public health (drainage of trade premises) act, 1937
Authors: Garner J. H.
Published: July 2007

Opening remarks to a discussion at a joint meeting o f the Yorkshire Secticn of the Society of Chemical Industry and the North‐Eastern Branch of the Institute of Sewage Purification held at Leeds (Hotel Metropole) on March 18, 1940.
FTIR Microanalysis and Phase Behaviour of Ethylene/1‐Hexene Random Copolymers
Authors: Pracella Mariano , D'Alessio Aldo , Giaiacopi Simone , Raspolli Galletti Anna , Carlini Carlo , Sbrana Glauco
Published: July 2007

Ethylene/1‐hexene random copolymers with 1‐hexene content in the range of 1–5 mol‐%, synthesised in the presence of new heterogeneous catalyst systems based on bis‐carboxylato and ‐bis‐chloro‐carboxylato titanium chelate complexes, have been characterised by FTIR microspectroscopy (FTIR‐M), DSC calorimetry and X‐ray scattering. The co‐monomer content and sequence distribution in the various samples were determined by means of both FTIR‐M and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The deformation bands of methyl groups in the region of 1 400–1 330 cm−1 were used for the structural analysis of these copolymers. The effect of composition on the crystallinity and phase transitions of copolymers was analysed both in 1 500–1 300 and 760–690 cm−1 frequency ranges as a function of the annealing temperature. A neat variation of the absorbance ratio of methyl band at 1 378 cm−1 was recorded between 110 and 130 °C corresponding to the melting range of the copolymer crystals. The crystallisation behaviour of the copolymers was examined by DSC in dynamic and isothermal conditions; the isothermal kinetics were analysed according to the Avrami model. A marked decrease in the bulk crystallisation rate, accompanied by changes in the nucleation and growth of crystals, was found with an increase in the co‐monomer content. The melting behaviour of isothermally crystallised samples was also investigated and the melting temperatures of the copolymers at equilibrium conditions were related to the composition; the experimental data were consistent with the Flory exclusion model of side branches from the crystalline phase. The lowering of crystal growth rate in the copolymers has been accounted for by an increase in the free energy of formation of critical size nuclei due to the effect of the side branches.

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Physiological measurement of advertising effects
Authors: Stewart David W.
Published: July 2007

The attractiveness of a “pure” measure of individual response to marketing stimuli has given rise to the use of a variety of physiological measures of advertising response. Unfortunately, such measures are neither “pure” nor, to date, of demonstrable usefulness for management decisions.
Differences between basic research and the validation of specific measures: A reply to Weinstein; et al.
Authors: Stewart David W.
Published: July 2007

Weinstein, Drozdenko, and Weinstein (1984) take exception to my cautionary note regarding physiological measures of advertising response generally, and more specifically, my comments regarding Brain Wave Analysis. I clarify the intent of my original note and suggest caution remains the appropriate approach to the use of such measures for the specific purpose of evaluating advertising effectiveness. I suggest Weinstein, et al. fail to understand the distinction between basic research and validation of a specific measure for a specific purpose.
Physiological responses and advertising effects: Is the cup half full or half empty?
Authors: Gacioppo John T. , Petty Richard E.
Published: July 2007

A debate has arisen in this journal regarding the utility of psychophysiological measures in general; and of electroencephalographic measures in particular, for evaluating the specific effects of advertising executions. We briefly summarize the positions and replies that have been set forth. Although each is found to have something to contribute, it is also clear that additional basic research using complex persuasion materials in consumer settings is necessary before specific cognitive, emotional, and behavioral advertising effects can be inferred from psychophysiological data. This raises general questions regarding the goal and value of the psychophysiological enterprise. It is suggested that a psychophysiological approach is potentially informative, especially when studying theoretical issues regarding processes underlying social behavior. Research on yet another physiological response system, electrbmyographic activity recorded over the muscles of facial expression, is discussed for purposes of illustration. It is concluded that research has not and is not likely to demonstrate invariant psycho‐physiological links nor has it revealed so little about social processes and behavior that physiological responses and systems can be disregarded. An alternative conception of the psychophysiological enterprise is outlined.
Exploring the impact of personal values on socially oriented communications
Authors: Pitts Robert E. , Canty Ann L. , Tsalikis John
Published: July 2007

This study investigates personal values as a key consideration in social communications designed to influence attitudes. One hundred and sixty‐five students participated in an experiment to examine the impact of personal values on a particular social issue, the “Bottle Bill.” Subjects received one of four advertising treatments designed to stimulate attitudes toward the social stimuli. Source (expert versus non expert) and type of argument (positive versus negative) were manipulated in the advertisements.

Consistent with prior research, results indicated that individuals who attached more importance to certain personal values had a more favorable attitude toward a social message. A positive argument had a significant main effect on favorable attitudes toward the “Bottle Bill.” Personal values increased the impact of a positive argument message and altered the effect of expertise cues on overall attitude. The significance of the results for communication strategies and attitude changes are discussed.
Brand loyalty and sequential learning theory
Authors: Knouse Stephen B.
Published: July 2007

Capaldi's Sequential Theory is presented as an alternative learning explanation of brand loyalty. Several hypotheses are derived which predict the effects of delay of reward, intertrial interval, and magnitude of reward upon strength of brand loyalty. To integrate Sequential Theory into the literature of consumer behavior, refinements are proposed, such as requirements for measuring purchasing behavior, a better definition of reward, and the joining of Sequential Theory to the prevailing cognitive theories in consumer behavior.
Product evaluation in a dynamic market
Authors: Dowling G. R. , Midgley D. F.
Published: July 2007

This paper reports the findings of a longitudinal study of the Australian womens' clothing market. Using MANOVA to analyze results from a field experiment allows variation in respondents' beliefs and preferences to be partitioned between (a) factors of theoretical and/or managerial interest (market segments and time), (b) factors representing secondary aspects of the research design (presentation and context of clothes) and (c) traditional measurement threats (repeated measurement). The results obtained for this illustrative case suggest that the variance generated by design choices and measurement effects may be equal to, or greater than, that associated with our theoretical constructs. If such a conclusion were more generally true, it would indicate a pressing need for the improved reporting of research designs and greater attention to the study of methodological artifacts.
Message repetition, experience and motivation
Authors: Weijo Richard , Lawton Leigh
Published: July 2007

A recently proposed model describing four levels of involvement is used to predict the likely effects of repetition on subjects with high or low levels of prior experience and motivation. The predicted hypotheses are tested in an experiment, and the results are discussed in terms of their implication to communication strategy and to the recently proposed levels of involvement model.
Effects of sex and attitudes toward women on the processing of television commercials
Authors: McIntyre Pat , Hosch Harmon M. , Harris Richard Jackson , Norvell D. Wayne
Published: July 2007

This study examined the effects of sex and attitudes toward women on different cognitive measures that were obtained after ‘liberal’ and ‘nonliberal’ male and female subjects viewed 12 television commercials: 6 commercials depicted ‘traditional’ female roles and 6 were ‘neutral.’ The dependent variables included (1) ratings of the commercials, (2) objections to the commercials, (3) perceived content or interpretation of the commercials, and (4) willingness to buy. The results suggested that liberals had more objections to the stereotypic commercials and that they rated and interpreted some of them more negatively when compared with nonliberals. Liberals were also less willing to buy some of the products after viewing traditional commercials. The findings were discussed with reference to Bem's (1981) gender schema theory.
The effect of limits in retail advertisements: A reactance theory perspective
Authors: Lessne Greg J. , Notarantonio Elaine M.
Published: July 2007

It is not uncommon for retailers to impose limits (e.g., “limit one per customer”) on advertised products. The attitudinal and behavioral effects of such advertised limits have been largely unexplored. The present research uses psychological reactance theory to generate insight into the effects of advertised limits. It was found that limits are both capable of attracting and repelling consumers depending upon the severity of the limit. In the experimental context that was used, age and income were found to be positively related to the effectiveness of limits.
Can advertising influence experience?
Authors: Deighton John , Schindler Robert M.
Published: July 2007

A study is reported in which exposure to advertising has no immediate effect on subjects' beliefs, but subsequently influences the beliefs of those subjects who have had experience with the topic of the advertised claim. The study supports a model of advertising as an influence on the interpretation of experience.
Review and appraisal of subliminal perception within the context of signal detection theory
Authors: Synodinos Nicolaos E.
Published: July 2007

There are many claims that stimuli too weak to be detected can affect behavior in powerful ways. There are also many counterclaims that such phenomena are artifacts. The origins of the subliminal perception controversy are traced and some of the problems with the concepts of threshold and awareness are noted. It is suggested that any treatment of the phenomenon must consider the implications of Signal Detection Theory. The basic concepts of the theory are reviewed and the controversy is translated into its terminology. Some studies on masked‐primes are summarized and evaluated within that context. While It is possible to obtain an effect for primes that are below a level of claimed awareness, such a subjective definition of the threshold is often problematic, because it confounds stimulus detectability with response bias. When an objective definition is adopted (i.e., d' = O), and proper psychophysical methods are followed, there is no support for the effectiveness of undetectable stimuli. Lastly, a recent approach is briefly described which uses phenomenal awareness as a basis for distinguishing between conscious and unconscious perceptual processes.
Subliminal auditory messages: An evaluation
Authors: Merikle Philip M.
Published: July 2007

Audio cassettes claimed by distributors to contain subliminal messages embedded within background sounds are currently‐widely marketed and advertized. Although subliminal perception has generated considerable controversy for many years, recent research suggests that subliminal perception does occur when subjects can detect the presence of a stimulus but have no confidence that a stimulus was even presented. Given that the minimal stimulus condition for subliminal perception is stimulus detection, the subliminal audio cassettes marketed by several distributors were evaluated to determine if this condition was satisfied. Spectrographic analyses indicated that no identifiable speech is contained within the background sounds. In addition, using cassettes supplied by a major distributor, listeners could not distinguish between “signal” and “placebo” cassettes in a forced choice detection task. On the basis of these results, the only reasonable conclusion is that these audio cassettes do not contain any embedded subliminal messages that could conceivably influence behavior.