bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Food packaging: usage features and processing
Authors: Gortseva L.V. , Kostiuchenko T.P. , Shutova T.V. , Martynova O.S. , Zaval'na V.V. , Demianov A.V.
Published: July 2020

The article deals with the peculiarities of polymer packaging for food products, as well as the possible risks that arise in the process of use and its processing.

The Aim of the Article. Determine the toxic substances of the packaging component composition and carry out comprehensive analytical control on the content of priority pollutants to prevent adverse effects on food products, the environment, the human body, and outline the possible risks of polymeric food packaging recycling.

Methods and Materials. To identify and define the levels of chemical substances and toxic elements migration from different polymeric material types and products from them. The methods of gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, atomic absorption spectrophotometry, mass-spectrometry were applied using modern validated methods.

Results and Discussion. According to the results of the researches, it is established that a large group of chemicals gets from the polymeric packaging to the contacting media, and in some cases their number exceeds the hygienic standard – ANM (acceptable number of migration).

The increase in the number of chemicals migrating from the packaging material, as well as the levels of content of new excipients (dyes, decomposition products, impurities) that are formed after recycling of polymeric materials, is evidenced by the results of many research works.

Conclusions. Careful monitoring of the migration levels of toxic components from different types of packaging materials and products into contact media should be carried out to assess the risks and their negative effects on food and human health. At the legislative level, control over the processing of plastic packaging for food should also be realized, taking into account the possibility of the formation of new chemicals and toxic elements.

Key Words: packaging, safety, food products, risks.
Substantiation of the sell-by date of food products
Authors: Kuzminskiy S.M. , Adamchuk T.V. , Holinko О.М. , Levytska N.P.
Published: July 2020

Objective of the Work. The overview of current methodical approaches for experimental substantiation of the sell-by date of food products.

Methods and Materials. Data analysis of scientific literature and normative documents on methods of substantiation of the sell-by date of food products.

Results and Discussion. Sell-by date is a period since product’s manufacture, during which it maintains its safety and quality (including nutritional value) within reasonably foreseeable conditions of storage, distribution and consumption. In the case of new products (recipes) introduction it is necessary to review the sell-by date, and its extending as the need arises. The main aspects of microbiological substantiation of the sell-by date of food products are considered. The identification of microbial hazard for particular product is the first phase of the work. The second phase of the work is to determine the kinetic parameters of precise microorganism’s accumulation to maximum permitted level within regulated and aggravated conditions of product’s storage. Conclusions. In the process of microbiological substantiation of the sell-by date of food products it should be taken into consideration the presence of leading pathogen and causative microorganisms of microbial spoilage, the initial contamination level, the lag phase duration of germ culture development, variations between strains, the kinetics of microorganisms’ accumulation within the product in real and aggravated storage conditions, the indetermination connected with biological nature of microorganisms and their inhomogeneous allocation within the product, the limitation for shortcut research methods (if applicable). The decision rule should be based on the consumer’s risk concept.

Key Words: food products, sell-by date, substantiation, microbiological indicators.
Heterocyclic aromatic amines as a safety criteriа for meat and fish products
Authors: Shchutska Т.О. , Adamchuk T.V. , Podrushnyak A.E. , Demich H.А.
Published: July 2020

Against the background of adverse environmental conditions in Ukraine, experts in the field of medicine, food hygiene note the raising importance of various nutritional factors in increasing the risk of developing cancer. A number of compounds resulting from protein denaturation during the heat treatment of meat and fish products can pose a high risk. Such compounds include heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAA) i.e. substances that, in extremely low concentrations, can carry out mutagenic and carcinogenic effects on the human body.

Aim of the Research. To analyse studies from available sources of information about the likelihood and conditions of the formation of chemicals hazardous to human health in foods of animal origin during thermal cooking.

Methods and Materials. Review and analysis of scientific publications based on the results of experimental studies of European, American and Japanese scientists.

Results and Discussion. Studies have established that in the process of thermal cooking of food products of animal meat, poultry, fish, HAA are formed and accumulate as a result of complex multi-stage chemical reactions with the obligatory participation of amino acids, sugars, creatine and creatinine, which is its cyclic form. The formation of mutagenic HAA is affected by a number of conditions. For example, the accumulation of heterocyclic aromatic amines in fried meat products is most affected by the temperature of the surface of the pan and the outer layer of meat, the duration of frying, the degree of meat chopping, the presence of breading, pickling, the addition of onions to the chopped meat.

Conclusions. Taking into account that the diet of more than 40% of the population includes products containing HAA, the development and justification of safety criteria for meat and fish products concerning the content of heterocyclic aromatic amines as well as the development of ways to prevent their formation form an urgent problem.

The following tasks must be solved as priorities:

– to develop and standardize methods for the determination of HAA in various types of food products;

– to conduct studies of the content of HAA in meat and fish products and in culinary products;

– to study the influence of various methods of thermal cooking on the accumulation of HAA in finished products made from meat and fish;

– to study the effect of the raw materials used and production technologies on the accumulation of HAA in food products;

– to optimize the formulae of meat and fish products and their production technologies in order to minimize the number of HAA formed in the finished product;

– to justify the acceptable levels of HAA in food products and to develop safety criteria for meat and fish products concerning the content of HAA on the basis of clinical and laboratory studies.

Key Words: heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAA), meat products, fish products, thermal cooking, safety.
ANALISIS EFISIENSI PENGELOLAAN DANA BANTUAN OPERASIONAL SEKOLAH ( BOS ) SEBELUM DAN SESUDAH PENERAPAN SISTEM NON TUNAI DI SDIT DARUL FALAH NONGSA KOTA BATAM
Authors: Afrinanda Afrinanda , Mulyati Sri
Published: July 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui : (1) Bagaimana Analisis Efisiensi Pengelolaan Dana Bantuan Operasional Sekolah (BOS) Sebelum dan sesudah Penerapan Sistem Non Tunai pada SDIT Darul Falah Nongsa Kota Batam. Bentuk penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif, pada tinjauan pustaka membahas teori penggunaan dan BOS sedangkan pada bab 3 metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif dengan strategi tunggal terpancang. Sumber data yang digunakan terdiri dari informan, lokasi, peristiwa atau aktivitas, dokumen dan arsip. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah wawancara, observasi, dokumentasi, dan kuestioner. Pada bab 4 Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Analisis Efisiensi Pengelolaan Dana Bantuan Operasional Sekolah (BOS) Sebelum dan sesudah Penerapan Sistem Non Tunai di SDIT Darul Falah Nongsa Kota Batam meliputi : (1) perencanaan (2) pelaksanaan (3) pelaporan: hasil observasi tentang Bagaimanakah Analisis Efisiensi Pengelolaan Dana Bantuan Operasional Sekolah (BOS) Sebelum Penerapan Sistem Non Tunai pada SDIT Darul Falah Nongsa Kota Batam diperoleh data yang dilaksanakan 23 atau (35,93%) dan yang tidak dilaksanakan 41 atau (64,07%), bahwa pelaksanaan pengeolalaan dapat dikatakan kurang efisiens karena di dibawah 60 %. (2) Selanjutnya penulis menganalisa hasil hasil observasi tentang Bagaimanakah Analisis Efisiensi Pengelolaan Dana Bantuan Operasional Sekolah (BOS) sesudah Penerapan Sistem Non Tunai pada SDIT Darul Falah Nongsa Kota Batam diperoleh persentase akhir sebesar 50 atau (78,13%) dan yang tidak dilaksanakan 14 atau (21,87%) ini menandakan bahwa sistem nontunai lebih membantu dalam penggunaan anggaran dana BOS. Kata Kunci : Efisiensi, Pengelolaan dan Penerapan BOS, Penerapan Sistem Non Tunai
ANALISIS PERLAKUAN AKUNTANSI AKTIVITAS AGRIKULTUR PADA PERUSAHAAN SEKTOR PERKEBUNAN YANG TERDAPTAR DI BEI MENJELANG PENERAPAN PSAK 69
Authors: Hidayat Muhammad
Published: July 2020

This study aims to determine the implementation of PSAK 69 Agriculture (2015) on the financial statements of plantation industry companies in the period of 2017 in the year where it has been recommended early implementation before effective on January 1, 2018. Research sample consists of 8 (eight) registered plantation companies in Indonesia Stock Exchange 2017 obtained by using purposive sampling. This study uses descriptive comparative analysis that is by comparing statements that exist in PSAK 69 with its application in the financial statements.The results of this study indicate that 87.5% or 7 (seven) companies have not applied PSAK 69 Agiriculture, because the average level of application of PSAK 69 in the financial statements of these seven companies only reached 57%. Almost all of these plantation companies have not used the fair value method to measure the biological assets of their plantation crops in the 2017 financial statements. Keywords: PSAK 69, IAS 41, Biological Assets, Agricultural Products, Fair Value
PENGARUH TINGKAT PERPUTARAN PIUTANG DAN TINGKAT PERPUTARAN PERSEDIAAN TERHADAP RENTABILITAS (Studi Kasus pada PT. ABM Otomotif Batam)
Authors: Nuraeni Dian , Salesti Jayana
Published: July 2020

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah perputaran piutang dan perputaran persediaan berpengaruh terhadap Rentabilitas pada PT. ABM Otomotif Batam tahun 2014-2016. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah bersifat kuantitatif.Teknik analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis regresi linier berganda dengan menggunakan bantuan software SPSS (Statistical Product and Service Solution) versi 20.Hasil penelitian pada uji F menunjukan bahwa perputaran piutang dan perputaran persediaan secara simultan berpengaruh simultan terhadap Rentabilitas ( Return On Asset ). Secara uji t perputaran piutang berpengaruh secara parsial terhadap Rentabilitas ( Return On Asset ), sedangkan perputaran persediaan tidak berpengaruh secara parsial terhadap rentabilitas ( Return On Asset ) pada PT. ABM Otomotif Batam pada tahun 2014-2016.Kata Kunci : Perputaran Piutang, Perputaran Persediaan, Rentabilitas, Return On Asset.
ANALISIS PENGENDALIAN INTERNAL PERSEDIAAN DAN PENERAPAN METODE JUST IN TIME TERHADAP EFISIENSI BIAYA PERSEDIAAN BAHAN BAKU STUDI KASUS PT. SIIX ELECTRONICS INDONESIA
Authors: Aznedra Aznedra , Safitri Endah
Published: July 2020

Persediaan merupakan salah satu aktiva perusahaan, oleh karena itu harus memiliki pengendalian internal yang baik untuk menjaga persediaan tersebut dari hal-hal buruk yang mungkin terjadi dan berpengaruh pada efisiensi biaya persediaan bahan baku. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis sistem pengendalian internal persediaan dan penerapan metode just in time terhadap efisiensi biaya persediaan bahan baku PT. SIIX Electronics Indonesia. Jenis penelitian adalah deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif, pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan metode observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian adalah pengendalian internal persediaan tidak berjalan dengan baik sehingga tidak ada efisiensi pada biaya persediaan bahan baku, begitupun dengan penerapan metode just in time tidak efisien terhadap biaya persediaan bahan baku.
ANALISIS SISTEM INFORMASI AKUNTANSI PENJUALAN DAN PENERIMAAN KAS DALAM MENINGKATKAN PENGENDALIAN INTERN ( Studi Kasus PT Putra Indo Cahaya Batam )
Authors: Jaya Hendry
Published: July 2020

Latar belakang penelitian ini adalah fakta yang menunjukkan hal terpenting dalam kegiatan operasi perusahaan adalah penjualan dan penerimaan kas. Sistem informasi akuntansi penjualan dan penerimaan kas adalah salah satu sub sistem dalam informasi akuntansi yang menjelaskan tentang bagaimana prosedur yang benar dalam aktivitas penjualan dan penerimaan kas. Itu juga ada dalam sistem pengendalian internal yang juga membutuhkan seperangkat sistem kontrol yang dapat melindungi sistem itu dari penipuan, baik itu manipulasi data atau inventaris. Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah (1) Bagaimana penerapan sistem informasi penjualan dan penerimaan kas di PT Putra Indo Cahaya Batam? Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif karena data yang dikumpulkan berupa pernyataan atau deskriptif yang diterima oleh penulis.Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data primer. Prosedur pengumpulan data adalah observasi, dokumentasi dan wawancara langsung ke objek penelitian. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah penerapan sistem informasi akuntansi dalam penjualan tunai dan penerimaan kas di PT Putra Indo Cahaya Batam masih kurang baik terlihat dari adanya fungsi ganda, yaitu fungsi pengiriman yang ganda sebagai fungsi gudang dan kurangnya data dan kelengkapan dokumen yang digunakan dalam penjualan tunai dan penerimaan kas.Analisis sistem informasi akuntansi penjualan tunai dan penerimaan kas dalam pengendalian internal di PT Putra Indo Cahaya Batam masih kurang baik dan lemah karena tidak ada cap yang dilunasi dalam tagihan dari fungsi tunai atau fungsi pengiriman, dan jumlah penerimaan kas dari penjualan tunai disetorkan ke bank pada hari ketiga bukan pada hari transaksi terjadi atau hari berikutnya, itu menyebabkan penyalahgunaan dan pengalihan kas. Kemudian, juga tidak ada pengecekan saldo kas dan cash opname secara berkala atau tiba-tiba oleh kontrol internal.
PENGARUH PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN DAN TINGKAT HARAPAN TERHADAP MINAT BERKARIR DI BIDANG AKUNTANSI
Authors: Damanik Okta , Santoso Cahyo Budi
Published: July 2020

Penelitian ini menguraikan mengenai mahasiswa yang ada di Universitas Riau Kepulauan. UNRIKA merupakan perguruan tinggi yang memiliki program studi akuntansi yang terakreditas. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh pengambilan keputusan dan tingkat harapan terhadap minat berkarir di bidang akuntansi pada mahasiswa program studi akuntansi di Universitas Riau Kepulauan . Sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah 83 orang dari jumlah populasi seluruh mahasiswa akuntansi semester V (lima) di Universitas Riau Kepualaun. Data yang diperoleh merupakan data primer dengan menggunakan metode penyebaran kuesioner. Pengujian asumsi klasik yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah dengan menggunakan uji normalitas, uji mulkikolinieritas, uji heterokedastisitas. Analisis data yang digunakan untuk menguji hipotesis adalah menggunakan teknik analisis regresi linier berganda.
ANALISIS KONTRIBUSI PAJAK HOTEL, PAJAK RESTORAN DAN PAJAK HIBURAN DALAM MENINGKATKAN PENDAPATAN ASLI DAERAH (PAD) KOTA BATAM TAHUN 2014-2018
Authors: Putra Rizki Eka
Published: July 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kontribusi dan efektifitas pajak hotel, pajak hiburan dan pajak restoran secara parsial dalam meningkatkan Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD) Kota Batam. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Badan Pengelolaan Pajak dan Retribusi Daerah. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif. Sumber data yang diperlukan dalam penelitian ini adalah data primer data ini diperoleh secara langsung dari Badan Pengelolaan Pajak dan Retribusi Daerah dengan mengumpulkan data Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD) Kota Batam pada tahun 2014 sampai dengan tahun 2018. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian analisis kontribusi menunjukkan bahwa dalam kurun waktu 5 tahun terakhir, persentase kontribusi tertinggi dari penerimaan pajak hotel, pajak restoran dan pajak hiburan hanya mencapai 10.18%, 6.79% dan 2.91%. sedangkan hasil penelitian analisis efektifitas menunjukkan bahwa pada tahun 2014-2018 tingkat efektifitas pajak hotel, pajak restoran dan pajak hiburan mengalami fluktuatif. Presentase tertinggi efektifitas pajak hotel, pajak restoran dan pajak hiburan yaitu pada tahun 2014 dengan nilai 115.59%, 117.57% dan 109.41%
Screening of Callicarpa arborea and Hemigraphis alternata for antibacterial activity
Authors: Lalchhandama Kholhring , Zomuanpuia J. H. , thangliani Lai , Malsawmdawngkimi R. L. , Hulianthanga  , Lalhriatzuali Jenny , Hauhnar Lalrinpuii , Lalchhandama Kholhring , Lalhminghlui K. , Lalthanpuii P. B.
Published: July 2020

Callicarpa arborea and Hemigraphis alternata are two medicinal plants claimed to have antimicrobial property in Indian traditional medicine. The methanol extracts of the stem bark of C. arborea and the leaves of H. alternata were prepared and tested for antibacterial activity using disk diffusion method. Four Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella typhimurium; and two Gram-positive bacteria such as Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus subtilis were used. C. arborea extract was effective against all the bacteria tested, while H. alternata did not show any inhibitory activity. These findings suggest that C. arborea is a good source of antibacterial compound.
Stolons and rhizomes in tall fescue under grazing
Authors: Brock J.L. , Albrecht K.A. , Hume D.E.
Published: July 2020

Levels of treading damage were measured for a range of cattle feeding regimes and grazing managements which were compared during winter and spring. These paddock- and systems-based results provide a context within which component research on soil and plants can be interpreted. Soil surface damage was higher in farmlets with heavier cattle (390 kg vs. 200 kg steers) and on paddocks where feeding was restricted through the use of a slow rotation (100-120 days vs. 35-45 days). Where cattle grazed under wet conditions, with a pre- and post- grazing herbage mass of 2400 and 650 kg DM/ha respectively, damage levels reached 60-70% of the soil surface. Under these conditions, 300-350 kg DM/ha of initial forage on offer was pushed onto or into the surface soil; and pasture growth rates during early-mid spring would be reduced by 10 kg DM/ha/day. In practice the objective of grazing plans and management should be to minimise these negative impacts within the constraints of the required feeding regimes. Recommendations are made for the alignment of stock class and enterprise with land capabilities and the feed allocation processes of a winter rotation. Keywords: cattle grazing systems, forage supply treading damage
Subdivision in Franklin
Authors: Turney Alex
Published: July 2020

Rural subdivision in South Auckland is influenced by four characteristics: 1) the change in lot sizes and the economic viability of land uses; 2) activity conflict between lifestylers and rural production activities; 3) the value of land for the proposed land use; 4) the costs and benefits associated with subdivision proposals. Rural subdivision has the potential to change the landscape, land uses, the rural environment and the community. Currently the area is made up of rural activities with an increasing number of rural residential activities encroaching into the rural area of south Auckland. Keywords: amenity, economics, land use, land values, rural environment, rural subdivision
Nitrogen balances and losses on intensive dairy farms
Authors: Ledgard S.F. , Penno J.W. , Sprosen M.S.
Published: July 2020

Nitrogen (N) balances were constructed for "average" dairy farms in New Zealand, south west England and The Netherlands, and for Dairying Research Corporation (DRC) farmlets varying in stocking rate and use of N fertiliser and maize grain. N surpluses were calculated to indicate the potential impact on the environment and these were compared with measured N losses from the DRC farmlets. On the average New Zealand farm, annual N inputs of 186 kg N/ha/year (mainly from N2 fixation) resulted in N outputs in milk+meat of 55 kg N/ha/year (30% efficiency) and a N surplus of 131 kg N/ha/year. Dutch farms produced 70% more milk/ha but had N inputs of 568 kg/ha, N outputs in produce of 81 kg/ha (14% efficiency) and a N surplus of 487 kg/ha. English farms were intermediate. In the DRC farmlets, applying fertiliser N at 400 kg N/ha/year increased N surpluses and nitrate leaching by 3-4 fold, resulting in nitrate-N concentrations in drainage of 2.5× the recommended maximum for drinking water. The most efficient farm system received no N fertiliser and was highly stocked (3.3 Friesian cows/ha) for very high pasture utilisation. This resulted in similar milk production/ha to Dutch farms (with 1/3 the N inputs) and a 45% efficiency of conversion of N inputs from N2 fixation into milk and meat products. Keywords: dairy farm, nitrate leaching, nitrogen balance, nitrogen fertiliser, stocking rate
Potential for nitrate leaching from different land uses in the Pukekohe area
Authors: Crush J.R. , Cathcart S.N. , Singleton P. , Longhurst R.D.
Published: July 2020

Nitrogen balances (inputs minus outputs) were calculated for 5 dairy farms, 5 orchards and a range of crops. All the balances were positive, i.e., surplus N was present and a proportion of this N will eventually reach the groundwater as nitrate. On a per ha basis, the greatest N surplus was from early potatoes > winter cabbage, winter lettuce and squash > dairying, kiwifruit, summer cabbage and summer lettuce > pumpkins, onions and main crop potatoes > dry stock farming. The area in each activity was multiplied by the surplus N factor to obtain the potential contribution of N to groundwater in the Pukekohe area. Early potatoes (217 t N), contribute much more than onions (105 t N), dairying (59 t N) or dry stock farming (57 t N). Other activities contributed < 30 t N each. Winter crops had higher surplus N levels than the same crop grown in summer because winter crops had higher fertiliser N inputs and lower crop off-take of N. Management practices contributing to the N surpluses include high rates of N fertiliser used on some crops; a long history of cultivation, which has reduced soil organic matter contents and the ability of these soils to immobilise mineral N; and nil to intermittent use of cover crops to retain N in the topsoil. Keywords: aquifers, dairying, fertiliser, groundwater, land use, management, nitrate, nitrogen balance, nitrate leaching, vegetables.
Impact of beef cattle grazing systems on treading damage and forage supply
Authors: Sheath G.W. , Boom C.J.
Published: July 2020

Levels of treading damage were measured for a range of cattle feeding regimes and grazing managements which were compared during winter and spring. These paddock- and systems-based results provide a context within which component research on soil and plants can be interpreted. Soil surface damage was higher in farmlets with heavier cattle (390 kg vs. 200 kg steers) and on paddocks where feeding was restricted through the use of a slow rotation (100-120 days vs. 35-45 days). Where cattle grazed under wet conditions, with a pre- and post- grazing herbage mass of 2400 and 650 kg DM/ha respectively, damage levels reached 60-70% of the soil surface. Under these conditions, 300-350 kg DM/ha of initial forage on offer was pushed onto or into the surface soil; and pasture growth rates during early-mid spring would be reduced by 10 kg DM/ha/day. In practice the objective of grazing plans and management should be to minimise these negative impacts within the constraints of the required feeding regimes. Recommendations are made for the alignment of stock class and enterprise with land capabilities and the feed allocation processes of a winter rotation. Keywords: cattle grazing systems, forage supply treading damage
Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkw. & Dewey - a review, and evaluation of intermediate and pubescent wheatgrass for dryland agriculture in New Zealand
Authors: Wills B.J. , Douglas G.B. , Mckenzie J. , Trainor K.D. , Foote A.G.
Published: July 2020

Intermediate and pubescent wheatgrasses (Thinopyrum intermedium) are potentially useful as dryland forage grasses in New Zealand. The recent literature on their international and local use in pasture and cropping situations is reviewed. Under semi-arid conditions at Bendigo Station over a 13-year period, cv. Luna wheatgrass has spread several metres from the original drill lines and it provides very high ground cover. In terms of dryland soil resource conservation this contrasts with adjacent cocksfoot and, to a lesser extent, lucerne plots which have wide-spaced plants interspersed with litter and much bare ground. In a mixed drilling containing wheatgrass, hairy dorycnium, birdsfoot trefoil and sheep's burnet, the first two species now dominate. At Takapau, central Hawke's Bay, annual yields from intermediate and pubescent wheatgrasses produced over 80% of the yield of 10 New Zealand cultivars in spring, summer and autumn, and 65% in the winter. Of the wheatgrasses, cv. Topar intermediate wheatgrass and a pubescent wheatgrass (unnamed line) were the lowest yielding, whereas cv. Oahe and cv. Mandan produced the highest yields. Cv. Greenleaf pubescent wheatgrass had higher foliar nitrogen content than all other species, but in vitro organic matter digestibility was less than 700 g OM/kg DM. Although the wheatgrasses had satisfactory herbage yield and nutritional value, better alternative species are available for pastoral farming in central Hawke's Bay. On Belfield in the Hakataramea Valley, cv. Rush has been the most vigorous wheatgrass for establishment and it seems to handle cold winds and frost well. Hay made from a wheatgrass/ lucerne mix is considered better than that from the individual species as this can increase production by 40-50%, depending on soil and climatic conditions. Usually only one cut per year is taken from the mixed pasture. Crop maintenance includes the application of 200 kg/ha of sulphur super extra every 3-4 years and the pH is maintained at about 5.9-6.4 by liming. A significant advantage is that no stock health, pest or plant disease problems have been noted as yet with any of the wheatgrass varieties available in New Zealand. Keywords: dryland agriculture, New Zealand, Thinopyrum, wheatgrass
Copper supplementation of grazing cattle using pasture topdressing and individual animal treatment
Authors: West D.M. , Sargison N.D.
Published: July 2020

Three methods of copper supplementation were compared in 9- to 15-month-old Friesian bulls on a farm with a history of copper deficiency. A group of 60 bulls grazed 19 ha which had been topdressed in May with 120 kg copper sulphate (6.3 kg/ha). Five of the bulls were identified for repeated sample collection. A second group of 60 bulls grazed an untreated area and five of these were each given a 20 g copper capsule (Cuprax), five were injected with 100 mg calcium copper edetate (Coprin) and five were not supplemented with copper and served as controls. The response to supplementation was assessed by monitoring liver copper concentrations of the designated five bulls in each treatment plus the five control bulls at 34, 78, 121, 197 and 314 days after treatment. Pasture copper concentrations increased on the topdressed area from 12 to 25 ppm DM for 6 weeks and subsequently remained at 10 ppm for the remainder of the trial. Pasture molybdenum concentrations were low (0.3-0.5 ppm DM) initially and rose to 1.0-1.2 ppm DM during spring on both grazing areas. Despite the elevation of pasture copper, liver copper concentrations of the bulls grazing the topdressed pasture declined in a similar way to the controls. However, at slaughter, day 314, the bulls grazing the copper topdressed area had higher liver copper concentrations than the controls (P = 0.099). Copper capsules resulted in a significant elevation of liver copper concentration throughout the trial. Copper calcium edetate injection did not significantly increase liver copper concentrations. More information on the factors affecting copper uptake by grazing ruminants is required. Keywords: cattle, copper deficiency, dietary supplements
Effect of sward height during lactation on heifer and calf performance
Authors: Peachey B.M. , Morris S.T.
Published: July 2020

The study compared the performance of Hereford x Friesian heifers and their calves managed on a Low (58±0.5 mm sward height) (L) or High (107±1.4 mm sward height) (H) pasture cover from calf birth up to weaning at about 90 days over spring 1997. Milk production was measured at days 29 and 65 of lactation using the weigh-nurse-weigh technique. At day 29 the heifers on L had dropped by 0.20 condition score units compared with those on H which increased (P
Tall fescue and chicory for increased summer forage production
Authors: Rollo M.D. , Sheath G.W. , Slay M.W.A. , Knight T.L. , Judd T.G. , Thomson N.A.
Published: July 2020

Production of summer forage is an important consideration in environments prone to extremes of heat or moisture stress. Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and chicory (Cichorum intybus) are two forage species with the potential to overcome the production shortfalls of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) in such environments. Trials from three New Zealand regions prone to summer drought (Taranaki, Hawke's Bay and Canterbury) were used to compare production of tall fescue and chicory with production from resident ryegrass. Consistent production advantages from tall fescue and chicory were evident in the two years after establishment. Potential production advantages can disappear in subsequent years when summer moisture levels are very high or very low, or temperatures extremely high. Moderate moisture levels in summer, indicated by moderate ryegrass production, gave the biggest relative summer production advantages to tall fescue. Keywords: chicory, dryland, forage production, ryegrass, tall fescue
Influence of pasture allowance on the composition and cheese-yielding potential of milk.
Authors: Auldist M.J. , Van der Poel W. , Laboyrie P. , Prosser C.G.
Published: July 2020

Effects of pasture allowance on the yield, composition and cheese-yielding potential of milk were investigated using 48 Friesian cows in crossover experiments during spring (~60 days after calving) and summer (~180 days after calving). All cows were subjected to two nutritional treatments: ad lib. grazing (pasture allowance >45 kg DM/cow/day) and restricted grazing (16-18 kg DM/cow/day). Milk samples were collected from each cow on the final day of each treatment period and analysed for a range of components. Pasture dry matter intakes (DMI) during treatment periods were determined using the n-alkane technique. Increasing pasture allowance resulted in increased DMI. Cows grazing ad lib. had higher milk yields, concentrations of protein (spring only), casein, whey protein (spring only), casein:whey protein ratio (summer only), α-casein, β-casein and urea, but lower concentrations of serum albumin and immunoglobulin, than cows grazing a restricted pasture allowance. Nutritional effects on milk composition were greatest in spring, at which time theoretical Cheddar cheese yields were greater for milk from cows grazing ad lib. than restricted cows. Concentrations of some milk components were correlated with DMI of cows. These results provide evidence that on-farm management practices can affect milk composition and the potential yield of dairy products. Maintaining an adequate pasture allowance for dairy cows is important not only to maximise milk production, but also to optimise the manufacturing potential of milk. Keywords: casein, cheese, milk, pasture allowance, protein
The impact of feeding maize silage on dairy production
Authors: Thomson N.L. , Davis K.L. , Mmcgrath J. , Hainsworth R.J. , Clough J.C.
Published: July 2020

A farm system study was run on the Waimate West Demonstration Farm in south Taranaki during the 1996/97 and 1997/98 dairying seasons. The aim was to investigate the effect of time of feeding purchased maize silage on milksolids production.
Elite selection of tagasaste (Chamaecytisus palmensis) for droughtprone sites
Authors: Douglas G.B. , Woodfield D.R. , Foote A.G.
Published: July 2020

Tagasaste (tree lucerne) is a drought-tolerant, shrub/ tree legume which is naturalised in many parts of New Zealand. It is a potentially useful supplementary forage for sheep and cattle, particularly in summer and early autumn. Tagasaste is highly variable for a range of attributes and in the 1980s, 16 lines were identified which had improved production, habit, and frost and disease tolerance. From 1993 to 1996, this germplasm was evaluated for morphological and chemical attributes at two sites in the lower North Island - Onga Onga, central Hawke's Bay (Trial 1) and Bulls, Rangitikei (Trial 2) - to select material for release. Differences in survival and growth of the lines between sites were the major finding. Average plant survival of lines in Trial 1 was higher than in Trial 2 (89 vs 58%), whereas growth of lines in Trial 2 exceeded that in Trial 1, for example for plant height (274 vs 168 cm), plant width (325 vs 168 cm), root collar diameter (91 vs 58 mm) and total plant dry matter (15.6 vs 6.7 kg/plant). The total N content of lines in Trial 2 was 25% higher than in Trial 1 (33 vs 26 g N/kg DM) whilst in vitro digestibility of herbage from all lines at each site was 75%. Two lines, AL2244 and AL2432, which had high survival at both sites, and means for other attributes which were similar to or exceeded the site mean for all lines, were selected to comprise the final release. Seed of these lines is being increased. Keywords: browse shrubs, Chamaecytisus palmensis, drought fodder, dryland legumes, revegetation, selection
Development of sulla (Hedysarum coronarium) for better adaptation to grazing
Authors: Douglas G.B. , Keogh R.G. , Foote A.G.
Published: July 2020

Sulla is potentially useful in New Zealand as a forage for grazing, hay and silage, in addition to its established use for soil conservation. The plant produces up to 25 t DM/ha/year and is a highly nutritious feed; it contains condensed tannins (CT) which prevent bloat and improve protein utilisation; and high livestock utilisation of leaf and stem is possible. Established stands of sulla can be maintained for several years under good management, but there have been many reports of poor persistence. In an effort to improve stand persistence, particularly under grazing, two evaluations were conducted near Palmerston North in 1995-97. Trial 1 screened 32 lines of sulla, including commercial cultivars, for a range of morphological attributes (e.g., habit, height, spread, vigour, herbage mass), whereas Trial 2 assessed similar attributes for 134 plants of cv. Grasslands Aokau, involved in an earlier grazing trial. Foliar levels of extractable CT were also determined in Trial 1, which is the first documentation of CT variation in the species. In both trials, plants survived for up to 2.5 years and seed was collected from 145 (Trial 1) and 31 (Trial 2) selected plants in early 1997. The plants selected typically had prostrate growth habit, moderate to high plant diameter and branch number, and high plant vigour. CT levels, assayed by a vanillin/HCl procedure, averaged 1.2-3.5% DM in most lines and were 36-81% higher for six samples assayed by a butanol/HCl method. Some CT levels may be sufficiently high to have a slight nutritional disadvantage to ruminants, but this could potentially be overcome by growing sulla with non- CT containing forages. Progeny from selected plants in each trial are being evaluated under more frequent grazing, and their seed will be harvested in autumn 1999. Keywords: condensed tannins, cultivars, Hedysarum coronarium, legume, persistence, sulla
More Summer Milk - a further investigation into improving summer milk production
Authors: Simons H.P. , Thomson N.A. , Mcgrath D.F. , Dawson J.E.
Published: July 2020

An on-farm demonstration designed to increase summer/autumn milksolids (MS) production was continued during the 1997/98 dairying season. The study investigated the combination of an earlysummer application of nitrogen (N) fertiliser and a 40-day grazing rotation (the treatment), compared with each trial farm's normal farming practice (the control). The study began on 1 November 1997 with the equal split of herds and farms into farmlets. On the treatment farmlets, 60 kg N fertiliser/ha was applied in November. All treatment herds were on a 40-day rotation from 15 December until drying off. The average rotation for the control herds was 25 days, varying between 18 and 30 days. The season was warmer and drier than average, with four of the five farms experiencing a drought from January to early March. The treatment grew an additional 3.3 tonnes DM/ha to the beginning of June, 49% of the response occurring within the first 42 days of applying N fertiliser. The extra pasture grown on the treatment farmlet had little effect on daily MS production, and overall there was a net loss of $86/ha to the treatment. Possible reasons for this lack of response include overestimation of pasture growth, poor pasture utilisation, and low protein levels. Despite the additional pasture available in mid lactation, the advantage to MS production occurred only at the end of the season, allowing the treatment cows to milk for 8 extra days. Keywords: milksolids production, pasture production, grazing management, rotation length
Chicory for milk production
Authors: Waugh C.D. , Clark D.A. , Harris S.L. , Thom E.R. , Copeman P.J.A. , Napper A.R.
Published: July 2020

The 1997-98 season has seen a marked increase in the amount of chicory planted on dairy farms in New Zealand. However, no New Zealand data are available for milk production from dairy cows grazing chicory. As part of a larger trial examining the effect of summer forage crops on milk production, Grasslands Puna chicory was compared with Barkant turnips. In January and March 1998, grazing trials were conducted at No.1 Dairy, Dairying Research Corporation using 60 lactating twin cows. In January, chicory and turnips were break-fed at a constant allowance (4 kg DM/cow/ day) to supplement pasture offered at 3 allowances (15, 27.5 and 40 kg DM/cow/day). In March, these crops were fed at 3 levels (0, 4 and 8 kg DM/cow/ day) to supplement pasture offered at a constant allowance of 25 kg DM/cow/day. Chicory and turnips gave similar milksolids (MS) responses of 40-41 g MS/kg DM offered in January. Milksolids responses in March were higher for turnips, 34 g MS/kg DM vs 32 g MS/kg DM from chicory. In January and March the size of the milksolids response declined with increasing allowance. This could be attributed to an increasing amount of substitution at higher allowances. Chicory produced between 8.8 and 13.8 t DM/ha from 4 October to 10 March, offering a high quality summer-autumn forage crop and improved milk production when supplemented with pasture. Keywords: chicory, Cichorium intybus, pasture allowance, dairy cows, milk production, forage crops, turnips, milksolids
Sulphur fertiliser and sheep grazing capacity
Authors: Scott D.
Published: July 2020

Sheep grazing capacities over 15 years from two long-running high country trials in a moderate rainfall zone and under 30 different annual sulphur and phosphorus fertiliser combinations are presented. With time, the sheep grazing capacities became increasingly related to the rate of S fertiliser input, and largely independent of P fertiliser rate. The implication for grazing capacity, fertiliser purchase, transport and spreading costs is the very large cost benefit that could accrue from further development of methods for handling and spreading elemental S fertiliser. Keywords: fertiliser, grazing, high country, phosphorus, sulphur
Forages with condensed tannins - their management and nutritive value for ruminants
Authors: Waghorn G.C. , Douglas G.B. , Niezen J.H. , Mcnabb W.C. , Foote A.G.
Published: July 2020

Temperate forage legumes that contain condensed tannins (CT) have been evaluated under experimental conditions and some have demonstrated significant benefits for sheep, cattle and deer. Condensed tannins can significantly improve productive performance, as well as lessen our dependence on anthelmintic drenches. However, not all CT are equal and some may not benefit production at all. This paper summarises the performance responses of ruminants to CT in birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus), lotus (Lotus pedunculatus), sulla (Hedysarum coronarium), sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) and erect dorycnium (Dorycnium rectum), and indicates the requirements for successful establishment and management of these swards. All require specialist care, and few will compete with common pasture species in high-fertility situations, but the potential benefits of reduced anthelmintic requirements when sheep are fed sulla, and the lowered incidence of flystrike and improved weight gain, wool growth, milk production and ovulation rate attributable to the CT in birdsfoot trefoil, makes these attractive options for farmers. Lotus is a high quality feed for wet, acid, low-fertility soils and sainfoin may result in very good stock performance in dry regions. Annual dry matter yields of the five species outlined here range from about 10 to 25 t/ha and some of these forages will benefit producers who are prepared to manage these forages correctly. Keywords: birdsfoot trefoil, condensed tannin, dorycnium, forage legume, lotus, ruminant nutrition, sainfoin, sulla
Measuring production of continuously grazed hill pastures
Authors: Devantier B.P. , Lambert M.G. , Brookes I.M. , Hawkins C.L.
Published: July 2020

Estimates of pasture production are critical for comparing treatment effects in research trials, as inputs to decision support models, and for on-farm use in constructing grazing plans. We compared two techniques for measuring pasture production, over 2 years in 36 paddocks continuously grazed with sheep, on hill country at the Ballantrae Research Station. One technique (Cut method) involved harvesting pasture regrowth after trimming to a standard height. The other (Model method) calculated pasture production as the sum of grazing animal intake (estimated using a spreadsheet-based model with inputs including animal performance and pasture quality) and changes in pasture cover (above-ground biomass). Annual pasture production estimates were reasonably well correlated (R2 = 0.66), but those using the Cut method were 55% greater than using the Model method. Agreement was best in spring and summer, and poorest in autumn and winter. Factors contributing to these discrepancies included the contrasting starting conditions for the pasture at the start of each measurement period (shorttrimmed for the Cut method, and patch-grazed for the Model method); the effect of grazing in the Model method maintaining pastures in a more vegetative state; and the greater losses from senescence and decay in the Model method pastures. The potential for errors using the Model method was high where measurement periods were short, as accuracy of measurement of pasture cover can be suspect. The Model method probably better quantified net pasture production in grazed pastures. Keywords: grazing, hill pasture, intake, model, pasture production
Caucasian clover performance in a year of severe drought
Authors: Watson R.N. , Neville F.J. , Bell N.L.
Published: July 2020

In a year of spring-summer drought on a sandy volcanic ash soil, ryegrass/caucasian clover (RG/ CC) and RG/white clover (RG/WC) pastures had similar rapid increases in pasture growth rates during September. Growth rates peaked around 25 October (65-70 kg DM/ha/day) for RG/CC and around 14 October (50-60 kg DM/ha/day) for RG/ WC. As drought intensified the declines in pasture growth rates were similar, but delayed by up to 3 weeks for RG/CC. Both pastures reached minimum summer growth rates of
The potential benefits of ensiling the forage legume sulla compared with pasture
Authors: Niezen J.H. , Waghorn G.C. , Lyons T.B. , Corson D.C.
Published: July 2020

With high dry matter yields of high quality forage, high soluble carbohydrate levels and a suitability for harvest by cutting and removing, the forage legume sulla (Hedysarum coronarium) has the potential to be an important silage crop in New Zealand. In three experiments the ensiling potential of sulla was compared with conventional pasture using a mini-silo system which allows for rapid evaluation of forages using 3-4 kg of herbage. Experiment 1 evaluated the effect of increasing the proportion of sulla in pasture silage (0/100, 25/75, 50/50, 75/25 and 100/0 sulla/pasture). The principal findings were that increasing sulla content of the silage decreased (P
Mowing pasture to improve milk production
Authors: Kolver E.S. , Penno J.W. , Macdonald K.A. , Mcgrath J.M. , Carter W.A.
Published: July 2020

Mowing pasture before grazing, and topping pasture after grazing were studied as methods to increase pasture quality, dairy cow dry matter intake, and milksolids production from September 1997 to February 1998. Three 2.8-ha experimental areas were subjected to mowing, topping, or control treatments, and were grazed by three Friesian cows/ha (18 cows per treatment). Cows were allocated to each treatment according to a crossover design and pastures were grazed every 28 days. Mowing pasture, either before or after grazing, reduced pasture production by 20%, and reduced milksolids production by 11% during October, but increased milksolids production by 12% during summer. Liveweight change responded similarly; mowing or topping resulted in greater liveweight gain (0.76 kg/cow/day) during summer compared with the control. This was associated with an increase in the metabolisable energy content of summer pastures that had been mown before grazing (0.2 MJME/kg DM), or topped after grazing (0.6 MJME/kg DM). Topping pastures after grazing reduced milksolids production in October by 0.11 kg MS/cow/day, and increased milksolids production in summer by 0.13 kg MS/cow/day. Mowing pasture before grazing increased average dry matter content of the wilted material by 7.5% units compared with the control, but dry matter intake was reduced by 2.4 kg DM/cow/day in November, and milksolids production was reduced by 0.12 kg MS/cow/day during spring. Mowing before grazing increased milksolids production in summer by 0.13 kg MS/cow/day. Overall, only the topping treatment increased total milksolids produced during the six 14-day experimental periods (by 80 kg MS, or 4.6%). However, an additional 5184 kg of DM was removed from the control pastures by extra cows, which could have produced an additional 415 kg milksolids. Therefore, although mowing or topping can increase the quality of pasture and the yield of MS per cow in summer, the overall benefits for MS production per ha are small or negative. Keywords: dairy cow, herbage mass, milksolids, milk yield, mowing, nutritive value, pasture intake, topping
Climate forecasting as a support tool for farm management.
Authors: Daw Georgina
Published: July 2020

Climate variability has a significant impact on climate sensitive industries in New Zealand, including farming. Droughts, floods, and other extreme or unseasonable weather events all have an impact on primary production, and ultimately, profitability. NIWA has recently established the National Climate Centre to improve the flow of climate information to climate sensitive industries, including the farmer. The Centre's goal is to help New Zealanders manage for climate variations, by providing accessible, easy to understand, climate information. This paper will provide details about some of the basic NIWA National Climate Centre climate information that is available, and how to access it. Keywords: climate, El Niño, forecasting, La Niña, risk management, weather