bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Region-specific irradiation system with heavy-ion microbeam for active individuals of Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Suzuki Michiyo , Hattori Yuya , Sakashita Tetsuya , Yokota Yuichiro , Kobayashi Yasuhiko , Funayama Tomoo
Published: August 2017

Radiation may affect essential functions and behaviors such as locomotion, feeding, learning and memory. Although whole-body irradiation has been shown to reduce motility in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the detailed mechanism responsible for this effect remains unknown. Targeted irradiation of the nerve ring responsible for sensory integration and information processing would allow us to determine whether the reduction of motility following whole-body irradiation reflects effects on the central nervous system or on the muscle cells themselves. We therefore addressed this issue using a collimating microbeam system. However, radiation targeting requires the animal to be immobilized, and previous studies have anesthetized animals to prevent their movement, thus making it impossible to assess their locomotion immediately after irradiation. We developed a method in which the animal was enclosed in a straight, microfluidic channel in a polydimethylsiloxane chip to inhibit free motion during irradiation, thus allowing locomotion to be observed immediately after irradiation. The head region (including the central nervous system), mid region around the intestine and uterus, and tail region were targeted independently. Each region was irradiated with 12 000 carbon ions (12C; 18.3 MeV/u; linear energy transfer = 106.4 keV/μm), corresponding to 500 Gy at a φ20 μm region. Motility was significantly decreased by whole-body irradiation, but not by irradiation of any of the individual regions, including the central nervous system. This suggests that radiation inhibits locomotion by a whole-body mechanism, potentially involving motoneurons and/or body-wall muscle cells, rather than affecting motor control via the central nervous system and the stimulation response.
Novel Surgical Treatment Strategies for Unstable Lumbar Osteodiscitis: A 3-Patient Case Series
Authors: Bohl Michael A , Hlubek Randall J , Turner Jay D , Reece Edward M , Kakarla U Kumar , Chang Steve W
Published: August 2017

BACKGROUND

Lumbar osteomyelitis frequently affects patients with medical comorbidities and poor preoperative health. Surgery is indicated when medical management fails or patients present with spinal instability or neural compromise. Successful arthrodesis can be difficult and sometimes requires alternative surgical techniques.

OBJECTIVE

To report 3 novel methods, each illustrated by a case, for achieving arthrodesis for lumbar osteomyelitis.

METHODS

A retrospective review was performed of 3 cases of surgical treatment of lumbar osteomyelitis. Novel aspects of the surgical techniques are reported, as are perioperative clinical details and imaging results.

RESULTS

In the first patient, a vascularized iliac crest graft on a quadratus lumborum pedicle was rotated into the posterolateral fusion bed of the affected level. In the second, an anterior approach with debridement of affected lumbar levels was followed by rotation of a vascularized iliac crest graft on an iliacus muscle pedicle into the anterior lumbar defect. In the third, a structural, nonvascularized iliac crest graft was harvested via a lateral approach to provide better surgical access, and an autologous tricortical bone graft was obtained for placement in the debridement defect. Follow-up imaging suggested successful early incorporation of all the grafts in the fusion beds.

CONCLUSION

Patients with multiple risk factors for pseudarthrosis and recurrent infection often require alternative surgical strategies to augment fusion. These 3 novel methods for lumbar debridement, fixation, and fusion using vascularized or nonvascularized autograft accommodate posterior, anterior, and lateral surgical approaches. Further experience with these techniques is required to compare outcomes with those of traditional techniques.
Surface and Interface Superconductivity
Authors: Gariglio S. , Scheurer M.S. , Schmalian J. , Monteiro A.M.R.V.L. , Goswami S. , Caviglia A.D.
Published: August 2017

This article focuses on surface and interface superconductivity, a pivotal area of mesoscopic superconductivity. It discusses theoretical ideas regarding superconductivity in the 2D limit; pairing symmetry in systems with broken inversion symmetry and in the presence of Rashba spin–orbit interaction; and coupling of substrate phonon modes to layer electronic states to induce or enhance the superconducting condensate. It also reviews the experimental ongoing efforts to fabricate, characterize, and measure these systems, with particular emphasis on oxide materials. Superconductivity in two dimensions, in ultra-thin metals on Si(111), and at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface is examined. The article concludes with an analysis of theoretical propositions aimed at realizing and testing novel superconducting states occurring at the surfaces and interfaces.
Models, structure, and generality in Clerk Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetism
Authors: Darrigol Olivier
Published: August 2017

This article examines the gradual development of James Clerk Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory, arguing that he aimed at general structures through his models, illustrations, formal analogies, and scientific metaphors. It also considers a few texts in which Maxwell expounds his conception of physical theories and their relation to mathematics. Following a discussion of Maxwell’s extension of an analogy invented by William Thomson in 1842, the article analyzes Maxwell’s geometrical expression of Michael Faraday’s notion of lines of force. It then revisits Maxwell’s honeycomb model that he used to obtain his system of equations and the concomitant unification of electricity, magnetism, and optics. It also explores Maxwell’s view about the Lagrangian form of the fundamental equations of a physical theory. It shows that Maxwell was guided by general structural requirements that were inspired by partial and temporary models; these requirements were systematically detailed in Maxwell’s 1873 Treatise on electricity and magnetism.
A process of generalization
Authors: Boniface Jacqueline
Published: August 2017

This article examines Ernst Kummer’s creation of ideal factors, which provides an interesting example of generalization within the set of complex numbers. Kummer developed a theory of ideal numbers in order to generalize arithmetical properties of natural numbers by extending these properties to certain complex numbers. His goal was to make complex numbers analogous to natural ones. This article first considers Kummer’s use of several analogies, primarily with arithmetic and chemistry, to come up with ideal factors of complex numbers. It then situates Kummer’s investigations on complex numbers with respect to Carl Friedrich Gauss’s work and compares his theory of ideal factors with Richard Dedekind’s ideals theory. It shows that Kummer’s method of generalization is premised on the distinction he articulated between ‘permanent’ and ‘accidental’ properties of complex numbers. This distinction draws from Kummer’s conception of mathematics, which was essentially different from those espoused by Gauss and Dedekind.
Generality and structures in functional analysis: the influence of Stefan Banach
Authors: Jaëck Frédéric
Published: August 2017

This article examines Stefan Banach’s contributions to the field of functional analysis based on the concept of structure and the multiply-flvored expression of generality that arises in his work on linear operations. More specifically, it discusses the two stages in the process by which Banach elaborated a new framework for functional analysis where structures were bound to play an essential role. It considers whether Banach spaces, or complete normed vector spaces, were born in Banach’s first paper, the 1922 doctoral dissertation On operations on abstract spaces and their application to integral equations. It also analyzes what appears to be the core of Banach’s 1922 article and the transformation into a general setting that it represents. The main achievements of Banach’s dissertation, as well as all the essential features that bear witness to the birth of a new theory, are concentrated in the study of linear operations.
Designing low-dimensional nanostructures at surfaces by supramolecular chemistry
Authors: Lin Nian , Stepanow Sebastian
Published: August 2017

This article describes the use of supramolecular chemistry to design low-dimensional nanostructures at surfaces. In particular, it discusses the design strategies of two types of low-dimensional supramolecular nanostructures: structures stabilized by hydrogen bonds and structures stabilized by metal-ligand co-ordination interactions. After providing an overview of hydrogen-bond systems such as 0D discrete clusters, 1D chains, and 2D open networks and close-packed arrays, the article considers metal-co-ordination systems. It also presents experimental results showing that both hydrogen bonds and metal co-ordination offer protocols to achieve unique nanostructured systems on 2D surfaces or interfaces. Noting that the conventional 3D supramolecular self-assembly has generated a vast number of nanostructures revealing high complexity and functionality, the article suggests that 2D approaches can be applied to substrates with different symmetries as well as physical and chemical properties.
The electronic structure of epitaxial graphene—A view from angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
Authors: Zhou S.Y. , Lanzara A.
Published: August 2017

This article analyzes the electronic structure of epitaxial graphene using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). It first describes how the carbon atoms in graphene are arranged before discussing the growth and characterization of graphene samples. It then considers the electronic structure of epitaxial graphene, along with the gap opening in single-layer epitaxial graphene. It also examines possible mechanisms for the gap opening in graphene, including quantum confinement, mixing of the states between the Brillouin zone corner K points induced by scattering, and hybridization of the valence and conduction bands caused by symmetry breaking in carbon sublattices. Clear deviations from the conical dispersions are observed near the Diracpoint energy, which can be interpreted as a gap opening attributed to graphene–substrate interaction. Graphene–substrate interaction is thus a promising route for engineering the bandgap in graphene.
Magnetoresistive phenomena in nanoscale magnetic contacts
Authors: Burton J.D. , Tsymbal E.Y.
Published: August 2017

This article examines magnetoresistive phenomena in nano- and atomic-size ferromagnetic metal contacts. In particular, it considers how magnetization affects the flow of electrical current in ferromagnetic materials by focusing on two major categories of magnetoresistive phenomena: the ‘spin-valve’, where the flow of spin-polarized electrical current is affected by an inhomogeneous magnetization profile, and anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR), which involves the anisotropy of electrical transport properties with respect to the orientation of the magnetization. The article first provides an overview of ballistic transport and conductance quantization before discussing domain-wall magnetoresistance at the nanoscale. It also describes AMR in magnetic nanocontacts as well as tunnelling anisotropic magnetoresistance in broken contacts.
Electronic and transport properties of doped silicon nanowires
Authors: Fernandez-Serra M.-V. , Blase X.
Published: August 2017

This article describes a number of theoretical works and methods dedicated to the analysis of the atomic and electronic structure, doping properties and transport characteristics of silicon nanowires (SiNWs). The goal is to show how quantum confinement and dimensionality effects can intrinsically change the behavior of SiNWs as compared to their bulk and thin film counterparts. The article begins with a review of work done on surface reconstructions and electronic structure of SiNWs as a function of system doping and passivation. It then considers the problem of doping in SiNWs as well as the methodology typically used to analyze the problems of transport. It also discusses the electronic transport properties of SiNWs as a function of dopant type, along with their chemical functionalization. Finally, it demonstrates how surface dangling-bond defects trap the impurities in SiNWs and neutralize them.
Left-handed metamaterials—A review
Authors: Ozbay E. , Ozkan G. , Aydin K.
Published: August 2017

This article focuses on left-handed metamaterials (LHMs). It begins with a discussion of negative-permeability metamaterials, with particular emphasis on split-ring resonators (SRRs) and SRRr arrays and how magnetic permeability influences the response of materials to the incident magnetic field. It then considers the transmission spectra of SRR, LHM and a composite metamaterial as well as the reflection characteristics of a one-dimensional double-negative material. It also examines the effect of disorder on the transmission and reflection properties of ordered left-handed materials, along with the negative refraction, negative phase velocity, and subwavelength imaging and resolution of LHMs. The article concludes with an analysis of planar negative-index metamaterials.
Quasi-ballistic electron transport in atomic wires
Authors: van Ruitenbeek Jan M.
Published: August 2017

This article describes quasi-ballistic electron transport in atomic wires. It begins with a review of experiments on the conduction properties for single metal atoms. Nearly all the information on the properties of such nanocontacts should be extracted from the current and voltage only. Nevertheless, a wide range of techniques has been developed to obtain detailed information. The article proceeds by considering various experimental techniques for characterizing single-atom contacts, along with their application for the study of conducting chains of individual metal atoms and for metal–molecule–metal junctions. Using metallic point contacts and molecular junctions that are of atomic size, it demonstrates that the transport of electrons can be quasi-ballistic and the deviations from perfect transmission can be quantified and interpreted.
Patterns and pathways in nanoparticle self-organization
Authors: Blunt MO , Stannard A. , Pauliac-Vaujour E. , Martin CP , Vancea Ioan , Suvakov Milovan , Thiele Uwe , Tadic Bosiljka , Moriarty P.
Published: August 2017

This article reviews relatively recent forms of self-assembly and self-organization that have demonstrated particular potential for the assembly of nanostructured matter, namely biorecognition and solvent-mediated dynamics. It first considers the key features of self-assembled and self-organized nanoparticle arrays, focusing on the self-assembly of nanoparticle superlattices, the use of biorecognition for nanoparticle assembly, and self-organizing nanoparticles. It then describes the mechanisms and pathways for charge transport in nanoparticle assemblies, with particular emphasis on the relationship between the current–voltage characteristics and the topology of the lattice. It also discusses single-electron conduction in nanoparticle films as well as pattern formation and self-organization in dewetting nanofluids.
Nanoanalysis of materials using near-field Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Hayazawa Norihiko , Verma Prabhat
Published: August 2017

This article describes the use of tip-enhanced near-field Raman spectroscopy for the characterization of materials at the nanoscale. Tip-enhanced near-field Raman spectroscopy utilizes a metal-coated sharp tip and is based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Instead of the large surface enhancement from the metallic surface in SERS, the sharp metal coated tip in the tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) provides nanoscaled surface enhancement only from the sample molecules in the close vicinity of the tip-apex, making it a perfect technique for nanoanalysis of materials. This article focuses on near-field analysis of some semiconducting nanomaterials and some carbon nanostructures. It first considers SERS analysis of strained silicon and TERS analysis of epsilon-Si and GaN thin layers before explaining how to improve TERS sensitivity and control the polarization in detection for crystalline materials. It also discusses ways of improving the spatial resolution in TERS.
ZnO wide-bandgap semiconductor nanostructures: Growth, characterization and applications
Authors: McGlynn E. , Henry M.O. , Mosnier J.-P.
Published: August 2017

This article describes the growth, characterization and applications of zinc oxide (ZnO) wide-bandgap semiconductor nanostructures. It first introduces the reader to the basic physics and materials science of ZnO, with particular emphasis on the crystalline structure, electronic structure, optical properties and materials properties of ZnO wide-bandgap semiconductors. It then considers some of the commonly used growth methods for ZnO nanostructures, including vapor-phase transport, chemical vapor deposition, molecular beam epitaxy, pulsed-laser deposition, sputtering and chemical solution methods. It also presents the results of characterization of ZnO nanostructures before concluding with a discussion of some promising areas of application of ZnO nanostructures, such as field emission applications; electrical, optical/photonic applications; and applications in sensing, energy production, photochemistry, biology and engineering.
Synthesis, characterization and environmental applications of nanocrystalline zeolites
Authors: Grassian Vicki H. , Larsen Sarah C.
Published: August 2017

This article describes the synthesis, characterization and environmental applications of nanocrystalline zeolites. It begins by considering the use of nanocrystalline zeolites as building blocks in the preparation of hierarchical zeolite structures, followed by a discussion of the synthesis of silicalite-1 with systematically varied crystal sizes, along with the synthesis of nanocrystalline aluminosilicates, NaZSM-5 and NaY. It then looks at the various applications of nanozeolites and hierarchical zeolite structures for environmental catalysis, adsorption of volatile organic compounds and other environmental contaminants, selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxide, and decontamination of organic phosphorus and sulfur-containing compounds. It also examines the unique properties and reactivity of nanocrystalline zeolites and concludes by assessing their potential for future environmental applications.
DNA-based self-assembly of nanostructures
Authors: Carter Joshua D. , Lin Chenxiang , Liu Yan , Yan Hao , LaBean Thomas H.
Published: August 2017

This article examines the DNA-based self-assembly of nanostructures. It first reviews the development of DNA self-assembly and DNA-directed assembly, focusing on the main strategies and building blocks available in the modern molecular construction toolbox, including the design, construction, and analysis of nanostructures composed entirely of synthetic DNA, as well as origami nanostructures formed from a mixture of synthetic and biological DNA. In particular, it considers the stepwise covalent synthesis of DNA nanomaterials, unmediated assembly of DNA nanomaterials, hierarchical assembly, nucleated assembly, and algorithmic assembly. It then discusses DNA-directed assembly of heteromaterials such as proteins and peptides, gold nanoparticles, and multicomponent nanostructures. It also describes the use of complementary DNA cohesion as 'smart glue' for bringing together covalently linked functional groups, biomolecules, and nanomaterials. Finally, it evaluates the potential future of DNA-based self-assembly for nanoscale manufacturing for applications in medicine, electronics, photonics, and materials science.
Molecular nanomagnets
Authors: Wernsdorfer W.
Published: August 2017

This article describes the quantum phenomena observed in molecular nanomagnets. Molecular nanomagnets, or single-molecule magnets (SMMs), provides a fundamental link between spintronics and molecular electronics. SMMs combine the classic macroscale properties of a magnet with the quantum properties of a nanoscale entity. The resulting field, molecular spintronics, aims at manipulating spins and charges in electronic devices containing one or more molecules. This article first considers molecular nanomagnets and the giant spin model for nanomagnets before discussing the quantum dynamics of a dimer of nanomagnets, resonant photon absorption in Cr7Ni antiferromagnetic rings, and photon-assisted tunnelling in a single-molecule magnet. It also examines environmental decoherence effects in nanomagnets and concludes by highlighting the new trends towards molecular spintronics using junctions and nano-SQUIDs.
Intersublevel quantum-dot infrared photodetectors
Authors: Towe E. , Pal D.
Published: August 2017

This article describes the basic principles of semiconductor quantum-dot infrared photodetectors based on conduction-band intersublevel transitions. Sufficient background material is discussed to enable an appreciation of the subtle differences between quantum-well and quantum-dot devices. The article first considers infrared photon absorption and photon detection, along with some metrics for photon detectors and the detection of infrared radiation by semiconductors. It then examines the optical matrix element for interband, intersubband and intersublevel transitions before turning to experimental single-pixel quantum-dot infrared photodetectors. In particular, it explains the epitaxial synthesis of quantum dots and looks at mid-wave and long-wave quantum-dot infrared photodetectors. It also evaluates the characteristics of quantum-dot detectors and possible development of quantum-dot focal plane array imagers. The article concludes with an assessment of the challenges and prospects for high-performance detectors and arrays.
Molecular electronics based on self-assembled monolayers
Authors: Vuillaume D.
Published: August 2017

This article considers molecular electronics based on self-assembled monolayers. It begins with a brief overview of the nanofabrication of molecular devices, followed by a discussion of the electronic properties of several basic devices, from simple molecules such as molecular tunnel junctions and molecular semiconducting wires, to more complex ones such as molecular rectifying diodes. It also describes molecular switches and memories, focusing on three approaches called ‘conformational memory’, ‘charge-based memory’ and ‘RTD-based memory’ (RTD is resonant tunnelling diode). It shows that memory can be implemented from resonant tunnelling diodes following cell architecture already used for semiconductor devices. The article concludes with a review of molecular transistors.
Implications ofde novomutations in guiding drug discovery: A study of four neuropsychiatric disorders
Authors: So Hon-Cheong , Wong Yui-Hang
Published: August 2017

Recent studies have suggested an important role ofde novomutations (DNMs) in neuropsychiatric disorders. As DNMs are not subject to elimination due to evolutionary pressure, they are likely to have greater disruptions on biological functions. While a number of sequencing studies have been performed on neuropsychiatric disorders, the implications of DNMs for drug discovery remain to be explored.

In this study, we employed a gene-set analysis approach to address this issue. Four neuropsychiatric disorders were studied, including schizophrenia (SCZ), autistic spectrum disorders (ASD), intellectual disability (ID) and epilepsy. We first identified gene-sets associated with different drugs, and analyzed whether the gene-set pertaining toeachdrug overlaps with DNMs more than expected by chance. We also assessed which medication classes are enriched among the prioritized drugs. We discovered that neuropsychiatric drug classes were indeed significantly enriched for DNMs of all four disorders; in particular, antipsychotics and antiepileptics were themoststrongly enriched drug classes for SCZ and epilepsy respectively. Interestingly, we revealed enrichment of several unexpected drug classes, such as lipid-lowering agents for SCZ and anti-neoplastic agents. By inspecting individual hits, we also uncovered other interesting drug candidates or mechanisms (e.g.histone deacetylase inhibition and retinoid signaling) that might warrant further investigations. Taken together, this study provided evidence for the usefulness of DNMs in guiding drug discovery or repositioning.
Resilience in risk communication networks: Following the 2015 MERS response in South Korea
Authors: Kim KyungWoo , Yoon Ho Young , Jung Kyujin
Published: August 2017

This study investigates regional and local governmental agencies resilience in their use of risk communication with other governmental agencies. Analyses are based on the case of South Korea's response to the 2015 outbreak of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. Based on a survey of governmental organizations, the study indicates that governmental agencies seek either reciprocal or redundant communication ties with other governmental agencies while they aim to secure crucial information from high‐level organizations to tackle the transboundary nature of the infectious disease during the outbreak response. Semi‐structured interviews with South Korean officials confirm that subnational governmental agencies rely on the national government and also seek information from other regional and local agencies to improve the resilience in interagency risk communication and to prevent the further transmission of the infectious disease in their local jurisdictions. This study empirically demonstrates how governmental agencies cope with the uncertainty of infectious disease transmission by expanding risk communication channels when hierarchical communication channels and information systems do not meet the needs of outbreak response. The research findings contribute to the understanding of the interactions across organizations in addressing the needs of public health crises that are transboundary in nature and provide important lessons for outbreak responses in South Korea as well as in other countries.
Designing and implementing the humane crisis organizing framework for resilience with Grief, Stress, and Faith stakeholders
Authors: Borland Kenneth W.
Published: August 2017

The crisis organizing frameworks of US higher education institutions prioritize institutional response and recovery at pre‐, mid‐, and postcrisis stages, and too often understate the role of human(e) resilience. At its core, resilience is very personal as seen in times of grief, stress, and crises of faith. To improve institutional response and recovery as well as human(e) resilience, a new crisis organizing framework to enhance human(e) resilience accentuates the role of grief, stress, and faith.
Redeemed Compared to Whom?
Authors: DeWitt Samuel E. , Bushway Shawn D. , Siwach Garima , Kurlychek Megan C.
Published: August 2017

Research Summary

By using data on provisional employees with and without criminal records, we find that existing standards of a “reasonable amount of [arrest] risk” (derived from “time to redemption” research) for an employer to incur in hiring individuals with criminal histories prove too onerous for many employees without records to meet, let alone those with records. We then propose an alternative method of assessing arrest risk across these populations—benchmarking—and provide several alternative standards, illustrating that they (a) clear a demonstrable majority of employees without records and a sizable minority of those with a criminal history and (b) do not increase the risk incurred by employers over and above the level they already accept among employees without records.

Policy Implications

Our findings suggest that the almost singular importance placed on “time since last” policies when conducting criminal background checks is ill‐placed as the risk of arrest across populations of employees with and without criminal histories overlaps more than the results of extant research would imply. Although future research needs to be conducted to ascertain whether our findings generalize to other employment contexts, current background check practices would be better served if they were to adopt an approach that chooses a specific threshold for comparison, which should align with an easily communicated and face‐valid cost function. Furthermore, the selected standard should (a) hold all individuals to the same standard and (b) be one that a demonstrable majority of individuals without criminal records can meet.
Developmental neurotoxicity of the organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos: from clinical findings to preclinical models and potential mechanisms
Authors: Burke Richard D. , Todd Spencer W. , Lumsden Eric , Mullins Roger J. , Mamczarz Jacek , Fawcett William P. , Gullapalli Rao P. , Randall William R. , Pereira Edna F. R. , Albuquerque Edson X.
Published: August 2017

Organophosphorus (OP) insecticides are pest‐control agents heavily used worldwide. Unfortunately, they are also well known for the toxic effects that they can trigger in humans. Clinical manifestations of an acute exposure of humans to OP insecticides include a well‐defined cholinergic crisis that develops as a result of the irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the enzyme that hydrolyzes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). Prolonged exposures to levels of OP insecticides that are insufficient to trigger signs of acute intoxication, which are hereafter referred to as subacute exposures, have also been associated with neurological deficits. In particular, epidemiological studies have reported statistically significant correlations between prenatal subacute exposures to OP insecticides, including chlorpyrifos, and neurological deficits that range from cognitive impairments to tremors in childhood. The primary objectives of this article are: (i) to address the short‐ and long‐term neurological issues that have been associated with acute and subacute exposures of humans to OP insecticides, especially early in life (ii) to discuss the translational relevance of animal models of developmental exposure to OP insecticides, and (iii) to review mechanisms that are likely to contribute to the developmental neurotoxicity of OP insecticides. Most of the discussion will be focused on chlorpyrifos, the top‐selling OP insecticide in the United States and throughout the world. These points are critical for the identification and development of safe and effective interventions to counter and/or prevent the neurotoxic effects of these chemicals in the developing brain.

This is an article for the special issue XVth International Symposium on Cholinergic Mechanisms.

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Conditions controlling the timing of the autumn migration to hibernation sites in a Japanese headwater frog, Rana sakuraii
Authors: Miwa T.
Published: August 2017

Studies on amphibian autumn migrations to hibernation sites are few, and those investigating the conditions controlling the timing of migrations are even fewer. I investigated an explosive‐breeding frog, Rana sakuraii, in Japanese mountain headwaters in 6 different years, focusing on the start and end of autumn migrations. Autumn migrations began in late October. Initially, frogs moved into the streams from terrestrial sites around the stream sources, and thereafter moved downstream entirely underwater. Start days were always the first rainy days after the minimum air temperature had dropped to about 6°C or lower (minor start days) or about 4°C or lower (major start days) regardless of the air temperature on the start days. In early or mid‐December, in‐stream migratory movements ended when the maximum water temperature dropped below the 5°C threshold (the same threshold temperature initiating the winter breeding migration). I hypothesize that, in many temperate‐zone amphibians, the timing of autumn migration to hibernation sites is basically dependent on three common conditions: (1) the experience of a prerequisite minimum air temperature (PMAT) before the start day; (2) the decrease in day length to a threshold value; (3) the first rainy (or high humidity) day after (1). Further, I hypothesize that the threshold ambient temperature inducing the end of the autumn migration is almost the same as that inducing emergence from hibernation, that is, the start of the winter breeding migration for explosive breeders, and that this is the daily maximum, and not the daily minimum.
Vague category markers as turn‐final items in Irish English
Authors: VAUGHAN ELAINE , MCCARTHY MICHAEL , CLANCY BRIAN
Published: August 2017

This study uses the Limerick Corpus of Irish English (LCIE), and a sample of the Cambridge and Nottingham Corpus of Discourse in English (CANCODE) to implement a corpus pragmatic approach to the analysis of Irish English by focusing on the organization of turn‐taking in two connected, though distinct, varieties of world Englishes, Irish English and British English. The aim of the research is two‐pronged: we explore how naturally‐occurring conversation is organised in the two varieties for comparative purposes, seeking to understand how confluence in turn‐taking is achieved in everyday interactions, as well as examining how the interactional flow is achieved through the manipulation of small, interpersonally loaded items, turn initial and turn final, with the focus here on turn final items.
Division of Labor, Bet Hedging, and the Evolution of Mixed Biofilm Investment Strategies
Authors: Lowery Nick Vallespir , McNally Luke , Ratcliff William C. , Brown Sam P.
Published: August 2017

Bacterial cells, like many other organisms, face a tradeoff between longevity and fecundity. Planktonic cells are fast growing and fragile, while biofilm cells are often slower growing but stress resistant. Here we ask why bacterial lineages invest simultaneously in both fast- and slow-growing types. We develop a population dynamic model of lineage expansion across a patchy environment and find that mixed investment is favored across a broad range of environmental conditions, even when transmission is entirely via biofilm cells. This mixed strategy is favored because of a division of labor where exponentially dividing planktonic cells can act as an engine for the production of future biofilm cells, which grow more slowly. We use experimental evolution to test our predictions and show that phenotypic heterogeneity is persistent even under selection for purely planktonic or purely biofilm transmission. Furthermore, simulations suggest that maintenance of a biofilm subpopulation serves as a cost-effective hedge against environmental uncertainty, which is also consistent with our experimental findings.

IMPORTANCE
Cell types specialized for survival have been observed and described within clonal bacterial populations for decades, but why are these specialists continually produced under benign conditions when such investment comes at a high reproductive cost? Conversely, when survival becomes an imperative, does it ever benefit the population to maintain a pool of rapidly growing but vulnerable planktonic cells? Using a combination of mathematical modeling, simulations, and experiments, we find that mixed investment strategies are favored over a broad range of environmental conditions and rely on a division of labor between cell types, where reproductive specialists amplify survival specialists, which can be transmitted through the environment with a limited mortality rate. We also show that survival specialists benefit rapidly growing populations by serving as a hedge against unpredictable changes in the environment. These results help to clarify the general evolutionary and ecological forces that can generate and maintain diverse subtypes within clonal bacterial populations.
Papillary fibroelastoma diagnosed through multimodality cardiac imaging: a rare tumour in an uncommon location with review of literature
Authors: Anand Senthil , Sydow Nicole , Janardhanan Rajesh
Published: August 2017

We describe the case of a woman presenting with transient ischaemic attack, who was found to have a papillary fibroelastoma arising from the aortic wall, an extremely rare location. We describe the multimodality imaging techniques used in diagnosing this patient and review the most recent literature on evaluation and management of patients with cardiac papillary fibroelastomas.
Optogenetics and pharmacogenetics: principles and applications
Authors: Jiang Jingwei , Cui Huxing , Rahmouni Kamal
Published: August 2017

Remote and selective spatiotemporal control of the activity of neurons to regulate behavior and physiological functions has been a long-sought goal in system neuroscience. Identification and subsequent bioengineering of light-sensitive ion channels (e.g., channelrhodopsins, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsins) from the bacteria have made it possible to use light to artificially modulate neuronal activity, namely optogenetics. Recent advance in genetics has also allowed development of novel pharmacological tools to selectively and remotely control neuronal activity using engineered G protein-coupled receptors, which can be activated by otherwise inert drug-like small molecules such as the designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drug, a form of chemogenetics. The cutting-edge optogenetics and pharmacogenetics are powerful tools in neuroscience that allow selective and bidirectional modulation of the activity of defined populations of neurons with unprecedented specificity. These novel toolboxes are enabling significant advances in deciphering how the nervous system works and its influence on various physiological processes in health and disease. Here, we discuss the fundamental elements of optogenetics and chemogenetics approaches and some of the applications that yielded significant advances in various areas of neuroscience and beyond.
Targeted Proteomics Identifies Proteomic Signatures in Liquid Biopsies of the Endometrium to Diagnose Endometrial Cancer and Assist in the Prediction of the Optimal Surgical Treatment
Authors: Martinez-Garcia Elena , Lesur Antoine , Devis Laura , Cabrera Silvia , Matias-Guiu Xavier , Hirschfeld Marc , Asberger Jasmin , van Oostrum Jan , Casares de Cal María de los Ángeles , Gómez-Tato Antonio , Reventos Jaume , Domon Bruno , Colas Eva , Gil-Moreno Antonio
Published: August 2017

Purpose: Endometrial cancer (EC) diagnosis relies on the observation of tumor cells in endometrial biopsies obtained by aspiration (i.e., uterine aspirates), but it is associated with 22% undiagnosed patients and up to 50% of incorrectly assigned EC histotype and grade. We aimed to identify biomarker signatures in the fluid fraction of these biopsies to overcome these limitations.

Experimental Design: The levels of 52 proteins were measured in the fluid fraction of uterine aspirates from 116 patients by LC-PRM, the latest generation of targeted mass-spectrometry acquisition. A logistic regression model was used to assess the power of protein panels to differentiate between EC and non-EC patients and between EC histologic subtypes. The robustness of the panels was assessed by the "leave-one-out" cross-validation procedure performed within the same cohort of patients and an independent cohort of 38 patients.

Results: The levels of 28 proteins were significantly higher in patients with EC (n = 69) compared with controls (n = 47). The combination of MMP9 and KPYM exhibited 94% sensitivity and 87% specificity for detecting EC cases. This panel perfectly complemented the standard diagnosis, achieving 100% of correct diagnosis in this dataset. Nine proteins were significantly increased in endometrioid EC (n = 49) compared with serous EC (n = 20). The combination of CTNB1, XPO2, and CAPG achieved 95% sensitivity and 96% specificity for the discrimination of these subtypes.

Conclusions: We developed two uterine aspirate-based signatures to diagnose EC and classify tumors in the most prevalent histologic subtypes. This will improve diagnosis and assist in the prediction of the optimal surgical treatment. Clin Cancer Res; 23(21); 6458–67. ©2017 AACR.
Safety of Adrenaline Use in Anaphylaxis: A Multicentre Register
Authors: Cardona Victòria , Ferré-Ybarz Laia , Guilarte Mar , Moreno-Pérez Nuria , Gómez-Galán Catalina , Alcoceba-Borràs Eva , Delavalle Maria Belén , Garriga-Baraut Teresa ,   on behalf of the AdreSCAIC Research Group
Published: August 2017

Background: The use of intramuscular adrenaline to treat anaphylaxis is suboptimal, despite being the first-line treatment recommended by national and international anaphylaxis guidelines. Fear of potentially severe side effects may be one of the underlying factors. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence and severity of adverse side effects after the use of adrenaline in anaphylaxis, as well as potential risk factors. Methods: Observational study based on a multicenter online registry of cases of adrenaline administration for suspected anaphylaxis. Results: 277 registered valid cases were included: 138 (51.49%) female, median age 29 years (12-47), and 6 children under 2 years with a median age of 9 months (1-21). Side effects occurred in 58 cases (21.64%), with tremors, palpitations, and anxiety being the most frequent. There was a significant association of developing side effects with older age, higher dose of adrenaline, or use of the intravenous route. Potentially severe adverse effects (high blood pressure, chest discomfort, or ECG alterations) occurred only in 8 cases (2.99%); in these cases, no differences were found according to age or adrenaline dose, but again, intravenous administration was associated with more severe adverse events. Conclusion: This study shows that side effects affect less than 1 in 5 patients who receive adrenaline for an anaphylactic reaction, and are usually mild and transient. Therefore, in an emergency situation such as anaphylaxis, restricting adrenaline administration due to potential adverse effects would, in general, not be justified.
Efinaconazole 10% Topical Solution: Case Review of Onychomycosis Patients Who Were Completely Cured at Week 24
Authors: Elewski Boni E. , Tosti Antonella , Lin Tina
Published: August 2017

Background: Clinical studies with topical onychomycosis agents typically involve daily application over 48 weeks. Some patients are cured earlier; however, individual data are limited. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess baseline demographics/disposition of onychomycosis patients completely cured at week 24 following daily efinaconazole treatment. Methods: We conducted a week-24 case review of 2 identical, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled studies on 1,655 patients with mild-to-moderate onychomycosis. Patients were randomized (3:1) to efinaconazole 10% solution or vehicle, once daily for 48 weeks, with a 4-week post-treatment follow-up. Complete cure was defined as 0% clinical involvement of the target toenail and mycological cure (negative KOH examination and fungal culture). Results: Overall, 19 patients had clear nails (0% clinical involvement) at week 24, and 13 (68%) were completely cured. Patients were predominantly younger (17/19 aged <65 years), female (12/19), and with recent disease (6/12). No patient had disease recurrence over the subsequent 28 weeks. Complete cure appeared independent of baseline severity. Two patients with moderate disease had clear nails by week 12, and 1 experienced recurrence. Conclusions: Efinaconazole 10% topical solution has been shown to be an effective and well-tolerated treatment for onychomycosis. Our case review highlights that some patients (typically those having faster growing, shorter nails) might expect complete cure within 24 weeks. Continued treatment appears to prevent recurrence.
The First Characterization of HIV-1 Subtypes and Drug Resistance Mutations among Antiretrovirally Treated Patients in Kermanshah, Iran
Authors: Golmohammadi Reza , Baesi Kazem , Moradi Abdolvahab , Farrokhi Molood , McFarland Willi , Parsamajd Shahryar
Published: August 2017

Background: Insufficient therapy during HIV-1 replication can promote the emergence of drug-resistant strains, reduce the effectiveness of antiretroviral treatment (ART), and increase the likelihood of the onward transmission of drug-resistant viruses. We characterized, for the first time, the prevalence of HIV-1 subtypes and drug resistance mutations in a western region of Iran. Methods: This study was conducted among 122 patients on ART at a major referral center in Kermanshah, Iran. Nested PCR was performed using RT gene-specific primers from the pol gene. Sequencing was followed by amplification and purification of the desired sequence. Subtypes and mutations were determined using the Stanford HIV Drug Resistance Database. Results: Most patients (92.6%) had subtype CRF 35-AD; 7.4% had subtype B. In total, 36.1% of the patients had at least 1 mutation associated with resistance RT inhibitors. The greatest rates of high-level resistance were observed for nevirapine (21.3%) and efavirenz (19.7%). Conclusions: Our results showed a high prevalence of drug resistance mutations in strains isolated from patients on treatment. At our center, we therefore recommend that genotyping be performed. This would allow the physician to prescribe appropriate drugs, reduce treatment costs, and increase the longevity and quality of life of patients.
Calcium Dobesilate Is Protective against Inflammation and Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress in the Retina of a Type 1 Diabetic Rat Model
Authors: Voabil Paula , Liberal Joana , Leal Ermelindo C. , Bauer Jacques , Cunha-Vaz José , Santiago Ana Raquel , Ambrósio António Francisco
Published: August 2017

Calcium dobesilate (CaD) has been prescribed to some patients in the early stages of diabetic retinopathy to delay its progression. We previously reported that the treatment of diabetic animals (4 weeks of diabetes) with CaD, during the last 10 days of diabetes, prevents blood-retinal barrier breakdown. Here, we aimed to investigate whether later treatment of diabetic rats with CaD would reverse inflammatory processes in the retina. Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin, and 6 weeks after diabetes onset, CaD (100 mg/kg/day) was administered for 2 weeks. The treatment with CaD significantly increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels in the retina of nondiabetic animals (138.6 ± 12.8% of control) and enhanced the diabetes-induced increase in GFAP levels (174.8 ± 5.6% of control). In addition, CaD prevented the increase in mRNA and protein expression of tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1β, as well as the formation of oxidized carbonyl residues and the increase in nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity, particularly in the ganglion cell layer of diabetic animals. We demonstrate that the treatment of diabetic animals with CaD can reverse the established proinflammatory processes in the retina. These beneficial effects appear to be attributed, at least partially, to the antioxidant properties of CaD.