bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Protection to Poverty Reduction: A Review of Forestry Policies and Practices in Nepal
Authors: Chhetri Ram B.
Published: June 2009

This paper examines the evolution of the policy and legislation in Nepal's forestry sector. The analysis reveals that there is a congenial environment for participatory forestry to contribute to the goal of poverty reduction in the country. While forestry in Nepal has mostly benefited the state authorities and the elite and did not give much consideration to the needs of the poor in the past, the policy and legislation in the country from the 1970s has evolved from being restrictive for public use, alienating the local people from the resources, to being open for improved utilization, increased participation of people and stakeholders, ensuring benefits to the local users, and regarding forestry as a potential vehicle for poverty reduction. The paper concludes that participatory forestry also stands out as a good example of Nepal's commitment towards decentralization and democratic principles. Keywords: poverty reduction, forest policy, forestry sector, participatory forestry doi: 10.3126/jfl.v5i1.1982 Journal of Forest and Livelihood 5(1) February, 2006 pp.66-77
Reducing Poverty through Community Based Forest Management in Asia
Authors: Mahanty Sango , Gronow Jane , Nurse Mike , Malla Yam
Published: June 2009

Recent years have seen a growing interest in the role and potential of community based forest management (CBFM)1 as a vehicle for poverty reduction. Some analysts suggest that CBFM initiatives have limited potential for poverty reduction because they are prone to elite capture; focus on low value, degraded forests; emphasise forests rather than integrated NR based livelihood development; and because of the high transaction costs facing the poorest of the poor in harnessing high-value goods such as timber. This paper proposes that CBFM has the potential to help the poor cope with or even begin to move out of poverty, but this potential is as yet only partially realised. We examine the issues involved in promoting CBFM as a vehicle for poverty reduction and review selected pro-poor approaches to CBFM in the Asian region. We conclude that there are three key areas in which more work is needed by CBFM professionals in order to harness the poverty reduction potential of community forestry: governance, appropriate enterprise development and integrated approaches. Keywords: poverty reduction, pro-poor, community based forest management, livelihoods, enterprise, governance   doi: 10.3126/jfl.v5i1.1983 Journal of Forest and Livelihood 5(1) February, 2006 pp.78-89
Ice-flow velocities on Rutford Ice Stream, West Antarctica, are stable over decadal timescales
Authors: Gudmundsson G.H. , Jenkins A.
Published: June 2009

Surface ice-flow velocities measured at stakes on Rutford Ice Stream, West Antarctica, covering a period of ∼25 years are analysed for evidence of temporal variations in flow. No indications of significant long-term changes in flow are found. Earlier observations have shown significant tidally related variations in flow speed. We conclude that temporal variability on Rutford Ice Stream, West Antarctica, appears limited to tidal periods of days and weeks, and weaker interannual variation, possibly related to long-period tides or seasonal effects, while long-term (decadal) changes in flow speed are either absent or smaller than ∼0.1% a−1.
Chemistry of snow deposited during the summer monsoon and in the winter season at Baishui glacier No. 1, Yulong mountain, China
Authors: Li Zongxing , He Yuanqing , Pang Honxi , Jia Wenxiong , He Xianhong , Zhang Ninnin , Ning Baoying , Yuan Linlin , Song Bo , Theakstone Wilfred H.
Published: June 2009

The glaciers on Yulong mountain (5596 m a.s.l.), China, are the southernmost in mainland Eurasia. The largest is Baishui glacier No. 1. Up to 90% of the annual precipitation there falls in summer, when warm moisture-rich air masses associated with the southwest monsoon reach the area from the Indian Ocean. The winter climate is influenced by air masses with a continental origin and by the southern branch of the westerlies. The snow that accumulates on Baishui glacier No. 1 includes marine aerosols associated with the summer monsoon, and dust brought in winter from central/west Asia, Africa or the Thar Desert area. Studies in May 2006 at two sites, one in the accumulation area (4900 m) and one in the ablation area (4750 m), revealed differences between the ionic composition of the snow that had accumulated in the 2005/06 winter and that of the snow which had been deposited during the preceding summer monsoon. Differences in the chemistry of the summer-accumulated snow at the two sites probably reflected local differences in ablation and elution rates, rather than differences in ion supplies. Differences in the chemistry of the winter-accumulated snow may reflect the influence of up-valley winds, which bring more crustal material to the lower site.
Stable-isotope and trace element time series from Fedchenko glacier (Pamirs) snow/firn cores
Authors: Aizen Vladimir B. , Mayewski Paul A. , Aizen Elena M. , Joswiak Daniel R. , Surazakov Arzhan B. , Kaspari Susan , Grigholm Bijorn , Krachler Michael , Handley Mike , Finaev Alexander
Published: June 2009

In summer 2005, two pilot snow/firn cores were obtained at 5365 and 5206 m a.s.l. on Fedchenko glacier, Pamirs, Tajikistan, the world’s longest and deepest alpine glacier. The well-defined seasonal layering appearing in stable-isotope and trace element distribution identified the physical links controlling the climate and aerosol concentration signals. Air temperature and humidity/precipitation were the primary determinants of stable-isotope ratios. Most precipitation over the Pamirs originated in the Atlantic. In summer, water vapor was re-evaporated from semi-arid regions in central Eurasia. The semi-arid regions contribute to non-soluble aerosol loading in snow accumulated on Fedchenko glacier. In the Pamir core, concentrations of rare earth elements, major and other elements were less than those in the Tien Shan but greater than those in Antarctica, Greenland, the Alps and the Altai. The content of heavy metals in the Fedchenko cores is 2–14 times lower than in the Altai glaciers. Loess from Afghan–Tajik deposits is the predominant lithogenic material transported to the Pamirs. Trace elements generally showed that aerosol concentration tended to increase on the windward slopes during dust storms but tended to decrease with altitude under clear conditions. The trace element profile documented one of the most severe droughts in the 20th century.

‘There is no culture without glaciers. Without the mountain ranges where the snow is accumulated over winter and eventually packed to become ice, the flat lands would be desert lands’

W. Rickmer Rickmers (1929); after his expedition to the Pamirs with R. Finsterwalder
Connected subglacial lake activity on lower Mercer and Whillans Ice Streams, West Antarctica, 2003–2008
Authors: Fricker Helen Amanda , Scambos Ted
Published: June 2009

We examine patterns of localized surface elevation change in lower Mercer and Whillans Ice Streams, West Antarctica, which we interpret as subglacial water movement through a system of lakes and channels. We detect and measure the lake activity using repeat-track laser altimetry from ICESat and image differencing from MODIS image pairs. A hydrostatic-potential map for the region shows that the lakes are distributed across three distinct hydrologic regimes. Our analysis shows that, within these regimes, some of the subglacial lakes appear to be linked, with drainage events in one reservoir causing filling and follow-on drainage in adjacent lakes. We also observe changes near ice raft ‘a’ in lower Whillans Ice Stream, and interpret them as evidence of subglacial water and other changes at the bed. The study provides quantitative information about the properties of this complex subglacial hydrologic system, and a relatively unstudied component of ice-sheet mass balance: subglacial drainage across the grounding line.
On fundamental limits to glacier flow models: computational theory and implications
Authors: Bahr David
Published: June 2009

No single flow model can simulate all possible glaciers and ice sheets without violating fundamental tenets of computational science. The root cause is not one of numerical sophistication, precision or accurate initial conditions. Instead, using flow and transport as data transmission, glaciers inadvertently function as information processors. This computational capability confers a level of complexity that inherently limits our ability to accurately and efficiently predict glacier flow and therefore, for example, to forecast those aspects of climate systems that depend on glaciers. In particular, even with considerable future advancements in glacier physics, computational theory shows that no dramatic improvements in numerical speed are likely when compared to today’s glacier models. Therefore, to increase speed and resolution, the next generation of climate and sea-level models must rely on simulations tailored to specific ice-sheet geometries rather than general-purpose glacier flow models. However, because glaciers process information, entirely new computation-theoretic advances in glaciology are possible, and concepts from information entropy may help to define new glacier scaling relationships and identify which geometries will be most problematic for modeling.
Supercooled water in an Arctic polynya: observations and modeling
Authors: Skogseth Ragnheid , Nilsen Frank , Smedsrud Lars H.
Published: June 2009

In situ field measurements of an active polynya in Storfjorden, Svalbard, during April 2006 are presented. A surface heat flux, estimated to be 400 W m−2, produced frazil ice that was advected away from the fast ice edge during the end of a polynya event driven by cold winds from the northeast. Conductivity, temperature and depth casts from the fast ice edge of the polynya were calibrated by accompanying water samples, and reveal a supercooling event that lasted for 3 days in a 5 m deep water column. Surface salinity reached 35.9 psu from brine release during ice growth. The maximum supercooling measured was 0.037 ± 0.005°C below the in situ freezing point near the surface and 0.016 ± 0.005°C at the bottom; the mean supercooling gradient was 0.020 ± 0.005°C between the surface and the bottom. These measurements are consistent with results from a one-dimensional frazil ice model, confirming that such supercooling levels can be expected. Frazil ice concentrations in the water were modeled to be lower than 0.02 g L−1, due to advection in the surface layer. Seven frazil/grease ice samples taken from a place where advection was blocked along the fast ice edge showed a mean salinity of 26.2 psu, indicating 25% frazil ice and 75% sea water in the grease ice. The water-column salinity decreased during the measurement period due to less saline water replacing newly formed brine-enriched shelf water flowing down to deeper parts of Storfjorden. The supercooling ceased when the wind direction turned to the east, with higher air temperatures and warmer and less saline water being pushed into Storfjorden by the northward Ekman transport. These are the first in situ observations from an active Arctic polynya with concurrent sampling of hydrography and frazil ice, and the supercooling is the maximum observed in recent years with modern and accurate instrumentation.
Production and decay of random kinetic energy in granular snow avalanches
Authors: Buser Othmar , Bartelt Perry
Published: June 2009

Any model of snow avalanches must be able to reproduce velocity profiles. This is a key problem in avalanche science because the profiles are the result of a multitude of snow/ice particle interactions that, in the fend, define the rheology of flowing snow. Recent measurements on real-scale avalanches show that the velocity profiles change from a highly sheared profile at the avalanche front to a plug-like profile at the avalanche tail, preventing the application of a single, simple rheology to the avalanche problem. In this paper, we model not only the velocity profiles but also the evolution of the velocity profiles, by taking into account the production and decay of the kinetic energy of the random motion of the snow granules. We find that the generation of this random energy depends on the distribution of viscous shearing within the avalanche. Conversely, the viscous shearing depends on the magnitude of the random energy and therefore its collisional dissipation. Thus, there is a self–consistency problem that must be resolved in order to predict the amount of random energy and therefore the velocity profiles. We solve this problem by stating equations that describe the production and decay of random energy in avalanches. An important guide to the form of these equations is that the generation of random energy is irreversible. We show that our approach successfully accounts for measured profiles in natural avalanches.
Surface topography of Dome A, Antarctica, from differential GPS measurements
Authors: Cheng Xiao , Gong Peng , Zhang Yanmei , Sun Zhanyi , Wei Fuhai
Published: June 2009

Dome A is the highest ice feature in Antarctica, at over 4000 m a.s.l., and overlies the Gamburtsev mountains. It is believed that deep ice-core drilling in this area may reveal the oldest ice in Antarctica, providing an unparalleled paleoclimate record in excess of 1 Ma, and perhaps going back as far as 1.2 Ma (Xiao and others, 2008). However, little is known about this area because its height and distance from the coast and scientific stations makes access difficult.
Impedance measurements of the complex dielectric permittivity of sea ice at 50 MHz: pore microstructure and potential for salinity monitoring
Authors: Pringle Daniel , Dubuis Guy , Eicken Hajo
Published: June 2009

We report impedance measurements of the complex dielectric permittivity ε = ε′ − jε″ of sea ice and laboratory-grown NaCl single crystals using 50 MHz Stevens Water Monitoring Systems Hydra Probes. Temperature cycling of the single-crystal samples shows hydrohalite precipitation, and hysteresis in ε′ and ε″ qualitatively consistent with the expected evolution of brine-inclusion microstructure. Measurements parallel and perpendicular to intra-crystalline brine layers show weak (<10%) anisotropy in ε′ and a 20–40% difference in ε″ due to enhanced d.c. conductivity along the layers. Measurements in landfast, first-year ice near Barrow, Alaska, USA, indicate brine motion in warming ice as the brine volume fraction vb increases above 5%. Plots of vb derived from salinity profiles against ε′ and ε″ for these and previous measurements display too much variability between datasets for unguided inversion of vb. Contributing to this variability are intrinsic microstructural dependence, uncertainties in vb, and sub-representative sample volumes. A standard model of sea-ice permittivity is inverted to derive the apparent brine-inclusion aspect ratio and bulk d.c. conductivity at a spatial scale complementary to previous measurements. We assess Hydra Probe performance in high-salinity environments and conclude that they are not generally suited for autonomous sea-ice salinity measurements, partly due to the range of relevant brine pocket inclusion length scales.
On the geometry of core-catcher holders for hot-water based ice coring of sediment-laden ice
Authors: Vogel S.W.
Published: June 2009

Analysis of sediment-laden ice accreted at the base of ice sheets provides useful information on subglacial conditions and processes that otherwise cannot be observed or are very difficult to observe. While sediment-laden accreted basal ice can be accessed directly at the terminus of alpine glaciers, the basal zone of ice sheets is only accessible by drilling. Small amounts of sediment in the ice have provided few or no problems for conventional ice-core drilling (Gow and others, 1979; Weis and others, 1997); however, the higher-sediment-content accreted ice beneath West Antarctic ice streams (Vogel and others, 2005) has not been recovered using the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) hot-water ice corer (Engelhardt and others, 2000).
A new present-day temperature parameterization for Greenland
Authors: Fausto Robert S. , Ahlstrøm Andreas P. , Van As Dirk , Bøggild Carl E. , Johnsen Sigfus J.
Published: June 2009

Near-surface air temperature (2 m) over the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) is parameterized using data from automatic weather stations located on land and on the ice sheet. The parameterization is expressed in terms of mean annual temperatures and mean July temperatures, both depending linearly on altitude, latitude and longitude. The temperature parameterization is compared to a previous study and is shown to be in better agreement with observations. The temperature parameterization is tested in a positive degree-day model to simulate the present (1996–2006) mean melt area extent of the GrIS. The model accounts for firn warming, rainfall and refreezing of meltwater, with different degree-day factors for ice and snow under warm and cold climate conditions. The simulated melt area extent is found to have reasonable agreement with satellite-derived observations.
Optimizing photogrammetric DEMs for glacier volume change assessment using laser-scanning derived ground-control points
Authors: Barrand Nicholas E. , Murray Tavi , James Timothy D. , Barr Stuart L. , Mills Jon P.
Published: June 2009

Photogrammetric processing of archival stereo imagery offers the opportunity to reconstruct glacier volume changes for regions where no such data exist, and to better constrain the contribution to sea-level rise from small glaciers and ice caps. The ability to derive digital elevation model (DEM) measurements of glacier volume from photogrammetry relies on good-quality, well-distributed ground reference data, which may be difficult to acquire. This study shows that ground-control points (GCPs) can be identified and extracted from point-cloud airborne lidar data and used to control photogrammetric glacier models. The technique is applied to midtre Lovénbreen, a small valley glacier in northwest Svalbard. We show that the amount of ground control measured and the elevation accuracy of GCP coordinates (based on known and theoretical error considerations) has a significant effect on photogrammetric model statistics, DEM accuracy and the subsequent geodetic measurement of glacier volume change. Models controlled with fewer than 20 lidar control points or GCPs from sub-optimal areas within the swath footprint overestimated volume change by 14–53% over a 2 year period. DEMs derived from models utilizing 20–25 or more GCPs, however, gave volume change estimates within ∼4% of those from repeat lidar data (−0.51 m a−1 between 2003 and 2005). Our results have important implications for the measurement of glacier volume change from archival stereo-imagery sources.
Design of a Smart Ultrasonic Transducer for Interconnecting Machine Applications
Authors: Yan Tian-Hong , Wang Wei , Chen Xue-Dong , Li Qing , Xu Chang
Published: June 2009

A high-frequency ultrasonic transducer for copper or gold wire bonding has been designed, analyzed, prototyped and tested. Modeling techniques were used in the design phase and a practical design procedure was established and used. The transducer was decomposed into its elementary components. For each component, an initial design was obtained with simulations using a finite elements model (FEM). Simulated ultrasonic modules were built and characterized experimentally through the Laser Doppler Vibrometer (LDV) and electrical resonance spectra. Compared with experimental data, the FEM could be iteratively adjusted and updated. Having achieved a remarkably highly-predictive FEM of the whole transducer, the design parameters could be tuned for the desired applications, then the transducer is fixed on the wire bonder with a complete holder clamping was calculated by the FEM. The approach to mount ultrasonic transducers on wire bonding machines also is of major importance for wire bonding in modern electronic packaging. The presented method can lead to obtaining a nearly complete decoupling clamper design of the transducer to the wire bonder.
Study of Alternative GPS Network Meteorological Sensors in Taiwan: Case Studies of the Plum Rains and Typhoon Sinlaku
Authors: Chiang Kai-Wei , Peng Wei-Chih , Yeh Yen-Hua , Chen Kwo-Hwa
Published: June 2009

Plum rains and typhoons are important weather systems in the Taiwan region. They can cause huge economic losses, but they are also considered as important water resources as they strike Taiwan annually and fill the reservoirs around the island. There are many meteorological sensors available for investigating the characteristics of weather and climate systems. Recently, the use of GPS as an alternative meteorological sensor has become popular due to the catastrophic impact of global climate change. GPS provides meteorological parameters mainly from the atmosphere. Precise Point Positioning (PPP) is a proven algorithm that has attracted attention in GPS related studies. This study uses GPS measurements collected at more than fifty reference stations of the e-GPS network in Taiwan. The first data set was collected from June 1st 2008 to June 7th 2008, which corresponds to the middle of the plum rain season in Taiwan. The second data set was collected from September 11th to September 17th 2008 during the landfall of typhoon Sinlaku. The data processing strategy is to process the measurements collected at the reference stations of the e-GPS network using the PPP technique to estimate the zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) values of the sites; thus, the correlations between the ZTD values and the variation of rainfall during the plum rains and typhoon are analyzed. In addition, several characteristics of the meteorological events are identified using spatial and temporal analyses of the ZTD values estimated with the GPS network PPP technique.
A Hop-Count Analysis Scheme for Avoiding Wormhole Attacks in MANET
Authors: Jen Shang-Ming , Laih Chi-Sung , Kuo Wen-Chung
Published: June 2009

MANET, due to the nature of wireless transmission, has more security issues compared to wired environments. A specific type of attack, the Wormhole attack does not require exploiting any nodes in the network and can interfere with the route establishment process. Instead of detecting wormholes from the role of administrators as in previous methods, we implement a new protocol, MHA, using a hop-count analysis from the viewpoint of users without any special environment assumptions. We also discuss previous works which require the role of administrator and their reliance on impractical assumptions, thus showing the advantages of MHA.
Construction of an Environmentally Sustainable Development on a Modified Coastal Sand Mined and Landfill Site – Part 1. Planning and Implementation
Authors: Hazelton Pamela , Clements AnneMarie
Published: June 2009

The Magenta Shores development fronts 2.3 km of Tuggerah Beach on a formerly sand mined and landfill site in an urban growth area on the central coast of New South Wales. To increase the natural defences against storm waves and mass sand movements, the incipient foredune was retained and the parallel beach ridge landform was re-established by mimicking natural processes. Analysis of waste and resources led to a coordinated large-scale onsite re-use, recycling and waste management program that reduced landfill, transportation and natural resource requirements. Bitou bush removed from the Coastal Protection Zone was incorporated into golf course soils to improve grass growth. Leachate in the groundwater from the former landfill was diverted away from Tuggerah Lake and re-used in golf course irrigation. Upgrade of the local sewer treatment plant and installation of a public dual pipeline servicing Magenta and the adjoining township satisfied irrigation demands and provided non-potable water for the existing and expanding urban community. The sustainability challenges of the project were met through clear identification of existing environmental risks, application of scientific research, integrated team management and stakeholders’ cooperation.
Shallow Water Quasi‐Geostrophic Theory on the Sphere
Authors: Schubert Wayne H. , Taft Richard K. , Silvers Levi G.
Published: June 2009

Quasi‐geostrophic theory forms the basis for much of our understanding of mid‐latitude atmospheric dynamics. The theory is typically presented in either its f‐plane form or its β‐plane form. However, for many applications, including diagnostic use in global climate modeling, a fully spherical version would be most useful. Such a global theory does in fact exist and has for many years, but few in the scientific community seem to have ever been aware of it. In the context of shallow water dynamics, it is shown that the spherical version of quasigeostrophic theory is easily derived (re‐derived) based on a partitioning of the flow between nondivergent and irrotational components, as opposed to a partitioning between geostrophic and ageostrophic components. In this way, the invertibility principle is expressed as a relation between the streamfunction and the potential vorticity, rather than between the geopotential and the potential vorticity. This global theory is then extended by showing that the invertibility principle can be solved analytically using spheroidal harmonic transforms, an advancement that greatly improves the usefulness of this “forgotten” theory. When the governing equation for the time evolution of the potential vorticity is linearized about a state of rest, a simple Rossby‐Haurwitz wave dispersion relation is derived and examined. These waves have a horizontal structure described by spheroidal harmonics, and the Rossby‐Haurwitz wave frequencies are given in terms of the eigenvalues of the spheroidal harmonic operator. Except for sectoral harmonics with low zonal wavenumber, the quasi‐geostrophic Rossby‐Haurwitz frequencies agree very well with those calculated from the primitive equations. One of the many possible applications of spherical quasi‐geostrophic theory is to the study of quasi‐geostrophic turbulence on the sphere. In this context, the theory is used to derive an anisotropic Rhines barrier in three‐dimensional wavenumber space.
Market power behaviour in the Danish food marketing chain
Authors: Jensen Jørgen Dejgaard
Published: June 2009

The paper presents and demonstrates an econometric approach to analysing food industry firms' market pricing behaviour within the framework of translog cost functions and based on firm-level accounts panel data. The study identifies effects that can be interpreted as firms' market power behaviour in output or input markets. The most robust indications of market power behaviour in output markets are found in the pork and poultry processing sectors, as well as for firms in the bakeries sector. On the other hand, the most robust market power behaviour indications regarding input markets are found for poultry processing. In general, the patterns with regard to market power behaviour seem to be more clearly identified in the processing sectors than in the distribution sectors.
Stimulating environmental management capability deployment: the case of the Dutch food and drink industry
Authors: Haverkamp Derk-Jan , Bremmers Harry , Omta Onno
Published: June 2009

This paper investigates the influence of the institutional and network context on the adoption of environmental management capabilities. The aim is to gain insight into the managerial drivers for environmental pro-activeness and learn lessons for environmental policy renewal. A longitudinal empirical study in the Dutch food and drink industry was performed focusing on the years 2002 and 2005. The effectiveness of ecological modernization, as a foundation for environmental policy, is questioned. Ecological Modernization Theory (EMT) proclaims that voluntary, market- and innovation-driven ambitions improve environmental sustainability. Surprisingly, public-private cooperation and business network influences appear to have limited success in pro-actively stimulating ecologically sustainable, long-term environmental initiatives. Especially in medium-sized companies the quality of the natural environment is not a strategic issue in most cases. This is in striking contrast to the expectations of EMT proponents. We propose a differentiation of environmental policy by aligning policy instruments to observed behavioural patterns of companies.
Morphogenetic Urbanism
Authors: Trummer Peter
Published: June 2009

Peter Trummer pursues a morphogenetic model of urban design in which matter and form are placed in a dynamic rather than a fixed relationship. He demonstrates its application with a neighbourhood model that he has developed for the suburbs of Phoenix, Arizona, with the Second‐Year Research Programme at the Berlage Institute in Rotterdam. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Jan Kaplický (1937‐2009): Homage to an Extraordinary Life of Unfulfilled Dreams and Major Successes
Authors: Margolius Ivan
Published: June 2009

Jan Kaplický's visionary work for Future Systems was some of the most imaginative and inspiring of the last few decades. His passion and excitement for architecture exudes through such remarkable forms as the Lord's Media Centre and Selfridges in Birmingham. It was also effectively disseminated through his publications: most notably the For Inspiration Only picture books that he produced for Wiley‐Academy in the late 1990s. A staunch believer in the power of books and journals, he was a loyal supporter of AD and an editorial board member for many years; always generous with his time and willing to express his ideas candidly. Here, close friend and fellow Czech architect and writer Ivan Margolius, celebrates not only Kaplicky the architect, but also the extraordinary life and sensibility of the man behind his work. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Feildbarn
Authors: Littlefield David
Published: June 2009

Feilden Clegg Bradley Studios are leading an initiative to find an alternative use for the disused field barns of the Yorkshire Dales that will retain for prosperity these beautifully crafted structures roughened and enhanced by time. David Littlefield describes the pilot project in Lower Wharfedale, near Skipton, in which a timber pod has been created to provide basic accommodation for holidaymakers seeking a countryside break close to nature. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lighting Up
Authors: Croci Valentina
Published: June 2009

Through the work of London practice Cinimod Studio, led by Dominic Harris, Valentina Croci explores the potential that lighting design offers for interactive work, whether it is transforming unwelcoming urban spaces or enhancing the public's experience of the city. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parallel Indexing: Infrastructure and Space
Authors: Kehne Holger , Turko Jeff
Published: June 2009

As governments around the world open the public coffers in an attempt to pull their economies back from collapse, Holger Kehne and Jeff Turko describe how they have extended the work of the Architectural Association Diploma Unit 12 to incorporate the pertinent subject of infrastructure and architecture, employing ‘indexical systems’. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Magnonics: Spin Waves on the Nanoscale
Authors: Neusser Sebastian , Grundler Dirk
Published: June 2009

Magnetic nanostructures have long been in the focus of intense research in the magnetic storage industry. For data storage the nonvolatility of magnetic states is of utmost relevance. As information technology generates the need for higher and higher data‐transfer rates, research efforts have moved to understand magnetization dynamics. Here, spin waves and their particle‐like analog, magnons, are increasingly attracting interest. High‐quality nanopatterned magnetic media now offer new ways to transmit and process information without moving electrical charges. This new functionality is enabled by spin waves. They are confined by novel functioning principles, which render them especially suitable to operate at the nanoscale. Magnonic crystals are expected to provide full control of spin waves, similarly to what photonic crystals already do for light. Combined with nonvolatility, multifunctional metamaterials might be formed. We report recent advances in this rapidly increasing research field called magnonics.
Toward the Development of Printable Nanowire Electronics and Sensors
Authors: Fan Zhiyong , Ho Johnny C. , Takahashi Toshitake , Yerushalmi Roie , Takei Kuniharu , Ford Alexandra C. , Chueh Yu‐Lun , Javey Ali
Published: June 2009

In recent years, there has been tremendous progress in the research and development of printable electronics on mechanically flexible substrates based on inorganic active components, which provide high performances and stable device operations at low cost. In this regard, various approaches have been developed for the direct transfer or printing of micro‐ and nanoscale, inorganic semiconductors on substrates. In this review article, we focus on the recent advancements in the large‐scale integration of single crystalline, inorganic‐nanowire (NW) arrays for electronic and sensor applications, specifically involving the contact printing of NWs at defined locations. We discuss the advantages, limitations, and the state‐of‐the‐art of this technology, and present an integration platform for future printable, heterogeneous‐sensor circuitry based on NW parallel arrays.
Joint orientation and function in great ape and human proximal pedal phalanges
Authors: Griffin Nicole L. , Richmond Brian G.
Published: June 2009

Previous studies have referred to the degree of dorsal canting of the base of the proximal phalanx as an indicator of human‐like metatarsophalangeal joint function and thus a diagnostic trait of habitual bipedality in the fossil record. Here, we used a simple method to investigate differences in forefoot function on a finer scale. Building on Duncan et al.'s (Am J Phys Anthropol 93 [1994] 67–81) research, we tested whether dorsal canting reflects differences between sexes in locomotor behavior, whether habitual shoe wear influences dorsal canting in humans, and whether proximal joint morphology differs between rays in Pan and humans. Our results corroborate previous research in showing that humans have proximal phalanges with joint orientations that are significantly more dorsal than, but overlap with, those of great apes. We also found that male gorillas have significantly more dorsally canted second proximal phalanges than their female counterparts, while the opposite pattern between the sexes was found in Pan troglodytes. Inter‐ray comparisons indicate that Pan have more dorsally canted first proximal phalanges than second proximal phalanges, while the opposite pattern was found in humans. Minimally shod humans have slightly but significantly more dorsally canted second proximal phalanges than those of habitually shod humans, indicating that phalanges of unshod humans provide the most appropriate comparative samples for analyses of early hominins. Overall, our analysis suggests that though the measurement of dorsal canting is limited in its sensitivity to certain intraspecific differences in function, phalangeal joint orientation reflects interspecific differences in joint function, with the caveat that different patterns of forefoot function during gait can involve similar articular sets of metatarsophalangeal joints. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Friction and wear properties of basalt fiber reinforced/solid lubricants filled polyimide composites under different sliding conditions
Authors: Zhang Xinrui , Pei Xianqiang , Wang Qihua
Published: June 2009

Short basalt fibers (BFs)‐reinforced polyimide (PI) composites filled with MoS2 and graphite were fabricated by means of hot‐press molding technique. The tribological properties of the resulting composites sliding against GCr15 steel ring were investigated on a model ring‐on‐block test rig. The wear mechanisms were also comparatively discussed, based on scanning electron microscopic examination of the worn surface of the PI composites and the transfer film formed on the counterpart. Experimental results revealed that MoS2 and graphite as fillers significantly improved the wear resistance of the BFs‐reinforced polyimide (BFs/PI) composites. For the best combination of friction coefficient and wear rate, the optimal volume content of MoS2 and graphite in the composites appears to be 40 and 35%, respectively. It was also found that the tribological properties of the filled BFs/PI composites were closely related with the sliding conditions such as sliding speed and applied load. Research results show that the BF/PI composites exhibited better tribological properties under higher PV product. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene/organoclay hybrid nanocomposites
Authors: Lee Eon M. , Oh Young S. , Ha Ha S. , Jeong Ham M. , Kim Byung K.
Published: June 2009

The ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)/organoclay nanocomposites were prepared in decalin with various organoclay contents (0, 1, 2, 3, and 5 pphr). Transmission electron micrographic images and X‐ray diffraction results showed that the organoclay was exfoliated and well dispersed in UHMWPE matrix. The rheological properties were measured at various temperatures (110, 130, and 150°C) in a broad range of shear rate (10−1–102) at a gel concentration of 6 wt %. The result showed that the viscosity increased with the addition and increasing organoclay content. Thermal stability (thermogravimetric analysis) and crystallinity (differential scanning calorimeter) of UHMWPE increased with increasing organoclay content implying that the organoclay functioned as barrier and nucleating agent. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Applying two‐level reinforcement ranking in query‐oriented multidocument summarization
Authors: Wei Furu , Li Wenjie , Lu Qin , He Yanxiang
Published: June 2009

Sentence ranking is the issue of most concern in document summarization today. While traditional feature‐based approaches evaluate sentence significance and rank the sentences relying on the features that are particularly designed to characterize the different aspects of the individual sentences, the newly emerging graph‐based ranking algorithms (such as the PageRank‐like algorithms) recursively compute sentence significance using the global information in a text graph that links sentences together. In general, the existing PageRank‐like algorithms can model well the phenomena that a sentence is important if it is linked by many other important sentences. Or they are capable of modeling the mutual reinforcement among the sentences in the text graph. However, when dealing with multidocument summarization these algorithms often assemble a set of documents into one large file. The document dimension is totally ignored. In this article we present a framework to model the two‐level mutual reinforcement among sentences as well as documents. Under this framework we design and develop a novel ranking algorithm such that the document reinforcement is taken into account in the process of sentence ranking. The convergence issue is examined. We also explore an interesting and important property of the proposed algorithm. When evaluated on the DUC 2005 and 2006 query‐oriented multidocument summarization datasets, significant results are achieved.
Two‐strata rotatability in split‐plot central composite designs
Authors: Wang Li , Vining G. Geoffrey , Kowalski Scott M.
Published: June 2009

A rotatable design (Ann. Math. Stat.1957;28:195–241) forkfactors is one such that the prediction variance is purely a function of distance from the design center. Of special interest in this paper is the rotatable central composite design (CCD), which most software packages use as the typical default choice for a second‐order design. In many cases some factors are hard to change while others are easy to change, which creates a split‐plot experiment. This paper establishes that the split‐plot structure precludes the possibility of any second‐order design being rotatable in the traditional sense. As an alternative this paper proposes the two‐strata rotatable split‐plot CCD, where the resulting prediction variance is a function of the whole plot (WP) distance and the subplot (SP) distance separately instead of the sum of them. The resulting design is rotatable in the WP space when the SP factors are held fixed, and vice versa. In the special case where the WP variance component is zero, the two‐strata rotatable split‐plot CCD becomes the standard rotatable CCD. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nitrite reduction: a ubiquitous function from a pre‐aerobic past
Authors: Cutruzzolà Francesca , Rinaldo Serena , Castiglione Nicoletta , Giardina Giorgio , Pecht Israel , Brunori Maurizio
Published: June 2009

In eukaryotes, small amounts of nitrite confer cytoprotection against ischemia/reperfusion‐related tissue damage in vivo, possibly via reduction to nitric oxide (NO) and inhibition of mitochondrial function. Several hemeproteins are involved in this protective mechanism, starting with deoxyhemoglobin, which is capable of reducing nitrite. In facultative aerobic bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, nitrite is reduced to NO by specialized heme‐containing enzymes called cd1 nitrite reductases. The details of their catalytic mechanism are summarized below, together with a hypothesis on the biological role of the unusual d1‐heme, which, in the reduced state, shows unique properties (very high affinity for nitrite and exceptionally fast dissociation of NO). Our results support the idea that the nitrite‐based reactions of contemporary eukaryotes are a vestige of earlier bacterial biochemical pathways. The evidence that nitrite reductase activities of enzymes with different cellular roles and biochemical features still exist today highlights the importance of nitrite in cellular homeostasis.
Natural abundant solid state NMR studies in designed tripeptides for differentiation of multiple conformers
Authors: Jayanthi S. , Chatterjee Bhaswati , Raghothama S.
Published: June 2009

Solid state NMR (SSNMR) experiments on heteronuclei in natural abundance are described for three synthetically designed tripeptides Piv‐LPro‐LPro‐LPhe‐OMe (1), Piv‐DPro‐LPro‐LPhe‐OMe (2), and Piv‐DPro‐LPro‐LPhe‐NHMe (3). These peptides exist in different conformation as shown by solution state NMR and single crystal X‐ray analysis (Chatterjee et al., Chem Eur J 2008, 14, 6192). In this study, SSNMR has been used to probe the conformations of these peptides in their powder form. The 13C spectrum of peptide (1) showed doubling of resonances corresponding to cis/cis form, unlike in solution where the similar doubling is attributed to cis/trans form. This has been confirmed by the chemical shift differences of Cβ and Cγ carbon of Proline in peptide (1) both in solution and SSNMR. Peptide (2) and (3) provided single set of resonances which represented all trans form across the di‐Proline segment. The results are in agreement with the X‐ray analysis. Solid state 15N resonances, especially from Proline residues provided additional information, which is normally not observable in solution state NMR. 1H chemical shifts are also obtained from a two‐dimensional heteronuclear correlation experiment between 1H13C. The results confirm the utility of NMR as a useful tool for identifying different conformers in peptides in the solid state. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 91: 851–860, 2009.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online“ date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Potent Triple Helix Stabilization by 5′,3′‐Modified Triplex‐Forming Oligonucleotides
Authors: Ben Gaied Nouha , Zhao Zhengyun , Gerrard Simon R. , Fox Keith R. , Brown Tom
Published: June 2009

Anthraquinone and pyrene analogues attached to the 3′ and/or 5′ termini of triplex‐forming oligonucleotides (TFOs) by various linkers increased the stability of parallel triple helices. The modifications are simple to synthesize and can be introduced during standard solid‐phase oligonucleotide synthesis. Potent triplex stability was achieved by using doubly modified TFOs, which in the most favourable cases gave an increase in melting temperature of 30 °C over the unmodified counterparts and maintained their selectivity for the correct target duplex. Such TFOs can produce triplexes with melting temperatures of 40 °C at pH 7 even though they do not contain any triplexstabilizing base analogues. These studies have implications for the design of triplex‐forming oligonucleotides for use in biology and nanotechnology.
Pulmonary neuroendocrine/carcinoid tumors
Authors: Bertino Erin M. , Confer Patricia D. , Colonna Jorge E. , Ross Patrick , Otterson Gregory A.
Published: June 2009

Neuroendocrine tumors are a unique malignant neoplasm that can arise from the respiratory tree. Although well‐differentiated bronchial neuroendocrine tumors (also called carcinoid tumors) are reported to account for approximately 25% of all neuroendocrine tumors, they represent only 1% to 2% of all lung cancers. The epidemiology, clinical behavior, and treatment of neuroendocrine carcinoid tumors differ significantly from other lung malignancies. In this article, the recent data regarding these tumors were reviewed with attention to the treatment modalities used. Although conventional cytotoxic therapy has not been reported to demonstrate much promise in this entity over the past 4 decades, newer molecular targeted agents including those that targeted angiogenesis and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway have shown encouraging results in early phase trials for advanced carcinoid tumors. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Clinical trial enrollment, patient characteristics, and survival differences in prospectively registered metastatic colorectal cancer patients
Authors: Sorbye Halfdan , Pfeiffer Per , Cavalli‐Björkman Nina , Qvortrup Camilla , Holsen Mari H. , Wentzel‐Larsen Tore , Glimelius Bengt
Published: June 2009

BACKGROUND:

Trial accrual patterns were examined to determine whether metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients enrolled in trials are representative of a general cancer population concerning patient characteristics and survival.

METHODS:

A total of 760 mCRC patients referred for their first oncological consideration at 3 hospitals in Scandinavia covering defined populations were registered consecutively during 2003 to 2006. Clinical trial enrollment, patient characteristics, and treatment were recorded prospectively, and the follow‐up was complete.

RESULTS:

Palliative chemotherapy was initiated in 61% of the patients. Approximately one‒third (36%) of patients receiving chemotherapy were included in a trial. The main reason for nonparticipation was failed eligibility criteria (69%). The median survival after chemotherapy was 15.8 months for all patients, and 18 months after combination chemotherapy. Trial patients had better prognostic characteristics and significantly longer survival than nontrial patients: 21.3 months versus 15.2 months when receiving combination chemotherapy. Poor performance status was the main reason for giving best supportive care only, and the median survival was then only 2.1 months. The median survival for all 760 nonresectable mCRC patients was 10.7 months.

CONCLUSIONS:

mCRC patients enrolled into clinical trials differ in characteristics from patients receiving chemotherapy outside protocol and have better survival, even when given the same treatment. Although trial patients have a median survival close to 2 years, survival is lower for all patients receiving chemotherapy and much lower for all patients diagnosed with mCRC. Studies that better accept the heterogeneity of the population with mCRC are needed. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.