bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Staying cool, keeping strong: incubation temperature affects performance in a freshwater turtle
Authors: Micheli‐Campbell M. A. , Campbell H. A. , Cramp R. L. , Booth D. T. , Franklin C. E.
Published: July 2011

It is unclear how predicted rises in ambient temperature associated with climate change will impact upon the survivorship of oviparous reptiles. Given that the incubation temperature can influence hatchling phenotype, understanding how elevated temperatures during development can affect the ability of hatchlings to undertake routine behaviours is important, especially for threatened species. Here we tested if raising mean incubation temperature above natural levels altered the physiology of hatchlings to an extent that behavioural function was impaired. Firstly, incubation temperatures were recorded from nests of the freshwater turtle (Elusor macrurus) in the wild, and the observed thermal range (26–31 °C) used to define the experimental protocol. Then, freshly laid E. macrurus eggs were collected and incubated at three constant temperatures (26, 29 and 32 °C). Embryos incubated at 32 °C had the lowest hatching success. Those that did hatch were smaller than the other groups and had a reduced post‐hatch growth rate. On land, the ability of hatchling turtles to right themselves is critical, and the turtles incubated at 32 °C took 30‐times longer to do this than those incubated at 26 °C. Once in the water, hatchling turtles must be able to swim effectively to evade predation and obtain food items. During swimming trials the 32 °C group exhibited a lower mean stroke force (10.5±0.3 mN) and spent less time swimming (133.7±17.7 s) compared with hatchlings incubated at 29 °C (13.4±0.4 mN, 281.3±25.7 s) and 26 °C (15.7±0.5 mN, 270.8±28.5 s). The results of the present study illustrate that even slight rises in the mean incubation temperature, over that observed in the wild, can impact upon a hatchling's performance.
Modulation of reactive oxygen species in skeletal muscle by myostatin is mediated through NF‐κB
Authors: Sriram Sandhya , Subramanian Subha , Sathiakumar Durga , Venkatesh Rithika , Salerno Monica S. , McFarlane Craig D. , Kambadur Ravi , Sharma Mridula
Published: July 2011

Abnormal levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory cytokines have been observed in the skeletal muscle during muscle wasting including sarcopenia. However, the mechanisms that signal ROS production and prolonged maintenance of ROS levels during muscle wasting are not fully understood. Here, we show that myostatin (Mstn) is a pro‐oxidant and signals the generation of ROS in muscle cells. Myostatin, a transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) family member, has been shown to play an important role in skeletal muscle wasting by increasing protein degradation. Our results here show that Mstn induces oxidative stress by producing ROS in skeletal muscle cells through tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) signaling via NF‐κB and NADPH oxidase. Aged Mstn null (Mstn−/−) muscles, which display reduced sarcopenia, also show an increased basal antioxidant enzyme (AOE) levels and lower NF‐κB levels indicating efficient scavenging of excess ROS. Additionally, our results indicate that both TNF‐α and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are potent inducers of Mstn and require NF‐κB signaling for Mstn induction. These results demonstrate that Mstn and TNF‐α are components of a feed forward loop in which Mstn triggers the generation of second messenger ROS, mediated by TNF‐α and NADPH oxidase, and the elevated TNF‐α in turn stimulates Mstn expression. Higher levels of Mstn in turn induce muscle wasting by activating proteasomal‐mediated catabolism of intracellular proteins. Thus, we propose that inhibition of ROS induced by Mstn could lead to reduced muscle wasting during sarcopenia.
INVESTIGATING SEASONALITY AND SEASON OF BIRTH IN PAST HERDS: A REFERENCE SET OF SHEEP ENAMEL STABLE OXYGEN ISOTOPE RATIOS
Authors: BALASSE M. , OBEIN G. , UGHETTO‐MONFRIN J. , MAINLAND I.
Published: July 2011

Intra‐tooth sequential analysis of enamel δ18O is currently used to investigate birth seasonality in past animal populations, offering new insights into seasonal availability of animal resources, herd management and seasonality of site occupation. Reference data sets are still required to address two major difficulties: (1) that inter‐individual variability in the record of the seasonal cycle is affected by tooth size; and (2) that the season of birth cannot be directly estimated from the timing of tooth growth, because of a delay in enamel mineralization. We present a data set acquired on the lower second molar of 10 modern sheep from Rousay (Orkney) born within a few weeks of each other in April/May and submitted to the same environmental conditions until death. All sheep have recorded a sinusoidal pattern of δ18O variation spanning approximately a year. From the difference between the expected and the measured time sequence, the delay of enamel mineralization is estimated to be 5–6 months. The data set is then described using a model mainly based on a cosine function. The period, corresponding to the length of the M2 crown formed over a year, averaged 35.8 mm. A very slight variation of tooth growth rate with time and no attenuation of the isotopic signal towards the cervical margin of the crown could be detected in this data set. The lowest δ18O values, corresponding to the sheep's first winter, were tracked at a distance from the enamel/root junction that varied between 23.0 and 30.3 mm (xmin mean = 27.6 mm); the highest δ18O values, corresponding to the sheep's second summer, were between 6.3 and 11.6 mm (xmax mean = 9.9 mm). Most of the variability can be attributed to tooth size. When normalized on the period, xmin and xmax are 0.28 (± 0.05) and 0.78 (± 0.05) on average, meaning that the Rousay sheep have recorded the minimum and maximum δ18O values on average at 78% and 28%, respectively, of the end of the periodic cycle recorded in the second molar.
Metal cation binding by the hyperthermophilic microorganism, Archaea Methanocaldococcus Jannaschii, and its effects on silicification
Authors: ORANGE FRANÇOIS , DISNAR JEAN‐ROBERT , WESTALL FRANCES , PRIEUR DANIEL , BAILLIF PATRICK
Published: July 2011

Abstract:  A series of experiments was conducted to determine the capacity of an archaeal strain, Methanocaldococcus jannaschii, to bind metals and to study the effects of metal binding on the subsequent silicification of the microorganisms. The results showed that M. jannaschii can rapidly bind several metal cations (Fe3+, Ca2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, Cu2+). Considering the lack of silicification of this strain without metal binding, these experiments demonstrate that Fe(III) ion binding to the cell wall components was of fundamental importance for successful silicification and, especially, for the excellent preservation of the cell wall. This study brings new elements to the understanding of fossilization processes, showing that the positive effect of Fe(III) on silicification, already known for Bacteria, can also apply to Archaea and that this preliminary binding can be decisive for the subsequent fossilization of these organisms. Knowledge of these mechanisms can be helpful for the search and the identification of microfossils in both terrestrial and extraterrestrials rocks, and in particular on Mars.
Are Lead Risk Questionnaires Adequate Predictors of Blood Lead Levels in Children?
Authors: Dyal Brenda
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of the verbal lead risk assessment tool in identifying the presence of measurable blood lead levels (BLL) in children.

Design and Sample: A retrospective analysis comparing results of a verbal lead risk assessment tool intended to identify elevated BLL in children with actual capillary fingerstick lead screening laboratory data. Three hundred and forty‐nine children aged 5 years and younger enrolled in Head Start during the 2008–2009 school year were evaluated. Sixty‐nine children had complete data and were included for final analysis.

Measures: Results of the verbal lead risk assessment and laboratory capillary fingerstick BLL.

Results: All 69 children had measurable BLL. The Pass group, 84.3% of the sample, had BLL scores of 2.2±1.5 μg/dl, while the Fail group, 15.7% of the sample, had BLL scores of 1.5±0.65 μg/dl. There was no significant difference in BLL between children that passed the verbal risk assessment and those that failed ( p>.05).

Conclusions: The verbal lead risk assessment did not accurately predict measurable BLL in children. Universal BLL screening for children is necessary to identify low levels of lead so that parents and caretakers of children can be notified and assisted in identifying and eliminating sources of lead exposure.
The Effect of Marker Location Variability on Noninvasive Canine Stifle Kinematics
Authors: Torres Bryan T. , Whitlock Dana , Reynolds Lisa R. , Fu Yang‐Chieh , Navik Judith A. , Speas Abbie L. , Sornborger Andrew , Budsberg Steven C.
Published: July 2011

Objective:Evaluate the effect of marker placement on kinematics of the canine stifle in 3 distinct hindlimb models.

Study Design:In vivo biomechanical study.

Animals:Normal adult mixed‐breed dogs (n=5).

Methods:Ten retroreflective markers were affixed to the skin on the right rear leg of each dog to establish normal stifle kinematics. Four additional markers were placed around the greater trochanter (GT), 2 cm cranial, caudal, dorsal, and ventral to evaluate single marker placement variability on kinematic model data. Dogs were walked and trotted 5 times through the calibrated space. Sagittal flexion and extension angle waveforms were acquired during each trial with 3 models that were produced simultaneously during each gait. The GT marker was reassigned to 1 of the 4 additional locations (cranial, caudal, dorsal, and ventral) to alter the kinematic model. Comparison of sagittal flexion and extension angle waveforms was performed with Generalized Indicator Function Analysis.

Results:Each model provided consistent equivalent sagittal flexion–extension data. Analysis revealed statistically significant differences between all GT locations. The differences were greatest in the cranial and caudal locations for all models.

Conclusions:Deviation of the GT marker in the cranial/caudal direction from an anatomically normal position produces a greater degree of difference than deviation in a dorsal/ventral direction.
Comparison ofpH, Lactate, and Glucose Analysis of Equine Synovial Fluid using a Portable Clinical Analyzer with a Bench‐Top Blood Gas Analyzer
Authors: Dechant Julie E. , Symm William A. , Nieto Jorge E.
Published: July 2011

Objective

To compare agreement between a portable clinical analyzer and laboratory‐based bench‐top analyzer for analysis ofpH, lactate, and glucose concentrations in synovial fluid.

Study Design

Prospective experimental study.

Animals

Clinically normal horses (n=8); 6 horses euthanatized for reasons unrelated to the study; 11 horses that had synoviocentesis for reasons other than sepsis; 7 horses that had synoviocentesis for evaluation of sepsis; and 2 horses without recorded clinical data. Median age of horses was 8 years (range, 1 day to 24 years).

Methods

Supernatant from each synovial fluid sample was analyzed forpH, lactate, and glucose concentrations using anABL705 laboratory‐based bench‐top analyzer and i‐STATportable clinical analyzer.Bland–Altman plots were constructed and concordance analysis performed to determine bias and agreement between the 2 analyzers.

Results

There was acceptable agreement between analyzers for lactate and glucose concentrations, with biases of 0.198 mmol/L and 9 mg/dL and concordance correlation coefficients of 0.97 and 0.96 for lactate and glucose, respectively. The agreement between analyzers forpHwas not acceptable, with a bias of −0.057 and concordance correlation coefficient of 0.89.

Conclusions

This study found that the portable clinical analyzer performed similarly to the bench‐top blood gas analyzer for evaluation of lactate and glucose concentrations, but notpH, in synovial fluid.
In Vitro Elution and Antibacterial Activity of Clindamycin, Amikacin, and Vancomycin from R‐gel Polymer
Authors: Thomas Leslie A. , Bizikova Tatiana , Minihan Anne C.
Published: July 2011

Objective:To characterize the in vitro elution and bioactivity of 2 formulations of antibiotics in a novel, dissolvable, cross‐linked dextran polymer matrix: Formulation 1—amikacin and clindamycin (AC); Formulation 2—amikacin, clindamycin, and vancomycin (ACV).

Study Design:Prospective, in vitro, experimental study.

Methods:Aliquots of the antibiotic impregnated polymer were incubated in PBS buffer for 10 days. PBS was changed every 24 hours and concentrations of the antibiotics eluted into saline were quantified. Antimicrobial activity of the eluent from each sampling period was tested for growth inhibition ofStaphylococcus aureus.

Results:Both formulations of R‐gel™had a rapid initial release of antibiotics within the first 24 hours and then the concentrations decreased gradually over 10 days. The concentration of amikacin, clindamycin, and vancomycin remained above the breakpoint minimum inhibitory concentration of each drug for a minimum of 9 days. No significant difference (P=.9938,P=.9843) was present in the elution pattern or total amount of antibiotic eluted from clindamycin or amikacin, respectively. Eluent from both groups demonstrated bioactivity againstS. aureusfor the entire 10‐day study period.

Conclusions:Amikacin and clindamycin together, or in combination with vancomycin, elute from R‐gel™effectively and at gradually decreasing concentrations for at least 10 days. The antibiotics maintained their bioactivity following polymerization and elution from the R‐gel™.
Perioperative Complications after Full‐Thickness Gastrointestinal Surgery in Cats with Alimentary Lymphoma
Authors: Smith Andrea L. , Wilson Aliya P. , Hardie Robert J. , Krick Erika L. , Schmiedt Chad W.
Published: July 2011

Objective

To determine perioperative risk factors for complications that occur before hospital discharge after gastrointestinal (GI) surgery in cats with alimentary lymphosarcoma (LSA).

Study Design

Case series.

Animals

Cats (n=70) with a histopathologically confirmed diagnosis of alimentaryLSAthat had full‐thicknessGIsurgery.

Methods

Medical record data (February 1996–March 2009) from 3 academic referral centers were reviewed. Retrieved data included signalment, preoperative clinical signs and laboratory findings, perioperative medications administered, type and location ofGIsurgery performed and outcome until hospital discharge.

Results

In 38 surgeries, intestinal resection and anastomosis was performed. Gastrotomy and/or enterotomy was performed in 53 surgeries. A preoperative serum albumin concentration <2.5 g/dL was recorded for 11 cases. There was no clinical evidence of postoperative leakage from any biopsy or anastomosis site. Postoperative complications that occurred before hospital discharge included: anorexia or decreased appetite (n=8), hyperthermia (3), pancreatitis (1) and constipation (1).

Conclusions

Cats with alimentaryLSAdo not appear to be at high risk of postoperative dehiscence after full‐thicknessGIsurgery.
Lymphocyte Populations in Joint Tissues from Dogs with Inflammatory Stifle Arthritis and Associated Degenerative Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture
Authors: Muir Peter , Kelly Jennifer L. , Marvel Sarah Jane , Heinrich Daniel A. , Schaefer Susan L. , Manley Paul A. , Tewari Kavita , Singh Anju , Suresh M. , Hao Zhengling , Plisch Erin
Published: July 2011

Objective:To evaluate lymphocyte populations in stifle synovium and synovial fluid of dogs with degenerative cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR).

Study Design:Prospective clinical study.

Animals:Dogs (n=25) with stifle arthritis and CCLR, 7 dogs with arthritis associated with cartilage degeneration (osteoarthritis [OA]), and 12 healthy Beagle dogs with intact CCL.

Methods:Arthritis was graded radiographically in CCLR dogs. After collection of joint tissues, mononuclear cells were isolated and subsequently analyzed using flow cytometry for expression of CD3, CD4, CD8, and CD21.

Results:The proportions of CD4+T helper lymphocytes, CD8+cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and CD3+CD4−CD8−T lymphocytes were increased in synovium from dogs with CCLR compared with synovium from healthy Beagle dogs (P<.05). The proportion of CD3+CD4−CD8−T lymphocytes in synovial fluid was increased in dogs with CCLR compared with dogs with OA (P<.05). In dogs with CCLR, the proportion of CD3+CD4−CD8−T lymphocytes in synovial fluid was inversely correlated with radiographic arthritis (SR=−0.68,P<.005).

Conclusion:Lymphocytic inflammation of stifle synovium and synovial fluid is an important feature of the CCLR arthropathy. Lymphocyte populations include T lymphocytes expressing CD4 and CD8, and CD3+CD4−CD8−T lymphocytes. Presence of CD3+CD4−CD8−T lymphocytes was associated with development of stifle synovitis. Further work is needed to fully identify the phenotype of these cells.
Explaining the Magnitude of Liquidity Premia: The Roles of Return Predictability, Wealth Shocks, and State‐Dependent Transaction Costs
Authors: LYNCH ANTHONY W. , TAN SINAN
Published: July 2011

Constantinides (1986) documents how the impact of transaction costs on per‐annum liquidity premia in the standard dynamic allocation problem with i.i.d. returns is an order of magnitude smaller than the cost rate itself. Recent papers form portfolios sorted on liquidity measures and find spreads in expected per‐annum return that are the same order of magnitude as the transaction cost spread. When we allow returns to be predictable and introduce wealth shocks calibrated to labor income, transaction costs are able to produce per‐annum liquidity premia that are the same order of magnitude as the transaction cost spread.
Public Pension Promises: How Big Are They and What Are They Worth?
Authors: NOVY‐MARX ROBERT , RAUH JOSHUA
Published: July 2011

We calculate the present value of state employee pension liabilities using discount rates that reflect the risk of the payments from a taxpayer perspective. If benefits have the same default and recovery characteristics as state general obligation debt, the national total of promised liabilities based on current salary and service is $3.20 trillion. If pensions have higher priority than state debt, the value of liabilities is much larger. Using zero‐coupon Treasury yields, which are default‐free but contain other priced risks, promised liabilities are $4.43 trillion. Liabilities are even larger under broader concepts that account for salary growth and future service.
Are Options on Index Futures Profitable for Risk‐Averse Investors? Empirical Evidence
Authors: CONSTANTINIDES GEORGE M. , CZERWONKO MICHAL , CARSTEN JACKWERTH JENS , PERRAKIS STYLIANOS
Published: July 2011

American options on the S&P 500 index futures that violate the stochastic dominance bounds of Constantinides and Perrakis (2009) from 1983 to 2006 are identified as potentially profitable trades. Call bid prices more frequently violate their upper bound than put bid prices do, while violations of the lower bounds by ask prices are infrequent. In out‐of‐sample tests of stochastic dominance, the writing of options that violate the upper bound increases the expected utility of any risk‐averse investor holding the market and cash, net of transaction costs and bid‐ask spreads. The results are economically significant and robust.
Systemic Liquidation Risk and the Diversity–Diversification Trade‐Off
Authors: WAGNER WOLF
Published: July 2011

This paper proposes a portfolio choice model in which investors are subject to liquidation risk and (endogenously) face higher costs in the event of joint liquidation (as was observed during the crisis of 2008 to 2009). The risk of joint liquidation creates an incentive for investors to choose heterogeneous portfolios and to rationally forgo diversification benefits. Joint liquidation risk is also reflected in asset prices, resulting in (1) assets with high idiosyncratic risk having low expected returns, and (2) assets that display high correlation with the portfolios of (liquidation‐prone) investors having high expected returns.
Did Structured Credit Fuel the LBO Boom?
Authors: SHIVDASANI ANIL , WANG YIHUI
Published: July 2011

The leveraged buyout (LBO) boom of 2004 to 2007 was fueled by growth in collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) and other forms of securitization. Banks active in structured credit underwriting lent more for LBOs, indicating that bank lending policies linked LBO and CDO markets. LBO loans originated by large CDO underwriters were associated with lower spreads, weaker covenants, and greater use of bank debt in deal financing. Loans financed through structured credit markets did not lead to worse LBOs, overpayment, or riskier deal structures. Securitization markets altered banks' access to capital, affected their lending policies, and fueled the recent LBO boom.
Rollover Risk and Market Freezes
Authors: ACHARYA VIRAL V. , GALE DOUGLAS , YORULMAZER TANJU
Published: July 2011

The debt capacity of an asset is the maximum amount that can be borrowed using the asset as collateral. We model a sudden collapse in the debt capacity of good collateral. We assume short‐term debt that must be frequently rolled over, a small transaction cost of selling collateral in the event of default, and a small probability of meeting a buy‐to‐hold investor. We then show that a small change in the asset's fundamental value can be associated with a catastrophic drop in the debt capacity, the kind of market freeze observed during the crisis of 2007 to 2008.
Growth of Al2O3 Nanowires on the Cu‐9 at.%Al(111) Single Crystal Surface
Authors: Matolínová Iva , Nemšák Slavomír , Cabala Miloš , Tsud Nataliya , Poltierová‐Vejpravová Jana , Veltruská Kateřina , Yoshitake Michiko , Matolín Vladimír
Published: July 2011

Aluminum oxide structures were grown on Cu–9 at.%Al(111) single crystals. Usually alumina grows in the form of an epitaxial thin film. The process is based on Al atom segregation and subsequent oxidation of the Al topmost surface. Strong temperature dependence of the alumina growth mode was observed during the oxidation of a Cu–9 at.%Al single crystal. In this work we have reported for the first time the formation of alumina wire‐like nanostructures on the substrate surface during high‐temperature oxidation at low pressure. The nanowire growth was observed during substrate annealing at 1070 K while annealing at 910 K led to the formation of a flat and continuous thin alumina layer. Morphology, chemical composition, and structure characterization of the prepared nanostructures was done by means of scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. The experimental results point to the formation of Θ alumina phase nanowires due to surface segregation of Al atoms. Mechanism of alumina nanostructure formation is discussed. The experiment clearly showed that nanowire oxide structure growth can be obtained by a bottom‐up process with a mass transfer from the substrate to the assembled nanostructure.
Highly Transmitting ZrO2‐Doped Lu2O3 Ceramics from Combustion Synthesized Powders
Authors: Zou Xiaoqing , Yi Hailan , Zhou Guohong , Chen Shi , Yang Yan , Wang Shiwei
Published: July 2011

Before shaping, Lu2O3 powders doped with different ZrO2 concentrations were synthesized by a simple combustion method and milled. The shaped green bodies were sintered at 1850°C for 6 h in vacuum. The transmittance and microstructure of the resultant ceramics were characterized by spectrophotometer and SEM. The effects of ZrO2 concentration on the microstructure and optical property of transparent Lu2O3 ceramics were evaluated. When doped with 5 at.% ZrO2, the Lu2O3 ceramic showed the best optical transmission and the in‐line transmittance reached 70% in the visible spectral region. The addition of ZrO2 was found effectively to prohibit grain growth and to remove residual pores.
Synthesis and Piezoelectricity of Single‐Crystalline (K,Na)NbO3 Nanobars
Authors: Xu Siyang , Li Jing‐Feng
Published: July 2011

Piezoelectric nanostructures have many important applications in nanodevices and micro‐electro‐mechanical systems. This work developed a topochemical method based on Molten‐Salt Synthesis for synthesizing one‐dimensional nanoscale single crystals of lead‐free (K,Na)NbO3 (KNN) piezoelectric oxides. The synthesis process started from molten‐salt reaction between Nb2O5 powders and KCl to produce high‐aspect‐ratio K2Nb8O21 bar‐shaped particles which were transformed to Nb2O5 nanobars via ion‐exchange and thermal decomposition steps, and finally, KNN nanobars were formed also by molten‐salt reaction among Nb2O5 nanobars as templates, and K2CO3 and Na2CO3 in KCl salts. The as‐synthesized KNN nanobars were proved to be single crystals by transmission electron microscopy. The piezoelectricity of an individual KNN nanobar was confirmed by scanning probe microscopy, as the effective piezoelectric coefficient d33* was measured to be 113 pm/V.
Oxidation of ZrB2 Ceramics Containing SiC as Particles, Whiskers, or Short Fibers
Authors: Silvestroni Laura , Sciti Diletta
Published: July 2011

The thermal stability of ZrB2‐based composites containing SiC‐chopped fibers was tested in a bottom‐up furnace at 1200°C, 1500°C, and 1700°C for 30 min. The oxidation behavior was studied by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and weight gain. The degradation induced by oxidation was also evaluated considering the strength decrease of oxidized bars. Baseline ZrB2‐composites containing the same amount of SiC particles or SiC whiskers were tested in the same conditions for comparison.
Axial Graded Carbon Fiber and Silicon Carbide Fiber with Sinusoidal Electrical Resistivity
Authors: Hu Tian‐Jiao , Li Xiao‐Dong , Li Gong‐Yi , Li Yi‐He , Wang Hao , Wang Jun
Published: July 2011

Axial graded carbon fibers and silicon carbide fibers with sinusoidal electrical resistivity are prepared by continuous pyrolysis of polymer fibers using an elliptic rotating spool. The electrical resistivity of the graded carbon and silicon carbide fibers hereby prepared varies for 1~2 orders of magnitude along the axial direction. The tensile strength of both fiber‐types is in normal range without remarkable weak point. Desired period and range of the electrical resistivity can be facilely controlled by adjusting the shape of the rotating spool and the pyrolysis temperature.
Energy‐Storage Properties of 0.89Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3–0.06BaTiO3–0.05K0.5Na0.5NbO3 Lead‐Free Anti‐ferroelectric Ceramics
Authors: Gao Feng , Dong Xianlin , Mao Chaoliang , Liu Wei , Zhang Hongling , Yang Lihui , Cao Fei , Wang Genshui
Published: July 2011

Energy‐storage properties of 0.89Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3–0.06BaTiO3–0.05K0.5Na0.5NbO3 (0.89BNT–0.06BT–0.05KNN) lead‐free ceramics were first investigated. Measurements of dielectric properties together with switching current curves indicate a rather diffuse ferroelectric (FE) to anti‐ferroelectric (AFE) phase transition when heating from 20°C to 90°C. The energy density (W), which was calculated from P–E hysteresis loops, increases linearly with the external electric field when E exceeds AFE‐FE transition field. W is independent of temperature and frequency, and maintains around 0.59 J/cm3 under 5.6 kV/mm in the stable AFE phase region. These properties indicate that 0.89BNT–0.06BT–0.05KNN ceramics might be a promising lead‐free AFE material for energy‐storage capacitor application.
Vanadium‐Tin Oxide Nanoparticles with Gas‐Sensing and Catalytic Activity
Authors: Wang Chien‐Tsung , Chen Miao‐Ting , Lai De‐Lun
Published: July 2011

Nanopowders of vanadium‐tin oxides were prepared by a co‐precipitation process and characterized for their bulk structures, chemical state, sensing capability, and surface reactivity. The solid solutions (cassiterite) were evaluated as sensing elements in a carbon monoxide gas sensor and as catalysts for methanol oxidation in a fixed‐bed reactor. Sensing and catalytic properties were observed dependent upon doping concentration and oxidation state of vanadia species. The sensor response was favored for lower vanadium loadings (V/Sn = 0.05−0.1), related to the reduced vanadium sites. The catalytic activity for methanol conversion was favored for higher vanadium loadings (V/Sn = 0.15−0.2), related to the oxidized vanadium sites. Results demonstrate that the V–O–Sn structure provides redox activity to facilitate oxygen activation for CO gas‐sensing response and promote methanol partial oxidation to formaldehyde. Mechanistic aspects that elucidate the redox pathways are discussed. These oxide nanostructures are promising ceramic materials for use in sensing and catalysis fields involving electron transfer.
Preparation and Photoluminescence Properties of Eu3+‐Doped BaZrO3 Nanotube Arrays
Authors: Guo Limin , Wang Xiaohui , Zhong Caifu , Li Longtu
Published: July 2011

The BaZrO3:Eu hybrid nanotube arrays with different Eu3+‐doped contents are synthesized by hydrothermal method using ZrO2 nanotube layers as template. XRD, SEM, and TEM analysis reveal that the BaZrO3:Eu nanotubes have a cubic perovskite structure with uniform diameter (about 150 nm) and tubular wall. Photoluminescence property of the hybrid nanotube arrays are studied at room temperature. PL spectra, excited at 283 nm, consist of 4f→4f emission transitions from the 5D0 excited level of the Eu3+ ions to the 7FJ (J = 0˜4) levels. The intense 5D0–7F0,2 transition suggests the local defects and distortion of EuO6 octahedra in the BaZrO3:Eu host lattice. In addition, the dependence of luminescence intensity on the Eu3+ concentration in the nanotube arrays is studied.
Temperature Stability in Dy‐Doped (Ba0.99Ca0.01)(Ti0.98Zr0.02)O3 Lead‐Free Ceramics with High Piezoelectric Coefficient
Authors: Li Wei , Xu Zhijun , Chu Ruiqing , Fu Peng , Zang Guozhong
Published: July 2011

We report on excellent temperature stability of the Dy‐doped (Ba0.99Ca0.01)(Ti0.98Zr0.02)O3 (BCZT‐D) ceramics with high piezoelectric coefficient of d33 = 366 pC/N and planar electromechanical coupling factor of kp = 43.0%. Meanwhile, Curie temperature of the BCZT‐D ceramics is found to be 125°C. Greatly improved temperature stability of the electromechanical coupling coefficients is found over a common usage temperature range between 20°C and 100°C, in which the BCZT‐D ceramics exhibit pure tetragonal phase. The results indicate that the BCZT‐D ceramics are promising lead‐free materials for practical applications.
About Some Personality Misfortunes of Opportunists: The Negative Correlation of Economic Defection With Autonomy, Agreeableness, and Well‐Being1
Authors: SAKALAKI MARIA , FOUSIANI KYRIAKI
Published: July 2011

This research contributes to progress in comprehension of the construct of opportunism and defection through investigation of some personality correlates of opportunism. It reports the results of 3 studies that aim to explore the relationships between economic opportunism and autonomy, agreeableness, and well‐being. The first 2 studies (Ns = 193 and 169) examined the correlation between opportunistic propensity, as measured by an economic opportunism scale with measures of autonomy, control, impersonal orientation, Big Five, and psychological well‐being. Consistent with predictions, opportunism was positively correlated with control and impersonal orientations; and negatively correlated with autonomy, agreeableness, and psychological well‐being. Study 3 (N = 61) showed that the level of cooperation in a trust game was negatively correlated with control orientation.
Educative Expert Testimony: A One–Two Punch Can Affect Jurors' Decisions
Authors: NUÑEZ NARINA , GRAY JENNIFER , BUCK JULIE A.
Published: July 2011

The present research examined whether different types of educative expert testimony can increase mock jurors' knowledge of problems associated with hearsay witnesses and decrease guilty verdicts. Studies 1 (N = 304 college students) and 2 (N = 196 college students) varied the length and types of expert testimony in a trial transcript. While all types of expert testimony did inform mock jurors' knowledge, guilty verdicts decreased when multiple problems with hearsay were presented. The length of the testimony had no effect on verdict. The results suggest that experts who present multiple problems with hearsay testimony are more likely to impact guilty decisions than is no expert or an expert who presents only one problem.
Teachers' Responses to Bias in the Classroom: How Response Type and Situational Factors Affect Student Perceptions
Authors: BOYSEN GUY A.
Published: July 2011

College students frequently encounter prejudice, discrimination, and stereotypes, but there is no research on effective teacher responses to classroom bias. Three studies examined students' perceptions of teacher responses to bias in the classroom. Study 1 experimentally manipulated the level of bias expressed and the teacher's response. Students perceived responding to bias as more effective than ignoring bias. Study 2 demonstrated that students perceive differences in the intensity of common responses to bias. Study 3 manipulated if bias occurred publicly or privately and if the target of bias was present or not, and students evaluated teacher responses of differing intensity for their effectiveness in achieving specific goals. The results provide evidence for the efficacy of matching responses to specific goals.
How Do Income and Its Components and Perception Relate to Alienation?
Authors: BRENDER‐ILAN YAEL
Published: July 2011

This study examines the relationship between individuals' financial reality and alienation—a psychological state that negatively affects employee performance. Using hierarchical regression to analyze 311 questionnaires completed by full‐time employees, income‐related variables were found to explain a substantial part of the variance in alienation. A negative relationship between income and alienation was identified, but was moderated by the value that individuals attributed to money and was related to pay satisfaction. Pay composition had an independent effect on alienation: Higher control over amount of income and a recent increase in income were related to lower levels of alienation beyond the effect of income level. Potential practices to reduce alienation include spreading wage increases, enhancing pay transparency, and linking pay to performance.
La administración y financiación de la licencia remunerada por enfermedad
Authors: SCHLIWEN Anke , EARLE Alison , HAYES Jeff , HEYMANN S. Jody
Published: July 2011

Es necesario que los poderes públicos nacionales que acarician la posibilidad de implantar o reformar la licencia remunerada por enfermedad conozcan los métodos que se usan para costear esta prestación. Basándose en datos mundiales sobre la legislación al respecto, los autores infieren que el tipo de régimen vigente—responsabilidad del empresario, seguro social, asistencia social o una mezcla de ellos—influye mucho en la duración y cuantía de la prestación. Sin embargo, no hallan ninguna relación estrecha de la duración y la generosidad de la licencia por enfermedad con indicadores económicos como el PIB por habitante, la tasa de desempleo o la competitividad nacional. Por último, los autores estudian los instrumentos capaces de garantizar una licencia eficaz y un rendimiento económico óptimo.
Pensiones públicas y envejecimiento de la sociedad. ¿Los inmigrantes son la solución?
Authors: SERRANO Felipe , EGUÍA Begoña , FERREIRO Jesús
Published: July 2011

El envejecimiento de la población genera problemas de viabilidad financiera a los sistemas de pensiones de muchos países desarrollados que se basan en el método de reparto. Un posible remedio del que se habla a menudo es la inmigración, sobre todo en los países que reciben a muchos trabajadores extranjeros. Los autores proponen un modelo para analizar el impacto de los flujos de inmigración en la sostenibilidad financiera del citado sistema, sirviéndose de España como ejemplo práctico. Muestran que, a pesar de su magnitud, estas corrientes no resuelven el problema, por lo que deben hacerse reformas paramétricas. Los autores exponen también la intensidad de los cambios necesarios para mantener el equilibrio financiero del sistema.
Seguridad social para los trabajadores migrantes chinos
Authors: WANG Zhikai
Published: July 2011

La dispersión de las políticas sociales y laborales de China es un problema cada vez más grave que amenaza con socavar las relaciones entre el trabajo y el capital y la liberalización económica del país. El desarrollo del sector privado tropieza con la ausencia de un sistema integral de protección social para quienes migran del campo a las ciudades. Estos trabajadores son fundamentales para las nuevas empresas, pero muchos de ellos no gozan de los mismos derechos de seguridad social que la población tradicional urbana. Si bien el Gobierno ha empezado a intensificar la vigilancia del cumplimiento de la normativa vigente, para resolver el problema tal vez sean necesarias algunas reformas institucionales.
The number of missing teeth in people of the Edo period in Japan in the 17th to 19th centuries
Authors: Fujita Hisashi
Published: July 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00511.x

The number of missing teeth in people of the Edo period in Japan in the 17th to 19th centuries

Objective:  The aims of this study were to examine the number of missing teeth in the people of the Edo period (or number of remaining teeth) and to contribute to the 8020 movement proposed in Japan to help people retain 20 or more of their own teeth until the age of 80.

Background:  The study of dentition in ancient skeletal remains of our ancestors from multiple perspectives can yield information that can contribute to the study of physical anthropology and the leading edge of modern dental research.

Materials and methods:  The materials were 82 excavated individuals (52 males and 30 females) from 1603 to 1868 whose maxillas and mandibles were both examinable. The age and sex were estimated by anthropological methods, and the individuals were divided into five groups. The status of missing teeth was compared between groups, and a chi‐square test was used to test significant differences between groups. The rates of tooth loss were examined in the maxillas and mandibles.

Results:  In the people of the Edo period, many teeth remained in good condition until early to late middle age. There were more remaining teeth in these individuals than in modern‐day individuals. However, the Edo people clearly showed increased tooth loss with age. There were no differences in tooth loss by sex. The tooth type with a high rate of tooth loss was posterior teeth, but incisor loss also occurred with ageing. Mandibular canines were most likely to be remaining.

Conclusion:  The Edo people had more remaining teeth than modern‐day society. This finding was unexpected. The notion that “people of long past ages lost more teeth more quickly” does not seem to apply to people in the Edo period in Japan.
Correlation between residual ridge resorption and radiomorphometric indices
Authors: Imirzalioglu Pervin , Yuzugullu Bulem , Gulsahi Ayse
Published: July 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00514.x

Correlation between residual ridge resorption and radiomorphometric indices

Objectives:  The study evaluated the relationship between residual ridge resorption (RRR) and radiomorphometric indices, including mandibular cortical index (MCI), mandibular cortical width (MCW) and panoramic mandibular index (PMI), along with demographic factors.

Material and methods:  Panoramic radiographs of 1863 patients over 20 years of age were assessed. Gender, age and dental status of each patient were recorded. Relationships between RRR and demographic factors and radiomorphometric indices were evaluated using chi‐square and Fisher’s exact tests with level of significance of p = 0.05.

Results:  Residual ridge resorption was not affected by gender (p > 0.05), but was more frequently seen in patients over the age of 50 compared with those below 49 years of age (p < 0.001). RRR was significantly associated with edentulism (p < 0.001) and with severe erosions of endosteal margin of mandible (p < 0.05). RRR was more frequently seen in patients with PMI below 0.30 (p < 0.001) and with MCW below 3 mm in 50‐ to 69‐year‐old age group (p < 0.001).

Conclusions:  Patients younger than 50 years of age who demonstrate severe erosions of endosteal margin of mandible and have MCW < 3 mm and PMI < 0.30 appear to be suitable candidates for early implant placement or for maintaining roots or natural teeth to preserve bone, regardless of gender.
Flexural and bond strengths of relined denture polymers assessed by four‐point bending tests and Weibull analysis
Authors: Polyzois Gregory L. , Lagouvardos Panagiotis E. , Frangou Maria J.
Published: July 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00515.x

Flexural and bond strengths of relined denture polymers assessed by four‐point bending tests and Weibull analysis

Objectives:  The aim of this study was to (1) investigate the flexural strengths of three denture resins i.e. heat, photopolymerised and microwaved and how it was affected by relining with auto‐ and visible light–polymerised hard reliners, (2) investigate the bond strengths between denture resins and hard reliners and (3) interpret the results of both tests by utilising Weibull analysis.

Materials and methods:  Specimens (65 × 10 × 2.5 mm) from denture resins, relined and bonded combinations were tested using a four‐point bending test in a universal testing machine and a crosshead speed of 5 mm/min. Ten specimens for each bulk resin and denture resin–reliner combination for a total of 150 were tested.

Results:  Statistical analysis indicated significant differences between bulk materials (p < 0.001) and between reliners (p < 0.001) for flexural and bond strength tests.

Conclusion:  It was concluded that (1) the four‐point flexural strength was different between the denture base materials, (2) flexure strength between bulk and relined or between relined with autopolymerised and photopolymerised bases was different, (3) flexural strength among relined denture bases was different and (4) bond strengths among relined denture bases were different.
Relationship between nutritional status and tooth loss in an older population from Sri Lanka
Authors: Perera R. , Ekanayake L.
Published: July 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00518.x

Relationship between nutritional status and tooth loss in an older population from Sri Lanka

Objective:  To determine the relationship between tooth loss and nutritional status in older individuals in Sri Lanka.

Background:  In developing countries, both the prevalence of malnutrition and oral disease are high among older individuals.

Materials and methods:  Four hundred and eighty subjects aged 60 years and above were selected to be included in the sample, of which 437 responded giving an overall response rate of 91%. Data were collected by means of an interviewer administered questionnaire, an oral examination and a physical examination to determine height and weight to calculate the body mass index (BMI).

Results:  Based on the WHO cut‐offs for BMI, 62, 20 and 18% of the sample were normal, under‐ and over‐weight, respectively. A multinomial logistic regression analysis with normal weight as the reference category revealed that missing teeth and denture status were associated with being underweight but not with being overweight.

Conclusion:  In older individuals, tooth loss is significantly associated with being underweight.
The effect of long‐term disinfection procedures on hardness property of resin denture teeth
Authors: Campanha Nara Hellen , Pavarina Ana Cláudia , Jorge Janaina Habib , Vergani Carlos Eduardo , Machado Ana Lucia , Giampaolo Eunice Teresinha
Published: July 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00520.x

The effect of long‐term disinfection procedures on hardness property of resin denture teeth

Objective:  The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of long‐term disinfection procedures on the Vickers hardness (VHN) of acrylic resin denture teeth.

Material and methods:  Five acrylic resin denture teeth (Vipi Dent Plus‐V, Trilux–T, Biolux‐B, Postaris‐P and Artiplus‐A) and one composite resin denture teeth (SR‐Orthosit‐O) were embedded in heat‐polymerised acrylic resin within polyvinylchloride tubes. Specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 48 h. Measurements of hardness were taken after the following disinfection procedures: immersion for 7 days in 4% chlorhexidine gluconate or in 1% sodium hypochlorite (CIm and HIm group, respectively) and seven daily cycles of microwave sterilisation at 650 W for 6 min (MwS group). In the WIm group, specimens were maintained in water during the time used to perform the disinfection procedures (7 days). Data were analysed with anova followed by the Bonferroni procedure (α = 0.01).

Results:  Microwave disinfection decreased the hardness of all acrylic resin denture teeth (p < 0.001). Immersion for 7 days in 4% chlorhexidine gluconate or distilled water had significant effect on the hardness of the acrylic resin denture teeth A (p < 0.01), and 1% sodium hypochlorite on teeth T (p < 0.01). All disinfection procedures decrease the hardness of the composite resin denture teeth (p < 0.01). Teeth O exhibited the highest and teeth V the lowest hardness values in the control group (p < 0.01).

Conclusions:  Disinfection procedures changed the hardness of resin denture teeth.
The Effectiveness of an Internet-Based Psychological Treatment Program for Female Sexual Dysfunction
Authors: Jones L. M. , McCabe M. P.
Published: July 2011

Introduction

There has been limited evaluation of the effectiveness of psychological interventions for female sexual dysfunction (FSD). Furthermore, none of these studies have evaluated the effectiveness of these programs delivered over the Internet.

Aim

The current study evaluated an Internet-based psychological treatment program for FSD. Revive consisted of three well-established and validated treatment components: communication skills training, sensate focus exercises, and regular contact with a therapist.

Main Outcome Measures

Outcome measures included: the Female Sexual Function Index; the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale; the Sexual Function Scale; and the Personal Assessment of Intimacy in Relationships.

Methods

In total, 39 women (17 in treatment group and 22 in control group) completed the program. The mean age for the treatment group was 34.91 (standard deviation [SD] = 10.27) and 33.30 years (SD = 9.34) for the control group.

Results

The results demonstrated that women who completed treatment reported improved sexual and relationship functioning in comparison with those who received no treatment.

Conclusions

These findings highlight the suitability of the Internet for providing psychological treatment for FSD and for targeting the individual and relationship factors often associated with these disorders.