bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Monitoring of rock stress change using instrumented rebar rock bolts
Authors: Mai W , Janiszewski M , Uotinen L , Mishra R , Rinne M
Published: September 2021

Rock stress is causing unwanted deformations of deep underground spaces. Large deformations increase the risk of failure. The underground excavation causes rock stress changes in the surrounding rock mass, and the resulting deformations can be measured. In this paper, we present a method to monitor stress changes in the rock mass using rebar rock bolts instrumented with strain gauges to track the stress within the bolt. Next to that, we describe in-situ testing of this method using heating-induced stress in a natural underground environment. The heating experiment aims to create stress changes using rope heaters inserted into the rock mass and located symmetrically around a single instrumented rock bolt. The heat flux induced to the rock mass leads to volume expansion. The restricted thermal expansion causes an increase in the internal rock stress conditions. These conditions create a strain that can be measured and back-calculated as the rock stress change. The instrumented rock bolt and testing setup were installed in the Underground Research Laboratory located in a granitic rock below the Aalto University campus. The single bolt experiment demonstrates how instrumented rock bolts could monitor the changes in the rock mass stress state. The system can be used as a part of a real-time rock stress monitoring system in mining and rock engineering projects. The final part of the paper describes how this monitoring system can positively affect geotechnical risk management and increase the overall safety of underground construction.
High alpine geotechnical real time monitoring and early warning at a large imminent rock slope failure (Hochvogel, GER/AUT)
Authors: Leinauer J , Jacobs B , Krautblatter M
Published: September 2021

Monitoring and early warning systems based on process dynamics gain importance to cope with an increasing number of alpine hazards. The imminent Hochvogel rock slope failure (up to ca. 260,000 m3) is paradigmatic of natural carbonate slope failure dynamics and a benchmark site for developing an effective monitoring and early warning system. The analysis of process dynamics shows constant movement rates (12 mm/a) over the last 3 years but also a response of specific cracks to heavy precipitation events resulting in factor 5 higher movement rates during wet periods. Here, we show valuable lessons learnt during the development of a reliable monitoring system under challenging environmental conditions. The insights into pre-failure slope dynamics acquired at the Hochvogel will help to detect precursors of a final failure and to warn early.
Rock mechanics and engineering for the Klein Matterhorn glacier paradise (Zermatt, Switzerland)
Authors: Dalban P , Haas R , Lauber M , Naterop D
Published: September 2021

The Alpin X project is carried out by the Zermatt Bergbahnen AG and aims at establishing a touristic link between Zermatt in Switzerland and Cervinia in Italy while facilitating access to the top of the Klein Matterhorn. This very challenging project is based on the construction of two new modern cableways joining each other at adjacent arrival stations founded in the 50-70° steep west face of the Klein Matterhorn, at 3’820.5 m a.s.l. Due to the steepness of the slope, construction works require extensive excavation and stabilization of the serpentinite bedrock and consequently to address various problematics related to superficial and shallow rock instabilities inside and outside the construction area. Moreover, the predominance of permafrost conditions required to adapt the techniques for the execution. While the first cableway from the north-side has been operational since winter 2018/2019, the second from the south is still under construction and will open in winter 2021/2022.
Looking inside TBM parameters: feedback from the Tunnel 4 case study, Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project (Philippines)
Authors: Bianchi G W
Published: September 2021

The use of TBMs in the tunnel industry has undergone a continuous growth over the last years, with application in ever expanding ranges of geotechnical conditions. Nevertheless, the feedback from completed projects with respect to the use of machine data for assessing geotechnical conditions are not common: there are only a few attempts to correlate machine data with geotechnical conditions during excavation and in most cases the use of machine data is related to assessment of TBM performance for prediction of advance rate. The analysis of TBM parameters may represent an interesting tool for monitoring of geotechnical conditions at the tunnel face and early detection of adverse face conditions. This work presents the feedback from the Tunnel 4, a 6.4 km long water transfer tunnel excavated by double shield TBM in the Philippines. The machine data have been analysed for identification of most sensitive parameters to geomechanical properties of the rock mass. In this respect, the use of specific-excavation parameters provides best results for assessing geotechnical conditions during excavation. Specific energy and Field Penetration Index displayed a good correlation with RMR values. The combined use of Net Advance Rate and Drillability Index allows to highlight how unstable face conditions and / or tough rock can influence the TBM advance.
A Novel Approach for Design and Simulation of Equivalent Continuum Model of Lattice Structures Used in Tunnels and Caverns
Authors: Rishabh Tiwari
Published: September 2021

Developing a continuum model of a lattice structure means expressing a complicated structure into a simpler one, and this is done by determining equivalent stiffness of the original structure, which can further be used to transform into desired simpler geometry for multiple benefits. Objective of this paper is to find a reliable method for determination of equivalent stiffness of lattice girder, comparing all the techniques suggested by various researchers. In present work the actual lattice girder structures and their equivalents were analysed using Finite Element Method tool Strand7. The primary focus is on lattice girder, which is a primary rock support system employed in tunnels and caverns. The equivalent stiffness so obtained is used as input parameter in numerical analysis tool STRAND7 for analysis of equivalent lattice beam. The maximum deflection and bending stress at centre of equivalent lattice beam were calculated and compared. In an attempt to develop a more accurate equivalent beam modela novel approachwhich is modification of the Method-B has been developed by authors. This Noval approach is the most convenient approach to develop an equivalent section with an extremely uncompromised representation of stress development and deformation characteristic. In this approach, the focus was made on the physical resemblance of a proposed equivalent beam with the actual lattice girder, leading us to adopt a beam of I-cross-section. This approach yielded similar stress and deflections in the equivalent beam as that of the actual lattice girder.
Application potentials and limits of rock reinforcement with polymer-based adhesives
Authors: Wagner S , Boley C , Pratter P
Published: September 2021

Gravitational mass movements, such as rockfalls or landslides, represent geo-risks that require geotechnical safety measures in order to avert monetary damage and to protect human life. For the targeted stabilization and consolidation of rock masses, the gluing of rock which is known from mining and tunnel construction, is ideal. Here, an adhesive is grouted into the rock fissures which, when cured, hold the rock together by means of adhesive and cohesive forces. The selection of the right adhesive is of great importance, as it has a decisive influence on the mechanical properties of the rock and thus determines the success of the securing measure. Various adhesives such as resins and acrylate gel were examined in an extensive experimental laboratory program which was expanded to include numerical simulations with FLAC3D. The subject of the laboratory tests are jointed sandstone samples. The test program of the rock mechanical standard tests was supplemented by special tests, such as adhesive tensile strength tests to determine the adhesion between adhesive and sandstone. In order to assess the effectiveness of the adhesive bond, glued and intact sandstone samples were compared. Based on the experimental and numerical investigations, the application possibilities and limits of different polymer-based adhesives are shown and an application recommendation is given.
Pilot study of the use of augmented reality (AR) in rock mechanics
Authors: Edelbro C , Ylitalo R , Furtney J
Published: September 2021

Augmented Reality (AR) is a relatively new and exciting technology that provides a real-world view with additional computer-generated enhancements. This paper presents the results from a pilot study on how AR can be used in rock mechanics and introduces cases linked to the use of AR in fields relevant for rock mechanics. To capture the need from the industry, a workshop was arranged and complemented with open-ended qualitative interviews. Nearly 60 people responded and identified several items as being important information to enhance the real-world view: underground excavations, geological information, geomechanical model, rock support and reinforcement, results from analysis, and measurements. Almost all respondents wanted to use AR for visualization of weak zones and structures. Using AR as a communication tool and for navigation and safety aspects was also highlighted. However, the vision is to visualize real-time analysis results in the field underground and to be able to do real-time adjustments of the design. Future tunnel inspections were suggested to be more strategic. The most difficult issue to solve at the moment is localization and positioning for underground excavations. The identified low-hanging fruit for near-future studies is, therefore, visualization for rock slopes.
Justification of seismic triggering of large prehistoric rockslides in Zagros (Iran) and Greater Caucasus (Russia)
Authors: Fomenko I K , Nikiforov S P , Shoaei Z , Strom A L , Tarabukin V V , Zerkal O V
Published: September 2021

Justification of seismic triggering of large prehistoric rockslides that originated on the slopes of anticlinal ridges armoured by thick carbonate units has been performed by examples of the gigantic Seimareh rockslide in Zagros (Iran) and two structurally similar, though much smaller rockslides in Dagestan (Greater Caucasus, Russia). Such structural and geomorphic conditions allow precise reconstruction of the pre-slide topography of the studied sites that increases reliability of their back analysis significantly. Linear dimensions of landslides are much larger than thickness of the siding block that makes the simplified 2D numerical modelling of these slopes quite realistic. The pseudostatic analysis performed at the first step confirmed that the study slopes could not fail without strong earthquakes. However, further dynamic analysis performed by use of the Newmark method allowed estimating characteristics of strong motions that could result in formation of rockslides that had converted in long runout rock avalanches. Possible uncertainties and open problems are discussed as well.
Comparative assessment of slope stability in weathered schists using Q-slope and LEM
Authors: Janevski B , Jovanovski M
Published: September 2021

The slope stability in weathered schists formations has always been of great importance for studies in rock mechanics. The majority of the methods used in the geotechnical practise for estimating the slope stability are based on the traditional limit equilibrium methods, analysing the possibilities of circular and non-circular failures. On the other side, very few empirical methods exist for assessment of the slope stability. Q-slope is a relatively new methodology for the assessment of slope stability in terrains built from rock masses. This method was developed over the last decade by Barton and Bar (2015, 2017), with modification of the original Q-system and it is based on the results of more than 500 case studies all over the world in reinforcement-free slopes. This paper presents results of the slope stability assessment with the limit equilibrium and Q-slope method at four characteristic cut sections with unusual general heights (ranging from 30 m to 92 m), along the route of the A2 motorway, section Kicevo-Ohrid in the Republic of N. Macedonia, which is under construction. The subject cuts presented in this paper were excavated in the period 2014 – 2018 without the application of special measures for protection. The research area is built mainly from phyllite, sericite schists, quartz-sericite schists and graphitic schists, which are folded, tectonically disturbed and affected by the process of degradation. According to the results of the analyses, it can be emphasised that both limit equilibrium method and Q-slope are applicable at terrains built from weathered and tectonically disturbed schists because the stability conditions on site were confirmed with these two methodologically different approaches. As a general conclusion, we can summarize that the best way to assess the slope stability condition is when we combine different tools and methodologies, especially when we face highly variable rock mass conditions.
A method to define the priority for maintenance and repair works of Italian motorway tunnels
Authors: Barla M , Barbero M , Baralis M , Insana A , Milan L , Rosso E , Selleri A , Marchiondelli A , Mele P , Tripoli L , Zilli L
Published: September 2021

The construction of motorways in Italy dates back to 1921 and still lasts today. Along them there is a large number of tunnels, many of which have been in service for more than 50 years and have experienced various levels of decay due to aging. An extensive assessment and inspection plan is taking place finalized to highlight situations where maintenance and repair works are needed to guarantee the continuation of service in safe conditions and functionality. Due to the number of tunnels, the need arises to classify them and define priorities for intervention on the basis of a first assessment and of a robust and scientific-based tool to orientate the investments. This paper describes the methodology that was developed by the Authors for this purpose, assessing the attention level of every tunnel. The method relies on a quantitative approach that allows quantifying the risk based on five risk factors composed of a number of relevant parameters. Their relative interaction, which guided the scores assigned to each parameter, was assessed by applying the Rock Engineering System [2]. A number of examples of existing tunnels are shown to illustrate the application of the method and to draw conclusions about its validity and reliability.
The role of block shape and slenderness in the preliminary estimation of rockfall propagation
Authors: Torsello G , Vallero G , Castelli M
Published: September 2021

Among the wide range of variables that influence the falling process of blocks during a rockfall event, the shape of the block often plays a crucial role. Spherical-like blocks typically reach longer runout distances while elongated and plate volumes stop earlier. Nevertheless, with reference to runout modelling and hazard analyses, the shape of the block was disregarded for very long time until the last two decades when more rigorous rockfall models were developed. Nowadays fully 3D rigid body models and particle-based ones can take into account different and complex aspects related to block geometry and size (e.g. shape, change of shape, slenderness, fragmentation, etc.) when in site-specific applications are addressed. On the other hand, when the rockfall analysis is extended over large areas, simplified runout models can be used for preliminary, quick analyses, aimed at highlighting the most critical zones of the area. In this case, the variables that influence the rockfall process should be included in the analysis in equivalent terms. Among these simplified models, the Cone Method allows to reduce the runout phase to an equivalent sliding motion of the block along an inclined plane. The inclination of this plane with respect to the horizontal plane (i.e. the energy angle Øp
) can be related to both block and slope properties of the real rockfall case. The authors of this paper developed a methodology for the estimation of the energy angle as a function of the condition of the site under analysis (characteristics of the blocks and the slope), to be used for preliminary forecasting analyses at medium-small scales. To this aim, a series of parametric analyses have been carried out to quantify the role of each variable on the energy angle. In this paper, the role of block shape and slenderness (i.e. the ratio between the height and the width of the rock block) is analysed via several propagation analyses carried out on simplified synthetic slopes by using the fully 3D RAMMS::ROCKFALL model. The results were finally statistically treated in terms of energy angles in order to take into account the variability of rockfall trajectories and provide a contribution for the estimation of the parameters within preliminary analyses based on the Cone Method.
Assessment on the 2014 Jure Landslide in Nepal – a disaster of extreme tragedy
Authors: Panthi K. K.
Published: September 2021

The landslides kill many people every year in Nepal and in the Himalayan region, which devastates society in the local area. A famous living memory of an example of landslide induced devastation was the landslide at Tinau river that took place in early September 1981 damming the river completely, which breached after few days causing huge flood downstream. The flood swept away concrete tower of the Tinau Hydropower Project, two suspension bridges, one concrete bridge at Butwal, part of Butwal city was completely damaged and many hundred people lost their life. Similarly, on the night of 2nd August 2014 (02:30 AM), a huge landslide, famously known as “Jure Slide”, took place along Sunkoshi River valley on Araniko Highway that connects Kathmandu with Tibet. The landslide killed 156 people who were on sleep in their houses, savaged 120 houses, partially damaged 37 more, dammed Sunkoshi river creating an artificial dam of approximately 50 m high and an approximately 3 km long reservoir was formed. A huge flood occurred after partial breach of the dam damaging barrage structures of the Sunkoshi Hydropower Project located about one kilometre downstream from the slide area. It took over two months to drain artificially created reservoir. The main aim of this manuscript is to describe and evaluate Jure landslide. Critical aspects on the causes of landslide will be highlighted giving emphasis on topography, geology, rock mass, monsoon, and earthquake.
Determination of the Biot coefficient of limestones from Perm Krai, Russia
Authors: Kukhtinskiy A E , Shustov D V , Efimov A A , Kashnikov Yu A , Ashikhmin S G
Published: September 2021

The study presents results of Biot coefficient determination for limestones from Perm krai, Russia. To the date there is no standard method to determine the poroelastic parameters. That’s why different researchers use different approaches to perform these tests. In this research an attempt was made to compare how some aspects of Biot coefficient determination influence its values. The tests were performed on a triaxial test system PIK-UIDK/PL where deformations are measured by LVDT sensors. The Biot coefficient was calculated using two different equations. The results from three types of tests were used for these calculations. These tests are: 1) test when both confining and pore pressures are changed for the same values (similar to what is called unjacketed test), 2) drained test (confined pressure is changed while pore pressure is maintained at a constant value, 3) pore pressure change (while confining pressure is maintained at a constant value). The variation of the calculated Biot coefficient values in relation to the amplitude of pressure variation in each test was analyzed. The tests for each sample were performed with small pressure steps in the beginning and then the tests were repeated with increased maximum amplitude and larger pressure steps. The results show significant nonlinearity in the deformation of samples with larger pressure amplitude. This results in significantly higher Biot coefficient values when the full load cycle is used for calculation. The obtained Biot coefficient values were then correlated with the P-wave velocity determined for these samples in the reservoir conditions on the test system in the beginning of each test.
Consideration of the mechanical damage behavior of rock salt during calculation of infiltration-cracks in the edge zone of gas storage caverns
Authors: Yildirim S
Published: September 2021

Underground storage in salt caverns is a preferred method for the intermediate storage of natural gas to cover seasonal fluctuation in consumption and commercial gas storage. The prove of the stability and tightness of the storage required for safe operation is continuously adapted to the current state of the art. For many years, an intensive scientific investigation has been carried out within the frame-work of repository research with continuous optimization of the rock mechanical modelling of the material behavior of rock salt. From the elaboration of the research results on the pressure-driven infiltration processes into the primarily non-permeable salt rock, it emerges that during gas storage operation, in addition to the areal infiltration, the formation of macroscopic infiltration-cracks in the cavern surrounding salt rock is to be expected as well. This thesis deals with the computational simulation of macroscopic infiltration-cracks within the scope of theoretical modelling of salt cavern behavior during gas storage, taking into account additional mechanical damage processes in the rock salt. On the basis of variational calculus, the infiltration fracture propagation will be evaluated, considering different model approaches in material behavior of the cavern surrounding rock salt mass. As a result of the present work, it should be noted that with regard to the propagation of infiltration-cracks in gas caverns, constitutive model approaches for the description of the mechanical damage and healing behavior of rock salt can be neglected for a conservative assessment.
Multiple radial fractures connecting horizontal boreholes – a lab study on the feasibility of the multifrac concept for geothermal heat extraction from deep reservoirs with low permeability
Authors: Stoeckhert F , Solibida C , Witte L , Alber M
Published: September 2021

We conducted a number of experiments on cubic rock specimens with low matrix permeability to create and investigate multifrac systems for geothermal heat production on laboratory scale. Special focus was set on phenomena impeding the parallel propagation of multiple fractures like stress shadow and redistribution effects, rock heterogeneity and discontinuities. We subjected the specimens to a true-triaxial stress state using servo-controlled hydraulic pistons for external loading. High viscosity fluids were injected into parallel boreholes at controlled volume rates with metering pumps. Pressure transducers were connected to all boreholes to register injection pressure and pressure responses in neighbouring boreholes. We also recorded acoustic emissions during the experiment for spatial and temporal monitoring of fracture growth processes and the interaction between propagating fractures. After the creation of the hydraulic fractures, the hydraulic connection between the boreholes was tested by fluid circulation. As inferred from acoustic monitoring, radial fractures were propagated stable and technically controllable. Hydraulic connection between the boreholes was established and verified by hydraulic circulation.
Additional insights to EC7 from the application of reliability-based design methods: the case of debris flow protection structures
Authors: Vagnon F , Ferrero AM , Alejano L
Published: September 2021

Debris flows are dangerous natural processes that cause extensive damages to infrastructures and urbanized areas and can lead to loss of human lives. Their unpredictability, their extremely high motion and their magnitude are the main causes of these harms. Mitigation measures are fundamental for reducing the associated risk and protecting infrastructures in mountainous areas. Their design is still an open issue: there are many formulations to evaluating impact pressure. Moreover, the uncertainties in the determination of flow characteristics (velocity and thickness) are significantly high and difficult to quantify. In the European Union, the design of any type of structures involved in rock mechanics field must comply with EN-1997 Geotechnical Design (CEN 2004) (EC7). For debris flow countermeasures, EC7 requirements are very difficult to apply in practice since partial safety factors are not provided for these phenomena. However, the basic philosophy of reliability-based design (RBD), as defined in EN1990 (CEN 2002) may be a suitable and complementary approach to provide geotechnical structures with a uniform probability of failure. Reliability Based Design (RBD) can provide additional insights to EC7 design and can be applied when partial factors have still to be proposed (by EC7) to cover uncertainties of less common parameters, as in case of debris flow countermeasures. This paper presents an analysis of the advantages and limitations on the applicability of RBD approach to debris flow countermeasures, by using the first-order reliability method (FORM). In particular, data availability, the possibilities for analysing data in a statistical framework and the choice of performance function are the main limitation of the method, which force to make assumptions regarding statistical distribution of the considered parameters. A sensitivity analyses, comparing different equations, commonly used for debris flow impact pressure estimation, were performed for quantifying the effect of the selected performance function on the RBD results.
Sliding stability analyses of a rock slope using deterministic, semi-probabilistic and probabilistic methods
Authors: Pereira R , Lamas L , Muralha J
Published: September 2021

Stability analyses of geotechnical structures in rock are traditionally performed using deterministic methods. In Europe, Eurocode7, introduced in the beginning of the 21st century, adopts limit state design and semi-probabilistic methods, using partial factors for the design of geotechnical structures. Meanwhile, reliability-based design, using probabilistic methods, is becoming more common in practical cases. The paper considers an intentionally simple case study—the analysis of a slope in a rock mass with one discontinuity, considered in a discrete way, forming a rock block to be stabilised by anchors—to compare the results obtained with the different methods. The objective is to calculate the force applied by the anchors so that the ultimate limit states of sliding of the rock block is verified. Deterministic-based design optimization considering both the traditional global safety factor approach and the partial factor approach following the Eurocode 7 are first applied. A reliability-based design optimization procedure—which takes geometrical and mechanical properties of the discontinuities as random variables—is then used, and the results are compared to the former ones. A discussion is presented concerning the consistency of the obtained results.
Performance evaluation and monitoring of the tunnel excavation with a Mobile Tunnel Borer
Authors: Di Giulio A , Sebastiani D , Cinelli M , Ginanneschi R , Zanetto G , Antonelli A , Leone C
Published: September 2021

The use of Tunnel Boring Machines (TBM) for tunnel excavation is widespread around the world for its capabilities and great advantages against the traditional tunnel excavation method, but sometimes this technology can be difficult to manage, requiring huge spaces for the assembly on the job site and involving complex installations at the tail of the machine.

Aiming at creating a versatile and compact tunnel borer, TunnelPro and Master Drilling designed the MTB (Mobile Tunnel Borer) that is built on crawlers, easy and fast to assembly with no need of special equipment. This prototype MTB is currently excavating a Platinum mine in South Africa, being tested in very hard rocks.

The study here presented, carried out by GEEG srl, startup of Sapienza University of Rome, compares the actual values of thrust, torque, penetration and cutter wear recorded during the trial excavation monitoring with those estimated with models commonly used in TBM performance prediction. The aims of this study, still ongoing, are a better comprehension of the MTB operation in terms of efficiency, work of the excavation tools, load distribution, and the evaluation of the adequacy of the most known methods when applied to this prototype machine.
Rock slope stability analysis adopting Eurocode 7, a limit state design approach for an open pit
Authors: Mathe L , Ferentinou M
Published: September 2021

In this paper we compare the partial factors approach of Eurocode 7 with a traditional deterministic limit equilibrium analysis approach and probabilistic approach. The example case is a simplistic model profile of an open pit mine cut slope configuration. The controlling parameters in a structurally dictated failure mechanism were introduced as random variables in the model, to account for the different types of uncertainties arising in rock engineering data. The limit equilibrium method was used in this study to conduct rock slope stability analysis, while the impact of naturally uncertain and variable parameters, among others water pressure and earthquake activities were considered. Different scenarios from the best to the worst-case were analysed and later compared. The sensitivity analysis revealed the importance of the joint failure plane, joint roughness coefficient and joint friction angle and how the actions (groundwater pressure and earthquake action) affect the slope’s stability. These results emphasize some advantages of the approach, and the potential further embracement from the rock engineering fraternity.
Determination of background indoor air pollutants and thermal comfort in faculty of earth science building
Authors: Awang N R , Radzi N A N M , Yong T S , Abas M A , Zainordin N S , Ramli N A , Ibrahim N
Published: September 2021

The focus of this study was to determine the most significant factors that influencing indoor air quality (IAQ) and thermal comfort of a mechanically ventilated lecturer office room in FSB new building. This study measured the concentrations of ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), total volatile organic compound (TVOC), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM), temperature and relative humidity using seven set up conditions. The set-up condition for study room is based on temperatures that have been selected between 22°C to 26°C and window of the room being either close or open. The IAQ were analyzed by descriptive analysis to indicate the parameters variations. Furthermore, thermal comfort for the room of FSB new building has been determine by the CBE thermal comfort tool based on ASHRAE 55 standards. Result suggested that the IAQ of the studied room in FSB new building showed maximum reading during the window was opened condition. The setup of selected temperature air conditioner was minimizing the concentrations of IAQ because IAQ were increase during high temperature. Among of the selected IAQ parameters, particulate matter was the most significant indoor air pollutants in the studied room with the highest average concentration was 20.944 μg/m3. The increment of particulate matter concentrations was due to the suspended dust in the room and additional movements of the occupants inside the room exaggerate the condition. Besides, results of this study suggested that a good IAQ inside an air conditioning room was achieved when the temperature is set at 26°C.
Landslide susceptibility assessment using geographic information system in Aring, Gua Musang, Kelantan
Authors: Udin W S , Yahaya N N , Shariffuddin S I M
Published: September 2021

Aring lies in Gua Musang District, Kelantan which is prone to geological risks like rock falls and slides. In some regions, it is also prone to landslides, which can result in fatalities and property damage such as houses and vehicles. The goal of this research is to assess landslide causative factors and create a landslide susceptibility map. The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was used to determine the causative factors: aspect, slope, elevation, and drainage density while the lithology was based on a geological map, and the lineament was calculated using satellite data. Weighted Overlay Method (WOM) analysis was used to combine these weighted causative factor maps into a Geographic Information System (GIS) The landslipe susceptibility map was divided into three categories. Low hazard is class 1, medium hazard is class 2, and high hazard is class 3. As a conclusion, the capacity to estimate landslide susceptibility leads to a greater understanding of landslide mechanisms, allowing for better prevention of the most likely failure locations within a landslide-prone area in the future.
Identifying the potential use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technique in mining area for geohazards and safety control
Authors: Alias M F , Udin W S
Published: September 2021

Nowadays, flexible Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technology has many benefits especially in geoscience work include; rock types identification, safety developments, data acquisition and land profiling. This study focuses on the potential geohazard threats that may occur in mining areas. Various methods, techniques and approaches in terms of inputs and outputs from previous studies have been analyzed to identify the probabilities of the geohazard problems encountered. It is conducted by performing aerial mapping with flight mode that has been set according to the specifications of the method used, mapping scale and data accuracy. This analysis discusses the effective solutions in identifying the actual accuracy to provide an assessment of the geohazard level at the mining area and then establish safety controls either biological or engineering control. The accuracy of the data and maps are very important to maintain the reliability of the data collected. As a result, the findings from the review can be compared; based on the capability of the UAV methods that have been adopted in producing geohazard output quantity and quality of findings. The output data is then analyzed to give an accurate assessment in determining the level of security to be considered at the mining area. In conclusion, these data can be used as an assessment to determine security control in mining areas based on the shape of the terrain, the capabilities of the UAV techniques used, accessibility, the type of mining applied and others. It is shown that this research can be presented to the authorities in improving the quality of safety in mining centres to ensure the safety of the parties involved.
Torrefaction of Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) fibres adopted in modified microwave
Authors: Ahmad M I , Rasat M S M , Amin M F M , Elham P , Abas M A , Lateh H , Amin M A M
Published: September 2021

Thermochemical pre-treatment process was implemented within the torrefecation temperature to improve the empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibers material, further exploiting for low rank solid energy material purposes. Modified microwave was introduced as a heat source chamber using the irradiation wavelength, with the mild exposure of atmospheric air in the system. The study involved such parameter of (i.e. heating rate and temperature) in which has influenced the process yield. Therefore, a regulated power input within 100 to 700 W was capped to access the effect toward samples and alumina crucible prepared. Based on this study, the 385 W of power selection was made with bound consideration of formation thermal shock at a constant nitrogen supply as inert gas during the heating process. The yield of compound constituents from this treatment also been discussed.
Updates on Avifauna Community in Tasik Meranti, Wang Kelian, Taman Negeri Perlis
Authors: Zam Beri A Z , Shahfiz M A , Ahmad Ruzman N H , Fauzi N F M , Ahmadni A A Ag , Mohamad F
Published: September 2021

The information and status of the avifauna community that resides in Tasik Meranti, Wang Kelian, Taman Negeri Perlis are mostly outdated since the last survey conducted was 20 years ago. Therefore, the study aims to update the status and establish a checklist to compare the bird species present within the vicinity of Tasik Meranti, Wang Kelian, Taman Negeri Perlis. The survey was conducted during a short expedition held on 15-18 August 2019. Based on the field observation, a total of 20 species of birds from 14 families were recorded. The recent survey recorded an additional 18 bird species from 8 families, totalling the current inventory of 45 bird species from 24 families. Species from the family Pycnonotidae dominated the site with six species, namely Pycnonotus finlaysoni, Pycnonotus brunneus, Pycnonotus plumosus, Pycnonotus goiavier, Iole charlottae and Pycnonotus simplex. The high number of species present from the family Pycnonotidae may be due to the availability of food resources. Out of 45 species of birds in the current checklist, three species are listed as near threatened and one species as vulnerable based on the IUCN Red List. Therefore, the result documents the importance of the site for the avifauna community. Therefore, further studies are needed to understand the avifauna population dynamics in Taman Negeri Perlis.
Diversity of freshwater fish in Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM): A comparison of diversity between man-made and natural forest in Selangor, Malaysia
Authors: Azahar M A , Munian K , Shahfiz M A
Published: September 2021

This present study aimed to investigate the diversity of freshwater fish in a planted forest within three tributaries, namely Sungai Kroh, Sungai Chemubong, and Sungai Cahaya, in the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) campus. In this study, freshwater fish were sampled using a backpack electro-fisher and scoop nets along 100m transect lines for each sampling site (at upper, middle, and lower part) of the respective river. All individuals collected were examined and measured to identify at their species level. However, we found no fish presence in Sg. Cahaya across all sub-section of the tributary. Hence, the result of fish was based on two tributaries of Sg. Kroh and Sg. Chemubong. A total of 235 individual freshwater fish recorded in FRIM belong to 10 species comprising six families. The highest recorded family belongs to Cyprinidae (30%), followed by Channidae and Danionidae families with 20% respectively, whereas the other three family only represent 10% respectively. Shannon-Wiener indices showed that the highest diversity was recorded for Sg. Chemubong, H = 1.283, while the lowest was recorded for Sg. Kroh, H = 1.097. The highest Evenness index of fish species was detected for Sg. Chemubong, E = 0.5098 and the lowest for Sg. Kroh, E = 0.2994. We carried out a similarity analysis by comparing freshwater fish from adjacent natural forest reserves, namely Sungai Kanching Forest Reserve. Based on the presence-absence data, the species composition of the freshwater fish between the man-made forest (FRIM campus) and natural forest (Sungai Kanching Forest Reserve) was almost 82% similar based on the Sørensen similarity index. The discussion was made based on the available findings in this study to illustrate the freshwater ecosystem stability in a man-made tropical forest, for instance, in FRIM Campus.
Notes on mammals and avifauna at FRIM Campus, Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Shahfiz M A , Munian M , Nor Hazwani A R , Faradiana M F N , Syaridzwan M B , Anis Zafirah Z B , Aina Amira M N , Manoshini A , Asyraff M A
Published: September 2021

Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) was established in 1985, and later in 2009, FRIM was awarded as Natural Heritage of Malaysia. Researchers of FRIM Zoology Branch conducted continuous monitoring of faunal diversity, especially on mammal and bird groups. The study’s objective is to illustrate the diversity of mammals and birds found within the FRIM Campus. There are 62 species of mammals from 18 families with highest species recorded (10spp) was from family Vespertilionidae, followed by family Sciuridae and Hipposideridae with nine and seven species, respectively. A total of 233 species of birds from 58 families were recorded up to date of which 173 are resident, and 28 are migratory. Pycnonotidae or Bulbuls are the family with highest number of species (18spp), followed by family Cuculidae (14spp) and Rallidae (13spp). Although FRIM used to be an agricultural and mining area, it is believed that the faunal composition is "returning" to this forest since it was reforested back in the early 1900s. Connected to Bukit Lagong Forest Reserve, this 544.3-ha campus is blessed as it provides a natural habitat and ensures the continuity of vast faunal diversity.
Optimization of Malachite green removal using activated carbon derived from coconut shell
Authors: Zakaria W A N , Mohd Ghazi R , Muhammad M , Jani M
Published: September 2021

The textile industry is a sub-industry that contributes to our country’s economy, and as a result, it is expanding on a daily basis. The processes that are involved in the textile industry are fibre production, spinning, twisting, weaving, knitting, scorching and dyeing, which involve colours or dyes. The combination of processes and products causes waste from the textile industry to contain a wide range of pollutants.The presence of even trace amounts of dye in water (less than 1 ppm) is highly visible and will affect water transparency and gas (carbon dioxide, oxygen) solubility in water bodies where waste is discharged. Dyes are usually resistant to conventional biodegradation. Therefore, adsorption is an effective alternative for dye removal treatment. Therefore, a study has been conducted to find a low-cost raw material for an alternative method of treating textile wastewater. In this study, the capability of activated carbon derived from coconut shells to remove malachite green dye was investigated. Three parameters were studied, such as activated carbon with different chemical impregnation and carbonization time, contact time and initial concentrations of dye. From the results acquired, 99.9% of malachite green dye was removed by the activated carbon impregnated with phosphoric acid solution of 5 minutes carbonization time. The optimum contact time and initial concentration of dye were 1 hour and 10 mg/L, respectively. Therefore, this result can contribute to some knowledge of using low-cost raw material impregnation with some chemicals to remediate textile wastewater.
Characteristics study of ammonia-n and phosphorus in sewage wastewater effluent: a case study of Alkhumrah, Jeddah Wastewater Treatment Plant
Authors: Saleh A A S , Ibrahim N , Awang N R , Akbar N A
Published: September 2021

Ammonia-N (NH3-N) and Phosphorus (P) pollutions remain highly challenging pollutants to the Saudi environment. The sewerage treatment plant can be one of the main contributors to NH3-N and P pollutants. The main aim of this study is to investigate the concentration of NH3-N and P released from the Al Khumrah wastewater treatment plant in Jeddah. The treatment process used in this treatment plant consists of screening, aerated grit removal chambers, surface aeration, sedimentation and sludge thickening and de-watering via belt filter presses. For this study, primary data of N and P is obtained from the Ministry of Environment & Agriculture, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The data is collected from the wastewater treatment plant of Al Khumrah, Jeddah. A total of 101 data is collected for NH3-N and P within a period of 6 months from September 2019 to February 2020. Descriptive statistic was used to analyse the data. It was found that the highest mean concentration of NH3-N and P in the effluent are 4.2 mg/L and 1.7 mg/L respectively. The concentration of NH3-N and PO4
3- in the influent exceeded the maximum limit of 1.0 mg/L stated in General Environmental Regulations and Rules for Implementation (2001) provided by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Presidency of Meteorology and Environment. A low effluent concentration is set up by the authorities to meet the requirement of water reuse and recycling. The result has shown that the removal efficiency of NH3-N during the treatment is 55%. However, the removal efficiency of PO4
3- is very inconsistent with the percentage removal varied from 0%-61.5 %. This finding demonstrated that the treatment plant will continuously not be able to comply with the standard discharge limit especially if a higher concentration of NH3-N and PO4
3- entering the treatment plant. In this case, the changes of the current treatment process or addition of tertiary treatment would be needed to ensure the discharge wastewater met the reuse and recycling requirement.
Geology and distribution of heavy metals in topsoil, Kuala Krai, Kelantan
Authors: Krishnan R , Shafiee N S , Bahar A M A , Sulaiman N
Published: September 2021

The study for geology of Guchil, Kuala Krai, Kelantan was carried out approximately 25 km2 in and around Guchil. Preliminary research and field studies conducted to produce geological map of Guchil, Kuala krai, Kelantan. Based on the field study carried, carbonaceous mudstone interbedded with greywacke sandstone, shale and ignimbrite distribution of rock found in this study. Meanwhile, investigation on distribution and potential heavy metals (Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn) in topsoil Guchil, Kuala Krai, Kelantan was conducted. Total of nine soil sample in and around Guchil undergo soil digestion and analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The heavy metals concentration in the topsoil was varied between 21176-138962; 649-8411; 11-505; 43-455; and 11-115 mg/kg for Fe, Pb, Mn, Zn and Cu respectively. The average concentration of heavy metals in this study followed the order of Fe > Pb > Mn > Zn > Cu. The spatial distribution pattern shows similar distribution pattern of heavy metals in residential area. The concentration of Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn from the soil samples compared with naturally occurring value of contaminated land management and control guidelines of Department of Environment Malaysia (DOE), 2009 and Barceloux (1999) as well as with permissible limit values in soil of Polish Ministry of the Environment, 2002. From this assessment method, highly potential element was Pb followed by Zn and Cu. Besides that soil characteristic of this study shows that soil pH which is acidic condition with low total organic matter. The soil fractions tend to dominated by clay fraction in topsoil.