bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Post-Genotyping Optimization of Dataset Formation Could Affect Genetic Diversity Parameters: An Example of Analyses with Alpine Goat Breeds
Authors: Pogorevc Neža , Simčič Mojca , Khayatzadeh Negar , Soelkner Johann , Berger Beate , Bojkovski Danijela , Zorc Minja , Dovč Peter , Medugorac Ivica , Horvat Simon
Published: December 2020

BackgroundLocal breeds retained unique genetic variability important for adaptive potential especially in light of challenges related to climate change. One objective was to perform, for the first time, a genome-wide diversity characterization using Illumina GoatSNP50 BeadChip of autochthonous Drežnica goat breed from Slovenia, five and one local breeds from neighboring Austria and Italy, respectively. For optimal conservation and breeding programs of endangered local breeds, it is important to detect past admixture events and strive for preservation of purebred representatives of each breed with low or without admixture. In the second objective, we hence investigated the effect of inclusion or exclusion of outliers from datasets on genetic diversity and population structure parameters.ResultsDistinct genetic origin of the Drežnica goat was demonstrated having closest nodes to Austrian and Italian breeds. A phylogenetic study of these breeds with other goat breeds having SNP data available in the DRYAD repository positioned them in the alpine, European and global context. Swiss breeds clustered with cosmopolitan alpine breeds and were closer to French and Spanish breeds. On the other hand, the Drežnica goat, Austrian and Italian breeds were closer to Turkish breeds. Datasets where outliers were excluded affected estimates of genetic diversity parameters within the breed and increased the pairwise genetic distances between most of the breeds. Alpine breeds, including Drežnica, Austrian and Italian goats analyzed here, still exhibit relatively high levels of genetic variability, homogeneous genetic structure and strong geographical partitioning.ConclusionsGenetic diversity analyses revealed that the Slovenian Drežnica goat has a distinct genetic identity and is closely related to the neighboring Austrian and Italian alpine breeds. These results expand our knowledge on phylogeny of goat breeds from easternmost part of the European Alps. The here employed outlier test and datasets optimization approaches provided an objective and statistically powerful tool for removal of admixed outliers. Importance of this test in selecting the representatives of each breed is warranted to obtain more objective diversity parameters and phylogenetic analysis. Such parameters are often the basis of the breeding and management programs and therefore important for preserving genetic variability and uniqueness of local rare breeds.
Focal Cartilage Defects of the Lateral Compartment do Influence the Outcome After High Tibial Valgus Osteotomy
Authors: Heinz Tizian , Reppenhagen Stephan , Horas Konstantin , Ohlmeier Malte , Schäfer Thomas , Rudert Maximilian , Barthel Thomas , Weißenberger Manuel
Published: December 2020

BackgroundHigh tibial medial open-wedge valgus osteotomy (HTO) is a well-established procedure for unicompartimental medial osteoarthritis of the young and active patient. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of asymptomatic mild to moderate cartilage lesions of the lateral tibiofemoral compartment on the clinical outcome after HTO. MethodsFrom 2005 to 2012 a total of 63 patients underwent HTO for medial osteoarthritis of the knee at a single university orthopaedic center. Baseline data as well as intraoperative findings including the grade and location of cartilage lesions were evaluated retrospectively. Two groups were formed regarding the integrity of the lateral tibiofemoral compartment as measured by the Outerbridge score (group A: no lateral cartilage defects, group B: mild to moderate lateral cartilage defects). Functional outcome was assessed using the Knee and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) including its five subscores. ResultsComparing pre- and postoperative data, we identified an overall benefit of the HTO procedure as measured by the KOOS. Group A (no lateral cartilage defects) showed an increase in all five KOOS subscores (p=0.00 – 0.01), whereas for group B (mild to moderate lateral cartilage defects) only two KOOS subscores revealed a significant increase (p=0.03 – 0.04). There was also a statistically significant difference of the total KOOS score with higher values for group A at the postoperative visit. Cartilage defects with a higher Outerbridge score were associated with lower postoperative KOOS subscores. ConclusionsMild to moderate cartilage defects of the lateral compartment humble the total outcome after HTO procedure. Thus, indication for HTO should be made very carefully, if any degree of lateral cartilage degeneration is present.
Theoretical Prediction System of Stabilization Complex Conformation of DNA Binding Protein and the Binding Affinity for Each DNA Sequence
Authors: Koseki Jun , Hirose Haruka , Konno Masamitsu , Asai Ayumu , Ohshiro Takahito , Taniguchi Masateru , Shimamura Teppei
Published: December 2020

Theoretical methods such as molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics are very useful in understanding the fundamentals of life sciences. We have established a procedure to predict the structure of a complex of p53 with an arbitrary DNA complex, and have made it possible to predict the binding energy of p53 to DNA from the configuration of molecular dynamics simulations of the complex structure. We performed validation studies using FTD, an anti-tumor drug that exerts its pharmacological effect by incorporation into DNA, and confirmed that the binding affinity of the p53-binding BAX sequence to the p53 tetramer was increased by FTD incorporation. This indicates that FTD tends to interact strongly with DNA-binding proteins when incorporated into DNA. On the other hand, the binding affinity of FTD-containing DNA was greatly reduced in p53-binding sequences extracted from FTD-resistant cells compared to that of normal DNA. In other words, it was suggested that randomly substituted thymidine for FTDs in resistant cells may have acquired resistance by entering positions that prevented binding to DNA-binding proteins. We believe that this procedure is a versatile procedure that can take into account the binding energies of not only the p53 protein, but also other DNA-binding proteins and other biomolecules, thus increasing the importance of computational science in the life sciences.
Performance of Logistic Regression, Propensity Scores, and Instrumental Variable for Estimating Their True Target Odds Ratios in the Absence and Presence of Unmeasured Confounder
Authors: Yu Tianqi , Ke Chengyu , Xu Wentao , Li Jing
Published: December 2020

Background: A lot of studies have compared the ability of statistical methods to control for confounding. However, a majority of studies mistakenly assumed these methods estimate the same effect. The aim of this study was to use Monte Carlo simulations to compare logistic regression, propensity scores and instrumental variable analysis for estimating their true target odds ratios in terms of bias and precision in the absence and presence of unmeasured confounder. Methods: We established the formula allowing us to compute the true odds ratio of each method. We varied the instrument’s strength and the unmeasured confounder to cover a large range of scenarios in the simulation study. We then use logistic regression, propensity score matching, propensity score adjustment and two-stage residual inclusion to obtain estimated odds ratios in each scenario. Results: In the absence of unmeasured confounder, instrumental variable without direct effect on the outcome could produce unbiased estimates as propensity score did, but the mean square errors of instrumental variable were greater. When unmeasured confounder existed, no other method could produce unbiased estimation except instrumental variable, provided that the proposed instrument is not directly related to the outcome. Using the defined instrument, which affected the outcome directly, resulted in positive biased estimation of the treatment effect and this bias was greater compared to that from other methods. Conclusions: Overall, with good implementation, instrumental variable can lead to unbiased results. However, the bias caused by violating the required assumptions of instrumental variable can overweigh the positive effect of its ability to control for unmeasured confounder.
The Evolutionary Rate Variation Among Genes of MVA and MEP Pathways in Plant Terpenoid Biosynthesis
Authors: Mao Ji-peng , Huang Lin-wang , Hao Jing , Liu Tian-yi , Huang Shao-wei
Published: December 2020

Background: Terpenoids are one of the most important compounds in plants, play an significant biological defense and developmental roles in numerous plant species, and widely used for industrial chemicals. Many previous studies have completed the identification of terpenoid biosynthetic pathway and related genes. However, few studies have focused on the molecular evolution analysis of terpenoid pathway genes in plants. In this study, we researched the evolutionary rate variation pattern of 16 terpenoid pathway genes in 12 species with a broad taxonomic span. Results: We retrieved 14 genes in MVA and MEP pathways and 2 extra genes from 12 species, respectively. The evolutionary parameters dN values and dN/ dS ratios are varied significantly among genes, and the dN/ dS ratios of most genes are varied substantially among lineages. The MVA and MEP pathways genes have different evolutionary rate variation pattern, although no significant difference in dN/ dS ratios between two pathways genes. For MVA pathway, the downstream genes exhibits the greater dN/ dS ratio than upstream genes. For MEP pathway, the three midstream genes evolves more rapidly than other genes, and most of MEP pathway genes were detected the signature of positive selection under random sites models. Moreover, the dN/ dS ratios of MVA and MEP pathways genes are negatively correlated with pathway position and PPI, and coding sequence length, respectively. Conclusions: Taken together, the results indicated that the evolutionary rate variation of MVA pathway genes is mainly attributed to differential selective constraint rather than the positive selection. However, the differential selective constraint relaxation and positive selection collectively shaped the evolutionary rate heterogeneity of MEP pathway genes.
Risk Factors and Mortality of Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella Pneumoniae Bloodstream Infection in a Tertiary-Care Hospital in China: An Eight-Year Retrospective Study
Authors: Chen Jie , Ma Hua , Li Yongfeng , Mastalerz Michal , Sheng Ting , Xie Xiaoting , Huang Xiaoming , Sroks Vidya , Niu Ruichao , Pan Pinhua
Published: December 2020

Background: The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumonia bloodstream infection (CRKP-BSI) is increasing worldwide. CRKP-BSI is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality due to limited antibiotic choices. Here, we aim to identify the prevalence and risk factors for infection and mortality of CRKP BSI. Methods: This was a retrospective study of the past data from January 1st, 2012 to December 31st, 2019 of adult patients with KP-BSI in Xiangya Hospital, China. Data from Demographic and clinical findings were retrieved from medical records. Results: Among the 706 incidences included in this study, 27.4% of them (212 / 753) being CR-KP strains. The occurrence of CRKP-BSI was increased from 20.69 to 37.40% from 2012 to 2019. Hematologic malignancies (P<0.001 , odds ratio [OR] 4.68, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.3–9.4) and ICU acquired infection (P=0.003 , OR 2.10, 95% CI 1.3–3.4) were identified to be substantial risk factors of carbapenem resistance. The overall 28-day mortality rates of CRKP-BSI patients was significantly higher than that of CSKP-BSI (P<0.001). Logistic regression analysis identified severe sepsis or septic shock incidents (OR, 8.44; 95% CI, 1.85–38.39), inadequate empirical antimicrobial therapy (OR, 15.01; 95% CI, 3.70–60.79) and corticosteroids use preceding infection onset (OR, 6.45; 95% CI, 1.12–37.08) as the independent predictors of 28-day mortality of CRKP-BSI patients. However, high dose carbapenem combination therapy was identified as anticipated factors of low 28-day mortality (OR, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.03–0.51).Conclusion: The occurrence of CRKP-BSI was significantly increased during the study period. Hematologic malignancies and ICU acquired infection were associated with the development of CRKP BSI. Severe sepsis or septic shock incidents, inadequate empirical antimicrobial therapy and corticosteroids use preceding infection onset caused significant increase of mortality rates in CRKP-BSI patients. High dose carbapenem combination therapy was associated with better outcome.
Heat Transfer Analysis in Cavity of Scroll Compressor Under Clearance Leakage Flow Based on Symlet Wavelet Finite Element Method
Authors: Zhao Bin , Song Haoyang , Gao Diankui , Xu Lizhi
Published: December 2020

In order to improve the computational precision and efficiency of heat transfer of cavity medium of scroll compressor, the Symlet wavelet 10 finite element model is constructed by using the Symlet wavelet 10 function as interpolation function. The heat transfer model of cavity medium of scroll compressor under leakage flow is constructed based on large eddy simulation technology. Heat transfer analysis of cavity medium of scroll compressor is analyzed based on theoretical and experimental analysis. Results show that the Symlet wavelet 10 finite element model has higher precision and higher efficiency than the other two simulations. In addition, the influences of axis meshing clearance and radial meshing clearance on temperature of cavity medium of scroll compressor are discussed, the temperature of cavity medium of scroll compressor increases with axis meshing clearance and radial meshing clearance. The theoretical results can provide the favorable guidance for optimal design and operation of scroll compressor.
Participatory Action Research with Daddiri and Ganma: Methodology Co-Design with Aboriginal Community members.
Authors: Sharmil Hepsibah , Kelly Janet , Bowden Margaret , Cairney Imelda , Else Joanne , Galletly Cherrie , Hahn Lisa , Liu Dennis , Wilson Coral Sharmil , de Crespigny Charlotte
Published: December 2020

Background: This paper discusses the process of co-design of a de-colonising participatory methodology that enabled an international PhD student to work respectfully with Aboriginal community members and Elders, health professionals and consumers, and non-Indigenous service providers in a drug and alcohol and mental health comorbidity project in Adelaide, South Australia. The Comorbidity Action in the North project sought to redesign services to better meet the needs of local people affected by drug, alcohol, and mental health comorbidity. This arm of the study focused on the needs of Indigenous peoples. Methods: The PhD student, Aboriginal Elder mentor, Aboriginal Working Party and supervisors (the research team) sought to co-design a methodology that could address the following challenges: many Aboriginal people deeply distrust Western research due to past poor practices and a lack of implementation of findings into practice; Aboriginal people often remain unheard, unacknowledged and unrecognised in research projects; drug and alcohol and mental health comorbidity experiences are often distressing for Aboriginal community members and their families; attempts to access comorbidity care often result in limited or no access; Aboriginal community members experience acts of racism and discrimination as health professionals and consumers of health and support services; and, the PhD student was an international student with no existing relationship with local Aboriginal community members. The research team considered deeply how knowledge is shared, interpreted, owned and controlled, by whom and how, within research, co-morbidity care and community settings. The PhD student was supported to co-design a methodology that was equitable, democratic, liberating and life-enhancing, with real potential to develop feasible solutions. Results: The resulting combined Participatory Action Research (PAR)-Dadirri-Ganma methodology sought to create a bridge across Western and Aboriginal knowledges, understanding and experiences. Combined mentoring by senior Elders, Indigenous methodologies Dadirri (deep listening) and Ganma (two-way knowledge sharing), and Western PAR.Conclusions: Concepts within this paper are shared from the perspective of the PhD student with the permission and support of local Elders and Working Group members. The intention is to share what was learned for the benefit other students, research projects and community members who are beginning a similar journey.
Physico-Chemical Properties of Soil Under Acacia Senegal (L) Willd Plantation in Sahel Zone of Nigeria
Authors: Ampitan Titus Ayodele
Published: December 2020

BackgroundAcacia senegal (L) Wild known as gum Arabic tree, is a nitrogen fixing tree and a drought resistant species with potentials to improve infertile soils is planted in Sahel zone of Jigawa State, Nigeria for the production of gum arabic. However, there is dearth of information on the soil physico-chemical properties under plantation. MethodsSoil samples were collected from four 30 x 30m plots in the plantation and another plot in open woodland (control). In each plot, three replicate soil samples were taken from 0-15cm, 15-30cm and 30-60cm soil depths analyzed for micro and macronutrients, while soil acidity was determined both in water and 0.01M CaCl2.ResultsThe general soil texture of the plantation is loamy sand but with slight textural differentiation under the open woodland. Results indicated that physico-chemical properties of soils under the plantation were significantly different at P < 0.05 compared with the control. The mean soil bulk density ranged from 1.6g/cm3 in the plantation to 1.8g/cm3 in the open woodland. The high values of soil bulk density might be ascribed to loss of organic matter as a result of soil erosion and animal grazing which are common occurrences. ConclusionFrom the result of the study soil physico-chemical properties under the plantation are high and have more beneficial effects on the trees unlike the open woodland.
The Role of Prophylactic Antibiotics In Hepatitis B Virus-Related Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure Patients: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Liu Xiaoqin , Zhang Xueyun , Ying Yue , Zheng Jianming , Sun Jian , Zhang Wenhong , Zhang Jiming , Huang Yu-xian
Published: December 2020

Background: Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is characterized by an excessive systemic inflammatory response and organ failure and has high mortality. Bacterial infections (BIs) worsen the clinical course of ACLF and carry a poor prognosis in ACLF patients. The efficacy of third-generation cephalosporins has been challenged in recent years. The aim of this study was to characterize the difference between ACLF patients with and without BIs and to provide a reference for medical intervention.Methods: A total of 147 patients with hepatitis B virus-related ACLF (HBV-ACLF) hospitalized at the Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University (Shanghai, China) between May 2013 and January 2020 were enrolled. Mann‐Whitney U test was used to compare the baseline characteristics of HBV-ACLF patients with and without BIs. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to find predictors of BIs. The characteristics of BIs and the role of prophylactic antibiotics were profiled.Results: A total of 104 episodes of BIs occurred in HBV-ACLF patients either at admission or during hospitalization. Patients with and without BIs differed in clinical characteristics. The incidence of BIs showed a positive correlation with the ACLF grade (P < 0.001) and the clinical course (P < 0.001). The 90-day transplant-free survival of patients with BIs was lower than those without BIs (P < 0.0001). Patients administered prophylactic antibiotics showed a lower incidence of BIs and had a higher transplant-free survival probability than those patients there were not administered prophylactic antibiotics (P = 0.038). No statistical differences in antibiotic efficacy between third-generation and other antibiotics were observed (P = 0.108).Conclusions: BIs affected the clinical course and prognosis of patients with HBV-ACLF. Prophylactic antibiotics were of potential clinical importance in the prevention of BIs and improving the clinical course and prognosis in HBV-ACLF patients. Third-generation cephalosporins were qualified for use in antibiotic prophylaxis.
Determinants of Household Catastrophic Costs for Drug Sensitive Tuberculosis Patients in Kenya
Authors: Kirubi Beatrice Wangari , Ong’ang’o Jane , Nguhiu Peter , Lönnroth Knut , Rono Aiban , Annerstedt Kristi Sidney
Published: December 2020

Background: Despite free diagnosis and treatment for Tuberculosis (TB), the costs during treatment impose a significant financial burden on patients and their households.Aim: The study sought to identify the determinants for catastrophic costs among patients with drug-sensitive TB (DSTB) and their households in Kenya.Methods: The data was collected during the 2017 Kenya national patient cost survey from a nationally representative sample (n=1071). Treatment related costs and productivity losses were estimated. Total costs exceeding 20% of household income were defined as catastrophic and used as the outcome. Multivariable Poisson regression analysis was performed to measure the association between selected individual, household and disease characteristics and occurrence of catastrophic costs. A deterministic sensitivity analysis was carried using different thresholds and the significant predictors were explored.Results: The proportion of catastrophic costs among DSTB patients was 27% (n=294). Patients with catastrophic costs had higher median productivity losses, 39 hours interquartile range (IQR) 20-104, and total median costs of USD 567 (IQR 299-1,144). The incidence of catastrophic costs had a dose response with household expenditure. The poorest quintile was 6.2 times (95% CI 4.0-9.7) more likely to incur catastrophic costs compared to the richest. The prevalence of catastrophic costs decreased with increasing household expenditure quintiles (proportion of catastrophic costs: 59.7%, 32.9%, 23.6%, 15.9%, and 9.5%) from the lowest quintile (Q1) to the highest quintile (Q5). Other determinants included hospitalization: PR=2.8, (95% CI 1.8-4.5) and delayed treatment: PR=1.5 (95% CI 1.3-1.7). Protective factors included receiving care at a public health facility: PR= 0.8 (95% CI 0.6-1.0), and a higher Body Mass Index (BMI): PR= 0.97 (95% CI 0.96-0.98). Pre TB expenditure, hospitalization and BMI were significant predictors in all sensitivity analysis scenarios.Conclusion: There are significant inequities in the occurrence of catastrophic costs. Social protection interventions in addition to existing medical and public health interventions are important to implement for patients most at risk of incurring catastrophic costs.
Profiles of Amino Acids and Acylcarnitines Related with Deltamethrin Resistance in Aedes Albopictus
Authors: Huang Lianfen , Li Jun , Su Xinghua , Xie Ruili , Peng Lilan , Tang Chenfang , Xu Jiabao , Huang Yonglan , Yan Hui , Chen Xiao-Guang , Li Hua
Published: December 2020

Background: Fast emerging and increasing insecticide resistance in Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus brings alarm to the dengue epidemic over the world. The genetic and transcriptional sequencing has greatly advanced our understanding of the molecular basis for this crucial adaptation, but less is known about the regulation of insecticide resistance physiology at the metabolomic level. Methods: We captured the relative abundance of 17 amino acids and 34 AcylCNs in the 3rd to 4th instar larvae of three geographically close strains of Ae. albopictus, including a laboratory insecticide susceptible strain (Foshan) and two field deltamethrin-resistant strains (Yuexiu/Baiyun), as well as a laboratory induced deltamethrin-resistant (R18) and its parental insecticide susceptible strains (R0) to characterize their amino acids and acylcarnitines (AcylCNs) profiles by LC-MS/MS spectrometry. Results: Heatmap and PCA analysis of amino acids and AcylCNs profile indicated a clear separation of Foshan from Yuexiu/Baiyun populations, as well as a partly overlapping between Yuexiu and Baiyun populations. All strains were abundant in five amino acids (Pro, Val, Arg, Glu, His) and two AcylCNs (C0, C2). Five amino acids (Tyr, Cit, Pro, Thr, Gly) were significantly higher, while four amino acids (His, Val, Glu, Ala) were obviously lower in Yuexiu strain than Baiyun population. R18 displayed a differential amino acid and AcylCNs profile from its parental R0 strain. Conclusion: This study displayed a distinction of amino acids and AcylCNs profiles between insecticide-resistant and geographically or genetically-close insecticide-susceptible strain of Ae. albopictus, suggesting a possible application of amino acids and AcylCNs profiles for rapid diagnosis of deltamethrin resistance in Ae. albopictus in the future.
mir-21a-5p promote the progress of inflammation after Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury via up-regulating neurotoxic reactive astrocyte (A1) polarization by inhibiting CNTF/STAT3/Nkrf pathway
Authors: Zhang Yining , Meng Tingting , Chen Jianan , Zhang Ying , Kang Jianning , Li Xinyu , Yu Guilian , Tian Lige , Jin Zhengxin , Dong Hui , NING BIN
Published: December 2020

Background

Reactive astrocytes play an important role in Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury (TSCI). Interestingly, naive astrocytes can easily transform into neurotoxic reactive astrocytes(A1s) when inflammatory stimulation occurs. Previous researches have reported that miR-21a-5p is involved in the regulation of various stages of Spinal Cord Injury (SCI). However, it is not clear whether miR-21a-5p affected the polarization of reactive astrocytes. The purpose of our study was to detect the effects and mechanism of miR-21a-5p in the induction of neurotoxic reactive astrocytes (A1s) formation.
Methods

Gene chip assay and qRT-PCR were used to detect the expression of Cntfr α in TSCI models or sham operation. Bioinformatics analysis was used to speculate the potential targeting of miR-21a-5p, which was further confirmed by qRT-PCR, western blotting, a dual-luciferase reporter assay, and RNA pulldown assay. In vivo, the TSCI model was performed by a 68099Ⅱ precision percussion device, and the A1s phenotype was identified by immunofluorescence staining. In vitro, A1s were induced by IL-1 α, TNF-α, and C1q. A1s and neuroprotective reactive astrocytes (A2s) markers were confirmed by qRT-PCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescence. ChIP assay was used to explore the targeting gene of STAT3, the downstream of Cntfr α.
Results

The expression of miR-21a-5p was significantly increased while Cntfr α was decreased since naive astrocytes transformed into A1s after 3 days post-TSCI. In addition, the mRNA and protein of Cntfr α were decreased while miR-21a-5p was overexpressed. The binding site between miR-21a-5p and Cntfr α was further confirmed by the dual-luciferase reporter and RNA pulldown assay. We also discovered that A1s markers were decreased while markers of A2s were increased with the pretreatment of CNTF. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay was used to prove that CNTF inhibited A1s induction by activating the expression of Nkrf via the CNTF/STAT3 pathway. Downregulation of miR-21a-5p enhanced the inhibitory effect of CNTF in A1s in vitro. In vivo, the expression of A1s markers significantly decreased with the treatment of antagomir-21, while Cntfr α siRNA treatment was just the opposite.
Conclusion

We observed that increased miR-21a-5p down-regulated Cntfr α in A1s induced by TSCI, promoting the inflammatory process. In addition, we also identified the effect and potential mechanism of CNTF, a specific ligand of CNTFR α, on inhibiting naive astrocytes transformed into A1s for the first time. Collectively, our studies demonstrated that targeting miR-21a-5p is a prospective therapy for curing TSCI.
Metastatic Adenocarcinoma to the Breast arising from a Mediastinal Mature Teratoma with Somatic Malignancy: A Case Report with a Review of the Literature
Authors: ARHANT Gwenaëlle , Mirdad Dahlia , Berghian Anca , PITON Nicolas , Sabourin Jean-Cristophe
Published: December 2020

Background

Malignant transformation in mature teratomas, especially somatic-type malignancies, are extremely rare phenomena with few cases described in the literature. In the mediastinum, these lesions are often accompanied by metastases, ultimately unmasking them.
Case presentation

We report an exceptional case of metastatic adenocarcinoma to the breast arising from a mediastinal mature teratoma with malignant transformation in a 31-year-old female. The patient initially presented with a breast lesion that was later diagnosed as either a triple negative ductal carcinoma or a metastatic adenocarcinoma of unknown origin. Extensive clinical workup and radiological imagining revealed an anterior mediastinal mass. Subsequent pathological examination of the mass showed a mature teratoma with malignant transformation equivalent to that found in the breast biopsy.
Conclusion

Mediastinal teratomas with malignant transformation (TMTs) are rare entities; however these tumors should be suspected in cases of suspicious mediastinal masses presenting with unusual clinical and radiological signs, such as metastasis of unknown primary origin. Pathological corroboration of extensive sampling and meticulous microscopic examination is crucial for the diagnosis in order to tailor subsequent treatment.
Needs and Wishes for the Future Exoskeleton: an Interview Study Among People With Spinal Cord Injury With Community-based Exoskeleton Experience
Authors: Dijsseldonk Rosanne B. van , Vriezekolk Joke E. , Keijsers Noël L.W. , Geurts Alexander C.H. , Nes Ilse J.W. van
Published: December 2020

Background: Exoskeleton use by people with complete spinal cord injury (SCI) in daily life is still a challenge. To optimize its daily life use, a better understanding of the purpose of use and the accompanying improvements are needed. The perspective of experienced exoskeleton users provides an important contribution to the improvement of future exoskeletons.Methods: Face-to-face semi-structured interviews were held with 13 people with SCI, who were experienced exoskeleton users. Interviews were audio-taped, transcribed and analysed thematically.Results: Participants expressed three future purposes of exoskeleton use: for daily activities, exercise, and social interaction. Exoskeleton use during daily activities was the ultimate goal. Therefore, the future exoskeleton should be: easy to use, small and lightweight, tailor made, safe, comfortable, less distinctive, durable, and affordable. Improving the ease of use was relevant for all purposes, for all participants. The other suggestions for improvement varied depending on the purpose of use and the participant. Conclusions: Increasingly more advanced improvements to future exoskeletons are needed to transition from an exercise purpose, to social interaction, and ultimately use during daily activities. In the current study, detailed suggestions for improvements from experienced exoskeleton users have been made. Only when multiple of these suggestions are adjusted, can the exoskeleton be used to its full potential.
Is Area-level Socioeconomic Deprivation Associated With Mortality Due to Circulatory System Diseases in Poland?
Authors: Jamiołkowski Jacek , Genowska Agnieszka , Pająk Andrzej
Published: December 2020

Background. Socioeconomic status (SES) influences cardiovascular health, but studies on the relation between deprivation and circulatory system diseases (CSD) in Eastern Europe are scarce. This study aimed to assess the relationship between SES and mortality from CSD at the population level in 66 sub-regions of Poland.Methods. Area-based index based on education, structure in employment, salary, unemployment and poverty was constructed to assess SES. Data on mortality and the components of SES were obtained from the Central Statistical Office. Associations were tested using multivariate Poisson regression models.Results. In men, compared to 2010, percent of Deaths Prevented or Postponed (DPP) in 2014 was 31.1% for CSD, 23.4% for ischemic heart disease (IHD) and 21.4% for cerebrovascular diseases (CD). In women proportion, of DPP was 12.8%, 25.6% and 21.6 respectively. CSD mortality was negatively related to SES with the exception to CD mortality in women. However, low-SES regions experienced a greater decrease in CSD mortality than high-SES regions.Conclusions. Decrease of CSD mortality was more pronounced in women than in men, particularly in more deprived sub-regions compared with affluent regions. After adjustment for covariates SES was related with CSD and IHD mortality in men, and with CD mortality women.
Buffalo Gut Microbes May Affect the Host Th2 Responses During Fasciola Gigantica Infection via SCFAs Metabolism and TLR Signaling Pathway
Authors: Li Jun , Sheng Zhao’an , Wang Dongying , Zhang Yaoyao , Shi Wei , Ma Ning , Mei XueFang , Peng Hao , Chen Zhongwei , Pan Yan , Zhong Shuhong , Huang Weiyi , Luo Hong-lin
Published: December 2020

Background: Helminth-induced Th2 responses are essential to modify the structure and diversity of gut microbes. However, observations have come mainly from studies of helminth-infected humans or rodent models. Very little research has been conducted in veterinary animals. Methods: In this study, we searched for links between microbiota and Th2-biased responses during the time course of Fasciala gigantica infection in buffaloes.16S rRNA gene amplicon and metagenome sequencing were applied to analyze the structure and function of the gut microbiota. Results: Both alpha and beta diversities decreased during infection, and gut microbes differed considerably across different sections of the gut at different stages. Immune responses changed when the microbiota traverses the gut wall into the peritoneal cavity, in line with the changes in Th2 response induced by F. gigantica infection. We found that the order Coriobacteriales was greatly decreased at the early stages in which the Peptostreptococcaceae and Family_XIII families are closely linked to the upregulation of IgG1 and IL4, respectively. The F. gigantica infection significantly reduced short-chain fatty acid (SCFAs)-producing microbes, reduced the concentrations of gut SCFAs and downregulated the SCFAs-producing metabolic pathways. In addition, The microbes associated with TLR2 increased and showed similar trend to the TLR2 and Th2 cytokine production during infection, suggesting that bacteria ligands might recognize TLR2 and subsequently induce a Th2-biased response. Conclusions: Our data show that buffalo gut microbes may affect the host Th2 response during F. gigantica infection via the SCFAs metabolism and TLR signaling pathway. These findings provide new insights into the relationship between F. gigantica–microbiota-host, which may provide new potential therapeutic targets for prevention and control Fasciolosis.
Development of a Prognostic Model for Colorectal Cancer Based on Four EMT-related Genes
Authors: Hung Shuoyang , Yang Chao , Cao Fengyu , He Xiaobo , Zheng Yongbin
Published: December 2020

Background: Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) greatly affects the progression and metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC) which is one of the most malignant tumors. The goal of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of EMT-related genes and develop a prognostic nomogram for patients’ overall survival (OS) with CRC. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed gene expression profiles and clinical data in 1099 samples of CRC patients from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. Risk signature based on public databases was created and examined for its predictive value in CRC patients. The independence and correlation of risk signature with clinicopathological parameters were respectively evaluated through univariate/multivariate analysis and subgroup analysis. A nomogram was established according to risk signature and clinical parameters and validated for its predictive ability. The correlation of risk signature and infiltrating immune cells in CRC was assessed.Results: A four EMT-related genes (ERGs) based signature was constructed and validated for its ability in prognostic prediction in CRC patients. The results showed the ERGs signature as an independent prognostic factor regarding different clinicopathological parameters including age, gender and clinical stage. Besides, the ERGs signature also performed well in subgroup analysis with T3-T4, N-, M0 and early disease stage. A nomogram based on the ERGs signature combining clinical parameters was constructed which showed a promising predictive ability in prognosis of CRC patients’ OS. In addition, we found a positive correlation of the ERGs signature with six different types of immune cells.Conclusion: A novel ERGs signature was identified in this study and ERGs signature can be useful in predicting the prognosis of CRC patients.
Knowledge and Level of Adherence to COVID-19 Preventive Measures: A Bi-national Web-based Survey in Africa 
Authors: Omotoso Olabode E , Awoyemi Precious-Paul , Wahab Victor James , Ragab Mahmoud , Teibo John O. , Akinfe Opeyemi , Matareek Amira
Published: December 2020

With increasing daily incidence and mortality, the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been a threat to public health and human co-existence since its outbreak in December 2019. Globally, COVID-19 has ravaged over 200 countries and has resulted in over a million deaths within few months of its outbreak. As the disease curve begins to flatten in most countries, the instituted regulatory guidelines were receded to mitigate the effect on citizens and national economy. Hence, we assessed the knowledge and level of adherence of Nigerians and Egyptians to the COVID-19 precautionary measures. A web-based cross-sectional questionnaire was utilized to obtain 915 respondents via a convenient sampling technique. Most Egyptians (87%) had satisfactory COVID-19 knowledge compared to Nigerians (40%). Age (18 – 30 years), tertiary education and educational background (medical or scientific) were major factors that influenced respondents’ COVID-19 knowledge levels. The level of adherence of most respondents (59.1%) to COVID-19 precautionary measures was unsatisfactory. Although majority (73%) believes that the precautionary measures are required to curtail the menace of COVID-19. Only a few (57%) use face mask in public, avoided touching their eyes or mouth with unwashed hands (45%), avoided non-essential travel (36%), go out only for essential reasons (28%) and keep at least 2-meters distance (27%). The coronavirus pandemic and the instituted regulatory policies had a negative effect on respondents’ education, school or job (90.3%), finance (87.9%) and social interaction (87.5%).Assessing the knowledge and level of adherence to COVID-19 precautionary measures can prove effective in identifying and modifying measures in place to reduce the COVID-19 burden. Information on social media platforms on COVID-19 must be monitored and verified to ensure the right information is disseminated. Both countries showed a good knowledge of the disease but adherence to the precautionary measures is unsatisfactory. We therefore encourage increased adherence to the guidelines in order to avoid an unnecessary second wave of the disease in Africa. Similarly, with the adverse effect of the pandemic on people’s finance, education, job and social interaction, support should be made available to cushion these effects on the populace.
The Mental Health Impact of COVID-19 Outbreak: A Nationwide Survey in Iran
Authors: Shahriarirad Reza , Erfani Amirhossein , Ranjbar Keivan , Bazrafshan Amir , Mirahmadizadeh Alireza
Published: December 2020

Background: Disease outbreak not only carries the risk of death to the public due to the infection, but it also can lead to unbearable psychological impact on the mental health of the individuals. This study aims to explore and evaluate the burden of psychological problems on the Iranian general population during the outbreak of COVID-19.Method: A cross-sectional web-based survey was conducted among the general population of Iran age 15 and above. Demographic variables, depression, and anxiety symptoms were evaluated using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and General Anxiety Disorder-7 questionnaires.Results: Among the 8591 participants, the mean age was 34.37 (±11.25) years and 66.4% were female while 33.6% were male. Based on our results, 1295 (15.1%) and 1733 (20.1%) of the general population clinically significant depressive and anxiety symptoms respectively. Based on the demographic variables, female gender was associated with a higher risk for developing depression and anxiety symptoms, whereas getting information about the disease from medical journals and articles, being older, and being married were considered as associated protective factors. In terms of depression, being a healthcare worker was an associated risk factor. On the other hand, for anxiety, having higher education was a protective factor while a higher number of individuals in a household was considered as a risk factor.Conclusions: This study identified a major mental health problem in the Iranian population during the time of the COVID-19 outbreak. Therefore, establishing a targeted mental health support program during the time of public emergencies, such as the disease outbreak, is advised.
Intraventricular haemorrhage in a Ugandan cohort of low birth weight neonates: The IVHU study.
Authors: MacLeod Rachael , Paulson Joseph N , Okalany Noella , Okello Francis , Acom Linda , Ikiror Juliet , Cowan Frances M , Tann Cally J , Dyet Leigh E , Hagmann Cornelia F , Burgoine Kathy
Published: December 2020

BackgroundGlobally, 15 million neonates are born prematurely every year, over half in low income countries (LICs). Premature and low birth weight neonates have a higher risk of intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH). There are minimal data regarding IVH in sub-Saharan Africa. This study aimed to examine the incidence, severity and timing of and modifiable risk factors for IVH amongst low-birth-weight neonates in Uganda.MethodsThis is a prospective cohort study of neonates with birthweights of ≤2000g admitted to a neonatal unit (NU) in a regional referral hospital in eastern Uganda. Maternal data were collected from interviews and medical records. Neonates had cranial ultrasound (cUS) scans on the day of recruitment and days 3, 7 and 28 after birth. Risk factors were tabulated and are presented alongside odds ratios (ORs) and adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for IVH incidence. Outcomes included incidence, timing and severity of IVH and 28-day survival. ResultsOverall, 120 neonates were recruited. IVH was reported in 34.2% of neonates; 19.2% had low grade (Papile grades 1-2) and 15% had high grade (Papile grades 3-4). Almost all IVH (90.2%) occurred by day 7, including 88.9% of high grade IVH. Of those with known outcomes, 70.4% (81/115) were alive on day 28 and survival was not associated with IVH. We found that vaginal delivery, gestational age (GA) <32 weeks and resuscitation in the NU increased the odds of IVH. Of the 6 neonates who received 2 doses of antenatal steroids, none had IVH. ConclusionIn this resource limited NU in eastern Uganda, more than a third of neonates born weighing ≤2000g had an IVH and the majority of these occurred by day 7. We found that vaginal birth, earlier gestation and need for resuscitation after admission to the NU increased the risk of IVH. This study had a high rate of SGA neonates and the risk factors and relationship of these factors with IVH in this setting needs further investigation. The role of antenatal steroids in the prevention of IVH in LICs also needs urgent exploration.
Associations of physical performance and physical activity with mental well-being in middle-aged women
Authors: Bondarev Dmitriy , Sipilä Sarianna , Finni Taija , Kujala Urho M. , Aukee Pauliina , Kovanen Vuokko , Laakkonen Eija , Kokko Katja
Published: December 2020

Purpose: To investigate the associations of physical performance with positive and negative dimensions of mental well-being in middle-aged women and explore the role of physical activity (PA) in these associations. Methods: Data were drawn from the Estrogenic Regulation of Muscle Apoptosis (ERMA) study in which women 47 to 55 years were randomly selected from the Finnish National Registry. They (n=909) participated in measurements of physical performance (handgrip force, knee extension force, vertical jumping height, maximal walking speed, and six-minute walking distance). Both mental well-being (the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, the International Positive and Negative Affect Schedule Short Form and the Satisfaction with Life Scale) and PA were self-reported. Associations between variables were analysed using multivariate linear regression modelling adjusted for body height, fat mass %, menopausal status and symptoms, marital status, parity, employment status, self-reported mental disorders, and use of psycholeptics and psychoanaleptics. PA was then entered into a separate model to explore its role in the associations.Results: In the adjusted models, significant positive associations of six-minute walking distance with positive affectivity (B=0.12, p=0.002) and life satisfaction (B=0.15, p=0.033) were observed. No significant associations were observed between physical performance and depressive symptoms or negative affectivity. PA was positively associated with positive affectivity and life satisfaction and negatively with depressive symptoms across all the physical performance variables. Conclusion: The results point to the benefits of physical activity for mental well-being. However, in addition to PA, of the physical performance measures, the aerobic component of physical performance is especially beneficial for positive mental well-being in middle-aged women.