bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Field Tests of Dry Baiting against the Desert Locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.)
Authors: Gunn D. L.
Published: July 2009

Field trials in British Somaliland and in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan showed that dry bran bait can be used for complete destruction of Desert Locust hoppers (Schistocerca gregaha). Wet bait was never found to be completely effective when dry bait was ineffective.

Failures of dry baiting were found which were attributable to several causes : hoppers not feeding just before moulting ; ground too hot for hoppers to remain on it ; too low or too patchy a deposit of bait ; adult locusts probably not making contact with bait. None of these failures could be attributed to the bait being dry.

The main constituent of standard bait, wheat bran, should not be replaced by barley husks or peanut flour, but dom flour could be used and dura and maize flours could be tried instead of bran.

The use of dry bait makes it convenient and practical for locust scouts who use camels, vehicles, etc. to destroy small bands of hoppers as soon as they find them.

Dry baiting against marching bands and ring baiting can be done very conveniently and speedily by means of the Shendi Funnel, designed to be tied to the back of a vehicle.

Area baiting can be done rapidly by blowing dry bait up from a dusting machine, so that the wind spreads it. An area-dosage of 25 lb./acre is recommended, and a rate of ½-acre/minute should be readily achieved.

The amount of labour required is reduced to about 25% by the use of dry bait instead of wet. Dry baiting by machine uses only 10 per cent. of the labour required for dry-baiting by hand, but the cost would not fall as much as this, because higher wages would have to be paid for the greater skill necessary.

Adults can be killed by baiting, but it is much more difficult than with hoppers to ensure that the locusts make contact with the bait.

The insecticides already in use against the Desert Locust, arsenic and benzene hexachloride, can completely destroy hoppers when applied in bait. An insecticide is required with a long persistence like that of arsenic and a low mammalian toxicity like that of BHC.
Field Trials with various Dry Baits against the Desert Locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.)
Authors: Joyce R. J. V.
Published: July 2009

Tests of the acceptability of crushed dura (Sorghum millet) of various particle size composition suggested only small differences between any of them and wheaten bran. There seemed to be a slight advantage to dura passing a sieve of 20 meshes to the inch and stopped by 30, and a slight disadvantage to dura stopped by a 20-mesh sieve. There is certainly no reason to use wheaten bran in preference to crushed dura.

Maize bran containing 2·5 per cent. sodium arsenite was less acceptable than the other materials, but crushed maize was not. Nevertheless, this arsenic bait and also coarse dura with BHC produced a mortality apparently no lower than the most acceptable baits containing 0·5 per cent. BHC.

It is suggested that experiments with milling and separating machinery may produce a first-class dura bait and at the same time reserve the flour for human consumption.
Introduction of armoured scale predators and establishment of the predatory miteHemisarcoptes coccophagus(Acari: Hemisarcoptidae) on latania scale,Hemiberlesia lataniae(Homoptera: Diaspididae) in kiwifruit shelter trees in New Zealand
Authors: Hill M. G. , Allan D. J. , Henderson R. C. , Charles J. G.
Published: July 2009

Between 1987 and 1989, three predatory beetle species (Chilocorus bipustulatus(Linnaeus),C. infernalis(Linnaeus) andC. cacti(Linnaeus)) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and two predatory mite species (Hemisarcoptes coccophagusMeyer andH. cooremaniThomas) were imported and released for the biological control of armoured scale insects (Hemiberlesia rapaxComstock,H. lataniaeSignoret andAspidiotus nerii Bouché) on kiwifruit and shelter trees in New Zealand.Hemisarcoptes coccophagushas established onHemiberlesia lataniaeinfestations on Lombardy poplar (Populus nigravar. Italica) shelter trees at three sites. Detailed studies at one of the release sites over a period spanning nine to 24 months after release, showed that densities ofHemiberlesia lataniaein samples with mites fell to less than 20% of the level in control trees. Assessment of the dispersion characteristics of the mite suggested that the adults are repelled by the presence of other mites on a host.Hemisarcoptes coccophaguscan use two species of New Zealand ladybirds (Scymnus fagusBroun andHalmus chalybeusBoisduval) for phoresy.Hemisarcoptes coccophagusspread naturally to the control trees between 20 and 24 months after release, though the means of dispersal between trees is not known.
Effects of cyromazine on the mechanical properties of the larval integument ofLucilia cuprina(Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Authors: Kotze A. C. , Reynolds S. E.
Published: July 2009

The effect of cyromazine on the mechanical properties of the larval integument ofLucilia cuprina(Wiedemann) was measured using third instar larvae 2–3 h after moulting placed on liver containing 1 ppm cyromazine. Cuticle stiffness (Δ force (N)/δ strain) was approximately 20–30% higher in treated larvae (relative to controls) after 6–10 h treatment, after which time stiffness decreased to levels well below controls. Larvae placed on 1 ppm cyromazine early in the second instar also showed a short period of slightly elevated cuticle stiffness (relative to controls) after 3–5 h treatment. Third instar larvae placed on cyromazine-treated diet for 8 h then transferred to normal diet showed the same short period of elevated stiffness (at 6–10 h) followed by rapid decrease in stiffness to levels well below controls and greatly reduced growth as larvae fed cyromazine continually. A slight increase in cuticle stiffness appears to be only an early and temporary effect of cyromazine poisoning inL. cuprina. These results are discussed in relation to the previously documented effects of cyromazine on the mechanical properties of the larval cuticle ofManduca sexta(Linnaeus).
Practical assessment of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) crop loss caused by grasshopper pests (Orthoptera: Acrididae)—a major outbreak in north-west Mali
Authors: Legg J. P. , Togola A.
Published: July 2009

The impact of Sahelian grasshopper species on short cycle pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) was studied at two sites in north-west Mali and techniques of crop loss assessment were investigated. At one of these sites an onfarm study was carried out with the co-operation of seven village farmers. The grasshoppers Diabolocatantops axillaris (Thunberg) and Kraussaria angulifera (Krauss) were the principal destructive species, primarily causing grain loss through their feeding upon millet heads. Leaf damage was found to be sustainable to a high level before influencing yield, although direct grain loss through head damage was shown to be an important determinant of final yield. It was concluded that the best means of determining the yield loss attributable to grasshopper attack for late-season patterns of damage was to estimate head damage immediately prior to harvest. In this estimate, heads were assigned to one of ten classes according to the severity of the damage. Studies at a second site demonstrated the existence of a linear relationship between estimates of head damage and actual grain weight loss. On the basis of these findings it is concluded that the average loss of yield incurred as a result of grasshopper attack in the study village, Mamaribougou Freybe, was 25.7% + 3.0, −2.5. A system is proposed by which such village-level crop loss estimates may be undertaken.
Effect of temperature on development rates, fecundity & longevity of the groundnut leaf miner, Aproaerema modicella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), in India
Authors: Shanower Thomas G. , Gutierrez Andrew P. , Wightman John A.
Published: July 2009

Threshold temperatures, growth rates and physiological development times were calculated for the egg, larval and pupal stages of the groundnut leaf-miner, Aproaerema modicella (Deventer), a key pest of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) and soyabean (Glycine max) in India. The life cycle of Aproaerema modicella required 660 degree-days (DD) above threshold temperatures (12.4°C for eggs, 11.3° for larvae and 14.7° for pupae). A function fitted to the adult longevity and fecundity data describes the effect of temperature and female age on fecundity. Egg production was greatest at 30°C and declined at lower and higher temperatures. Head capsule width measurements indicated that five larval instars are typical in India. The results obtained are discussed in the context of earlier work.
The Effect of Poison Bait Cattle on Populations of Glossina morsitans Westw. and G. swynnertoni Aust.
Authors: Burnett G. F.
Published: July 2009

An experiment was carried out in a small block of mixed bush in Tanganyika in an attempt to eliminate the two resident species of tsetse fly. Glossina morsitans Westw. and G. suynnertoni Aust., by means of bait cattle treated with DDT. Small cattle were used at the rate of 100 per square mile in herds of 12 or 13 per one-eighth of a square mile. Their numerical superiority over the large game was no more than about 3: 1.

The cattle were sprayed twice weekly. Originally a 10 per cent. suspension of the p.p′isomer was prepared from a commercial formulation of DDT. Later a laboratory-prepared emulsion (10 per cent. technical DDT) was used.

Extermination was expected with a reduction in numbers of old male tsetse of 99·9 per cent. In practice G. morsitans was reduced by 99·5 per cent. and G. swynnerloni by 92·5 per cent.

It is considered that there was sufficient immigration across the barrier clearing to account for the failure to achieve extermination of either species. It is not possible to say if extermination would have been attained in the absence of immigration.

It is considered that with the insecticidal formulations now available there is not much prospect of improving on these results in similar conditions although a great reduction in tsetse numbers is possible and might stop the carrying of disease. In the dry season, after the grass has been burnt, there is better prospect of success.
Host Finding and Selection bySpalangia drosophilaeAshm.
Authors: Simmonds F. J.
Published: July 2009

Experiments were designed to determine the criteria by which an ovipositing female ofSpalangia drosophilaeAshm. is attracted to an environment where suitable hosts may be found, and by which these hosts are selected.

The results obtained indicate that ovipositing femaleSpalangiaare attracted to and maintained in areas where suitable host puparia may occur by their reaction to sensory impressions. Thus females tend to be attracted to dampness and to soil level where, in grasses, host material is likely to be found. In such an area searching for hosts appears to be at random, but once an object that is a possible host is located there follows a careful examination and, if the object is “ considered ” a suitable host, oviposition follows. It appears that there are several definite criteria by which an object is accepted as a host suitable for oviposition. In general the hosts selected by the parasite are those which are suitable for the development of her progeny.
Aircraft Applications of Insecticides in East Africa. VII.—An Experiment against the Tsetse Flies, Glossina morsitans, Westw. and G. swynnertoni Aust., in the Rainy Season
Authors: Hocking K. S. , Burnett G. F. , Sell R. C.
Published: July 2009

The “ North Block ” at Kikore, Central Province, Tanganyika, was treated with insecticide dispersed from an Anson 1 aircraft during the period 23rd January to 4th May 1951. The area consisted of some 4,000 acres of mixed bush, including about 230 acres of miombo, infested by two species of tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans Westw. and swynnertoni Aust.

The insecticide used was equivalent to a 19·4 per cent. solution of technical BHC (equal to 2·45 per cent. γ isomer) in 50 per cent. diesel oil, 50 per cent. power kerosene. The solution was dispensed through a boom and nozzles under pressure as a coarse aerosol (mass median diam. 70 microns), at a nominal mean dose of 0·25 lb. technical BHC per acre per application. Eight applications were planned and seven completed.

The first application was relatively ineffective, and for the second and subsequent cycles the emission rate was increased and over part of the block the swathe width was reduced. The result was a much improved kill but neither species of tsetse was exterminated.

Owing to the number of factors involved, it is not possible to give any principal reason why this experiment was less successful than previous ones, but many of the difficulties encountered are inherent in rainy-season operations in East Africa.
Studies on Aëdes Larvae in South-western Nigeria and in the Vicinity of Kano
Authors: Kumm Henry W.
Published: July 2009

Many of the Aëdes larvae commonly met with in Nigeria have been described by Ingram & Macfie, who have made extensive studies on the Gold Coast. Wesché described larvae of seven species of Aëdes that he studied in Lagos in 1910. In 1912 Edwards published keys to the then known larvae of the African Culicinae, but many of the species of Aëdes that are plentiful in this area are not included in Edwards' key. Therefore it was thought that an additional comparative study would be of value.

The larvae dealt with in this paper by no means represent all the species that can be found in this area. They merely include the commoner ones in the vicinities of Kano, Ibadan, and Lagos, and some additional specimens of species found in Nigeria, which were lent by Mr. F. W. Edwards, of the British Museum, and Dr. V. B. Wigglesworth, of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
Braconidae : Notes and new Species
Authors: Wilkinson D. S.
Published: July 2009

Rhaconotus mahensis, sp. n.

♀♂. Black ; scape and all legs red testaceous ; ovipositor bright red ; flagellum red-brown, possibly rather darker at apex ; wings hyaline, the setae with a distinctly fulvous tinge, and the stigma hyaline (at least not darkened).

♀♂. The integument is not coriaceous throughout, and is only sparsely clothed with setae (except on the flagellum and possibly the legs). Head smooth and highly shining, not coriaceous, impunctate, the vertex and occiput almost entirely devoid of setae ; antennae longer than head, thorax, and abdomen together ; flagellar joints in ♀ 29–33, in ♂ 26–28. Thorax : mesonotum dully shining, coriaceous ; the notauli well marked, joining slightly before reaching the posterior margin of the mesonotum ; propodeon with five longitudinal carinae, one in the middle and two on each side, these latter rather more closely placed to each other than to the median carina ; this median carina is discernible as such only in the basal half of the propodeon, thereafter becoming lost amongst the reticulate wrinkles with which the apical half of the propodeon abounds ; the lateral carinae, on the other hand, are discernible more or less throughout their length, particularly the inner pair which can generally be traced to the median apex of the propodeon where they join each other ; the integument of the basal half of the propodeon coriaceous on each side of the median carina as far as the first lateral carina, thereafter wrinkled as in the apical half.
Larvae of Ethiopian Mosquitos
Authors: Hopkins G. H. E.
Published: July 2009

During work on mosquitos in Uganda a certain number of hitherto undescribed larvae have been found ; advantage has also been taken of the opportunity to redescribe from fresh material some species of which the published descriptions are (in the light of our increased knowledge of mosquito larvae) found to be inadequate.

Unless otherwise stated all larvae are from the neighbourhood of Kampala. All descriptions are of fourth-stage larvae, and in every case identification of larvae has been made by comparison with the cast skins of isolated specimens from which adults have been bred. The nomenclature used for the head-setae is that proposed by Edwards & Given ; measurements of the head are always maxima. As the setae of the thorax and abdomen do not appear usually to be of much value for purposes of specific identification descriptions of them have in most cases been omitted.

For determination of adults and other assistance the writer is greatly indebted to Mr. F. W. Edwards, of the British Museum.
A new Species of Warble-fly (Diptera—Family Tachinidae, Subfamily Hypoderminae, Genus Hypoderma), which attacks Goats in Cyprus
Authors: Austen E. E.
Published: July 2009

Adult insects belonging to the genus Hypoderma, all species of which in their larval stages are parasitic in Ungulates, fall naturally into two groups. In the first of these, represented by Hypoderma bovis, De G., H. lineatum, Vill., and H. diana, Br., the body is conspicuously hairy, and the dorsum of the main portion of the thorax (scutum) is marked with a series of shining black, raised stripes or longitudinal wheals. In the second group, to which belong H. silenus, Br., H. crossi, Patton, H. corinnae, Crivelli, and doubtless also H. aegagri, Br., the hairy covering of the body is sparser and less noticeable, and the dorsum of the thorax is devoid of the markings just mentioned. The species to be described below forms an addition to the second group.
The Measurement and Control of atmospheric Humidity in relation to Entomological Problems
Authors: Buxton Patrick A.
Published: July 2009

It is a matter of general agreement that atmospheric humidity is often of great importance in limiting the times or places at which insects are abundant. But though one may collect facts which suggest that a particular degree of dryness or dampness favours some stage of an insect, it is not easy to devise experiments which will give unassailable facts. Some of us feel that the precise study of water relations and water balance may lead to greatly increased knowledge of the living insect, and therefore to results of economic value ; and it is certain that a fuller understanding of these matters is delayed because few know the methods appropriate for measuring and controlling humidity.

The purpose of the present paper is to make known a number of practical methods, which might be of service to a worker even in a remote country. As this is my objective, I shall include material which is already well known to physicists, and as our concern is with the conditions in the places where insects are actually living, I have given particular attention to unorthodox devices which can be used in small spaces and which are portable; among the great variety of methods, I have endeavoured to show what is good and bad in each.
On the Identity of the Cotton Capsid of Uganda
Authors: Taylor T. H. C.
Published: July 2009

For some years prior to 1935, the cotton Capsid of Uganda, which is now known to occur in several other parts of Africa also, was called Lygus vosseleri, Popp. In 1935, Mr. W. E. China of the British Museum (Natural History), after examining type material, published a note synonymising vosseleri of Poppius with simonyi of Reuter and concluded that the cotton Capsid previously identified by him as L. vosseleri, Popp., must therefore be called L. simonyi, Reut. This latter name has been in general use for the cotton Capsid since 1935 and is very widely known because of the great importance of the insect as a pest of cotton.
A Chalcidoid Egg-parasite of an Australian Buprestid
Authors: Ferrière Ch.
Published: July 2009

In the course of a study of the biology of the Buprestid, Prospheres aurantiopictus, Cast., in Australia, Mr. A. R. Brimblecombe has obtained from the eggs an interesting small Chalcid belonging to the family Encyrtidae.

Several Encyrtid parasites of insect eggs are already known. In Australia Ovidencyrtus pallidipes, Girault, parasitises Reduviid eggs, Tetracnemella megymeni, Dodd, and T. hyalinipennis, Dodd, Pentatomid eggs, and Cheiloneurus viridiscutum, Girault, has been bred from those of cockroaches. In Hawaii the genera Ectopiognatha, Perkins, and Fulgoridicida, Perkins, are found parasitising the eggs of Homoptera. In addition Leefmansia bicolor, Waterston, has been bred from the eggs of the Orthopteron, Sexava sp., in Amboina and Leurocerus ovivorus, Crawford, from the moth, Amathusia phidippus, L., in Java. But most of the Encyrtid egg parasites belong to the genus Ooencyrtus, Ashmead, and it is among them that is placed the only other species known to breed in the eggs of a Coleopteron, Ooencyrtus batocerae, Ferrière, from Malaya. Another species, Tyndarichus rudnevi, Nowicky, is said to have been obtained from the eggs of Cerambyx cerdo, L., in Russia, but as the species of Tyndarichus are generally considered to be hyperparasites, the real parasite of this European Longicorn is still uncertain.
The Toxicity of DDT to Man and Animals
Authors: Stammers F. M. G. , Sarel Whitfield F. G.
Published: July 2009

It may be stated that the summation of microscopical evidence of harmful effect upon the exposed rats and rabbits as a result of their 28 days' exposure to continuous DDT aerosol as described was nil.
On some Sandflies (Phlebotomus) of the sergenti Group in Palestine
Authors: Theodor O.
Published: July 2009

The distribution of Phlebotomus sergenti in Palestine, Syria and Mesopotamia has received special attention, because of the rôle of this species in the transmission of oriental sore.
On the Effect of DDT-treated Surfaces on Adults of Anopheles gambiae and A. funestus
Authors: MacInnes D. G.
Published: July 2009

1. Certain experiments intended to throw light on problems arising from the practical application of DDT against A. gambiae and A. funestus are recorded. These refer particularly to the action of larvicidal DDT on adult mosquitos; to the effect of varying periods of exposure; and to the possibility of repellence of adults by DDT treatments.

(a) Solutions of DDT on water surfaces produce an appreciable mortality, particularly on laying mosquitos, but also on ♀♀ in earlier stages of ovary development, when confined in cages with a bowl of water so treated.

(b) The greatest effect is produced by a DDT solution in a heavy oil film of long persistency.

(c) The presence of a DDT solution on the water, particularly when applied in a heavy oil, appears to have produced an appreciable inhibition against laying.

3. With a 5-months-old residual film of 200 mgms. DDT per sq. foot on smooth wood, a 60-minute exposure killed 22 per cent. immediately and 100 per cent, within 3 hours. After a 5-minute exposure none was killed immediately, but 17 per cent. were dead within 3 hours, and 73 per cent. at 12 hours. Intermediate periods of exposure gave corresponding results.

4. Anopheles exposed in inter-connecting treated and untreated cages showed characteristic restlessness as a result of contact with a treated surface. When inserted first into a treated cage, and subsequently allowed access to untreated cages, a higher mortality was recorded than when the procedure was reversed. The degrees of mortality and of restlessness appeared to be closely connected.
Cotton Stainers (Dysdercus spp.) In the West Indies
Authors: Callan E. McC.
Published: July 2009

There has been much confusion in the taxonomy of the species of Dysdercus in the Caribbean area, and this contribution is an attempt to straighten out the nomenclature and synonymy for future workers on these important pests, until such time as a complete revision of the Neotropical Dysdercus can be attempted.
Factors Influencing the Interaction of Insecticidal Mists and Flying Insects
Authors: David W. A. L. , Bracey P.
Published: July 2009

The yellow fever mosquito, Aëdes aegypti, has been employed in experiments on the mode of action of adjuvants. With this insect under the test conditions employed, a decrease in the rate of knockdown was observed as a result of adding sesamin, sesame oil or IN 930 to a pyrethrum spray. It was shown that the increment of kill produced by activators was not attributable to any effect on either the particle size of the mist or the behaviour of the insect which led to an increase in the dose accumulated during the test exposure. No activating effect was apparent with DDT. The final mode of action remains unexplained.
The Effect of Medium on the Toxicity of DDT to Aphids
Authors: Tattersfield F. , Potter C. , Gillham E. M.
Published: July 2009

It is shown that the insecticidal value to Macrosiphum solanifolii of DDT depends upon the medium in which it is incorporated. It is more toxic (4–6 times) when dispersed as an emulsion dissolved in a water-insoluble solvent (benzene) than when dissolved in a water-soluble solvent (acetone-carbitol) and dispersed as a suspensoid.
A BHC-resistant Tick
Authors: Whitnall A. B .M. , Thorburn J. A. , McHardy W. M. , Whitehead G. B. , Meerholz F.
Published: July 2009

An arsenic-resistant tick was first noticed in the East London district of South Africa in 1938–39. It was a strain of the one host blue tick, B. decoloratus. BHC was very toxic to the tick, as 50 p.p.m. of the gamma isomer killed adult females in in vitro experiments. Field results in 1946–47 were equally convincing. Weekly dippings in BHC washes containing 50 p.p.m. gamma isomer brought the arsenicresistant tick under control.

In March 1948, BHC was found to be ineffective against blue ticks at “Burnside”, “Mistley” and “Gulu”, farms in the East London district. Later, ticks at “Tharfield” and “Elmhirst” in the Bathurst area survived regular weekly dippings in BHC preparations. In vitro experiments showed that adult female blue ticks taken from these localities could withstand high concentrations of gamma BHC, while females of the same species from other areas were readily killed. Not even 1,000 p.p.m. would give 100 per cent. control of ticks from resistant areas, and different sources of gamma BHC were equally ineffective. Laboratory experiments further indicated that the ticks were still arsenic-resistant. Indeed arsenic resistance appears to be associated with BHC resistance, as no BHC-resistant tick has been found that is not arsenic-resistant. The chlorinated cyclic hydrocarbons toxaphene and chlordane were ineffective against BHC-resistant ticks, but controlled BHC-sensitive ticks in the laboratory. DDT gave moderate in vitro results against both resistant and sensitive ticks.
The Arthropod Population of the Soil in some East African Pastures
Authors: Salt George
Published: July 2009

A method is described for the extraction of arthropods from soil.

Eleven soil samples from pastures in the neighbourhood of Moshi, Tanganyika, and at Kawanda, Uganda, yielded collections representing a population of 54,565 arthropods per sq. metre in the top 6 ins. of soil or, if three samples are adjusted in conformity with biological indications, of 38,417 per sq. metre.

Nine soil samples from coffee and cassava plantations and from fallow ground gave collections representing a population of 24,423 arthropods per sq. metre in the top 12 ins. (in some cases 8 ins.) of soil.

Twenty-five soil samples from a pasture near Cambridge, examined in a strictly comparable manner, gave collections representing a population of 90,238 arthropods per sq. metre in the top 6 ins. of soil.

It appears that the arthropod population in the uppermost 6 ins. of East African pasture soil is much smaller than, and only about half as large as, that in an English pasture.

The causes and consequences of the smaller arthropod population of tropical soil are briefly discussed, and a connection is suggested between the meagre arthropod (and earthworm) population and the large amount of ligneolis material found in the soil samples examined, This connection may also bear on the paucity of humus in some tropical soils.
Mosquitos of the Maldive Islands
Authors: Iyengar M. O. T. , Menon M. A. U.
Published: July 2009

A large collection of mosquitos made in five atolls of the Maldive Islands has revealed the presence of 15 species. These are listed and notes of taxonomic interest on seven of them are given.
A Comparison of a Group of Gall Midges of the GenusThomasinianaStrand, E. 1916 and a Description of a new Species from wild Blackberry
Authors: Pitcher R. S.
Published: July 2009

A comparison is made of all the members of the genusThomasinianaStrand at present known from Rosaceous host-plants, namelyT. oculiperda(Rübs.), the Red Bud Borer;T. theobaldiBarnes, the Raspberry Cane Midge;T. crataegiBarnes, the Hawthorn Stem Midge and a hitherto undescribed species from wild blackberry. Although morphologically very similar, each can be readily distinguished in trials on host-plant preference. By this means it has also been shown that there are two strains, favouring apple and rose respectively, within the present speciesT. oculiperda. Other biological and some morphological evidence is given, supporting the above conclusions, and on this basis the midge from blackberry is put forward as a new species for which the namesThomasiniana fruticosi, sp. n. and “Blackberry Cane Midge” are proposed and a formal description given. The biological and economic status of each species or strain is discussed and a list of the known parasites given.
The Termites of north-eastern Tanganyika; their Distribution and Biology
Authors: Kemp P. Belinda
Published: July 2009

The distribution of termites in north-eastern Tanganyika is discussed in relation to eight zones delimited by contours and vegetation types. Some termites show very definite limits to their distribution; Hodotermes mossambicus (Hagen) and Amitermes lonnbergianus (Sjöstedt) are examples. The significance of this is discussed.

There is a greater variety of Termitinae near the coast, while the subterranean termites are the more abundant in dry bushland. Some species are able to extend their distribution where gallery forest is found along the larger rivers. Two types of mountain forest are included in the region and extremely few termites are to be found within these.

The distribution of termites observed on descending from the mountains to the plains is discussed and illustrated by a diagram. In addition, two methods of indicating the relative abundance of termites in the soil is described.
The Inherited Basis of Variation in the Hatching-response of Aëdes Eggs (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Gillett J. D.
Published: July 2009

A stimulus is necessary for the hatching of eggs of Aëdes mosquitos, but, while many different kinds of change in the external environment may be adequate as hatching-stimuli, there is variation in the response of the eggs to any given one of them.

Not only is there variation between species as regards behaviour of the eggs, but batches of eggs laid by different females in a single species may vary one from another and there is even variation of behaviour between the eggs laid in a single batch.

The response of the eggs of A. aegypti (L.) has been studied here and evidence produced that both parents contribute to their hatching-behaviour. Egg behaviour has also been studied in two populations of this species, one originating from West Africa and the other from East Africa. In the former, only a very low proportion of the mature eggs (0–9%) responded to the daily application of a suitable stimulus over a short period, whereas in the latter the proportion of responders in the same period with the same stimulus was very much higher (46–100%). The next generation reared from each of these gave very similar results (0–11 and 65–100%, respectively), while reciprocal crosses between them gave a wide range of scatter (16–100 and 4–99%, respectively).
Mosquitos and Malaria in the Hill Country of the New Hebrides and Solomon Islands
Authors: Laird Marshall
Published: July 2009

Anopheles (Myzomyia) farauti Lav. is recorded from the upper reaches of the Nevaka river, south-western Espiritu Santo, New Hebrides, to an altitude of 1,100 ft. and a distance of 12 miles from the coast. The presence of Plasmodium vivax and P. malariae in the blood of children from hill villages with no nearby Anopheline larval habitats is noted. These children, most of whom have never visited the coast, become exposed to infection during prawning trips to the valleys below their homes. The transmission of P. vivax and P. malariae is shown to take place in the interior of Guadalcanal, British Solomon Islands Protectorate, where a proven vector, A. (Myzomyia) punctulatus Dön., breeds at altitudes of up to at least 1,900 ft. above sea level. A. (Myzomyia) solomonis Belkin, Knight & Rozeboom, the status of which as a vector of Plasmodium is unknown, was found breeding at an altitude of 3,000 ft. Neither P. falciparum nor Wuchereria bancrofti were recorded from the hill districts visited. During the investigations several species of Culicines were collected. Features of the larval morphology of some of these are illustrated and briefly discussed in a systematic appendix.
The Powers of Survival of Storage and Domestic Pests under Winter Conditions in Britain
Authors: Solomon M. E. , Adamson Betty E.
Published: July 2009

In order to test their ability to survive the winter in unheated buildings, 68 species of storage and domestic insect pests were exposed throughout one or more winters in wooden screens and various outbuildings at the Pest Infestation Laboratory, Slough, Bucks.

Generally, cultures containing all developmental stages were exposed. The chief aim was to demonstrate some survival or else the complete failure of the culture; conclusionsabout single stages were added where possible.

The ability or failure of a species to overwinter may be affected by the following factors, which are discussed: cold-hardiness, effects of previous conditions, differences between strains or races within a species, severity of the winter, length of period of exposure, moisture conditions, type of building, protection by materials in storage, biological heating of the immediate environment.

The shortest experiment lasted 16 days, the majority for about six months.
Egg-production in the Mustard Beetle, Phaedon cochleariae (F.) in Relation to Diets of Mineral-deficient Leaves
Authors: Allen M. Delia , Selman Ireson W.
Published: July 2009

Studies have been made of the effect of feeding adults of the Mustard Beetle, Phaedon cochleariae (F.), on diets of watercress leaves (Nasturtium officinale) taken from plants grown in water cultures of known nutrient composition.

Significant reductions in egg-production were recorded when individual beetles were supplied with leaves deficient in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium or iron, as compared with the egg-production of the same beetles supplied with leaves from plants grown in complete-nutrient solution.

A marked alteration in the rate of egg-production occurred within two or three days of changing the diet from “complete-nutrient” leaves to mineral-deficient leaves or vice versa.
The Insect Fauna of an empty Granary
Authors: Coombs C. W. , Freeman J. A.
Published: July 2009

A survey of an empty granary was undertaken to assess the size and composition of itsinsect fauna, and the possible importance of such insects as a source of infestation of stored goods. The most important feature of the building in this connection was the presence of boarded-up cavities in the walls.

Samples were taken at random from behind all walls, from parts of the grain-distributor system, and from certain other areas.

Many grain pests were found associated with the residues. In the wall cavities large populations had been built up, reaching in one case over 2,000 insects in the food material behind a foot length of wall (the average concentration over all cavities examined was 266 insects per foot of wall).

The largest populations were behind the north and south walls and, in general, the numbers of insects increased on descending the warehouse. The difference in size of population of the different walls and stories depended largely upon the volume and quality of the débris present in the cavities. The increase in numbers was due to increase in number of species and to increase in individuals of some species.
Changes in the neurosecretory cells, corpus cardiacum and corpus allatum during pregnancy in Glossina austeni Newst. (Diptera, Glossinidae)
Authors: Ejezie G. C. , Davey K. G.
Published: July 2009

The neurosecretory cells of the pars intercerebralis, the corpus cardiacum and the corpus allatum were examined in histological sections of Glossina austeni Newst. females fixed at daily intervals over the first two cycles of pregnancy. Two groups of neurosecretory cells corresponding to the lateral and median cells of other insects were recognised. The median neurosecretory cells were found to undergo cyclic changes of net synthesis and net release, which were correlated with ovulation and larviposition. The single ellipsoid corpus allatum undergoes cyclic changes in volume and histological appearance which are correlated with changes in the volume of the milk gland.
A method of age determination in Lucilia cuprina (Wied.) (Diptera, Calliphoridae) using cyclic changes in the female reproductive system
Authors: Vogt W. G. , Woodburn T. L. , Tyndale-Biscoe Marina
Published: July 2009

The stage of egg formation and density of follicular relics enable Lucilia cuprina (Wied.) females to be sorted into 16 ovarian stages, covering the period from emergence to the beginning of the fourth ovarian cycle. The correspondence between the actual age of a fly and its stage of ovarian development was determined at constant temperatures. Where developmental delays were absent, “reproductive age” gave reliable estimates of actual age under both constant and fluctuating temperature regimes. In the field protein shortages and lack of oviposition sites may prolong the time required to complete each ovarian cycle, and flies will be older than their ovaries would indicate. In practice the ovarian stages described provide estimates of minimum age for L. cuprina females.
A revision of the north-western European species of theglomeratus-group ofApantelesFörster (Hymenoptera, Braconidae)
Authors: Nixon G. E. J.
Published: July 2009

The north-western European species of theglomeratus-groupofApantelesare revised. Sixty-four species are dealt with, of which twentythree are described as new. Two species,A. pieridis(Bouché) andA. pilicornisThomson, are lifted from synonymy. Host records are based mainly on reared specimens examined by the author.
Experiments in the Control of Tsetse fly. Part II
Authors: Lloyd Ll. , Lester H. M. O. , Taylor A. W. , Thornewill A. S.
Published: July 2009

1. This report continues the account of the experimental field work carried out by the Tsetse Investigation in Northern Nigeria from May 1926 up to the end of 1929.G. morsitansandG. tachinoidesare the tsetse concerned. The main object of this work was to attempt to control tsetse by the destruction of primary and secondary foci by the clearing of all fringing forest, the general woodland being left untouched. Two main experimental areas have been dealt with, the Sherifuri area described previously and the Matyoro experimental area.

2. Methods of clearing and dealing with re-growth are described in detail. Records show that re-growth although very rapid the first year, then slows down to such an extent that it may not be economical to re-slash more often than every third year. The effect of clearing on tsetse was controlled by collecting fly week by week from certain fixed foci. These flies were dissected and the following factors noted : the sex proportion in the catch, the rate of catching, the state of nutrition, the proportion of very young flies, the blood content of the gut with classification of the kinds of blood found, and the trypanosome infection.

WithG. morsitans, clearing of fringing forest only up to 800 yards from the collecting centre had no apparent effect on the wet season extension but at four miles it was reduced to one-sixth of its old figure.
Status of Economic Entomology in the British Solomon Islands
Authors: Lever R. J. A. W.
Published: July 2009

The Solomon Islands lie to the east of New Guinea and consist of an archipelago a thousand miles in length and about half this distance in breadth. They are divided politically into the Northern Solomons (formerly German but now administered under Mandate by Australia), and the British Solomon Islands Protectorate. This latter lies roughly between five and twelve degrees south of the equator and is believed to have been united both to New Guinea and Australia from at least the Triassic to the early Tertiary. As there is now a deep sea between the archipelago and the two land-masses, the former falls into the ancient section of the continental islands of Wallace.

The rainfall averages 150 inches, the maximum shade temperature has a mean of 90°F., and the relative atmospheric humidity averages 92 per cent.

The Group consists of six large islands ranging from 60 to 120 miles in length and many smaller ones, including the isolated Santa Cruz group to the east. The main islands are composed of both coralline and volcanic (chiefly diorite) rocks and hence exhibit a wide range of soil-types from coralline sands and red clay to alluvium. Evidence of former extensive elevation is provided in raised coral-beaches. The islands are generally covered with jungle and densely wooded to their summits which rise in places to over 8,000 feet. An exception to this is the central and western portions of the northern coast of Guadalcanal, which consist of grass plains and undulating downland.
Eggs of some Ethiopian Anopheles Mosquitos
Authors: Gibbins E. G.
Published: July 2009

Towards the end of 1931 a study of the eggs of Anopheles mosquitos was commenced, primarily with a view to establishing any characters in the egg which may prove useful in differentiating closely allied species, and in particular those suspected of being concerned in the transmission of malaria.

The eggs of ten species of Anopheles are described and figured below : mauritianus var. ziemanni, Grünb., implexus, Theo., pharoensis, Theo., theileri var. hancocki, Edw., christyi, N. & C., gambiae, Giles (costalis, Theo.), transvaalensis, Carter, funestus, Giles, marshalli, Theo., and moucheti, Evans. Of these the writer has had the opportunity of examining specimens of Anopheles gambiae and funestus from four different regions in Uganda, namely, Kampala (3,900 ft.), Jinja (3,800 ft.), Mbale (4,000 ft.) and Fort Portal (5,100 ft.), and no local variations were observed. The eggs of two species dealt with in this paper have been previously figured by workers in other parts of the world. Edwards (1921) reproduced a drawing by Patton of the eggs of Anopheles gambiae (costalis) from Arabia, and Theodor (1924) published a drawing of those of A. pharoensis from Palestine. Both illustrations show eggs which in general structure are very similar to those of the same species in Uganda ; the sculpture of the membrane is not figured. Individual variation within the eggs of a single adult was found to be constant in the case of A. marshalli, the three forms figured being represented in each of the three batches examined.
The Agricultural Pests of the Southern Provinces, Nigeria
Authors: Lamborn W. A.
Published: July 2009

The following notes embody the results of observations made during a year of service (May 1913 to May 1914) as the Entomologist in the Agricultural Department of the Southern Provinces, Nigeria. They do not, however, pretend to cover more than a very limited area of the Western Province, for on account of the desirability of beginning the work by making myself acquainted with local conditions by a careful study of the insect problems at the head-quarters of the Department, at Moor Plantation, Ibadan, I suggested that the first few months of my tour should be spent there, hoping afterwards to be afforded an opportunity, which unfortunately was not forthcoming, of making a more general survey of the insect pests of the country. I have confined my remarks to insects which are to be looked on as real pests, and have made no reference to the bionomics of other insects which I have observed to be associated with the indigenous flora. I have classified the pests according to the plant attacked, and have added to my account of each notes as to the measures found useful in dealing with them.
Further Notes on the Bionomics of Tabanus ditaeniatus, Macq., and Tabanus taeniola, P. de B.
Authors: King Harold H.
Published: July 2009

In 1909, the writer collected egg-masses of the seroot Tabanus taeniola, P. de B., and reared some of the resulting larvae to approaching maturity, but failed to obtain the pupa. The following year he took a number of immature larvae of Tabanus ditaeniatus, Macq., and reared them to the adult stage. The various stages in the life-cycles of these two Tabanids, with the exception of the pupa of the former and the egg-mass of the latter species, were figured and described in this Bulletin. The puparium of T. taeniola and egg-masses of T. ditaeniatus which are here figured and described were obtained during the summer of 1913.
Notes on African Chalcidoidea.—I
Authors: Waterston James
Published: July 2009

The following descriptions are based on material submitted by various collectors to the Imperial Bureau of Entomology. The types of the new species will be deposited in the British Museum.
The distribution of some Rastrococcus spp. (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) on mango in India
Authors: Narasimham A. Uma , Chacko M.J.
Published: July 2009

The distribution of Rastrococcus spp. within mango trees (Mangifera indica) was studied at Bangalore, India. Population densities of R. invadens Williams, R. iceryoides (Green) and R. mangiferae (Green) were significantly higher on the abaxial leaf surface compared with the adaxial surface. Mealybug density was also higher from ground level up to 2 m compared with above 2 m. Significant variations in Rastrococcus spp. populations among trees and species composition per tree were observed. As populations built up on leaves, migration to other leaves occurred, more predominantly in R. mangiferae than in R. invadens. As the population of R. iceryoides increased on leaves, migration to twigs occurred.
The development of suppression tactics for Biprorulus bibax (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) as Part of an integrated pest management programme in citrus in inland South-eastern Australia
Authors: James David G.
Published: July 2009

Suppression tactics for the citrus stink bug pest, Biprorulus bibax Breddin, were developed and implemented during 1987–1992 in four lemon orchards in southern New South Wales, Australia. Tactics were based on introduction and conservation of natural enemies (principally egg parasitoids), physical or chemical treatment of overwintering populations and strategic low rate applications of a selective insecticide. Estimated adult populations of 10–35,000/1.5 ha and 70–90% fruit damage in untreated crops were reduced to <500/1.5 ha and <5%, respectively, following full implementation of the management programme. Integrated management of B. bibax removes the need for broad-spectrum insecticides to control this pest and lessens the risk of disruption to biological control of other citrus pests.
Two new Eulophidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of economic importance from China
Authors: LaSalle John , Huang Dawei
Published: July 2009

Two new species of Eulophidae, which are potential biological control agents of economically important pests, are described from China. Aprostocetus prolixussp. n. (Tetrastichinae) is an egg-parasitoid of Apriona germarii (Hope) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), and Hyssopus grossorissp. n. (Eulophinae) is a larval parasitoid of Paranthrene tabaniformis (Rottenburg) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae). The species Elachertus pallidus Askew is transferred to Hyssopus, comb. n.
The plant-louseLeuronota calycophyllisp. n. (Homoptera, Psylloidea), a pest on the timber speciesCalycophyllum spruceanum(Rubiaceae) in Peru
Authors: Burckhardt Daniel , Couturier Guy
Published: July 2009

Leuronota calycophyllisp. n. attacks experimental plantations of the high-quality timberCalycophyllum spruceanumin Peru. Adults, larvae and the damage on the host are described and illustrated. Adults differ from other congeners in the absence of genal processes and in the structure of the genitalia. The host ofL. calycophylliis unusual for psylloids: rubiacious hosts are otherwise known only from the four members of the PalaearcticTrioza galiiFörster group and the TaiwaneseSynpsylla wendlandiaeYang.