bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Tribute to a ‘White Male’ Named Michael White and His Contributions to My Family Therapy and Work
Authors: Arbizu Ana
Published: May 2009

The maps that I review in this book are, like any maps, constructions that can be referred to for guidance on our journeys‐in this case our journey with the people who consult us about the predicaments and problems of their lives. Like other maps, they can be employed to assist us in finding our way to destinations that could not have been specified ahead of the journey, via routes that could not have been predetermined. (White, 2007, p. 5)
Commentary: Colonoscopic Findings and Tumor Site Do Not Predict Bowel Obstruction During Medical Treatment of Stage IV Colon Cancer
Authors: Damjanov Nevena
Published: May 2009

This commentary discusses the accompanying Ballian et al. analysis of a study of whether colonoscopic findings can provide indications for prophylactic primary tumor resection or colonic diversion in the treatment of stage IV colon cancer.
Simulation model of the fractal patterns in ionic conducting polymer films
Authors: Amir Shahizat , Mohamed Nor , Hashim Ali Siti
Published: May 2009

Normally polymer electrolyte membranes are prepared and studied for applications in electrochemical devices. In this work, polymer electrolyte membranes have been used as the media to culture fractals. In order to simulate the growth patterns and stages of the fractals, a model has been identified based on the Brownian motion theory. A computer coding has been developed for the model to simulate and visualize the fractal growth. This computer program has been successful in simulating the growth of the fractal and in calculating the fractal dimension of each of the simulated fractal patterns. The fractal dimensions of the simulated fractals are comparable with the values obtained in the original fractals observed in the polymer electrolyte membrane. This indicates that the model developed in the present work is within acceptable conformity with the original fractal.
Magnetic and structural anomalies of NanC60 (n = 2, 3)
Authors: Kulbachinskii Vladimir , Bulychev Boris , Kytin Vladimir , Krechetov Alexey , Tarasov Valeriy , Konstantinova Elizaveta , Velikodnyi Yuriy , Muravlev Yuriy , Zoteev Andrey
Published: May 2009

Sodium fullerides NanC60 (n = 2, 3) have been synthesized by a liquid phase reaction and investigated with X-ray diffraction (XRD), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), electron paramagnetic resonance, and differential thermal analysis. XRD data indicate that the crystal structure of Na2C60 at 300 K is face centered cubic (FCC). A phase transition from primitive cubic to FCC crystal structure has been observed in this work in Na2C60 fulleride at 290 K. The transition is accompanied by the step-like change of paramagnetic susceptibility. The crystal structure of Na3C60 is more complicated than, and different from, what has been reported in the literature. A nearly seven-fold increase of paramagnetic susceptibility with increasing temperature has been observed in the Na3C60 fulleride at 240–260 K. In the same temperature range, a new line at about 255 ppm appears in the 23Na NMR spectrum, indicating a significant increase of electron density near the Na nucleus. The observed effect can be explained by a metal-insulator transition caused by a structural transition.
Semiclassical bosonic D-brane boundary states in curved spacetime
Authors: Vancea Ion
Published: May 2009

In this paper we discuss the existence of quantum D-brane states in the strong gravitational field and in the presence of a constant Kalb-Ramond field. A semiclassical string quantization method in which the spacetime metric g
AB and the constant antisymmetric Kalb-Ramond field b
AB are treated exactly is employed. In this framework, the semiclassical D-branes are defined at the first order perturbation around the trajectory of the center-of-mass of a string. The set of equations the semiclassical D-branes must satisfy in a general strong gravitational field are given. These equations are solved in the AdS background where it is shown that a D-brane coherent state exists if the operators that project the string fields onto the corresponding Neumann and Dirichlet directions satisfy a set of algebraic constraints. A second set of equations that should be satisfied by the projectors in order that the semiclassical state be compatible with the global structure of the D-brane are derived in the particle limit of a string in the torsionless AdS background.
The anti-apoptotic activity of albumin for endothelium is inhibited by advanced glycation end products restricting intramolecular movement
Authors: Zoellner Hans , Siddiqui Salman , Kelly Elizabeth , Medbury Heather
Published: May 2009

Human serum albumin (HSA) inhibits endothelial apoptosis in a highly specific manner. CNBr fragmentation greatly increases the effectiveness of this activity, suggesting that this type of protection is mediated by a partially cryptic albumin domain which is transiently exposed by intramolecular movement. Advanced glycation end-product (AGE) formation in HSA greatly reduces its intra-molecular movement. This study aimed to determine if this inhibits the anti-apoptotic activity of HSA, and if such inactivation could be reversed by CNBr fragmentation. HSA-AGE was prepared by incubating HSA with glucose, and assessed using the fructosamine assay, mass spectrometry, SDS-PAGE and fluorometry. Low levels of AGE in the HSA had little effect upon its anti-apoptotic activity, but when the levels of AGE were high and the intra-molecular movement was reduced, endothelial cell survival was also found to be reduced to levels equivalent to those in cultures without HSA or serum (p > 0.001). Survival was restored by the inclusion of native HSA, despite the presence of HSA with high levels of AGE. Also, CNBr fragmentation of otherwise inactive HSA-AGE restored the anti-apoptotic activity for endothelium. Apoptosis was confirmed by DNA gel electrophoresis, transmission electron microscopy and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis, and there was no evidence for direct toxicity in the HSA-AGE preparations. The results are consistent with the proposed role of intra-molecular movement in exposing the anti-apoptotic domain in HSA for endothelium. The levels of AGE formation required to inhibit the anti-apoptotic activity of HSA exceeded those reported for diabetes. Nonetheless, the data from this study seems to be the first example of reduced protein function due to AGE-restricted intra-molecular movement.
Short-term Effects of High-Intensity Laser Therapy Versus Ultrasound Therapy in the Treatment of People With Subacromial Impingement Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Santamato Andrea , Solfrizzi Vincenzo , Panza Francesco , Tondi Giovanna , Frisardi Vincenza , Leggin Brian G. , Ranieri Maurizio , Fiore Pietro
Published: May 2009

Background

Subacromial impingement syndrome (SAIS) is a painful condition resulting from the entrapment of anatomical structures between the anteroinferior corner of the acromion and the greater tuberosity of the humerus.

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the short-term effectiveness of high-intensity laser therapy (HILT) versus ultrasound (US) therapy in the treatment of SAIS.

Design

The study was designed as a randomized clinical trial.

Setting

The study was conducted in a university hospital.

Patients

Seventy patients with SAIS were randomly assigned to a HILT group or a US therapy group.

Intervention

Study participants received 10 treatment sessions of HILT or US therapy over a period of 2 consecutive weeks.

Measurements

Outcome measures were the Constant-Murley Scale (CMS), a visual analog scale (VAS), and the Simple Shoulder Test (SST).

Results

For the 70 study participants (42 women and 28 men; mean [SD] age=54.1 years [9.0]; mean [SD] VAS score at baseline=6.4 [1.7]), there were no between-group differences at baseline in VAS, CMS, and SST scores. At the end of the 2-week intervention, participants in the HILT group showed a significantly greater decrease in pain than participants in the US therapy group. Statistically significant differences in change in pain, articular movement, functionality, and muscle strength (force-generating capacity) (VAS, CMS, and SST scores) were observed after 10 treatment sessions from the baseline for participants in the HILT group compared with participants in the US therapy group. In particular, only the difference in change of VAS score between groups (1.65 points) surpassed the accepted minimal clinically important difference for this tool.

Limitations

This study was limited by sample size, lack of a control or placebo group, and follow-up period.

Conclusions

Participants diagnosed with SAIS showed greater reduction in pain and improvement in articular movement functionality and muscle strength of the affected shoulder after 10 treatment sessions of HILT than did participants receiving US therapy over a period of 2 consecutive weeks.
The Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration: Climate Crisis and Federal–Provincial Relations during the Great Depression
Authors: Marchildon Gregory P.
Published: May 2009

The federal government established the Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration (pfra) during the greatest environmental and economic crisis in twentieth-century Canada. While the pfra was a logical policy response to the disaster, it was also a calculated political response by successive Conservative and Liberal administrations in Ottawa. As a result of intergovernmental and constitutional conflicts between the federal government and the respective Prairie provincial governments, the pfra program was introduced at different times in the Prairie provinces while the community pasture program was never allowed to be established in Alberta. The pfra was headquartered in Saskatchewan, the province most supportive of the federal initiative.
Course of the hepatic inferior vena cava in a Kenyan population
Authors: Bundi Karau Paul , Ogeng'o Julius A. , Hassanali Jameela , Odula Paul O.
Published: May 2009

The course of the hepatic inferior vena cava (HIVC) has a wide range of variations which are relevant in hepato‐vascular surgery and liver transplantation. Eighty livers were studied for hepatic course and axial orientation of the HIVC. The HIVC was found to run in an incomplete tunnel in 43.8% of the cases (n = 35), complete tunnel in 32.5% of the cases (n = 26) while in the rest, it was contained in a shallow groove on the retrohepatic surface. It assumed an oblique course in relation to the longitudinal axis of the liver in 60% of the cases (n = 48). The findings of this study vary to a wide range from those reported previously, and call for extra caution during surgical operations involving the HIVC region. Clin. Anat. 22:610–613, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structural changes in the acromioclavicular joint measured by ultrasonography during provocative tests
Authors: Park Gi‐Young , Park Jung Hyun , Bae Jung‐Ho
Published: May 2009

The acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) is a common source of pain and disability. Several provocative tests are used to diagnose ACJ lesions. The aim of this study was to evaluate anatomic changes of the ACJ using dynamic ultrasonography during provocative tests. Eighty ACJs of 40 healthy volunteers were subjected to dynamic ultrasonographic examinations. Examinations were performed in a resting position and during passive external rotation, cross body adduction, and active compression testing. Deep joint space distance and capsule displacement were measured ultrasonographically. Mean deep joint space distances during cross body adduction (6.4 ± 1.6 mm) and active compression (6.6 ± 1.8 mm) testing were significantly smaller than during passive external rotation testing (7.7 ± 1.7 mm, P < 0.01) or rest (8.1 ± 1.8 mm, P < 0.01). Mean capsule displacements during active compression (3.5 ± 0.8 mm) and cross body adduction (3.4 ± 0.7 mm) testing were significantly greater than those during passive external rotation testing (2.9 ± 0.7 mm, P < 0.01) or rest (2.5 ± 0.7 mm, P < 0.01). Dynamic ultrasonography revealed that the cross body adduction and active compression tests applied more stress to the ACJ than the passive external rotation test, which suggests that these two tests are likely to be more useful provocative tests for the diagnosis of ACJ lesions. Furthermore, the dynamic properties of ultrasonography could be used to estimate the suitability and validity of provocative tests in other musculoskeletal diseases. Clin. Anat. 22:580–585, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Historical review of breast lymphatic studies
Authors: Suami Hiroo , Pan Wei‐Ren , Taylor G. Ian
Published: May 2009

The gross anatomy of the lymphatic system is one of the least studied areas of anatomy, primarily because of the technical difficulties encountered in demonstrating this almost invisible yet vast system. Similarly, there have been very few studies of the gross lymphatic anatomy of the adult human breast. Previous studies used young pregnant female cadavers. When mercury was injected into the lactiferous ducts or breast lymphatic channels, these cadavers enabled early anatomists to see the breast lymphatics. Both Cruikshank (1786) and Cooper (1840) located the axillary lymph pathway as well as accessory pathways directly from the breast. Sappey (1874) concluded that all lymphatics arising from the breast drained into the axilla via the subareolar plexus. Current descriptions of the breast lymphatics may be traced back to the diagram made by Poirier and Cuneo (1902). However, it is apparent that this diagram is a composite of adult breast studies by Sappey, their fetal studies and even clinical feedback. This study provides an historical perspective of the methods that have been previously used to study the lymphatics of the breast and introduces an update on current investigative approaches. Clin. Anat. 22:531–536, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Kinetics of the gas‐phase reactions of cyclo‐CF2CFXCHXCHX – (X = H, F, Cl) with OH radicals at 253–328 K
Authors: Chen L. , Uchimaru T. , Mizukado J. , Kutsuna S. , Tokuhashi K. , Sekiya A.
Published: May 2009

Rate constants were determined for the reactions of OH radicals with halogenated cyclobutanes cyclo‐CF2CF2CHFCH2(k1), trans‐cyclo‐CF2CF2CHClCHF(k2), cyclo‐CF2CFClCH2CH2(k3), trans‐cyclo‐CF2CFClCHClCH2(k4), and cis‐cyclo‐CF2CFClCHClCH2(k5) by using a relative rate method. OH radicals were prepared by photolysis of ozone at a UV wavelength (254 nm) in 200 Torr of a sample reference H2OO3O2He gas mixture in an 11.5‐dm3 temperature‐controlled reaction chamber. Rate constants of k1 = (5.52 ± 1.32) × 10−13 exp[–(1050 ± 70)/T], k2 = (3.37 ± 0.88) × 10−13 exp[–(850 ± 80)/T], k3 = (9.54 ± 4.34) × 10−13 exp[–(1000 ± 140)/T], k4 = (5.47 ± 0.90) × 10−13 exp[–(720 ± 50)/T], and k5 = (5.21 ± 0.88) × 10−13 exp[–(630 ± 50)/T] cm3 molecule−1 s−1 were obtained at 253–328 K. The errors reported are ± 2 standard deviations, and represent precision only. Potential systematic errors associated with uncertainties in the reference rate constants could add an additional 10%–15% uncertainty to the uncertainty of k1–k5. The reactivity trends of these OH radical reactions were analyzed by using a collision theory–based kinetic equation. The rate constants k1–k5 as well as those of related halogenated cyclobutane analogues were found to be strongly correlated with their CH bond dissociation enthalpies. We consider the dominant tropospheric loss process for the halogenated cyclobutanes studied here to be by reaction with the OH radicals, and atmospheric lifetimes of 3.2, 2.5, 1.5, 0.9, and 0.7 years are calculated for cyclo‐CF2CF2CHFCH2, trans‐cyclo‐CF2CF2CHClCHF, cyclo‐CF2CFClCH2CH2, trans‐cyclo‐CF2CFClCHClCH2, and cis‐cyclo‐CF2CFClCHClCH2, respectively, by scaling from the lifetime of CH3CCl3. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 41: 532–542, 2009
Synthesis and Growth Mechanism of Ni Nanotubes and Nanowires
Authors: Li Xiaoru , Wang Yiqian , Song Guojun , Peng Zhi , Yu Yongming , She Xilin , Li Jianjiang
Published: May 2009

Highly ordered Ni nanotube and nanowire arrays were fabricated via electrodeposition. The Ni microstructures and the process of the formation were investigated using conventional and high-resolution transmission electron microscope. Herein, we demonstrated the systematic fabrication of Ni nanotube and nanowire arrays and proposed an original growth mechanism. With the different deposition time, nanotubes or nanowires can be obtained. Tubular nanostructures can be obtained at short time, while nanowires take longer time to form. This formation mechanism is applicable to design and synthesize other metal nanostructures and even compound nanostuctures via template-based electrodeposition.
Klassenklima und schulbezogene Hilflosigkeit in den Jahrgangsstufen 8 und 9
Authors: König Johannes
Published: May 2009

Das von Schülerinnen und Schülern wahrgenommene Klassenklima (erlebtes Lehrerengagement, erlebte Konkurrenz und erlebter Zusammenhalt in der Klasse) wird auf die schulbezogene Hilflosigkeit bezogen. Inwieweit dabei das individuelle und/oder das kollektive Klima eine Rolle spielt, ist aufgrund des Fehlens entsprechender mehrebenenanalytischer Studien eine offene Forschungsfrage. Verwendet wird eine Längsschnittstichprobe aus der AIDA-Studie (N = 1832 Berliner Schüler/innen in 139 Klassen; zwei Erhebungszeitpunkte in Klasse 8 und 9). Effekte des individuell erlebten Klimas auf die Hilflosigkeit lassen sich in der 8. und 9. Jahrgangsstufe sowohl im Querschnitt als auch im Längsschnitt nachweisen. Die Richtungen der Klimawirkungen sind erwartungskonform: Je günstiger das Klima erlebt wird, umso weniger schulbezogene Hilflosigkeit wird berichtet. Kontexteffekte zeigen sich nur querschnittlich in der achten, jedoch nicht in der neunten Jahrgangsstufe und auch nicht im Längsschnitt.
Multiple Intelligenzen, multiple Perspektiven
Authors: Kim Hye-On , Hoppe-Graff Siegfried
Published: May 2009

In Heft 2/2008 dieser Zeitschrift hat Rost Gardners Theorie der multiplen Intelligenzen (MI-Theorie) einer massiven, teilweise polemischen Kritik unterzogen. In diesem Beitrag üben wir Kritik an Rosts Kritik. Erstens bemängeln wir die Unausgewogenheit, mit der er die MI-Theorie dem Leser präsentiert; seine Darstellung wird Gardners Intentionen und Kernaussagen nur zum Teil gerecht. Zweitens setzen wir uns im Detail mit einigen der sieben von Rost angeführten Kritikpunkte auseinander und zeigen, dass sie auf einer unzureichenden Rezeption der MI-Theorie oder auf Fehldeutungen beruhen. Drittens nehmen wir Rosts implizite Abgrenzung von Wissenschaft und Nicht-Wissenschaft zum Anlass, um anhand der MI-Theorie pars pro toto für methodologischen und theoretischen Pluralismus in der Pädagogischen Psychologie zu plädieren.
GUDMAP - An Online GenitoUrinary Resource
Authors: Armit Chris , Harding Simon , Davies Jamie , Armstrong Jane , Brennan Jane , Lloyd-MacGilp Sue , Houghton Derek , Sharghi Mehran , Pi Xingjun , Cheng Y. , Aronow Bruce , Gaido Kevin , Grimmond Sean , Koopman Peter , Lessard Jim , Little Melissa , McMahon Andy , Mendelsohn Cathy , Potter Steve , Southard-Smith Michelle , Davidson Duncan
Published: May 2009

The GenitoUrinary Development Molecular Anatomy Project (GUDMAP) is a consortium of laboratories working to provide the scientific and medical community with gene expression data and tools to facilitate research (see "www.gudmap.org":http://www.gudmap.org). The data provided by GUDMAP includes large in situ hybridization screens (wholemount and section) and expression microarray analysis of components of the developing mouse urogenital system (including laser-captured material and FACS-isolated cells from transgenic reporter mice). In addition, a high-resolution anatomy ontology has been developed by members of the GUDMAP consortium to describe the subcompartments of the developing murine genitourinary tract. The GUDMAP Database Development Team and Editorial Office - both based in Edinburgh - function to ensure submission, curation, storage and presentation of the data submitted by the GUDMAP consortium. Our collective aim is twofold: 1) to simplify the process of submission so that data is publically available as soon as it is produced; and 2) to organize this information in a database and ensure that the online interface is continuously available and easy to use. Thus far, we have developed a range of tools that help both the submitter and the end user. These include: an online annotation tool that simplifies in situ data submission through an ontology-based graphical user interface; a database interface that allows users to browse and query expression data, and to filter data by organ system; a heat-map display of microarray data and analyses. Furthermore, the Edinburgh team has developed a GUDMAP Disease Database that queries associations between genes, genitourinary diseases, and renal/urinary and reproductive phenotypes. In collaboration with GUDMAP consortium members at the CCHMC (Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center), the Disease Database is being extended to include mammalian phenotypes mapped to OMIM entries. By virtue of its impressive dataset and its ease of use we hope that the GUDMAP Website will continue to serve as a powerful resource for biologists, clinicians and bioinformaticians with an interest in the urogenital system.
Calculating rate constants and committor probabilities for transition networks by graph transformation
Authors: Wales David J.
Published: May 2009

A graph transformation procedure is described that enables waiting times, rate constants, and committor probabilities to be calculated within a single scheme for finite-state discrete-time Markov processes. The scheme is applicable to any transition network where the states, equilibrium occupation probabilities, and transition probabilities are specified. For networks involving many states or slow overall kinetics, the deterministic graph transformation approach is faster and more accurate than direct diagonalization of the transition matrix, kinetic Monte Carlo, or iterative procedures.
A high voltage method for measuring low capacitance for tomography
Authors: Lu Decai , Shao Fuqun , Guo Zhiheng
Published: May 2009

Low capacitance measurement is involved in many industrial applications, especially in the applications of electrical capacitance tomography (ECT). Most of the low capacitance measurement circuits employ an ac-based method or a charge/discharge method because of high sensitivity, high resolution, and immunity to stray capacitance; and its excitation or charge voltage are not more than 20 V. When ECT techniques for large industrial equipments such as blast furnaces or grain barns are explored, the existing methods for measuring low capacitance have some limitations. This paper proposes a high excitation voltage ac-based method for measuring low capacitance to improve the resolution of measurement. The method uses a high excitation voltage of several hundred volts and a transformer ratio arms as the C/V transducer. Experimental results indicate that the new method has a resolution of 0.005 fF, a good stability (about 0.003 fF over 4 h) and linearity (0.9992).
Two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy of a structured liquid: Neat formamide
Authors: Lima Manuela , Chelli Riccardo , Volkov Victor V. , Righini Roberto
Published: May 2009

Vibrational dynamics of liquid formamide is studied in the spectral region of the amide I mode by means of linear and two-dimensional infrared spectroscopies. The two-dimensional spectrum has a complex structure to be connected to the partially excitonic nature of the vibrational states. The measurements performed on a 1:10 C12:C13 formamide isotopic mixture allow separating the broadening contribution due to the inhomogeneous frequency distribution of the local oscillators from that of excitonic origin. A model based on the Kubo picture of the line broadening is used, together with the dynamic information obtained from a molecular dynamics simulation, to fit the spectra of the C12 formamide impurity in the isotopic mixture. The relevant dynamical information, such as the amplitude of the frequency fluctuations, lifetime of the second vibrational excited state, and anharmonicity, is thus recovered. By appropriately combining the outcomes of experiments and molecular dynamics simulation, we demonstrate that motional narrowing determines the line shape of the amide I resonance to a large extent. The same analysis provides an estimate of the transition dipole moment of formamide, which results in good agreement with an ab initio calculation. The calculated frequency fluctuation correlation time is found to be comparable to the hydrogen-bond lifetime, which defines the basic structural relaxation rate of the networked liquid.
Conformational relaxation of σ-conjugated polymer radical anion on picosecond scale
Authors: Ohnishi Yuko , Saeki Akinori , Seki Shu , Tagawa Seiichi
Published: May 2009

We report the conformational relaxation of poly[bis(p-n-butylphenyl)silane] (PBPS) radical anion measured by near-ultraviolet-enhanced picosecond pulse radiolysis in tetrahydrofuran solutions. The peak shift and increase in optical density of the transient photoabsorption spectra were investigated by kinetic analysis including reactions of PBPS with solvated/presolvated electrons, peak extraction protocol, and diffusion theory, demonstrating the correspondence in the rate constant (5±1×102 ps) between the peak shift and increase in oscillator strength. The results were examined by density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulations, where the modeled oligosilane radical anion shows more planner conformation relative to its neutral state and a relaxation time of 8 ps. The difference of the time scale is discussed from the viewpoints of actual experimental factors. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the direct observation of the conformational dynamics of rodlike σ-conjugated polymer: PBPS radical anion.
On nonresonant proton heating via intrinsic Alfvénic turbulence
Authors: Wu C. S. , Yoon P. H. , Wang C. B.
Published: May 2009

In a recent publication Wu and Yoon [Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 075001 (2007)] propose that low-beta protons may be heated by turbulent Alfvén waves via nonresonant wave-particle scattering. The present Brief Communication clarifies some conceptual issues and describes the theoretical methods adopted in the above reference in more detail.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
VirC2 enhances T-DNA transfer and virulence through its C-terminal ribbon–helix–helix DNA-binding fold
Authors: Lu Jun , den Dulk-Ras Amke , Hooykaas Paul J. J. , Glover J. N. Mark
Published: May 2009

Agrobacterium tumefaciens
VirC2 stimulates processing of single-stranded T-DNA that is translocated into plants to induce tumor formation, but how VirC2 functions is unclear. Here, we report the 1.7-Å X-ray crystal structure of its trypsin-resistant C-terminal domain, VirC2
82–202
, which reveals a form of the ribbon-helix-helix (RHH) DNA-binding fold contained within a single polypeptide chain. DNA-binding assays and mutagenesis indicate that VirC2 uses this RHH fold to bind double-stranded DNA but not single-stranded DNA. Mutations that severely affect VirC2 DNA binding are highly deleterious for both T-DNA transfer into yeast and the virulence of
A. tumefaciens
in different plants including
Nicotiana glauca
and
Kalanchoe daigremontiana
. These data suggest that VirC2 enhances T-DNA transfer and virulence through DNA binding with its RHH fold. The RHH fold of VirC2 is the first crystal structure representing a group of predicted RHH proteins that facilitate endonucleolytic processing of DNA for horizontal gene transfer.
Zinc-finger directed double-strand breaks within CAG repeat tracts promote repeat instability in human cells
Authors: Mittelman David , Moye Christopher , Morton Jason , Sykoudis Kristen , Lin Yunfu , Carroll Dana , Wilson John H.
Published: May 2009

Expanded triplet repeats have been identified as the genetic basis for a growing number of neurological and skeletal disorders. To examine the contribution of double-strand break repair to CAG·CTG repeat instability in mammalian systems, we developed zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) that recognize and cleave CAG repeat sequences. Engineered ZFNs use a tandem array of zinc fingers, fused to the FokI DNA cleavage domain, to direct double-strand breaks (DSBs) in a site-specific manner. We first determined that the ZFNs cleave CAG repeats in vitro. Then, using our previously described tissue culture assay for identifying modifiers of CAG repeat instability, we found that transfection of ZFN-expression vectors induced up to a 15-fold increase in changes to the CAG repeat in human and rodent cell lines, and that longer repeats were much more sensitive to cleavage than shorter ones. Analysis of individual colonies arising after treatment revealed a spectrum of events consistent with ZFN-induced DSBs and dominated by repeat contractions. We also found that expressing a dominant-negative form of RAD51 in combination with a ZFN, dramatically reduced the effect of the nuclease, suggesting that DSB-induced repeat instability is mediated, in part, through homology directed repair. These studies identify a ZFN as a useful reagent for characterizing the effects of DSBs on CAG repeats in cells.
Heterodimeric geranyl(geranyl)diphosphate synthase from hop (
Humulus lupulus
) and the evolution of monoterpene biosynthesis
Authors: Wang Guodong , Dixon Richard A.
Published: May 2009

Myrcene, which accounts for 30–50% of the essential oil in hop (
Humulus lupulus
L.) trichomes, derives from geranyl diphosphate (GPP), the common precursor of monoterpenes. Full-length sequences of heterodimeric GPP synthase small subunit (GPPS.SSU, belonging to the SSU I subfamily) and large subunit (LSU) cDNAs were mined from a hop trichome cDNA library. The SSU was inactive, whereas the LSU produced GPP, farnesyl diphosphate, and geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) from dimethylallyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate in vitro. Coexpression of both subunits in
Escherichia coli
yielded a heterodimeric enzyme exhibiting altered ratios of GPP and GGPP synthase activities and greatly enhanced catalytic efficiency. Transcript analysis suggested that the heterodimeric geranyl(geranyl)diphosphate synthase [G(G)PPS] is involved in myrcene biosynthesis in hop trichomes. The critical role of the conserved CxxxC motif (where “x” can be any hydrophobic amino acid residue) in physical interactions between the 2 subunits was demonstrated by using site-directed mutagenesis, and this motif was used in informatic searches to reveal a previously undescribed SSU subfamily (SSU II) present in both angiosperms and gymnosperms. The evolution and physiological roles of SSUs are discussed.
The Role of Annexin 1 in Drought Stress in Arabidopsis
Authors: Konopka-Postupolska Dorota , Clark Greg , Goch Grazyna , Debski Janusz , Floras Krzysztof , Cantero Araceli , Fijolek Bartlomiej , Roux Stanley , Hennig Jacek
Published: May 2009

Annexins act as targets of calcium signals in eukaryotic cells, and recent results suggest that they play an important role in plant stress responses. We found that in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), AnnAt1 (for annexin 1) mRNA levels were up-regulated in leaves by most of the stress treatments applied. Plants overexpressing AnnAt1 protein were more drought tolerant and knockout plants were more drought sensitive than ecotype Columbia plants. We also observed that hydrogen peroxide accumulation in guard cells was reduced in overexpressing plants and increased in knockout plants both before and after treatment with abscisic acid. Oxidative protection resulting from AnnAt1 overexpression could be due to the low level of intrinsic peroxidase activity exhibited by this protein in vitro, previously linked to a conserved histidine residue found in a peroxidase-like motif. However, analyses of a mutant H40A AnnAt1 protein in a bacterial complementation test and in peroxidase activity assays indicate that this residue is not critical to the ability of AnnAt1 to confer oxidative protection. To further examine the mechanism(s) linking AnnAt1 expression to stress resistance, we analyzed the reactive S3 cluster to determine if it plays a role in AnnAt1 oligomerization and/or is the site for posttranslational modification. We found that the two cysteine residues in this cluster do not form intramolecular or intermolecular bonds but are highly susceptible to oxidation-driven S-glutathionylation, which decreases the Ca2+ affinity of AnnAt1 in vitro. Moreover, S-glutathionylation of AnnAt1 occurs in planta after abscisic acid treatment, which suggests that this modification could be important in regulating the cellular function of AnnAt1 during stress responses.
A neo-clerodane diterpene from Teucrium tomentosum. Corrigendum
Authors: Devi S. Soundarya , Malathi R. , Rajan S. S. , Aravind S. , Krishnakumari G. N. , Ravikumar K.
Published: May 2009

The chemical name of the title compound in the paper by Devi, Malathi, Rajan, Aravind, Krishnakumari & Ravikumar [Acta Cryst. (2004), E60, o117–o119] is corrected and the structural diagram is updated.
N-Benzylpyridine-2-sulfonamide
Authors: Chen Xiao-Ping , Han Shou-Fa
Published: May 2009

The title compound, C12H12N2O2S, was obtained by the reaction of 2-mercaptopyridine and benzylamine. The dihedral angle between the benzene and pyridine rings is 75.75 (9)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked into chains along thecaxis by N—H...O and N—H...N hydrogen bonds; the chains are cross-linked into a two-dimensional network parallel to thebcplaneviaC—H...O hydrogen bonds.
Ethyl 4-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-6-methyl-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate
Authors: Fun Hoong-Kun , Quah Ching Kheng , Babu M. , Kalluraya B.
Published: May 2009

In the title compound, C16H14F6N2O3, the dihydropyrimidinone ring adopts an envelope conformation. In the crystal, molecules are linked by N—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds into a ribbon-like structure along thebaxis. In the ribbon, a pair of bifurcated acceptor N—H...O and C—H...O bonds generate anR21(6) ring motif. Adjacent ribbons are linkedviaC—H...F hydrogen bonds.
(E)-1-Methyl-4-[2-(2-naphthyl)vinyl]pyridinium iodide
Authors: Fun Hoong-Kun , Chanawanno Kullapa , Chantrapromma Suchada
Published: May 2009

In the title compound, C18H16N+·I−, the cation is disordered over two orientations related by a 180° rotation about its long axis with occupancies of 0.554 (7) and 0.446 (7). Both disorder components exist in anEconfiguration. The dihedral angle between the pyridinium ring and the naphthalene ring system is 4.7 (6)° in the major disorder component and 1.6 (8)° in the minor component. In the crystal structure, centrosymmetrically related cations are stacked along theaaxis, with significant π–π interactions between the pyridinium ring and the naphthalene ring system [centroid-centroid distance = 3.442 (9) Å]. The iodide ions are located between adjacent columns of cations. The cations are linked to the iodide ions by C—H...I interactions. Weak C—H...π interactions involving the methyl group are also observed.
2,6-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-8b,8c-diphenylperhydro-2,3a,4a,6,7a,8a-hexaazacyclopenta[def]fluorene-4,8-dithione
Authors: Wang Zihua , Xi Hailing
Published: May 2009

In the title molecule, C24H28N6O2S2, the dihedral angle between the aromatic ring planes is 42.2 (1)°. In the crystal structure, the hydroxy groups are involved in O—H...S hydrogen bonding, which links the molecules into corrugated layers propagating parallel to thebcplane.
1-{2-[(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)amino]ethyl}-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate
Authors: Li Bin , Li Yi-Qun , Liu Jie , Zheng Wen-Jie
Published: May 2009

In the title Schiff base salt, C14H18N3O2+·PF6−, the dihedral angle between the planes of the aromatic and imidazole rings is 24.84 (8)°. The molecular structure exhibits an intramolecular O—H...O hydrogen bond, which generates anS(5) ring motif. In the crystal structure, the cations and anions are connectedviaO—H...N and O—H...F hydrogen bonds, resulting in a trifurcated interaction for the phenolic H atom.
6-Bromo-3,3-dichloro-1-methyl-1H-2,1-benzothiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide
Authors: Shafiq Muhammad , Tahir M. Nawaz , Khan Islam Ullah , Arshad Muhammad Nadeem , Haider Zeeshan
Published: May 2009

The monomeric title compound, C9H6BrCl2NO3S, has an envelope-shaped thiazine ring with the S atom 0.879 (9) Å out of the mean square plane of the envelope. The π–π distances between the centroids of the heterocyclic rings are 4.191 (5) and 4.110 (5) Å. The closest intermolecular interactions between the O atoms of the carbonyl and sulfonyl groups with Br and Cl atoms are 2.987 (7) and 2.992 (8) Å, respectively.
1,4a,7-Trimethyl-7-vinyl-1,2,3,4,4a,4b,5,6,7,8,10,10a-dodecahydrophenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid
Authors: Zhao Zhen-Dong , Chen Yu-Xiang , Wang Yu-Min , Bi Liang-Wu
Published: May 2009

The title compound, also known as isopimaric acid, C20H30O2, was isolated from slash pine rosin. There are two unique molecules in the unit cell. The two cyclohexane rings have classical chair conformations. The cyclohexene ring represents a semi-chair. The molecular conformation is stabilized by weak intramolecular C—H...O hydrogen-bonding interactions. The molecules are dimerized through their carboxyl groups by O—H...O hydrogen bonds, formingR22(8) rings.
2,4,6-Tri-p-tolylpyridine
Authors: Tang Si-Ping , Kuang Dai-Zhi , Feng Yong-Lan , Chen Man-Sheng , Li Wei
Published: May 2009

In the title compound, C26H23N, the complete molecule is generated by crystallographic mirror symmetry, with the N atom and four C atoms lying on the reflection plane. The dihedral angles between the pyridine ring and pendant benzene rings are 2.9 (1), 14.1 (1) and 14.1 (1)°. Neighbouring molecules are stabilized through intermolecular π–π interactions along thecaxis [centroid-to-centroid distance = 3.804 (2) Å], forming one-dimensional chains.
5-(3-Fluorophenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine
Authors: Wang Yao , Wan Rong , Han Feng , Wang Peng
Published: May 2009

The title compound, C8H6FN3S, was synthesized by the reaction of 3-fluorobenzoic acid and thiosemicarbazide. The dihedral angle between the planes of the thiadiazole and benzene rings is 37.3 (2)°. In the structure, two crystallographically independent molecules form a centrosymmetric dimer, in which two intermolecular N—H...N hydrogen bonds generate anR22(8) motif.
r-2,c-6-Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-c-3,t-3-dimethyl-1-nitrosopiperidin-4-one
Authors: Kavitha T. , Ponnuswamy S. , Sakthivel P. , Karthik K. , Ponnuswamy M. N.
Published: May 2009

In the title compound, C21H24N2O4, the piperidine ring adopts a distorted boat conformation. The crystal structure is stabilized by C—H...π interactions involving one of the methoxyphenyl rings.
Diethyl 2-[(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1-phenylsulfonyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methylene]malonate
Authors: Kavitha T. , Thenmozhi M. , Dhayalan V. , Mohanakrishnan A. K. , Ponnuswamy M. N.
Published: May 2009

In the title compound, C24H25NO7S, the sulfonyl-bound phenyl ring is approximately perpendicular to the indole ring system [dihedral angle = 87.72 (5)°]. The methyl group of one of the ester units is disordered over two positions with occupancies of 0.527 (13) and 0.473 (13). An intramolecular C—H...O hydrogen bond is observed. In the crystal structure, molecules are linked into a ribbon structure running along thecaxis by intermolecular C—H...O hydrogen bonds and C—H...π interactions involving the pyrrole ring.
(5S,6R)-5-Methyl-6-phenyl-4-propyl-1,3,4-oxadiazinane-2-thione
Authors: Kocher Joshua L. , Edler Kate L. , Bohling Barbara A. , Nora George P. , Stafford Carrie , Hitchcock Shawn R. , Ferrence Gregory M.
Published: May 2009

The title molecule, C13H18N2OS, is an oxadiazinanthione derived from (1R,2S)-norephedrine. There are two molecules in the asymmetric. Both adopt roughly half-chair conformations; however, the 5-position carbon orients out of opposite faces of the oxadiazinanthiones plane in the two molecules. In the crystal structure, they are oriented as a dimer linked by a pair of N—H...S hydrogen bonds. The absolute configuration has been established from anomalous dispersion and confirms the known stereochemistry based on the synthetic procedure.
Hexane-1,6-diammonium bis(pyridine-2-carboxylate)
Authors: Kim Nam-Ho , Ha Kwang
Published: May 2009

The title compound, C6H18N22+·2C6H4NO2−, consists of a doubly protonated hexamethylenediammonium dication and two pyridine-2-carboxylate anions. These ions interact by means of intermolecular N—H...O and N—H...N hydrogen bonds to form a two-dimensional array. The carboxylate groups of the anions appear to be delocalized on the basis of the C—O bond lengths.
N-(2-Aminoethyl)-5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonamide
Authors: Zhang Shi-lei , Zhao Bi-lin , Su Zhen-hong , Xia Xian-you , Zhang Yong
Published: May 2009

In the title compound, C14H19N3O2S, the N atom of the dimethylamino group and the S atom are displaced by 0.078 (2) and 0.084 (2) Å, respectively, from the naphthalene ring plane. The 2-aminoethyl group has a coiled conformation with an N—C—C—NH2torsion angle of 53.6 (4)°. In the crystal structure, intermolecular N—H...N and weak C—H...O hydrogen bonds link molecules into chains along [001].
6-(1-Adamantyl)-3-(2-fluorophenyl)-1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole
Authors: Khan Mahmood-ul-Hassan , Hameed Shahid , Tahir M. Nawaz , Bokhari Tanveer Hussain , Khan Islam Ullah
Published: May 2009

In the title compound, C19H19FN4S, the planes of the 2-fluorophenyl and 1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole ring systems are oriented at a dihedral angle of 48.98 (6)°. In the crystal, weak C—H...S and C—H...π interactions may help to establish the packing and π–π interactions between the centroids of the benzene rings at a distance of 3.8792 (13) Å occur.
3-Methylthiobenzamide
Authors: Khan Mahmood-ul-Hassan , Hameed Shahid , Akhtar Tashfeen , Masuda Jason D.
Published: May 2009

In the title compound, C8H9NS, the dihedral angle between the aromatic ring and the thioamide fragment is 36.0 (2)°. There are π-stacking interactions between coplanar aryl fragments, with a centroid–centroid separation of 3.658 (2) Å. In addition, there are intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the amino group and the S atoms.
2-Chloro-N-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)acetamide
Authors: Gowda B. Thimme , Foro Sabine , Terao Hiromitsu , Fuess Hartmut
Published: May 2009

The conformation of the N—H bond in the structure of the title compound, C8H6Cl3NO, isantito the C=O bond. The N—H H atom shows close intramolecular N—H...Cl hydrogen bonds with both the ring Cl atom in theorthoposition and the side-chain Cl atom. The molecules crystallize in planes parallel to (221).
5-Chloro-8-hydroxyquinolinium nitrate
Authors: Ng Seik Weng
Published: May 2009

The 5-chloro-8-hydroxyquinolinium cation in the the title ion pair, C9H7ClNO+·NO3−, is approximately coplanar with the nitrate anion [dihedral angle = 16.1 (1)°]. Two ion pairs are hydrogen bonded (2 × O—H...O and 2 × N—H...O) about a center of inversion, generating anR44(14) ring.
2-Phenyl-1-(phenylsulfinyl)naphtho[2,1-b]furan
Authors: Choi Hong Dae , Seo Pil Ja , Son Byeng Wha , Lee Uk
Published: May 2009

In the title compound, C24H16O2S, the O atom and the phenyl group of the phenylsulfinyl substituent lie on opposite sides of the plane of the naphthofuran fragment; the phenyl ring is almost perpendicular to this plane [82.34 (5)°]. The 2-phenyl ring is rotated out of the naphthofuran plane making a dihedral angle of 48.21 (6)°. The crystal structure shows π–π interactions between the central benzene rings of adjacent molecules [centroid–centroid distance = 3.516 (3) Å], as well as non-classical C—H...O hydrogen bonds.
Alliances as strategic tools
Authors: Dodourova Mariana
Published: May 2009

Purpose

Despite the fact that most studies have been pointing to high failure rates, collaboration remains increasingly popular as an organisational form of economic activity, particularly in technology‐intensive industries. This paper aims to present a cross‐industry qualitative study of the motives and drivers, the decision‐making process, and the success/failure factors of partnership formation.

Design/methodology/approach

The results of interview data collected in the computer, telecommunications and media industries (CTMI) indicate that the need to utilise the full value‐creation potential of the firm's resources has greatly contributed to the increasing popularity of partnerships in these industries.

Findings

Behavioural characteristics, e.g. commitment, coordination and communication among others, are found to play a more significant role in explaining overall partnership success compared with organisational characteristics such as structure and control mechanisms.

Originality/value

The study pays particular attention to the necessity to deal with contradictory interests across the firm's partnerships. Balancing numerous relationships is a thorny managerial act and an issue which must be incorporated in the literature on collaboration. In addition, the findings of the research provide some fundamentals for maximising the benefits of partnering activities in the light of practical management.
Leadership‐shaping experiences: a comparative study of leaders and non‐leaders
Authors: Amit Karin , Popper Micha , Gal Reuven , Mamane‐Levy Tammy , Lisak Alon
Published: May 2009

Purpose

By comparing “leaders” with “non‐leaders” the current research attempts to shed light on the impact of early experiences on leaders' development.

Design/methodology/approach

The study is presented in two parts, quantitative and qualitative. In the first (quantitative) part, a group of soldiers perceived as leaders was compared with a group of soldiers perceived as non‐leaders, in order to examine the hypothesis that leaders have had more leadership experiences than non‐leaders. Confirmation of this hypothesis led to the qualitative part, in which the sense in which the reported experiences had contributed to leadership development was explored.

Findings

The leaders proved to have had more leadership experiences than non‐leaders in their youth. Such experiences impact on self‐perception as a leader, the development of self‐efficacy in leadership, and the accumulation of psychological and behavioral knowledge related to the manifestation of leadership.

Practical implications

Conceptually, the study adds knowledge regarding leadership development via natural experiences, particularly experiences that occur in early periods of life. Practically, the study adds knowledge that can improve selection processes of leaders, as well as knowledge that can be applied to leaders' development, particularly reflective methods.

Originality/value

The contributions of this study are methodological, conceptual, and practical. The study offers methods and instruments to assess leadership and distinguish leaders from non‐leaders..