bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation of durable underwater superoleophobic Ti6Al4V surfaces by electrochemical etching
Authors: Wang L. L. , Sun Y. W. , Gao Y. Z. , Guo D. M.
Published: December 2015

Underwater superoleophobic Ti6Al4V surfaces were fabricated successfully via electrochemical etching. The morphologies, chemical compositions and crystal structures of the prepared titanium alloy surfaces were characterised by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, respectively. The relationship between the etching time and oil wettability in water was investigated and the formation mechanism of hierarchical micro/nano rough structures on titanium alloy surfaces was also carefully analysed. Further, a series of exposure, immersion and abrasion tests were conducted to evaluate durability, corrosion resistance and abrasion resistance of the fabricated titanium alloy surfaces under harsh conditions. The results show that the prepared surfaces exhibit good underwater superoleophobicity, whose oil contact angle for dichloromethane in water is 158.9° ± 1.7° and corresponding sliding angle is 6.4° ± 1.4°. Our approach is simple, efficient and may broaden the potential applications of superoleophobic titanium alloy surfaces in underwater self-cleaning and anti-oil pollution fields.
Perceived Employability in Difficult Economic Times
Authors: Berglund Tomas , Wallinder Ylva
Published: December 2015

This paper focuses on current European employment policy, promoting the individual's responsibility for remaining employable. Within this supply-oriented framework, general political responsibilities of both increasing the demand for labour and facilitating the development of human capital through training and education opportunities are less emphasized than the individual's own responsibility to remain attractive for employers. In an analysis of perceived opportunities among European employees, we argue that the concept of ‘employment security’ can lift the individualized perspective on employability skills and attributes to a more structural and institutional perspective. To enhance individuals’ chances of finding a job, educational and lifelong learning policies and active labour market measures are believed to be important factors, besides general demand in the labour market. Through multi-level modelling, we analyse the significance of individual and contextual factors on employees’ perception of their chances in the labour market. The data used are from the European Social Survey (2010), including data from 21 countries. Our results indicate that employability cannot solely be regarded as an individual phenomenon relying on individual characteristics. We also need to focus on the institutional context enabling the individual to remain in employment in the existing mobile and risky labour market.
Survival of Age-0 Hatchery Summer-Run Chinook Salmon is Enhanced by Early Release
Authors: Snow Charles G
Published: December 2015

Subyearling (age-0) hatchery summer-run Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha have been released into the Columbia River in mid-June from Wells Fish Hatchery, Washington, since 1993, but release-to-adult survival (SAR) under this strategy has been low. I used paired releases of four broods of coded-wire-tagged age-0 Chinook Salmon released in mid-May (early release [ER] group) and mid-June (late release [LR] group) to evaluate whether advancing the release date could improve SAR. Additionally, passive integrated transponder tags implanted in a subsample of each release group were used to estimate emigration rate and release-to-McNary Dam survival of juvenile fish. Mean migration rate from release to McNary Dam was significantly faster for LR fish than for ER fish. No among-year difference in mean survival from release to McNary Dam was observed between ER and LR groups, although differences were observed within years. Mean overall SAR was significantly greater for ER fish than for LR fish. These results suggest that altering the release date of age-0 Chinook Salmon at Wells Hatchery would enhance return survival.
Visibility moments and power spectrum of turbulence velocity
Authors: Dutta Prasun
Published: December 2015

Here we introduce moments of visibility function and discuss how those can be used to estimate the power spectrum of the turbulent velocity of external spiral galaxies. We perform numerical simulation to confirm the credibility of this method and found that for galaxies with lower inclination angles it works fine. The estimator outlined here is unbiased and has the potential to recover the turbulent velocity spectrum completely from radio interferometric observations.
The Language-Opinion Connection
Authors: Pérez Efrén O.
Published: December 2015

This chapter critically reflects on the deceptively simple relationship between language and survey response: the language-opinion connection. It discusses what survey researchers actually know about this link, paying close attention to challenges involving conceptualization, measurement, and research design. Throughout, the discussion emphasizes a core theme: despite great advancements in sampling, measurement, and research design, the study of language and survey response is bereft of strong theory. Thus, while the language-opinion connection seems on the surface easy to assess, public opinion researchers have modest theory to explain how, when, and among whom language influences survey response. Against this backdrop, the chapter outlines several ways forward, stressing in particular the importance of identifying and testing psychological mechanisms.
Longitudinal Surveys
Authors: Hillygus D. Sunshine , Snell Steven
Published: December 2015

Longitudinal or panel surveys, in which the same individuals are interviewed repeatedly over time, are increasingly common in the social sciences. The benefit of such surveys is that they track the same respondents so that researchers can measure individual-level change over time, offering greater causal leverage than cross-sectional surveys. Panel surveys share the challenges of other surveys while also facing several unique issues in design, implementation, and analysis. This chapter considers three such challenges: (1) the tension between continuity and innovation in the questionnaire design; (2) panel attrition, whereby some individuals who complete the first wave of the survey fail to participate in subsequent waves; and (3) specific types of measurement error—panel conditioning and seam bias. It includes an overview of these issues and their implications for data quality and outlines approaches for diagnosing and correcting for these issues in the design and analysis of panel surveys.
Proving Idealism Dharmakīrti
Authors: Kellner Birgit
Published: December 2015

The existence of the external world is a major contested issue among Buddhist and Brahmanical thinkers in the logico-epistemological period of Classical Indian philosophy (c.5th–12th century ce). Buddhist philosophers aligned with the idealist Yogācāra-Vijñānavāda tradition refuted external objects with different methods and arguments. Two philosophers who contributed significantly to the discussion are Vasubandhu (probably between 350 and 420 ce) and Dharmakīrti (between mid-6th and mid-7th century ce), who was one of the two main figures in the logico-epistemological or pramāṇa school. Vasubandhu’s refutation of external objects in his Viṃśikā Vijñaptimātratāsiddhiḥ has been interpreted as an argument from ignorance that external objects do not exist because there is no evidence for their existence. Dharmakīrti’s main arguments against external objects from Pramāṇavārttika and Pramāṇaviniścaya are different. Investigating them in light of his elimination of arguments from ignorance from his own and original logical theory offers new possibilities for appreciating his stance on idealism.
Robustness
Authors: O'Connor Brian
Published: December 2015

This article examines the effectiveness of the Five Factor Model (FFM) in capturing or duplicating the scales and primary dimensions found in other personality inventories. It considers the robustness—or “comprehensiveness”—of the FFM at both the scale and dimensional structure levels, as well as the nature and extent of the evidence for the FFM as an integrative, organizational framework for other personality tests. “Robustness” here refers to the tendency for the FFM dimensions to keep showing up in a wide range of old and new measures that were designed to assess supposedly unique and important other constructs. This article begins with a review of the primary findings that were reported by O’Connor (2002) before discussing the nature of dimensions in personality psychology data. It then evaluates the robustness of the FFM at the dimensional structure level and suggests directions for further research at the scale and dimensional structure levels.
Cross-Over Analysis
Authors: Piedmont Ralph L. , Rodgerson Thomas E.
Published: December 2015

This chapter describes the application of the Five Factor Model (FFM) of personality description for couple therapy; more specifically, cross over analysis. Cross over analysis concerns a comparison of each person’s self-description with the description provided by the spouse. The FFM offers a compelling basis and means for a couple therapeutic analysis and intervention. It provides a clear, simple means to understand language for describing motivations and conflict that couples can easily understand and apply. Second, the availability of a validated rater form provides an effective and compelling medium for couples to express their own expectations about each other. Finally, an FFM cross over analysis can provide for clinicians’ insight into the motivational forces that may be creating conflict and dissatisfaction for the couple.
Neurological Disorders and Symptoms Associated with Psychological/Behavioral Problems
Authors: Krengel Maxine , White Roberta F.
Published: December 2015

Several neurological syndromes and neurocognitive disorders can result in behavioral and affective symptoms that may be present in an emergent situation or are present in the medical context. Clinicians who see patients with new or unusual behavioral symptoms are often faced with the challenge of determining when patients are in need of follow-up diagnostic evaluation. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the expression of behavioral changes in neurological disease that we have encountered in our own extensive clinical experience. We do not provide an exhaustive review of all disorders or neurocognitive symptoms, but rather focus on common conditions that present frequently in the context of behavioral emergencies. This discussion is aimed at sensitizing clinicians to the possibility of neurologic disease in patients with prominent behavioral symptomatology.
When Negative Events Happen
Authors: Kleespies Phillip , Efe Basak , Ametrano Rebecca
Published: December 2015

It is difficult to be reminded that all our efforts to deal with behavioral emergencies are not necessarily brought to a positive conclusion. Given that mental health providers are very limited in their ability to detect patients who are at imminent risk of harm to self or others, there are times when there are negative outcomes, and patients who are in treatment nonetheless commit suicide or become violent toward others or even toward the provider. In this chapter, we examine the incidence of such events in clinical practice and the psychological and emotional impact on the clinician or clinicians involved. We also review how clinicians might be better prepared for and cope with the stress induced by such tragic events.
Values in Science
Authors: Douglas Heather
Published: December 2015

After describing the origins and nature of the value-free ideal for science, this chapter details three challenges to the ideal: the descriptive challenge (arising from feminist critiques of science, which led to deeper examinations of social structures in science), the boundary challenge (which questioned whether epistemic values can be distinguished from nonepistemic values), and the normative challenge (which questioned the ideal qua ideal on the basis of inductive risk and scientific responsibility). The chapter then discusses alternative ideals for values in science, including recent arguments regarding epistemic values, arguments distinguishing direct from indirect roles for values, and arguments calling for more attention to getting the values right. Finally, the chapter turns to the many ways in which values influence science and the importance of getting a richer understanding of the place of science within society in order to address the questions about the place of values in science.
Philosophy of the Physical Sciences
Authors: Hoefer Carl , Smeenk Chris
Published: December 2015

The authors survey some debates about the nature and structure of physical theories and about the connections between our physical theories and naturalized metaphysics. The discussion is organized around an “ideal view” of physical theories and criticisms that can be raised against it. This view includes controversial commitments regarding the best analysis of physical modalities and intertheory relations. The authors consider the case in favor of taking laws as the primary modal notion, discussing objections related to alleged violations of the laws, the apparent need to appeal to causality, and the status of probability. The “ideal view” includes a commitment that fundamental physical theories are explanatorily sufficient. The authors discuss several challenges to recovering the manifest image from fundamental physics, along with a distinct challenge to reductionism based on acknowledging the contributions of less fundamental theories in physical explanations.
Philosophy of the Social Sciences
Authors: Guala Francesco
Published: December 2015

Naturalism is still facing a strong opposition in the philosophy of social science from influential scholars who argue that philosophical analysis must be autonomous from scientific investigation. The opposition exploits philosophers’ traditional diffidence toward social science and fuels the ambition to provide new foundations for social research. A classic anti-naturalist strategy is to identify a feature of social reality that prevents scientific explanation and prediction. An all-time favorite is the dependence of social phenomena on human representation. This article examines two prominent versions of the dependence thesis and concludes that they both fail. Contemporary social science is capable of accounting for the causal dependence of social reality on representation, and there is no reason to believe that social entities are ontologically dependent on the collective acceptance of a constitutive rule.
Women’s Use of Computer Games to Practice Intrasexual Competition
Authors: Meredith Tami M.
Published: December 2015

Digital gaming, whether performed using a game console, cellular telephone, or desktop computer, is now a popular entertainment activity. While men still dominate among game developers and players, this disparity has been reduced as game designers shift their views and develop games that support women’s style of play. In particular, women desire to practice and perform the competitive styles they use when performing real-world intrasexual competition: self-promotion, competitor derogation and manipulation, target manipulation, and the building of social hierarchies to obtain allies or spread information needed to support these strategies. Women play games and compete, both among each other and against game challenges, if given the opportunity to do so in a meaningful and realistic manner where they can practice their preferred competitive skills. This chapter examines digital gaming with respect to women’s competitive strategies to identify how games can support these strategies and appeal to women.
Family Economics and Obesity
Authors: Wilson Sven E.
Published: December 2015

Obesity deserves attention by economists because it has moved to the forefront of public health concerns worldwide and because it is a health condition that defies the general economic pattern that economic prosperity is associated with better health. The economic theory of household behavior and accompanying empirical evidence both suggest that married couples are able to reap the rewards of more efficient investment in health. Obesity, however, is an important exception, with both men and women tending to gain weight following marriage. Wealthier societies should also be able to invest more effectively in child health, but the epidemic of childhood obesity in rich countries counters this trend. This essay argues that the paradoxical economics of obesity must be studied within the primary context where obesity-related decisions are made: the family. Thus, the case of obesity reveals the benefits of and challenges to obtaining a better understanding of familial health capital.
Public and Private Returns to Investing in Nutrition
Authors: Alderman Harold , Sahn David E.
Published: December 2015

The authors examine the impact of nutrition on productivity at both the micro and macro levels and conclude that large economic returns to investing in nutrition. These can be measured at both the individual level as well as through economy-wide indicators such as aggregate incomes and gross domestic product. The evidence comes from a range of methodologies and disciplines, including the work of economic historians, cross-country models, microsimulation, and structural and experimental microeconomic analysis. The positive economic returns to investing in nutrition operate through multiple channels. These range from literature that shows that in utero and early-life nutritional inputs contribute positively to various economic metrics through a range of mediating factors (such as increased stature, improved cognition, and savings associated with reduced morbidity and mortality across the life course) to evidence from long-term historical studies that improved nutrition contributes to large improvements in per capita growth.
Jonson’s Thematic Language and Catchphrases
Authors: Dahl Marcus
Published: December 2015

This chapter analyses Jonson’s use of language in a selection of his texts. A ‘Plagiarism’ analysis of an electronic archive of 457 early modern texts was conducted, including eighteen plays and four masques by Jonson. The text archive was analysed for collocations which occurred either often in, or rarely outside of, the works of Jonson—thus revealing a basic pattern for Jonson’s language. These repeated or rarely occurring words and phrases were then analysed in terms of their usage and their possible significance for Jonson, focusing on certain key linguistic themes: London and its people, city culture, language and fashion.
Catholic Theology and the Enlightenment (1670–1815)
Authors: Lehner Ulrich L.
Published: December 2015

This chapter examines the Catholic Church’s engagement with the Enlightenment from 1670–1815. It considers Catholic philosophies of the Enlightenment and new conceptualizations of natural law. The chapter also explores Catholic exegetical discussions during the period, showing how Enlightenment concerns enabled new styles of attention to the Scriptural text, new Patristic scholarship, and the origins of the later liturgical movement. Jansenist and Gallican theologies stimulated reflection on eccelesiology and the papacy, and a variety of thinkers developed new theologies of the state, and of the economy. This period also saw the rise of the Catholic ultramontanism that was to mark Church life until the Second Vatican Council.
Information Extraction
Authors: Grishman Ralph
Published: December 2015

Information extraction constructs a structured knowledge representation from unstructured text, so that the knowledge may be further used for search, inference, and analysis. Given a specification of select types of entities, semantic relations, and events, it builds a database from instances of this information in text. This chapter describes the stages of processing involved and considers how such systems may be built using hand-coded rules, supervised training, and semi-supervised training.
Speech Recognition
Authors: Lamel Lori , Gauvain Jean-Luc
Published: December 2015

Speech recognition is concerned with converting the speech waveform, an acoustic signal, into a sequence of words. Today’s best-performing approaches are based on a statistical modelization of the speech signal. This chapter provides an overview of the main topics addressed in speech recognition: that is, acoustic-phonetic modelling, lexical representation, language modelling, decoding, and model adaptation. The focus is on methods used in state-of-the-art, speaker-independent, large-vocabulary continuous speech recognition (LVCSR). Some of the technology advances over the last decade are highlighted. Primary application areas for such technology initially addressed dictation tasks and interactive systems for limited domain information access (usually referred to as spoken language dialogue systems). The last decade has witnessed a wider coverage of languages, as well as growing interest in transcription systems for information archival and retrieval, media monitoring, automatic subtitling and speech analytics. Some outstanding issues and directions of future research are discussed.
Information Structure and Production Planning
Authors: Wagner Michael
Published: December 2015

Utterances are planned and realized incrementally. Which information is salient or attended to prior to initiating an utterance has influences on choices in argument structure and word order, and affects the prosodic prominence of the constituents involved. Many phenomena that the linguistic literature usually treats as reflexes of the grammatical encoding of information structure, such as the early ordering of topics, or the prosodic reduction of old information, are treated in the production literature as a consequence of how contextual salience interacts with production planning. This article reviews information structural effects that arise as a consequence of how syntactic and phonological information is incrementally encoded in the production process, and how we can tell these effects apart from grammatically encoded aspects of information structure that form part of the message.
Comparisons and Consequences in Global Perspective, 1500–1750
Authors: Wiesner-Hanks Merry
Published: December 2015

This chapter places the Protestant Reformation in a global perspective in two ways, using methods and examining themes common in world history as a field. First, it compares the Reformation to other religious transformations that were occurring at roughly the same time, including the early development of Sikhism, reform movements within Chinese Confucianism, and the reinvigoration of Islam in the Songhay Empire by King Askia the Great. Second, it examines the spread of Protestant ideology and institutions in the increasingly interconnected early modern world, with the colonies of the Dutch East India Company and the missionary work of the Moravians serving as the primary examples of such cultural encounters. It argues that moving beyond Europe to adopt a broader spatial scale enhances our understanding of the religious dynamism of the period, which does not diminish the importance of the Protestant Reformation, but allows us to view it in new ways.
The Sound Source in Singing
Authors: Herbst Christian T. , Howard David M. , Švec Jan G.
Published: December 2015

The voice instrument is composed of three basic sub-systems: the pulmonary apparatus, the laryngeal voice source, and the vocal tract for sound modification. In this chapter, the laryngeal sound generation is examined in closer detail, with a special focus on singing voice production. In particular, the relation between the quality of vocal fold vibration, the consistence of the glottal airflow, and the spectral composition of the resulting laryngeal sound output (before being filtered by the vocal tract) is discussed. Two basic physiological parameters for controlling these features are described: cartilaginous adduction (controlled along the dimension of “breathy” vs. “pressed” voice); and membranous medialization (influenced by the choice of singing voice register). It is shown that these two physiological parameters can be varied independently, and how they can be incorporated into a pedagogical model. Based on this model, a typical application from the singing studio is described. Finally, the range of sound qualities resulting from independent variation of cartilaginous adduction and membranous medialization is being commented on by five known voice pedagogues, in an attempt to unify the respective terminology in voice pedagogy.
Expedience, Impermanence, and Unplanned Obsolescence
Authors: Doolittle William E.
Published: December 2015

Drawing on examples from archaeological, historical, and present-day studies of agricultural systems, this chapter addresses five issues. The first is terminology in general, and how communication can fail as well as succeed. The second is fashionable concepts—the complex ideas that humans create and attempt to present through terminology. The third issue concerns Western and modern thought, and involves a reframing of perspectives on present-day hazards in order to show similarities between archaeology and geomorphology. The fourth issue is the non-Western notion of anicca, or impermanence, and its advantages for future studies of the past. The final issue is how archaeology can contribute to future agricultural development.
Islamic Law and Constitutions
Authors: Brown Nathan J. , Revkin Mara
Published: December 2015

This article explores the scholarly interest in the relationship between constitutions and the Islamic legal tradition. It begins with an overview of constitutional texts and what they say about Islam. It then considers whether the Islamic religion in general, and the shari‘a in particular, lend themselves to constitutionalism. Thereafter, it analyzes how a new generation of scholars from other disciplines have joined those older scholarly efforts. More specifically, it examines the shift in focus of recent scholarship from heavily textual methodologies that prioritize specifically religious and intellectual questions, to more contextualized lines of inquiry that address the legal, institutional, historical, and policy implications of Islamic constitutional development. Finally, it looks at three scholarly debates (ones that have been connected to debates among Muslim political and legal thinkers): the relationship between Islam and constitutional texts; who has interpretive authority in such matters; and where debates take place.
Theology in the Ottoman Lands
Authors: Ozervarli M. Sait
Published: December 2015

This chapter examines Islamic theology and its integration to philosophy in the Ottoman lands during the late medieval period. It also considers Ottoman intellectual history and the contacts Ottoman thinkers entertained with representatives of other religious cultures throughout the centuries. The discussion begins by focusing on the transmission of Islamic theology from Anatolian Saljūqs to the Ottomans, and then turns to the growth of Ottoman theological thought and the renewal of Islamic theology as an attempt to reconcile religion with modernity in the late Ottoman Empire particularly in the centre and also in some provinces. Finally, it looks at the criticism of and opposition to theology or philosophical thought among the Ottomans. It shows that the Ottomans engaged in a lively intellectual activity, especially during the fifteenth century during the reigns of Mehmed II (1444–6, 1451–81) and Bāyezīd II (1481–1512), and continued in the sixthteenth century during the reigns of Selim I (reigned 1512–20) and Süleyman I (reigned 1520–66).
The Muʿtazilite Movement (I)
Authors: el-Omari Racha
Published: December 2015

This chapter examines the origins of the Muʿtazila in the early to mid-eighth century. It begins with a brief overview of the doctrines of the Muʿtazila, showing how the movement became the strongest exponent of ‘rationalism’ in Islamic theology. It then discusses the three angles from which the subject of the origins of the Muʿtazila has been approached: the origin of the name Muʿtazila, what it means, why it was given to this group, the history of the movement and the early figures of Wāṣil b. ʿAṭāʾ (d. 131/748–9) and ʿAmr b. ʿUbayd (d. 144/761); and the extent of intellectual continuity between the period of origins and later Muʿtazilī doctrines. It also considers two key characteristics of the Muʿtazila, learning and worship, and their relationship to a quietist asceticism orientation that is not a principled commitment to political neutrality.
Context
Authors: Fetzer Anita
Published: December 2015

The concept of context has undergone some fundamental rethinking in the scientific community, where it is no longer seen as an analytic prime. Rather than being looked upon as an external constraint on linguistic performance, context is analysed as a product of language use, as interactionally construed, co-constructed, and negotiated, and as imported and invoked. Context is also considered as a psychological construct, and as a set of antecedent premises, which are required for a communicative act to be felicitous. Context is further conceptualized along the distinction between context as type and context as token, differentiating between more generalized and more particularized variants, and context is conceived of as dynamic and relational, more or less (un)bounded, subjective and individual, and social and institutional.
Pragmatics and Morphology
Authors: Dressler Wolfgang U. , Barbaresi Lavinia Merlini
Published: December 2015

Within a theory of morphopragmatics, we give an account of the relationship between morphology and pragmatics starting from two major theoretical premises: first, that pragmatics is not a secondary meaning derived from semantics—on the contrary we assume a priority of pragmatics over semantics—and second, that morphology is capable of a direct interface with pragmatics, not mediated through its semantics. Thus certain morphological patterns may generate autonomous pragmatic meanings, independently of their denotative power. Eligible patterns are primarily evaluative affixes (diminutives, augmentatives, pejoratives), familiarizers, like French -o, and hypocoristics, whose effects extend from the pertinent base word to the entire speech act. Other morphological elements, such as for example the Japanese honorific -masu and the Germanic and Hungarian excessive, limit their pragmatic scope to the word base. Some other morphological patterns are more marginal, for example feminine motional suffixes or pluralis maiestatis.
Cross-Cultural and Intercultural Pragmatics
Authors: Kecskes Istvan
Published: December 2015

This chapter discusses the differences between cross-cultural and intercultural pragmatics. While cross-cultural pragmatics compares different cultures, based on the investigation of certain aspects of language use, such as speech acts, behaviour patterns, and language behaviour, intercultural pragmatics focuses on intercultural interactions and investigates the nature of the communicative process among people from different cultures, speaking different first languages. Cross-cultural pragmatics analyses the differences and similarities in the language behaviour of people representing different languages and cultures. Intercultural pragmatics, however—a relatively new discipline—is interested in what happens when representatives of different first languages and cultures communicate using a common language.
Experimental Pragmatics
Authors: Gibbs Raymond W.
Published: December 2015

This chapter describes some of the important research in experimental pragmatics, most notably studies related to recovering speakers’ intentions, inferring conversational implicatures, and the role of common ground in discourse understanding. My aim is to demonstrate the utility of different experimental methods for studying pragmatics, and how research findings in the field are relevant to traditional concerns within the linguistic pragmatics community. But I will also argue that experimental pragmatic studies show great regularities and significant variation, both within and across individuals, in the ways people speak and understand language. My alternative view claims that dynamical, self-organizing processes form the critical background from which meaningful pragmatic actions emerge. The implications of this position for interdisciplinary pragmatic research will be discussed.
Arabic
Authors: Stetkevych Suzanne Pinckney
Published: December 2015

This article offers an overview of Arabic literature of the pre-Islamic and early Islamic periods. Although a wide range of examples and genres—proverbs, maxims, etiological tales, folk and religious lore—is discussed, the chapter focuses on the preeminent early Arabic literary genre, the originally orally composed and transmitted ode (s. qaṣīdah, pl. qaṣāʾid) of the mostly Bedouin Arab tribes, prior to the coming of Islam. Through its elegiac nasīb depicting the abandoned campsite and lost beloved; the raḥīl, desert journey by she-camel; and its compelling madīḥ, praise of the patron’s virtues, the qaṣīdah encoded and preserved the ethos of the warrior aristocacry of the pre-Islamic period and together with the Qurʾān formed the literary-cultural foundation for the most extensive of the Semitic literatures, that of Arab-Islamic civilization.
Identity Development and Substance Use in Adolescence
Authors: Wills Thomas , Sussman Steve , McGurk Meghan
Published: December 2015

This chapter considers how identity-related variables operate as risk or protective factors for substance use/dependence in adolescence. We discuss theoretical work that has distinguished between identity and self-concept and present a model of personal identity as a second-order concept based on self-perceptions in specific areas. We then consider research on identity development in adolescence, including self-esteem, gender identity, religious identification, ethnic identity, and identification with particular peer groups or “crowds.” Finally, we discuss the relation of each aspect of identity to substance use and the probable mediators and moderators of the relationship. A final section summarizes the implications of our model of adolescent identity for prevention and treatment and provides suggestions for further research in this area.
Proposals for Political, Administrative, Economic, and Social Reform
Authors: Waldhoff Stephan
Published: December 2015

This chapter discusses Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz’s proposals for political, administrative, economic, and social reform. Before outlining the intellectual premises behind Leibniz’s reform proposals, the chapter provides a background on some preconditions and distinctive features of his political writings. It considers some basic metaphysical principles of Leibniz’s legal and political thought, his devotion to the Holy Roman Empire, and his position as a court councilor in Hanover. It also examines, in the context of Leibniz’s political thinking, the role of science and information management as the foundation of rational administration. Finally, the chapter analyzes Leibniz’s convictions regarding economic policy, with particular reference to public finance, along with his concern for the welfare of the state’s subjects (including, among other things, his proposals for general education and public insurance).
Spectacles of Ethnicities
Authors: Phillips Miriam
Published: December 2015

Performing arts festivals featuring artists representing distinct world dance traditions have proliferated in American cities since the 1980s. Often arranged in a potpourri format, these performances demonstrate a city’s multicultural make-up and proclaim dance to show unity between diverse populations. However, what happens when these dances each with distinct production and performance standards get placed with other dances onto a stage dominated by Western theatrical aesthetics? How do culturally specific production values become skewed and how do power relations play out when people outside the cultures represented produce the performances? Using one of America’s more prominent festivals, The San Francisco Ethnic Dance Festival as a case study, this chapter explores issues around the politics of representation and highlights some misconceptions about diversity that are presumed in these types of multicultural spectacles. The chapter also considers possible methods to create more culturally appropriate world dance events.
Beyond Colonization, Commodification, and Reclamation
Authors: Chan Christine Emi
Published: December 2015

The Hawaiian Islands have long been characterized as a place of romance, mystery, and exotic cultural experiences. Since the 18th century arrival of Europeans, this view of Hawaii has been perpetuated by explorers, missionaries, the government, the tourist industry, and many others who choose to play into the fantasies of Hawaiian culture conjured and maintained by Orientalization. Hula and the figure of the Hawaiian hula girl are particularly oversexualized and overspiritualized. Today, we see debate over whether non-Native speakers, nonindigenous people, or non-Hawaii residents should be allowed to participate in the dance. Interestingly, in attempting to celebrate hula, certain rhetoric reinforces Orientalist tendencies to romanticize hula and Hawaii. Therefore, I offer a retheorization of hula by drawing out aspects of hula presentations that (1) recognize hula as a recycled tradition, (2) acknowledge the unique plight of the indigenous people of Hawaii, and (3) do not limit participation to certain bodies.
In Search of the Mnemonic Traces of Concepts
Authors: Papanicolaou Andrew C.
Published: December 2015

This chapter focuses on the search for mnemonic traces of concepts that are thought to exist in the form of neuronal circuits in the brain. It begins with a review of the evidence derived from observations of the effects of focal brain lesions suggesting that there are several brain regions specialized for recognizing objects belonging to different categories. It then considers brain areas that have been identified through functional neuroimaging, including the fusiform face area, the parahippocampal place area, and the extra-striate body area. It also examines the specialization of the anterior part of the temporal lobes, especially the left, for naming, and whether these and other brain areas contain mnemonic traces of concepts or traces of cardinal concept features. Finally, it discusses the “top-down” activation of category-specific areas and the idea of distributed storage of concept features.
Spatial Proximity and Similarity
Authors: Kubovy Michael
Published: December 2015

The author describes the quantification of grouping by proximity using a perturbation approach applied to briefly seen arrays of dots distributed in space or space-time. This work revealed a law of grouping by proximity (the pure distance law): the log-odds of seeing alternative groupings is a linear function of the ratios of their interdot distances, independent of the configuration of the array of dots. Surprisingly, curved organizations are more salient than rectilinear ones. Studies of grouping in space-time revealed that perception of apparent motion is inconsistent with any notion of spatiotemporal distance. When grouping principles (such as proximity and similarity) are conjoined (i.e., more than one grouping principle is applied to the same stimulus), they sometimes affect perception additively. When they do not operate additively, they interact to produce a new emergent property.
Culture, Politics, and Development
Authors: Woolcock Michael
Published: December 2015

This article explores the value of the study of culture for understanding development. Important advances have been made in recent years in understanding how culture, politics, and development interact. Today, the leading theoretical approach to culture seeks to provide an empirically grounded, mechanisms-based account of how symbols, frames, identities, and narratives are deployed as part of a broader repertoire of cultural “tools.” For politics and development, a central virtue of this approach resides less in its broad policy prescriptions than in its commitment to engaging with the idiosyncrasies of local contexts. This engagement contributes to development policy by enabling careful intracountry comparisons to be made of the conditions under which variable responses to otherwise similar problems emerge. Such knowledge is also important for discerning the generalizability (or “external validity”) of claims regarding the efficacy of development interventions, especially those overtly engaging with social, legal, and political issues.
The Comparative Politics of Service Delivery in Developing Countries
Authors: Lieberman Evan S.
Published: December 2015

This article focuses on the comparative politics of service delivery in developing countries from 1990 to mid-2011. It first reviews the theoretical arguments and empirical evidence related to the provision of basic public services such as education, water, electricity, and health care before turning to the determinants of service provision. The link between accountability and the quality of service provision is emphasized. The article also considers factors that account for variation in service provision, including democracy versus autocracy, elections, political competition, and ethnicity. It shows that countries governed by democratic regimes tend to spend more and to provide more basic services than their autocratic counterparts and that decentralization improves the quality of services provided to citizens.
The Politics of Pronunciation among German-Speaking Mennonites in Northern Mexico
Authors: Klassen Judith
Published: December 2015

This chapter discusses the politics of language use in collective singing among conserving Mennonites in northern Mexico. The group migrated to Mexico from Canada to distance itself from the worldly influences of modern technologies and secular society in general. In the new environment the German language stands as a symbolic marker, distinguishing Mennonites from the wider society. The chapter shows how further in-group linguistic distinctions are marked through uses of High and Low German (drawing on the wider class associations of the two languages), in which a distinct “a” (pronounced “au”) from Low German is often employed in contexts of High German use. The chapter explores what happens when this distinctive pronunciation is used politically in collective song as an expression of defiance by individual singers and the tensions that result when collective song becomes a space for “phonological expressions of difference.”
Phenomenology and Environmental Ethics
Authors: Toadvine Ted
Published: December 2015

The historically rich and diverse tradition of phenomenology has contributed broadly to the emergence of environmental thought across the humanities and social sciences and is increasingly influential on environmental ethics and philosophy. Emphasizing the primacy of experience and inquiry into the epistemological and ontological assumptions that inform the historical and contemporary relationship with nature, phenomenology takes a critical distance from metaphysical naturalism and the instrumental framing of environmental problems in resourcist, technological, economic, and managerial terms. The tradition’s distinctive contributions to environmental ethics include its focus on the epistemic and ontological revindication of experience, its critique of metaphysical and modernist assumptions, and its aim to articulate a post-metaphysical conception of the self-world relation and an alternative ethos appropriate to our experience of nature. Key concepts that inform current phenomenological research in environmental ethics include the lifeworld, the earth and elements, the chiasm, and poetic dwelling.
Historiography of Just War Theory
Authors: Reichberg Gregory M.
Published: December 2015

This chapter examines the historiography of just war theory. It starts off by showing how the concept of war has remained far from constant from one period to another and why recognition of these shifts in meaning is a prerequisite for historical reflection in this domain. Proceeding afterwards to explain why histories of the just war ‘tradition’ have been written, in what historical contexts and in view of what aims, it is shown how few of these histories have been recounted as purely descriptive exercises. Displaying the normative options that have oriented historical methodology in this field is thus a principal task of this chapter. Finally, to exhibit the salience of just war historiography for contemporary theorising, this chapter concludes with a reflection on the antecedents to our present debate on the moral equality of combatants.
The Rule of Death and Signs of Life in the Book of Kings
Authors: Bodner Keith
Published: December 2015

This chapter examines signs of life in the midst of the rule of death that pervades the book of Kings. It begins with an overview of the major content of Kings, focusing on some key characters, such as King David, Solomon, and the prophets Elijah and Elisha. It then turns to the specter of death that hovers over the book of Kings, in which an abnormal number of characters are violently killed, politically assassinated, painfully dismembered, or otherwise depart from the narrative in suspicious or ignominious ways. It also considers the sense of confinement at the beginning of the book of Kings and how the city of Jerusalem came under siege, poised for demolition at the hands of the Babylonians. The chapter concludes by describing the end of the book of Kings, in which King Jehoiachin of Judah is released from prison.
Biblical Narrative and the Birth of Prose Literature
Authors: Kawashima Robert S.
Published: December 2015

This chapter discusses the significance of literary milieu for the analysis and interpretation of the narratives of the Hebrew Bible, in particular, the pre-exilic narratives found in Genesis-Kings (less Ruth). Appealing to literary milieu entails a type of literary-comparative method. There are, however, not one but two forms of literary comparison: historicist comparison, based on chronological and geographical contiguity, and formalist comparison, based on formal similarity. Whereas the concrete literary connections established by the former (so-called ancient Near Eastern parallels) are indispensable to the interpretation of specific passages, the abstract properties established by the latter (poetry, prose, oral tradition, and literature) bring into focus, rather, the different representational possibilities intrinsic to these different forms of narrative art.
Persistent Depressive Disorder
Authors: Klein Daniel N. , Black Sarah R.
Published: December 2015

Over the past few decades, there has been increasing recognition of the problem of persistent, or chronic, depression. Chronic depressions account for up to a third of the cases of depression in the community and half the cases in clinical practice. Moreover, as reflected in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), persistent depressive disorder differs in many significant respects from nonpersistent depression. This chapter provides an overview of the current literature on persistent depression, starting with classification, epidemiology, and course. Psychosocial and neurobiological risk factors, including early adversity, genetics, personality/temperament, cognitive style, interpersonal difficulties, neural abnormalities, and chronic stress, are then reviewed. Next, we discuss psychopharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions for acute and continuation/maintenance treatment of persistent depression. We conclude with suggestions for future research.