bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The distribution of methylated sulfur compounds, DMS and DMSP, in Canadian subarctic and Arctic marine waters during summer 2015
Authors: Jarníková Tereza , Dacey John , Lizotte Martine , Levasseur Maurice , Tortell Philippe
Published: April 2018

Abstract. We present seawater concentrations of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and
dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) measured across a transect from the
Labrador Sea to the Canadian Arctic Archipelago during summer 2015. Using an
automated ship-board gas chromatography system and a membrane-inlet mass
spectrometer, we measured a wide range of DMS (∼ 1 to 18 nM)
and DMSP (∼ 1 to 150 nM) concentrations. The highest DMS and
DMSP concentrations occurred in a localized region of Baffin Bay, where
surface waters were characterized by high chlorophyll a (chl a)
fluorescence, indicative of elevated phytoplankton biomass. Across the full
sampling transect, there were only weak relationships between DMS(P), chl a
fluorescence and other measured variables, including positive relationships
between DMSP : chl a ratios and several taxonomic marker pigments, and
elevated DMS(P) concentrations in partially ice-covered areas. Our high
spatial resolution measurements allowed us to examine DMS variability over
small scales (< 1 km), documenting strong DMS concentration gradients
across surface hydrographic frontal features. Our new observations fill in an
important observational gap in the Arctic Ocean and provide additional
information on sea–air DMS fluxes from this ocean region. In addition, this
study constitutes a significant contribution to the existing Arctic DMS(P)
dataset and provides a baseline for future measurements in the region.
A mathematical approach to understanding emergent constraints
Authors: Nijsse Femke J. M. M. , Dijkstra Henk A.
Published: April 2018

Abstract. One of the approaches to constrain uncertainty in climate models is the identification of emergent constraints. These are physically explainable empirical relationships between a particular simulated characteristic of the current climate versus future climate change from an ensemble of climate models, which can be exploited using current observations. In this paper, we develop a theory to understand the appearance of such emergent constraints. Based on this theory, we also propose a classification for emergent constraints and applications are shown for several idealized climate models.
Diurnal land surface energy balance partitioning estimated from the thermodynamic limit of a cold heat engine
Authors: Kleidon Axel , Renner Maik
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Turbulent fluxes strongly shape the conditions at the land surface, yet they are typically formulated in terms of semi-empirical parameterisations that make it difficult to derive theoretical estimates of how global change impacts land surface functioning. Here, we describe these turbulent fluxes as the result of a thermodynamic process that generates work to sustain convective motion and thus maintains the turbulent exchange between the land surface and the atmosphere. We first derive a limit from the second law of thermodynamics that is equivalent to the Carnot limit, but which explicitly accounts for diurnal heat storage changes in the lower atmosphere. We then use this limit of a cold heat engine together with the surface energy balance to infer the maximum power that can be derived from the turbulent fluxes for a given solar radiative forcing. The surface energy balance partitioning estimated from this thermodynamic limit requires no empirical parameters and compares very well with the observed partitioning of absorbed solar radiation into radiative and turbulent heat fluxes across a range of climates, with correlation coefficients r2 ≥ 95 % and slopes near one. These results suggest that turbulent heat fluxes on land operate near their thermodynamic limit on how much convection can be generated from the local radiative forcing. It implies that this type of approach can be used to derive first-order estimates of global change that are solely based on physical principles.
The Land surface Data Toolkit (LDTv7.2) – a data fusion
environment for land data assimilation systems
Authors: Arsenault Kristi R. , Kumar Sujay V. , Geiger James V. , Wang Shugong , Kemp Eric , Mocko David M. , Beaudoing Hiroko Kato , Getirana Augusto , Navari Mahdi , Li Bailing , Jacob Jossy , Wegiel Jerry , Peters-Lidard Christa
Published: April 2018

Abstract. The effective applications of land surface model (LSM) and hydrologic models pose a varied set of data input and processing needs, ranging from ensuring consistency checks to more derived data processing and analytics. This article describes the development of the Land surface Data Toolkit (LDT), which is an integrated framework designed specifically for processing input data to execute LSMs and hydrological models. LDT not only serves as a pre-processor to the NASA Land Information System (LIS), which is an integrated framework designed for multi-model LSM simulations and data assimilation (DA) integrations, but also as a land surface-based observation and DA input processor. It offers a variety of user options and inputs to processing datasets for use within LIS and stand alone models. The LDT design facilitates the use of common data formats and conventions. LDT is also capable of processing LSM initial conditions, meteorological boundary conditions and ensuring data quality for inputs to LSMs and DA routines. The machine learning layer in LDT facilitates the use of modern data science algorithms for developing data-driven predictive models. Through the use of an object-oriented framework design, LDT provides extensible features for the continued development of support for different types of observational data sets and data analytics algorithms to aid land surface modelling and data assimilation.
Hydrological effects of climate variability and vegetation dynamics on annual fluvial water balance at global large river basins
Authors: Liu Jianyu , Zhang Qiang , Singh Vijay P. , Song Changqing , Zhang Yongqiang , Sun Peng
Published: April 2018

Abstract. The partitioning of water and energy, governed by the controlling parameter in the Budyko framework (i.e., n parameter in the Choudhury and Yang equation), is critical to assess the water balance at global scale. It is widely acknowledged that the spatial variation of this controlling parameter is affected by landscape characteristics, but characterizing its temporal variation remains yet to be done. Considering effective precipitation (Pe), the Budyko framework was extended to the annual water balance analysis. To reflect the mismatch between water supply (precipitation, P) and energy (potential evapotranspiration, E0), a climate seasonality and asynchrony index (SAI) were proposed in terms of both phase and amplitude mismatch between P and E0. Considering streamflow changes in 26 large river basins as a case study, SAI was found to the key factor explaining 46 % of the annual variance of parameter n. Furthermore, the vegetation dynamics (M) remarkably impacted the temporal variation of n, explaining 67 % of the variance. With SAI and M, a semi-empirical formula for parameter n was developed at the annual scale to describe annual runoff (R) and evapotranspiration (E). The impacts of climate variability (Pe, E0 and SAI) and M on R and E changes were then quantified. Results showed that R and E changes were controlled mainly by the Pe variations in most river basins over the globe, while SAI acted as the controlling factor modifying R and E changes in the East Asian subtropical monsoon zone, E0 in the temperate maritime climate of Europe, and M in the temperate grassland zone of South America.
A SUPER VOXEL-BASED RIEMANNIAN GRAPH FOR MULTI SCALE SEGMENTATION OF LIDAR POINT CLOUDS
Authors: Li Minglei
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Automatically segmenting LiDAR points into respective independent partitions has become a topic of great importance in photogrammetry, remote sensing and computer vision. In this paper, we cast the problem of point cloud segmentation as a graph optimization problem by constructing a Riemannian graph. The scale space of the observed scene is explored by an octree-based over-segmentation with different depths. The over-segmentation produces many super voxels which restrict the structure of the scene and will be used as nodes of the graph. The Kruskal coordinates are used to compute edge weights that are proportional to the geodesic distance between nodes. Then we compute the edge-weight matrix in which the elements reflect the sectional curvatures associated with the geodesic paths between super voxel nodes on the scene surface. The final segmentation results are generated by clustering similar super voxels and cutting off the weak edges in the graph. The performance of this method was evaluated on LiDAR point clouds for both indoor and outdoor scenes. Additionally, extensive comparisons to state of the art techniques show that our algorithm outperforms on many metrics.
SUBPIXEL MAPPING OF HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGE BASED ON LINEAR SUBPIXEL FEATURE DETECTION AND OBJECT OPTIMIZATION
Authors: Liu Zhaoxin , Zhao Liaoying , Li Xiaorun , Chen Shuhan
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Owing to the limitation of spatial resolution of the imaging sensor and the variability of ground surfaces, mixed pixels are widesperead in hyperspectral imagery. The traditional subpixel mapping algorithms treat all mixed pixels as boundary-mixed pixels while ignoring the existence of linear subpixels. To solve this question, this paper proposed a new subpixel mapping method based on linear subpixel feature detection and object optimization. Firstly, the fraction value of each class is obtained by spectral unmixing. Secondly, the linear subpixel features are pre-determined based on the hyperspectral characteristics and the linear subpixel feature; the remaining mixed pixels are detected based on maximum linearization index analysis. The classes of linear subpixels are determined by using template matching method. Finally, the whole subpixel mapping results are iteratively optimized by binary particle swarm optimization algorithm. The performance of the proposed subpixel mapping method is evaluated via experiments based on simulated and real hyperspectral data sets. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can improve the accuracy of subpixel mapping.
AN IMPROVED UNSUPERVISED IMAGE SEGMENTATION EVALUATION APPROACH BASED ON UNDER- AND OVER-SEGMENTATION AWARE
Authors: Su Tengfei
Published: April 2018

Abstract. In this paper, an unsupervised evaluation scheme for remote sensing image segmentation is developed. Based on a method called under- and over-segmentation aware (UOA), the new approach is improved by overcoming the defect in the part of estimating over-segmentation error. Two cases of such error-prone defect are listed, and edge strength is employed to devise a solution to this issue. Two subsets of high resolution remote sensing images were used to test the proposed algorithm, and the experimental results indicate its superior performance, which is attributed to its improved OSE detection model.
UAV-BASED 3D URBAN ENVIRONMENT MONITORING
Authors: Boonpook Wuttichai , Tan Yumin , Liu Huaqing , Zhao Binbin , He Lingfeng
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) based remote sensing can be used to make three-dimensions (3D) mapping with great flexibility, besides the ability to provide high resolution images. In this paper we propose a quick-change detection method on UAV images by combining altitude from Digital Surface Model (DSM) and texture analysis from images. Cases of UAV images with and without georeferencing are both considered. Research results show that the accuracy of change detection can be enhanced with georeferencing procedure, and the accuracy and precision of change detection on UAV images which are collected both vertically and obliquely but without georeferencing also have a good performance.
JOINT PROCESSING OF ENVELOPE ALIGNMENT AND PHASE COMPENSATION FOR ISAR IMAGING
Authors: Chen Tao , Jin Guanghu , Dong Zhen
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Range envelope alignment and phase compensation are spilt into two isolated parts in the classical methods of translational motion compensation in Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) imaging. In classic method of the rotating object imaging, the two reference points of the envelope alignment and the Phase Difference (PD) estimation are probably not the same point, making it difficult to uncouple the coupling term by conducting the correction of Migration Through Resolution Cell (MTRC). In this paper, an improved approach of joint processing which chooses certain scattering point as the sole reference point is proposed to perform with utilizing the Prominent Point Processing (PPP) method. With this end in view, we firstly get the initial image using classical methods from which a certain scattering point can be chose. The envelope alignment and phase compensation using the selected scattering point as the same reference point are subsequently conducted. The keystone transform is thus smoothly applied to further improve imaging quality. Both simulation experiments and real data processing are provided to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method compared with classical method.
RESEARCHING ON REAL 3D MODELING CONSTRUCTED WITH THE OBLIQUE PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND TERRESTRIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Authors: Han Youmei , Jiao Minglian ,   Shijuan
Published: April 2018

Abstract. With the rapid development of the oblique photogrammetry, many cities have built some real 3D model with this technology. Although it has the advantages of short period, high efficiency and good air angle effect, the near ground view angle of these real 3D models are not very good. With increasing development of smart cities, the requirements of reality, practicality and accuracy on real 3D models are becoming higher. How to produce and improve the real 3D models quickly has become one of the hot research directions of geospatial information. To meet this requirement In this paper, Combined with the characteristics of current oblique photogrammetry modeling and the terrestrial photogrammetry, we proposed a new technological process, which consists of close range sensor design, data acquisition and processing. The proposed method is being tested by using oblique photography images acquired. The results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Controls on fault zone structure and brittle fracturing in the foliated hanging wall of the Alpine Fault
Authors: Williams Jack N. , Toy Virginia G. , Massiot Cécile , McNamara David D. , Smith Steven A. F. , Mills Steven
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Three datasets are used to quantify fracture density, orientation, and fill in the foliated hanging wall of the Alpine Fault: (1) X-ray computed tomography (CT) images of drill core collected within 25 m of its principal slip zones (PSZs) during the first phase of the Deep Fault Drilling Project that were reoriented with respect to borehole televiewer images, (2) field measurements from creek sections up to 500 m from the PSZs, and (3) CT images of oriented drill core collected during the Amethyst Hydro Project at distances of  ∼  0.7–2 km from the PSZs. Results show that within 160 m of the PSZs in foliated cataclasites and ultramylonites, gouge-filled fractures exhibit a wide range of orientations. At these distances, fractures are interpreted to have formed at relatively high confining pressures and/or in rocks that had a weak mechanical anisotropy. Conversely, at distances greater than 160 m from the PSZs, fractures are typically open and subparallel to the mylonitic or schistose foliation, implying that fracturing occurred at low confining pressures and/or in rocks that were mechanically anisotropic. Fracture density is similar across the  ∼  500 m width of the field transects. By combining our datasets with measurements of permeability and seismic velocity around the Alpine Fault, we further develop the hierarchical model for hanging-wall damage structure that was proposed by Townend et al. (2017). The wider zone of foliation-parallel fractures represents an outer damage zone that forms at shallow depths. The distinct < 160 m wide interval of widely oriented gouge-filled fractures constitutes an inner damage zone. This zone is interpreted to extend towards the base of the seismogenic crust given that its width is comparable to (1) the Alpine Fault low-velocity zone detected by fault zone guided waves and (2) damage zones reported from other exhumed large-displacement faults. In summary, a narrow zone of fracturing at the base of the Alpine Fault's hanging-wall seismogenic crust is anticipated to widen at shallow depths, which is consistent with fault zone flower structure models.
The influence of atmospheric grid resolution in a climate model-forced ice sheet simulation
Authors: Lofverstrom Marcus , Liakka Johan
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Coupled climate–ice sheet
simulations have been growing in popularity in recent years. Experiments of
this type are however challenging as ice sheets evolve over multi-millennial
timescales, which is beyond the practical integration limit of most
Earth system models. A common method to increase model throughput is to trade
resolution for computational efficiency (compromise accuracy for speed).
Here we analyze how the resolution of an atmospheric general circulation
model (AGCM) influences the simulation quality in a stand-alone ice sheet
model. Four identical AGCM simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) were
run at different horizontal resolutions: T85 (1.4∘), T42
(2.8∘), T31 (3.8∘), and T21 (5.6∘). These simulations
were subsequently used as forcing of an ice sheet model. While the T85
climate forcing reproduces the LGM ice sheets to a high accuracy, the
intermediate resolution cases (T42 and T31) fail to build the Eurasian ice
sheet. The T21 case fails in both Eurasia and North America. Sensitivity
experiments using different surface mass balance parameterizations improve
the simulations of the Eurasian ice sheet in the T42 case, but the compromise
is a substantial ice buildup in Siberia. The T31 and T21 cases do not
improve in the same way in Eurasia, though the latter simulates the
continent-wide Laurentide ice sheet in North America. The difficulty to
reproduce the LGM ice sheets in the T21 case is in broad agreement with
previous studies using low-resolution atmospheric models, and is caused by a
substantial deterioration of the model climate between the T31 and T21
resolutions. It is speculated that this deficiency may demonstrate a
fundamental problem with using low-resolution atmospheric models in these types of
experiments.
Teacher Training in Secondary Education of Greece- A General Approach
Authors: Maria Kalathaki
Published: April 2018

Teacher Education and Training became more organized and targeted, treated by the Greek State, in the last half of the previous century. The Low 1566/1985 introduced firstly mandatory forms of training for teachers of Primary and Secondary Education which could carrying out by various organizations and Bodies, of many specialties and forms, in many places, with variety of content, methodologies and trainers. With this law, the Schools of Training for Primary and Secondary Teachers were initially established to offer yearly training to the teachers in scientific, didactic and pedagogical issues.In the last 25 years, the 16 Regional Training Centers had the duty to download and decentralize the educational policies to the regions of Greece, to the newly appointed and permanent teachers. According to the Presidential Decree 250/1992, the Ministry of National Education and Religious Affairs may assign to the Pedagogical Institute or to a research institution the evaluation of the training work of the Regional Training Centers, at national level. The results of surveys on the efficiency of the training programs and the satisfaction of the Trainers have not published and discussed thoroughly. In the last 5 years, since the Ministry of Education has applied only three short-term Seminars guided, centrally designed and directed, less than 1000 School Advisors have shouldered the full weight of the Primary and Secondary teachers’ training all over the Country, those the abolishment has been announced, without any evaluation report for their work.
La transformación de las ciudades
Authors: Editor El
Published: April 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 70, 1999: 393-395
La regulación de los bancos a través de la divulgación pública: el caso de Nueva Zelandia
Authors: Nicholl Peter
Published: April 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 70, 1999: 421-427
La inevitable pregunta por la identidad. Introducción al tema, problema y estudio de la identidad
Authors: Wauthion Ernesto
Published: April 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 70, 1999: 471-532
¿Juntos otra vez? Los nuevos actores laborales en la maquila
Authors: Quinteros Sosa Aída Carolina
Published: April 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 71, 1999: 587-602
La nueva ética de la liberación de E. Dussel
Authors: Beorlegui Carlos
Published: April 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 72, 1999: 689-729
Iglesia, organizaciones populares y violencia sociopolítica
Authors: González Luis Armando
Published: April 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 72, 1999: 731-758
Sexualidad, psicoanálisis y crítica feminista
Authors: Ribas Judit
Published: April 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 72, 1999: 759-776
Older Adults on Electronic Commerce: A Literature Review
Authors: Zhang Feixiang , Soto Carolina Garcia
Published: April 2018

Electronic commerce keeps proliferating in the globalized market, and according to the market trends in both academic and commercial studies, the youth segment seems to be the primary objective of market strategies and the greater subject of academic studies. However, there is not much information about if the same situation in the market applies to the older adult segment, despite the growth in the number of older persons in many countries. To have a broader understanding of this matter, we carried out a review of the literature about this topic, with particular emphasis on the older adult's acceptance of electronic commerce, mobile commerce, mobile phones and the factors that influence their use of the technology. We also discuss some utilization of model and investigation theories, and we propose some directions for future research in this area.
Target versus Native Language Use in Foreign Language Classes: Perspectives of Students and Instructors
Authors: Ekmekci Emrah
Published: April 2018

Whether or not to use students’ native language (L1) in second or foreign language classes has always been debated by many scholars and researchers. This controversial issue has taken place in the literature with various case studies and findings. The current study investigates into both students and teachers’ perspectives on using L1 in foreign classes. The study was conducted in a state university offering compulsory language education for at least one academic year in three foreign languages, English, German, and French in 2016-2017 academic year. As data collection instruments, two Likert-type questionnaires were administered to instructors and students. Ten English, seven German and three French Language instructors participated in the study together with 217 students from three compulsory foreign language preparatory classes. Descriptive data were analysed in order to determine the students and instructors’ perspectives about L1 use. ANOVA test was also used to find out whether there exist significant differences among students and instructors with regard to L1 use. The results reveal that there is a statistically significant difference between English and German language students and between French and German language students with regard to L1 use in the foreign language classrooms. However, there is not a statistically significant difference between English and French language students with regard to L1 use in the foreign language classrooms. The findings also indicate that there is no statistically significant difference among English, French and German language instructors concerning the use of L1 in the classes.
Selected issues of research on carbon materials
Authors: Doliński Adam
Published: April 2018

Selected paths of research on the manufacturing of carbon materials have been presented, focusing on two prospective technologies: the production of hexagonal carbon from the gaseous phase and the carbonization/graphitization of organic materials. Present and prospective applications of carbon materials and a mechanism of carbonization/graphitization of high-molecular organic materials have been presented. The importance of post-consumer waste as a raw material for obtaining carbon materials for various applications has been emphasized.
Psychiatry and neurolaw
Authors: St. Stoyanov Drozdstoy ,   Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Published: April 2018

The aim of this paper is to highlight the rationale behind the use of data from neuroscience, particularly neuroimaging, in psychiatric legal expert procedures and their interference with the mind-brain problem.The critical argument is that the employment of mental health evaluation of the defendants and/or witnesses as collected with clinical assessment methods in court proceedings should not be considered irrespective to the data from neuroscience. Essentially, neuroscience methods belong to the domain of nomothetic (natural explanatory) knowledge, whereas clinical evaluation methods in psychiatry belong to the domain of intra- and inter-subjective narratives. There exists an explanatory gap between those two groups of disciplines which concerns the ability to translate and integrate data across diverse methodological and terminological systems. Furthermore, it depends largely on the implicit positions in the mind-brain debate and the brain-to-behavior connections, which reflect on the professional and legal reasoning in terms of prioritizing certain solutions or approaches over another in the expert judgements. There are described those tacit positions adopted in the mind-brain debate by different traditions in psychiatry, with special emphasis on reductive and non-reductive forms of physicalism.In conclusion, a cognitive pluralist stance is adopted which sets priority for the supervenience theory of mind.
Open Praxis, volume 10 issue 2
Authors: Gil-Jaurena (ed.), various authors Inés
Published: April 2018

For a fifth consecutive year, Open Praxis has partnered with the Open Education Consortium for the publication of selected papers among those presented in the 2018 Open Education Global Conference, held in Delft (The Netherlands) from 24 to 26 of April, 2018. After the peer-review process, seven papers were accepted for publication.
Creación de una red socioeducativa en espacios de exclusión social: una experiencia en el Distrito de Tetuán (Madrid)
Authors: Serrano Manzano Bianca Fiorella , De la Herrán Agustín
Published: April 2018

En este artículo se analiza la formación de una red socioeducativa en el Distrito de Tetuán (Madrid) en un contexto con notables índices de vulnerabilidad social. La organización surge desde un Plan de Desarrollo Comunitario, percibido como una oportunidad de mejora de la calidad de vida de la población. Con una orientación pedagógica, el objetivo principal es describir el proceso de creación de la estructura-red en un entorno de exclusión social, que pueda ser útil para aquellas comunidades que deseen transformarse en una red socioeducativa. Se emplea una metodología de corte cualitativo y etnográfico, implementando las siguientes técnicas para la recogida de información: observación participante, grupo de discusión, entrevista en profundidad y revisión de fuentes estadísticas y documentales relacionadas con el contexto. Los datos se analizan en dos momentos: en el análisis descriptivo y en el análisis de contenido. La muestra seleccionada consta de 52 personas procedentes de siete nacionalidades, que ocupan diversas posiciones en la configuración de la red. Como principales resultados, se caracteriza el contexto desde un diagnóstico comunitario y se definen siete dimensiones necesarias para la creación de una estructura socioeducativa en red. Por último, se identifican los actores, las fases y elementos clave que configuran su creación.
La necesidad de formación del profesorado en Pedagogía de la Muerte
Authors: Colomo Magaña Ernesto , Cívico Ariza Andrea
Published: April 2018

La muerte es una realidad inevitable que forma parte de nuestras vidas. No obstante, aún no hemos conseguido abordarla plenamente desde el punto de vista pedagógico. Ante la necesidad de introducir la Pedagogía de la Muerte en la educación, este trabajo presenta los resultados de un estudio sobre la percepción que tienen los estudiantes del Máster de Secundaria en relación a su nivel y necesidad de formación sobre el tema de la muerte y los diferentes recursos y estrategias existentes para trabajarlo. Se ha llevado a cabo mediante la elaboración, análisis e interpretación de autoinformes sobre la experiencia y conocimientos de la muestra participante. Los resultados evidencian que los alumnos de la Universidad Internacional de Valencia han recibido una escasa formación pedagógica respecto a la muerte. Sin embargo, la consideran como algo fundamental para su desarrollo profesional. Tras los resultados, se plantea la utilización de los dilemas y el role playing como una propuesta metodológica desde la que es posible desarrollar esta temática, describiéndose una actividad didáctica para la etapa universitaria. Finalmente, se plantean unas conclusiones que incluyen una reflexión sobre la importancia de abordar la Pedagogía de la Muerte como una necesidad para la formación del profesorado.
Creación de vídeos educativos en la formación docente: un estudio de caso
Authors: Fernandez-Rio Javier
Published: April 2018

El objetivo fue valorar la respuesta de futuros docentes de Educación Primaria ante un proyecto de diseño, elaboración y presentación de un video educativo. 92 estudiantes (21,21 ± 2,13 años) que cursaban 3er curso del Grado de Maestro en Educación Primaria accedieron a participar. Ante la no-existencia de un cuestionario específico de extracción de datos se elaboraron dos: A. para valorar las creencias de los participantes sobre los videos educativos como herramienta pedagógica (pre-post) y B. para valorar de manera directa la experiencia (post). También se pidió a los participantes que contestaran a una pregunta abierta al final de la experiencia. Los resultados cuantitativos mostraron aumentos significativos en varias variables: estimula el compromiso docente y discente, proporciona aprendizajes significativos, desarrolla competencias básicas, permite integrar contenidos de diferentes asignaturas, promueve la creatividad y ofrece más ventajas que inconvenientes en la práctica docente. Los datos cualitativos revelaron cinco temas positivos: experiencia satisfactoria/positiva/interesante, útil para la labor docente, trabajo en grupo, motivadora y creatividad, y uno negativo: actividad difícil. La elaboración de videos educativos se ha mostrado como una herramienta valiosa en la formación inicial de futuros docentes, ya que además de potenciarla, es vista como adecuada para su labor docente futura.
Diseño de rúbricas para la enseñanza superior del Grabado
Authors: Soto Calzado Inocente
Published: April 2018

Los estudios artísticos han luchado desde sus inicios con la pretendida subjetividad de su enjuiciamiento,  un supuesto que ha entorpecido su desarrollo como enseñanza reglada. La disciplina de las Bellas Artes necesita de la utilización de nuevos métodos pedagógicos para su avance educativo. Como parte de ese diseño conceptual que posibilite una mejor enseñanza, la rúbrica es un sistema de evaluación que permite juzgar las competencias propias de toda materia del Espacio Europeo de Enseñanza Superior a partir de la fijación de unos criterios. Con ella se detalla la labor analizada, concretándose al máximo el proyecto común de enseñanza-aprendizaje, y se proporcionan unos indicadores de corrección o incorrección del proceso de gran utilidad para el alumno como guía práctica. Continúa con la tradición de la crítica aplicada a la educación artística. Su presentación visual en forma de tabla con correspondencias y lecturas verticales y horizontales colabora a una rápida comprensión de lo expuesto, permitiendo y demandando el uso de otras herramientas. Su redacción incorpora el lenguaje propio de la materia, buscando su conocimiento y entendimiento. Facilita la práctica de la autoevaluación, y una metaevaluación desarrolla y ajusta el sistema de valoración, buscando una  continua retroalimentación. 
Insights from a massive open online course (MOOC) for medical education (2014-2018)
Authors: Robinson Robert
Published: April 2018

Background

Massive open online courses (MOOCs) are technological innovations have been successfully applied in a wide variety of disciplines to deliver quality online education. These courses are an area of intense focus of educational research. Preliminary studies have shown MOOCs to be effective means of delivering medical education. This study reports data on course completion rates and the geographic reach of a MOOC designed for medical education.

Methods

A online course designed as for a 4th year medical school elective was opened as a free to take MOOC in August, 2014. The course is offered in English with subtitles via Udemy.com. Data regarding completion rates were obtained from the course management interface of the MOOC, data regarding the geographic reach of the course was obtained from Google Analytics. All data is anonymous, aggregated, and studied retrospectively.

The intended course audience was fourth year medical students in the United States, but enrollment was open to all.

Results

MOOC enrollment reached 5,586 students by February, 2018. Completion rates were low (5%), with 8% completing 50% or more of the MOOC. 80% of students did not complete a single course element.

Students enrolled from 161 different countries based on localization by Google Analytics. The most common countries students enrolled from were the United States (46%), India (6%), the United Kingdom (4%), Egypt (2.5%), Canada (2.5%), Australia (2%), China (2%), Germany (1.5%), Brazil (1.5%), and Saudi Arabia (1.5%).

Conclusions

Course enrollment included 5,586 students from 161 different countries. Course completion rates were low, but consistent with other scientific MOOCs designed for high level audiences that are open for public enrollment. These results also show the potential global reach of a MOOC. These factors of high enrollment, low course completion, but global reach are unique challenges for medical educators who deliver content via MOOC technology. Further study is needed to further define the role of MOOCs in medical education.
Ecological multiplex interactions determine the role of species for parasite spread amplification
Authors: Stella Massimo , Selakovic Sanja , Antonioni Alberto , Andreazzi Cecilia S
Published: April 2018

Despite their potential interplay, multiple routes of many disease transmissions are often investigated separately. As a unifying framework for understanding parasite spread through interdependent transmission paths, we present the ‘ecomultiplex’ model, where the multiple transmission paths among a diverse community of interacting hosts are represented as a spatially explicit multiplex network. We adopt this framework for designing and testing potential control strategies forTrypanosoma cruzispread in two empirical host communities. We show that the ecomultiplex model is an efficient and low data-demanding method to identify which species enhances parasite spread and should thus be a target for control strategies. We also find that the interplay between predator-prey and host-parasite interactions leads to a phenomenon of parasite amplification, in which top predators facilitateT. cruzispread, offering a mechanistic interpretation of previous empirical findings. Our approach can provide novel insights in understanding and controlling parasite spreading in real-world complex systems.
Stochastic processes constrain the within and between host evolution of influenza virus
Authors: McCrone John T , Woods Robert J , Martin Emily T , Malosh Ryan E , Monto Arnold S , Lauring Adam S
Published: April 2018

The evolutionary dynamics of influenza virus ultimately derive from processes that take place within and between infected individuals. Here we define influenza virus dynamics in human hosts through sequencing of 249 specimens from 200 individuals collected over 6290 person-seasons of observation. Because these viruses were collected from individuals in a prospective community-based cohort, they are broadly representative of natural infections with seasonal viruses. Consistent with a neutral model of evolution, sequence data from 49 serially sampled individuals illustrated the dynamic turnover of synonymous and nonsynonymous single nucleotide variants and provided little evidence for positive selection of antigenic variants. We also identified 43 genetically-validated transmission pairs in this cohort. Maximum likelihood optimization of multiple transmission models estimated an effective transmission bottleneck of 1–2 genomes. Our data suggest that positive selection is inefficient at the level of the individual host and that stochastic processes dominate the host-level evolution of influenza viruses.
Optical detection of three modes of endocytosis at hippocampal synapses
Authors: Chanaday Natali L , Kavalali Ege T
Published: April 2018

Coupling of synaptic vesicle fusion and retrieval constitutes a core mechanism ensuring maintenance of presynaptic function. Recent studies using fast-freeze electron microscopy and capacitance measurements reported an ultrafast mode of endocytosis operating at physiological temperatures. Here, using rat hippocampal neurons, we optically monitored single synaptic vesicle endocytosis with high time resolution using the vesicular glutamate transporter, synaptophysin and the V0a1 subunit of the vacuolar ATPase as probes. In this setting, we could distinguish three components of retrieval operating at ultrafast (~150–250 ms, ~20% of events), fast (~5–12 s, ~40% of events) and ultraslow speeds (>20 s, ~40% of events). While increasing Ca2+ slowed the fast events, increasing temperature accelerated their time course. In contrast, the kinetics of ultrafast events were only mildly affected by these manipulations. These results suggest that synaptic vesicle proteins can be retrieved with ultrafast kinetics, although a majority of evoked fusion events are coupled to slower retrieval mechanisms.
Hverdagsrehabilitering - integrert eller spesialisert?
Authors: Birkeland Arvid Karl , Langeland Eva , Tuntland Hanne , Jacobsen Frode F. , Førland Oddvar
Published: April 2018

This study was part of a major evaluation project with focus on various models for and effects of reablement. The aim was to get an extended understanding of how Norwegian municipalities organize and conduct reablement. Seven focus group interviews were conducted in seven municipalities including a total of 33 participants representing different health professions. The interviews were transcribed, and a hermeneutical approach was used in the analyses. Four main themes were derived: "The team as an organizational and professional center", "Collaboration around assessment of applications”, "Different understanding of rehabilitation affected the organization", and "Goal – oriented and intensive training in everyday activities". The focus group interviews revealed different strength and weaknesses with specialized or integrated organization of reablement, but nevertheless they emphasized the importance of having interdisciplinary teams that can coordinate and participate in the practical implementation. However, more research is necessary to get more knowledge about organization of reablement.Keywords/Nøkkelordreablement; organizing; team; specialized; integrated; home care serviceshverdagsrehabilitering; organisering; team; spesialisert; integrert; hjemmetjenesten
Metabolism of hydrogen gases and bile acids in the gut microbiome
Authors: Hylemon Phillip B. , Harris Spencer C. , Ridlon Jason M.
Published: April 2018

The human gut microbiome refers to a highly diverse microbial ecosystem, which has a symbiotic relationship with the host. Molecular hydrogen (H2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are generated by fermentative metabolism in anaerobic ecosystems. H2 generation and oxidation coupled to CO2 reduction to methane or acetate help maintain the structure of the gut microbiome. Bile acids are synthesized by hepatocytes from cholesterol in the liver and are important regulators of host metabolism. In this Review, we discuss how gut bacteria metabolize hydrogen gases and bile acids in the intestinal tract and the consequences on host physiology. Finally, we focus on bile acid metabolism by the Actinobacterium Eggerthella lenta. Eggerthella lenta appears to couple hydroxyl group oxidations to reductive acetogenesis under a CO2 or N2 atmosphere, but not under H2. Hence, at low H2 levels, E. lenta is proposed to use NADH from bile acid hydroxyl group oxidations to reduce CO2 to acetate.
Utilizing DNA for functionalization of biomaterial surfaces
Authors: Scharnweber Dieter , Bierbaum Susanne , Wolf‐Brandstetter Cornelia
Published: April 2018

DNA sequences are widely used for gene transfer into cells including a number of substrate surface‐based supporting systems, but due to its singular structure property profile, DNA also offers multiple options for noncanonical applications. The special case of using DNA and oligodeoxyribonucleotide (ODN) structures for surface functionalization of biomedical implants is summarized here with the major focus on (a) immobilization or anchoring of nucleic acid structures on substrate surfaces, (b) incorporation of biologically active molecules (BAM) into such systems, and (c) biological characteristics of the resulting surfacesin vitroandin vivo. Sterilizations issues, important for potential clinical applications, are also considered.
Regulation of primary microRNA processing
Authors: Creugny Antoine , Fender Aurélie , Pfeffer Sébastien
Published: April 2018

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are evolutionarily conserved small regulatory RNAs that participate in the adjustment of many, if not all, fundamental biological processes. Molecular mechanisms involved in miRNA biogenesis and mode of action have been elucidated in the past two decades. Similar to many cellular pathways, miRNA processing and function can be globally or specifically regulated at several levels and by numerous proteins and RNAs. Given their role as fine‐tuning molecules, it is essential for miRNA expression to be tightly regulated in order to maintain cellular homeostasis. Here, we review our current knowledge of the first step of their maturation occurring in the nucleus and how it can be specifically and dynamically modulated.
SHS in Ni/Al Nanofoils: A Review of Experiments and Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Baras Florence , Turlo Vladyslav , Politano Olivier , Vadchenko Sergey Georgievich , Rogachev Alexander Sergeevich , Mukasyan Alexander Sergeevich
Published: April 2018

Non‐isothermal processes in nanometric metallic multilayers are reviewed, both experimentally and theoretically. The Ni/Al nanofoil is considered as a model system. On the one hand, the experimental methods of elaboration and analysis are presented and, on the other hand, the modeling approach at the macroscopic and atomic scale. The basic experimental features are reported together with recent achievements. Molecular dynamics investigation of the reactivity of Ni/Al systems is reported for bulk systems and nanosystems including nanoparticles, nanowires, nanofilms, and multilayers. The focus is on atomic‐scale modeling versus experiments. Molecular dynamics approaches allow us to elucidate the mechanisms of non‐isothermal processes occurring in nanoscale systems, such as phase transformations and self‐propagation reactions.
Atomic and Molecular Layer Deposition of Hybrid Mo–Thiolate Thin Films with Enhanced Catalytic Activity
Authors: MacIsaac Callisto , Schneider Joel R. , Closser Richard G. , Hellstern Thomas R. , Bergsman David S. , Park Joonsuk , Liu Yunzhi , Sinclair Robert , Bent Stacey F.
Published: April 2018

A synthetic route toward hybrid MoS2‐based materials that combines the 2D bonding of MoS2 with 3D networking of aliphatic carbon chains is devised, leading to a film with enhanced electrocatalytic activity. The hybrid inorganic–organic thin films are synthesized by combining atomic layer deposition (ALD) with molecular layer deposition (MLD) using the precursors molybdenum hexacarbonyl and 1,2‐ethanedithiol and characterized by in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and the resultant material properties are probed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and grazing incidence X‐ray diffraction. The process exhibits a growth rate of 1.3 Å per cycle, with an ALD/MLD temperature window of 155–175 °C. The hybrid films are moderately stable for about a week in ambient conditions, smooth (σRMS ≈ 5 Å for films 60 Å thick) and uniform, with densities ranging from 2.2–2.5 g cm−3. The material is both optically transparent and catalytically active for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), with an overpotential (294 mV at −10 mA cm−2) superior to that of planar MoS2. The enhancement in catalytic activity is attributed to the incorporation of organic chains into MoS2, which induces a morphological change during electrochemical testing that increases surface area and yields high activity HER catalysts without the need for deliberate nanostructuring.
Stable Cycling of Phosphorus Anode for Sodium‐Ion Batteries through Chemical Bonding with Sulfurized Polyacrylonitrile
Authors: Hu Ye , Li Bing , Jiao Xingxing , Zhang Chaofan , Dai Xiaohan , Song Jiangxuan
Published: April 2018

Sodium‐ion batteries are attracting increasing interests as a promising alternative to lithium‐ion batteries due to the abundant resource and low cost of sodium. Despite phosphorus (P) has extremely high theoretical capacity of 2595 mAh g−1, its wide application for sodium‐ion battery is highly hampered by its fast capacity fading and low Coulombic efficiency as a result of large volume change upon cycling. Herein, a robust phosphorus anode with long cycle life for sodium‐ion battery via hybridization with functional conductive polymer is presented. To this end, the polyacrylonitrile is first dehydrogenated by sulfur via a facile thermal treatment, forming a conductive main chain embedded with C–S–S moieties. This functional conductive polymer enables the formation of PS bonds between phosphorus and functional conductive matrix, leading to a robust electrode that can accommodate the large volume change upon substantial volume change in cycling. Consequently, this hybrid anode delivers a high capacity of ≈1300 mAh g−1 at a current density of 520 mA g−1 with high Coulombic efficiency (>99%) and good cycling performance (91% capacity retention after 100 cycles).