bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accounting for Purposive Social Action
Authors: Bloom Nick
Published: July 2018

This paper articulates a sociological approach to analyzing individual choices. I discuss sociological roadblocks to economic thinking, namely disagreements about preference formation, social influence, and the importance of group-level phenomena. I show that these ideas can be integrated into an individual choice modeling approach based on the assumption that individuals maximize the "morality" or "rightness" of a choice in a particular context, rather than its rational utility. I suggest that scholars place explicit constraints on the analysis itself, rather than on the cognition of the actors being analyzed, which allows for truly scientific, endogenous models of individual choice that maintain analytical rigor. I conclude by elaborating several tools for methodological implementation of the model.
How Ideology Has Hindered Sociological Insight
Authors: Martin Chris C.
Published: July 2018

American sociology has consistently leaned toward the political Left. Thisideological skew hinders sociological insight in three ways. First, thescope of research projects is constrained: sociologists are discouragedfrom touching on taboo topics and ideologically unpalatable facts. Second,the data used in sociological research have been limited. Sociologistsneglect data that portray conservatives positively and liberals negatively.Data are also truncated to hide facts that subvert a liberal narrative.Third, the empathic understanding of non-liberal ideologies is inhibited.Sociologists sometimes develop the erroneous belief that they understandalternative ideologies, and they fail to explore non-liberal ways offraming sociological knowledge. Some counterarguments may be raised againstthese theses, and I address such counterarguments.
Crowdsourcing the Policy Cycle
Authors: Prpić John
Published: July 2018

Crowdsourcing is beginning to be used for policymaking. The “wisdom of crowds” [Surowiecki 2005], and crowdsourcing [Brabham 2008], are seen as new avenues that can shape all kinds of policy, from transportation policy [Nash 2009] to urban planning [Seltzer and Mahmoudi 2013], to climate policy (http://climatecolab.org). In general, many have high expectations for positive outcomes with crowdsourcing, and based on both anecdotal and empirical evidence, some of these expectations seem justified [Majchrzak and Malhotra 2013]. Yet, to our knowledge, research has yet to emerge that unpacks the different forms of crowdsourcing in light of each stage of the well established policy cycle. This work addresses this research gap, and in doing so brings increased nuance to the application of crowdsourcing techniques for policymaking.Prpić, J., Taeihagh, A., & Melton, J. (2014). Crowdsourcing the Policy Cycle. Collective Intelligence 2014, MIT Center for Collective Intelligence.
Marriageable Us and Undesirable Them: Asian Immigrants’ Marital Boundaries and the American Racial Divide
Authors: Cheng Yuching
Published: July 2018

A growing number of intermarriage researchers are investigating parental influences on their children’s marital relationships, but no one has yet examined the effect of the intermarriage statuses of immigrant parents. In this paper I look at how Asian immigrant parents’ own marital decisions shape their understanding of their children’s marriageability and race in the U.S. I introduce an analytical framework that I call ‘marital boundary-making’ to show how differences between ‘marriageable us’ and ‘undesirable them’ are perceived by individuals in different family positions. I use data from 35 interviews with Taiwan-origin immigrant parents residing in San Diego to show how structural assimilation does not necessarily lead to white desirability, even among immigrants who have collectively achieved high socioeconomic status. I found that while the intermarried parents described a color-blind type of marital boundary that plays down race, the coethnic parents expressed a preference hierarchy with Taiwanese at the top. Neither group expressed a strong preference for whites. Further, even though the parents’ marriageable perceptions were inconsistent, their undesirable interpretations were identical—evidence of a black/non-black racial divide. The findings challenge the assumption commonly found in immigration studies that intermarriage with whites represents a form of social mobility.
The Ethnic Dimensions in Social Movements
Authors: Oliver Pamela Elaine
Published: July 2018

This paper draws on work in the social construction of race and ethnicity to explain why race/ethnic divisions are so often axes of domination and why these divisions are central to social movements. (1) Ethnic/racial groups are constructed in political processes that are tied to state formation and social movements. Many states (including the United States) have an ethnic/racial bias or footprint in their construction. Ethnic/racial groups that are numerical majorities have an advantage in determining state policies and state actions that advantage dominant groups over subordinate groups, create chains of interrelations that amplify differences in power and privilege, and take actions to prohibit or prevent reparations or redress for these past actions. (2) Network isolation and intergenerational transmission interact with structures of domination to reproduce domination over time. “Ethnicity” matters when ethnic boundaries are relatively sharp, consequential, and highly correlated with domination structures and social networks. Strong “ethnic” boundaries tend to divide societies into majorities and minorities. (3) Dominant groups develop and reproduce cultures of domination that include both hostile and benign paternalistic relations with other groups. Subordinate groups develop and reproduce cultures that intermingle opposition and submission. Collective identities are both imposed from without by the actions of others and asserted from within. Identities and cultural practices are developed collectively within social networks and influenced by the actions and speech of political actors, including social movements. (4) Regardless of whether their goals are group-oriented or issue-oriented, all movements in an ethnically-divided or ethnically-hierarchical society have an “ethnic” dimension in the sense that they draw from or map onto one or more ethnic groups. Movements arising from privileged “ethnic” majorities have different dynamics from movements by disadvantaged “ethnic” minorities or mixed-ethnic movements. Processes of group formation derived from theories of the social construction of ethnicity illuminate other movement-relevant group formation processes, including class formation and political subcultures. Lying at the intersection of the sociology of social movements and the sociology of race and ethnicity, the “ethnic” dimensions are revealed as a lens for understanding the general problems of group and identity formation and collective mobilization that lie at the heart of both areas.Presented at the 2016 meeting of the American Sociological Association. NOTE: The uploaded version is now a preprint of the 2017 published version, which is a substantial revision of the 2016 ASA version.
Small-scale agriculture as a way to achieve food sovereignty and environmental justice
Authors: Montaña Mercedes Oviedo
Published: July 2018

The purpose of this essay is to analyze the ecoregion of Chaco-Formosa in Argentina from the beginnings of the XIX Century to the present. This ecoregion is one of the most damaged in Argentina due to several reasons: first, the lack of public investment that promotes and defends the benefits of small-scale agriculture and organic farming; second, the high rates of poverty, undernutrition, child labour, endemic diseases and cancer (caused by the chemicals that are needed for the effectiveness of the GMOs used in the extensive farming). We need to arrange public investment in small-scale agriculture in order to ensure food sustenance for the many families that are in the same situation; we also need to protect their natural right to be the owners of the land and to promote a productive system based on inclusion and development. According to biotechnological companies, their technology is more effective and they do not need so many people working on farms. However, the so-called benefit of this technology is fostering a deeper productive dependence of developed countries, fewer and richer landowners, soil contamination and water pollution and the destruction of the biodiversity of the region.
Courts and the Patent System
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

Innovation and patent law work differently in different industries. To somedegree, the courts’ interpretations of patent and trademark law accommodatethose differences. It is not much of an exaggeration to say that the patentsystem must bend or break: a patent system that is not flexible enough toaccount for these industry differences is unlikely to survive, let alongaccomplish its stated goals. We believe the system has the flexibility todo both, but this will require the courts to better recognize and use thepolicy levers they have been given.
Journal of the History of Economic Thought Preprints - Review of Antonio De Viti De Marco: A Story Worth Remembering
Authors: Emmett Ross
Published: July 2018

Review of a multi-media historical project to re-tell the story of Antonio De Viti De Marco, the Italian public finance theorist and political economist. The book and accompanying online resources, including a video, provide a richly textured story of De Viti De Marco's life and work.
Understanding Cities through Networks and Flows
Authors: Boeing Geoff
Published: July 2018

Complexity theory has become a popular frame for conceptualizing and analyzing cities. The theory proposes that certain large systems are characterized by the nonlinear, dynamic interactions of their many constituent parts. These systems then behave in novel and unpredictable ways—ways that cannot be divined by examining the components of the system. Complexity theory problematizes traditional reductionist, linear methods of scientifically analyzing and predicting cities. It also opens up a new world of scholarship to researchers keen to formulate new kinds of sciences that take complexity into account. These attempts usually follow Kuhn’s theory of paradigm shifts: new evidence and modes of thinking undermine an established science, and a new science emerges to replace it.
Antecedents of organizational commitment among faculty: an exploratory study
Authors: Lovakov Andrey
Published: July 2018

Faculty are the main asset of a university and determine its success. The attitudes of faculty toward their institution play an especially important role in the academic profession. This study examines the specific antecedents of affective, normative and continuance commitment of faculty to their university. This study is an online survey of 317 faculty of Russian higher education institutions. The results of the regression analysis showed that being an undergraduate inbred (ie, working at the university from which one graduated) predicted affective and normative commitment toward the university, while having a post at another higher education institution predicted only affective commitment. Also, faculty who work at several universities have lower levels of emotional attachment to the primary university.
Universal Economic Plan Based Law Constitutions of Kingdom and Nations
Authors: Kavak Mesut
Published: July 2018

In this work, touched on some social issues whatever the result, and a raising awareness was aimed by some new technological upgrades for the vital infrastructures of states, social order and economic plans. The main aim is one world order which has no king and accepts nations as local governance as a requirement of hierarchical order. It is completely based on economic benefits of all nations as there is no alternative to establish a healthy economic order as economic management is directly related with laws. As the important is a law exists or not, or is just or not for justice, also it encourages to develop organic laws in state institutions as it recognizes any state institution as autonomous. No state has this constitution. This work is only an offer. This building is a building which is actually dependent of economy, counts states of the world as local governances as a requirement of one world order; does not stipulate working and military service; promises that no charge for houses, energy, education, judgment, security, health care, public transport, marriage; promises removing armies limited manner, removing nuclear weapons and establishing in space but the special conditions.
À quoi s’intéressent les enseignants dans les exemples en formation ? Étude de l’utilisation par des stagiaires de ressources basées sur la vidéo
Authors: Flandin Simon
Published: July 2018

Cet article rend compte d’une étude de cas en vidéoformation des enseignants. Considérant le fait que l’exemplification vidéo est une pratique en plein essor bien qu’il y ait peu de consensus dans la littérature concernant sa scénarisation pédagogique, il paraît pertinent de s’intéresser à l’activité déployée par les enseignants dans les dispositifs afin d’en identifier les caractéristiques prometteuses (nature des exemples, types d’association entre eux, modes de documentation, organisation et scénarisation, etc.). Menée dans la théorie sémiologique du cours d’action (Theureau, 2006), notre étude a consisté à confronter six stagiaires, durant deux sessions de 45 minutes, à un dispositif numérique basé sur une pédagogie des trajectoires professionnelles typiques (Durand, 2014 ; Ria & Leblanc, 2011). L’objectif était de mieux comprendre leur utilisation des exemplifications vidéos et les significations qu’elle fait émerger. Les résultats indiquent que les enseignants stagiaires ciblent préférentiellement les ressources relatives aux « règles économiques » ; privilégient les situations de classe, toujours consultées ; s’intéressent particulièrement (même s’ils sont parfois déçus) aux témoignages d’experts ; manifestent initialement une défiance envers les ressources perçues a priori comme théoriques ; s’intéressent progressivement à ces ressources lors de la seconde session. Les résultats sont discutés dans une perspective de conception de dispositifs de vidéoformation des enseignants.
Alternative denominators in transport crime rates
Authors: Solymosi Reka , Ashby Matthew P J , Cohen Tom , Sidebottom Aiden
Published: July 2018

Ensuring passenger security on mass transit is vital for modern cities. Failure to do so may jeopardize the societal, environmental and health benefits of public transportation. One challenge with securing transit environments comes from the difficulty of accurately estimating the risk of criminal victimization at various nodes, particularly with respect to the choice of denominator that most reliably captures variations in the number of opportunities for different crime types. In this paper, we draw on open-source data as denominators for calculating the risk of violent crime on London Underground. We argue that denominator choice can depend on the ease of availability, accuracy and applicability of the data required, and demonstrate how the choice of denominator significantly affects estimations of crime risk. We make recommendations for research, policy and practice in denominator choice, and finally integrate the results to develop a taxonomy of London Underground stations based on their risk profiles across all measures.
Bounded Authority: Expanding ‘Appropriate’ Police Behavior Beyond Procedural Justice
Authors: Trinkner Rick , Jackson Jonathan , Tyler Tom
Published: July 2018

This paper expands previous conceptualizations of appropriate police behavior beyond procedural justice. The focus of the current study is on the notion of bounded authority – i.e. acting within the limits of one’s rightful authority. According to work on legal socialization, US citizens come to acquire three dimensions of values that determine how authorities ought to behave: (a) neutral, consistent and transparent decision-making; (b) interpersonal treatment that conveys respect, dignity and concern; and (c) respecting the limits of one’s rightful power. Using survey data from a nationally representative sample of US adults, we show that concerns over bounded authority, respectful treatment, and neutral decision-making combine to form a strong predictor of police and legal legitimacy. We also find that legal legitimacy is associated with greater compliance behavior, controlling for personal morality and perceived likelihood of sanctions. We discuss the implications of a boundary perspective with respect to ongoing debates over the appropriate scope of police power and the utility of concentrated police activities. We also highlight the need for further research specifically focused on the psychological mechanisms underlying the formation of boundaries and why they shape the legitimacy of the police and law.
Landfills – territorial issues of cities from North-East Region, Romania
Authors: MIHAI Florin Constantin
Published: July 2018

Landfilling prevails in waste management options in Romania like others newEU members, being contrary to the concept of waste hierarchy promoted inrecent years by EC. Waste disposal is done usually in non-compliantlandfills and Government established a program to close these sites. Thispaper aims to analyse the transition from traditional waste managementsystems to an integrated system at national, regional and local scale.Assessment of landfills location based on buffer analysis (using GIStechniques) is made according to the proximity of five critical factors(CF) such as residential area, industry & commercial units, agriculturallands, rivers & lakes, forest and protected areas, all these factors beingsensitive to pollution. Thus, most of these old sites are badly orimproperly located related to surroundings and only a few have anacceptable location in the study area! Therefore, the proposed method canbe a necessary tool in EIA studies of these environmental threats at theregional scale.
Regional Security Institutions and Weak States: The Case of Post-Conflict Somalia and the Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD)
Authors: Farole Safia
Published: July 2018

How do weak states in conflict-prone regions of the world manage crisis? This article applies a theory of international organizations as a framework to analyze how states in East Africa cooperated to address the problems associated with state collapse in Somalia. Based on a case study of the Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD), the study identifies unique factors for why weak states act through security organizations by focusing on the role of changing norms and structural factors. Finally, the article pinpoints factors that undermine the IGAD’s ability to live up to its full potential, and offers potential policy remedies.
Law as a Network Standard
Authors: Burk Dan
Published: July 2018

The problem of global information flows via computer networks can be conceived and understood as raising issues of competition, interoperability, and standard-setting parallel to those in analysis of technical standards. Uniform standards, whether technical or legal, give rise to a constellation of positive and negative network effects. As a global network based upon the "end to end" principle of interoperability, the Internet mediates between different, otherwise incompatible computing platforms. But to the extent that law and technological "code" may act as substitutes in shaping human behavior, the Internet similarly mediates between different, otherwise incompatible legal platforms. Much of the legal and social controversy surrounding the Internet stems from the interconnection of such incompatible legal systems. As with technical systems, problems of incompatibility may be addressed by the adoption of uniform legal standards. This, however, raises legal standard-setting problems similar to those seen in technical standard-setting, where the standard may be "tipped" in favor of dominant producers. In particular, if law is considered a social product, the benefits of interjurisdictional competition and diversity may be lost as a single uniform legal standard dominates the market for law.
Ex Ante Versus Ex Post Justifications for Intellectual Property
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

The traditional theory of IP is that the prospect of future reward providesan ex ante incentive to innovate. An increasingly common justification forlonger and more powerful IP rights is ex post - that IP will be "managed"most efficiently if control is consolidated in a single owner. Thisargument is made, for example, in the prospect and rent dissipationliterature in patent law, in justifications for expansive rights ofpublicity, and in defense of the Bono Copyright Term Extension Act. Takento an extreme, this argument justifies perpetual protection with no realexceptions. Those who rely on this theory take the idea of IP as "property"too seriously, and reason that since individual pieces of property areperpetually managed, IP should be too. But IP isn't just like realproperty; indeed, it gives IP owners control over what others do with theirreal property. The ex post justification is strikingly anti-market. Wewould never say today that the market for paper clips would be "efficientlymanaged" if put into the hands of a single firm. We rely on competition todo that for us. But that is exactly what the ex post theory would do.In this paper, I explore the sub rosa development of this ex post theory ofIP. I argue that the basis for continued control is the assumption that thevalue of IP rights will be dissipated if they are used too much. Thisargument is fundamentally at odds with the public goods nature ofinformation. It stems from a particular sort of myopia about privateordering, in which actions by individual private firms are presumed to beideal and the traditional role of the market in disciplining errant firmsis ignored.
The Efficiency of Subjective Well-being: a Key of Latin American Development
Authors: Beytía Pablo
Published: July 2018

This chapter compares the development of Latin American countries with that of traditionally developed nations, based on several international indicators of well-being and sustainability that have emerged in the last decade. It is argued that in Latin America there is a specific type of development, which could be understood as an alternative path to the traditional model of social progress. The key to understand this type of development would be "the efficiency of subjective well-being": people get high happiness and life satisfaction with lower economic, state and environmental costs than in traditionally developed countries. It is suggested that the cohesion and quality of family ties is a key factor to explain this particular form of development: in Latin America the family has a relevant role in social security and at the same time would be important to explain the outstanding levels of subjective well-being.
The Surprising Resilience of the Patent System
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

The patent system seems in the midst of truly dramatic change. The lasttwenty years have seen the rise of a new business model – the patent troll– that grew to become a majority of all patent lawsuits. They have seen asignificant expansion in the number of patents granted and a fundamentalchange in the industries in which those patents are filed. They have seenthe passage of the most important legislative reform in the last sixtyyears, a law that reoriented legal challenges to patents away from courtsand toward the Patent and Trademark Office (PTO). And they have seenremarkable changes in nearly every important legal doctrine, from patenteligibility to obviousness to infringement to remedies.These changes have prompted alarm in a number of quarters. From the 1990sto the 2000s, as the number of patents and patent troll suits skyrocketed,technology companies and academics worried about the “crisis” in the patentsystem – a crisis of overprotection that might interfere with rather thanpromote innovation. By 2015, as patent reform took effect and the SupremeCourt undid many of the Federal Circuit’s expansions of patent rights, itwas patent owners who were speaking of a crisis in the patent system – acrisis of underprotection that might leave innovators without adequateprotection. Depending on one’s perspective, then, the sky seems to havebeen falling on the patent system for some time.Despite the undeniable significance of these changes in both directions,something curious has happened to the fundamental characteristics of thepatent ecosystem during this period: very little. Whether we look at thenumber of patent applications filed, the number of patents issued, thenumber of lawsuits filed, the patentee win rate in those lawsuits, or themarket for patent licenses, the data show very little evidence that patentowners and challengers are behaving differently because of changes in thelaw. The patent system, then, seems surprisingly resilient to changes inthe law. This is a puzzle. In this article, I document this phenomenon andgive some thought to why the fundamental characteristics of the patentsystem seem resistant to even major changes in patent law and procedure.The results pose some profound questions not only for efforts at patentreform but for the role of the patent system in society as a whole.
Future access to essential services in a growing smart city: The case of Surrey, British Columbia
Authors: Mayaud Jerome , Tran Martino , Pereira Rafael H. M. , Nuttall Rohan
Published: July 2018

The concept of accessibility – the ease with which people can reach places or opportunities –lies at the heart of what makes cities livable, workable and sustainable. As urban populations shift over time, predicting the changes to accessibility demand for certain services becomes crucial for responsible and ‘smart’ urban planning and infrastructure investment. In this study, we investigate how projected population change could affect accessibility to essential services in the City of Surrey, one of the fastest growing cities in Canada. Our objectives are two-fold: first, to quantify the additional pressure that Surrey’s growing population will have on existing facilities; second, to investigate how changes in the spatial distribution of different age and income groups will impact accessibility equity across the city. We evaluated accessibility levels to healthcare facilities and schools across Surrey’s multimodal transport network using origin-destination matrices, and combined this information with high-resolution longitudinal census data. Paying close attention to two vulnerable population groups – children and youth (0–19 years of age) and seniors (65+ years of age) – we analyzed shifts in accessibility demand from 2016 to 2022. The results show that population growth both within and outside the catchments of existing facilities will have varying implications for future accessibility demand in different areas of the city. By 2022, the city’s hospitals and walk-in clinics will be accessible to ~9,000 and ~124,000 more people (respectively) within a predefined threshold of 30 minutes by public transport. Schools will also face increased demand, as ~8,000 additional children/youth in 2022 will move to areas with access to at least half of the city’s schools. Conversely, over 27,000 more people – almost half of them seniors – will not be able to access a hospital in under 30 minutes by 2022. Since low-income and senior residents moving into poorly connected areas tend to be more reliant on public transport, accessibility equity may decline in some rural communities. Our study highlights how open-source data and code can be leveraged to conduct in-depth analysis of accessibility demand across a city, which is key for ensuring inclusive and ‘smart’ urban investment strategies.
Spatial Interdependence and Instrumental Variable Models
Authors: Betz Timm , Cook Scott J , Hollenbach Florian M
Published: July 2018

Instrumental variable (IV) methods are widely used to address endogeneity concerns in re- search using observational data. Yet, a specific kind of endogeneity – spatial interdependence – is regularly ignored in this research, threatening claims of causal identification. We show that ignoring spatial interdependence results in asymptotically biased estimates, even when in- struments are randomly assigned. The extent of this bias increases when the instrument is also spatially distributed, which is the case for most widely-used instruments (such as rainfall, nat- ural disasters, economic shocks, regionally- or globally-weighted averages, etc.). We demon- strate the extent of these biases both analytically and via Monte Carlo simulation. Finally, we discuss a simple estimation strategy that can be employed to recover consistent estimates of the desired effects.
Interpretation at the Controller’s Edge: Designing Graphical User Interfaces for the digital publication of the excavations at Gabii (Italy)
Authors: Opitz Rachel , Johnson Tyler
Published: July 2018

This paper discusses the authors’ approach to designing an interface for the Gabii Project’s digital volumes that attempts to fuse elements of traditional synthetic publications and site reports with rich digital datasets. Archaeology, and classical archaeology in particular, has long engaged with questions of the formation and lived experience of towns and cities. Such studies might draw on evidence of local topography, the arrangement of the built environment, and the placement of architectural details, monuments and inscriptions (e.g. Johnson and Millett 2012). Fundamental to the continued development of these studies is the growing body of evidence emerging from new excavations. Digital techniques for recording evidence “on the ground,” notably SFM (structure from motion aka close range photogrammetry) for the creation of detailed 3D models and for scene-level modeling in 3D have advanced rapidly in recent years. These parallel developments have opened the door for approaches to the study of the creation and experience of urban space driven by a combination of scene-level reconstruction models (van Roode et al. 2012, Paliou et al. 2011, Paliou 2013) explicitly combined with detailed SFM or scanning based 3D models representing stratigraphic evidence. It is essential to understand the subtle but crucial impact of the design of the user interface on the interpretation of these models. In this paper we focus on the impact of design choices for the user interface, and make connections between design choices and the broader discourse in archaeological theory surrounding the practice of the creation and consumption of archaeological knowledge. As a case in point we take the prototype interface being developed within the Gabii Project for the publication of the Tincu House. In discussing our own evolving practices in engagement with the archaeological record created at Gabii, we highlight some of the challenges of undertaking theoretically-situated user interface design, and their implications for the publication and study of archaeological materials.
SODEPAX. La pace come argomento di dialogo ecumenico nel gruppo di lavoro Cattolico - Consiglio ecumenico delle chiese
Authors: Orselli Elia
Published: July 2018

SODEPAX (Society Development Peace) was a joint workgroup between the World Council of Churches (Geneva) and the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace created in 1968 and closed in 1980. The commission was dedicated to theological investigation of problems of peace and development. This essay investigates the birth of the commission and the only consultation about peace, which took place in Baden in 1970.
Negative Emotions, Income, and Welfare: Causal Estimates from the PSID
Authors: Clingingsmith David
Published: July 2018

I use instrumental variables to estimate the causal effect of family income on the frequency with which individuals experience negative emotions. Doubling income reduces the experience of negative emotions by 0.26 SD on average. Percentage changes in income have a constant effect on negative emotion for family incomes below $80,000. Above $80,000, the effect of percentage changes declines, reaching zero at $200,000. A dollar change in family income has an eight times larger effect at the 20th percentile of income than the 80th percentile. Effects of income are similar on the high levels of negative emotion characteristic of mental illness, except there is no satiation.
Investigating Sanction of the Conditions in the Settlement Contract with Regard to Registration of Deeds and Real Estate
Authors: Narimisa Afsaneh , Entezari Alireza
Published: July 2018

Considering that Articles 47 and 48 of the Registration Law have stated that registration of the document of settlement contract is obligatory and its sanction is the non-acceptability of unofficial documents in courts and departments. However, it must be said that these articles do not declare the invalidity of normal documents absolutely, but the meaning of the non-acceptability of such documents is that they cannot be referred to in relation to third parties, while such documents are valid and authentic for the parties to the contract, and because of the fact that the document is a normal contract, the parties to the contract cannot refuse to fulfill their commitment and execute the contract by the excuse that such documents must have been registered in accordance with the law. Therefore, referring to ordinary settlement agreement, the grantee cannot claim the propriety of some property against persons other than grantor, but in the case of denial of the occurrence of a transaction between the parties to the settlement, the beneficiary can refer to the ordinary document of that transaction to prove the occurrence of the transaction between themself and the other person, and such a reference is reviewable by the court. In addition to that the grantor and grantee can refer to ordinary document and any provable evidence in their controversy and dispute about the settlement subject and prove the occurrence of settlement, the grantee can bring an action against the grantor and obligate them to arrange an official settlement document by proving the settlement and by invoking to Article 220 of the Civil Code, because according to the mentioned article, transactors are not only committed to what is stated in the contract, but are also committed to all the results of the contract in accordance with customs or law. However, if a dispute occurs between the grantee and a third party about the settlement subject and an action is brought, then if the grantee presents the ordinary settlement document to prove their ownership, the court according to the Registration Law will not consider that document effective, and the grantee may even be convicted against the third party. The settlement is not correct if its provisions arecontrary to the law, order and the general rules, and if the settlement document arranged in a notary office has a substantive, procedural or legal problem then the competent legal authorities such as the High Council of Registry investigate the issue and the provisions applicable will be issued.
An Examination of Time-Use and Transportation Barriers to On-Campus Participation of University Students
Authors: Allen Jeff , Farber Steven
Published: July 2018

Success in postsecondary education is related to the amount of time spent on campus. The more often students attend class and access on-campus learning resources, the better their grades and the lower their dropout rates. Despite the importance of on-campus participation in student outcomes, some students living in large cities face tremendous transportation and time-use barriers that make it difficult to spend more time on campus. Accordingly, the objective of our project is to examine the mobility factors that prevent students from attending their campuses in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). Specifically, we examine student disparities in barriers to participate based on where they live, their mobility options, as well as the time constraints of their daily activity patterns (e.g. part time work). Data for our project is drawn from a 1-day travel survey of students across seven university campuses in the GTA. This is augmented with computationally derived transport accessibility factors. Multivariate logistic regression models are then employed to uncover the mobility-related determinants for a) if students feel commuting discourages them from travelling to campus; b) if students pick courses based on their commute; c) if commuting discourages students from participating in university organized activities; and d) how many days per week a student visits campus. The results of these models fuel a discussion of how to limit mobility-related barriers to postsecondary student participation.
IDEOLOGIES OF LANGUAGE AT HIPPO FAMILY CLUB (preprint)
Authors: Nilep Chad
Published: July 2018

preprint version ofNilep, Chad. 2015. Ideologies of Language at Hippo Family Club. Pragmatics 25, 2: 205-227.Ethnographic study of Hippo Family Club, a foreign language learning club in Japan with chapters elsewhere, reveals a critique of foreign language teaching in Japanese schools and in the commercial English conversation industry. Club members contrast their own learning methods, which they view as “natural language acquisition”, with the formal study of grammar, which they see as uninteresting and ineffective. Rather than evaluating either the Hippo approach to learning or the teaching methods they criticize, however, this paper considers the ways of thinking about language that club members come to share. Members view the club as a transnational organization that transcends the boundaries of the nation-state. Language learning connects the club members to a cosmopolitan world beyond the club, even before they interact with speakers of the languages they are learning. The analysis of club members’ ideologies of language and language learning illuminates not only the pragmatics of language use, but practices and outcomes of socialization and shared social structures.
Honey I Shrunk The Space Settlement! Dunbar’s Number & Radical Politics in Space
Authors: Genovese Taylor R.
Published: July 2018

Some of my ideas about speculative, consensus-based (anti-)governance in space habitats.In: Astrosociological Insights 5 (1): 19–22.
Pragmatic Play? Some Possible Functions of English Emoticons and Japanese Kaomoji in Computer-Mediated Discourse
Authors: Markman Kris M , Oshima Sae
Published: July 2018

This study compares emoticon usage in English with thetext-based Japanese version, kaomoji ("face-marks"). We analyze a corpus of CMD drawn from English andJapanese sources at the micro-level using an approach modeled on Conversation Analysis. Japanese kaomoji were chosen because they are an understudied phenomenon in the CMD research and because they vary quite dramatically from English emoticons, in both their construction and in their variety (Katsuno & Yano, 2002; Nishimura, 2003). Overall, we found that emoticons and kaomoji serve primarily as punctuating devices within text-based conversations. As such, they clarify the structure of messages, generally by appearing at the close of phrases, sentences, or messages.
The Mastery Rubric: A tool for curriculum development and evaluation in higher, graduate/post-graduate, and professional education.
Authors: Tractenberg Rochelle E.
Published: July 2018

A Mastery Rubric is a curriculum development and evaluation tool – for higher, graduate and professional, and post-graduate education. It brings structure to a curriculum by specifying the desired knowledge, skills and abilities (KSAs) that the curriculum will provide, together with performance levels that characterize the learner, on each KSA, as the individual moves through stages of development. This tool unites a developmental implementation of Bloom’s taxonomy with curriculum objectives, to move learners along the articulated path from novice towards independence and expertise with built-in features of psychometric assessment validity. This tool promotes development in the target KSAs as well as assessment that demonstrates this development, and encourages reflection and self-monitoring by learners and instructors throughout individual courses and the entire curriculum. A Mastery Rubric represents flexible, criterion-referenced, definitions of “success” for both individuals and the program itself, promoting alignment between the intended and the actual curricula, and fosters the generation of actionable evidence for learners, instructors, and institutions. These properties are described through the seven examples that have been completed to date. The methods that are used to create a Mastery Rubric highlight the theoretical and practical features; the effort required; as well as potential benefits to learners, instructors, and the institution.
The impact of political cleavages, religiosity, and values on attitudes towards nonprofit organizations
Authors: Kovic Marko , Hänsli Nina
Published: July 2018

Individual, micro-level attitudes towards nonprofit organizations (NPOs) can have many potential determinants. In this study, we explore the impact of three categories of potential determinants of attitudes towards NPOs: Political cleavages (the cultural integration vs. demarcation cleavage and the economic integration vs. demarcation cleavage); religiosity and spirituality; and values (the survival vs. self-expression value dimension). Based on a representative survey in Switzerland, we estimate the impact of those factors for five different attitudinal dimensions and six different NPO types. The Bayesian model estimates show that all three categories of determinants have small to moderate impact. The effects of religiosity, spirituality, the self-expression value dimension, and of economic integration are generally positive. The effects of the survival value dimension and of cultural demarcation are generally negative, with the exception of the NPO type of professional associations.
Evidence for a Power Theory of Personal Income Distribution
Authors: Fix Blair
Published: July 2018

This paper proposes a new 'power theory' of personal income distribution. Contrary to the standard assumption that income is proportional to productivity, I hypothesize that income is most strongly determined by social power, as indicated by one's position within an institutional hierarchy. While many theorists have proposed a connection between personal income and power, this paper is the first to quantify this relation. I propose that power can be quantified in terms of the number of subordinates below one's position in a hierarchy. Using this definition, I find that relative income within firms scales strongly with hierarchical power. I also find that hierarchical power has a stronger effect on income than any other factor for which data is available. I conclude that this is evidence for a power theory of personal income distribution.
Prepare versus Repair? Combining parental leave and family allowances for social investment against single-parent poverty
Authors: Nieuwenhuis Rense , Maldonado Laurie C.
Published: July 2018

Social investment is an emerging paradigm for European welfare states, often described as an abandonment of tax-benefit systems with generous income ‘transfers’ in favour of ‘in-kind’ policies and services.The position of single-parent families directly relates to one of the major critiques of the social investment strategy. Despite efforts to improve employment and make work pay to prevent poverty, European welfare states have witnessed disappointing trends in poverty (Vandenbroucke and Vleminckx, 2011). Cantillon (2011) argued that social investment policies are better suited for work-rich households than work- poor households at the bottom of the income distribution. is critique begs the empirical question whether a transition to ‘in kind’ social investment policies can be sufficiently effective in improving employment to protect households against poverty, or that reducing transfers has rendered tax-benefit systems inadequate (cf. Nelson, 2011). We examine this in this article, focusing on family policies. Specifically, we assess whether social investment (reconciliation policies) is a more effective strategy than social protection (family allowances) for single-parent families.
How Experts Can, and Can’t, Change Policy: Economics, Antitrust, and the Linked Evolution of the Academic and Policy Fields
Authors: Berman Elizabeth Popp
Published: July 2018

During the 1970s, U.S. antitrust policy shifted dramatically from a high-enforcement position to a laissez-faire¬ one, where it has largely remained. At the same time, economics displaced law as the dominant form of antitrust expertise. While these developments are related, the former cannot be reduced to the latter: the median position in economics itself shifted from high-enforcement to low-enforcement during this period, and by its end was moving back toward more enforcement. To understand the relationship between these changes, this paper conceptualizes academic economics and antitrust policy as linked fields with relative autonomy. Though economics came to play a key role in antitrust policy, its influence was in some ways limited. The academic field was itself shaped, though not determined, by outside political interests. In addition, not all academically influential ideas translated equally well into policy. A wide range of economists shared a commitment to efficiency as the main purpose of antitrust, however, which delegitimized other historical goals of antitrust policy and constrained political possibilities in lasting ways.
Managing the carbon rift: Social metabolism, geoengineering and climate capitalism
Authors: Sapinski Jean Philippe
Published: July 2018

The idea that climate geoengineering could be used in conjunction to reducing greenhouse gas emissions to avoid catastrophic climate change has gained credence in both scientific and policy circles. Because of the inherent uncertainty about the risks involved, debates on the topic abound. Scientists agree that more research is needed on both the potential impacts of geoengineering on humans and ecosystems, and the governance mechanisms that would be the most appropriate for conducting field research and for eventual deployment. Despite an explosion of publications in the last decade or so, properly sociological analysis is still lacking. In this paper, I develop an approach to geoengineering based on metabolic rift theory to consider the broad political economic context in which geoengineering technologies are being developed. I argue first that the eventual recourse to such last resort approaches is a consequence of the ever expanding carbon rift created by capitalism and the growth imperative it entails. Second, we discuss how geoengineering technologies would likely be deployed within the context of the neoliberal climate policy regime that is currently in place and that relies heavily on carbon markets. I outline some of the foreseeable consequences of tying geoengineering to carbon markets on greenhouse gas emissions reduction and on the possibility of exerting democratic control over the technologies themselves.