bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemical changes in unsaturated oils upon aging and subsequent effects on fabric yellowing and soil removal
Authors: Choe Park Eun Kyung , Obendorf S. Kay
Published: January 2007

Aging of unsaturated oily soils on polyester/cotton fabric was explored with oleic acid, triolein and squalene as model soils in terms of the relationship between changes in their chemical structure and fabric appearance. Among the three unsaturated oily soils studied, yellowing was observed only with squalene‐soiled and aged fabric swatches after aging for 2 to 46 wk. The yellow material formed upon aging was not completely removed by laundering or organic solvent extraction. In extraction, the more polar solvents removed more yellow material from the fabric. Radiotracer analysis of labeled oily soils showed that all three soils volatilized from fabric upon aging with their characteristic volatility patterns. The amount volatilized increased with aging time and temperature. Removal of triolein and squalene increased remarkably after aging when applied as single soil. Higher aging temperature (40°C) increased soil removal more dramatically than a lower temperature (21°C). In a mixed soil system, removal of triolein by detergency increased up to 8 wk of aging; a decrease in removal was oberved for a specimen aged from 8 to 26 wk at 21°C. Removal of oleic acid decreased gradually during aging in both single and mixed soil systems. Separation of aged products by thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) revealed that unsaturated oily soils chemically changed into various polar oxidation products that were more easily removed by detergency. Infrared (IR) spectra of the aged oils substantiated the appearance of polar groups, such as O−H, C=O and C−O. Osmium tetroxide treatment proved disappearance of double bonds of unsaturated oils upon aging. The fabric yellowing observed for squalene‐soiled fabric is related to the formation of yellow, polar, resinous material due to rapid oxidation, as evidenced by TLC, IR spectra, volatility pattern and rigidity of aged fabric. Oxidation products of squalene with conjugated C=O groups are proposed as the cause of fabric yellowing upon aging, and a possible mechanism for their formation is proposed.
Influence of surfactants on an extracellular lipase fromPythium ultimum
Authors: Mozaffar Z. , Weete J. D. , Dute R.
Published: January 2007

The activity of an extracellular lipase from the fungusPythium ultimum was studied as a function of emulsion properties, and the amount and type of surfactants used in preparing the emulsions. The highest emulsified globule surface area as a function of surfactant concentration and emulsion stability were in the order taurocholic acid >Triton X‐100>3‐[(3‐cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]‐1‐propanesulfonate (CHAPS). Lipase activity was dependent on both the type and the concentration of surfactant, with taurocholic acid and CHAPS giving tenfold stimulation over the control at 0.1 and 0.8 mM, respectively. The evidence suggests that the influence of surfactant is related more to interaction with the enzyme at the oil‐water interface than to providing greater interfacial surface area.
Fatty acid composition inCuphea seed oils from brazil and nicaragua
Authors: Graham S. A. , Kleiman R.
Published: January 2007

Seed oils ofCuphea are characterized by a diverse assemblage of fatty acid patterns emphasizing short‐ and medium‐chain fatty acids. For this report, seed oils of 19 populations from 14 species were analyzed. Thirteen species are from Brazil and one from Nicaragua. Fatty acid compositions of oils of eight species are reported for the first time. Lauric acid predominates in 10 species, myristic acid in one, and linoleic acid in three. Small amounts of C20:0 and C20:1 are recorded in one species. The major fatty acid for each taxonomic section is consistent with that reported earlier as characteristic of the section. Seed oil compositions of species previously reported from North or Central American populations are comparable to those of the Brazilian populations.
Development of a pilot plant process for the preparation of a soy trypsin inhibitor concentrate
Authors: Baker E. C. , Rackis J. J.
Published: January 2007

A pilot‐plant procedure was developed to prepare a soy trypsin inhibitor (TI) concentrate in sufficient quantities to support a lifetime (2‐yr) feeding trial in which diets containing varying amounts of TI would be fed to rats to assess the physiological effects on the pancreas and other organs. Starting with water dispersions of commercial defatted soy flour, separation of TI (MW<21,500) from non‐TI protein (MW 180,000–350,000) by virtue of their MW difference was attempted using ultrafiltration techniques but was not successful. However, good separation was obtained when selective acid precipitation coupled with “salting in” of the TI with 0.1 N sodium chloride was employed. Low MW components were separated successfully by ultrafiltration using a 1,000 MW cutoff membrane. The final soy TI concentrate obtained by freeze drying exhibited a 9‐fold increase in TI activity.
A comparison of the fatty acids and sterols of seeds of weedy and vegetable species ofAmaranthus spp.
Authors: Fernando Tudor , Bean George
Published: January 2007

The seeds of weedy and vegetable species ofAmaranthus were analyzed for sterols and fatty acids. The major sterol was spinasterol, which ranged from 46 to 54% by weight of the total sterol mixture. Δ−7 stigmasterol occurred in the next higher amount with lesser amounts of Δ−7 ergosterol, stigmasterol and 24‐methylene‐cycloartenol. There was little difference in the sterol composition of the vegetable species compared to the weedy species. The fatty acid compositions of the species were essentially all the same. Linoleic acid was present in the greatest amount, with lesser amounts of oleic, palmitic, stearic, myristic, linolenic, arachidic and lignoceric acids.
Reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration of stillage solubles from dry‐milled corn fractions
Authors: Wu Y. V. , Sexson K. R.
Published: January 2007

Grits, flour, degerminated meal and hominy feed from corn were fermented to make ethyl alcohol. The stillage, remaining after distillation of alcohol, was separated by screening and centrifuging into insoluble and soluble fractions. The stillage solubles contained 0.036 to 0.080% nitrogen and 1.4 to 7.2% total solids. Ultrafiltration (UF) membranes separated stillage solubles into permeate and concentrate fractions. Permeates from stillage solubles accounted for 85 to 95% of the original volume, 44 to 67% of the total solids and 40 to 75% of the total nitrogen. Reverse osmosis (RO) membranes separated the UF permeate into RO permeate and RO concentrate fractions. The RO permeate accounted for 70 to 92% of the original volume, 5 to 15% of the total solids and 5 to 21% of the total nitrogen in the UF permeate. Conductivity of some RO permeate fractions was lower than that of tap water. The combination of UF and RO processing of stillage solubles from corn dry‐milled fractions appears to be an attractive method to recover most of the solids and nitrogen in small volumes of concentrate, and produces a final permeate with a low concentration of solids and nitrogen. The RO permeate may be reused as water, treated further or discharged.
Comparative studies of three solvent mixtures for the extraction of soybean lipids
Authors: Khor H. T. , Chan S. L.
Published: January 2007

Soybean seeds were extracted with chloroform‐methanol (2:1), methylene chloride‐methanol (2:1) and hexane‐isopropanol (3:2) mixtures. The seed lipids were then fractionated by column chromatography. Neutral lipids were further separated by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and quantified by acid charring method. Fatty acid methyl esters were prepared and analyzed by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). Our results show that methylene chloride‐methanol (2:1) was as good as chloroform‐methanol (2:1) for the extraction of soybean lipids, but hexane‐isopropanol (3:2) was somewhat inferior.
Microemulsions with excellent water solubilizing capacity at high hydrocarbon levels with quaternary ammonium salts as surfactants
Authors: Venable Raymond L.
Published: January 2007

In W/O microemulsions prepared by adding dry surfactant to a mixture of 85% heptane or toluene and 15% pentanol, then titrating with water, systems using quaternary ammonium salts have been shown to be capable of solubilizing much larger amounts of water than systems using the anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate. In homologous series in the range C12 to C16 it would appear that, with one exception, longer chain length quaternary salts are more effective at solubilizing water than are shorter chain length compounds. With quaternary salts of equal chain length, pyridinium salts are more effective at solubilizing water at high surfactant concentrations than are corresponding trimethyl salts.
Triterpene alcohols and sterols of Spanish olive oil
Authors: Itoh T. , Yoshida K. , Yatsu T. , Tamura T. , Matsumoto T. , Spencer G. F.
Published: January 2007

Nine Spanish olive oils, including three each of virgin (pressed oil), refined virgin, and B‐residue (solvent‐extracted pomace oil) oils from different commercial sources, have been analyzed for their unsaponifiable matter (USM). Four sterolic fractions separated from the oils have been analyzed by preparative thin‐layer chromatography (TLC); these fractions are triterpene alcohols, 4‐methylsterols, sterols and triterpene dialcohols. The compositions of the four sterolic fractions were determined as their acetates by gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) on an OV‐17 glass capillary column. Identification of each component was carried out by argentation TLC, GLC and combined gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS); 44 components were identified, of which four: 24‐methylene‐31‐nor‐9(11)‐lanostenol, 24‐methyl‐31‐nor‐E‐23‐dehydrocycloartanol, 24‐ethyl‐E‐23‐dehydrolophenol and 5,E‐23‐stigmastadienol, were considered to be new sterols from natural sources. Several characteristics, including the content of triteterpene dialcohols in the USM and that of C‐24(28) unsaturated sterols in each of the four sterolic fractions, which can be used to distinguish between virgin and B‐residue olive oils, were observed.
Geometrical isomerization of linolenic acid during heat treatment of vegetable oils
Authors: Grandgirard A. , Sebedio J. L. , Fleury J.
Published: January 2007

Heat treatment of rapeseed (primor) and soybean oils resulted in the geometrical isomerization of linolenic acid. The geometrical isomers were isolated from a rapeseed oil heated at 240 C for 10 hr by a combination of thin layer chromatography (TLC) of the methoxy bromomercuric adducts of the total methyl esters and AgNO3‐TLC. Three major isomers were identified after hydrazine reduction followed by ozonolysis in BF3‐MeOH as 18:3Δ9c, 12c, 15t, 18:3Δ9t, 12c, 15c and 18:3Δ9t, 12c, 15t. These were accompanied by minor amounts of 18:3Δ9c, 12t, 15c, 18:3Δ9c, 12t, 15t and 18:3Δ9t, 12t, 15c. The 18:3 isomers were detected in both soybean and rapeseed oil heated at 240 C for 10 hr. At this temperature, the increase in time of the heat treatment from 10 to 40 hr resulted in a relative increase of the di‐trans and in a decrease of the mono‐trans isomers. Only minor quantities of these isomers were detected in the oils heated at 200 C for 10 hr. At this temperature, the increase in time of the heat treatment resulted in an increase of both the mono‐ and di‐trans isomers.
Total phospholipids in crude palm oil: Quantitative analysis and correlations with oil quality parameters
Authors: Goh S. H. , Tong S. L. , Gee P. T.
Published: January 2007

Phospholipids, selectively extracted from crude palm oil and free of colored carotenoids, can be quantitatively determined by the phospholipid‐molybdenum blue complex in hexane. A study of the phospholipid in crude palm oil in relationship to other components affecting oil quality shows that they have a beneficial effect while any detrimental effect may be of an indirect nature.
A convenient preparaton ofγ‐lactones and dialkyltetrahydrofurans from the reaction of fatty acids with epoxides using lithium naphthalenide
Authors: Fujita T. , Watanabe S. , Tohtani M. , Suga K.
Published: January 2007

Fatty acids reacted with epoxides using lithium naphthalenide in the presence of diethylamine to give corresponding 4‐hydroxy acids. These 4‐hydroxy acids easily tended to cyclize into their correspondingγ‐lactones by refluxing in benzene. Reduction of theseγ‐lactones with lithium aluminum hydride followed by intramolecular dehydration with potassium bisulfate afforded corresponding dialkyl tetrahydrofuran derivatives in high yields. For example, 4‐methyl‐2‐(8‐nonenyl)γ‐butyrolactone (III) was obtained from 10‐undecylenic acid and propylene oxide. 2‐Methyl‐4‐(8‐nonenyl) tetrahydrofuran (IV) was produced from (III). 2‐Methyl‐4‐(8‐nonenyl) and 2‐ethyl‐4‐(8‐nonenyl) tetrahydrofurans are woody smelling and may be used as perfumery materials.
Flavor and oxidative stability of continuously hydrogenated soybean oils
Authors: Moulton K. J. , Koritala S. , Warner K.
Published: January 2007

Soybean oil was partially hydrogenated in a continuous system with copper and nickel catalysts. The hydrogenated products were evaluated for flavor and oxidative stability. Processing conditions were varied to produce oils of linolenate contents between 0.4 and 2.7%, as follows: oil flow, 0.6–2.2 liters/hr; reaction temperature, 180–220 C; hydrogen pressure, 100–525 psig, and catalyst concentration, 0.5–1% copper catalyst or 0.1% nickel catalyst.Trans unsaturation varied from 8 to 20% with copper catalyst and from 15.0 to 27% with nickel catalyst. Linolenate selectivity was 9 with copper catalyst and 2 with nickel catalyst. Flavor evaluation of finished oils containing 0.01% citric acid (CA), appraised initially and after accelerated storage at 60 C, showed no significant difference between hydrogenated oils and nonhydrogenated oil. However, peroxide values and oxidative stability showed that hydrogenated oils were more stable than the unhydrogenated oil. CA+TBHQ (tertiary butylhydroquinone) significantly improved the oxidative stability of test oils over oils with CA only, but flavor scores showed no improvement. Dimethylpolysiloxane (MS) had no effect on either flavor or oxidative stability of the oils.
Seeds of the east african savannah bushBalanites orbicularis as a possible new source of lipids for commercial use
Authors: Radunz A. , Grosse W. , Mevi‐Schütz J.
Published: January 2007

The fruits of the native East African savannah bushBalanites orbicularis Sprague were analyzed for their chemical composition. The seeds of these fruits were found to be rich in triacylglycerols with a high content of oleic and linoleic acids. Due to the high essential fatty acid content and the absence of toxic cyclic and oxy fatty acids, the oil from these seeds could be an extremely valuable form of nutrition. The significance of this plant is discussed briefly pertaining to its importance as a food and energy source in countries with arid regions.
A13C‐NMR study of the crystal polymorphism and internal mobilities of the triglycerides, tripalmitin and tristearin
Authors: Bociek S. M. , Ablett S. , Norton I. T.
Published: January 2007

The combined NMR technique of cross‐polarization, high power decoupling and magic angle spinning (CP/MAS) has been used in the study of the polymorphic forms of the two triglycerides, tripalmitin and tristearin. Variations in the13C chemical shift values for the different polymorphic forms have been found and used to obtain molecular information, and to distinguish between chain orientations. Information on the relative mobilities of particular regions within the molecule for the different polymorphs also is presented.
Isolation and chemical investigation of teak (Tectona grandis linn) seed proteins
Authors: Laskar S. , Majumdar S. Ghosh , Basak B.
Published: January 2007

Proteins were extracted from the deoiled seeds ofTectona grandis Linn., Fam. Verbenaceae, a quality lumber source, in aqueous solutions of various pH's or by different concentrations of NaCl at pH 8.0. Chemical analysis of isolated protein identified 15 amino acids, of which eight were essential. Gel filtration on Sephadex G‐200 revealed the presence of six components, whose molecular weights were determined by two comparable standard methods. Seven components were resolved electrophoretically (SDS‐PAG electrophoresis) and their molecular weights were found to be 118,900, 92,300, 72,400, 62,400, 43,600, 39,800 and 32,400.
Detergency performance comparison between LAS and ABS using calcium sulfonate precipitation boundary diagrams
Authors: Matheson K. Lee
Published: January 2007

Detergency performance comparisons of dodecyl‐type LAS and ABS show that at typical conditions for countries in Latin America, Africa, the Middle East and Southeast Asia, LAS gives better cleaning performance than ABS. The differences in carbon chain distribution between dodecyl‐type LAS and ABS account for some of the improvement in performance. An additional factor is the solubility of the calcium sulfonate salts. At high use level wash conditions, LAS is less hardness‐sensitive than ABS. This increase in Ca+2 tolerance by LAS can result in improved cost/performance of HDP formulations.
Surface activities, biodegradability and antimicrobial properties of n‐alkyl glucosides, mannosides and galactosides
Authors: Matsumura Shuichi , Imai Kazuyasu , Yoshikawa Sadao , Kawada Kazuo , Uchibor Tsuyoshi
Published: January 2007

n‐Alkyl α‐and β‐glucopyranosides, α‐D‐mannopyranosides and β‐D‐galactopyranosides with alkyl chains having from 8 to 12 carbon atoms were synthesized and their surface properties‐such as static surface tension (γ), critical micelle concentration (CMC), occupation area of molecule, dynamic surface tension and foaming properties, biodegradability and antimicrobial activities—were evaluated. Alkyl glycosides containing C8 to C12 carbon chains showed surface activities and critical micelle concentrations. D‐Glucoside, D‐mannoside and D‐galactoside having the same alkyl chain showed similar surface tension lowering at CMC (γCMC) and occupation area of the molecule at the surface. Among the alkyl glucosides, α‐anomers were less hydrophilic than β‐anomers. All alkyl glycosides tested in this study were readily biodegraded by activated sludge of a municipal sewage plant compared to those of ethoxylated nonionic alcohols. The difference of the hydrophilic glycopyranoside group in biodegradability was not seen clearly. n‐Alkyl glycosides containing C8 to C12 alkyl chains showed a broad spectrum of increasing antimicrobial activity. n‐Dodecyl α‐D‐mannopyranoside was the most effective, the order of antimicrobial activity being mannopyranoside > glucopyranoside > galactopyranoside group. Members of this class of compounds exhibit the physicochemical and biological properties needed both for a wide range of applications and for environmental acceptance.
Crystallization of waxes during sunflowerseed oil refining
Authors: Rivarola G. , Añón M. C. , Calvelo A.
Published: January 2007

Cooling conditions and wax content in oil determine the morphologies adopted by crystals. At high cooling rates (K) and low temperatures of the refrigerant (Tf), nucleation temperatures are low. This induces the formation of a great number of small nuclei. However, at low K and high Tf, nucleation temperatures are high, producing a few large nuclei. The wax/oil equilibrium curve was determined; it allows the evaluation of the wax remaining in the oil after a given treatment. In addition, experiments were performed to evaluate crystal separation from oil. The increase of temperature from 10 to 25 C and the presence of soaps in the oil facilitate wax separation. These results give additional information that can improve operating conditions and make the choice of technological alternatives in wax separation easier.
Kinetics of the thermal decomposition of alkyl hydrogen sulphates
Authors: Roberts D. W. , Fairclough C. S. , Conroy J. P.
Published: January 2007

First order rate constants and Arrhenius parameters have been obtained for the thermal decomposition of 1‐hexadecyl hydrogen sulphate. From published data on thermal decomposition of lauryl hydrogen sulphate and lauryl ether hydrogen sulphate, first order rate constants and Arrhenius parameters have been obtained. The agreement between the two sets of data for the two alkyl hydrogen sulphates is within the 95% confidence limits, a combined Arrhenius plot giving an activation energy of 12.69 ± 1.97 K cal mol−1 and pre‐exponential factor of 10(4.68 ± 1.24) sec−1. For lauryl ether hydrogen sulphate, a 3‐point Arrhenius plot gives an activation energy of 9.4 K cal. mol−1 and a pre‐exponential factor of 102 sec−1.
Surface chemical processes for removal of solid sebum soil
Authors: Cox Michael F. , Smith Dewey L. , Russell Geoffrey L.
Published: January 2007

Optimizing the removal of solid sebum soil appears to depend on both the surfactant and the soil substrate. Like other solid, organic soils, sebum's removal from hard surfaces involves penetration of the surfactant (and associated solvent molecules) into the soil. This soil‐softening (liquefaction) process prepares the soil for secondary processes (roll‐up, abrasion, emulsification, etc.) which accomplish soil removal. A smaller hydrophobe and lower HLB both appear to aid soil removal by increasing surfactant penetration into the soil. However, when solid sebum is present on cloth, the ability to wet the cloth matrix becomes important. Surfactants better able to promote cloth wetting appear to be better at penetrating the soil, because wetting increases the amount of surfactant in contact with the soil.
Water‐in‐triglyceride oil emulsions. Effect of fat crystals on stability
Authors: Johansson Dorota , Bergenståhl Björn , Lundgren Eva
Published: January 2007

The influence of low concentrations (0.1‐5%) of fat crystals on the stability of water‐in‐soybean oil emulsions was examined by light scattering and sedimentation experiments. Both the initial flocculation/coalescence rate and long‐term stability against water separation were determined. The initial flocculation/coalescence rate increased upon addition of small amounts of fat crystals. When the crystal concentration was increased above a critical concentration (specific to a system), a decrease in the flocculation/coalescence rate occurred. The increased flocculation/coalescence rate is likely the effect of bridging of water droplets by fat crystals. Fat crystal wetting by water is an important criterion for this phenomenon to occur. Emulsion stabilization for crystal concentrations above critical is caused by a mechanical screening of water droplets. The presence of considerable amounts of crystals in oil also lowered the density difference between droplet and medium, and enhanced viscosity. The degree of increase in viscosity depended upon the emulsifier. Both a decrease in density difference and an increase in viscosity play a role in hindering flocculation/coalescence of droplets. In long‐term studies of water separation, all concentrations of fat crystals stabilized the water‐in‐oil emulsions. The droplet size of these emulsions increased until the critical droplet size was approached where the screening effect of crystals on the droplets no longer stabilized the emulsions. The stabilizing effect for emulsions with monoolein was continuously improved by increasing the amount of crystals up to 5%. For lecithin‐stabilized emulsions, an optimal effect was achieved for fact crystal concentrations of 1–2%.
The effect of surfactants on the interfacial tension of frying fat
Authors: Gil Bogim , Handel A. Philip
Published: January 2007

Interfacial tension (IFT) between fat and water was measured as a means of evaluating fats used for frying. The Du Noüy ring method was used with a tensiometer to obtain IFT. The IFT of donut frying fats, which were diluted 1:1 with unused fat, decreased with increasing frying time from 21 mN/m in unused fat to 5 mN/m in fat at the point of discard. To determine which individual chemical components in donut frying fat are responsible for the decreased IFT, various surfactants were added. The addition of surfactants to the water phase (phosphatidylcholine, sodium oleate, and sodium chloride) or oil phase (monoacylglycerols, diacylglycerols, and fatty acids) had varying effects on the IFT of soybean oil against water at 25 ± 0.1°C. The IFT decreased with increasing concentration of monoacylglycerols, sodium oleate, phosphatidylcholine, and sodium chloride. Sodium oleate was the most effective agent in lowering IFT, reducing it almost to zero at a concentration of 0.1%. At a concentration of 0.2%, monoacylglycerols lowered IFT of fresh soybean oil by 14% (monolinolein), 22% (monoolein), and 26% (monostearin). Egg lecithin lowered the IFT by 42%. These surfactants changed the IFT of fresh soybean oil by their adsorption at the oil/water interface. Although sodium chloride is not a surfactantper se, it lowered IFT by salting out surfactants from the aqueous phase onto the interface. The addition of diacylglycerols or fatty acids had virtually no effect on IFT.
World protein markets—a supplier’s view
Authors: Butz Earl L.
Published: January 2007

There is a growing need for soy proteins to meet the desire for more protein in the affluent countries and the deficiences of proteins in the “third world.” We are, and are determined to be, a consistent and dependable supplier of soybeans to our global customers. We ask in return that our producers be assured of the freedom to market through a world trade system that is liberal and expanding. U.S. agriculture has moved in the direction of a market system that will allow freedom for producers to respond to growth in demand. An international food policy that is effective and workable must include an expanding system of trade. The language of food crosses every boundary and that is the language we speak in order to expand the horizons of peace.
Soy proteins in foods—Retrospect and prospect
Authors: Coppock John
Published: January 2007

The soybean has been used for food in the Orient for centuries, but the western world has been slow to adopt it. In the last 40 years soybeans have become an important source of protein in poultry and livestock feed. In the last 10 years or so it has been used in foods in increasing amounts to supply low cost high quality protein with important functional properties. The soybean will be vital to meeting the protein needs of the future in all parts of the world, especially in the developing countries. The challenge is great to the plant breeders and agronomists to improve yields and adaptability of the crop and to the soy technologists to improve the characteristics of processed soybean proteins.
Regulations governing the use of soy protein in meat and poultry products in the U.S.
Authors: Mussman Harry C.
Published: January 2007

There is much interest today in a greater use of vegetable protein in the human diet. Soy protein products currently are approved for use at low levels in over 30 different kinds of meat and poultry foods in the U.S. Recognizing a need for more flexibility in formulation of products under its jurisdiction, the Federal Meat and Poultry Inspection Program of the U.S. Department of Agriculture has proposed several changes in its regulations. They variously define terms, describe types of vegetable protein products, and would permit use of such products in many meat and poultry foods provided the labeling was descriptive and adequately reflected their presence. In addition, the Program would require compliance with nutritional equivalency parameters where vegetable protein was substituted for animal protein in traditional meat or poultry foods. Comments received from the regulated industry and the consuming public on these proposals are being reviewed and evaluated to develop a set of final regulations. Though they will result from the best information available, these regulations still will be subject to change as new data are developed. Because combinations of animal protein and vegetable protein appear to be taking on greater importance for the future, the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Meat and Poultry Inspection Program will work with the meat industry, various segments of the agricultural community, and other interested groups to encourage greater innovation in the use of total protein resources.
Position of soy protein processors in relation to laws and regulations
Authors: Czarnecki Joseph N.
Published: January 2007

Soy protein products in the U.S. fall under the regulatory powers of the Food and Drug Administration as far as processing plants are concerned. The U.S. Department of Agriculture controls their use in meat and poultry products. Many states have separate regulations. The industry is expected to know federal and state regulations and interpret them for the customer. Difficulties arise for the processor when there are so many different state, Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and foreign regulations that affect the products. This Conference might spearhead world‐wide cooperation in the development of future regulations.
Government role and participation in development and marketing of soy protein foods
Authors: Watanabe Tokuji
Published: January 2007

Japan has a history of utilizing soybeans as human foods. Currently, a great quantity of defatted soybeans is used as animal feed in Japan, and governmental and commercial enterprises are anxious to turn the defatted soybeans directly into foods for humans. Therefore, they are putting great efforts into soybean research and development. Since the demands for better foods are rising and their resources are not abundant, I feel that soybean protein will play an important role by exerting its unique properties, not only to supplement other foods, but also to grow into new types of foods when their unknown properties are disclosed.
Soy products in bakery goods
Authors: Cotton Robert H.
Published: January 2007

Applications of soy proteins in baking are reviewed and original data on taste and texture tests are presented. New foods employing soy for nutritional improvement are described. A plea is made for production of soy proteins with higher baking functionality and improved taste.
Future of soy protein foods in the marketplace
Authors: Fischer R. W.
Published: January 2007

The food and commodity markets of 1973 signal a fundamental change in values of foods and agricultural products in relation to other goods and services. By 1985 non‐traditional protein sources will be depended upon to supply a greater share of world demand for all proteins. By that time use of soy proteins for feeds and specialty foods can be expected to take 2 1/2–3% of an estimated world production of 81 million metric tons/year.
Specific heats of the solid‐state phases of trimargarin and tristearin
Authors: Simpson T. D. , Hockett D. P. , Harris L.
Published: January 2007

Differential scanning calorimetry is used to obtain specific heats of the α, β′2, β′1 and β phases of trimargarin and tristearin in the temperature range from 190–350 K. Unequal specific heats are observed for β′ phases of the 2 lipids in contrast to nearly coincident values for their respective α and β phases. These results are discussed on the basis of odd vs even chain length triglycerides.
Ximenynic acid inSantalum obtusifolium seed oil
Authors: Vickery J. R. , Whitfield F. B. , Ford G. L. , Kennett B. H.
Published: January 2007

AnalyzingSantalum obtusifolium seed oil led to the identification of 12 fatty acids; only ximenynic (71.5%) and oleic (14.3%) acids were present in substantial amounts. Data on the mass spectrum and1H‐ and13C‐NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectra of methyl ximenynate are given.
Culture conditions affect eicosapentaenoic acid content ofChlorella minutissima
Authors: Seto Akira , Wang H. L. , Hesseltine C. W.
Published: January 2007

Marine chlorella known to contain high amount of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5ω3) are a potential natural source of this fatty acid for health foods and pharmaceuticals. The effect of culture conditions on lipid content and fatty acid composition ofChlorella minutissima, therefore, was investigated. Lipid content of cells grown at 25 C was 60% higher than that of the cells grown at 20 C. Fatty acid composition was affected by culture temperature and supplementation of NaCl. Eicosapentaenoic acid 20:5ω3 content was 45% (w/w) in the cells grown at 20 C, whereas that of the cells grown at 25 C was only 20% (w/w). Supplementation with NaCl also increased the percentage of 20:5ω3 acid to the same extent.
Structure‐biodegradability correlations among xenobiotic industrial amines
Authors: Rothkopf G. S. , Bartha R.
Published: January 2007

Using acclimated sewage sludge enrichment cultures, 60 amines with potential uses in industrial processes were evaluated for their biodegradability. Biodegradation was measured as cell protein yield with 0.05% amine serving as the sole source of carbon, nitrogen and energy in a mineral solution. Inhibitory properties of the amines, measured by their ability to decrease protein yield on a glucose medium, were unrelated to biodegradability. Under the specified test conditions, all amines that contained tertiary carbon atoms were recalcitrant. Ring N‐substituted heterocyclics were readily degraded, but ring C‐substituted piperidines, with the exception of pipecolinic acid, were not. When amines lacked other functional groups, tertiary amino groups hindered degradation. Amines with alkyldiamine moieties shorter than propyl did not serve as growth substrates. Predictive generalizations of this type about biodegradability serve as an aid in selecting environmentally safe compounds for industrial processes.
Comparison between extraction of lipids and fatty acids from microalgal biomass
Authors: Grima E. Molina , Medina A. Robles , Giménez A. Giménez , Sánchez Pérez J. A. , Camacho F. Garcia , García Sánchez J. L.
Published: January 2007

Seven solvent mixtures have been used to extract the lipid fraction of lyophilized biomass ofIsochrysis galbana. Six of them were composed of biocompatible solvents. Each method was carried out under relaxed operating conditions (i.e., one hour at room temperature) with extraction in a nitrogen atmosphere to prevent autooxidation and degradation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Apart from the well‐established Bligh and Dyer method [Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 37:911 (1959)] (Cl3CH/MeOH/H2O, 1∶2∶0.8, vol/vol/vol), which rendered the highest yield of lipids (93.8%), ethanol (96%) and hexane/ethanol (96%), 1∶2.5 vol/vol produced the best results (84.4 and 79.6%, respectively). To obtain free fatty acids, KOH was added to the solvent mixtures used to extract the total lipids, except for Cl3CH/MeOH/H2O, and direct saponification was carried out at 60°C for 1 h or at room temperature for 8 h. The highest yields obtained by direct saponicification were 81% with hexane/ethanol (96%), 1∶2.5, vol/vol and 79.8% with ethanol (96%). Partial yields of the mainn‐3 PUFAs found inI. galbana, stearidonic acid (SA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), were calculated for both extraction methods. For lipid extraction with ethanol (96%), yields of 91, 82 and 83% were obtained for SA, EPA and DHA, respectively. When direct saponification was used, hexane/ethanol (96%; 1∶2.5, vol/vol) produced the best yields of (91, 79 and 69% for SA, EPA and DHA, respectively).
Effect of modular storage of arizona seed cotton on levels of aflatoxins in seed
Authors: Russell T. E. , Lee L. S.
Published: January 2007

Samples were drawn from 40 free‐standing modules of commercially grown Arizona seed cotton and analyzed for aflatoxin at the time of moduling and after 27 days of field storage. Thirty modules derived from spindle harvested cotton showed no significant increase in aflatoxins following modular storage, while all 10 modules packed with seed cotton derived from ground harvesters yielded significantly higher levels after storage than were detected at the time of moduling. Increases in toxin levels ranged from 12–232% with an average value of 67%. Even under ideal module making conditions significant increases in aflatoxins can be expected in ground‐gleaned seed cotton harvested in areas where chronic aflatoxin contamination exists.
The determination of unreacted amines in long chain amine oxides by potentiometric titration
Authors: Wang C. N. , Metcalfe L. D.
Published: January 2007

During the manufacture of amine oxides information on the amount of unreacted tertiary amine present is needed in order to follow the reaction. A number of analytical procedures have been devised to obtain this information. Wet methods include redox titrations of the amine oxide and differential titrations using derivatization of the amine or amine oxide. Various chromatographic procedures using GC, TLC and HPLC also have been reported. All of these procedures have some limitations. A simple, rapid, quality control procedure would be useful. A rapid, nonaqueous titration procedure has been developed in our laboratory that makes use of the “anomalous salt” behavior of amine oxides. A modified solvent and titrant is used to obtain two potential breaks in the titration. The first break corresponds to half of the amine oxide. The second break represents the second half of the amine oxide plus any unreacted amine. With this information the amine oxide and unreacted amines can be calculated. The precision and accuracy of the titration have been studied using samples spiked with known amounts of amine.
Ashing techniques in the determination of iron and copper in palm oil
Authors: Saleh M. I. , Murray R. S. , Chin C. N.
Published: January 2007

A modified method suitable for routine determination of iron and copper in palm oil was developed. The method involves all stages of ashing including charring, ashing and ash dissolution, using fabricated ashing vessels made of pyrex glass that can stand ashing temperatures of up to 700°C. The ashed samples were recovered quantitatively after refluxing with HNO3 and collected in the attached round‐bottomed flask readied for metals determination without transfer. The relative standard deviation for the determination of iron by flame atomic absorption was about 1.0%, whereas for copper determined by ion selective electrode it was about 0.5%.
Epoxides of unsaturated fatty acids as anti‐rust additives in water‐based cutting fluids
Authors: Watanabe S. , Fujita T. , Sakamoto M.
Published: January 2007

Epoxides from a variety of unsaturated fatty acids were prepared, and corrosion tests for these products as water‐based cutting fluid additives were performed. The triethanolamine salt of an epoxide of undecylenic acid showed very effective rust‐inhibiting properties in a water‐based cutting fluid.
Quantification of carbonyl compounds in oxidized low‐linolenate, high‐stearate and common soybean oils
Authors: Miller Lynne A. , White Pamela J.
Published: January 2007

The carbonyl compounds in five oxidized soybean oils (SBO) of various fatty acid compositions were determined. Three were from common normal soybean varieties, and two were from lines developed from new mutant varieties. One mutant line had a linolenate (18:3) content of 3.5% (A5), and one had a stearate (18:0) content of 24% (A6). SBO were stored at 28 C and 60 C. Trichlorophenylhydrazones (TCPH) of carbonyls formed during oxidation were quantified and tentatively identified by gas chromatography. The storage temperature and the composition of the oils affected the types and amounts of volatiles produced. Hexanal was the major volatile in the oils in both storage tests. After 60 C storage, 2‐ and/or 3‐hexenal was present only in the oil with the highest 18:3 content (BSR 101, 18:3=9%). The amounts of the carbonyls formed in A5 were 2 to 5 times less than the amounts formed in BSR 101. The amounts of many of the carbonyls were converted into relative flavor potency by using reported data. Hexanal was the major contributor to flavor. After storage at 28 C, 2‐ and/or 3‐hexenal was the second most intense flavor compound regardless of the 18:3 content of the oil. The amount of a compound and the threshold value did not always predict its flavor importance according to the flavor potency data.
A rapid instrumental method for the evaluation of the stability of fats
Authors: Drozdowski B. , Szukalska E.
Published: January 2007

A rapid instrumental method for evaluation of stability of fats has been proposed. Acceleration of oxidation is accomplished by vigorous mixing of a heated sample with oxygen at atmospheric pressure. The volume of absorbed oxygen determined directly by means of a special manostatic device constitutes the measure of the course of the reaction. Experimental results are recorded on a strip‐chart plot of the volume of oxygen absorbed as a function of time. The start of rapid absorption of oxygen at the end of the induction period is taken as the end point. Samples of commercial low‐erucic rapeseed oil, soybean oil and lightly hydrogenated soybean oil had end points in the range of 50 to 100 at a temperature of 120 C.
Cocoa butter biosynthesis: Effect of temperature onTheobroma cacao acyltransferases
Authors: McHenry Lauren , Fritz Paul J.
Published: January 2007

Enzymes catalyzing the first and last steps in cocoa butter biosynthesis were studied in microsomal preparations from developing cocoa seeds. Both the acyl‐CoA:sn‐glycerol‐3‐phosphate 0‐acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.15) and the acyl‐CoA:1,2‐diacylglycerol 0‐acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.20) showed broad specificity for three fatty acid donors (palmitoyl‐CoA, stearoyl‐CoA and oleoyl‐CoA), but the relative amounts of incorporation of these fatty acids into lysophosphatidic acid and triacylglycerol were influenced by temperature of incubation. The selectivities of the two acyltransferases for saturated vs unsaturated acyl‐CoA's also were investigated over a range of temperatures. The data indicate that, in general, the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids incorporated into glycerol esters increases with increasing temperature of incubation, consistent with the hypothesis that temperature effects on these enzymes contribute to the phenomenon of “soft” cocoa butter, i.e., that cocoa butter obtained from seeds grown in cooler climates has a lower melting point than that prepared from seeds grown in warmer climates.
High performance liquid chromatographic separation of sucrose fatty acid esters
Authors: Jaspers M. E. A. P. , van Leeuwen F. F. , Nieuwenhuis H. J. W. , Vianen G. M.
Published: January 2007

The synthesis of sucrose fatty acid esters always results in complex mixtures. Two procedures for quantitative analysis of sucrose monoesters, respectively sucrose diesters, by means of high performance liquid chromatography on reversed‐phase columns, are described. A mixture of methanol and water (85:15, v/v) was used for the separation of the monoesters, while methanol, ethyl acetate and water (65:25:10, v/v/v) was used for the separation of diesters. These methods gave information about the amount of monoesters and diesters in the product; the ratio between sucrose monopalmitate and sucrose monostearate, and the number of the most important structure isomers. A complete separation of all the possible diester products seemed to be impossible, due to the presence of more complex structure isomers. The described procedures can give important support during preparative work on sucrose fatty acid esters and also in the evaluation of these products for application purposes.
Synthesis and surface properties of N‐long chain alkyl dihydroxy monoazacrown ethers
Authors: Ikeda Isao , Ozawa Yoshihide , Nakatsuji Yohjl , Okahara Mitsuo
Published: January 2007

A series of N‐alkyl dihydroxy monoazacrown ethers (1) was synthesized, and their surface properties were investigated compared to those of N‐alkyl monoazacrown ethers (2) and open chain oxyethylenated long chain alkylamines (3). The complexation ability of1 toward alkali metal cations, a distinguished characteristic of crown compounds, was deduced to work even in the aqeuous solution from the values of TCP, although it is weaker than typical monoazacrown ethers (2). The presence of two hydroxyl groups contributes to the large increase in hydrophilicity of monoazacrown ring and to the large surface excess of the surfactant molecule (1). A small occupation area to the solution surface is noted as a characteristic feature of the title coumpound (1).
Surface active hydroxamic acids. II. Comparison of surface properties of hydroxamic acids with ketones and methyl esters with similar hydrophilic and lipophilic structure
Authors: Masuyama Araki , Akiyama Ko‐ichi , Okahara Mitsuo
Published: January 2007

Some surface properties of hydroxamic acids, ketones and methyl esters, which all contained long‐chain alkyl[tetra‐(oxyethylene)] group, were measured and compared to clarify the influence of the terminal functional group on surface properties. From the results of cloud point (Tcp), CMC, γCMC, adsorption area per molecule at the surface (A) and foaming properties, it was proved that hydroxamic acids had better hydrophilicity and showed better surface properties than the corresponding ketones, methyl esters or typical monodisperse nonionic surfactants.
Modification of arachin‐effect of citrate ions‐structural implications
Authors: Prakash V. , Rao A. G. Appu , Rao D. Rajagopal
Published: January 2007

The effect of the anion citrate on the subunit structure of arachin has been monitored by velocity sedimentation, viscosity and circular dichroism techniques. The results indicate that as the concentration of citrate ion increases from 25 mM to 150 mM, arachin dissociates progressively to the low molecular weight 2S component. This dissociation is not accompanied by any conformational changes or denaturation as revealed by the far ultraviolet circular dichroic spectra and viscosity results, respectively. The results are explained by direct anion binding and changes in the solvent structure.
Factors affecting the shelf stability of sunflower nuts
Authors: Budin John T. , Breene William M.
Published: January 2007

Dehulled, raw, whole sunflower kernels of high‐oleic acid (HOA) and high‐linoleic acid (HLA) types were shelf‐stable at 23 and 37°C for over one year. Dry‐roasted HOA kernels were more stable than dry‐roasted HLA kernels. Oilroasted HLA kernels were more stable than dry‐roasted ones. Stability of roasting oil and storage temperature had no appreciable effect on shelf stability of kernels.
Naturally functionalized triglyceride oils in interpenetrating polymer networks
Authors: Barrett L. W. , Sperling L. H. , Murphy C. J.
Published: January 2007

The use of naturally functionalized triglyceride oils in interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) is reviewed. An oil bearing either hydroxyl or epoxide functionality may be crosslinked to form a soft elastomer in the presence of another monomer or network to form an IPN, or in the presence of a linear polymer, to form a semi‐IPN. Polymerization and characterization of naturally functionalized triglyceride oils are mentioned, with emphasis on the distribution and effect of nontrifunctional triglycerides on elastomer properties. The simultaneous synthesis of polystyrene/functional triglyceride oil IPNs is reviewed, and several factors influencing IPN morphology and mechanical properties are discussed. The synthesis and properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/functional triglyceride oil semi‐IPNs are emphasized, with the importance of ester interchange in the synthetic procedure, and factors influencing crystallinity and morphology are introduced.