bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the effectiveness of e‐cigarettes compared with usual care for smoking cessation when offered to smokers at homeless centres: protocol for a multi‐centre cluster‐randomized controlled trial in Great Britain
Authors: Cox Sharon , Bauld Linda , Brown Rachel , Carlisle Matthew , Ford Allison , Hajek Peter , Li Jinshuo , Notley Caitlin , Parrott Steve , Pesola Francesca , Robson Deborah , Soar Kirstie , Tyler Allan , Ward Emma , Dawkins Lynne
Published: February 2022

Background and aims

Smoking is extremely common among adults experiencing homelessness, but there is lack of evidence for treatment efficacy. E‐cigarettes are an effective quitting aid, but they have not been widely tested in smokers with complex health and social needs. Here we build upon our cluster feasibility trial and evaluate the offer of an e‐cigarette or usual care to smokers accessing a homeless centre.

Design, Setting and Participants

Multi‐centre two‐arm cluster‐randomized controlled trial with mixed‐method embedded process and economic evaluation in homeless centres in England, Scotland and Wales. Adult smokers (18+ years; n = 480) accessing homeless centres and who are known to centre staff and willing to consent.

Intervention and Comparator

Clusters (n = 32) will be randomized to either an e‐cigarette starter pack with weekly allocations of nicotine containing e‐liquid for 4 weeks [choice of flavours (menthol, fruit and tobacco) and strengths 12 mg/ml and 18 mg/ml] or the usual care intervention, which comprises very brief advice and a leaflet signposting to the local stop smoking service.

Measurements

The primary outcome is 24‐week sustained carbon monoxide‐validated smoking cessation (Russell Standard defined, intention‐to‐treat analysis). Secondary outcomes: (i) 50% smoking reduction (cigarettes per day) from baseline to 24 weeks; (ii) 7‐day point prevalence quit rates at 4‐, 12‐ and 24‐week follow‐up; (iii) changes in risky smoking practices (e.g. sharing cigarettes, smoking discarded cigarettes) from baseline to 4, 12 and 24 weeks; (iv) cost‐effectiveness of the intervention; and (v) fidelity of intervention implementation; mechanisms of change; contextual influences and sustainability.

Conclusions

This is the first study, to our knowledge, to randomly assign smokers experiencing homelessness to an e‐cigarette and usual care intervention to measure smoking abstinence with embedded process and economic evaluations. If effective, its results will be used to inform the larger‐scale implementation of offering e‐cigarettes throughout homeless centres to aid smoking cessation.
Comparative efficacy and safety of pharmacotherapies for alcohol withdrawal: a systematic review and network meta‐analysis
Authors: Bahji Anees , Bach Paxton , Danilewitz Marlon , Crockford David , el‐Guebaly Nady , Devoe Daniel J. , Saitz Richard
Published: February 2022

Background and Aims

There have been few head‐to‐head clinical trials of pharmacotherapies for alcohol withdrawal (AW). We, therefore, aimed to evaluate the comparative performance of pharmacotherapies for AW.

Methods

Six databases were searched for randomized clinical trials through November 2021. Trials were included after a blinded review by two independent reviewers. Outcomes included incident seizures, delirium tremens, AW severity scores, adverse events, dropouts, dropouts from adverse events, length of hospital stay, use of additional medications, total benzodiazepine requirements, and death. Effect sizes were pooled using frequentist random‐effects network meta‐analysis models to generate summary ORs and Cohen's d standardized mean differences (SMDs).

Results

Across the 149 trials, there were 10 692 participants (76% male, median 43.5 years old). AW severity spanned mild (n = 32), moderate (n = 51), and severe (n = 66). Fixed‐schedule chlormethiazole (OR, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.04–0.65), fixed‐schedule diazepam (OR, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.04–0.59), fixed‐schedule lorazepam (OR = 0.19; 95% CI, 0.08–0.45), fixed‐schedule chlordiazepoxide (OR = 0.21; 95% CI, 0.08–0.53), and divalproex (OR = 0.22; 95% CI, 0.05–0.86) were superior to placebo at reducing incident AW seizures. However, only fixed‐schedule diazepam (OR, 0.19; 95% CI, 0.05–0.76) reduced incident delirium tremens. Oxcarbazepine (d = −3.69; 95% CI, −6.21 to −1.17), carbamazepine (d = −2.76; 95% CI, −4.13 to −1.40), fixed‐schedule oxazepam (d = −2.55; 95% CI, −4.26 to −0.83), and γ‐hydroxybutyrate (d = −1.80; 95% CI, −3.35 to −0.26) improved endpoint Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol‐Revised scores over placebo. Promazine and carbamazepine were the only agents significantly associated with greater dropouts because of adverse events. The quality of evidence was downgraded because of the substantial risk of bias, heterogeneity, inconsistency, and imprecision.

Conclusions

Although some pharmacotherapeutic modalities, particularly benzodiazepines, appear to be safe and efficacious for reducing some measures of alcohol withdrawal, methodological issues and a high risk of bias prevent a consistent estimate of their comparative performance.
Challenges and pitfalls between lichen planus pemphigoides and bullous lichen planus
Authors: Papara Cristian , Danescu Sorina , Sitaru Cassian , Baican Adrian
Published: February 2022

Lichen planus pemphigoides (LPP) and bullous lichen planus (BLP) are rare dermatoses, which are characterised by blisters and lichenoid lesions. Their clinical presentation is heterogenous, displaying overlapping features or mimicking other dermatological diseases. Therefore, diagnosis can often be challenging, requiring a thorough dermatological examination along with distinctive histological and immunopathological characteristics. Lichenoid degeneration of the basal epidermis exposes various antigens of the dermal–epidermal junction in LPP, resulting in the breakdown of immune tolerance, hence, the production of autoantibodies against type XVII collagen. Conversely, no pathogenic autoantibodies are detected in BLP. However, some cases of mucosal lichen planus might display immunopathological features suggestive of autoimmune blistering diseases. Therefore, a better understanding of the pathophysiology of these two distinct dermatoses is imperative. The aim of this review was to provide a summary of the current knowledge on the clinical hallmarks, diagnosis and available therapeutic options in LPP and BLP.
Can tax regulations moderate revenue diversification and reduce financial distress in nonprofit organizations?
Authors: Abínzano Isabel , López‐Arceiz Francisco J. , Zabaleta Idoia
Published: February 2022

As a result of policies to reduce public deficit, nonprofit organizations have been forced to turn to charitable donations in order to diversify their revenue structure and thus reduce their levels of financial distress. Public administrations have supported this process through tax mechanisms designed to provide a legal framework that will encourage private philanthropy. Our aim is to analyse the role of nonprofit tax regulations in moderating the influence of revenue diversification on insolvency risk. To this end, we drew a sample of 406 nonprofit organizations located in Aragon and Navarre, two European regions with different tax regulations, for the period 2008–2018. Our results reveal that some tax regime requirements, such as the organizational purpose, minimum initial endowment, engagement in commercial activity, and accountability and monitoring standards, have a positive impact on revenue diversification and the reduction of financial distress and vulnerability. However, we also detect differences between regions which suggest that tax harmonization for nonprofit organizations remains a challenge.
Study of humoral and cellular immunity in vaccinated with mRNA‐1273
Authors: Gutiérrez‐Bautista Juan Francisco , López‐Nevot Miguel Ángel , Gómez‐Vicente Esther , Quesada Trinidad , Marín Eva María , Rodríguez Ana , Rodríguez Ana Isabel , Rodríguez‐Granger Javier , Cobo Fernando , Sampedro Antonio
Published: February 2022

The new vaccines against SARS‐CoV‐2 have raised a lot of expectations about their ability to induce immunity and the duration of this. This is the case of mRNA vaccines such as Moderna's mRNA‐1273. Therefore, it is necessary to study the humoral and cellular immunity generated by these vaccines. Our objectives are determining what is the normal response of antibody production, and what is the level of protective antibodies and monitoring patients in case of subsequent infection with COVID‐19. We present the first results of a longitudinal study of the humoral response in 601 health workers vaccinated with Moderna. The results show a humoral immunity at 90 days after the second dose of 100%, with a strong decrease between the levels of circulating anti‐S IgG antibodies between days 30 and 90 post‐vaccination. Observing a steeper decline in those who had higher titles at the beginning. In addition, we present a cellular response of 86% at three months after the second dose, which is related to low humoral response.
In‐plane biaxial ratcheting effect and low‐cycle fatigue behavior of CP‐Ti based on DIC method
Authors: Zhao Jia‐Yu , Lu Zheng , Zhou Chang‐Yu , Chang Le , He Xiao‐Hua
Published: February 2022

In‐plane biaxial fatigue tests of commercial pure titanium (CP‐Ti) were performed to investigate the effects of load ratio and phase shift on fatigue and ratcheting behavior. The results show that with the decrease of load ratio or the increase of phase shift, biaxial ratcheting strain effect is more significant, leading to the deterioration of fatigue resistance. Analysis of the crack morphology and fracture characteristic reveals that the crack propagation path becomes complex and the fracture morphology changes due to the enhanced non‐proportional hardening effect. Finally, current multiaxial life prediction models are evaluated to compare the applicability in the biaxial fatigue life prediction.
ANTI‐FASCISM AND FREE SPEECH ON CAMPUS: ERNST TOLLER'S QUEENS COLLEGE AFFAIR1
Authors: Anderson Lisa Marie
Published: February 2022

The countless public speeches Ernst Toller gave during his six‐year exile from Nazi Germany included a particularly controversial one in 1938 at the newly founded Queens College, in New York City. The controversy stemmed from the fact that it almost did not take place: two days after receiving what he understood to be an invitation to speak at a symposium, Toller learned that the college could not host him after all because of his well‐known anti‐Nazi stance and the danger that it might offend German‐Americans throughout the borough of Queens. Eventually the college heeded widespread criticism, including in the New York press, and Toller did address the college audience. This article compares Toller's ‘Queens College affair’ to other examples of the collision between fascism, anti‐fascism, and free speech in New York City in the 1930s, including the German‐American ‘Bund’ rally at Madison Square Garden in February 1939. The article considers what bearing these historical controversies have on current debates about free speech, including on college campuses.
Characterization of phalloidin‐negative nuclear actin filaments in U2OS cells expressing cytoplasmic actin‐EGFP
Authors: Nagasaki Akira , Katoh Kaoru , Hoshi Masamichi , Doi Motomichi , Nakamura Chikashi , Uyeda Taro Q. P.
Published: February 2022

Actin is a major structural component of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells, including fungi, plants, and animals, and exists not only in the cytoplasm as cytoskeleton but also in the nucleus. Recently, we developed a novel actin probe, β‐actin‐EGFP fusion protein, which exhibited similar monomeric to filamentous ratio as that of endogenous actin, in contrast to the widely used EGFP‐β‐actin fusion protein that over‐assembles in cells. Unexpectedly, this novel probe visualized an interconnected meshwork of slightly curved beam‐like bundles of actin filaments in the nucleus of U2OS cells. These structures were not labeled with rhodamine phalloidin, Lifeact‐EGFP or anti‐actin antibodies. In addition, immunofluorescence staining and expression of cofilin‐EGFP revealed that this nuclear actin structures contained cofilin. We named these actin filaments as phalloidin‐negative intranuclear (PHANIN) actin filaments. Since PHANIN actin filaments could not be detected by general detection methods for actin filaments, we propose that PHANIN actin filaments are different from previously reported nuclear actin structures.
Women with HIV transitioning through menopause: Insights from the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS)
Authors: Hachfeld Anna , Atkinson Andrew , Stute Petra , Calmy Alexandra , Tarr Philip E. , Darling Katharine , Babouee Flury Baharak , Polli Christian , Sultan‐Beyer Leila , Abela Irene A. , Aebi‐Popp Karoline ,   the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS)
Published: February 2022

Objectives

We aimed to assess prevalence and age at menopause, identify factors associated with early menopause and explore the provision and utilization of healthcare in women living with HIV in Switzerland.

Methods

This was a retrospective Swiss HIV Cohort Study analysis from January 2010 to December 2018. Descriptive statistics to characterise the population and menopause onset. Logistic regression analysis to identify risk factors for early menopause.

Results

Of all women in the SHCS, the proportion of postmenopausal women tripled from 11.5% (n = 274) in 2010 to 36.1% (n = 961) in 2018. The median age at menopause was 50 years. Early menopause (< 45 years) occurred in 115 (10.2%) women and premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) (< 40 years) in 23 (2%) women. Early menopause was associated with black ethnicity (52.2% vs. 21.6%, p < 0.001), but not with HIV acquisition mode, CDC stage, viral suppression, CD4 cell count, hepatitis C, smoking or active drug use. While 92% of the postmenopausal women underwent a gynaecological examination during the 36 months before menopause documentation, only 27% received a bone mineral density measurement within 36 months after the last bleed and 11% were on hormone replacement therapy at the time of menopause documentation.

Conclusions

The median age of women living with HIV at menopause is around 2 years lower than that reported for HIV‐negative women in Switzerland. HIV care providers need to adapt their services to the requirements of the increasing number of women living with HIV transitioning through menopause. They should be able to recognize menopause‐associated symptoms and improve access to bone mineral density measurement as well as hormone replacement therapy.
Changing attitudes towards government responsibility for social welfare in China between 2004 and 2014: Evidence from three national surveys
Authors: Dalen Kristin
Published: February 2022

Social policies in China have expanded rapidly since the early 2000s, broadening welfare provisions aiming to improve citizens’ well‐being in a context of rapid development and increasing inequality. How people see the role of the government in the provision of welfare is important to policy‐making in an authoritarian state, such as China, because regime legitimacy is tied to evaluations of government performance. To what extent have welfare attitudes changed as a new Chinese social security system has emerged? Drawing on nationally representative datasets from the China Inequality and Distributive Justice Survey Project for 2004, 2009 and 2014, this study finds that support for government provision of welfare has increased substantially within all population groups since 2004. Furthermore, traditional social cleavages, such as the urban–rural divide, seem to lose strength as a predictor of redistributive preference, possibly ‘deactivating’ these social cleavages as vehicles of political mobilisation.
Financial structure convergence
Authors: Sever Can
Published: February 2022

Financial structure, the degree to which a country's financial system is market‐ or bank‐based, matters for economic outcomes. Hence, it is important to understand the drivers of financial structure. This paper sheds light on this issue and explores a specific mechanism in the evolution of financial structure, namely convergence. Financial structure is shown to converge across countries over time. This pattern remains similar even after controlling for macroeconomic and institutional factors, or for banking sector characteristics. It is not specific to a region, and appears to be similarly strong around the globe. However, financial structure convergence is somewhat weaker in the emerging market and developing economies relative to the advanced economies. Given the role of financial structure in economic performance, these findings have implications for macroeconomic and financial policies. Moreover, bridging cross‐country gaps in financial structure has potential consequences for income differences across countries.
Why is it so difficult to realize Dy4+ in as‐synthesized BaZrO3?
Authors: Hoang Khang , Latouche Camille , Jobic Stéphane
Published: February 2022

Rare‐earth doped barium zirconate (BaZrO3) ceramics are of interest as proton‐conducting and luminescent materials. Here, we report a study of dysprosium (Dy) and other relevant point defects in BaZrO3 using hybrid density‐functional defect calculations. The tetravalent Dy4+ is found to be structurally and electronically stable at the Zr lattice site (i.e., as DyZr0), but most often energetically less favorable than the trivalent Dy3+ (i.e., DyZr–) in as‐synthesized BaZrO3, due to the formation of low‐energy, positively charged oxygen vacancies and the mixed‐site occupancy of Dy in the host lattice. The Dy4+/Dy3+ ratio can, in principle, be increased by preparing the material under highly oxidizing and Ba‐rich conditions and co‐doping with acceptor‐like impurities; however, a post‐synthesis treatment may still be needed to realize a nonnegligible Dy4+ concentration. We also find that certain unoccupied Dy 4f states and the O 2p states in the DyZr0 configuration are strongly hybridized, a feature not often seen in rare‐earth‐containing materials, and that the isolated DyZr defect might be the source of a broad blue emission in band‐to‐defect (“charge‐transfer”) luminescence.
Mercuric chloride‐induced oxidative stress, genotoxicity, haematological changes and histopathological alterations in fish Channa punctatus (Bloch, 1793)
Authors: Trivedi Sunil P. , Singh Shefalee , Trivedi Abha , Kumar Manoj
Published: February 2022

The present study was undertaken to investigate the adverse effects of mercuric chloride (HgCl2) overload in the fish Channa punctatus. Two sublethal test concentrations of HgCl2 (1/20th and 1/10th of 96 h LC50 i.e., 0.03 mg l−1 (low concentration) and 0.07 mg l−1 (high concentration), respectively, were used for exposure. Blood, liver and kidney tissues of the control and exposed specimens were sampled at intervals of 15, 30, and 45 days to assess alterations in oxidative stress, genotoxicity haematological parameters and histopathology. Significant changes in Hb%, RBC count, WBC count, antioxidant enzyme activity, i.e., superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH) and glutathione reductase (GR), were recorded. Micronuclei (MN) induction, nuclear abnormalities (NAs) and histopathological alterations were also observed in the exposed fish. Significant (P < 0.05) increase in the activities of SOD, CAT, GSH and GR was observed. After 45 days, a decrease in the level of GSH and GR was noticed which suggests an undermined anti‐oxidative defence system in the fish exposed to HgCl2. Histological examination of the liver and kidney showed serious tissue injury and histological alterations. Significant increases in MN and NA frequencies reveal the DNA damage in erythrocytes of fish, and haematological changes show the toxicological potential of HgCl2. The observed changes in the antioxidant defence system, genotoxicity and haematological and histological changes in the present study provide the most extensive insight into HgCl2 stress in C. punctatus.
Regional differences in energy allocation of black sea bass (Centropristis striata) along the U.S. Northeast Shelf (36°N to 42°N) and throughout the spawning season
Authors: Slesinger Emily , Bates Kiernan , Wuenschel Mark , Saba Grace K.
Published: February 2022

Fish reproduction is energetically costly, leading to a suite of energy allocation strategies for maximizing lifetime reproductive potential. Assessing energetic allocation for species that inhabit a wide distributional range can provide insight into different strategies found across individuals and populations. The Northern stock of black sea bass (Centropristis striata) inhabits the U.S. Northeast continental shelf from Cape Hatteras, NC, to the Gulf of Maine, and spawns inshore throughout this distribution from April to October. To assess energy allocation towards spawning, C. striata were collected in four regions across this distribution and throughout their spawning season. By assessing energetic allocation (lipid, energy density and total energy) in muscle, liver and gonad tissues, C. striata were identified as mixed breeders because while they mobilized somatic energy stores towards reproductive development, they also used energy acquired from their diet to sustain reproductive output throughout the spawning season. Unlike male fish, female fish both invested more energy into liver and gonad tissues and exhibited regional differences in energetic values. For both sexes, C. striata in the northern portion of the distribution had lower energetic values both in the somatic stores and towards gonadal development than the fish in the southern portion of the distribution, possibly because of longer migration distance. Overall, the authors found significant spatial variation in energetic constraints that may affect reproductive output and success (recruitment), a relevant result as C. striata are a popular recreational and commercial species throughout this distribution.
A diachronous record of metamorphism in metapelites of the Western Gneiss Region, Norway
Authors: March Samantha , Hand Martin , Tamblyn Renée , Carvalho Bruna B. , Clark Chris
Published: February 2022

In this study, data from garnet‐kyanite metapelites in ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) domains of the Western Gneiss Region (WGR), Norway, are presented. U–Pb geochronology and trace element compositions in zircon, monazite, apatite, rutile and garnet were acquired, and pressure–temperature (P–T) conditions were calculated using mineral equilibria forward modelling and Zr‐in‐rutile thermometry. Garnet‐kyanite gneiss from Ulsteinvik record a prograde evolution passing through ~690–710°C and ~9–11 kbar. Zircon and rutile age and thermometry data indicate these prograde conditions significantly pre‐date Silurian UHP subduction in the WGR and are interpreted to record early Caledonian subduction of continental‐derived allochthons. Minimum peak conditions in the Ulsteinvik metapelite occur at ~28 kbar, constrained by an inferred garnet+kyanite+omphacite+muscovite+rutile+coesite+H2O assemblage. The retrograde evolution passed through ~740°C and ~7 kbar, first recorded by the destruction of omphacite and followed by the partial replacement of kyanite and garnet by cordierite and spinel. Garnet‐kyanite metapelite from the diamond‐bearing Fjørtoft outcrop documents a polymetamorphic history, with garnet forming during the late Mesoproterozoic and limited preservation of high‐pressure Caledonian assemblages. Similar to the Ulsteinvik metapelite, zircon and rutile age data from the Fjørtoft metapelite also record pre‐Scandian Caledonian ages. Two potential tectonic scenarios are possible: (1) The samples were exhumed at different times during pre‐Scandian subduction of the Blåhø nappe, or (2) the samples do not share a history in the same nappe complex, instead the Ulsteinvik metapelite is a constituent of the Seve‐Blåhø Nappe, whilst the Fjørtoft metapelite shares its history within a separate nappe complex.
Are We Still Dependent? Academic Dependency Theory After 20 Years
Authors: Tenzin Jinba , Lee Chengpang
Published: February 2022

Academic dependency theory has attracted increasing attention in academia in the last two decades, especially during the last decade. Syed Farid Alatas, a Singapore‐Malaysia based sociologist, has contributed significantly to the popularization of the idea of academic dependency through theorizing and foregrounding the conditions of dependency in Western‐dominated knowledge production and the global division of academic labor. The growing importance of this idea as applied in Asian contexts is however inseparable from the reconfiguration of the world‐systems in which Asia and especially China have achieved great advancement economically and otherwise. In line with this transformation, we have seen an enhanced effort in Asia and the Global South towards decolonization and indigenization in educational and academic domains. We have therefore organized this special issue to engage critically with Alatas's theory and to rethink the status quo of dependency, decolonization and indigenization in Asia, particularly East Asia, in response to a new development in global and local higher education and research. To close our discussion, we call for an action‐based initiative to address and transform the circumstances of dependency and for more genuine global collaborations.
From ‘The Body Politic’ to ‘The National Interest’: English State Formation in Comparative and Historical Perspective (An Argument Concerning ‘Politically Organized Subjection’)
Authors: Corrigan Philip , Sayer Derek
Published: February 2022

Previously unpublished, “From the Body Politic to the National Interest” was presented at the Mellon Symposium in Historical Anthropology at California Institute of Technology in May 1987. We are publishing it in the Journal of Historical Sociology for the first time to honor Philip Corrigan's memory. The essay was an attempt to expand upon arguments in Philip Corrigan and Derek Sayer, The Great Arch: English State Formation as Cultural Revolution (1985) under two main rubrics: (1) “routines and rituals of rule” and (2) “regulated representations and the making of ‘the’ public.” In both cases we went beyond our treatment of these topics in The Great Arch, to which this paper should be seen as a supplement.
Political Economies of Knowledge Production: On and Around Academic Dependency
Authors: Alatas Syed Farid
Published: February 2022

Approaches to the study of knowledge production on a global scale have drawn analogies from the study of political economy, namely, the theories of political economic imperialism and economic dependency, the notion of economic extractivism, and capitalism. Thus, we have the conceptualization of intellectual imperialism, academic dependency, academic extractivism and academic capitalism. This essay focuses on two of these phenomenon, that is, intellectual imperialism and academic dependency, suggesting that they refer to different, yet related, problems in global knowledge production. While intellectual imperialism is a crucial starting point for the understanding of knowledge production in the Third World/Periphery/South, it interacts with academic dependency to maintain the underdevelopment of academia in many communities worldwide.
Leaders’ response to employee overqualification: An explanation of the curvilinear moderated relationship
Authors: Jiang Jing , Dong Yanan , Hu Hanlin , Liu Qing , Guan Yanjun
Published: February 2022

This research aimed to advance overqualification literature by examining how leaders’ perceived employee overqualification (LPEO) influences their empowering behaviour and employee work behaviours. Drawing upon the individualized leadership theory, we proposed that LPEO has an inverted U‐shape relationship with their empowering behaviour such that leaders are more motivated to empower employees from low to moderate levels of overqualification, but this tendency decreases after a certain inflection point. We also predicted that the inflection point occurs at a lower level of employee overqualification when leaders perceive higher (vs. lower) status threats. Leader empowering behaviour was hypothesized to positively predict employees’ voice and negatively predict their withdrawal behaviour. Two multi‐source and time‐lagged studies were conducted to examine this moderated mediation curvilinear model. In Study 1, survey data from 372 leader–employee dyads supported the inverted U‐shape mediation model from leaders’ perceived overqualification to empowering behaviour, then to employee outcomes (i.e., voice and withdrawal behaviour). In Study 2, we collected data from a sample of 73 team leaders and 286 employees, and the results supported the full model. Taken together, these findings offer a perspective to enrich the understanding of employee overqualification and have important practical implications.

Practitioner points

When leaders regard employees as overqualified, they can assist them via the means of appropriate empowerment to best utilize their skills to benefit the company.

Leader empowerment can inspire employees’ voice behaviour but reduce their withdrawal behaviours.

To minimize potentially negative aspects from highly overqualified employees, organizations should reduce leaders’ concern about the status threat, and encourage leaders’ proactive responses to these employees so as to achieve positive returns from overqualified employees.
Describing Changes in Telebehavioral Health Utilization and Services Delivery in Rural School Settings in Pre‐ and Early Stages of the COVID‐19 Public Health Emergency
Authors: Ward Marcia M. , Ullrich Fred , Merchant Kimberly A. S. , Carter Knute D. , Bhagianadh Divya , Lacks Meghan , Taylor Erika , Gordon Jennifer
Published: February 2022

BACKGROUND

Receiving treatment for behavioral health disorders remains problematic due to profound provider shortages. Telebehavioral health services are effective for providing quality care, but research literature on these services in schools is limited.

METHODS

Data were collected during Fall 2019 and Spring 2020 semesters on all students receiving telebehavioral health services from 15 school‐based telehealth programs across the U.S.

RESULTS

From Fall 2019 to Spring 2020, 62 schools providing services during both periods increased the number of students served from 396 to 745, increased the average number of encounters per student from 2.4 to 4.1, increased the percentage of encounters delivered by clinical social workers, mental health counselors, and clinical psychologists (all p < .001), and increased the use of individual counseling, family counseling, and group counseling (all p < .001). Schools that initiated the service in Spring 2020 (n = 25) averaged 6.5 encounters for the 301 students receiving services, delivered mostly by clinical social workers or professional counselors, using individual counseling.

CONCLUSION

Overall, data indicate programs significantly increased both behavioral services provided to their ongoing schools and increased the number of schools served. Undoubtedly telebehavioral health care delivery provided a swift and necessary response to the challenges posed by the growing pandemic threat.
Biodiversity stabilizes primary productivity through compensatory effects under warming conditions
Authors: Li Chenlan , Jiang Yuan , Wang Zihui , Hogan J. Aaron , Luo Wenqi , Xu Han , Chu Chengjin , Fang Suqin
Published: February 2022

Aim

Diversity may increase the resistance of ecosystem productivity to environmental stress, such as warming, via compensatory processes associated with adjustments of species interactions. However, experimental evidence of compensatory processes that buffer productivity declines in relation to environmental stress is limited, especially in below‐ground settings. We asked whether species richness could stabilize productivity under warming via compensatory responses in root biomass and root functional traits.

Methods

Using three herbaceous species, we created plant communities composed of four individuals in either monocultures or two‐ and three‐species assemblages. We grew them at three temperatures, simulating current climate conditions, moderate warming and severe warming, respectively. We built mixed‐linear mixed models to model plant productivity by species richness and warming and we also analyzed the interactive roles of species richness and warming in species interaction and root functional traits.

Results

We found that warming reduced both above‐ and below‐ground productivity and shifted the biodiversity–productivity relationship from negative to positive. Productivity reductions were weaker in richer species combinations. Warming ameliorated the strength of interspecific competition below‐ground in mixed‐species communities by reducing the root biomass of strong competitors, which benefitted root growth of weaker competitors.

Conclusions

Our results suggest warming can facilitate compensatory responses in herbaceous root productivity across species competition hierarchies. These compensatory processes by which species richness stabilizes plant community functioning emphasize the importance that plant functional diversity has in maintaining ecosystem functioning with climate change.
Exploring durophagy among modern gray wolves from the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem with dental microwear texture analysis
Authors: Burtt Amanda A. , DeSantis Larisa R. G.
Published: February 2022

Gray wolf (Canis lupus) dietary behavior can be highly variable; prey species for wolves span a range of ungulates to the consumption of smaller animals. While prey species for wolves are well documented, carcass utilization within and between wolf populations is less understood. This paper examines a modern population of wolves from the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) with dental microwear texture analysis (DMTA) to gauge utilization of bone resources, or durophagy, across biological, physical, social, geographical, and temporal variables. Results indicate gradation in durophagous behavior among GYE wolves does not correlate with sex, intra‐population body size (as inferred from skeletal and soft tissue measurements), pack association, or age class. Together, findings suggest that feeding ecologies for wolves are not specific to these factors. We also found that antemortem tooth breakage rates are not positively correlated with dental microwear textures that infer durophagy. We further compare dental microwear measures with previously published data from Alaskan wolves, who were collected decades before the GYE wolf sample. Results imply elevated carcass exploitation in the contemporary GYE wolf population sample. If minimal inter‐population differences are assumed, data presented here show dietary behaviors of North American gray wolves have changed over the past fifty years, indicating a possible long‐term trend that may be linked to decreased winter severity and climate change.
The lived experience of parenting a child with sensory sensitivity and picky eating
Authors: Cunliffe Louise , Coulthard Helen , Williamson Iain R.
Published: February 2022

“Picky eating” is a common behaviour seen in childhood in both clinical and nonclinical populations. Sensory processing difficulties have been repeatedly associated with food refusal and picky eating behaviours. The aim of this study was to explore the lived experiences of parents/caregivers who have a child displaying both sensory processing differences and picky eating behaviours utilising Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Participants were recruited from social media support groups for parents of picky eating children. Pre‐selection criteria utilised an adapted short sensory profile questionnaire to ensure the children displayed probable/definite taste‐smell, audio‐visual and tactile sensory sensitivities. Twelve participants fulfilling the required criteria were interviewed face to face utilising a semi‐structured interview schedule. Interviews were transcribed and analysed following IPA guidelines and three common themes are presented here: Battling for control of the sensory environment, Living with stigma and, disapproval, and Staying positive and moving forward. The findings show the very considerable day‐to‐day challenges of parenting a child with sensory issues with food, including a lack of support and criticism from others. It was apparent that the parents in our study gradually adopted a positive and accepting attitude to their child's eating. This acceptance allowed them to have positive interactions around food with their child such as cooking and playing with food, suggesting that experiential activities serve an important purpose in this population. Further research should examine whether parental interventions based on acceptance of child eating behaviour, and commitment to gradual positive food interactions would be the best strategy to support parents and children.
Making quality improvement data more accessible and understandable: Analyst, designer, and storyteller
Authors: Waddell Greg
Published: February 2022

Making data more accessible and understandable in quality improvement requires a diversity of approaches beyond formal teaching in technical skills of measurement. Improvement practitioners might co‐opt the wider skillset of analyst, designer, and storyteller in tailoring the team strategy needed to make best use of the data used to inform decision‐making at the point of care. Data literacy levels, negative prior experiences, or limited access to technology might influence the ability of teams to engage in measurement. Co‐designing the experience ensures that the data are meaningful, that it is framed in inclusive language, and that the process is manageable. Being mindful about intrinsic motivators when designing measurement strategies can improve the collective approach to data analysis and the sustainability of the project. Thoughtful data visualization takes account of the inherent perceptual challenges of comprehending data and complex images. Establishing a routine of simplification—removing redundant elements and distractions—and amplifying aspects that aid understanding can bring clarity to the important concepts within a chart. Story‐telling techniques can help wider audiences engage with data by carefully shaping analytical and emotional content around a central narrative—always mindful of the limitations of working memory, and the emotional momentum needed to inspire change.
Development of single nucleotide polymorphism‐based functional molecular markers from the Lr22a gene sequence in wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: Sharma Jyoti Saini , McCallum Brent D. , Hiebert Colin W.
Published: February 2022

The adult‐plant leaf rust resistant gene Lr22a confers broadly effective resistance against the fungal pathogen Puccinia triticina Eriks. (Pt) in wheat that has not been extensively utilized in wheat cultivars. The objective of this study was to develop robust functional molecular markers using the Lr22a gene sequence to facilitate integration of Lr22a in breeding programmes. The Lr22a coding sequence was used to identify isolated SNPs and four kompetitive allele specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (KASP) markers were developed. For marker testing, a F2:3 population was developed by crossing a near‐isogenic line RL4495 (Lr22a carrier) with Thatcher and phenotyped with Pt race TDBJ and genotyped with a 90K iSelect SNP array, four KASP markers and two SSR markers. A linkage map of chromosome arm 2DS that included Lr22a was constructed. The KASP markers co‐segregated with Lr22a and were validated for cross‐applicability on a panel of wheat lines. KASP markers Kwh636, Kwh637 and Kwh638 reliably detected the presence or absence of Lr22a. The markers developed in this study will facilitate Lr22a selection in breeding programmes.
“Mrs. Nixon's Goodwill Mission”: The Great Peruvian Earthquake, Rhetorical History, and the Art of Personal Diplomacy
Authors: Lehn Melody
Published: February 2022

Though widely perceived as an ineffectual first lady, Pat Nixon was a diplomatic asset to the Nixon administration. This rhetorical history investigates her inventive use of “personal diplomacy” on a goodwill mission to Peru in 1970. Despite competing directives from the West Wing and State Department, Nixon elected to speak in her own voice and deployed personal diplomacy as a multifaceted rhetorical strategy to accomplish humanitarian goals. Nixon's rhetorical performance yielded significant, yet limited diplomatic gains and complicates recent scholarship suggesting that the gendered nature of first lady diplomacy renders it a largely routine, essentially symbolic, and politically safe endeavor.
Recommended Reference Values for Risk Assessment of Oral Exposure to Copper
Authors: Taylor Alicia A. , Tsuji Joyce S. , McArdle Margaret E. , Adams William J. , Goodfellow William L.
Published: February 2022

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) database, the authoritative source of U.S. risk assessment toxicity factors, currently lacks an oral reference dose (RfD) for copper. In the absence of such a value, various health‐based reference values for copper are available for use in risk assessment. We summarize the scientific bases and differences in assumptions among key reference values for ingested copper to guide selection of appropriate values for risk assessment. A comprehensive review of the scientific literature best supports the oral RfD of 0.04 mg/kg body weight/day derived by EPA from their Drinking Water Action Level. This value is based on acute gastrointestinal effects but is further supported by broader analysis of copper deficiency and toxicity.
Using an adaptive network‐based fuzzy inference system model to predict the loss ratio of petroleum insurance in Egypt
Authors: Khalil Ahmed A. , Liu Zaiming , Ali Attia A.
Published: February 2022

Insurance companies and those interested in developing insurance services seek to use modern mathematical and statistical methods to study further and analyze all the company's corporate internal and external performance indicators. Loss ratio is a vital indicator used to measure performance and predict future losses in insurance companies. Many pivotal processors, such as underwriting and pricing depending on it. Therefore, accurate predictions assist insurance companies in making decisions properly. Thus, this paper aims to use the adaptive network‐based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models in forecasting the loss ratio of petroleum insurance in Misr Insurance Holding Company from 1995 to 2019. We applied many ANFIS models according to ANFIS properties and used the first 21 years (1995–2015), making up the training data set, which represents 85% of the data, as well as the past 4 years (2016–2019). Which are used for the testing stage and represent 15% of the data. Our finding concluded that ANFIS models give more accurate results than ARIMA models in predicting the loss ratio during the investigation by comparing results using predictive accuracy measures.
New hemodynamic variables as predictors of arteriovenous fistula maturation
Authors: Abreu Rui
Published: February 2022

Introduction

Failure to mature of native arteriovenous fistula (AVF) assessed by image is not well documented.

Methods

The aim of this study is to evaluate AVF maturation by Doppler ultrasound within 6 weeks after surgery and check for new hemodynamic variables as prognostic factors.

Results

A total of 155 native AVFs were created in 3 years. Median age of patients was 71 years (60;79), with male gender predominance of 59.4% (n = 92). Diabetes was present in 60.6% (n = 94). AVF was created in distal forearm in 49.7% (n = 77). Un‐assisted and overall maturation was of 67.1% (n = 104) and 83.9% (n = 130), respectively. Failure to mature occurred in 21.3% (n = 33) and primary failure in 9.7% (n = 15). In univariate analysis, preoperative variables such as diameter of artery (3.5 vs. 2.2 mm; p < 0.001) and pulsatility index (7.9 vs. 6.6; p = 0.055) were associated with failure to mature of AVF. Postoperative variables as Qa (994 vs. 401 mL/min; p < 0.001), resistance index (0.52 vs. 0.63; p < 0.001), pulsatility index (0.74 vs. 1.21; p < 0.001), and acceleration time (0.17 vs. 0.12; p < 0.001) also predicted an unfunctional AVF. Spearman correlation coefficient (r) was good for resistance index (−0.628) and pulsatility index (−0.707) in comparison with blood flow (Qa). In multivariate analysis, postoperative pulsatility index was an independent predictor of AVF dysfunction (OR: 16.5; p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Failure to mature was of 21.3%. Pulsatility index could be an important tool as new hemodynamic variable to predict failure to mature of native AVF.
PINEAPPLE LEAF JUICE CHARACTERIZATION AND KINETIC STUDY ON MICROBIAL GROWTH INHIBITION
Authors: Ya'acob Amirah , Zainol Norazwina , Abdul Samad Kamaliah
Published: February 2022

Microbial growth inhibitor (MGI) is crucial in preventing the spreaders of infection. Pineapple (Ananas comosus) leaf juice (PLJ) is chosen as an alternative MGI agent due to its phenolic compounds content. Phenolic compounds in PLJ were quantified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS) analysis. Phenolic compounds identified were confirmed based on their molecular mass and fragmentation pattern. From PLJ characterization, seven phenolic compounds were identified, namely meliadanoside A, feralolide, kukoamine A, methyl-5-O-caffeoylquinate, stilbostemin D, octahydrocurcumin and agrimol C. As the time increased from 0 to 60 min, the phenolic compounds concentration-absorbance (Au) value decreased, indicating a decrease in the phenolic concentration. This is due to the inhibition of microbes by phenolic compounds in PLJ. The inhibition data obtained in microbial inhibition assay were plotted according to the Hill equation, where the kinetic constants (Vmax, K0.5, and n) were estimated. Meliadanoside A has the highest K0.5 value followed by feralolide, kukoamine A, methyl-5-O-caffeoylquinate, and stilbostemin D. Meliadanoside A displayed a sigmoidal behaviour with a Hill coefficient (n) greater than 1. Feralolide, kukoamine A, methyl-5-O-caffeoylquinate, and stilbostemin D corresponded to negative cooperativity with n values lower than 1. This study demonstrated that PLJ could be exploited as a natural plant source that acts as an effective microbial growth inhibitor. Thus, it becomes one of the greener alternatives MGI compared to other synthetic agents.
PRELIMINARY STUDY ON ADDITIVELY MANUFACTURED PLASTIC LINER OF AN ACETABULAR CUP COMPONENT
Authors: J. Sofia, , N. Ethiraj, , M. P. Nikolova,
Published: February 2022

Additive manufacturing is extensively used in the medical field due to its flexibility in manufacturing implants based on the patient’s requirements. This research study aims to investigate the additively manufactured plastic liner part, which is one of the parts of an artificial hip joint. In this study, fused deposition modeling (FDM) is used for fabricating the plastic liner from polylactic acid (PLA). The investigation was carried out to understand the manufacturability of dimensionally accurate, defect-free and better surface quality of the additively manufactured cup liner and to study the wear behaviour of the material chosen. The dimensions of the formed components were measured using a coordinate measuring machine (CMM). Non-destructive testing methods namely dye penetrant and radiography were carried out for identifying the existence of any surface or internal defects, respectively. The surface roughness values were measured to characterize the surface texture of the component made. The wear behaviour of the PLA material was studied by a pin-on-disc test. It is seen from the macrostructural images that some external surface defects exist. These observations are also confirmed by the dye penetrant test results. However, no internal defects were noticed by the radiography testing of the additively manufactured liner. The surface roughness measurements and macrostructural images have shown the poor surface finish of the part. The coefficient of friction of 0.302 and higher specific wear rate of PLA material were observed in pin-on disc test.