bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interactions among global change pressures act in a non‐additive way on bumblebee individuals and colonies
Authors: Zaragoza‐Trello Carlos , Vilà Montserrat , Botías Cristina , Bartomeus Ignasi
Published: October 2020

Insect‐mediated pollination is fundamental for terrestrial ecosystems as well as for crop production. However, bee populations are declining as a consequence of different global change pressures. Even though these pressures do not act in isolation, their interactive effects have received less attention.

Through a cross‐treatment field experiment with Bombus terrestris colonies, we analysed the joint effect of climate warming, exposure to pesticides and landscape transformation on bumblebee development variables related to individual and colony fitness.

Our results show that an average increase of 1.62°C in the presence of high resource availability in the landscape increases the number of individuals of all colony castes. However, temperature increase is only favourable when foraging resources are not limiting. This is partly because under elevated temperatures, colonies can develop faster but also need to invest more in wax and silk material to protect the offspring and to cool the colony. We also found a decrease in the number of male production with exposure to pesticides.

At the individual level, colonies exposed to increased temperatures produced larger queens and workers, and at the same time, all castes presented less variability in body size. In addition, we observed a reduction in queen size with increasing resource availability.

Our experiment indicates that the interaction between global change pressures can be non‐additive and that colony‐level emergent properties of social species could buffer some of the individual impacts of these pressures. Hence, it is necessary to consider not only the joint effects of global change pressures but also the plasticity of the organisms' responses. This would help us to predict how populations will respond to these stressors in a complex real world and how species life‐history traits could modulate their adverse effects through complex phenotypic plastic responses.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Nalbuphine on postoperative gastrointestinal tract dysfunction after laparoscopic surgery for gynaecological malignancies: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Chen Jia‐wei , Tian Lin , Zhang Le , Hu Jian‐ying , Huang Shao‐qiang , Jiao Jing
Published: October 2020

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of nalbuphine and sufentanil on the gastrointestinal (GI) tract after laparoscopic surgery for gynaecological malignancies. A total of 100 patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I–II undergoing laparoscopic radical hysterectomy under general anaesthesia were enrolled. The patients were randomized to receive sufentanil (Group S) or nalbuphine (Group N) intraoperatively and postoperatively. The time to first passage of flatus, the time to first defaecation, the time to toleration of diet, the serum gastrin level, and the duration of hospital stay of the groups were compared. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score for postoperative pain, the number of dispensed patient‐controlled analgaesics (PCAs), and the prevalence of postoperative nausea, vomiting, and dizziness of the groups were also compared. The time to first passage of flatus (P = .551), time to first defaecation (P = .310), time to toleration of diet (P = .182), serum gastrin level (P = .397), prevalence of postoperative nausea (P = .920) and vomiting (P = .334), number of dispensed PCAs (P = .167), and the duration of hospital stay (P = .482) of the two groups were not significantly different. The VAS scores at 6 hours (P = .008), 12 hours (P = .002), and 24 hours (P = .013) postoperatively were lower in Group N than in Group S. In conclusion, nalbuphine was not associated with improved postoperative GI dysfunction after laparoscopic surgery for gynaecological malignancies, but it was associated with reduced postoperative pain.
Aspartate‐β‐alanine‐NBAD pathway regulates pupal melanin pigmentation plasticity of ladybird Harmonia axyridis
Authors: Zhang Yi , Wang Xing‐Xing , Feng Zhu‐Jun , Tian Hong‐Gang , Feng Yi , Liu Tong‐Xian
Published: October 2020

Phenotypic plasticity is observed in many animal species and it is effective for them to cope with many types of environmental threats. The multicolored Asian ladybird Harmonia axyridis shows a cuticular pigmentation plasticity that can be rapidly induced by temperature changes, and in the form of changeable melanin spot patterns to adjust heat‐absorbing. Here, H. axyridis with thermal stimulation were selected for determining the molecular regulations behind it. First, we confirmed the melanin level changes of H. axyridis pupa could be induced by temperature, and then screened the efficient time window for thermal sensing of H. axyridis pre‐pupa; it is suggested that the late stage of pre‐pupa (late stage of 4th instar larva) is the critical period to sense thermal signals and adjust its pupal melanin spot area size to adapt to upcoming thermal conditions. The Ha‐ADC (aspartate decarboxylase) and Ha‐ebony (NBAD synthase) of aspartate‐β‐alanine‐NBAD pathway were then proved in regulation of cuticular melanization for pupa through RNA interference experiments; knockdown of these two genes enlarged the melanin spot size. Finally, we designed a random injection of Ha–ADC at different pre‐pupal stages, to further study the regulation window during this process. Combined with all evidence observed, we suggested the spot size determination can be regulated very close to the time point of pupation, and genes of the aspartate‐β‐alanine‐NBAD pathway play an important role at the molecular level. In brief, H. axyridis exhibits a flexible active physiological regulation through transcriptional modification to thermal changes.
Loss of heat acclimation capacity could leave subterranean specialists highly sensitive to climate change
Authors: Pallarés S. , Colado R. , Botella‐Cruz M. , Montes A. , Balart‐García P. , Bilton D. T. , Millán A. , Ribera I. , Sánchez‐Fernández D.
Published: October 2020

Physiological traits are key in determining the vulnerability of narrow range, highly specialized animals to climate change. It is generally predicted that species from more stable environments possess lower thermal tolerance breadths and thermal plasticity than those from more variable habitats – the so‐called ‘climatic variability hypothesis’. However, evolutionary trade‐offs between thermal breadth and its plasticity are also seen in some taxa, and the evolution of thermal physiology remains poorly understood. Subterranean environments are excellent systems for exploring these issues, being characterized by stable climatic conditions, with environmental variability increasing predictably from deep to shallow habitats. Acclimation capacity will be fundamental in determining the sensitivity of subterranean species to climate change, since they have poor dispersal capacity and limited possibility to exploit thermally different microhabitats in the uniform cave environment. We assessed critical thermal maximum (CTmax) and short‐term heat acclimation capacity in three related beetles (Leiodidae: Leptodirini) with differing degrees of specialization to the subterranean environment (deep, shallow and facultatively subterranean, respectively) and therefore exposed to contrasting thermal variability in nature. Only the facultative subterranean species showed any acclimatory capacity, also having the highest CTmax across the taxa studied. However, this species might experience the highest thermal stress in its habitat under climate change. The studied subterranean specialists will be poorly able to cope physiologically with temperature increase, but in contrast exposed to lower magnitude and rate of warming. Our results fit the climatic variability hypothesis, suggesting that adaptation to cave conditions has selected against the retention of acclimation mechanisms. We show that the pathways that determine vulnerability of subterranean species to climate change depend on their degree of specialization to deep subterranean environments. This information, combined with evaluation of exposure to climatic changes at their present locations, is fundamental in identifying species or populations at greatest risk.
One Size Fits All? Experimental Evidence on the Digital Delivery of Personalized Extension Advice in Nigeria
Authors: Arouna Aminou , Michler Jeffrey D. , Yergo Wilfried G. , Saito Kazuki
Published: October 2020

Blanket advice on optimal fertilizer application rates has failed to achieve potential yield gains for crop production in much of Sub‐Saharan Africa. However, digital technology now makes it possible to deliver personalized extension services to farmers at a much lower cost. We present results from a randomized control trial designed to evaluate the effectiveness of a mobile application that provides personalized advice on rice nutrient management. We find that households who were just given the personalized advice increase their yield by 7% and increase their profit by 10%. On average, personalized advice increases yields without increasing the overall quantity of fertilizer used. We conclude that the scaling of personalized extension services could improve productivity and livelihoods in Sub‐Saharan Africa without necessarily increasing the total amount of fertilizer in use.
Rectification of cavernosal fibrosis and veno‐occlusive dysfunction by administration of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid in a rat model of cavernosal nerve injury: Comparison with a PDE5 inhibitor
Authors: Cho Min Chul , Lee Junghoon , Son Hwancheol , Kim Soo Woong
Published: October 2020

Background

Cavernosal fibrosis, which is induced by cavernosal nerve (CN) injury and progresses with time, is the main cause of cavernosal veno‐occlusive dysfunction (CVOD) after radical prostatectomy.

Objectives

To determine whether daily oral administration of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA; vorinostat) for 5‐weeks from the immediate post‐injury period after CN injury would rectify CVOD by suppressing cavernosal fibrosis and normalizing HDAC pathway in a rat model of CN crush injury (CNCI) and to compare the results with those obtained using chronic administration of PDE5‐inhibitors (a positive control).

Methods

Fifty‐six 12‐week‐old rats were randomized into the four groups: sham surgery (S), CNCI (I), and CNCI treated with daily administration of 25.0 mg/kg SAHA (V) or 20.0 mg/kg udenafil (P). Group‐V and Group‐P received the respective treatment for 5‐weeks from the following day after CNCI. At 5 weeks after surgery, dynamic infusion cavernosometry (DIC), histological staining, and Western blot analysis were performed.

Results

Group‐I had a significantly decreased papaverine response, higher maintenance rate or drop rate, lower smooth muscle (SM)/collagen ratio, decreased SM content, and increased protein expression of HDAC2, HDAC3, TGF‐β1, and collagen‐1, compared with Group‐S. The three DIC parameters in Group‐V and Group‐P significantly improved compared to those in Group‐I. Except for the maintenance rate, the improvement in papaverine response and drop rate in Group‐V was not significantly different from that in Group‐P. Group‐V and Group‐P showed the rectification of SM/collagen ratio and protein expression of TGF‐β1 or collagen‐1. SM content was improved in Group‐P, but not in Group‐V. Group‐V showed the normalization of protein expression of both HDAC2 and HDAC3, whereas protein expression of only HDAC2 was partially restored in Group‐P.

Discussion

Treatment strategies targeting the HDAC pathway might be helpful to alleviate CVOD induced by CN injury.

Conclusions

According to our data, chronic administration of SAHA improves post‐injury CVOD by suppressing cavernosal fibrosis via rectifying the HDAC/TGF‐β1 pathway in nerve‐injured rats, comparable to that with PDE5 inhibitors.
Pregnancy‐ and obstetric‐related risk factors for urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence, or pelvic organ prolapse later in life: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Hage‐Fransen Monique A. H. , Wiezer Maaike , Otto Amy , Wieffer‐Platvoet Marleen S. , Slotman Mariska H. , Nijhuis‐van der Sanden Maria W. G. , Pool‐Goudzwaard Annelies L.
Published: October 2020

Introduction

Risk factors for pelvic floor disorders are often related to pregnancy and delivery. Consistent evidence is needed to develop prevention strategies targeting risk factors. The objective of this study is to identify which pregnancy‐ and/or obstetric‐related risk factors can predict urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence, or pelvic organ prolapse later in life by means of a systematic review and meta‐analysis.

Material and methods

Systematic review Prospero number: CRD42019131758. Literature searches of PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library were conducted according to PRISMA guidelines (April 2020). Prospective cohort studies describing more than two pregnancy‐ and/or obstetric‐related risk factors on urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence (including flatal incontinence), or pelvic organ prolapse were eligible. Risk of bias was assessed (using Quality In Prognosis Studies [QUIPS]). Studies with high risk of bias were excluded. Data were extracted and checked for accuracy with the CHARMS checklist. Sub‐groups were used to distinguish between a short‐ and long‐term follow‐up period: <18 months (shortterm) and >18 months (long‐term) postpartum. Odds ratios were calculated from reported prevalence rates. Log odds ratios were calculated using SPSS v.24. Variables were pooled using RevMan5.

Results

Data were extracted from nineteen studies for urinary incontinence, nine for fecal incontinence, and two for pelvic organ prolapse. Multivariate analysis was not possible because of the heterogeneity of the population and outcome measures. Pooled univariate risk factors for urinary incontinence were: urinary incontinence during pregnancy, instrumental vaginal delivery, episiotomy, tears, and constipation. Pooled univariate risk factors for fecal incontinence were: fecal incontinence during pregnancy, maternal age over 35 years, prenatal body mass index over 30 kg/m2, instrumental vaginal delivery, a spontaneous vaginal delivery, oxytocin augmentation, and when the weight of the newborn was more than 4000 g. Both studies for pelvic organ prolapse had a short‐term follow‐up period and cesarean section was the only risk factor that could be pooled.

Conclusions

Pregnancy‐ and obstetric‐related risk factors predicting pelvic floor disorders postpartum are multifactorial and differ between pelvic floor disorders. The strongest risk factor for incontinence later in life was incontinence during pregnancy. Better quality research with long‐term follow up is needed on this topic.
Evaluating the Therapeutic and Diagnostic Benefits of Conflict Analysis, a Self‐Guided Online Therapeutic Assessment: An Online Case Study
Authors: Levis Maxwell Eli Joshua , Levis Albert J.
Published: October 2020

Assessment is a defining component of psychotherapy practice. Unfortunately, it is also a component that can be associated with heightened stigma, dropout, and financial burden. Responding to these concerns, Conflict Analysis (CA) was developed as a meaningful, accessible, and inexpensive online therapeutic assessment that can aid case formulation or function as auxiliary psychoeducation. CA is a client‐led psychodynamic assessment that bridges diagnostic frameworks, therapeutic techniques, and technological resources. CA provides a diagnostic blueprint for subsequent interventions for little cost and from the convenience of clients’ mobile devices. This study evaluates CA's perceived therapeutic and diagnostic utility through using a single‐case research design, featuring the case of ‘Laura’, a 40‐year‐old African‐American woman, randomly chosen from an online sample cohort. Authors had no direct contact with Laura. The study examines assessment responses, narrative writings, self‐reflections, and self‐report scores on measures predicting psychopathology, wellbeing, insight, and diagnostic and therapeutic benefits. Measures were evaluated before, immediately after, and two weeks after CA. Data suggest CA offered Laura insight into behavioural patterns and a growth framework. Laura indicated CA helped her balance between competing aspects of identity, and become more engaged, empowered, and open to therapeutic interventions. Findings should not be generalized as the study only presents an individual record.
Connecting with strangers in the city: A mattering approach
Authors: Zeeb Victoria , Joffe Helene
Published: October 2020

The evidence that social relationships are associated with well‐being is so strong that it is taken as a ‘fact’ (Kushlev et al., 2018, Journal of Research in Personality, 74, 124). The bulk of the existing evidence derives from research examining social relationships with close others, such as family, romantic partners, and friends (Dolan et al., 2008, Journal Economic Psychology, 29, 94; Li & Kanazawa, 2016, British Journal of Psychology, 107, 675). However, less is known about how connecting with strangers is associated with well‐being, how such connections are represented by people, and what motivates people’s desire to connect with strangers. This study aims to examine representations and motivations for social connectedness with strangers in contemporary British cities. To do this, an interview study of 52 city‐dwellers living in Britain’s two largest cities, London and Birmingham, was conducted. The Grid Elaboration Method (GEM) (Joffe & Elsey, 2014, Review of General Psychology, 18, 173), a free association and interview technique, was applied. Thematic analysis revealed that representations of strangers vacillate between ‘good’ and ‘bad’, are built upon the ‘self/other’ thema, are shaped by the contextual factors place, time, and technology, and are motivated by a desire to ‘matter’. This work makes a key contribution to the study of social connectedness in cities and can inform effective urban policy.
Debate: Mental health, social crisis and the COVID‐19 pandemic in Chile
Authors: Fischman Patricio , Irarrazaval Matias
Published: October 2020

Mental health in Chile has been significantly challenged by the beginning of a social crisis in October of 2019 and the COVID‐19 pandemic of 2020. Despite widening of shortage of services, both the burgeoning of Telepsychiatry and a Presidential Initiative to integrate mental health to policy making and services provided by all sectors of government have mitigated the effects of this crisis.
Inactivation of homeodomain‐interacting protein kinase 2 promotes oral squamous cell carcinoma metastasis through inhibition of P53‐dependent E‐cadherin expression
Authors: Zheng Xueqing , Pan Yuemei , Chen Xinming , Xia Shu , Hu Yaying , Zhou Yi , Zhang Jiali
Published: October 2020

Homeodomain‐interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2), a well‐known tumor suppressor, shows contradictory expression patterns in different cancers. This study was undertaken to clarify HIPK2 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and to reveal the potential mechanism of HIPK2 involvement in OSCC metastasis. Two hundred and four OSCC tissues, together with paired adjacent normal epithelia, dysplastic epithelia, and lymph node metastasis specimens, were collected to profile HIPK2 expression by immunohistochemical staining. High throughput RNA‐sequencing was used to detect the dysregulated signaling pathways in HIPK2‐deficient OSCC cells. Transwell assay and lymphatic metastatic orthotopic mouse model assay were undertaken to identify the effect of HIPK2 on tumor invasion. Western blotting and luciferase reporter assay were used to examine the HIPK2/P53/E‐cadherin axis in OSCC. Nuclear delocalization of HIPK2 was observed during oral epithelial cancerization progression and was associated with cervical lymph node metastasis and poor outcome. Depletion of HIPK2 promoted tumor cell invasion in vitro and facilitated cervical lymph node metastasis in vivo. According to mRNA‐sequencing, pathways closely related to tumor invasion were notably activated. Homeodomain‐interacting protein kinase 2 was found to trigger E‐cadherin expression by mediating P53, which directly targets the CDH1 (coding E‐cadherin) promoter. Restoring P53 expression rescued the E‐cadherin suppression induced by HIPK2 deficiency, whereas rescued cytoplasmic HIPK2 expression had no influence on the expression of E‐cadherin and cell mobility. Together, nuclear delocalization of HIPK2 might serve as a valuable negative biomarker for poor prognosis of OSCC and lymph node metastasis. The depletion of HIPK2 expression promoted OSCC metastasis by suppressing the P53/E‐cadherin axis, which might be a promising target for anticancer therapies.
A novel DNA repair‐related nomogram predicts survival in low‐grade gliomas
Authors: Li Guanzhang , Wu Fan , Zeng Fan , Zhai You , Feng Yuemei , Chang Yuanhao , Wang Di , Jiang Tao , Zhang Wei
Published: October 2020

Aims

We aimed to create a tumor recurrent‐based prediction model to predict recurrence and survival in patients with low‐grade glioma.

Methods

This study enrolled 291 patients (188 in the training group and 103 in the validation group) with clinicopathological information and transcriptome sequencing data. LASSO‐COX algorithm was applied to shrink predictive factor size and build a predictive recurrent signature. GO, KEGG, and GSVA analyses were performed for function annotations of the recurrent signature. The calibration curves and C‐Index were assessed to evaluate the nomogram's performance.

Results

This study found that DNA repair functions of tumor cells were significantly enriched in recurrent low‐grade gliomas. A predictive recurrent signature, built by the LASSO‐COX algorithm, was significantly associated with overall survival and progression‐free survival in low‐grade gliomas. Moreover, function annotations analysis of the predictive recurrent signature exhibited that the signature was associated with DNA repair functions. The nomogram, combining the predictive recurrent signature and clinical prognostic predictors, showed powerful prognostic ability in the training and validation groups.

Conclusion

An individualized prediction model was created to predict 1‐, 2‐, 3‐, 5‐, and 10‐year survival and recurrent rate of patients with low‐grade glioma, which may serve as a potential tool to guide postoperative individualized care.
N1c colon cancer and the use of adjuvant chemotherapy: a current audit of the National Cancer Database
Authors: Simon Hillary L. , Reif de Paula Thais , Spigel Zachary A. , Keller Deborah S.
Published: October 2020

Aim

Colorectal cancer staging has evolved to define N1c as the presence of tumour deposits without concurrent positive lymph nodes. Work to date reports poor prognosis in N1c colon cancer, with Stage III categorization and adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) recommended. No study has yet evaluated the prevalence, treatment compliance or treatment‐related outcomes on a national scale. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of N1c colon cancer, use, outcomes and factors associated with AC in the USA.

Method

The National Cancer Database was reviewed for N1cM0 colon adenocarcinomas that underwent resection from 2010 to 2016. Cases were stratified into ‘AC’ or ‘no AC’ cohorts. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to estimate overall survival (OS) and compare the AC and no AC cohorts using the log‐rank test. Multivariable logistic regression identified factors associated with AC. The main outcome measures were the prevalence and factors associated with AC use and its impact in N1c disease.

Results

Of the 5684 (1.59% of 357 752) colon adenocarcinomas that were N1c, 55% (n = 3071) received AC. AC significantly improved 1‐, 3‐ and 5‐year OS compared with no AC (96.2%, 80%, 67.4% and 72.9%, 48.5%, 33.8%, respectively; P < 0.001). Compared with the no AC group, AC patients were younger, had less comorbidity, were of the male gender and received minimally invasive surgery at an academic treatment centre (all P < 0.05). Socioeconomic and procedural factors significantly impacted the use of AC.

Conclusion

In the USA, AC is underutilized in N1c colon cancer despite significantly improved OS. Socioeconomic and procedural factors associated with AC were identified, highlighting disparities in AC use and opportunities to improve oncological outcomes and survival.
The airway microbiome in COPD, bronchiectasis and bronchiectasis‐COPD overlap
Authors: Tiew Pei Yee , Jaggi Tavleen K. , Chan Louisa L. Y. , Chotirmall Sanjay H.
Published: October 2020

Objective

To review the airway microbiome in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchiectasis and bronchiectasis‐COPD overlap (BCO).

Data source and study selection

Relevant studies were selected from PubMed, Google scholar, EMBASE and Web of Science. All studies involving human microbiomes, published in the English language, and using the search terms “COPD”, “Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease”, “Bronchiectasis”, “BCO” or “Bronchiectasis and COPD overlap”, AND “microbiome”, “mycobiome” or “metagenomics” were included.

Results

Despite variability in sampling methods and specimen types used, microbiome composition remains relatively comparable in COPD and bronchiectasis with prominence of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. Alterations to airway microbiomes occur in association to disease severity and/or exacerbations in COPD and bronchiectasis. Decreased alpha diversity and Haemophilus‐predominant microbiomes are associated with poorer survival in COPD, while, in bronchiectasis, Pseudomonas‐predominant microbiomes demonstrate high exacerbation frequency and greater symptom burden while Aspergillus‐dominant mycobiome profiles associate with exacerbations. The role of the microbiome in BCO remains understudied.

Conclusion

Use of next‐generation sequencing has revolutionised our detection and understanding of the airway microbiome in chronic respiratory diseases such as COPD and bronchiectasis. Targeted amplicon sequencing reveals important associations between the respiratory microbiome and disease outcome while metagenomics may elucidate functional pathways. How best to apply this information into patient care, monitoring and treatment, however, remains challenging and necessitates further study.
Excess corporate payouts and financial distress risk
Authors: Andriosopoulos Dimitris , De Cesari Amedeo , Stathopoulos Konstantinos
Published: October 2020

Firms that follow excessive payout policies (over‐payers) are higher on the financial distress spectrum and have lower survival rates than under‐payers. In addition, over‐payers endure lower future sales and asset growth than under‐payers and experience negative abnormal returns in the bond and stock markets. Exogenous import tariff reductions and commodity price jumps reduce the likelihood of overpayment. We interpret this as evidence consistent with financial flexibility considerations, rather than risk‐shifting, explaining the decision to overpay. We also find that CEO overconfidence and catering incentives affect overpayment.
Interactive effects of water temperature and stoichiometric food quality on Daphnia pulicaria
Authors: Starke Cody W. E. , Jones Catriona L. C. , Burr Wesley S. , Frost Paul C.
Published: October 2020

While water temperatures vary widely within and among lakes, most studies of food quality on lake zooplankton have been conducted across a relatively narrow temperature range. Given the strong links between food, temperature, and metabolism, there is a need to assess the interactive effects of water temperature and food quality on the life history and population growth rates of zooplankton.

This study examined Daphnia pulicaria life history and population growth rates exposed to variable food P content (molar C:P ratios c. 100–900) across a range of temperatures (c. 12–30°C). Mass‐specific growth rate experiments were conducted for a period of 5 days, while Daphnia reproduction and survival metrics were measured for 28 days.

Mass‐specific growth rates of D. pulicaria varied with food‐quality but the size of this effect depended on temperature. We observed a thermal limit of 28°C above which mortality reached 100%, while survival between 25 and 28°C was substantially reduced, after c. 20 days, in animals consuming food C:P ratios of 100. Poorer quality food (C:P 300–700) altered these temperature effects and increased the probability of survival in animals exposed to 25–28°C temperatures. When we examined the population‐level effects of these treatments, we found a rise in intrinsic rate with temperature with higher quality food, driven by an earlier age of first reproduction and shorter generation time. However, this increased population growth with temperature was not observed in animals consuming food with low P content.

Altogether, we found strong interactive effects of temperature and food quality on Daphnia, with especially dynamic changes seen among differentially nourished animals raised in water above 25°C. These results demonstrate the complex non‐additive interactions of food quality and temperature responses in freshwater invertebrates and indicate that the effects of warming temperatures on zooplankton communities must be considered within the context of the animals’ nutrition and metabolism if monitoring and mitigation efforts are to be successful.
Current rice models underestimate yield losses from short‐term heat stresses
Authors: Sun Ting , Hasegawa Toshihiro , Liu Bing , Tang Liang , Liu Leilei , Cao Weixing , Zhu Yan
Published: October 2020

Crop production will likely face enormous challenges against the occurrences of extreme climatic events projected under future climate change. Heat waves that occur at critical stages of the reproductive phase have detrimental impacts on the grain yield formation of rice (Oryza sativa). Accurate estimates of these impacts are essential to evaluate the effects of climate change on rice. However, the accuracy of these predictions by crop models has not been extensively tested. In this study, we evaluated 14 rice growth models against four year phytotron experiments with four levels of heat treatments imposed at different times after flowering. We found that all models greatly underestimated the negative effects of heat on grain yield, suggesting that yield projections with these models do not reflect food shocks that may occur under short‐term extreme heat stress (SEHS). As a result, crop model ensembles do not help to provide accurate estimates of grain yield under heat stress. We examined the functions of grain‐setting rate response to temperature (TRF_GS) used in eight models and showed that adjusting the effective periods of TRF_GS improved the model performance, especially for models simulating accumulative daily temperature effects. For TRF_GS which uses daily maximum temperature averaged for the effective period, the models provided better grain yield estimates by using maximum temperatures averaged only when daily maximum temperatures exceeded the base temperature (Tbase). An alternative method based on heating‐degree days and stage‐dependent heat sensitivity parameters further decreased the prediction uncertainty of grain yield under heat stress, where stage‐dependent heat sensitivity was more important than heat dose for model improvement under SEHS. These results suggest the limitation of the applicability of existing rice models to variable climatic conditions and the urgent need for an alternative grain‐setting function accounting for the stage‐dependent heat sensitivity.
Spatial and temporal shift in the factors affecting the population dynamics of Calanus copepods in the North Sea
Authors: Montero José T. , Lima Mauricio , Estay Sergio A. , Rezende Enrico L.
Published: October 2020

The swap in abundance between two Calanus species in the North Sea during the 1980s constitutes a quintessential example of regime shift, with important ecosystemic and economic repercussions because these copepods constitute a major component of the diet of larval and juvenile cods. It is hypothesized that this transition was driven by gradual changes in primary productivity, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and sea surface temperatures (SST), and yet how these factors contribute to the population dynamics of these two species and the overall regime shift remains unclear. Here, we combine a highly resolved and spatially structured longitudinal dataset with population dynamics theory‐based models to obtain a thorough and more detailed description of populations’ responses to the regime shift observed in the North Sea. Our analyses highlight that this transition exhibits a clear spatial structure and involved a decoupling between the dynamics of Calanus finmarchicus and the NAO in western regions and between Calanus helgolandicus and SST in the eastern regions of the North Sea. Consequently, the observed switch in abundance between these species reflects the interaction between species‐specific attributes, a well‐defined spatial structure with a marked east–west axis and a decoupling between the ecological drivers and Calanus population dynamics following the shift. Succinctly, we suspect that higher water temperatures have favored C. helgolandicus and resulted in restrictive conditions for C. finmarchicus, eventually overshadowing the effects of NAO detected in historical records. Overall, our study illustrates how population dynamics theory can be successfully employed to disentangle the complex and multifactorial nature of a regime shift in response to gradually changing environmental conditions.
E‐Consultation in Headache Medicine: A Quality Improvement Pilot Study
Authors: Robblee Jennifer , Starling Amaal J.
Published: October 2020

Introduction

Access to headache consultations by a headache specialist is limited. E‐consultations are an efficient approach shown to reduce costs and improve continuity of care with the primary care provider. Indications, suitability, and uptake in the headache population are not well studied.

Methods

This quality improvement pilot aims to explore the appropriateness of e‐consultations for patients referred to a headache specialist. E‐consultation feasibility was explored through (1) retrospective review of completed face‐to‐face consultations; (2) prospective survey of providers to identify face‐to‐face consultations appropriate for e‐consultation; (3) cross‐sectional review of the current waiting list to assess theoretical triaging to face‐to‐face vs e‐consultation; and (4) prospective review of all e‐consultations requested from an academic headache clinic to improve the understanding of e‐consultation feasibility and referral triage.

Results

The retrospective review included 75 face‐to‐face consultations with a mean (SD) wait time of 33 (39.4) days for consultations, of which 28/75 (37.3%) were deemed to be feasible e‐consultations. The prospective survey of providers identified 10 face‐to‐face consultations that were felt to be theoretically appropriate for e‐consultation. The cross‐sectional review identified 20 patients on the clinic waiting list, of whom 5/20 (25%) were theoretically triaged to e‐consultation. Finally, the prospective review found 12 requested e‐consultations, of which 6/12 (50%) were for migraine prophylaxis recommendations. Chart data often lacked details for complete assessments, with 5/12 (41.7%) converted to face‐to‐face consultations and only 4/12 (33.3%) deemed appropriate for e‐consultation.

Conclusion

E‐consultation in headache medicine could be considered if appropriately triaged. Pathways are needed to reach patients earlier in their disease course to ensure headache care meets guideline recommendations, and e‐consultation is 1 option. However, better communication with primary care is required for system optimization.
Evaluation of undergraduate Endodontic teaching in dental schools within Spain
Authors: Segura‐Egea J. J. , Zarza‐Rebollo A. , Jiménez‐Sánchez M. C. , Cabanillas‐Balsera D. , Areal‐Quecuty V. , Martín‐González J.
Published: October 2020

Aim

To evaluate the current situation of undergraduate endodontic teaching in Spanish dental schools.

Methodology

An online version, translated into Spanish, of a survey conducted in the UK (Int Endod J 52, 2019, 1077) was sent via email to the undergraduate endodontic programme leads in all 23 Spanish dental schools.

Results

The response rate was 96%. In 95% of dental schools, endodontics is taught in the fourth year. Students treat simple root canal treatment cases in 100% of schools and only in 40% treat moderate cases. In 65% of schools, students are supervised by full‐time professors who are specialists in Endodontics, significantly more frequently in private dental schools (P = 0.002). Spanish dental schools use both rotary and reciprocating instrumentation systems during endodontic training, with consistency on methods of working length determination, use of silicate‐based endodontic cements, irrigating solutions, inter‐visit medicaments and canal filling techniques. No type of magnification is used in 90% of dental schools, and only 25% use ultrasonic instruments. Private dental schools have a significantly better staff: student ratio during clinical practice (P = 0.041), spend significantly more hours in clinical training (P = 0.04) and have significantly greater number of clinical areas specifically dedicated to Endodontics (P = 0.010).

Conclusions

Undergraduate endodontic teaching in Spanish dental schools follows the key recommendations of the ESE Undergraduate Curriculum Guidelines (Int Endod J 46, 2013, 1105), being, in most respects, comparable to that carried out in the UK (Int Endod J 52, 2019, 1077). The use of magnification and ultrasonic instruments needs to be increased. Private schools reported better results than public schools in some of the variables that were analysed.
Preparation and characterisation of arabinoxylan and (1,3)(1,4)‐β‐glucan alternating multilayer edible films simulated those of wheat grain aleurone cell wall
Authors: Ying Ruifeng , Li Tong , Wu Caie , Huang Meigui
Published: October 2020

Various observations show a lamellar organisation of wheat aleurone cell walls, that likely acted as barriers to regulate the water diffusion rate in wheat grains. In this study, arabinoxylan (AX) and (1,3)(1,4)‐β‐glucan (BG) alternating multilayer films which mimic cell wall of aleurone structure were prepared. Twenty layers of alternating multilayer films of AX/BG were prepared with individual thicknesses of 20 µm. The water diffusion and water mobility of the films were determined using dynamic vapour sorption and time‐domain nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The AX/BG alternating multilayer films exhibited unique mechanical and hydration properties, which could be explained by their unique nanostructure and microporosity. The edible films with this structure were found to exhibit high ultimate stress and ultimate strain, and low rates of water diffusion.
The effect of wounding intensities on vitamins and antioxidant enhancement in potato products
Authors: Ren Xue , Tang Tiantian , Xie Xinfang , Wang Wenjun , Tang Xuanming , Brennan Charles S. , Zhang Jie , Wang Zhidong
Published: October 2020

The effect of wounding intensity on vitamins and antioxidant activities from potato were evaluated. Potatoes were submitted to five levels of wounding intensity (A/W) including the whole peeled potato (CK), slices, pies, shreds and chopped samples. The results showed that vitamins in potato products had different responses to the same wounding intensity. Wounding intensity significantly induced VB1, VB2, nicotinic acid and nicotinamide accumulation in potato products, all of which were higher than that of control at each wounding intensity. Slice cutting increased the content of VB2, VB5, VB7 and VB9 compared with the control. Shreds cutting increased the content of nicotinic acid, nicotinamide and VC compared with the control. Chopped samples significantly increased the content of VB6, chlorogenic acid and coumaric acid. The wounding intensities also induced the accumulation of L‐phenylalanin ammonia lyase (PAL) activity. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities of potato products decreased after treated by cutting process.
A (Re)view of the Philosophical Foundations of Strategic Management
Authors: Rabetino Rodrigo , Kohtamäki Marko , Federico Juan S.
Published: October 2020

This paper aims to review how different approaches to social inquiry (e.g. positivist, postpositivist, interpretive, postmodernist and critical theory) have been used in strategy research and how these main paradigms engage with strategy. In a fragmented domain, debates typically match paradigms to schools of thought and use the paradigm concept, sometimes even promiscuously, to examine the underlying premises of different theories. Thus, scholars tend to overlook the debate on philosophical meta‐theoretical assumptions (ontological, epistemological and methodological) and prefer onto‐epistemological approaches that are considered to be ‘normal science’, which underestimate the contributions of certain less traditional streams of research. This review offers a fresh view of the philosophical foundations of the strategic literature by combining author co‐citation and content analysis of a sample of academic sources and analyses both the meta‐theoretical assumptions and the basic paradigmatic assumptions for central constructs that strategy researchers attach to their frameworks (e.g. strategy, environment, firm and strategist). This endeavour enables scholars who work in a multidisciplinary field to gain a better understanding of the philosophical beliefs, principles and conventions held by different research communities and theoretical approaches. Exposing the underlying assumptions, as is done in this study, is a key step in theory development. Hence, this review can help researchers, young scholars and doctoral students navigate a confusing research landscape, problematize the existing literature and set new research questions.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medications and BMI trajectories: The role of medication type, sex and age
Authors: Gurka Matthew J. , Siddiqi Siraj U. , Filipp Stephanie L. , Mercado Rebeccah , Thompson Lindsay A. , Janicke David M. , Shenkman Elizabeth A.
Published: October 2020

Objectives

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the medications used to treat it are associated with obesity. Stimulants lead to weight loss, while antipsychotics and antidepressants lead to weight gain. Little is known, however, how alpha‐2‐agonists impact weight, or the independent effect on BMI of these four classes of medications, which are often prescribed concurrently. We aimed to estimate the proximal change in BMI associated with start of medication and to assess whether medication‐specific departures in BMI varied by age and sex.

Study Design

We analysed longitudinal electronic health records from children (4‐19 years) with an ADHD diagnosis seen at one healthcare system (2011‐2018). Their BMI z‐scores were fit as a cubic function of age via a mixed model, separately by sex and adjusting for race/ethnicity. From this model, we estimated annual changes in BMI‐z after medication, allowing changes to vary by age and sex.

Results

Among the 22 714 children with ADHD (mean initial age = 10.0), 4335 (19.1%) were never prescribed ADHD medication. The others (80.9%) experienced departures in BMI‐z after start of all four medication classes, which varied across age and sex (interaction P‐values < .01). All medications had larger impacts at younger ages. As expected, decreased BMI‐z was observed with stimulants, while antidepressants and antipsychotics led to BMI‐z increases; alpha‐agonists also were associated with BMI‐z increases.

Conclusions

This longitudinal study revealed that ADHD medications are independently associated with proximal changes in BMI‐z after initiation, significantly varying by sex and age. Future research should study further the interactions of these medications on long‐term impacts on obesity.
Implementation of recovery‐oriented practice in hospital‐based mental health services: A systematic review
Authors: Lorien Leonie , Blunden Sarah , Madsen Wendy
Published: October 2020

Recovery‐oriented practice has become the dominant paradigm of practice in mental health services internationally. The exception is hospital‐based mental health services where the biomedical model continues to prevail, in this context defined by high acuity and safety concerns. This review aims to identify the approaches to, and feasibility of, implementing recovery‐oriented practice in hospital‐based mental health services. A systematic review of the literature (2010–2019) identified seventeen studies of recovery‐oriented practice implementation in hospital‐based mental health services. One study was excluded based on quality assessment. Of the remaining studies, seven reported on staff training initiatives, four reported service user programmes facilitated by staff, and five were implementations of models of care. The findings indicate that it is feasible, albeit challenging, to implement recovery‐oriented practice in hospital‐based mental health services. More successful approaches are multimodal, applied over several years and have organizational support. The main barriers to implementation include resistance to change from the embedded, biomedical model, staff attitudes towards recovery, and an absence of consumer involvement in the implementation of recovery‐oriented practice.
A motivated information processing perspective on the antecedents of empowering leadership
Authors: van Knippenberg Daan , Giessner Steffen R. , Sleebos Ed , van Ginkel Wendy P.
Published: October 2020

Empowering leadership is an important influence on team effectiveness. This makes the question of what the antecedents of team empowering leadership are an important issue to consider. To address this question, we propose a motivated information processing perspective that holds that engaging in empowering leadership is based on social information processing, and that there are individual differences in how elaborate that information processing is. We argue that a key consideration in shifting control from the leader to the team is the extent to which empowering leadership is driven by leaders’ consideration of their trust in the team (i.e., an instance of social information processing), and that leader need for closure (a trait capturing the disposition to carefully consider decisions and actions) moderates the relationship between leader trust in team and empowering leadership. A survey of N = 156 work teams supported these hypotheses.